{"id": "pubmed23n0003_0", "title": "[The hydrodynamic mucosa-cytology by means of ultrastructures filters in upper respiratory tract and oesophagus].", "content": "A rinse-and-suck-sound is presented, which conveys cytological material to a special filter mechanism. The heart of the system is a well-known filter, an electric pump, and a new constructed vacuum chamber. After Papanicolaou staining the filters are being cleared and allow a light-microscopical judgement. A reduction of possibilities of error in exfoliative cytology can be noticed.", "contents": "[The hydrodynamic mucosa-cytology by means of ultrastructures filters in upper respiratory tract and oesophagus]. A rinse-and-suck-sound is presented, which conveys cytological material to a special filter mechanism. The heart of the system is a well-known filter, an electric pump, and a new constructed vacuum chamber. After Papanicolaou staining the filters are being cleared and allow a light-microscopical judgement. A reduction of possibilities of error in exfoliative cytology can be noticed.", "PMID": 61552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1", "title": "Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid produces myelin lesions in tadpole optic nerves.", "content": "To investigate the myelinotoxicity of cerebropsinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, we used an in vivo model of the myelinated central-nervous-system tract of tadpoles for quantitative double-blind tests of 46 cerebrospinal-fluid samples. Groups of xenopus tadpoles were injected with cerebrospinal fluid near the optic nerve. Forty-eight hours later, whole mounts of optic nerves were prepared, and a differential interference microscope was used to count myelin lesions. Cerebrospinal-fluid samples from 60 per cent of the patients with an acute attack of definite multiple sclerosis had myelinotoxic activity. This activity correlated best with the severity and duration of the disease, rather than with gamma-globulin or total protein concentrations. Activity was negative in 85 per cent of cerebrospinal-fluid samples from a control group with other neurologic diseases. This assay is a useful method for investigating myelinotoxic factors of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis, but was not helpful diagnostically.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid produces myelin lesions in tadpole optic nerves. To investigate the myelinotoxicity of cerebropsinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, we used an in vivo model of the myelinated central-nervous-system tract of tadpoles for quantitative double-blind tests of 46 cerebrospinal-fluid samples. Groups of xenopus tadpoles were injected with cerebrospinal fluid near the optic nerve. Forty-eight hours later, whole mounts of optic nerves were prepared, and a differential interference microscope was used to count myelin lesions. Cerebrospinal-fluid samples from 60 per cent of the patients with an acute attack of definite multiple sclerosis had myelinotoxic activity. This activity correlated best with the severity and duration of the disease, rather than with gamma-globulin or total protein concentrations. Activity was negative in 85 per cent of cerebrospinal-fluid samples from a control group with other neurologic diseases. This assay is a useful method for investigating myelinotoxic factors of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis, but was not helpful diagnostically.", "PMID": 61558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2", "title": "Urinary excretion of beta2 microglobulin after the induction of a diuresis. A study in healthy subjects.", "content": "An increased diuresis was induced in each of four healthy subjects by intravenous infusion of urea, saline and sodium bicarbonate and by an oral water load. The excretion of a low molecular weight protein (LMW-protein), beta2-Microglobulin (beta2mu), was determined by a radioimmunoassay, the urinary concentrations of the protein being in the range 0.007-0,3 mug/ml. The hourly excretion of beta2 mu was not significantly influenced by varying loads of water, sodium, and osmoles which suggests that the tub ular reabsorption of LMW-proteins is stable under these conditions and that even a moderately increased excretion of such proteins may reflect a distrubed proximal tubular function.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of beta2 microglobulin after the induction of a diuresis. A study in healthy subjects. An increased diuresis was induced in each of four healthy subjects by intravenous infusion of urea, saline and sodium bicarbonate and by an oral water load. The excretion of a low molecular weight protein (LMW-protein), beta2-Microglobulin (beta2mu), was determined by a radioimmunoassay, the urinary concentrations of the protein being in the range 0.007-0,3 mug/ml. The hourly excretion of beta2 mu was not significantly influenced by varying loads of water, sodium, and osmoles which suggests that the tub ular reabsorption of LMW-proteins is stable under these conditions and that even a moderately increased excretion of such proteins may reflect a distrubed proximal tubular function.", "PMID": 61564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3", "title": "[28 cases of malabsorption syndromes with villopathy].", "content": "A personal series of 28 cases of malabsorption with villopathy (22 Gee, 1 Whipple, 1 alpha-chain, 1 hypogammaglobulinaemia, 3 not yet diagnosed) is presented. The response to a gluten-free diet is the essential clue to diagnosis. Where sensitivity is not found, diagnosis becomes difficult and requires careful immunological, histopathological and parasitological investigation, which is not always conclusive. The main features of the series are indicated, along with the criteria employed in the diagnosis of some unusual forms.", "contents": "[28 cases of malabsorption syndromes with villopathy]. A personal series of 28 cases of malabsorption with villopathy (22 Gee, 1 Whipple, 1 alpha-chain, 1 hypogammaglobulinaemia, 3 not yet diagnosed) is presented. The response to a gluten-free diet is the essential clue to diagnosis. Where sensitivity is not found, diagnosis becomes difficult and requires careful immunological, histopathological and parasitological investigation, which is not always conclusive. The main features of the series are indicated, along with the criteria employed in the diagnosis of some unusual forms.", "PMID": 61568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4", "title": "Oral cytologic patterns in relation to smoking habits. Some epithelial, microfloral, and leukocytic characteristics.", "content": "Papanicolaou smears from the cheeks and tongues of 790 alcoholic patients were evaluted for possible associations between cytologic features and cigarette consumption. The findings appear consonant with the view that microscopic changes are frequent in clinically unremarkable areas of the mouth and that tobacco induces some of the cellular changes to which its use has been clinically and epidemiologically related.", "contents": "Oral cytologic patterns in relation to smoking habits. Some epithelial, microfloral, and leukocytic characteristics. Papanicolaou smears from the cheeks and tongues of 790 alcoholic patients were evaluted for possible associations between cytologic features and cigarette consumption. The findings appear consonant with the view that microscopic changes are frequent in clinically unremarkable areas of the mouth and that tobacco induces some of the cellular changes to which its use has been clinically and epidemiologically related.", "PMID": 61570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5", "title": "[Detection and prognostic significance of Ag \"e\" and its antibody in the course of HB virus infections[].", "content": "A new antigen antibody system the e Ag and Ab has been investigated by immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis in the serum of 509 subjects. Those included 242 patients with polyarteritis, acute chronic or fulminant hepatitis; 85 hemodialysis HBs Ag carriers and 182 asymptomatic HBs Ag carrier blood donors. Neither e Ag nor anti- e were detected in any of the non hepatitis B virus associated cases. Counterelectrophoresis was found to be more sensitive than immunodiffusion and detected either e Ag or anti- e in 24 p. cent more cases. e Ag was found among HBs Ag positive patients with polyarteritis, chronic hepatitis or under going hemodialysis. Anti- e was observed in 28 p. cent to 66 p. cent of asymptomatic HBs Ag carriers. The study of the nature and prognostic significance of e Ag and anti- e appear of major importance in the understanding and follow up of HB virus infections.", "contents": "[Detection and prognostic significance of Ag \"e\" and its antibody in the course of HB virus infections[]. A new antigen antibody system the e Ag and Ab has been investigated by immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis in the serum of 509 subjects. Those included 242 patients with polyarteritis, acute chronic or fulminant hepatitis; 85 hemodialysis HBs Ag carriers and 182 asymptomatic HBs Ag carrier blood donors. Neither e Ag nor anti- e were detected in any of the non hepatitis B virus associated cases. Counterelectrophoresis was found to be more sensitive than immunodiffusion and detected either e Ag or anti- e in 24 p. cent more cases. e Ag was found among HBs Ag positive patients with polyarteritis, chronic hepatitis or under going hemodialysis. Anti- e was observed in 28 p. cent to 66 p. cent of asymptomatic HBs Ag carriers. The study of the nature and prognostic significance of e Ag and anti- e appear of major importance in the understanding and follow up of HB virus infections.", "PMID": 61579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6", "title": "Nucleotide sequence from the coding region of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA.", "content": "A sequence of 89 nucleotides from rabbit beta-globin mRNA has been determined and is shown to code for residues 107 to 137 of the beta-globin protein. In addition, a sequence heterogeneity has been identified within this 89 nucleotide long sequence which corresponds to a known polymorphic variant of rabbit beta-globin.Images", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence from the coding region of rabbit beta-globin messenger RNA. A sequence of 89 nucleotides from rabbit beta-globin mRNA has been determined and is shown to code for residues 107 to 137 of the beta-globin protein. In addition, a sequence heterogeneity has been identified within this 89 nucleotide long sequence which corresponds to a known polymorphic variant of rabbit beta-globin.Images", "PMID": 61580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7", "title": "Influence of phosphate on activity and stability of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "Activity of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), either in purified form or in virus lysates, was increased by phosphorylation. Stability of RDDP in lysates buffered with phosphate was much greater (no loss of activity in 48 hours at 4 degrees) than that in lysates buffered with Tris-Cl (76% loss). Activity lost in the Tris-buffered extracts was completely restored by phosphorylation. The findings suggested that AMV RDDP activity is influenced by the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme or enzyme-associated proteins and that this chemical modification is mediated by protein phosphokinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase present in crude extracts of purified AMV. Application of these results provided the basis of procedures whereby RDDP can be recovered in significantly higher yield and purity than formerly.", "contents": "Influence of phosphate on activity and stability of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Activity of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), either in purified form or in virus lysates, was increased by phosphorylation. Stability of RDDP in lysates buffered with phosphate was much greater (no loss of activity in 48 hours at 4 degrees) than that in lysates buffered with Tris-Cl (76% loss). Activity lost in the Tris-buffered extracts was completely restored by phosphorylation. The findings suggested that AMV RDDP activity is influenced by the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme or enzyme-associated proteins and that this chemical modification is mediated by protein phosphokinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase present in crude extracts of purified AMV. Application of these results provided the basis of procedures whereby RDDP can be recovered in significantly higher yield and purity than formerly.", "PMID": 61581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8", "title": "Field testing the nursing quality monitoring methodology: phase II.", "content": "The design, analysis, and findings of a field test of a methodology for monitoring quality of nursing care are presented. Quality care scores for types of patients (self-care, partial care, complete care, intensive care), types of units (medical, surgical, medical-surgical, pediatric, and intensive care), and shifts (day, evening, and night) showed the method to be useful.", "contents": "Field testing the nursing quality monitoring methodology: phase II. The design, analysis, and findings of a field test of a methodology for monitoring quality of nursing care are presented. Quality care scores for types of patients (self-care, partial care, complete care, intensive care), types of units (medical, surgical, medical-surgical, pediatric, and intensive care), and shifts (day, evening, and night) showed the method to be useful.", "PMID": 61582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9", "title": "Propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis: a review.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism have suggested to physicians for many years that the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in their production. Despite this, the precise interrelationship between the thyroid gland and the sympathetic nervous system has never been defined but controlled investigations have shown that hypersensitivity to catcholamines does not occur in animals or man with artificially produced thyrotoxicosis. In recent years beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, and in particular propranolol, have been used in patients with hyperthyroidism. Evidence exists that they control some of the peripheral manifestations of the disease, including nervousness, palpitations, tachycardia, increased cardiac output and tremor, but they do not appear to affect the underlying thyrotoxic process itself. Propranolol has been used with sucess in the treatment of acute hyperthyroid crisis, in pre-operative preparations for thyroidectomy, for the control of symptoms and signs following the administration of radioactive iodine therapy and antithyroid drugs, during the period of diagnostic thyroid investigations and occasionally as the sole therapy. The supportive role of propranolol in the management of hyperthyroidism is now established and in some instances such as radioactive iodine therapy, it has enabled improvements in the existing methods of treatment to be achieved.", "contents": "Propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis: a review. The clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism have suggested to physicians for many years that the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in their production. Despite this, the precise interrelationship between the thyroid gland and the sympathetic nervous system has never been defined but controlled investigations have shown that hypersensitivity to catcholamines does not occur in animals or man with artificially produced thyrotoxicosis. In recent years beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, and in particular propranolol, have been used in patients with hyperthyroidism. Evidence exists that they control some of the peripheral manifestations of the disease, including nervousness, palpitations, tachycardia, increased cardiac output and tremor, but they do not appear to affect the underlying thyrotoxic process itself. Propranolol has been used with sucess in the treatment of acute hyperthyroid crisis, in pre-operative preparations for thyroidectomy, for the control of symptoms and signs following the administration of radioactive iodine therapy and antithyroid drugs, during the period of diagnostic thyroid investigations and occasionally as the sole therapy. The supportive role of propranolol in the management of hyperthyroidism is now established and in some instances such as radioactive iodine therapy, it has enabled improvements in the existing methods of treatment to be achieved.", "PMID": 61585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10", "title": "An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, different from the known viral reverse transcriptases, in the chicken system.", "content": "The properties of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (an RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase), which occurs ubiquitously in the allantoic fluid of uninfected, leukosis-virus-free eggs, are described. It is shown that the enzyme can synthesize faithful transcripts from natural RNA (globin mRNA). By biochemical and immunological methods, the enzyme can be clearly distinguished from the reverse transcriptases of the known chicken RNA tumor viruses and therefore seems to be a member of a so far unknown class of chicken polymerases.", "contents": "An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, different from the known viral reverse transcriptases, in the chicken system. The properties of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (an RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase), which occurs ubiquitously in the allantoic fluid of uninfected, leukosis-virus-free eggs, are described. It is shown that the enzyme can synthesize faithful transcripts from natural RNA (globin mRNA). By biochemical and immunological methods, the enzyme can be clearly distinguished from the reverse transcriptases of the known chicken RNA tumor viruses and therefore seems to be a member of a so far unknown class of chicken polymerases.", "PMID": 61587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11", "title": "A general method for cloning eukaryotic structural gene sequences.", "content": "Complementary DNA, transcribed in vitro from purified rabbit globin messenger RNA and made double-stranded, has been inserted into Escherichia coli plasmids pSC101 and pMB9 by the poly(dT)/poly(dA) \"tailing\" and annealing technique. E. coli transformants given by this DNA preparation have been shown to contain globin sequences by the hybridization of globin RNA to DNA from clones grown and lysed in situ on nitrocellulose filters. An estimate of the amount of inserted globin sequences has been provided by fingerprint analysis of globin mRNA sequences hybridized to the purified plasmid chimeras. Inserted sequences so far subjected to detailed analysis have been ascribed to the rabbit beta globin chain. The susceptibility of inserted beta globin, sequences to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI confirms the existence of a site already found through previous nucleotide sequence analysis.", "contents": "A general method for cloning eukaryotic structural gene sequences. Complementary DNA, transcribed in vitro from purified rabbit globin messenger RNA and made double-stranded, has been inserted into Escherichia coli plasmids pSC101 and pMB9 by the poly(dT)/poly(dA) \"tailing\" and annealing technique. E. coli transformants given by this DNA preparation have been shown to contain globin sequences by the hybridization of globin RNA to DNA from clones grown and lysed in situ on nitrocellulose filters. An estimate of the amount of inserted globin sequences has been provided by fingerprint analysis of globin mRNA sequences hybridized to the purified plasmid chimeras. Inserted sequences so far subjected to detailed analysis have been ascribed to the rabbit beta globin chain. The susceptibility of inserted beta globin, sequences to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI confirms the existence of a site already found through previous nucleotide sequence analysis.", "PMID": 61588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12", "title": "Antigenic relationships among five reovirus-like (RVL) agents by complement fixation (CF) and development of new substitute CF antigens for the human RVL agent of infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "The human reovirus-like (HRVL) agent, Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV), epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) virus, simian agent (SA)-11, and the \"O\" (offal) agent were found to be similar, if not identical, in reciprocal complement fixation (CF) tests employing hyperimmune animal sera. In addition, in CF tests with paired sera from 35 diarrhea patients who shed the HRVL agent, 74% developed serologic evidence of infection with the HRVL antigen, 43% with NCDV, 51% with EDIM virus, 57% with SA-11, and 71% with the \"O\" agent. Thus, in addition to the NCDV, which had previously been described as a suitable substitute CF antigen for the HRVL agent, the SA-11, \"O\", and EDIM viruses may also be utilized as substitute antigens for the HRVL agent. However, the \"O\" agent appears to be the most efficient of the four substitute CF antigens and thus should be used preferentially when the HRVL agent is not available. The \"O\" agent was about as efficient as the HRVL agent and significantly more efficient than the NCDV for detecting seroresponses. The greatest efficiency for detecting infection with the HRVL agent resulted when sera were tested with both the HRVL and \"O\" agents as 31 (89%) of the patients developed serologic evidence of infection with one or both antigens. The finding of additional substitute CF antigens for the HRVL agent may have implications in the immunoprophylaxis against human disease.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships among five reovirus-like (RVL) agents by complement fixation (CF) and development of new substitute CF antigens for the human RVL agent of infantile gastroenteritis. The human reovirus-like (HRVL) agent, Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV), epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) virus, simian agent (SA)-11, and the \"O\" (offal) agent were found to be similar, if not identical, in reciprocal complement fixation (CF) tests employing hyperimmune animal sera. In addition, in CF tests with paired sera from 35 diarrhea patients who shed the HRVL agent, 74% developed serologic evidence of infection with the HRVL antigen, 43% with NCDV, 51% with EDIM virus, 57% with SA-11, and 71% with the \"O\" agent. Thus, in addition to the NCDV, which had previously been described as a suitable substitute CF antigen for the HRVL agent, the SA-11, \"O\", and EDIM viruses may also be utilized as substitute antigens for the HRVL agent. However, the \"O\" agent appears to be the most efficient of the four substitute CF antigens and thus should be used preferentially when the HRVL agent is not available. The \"O\" agent was about as efficient as the HRVL agent and significantly more efficient than the NCDV for detecting seroresponses. The greatest efficiency for detecting infection with the HRVL agent resulted when sera were tested with both the HRVL and \"O\" agents as 31 (89%) of the patients developed serologic evidence of infection with one or both antigens. The finding of additional substitute CF antigens for the HRVL agent may have implications in the immunoprophylaxis against human disease.", "PMID": 61589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_13", "title": "Stability of Rauscher leukemia virus under certain laboratory conditions.", "content": "The stability of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was investigated under certain laboratory conditions. The half life of the virus at 37 degrees was 7 hr, and considerably longer at lower temperatures. RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity was more stable than infectivity at all temperatures. Air dried virus had a half life of approximately 1 hr, but was rapidly inactivated by uv light or 70% alcohol.", "contents": "Stability of Rauscher leukemia virus under certain laboratory conditions. The stability of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was investigated under certain laboratory conditions. The half life of the virus at 37 degrees was 7 hr, and considerably longer at lower temperatures. RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity was more stable than infectivity at all temperatures. Air dried virus had a half life of approximately 1 hr, but was rapidly inactivated by uv light or 70% alcohol.", "PMID": 61590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_14", "title": "Thyroxine-binding proteins.", "content": "As is the case for most small molecules in the body, the thyroid hormones are involved in interaction with proteins. The present discussion has centered on the hormone-protein interactions which occur in plasma. Although some of this is with proteins which also engage in other binding reactions, at least one protein, TBG, seems to exist only for the purpose of binding the thyroid hormones, and the interaction energy is extremely high. While this would lead us to suspect that is has an important role in hormone physiology, its function seems to be only of secondary significance. The peculiar role of PA in the transport of a vitamin as well as thyroid hormones also suggests a specific function, but none has become apparent. Knowledge of these proteins and their variation are of considerable importance to several commonly employed diagnostic tests of thyroid function. Their greatest importance at the present time, however, seems to be as models of thyroid hormone-protein interaction. The rapid advances being made in the isolation and characterization of TBG and PA provide the means to gain detailed chemical knowledge about two rather different types of binding sites. Hopefully, this will form the basis for similar knowledge about the active sites for the hormones on cellular proteins. Conceivably, this will help to further our understanding about the mechanism of hormone action.", "contents": "Thyroxine-binding proteins. As is the case for most small molecules in the body, the thyroid hormones are involved in interaction with proteins. The present discussion has centered on the hormone-protein interactions which occur in plasma. Although some of this is with proteins which also engage in other binding reactions, at least one protein, TBG, seems to exist only for the purpose of binding the thyroid hormones, and the interaction energy is extremely high. While this would lead us to suspect that is has an important role in hormone physiology, its function seems to be only of secondary significance. The peculiar role of PA in the transport of a vitamin as well as thyroid hormones also suggests a specific function, but none has become apparent. Knowledge of these proteins and their variation are of considerable importance to several commonly employed diagnostic tests of thyroid function. Their greatest importance at the present time, however, seems to be as models of thyroid hormone-protein interaction. The rapid advances being made in the isolation and characterization of TBG and PA provide the means to gain detailed chemical knowledge about two rather different types of binding sites. Hopefully, this will form the basis for similar knowledge about the active sites for the hormones on cellular proteins. Conceivably, this will help to further our understanding about the mechanism of hormone action.", "PMID": 61594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_15", "title": "Effects of antacids on gastrointestinal absorption of drugs.", "content": "Antacids interfere with gastrointestinal drug absorption by either increasing or decreasing the rate at which a drug is absorbed, or the total quantity absorbed. Antacids influence drug absorption by alteration of ionization state or solubility, factors dependent upon pH. Antacids also delay gastric emptying and are capable of chelation and adsorption with susceptible products. Many of these factors participate to produce the effect on gastrointestinal drug absorption in individual patients.", "contents": "Effects of antacids on gastrointestinal absorption of drugs. Antacids interfere with gastrointestinal drug absorption by either increasing or decreasing the rate at which a drug is absorbed, or the total quantity absorbed. Antacids influence drug absorption by alteration of ionization state or solubility, factors dependent upon pH. Antacids also delay gastric emptying and are capable of chelation and adsorption with susceptible products. Many of these factors participate to produce the effect on gastrointestinal drug absorption in individual patients.", "PMID": 61596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_16", "title": "[Programmed typing in a school for the physically handicapped - testing a new audiovisual learning system (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the framework of a test performed at a school for the physically handicapped, 10 pupils with disabilities varying in type and degree of severity completed a typing programme which was adapted to their individual physiological possibilities. The deliberate use of audiovisual media contributed both to an adaptation to the disability, motivation of the pupils and intensification of the learning process. The assessment of the test results illustrated the success rates which can be expected if such a learning programme is carried out with physically handicapped pupils.", "contents": "[Programmed typing in a school for the physically handicapped - testing a new audiovisual learning system (author's transl)]. Within the framework of a test performed at a school for the physically handicapped, 10 pupils with disabilities varying in type and degree of severity completed a typing programme which was adapted to their individual physiological possibilities. The deliberate use of audiovisual media contributed both to an adaptation to the disability, motivation of the pupils and intensification of the learning process. The assessment of the test results illustrated the success rates which can be expected if such a learning programme is carried out with physically handicapped pupils.", "PMID": 61606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_17", "title": "[Acquired B antigen].", "content": "Many cases of acquired B antigens, always observed in group A subjects have been so far reported. Most of them were found in patients with digestive tract disease, essentially colonic cancer. An investigation on 200 patients in a gastroenterology department showed that this B-like antigen was quite frequent (10,6%); it occurred only in A1 individuals and was related to infectious syndrome. Immunological and serological studies of many cases had shown that this B-like antigen differs from that of normal B cells. Groupe A1 cells transfused to patients acquired B activity; on the contrary group A2 and O cells remained unchanged. Likewise, only A1 cell became active when incubated in vitro with C. Tertium A., known to contain a deacetylase. In 1970, we postulated that a deacetylase enzyme could be responsible for this B-like antigen: this enzyme could transform the N-acetylgalactosamine (A specific sugar) into galactosamine, which could cross react with anti-B sera. The relationship between the acquired B antigen and a deacetylase was recently confirmed: A1 acquired B cells, chemically acetylated lost their B reactivity and enhanced their A1 activity. A polyagglutinability, different from that associated with T, Tn, Cad, Hempas has been always found in acquired B cells; nervertheless, because of its weakness, it could sometimes be unnoticed. Besides, it disappeared prior to B reactivity in case of recovery. Like acquired B activity, it decreased in low pH medium of after acetylation of the cells. Nevertheless, this polyagglutinability appears, contrarly to acquired B antigen, in vitro, on all the cells, irrespective of their ABO phenotypes. A deacetylation of N-acetyl-neruaminic acid could explain such a phenomenon.", "contents": "[Acquired B antigen]. Many cases of acquired B antigens, always observed in group A subjects have been so far reported. Most of them were found in patients with digestive tract disease, essentially colonic cancer. An investigation on 200 patients in a gastroenterology department showed that this B-like antigen was quite frequent (10,6%); it occurred only in A1 individuals and was related to infectious syndrome. Immunological and serological studies of many cases had shown that this B-like antigen differs from that of normal B cells. Groupe A1 cells transfused to patients acquired B activity; on the contrary group A2 and O cells remained unchanged. Likewise, only A1 cell became active when incubated in vitro with C. Tertium A., known to contain a deacetylase. In 1970, we postulated that a deacetylase enzyme could be responsible for this B-like antigen: this enzyme could transform the N-acetylgalactosamine (A specific sugar) into galactosamine, which could cross react with anti-B sera. The relationship between the acquired B antigen and a deacetylase was recently confirmed: A1 acquired B cells, chemically acetylated lost their B reactivity and enhanced their A1 activity. A polyagglutinability, different from that associated with T, Tn, Cad, Hempas has been always found in acquired B cells; nervertheless, because of its weakness, it could sometimes be unnoticed. Besides, it disappeared prior to B reactivity in case of recovery. Like acquired B activity, it decreased in low pH medium of after acetylation of the cells. Nevertheless, this polyagglutinability appears, contrarly to acquired B antigen, in vitro, on all the cells, irrespective of their ABO phenotypes. A deacetylation of N-acetyl-neruaminic acid could explain such a phenomenon.", "PMID": 61608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_18", "title": "[The biochemical aspects of blood group antigens].", "content": "The biochemical aspects of the immunodominant structures of blood groups antigens are mainly restricted to the following: ABH and Lewis in secretory fluids or on the red blood cells; P system (P1, P, Pk antigens); MN antigens and related; Tn and Tn antigens; Some hypothesis may be put forward for the I, i antigens. Many other antigens seem to be on the dependence of interactions between proteins and lipids of the red cell membrane; such immunodominant structures are not yet known. Except for the ABH and Lewis groups, the biosynthesis pathways are at present unclear.", "contents": "[The biochemical aspects of blood group antigens]. The biochemical aspects of the immunodominant structures of blood groups antigens are mainly restricted to the following: ABH and Lewis in secretory fluids or on the red blood cells; P system (P1, P, Pk antigens); MN antigens and related; Tn and Tn antigens; Some hypothesis may be put forward for the I, i antigens. Many other antigens seem to be on the dependence of interactions between proteins and lipids of the red cell membrane; such immunodominant structures are not yet known. Except for the ABH and Lewis groups, the biosynthesis pathways are at present unclear.", "PMID": 61609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_19", "title": "[Quantitative and thermodynamic study of weak A erythrocyte phenotypes].", "content": "The analysis of more than 140 \"weak A\" samples: A3, Ax, Aend, Am, Ay and Ael, support the classical distinction between each subgroup which has been established on serological and genetical data. Accordingly, a valuable classification of these rare phenotypes must take into account, (i) the mode of inheritance, (ii) the agglutination pattern of the RBC by anti-A reagents, (iii) the presence or absence of soluble A substances in the saliva of secretors. The question is then open to know if such related erythrocytic antigens, whose specificity appears to be very similar, could be described on a quantitative basis or on qualitative structural variations. Evidence for quantitative differences was first demonstrated by a gradual decrease in the standard agglutinability of \"weak A\" RBC with human anti-A (B) sera, from A3 red cells (63 +/- 10%) to Ax (33 +/- 10%), Aend (10 +/- 5%) then Am, Ay and Ael (0%), and secondly by direct measurement of A antigen site densities, the mean values being respectively 35.10(3) A sites/RBC (A3); 4.8 10(3) (Ax); 3.5 10(3) (Aend) and 0.7 10(3) (Am, Ael). Further investigation on A3, Ax and Aend RBC agglutinability lead also to the demonstration of a large heterogeneity in the A antigenic content of red cells inside one individual sample. The most striking result was obtained with Aend phenotypes which appeared like A + O transmitted mosaicisms. However, heterogeneity was also observed, but to a lesser extent, among A3 and Ax RBC. The significance of this heterogeneity is discussed and used to explained the typical picture of agglutinability commonly observed with such red cells and anti-A antibodies. Qualitative difference were also studied by estimation of equilibrium constants (Ko) and thermodynamic parameters (delta Fo, delta Ho and delta So) associated with the binding of rabbit 125I-IgG anti-A molecules onto A RBC determinants. Only small variations of thermodynamic parameters were observed between each subgroup, but the high Ko values (greater than 10(8)M-1) measured, strongly suggest that \"weak A\" RBC determinants would process a common antigenic structure of the type: alpha-GalNAc (1 leads to 3) [alphaLFuc (1 leads to 2) beta Gal. However, the small differences of reactivity observed from one sample to an other could be related to slight variations in tridimensional configurations of oligosaccharides chains bearing the A specificity, associated with their variable antigenic content.", "contents": "[Quantitative and thermodynamic study of weak A erythrocyte phenotypes]. The analysis of more than 140 \"weak A\" samples: A3, Ax, Aend, Am, Ay and Ael, support the classical distinction between each subgroup which has been established on serological and genetical data. Accordingly, a valuable classification of these rare phenotypes must take into account, (i) the mode of inheritance, (ii) the agglutination pattern of the RBC by anti-A reagents, (iii) the presence or absence of soluble A substances in the saliva of secretors. The question is then open to know if such related erythrocytic antigens, whose specificity appears to be very similar, could be described on a quantitative basis or on qualitative structural variations. Evidence for quantitative differences was first demonstrated by a gradual decrease in the standard agglutinability of \"weak A\" RBC with human anti-A (B) sera, from A3 red cells (63 +/- 10%) to Ax (33 +/- 10%), Aend (10 +/- 5%) then Am, Ay and Ael (0%), and secondly by direct measurement of A antigen site densities, the mean values being respectively 35.10(3) A sites/RBC (A3); 4.8 10(3) (Ax); 3.5 10(3) (Aend) and 0.7 10(3) (Am, Ael). Further investigation on A3, Ax and Aend RBC agglutinability lead also to the demonstration of a large heterogeneity in the A antigenic content of red cells inside one individual sample. The most striking result was obtained with Aend phenotypes which appeared like A + O transmitted mosaicisms. However, heterogeneity was also observed, but to a lesser extent, among A3 and Ax RBC. The significance of this heterogeneity is discussed and used to explained the typical picture of agglutinability commonly observed with such red cells and anti-A antibodies. Qualitative difference were also studied by estimation of equilibrium constants (Ko) and thermodynamic parameters (delta Fo, delta Ho and delta So) associated with the binding of rabbit 125I-IgG anti-A molecules onto A RBC determinants. Only small variations of thermodynamic parameters were observed between each subgroup, but the high Ko values (greater than 10(8)M-1) measured, strongly suggest that \"weak A\" RBC determinants would process a common antigenic structure of the type: alpha-GalNAc (1 leads to 3) [alphaLFuc (1 leads to 2) beta Gal. However, the small differences of reactivity observed from one sample to an other could be related to slight variations in tridimensional configurations of oligosaccharides chains bearing the A specificity, associated with their variable antigenic content.", "PMID": 61610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_20", "title": "[Heterogeneity of the cellular distribution of erythrocytic A antigens. Ultramicroscopic study].", "content": "A and A1 antigens have been detected on cells of the human erythrocyte series by immunoelectron microscopy. These antigens have been revealed by an indirect method involving various anti-A and anti-A1 antibodies (allo, auto, hetero-antibodies) and peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. Immunologic labelling has been carried out with erythrocyte or bone marrow cell suspensions which were fixed prior to incubation with reagents. Cells from various A phenotypes were examined. A and A1 antigens were visualized on maturing normoblasts, at every developmental stage. In addition cell to cell variations of the surface labelling of erythrocytes was found in normal phenotypes, suggesting the existence of several populations of cells according to antigenic load.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of the cellular distribution of erythrocytic A antigens. Ultramicroscopic study]. A and A1 antigens have been detected on cells of the human erythrocyte series by immunoelectron microscopy. These antigens have been revealed by an indirect method involving various anti-A and anti-A1 antibodies (allo, auto, hetero-antibodies) and peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. Immunologic labelling has been carried out with erythrocyte or bone marrow cell suspensions which were fixed prior to incubation with reagents. Cells from various A phenotypes were examined. A and A1 antigens were visualized on maturing normoblasts, at every developmental stage. In addition cell to cell variations of the surface labelling of erythrocytes was found in normal phenotypes, suggesting the existence of several populations of cells according to antigenic load.", "PMID": 61611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_21", "title": "[Proposed practical classification of weak B phenotypes B 3, Bx, B el].", "content": "Although the first weak B phenotypes have been observed some thirty years ago, very few comparative studies have been done until now. In this work, different samples were analysed, using immunogenetic methods, thermodynamics, agglutination kinetics and agglutination profiles. Almost hundred weak B samples were tested, belonging to twenty nine families including cis AB but exclusing acquired B and Bh. Using these methods it could be evidenced that the reactive structures differ from one family to another, but are strictly the same within one family. Consequently, each sample should have been called from the family mane; from a practical point of view, it was but necessary to agree on a simple classification. The simplest criteria were looked for such as agglutination velocity on a tile, agglutination picture, presence or absence of anti-B in serum... Three groups were then distinguished: 1) B3, for which the agglutination velocity is high (less than or equal to 30 inches), giving a typical mixed field agglutination pattern; there is no anti-B in the serum; 2) Bx, for which the agglutination velocity is low (larger than or equal to 30 inches), giving generally a weak agglutination pattern; there is a weak anti-B in serum; 3) Bel, for which there is no agglutination at all; the presence of B antigen on the membrane being evidenced by a fixation-elution test; in these three conditions genetic studies proved the phenotype being due to an allele at the ABO locus, the Bel class is the most \"discutable\"; when an important secretion of B substance can be evidenced in saliva, and the phenotype is proved to be inherited as a dominant character, the appellation Bm can be proposed. On the contrary, when genetics suggest the presence of a modifying gene, the Bel mod or By appellation can be used, according as the type of modification is dominant or recessive. Only one sample appeared to be unclassable, for which the fixation-elution test is positive, but only 5 to 10% of the red cells are agglutinated, giving a dual population pattern; the galactosyl-transferase activity seems to be normal, as well as the--delta H (20.000 cal/mol.). The B weak appellation appears to be the most appropriate for this given sample. This case expected, the proposed practical classification appears to fit well the studied phenotypes. As the various studies on weak B phenotypes, reported in the literature have not been compared within a same laboratory, using the same technics, it appears illusive to apply the proposed classification to the different reported samples. Several already published samples form a part of the present study, but their appellation do not correspond to the previous one; stricklingly, only few B3 (new appellation) have been described in the literature, which let one think that they might be undetected using classical grouping tests, and thus considered as normal B. Of course, there is not an absolute correspondance between the criteria defining A3, Ax, Ael phenotypes and those proposed here for B3, Bx, Bel...", "contents": "[Proposed practical classification of weak B phenotypes B 3, Bx, B el]. Although the first weak B phenotypes have been observed some thirty years ago, very few comparative studies have been done until now. In this work, different samples were analysed, using immunogenetic methods, thermodynamics, agglutination kinetics and agglutination profiles. Almost hundred weak B samples were tested, belonging to twenty nine families including cis AB but exclusing acquired B and Bh. Using these methods it could be evidenced that the reactive structures differ from one family to another, but are strictly the same within one family. Consequently, each sample should have been called from the family mane; from a practical point of view, it was but necessary to agree on a simple classification. The simplest criteria were looked for such as agglutination velocity on a tile, agglutination picture, presence or absence of anti-B in serum... Three groups were then distinguished: 1) B3, for which the agglutination velocity is high (less than or equal to 30 inches), giving a typical mixed field agglutination pattern; there is no anti-B in the serum; 2) Bx, for which the agglutination velocity is low (larger than or equal to 30 inches), giving generally a weak agglutination pattern; there is a weak anti-B in serum; 3) Bel, for which there is no agglutination at all; the presence of B antigen on the membrane being evidenced by a fixation-elution test; in these three conditions genetic studies proved the phenotype being due to an allele at the ABO locus, the Bel class is the most \"discutable\"; when an important secretion of B substance can be evidenced in saliva, and the phenotype is proved to be inherited as a dominant character, the appellation Bm can be proposed. On the contrary, when genetics suggest the presence of a modifying gene, the Bel mod or By appellation can be used, according as the type of modification is dominant or recessive. Only one sample appeared to be unclassable, for which the fixation-elution test is positive, but only 5 to 10% of the red cells are agglutinated, giving a dual population pattern; the galactosyl-transferase activity seems to be normal, as well as the--delta H (20.000 cal/mol.). The B weak appellation appears to be the most appropriate for this given sample. This case expected, the proposed practical classification appears to fit well the studied phenotypes. As the various studies on weak B phenotypes, reported in the literature have not been compared within a same laboratory, using the same technics, it appears illusive to apply the proposed classification to the different reported samples. Several already published samples form a part of the present study, but their appellation do not correspond to the previous one; stricklingly, only few B3 (new appellation) have been described in the literature, which let one think that they might be undetected using classical grouping tests, and thus considered as normal B. Of course, there is not an absolute correspondance between the criteria defining A3, Ax, Ael phenotypes and those proposed here for B3, Bx, Bel...", "PMID": 61612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_22", "title": "[Residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phitodrugs in samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-five samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna between June and September 1974 have been subjected to gaschromatography to check for the presence of residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phytodrugs. Residues of chlororganic phytodrugs in appreciable amounts have been found to be present in 11 samples only, more precisely lindane has been reported in 6 samples, aldrin in 4 samples, DDT in 4 samples, DDD and dieldrin respectively in one sample only. The higher concentration for DDT has been 0,04 ppm. No residues of phosphorganic phytodrugs have been found to be present in any of the samples examined. As the presence of residue has been observed only in a small number of samples and low concentration have been found, we belive that the problem of honey pollution by phytodrug residues is a minor one, even when related to the situation of foods in general.", "contents": "[Residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phitodrugs in samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna (author's transl)]. Forty-five samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna between June and September 1974 have been subjected to gaschromatography to check for the presence of residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phytodrugs. Residues of chlororganic phytodrugs in appreciable amounts have been found to be present in 11 samples only, more precisely lindane has been reported in 6 samples, aldrin in 4 samples, DDT in 4 samples, DDD and dieldrin respectively in one sample only. The higher concentration for DDT has been 0,04 ppm. No residues of phosphorganic phytodrugs have been found to be present in any of the samples examined. As the presence of residue has been observed only in a small number of samples and low concentration have been found, we belive that the problem of honey pollution by phytodrug residues is a minor one, even when related to the situation of foods in general.", "PMID": 61616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_23", "title": "Early diagnosis of virus-caused vesicular rashes by immunofluorescence on skin biopsies. II. Poxvirus (vaccinia).", "content": "Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to demonstrate vaccinia virus antigen in frozen sections of skin biopsies from the site of revaccination in 42 individuals. The immunoglobulin (Ig) of a rabbit anti-vaccinia serum and the Ig of the pre-immune serum conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) was employed. 11/13 biopsies taken 1 day after vaccination were positive in the IF test as were 13/13 biopsies taken 2 days and 14/16 biopsies taken 3 days after vaccination. Even minute quantities of virus antigen were easily detected. The applicability of the test and the advantage of using biopsy material in early rashes of vaccinia and variola is discussed. The reliability of the direct IF using conjugated antisera against vaccinia-variola, varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus for differentiating between maculopapular rashes was proved in a coded test.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of virus-caused vesicular rashes by immunofluorescence on skin biopsies. II. Poxvirus (vaccinia). Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to demonstrate vaccinia virus antigen in frozen sections of skin biopsies from the site of revaccination in 42 individuals. The immunoglobulin (Ig) of a rabbit anti-vaccinia serum and the Ig of the pre-immune serum conjugated with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) was employed. 11/13 biopsies taken 1 day after vaccination were positive in the IF test as were 13/13 biopsies taken 2 days and 14/16 biopsies taken 3 days after vaccination. Even minute quantities of virus antigen were easily detected. The applicability of the test and the advantage of using biopsy material in early rashes of vaccinia and variola is discussed. The reliability of the direct IF using conjugated antisera against vaccinia-variola, varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus for differentiating between maculopapular rashes was proved in a coded test.", "PMID": 61622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_24", "title": "Tourist hepatitis and gamma globulin prophylaxis.", "content": "Millions of tourists from Northern Europe visit the Mediterranean basin each year. Some of them provide themselves with gamma globulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A before departure. In Sweden about 50% of these travellers receive prophylaxis which means that about half a million Swedish tourists are injected with gamma globulin each year. The risk of contracting hepatitis A in South or East Europe without prophylaxis seems to be around 1/3000 travellers according to calculations presented in this report. With gamma globulin prophylaxis the risk seems almost negligible.", "contents": "Tourist hepatitis and gamma globulin prophylaxis. Millions of tourists from Northern Europe visit the Mediterranean basin each year. Some of them provide themselves with gamma globulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A before departure. In Sweden about 50% of these travellers receive prophylaxis which means that about half a million Swedish tourists are injected with gamma globulin each year. The risk of contracting hepatitis A in South or East Europe without prophylaxis seems to be around 1/3000 travellers according to calculations presented in this report. With gamma globulin prophylaxis the risk seems almost negligible.", "PMID": 61623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_25", "title": "Lymphocytes and specificity of eosinophilia.", "content": "Repeated injections of soluble antigen derived from the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides induced a substantial accumulation of eosinophils in the peritoneal fluid of mice. Evidence of an underlying immune mechanism was sought. A single injection of antigen was ineffective in eliciting eosinophilia, but it primed recipients to respond to a subsequent injection 30 days later. Furthermore, this priming effect could be transferred with lymphoid cells. Depletion of T cells by adult thymectomy and irradiation abrogated the ability of mice to respond. Specificity was demonstrated in primed lymphoid cells which imparted to recipients the capacity to react with increased numbers of eosinophils to a single injection of soluble antigen. Unprimed donor cells, or those primed with an unrelated antigen, were incapable of transferring the capacity for an eosinophil response. Evidence has been presented to suggest that lymphocytes which impart this specificity are T cells.", "contents": "Lymphocytes and specificity of eosinophilia. Repeated injections of soluble antigen derived from the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides induced a substantial accumulation of eosinophils in the peritoneal fluid of mice. Evidence of an underlying immune mechanism was sought. A single injection of antigen was ineffective in eliciting eosinophilia, but it primed recipients to respond to a subsequent injection 30 days later. Furthermore, this priming effect could be transferred with lymphoid cells. Depletion of T cells by adult thymectomy and irradiation abrogated the ability of mice to respond. Specificity was demonstrated in primed lymphoid cells which imparted to recipients the capacity to react with increased numbers of eosinophils to a single injection of soluble antigen. Unprimed donor cells, or those primed with an unrelated antigen, were incapable of transferring the capacity for an eosinophil response. Evidence has been presented to suggest that lymphocytes which impart this specificity are T cells.", "PMID": 61627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_26", "title": "The effect of antithrombin III on the activity of the coagulation factors VII, IX and X.", "content": "Antithrombin III, purified to homogeneity according to polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, inhibited the activity of purified factor IXa and Xa, whereas factor VII was not inhibited either in the active or in the native form. Antithrombin III is the single most important inhibitor of factor Xa in plasma. Factor Xa does not, however, reduce the activity of antithrombin III against thrombin.", "contents": "The effect of antithrombin III on the activity of the coagulation factors VII, IX and X. Antithrombin III, purified to homogeneity according to polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, inhibited the activity of purified factor IXa and Xa, whereas factor VII was not inhibited either in the active or in the native form. Antithrombin III is the single most important inhibitor of factor Xa in plasma. Factor Xa does not, however, reduce the activity of antithrombin III against thrombin.", "PMID": 61631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_27", "title": "Fertility trends: 1950-75.", "content": "During the past 25 years, the world's population increased by 60 percent to 4 billion people. The period witnessed a momentous decline in mortality, which will probably continue in the developed countries. Fertility has fallen dramatically in the developed countries to quite low levels. In the developing countries, where the bulk of the world's population is concentrated, fertility is still high, although it has begun to decline in some countries. Reductions in fertility have been dramatic in Asia and the Pacific; substantial in Central and South America; and hardly noticeable in Africa. Increasingly, population policies will be considered as an integral part of social and economic development; and family planning will receive increasing attention as a human right, as an element of improved maternal and child health, and also as a means of moderating high rates of population growth.", "contents": "Fertility trends: 1950-75. During the past 25 years, the world's population increased by 60 percent to 4 billion people. The period witnessed a momentous decline in mortality, which will probably continue in the developed countries. Fertility has fallen dramatically in the developed countries to quite low levels. In the developing countries, where the bulk of the world's population is concentrated, fertility is still high, although it has begun to decline in some countries. Reductions in fertility have been dramatic in Asia and the Pacific; substantial in Central and South America; and hardly noticeable in Africa. Increasingly, population policies will be considered as an integral part of social and economic development; and family planning will receive increasing attention as a human right, as an element of improved maternal and child health, and also as a means of moderating high rates of population growth.", "PMID": 61633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_28", "title": "The ophthalmic toxicology of dichlor\u00f8omethane.", "content": "The toxic hazard to the eye from dichloromethane (DCM) as liquid or vapour has been assessed rabbits. 0.1 ml DCM caused inflammation of the conjunctiva and eyelids persisting for up to 2 weeks; keratitis and iritis occurred in two-thirds of the animals. Corneal thickness, measured in vivo, increased by a maximum of 59% at 6 h, returning to normal by 9 days. 0.01 ml DCM produced similar, but less persistent effects on the conjunctiva and eyelids; keratitis was minor. Corneal thickness increased by up to 43% at 6 h, returning to normal by 9 days. Intraocular tension increased by 33% at 1 h, returning to control values by 3 days. 10-min exposures to DCM vapour at concentrations up to 17 500 mg/m3 produced no macroscopic changes, but small increases in corneal thickness and intraocular tension occurred, which were related to the degree of exposure. The mean peak increases in corneal thickness were 13% for 17 500 mg/m3 and 5% for 1750 mg/m3; corresponding values for increases in intraocular tension were 18% and 11%. Both corneal thickness and intraocular tension returned to normal by 2 days. Treatment with a decongestant preparation (Vasocon-A), containing an antihistamine and an alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic, reduced both the inflammatory response and the rise in intraocular pressure caused by a splash contamination of the eye with liquid DCM.", "contents": "The ophthalmic toxicology of dichlor\u00f8omethane. The toxic hazard to the eye from dichloromethane (DCM) as liquid or vapour has been assessed rabbits. 0.1 ml DCM caused inflammation of the conjunctiva and eyelids persisting for up to 2 weeks; keratitis and iritis occurred in two-thirds of the animals. Corneal thickness, measured in vivo, increased by a maximum of 59% at 6 h, returning to normal by 9 days. 0.01 ml DCM produced similar, but less persistent effects on the conjunctiva and eyelids; keratitis was minor. Corneal thickness increased by up to 43% at 6 h, returning to normal by 9 days. Intraocular tension increased by 33% at 1 h, returning to control values by 3 days. 10-min exposures to DCM vapour at concentrations up to 17 500 mg/m3 produced no macroscopic changes, but small increases in corneal thickness and intraocular tension occurred, which were related to the degree of exposure. The mean peak increases in corneal thickness were 13% for 17 500 mg/m3 and 5% for 1750 mg/m3; corresponding values for increases in intraocular tension were 18% and 11%. Both corneal thickness and intraocular tension returned to normal by 2 days. Treatment with a decongestant preparation (Vasocon-A), containing an antihistamine and an alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic, reduced both the inflammatory response and the rise in intraocular pressure caused by a splash contamination of the eye with liquid DCM.", "PMID": 61632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_29", "title": "Effect of organ culture on the survival of thyroid allografts in mice.", "content": "Mouse thyroid can be maintained in organ culture for 4 weeks. Uncultured BALB/c thyroid is rejected 10-15 days after transplantation under the kidney capsule of H-2 disparate recipients (C57BL, CBA). Organ culture of thyroid tissue prior to transplantation prolongs allograft survival. This prolongation of graft survival increases with increasing time in culture and 80-90% of BALB/c thyroids maintained in culture for 26 days survive in allogeneic CBA recipients for a 60- to 70-day test period. These allografts show normal function as measured by 125I uptake, and show no histological evidence of chronic rejection. Cultured allografts can be rejected if the host's immune system is stimulated with viable leukocytes of donor origin. Host animals carrying a functioning allograft are not tolerant of donor tissues and will reject a second uncultured allograft from the same donor strain.", "contents": "Effect of organ culture on the survival of thyroid allografts in mice. Mouse thyroid can be maintained in organ culture for 4 weeks. Uncultured BALB/c thyroid is rejected 10-15 days after transplantation under the kidney capsule of H-2 disparate recipients (C57BL, CBA). Organ culture of thyroid tissue prior to transplantation prolongs allograft survival. This prolongation of graft survival increases with increasing time in culture and 80-90% of BALB/c thyroids maintained in culture for 26 days survive in allogeneic CBA recipients for a 60- to 70-day test period. These allografts show normal function as measured by 125I uptake, and show no histological evidence of chronic rejection. Cultured allografts can be rejected if the host's immune system is stimulated with viable leukocytes of donor origin. Host animals carrying a functioning allograft are not tolerant of donor tissues and will reject a second uncultured allograft from the same donor strain.", "PMID": 61634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_30", "title": "Immunological enhancement of rat renal allografts using rabbit antisera with specificity for rat transplantation antigens.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with particulate and soluble preparations of rat lymphoid tissue of the HO strain produced antisera which reacted without strain specificity on rat lymphocytes. Absorption of the sera with tissue from the AS strain of rat removed the antibodies reacting with AS tissue leaving activity against HO cells only. Studies with backcross rats showed that the antigens detected by these sera were products of the AgB genes or genes segragating with them. The immunosuppressive activity of rabbit antisera specific for Ag-B5 rat transplantation antigens was tested in a rat renal allograft assay. Some of the antisera markedly prolonged the survival of (AS X HO)F1 kidneys transplanted to AS rats. The prolongation of graft survival was not due to ALS activity since the sera were active in the absence of antibody directed against recipient antigens. There was no correlation between in vivo enhancement and anti-donor lymphocytotoxic titres of the xenoantisera.", "contents": "Immunological enhancement of rat renal allografts using rabbit antisera with specificity for rat transplantation antigens. Rabbits immunized with particulate and soluble preparations of rat lymphoid tissue of the HO strain produced antisera which reacted without strain specificity on rat lymphocytes. Absorption of the sera with tissue from the AS strain of rat removed the antibodies reacting with AS tissue leaving activity against HO cells only. Studies with backcross rats showed that the antigens detected by these sera were products of the AgB genes or genes segragating with them. The immunosuppressive activity of rabbit antisera specific for Ag-B5 rat transplantation antigens was tested in a rat renal allograft assay. Some of the antisera markedly prolonged the survival of (AS X HO)F1 kidneys transplanted to AS rats. The prolongation of graft survival was not due to ALS activity since the sera were active in the absence of antibody directed against recipient antigens. There was no correlation between in vivo enhancement and anti-donor lymphocytotoxic titres of the xenoantisera.", "PMID": 61635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_31", "title": "[The distribution of isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in benign and malignant neoplasms of the human prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of LDH isoenzymes from homogenate supernatant of bioptically obtained benign and malignant tumours of the human prostate was investigated by agar gel electrophoresis and correlated with the degree of histological differentiation of these tumours. In comparison to the benign adenomas (52.6% H subunits), the values of H subunits declined (adenocarcinomas 47.3% H subunits) in dedifferentiated carcinomas to 37.1% on the average which demonstrate a tendency of increased malignancy. The LDH isoenzyme distribution of malignant tumours is correlated with the degree of histological differentiation of these tumours, which is important for the clinical prognosis.", "contents": "[The distribution of isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in benign and malignant neoplasms of the human prostate (author's transl)]. The distribution of LDH isoenzymes from homogenate supernatant of bioptically obtained benign and malignant tumours of the human prostate was investigated by agar gel electrophoresis and correlated with the degree of histological differentiation of these tumours. In comparison to the benign adenomas (52.6% H subunits), the values of H subunits declined (adenocarcinomas 47.3% H subunits) in dedifferentiated carcinomas to 37.1% on the average which demonstrate a tendency of increased malignancy. The LDH isoenzyme distribution of malignant tumours is correlated with the degree of histological differentiation of these tumours, which is important for the clinical prognosis.", "PMID": 61637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_32", "title": "Role of radiation therapy in cancer of bladder.", "content": "The results of treating 50 patients with bladder cancer with radiotherapy over a three-year period are evaluated. Ten cases (20 per cent) were treated for palliation. Sixteen of 40 patients treated with intent of cure are considered well with no evidence of disease. Six additional cases were salvaged by further surgery. Another 7 patients died because of natural causes or distant metastases with good local control of the primary cancer postradiotherapy. The remaining 11 cases were considered failures, all died except one living with disease. These patients could not be saved by further surgery primarily because they were not medically fit. Six of twelve cases (50 per cent) survived three years and 19 of 31 cases (61 per cent) survived for one year free of disease. Reasons for possible failures are discussed.", "contents": "Role of radiation therapy in cancer of bladder. The results of treating 50 patients with bladder cancer with radiotherapy over a three-year period are evaluated. Ten cases (20 per cent) were treated for palliation. Sixteen of 40 patients treated with intent of cure are considered well with no evidence of disease. Six additional cases were salvaged by further surgery. Another 7 patients died because of natural causes or distant metastases with good local control of the primary cancer postradiotherapy. The remaining 11 cases were considered failures, all died except one living with disease. These patients could not be saved by further surgery primarily because they were not medically fit. Six of twelve cases (50 per cent) survived three years and 19 of 31 cases (61 per cent) survived for one year free of disease. Reasons for possible failures are discussed.", "PMID": 61639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_33", "title": "[Immunological studies of patients with chronic ulcerative-hemorrhagic colitis].", "content": "Immunologic investigations were carried out with 22 patients with chornic ulcerohemorrhagic colitis in the course of three years. The average values of IgA and TSRFC in the active stage of the disease surpass significantly the normal values. They, to a very large degree, can contribute to the assessment of an advancing remission and in the course of an immunosuppressive treatment the decrease of the therapeutic dosage and the extent to which the patients keep to the prescribed scheme are taken in consideration for its inclusion.", "contents": "[Immunological studies of patients with chronic ulcerative-hemorrhagic colitis]. Immunologic investigations were carried out with 22 patients with chornic ulcerohemorrhagic colitis in the course of three years. The average values of IgA and TSRFC in the active stage of the disease surpass significantly the normal values. They, to a very large degree, can contribute to the assessment of an advancing remission and in the course of an immunosuppressive treatment the decrease of the therapeutic dosage and the extent to which the patients keep to the prescribed scheme are taken in consideration for its inclusion.", "PMID": 61647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_34", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin E level in bronchial asthma].", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin E level was determined in 50 patients with bronchial asthma, treated in the out-patients department and clinical conditions at the Faculty Hospital--Varna. The quantitative determination of immunoglobulin E was carried out by radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini with monospecific anti-IgE globulin serum from Behringswerke (GFR). A considerable elevation of immunoglobulin E in the patients' sera was found, at an average of 394 IU (control 124 IU). A discrepancy in serum immunoglobulin E level was established with the different clinical forms of asthma. The highest are the values with infectious-allergic astmha-424 IU. High are the values both in the treated and not-treated with corticosteroids, without an essential difference between the two patient groups. Some of the rest immunoglobulins showed also an elevationppIgG 2620 mg% and IgA 366 mg%.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin E level in bronchial asthma]. Serum immunoglobulin E level was determined in 50 patients with bronchial asthma, treated in the out-patients department and clinical conditions at the Faculty Hospital--Varna. The quantitative determination of immunoglobulin E was carried out by radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini with monospecific anti-IgE globulin serum from Behringswerke (GFR). A considerable elevation of immunoglobulin E in the patients' sera was found, at an average of 394 IU (control 124 IU). A discrepancy in serum immunoglobulin E level was established with the different clinical forms of asthma. The highest are the values with infectious-allergic astmha-424 IU. High are the values both in the treated and not-treated with corticosteroids, without an essential difference between the two patient groups. Some of the rest immunoglobulins showed also an elevationppIgG 2620 mg% and IgA 366 mg%.", "PMID": 61648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_35", "title": "[Biogenic amine metabolism in homeotherms exposed to pesticides of different chemical nature].", "content": "Some aspects of the biogenic amines -- serotonin and histamine metabolism in rats and guinea pigs following introduction to them of pesticides of different chemical nature, viz. gamma-isomer of hexachlorcyclohexane (lindane) and dimethyldithiocarbamate zinc (zyram) were studied. These pesticides were found to dissimilarly affect the passage with urine of the principal serotonin metabolite -- 5-oxyindol-acetic acid. A short-term (2 days) introduction to rats of large doses (34 mg/kg) of lindane and a protracted (90 days) action of low doses (1.7 mg/kg) produce changes in the content of serotonin and of 5-oxyindol-acetic acid in the brain, liver and kidneys. In the blood of guinea pigs receiving for a lenthy time (120 days) small amounts (4 mg/kg) of zyram shifts in the histamine-histaminase-histaminopexy system were revealed, this pointing to the ability of this pesticide to provoke the state of sensitization.", "contents": "[Biogenic amine metabolism in homeotherms exposed to pesticides of different chemical nature]. Some aspects of the biogenic amines -- serotonin and histamine metabolism in rats and guinea pigs following introduction to them of pesticides of different chemical nature, viz. gamma-isomer of hexachlorcyclohexane (lindane) and dimethyldithiocarbamate zinc (zyram) were studied. These pesticides were found to dissimilarly affect the passage with urine of the principal serotonin metabolite -- 5-oxyindol-acetic acid. A short-term (2 days) introduction to rats of large doses (34 mg/kg) of lindane and a protracted (90 days) action of low doses (1.7 mg/kg) produce changes in the content of serotonin and of 5-oxyindol-acetic acid in the brain, liver and kidneys. In the blood of guinea pigs receiving for a lenthy time (120 days) small amounts (4 mg/kg) of zyram shifts in the histamine-histaminase-histaminopexy system were revealed, this pointing to the ability of this pesticide to provoke the state of sensitization.", "PMID": 61645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_36", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and liver cell proliferation in rats fed choline-deficient diet.", "content": "Liver 3H-thymidine labelling index and serum AFP were determined in rats fed a standard laboratory or choline deficient diet. A significant increase in the rate of liver cell proliferation was evidenced in animals on the deficient diet. Furthermore, elevated serum AFP levels were detected in a proportion of these rats. It is suggested that increased synthesis of AFP corresponds to liver cell regeneration secondary to hepatic damage.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and liver cell proliferation in rats fed choline-deficient diet. Liver 3H-thymidine labelling index and serum AFP were determined in rats fed a standard laboratory or choline deficient diet. A significant increase in the rate of liver cell proliferation was evidenced in animals on the deficient diet. Furthermore, elevated serum AFP levels were detected in a proportion of these rats. It is suggested that increased synthesis of AFP corresponds to liver cell regeneration secondary to hepatic damage.", "PMID": 61657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_37", "title": "[Differential-diagnostic and prognostic significance of antinuclear factors].", "content": "On the patients of the consulting point for rheumatic diseases of the policlinical institute of the Karl-Marx-University Leipzig analytic examinations of the course for the existence of the LE-cell factor were carried out. We used the loose-body-test after van Soeren as screening test, controlled positive test results for several times under the same experimental conditions and supplemented it by the LE-cell test after Zinkham and Conley or later on by the immune fluorescence test. All patients with positive proof of LE-cells were examined for reference signs concerning a visceral lupus erythematodes, in which cases at the beginning of the examination nobody fulfilled the criteria of the diagnosis of a visceral lupus erythematodes. We tested the constancy of the proof of the LE-cells as well as the diagnosis in the course of longer periods. Typical changes of a visceral lupus erythematodes were seen only rarely. In 2 patients the joint processes were concomitant symptoms of a chronic aggressive hepatitis. In the p.c.p. at stage II to IV with positive LE-cell factors in the first place must be thought of a proof of LE-cell factors induced by drugs. In these cases gold is of practical importance. We could confirm that in contrast to the typical active visceral lupus erythematodes in p.c.p. the antinuclear factors have only a weakly positive result and are above all inconstant.", "contents": "[Differential-diagnostic and prognostic significance of antinuclear factors]. On the patients of the consulting point for rheumatic diseases of the policlinical institute of the Karl-Marx-University Leipzig analytic examinations of the course for the existence of the LE-cell factor were carried out. We used the loose-body-test after van Soeren as screening test, controlled positive test results for several times under the same experimental conditions and supplemented it by the LE-cell test after Zinkham and Conley or later on by the immune fluorescence test. All patients with positive proof of LE-cells were examined for reference signs concerning a visceral lupus erythematodes, in which cases at the beginning of the examination nobody fulfilled the criteria of the diagnosis of a visceral lupus erythematodes. We tested the constancy of the proof of the LE-cells as well as the diagnosis in the course of longer periods. Typical changes of a visceral lupus erythematodes were seen only rarely. In 2 patients the joint processes were concomitant symptoms of a chronic aggressive hepatitis. In the p.c.p. at stage II to IV with positive LE-cell factors in the first place must be thought of a proof of LE-cell factors induced by drugs. In these cases gold is of practical importance. We could confirm that in contrast to the typical active visceral lupus erythematodes in p.c.p. the antinuclear factors have only a weakly positive result and are above all inconstant.", "PMID": 61660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_38", "title": "[Ways and possibilities in the diagnosis of leukemic diseases].", "content": "Malign diseases and thus also leucoses are pathogenetically as well as therapeutically an up to now unsolved problem. Since according to the modern standard of our knowledge a chance of healing at best is to be found in the recognition of the pre-stages and the early stages, therefore, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary. In these cases the usual hematological methods of examination alone cannot help on. Without doubt, the cytochemical and autoradiographic investigation methods are an essential enrichment in the diagnostics. Hopeful perspectives in the early recognition of leucaemic diseases, however, indicate themselves only by new realizations in the field of cytogenetics and by further research of the metabolic function and the molecular biology of the tumour cells.", "contents": "[Ways and possibilities in the diagnosis of leukemic diseases]. Malign diseases and thus also leucoses are pathogenetically as well as therapeutically an up to now unsolved problem. Since according to the modern standard of our knowledge a chance of healing at best is to be found in the recognition of the pre-stages and the early stages, therefore, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary. In these cases the usual hematological methods of examination alone cannot help on. Without doubt, the cytochemical and autoradiographic investigation methods are an essential enrichment in the diagnostics. Hopeful perspectives in the early recognition of leucaemic diseases, however, indicate themselves only by new realizations in the field of cytogenetics and by further research of the metabolic function and the molecular biology of the tumour cells.", "PMID": 61661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_39", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic effect of disopyramide in ventricular extrasystole and auricular fibrillation].", "content": "Disopyramide (B 712) was tested in 39 patients with chronic arrhythmias of different kind: 23 cases with atrial fibrillation, 16 cases with ventricular ectopic beats, two cases with supraventricular tachycardias. The effect of disopyramide was compared to a pretreatment with one or several antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, beta-blocking agents, verapamil, ajmalin-bitartrat, aprindine, propafenone, diphenylhydantoin) which had been discontinued either due to ineffectiveness or the occurrence of intolerable side effects. Therapeutical effectiveness was controlled by on-line arrhythmia computers in the CCU or Holter monitoring. 15 patients were treated longer than 4 weeks up to 16 months (mean 35+/-22,6 weeks). The following results were achieved: 1 atrial fibrillation, abolition or significant reduction of the rate of recurrence in 10 out of 23 patients; slight reduction or no effect in 13 patients; 2. ventricular ectopic beats: abolition or significant reduction in 6 out of 16 patients, slight reduction or no effect in the remaining 10 patients. Patients who were treated successfully received the same dosis as those without therapeutical success. In cases with atrial fibrillation, the success was dependent on the duration of this arrhythmia prior to treatment. In comparison to the pretreatment with one or several of the above-mentioned anti-arrhythmic drugs, disopyramide was as effective as the drug given before. The analysis of the Ecg revealed a slight but insignificant prolongation of the time intervals. In 22 patients reversible dosage-dependent side effects were observed which are due to the vagolytic action of the drug: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy, nausea, headache. These side effects occurred at daily dosages between 400 to 800 mg increasing markedly in patients on 800 mg a day. The drug had to be discontinued in 4 cases because of side effects. During long-term treatment no severe side effects were observed. Thus, disopyramide may serve as an alternative to quinidine, especially if the latter has to be stopped because of side effects.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic effect of disopyramide in ventricular extrasystole and auricular fibrillation]. Disopyramide (B 712) was tested in 39 patients with chronic arrhythmias of different kind: 23 cases with atrial fibrillation, 16 cases with ventricular ectopic beats, two cases with supraventricular tachycardias. The effect of disopyramide was compared to a pretreatment with one or several antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, beta-blocking agents, verapamil, ajmalin-bitartrat, aprindine, propafenone, diphenylhydantoin) which had been discontinued either due to ineffectiveness or the occurrence of intolerable side effects. Therapeutical effectiveness was controlled by on-line arrhythmia computers in the CCU or Holter monitoring. 15 patients were treated longer than 4 weeks up to 16 months (mean 35+/-22,6 weeks). The following results were achieved: 1 atrial fibrillation, abolition or significant reduction of the rate of recurrence in 10 out of 23 patients; slight reduction or no effect in 13 patients; 2. ventricular ectopic beats: abolition or significant reduction in 6 out of 16 patients, slight reduction or no effect in the remaining 10 patients. Patients who were treated successfully received the same dosis as those without therapeutical success. In cases with atrial fibrillation, the success was dependent on the duration of this arrhythmia prior to treatment. In comparison to the pretreatment with one or several of the above-mentioned anti-arrhythmic drugs, disopyramide was as effective as the drug given before. The analysis of the Ecg revealed a slight but insignificant prolongation of the time intervals. In 22 patients reversible dosage-dependent side effects were observed which are due to the vagolytic action of the drug: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy, nausea, headache. These side effects occurred at daily dosages between 400 to 800 mg increasing markedly in patients on 800 mg a day. The drug had to be discontinued in 4 cases because of side effects. During long-term treatment no severe side effects were observed. Thus, disopyramide may serve as an alternative to quinidine, especially if the latter has to be stopped because of side effects.", "PMID": 61664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_40", "title": "[Modification of the thrombocyte function using hormonal contraception. 1. Thrombocyte count, thrombocyte propagation and platelet aggregation under hormonal contraception].", "content": "The number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets in plasma of 102 women treated with Ovosiston, an anticonceptive agent, were investigated. A significant increase of the number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets was observed. Conclusions from isolated observations are not possible.", "contents": "[Modification of the thrombocyte function using hormonal contraception. 1. Thrombocyte count, thrombocyte propagation and platelet aggregation under hormonal contraception]. The number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets in plasma of 102 women treated with Ovosiston, an anticonceptive agent, were investigated. A significant increase of the number of platelets, spreading and aggregation of platelets was observed. Conclusions from isolated observations are not possible.", "PMID": 61668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_41", "title": "[Modification of the thrombocyte function using hormonal contraception. 2. Platelet adhesiveness, thromboelastography, conclusions].", "content": "Platelet adhesiviness and thrombelastographic investigations in plasma by 102 women treated with Ovosiston, an anticonceptive agent were observed. A significant increase of adhesiveness and thrombelastographic variations was found. In conclusion showed abnormalities of platelet functions and thrombelastographic values point to influences by oral contraceptive agent Ovosiston. In combination with other favouring factors the risk of thromboembolism must be enhanced.", "contents": "[Modification of the thrombocyte function using hormonal contraception. 2. Platelet adhesiveness, thromboelastography, conclusions]. Platelet adhesiviness and thrombelastographic investigations in plasma by 102 women treated with Ovosiston, an anticonceptive agent were observed. A significant increase of adhesiveness and thrombelastographic variations was found. In conclusion showed abnormalities of platelet functions and thrombelastographic values point to influences by oral contraceptive agent Ovosiston. In combination with other favouring factors the risk of thromboembolism must be enhanced.", "PMID": 61669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_42", "title": "[Protective measures, tolerance margins and legislation].", "content": "Federal, cantonal and communal legislation in Switzerland suffers from incompleteness and other deficiencies in spite of a multitude of regulations concerning air management. The future legislation on environment will have to fill in the gaps as far as possible and to eliminate these deficiencies. The legislation in preparation will be based on a modern concept and should make it possible to act in a preventive way in environmental policy as well as in air management. The choice of the instruments to be used will be based not only on availability but in the first place on effectiveness and practical possibilities of execution. Priority is to be given to the reduction of emissions. In order to deal with the problems of air pollution, it has been suggested to classify these problems according to global, national:regional and local significance. As it is not possible to solve all problems in this field in a couple of years, we need to set priorities. These will have to be attributed not only according to the actual necessity for action but also according to the state of progress of current studies.", "contents": "[Protective measures, tolerance margins and legislation]. Federal, cantonal and communal legislation in Switzerland suffers from incompleteness and other deficiencies in spite of a multitude of regulations concerning air management. The future legislation on environment will have to fill in the gaps as far as possible and to eliminate these deficiencies. The legislation in preparation will be based on a modern concept and should make it possible to act in a preventive way in environmental policy as well as in air management. The choice of the instruments to be used will be based not only on availability but in the first place on effectiveness and practical possibilities of execution. Priority is to be given to the reduction of emissions. In order to deal with the problems of air pollution, it has been suggested to classify these problems according to global, national:regional and local significance. As it is not possible to solve all problems in this field in a couple of years, we need to set priorities. These will have to be attributed not only according to the actual necessity for action but also according to the state of progress of current studies.", "PMID": 61666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_43", "title": "[Air pollution in Switzerland--sources and extent].", "content": "The immediate source of air pollution is the fuel consumption that goes on in domestic heating (about 50%), in motor vehicles (about 25%), and in industry (about 25%). Immissions in towns and agglomerations do not only depend on the number and size of these issuing sources but also on the location and meteorological conditions. The average sulphur dioxide content in various towns amounts to 0.03-0.06 ppm in winter and in summer to 0.01-0.03 ppm. In weather conditions with little exchangeability, as is often the case in Zurich, particulate matter and sulphur dioxide concentrations frequently lie above threshold limits applied abroad. In the area of heavy traffic for instance, daily averages of carbon monoxide of up to 20 ppm, and maximum hourly averages of up to 50 ppm are measured--concentrations which lie also considerably above threshold limits. For nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead too, concentrations such as are measured in large foreign cities occur. In the future, coordinated time measurements will have to be carried out more frequently in Switzerland--especially in places with strong emitting sources and unfavorable meteorological conditions.", "contents": "[Air pollution in Switzerland--sources and extent]. The immediate source of air pollution is the fuel consumption that goes on in domestic heating (about 50%), in motor vehicles (about 25%), and in industry (about 25%). Immissions in towns and agglomerations do not only depend on the number and size of these issuing sources but also on the location and meteorological conditions. The average sulphur dioxide content in various towns amounts to 0.03-0.06 ppm in winter and in summer to 0.01-0.03 ppm. In weather conditions with little exchangeability, as is often the case in Zurich, particulate matter and sulphur dioxide concentrations frequently lie above threshold limits applied abroad. In the area of heavy traffic for instance, daily averages of carbon monoxide of up to 20 ppm, and maximum hourly averages of up to 50 ppm are measured--concentrations which lie also considerably above threshold limits. For nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead too, concentrations such as are measured in large foreign cities occur. In the future, coordinated time measurements will have to be carried out more frequently in Switzerland--especially in places with strong emitting sources and unfavorable meteorological conditions.", "PMID": 61667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_44", "title": "Acquired resistance to parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Studies are presented in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism who showed a partial response to parathyroid extract. Resistance to the extract was observed after its short-term administration for the gourth time. Serum from the patient contained antibodies of the gamma G globulin class which bound 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone. Prior incubation of parathyroid hormone with the serum prevented the activation in vitro of adenylate cyclase from pork renal cortex. The antibodies were directed primarily toward the C-terminal portion of the molecule. Thus, clinical resistance to parathyroid hormone is attributed to specific antibodies.", "contents": "Acquired resistance to parathyroid hormone. Studies are presented in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism who showed a partial response to parathyroid extract. Resistance to the extract was observed after its short-term administration for the gourth time. Serum from the patient contained antibodies of the gamma G globulin class which bound 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone. Prior incubation of parathyroid hormone with the serum prevented the activation in vitro of adenylate cyclase from pork renal cortex. The antibodies were directed primarily toward the C-terminal portion of the molecule. Thus, clinical resistance to parathyroid hormone is attributed to specific antibodies.", "PMID": 61689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_45", "title": "On the cytochemical demonstration of basic proteins in the cell nucleus, including the nucleolus.", "content": "A combined Feulgen-alkaline fast green method is described for simultaneous demonstration of DNA and basic proteins in the cell nucleus. The method is based on preserving both types of substances in the tissue section and releasing in them reactive groups for the 2 kinds of staining. These conditions are best provided, as proved by staining tests on tissue hydrolysates, if formalin-containing mixtures (SERRA's or LILLIE's fluids) are employed for fixation, and cold 5 N HCl is used for FEULGEN hydrolysis. In this way, a good cytological picture is also achieved. Nuclear euchromatin stains with this method red, while heterochromatin, pycnotic nuclei and sperm heads exhibit a deep violet to blue-violet colour. Prominent nucleoli of metabolically active cells display a distinct blue-green staining thus manifesting their high content of basic proteins. Acetylation test reveals that these proteins are of lysine-rich type. The known negative reaction of the nucleoli with the routine alkaline fast green method according to ALFERT and GESCHWIND must be attributed to an extraction of the nucleolar basic proteins with the hot TCA used in this method. Certain analogy in the cytochemical behaviour between the nucleolous and the chromatin under various conditions of hydrolysis leads to the suggestion that the nucleolar basic proteins demonstrated should be in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex, probably of the pre-ribosomal material of the nucleolus.", "contents": "On the cytochemical demonstration of basic proteins in the cell nucleus, including the nucleolus. A combined Feulgen-alkaline fast green method is described for simultaneous demonstration of DNA and basic proteins in the cell nucleus. The method is based on preserving both types of substances in the tissue section and releasing in them reactive groups for the 2 kinds of staining. These conditions are best provided, as proved by staining tests on tissue hydrolysates, if formalin-containing mixtures (SERRA's or LILLIE's fluids) are employed for fixation, and cold 5 N HCl is used for FEULGEN hydrolysis. In this way, a good cytological picture is also achieved. Nuclear euchromatin stains with this method red, while heterochromatin, pycnotic nuclei and sperm heads exhibit a deep violet to blue-violet colour. Prominent nucleoli of metabolically active cells display a distinct blue-green staining thus manifesting their high content of basic proteins. Acetylation test reveals that these proteins are of lysine-rich type. The known negative reaction of the nucleoli with the routine alkaline fast green method according to ALFERT and GESCHWIND must be attributed to an extraction of the nucleolar basic proteins with the hot TCA used in this method. Certain analogy in the cytochemical behaviour between the nucleolous and the chromatin under various conditions of hydrolysis leads to the suggestion that the nucleolar basic proteins demonstrated should be in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex, probably of the pre-ribosomal material of the nucleolus.", "PMID": 61691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_46", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of hyaluronidase sensible proteoglycans at the presynaptic area in mouse cerebellar cortex.", "content": "By application of electron cytochemical techniques to cerebellar tissue, the presence of proteoglycans was demonstrated at the axoplasmic matrix of mossy fiber endings. Blocks of glutaraldehyde (G) fixed mouse cerebellum were processed according to the following procedures: a) Some pieces of tissue were post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated by ethanol and embedded in araldite. b) Other pieces were sectioned to 30 mum thick and then immersed in Alcian blue solution pH = 2.7 followed by osmium tetroxide fixation, dehydrated and embedded in araldite (GABOUL procedure). c) Parallel slices of (b) previous to Alcian blue immersion were washed and incubated in either methanol-HCl, neuraminidase, ribonuclease or testicular hyaluronidase with their respective controls. d) Other blocks of G fixed tissue without any other treatment and fixation were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections of a, b and c were doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate while ultrathin sections of (d) were stained with the osmium coordination compound Os-DMEDA. The electron microscopic study revealed at the presynaptic axoplasm of mossy fiber rosettes, the presence of a GABOUL and Os-DMEDA positive electron dense material surrounding synaptic vesicles and continuous with presynaptic dense projections. This material which coincides with cytonet distribution was resistant to neuraminidase and ribonuclease and sensible to hyaluronidase and carboxymethylation. These findings permit us to conclude that the axoplasmic material of mossy fiber endings is constituted by proteoglycans in which hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 4-and/or 6-sulphate are present. The probable importance of these proteoglycans in synaptic mechanisms is also discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of hyaluronidase sensible proteoglycans at the presynaptic area in mouse cerebellar cortex. By application of electron cytochemical techniques to cerebellar tissue, the presence of proteoglycans was demonstrated at the axoplasmic matrix of mossy fiber endings. Blocks of glutaraldehyde (G) fixed mouse cerebellum were processed according to the following procedures: a) Some pieces of tissue were post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated by ethanol and embedded in araldite. b) Other pieces were sectioned to 30 mum thick and then immersed in Alcian blue solution pH = 2.7 followed by osmium tetroxide fixation, dehydrated and embedded in araldite (GABOUL procedure). c) Parallel slices of (b) previous to Alcian blue immersion were washed and incubated in either methanol-HCl, neuraminidase, ribonuclease or testicular hyaluronidase with their respective controls. d) Other blocks of G fixed tissue without any other treatment and fixation were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections of a, b and c were doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate while ultrathin sections of (d) were stained with the osmium coordination compound Os-DMEDA. The electron microscopic study revealed at the presynaptic axoplasm of mossy fiber rosettes, the presence of a GABOUL and Os-DMEDA positive electron dense material surrounding synaptic vesicles and continuous with presynaptic dense projections. This material which coincides with cytonet distribution was resistant to neuraminidase and ribonuclease and sensible to hyaluronidase and carboxymethylation. These findings permit us to conclude that the axoplasmic material of mossy fiber endings is constituted by proteoglycans in which hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 4-and/or 6-sulphate are present. The probable importance of these proteoglycans in synaptic mechanisms is also discussed.", "PMID": 61692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_47", "title": "CEA and CEA-like activity in gastric cancer.", "content": "CEA activity was studied using a three-layer bridge immunoperoxidase method in paraffin-embedded histological sections of gastric mucosa from patients with gastric cancer and from normal asymptomatic subjects. In all cases gastric cancer cells showed CEA or CEA-like activity irrespective of the histological type of cancer. The activity was located mainly in cellular membranes, on the brush border or in apical parts of the cell cytoplasm. CEA activity could not be demonstrated in mucosa specimens from normal controls. These results indicate that the appearance of CEA or CEA-like substances is regularly associated with the malignant transformation of epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "CEA and CEA-like activity in gastric cancer. CEA activity was studied using a three-layer bridge immunoperoxidase method in paraffin-embedded histological sections of gastric mucosa from patients with gastric cancer and from normal asymptomatic subjects. In all cases gastric cancer cells showed CEA or CEA-like activity irrespective of the histological type of cancer. The activity was located mainly in cellular membranes, on the brush border or in apical parts of the cell cytoplasm. CEA activity could not be demonstrated in mucosa specimens from normal controls. These results indicate that the appearance of CEA or CEA-like substances is regularly associated with the malignant transformation of epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 61690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_48", "title": "Recent progress in the staining of DNA-aldehyde in cell nuclei.", "content": "The paper is a review of studies on Feulgen staining of nuclear DNA. For convenience, the paper is split into several sections, such as (a) the characteristic of the dyes used for the manufacture of Schiff reagent (b) preparations of Schiff reagent (c) fixation of the material (d) hydrolysis (e) staining with Schiff reagent (f) Schiff-type dyes and (g) use of Schiff-type dyes in quantitative cytochemistry. Barring the section on preparation of Schiff reagent that includes the classical methods, all other sections contain a comprehenside account showing progress made during the last 15 years. Under each section interpretations of new findings as far as possible, and in the section on staining with Schiff reagent, new approaches to its study have been presented. The section on Schiff-type dyes includes dyes with and without primary amino group.", "contents": "Recent progress in the staining of DNA-aldehyde in cell nuclei. The paper is a review of studies on Feulgen staining of nuclear DNA. For convenience, the paper is split into several sections, such as (a) the characteristic of the dyes used for the manufacture of Schiff reagent (b) preparations of Schiff reagent (c) fixation of the material (d) hydrolysis (e) staining with Schiff reagent (f) Schiff-type dyes and (g) use of Schiff-type dyes in quantitative cytochemistry. Barring the section on preparation of Schiff reagent that includes the classical methods, all other sections contain a comprehenside account showing progress made during the last 15 years. Under each section interpretations of new findings as far as possible, and in the section on staining with Schiff reagent, new approaches to its study have been presented. The section on Schiff-type dyes includes dyes with and without primary amino group.", "PMID": 61693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_49", "title": "Immunological properties of dialysis retentates from penicillin.", "content": "Retentates from benzylpenicillin preparations marketed in Canada were used in immunological studies in order to determine if they were immunogenic in experimental animals with respect to anaphylactic antibody production. The retentates obtained consisted mainly of penicillin polymers. Impurities of protein nature were either insignificant or absent. The penicillin polymers were found to be non-immunogenic in Albino Wistar rats, Wistar Furth rats and Hartley guinea pigs. Furthermore, they were unable to effect positive PCA tests in rats passively sensitized to the penicilloyl determinant.", "contents": "Immunological properties of dialysis retentates from penicillin. Retentates from benzylpenicillin preparations marketed in Canada were used in immunological studies in order to determine if they were immunogenic in experimental animals with respect to anaphylactic antibody production. The retentates obtained consisted mainly of penicillin polymers. Impurities of protein nature were either insignificant or absent. The penicillin polymers were found to be non-immunogenic in Albino Wistar rats, Wistar Furth rats and Hartley guinea pigs. Furthermore, they were unable to effect positive PCA tests in rats passively sensitized to the penicilloyl determinant.", "PMID": 61694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_50", "title": "The origin of serum protein, A, B, and H blood group, and Gm and Inv antigens in house dust.", "content": "Materials precipitated from an aqueous extract of house dust by saturation with ammonium sulphate showed immunological reaction with antisera to human serum albumin, human alpha1-acid glycoprotein, human IgG, Gm and Inv antigens and to A, B and H antigens. It is concluded that the albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein are of human origin. It seems that the apparent IgG activity is due to cross-reactivity since, from the anticipated specificities of the Fab and Fc fragments of human IgG, the former could not be detected, and since Gm (6) activity was present, unexpectedly, in Swiss house dust. The A, B and H blood group antigenic activities were detected in relative concentration different from those expected if they were solely of human origin. It is concluded that they are from both human and non-human sources.", "contents": "The origin of serum protein, A, B, and H blood group, and Gm and Inv antigens in house dust. Materials precipitated from an aqueous extract of house dust by saturation with ammonium sulphate showed immunological reaction with antisera to human serum albumin, human alpha1-acid glycoprotein, human IgG, Gm and Inv antigens and to A, B and H antigens. It is concluded that the albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein are of human origin. It seems that the apparent IgG activity is due to cross-reactivity since, from the anticipated specificities of the Fab and Fc fragments of human IgG, the former could not be detected, and since Gm (6) activity was present, unexpectedly, in Swiss house dust. The A, B and H blood group antigenic activities were detected in relative concentration different from those expected if they were solely of human origin. It is concluded that they are from both human and non-human sources.", "PMID": 61695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_51", "title": "Neurohistological and histochemical observations on the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus (gray partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the neural elements of the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus, from the point of view of neurohistology and histochemistry. The staining of the neural elements was done by the cholinesterase technique with a maintained pH of 5.2, temperature 40 degrees C and incubation period of 19 h. Distribution of nerves in association with bronchial cartilage, pulmonary vessels and bronchi has been described and discussed. The distribution of the ganglia in association with blood vessels, bronchi, cartilage, various plexuses and the neural terminal terminal network has also been described. The innervation of the bronchi and their branches, and formation of the neural terminal network has been studied, as well as the distribution of cholinesterase in bronchi, blood vessels, muscles, ganglia, and nerve fibres.", "contents": "Neurohistological and histochemical observations on the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus (gray partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique. An investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the neural elements of the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus, from the point of view of neurohistology and histochemistry. The staining of the neural elements was done by the cholinesterase technique with a maintained pH of 5.2, temperature 40 degrees C and incubation period of 19 h. Distribution of nerves in association with bronchial cartilage, pulmonary vessels and bronchi has been described and discussed. The distribution of the ganglia in association with blood vessels, bronchi, cartilage, various plexuses and the neural terminal terminal network has also been described. The innervation of the bronchi and their branches, and formation of the neural terminal network has been studied, as well as the distribution of cholinesterase in bronchi, blood vessels, muscles, ganglia, and nerve fibres.", "PMID": 61696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_52", "title": "Ultrastructural study on the meiotic prophase nucleus of rat oocytes.", "content": "Rat oocytes in the meiotic prophase are studied by means of classical techniques of electron microscopy, preferential staining methods for DNA and RNA and specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The axial cores in leptotene and the lateral arms in the pachytene synaptonemal complex are composed by fibrils that keep a positive contrast after the application of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid staining method. They disappear with RNAse treatment, which reveals the presence of chromatin fibrils in the zone occupied by the cores. Preferential staining for DNA corroborates this evidence. Medial arm and lateral-medial fibrils are formed by ribonucleoproteic filaments that form bridges between pairing homologues in the zygotene. In the advanced pachytene stage, the RNA becomes scarce in these structures. No DNA can be detected either in the lateral-medial fibrils or in the medial arm. During diplotene the synaptonemal complex loses its individually and the synaptic space becomes wider and irregular. At the same time, loss of chromatin and a large increase of RNA-containing particles occur. These processes lead to the typical interphasic arrangement of nuclear components seen in the dictyate stage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on the meiotic prophase nucleus of rat oocytes. Rat oocytes in the meiotic prophase are studied by means of classical techniques of electron microscopy, preferential staining methods for DNA and RNA and specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The axial cores in leptotene and the lateral arms in the pachytene synaptonemal complex are composed by fibrils that keep a positive contrast after the application of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid staining method. They disappear with RNAse treatment, which reveals the presence of chromatin fibrils in the zone occupied by the cores. Preferential staining for DNA corroborates this evidence. Medial arm and lateral-medial fibrils are formed by ribonucleoproteic filaments that form bridges between pairing homologues in the zygotene. In the advanced pachytene stage, the RNA becomes scarce in these structures. No DNA can be detected either in the lateral-medial fibrils or in the medial arm. During diplotene the synaptonemal complex loses its individually and the synaptic space becomes wider and irregular. At the same time, loss of chromatin and a large increase of RNA-containing particles occur. These processes lead to the typical interphasic arrangement of nuclear components seen in the dictyate stage.", "PMID": 61697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_53", "title": "Whipple's disease of the central nervous system.", "content": "Whipple's disease presenting as a neurological disease without gastrointestinal symptoms is an unusual occurrence. A 40 year old man suffered hypersomnia, memory loss and progressive ophthalmoplegia for 6 months prior to death. The nature of this disease was not established during life. Extensive granulomatous inflammation affecting the hypothalamus, hippocampus and periaqueductal gray matter of the brain was found to represent Whipple's disease by electron microscopy. Characteristic lesions were also present in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine and myocardium. Bacillary bodies and membranous inclusions similar to those seen in visceral lesions of Whipple's disease were present in macrophages. The findings supported the theory of direct involvement of the central nervous system by bacilli rather than a metabolic origin for the lesions.", "contents": "Whipple's disease of the central nervous system. Whipple's disease presenting as a neurological disease without gastrointestinal symptoms is an unusual occurrence. A 40 year old man suffered hypersomnia, memory loss and progressive ophthalmoplegia for 6 months prior to death. The nature of this disease was not established during life. Extensive granulomatous inflammation affecting the hypothalamus, hippocampus and periaqueductal gray matter of the brain was found to represent Whipple's disease by electron microscopy. Characteristic lesions were also present in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine and myocardium. Bacillary bodies and membranous inclusions similar to those seen in visceral lesions of Whipple's disease were present in macrophages. The findings supported the theory of direct involvement of the central nervous system by bacilli rather than a metabolic origin for the lesions.", "PMID": 61698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_54", "title": "Effects of trans-clomiphene in combination with AY-9944 on rat CNS morphology and biochemistry.", "content": "Developing rats were injected intraperitoneally twice weekly with a combination of two hypocholesterolemic agents: trans-clomiphene 50 mg per kg body weight, and AY-9944, 5 mg per kg body weight. Treatment was initiated at 5 days of age. Biochemical and electron microscopic examination was carried out on animals sacrificed at 20 days of age. Only rarely were cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in the CNS. Biochemical analysis of the brain and spinal cords of treated animals indicated the abnormal accumulation of three sterols, zymosterol (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol), 7-dehydrocholesterol (cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) and 7-dehydrodesmosterol (cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol). The 7-dehydrosterols constituted from 56--66% of the total CNS sterol component. Zymosterol was a relatively minor (2.4--5.0%) component.", "contents": "Effects of trans-clomiphene in combination with AY-9944 on rat CNS morphology and biochemistry. Developing rats were injected intraperitoneally twice weekly with a combination of two hypocholesterolemic agents: trans-clomiphene 50 mg per kg body weight, and AY-9944, 5 mg per kg body weight. Treatment was initiated at 5 days of age. Biochemical and electron microscopic examination was carried out on animals sacrificed at 20 days of age. Only rarely were cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in the CNS. Biochemical analysis of the brain and spinal cords of treated animals indicated the abnormal accumulation of three sterols, zymosterol (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol), 7-dehydrocholesterol (cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) and 7-dehydrodesmosterol (cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol). The 7-dehydrosterols constituted from 56--66% of the total CNS sterol component. Zymosterol was a relatively minor (2.4--5.0%) component.", "PMID": 61699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_55", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and serum from pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "In 12 pregnant women with severe rhesusiso-immunization the AFP concentration in amniotic fluid (50 samples), maternal serum (212 samples) and cord blood (5 samples) were determined by immuno-electrophoresis. With surviving infants (9 patients) the initial values in amniotic fluid before intrauterine transfusion (IUT) lie evenly distributed within the 90% reference interval. In serum the initial values are within the 90% reference interval, but above the mean level for AFP concentration for gestational age. A similar pattern is seen in the period up to delivery. In 3 cases of intrauterine/neonatal death the initial concentrations of AFP in maternal serum were significantly above the upper limit of normal range, whereas all the initial amniotic fluid concentrations were close to 95% fractile. Intrauterine transfusions do not influence the AFP profiles in a uniform way. The AFP concentration in maternal serum may be used in evaluation of severe rhesus-isoimmunized pregnancies.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and serum from pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. In 12 pregnant women with severe rhesusiso-immunization the AFP concentration in amniotic fluid (50 samples), maternal serum (212 samples) and cord blood (5 samples) were determined by immuno-electrophoresis. With surviving infants (9 patients) the initial values in amniotic fluid before intrauterine transfusion (IUT) lie evenly distributed within the 90% reference interval. In serum the initial values are within the 90% reference interval, but above the mean level for AFP concentration for gestational age. A similar pattern is seen in the period up to delivery. In 3 cases of intrauterine/neonatal death the initial concentrations of AFP in maternal serum were significantly above the upper limit of normal range, whereas all the initial amniotic fluid concentrations were close to 95% fractile. Intrauterine transfusions do not influence the AFP profiles in a uniform way. The AFP concentration in maternal serum may be used in evaluation of severe rhesus-isoimmunized pregnancies.", "PMID": 61700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_56", "title": "Induction of the \"pregnancy zone\" protein by conjugated oestrogens.", "content": "Treatment with conjugated oestrogens was found to increase significantly the serum concentration of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) in a group of postmenopausal women. The basic level of PZ before treatment was comparatively high in this group of women and might be related to age and previous pregnancies. Naturally occurring conjugated oestrogens have a similar effect on the induction of PZ as synthetic oestrogens.", "contents": "Induction of the \"pregnancy zone\" protein by conjugated oestrogens. Treatment with conjugated oestrogens was found to increase significantly the serum concentration of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) in a group of postmenopausal women. The basic level of PZ before treatment was comparatively high in this group of women and might be related to age and previous pregnancies. Naturally occurring conjugated oestrogens have a similar effect on the induction of PZ as synthetic oestrogens.", "PMID": 61701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_57", "title": "HCT and thyroid function in molar pregnancy.", "content": "HCT, TSH, T3, T4, PBI, T3-RSU, TBG binding capacity, BMR and thyroid uptake of radioiodine were measured simultaneously on the volunteers with hydatidiform mole and normal pregnancy. TRH stimulation tests were performed on the two groups. The serum HCT levels were higher in association with molar pregnancy than in normal pregnancy. TSH levels were within the nonpregnant range in the two groups. T3, T4, PBI, ETR, BMR and thyroid uptake of radioiodine suggested thyroid hyperfunction in molar pregnancy with a greater degree than that in normal pregnancy. TBG binding capacity and T3-RSU were similar in two groups. The peak TSH levels of TRH stimulation tests ranged widely in patients with molar pregnancies but were within the nonpregnant range in the subjects with normal pregnancies. These findings suggest thyroid hyperfunction in the molar pregnancy is due to a larger amount of HCT than in normal pregnancy.", "contents": "HCT and thyroid function in molar pregnancy. HCT, TSH, T3, T4, PBI, T3-RSU, TBG binding capacity, BMR and thyroid uptake of radioiodine were measured simultaneously on the volunteers with hydatidiform mole and normal pregnancy. TRH stimulation tests were performed on the two groups. The serum HCT levels were higher in association with molar pregnancy than in normal pregnancy. TSH levels were within the nonpregnant range in the two groups. T3, T4, PBI, ETR, BMR and thyroid uptake of radioiodine suggested thyroid hyperfunction in molar pregnancy with a greater degree than that in normal pregnancy. TBG binding capacity and T3-RSU were similar in two groups. The peak TSH levels of TRH stimulation tests ranged widely in patients with molar pregnancies but were within the nonpregnant range in the subjects with normal pregnancies. These findings suggest thyroid hyperfunction in the molar pregnancy is due to a larger amount of HCT than in normal pregnancy.", "PMID": 61702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_58", "title": "Identification of antigens within the so-called vaccinia L-S complex by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The so-called L-S antigen complex of vaccinia virus antigens was studied using gel diffusion and various immunoelectrophoresis methods. The low resolution power of the gel diffusion method and the inconsistency of the results obtained rendered this method unsuitable for identification of individual antigens and for comparative studies. The sensitivity and simplicity of counter current electrophoresis showed the superiority of this method for rapid diagnosis of pox-virus infections. Simple rocket or line electrophoresis could not be used to distinguish the antigens. The height of the individual rockets and the position of the lines were greatly influenced by the strain of virus and the antibody composition of the antiserum. Crossed and crossed-line electrophoresis gave distinct and reproducible patterns which may provide a basis for further studies of vaccinia precipitinogens. The presumed L-S antigen complex was composed of two distinct antigens. The L antigen was more negatively charged and showed an approximate S value of 10 as compared to 7S for the S antigen.", "contents": "Identification of antigens within the so-called vaccinia L-S complex by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. The so-called L-S antigen complex of vaccinia virus antigens was studied using gel diffusion and various immunoelectrophoresis methods. The low resolution power of the gel diffusion method and the inconsistency of the results obtained rendered this method unsuitable for identification of individual antigens and for comparative studies. The sensitivity and simplicity of counter current electrophoresis showed the superiority of this method for rapid diagnosis of pox-virus infections. Simple rocket or line electrophoresis could not be used to distinguish the antigens. The height of the individual rockets and the position of the lines were greatly influenced by the strain of virus and the antibody composition of the antiserum. Crossed and crossed-line electrophoresis gave distinct and reproducible patterns which may provide a basis for further studies of vaccinia precipitinogens. The presumed L-S antigen complex was composed of two distinct antigens. The L antigen was more negatively charged and showed an approximate S value of 10 as compared to 7S for the S antigen.", "PMID": 61705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_59", "title": "The effect of specific antibodies on the inhibition of leucocyte migration caused by staphylococcal peptidoglycan.", "content": "Specific antibodies to the various antigenic determinants of staphylococcal peptidoglycan are tested for neutralization of the inhibiting effect of peptidoglycan on leucocyte migration. Antibodies to the C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala group of pentapeptides and to the C-terminal of the glycine bridge showed high neutralizing effect, whereas that of antibodies to the tetrapeptide and to the glycan chain was negligible. The observed neutralization of antibodies against the outermost parts of peptide chains may be due to the inhibition of contact between peptidoglycan and cells.", "contents": "The effect of specific antibodies on the inhibition of leucocyte migration caused by staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Specific antibodies to the various antigenic determinants of staphylococcal peptidoglycan are tested for neutralization of the inhibiting effect of peptidoglycan on leucocyte migration. Antibodies to the C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala group of pentapeptides and to the C-terminal of the glycine bridge showed high neutralizing effect, whereas that of antibodies to the tetrapeptide and to the glycan chain was negligible. The observed neutralization of antibodies against the outermost parts of peptide chains may be due to the inhibition of contact between peptidoglycan and cells.", "PMID": 61706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_60", "title": "Diffusion of sodium in axoplasm of myelinated nerve fibre. Potential clamp analysis.", "content": "The diffusion of sodium and lithium in the axoplasm of myelinated fibres of Xenopus laevis was investigated. The sodium current associated with pulse steps was measured and the internal sodium concentration was calculated from these measurements with the constant field equation. The internal sodium concentration was increased either (i) by massive pulse trains or (ii) by applying a sodium containing solution to a cut end of the fibre. The time course of the concentration change was measured. Equations were solved numerically for a model axon where sodium diffused freely in the axoplasm. It was found that the experimental results were satisfactorily predicted by this model axon. The calculated diffusion coefficient for sodium in axoplasm seemed to be somewhat lower than that in water. Similar experiments were performed with lithium. These results agreed with the predictions based on unrestricted diffusion in the axoplasm. It is concluded that no major diffusion barriers were present within the axoplasm.", "contents": "Diffusion of sodium in axoplasm of myelinated nerve fibre. Potential clamp analysis. The diffusion of sodium and lithium in the axoplasm of myelinated fibres of Xenopus laevis was investigated. The sodium current associated with pulse steps was measured and the internal sodium concentration was calculated from these measurements with the constant field equation. The internal sodium concentration was increased either (i) by massive pulse trains or (ii) by applying a sodium containing solution to a cut end of the fibre. The time course of the concentration change was measured. Equations were solved numerically for a model axon where sodium diffused freely in the axoplasm. It was found that the experimental results were satisfactorily predicted by this model axon. The calculated diffusion coefficient for sodium in axoplasm seemed to be somewhat lower than that in water. Similar experiments were performed with lithium. These results agreed with the predictions based on unrestricted diffusion in the axoplasm. It is concluded that no major diffusion barriers were present within the axoplasm.", "PMID": 61708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_61", "title": "Ionic composition and cardiotoxicity of dimeric contrast media at injection into the coronary arteries of rabbits.", "content": "The relation between ionic composition and cardiotoxicity of two dimers, iocarmate and iozomate, was investigated by selective injection into the left and right coronary arteries, Least toxic reactions developed at a sodium concentration of 263 to 315 mmol/l for sodium-meglumine iocarmate and 271 to 379 mmol/l for sodium-meglumine iozomate.", "contents": "Ionic composition and cardiotoxicity of dimeric contrast media at injection into the coronary arteries of rabbits. The relation between ionic composition and cardiotoxicity of two dimers, iocarmate and iozomate, was investigated by selective injection into the left and right coronary arteries, Least toxic reactions developed at a sodium concentration of 263 to 315 mmol/l for sodium-meglumine iocarmate and 271 to 379 mmol/l for sodium-meglumine iozomate.", "PMID": 61709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_62", "title": "Pharmacology of sinomenine, an anti-rheumatic alkaloid from Sinomenium acutum.", "content": "The root and stem decoctions of Sinomenium acutum Rehd. et Wils. (formerly Sinomenium diversifolius Diels, one type of Fang-chi (Chinese)) have been used as a folk remedy for neuralgia and rheumatoid arthritis in many areas of the Far East. In Japan and China various viny plants have been identified as Fang-chi (Boi in Japanese) since antiquity. This uncertain nomenclature has made it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of the Fang-chi described in the classic literature. Among traditional Fang-chi plants only Sinomeniumacutum has been demonstrated to contain the alkaloid sinomenine, which is now known to be effective in neuralgia and rheumatic diseases. Sinomenine is a unique plant alkaloid, as it potently releases histamine in association  with degranulation of tissue mast cells in mammalian tissues. This action occurs preferentially in the skin and joint capsules. The released histamine is responsible for the dominant pharmacological actions of sinomenine, such as vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, acceleration of the thoracic and peripheral lymph flow, contraction of plain muscles, increased peristalsis of the intestines, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion. At toxic doses of sinomenine, convulsive central excitation was observed in most laboratory animals. Clinical side effects encountered with high doses of injected sinomenine or of decocted Sinomenium acutum were: injection site flare, pruritus in the head and upper part of the body, edema around the lips and eyelids, and temporary cephalalgia. Most of these side effects were reduced by classical antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists). Daily subcutaneous injections of sinomenine for more than one week produced an analgesic effect in mice. Granulation tissue growth and adjuvant arthritis induced in rats were both inhibited by daily injections of a small dose of sinomenine hydrochloride or histamine dihydrochloride. These inhibitory effects were mediated through histamine H2-receptors probably on fibroblasts (for granulation tissue growth) and on T-cells (for adjuvant arthritis), since these effects were clearly inhibited by the H2-antagonist burimamide but not by the H1-antagonist mepyramine. The anti-rheumatic effect on Sinomenium acutum are probably genuine and can probably be attributed to the histamine-releasing properties of sinomenine.", "contents": "Pharmacology of sinomenine, an anti-rheumatic alkaloid from Sinomenium acutum. The root and stem decoctions of Sinomenium acutum Rehd. et Wils. (formerly Sinomenium diversifolius Diels, one type of Fang-chi (Chinese)) have been used as a folk remedy for neuralgia and rheumatoid arthritis in many areas of the Far East. In Japan and China various viny plants have been identified as Fang-chi (Boi in Japanese) since antiquity. This uncertain nomenclature has made it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of the Fang-chi described in the classic literature. Among traditional Fang-chi plants only Sinomeniumacutum has been demonstrated to contain the alkaloid sinomenine, which is now known to be effective in neuralgia and rheumatic diseases. Sinomenine is a unique plant alkaloid, as it potently releases histamine in association  with degranulation of tissue mast cells in mammalian tissues. This action occurs preferentially in the skin and joint capsules. The released histamine is responsible for the dominant pharmacological actions of sinomenine, such as vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, acceleration of the thoracic and peripheral lymph flow, contraction of plain muscles, increased peristalsis of the intestines, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion. At toxic doses of sinomenine, convulsive central excitation was observed in most laboratory animals. Clinical side effects encountered with high doses of injected sinomenine or of decocted Sinomenium acutum were: injection site flare, pruritus in the head and upper part of the body, edema around the lips and eyelids, and temporary cephalalgia. Most of these side effects were reduced by classical antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists). Daily subcutaneous injections of sinomenine for more than one week produced an analgesic effect in mice. Granulation tissue growth and adjuvant arthritis induced in rats were both inhibited by daily injections of a small dose of sinomenine hydrochloride or histamine dihydrochloride. These inhibitory effects were mediated through histamine H2-receptors probably on fibroblasts (for granulation tissue growth) and on T-cells (for adjuvant arthritis), since these effects were clearly inhibited by the H2-antagonist burimamide but not by the H1-antagonist mepyramine. The anti-rheumatic effect on Sinomenium acutum are probably genuine and can probably be attributed to the histamine-releasing properties of sinomenine.", "PMID": 61710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_63", "title": "Rapid determination of thyroxine binding proteins of human serum.", "content": "A simple method is described for determing thyroxine binding proteins in human serum by electrophoresis at pH 8.6, using cellulose acetate membrane as the supporting medium. The procedure had high reliability in sera of normal subjects, pregnant women and patients with decreased thyroxine binding capacity of thyroxine binding globulin.", "contents": "Rapid determination of thyroxine binding proteins of human serum. A simple method is described for determing thyroxine binding proteins in human serum by electrophoresis at pH 8.6, using cellulose acetate membrane as the supporting medium. The procedure had high reliability in sera of normal subjects, pregnant women and patients with decreased thyroxine binding capacity of thyroxine binding globulin.", "PMID": 61711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_64", "title": "Immunological cross reactivity of four enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of lysine, methionine and threonine in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "In Escherichia coli K12 the biosynthetic pathway of lysine, methionine and threonine is characterized by three isofunctional aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases. A single polypeptide chain carries the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase (AK I-HDH I), and a different polypeptide chain carries the methionine-repressible aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase (AK II-HDH II). Immuno-adsorbants prepared with rabbit antibodies against AK I-HDH I bind the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase (AK III), the AK II-HDH II, and the homoserine kinase (HSK), an enzyme of the threonine biosynthetic pathway. Saturation of the immunoadsorbant with AK I-HDH I results in a decreased binding capacity for the other enzymes. Displacement of bound AK III or HSK can be obtained with pure AK I-HDH I, showing that the affinity of the antibodies to homologous antigens is higher than to heterologous ones. Immunoadsorbants prepared with anti-HSK antibodies show the same type of recognition: binding of the three aspartkinases and a capacity to displace the heterologous antigens bound. Accordingly, the same antibodies, implicated in the binding of the homologous antigen, bind the other enzymes. None of the other enzymes of the pathway, or the other kinases tested are recognized by the two immunoadsorbants. It can be postulated that in E. coli K12, duplication of a common ancestor gene gave rise to the three aspartokinases and to the homoserine kinase; two of the genes coding for the aspartokinases fused with those coding for the homoserine dehydrogenases. Indicating that only few epitopes are shared by these enzymes, by conventional immuno-diffusion techniques no precipitation lines appeared with antibodies against AK I-HDH I and the other proteins.", "contents": "Immunological cross reactivity of four enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of lysine, methionine and threonine in Escherichia coli K12. In Escherichia coli K12 the biosynthetic pathway of lysine, methionine and threonine is characterized by three isofunctional aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases. A single polypeptide chain carries the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase (AK I-HDH I), and a different polypeptide chain carries the methionine-repressible aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase (AK II-HDH II). Immuno-adsorbants prepared with rabbit antibodies against AK I-HDH I bind the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase (AK III), the AK II-HDH II, and the homoserine kinase (HSK), an enzyme of the threonine biosynthetic pathway. Saturation of the immunoadsorbant with AK I-HDH I results in a decreased binding capacity for the other enzymes. Displacement of bound AK III or HSK can be obtained with pure AK I-HDH I, showing that the affinity of the antibodies to homologous antigens is higher than to heterologous ones. Immunoadsorbants prepared with anti-HSK antibodies show the same type of recognition: binding of the three aspartkinases and a capacity to displace the heterologous antigens bound. Accordingly, the same antibodies, implicated in the binding of the homologous antigen, bind the other enzymes. None of the other enzymes of the pathway, or the other kinases tested are recognized by the two immunoadsorbants. It can be postulated that in E. coli K12, duplication of a common ancestor gene gave rise to the three aspartokinases and to the homoserine kinase; two of the genes coding for the aspartokinases fused with those coding for the homoserine dehydrogenases. Indicating that only few epitopes are shared by these enzymes, by conventional immuno-diffusion techniques no precipitation lines appeared with antibodies against AK I-HDH I and the other proteins.", "PMID": 61712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_65", "title": "Immunochemical examination of soluble antigens in the serum of Balb/c mice infected with Rauscher leukaemia virus.", "content": "The serum of Balb/c mice infected with Rauscher leukaemia virus contained soluble antigens characterized by alpha2 and beta globulin electrophoretic mobility; their respective molecular weights, as determined with gel filtration, were 40 000 and 120 000. The antigens differed in specificity and their corresponding determinants were present on the surface of leukaemic cells. For Balb/c mice both antigens, for DBA/1 and C57B1/10Sn mice only the antigen showing alpha2 mobility was immunogenic.", "contents": "Immunochemical examination of soluble antigens in the serum of Balb/c mice infected with Rauscher leukaemia virus. The serum of Balb/c mice infected with Rauscher leukaemia virus contained soluble antigens characterized by alpha2 and beta globulin electrophoretic mobility; their respective molecular weights, as determined with gel filtration, were 40 000 and 120 000. The antigens differed in specificity and their corresponding determinants were present on the surface of leukaemic cells. For Balb/c mice both antigens, for DBA/1 and C57B1/10Sn mice only the antigen showing alpha2 mobility was immunogenic.", "PMID": 61713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_66", "title": "Effects of midodrine, ST 1059, methoxamine and glycine on spontaneously beating guinea-pig atria.", "content": "The chronotropic effects of midodrine, glycine (10(-8) to 3.10(-3) M), ST1059 and methoxamine (10(-8) to 10(-3) M) were investigated in the spontaneously beating guinea-pig right atrial preparation. Midodrine and glycine produced a slight, but significant rise in atrial rate over a wide concentration range. The midodrine-induced rise in atrial rate was not influenced by the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug propranolol (10(-6) M). The histamine (H2)-receptor blocking drug metiamide (3.10(-5) M) abolished the positive chronotropic actions of both midodrine and glycine. No positive chronotropic effect was seen after the administration of ST 1059 or methoxamine. A decrease in atrial rate was elicited by high concentrations (above 10(-4) to 10(-3) M) of the sympathomimetic agents midodrine, ST 1059, and methoxamine, but not by the amino acid glycine.", "contents": "Effects of midodrine, ST 1059, methoxamine and glycine on spontaneously beating guinea-pig atria. The chronotropic effects of midodrine, glycine (10(-8) to 3.10(-3) M), ST1059 and methoxamine (10(-8) to 10(-3) M) were investigated in the spontaneously beating guinea-pig right atrial preparation. Midodrine and glycine produced a slight, but significant rise in atrial rate over a wide concentration range. The midodrine-induced rise in atrial rate was not influenced by the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug propranolol (10(-6) M). The histamine (H2)-receptor blocking drug metiamide (3.10(-5) M) abolished the positive chronotropic actions of both midodrine and glycine. No positive chronotropic effect was seen after the administration of ST 1059 or methoxamine. A decrease in atrial rate was elicited by high concentrations (above 10(-4) to 10(-3) M) of the sympathomimetic agents midodrine, ST 1059, and methoxamine, but not by the amino acid glycine.", "PMID": 61715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_67", "title": "Preparing and staining of Coxiella burnetii natural phase II antigen for the microagglutination reaction.", "content": "An improved method of preparing Coxiella burnetii natural phase II antigen of high purity enabled its staining for use in the microagglutination reaction (MAR). The antigen was as specific and sensitive for detection of phase II antibodies as the artificial phase II C. burnetii antigen prepared by periodate treatment from purified phase I cells of C. burnetii.", "contents": "Preparing and staining of Coxiella burnetii natural phase II antigen for the microagglutination reaction. An improved method of preparing Coxiella burnetii natural phase II antigen of high purity enabled its staining for use in the microagglutination reaction (MAR). The antigen was as specific and sensitive for detection of phase II antibodies as the artificial phase II C. burnetii antigen prepared by periodate treatment from purified phase I cells of C. burnetii.", "PMID": 61717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_68", "title": "A method for serological differentation of closely related poxviruses.", "content": "A two-step gel precipitation reaction with antiserum to vaccinia virus, based on sequential addition of two test viruses was elaborated for differentiation of closely related orthopoxviruses. The appearance of an additional precipitation line indicated differences in the antigenic structure of the viruses compared. Differences in the antigenic structure of vaccinia, variola and monkey pox viruses as well as the antigenic identity with cow pox virus of poxviruses isolated from carnivora, elephants and okapi were established.", "contents": "A method for serological differentation of closely related poxviruses. A two-step gel precipitation reaction with antiserum to vaccinia virus, based on sequential addition of two test viruses was elaborated for differentiation of closely related orthopoxviruses. The appearance of an additional precipitation line indicated differences in the antigenic structure of the viruses compared. Differences in the antigenic structure of vaccinia, variola and monkey pox viruses as well as the antigenic identity with cow pox virus of poxviruses isolated from carnivora, elephants and okapi were established.", "PMID": 61718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_69", "title": "Interspecies interactions of arboviruses. I. Competition phenomenon in mixed populations of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses.", "content": "Two phenomena, competition and independent reproduction, were observed on co-cultivation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses in permissive systems. Competition occurred in populations propagated in mouse brains and led to elimination of JE virus. Only clones of WN virus were isolated from these populations at the 1st-3rd passage level. No competition was observed in mixed infection of primary Syrian hamster kidney (SHK) cell culturess the population had the combined immunological phenotype JE+WN+, and contained discrete JE and WN virus clones and clones with duplex antigenic markers. Upon subcloning, the latter dissociated into JE and WN viruses. The competition phenomenon depended upon 3 factors: co-cultivation system, peculiarities of the virus strains, and virus dose. The capacity of WN virus strains to eliminate JE virus in mixed infection of mice varied.", "contents": "Interspecies interactions of arboviruses. I. Competition phenomenon in mixed populations of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Two phenomena, competition and independent reproduction, were observed on co-cultivation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses in permissive systems. Competition occurred in populations propagated in mouse brains and led to elimination of JE virus. Only clones of WN virus were isolated from these populations at the 1st-3rd passage level. No competition was observed in mixed infection of primary Syrian hamster kidney (SHK) cell culturess the population had the combined immunological phenotype JE+WN+, and contained discrete JE and WN virus clones and clones with duplex antigenic markers. Upon subcloning, the latter dissociated into JE and WN viruses. The competition phenomenon depended upon 3 factors: co-cultivation system, peculiarities of the virus strains, and virus dose. The capacity of WN virus strains to eliminate JE virus in mixed infection of mice varied.", "PMID": 61719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_70", "title": "Detection by immunofluorescence of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase.", "content": "Peripheral blood cells of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV-(infected chickens were examined at various intervals post infection by immunofluorescence. AMV revertase was identified in pro- and myeloblasts; it was localized mainly in the perinuclear zone or throughout the cytoplasm. No revertase was found in erythrocytes or granulocytes. Blood cells from uninfected chickens of man contained no revertase.", "contents": "Detection by immunofluorescence of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Peripheral blood cells of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV-(infected chickens were examined at various intervals post infection by immunofluorescence. AMV revertase was identified in pro- and myeloblasts; it was localized mainly in the perinuclear zone or throughout the cytoplasm. No revertase was found in erythrocytes or granulocytes. Blood cells from uninfected chickens of man contained no revertase.", "PMID": 61720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_71", "title": "Mustard operation and creation of ventricular septal defect in two patients with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum and pulmonary vascular disease.", "content": "The condition of patients with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum and severe pulmonary vascular disease is inoperable with present techniques. In a series of 260 surgically treated patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular spetum, 5 had severely increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and all 5 died; postmortem examination confirmed the presence of severe pulmonary vascular disease. The concept of the \"palliative Mustard\" procedure was applied in two children with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular spetum and pulmonary vascular disease who underwent the Mustard operation with creation of a ventricular septal defect. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients. Thirteen and 5 months, respectively, after operation, both are physically active and have respective arterial oxygen saturation levels of 94 and 92 percent.", "contents": "Mustard operation and creation of ventricular septal defect in two patients with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum and pulmonary vascular disease. The condition of patients with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum and severe pulmonary vascular disease is inoperable with present techniques. In a series of 260 surgically treated patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular spetum, 5 had severely increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and all 5 died; postmortem examination confirmed the presence of severe pulmonary vascular disease. The concept of the \"palliative Mustard\" procedure was applied in two children with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular spetum and pulmonary vascular disease who underwent the Mustard operation with creation of a ventricular septal defect. The postoperative course was uneventful in both patients. Thirteen and 5 months, respectively, after operation, both are physically active and have respective arterial oxygen saturation levels of 94 and 92 percent.", "PMID": 61723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_72", "title": "Significance of anti-HBc in patients with hepatic disease. A comparative immunohistochemical study of blood and hepatic tissue.", "content": "Use of the immunofluorescent technic to examine liver sections disclosed different staining patterns for HBsAg and anti-HBc. In reverse, anti-HBc in serum can be detected by immunofluorescence using HBc-positive liver sections as substrate. In 57 of 89 sera tested, anti-HBc could be observed using immunofluorescence. Of these 57 sera, 31 contained HBsAg (54.5%), 15 contained anti-HBs (26.3%), and one contained both HBsAg and anti-HBs (1.7%). Ten patients (17.5%) had anti-HBc without HBsAg or anti-HBs; nine of these patients had disturbed hepatic functions. In eight cases biopsies of liver tissue showed lesions varying from steatosis to cirrhosis. In 32 anti-HBc-negative sera no HBsAg was found; transient anti-HBs was found in one case and persistent anti-HBs was also seen in one case. Biopsies of the livers of 27 anti-HBc-positive patients disclosed the whole spectrum of histologic lesions. There appear to be correlations between HBsAg in blood and in liver, and also between nuclear IgG, the HBsAg pattern in hepatic tissue, and active hepatic disease.", "contents": "Significance of anti-HBc in patients with hepatic disease. A comparative immunohistochemical study of blood and hepatic tissue. Use of the immunofluorescent technic to examine liver sections disclosed different staining patterns for HBsAg and anti-HBc. In reverse, anti-HBc in serum can be detected by immunofluorescence using HBc-positive liver sections as substrate. In 57 of 89 sera tested, anti-HBc could be observed using immunofluorescence. Of these 57 sera, 31 contained HBsAg (54.5%), 15 contained anti-HBs (26.3%), and one contained both HBsAg and anti-HBs (1.7%). Ten patients (17.5%) had anti-HBc without HBsAg or anti-HBs; nine of these patients had disturbed hepatic functions. In eight cases biopsies of liver tissue showed lesions varying from steatosis to cirrhosis. In 32 anti-HBc-negative sera no HBsAg was found; transient anti-HBs was found in one case and persistent anti-HBs was also seen in one case. Biopsies of the livers of 27 anti-HBc-positive patients disclosed the whole spectrum of histologic lesions. There appear to be correlations between HBsAg in blood and in liver, and also between nuclear IgG, the HBsAg pattern in hepatic tissue, and active hepatic disease.", "PMID": 61724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_73", "title": "Nucleoprotein-coated latex particles in the serologic diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. A comparative clinical and serologic study.", "content": "A commercially available test for systemic lupus erythematosus employing nucleoprotein-coated latex particles has been evaluated both clinically and serologically. The sera from all 40 subjects with active SLE had positive latex tests, while all 28 sera from healthy adults had negative latex tests. False-positive latex tests were observed in five of 13 antinuclear factor-positive patients with other chronic inflammatory diseases. Specific DNAase and RNAase digestion of the latex particles suggested the false-positive results were due to DNA moieties, other than native DNA, coating the latex particles.", "contents": "Nucleoprotein-coated latex particles in the serologic diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. A comparative clinical and serologic study. A commercially available test for systemic lupus erythematosus employing nucleoprotein-coated latex particles has been evaluated both clinically and serologically. The sera from all 40 subjects with active SLE had positive latex tests, while all 28 sera from healthy adults had negative latex tests. False-positive latex tests were observed in five of 13 antinuclear factor-positive patients with other chronic inflammatory diseases. Specific DNAase and RNAase digestion of the latex particles suggested the false-positive results were due to DNA moieties, other than native DNA, coating the latex particles.", "PMID": 61725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_74", "title": "An evaluation of elastic tissue staining.", "content": "The Special Procedures Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at M.D. Anderson Hospital was concerned with the nationwide shortage of hematoxylin. The amount of this dye required for various staining solutions was calculated to determine thrifty usage. Some solutions required more hematoxylin than was available and prompted the serious investigation of existing techniques and new methods for routine laboratory use. Evaluation of various techniques resulted in a significantly successful modification of Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin technique, which was subsequently adopted as a routine procedure for elastic tissue staining in the Special Procedures Laboratory.", "contents": "An evaluation of elastic tissue staining. The Special Procedures Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at M.D. Anderson Hospital was concerned with the nationwide shortage of hematoxylin. The amount of this dye required for various staining solutions was calculated to determine thrifty usage. Some solutions required more hematoxylin than was available and prompted the serious investigation of existing techniques and new methods for routine laboratory use. Evaluation of various techniques resulted in a significantly successful modification of Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin technique, which was subsequently adopted as a routine procedure for elastic tissue staining in the Special Procedures Laboratory.", "PMID": 61727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_75", "title": "Experimental papilledema produced by cyclocryotherapy.", "content": "Cyclocryotherapy was a reliable method of producing prolonged decreased intraocular pressure and papilledema in the rhesus monkey. Histologic changes in papilledema caused by decreased pressure were indistinguishable from those in papilledema from increased intracranial pressure. Electron microscopic observations in papilledema after cyclocryotherapy suggested that the principal morphologic alteration in the optic disk is axonal swelling. Additionally, many mitochondria accumulated in some swollen axons. These changes, observed at the ultrastructural level, suggest that alternations of axoplasmic transport may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of swelling of the disk.", "contents": "Experimental papilledema produced by cyclocryotherapy. Cyclocryotherapy was a reliable method of producing prolonged decreased intraocular pressure and papilledema in the rhesus monkey. Histologic changes in papilledema caused by decreased pressure were indistinguishable from those in papilledema from increased intracranial pressure. Electron microscopic observations in papilledema after cyclocryotherapy suggested that the principal morphologic alteration in the optic disk is axonal swelling. Additionally, many mitochondria accumulated in some swollen axons. These changes, observed at the ultrastructural level, suggest that alternations of axoplasmic transport may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of swelling of the disk.", "PMID": 61728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_76", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining of the surfaces of lymphocytes in suspension from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining of lymphocytes suspensions from 55 of 62 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever was positive for dengue antigen and human beta1C/a-globulin on the surface, from the second ay before shock or subsidence of fever. The percentages of positive staining of both components gradually increased to a maximum on the day of shock or subsidence of fever. B lymphocytes increased during the course of the disease. Neither dengue antigen nor human beta1C/a-globulin was detected on the surface of the lymphocytes from normal controls or patients with other diseases. By double immunofluorescent staining with different colors of fluorochromes, antidengue antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate and antihuman gamma -globulin or antihuman beta1C/a-globulin with lissamine rhodamine B on the same lymphocytes revealed dengue antigen appearing only on B lymphocytes. The human beta1C/a-globulin and dengue antigen were located on the surface of the same lymphocytes. The pattern of the staining by both components showed fine and coarse irregular granules over the lymphocyte surface. The fluorescent granules seemed to be on the surface but not in the intracellular vacuoles of the lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining of the surfaces of lymphocytes in suspension from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Immunofluorescent staining of lymphocytes suspensions from 55 of 62 patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever was positive for dengue antigen and human beta1C/a-globulin on the surface, from the second ay before shock or subsidence of fever. The percentages of positive staining of both components gradually increased to a maximum on the day of shock or subsidence of fever. B lymphocytes increased during the course of the disease. Neither dengue antigen nor human beta1C/a-globulin was detected on the surface of the lymphocytes from normal controls or patients with other diseases. By double immunofluorescent staining with different colors of fluorochromes, antidengue antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate and antihuman gamma -globulin or antihuman beta1C/a-globulin with lissamine rhodamine B on the same lymphocytes revealed dengue antigen appearing only on B lymphocytes. The human beta1C/a-globulin and dengue antigen were located on the surface of the same lymphocytes. The pattern of the staining by both components showed fine and coarse irregular granules over the lymphocyte surface. The fluorescent granules seemed to be on the surface but not in the intracellular vacuoles of the lymphocytes.", "PMID": 61729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_77", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in the definitive management of rectal carcinoma.", "content": "The role of radiotherapy in the management of rectal and rectosigmoid cancer is still far from clear. Our experience with 98 patients is presented: eight patients were treated with radical radiotherapy, 13 received postoperative radiation, and 67 were treated for palliative purposes only (bleeding, pain, mass, and fistulation). Satisfactory results were demonstrated in all three categories, and sterilization of disease by radiation was histologically proven in three cases. The necessity of high-dose radiation for the achievement of optimum results is demonstrated, and the techniques and problems are described.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in the definitive management of rectal carcinoma. The role of radiotherapy in the management of rectal and rectosigmoid cancer is still far from clear. Our experience with 98 patients is presented: eight patients were treated with radical radiotherapy, 13 received postoperative radiation, and 67 were treated for palliative purposes only (bleeding, pain, mass, and fistulation). Satisfactory results were demonstrated in all three categories, and sterilization of disease by radiation was histologically proven in three cases. The necessity of high-dose radiation for the achievement of optimum results is demonstrated, and the techniques and problems are described.", "PMID": 61730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_78", "title": "Bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A new combination chemotherapy program for patients with diffuse histiocytic and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphoma was designed to prevent tumor recurrence during the recovery period of each treatment cycle. A myelosuppressive phase consisting of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine was followed by the nonmyelosuppressive agents bleomycin and prednisone to suppress regrowth of lymphoma while allowing for a return in bone marrow function. Twelve of 25 patients (48%) with advanced, previously untreated, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma achieved a complete remission as determined by restaging 1 month after discontinuation of treatment. The median duration of complete response after completion of therapy is in excess of 1 year (range, 5 to 30 months), and no patient has relapsed. Based on previous experience, it is anticipated that the majority of these patients will achieve an extended disease-free survival for what had previously been regarded as an invariably fatal disease.", "contents": "Bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. A new combination chemotherapy program for patients with diffuse histiocytic and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphoma was designed to prevent tumor recurrence during the recovery period of each treatment cycle. A myelosuppressive phase consisting of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine was followed by the nonmyelosuppressive agents bleomycin and prednisone to suppress regrowth of lymphoma while allowing for a return in bone marrow function. Twelve of 25 patients (48%) with advanced, previously untreated, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma achieved a complete remission as determined by restaging 1 month after discontinuation of treatment. The median duration of complete response after completion of therapy is in excess of 1 year (range, 5 to 30 months), and no patient has relapsed. Based on previous experience, it is anticipated that the majority of these patients will achieve an extended disease-free survival for what had previously been regarded as an invariably fatal disease.", "PMID": 61732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_79", "title": "Observations on bacteriophages of Clostridium botulinum type C isolates from different sources and the role of certain phages in toxigenicity.", "content": "Twenty strains of Clostridium botulinum type C, including 12 isolates from avian sources with varying toxigenic properties, were examined by electron microscope for the presence of bacteriophages. All toxigenic strains were infected with one or two types of phages. Three types of phages designated large, small, and intermediate were observed. Most of the strains carried the large and small phage, with the large phage being present in much greater numbers. Since there is evidence that highly toxigenic strains of C. botulinum type C are responsible for large outbreaks of botulism in wild birds, the phenomenon of toxigenic variation among the type C strains was investigated. Experiments were carried out employing a broth medium on a phagefree nontoxigenic strain for elucidating the role of bacteriophages in toxigenicity. All phage suspensions contained large phages, with the exception of one that caused conversion. The exception was a preparation containing an intermediate type of phage. Phages from different strains produced cultures of varying toxigenic characteristics. By employing a tube-lytic test and an agar-overlay-phage assay technique, it was determined that whenever the phage-bacterium relationship resulted in an initial high degree of lysis, the potency of toxin in the culture was weak. It appeared that in highly toxigenic strains, the phage-bacterium relationship is characterized by a stable lysogenic type of association. It was also found that in a highly toxigenic converted culture the percentage of toxigenic cells was 100, whereas in hypotoxigenic culture the percentage was only 20.", "contents": "Observations on bacteriophages of Clostridium botulinum type C isolates from different sources and the role of certain phages in toxigenicity. Twenty strains of Clostridium botulinum type C, including 12 isolates from avian sources with varying toxigenic properties, were examined by electron microscope for the presence of bacteriophages. All toxigenic strains were infected with one or two types of phages. Three types of phages designated large, small, and intermediate were observed. Most of the strains carried the large and small phage, with the large phage being present in much greater numbers. Since there is evidence that highly toxigenic strains of C. botulinum type C are responsible for large outbreaks of botulism in wild birds, the phenomenon of toxigenic variation among the type C strains was investigated. Experiments were carried out employing a broth medium on a phagefree nontoxigenic strain for elucidating the role of bacteriophages in toxigenicity. All phage suspensions contained large phages, with the exception of one that caused conversion. The exception was a preparation containing an intermediate type of phage. Phages from different strains produced cultures of varying toxigenic characteristics. By employing a tube-lytic test and an agar-overlay-phage assay technique, it was determined that whenever the phage-bacterium relationship resulted in an initial high degree of lysis, the potency of toxin in the culture was weak. It appeared that in highly toxigenic strains, the phage-bacterium relationship is characterized by a stable lysogenic type of association. It was also found that in a highly toxigenic converted culture the percentage of toxigenic cells was 100, whereas in hypotoxigenic culture the percentage was only 20.", "PMID": 61735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_80", "title": "Detection of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in acid mine environments by indirect fluorescent antibody staining.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) staining technique was developed for the rapid detection of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The specificity of the FA stain for T. ferrooxidans was demonstrated with both laboratory and environmental samples. Coal refuse examined by scanning electron microscopy exhibited a rough, porous surface, which was characteristically covered by water-soluble crystals. Significant numbers of T. ferrooxidans were detected in the refuse pores. A positive correlation between numbers of T. ferrooxidans and acid production in coal refuse in the laboratory was demonstrated with the FA technique.", "contents": "Detection of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in acid mine environments by indirect fluorescent antibody staining. An indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) staining technique was developed for the rapid detection of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The specificity of the FA stain for T. ferrooxidans was demonstrated with both laboratory and environmental samples. Coal refuse examined by scanning electron microscopy exhibited a rough, porous surface, which was characteristically covered by water-soluble crystals. Significant numbers of T. ferrooxidans were detected in the refuse pores. A positive correlation between numbers of T. ferrooxidans and acid production in coal refuse in the laboratory was demonstrated with the FA technique.", "PMID": 61736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_81", "title": "Anterior and posterior groups of portal vessels in the avian pituitary: incidence in forty nine species.", "content": "The hypophyseal portal vessels were studied in forty nine species of birds. The primary capillary plexus in the median eminence is single or divided into an anterior and a posterior plexus. Irrespective of whether the primary capillary plexus is single or divided, distinct, non-interconnected anterior and posterior groups of portal vessels are present in all the species investigated. The anterior group of portal vessels originates in the anterior region of the median eminence and breaks up into capillaries in the cephalic lobe of the pars distalis; the posterior group of portal vessels originates in the posterior region of the median eminence and breaks up into capillaries in the caudal lobe of the pars distalis. This type of regional distribution of portal vessels appears to be of general occurrence in the avian pituitary. The median eminence in the species investigated shows an AF-positive anterior region and an AF-negative posterior region. The pars distalis is differentiated into histologically distinct cephalic and caudal lobes. The arrangement of the portal vessels into anterior and posterior groups provides morphological basis for the view that the functions of the cephalic lobe may be controlled by the anterior median eminence, whereas those of the caudal lobe may be controlled by the posterior median eminence. However, experimental data available to date do not suggest a physiological significance to the widespread incidence of the regional distribution of portal vessels in the avian pituitary.", "contents": "Anterior and posterior groups of portal vessels in the avian pituitary: incidence in forty nine species. The hypophyseal portal vessels were studied in forty nine species of birds. The primary capillary plexus in the median eminence is single or divided into an anterior and a posterior plexus. Irrespective of whether the primary capillary plexus is single or divided, distinct, non-interconnected anterior and posterior groups of portal vessels are present in all the species investigated. The anterior group of portal vessels originates in the anterior region of the median eminence and breaks up into capillaries in the cephalic lobe of the pars distalis; the posterior group of portal vessels originates in the posterior region of the median eminence and breaks up into capillaries in the caudal lobe of the pars distalis. This type of regional distribution of portal vessels appears to be of general occurrence in the avian pituitary. The median eminence in the species investigated shows an AF-positive anterior region and an AF-negative posterior region. The pars distalis is differentiated into histologically distinct cephalic and caudal lobes. The arrangement of the portal vessels into anterior and posterior groups provides morphological basis for the view that the functions of the cephalic lobe may be controlled by the anterior median eminence, whereas those of the caudal lobe may be controlled by the posterior median eminence. However, experimental data available to date do not suggest a physiological significance to the widespread incidence of the regional distribution of portal vessels in the avian pituitary.", "PMID": 61737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_82", "title": "Some thoughts about the treatment of patients suffering from cancer of the esophagus or cardia.", "content": "The treatment of patients suffering from carcinoma of the esophagus or the cardia is extremely difficult, and the results to date have not been encouraging. The authors are of the opinion that only relatively young patients in good general condition, with a tumor smaller than 5 cm, without metastases and without peri-esophageal infiltration, should be considered for curative ratiotherapy and/or surgery. However, apart from these tumor and patient elements, the physician's skill and the facilities for adequate nursing are also of decisive importance. When curative treatment is not possible, this does not imply the more or less automatic selection of some form of palliative radiotherapy or surgery. In certain circumstances, symptomatic treatment or the natural course of the disease will be best for the patient and his environment. More data should be collected regarding the natural course of the disease, especially in comparison with the results after palliative surgery or radiotherapy.", "contents": "Some thoughts about the treatment of patients suffering from cancer of the esophagus or cardia. The treatment of patients suffering from carcinoma of the esophagus or the cardia is extremely difficult, and the results to date have not been encouraging. The authors are of the opinion that only relatively young patients in good general condition, with a tumor smaller than 5 cm, without metastases and without peri-esophageal infiltration, should be considered for curative ratiotherapy and/or surgery. However, apart from these tumor and patient elements, the physician's skill and the facilities for adequate nursing are also of decisive importance. When curative treatment is not possible, this does not imply the more or less automatic selection of some form of palliative radiotherapy or surgery. In certain circumstances, symptomatic treatment or the natural course of the disease will be best for the patient and his environment. More data should be collected regarding the natural course of the disease, especially in comparison with the results after palliative surgery or radiotherapy.", "PMID": 61739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_83", "title": "[Sinus node function in man. Statistical analysis].", "content": "The sinus function of 60 patients was studied by atrial stimulation at a fixed rate, and also at a rate linked with the preceding sinus cycle. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the surface-recorded ECG; 10 had clear evidence of sinus dysfunction, 23 had an isolated sinus bradycardia, and 27 were considered as controls a their sinus rate was above 60/min., with a normal PR interval. Calculation of the limits of tolerance showed that at the 5% level, 95% of the values for all the controls fell between 96.8 and 568.7 ms for the corrected post-stimulatory pause, and between 114.5 and 434.3 ms for the corrected maximum return cycle. A study of the distribution zones of the graph CT/CR-AA/AA proved that an absent zone II is a pathological finding. In the group of sinus bradycardias the limits of what constitutes pathology are less clear, and the situation is not improved by noting whether atrial \"echos\" are present or absent. Because there is a narrow positive correlation between the values given by the two methods, the physio-pathology of sinus dysfunction can be discussed.", "contents": "[Sinus node function in man. Statistical analysis]. The sinus function of 60 patients was studied by atrial stimulation at a fixed rate, and also at a rate linked with the preceding sinus cycle. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the surface-recorded ECG; 10 had clear evidence of sinus dysfunction, 23 had an isolated sinus bradycardia, and 27 were considered as controls a their sinus rate was above 60/min., with a normal PR interval. Calculation of the limits of tolerance showed that at the 5% level, 95% of the values for all the controls fell between 96.8 and 568.7 ms for the corrected post-stimulatory pause, and between 114.5 and 434.3 ms for the corrected maximum return cycle. A study of the distribution zones of the graph CT/CR-AA/AA proved that an absent zone II is a pathological finding. In the group of sinus bradycardias the limits of what constitutes pathology are less clear, and the situation is not improved by noting whether atrial \"echos\" are present or absent. Because there is a narrow positive correlation between the values given by the two methods, the physio-pathology of sinus dysfunction can be discussed.", "PMID": 61740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_84", "title": "[About the heterogeneity of the murine oncornavirus group-specific antigen gs-1 (author's transl)].", "content": "In isoelectric focusing of twofold gradienpturified and Tween 80-ether disrupted RLV the groupspecific antigen (gs-1) was found in 3 pH-zones (4,45-5,5; 5,65-6,0; 6,45-6,6). For the gs-1 from plasma und spleen cells of leukemic mice was shown heterogeneity by several methods: 1. Gs-1 from plasma showed in isoelectric focusing a scattering along the whole elution profile. 2. Agarimmunoelectrophoresis resulted in a longer precipitationline for gs-1 from plasma in comparison with gs-1 from spleen cells. 3. Polyacrylamidgelelectrophoresis with following immunodiffusion made evident the particularly discrete character of this heterogeneity: gs-1 from both materials were found in two main zones.", "contents": "[About the heterogeneity of the murine oncornavirus group-specific antigen gs-1 (author's transl)]. In isoelectric focusing of twofold gradienpturified and Tween 80-ether disrupted RLV the groupspecific antigen (gs-1) was found in 3 pH-zones (4,45-5,5; 5,65-6,0; 6,45-6,6). For the gs-1 from plasma und spleen cells of leukemic mice was shown heterogeneity by several methods: 1. Gs-1 from plasma showed in isoelectric focusing a scattering along the whole elution profile. 2. Agarimmunoelectrophoresis resulted in a longer precipitationline for gs-1 from plasma in comparison with gs-1 from spleen cells. 3. Polyacrylamidgelelectrophoresis with following immunodiffusion made evident the particularly discrete character of this heterogeneity: gs-1 from both materials were found in two main zones.", "PMID": 61741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_85", "title": "Thyroid-bound Y-chromatin-like fluorescence in the nuclei of thyroid adenomas.", "content": "Brilliantly fluorescent supernumerary chromocenters indistinguishable from the Y-chromatin have been often found electively in the thyroid nuclei. The authors compared the occurrence of this Y-chromatin-like fluorescence in 31 thyroid adenomas obtained from 30 autopsy cases (10 males, 20 females) with non-adenomatous thyroid tissues of the same cases. All adenomas had follicular structure but one with papillary structure. The frequency class of Y-chromatin-like fluorescence of adenomas was lower in 15 cases out of 31 than that of the same non-adenomatous thyroid tissue. The Y-chromatin-like fluorescence had a negative count in 13 cases of 31 adenomas but only in 3 cases of normal thyroid tissues from 30 persons. The disappearance of the nuclei with Y-chromatin-like chromocenters is supposedly connected with cellular dedifferentiation of thyroid adenomas.", "contents": "Thyroid-bound Y-chromatin-like fluorescence in the nuclei of thyroid adenomas. Brilliantly fluorescent supernumerary chromocenters indistinguishable from the Y-chromatin have been often found electively in the thyroid nuclei. The authors compared the occurrence of this Y-chromatin-like fluorescence in 31 thyroid adenomas obtained from 30 autopsy cases (10 males, 20 females) with non-adenomatous thyroid tissues of the same cases. All adenomas had follicular structure but one with papillary structure. The frequency class of Y-chromatin-like fluorescence of adenomas was lower in 15 cases out of 31 than that of the same non-adenomatous thyroid tissue. The Y-chromatin-like fluorescence had a negative count in 13 cases of 31 adenomas but only in 3 cases of normal thyroid tissues from 30 persons. The disappearance of the nuclei with Y-chromatin-like chromocenters is supposedly connected with cellular dedifferentiation of thyroid adenomas.", "PMID": 61742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_86", "title": "[Pulse cytophotometric and cytologic repeated examinations of cervical secretions as compared with histologic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "1625 cervical smears from 397 women were investigated in special cytological consultations. On the same material 693 impulse cytophotometric (ICP) measurements were made, stained with ethidium bromide after pepsination. In 207 patients the diagnosis was certain by histology. The mean height of the 4c-peak (in 0/00 of the 2c-peak) raises with the Papanicolaou grading from 38,2 in Pap. I up to 128,8 in Pap. V. In histological confirmed cases in dysplasia the mean 4c-height was 79,5 and in carcinoma 102.2. If only one ICP investigation was turned to account there are some disagreements between the ICP value and the diagnosis finally resulting from the clinical and cytological course. The differences are considerably diminished by repeated ICP investigations. Therefore ICP measurements are a valuable aid in interpreting cytodiagnostic problems. They often facilitate the choice of further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "[Pulse cytophotometric and cytologic repeated examinations of cervical secretions as compared with histologic findings (author's transl)]. 1625 cervical smears from 397 women were investigated in special cytological consultations. On the same material 693 impulse cytophotometric (ICP) measurements were made, stained with ethidium bromide after pepsination. In 207 patients the diagnosis was certain by histology. The mean height of the 4c-peak (in 0/00 of the 2c-peak) raises with the Papanicolaou grading from 38,2 in Pap. I up to 128,8 in Pap. V. In histological confirmed cases in dysplasia the mean 4c-height was 79,5 and in carcinoma 102.2. If only one ICP investigation was turned to account there are some disagreements between the ICP value and the diagnosis finally resulting from the clinical and cytological course. The differences are considerably diminished by repeated ICP investigations. Therefore ICP measurements are a valuable aid in interpreting cytodiagnostic problems. They often facilitate the choice of further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 61743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_87", "title": "Correlative light and electron microscopy of the frog adrenal gland cells using adjacent epon-embedded sections.", "content": "Correlative light and electron microscopy on the same cells of the adrenal gland of the frog, Rana nigromaculata, fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, was done using the adjacent Epon embedded sections. Electron microscope observation revealed three different types of granule-filled secretory cells; the noradrenaline-storing cells (NA cells) filled with intensely dense and varying shaped granules, the adrenaline-strong cells (A cells) filled with relatively less dense granules and the summer cells (STILLING, 1898) containing very large, round or polygonal granules (0.2-1.3 mu in diameter). Light microscopically, an essential difference could be observed in the affinity to ammoniacal silver solution between NA and A cells. It was clarified that the granules of NA cells stained in black and were clearly distinguishable from the yellow- or brown-stained granules in both A cells and summer cells. This silver method can be applied for the light microscopic identification of the NA cells in the Epon-embedded sections. Furthermore, after immersing the thick sections in toluidine blue or methylene blue, the granules of NA cells showed much stronger affinity to both dyes than those of A cells and became dark blue and occasionally stained greenish blue in methylene blue, while the summer cells became blue and the granules of the A cells stained light blue.", "contents": "Correlative light and electron microscopy of the frog adrenal gland cells using adjacent epon-embedded sections. Correlative light and electron microscopy on the same cells of the adrenal gland of the frog, Rana nigromaculata, fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, was done using the adjacent Epon embedded sections. Electron microscope observation revealed three different types of granule-filled secretory cells; the noradrenaline-storing cells (NA cells) filled with intensely dense and varying shaped granules, the adrenaline-strong cells (A cells) filled with relatively less dense granules and the summer cells (STILLING, 1898) containing very large, round or polygonal granules (0.2-1.3 mu in diameter). Light microscopically, an essential difference could be observed in the affinity to ammoniacal silver solution between NA and A cells. It was clarified that the granules of NA cells stained in black and were clearly distinguishable from the yellow- or brown-stained granules in both A cells and summer cells. This silver method can be applied for the light microscopic identification of the NA cells in the Epon-embedded sections. Furthermore, after immersing the thick sections in toluidine blue or methylene blue, the granules of NA cells showed much stronger affinity to both dyes than those of A cells and became dark blue and occasionally stained greenish blue in methylene blue, while the summer cells became blue and the granules of the A cells stained light blue.", "PMID": 61744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_88", "title": "Comparative serological studies with mammalian adenoviruses.", "content": "Nine serotypes of bovine adenovirus, five serotypes of ovine adenovirus, and four serotypes of porcine adenovirus were compared in reciprocal cross-neutralisation tests, to determine if viruses isolated from different species were indeed distinct serotypes. In addition, the above serotypes were tested for possible antigenic relationships with 28 of 32 human adenoviruses, by one-way cross neutralisation tests with human adenovirus antisera. The results indicated that all viruses tested were distinct serotypes. Ovine adenovirus types 4 and 5, until now not compared by neutralisation tests, were confirmed as separate serotypes.", "contents": "Comparative serological studies with mammalian adenoviruses. Nine serotypes of bovine adenovirus, five serotypes of ovine adenovirus, and four serotypes of porcine adenovirus were compared in reciprocal cross-neutralisation tests, to determine if viruses isolated from different species were indeed distinct serotypes. In addition, the above serotypes were tested for possible antigenic relationships with 28 of 32 human adenoviruses, by one-way cross neutralisation tests with human adenovirus antisera. The results indicated that all viruses tested were distinct serotypes. Ovine adenovirus types 4 and 5, until now not compared by neutralisation tests, were confirmed as separate serotypes.", "PMID": 61747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_89", "title": "Development of a new human polyoma virus strain (MG).", "content": "A polyoma virus isolated from the urine of a renal transplant patient has been grown on primary human foetal fibroblasts and its pattern of replication studied by thin section electron microscopy. Virus replication is characterized by the appearance of spherical, crystalline arrays in the nucleoplasm which differ from the nuclear virus crystals found in cells infected by the human polyoma virus prototypes JC and BK. A serological study has substantiated differences between the prototypes and the MG isolate. The affinity of MG and other polyoma viruses for the cell membrane suggests a possible basis for the demyelinating effect seen in cases of polyoma-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy.", "contents": "Development of a new human polyoma virus strain (MG). A polyoma virus isolated from the urine of a renal transplant patient has been grown on primary human foetal fibroblasts and its pattern of replication studied by thin section electron microscopy. Virus replication is characterized by the appearance of spherical, crystalline arrays in the nucleoplasm which differ from the nuclear virus crystals found in cells infected by the human polyoma virus prototypes JC and BK. A serological study has substantiated differences between the prototypes and the MG isolate. The affinity of MG and other polyoma viruses for the cell membrane suggests a possible basis for the demyelinating effect seen in cases of polyoma-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy.", "PMID": 61748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_90", "title": "Hemorrhages with optic nerve drusen. A differentiation from early papilledema.", "content": "The distinction between early papilledema and drusen of the optic disk may be made more difficult by the presence of hemorrhages. We report five patients with drusen of the optic disk and associated hemorrhages. The distinguishing characteristics of both conditions are described.", "contents": "Hemorrhages with optic nerve drusen. A differentiation from early papilledema. The distinction between early papilledema and drusen of the optic disk may be made more difficult by the presence of hemorrhages. We report five patients with drusen of the optic disk and associated hemorrhages. The distinguishing characteristics of both conditions are described.", "PMID": 61750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_91", "title": "Alpha fetoprotein in liver disease in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method was used for the detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in the sera of 112 Papua New Guinean patients who had undergone liver biopsy. Sera from 69 normal subjects and 20 hospital patients were also tested. Alpha fetoprotein was found to be elevated above normal levels in many of these subjects, but particularly in those suffering from viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary liver cell carcinoma (PLC). The highest values were found in patients with PLC. It is concluded that because of the elevation of AFP values in all these different types of liver disease the RIA test is not of great value in Papua New Guinea, except in the follow-up of some patients with cirrhosis who are at risk of developing PLC and in those who have undergone treatment for PLC.", "contents": "Alpha fetoprotein in liver disease in Papua New Guinea. A radioimmunoassay method was used for the detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in the sera of 112 Papua New Guinean patients who had undergone liver biopsy. Sera from 69 normal subjects and 20 hospital patients were also tested. Alpha fetoprotein was found to be elevated above normal levels in many of these subjects, but particularly in those suffering from viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary liver cell carcinoma (PLC). The highest values were found in patients with PLC. It is concluded that because of the elevation of AFP values in all these different types of liver disease the RIA test is not of great value in Papua New Guinea, except in the follow-up of some patients with cirrhosis who are at risk of developing PLC and in those who have undergone treatment for PLC.", "PMID": 61751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_92", "title": "Immediate hypersensitivity: a clinical review.", "content": "Diseases in which immediate hypersensitivity (IH) reactions occur, (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) are very common in Australia although their overall prevalence is unknown. Until recently the clinical investigation of IH has been undertaken almost exclusively by allergists using scratch tests. The discovery of Ige by Ishizaka et al. in 1966 resulted in a rapid increase in the understanding of the processes involved in IH reactions and, although much remains unclear, respiratory physicians,immunologists and epidemiologists are becoming increasingly involved in investigating the IH reactivity of individuals and populations. In this review the immunological basis of IH reactions is briefly presented; the role of skin tests in their assessment is evaluated and the relationship between IH and clinical allergic disease is discussed in terms of patient management.", "contents": "Immediate hypersensitivity: a clinical review. Diseases in which immediate hypersensitivity (IH) reactions occur, (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) are very common in Australia although their overall prevalence is unknown. Until recently the clinical investigation of IH has been undertaken almost exclusively by allergists using scratch tests. The discovery of Ige by Ishizaka et al. in 1966 resulted in a rapid increase in the understanding of the processes involved in IH reactions and, although much remains unclear, respiratory physicians,immunologists and epidemiologists are becoming increasingly involved in investigating the IH reactivity of individuals and populations. In this review the immunological basis of IH reactions is briefly presented; the role of skin tests in their assessment is evaluated and the relationship between IH and clinical allergic disease is discussed in terms of patient management.", "PMID": 61752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_93", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen subtypes in asymptomatic carriers in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty-three students attending King George VI School in Honiara, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, were tested by immunodiffusion for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag). The prevalence of HB Ag was 13% and the antigen was found more frequently in males. Twenty-seven samples which contained high titers of antigen were subtyped to define those subtype combinations present in the BSIP. The most frequent antigen was adr+yw-. This combination is also common in Thailand and Japan. The second most prevalent combination was ayw+dr-. The antigenic determinants also occurred less frequently as adw+yr-, adwr+y-, and awr+dy-. These unusual samples which contain both w and r may be the result of mixed particles, recombination of virus, mixing of viral proteins in doubly infected cells or extracellular aggregation of mixed viral products.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen subtypes in asymptomatic carriers in the Solomon Islands. Three hundred and fifty-three students attending King George VI School in Honiara, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, were tested by immunodiffusion for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag). The prevalence of HB Ag was 13% and the antigen was found more frequently in males. Twenty-seven samples which contained high titers of antigen were subtyped to define those subtype combinations present in the BSIP. The most frequent antigen was adr+yw-. This combination is also common in Thailand and Japan. The second most prevalent combination was ayw+dr-. The antigenic determinants also occurred less frequently as adw+yr-, adwr+y-, and awr+dy-. These unusual samples which contain both w and r may be the result of mixed particles, recombination of virus, mixing of viral proteins in doubly infected cells or extracellular aggregation of mixed viral products.", "PMID": 61753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_94", "title": "Evaluation of insecticide smears for the control of screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Three new insecticide smear preparations for the control of Chrysomya bezziana larvae infesting wounds of cattle have been tested under field and laboratory conditions and compared with an established preparation EQ 335 which is based on 3% lindane. Two preparations based on 3% coumaphos proved comparable to EQ 335 in the field trials and exhibited more prolonged residual effectiveness in laboratory tests. A smear preparation based on 2.5% methoxychlor was only effective in controlling 1 and 2 day-old larvae in wounds and was generally inferior to other smears tested in the laboratory.", "contents": "Evaluation of insecticide smears for the control of screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, in Papua New Guinea. Three new insecticide smear preparations for the control of Chrysomya bezziana larvae infesting wounds of cattle have been tested under field and laboratory conditions and compared with an established preparation EQ 335 which is based on 3% lindane. Two preparations based on 3% coumaphos proved comparable to EQ 335 in the field trials and exhibited more prolonged residual effectiveness in laboratory tests. A smear preparation based on 2.5% methoxychlor was only effective in controlling 1 and 2 day-old larvae in wounds and was generally inferior to other smears tested in the laboratory.", "PMID": 61754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_95", "title": "Multifocal ventricular parasystolic tachycardia.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous multifocal ventricular parasystolic rhythm are described. One case showed double and the other fivefold parasystole. All seven foci had an enhanced rate of discharge, ranging from 57 to 102/min and at least three of them showed exit block. Though beats from three foci displayed very short coupling intervals, occasionally interrupting the terminal part of the preceding T wave, in none of the cases was repetitive firing or ventricular fibrillation seen. Both patients had organic heart disease and both are still alive six months after the arrhythmia was first recorded. Problems in the diagnosis of multiple parasystole and some mechanisms which may be responsible for irregular interectopic intervals are discussed. It is concluded that multiple parasystole is probably not a very rare arrhythmia if long strips of simultaneously recorded multiple leads are available.", "contents": "Multifocal ventricular parasystolic tachycardia. Two cases of spontaneous multifocal ventricular parasystolic rhythm are described. One case showed double and the other fivefold parasystole. All seven foci had an enhanced rate of discharge, ranging from 57 to 102/min and at least three of them showed exit block. Though beats from three foci displayed very short coupling intervals, occasionally interrupting the terminal part of the preceding T wave, in none of the cases was repetitive firing or ventricular fibrillation seen. Both patients had organic heart disease and both are still alive six months after the arrhythmia was first recorded. Problems in the diagnosis of multiple parasystole and some mechanisms which may be responsible for irregular interectopic intervals are discussed. It is concluded that multiple parasystole is probably not a very rare arrhythmia if long strips of simultaneously recorded multiple leads are available.", "PMID": 61757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_96", "title": "Anatomical variants in aortic atresia. Potential candidates for ventriculoaortic reconstitution.", "content": "Aortic valve atresia is usually associated with severe hypoplasia of the left ventricle and mitral apparatus. Palliative procedures, including atrial septectomy, pulmonary artery-aorta anastomosis, and pulmonary artery banding, have been performed in some patients. However, because of the distinct underdevelopment of the left heart, the long-term prognosis must be guarded even in the survivors of these procedures. Rarely, aortic valve atresia is found with adequate left heart chambers. Because very few of these patients are described, the clinical, angiocardiographic, and the pathological findings in two patients are presented, with comments on palliation in the neonatal period, and the potential for ventriculoaortic reconstitution.", "contents": "Anatomical variants in aortic atresia. Potential candidates for ventriculoaortic reconstitution. Aortic valve atresia is usually associated with severe hypoplasia of the left ventricle and mitral apparatus. Palliative procedures, including atrial septectomy, pulmonary artery-aorta anastomosis, and pulmonary artery banding, have been performed in some patients. However, because of the distinct underdevelopment of the left heart, the long-term prognosis must be guarded even in the survivors of these procedures. Rarely, aortic valve atresia is found with adequate left heart chambers. Because very few of these patients are described, the clinical, angiocardiographic, and the pathological findings in two patients are presented, with comments on palliation in the neonatal period, and the potential for ventriculoaortic reconstitution.", "PMID": 61758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_97", "title": "[Mesenteric panniculitis].", "content": "A 4-year-old girl was studied at the Pediatrics Unit at the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., with a diagnosis of abdominal tumor, probably malignant. After several laboratory tests (blood count, blood chemistry, catecholamines and the following X-ray studies: chest, skull, long bones, Cava's phlebography and excretory urography), she was submitted to surgery without a diagnosis. After this, the final diagnosis was established: mesenteric panniculitis (mesenteric lipodystrophy. This case is published because of its rare occurrence at this age and because it is important to be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors in pediatric practice.", "contents": "[Mesenteric panniculitis]. A 4-year-old girl was studied at the Pediatrics Unit at the Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, S.S.A., with a diagnosis of abdominal tumor, probably malignant. After several laboratory tests (blood count, blood chemistry, catecholamines and the following X-ray studies: chest, skull, long bones, Cava's phlebography and excretory urography), she was submitted to surgery without a diagnosis. After this, the final diagnosis was established: mesenteric panniculitis (mesenteric lipodystrophy. This case is published because of its rare occurrence at this age and because it is important to be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors in pediatric practice.", "PMID": 61756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_98", "title": "Ophthalmoscopic signs of obstructed axoplasmic transport after ocular vascular occlusions.", "content": "When axoplasmic transport in ganglion-cell axons is interrupted by ischaemia organelles accumulate in distended axon terminals at the edges of the infarct. This report illustrates the localized opaque swelling of nerve fibres shich develops at or near the optic disc after occlusion of the central retinal or posterior ciliary arteries. No such swelling occurs in patients who have a combined occlusion of these vessels.", "contents": "Ophthalmoscopic signs of obstructed axoplasmic transport after ocular vascular occlusions. When axoplasmic transport in ganglion-cell axons is interrupted by ischaemia organelles accumulate in distended axon terminals at the edges of the infarct. This report illustrates the localized opaque swelling of nerve fibres shich develops at or near the optic disc after occlusion of the central retinal or posterior ciliary arteries. No such swelling occurs in patients who have a combined occlusion of these vessels.", "PMID": 61761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_99", "title": "Evaluation of macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test as an indicator of cellular immunity in ocular tumours.", "content": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test of Field and Caspary did not clearly separate patients with ocular neoplastic disease from those with inflammatory disease, although there was some indication of discrimination between choroidal melanoma and ocular inflammation. In our hands the test failed to give a reproducible result for the immunodiagnosis of ocular malignancy. The technique, however, seems to provide some indication of delayed hypersensitivity in experimental inflammatory eye diseases when relatively pure antigens are used.", "contents": "Evaluation of macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test as an indicator of cellular immunity in ocular tumours. The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test of Field and Caspary did not clearly separate patients with ocular neoplastic disease from those with inflammatory disease, although there was some indication of discrimination between choroidal melanoma and ocular inflammation. In our hands the test failed to give a reproducible result for the immunodiagnosis of ocular malignancy. The technique, however, seems to provide some indication of delayed hypersensitivity in experimental inflammatory eye diseases when relatively pure antigens are used.", "PMID": 61762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_100", "title": "Phase partition studies of actinomycin-nucleotide complexes.", "content": "A method is reported for measuring the stoichiometry of complex formation between actinomycin and a series of deoxynucleotides. The amount of bound actinomycin is measured by distribution of the drug between two liquid phases, a buffer phase containing deoxynucleotide and an organic phase in which the nucleotide is insoluble. Using simple statistical mechanical analysis, the equilibrium equations for several models of actinomycin-deoxynucleotide complexes have been derived: actinomycin with one binding site, with two equivalent independent binding sites, and with two sites which must be occupied together. The binding of actinomycin C3 with dpG, dpApG, dpA, and dpGpC has been examined compared with these models. It is found that binding to dpG and dpApG involves two independent binding sites of nearly equal affinity for nucleotides, whereas binding of dpGpC to the two binding sites on actinomycin is a cooperative process. Binding of dpA tp actinomycin is partially cooperative and weaker than binding of dpG. The dimerization constant of actinomycin was also determined by the phase separation technique, and found in agreement with other values, including the results of kinetic measurements reported here.", "contents": "Phase partition studies of actinomycin-nucleotide complexes. A method is reported for measuring the stoichiometry of complex formation between actinomycin and a series of deoxynucleotides. The amount of bound actinomycin is measured by distribution of the drug between two liquid phases, a buffer phase containing deoxynucleotide and an organic phase in which the nucleotide is insoluble. Using simple statistical mechanical analysis, the equilibrium equations for several models of actinomycin-deoxynucleotide complexes have been derived: actinomycin with one binding site, with two equivalent independent binding sites, and with two sites which must be occupied together. The binding of actinomycin C3 with dpG, dpApG, dpA, and dpGpC has been examined compared with these models. It is found that binding to dpG and dpApG involves two independent binding sites of nearly equal affinity for nucleotides, whereas binding of dpGpC to the two binding sites on actinomycin is a cooperative process. Binding of dpA tp actinomycin is partially cooperative and weaker than binding of dpG. The dimerization constant of actinomycin was also determined by the phase separation technique, and found in agreement with other values, including the results of kinetic measurements reported here.", "PMID": 61763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_101", "title": "Physicochemical analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid product of murine intracisternal A particle RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "The nascent DNA transcript of intracisternal A particle RNA-directed DNA polymerase appeared to be covalently linked to an RNA primer. Fidelity of transcription is evident since the DNA transcript hybridized specifically back to 35-70 S RNA of intracisternal A particles but not with heterologous RNAs. This DNA transcript has an approximate molecular weight of 145 000, estimating 350 polynucleotides and base ratios with an excess of dGMP.", "contents": "Physicochemical analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid product of murine intracisternal A particle RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The nascent DNA transcript of intracisternal A particle RNA-directed DNA polymerase appeared to be covalently linked to an RNA primer. Fidelity of transcription is evident since the DNA transcript hybridized specifically back to 35-70 S RNA of intracisternal A particles but not with heterologous RNAs. This DNA transcript has an approximate molecular weight of 145 000, estimating 350 polynucleotides and base ratios with an excess of dGMP.", "PMID": 61765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_102", "title": "Photophosphorylation as a function of illumination time. I. Effects of permeant cations and permeant anions.", "content": "(1) Very brief periods of illumination do not initiate photophosphorylation in isolated chloroplast lamellae. The time of illumination required before any phosphorylation can be detected is inversely proportional to the light intensity. At very high intensities, phosphorylation is initiated after illumination for about 4 ms. (2) There is no similar delay in the initiation of electron transport. The rate of electron transport is very high at first but declines at about the time the capacity for ATP synthesis develops. When the chloroplasts are uncoupled with gramicidin the high initial rate persists. (3) Various ions which permeate the thylakoid membrane (K+ or Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin, SCN-, I-, or C1O4-) markedly increase the time of illumination required to initiate phosphorylation. Potassium ions in the presence of valinomycin increase the delay to a maximum of about 50 ms whereas thiocyanate ions increase the delay to a maximum of about 25 ms. The effects of K+ with valinomycin and the effect of SCN- are not additive. Permeant ions and combinations of permeant ions have little or no effect on phosphorylation during continuous illumination. (4) The reason for the threshold in the light requirement and the reason for the effect of permeant ions thereon are both obscure. However, it could be argued that the energy for phosphorylation initially resides in an electric potential gradient which is abolished by migration of ions in the field, leaving a more slowly developing proton concentration gradient as the main driving force for phosphorylation during continuous illumination. If so, the threshold in the presence of permeant ions should depend on internal hydrogen ion buffering.", "contents": "Photophosphorylation as a function of illumination time. I. Effects of permeant cations and permeant anions. (1) Very brief periods of illumination do not initiate photophosphorylation in isolated chloroplast lamellae. The time of illumination required before any phosphorylation can be detected is inversely proportional to the light intensity. At very high intensities, phosphorylation is initiated after illumination for about 4 ms. (2) There is no similar delay in the initiation of electron transport. The rate of electron transport is very high at first but declines at about the time the capacity for ATP synthesis develops. When the chloroplasts are uncoupled with gramicidin the high initial rate persists. (3) Various ions which permeate the thylakoid membrane (K+ or Rb+ in the presence of valinomycin, SCN-, I-, or C1O4-) markedly increase the time of illumination required to initiate phosphorylation. Potassium ions in the presence of valinomycin increase the delay to a maximum of about 50 ms whereas thiocyanate ions increase the delay to a maximum of about 25 ms. The effects of K+ with valinomycin and the effect of SCN- are not additive. Permeant ions and combinations of permeant ions have little or no effect on phosphorylation during continuous illumination. (4) The reason for the threshold in the light requirement and the reason for the effect of permeant ions thereon are both obscure. However, it could be argued that the energy for phosphorylation initially resides in an electric potential gradient which is abolished by migration of ions in the field, leaving a more slowly developing proton concentration gradient as the main driving force for phosphorylation during continuous illumination. If so, the threshold in the presence of permeant ions should depend on internal hydrogen ion buffering.", "PMID": 61766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_103", "title": "[Study of the fucose-rich oligosaccharides in the urine of healthy and melituric subjects with A, B and O blood groups].", "content": "The application of adsorption chromatography on charcoal-Celite leads the authors to characterize in normal urines a class of fucose-rich oligosaccharides which possess blood group activities and are related to the phenotypes ABH, Le and secretor. Most of these oligosaccharides have a glucose residue in reducing terminal positions. Excretion of some oligosaccharides increases in the urine of diabetic and lactosuric subjects. In spontaneous or induced galactosurias, the elimination of oligosaccharides with a glucose residue in reducing terminal position decreases while appears a large amount of new oligosaccharides which all possess a galactose residue in reducing terminal position. These results lead to the conclusion that urinary oligosaccharides do not originate from glycosphingolipids, but from transglycosylation on carbohydrates which exist free in the organism: glucose for normal and diabetic subjects, lactose or galactose for lactosuric and galactosuric subjects, respectively.", "contents": "[Study of the fucose-rich oligosaccharides in the urine of healthy and melituric subjects with A, B and O blood groups]. The application of adsorption chromatography on charcoal-Celite leads the authors to characterize in normal urines a class of fucose-rich oligosaccharides which possess blood group activities and are related to the phenotypes ABH, Le and secretor. Most of these oligosaccharides have a glucose residue in reducing terminal positions. Excretion of some oligosaccharides increases in the urine of diabetic and lactosuric subjects. In spontaneous or induced galactosurias, the elimination of oligosaccharides with a glucose residue in reducing terminal position decreases while appears a large amount of new oligosaccharides which all possess a galactose residue in reducing terminal position. These results lead to the conclusion that urinary oligosaccharides do not originate from glycosphingolipids, but from transglycosylation on carbohydrates which exist free in the organism: glucose for normal and diabetic subjects, lactose or galactose for lactosuric and galactosuric subjects, respectively.", "PMID": 61768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_104", "title": "[Structure and immunochemical properties of the urinary oligosaccharides excreted during induced galactosuria].", "content": "Induced galactosuria is characterized by the excretion in urine of large amounts of new oligosaccharides, the structure of which are in connection with blood-group phenotypes ABH, Lewis and Secretor: O group : O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D 2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose. A group: O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D galactopyranose. B group : O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose.", "contents": "[Structure and immunochemical properties of the urinary oligosaccharides excreted during induced galactosuria]. Induced galactosuria is characterized by the excretion in urine of large amounts of new oligosaccharides, the structure of which are in connection with blood-group phenotypes ABH, Lewis and Secretor: O group : O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D 2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose. A group: O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D galactopyranose. B group : O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-D galactopyranose et O-alpha-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)]-O-beta-D galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)]-O-beta-D-2-deoxy-2 acetamido-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-[O-alpha-L fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)]-D-galactopyranose.", "PMID": 61769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_105", "title": "[Study of a specific polyoside and a group antigen extracted from Leptospira biflexa patoc, patoc I strain].", "content": "We extracted from L. biflexa patoc a fraction F, reacting in hemagglutination and ring tests with sera prepared against more than ten different serogroups. This fraction contains mainly a polysaccharide (65 per cent), the role of which was clearly demonstrated in the precipitation reaction with homologous antisera, through periodic oxidation; it also contains lipids (20 per cent) and proteins (10 per cent). We isolated from this fraction F, by Biogel column chromatography, 2 distinct antigens, one, F2, carrying the patoc-type specificity, the other, F 1B, a group specificity shared by many leptospira. These antigens differ not only immunogically, but also in their chemical composition. The type-specific antigen F2 contains mainly a polysaccharide composed of arabinose and glucosamine (possibly an immunodominant sugar). As for the group-specific fraction F 1B, its composition is more complex since lipids and proteins are also found with the polysaccharide. This antigen could therefore be a lipoglycoprotein.", "contents": "[Study of a specific polyoside and a group antigen extracted from Leptospira biflexa patoc, patoc I strain]. We extracted from L. biflexa patoc a fraction F, reacting in hemagglutination and ring tests with sera prepared against more than ten different serogroups. This fraction contains mainly a polysaccharide (65 per cent), the role of which was clearly demonstrated in the precipitation reaction with homologous antisera, through periodic oxidation; it also contains lipids (20 per cent) and proteins (10 per cent). We isolated from this fraction F, by Biogel column chromatography, 2 distinct antigens, one, F2, carrying the patoc-type specificity, the other, F 1B, a group specificity shared by many leptospira. These antigens differ not only immunogically, but also in their chemical composition. The type-specific antigen F2 contains mainly a polysaccharide composed of arabinose and glucosamine (possibly an immunodominant sugar). As for the group-specific fraction F 1B, its composition is more complex since lipids and proteins are also found with the polysaccharide. This antigen could therefore be a lipoglycoprotein.", "PMID": 61770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_106", "title": "Fluorescence polarization studies of squid giant axons stained with N-methylanilinonaphthalenesulfonates.", "content": "The polarized components of the extrinsic fluorescence of squid giant axons stained with 2,6-MANS or 1,8-MANS were studied. The polarization properties of the fluorescence changes associated with voltage-clamp pulses were found to be very different from those of the static fluorescence, supporting the notion that the optical changes involve highly oriented membrane adsorbed fluorophores. The theoretical expectations according to this hypothesis are discussed in detail. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory assuming that possible probes reorientations are soley due to the action of the applied electric field  upon the probes electric dipole. The quantitative analysis of the data for 2,6-MANS provides a fairly accurate determination of the orientation of the membrane bound 2,6-MANS molecules responsible for the fluorescence changes. Such orientation appears to be independent of the membrane face exposed to staining. The data for 1,8-MANS indicate a very different orientation of this isomer. The results suggest a profitable use of extrinsic fluorophores for studies of the structural organization of nerve membranes.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization studies of squid giant axons stained with N-methylanilinonaphthalenesulfonates. The polarized components of the extrinsic fluorescence of squid giant axons stained with 2,6-MANS or 1,8-MANS were studied. The polarization properties of the fluorescence changes associated with voltage-clamp pulses were found to be very different from those of the static fluorescence, supporting the notion that the optical changes involve highly oriented membrane adsorbed fluorophores. The theoretical expectations according to this hypothesis are discussed in detail. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory assuming that possible probes reorientations are soley due to the action of the applied electric field  upon the probes electric dipole. The quantitative analysis of the data for 2,6-MANS provides a fairly accurate determination of the orientation of the membrane bound 2,6-MANS molecules responsible for the fluorescence changes. Such orientation appears to be independent of the membrane face exposed to staining. The data for 1,8-MANS indicate a very different orientation of this isomer. The results suggest a profitable use of extrinsic fluorophores for studies of the structural organization of nerve membranes.", "PMID": 61771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_107", "title": "Interlibrary loan of audiovisual materials in the health sciences: how a system operates in New Jersey.", "content": "An audiovisual loan program developed by the library of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey is described. This program, supported by an NLM grant, has circulated audiovisual software from CMDNJ to libraries since 1974. Project experiences and statistics reflect the great demand for audiovisuals by health science libraries and demonstrate that a borrowing system following the pattern of traditional interlibrary loan can operate effectively and efficiently to serve these needs.", "contents": "Interlibrary loan of audiovisual materials in the health sciences: how a system operates in New Jersey. An audiovisual loan program developed by the library of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey is described. This program, supported by an NLM grant, has circulated audiovisual software from CMDNJ to libraries since 1974. Project experiences and statistics reflect the great demand for audiovisuals by health science libraries and demonstrate that a borrowing system following the pattern of traditional interlibrary loan can operate effectively and efficiently to serve these needs.", "PMID": 61774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_108", "title": "Results of the Inter-American Investigations of Mortality relating to reproduction.", "content": "Maternal age and parity, according to the findings of the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood, have a direct relationship to the health and survival of the infant. Among the results of this broad undertaking are data suggesting that babies born close in succession, especially within large families and as birth order ascends, are at greater risk of dying. Also, the offspring's future is increasingly threatened as the mother's age tends toward the extremes of the childbearing years. Compromise of the mother's health, in turn, was indicated in the earlier Investigation, a study of deaths in adults, which revealed unexpectedly high maternal mortality in the Latin American cities that it covered. Immaturity, or low birthweight, and malnutrition emerged as the two major underlying or associated causes of death in the Latin American projects of the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood. Despite the marked variations in the data available from the different areas, there appeared to be some correlation between these two indicators of deficits in growth and development. Mortality due to immaturity was especially high for babies of young mothers, with increases occurring as the birth order rose. Not only are the risks greater for mothers having low-weight babies when they are young (under 20), but they increase even more with the second, third, and fourth products when the birth intervals become shorter. Maternal age, birth order, and birthweight are factors that must be considered in combination in the programming of protective health measures.", "contents": "Results of the Inter-American Investigations of Mortality relating to reproduction. Maternal age and parity, according to the findings of the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood, have a direct relationship to the health and survival of the infant. Among the results of this broad undertaking are data suggesting that babies born close in succession, especially within large families and as birth order ascends, are at greater risk of dying. Also, the offspring's future is increasingly threatened as the mother's age tends toward the extremes of the childbearing years. Compromise of the mother's health, in turn, was indicated in the earlier Investigation, a study of deaths in adults, which revealed unexpectedly high maternal mortality in the Latin American cities that it covered. Immaturity, or low birthweight, and malnutrition emerged as the two major underlying or associated causes of death in the Latin American projects of the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood. Despite the marked variations in the data available from the different areas, there appeared to be some correlation between these two indicators of deficits in growth and development. Mortality due to immaturity was especially high for babies of young mothers, with increases occurring as the birth order rose. Not only are the risks greater for mothers having low-weight babies when they are young (under 20), but they increase even more with the second, third, and fourth products when the birth intervals become shorter. Maternal age, birth order, and birthweight are factors that must be considered in combination in the programming of protective health measures.", "PMID": 61775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_109", "title": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in transected axons. 3. Entry into injured axons and subsequent localization in perikaryon.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to crushed mouse sciatic nerves diffused through the damaged perineurium into the endoneurium. In the injured area, HRP passed into damaged myelinated and unmyelinated axons forming columns of reaction product, which extended for several millimeters proximally to the lesion. Ultrastructurally, HRP adhered to the inner surface of the axoplasm and to the surfaces of neurotubules and neurofilaments in such columns. At more proximal levels axons contained HRP in vesicular and tubular organelles and, later, nerve cell bodies of the corresponding spinal ganglia showed HRP, accumulation in cytoplasmic vesicles, cup-shaped bodies, multivesicular bodies and tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Markedly less HRP reached neurons in the spinal ganglia when applied to the nerve 30 or 60 min after the crush. After such time intervals solid HRP containing axons were also less frequently observed. Conceivably, HRP enters crushed axons momentarily after a crush as an injured cell reaction. Subsequently it is incorporated into organelles higher up in the axons, from where retrograde transport to the perikaryon will fellow. This phenomenon of a sudden non-specific influx of exogenous macromolecules into axotomized neurons and their subsequent transport to the perikaryon might be relevant for development of certain biochemical and morphological responses, e.g. lysosomal alterations, of the neuron to an axonal injury.", "contents": "Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in transected axons. 3. Entry into injured axons and subsequent localization in perikaryon. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to crushed mouse sciatic nerves diffused through the damaged perineurium into the endoneurium. In the injured area, HRP passed into damaged myelinated and unmyelinated axons forming columns of reaction product, which extended for several millimeters proximally to the lesion. Ultrastructurally, HRP adhered to the inner surface of the axoplasm and to the surfaces of neurotubules and neurofilaments in such columns. At more proximal levels axons contained HRP in vesicular and tubular organelles and, later, nerve cell bodies of the corresponding spinal ganglia showed HRP, accumulation in cytoplasmic vesicles, cup-shaped bodies, multivesicular bodies and tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Markedly less HRP reached neurons in the spinal ganglia when applied to the nerve 30 or 60 min after the crush. After such time intervals solid HRP containing axons were also less frequently observed. Conceivably, HRP enters crushed axons momentarily after a crush as an injured cell reaction. Subsequently it is incorporated into organelles higher up in the axons, from where retrograde transport to the perikaryon will fellow. This phenomenon of a sudden non-specific influx of exogenous macromolecules into axotomized neurons and their subsequent transport to the perikaryon might be relevant for development of certain biochemical and morphological responses, e.g. lysosomal alterations, of the neuron to an axonal injury.", "PMID": 61782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_110", "title": "Differential central distribution of optic nerve components in the rat.", "content": "The distribution of Fink-Heimer positive degeneration and neurofibrillar proliferation has been examined in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus of albino and pigmented rats following enucleation between post-natal days 12 and 30 and as adults. With survival times of 6 h to 5 days following enucleation, the location of maximum degenerative reaction stained by the Fink-Heimer method changes with increasing survival time in both regions. In the dLGN contralateral to the eye removal the earliest degeneration appears in a lamina occupying the medioventral extent of the nucleus and is rapidly removed; later degeneration fills a central lamina of the nucleus with a patch of degeneration extending to the outer surface of the nucleus at the mediodorsal margin. The latest occurring degeneration fills the outermost lamina and is still obvious when degeneration is largely dispersed from the inner and central laminae; this outer lamina shows an early filamentous degenerative reaction in the adult. The uncrossed optic pathway occupies a portion of the central lamina of the nucleus, and in albino animals it shows a rapid degeneration and dispersion similar to the innermost lamina on the crossed side; in the pigmented animals degeneration of the uncrossed projection starts as early as that of the albino but persists as long as the degeneration of the central lamina on the crossed side. The degeneration time of the sprouted, uncrossed pathway resulting from unilateral enucleation at birth is similar in albino and pigmented rats and resembles in timing the normal uncrossed pathway of pigmented rats. These results suggest that there are at least 3 different fiber populations in the rat optic nerve with different distribution in the dLGN. The uncrossed optic pathway of albino and pigmented rats appears to differ in fiber composition; this may relate to aberrations in mapping of uncrossed projections in the albino.", "contents": "Differential central distribution of optic nerve components in the rat. The distribution of Fink-Heimer positive degeneration and neurofibrillar proliferation has been examined in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus of albino and pigmented rats following enucleation between post-natal days 12 and 30 and as adults. With survival times of 6 h to 5 days following enucleation, the location of maximum degenerative reaction stained by the Fink-Heimer method changes with increasing survival time in both regions. In the dLGN contralateral to the eye removal the earliest degeneration appears in a lamina occupying the medioventral extent of the nucleus and is rapidly removed; later degeneration fills a central lamina of the nucleus with a patch of degeneration extending to the outer surface of the nucleus at the mediodorsal margin. The latest occurring degeneration fills the outermost lamina and is still obvious when degeneration is largely dispersed from the inner and central laminae; this outer lamina shows an early filamentous degenerative reaction in the adult. The uncrossed optic pathway occupies a portion of the central lamina of the nucleus, and in albino animals it shows a rapid degeneration and dispersion similar to the innermost lamina on the crossed side; in the pigmented animals degeneration of the uncrossed projection starts as early as that of the albino but persists as long as the degeneration of the central lamina on the crossed side. The degeneration time of the sprouted, uncrossed pathway resulting from unilateral enucleation at birth is similar in albino and pigmented rats and resembles in timing the normal uncrossed pathway of pigmented rats. These results suggest that there are at least 3 different fiber populations in the rat optic nerve with different distribution in the dLGN. The uncrossed optic pathway of albino and pigmented rats appears to differ in fiber composition; this may relate to aberrations in mapping of uncrossed projections in the albino.", "PMID": 61788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_111", "title": "Retrograde axoplasmic transport to inactive dopamine beta-hydroxylase in sciatic nerves.", "content": "The transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in sciatic nerves was studied both by measuring the accumulated enzyme activity and by examining the accumulated immunologically reactive DBH protein. The pattern of DBH accumulation in the proximal segment was similar either in the activity or in the immunofluorescence. In the distal segment, however, much higher accumulation of immunofluorescence than that of the activity was observed 7 h after ligation. The immunotitration studies indicated that more DBH molecules were accumulated in the distal segment than in the proximal segment 5 h after ligation. The homospecific activity of DBH in the distal segment was about one-fifth of that in the proximal segment. The result suggests that relatively large amounts of inactive enzyme may be transported back to the soma instead of complete degradation in the terminal.", "contents": "Retrograde axoplasmic transport to inactive dopamine beta-hydroxylase in sciatic nerves. The transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in sciatic nerves was studied both by measuring the accumulated enzyme activity and by examining the accumulated immunologically reactive DBH protein. The pattern of DBH accumulation in the proximal segment was similar either in the activity or in the immunofluorescence. In the distal segment, however, much higher accumulation of immunofluorescence than that of the activity was observed 7 h after ligation. The immunotitration studies indicated that more DBH molecules were accumulated in the distal segment than in the proximal segment 5 h after ligation. The homospecific activity of DBH in the distal segment was about one-fifth of that in the proximal segment. The result suggests that relatively large amounts of inactive enzyme may be transported back to the soma instead of complete degradation in the terminal.", "PMID": 61789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_112", "title": "Nigrothalamic projections in the rat as demonstrated by orthograde and retrograde tracing echniques.", "content": "The nigrothalamic projection of the rat was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and by the autoradiographic tracing technique. The use of these techniques has permitted an extension of previous descriptions by identifying a neuron population in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNR) as the nigrothalamic cells of origin. These calls (20-25 mu) were multipolar and were distributed throughout the SNR. There was a tendency however for more labelled neurons to be observed in the rostrolateral aspects of the nucleus. HRP-labelled neurons comprised roughly one-sixth of SNR neurons of comparable size, ventromedial (VM) thalamic nucleus. In addition, a smaller projection to the ipsilateral parafascicular nucleus was observed. The possible functional sifificance of the nigrothalamic projections is discussed in the light of recent anatomical, physiological and behavioral findings.", "contents": "Nigrothalamic projections in the rat as demonstrated by orthograde and retrograde tracing echniques. The nigrothalamic projection of the rat was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and by the autoradiographic tracing technique. The use of these techniques has permitted an extension of previous descriptions by identifying a neuron population in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNR) as the nigrothalamic cells of origin. These calls (20-25 mu) were multipolar and were distributed throughout the SNR. There was a tendency however for more labelled neurons to be observed in the rostrolateral aspects of the nucleus. HRP-labelled neurons comprised roughly one-sixth of SNR neurons of comparable size, ventromedial (VM) thalamic nucleus. In addition, a smaller projection to the ipsilateral parafascicular nucleus was observed. The possible functional sifificance of the nigrothalamic projections is discussed in the light of recent anatomical, physiological and behavioral findings.", "PMID": 61793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_113", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease in Canada: report of a collaborative study.", "content": "A study of 1223 amniocenteses carried out during 1020 pregnancies in 990 women showed that 2nd-trimester amniocentesis at about 16 weeks' gestation is a safe, accurate and reliable procedure for the diagnosis of certain classes of genetic disease when it is monitored by ultrasound, performed by a trained obstetrician and carried out in a major health sciences centre. The percentage of fetal losses (4.7%) and neonatal deaths (0.5%) during the study was not greater than in control samples for women 35 years of age and older. The best results were obtained when needles of gauge 20 or 21 were used. The use of needles of gauge 19 or larger and more than two insertions during a single amniocentesis were associated with a significantly greater frequency of fetal loss than a second or even a third amniocentesis during the same pregnancy. For 39 fetuses (3.8%) a diagnosis of a genetic abnormality was made and 23 male fetuses were found to be potentially hemizygous for an X-linked gene. There were 51 therapeutic abortions as a result of the diagnosis. Sixty-six tests (5.4%) gave an inconclusive result and seven (0.6%) gave an erroneous diagnosis; five of the latter (two false-positives and three false-negatives) resulted from the alpha1-fetoprotein test for neural-tube defects and in two cases the sex was incorrectly determined. The frequency of all chromosome abnormalities was 1:20 when the mother's age was 40 years or more and 1:60 when the mother's age was between 35 and 39 years. When a mother had previously had a child with a chromosome abnormality the risk of recurrence of such an abnormality was 1:100 when the age of the mother was 35 years or more.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease in Canada: report of a collaborative study. A study of 1223 amniocenteses carried out during 1020 pregnancies in 990 women showed that 2nd-trimester amniocentesis at about 16 weeks' gestation is a safe, accurate and reliable procedure for the diagnosis of certain classes of genetic disease when it is monitored by ultrasound, performed by a trained obstetrician and carried out in a major health sciences centre. The percentage of fetal losses (4.7%) and neonatal deaths (0.5%) during the study was not greater than in control samples for women 35 years of age and older. The best results were obtained when needles of gauge 20 or 21 were used. The use of needles of gauge 19 or larger and more than two insertions during a single amniocentesis were associated with a significantly greater frequency of fetal loss than a second or even a third amniocentesis during the same pregnancy. For 39 fetuses (3.8%) a diagnosis of a genetic abnormality was made and 23 male fetuses were found to be potentially hemizygous for an X-linked gene. There were 51 therapeutic abortions as a result of the diagnosis. Sixty-six tests (5.4%) gave an inconclusive result and seven (0.6%) gave an erroneous diagnosis; five of the latter (two false-positives and three false-negatives) resulted from the alpha1-fetoprotein test for neural-tube defects and in two cases the sex was incorrectly determined. The frequency of all chromosome abnormalities was 1:20 when the mother's age was 40 years or more and 1:60 when the mother's age was between 35 and 39 years. When a mother had previously had a child with a chromosome abnormality the risk of recurrence of such an abnormality was 1:100 when the age of the mother was 35 years or more.", "PMID": 61796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_114", "title": "Histological localization of nervous-system antigens in the cerebellum by immunoperoxidase labeling.", "content": "The indirect immunoperoxidase method was used to localize histologically on sagittal sections of mouse cerebellum antigenic determinants detected by the following antisera: anti-NS-2, anti-NS-3, anti-NS-4 rabbit anti-bovine corpus callosum, rabbit anti-mouse brain, rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, and rabbit anti-neurofilament protein. Anti-alpha-bungarotoxin serum and normal rabbit serum were used as negative controls. The various sera showed similarities in staining pattern as well as differences. Anti-NS-2 antiserum labeled the somata of interneurons in the molecular layer, granule cell bodies, glial cells in the white matter, and along the surfaces of blood vessels. A similar pattern of staining is produced by the anti-NS-3 antiserum except that glial cells are less prominent in the white matter and the blood vessels are not visible at all. Anti-NS-4 antiserum does not label interneurons but does label glomeruli and, less intensely, granule cell bodies in the granular layer. Rabbit anti-mouse brain antiserum is similar to anti-NS-4 antiserum except that fiber tracts in the white matter are stained more intensely; Rabbit anti-bovine corpus callosum labels only white matter. Antisera to neurofilament ans astrocytes.", "contents": "Histological localization of nervous-system antigens in the cerebellum by immunoperoxidase labeling. The indirect immunoperoxidase method was used to localize histologically on sagittal sections of mouse cerebellum antigenic determinants detected by the following antisera: anti-NS-2, anti-NS-3, anti-NS-4 rabbit anti-bovine corpus callosum, rabbit anti-mouse brain, rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, and rabbit anti-neurofilament protein. Anti-alpha-bungarotoxin serum and normal rabbit serum were used as negative controls. The various sera showed similarities in staining pattern as well as differences. Anti-NS-2 antiserum labeled the somata of interneurons in the molecular layer, granule cell bodies, glial cells in the white matter, and along the surfaces of blood vessels. A similar pattern of staining is produced by the anti-NS-3 antiserum except that glial cells are less prominent in the white matter and the blood vessels are not visible at all. Anti-NS-4 antiserum does not label interneurons but does label glomeruli and, less intensely, granule cell bodies in the granular layer. Rabbit anti-mouse brain antiserum is similar to anti-NS-4 antiserum except that fiber tracts in the white matter are stained more intensely; Rabbit anti-bovine corpus callosum labels only white matter. Antisera to neurofilament ans astrocytes.", "PMID": 61794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_115", "title": "New multiple-agent chemotherapy (B-DOPA) for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "B-DOPA (Bleomycin (B), D-imidazole carboxamide (D), Oncovin (O), Prednisone (P), Adriamycin (A) is a program developed for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP therapy. Twenty unselected patients were treated by the following dose schedule: B, 4 mg/m2 days 2 and 5; D, 150 mg/m2 days 1 to 5; O (vincristine), 1.5 mg/m2 days 1 and 5; P, 40 mg/m2 days 1 to 6; A, 60 mg/m2 day 1. Each course, was repeated at 3 to 4 week intervals to maximum adriamycin dose of 450 mg/m2. All patients had received prior MOPP therapy and six had received prior radiotherapy. Fifteen of the 20 patients entered into the study were evaluable for response. There were nine (60%) complete responders and three (20%) partial responders. The median duration of complete remission was 14+ months with six of nine patients remaining in remission to a maximum of 21 months. The median survival of the nonresponders was 3 months. B-DOPA is an effective combination chemotherapy regimen for advanced Hodgkin's disease in patients who have previously received MOPP treatment, including patients who are refractory to MOPP therapy. The B-DOPA program or modifications thereof, may be integrated into primary treatment programs for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "New multiple-agent chemotherapy (B-DOPA) for advanced Hodgkin's disease. B-DOPA (Bleomycin (B), D-imidazole carboxamide (D), Oncovin (O), Prednisone (P), Adriamycin (A) is a program developed for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP therapy. Twenty unselected patients were treated by the following dose schedule: B, 4 mg/m2 days 2 and 5; D, 150 mg/m2 days 1 to 5; O (vincristine), 1.5 mg/m2 days 1 and 5; P, 40 mg/m2 days 1 to 6; A, 60 mg/m2 day 1. Each course, was repeated at 3 to 4 week intervals to maximum adriamycin dose of 450 mg/m2. All patients had received prior MOPP therapy and six had received prior radiotherapy. Fifteen of the 20 patients entered into the study were evaluable for response. There were nine (60%) complete responders and three (20%) partial responders. The median duration of complete remission was 14+ months with six of nine patients remaining in remission to a maximum of 21 months. The median survival of the nonresponders was 3 months. B-DOPA is an effective combination chemotherapy regimen for advanced Hodgkin's disease in patients who have previously received MOPP treatment, including patients who are refractory to MOPP therapy. The B-DOPA program or modifications thereof, may be integrated into primary treatment programs for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 61797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_116", "title": "The role of nerve-growth factor (NGF) in the central nervous system.", "content": "NGF is a protein that stimulates growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory components of the peripheral nervous system. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence that NGF has similar activity in the central nervous system. First, the primary mode of interaction of NGF with the nerve cell will be discussed, and the possibility that such an interaction takes place in the brain will be examined. Recent studies have demonstrated that NGF promotes regenerative sprouting of damaged catecholamine-containing neurons in the brain. The next part of the paper reviews this literature, and other findings that indicate or contraindicate a role of NGF in brain maturation of maintenance. The final part of this paper suggests specific avenues for future research in this area, and presents conclusions regarding the literatureon brain activity of NGF to date.", "contents": "The role of nerve-growth factor (NGF) in the central nervous system. NGF is a protein that stimulates growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory components of the peripheral nervous system. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence that NGF has similar activity in the central nervous system. First, the primary mode of interaction of NGF with the nerve cell will be discussed, and the possibility that such an interaction takes place in the brain will be examined. Recent studies have demonstrated that NGF promotes regenerative sprouting of damaged catecholamine-containing neurons in the brain. The next part of the paper reviews this literature, and other findings that indicate or contraindicate a role of NGF in brain maturation of maintenance. The final part of this paper suggests specific avenues for future research in this area, and presents conclusions regarding the literatureon brain activity of NGF to date.", "PMID": 61795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_117", "title": "Separation of cellular and viral DNA polymerases by affinity chromatography on polynucleotide-Sepharose.", "content": "Polyguanylate- and poly(2'-O-methyl)uridylate-Sepharose have been prepared for affinity chromatography of DNA polymerases of viral origin (reverse transcriptase). Both cellular DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase bind to polyguanylate-Sepharose. The cellular polymerases can be eluted from the column between 0.32 and 0.42 M NaCl while reverse transcriptase eluted between 0.56 and 0.78 M NaCl. However, only reverse transcriptase adheres to poly(2'-O-methyl)uridylate-Sepharose and can be eluted at approximately 0.35 M NaCl. The columns were used to partially purify RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from spleens of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The enzyme preparation is about 1300-fold purified and is inhibited by antiserum prepared against purified reverse transcriptase from Rauscher leukemia virus to the same extent as the virion enzyme.", "contents": "Separation of cellular and viral DNA polymerases by affinity chromatography on polynucleotide-Sepharose. Polyguanylate- and poly(2'-O-methyl)uridylate-Sepharose have been prepared for affinity chromatography of DNA polymerases of viral origin (reverse transcriptase). Both cellular DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptase bind to polyguanylate-Sepharose. The cellular polymerases can be eluted from the column between 0.32 and 0.42 M NaCl while reverse transcriptase eluted between 0.56 and 0.78 M NaCl. However, only reverse transcriptase adheres to poly(2'-O-methyl)uridylate-Sepharose and can be eluted at approximately 0.35 M NaCl. The columns were used to partially purify RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from spleens of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The enzyme preparation is about 1300-fold purified and is inhibited by antiserum prepared against purified reverse transcriptase from Rauscher leukemia virus to the same extent as the virion enzyme.", "PMID": 61798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_118", "title": "Identification and isolation of the major core protein from the oncornavirus-like particle in human milk.", "content": "Subviral cores have been prepared from the oncornavirus-like particle found in human milks with the use of phospholipase C and ether or Sterox SL. The major protein of these cores has a molecular weight of 27,000 daltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein is found in the core fractions of reverse transcriptase-positive milks and is absent in negative milks. It is distributed in sucrose gradients only in those fractions containing cores and reverse transcriptase activity. The major core protein of the human milk oncornavirus-like particle is electrophoretically identical to the major core protein of the mouse mammary tumor virus.", "contents": "Identification and isolation of the major core protein from the oncornavirus-like particle in human milk. Subviral cores have been prepared from the oncornavirus-like particle found in human milks with the use of phospholipase C and ether or Sterox SL. The major protein of these cores has a molecular weight of 27,000 daltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein is found in the core fractions of reverse transcriptase-positive milks and is absent in negative milks. It is distributed in sucrose gradients only in those fractions containing cores and reverse transcriptase activity. The major core protein of the human milk oncornavirus-like particle is electrophoretically identical to the major core protein of the mouse mammary tumor virus.", "PMID": 61799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_119", "title": "Cell surface changes in HeLa cells as an indication of cell cycle events.", "content": "A HeLa cell line synchronized by double thymidine block and mitotic shake off was shown to have a characteristic surface morphology for each of the different cell cycle stages. Inhibitors of cell multiplication were used to arrest cells in specific cell cycle phases, and these cells had a surface morphology similar to that of synchronized cells in the same phase. The results indicated a close association between the cell surface topography and the cycles of DNA synthesis in the cell nucleus of this HeLa line.", "contents": "Cell surface changes in HeLa cells as an indication of cell cycle events. A HeLa cell line synchronized by double thymidine block and mitotic shake off was shown to have a characteristic surface morphology for each of the different cell cycle stages. Inhibitors of cell multiplication were used to arrest cells in specific cell cycle phases, and these cells had a surface morphology similar to that of synchronized cells in the same phase. The results indicated a close association between the cell surface topography and the cycles of DNA synthesis in the cell nucleus of this HeLa line.", "PMID": 61800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_120", "title": "In vitro transmission and propagation of the bovine leukemia virus in monolayer cell cultures.", "content": "This study demonstrates that the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) can infect in vitro cells of human, simian, bovine, canine, caprine, ovine, and bat origin. Cultures of these cells, cocultivated with BLV-infected cells or inoculated with cell-free BLV preparations, continuoously showed the presence of cells with the internal BLV antigen as well as BLV-induced syncytia. Virus replication was abundant and increased with passage in bat lung cells and was moderate but constant in fetal canine thymus cells. The amounts of virus released by the simian DBS-FRhL-1 and caprine S-743 cultures were low to moderate during the first 4 to 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. In the infected fetal lamb spleen cell cultures, virus production was low and declined further with passage. Bovine embryonic spleen and human diploid embryonic lung WI-38 cell cultures produced very small amounts of virus only during the first two passages after inoculation despite the fact that they remained infected, as determined by the continuous presence of cell BLV antigen and syncytia. Morphologically and antigenically, the virus particles released by the monolayer cell cultures were indistinguishable from those found in short-term and long-term cultures of BLV-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Repeated electron microscopic examinations and serological tests showed that all the BLV-infected cultures, including those from which the infecting inocula were obtained, were free of the foamy-like bovine syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the maedi-like bovine R-29 virus.", "contents": "In vitro transmission and propagation of the bovine leukemia virus in monolayer cell cultures. This study demonstrates that the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) can infect in vitro cells of human, simian, bovine, canine, caprine, ovine, and bat origin. Cultures of these cells, cocultivated with BLV-infected cells or inoculated with cell-free BLV preparations, continuoously showed the presence of cells with the internal BLV antigen as well as BLV-induced syncytia. Virus replication was abundant and increased with passage in bat lung cells and was moderate but constant in fetal canine thymus cells. The amounts of virus released by the simian DBS-FRhL-1 and caprine S-743 cultures were low to moderate during the first 4 to 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. In the infected fetal lamb spleen cell cultures, virus production was low and declined further with passage. Bovine embryonic spleen and human diploid embryonic lung WI-38 cell cultures produced very small amounts of virus only during the first two passages after inoculation despite the fact that they remained infected, as determined by the continuous presence of cell BLV antigen and syncytia. Morphologically and antigenically, the virus particles released by the monolayer cell cultures were indistinguishable from those found in short-term and long-term cultures of BLV-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Repeated electron microscopic examinations and serological tests showed that all the BLV-infected cultures, including those from which the infecting inocula were obtained, were free of the foamy-like bovine syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the maedi-like bovine R-29 virus.", "PMID": 61801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_121", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in tissue culture of human testicular tumors and an examination of experimental yolk sac tumors in the rat.", "content": "The slices of testicular tumors isolated from patients with high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were cultivated in vitro, and the synthesis of some serum proteins, including AFP, was demonstrated. The tumors were produced from yolk sac in rats by fetectomy. The tumors consisted of the various histological structures, such as of teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and very immature tumor. The tumors with yolk sac histology were able to produce AFP. The tumors induced in rats were transplantable, but the well-differentiated histology disappeared after transplantation. The capacity of AFP synthesis in transplanted tumors seemed to be maintained for generations in female rats but not in male rats.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in tissue culture of human testicular tumors and an examination of experimental yolk sac tumors in the rat. The slices of testicular tumors isolated from patients with high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were cultivated in vitro, and the synthesis of some serum proteins, including AFP, was demonstrated. The tumors were produced from yolk sac in rats by fetectomy. The tumors consisted of the various histological structures, such as of teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and very immature tumor. The tumors with yolk sac histology were able to produce AFP. The tumors induced in rats were transplantable, but the well-differentiated histology disappeared after transplantation. The capacity of AFP synthesis in transplanted tumors seemed to be maintained for generations in female rats but not in male rats.", "PMID": 61802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_122", "title": "Cell lines derived from teratocarcinomas.", "content": "A variety of cell lines have been isolated in vitro from transplantable teratocarcinomas. Some of them correspond to embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. They are malignant and represent the stem cells from which all differentiated tissues derive in the tumor or in vitro. EC cells share some biochemical and antigenic properties with multipotential embryonic cells. From one of these EC cell lines, variants have been isolated in vivo and in vitro. Some are of EC type but restricted in their pattern of differentiation; others are altered in their tumorigenicity or in their antigenic characteristics. Another class of such variants corresponds to non-EC types. The most interesting ones correspond to tumoral lines of extra-embryonic tissues. All these cell lines constitute a valuable material for the study of mouse development and differentiation.", "contents": "Cell lines derived from teratocarcinomas. A variety of cell lines have been isolated in vitro from transplantable teratocarcinomas. Some of them correspond to embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. They are malignant and represent the stem cells from which all differentiated tissues derive in the tumor or in vitro. EC cells share some biochemical and antigenic properties with multipotential embryonic cells. From one of these EC cell lines, variants have been isolated in vivo and in vitro. Some are of EC type but restricted in their pattern of differentiation; others are altered in their tumorigenicity or in their antigenic characteristics. Another class of such variants corresponds to non-EC types. The most interesting ones correspond to tumoral lines of extra-embryonic tissues. All these cell lines constitute a valuable material for the study of mouse development and differentiation.", "PMID": 61803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_123", "title": "Expression of an oncodevelopmental gene product (alpha-fetoprotein) during fetal development and adult oncogenesis.", "content": "The expression of an \"oncodevelopmental\" protein, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), has been systematically studied in rats during normal development and during regeneration of the liver by fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro, in rats bearing transplantable hepatomas, in rats fed chemical carcinogens, and in mice that spontaneously develop hematomas. AFP is a serum protein made normally during fetal and neonatal stages by liver and yolk sac cells. In newborn rats at approximately 4 weeks of age, the production of AFP is abruptly terminated, a process which is closely associated with cessation of liver cell proliferation. In adult rats, AFP production recurs following the reinitiation of hepatic DNA synthesis induced by partial hepatectomy or by the administration of heaptotoxic chemicals. Detailed metabolic and direct labeling studies of fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro also demonstrate a kinetically similar pattern of hepatocyte DNA synthesis and AFP production. In vitro studies utilizing combined autoradiography for DNA-synthesizing cells and immunofluorescence for AFP-containing cells demonstrates that replicating hepatocytes produce AFP, however, available data do not yet permit a distinction between G1 (pre- or postmitotic) and/or G2 production. During growth of an AFP- producing tumor, the serum concentration of AFP may be used as a accurate index of tumor growth, and, if a transplanted tumor is removed, as a marker for metastatic growth of the tumor. Using this model, we have shown that radiation to the lung at the time of surgical removal of a growing tumor in the leg will prevent establishment and growth of pulmonary metastases and that anti-AFP serum treatment may inhibit growth of a transplantable hepatoma that produces AFP. The exposure of rats to chemical hepatocarcinogens results in the appearance of evaluated serum AFP concentration as early as within 1 week of feeding; noncarcinogenic chemical analogs do not cause an elevation. AFP elevation also occurs with low doses of the hepatocarcinogen in the absence of detectable cell injury (by morphological examination of serum enzyme levels) or any other known morphological or biochemical change. This may represent a highly selective derepression of protein synthesis that occurs following the formation of a complex between the metabolites of the carcinogen and specific chromatin loci. Although every rat so far treated with even subcarcinogenic doses of hepatocarcinogens has elevated serum AFP concentrations, many primary carcinogen-induced hepatomas do not produce detectable AFP. Either there is a subsequent change in the preneoplastic AFP-producing cell that occurs prior to irreversible neoplastic alteration, or the hepatocytes originally influenced by the carcinogens to produce AFP are not necessarily the same cells that are the progenitors of the hepatoma produced by more prolonged exposure...", "contents": "Expression of an oncodevelopmental gene product (alpha-fetoprotein) during fetal development and adult oncogenesis. The expression of an \"oncodevelopmental\" protein, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), has been systematically studied in rats during normal development and during regeneration of the liver by fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro, in rats bearing transplantable hepatomas, in rats fed chemical carcinogens, and in mice that spontaneously develop hematomas. AFP is a serum protein made normally during fetal and neonatal stages by liver and yolk sac cells. In newborn rats at approximately 4 weeks of age, the production of AFP is abruptly terminated, a process which is closely associated with cessation of liver cell proliferation. In adult rats, AFP production recurs following the reinitiation of hepatic DNA synthesis induced by partial hepatectomy or by the administration of heaptotoxic chemicals. Detailed metabolic and direct labeling studies of fetal rat hepatocytes in vitro also demonstrate a kinetically similar pattern of hepatocyte DNA synthesis and AFP production. In vitro studies utilizing combined autoradiography for DNA-synthesizing cells and immunofluorescence for AFP-containing cells demonstrates that replicating hepatocytes produce AFP, however, available data do not yet permit a distinction between G1 (pre- or postmitotic) and/or G2 production. During growth of an AFP- producing tumor, the serum concentration of AFP may be used as a accurate index of tumor growth, and, if a transplanted tumor is removed, as a marker for metastatic growth of the tumor. Using this model, we have shown that radiation to the lung at the time of surgical removal of a growing tumor in the leg will prevent establishment and growth of pulmonary metastases and that anti-AFP serum treatment may inhibit growth of a transplantable hepatoma that produces AFP. The exposure of rats to chemical hepatocarcinogens results in the appearance of evaluated serum AFP concentration as early as within 1 week of feeding; noncarcinogenic chemical analogs do not cause an elevation. AFP elevation also occurs with low doses of the hepatocarcinogen in the absence of detectable cell injury (by morphological examination of serum enzyme levels) or any other known morphological or biochemical change. This may represent a highly selective derepression of protein synthesis that occurs following the formation of a complex between the metabolites of the carcinogen and specific chromatin loci. Although every rat so far treated with even subcarcinogenic doses of hepatocarcinogens has elevated serum AFP concentrations, many primary carcinogen-induced hepatomas do not produce detectable AFP. Either there is a subsequent change in the preneoplastic AFP-producing cell that occurs prior to irreversible neoplastic alteration, or the hepatocytes originally influenced by the carcinogens to produce AFP are not necessarily the same cells that are the progenitors of the hepatoma produced by more prolonged exposure...", "PMID": 61804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_124", "title": "Cancer, retrodifferentiation, and the myth of Faust.", "content": "The close relationship at the molecular level between cellular differentiation and neoplasia has been evidenced by the discovery in adult individuals of fetospecific antigens and fetal type isozymes associated with many spontaneous and experimentally induced malignant tumors. One question in relation with this finding is whether cancerous tumors develop from the differentiation of a tissue reserve of stem cells or by a process of retrodifferentiation, i.e., the nucleocytoplasmic stepwise reversion of cells toward stationary states with simplified structure and less information content. The question is not merely academic; elucidation of the nature of the target cells from which neoplastic growth emerges has obviously physiopathological and therapeutic implications. This contribution is an analysis of the nature and the mechanism of cellular retrodifferentiation and a discussion of its possible role in regeneration and metaplasia, as well as in neoplastic development. Throughout living systems, retrodifferentiation appears as a common adaptive process for the maintenance of cell integrity against deleterious agents of varied etiology (physical, chemical,and viral). While preserving the entire information encoded on its genome, cells undergoing retrodifferentiation lose morphological and functional complexity by virtue of a process of self-deletion of cytoplasmic structures and the transition to a more juvenile pattern of gene expression. This results in a progressive uniformization of originally distinct cell phenotypes and to a decrease of responsiveness to regulatory signals operational in adult cells. Retrodifferentiation is normally counterbalanced by a process of reontogeny that tends to restore the terminal phenotypes from where the reversion started. This explains why retrodifferentiation remains invariably associated to cell regeneration and tissue repair. There is an ever growing evidence that neoplastic transformation in vivo and in vitro is frequently preceded and/or accompanied by biochemical, morphological, and behavioral transitions characteristic of a cell undergoing retrodifferentiation. Contrary to what occurs in regenerating tissues, the \"unbalanced\" character of tumor-associated retrodifferentiation seems to be a property linked to cancer. The question arises why a unique mechanism of cell rejuvenation is in physiological conditions (regeneration), followed by a process of reontogeny, while in neoplasia the process remains incomplete or does not occur and leads to the emergence of a population of persistently dividing cells. It is to be hoped that a careful study of retrodifferentiation in physiological and tumoral models will help to distinguish that which in neoplastic development can be relevant to an adaptive cell behavior from that which might eventually be the result of specific or constitutive alterations.", "contents": "Cancer, retrodifferentiation, and the myth of Faust. The close relationship at the molecular level between cellular differentiation and neoplasia has been evidenced by the discovery in adult individuals of fetospecific antigens and fetal type isozymes associated with many spontaneous and experimentally induced malignant tumors. One question in relation with this finding is whether cancerous tumors develop from the differentiation of a tissue reserve of stem cells or by a process of retrodifferentiation, i.e., the nucleocytoplasmic stepwise reversion of cells toward stationary states with simplified structure and less information content. The question is not merely academic; elucidation of the nature of the target cells from which neoplastic growth emerges has obviously physiopathological and therapeutic implications. This contribution is an analysis of the nature and the mechanism of cellular retrodifferentiation and a discussion of its possible role in regeneration and metaplasia, as well as in neoplastic development. Throughout living systems, retrodifferentiation appears as a common adaptive process for the maintenance of cell integrity against deleterious agents of varied etiology (physical, chemical,and viral). While preserving the entire information encoded on its genome, cells undergoing retrodifferentiation lose morphological and functional complexity by virtue of a process of self-deletion of cytoplasmic structures and the transition to a more juvenile pattern of gene expression. This results in a progressive uniformization of originally distinct cell phenotypes and to a decrease of responsiveness to regulatory signals operational in adult cells. Retrodifferentiation is normally counterbalanced by a process of reontogeny that tends to restore the terminal phenotypes from where the reversion started. This explains why retrodifferentiation remains invariably associated to cell regeneration and tissue repair. There is an ever growing evidence that neoplastic transformation in vivo and in vitro is frequently preceded and/or accompanied by biochemical, morphological, and behavioral transitions characteristic of a cell undergoing retrodifferentiation. Contrary to what occurs in regenerating tissues, the \"unbalanced\" character of tumor-associated retrodifferentiation seems to be a property linked to cancer. The question arises why a unique mechanism of cell rejuvenation is in physiological conditions (regeneration), followed by a process of reontogeny, while in neoplasia the process remains incomplete or does not occur and leads to the emergence of a population of persistently dividing cells. It is to be hoped that a careful study of retrodifferentiation in physiological and tumoral models will help to distinguish that which in neoplastic development can be relevant to an adaptive cell behavior from that which might eventually be the result of specific or constitutive alterations.", "PMID": 61805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_125", "title": "A general concept for molecular biology of cancer.", "content": "The demonstrations that \"fetal\" isozymes and other fetal or \"oncodevelopmental\" antigens are present in tumor cells has led to the general concept that genes normally silent in adult tissues are activated during the neoplastic process. Recent evidence that some chromatin proteins of tumor cells are fetal antigens has suggested that some of the \"switches\" involved in gene activation for tumor growth may also be fetal or oncodevelopmental. These results have led to current theoretical concept that fetal gene derepressors interact with the genome to produce messenger RNA for the protein products involved for growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. These processes may not be controllable in adult cells because of the lack of inhibitors, which were present during embryonic development but are not produced in adult tissues.", "contents": "A general concept for molecular biology of cancer. The demonstrations that \"fetal\" isozymes and other fetal or \"oncodevelopmental\" antigens are present in tumor cells has led to the general concept that genes normally silent in adult tissues are activated during the neoplastic process. Recent evidence that some chromatin proteins of tumor cells are fetal antigens has suggested that some of the \"switches\" involved in gene activation for tumor growth may also be fetal or oncodevelopmental. These results have led to current theoretical concept that fetal gene derepressors interact with the genome to produce messenger RNA for the protein products involved for growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. These processes may not be controllable in adult cells because of the lack of inhibitors, which were present during embryonic development but are not produced in adult tissues.", "PMID": 61806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_126", "title": "Effects of adriamycin on the reverse transcriptase and the production of murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Adriamycin inhibited the endogenous RNA-, poly (A)-d(T)12-, and calf thymus DNA-catalyzed reaction of reverse transcriptase from AKR mouse murine leukemia virus (AKR-MLV). This inhibition was found at the reaction levels of endogenous RNA-directed and subsequent DNA-directed DNA synthesis. Although adriamycin and actinomycin D significantly reduced the growth of AKR mouse cells (K3b), the treatment with adriamycin could bot inhibit the AKR-MLV production in these cells. Actinomycin D inhibited AKR-MLV production completely in the same experimental condition. In adriamycin-resistant K3b/Am cells, which were isolated by intermittent treatment of K3b cells with adriamycin, persistence of AKR-MLV was demonstrated. K3b/Am cells showed some altered characteristics such as reduced growth rate and tumorigenicity.", "contents": "Effects of adriamycin on the reverse transcriptase and the production of murine leukemia virus. Adriamycin inhibited the endogenous RNA-, poly (A)-d(T)12-, and calf thymus DNA-catalyzed reaction of reverse transcriptase from AKR mouse murine leukemia virus (AKR-MLV). This inhibition was found at the reaction levels of endogenous RNA-directed and subsequent DNA-directed DNA synthesis. Although adriamycin and actinomycin D significantly reduced the growth of AKR mouse cells (K3b), the treatment with adriamycin could bot inhibit the AKR-MLV production in these cells. Actinomycin D inhibited AKR-MLV production completely in the same experimental condition. In adriamycin-resistant K3b/Am cells, which were isolated by intermittent treatment of K3b cells with adriamycin, persistence of AKR-MLV was demonstrated. K3b/Am cells showed some altered characteristics such as reduced growth rate and tumorigenicity.", "PMID": 61807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_127", "title": "Circulating antibodies in rats bearing grafted colon carcinoma.", "content": "Sera from rats bearing primary or grafted colon carcinoma may contain antibodies that can react with antigenic determinants at the surface of cultivated colon cancer cells. Assays with various target cells and absorption experiments suggest that antigens recognized by circulating antibodies are common to independent lines of cultivated colon cancer cells. They are therefore cross-reacting, tumor-type-specific antigens. They could be embryonic or fetal antigens, because some sera from multiparous animals react with colon cancer cells. However, blocking experiments suggest that these antigens differ from the carcinofetal antigen previously demonstrated on the surface of intestinal cancer cells by xenoantiserum.", "contents": "Circulating antibodies in rats bearing grafted colon carcinoma. Sera from rats bearing primary or grafted colon carcinoma may contain antibodies that can react with antigenic determinants at the surface of cultivated colon cancer cells. Assays with various target cells and absorption experiments suggest that antigens recognized by circulating antibodies are common to independent lines of cultivated colon cancer cells. They are therefore cross-reacting, tumor-type-specific antigens. They could be embryonic or fetal antigens, because some sera from multiparous animals react with colon cancer cells. However, blocking experiments suggest that these antigens differ from the carcinofetal antigen previously demonstrated on the surface of intestinal cancer cells by xenoantiserum.", "PMID": 61808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_128", "title": "Intracellular cations and basophilia in rat liver parenchyma during azo dye carcinogenesis.", "content": "Following formation of hyperplastic nodules, some areas of presumptive preneoplastic liver parenchyma show intense cytoplasmic RNA staining. This hyperbasophilia is not associated with increased ribosome content. Histochemical localization of metallic cations remaining after Carnoy fixation implies an inverse relationship with toluidine blue staining. In liver tissue fixed with potassium pyroantimonate, more inorganic cation precipitation occurs in nucleic of hyperbasophilic foci and hepatomas than within surrounding liver parenchyma. Electron microscopic observations of hyperbasophilic hepatocytes revealed large deposits of cation antimonate within nucleoli and nuclear interchromatin areas and finer deposits in apparent association with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Thus, differences in basophilia may reflect variations in cation levles. Since hyperbasophilic foci show increased thymidine incorporation, cell proliferation may be correlated with histochemically detected alterations of intracellular cations.", "contents": "Intracellular cations and basophilia in rat liver parenchyma during azo dye carcinogenesis. Following formation of hyperplastic nodules, some areas of presumptive preneoplastic liver parenchyma show intense cytoplasmic RNA staining. This hyperbasophilia is not associated with increased ribosome content. Histochemical localization of metallic cations remaining after Carnoy fixation implies an inverse relationship with toluidine blue staining. In liver tissue fixed with potassium pyroantimonate, more inorganic cation precipitation occurs in nucleic of hyperbasophilic foci and hepatomas than within surrounding liver parenchyma. Electron microscopic observations of hyperbasophilic hepatocytes revealed large deposits of cation antimonate within nucleoli and nuclear interchromatin areas and finer deposits in apparent association with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Thus, differences in basophilia may reflect variations in cation levles. Since hyperbasophilic foci show increased thymidine incorporation, cell proliferation may be correlated with histochemically detected alterations of intracellular cations.", "PMID": 61809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_129", "title": "Intracellular synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and fibrinogen without secretion by Zajdela rat ascites hepatoma cells.", "content": "Transplabtable Zajdela rat ascites hepatoma cells, previously considered \"nonproducers,\" synthesize detectable amounts of intracellular alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fibrinogen, but fail to secret or release these serum proteins. Evidence for defective secretory mechanisms for serum proteins in these hepatoma cells (a) explains the failure to detect AFP in either the serum or ascitic fluid of rats bearing this hepatoma, (b) indicates that some hepatoma cells should be classified as \"nonsecretors,\" rather than nonproducers of AFP, and (c) suggests that failure to detect AFP in some human and animal hepatomas in vivo and in vitro may also reflect failure of secretion rather than failure of intracellular synthesis.", "contents": "Intracellular synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and fibrinogen without secretion by Zajdela rat ascites hepatoma cells. Transplabtable Zajdela rat ascites hepatoma cells, previously considered \"nonproducers,\" synthesize detectable amounts of intracellular alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fibrinogen, but fail to secret or release these serum proteins. Evidence for defective secretory mechanisms for serum proteins in these hepatoma cells (a) explains the failure to detect AFP in either the serum or ascitic fluid of rats bearing this hepatoma, (b) indicates that some hepatoma cells should be classified as \"nonsecretors,\" rather than nonproducers of AFP, and (c) suggests that failure to detect AFP in some human and animal hepatomas in vivo and in vitro may also reflect failure of secretion rather than failure of intracellular synthesis.", "PMID": 61810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_130", "title": "Characterization of embryonic antigens in the plasma of developing chick embryos.", "content": "Two prominent alpha-fetoproteins are found in chick embryo plasma up to and slightly beyond hatching. Only antisera against chick embryo plasma resolve them. alpha3-fetoprotein is a lipoprotein, the first fetoprotein thus described. It probably functions to transport lipid from the yolk to the embryo. The other fetoprotein (alpha4) is a major glycoprotein. Both are made by the liver and yolk sac. From 9 days onward, albumin is the principal export protein of the liver; at 7 days, when it first appears in the plasma, the yolk sac, but not the liver, makes it. The reverse situation occurs at 9 days. These facts suggest a humoral relationship between the yolk sac and liver. The embryo synthesizes every plasma protein including fetoproteins and \"adult\" proteins (prealbumin, albumin, and transferrin). No \"cold\" or unlabeled proteins are seen.", "contents": "Characterization of embryonic antigens in the plasma of developing chick embryos. Two prominent alpha-fetoproteins are found in chick embryo plasma up to and slightly beyond hatching. Only antisera against chick embryo plasma resolve them. alpha3-fetoprotein is a lipoprotein, the first fetoprotein thus described. It probably functions to transport lipid from the yolk to the embryo. The other fetoprotein (alpha4) is a major glycoprotein. Both are made by the liver and yolk sac. From 9 days onward, albumin is the principal export protein of the liver; at 7 days, when it first appears in the plasma, the yolk sac, but not the liver, makes it. The reverse situation occurs at 9 days. These facts suggest a humoral relationship between the yolk sac and liver. The embryo synthesizes every plasma protein including fetoproteins and \"adult\" proteins (prealbumin, albumin, and transferrin). No \"cold\" or unlabeled proteins are seen.", "PMID": 61811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_131", "title": "Gene activation of molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen determinants in fetal development and in adenocarcinoma of the colon.", "content": "\"Fingerprints\" of 0.9% NaCl solution extracts obtained from fetal guts and individual adenocarcinoma of the colon show a randomized pattern of expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinants by CEA radioimmunoassay and isoelectric focusing. All CEA-containing antigens found in a pool of 20 primary adenomas were found at some stage in fetal development. No single CEA-reacting peak was typical of any one period of fetal development. When fetal gut profiles were grouped according to trimester in utero, however, an expanded gene pool was found in the second trimester which correlates well with maximum gastrointestinal growth and differentiation. Isoelectric focusing-CEA radioimmunoassay profiles of individual primary adenomas were similar to but never identical with individual fetal gut profiles. \"Fingerprints\" of metastatic adenomas of entodermal origin showed quantitative and qualitative increases in molecules with CEA determinants unlike these latter categories. Such data suggest that both integrator and controller gene activities may be lost in metastatic disease. Rather than \"phase-specific gene sets\" on different chromosomes being activated by various oncogenic modalities, it is more probable that individual chromosomes are involved in oncogenesis. While more data are needed to confirm this idea, it is safe to say that the expression of molecules with CEA determinants need not be caused by either derepressive or reexpressive gene activation. These data point to the individuality of gene expression of molecules with CEA determinants both in fetal development and in early neoplasia. Since CEA-reacting molecules were not found in tumors of ectodermal or mesodermal origin by these methods, such products should be termed carcino-developmental antigens of entodermal or colonic origin.", "contents": "Gene activation of molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen determinants in fetal development and in adenocarcinoma of the colon. \"Fingerprints\" of 0.9% NaCl solution extracts obtained from fetal guts and individual adenocarcinoma of the colon show a randomized pattern of expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinants by CEA radioimmunoassay and isoelectric focusing. All CEA-containing antigens found in a pool of 20 primary adenomas were found at some stage in fetal development. No single CEA-reacting peak was typical of any one period of fetal development. When fetal gut profiles were grouped according to trimester in utero, however, an expanded gene pool was found in the second trimester which correlates well with maximum gastrointestinal growth and differentiation. Isoelectric focusing-CEA radioimmunoassay profiles of individual primary adenomas were similar to but never identical with individual fetal gut profiles. \"Fingerprints\" of metastatic adenomas of entodermal origin showed quantitative and qualitative increases in molecules with CEA determinants unlike these latter categories. Such data suggest that both integrator and controller gene activities may be lost in metastatic disease. Rather than \"phase-specific gene sets\" on different chromosomes being activated by various oncogenic modalities, it is more probable that individual chromosomes are involved in oncogenesis. While more data are needed to confirm this idea, it is safe to say that the expression of molecules with CEA determinants need not be caused by either derepressive or reexpressive gene activation. These data point to the individuality of gene expression of molecules with CEA determinants both in fetal development and in early neoplasia. Since CEA-reacting molecules were not found in tumors of ectodermal or mesodermal origin by these methods, such products should be termed carcino-developmental antigens of entodermal or colonic origin.", "PMID": 61812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_132", "title": "A membrane antigen common to human cancer and fetal brain tissues.", "content": "Membrane antigens of a cultured human melanoma line, UCLASO-M14, were studied using immune adherence techniques. Allogeneic sera from melanoma patients that were reactive with the M14 but nonreactive with lymphoid cells of the M14 donor were used as antibodies. The antigen responsible for the reaction between M14 and the antibodies was searched for in other cancer, normal, and fetal tissues using antibody absorption techniques. The antigen was found in a variety of different histological types of biopsied and cultured cancer cells as well as in melanomas. The antigen did not exist in biopsied normal tissues, but it appeared in cultured normal skin and muscle. Neither normal lymphocytes nor cultured lymphoid cells showed any antigenicity. The antigen was present in human fetal tissues and was the strongest in fetal brain tissues at 22 weeks of development. Liver, spleen, thymus, and small intestine from the same fetus were negative for antigen.", "contents": "A membrane antigen common to human cancer and fetal brain tissues. Membrane antigens of a cultured human melanoma line, UCLASO-M14, were studied using immune adherence techniques. Allogeneic sera from melanoma patients that were reactive with the M14 but nonreactive with lymphoid cells of the M14 donor were used as antibodies. The antigen responsible for the reaction between M14 and the antibodies was searched for in other cancer, normal, and fetal tissues using antibody absorption techniques. The antigen was found in a variety of different histological types of biopsied and cultured cancer cells as well as in melanomas. The antigen did not exist in biopsied normal tissues, but it appeared in cultured normal skin and muscle. Neither normal lymphocytes nor cultured lymphoid cells showed any antigenicity. The antigen was present in human fetal tissues and was the strongest in fetal brain tissues at 22 weeks of development. Liver, spleen, thymus, and small intestine from the same fetus were negative for antigen.", "PMID": 61813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_133", "title": "Morphological changes induced by -SH reagents in rod photoreceptor outer segments.", "content": "Rat retinas were treated in vitro with -SH reagents and \"stained\" with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO). Dithioerythritol (DTE), an -S-S-reducing agent, increased the electron opaque deposits observed after ZIO staining in the intra- and extradiskal spaces of the rods. N-ethyl-maleimide (nem), an -SH blocking agent, applied directly or after DTE, blocks the ZIO reaction. Furthermore, after treatment with NEM, distorted tubular and vesicular structures are substituted for the stacks of disks. These results strongly suggest that ZIO reacts with -SH groups in rod outer segments. They also indicate that SH-groups play an important role in the structural organization of rod outer segments.", "contents": "Morphological changes induced by -SH reagents in rod photoreceptor outer segments. Rat retinas were treated in vitro with -SH reagents and \"stained\" with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO). Dithioerythritol (DTE), an -S-S-reducing agent, increased the electron opaque deposits observed after ZIO staining in the intra- and extradiskal spaces of the rods. N-ethyl-maleimide (nem), an -SH blocking agent, applied directly or after DTE, blocks the ZIO reaction. Furthermore, after treatment with NEM, distorted tubular and vesicular structures are substituted for the stacks of disks. These results strongly suggest that ZIO reacts with -SH groups in rod outer segments. They also indicate that SH-groups play an important role in the structural organization of rod outer segments.", "PMID": 61815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_134", "title": "New types of islet cells in a cyclostome, Petromyzon marinus L.", "content": "Four types of acidophilic granular cells, in addition to B-cells, are identified in the islet organ of anadromous specimens of two subspecies of Petromyzon marinus by light and electron microscopy. Three of these acidophils (PI, PII and PIV-cells) occur in both the cranial and hepatic islets while a fourth type (PIII-cell) has only been found in the hepatic islet of some animals. The granules of the PI-cells stain with ponceau de xylidine, give a distinct tryptophan reaction and in ultrastructural examination show large, dense granules. The PII-cells contain unusual crystals and appear to be a non-secretory stage of the PI. The PIII-cells stain deep-red and acid fuchsin. They contain very large, dense granules and some lysosomes. PIV-cells stain selectively with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and ultrastructurally, contain small, more or less dense granules. It appears that PI- and PIV-cells develop directly from B-cells, while the PIII-cells derive from PI-cells. despite their direct or indirect origin from B-cells, the PI-, PIII- and PIV-cells show characteristic features of functionally independent endocrine cells. Petromyzon marinus may be an ideal model for the understanding of phylogenetic and pathological interrelationships between islet and gastrointestinal hormones. It is clear that the interpretation of the islet organ of the cyclostomes, which has been generally considered a source of insulin only, requires a revaluation.", "contents": "New types of islet cells in a cyclostome, Petromyzon marinus L. Four types of acidophilic granular cells, in addition to B-cells, are identified in the islet organ of anadromous specimens of two subspecies of Petromyzon marinus by light and electron microscopy. Three of these acidophils (PI, PII and PIV-cells) occur in both the cranial and hepatic islets while a fourth type (PIII-cell) has only been found in the hepatic islet of some animals. The granules of the PI-cells stain with ponceau de xylidine, give a distinct tryptophan reaction and in ultrastructural examination show large, dense granules. The PII-cells contain unusual crystals and appear to be a non-secretory stage of the PI. The PIII-cells stain deep-red and acid fuchsin. They contain very large, dense granules and some lysosomes. PIV-cells stain selectively with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and ultrastructurally, contain small, more or less dense granules. It appears that PI- and PIV-cells develop directly from B-cells, while the PIII-cells derive from PI-cells. despite their direct or indirect origin from B-cells, the PI-, PIII- and PIV-cells show characteristic features of functionally independent endocrine cells. Petromyzon marinus may be an ideal model for the understanding of phylogenetic and pathological interrelationships between islet and gastrointestinal hormones. It is clear that the interpretation of the islet organ of the cyclostomes, which has been generally considered a source of insulin only, requires a revaluation.", "PMID": 61816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_135", "title": "Mapping of neurons in the gravity receptor system of the octopus statocyst by iontophoretic cobalt staining.", "content": "The presence of uni-, bi- and multipolar neurons beneath the hair cell epithelium of the Octopus gravity receptor system has been demonstrated by iontophoretic cobalt staining. Counts give an average number of 1,940 neurons per macula. Whether the hair cells are primary of secondary sensory cells is discussed.", "contents": "Mapping of neurons in the gravity receptor system of the octopus statocyst by iontophoretic cobalt staining. The presence of uni-, bi- and multipolar neurons beneath the hair cell epithelium of the Octopus gravity receptor system has been demonstrated by iontophoretic cobalt staining. Counts give an average number of 1,940 neurons per macula. Whether the hair cells are primary of secondary sensory cells is discussed.", "PMID": 61818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_136", "title": "Specific binding of anti-myosin and -actin gamma-globulins to the surface of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick cells.", "content": "125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibodies were used to locate rabbit antibodies to smooth- and striated-muscle actomyosins at the surface of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick cells. Statistical analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs revealed that the plasma membrane of these cells was significantly labelled with both antibodies. Further tests revealed that there were a significantly greater number of antigenic sites present on the cell surface for the gizzard smooth-muscle antibodies than for those against pectoralis straited-muscle actomyosin. It was further shown that both the rate and extent of binding of the 125I-labelled smooth-muscle actomyosin antibodies to the cells were greater than for anti-straited-muscle gamma-globulins. Binding of the former was reduced to a level similar to that of 125I-NIS conjugate by preincubation of the gamma-globulins with smooth-muscle heavy meromyosin, while a simiar reduction was observed when anti-pectoralis actomyosin was treated with actin. It was concluded that actin- and myosin-like proteins must now be considered as integral components of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Specific binding of anti-myosin and -actin gamma-globulins to the surface of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick cells. 125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit gamma-globulin antibodies were used to locate rabbit antibodies to smooth- and striated-muscle actomyosins at the surface of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick cells. Statistical analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs revealed that the plasma membrane of these cells was significantly labelled with both antibodies. Further tests revealed that there were a significantly greater number of antigenic sites present on the cell surface for the gizzard smooth-muscle antibodies than for those against pectoralis straited-muscle actomyosin. It was further shown that both the rate and extent of binding of the 125I-labelled smooth-muscle actomyosin antibodies to the cells were greater than for anti-straited-muscle gamma-globulins. Binding of the former was reduced to a level similar to that of 125I-NIS conjugate by preincubation of the gamma-globulins with smooth-muscle heavy meromyosin, while a simiar reduction was observed when anti-pectoralis actomyosin was treated with actin. It was concluded that actin- and myosin-like proteins must now be considered as integral components of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 61817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_137", "title": "Fluorescence-microscopical demonstration of a population of gastro-intestinal nerve fibres with a selective affinity for quinacrine.", "content": "A population of nerve fibres in the gastro-intestinal tract of mice showing a high affinity for quinacrine was revealed by fluorescence microscopy. Similar results were obtained in rats and guinea pigs. Whole-mounts of sheets of the smooth muscle layer following incubation in 10(-6)-10(-7) M quinacrine for 15-60 min revealed fine fluorescent varicose nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus of Auerbach both around nerve cell bodies and in the interconnecting strands. Many fibers were also present between the strands of the plexus, especially running parallel to the circular muscle layer. Such fibers were not seen in similarly quinacrine-incubated irides. A proportion of the cell bodies in Auerbach's plexus also showed quinacrine accumulation. These cells were apparently smaller neurons, sometimes with fluorescent processes. Intraperitoneal injections of quinacrine failed to demonstrate nerve fibers, but some cell bodies in Auerbach's plexus were positive. Subsequent paraformaldehyde treatment for monoamine visualization showed persistent adrenergic nerve terminals in the intestine and iris. These nerves seemed to be fewer and had a more yellow fluorescence than normally. The identity of the quinacrine-positive fibers is discussed with respect to recent suggestions that \"purinergic\", substance P, enkephalin, and somatosin-containing nerves, in addition to adrenergic and cholinergic nerves, are present in the gut wall.", "contents": "Fluorescence-microscopical demonstration of a population of gastro-intestinal nerve fibres with a selective affinity for quinacrine. A population of nerve fibres in the gastro-intestinal tract of mice showing a high affinity for quinacrine was revealed by fluorescence microscopy. Similar results were obtained in rats and guinea pigs. Whole-mounts of sheets of the smooth muscle layer following incubation in 10(-6)-10(-7) M quinacrine for 15-60 min revealed fine fluorescent varicose nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus of Auerbach both around nerve cell bodies and in the interconnecting strands. Many fibers were also present between the strands of the plexus, especially running parallel to the circular muscle layer. Such fibers were not seen in similarly quinacrine-incubated irides. A proportion of the cell bodies in Auerbach's plexus also showed quinacrine accumulation. These cells were apparently smaller neurons, sometimes with fluorescent processes. Intraperitoneal injections of quinacrine failed to demonstrate nerve fibers, but some cell bodies in Auerbach's plexus were positive. Subsequent paraformaldehyde treatment for monoamine visualization showed persistent adrenergic nerve terminals in the intestine and iris. These nerves seemed to be fewer and had a more yellow fluorescence than normally. The identity of the quinacrine-positive fibers is discussed with respect to recent suggestions that \"purinergic\", substance P, enkephalin, and somatosin-containing nerves, in addition to adrenergic and cholinergic nerves, are present in the gut wall.", "PMID": 61819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_138", "title": "Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "We have produced a series of somatic cell hybrids by fusing pluripotent PCC4aza1 embryonal carcinoma (\"teretocarcinoma\") cells with thymocytes from young adult mice. When these hybrids form tumors in nu/nu or syngeneic mice, all the tumors contain a range of differentiated tissues, as well as embryonal carcinoma-like tissues. Some of the tumors produce alpha-fetoprotein. These results show that pluripotency in embryonal carcinoma cells need not to be abolished by the introduction of a complete diploid genome from a differentiated cell.", "contents": "Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. We have produced a series of somatic cell hybrids by fusing pluripotent PCC4aza1 embryonal carcinoma (\"teretocarcinoma\") cells with thymocytes from young adult mice. When these hybrids form tumors in nu/nu or syngeneic mice, all the tumors contain a range of differentiated tissues, as well as embryonal carcinoma-like tissues. Some of the tumors produce alpha-fetoprotein. These results show that pluripotency in embryonal carcinoma cells need not to be abolished by the introduction of a complete diploid genome from a differentiated cell.", "PMID": 61820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_139", "title": "Cell surface protein decreases microvilli and ruffles on transformed mouse and chick cells.", "content": "Transformation of cultured fibroblasts usually results in a decrease in a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS protein) and often in increased numbers of surface microvilli and ruffles. We have isolated such a major cell surface glycoprotein from chick embryo fibroblasts; this protein, CSP, is decreased after transformation. Treatment of a mouse tumor cell line (SV1), L929 cells, and transformed chick fibroblasts with CSP results in a decrease in the number of microvilli and marginal ruffles, accompanied by restoration of a more normal morphology.", "contents": "Cell surface protein decreases microvilli and ruffles on transformed mouse and chick cells. Transformation of cultured fibroblasts usually results in a decrease in a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS protein) and often in increased numbers of surface microvilli and ruffles. We have isolated such a major cell surface glycoprotein from chick embryo fibroblasts; this protein, CSP, is decreased after transformation. Treatment of a mouse tumor cell line (SV1), L929 cells, and transformed chick fibroblasts with CSP results in a decrease in the number of microvilli and marginal ruffles, accompanied by restoration of a more normal morphology.", "PMID": 61821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_140", "title": "The palliative Mustard operation for double outlet right ventricle or transposition of the great arteries associated with ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. A report of eight patients.", "content": "Five patients with double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and three patients with complete d-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, pulonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease underwent an elective Mustard baffle operation. The ventricular septal defect was not closed. A large patent ductus arteriosus was divided in three patients. Seven of the eight patients are alive five to 32 months after surgery; one patient died 11 months after surgery. Cyanosis, dyspnea on exertion, and exercise limitation improved initially in all and has persisted in the survivors. In pre and postoperative hemodynamic studies in four patients, systemic arterial oxygen saturation and effective pulmonary blood flow increased from mean values of 70% to 90% and 1.7/min/m2 to 3.3 L/mon/m2, respectively. Absolute systemic and pulmonary flows, and pressures and resistances, were not significantly altered. Criteria for selection of patients with transposition of the great arteries of double outlet right ventricle who would benefit from a palliative Mustard procedure (Mustard atrial baffle without closure of the ventricular spetal defect) are: 1) severe symptoms; 2) pulmonary arteiral hypertension (75% systemic) with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease; and 3) pulmonary artieral oxygen saturation greater than systemic (ascending aorta) arterial oxygen saturation by approximately 10%.", "contents": "The palliative Mustard operation for double outlet right ventricle or transposition of the great arteries associated with ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. A report of eight patients. Five patients with double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and three patients with complete d-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, pulonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease underwent an elective Mustard baffle operation. The ventricular septal defect was not closed. A large patent ductus arteriosus was divided in three patients. Seven of the eight patients are alive five to 32 months after surgery; one patient died 11 months after surgery. Cyanosis, dyspnea on exertion, and exercise limitation improved initially in all and has persisted in the survivors. In pre and postoperative hemodynamic studies in four patients, systemic arterial oxygen saturation and effective pulmonary blood flow increased from mean values of 70% to 90% and 1.7/min/m2 to 3.3 L/mon/m2, respectively. Absolute systemic and pulmonary flows, and pressures and resistances, were not significantly altered. Criteria for selection of patients with transposition of the great arteries of double outlet right ventricle who would benefit from a palliative Mustard procedure (Mustard atrial baffle without closure of the ventricular spetal defect) are: 1) severe symptoms; 2) pulmonary arteiral hypertension (75% systemic) with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease; and 3) pulmonary artieral oxygen saturation greater than systemic (ascending aorta) arterial oxygen saturation by approximately 10%.", "PMID": 61824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_141", "title": "Immunological studies in vitro and in vivo of children with pollenosis given immunotherapy with an aqueous and a glutaraldehyde-treated tyrosine-absorbed grass pollen extract.", "content": "Ten patients treated with an aqueous Timothy grass pollen extracts and given monthly maintenance doses were compared to ten patients given a glutaraldehyde-treated tyrosine-adsorbed grass pollen extract as five weekly injections pre-seasonally. There were four non-treated controls. Both treated groups showed equivalent increases of total IgE, Timothy-specific IgE, and IgG, but the concentrations of Timothy-specific IgG antibodies were sustained only in the patients receiving maintenance therapy. An increase of IgE and RAST titres during the pollen season were obtained in all three groups. No consistent changes were seen in the results of leucocyte histamine release tests and naso-conjunctival provocation tests from spring to autumn. A Sepharo-protein A technique was used for the estimation of Timothy-specific IgG antibodies. The results obtained with this technique correlated excellently with those of the Farr technique and a double-antibody technique.", "contents": "Immunological studies in vitro and in vivo of children with pollenosis given immunotherapy with an aqueous and a glutaraldehyde-treated tyrosine-absorbed grass pollen extract. Ten patients treated with an aqueous Timothy grass pollen extracts and given monthly maintenance doses were compared to ten patients given a glutaraldehyde-treated tyrosine-adsorbed grass pollen extract as five weekly injections pre-seasonally. There were four non-treated controls. Both treated groups showed equivalent increases of total IgE, Timothy-specific IgE, and IgG, but the concentrations of Timothy-specific IgG antibodies were sustained only in the patients receiving maintenance therapy. An increase of IgE and RAST titres during the pollen season were obtained in all three groups. No consistent changes were seen in the results of leucocyte histamine release tests and naso-conjunctival provocation tests from spring to autumn. A Sepharo-protein A technique was used for the estimation of Timothy-specific IgG antibodies. The results obtained with this technique correlated excellently with those of the Farr technique and a double-antibody technique.", "PMID": 61825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_142", "title": "Factors influencing postoperative vascular patency.", "content": "In summary, we have briefly examined the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, the importance of vessel wall injury and alteration of blood flow in this process, and finally the rationale for use of various agents in an attempt to promote postoperative vascular patency. At present, as in the past, the most important factor toward ensuring patency after arterial reconstruction is a technically perfect operation which allows vigorous inflow and runoff and rapid linear flow (25).", "contents": "Factors influencing postoperative vascular patency. In summary, we have briefly examined the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, the importance of vessel wall injury and alteration of blood flow in this process, and finally the rationale for use of various agents in an attempt to promote postoperative vascular patency. At present, as in the past, the most important factor toward ensuring patency after arterial reconstruction is a technically perfect operation which allows vigorous inflow and runoff and rapid linear flow (25).", "PMID": 61829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_143", "title": "Single dose and fractionated palliative irradiation for osseous metastases.", "content": "A retrospective review of a series of cases of osseous metastases from carcinoma of the female breast treated either with single dose or ten fraction irradiation is reported. Equally reliable palliation was achieved by either method, unaffected by concomitant hormone therapy. The morbidity is assessed and the implications discussed. A prospective study is advocated.", "contents": "Single dose and fractionated palliative irradiation for osseous metastases. A retrospective review of a series of cases of osseous metastases from carcinoma of the female breast treated either with single dose or ten fraction irradiation is reported. Equally reliable palliation was achieved by either method, unaffected by concomitant hormone therapy. The morbidity is assessed and the implications discussed. A prospective study is advocated.", "PMID": 61830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_144", "title": "Fluroescent characteristics of drumsticks, drumstick-like projections, and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells.", "content": "The fluorescent properties of drumsticks, drumstick-like appendages, and other nuclear bodies in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes from six human males and females were studied with the aid of the quinacrine-mustard staining technique. Both brightly and weakly fluorescent drumsticks (in females) and drumstick-like bodies (in males) were observed, and they were readily differentiated on the basis of size, shape and, usually, fluorescent intensity. An analysis of the correlation between the extent of nuclear lobulation of the polymorphs and the corresponding fluorescent patterns of the adjoining drumsticks and drumstick-like bodies indicated that a possible change in the state and/or condensation of chromatin in these nuclear bodies might occur with increasing age of the polymorphs. Although the brightly fluorescent regions of the nuclei usually corresponded to the areas darkly stained with Giemsa, much finer patterns of differential staining of drumsticks and other nuclear bodies were obtained only by the fluorescent method.", "contents": "Fluroescent characteristics of drumsticks, drumstick-like projections, and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells. The fluorescent properties of drumsticks, drumstick-like appendages, and other nuclear bodies in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes from six human males and females were studied with the aid of the quinacrine-mustard staining technique. Both brightly and weakly fluorescent drumsticks (in females) and drumstick-like bodies (in males) were observed, and they were readily differentiated on the basis of size, shape and, usually, fluorescent intensity. An analysis of the correlation between the extent of nuclear lobulation of the polymorphs and the corresponding fluorescent patterns of the adjoining drumsticks and drumstick-like bodies indicated that a possible change in the state and/or condensation of chromatin in these nuclear bodies might occur with increasing age of the polymorphs. Although the brightly fluorescent regions of the nuclei usually corresponded to the areas darkly stained with Giemsa, much finer patterns of differential staining of drumsticks and other nuclear bodies were obtained only by the fluorescent method.", "PMID": 61842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_145", "title": "Cell surface antigens. IV. Immunological coorespondence between glycophorin and the a1 human cell surface antigen.", "content": "A stable human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid has been produced which, in addition to the complement of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) chromosomes, contains only one human chromosome, No. 11. The human cell-surface antigens whose expression is controlled by human chromosome 11, and are expressed by this hybrid, have been defined as the AL immunogenetic complex. Although one component of this immunogenetic complex (a1) is also expressed by human red blood cells, a second component (a2) is not. Killing of an a1+ hybrid by anti-a1 serum and complement can be completely inhibited by glycophorin, the major glycoprotein component of the human erythrocyte membrane. In the presence of complement, antiserum prepared against glycophorin will kill only those cells which express a1. The anti-a1 killing activity of the anti-glycophorin can be absorbed out only by those cells which express a1. Therefore, it is concluded that the a1 cell-surface antigen has at least one antigenic component in common with glycophorin.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens. IV. Immunological coorespondence between glycophorin and the a1 human cell surface antigen. A stable human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid has been produced which, in addition to the complement of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) chromosomes, contains only one human chromosome, No. 11. The human cell-surface antigens whose expression is controlled by human chromosome 11, and are expressed by this hybrid, have been defined as the AL immunogenetic complex. Although one component of this immunogenetic complex (a1) is also expressed by human red blood cells, a second component (a2) is not. Killing of an a1+ hybrid by anti-a1 serum and complement can be completely inhibited by glycophorin, the major glycoprotein component of the human erythrocyte membrane. In the presence of complement, antiserum prepared against glycophorin will kill only those cells which express a1. The anti-a1 killing activity of the anti-glycophorin can be absorbed out only by those cells which express a1. Therefore, it is concluded that the a1 cell-surface antigen has at least one antigenic component in common with glycophorin.", "PMID": 61843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_146", "title": "Detection of nucleolus organizer regions in chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and gibbon.", "content": "Nucleolus organizer regions were detected by the Ag-AS silver method in fixed metaphase chromosomes from human and primates. In the human, silver was deposited in the secondary constriction of a maximum of five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. The chimpanzee also had five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained, corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 18, 21 and 22. A gibbon had a single pair of chromosomes with a secondary constriction, which corresponded to the nucleolus organizer region. In each case the Ag-AS method detected the sites which have been shown by in situ hybridization to contain the ribosomal RNA genes. An orangutan had eight pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained with Ag-AS, probably corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 22, plus two others. Two gorillas had silver stain over two pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes and at the telomere of one chromosome 1. The larger gorilla acrocentric chromosomes had no silver stain although they all had secondary constrictions and entered into satellite associations.", "contents": "Detection of nucleolus organizer regions in chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and gibbon. Nucleolus organizer regions were detected by the Ag-AS silver method in fixed metaphase chromosomes from human and primates. In the human, silver was deposited in the secondary constriction of a maximum of five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. The chimpanzee also had five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained, corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 18, 21 and 22. A gibbon had a single pair of chromosomes with a secondary constriction, which corresponded to the nucleolus organizer region. In each case the Ag-AS method detected the sites which have been shown by in situ hybridization to contain the ribosomal RNA genes. An orangutan had eight pairs of acrocentric chromosomes stained with Ag-AS, probably corresponding to human numbers 13, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 22, plus two others. Two gorillas had silver stain over two pairs of small acrocentric chromosomes and at the telomere of one chromosome 1. The larger gorilla acrocentric chromosomes had no silver stain although they all had secondary constrictions and entered into satellite associations.", "PMID": 61844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_147", "title": "Effect of Hoechst 33258 on Chinese hamster chromosomes.", "content": "Cells of the Chinese hamster strain C-125 were treated for different time intervals with H 33258, a bibenzimidazole derivative. The same compound was used to stain fixed cells of the same strain. H 33258 induced in cells in culture specific areas of reduced spiralization on the metaphase chromosomes of some cells. These probably correspond to DNA segments rich in A-T bases interspersed along the chromosomes. Probably H 33258 acts during S period of cell cycle. The banding obtained by staining with H 33258 is similar to that induced by quinacrine dihydrochloride but shows a better resolution.", "contents": "Effect of Hoechst 33258 on Chinese hamster chromosomes. Cells of the Chinese hamster strain C-125 were treated for different time intervals with H 33258, a bibenzimidazole derivative. The same compound was used to stain fixed cells of the same strain. H 33258 induced in cells in culture specific areas of reduced spiralization on the metaphase chromosomes of some cells. These probably correspond to DNA segments rich in A-T bases interspersed along the chromosomes. Probably H 33258 acts during S period of cell cycle. The banding obtained by staining with H 33258 is similar to that induced by quinacrine dihydrochloride but shows a better resolution.", "PMID": 61845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_148", "title": "Beyond averaging: the use of discriminant functions to recognize event related potentials elicited by single auditory stimuli.", "content": "A test of the stepwise discriminant analysis (SWDA) procedure for assessing single-trial event related potentials (ERPs) is presented. Discriminant functions (DFs) were built from a data base composed of single-trial ERPs from sixteen subjects who were presented trains of loud and soft tones. Loud tones occurred randomly on 10% of the trials. Subjects either counted the rare--loud stimuli or solved a hidden-word puzzle. Various DFs at three electrode sites (Fz, Cz and Pz) were obtained to assess the feasibility of performing pairwise discriminations between the various combinations of events which are defined by this procedure. For the pair of events which yielded the most striking differences between their average ERP waveforms it was possible to classify correctly, an average of 84% of the events using information from one electrode site, and 89% of the events if information from multiple electrode sites was used. A \"subject-independent\" DF was developed from these data and applied to data obtained from seven new subjects. This subject-independent function proved to be sufficiently generalized to classify correctly 81% of the trials. The nature of classification errors by this procedure is discussed.", "contents": "Beyond averaging: the use of discriminant functions to recognize event related potentials elicited by single auditory stimuli. A test of the stepwise discriminant analysis (SWDA) procedure for assessing single-trial event related potentials (ERPs) is presented. Discriminant functions (DFs) were built from a data base composed of single-trial ERPs from sixteen subjects who were presented trains of loud and soft tones. Loud tones occurred randomly on 10% of the trials. Subjects either counted the rare--loud stimuli or solved a hidden-word puzzle. Various DFs at three electrode sites (Fz, Cz and Pz) were obtained to assess the feasibility of performing pairwise discriminations between the various combinations of events which are defined by this procedure. For the pair of events which yielded the most striking differences between their average ERP waveforms it was possible to classify correctly, an average of 84% of the events using information from one electrode site, and 89% of the events if information from multiple electrode sites was used. A \"subject-independent\" DF was developed from these data and applied to data obtained from seven new subjects. This subject-independent function proved to be sufficiently generalized to classify correctly 81% of the trials. The nature of classification errors by this procedure is discussed.", "PMID": 61848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_149", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potential in man: far field potentials.", "content": "Three short latency positive potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded from the scalp, nose and ear of 11 normal adult subjects in leads where the hand or knee contralateral to the side of stimulation was used as the reference site. The short latencies and positive polarity of these components suggest that they are volume conducted far field potentials. Evidence is presented which suggests that the first potential arises in peripheral nerve fibers. Brain stem and dicencephalic structures are suggested as possible sources for the second and third potentials. The configuration of the response to median nerve stimulation recorded over the cervical spine in ear and hand reference recordings was different. Evidence is presented which suggests that this occurs because the electrode placed on the ear records the far field potentials described in the above paragraph. A far field potential was also recorded in hand--knee leads contralateral to the stimulated median nerve.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potential in man: far field potentials. Three short latency positive potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded from the scalp, nose and ear of 11 normal adult subjects in leads where the hand or knee contralateral to the side of stimulation was used as the reference site. The short latencies and positive polarity of these components suggest that they are volume conducted far field potentials. Evidence is presented which suggests that the first potential arises in peripheral nerve fibers. Brain stem and dicencephalic structures are suggested as possible sources for the second and third potentials. The configuration of the response to median nerve stimulation recorded over the cervical spine in ear and hand reference recordings was different. Evidence is presented which suggests that this occurs because the electrode placed on the ear records the far field potentials described in the above paragraph. A far field potential was also recorded in hand--knee leads contralateral to the stimulated median nerve.", "PMID": 61849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_150", "title": "Activity of neuronal populations of human subcortical structures during sleep.", "content": "Multi-unit activity of 14 subcortical structures was studied during drowsiness and sleep in patients with depth electrodes implanted in the brain for therapeutic purposes. The mean firing rate of the multi-unit activity was found to decrease during \"slow-wave\" sleep in each cycle. The multi-unit activity was sharply increased during paradoxical sleep. In successive sleep cycles the mean firing rate somewhat increased from cycle to cycle during slow sleep. The mean firing rate was considerably increased during wakefulness after a sufficiently logn sleep, as compared with the initial background values. Fluctuations of the mean firing rate were characteristic of paradoxical sleep. When studying simultaneously 2 or 3 structures, both uniform or different changes of the neuronal activity were possible. Changes of the firing rate in separate structures may develop a few seconds prior to the \"clinical display\" of the REM phase. All (or nearly all) the structures, whose activity during sleep is rather independent, are presumed to be able to be a source of the REM phase.", "contents": "Activity of neuronal populations of human subcortical structures during sleep. Multi-unit activity of 14 subcortical structures was studied during drowsiness and sleep in patients with depth electrodes implanted in the brain for therapeutic purposes. The mean firing rate of the multi-unit activity was found to decrease during \"slow-wave\" sleep in each cycle. The multi-unit activity was sharply increased during paradoxical sleep. In successive sleep cycles the mean firing rate somewhat increased from cycle to cycle during slow sleep. The mean firing rate was considerably increased during wakefulness after a sufficiently logn sleep, as compared with the initial background values. Fluctuations of the mean firing rate were characteristic of paradoxical sleep. When studying simultaneously 2 or 3 structures, both uniform or different changes of the neuronal activity were possible. Changes of the firing rate in separate structures may develop a few seconds prior to the \"clinical display\" of the REM phase. All (or nearly all) the structures, whose activity during sleep is rather independent, are presumed to be able to be a source of the REM phase.", "PMID": 61850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_151", "title": "Selective regulation of thalamic sensory relay nuclei by nucleus reticularis thalami.", "content": "Stimulation in the segment of nucleus reticularis thalami adjacent to the lateral geniculate body (RLG), abolished visual evoked potentials for up to 150 msec. Both photic stimulation in the contralateral visual field and electric stimulation in the ipsilateral optic tract elicited primary cortical responses that were markedly reduced or abolished by prior conditioning stimulation in RLG. Stimulation of the segments of nucleus reticularis thalami adjacent to the medial geniculate (RMG) or the ventrobasal complex (RVBC) had the effect of markedly reducing or abolishing unilaterally projected primary evoked responses in the auditory and cutaneous systems, respectively. Only the sensory evoked potentials mediated by the relay nucleus adjacent to the region of R stimulated were affected. The reduction of the cortical evoked potentials was not due to the processes underlying the cortical recovery cycle, because conditioning stimulation on either side of RLG stimulated the primary geniculocortical fibers, but had a minimal or no effect on the visual test evoked response. These results suggest that R functions as a topographically organized inhibitory gate which can regulate the patterns of sensory input from the thalamus to the cortex. The regulatory effects on R by the mesencephalic reticular formation and the mediothalamic-frontocortical system may mediate both generalized and selective control of cortical sensory evoked potentials.", "contents": "Selective regulation of thalamic sensory relay nuclei by nucleus reticularis thalami. Stimulation in the segment of nucleus reticularis thalami adjacent to the lateral geniculate body (RLG), abolished visual evoked potentials for up to 150 msec. Both photic stimulation in the contralateral visual field and electric stimulation in the ipsilateral optic tract elicited primary cortical responses that were markedly reduced or abolished by prior conditioning stimulation in RLG. Stimulation of the segments of nucleus reticularis thalami adjacent to the medial geniculate (RMG) or the ventrobasal complex (RVBC) had the effect of markedly reducing or abolishing unilaterally projected primary evoked responses in the auditory and cutaneous systems, respectively. Only the sensory evoked potentials mediated by the relay nucleus adjacent to the region of R stimulated were affected. The reduction of the cortical evoked potentials was not due to the processes underlying the cortical recovery cycle, because conditioning stimulation on either side of RLG stimulated the primary geniculocortical fibers, but had a minimal or no effect on the visual test evoked response. These results suggest that R functions as a topographically organized inhibitory gate which can regulate the patterns of sensory input from the thalamus to the cortex. The regulatory effects on R by the mesencephalic reticular formation and the mediothalamic-frontocortical system may mediate both generalized and selective control of cortical sensory evoked potentials.", "PMID": 61851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_152", "title": "Sleep patterns of the laboratory cat.", "content": "The effects of feeding schedule and external stimuli on sleep patterns were investigated in cats fed to maintain their mean body weight. The ECoG, EOG and EMG wer recorded from 3 male cats fed once daily and under a 12:12 light--dark schedule. The results for 15 working days were compared with those obtained at week-ends and under continuous lighting, fasting, reduced food intake or overfeeding. Feeding was also divided into 3 meals per day. Despite some differences in their responsiveness. All cats exhibited the usual values for the critical variables of SWS: diurnal placement, intermittency and total amount. A low percentage of PS per 24 h was recorded. This was related both to the restricted amount of food eaten and to the feeding schedule. Reduced external stimuli at week-ends resulted in concentration of sleep during daytime, whereas sleep was reduced during continuous lighting in conjunction with an increased percentage of drowsinessess. The most marked effect of fasting (pig fat) was fragmentation of sleep episodes. Divided meals and an increased food intake both increased the total sleep duration. It is suggested that the restricted amount of food and relatively enriched environment used, accompanied by a reduced sleep duration, may be comparable to that seen in free animals. Sleep patterns in the cat are very responsive to light--dark schedule, reduced external stimuli and fasting.", "contents": "Sleep patterns of the laboratory cat. The effects of feeding schedule and external stimuli on sleep patterns were investigated in cats fed to maintain their mean body weight. The ECoG, EOG and EMG wer recorded from 3 male cats fed once daily and under a 12:12 light--dark schedule. The results for 15 working days were compared with those obtained at week-ends and under continuous lighting, fasting, reduced food intake or overfeeding. Feeding was also divided into 3 meals per day. Despite some differences in their responsiveness. All cats exhibited the usual values for the critical variables of SWS: diurnal placement, intermittency and total amount. A low percentage of PS per 24 h was recorded. This was related both to the restricted amount of food eaten and to the feeding schedule. Reduced external stimuli at week-ends resulted in concentration of sleep during daytime, whereas sleep was reduced during continuous lighting in conjunction with an increased percentage of drowsinessess. The most marked effect of fasting (pig fat) was fragmentation of sleep episodes. Divided meals and an increased food intake both increased the total sleep duration. It is suggested that the restricted amount of food and relatively enriched environment used, accompanied by a reduced sleep duration, may be comparable to that seen in free animals. Sleep patterns in the cat are very responsive to light--dark schedule, reduced external stimuli and fasting.", "PMID": 61852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_153", "title": "Electroencephalographic synchronization induced by stimulation of small intestine and splanchnic nerve in cats.", "content": "1. In freely moving cats, the cortical desynchronization elicited by painless rhythmic distension, or by low voltage electric stimulation, of the small intestine in drowsiness and slow wave sleep is extinguished following a few repetitions. After extinction of the arousal reaction, similar intestinal stimulation was systematically followed by the appearance of synchronized activity, or an increase of spontaneous synchronization, in the explored cortical areas (parieto-occipital). 2. Intestinal or splanchnic stimulation at an intensity below threshold for cortical desynchronization immediately induced synchronized activity without any need of previous repetitions of stimulation. 3. Stimuli which were followed by synchronization excited only the large (Abeta) splanchnic afferents. The authors conclude that intestinal receptors may be one of the sources of synchronizing influence which can contribute to the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and that the large splanchnic afferents may play a role in the induction of synchronization.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic synchronization induced by stimulation of small intestine and splanchnic nerve in cats. 1. In freely moving cats, the cortical desynchronization elicited by painless rhythmic distension, or by low voltage electric stimulation, of the small intestine in drowsiness and slow wave sleep is extinguished following a few repetitions. After extinction of the arousal reaction, similar intestinal stimulation was systematically followed by the appearance of synchronized activity, or an increase of spontaneous synchronization, in the explored cortical areas (parieto-occipital). 2. Intestinal or splanchnic stimulation at an intensity below threshold for cortical desynchronization immediately induced synchronized activity without any need of previous repetitions of stimulation. 3. Stimuli which were followed by synchronization excited only the large (Abeta) splanchnic afferents. The authors conclude that intestinal receptors may be one of the sources of synchronizing influence which can contribute to the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and that the large splanchnic afferents may play a role in the induction of synchronization.", "PMID": 61853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_154", "title": "Conditioned EEG desynchronization and seizure occurrence in patients.", "content": "Five patients with seizures poorly controlled by standard anticonvulsant medication, underwent EEG operant conditioning. The operant paradigm reinforced the production of low voltage fast activity while decreasing frequencies below 10 c/sec. Seizure frequency decreased in 2 patients, seizure severity was attenuated in 2 others, and one patient who was only given reinforecement for scalp EMG suppression whowed no change in seizure parameters. Pseudoconditioning and control periods ruled out placebo effects. A rationale for this phenomenon is proposed.", "contents": "Conditioned EEG desynchronization and seizure occurrence in patients. Five patients with seizures poorly controlled by standard anticonvulsant medication, underwent EEG operant conditioning. The operant paradigm reinforced the production of low voltage fast activity while decreasing frequencies below 10 c/sec. Seizure frequency decreased in 2 patients, seizure severity was attenuated in 2 others, and one patient who was only given reinforecement for scalp EMG suppression whowed no change in seizure parameters. Pseudoconditioning and control periods ruled out placebo effects. A rationale for this phenomenon is proposed.", "PMID": 61854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_155", "title": "Automatic recognition and quantification of interictal epileptic activity in the human scalp EEG.", "content": "An attempt was made at using a small computer to recognize and quantify interictal epileptic activity (spikes and sharp waves) in the human scalp EEG. To perform the automatic recognition, the EEG of each channel is broken down into half-waves. A half-wave is characterized by its duration and its amplitude relative to the background activity. A wave is characterized by the durations and amplitudes of its two component half-waves, by the second derivative at its apex measured relative to the background activity, and by the duration and amplitude of the following half-wave. Particular combinations of these parameters were found to characterize spikes and sharp waves and are used for their recognition and quantification. Specific methods are used for the rejection of spike-like or sharp wave-like wave forms such as eye blinks, muscle potentials and sharp alpha activity and were found to perform with a high level of reliability. Interchannel relationships are thoroughly examined to determine areas of maximal epileptogenicity. Sixteen channels can be analyzed in real time. Results are presented in a simple picture containing localizing and quantitative information. Specific questions regarding the time relationships of spikes in different channels can be asked interactively by the user. The system is of potential use in clinical electroencephalography.", "contents": "Automatic recognition and quantification of interictal epileptic activity in the human scalp EEG. An attempt was made at using a small computer to recognize and quantify interictal epileptic activity (spikes and sharp waves) in the human scalp EEG. To perform the automatic recognition, the EEG of each channel is broken down into half-waves. A half-wave is characterized by its duration and its amplitude relative to the background activity. A wave is characterized by the durations and amplitudes of its two component half-waves, by the second derivative at its apex measured relative to the background activity, and by the duration and amplitude of the following half-wave. Particular combinations of these parameters were found to characterize spikes and sharp waves and are used for their recognition and quantification. Specific methods are used for the rejection of spike-like or sharp wave-like wave forms such as eye blinks, muscle potentials and sharp alpha activity and were found to perform with a high level of reliability. Interchannel relationships are thoroughly examined to determine areas of maximal epileptogenicity. Sixteen channels can be analyzed in real time. Results are presented in a simple picture containing localizing and quantitative information. Specific questions regarding the time relationships of spikes in different channels can be asked interactively by the user. The system is of potential use in clinical electroencephalography.", "PMID": 61855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_156", "title": "Occurrence of the H reflex and the F wave in the rat.", "content": "In adult rats the tibial nerve was stimulated at the ankle and the evoked EMG of the foot muscles was recorded. A low threshold reflex discharge was elicited that was subsequently depressed by stronger stimuli eliciting the direct (M) wave. This discharge was abolished by cutting the dorsal roots (except for 1-3% postulated to be due to recurrent discharge). It had a central latency of about 2 msec, was depressed by stimulation rates above 0.3/sec and showed posttetanic depression, all of which are also properties of the rats's monosynaptic reflex. By analogy it is assumed to be an H reflex.", "contents": "Occurrence of the H reflex and the F wave in the rat. In adult rats the tibial nerve was stimulated at the ankle and the evoked EMG of the foot muscles was recorded. A low threshold reflex discharge was elicited that was subsequently depressed by stronger stimuli eliciting the direct (M) wave. This discharge was abolished by cutting the dorsal roots (except for 1-3% postulated to be due to recurrent discharge). It had a central latency of about 2 msec, was depressed by stimulation rates above 0.3/sec and showed posttetanic depression, all of which are also properties of the rats's monosynaptic reflex. By analogy it is assumed to be an H reflex.", "PMID": 61856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_157", "title": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XVIII. Return to higher levels of 17-ketosteroid excretion in urine after ending a long-term treatment with mestranol/chlormadinone acetate in the baboon].", "content": "6 weeks after terminating a long-time application of the ovulation inhibitor Ovosiston (mestranol/chlormadinone acetate) in female baboons, excretion of 17-ketosteroids in urine is still decreased. 6 months after ceasing the preparation, urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion resembles that of the control group.", "contents": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XVIII. Return to higher levels of 17-ketosteroid excretion in urine after ending a long-term treatment with mestranol/chlormadinone acetate in the baboon]. 6 weeks after terminating a long-time application of the ovulation inhibitor Ovosiston (mestranol/chlormadinone acetate) in female baboons, excretion of 17-ketosteroids in urine is still decreased. 6 months after ceasing the preparation, urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion resembles that of the control group.", "PMID": 61857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_158", "title": "Torpedo marmorata acetylcholinesterase; a comparison with the Electrophorus electricus enzyme. Molecular forms, subunits, electron microscopy, immunological relationship.", "content": "Electron microscopy, sequential degradation by hydrolytic enzymes and the physical-chemical properties of the molecular forms of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase indicate that these molecules are structurally related to each other in the same way as the molecular forms of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase: all are derived from a complex structure in which three tetrameric groups of subunits are associated with a rod-like 'tail'. In aged preparations the catalytic subunits are split into fragments in a manner similar to those of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase. Immunological cross-reaction between both enzymes demonstrates the occurrence of common antigenic sites. The enzymes from the two sources, however, are different in their molecular weights and susceptibility to hydrolytic enzymes. Also, Torpedo acetylcholinesterase does not precipitate with either isologous or heterologous antibodies.", "contents": "Torpedo marmorata acetylcholinesterase; a comparison with the Electrophorus electricus enzyme. Molecular forms, subunits, electron microscopy, immunological relationship. Electron microscopy, sequential degradation by hydrolytic enzymes and the physical-chemical properties of the molecular forms of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase indicate that these molecules are structurally related to each other in the same way as the molecular forms of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase: all are derived from a complex structure in which three tetrameric groups of subunits are associated with a rod-like 'tail'. In aged preparations the catalytic subunits are split into fragments in a manner similar to those of Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase. Immunological cross-reaction between both enzymes demonstrates the occurrence of common antigenic sites. The enzymes from the two sources, however, are different in their molecular weights and susceptibility to hydrolytic enzymes. Also, Torpedo acetylcholinesterase does not precipitate with either isologous or heterologous antibodies.", "PMID": 61859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_159", "title": "Identification of the triploid genome by the C-banding method.", "content": "We report on cytogenetic studies of a malformed fetus, whose clinical symptoms indicated the diagnosis of triploidy. This was confirmed by chromosome analysis of peripheral lymphocytes of cord blood. Using the C-banding method it was possible to identify the origin of the extra haploid set: marker chromosomes indicate, that nonreduction of the first meiotic division in the father's spermiogenesis most probably leads to triploidy. However, in our case fertilization of the zygote by two sperms cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Identification of the triploid genome by the C-banding method. We report on cytogenetic studies of a malformed fetus, whose clinical symptoms indicated the diagnosis of triploidy. This was confirmed by chromosome analysis of peripheral lymphocytes of cord blood. Using the C-banding method it was possible to identify the origin of the extra haploid set: marker chromosomes indicate, that nonreduction of the first meiotic division in the father's spermiogenesis most probably leads to triploidy. However, in our case fertilization of the zygote by two sperms cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 61860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_160", "title": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of the interaction between dicoumarol and tolbutamide in man.", "content": "The effect of repeated administration of tolbutamide on the elimination and anticoagulant action of a single oral dose of dicoumarol 600 mg was studied in four healthy male subjects using a crossover design. In all subjects the plasma concentration of dicoumarol in the postabsorptive phase was lower during concomitant tolbutamide treatment. However, the subjects differed with respect to the elimination kinetics of dicoumarol and the effect of tolbutamide on some of the measured pharmacokinetic paramaters. In two subjects dicoumarol was eliminated by apparent first-order kinetics. Tolbutamide led to a pronounced increase in the elimination rate and a shift in the plasma concentration-response relationship towards a lower concentration of dicoumarol. The total hypoprothrombinaemic effect per dose of dicoumarol was not affected. The decline in the dicoumarol concentration in plasma in the other two subjects was concentration-dependent. Apparent first-order kinetics were observed only at plasma concentrations below 10 mg/L. Tolbutamide treatment did not markedly affect the slope of the terminal portion of the plasma concentration vs. time curve, but diminished the area under the total curve. The plasma concentration-response relationship of dicoumarol was not affected by tolbutamide, but there was a small decrease in the area under the anticoagulant effect vs. time curve. The plateau level of tolbutamide in plasma increased considerable in all subjects after administration of one dose of dicoumarol. Thus, simultaneous administration of tolbutamide and dicoumarol to man often causes no changes in the anticoagulant activity of dicoumarol, but this is due not to lack of interaction of the drugs but to the complexity of their interactions, involving processes that may counteract each other.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of the interaction between dicoumarol and tolbutamide in man. The effect of repeated administration of tolbutamide on the elimination and anticoagulant action of a single oral dose of dicoumarol 600 mg was studied in four healthy male subjects using a crossover design. In all subjects the plasma concentration of dicoumarol in the postabsorptive phase was lower during concomitant tolbutamide treatment. However, the subjects differed with respect to the elimination kinetics of dicoumarol and the effect of tolbutamide on some of the measured pharmacokinetic paramaters. In two subjects dicoumarol was eliminated by apparent first-order kinetics. Tolbutamide led to a pronounced increase in the elimination rate and a shift in the plasma concentration-response relationship towards a lower concentration of dicoumarol. The total hypoprothrombinaemic effect per dose of dicoumarol was not affected. The decline in the dicoumarol concentration in plasma in the other two subjects was concentration-dependent. Apparent first-order kinetics were observed only at plasma concentrations below 10 mg/L. Tolbutamide treatment did not markedly affect the slope of the terminal portion of the plasma concentration vs. time curve, but diminished the area under the total curve. The plasma concentration-response relationship of dicoumarol was not affected by tolbutamide, but there was a small decrease in the area under the anticoagulant effect vs. time curve. The plateau level of tolbutamide in plasma increased considerable in all subjects after administration of one dose of dicoumarol. Thus, simultaneous administration of tolbutamide and dicoumarol to man often causes no changes in the anticoagulant activity of dicoumarol, but this is due not to lack of interaction of the drugs but to the complexity of their interactions, involving processes that may counteract each other.", "PMID": 61862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_161", "title": "Denaturing effect of x-irradiation on deoxyribonucleic acid aqueous solutions: An immunochemical study.", "content": "The denaturation of calf thymus DNA aqueous solutions following x-ray radiation (x-DNA) has been investigated with the help of a rabbit antidenatured DNA antiserum. These antibodies were shown to recognize exclusively single-stranded DNA determinants on DNA molecule in double immunodiffusion analysis. By means of this method it was possible to demonstrate that increasing numbers of single-stranded DNA determinants were formed in DNA solutions exposed to increasing doses of radiation. The rabbit serum appeared to be a highly sensitive reagent (0.5 mug/ml of single-stranded DNA) capable of detecting DNA denaturation when low ionizing doses were used and when only minor changes in DNA physico-chemical parameters were measurable. Antigenic comparison between x-DNA and heat-denatured DNA demonstrated that antigenic determinants are shared by the two molecules. The possible application of immunochemical methods to the study of nucleic acid denaturation by different physical and chemical agents is discussed.", "contents": "Denaturing effect of x-irradiation on deoxyribonucleic acid aqueous solutions: An immunochemical study. The denaturation of calf thymus DNA aqueous solutions following x-ray radiation (x-DNA) has been investigated with the help of a rabbit antidenatured DNA antiserum. These antibodies were shown to recognize exclusively single-stranded DNA determinants on DNA molecule in double immunodiffusion analysis. By means of this method it was possible to demonstrate that increasing numbers of single-stranded DNA determinants were formed in DNA solutions exposed to increasing doses of radiation. The rabbit serum appeared to be a highly sensitive reagent (0.5 mug/ml of single-stranded DNA) capable of detecting DNA denaturation when low ionizing doses were used and when only minor changes in DNA physico-chemical parameters were measurable. Antigenic comparison between x-DNA and heat-denatured DNA demonstrated that antigenic determinants are shared by the two molecules. The possible application of immunochemical methods to the study of nucleic acid denaturation by different physical and chemical agents is discussed.", "PMID": 61863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_162", "title": "Rabbit alpha-fetoprotein: normal levels and breakage tolerance with haptenated homologous alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Nanogram quantities of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor associated fetal protein, were found in the serum of normal adult rabbits by radioimmunoassay. This AFP was isolated and shown to be immunologically identical to fetal AFP by immunodiffusion. Immunizations of rabbits with unmodified to desialylated AFP in complete Freund's adjuvant did not cause antibody formation, indicating the existence of tolerance against homologous AFP. The tolerance could be terminated by immunizing with hapten-coupled AFP, which resulted in production of rabbit antibodies reacting with unmodified rabbit AFP.", "contents": "Rabbit alpha-fetoprotein: normal levels and breakage tolerance with haptenated homologous alpha-fetoprotein. Nanogram quantities of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor associated fetal protein, were found in the serum of normal adult rabbits by radioimmunoassay. This AFP was isolated and shown to be immunologically identical to fetal AFP by immunodiffusion. Immunizations of rabbits with unmodified to desialylated AFP in complete Freund's adjuvant did not cause antibody formation, indicating the existence of tolerance against homologous AFP. The tolerance could be terminated by immunizing with hapten-coupled AFP, which resulted in production of rabbit antibodies reacting with unmodified rabbit AFP.", "PMID": 61864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_163", "title": "Quantitative analysis of an idiotypic determinant of light chains of normal human IgG and IgM.", "content": "Normal light chains of human IgG and IgM were analyzed for the presence of the idiotypic determinant of light chains identified by anti-\"a\". A quantitative evaluation indicated that this marker of the variable region was present in light chains obtained from IgG and IgM; however, light chains reacting with anti-\"a\" were preferentially associated with IgG molecules.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of an idiotypic determinant of light chains of normal human IgG and IgM. Normal light chains of human IgG and IgM were analyzed for the presence of the idiotypic determinant of light chains identified by anti-\"a\". A quantitative evaluation indicated that this marker of the variable region was present in light chains obtained from IgG and IgM; however, light chains reacting with anti-\"a\" were preferentially associated with IgG molecules.", "PMID": 61865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_164", "title": "Antigen binding and idiotypic properties of reconstituted immunoglobulins G derived from homogeneous rabbit anti-pneumococcal antibodies.", "content": "Recombinations and hybridizations of H and L-chains derived from several homogeneous rabbit antibodies to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) were carried out. All reconstitution experiments performed gave rise to genuine IgG molecules. Antigen-binding studies and affinity measurements for a hexasaccharide ligand derived from SIII were made. In addition, heterologous antiidiotypic serum raised against one rabbit anti-SIII antibody was used to measure the reconstitution of idiotypic determinants in hybrid immunoglobulin molecules. The results show that full recovery of the antigen-binding properties was obtained only when chains derived from the same antibody molecules were reassociated. Similarly, the complete regain of idiotypic determinants (studied in one antibody system) could only be demonstrated in the homologous recombinants. The pairing of an H-chain with several heterologous L-chains, which differed in 6-11 positions in the 3 hypervariable sections, led to the formation of hybrid IgG molecules which had an affinity at least 100-fold lower than that of the parent anti-body molecule and a number of hapten-binding sites which did not exceed 0.30.", "contents": "Antigen binding and idiotypic properties of reconstituted immunoglobulins G derived from homogeneous rabbit anti-pneumococcal antibodies. Recombinations and hybridizations of H and L-chains derived from several homogeneous rabbit antibodies to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) were carried out. All reconstitution experiments performed gave rise to genuine IgG molecules. Antigen-binding studies and affinity measurements for a hexasaccharide ligand derived from SIII were made. In addition, heterologous antiidiotypic serum raised against one rabbit anti-SIII antibody was used to measure the reconstitution of idiotypic determinants in hybrid immunoglobulin molecules. The results show that full recovery of the antigen-binding properties was obtained only when chains derived from the same antibody molecules were reassociated. Similarly, the complete regain of idiotypic determinants (studied in one antibody system) could only be demonstrated in the homologous recombinants. The pairing of an H-chain with several heterologous L-chains, which differed in 6-11 positions in the 3 hypervariable sections, led to the formation of hybrid IgG molecules which had an affinity at least 100-fold lower than that of the parent anti-body molecule and a number of hapten-binding sites which did not exceed 0.30.", "PMID": 61867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_165", "title": "Antigens on mouse and rat lymphocytes recognized by rabbit antiserum against rat brain: the quantitative analysis of a xenogeneic antiserum.", "content": "Quantitative assays for measuring the binding of xenogeneic antiserum to dispersed cell suspensions are described. Cells were incubated with unlabeled xenogeneic antiserum and the antibody bound measured indirectly by a second binding step with 125I-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibody. This indirect radioactive binding assay was calibrated by measuring, with a radioimmunoassay, the true amount of antibody bound in the first step. With these methods one can measure the strength of antisera, quantitate the number of antigenic sites, and partially differentiate determinants being recognized on cell surfaces. The binding of rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum to rat and mouse lymphocytes was analyzed in detail. After absorption of the antiserum with rat liver, the antibody remaining recognized lymphocyte antigens that were distributed among various rat and mouse tissues in quantities identical to Thy-1.1 antigen. Thus, at saturation, 670 000 Ig molecules from liver-absorbed rabbit antiserum were bound per rat thymocyte, and the antiserum bound to 90%, 21%, 4% and 2% of rat thymocytes, spleen, lymph node and thoracic duct lymphocytes, respectively. With mouse tissues, 90% 24% and 50% of thymocytes, spleen and lymph node cells, respectively, were labeled. In rat brain the concentration of xenoantigen increased with age, while in thymocytes the full adult amount was present at birth. Three antigenic determinants could be defined with the liver absorbed rabbit antiserum: the Thy-1.1 antigen, a rat specific antigen and an antigen cross-reacting between rat and mouse tissues. All 3 may be on the Thy-1 molecule. The anti-brain antiserum contained about 0.05 mg/ml of antibody specific to these xenoantigens.", "contents": "Antigens on mouse and rat lymphocytes recognized by rabbit antiserum against rat brain: the quantitative analysis of a xenogeneic antiserum. Quantitative assays for measuring the binding of xenogeneic antiserum to dispersed cell suspensions are described. Cells were incubated with unlabeled xenogeneic antiserum and the antibody bound measured indirectly by a second binding step with 125I-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibody. This indirect radioactive binding assay was calibrated by measuring, with a radioimmunoassay, the true amount of antibody bound in the first step. With these methods one can measure the strength of antisera, quantitate the number of antigenic sites, and partially differentiate determinants being recognized on cell surfaces. The binding of rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum to rat and mouse lymphocytes was analyzed in detail. After absorption of the antiserum with rat liver, the antibody remaining recognized lymphocyte antigens that were distributed among various rat and mouse tissues in quantities identical to Thy-1.1 antigen. Thus, at saturation, 670 000 Ig molecules from liver-absorbed rabbit antiserum were bound per rat thymocyte, and the antiserum bound to 90%, 21%, 4% and 2% of rat thymocytes, spleen, lymph node and thoracic duct lymphocytes, respectively. With mouse tissues, 90% 24% and 50% of thymocytes, spleen and lymph node cells, respectively, were labeled. In rat brain the concentration of xenoantigen increased with age, while in thymocytes the full adult amount was present at birth. Three antigenic determinants could be defined with the liver absorbed rabbit antiserum: the Thy-1.1 antigen, a rat specific antigen and an antigen cross-reacting between rat and mouse tissues. All 3 may be on the Thy-1 molecule. The anti-brain antiserum contained about 0.05 mg/ml of antibody specific to these xenoantigens.", "PMID": 61868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_166", "title": "Analysis in deoxycholate of three antigenic specificities associated with the rat Thy-1 molecule.", "content": "Three antigens similar in tissue distribution can be identified on rat thymocytes; the Thy-1.1 antigen, a rat specific xenoantigen, and a rat-mouse cross-reacting xenoantigen. To determine if these three antigens were on the same molecule their behavior in detergent-solubilized extracts from thymocytes was studied. Membrane fragments containing Thy-1.1 activity were prepared by a rapid method involving the use of Tween-40 detergent, and were solubilized in deoxycholate. The 150 000 x g supernatant from this extract contained approximately 50% of the original Thy-1.1 and xenoantigen activity. The supernatant was chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, and subjected to zone sedimentation on sucrose gradients in H2O and 2H2O to determine the hydrodynamic properties of the antigens. The three antigens migrated in identical fashion in all cases, and behaved as a molecule of 28 000 daltons molecular weight. When the antigenically active fraction, recovered after chromatography on Sephadex G-200, was passed through an immunoabsorbent consisting of rabbit antibody to one of the xenoantigens, all three antigens were equally depleted compared with passage through a control column. The results of these experiments suggested that Thy-1.1 antigen and the two xenoantigens were closely associated and most probably all on the Thy-1 molecule.", "contents": "Analysis in deoxycholate of three antigenic specificities associated with the rat Thy-1 molecule. Three antigens similar in tissue distribution can be identified on rat thymocytes; the Thy-1.1 antigen, a rat specific xenoantigen, and a rat-mouse cross-reacting xenoantigen. To determine if these three antigens were on the same molecule their behavior in detergent-solubilized extracts from thymocytes was studied. Membrane fragments containing Thy-1.1 activity were prepared by a rapid method involving the use of Tween-40 detergent, and were solubilized in deoxycholate. The 150 000 x g supernatant from this extract contained approximately 50% of the original Thy-1.1 and xenoantigen activity. The supernatant was chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, and subjected to zone sedimentation on sucrose gradients in H2O and 2H2O to determine the hydrodynamic properties of the antigens. The three antigens migrated in identical fashion in all cases, and behaved as a molecule of 28 000 daltons molecular weight. When the antigenically active fraction, recovered after chromatography on Sephadex G-200, was passed through an immunoabsorbent consisting of rabbit antibody to one of the xenoantigens, all three antigens were equally depleted compared with passage through a control column. The results of these experiments suggested that Thy-1.1 antigen and the two xenoantigens were closely associated and most probably all on the Thy-1 molecule.", "PMID": 61869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_167", "title": "Fine specificity of the H-2 linked immune response gene for the gallinaceous lysozymes.", "content": "An immune response (Ir) gene is described which controls the ability of mice to respond to seven very closely related gallinaceous egg white lysozymes (GEL). This Ir-GEL gene locus is linked to the major histocompatibility locus of the mouse and operates at the level of the T cell. Responsiveness to the nonimmunogenic prototype hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) is dominant and is unrelated to age or sex of the animals, or to dose of protein administered. Ninety percent of C57BL/6 mice are absolute nonresponders to the nonimmunogenic lysozymes in complete Freund's adjuvant. The remaining mice exhibit severely restricted responses, with different anti-HEL clonotypes appearing in individual mice. The fine specificity of the Ir-GEL locus is evident in the discrimination of as few as two amino acid differences in a single region of the lysozyme molecule. This very precise distinction determines whether there will, or will not, be any response to the multideterminant molecule.", "contents": "Fine specificity of the H-2 linked immune response gene for the gallinaceous lysozymes. An immune response (Ir) gene is described which controls the ability of mice to respond to seven very closely related gallinaceous egg white lysozymes (GEL). This Ir-GEL gene locus is linked to the major histocompatibility locus of the mouse and operates at the level of the T cell. Responsiveness to the nonimmunogenic prototype hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) is dominant and is unrelated to age or sex of the animals, or to dose of protein administered. Ninety percent of C57BL/6 mice are absolute nonresponders to the nonimmunogenic lysozymes in complete Freund's adjuvant. The remaining mice exhibit severely restricted responses, with different anti-HEL clonotypes appearing in individual mice. The fine specificity of the Ir-GEL locus is evident in the discrimination of as few as two amino acid differences in a single region of the lysozyme molecule. This very precise distinction determines whether there will, or will not, be any response to the multideterminant molecule.", "PMID": 61870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_168", "title": "Independent expression of the two HL-A antigen polypeptide chains.", "content": "It is now well established that beta2-microglobulin constitutes one of the two HL-A antigen subunits. In this study support was obtained for the previous notion that the human lymphoma Daudi does not produce beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). Papain-solubilized as well as Nonidet P-40-solubilized Daudi HL-A antigens do not contain any beta2m or any detectable structural analogue of this protein. The chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of highly purified HL-A antigens derived from Daudi cells are indistinguishable from those of the HL-A antigen-carrying polypeptide chain isolated from the P3HRIK cell line. Like P3HRIK-derived HL-A antigens, the HL-A antigens derived from Daudi cells are composed of two identical heavy, alloantigenic polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of about 50 000 each, which are held together by disulfide bridge(s). The HL-A antigens of P3HRIK cells contain, in contrast to Daudi HL-A antigens, two molecules of beta2m. Although no evidence was obtained suggesting any beta2m synthesis in Daudi cells it was apparent that these cells express the HL-A alloantigenic polypeptide chain in amounts similar to those of other cell lines which produce beta2m. The present data suggest [1] that beta2m and the alloantigenic HL-A polypeptide chain are under separate genetic regulation [2], that the cell surface integration of the HL-A antigen-carrying polypeptide chain is independent of the presence of beta2m and [3] that beta2m does not constitute a membrane component absolutely necessary to the integrity of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Independent expression of the two HL-A antigen polypeptide chains. It is now well established that beta2-microglobulin constitutes one of the two HL-A antigen subunits. In this study support was obtained for the previous notion that the human lymphoma Daudi does not produce beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). Papain-solubilized as well as Nonidet P-40-solubilized Daudi HL-A antigens do not contain any beta2m or any detectable structural analogue of this protein. The chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of highly purified HL-A antigens derived from Daudi cells are indistinguishable from those of the HL-A antigen-carrying polypeptide chain isolated from the P3HRIK cell line. Like P3HRIK-derived HL-A antigens, the HL-A antigens derived from Daudi cells are composed of two identical heavy, alloantigenic polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of about 50 000 each, which are held together by disulfide bridge(s). The HL-A antigens of P3HRIK cells contain, in contrast to Daudi HL-A antigens, two molecules of beta2m. Although no evidence was obtained suggesting any beta2m synthesis in Daudi cells it was apparent that these cells express the HL-A alloantigenic polypeptide chain in amounts similar to those of other cell lines which produce beta2m. The present data suggest [1] that beta2m and the alloantigenic HL-A polypeptide chain are under separate genetic regulation [2], that the cell surface integration of the HL-A antigen-carrying polypeptide chain is independent of the presence of beta2m and [3] that beta2m does not constitute a membrane component absolutely necessary to the integrity of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 61871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_169", "title": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. I. Characterization of the epitope-specific antibody.", "content": "The antibodies to phosphorylcholine induced in BALB/c mice were isolated and studied with a variety of biochemical and immunochemical methods. Analysis of the idiotype and the hapten-binding specificities showed no differences to the phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protein TEPC 15, indicating a high degree of homogeneity. However, disc electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and amino acid composition data indicated large differences in the structure of anti-phosphorylcholine antibody and TEPC 15. By these criteria the anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies from BALB/c mice are of oligoclonal origin.", "contents": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. I. Characterization of the epitope-specific antibody. The antibodies to phosphorylcholine induced in BALB/c mice were isolated and studied with a variety of biochemical and immunochemical methods. Analysis of the idiotype and the hapten-binding specificities showed no differences to the phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protein TEPC 15, indicating a high degree of homogeneity. However, disc electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and amino acid composition data indicated large differences in the structure of anti-phosphorylcholine antibody and TEPC 15. By these criteria the anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies from BALB/c mice are of oligoclonal origin.", "PMID": 61872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_170", "title": "Induction of allergic encephalomyelitis using hydrosoluble mycobacterial fractions.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has been induced in guinea pigs employing bovine myelin basic protein as the antigen and a hydrosoluble tetrasaccharide-heptapeptide from delipidated cells of the human mycobacterial strain H37Ra as adjuvant. The maximum response was observed using 33 mug of antigen and 12.5 mug of adjuvant per animal.", "contents": "Induction of allergic encephalomyelitis using hydrosoluble mycobacterial fractions. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has been induced in guinea pigs employing bovine myelin basic protein as the antigen and a hydrosoluble tetrasaccharide-heptapeptide from delipidated cells of the human mycobacterial strain H37Ra as adjuvant. The maximum response was observed using 33 mug of antigen and 12.5 mug of adjuvant per animal.", "PMID": 61873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_171", "title": "Idiotype suppression. II. Amplification of a suppressor T cell with anti-idiotypic activity.", "content": "Guinea pig IgG2 anti-idiotypic antibody (aId2) against the strain A/J antibody A5A has a suppressive effect on the expression of the A5A idiotype in adult A/J mice immunized with Group A streptococci. High doses of aId2 cause an immediate but transient suppression, whereas low doses of aId2 result in a delayed but chronic suppression which lasted for more than 1 year without any indication of recovery. Chronic suppression is transferred by as few as 10(5) spleen cells, but an interval of 6 weeks after transfer is required for completion of suppression. The suppressive capacity of aId2-induced suppressor cells was virtually inexhaustable in 4 consecutive transfers spaced at 3 month intervals. The suppressor cell is a T cell which adheres to histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose 2B columns.", "contents": "Idiotype suppression. II. Amplification of a suppressor T cell with anti-idiotypic activity. Guinea pig IgG2 anti-idiotypic antibody (aId2) against the strain A/J antibody A5A has a suppressive effect on the expression of the A5A idiotype in adult A/J mice immunized with Group A streptococci. High doses of aId2 cause an immediate but transient suppression, whereas low doses of aId2 result in a delayed but chronic suppression which lasted for more than 1 year without any indication of recovery. Chronic suppression is transferred by as few as 10(5) spleen cells, but an interval of 6 weeks after transfer is required for completion of suppression. The suppressive capacity of aId2-induced suppressor cells was virtually inexhaustable in 4 consecutive transfers spaced at 3 month intervals. The suppressor cell is a T cell which adheres to histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose 2B columns.", "PMID": 61874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_172", "title": "Correlation of \"sneaking through\" of tumor cells with specific immunological impairment of the host.", "content": "The preferential take of tumors after small-size inocula of transplantable tumor cells has been described for many systems. The phenomenon has been named \"sneaking through\" or \"dilution escape\". Using a BALB/c mastocytoma, we have analyzed the immunological parameters accompanying sneaking through that can be observed upon injection of 10(1) to 10(3) living cells. Mice can also be conditioned by injection of low, subimmunogenic numbers of irradiated cells to show increased tumor incidences upon injection of living cells in doses two orders of magnitude above the sneaking through dose. The general immune reactivity of the animals is not impaired under these conditions. However, determinant-specific unresponsiveness is found which can be transferred by spleen cells and therefore seems to be actively maintained. It is concluded that sneaking through of tumor cells is the result of specific immunological impairment of the host's immune system by subimmunogenic small-size inocula of tumor cells.", "contents": "Correlation of \"sneaking through\" of tumor cells with specific immunological impairment of the host. The preferential take of tumors after small-size inocula of transplantable tumor cells has been described for many systems. The phenomenon has been named \"sneaking through\" or \"dilution escape\". Using a BALB/c mastocytoma, we have analyzed the immunological parameters accompanying sneaking through that can be observed upon injection of 10(1) to 10(3) living cells. Mice can also be conditioned by injection of low, subimmunogenic numbers of irradiated cells to show increased tumor incidences upon injection of living cells in doses two orders of magnitude above the sneaking through dose. The general immune reactivity of the animals is not impaired under these conditions. However, determinant-specific unresponsiveness is found which can be transferred by spleen cells and therefore seems to be actively maintained. It is concluded that sneaking through of tumor cells is the result of specific immunological impairment of the host's immune system by subimmunogenic small-size inocula of tumor cells.", "PMID": 61875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_173", "title": "Sharing of idiotypic specificities between different antibody populations from an individual rabbit.", "content": "Rabbits hyperimmunized with tobacco mosaic virus synthesize very heterogeneous antibodies. Despite this, specific anti-idiotypic sera recognizing a large part (70%) of these antibodies can be raised in rabbits matched for allotypic specificities a1, a2, a3, b4, b5, b6, c7, and b9. Different rabbits synthesize antibodies with different idiotypic specificities. However, in the serum of a single rabbit antibody fractions of different isoelectric pH share some idiotypic specificities. The results show that, at least in certain cases, antibodies against one antigen are not simply a random collection of immunoglobulin which happen to fit with this antigen, but that some definite relationship exists between the products of different clones which have been activated by antigen. These findings are discussed in the light of network concepts of the immune system.", "contents": "Sharing of idiotypic specificities between different antibody populations from an individual rabbit. Rabbits hyperimmunized with tobacco mosaic virus synthesize very heterogeneous antibodies. Despite this, specific anti-idiotypic sera recognizing a large part (70%) of these antibodies can be raised in rabbits matched for allotypic specificities a1, a2, a3, b4, b5, b6, c7, and b9. Different rabbits synthesize antibodies with different idiotypic specificities. However, in the serum of a single rabbit antibody fractions of different isoelectric pH share some idiotypic specificities. The results show that, at least in certain cases, antibodies against one antigen are not simply a random collection of immunoglobulin which happen to fit with this antigen, but that some definite relationship exists between the products of different clones which have been activated by antigen. These findings are discussed in the light of network concepts of the immune system.", "PMID": 61876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_174", "title": "Deletion of hinge region of human myeloma IgG1 molecule (protein LEC) associated with nonexpression of G1m (3) and Km (1, 2) allotypes. A possible genetic explanation at the DNA level.", "content": "In this paper we report the structural basis for the nonexpression of G1m(3) and Km (1,2) allotypes in an IgG1 (kappa) human myeloma protein (protein LEC). Heavy and light chains spontaneously dissociate in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Light chains appear to be covalently S-S bonded. Analysis of cysteine-containing peptides shows that the heavy chain of the IgG protein LEC has a deletion of residues 216-230, thus encompassing the entire hinge region. An arginine residue, characteristic of the G1m(3) marker is present at position 214. An alanine at position 153 and a leucine at position 191 of the light chain, characteristic of the Km (1, 2) allotypes, are present. It is likely that the double Km and Gm lack of expression is the result of the deletion. The genetic implications of the sequence of this protein are discussed.", "contents": "Deletion of hinge region of human myeloma IgG1 molecule (protein LEC) associated with nonexpression of G1m (3) and Km (1, 2) allotypes. A possible genetic explanation at the DNA level. In this paper we report the structural basis for the nonexpression of G1m(3) and Km (1,2) allotypes in an IgG1 (kappa) human myeloma protein (protein LEC). Heavy and light chains spontaneously dissociate in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Light chains appear to be covalently S-S bonded. Analysis of cysteine-containing peptides shows that the heavy chain of the IgG protein LEC has a deletion of residues 216-230, thus encompassing the entire hinge region. An arginine residue, characteristic of the G1m(3) marker is present at position 214. An alanine at position 153 and a leucine at position 191 of the light chain, characteristic of the Km (1, 2) allotypes, are present. It is likely that the double Km and Gm lack of expression is the result of the deletion. The genetic implications of the sequence of this protein are discussed.", "PMID": 61877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_175", "title": "Immunological properties of murine thymus-dependent lymphocyte surface glycoproteins.", "content": "The immunological properties of two murine thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte surface glycoproteins, T200 and T25, were investigated. T200 is a lymphocyte-specific antigen with a high degree of species specificity. It shares antigenic determinants with molecules present on thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. T25 has antigenic determinants which cross-react with antigens on mouse brain, rat thymocytes and rat brain. An antiserum against a purified rat brain glycoprotein which carries Thy-1.1 reacts with T25. Absorption of this antiserum with BALB/c thymocytes or brain homogenate produces a Thy-1.1 specific serum which reacts with T25 from AKR/J thymocytes but not with T25 from AKR/Cum thymocytes. These results confirm that T25 is the molecule on the surface of mouse T cells which carries the Thy-1 antigen. T25 also carries antigenic determinants, recognized by anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), which were found on secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts and untransformed fibroblast cell lines but which were not detected on fibroblast cell lines transformed with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) or with Simian virus 40 (SV40).", "contents": "Immunological properties of murine thymus-dependent lymphocyte surface glycoproteins. The immunological properties of two murine thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte surface glycoproteins, T200 and T25, were investigated. T200 is a lymphocyte-specific antigen with a high degree of species specificity. It shares antigenic determinants with molecules present on thymus-independent (B) lymphocytes. T25 has antigenic determinants which cross-react with antigens on mouse brain, rat thymocytes and rat brain. An antiserum against a purified rat brain glycoprotein which carries Thy-1.1 reacts with T25. Absorption of this antiserum with BALB/c thymocytes or brain homogenate produces a Thy-1.1 specific serum which reacts with T25 from AKR/J thymocytes but not with T25 from AKR/Cum thymocytes. These results confirm that T25 is the molecule on the surface of mouse T cells which carries the Thy-1 antigen. T25 also carries antigenic determinants, recognized by anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), which were found on secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts and untransformed fibroblast cell lines but which were not detected on fibroblast cell lines transformed with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) or with Simian virus 40 (SV40).", "PMID": 61878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_176", "title": "Expression of Ia determinants on immunocompetent cells.", "content": "The expression of Ia (immune response region-associated) antigens on the surface of lymphocyte subpopulations with defined immunological function has been investigated by negative selection of subpopulations with anti-Ia sera and complement. Ia determinants were found on both unprimed (IgM) and on primed (IgG) antibody-forming precursor cells. No Ia antigens were detected on the surface of helper T cells. In contrast, suppressor T cells were sensitive to treatment with anti-Ia sera and complement demonstrating the presence of Ia determinants on this T cell subpopulation.", "contents": "Expression of Ia determinants on immunocompetent cells. The expression of Ia (immune response region-associated) antigens on the surface of lymphocyte subpopulations with defined immunological function has been investigated by negative selection of subpopulations with anti-Ia sera and complement. Ia determinants were found on both unprimed (IgM) and on primed (IgG) antibody-forming precursor cells. No Ia antigens were detected on the surface of helper T cells. In contrast, suppressor T cells were sensitive to treatment with anti-Ia sera and complement demonstrating the presence of Ia determinants on this T cell subpopulation.", "PMID": 61879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_177", "title": "Stimulation and suppression of rat mast cell functions by alloantibodies.", "content": "The stimulatory as well as the inhibitory capacity of alloantisera has been investigated with respect to rat mast cell functions. Alloantibody against alloantigens coded for by the major histocompatibility (H-1) gene region promoted histamine release from purified LEW mast cells. This process was found to be complement-independent but demonstrated an absolute requirement for calcium. Pretreatment of mast cells with anti-H-1 antisera in the absence of calcium markedly suppressed the IgE-dependent histamine release challenged either by antigen or by anti-IgE antibody. The alloantisera, however, did not interfere with the ability of compound 48/80-associated histamine liberation. Additionally, antibodies specific for H-1 antigens were highly effective in inhibiting the binding of IgE to the mast cell surface. Alloantisera absorbed with erythrocytes lost their capacity to block mast cell functions. Based on these data the possible ralationship between H-1 alloantigens and the IgE receptor on the mast cell surface is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation and suppression of rat mast cell functions by alloantibodies. The stimulatory as well as the inhibitory capacity of alloantisera has been investigated with respect to rat mast cell functions. Alloantibody against alloantigens coded for by the major histocompatibility (H-1) gene region promoted histamine release from purified LEW mast cells. This process was found to be complement-independent but demonstrated an absolute requirement for calcium. Pretreatment of mast cells with anti-H-1 antisera in the absence of calcium markedly suppressed the IgE-dependent histamine release challenged either by antigen or by anti-IgE antibody. The alloantisera, however, did not interfere with the ability of compound 48/80-associated histamine liberation. Additionally, antibodies specific for H-1 antigens were highly effective in inhibiting the binding of IgE to the mast cell surface. Alloantisera absorbed with erythrocytes lost their capacity to block mast cell functions. Based on these data the possible ralationship between H-1 alloantigens and the IgE receptor on the mast cell surface is discussed.", "PMID": 61880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_178", "title": "Production of xenogeneic and allogeneic antisera specific for mouse thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Xeongeneic and allogeneic antisera were raised in rabbits and mice using purified mouse T cell-specific antigens. These antisera were shown to be reactive in complement and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity tests as well as in immunofluorescence, with 30% of mouse spleen cells, 80% of lymph node cells and 100% of thymocytes or various T lymphoblastoid cell lines labeled. No reaction could be detected with bone marrow cells or non-T cell lines. Both types of reagents bound to the same spleen lymphocyte subpopulations and competed for the same antigenic sites as anti-Thy-1.2 alloantiserum. These antisera raised with small amounts of immunogens did not require any absorption to be rendered specific for mouse T cells.", "contents": "Production of xenogeneic and allogeneic antisera specific for mouse thymus-derived lymphocytes. Xeongeneic and allogeneic antisera were raised in rabbits and mice using purified mouse T cell-specific antigens. These antisera were shown to be reactive in complement and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity tests as well as in immunofluorescence, with 30% of mouse spleen cells, 80% of lymph node cells and 100% of thymocytes or various T lymphoblastoid cell lines labeled. No reaction could be detected with bone marrow cells or non-T cell lines. Both types of reagents bound to the same spleen lymphocyte subpopulations and competed for the same antigenic sites as anti-Thy-1.2 alloantiserum. These antisera raised with small amounts of immunogens did not require any absorption to be rendered specific for mouse T cells.", "PMID": 61881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_179", "title": "Transport of RNA along the optic pathway of the chick: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Autoradiograms of the optic tectum were made 8 days after monocular injection of 3H-uridine in 3 day-old chicks. Electron microscopic analysis of grain density over morphological structures in various layers of the optic tectum contralateral to the injected eye, was carried out. This revealed that the highest concentration of labeled RNA was within the axons of the more superficial layers of the tectum. A lesser density of grains was observed over glial cells, neuronal perikarya and dendrites. In addition, the bulk of the total grains counted were over axons. In lower tectal layers, radioactivity was predominantly over unmyelinated axons and glial elements. High molecular weight RNA appears to be transported within the axons of the optic nerve toward their terminations which are largely in the outer layer of the optic tract.", "contents": "Transport of RNA along the optic pathway of the chick: an autoradiographic study. Autoradiograms of the optic tectum were made 8 days after monocular injection of 3H-uridine in 3 day-old chicks. Electron microscopic analysis of grain density over morphological structures in various layers of the optic tectum contralateral to the injected eye, was carried out. This revealed that the highest concentration of labeled RNA was within the axons of the more superficial layers of the tectum. A lesser density of grains was observed over glial cells, neuronal perikarya and dendrites. In addition, the bulk of the total grains counted were over axons. In lower tectal layers, radioactivity was predominantly over unmyelinated axons and glial elements. High molecular weight RNA appears to be transported within the axons of the optic nerve toward their terminations which are largely in the outer layer of the optic tract.", "PMID": 61887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_180", "title": "Occurance of aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-victoria blue positive granules in the ovarian pedicle of Dysdercus koenigii F. (Pyrrhocridae: Heteroptera).", "content": "A cycle of activity of aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-Victoria blue positive granules was observed in the ovarian pedicle of Dysdercus koenigii during the first ovipositional cycle. The quantitative variation of these granules in the pedicle can also be correlated directly with the increase or decrease of the neurosecretory material in the A-type cells of the pars intercerebralis medialis region of the protocerebrum of the brian.", "contents": "Occurance of aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-victoria blue positive granules in the ovarian pedicle of Dysdercus koenigii F. (Pyrrhocridae: Heteroptera). A cycle of activity of aldehyde-fuchsin and performic acid-Victoria blue positive granules was observed in the ovarian pedicle of Dysdercus koenigii during the first ovipositional cycle. The quantitative variation of these granules in the pedicle can also be correlated directly with the increase or decrease of the neurosecretory material in the A-type cells of the pars intercerebralis medialis region of the protocerebrum of the brian.", "PMID": 61890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_181", "title": "Effect of bilateral adrenalectomy and parenteral betamethasone on gastric mucosal mast cell population in albino rats.", "content": "The histamine-laden mast cells of gastric mucosa in albino rats are shown to degranulate on administration of Betamethasone, but they increase in number in adrenalectomized rats. It is concluded that Betamethasone, and also adrenal glucocorticoids increase gastric secretion by liberating histamine from mast cells and histamine in turn acts on the gastric glands.", "contents": "Effect of bilateral adrenalectomy and parenteral betamethasone on gastric mucosal mast cell population in albino rats. The histamine-laden mast cells of gastric mucosa in albino rats are shown to degranulate on administration of Betamethasone, but they increase in number in adrenalectomized rats. It is concluded that Betamethasone, and also adrenal glucocorticoids increase gastric secretion by liberating histamine from mast cells and histamine in turn acts on the gastric glands.", "PMID": 61891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_182", "title": "Spread of cobalt from a cortical epileptic lesion induced by a cobalt-gelatine implant into the frontal cortes of the rat.", "content": "The spread of cobalt ions from cobalt induced epileptic foci in rats has been investigated. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and heavy-metal histochemistry reveal cobalt ions spread very widely from the focus. Biochemical and physiological consequences for this model of epilepsy are discussed.", "contents": "Spread of cobalt from a cortical epileptic lesion induced by a cobalt-gelatine implant into the frontal cortes of the rat. The spread of cobalt ions from cobalt induced epileptic foci in rats has been investigated. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and heavy-metal histochemistry reveal cobalt ions spread very widely from the focus. Biochemical and physiological consequences for this model of epilepsy are discussed.", "PMID": 61892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_183", "title": "Release of immuno-reactive and biologically active LH from fetal mouse pituitary in response to synthetic gonadotropin releasing factor (LRF).", "content": "In an incubation system, LRF stimulated significantly the release of LH from 18-day-old mouse fetal pituitary. This LRF-induced LH release, measured by RIA in the incubation medium was able to increase the testosterone production by age-matched fetal testes. This data suggests that the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-testicular axis is functional at the end of mouse prenatal life.", "contents": "Release of immuno-reactive and biologically active LH from fetal mouse pituitary in response to synthetic gonadotropin releasing factor (LRF). In an incubation system, LRF stimulated significantly the release of LH from 18-day-old mouse fetal pituitary. This LRF-induced LH release, measured by RIA in the incubation medium was able to increase the testosterone production by age-matched fetal testes. This data suggests that the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-testicular axis is functional at the end of mouse prenatal life.", "PMID": 61893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_184", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: role of fibrin deposition in immunopathogenesis of inflammation in rats.", "content": "The immunopathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is reviewed with special focus on the role of central nervous system fibrin deposition in the inflammatory cascade characterizing this autoimmune disease. Among rats sensitized to whole spinal cord or myelin basic protein of either guinea pig or bovine origin, there is a striking degree of concordance of perivascular fibrin deposits and occurrence of clinical paralytic signs. Neither paralytic signs nor fibrin deposition are temporally related to development of perivascular cellular infiltrates. Rats sensitized to neuroantigen and treated with ancrod, a polypeptide derived from the venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma, develop profound hypofibrinogenemia, have a marked inhibition of fibrin deposition, and often exhibit no paralytic signs whatsoever. In contrast, cellular infiltrates are not demonstrably influenced by ancrod treatment. Activation of the clotting cascade at loci of developing immune injury of nervous tissue appears to result from and lead to increasing neurovascular permeability and accumulation of edema fluid. Distention of the extracellular space in central and peripheral nervous system tissues by edema fluid appears to be directly responsible for clinical abnormalities characterizing EAE in rats. Cellular infiltrates, on the other hand, appear to be an independent immune response to neuroantigenic sensitization.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: role of fibrin deposition in immunopathogenesis of inflammation in rats. The immunopathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is reviewed with special focus on the role of central nervous system fibrin deposition in the inflammatory cascade characterizing this autoimmune disease. Among rats sensitized to whole spinal cord or myelin basic protein of either guinea pig or bovine origin, there is a striking degree of concordance of perivascular fibrin deposits and occurrence of clinical paralytic signs. Neither paralytic signs nor fibrin deposition are temporally related to development of perivascular cellular infiltrates. Rats sensitized to neuroantigen and treated with ancrod, a polypeptide derived from the venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma, develop profound hypofibrinogenemia, have a marked inhibition of fibrin deposition, and often exhibit no paralytic signs whatsoever. In contrast, cellular infiltrates are not demonstrably influenced by ancrod treatment. Activation of the clotting cascade at loci of developing immune injury of nervous tissue appears to result from and lead to increasing neurovascular permeability and accumulation of edema fluid. Distention of the extracellular space in central and peripheral nervous system tissues by edema fluid appears to be directly responsible for clinical abnormalities characterizing EAE in rats. Cellular infiltrates, on the other hand, appear to be an independent immune response to neuroantigenic sensitization.", "PMID": 61895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_185", "title": "Effects of injury on the concentration of alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasmas of male and remale rats.", "content": "The effects of injury on the concentration of alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasmas of male and remale rats has been investigates. At 5 days after injury to the male rats the alpha1-macroglobulin concentration increased to 131% of its preinjury value. The alpha2-macroglobulin concentration increased more rapidly to a maximum of 86 times its initial value. In the female rats alpha2-macroglobulin increased only slightly and alpha1-macroglobulin not at all.", "contents": "Effects of injury on the concentration of alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasmas of male and remale rats. The effects of injury on the concentration of alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasmas of male and remale rats has been investigates. At 5 days after injury to the male rats the alpha1-macroglobulin concentration increased to 131% of its preinjury value. The alpha2-macroglobulin concentration increased more rapidly to a maximum of 86 times its initial value. In the female rats alpha2-macroglobulin increased only slightly and alpha1-macroglobulin not at all.", "PMID": 61894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_186", "title": "[Complete transposition of the great arteries: hypertensiol pulmonary vascular disease in the first six months of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Lung specimens of 27 patients under six months of age with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA), obtained at autopsy, were studied histologically. No evidence of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease was found in patients under four months of age (23 patients), while obstructive intimal proliferations were seen in 2 patients, aged four and five months, with TGA and VSD. Since pulmonary vascular lesions in transposition with VSD appear early in infancy, timely palliative procedures, such as banding of the pulmonary artery, are strongly indicated when the radical corrective operation is to be postponed.", "contents": "[Complete transposition of the great arteries: hypertensiol pulmonary vascular disease in the first six months of life (author's transl)]. Lung specimens of 27 patients under six months of age with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA), obtained at autopsy, were studied histologically. No evidence of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease was found in patients under four months of age (23 patients), while obstructive intimal proliferations were seen in 2 patients, aged four and five months, with TGA and VSD. Since pulmonary vascular lesions in transposition with VSD appear early in infancy, timely palliative procedures, such as banding of the pulmonary artery, are strongly indicated when the radical corrective operation is to be postponed.", "PMID": 61899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_187", "title": "Role of the spleen in hepatic disorders--experimental study from the viewpoint of antigen antibody reaction.", "content": "Experimental studies, using albino rabbits, showed that following the sensitization with histamine and homologous liver antigen conspicuous liver injury, closely resembling chronic active hepatitis, which progressed into liver cirrhosis with pseudolobulus formation, could be induced. The splenic weight, obtained after the administration of several hepato-toxic substances, had intimate relation with serum gammaglobulin levels. Furthermore, in a group in which splenectomy was performed after the development of hypergammaglobulinemia, serum gammaglobulin resulted in a rebound increase in comparison with extremely low level of serum gammaglobulin in a group in which splenectomized prior to sensitization. These results may suggest that (1) autoallergic mechanism should never be ignored. (2) splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases should not be considered from hemodynamic disturbance alone, but one of the important reacting sites where many factors including antigen antibody reaction are involved.", "contents": "Role of the spleen in hepatic disorders--experimental study from the viewpoint of antigen antibody reaction. Experimental studies, using albino rabbits, showed that following the sensitization with histamine and homologous liver antigen conspicuous liver injury, closely resembling chronic active hepatitis, which progressed into liver cirrhosis with pseudolobulus formation, could be induced. The splenic weight, obtained after the administration of several hepato-toxic substances, had intimate relation with serum gammaglobulin levels. Furthermore, in a group in which splenectomy was performed after the development of hypergammaglobulinemia, serum gammaglobulin resulted in a rebound increase in comparison with extremely low level of serum gammaglobulin in a group in which splenectomized prior to sensitization. These results may suggest that (1) autoallergic mechanism should never be ignored. (2) splenomegaly in chronic liver diseases should not be considered from hemodynamic disturbance alone, but one of the important reacting sites where many factors including antigen antibody reaction are involved.", "PMID": 61901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_188", "title": "A comparative study of the effects induced by MCN-A-343 and acetylcholine on the isolated toad rectus abdominis.", "content": "McN-A-343 (McN), a non nicotinic ganglionic stimulant, induced slow contractile responses of the toad rectus abdominis. A relaxation was also observed when large doses were added in the presence of a contraction caused by acetylcholine (Ach). The relaxation induced by McN could not be overcome by increasing Ach concentration. Bell-shaped log dose-response curves were obtained for McN. d-Tubocurarine caused an unusual change on these curves, suggesting an indirect action of the agonist. This possibility was corroborated by the fact that hemicholinium, procaine, and cold storage of the muscle caused a marked decrease of the organ sensitivity to McN but not to ACh.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effects induced by MCN-A-343 and acetylcholine on the isolated toad rectus abdominis. McN-A-343 (McN), a non nicotinic ganglionic stimulant, induced slow contractile responses of the toad rectus abdominis. A relaxation was also observed when large doses were added in the presence of a contraction caused by acetylcholine (Ach). The relaxation induced by McN could not be overcome by increasing Ach concentration. Bell-shaped log dose-response curves were obtained for McN. d-Tubocurarine caused an unusual change on these curves, suggesting an indirect action of the agonist. This possibility was corroborated by the fact that hemicholinium, procaine, and cold storage of the muscle caused a marked decrease of the organ sensitivity to McN but not to ACh.", "PMID": 61902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_189", "title": "Factors affecting the excretion of 14C-dicumarol in the bile of rats.", "content": "1. After i.v. injection of equivalent doses of 14C-dicumarol, male rats excreted about 2 1/2 times more radioactivity in bile (9.3 +/- 0.7% in 2 hr) than did females (3.9 +/- 0.4% in 2 hr). 2. Exogenous agents: while 24 hr pretreatment with benzpyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene did not alter the excretion of 14C-dicumarol and its metabolities in bile, pretreatment with carbon tetrachloride reduced radioactivity in the bile of male rats 60%. Following single rapid injection of sulfobromphthalein (BSP), the radioactivity in bile, decreased 70%. 3. Most of the radioactivity in bile (80-90%) was present in metabolized form regardless of the dose, the sex of the rat, or the exogenous agent used.", "contents": "Factors affecting the excretion of 14C-dicumarol in the bile of rats. 1. After i.v. injection of equivalent doses of 14C-dicumarol, male rats excreted about 2 1/2 times more radioactivity in bile (9.3 +/- 0.7% in 2 hr) than did females (3.9 +/- 0.4% in 2 hr). 2. Exogenous agents: while 24 hr pretreatment with benzpyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene did not alter the excretion of 14C-dicumarol and its metabolities in bile, pretreatment with carbon tetrachloride reduced radioactivity in the bile of male rats 60%. Following single rapid injection of sulfobromphthalein (BSP), the radioactivity in bile, decreased 70%. 3. Most of the radioactivity in bile (80-90%) was present in metabolized form regardless of the dose, the sex of the rat, or the exogenous agent used.", "PMID": 61903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_190", "title": "Prognostic value of serum alpha-fetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured sequentially by a radio-immunoassay method in 64 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In 15 of the 64 patients (23%) AFP levels were raised but in only two did they exceed 500 ng/ml. Of the 23 survivors 11 (48%) had raised AFP levels compared with four of the 41 (9-8%) fatal cases (P less than 0-005). This rise in AFP levels was found early after the development of grade IV coma and constitutes an encouraging prognostic sign at a time when the liver function tests and EEG are unhelpful. A radioimmunoassay must be used if these small but significant rises in plasma concentration are to be detected. Twelve patients survived without showing a rise in plasma AFP at anytime during the illness. The four fatal cases who had raised AFP levels all had serious complications of fulminant hepatic failure. Charcoal haemoperfusion did not seem to increase the survival of AFP negative patients.", "contents": "Prognostic value of serum alpha-fetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured sequentially by a radio-immunoassay method in 64 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In 15 of the 64 patients (23%) AFP levels were raised but in only two did they exceed 500 ng/ml. Of the 23 survivors 11 (48%) had raised AFP levels compared with four of the 41 (9-8%) fatal cases (P less than 0-005). This rise in AFP levels was found early after the development of grade IV coma and constitutes an encouraging prognostic sign at a time when the liver function tests and EEG are unhelpful. A radioimmunoassay must be used if these small but significant rises in plasma concentration are to be detected. Twelve patients survived without showing a rise in plasma AFP at anytime during the illness. The four fatal cases who had raised AFP levels all had serious complications of fulminant hepatic failure. Charcoal haemoperfusion did not seem to increase the survival of AFP negative patients.", "PMID": 61904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_191", "title": "Autoimmune reaction to a liver specific membrane antigen during acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes has been demonstrated in 93% of cases of acute viral hepatitis tested within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. The frequency of cytotoxicity during this time was similar for HBsAg positive and negative cases. However, after this time it was significantly higher in HBsAg positive than negative cases, 90% and 25% respectively (P less than 0-01). Cytotoxicity was found in B-cell, but not T-cell, enriched fractions of lymphocytes, compatible with an antibody-dependent K-cell mediated reaction. In two cases the assay remained positive on retesting six months later, and follow-up liver biopsies showed the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis. These findings suggest that, in addition to the known immunological reactions against viral antigens that occur during the acute phase of viral hepatitis, an autoimmune reaction directed against a liver specific protein is also initiated; and if this reaction persists then chronic hepatitis may develop.", "contents": "Autoimmune reaction to a liver specific membrane antigen during acute viral hepatitis. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes has been demonstrated in 93% of cases of acute viral hepatitis tested within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. The frequency of cytotoxicity during this time was similar for HBsAg positive and negative cases. However, after this time it was significantly higher in HBsAg positive than negative cases, 90% and 25% respectively (P less than 0-01). Cytotoxicity was found in B-cell, but not T-cell, enriched fractions of lymphocytes, compatible with an antibody-dependent K-cell mediated reaction. In two cases the assay remained positive on retesting six months later, and follow-up liver biopsies showed the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis. These findings suggest that, in addition to the known immunological reactions against viral antigens that occur during the acute phase of viral hepatitis, an autoimmune reaction directed against a liver specific protein is also initiated; and if this reaction persists then chronic hepatitis may develop.", "PMID": 61905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_192", "title": "The ultrastructure of formed white blood elements (neutrophils) in schizophrenia.", "content": "A comparative electronmicroscopic study of neutrophils in schizophrenic patients and in healthy control subjects has revealed a certain difference in the ultrastructure of blood cell formation. This difference concerns the coarse-grained chromatin, the osmiophility of nuclear membrane, the enlargement of perinuclear halo, the enlightenment of matrix, the enlargement of glycogen granules, the swelling of mitochondria, the change in the amount of free ribosomes, an increase in the number of azurophilic granules and a decrease in the specific ones.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of formed white blood elements (neutrophils) in schizophrenia. A comparative electronmicroscopic study of neutrophils in schizophrenic patients and in healthy control subjects has revealed a certain difference in the ultrastructure of blood cell formation. This difference concerns the coarse-grained chromatin, the osmiophility of nuclear membrane, the enlargement of perinuclear halo, the enlightenment of matrix, the enlargement of glycogen granules, the swelling of mitochondria, the change in the amount of free ribosomes, an increase in the number of azurophilic granules and a decrease in the specific ones.", "PMID": 61907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_193", "title": "[The acid-base equilibrium during mouse lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "In transplantable and in spontaneous lymphoblastic mouse leukemia blood pH, PCO2, TCO2 and BB were examined. Spontaneous Gross-leukemia in AKR mice was found to develop in its final phase respiratory acidosis. Transplantable (TAL) leukemia of AKR mice presents from the onset a tendency toward respiratory acidosis. \"L-1210\"-leukemia, on the contrary, was shown to alcalise the recipients during the first 8 days after inoculation, later on it can bring about an acidosis. The pH-deviations in \"L-1210\"-leukemia display a respiratory character in syngeneic DBA/2J recipients, whereas in semiallogeneic recipients the observed changes are metabolic or mixt in nature. This finding strongly argues for the importance of histocompatibility. Intranodally inoculated animals distinctly differ in their parameters in comparison to intravenously and intraperitoneally recipients, hence, an important role of the tissular-milieu which is put first in contact with the leukemic factor must be concluded.", "contents": "[The acid-base equilibrium during mouse lymphoblastic leukemia]. In transplantable and in spontaneous lymphoblastic mouse leukemia blood pH, PCO2, TCO2 and BB were examined. Spontaneous Gross-leukemia in AKR mice was found to develop in its final phase respiratory acidosis. Transplantable (TAL) leukemia of AKR mice presents from the onset a tendency toward respiratory acidosis. \"L-1210\"-leukemia, on the contrary, was shown to alcalise the recipients during the first 8 days after inoculation, later on it can bring about an acidosis. The pH-deviations in \"L-1210\"-leukemia display a respiratory character in syngeneic DBA/2J recipients, whereas in semiallogeneic recipients the observed changes are metabolic or mixt in nature. This finding strongly argues for the importance of histocompatibility. Intranodally inoculated animals distinctly differ in their parameters in comparison to intravenously and intraperitoneally recipients, hence, an important role of the tissular-milieu which is put first in contact with the leukemic factor must be concluded.", "PMID": 61908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_194", "title": "[The cerebral sensitivity to \"meningosis-prophylaxis\" with 198Au radiogold according to EEG findings].", "content": "35 children (16 girls and 19 boys) at the age of 1 11/12 to 16 11/12 with acute leukaemia were injected intrathecally with 198Au-radiogold colloids (HOECHST-BEHRING) for \"prophylaxis of meningosis\". The colloid size of the isotope amounted to 5 or 30 nm, the applied activity lay between 1.4 and 3.12 mCi. According to a dosage estimation made with the help of LOEWINGERS formula 1 mCi of radiogold corresponds to approximately 1200 rad. Clinical observations, such as headaches, vomiting or fever up to 39 degrees C, could only be found in 6 children (17.1%) during the first 24 hours. All symptoms subsided quickly and without any sequels. Even retarded complications could not be detected. An electroencephalogram was made from all children before and after applying radiogold (1-8 d afterwards). After the injection of radiogold the majority of children had no change of findings in the electroencephalogram, 11 children even showed a tendency towards an improvement up to normalisation. Only 4 children had a deterioration of findings with unspecific disorders or appearances suspected of peak potential discharges. Simultaneously an accumulation of clinical complaints could be found. Judging from the clinical and electroencephalographic behaviour of our patients no absolute neurotoxity of radiogold could be ensured.", "contents": "[The cerebral sensitivity to \"meningosis-prophylaxis\" with 198Au radiogold according to EEG findings]. 35 children (16 girls and 19 boys) at the age of 1 11/12 to 16 11/12 with acute leukaemia were injected intrathecally with 198Au-radiogold colloids (HOECHST-BEHRING) for \"prophylaxis of meningosis\". The colloid size of the isotope amounted to 5 or 30 nm, the applied activity lay between 1.4 and 3.12 mCi. According to a dosage estimation made with the help of LOEWINGERS formula 1 mCi of radiogold corresponds to approximately 1200 rad. Clinical observations, such as headaches, vomiting or fever up to 39 degrees C, could only be found in 6 children (17.1%) during the first 24 hours. All symptoms subsided quickly and without any sequels. Even retarded complications could not be detected. An electroencephalogram was made from all children before and after applying radiogold (1-8 d afterwards). After the injection of radiogold the majority of children had no change of findings in the electroencephalogram, 11 children even showed a tendency towards an improvement up to normalisation. Only 4 children had a deterioration of findings with unspecific disorders or appearances suspected of peak potential discharges. Simultaneously an accumulation of clinical complaints could be found. Judging from the clinical and electroencephalographic behaviour of our patients no absolute neurotoxity of radiogold could be ensured.", "PMID": 61910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_195", "title": "[The occurrence of Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes of persons exposed to low dose radiation during work].", "content": "274 persons were examined by the provocation test of Heinz's bodies according to BEUTLER. 168 of them were working under x-rays exposure. No correlation could be identified between the dosage and the presence of Heinz's bodies in the lower range of the dosage related to the annual x-rays load and the integrated total exposure.", "contents": "[The occurrence of Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes of persons exposed to low dose radiation during work]. 274 persons were examined by the provocation test of Heinz's bodies according to BEUTLER. 168 of them were working under x-rays exposure. No correlation could be identified between the dosage and the presence of Heinz's bodies in the lower range of the dosage related to the annual x-rays load and the integrated total exposure.", "PMID": 61911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_196", "title": "[The question of bone marrow cell proliferation in Di-Guglielmo's syndrome].", "content": "In a patient with a di Guglielmo's syndrome DNA was determined cytophometrically in the bone-marrow cells. The results show that the proliferation of paraerythroblasts is increased in the phase of erythremia in comparison to normal erythropoiesis. The proliferation of myeloblasts during the stage of myeloblastomatosis, however, is low similar to the majority of acute leukaemias. The examinations confirm the view that the di Guglielmo's syndrome represents a form of acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[The question of bone marrow cell proliferation in Di-Guglielmo's syndrome]. In a patient with a di Guglielmo's syndrome DNA was determined cytophometrically in the bone-marrow cells. The results show that the proliferation of paraerythroblasts is increased in the phase of erythremia in comparison to normal erythropoiesis. The proliferation of myeloblasts during the stage of myeloblastomatosis, however, is low similar to the majority of acute leukaemias. The examinations confirm the view that the di Guglielmo's syndrome represents a form of acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 61914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_197", "title": "Changes in the blood parameters of an air-breathing fish during different respiratory conditions.", "content": "Some of the blood parameters recorded in an air-breathing eel, Amphipnous cuchia under normal respiratory condition during non-breeding period (September-April) are haemoglobin (Hb) concentration 19.26%, haematocrit value 56.16%, RBC number 1.71 million/mm3, RBC size 18.86 X 9.70 mum, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) 113.4 ng, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 34.2%, blood sugar 77 mg% and ascorbic acid 0.435 mg%. The higher concentration of haemoglobin (19.26%) appears to be related to its obligatory air breathing habit and habitat in a water of low oxygen content. Though a definite trend of increase in the haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration with an increase in the body weight of the fish was lacking, variations were clearly marked related to intrinsic activity of the fish connected with different respiratory conditions. Asphyxiation in a submerged but continuous flow of water (liter/h) for 5 1/2 h resulted in an increase in the above-mentioned parameters to an appreciable extent. These increases were 0.23 million/mm3 in the number of erythrocytes, 6.16% in haemoglobin concentration, 10% in haematocrit value, 20% in blood sugar and 35% in ascorbic acid content. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin showed a decline of 6.2%. Exclusive aerial breathing for 5 1/2 h also caused 7.4% increase in haemoglobin concentration, 9.4% in haematocrit value, 0.14 million/mm3 in RBC number, 20% in blood sugar level, 9% in ascorbic acid content but almost no change in mean corpuscular haemoglobin. The average surface area for diffusion of gases appeared to have reduced by 6.8 mum2 per RBC.", "contents": "Changes in the blood parameters of an air-breathing fish during different respiratory conditions. Some of the blood parameters recorded in an air-breathing eel, Amphipnous cuchia under normal respiratory condition during non-breeding period (September-April) are haemoglobin (Hb) concentration 19.26%, haematocrit value 56.16%, RBC number 1.71 million/mm3, RBC size 18.86 X 9.70 mum, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) 113.4 ng, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 34.2%, blood sugar 77 mg% and ascorbic acid 0.435 mg%. The higher concentration of haemoglobin (19.26%) appears to be related to its obligatory air breathing habit and habitat in a water of low oxygen content. Though a definite trend of increase in the haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration with an increase in the body weight of the fish was lacking, variations were clearly marked related to intrinsic activity of the fish connected with different respiratory conditions. Asphyxiation in a submerged but continuous flow of water (liter/h) for 5 1/2 h resulted in an increase in the above-mentioned parameters to an appreciable extent. These increases were 0.23 million/mm3 in the number of erythrocytes, 6.16% in haemoglobin concentration, 10% in haematocrit value, 20% in blood sugar and 35% in ascorbic acid content. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin showed a decline of 6.2%. Exclusive aerial breathing for 5 1/2 h also caused 7.4% increase in haemoglobin concentration, 9.4% in haematocrit value, 0.14 million/mm3 in RBC number, 20% in blood sugar level, 9% in ascorbic acid content but almost no change in mean corpuscular haemoglobin. The average surface area for diffusion of gases appeared to have reduced by 6.8 mum2 per RBC.", "PMID": 61915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_198", "title": "[Studies on blood morphology in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). I. Erythrocytes and their developmental stages].", "content": "By means of heart tapping we produced a larger loss of blood in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. This resulted in enriching the peripheric blood with erythroblasts and proerythrocytes. By panoptic staining erythroblasts, proerythrocytes and mature erythrocytes could be prepared and described. By the aid of supravital staining it was possible to detect mitochondria and Substantia granulofilamentosa in all stages of development. Phase contrast observations proved that the erythrocytes of Anguilla anguilla do not possess any locomotion ability. Cytochemical investigations showed that the erythrocytes weakly or very weakly react to acid phosphatases, lipids and ribonucleic acids and positively to unspecific esterases. The artificially produced loss of blood and the following continuous extraction of blood gave indications of how rapidly the erythrocytes form and how much time their maturing takes. 48 hours after tapping erythroblasts appeared in large amounts. The number of proerythrocytes increased 24 hours later. The transformation of proerythrocytes into mature erythrocytes does not take more than 48 hours. The loss of erythrocytes caused by heart tapping is already compensated six days later by new growth. During this investigation division processes in erythrocytes were observed. These are endomitotic or amitotic division or mitotic ones which are very rarely observed.", "contents": "[Studies on blood morphology in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). I. Erythrocytes and their developmental stages]. By means of heart tapping we produced a larger loss of blood in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. This resulted in enriching the peripheric blood with erythroblasts and proerythrocytes. By panoptic staining erythroblasts, proerythrocytes and mature erythrocytes could be prepared and described. By the aid of supravital staining it was possible to detect mitochondria and Substantia granulofilamentosa in all stages of development. Phase contrast observations proved that the erythrocytes of Anguilla anguilla do not possess any locomotion ability. Cytochemical investigations showed that the erythrocytes weakly or very weakly react to acid phosphatases, lipids and ribonucleic acids and positively to unspecific esterases. The artificially produced loss of blood and the following continuous extraction of blood gave indications of how rapidly the erythrocytes form and how much time their maturing takes. 48 hours after tapping erythroblasts appeared in large amounts. The number of proerythrocytes increased 24 hours later. The transformation of proerythrocytes into mature erythrocytes does not take more than 48 hours. The loss of erythrocytes caused by heart tapping is already compensated six days later by new growth. During this investigation division processes in erythrocytes were observed. These are endomitotic or amitotic division or mitotic ones which are very rarely observed.", "PMID": 61916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_199", "title": "[The \"free\" erythrocytes in newborn infants].", "content": "The percentage of non-A and non-AHP erythrocytes in newborns is usually increased and presents individual differences. It does not depend on the A1/A2 subgroups. These individual differences also concern the relationship between the number of non-A erythrocytes and of non-AH P-RBC. After delivery the A and AHP agglutinogens will individually develop in a different manner and independently one from the other.", "contents": "[The \"free\" erythrocytes in newborn infants]. The percentage of non-A and non-AHP erythrocytes in newborns is usually increased and presents individual differences. It does not depend on the A1/A2 subgroups. These individual differences also concern the relationship between the number of non-A erythrocytes and of non-AH P-RBC. After delivery the A and AHP agglutinogens will individually develop in a different manner and independently one from the other.", "PMID": 61917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_200", "title": "[The demonstration of HL-A antigens on thrombocytes under various conditions].", "content": "Platelets of healthy test persons were gained according to the method of Aster (avital cells) and according to the procedure of BUBE and GMURZYNSKI (vital cells). Because of their tendency towards aggregation vital cells do bind any HL-A antibodies and whereas avital cells will fix antibodies and complement depending on the height of the titre. Thrombocytes stored in the own serum will respond less to the micro-C'-fixation test at + 4 degrees C as well as--196 degrees C, whereas storage in NaN3/NaCl and under the conditions of the own serum will reveal no differences up to--196 degrees C in each case.", "contents": "[The demonstration of HL-A antigens on thrombocytes under various conditions]. Platelets of healthy test persons were gained according to the method of Aster (avital cells) and according to the procedure of BUBE and GMURZYNSKI (vital cells). Because of their tendency towards aggregation vital cells do bind any HL-A antibodies and whereas avital cells will fix antibodies and complement depending on the height of the titre. Thrombocytes stored in the own serum will respond less to the micro-C'-fixation test at + 4 degrees C as well as--196 degrees C, whereas storage in NaN3/NaCl and under the conditions of the own serum will reveal no differences up to--196 degrees C in each case.", "PMID": 61918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_201", "title": "The influence of azathioprine on the behaviour of blood platelets in vitro.", "content": "The influence of azathioprine on human platelets was studied in vitro. Azathioprine in a final concentration of 10(-4) M caused significant inhibition of spontaneous sedimentation and aggregation of platelets, but did not effect platelet adhesiveness or resistance to freezing and thawing. The influence of azathioprine is probably due to thioimidazole, this last being a potent stimulating agent of phosphodiesterase activity, involved in the metabolism of cyclic AMP to 5' AMP. These observations indicate that the widely used platelet function assays could be influenced by drugs. The current therapy should therefore be taken into account when the results of the tests are evaluated for clinical purposes.", "contents": "The influence of azathioprine on the behaviour of blood platelets in vitro. The influence of azathioprine on human platelets was studied in vitro. Azathioprine in a final concentration of 10(-4) M caused significant inhibition of spontaneous sedimentation and aggregation of platelets, but did not effect platelet adhesiveness or resistance to freezing and thawing. The influence of azathioprine is probably due to thioimidazole, this last being a potent stimulating agent of phosphodiesterase activity, involved in the metabolism of cyclic AMP to 5' AMP. These observations indicate that the widely used platelet function assays could be influenced by drugs. The current therapy should therefore be taken into account when the results of the tests are evaluated for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 61919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_202", "title": "[The reactivity of the anticoagulatory system in sympathectomized animals under stress conditions due to acoustic trauma].", "content": "In rats of kind of Kruschinskij-Molodkina the number of cells in the stellate ganglion was diminished to 0.5% of the norm after eliminating the sympathetic tonus by means of guanethidine. These animals died of cardiac thrombosis during stress situations. This thrombosis cannot be explained by adrenalin, corticosteroids or thromboplastin spreading in the blood stream. A factor, the nature of which has still to be explained, may be assumed to be responsible for thrombosis to develop during stress situations in animals whose sympathetic tonus has been eliminated by guanethidine.", "contents": "[The reactivity of the anticoagulatory system in sympathectomized animals under stress conditions due to acoustic trauma]. In rats of kind of Kruschinskij-Molodkina the number of cells in the stellate ganglion was diminished to 0.5% of the norm after eliminating the sympathetic tonus by means of guanethidine. These animals died of cardiac thrombosis during stress situations. This thrombosis cannot be explained by adrenalin, corticosteroids or thromboplastin spreading in the blood stream. A factor, the nature of which has still to be explained, may be assumed to be responsible for thrombosis to develop during stress situations in animals whose sympathetic tonus has been eliminated by guanethidine.", "PMID": 61920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_203", "title": "Failure of tranexamic acid to influence the ellagic acid-induced hypercoagulable state.", "content": "Tranexamic acid in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. was unable to alter the ellagic acid induced hypercoagulable state. No change in the hypercoagulability pattern was observed regardless of the time of administration of the compound (before or after the ellagic infusion). The silicone clotting times after the infusion of ellagic acid were markedly shortened and remained so for about 60 minutes. The results observed in two control groups treated with saline were similar. The euglobulin lysis times were clearly prolonged after the administration of tranexamic acid, whereas no changes were observed after the administration of saline. These results indicate that tranexamic acid has no anti-factor XII activity.", "contents": "Failure of tranexamic acid to influence the ellagic acid-induced hypercoagulable state. Tranexamic acid in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. was unable to alter the ellagic acid induced hypercoagulable state. No change in the hypercoagulability pattern was observed regardless of the time of administration of the compound (before or after the ellagic infusion). The silicone clotting times after the infusion of ellagic acid were markedly shortened and remained so for about 60 minutes. The results observed in two control groups treated with saline were similar. The euglobulin lysis times were clearly prolonged after the administration of tranexamic acid, whereas no changes were observed after the administration of saline. These results indicate that tranexamic acid has no anti-factor XII activity.", "PMID": 61921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_204", "title": "Relations between fibrinogen degradation products and heparinocytes.", "content": "In the emergency reaction there is a short-time increase of the values of basophilic leukocytes in connection with normal values of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). After diminuation of basophils FDP are to be detected. In the chronical ill and under different hormonal contraceptives these two processes are overlapped disturbing a unique negative or positive correlation of heparinocytes and FDP. Concerning the situation under standardized conditions or in single cases worthful conclusions are possible about compensation or decompensation of a latent disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Relations between fibrinogen degradation products and heparinocytes. In the emergency reaction there is a short-time increase of the values of basophilic leukocytes in connection with normal values of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). After diminuation of basophils FDP are to be detected. In the chronical ill and under different hormonal contraceptives these two processes are overlapped disturbing a unique negative or positive correlation of heparinocytes and FDP. Concerning the situation under standardized conditions or in single cases worthful conclusions are possible about compensation or decompensation of a latent disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 61922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_205", "title": "Suppression of photo-induced sporulation in Trichoderma viride by inhibitors.", "content": "The mycelium of Trichoderma viride grown in the dark under submerged conditions and transferred to membrane filters sporulated only after photoinduction. The optimum photoinduction of sporulation was reached when applying daylight for 3 min and near ultraviolet radiation (355 nm) for 10 to 30 sec. After the photoinduction probounced synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein was observed. The photoinduced sporulation was partially or fully inhibited in the presence of phenethyl alcohol, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide and ethidium bromide. The same inhibitors blocked also the photoinduced sporulation of surface growing colonies of Trichoderma viride. Various inhibitiors of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein, inhibitors impairing the function of membranes and certain other compounds were also effective.", "contents": "Suppression of photo-induced sporulation in Trichoderma viride by inhibitors. The mycelium of Trichoderma viride grown in the dark under submerged conditions and transferred to membrane filters sporulated only after photoinduction. The optimum photoinduction of sporulation was reached when applying daylight for 3 min and near ultraviolet radiation (355 nm) for 10 to 30 sec. After the photoinduction probounced synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein was observed. The photoinduced sporulation was partially or fully inhibited in the presence of phenethyl alcohol, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, cycloheximide and ethidium bromide. The same inhibitors blocked also the photoinduced sporulation of surface growing colonies of Trichoderma viride. Various inhibitiors of synthesis of nucleic acids and protein, inhibitors impairing the function of membranes and certain other compounds were also effective.", "PMID": 61923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_206", "title": "Determination of electrolytes in the myocardium as a tool for the post-mortal diagnosis of recent infarction.", "content": "The K/Na quotient in the myocardium has been compared to the result of the PTAH staining method in an autopsy material of verified myocardial infarctions, suspected but macroscopically unverified infarctions and controls. The control cases regularly had quotion showed ischemic changes in PTAH staining. These and additionally 10 cases had K/Na quotients below 1.2. The electrolyte method thus appears to be a more sensitive method for the diagnosis of recent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Determination of electrolytes in the myocardium as a tool for the post-mortal diagnosis of recent infarction. The K/Na quotient in the myocardium has been compared to the result of the PTAH staining method in an autopsy material of verified myocardial infarctions, suspected but macroscopically unverified infarctions and controls. The control cases regularly had quotion showed ischemic changes in PTAH staining. These and additionally 10 cases had K/Na quotients below 1.2. The electrolyte method thus appears to be a more sensitive method for the diagnosis of recent myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 61926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_207", "title": "Experiences with the hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid staining method for morphologic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia - an experimental study in forensic pathology.", "content": "An investigation was performed on 148 medicolegal autopsy cases with the purpose of obtaining experience with the hematoxylin basic fuchsin acid staining method for morphologic diagnosis of early myocardial ischemia. A comparative study was performed on rats with induced myocardial infarcts. The uptake of the basic fuchsin stain in myocardial sections agreed well with eosinophilia, often occurred when myocardial infarction was suspected, but very often yielded false positive and negative results. This lack of reliability probably depended on the high sensitivity of the staining procedure, degree of autolysis, fixation time, thickness of the sections and mainpulative lesions. Although the HBFP-technique does not seem sufficiently reliable in medicolegal autopsy cases it probably produces accurate results under controlled experimental conditions.", "contents": "Experiences with the hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid staining method for morphologic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia - an experimental study in forensic pathology. An investigation was performed on 148 medicolegal autopsy cases with the purpose of obtaining experience with the hematoxylin basic fuchsin acid staining method for morphologic diagnosis of early myocardial ischemia. A comparative study was performed on rats with induced myocardial infarcts. The uptake of the basic fuchsin stain in myocardial sections agreed well with eosinophilia, often occurred when myocardial infarction was suspected, but very often yielded false positive and negative results. This lack of reliability probably depended on the high sensitivity of the staining procedure, degree of autolysis, fixation time, thickness of the sections and mainpulative lesions. Although the HBFP-technique does not seem sufficiently reliable in medicolegal autopsy cases it probably produces accurate results under controlled experimental conditions.", "PMID": 61929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_208", "title": "Practical approach to the diagnosis of sudden unexpected death of cardiac origin.", "content": "Experiences concerning the practical demonstration of recent myocardial lesion (infarction) with various conventional and enzyme-histochemical methods are explained. It has been found in our laboratory that besides careful inspection of the heart, additional useful information can be obtained with ordinary H-E staining and beta-OH butyrate dehydrogenase reaction on frozen sections. Myocardial cells are darkly eosinophilic in the areas of infarction. Uneven staining in the dehydrogenase reactions was regarded as a sign of lesion in that section. beta-OH butyrate dehydrogenases revealed the damage more clearly than succinate and malate dehydrogenase. The enzyme reactions were usable as late as 7 days after death if decomposition had not commenced.", "contents": "Practical approach to the diagnosis of sudden unexpected death of cardiac origin. Experiences concerning the practical demonstration of recent myocardial lesion (infarction) with various conventional and enzyme-histochemical methods are explained. It has been found in our laboratory that besides careful inspection of the heart, additional useful information can be obtained with ordinary H-E staining and beta-OH butyrate dehydrogenase reaction on frozen sections. Myocardial cells are darkly eosinophilic in the areas of infarction. Uneven staining in the dehydrogenase reactions was regarded as a sign of lesion in that section. beta-OH butyrate dehydrogenases revealed the damage more clearly than succinate and malate dehydrogenase. The enzyme reactions were usable as late as 7 days after death if decomposition had not commenced.", "PMID": 61930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_209", "title": "[The effect of bencyclane hydrogen fumarate (Fludilate) on the adhesion of tumor cells in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "Bencyclane hydrogen fumarate (Fludilat) was tested on the stickiness of tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. It was intended to determine whether Fludilat reduced the cancer cell stickiness in vitro, and if the survival time of cancer cell carrying animals can be increased with Fludilat in vivo, or in combination with a cytostatic. For the in vitro trials, concentrations from 0.001 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml medium were chosen. The survival trial on NMRI-mice with Nemeth-Kellner lymphosarcoma was performed in three groups, each with 4-5 sub-groups: Control group--Fludilat 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin--50 mg/kg bodyweight, 100 mg/kg bodyweight, 250 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 50 mg/kg bodyweight + Fludilat 5 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 100 mg/kg + Fludilat 10 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 250 mg/kg + Fludilat 20 mg/kg bodyweight. The sequence of deaths was determined, and the 50% survival time was taken as criterium for the effect of the treatment. The in vitro trials showed a complete removal of the monolayer of the tumor cells from the bottom of the culture flask, in doses of 0.01-1 mg/ml medium. In the in vivo trial an increase in the 50% survival time could be achieved in all groups. The results of combined therapy of Fludilat and Bleomycin were striking. In comparison to the control animals, the treated animals showed that the occurrence of solid abdominal metastases from the Nemeth-Kellner lymphosarcoma could be almost completely prevented, especially at high doses. The Ca++-antagonistic effect, in changing the surface of the cells, is discussed as a mechanism of action.", "contents": "[The effect of bencyclane hydrogen fumarate (Fludilate) on the adhesion of tumor cells in vivo and in vitro]. Bencyclane hydrogen fumarate (Fludilat) was tested on the stickiness of tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. It was intended to determine whether Fludilat reduced the cancer cell stickiness in vitro, and if the survival time of cancer cell carrying animals can be increased with Fludilat in vivo, or in combination with a cytostatic. For the in vitro trials, concentrations from 0.001 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml medium were chosen. The survival trial on NMRI-mice with Nemeth-Kellner lymphosarcoma was performed in three groups, each with 4-5 sub-groups: Control group--Fludilat 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin--50 mg/kg bodyweight, 100 mg/kg bodyweight, 250 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 50 mg/kg bodyweight + Fludilat 5 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 100 mg/kg + Fludilat 10 mg/kg bodyweight, Bleomycin 250 mg/kg + Fludilat 20 mg/kg bodyweight. The sequence of deaths was determined, and the 50% survival time was taken as criterium for the effect of the treatment. The in vitro trials showed a complete removal of the monolayer of the tumor cells from the bottom of the culture flask, in doses of 0.01-1 mg/ml medium. In the in vivo trial an increase in the 50% survival time could be achieved in all groups. The results of combined therapy of Fludilat and Bleomycin were striking. In comparison to the control animals, the treated animals showed that the occurrence of solid abdominal metastases from the Nemeth-Kellner lymphosarcoma could be almost completely prevented, especially at high doses. The Ca++-antagonistic effect, in changing the surface of the cells, is discussed as a mechanism of action.", "PMID": 61934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_210", "title": "Effect of bursa Fabricius extracts on antibody production in bursectomized or bursal cell autografted chickens.", "content": "Restoration and enhancement of immune response against BSA antigen was achieved by 5-day consecutive doses of BF estract from 4-5-week-old chickens, in birds which had been surgically bursectomized or given BF-cell autografts at 17 days of age. A similar 5-day treatment with other tissue extract, i.e. liver, spleen, pancreas or intestine, or with LPS of E. coli, in contrast, failed to provide such restoration or enhancement.", "contents": "Effect of bursa Fabricius extracts on antibody production in bursectomized or bursal cell autografted chickens. Restoration and enhancement of immune response against BSA antigen was achieved by 5-day consecutive doses of BF estract from 4-5-week-old chickens, in birds which had been surgically bursectomized or given BF-cell autografts at 17 days of age. A similar 5-day treatment with other tissue extract, i.e. liver, spleen, pancreas or intestine, or with LPS of E. coli, in contrast, failed to provide such restoration or enhancement.", "PMID": 61937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_211", "title": "Long-term antibody synthesis in vitro- IV. Independent segregation of antibodies directed to different determinants of an antigen molecule in its native configuration.", "content": "Independent segregation of antibody populations directed to different portions of E. coli beta-d-galactosidase occurs during the immune response against the enzyme. Anti-enzyme antibodies able to interact and activate a naturally occurring ligand, the mutant-defective enzyme AMEF (Antibody Mediated Enzyme Factor), do not parallel anti-enzyme antibodies which are measured by a coprecipitation assay involving precipitation of the wild-type molecule. Dissociation of the two antibody populations is best achieved in microcultures sustaining long-lasting responses. Similarly, anti-NIP (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid) antibodies could be elicited without concomitant synthesis of anti-carrier antibodies by short-term challenge in vitro of ovalbumin-NIP-primed lymph nodes with a heterologous conjugate in which the hapten NIP was coupled to a carrier known to be non-immunogenic under the conditions of challenge. The potential applications of these findings are indicated, namely: large-scale production of monospecific antibodies in vitro; and the possibility of studying the regulatory role of antibodies directed towards on portion of the immunogenic molecule on the response to other regions of the same molecule.", "contents": "Long-term antibody synthesis in vitro- IV. Independent segregation of antibodies directed to different determinants of an antigen molecule in its native configuration. Independent segregation of antibody populations directed to different portions of E. coli beta-d-galactosidase occurs during the immune response against the enzyme. Anti-enzyme antibodies able to interact and activate a naturally occurring ligand, the mutant-defective enzyme AMEF (Antibody Mediated Enzyme Factor), do not parallel anti-enzyme antibodies which are measured by a coprecipitation assay involving precipitation of the wild-type molecule. Dissociation of the two antibody populations is best achieved in microcultures sustaining long-lasting responses. Similarly, anti-NIP (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid) antibodies could be elicited without concomitant synthesis of anti-carrier antibodies by short-term challenge in vitro of ovalbumin-NIP-primed lymph nodes with a heterologous conjugate in which the hapten NIP was coupled to a carrier known to be non-immunogenic under the conditions of challenge. The potential applications of these findings are indicated, namely: large-scale production of monospecific antibodies in vitro; and the possibility of studying the regulatory role of antibodies directed towards on portion of the immunogenic molecule on the response to other regions of the same molecule.", "PMID": 61938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_212", "title": "Rat parietal yolk sac basement membrane. An investigation of the antigenic determinants using a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that there is microscopic and biochemical evidence that rat parietal yolk sac synthesizes basement membrane (type IV) collagen; this study shows that a radioimmunoassay may be used for the detection of type IV collagen in such biosynthetic systems. Rat parietal yolk sacs incubated in medium containing (14C) proline either with or without alphaalpha-dipyridyl produced either unhydroxylated or hydroxylated (14C)collagen. The immunological reactivity of these two preparations was investigated using antibodies to bovine type IV collagen in a  radioimmunoassay which demonstrated that the hydroxylated (14C)collagen preparation had a considerably higher level of antigenicity than the unhydroxylated (14C)collagen. Hydroxylated rat type IV (14C)collagen which had been reduced and alkylated was intermediate in antigenicity between hydroxylated and unhydroxylated material. These findings suggest that there are antigenic determinants which depend upon hydroxylation of the collagen molecule, and others dependent upon intact disulphide bonds. In addition, various levels of pepsin extracted unlabelled calf anterior lens capsule collagen caused inhibition of antibody binding to (14C)collagen. Rat type IV (14C)collagen which had been digested with collagenase was inactive in the radioimmunoassay, while pepsin digestion caused no reduction in antigenicity. These findings suggest that the antiserum is directed towards the collagenous part of the molecule and may be a useful tool in the detection of biosynthesized basement membrane collagen.", "contents": "Rat parietal yolk sac basement membrane. An investigation of the antigenic determinants using a radioimmunoassay. Previous studies have shown that there is microscopic and biochemical evidence that rat parietal yolk sac synthesizes basement membrane (type IV) collagen; this study shows that a radioimmunoassay may be used for the detection of type IV collagen in such biosynthetic systems. Rat parietal yolk sacs incubated in medium containing (14C) proline either with or without alphaalpha-dipyridyl produced either unhydroxylated or hydroxylated (14C)collagen. The immunological reactivity of these two preparations was investigated using antibodies to bovine type IV collagen in a  radioimmunoassay which demonstrated that the hydroxylated (14C)collagen preparation had a considerably higher level of antigenicity than the unhydroxylated (14C)collagen. Hydroxylated rat type IV (14C)collagen which had been reduced and alkylated was intermediate in antigenicity between hydroxylated and unhydroxylated material. These findings suggest that there are antigenic determinants which depend upon hydroxylation of the collagen molecule, and others dependent upon intact disulphide bonds. In addition, various levels of pepsin extracted unlabelled calf anterior lens capsule collagen caused inhibition of antibody binding to (14C)collagen. Rat type IV (14C)collagen which had been digested with collagenase was inactive in the radioimmunoassay, while pepsin digestion caused no reduction in antigenicity. These findings suggest that the antiserum is directed towards the collagenous part of the molecule and may be a useful tool in the detection of biosynthesized basement membrane collagen.", "PMID": 61939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_213", "title": "Regulatory effect of temperature and antigen upon immunity in ectothermic vertebrates. I. Influence of hapten density on the immunological and serological properties of penicilloyl-carrier conjugates.", "content": "Sodium penicillin was conjugated to sheep erythrocytes and optimal quantities, added to a 5% SRBC suspension, were determined for haemagglutination (12-5 mg/ml) and for haemolysis (50 mg/ml) using carp antibodies and carp complement. The epitope density on the BSA molecule was gradually increased, when increasing amounts of sodium-penicillin were added to a constant quantity of BSA, until a maximum of about thirty penicilloyl groups were bound. Low conjugates, having less than seven haptenic groups per one BSA molecule, were found to stimulate carp for both anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibodies. The higher conjugates having seven and more haptenic groups were found to stimulate carp for anti-panicilloyl antibodies but not for anti-BSA antibodies. A booster dose with native BSA, given to the Pen30 BSA preimmunized carp, gave rise directly to a secondary-like response. In the rabbits, however, both heavy and low conjugates were found to stimulate antibody production for the hapten as well as for the carrier. It was suggested that the modified BSA in the heavy conjugates loses its ability to stimulate B cells, probably due to a decrease in local concentration of antigenic determinants in the BSA molecule, but its ability to stimulate helper cells is not affected for this reason.", "contents": "Regulatory effect of temperature and antigen upon immunity in ectothermic vertebrates. I. Influence of hapten density on the immunological and serological properties of penicilloyl-carrier conjugates. Sodium penicillin was conjugated to sheep erythrocytes and optimal quantities, added to a 5% SRBC suspension, were determined for haemagglutination (12-5 mg/ml) and for haemolysis (50 mg/ml) using carp antibodies and carp complement. The epitope density on the BSA molecule was gradually increased, when increasing amounts of sodium-penicillin were added to a constant quantity of BSA, until a maximum of about thirty penicilloyl groups were bound. Low conjugates, having less than seven haptenic groups per one BSA molecule, were found to stimulate carp for both anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibodies. The higher conjugates having seven and more haptenic groups were found to stimulate carp for anti-panicilloyl antibodies but not for anti-BSA antibodies. A booster dose with native BSA, given to the Pen30 BSA preimmunized carp, gave rise directly to a secondary-like response. In the rabbits, however, both heavy and low conjugates were found to stimulate antibody production for the hapten as well as for the carrier. It was suggested that the modified BSA in the heavy conjugates loses its ability to stimulate B cells, probably due to a decrease in local concentration of antigenic determinants in the BSA molecule, but its ability to stimulate helper cells is not affected for this reason.", "PMID": 61940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_214", "title": "Distribution of ad and ay subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen among hepatitis patients and symptomless carriers in Hungary.", "content": "A total of 176 HBsAg positive sera from acute and chronic hepatitis patients and symptomless carriers (blood donors) in Hungary were subtyped for ad and ay determinants. The distribution of ad and ay determinants in Hungary was found to be about the same. There were no significant differences among the groups tested.", "contents": "Distribution of ad and ay subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen among hepatitis patients and symptomless carriers in Hungary. A total of 176 HBsAg positive sera from acute and chronic hepatitis patients and symptomless carriers (blood donors) in Hungary were subtyped for ad and ay determinants. The distribution of ad and ay determinants in Hungary was found to be about the same. There were no significant differences among the groups tested.", "PMID": 61943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_215", "title": "Specificity of serum from rodents immune to Moloney C-type virus-induced tumours.", "content": "When cells are infected by C-type viruses such as Moloney sarcoma/leukaemia virus, new antigens appear on the cell membrane. Mice and rats will respond immunologically to the antigen(s). It was uncertain whether the antigens were related to the viral structural proteins or to non-virion, tumour-specific surface antigens (TSSA) or both. In an 125I-antiglobulin binding assay, Moloney virus completely blocked the binding of mouse and rat sera to virus shedding target cells, thus suggesting that mice and rats recognise only viral proteins. Mice responded to type-specific and rats mainly to group-specific determinants on the virus. Individual Moloney viral proteins were prepared using the guanidine HCl method and were used to block the binding of the rat anti-Moloney immune serum to Moloney virus shedding target cells. By this method, it was demonstrated that the rat serum contains specificities for the viral proteins gp70 and p30, but it was not possible to detect any antibodies directed towards non-virion or TSSA-like molecules.", "contents": "Specificity of serum from rodents immune to Moloney C-type virus-induced tumours. When cells are infected by C-type viruses such as Moloney sarcoma/leukaemia virus, new antigens appear on the cell membrane. Mice and rats will respond immunologically to the antigen(s). It was uncertain whether the antigens were related to the viral structural proteins or to non-virion, tumour-specific surface antigens (TSSA) or both. In an 125I-antiglobulin binding assay, Moloney virus completely blocked the binding of mouse and rat sera to virus shedding target cells, thus suggesting that mice and rats recognise only viral proteins. Mice responded to type-specific and rats mainly to group-specific determinants on the virus. Individual Moloney viral proteins were prepared using the guanidine HCl method and were used to block the binding of the rat anti-Moloney immune serum to Moloney virus shedding target cells. By this method, it was demonstrated that the rat serum contains specificities for the viral proteins gp70 and p30, but it was not possible to detect any antibodies directed towards non-virion or TSSA-like molecules.", "PMID": 61944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_216", "title": "Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. I. Indirect single radial immunodiffusion as a useful method for detection and assay of soluble antigen.", "content": "A useful method for the detection and assay of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related soluble antigen has been developed by the application of the indirect single radial immunodiffusion technique which is frequently used for quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins and other soluble proteins. When the extracts of EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive non-producer cells (Raji and NC-37) were applied to agar plates containing seropositive human serum, followed by overlay with anti-human IgG serum, ring-shaped precipitates with high specificity were clearly evident. The size of such precipitin rings was proportional to the amount of the antigen. This method is simple and applicable for a quantitative assay of a particular EBV-related soluble antigen and antibody and the sensitivity is equivalent to that seen with the complement fixation test.", "contents": "Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. I. Indirect single radial immunodiffusion as a useful method for detection and assay of soluble antigen. A useful method for the detection and assay of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related soluble antigen has been developed by the application of the indirect single radial immunodiffusion technique which is frequently used for quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins and other soluble proteins. When the extracts of EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive non-producer cells (Raji and NC-37) were applied to agar plates containing seropositive human serum, followed by overlay with anti-human IgG serum, ring-shaped precipitates with high specificity were clearly evident. The size of such precipitin rings was proportional to the amount of the antigen. This method is simple and applicable for a quantitative assay of a particular EBV-related soluble antigen and antibody and the sensitivity is equivalent to that seen with the complement fixation test.", "PMID": 61945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_217", "title": "In vitro stimulation of mouse lymphoid cells by C1300 neuroblastoma cells or tumor membrane extracts.", "content": "Spleen lymphoid cells from A/J mice recognize specific antigenic differences on the surface membranes of syngeneic C1300 neuroblastoma cells and incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA in unidirectional mixed cell cultures in the absence of isologous serum. The response requires an optimal ratio of responder to stimulator cells, and is detectable after 24 h. It is specifically blocked by the presence of a papain-solubilized crude membrane extract from the same neuroblastoma cells, the extent of inhibition being dependent on the concentration of the extract and the time when it is added to the cultures. Spleen cells from mice bearing the neuroblastoma respond earlier and incorporate more 3H-thymidine than cells from unsensitized mice. The enhanced response of the primed spleen cells to the stimulator cells is similar to a secondary immune response and can be induced by soluble crude tumor extracts in the absence of stimulator cells.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of mouse lymphoid cells by C1300 neuroblastoma cells or tumor membrane extracts. Spleen lymphoid cells from A/J mice recognize specific antigenic differences on the surface membranes of syngeneic C1300 neuroblastoma cells and incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA in unidirectional mixed cell cultures in the absence of isologous serum. The response requires an optimal ratio of responder to stimulator cells, and is detectable after 24 h. It is specifically blocked by the presence of a papain-solubilized crude membrane extract from the same neuroblastoma cells, the extent of inhibition being dependent on the concentration of the extract and the time when it is added to the cultures. Spleen cells from mice bearing the neuroblastoma respond earlier and incorporate more 3H-thymidine than cells from unsensitized mice. The enhanced response of the primed spleen cells to the stimulator cells is similar to a secondary immune response and can be induced by soluble crude tumor extracts in the absence of stimulator cells.", "PMID": 61946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_218", "title": "Interaction of bleomycin and radiation in combined treatment on mouse L cells.", "content": "Using an established line of L cells, we studied survival properties and recovery after combined action of bleomycin and radiation. A moderate synergistic effect was observed when bleomycin and radiation were given simultaneously. Cell recovery from radiation damage was not affected by bleomycin. Results seem to be in agreement with previously published data.", "contents": "Interaction of bleomycin and radiation in combined treatment on mouse L cells. Using an established line of L cells, we studied survival properties and recovery after combined action of bleomycin and radiation. A moderate synergistic effect was observed when bleomycin and radiation were given simultaneously. Cell recovery from radiation damage was not affected by bleomycin. Results seem to be in agreement with previously published data.", "PMID": 61947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_219", "title": "A new pyrazolidine derivative - benetazone spofa - in short- and medium-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (Double-blind comparative study with phenylbutazone).", "content": "The effects of Benetazone Spofa (trimethazone) in a dose of 1000 mg/day with those of phenylbutazone in a dose of 600 mg day in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested in a short-term double-blind trial (3 weeks) and in a long-term double-blind trial (12 weeks). The short-term trial failed to disclose a significant superior effect of phenylbutazone, and the continued prolonged therapy showed, on the contrary, the higher effectiveness of the new derivative, but the difference was not statistically significant. The main advantage of Benetazone consisted of its lower toxicity, better tolerance and of the much lower tendency to produce fluid retention compared to phenylbutazone.", "contents": "A new pyrazolidine derivative - benetazone spofa - in short- and medium-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (Double-blind comparative study with phenylbutazone). The effects of Benetazone Spofa (trimethazone) in a dose of 1000 mg/day with those of phenylbutazone in a dose of 600 mg day in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested in a short-term double-blind trial (3 weeks) and in a long-term double-blind trial (12 weeks). The short-term trial failed to disclose a significant superior effect of phenylbutazone, and the continued prolonged therapy showed, on the contrary, the higher effectiveness of the new derivative, but the difference was not statistically significant. The main advantage of Benetazone consisted of its lower toxicity, better tolerance and of the much lower tendency to produce fluid retention compared to phenylbutazone.", "PMID": 61951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_220", "title": "Double-blind controlled trial of the new preparation FZ. 560 in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders.", "content": "A controlled double-blind clinical trial was carried out to compare the effects of a new combination FZ. 560 in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders including a wide variety of symptoms. The combination contained fentonium bromide, 10 mg, dehydrocholic acid, 25 mg, pancreatin 3FU, 50 mg, and lactulose, 200 mg; it was compared with fentonium bromide 10 mg, and the other components. The three treatment groups included 37 patients, treated for a maximum of 14 days. The severity of the painful and dyspeptic symptoms was recorded daily; the overall daily scores were analyzed using persistence curves. A 50% reduction of the initial overall scores was observed in all the 12 patients in the combination groups by the third treatment day, but not until the 13th day in the fentonium group, while a 50% reduction in symptom intensity was not achieved during the trial in 7.7% of the group treated with the other components. Statistical comparison with the Wilcoxon test showed in fact that the effects of FZ. 560 were significantly superior to those of the two control preparations which did not differ significantly. These results, therefore, demonstrate clearly the advantages of the new combination FZ. 560.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled trial of the new preparation FZ. 560 in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders. A controlled double-blind clinical trial was carried out to compare the effects of a new combination FZ. 560 in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders including a wide variety of symptoms. The combination contained fentonium bromide, 10 mg, dehydrocholic acid, 25 mg, pancreatin 3FU, 50 mg, and lactulose, 200 mg; it was compared with fentonium bromide 10 mg, and the other components. The three treatment groups included 37 patients, treated for a maximum of 14 days. The severity of the painful and dyspeptic symptoms was recorded daily; the overall daily scores were analyzed using persistence curves. A 50% reduction of the initial overall scores was observed in all the 12 patients in the combination groups by the third treatment day, but not until the 13th day in the fentonium group, while a 50% reduction in symptom intensity was not achieved during the trial in 7.7% of the group treated with the other components. Statistical comparison with the Wilcoxon test showed in fact that the effects of FZ. 560 were significantly superior to those of the two control preparations which did not differ significantly. These results, therefore, demonstrate clearly the advantages of the new combination FZ. 560.", "PMID": 61952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_221", "title": "Immunologic identification of M. leprae. Immunofluorescence and complement fixation.", "content": "A markedly improved immunofluorescent technic employing FITC conjugated IgG antibody prepared from lepromatous serum is described as a means of specific identification of M. leprae. An additional immunologic identification method for M. leprae is presented as a micro-complement fixation technic employing antigen rather than antibody dilution. Studies with these technics suggest that M. leprae specific antigen is probably a surface antigen and has as part of its mosaic a lecithin-phospholipid component. It is not unlikely that it is a protein-glyco-phospholipid with a polysaccharide component. These technics employed with nodular extract (NE) from lepromas, with 15 strains of mycobacteria, with M. leprae from human tissue as well as from previously reported in vitro culture, strongly reinforce the allegation that M. leprae is readily cultivated in vitro in the hyaluronic acid based medium LA-3, previously reported.", "contents": "Immunologic identification of M. leprae. Immunofluorescence and complement fixation. A markedly improved immunofluorescent technic employing FITC conjugated IgG antibody prepared from lepromatous serum is described as a means of specific identification of M. leprae. An additional immunologic identification method for M. leprae is presented as a micro-complement fixation technic employing antigen rather than antibody dilution. Studies with these technics suggest that M. leprae specific antigen is probably a surface antigen and has as part of its mosaic a lecithin-phospholipid component. It is not unlikely that it is a protein-glyco-phospholipid with a polysaccharide component. These technics employed with nodular extract (NE) from lepromas, with 15 strains of mycobacteria, with M. leprae from human tissue as well as from previously reported in vitro culture, strongly reinforce the allegation that M. leprae is readily cultivated in vitro in the hyaluronic acid based medium LA-3, previously reported.", "PMID": 61949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_222", "title": "The use of non-deparaffinized tissue sections for staining leprosy bacilli.", "content": "Reduced acid-fast staining of leprosy bacilli occurs during the dewaxing of paraffin sections by xylene and alcohols; the older and more decrepit bacilli being especially affected. By the use of non-deparaffinized sections, the leprosy bacilli which could not be stained with the usual carbol fuchsin are strongly stained. Moreover, non-deparafinized sections can be used for the periodic acid-carbol pararosanilin stain or methenamine silver stain for demonstrating mycobacteria.", "contents": "The use of non-deparaffinized tissue sections for staining leprosy bacilli. Reduced acid-fast staining of leprosy bacilli occurs during the dewaxing of paraffin sections by xylene and alcohols; the older and more decrepit bacilli being especially affected. By the use of non-deparaffinized sections, the leprosy bacilli which could not be stained with the usual carbol fuchsin are strongly stained. Moreover, non-deparafinized sections can be used for the periodic acid-carbol pararosanilin stain or methenamine silver stain for demonstrating mycobacteria.", "PMID": 61950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_223", "title": "Evidence for a role of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase in septum separation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Septum formation and septum separation have been studied in a chain-forming mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 bearing the envA mutation and its parental strain. In comparison to the wild type, the mutant showed a sixfold reduction in the specific activity of the enzyme, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28), part of which was associated to the outer membrane. Genetic as well as physiological suppression of chain formation resulted in an increase in amidase activity. The addition of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid to growing wild-type cells and to cells bearing the envA mutation caused an inhibition of cell separation and an increased frequency of visible septa. The kinetics of septum formation and separation was followed in chains by the use of ampicillin and nalidixic acid. The latter drug inhibited initiation of new septa but allowed preformed ones to go to cell separation at a rate corresponding to that of steady-state growing cells. Ampicillin treatment, on the other hand, resulted in a more rapid decrease in the frequency of septa. The disparate effects of ampicillin and nalidixic acid were not explained by a difference in amidase activity but could be due to an inhibitory effect of ampicillin on a septal peptidoglycan fusing activity.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase in septum separation in Escherichia coli. Septum formation and septum separation have been studied in a chain-forming mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 bearing the envA mutation and its parental strain. In comparison to the wild type, the mutant showed a sixfold reduction in the specific activity of the enzyme, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28), part of which was associated to the outer membrane. Genetic as well as physiological suppression of chain formation resulted in an increase in amidase activity. The addition of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid to growing wild-type cells and to cells bearing the envA mutation caused an inhibition of cell separation and an increased frequency of visible septa. The kinetics of septum formation and separation was followed in chains by the use of ampicillin and nalidixic acid. The latter drug inhibited initiation of new septa but allowed preformed ones to go to cell separation at a rate corresponding to that of steady-state growing cells. Ampicillin treatment, on the other hand, resulted in a more rapid decrease in the frequency of septa. The disparate effects of ampicillin and nalidixic acid were not explained by a difference in amidase activity but could be due to an inhibitory effect of ampicillin on a septal peptidoglycan fusing activity.", "PMID": 61961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_224", "title": "[Histologic data on the lingual glands in various anuran amphibians].", "content": "The anuran Amphibians have a well developed tongue which is either protractile or attached to the floor of the buccal cavity according to the species. The lingual glands of the papillary dorsal side consist of simple tubules. The stratified epithelium of the ventral and lateral sides of the tongue is composed of mucous and muco-serous cells inserted between the covering ciliated cells. Filiform pappillae and glands  have a simple epithelium with numerous outer ciliated cells and glandular cells. The latter eleborate a product rich in glycosaminoglycans, more or less acid according to the species, associated with proteins. The lingual gland secretion is composed of proteins; when present, glycosaminoglycans are less abundant and less acid than those produced by the outer glandular cells. The histochemical and ultrastructural characters of the lingual glands of Anurans are compared to those of Apoda and Caudata previously studied by the same techniques.", "contents": "[Histologic data on the lingual glands in various anuran amphibians]. The anuran Amphibians have a well developed tongue which is either protractile or attached to the floor of the buccal cavity according to the species. The lingual glands of the papillary dorsal side consist of simple tubules. The stratified epithelium of the ventral and lateral sides of the tongue is composed of mucous and muco-serous cells inserted between the covering ciliated cells. Filiform pappillae and glands  have a simple epithelium with numerous outer ciliated cells and glandular cells. The latter eleborate a product rich in glycosaminoglycans, more or less acid according to the species, associated with proteins. The lingual gland secretion is composed of proteins; when present, glycosaminoglycans are less abundant and less acid than those produced by the outer glandular cells. The histochemical and ultrastructural characters of the lingual glands of Anurans are compared to those of Apoda and Caudata previously studied by the same techniques.", "PMID": 61962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_225", "title": "Inhibition of activated factor XII by antithrombin-heparin cofactor.", "content": "The activation of Factor XII occurs via fragmentation of this zymogen into a diverse spectrum of enzymatically potent molecular species. To study the interaction of antithrombin-heparin cofactor and heparin with activated Factor XII, we have employed two forms of this enzyme with widely differing physical characteristics and biologic potencies. Antithrombin-heparin cofactor was found to be a progressive, time-dependent inhibitor of both forms. The addition of heparin dramatically accelerated the rates of these interactions. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of reduced proteins has indicated that antithrombin-heparin cofactor functions by forming an undissociable complex with either species of the enzyme. This complex represents a 1:1 stoichiometric combination of activated Factor XII and inhibitor. In the presence of heparin, both species undergo virtually instantaneous complex formation with antithrombin-heparin cofactor without exhibiting alterations in dissociability or stoichiometry.", "contents": "Inhibition of activated factor XII by antithrombin-heparin cofactor. The activation of Factor XII occurs via fragmentation of this zymogen into a diverse spectrum of enzymatically potent molecular species. To study the interaction of antithrombin-heparin cofactor and heparin with activated Factor XII, we have employed two forms of this enzyme with widely differing physical characteristics and biologic potencies. Antithrombin-heparin cofactor was found to be a progressive, time-dependent inhibitor of both forms. The addition of heparin dramatically accelerated the rates of these interactions. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of reduced proteins has indicated that antithrombin-heparin cofactor functions by forming an undissociable complex with either species of the enzyme. This complex represents a 1:1 stoichiometric combination of activated Factor XII and inhibitor. In the presence of heparin, both species undergo virtually instantaneous complex formation with antithrombin-heparin cofactor without exhibiting alterations in dissociability or stoichiometry.", "PMID": 61963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_226", "title": "Binding of thyroid hormones and their analogues to thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to study the binding of several thyroid hormones and structurally related compounds to human serum thyroxine-binding alpha-globulin (TBG). The source of TBG was normal human serum diluted 1:100 in 0.035 M barbital buffer, pH 7.4. In the binding assays, 125I-thyroxine, unlabeled thyroxine, and diluted serum were incubated for 20 h at 37 degrees in Plexiglas equilibrium dialysis units. Two orders of binding sites were discerned: a high affinity, low capacity binding site with an affinity constant of approximately 2.5 X 10(9) M-1, and a low affinity, very high capacity binding site with an affinity constant of less than 10(6) M-1. Studies with purified TBG, serum deficient in TBG, and purified human serum albumin indicated that the high affinity site represented binding to TBG and the low affinity site represented binging to albumin. The ability of several groups of thyroid hormone analogues to bind to TBG was then investigated. As a result of these studies, the following structural features of thyroid hormones were found to be important for optimal binding activity: (a) the L-alanine side chain conformation, (b) the presence of a 4'-hydroxyl group, (c) the presence of two substituents in the inner and outer rings (positions 3, 5, 3', and 5'), and (d) the presence of either bromines or iodines in the inner ring and iodines in the outer ring. Of lesser importance was the presence of an oxygen atom in the ether position.", "contents": "Binding of thyroid hormones and their analogues to thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum. The present study was undertaken to study the binding of several thyroid hormones and structurally related compounds to human serum thyroxine-binding alpha-globulin (TBG). The source of TBG was normal human serum diluted 1:100 in 0.035 M barbital buffer, pH 7.4. In the binding assays, 125I-thyroxine, unlabeled thyroxine, and diluted serum were incubated for 20 h at 37 degrees in Plexiglas equilibrium dialysis units. Two orders of binding sites were discerned: a high affinity, low capacity binding site with an affinity constant of approximately 2.5 X 10(9) M-1, and a low affinity, very high capacity binding site with an affinity constant of less than 10(6) M-1. Studies with purified TBG, serum deficient in TBG, and purified human serum albumin indicated that the high affinity site represented binding to TBG and the low affinity site represented binging to albumin. The ability of several groups of thyroid hormone analogues to bind to TBG was then investigated. As a result of these studies, the following structural features of thyroid hormones were found to be important for optimal binding activity: (a) the L-alanine side chain conformation, (b) the presence of a 4'-hydroxyl group, (c) the presence of two substituents in the inner and outer rings (positions 3, 5, 3', and 5'), and (d) the presence of either bromines or iodines in the inner ring and iodines in the outer ring. Of lesser importance was the presence of an oxygen atom in the ether position.", "PMID": 61964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_227", "title": "Studies on the structural localization of rabbit H chain allotypic determinants controlled by the a locus. Purification and immunological properties of an immunopeptide bearing a3 allotypic determinants.", "content": "An immunopeptide bearing a3 allotypic determinant(s) was isolated from the gamma chain of an a3 homozygous rabbit (G222-2) immunized with type III pneumococcal vaccine. Immunocogical properties of peptides were studied using a radioimmunoassay that involved inhibition by these peptides of a reaction between 125I-labeled anti-a3 antibody and Sepharose-bound a3 immunoglobulin G (IgG). The gamma chain was isolated from IgG of restricted heterogeneity and then citraconylated and digested with trypsin. The tryptic digest (TD1) was passed through an anti-a3 immunoabsorbent column either directly or after an intermediate step of Sephadex G-75 chromatography. The bound peptides (T1) were eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid and further digested with trypsin. The digest (TD2) was again run on the anti-a3 immunoabsorbent column to purify the bound immunopeptide T2. In the radioimmunossay this immunopeptide was found to have major a3 determinant(s). Its molecular weight was found to be approximately 6,000, which decreased to about 3,000 after reduction and alkylation. These data, together with NH2- and COOH-terminal analyses and cysteine peptide mapping, demonstrated that T2 is composed of two polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond, one from the cysteine 22 region having lysine at the COOH terminus and the other from the cysteine 92 region arginine at the COOH terminus. The lysine peptide was separated from the arginine peptide and its NH2-terminal sequence was found to be Gly-Asx-Glx-Ser-Thr-Cys. Since the cysteine is at position 22, the lysine peptide starts at position 17. It has approximately 22 residues. The framework sequence from 17 to 20 is different from those reported so far. In addition, the heavy chain used in these studies has some other unusual features including a histidine, probably in the first hypervariable region. The presence of histidine in the first hypervariable region of rabbit heavy chain has not been reported previously. The other peptide which is about 30 amino acids in length and ends with arginine 94, probably includes positions 67, 70, 71, 84, and 85 that are believed to have substitutions correlating with a allotypes. In a hypothetical three-deminsional model of the Fv portion of rabbit anti-SIII antibody BS-5, residues 17 to 33 of the lysine peptide and 67 to 79 and 84 to 85 which may be present in the arginine peptide are fully exposed on the surface and are far removed from the antibody combining site.", "contents": "Studies on the structural localization of rabbit H chain allotypic determinants controlled by the a locus. Purification and immunological properties of an immunopeptide bearing a3 allotypic determinants. An immunopeptide bearing a3 allotypic determinant(s) was isolated from the gamma chain of an a3 homozygous rabbit (G222-2) immunized with type III pneumococcal vaccine. Immunocogical properties of peptides were studied using a radioimmunoassay that involved inhibition by these peptides of a reaction between 125I-labeled anti-a3 antibody and Sepharose-bound a3 immunoglobulin G (IgG). The gamma chain was isolated from IgG of restricted heterogeneity and then citraconylated and digested with trypsin. The tryptic digest (TD1) was passed through an anti-a3 immunoabsorbent column either directly or after an intermediate step of Sephadex G-75 chromatography. The bound peptides (T1) were eluted with 0.1 M acetic acid and further digested with trypsin. The digest (TD2) was again run on the anti-a3 immunoabsorbent column to purify the bound immunopeptide T2. In the radioimmunossay this immunopeptide was found to have major a3 determinant(s). Its molecular weight was found to be approximately 6,000, which decreased to about 3,000 after reduction and alkylation. These data, together with NH2- and COOH-terminal analyses and cysteine peptide mapping, demonstrated that T2 is composed of two polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond, one from the cysteine 22 region having lysine at the COOH terminus and the other from the cysteine 92 region arginine at the COOH terminus. The lysine peptide was separated from the arginine peptide and its NH2-terminal sequence was found to be Gly-Asx-Glx-Ser-Thr-Cys. Since the cysteine is at position 22, the lysine peptide starts at position 17. It has approximately 22 residues. The framework sequence from 17 to 20 is different from those reported so far. In addition, the heavy chain used in these studies has some other unusual features including a histidine, probably in the first hypervariable region. The presence of histidine in the first hypervariable region of rabbit heavy chain has not been reported previously. The other peptide which is about 30 amino acids in length and ends with arginine 94, probably includes positions 67, 70, 71, 84, and 85 that are believed to have substitutions correlating with a allotypes. In a hypothetical three-deminsional model of the Fv portion of rabbit anti-SIII antibody BS-5, residues 17 to 33 of the lysine peptide and 67 to 79 and 84 to 85 which may be present in the arginine peptide are fully exposed on the surface and are far removed from the antibody combining site.", "PMID": 61965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_228", "title": "Flow cytofluorometric analysis of cell cycle distributions using propidium iodide. Properties of the method and mathematical analysis of the data.", "content": "In order to better characterize the new rapid staining method for flow cytofluorometry proposed by Krishan, we have tested its stability and several other properties, and have carried out a quantitative comparison of the fluorescence histograms obtained using propidium iodide or the acriflavine-Feulgen staining procedure. Using a human hematopoietic cell line in the logarithmic phase of growth, and analyzing the data by means of a mathematical method we have devised, we found that the fluorescence intentsity of cells stained with propidium iodide remains stable for at least 48 h; it is insensitive to dye concentration between 0.025 and 0.10 mg/ml (37-150 muM); it is not affected by incubation with ribonuclease before staining; propidium iodide in 0.1% sodium citrate remains stable for at least 20 days; and quantitative estimates of the fractions of cells in the different phases of the cell cycle are in good agreement with those obtained from acriflavine-Feulgen staining and from autoradiography after pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine. We conclude that this method is useful for the measurement of relative DNA content by flow cytofluorometry, although modifications in the technique are necessary for some cell types which grow in monolayers.", "contents": "Flow cytofluorometric analysis of cell cycle distributions using propidium iodide. Properties of the method and mathematical analysis of the data. In order to better characterize the new rapid staining method for flow cytofluorometry proposed by Krishan, we have tested its stability and several other properties, and have carried out a quantitative comparison of the fluorescence histograms obtained using propidium iodide or the acriflavine-Feulgen staining procedure. Using a human hematopoietic cell line in the logarithmic phase of growth, and analyzing the data by means of a mathematical method we have devised, we found that the fluorescence intentsity of cells stained with propidium iodide remains stable for at least 48 h; it is insensitive to dye concentration between 0.025 and 0.10 mg/ml (37-150 muM); it is not affected by incubation with ribonuclease before staining; propidium iodide in 0.1% sodium citrate remains stable for at least 20 days; and quantitative estimates of the fractions of cells in the different phases of the cell cycle are in good agreement with those obtained from acriflavine-Feulgen staining and from autoradiography after pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine. We conclude that this method is useful for the measurement of relative DNA content by flow cytofluorometry, although modifications in the technique are necessary for some cell types which grow in monolayers.", "PMID": 61966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_229", "title": "Effect of colchicine on rat mast cells.", "content": "In the mast cell, a well-developed array of microtubules is centered around the centrioles. Complete loss of microtubules is observed when mast cells are treated with 10(-5) M colchicine for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The loss of ultrastructurally evident microtubules is associated with a marked change in the shape of mast cells from spheroids to highly irregular, frequently elongated forms with eccentric nuclei. In colchicine-treated cells the association of nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles is also lost. Mast cells exposed to 10(-5) M colchicine for 4 h at 37 degrees C retain 80% of their capacity to release histamine when stimulated by polymyxin B. Exocytosis is evident in stimulated cells pretreated with colchicine and lacking identifiable microtubules. When the conditions of exposure of mast cells to colchicine are varied with respect to the concentration of colchicine, the length of exposure, and the temperature of exposure, dissociation between deformation of cell shape and inhibition of histamine secretion is observed. These observations indicate that microtubules are not essential for mast cell histamine release and bring into question the assumption that the inhibitory effect of colchicine on mast cell secretion depends on interference with microtubule integrity.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on rat mast cells. In the mast cell, a well-developed array of microtubules is centered around the centrioles. Complete loss of microtubules is observed when mast cells are treated with 10(-5) M colchicine for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The loss of ultrastructurally evident microtubules is associated with a marked change in the shape of mast cells from spheroids to highly irregular, frequently elongated forms with eccentric nuclei. In colchicine-treated cells the association of nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and centrioles is also lost. Mast cells exposed to 10(-5) M colchicine for 4 h at 37 degrees C retain 80% of their capacity to release histamine when stimulated by polymyxin B. Exocytosis is evident in stimulated cells pretreated with colchicine and lacking identifiable microtubules. When the conditions of exposure of mast cells to colchicine are varied with respect to the concentration of colchicine, the length of exposure, and the temperature of exposure, dissociation between deformation of cell shape and inhibition of histamine secretion is observed. These observations indicate that microtubules are not essential for mast cell histamine release and bring into question the assumption that the inhibitory effect of colchicine on mast cell secretion depends on interference with microtubule integrity.", "PMID": 61967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_230", "title": "Apparent anomalies in nuclear feulgen-DNA contents. Role of systematic microdensitometric errors.", "content": "The Feulgen-DNA contents of human leukocytes, sperm, and oral squames were investigated by scanning and integrating microdensitometry, both with and without correction for residual distribution error and glare. Maximally stained sperm had absorbances which at  lambdamax exceeded the measuring range of the Vickers M86 microdensitometer; this potential source of error could be avoided either by using shorter hydrolysis times or by measuring at an off-peak wavelength. Small but statistically significant apparent differences between leukocyte types were found in uncorrected but not fully corrected measurements, and some apparent differences disappeared when only one of the residual instrumental errors was eliminated. In uncorrected measurements, the apparent Feulgen-DNA content of maximally stained polymorphs measured at lambdamax was significantly lower than that of squames, while in all experimental series uncorrected measurements showed apparent diploid:haploid ratios significantly greater than two. In fully corrected measurements no significant differences were found between leukocytes and squames, and in four independent estimations the lowest diploid:haploid ratio found was 1.99 +/- 0.05, and the highest 2.03 +/- 0.05. Discrepancies found in uncorrected measurements could be correlated with morphology of the nuclei concerned. Glare particularly affected measurements of relatively compact nuclei such as those of sperm, polymorphs and lymphocytes, while residual distribution error was especially marked with nuclei having a high perimeter:area ratio (e.g. sperm and polymorphs). Uncorrected instrumental errors, especially residual distribution error and glare, probably account for at least some of the previously reported apparent differences between the Feulgen-DNA contents of different cell types. On the basis of our experimental evidence, and a consideration of the published work of others, it appears that within the rather narrow limits of random experimental error there seems little or no reason to postulate either genuine differences in the amounts of DNA present in the cells studied, or nonstoichiometry of a correctly performed Feulgen reaction.", "contents": "Apparent anomalies in nuclear feulgen-DNA contents. Role of systematic microdensitometric errors. The Feulgen-DNA contents of human leukocytes, sperm, and oral squames were investigated by scanning and integrating microdensitometry, both with and without correction for residual distribution error and glare. Maximally stained sperm had absorbances which at  lambdamax exceeded the measuring range of the Vickers M86 microdensitometer; this potential source of error could be avoided either by using shorter hydrolysis times or by measuring at an off-peak wavelength. Small but statistically significant apparent differences between leukocyte types were found in uncorrected but not fully corrected measurements, and some apparent differences disappeared when only one of the residual instrumental errors was eliminated. In uncorrected measurements, the apparent Feulgen-DNA content of maximally stained polymorphs measured at lambdamax was significantly lower than that of squames, while in all experimental series uncorrected measurements showed apparent diploid:haploid ratios significantly greater than two. In fully corrected measurements no significant differences were found between leukocytes and squames, and in four independent estimations the lowest diploid:haploid ratio found was 1.99 +/- 0.05, and the highest 2.03 +/- 0.05. Discrepancies found in uncorrected measurements could be correlated with morphology of the nuclei concerned. Glare particularly affected measurements of relatively compact nuclei such as those of sperm, polymorphs and lymphocytes, while residual distribution error was especially marked with nuclei having a high perimeter:area ratio (e.g. sperm and polymorphs). Uncorrected instrumental errors, especially residual distribution error and glare, probably account for at least some of the previously reported apparent differences between the Feulgen-DNA contents of different cell types. On the basis of our experimental evidence, and a consideration of the published work of others, it appears that within the rather narrow limits of random experimental error there seems little or no reason to postulate either genuine differences in the amounts of DNA present in the cells studied, or nonstoichiometry of a correctly performed Feulgen reaction.", "PMID": 61968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_231", "title": "Immunofluorescence evidence for the absence of histone H1 in a mitotically dividing, genetically inactive nucleus.", "content": "Antibodies directed against whole histone and purified lysine-rich histone H1 extracted from isolated macronuclei of the ciliate Tetrahymena were obtained and conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. The fluorescein-antibody conjugates were used to directly label Tetrahymena cells. Both macro- and micronuclei were visibly fluorescent in cells stained with anti-whole histone conjugate. However, the anti-H1 conjugate only labeled macronuclei. This in situ demonstration of the lack of positive immunofluorescent staining of micronuclei with anti-H1 conjugate provide further evidence for the absence of H1 in the genetically inactive, mitotically dividing Tetrahymena micronucleus.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence evidence for the absence of histone H1 in a mitotically dividing, genetically inactive nucleus. Antibodies directed against whole histone and purified lysine-rich histone H1 extracted from isolated macronuclei of the ciliate Tetrahymena were obtained and conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. The fluorescein-antibody conjugates were used to directly label Tetrahymena cells. Both macro- and micronuclei were visibly fluorescent in cells stained with anti-whole histone conjugate. However, the anti-H1 conjugate only labeled macronuclei. This in situ demonstration of the lack of positive immunofluorescent staining of micronuclei with anti-H1 conjugate provide further evidence for the absence of H1 in the genetically inactive, mitotically dividing Tetrahymena micronucleus.", "PMID": 61969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_232", "title": "Preclinical hyperthyroidism in multinodular goiter.", "content": "The thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) (200 mug iv) was determined in 80 surgical patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter. The TSH reserve was normal in multinodular goiter. The TSH reserve was normal in 55 and elavated in 8 patients. No TSH response to TRH (deltaTSH less than or equal to 1 muU/ml) was detectable in 17 patients (21%). Individual and mean serum T4, FT4I and serum T3 values did not differ from normal in 13 of the TRH unresponsive patients; in 4 patients FT4I or serum T3 was marginally elevated. No statistical differences were noted for I131-uptake, PBI131 and conversion rate between controls and TRH unresponsive patients. All patients who failed to respond to TRH were euthyroid on clinical evaluation. Goiters were large multinodular and long-standing in most instances. In 12 tested subjects TRH responsiveness recovered following partial thyroidectomy. In 3 of 7 TRH unresponsive euthyroid patients tested 9-12 days post surgery a transient lack of TSH to respond to TRH was observed. Recovery of TRH responsiveness was accompanied by a significant (P IS LESS THAN 0, 02) decrease in serum T4and FT4I in the euthyroid range, whereas no change in serum T3 occurred. It is suggested that TRH unresponsiveness represents a state of preclinical hyperthyroidism maintained by autonomously functioning goiter compartments.", "contents": "Preclinical hyperthyroidism in multinodular goiter. The thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) (200 mug iv) was determined in 80 surgical patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter. The TSH reserve was normal in multinodular goiter. The TSH reserve was normal in 55 and elavated in 8 patients. No TSH response to TRH (deltaTSH less than or equal to 1 muU/ml) was detectable in 17 patients (21%). Individual and mean serum T4, FT4I and serum T3 values did not differ from normal in 13 of the TRH unresponsive patients; in 4 patients FT4I or serum T3 was marginally elevated. No statistical differences were noted for I131-uptake, PBI131 and conversion rate between controls and TRH unresponsive patients. All patients who failed to respond to TRH were euthyroid on clinical evaluation. Goiters were large multinodular and long-standing in most instances. In 12 tested subjects TRH responsiveness recovered following partial thyroidectomy. In 3 of 7 TRH unresponsive euthyroid patients tested 9-12 days post surgery a transient lack of TSH to respond to TRH was observed. Recovery of TRH responsiveness was accompanied by a significant (P IS LESS THAN 0, 02) decrease in serum T4and FT4I in the euthyroid range, whereas no change in serum T3 occurred. It is suggested that TRH unresponsiveness represents a state of preclinical hyperthyroidism maintained by autonomously functioning goiter compartments.", "PMID": 61970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_233", "title": "A study of possible biohazards in the fluorescent antibody test using adenovirus, coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, and respiratory syncytial virus as antigens.", "content": "Infectious adenovirus type 5 and coxsackievirus type B5, both nonlipid-containing viruses, were isolated from cells fixed in acetone at 22 degrees C for 15 min, from acetone used for fixation, from the solution used for washing slides during the fluorescent antibody procedure, and after complete processing of antigen preparations with serial twofold dilutions of human antisera and fluorescein-labeled goat anti-human immunoglobulin G. Lipid-containing herpes simplex virus type 1 and respiratory syncytial virus were inactivated by acetone, and infectious virus could not be recovered at any stage in the fluorescent antibody test. Fixation in acetone at 56 degrees C destroyed the infectivity of adenovirus 5 and coxsackievirus B5 within 30 min, but no adverse effect on the antigenic determinants of either virus occurred until after 60 min, thus demonstrating that these antigens can be utilized without the hazard of infectious virus.", "contents": "A study of possible biohazards in the fluorescent antibody test using adenovirus, coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, and respiratory syncytial virus as antigens. Infectious adenovirus type 5 and coxsackievirus type B5, both nonlipid-containing viruses, were isolated from cells fixed in acetone at 22 degrees C for 15 min, from acetone used for fixation, from the solution used for washing slides during the fluorescent antibody procedure, and after complete processing of antigen preparations with serial twofold dilutions of human antisera and fluorescein-labeled goat anti-human immunoglobulin G. Lipid-containing herpes simplex virus type 1 and respiratory syncytial virus were inactivated by acetone, and infectious virus could not be recovered at any stage in the fluorescent antibody test. Fixation in acetone at 56 degrees C destroyed the infectivity of adenovirus 5 and coxsackievirus B5 within 30 min, but no adverse effect on the antigenic determinants of either virus occurred until after 60 min, thus demonstrating that these antigens can be utilized without the hazard of infectious virus.", "PMID": 61971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_234", "title": "Microscopy of stained urine smears to determine the need for quantitative culture.", "content": "Consecutive specimens (2,564) of urine were cultured quantitatively, and Gram-stained smears were prepared from centrifugates as well as from the uncentrifuged specimens. About half of the specimens harbored organisms, and the quantity seen in smears of the centrifugates correlated reasonably well with the numbers of viable organisms cultured from the specimens. For example, smears of 900 centrifugates had one or more organisms per oil immersion field; 712 of their respective specimens proved to have colony counts of 10(5) or greater, and 120 had 10(4) to less than 10(5). For 188 specimens, however, the smears falsely predicted greater than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units (many of these fell into the group that had 10(4) to less than 10(5)) but failed to predict clinically significant concentration of 10(5) or greater in only 31. Predictive values are presented also for lesser quantities of organisms seen in such smears. With rare exception, smears of centrifugates were superior to those of whole specimens as predictors of the concentration of viable organisms. Evaluation of smears proved not to be biased by the operator; values did not deviate significantly depending upon whether one or several microbiologists performed the evaluations.", "contents": "Microscopy of stained urine smears to determine the need for quantitative culture. Consecutive specimens (2,564) of urine were cultured quantitatively, and Gram-stained smears were prepared from centrifugates as well as from the uncentrifuged specimens. About half of the specimens harbored organisms, and the quantity seen in smears of the centrifugates correlated reasonably well with the numbers of viable organisms cultured from the specimens. For example, smears of 900 centrifugates had one or more organisms per oil immersion field; 712 of their respective specimens proved to have colony counts of 10(5) or greater, and 120 had 10(4) to less than 10(5). For 188 specimens, however, the smears falsely predicted greater than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units (many of these fell into the group that had 10(4) to less than 10(5)) but failed to predict clinically significant concentration of 10(5) or greater in only 31. Predictive values are presented also for lesser quantities of organisms seen in such smears. With rare exception, smears of centrifugates were superior to those of whole specimens as predictors of the concentration of viable organisms. Evaluation of smears proved not to be biased by the operator; values did not deviate significantly depending upon whether one or several microbiologists performed the evaluations.", "PMID": 61972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_235", "title": "Comparison of machine and manual staining of direct smears for acid-fast bacilli by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Comparisons were made in Lusaka and in London between manual staining and staining in an automatic machine with auramine-phenol of direct smears of sputum and other types of specimen for acid-fast bacilli. No evidence was obtained of carry-over of acid-fast bacilli from positive to negative smears during machine staining. There was improved contrast between bacilli and the background in smears prepared with the machine.", "contents": "Comparison of machine and manual staining of direct smears for acid-fast bacilli by fluorescence microscopy. Comparisons were made in Lusaka and in London between manual staining and staining in an automatic machine with auramine-phenol of direct smears of sputum and other types of specimen for acid-fast bacilli. No evidence was obtained of carry-over of acid-fast bacilli from positive to negative smears during machine staining. There was improved contrast between bacilli and the background in smears prepared with the machine.", "PMID": 61973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_236", "title": "Changes in protease inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Plasma levels of fibrinogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III, and C1 inactivator were measured serially for 10 days in 11 patients after acute myocardial infarction. Both fibrinogen and alpha1-antitrypsin rose markedly to reach peak levels 5-7 days after infarction while C1 inactivator levels rose slowly with the highest observed mean level on the 10th postinfarction day. Neither antithrombin III nor alpha2-macroglobulin changed significantly after myocardial infarction. No relationship between C1 inactivator levels and either fibrinogen or alpha1-antitrypsin was found in a study of 30 patients with a variety of disorders while fibrinogen and alpha1-antitrypsin levels were significantly correlated.", "contents": "Changes in protease inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction. Plasma levels of fibrinogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, antithrombin III, and C1 inactivator were measured serially for 10 days in 11 patients after acute myocardial infarction. Both fibrinogen and alpha1-antitrypsin rose markedly to reach peak levels 5-7 days after infarction while C1 inactivator levels rose slowly with the highest observed mean level on the 10th postinfarction day. Neither antithrombin III nor alpha2-macroglobulin changed significantly after myocardial infarction. No relationship between C1 inactivator levels and either fibrinogen or alpha1-antitrypsin was found in a study of 30 patients with a variety of disorders while fibrinogen and alpha1-antitrypsin levels were significantly correlated.", "PMID": 61974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_237", "title": "The efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "The efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) of the rat have been examined using the autoradiographic method. Following injections of small amounts (0.4-2.0 muCi) of tritium labeled amino acids, fibers from the VMH can be traced forward through the periventricular region, the medial hypothalamus and the medial forebrain bundle to the preoptic and thalamic periventricular nuclei, to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and to the ventral part of the lateral septum. Some labeled axons continue through the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis into the stria itself, and hence to the amygdala, where they join other fibers which follow a ventral amygdalopetal route from the lateral hypothalamic area and ventral supraoptic commissure. These fibers terminate in the dorsal part of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in the capsule of the central nucleus. A lesser number of rostrally directed fibers from the VMH crosses the midline in the ventral supraoptic commissure and contributes a sparse projection to the contralateral amygdala. Descending fibers from the VMH take three routes: (i) through the medial hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle; (ii) through the periventricular region; and (iii) bilaterally through the ventral supraoptic commissure. These three pathways are interconnected by labeled fibers so that it is not possible to precisely identify their respective terminations. However, the periventricular fibers seem to project primarily to the posterior hypothalamic area and central gray, as far caudally as the anterior pole of the locus coeruleus, while the medial hypothalamic and medial forebrain bundle fibers apparently terminate mainly in the capsule of the mammillary complex, in the supramammillary nucleus and in the ventral tegmental area. The ventral supraoptic commissure fibers leave the hypothalamus closely applied to the medial edges of the two optic tracts. After giving off their contributions to the amygdala, they continue caudally until they cross the dorsal edge of the cerebral peduncle to enter the zona incerta. Some fibers probably terminate here, but others continue caudally to end in the dentral tegmental fields, and particularly in the peripeduncular nucleus. Within the hypothalamus, the VMH appears to project extensively to the surrounding nuclei. However, we have not been able to find evidence for a projection from the VMH to the median eminence. Isotope injections which differentially label the dorsomedial or the ventrolateral parts of the VMH have shown that most of the long connections (to the septum, amygdala, central tegmental fields and locus coeruleus) originate in the ventrolateral VMH, and there is also some evidence for a topographic organization within the projections of this subdivision of the nucleus.", "contents": "The efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat. The efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) of the rat have been examined using the autoradiographic method. Following injections of small amounts (0.4-2.0 muCi) of tritium labeled amino acids, fibers from the VMH can be traced forward through the periventricular region, the medial hypothalamus and the medial forebrain bundle to the preoptic and thalamic periventricular nuclei, to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and to the ventral part of the lateral septum. Some labeled axons continue through the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis into the stria itself, and hence to the amygdala, where they join other fibers which follow a ventral amygdalopetal route from the lateral hypothalamic area and ventral supraoptic commissure. These fibers terminate in the dorsal part of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in the capsule of the central nucleus. A lesser number of rostrally directed fibers from the VMH crosses the midline in the ventral supraoptic commissure and contributes a sparse projection to the contralateral amygdala. Descending fibers from the VMH take three routes: (i) through the medial hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle; (ii) through the periventricular region; and (iii) bilaterally through the ventral supraoptic commissure. These three pathways are interconnected by labeled fibers so that it is not possible to precisely identify their respective terminations. However, the periventricular fibers seem to project primarily to the posterior hypothalamic area and central gray, as far caudally as the anterior pole of the locus coeruleus, while the medial hypothalamic and medial forebrain bundle fibers apparently terminate mainly in the capsule of the mammillary complex, in the supramammillary nucleus and in the ventral tegmental area. The ventral supraoptic commissure fibers leave the hypothalamus closely applied to the medial edges of the two optic tracts. After giving off their contributions to the amygdala, they continue caudally until they cross the dorsal edge of the cerebral peduncle to enter the zona incerta. Some fibers probably terminate here, but others continue caudally to end in the dentral tegmental fields, and particularly in the peripeduncular nucleus. Within the hypothalamus, the VMH appears to project extensively to the surrounding nuclei. However, we have not been able to find evidence for a projection from the VMH to the median eminence. Isotope injections which differentially label the dorsomedial or the ventrolateral parts of the VMH have shown that most of the long connections (to the septum, amygdala, central tegmental fields and locus coeruleus) originate in the ventrolateral VMH, and there is also some evidence for a topographic organization within the projections of this subdivision of the nucleus.", "PMID": 61975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_238", "title": "Origins of axons in the cat's acoustic striae determined by injection of horseradish peroxidase into severed tracts.", "content": "Origins and terminations of fibers of the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae were studied by surgically severing these tracts and injecting HRP into the incision. This procedure results in filling the severed axons with HRP. Filled axons were traced to cell groups of origin and to some terminations of the acoustic striae. HRP-labeled terminals were found in the cochlear nuclei as well as in periolivary cell groups. Filling of cells with HRP RANged from being complete, resulting in Golgi-like images, to being barely detectable. Labeled cells were abundant in the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus adjacent to the injection as well as scattered throughout the periolivary cell groups of both sides, being highest in concentration around the ipsilateral lateral superior olive. On the side contralateral to the injection, labeled cells were found along the medial border of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in the interstitial nucleus of the stria of Held, and sparsely throughout the ventral cochlear nucleus. The distribution of labeled cells was similar following HRP injections of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, except that these injections revealed additional descending projections from the inferior colliculi and from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body of both sides. These additional projections were interpreted as entering the CN by a ventral route. Findings of this study are in accord with physiological recordings made from fibers of the acoustic striae.", "contents": "Origins of axons in the cat's acoustic striae determined by injection of horseradish peroxidase into severed tracts. Origins and terminations of fibers of the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae were studied by surgically severing these tracts and injecting HRP into the incision. This procedure results in filling the severed axons with HRP. Filled axons were traced to cell groups of origin and to some terminations of the acoustic striae. HRP-labeled terminals were found in the cochlear nuclei as well as in periolivary cell groups. Filling of cells with HRP RANged from being complete, resulting in Golgi-like images, to being barely detectable. Labeled cells were abundant in the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus adjacent to the injection as well as scattered throughout the periolivary cell groups of both sides, being highest in concentration around the ipsilateral lateral superior olive. On the side contralateral to the injection, labeled cells were found along the medial border of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in the interstitial nucleus of the stria of Held, and sparsely throughout the ventral cochlear nucleus. The distribution of labeled cells was similar following HRP injections of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, except that these injections revealed additional descending projections from the inferior colliculi and from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body of both sides. These additional projections were interpreted as entering the CN by a ventral route. Findings of this study are in accord with physiological recordings made from fibers of the acoustic striae.", "PMID": 61976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_239", "title": "The effect of atropine and albuterol aerosols on the human bronchial response to histamine.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in human asthmatics is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system and involves cholinergic pathways. Inhalation challenges were performed on 14 adult asthmatic patients using the standardized procedure for inhalation challenge recently recommended by the Asthma and Allergic Disease Centers panel. The effect of pretreatment with either aerosolized atropine sulfate or aerosolized albuterol, a specific beta-2 adrenergic agonist, was studied. The comulative units of histamine required for induction of a positive bronchial response (20% or greater drop in FEV1 from baseline) was used as the basis of comparison of the effects of these drugs. This value was expressed as the PD20-FEV1 to histamine. Analysis of the data showed that aerosolization of sufficient atropie to effect a cholinergic blockade, as shown by inhibition of the bronchial response to inhaled methacholine, only minimally affected the bronchial response to histamine (p less than 0.05). However, the administration of albuterol markedly shifted the response to histamine (p less than 0.005). Although there was a statistically significant change in the mean PD20-FEV1 to histamine following atropine blockade, this effect was small in comparison to that which could be demonstrated with a beta agonist. It would thus appear that the major influence of histamine is not through cholinergic pathways.", "contents": "The effect of atropine and albuterol aerosols on the human bronchial response to histamine. This study was designed to determine whether histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in human asthmatics is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system and involves cholinergic pathways. Inhalation challenges were performed on 14 adult asthmatic patients using the standardized procedure for inhalation challenge recently recommended by the Asthma and Allergic Disease Centers panel. The effect of pretreatment with either aerosolized atropine sulfate or aerosolized albuterol, a specific beta-2 adrenergic agonist, was studied. The comulative units of histamine required for induction of a positive bronchial response (20% or greater drop in FEV1 from baseline) was used as the basis of comparison of the effects of these drugs. This value was expressed as the PD20-FEV1 to histamine. Analysis of the data showed that aerosolization of sufficient atropie to effect a cholinergic blockade, as shown by inhibition of the bronchial response to inhaled methacholine, only minimally affected the bronchial response to histamine (p less than 0.05). However, the administration of albuterol markedly shifted the response to histamine (p less than 0.005). Although there was a statistically significant change in the mean PD20-FEV1 to histamine following atropine blockade, this effect was small in comparison to that which could be demonstrated with a beta agonist. It would thus appear that the major influence of histamine is not through cholinergic pathways.", "PMID": 61977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_240", "title": "Rat urinary metabolites from O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate.", "content": "Rats metabolized single oral doses of O,O-diethyl-O(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-2,6-14C) phosphorothioate to at least six radiolabeled urinary metabolites. The urine contained about 90 percent of the dose. Three of these metabolites were identified as the glucuronide of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (80% the urinary 14C), a glycoside of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (4%), and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (12%).", "contents": "Rat urinary metabolites from O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate. Rats metabolized single oral doses of O,O-diethyl-O(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-2,6-14C) phosphorothioate to at least six radiolabeled urinary metabolites. The urine contained about 90 percent of the dose. Three of these metabolites were identified as the glucuronide of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (80% the urinary 14C), a glycoside of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (4%), and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (12%).", "PMID": 61979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_241", "title": "1,2-Benzanthracene in soil.", "content": "Samples from three cultivated soils and one from a roadside, all in Ontario, were found to contain less than 1 to 68 ppb of 1,2-Benzanthracene (BA). Two plots subjected to stubble (residue of wheat crop) burning annually for 15 years did not contain significant amounts of BA, although polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including BA, result from pyrolysis of most organic matter.", "contents": "1,2-Benzanthracene in soil. Samples from three cultivated soils and one from a roadside, all in Ontario, were found to contain less than 1 to 68 ppb of 1,2-Benzanthracene (BA). Two plots subjected to stubble (residue of wheat crop) burning annually for 15 years did not contain significant amounts of BA, although polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including BA, result from pyrolysis of most organic matter.", "PMID": 61980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_242", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification and localization of immunoglobulin A within Paneth cells of the rat small intestine.", "content": "Light microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to identify Paneth cells by their lysozyme content and to detect immunoglobulin antigens within a subpopulation of these cells. Antisera specific for the heavy chains of rat or human immunoglobulin A and for immunoglobulin light chain antigens produced specific staining of rat Paneth cells. The distribution of immunoglobulin staining varied between adjacent Paneth cells in the same crypt and between Paneth cells in adjacent crypts, as well as between Paneth cell populations of different animals. No staining of rat Paneth cells was detected using antisera specific for the heavy chain of immunoglobulins G or M. The specific staining of Paneth cells for immunoglobulin A and light chain antigens was blocked by absorption of each antiserum with its respective purified antigen. Absorption of these antisera with purified rat lysozyme did not affect staining and thereby eliminated the possibility of immunologic cross-reactivity between lysozyme and immunoglobulin antigens. It is suggested, in light of current concepts of Paneth cell function, that the immunoglobulin staining of Paneth cells may reflect their ability to phagocytize immunoglobulin A-coated microorganisms or immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification and localization of immunoglobulin A within Paneth cells of the rat small intestine. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to identify Paneth cells by their lysozyme content and to detect immunoglobulin antigens within a subpopulation of these cells. Antisera specific for the heavy chains of rat or human immunoglobulin A and for immunoglobulin light chain antigens produced specific staining of rat Paneth cells. The distribution of immunoglobulin staining varied between adjacent Paneth cells in the same crypt and between Paneth cells in adjacent crypts, as well as between Paneth cell populations of different animals. No staining of rat Paneth cells was detected using antisera specific for the heavy chain of immunoglobulins G or M. The specific staining of Paneth cells for immunoglobulin A and light chain antigens was blocked by absorption of each antiserum with its respective purified antigen. Absorption of these antisera with purified rat lysozyme did not affect staining and thereby eliminated the possibility of immunologic cross-reactivity between lysozyme and immunoglobulin antigens. It is suggested, in light of current concepts of Paneth cell function, that the immunoglobulin staining of Paneth cells may reflect their ability to phagocytize immunoglobulin A-coated microorganisms or immune complexes containing immunoglobulin A.", "PMID": 61989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_243", "title": "[Glycoproteins in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid. Variations in normal and pathologic pregnancies].", "content": "In this brief note, which is a preliminary report, the authors investigated systematically the variations, during normal and complicated pregnancies, of the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha feto-protein, simultaneously in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid. There exists during normal pregnancies a difference between the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and of orosomucoid found for primigravidae and for multigravidae. The role of these glycoproteins in preventing the mother from rejecting the fetus is discussed. In addition for Rhesus isoimmunization the clinical value of the variations in the levels of transferrin is discussed.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid. Variations in normal and pathologic pregnancies]. In this brief note, which is a preliminary report, the authors investigated systematically the variations, during normal and complicated pregnancies, of the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha feto-protein, simultaneously in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid. There exists during normal pregnancies a difference between the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and of orosomucoid found for primigravidae and for multigravidae. The role of these glycoproteins in preventing the mother from rejecting the fetus is discussed. In addition for Rhesus isoimmunization the clinical value of the variations in the levels of transferrin is discussed.", "PMID": 61981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_244", "title": "Virus-enhanced modulation of cell surface antigens: effect on immune lytic susceptibility.", "content": "Monkey kidney cells, upon progressive subculture, became refractory to complement (C)-dependent immune cytolysis by anti-cell serum. Arbovirus infection restored these cells to a state of lytic susceptibility. Similar results were also abtained with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is C independent. Antibodies raised against different subcultures varied considerably in lytic efficiency, indicating changing patterns of host cell expression during continous subculture. Taken together with the fact that arbovirus infection festored the lytic efficiency of all antibody preparations to the same degree suggested some form of host cell antigen re-expression as a mechanism. The results obtained in several exploratory experiments indicated that the antigenic re-expression responsible for the restoration of lysis was probably a local or selective rather than a generalized phenomenon. Thus, the amount of host cell surface antigen, measured by the use of mouse anti-cell serum and 125I anti-mouse globulin, was identical in both uninfected lytic susceptible and refractory cells, and decreased in both functional states following infection. Further, the binding of 125I concanavalin A, used to quantify surface glycoproteins, was similar in both lytic refractory and susceptible cells, and in both cases declined folowing virus infection. This result was incompatible with gross \"masking\" of cell surface antigens by exuberant production of surface coat material in lytic resistant cells. Finally, brief trypsinization of lytic resistant cells yielded an 8-fold increase in immune lysis, a result further consistent with local rather than generalized surface changes. The data were discussed interms of modulation of cell surface antigens affected both by repeated subculture and arboviral infection, and as a possible in vitro correlate of altered self-reactivity.", "contents": "Virus-enhanced modulation of cell surface antigens: effect on immune lytic susceptibility. Monkey kidney cells, upon progressive subculture, became refractory to complement (C)-dependent immune cytolysis by anti-cell serum. Arbovirus infection restored these cells to a state of lytic susceptibility. Similar results were also abtained with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is C independent. Antibodies raised against different subcultures varied considerably in lytic efficiency, indicating changing patterns of host cell expression during continous subculture. Taken together with the fact that arbovirus infection festored the lytic efficiency of all antibody preparations to the same degree suggested some form of host cell antigen re-expression as a mechanism. The results obtained in several exploratory experiments indicated that the antigenic re-expression responsible for the restoration of lysis was probably a local or selective rather than a generalized phenomenon. Thus, the amount of host cell surface antigen, measured by the use of mouse anti-cell serum and 125I anti-mouse globulin, was identical in both uninfected lytic susceptible and refractory cells, and decreased in both functional states following infection. Further, the binding of 125I concanavalin A, used to quantify surface glycoproteins, was similar in both lytic refractory and susceptible cells, and in both cases declined folowing virus infection. This result was incompatible with gross \"masking\" of cell surface antigens by exuberant production of surface coat material in lytic resistant cells. Finally, brief trypsinization of lytic resistant cells yielded an 8-fold increase in immune lysis, a result further consistent with local rather than generalized surface changes. The data were discussed interms of modulation of cell surface antigens affected both by repeated subculture and arboviral infection, and as a possible in vitro correlate of altered self-reactivity.", "PMID": 61990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_245", "title": "[Alpha feto protein. Normal pregnancies and maternal diseases. Apropos of 3,010 radioimmunologic determinations].", "content": "Using an immunological technique limits of normal levels of AFP in maternal blood have been worked out during pregnancy from a series of 3010 samples of blood. Comparing mean curves for the levels of AFP in mothers suffering from anaemia and diabetes with normal curves shows that there is a significant rise in these levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. The possible mechanisms and their relationship to the variation levels of AFP are discussed.", "contents": "[Alpha feto protein. Normal pregnancies and maternal diseases. Apropos of 3,010 radioimmunologic determinations]. Using an immunological technique limits of normal levels of AFP in maternal blood have been worked out during pregnancy from a series of 3010 samples of blood. Comparing mean curves for the levels of AFP in mothers suffering from anaemia and diabetes with normal curves shows that there is a significant rise in these levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. The possible mechanisms and their relationship to the variation levels of AFP are discussed.", "PMID": 61982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_246", "title": "Coexistence of helper and suppressor activities in carrier-primed spleen cells.", "content": "Both helper and suppressor activities for an in vitro IgG anti-hapten (Lac) response to Lac-HRBC were demonstrated in the same population of carrier (HRBC)-primed spleen cells. The relative radiosensitivity of suppressor activity permitted the selective removal of suppression and the demonstration of help. Both activities appear to be T cell-dependent and antigen-specific. Dilution analysis showed that help and suppression are mediated by distinct populations of cells.", "contents": "Coexistence of helper and suppressor activities in carrier-primed spleen cells. Both helper and suppressor activities for an in vitro IgG anti-hapten (Lac) response to Lac-HRBC were demonstrated in the same population of carrier (HRBC)-primed spleen cells. The relative radiosensitivity of suppressor activity permitted the selective removal of suppression and the demonstration of help. Both activities appear to be T cell-dependent and antigen-specific. Dilution analysis showed that help and suppression are mediated by distinct populations of cells.", "PMID": 61991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_247", "title": "Specific, transient suppression of the immune response by HGG tolerant spleen cells. II. Effector cells and target cells.", "content": "In a previous report, it was shown that spleen cells from mice made tolerant to human gamma-globulin (HGG)5 could specifically inhibit the immune response of normal spleen cells after adoptive transfer to lethally irradiated recipients. However, that report also showed that the suppressive activity was only transiently associated with tolerant spleen cell populations. It was concluded from those experiments that while suppressive activity could be demonstrated in tolerant spleen cells under certain conditions, such activity was not obligatory for the maintainance of the tolerant state. The experiments presented here were performed to determine the nature of the effector cell(s) and the target cell(s) involved in this system of suppression of the immune response. Treatment of cells from tolerant animals with anti-thymocyte serum and complement to remove thymus-derived (T) cells completely abrogated suppresive activity. Removal of adherent cells from tolerant spleen cells by passage over glass wool columns resulted in partial loss of the suppression. The inhibitory activity of the suppressor cells was resistant to 900 R irradiation regardless of whether the tolerant spleen cells were irradiated before or after adoptive transfer. The cellular target(s) for the supprssor cells was examined by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an alternative source of helper activity for the response to HGG. LPS, injected at the time of the initial antigenic challenge of mice that had been reconstituted with tolerant and normal spleen cells, prevented the expression of suppression against bone marrow-derived (B) cells. However, when LPS was presented only at the time of secondary antigenic challenge, it was unable to overcome suppression of the immune response of reconstituted recipients. Thus, LPS could produce a state where the B cells were resistant to suppression, but LPS could not rescue the responsiveness of B cells once the cells in the reconstituted recipient had been suppressed. In addition, the immune response to both the hapten dinitrophenol (DNP) and the carrier (HGG) were suppressed when recipients of tolerant and normal spleen cells were challenged with DNP6HGG. This indicates that T helper cells are also a target for suppression. The results presented in this paper are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of suppression which proposes that suppressive activity represents the induction of tolerance in immunologically competent cells by HCG which is closely associated with the tolerant spleen cells.", "contents": "Specific, transient suppression of the immune response by HGG tolerant spleen cells. II. Effector cells and target cells. In a previous report, it was shown that spleen cells from mice made tolerant to human gamma-globulin (HGG)5 could specifically inhibit the immune response of normal spleen cells after adoptive transfer to lethally irradiated recipients. However, that report also showed that the suppressive activity was only transiently associated with tolerant spleen cell populations. It was concluded from those experiments that while suppressive activity could be demonstrated in tolerant spleen cells under certain conditions, such activity was not obligatory for the maintainance of the tolerant state. The experiments presented here were performed to determine the nature of the effector cell(s) and the target cell(s) involved in this system of suppression of the immune response. Treatment of cells from tolerant animals with anti-thymocyte serum and complement to remove thymus-derived (T) cells completely abrogated suppresive activity. Removal of adherent cells from tolerant spleen cells by passage over glass wool columns resulted in partial loss of the suppression. The inhibitory activity of the suppressor cells was resistant to 900 R irradiation regardless of whether the tolerant spleen cells were irradiated before or after adoptive transfer. The cellular target(s) for the supprssor cells was examined by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an alternative source of helper activity for the response to HGG. LPS, injected at the time of the initial antigenic challenge of mice that had been reconstituted with tolerant and normal spleen cells, prevented the expression of suppression against bone marrow-derived (B) cells. However, when LPS was presented only at the time of secondary antigenic challenge, it was unable to overcome suppression of the immune response of reconstituted recipients. Thus, LPS could produce a state where the B cells were resistant to suppression, but LPS could not rescue the responsiveness of B cells once the cells in the reconstituted recipient had been suppressed. In addition, the immune response to both the hapten dinitrophenol (DNP) and the carrier (HGG) were suppressed when recipients of tolerant and normal spleen cells were challenged with DNP6HGG. This indicates that T helper cells are also a target for suppression. The results presented in this paper are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of suppression which proposes that suppressive activity represents the induction of tolerance in immunologically competent cells by HCG which is closely associated with the tolerant spleen cells.", "PMID": 61992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_248", "title": "Distinct target determinants on two lymphoblastoid lines derived from the same individual1.", "content": "Specifically cytotoxic cells were generated in undirectional mixed leukocyte culture against both T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The cytotoxicity observed included both specific and less selective components which were differentiated by the interaction analysis based on the two-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that a T cell line and a B cell line derived from the same person possessed distinct target specificities. The antigens detected by direct cytotoxicity were confirmed by inhibition studies with competitor cells.", "contents": "Distinct target determinants on two lymphoblastoid lines derived from the same individual1. Specifically cytotoxic cells were generated in undirectional mixed leukocyte culture against both T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The cytotoxicity observed included both specific and less selective components which were differentiated by the interaction analysis based on the two-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that a T cell line and a B cell line derived from the same person possessed distinct target specificities. The antigens detected by direct cytotoxicity were confirmed by inhibition studies with competitor cells.", "PMID": 61993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_249", "title": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. VII. Depression of the ongoing IgE antibody formation by suppressor T cells.", "content": "The ongoing IgE antibody formation against ovalbumin (OA) in high responder mice was depressed by i.v. injections of either native or urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA). Adoptive transfer experiments to determine the helper function of spleen cells from the treated animals showed that helper function for both IgE and IgG antibody responses diminished after treatment. Evidence was obtained that treatment suppressed the expansion of IgE-G memory cells. When the same treatment with OA or UD-OA was given to OA-primed mice before the appearance of IgE antibody in their serum, OA-specific splenic suppressor T cells were demonstrable. Thus, the transfer of splenic T cells from treated mice into normal mice suppressed the primary IgE and IgG antibody responses of the recipeints to DNP-OA. It was also found that the transfer of the splenic T cells from UD-OA-treated mice into OA-primed mice depressed ongoing IgE antibody formation in the recipients. The results suggested strongly that the decrease of helper function and the depression of ongoing IgE antibody formation by repeated injections of UD-OA was caused by generation of antigen (OA)-specific suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. VII. Depression of the ongoing IgE antibody formation by suppressor T cells. The ongoing IgE antibody formation against ovalbumin (OA) in high responder mice was depressed by i.v. injections of either native or urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA). Adoptive transfer experiments to determine the helper function of spleen cells from the treated animals showed that helper function for both IgE and IgG antibody responses diminished after treatment. Evidence was obtained that treatment suppressed the expansion of IgE-G memory cells. When the same treatment with OA or UD-OA was given to OA-primed mice before the appearance of IgE antibody in their serum, OA-specific splenic suppressor T cells were demonstrable. Thus, the transfer of splenic T cells from treated mice into normal mice suppressed the primary IgE and IgG antibody responses of the recipeints to DNP-OA. It was also found that the transfer of the splenic T cells from UD-OA-treated mice into OA-primed mice depressed ongoing IgE antibody formation in the recipients. The results suggested strongly that the decrease of helper function and the depression of ongoing IgE antibody formation by repeated injections of UD-OA was caused by generation of antigen (OA)-specific suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 61994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_250", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction. III. Site of alloantiserum inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation induced by allogeneic or aldehyde-bearing cells.", "content": "Inhibition by anti-Ia sera of guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation induced by allogeneic macrophages (MLR) and NaIO4 or neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated macrophages has been investigated in order to identify the target cell upon which the antisera act. Anti-2 and anti-13 alloantisera were found to inhibit both MLR and aldehydeinduced T cell reactivity when directed against the specificity of the stimulatory macrophage. Little or no inhibition was observed when these antisera were directed against the T lymphocyte specificity when cultures were harvested at the time of peak proliferation. In addition, anti-2 serum was found to inhibit macrophage-lymphocyte rosett formation at 20 hr between neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated strain 2 macrophages and strain 13 lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of T cell proliferation can be produced by anti-Ia sera directed against the macrophage and raise the possibility that Ir gene products may function in part at the level of the macrophage.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction. III. Site of alloantiserum inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation induced by allogeneic or aldehyde-bearing cells. Inhibition by anti-Ia sera of guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation induced by allogeneic macrophages (MLR) and NaIO4 or neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated macrophages has been investigated in order to identify the target cell upon which the antisera act. Anti-2 and anti-13 alloantisera were found to inhibit both MLR and aldehydeinduced T cell reactivity when directed against the specificity of the stimulatory macrophage. Little or no inhibition was observed when these antisera were directed against the T lymphocyte specificity when cultures were harvested at the time of peak proliferation. In addition, anti-2 serum was found to inhibit macrophage-lymphocyte rosett formation at 20 hr between neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated strain 2 macrophages and strain 13 lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of T cell proliferation can be produced by anti-Ia sera directed against the macrophage and raise the possibility that Ir gene products may function in part at the level of the macrophage.", "PMID": 61995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_251", "title": "B lymphocyte alloantigen specificities present on cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Thirty-three of 34 cultured human lymphoblastoid B cell lines have been shown to express four out of five polymorphic non-HLA specificities expressed by normal B lymphocytes. The specificities were detected by 32 alloantisera produced by absorption with pooled platelets to remove HLA activity and selected from over 400 pregnancy sera. One B group (B2) which was expressed by 23% of a panel of normal B lymphocytes was not found on any of the cultured lines tested. Four T cell lines tested and myeloid line (K562) did not react with any of the B cell alloantisera.", "contents": "B lymphocyte alloantigen specificities present on cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines. Thirty-three of 34 cultured human lymphoblastoid B cell lines have been shown to express four out of five polymorphic non-HLA specificities expressed by normal B lymphocytes. The specificities were detected by 32 alloantisera produced by absorption with pooled platelets to remove HLA activity and selected from over 400 pregnancy sera. One B group (B2) which was expressed by 23% of a panel of normal B lymphocytes was not found on any of the cultured lines tested. Four T cell lines tested and myeloid line (K562) did not react with any of the B cell alloantisera.", "PMID": 61996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_252", "title": "Nucleoside specificity in the carrier IgG-dependent induction of tolerance.", "content": "Induction of tolerance to nucleoside haptens in BALB/c mice with isologous IgG conjugates bearing four nucleosides simultaneously (A, G, C, T)-IgG was confirmed. A mixture of separate nucleoside-IgG tolerogens (A-IgG, G-IgG, C-IgG, and T-IgG) was as effective or more effective that the (A, G, C,T)-IgG form in suppressing the response to (A, G, C, T)-KLH. The nucleosides acted independently and simultaneously, since tolerogens with varying combinations of nucleosides caused specific suppression of the respones to only those nucleosides present on the tolerogen. Nucleoside-IgG conjugates did not suppress the response to denatured DNA-methylated bovine serum albumin, in which larger oligonucleotide determinants predominate. In varying combinations, guanosine was the dominant nucleoside both for immunization and for induction of tolerance. After three or four immunizations, control immunized animals made mainly IgG anti-nucleoside antibodies and this IgG antibody formation was preferentially suppressed in tolerogen-treated animals. Tolerance could be established before the primary or secondary immunization and it then persisted for at least 75 days through a fourth course of immunization. The same dosage of tolerogen did not reverse a strongly established anti-nucleoside antibody production after a tertiary response.", "contents": "Nucleoside specificity in the carrier IgG-dependent induction of tolerance. Induction of tolerance to nucleoside haptens in BALB/c mice with isologous IgG conjugates bearing four nucleosides simultaneously (A, G, C, T)-IgG was confirmed. A mixture of separate nucleoside-IgG tolerogens (A-IgG, G-IgG, C-IgG, and T-IgG) was as effective or more effective that the (A, G, C,T)-IgG form in suppressing the response to (A, G, C, T)-KLH. The nucleosides acted independently and simultaneously, since tolerogens with varying combinations of nucleosides caused specific suppression of the respones to only those nucleosides present on the tolerogen. Nucleoside-IgG conjugates did not suppress the response to denatured DNA-methylated bovine serum albumin, in which larger oligonucleotide determinants predominate. In varying combinations, guanosine was the dominant nucleoside both for immunization and for induction of tolerance. After three or four immunizations, control immunized animals made mainly IgG anti-nucleoside antibodies and this IgG antibody formation was preferentially suppressed in tolerogen-treated animals. Tolerance could be established before the primary or secondary immunization and it then persisted for at least 75 days through a fourth course of immunization. The same dosage of tolerogen did not reverse a strongly established anti-nucleoside antibody production after a tertiary response.", "PMID": 61997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_253", "title": "Nonspecific inhibition of tumor growth in vivo by admixed allogeneic tumor-sensitized lymphoid cells and identical inactivated allogeneic tumor cells.", "content": "With the in vivo tumor neutralization test (Winn test), growth of a transplanted (KMT-17) from Wistar-King-Aptekman rats was inhibited by allogeneic tumor (AH-66 from Donryu rats)-sensitized syngeneic lymphoid cells admixed with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated AH-66 cells. The observed tumor inhibition may be immunologically nonspecific, since no cross-antigens were detected by membrane immunofluorescence on the surfaces of KMT-17 and AH-66 cells. Close contact among KMT-17, AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells and MMC-treated AH-66 cells was required for the inhibition of KMT-17 growth. AH-66 cells pretreated with formalin or ultrasonication lost tumor inhibitory activity when they were admixed with AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells, and only MMC-treatment effectively preserved the tumor inhibitory activity of AH-66 cells. The sensitized spleen cells, draining lymph node, or peripheral blood cells inhibited tumor growth when they were admixed with MMC-treated AH-66 cells, whereas nucleated cells from bone marrow, thymus, or distal lymph node did not. Growths of KMT-17 were inhibited by admixed sensitized spleen cells and MMC-treated AH-66 even when pre-irradiated rats were used as recipients.", "contents": "Nonspecific inhibition of tumor growth in vivo by admixed allogeneic tumor-sensitized lymphoid cells and identical inactivated allogeneic tumor cells. With the in vivo tumor neutralization test (Winn test), growth of a transplanted (KMT-17) from Wistar-King-Aptekman rats was inhibited by allogeneic tumor (AH-66 from Donryu rats)-sensitized syngeneic lymphoid cells admixed with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated AH-66 cells. The observed tumor inhibition may be immunologically nonspecific, since no cross-antigens were detected by membrane immunofluorescence on the surfaces of KMT-17 and AH-66 cells. Close contact among KMT-17, AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells and MMC-treated AH-66 cells was required for the inhibition of KMT-17 growth. AH-66 cells pretreated with formalin or ultrasonication lost tumor inhibitory activity when they were admixed with AH-66-sensitized lymphoid cells, and only MMC-treatment effectively preserved the tumor inhibitory activity of AH-66 cells. The sensitized spleen cells, draining lymph node, or peripheral blood cells inhibited tumor growth when they were admixed with MMC-treated AH-66 cells, whereas nucleated cells from bone marrow, thymus, or distal lymph node did not. Growths of KMT-17 were inhibited by admixed sensitized spleen cells and MMC-treated AH-66 even when pre-irradiated rats were used as recipients.", "PMID": 61998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_254", "title": "Release of chemical mediators from partially purified human lung mast cells.", "content": "Human lung mast cells dispersed by enzymatic digestion of human lung fragments were concentrated to greater than 50% purity by sedimentation in isopycnic and velocity gradients. The dispersed lung mast cells had a characteristic ultrasturctural appearance including granules with a scroll or reticular structural appearance including granules with a scroll or reticular structure surrounded by perigranular membranes. Histamine and preformed eosinophilotactic activity sedimented with mast cells on isopycnic gradients, and mast cells and these mediators were separated from the bulk of the other lung cells after velocity gradient sedimentation. The histamine content of isolated lung mast cells was calculated to range from 1.0 to 5.5 pg/cell. The quantity of SRS-A generated with anti-IgE or specific antigen was relatively limited but confined to the mast cell-rich fractions and associated with release of histamine and eosinophilotactic activity.", "contents": "Release of chemical mediators from partially purified human lung mast cells. Human lung mast cells dispersed by enzymatic digestion of human lung fragments were concentrated to greater than 50% purity by sedimentation in isopycnic and velocity gradients. The dispersed lung mast cells had a characteristic ultrasturctural appearance including granules with a scroll or reticular structural appearance including granules with a scroll or reticular structure surrounded by perigranular membranes. Histamine and preformed eosinophilotactic activity sedimented with mast cells on isopycnic gradients, and mast cells and these mediators were separated from the bulk of the other lung cells after velocity gradient sedimentation. The histamine content of isolated lung mast cells was calculated to range from 1.0 to 5.5 pg/cell. The quantity of SRS-A generated with anti-IgE or specific antigen was relatively limited but confined to the mast cell-rich fractions and associated with release of histamine and eosinophilotactic activity.", "PMID": 61999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_255", "title": "Primary in vitro sensitization of murine lymphocytes against isogeneic and allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40.", "content": "Primary in vitro sensitization of murine lymphocytes to isogeneic and allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) is described. The results of specificity studies utilizing cytotoxic effector lymphocytes obtained by in vitro immunization indicate that SV40 transformation results in the expression of tumor-specific antigens which are recognized by cytotoxic effector cells. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that expression of tumor-specific antigens on transformed cells is associated with a reduction in the functional expression of normal histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Primary in vitro sensitization of murine lymphocytes against isogeneic and allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40. Primary in vitro sensitization of murine lymphocytes to isogeneic and allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) is described. The results of specificity studies utilizing cytotoxic effector lymphocytes obtained by in vitro immunization indicate that SV40 transformation results in the expression of tumor-specific antigens which are recognized by cytotoxic effector cells. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that expression of tumor-specific antigens on transformed cells is associated with a reduction in the functional expression of normal histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 62000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_256", "title": "Characterization of antibodies to the structural polypeptides of HGSAg: evidence for subtype-specific determinants.", "content": "Antisera prepared in guinea pigs to the structural polypeptides of HBAAg/adw and HBSAg/ayw were examined by a modified passive hemagglutination assay for antibodies to the subtype-specific d and y determinants. All of the isolated polypeptide fractions stimulated antibodies to both group specific and subtype-specific antigens of the native HBSAg particle from which they were derived. These data indicate that the polypeptides have similarities in their immunochemical structure.", "contents": "Characterization of antibodies to the structural polypeptides of HGSAg: evidence for subtype-specific determinants. Antisera prepared in guinea pigs to the structural polypeptides of HBAAg/adw and HBSAg/ayw were examined by a modified passive hemagglutination assay for antibodies to the subtype-specific d and y determinants. All of the isolated polypeptide fractions stimulated antibodies to both group specific and subtype-specific antigens of the native HBSAg particle from which they were derived. These data indicate that the polypeptides have similarities in their immunochemical structure.", "PMID": 62001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_257", "title": "The demonstration of cell-associated immunity to viruses. In vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to Varicella-zoster antigen.", "content": "The demonstration of in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to common pediatric viruses has previously been fraught with many technical and conceptual problems. Based upon our prior experience in demonstrating cell-associated immunity to mumps, rubella and measles viruses we illustrate our methodology and conceptual framework by documenting in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to the Varicella-zoster virus, another ubiquitous virus of childhood. We discuss our approach to the problems of reactivity, specificity and reliability in the use of membrane-associated viral antigens.", "contents": "The demonstration of cell-associated immunity to viruses. In vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to Varicella-zoster antigen. The demonstration of in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to common pediatric viruses has previously been fraught with many technical and conceptual problems. Based upon our prior experience in demonstrating cell-associated immunity to mumps, rubella and measles viruses we illustrate our methodology and conceptual framework by documenting in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to the Varicella-zoster virus, another ubiquitous virus of childhood. We discuss our approach to the problems of reactivity, specificity and reliability in the use of membrane-associated viral antigens.", "PMID": 62002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_258", "title": "Measurement of the fractional uptake of macromolecules by the renal vascular bed compared to other vascular beds.", "content": "Macromolecules resembling soluble immune complexes can be made from heat-aggregated human gamma globulin (AHGG). In 15 rats, we studied vascular trapping of 125I-labeled AHGG (AHGG)-125I) given by constant I.V. infusion over 1 hour while tissue blood flow was marked by intermittant aortic arch injections of 85Sr-labeled microspheres. Red cells labeled with 51Cr (RBC-51Cr) were also infused so that when the tissues were removed at the end of the experiment, the vascular volume of each tissue specimen could be balculated to correct issue 125I for AHGG-125I which was not trapped but simply in transit in the bascular space at the time the tissue was removed. These data permitted us to calculate the fractional uptake of AHGG-125I (FM) for a given tissue in comparison to any other tissue. We chose to compared the FM of each tissue to the FM of renal cortex. This comparison was expressed as a ratio termed the FM ratio for the given tissue. The following tissues had FM ratios significantly greater than 1.00 (i.e., per unit blood flow, these tissues trapped AHGG-125I more avidly than renal cortex): liver, spleen, skin, stomach, fat, testes, and large bowel. The respective ratios were 381 +/- 74, 15.7 +/- 4.0, 11.8 +/- 4.0, 7.47 +/- 1.95, 6.24 +/- 1.0 +/-, 3.03 +/- 0.67, 2.86 +/- 0.72 (all p less than 0.025). The FM ratio for adrenal, heart, thymus, and diaphragm were not significantly different from 1.00. The FM ratio of lung and brain were significantly less than 1.00: 0.014 +/- 0.008 and 0.14 +/- 0.065, respectively (p less than 0.001 for both). In 13 experiments, glomeruli was 23.8 +/- 3.5 per cent as assessed by recovery of the microspheres contained in renal cortex. Compared to whole renal cortex, the isolated glomeruli contained only minor amounts of AHGG-125I. We conclude that tissues vary widely with respect to their ability to trap macromolecules. When uptake is viewed in terms of the amount of complex trapped per unit delivery rate, many organs trap AHGG-125I for more avidly than renal cortex. Furthermore, under the present experimental conditions, glomeruli are not the major intrarenal site of macromolecule uptake.", "contents": "Measurement of the fractional uptake of macromolecules by the renal vascular bed compared to other vascular beds. Macromolecules resembling soluble immune complexes can be made from heat-aggregated human gamma globulin (AHGG). In 15 rats, we studied vascular trapping of 125I-labeled AHGG (AHGG)-125I) given by constant I.V. infusion over 1 hour while tissue blood flow was marked by intermittant aortic arch injections of 85Sr-labeled microspheres. Red cells labeled with 51Cr (RBC-51Cr) were also infused so that when the tissues were removed at the end of the experiment, the vascular volume of each tissue specimen could be balculated to correct issue 125I for AHGG-125I which was not trapped but simply in transit in the bascular space at the time the tissue was removed. These data permitted us to calculate the fractional uptake of AHGG-125I (FM) for a given tissue in comparison to any other tissue. We chose to compared the FM of each tissue to the FM of renal cortex. This comparison was expressed as a ratio termed the FM ratio for the given tissue. The following tissues had FM ratios significantly greater than 1.00 (i.e., per unit blood flow, these tissues trapped AHGG-125I more avidly than renal cortex): liver, spleen, skin, stomach, fat, testes, and large bowel. The respective ratios were 381 +/- 74, 15.7 +/- 4.0, 11.8 +/- 4.0, 7.47 +/- 1.95, 6.24 +/- 1.0 +/-, 3.03 +/- 0.67, 2.86 +/- 0.72 (all p less than 0.025). The FM ratio for adrenal, heart, thymus, and diaphragm were not significantly different from 1.00. The FM ratio of lung and brain were significantly less than 1.00: 0.014 +/- 0.008 and 0.14 +/- 0.065, respectively (p less than 0.001 for both). In 13 experiments, glomeruli was 23.8 +/- 3.5 per cent as assessed by recovery of the microspheres contained in renal cortex. Compared to whole renal cortex, the isolated glomeruli contained only minor amounts of AHGG-125I. We conclude that tissues vary widely with respect to their ability to trap macromolecules. When uptake is viewed in terms of the amount of complex trapped per unit delivery rate, many organs trap AHGG-125I for more avidly than renal cortex. Furthermore, under the present experimental conditions, glomeruli are not the major intrarenal site of macromolecule uptake.", "PMID": 62004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_259", "title": "Wenckebach-type exit block from an ectopic focus as a cause of variable coupling.", "content": "Intermittent bigeminal and trigeminal ventricular premature beats were recorded in an otherwise healthy 14 year old male. Coupling intervals progressively lengthened until an ectopic beat was dropped. Odd numbers of sinus beats occurred between bigeminal runs. This rhythm is interpreted as being due to Wenckebach-type block in an exit pathway from the ectopic focus, resulting in concealment of the persistently active extrasystolic mechanism.", "contents": "Wenckebach-type exit block from an ectopic focus as a cause of variable coupling. Intermittent bigeminal and trigeminal ventricular premature beats were recorded in an otherwise healthy 14 year old male. Coupling intervals progressively lengthened until an ectopic beat was dropped. Odd numbers of sinus beats occurred between bigeminal runs. This rhythm is interpreted as being due to Wenckebach-type block in an exit pathway from the ectopic focus, resulting in concealment of the persistently active extrasystolic mechanism.", "PMID": 62005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_260", "title": "Prostatic distribution of sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol-binding globulin in benign hyperplasia.", "content": "Sex hormone-binding globulin-(SHBG) and cortisol-binding globulin-(CBG) like proteins have been demonstrated in prostatic tissue surgically removed from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. These proteins are not easily removed by superfusion of tissue slices. Epithelial tissue was separated from stroma and found not to contain the SHBG- or CBG-like proteins. Substantial amounts of these proteins, however, remained associated with the stroma. It is suggested that they may be constituents of interstitial fluid in this tissue compartment. The possible significance of this in benign prostatic hyperplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Prostatic distribution of sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol-binding globulin in benign hyperplasia. Sex hormone-binding globulin-(SHBG) and cortisol-binding globulin-(CBG) like proteins have been demonstrated in prostatic tissue surgically removed from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. These proteins are not easily removed by superfusion of tissue slices. Epithelial tissue was separated from stroma and found not to contain the SHBG- or CBG-like proteins. Substantial amounts of these proteins, however, remained associated with the stroma. It is suggested that they may be constituents of interstitial fluid in this tissue compartment. The possible significance of this in benign prostatic hyperplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 62006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_261", "title": "Metal-androgen interrelationships in carcinoma and hyperplasia of the human prostate.", "content": "Zinc and cadmium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in normal and pathological human prostates. Our studies confirm the values of zinc in normal tissue [6.84 +/- 1.21 (S.E.M.) mumol/g] and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) (6.9 +/- 1.19 mumol/g) are similar, while in neoplastic tissues zinc concentrations were significantly lower (2.61 +/- 0.45 mumol/g). The Cd2+ levels in BPH (23.11 +/- 3.28 nmol/g) were, on the other hand, considerably higher than those found for normal tissues (5.15 +/- 0.62 nmol/g). In agreement with other published reports, Cd2+ concentrations were found to be markedly increased in carcinomatous tissue (129.79 +/- 22.22 nmol/g). No correlation was however established between the values for the two metals in either type of prostatic tissue. An established specific radioimmunoassay was used for the measurement of testosterone and dihydrotestoesterone (DHT) and a distinct pattern emerged upon comparing these results with those for the zinc and cadmium concentrations. It appears that the concentrations of DHT in benign hypertrophy and of testosterone and DHT in carcinoma were inversely proportional to the levels of Zn2+ in abnormal tissue. In contrast, the DHT levels in the hypertrophied and malignant tissue were proportional to the Cd2+ concentrations.", "contents": "Metal-androgen interrelationships in carcinoma and hyperplasia of the human prostate. Zinc and cadmium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in normal and pathological human prostates. Our studies confirm the values of zinc in normal tissue [6.84 +/- 1.21 (S.E.M.) mumol/g] and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) (6.9 +/- 1.19 mumol/g) are similar, while in neoplastic tissues zinc concentrations were significantly lower (2.61 +/- 0.45 mumol/g). The Cd2+ levels in BPH (23.11 +/- 3.28 nmol/g) were, on the other hand, considerably higher than those found for normal tissues (5.15 +/- 0.62 nmol/g). In agreement with other published reports, Cd2+ concentrations were found to be markedly increased in carcinomatous tissue (129.79 +/- 22.22 nmol/g). No correlation was however established between the values for the two metals in either type of prostatic tissue. An established specific radioimmunoassay was used for the measurement of testosterone and dihydrotestoesterone (DHT) and a distinct pattern emerged upon comparing these results with those for the zinc and cadmium concentrations. It appears that the concentrations of DHT in benign hypertrophy and of testosterone and DHT in carcinoma were inversely proportional to the levels of Zn2+ in abnormal tissue. In contrast, the DHT levels in the hypertrophied and malignant tissue were proportional to the Cd2+ concentrations.", "PMID": 62007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_262", "title": "Androgen levels in the plasma and prostatic tissues of patients with benign hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Specific radioimmunoassays for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione were carried out to measure the concentrations of the three hormones in the plasma and prostatic tissue of ten patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and ten patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone, DHT and androstenedione in BPH [19.7 +/- 2.6, 2.6 +/- 0.9 AND 5.5 +/- 1.7 (S.E.M.) nmol/l respectively] and in carcinoma [16.9 +/- 2.8, 2.4 +/- 0.5, 4.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/l respectively], (in all cases P greater than 0.1). In contrast, the prostate tissue rations DHT: testosterone (3.59 +/- 0.55 for BPH and 0.66 +/- 0.09 for carcinoma) and androstenedione: testosterone (2.83 +/- 0.38 for BPH and 1.07 +/- 0.16 for carcinoma) are significantly less in carcinoma than in benign hypertrophy ( in all cases P less than 0.01). The accumulation of testosterone in the carcinoma, relative to values found in BPH tissue is, therefore, not associated with changes in the concentrations of androgens in the plasma pool but may be related to local factors and metabolic changes within the prostate.", "contents": "Androgen levels in the plasma and prostatic tissues of patients with benign hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate. Specific radioimmunoassays for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione were carried out to measure the concentrations of the three hormones in the plasma and prostatic tissue of ten patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and ten patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone, DHT and androstenedione in BPH [19.7 +/- 2.6, 2.6 +/- 0.9 AND 5.5 +/- 1.7 (S.E.M.) nmol/l respectively] and in carcinoma [16.9 +/- 2.8, 2.4 +/- 0.5, 4.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/l respectively], (in all cases P greater than 0.1). In contrast, the prostate tissue rations DHT: testosterone (3.59 +/- 0.55 for BPH and 0.66 +/- 0.09 for carcinoma) and androstenedione: testosterone (2.83 +/- 0.38 for BPH and 1.07 +/- 0.16 for carcinoma) are significantly less in carcinoma than in benign hypertrophy ( in all cases P less than 0.01). The accumulation of testosterone in the carcinoma, relative to values found in BPH tissue is, therefore, not associated with changes in the concentrations of androgens in the plasma pool but may be related to local factors and metabolic changes within the prostate.", "PMID": 62008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_263", "title": "Immunological studies of aging. II. Loss of IgG and high avidity plaque-forming cells and increased suppressor cell activity in aging mice.", "content": "The magnitude and heterogeneity of the immune response to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin was measured in aged and young mice at a cellular level using an inhibition of plaque-forming cell assay. The primary and secondary responses of 24-mo-old mice were markedly depressed in magnitude and restricted in avidity for the DNP determinant when compared to 2-mo-old animals. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide given at the time of immunization increased the restriction in heterogeneity seen in 12- and 24-mo-old mice. Indirect PFCs were more severely depressed than direct PFCs in 24-mo-old mice. Syngeneic, lethally irradiated, 2-mo-old mice reconstituted with aged spleen cells exhibit the depressed and restricted response to DNP-BGG seen in old mice. When 10(8) young thymus cells were given together with old spleen cells the heterogeneity of the response was increased. When 2-mo- and 24-mo-old spleen cells were transferred together into young recipients the magnitude of the response to the young spleen cells markedly reduced. Thus, there appears to be a loss of thymic-helper cells and an increase in suppressor activity in aged animals.", "contents": "Immunological studies of aging. II. Loss of IgG and high avidity plaque-forming cells and increased suppressor cell activity in aging mice. The magnitude and heterogeneity of the immune response to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin was measured in aged and young mice at a cellular level using an inhibition of plaque-forming cell assay. The primary and secondary responses of 24-mo-old mice were markedly depressed in magnitude and restricted in avidity for the DNP determinant when compared to 2-mo-old animals. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide given at the time of immunization increased the restriction in heterogeneity seen in 12- and 24-mo-old mice. Indirect PFCs were more severely depressed than direct PFCs in 24-mo-old mice. Syngeneic, lethally irradiated, 2-mo-old mice reconstituted with aged spleen cells exhibit the depressed and restricted response to DNP-BGG seen in old mice. When 10(8) young thymus cells were given together with old spleen cells the heterogeneity of the response was increased. When 2-mo- and 24-mo-old spleen cells were transferred together into young recipients the magnitude of the response to the young spleen cells markedly reduced. Thus, there appears to be a loss of thymic-helper cells and an increase in suppressor activity in aged animals.", "PMID": 62009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_264", "title": "Alternative pathway of complement: demonstration and characterization of initiating factor and its properdin-independent function.", "content": "A novel component of the properdin system has been discribed which represents a heretofore unrecognized human serum protein. The protein has been tentatively termed the initiating factor (IF) because it functions in the initial reaction of the properdin pathway. IF is a 170,000 dalton beta-pseudoglobulin which is composed of two presumably identical 85,000 dalton chains linked by disulfide bonds. The protein reacts with antibody to nephritic factor, which is defined by its activity and is found in the serum of patients with certain nephritides. The activity of IF is heat stable. Upon treatment of serum with activators of the alternative pathway, the initial C3 convertase is assembled from IF, Factors D and C, C3, and magnesium without participation of properdin. It is the function of the enzyme to deposit C3b on the surface of the activator particles, thereby affording generation of the solid phase enzymes of the pathway, a process that is a prerequisite for properdin activation. By exposure to low pH, IF assumed the electrophoretic mobility of psi-globulin and acquired the ability to generate without activators a fluid phase C3 convertase in serum. Serum depleted of IF did not allow activation of the properdin pathway. Serum depleted of properdin did permit activation of the pathway and expression of cytolytic activity. These results raise the possibility that IF represents the recognition unit of the pathway.", "contents": "Alternative pathway of complement: demonstration and characterization of initiating factor and its properdin-independent function. A novel component of the properdin system has been discribed which represents a heretofore unrecognized human serum protein. The protein has been tentatively termed the initiating factor (IF) because it functions in the initial reaction of the properdin pathway. IF is a 170,000 dalton beta-pseudoglobulin which is composed of two presumably identical 85,000 dalton chains linked by disulfide bonds. The protein reacts with antibody to nephritic factor, which is defined by its activity and is found in the serum of patients with certain nephritides. The activity of IF is heat stable. Upon treatment of serum with activators of the alternative pathway, the initial C3 convertase is assembled from IF, Factors D and C, C3, and magnesium without participation of properdin. It is the function of the enzyme to deposit C3b on the surface of the activator particles, thereby affording generation of the solid phase enzymes of the pathway, a process that is a prerequisite for properdin activation. By exposure to low pH, IF assumed the electrophoretic mobility of psi-globulin and acquired the ability to generate without activators a fluid phase C3 convertase in serum. Serum depleted of IF did not allow activation of the properdin pathway. Serum depleted of properdin did permit activation of the pathway and expression of cytolytic activity. These results raise the possibility that IF represents the recognition unit of the pathway.", "PMID": 62010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_265", "title": "Ly phenotype of cytotoxic T cells for syngeneic tumor.", "content": "Our present and previous findings may be summarized as follows: The phenotype of C57BL/6 (B6) cytotoxic cells for allogeneic target cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1- Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, and Ig-. the phenotype of B6 cytotoxic cells for syngeneic tumor cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1+, Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, and Ig-. The phenotype of B6 cytotoxic cells for syngeneic tumor cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1+, Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, AND Ig-. Thus, differences in Ly phenotype appear to be exhibited not only by cytotoxic T cells as opposed to helper T cells, but also within subcategories of cytotoxic T cells.", "contents": "Ly phenotype of cytotoxic T cells for syngeneic tumor. Our present and previous findings may be summarized as follows: The phenotype of C57BL/6 (B6) cytotoxic cells for allogeneic target cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1- Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, and Ig-. the phenotype of B6 cytotoxic cells for syngeneic tumor cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1+, Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, and Ig-. The phenotype of B6 cytotoxic cells for syngeneic tumor cells is Thy-1+, Ly-1+, Ly-2/3+, MSLA+, AND Ig-. Thus, differences in Ly phenotype appear to be exhibited not only by cytotoxic T cells as opposed to helper T cells, but also within subcategories of cytotoxic T cells.", "PMID": 62011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_266", "title": "Independent differentiative pathways of Ly1 and Ly23 subclasses of T cells. Experimental production of mice deprived of selected T-cell subclasses.", "content": "When B mice are supplied with Ly1 or Ly23 cells they acquire, over the next 6 mo, only the immune functions associated with each of these T-cell subclasses, respectively. The T-cell population of these \"B-Ly1\" and \"B-Ly23\" mice mice also remains restricted to the Ly1 and Ly23 subclass phenotypes. Thus the Ly1 and Ly23 populations are derived from two separate lines of differentiation and are not sequential stages of a single differentiative pathway.", "contents": "Independent differentiative pathways of Ly1 and Ly23 subclasses of T cells. Experimental production of mice deprived of selected T-cell subclasses. When B mice are supplied with Ly1 or Ly23 cells they acquire, over the next 6 mo, only the immune functions associated with each of these T-cell subclasses, respectively. The T-cell population of these \"B-Ly1\" and \"B-Ly23\" mice mice also remains restricted to the Ly1 and Ly23 subclass phenotypes. Thus the Ly1 and Ly23 populations are derived from two separate lines of differentiation and are not sequential stages of a single differentiative pathway.", "PMID": 62012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_267", "title": "Cell-mediated lympholysis to H-2-matched target cells modified with a series of nitrophenyl compounds.", "content": "The specificity of C57BL/10 cytotoxic effector cells generated by in vitro sensitization with autologous spleen cells modified with a series of related nitrophenyl compounds was investigated. The failure of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-sensitized effector cells to lyse TNP-beta-alanylglycylglycyl(AGG)-modified target cells is presented as evidence contradicting the intimacy or dual receptor model or T-cell recognition in its simplest form. Data are also shown indicating that sensitization with N-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl)-AGG-modified stimulating cells generates noncross-reacting clones of cytotoxic effector cells.", "contents": "Cell-mediated lympholysis to H-2-matched target cells modified with a series of nitrophenyl compounds. The specificity of C57BL/10 cytotoxic effector cells generated by in vitro sensitization with autologous spleen cells modified with a series of related nitrophenyl compounds was investigated. The failure of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-sensitized effector cells to lyse TNP-beta-alanylglycylglycyl(AGG)-modified target cells is presented as evidence contradicting the intimacy or dual receptor model or T-cell recognition in its simplest form. Data are also shown indicating that sensitization with N-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl)-AGG-modified stimulating cells generates noncross-reacting clones of cytotoxic effector cells.", "PMID": 62013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_268", "title": "Effects of anti-Ia sera on mitogenic responses. III. Mapping the genes controlling the expression of Ia determinants on concanavalin A-reactive cells to the I-J subregion of the H-2 gene complex.", "content": "We have shown that the Ia determinants expressed on nylon wool-purified T lymphocytes reactive to concanavalin A (Con A) in serum-free media are coded in a single I subregion of the H-2 gene complex. This region, I-J, is defined by two pairs of intra-H-2 recombinant haplotypes: H-2t3, H-2t4 and H-2i3, H-2i5, carried by B10.HTT, B10.S(9R), B10.A(3R), AND B10.A(5R), respectively. No activity against Con A-reactive T cells has been detected in any antiserum that was produced in strain combinations which shared a common I-J region. This suggests that Ia antigens expressed on Con A-reactive T cells are restricted to the I-J subregion.", "contents": "Effects of anti-Ia sera on mitogenic responses. III. Mapping the genes controlling the expression of Ia determinants on concanavalin A-reactive cells to the I-J subregion of the H-2 gene complex. We have shown that the Ia determinants expressed on nylon wool-purified T lymphocytes reactive to concanavalin A (Con A) in serum-free media are coded in a single I subregion of the H-2 gene complex. This region, I-J, is defined by two pairs of intra-H-2 recombinant haplotypes: H-2t3, H-2t4 and H-2i3, H-2i5, carried by B10.HTT, B10.S(9R), B10.A(3R), AND B10.A(5R), respectively. No activity against Con A-reactive T cells has been detected in any antiserum that was produced in strain combinations which shared a common I-J region. This suggests that Ia antigens expressed on Con A-reactive T cells are restricted to the I-J subregion.", "PMID": 62014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_269", "title": "Serological detection of variable region (Vh) subgroups of Ig heavy chains.", "content": "Serological test systems were established for determining the heavy-chain variable region (Vh) subgroups of immunoglobulin heavy chains. Myeloma proteins with known Vh subgroups based on amino acid sequence were utilized as the primary basis of reference for analysis by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Good agreement between the chemical and serological typing was obtained and nonoverlapping systems established for the three major Vh subgroups. In a survey of 167 myeloma proteins, all except two were exclusively positive in one of the three systems. The two exceptions may represent a fourth subgroup. There was an overall incidence ratio of 1:2:3 for VhI:VhII:VhIII subgroups. Some differences in the overall ratios were encountered within the immunoglobulin classes. Certain advantages of the serological typing antisera were discussed with special emphasis on their use for studies of Vh antigens on the membranes of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Serological detection of variable region (Vh) subgroups of Ig heavy chains. Serological test systems were established for determining the heavy-chain variable region (Vh) subgroups of immunoglobulin heavy chains. Myeloma proteins with known Vh subgroups based on amino acid sequence were utilized as the primary basis of reference for analysis by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. Good agreement between the chemical and serological typing was obtained and nonoverlapping systems established for the three major Vh subgroups. In a survey of 167 myeloma proteins, all except two were exclusively positive in one of the three systems. The two exceptions may represent a fourth subgroup. There was an overall incidence ratio of 1:2:3 for VhI:VhII:VhIII subgroups. Some differences in the overall ratios were encountered within the immunoglobulin classes. Certain advantages of the serological typing antisera were discussed with special emphasis on their use for studies of Vh antigens on the membranes of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 62015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_270", "title": "H-2 restriction of virus-specific cytotoxicity across the H-2 barrier. Separate effector T-cell specificities are associated with self-H-2 and with the tolerated allogeneic H-2 in chimeras.", "content": "During infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis or vaccinia virus, F1 irradiation chimeras reconstituted with bone marrow cells from or both parents generate cytotoxic T cells which can lyse targets across the H-2 barrier. However, activity of chimera T cells is H-2 restricted as shown by cold target competition experiments and selective restimulation of a secondary response in vitro; T cells of H-2k specificity which lyse tolerated infected H-2d target cells do not lyse infected H-2k or unrelated target cells and vice versa. Therefore, H-2 restriction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells probably does not reflect need for like-like self-interactions for lysis to occur. The specificity of virus immune T cells is thus determined by the H-2K and H-2D specificities present in the infected animal and which are probably recognized unidirectionally by T cells. The results are compatible with the idea the T cells are specific for \"altered alloantigen\", i.e., a complex of cell surface marker and viral antigen. Alternatively, explained with a dual recognition model, T cells may possess two independently, clonally expressed receptors, a self-recognizer which is expressed for one of the syngeneic or tolerated allogeneic K or D \"self\" markers, and an immunologically specific receptor for viral antigen.", "contents": "H-2 restriction of virus-specific cytotoxicity across the H-2 barrier. Separate effector T-cell specificities are associated with self-H-2 and with the tolerated allogeneic H-2 in chimeras. During infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis or vaccinia virus, F1 irradiation chimeras reconstituted with bone marrow cells from or both parents generate cytotoxic T cells which can lyse targets across the H-2 barrier. However, activity of chimera T cells is H-2 restricted as shown by cold target competition experiments and selective restimulation of a secondary response in vitro; T cells of H-2k specificity which lyse tolerated infected H-2d target cells do not lyse infected H-2k or unrelated target cells and vice versa. Therefore, H-2 restriction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells probably does not reflect need for like-like self-interactions for lysis to occur. The specificity of virus immune T cells is thus determined by the H-2K and H-2D specificities present in the infected animal and which are probably recognized unidirectionally by T cells. The results are compatible with the idea the T cells are specific for \"altered alloantigen\", i.e., a complex of cell surface marker and viral antigen. Alternatively, explained with a dual recognition model, T cells may possess two independently, clonally expressed receptors, a self-recognizer which is expressed for one of the syngeneic or tolerated allogeneic K or D \"self\" markers, and an immunologically specific receptor for viral antigen.", "PMID": 62016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_271", "title": "Suppression by autogenous complementary idiotypes: the priority of the first response.", "content": "Complementary idiotypes or antibodies are considered to have combining site structures which are at least partly directed against each other. Complementary antibodies were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing antigens and by immunization with the PC-binding IgA myeloma protein TEPC-15 (T15). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells (PFC) and assaying serum antibody levels against the corresponding antigens. Mice immunized at least three times with T15 in adjuvants had markedly suppressed responses to subsequent immunization with PC; similarly, mice preimmunized multiple times with PC had suppressed responses to immunizations with T15. In contrast, mice immunized with T15 in the interval between \"primary\" and \"secondary\" immunizations with PC had undiminished PFC responses to both antigens but significantly decreased antibody titers to PC. Simultaneous responses were also induced by immunizations with T15 superimposed on weekly immunizations with PC; with this regime, immunization with T15 actually enhanced the PFC response to PC, but serum antibody to PC was significantly lower than for mice immunized with PC only. Levels of serum antibody to PC were probably lower, either because anti-PC antibody was complexed with the complementary antibody directed against T15, or because the antibody directed against T15 prevented synthesis and/or release of anti-PC antibody by cells in vivo. Thus, an established prior autogenous immune response can dramatically suppress a subsequent primary complementary response, but the effects of complementary responses on each other are more complex with different sequences of immunization. Also, the effects of variables such as the amounts and ratios of the classes of antibodies on regulation of complementary responses remain to be defined.", "contents": "Suppression by autogenous complementary idiotypes: the priority of the first response. Complementary idiotypes or antibodies are considered to have combining site structures which are at least partly directed against each other. Complementary antibodies were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing antigens and by immunization with the PC-binding IgA myeloma protein TEPC-15 (T15). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells (PFC) and assaying serum antibody levels against the corresponding antigens. Mice immunized at least three times with T15 in adjuvants had markedly suppressed responses to subsequent immunization with PC; similarly, mice preimmunized multiple times with PC had suppressed responses to immunizations with T15. In contrast, mice immunized with T15 in the interval between \"primary\" and \"secondary\" immunizations with PC had undiminished PFC responses to both antigens but significantly decreased antibody titers to PC. Simultaneous responses were also induced by immunizations with T15 superimposed on weekly immunizations with PC; with this regime, immunization with T15 actually enhanced the PFC response to PC, but serum antibody to PC was significantly lower than for mice immunized with PC only. Levels of serum antibody to PC were probably lower, either because anti-PC antibody was complexed with the complementary antibody directed against T15, or because the antibody directed against T15 prevented synthesis and/or release of anti-PC antibody by cells in vivo. Thus, an established prior autogenous immune response can dramatically suppress a subsequent primary complementary response, but the effects of complementary responses on each other are more complex with different sequences of immunization. Also, the effects of variables such as the amounts and ratios of the classes of antibodies on regulation of complementary responses remain to be defined.", "PMID": 62017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_272", "title": "Anti-idiotype sera raised against surface immunoglobulin of human neoplastic lymphocytes.", "content": "The idiotypic determinants of surface immunoglobulins on B-cell lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias represent tumor-specific antigens, individually unique for each tumor. As such they have both diagnostic and therapeutic potential, particularly for those neoplasms with no serum monoclonal immunoglobulin arising from synthesis of the protein for export. We describe the raising in animals of anti-idiotype sera directed against two examples of a nonexporting neoplasm, human chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The procedure involves exposing the cells to papain so as to remove the Fab fragments (containing the idiotypic determinants) from the surface immunoglobulin, recovering the Fab on cellulose immunosorbent particles, and immunizing animals with the immunosorbent-Fab complex.", "contents": "Anti-idiotype sera raised against surface immunoglobulin of human neoplastic lymphocytes. The idiotypic determinants of surface immunoglobulins on B-cell lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias represent tumor-specific antigens, individually unique for each tumor. As such they have both diagnostic and therapeutic potential, particularly for those neoplasms with no serum monoclonal immunoglobulin arising from synthesis of the protein for export. We describe the raising in animals of anti-idiotype sera directed against two examples of a nonexporting neoplasm, human chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The procedure involves exposing the cells to papain so as to remove the Fab fragments (containing the idiotypic determinants) from the surface immunoglobulin, recovering the Fab on cellulose immunosorbent particles, and immunizing animals with the immunosorbent-Fab complex.", "PMID": 62018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_273", "title": "Lysis of RNA tumor viruses by human serum: direct antibody-independent triggering of the classical complement pathway.", "content": "In earlier studies we found that human serum, but not serum from multiple other species, inactivated and lysed oncornaviruses from a number of diverse sources in the apparent absence of antibody. A detailed analysis of the role of the human complement (C) system in mediating this lytic process indicates that human C1q interacts directly, in the absence of immunoglobulin, with oncornaviruses. Binding of C1 via C1q in this manner leads to activation of C1r, C1s, and thus of the classical C pathway. Integrity of the classical pathway  is an absolute requirement for lysis although activation of the alternative pathway considerably amplifies the amount of lysis obtained, possibly through involvement of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism. Activation of C is accompanied by deposition of C components on the viral surface and lysis on completion of the C reaction sequence. Thus in this system, the C1q subunit of C1 subserves a specific recognition function normally associated with antibody. This ability of human serum to inactivate oncornaviruses may represent a natural defense mechanism operative in vivo which deters expression of intact oncornaviruses in human malignancies.", "contents": "Lysis of RNA tumor viruses by human serum: direct antibody-independent triggering of the classical complement pathway. In earlier studies we found that human serum, but not serum from multiple other species, inactivated and lysed oncornaviruses from a number of diverse sources in the apparent absence of antibody. A detailed analysis of the role of the human complement (C) system in mediating this lytic process indicates that human C1q interacts directly, in the absence of immunoglobulin, with oncornaviruses. Binding of C1 via C1q in this manner leads to activation of C1r, C1s, and thus of the classical C pathway. Integrity of the classical pathway  is an absolute requirement for lysis although activation of the alternative pathway considerably amplifies the amount of lysis obtained, possibly through involvement of the C3b-dependent feedback mechanism. Activation of C is accompanied by deposition of C components on the viral surface and lysis on completion of the C reaction sequence. Thus in this system, the C1q subunit of C1 subserves a specific recognition function normally associated with antibody. This ability of human serum to inactivate oncornaviruses may represent a natural defense mechanism operative in vivo which deters expression of intact oncornaviruses in human malignancies.", "PMID": 62019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_274", "title": "The analysis of the monoclonal immune response to influenza virus. II. The antigenicity of the viral hemagglutinin.", "content": "The antigenicity of the hemagglutinins (HA) of five influenza viruses of the A0 and A1 subtypes has been analyzed by means of monoclonal antibodies of murine origin produced in vitro. Secondary monoclonal anti-HA(PR8) antibodies were able to differentiate 14 antigenic determinants (or groups of determinants) on the HA of five influenza virus strains of the A0 and A1 subtypes. Taking into account that certain pairs of determinants delineated on heterologous HA may reflect the heterogeneity of the humoral immune response to a single homologous determinant, the presence of at least eight determinants (host cell-derived determinants not included) on the homologous HA of PR8 and probably on the HA of influenza viruses in general is postulated. Three types of HA-determinants of A0 and A1 influenza virus strains could be distinguished: strain-specific, partially shared, and determinant(s) common to all five virus strains tested. Roughly 40, 55, and 5%, respectively, of the secondary anti-PR8 antibodies of BALB/c mice were directed against determinants belonging to either of the three types.", "contents": "The analysis of the monoclonal immune response to influenza virus. II. The antigenicity of the viral hemagglutinin. The antigenicity of the hemagglutinins (HA) of five influenza viruses of the A0 and A1 subtypes has been analyzed by means of monoclonal antibodies of murine origin produced in vitro. Secondary monoclonal anti-HA(PR8) antibodies were able to differentiate 14 antigenic determinants (or groups of determinants) on the HA of five influenza virus strains of the A0 and A1 subtypes. Taking into account that certain pairs of determinants delineated on heterologous HA may reflect the heterogeneity of the humoral immune response to a single homologous determinant, the presence of at least eight determinants (host cell-derived determinants not included) on the homologous HA of PR8 and probably on the HA of influenza viruses in general is postulated. Three types of HA-determinants of A0 and A1 influenza virus strains could be distinguished: strain-specific, partially shared, and determinant(s) common to all five virus strains tested. Roughly 40, 55, and 5%, respectively, of the secondary anti-PR8 antibodies of BALB/c mice were directed against determinants belonging to either of the three types.", "PMID": 62020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_275", "title": "Some characteristics of salt-dependent haemagglutinating measles viruses.", "content": "Several strains of measles virus which did not agglutinate monkey erythrocytes in phosphate-buffered saline did so in buffer containing 0-8 M-ammonium sulphate. Haemadsorption to cells infected with these viruses was also salt-dependent. In a series of tests salt-dependent agglutinin was shown to be a stable structural component of the infectious virion. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the light of previous reports that many measles virus preparations do not agglutinate erythrocytes.", "contents": "Some characteristics of salt-dependent haemagglutinating measles viruses. Several strains of measles virus which did not agglutinate monkey erythrocytes in phosphate-buffered saline did so in buffer containing 0-8 M-ammonium sulphate. Haemadsorption to cells infected with these viruses was also salt-dependent. In a series of tests salt-dependent agglutinin was shown to be a stable structural component of the infectious virion. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the light of previous reports that many measles virus preparations do not agglutinate erythrocytes.", "PMID": 62022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_276", "title": "Tryptic cleavage of antibody binding sites from hepatitis B surface antigen particles.", "content": "The sedimentation of radiolabelled 22 nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles was unaffected by treatment with either trypsin or SDS alone, but combined treatment disrupted the particulate nature of the radiolabelled material. Considerable antibody binding activity by the group-specific determinant (a) was preserved after combined SDS and trypsin treatment but was released from the bulk of the radiolabelled protein; gel filtration indicated an approximate mol. wt. of 5000 to 15000 for the released antibody binding material. This material was precipitated by concanavalin A, suggesting the presence of carbohydrate. Its serological activity was remarkably resistant to boiling and to proteolytic digestion, but was partially sensitive to treatment with 0-01 M-periodate or with mixed carbohydrases and neuraminidase, and was greatly reduced by treatment with reducing agent. These data suggest that the stability of the a determinant is due to the structure of the antibody binding site itself, rather than to involvement in the quaternary structure of the particle, and that intact disulphide bonds and carbohydrate, closely related to the antibody binding site, are necessary for the full expression of serological acitivity.", "contents": "Tryptic cleavage of antibody binding sites from hepatitis B surface antigen particles. The sedimentation of radiolabelled 22 nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles was unaffected by treatment with either trypsin or SDS alone, but combined treatment disrupted the particulate nature of the radiolabelled material. Considerable antibody binding activity by the group-specific determinant (a) was preserved after combined SDS and trypsin treatment but was released from the bulk of the radiolabelled protein; gel filtration indicated an approximate mol. wt. of 5000 to 15000 for the released antibody binding material. This material was precipitated by concanavalin A, suggesting the presence of carbohydrate. Its serological activity was remarkably resistant to boiling and to proteolytic digestion, but was partially sensitive to treatment with 0-01 M-periodate or with mixed carbohydrases and neuraminidase, and was greatly reduced by treatment with reducing agent. These data suggest that the stability of the a determinant is due to the structure of the antibody binding site itself, rather than to involvement in the quaternary structure of the particle, and that intact disulphide bonds and carbohydrate, closely related to the antibody binding site, are necessary for the full expression of serological acitivity.", "PMID": 62023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_277", "title": "A comparison of human papovavirus T antigens.", "content": "A comparison was made of the T antigens induced in transformed cells or infected permissive cells by representatives of three categories of human papovavirus. The transformed hamster cell lines employed contained T antigen induced by either the BK or RF strains of papovavirus associated with human renal allografts; the JC strain of papovavirus from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), or a variant of SV40 virus isolated from PML. The human papovavirus T antigens were also compared with that of a human cell line transformed by SV40 of simian origin. Anti-T antibody prepared in hamsters against each of the hamster cell lines was absorbed with crude T antigen from each cell line, and the unabsorbed and absorbed antisera were tested for residual T antibody against each cell line, or against infected permissive cells by immunoperoxidase (IP) staining and complement-fixation (CF) tests. In unabsorbed antisera, T antibodies from each cell line cross-reacted with all T antigens in IP tests, and CF tests showed that T antisera reacted preferentially with T antigen induced by homologous virus. Absorpminants. T antigens of the two urine-derived strains, BK and RF, were identical or nearly so, but were clearly separable from T antigens of JC virus, PML-derived SV40 or simian-derived SV40. JC T antigen was intermediate, being more closely related to T antigens both of BK virus and SV40 virus than the latter were to each other. The T antigen of PML-derived SV40 could be distinguished from the T antigen of simian-derived SV40 and the T antigen of the SV40 variant from human brain was more closely related to those of the other human-derived papovaviruses than was the T antigen of SV40 from monkey kidney.", "contents": "A comparison of human papovavirus T antigens. A comparison was made of the T antigens induced in transformed cells or infected permissive cells by representatives of three categories of human papovavirus. The transformed hamster cell lines employed contained T antigen induced by either the BK or RF strains of papovavirus associated with human renal allografts; the JC strain of papovavirus from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), or a variant of SV40 virus isolated from PML. The human papovavirus T antigens were also compared with that of a human cell line transformed by SV40 of simian origin. Anti-T antibody prepared in hamsters against each of the hamster cell lines was absorbed with crude T antigen from each cell line, and the unabsorbed and absorbed antisera were tested for residual T antibody against each cell line, or against infected permissive cells by immunoperoxidase (IP) staining and complement-fixation (CF) tests. In unabsorbed antisera, T antibodies from each cell line cross-reacted with all T antigens in IP tests, and CF tests showed that T antisera reacted preferentially with T antigen induced by homologous virus. Absorpminants. T antigens of the two urine-derived strains, BK and RF, were identical or nearly so, but were clearly separable from T antigens of JC virus, PML-derived SV40 or simian-derived SV40. JC T antigen was intermediate, being more closely related to T antigens both of BK virus and SV40 virus than the latter were to each other. The T antigen of PML-derived SV40 could be distinguished from the T antigen of simian-derived SV40 and the T antigen of the SV40 variant from human brain was more closely related to those of the other human-derived papovaviruses than was the T antigen of SV40 from monkey kidney.", "PMID": 62024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_278", "title": "Evaluation of the blood-CSF barrier by protein gradients and the humoral immune response within the central nervous system.", "content": "A linear correlation was found between the serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration ratios of albumin, caeruloplasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin and their hydrodynamic radii in a semilogarithmic plot. This protein gradient is used as a parameter to evaluate the blood-CSF barrier under normal and pathological conditions. Irrespective of vastly different transfer rates, the ratio/size permeation curves of proteins at the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-lymph barrier have comparable characteristics. Therefore the protein gradients found in various disease states are interpreted by means of Renkin's general law of lymph formation. Declined gradients are caused either by an increased permeability of the barrier sites or by a decreased turnover rate of the CSF within the compartment punctured. The concentration ratios of immunoglobulins are related to the gradient that is constructed with the ratios of the barrier-indicative marker proteins. As judged by comparative disc electrophoresis of serum and CSF, those disease states that are dominated by barrier impairment are used to establish the range of concentration ratios, compatible with a passive immunoglobulin transfer in any condition in which the barrier is disordered. A mathematical approach is described, which allows the quantitative evaluation of the minimal immunoglobulin portion that is synthesized within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Evaluation of the blood-CSF barrier by protein gradients and the humoral immune response within the central nervous system. A linear correlation was found between the serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration ratios of albumin, caeruloplasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin and their hydrodynamic radii in a semilogarithmic plot. This protein gradient is used as a parameter to evaluate the blood-CSF barrier under normal and pathological conditions. Irrespective of vastly different transfer rates, the ratio/size permeation curves of proteins at the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-lymph barrier have comparable characteristics. Therefore the protein gradients found in various disease states are interpreted by means of Renkin's general law of lymph formation. Declined gradients are caused either by an increased permeability of the barrier sites or by a decreased turnover rate of the CSF within the compartment punctured. The concentration ratios of immunoglobulins are related to the gradient that is constructed with the ratios of the barrier-indicative marker proteins. As judged by comparative disc electrophoresis of serum and CSF, those disease states that are dominated by barrier impairment are used to establish the range of concentration ratios, compatible with a passive immunoglobulin transfer in any condition in which the barrier is disordered. A mathematical approach is described, which allows the quantitative evaluation of the minimal immunoglobulin portion that is synthesized within the central nervous system.", "PMID": 62025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_279", "title": "Generalized gangliosidosis: acid beta-galactosidase deficiency with early onset, rapid mental deterioration and minimal bone dysplasia.", "content": "This report concerns a 3-month-old girl with rapidly progressive psychomotor retardation, hepatomegaly, vacuolated lymphocytes, minimal bone dysplasia and normal excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides. A deficiency of acid beta-galactosidase was demonstrated in isolated leucocytes and in a liver biopsy. The diagnosis of generalized gangliosidosis due to deficiency of beta-galactosidase was also based on the absence of the enzyme activity from cultured fibroblasts. The diagnosis was confirmed on autopsy at 16 months by typical histology, electron microscopy and biochemistry of the organs. beta-galactosidase deficiency has been demonstrated in various clinical conditions ranging from generalized gangliosidosis with severe mental retardation to clinical pictures resembling Morquio's disease and normal intelligence. The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations in beta-galactosidase deficiency could be explained by different residual activities of a structurally mutated enzyme towards its various substrates.", "contents": "Generalized gangliosidosis: acid beta-galactosidase deficiency with early onset, rapid mental deterioration and minimal bone dysplasia. This report concerns a 3-month-old girl with rapidly progressive psychomotor retardation, hepatomegaly, vacuolated lymphocytes, minimal bone dysplasia and normal excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides. A deficiency of acid beta-galactosidase was demonstrated in isolated leucocytes and in a liver biopsy. The diagnosis of generalized gangliosidosis due to deficiency of beta-galactosidase was also based on the absence of the enzyme activity from cultured fibroblasts. The diagnosis was confirmed on autopsy at 16 months by typical histology, electron microscopy and biochemistry of the organs. beta-galactosidase deficiency has been demonstrated in various clinical conditions ranging from generalized gangliosidosis with severe mental retardation to clinical pictures resembling Morquio's disease and normal intelligence. The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations in beta-galactosidase deficiency could be explained by different residual activities of a structurally mutated enzyme towards its various substrates.", "PMID": 62026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_280", "title": "[Studies on the circadian periodicity in patients with the awakening type of idiopathic epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 patients with idiopathic epilepsy of the awakening type and 3 control subjects, the heart rate, body temperature and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and calcium were measured over 72 h. The patients and the control subjects stayed in the hospital under constant environmental conditions including a standard diet with a constant content of sodium, potassium and calcium. The diet began 2 days before the onset of data collection. No drugs were given during the whole period. The data obtained during the 72-hour period were scored visually concerning the position of the maxima and minima, whereas the period duration was calculated by means of power spectral analysis. The epileptic patients showed more inconstant results concerning the time of maxima and minima as well as the 24-hour periodicity. However, a constant deviation i.e. a constant phase shift or a constant change in period duration into the same direction could not be observed. The different parameters showed different behavior even in the same patient. Thus a constant difference in the circadian periodicity between normal subjects and patients with epilepsy of the awakening type could not be found in the data recorded in the present study.", "contents": "[Studies on the circadian periodicity in patients with the awakening type of idiopathic epilepsy (author's transl)]. In 6 patients with idiopathic epilepsy of the awakening type and 3 control subjects, the heart rate, body temperature and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and calcium were measured over 72 h. The patients and the control subjects stayed in the hospital under constant environmental conditions including a standard diet with a constant content of sodium, potassium and calcium. The diet began 2 days before the onset of data collection. No drugs were given during the whole period. The data obtained during the 72-hour period were scored visually concerning the position of the maxima and minima, whereas the period duration was calculated by means of power spectral analysis. The epileptic patients showed more inconstant results concerning the time of maxima and minima as well as the 24-hour periodicity. However, a constant deviation i.e. a constant phase shift or a constant change in period duration into the same direction could not be observed. The different parameters showed different behavior even in the same patient. Thus a constant difference in the circadian periodicity between normal subjects and patients with epilepsy of the awakening type could not be found in the data recorded in the present study.", "PMID": 62027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_281", "title": "Ultrastructural investigations of peripheral nerves in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL).", "content": "Specimens of brachial plexus, sural nerve and two cranial nerves of one patient with Jansky-Bielschowsky type and 3 patients with the Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type of NCL were studied by electron microscopy. Significant light microscopic changes were absent in all specimens. Ultrastructurally, curvilinear and/or fingerprint inclusions were present in each case, located chiefly in Schwann cells. These diagnostic findings were, however, overshadowed by masses of lamellar pi-granule-like cytosomes, usually not mixed with curvilinear or finger-print profiles in the juvenile cases and only rarely associated with curvilinear profiles in the late infantile case. Since secondary changes of axons and myelin sheaths were mild, these lamellar cytosomes might indicate chronic damage to Schwann cells, perhaps by \"wear and tear\" as seen in aging as well as NCL. On account of the abundance of pi-granules in NCL, peripheral nerve biopsy appears less suitable for confirming this diagnosis than biopsy of skin, striated muscle and rectal tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigations of peripheral nerves in neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL). Specimens of brachial plexus, sural nerve and two cranial nerves of one patient with Jansky-Bielschowsky type and 3 patients with the Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren type of NCL were studied by electron microscopy. Significant light microscopic changes were absent in all specimens. Ultrastructurally, curvilinear and/or fingerprint inclusions were present in each case, located chiefly in Schwann cells. These diagnostic findings were, however, overshadowed by masses of lamellar pi-granule-like cytosomes, usually not mixed with curvilinear or finger-print profiles in the juvenile cases and only rarely associated with curvilinear profiles in the late infantile case. Since secondary changes of axons and myelin sheaths were mild, these lamellar cytosomes might indicate chronic damage to Schwann cells, perhaps by \"wear and tear\" as seen in aging as well as NCL. On account of the abundance of pi-granules in NCL, peripheral nerve biopsy appears less suitable for confirming this diagnosis than biopsy of skin, striated muscle and rectal tissue.", "PMID": 62028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_282", "title": "Myotonic dystrophy and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A 48-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy did well until the age of 37, when he developed the first of many remissions and exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. The only serum value done while the patient was infection free, revealed serum hypogammaglobulinemia. Three determinations of the relative concentration of gama globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid over 11 years, yielded markedly elevated levels. Previous work on the immunological abnormalities in both disease entities is discussed. This is the only published case in which these two diseases were manifested in the same patient.", "contents": "Myotonic dystrophy and multiple sclerosis. A 48-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy did well until the age of 37, when he developed the first of many remissions and exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. The only serum value done while the patient was infection free, revealed serum hypogammaglobulinemia. Three determinations of the relative concentration of gama globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid over 11 years, yielded markedly elevated levels. Previous work on the immunological abnormalities in both disease entities is discussed. This is the only published case in which these two diseases were manifested in the same patient.", "PMID": 62029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_283", "title": "Intrathecal cytostatic therapy of meningeal carcinomatosis. Autoradiographic investigations of the CSF cells.", "content": "Autoradiographic investigations with 3H-thymidine were performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from a case of meningeal carcinomatosis following carcinoma of the breast. The cells were found to be anaplastic histologically. Within a period of 12 days 3 X 25 mg methotrexate were injected into the subarachnoid space by lumbar (2 X) or cisternal (1 X) puncture. The CSF cells were reduced from 283/3 to 19/3, while the proportion of tumour cells fell from 90 to 2%. The labelling index before onset of therapy was 33%; it increased to 70% after the first intrathecal administration of cytostatic and finally fell to 23%. The mitotic index, which was generally less reliable, behaved in a parallel way; the initial value of 1.5% increased to 3% and then declined to values less than 0.5%. Despite detailed histological investigation, carcinomatous cells could not be found anywhere on the surfaces of the central nervous system or meninges. Clinically, the patient had never shown significant neuropathological or psychopathological findings. However, the headache which had been very severe during the meningeal carcinomatosis vanished completely after the second application of methotrexate.", "contents": "Intrathecal cytostatic therapy of meningeal carcinomatosis. Autoradiographic investigations of the CSF cells. Autoradiographic investigations with 3H-thymidine were performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from a case of meningeal carcinomatosis following carcinoma of the breast. The cells were found to be anaplastic histologically. Within a period of 12 days 3 X 25 mg methotrexate were injected into the subarachnoid space by lumbar (2 X) or cisternal (1 X) puncture. The CSF cells were reduced from 283/3 to 19/3, while the proportion of tumour cells fell from 90 to 2%. The labelling index before onset of therapy was 33%; it increased to 70% after the first intrathecal administration of cytostatic and finally fell to 23%. The mitotic index, which was generally less reliable, behaved in a parallel way; the initial value of 1.5% increased to 3% and then declined to values less than 0.5%. Despite detailed histological investigation, carcinomatous cells could not be found anywhere on the surfaces of the central nervous system or meninges. Clinically, the patient had never shown significant neuropathological or psychopathological findings. However, the headache which had been very severe during the meningeal carcinomatosis vanished completely after the second application of methotrexate.", "PMID": 62030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_284", "title": "[N. interosseous anterior syndrome. Study in 4 cases of our own and in 49 cases from the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The anterior interosseous nerve branches off from the median nerve distal of the pronator radii teres. It lies on the interosseous membrane, always innervates the flexor pollicis longus, usually the portion of the deep flexor belonging to the second, sometimes also the portion belonging to the third finger, then runs to the pronator quandratus. In 4 cases of our own and in 49 cases from the literature we could show that an isolated lesion of the motor division of the median nerve has been seen after fractures and in connection with dull traumas, unusual activities, pressure and medical procedures. A mechanical origin can be assumed also in the so-called \"spontaneous\" cases of paresis without any indication of exogenous influence. It is described twice as often on the right as on the left side and in 15 of 17 cases of operative revision fascial bands, adhesions, and similar compressions were found. Frequently, the only sign of the syndrome is paresis of the flexor pollicis longus. The diagnosis becomes clearer, when the flexor digitorum profundus is also affected, since the extension of the first two or three end phalanges during flexion of all fingers constitutes a characteristic clinical feature. Occasionally, pain is present on the outside of the forearm, and this can lead to differential diagnostic reflections. In spite of the convincing operative findings we find that the experience to date is not sufficient to give a general recommendation for operative treatment. The prognosis is favorable, apparently even without operative revision; in some cases, however, as in one of our patients, the paresis does not improve until the second year after onset.", "contents": "[N. interosseous anterior syndrome. Study in 4 cases of our own and in 49 cases from the literature (author's transl)]. The anterior interosseous nerve branches off from the median nerve distal of the pronator radii teres. It lies on the interosseous membrane, always innervates the flexor pollicis longus, usually the portion of the deep flexor belonging to the second, sometimes also the portion belonging to the third finger, then runs to the pronator quandratus. In 4 cases of our own and in 49 cases from the literature we could show that an isolated lesion of the motor division of the median nerve has been seen after fractures and in connection with dull traumas, unusual activities, pressure and medical procedures. A mechanical origin can be assumed also in the so-called \"spontaneous\" cases of paresis without any indication of exogenous influence. It is described twice as often on the right as on the left side and in 15 of 17 cases of operative revision fascial bands, adhesions, and similar compressions were found. Frequently, the only sign of the syndrome is paresis of the flexor pollicis longus. The diagnosis becomes clearer, when the flexor digitorum profundus is also affected, since the extension of the first two or three end phalanges during flexion of all fingers constitutes a characteristic clinical feature. Occasionally, pain is present on the outside of the forearm, and this can lead to differential diagnostic reflections. In spite of the convincing operative findings we find that the experience to date is not sufficient to give a general recommendation for operative treatment. The prognosis is favorable, apparently even without operative revision; in some cases, however, as in one of our patients, the paresis does not improve until the second year after onset.", "PMID": 62031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_285", "title": "Function and innervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis.", "content": "Beside the automatic, obligatory and tonic coinnervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis in conjugate lateral gaze (oculoauricular phenomenon, nystagmus) several other physiological ways of accidental coinnervation are described. In talking, chewing, swallowing and during involuntary inspiration irregular bursts of innervation may be registered. In sleep regular rhythmic inspiratory innervation is demonstrated as well as myoclonic jerks. With reservation, an allusion is made to rem-sleep. In \"nervous subjects\" irregular involuntary innervation of the m. retroauricularis might serve as a measurement instrument for the involuntary somatomotor nervous system, i.e. the degree of neurotic tensity. An early myasthenic reaction is gained from the M. retroauricularis in patients with ocular forms of the disease. A common motor nucleus of abducens and facial nerve is discussed. Complementary studies are announced on the various forms of facial paralysis, strabismus and nystagmus. A further diagnostic use is presumed.", "contents": "Function and innervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis. Beside the automatic, obligatory and tonic coinnervation of the involuntary m. retroauricularis in conjugate lateral gaze (oculoauricular phenomenon, nystagmus) several other physiological ways of accidental coinnervation are described. In talking, chewing, swallowing and during involuntary inspiration irregular bursts of innervation may be registered. In sleep regular rhythmic inspiratory innervation is demonstrated as well as myoclonic jerks. With reservation, an allusion is made to rem-sleep. In \"nervous subjects\" irregular involuntary innervation of the m. retroauricularis might serve as a measurement instrument for the involuntary somatomotor nervous system, i.e. the degree of neurotic tensity. An early myasthenic reaction is gained from the M. retroauricularis in patients with ocular forms of the disease. A common motor nucleus of abducens and facial nerve is discussed. Complementary studies are announced on the various forms of facial paralysis, strabismus and nystagmus. A further diagnostic use is presumed.", "PMID": 62032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_286", "title": "Genetic investigations on chronic forms of infantile and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "A material of 247 cases selected from 260 cases of spinal muscular atrophy in the Warsaw Department of Neurology in 1960-1974 was analyzed. The size of sibships was established and calculations were made of the mean distribution of the age at onset, also according to sex, for the different clinical forms, genetical proportions by the method of siblings and of probands, and coefficient of sib-sib correlation for the material as a whole and separately for males, females and male-female pairs. The analysis shows the course of the disease to differ between the sexes and to be mild in males more often than in females, as is particularly noticeable in the higher age groups. Cases of Kugelberg-Welander's disease are predominantly male. The hypothesis is advanced that a proportion of male patients have a sex-linked modifying gene of a fairly high frequency (possibly of the range of 1 in 5 males, and 1 in 25, in the homozygous state, in females). Although it would not disprove conclusively the nosological distinctness of different forms of infantile and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, the existence of the modifying gene, if proved, would tend rather to add to the likelihood of their constituting a single recessive autosomal disease.", "contents": "Genetic investigations on chronic forms of infantile and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy. A material of 247 cases selected from 260 cases of spinal muscular atrophy in the Warsaw Department of Neurology in 1960-1974 was analyzed. The size of sibships was established and calculations were made of the mean distribution of the age at onset, also according to sex, for the different clinical forms, genetical proportions by the method of siblings and of probands, and coefficient of sib-sib correlation for the material as a whole and separately for males, females and male-female pairs. The analysis shows the course of the disease to differ between the sexes and to be mild in males more often than in females, as is particularly noticeable in the higher age groups. Cases of Kugelberg-Welander's disease are predominantly male. The hypothesis is advanced that a proportion of male patients have a sex-linked modifying gene of a fairly high frequency (possibly of the range of 1 in 5 males, and 1 in 25, in the homozygous state, in females). Although it would not disprove conclusively the nosological distinctness of different forms of infantile and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, the existence of the modifying gene, if proved, would tend rather to add to the likelihood of their constituting a single recessive autosomal disease.", "PMID": 62033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_287", "title": "The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome.", "content": "A case of isolated anterior interosseous nerve palsy with its characteristic clinical picture of lack of function is described. The typical symptoms are the inability to flex the terminal phalanges of the thumb and index finger, possibly of other fingers too, and the inability to pronate the forearm when the elbow is flexed. The cases previously described in the literature are reported in comparison with the present case. Prognosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "The anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. A case of isolated anterior interosseous nerve palsy with its characteristic clinical picture of lack of function is described. The typical symptoms are the inability to flex the terminal phalanges of the thumb and index finger, possibly of other fingers too, and the inability to pronate the forearm when the elbow is flexed. The cases previously described in the literature are reported in comparison with the present case. Prognosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 62034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_288", "title": "Plasma membranes of muscle in experimental myotonia in rats.", "content": "Determinations of protein and phospholipid composition, as well as enzymatic activity, were carried out in plasma membranes isolated from the muscle of rats, after different periods of 20,25-diazacholesterol administration. A decrease in the level of phospholipids, and in the total amount of plasma membrane proteins, connected with a relative reduction in the amount of protein of a molecular weight of 100000 daltons, was found. The activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATP-ase gradually decreased while a reverse tendency was observed in the case of 5'-nucleotidase. Changes in ATP-ase and phospholipids appeared even prior to electrophysiologically recorded signs of the myotonia. The mechanism of these changes and their possible role in myotonia are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma membranes of muscle in experimental myotonia in rats. Determinations of protein and phospholipid composition, as well as enzymatic activity, were carried out in plasma membranes isolated from the muscle of rats, after different periods of 20,25-diazacholesterol administration. A decrease in the level of phospholipids, and in the total amount of plasma membrane proteins, connected with a relative reduction in the amount of protein of a molecular weight of 100000 daltons, was found. The activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATP-ase gradually decreased while a reverse tendency was observed in the case of 5'-nucleotidase. Changes in ATP-ase and phospholipids appeared even prior to electrophysiologically recorded signs of the myotonia. The mechanism of these changes and their possible role in myotonia are discussed.", "PMID": 62035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_289", "title": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum in experimental myotonia in rats.", "content": "Determinations of enzymatic activity, protein structure and phospholipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from the soleus muscle (S), extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and gastrocnemius muscle (G) in rats were carried out after various periods of 20,25-diazacholesterol administration. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from G and EDL of myotonic rats exhibited a rise in basal ATP-ase activity and a fall of total phospholipids. The protein of molecular weight of 100000 daltons in G and EDL was slightly more pronounced.", "contents": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum in experimental myotonia in rats. Determinations of enzymatic activity, protein structure and phospholipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from the soleus muscle (S), extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and gastrocnemius muscle (G) in rats were carried out after various periods of 20,25-diazacholesterol administration. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from G and EDL of myotonic rats exhibited a rise in basal ATP-ase activity and a fall of total phospholipids. The protein of molecular weight of 100000 daltons in G and EDL was slightly more pronounced.", "PMID": 62036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_290", "title": "Measles virus infection and multiple sclerosis: serological studies.", "content": "In 159 patients out of 161 with multiple sclerosis (MS), a significant rise in the level of measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody was found in the serum and in 92 MS patients the occurrence of measles HI antibody in the CSF was significantly more frequent. MS patients showed CSF humoral response against measles virus by neutralizing test (NV) (76%) more often than by hemagglutination test (37%). CSF FA antibody was found in 60%. In the serum of MS patients the presence of NV, HAd, FA, and GP-RNP was observed. 87% of MS patients showed lowered serum: CSF NV or HI antibody ratios and 78% had a diminished FA antibody ratio. Longitudinal study of serum HI measles virus antibody showed no substantial changes over longer period of the disease. Higher CSF measles antibody titer was found in more disabled patients with a malignant course of the disease (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that either persistent infection with proviruses or nonspecific stimulation of certain clones in individuals with genetic susceptibility provides for an excessive synthesis of humoral viral antibodies in MS.", "contents": "Measles virus infection and multiple sclerosis: serological studies. In 159 patients out of 161 with multiple sclerosis (MS), a significant rise in the level of measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody was found in the serum and in 92 MS patients the occurrence of measles HI antibody in the CSF was significantly more frequent. MS patients showed CSF humoral response against measles virus by neutralizing test (NV) (76%) more often than by hemagglutination test (37%). CSF FA antibody was found in 60%. In the serum of MS patients the presence of NV, HAd, FA, and GP-RNP was observed. 87% of MS patients showed lowered serum: CSF NV or HI antibody ratios and 78% had a diminished FA antibody ratio. Longitudinal study of serum HI measles virus antibody showed no substantial changes over longer period of the disease. Higher CSF measles antibody titer was found in more disabled patients with a malignant course of the disease (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that either persistent infection with proviruses or nonspecific stimulation of certain clones in individuals with genetic susceptibility provides for an excessive synthesis of humoral viral antibodies in MS.", "PMID": 62037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_291", "title": "Anatomical analysis of ventrolateral thalamic input to primate motor cortex.", "content": "1. The origin and topographical organization of input to the arm area of the primate motor cortex from the ventrolateral thalamus were examined using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 2. A thin, continuous slab of labeled neurons was found in the ventrolateral thalamus followingmultiple injections of HRP into the arm area of the motor cortex. The slab of labeled neurons was flanked, medially and laterally, by groups of unlabeled neurons. 3. The origin of ventrolateral thalamic input was more extensive than previously thought. Labeled neurons were found from A10.0 to A6.0 and occurred in three ventolateral thalamic subdivisions: ventralis lateralis pars oralis (VLo), ventralis lateralis pars caudalis (VLc), and ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo). For simplicity this region containing labeled neurons has been termed the ventrolateral thalamic (VL) arm area. 4. Injections of HRP into the somatic sensory cortex indicated that the thalamic regions which project to the somatic sensory cortex are separate from the VL arm area. 5. The distribution of labeled neurons following single injections of HRP into different regions of the motor cortex arm area indicated that the VL arm area is topographically organized, particularly its caudal part. Ventral regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions adjacent to the central sulcus where the representation of largely distal musculature is localized. Dorsal regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions more rostral to the central sulcus where the representation of more proximal musculature is localized. 6. A larger region of the VL arm area was labeled following HRP injections adjacent to the central sulcus than following the more rostral motor cortex injections. This suggests that, like the arm area of the motor cortex, more of the VL arm area is allotted to the representation of distal than proximal musculature. 7. Following very small cortical HRP injections, isolated labeled thalamic neurons were diffusely scattered throughout a 3-mm rostrocaudal extent of the VL arm area. In addition, a small focal cluster of labeled thalamic neurons was also seen. The labeled cluster was limited to 0.5 mm rostrocaudally and 300 mum in width. The focal distribution of labeled thalamic neurons suggests that aspects of a point to point organization may exist in the connection between VL and the motor cortex arm area.", "contents": "Anatomical analysis of ventrolateral thalamic input to primate motor cortex. 1. The origin and topographical organization of input to the arm area of the primate motor cortex from the ventrolateral thalamus were examined using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 2. A thin, continuous slab of labeled neurons was found in the ventrolateral thalamus followingmultiple injections of HRP into the arm area of the motor cortex. The slab of labeled neurons was flanked, medially and laterally, by groups of unlabeled neurons. 3. The origin of ventrolateral thalamic input was more extensive than previously thought. Labeled neurons were found from A10.0 to A6.0 and occurred in three ventolateral thalamic subdivisions: ventralis lateralis pars oralis (VLo), ventralis lateralis pars caudalis (VLc), and ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo). For simplicity this region containing labeled neurons has been termed the ventrolateral thalamic (VL) arm area. 4. Injections of HRP into the somatic sensory cortex indicated that the thalamic regions which project to the somatic sensory cortex are separate from the VL arm area. 5. The distribution of labeled neurons following single injections of HRP into different regions of the motor cortex arm area indicated that the VL arm area is topographically organized, particularly its caudal part. Ventral regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions adjacent to the central sulcus where the representation of largely distal musculature is localized. Dorsal regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions more rostral to the central sulcus where the representation of more proximal musculature is localized. 6. A larger region of the VL arm area was labeled following HRP injections adjacent to the central sulcus than following the more rostral motor cortex injections. This suggests that, like the arm area of the motor cortex, more of the VL arm area is allotted to the representation of distal than proximal musculature. 7. Following very small cortical HRP injections, isolated labeled thalamic neurons were diffusely scattered throughout a 3-mm rostrocaudal extent of the VL arm area. In addition, a small focal cluster of labeled thalamic neurons was also seen. The labeled cluster was limited to 0.5 mm rostrocaudally and 300 mum in width. The focal distribution of labeled thalamic neurons suggests that aspects of a point to point organization may exist in the connection between VL and the motor cortex arm area.", "PMID": 62039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_292", "title": "A method of integrating family nursing in an undergraduate curriculum.", "content": "The authors describe integrating theoretical content of families into an undergraduate curriculum based on the biopsychosocial spheres. Using audiovisual materials, and printed media, the student is introduced to independent learning and applies content to clinical settings in the community.", "contents": "A method of integrating family nursing in an undergraduate curriculum. The authors describe integrating theoretical content of families into an undergraduate curriculum based on the biopsychosocial spheres. Using audiovisual materials, and printed media, the student is introduced to independent learning and applies content to clinical settings in the community.", "PMID": 62040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_293", "title": "A plasma glycoprotein depressed in vitamin A deficiency in the rat: alpha 1-macroglobulin.", "content": "Plasma glycoprotein synthesis in normal and vitamin A-deficient rats was investigated by injecting the rats with labeled carbohydrate precursors and then fractionating their plasmas on DEAE-Sephadex. Plasma from deficient rats showed a consistent depression of 30% in the uptake of label into a peak eluting with 0.23 M NaCl. The major component of this peak was identified as the rat alpha1-macroglobulin, based on its molecular weight (800,000), its mobility on cellulose acetate electrophoresis and its ability to bind trypsin. Although the alpha1-macroglobulin synthesis appeared to be depressed by 30%, its fractional turnover rate was not affected by vitamin A deficiency (t 1/2 = 18 hours). The trypsin-binding ability of this glycoprotein was used as a comparative measure of its concentration, and the results confirmed that serum levels of this glycoprotein were lower in deficient rats. In severe deficiency, alpha1-macroglobulin levels dropped to between 10% and 20% of normal levels.", "contents": "A plasma glycoprotein depressed in vitamin A deficiency in the rat: alpha 1-macroglobulin. Plasma glycoprotein synthesis in normal and vitamin A-deficient rats was investigated by injecting the rats with labeled carbohydrate precursors and then fractionating their plasmas on DEAE-Sephadex. Plasma from deficient rats showed a consistent depression of 30% in the uptake of label into a peak eluting with 0.23 M NaCl. The major component of this peak was identified as the rat alpha1-macroglobulin, based on its molecular weight (800,000), its mobility on cellulose acetate electrophoresis and its ability to bind trypsin. Although the alpha1-macroglobulin synthesis appeared to be depressed by 30%, its fractional turnover rate was not affected by vitamin A deficiency (t 1/2 = 18 hours). The trypsin-binding ability of this glycoprotein was used as a comparative measure of its concentration, and the results confirmed that serum levels of this glycoprotein were lower in deficient rats. In severe deficiency, alpha1-macroglobulin levels dropped to between 10% and 20% of normal levels.", "PMID": 62042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_294", "title": "Topographical distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in human temporomandibular joint disks. A histochemical study of an autopsy material.", "content": "The distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAG's) in the human temporomandibular joint disk and its relationship to sex, age and osteoarthrosis was studied by histochemical methods in autopsy material from 18 individuals. The disks were embedded in paraffin and frontal sections, 5-7 mu thick, were cut at different levels. Two staining methods were used, toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and alcian blue with different concentrations of MgCl2. The two methods gave comparable results. The sulphated GAG's as represented by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and staining with alcian blue in concentrations of MgCl2 above 0.55-M were found in the central load-bearing part of the disks evenly distributed in the medio-lateral direction. The findings from the alcian blue staining method indicated the presence of sulphated GAG's with characteristics similar to chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate. The latter finding was most frequent in a surface zone )10-100 mu) located mainly in the central part of the disks. In macroscopically thin areas of the disks judged as early osteoarthrosis a significant reduction in the staining of sulphated GAG's could be observed. No age or sex differences were found in the distribution of GAG's, either in normal or in osteoarthrotic disks.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in human temporomandibular joint disks. A histochemical study of an autopsy material. The distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAG's) in the human temporomandibular joint disk and its relationship to sex, age and osteoarthrosis was studied by histochemical methods in autopsy material from 18 individuals. The disks were embedded in paraffin and frontal sections, 5-7 mu thick, were cut at different levels. Two staining methods were used, toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and alcian blue with different concentrations of MgCl2. The two methods gave comparable results. The sulphated GAG's as represented by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue at pH 0.5 and staining with alcian blue in concentrations of MgCl2 above 0.55-M were found in the central load-bearing part of the disks evenly distributed in the medio-lateral direction. The findings from the alcian blue staining method indicated the presence of sulphated GAG's with characteristics similar to chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate. The latter finding was most frequent in a surface zone )10-100 mu) located mainly in the central part of the disks. In macroscopically thin areas of the disks judged as early osteoarthrosis a significant reduction in the staining of sulphated GAG's could be observed. No age or sex differences were found in the distribution of GAG's, either in normal or in osteoarthrotic disks.", "PMID": 62043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_295", "title": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mandible.", "content": "A new case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the jaw arising in a 16-year-old white girl is presented. It is possible that unrepresentative biopsy specimens of this condition could be misdiagnosed as myxofibroma, chondrosarcoma, or mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mandible. A new case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the jaw arising in a 16-year-old white girl is presented. It is possible that unrepresentative biopsy specimens of this condition could be misdiagnosed as myxofibroma, chondrosarcoma, or mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.", "PMID": 62044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_296", "title": "An experimental kidney disease in dogs produced by injection of heterologous antisera to dog tubular fraction 3 antigen.", "content": "Glomerular disease characterised by morphological alterations of the glomerular basement membrane and the mesangium was produced in dogs by injections of heterologous anti-dog renal tubular fraction 3 antibody. The renal lesion was characterised by irregular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, with electron-dense deposits and loose granular material within it.", "contents": "An experimental kidney disease in dogs produced by injection of heterologous antisera to dog tubular fraction 3 antigen. Glomerular disease characterised by morphological alterations of the glomerular basement membrane and the mesangium was produced in dogs by injections of heterologous anti-dog renal tubular fraction 3 antibody. The renal lesion was characterised by irregular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, with electron-dense deposits and loose granular material within it.", "PMID": 62046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_297", "title": "Exeriences with isoprenaline induced myocardial necrosis in the rat.", "content": "An attempt has been made to quantify myocardial lesions produced in the rat by isoprenaline for use as a model to assess possible incremental effects of environmental and dietary factors. This was initially made difficult by variation in the cardiotoxicity of different samples of isoprenaline. Investigation of these samples failed to reveal the basis for the differences. Active preparations have, however, produced profound changes both clinically and pathologically. The earliest light-microscopic changes both clinically and pathologically. The earliest light-microscopic change was loss of fuchsinophilia of fibres in sections stained by the picro-Mallory technique. By 24 hr obvious necrosis, fragmentation and lysis of the fibres had occurred. Treatment of frozen sections to demonstrate succinate dehydrogenase showed early changes in the character of formazan, suggesting the possibility of a transient alteration in the hydrogen transport system. By 48 hr, this is reversed except in those fibres undergoing necrosis where there is a complete loss of formazan. This contrast in staining between normal and necrotic fibres constitutes the basis for quantification which has been carried out by point counting. The results show some differences in the amount of myocardial necrosis between different batches of animals but relatively small differences within individual batches, suggesting that the introduction of additional variants into the system should be capable of producing clear cut results.", "contents": "Exeriences with isoprenaline induced myocardial necrosis in the rat. An attempt has been made to quantify myocardial lesions produced in the rat by isoprenaline for use as a model to assess possible incremental effects of environmental and dietary factors. This was initially made difficult by variation in the cardiotoxicity of different samples of isoprenaline. Investigation of these samples failed to reveal the basis for the differences. Active preparations have, however, produced profound changes both clinically and pathologically. The earliest light-microscopic changes both clinically and pathologically. The earliest light-microscopic change was loss of fuchsinophilia of fibres in sections stained by the picro-Mallory technique. By 24 hr obvious necrosis, fragmentation and lysis of the fibres had occurred. Treatment of frozen sections to demonstrate succinate dehydrogenase showed early changes in the character of formazan, suggesting the possibility of a transient alteration in the hydrogen transport system. By 48 hr, this is reversed except in those fibres undergoing necrosis where there is a complete loss of formazan. This contrast in staining between normal and necrotic fibres constitutes the basis for quantification which has been carried out by point counting. The results show some differences in the amount of myocardial necrosis between different batches of animals but relatively small differences within individual batches, suggesting that the introduction of additional variants into the system should be capable of producing clear cut results.", "PMID": 62047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_298", "title": "Comparison of graphical and computerized methods for calculating binding parameters for two strongly bound drugs to human serum albumin.", "content": "The determination of drug-protein binding parameters (n's and K's) can lead to important information on the required therapeutic dosage regimen and possible clinical complications associated with competitive displacement of one drug by a concurrently administered agent. Graphical and computer estimates of the data are often incorrectly formulated, and and seldom are adequate data obtained at low binding ratios. Commonly used graphical procedures, inadequately formulated computer methods, and a statistically correct computer method were used to compare results obtained from a circular dichroic examination of dicumarol-human serum albumin and fenoprofen-human serum albumin interactions. Literature binding constants for dicumarol-albumin range from 1 X 10(5) to 30 times that figure, and it is shown here that a wide range in parameter estimates may be obtained depending on the method of data analysis. The parameter estimates in the case of fenoprofen-albumin are even more variable.", "contents": "Comparison of graphical and computerized methods for calculating binding parameters for two strongly bound drugs to human serum albumin. The determination of drug-protein binding parameters (n's and K's) can lead to important information on the required therapeutic dosage regimen and possible clinical complications associated with competitive displacement of one drug by a concurrently administered agent. Graphical and computer estimates of the data are often incorrectly formulated, and and seldom are adequate data obtained at low binding ratios. Commonly used graphical procedures, inadequately formulated computer methods, and a statistically correct computer method were used to compare results obtained from a circular dichroic examination of dicumarol-human serum albumin and fenoprofen-human serum albumin interactions. Literature binding constants for dicumarol-albumin range from 1 X 10(5) to 30 times that figure, and it is shown here that a wide range in parameter estimates may be obtained depending on the method of data analysis. The parameter estimates in the case of fenoprofen-albumin are even more variable.", "PMID": 62049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_299", "title": "Relationship between dicumarol distribution and the effect of enzyme induction on dicumarol elimination in rats.", "content": "Pronounced intersubject differences in the apparent first-order elimination rate constant (kapp) for dicumarol in rats have been found to be due to corresponding differences in the distribution of dicumarol between the liver (the site of dicumarol biotransformation) and the rest of the body. From theoretical considerations and experimental results in animals given only dicumarol, it has been shown that kapp is linearly related to the fraction of drug in the liver (FL). The proportionality constant (k) for these variables was defined as the intrinsic elimination rate constant for dicumarol which should reflect the activity of the enzyme system(s) involved in the elimination of this drug. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of enzyme induction on dicumarol distribution and on the relationship between kapp and FL in rats. It was found that pretreatment with phenobarbital caused a substantial increase in kapp, but that it had no apparent effect on the serum/liver and serum/kidney concentration ratios of dicumarol. The relative weight of the liver was significantly increased by phenobarbital treatment but the weight of the kidneys was not affected. Linear relationships between kapp and FL were found for both the control and the phenobarbital treated groups, but with a significant difference in the slopes of the regression lines. This study illustrates the application of a pharmacokinetic technique which permits a clear and quantitative distinction between the relative contributions of enzyme activity and body distribution to the in vivo elimination kinetics of a drug.", "contents": "Relationship between dicumarol distribution and the effect of enzyme induction on dicumarol elimination in rats. Pronounced intersubject differences in the apparent first-order elimination rate constant (kapp) for dicumarol in rats have been found to be due to corresponding differences in the distribution of dicumarol between the liver (the site of dicumarol biotransformation) and the rest of the body. From theoretical considerations and experimental results in animals given only dicumarol, it has been shown that kapp is linearly related to the fraction of drug in the liver (FL). The proportionality constant (k) for these variables was defined as the intrinsic elimination rate constant for dicumarol which should reflect the activity of the enzyme system(s) involved in the elimination of this drug. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of enzyme induction on dicumarol distribution and on the relationship between kapp and FL in rats. It was found that pretreatment with phenobarbital caused a substantial increase in kapp, but that it had no apparent effect on the serum/liver and serum/kidney concentration ratios of dicumarol. The relative weight of the liver was significantly increased by phenobarbital treatment but the weight of the kidneys was not affected. Linear relationships between kapp and FL were found for both the control and the phenobarbital treated groups, but with a significant difference in the slopes of the regression lines. This study illustrates the application of a pharmacokinetic technique which permits a clear and quantitative distinction between the relative contributions of enzyme activity and body distribution to the in vivo elimination kinetics of a drug.", "PMID": 62050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_300", "title": "A novel chromosome abnormality in human neuroblastoma and antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster cell lives in culture.", "content": "Four cell lines, SK-N-SH, SK-N-MC, SK-N-BE(2), and IMR-32, established in vitro from tumor tissue of patients with neuroblastoma were analyzed by trypsin-Giemsa banding methods. In two of the lines a large, abnormally staining chromosome region was observed. This \"homogeneously staining region\" (HSR) was considerably longer than any of the bands present in normal human cells and, as revealed by both G- and Q-banding, stained with an intermediate intensity. It was located on chromosomes No 6, 10, 17, or 19 of the SK-N-BE(2) cell line and on chromosome No 1 of the IMR-32 line. In concurrent studies, long HSR's were also observed in Chinese hamster sublines that had been exposed to and had developed high levels of resistance to methotrexate or methasquin and high levels of activity of target enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. For several sublines with the highest levels of enzyme activity, approximately 2% of the total cell protein was dihydrofolate reductase. Of 13 independently derived sublines with acquired resistance to antifolate, only those 7 with greater than 100-fold increases in enzyme activity consistently exhibited HSR's. These regions comprised 2-5% of the total length of the chromosome complement and were specifically localized, as demonstrated by G-banding. Analysis of chromosome replication patterns of the HSR in human neuroblastoma and in drug-resistant Chinese hamster cells by tritiated thymidine radioautography indicated that the long, abnormally staining region replicated relatively rapidly and synchronously and terminated replication before the midpoint of the S phase. The HSR thus appeared to represent a novel chromosome abnormality that may be present in cells with specialized functions. Drug-resistant Chinese hamster cells were characterized by overproduction of target enzyme, whereas human neuroblastoma cells had phenotypes of normal neuronal cells. Whether the HSR is transcriptionally active was not elucidated.", "contents": "A novel chromosome abnormality in human neuroblastoma and antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster cell lives in culture. Four cell lines, SK-N-SH, SK-N-MC, SK-N-BE(2), and IMR-32, established in vitro from tumor tissue of patients with neuroblastoma were analyzed by trypsin-Giemsa banding methods. In two of the lines a large, abnormally staining chromosome region was observed. This \"homogeneously staining region\" (HSR) was considerably longer than any of the bands present in normal human cells and, as revealed by both G- and Q-banding, stained with an intermediate intensity. It was located on chromosomes No 6, 10, 17, or 19 of the SK-N-BE(2) cell line and on chromosome No 1 of the IMR-32 line. In concurrent studies, long HSR's were also observed in Chinese hamster sublines that had been exposed to and had developed high levels of resistance to methotrexate or methasquin and high levels of activity of target enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. For several sublines with the highest levels of enzyme activity, approximately 2% of the total cell protein was dihydrofolate reductase. Of 13 independently derived sublines with acquired resistance to antifolate, only those 7 with greater than 100-fold increases in enzyme activity consistently exhibited HSR's. These regions comprised 2-5% of the total length of the chromosome complement and were specifically localized, as demonstrated by G-banding. Analysis of chromosome replication patterns of the HSR in human neuroblastoma and in drug-resistant Chinese hamster cells by tritiated thymidine radioautography indicated that the long, abnormally staining region replicated relatively rapidly and synchronously and terminated replication before the midpoint of the S phase. The HSR thus appeared to represent a novel chromosome abnormality that may be present in cells with specialized functions. Drug-resistant Chinese hamster cells were characterized by overproduction of target enzyme, whereas human neuroblastoma cells had phenotypes of normal neuronal cells. Whether the HSR is transcriptionally active was not elucidated.", "PMID": 62055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_301", "title": "Physicochemical characterization of the male-specific RNA bacteriophage mu2: serological comparison with R17 fr, and Q beta.", "content": "The physicochemical values and amino acid composition determined for bacteriophage mu2 suggest a close relationship with R17 and fr; significant differences are found with Qbeta; these results are supported by serological studies.", "contents": "Physicochemical characterization of the male-specific RNA bacteriophage mu2: serological comparison with R17 fr, and Q beta. The physicochemical values and amino acid composition determined for bacteriophage mu2 suggest a close relationship with R17 and fr; significant differences are found with Qbeta; these results are supported by serological studies.", "PMID": 62056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_302", "title": "Purification of the alpha subunit of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase by polyuridylic acid-sepharose.", "content": "The alpha subunit of the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase could be readily purified to near homogeneity using a polyuridylic acid-Sepharose column chromatography step.", "contents": "Purification of the alpha subunit of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase by polyuridylic acid-sepharose. The alpha subunit of the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase could be readily purified to near homogeneity using a polyuridylic acid-Sepharose column chromatography step.", "PMID": 62057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_303", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus ts mutants and nuclear immunofluorescence.", "content": "A replicated sector-plating procedure was used to isolate 35 induced temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and one spontaneous ts mutant from a wild-type stock of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus cloned from recent clinical material. Seven of these mutants were ts for plaque formation at 37 degrees C as well as at the restrictive temperature of 39 degrees C. The wild-type strain did not differ markedly from standard laboratory strains of RS virus. It was dependent on exogenous arginine (84 mug/ml) for optimal growth, and was not significantly inhibited by mitomycin C (10 mug/ml). It was sensitive to actinomycin D (2.5 mug/ml) during the early part of the growth phase. A characteristic focal cytopathic effect was obtained in BS-C-1 cells. Staining of infected monolayers by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure revealed a profusion of filamentous processes extending from the plasma membrane, and a similar modification of the surface of infected cells could be visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Filament production was inhibited when certain ts mutants were incubated at 39 degrees C, confirming the virus-specific nature of the phenomenon. Thirty-four of the mutants were classified into three groups by immunofluorescence. Complementation was observed in mixed infection with a single mutant from each group. Nuclear, as well as cytoplasmic, immunofluorescence was detected in RS virus-infected cells using a high-titer bovine anti-bovine RS virus serum. Visualization of nuclear antigen was dependent on the inhibition of cytoplasmic fluorescence obtained when ts mutants in groups I and III were incubated at restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus ts mutants and nuclear immunofluorescence. A replicated sector-plating procedure was used to isolate 35 induced temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and one spontaneous ts mutant from a wild-type stock of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus cloned from recent clinical material. Seven of these mutants were ts for plaque formation at 37 degrees C as well as at the restrictive temperature of 39 degrees C. The wild-type strain did not differ markedly from standard laboratory strains of RS virus. It was dependent on exogenous arginine (84 mug/ml) for optimal growth, and was not significantly inhibited by mitomycin C (10 mug/ml). It was sensitive to actinomycin D (2.5 mug/ml) during the early part of the growth phase. A characteristic focal cytopathic effect was obtained in BS-C-1 cells. Staining of infected monolayers by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure revealed a profusion of filamentous processes extending from the plasma membrane, and a similar modification of the surface of infected cells could be visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Filament production was inhibited when certain ts mutants were incubated at 39 degrees C, confirming the virus-specific nature of the phenomenon. Thirty-four of the mutants were classified into three groups by immunofluorescence. Complementation was observed in mixed infection with a single mutant from each group. Nuclear, as well as cytoplasmic, immunofluorescence was detected in RS virus-infected cells using a high-titer bovine anti-bovine RS virus serum. Visualization of nuclear antigen was dependent on the inhibition of cytoplasmic fluorescence obtained when ts mutants in groups I and III were incubated at restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 62058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_304", "title": "Presence of murine leukemia virus envelope proteins gp70 and p15(E) in a common polyprotein of infected cells.", "content": "The murine leukemia virus envelope proteins, p15(E) and gp70, exhibit a mode of processing distinct from that of virion core proteins according to three criteria. First, the incorporation of both p15(E) and gp70 into virions is more sensitive to the metabolic analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose than the incorporation of core proteins. Second, the kinetics with which the newly synthesized envelope proteins appear in the released virions is delayed relative to the appearance of core proteins. Third, immunoprecipitation of large polypeptides from infected cells reveals the presence of gp70 and p15(E) in a common precursor distinct from the core polyprotein.", "contents": "Presence of murine leukemia virus envelope proteins gp70 and p15(E) in a common polyprotein of infected cells. The murine leukemia virus envelope proteins, p15(E) and gp70, exhibit a mode of processing distinct from that of virion core proteins according to three criteria. First, the incorporation of both p15(E) and gp70 into virions is more sensitive to the metabolic analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose than the incorporation of core proteins. Second, the kinetics with which the newly synthesized envelope proteins appear in the released virions is delayed relative to the appearance of core proteins. Third, immunoprecipitation of large polypeptides from infected cells reveals the presence of gp70 and p15(E) in a common precursor distinct from the core polyprotein.", "PMID": 62059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_305", "title": "New temperate bacteriophage for Bacillus subtilis, rho 11.", "content": "A new temperate bacteriophage, rho11, isolated by J. Hoch, has been characterized. This new phage is very similar to the temperate phage phi3T in size (380 nm), host range, homoimmunity, DNA buoyant density (1.694 g/ml), antigenicity, and molecular weight (around 6.0 X 10(7)) as determined in gels. Like phi3T, rho11 converts thymine auxotrophs to prototrophy at high frequency (250 out of 250 tested). Phage rho11 differs from phi3T in plaque morphology and in the endonuclease R-EcoRI digest pattern. Sixteen of the 20 rho11 DNA fragments have migration patterns corresponding to those of the 21 fragments of phi3T. The close similarities yet clear differences between these phages suggest that the two phages have a common ancestor.", "contents": "New temperate bacteriophage for Bacillus subtilis, rho 11. A new temperate bacteriophage, rho11, isolated by J. Hoch, has been characterized. This new phage is very similar to the temperate phage phi3T in size (380 nm), host range, homoimmunity, DNA buoyant density (1.694 g/ml), antigenicity, and molecular weight (around 6.0 X 10(7)) as determined in gels. Like phi3T, rho11 converts thymine auxotrophs to prototrophy at high frequency (250 out of 250 tested). Phage rho11 differs from phi3T in plaque morphology and in the endonuclease R-EcoRI digest pattern. Sixteen of the 20 rho11 DNA fragments have migration patterns corresponding to those of the 21 fragments of phi3T. The close similarities yet clear differences between these phages suggest that the two phages have a common ancestor.", "PMID": 62060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_306", "title": "Radioisotope investigation of continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection.", "content": "Radioisotope studies using 131I serum albumin were performed on 20 patients to investigate the possibility of intravascular absorption of the irrigating solution during continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of the prostate. In only 5 of 20 patients was a minimal absorption of 1 to 34 cc observed. On the basis of these studies the routine use of continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection can be recommended, provided techniques are sterile.", "contents": "Radioisotope investigation of continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection. Radioisotope studies using 131I serum albumin were performed on 20 patients to investigate the possibility of intravascular absorption of the irrigating solution during continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of the prostate. In only 5 of 20 patients was a minimal absorption of 1 to 34 cc observed. On the basis of these studies the routine use of continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection can be recommended, provided techniques are sterile.", "PMID": 62061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_307", "title": "In vitro uptake of 3H testosterone and its conversion to dihydrotestosterone by prostatic carcinoma and other tissues.", "content": "Needle biopsies of normal, benign hyperplastic, neoplastic and metastatic prostatic tissues were used to study the uptake of 3H testosterone by these tissues and their ability to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Histological quantification is important because stroma is active in both of these areas of biochemical activity. The 3H testosterone uptake by the tissues is relatively similar but benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal tissue consistently convert more testosterone to dihydrotestosterone than do neoplastic  tissues. The least active in this regard are pure biopsies of neoplastic cells obtained from nodal metastases, suggesting extensive loss or repression of 5-alpha-reductase activity. Further, this defect is present in neoplastic tissues even if the patient has had an orchiectomy and/or received hormonal therapy. It is not known whether testosterone may substitute for dihydrotestosterone in the neoplastic nucleus. Our studies indicate that animal models that yield data on suppresion of 5-alpha-reductase activity by certain agents may have limited relevance to the tissues of human prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of 3H testosterone and its conversion to dihydrotestosterone by prostatic carcinoma and other tissues. Needle biopsies of normal, benign hyperplastic, neoplastic and metastatic prostatic tissues were used to study the uptake of 3H testosterone by these tissues and their ability to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Histological quantification is important because stroma is active in both of these areas of biochemical activity. The 3H testosterone uptake by the tissues is relatively similar but benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal tissue consistently convert more testosterone to dihydrotestosterone than do neoplastic  tissues. The least active in this regard are pure biopsies of neoplastic cells obtained from nodal metastases, suggesting extensive loss or repression of 5-alpha-reductase activity. Further, this defect is present in neoplastic tissues even if the patient has had an orchiectomy and/or received hormonal therapy. It is not known whether testosterone may substitute for dihydrotestosterone in the neoplastic nucleus. Our studies indicate that animal models that yield data on suppresion of 5-alpha-reductase activity by certain agents may have limited relevance to the tissues of human prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 62062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_308", "title": "Herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer of the prostate.", "content": "A seroepidemiologic study was performed to determine if there was an association between antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer of the prostate, similar to that reported for herpes simplex virus type 2 and cervical carcinoma. No significant difference in herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies was seen between patients with cancer of the prostate and those with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to define the possible role of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the etiology of cancer of the prostate.", "contents": "Herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer of the prostate. A seroepidemiologic study was performed to determine if there was an association between antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer of the prostate, similar to that reported for herpes simplex virus type 2 and cervical carcinoma. No significant difference in herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies was seen between patients with cancer of the prostate and those with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to define the possible role of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the etiology of cancer of the prostate.", "PMID": 62063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_309", "title": "Combined electromyography and gas urethral pressure profilometry before and after transurethral resection of the prostate.", "content": "Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry was done on 10 consecutive patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate. A significant reduction was found postoperatively in the functional urethral length, whereas the maximum urethral closure pressure remained unchanged. Increase in urethral resistance in prostatic obstruction of the posterior urethra was related to the increase in the functional length of the posterior urethra rather than to mechanical occlusion of the urethral lumen. Periurethral striated muscle activity was recorded from the membranous urethra to the urethrovesical junction with the maximal activity located in the membranous urethra. Marked striated muscle activity also was found consistently at the bladder neck.", "contents": "Combined electromyography and gas urethral pressure profilometry before and after transurethral resection of the prostate. Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry was done on 10 consecutive patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate. A significant reduction was found postoperatively in the functional urethral length, whereas the maximum urethral closure pressure remained unchanged. Increase in urethral resistance in prostatic obstruction of the posterior urethra was related to the increase in the functional length of the posterior urethra rather than to mechanical occlusion of the urethral lumen. Periurethral striated muscle activity was recorded from the membranous urethra to the urethrovesical junction with the maximal activity located in the membranous urethra. Marked striated muscle activity also was found consistently at the bladder neck.", "PMID": 62064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_310", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Diagnosis by examination of pulmonary secretions.", "content": "To determine if examination of respiratory secretions is useful in diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, smear preparations of expectorated sputum, tracheal aspirates, and transtracheal aspirates stained by the Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method were examined. Pneumocysts were observed more frequently in material obtained by transtracheal aspiration than in secretions obtained by the other methods. Transtracheal aspiration yielded material containing pneumocysts in 8 (13%) of 60 patients; each had pulmonary infiltrates and clinical courses consistent with P carinii pneumonia. Of 330 smear preparations examined from expectorated sputum, three patients had pneumocysts in their sputum and one had organisms in both transtracheal aspiration and expectorated sputum; all three had pneumonia. This study provides evidence that transtracheal aspiration is a useful initial step in the approach to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Diagnosis by examination of pulmonary secretions. To determine if examination of respiratory secretions is useful in diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, smear preparations of expectorated sputum, tracheal aspirates, and transtracheal aspirates stained by the Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method were examined. Pneumocysts were observed more frequently in material obtained by transtracheal aspiration than in secretions obtained by the other methods. Transtracheal aspiration yielded material containing pneumocysts in 8 (13%) of 60 patients; each had pulmonary infiltrates and clinical courses consistent with P carinii pneumonia. Of 330 smear preparations examined from expectorated sputum, three patients had pneumocysts in their sputum and one had organisms in both transtracheal aspiration and expectorated sputum; all three had pneumonia. This study provides evidence that transtracheal aspiration is a useful initial step in the approach to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia.", "PMID": 62065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_311", "title": "The audiovisual interview. A new tool in medical education.", "content": "The audiovisual interview with a patient in the office of the student physician or physician is an essential undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate educational management tool. Immediate feedback and insight are obtained as to how the patient and educator perceive the performance and service of the student or professional. Therapeutic failures may be recognized, and misconceptions and misreading of verbal and nonverbal communications can be corrected immediately. There is access to integrating psychosocial and biologic variables, with a better chance to extract more valid information for creative problem-solving and less of a chance for therapeutic failures. The student recognizes and appreciates the therapy and healing in the dialogue.", "contents": "The audiovisual interview. A new tool in medical education. The audiovisual interview with a patient in the office of the student physician or physician is an essential undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate educational management tool. Immediate feedback and insight are obtained as to how the patient and educator perceive the performance and service of the student or professional. Therapeutic failures may be recognized, and misconceptions and misreading of verbal and nonverbal communications can be corrected immediately. There is access to integrating psychosocial and biologic variables, with a better chance to extract more valid information for creative problem-solving and less of a chance for therapeutic failures. The student recognizes and appreciates the therapy and healing in the dialogue.", "PMID": 62066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_312", "title": "Quantitative chemical analyses and antigenic properties of peptidoglycans from Clostridium botulinum and other clostridia.", "content": "The cell wall peptodoglycans were isolated from Clostridium botulinum and some other species of the genus Clostridium by hot formamide extraction and their quantitative chemical composition and antigenic properties were determined. The petidoglycan of C. botulinum type E was found to be a diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing type composed of glucosamine, muramic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and DAP in the molar ratio of 0.76:0.78:1.00:1.88:0.81. All other types of C. botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes also belonged to the same peptidoglycan type. The peptidoglycans of Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium histoloyticum contained DAP but they differed from those of C. botulinum in the molar ratio of alanine to glutamic acid. The peptidoglycan of Clostridium perfringens was composed of glutamic acid, alanine, DAP and glycine in the molar ratio of 1.00:1.64:0.94:0.90. On the other hand, the peptidoglycan of Clostridium septicum was found to contain lysine instead of DAP and the molar ratio was 1.00:1.41:0.96 for glutamic acid, alanine and lysine. In spite of the difference in amino acid composition of peptidoglycans among the clostridia, the quantitative precipitin test demonstrated that antiserum against C. botulinum type E peptidoglycan cross-reacted with the peptidoglycans from other clostridia as well as various types of C. botulinum.", "contents": "Quantitative chemical analyses and antigenic properties of peptidoglycans from Clostridium botulinum and other clostridia. The cell wall peptodoglycans were isolated from Clostridium botulinum and some other species of the genus Clostridium by hot formamide extraction and their quantitative chemical composition and antigenic properties were determined. The petidoglycan of C. botulinum type E was found to be a diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing type composed of glucosamine, muramic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and DAP in the molar ratio of 0.76:0.78:1.00:1.88:0.81. All other types of C. botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes also belonged to the same peptidoglycan type. The peptidoglycans of Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium histoloyticum contained DAP but they differed from those of C. botulinum in the molar ratio of alanine to glutamic acid. The peptidoglycan of Clostridium perfringens was composed of glutamic acid, alanine, DAP and glycine in the molar ratio of 1.00:1.64:0.94:0.90. On the other hand, the peptidoglycan of Clostridium septicum was found to contain lysine instead of DAP and the molar ratio was 1.00:1.41:0.96 for glutamic acid, alanine and lysine. In spite of the difference in amino acid composition of peptidoglycans among the clostridia, the quantitative precipitin test demonstrated that antiserum against C. botulinum type E peptidoglycan cross-reacted with the peptidoglycans from other clostridia as well as various types of C. botulinum.", "PMID": 62070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_313", "title": "[Ventricular fibrillation and asystole precursors in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Ventricular fibrillation and asystole are a frequent cause of death in myocardial infarction. The data of continuous monitoring the heart in 134 patients with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation and asystole. The immediate precursors of ventricular fibrillation were predominantly ventricular extrasystoles. A frequent precursor of ventricular fibrillation consists in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. In some patients the ventricular fibrillation was preceded by the block of the bundle of His, non-paroxysmal ventricular tathycardia, escaping contractions and some other arrhythmias. A factor providing for the development of ventricular fibrillation consists in the Q-T interval lengthening on ECG. Ventricular asystole is usually preceeded by atrioventricular block, Stage II-III, and the block of the bundle of His, as well as by ventricular tachycardia and extrasystole, in some cases--by sinus bradycardia and sinoauricular block (weakness of the sinus node). The examination of the rhythm and conductivity disorders preceeding the ventricular fibrillation is of great importance in view of the possibilities of prevention of \"arrhythmic death\".", "contents": "[Ventricular fibrillation and asystole precursors in myocardial infarct]. Ventricular fibrillation and asystole are a frequent cause of death in myocardial infarction. The data of continuous monitoring the heart in 134 patients with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation and asystole. The immediate precursors of ventricular fibrillation were predominantly ventricular extrasystoles. A frequent precursor of ventricular fibrillation consists in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. In some patients the ventricular fibrillation was preceded by the block of the bundle of His, non-paroxysmal ventricular tathycardia, escaping contractions and some other arrhythmias. A factor providing for the development of ventricular fibrillation consists in the Q-T interval lengthening on ECG. Ventricular asystole is usually preceeded by atrioventricular block, Stage II-III, and the block of the bundle of His, as well as by ventricular tachycardia and extrasystole, in some cases--by sinus bradycardia and sinoauricular block (weakness of the sinus node). The examination of the rhythm and conductivity disorders preceeding the ventricular fibrillation is of great importance in view of the possibilities of prevention of \"arrhythmic death\".", "PMID": 62076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_314", "title": "Experimental induction of hepatocellular hyalin (Mallory bodies) in mice by griseofulvin treatment. 1. Light microscopic observation.", "content": "Griseofulvin (GF) feeding of mice resulted in protoporphyria, liver cell damage, bile duct alterations, and finally hepatoma formation. In addition, hepatocellular hyalin developed, resembling in its morphology classic Mallory bodies (MB) as seen in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disorders in man. Liver cells containing MB often displayed features of severe cell damage and MB were finally released into the sinusoids and degraded by macrophages. The rapid disappearance of MB following GF discontinuation and the reappearance after resumption of GF feeding suggest an intimate relationship between metabolic alterations in the hepatocytes exerted by the drug and MB formation. This assumption is further supported by the fact that MB change their tinctoreal properties in chromotrope aniline blue-stained sections after GF discontinuation, possibly relfecting degeneration. Long term GF treatment apparently primed the liver for MB formation since the cells were able to respond almost instantly with MB to a GF challenge after a 1-month GF-free period.", "contents": "Experimental induction of hepatocellular hyalin (Mallory bodies) in mice by griseofulvin treatment. 1. Light microscopic observation. Griseofulvin (GF) feeding of mice resulted in protoporphyria, liver cell damage, bile duct alterations, and finally hepatoma formation. In addition, hepatocellular hyalin developed, resembling in its morphology classic Mallory bodies (MB) as seen in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disorders in man. Liver cells containing MB often displayed features of severe cell damage and MB were finally released into the sinusoids and degraded by macrophages. The rapid disappearance of MB following GF discontinuation and the reappearance after resumption of GF feeding suggest an intimate relationship between metabolic alterations in the hepatocytes exerted by the drug and MB formation. This assumption is further supported by the fact that MB change their tinctoreal properties in chromotrope aniline blue-stained sections after GF discontinuation, possibly relfecting degeneration. Long term GF treatment apparently primed the liver for MB formation since the cells were able to respond almost instantly with MB to a GF challenge after a 1-month GF-free period.", "PMID": 62098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_315", "title": "Application of immunofluorescent staining on paraffin sections improved by trypsin digestion.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to explore a method by which an improved immunofluorescent staining can be applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections to demonstrate cellular or tissue deposits of immunoglobulins, complement and fibrin, and to demonstrate alpha-1-antitrypsin storage and hepatitis B antigens in liver, toxoplasma in heart, and carcinoembryonic antigens in colonic cancer. It was shown that immunohistochemical demonstration for the above mentioned antigens, but not for complement, was feasible. The paraffin sections were first treated with trypsin and the indirect staining method was used. The trypsin treatment was found to decrease the nonspecific background fluorescence through digestion of the tissue. It probably also unmasked the immunoreactive sites of viral antigens and alpha-1-antitrypsin. In general,  a 2-hour digestion was satisfactory for the types of tissues examined in this study, and an optimal period of digestion could be sought to obtain the best result for a specific antigen. This method may be a useful adjuvant to histopathologic study, in which a retrospective immunohistochemical examination may be desirable.", "contents": "Application of immunofluorescent staining on paraffin sections improved by trypsin digestion. The purpose of this study was to explore a method by which an improved immunofluorescent staining can be applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections to demonstrate cellular or tissue deposits of immunoglobulins, complement and fibrin, and to demonstrate alpha-1-antitrypsin storage and hepatitis B antigens in liver, toxoplasma in heart, and carcinoembryonic antigens in colonic cancer. It was shown that immunohistochemical demonstration for the above mentioned antigens, but not for complement, was feasible. The paraffin sections were first treated with trypsin and the indirect staining method was used. The trypsin treatment was found to decrease the nonspecific background fluorescence through digestion of the tissue. It probably also unmasked the immunoreactive sites of viral antigens and alpha-1-antitrypsin. In general,  a 2-hour digestion was satisfactory for the types of tissues examined in this study, and an optimal period of digestion could be sought to obtain the best result for a specific antigen. This method may be a useful adjuvant to histopathologic study, in which a retrospective immunohistochemical examination may be desirable.", "PMID": 62099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_316", "title": "Plasma testosterone concentrations in alcoholics.", "content": "Plasma testosterone concentrations were normal in 17 hospitalized alcoholics after a large dose of alcohol and in 16 Skid Row alcoholics. The findings fail to support the idea that the direct effects of alcohol on steroid metabolism cause gynecomastia and testicular atrophy.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone concentrations in alcoholics. Plasma testosterone concentrations were normal in 17 hospitalized alcoholics after a large dose of alcohol and in 16 Skid Row alcoholics. The findings fail to support the idea that the direct effects of alcohol on steroid metabolism cause gynecomastia and testicular atrophy.", "PMID": 62100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_317", "title": "A storefront clinic on the bowery.", "content": "Analysis of the patient population of a small storefront clinic on the Bowery of New York City has revealed the emergence of a new category of Bowery residents consisting of young, generally White, schizophrenic men with little history of alcoholism.", "contents": "A storefront clinic on the bowery. Analysis of the patient population of a small storefront clinic on the Bowery of New York City has revealed the emergence of a new category of Bowery residents consisting of young, generally White, schizophrenic men with little history of alcoholism.", "PMID": 62101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_318", "title": "Palliative push-through intubation for malignant obstruction of the gastroesophageal junction.", "content": "Methods available for palliative intubation of the gastroesophageal junction for malignant obstruction are discussed. In a previous report from this unit, we noted that the push-through method with a Souttar tube is superior in many respect to the pull-through method with the Mousseau-Barbin tube in cases of esophageal carcinoma. However, a push-through method at the cardia, although highly desirable, had not yet been employed because of safety reasons. This paper describes a technique to overcome the dangers of push-through intubation at the gastroesophageal junction and reports its successful use in 16 patients.", "contents": "Palliative push-through intubation for malignant obstruction of the gastroesophageal junction. Methods available for palliative intubation of the gastroesophageal junction for malignant obstruction are discussed. In a previous report from this unit, we noted that the push-through method with a Souttar tube is superior in many respect to the pull-through method with the Mousseau-Barbin tube in cases of esophageal carcinoma. However, a push-through method at the cardia, although highly desirable, had not yet been employed because of safety reasons. This paper describes a technique to overcome the dangers of push-through intubation at the gastroesophageal junction and reports its successful use in 16 patients.", "PMID": 62103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_319", "title": "Prevention and diagnosis of venous thrombosis in patients with hip fractures. A survey of current practice.", "content": "643 orthopaedic surgeons were sent a questionary asking how they attempted to prevent and diagnose deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) in patients with hip fractures. 411 (64%) replied. Of those who replied, 51% offered no prophylaxis, only 3% routinely used oral anticoagulation, and 85% relied on clinical signs in the diagnosis.", "contents": "Prevention and diagnosis of venous thrombosis in patients with hip fractures. A survey of current practice. 643 orthopaedic surgeons were sent a questionary asking how they attempted to prevent and diagnose deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) in patients with hip fractures. 411 (64%) replied. Of those who replied, 51% offered no prophylaxis, only 3% routinely used oral anticoagulation, and 85% relied on clinical signs in the diagnosis.", "PMID": 62110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_320", "title": "Warfarin sodium in prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with fractured neck of femur.", "content": "In a prospective controlled randomised trial, the prophylactic value of warfarin sodium (in doses aimed at maintaining a \"Thrombotest\" value of 10% and given from the day of admission until independent mobility had been achieved or for 3 mo, whichever was the sooner) was assessed in 160 elderly patients who had sustained a fracture of the femoral neck. Treatment significantly reduced the frequency of deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.), whether indicated by the 125I-fibrinogen test during life or assessed by detailed post-mortem studies. Pulmonary embolism was eliminated in treated patients, but the difference in mortality between the treatment and control groups was not significant, indicating that causes of death other than pulmonary embolism are of major importance in these elderly patients. A case is made out for prophylactic anticoagulation on a selective basis.", "contents": "Warfarin sodium in prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with fractured neck of femur. In a prospective controlled randomised trial, the prophylactic value of warfarin sodium (in doses aimed at maintaining a \"Thrombotest\" value of 10% and given from the day of admission until independent mobility had been achieved or for 3 mo, whichever was the sooner) was assessed in 160 elderly patients who had sustained a fracture of the femoral neck. Treatment significantly reduced the frequency of deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.), whether indicated by the 125I-fibrinogen test during life or assessed by detailed post-mortem studies. Pulmonary embolism was eliminated in treated patients, but the difference in mortality between the treatment and control groups was not significant, indicating that causes of death other than pulmonary embolism are of major importance in these elderly patients. A case is made out for prophylactic anticoagulation on a selective basis.", "PMID": 62111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_321", "title": "80% of patients with intrinsic asthma are homozygous for HLA W6. Is intrinsic asthma a recessive disease?", "content": "Of 26 patients with intrinsic asthma, 21 (81%) were homozygous for the histocompatibility antigen HLA-W6. Also, half the patients had complement defects, in particular low levels of C2. This is the first indication of a strong genetic component in intrinsic asthma, apart from that already known from family studies. These findings suggest that intrinsic asthma may be a recessive disease.", "contents": "80% of patients with intrinsic asthma are homozygous for HLA W6. Is intrinsic asthma a recessive disease? Of 26 patients with intrinsic asthma, 21 (81%) were homozygous for the histocompatibility antigen HLA-W6. Also, half the patients had complement defects, in particular low levels of C2. This is the first indication of a strong genetic component in intrinsic asthma, apart from that already known from family studies. These findings suggest that intrinsic asthma may be a recessive disease.", "PMID": 62112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_322", "title": "Separate autoantibodies to human pancreatic glucagon and somatostatin cells.", "content": "Autoantibodies reacting with discrete populations of cells in normal human pancreatic islets were found by immunofluorescence in 17 out of 1279 sera. A double immunofluorescence technique, with antisera to pancreatic glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and human pancreatic polypeptide was used to show that 13 of the sera contained anitbodies reacting specifically with glucagon cells, while the other 4 reacted with somatostatin cells. These antibodies were directed against intracellular components and not against the hormones themselves. Both types of antibody occurred independently of the islet-cell antibodies which have been described in diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest selective damage to individual cell types in the pancreatic islets and raise the possibility of corresponding hormone deficiency syndromes.", "contents": "Separate autoantibodies to human pancreatic glucagon and somatostatin cells. Autoantibodies reacting with discrete populations of cells in normal human pancreatic islets were found by immunofluorescence in 17 out of 1279 sera. A double immunofluorescence technique, with antisera to pancreatic glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and human pancreatic polypeptide was used to show that 13 of the sera contained anitbodies reacting specifically with glucagon cells, while the other 4 reacted with somatostatin cells. These antibodies were directed against intracellular components and not against the hormones themselves. Both types of antibody occurred independently of the islet-cell antibodies which have been described in diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest selective damage to individual cell types in the pancreatic islets and raise the possibility of corresponding hormone deficiency syndromes.", "PMID": 62113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_323", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy for ovarian cancer.", "content": "Ten patients with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and active specific immunotherapy after tumour stasis had been induced. They were inoculated with irradiated allogeneic cryopreserved tumour cells and B.C.G. once monthly in addition to receiving conventional chemotherapy. The overall duration of \"remission\", median survival, and projected 24-month actuarial survival in the patients receiving immunotherapy were apparently better than in a retrospectively matched control group treated by chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy for ovarian cancer. Ten patients with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and active specific immunotherapy after tumour stasis had been induced. They were inoculated with irradiated allogeneic cryopreserved tumour cells and B.C.G. once monthly in addition to receiving conventional chemotherapy. The overall duration of \"remission\", median survival, and projected 24-month actuarial survival in the patients receiving immunotherapy were apparently better than in a retrospectively matched control group treated by chemotherapy alone.", "PMID": 62114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_324", "title": "Insulin, glucagon, aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Hepatic encephalopathy (H.E.) is associated with and perhaps caused by changes in plasma-aminoacid patterns--decreased branched-chain aminoacids (B.C.A.A.) and increased aromatic aminoacids (A.A.A.). The decreased B.C.A.A. may be in part secondary to hyperinsulinaemia, but the B.C.A.A. are catabolised by both fat and muscle. The increase in A.A.A. may reflect a \"catabolic stimulus\" reflected in hyperglucagonaemia, particularly in severe hepatic failure and H.E., and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio. Endogenous protein, lean body-mass, or liver then releases large amounts of A.A. and the A.A.A. cannot be catabolised by the failing liver, and thus accumulate in the circulation. With decreased plasma-B.C.A.A., the molar ratio of B.C.A.A. and A.A.A. decreases allowing the toxic A.A.A. to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in increased amounts and encephalopathy develops. Appropriate therapy for H.E. must include reversal of the \"catabolic state\" by providing sufficient B.C.A.A. and calories to decrease the flux of A.A.A. from muscle and liver, and the restoration of the normal molar ratio of B.C.A.A. and A.A.A.", "contents": "Insulin, glucagon, aminoacid imbalance, and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy (H.E.) is associated with and perhaps caused by changes in plasma-aminoacid patterns--decreased branched-chain aminoacids (B.C.A.A.) and increased aromatic aminoacids (A.A.A.). The decreased B.C.A.A. may be in part secondary to hyperinsulinaemia, but the B.C.A.A. are catabolised by both fat and muscle. The increase in A.A.A. may reflect a \"catabolic stimulus\" reflected in hyperglucagonaemia, particularly in severe hepatic failure and H.E., and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio. Endogenous protein, lean body-mass, or liver then releases large amounts of A.A. and the A.A.A. cannot be catabolised by the failing liver, and thus accumulate in the circulation. With decreased plasma-B.C.A.A., the molar ratio of B.C.A.A. and A.A.A. decreases allowing the toxic A.A.A. to penetrate the blood-brain barrier in increased amounts and encephalopathy develops. Appropriate therapy for H.E. must include reversal of the \"catabolic state\" by providing sufficient B.C.A.A. and calories to decrease the flux of A.A.A. from muscle and liver, and the restoration of the normal molar ratio of B.C.A.A. and A.A.A.", "PMID": 62115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_325", "title": "Pathogenesis and phenotypes of an X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome.", "content": "A new X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome has variable phenotypes: fatal infectious mononucleosis (I.M.), agammaglobulinaemia after I.M., American Burkitt's lymphoma, histiocytic lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, or plasmacytoma. An immunodeficiency to rubeola and the Epstein-Barr virus probably ensues from the mutant gene. The phenotypes (spectrum of B-cell disorders) have a common inheritance and the aetiology is similar.", "contents": "Pathogenesis and phenotypes of an X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. A new X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome has variable phenotypes: fatal infectious mononucleosis (I.M.), agammaglobulinaemia after I.M., American Burkitt's lymphoma, histiocytic lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, or plasmacytoma. An immunodeficiency to rubeola and the Epstein-Barr virus probably ensues from the mutant gene. The phenotypes (spectrum of B-cell disorders) have a common inheritance and the aetiology is similar.", "PMID": 62116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_326", "title": "Drug addiction in pregnancy.", "content": "32 pregnancies in 29 drug-addicted women were studied ouver eight years in one obstetric department working in close liaison with a drug dependency centre. Of the 24 pregnancies which came to term, only 10 were seen at the antenatal clinic before 22 weeks' gestation. 19 of the women were addicted to heroin or methadone or a mixture of both, 4 were taking soft drugs, and 1 was taking pethidine only. Labour commenced spontaneously in 17 pregnancies and was induced in 7. All labours lasted less than twenty hours. 23 infants survived. Those born to the mother taking pethidine and to 4 mothers who withdrew their drug of dependence four weeks before delivery showed no signs of narcotic withdrawal, but 13 out of 14 infants born to mothers taking heroin or methadone developed narcotic withdrawal syndrome. It is recommended that drug therapy during pregnancy in addicts should be supervised by a psychiatrist known to the patient and that oral methadone be substituted for heroin. Planned induction will ensure delivery in hospital, at the hospital which has supervised the pregnancy. Babies in danger of developing narcotic withdrawal syndrome should be observed in the special care baby unit for the first week of life.", "contents": "Drug addiction in pregnancy. 32 pregnancies in 29 drug-addicted women were studied ouver eight years in one obstetric department working in close liaison with a drug dependency centre. Of the 24 pregnancies which came to term, only 10 were seen at the antenatal clinic before 22 weeks' gestation. 19 of the women were addicted to heroin or methadone or a mixture of both, 4 were taking soft drugs, and 1 was taking pethidine only. Labour commenced spontaneously in 17 pregnancies and was induced in 7. All labours lasted less than twenty hours. 23 infants survived. Those born to the mother taking pethidine and to 4 mothers who withdrew their drug of dependence four weeks before delivery showed no signs of narcotic withdrawal, but 13 out of 14 infants born to mothers taking heroin or methadone developed narcotic withdrawal syndrome. It is recommended that drug therapy during pregnancy in addicts should be supervised by a psychiatrist known to the patient and that oral methadone be substituted for heroin. Planned induction will ensure delivery in hospital, at the hospital which has supervised the pregnancy. Babies in danger of developing narcotic withdrawal syndrome should be observed in the special care baby unit for the first week of life.", "PMID": 62125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_327", "title": "Bone-marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Twenty-one patients weth severe aplastic anaemia were evaluated at a single hospital between 1972 and 1975. Patients without histocompatible donors were treated conventionally with androgens, corticosteroids, and HLA-matched platelet and granulocyte transfusions. Bone-marrow transplantation was performed in patients with HLA-identical siblings. The two groups had comparable clinical and haematological prognostic indicators and received similar supportive therapy. All nine patients who were not transplanted died. Median survival in these patients was 82 days (range 21-545). Seven of the twelve (58%) transplant recipients were alive at 120 days--greater than 930 days (p less than 0.04). The one-year actuarial survival of the transplant group was 53%. This study shows that bone-marrow transplantation is a rational alternative to conventional therapy in selected patients with aplastic anaemia.", "contents": "Bone-marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anaemia. Twenty-one patients weth severe aplastic anaemia were evaluated at a single hospital between 1972 and 1975. Patients without histocompatible donors were treated conventionally with androgens, corticosteroids, and HLA-matched platelet and granulocyte transfusions. Bone-marrow transplantation was performed in patients with HLA-identical siblings. The two groups had comparable clinical and haematological prognostic indicators and received similar supportive therapy. All nine patients who were not transplanted died. Median survival in these patients was 82 days (range 21-545). Seven of the twelve (58%) transplant recipients were alive at 120 days--greater than 930 days (p less than 0.04). The one-year actuarial survival of the transplant group was 53%. This study shows that bone-marrow transplantation is a rational alternative to conventional therapy in selected patients with aplastic anaemia.", "PMID": 62159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_328", "title": "Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "By comparison with age-matched controls in employment, 17 institutionalised schizophrenic patients were shown by computerised axial tomography of the brain to have increased cerebral ventricular size. Within the group of schizophrenic patients increased ventricular size was highly significantly related to indices of cognitive impairment.", "contents": "Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. By comparison with age-matched controls in employment, 17 institutionalised schizophrenic patients were shown by computerised axial tomography of the brain to have increased cerebral ventricular size. Within the group of schizophrenic patients increased ventricular size was highly significantly related to indices of cognitive impairment.", "PMID": 62160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_329", "title": "Double blind crossover trial of levamisole in recurrent aphthous ulceration.", "content": "A double blind crossover trial of levamisole has been carried out in 47 patients with recurrent oral ulceration. Significant decreases in the number of ulcers and ulcer days were found after 2 months of intermittent administration of levamisole. About 64% of patients responded to the drug by a decrease in the number of ulcers of more than 50%, for two or more months. The remaining 36% of patients failed to respond to levamisole and 23% of these had an increased number of ulcers. The side-effects recorded in patients taking levamisole were comparable with those in patients on placebo, except for a flu-like syndrome in 1 patient and urticaria in another, necessitating withdrawal of the drug. The mechanism of action of levamisole in recurrent oral ulceration is not known, but it is suggested that levamisole may correct a deficiency of suppressor cells, or potentiate the cellular responses to crossreacting microbial agents.", "contents": "Double blind crossover trial of levamisole in recurrent aphthous ulceration. A double blind crossover trial of levamisole has been carried out in 47 patients with recurrent oral ulceration. Significant decreases in the number of ulcers and ulcer days were found after 2 months of intermittent administration of levamisole. About 64% of patients responded to the drug by a decrease in the number of ulcers of more than 50%, for two or more months. The remaining 36% of patients failed to respond to levamisole and 23% of these had an increased number of ulcers. The side-effects recorded in patients taking levamisole were comparable with those in patients on placebo, except for a flu-like syndrome in 1 patient and urticaria in another, necessitating withdrawal of the drug. The mechanism of action of levamisole in recurrent oral ulceration is not known, but it is suggested that levamisole may correct a deficiency of suppressor cells, or potentiate the cellular responses to crossreacting microbial agents.", "PMID": 62161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_330", "title": "Low renin hypertension. A distinct entity.", "content": "In an attempt to resolve conflicting reports about the identity of a low-renin subgroup in essential hypertension, the distribution of plasma-renin activity (P.R.A.) has been examined in 82 hypertensive subjects before and after stimulation with bendrofluazide. The unstimulated basal P.R.A. showed no evidence of a separate subgroup of patients with low P.R.A. values although the distribution was slightly skewed with a tail to the right when compared with 83 normotensive subjects. In 38 of the patients post-stimulation P.R.A. observed in age and sex matched normotensive controls exposed to the same stimulus. However the percentage rise in P.R.A. in all 83 patients was less than half that of the controls. Thus the identification of a low-renin subgroup of hypertensive patients is critically determined by the standard of comparison employed: if the percentage rise is considered subnormal responsiveness is a feature of essential hypertension. If absolute post-stimulation values are used, there is a substantial group of patients with \"low renin hypertension\". The demarcation of such a group is, however, essentially arbitrary.", "contents": "Low renin hypertension. A distinct entity. In an attempt to resolve conflicting reports about the identity of a low-renin subgroup in essential hypertension, the distribution of plasma-renin activity (P.R.A.) has been examined in 82 hypertensive subjects before and after stimulation with bendrofluazide. The unstimulated basal P.R.A. showed no evidence of a separate subgroup of patients with low P.R.A. values although the distribution was slightly skewed with a tail to the right when compared with 83 normotensive subjects. In 38 of the patients post-stimulation P.R.A. observed in age and sex matched normotensive controls exposed to the same stimulus. However the percentage rise in P.R.A. in all 83 patients was less than half that of the controls. Thus the identification of a low-renin subgroup of hypertensive patients is critically determined by the standard of comparison employed: if the percentage rise is considered subnormal responsiveness is a feature of essential hypertension. If absolute post-stimulation values are used, there is a substantial group of patients with \"low renin hypertension\". The demarcation of such a group is, however, essentially arbitrary.", "PMID": 62162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_331", "title": "Cryoanalgesia. A new approach to pain relief.", "content": "Cryotherapy has been clinically applied to relieve pain using a new cryosurgical probe to block peripheral nerve function to achieve analgesia. Sixty-four patients with intractable pain were treated with cryoanalgesia. Fifty-two obtained relief of pain for a median duration of 11 days and a range of up to 224 days.", "contents": "Cryoanalgesia. A new approach to pain relief. Cryotherapy has been clinically applied to relieve pain using a new cryosurgical probe to block peripheral nerve function to achieve analgesia. Sixty-four patients with intractable pain were treated with cryoanalgesia. Fifty-two obtained relief of pain for a median duration of 11 days and a range of up to 224 days.", "PMID": 62163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_332", "title": "Infant botulism. Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in faeces.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum and its toxin were identified in the faeces of four infants, aged 6 to 13 weeks, who had symptoms consistent with botulism. Two cases had type-A toxin and two cases had type-B toxin present in their faeces. No toxin was detectable in sera C. botulinum and toxin could be recovered from faeces more than 8 weeks after admission to hospital. All four cases occurred within a 6-month period. The source of the toxin in these infants may have been in-vivo production from ingested organisms.", "contents": "Infant botulism. Identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins in faeces. Clostridium botulinum and its toxin were identified in the faeces of four infants, aged 6 to 13 weeks, who had symptoms consistent with botulism. Two cases had type-A toxin and two cases had type-B toxin present in their faeces. No toxin was detectable in sera C. botulinum and toxin could be recovered from faeces more than 8 weeks after admission to hospital. All four cases occurred within a 6-month period. The source of the toxin in these infants may have been in-vivo production from ingested organisms.", "PMID": 62164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_333", "title": "Prolactin response to electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "Prolactin response to electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.)was investigated in nine patients with endogenous depression. Four patients undergoing minor gynaecological surgery who had had the same type of intravenous anaesthesia as the E.C.T. group were studied as controls. 15 minutes after E.C.T. there was a 10 to 50 fold increase in serum-prolactin in eight of the patients. The effects of anaesthesia and surgery on serum-prolactin in the controls were negligible.", "contents": "Prolactin response to electroconvulsive therapy. Prolactin response to electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.)was investigated in nine patients with endogenous depression. Four patients undergoing minor gynaecological surgery who had had the same type of intravenous anaesthesia as the E.C.T. group were studied as controls. 15 minutes after E.C.T. there was a 10 to 50 fold increase in serum-prolactin in eight of the patients. The effects of anaesthesia and surgery on serum-prolactin in the controls were negligible.", "PMID": 62165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_334", "title": "Pulsatile blood-flow in arterial grafts.", "content": "The distensibility of arterial wall is an important factor in the haemodynamics of pulsatile blood-flow. Autogenous-vein grafts have a dynamic response to the arterial pressure pulse (compliance) which approaches that of normal arterial wall, whereas synthetic prostheses are generally incompliant, or become so shortly after implantation. Although synthetic grafts have little effect on steady-state flow, their lack of compliance greatly interferes with pulsatile flow and this may be an important factor in explaining their lack of success as replacements for medium and small sized arteries.", "contents": "Pulsatile blood-flow in arterial grafts. The distensibility of arterial wall is an important factor in the haemodynamics of pulsatile blood-flow. Autogenous-vein grafts have a dynamic response to the arterial pressure pulse (compliance) which approaches that of normal arterial wall, whereas synthetic prostheses are generally incompliant, or become so shortly after implantation. Although synthetic grafts have little effect on steady-state flow, their lack of compliance greatly interferes with pulsatile flow and this may be an important factor in explaining their lack of success as replacements for medium and small sized arteries.", "PMID": 62175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_335", "title": "Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infection as a cause of diarrhoea.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of the records of 31 patients diagnosed as having Giardia lamblia infection in our hospital over a five-year period suggests that the condition is not considered often or early enough. Adult patients particularly \"suffer\" more, having to endure more investigations (mean of 16) than do symptomatic children (mean of 6) before a diagnosis is made. The length of time to reach the diagnosis from first referral further supports this view, being almost seven weeks in adults and three weeks in children--both groups having had symptoms for an average of seven months before referral.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infection as a cause of diarrhoea. Retrospective analysis of the records of 31 patients diagnosed as having Giardia lamblia infection in our hospital over a five-year period suggests that the condition is not considered often or early enough. Adult patients particularly \"suffer\" more, having to endure more investigations (mean of 16) than do symptomatic children (mean of 6) before a diagnosis is made. The length of time to reach the diagnosis from first referral further supports this view, being almost seven weeks in adults and three weeks in children--both groups having had symptoms for an average of seven months before referral.", "PMID": 62176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_336", "title": "Reactions to iophendylate in relation to multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A retrospective survey was made of 57 consecutive patients referred for myelography by one neurological team. Reactions occurred in patients with multiple sclerosis significantly more often than in all other patients (P=0.01). This finding appears to support the belief that demyelination may be associated with more severe reactions to iophendylate myelography.", "contents": "Reactions to iophendylate in relation to multiple sclerosis. A retrospective survey was made of 57 consecutive patients referred for myelography by one neurological team. Reactions occurred in patients with multiple sclerosis significantly more often than in all other patients (P=0.01). This finding appears to support the belief that demyelination may be associated with more severe reactions to iophendylate myelography.", "PMID": 62217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_337", "title": "Activation of complement by the alternative pathway as a factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.", "content": "Dental plaque and a bacterium, Actinomyces viscosus, isolated from plaque that can reproduce periodontal disease in germ-free rats, are activators of complement by the alternative pathway. It is suggested that this process is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.", "contents": "Activation of complement by the alternative pathway as a factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Dental plaque and a bacterium, Actinomyces viscosus, isolated from plaque that can reproduce periodontal disease in germ-free rats, are activators of complement by the alternative pathway. It is suggested that this process is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.", "PMID": 62218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_338", "title": "Hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Recommended criteria for the diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus based on glucose tolerance tests vary considerably; none are derived from long-term observations of the further development of different degrees of glucose intolerance. Evidence from several epidemiological investigations suggests that the risk of specific diabetic complications becomes important only in people with capillary whole-blood sugar concentrations exceeding 200 mg/dl 2 hours after a 50 g oral glucose load, who have overnight fasting blood-sugar concentrations usually exceeding 110 mg/dl. Lesser degrees of glucose intolerance may, nevertheless, indicate an additional risk of atherosclerotic arterial disease.  Assessment of \"borderline diabetics\" should, therefore, include and evaluation of other known risk factors for arterial disease and any treatment programme should be determined in the light of these as well as by the degree of glycaemia.", "contents": "Hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus. Recommended criteria for the diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus based on glucose tolerance tests vary considerably; none are derived from long-term observations of the further development of different degrees of glucose intolerance. Evidence from several epidemiological investigations suggests that the risk of specific diabetic complications becomes important only in people with capillary whole-blood sugar concentrations exceeding 200 mg/dl 2 hours after a 50 g oral glucose load, who have overnight fasting blood-sugar concentrations usually exceeding 110 mg/dl. Lesser degrees of glucose intolerance may, nevertheless, indicate an additional risk of atherosclerotic arterial disease.  Assessment of \"borderline diabetics\" should, therefore, include and evaluation of other known risk factors for arterial disease and any treatment programme should be determined in the light of these as well as by the degree of glycaemia.", "PMID": 62224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_339", "title": "Smoking and other risk factors for coronary heart-disease in British civil servants.", "content": "A five-year follow-up of 18 403 male British civil servants between the age of 40 and 64, who had been the subject of an earlier clinical survey found 277 deaths from coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.). After adjusting for age, current cigarette smoking, systolic and diastolic blood-pressure, and blood-cholesterol were shown to be related to both the prevalence of one or more indices of cardiac ischaemia and to the risk of cardiac death. Neither blood-glucose two hours after a 50 g load nor weight/height showed any such simple linear association with mortality. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the main risk factors were independently related to cardiac morbidity and mortality. Irrespective of blood-pressure or plasma-cholesterol, current cigarette smokers thus had a higher risk of C.H.D. death than those not smoking cigarettes.", "contents": "Smoking and other risk factors for coronary heart-disease in British civil servants. A five-year follow-up of 18 403 male British civil servants between the age of 40 and 64, who had been the subject of an earlier clinical survey found 277 deaths from coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.). After adjusting for age, current cigarette smoking, systolic and diastolic blood-pressure, and blood-cholesterol were shown to be related to both the prevalence of one or more indices of cardiac ischaemia and to the risk of cardiac death. Neither blood-glucose two hours after a 50 g load nor weight/height showed any such simple linear association with mortality. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the main risk factors were independently related to cardiac morbidity and mortality. Irrespective of blood-pressure or plasma-cholesterol, current cigarette smokers thus had a higher risk of C.H.D. death than those not smoking cigarettes.", "PMID": 62262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_340", "title": "Immunological abnormalities in patients who had the oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with practolol therapy.", "content": "Patients with and without adverse reactions on practolol therapy showed altered immune responses. There was cutaneous anergy to Candida albicans and streptokinase/streptodornase antigens and depression of lymphocyte function in vitro. Anticomplementary activity and a wide range of autoantibodies were found in patients who had received practolol.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities in patients who had the oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with practolol therapy. Patients with and without adverse reactions on practolol therapy showed altered immune responses. There was cutaneous anergy to Candida albicans and streptokinase/streptodornase antigens and depression of lymphocyte function in vitro. Anticomplementary activity and a wide range of autoantibodies were found in patients who had received practolol.", "PMID": 62263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_341", "title": "Adenovirus type 7; 1971-74.", "content": "The spread of adenovirus type 7 in England and Wales between 1971 and 1974 and the clinical features of infections with this virus were investigated in a retrospective study of virological reports and patients' clinical records. An epidemic in 1972-74 apparently stared in the North-East and spread to the South-West. Between March 1973 and the end of October 1974 the virus was recovered in 59 of 74 specimens from 42 patients. The mean age of the patients was 9 years, which suggests that a large pool of young susceptibles was important in the dissemination of the epidemic. Sore throats, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, and abdominal pain were common symptoms. Meningism was present in 12 patients; 2 cases had apparent neuropsychiatric sequelae.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 7; 1971-74. The spread of adenovirus type 7 in England and Wales between 1971 and 1974 and the clinical features of infections with this virus were investigated in a retrospective study of virological reports and patients' clinical records. An epidemic in 1972-74 apparently stared in the North-East and spread to the South-West. Between March 1973 and the end of October 1974 the virus was recovered in 59 of 74 specimens from 42 patients. The mean age of the patients was 9 years, which suggests that a large pool of young susceptibles was important in the dissemination of the epidemic. Sore throats, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, and abdominal pain were common symptoms. Meningism was present in 12 patients; 2 cases had apparent neuropsychiatric sequelae.", "PMID": 62264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_342", "title": "Initial treatment of stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease. Comparison of radiotherapy with combined chemotherapy. British National Lymphoma Investigation.", "content": "117 patients with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease were randomly allocated for treatment in a multicentre trial comparing the results of total nodal irradiation (T.N.I.) with those of combination chemotherapy. Staging procedures for most patients included laparotomy; a few patients whose staging did not include laparotomy were studied separately. Of the 81 patients staged by laparotomy, 40 out of 42 (95%) achieved complete remission (C.R.) after treatment by T.N.I. and 29 out of 39 (74%) achieved C.R. during treatment with mustine hydrochloride, vincristine (\"Oncovin\"), procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) (P=0.018). An analysis of the disease-free survival up to four years favoured the group of patients treated by T.N.I. (P less than 0.01) but differences in overall survival were not statistically significant. In the 36 patients with presumed IIIA disease whose staging did not include laparotomy no significant differences in the incidence of C.R. or rates of disease-free or overall survival were observed. It is concluded that T.N.I. is the optimum initial treatment for patients with IIIA disease whose staging includes laparotomy.", "contents": "Initial treatment of stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease. Comparison of radiotherapy with combined chemotherapy. British National Lymphoma Investigation. 117 patients with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease were randomly allocated for treatment in a multicentre trial comparing the results of total nodal irradiation (T.N.I.) with those of combination chemotherapy. Staging procedures for most patients included laparotomy; a few patients whose staging did not include laparotomy were studied separately. Of the 81 patients staged by laparotomy, 40 out of 42 (95%) achieved complete remission (C.R.) after treatment by T.N.I. and 29 out of 39 (74%) achieved C.R. during treatment with mustine hydrochloride, vincristine (\"Oncovin\"), procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) (P=0.018). An analysis of the disease-free survival up to four years favoured the group of patients treated by T.N.I. (P less than 0.01) but differences in overall survival were not statistically significant. In the 36 patients with presumed IIIA disease whose staging did not include laparotomy no significant differences in the incidence of C.R. or rates of disease-free or overall survival were observed. It is concluded that T.N.I. is the optimum initial treatment for patients with IIIA disease whose staging includes laparotomy.", "PMID": 62265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_343", "title": "Effect of a diet of polyunsaturated fats on some platelet-function tests.", "content": "The fat in the normal diet of 19 apparently well men was partly replaced by linoleic acid. This produced striking changes in many platelet-function tests, suggesting decreased platelet activation. Twenty controls maintaining their normal diet showed no change. It is concluded that normal people have a degree of platelet activation which can be decreased. This may be relevant to the benefits attributed to a diet containing polyunsaturated fats.", "contents": "Effect of a diet of polyunsaturated fats on some platelet-function tests. The fat in the normal diet of 19 apparently well men was partly replaced by linoleic acid. This produced striking changes in many platelet-function tests, suggesting decreased platelet activation. Twenty controls maintaining their normal diet showed no change. It is concluded that normal people have a degree of platelet activation which can be decreased. This may be relevant to the benefits attributed to a diet containing polyunsaturated fats.", "PMID": 62266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_344", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were detected in 49% of sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, 45% of monosymptomatic optic neuritis, 45% of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, and 15% of normal sera studied. The frequency of immune complexes in multiple-sclerosis sera was not correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Results with serial blood-samples were variable.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Circulating immune complexes were detected in 49% of sera from patients with multiple sclerosis, 45% of monosymptomatic optic neuritis, 45% of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, and 15% of normal sera studied. The frequency of immune complexes in multiple-sclerosis sera was not correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Results with serial blood-samples were variable.", "PMID": 62267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_345", "title": "[The antigenic relationship between Syringospora clausseni and the Salmonella C(1) group O antigen].", "content": "The antiserum against Salmonella (0 6, 7) antigen aggultinated Syringospora clausseni, and the serum against this fungus cross-agglutinated Salmonella (0 6, 7) antigen. Cross aglutination and absorption experiments showed that there was a common antigenic determinant between Syringospora clausseni and S. cholerae suis (6,7). This antigenic determinant may resemble the Minor antigen which is not used in usual sero-typing of Salmonella.", "contents": "[The antigenic relationship between Syringospora clausseni and the Salmonella C(1) group O antigen]. The antiserum against Salmonella (0 6, 7) antigen aggultinated Syringospora clausseni, and the serum against this fungus cross-agglutinated Salmonella (0 6, 7) antigen. Cross aglutination and absorption experiments showed that there was a common antigenic determinant between Syringospora clausseni and S. cholerae suis (6,7). This antigenic determinant may resemble the Minor antigen which is not used in usual sero-typing of Salmonella.", "PMID": 62268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_346", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "One hundred women with pregnancies at risk for the recurrence of neural tube defects have entered our monitoring programme of echography and alphafetoprotein estimation (AFP) on amniotic fluid and maternal serum during the second trimester. The results of these pregnancies, the application of the programme, sources of error, and the reliability of alphafetoprotein levels are discussed. Conclusions regarding the value of the tests and routine antenatal screening are made.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. One hundred women with pregnancies at risk for the recurrence of neural tube defects have entered our monitoring programme of echography and alphafetoprotein estimation (AFP) on amniotic fluid and maternal serum during the second trimester. The results of these pregnancies, the application of the programme, sources of error, and the reliability of alphafetoprotein levels are discussed. Conclusions regarding the value of the tests and routine antenatal screening are made.", "PMID": 62270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_347", "title": "\"Crab\" care and cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "The letters CRAB indicate that there are four broad uses of chemotherapy in treating solid tumours: (i) curative, which is always the aim but as yet can rarely be reliably achieved with chemotherapy alone; (ii) relieving chemotherapy for widespread or incurable disease; (iii) adjuvant care to prevent peripheral occult disease developing after standard surgery or radiotherapy; and (iv) basal chemotherapy, to reduce the size, viability and especially the peripheral extent of large, localized tumour masses in preparation for definitive treatment usually by radiotherapy and/or extirpative surgery.", "contents": "\"Crab\" care and cancer chemotherapy. The letters CRAB indicate that there are four broad uses of chemotherapy in treating solid tumours: (i) curative, which is always the aim but as yet can rarely be reliably achieved with chemotherapy alone; (ii) relieving chemotherapy for widespread or incurable disease; (iii) adjuvant care to prevent peripheral occult disease developing after standard surgery or radiotherapy; and (iv) basal chemotherapy, to reduce the size, viability and especially the peripheral extent of large, localized tumour masses in preparation for definitive treatment usually by radiotherapy and/or extirpative surgery.", "PMID": 62271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_348", "title": "Drugs in pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "The hazards of exposing the human fetus to drugs have become increasingly apparent in the last 15 years, during which time drug usage has steadily increased. Even though a direct cause-and-effect relationship between certain commonly used drugs and fetal disorders or malformations has been difficult to establish, the principle of avoidance of all but essential medications in pregnancy and in the potentially pregnant has become increasingly important. This paper summarizes the factors determining fetal damage and lists the problems associated with some drugs frequently encountered in practice.", "contents": "Drugs in pregnancy and lactation. The hazards of exposing the human fetus to drugs have become increasingly apparent in the last 15 years, during which time drug usage has steadily increased. Even though a direct cause-and-effect relationship between certain commonly used drugs and fetal disorders or malformations has been difficult to establish, the principle of avoidance of all but essential medications in pregnancy and in the potentially pregnant has become increasingly important. This paper summarizes the factors determining fetal damage and lists the problems associated with some drugs frequently encountered in practice.", "PMID": 62272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_349", "title": "Inhibition of uridine-cytidine kinase by 5-azacytidine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "5-Azacytidine 5'-triphosphate (5-aza-CTP) inhibited the phosphorylation of uridine, cytidine, and 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C) in a reaction catalyzed by uridine-cytidine kinase. The inhibition appeared to be competitive with respect to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate and noncompetitive with respect to nucleoside substrates. 5-aza-CTP was a potent inhibitor of 5-aza-C phosphorylation but a weak inhibitor of uridine and cytidine phosphorylation. These results suggest that the feedback inhibition of uridine-cytidine kinase by 5-aza-CTP may limit the amount of intracellular nucleotide analog formed in drug-treated cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of uridine-cytidine kinase by 5-azacytidine 5'-triphosphate. 5-Azacytidine 5'-triphosphate (5-aza-CTP) inhibited the phosphorylation of uridine, cytidine, and 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C) in a reaction catalyzed by uridine-cytidine kinase. The inhibition appeared to be competitive with respect to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate and noncompetitive with respect to nucleoside substrates. 5-aza-CTP was a potent inhibitor of 5-aza-C phosphorylation but a weak inhibitor of uridine and cytidine phosphorylation. These results suggest that the feedback inhibition of uridine-cytidine kinase by 5-aza-CTP may limit the amount of intracellular nucleotide analog formed in drug-treated cells.", "PMID": 62274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_350", "title": "A new hamster fibrosarcoma model for in vitro/in vivo evaluation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "A hamster fetal cell clone has been developed for in vitro chemotherapeutic studies as well as in an in vivo fibrosarcoma model system. Highly reproducible quantitative in vitro chemotherapeutic data can be obtained with this cell line within 5 days, and as few as 10(2) cells produce rapidly growing fibrosarcomas when injected subcutaneously into adult hamsters. We found using these cells in vitro that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) can antagonize the effect of 5-azacytidine (aza-C) if given simultaneously or if aza-C treatment is preceded by a 2-hr exposure to ara-c. Using the same cell line as in vivo model for chemotherapy it was also shown that ara-C and cyclocytidine significantly inhibited tumor growth. This hamster cell line may be quite useful as an in vitro/in vivo model system for the study of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "A new hamster fibrosarcoma model for in vitro/in vivo evaluation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. A hamster fetal cell clone has been developed for in vitro chemotherapeutic studies as well as in an in vivo fibrosarcoma model system. Highly reproducible quantitative in vitro chemotherapeutic data can be obtained with this cell line within 5 days, and as few as 10(2) cells produce rapidly growing fibrosarcomas when injected subcutaneously into adult hamsters. We found using these cells in vitro that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) can antagonize the effect of 5-azacytidine (aza-C) if given simultaneously or if aza-C treatment is preceded by a 2-hr exposure to ara-c. Using the same cell line as in vivo model for chemotherapy it was also shown that ara-C and cyclocytidine significantly inhibited tumor growth. This hamster cell line may be quite useful as an in vitro/in vivo model system for the study of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 62275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_351", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in murine neuroblastoma.", "content": "The C1300 murine neuroblastoma system has been studied to determine its relevance as a chemotherapy model to the human disease. Studies using combination therapy revealed that BCNU/cyclophosphamide combination therapy increased the median lifespan 300% in A/J mice bearing the C1300 tumor. Cyclophosphamide/imidazole carboxamide and adriamycin/imidazole carboxamide combinations were less active, increasing median lifespans 189% and 144%, respectively. Vincristine/bleomycin were inactive even when the schedule was adjusted to coincide with the time of maximum mitoses following vincristine injections. These results suggest the BCNU/cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy may be effective in human disease.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in murine neuroblastoma. The C1300 murine neuroblastoma system has been studied to determine its relevance as a chemotherapy model to the human disease. Studies using combination therapy revealed that BCNU/cyclophosphamide combination therapy increased the median lifespan 300% in A/J mice bearing the C1300 tumor. Cyclophosphamide/imidazole carboxamide and adriamycin/imidazole carboxamide combinations were less active, increasing median lifespans 189% and 144%, respectively. Vincristine/bleomycin were inactive even when the schedule was adjusted to coincide with the time of maximum mitoses following vincristine injections. These results suggest the BCNU/cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy may be effective in human disease.", "PMID": 62276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_352", "title": "Increased circulating levels of transcobalamin ii in gaucher's disease.", "content": "The presence of several serum protein abnormalities in Gaucher's disease prompted a study of vitamin B12 binding proteins, in which 14 of 15 consecutive patients displayed increased circulating transcobalamin II unassociated with elevations of serum vitamin B12 or other vitamin B12 binders. Transcobalamin II levels were most significantly increased in nine patients with disease severe enough to require splenectomy (P less than 0.01), but were not correlated with liver size or levels of any other laboratory feature of Gaucher's disease studied. Splenectomy, per se, did not alter circulating transcobalamin II. Chracterization of the binder in Gaucher's disease revealed identity with normal serum transcobalamin II in acid inhibition of vitamin B12 binding, chromatographic behavior, immunologic specificity and functional integrity in vitamin B12 delivery. This observation suggests a relation between reticuloendothelial-cell activity and transcobalamin II metabolism. Elevated transcobalamin II levels may provide an additional means for diagnosis and assessment of Gaucher's disease.", "contents": "Increased circulating levels of transcobalamin ii in gaucher's disease. The presence of several serum protein abnormalities in Gaucher's disease prompted a study of vitamin B12 binding proteins, in which 14 of 15 consecutive patients displayed increased circulating transcobalamin II unassociated with elevations of serum vitamin B12 or other vitamin B12 binders. Transcobalamin II levels were most significantly increased in nine patients with disease severe enough to require splenectomy (P less than 0.01), but were not correlated with liver size or levels of any other laboratory feature of Gaucher's disease studied. Splenectomy, per se, did not alter circulating transcobalamin II. Chracterization of the binder in Gaucher's disease revealed identity with normal serum transcobalamin II in acid inhibition of vitamin B12 binding, chromatographic behavior, immunologic specificity and functional integrity in vitamin B12 delivery. This observation suggests a relation between reticuloendothelial-cell activity and transcobalamin II metabolism. Elevated transcobalamin II levels may provide an additional means for diagnosis and assessment of Gaucher's disease.", "PMID": 62278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_353", "title": "Chemical characterisation of the Thy-1 glycoproteins from the membranes of rat thymocytes and brain.", "content": "The Thy-1 antigens from both thymocytes and brain of rats are major membrane glycoproteins of about 25,000 molecular weight of which 30% is carbohydrate. The brain and thymus glycoproteins contain very similar amounts of each amino acid, but have strikingly different carbohydrate compositions. The antigenic determinants are likely to be in the protein part of the molecule.", "contents": "Chemical characterisation of the Thy-1 glycoproteins from the membranes of rat thymocytes and brain. The Thy-1 antigens from both thymocytes and brain of rats are major membrane glycoproteins of about 25,000 molecular weight of which 30% is carbohydrate. The brain and thymus glycoproteins contain very similar amounts of each amino acid, but have strikingly different carbohydrate compositions. The antigenic determinants are likely to be in the protein part of the molecule.", "PMID": 62283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_354", "title": "Effects of coupled tumor specific antigens (CTSA) on the growth of transplanted tumors in C3 H/HEJ mice.", "content": "The effects of coupled tumor specific antigens (CTSA) on the suppression of tumor growth in inbred mice were investigated. Seventy six week old C3H/HEJ female mice were used in the experiment. They were divided into seven groups; each group consisted of ten mice, and each group received a different treatment. The treatments for the different groups were: Human gamma globulin coupled with tumor specific antigens and emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (group I); Tumor specific antigens emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (group II); Freund's complete adjuvant (group III); Tumor specific antigens (group IV); Human gamma globulin (group V); Groups VI and VII were untreated. Animals in groups (I to V) were given two injections per week for two weeks prior to the transplantation of tumor tissue. They were subsequently given sixteen more injections during an eight week period. The sixth group was transplanted with tumor tissue and the seventh group was neither treated nor transplanted with tumor. The proliferation of the tumor tissue in the different animals was monitored by computing tumor volume at weekly intervals. The results showed that animals in group I developed a state of immune resistance against the transplanted tumor. At the conclusion of the experiment, the average tumor volume in this group was six times smaller than the average volume in the untreated group and twelve times smaller than the average volume in the group treated with Freund's complete adjuvant. Varying degrees of suppression were also noted in the other treated groups.", "contents": "Effects of coupled tumor specific antigens (CTSA) on the growth of transplanted tumors in C3 H/HEJ mice. The effects of coupled tumor specific antigens (CTSA) on the suppression of tumor growth in inbred mice were investigated. Seventy six week old C3H/HEJ female mice were used in the experiment. They were divided into seven groups; each group consisted of ten mice, and each group received a different treatment. The treatments for the different groups were: Human gamma globulin coupled with tumor specific antigens and emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (group I); Tumor specific antigens emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (group II); Freund's complete adjuvant (group III); Tumor specific antigens (group IV); Human gamma globulin (group V); Groups VI and VII were untreated. Animals in groups (I to V) were given two injections per week for two weeks prior to the transplantation of tumor tissue. They were subsequently given sixteen more injections during an eight week period. The sixth group was transplanted with tumor tissue and the seventh group was neither treated nor transplanted with tumor. The proliferation of the tumor tissue in the different animals was monitored by computing tumor volume at weekly intervals. The results showed that animals in group I developed a state of immune resistance against the transplanted tumor. At the conclusion of the experiment, the average tumor volume in this group was six times smaller than the average volume in the untreated group and twelve times smaller than the average volume in the group treated with Freund's complete adjuvant. Varying degrees of suppression were also noted in the other treated groups.", "PMID": 62331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_355", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of cystlike space.", "content": "Five cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary glands were studied. The mucoid material in the characteristic cystlike space of this neoplasm was distaseresistant periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)--positive, alcain blue-positive, toluidine blue-positive, and mucicarmine-positive. Verhoeff-Van Gieson's method and Weighert's method did not reveal elastic tissue in the cystlike spaces. Mallory's method revealed that a central core in cystlike spaces was similar in stainability to collagen. Wilder's method did not reveal reticular fibers in these spaces. Electron microscopy revealed three readily recognizable zones: a juxtacellular zone of a network of replicated basal lamina, and intermediate zone of stellate granules of mucoid material, and a central core of densely packed aperiodic filaments or collagen fibrils. The histogenesis of cystlike spaces and their realtionship with biologic behaviors of the neoplasm were discussed.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of cystlike space. Five cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary glands were studied. The mucoid material in the characteristic cystlike space of this neoplasm was distaseresistant periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)--positive, alcain blue-positive, toluidine blue-positive, and mucicarmine-positive. Verhoeff-Van Gieson's method and Weighert's method did not reveal elastic tissue in the cystlike spaces. Mallory's method revealed that a central core in cystlike spaces was similar in stainability to collagen. Wilder's method did not reveal reticular fibers in these spaces. Electron microscopy revealed three readily recognizable zones: a juxtacellular zone of a network of replicated basal lamina, and intermediate zone of stellate granules of mucoid material, and a central core of densely packed aperiodic filaments or collagen fibrils. The histogenesis of cystlike spaces and their realtionship with biologic behaviors of the neoplasm were discussed.", "PMID": 62333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_356", "title": "Hyaline bodies: some observations on their ultrastructure.", "content": "The ultrastruct of hyaline bodies was examined. Their constant association with elements of squamous epithelium pointed to an epithelial component in their structure. Elements of red blood cells, blood vessels, and endothelium were not evi-ent in these hyaline bodies, thereby negating avascular origin. Due to ultrastrucural limitations, the exact composition of the structures could not be determined.", "contents": "Hyaline bodies: some observations on their ultrastructure. The ultrastruct of hyaline bodies was examined. Their constant association with elements of squamous epithelium pointed to an epithelial component in their structure. Elements of red blood cells, blood vessels, and endothelium were not evi-ent in these hyaline bodies, thereby negating avascular origin. Due to ultrastrucural limitations, the exact composition of the structures could not be determined.", "PMID": 62334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_357", "title": "[Distribution study using 57Co-, 51Cr-, 111In- and 99mTc-bleomycin in mice with a solid Ehrlich carcinoma].", "content": "From the comparative studies of 57Co-, 51Cr-, 111In- and 99mTc-Bleomycin using 282 solid Ehrlich-carcinoma-bearing mice, 57Co was found to be the most suitable bleomycin preparation for tumorscintigraphy. The results obtained by 111In-Bleomycin of linear tumor cell absorption indicates a possible use of 111In-Bleomycin as an agent for objective histological differentiation also in cells previously treated with therapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Distribution study using 57Co-, 51Cr-, 111In- and 99mTc-bleomycin in mice with a solid Ehrlich carcinoma]. From the comparative studies of 57Co-, 51Cr-, 111In- and 99mTc-Bleomycin using 282 solid Ehrlich-carcinoma-bearing mice, 57Co was found to be the most suitable bleomycin preparation for tumorscintigraphy. The results obtained by 111In-Bleomycin of linear tumor cell absorption indicates a possible use of 111In-Bleomycin as an agent for objective histological differentiation also in cells previously treated with therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 62345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_358", "title": "[Frequency distribution of an index for free thyroxin in relation to age and thyroid status].", "content": "We compared an index for free thyroxine (FT4I) between groups of patients which were formed according to the results of radioiodine testing. An elevation of free thyroxine (as measured by the FT4I) which has been reported in elderly women by other authors could not be confirmed. Overlapping between euthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was not found as disturbing as reported elsewhere, a finding which can probably be explained by the different criteria for the categories \"euthyroidism\" and \"hyperthyroidism\". A group with depressed radioiodine uptake had an unexpected high percentage of elevated FT4I. These cases may be explained as toxic goitres. The incidence of hypothyroidism (as judged by FT4I) in this group is low compared with the incidence of obvious exogenous exposure to excessive iodide. Cases presenting with a normal radioiodide uptake together with absent suppression by thyroxine administration are more often connected with a normal FT4I and are therefore believed to be euthyroid; less frequently they are truly hyperthyroid (FT4I). In patients previously treated with radioiodine an elevated FT4I is found suprisingly often. A reevaluation of the radioiodine dosage and the course of the disease in these numerous patients seems to be indicated.", "contents": "[Frequency distribution of an index for free thyroxin in relation to age and thyroid status]. We compared an index for free thyroxine (FT4I) between groups of patients which were formed according to the results of radioiodine testing. An elevation of free thyroxine (as measured by the FT4I) which has been reported in elderly women by other authors could not be confirmed. Overlapping between euthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was not found as disturbing as reported elsewhere, a finding which can probably be explained by the different criteria for the categories \"euthyroidism\" and \"hyperthyroidism\". A group with depressed radioiodine uptake had an unexpected high percentage of elevated FT4I. These cases may be explained as toxic goitres. The incidence of hypothyroidism (as judged by FT4I) in this group is low compared with the incidence of obvious exogenous exposure to excessive iodide. Cases presenting with a normal radioiodide uptake together with absent suppression by thyroxine administration are more often connected with a normal FT4I and are therefore believed to be euthyroid; less frequently they are truly hyperthyroid (FT4I). In patients previously treated with radioiodine an elevated FT4I is found suprisingly often. A reevaluation of the radioiodine dosage and the course of the disease in these numerous patients seems to be indicated.", "PMID": 62346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_359", "title": "Deficiency in plasma protein synthesis caused by x-ray-incuded lethal albino alleles in mouse.", "content": "Plasma protein synthesis was studied in mice bearing x-ray induced lethal mutations at the albino locus. Newborn albino mutants showed a decrease in each of the three principal plasma proteins, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and transferrin, when compared with colored littermate controls. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into plasma proteins of the newborn albinos 30 min after injection was only 1/5 that of the controls, but incorporation into total liver protein was only slightly diminished. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into an albumin fraction  obtained by immunoprecipitation from livers incubated in vitro in an amino acid mixture was also strongly diminished. Thus, the liver of 18-day-old albino fetuses incorporated into this fraction 1/3 and that of newborn albinos 1/8 as much as the controls, but in both cases the incorporation into total liver protein was only 25% less than in the respective controls. These results indicate that the rather severe structural abnormalities observed in the mutants in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are not associated with a general deficiency of hepatic protein synthesis. Instead the data from this and previous work show that the progressive deficiency from fetal life to birth involves certain specific proteins represented by several perinatally developing enzymes and by plasma proteins. It is suggested that the mutational effects observed in these mice are due to deletions involving regulatory rather than structural genes at or near the albino locus.", "contents": "Deficiency in plasma protein synthesis caused by x-ray-incuded lethal albino alleles in mouse. Plasma protein synthesis was studied in mice bearing x-ray induced lethal mutations at the albino locus. Newborn albino mutants showed a decrease in each of the three principal plasma proteins, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and transferrin, when compared with colored littermate controls. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into plasma proteins of the newborn albinos 30 min after injection was only 1/5 that of the controls, but incorporation into total liver protein was only slightly diminished. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into an albumin fraction  obtained by immunoprecipitation from livers incubated in vitro in an amino acid mixture was also strongly diminished. Thus, the liver of 18-day-old albino fetuses incorporated into this fraction 1/3 and that of newborn albinos 1/8 as much as the controls, but in both cases the incorporation into total liver protein was only 25% less than in the respective controls. These results indicate that the rather severe structural abnormalities observed in the mutants in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus are not associated with a general deficiency of hepatic protein synthesis. Instead the data from this and previous work show that the progressive deficiency from fetal life to birth involves certain specific proteins represented by several perinatally developing enzymes and by plasma proteins. It is suggested that the mutational effects observed in these mice are due to deletions involving regulatory rather than structural genes at or near the albino locus.", "PMID": 62358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_360", "title": "Anticomplementary nature of smaller DNA produced during synthesis of extensive DNA copies of poliovirus RNA.", "content": "The reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from avian myeloblastosis virus is able to make an extensive, possibly complete, complementary DNA copy of intact poliovirus RNA. In the presence of high concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, or sodium pyrophosphate, this DNA is the only species produced. Without these additives, however, a second size class of DNA is also synthesized. This material has a sedimentation coefficient between roughly 4 and 10 S and is produced later in the reaction, largely after synthesis of the larger complementary DNA has ceased. The smaller DNA consists primarily of material anticomplementary to the RNA template and contains a faithful and uniform representation of the viral sequences. It most likely arises by transcription of the larger DNA species.", "contents": "Anticomplementary nature of smaller DNA produced during synthesis of extensive DNA copies of poliovirus RNA. The reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from avian myeloblastosis virus is able to make an extensive, possibly complete, complementary DNA copy of intact poliovirus RNA. In the presence of high concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, or sodium pyrophosphate, this DNA is the only species produced. Without these additives, however, a second size class of DNA is also synthesized. This material has a sedimentation coefficient between roughly 4 and 10 S and is produced later in the reaction, largely after synthesis of the larger complementary DNA has ceased. The smaller DNA consists primarily of material anticomplementary to the RNA template and contains a faithful and uniform representation of the viral sequences. It most likely arises by transcription of the larger DNA species.", "PMID": 62359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_361", "title": "Stepwise biosynthesis in vitro of globin genes from globin mRNA by DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "Two approaches have been explored for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded DNA template complementary to rabbit 9S globin mRNA (cDNA). (i) cDNA was elongated with dCMP or dTMP homopolymeric tracts using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.31; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase). cDNA-dC, in the presence of an oligo(dG)10 primer, was an efficient template with either DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli (EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) or RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus. cDNA-dT [ with an oligo(dA)10 primer] functioned as template only with E. coli polymerase. (ii) cDNA, without homopolymeric tails, was also efficiently copied in the absence of oligonucleotide primer, by DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus or of E. coli. The product of the reaction consisted of long hairpin molecules which could be converted into DNA duplex (melting temperature, 93 degrees) by digestion with single-strand nuclease S1. The data indicate that a loop structure on the 3' end of cDNA allowed DNA synthesis to take place by a \"self-priming\" mechanism. Some of the double-stranded DNA synthesized corresponded to the entire sequence of the 9S mRNA template. The synthesis of full-length double-stranded DNA from mouse globin mRNA and immunoglobulin light chain mRNA is also discussed.", "contents": "Stepwise biosynthesis in vitro of globin genes from globin mRNA by DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus. Two approaches have been explored for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded DNA template complementary to rabbit 9S globin mRNA (cDNA). (i) cDNA was elongated with dCMP or dTMP homopolymeric tracts using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.31; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase). cDNA-dC, in the presence of an oligo(dG)10 primer, was an efficient template with either DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli (EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) or RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus. cDNA-dT [ with an oligo(dA)10 primer] functioned as template only with E. coli polymerase. (ii) cDNA, without homopolymeric tails, was also efficiently copied in the absence of oligonucleotide primer, by DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus or of E. coli. The product of the reaction consisted of long hairpin molecules which could be converted into DNA duplex (melting temperature, 93 degrees) by digestion with single-strand nuclease S1. The data indicate that a loop structure on the 3' end of cDNA allowed DNA synthesis to take place by a \"self-priming\" mechanism. Some of the double-stranded DNA synthesized corresponded to the entire sequence of the 9S mRNA template. The synthesis of full-length double-stranded DNA from mouse globin mRNA and immunoglobulin light chain mRNA is also discussed.", "PMID": 62360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_362", "title": "Human somatotropin: biological characterization of the recombinant molecule.", "content": "The recombinant hormone obtained by non-covalent interaction of the NH2-terminal 134 amino acid fragment with the COOH-terminal 51 amino acid fragment of the reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin molecule is found to exhibit nearly full biological activity of the native hormone, as evidenced by the stimulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) in vivo and protein synthesis in mouse mammary gland in vitro. Radioimmunoassay data indicate that the recombinant behaves immunochemically in a manner almost identical to that of the native hormone.", "contents": "Human somatotropin: biological characterization of the recombinant molecule. The recombinant hormone obtained by non-covalent interaction of the NH2-terminal 134 amino acid fragment with the COOH-terminal 51 amino acid fragment of the reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin molecule is found to exhibit nearly full biological activity of the native hormone, as evidenced by the stimulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) in vivo and protein synthesis in mouse mammary gland in vitro. Radioimmunoassay data indicate that the recombinant behaves immunochemically in a manner almost identical to that of the native hormone.", "PMID": 62361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_363", "title": "A new class of genetically transmitted retravirus isolated from Mus cervicolor.", "content": "The cocultivation of spleen cells from the Southeast Asian mouse, Mus cervicolor, with heterologous cell lines has permitted the isolation of a new retravirus (designated M432) that can be transmitted to tissue culture cells of the laboratory mouse, M. musculus. Cells infected with M432 contain cytoplasmic type A particles and budding forms with compact,spherical nucleoids; extracellular virions lack surface spikes and have a condensed, central core surrounded by an intermediate line. Like other retraviruses, M432 bands isopycnically in sucrose at 1.16-1.17 g/cm3 and contains a 70S RNA genome composed of 35S subunits and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase). The viral reverse transcriptase requires magnesium as a cofactor and transcribes the synthetic template:primer poly(rC)-oligo(dG) more efficiently than poly(rA)-oligo(dT). [3H]DNA transcripts of the viral RNA genome detect multiple copies of endogenous virogene sequences in the cellular DNA of normal M. cervicolor, and fewer copies in heterologous cells infected with M432. Partially related nucleic acid sequences are also detected in the DNA of M. caroli and M. musculus as well as in more distantly related species (rat and hamster), reflecting the evolutionary conservation of these gene sequences in rodents. Although the virus from M. cervicolor shares certain morphologic and biochemical properties with murine type B viruses, the new isolate is unrelated by nucleic acid hybridization criteria to the mouse mammary tumor virus, the bovine leukemia virus, the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, or known murine type C viruses, including endogenous type C viruses isolated from M. cervicolor.", "contents": "A new class of genetically transmitted retravirus isolated from Mus cervicolor. The cocultivation of spleen cells from the Southeast Asian mouse, Mus cervicolor, with heterologous cell lines has permitted the isolation of a new retravirus (designated M432) that can be transmitted to tissue culture cells of the laboratory mouse, M. musculus. Cells infected with M432 contain cytoplasmic type A particles and budding forms with compact,spherical nucleoids; extracellular virions lack surface spikes and have a condensed, central core surrounded by an intermediate line. Like other retraviruses, M432 bands isopycnically in sucrose at 1.16-1.17 g/cm3 and contains a 70S RNA genome composed of 35S subunits and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase). The viral reverse transcriptase requires magnesium as a cofactor and transcribes the synthetic template:primer poly(rC)-oligo(dG) more efficiently than poly(rA)-oligo(dT). [3H]DNA transcripts of the viral RNA genome detect multiple copies of endogenous virogene sequences in the cellular DNA of normal M. cervicolor, and fewer copies in heterologous cells infected with M432. Partially related nucleic acid sequences are also detected in the DNA of M. caroli and M. musculus as well as in more distantly related species (rat and hamster), reflecting the evolutionary conservation of these gene sequences in rodents. Although the virus from M. cervicolor shares certain morphologic and biochemical properties with murine type B viruses, the new isolate is unrelated by nucleic acid hybridization criteria to the mouse mammary tumor virus, the bovine leukemia virus, the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, or known murine type C viruses, including endogenous type C viruses isolated from M. cervicolor.", "PMID": 62362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_364", "title": "Characterization of heteropolymeric hexosaminidase A in human X mouse hybrid cells.", "content": "Expression of heteropolymeric hexosaminidase A activity is reported in a human X mouse hybrid cell line that contains an X/15 translocation chromosome but lacks human chromosome 5 and has no detectable human hexosaminidase B activity. (Hexosaminidase is beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; EC 3.2.1.30; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase.) That the \"hexosaminidase A\" enzyme of these cells contains the human hexosaminidase-alpha subunit and not the human hexosaminidase-beta subunit is indicated by the cells' reactions to specific antisera prepared against the alpha subunit and against the beta subunit. Our results indicate that the \"hexosaminidase A\" activity in this hybrid cell line is the expression of a hybrid molecule composed of human hexosaminidase-alpha subunit and a mouse hexosaminidase subunit. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the human hexosaminidase A enzyme is formed from alpha and beta subunits coded for by genes on chromosomes 15 and 5, respectively.", "contents": "Characterization of heteropolymeric hexosaminidase A in human X mouse hybrid cells. Expression of heteropolymeric hexosaminidase A activity is reported in a human X mouse hybrid cell line that contains an X/15 translocation chromosome but lacks human chromosome 5 and has no detectable human hexosaminidase B activity. (Hexosaminidase is beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; EC 3.2.1.30; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase.) That the \"hexosaminidase A\" enzyme of these cells contains the human hexosaminidase-alpha subunit and not the human hexosaminidase-beta subunit is indicated by the cells' reactions to specific antisera prepared against the alpha subunit and against the beta subunit. Our results indicate that the \"hexosaminidase A\" activity in this hybrid cell line is the expression of a hybrid molecule composed of human hexosaminidase-alpha subunit and a mouse hexosaminidase subunit. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the human hexosaminidase A enzyme is formed from alpha and beta subunits coded for by genes on chromosomes 15 and 5, respectively.", "PMID": 62363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_365", "title": "Molecular determinants of immunogenicity: the immunon model of immune response.", "content": "The immunological response in vivo to a series of size-fractionated linear polymers of acrylamide substituted with hapten has been measured in mice. A sharp threshold was observed in immunogenic response elicited by various polymer preparations. All polymers with less than 12 to 16 appropriately spaced hapten groups per molecule were nonimmunogenic, while those polymers with greater than this number were fully immunogenic. The results lead to the conclusion that the immunological response at its most elementary level is quantized, i.e., a minimum specific number of antigen receptors (approximately 12 to 16) must be connected together as a spatially continuous cluster, an immunon, before an immunogenic signal is delivered to the responding cell.", "contents": "Molecular determinants of immunogenicity: the immunon model of immune response. The immunological response in vivo to a series of size-fractionated linear polymers of acrylamide substituted with hapten has been measured in mice. A sharp threshold was observed in immunogenic response elicited by various polymer preparations. All polymers with less than 12 to 16 appropriately spaced hapten groups per molecule were nonimmunogenic, while those polymers with greater than this number were fully immunogenic. The results lead to the conclusion that the immunological response at its most elementary level is quantized, i.e., a minimum specific number of antigen receptors (approximately 12 to 16) must be connected together as a spatially continuous cluster, an immunon, before an immunogenic signal is delivered to the responding cell.", "PMID": 62364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_366", "title": "Palliation for carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "From 1950 to 1973, 169 patients received irradiation for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The average survival time was 10 months, with 7% of the patients living 2 years or more. The median survival time was 7 months; palliation averaged 6 months. Most completing therapy (89%) achieved some palliation: 66% had significant relief of dysphagia for 2 months or longer. The anatomical location of the malignant obstruction did not influence therapeutic response; there was similar  response in cases of upper, middle, and lower esophageal lesions. Thirty patients with progressive obstruction underwent endoesophageal intubation with Celestin tube placement; this procedure provided symptomatic relief with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Palliation for carcinoma of the esophagus. From 1950 to 1973, 169 patients received irradiation for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The average survival time was 10 months, with 7% of the patients living 2 years or more. The median survival time was 7 months; palliation averaged 6 months. Most completing therapy (89%) achieved some palliation: 66% had significant relief of dysphagia for 2 months or longer. The anatomical location of the malignant obstruction did not influence therapeutic response; there was similar  response in cases of upper, middle, and lower esophageal lesions. Thirty patients with progressive obstruction underwent endoesophageal intubation with Celestin tube placement; this procedure provided symptomatic relief with minimal morbidity.", "PMID": 62369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_367", "title": "[Metachromasia, double refraction and dichroism caused by Toluidine Blue reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper is concerned with those optical phenomena which may be caused in histological structures by the toluidine blue reaction. They relate to absorption as well as refraction properties. The paper gives a detailed description of how the toluidine blue reaction is carried out on histological preparations. The analysis of absorption results leads, in connection with physicochemical considerations, to a new explanation of the cause of toluidine blue metachromasia. In this, the assumption is made that the conditions of attachment of protons to the hydrogen-bearing nitrogen of dye molecules are largely responsible for the occurrence of metachromasia, the way in which the attachment of the proton to this quaternary nitrogen is influenced being of no consequence in this particular connection. It may result from both a combination of homogeneous toluidine blue molecules into associates and a shift to the alkaline region of the pH value of the dye solution. However, the term metachromasia is used to describe only that shift of the absorption spectrum which is produced by associates. The thus produced metachromasia (\"concentration metachromasia\") involves the development of a so-call \"gamma-band\" (with an absorption peak of gamma = 546 nm), there being a causal rather than a fundamental difference between the latter band and the normal metachromatic mu-band (with an absorption peak of gamma = 540 nm). Whereas in the case of concentration metachromasia and for an aqueous solution there may be observed an association of dye molecules having a maximum intermolecular distances of less than 5 angstr\u00f6m units, which is due to the large number of toluidine blue molecules per unit volume, mu-metachromasia is usually observed in connection with chromotropic structures. This association results in the lone-pair electrons of the hydrogen-bearing nitrogen atom being included in the intermolecular resonance system, which in turn results in the attachment of a proton to this nitrogen being weakened, which leads to the assumption of a red color. The difference to gamma-metachromasia lies in the fact that even by treatment with dilute solutions, in which the dye is present in a monomeric form, such a metachromasia may be produced on account of the sufficiently dense charge pattern of the chromotropic structure. This particular pattern tends to induce an association of dye molecules which in turn are associated, through hydrogen bridges, with the anionic groups. The orthochromatic toluidine blue reaction was found to be a possible method of detecting bridge-bond-active hydrogen in histological structures. The cause of the assumption of a blue color, which is observed in this connection, is a monomeric attachment of the dye. Additional factors leading to ortho-chromatism are also discussed...", "contents": "[Metachromasia, double refraction and dichroism caused by Toluidine Blue reaction (author's transl)]. The present paper is concerned with those optical phenomena which may be caused in histological structures by the toluidine blue reaction. They relate to absorption as well as refraction properties. The paper gives a detailed description of how the toluidine blue reaction is carried out on histological preparations. The analysis of absorption results leads, in connection with physicochemical considerations, to a new explanation of the cause of toluidine blue metachromasia. In this, the assumption is made that the conditions of attachment of protons to the hydrogen-bearing nitrogen of dye molecules are largely responsible for the occurrence of metachromasia, the way in which the attachment of the proton to this quaternary nitrogen is influenced being of no consequence in this particular connection. It may result from both a combination of homogeneous toluidine blue molecules into associates and a shift to the alkaline region of the pH value of the dye solution. However, the term metachromasia is used to describe only that shift of the absorption spectrum which is produced by associates. The thus produced metachromasia (\"concentration metachromasia\") involves the development of a so-call \"gamma-band\" (with an absorption peak of gamma = 546 nm), there being a causal rather than a fundamental difference between the latter band and the normal metachromatic mu-band (with an absorption peak of gamma = 540 nm). Whereas in the case of concentration metachromasia and for an aqueous solution there may be observed an association of dye molecules having a maximum intermolecular distances of less than 5 angstr\u00f6m units, which is due to the large number of toluidine blue molecules per unit volume, mu-metachromasia is usually observed in connection with chromotropic structures. This association results in the lone-pair electrons of the hydrogen-bearing nitrogen atom being included in the intermolecular resonance system, which in turn results in the attachment of a proton to this nitrogen being weakened, which leads to the assumption of a red color. The difference to gamma-metachromasia lies in the fact that even by treatment with dilute solutions, in which the dye is present in a monomeric form, such a metachromasia may be produced on account of the sufficiently dense charge pattern of the chromotropic structure. This particular pattern tends to induce an association of dye molecules which in turn are associated, through hydrogen bridges, with the anionic groups. The orthochromatic toluidine blue reaction was found to be a possible method of detecting bridge-bond-active hydrogen in histological structures. The cause of the assumption of a blue color, which is observed in this connection, is a monomeric attachment of the dye. Additional factors leading to ortho-chromatism are also discussed...", "PMID": 62370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_368", "title": "Cumulation and elimination of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte and normal horse gammaglobulin in dogs.", "content": "Two groups of dogs received daily intravenous doses of 20 mg/kg 131-I-labelled horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin or normal horse gammaglobulin respectively over a period of 11 days. Horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin showed a significantly higher eleimination rate than normal horse gammaglobulin. In contrary to the continuous increase in serum radioactivity during normal horse gammaglobulin treatment, there was a plateau after the 5th day in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin group. The xenogeneic protein concentration, measured with the single radial immunodiffusion technique, at the end of treatment was 165 +/- 8 mg/1 in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin, compared to 498 +/- 15 mg/1 in the normal horse gammaglobulin group. After treatment horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte globulin treated animals showed a significantly higher increase in active hemagglutination titer against horse erythrocytes with an average of 2(-8).", "contents": "Cumulation and elimination of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte and normal horse gammaglobulin in dogs. Two groups of dogs received daily intravenous doses of 20 mg/kg 131-I-labelled horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin or normal horse gammaglobulin respectively over a period of 11 days. Horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin showed a significantly higher eleimination rate than normal horse gammaglobulin. In contrary to the continuous increase in serum radioactivity during normal horse gammaglobulin treatment, there was a plateau after the 5th day in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin group. The xenogeneic protein concentration, measured with the single radial immunodiffusion technique, at the end of treatment was 165 +/- 8 mg/1 in the horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin, compared to 498 +/- 15 mg/1 in the normal horse gammaglobulin group. After treatment horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte globulin treated animals showed a significantly higher increase in active hemagglutination titer against horse erythrocytes with an average of 2(-8).", "PMID": 62375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_369", "title": "[Operative therapy for primary malignant bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 20 years, particularly in Europe, high dosage radiation therapy was primarily advocated and secondarily surgical amputation. Today, the earliest possible surgical elimination is considered to be the most sensible. This need not necessarily take the form of a mutilating procedure since, on the basis of American statistics, the results of resection procedures can be considered to be equally good. In each case, the diagnosis must be histologically clarified by biopsy before drastic surgery. In the context of a plan of therapy which is individually discussed among surgeons, radiation therapists and internists, additional tasks such as metastasectomy and stabilizing procedures in tumor-induced fractures fall to the surgeon. While it is still too early for a survey, we nevertheless hope that the positive aspects of combined therapy in our individual cases will increasingly benefit the total number of patients with malignant bone tumors - even if only in the form of a prolongation of life with less symptoms.", "contents": "[Operative therapy for primary malignant bone tumors (author's transl)]. During the last 20 years, particularly in Europe, high dosage radiation therapy was primarily advocated and secondarily surgical amputation. Today, the earliest possible surgical elimination is considered to be the most sensible. This need not necessarily take the form of a mutilating procedure since, on the basis of American statistics, the results of resection procedures can be considered to be equally good. In each case, the diagnosis must be histologically clarified by biopsy before drastic surgery. In the context of a plan of therapy which is individually discussed among surgeons, radiation therapists and internists, additional tasks such as metastasectomy and stabilizing procedures in tumor-induced fractures fall to the surgeon. While it is still too early for a survey, we nevertheless hope that the positive aspects of combined therapy in our individual cases will increasingly benefit the total number of patients with malignant bone tumors - even if only in the form of a prolongation of life with less symptoms.", "PMID": 62378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_370", "title": "[Arthritis related to intestinal anastomoses].", "content": "Jejuno-colic and jejuno-ileal anastomoses may provoke arthritis. The recently recognized physiopathology is that of arthritis due to immune complexes related to pullulation of Escherichia coli and of Bacilus fragilis. These cases of arthritis, usually sensitive to therapy, have, in some stutborn cases, required the re-establishment of intestinal continuity, which in each case has made the joint phenomena disappear.", "contents": "[Arthritis related to intestinal anastomoses]. Jejuno-colic and jejuno-ileal anastomoses may provoke arthritis. The recently recognized physiopathology is that of arthritis due to immune complexes related to pullulation of Escherichia coli and of Bacilus fragilis. These cases of arthritis, usually sensitive to therapy, have, in some stutborn cases, required the re-establishment of intestinal continuity, which in each case has made the joint phenomena disappear.", "PMID": 62379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_371", "title": "[Joint manifestations of Whipple's disease].", "content": "Of all the signs of Whipple's disease, the joint manifestations are among the most constant and the earliest to indicate the enteropathy, appearing long before the digestive and general signs. Essentially they consist of painful, peripheral joint manifestations: either simple arthralgia, or true arthritis differing in the degree of pain, the degree of the clinical signs accompanying the pain, the mode of evolution, and the number and the grouping of the joints affected, thus occurring in numerous clinical forms of which the two principal ones are subacute oligoarthritis with a tendency to migrate and chronic polyarthritis that gives rise to few definitive deformations. The radiographic appearance is usually normal. There is nothing specific about the laboratory aspects of the inflammatory syndrome. Synovial histology may in some cases clarify the diagnosis by demonstration of histiocytes with positive PAS granulations. The axial joint manifestations, which are always associated with the preceding ones, are infrequent and practically limited to unilateral or bilateral sacro-iliac lesions, with little or no clinical expression, that are discovered by standard radiology. Jejunal biopsy can be the key to early diagnosis. The pathogenesis remains obscure. The treatment is the same as for Whipple's disease, long-term antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "[Joint manifestations of Whipple's disease]. Of all the signs of Whipple's disease, the joint manifestations are among the most constant and the earliest to indicate the enteropathy, appearing long before the digestive and general signs. Essentially they consist of painful, peripheral joint manifestations: either simple arthralgia, or true arthritis differing in the degree of pain, the degree of the clinical signs accompanying the pain, the mode of evolution, and the number and the grouping of the joints affected, thus occurring in numerous clinical forms of which the two principal ones are subacute oligoarthritis with a tendency to migrate and chronic polyarthritis that gives rise to few definitive deformations. The radiographic appearance is usually normal. There is nothing specific about the laboratory aspects of the inflammatory syndrome. Synovial histology may in some cases clarify the diagnosis by demonstration of histiocytes with positive PAS granulations. The axial joint manifestations, which are always associated with the preceding ones, are infrequent and practically limited to unilateral or bilateral sacro-iliac lesions, with little or no clinical expression, that are discovered by standard radiology. Jejunal biopsy can be the key to early diagnosis. The pathogenesis remains obscure. The treatment is the same as for Whipple's disease, long-term antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 62380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_372", "title": "Orcein positive hepatocellular material in long-standing biliary diseases. I. Histochemical characteristics.", "content": "Orcein positive material, which accumulates in liver cells in long-standing biliary diseases, was studied histochemically in 5 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The material was highly basophilic after previous oxidation of tissue sections and could be demonstrated by orcein at pH 2, alcian blue at pH 0.2, and toluidine blue at pH 2.5. The comparative experiments suggested that sulphonic acid residues in orcein positive material after the oxidation were responsible for the staining reactions. In addition, the staining characteristics indicated the protein nature of the material. The staining reactions suggested that orcein positive material is associated with copper in liver cells and indicated the presence of a copper-protein complex. In contrast to orcein and alcian blue reactions, the oxidation of tissue sections abolished the positive histochemical reaction for copper. This was considered to indicate a dissociation of the copper-protein complex and an oxidation of the liberated sulphydryl groups to sulphonic acid residues, which are probably responsible for the basophilic staining reactions.", "contents": "Orcein positive hepatocellular material in long-standing biliary diseases. I. Histochemical characteristics. Orcein positive material, which accumulates in liver cells in long-standing biliary diseases, was studied histochemically in 5 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The material was highly basophilic after previous oxidation of tissue sections and could be demonstrated by orcein at pH 2, alcian blue at pH 0.2, and toluidine blue at pH 2.5. The comparative experiments suggested that sulphonic acid residues in orcein positive material after the oxidation were responsible for the staining reactions. In addition, the staining characteristics indicated the protein nature of the material. The staining reactions suggested that orcein positive material is associated with copper in liver cells and indicated the presence of a copper-protein complex. In contrast to orcein and alcian blue reactions, the oxidation of tissue sections abolished the positive histochemical reaction for copper. This was considered to indicate a dissociation of the copper-protein complex and an oxidation of the liberated sulphydryl groups to sulphonic acid residues, which are probably responsible for the basophilic staining reactions.", "PMID": 62382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_373", "title": "Orcein positive hepatocellular material in long-standing biliary diseases. II. Ultrastructural studies.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of liver cells was performed on 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and on 3 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). In liver cells of PBC patients large (ad 2-3 mu in diameter) particles were seen, which morphologically resembed autophagic vacuoles or large secondary lysosymes. The morphology, size, location, and quantity of these particles corresponded to the orcein positive material seen in light microscopy of adjacent sections in specimens from PBC patients. These large particles were not seen in liver  cells of CAH patients, which also lacked the orcein positive material in light microscopy. The author suggests that the observed particles indicate the activation of lysosomal compartment in liver cells in PBC, and that the orcein positive material (copper-protein complex accumulating in liver cells in chronic cholestasis) is taken into the phagolysosomal metabolism and processing in liver cells, and possibly resembles in this respect the intracellular metabolism of iron-compounds.", "contents": "Orcein positive hepatocellular material in long-standing biliary diseases. II. Ultrastructural studies. An ultrastructural study of liver cells was performed on 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and on 3 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). In liver cells of PBC patients large (ad 2-3 mu in diameter) particles were seen, which morphologically resembed autophagic vacuoles or large secondary lysosymes. The morphology, size, location, and quantity of these particles corresponded to the orcein positive material seen in light microscopy of adjacent sections in specimens from PBC patients. These large particles were not seen in liver  cells of CAH patients, which also lacked the orcein positive material in light microscopy. The author suggests that the observed particles indicate the activation of lysosomal compartment in liver cells in PBC, and that the orcein positive material (copper-protein complex accumulating in liver cells in chronic cholestasis) is taken into the phagolysosomal metabolism and processing in liver cells, and possibly resembles in this respect the intracellular metabolism of iron-compounds.", "PMID": 62383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_374", "title": "Restriction of human immune antibodies to heavy-chain variable subgroups.", "content": "Human immune antibodies such as anti-Rh and anti-Kell antibodies were tested in hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition experiments for VH subgroup composition. A striking VH subgroup restriction was found in several of these groups of antibodies. In the majority of cases there was a restriction to one particular VH subgroup for a single antibody specificity in a given individual. In some cases there was also an overall restriction to one particular subgroup for antibodies with the same antibody specificity. This was particularly pronounced for anti-D antibodies, which was primarily restricted to VHII, and for the anti-Kell, which was particularly related to VHIII. Subgroup-specific antigens for all the main VH subgroups were blocked on combination of the antibody molecule with antigen. No relation was found between VH restriction and restriction to IgG subclass, or genetic markers or chi and lambda light-chain type.", "contents": "Restriction of human immune antibodies to heavy-chain variable subgroups. Human immune antibodies such as anti-Rh and anti-Kell antibodies were tested in hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition experiments for VH subgroup composition. A striking VH subgroup restriction was found in several of these groups of antibodies. In the majority of cases there was a restriction to one particular VH subgroup for a single antibody specificity in a given individual. In some cases there was also an overall restriction to one particular subgroup for antibodies with the same antibody specificity. This was particularly pronounced for anti-D antibodies, which was primarily restricted to VHII, and for the anti-Kell, which was particularly related to VHIII. Subgroup-specific antigens for all the main VH subgroups were blocked on combination of the antibody molecule with antigen. No relation was found between VH restriction and restriction to IgG subclass, or genetic markers or chi and lambda light-chain type.", "PMID": 62384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_375", "title": "Bence Jones proteins and light chains of immunoglobulins. XIV. Conformational dependency and molecular localization of the kappa (kappa) and lambda (lambda) antigenic determinants.", "content": "The region on the light chain molecule responsible for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was determined by comparative immunochemical analyses of intact Bence Jones proteins and naturally occurring or enzymatically derived fragments of Bence Jones proteins that lacked extensive portions of the V region or part of the C region. The reactivity of these fragments with numerous antisera having specificity for light-chain antigenic determinants indicated the essentiality of the intact light polypeptide chain for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants. The conformational dependency of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was also evidenced by denaturation-renaturation studies on kappa and lambda chains. The V domain, C domain, and interdomain 'switch' region contribute to the expression of kappa and lambda antigenicity and to certain isotypic and allotypic specificities.", "contents": "Bence Jones proteins and light chains of immunoglobulins. XIV. Conformational dependency and molecular localization of the kappa (kappa) and lambda (lambda) antigenic determinants. The region on the light chain molecule responsible for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was determined by comparative immunochemical analyses of intact Bence Jones proteins and naturally occurring or enzymatically derived fragments of Bence Jones proteins that lacked extensive portions of the V region or part of the C region. The reactivity of these fragments with numerous antisera having specificity for light-chain antigenic determinants indicated the essentiality of the intact light polypeptide chain for expression of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants. The conformational dependency of the kappa and lambda antigenic determinants was also evidenced by denaturation-renaturation studies on kappa and lambda chains. The V domain, C domain, and interdomain 'switch' region contribute to the expression of kappa and lambda antigenicity and to certain isotypic and allotypic specificities.", "PMID": 62385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_376", "title": "Nephritic factor: its structure and function and its relationship to initiating factor of the alternative pathway.", "content": "Nephritic factor (NF) has a molecular weight of 170,000 and is composed of two disulfide-linked 85,000-dalton chains. NF assembles the fluid phase C3 convertase from Factors B and D, C3, and magnesium by physically incorporating itself into the enzyme complex. NF exerts its stabilizing effect on the cell-bound C3/C5 convertase, EC3b,B, by physically associating itself with this complex. On decay of the cell-bound enzyme NF is released into the fluid phase and retains its binding and stabilizing potential. Its activity is resistant to diisopropylfluorophosphate treatment. Because NF causes agglutination of EC3b,B, it must be endowed with more than one binding site.", "contents": "Nephritic factor: its structure and function and its relationship to initiating factor of the alternative pathway. Nephritic factor (NF) has a molecular weight of 170,000 and is composed of two disulfide-linked 85,000-dalton chains. NF assembles the fluid phase C3 convertase from Factors B and D, C3, and magnesium by physically incorporating itself into the enzyme complex. NF exerts its stabilizing effect on the cell-bound C3/C5 convertase, EC3b,B, by physically associating itself with this complex. On decay of the cell-bound enzyme NF is released into the fluid phase and retains its binding and stabilizing potential. Its activity is resistant to diisopropylfluorophosphate treatment. Because NF causes agglutination of EC3b,B, it must be endowed with more than one binding site.", "PMID": 62386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_377", "title": "IgG on infants' B lymphocytes: enhanced binding of IgG by Ig M-bearing lymphoid cells in early childhood.", "content": "IgM/IgD-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) from children in the first few weeks of life were found to also have surface IgG, unlike most normal adult B cells. The IgG was loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and was partially or completely removed by incubation at 37 degrees C or by trypsinization. When F(ab')2 antisera were employed, very few infant B cells had surface IgG, although the IgM staining was similar to that obtained with the native antisera. IgM/IgD-positive cells bound IgG anti-Rh-coated (Ripley) erythrocytes, unlike most adult B lymphocytes. Capping experiments suggested that an Fc receptor on the cells could be redistributed by the anti-IgM-surface IgM complex. These data indicate that, during infancy, B-lymphocyte receptors for IgG are of altered affinity, frequency, or availability compared with adult B-lymphocyte Fc receptors and resemble the Fc receptors found on \"third population\" (Fc + Ig-) mononuclear cells and monocytes.", "contents": "IgG on infants' B lymphocytes: enhanced binding of IgG by Ig M-bearing lymphoid cells in early childhood. IgM/IgD-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) from children in the first few weeks of life were found to also have surface IgG, unlike most normal adult B cells. The IgG was loosely bound to the lymphocyte surface and was partially or completely removed by incubation at 37 degrees C or by trypsinization. When F(ab')2 antisera were employed, very few infant B cells had surface IgG, although the IgM staining was similar to that obtained with the native antisera. IgM/IgD-positive cells bound IgG anti-Rh-coated (Ripley) erythrocytes, unlike most adult B lymphocytes. Capping experiments suggested that an Fc receptor on the cells could be redistributed by the anti-IgM-surface IgM complex. These data indicate that, during infancy, B-lymphocyte receptors for IgG are of altered affinity, frequency, or availability compared with adult B-lymphocyte Fc receptors and resemble the Fc receptors found on \"third population\" (Fc + Ig-) mononuclear cells and monocytes.", "PMID": 62387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_378", "title": "Studies of Ia antigens on murine peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Murine peritoneal cells, both induced and noninduced, were examined for Ia antigens by a variety of techniques. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence, analyzed by both visual microscopy and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, detected Ia antigens on the surface of an average of 8% to 15% of cells with the morphologic and functional characteristics of macrophages. Internal radioisotope labeling studies showed that these antigens were actually synthesized by the macrophages. The antigens were borne on molecules which consisted of two coponents with apparent molecular weights of roughly 33,000 and 25,000 daltons. At least some of these molecules existed as a two-chain structure of 58,000 daltons linked by disulfide bonds. Although macrophage Ia antigens appeared to be structurally similar to the Ia antigens found on spleen cells, the radioisotope labeling studies indicated that the quantity of labeled Ia-bearing molecules isolated from peritoneal macrophages was at most 1/15 that found for B lymphocytes. In addition, anti-Ia antisera failed to inhibit the binding of heat-aggregated immunoglobulin to the Fc receptor of macrophage populations, similar to the low levels of Ia antigens found in T-lymphocyte populations. These studies suggest that Ia antigens exist only a subpopulation of peritoneal macrophages. Alternatively, all cells in the population might bear small amounts of Ia antigens with only a fraction having sufficient numbers of molecules to be detected by the assay systems used.", "contents": "Studies of Ia antigens on murine peritoneal macrophages. Murine peritoneal cells, both induced and noninduced, were examined for Ia antigens by a variety of techniques. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence, analyzed by both visual microscopy and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, detected Ia antigens on the surface of an average of 8% to 15% of cells with the morphologic and functional characteristics of macrophages. Internal radioisotope labeling studies showed that these antigens were actually synthesized by the macrophages. The antigens were borne on molecules which consisted of two coponents with apparent molecular weights of roughly 33,000 and 25,000 daltons. At least some of these molecules existed as a two-chain structure of 58,000 daltons linked by disulfide bonds. Although macrophage Ia antigens appeared to be structurally similar to the Ia antigens found on spleen cells, the radioisotope labeling studies indicated that the quantity of labeled Ia-bearing molecules isolated from peritoneal macrophages was at most 1/15 that found for B lymphocytes. In addition, anti-Ia antisera failed to inhibit the binding of heat-aggregated immunoglobulin to the Fc receptor of macrophage populations, similar to the low levels of Ia antigens found in T-lymphocyte populations. These studies suggest that Ia antigens exist only a subpopulation of peritoneal macrophages. Alternatively, all cells in the population might bear small amounts of Ia antigens with only a fraction having sufficient numbers of molecules to be detected by the assay systems used.", "PMID": 62388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_379", "title": "Studies with B-cell allo- and hetero-antisera: parallel reactivity and special properties.", "content": "The expression of B-cell antigens on various cell populations was studied through the use of human alloantisera and with heteroantisera raised to preparations of the alloantigen bearing molecules isolated from B-cell lines. The allo-and hetero-antisera competed with each other in blocking experiments and gave closely parallel results, reacting with normal and leukemic B lymphocytes, monocytes, E-rosette-negative acute lymphatic leukemias, all acute and certain chronic myelogenous leukemias, and a minor population of cells in fetal spleen and liver. These highly immunogenic surface components appeared to comprise the dominant B- cell specific plasma membrane determinants. Neither type of antiserum reacted with any but a minor population of normal or pokeweed-mitogen-transformed T cells, fetal thymic lymphocytes, E-rosette-positive acute lymphatic leukemias, or Sezary-cell leukemia. Through the use of these antisera evidence was obtained that Fc-receptor-bearing Ig-negative lymphocytes were divisible into two groups according to the presence or absence of the B-cell antigens. Both hetero- and allo-antisera blocked binding of immune complexes or antibody-coated ox erythrocytes to Fc receptors on B cells. F(ab')2 fragments of the heteroantibodies strongly inhibited antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing.", "contents": "Studies with B-cell allo- and hetero-antisera: parallel reactivity and special properties. The expression of B-cell antigens on various cell populations was studied through the use of human alloantisera and with heteroantisera raised to preparations of the alloantigen bearing molecules isolated from B-cell lines. The allo-and hetero-antisera competed with each other in blocking experiments and gave closely parallel results, reacting with normal and leukemic B lymphocytes, monocytes, E-rosette-negative acute lymphatic leukemias, all acute and certain chronic myelogenous leukemias, and a minor population of cells in fetal spleen and liver. These highly immunogenic surface components appeared to comprise the dominant B- cell specific plasma membrane determinants. Neither type of antiserum reacted with any but a minor population of normal or pokeweed-mitogen-transformed T cells, fetal thymic lymphocytes, E-rosette-positive acute lymphatic leukemias, or Sezary-cell leukemia. Through the use of these antisera evidence was obtained that Fc-receptor-bearing Ig-negative lymphocytes were divisible into two groups according to the presence or absence of the B-cell antigens. Both hetero- and allo-antisera blocked binding of immune complexes or antibody-coated ox erythrocytes to Fc receptors on B cells. F(ab')2 fragments of the heteroantibodies strongly inhibited antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing.", "PMID": 62389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_380", "title": "Subpopulations of human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Correlation with the expression of surface receptors and content of Epstein-Barr virus genome.", "content": "Forty lymphoblast cell lines derived from normal subjects, patients with infectious mononucleosis, leukemia, and Burkitt's lymphoma have been studied for surface receptors including surface Ig, complement receptors by the EAC rosette and fluorescent (Raji cell) techniques, and Fc (aggregate) receptor by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Because of the B-cell tropism of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an effort was made to correlate the expresion of various surface properties of lymphoblastoid cell lines with the content of EBV viral DNA as determined by complementary RNA-DNA (cNRA-DNA) hybridization on membrane filters or by DNA-DNA renaturation kinetic analysis. The only correlation established was with the Fc receptor determined by direct immunofluorescence. No correlation of EBV genome equivalents per cell with complement receptor or surface Ig was noted, suggesting that the expression of these receptors is not influenced by EBV viral DNA content. Subgroups of lymphoblastoid cell lines were on the basis of variable expression of surface receptors, designated B1, B2, B3, B4, and T. The distribution of lymphoblastoid cell lines into these subgroups were in the ratio of 14:4:1:4:1. The B1, B2, and B4 cell lines (except Molt 4F) were found to contain EBV. The B3 subgroup, for wich cell line 698 was the sole example, expressed surface immunoglobulins but no other B-cell characteristics, and H.S.B., a T-cell line, lacked detectable EBV.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Correlation with the expression of surface receptors and content of Epstein-Barr virus genome. Forty lymphoblast cell lines derived from normal subjects, patients with infectious mononucleosis, leukemia, and Burkitt's lymphoma have been studied for surface receptors including surface Ig, complement receptors by the EAC rosette and fluorescent (Raji cell) techniques, and Fc (aggregate) receptor by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Because of the B-cell tropism of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an effort was made to correlate the expresion of various surface properties of lymphoblastoid cell lines with the content of EBV viral DNA as determined by complementary RNA-DNA (cNRA-DNA) hybridization on membrane filters or by DNA-DNA renaturation kinetic analysis. The only correlation established was with the Fc receptor determined by direct immunofluorescence. No correlation of EBV genome equivalents per cell with complement receptor or surface Ig was noted, suggesting that the expression of these receptors is not influenced by EBV viral DNA content. Subgroups of lymphoblastoid cell lines were on the basis of variable expression of surface receptors, designated B1, B2, B3, B4, and T. The distribution of lymphoblastoid cell lines into these subgroups were in the ratio of 14:4:1:4:1. The B1, B2, and B4 cell lines (except Molt 4F) were found to contain EBV. The B3 subgroup, for wich cell line 698 was the sole example, expressed surface immunoglobulins but no other B-cell characteristics, and H.S.B., a T-cell line, lacked detectable EBV.", "PMID": 62390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_381", "title": "Studies on antibodies to histones by immunofluorescence.", "content": "When mouse kidney tissue sections were extracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, sera with antibodies to certain nuclear antigens no longer stained tissue nuclei by immunofluorescence. This effect was due to removal of histones and nuclear acidic proteins Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein by the acid. DNA remained in the nuclei of the acid-extracted tissue sections. When solutions of calf thymus histones were reacted with acid-extracted tissues, histones combined with nuclear DNA to form complexes of DNA-histone. These complexes contained antigenic determinants which reacted with sera containing antibodies to deoxyribonucleoprotein to give nuclear staining demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The reaction was immunologically specific in that sera with antibodies to Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein were not reactive with reconstituted DNA-histone in nuclei. Other basic proteins such as protamine, poly-L-lysine, and poly-L-arginine could not substitute for histones. The method is introduced as a specific and reproducible assay for study of antibodies to histones.", "contents": "Studies on antibodies to histones by immunofluorescence. When mouse kidney tissue sections were extracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, sera with antibodies to certain nuclear antigens no longer stained tissue nuclei by immunofluorescence. This effect was due to removal of histones and nuclear acidic proteins Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein by the acid. DNA remained in the nuclei of the acid-extracted tissue sections. When solutions of calf thymus histones were reacted with acid-extracted tissues, histones combined with nuclear DNA to form complexes of DNA-histone. These complexes contained antigenic determinants which reacted with sera containing antibodies to deoxyribonucleoprotein to give nuclear staining demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The reaction was immunologically specific in that sera with antibodies to Sm and nuclear ribonucleoprotein were not reactive with reconstituted DNA-histone in nuclei. Other basic proteins such as protamine, poly-L-lysine, and poly-L-arginine could not substitute for histones. The method is introduced as a specific and reproducible assay for study of antibodies to histones.", "PMID": 62391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_382", "title": "Immuneglobulin investigations in inflammatory diseases.", "content": "1. The agar electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid and the quantitative immune globulin determination contribute essentially to an assessment of the immunity state in inflammatory diseases of the CNS. 2. It is necessary to distinguish protein augmentation due to brain-barrier disturbances (accompanying proteinosis of the cerebrospinal fluid), which we find in metabolic and traumatic diseases, from a genuine increase in cerebrospinal fluid protein. 3. Autochthonous formation of cerebrospinal fluid protein can be demonstrated by means of quantitative IgG, IgA and gamma3-globulin determination.", "contents": "Immuneglobulin investigations in inflammatory diseases. 1. The agar electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid and the quantitative immune globulin determination contribute essentially to an assessment of the immunity state in inflammatory diseases of the CNS. 2. It is necessary to distinguish protein augmentation due to brain-barrier disturbances (accompanying proteinosis of the cerebrospinal fluid), which we find in metabolic and traumatic diseases, from a genuine increase in cerebrospinal fluid protein. 3. Autochthonous formation of cerebrospinal fluid protein can be demonstrated by means of quantitative IgG, IgA and gamma3-globulin determination.", "PMID": 62392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_383", "title": "[Prophylaxis and therapy with gamma globulin. General characterization and clinical use of gamma globulin preparations].", "content": "For accurate evaluation of the usefulness of gamma-globulin treatment, the clinical indications for passive immune prophylaxis and immunotherapy and the specific characteristics of commercially available gamma-globulin preparations have to be considered. Detailed investigations of currently used gamma-globulin preparations have shown that as yet no ideal product is available. Classical standard gamma-globulin and, in particular, enzymatically treated (Gamma-Venin, Veinoglobuline) or chemically modified preparations (Gamma-Globulin i.v. SRK, Intraglobin) for intravenous use have some deficiencies and involve potential risks for the patient. Nor is the infusion of \"fresh frozen plasma\" a safe and generally applicable alternative to the use of gamma-globulin concentrates. Thus from the outset the preconditions for effective treatment with gamma-globulin are not optimal. Standard and hyperimmune preparations, given once intramuscularly, are suitable for the prophylaxis of viral and bacteriotoxic diseases. In patients apt to react abnormally it is important to distinguish clearly between the few accepted indications and those that are more doubtful. Anti-D immunoglobulin is essential for the prevention of Rhesus sensitization after the delivery of a Rhesus-positive child. In general, gamma-globulin is recommended for substitution therapy and for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute bacterial infections in patients suffering from transient, congenital and acquired antibody-deficiency states. In such cases, high doses of an intravenously administrable preparation with a relatively long biologic half-life are recommended. The evidence for the effectiveness of gamma-globulin treatment of bacterial infections in patients without manifest disturbance of humoral immunity is equivocal. This is true, for example, of the oft-recommended combined use of antibiotics and high doses of intravenous gamma-globulin which is said to provide optimum antibacterial and antitoxic protection. There is even less chance of obtaining beneficial effects if gamma-globulin is given as an \"ultimo ratio\" in severe generalized bacterial infections resistant to antibiotic treatment. Localized and predominantly chronic infections are barely influenced by gamma-globulin. It is still too early to make a final assessment regarding the place and value of immunoglobulin concentrates for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. This will only be possible if a preparation becomes available which contains all immunoglobulins in a biologically optimum state and concentration, is well tolerated and can be given in adequate doses both intramuscularly and intravenously.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis and therapy with gamma globulin. General characterization and clinical use of gamma globulin preparations]. For accurate evaluation of the usefulness of gamma-globulin treatment, the clinical indications for passive immune prophylaxis and immunotherapy and the specific characteristics of commercially available gamma-globulin preparations have to be considered. Detailed investigations of currently used gamma-globulin preparations have shown that as yet no ideal product is available. Classical standard gamma-globulin and, in particular, enzymatically treated (Gamma-Venin, Veinoglobuline) or chemically modified preparations (Gamma-Globulin i.v. SRK, Intraglobin) for intravenous use have some deficiencies and involve potential risks for the patient. Nor is the infusion of \"fresh frozen plasma\" a safe and generally applicable alternative to the use of gamma-globulin concentrates. Thus from the outset the preconditions for effective treatment with gamma-globulin are not optimal. Standard and hyperimmune preparations, given once intramuscularly, are suitable for the prophylaxis of viral and bacteriotoxic diseases. In patients apt to react abnormally it is important to distinguish clearly between the few accepted indications and those that are more doubtful. Anti-D immunoglobulin is essential for the prevention of Rhesus sensitization after the delivery of a Rhesus-positive child. In general, gamma-globulin is recommended for substitution therapy and for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute bacterial infections in patients suffering from transient, congenital and acquired antibody-deficiency states. In such cases, high doses of an intravenously administrable preparation with a relatively long biologic half-life are recommended. The evidence for the effectiveness of gamma-globulin treatment of bacterial infections in patients without manifest disturbance of humoral immunity is equivocal. This is true, for example, of the oft-recommended combined use of antibiotics and high doses of intravenous gamma-globulin which is said to provide optimum antibacterial and antitoxic protection. There is even less chance of obtaining beneficial effects if gamma-globulin is given as an \"ultimo ratio\" in severe generalized bacterial infections resistant to antibiotic treatment. Localized and predominantly chronic infections are barely influenced by gamma-globulin. It is still too early to make a final assessment regarding the place and value of immunoglobulin concentrates for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. This will only be possible if a preparation becomes available which contains all immunoglobulins in a biologically optimum state and concentration, is well tolerated and can be given in adequate doses both intramuscularly and intravenously.", "PMID": 62393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_384", "title": "Mirex in the environment: its degradation to kepone and related compounds.", "content": "The chlorocarbon mirex undergoes slow, successive loss of chlorine in the field to a series of related compounds that had lost one or more chlorine atoms. Soil samples were recovered 12 years after treatment at 1 part per million (ppm), and ant bait was recovered 5 years after an aircraft crash. As much as 50 percent of the original mirex was recovered at levels of about 0.5 and 640 ppm, respectively. Kepone was present at levels of 0.02 ppm in soil and 10 ppm in the bait or up to 10 percent of the recovered mirex, as determined by combined techniques of chromatography and mass spectrometry. This constitutes the first observation of the degradation of mirex in nature, and demonstrates a pathway for its eventual disappearance from the environment.", "contents": "Mirex in the environment: its degradation to kepone and related compounds. The chlorocarbon mirex undergoes slow, successive loss of chlorine in the field to a series of related compounds that had lost one or more chlorine atoms. Soil samples were recovered 12 years after treatment at 1 part per million (ppm), and ant bait was recovered 5 years after an aircraft crash. As much as 50 percent of the original mirex was recovered at levels of about 0.5 and 640 ppm, respectively. Kepone was present at levels of 0.02 ppm in soil and 10 ppm in the bait or up to 10 percent of the recovered mirex, as determined by combined techniques of chromatography and mass spectrometry. This constitutes the first observation of the degradation of mirex in nature, and demonstrates a pathway for its eventual disappearance from the environment.", "PMID": 62396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_385", "title": "Revertants of human cells transformed by murine sarcoma virus.", "content": "Revertants of nonproducer human osteosarcoma (NP/KHOS) cells induced by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus were isolated after incubating at high temperature (40.5 degrees C) overnight and subcloning at 36 degrees C. The morphologic variants, from which murine sarcoma virus could no longer be rescued, had growth properties similar to those of the nontransformed, parent human osteosarcoma cells and did not release RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. These revertants were nontumorigenic in nude mice. The revertants supported leukemia virus growth and showed an enhanced sensitivity to murine sarcoma virus superinfection. Thus, the revertants were from human cells transformed by an oncogenic RNA virus.", "contents": "Revertants of human cells transformed by murine sarcoma virus. Revertants of nonproducer human osteosarcoma (NP/KHOS) cells induced by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus were isolated after incubating at high temperature (40.5 degrees C) overnight and subcloning at 36 degrees C. The morphologic variants, from which murine sarcoma virus could no longer be rescued, had growth properties similar to those of the nontransformed, parent human osteosarcoma cells and did not release RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. These revertants were nontumorigenic in nude mice. The revertants supported leukemia virus growth and showed an enhanced sensitivity to murine sarcoma virus superinfection. Thus, the revertants were from human cells transformed by an oncogenic RNA virus.", "PMID": 62397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_386", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies (ANA): immunologic and clinical significance.", "content": "The methods currently used for the detection of ANA have been analyzed, with emphasis on their practical application to the diagnosis of the CTD. The use of the indirect IF-ANA test was recommended as a screening procedure to detect ANA. The need to standardize the technique using a single substrate and fluorescent conjugates with uniform F/P ratios was stressed. Most importantly, the value of titrating ANA for the diagnosis of the CTD was discussed. ANA titers higher than 1/500 are usually very significant clinically, often found in spontaneous or drug-induced SLE and few other CTD. The immunologic aspects of ANA and their potential value as aids in the diagnosis and management of the CTD were discussed. Anti-nDNA antibodies have been found to have a high degree of specificity for SLE and high titers of these antibodies correlate well with low levels of serum complement and severity of kidney involvement. The spectrum of ANA in the sera from patients with SLE has been expanded with the finding of anti-Sm antibodies which, when detected by gel precipitation with prototype serum, have been found so far only in SLE. Some of these antibodies have been found to have prognostic significance. Patients with MCTD  and a group of patients with SLE have high titers of serum ANA with specificity for an RNase-sensitive component of ENA. The group of SLE patients defined by the presence of these antibodies (anti-Mo) have a better prognosis and in general develop only mild nephritis or have no kidney involvement at all. High titers of pure antinucleolar antibodies probably are found almost exclusively in the sera of patients with scleroderma. Some ANA have organ specificity, and GS-ANA have been found in all patients with Felty's syndrome and in a large proportion of patients with RA. One of the great advances in the field has been the recognition that ANA can be induced in the human and in experimental animals by the use of a number of therapeutic agents. Some of these agents can also induce a clinical picture resembling spontaneous SLE, though kidney involvement does not occur or is extremely mild. It is interesting that the whole spectrum of ANA can be found in drug-induced LE except anti-nDNA antibodies which have been associated to the pathogenesis of immune complex nephritis in spontaneous SLE. There is no doubt that research on ANA has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the CTD and will continue to be a valuable tool for the clinician and the investigator.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies (ANA): immunologic and clinical significance. The methods currently used for the detection of ANA have been analyzed, with emphasis on their practical application to the diagnosis of the CTD. The use of the indirect IF-ANA test was recommended as a screening procedure to detect ANA. The need to standardize the technique using a single substrate and fluorescent conjugates with uniform F/P ratios was stressed. Most importantly, the value of titrating ANA for the diagnosis of the CTD was discussed. ANA titers higher than 1/500 are usually very significant clinically, often found in spontaneous or drug-induced SLE and few other CTD. The immunologic aspects of ANA and their potential value as aids in the diagnosis and management of the CTD were discussed. Anti-nDNA antibodies have been found to have a high degree of specificity for SLE and high titers of these antibodies correlate well with low levels of serum complement and severity of kidney involvement. The spectrum of ANA in the sera from patients with SLE has been expanded with the finding of anti-Sm antibodies which, when detected by gel precipitation with prototype serum, have been found so far only in SLE. Some of these antibodies have been found to have prognostic significance. Patients with MCTD  and a group of patients with SLE have high titers of serum ANA with specificity for an RNase-sensitive component of ENA. The group of SLE patients defined by the presence of these antibodies (anti-Mo) have a better prognosis and in general develop only mild nephritis or have no kidney involvement at all. High titers of pure antinucleolar antibodies probably are found almost exclusively in the sera of patients with scleroderma. Some ANA have organ specificity, and GS-ANA have been found in all patients with Felty's syndrome and in a large proportion of patients with RA. One of the great advances in the field has been the recognition that ANA can be induced in the human and in experimental animals by the use of a number of therapeutic agents. Some of these agents can also induce a clinical picture resembling spontaneous SLE, though kidney involvement does not occur or is extremely mild. It is interesting that the whole spectrum of ANA can be found in drug-induced LE except anti-nDNA antibodies which have been associated to the pathogenesis of immune complex nephritis in spontaneous SLE. There is no doubt that research on ANA has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the CTD and will continue to be a valuable tool for the clinician and the investigator.", "PMID": 62398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_387", "title": "A preliminary investigation of the mechanism of anti-pain and counter-injury effects of the acupuncture anaesthesia.", "content": "In accordance with dialectical materialism and by dint of experimental acupuncture anaesthesia, the present investigation has: (1) Made an objective evaluation of the efficiency of acupuncture anaesthesia. (2) Brought forth some experimental evidence about the material basis of the anti-pain and counter-injury effect of acupuncture anaesthesia as well as the significance of its induction period. (3) Proposed the concept of humoral anaesthesia and its technique in order to improve the efficiency of animal laparotomies with acupuncture anaesthesia. Furthermore, it attempts to offer a theoretical explanation of the process of acupuncture anaesthesia under the combination of Chinese and Western medical theories and thereby gives some support to the \"meridian-cerebral cortex-viscera inter-correlation hypothesis.\"", "contents": "A preliminary investigation of the mechanism of anti-pain and counter-injury effects of the acupuncture anaesthesia. In accordance with dialectical materialism and by dint of experimental acupuncture anaesthesia, the present investigation has: (1) Made an objective evaluation of the efficiency of acupuncture anaesthesia. (2) Brought forth some experimental evidence about the material basis of the anti-pain and counter-injury effect of acupuncture anaesthesia as well as the significance of its induction period. (3) Proposed the concept of humoral anaesthesia and its technique in order to improve the efficiency of animal laparotomies with acupuncture anaesthesia. Furthermore, it attempts to offer a theoretical explanation of the process of acupuncture anaesthesia under the combination of Chinese and Western medical theories and thereby gives some support to the \"meridian-cerebral cortex-viscera inter-correlation hypothesis.\"", "PMID": 62395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_388", "title": "The role of radionuclides in clinical oncology.", "content": "The major role of radionuclides in clinical oncology is, in the broadest sense, \"tumor scanning\". This includes evaluating specific organs for the presence of tumor (usually with different radiopharmaceuticals for each organ) or the entire body (generalized tumor searches with radiopharmaceuticals with 67Ga-citrate or 111Inlabeled bleomycin). The clinician uses these agents in the initial evaluation of the extent of tumor (staging) and in the subsequent management of the patient with cancer to assess response to treatment, to detect early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning treatment. The uses and limitations of the agents currently available for tumor scanning are summarized in this review (by major tumor type) from the perspective of the practicing oncologist. Other potential roles for radionuclides, including use as components of combined modality treatment programs, use as labels for antibodies or as drugs for both diagnosis and treatment, and use in the prediction of response to treatment, which are of great interest now and which will become realities for the oncologist in the future, are also considered.", "contents": "The role of radionuclides in clinical oncology. The major role of radionuclides in clinical oncology is, in the broadest sense, \"tumor scanning\". This includes evaluating specific organs for the presence of tumor (usually with different radiopharmaceuticals for each organ) or the entire body (generalized tumor searches with radiopharmaceuticals with 67Ga-citrate or 111Inlabeled bleomycin). The clinician uses these agents in the initial evaluation of the extent of tumor (staging) and in the subsequent management of the patient with cancer to assess response to treatment, to detect early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning treatment. The uses and limitations of the agents currently available for tumor scanning are summarized in this review (by major tumor type) from the perspective of the practicing oncologist. Other potential roles for radionuclides, including use as components of combined modality treatment programs, use as labels for antibodies or as drugs for both diagnosis and treatment, and use in the prediction of response to treatment, which are of great interest now and which will become realities for the oncologist in the future, are also considered.", "PMID": 62399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_389", "title": "An immunologic approach to tumor imaging.", "content": "There seems little doubt that the ability to prepare antibodies with a unique specificity for surface tumor antigens will have a tremendous usefulness in the diagnostic and therapeutics of cancer. This usefulness will be wide-ranged when the antibodies are labeled with radioisotopes as tools for screening for primary lesions to determine the presence and location of metastases. Therapeutically, such preparations can be used to deliver high doses of radiation to specific areas, as carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as take advantage of the intrinsic cytotoxicity of such materials. The major problem preventing general application is the production and purification of the tumor-specific antigen which can be used to prepare subsequent reactive antisera. Intensive efforts are going on into research in this area as well as the preparation and problems inherent with using specific antibodies on a diagnostic and therapeutic basis. Present research indicates that the former problem may be resolved reasonably soon and it is felt that this will lead to successful diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The various studies and problems are presented in this review in relation to their ultimate potential clinical usefulness.", "contents": "An immunologic approach to tumor imaging. There seems little doubt that the ability to prepare antibodies with a unique specificity for surface tumor antigens will have a tremendous usefulness in the diagnostic and therapeutics of cancer. This usefulness will be wide-ranged when the antibodies are labeled with radioisotopes as tools for screening for primary lesions to determine the presence and location of metastases. Therapeutically, such preparations can be used to deliver high doses of radiation to specific areas, as carriers of chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as take advantage of the intrinsic cytotoxicity of such materials. The major problem preventing general application is the production and purification of the tumor-specific antigen which can be used to prepare subsequent reactive antisera. Intensive efforts are going on into research in this area as well as the preparation and problems inherent with using specific antibodies on a diagnostic and therapeutic basis. Present research indicates that the former problem may be resolved reasonably soon and it is felt that this will lead to successful diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The various studies and problems are presented in this review in relation to their ultimate potential clinical usefulness.", "PMID": 62400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_390", "title": "Radiolabeled antitumor agents.", "content": "Bleomycin serves as a useful prototype for a study of the various properties required in a radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging. Both in vitro and in vivo results using bleomycin labeled with a large number of different radionuclides have now been reported. In general, it has not been possible to predict in vivo biologic behavior solely from in vitro data. For example, 57Co-bleomycin and 111In-bleomycin both have identical patterns in several different chromatographic systems and do not break down with prolonged storage in saline, exposure to heat, or other cations. However, when the labeled bleomycin is exposed to serum transferrin (and to other as yet unidentified ligands in the body) a difference in stability becomes obvious. The stability and biologic activity of 57Co-bleomycin in humans demonstrate the validity of metal chelation as a labeling technique for this specific molecule, and also suggests that other stable chelates will have useful applications. Although 57Co-bleomycin has the most desirable biologic characteristics of all the chelates of bleomycin, the extremely long physical half-life of 57Co of 270 days creates a significant contamination problem in the hospital. Because of this, the use of 57Co-bleomycin is limited to a few specialized centers. All users have emphasized the need for a better radionuclide to produce a labeled bleomycin with the same or superior biologic characteristics to 57Co-bleomycin. Unfortunately, the elements forming the most stable chelates with bleomycin (copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel) do not have radionuclides with suitable physical characteristics for scanning. Copper-67 may become available in the future from high-energy linear accelerators. However, even if it were available, copper will probably not have as good chemical properties as cobalt.", "contents": "Radiolabeled antitumor agents. Bleomycin serves as a useful prototype for a study of the various properties required in a radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging. Both in vitro and in vivo results using bleomycin labeled with a large number of different radionuclides have now been reported. In general, it has not been possible to predict in vivo biologic behavior solely from in vitro data. For example, 57Co-bleomycin and 111In-bleomycin both have identical patterns in several different chromatographic systems and do not break down with prolonged storage in saline, exposure to heat, or other cations. However, when the labeled bleomycin is exposed to serum transferrin (and to other as yet unidentified ligands in the body) a difference in stability becomes obvious. The stability and biologic activity of 57Co-bleomycin in humans demonstrate the validity of metal chelation as a labeling technique for this specific molecule, and also suggests that other stable chelates will have useful applications. Although 57Co-bleomycin has the most desirable biologic characteristics of all the chelates of bleomycin, the extremely long physical half-life of 57Co of 270 days creates a significant contamination problem in the hospital. Because of this, the use of 57Co-bleomycin is limited to a few specialized centers. All users have emphasized the need for a better radionuclide to produce a labeled bleomycin with the same or superior biologic characteristics to 57Co-bleomycin. Unfortunately, the elements forming the most stable chelates with bleomycin (copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel) do not have radionuclides with suitable physical characteristics for scanning. Copper-67 may become available in the future from high-energy linear accelerators. However, even if it were available, copper will probably not have as good chemical properties as cobalt.", "PMID": 62401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_391", "title": "The medical approach to management of pain caused by cancer.", "content": "Every physician at some time must manage pain associated with advanced cancer. In spite of the hopeless prognosis, the problem of pain deserves an intelligent appraisal and a systematic plan for relief to conserve the patients's physical, mental, and moral resources and social usefulness as long as possible. Selection of a method of tumor therapy from an array of laternatives demands study of the individual patient and careful consideration of the appropriate measures-the possibilities for success and the limitations, benefits, and risks.", "contents": "The medical approach to management of pain caused by cancer. Every physician at some time must manage pain associated with advanced cancer. In spite of the hopeless prognosis, the problem of pain deserves an intelligent appraisal and a systematic plan for relief to conserve the patients's physical, mental, and moral resources and social usefulness as long as possible. Selection of a method of tumor therapy from an array of laternatives demands study of the individual patient and careful consideration of the appropriate measures-the possibilities for success and the limitations, benefits, and risks.", "PMID": 62403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_392", "title": "The cytochemistry of acute leukemia: a diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.", "content": "A combination of cytomorphological features and cytochemical staining reactions in the diagnoses of the different types of acute leukemia removes much of the subjective difficulty of diagnosis. The number of cytochemical stains used may be limited, and in our experience the PAS, combined NCE and ANE reactions, and either SB or Px staining will yield as much diagnostic information as needed in most cases. With regard to the prognostic implications, it would appear at the present time that the amount of ANE staining in the cytoplasm of blasts is inversely proportional to the chances of remission induction and length of survival in cases of acute leukemia. However, further studies must be carried out to verify this finding before using the information to compliment other prognostic variables, such as age of patient, previous therapy, cytokinetics, etc.", "contents": "The cytochemistry of acute leukemia: a diagnostic and prognostic evaluation. A combination of cytomorphological features and cytochemical staining reactions in the diagnoses of the different types of acute leukemia removes much of the subjective difficulty of diagnosis. The number of cytochemical stains used may be limited, and in our experience the PAS, combined NCE and ANE reactions, and either SB or Px staining will yield as much diagnostic information as needed in most cases. With regard to the prognostic implications, it would appear at the present time that the amount of ANE staining in the cytoplasm of blasts is inversely proportional to the chances of remission induction and length of survival in cases of acute leukemia. However, further studies must be carried out to verify this finding before using the information to compliment other prognostic variables, such as age of patient, previous therapy, cytokinetics, etc.", "PMID": 62405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_393", "title": "Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh's disease): two unusual cases.", "content": "Two unusual cases of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy are described. In one, a marked hirsutism led to a suspicion of adrenal tumor or other endocrinopathy. In the other case, there was an agenesis of the corpus callosum, the second instance in which a malformation of the corpus callosum was associated with this condition. Electron micrographs from a case of Leigh's disease showed examples of marked axonal swelling and occasional splitting of the lamellae of the myelin sheath, probably responsible for the spongy state seen under light microscopy. That such marked changes were not seen in the \"internal control\" tended to exclude postmortem changes. The ultrastructure and histologic structure of striated muscle appeared normal in the one case examined.", "contents": "Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh's disease): two unusual cases. Two unusual cases of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy are described. In one, a marked hirsutism led to a suspicion of adrenal tumor or other endocrinopathy. In the other case, there was an agenesis of the corpus callosum, the second instance in which a malformation of the corpus callosum was associated with this condition. Electron micrographs from a case of Leigh's disease showed examples of marked axonal swelling and occasional splitting of the lamellae of the myelin sheath, probably responsible for the spongy state seen under light microscopy. That such marked changes were not seen in the \"internal control\" tended to exclude postmortem changes. The ultrastructure and histologic structure of striated muscle appeared normal in the one case examined.", "PMID": 62406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_394", "title": "A comparative electrophoretic study of the proteins in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Comparative polyacrylamide electrophoretic studies were done on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rabbits, pigeons, frogs and snakes. The results are compared to the pattern of normal human CSF and it is suggested that significant differences between the human and lower animals might exist.", "contents": "A comparative electrophoretic study of the proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Comparative polyacrylamide electrophoretic studies were done on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rabbits, pigeons, frogs and snakes. The results are compared to the pattern of normal human CSF and it is suggested that significant differences between the human and lower animals might exist.", "PMID": 62407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_395", "title": "Clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in man.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical findings in 207 Black patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are presented. A bruit over the liver was heard in 25% of the patients, a previously underemphasised sign. In 28 of the 30 biopsy-proven cases alpha-fetoprotein levels were elevated. Hepatitis B antigen was found in 41% of the patients.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in man. The clinical and biochemical findings in 207 Black patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are presented. A bruit over the liver was heard in 25% of the patients, a previously underemphasised sign. In 28 of the 30 biopsy-proven cases alpha-fetoprotein levels were elevated. Hepatitis B antigen was found in 41% of the patients.", "PMID": 62408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_396", "title": "The core pathobiology and integrated medical science of adult acute respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The straightforward core pathobiologic facts needed for the clinician's basic understanding of the clinical course and pathophysiology of progressive acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI) seen in surgical practice are summarized in the opening paragraphs. The remainder of the article provides the detailed evidence for elucidating the morphogenesis, i.e., the sequence of pathologic events, which determines the natural and the therapeutically altered clinicopathophysiologic courses of ARI. The attempt is to integrate observations concerning altered structure, cell biology, pathophysiology, physiologic function test data, bioengineering principles, clinical course, therapeutic management, and historical aspects of the disease process, into a detailed multidisciplinary but comprehensive explanation of this very complex, difficult disease process.", "contents": "The core pathobiology and integrated medical science of adult acute respiratory insufficiency. The straightforward core pathobiologic facts needed for the clinician's basic understanding of the clinical course and pathophysiology of progressive acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI) seen in surgical practice are summarized in the opening paragraphs. The remainder of the article provides the detailed evidence for elucidating the morphogenesis, i.e., the sequence of pathologic events, which determines the natural and the therapeutically altered clinicopathophysiologic courses of ARI. The attempt is to integrate observations concerning altered structure, cell biology, pathophysiology, physiologic function test data, bioengineering principles, clinical course, therapeutic management, and historical aspects of the disease process, into a detailed multidisciplinary but comprehensive explanation of this very complex, difficult disease process.", "PMID": 62409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_397", "title": "Active enhancement of canine liver allografts--effect of pretreatment with prednisolone and donor-specific antigen.", "content": "We investigated the active enhancement of liver allografts in 44 pairs of beagle dogs by pretreatment with semisoluble and soluble donor-specific spleen antigens. If the antigen were administered together with prednisolone, time of survival was significantly prolonged--with soluble antigen by 36.8 +/- 5.9 days and with semisoluble antigen by more than 3 years. Antigen pretreatment alone or antigen in combination with postoperative treatment of minimal immunosuppressive drugs had no significant effects. We found no correlation between the titer of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the serum of recipients at the time of transplantation and survival times.", "contents": "Active enhancement of canine liver allografts--effect of pretreatment with prednisolone and donor-specific antigen. We investigated the active enhancement of liver allografts in 44 pairs of beagle dogs by pretreatment with semisoluble and soluble donor-specific spleen antigens. If the antigen were administered together with prednisolone, time of survival was significantly prolonged--with soluble antigen by 36.8 +/- 5.9 days and with semisoluble antigen by more than 3 years. Antigen pretreatment alone or antigen in combination with postoperative treatment of minimal immunosuppressive drugs had no significant effects. We found no correlation between the titer of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the serum of recipients at the time of transplantation and survival times.", "PMID": 62410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_398", "title": "Plasmin inactivation in plasma.", "content": "Inhibition and inactivation of plasmin is ascribed to alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and c1-esterase inhibitor. In an \"overall\" inactivation test of plasmin in plasma, which comes perhaps closest to rapid inactivation of plasmin in the circulating blood, we only found a correlation between the immunological concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin and the plasmin-inactivating capacity of the plasma, but no correlation with the immunological concentration of the other inhibitors mentioned. Therefore, alpha2-macroglobulin seems to be the most important plasmin inhibitor in relation to thrombosis.", "contents": "Plasmin inactivation in plasma. Inhibition and inactivation of plasmin is ascribed to alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and c1-esterase inhibitor. In an \"overall\" inactivation test of plasmin in plasma, which comes perhaps closest to rapid inactivation of plasmin in the circulating blood, we only found a correlation between the immunological concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin and the plasmin-inactivating capacity of the plasma, but no correlation with the immunological concentration of the other inhibitors mentioned. Therefore, alpha2-macroglobulin seems to be the most important plasmin inhibitor in relation to thrombosis.", "PMID": 62411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_399", "title": "[Palliative surgery in bronchial carcinoma and surgery for metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 54 patients with bronchial carcinoma, where a primary palliative resection of the tumor has to be done. Indications were central abscess of the carcinoma, bleeding of the tumor by arrosion, pain because of infiltration of chestwall, patient's demand on operation. Beneath lobectomy and pneumonectomy parietal pleurectomy, exstirpation of subclavian lymphnodes of the carcinoma and endobronchial resections of the tumor were done. In addition from 1970 to 1975 on 61 patients 66 resections of pulmonary metastasis were done. Surgical therapy of coin lesions without long preoperative surveillance is mandatory.", "contents": "[Palliative surgery in bronchial carcinoma and surgery for metastases (author's transl)]. Report on 54 patients with bronchial carcinoma, where a primary palliative resection of the tumor has to be done. Indications were central abscess of the carcinoma, bleeding of the tumor by arrosion, pain because of infiltration of chestwall, patient's demand on operation. Beneath lobectomy and pneumonectomy parietal pleurectomy, exstirpation of subclavian lymphnodes of the carcinoma and endobronchial resections of the tumor were done. In addition from 1970 to 1975 on 61 patients 66 resections of pulmonary metastasis were done. Surgical therapy of coin lesions without long preoperative surveillance is mandatory.", "PMID": 62412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_400", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment for bronchogenic-carcinoma with positive findings in mediastinoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "We are reporting on the survival rate of a consecutive series of 182 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in relation to mediastinoscopic findings and following treatment. 42 patients of this group underwent \"radical\" resection; only 2 patients of 11 with positive mediastinoscopy survived more than 1 year. If mediastinoscopy was negative, 26 of a whole group of 59 patients survived more than 1 year after resection. Many more different aspects are reported: the bad results of lung resection for bronchogenic carcinoma and positive mediastinoscopy allow only in special cases a surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment for bronchogenic-carcinoma with positive findings in mediastinoscopy (author's transl)]. We are reporting on the survival rate of a consecutive series of 182 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in relation to mediastinoscopic findings and following treatment. 42 patients of this group underwent \"radical\" resection; only 2 patients of 11 with positive mediastinoscopy survived more than 1 year. If mediastinoscopy was negative, 26 of a whole group of 59 patients survived more than 1 year after resection. Many more different aspects are reported: the bad results of lung resection for bronchogenic carcinoma and positive mediastinoscopy allow only in special cases a surgical procedure.", "PMID": 62413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_401", "title": "[Palliative surgery in upper thoracic venous obstructions].", "content": "33 patients (4.6%) of 711 surgical patients with thoracic disease had symptoms of upper thoracic venous obstructions. Histological differentiations proved the majority of tumors to be malignant. New successes in oncology-treatments of these tumors made early histological diagnosis mandatory. Our results lead to mediastinoscopies in these patients, although literature considered the risk of mediastinoscopy in upper thoracic venous obstructions as to high. We found no major complications in this group of patients and would like to emphasize the need of early histological diagnosis through mediastinoscopy in upper thoracic venous obstructions.", "contents": "[Palliative surgery in upper thoracic venous obstructions]. 33 patients (4.6%) of 711 surgical patients with thoracic disease had symptoms of upper thoracic venous obstructions. Histological differentiations proved the majority of tumors to be malignant. New successes in oncology-treatments of these tumors made early histological diagnosis mandatory. Our results lead to mediastinoscopies in these patients, although literature considered the risk of mediastinoscopy in upper thoracic venous obstructions as to high. We found no major complications in this group of patients and would like to emphasize the need of early histological diagnosis through mediastinoscopy in upper thoracic venous obstructions.", "PMID": 62414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_402", "title": "[Palliative and corrective cardiac surgery in Down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1970 46 infants and children with Down's Syndrome were subjected to palliation of congenital heart disease, and 54 mongoloid children underwent correction of their cardiac defects. The most common cardiac malformation was endocardial cushion defect (72%). Palliation consisted in pulmonary artery banding (PAB) with or without division of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 16 infants, and sole division of a PDA in another 16 infants with large left to right shunts due to common canalis atrioventricularis (avcanal) or ventricular septal defect (VSD). An aorto-pulmonary anastomosis was performed for relief of severe hypoxia due to right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) in 14 patients. Operative mortality was 41% for PAB, 21% for aortopulmonary anastomosis, anastomosis, and 0% for division of a PDA. In the group of corrective cardiac surgery the operative mortality rate was 0% in ostium primum defects and 4% in VSD closure. Correction of complete av-canal and of malformations with RVOTO had a high mortality rate of 20 and 40%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in nonmongoloid children operated upon for the same cardiac defects. The complications and causes of death were due to the complexity of the cardiac malformations and had no relation to the Down's Syndrome itself. Mongoloid children do not pose additional medical problems to management of congenital heart disease. Their results do not differ from those obtained in nonmongoloid children.", "contents": "[Palliative and corrective cardiac surgery in Down's syndrome (author's transl)]. Since 1970 46 infants and children with Down's Syndrome were subjected to palliation of congenital heart disease, and 54 mongoloid children underwent correction of their cardiac defects. The most common cardiac malformation was endocardial cushion defect (72%). Palliation consisted in pulmonary artery banding (PAB) with or without division of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 16 infants, and sole division of a PDA in another 16 infants with large left to right shunts due to common canalis atrioventricularis (avcanal) or ventricular septal defect (VSD). An aorto-pulmonary anastomosis was performed for relief of severe hypoxia due to right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) in 14 patients. Operative mortality was 41% for PAB, 21% for aortopulmonary anastomosis, anastomosis, and 0% for division of a PDA. In the group of corrective cardiac surgery the operative mortality rate was 0% in ostium primum defects and 4% in VSD closure. Correction of complete av-canal and of malformations with RVOTO had a high mortality rate of 20 and 40%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in nonmongoloid children operated upon for the same cardiac defects. The complications and causes of death were due to the complexity of the cardiac malformations and had no relation to the Down's Syndrome itself. Mongoloid children do not pose additional medical problems to management of congenital heart disease. Their results do not differ from those obtained in nonmongoloid children.", "PMID": 62415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_403", "title": "[Surgical treatment for tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 843 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot, 10 showed unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. In 7 cases the cause was congenital aplasia, whereas thrombosis of one of the pulmonary arteries following systemic-pulmonary anastomosis was the cause in the remaining 3 patients. According to the reports of other authors and to our own experiences, this rare malformation is treated best with palliative operations, the technique depending on the patient's age and on the individual anatomical condition. Only in very few cases with an acceptable pathologic anatomy there will be a reasonable chance for successful repair with reconstruction of the continuity from the right ventricle to the affected lung. However, if complete repair is performed, reconstruction of the absent pulmonary artery usually will be necessary for avoidance of pulmonary hypertension of the contralateral lung.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment for tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (author's transl)]. Among 843 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot, 10 showed unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. In 7 cases the cause was congenital aplasia, whereas thrombosis of one of the pulmonary arteries following systemic-pulmonary anastomosis was the cause in the remaining 3 patients. According to the reports of other authors and to our own experiences, this rare malformation is treated best with palliative operations, the technique depending on the patient's age and on the individual anatomical condition. Only in very few cases with an acceptable pathologic anatomy there will be a reasonable chance for successful repair with reconstruction of the continuity from the right ventricle to the affected lung. However, if complete repair is performed, reconstruction of the absent pulmonary artery usually will be necessary for avoidance of pulmonary hypertension of the contralateral lung.", "PMID": 62416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_404", "title": "B cell antigens of the HLA system: a simple serotyping technique based on non-cytotoxic anti-beta2-microglobulin reagents.", "content": "A modification of the NIH cytotoxicity test for recognizing B cell (D-associated) antigens and antibodies, when sera also contain anti-HLA(ABC) activity is described. The method is based on the observation that anti-beta2-microglobulin reagents are able to block lympholysis only when due to HLA(ABC) antigens.", "contents": "B cell antigens of the HLA system: a simple serotyping technique based on non-cytotoxic anti-beta2-microglobulin reagents. A modification of the NIH cytotoxicity test for recognizing B cell (D-associated) antigens and antibodies, when sera also contain anti-HLA(ABC) activity is described. The method is based on the observation that anti-beta2-microglobulin reagents are able to block lympholysis only when due to HLA(ABC) antigens.", "PMID": 62417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_405", "title": "The antigens 4a and 4b in rhesus monkeys and stumptailed macaques.", "content": "Small panels of rhesus and stumptailed macaques were tested in a cytotoxic assay against human and chimpanzee 4a and 4b alloantisera. The human antisera were also absorbed by macaque platelets and the effect on the serum titer against human cells considered. Results of both types of testing conclusively demonstrated the presence of 4a- and 4b-like antigens on the cells of these two macaque species. Although the frequencies of both specificities were different from those observed for man and chimpanzee, they showed an alternative distribution in the monkey populations as they do in the highest primates.", "contents": "The antigens 4a and 4b in rhesus monkeys and stumptailed macaques. Small panels of rhesus and stumptailed macaques were tested in a cytotoxic assay against human and chimpanzee 4a and 4b alloantisera. The human antisera were also absorbed by macaque platelets and the effect on the serum titer against human cells considered. Results of both types of testing conclusively demonstrated the presence of 4a- and 4b-like antigens on the cells of these two macaque species. Although the frequencies of both specificities were different from those observed for man and chimpanzee, they showed an alternative distribution in the monkey populations as they do in the highest primates.", "PMID": 62418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_406", "title": "Eight groups of human endothelial cell alloantigens.", "content": "Human endothelial cells were shown to express a new system of alloantigens. Using 63 selected sera eight specificities could be defined. Each group was characterized using two to seven sera which had high correlation coefficients among them. The distribution of the phenotypes among 30 cells gave the appearance of an allelic system. Only one cell with a triplet was observed. Approximately half of the possible genes were detected with sera defining these eight groups.", "contents": "Eight groups of human endothelial cell alloantigens. Human endothelial cells were shown to express a new system of alloantigens. Using 63 selected sera eight specificities could be defined. Each group was characterized using two to seven sera which had high correlation coefficients among them. The distribution of the phenotypes among 30 cells gave the appearance of an allelic system. Only one cell with a triplet was observed. Approximately half of the possible genes were detected with sera defining these eight groups.", "PMID": 62419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_407", "title": "[Radiotherapy results in brain metastases (118 cases)].", "content": "Results of palliative radiation therapy in cerebral metastases of various primary tumors are reported. The radiation therapy consisted in a large-volume irradiation which encompassed the whole cerebrum, using single dose of 200 rd (calculated for the center of the skull) five times a week, amounting to a total dose of 4000 rd, sometimes up to 5000 rd. In some cases, a saturating irradiation of a small volume reached 5000 or 6000 rd. A significant improvement in symptomatics was obtained in about 70% of the patients. The average time of survival after accomplishment of the radiation therapy amounted to six months. Own results and the summarized results of the other authors justify the irradiation of cerebral metastases as a rewarding palliative indication.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy results in brain metastases (118 cases)]. Results of palliative radiation therapy in cerebral metastases of various primary tumors are reported. The radiation therapy consisted in a large-volume irradiation which encompassed the whole cerebrum, using single dose of 200 rd (calculated for the center of the skull) five times a week, amounting to a total dose of 4000 rd, sometimes up to 5000 rd. In some cases, a saturating irradiation of a small volume reached 5000 or 6000 rd. A significant improvement in symptomatics was obtained in about 70% of the patients. The average time of survival after accomplishment of the radiation therapy amounted to six months. Own results and the summarized results of the other authors justify the irradiation of cerebral metastases as a rewarding palliative indication.", "PMID": 62423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_408", "title": "Purification and interaction with estradiol-17beta.", "content": "The combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Concanavalin-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation on a preparative scale, of four molecular forms of rat alpha1-fetoprotein: a \"slow\" and a \"fast\" fraction, each separable into Concanavalin-A-adorbed (\"high carbohydrate\", i.e. rich in accessible alphaD-Mannosyl and alphaD-Glucosyl residues) and a Concanavalin-A-non adsorbed (\"low carbohydrate\") fractions. These four iso-alpha-fetoproteins (iso-AFP) bind estradiol-17beta. However, they disclose differences in both their association constants and number of binding sites for this hormone. Very high affinity sites (10(9)) are mainly located on the \"slow-low carbohydrate\" form. Low affinity, high capacity sites are preferentially located on the \"high carbohydrate\" form. These results confirm the molecular and functional heterogeneity of rat AFP and suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the protein may have a role in estrogen-AFP interactions.", "contents": "Purification and interaction with estradiol-17beta. The combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Concanavalin-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation on a preparative scale, of four molecular forms of rat alpha1-fetoprotein: a \"slow\" and a \"fast\" fraction, each separable into Concanavalin-A-adorbed (\"high carbohydrate\", i.e. rich in accessible alphaD-Mannosyl and alphaD-Glucosyl residues) and a Concanavalin-A-non adsorbed (\"low carbohydrate\") fractions. These four iso-alpha-fetoproteins (iso-AFP) bind estradiol-17beta. However, they disclose differences in both their association constants and number of binding sites for this hormone. Very high affinity sites (10(9)) are mainly located on the \"slow-low carbohydrate\" form. Low affinity, high capacity sites are preferentially located on the \"high carbohydrate\" form. These results confirm the molecular and functional heterogeneity of rat AFP and suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the protein may have a role in estrogen-AFP interactions.", "PMID": 62424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_409", "title": "The natural modulation of the amplification phase of complement activation.", "content": "As C3 cleavage represents the most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic effects of the complement system, the modulation of this reaction by formation and function of the C3b-dependent C3 convertase may well determine whether the initial activation of the complement sequence eventuates in beneficial or detrimental effects to the host. Stabilization of the amplification C3b-dependent convertase, C3bBb, is achieved with P and C3NeF, respectively, after their binding which exhibits different molecular and temperature requirements. Control of this amplifying step occurs at three levels: intrinsic decay of the inherently labile C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay by displacement of Bb from the convertase with beta1H; and inactivation by C3bINA of C3b after its generation from native C3 or removal of protective Bb by intrinsic or extrinsic decay. In the presence of the stabilizing factors the control proteins must function in sequence with beta1H-mediated decay preceding C3b inactivation.", "contents": "The natural modulation of the amplification phase of complement activation. As C3 cleavage represents the most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic effects of the complement system, the modulation of this reaction by formation and function of the C3b-dependent C3 convertase may well determine whether the initial activation of the complement sequence eventuates in beneficial or detrimental effects to the host. Stabilization of the amplification C3b-dependent convertase, C3bBb, is achieved with P and C3NeF, respectively, after their binding which exhibits different molecular and temperature requirements. Control of this amplifying step occurs at three levels: intrinsic decay of the inherently labile C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay by displacement of Bb from the convertase with beta1H; and inactivation by C3bINA of C3b after its generation from native C3 or removal of protective Bb by intrinsic or extrinsic decay. In the presence of the stabilizing factors the control proteins must function in sequence with beta1H-mediated decay preceding C3b inactivation.", "PMID": 62426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_410", "title": "An in vitro assay of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Terminal labeling with 3h-leucine.", "content": "A method is described for measuring cell-mediated cytotoxicity, based on the incorporation of labeled leucine into actively synthesized proteins in viable target cells which have survived interaction with effector lymphocytes. The method was studied with in vitro or in vivo sensitized lymphocytes in xenogeneic or allogeneic systems. This method was found to be applicable to quantitative determination of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by in vitro sensitized lymphocytes against a syngeneic tumor.", "contents": "An in vitro assay of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Terminal labeling with 3h-leucine. A method is described for measuring cell-mediated cytotoxicity, based on the incorporation of labeled leucine into actively synthesized proteins in viable target cells which have survived interaction with effector lymphocytes. The method was studied with in vitro or in vivo sensitized lymphocytes in xenogeneic or allogeneic systems. This method was found to be applicable to quantitative determination of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by in vitro sensitized lymphocytes against a syngeneic tumor.", "PMID": 62427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_411", "title": "A standardized technique for efficient platelet and leukocyte collection using the Model 30 Blood Processor.", "content": "The Model 30 Blood Processor is a safe and simple means of harvesting blood cell components. Presently cell collection depends on a visual assessment by the operator of the indistinct boundaries of cell fractions. To determine when each cell component could best be harvested, serial samples were taken from the output port at fixed intervals anf the results of counts and differentials were graphed and tabulated. Studies in normal donors were done using acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), 2 per cent sodium citrate in 6 per cent hydroxyethyl starch (HES), or heparin as anticoagulants. There was considerable overlap between the latter part of the platelet band, the leukocyte band and the rising hematocrit with all three anticoagulants. Normally functional lymphocytes could be harvested efficiently (approximately 80%) using ACD or heparin. Platelets could be harvested from ACD very efficiently (approximately 90%). Granulocytes could not be harvested from ACD (less than 10%) since they were dispersed in the red blood cell (RBC) layer. Using HES, granulocytes could be harvested efficiently (approximately 70%) by extending collection into the RBC layer. Based on these data, a standard technique for cell collection has been devised. The flow rate is slowed to 20 ml/min and collection is carried 30 ml (90 seconds at a rate of 20 ml/min) for platelets. The RBC loss is approximately 6 to 8 and 2 to 3 ml/pass respectively. These studies indicate that the Model 30 is a highly efficient apparatus for blood cell separation, but the volume of blood processed is limited by the intermittent blood flow.", "contents": "A standardized technique for efficient platelet and leukocyte collection using the Model 30 Blood Processor. The Model 30 Blood Processor is a safe and simple means of harvesting blood cell components. Presently cell collection depends on a visual assessment by the operator of the indistinct boundaries of cell fractions. To determine when each cell component could best be harvested, serial samples were taken from the output port at fixed intervals anf the results of counts and differentials were graphed and tabulated. Studies in normal donors were done using acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), 2 per cent sodium citrate in 6 per cent hydroxyethyl starch (HES), or heparin as anticoagulants. There was considerable overlap between the latter part of the platelet band, the leukocyte band and the rising hematocrit with all three anticoagulants. Normally functional lymphocytes could be harvested efficiently (approximately 80%) using ACD or heparin. Platelets could be harvested from ACD very efficiently (approximately 90%). Granulocytes could not be harvested from ACD (less than 10%) since they were dispersed in the red blood cell (RBC) layer. Using HES, granulocytes could be harvested efficiently (approximately 70%) by extending collection into the RBC layer. Based on these data, a standard technique for cell collection has been devised. The flow rate is slowed to 20 ml/min and collection is carried 30 ml (90 seconds at a rate of 20 ml/min) for platelets. The RBC loss is approximately 6 to 8 and 2 to 3 ml/pass respectively. These studies indicate that the Model 30 is a highly efficient apparatus for blood cell separation, but the volume of blood processed is limited by the intermittent blood flow.", "PMID": 62425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_412", "title": "Sepcific tubercle antigen.", "content": "Identification and isolation of the specific antigen of M. tuberculosis with the aid of an antiserum against the antigen antibody complex prepared by Goudie's method from the serum of tberculous patients is described. The position of the specific antigen on the disc electrophoresis column comprising four protein bands has been identified and separated. The antibody has been identified as IGg. More sophisticated techniques should enable the isolation of the specific antigen in practical amounts. The availability of such an antigen should greatly advance the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis.", "contents": "Sepcific tubercle antigen. Identification and isolation of the specific antigen of M. tuberculosis with the aid of an antiserum against the antigen antibody complex prepared by Goudie's method from the serum of tberculous patients is described. The position of the specific antigen on the disc electrophoresis column comprising four protein bands has been identified and separated. The antibody has been identified as IGg. More sophisticated techniques should enable the isolation of the specific antigen in practical amounts. The availability of such an antigen should greatly advance the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis.", "PMID": 62437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_413", "title": "Acid-fastness of Mycobacteri,m tuberculosis H37Rv following infection by mycobacteriophage DS6A.", "content": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv demonstrates a loss of acid-fastness following exposure to specific mycobacteriophage DS6A. No effect was seen with another mycobacteriophage GS7 which does not lyse this organism.", "contents": "Acid-fastness of Mycobacteri,m tuberculosis H37Rv following infection by mycobacteriophage DS6A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv demonstrates a loss of acid-fastness following exposure to specific mycobacteriophage DS6A. No effect was seen with another mycobacteriophage GS7 which does not lyse this organism.", "PMID": 62438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_414", "title": "A system for the examination of tubercle bacilli and other mycobacteria.", "content": "Methods are described for the examination of mycobacteria cultured from clinical specimens. In the \"screening\" procedure used for new isolates tubercle bacilli are non-pigmented, do not grow at 25 degrees C and are sensitive to p-nitrobenzoic acid as well as normally to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Classification is extended when necessary by the use of four tests--temperature requirements, pigmentation, oxygen preference and Tween hydrolysis. These define 15 species or groups meeting the needs of clinical bacteriology. Drug-sensitivity tests are described which relate the end-points of titrations to the modal response of normal wild strains of M. tuberculosis. They are used not only as a guide to chemotherapy but also to support and amplify classification.", "contents": "A system for the examination of tubercle bacilli and other mycobacteria. Methods are described for the examination of mycobacteria cultured from clinical specimens. In the \"screening\" procedure used for new isolates tubercle bacilli are non-pigmented, do not grow at 25 degrees C and are sensitive to p-nitrobenzoic acid as well as normally to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Classification is extended when necessary by the use of four tests--temperature requirements, pigmentation, oxygen preference and Tween hydrolysis. These define 15 species or groups meeting the needs of clinical bacteriology. Drug-sensitivity tests are described which relate the end-points of titrations to the modal response of normal wild strains of M. tuberculosis. They are used not only as a guide to chemotherapy but also to support and amplify classification.", "PMID": 62439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_415", "title": "[Proteinemia in young cattle during nutrition-induced muscular dystrophy].", "content": "The origin and course of enzootic white muscle disease affecting young cattle in spring months after transfer from stables to pastures were accompanied by an apparent tendency to dysproteinemia. Clinically diseased animals showed a decrease of total protein in the blood serum and considerable changes in the protein spectrum. In comparison with findings in the set of clinically healthy controls, the animals affected by the white muscle disease showed a depression of albumins and a simultaneous increase of alpha- and beta-globulins and a decrease of gamma-globulins.", "contents": "[Proteinemia in young cattle during nutrition-induced muscular dystrophy]. The origin and course of enzootic white muscle disease affecting young cattle in spring months after transfer from stables to pastures were accompanied by an apparent tendency to dysproteinemia. Clinically diseased animals showed a decrease of total protein in the blood serum and considerable changes in the protein spectrum. In comparison with findings in the set of clinically healthy controls, the animals affected by the white muscle disease showed a depression of albumins and a simultaneous increase of alpha- and beta-globulins and a decrease of gamma-globulins.", "PMID": 62441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_416", "title": "Elastin VII: aging effects on vascular elastica staining by oil soluble nigrosin dyes.", "content": "Neutral hydroalcoholic stains with spirit soluble nigrosin (C.I. 50415) and nigrosin base (C.I. 50415B) were applied to a series of human arteries from individuals ranging from newborn to 82 years of age for the demonstration of the selective staining by these dyes of the aging change in their elastica described by Lillie, Pizzolato and Donaldson (1974). The staining is absent in infants and children. It first appears in slight grade in some individuals at age 18. It increases in frequency and intensity with advancing age. It is often seen without obvious other histologic lesion and is regularly present when fibrous and fibroatheromatous plaques appear. In this series it was studied in the aorta of children and in grossly relatively normal areas of the superior mesenteric artery which was selected for the survey because of its usual rather slight involvement in arteriosclerosis. The intensity of the neutral nigrosin staining of the elastica of this artery appeared to be uninfluenced by the extent or severity of aortic lesions in the same individual. This nigrosinophilia appears to be an integral early phase in the development of the arteriosclerotic process and may precede appearance of fibrous or fibroatheromatous plaques by some years. The nigrosinophilia has been assigned (1974) to a lipoprotein alteration of arterial elastica. Prolonged storage in formol in plastic bags induced a strong neutral Solvent black 5 and 7 staining of arotic elastica in the normally negative 10-20 year age group. This reaction is presently considered artifactual, but is being studied further experimentally.", "contents": "Elastin VII: aging effects on vascular elastica staining by oil soluble nigrosin dyes. Neutral hydroalcoholic stains with spirit soluble nigrosin (C.I. 50415) and nigrosin base (C.I. 50415B) were applied to a series of human arteries from individuals ranging from newborn to 82 years of age for the demonstration of the selective staining by these dyes of the aging change in their elastica described by Lillie, Pizzolato and Donaldson (1974). The staining is absent in infants and children. It first appears in slight grade in some individuals at age 18. It increases in frequency and intensity with advancing age. It is often seen without obvious other histologic lesion and is regularly present when fibrous and fibroatheromatous plaques appear. In this series it was studied in the aorta of children and in grossly relatively normal areas of the superior mesenteric artery which was selected for the survey because of its usual rather slight involvement in arteriosclerosis. The intensity of the neutral nigrosin staining of the elastica of this artery appeared to be uninfluenced by the extent or severity of aortic lesions in the same individual. This nigrosinophilia appears to be an integral early phase in the development of the arteriosclerotic process and may precede appearance of fibrous or fibroatheromatous plaques by some years. The nigrosinophilia has been assigned (1974) to a lipoprotein alteration of arterial elastica. Prolonged storage in formol in plastic bags induced a strong neutral Solvent black 5 and 7 staining of arotic elastica in the normally negative 10-20 year age group. This reaction is presently considered artifactual, but is being studied further experimentally.", "PMID": 62442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_417", "title": "Histologic characteristics of insulinomas and gastrinomas. Value of argyrophilia, metachromasia, immunohistology, and electron microscopy for the identification of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells and their tumors.", "content": "In a first step of our investigation the staining characteristics, especially the argyrophilia and metachromasia, of immunohistologically identified endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets and of the gastroduodenal mucosa were tested. These staining characteristics were then examined on insulinomas and gastrinomas. Contrary to normal B cells which generally react positively with aldehyde fuchsin and pseudoisocyanine but not argyrophilic with the Grimelius method, the neoplastic B cells give inconsistent results with conventional staining methods. Yet neoplastic B cells often show argyrophilic structures. Immunohistologically, most benign insulinomas are rich in insulin-containing cells, whereas in malignant types such cells are rare. The carcinomas, however, show a typical and distinct Grimelius argyrophilia. The tumor cells of gastrinomas are Grimelius argyrophilic and slightly metachromatic, as normal G cells, yet, contrary to A1 cells, they are only exceptionally stainable with the Hellerstr\u00f6m method. Despite the great number of Grimelius positive tumor cells, generally only a few reacted with antigastrin serum. Nevertheless, the immunohistology is the most reliable method for the diagnosis of gastrinomas. Electron microscopic results are often difficult to interpret, since gastrinomas, as well as undifferentiated or malignant insulinomas, may predominantly contain atypical secretion granules.", "contents": "Histologic characteristics of insulinomas and gastrinomas. Value of argyrophilia, metachromasia, immunohistology, and electron microscopy for the identification of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells and their tumors. In a first step of our investigation the staining characteristics, especially the argyrophilia and metachromasia, of immunohistologically identified endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets and of the gastroduodenal mucosa were tested. These staining characteristics were then examined on insulinomas and gastrinomas. Contrary to normal B cells which generally react positively with aldehyde fuchsin and pseudoisocyanine but not argyrophilic with the Grimelius method, the neoplastic B cells give inconsistent results with conventional staining methods. Yet neoplastic B cells often show argyrophilic structures. Immunohistologically, most benign insulinomas are rich in insulin-containing cells, whereas in malignant types such cells are rare. The carcinomas, however, show a typical and distinct Grimelius argyrophilia. The tumor cells of gastrinomas are Grimelius argyrophilic and slightly metachromatic, as normal G cells, yet, contrary to A1 cells, they are only exceptionally stainable with the Hellerstr\u00f6m method. Despite the great number of Grimelius positive tumor cells, generally only a few reacted with antigastrin serum. Nevertheless, the immunohistology is the most reliable method for the diagnosis of gastrinomas. Electron microscopic results are often difficult to interpret, since gastrinomas, as well as undifferentiated or malignant insulinomas, may predominantly contain atypical secretion granules.", "PMID": 62443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_418", "title": "[Distribution of gamma-hexachlorcyclohexane in subcellular fractions of the liver and brain].", "content": "The character of the gamma-HCCH distribution in the subcellular fractions of the liver and brain of albino rats with peroral threefold introduction of the compound in doses of 34 mg/kg (1/5 LD50) and in a dose of 1.7 mg/kg (1/100 LD50) for a space of 1, 3 and 6 months was investigated. It was found that gamma-HCCH penetrates the cells of the liver and brain and is non-uniformly distributed among subcellular fractions, viz. nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant. Both in acute and chronic experiments the greatest amounts of the preparation were found in the nuclear fraction of the cell. The established features distinguishing the accumulation and distribution of the preparation in the subcellular fractions of the liver and brain explain the previously elicited biochemical and physiological shifts occurring in the organism after entrance of gamma-HCCH thereinto.", "contents": "[Distribution of gamma-hexachlorcyclohexane in subcellular fractions of the liver and brain]. The character of the gamma-HCCH distribution in the subcellular fractions of the liver and brain of albino rats with peroral threefold introduction of the compound in doses of 34 mg/kg (1/5 LD50) and in a dose of 1.7 mg/kg (1/100 LD50) for a space of 1, 3 and 6 months was investigated. It was found that gamma-HCCH penetrates the cells of the liver and brain and is non-uniformly distributed among subcellular fractions, viz. nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant. Both in acute and chronic experiments the greatest amounts of the preparation were found in the nuclear fraction of the cell. The established features distinguishing the accumulation and distribution of the preparation in the subcellular fractions of the liver and brain explain the previously elicited biochemical and physiological shifts occurring in the organism after entrance of gamma-HCCH thereinto.", "PMID": 62453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_419", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the antigenic composition of the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74].", "content": "The presence of three antigenic determinants was demonstrated by the method of selective adsorption of inhibitor-free sera (HI test) and complement-fixation test (CFT) in hemagglutinins (HA) of influenza A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74 viruses. These variants with closely similar antigenic composition have two antigenic determinants related with NA of A/England/42/72 virus, whereas the third antigenic determinant is specific only for them and is lacking in A/England/42/72 virus NA. According to the results obtained the antigenic composition of HA of these viruses may be designated in the following way: A/England/42/72--H3 H6 H7, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74--H3 H7 H8. A method is suggested for preparation of monospecific serum to the antigenic determinant H3 common to all variants of the Hong Kong variety of influenza virus. This serum is free from nonspecific inhibitors, contains no antibody to the host cell antigens and may be used both in CFT and HI test for rapid identification of new influenza virus isolates.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the antigenic composition of the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74]. The presence of three antigenic determinants was demonstrated by the method of selective adsorption of inhibitor-free sera (HI test) and complement-fixation test (CFT) in hemagglutinins (HA) of influenza A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74 viruses. These variants with closely similar antigenic composition have two antigenic determinants related with NA of A/England/42/72 virus, whereas the third antigenic determinant is specific only for them and is lacking in A/England/42/72 virus NA. According to the results obtained the antigenic composition of HA of these viruses may be designated in the following way: A/England/42/72--H3 H6 H7, A/Port Chalmers/73 and A/USSR/053/74--H3 H7 H8. A method is suggested for preparation of monospecific serum to the antigenic determinant H3 common to all variants of the Hong Kong variety of influenza virus. This serum is free from nonspecific inhibitors, contains no antibody to the host cell antigens and may be used both in CFT and HI test for rapid identification of new influenza virus isolates.", "PMID": 62455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_420", "title": "[Antigenic characteristics of chicken influenza viruses].", "content": "Data on isolation of chicken influenza virus strains in this country during epizootics in 1970--1975 are presented, and the antigenic characteristics of the isolates are described. All the strains had a mixed hemagglutinin type (GP6-H3N2) and neuraminidase H2. Neuraminidase of the strains had more marked antigenic relationship with H2 human influenza A/Singapore/57 (H2N2) virus than H2 of other human influenza virus strains. The size of KM of neuraminidase is similar in all chicken influenza virus strains their antigenic formula is suggested [A(GP6-H3N2)].", "contents": "[Antigenic characteristics of chicken influenza viruses]. Data on isolation of chicken influenza virus strains in this country during epizootics in 1970--1975 are presented, and the antigenic characteristics of the isolates are described. All the strains had a mixed hemagglutinin type (GP6-H3N2) and neuraminidase H2. Neuraminidase of the strains had more marked antigenic relationship with H2 human influenza A/Singapore/57 (H2N2) virus than H2 of other human influenza virus strains. The size of KM of neuraminidase is similar in all chicken influenza virus strains their antigenic formula is suggested [A(GP6-H3N2)].", "PMID": 62456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_421", "title": "[Experimental studies into syncarcinogenesis. 7th communication: Syncarcinogenic effects of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in epicutaneous tests in mice].", "content": "A mixture of 11 carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons was applied to the shorn skin of the back of 3400 female NMRI-mice. The proportion of the hydrocarbons in the mixture corresponded to the analytical findings in condensates of cigarette smoke, automobil exhaust gas, and preservation curing smoke and tar. Antagonistic effects by the individual hydrocarbons in the mixture were not observed, on the contrary the substances in the mixture showed additive effects. There were no differences in the mode of action of the different mixtures.", "contents": "[Experimental studies into syncarcinogenesis. 7th communication: Syncarcinogenic effects of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in epicutaneous tests in mice]. A mixture of 11 carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons was applied to the shorn skin of the back of 3400 female NMRI-mice. The proportion of the hydrocarbons in the mixture corresponded to the analytical findings in condensates of cigarette smoke, automobil exhaust gas, and preservation curing smoke and tar. Antagonistic effects by the individual hydrocarbons in the mixture were not observed, on the contrary the substances in the mixture showed additive effects. There were no differences in the mode of action of the different mixtures.", "PMID": 62462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_422", "title": "[Age dependent morphokinetics of the thyroid gland. Histochemical, morphometric, light-microscopical and functional investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the animal experiments was to investigate the question of the age dependence of the morphokinetic reactions of the thyroid gland under standardised conditions. Through the administration of pharmaceutical substances, it was possible to produce defined functional states of the thyroid in the various age groups. Materials and Methods 700 Albino rats of the Chbb: Thom (SPF) strain, age 0 days (newborn) to 110 weeks, were used in the investigations. The animals were divided into 4 groups each with 12 subgroups according to age. One group received 300 mug/kg/day triiodothyronine (T3) for 10 days for the suppression of thyroid gland function, one group received methylthiouracil (MTU) for 10 days to block hormone synthesis, and one group received 10 IU/kg/day thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) for 5 days to stimulate the gland. The control group received distilled water. Investigations carried out: Protein-bound iodine (PBI) and total thyroxine (T4) in the serum; enzyme histochemical demonstration in the thyroid of alkaline phosphatase (a. Ph.), acid phsophatase (s. Ph.), cytochrome oxidase (Cyt. ox.), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), iso-citric acid dehydrogenase (ICDH), ATP-ase and nonspecific esterase. The height of the follicular epithelium and the nuclear diameters of the follicular epithelial cells were estimated in embedded material. Light-microscopical investigations were performed using Paraplast and Epon embedded material. Staining methods: H. and E., Azan, PAS-alcian blue, Elastica-van Gieson, Perl's method for iron, Gomori's reticulin stain and von Kossa's calcium method (in aged animals). Staining of semithin sections with toluidine blue, Movat's stain and Morgenroth's stain. Biometric analysis of results: Simple and two factor analysis of variance, Scheff\u00e9 test, graphic demonstration after polynomial fitting of third to fifth degree. Results a. Histochemical findings In the thyroid gland, all the above mentioned enzyme histochemical reactions studied show a mostly distinct age dependent relationship in the intensity of enzyme activity. Age dependent changes in the histo-topochemical behaviour of individual reactions are also demonstrable on light-microscopical examination. In control animals at the time of birth, alkaline phosphatase and cytochrome oxidase react moderately, the others weakly. With hydrolases the activity of alkaline phosphatassr remains at a moderate level throughout the life span, while acid phosphatase and ATP-ase show a marked increase up to puberty, and the reaction is still mnd I.C.D.H. an increase during the growth period, a marked response in middle life, and a lessening of activity in ageing animals can be demonstrated. Cytochrome oxidase increases up to the seventeenth week of life, and then decreases in older animals. The activity of nonspecific esterase increases up to the eleventh week, remains at a high level up to the forty fourth week and then lessen after one year of life...", "contents": "[Age dependent morphokinetics of the thyroid gland. Histochemical, morphometric, light-microscopical and functional investigations (author's transl)]. The aim of the animal experiments was to investigate the question of the age dependence of the morphokinetic reactions of the thyroid gland under standardised conditions. Through the administration of pharmaceutical substances, it was possible to produce defined functional states of the thyroid in the various age groups. Materials and Methods 700 Albino rats of the Chbb: Thom (SPF) strain, age 0 days (newborn) to 110 weeks, were used in the investigations. The animals were divided into 4 groups each with 12 subgroups according to age. One group received 300 mug/kg/day triiodothyronine (T3) for 10 days for the suppression of thyroid gland function, one group received methylthiouracil (MTU) for 10 days to block hormone synthesis, and one group received 10 IU/kg/day thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) for 5 days to stimulate the gland. The control group received distilled water. Investigations carried out: Protein-bound iodine (PBI) and total thyroxine (T4) in the serum; enzyme histochemical demonstration in the thyroid of alkaline phosphatase (a. Ph.), acid phsophatase (s. Ph.), cytochrome oxidase (Cyt. ox.), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), iso-citric acid dehydrogenase (ICDH), ATP-ase and nonspecific esterase. The height of the follicular epithelium and the nuclear diameters of the follicular epithelial cells were estimated in embedded material. Light-microscopical investigations were performed using Paraplast and Epon embedded material. Staining methods: H. and E., Azan, PAS-alcian blue, Elastica-van Gieson, Perl's method for iron, Gomori's reticulin stain and von Kossa's calcium method (in aged animals). Staining of semithin sections with toluidine blue, Movat's stain and Morgenroth's stain. Biometric analysis of results: Simple and two factor analysis of variance, Scheff\u00e9 test, graphic demonstration after polynomial fitting of third to fifth degree. Results a. Histochemical findings In the thyroid gland, all the above mentioned enzyme histochemical reactions studied show a mostly distinct age dependent relationship in the intensity of enzyme activity. Age dependent changes in the histo-topochemical behaviour of individual reactions are also demonstrable on light-microscopical examination. In control animals at the time of birth, alkaline phosphatase and cytochrome oxidase react moderately, the others weakly. With hydrolases the activity of alkaline phosphatassr remains at a moderate level throughout the life span, while acid phosphatase and ATP-ase show a marked increase up to puberty, and the reaction is still mnd I.C.D.H. an increase during the growth period, a marked response in middle life, and a lessening of activity in ageing animals can be demonstrated. Cytochrome oxidase increases up to the seventeenth week of life, and then decreases in older animals. The activity of nonspecific esterase increases up to the eleventh week, remains at a high level up to the forty fourth week and then lessen after one year of life...", "PMID": 62467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_423", "title": "[Spectrum of serum proteins following surgery for gynecologic carcinomas].", "content": "1. After operations conducted for malignant gynecological tumours the changes in serum proteins and their spectra had in the main the same pattern as after operations indicated for diseases of a benign character. 2. The changes took place however at a markedly lower proteinemia level and issued from values occasinally strikingly affected by the presence of the malignant tumour. 3. A particular phenomenon was the presence of changes in the concentration of the electrophoretic gamma-globulin fraction which showed, in cases of advanced ovarian tumour, a rapid increase during the first postoperative days. 4. The changes in serum proteins found after operations made for malignant tumours were less regular and took place in some cases in form of irregular oscillation.", "contents": "[Spectrum of serum proteins following surgery for gynecologic carcinomas]. 1. After operations conducted for malignant gynecological tumours the changes in serum proteins and their spectra had in the main the same pattern as after operations indicated for diseases of a benign character. 2. The changes took place however at a markedly lower proteinemia level and issued from values occasinally strikingly affected by the presence of the malignant tumour. 3. A particular phenomenon was the presence of changes in the concentration of the electrophoretic gamma-globulin fraction which showed, in cases of advanced ovarian tumour, a rapid increase during the first postoperative days. 4. The changes in serum proteins found after operations made for malignant tumours were less regular and took place in some cases in form of irregular oscillation.", "PMID": 62468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_424", "title": "Localization of the tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride in the thylakoid membrane with serological methods.", "content": "Trigalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from leaves of Urtica dioica and characterized by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and by its fatty acid composition. An antiserum to the trigalactolipid was obtained by immunization of rabbits. By means of inhibition experiments with oligosaccharides and mono- and digalactosyl glycerol it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards the alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 1)-glycerol configuration of the trigalactosyl diglyceride. Monogalactosyl diglyceride and sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride do not react with this antiserum. However, a cross reaction was observed with digalactosyl diglyceride. The presence of antibodies to tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride was demonstrated in antisera to different chloroplast preparations of Antirrhinum majus and Spinacia oleracea. The antiserum to the trigalactolipid agglutinates stroma-freed chloroplasts. Membrane fragments obtained by the ultra sonication were precipitated. The antiserum is exhausted by trigalactosyl diglyceride but not by digalactosyl diglyceride or digalactosyl glycerol. The antiserum treated with digalactosyl glycerol and digalactosyl diglyceride also agglutinated stroma-freed chloroplasts. 1 g stroma-freed chloroplasts binds 0.17 g antibodies to trigalactolipid. Membrane fragments bind more antibodies to trigalactolipids than stroma-freed chloroplasts. From the agglutination tests it follows that the antigenic determinants of the trigalactolipid and the digalactolipid are localized in the outer surface as well as in the surface directed towards the inside of the thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "Localization of the tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride in the thylakoid membrane with serological methods. Trigalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from leaves of Urtica dioica and characterized by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and by its fatty acid composition. An antiserum to the trigalactolipid was obtained by immunization of rabbits. By means of inhibition experiments with oligosaccharides and mono- and digalactosyl glycerol it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards the alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to 1)-glycerol configuration of the trigalactosyl diglyceride. Monogalactosyl diglyceride and sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride do not react with this antiserum. However, a cross reaction was observed with digalactosyl diglyceride. The presence of antibodies to tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride was demonstrated in antisera to different chloroplast preparations of Antirrhinum majus and Spinacia oleracea. The antiserum to the trigalactolipid agglutinates stroma-freed chloroplasts. Membrane fragments obtained by the ultra sonication were precipitated. The antiserum is exhausted by trigalactosyl diglyceride but not by digalactosyl diglyceride or digalactosyl glycerol. The antiserum treated with digalactosyl glycerol and digalactosyl diglyceride also agglutinated stroma-freed chloroplasts. 1 g stroma-freed chloroplasts binds 0.17 g antibodies to trigalactolipid. Membrane fragments bind more antibodies to trigalactolipids than stroma-freed chloroplasts. From the agglutination tests it follows that the antigenic determinants of the trigalactolipid and the digalactolipid are localized in the outer surface as well as in the surface directed towards the inside of the thylakoid membrane.", "PMID": 62464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_425", "title": "[Liver function tests under the influence of sequential treatment using ethinyl estradiol-norethisterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol-chlormadinone acetate].", "content": "30 young healthy women were investigated during the first therapy cycle with ethinyl-estradiol-norethisterone acetate and ethinyl-estradiol-chlormadinone acetate as a sequential regime. The following laboratory data were achieved by each of the investigated group of young women: serum aminotransferase (GOT and GPT), serum alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase-activity in serum, serum proteins, serum cholesterol, serum bilirubin, serum ZST, serum TTT and the indocyaningreen-clearance of the liver. The serum protein pattern was determined by the paper electrophoretic method. A significant decrease of the aminotransferase GPT was viable during the sequential therapy with ethinyl-estradiol and norethisterone acetate. This viable decrease of the GPT was induced through the application of norethisterone acetate to estrogen. The alkaline phosphatase was significant lightly lower and the beta-globuline lightly elevated at the end of the therapy cycle. The sequential therapy with ethinyl-estradiol and chlormadinone acetate induced only a significant increase of the ZST in serum.", "contents": "[Liver function tests under the influence of sequential treatment using ethinyl estradiol-norethisterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol-chlormadinone acetate]. 30 young healthy women were investigated during the first therapy cycle with ethinyl-estradiol-norethisterone acetate and ethinyl-estradiol-chlormadinone acetate as a sequential regime. The following laboratory data were achieved by each of the investigated group of young women: serum aminotransferase (GOT and GPT), serum alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase-activity in serum, serum proteins, serum cholesterol, serum bilirubin, serum ZST, serum TTT and the indocyaningreen-clearance of the liver. The serum protein pattern was determined by the paper electrophoretic method. A significant decrease of the aminotransferase GPT was viable during the sequential therapy with ethinyl-estradiol and norethisterone acetate. This viable decrease of the GPT was induced through the application of norethisterone acetate to estrogen. The alkaline phosphatase was significant lightly lower and the beta-globuline lightly elevated at the end of the therapy cycle. The sequential therapy with ethinyl-estradiol and chlormadinone acetate induced only a significant increase of the ZST in serum.", "PMID": 62469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_426", "title": "Antigenic degradation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli isolated in a maternity unit were examined serologically. On primary isolation the strains were shown to be O-antigenically distinguishable, although having the same H antigen, biotype and antibiogram. Subsequent detailed serological studies revealed that the colonial variants derived from them showed similar antigenic diversity, irrespective of the original antigenic structure.", "contents": "Antigenic degradation in Escherichia coli. Strains of Escherichia coli isolated in a maternity unit were examined serologically. On primary isolation the strains were shown to be O-antigenically distinguishable, although having the same H antigen, biotype and antibiogram. Subsequent detailed serological studies revealed that the colonial variants derived from them showed similar antigenic diversity, irrespective of the original antigenic structure.", "PMID": 62472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_427", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the I, II phases and R-forms of Sh. sonnei].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of the microbial cells of the I, II phases and the R-form was carried out. Intact cells were examined by negative contrasting, and morphological differences of various bacterial phases were shown: cells of the I phase had a relatively smooth surface, bacteria of the II phase had a smooth surface, but many cell wall fragments were split from them; the surface of the R-form cells was coarse, folded, and cell wall fragments were split from the majority of bacteria. Antigenic determinants responsible for phasic specificity in bacteria of the I and II phases were located at some distance from the external membrane of the cell wall; as to the R-form cells--they were localized on the wall.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the I, II phases and R-forms of Sh. sonnei]. Electron microscopic study of the microbial cells of the I, II phases and the R-form was carried out. Intact cells were examined by negative contrasting, and morphological differences of various bacterial phases were shown: cells of the I phase had a relatively smooth surface, bacteria of the II phase had a smooth surface, but many cell wall fragments were split from them; the surface of the R-form cells was coarse, folded, and cell wall fragments were split from the majority of bacteria. Antigenic determinants responsible for phasic specificity in bacteria of the I and II phases were located at some distance from the external membrane of the cell wall; as to the R-form cells--they were localized on the wall.", "PMID": 62474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_428", "title": "[Immunochemical characteristics of a factor causing antigen-specific lysis of thymus-dependent lymphocytes].", "content": "A factor capable of lysing in vitro, in the presence of a specific antigen, the cells of the lymph nodes and the thymus of intact mice was revealed in the supernatant obtained after the centrifugation of a suspension of viable cells of the lymph nodes and the thymus of the immunized mice. It was found by immunochemical methods that this factor had a mol. wt. of about 30000 dalton and an electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel exceeding that of mouse blood serum albumin. Besides, it was revealed by the precipitation reaction in agar that it was not an immunoglobulin or its chains.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characteristics of a factor causing antigen-specific lysis of thymus-dependent lymphocytes]. A factor capable of lysing in vitro, in the presence of a specific antigen, the cells of the lymph nodes and the thymus of intact mice was revealed in the supernatant obtained after the centrifugation of a suspension of viable cells of the lymph nodes and the thymus of the immunized mice. It was found by immunochemical methods that this factor had a mol. wt. of about 30000 dalton and an electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel exceeding that of mouse blood serum albumin. Besides, it was revealed by the precipitation reaction in agar that it was not an immunoglobulin or its chains.", "PMID": 62476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_429", "title": "[Immunodiffusion analysis of plasma proteins in the canine family].", "content": "Immunodiffusion studies have been made on the plasma of 9 species (Vulpes vulpes, V. corsak, Alopex lagopus, Canis aureus, C. lupus, C. familiaris, C. dingo, Nyctereutes procynoides, Fennecus zerde) from the family of Canidae using milk antisera. Unlike rabbit antisera used earlier, milk antisera make it possible to detect more significant antigenic divergency with respect to 5 alpha- and beta-globulins. These globulins seem to have a higher evolution rate of antigenic mosaics as compared to other plasma proteins in the family investigated. The family Canidae serologically may be divided into two main groups: 1) the genus Canis which includes the wolf, domestic dog, dingo, jackal and 2) species which significantly differ from the former (the fox, polar fox, dog fox, fennec). In relation to these two groups, the raccoon dog occupies special position.", "contents": "[Immunodiffusion analysis of plasma proteins in the canine family]. Immunodiffusion studies have been made on the plasma of 9 species (Vulpes vulpes, V. corsak, Alopex lagopus, Canis aureus, C. lupus, C. familiaris, C. dingo, Nyctereutes procynoides, Fennecus zerde) from the family of Canidae using milk antisera. Unlike rabbit antisera used earlier, milk antisera make it possible to detect more significant antigenic divergency with respect to 5 alpha- and beta-globulins. These globulins seem to have a higher evolution rate of antigenic mosaics as compared to other plasma proteins in the family investigated. The family Canidae serologically may be divided into two main groups: 1) the genus Canis which includes the wolf, domestic dog, dingo, jackal and 2) species which significantly differ from the former (the fox, polar fox, dog fox, fennec). In relation to these two groups, the raccoon dog occupies special position.", "PMID": 62473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_430", "title": "Intensification of cobaltous sulphide precipitate in frog nervous tissue.", "content": "Dorsal and ventral roots of the frog's spinal cord were filled with cobaltous chloride through axonal transport. Following incubation in different buffers saturated with H2S, the resulting CoS was intensified with two kinds of physical developers, the one containing gum arabic, the other tungsto-silicic acid as protective colloid. Optimum circumstances for CoS formation were found at high pH values in model experiments. NaOH and CuSO4 pretreatments of tissues enhanced the intensification power of the physical developer containing tungsto-silicic acid. The structural integrity of tissues was best preserved when phosphate buffers saturated with H2S were employed to precipitate cobalt in histological specimens. Of the two developers the one containing gum arabic gave a finer staining of neural elements, but its intensification effect was somewhat capricious. Histological results suggested that within the range of cobalt transport (10-20 mm), neural elements filled with cobalt were quantitatively and selectively shown. At the present state of experiments neural elements with a process to the periphery are only accessible to staining with this technique.", "contents": "Intensification of cobaltous sulphide precipitate in frog nervous tissue. Dorsal and ventral roots of the frog's spinal cord were filled with cobaltous chloride through axonal transport. Following incubation in different buffers saturated with H2S, the resulting CoS was intensified with two kinds of physical developers, the one containing gum arabic, the other tungsto-silicic acid as protective colloid. Optimum circumstances for CoS formation were found at high pH values in model experiments. NaOH and CuSO4 pretreatments of tissues enhanced the intensification power of the physical developer containing tungsto-silicic acid. The structural integrity of tissues was best preserved when phosphate buffers saturated with H2S were employed to precipitate cobalt in histological specimens. Of the two developers the one containing gum arabic gave a finer staining of neural elements, but its intensification effect was somewhat capricious. Histological results suggested that within the range of cobalt transport (10-20 mm), neural elements filled with cobalt were quantitatively and selectively shown. At the present state of experiments neural elements with a process to the periphery are only accessible to staining with this technique.", "PMID": 62478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_431", "title": "Species-common antigen of connective tissues.", "content": "Collagen-free extracts were prepared from bovine, porcine and canine hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilages, articular capsule, tendon, aorta, cortical bone and regenerating articular surfaces. The extracts were investigated with antisera to bovine nasal septal cartilage, dog articular cartilage and non-collagenous protein fraction of bovine cortical bone. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunohistochemical methods were used. In the different supporting tissues of the three animal species a common antigen, probably of proteoglycan origin, was demonstrated. The finer differences in antigenicity between the different tissues are probably due to the variations in proteoglycan composition of the given supporting tissues. Owing to the wide-spread occurrence of the antigen, the authors suggest the term \"species-common connective tissue antigen\" instead of the \"species-common cartilage antigen\" used so far.", "contents": "Species-common antigen of connective tissues. Collagen-free extracts were prepared from bovine, porcine and canine hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilages, articular capsule, tendon, aorta, cortical bone and regenerating articular surfaces. The extracts were investigated with antisera to bovine nasal septal cartilage, dog articular cartilage and non-collagenous protein fraction of bovine cortical bone. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunohistochemical methods were used. In the different supporting tissues of the three animal species a common antigen, probably of proteoglycan origin, was demonstrated. The finer differences in antigenicity between the different tissues are probably due to the variations in proteoglycan composition of the given supporting tissues. Owing to the wide-spread occurrence of the antigen, the authors suggest the term \"species-common connective tissue antigen\" instead of the \"species-common cartilage antigen\" used so far.", "PMID": 62479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_432", "title": "Localization of the ruthenium red-positive substance in the myoneural junction of rat.", "content": "Ruthenium red staining of myoneural junctions was examined in the flexor digitorum brevis muscle of the rat. Ruthenium red-positive electron dense substance was observed to emerge from the outer layer of the presynaptic axolemma and post-synaptic sarcolemma towards the synaptic cleft. Also the cleft substance was intensely stained, usually consisting of a medium dense layer between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The probable function of acid mucopolysaccharides in the neuromuscular transmission is discussed.", "contents": "Localization of the ruthenium red-positive substance in the myoneural junction of rat. Ruthenium red staining of myoneural junctions was examined in the flexor digitorum brevis muscle of the rat. Ruthenium red-positive electron dense substance was observed to emerge from the outer layer of the presynaptic axolemma and post-synaptic sarcolemma towards the synaptic cleft. Also the cleft substance was intensely stained, usually consisting of a medium dense layer between pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The probable function of acid mucopolysaccharides in the neuromuscular transmission is discussed.", "PMID": 62480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_433", "title": "The thyrotrophin receptor in human thyroid plasma membranes: effect of serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "A homologous receptor assay system using human thyroid membranes and 125I-labelled human TSH (hTSH) was used to study the effect of serum and serum fractions on the binding of [125I]hTSH to the membranes. Scatchard analysis showed a single population of binding sites for TSH. Gamma globulin fractions prepared from sera of patients with Graves' disease were able to displace [125I]hTSH from the membrane to a greater extent than normal gamma globulin in 21 out of 45 cases. Increased displacement activity was seen in patients with thyroiditis, hot nodules and euthyroid eye disease but not in patients with toxic multinodular goitres. Further fractionation of the gamma globulin fraction showed that the stimulatory activity was not confined to the IgG fraction. Scatchard plots showed gamma globulin fractions decreased the number of receptor sites available for TSH binding but did not alter the affinity of the receptor for TSH. IgG fractions showed different slopes and intercepts and appeared to decrease the affinity of the receptor for TSH. LATS activity in human serum may be explained on the basis of these observations on the properties of the TSH receptor.", "contents": "The thyrotrophin receptor in human thyroid plasma membranes: effect of serum immunoglobulins. A homologous receptor assay system using human thyroid membranes and 125I-labelled human TSH (hTSH) was used to study the effect of serum and serum fractions on the binding of [125I]hTSH to the membranes. Scatchard analysis showed a single population of binding sites for TSH. Gamma globulin fractions prepared from sera of patients with Graves' disease were able to displace [125I]hTSH from the membrane to a greater extent than normal gamma globulin in 21 out of 45 cases. Increased displacement activity was seen in patients with thyroiditis, hot nodules and euthyroid eye disease but not in patients with toxic multinodular goitres. Further fractionation of the gamma globulin fraction showed that the stimulatory activity was not confined to the IgG fraction. Scatchard plots showed gamma globulin fractions decreased the number of receptor sites available for TSH binding but did not alter the affinity of the receptor for TSH. IgG fractions showed different slopes and intercepts and appeared to decrease the affinity of the receptor for TSH. LATS activity in human serum may be explained on the basis of these observations on the properties of the TSH receptor.", "PMID": 62481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_434", "title": "The penicillin antigens: presentation in the leucocyte migration test (a study with penicillin and penicilloylated proteins).", "content": "The response of the leucocyte migration test (LMT) to benzyl penicillin (BP) was compared with the response of LMT to benzyl penicilloylated human gamma globulins (BPO HGG) and to benzyl penicilloylated human serum albumin (BPO HSA). Patients with and without hypersensitivity to penicillins were investigated. No statistical differences were found between the response to BP and to BPO HGG or BPO HSA; this finding supports the fact that the BPO groups generated by BP are mainly implicated in the triggering of the LMT when BP is used as antigen. A strongly penicilloylated HSA appeared to be the most effective mode of the antigen presentation for the detection of BPO-specific cellular immunity in patients with and without clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity to the penicillins.", "contents": "The penicillin antigens: presentation in the leucocyte migration test (a study with penicillin and penicilloylated proteins). The response of the leucocyte migration test (LMT) to benzyl penicillin (BP) was compared with the response of LMT to benzyl penicilloylated human gamma globulins (BPO HGG) and to benzyl penicilloylated human serum albumin (BPO HSA). Patients with and without hypersensitivity to penicillins were investigated. No statistical differences were found between the response to BP and to BPO HGG or BPO HSA; this finding supports the fact that the BPO groups generated by BP are mainly implicated in the triggering of the LMT when BP is used as antigen. A strongly penicilloylated HSA appeared to be the most effective mode of the antigen presentation for the detection of BPO-specific cellular immunity in patients with and without clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity to the penicillins.", "PMID": 62484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_435", "title": "Potentiation of cutaneous reactivity and blood leucocyte histamine release by deuterium oxide in human beings.", "content": "Deuterium oxide (D2O) is known to potentiate non-cytotoxic histamine release in vitro. It has been shown (5) that D2O could also potentiate in vivo immediate-type hypersensitivity in dogs and monkeys. Present studies demonstrate potentiation in vivo by D2O of the cutaneous reactivity in 48/80, PHA and Dermatophagoides cutaneous reactions in human beings. PHA histamine release from human leucocytes is also potentiated by D2O in vitro.", "contents": "Potentiation of cutaneous reactivity and blood leucocyte histamine release by deuterium oxide in human beings. Deuterium oxide (D2O) is known to potentiate non-cytotoxic histamine release in vitro. It has been shown (5) that D2O could also potentiate in vivo immediate-type hypersensitivity in dogs and monkeys. Present studies demonstrate potentiation in vivo by D2O of the cutaneous reactivity in 48/80, PHA and Dermatophagoides cutaneous reactions in human beings. PHA histamine release from human leucocytes is also potentiated by D2O in vitro.", "PMID": 62485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_436", "title": "Congo red vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva.", "content": "Vital staining with an aqueous solution of 1% Congo red has been studied in the slit lamp. In 98 cases the dye was mixed with 1% lissamine green, in 120 eyes subsequent staining was performed with 0.125% fluorescein, and in 80 cases the mucous thread from the inferior conjunctival fornix was microscoped. Congo red stains dead cells, degenerate cells, and mucus. The dye discloses keratitis, corneal erosion, contact lens damages, corrosions, etc. It stains like lissamine green and rose bengal, though less frequently and less intensely than these. Congo red is a pH indicator. Acid reaction beyond its pH-range (3.0-5.2) has not been demonstrated. Amyloid-specific colour reaction (red-green dichromatic polarisation) has been noticed in mucous fibrils, most often in relation to infectious conjunctivitis and corrosion, never in normal eyes. The phenomenon is believed to indicate degeneration of the mucous fibrils (on the analogy of toluidine-blue-stained mucus), whereas not presence of genuine amyloid. It is, in other words, an important phenomenon in the differential diagnosis. Congo red is hardly indicated in ordinary clinical practice for vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Fluorescein, combined with rose bengal or lissamin green should be preferred.", "contents": "Congo red vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Vital staining with an aqueous solution of 1% Congo red has been studied in the slit lamp. In 98 cases the dye was mixed with 1% lissamine green, in 120 eyes subsequent staining was performed with 0.125% fluorescein, and in 80 cases the mucous thread from the inferior conjunctival fornix was microscoped. Congo red stains dead cells, degenerate cells, and mucus. The dye discloses keratitis, corneal erosion, contact lens damages, corrosions, etc. It stains like lissamine green and rose bengal, though less frequently and less intensely than these. Congo red is a pH indicator. Acid reaction beyond its pH-range (3.0-5.2) has not been demonstrated. Amyloid-specific colour reaction (red-green dichromatic polarisation) has been noticed in mucous fibrils, most often in relation to infectious conjunctivitis and corrosion, never in normal eyes. The phenomenon is believed to indicate degeneration of the mucous fibrils (on the analogy of toluidine-blue-stained mucus), whereas not presence of genuine amyloid. It is, in other words, an important phenomenon in the differential diagnosis. Congo red is hardly indicated in ordinary clinical practice for vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Fluorescein, combined with rose bengal or lissamin green should be preferred.", "PMID": 62486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_437", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin on iridial blood vessel permeability.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy is used to examine the effect of exogenous PGE1 on the permeability and reactivity of rat iridial blood vessels. Results show that topical PGE1 causes an increase in the permeability of iridial vessles to carbon particles (200 A diameter). The technique of carbon labelling is used to quantitate increases in permeability caused by varying concentrations of PGE1 (0.001-1.0 mg/ml). Regression analysis shows that there is a linear relationship (P less than 0.02) between carbon labelling and PGE1 concentration over the range of concentrations tested. In other experiments rats were treated with the systemic histamine liberator Compound 48/80, or with topical applications of histamine diphosphate in order to examine the effects of exogenous and endogenous histamine upon iridial blood vessel permeability. These procedures produce only minimal labelling of iridial vessels. It therefore seems likely that PGE1 has a direct effect on iridial vessels and does not act indirectly by bringing about the liberation of endogenous histamine.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin on iridial blood vessel permeability. Light and electron microscopy is used to examine the effect of exogenous PGE1 on the permeability and reactivity of rat iridial blood vessels. Results show that topical PGE1 causes an increase in the permeability of iridial vessles to carbon particles (200 A diameter). The technique of carbon labelling is used to quantitate increases in permeability caused by varying concentrations of PGE1 (0.001-1.0 mg/ml). Regression analysis shows that there is a linear relationship (P less than 0.02) between carbon labelling and PGE1 concentration over the range of concentrations tested. In other experiments rats were treated with the systemic histamine liberator Compound 48/80, or with topical applications of histamine diphosphate in order to examine the effects of exogenous and endogenous histamine upon iridial blood vessel permeability. These procedures produce only minimal labelling of iridial vessels. It therefore seems likely that PGE1 has a direct effect on iridial vessels and does not act indirectly by bringing about the liberation of endogenous histamine.", "PMID": 62487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_438", "title": "In vitro uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine by rat mast cells after exocytosis induced by antigen or compound 48/80.", "content": "Mast cells from the peritoneal and pleural cavities of actively sensitized rats were isolated and incubated with biogenic amines (5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine) with or without pretreatment with specific antigen. An anaphylactic reaction resulting in the release of 20-25% of the histamine in the cells led to a slightly reduced amine uptake. At concentrations which induced histamine release comparable to that during the anaphylactic reaction compound 48/80 had a similar effect on the uptake of the two amines. Histamine release induced by higher concentrations of compound 48/80 led to a more pronounced reduction in the uptake of the amines, the reduction being roughly proportional to the extent of the histamine release. It is concluded that the reduction in the in vitro amine uptake after anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release is due to the fact that there are a fewer intact granules capable of storing histamine and not primarily due to a damage to the mechanisms by which mast cells take up biogenic amines in vitro. The observations further strengthen the view that anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release are non-cytolytic processes.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine by rat mast cells after exocytosis induced by antigen or compound 48/80. Mast cells from the peritoneal and pleural cavities of actively sensitized rats were isolated and incubated with biogenic amines (5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine) with or without pretreatment with specific antigen. An anaphylactic reaction resulting in the release of 20-25% of the histamine in the cells led to a slightly reduced amine uptake. At concentrations which induced histamine release comparable to that during the anaphylactic reaction compound 48/80 had a similar effect on the uptake of the two amines. Histamine release induced by higher concentrations of compound 48/80 led to a more pronounced reduction in the uptake of the amines, the reduction being roughly proportional to the extent of the histamine release. It is concluded that the reduction in the in vitro amine uptake after anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release is due to the fact that there are a fewer intact granules capable of storing histamine and not primarily due to a damage to the mechanisms by which mast cells take up biogenic amines in vitro. The observations further strengthen the view that anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release are non-cytolytic processes.", "PMID": 62489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_439", "title": "Radiation therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "The role of radiation therapy in the management of adrenal cortical carcinoma has had little documentation in the literature. Fourteen patients with this malignancy were given 18 courses of palliative, preoperative or postoperative irradiation. The clinical results are presented. Significant palliation was obtained in all patients along with occasional long term local control of unresectable lesions.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma. The role of radiation therapy in the management of adrenal cortical carcinoma has had little documentation in the literature. Fourteen patients with this malignancy were given 18 courses of palliative, preoperative or postoperative irradiation. The clinical results are presented. Significant palliation was obtained in all patients along with occasional long term local control of unresectable lesions.", "PMID": 62490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_440", "title": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in human erythrocytes. II. Hyperthyroid patients before, during and after treatment.", "content": "Heat production has been measured in erythrocytes of 17 hyperthyroid patients both before treatment and when the patients had become clinically euthyroid. The decrease in heat effect during treatment was significant. The initial mean value was significantly higher than the corresponding value for normal subjects. A good correlation was found between heat effect values and the clinical condition. Measurement of heat production in erythrocytes can provide useful information about the peripheral effect of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in human erythrocytes. II. Hyperthyroid patients before, during and after treatment. Heat production has been measured in erythrocytes of 17 hyperthyroid patients both before treatment and when the patients had become clinically euthyroid. The decrease in heat effect during treatment was significant. The initial mean value was significantly higher than the corresponding value for normal subjects. A good correlation was found between heat effect values and the clinical condition. Measurement of heat production in erythrocytes can provide useful information about the peripheral effect of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 62491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_441", "title": "Immunological defects in children with chronic otitis media.", "content": "A total of 59 children with chronic otitis media were examined for possible immunological defects by determination of serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM, and by a tuberculin test, and additionally by noting any lymphopenia. Some divergence from normal values was found in 38 patients (64%). 14 children (24%) showed pathologically low immunoglobulin levels and 7 (12%) even a subtotal absence of one of the immunoglobulin fractions. 8 of the cases (14%) also showed a reduction of gammaglobulin level. In 20 children (34%), the level of one or more of the three major Ig classes was elevated. All except one became clinically normal within a few years, showing normal gamma or immunoglobulin levels when tested. The tuberculin test was positive in all patients. The length and course of the disease in these cases was similar to that in patients with normal test values. Gammaglobulin therapy did not have any beneficail effect. Consequently, it is concluded that although humoral immunological defects may be one aetiological factor, they do not play any major role in the course of chronic otitis media in children.", "contents": "Immunological defects in children with chronic otitis media. A total of 59 children with chronic otitis media were examined for possible immunological defects by determination of serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM, and by a tuberculin test, and additionally by noting any lymphopenia. Some divergence from normal values was found in 38 patients (64%). 14 children (24%) showed pathologically low immunoglobulin levels and 7 (12%) even a subtotal absence of one of the immunoglobulin fractions. 8 of the cases (14%) also showed a reduction of gammaglobulin level. In 20 children (34%), the level of one or more of the three major Ig classes was elevated. All except one became clinically normal within a few years, showing normal gamma or immunoglobulin levels when tested. The tuberculin test was positive in all patients. The length and course of the disease in these cases was similar to that in patients with normal test values. Gammaglobulin therapy did not have any beneficail effect. Consequently, it is concluded that although humoral immunological defects may be one aetiological factor, they do not play any major role in the course of chronic otitis media in children.", "PMID": 62488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_442", "title": "Effect of the areA gene on regulation of arginine catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The areA gene which is known to be involved in ammonium repression in Aspergillus nidulans was found to participate in regulation of arginine catabolism. Mutations in this gene are hypostatic to mutations in arcA, suDpro and suEpro genes which are responsible for regulation of synthesis of arginine catabolic enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of the areA gene on regulation of arginine catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. The areA gene which is known to be involved in ammonium repression in Aspergillus nidulans was found to participate in regulation of arginine catabolism. Mutations in this gene are hypostatic to mutations in arcA, suDpro and suEpro genes which are responsible for regulation of synthesis of arginine catabolic enzymes.", "PMID": 62492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_443", "title": "Bacteriophage N3 of Haemophilus influenzae. II. Infection of transformable cells by bacteriophage DNA.", "content": "Transfection of H. influenzae with N3 bacteriophage DNA shows a dependence on concentration of DNA and a sigmoidal shape of uptake of DNA. The efficiency of transfection is decreased in the two types of recombination-defective strains of H. influenzae; rec1- and rec2-. The fact that N3 bacteriophage can code for its own recombination system but transfection is dependent on host recombation system allows the conclusion that the primary recombination during transfection with N3 phage DNA is mediated exclusively by the bacterial recombination system.", "contents": "Bacteriophage N3 of Haemophilus influenzae. II. Infection of transformable cells by bacteriophage DNA. Transfection of H. influenzae with N3 bacteriophage DNA shows a dependence on concentration of DNA and a sigmoidal shape of uptake of DNA. The efficiency of transfection is decreased in the two types of recombination-defective strains of H. influenzae; rec1- and rec2-. The fact that N3 bacteriophage can code for its own recombination system but transfection is dependent on host recombation system allows the conclusion that the primary recombination during transfection with N3 phage DNA is mediated exclusively by the bacterial recombination system.", "PMID": 62493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_444", "title": "Effect of polaymines on yeast cell-free protein synthesizing system. I. Influence of spermine and spermidine on aminoacyl-tRNA transfer reaction.", "content": "Spermine and spermidine added to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-free protein synthesizing system increased phenylalanine polymerization reaction several-fold at suboptimal concentration of Mg2+ and approximately two-fold at optimal amounts of Mg2+. The addition of polyamines greatly stimulated the enzymatic and nonenzymatic binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The binding of the acetylated derivative was higher than phenylalanyl-tRNA, however, as it was shown the former was bound exclusively to the A site of the ribosome. Contrary to the binding process, the puromycin reaction was not stimulated by spermine added at a concentration which enhanced the polyphenylalanine synthesis. These results indicate that polyamines have not only a sparing effect on the Mg2+ requirement for yeast protein synthesis in vitro and suggest that one of the possible sites of polyamines action might be the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes.", "contents": "Effect of polaymines on yeast cell-free protein synthesizing system. I. Influence of spermine and spermidine on aminoacyl-tRNA transfer reaction. Spermine and spermidine added to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-free protein synthesizing system increased phenylalanine polymerization reaction several-fold at suboptimal concentration of Mg2+ and approximately two-fold at optimal amounts of Mg2+. The addition of polyamines greatly stimulated the enzymatic and nonenzymatic binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The binding of the acetylated derivative was higher than phenylalanyl-tRNA, however, as it was shown the former was bound exclusively to the A site of the ribosome. Contrary to the binding process, the puromycin reaction was not stimulated by spermine added at a concentration which enhanced the polyphenylalanine synthesis. These results indicate that polyamines have not only a sparing effect on the Mg2+ requirement for yeast protein synthesis in vitro and suggest that one of the possible sites of polyamines action might be the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes.", "PMID": 62494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_445", "title": "Effect of polyamines on yeast cell-free protein synthesizing system. II. Increase stability of cell-free system in the presence of spermine.", "content": "The addition of spermine, at concentration which stimulates protein synthesis, to the yeast cell-free system significantly increases the thermal stability of the latter. Similar stabilizing effect of polyamine is observed for ribosome-poly U-ac-phe-tRNA complexes. These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of polyamines on the in vitro protein synthesis might be partly due to the increased stability of ribosomes and ribosome-peptydyl-tRNA complexes.", "contents": "Effect of polyamines on yeast cell-free protein synthesizing system. II. Increase stability of cell-free system in the presence of spermine. The addition of spermine, at concentration which stimulates protein synthesis, to the yeast cell-free system significantly increases the thermal stability of the latter. Similar stabilizing effect of polyamine is observed for ribosome-poly U-ac-phe-tRNA complexes. These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of polyamines on the in vitro protein synthesis might be partly due to the increased stability of ribosomes and ribosome-peptydyl-tRNA complexes.", "PMID": 62495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_446", "title": "Utilization of lactose and production of corrinoids in selected strains of propionic acid bacteria in cheese-whey and casein media.", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out with 23 strains (14 species) of propionibacteria in two media-cheese-whey and casein. The degree of lactose fementation and the efficiency of the corrinoids synthesis were studied. Lactose fermentation showed great differences even within one species (e.g. 13.3% and 66.1% for various strains of P. shermanii). The differences were particularly sharp in casein medium (0% or 100%). The highest capacity for utilizing cheese-whey lactose (70--80%) was found in two strains of P. shermanii and P. petersonii and P. arabinosum. No definite correlation, however, was found either in the cheese-whey or in the casein medium, between the capability of lactose fermentation and the efficiency of the corrinoids. As the most technologically effective strains have been recognized P. shermanii 1, P. shermanii 566 and P. petersonii J.", "contents": "Utilization of lactose and production of corrinoids in selected strains of propionic acid bacteria in cheese-whey and casein media. Comparative studies were carried out with 23 strains (14 species) of propionibacteria in two media-cheese-whey and casein. The degree of lactose fementation and the efficiency of the corrinoids synthesis were studied. Lactose fermentation showed great differences even within one species (e.g. 13.3% and 66.1% for various strains of P. shermanii). The differences were particularly sharp in casein medium (0% or 100%). The highest capacity for utilizing cheese-whey lactose (70--80%) was found in two strains of P. shermanii and P. petersonii and P. arabinosum. No definite correlation, however, was found either in the cheese-whey or in the casein medium, between the capability of lactose fermentation and the efficiency of the corrinoids. As the most technologically effective strains have been recognized P. shermanii 1, P. shermanii 566 and P. petersonii J.", "PMID": 62496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_447", "title": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyester fiber industry. I. Activated sludge bacteria degrading the surfactants.", "content": "The paper presents characteristics of 76 strains of bacteria capable of utilizing nonionic surfactants Cirrasol FP, Cirrasol SF 200 and Cirrasol TCS as the source of carbon. The strains were isolated from two activated sludges adapted to the purification of wastes containing the above compounds at concentration 150--200 mg/l. The isolated strains belonged to the genera: Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. With load 0.11 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day bacteria belonging to Alcaligenes were dominating. With load 0.18--0.31 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day microorganisms were dominated by Pseudomonas. The highest intensity of degradation of the studied surfactant was shown by species: Alcaligenes viscolactis, Nocardia blackwellii and Pseudomonas rathonis.", "contents": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyester fiber industry. I. Activated sludge bacteria degrading the surfactants. The paper presents characteristics of 76 strains of bacteria capable of utilizing nonionic surfactants Cirrasol FP, Cirrasol SF 200 and Cirrasol TCS as the source of carbon. The strains were isolated from two activated sludges adapted to the purification of wastes containing the above compounds at concentration 150--200 mg/l. The isolated strains belonged to the genera: Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas. With load 0.11 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day bacteria belonging to Alcaligenes were dominating. With load 0.18--0.31 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day microorganisms were dominated by Pseudomonas. The highest intensity of degradation of the studied surfactant was shown by species: Alcaligenes viscolactis, Nocardia blackwellii and Pseudomonas rathonis.", "PMID": 62497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_448", "title": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyester fiber industry. II. Effect of activated sludge load on microorganisms.", "content": "The effect of selected nonionic surfactants Cirrasol FP, Cirrasol SF 200 and Cirrasol TCS on activated sludge organisms purifying wastes from the polyestre fibre industry was studied. The toxic effect of the mentioned surfactants towards bacteria, protozoa, rotifera and nematoda occurred at loads exceeding 0.32 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day and in periods of large fluctuations of the employed loads. Morphological changes of activated sludge flocs are also observed in similar conditions.", "contents": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyester fiber industry. II. Effect of activated sludge load on microorganisms. The effect of selected nonionic surfactants Cirrasol FP, Cirrasol SF 200 and Cirrasol TCS on activated sludge organisms purifying wastes from the polyestre fibre industry was studied. The toxic effect of the mentioned surfactants towards bacteria, protozoa, rotifera and nematoda occurred at loads exceeding 0.32 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day and in periods of large fluctuations of the employed loads. Morphological changes of activated sludge flocs are also observed in similar conditions.", "PMID": 62498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_449", "title": "Effect of acetic and trans-aconitic acids on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The effect of acetic and trans-aconitic acids on citric acid production by A. niger at different pH values was studied. The presence of acetic acid at pH 2 prevented spore germination, while it decreased the fungal growth and citric acid production at other pH values. In the presence of trans-aconitic acid the inhibition was less marked at lower than at higher pH values.", "contents": "Effect of acetic and trans-aconitic acids on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. The effect of acetic and trans-aconitic acids on citric acid production by A. niger at different pH values was studied. The presence of acetic acid at pH 2 prevented spore germination, while it decreased the fungal growth and citric acid production at other pH values. In the presence of trans-aconitic acid the inhibition was less marked at lower than at higher pH values.", "PMID": 62499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_450", "title": "Studies on the purification of wastewater from the nitrogen fertilizer industry by intensive algal cultures. I. Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in wastes.", "content": "The possibility of growth of intensive cultures of Chlorella vulgaris on industrial wastewater from nitrogen fertizer plant containing ammonia, urea and nitrate was investigated. Good growth of algae was obtained when the waste was enriched with phosphorus and inoculum contained a high number of cells. The optimal pH for the culture was 7.0--8.0. The main factor limiting growth of algae on wastes on the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. Chlorella vulgaris grows quite well in wastes containing 600 mg NH4-N/l but is inhibited at concentration about 100 mg NH4-N/l.", "contents": "Studies on the purification of wastewater from the nitrogen fertilizer industry by intensive algal cultures. I. Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in wastes. The possibility of growth of intensive cultures of Chlorella vulgaris on industrial wastewater from nitrogen fertizer plant containing ammonia, urea and nitrate was investigated. Good growth of algae was obtained when the waste was enriched with phosphorus and inoculum contained a high number of cells. The optimal pH for the culture was 7.0--8.0. The main factor limiting growth of algae on wastes on the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. Chlorella vulgaris grows quite well in wastes containing 600 mg NH4-N/l but is inhibited at concentration about 100 mg NH4-N/l.", "PMID": 62500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_451", "title": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. I. Estimation of the usefulness of some microbiological and hydrobiological characteristics.", "content": "The titres of physiological processes in bacteria (hydrolysis of urea, nitrification), total number of bacteria and photosynthesis were found to show high correlation with standard characteristics: BOD5 and saprobic index. The classificatory values of BOD5 and saprobic index depend on the pollution of waters (with BOD5 less than 3 mg O2/l more information on the extent of pollution is given by the saprobic index whereas with higher values BOD5 is better). The content of NH3-N and titres of ammonification and H2S production depend on the type of pollution and should not be used for determination of water purity without additional studies. Of increasing importance as a measure of pollution is the BOD5/BOD2 quotient.", "contents": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. I. Estimation of the usefulness of some microbiological and hydrobiological characteristics. The titres of physiological processes in bacteria (hydrolysis of urea, nitrification), total number of bacteria and photosynthesis were found to show high correlation with standard characteristics: BOD5 and saprobic index. The classificatory values of BOD5 and saprobic index depend on the pollution of waters (with BOD5 less than 3 mg O2/l more information on the extent of pollution is given by the saprobic index whereas with higher values BOD5 is better). The content of NH3-N and titres of ammonification and H2S production depend on the type of pollution and should not be used for determination of water purity without additional studies. Of increasing importance as a measure of pollution is the BOD5/BOD2 quotient.", "PMID": 62501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_452", "title": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. II. The use of numerical methods for the taxonomic appreciation of selected characteristics of water purity.", "content": "Numerical methods have been employed to determine the taxonomic value of a number of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics of water purity either in current use or proposed. Numerical methods have at the same time served to evaluate the usefulness and correlation coefficients of these characteristics in classification of the degree of pollution in different stretches (sites) of rivers.", "contents": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. II. The use of numerical methods for the taxonomic appreciation of selected characteristics of water purity. Numerical methods have been employed to determine the taxonomic value of a number of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics of water purity either in current use or proposed. Numerical methods have at the same time served to evaluate the usefulness and correlation coefficients of these characteristics in classification of the degree of pollution in different stretches (sites) of rivers.", "PMID": 62502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_453", "title": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. III. The use of numerical methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the degree of pollution.", "content": "The taxonometric methods of centrifugal correlation and principal components were used to classify sites along the investigated river with respect to quantity and quality of pollution. The degree of pollution was determined with the use of a collection of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics selected by statistical methods.", "contents": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. III. The use of numerical methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the degree of pollution. The taxonometric methods of centrifugal correlation and principal components were used to classify sites along the investigated river with respect to quantity and quality of pollution. The degree of pollution was determined with the use of a collection of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics selected by statistical methods.", "PMID": 62503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_454", "title": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. IV. Classification of pollution of waters based on norms of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics determined by numerical methods.", "content": "Norms of microbiological (coliform titre, nitrification titre, urea hydrolysis titre, number of bacteria, BOD2 and BOD5), hydrobiological (intensity of photosynthesis, saprobic index, number of algae) and chemical (oxidability, DMDT content) characteristics, determining the ecological quality of water, are suggested. Their taxonomic value has been appraised with the use of numerical methods: centrifugal correlation and principle components, used for the classification of a collection of sites with respect to pollution.", "contents": "Valuation of characteristics of water purity. IV. Classification of pollution of waters based on norms of microbiological, hydrobiological and chemical characteristics determined by numerical methods. Norms of microbiological (coliform titre, nitrification titre, urea hydrolysis titre, number of bacteria, BOD2 and BOD5), hydrobiological (intensity of photosynthesis, saprobic index, number of algae) and chemical (oxidability, DMDT content) characteristics, determining the ecological quality of water, are suggested. Their taxonomic value has been appraised with the use of numerical methods: centrifugal correlation and principle components, used for the classification of a collection of sites with respect to pollution.", "PMID": 62504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_455", "title": "Determination of growth of aquatic bacteria by measurements of incorporation of tritiated thymidine.", "content": "Evaluation was made of a novel technique, combining semi-continuous culture on membrane filters and assessment of the incorporation of titrated thymidine. The optimal temperature of incubation is 20--25 degrees, the period of incubation--3 hours; the initial activity of tritiated thymidine--0.5 muC/ml. There is a linear relation between the initial number of bacteria on a filter and the level of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The incorporation is dependent on nutrient content in the examined water.", "contents": "Determination of growth of aquatic bacteria by measurements of incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Evaluation was made of a novel technique, combining semi-continuous culture on membrane filters and assessment of the incorporation of titrated thymidine. The optimal temperature of incubation is 20--25 degrees, the period of incubation--3 hours; the initial activity of tritiated thymidine--0.5 muC/ml. There is a linear relation between the initial number of bacteria on a filter and the level of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The incorporation is dependent on nutrient content in the examined water.", "PMID": 62505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_456", "title": "Epidemiology and prevention of ventricular ectopic rhythms.", "content": "Current work of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene is reviewed on the epidemiology and prevention of ectopic ventricular rhythms (VPB). The evidence suggests that uniform simple VPB at rest, or exercise-induced, are prognostically important only in those having clinically manifest coronary disease. A simple rhythm strip is an effective first screen method for detecting individuals having rather frequent VPB, and frequency of VPB is correlated with complex ectopic rhythms. A multifaceted stress induction test induces VPB and does it consistently. Hygienic intervention, in which cardiac stimulants are removed and conditioning exercises given, is being tested as VPB suppressive therapy.", "contents": "Epidemiology and prevention of ventricular ectopic rhythms. Current work of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene is reviewed on the epidemiology and prevention of ectopic ventricular rhythms (VPB). The evidence suggests that uniform simple VPB at rest, or exercise-induced, are prognostically important only in those having clinically manifest coronary disease. A simple rhythm strip is an effective first screen method for detecting individuals having rather frequent VPB, and frequency of VPB is correlated with complex ectopic rhythms. A multifaceted stress induction test induces VPB and does it consistently. Hygienic intervention, in which cardiac stimulants are removed and conditioning exercises given, is being tested as VPB suppressive therapy.", "PMID": 62507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_457", "title": "Sclerosing hyaline necrosis in noncirrhotic chronic alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "A group of 18 chronic alcoholic patients who had sclerosing hyaline necrosis in noncirrhotic livers was compared with a group of 12 similar individuals with acute alcoholic hepatitis, but no centrilobular fibrosis. In cases with sclerosing hyaline necrosis, the most characteristic features were portal hypertension with very large, tender livers and unusually high glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase values; these were associated with centrilobular fibrosis and abundant alcoholic hyalin. Three of these patients died within two years and in two of these, early cirrhosis was found at necropsy. In the cases of acute alcoholic hepatitis, hepatomegaly was the most conspicuous finding, and only a single patient died; death here was unrelated to hepatic disease, the liver being unremarkable at necropsy. Patients who had sclerosing hyaline necrosis tended to remain ill for significantly longer periods. These observations, in conjunction with evidence gathered from the literature, seem to suggest that sclerosing hyaline necrosis is an obligatory step in the natural evolution of alcoholic hepatic disease, especially in cases that evolve into cirrhosis.", "contents": "Sclerosing hyaline necrosis in noncirrhotic chronic alcoholic hepatitis. A group of 18 chronic alcoholic patients who had sclerosing hyaline necrosis in noncirrhotic livers was compared with a group of 12 similar individuals with acute alcoholic hepatitis, but no centrilobular fibrosis. In cases with sclerosing hyaline necrosis, the most characteristic features were portal hypertension with very large, tender livers and unusually high glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase values; these were associated with centrilobular fibrosis and abundant alcoholic hyalin. Three of these patients died within two years and in two of these, early cirrhosis was found at necropsy. In the cases of acute alcoholic hepatitis, hepatomegaly was the most conspicuous finding, and only a single patient died; death here was unrelated to hepatic disease, the liver being unremarkable at necropsy. Patients who had sclerosing hyaline necrosis tended to remain ill for significantly longer periods. These observations, in conjunction with evidence gathered from the literature, seem to suggest that sclerosing hyaline necrosis is an obligatory step in the natural evolution of alcoholic hepatic disease, especially in cases that evolve into cirrhosis.", "PMID": 62509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_458", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein. A prognostic indicator of liver-cell necrosis and regeneration following experimental injury by galactosamine in rats.", "content": "The serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein of rats following experimental galactosamine-induced liver-cell necrosis accurately reflect the severity of preceding liver-cell damage as determined by elevation of serum transaminases. There is a very close correlation between the highest SGOT or SGPT serum activity found 1-2 days after induction of necrosis and the subsequent elevation of alpha-fetoprotein at 2-6 days. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein are associated in time with restitutive proliferation of the damaged liver. These experimental results clarify the temporal relationship between alpha-fetoprotein and repair of liver-cell damage, which has been suggested by similar observations in cases of patients who have acute or sub-acute viral hepatitis. The correlations support the concept that serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations may be used as a prognostic indicator of the extent and course of fulminatn or subacute hepatitis.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein. A prognostic indicator of liver-cell necrosis and regeneration following experimental injury by galactosamine in rats. The serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein of rats following experimental galactosamine-induced liver-cell necrosis accurately reflect the severity of preceding liver-cell damage as determined by elevation of serum transaminases. There is a very close correlation between the highest SGOT or SGPT serum activity found 1-2 days after induction of necrosis and the subsequent elevation of alpha-fetoprotein at 2-6 days. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein are associated in time with restitutive proliferation of the damaged liver. These experimental results clarify the temporal relationship between alpha-fetoprotein and repair of liver-cell damage, which has been suggested by similar observations in cases of patients who have acute or sub-acute viral hepatitis. The correlations support the concept that serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations may be used as a prognostic indicator of the extent and course of fulminatn or subacute hepatitis.", "PMID": 62510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_459", "title": "Selective staining with hematoxylin, applications and theory: a review.", "content": "The uses of hematoxylin in special histologic staining procedures are outline, with emphasis placed on those methods involving application of the dye in combination with selected metallic mordants. The theoretical basis for the demonstration of various intra- and extracellular components is discussed, and newer generalizations regarding preformed metal-complex dye staining mechanisms are reviewed.", "contents": "Selective staining with hematoxylin, applications and theory: a review. The uses of hematoxylin in special histologic staining procedures are outline, with emphasis placed on those methods involving application of the dye in combination with selected metallic mordants. The theoretical basis for the demonstration of various intra- and extracellular components is discussed, and newer generalizations regarding preformed metal-complex dye staining mechanisms are reviewed.", "PMID": 62512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_460", "title": "A gram stain for smears of blood cultures, body fluids and tissues.", "content": "A new Gram stain method for blood cultures was adapted from a method for tissue sections. This was accomplished by comparing various modifications of the latter method on positive smears prepared from a 24-hour negative blood culture seeded with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A blind study was then conducted using the new method and Hucker's method on 24-hour and 72-hour blood cultures as well as a limited number of other body fluids and tissues. Of the 35 positive blood cultures detected by the new method, the Hucker method failed to detect 14 positive specimens (40 per cent) upon initial examination. Ten additional cultures were negative using both stains, but were positive on subculture at three days. The 18 additional cultures positive after ten days were detected using only the Hucker stain.", "contents": "A gram stain for smears of blood cultures, body fluids and tissues. A new Gram stain method for blood cultures was adapted from a method for tissue sections. This was accomplished by comparing various modifications of the latter method on positive smears prepared from a 24-hour negative blood culture seeded with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A blind study was then conducted using the new method and Hucker's method on 24-hour and 72-hour blood cultures as well as a limited number of other body fluids and tissues. Of the 35 positive blood cultures detected by the new method, the Hucker method failed to detect 14 positive specimens (40 per cent) upon initial examination. Ten additional cultures were negative using both stains, but were positive on subculture at three days. The 18 additional cultures positive after ten days were detected using only the Hucker stain.", "PMID": 62513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_461", "title": "A thermostable antigen associated with ovarian cancer.", "content": "Ovarian carcinoma contains an antigen (TA) which is stable at 100 degrees. Rabbit antisera to glycoprotein-rich extracts of tumors detect TA in 70 per cent of ovarian malignancies, in some benign ovarian cysts, certain normal lung preparations, normal cervix, and squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Highest levels may be associated with mucin secretion. No detectible antigen was present in normal ovary, plasma, A, B, and O erythrocytes, leukocytes, placenta, brain, heart, liver, corpus uteri, spleen, skeletal muscle, or kidney. Prolonged digestion of boiled tumor extracts with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, on Sephadex G-150 corresponding to a globular protein of 27,000 to 36,000 molecular weight. A beta-globulin mobility is seen in immunoelectrophoresis. It appears that TA differs in tissue specificity and molecular size from other known ovarian cancer associated antigens.", "contents": "A thermostable antigen associated with ovarian cancer. Ovarian carcinoma contains an antigen (TA) which is stable at 100 degrees. Rabbit antisera to glycoprotein-rich extracts of tumors detect TA in 70 per cent of ovarian malignancies, in some benign ovarian cysts, certain normal lung preparations, normal cervix, and squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Highest levels may be associated with mucin secretion. No detectible antigen was present in normal ovary, plasma, A, B, and O erythrocytes, leukocytes, placenta, brain, heart, liver, corpus uteri, spleen, skeletal muscle, or kidney. Prolonged digestion of boiled tumor extracts with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, on Sephadex G-150 corresponding to a globular protein of 27,000 to 36,000 molecular weight. A beta-globulin mobility is seen in immunoelectrophoresis. It appears that TA differs in tissue specificity and molecular size from other known ovarian cancer associated antigens.", "PMID": 62515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_462", "title": "Evaluation of choledochoduodenostomy in the treatment of malignant obstruction of the biliary tree.", "content": "The results of direct decompression of the common duct for malignant obstruction of the distal biliary tree by side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy are presented. Thirty-three patients were treated with twenty-four (73 per cent) having carcinoma of the pancreas. Seventy-two per cent of the patients had had previous cholecystectomy or cholelithiasis whereas the common duct was utilized in preference to cholecystojejunostomy in six patients. The operative mortality was 12 per cent and six patients had complications. No deaths could be attributed to the choledochoduodenostomy, and complications did not significantly affect palliation. Mean postoperative survival was 10 +/- 0.9 months. Two patients had obstruction of the anastomosis as a terminal event. This study suggests that appropriately applied choledochoduodenostomy is a simple, effective means to decompress the common duct obstructed by tumor.", "contents": "Evaluation of choledochoduodenostomy in the treatment of malignant obstruction of the biliary tree. The results of direct decompression of the common duct for malignant obstruction of the distal biliary tree by side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy are presented. Thirty-three patients were treated with twenty-four (73 per cent) having carcinoma of the pancreas. Seventy-two per cent of the patients had had previous cholecystectomy or cholelithiasis whereas the common duct was utilized in preference to cholecystojejunostomy in six patients. The operative mortality was 12 per cent and six patients had complications. No deaths could be attributed to the choledochoduodenostomy, and complications did not significantly affect palliation. Mean postoperative survival was 10 +/- 0.9 months. Two patients had obstruction of the anastomosis as a terminal event. This study suggests that appropriately applied choledochoduodenostomy is a simple, effective means to decompress the common duct obstructed by tumor.", "PMID": 62516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_463", "title": "Prediction of intestinal viability by intra-arterial dye injection: a simple test.", "content": "A vital dye solution injected intra-arterially stains only the viable parts in intestine of questionable viability. After various periods of ischemia, the viability of rat intestinal loops was assessed by three methods: on clinical basis; by detection of reactive hyperemia using an electronic thermometer; and by intra-arterial dye injection. The accuracy in viability prediction was 36, 69, and 84 per cent, respectively. The intraarterial dye injection method proved to be a simple, easy, and inexpensive way to accurately predict the viability of ischemic rat intestine.", "contents": "Prediction of intestinal viability by intra-arterial dye injection: a simple test. A vital dye solution injected intra-arterially stains only the viable parts in intestine of questionable viability. After various periods of ischemia, the viability of rat intestinal loops was assessed by three methods: on clinical basis; by detection of reactive hyperemia using an electronic thermometer; and by intra-arterial dye injection. The accuracy in viability prediction was 36, 69, and 84 per cent, respectively. The intraarterial dye injection method proved to be a simple, easy, and inexpensive way to accurately predict the viability of ischemic rat intestine.", "PMID": 62517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_464", "title": "Teaching aids.", "content": "A teaching aid is exactly what it says it is--an aid to teaching. No matter how exciting the aid may be, its production is not an end in itself, merely a means to an end. Teaching aids are most effective and can be best justified when a need for them has been demonstrated and when they can be shown to clarify the teaching of points and problems which students have formerly found difficult to understand. The best teaching aids are the result of a combination of imagination and enthusiasm. Aids should always be evaluated to determine whether the costs of production are justified by an improvement in learning.", "contents": "Teaching aids. A teaching aid is exactly what it says it is--an aid to teaching. No matter how exciting the aid may be, its production is not an end in itself, merely a means to an end. Teaching aids are most effective and can be best justified when a need for them has been demonstrated and when they can be shown to clarify the teaching of points and problems which students have formerly found difficult to understand. The best teaching aids are the result of a combination of imagination and enthusiasm. Aids should always be evaluated to determine whether the costs of production are justified by an improvement in learning.", "PMID": 62519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_465", "title": "The depletion of the granules of argentaffin and argyrophile cells of monkey duodenum by reserpine.", "content": "The influence of reserpine (5 mg/kg) on the argentaffin and argyrophile cells has been studied in 4 monkeys, and in 4 controls. In the treated animals, there is a marked and obvious reduction in the number of argentaffin cells; the cells that remain also show signs of partial depletion. Reduction of the number of argyrophile cells is not obvious on casual examination, but cell counts reveal a statistically significant reduction. The persisting argyrophile cells show signs of partial depletion.", "contents": "The depletion of the granules of argentaffin and argyrophile cells of monkey duodenum by reserpine. The influence of reserpine (5 mg/kg) on the argentaffin and argyrophile cells has been studied in 4 monkeys, and in 4 controls. In the treated animals, there is a marked and obvious reduction in the number of argentaffin cells; the cells that remain also show signs of partial depletion. Reduction of the number of argyrophile cells is not obvious on casual examination, but cell counts reveal a statistically significant reduction. The persisting argyrophile cells show signs of partial depletion.", "PMID": 62522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_466", "title": "Application of Bathurin and borax in the biological control of Monomorium pharaonis in housing estates.", "content": "Of two apartment houses infested with ants of the species Monomorium pharaonis, one was treated with a biological, the other with a chemical substance. In the first case we used Bathurin in combination with borax at a concentration of 1.3% for both substances. In the first week, borax was added to the bait (minced beef), within the next three weeks, the bait was mixed with Bathurin. The procedure was repeated 5 times. After this period, we achieved complete control of the ants on the infested premises.--Our results obtained with the chemical substance (the insecticide Anthrix) were less successful. This indicates that the first method, although time-consuming and requiring a perfect collaboration with all inhabitants, is safer, because it leads to the complete eradication of ants in the infested premises.", "contents": "Application of Bathurin and borax in the biological control of Monomorium pharaonis in housing estates. Of two apartment houses infested with ants of the species Monomorium pharaonis, one was treated with a biological, the other with a chemical substance. In the first case we used Bathurin in combination with borax at a concentration of 1.3% for both substances. In the first week, borax was added to the bait (minced beef), within the next three weeks, the bait was mixed with Bathurin. The procedure was repeated 5 times. After this period, we achieved complete control of the ants on the infested premises.--Our results obtained with the chemical substance (the insecticide Anthrix) were less successful. This indicates that the first method, although time-consuming and requiring a perfect collaboration with all inhabitants, is safer, because it leads to the complete eradication of ants in the infested premises.", "PMID": 62524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_467", "title": "[Queens' technic in Pharaoh's ant control. 2. Synergistic effects].", "content": "The alkylating (Tepa, Metepa, Thiotepa, Apholate) and non-alkylating (Hempa, Hemel) chemosterilants have been tested in a screening programme together with 6 synergists of insecticides (Pieronylbutoxide, Bucarpolate, Sulfoxide, Safroxan, Demethylsulfoxide, S-421) for cumulative and synergistic effects. Since all of the insecticide synergists were repellent in contrast to the chemosterilants, the substances have been screened only by the dipping test. The synergists increased in solutions of acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa and Piperonylbutoxide resulted in real synergistic effects. The sterility of the queens of the pharaoh's ant was increased at a relation of 1 part of Tepa to 5 parts of Piperonylbutoxide up to twentyfold. It is probably the first evidence of synergism between conventional chemosterilants and insecticide synergists. Unfortunately this excellent effect can not be used for practical control measures because only the baiting method leads to an eradication. - All the other screened combinations showed neither cumulative nor synergistic effects.", "contents": "[Queens' technic in Pharaoh's ant control. 2. Synergistic effects]. The alkylating (Tepa, Metepa, Thiotepa, Apholate) and non-alkylating (Hempa, Hemel) chemosterilants have been tested in a screening programme together with 6 synergists of insecticides (Pieronylbutoxide, Bucarpolate, Sulfoxide, Safroxan, Demethylsulfoxide, S-421) for cumulative and synergistic effects. Since all of the insecticide synergists were repellent in contrast to the chemosterilants, the substances have been screened only by the dipping test. The synergists increased in solutions of acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa and Piperonylbutoxide resulted in real synergistic effects. The sterility of the queens of the pharaoh's ant was increased at a relation of 1 part of Tepa to 5 parts of Piperonylbutoxide up to twentyfold. It is probably the first evidence of synergism between conventional chemosterilants and insecticide synergists. Unfortunately this excellent effect can not be used for practical control measures because only the baiting method leads to an eradication. - All the other screened combinations showed neither cumulative nor synergistic effects.", "PMID": 62525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_468", "title": "[Anaphylactoid complications related to the use of 40,000- molecular weight dextran].", "content": "The intravenous administration of Dextran 40,000 (Rheomacrodes) was responsible in eight cases, for grave accidents, arising at the beginning of the injection. These were five cases of cardiovascular collapse and three of cardiac arrest. In 50 p. 100 of the cases, there was associated generalised erythma. The course was lethal in one case.", "contents": "[Anaphylactoid complications related to the use of 40,000- molecular weight dextran]. The intravenous administration of Dextran 40,000 (Rheomacrodes) was responsible in eight cases, for grave accidents, arising at the beginning of the injection. These were five cases of cardiovascular collapse and three of cardiac arrest. In 50 p. 100 of the cases, there was associated generalised erythma. The course was lethal in one case.", "PMID": 62526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_469", "title": "[Anaphylactic shock in anesthesia].", "content": "The notion of anaphylactic shock under anaesthesia implies sensitization, with a minimum delay of 1 week, on the occasion either of a previous anaesthesia with the responsible product, or with taking a drug with common antigenic determinants. Clinically this is reflected by the rapid and explosive appearance of symptoms which are always comparable: tendency to vascular collapse, respiratory bronchospastic distress, erythematous rash and Quincke's edema, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. These signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock are closely related to the pharmacological actions of substances liberated during the reaction, of reaginic orgin (histamine, S.R.S.A.). It is reproduced by the direct effects of numerous anaesthetics on the liberation of theses very substances without the intermediary of an immunological mechanism. In consequence, the clinical argument alone is not sufficient to assert the true anaphylactic nature of a shock. Consequently, the elements of the history must be strongly borne in mind: notion ofsensitization during a previous anaesthesia, to the responsible product or to a drug which could have a crossed antigenicity with it.", "contents": "[Anaphylactic shock in anesthesia]. The notion of anaphylactic shock under anaesthesia implies sensitization, with a minimum delay of 1 week, on the occasion either of a previous anaesthesia with the responsible product, or with taking a drug with common antigenic determinants. Clinically this is reflected by the rapid and explosive appearance of symptoms which are always comparable: tendency to vascular collapse, respiratory bronchospastic distress, erythematous rash and Quincke's edema, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. These signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock are closely related to the pharmacological actions of substances liberated during the reaction, of reaginic orgin (histamine, S.R.S.A.). It is reproduced by the direct effects of numerous anaesthetics on the liberation of theses very substances without the intermediary of an immunological mechanism. In consequence, the clinical argument alone is not sufficient to assert the true anaphylactic nature of a shock. Consequently, the elements of the history must be strongly borne in mind: notion ofsensitization during a previous anaesthesia, to the responsible product or to a drug which could have a crossed antigenicity with it.", "PMID": 62527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_470", "title": "[Specific and non-specific histamine liberation].", "content": "Histamine-liberation occurs mainly from the mast cells and basophils, the sitr of synthesis of histamine, and other intermediary substances such as serotonin, S.T.S.A. The possible causes for this histamine-liberation are numerous and varied. Histamine-liberation of immunological order only represents a particular case in this chapter as a whole. The study quite specifically deals with histamine-legeration provoked by the direct pharmacodynamic action of drug substances, in particular those which are used in anaesthesiology. These substances are numerous and act according to two essential mechanisms: action by diffusion in the region of the histamine carrying cell (the case of substances of low molecular weight), enzymatic action on the cell membrane (the case of substances with high molecular weight). From the standpoint of clinical consequences, discrimination between specific and non-specific histamine-liberation is therefore risky. In practice, in the face of a symptomatology of histamine shock, it is necessary to bear in mind what is known of the pharmacological action of the substances used, and on the other hand not to neglect the resources of the history, and to employ the laboratory tests capable of providing arguments for or against anaphylaxis.", "contents": "[Specific and non-specific histamine liberation]. Histamine-liberation occurs mainly from the mast cells and basophils, the sitr of synthesis of histamine, and other intermediary substances such as serotonin, S.T.S.A. The possible causes for this histamine-liberation are numerous and varied. Histamine-liberation of immunological order only represents a particular case in this chapter as a whole. The study quite specifically deals with histamine-legeration provoked by the direct pharmacodynamic action of drug substances, in particular those which are used in anaesthesiology. These substances are numerous and act according to two essential mechanisms: action by diffusion in the region of the histamine carrying cell (the case of substances of low molecular weight), enzymatic action on the cell membrane (the case of substances with high molecular weight). From the standpoint of clinical consequences, discrimination between specific and non-specific histamine-liberation is therefore risky. In practice, in the face of a symptomatology of histamine shock, it is necessary to bear in mind what is known of the pharmacological action of the substances used, and on the other hand not to neglect the resources of the history, and to employ the laboratory tests capable of providing arguments for or against anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 62528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_471", "title": "[Bronchomotor tonus: per-operative bronchospasm].", "content": "The comprehension of the occurrence of bronchospasm during surgery is based on the knowledge of the factors which control bronchomotility: parasympathetic or cholinergic system, essentially bronchoconstrictor; sympathetic adrenergic system, with beta-2 effect, bronchodilator, and with alpha-bronchoconstrictor effect. It is also worth bearing in mind the chemical midiators, in particular, histamine contained in the mast cells, \"slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis\" which is a bronchoconstrictor substance of slow and prolonged action, Serotonin whose role is more modest. The last mediators known, prostaglandins, play an important role in the regulation of bronchomotility, PGE' are bronchodilators, PGF 2 alpha are bronchoconstrictors. With reference to the development of bronchospasm during anesthesia, one must bear in mind the background, and in particular of the allergy, of a past history of asthma and of the pre-operative functional respiratory condition. One must also bear in mind the anaesthesia, and the pharmacodynamic action of the substances used which can interfere with the phenomena controlling bronchomotor tone.", "contents": "[Bronchomotor tonus: per-operative bronchospasm]. The comprehension of the occurrence of bronchospasm during surgery is based on the knowledge of the factors which control bronchomotility: parasympathetic or cholinergic system, essentially bronchoconstrictor; sympathetic adrenergic system, with beta-2 effect, bronchodilator, and with alpha-bronchoconstrictor effect. It is also worth bearing in mind the chemical midiators, in particular, histamine contained in the mast cells, \"slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis\" which is a bronchoconstrictor substance of slow and prolonged action, Serotonin whose role is more modest. The last mediators known, prostaglandins, play an important role in the regulation of bronchomotility, PGE' are bronchodilators, PGF 2 alpha are bronchoconstrictors. With reference to the development of bronchospasm during anesthesia, one must bear in mind the background, and in particular of the allergy, of a past history of asthma and of the pre-operative functional respiratory condition. One must also bear in mind the anaesthesia, and the pharmacodynamic action of the substances used which can interfere with the phenomena controlling bronchomotor tone.", "PMID": 62529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_472", "title": "[Various risk factors in the precipitaiton of complications caused by anesthetics and muscle relaxants].", "content": "From this study an important notion emerges concerning the risk factors in accidents due to general anaesthetics and myorelaxants. Among these factors, three are clinical parameters which can be assessed by any anaesthetist: the presence of atopy, of a previous drug allergy, of previous, repeated general anaesthesia, close together in timel Two factors were the subject of an experimental study, routinely investigating an abnormal histamine reactivity of the skin, and a latent spasmophilia. No definite conclusion can be made from the results, bearing in mind certain criticisms of technical order and the small number of subjects investigated. However, these works merit being pursued. Thus, if all subjects are not equal when faced with the risks inherent to anaesthesia, a thorough study of individual risk factors will enable a preventive approach, utilising a premedication prescribed with mature consideration.", "contents": "[Various risk factors in the precipitaiton of complications caused by anesthetics and muscle relaxants]. From this study an important notion emerges concerning the risk factors in accidents due to general anaesthetics and myorelaxants. Among these factors, three are clinical parameters which can be assessed by any anaesthetist: the presence of atopy, of a previous drug allergy, of previous, repeated general anaesthesia, close together in timel Two factors were the subject of an experimental study, routinely investigating an abnormal histamine reactivity of the skin, and a latent spasmophilia. No definite conclusion can be made from the results, bearing in mind certain criticisms of technical order and the small number of subjects investigated. However, these works merit being pursued. Thus, if all subjects are not equal when faced with the risks inherent to anaesthesia, a thorough study of individual risk factors will enable a preventive approach, utilising a premedication prescribed with mature consideration.", "PMID": 62532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_473", "title": "[Histamine liberation in extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "Extra-corporeal circulation (E.C.C.) has been held responsible for histamine liberation incidents, essentially by a mechanical cause. In order to prove this, the authors assayed the overall histaminaemia at different times during E.C.C. in 11 patients. The results are discussed in terms of the patients' backgrounds, temperature, hematocrit, blood gases and the acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. Histaminaemia, corrected depending on the dilution, did not show any significant variation, even in two patients who clinically had anaphylactic manifestations.", "contents": "[Histamine liberation in extracorporeal circulation]. Extra-corporeal circulation (E.C.C.) has been held responsible for histamine liberation incidents, essentially by a mechanical cause. In order to prove this, the authors assayed the overall histaminaemia at different times during E.C.C. in 11 patients. The results are discussed in terms of the patients' backgrounds, temperature, hematocrit, blood gases and the acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. Histaminaemia, corrected depending on the dilution, did not show any significant variation, even in two patients who clinically had anaphylactic manifestations.", "PMID": 62533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_474", "title": "[High-risk factors in anesthesiology and methods of detection].", "content": "This study demonstrates the importance of allergies to drugs used in premedication and enables one to realize the practical difficulty in picking out the causal drug allergies in anaesthetic accidents. From the practical point of view, it is evidently impossible to carry out L.T.T.s in all patients, considered as being exposed to an allergic risk in anaesthesia. It could however be envisaged carrying out ingestion tests such as are used in order to demonstrate intolerance to iodine, by the administration of small doses of Lugol's iodine or tablets containing iodine, and which lead to benign digestive intolerance reactions.", "contents": "[High-risk factors in anesthesiology and methods of detection]. This study demonstrates the importance of allergies to drugs used in premedication and enables one to realize the practical difficulty in picking out the causal drug allergies in anaesthetic accidents. From the practical point of view, it is evidently impossible to carry out L.T.T.s in all patients, considered as being exposed to an allergic risk in anaesthesia. It could however be envisaged carrying out ingestion tests such as are used in order to demonstrate intolerance to iodine, by the administration of small doses of Lugol's iodine or tablets containing iodine, and which lead to benign digestive intolerance reactions.", "PMID": 62534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_475", "title": "[In vivo blood histamine during anesthesia].", "content": "The authors studied the variations in histaminaemia in the plasma on the one hand, and in whole blood on the other hand: In volunteers:-after administration of histamine in an intravenous infusion ranging from 18 to 90 ng/min/kg;-after administration of thiopental, methohexital and propanidide. In volunteers, by means of the different parameters measured, the authors found that the mean plasma concentration was 0.69 +/- 0.26 ng/ml. In the whole blood, the histaminaemia was 54 +/- 18 ng/ml. The perfusion of histamine up to 45 ng/kg/min led to no symptomatology in 3 volunteers. Propanidide led to an average increase of 350 p. 100 in the initial normal figure of plasma histaminaemia approximately 5 minutes after the beginning of the injection. But there is no agreement between the figures obtained and the clinical signs (tachycardia, mild hypotension). The injection of thiopental led to an analagous symptomatology: i.e. tachycardia and mild hypotension, arising before the maximum increase in plasma histaminaemia. Methohexital, and althesin are also histamine-liberators. Only estomidate, a new pure hypnotic product as yet not commercialised, did not lead to histamine-liberation.", "contents": "[In vivo blood histamine during anesthesia]. The authors studied the variations in histaminaemia in the plasma on the one hand, and in whole blood on the other hand: In volunteers:-after administration of histamine in an intravenous infusion ranging from 18 to 90 ng/min/kg;-after administration of thiopental, methohexital and propanidide. In volunteers, by means of the different parameters measured, the authors found that the mean plasma concentration was 0.69 +/- 0.26 ng/ml. In the whole blood, the histaminaemia was 54 +/- 18 ng/ml. The perfusion of histamine up to 45 ng/kg/min led to no symptomatology in 3 volunteers. Propanidide led to an average increase of 350 p. 100 in the initial normal figure of plasma histaminaemia approximately 5 minutes after the beginning of the injection. But there is no agreement between the figures obtained and the clinical signs (tachycardia, mild hypotension). The injection of thiopental led to an analagous symptomatology: i.e. tachycardia and mild hypotension, arising before the maximum increase in plasma histaminaemia. Methohexital, and althesin are also histamine-liberators. Only estomidate, a new pure hypnotic product as yet not commercialised, did not lead to histamine-liberation.", "PMID": 62535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_476", "title": "[In vivo blood histamine during anesthesia].", "content": "Assays of overal histaminaemia were carried out, in 150 patients anaesthetised according to three different techniques, apart from any surgical act. 119 anaesthesias took place without any incident, 33 were disturbed by the appearance of rashes or of bronchospasm. The overall histaminaemia varied according to three types of graphs (a flat graph, an ascending graph, or a descending graph) without it being possible to evoke any relationship between this course and the clinical signs. It seems that the presence of a background predisposing to histamine-liberation is however responsible for greater frequency of the descending graphs, and that the method of administration of the anaesthetic product is a factor which can intervene in the genesis of the phenomena of histamine-liberation during anaesthesia. An interpretation of the variations in the graphs of histaminaemia is attempted by the authors.", "contents": "[In vivo blood histamine during anesthesia]. Assays of overal histaminaemia were carried out, in 150 patients anaesthetised according to three different techniques, apart from any surgical act. 119 anaesthesias took place without any incident, 33 were disturbed by the appearance of rashes or of bronchospasm. The overall histaminaemia varied according to three types of graphs (a flat graph, an ascending graph, or a descending graph) without it being possible to evoke any relationship between this course and the clinical signs. It seems that the presence of a background predisposing to histamine-liberation is however responsible for greater frequency of the descending graphs, and that the method of administration of the anaesthetic product is a factor which can intervene in the genesis of the phenomena of histamine-liberation during anaesthesia. An interpretation of the variations in the graphs of histaminaemia is attempted by the authors.", "PMID": 62536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_477", "title": "[Preventive tests and their limits. Management before the risk of complications].", "content": "The carrying out of preventive tests (Shelley's test) is studied in the light of results obtained in cases of definite accidents, on the one hand, and in similar preventive enquiries with local anaesthetics. The positivity does not exceed 25 p. 100 of the cases during definite accidents, and 10 p. 100 during preventive tests, and as risks of error are produced in both directions, the author advises against preventive tests in the majority of cases.", "contents": "[Preventive tests and their limits. Management before the risk of complications]. The carrying out of preventive tests (Shelley's test) is studied in the light of results obtained in cases of definite accidents, on the one hand, and in similar preventive enquiries with local anaesthetics. The positivity does not exceed 25 p. 100 of the cases during definite accidents, and 10 p. 100 during preventive tests, and as risks of error are produced in both directions, the author advises against preventive tests in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 62537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_478", "title": "[Anaphylactoid complications due to the use of anesthetic products and adjuvants. Apropos of 18 cases].", "content": "Eighteen grave anaphylactic accidents arising during induction or during anaesthesia, are analysed. By order of frequency, the clinical signs are cutaneous manifestations (70 p. 100 of the cases), bronchospasm (65 p. 100), cardiovascular collapse (45 p. 100). In four cases, cardiac arrest occurred. The course was always favourable, with no after-effects. Immuno-allergic tests enabled one to make the diagnosis of true anaphylaxis in eight cases (seven shocks due to succinylcholine, one due to propanidide), of non specific histamine-liberation in five cases; in the other cases, it was impossible to express an opinion.", "contents": "[Anaphylactoid complications due to the use of anesthetic products and adjuvants. Apropos of 18 cases]. Eighteen grave anaphylactic accidents arising during induction or during anaesthesia, are analysed. By order of frequency, the clinical signs are cutaneous manifestations (70 p. 100 of the cases), bronchospasm (65 p. 100), cardiovascular collapse (45 p. 100). In four cases, cardiac arrest occurred. The course was always favourable, with no after-effects. Immuno-allergic tests enabled one to make the diagnosis of true anaphylaxis in eight cases (seven shocks due to succinylcholine, one due to propanidide), of non specific histamine-liberation in five cases; in the other cases, it was impossible to express an opinion.", "PMID": 62539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_479", "title": "[Complications of histamine liberation during anesthesia].", "content": "Eight clinical cases of anaphylactic accidents are presented: six arising during anaesthetic induction (four being probably true allergy) and two secondary to massive histamine-liberation during perfusion of Rheomacrodex.", "contents": "[Complications of histamine liberation during anesthesia]. Eight clinical cases of anaphylactic accidents are presented: six arising during anaesthetic induction (four being probably true allergy) and two secondary to massive histamine-liberation during perfusion of Rheomacrodex.", "PMID": 62540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_480", "title": "[Histamine-type reactions seen in general anesthesia].", "content": "The article analyses the results of a test conducted in 7 departments of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, concerning accidents of a histaminic type which occured following the administration of anaesthetic agents. It seems that very few of the products used lack the property of releasing histamine. The accidents observed may have more complex origins, such as the release of serotonin or bradykinin, etc...,but they seem, nevertheless to be closely linked to the histaminic level and vary in seriousness in relation to that level. The study of the very kind of accident observed attempts to explain the cardiac arrests reported in our enquiry. The difficulty of putting into effect an eventual immuno-allergic process is evoked. Finally, the treatment seems to be sterotypic and effective as there was only one death among the 66 cases recorded.", "contents": "[Histamine-type reactions seen in general anesthesia]. The article analyses the results of a test conducted in 7 departments of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, concerning accidents of a histaminic type which occured following the administration of anaesthetic agents. It seems that very few of the products used lack the property of releasing histamine. The accidents observed may have more complex origins, such as the release of serotonin or bradykinin, etc...,but they seem, nevertheless to be closely linked to the histaminic level and vary in seriousness in relation to that level. The study of the very kind of accident observed attempts to explain the cardiac arrests reported in our enquiry. The difficulty of putting into effect an eventual immuno-allergic process is evoked. Finally, the treatment seems to be sterotypic and effective as there was only one death among the 66 cases recorded.", "PMID": 62541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_481", "title": "[Interference between histamine liberation and drugs used in anesthesiology. Prevention and treatment of the complications of histamine liberation].", "content": "The authors report the complications associated with the administration of some anaesthetics using propanidide. In one of the controls, premedication using an antihistamine was sufficient to avoid, during a third administration of propanidide, complications which included a fall in blood pressure and which had occurred when the second anaesthetic had been given. In one patient with high plasma histamine concentrations, circulatory arrest occurred during the second and third anaesthetic, despite meclastinum. Only the addition of a glucocorticoid to the premedication made possible an anaesthetic without problems. During a third propanidide anaesthetic given to this same patient, we were able to confirm our hypothesis by a premedication combining meclastinum and a glucocorticoid, despite the high plasma histamine level found. In certain other cases, however, plasma histimine concentration did not increase despite the development of erythema and urticaria of the face and neck. Serious complications were successfully dealt with using a combination of glucocorticoids, adrenaline derivatives and an antihistamine.", "contents": "[Interference between histamine liberation and drugs used in anesthesiology. Prevention and treatment of the complications of histamine liberation]. The authors report the complications associated with the administration of some anaesthetics using propanidide. In one of the controls, premedication using an antihistamine was sufficient to avoid, during a third administration of propanidide, complications which included a fall in blood pressure and which had occurred when the second anaesthetic had been given. In one patient with high plasma histamine concentrations, circulatory arrest occurred during the second and third anaesthetic, despite meclastinum. Only the addition of a glucocorticoid to the premedication made possible an anaesthetic without problems. During a third propanidide anaesthetic given to this same patient, we were able to confirm our hypothesis by a premedication combining meclastinum and a glucocorticoid, despite the high plasma histamine level found. In certain other cases, however, plasma histimine concentration did not increase despite the development of erythema and urticaria of the face and neck. Serious complications were successfully dealt with using a combination of glucocorticoids, adrenaline derivatives and an antihistamine.", "PMID": 62543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_482", "title": "[Histamine liberation and its mechanism].", "content": "The author, on the basis of his personal work, proposes a classification of the mechanisms of histamine liberation: a metabolic mechanism (acting like anaphylaxis) and a mechanism by amine displacement. Subsequently, the action on histamine of two hydrosoluble vitamins: ascorbic acid and nicotinamide is considered, in the animal as a whole and on the mastocytes of rat peritoneum.", "contents": "[Histamine liberation and its mechanism]. The author, on the basis of his personal work, proposes a classification of the mechanisms of histamine liberation: a metabolic mechanism (acting like anaphylaxis) and a mechanism by amine displacement. Subsequently, the action on histamine of two hydrosoluble vitamins: ascorbic acid and nicotinamide is considered, in the animal as a whole and on the mastocytes of rat peritoneum.", "PMID": 62544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_483", "title": "The reliability of gastric smears by auramine-rhodamine staining technique for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.", "content": "From 1972 to 1974, all sputum specimens and gastric aspirate specimens submitted to the University of Michigan Laboratory for acid-fast smear and culture were studied. Specimens were paired for culture and smear results using the auramine-rhodamine staining technique. Of 1,893 patients, 75 patients without prior antituberculous therapy were found to have either a positive smear or a positive culture of either sputum or gastric material. The data analyzed by patient source revealed the following. (1) Staining sputum with auramine-rhodamine is a clinically reliable technique for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis. It demonstrates a sensitivity of 78 per cent and a relative fraction of false positive smears of only 11 per cent. (2) Staining gastric-aspirated material by the auramine-rhodamine technique is not a clinically reliable method as a routine procedure for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, because of a sensitivity of only 58.8 per cent and a relative fraction of false-positive smears of 33 per cent. (3) In the absence of sputum in suspected clinical granulomatous disease, quantified gastric smears may be helpful. In this study, when more than 6 organisms per high power field were found, the patient's sputum or gastric material yielded a pathogenic mycobacterium on culture.", "contents": "The reliability of gastric smears by auramine-rhodamine staining technique for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. From 1972 to 1974, all sputum specimens and gastric aspirate specimens submitted to the University of Michigan Laboratory for acid-fast smear and culture were studied. Specimens were paired for culture and smear results using the auramine-rhodamine staining technique. Of 1,893 patients, 75 patients without prior antituberculous therapy were found to have either a positive smear or a positive culture of either sputum or gastric material. The data analyzed by patient source revealed the following. (1) Staining sputum with auramine-rhodamine is a clinically reliable technique for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis. It demonstrates a sensitivity of 78 per cent and a relative fraction of false positive smears of only 11 per cent. (2) Staining gastric-aspirated material by the auramine-rhodamine technique is not a clinically reliable method as a routine procedure for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, because of a sensitivity of only 58.8 per cent and a relative fraction of false-positive smears of 33 per cent. (3) In the absence of sputum in suspected clinical granulomatous disease, quantified gastric smears may be helpful. In this study, when more than 6 organisms per high power field were found, the patient's sputum or gastric material yielded a pathogenic mycobacterium on culture.", "PMID": 62546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_484", "title": "[Modification of chromatids before fixation: production of G bands by various stains].", "content": "Acridine orange, coriphosphine, toluidin blue, or pyronin, when added to the hypotonic solution, allow G-banding when the fixed slides are stained in the usual way. Apart from this simple practical application, these modifications of chromatid structure by a treatment applied before fixation shed some light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for chromosome banding.", "contents": "[Modification of chromatids before fixation: production of G bands by various stains]. Acridine orange, coriphosphine, toluidin blue, or pyronin, when added to the hypotonic solution, allow G-banding when the fixed slides are stained in the usual way. Apart from this simple practical application, these modifications of chromatid structure by a treatment applied before fixation shed some light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for chromosome banding.", "PMID": 62548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_485", "title": "Antihistamines. Guidelines and implications.", "content": "Antihistamines may be used to maximum benefit for the allergic patient if the physician adheres to four guidelines. These guidelines are based upon 1) an appreciation of certain structural and pharmacologic differences among antihistamines, and 2) an understanding of their mechanism of action. Around the clock administration is advisable, the dosage should be titrated for the individual patient, substitutions to another antihistamine should be to a different class of antihistamine, and the efficacy of any single antihistamine usually will diminish with prolonged use, either on the basis of true tolerance or because of psychic factors. There is good theoretical evidence when alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetics, employed as decongestants in combination with antihistamines, should not be given to allergic patients. Two newer drugs, disodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone, may provide symptomatic relief for allergic rhinitis patients. They may benefit the patient who does not obtain full symptomatic relief from antihistamines.", "contents": "Antihistamines. Guidelines and implications. Antihistamines may be used to maximum benefit for the allergic patient if the physician adheres to four guidelines. These guidelines are based upon 1) an appreciation of certain structural and pharmacologic differences among antihistamines, and 2) an understanding of their mechanism of action. Around the clock administration is advisable, the dosage should be titrated for the individual patient, substitutions to another antihistamine should be to a different class of antihistamine, and the efficacy of any single antihistamine usually will diminish with prolonged use, either on the basis of true tolerance or because of psychic factors. There is good theoretical evidence when alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetics, employed as decongestants in combination with antihistamines, should not be given to allergic patients. Two newer drugs, disodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone, may provide symptomatic relief for allergic rhinitis patients. They may benefit the patient who does not obtain full symptomatic relief from antihistamines.", "PMID": 62547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_486", "title": "[A probable glucidic allotypic pattern carried by the Fab fragment of rabbit IgG (author's transl)].", "content": "An allotypic specificity of rabbit immunoglobulins designated as A90 has been studied. The A90 pattern found on the Fab fragment and gamma chain of IgG, is located on the constant region of the Fd fragment of IgG. Aa+ molecules (which carry a specificity of the  a series) and Aa- molecules (which lack the a series specificity) isolated from the same serum carry the A90 pattern. A90 distribution in a given serum has been studied in several IgG fractions separated by DEAE cellulose chromatography; the most negatively charged of equally concentrated IgG fractions has ten times more A90 allotypic concentration than positively charged ones. The gene controlling A90 allotypic concentration than positively charged ones. The gene controlling A90 synthesis is not linked to a genes. The percentage of IgG molecules carrying the A90 pattern decreases with the age of the rabbits. Part of the anti-A90 antibodies combine with human IgG (of different subclasses) as well as with sheep and mouse IgG (among which they do not differentiate). The absence of linkage between A90 and a genes suggests that the A90 pattern has a glucidic part. We discuss this hypothesis, comparing some features of the A90 pattern to those of IgG human allotypic pattern for which a glucidic structure has been proposed.", "contents": "[A probable glucidic allotypic pattern carried by the Fab fragment of rabbit IgG (author's transl)]. An allotypic specificity of rabbit immunoglobulins designated as A90 has been studied. The A90 pattern found on the Fab fragment and gamma chain of IgG, is located on the constant region of the Fd fragment of IgG. Aa+ molecules (which carry a specificity of the  a series) and Aa- molecules (which lack the a series specificity) isolated from the same serum carry the A90 pattern. A90 distribution in a given serum has been studied in several IgG fractions separated by DEAE cellulose chromatography; the most negatively charged of equally concentrated IgG fractions has ten times more A90 allotypic concentration than positively charged ones. The gene controlling A90 allotypic concentration than positively charged ones. The gene controlling A90 synthesis is not linked to a genes. The percentage of IgG molecules carrying the A90 pattern decreases with the age of the rabbits. Part of the anti-A90 antibodies combine with human IgG (of different subclasses) as well as with sheep and mouse IgG (among which they do not differentiate). The absence of linkage between A90 and a genes suggests that the A90 pattern has a glucidic part. We discuss this hypothesis, comparing some features of the A90 pattern to those of IgG human allotypic pattern for which a glucidic structure has been proposed.", "PMID": 62549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_487", "title": "[The spleen in \"nude\" mice: an immunological and immunocytochemical study (author's transl)].", "content": "An immunological and immunocytochemical study to compare spleen cells of Nude (C57B1) and Swiss mice is reported. The percentage of surface immunoglobulins bearing lymphocytes is identical in both strains of animal (40%). An activated C3 receptor is present in the majority of these cells and has been demonstrated within the germinal centers in both cell suspensions and frozen tissue sections. The population of Fc receptor bearing cells is more heterogenous, but the percentage of these is nearly identical in both Swiss and Nude mice. T-cell specificity is identified with an anti-thymocyte and an antibrain antiserum using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The percentage of cells detected with the anti-thymocyte antiserum is very low in the spleen of Nude mice (5%) compared to that in the Swiss mice (42%). In the Nude mice, the anti-brain antiserum detects up to 30% of the spleen cells which may be considered as precursors and, so far, these 30% of cells in the Nude mice are considered as \"null\" cells, compared to only 20% in normal mice. The localization of the various immunocompetent cells within the spleen tissue is determined by immunofluorescence, immunoenzymology and the EAC rosette test. This study leads to the conclusion that in the periarteriolar areas of the spleen of the Nude mice, immune cells are sparse but that thymo-independent cells are located in the same region in both species of mice.", "contents": "[The spleen in \"nude\" mice: an immunological and immunocytochemical study (author's transl)]. An immunological and immunocytochemical study to compare spleen cells of Nude (C57B1) and Swiss mice is reported. The percentage of surface immunoglobulins bearing lymphocytes is identical in both strains of animal (40%). An activated C3 receptor is present in the majority of these cells and has been demonstrated within the germinal centers in both cell suspensions and frozen tissue sections. The population of Fc receptor bearing cells is more heterogenous, but the percentage of these is nearly identical in both Swiss and Nude mice. T-cell specificity is identified with an anti-thymocyte and an antibrain antiserum using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The percentage of cells detected with the anti-thymocyte antiserum is very low in the spleen of Nude mice (5%) compared to that in the Swiss mice (42%). In the Nude mice, the anti-brain antiserum detects up to 30% of the spleen cells which may be considered as precursors and, so far, these 30% of cells in the Nude mice are considered as \"null\" cells, compared to only 20% in normal mice. The localization of the various immunocompetent cells within the spleen tissue is determined by immunofluorescence, immunoenzymology and the EAC rosette test. This study leads to the conclusion that in the periarteriolar areas of the spleen of the Nude mice, immune cells are sparse but that thymo-independent cells are located in the same region in both species of mice.", "PMID": 62550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_488", "title": "Nutrition of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, the producer of gramicidin S.", "content": "The nutrition of the gramicidin S (GS) producer Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 was studied with respect to growth and antibiotic production. In a complex medium containing yeast extract and peptone, only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol contributed to growth, whereas other hexoses, pentoses, polyols, polysaccharides, and organic acids were inactive. Glycerol and fructose were inhibitory to GS formation; inositol had no effect. In chemically defined media containing a mixture of five amino acids (glutamine, methionine, proline, arginine, and histidine) necessary for good growth, again only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol served as effective carbon sources for growth. With respect to antibiotic formation, inositol was much poorer than glycerol or fructose. In the presence of glycerol and the five amino acids, addition of 0.1% l-phenylalanine specifically stimulated GS production. Growth kinetics in this defined medium showed two phases: early and rapid growth at the expense of the amino acid mixture, followed by glycerol utilization after a diauxic lag of 2 to 3 h; inositol utilization suffered a much longer lag period. GS formation was initiated after the diauxic lag. Ammonium sulfate was the best individual nitrogen source, but the combination of the five growth-stimulatory amino acids was more potent for GS production. The level of potassium phosphate influenced GS production. High levels stimulated the growth rate but progressively inhibited GS production. Methionine was the best sulfur source. A defined medium (F3/6) that supported rapid exponential growth (mu = 0.53 h(-1)) followed by progressively slower growth over a 30- to 40-h period was devised containing fructose, six amino acids, and mineral salts. GS formation was initiated as the cells left the exponential growth phase and reached high levels (1,500 mg of GS per liter; 0.19 mg of GS/mg of dry cell weight) after 40 to 50 h of incubation.", "contents": "Nutrition of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, the producer of gramicidin S. The nutrition of the gramicidin S (GS) producer Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 was studied with respect to growth and antibiotic production. In a complex medium containing yeast extract and peptone, only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol contributed to growth, whereas other hexoses, pentoses, polyols, polysaccharides, and organic acids were inactive. Glycerol and fructose were inhibitory to GS formation; inositol had no effect. In chemically defined media containing a mixture of five amino acids (glutamine, methionine, proline, arginine, and histidine) necessary for good growth, again only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol served as effective carbon sources for growth. With respect to antibiotic formation, inositol was much poorer than glycerol or fructose. In the presence of glycerol and the five amino acids, addition of 0.1% l-phenylalanine specifically stimulated GS production. Growth kinetics in this defined medium showed two phases: early and rapid growth at the expense of the amino acid mixture, followed by glycerol utilization after a diauxic lag of 2 to 3 h; inositol utilization suffered a much longer lag period. GS formation was initiated after the diauxic lag. Ammonium sulfate was the best individual nitrogen source, but the combination of the five growth-stimulatory amino acids was more potent for GS production. The level of potassium phosphate influenced GS production. High levels stimulated the growth rate but progressively inhibited GS production. Methionine was the best sulfur source. A defined medium (F3/6) that supported rapid exponential growth (mu = 0.53 h(-1)) followed by progressively slower growth over a 30- to 40-h period was devised containing fructose, six amino acids, and mineral salts. GS formation was initiated as the cells left the exponential growth phase and reached high levels (1,500 mg of GS per liter; 0.19 mg of GS/mg of dry cell weight) after 40 to 50 h of incubation.", "PMID": 62553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_489", "title": "[Affinity of concanavalin A for \"trypanosoma equiperdum\": purification of the antigenic type specific glycoprotein fraction (author's transl)].", "content": "Binding of concanavalin A by different clones of Trypanosoma equiperdum was checked by its ability to agglutinate living trypanosomes. The clones differ by their agglutinability, showing differences in the distribution of the binding sites. However, the property of concanavalin A to form precipitates with the crude antigen preparations of all the clones studied, allowed to isolate by affinity chromatography the glycoprotein fraction responsible for the antigenic variation and to enter upon its physicochemical study.", "contents": "[Affinity of concanavalin A for \"trypanosoma equiperdum\": purification of the antigenic type specific glycoprotein fraction (author's transl)]. Binding of concanavalin A by different clones of Trypanosoma equiperdum was checked by its ability to agglutinate living trypanosomes. The clones differ by their agglutinability, showing differences in the distribution of the binding sites. However, the property of concanavalin A to form precipitates with the crude antigen preparations of all the clones studied, allowed to isolate by affinity chromatography the glycoprotein fraction responsible for the antigenic variation and to enter upon its physicochemical study.", "PMID": 62551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_490", "title": "\"5-Amino-5\"-deoxybutirosin, a semisynthetic analogue of butirosin A: antibacterial activity in vitro and in mice.", "content": "Aminodeoxybutirosin (AD-BTN), the 5''-amino-5''-deoxy derivative of butirosin (BTN), was synthesized to improve on the antibacterial activity of BTN by preventing bacterial enzymatic phosphorylation at the 5'' position. AD-BTN possesses the spectrum characteristic of BTN and gentamicin (GTM) and was active at low levels in vitro against a wide variety of gram-negative species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indole-positive Proteus and Serratia marcescens; its action was bactericidal against both light and heavy inocula, and it was not antagonized by human serum. AD-BTN was as active as GTM against GTM-sensitive P. aeruginosa in vitro and in mice, and was markedly improved over BTN. AD-BTN retained the good activity of the parent compound against other gram-negative pathogens. Whereas GTM minimal inhibitory concentrations were elevated 35-fold against GTM-resistant P. aeruginosa in vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration of AD-BTN was only doubled. At 6.3 mug/ml, AD-BTN inhibited 68% of 82 isolates insusceptible to that concentration of GTM. In murine toxicity tests AD-BTN was about one-third to one-half as toxic as GTM.", "contents": "\"5-Amino-5\"-deoxybutirosin, a semisynthetic analogue of butirosin A: antibacterial activity in vitro and in mice. Aminodeoxybutirosin (AD-BTN), the 5''-amino-5''-deoxy derivative of butirosin (BTN), was synthesized to improve on the antibacterial activity of BTN by preventing bacterial enzymatic phosphorylation at the 5'' position. AD-BTN possesses the spectrum characteristic of BTN and gentamicin (GTM) and was active at low levels in vitro against a wide variety of gram-negative species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indole-positive Proteus and Serratia marcescens; its action was bactericidal against both light and heavy inocula, and it was not antagonized by human serum. AD-BTN was as active as GTM against GTM-sensitive P. aeruginosa in vitro and in mice, and was markedly improved over BTN. AD-BTN retained the good activity of the parent compound against other gram-negative pathogens. Whereas GTM minimal inhibitory concentrations were elevated 35-fold against GTM-resistant P. aeruginosa in vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentration of AD-BTN was only doubled. At 6.3 mug/ml, AD-BTN inhibited 68% of 82 isolates insusceptible to that concentration of GTM. In murine toxicity tests AD-BTN was about one-third to one-half as toxic as GTM.", "PMID": 62554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_491", "title": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Attempted detection by isopycnic sedimentation of 3H-uridine-labelled virions.", "content": "Type C oncornavirus isolation was attempted from cell cultures of tissues from 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detection was based on the characteristic sedimentation of 3H-uridine-labelled virions at a density of 1-16 g/ml. Cultures positive by this method were negative by two other criteria for type C viruses: characteristic virions by electron microscopy and the viral enzyme RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The positive results were probably due to cellular damage by prolonged radiolabelling, with release of organelles containing labelled RNA sedimenting at the same density as type C viruses.", "contents": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Attempted detection by isopycnic sedimentation of 3H-uridine-labelled virions. Type C oncornavirus isolation was attempted from cell cultures of tissues from 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Detection was based on the characteristic sedimentation of 3H-uridine-labelled virions at a density of 1-16 g/ml. Cultures positive by this method were negative by two other criteria for type C viruses: characteristic virions by electron microscopy and the viral enzyme RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The positive results were probably due to cellular damage by prolonged radiolabelling, with release of organelles containing labelled RNA sedimenting at the same density as type C viruses.", "PMID": 62558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_492", "title": "[Humoral immunity and blastic transformation of lymphocytes in trisomy 21].", "content": "Studies of immunologic parameters in 52 children with trisomy 21 revealed that -the changes in serum immunoglobulin patterns were minimal, although some delay in the age-dependent rise of IgG concentration was observed; -lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin showed a shift with maximal 3H-thymidine incorporation at low PHA concentration; -presence of HBs antigen at an increased incidence, possible existence of anti-thyroid antibodies in serum of trisomy patients and also in that of their parents, abnormalities in phagocytosis, illustrate that trisomy 21 can be associated with multiple immunologic dysfunctions.", "contents": "[Humoral immunity and blastic transformation of lymphocytes in trisomy 21]. Studies of immunologic parameters in 52 children with trisomy 21 revealed that -the changes in serum immunoglobulin patterns were minimal, although some delay in the age-dependent rise of IgG concentration was observed; -lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin showed a shift with maximal 3H-thymidine incorporation at low PHA concentration; -presence of HBs antigen at an increased incidence, possible existence of anti-thyroid antibodies in serum of trisomy patients and also in that of their parents, abnormalities in phagocytosis, illustrate that trisomy 21 can be associated with multiple immunologic dysfunctions.", "PMID": 62560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_493", "title": "[Immunochemical investigations on the protein of the \"pregnancy zone\". XI. Serum concentration of the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (Pregnancy Zone protein) in normal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative study of the pregnancy zone proteins was made in the sera of 383 healthy pregnant women by means of radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini and co-workers. The serum levels related to a pregnancy serum standard were measured from the 6th to 44th week of pregnancy. The serum concentration of the protein showed a considerable individual variation. The mean concentration began to rise in gestational weeks 8 to 24. Until the week 32 a rather stable average level was reached. Before delivery a slight decrease was observed. Women with over term pregnancies showed particular high mean concentrations. The differences of serum levels were statistically significant until the gestational week 14.", "contents": "[Immunochemical investigations on the protein of the \"pregnancy zone\". XI. Serum concentration of the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (Pregnancy Zone protein) in normal pregnancy (author's transl)]. A quantitative study of the pregnancy zone proteins was made in the sera of 383 healthy pregnant women by means of radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini and co-workers. The serum levels related to a pregnancy serum standard were measured from the 6th to 44th week of pregnancy. The serum concentration of the protein showed a considerable individual variation. The mean concentration began to rise in gestational weeks 8 to 24. Until the week 32 a rather stable average level was reached. Before delivery a slight decrease was observed. Women with over term pregnancies showed particular high mean concentrations. The differences of serum levels were statistically significant until the gestational week 14.", "PMID": 62561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_494", "title": "On the occurrence of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) in gynecological cancer.", "content": "Reports have been made that the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) is found in increased amounts in sera of patients with malignant disease. The serum concentration of PZ was measured by a radioimmunoassay in 83 women with the diagnosis of gynaecological cancer or other malignancies. Values did not significantly differ from values previously recorded in apparently healthy women. There was no support for previous data of increased levels of PZ in cancer patients, when the age-dependent increase of this serum factor was considered.", "contents": "On the occurrence of the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) in gynecological cancer. Reports have been made that the pregnancy zone protein (PZ) is found in increased amounts in sera of patients with malignant disease. The serum concentration of PZ was measured by a radioimmunoassay in 83 women with the diagnosis of gynaecological cancer or other malignancies. Values did not significantly differ from values previously recorded in apparently healthy women. There was no support for previous data of increased levels of PZ in cancer patients, when the age-dependent increase of this serum factor was considered.", "PMID": 62562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_495", "title": "Alterations of the myoid pericanalicular layer in liver. A light microscopical pilot study of human autopsy material.", "content": "Previous histochemical studies demonstrated a myoid layer along biliary pathways. This report describes alterations of the pericanalicular layer in various lesions. Carnoy- or methacarn-fixed sections of livers from 200 autopsies were treated with the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye method for myosins. In other series, methods for myosins were combined with the picro-Sirius Red F3BA stain or the Prussian Blue reaction. In normal liver, bile canaliculi were lined by a narrow myoid layer. In other cases, eg, hepatic cirrhosis, the pericanalicular layer showed slight to moderate thickening. In cases with obstruction or atresia of bile ducts, the dilated canaliculi were surrounded by a prominent myoid layer. These observations support theories that the pericanalicular layer is contractile and promotes bile flow under positive pressure.", "contents": "Alterations of the myoid pericanalicular layer in liver. A light microscopical pilot study of human autopsy material. Previous histochemical studies demonstrated a myoid layer along biliary pathways. This report describes alterations of the pericanalicular layer in various lesions. Carnoy- or methacarn-fixed sections of livers from 200 autopsies were treated with the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye method for myosins. In other series, methods for myosins were combined with the picro-Sirius Red F3BA stain or the Prussian Blue reaction. In normal liver, bile canaliculi were lined by a narrow myoid layer. In other cases, eg, hepatic cirrhosis, the pericanalicular layer showed slight to moderate thickening. In cases with obstruction or atresia of bile ducts, the dilated canaliculi were surrounded by a prominent myoid layer. These observations support theories that the pericanalicular layer is contractile and promotes bile flow under positive pressure.", "PMID": 62563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_496", "title": "[Structural-reactive properties of interoceptors (intravital study)].", "content": "It has been shown that between living and surviving receptors of a central and local origin there is similarity in a number of morphological, reactive and tinctorial properties as well as in their response to tissue fixation. At the same time these structures possess a number of specific properties making them different from one another.", "contents": "[Structural-reactive properties of interoceptors (intravital study)]. It has been shown that between living and surviving receptors of a central and local origin there is similarity in a number of morphological, reactive and tinctorial properties as well as in their response to tissue fixation. At the same time these structures possess a number of specific properties making them different from one another.", "PMID": 62564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_497", "title": "[Mast cells as regulators of tissue homeostasis and their place in the series of biological regulators].", "content": "The most essential features of the mast cell are continuous production (and partially also absorption from the environment), deposition, and secretion of the two groups of biologically active substances of the regulatory type: heparin and other acid clycosaminoglycanes, and also histamine and, probably, other biogenic amines. These substances are antagonists and have an influence on the homeostasis of the microregion (capillary-connective tissue-parenchyma) -- the main area of action of the mast cells. The mast-cell population is characterized, as compared with other cellular populations of the microregion, by a smaller size, greater morphological and functional diversity, functional duality (capability of producing both a positive and negative effect), and therefore possesses a number of essential properties the biological regulator should meet. The system of mast cells differs from the regulators of a higher order (the nervous and endocrine system) by a smaller radius of action and a greater simplicity of the structure, the latter manifests itself in equality of all its components. The conclusion is drawn that mast cells may be considered as the regulators of tissue homeostasis and a last link in the general reaction of adaptation at the cellular level.", "contents": "[Mast cells as regulators of tissue homeostasis and their place in the series of biological regulators]. The most essential features of the mast cell are continuous production (and partially also absorption from the environment), deposition, and secretion of the two groups of biologically active substances of the regulatory type: heparin and other acid clycosaminoglycanes, and also histamine and, probably, other biogenic amines. These substances are antagonists and have an influence on the homeostasis of the microregion (capillary-connective tissue-parenchyma) -- the main area of action of the mast cells. The mast-cell population is characterized, as compared with other cellular populations of the microregion, by a smaller size, greater morphological and functional diversity, functional duality (capability of producing both a positive and negative effect), and therefore possesses a number of essential properties the biological regulator should meet. The system of mast cells differs from the regulators of a higher order (the nervous and endocrine system) by a smaller radius of action and a greater simplicity of the structure, the latter manifests itself in equality of all its components. The conclusion is drawn that mast cells may be considered as the regulators of tissue homeostasis and a last link in the general reaction of adaptation at the cellular level.", "PMID": 62566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_498", "title": "Herpetic corneal epithelial disease.", "content": "The clinical differentiation of corneal epithelial lesions due to herpes simplex or herpes zoster may be confusing. Practical clinical tests, including the use of topical ocular stains, are useful to differentiate corneal epithelial lesions caused by these two viruses. Two distinctive types of zoster corneal epithelial disease may be seen; an early dendritic form, and a delayed form characterized by corneal mucus plaques that may take a dendriform pattern. These plaques are composed of mucus that is adherent to swollen, degenerating epithelial cells. The clinical differentiation between these two viruses is essential since topically applied corticosteroids are contraindicated in epithelial herpes simplex and often are indicated in the management of epithelial herpes zoster.", "contents": "Herpetic corneal epithelial disease. The clinical differentiation of corneal epithelial lesions due to herpes simplex or herpes zoster may be confusing. Practical clinical tests, including the use of topical ocular stains, are useful to differentiate corneal epithelial lesions caused by these two viruses. Two distinctive types of zoster corneal epithelial disease may be seen; an early dendritic form, and a delayed form characterized by corneal mucus plaques that may take a dendriform pattern. These plaques are composed of mucus that is adherent to swollen, degenerating epithelial cells. The clinical differentiation between these two viruses is essential since topically applied corticosteroids are contraindicated in epithelial herpes simplex and often are indicated in the management of epithelial herpes zoster.", "PMID": 62568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_499", "title": "An assessment service for country children.", "content": "An assessment service for country children is described, which is characterised by its joint staffing by the Health Commission and Department of Education, and by its multidisciplinary approach to assessment. Remediation is also provided when indicated, and an increasingly comprehensive follow up service is developing in conjunction with the Consultative Aerial Health Service.", "contents": "An assessment service for country children. An assessment service for country children is described, which is characterised by its joint staffing by the Health Commission and Department of Education, and by its multidisciplinary approach to assessment. Remediation is also provided when indicated, and an increasingly comprehensive follow up service is developing in conjunction with the Consultative Aerial Health Service.", "PMID": 62569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_500", "title": "Some immunological aspects of a recent Australian isolate of infectious bronchitis virus.", "content": "An infectious bronchitis virus, designated G48, isolated from birds during an outbreak of nephritis in a previously vaccinated broiler flock, overcame the resistance induced in birds vaccinated with 2 commercially available vaccines. Birds vaccinated with the A isolate of infectious bronchitis resisted challenge with this new virus. Cross neutralisation studies revealed that the new virus was serologically distinct from the 4 viruses tested. Homologous antiserum to G48 did not neutralise the other viruses and only antiserum to the A virus completely neutralised the new virus.", "contents": "Some immunological aspects of a recent Australian isolate of infectious bronchitis virus. An infectious bronchitis virus, designated G48, isolated from birds during an outbreak of nephritis in a previously vaccinated broiler flock, overcame the resistance induced in birds vaccinated with 2 commercially available vaccines. Birds vaccinated with the A isolate of infectious bronchitis resisted challenge with this new virus. Cross neutralisation studies revealed that the new virus was serologically distinct from the 4 viruses tested. Homologous antiserum to G48 did not neutralise the other viruses and only antiserum to the A virus completely neutralised the new virus.", "PMID": 62570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_501", "title": "Interaction of cell-membrane prolactin receptor with its antibody.", "content": "Antisera against a partially purified prolactin-receptor preparation derived from pregnant-rabbit mammary glands were generated in guinea pigs. On double immuno-diffusion, each antiserum produced a single precipitin line with the prolactin receptors. The anti-receptor sera also specifically inhibited the binding of 125I-labelled sheep prolactin to membrane particles as well as to highly purified prolactin receptors derived from the rabbit mammary glands. The same antisera, however, had no effect on the binding of 125I-labelled insulin to the same membranes. These antisera did not bind or destroy prolactin. Moreover, the binding of 125I-LABELLED PROLACTIN TO MEMBRANE PARTICLES DErived from different tissues from a number of species was also inhibited by the antisera, thus suggesting that the immunological determinants of the prolactin receptors are similar in various tissues derived from different species. The factors in the antisera that were responsible for inhibiting the binding of 125I-labelled prolactin to its receptors were found to be associated with the gamma-globulin fraction. In addition, 131I-labelled gamma-globulins derived from one antiserum were shown to bind to membrane particles derived from mammary glands, and an increase in binding of gamma-globulin was accompanied by a decrease in binding of prolactin. Kinetic analyses of inhibition of 125I-labelled prolactin binding by antisera by using the methods of Lineweaver & Burk [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1934) 56, 658-666] and Dixon [Biochem. J. (1953) 55, 170-171], revealed that the mechanism is a hyperbolic competitive inhibition. The demonstration of hormone-receptor-antibody complexes further favours this mechanism. The availability of anti-receptor sera should facilitate studies on the functional role as well as other biochemical, immunological and physiological properties of the prolactin receptors.", "contents": "Interaction of cell-membrane prolactin receptor with its antibody. Antisera against a partially purified prolactin-receptor preparation derived from pregnant-rabbit mammary glands were generated in guinea pigs. On double immuno-diffusion, each antiserum produced a single precipitin line with the prolactin receptors. The anti-receptor sera also specifically inhibited the binding of 125I-labelled sheep prolactin to membrane particles as well as to highly purified prolactin receptors derived from the rabbit mammary glands. The same antisera, however, had no effect on the binding of 125I-labelled insulin to the same membranes. These antisera did not bind or destroy prolactin. Moreover, the binding of 125I-LABELLED PROLACTIN TO MEMBRANE PARTICLES DErived from different tissues from a number of species was also inhibited by the antisera, thus suggesting that the immunological determinants of the prolactin receptors are similar in various tissues derived from different species. The factors in the antisera that were responsible for inhibiting the binding of 125I-labelled prolactin to its receptors were found to be associated with the gamma-globulin fraction. In addition, 131I-labelled gamma-globulins derived from one antiserum were shown to bind to membrane particles derived from mammary glands, and an increase in binding of gamma-globulin was accompanied by a decrease in binding of prolactin. Kinetic analyses of inhibition of 125I-labelled prolactin binding by antisera by using the methods of Lineweaver & Burk [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1934) 56, 658-666] and Dixon [Biochem. J. (1953) 55, 170-171], revealed that the mechanism is a hyperbolic competitive inhibition. The demonstration of hormone-receptor-antibody complexes further favours this mechanism. The availability of anti-receptor sera should facilitate studies on the functional role as well as other biochemical, immunological and physiological properties of the prolactin receptors.", "PMID": 62572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_502", "title": "Histological arguments for collagen and elastin synthesis by primary cultures of rat aortic media cells.", "content": "Using the histological staining methods of Weigert and of Masson on primary cultures of rat aortic media cells, we obtained additional proofs of the smooth muscle cell's ability to secrete collagen and elastin in vitro: the percentage of positive flasks with aorta rings was the same throughout the follow-up, but increased gradually for the new tissue growing around the rings.", "contents": "Histological arguments for collagen and elastin synthesis by primary cultures of rat aortic media cells. Using the histological staining methods of Weigert and of Masson on primary cultures of rat aortic media cells, we obtained additional proofs of the smooth muscle cell's ability to secrete collagen and elastin in vitro: the percentage of positive flasks with aorta rings was the same throughout the follow-up, but increased gradually for the new tissue growing around the rings.", "PMID": 62579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_503", "title": "The effect of the duration of cholesterol feeding on the development of sudanophilic lesions in the rabbit aorta.", "content": "Polar coordinate mapping was used to determine the rate of growth of individual sudanophilic lesions on the aortic wall around several major branches of the aortae of cholesterol fed rabbits. Four groups, with 6 8-month old male albino white rabbits in each, were used in the study. One group served as a control and the remaining 3 were fed a diet of 2% cholesterol and 6% heated corn oil mixed with ground rabbit pellets for 4, 8, and 10 weeks each. Animals were sacrificed, the aortae removed, stained with Sudan III, pinned at in vivo dimensions, and mapped by the polar coordinate method. No sudanophilic lesions were observed in the control animals. In the experimental groups, the early lesions, except the coronaries, were almost entirely distal to the orifices, and maintained roughly the same contour while spreading around the orifice. The coronary lesions completely encircled the orifices as described previously. As lesions progressed, they became elevated and often granular, so that the lesions themselves may have affected flow profiles around the orifices. Lesions around adjacent orifices were fused in 48% of the cases after 10 weeks on the diet, as opposed to 2% after 4 weeks on the diet. More prolonged experiments were not possible with this diet as the animals developed jaundice and diarrhea. Hemodynamically, these results suggest that early sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits develop on the aortic wall in areas of high shear stress.", "contents": "The effect of the duration of cholesterol feeding on the development of sudanophilic lesions in the rabbit aorta. Polar coordinate mapping was used to determine the rate of growth of individual sudanophilic lesions on the aortic wall around several major branches of the aortae of cholesterol fed rabbits. Four groups, with 6 8-month old male albino white rabbits in each, were used in the study. One group served as a control and the remaining 3 were fed a diet of 2% cholesterol and 6% heated corn oil mixed with ground rabbit pellets for 4, 8, and 10 weeks each. Animals were sacrificed, the aortae removed, stained with Sudan III, pinned at in vivo dimensions, and mapped by the polar coordinate method. No sudanophilic lesions were observed in the control animals. In the experimental groups, the early lesions, except the coronaries, were almost entirely distal to the orifices, and maintained roughly the same contour while spreading around the orifice. The coronary lesions completely encircled the orifices as described previously. As lesions progressed, they became elevated and often granular, so that the lesions themselves may have affected flow profiles around the orifices. Lesions around adjacent orifices were fused in 48% of the cases after 10 weeks on the diet, as opposed to 2% after 4 weeks on the diet. More prolonged experiments were not possible with this diet as the animals developed jaundice and diarrhea. Hemodynamically, these results suggest that early sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits develop on the aortic wall in areas of high shear stress.", "PMID": 62580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_504", "title": "In vitro synthesis of \"amyloid\"fibrils from insulin, calcitonin and parathormone.", "content": "Insulin, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone subjected to one of two procedures-acidification and heating or incubation with mouse kidney lysosomal extracts-assumed a nonbranching fibrillar structure, 7 to 10 nm in diameter. The preparations showed green birefringence after Congo red staining. The in vitro synthesis from different hormonal polypeptides of fibrils, fulfilling the criteria for the identification of amyloid, indicates that these criteria are related to conformational rather than to compositional properties, and suggests that these hormones may provide the subunit of the amyloid formed in the corresponding endocrine organs.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of \"amyloid\"fibrils from insulin, calcitonin and parathormone. Insulin, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone subjected to one of two procedures-acidification and heating or incubation with mouse kidney lysosomal extracts-assumed a nonbranching fibrillar structure, 7 to 10 nm in diameter. The preparations showed green birefringence after Congo red staining. The in vitro synthesis from different hormonal polypeptides of fibrils, fulfilling the criteria for the identification of amyloid, indicates that these criteria are related to conformational rather than to compositional properties, and suggests that these hormones may provide the subunit of the amyloid formed in the corresponding endocrine organs.", "PMID": 62581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_505", "title": "The sunburn cell in mouse skin: preliminary quantitative studies on its production.", "content": "Quantitative studies on sunburn cell (SBC) production in mouse epidermis are reported. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), 260-300 nm, produced a dose related effect with respect to SBC formation. Maximal spectral reactivity was at wavelengths shorter than 300 nm. In 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photosensitization, SBCs were also produced and this response is dose related with respect to long wave UVR dose. In fluorescein photosensitization, provoked by 487 nm light, SBCs were not produced. The response in 8-MOP photosensitization and 254 nm UVR (given alone) differed in respect of time course, but it is considered that both may perhaps to initiated by a DNA lesion.", "contents": "The sunburn cell in mouse skin: preliminary quantitative studies on its production. Quantitative studies on sunburn cell (SBC) production in mouse epidermis are reported. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), 260-300 nm, produced a dose related effect with respect to SBC formation. Maximal spectral reactivity was at wavelengths shorter than 300 nm. In 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photosensitization, SBCs were also produced and this response is dose related with respect to long wave UVR dose. In fluorescein photosensitization, provoked by 487 nm light, SBCs were not produced. The response in 8-MOP photosensitization and 254 nm UVR (given alone) differed in respect of time course, but it is considered that both may perhaps to initiated by a DNA lesion.", "PMID": 62583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_506", "title": "Labetalol in long-term treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1 Labetalol, a beta- and alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking drug, has been used in the treatment of hypertension in a total of 32 patients for over 4.5 yr, 14 patients for 3 yr or more. 2 Labetalol seems to have a similarly potency of methyldopa and the adrenergic neurone-blocking drugs. 3 Postural hypotension was only observed at doses over 2 g/d. It was the reason for stopping treatment in two patients. 4 Dosage varied; average 889 mg/d, range 75-3,200 mg. Tolerance did not develop. 5 Side-effects led to drug withdrawal in four patients", "contents": "Labetalol in long-term treatment of hypertension. 1 Labetalol, a beta- and alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking drug, has been used in the treatment of hypertension in a total of 32 patients for over 4.5 yr, 14 patients for 3 yr or more. 2 Labetalol seems to have a similarly potency of methyldopa and the adrenergic neurone-blocking drugs. 3 Postural hypotension was only observed at doses over 2 g/d. It was the reason for stopping treatment in two patients. 4 Dosage varied; average 889 mg/d, range 75-3,200 mg. Tolerance did not develop. 5 Side-effects led to drug withdrawal in four patients", "PMID": 62582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_507", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase measurements in the differential diagnosis of adult leukaemias.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) is an unusual DNA polymerase that does not use template information to synthesize new strands of DNA. It is normally found in high concentration in thymus (50 u/10(8) cells) and in low concentration in bone marrow (less than 5 u/10(8)). We report TDT measurements in the marrow and/or peripheral blood of 51 adult patients, 28 of whom had leukaemia. TDT is present in very high levels (greater than 50 u/10(8) cells) in leukaemic lymphoblasts and in low levels in leukaemic myeloblasts (less than 9 u/10(8) cells). Of two patients who developed lymphosarcoma-cell leukaemia following treatment of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, one had high and one low levels of TDT in the leukaemic blast cells. Leukaemic cells from three of seven patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crisis had TDT levels within the range expected of acute lymphoblastic rather than acute myeloid leukaemia. High TDT in leukaemic cells probably marks them as derivatives of lymphoid progenitor, thymic or pluripotential stem cells. Quantitative assay of TDT may provide information useful in classifying haematological neoplasms.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase measurements in the differential diagnosis of adult leukaemias. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) is an unusual DNA polymerase that does not use template information to synthesize new strands of DNA. It is normally found in high concentration in thymus (50 u/10(8) cells) and in low concentration in bone marrow (less than 5 u/10(8)). We report TDT measurements in the marrow and/or peripheral blood of 51 adult patients, 28 of whom had leukaemia. TDT is present in very high levels (greater than 50 u/10(8) cells) in leukaemic lymphoblasts and in low levels in leukaemic myeloblasts (less than 9 u/10(8) cells). Of two patients who developed lymphosarcoma-cell leukaemia following treatment of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, one had high and one low levels of TDT in the leukaemic blast cells. Leukaemic cells from three of seven patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crisis had TDT levels within the range expected of acute lymphoblastic rather than acute myeloid leukaemia. High TDT in leukaemic cells probably marks them as derivatives of lymphoid progenitor, thymic or pluripotential stem cells. Quantitative assay of TDT may provide information useful in classifying haematological neoplasms.", "PMID": 62584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_508", "title": "Amniotic fluid levels of fibrin(ogen) degradation fragment E and alpha-fetoprotein in normal pregnancy and with fetal neural tube defect.", "content": "Amniotic fluid levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fibrin(ogen) degradation fragment E (FgE) were measured in 214 normal subjects and 27 pregnancies associated with an abnormal fetus (open neural tube defect or exomphalos). AFP levels showed no overlap between the normal and abnormal groups, thus confirming the reliability of the AFP assay in the detection of these abnormalities. FgE levels however showed considerable overlap and could not be used as a diagnostic parameter. Agarose gel chromatography of the amniotic fluid revealed the presence of large molecular weight FgE related antigen in open neural tube defect suggesting that leakage of proteins from exposed capillaries is responsible for the elevation of amniotic fluid protein levels.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid levels of fibrin(ogen) degradation fragment E and alpha-fetoprotein in normal pregnancy and with fetal neural tube defect. Amniotic fluid levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fibrin(ogen) degradation fragment E (FgE) were measured in 214 normal subjects and 27 pregnancies associated with an abnormal fetus (open neural tube defect or exomphalos). AFP levels showed no overlap between the normal and abnormal groups, thus confirming the reliability of the AFP assay in the detection of these abnormalities. FgE levels however showed considerable overlap and could not be used as a diagnostic parameter. Agarose gel chromatography of the amniotic fluid revealed the presence of large molecular weight FgE related antigen in open neural tube defect suggesting that leakage of proteins from exposed capillaries is responsible for the elevation of amniotic fluid protein levels.", "PMID": 62585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_509", "title": "The significance of raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is described and normal ranges for both maternal serum and in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy are defined. Maternal serum AFP levels in at risk pregnancies were found to be no different from those in normal pregnancies. AFP levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube and other congenital defects, fetal death or maternal hypertension are documented. Eight patients with a fetus deformed by anencephaly or an open spina bifida were tested before 22 weeks; seven of them had raised serum AFP levels. Other causes of raised serum AFP levels are described and the significance of a raised serum AFP level is discussed with particular reference to screening programmes.", "contents": "The significance of raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. A radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is described and normal ranges for both maternal serum and in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy are defined. Maternal serum AFP levels in at risk pregnancies were found to be no different from those in normal pregnancies. AFP levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube and other congenital defects, fetal death or maternal hypertension are documented. Eight patients with a fetus deformed by anencephaly or an open spina bifida were tested before 22 weeks; seven of them had raised serum AFP levels. Other causes of raised serum AFP levels are described and the significance of a raised serum AFP level is discussed with particular reference to screening programmes.", "PMID": 62586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_510", "title": "Anencephalic conjoined twins.", "content": "A case of anencephaly in female thoracophagus conjoined twins is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Anencephalic conjoined twins. A case of anencephaly in female thoracophagus conjoined twins is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 62587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_511", "title": "Structural and topological homology between porcine intestinal and renal brush border aminopeptidase.", "content": "A method for the preparation of closed, right-side-out vesicles from the brush border membrane of the kidney proximal tubules is described. The aminopeptidase known to be bound to this membrane was investigated in order to compare its properties with those already reported for the intestinal enzyme. Both are composed of a hydrophilic, catalytically active part lying on the external side of the membrane and a short hydrophobic domain probably located in the N-terminal region of one of the subunits ensuring fixation to the lipid matrix. The enzyme were also found to be clinically similar. Moreover, a quantitative immunological technique showed that they contained 6 cross-reacting determinants, consistent with a very high degree of homology. Four of these determinants were accessible in the bound form of the enzymes in the region of the active site. The other two, probably related to the junction between the hydrophilic moiety and the hydrophobic anchor were completely masked in the bound form. The remainder (6 in the intestinal and 4 in the renal enzyme), were heterologous. The accessibility of two well determinants in this latter group was substantially reduced, perhaps by the proximity of the lipid and/or of other enzyme molecules.", "contents": "Structural and topological homology between porcine intestinal and renal brush border aminopeptidase. A method for the preparation of closed, right-side-out vesicles from the brush border membrane of the kidney proximal tubules is described. The aminopeptidase known to be bound to this membrane was investigated in order to compare its properties with those already reported for the intestinal enzyme. Both are composed of a hydrophilic, catalytically active part lying on the external side of the membrane and a short hydrophobic domain probably located in the N-terminal region of one of the subunits ensuring fixation to the lipid matrix. The enzyme were also found to be clinically similar. Moreover, a quantitative immunological technique showed that they contained 6 cross-reacting determinants, consistent with a very high degree of homology. Four of these determinants were accessible in the bound form of the enzymes in the region of the active site. The other two, probably related to the junction between the hydrophilic moiety and the hydrophobic anchor were completely masked in the bound form. The remainder (6 in the intestinal and 4 in the renal enzyme), were heterologous. The accessibility of two well determinants in this latter group was substantially reduced, perhaps by the proximity of the lipid and/or of other enzyme molecules.", "PMID": 62588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_512", "title": "Alpha-globulins in the surveillance of colorectal cancer.", "content": "The alpha1 and alpha2-globulins have been studied at various stages in the evolution of colo-rectal cancer. The alph2 was elevated in some primary tumours and rose in metastatic cancer especially when it involved the liver. Some apparently tumour free patients had an unexplained elevation of alph2-globulins. The macroglobulins were not a major constituent of the raised alpha2-globulins. Haptoglobulin levels were found to be a useful indicator of tumour activity, when their level was raised in metastatic cancer it was usually with an antecedent or coincidental rise of plasma CEA. Primary tumours may cause a high haptoglobin response without an elevation of CEA.", "contents": "Alpha-globulins in the surveillance of colorectal cancer. The alpha1 and alpha2-globulins have been studied at various stages in the evolution of colo-rectal cancer. The alph2 was elevated in some primary tumours and rose in metastatic cancer especially when it involved the liver. Some apparently tumour free patients had an unexplained elevation of alph2-globulins. The macroglobulins were not a major constituent of the raised alpha2-globulins. Haptoglobulin levels were found to be a useful indicator of tumour activity, when their level was raised in metastatic cancer it was usually with an antecedent or coincidental rise of plasma CEA. Primary tumours may cause a high haptoglobin response without an elevation of CEA.", "PMID": 62590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_513", "title": "Endogenous DNA polymerase of a transformation-defective rous sarcoma virus: characterization and comparison with the enzyme of the non-defective parent.", "content": "An RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with transformation-defective (td) segregant of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has been characterized. The enzyme required both a monovalent and a divalent cation, a sulfhydryl reducing agent, and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for the expression of maximal activity. Sensitivity of the endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity to a low concentration of pancreatic RNase indicated that the enzyme utilized the td virus endogenous RNA as template. Maximal DNA synthesis was observed in a reaction mixture of pH 8 - 8.5 at 45 C with a manganese concentration of 1 mM. The enzyme of the td virus responded to exogenous template-primers in a manner characteristic of DNA polymerase of RNA tumor viruses, and the response became substantially greater when noncomplementary precursors were omitted from the reaction mixture. The endogenous reaction kinetics were examined. Three phases of DNA synthesis could be distinguished. Evidence was obtained showing that during the third and slowest phase of DNA synthesis the reaction mixture was not depleted of precursors and that the enzyme was fully active to initiate DNA synthesis with newly-added viral or synthetic RNA templates. Comparison of TMP and dAMP incorporation kinetics suggested that at the initial phase the enzyme preferentially copies A-rich region(s) of viral RNA. A comparison was also made between the endogenous reaction of the td virus and that of its parent sarcoma virus. The pH optimum, metal ion requirements, effect of sulfhydryl agents, response to exogenous template-primers, and kinetics of DNA synthesis, were all compared. No significant difference between the reaction of the td virus and its sarcomatogenous counterpart could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Endogenous DNA polymerase of a transformation-defective rous sarcoma virus: characterization and comparison with the enzyme of the non-defective parent. An RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with transformation-defective (td) segregant of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has been characterized. The enzyme required both a monovalent and a divalent cation, a sulfhydryl reducing agent, and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for the expression of maximal activity. Sensitivity of the endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity to a low concentration of pancreatic RNase indicated that the enzyme utilized the td virus endogenous RNA as template. Maximal DNA synthesis was observed in a reaction mixture of pH 8 - 8.5 at 45 C with a manganese concentration of 1 mM. The enzyme of the td virus responded to exogenous template-primers in a manner characteristic of DNA polymerase of RNA tumor viruses, and the response became substantially greater when noncomplementary precursors were omitted from the reaction mixture. The endogenous reaction kinetics were examined. Three phases of DNA synthesis could be distinguished. Evidence was obtained showing that during the third and slowest phase of DNA synthesis the reaction mixture was not depleted of precursors and that the enzyme was fully active to initiate DNA synthesis with newly-added viral or synthetic RNA templates. Comparison of TMP and dAMP incorporation kinetics suggested that at the initial phase the enzyme preferentially copies A-rich region(s) of viral RNA. A comparison was also made between the endogenous reaction of the td virus and that of its parent sarcoma virus. The pH optimum, metal ion requirements, effect of sulfhydryl agents, response to exogenous template-primers, and kinetics of DNA synthesis, were all compared. No significant difference between the reaction of the td virus and its sarcomatogenous counterpart could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 62591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_514", "title": "Cis AB blood groups. Immunologic, thermodynamic and quantitative studies of ABH antigens.", "content": "Fifteen samples of cis AB bloods belonging to six unrelated families were tested by serological and thermodynamic assay techniques. The B and H antigens of cis AB bloods differ significantly from those of trans AB bloods. Differences were found among unrelated samples, but identical results were obtained within a given family : this could mean that there had been as many mutations as there were families.", "contents": "Cis AB blood groups. Immunologic, thermodynamic and quantitative studies of ABH antigens. Fifteen samples of cis AB bloods belonging to six unrelated families were tested by serological and thermodynamic assay techniques. The B and H antigens of cis AB bloods differ significantly from those of trans AB bloods. Differences were found among unrelated samples, but identical results were obtained within a given family : this could mean that there had been as many mutations as there were families.", "PMID": 62592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_515", "title": "[Experimental teratocarcinoma in mice: a model system for the study of the relationship between cellular surface antigens and embryonic differentiation].", "content": "Several cell lines (either of embryonal carcinoma or of differentiated cells derived from teratomas) have been established in vitro from transplantable testicular teratomas. Primitive cell lines, propagated in vitro as embryonal carcinoma have retained the ability of the original tumor to differentiate in vivo or in vitro into must embryonic cell types. Features of this model system for study of early embryogenesis are described. Emphasis is placed on the description of the cell surface antigens of several cell lines. Syngeneic antisera raised against two primitive lines (F9 and PCC4) and against a differentiated one (Endo) have allowed the detection of three groups of cell surface antigens, present on teratoma cells, tumor cells and embryonic cells. The F9 antigen appears to be specific to be specific of the very early steps of egg development (morula and blastocyst). After egg implantation, it keeps expressed on the cells of the male germ line. The PCC4 antigen has a similar cell type distribution but appears to be more specific of multipotential cells. The Endo antigen is essentially specific of endodermal derivatives. The F9 antigen is probably specified by the wild type allele (+ tl2) of the tl2 gene at the T-Locus of the mouse, a gene which plays some critical role in early development. The molecular structure of this antigen, as determined from immunoprecipitates is very similar to that of H-2 antigens. In addition, a cross-reacting material is found in Man, with a tissue distribution identical to that found in the mouse.", "contents": "[Experimental teratocarcinoma in mice: a model system for the study of the relationship between cellular surface antigens and embryonic differentiation]. Several cell lines (either of embryonal carcinoma or of differentiated cells derived from teratomas) have been established in vitro from transplantable testicular teratomas. Primitive cell lines, propagated in vitro as embryonal carcinoma have retained the ability of the original tumor to differentiate in vivo or in vitro into must embryonic cell types. Features of this model system for study of early embryogenesis are described. Emphasis is placed on the description of the cell surface antigens of several cell lines. Syngeneic antisera raised against two primitive lines (F9 and PCC4) and against a differentiated one (Endo) have allowed the detection of three groups of cell surface antigens, present on teratoma cells, tumor cells and embryonic cells. The F9 antigen appears to be specific to be specific of the very early steps of egg development (morula and blastocyst). After egg implantation, it keeps expressed on the cells of the male germ line. The PCC4 antigen has a similar cell type distribution but appears to be more specific of multipotential cells. The Endo antigen is essentially specific of endodermal derivatives. The F9 antigen is probably specified by the wild type allele (+ tl2) of the tl2 gene at the T-Locus of the mouse, a gene which plays some critical role in early development. The molecular structure of this antigen, as determined from immunoprecipitates is very similar to that of H-2 antigens. In addition, a cross-reacting material is found in Man, with a tissue distribution identical to that found in the mouse.", "PMID": 62594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_516", "title": "Preclinical warning of recrudescent mammary cancers by pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin.", "content": "Nine of 30 mammary cancer patients developed metastases during 13-94 months after mastectomy. All 9 patients had elevated blood levels of pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM) 1-21 months before conventional detection of metastases. Seven of the clinically well patients had PAM rises exceeding 90 per cent above the baseline and in 4 of these the PAM later fell to lower levels. PAM appears to have potential as an indicator of the growth of micrometastases.", "contents": "Preclinical warning of recrudescent mammary cancers by pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin. Nine of 30 mammary cancer patients developed metastases during 13-94 months after mastectomy. All 9 patients had elevated blood levels of pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM) 1-21 months before conventional detection of metastases. Seven of the clinically well patients had PAM rises exceeding 90 per cent above the baseline and in 4 of these the PAM later fell to lower levels. PAM appears to have potential as an indicator of the growth of micrometastases.", "PMID": 62599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_517", "title": "Regional chemotherapy with combined drugs in cancer of the head and neck.", "content": "Fifteen patients were treated with intra-arterial fluorouracil, methotrexate, and bleomycin in combination for palliation of advanced cancer of the head and neck. In all cases irradiation or irradiation plus surgical resection had previously failed to control the tumor. Tumor regression occured in 87% of the cases (13/15), and was complete in three (20%). Regressions lasted for up to 13 months. In four instances tumor regression permitted radical resection. The response rate achieved with this drug combination was greater than that observed earlier using each drug individually. Intra-arterial chemotherapy provides useful palliation for advanced head and neck cancer and the results can be improved with drug combinations.", "contents": "Regional chemotherapy with combined drugs in cancer of the head and neck. Fifteen patients were treated with intra-arterial fluorouracil, methotrexate, and bleomycin in combination for palliation of advanced cancer of the head and neck. In all cases irradiation or irradiation plus surgical resection had previously failed to control the tumor. Tumor regression occured in 87% of the cases (13/15), and was complete in three (20%). Regressions lasted for up to 13 months. In four instances tumor regression permitted radical resection. The response rate achieved with this drug combination was greater than that observed earlier using each drug individually. Intra-arterial chemotherapy provides useful palliation for advanced head and neck cancer and the results can be improved with drug combinations.", "PMID": 62604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_518", "title": "Attempt at local administration of anticancer agents in the form of fat emulsion.", "content": "A fat emulsion when injected into tissue is scarcely taken up by the blood vascular system but is retained within the tissue over a relatively extended period, and is distributed slowly into the surrounding tissues and to the regional lymph nodes. Attempts were made to use this property of the emulsion in the local administration of anticancer agents in emulsion, both in experimental animals and in man. The concentrations of bleomycin in the tumor tissue of rats were significantly higher after the intratumoral injection of the emulsion form than when the drug was administered in the aqueous solution, either systemically or intratumorally. Experimental antitumor activity against this tumor was superior after the bleomycin emulsion, as well. In the clinical trials six of eight patients with either squamous cell carcinoma of skin or local recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the breast responded favorably to this treatment.", "contents": "Attempt at local administration of anticancer agents in the form of fat emulsion. A fat emulsion when injected into tissue is scarcely taken up by the blood vascular system but is retained within the tissue over a relatively extended period, and is distributed slowly into the surrounding tissues and to the regional lymph nodes. Attempts were made to use this property of the emulsion in the local administration of anticancer agents in emulsion, both in experimental animals and in man. The concentrations of bleomycin in the tumor tissue of rats were significantly higher after the intratumoral injection of the emulsion form than when the drug was administered in the aqueous solution, either systemically or intratumorally. Experimental antitumor activity against this tumor was superior after the bleomycin emulsion, as well. In the clinical trials six of eight patients with either squamous cell carcinoma of skin or local recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the breast responded favorably to this treatment.", "PMID": 62606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_519", "title": "Intravenous bleomycin infusion as a potential syncronizing agent in human disseminated malignancies: a preliminary report.", "content": "According to cell cycle synchrony principles, bleomycin was infused for 48 hours, followed by a dose of either methotrexate or hydroxyurea after a 24-hour rest, in 36 adult patients with disseminated carcinoma. In this preliminary study, a 59% response rate was noted among patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Four of four patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and one patient with hypernephroma also responded. No responses were noted among five patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. The length of response ranged from 1 to 8 months (median, 2 months). Seventy-seven percent of the responders had extensive prior radiotherapy. The first patient treated had fatal sepsis with leukopenia, which prompted a widening of the treatment interval. Subsequently, toxicity was mainly mild or absent, the moderate or severe toxicity was primarily neutropenia, which was reversible. The use of low-dose bleomycin infusion is safe and may play a role in cancer therapy in combination with other agents specific for certain tumors. The length of infusion should be determined by the cell cycle of the tumor, if its potential synchronizing capabilities are to be exploited.", "contents": "Intravenous bleomycin infusion as a potential syncronizing agent in human disseminated malignancies: a preliminary report. According to cell cycle synchrony principles, bleomycin was infused for 48 hours, followed by a dose of either methotrexate or hydroxyurea after a 24-hour rest, in 36 adult patients with disseminated carcinoma. In this preliminary study, a 59% response rate was noted among patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Four of four patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and one patient with hypernephroma also responded. No responses were noted among five patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. The length of response ranged from 1 to 8 months (median, 2 months). Seventy-seven percent of the responders had extensive prior radiotherapy. The first patient treated had fatal sepsis with leukopenia, which prompted a widening of the treatment interval. Subsequently, toxicity was mainly mild or absent, the moderate or severe toxicity was primarily neutropenia, which was reversible. The use of low-dose bleomycin infusion is safe and may play a role in cancer therapy in combination with other agents specific for certain tumors. The length of infusion should be determined by the cell cycle of the tumor, if its potential synchronizing capabilities are to be exploited.", "PMID": 62605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_520", "title": "Prognostic value of alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay in surgically treated patients with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein was assayed radioimmunologically in 51 samples of sera from 26 patients who had been operated for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. The test was found to have good prognostic value. Elevated levels were seen frequently in patients with metastase or who developed metastases. The kinetic study of alpha-fetoprotein allows us to monitor treatment efficiency, as well as to study cancer evolution.", "contents": "Prognostic value of alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay in surgically treated patients with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. Alpha-fetoprotein was assayed radioimmunologically in 51 samples of sera from 26 patients who had been operated for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. The test was found to have good prognostic value. Elevated levels were seen frequently in patients with metastase or who developed metastases. The kinetic study of alpha-fetoprotein allows us to monitor treatment efficiency, as well as to study cancer evolution.", "PMID": 62607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_521", "title": "Immunofluorescent demonstration of alpha- fetoprotein and other plasma proteins in yolk sac tumor.", "content": "All seven pure yolk sac tumors of gonadal and extragonadal origin tested showed a bright positive fluorescence for alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor tissue. A positive reaction was seen in both the tumor cells and the hyaline globules. In all cases, however, the positive fluorescence was distributed in some focal areas of the tumor tissue. Certain tumor cells showed a strong granular intracytoplasmic fluorescence, whereas others showed a weak or a negative fluorescence. The fluorescence-positive tumor cells were located mainly in the areas rich in fluorescence-positive hyaline globules. Besides alpha-fetoprotein, certain plasma proteins--albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and transferrin--were also demonstrated in all five yolk sac tumors tested. The pattern of the distribution of positive fluorescence was basically similar to that of alpha-fetroprotein. Other plasma proteins--orosomucoid, haptoglobin, Gc-globulin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, hemopexin, and ceruloplasmin--were present in certain tumors, and were distributed mainly in a limited number of hyaline globules. Both IgG and IgA were present in two tumors of ovarian origin. The immunoglobulins were for the most part present in extracellular hyaline globules, suggesting that these are taken up from the circulation. Test for fibrinogen, beta-lipoprotein, IgM, IgE, beta-1C/beta-1A and beta-1E globulins were negative or questionable. In a hepatoblastoma, tests for alpha-fetoprotein were positive, but those for other plasma proteins were negative. Fine granular fluorescence was seen in each hepatocellular tumor cell. Mesenchymal elements were virtually unstained.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent demonstration of alpha- fetoprotein and other plasma proteins in yolk sac tumor. All seven pure yolk sac tumors of gonadal and extragonadal origin tested showed a bright positive fluorescence for alpha-fetoprotein in the tumor tissue. A positive reaction was seen in both the tumor cells and the hyaline globules. In all cases, however, the positive fluorescence was distributed in some focal areas of the tumor tissue. Certain tumor cells showed a strong granular intracytoplasmic fluorescence, whereas others showed a weak or a negative fluorescence. The fluorescence-positive tumor cells were located mainly in the areas rich in fluorescence-positive hyaline globules. Besides alpha-fetoprotein, certain plasma proteins--albumin, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and transferrin--were also demonstrated in all five yolk sac tumors tested. The pattern of the distribution of positive fluorescence was basically similar to that of alpha-fetroprotein. Other plasma proteins--orosomucoid, haptoglobin, Gc-globulin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, hemopexin, and ceruloplasmin--were present in certain tumors, and were distributed mainly in a limited number of hyaline globules. Both IgG and IgA were present in two tumors of ovarian origin. The immunoglobulins were for the most part present in extracellular hyaline globules, suggesting that these are taken up from the circulation. Test for fibrinogen, beta-lipoprotein, IgM, IgE, beta-1C/beta-1A and beta-1E globulins were negative or questionable. In a hepatoblastoma, tests for alpha-fetoprotein were positive, but those for other plasma proteins were negative. Fine granular fluorescence was seen in each hepatocellular tumor cell. Mesenchymal elements were virtually unstained.", "PMID": 62608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_522", "title": "Intracavitary bleomycin in the management of malignant effusions.", "content": "Instilled bleomycin and thoracostomy were utilized in 38 patients with malignant pleural effusions; the therapy produced a complete or partial response rate of 63%. Toxicity was minimal. In patients with intraperitoneal effusions, bleomycin instillation after drainage produced a complete or partial response in 36%. One patient had severe hypotension and fever. Patients with ovarian and breast carcinoma responded best, among them, effusions were controlled in greater that 70%. Because of its low systemic toxicity, absence of marrow toxicity, and virtual absence of discomfort, we think that the local instillation of bleomycin is indicated in the management of malignant effusions.", "contents": "Intracavitary bleomycin in the management of malignant effusions. Instilled bleomycin and thoracostomy were utilized in 38 patients with malignant pleural effusions; the therapy produced a complete or partial response rate of 63%. Toxicity was minimal. In patients with intraperitoneal effusions, bleomycin instillation after drainage produced a complete or partial response in 36%. One patient had severe hypotension and fever. Patients with ovarian and breast carcinoma responded best, among them, effusions were controlled in greater that 70%. Because of its low systemic toxicity, absence of marrow toxicity, and virtual absence of discomfort, we think that the local instillation of bleomycin is indicated in the management of malignant effusions.", "PMID": 62609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_523", "title": "Choriocarcinoma: expression of tumor- and trophoblast-associated antigens in patients with low chorionic gonadotropin excretion.", "content": "The circulating levels of four tumor- or trophoblast-associated antigens were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 11 patients with gestational choriocarcinoma. The estimations were carried out at the time when the urinary gonadotropin (hCG) excretion was low or negligible. Gonadotropin, measured as the hCG beta-subunit, was detected in serum of three patients, one of whom also showed a slightly raised level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). All patients had normal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and no trace of human placental lactogen could be demonstrated. Repeat estimation after treatment of patients with raised levels showed a disappearance or a marked decrease of the circulating hCG levels and a return to normal of the elevated serum CEA level. The results show that although CEA levels may occasionally be elevated new information can hardly be expected from markers other than hCG when one is monitoring response to treatment, but AFP may have potential significance in the distinction between pregnancy and a trophoblastic disease. The circulating levels of hCG are of vital importance in the monitoring of choriocarcinoma patients who appear to be in remission by the conventional analysis of urinary hCG excretion.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma: expression of tumor- and trophoblast-associated antigens in patients with low chorionic gonadotropin excretion. The circulating levels of four tumor- or trophoblast-associated antigens were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 11 patients with gestational choriocarcinoma. The estimations were carried out at the time when the urinary gonadotropin (hCG) excretion was low or negligible. Gonadotropin, measured as the hCG beta-subunit, was detected in serum of three patients, one of whom also showed a slightly raised level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). All patients had normal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and no trace of human placental lactogen could be demonstrated. Repeat estimation after treatment of patients with raised levels showed a disappearance or a marked decrease of the circulating hCG levels and a return to normal of the elevated serum CEA level. The results show that although CEA levels may occasionally be elevated new information can hardly be expected from markers other than hCG when one is monitoring response to treatment, but AFP may have potential significance in the distinction between pregnancy and a trophoblastic disease. The circulating levels of hCG are of vital importance in the monitoring of choriocarcinoma patients who appear to be in remission by the conventional analysis of urinary hCG excretion.", "PMID": 62610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_524", "title": "Chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy of head and neck cancer: report of a randomized study.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized to receive the five-drug chemotherapy regimen BACON (bleomycin, adriamycin, CCNU, vincristine [Oncovin], and mechlorethamine [nitrogen mustard]; 14 patients) or the same regimen plus bacillus Calmette-Gu erin (BCG) by scarification (20 patients). The majority of both patient groups had received prior surgery and radiation. The patients treated with BACON plus BCG experienced a significantly longer survival (P = 0.014) than those treated with BACON alone. There were five drug-related deaths, and eight other patients required hospitalization for treatment of drug-related morbidity.", "contents": "Chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy of head and neck cancer: report of a randomized study. Thirty-four patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized to receive the five-drug chemotherapy regimen BACON (bleomycin, adriamycin, CCNU, vincristine [Oncovin], and mechlorethamine [nitrogen mustard]; 14 patients) or the same regimen plus bacillus Calmette-Gu erin (BCG) by scarification (20 patients). The majority of both patient groups had received prior surgery and radiation. The patients treated with BACON plus BCG experienced a significantly longer survival (P = 0.014) than those treated with BACON alone. There were five drug-related deaths, and eight other patients required hospitalization for treatment of drug-related morbidity.", "PMID": 62613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_525", "title": "Lower plants as a source of anticancer drugs.", "content": "The NCI's antineoplastic fermentation program is reviewed. Clinically useful antitumor antibiotics are discussed in terms of their activity, mechanism of action, and the producing microbe.", "contents": "Lower plants as a source of anticancer drugs. The NCI's antineoplastic fermentation program is reviewed. Clinically useful antitumor antibiotics are discussed in terms of their activity, mechanism of action, and the producing microbe.", "PMID": 62614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_526", "title": "Osmium zinc iodide staining of Golgi elements in oocytes of Triturus cristatus.", "content": "Developing oocytes of the newt Triturus cristatus were studied in order to clarify the role played by the Golgi apparatus in the formation of yolk. The cytochemical method used for this purpose was that of Maillet (1968) which employs an Osmium Zinc Iodide (OZI) complex. Previtellogenic oocytes reveal a pattern of OZI staining only after hormonal (HCG) stimulation, following which both the Golgi apparatus and the multivesicular bodies are stained. Vitellogenic oocytes taken from non-hormonally stimulated females reveal OZI deposits in a number of vesicles peripheral to the Golgi apparatus as well as within the superficial layer of the forming yolk platelets. Following hormone stimulation, many of the Golgi apparatus located in the central ooplasm of vitellogenic oocytes have all their cisternae blackened by the OZI deposits; other apparatuses,more peripherally located, remain essentially unchanged in their staining pattern. Further, a large number of OZI stained vesicles becomes visible in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus and within the superficial layer of the forming yolk platelets. The present findings are interpreted as indicating the occurrence of fusion between Golgi derived vesicles and forming yolk platelets. It is also suggested that the vesicles in question function as carriers of Golgi produced enzymes which are presumably required to accomplish the final elaboration of the yolk material.", "contents": "Osmium zinc iodide staining of Golgi elements in oocytes of Triturus cristatus. Developing oocytes of the newt Triturus cristatus were studied in order to clarify the role played by the Golgi apparatus in the formation of yolk. The cytochemical method used for this purpose was that of Maillet (1968) which employs an Osmium Zinc Iodide (OZI) complex. Previtellogenic oocytes reveal a pattern of OZI staining only after hormonal (HCG) stimulation, following which both the Golgi apparatus and the multivesicular bodies are stained. Vitellogenic oocytes taken from non-hormonally stimulated females reveal OZI deposits in a number of vesicles peripheral to the Golgi apparatus as well as within the superficial layer of the forming yolk platelets. Following hormone stimulation, many of the Golgi apparatus located in the central ooplasm of vitellogenic oocytes have all their cisternae blackened by the OZI deposits; other apparatuses,more peripherally located, remain essentially unchanged in their staining pattern. Further, a large number of OZI stained vesicles becomes visible in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus and within the superficial layer of the forming yolk platelets. The present findings are interpreted as indicating the occurrence of fusion between Golgi derived vesicles and forming yolk platelets. It is also suggested that the vesicles in question function as carriers of Golgi produced enzymes which are presumably required to accomplish the final elaboration of the yolk material.", "PMID": 62617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_527", "title": "The desmosome: fine structural studies with freeze-fracture replication and tannic acid staining of sectioned epidermis.", "content": "Desmosomes of larval and post-metamorphic newt epidermis have been studied by freeze-fracture replication both with and without prior glutaraldehyde fixation. Characteristic particles of a diameter (70-130 A) similar to that of typical membrane associated particles are found clustered on the exposed internal faces of adherent desmosomal membranes. They remain attached to the B-face in unfixed material, but occupy the desmosomal A-face after fixation. Membrane associated particles of nondesmosomal surfaces are found predominantly on the A-face in both fixed and unfixed epidermis. Suitably oriented replicas of unfixed desmosomes reveal profiles of apparent fine filaments extending from the region of tonofilament loops through the desmosomal plaque to traverse the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasmalemma. They can be traced onto the B-face. Their position correlates to fine linear profiles noted in tannic acid/glutaraldehyde-fixed and sectioned desmosomes. The possibility that these represent a mechanism for anchorage of tonofilaments to the plaque and to the membrane is discussed. These and other fine structural features are compared and contrasted to the properties of hemidesmosomes described in the preceding report.", "contents": "The desmosome: fine structural studies with freeze-fracture replication and tannic acid staining of sectioned epidermis. Desmosomes of larval and post-metamorphic newt epidermis have been studied by freeze-fracture replication both with and without prior glutaraldehyde fixation. Characteristic particles of a diameter (70-130 A) similar to that of typical membrane associated particles are found clustered on the exposed internal faces of adherent desmosomal membranes. They remain attached to the B-face in unfixed material, but occupy the desmosomal A-face after fixation. Membrane associated particles of nondesmosomal surfaces are found predominantly on the A-face in both fixed and unfixed epidermis. Suitably oriented replicas of unfixed desmosomes reveal profiles of apparent fine filaments extending from the region of tonofilament loops through the desmosomal plaque to traverse the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasmalemma. They can be traced onto the B-face. Their position correlates to fine linear profiles noted in tannic acid/glutaraldehyde-fixed and sectioned desmosomes. The possibility that these represent a mechanism for anchorage of tonofilaments to the plaque and to the membrane is discussed. These and other fine structural features are compared and contrasted to the properties of hemidesmosomes described in the preceding report.", "PMID": 62618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_528", "title": "The Kurloff cell. Its differentiation in the blood and lymphatic system.", "content": "Kurloff cells belong to the group of macrophages as far as ultrastructure, adhesiveness and identification with Kupffer cells (in the case of the liver) are concerned. A characteristic group of features makes it easy to recognize them: PAS reaction, cyanol-blue staining, presence of myelin figures in electron microscopy and attachment to glass-slides. Kurloff cells are thymic and blood cells. They are observed in small numbers in the circulating blood and, in large quantities, in spleen (red pulp), liver (hepatic sinusoids) and lung (septal capillaries). They are absent from lymphatic nodules and from diffuse lymphatic tissues. Morphological and experimental studies indicate that, in spite of some equivocal similarities, Kurloff cells are distinguishable by many criteria from erythrophagocytic cells and from protein-secreting blood cells.", "contents": "The Kurloff cell. Its differentiation in the blood and lymphatic system. Kurloff cells belong to the group of macrophages as far as ultrastructure, adhesiveness and identification with Kupffer cells (in the case of the liver) are concerned. A characteristic group of features makes it easy to recognize them: PAS reaction, cyanol-blue staining, presence of myelin figures in electron microscopy and attachment to glass-slides. Kurloff cells are thymic and blood cells. They are observed in small numbers in the circulating blood and, in large quantities, in spleen (red pulp), liver (hepatic sinusoids) and lung (septal capillaries). They are absent from lymphatic nodules and from diffuse lymphatic tissues. Morphological and experimental studies indicate that, in spite of some equivocal similarities, Kurloff cells are distinguishable by many criteria from erythrophagocytic cells and from protein-secreting blood cells.", "PMID": 62619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_529", "title": "The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction on nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat under normal and experimental conditions.", "content": "The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.", "contents": "The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) reaction on nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat under normal and experimental conditions. The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.", "PMID": 62620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_530", "title": "Endogenous type C RNA virus of Odocoileus hemionus, a mammalian species of New World origin.", "content": "Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from several Old World vertebrates, and an even larger number of Old World species have been shown to contain endogenous viral genetic sequences. The present report describes the first isolation of type C virus endogenous to a species originating in the New World. This virus, isolated from cells of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus, is shown to possess genetic sequences in common with DNA of its species of origin. While it shares biochemical and immunologic characteristics with other mammalian type C viruses, its immunologic properties readily distinguish it from known endogenous viruses.", "contents": "Endogenous type C RNA virus of Odocoileus hemionus, a mammalian species of New World origin. Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from several Old World vertebrates, and an even larger number of Old World species have been shown to contain endogenous viral genetic sequences. The present report describes the first isolation of type C virus endogenous to a species originating in the New World. This virus, isolated from cells of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus, is shown to possess genetic sequences in common with DNA of its species of origin. While it shares biochemical and immunologic characteristics with other mammalian type C viruses, its immunologic properties readily distinguish it from known endogenous viruses.", "PMID": 62621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_531", "title": "Antigenic variants of influenza A virus obtained in vitro.", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate antigenic \"drift\" in the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of influenza A virus in vitro under immunological pressure. Variants of the \"Asian\" influenza strains A/England/12/64 (H2N2) and A/Tokyo/3/67 (H2N2) were isolated in the allantois-on-shell system in the presence of homologous postinfection ferret sera. For each of these two viruses three generations of variants were isolated and characterized. It was found that the successive antigenic variants of A/Eng/12/64 did not resemble A/Tokyo/3/67. Thus it is probable that the pathway of antigenic drift in vitro was not the same as that which occurred in nature during the evolution of A/Tokyo/3/67 from A/Eng/12/64. In addition, A/Tokyo/3/67, which was the last strain to be prevalent before the A/Hong Kong subtype appeared, underwent significant antigenic drift from \"junior\" to \"senior\" variants. This finding did not support the concept that, when antigenic drift occurs, resulting in the appearence of viruses with new haemagglutinin antigen subtypes, the previously prevalent strain has no capacity for further antigenic drift. The study did not result in the production of strains that were identifiable as \"bridging\" viruses between the H2 and H3 haemagglutinin subtypes. The present paper includes the first report of antigenic variation in the neuraminidase antigens of influenza A viruses occurring in vitro under immunological pressure.", "contents": "Antigenic variants of influenza A virus obtained in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate antigenic \"drift\" in the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of influenza A virus in vitro under immunological pressure. Variants of the \"Asian\" influenza strains A/England/12/64 (H2N2) and A/Tokyo/3/67 (H2N2) were isolated in the allantois-on-shell system in the presence of homologous postinfection ferret sera. For each of these two viruses three generations of variants were isolated and characterized. It was found that the successive antigenic variants of A/Eng/12/64 did not resemble A/Tokyo/3/67. Thus it is probable that the pathway of antigenic drift in vitro was not the same as that which occurred in nature during the evolution of A/Tokyo/3/67 from A/Eng/12/64. In addition, A/Tokyo/3/67, which was the last strain to be prevalent before the A/Hong Kong subtype appeared, underwent significant antigenic drift from \"junior\" to \"senior\" variants. This finding did not support the concept that, when antigenic drift occurs, resulting in the appearence of viruses with new haemagglutinin antigen subtypes, the previously prevalent strain has no capacity for further antigenic drift. The study did not result in the production of strains that were identifiable as \"bridging\" viruses between the H2 and H3 haemagglutinin subtypes. The present paper includes the first report of antigenic variation in the neuraminidase antigens of influenza A viruses occurring in vitro under immunological pressure.", "PMID": 62624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_532", "title": "[Cyto-immunologic location of alpha-MSH and ACTH in the lead-hematoxylin (HPb)-stainable pituitary cells, in the eel].", "content": "The lead-haematoxylin positive cells of the pars intermedia react with anti-alpha-MSH and anti-1-24ACTH or anti-17-39ATCH; those of the rostal pars distalis are only revealed with antisera anti-1-24ACTH and anti-17-39ACTH. Intensity of cytoimmunological staining, which is modified after various experimental treatments (reserpine, metyrapon, pimozid, cortisol...) and during black or white background adaptaiton, corresponds essentially to that of the PbH staining.", "contents": "[Cyto-immunologic location of alpha-MSH and ACTH in the lead-hematoxylin (HPb)-stainable pituitary cells, in the eel]. The lead-haematoxylin positive cells of the pars intermedia react with anti-alpha-MSH and anti-1-24ACTH or anti-17-39ATCH; those of the rostal pars distalis are only revealed with antisera anti-1-24ACTH and anti-17-39ACTH. Intensity of cytoimmunological staining, which is modified after various experimental treatments (reserpine, metyrapon, pimozid, cortisol...) and during black or white background adaptaiton, corresponds essentially to that of the PbH staining.", "PMID": 62625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_533", "title": "[Study of the nephrotoxicity of antibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane glycoproteins of the Wistar rat].", "content": "The nephrotoxic activity of prepared antibodies against previously isolated glycoproteic fractions of the Rat glomerular basement membrane was studied using Masugi's model of Nephritis. This activity was determined by following the daily evolution of the proteinuria and the value of the seric complement. It seems linked to numerous factors.", "contents": "[Study of the nephrotoxicity of antibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane glycoproteins of the Wistar rat]. The nephrotoxic activity of prepared antibodies against previously isolated glycoproteic fractions of the Rat glomerular basement membrane was studied using Masugi's model of Nephritis. This activity was determined by following the daily evolution of the proteinuria and the value of the seric complement. It seems linked to numerous factors.", "PMID": 62626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_534", "title": "[Immunosuppressive effect of a human serum ferroprotein of hepatic origin: alpha-2-HF-globulin].", "content": "alpha 2HF, a serum  ferroprotein increased during some malignant diseases, displays a suppressive effect on in vitro antibody responses, whether T-independent or T-dependent. This effect is not related to the presence of iron, nor to the macroglobulin nature of the molecule. The immunosuppressive properties of alpha 2 HF might depend on its carbohydrate moeity.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive effect of a human serum ferroprotein of hepatic origin: alpha-2-HF-globulin]. alpha 2HF, a serum  ferroprotein increased during some malignant diseases, displays a suppressive effect on in vitro antibody responses, whether T-independent or T-dependent. This effect is not related to the presence of iron, nor to the macroglobulin nature of the molecule. The immunosuppressive properties of alpha 2 HF might depend on its carbohydrate moeity.", "PMID": 62627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_535", "title": "[Levels of lead on the livers of dogs from the Paris region].", "content": "Lead level has been determined in the liver of 51 Dogs of different ages, sex and breed from districts of Paris. This level is from 0,16 ppm (fresh weight) up to 5,4 ppm. 23 p. cent of Dogs examined have more than 3 ppm in their livers. The level is not correlated with sex, breed and size. It increases with age of animals.", "contents": "[Levels of lead on the livers of dogs from the Paris region]. Lead level has been determined in the liver of 51 Dogs of different ages, sex and breed from districts of Paris. This level is from 0,16 ppm (fresh weight) up to 5,4 ppm. 23 p. cent of Dogs examined have more than 3 ppm in their livers. The level is not correlated with sex, breed and size. It increases with age of animals.", "PMID": 62628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_536", "title": "[Determination by three technics of cellular immunology of the antigenic determinants of the Ly-Li system expressed on human B lymphocytes].", "content": "A clear correlation has been observed between the presence of the antigenic B cell system Ly-Li detected serologically, and 3 cellular immunology techniques: 1. MLR inhibition by anti-Li serum; 2. level of restimulation of anti-Ly-Li in vitro primed lymphocytes; 3. detection of HLA-D alleles by homozygous typing cells. These results suggest that the allelic products detected serologically may be identical to those detected by the first two techniques, namely MLR inhibition and in vitro primed lymphocyte typing, and possibly HLA-D typing using homozygous typing cells, although the correlation was found to be repeatedly less clear for the last technique.", "contents": "[Determination by three technics of cellular immunology of the antigenic determinants of the Ly-Li system expressed on human B lymphocytes]. A clear correlation has been observed between the presence of the antigenic B cell system Ly-Li detected serologically, and 3 cellular immunology techniques: 1. MLR inhibition by anti-Li serum; 2. level of restimulation of anti-Ly-Li in vitro primed lymphocytes; 3. detection of HLA-D alleles by homozygous typing cells. These results suggest that the allelic products detected serologically may be identical to those detected by the first two techniques, namely MLR inhibition and in vitro primed lymphocyte typing, and possibly HLA-D typing using homozygous typing cells, although the correlation was found to be repeatedly less clear for the last technique.", "PMID": 62629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_537", "title": "Studies on J chain and binding site for secretory component in circulating human B cells.", "content": "Lymphocyte-enriched mononuclear cell fractions were obtained from the peripheral blood of four healthy young adults. Living B cells with membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) were studied by immunofluorescence to reveal exposed J-chain determinants or surface affinity for the secretory component (SC). Alcohol-fixed cell smears were similarly studied with and without prior denaturation in acid urea. It was concluded that J chain-containing polymeric Ig of endogenous origin is generally not present on the surface of circulating B cells. If occasional cells bear IgM or IgA polymers rather than monomers, their SC-binding site must be concealed to a degree that it is not functional. Affinity for SC is therefore unlikely to be involved in a selective homing of IgM- and IgA-immunocyte precursors from peripheral blood to glandular regions.", "contents": "Studies on J chain and binding site for secretory component in circulating human B cells. Lymphocyte-enriched mononuclear cell fractions were obtained from the peripheral blood of four healthy young adults. Living B cells with membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) were studied by immunofluorescence to reveal exposed J-chain determinants or surface affinity for the secretory component (SC). Alcohol-fixed cell smears were similarly studied with and without prior denaturation in acid urea. It was concluded that J chain-containing polymeric Ig of endogenous origin is generally not present on the surface of circulating B cells. If occasional cells bear IgM or IgA polymers rather than monomers, their SC-binding site must be concealed to a degree that it is not functional. Affinity for SC is therefore unlikely to be involved in a selective homing of IgM- and IgA-immunocyte precursors from peripheral blood to glandular regions.", "PMID": 62630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_538", "title": "Studies on J chain and binding site for secretory component in circulating human B cells. II. The cytoplasm.", "content": "About 0-3-1-1% of the lymphoid cells from peripheral blood of healthy adults contained cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig). The class distribution of these B cells varied greatly among individuals, with a preponderance of the IgA (26-65%) or the IgG (15-66%) class. A remarkably high percentage of the Ig-containing cells were positive for cytoplasmic J chain regardless of the class (100% for IgM, 87-97% for IgA, 50-100% FOR IgD, and 43-88% for IgG cells). This feature probably reflects that the cells represent circulating blasts derived from the early expansion phase of B-cell clones. The antigenic determinants of the J chain were in most IgA-containing cells considerably masked, indicating that this subunit was \"correctly\" arranged in the IgA dimers at the cytoplasmic level in the manner demonstrated for intestinal IgA plasma cells.", "contents": "Studies on J chain and binding site for secretory component in circulating human B cells. II. The cytoplasm. About 0-3-1-1% of the lymphoid cells from peripheral blood of healthy adults contained cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig). The class distribution of these B cells varied greatly among individuals, with a preponderance of the IgA (26-65%) or the IgG (15-66%) class. A remarkably high percentage of the Ig-containing cells were positive for cytoplasmic J chain regardless of the class (100% for IgM, 87-97% for IgA, 50-100% FOR IgD, and 43-88% for IgG cells). This feature probably reflects that the cells represent circulating blasts derived from the early expansion phase of B-cell clones. The antigenic determinants of the J chain were in most IgA-containing cells considerably masked, indicating that this subunit was \"correctly\" arranged in the IgA dimers at the cytoplasmic level in the manner demonstrated for intestinal IgA plasma cells.", "PMID": 62631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_539", "title": "Restriction of immunoglobulin heterogeneity, autoimmunity and serum protein levels in aged people.", "content": "Ninety-one sera of persons above 80 years of age were screened for autoantibody activity against lipoproteins (anti-LDL 7, anti-HDL 6 positive), for rheumatoid factor activity (Latex 14, Waaler-Rose 7 positive) and for antinuclear factors (11 positive). Among the sera with autoantibody activity 29 percent showed deviations of the normal kappa/lambda ratio of immunoglobulins, as opposed to 22 percent of the sera without detected autoantibody activity. In 3 percent of the sera an M component was detected. Determination of the alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, complement component C3c and C4, IgG, IgA and IgM levels showed significant increases in alpha-, and beta-globulins as well as in IgG and IgA in sera of the aged persons as compared to a normal population between 20 and 60 years old. No significant difference was noted between the gamma-globulin concentration in sera of aged persons with or without autoantibody activity. The evaluation of the relationship between serum protein levels and alterations of the kappa/lambda ratio indicated that the alpha- and the beta-globulins were significantly raised in sera with altered kappa/lambda ratios, whereas, with the exception of M component containing sera the gamma-globulin levels seemed not significantly affected by changes in this ratio.", "contents": "Restriction of immunoglobulin heterogeneity, autoimmunity and serum protein levels in aged people. Ninety-one sera of persons above 80 years of age were screened for autoantibody activity against lipoproteins (anti-LDL 7, anti-HDL 6 positive), for rheumatoid factor activity (Latex 14, Waaler-Rose 7 positive) and for antinuclear factors (11 positive). Among the sera with autoantibody activity 29 percent showed deviations of the normal kappa/lambda ratio of immunoglobulins, as opposed to 22 percent of the sera without detected autoantibody activity. In 3 percent of the sera an M component was detected. Determination of the alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, complement component C3c and C4, IgG, IgA and IgM levels showed significant increases in alpha-, and beta-globulins as well as in IgG and IgA in sera of the aged persons as compared to a normal population between 20 and 60 years old. No significant difference was noted between the gamma-globulin concentration in sera of aged persons with or without autoantibody activity. The evaluation of the relationship between serum protein levels and alterations of the kappa/lambda ratio indicated that the alpha- and the beta-globulins were significantly raised in sera with altered kappa/lambda ratios, whereas, with the exception of M component containing sera the gamma-globulin levels seemed not significantly affected by changes in this ratio.", "PMID": 62632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_540", "title": "Effects of Hoechst 33258 on human leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "The benzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258 was added at various concentrations to human leukocyte cultures. After 16 or 24 h of treatment, with concentrations equal to or greater than 100 mug/ml of Hoechst 33258, a number of chromosomes showed regions in which the chromatin was undercontracted. The centromeric regions of chromosome 1 and, more rarely, of chromosomes 3 and 9 appeared to be decondensed. Short decondensed regions were also present on the long arms of chromosomes 1 and 2. The possible nature of these regions is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of Hoechst 33258 on human leukocytes in vitro. The benzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258 was added at various concentrations to human leukocyte cultures. After 16 or 24 h of treatment, with concentrations equal to or greater than 100 mug/ml of Hoechst 33258, a number of chromosomes showed regions in which the chromatin was undercontracted. The centromeric regions of chromosome 1 and, more rarely, of chromosomes 3 and 9 appeared to be decondensed. Short decondensed regions were also present on the long arms of chromosomes 1 and 2. The possible nature of these regions is discussed.", "PMID": 62642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_541", "title": "[Total gastrectomy in patients over 70 years old. Postoperative complications and prognosis].", "content": "In the cases of gastric cancer in patients over 70 years old we were not able to find a noticeable difference of survival time between the cases of palliative total gastrectomy and those where no resection or no operation was undertaken. From these results and the high frequency of complications after total gastrectomy in patients over 70 years old, we cannot see the therapeutic significance of palliative total gastrectomy. On the other hand the results of postoperative examinations in the cases without cancer recurrence were favorable, and they live a relatively comfortable life for their age. If the preoperative risk of patients can be judged exactly and if cure can be expected, total gastrectomy must be considered even in the patients over 70 years old.", "contents": "[Total gastrectomy in patients over 70 years old. Postoperative complications and prognosis]. In the cases of gastric cancer in patients over 70 years old we were not able to find a noticeable difference of survival time between the cases of palliative total gastrectomy and those where no resection or no operation was undertaken. From these results and the high frequency of complications after total gastrectomy in patients over 70 years old, we cannot see the therapeutic significance of palliative total gastrectomy. On the other hand the results of postoperative examinations in the cases without cancer recurrence were favorable, and they live a relatively comfortable life for their age. If the preoperative risk of patients can be judged exactly and if cure can be expected, total gastrectomy must be considered even in the patients over 70 years old.", "PMID": 62643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_542", "title": "[Clinical aspects of Hochenegg's draft procedure].", "content": "A report concerning the follow-up examinations of the 14 patients with rectum cancer from the University Surgical Clinic in Innsbruck, Austria, who from 1961-1974 were operated on using Hochenegg's technique. Interestingly enough, it was noticed that when the height of the anastomosis was less than 5 cm from the anal ring, a partial incontinence appeared (in 3 of the 14 patients) and when it was more than 5 cm from the anal ring, a total continence was assured. A relapse was observed three times in the tumor cases type C2 and D (Duke). Post-operative complications occurred in 4 cases, none being life-threatening. The indications of this technique will be discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of Hochenegg's draft procedure]. A report concerning the follow-up examinations of the 14 patients with rectum cancer from the University Surgical Clinic in Innsbruck, Austria, who from 1961-1974 were operated on using Hochenegg's technique. Interestingly enough, it was noticed that when the height of the anastomosis was less than 5 cm from the anal ring, a partial incontinence appeared (in 3 of the 14 patients) and when it was more than 5 cm from the anal ring, a total continence was assured. A relapse was observed three times in the tumor cases type C2 and D (Duke). Post-operative complications occurred in 4 cases, none being life-threatening. The indications of this technique will be discussed.", "PMID": 62644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_543", "title": "The agglutinating antibody response in the duodenum of infants with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis.", "content": "The agglutinating antibody response in duodenal fluid and serum was measured serially in 15 infants with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis. Peak levels of duodenal agglutinins were recorded 8-18 days after the onset of symptoms, and the titres fell within the next 7-14 days. The immunoglobulin (Ig) class of these antibodies was mainly IgA, but IgM antibodies were detected early in the response, especially in the younger infants. Late antibodies showed less cross-reactions with other strains of E. coli than did early antibodies. Serum antibody responses were detected in eight infants, but they correlated poorly with the titres of intestinal antibodies. No rise in serum antibodies was detected in six infants. It is not known whether these differences are host-derived, or whether they are the result of the invasive properties of some of the infecting organisms.", "contents": "The agglutinating antibody response in the duodenum of infants with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis. The agglutinating antibody response in duodenal fluid and serum was measured serially in 15 infants with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis. Peak levels of duodenal agglutinins were recorded 8-18 days after the onset of symptoms, and the titres fell within the next 7-14 days. The immunoglobulin (Ig) class of these antibodies was mainly IgA, but IgM antibodies were detected early in the response, especially in the younger infants. Late antibodies showed less cross-reactions with other strains of E. coli than did early antibodies. Serum antibody responses were detected in eight infants, but they correlated poorly with the titres of intestinal antibodies. No rise in serum antibodies was detected in six infants. It is not known whether these differences are host-derived, or whether they are the result of the invasive properties of some of the infecting organisms.", "PMID": 62645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_544", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of enteric infections caused by invasive bacteria.", "content": "Salmonellae, shigellae and some Escherichia coli must invade the intestinal epithelial cell and multiply within the mucosa to cause disease. Although the bacterial cell most likely possesses several properties essential to this invasive ability, the nature of the cell envelope complex is at present the only characteristic which has been implicated in this process. While a number of pathophysiological events result from invasion, some of our recent efforts have concerned the site and mechanism of intestinal fluid loss in salmonellosis and shigellosis. In both these disorders, bacterial invasion of the colonic mucosa, associated with an acute inflammatory reaction and mucosal damage, is regularly seen and colonic salt and water transport is abnormal. These defects may account for mild diarrhoea in salmonellosis and the dysenteric stools of shigellosis. However, in salmonella-infected animals with severe watery diarrhoea and in shigella-infected animals with diarrhoea alone or in combination with dysentery, the jejunum is in a net secretory state. This secretion occurs in the absence of bacterial invasion or morphological abnormalities. Thus, the diarrhoea caused by invasive bacteria may result from the inability of the colon to reabsorb the increased volume of fluid entering it from the small intestine. Although colonic mucosal damage is a feature of invasive-type diarrhoeas, the permeability of both the colon and small intestine to small molecules, mannitol and erythritol, is not altered. Thus intestinal fluid loss cannot be ascribed to transudation. In addition, the results of our Ussing chamber experiments, employing salmonella-infected rabbit ileum, reveal that salt and water secretion is an active process. Since secretion occurs in the jejunum in the absence of bacterial invasion, this might suggest the participation of an enterotoxin. Shigella dysenteriae I is the best-studied invasive organism in which an enterotoxin has been found, yet mutant strains which do not invade but retain the ability to elaborate enterotoxin fail to cause disease in either monkeys or man. Thus, the physiological relevance of Shiga enterotoxin and the mechanism of jejunal secretion in these disorders remain unclear. Recent data suggest that invasive enteropathogens, like the enterotoxin-producing bacteria, activate the mucosal adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system and that this activation may play a role in intestinal fluid secretion.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of enteric infections caused by invasive bacteria. Salmonellae, shigellae and some Escherichia coli must invade the intestinal epithelial cell and multiply within the mucosa to cause disease. Although the bacterial cell most likely possesses several properties essential to this invasive ability, the nature of the cell envelope complex is at present the only characteristic which has been implicated in this process. While a number of pathophysiological events result from invasion, some of our recent efforts have concerned the site and mechanism of intestinal fluid loss in salmonellosis and shigellosis. In both these disorders, bacterial invasion of the colonic mucosa, associated with an acute inflammatory reaction and mucosal damage, is regularly seen and colonic salt and water transport is abnormal. These defects may account for mild diarrhoea in salmonellosis and the dysenteric stools of shigellosis. However, in salmonella-infected animals with severe watery diarrhoea and in shigella-infected animals with diarrhoea alone or in combination with dysentery, the jejunum is in a net secretory state. This secretion occurs in the absence of bacterial invasion or morphological abnormalities. Thus, the diarrhoea caused by invasive bacteria may result from the inability of the colon to reabsorb the increased volume of fluid entering it from the small intestine. Although colonic mucosal damage is a feature of invasive-type diarrhoeas, the permeability of both the colon and small intestine to small molecules, mannitol and erythritol, is not altered. Thus intestinal fluid loss cannot be ascribed to transudation. In addition, the results of our Ussing chamber experiments, employing salmonella-infected rabbit ileum, reveal that salt and water secretion is an active process. Since secretion occurs in the jejunum in the absence of bacterial invasion, this might suggest the participation of an enterotoxin. Shigella dysenteriae I is the best-studied invasive organism in which an enterotoxin has been found, yet mutant strains which do not invade but retain the ability to elaborate enterotoxin fail to cause disease in either monkeys or man. Thus, the physiological relevance of Shiga enterotoxin and the mechanism of jejunal secretion in these disorders remain unclear. Recent data suggest that invasive enteropathogens, like the enterotoxin-producing bacteria, activate the mucosal adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system and that this activation may play a role in intestinal fluid secretion.", "PMID": 62646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_545", "title": "[Results of operative treatment of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1960 and 1974 a total of 14 937 patients were treated in 16 German surgical departments for bronchial carcinoma. 70% proved to be inoperable. In 30% the tumour was resected, the five-year survival rate of those patients operated on before 1969 being 23%. In suitable cases, lobectomy proved to be a satisfactory radical method of resection in parallel with pneumonectomy, while the operative risk of the latter was twice as high. The operative risk decreased by half during the period of observation. Best results of tumour resection were achieved when in the early stage. The prognosis of anaplastic carcinoma was not significantly worse than that of other histological types. Further improvement in the results of surgical treatment of bronchial carcinoma are to be expected if the operative risk can be decreased further and more patients can be operated on at an earlier stage.", "contents": "[Results of operative treatment of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Between 1960 and 1974 a total of 14 937 patients were treated in 16 German surgical departments for bronchial carcinoma. 70% proved to be inoperable. In 30% the tumour was resected, the five-year survival rate of those patients operated on before 1969 being 23%. In suitable cases, lobectomy proved to be a satisfactory radical method of resection in parallel with pneumonectomy, while the operative risk of the latter was twice as high. The operative risk decreased by half during the period of observation. Best results of tumour resection were achieved when in the early stage. The prognosis of anaplastic carcinoma was not significantly worse than that of other histological types. Further improvement in the results of surgical treatment of bronchial carcinoma are to be expected if the operative risk can be decreased further and more patients can be operated on at an earlier stage.", "PMID": 62647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_546", "title": "[Results of radiotherapy of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In a joint retrospective study by 17 radiotherapy clinics in German-speaking countries the results of treatment of bronchial carcinoma after radiotherapy were analysed in 7503 cases. The age peak was between the 60th and 70th year. Squamous-cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type, followed by anaplastic carcinoma, with adenocarcinoma being rare. There was a high proportion of histologically not clearly identified cases (27% in central and 35% in peripheral carcinomas). Survival rate at one year was 31% for central (3662 patients) and peripheral (961 patients) tumours, but only 2% at five years. Prognostically there was no difference between histological types and kind of radiotherapy or technique, but total dose affected survival rate. At a total dose of less than 5000 rd the survival rate at five years was minimal. The prognosis of combined surgical and radiotherapeutic measures was slightly better than with a radiotherapy alone, but results were unpredictable for the individual case. It is concluded that radiotherapy aiming at cure should be used in imoperable bronchial carcinoma if the tumour state and general condition of the patient appear to make a cure possible. But if this is not the case, radiotherapy should be used only palliatively, i.e. only to ameliorate symptoms.", "contents": "[Results of radiotherapy of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. In a joint retrospective study by 17 radiotherapy clinics in German-speaking countries the results of treatment of bronchial carcinoma after radiotherapy were analysed in 7503 cases. The age peak was between the 60th and 70th year. Squamous-cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type, followed by anaplastic carcinoma, with adenocarcinoma being rare. There was a high proportion of histologically not clearly identified cases (27% in central and 35% in peripheral carcinomas). Survival rate at one year was 31% for central (3662 patients) and peripheral (961 patients) tumours, but only 2% at five years. Prognostically there was no difference between histological types and kind of radiotherapy or technique, but total dose affected survival rate. At a total dose of less than 5000 rd the survival rate at five years was minimal. The prognosis of combined surgical and radiotherapeutic measures was slightly better than with a radiotherapy alone, but results were unpredictable for the individual case. It is concluded that radiotherapy aiming at cure should be used in imoperable bronchial carcinoma if the tumour state and general condition of the patient appear to make a cure possible. But if this is not the case, radiotherapy should be used only palliatively, i.e. only to ameliorate symptoms.", "PMID": 62648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_547", "title": "The role of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of electrocortical activity in the encephale isole cat.", "content": "Experiments were performed on encephale isole cats. The cats were either untreated or pretreated with reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) or FLA 63, and the depletion of endogenous noradrenaline was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Pretreatment with reserpine reduced waking and spindle sleep while the synthesis inhibitors did not. A combined pretreatment with reserpine and AMPT or FLA 63 was necessary to deplete totally brain stem noradrenaline. Under these circumstances, behavioural arousal was abolished and all electrocortical activity except spindling was also abolished. Injection of L-DOPA into cats pretreated with reserpine and AMPT produced behavioural alerting and low voltage, high frequency electrocortical activity. In cats pretreated with reserpine and FLA 63, the minimum effective dose of L-DOPA was often elevated, and when the low voltage, high frequency activity occurred, it was accompanied by spindling. It was accompanied by spindling. It is suggested that dopamine and noradrenaline independently modulate electrocortical activity, dopamine mediating spindling, and noradrenaline inhibiting spindling but mediating low voltage, high frequency activity.", "contents": "The role of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of electrocortical activity in the encephale isole cat. Experiments were performed on encephale isole cats. The cats were either untreated or pretreated with reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) or FLA 63, and the depletion of endogenous noradrenaline was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Pretreatment with reserpine reduced waking and spindle sleep while the synthesis inhibitors did not. A combined pretreatment with reserpine and AMPT or FLA 63 was necessary to deplete totally brain stem noradrenaline. Under these circumstances, behavioural arousal was abolished and all electrocortical activity except spindling was also abolished. Injection of L-DOPA into cats pretreated with reserpine and AMPT produced behavioural alerting and low voltage, high frequency electrocortical activity. In cats pretreated with reserpine and FLA 63, the minimum effective dose of L-DOPA was often elevated, and when the low voltage, high frequency activity occurred, it was accompanied by spindling. It was accompanied by spindling. It is suggested that dopamine and noradrenaline independently modulate electrocortical activity, dopamine mediating spindling, and noradrenaline inhibiting spindling but mediating low voltage, high frequency activity.", "PMID": 62650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_548", "title": "Influence of association cortex on penicillin discharges in the primary visual cortex.", "content": "The influence of visual association cortex on the pattern of neuronal activity in the lateral geniculate body, during penicillin-induced discharges in visula cortex, was studied. In a majority of those geniculate cells which exhibited a pre-penicillin discharge increment in activity, that increment was abolished or significantly reduced during focal hypothermia of the visual association cortex. The frequency of penicillin discharges in visual cortex was, in most cases, reduced during cooling of association cortex. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of corticothalamic interactions.", "contents": "Influence of association cortex on penicillin discharges in the primary visual cortex. The influence of visual association cortex on the pattern of neuronal activity in the lateral geniculate body, during penicillin-induced discharges in visula cortex, was studied. In a majority of those geniculate cells which exhibited a pre-penicillin discharge increment in activity, that increment was abolished or significantly reduced during focal hypothermia of the visual association cortex. The frequency of penicillin discharges in visual cortex was, in most cases, reduced during cooling of association cortex. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of corticothalamic interactions.", "PMID": 62651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_549", "title": "Epilepsy and sleep organization in the baboon Papio papio.", "content": "Effects of different types of epileptic seizure on the sleep organization of baboon were studied through 12 h polygraphic recordings. Photically induced myoclonic jerking did not modify sleep organization. Photically induced genalized convulsions produced an increase of the waking stage (AWA) and reduction of REM stage. Pentetrazol-induced generalized convulsions not only increased AWA and reduced REM, but also elicited various modifications of stages I, II and III. Daily generalized convulsions induced by light or pentetrazol over 5 days demonstrated no rebound of REM.", "contents": "Epilepsy and sleep organization in the baboon Papio papio. Effects of different types of epileptic seizure on the sleep organization of baboon were studied through 12 h polygraphic recordings. Photically induced myoclonic jerking did not modify sleep organization. Photically induced genalized convulsions produced an increase of the waking stage (AWA) and reduction of REM stage. Pentetrazol-induced generalized convulsions not only increased AWA and reduced REM, but also elicited various modifications of stages I, II and III. Daily generalized convulsions induced by light or pentetrazol over 5 days demonstrated no rebound of REM.", "PMID": 62652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_550", "title": "Automated sleep EEG analysis applied to the evaluation of drugs: illustration by study of clorazepate dipotassium.", "content": "An automated sleep EEG analysis system was used to evaluate the effects of clorazepate dipotassium in normal subjects. Ten young-adult men slept 18 consecutive nights in the laboratory. On days 8-15 clorazepate (7.5 mg) was administered three times daily; on days 5-7 and 16-18 a placebo was administered in a similar fashion. The drug reduced amounts of alpha and delta activity and increased the amount of beta activity and the number of spindles. These effects generally persisted through the 3 day placebo recovery period. Our results suggest that sleep EEG waveform descriptors are sensitive indicators of drug activity and that beta activity in particular may be useful in the detailed description of various drug effects.", "contents": "Automated sleep EEG analysis applied to the evaluation of drugs: illustration by study of clorazepate dipotassium. An automated sleep EEG analysis system was used to evaluate the effects of clorazepate dipotassium in normal subjects. Ten young-adult men slept 18 consecutive nights in the laboratory. On days 8-15 clorazepate (7.5 mg) was administered three times daily; on days 5-7 and 16-18 a placebo was administered in a similar fashion. The drug reduced amounts of alpha and delta activity and increased the amount of beta activity and the number of spindles. These effects generally persisted through the 3 day placebo recovery period. Our results suggest that sleep EEG waveform descriptors are sensitive indicators of drug activity and that beta activity in particular may be useful in the detailed description of various drug effects.", "PMID": 62653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_551", "title": "Correlation between confirmed sites of neurological lesions and abnormalities of far-field auditory brainstem responses.", "content": "Far-field auditory brainstem responses were recorded in ten patients in whom the distribution of pathology was defined at autopsy or at operation. The response normally consists of seven components in the initial 10 msec following click signals. Interruption of audiotory pathway at the junction of VII nerve with brainstem results in loss of response components after Wave I. Interruption of auditory pathway at the midbrain results in loss of response components after Wave III. We conclude that Wave I reflects activity of VIII nerve, Waves II and III reflect activity of cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body, and superior olive and Waves IV and V reflect activity of lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. The generators of Waves VI and VII were not defined.", "contents": "Correlation between confirmed sites of neurological lesions and abnormalities of far-field auditory brainstem responses. Far-field auditory brainstem responses were recorded in ten patients in whom the distribution of pathology was defined at autopsy or at operation. The response normally consists of seven components in the initial 10 msec following click signals. Interruption of audiotory pathway at the junction of VII nerve with brainstem results in loss of response components after Wave I. Interruption of auditory pathway at the midbrain results in loss of response components after Wave III. We conclude that Wave I reflects activity of VIII nerve, Waves II and III reflect activity of cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body, and superior olive and Waves IV and V reflect activity of lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. The generators of Waves VI and VII were not defined.", "PMID": 62654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_552", "title": "Spatial distribution of potentials evoked by half-field pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli.", "content": "Spatial distributions of visual potentials (VEPs) evoked by half-field checkerboard pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli were studied in 13 subjects, using an 11 lead unipolar array. The main aim was to confirm findings, obtained by previous workers with bipolar recordings, that half-field pattern-reversal VEP's are confined to the contralateral hemisphere and that half-field pattern-onset VEPs are asymmetrical, with greater right hemisphere involvement. Pattern-reversal VEP's contained four consistent peaks, designated here by polarity and peak latency as: (a) P95, positivity contra-lateral and negativity ipsilateral to the field stimulated; (b) P125, predominantly ipsilateral positivity; (c) N165, predominantly ipsilateral negativity; (d) P225; predominantly midline positivity. Pattern-onset VEPs contained three consistent peaks: (a) P125, mainly contraleteral positivity; (B) N175, mainly contralateral negativity; (c) P225, midline positivity. Distributions of pattern-reversal and pattern-onset peaks resembled one another only for P225, suggesting different cortical representation for the other events of the two kinds of VEP. Bipolar pattern-reversal VEPs were largely contralateral, but unipolar recordings showed that this was due to steeper contralateral potential gradients, as ipislateral activity was widespread. Pattern-onset peaks did not differ in amplitude with respect to the half-field stimulated. Previously reported asymmetries were not confirmed. The P125 and N175 pattern-onset peaks were almost entirely restricted to the contralateral hemisphere, but the distributions by half-field were mirror-images of one another. Half-field pattern-onset stimuli could be used to investigate the responsiveness of each hemisphere, although differential hemispheric involvement was not shown. Several differences in amplitude and distribution resulted from varying the width of the vertical central dark strip.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of potentials evoked by half-field pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli. Spatial distributions of visual potentials (VEPs) evoked by half-field checkerboard pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli were studied in 13 subjects, using an 11 lead unipolar array. The main aim was to confirm findings, obtained by previous workers with bipolar recordings, that half-field pattern-reversal VEP's are confined to the contralateral hemisphere and that half-field pattern-onset VEPs are asymmetrical, with greater right hemisphere involvement. Pattern-reversal VEP's contained four consistent peaks, designated here by polarity and peak latency as: (a) P95, positivity contra-lateral and negativity ipsilateral to the field stimulated; (b) P125, predominantly ipsilateral positivity; (c) N165, predominantly ipsilateral negativity; (d) P225; predominantly midline positivity. Pattern-onset VEPs contained three consistent peaks: (a) P125, mainly contraleteral positivity; (B) N175, mainly contralateral negativity; (c) P225, midline positivity. Distributions of pattern-reversal and pattern-onset peaks resembled one another only for P225, suggesting different cortical representation for the other events of the two kinds of VEP. Bipolar pattern-reversal VEPs were largely contralateral, but unipolar recordings showed that this was due to steeper contralateral potential gradients, as ipislateral activity was widespread. Pattern-onset peaks did not differ in amplitude with respect to the half-field stimulated. Previously reported asymmetries were not confirmed. The P125 and N175 pattern-onset peaks were almost entirely restricted to the contralateral hemisphere, but the distributions by half-field were mirror-images of one another. Half-field pattern-onset stimuli could be used to investigate the responsiveness of each hemisphere, although differential hemispheric involvement was not shown. Several differences in amplitude and distribution resulted from varying the width of the vertical central dark strip.", "PMID": 62655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_553", "title": "Temporo-spatial propagation of epileptoform after-discharges in the isolated cat suprasylvian gyrus.", "content": "1. Epileptiform after-discharges (EADSs) induced by electrical stimulation of the isolated suprasylvian gyrus were studied in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. 2. In a given region and at a certain time after stimulation, the following events took place: (a) a slow radial spread of the zone of maximal depolarization, from the cortical surface downward, as evidenced by a laminar study; (b) a massive cellular discharge preceded by a period during which few unit activities were detected, followed by bursts of spike activity timed with the surface-positive waves of the ECoG; (c) a surface-negative DC shift with maximal amplitude around 1000 mum below the surface; (d) the occurrence of a synchronizing focus from which the paraoxysmal waves propagated to the whole gyrus. 3. All these phenomena spread across the surface of the gyrus with a velocity (7-20 mm/min) similar to that of focal seizures in man.", "contents": "Temporo-spatial propagation of epileptoform after-discharges in the isolated cat suprasylvian gyrus. 1. Epileptiform after-discharges (EADSs) induced by electrical stimulation of the isolated suprasylvian gyrus were studied in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. 2. In a given region and at a certain time after stimulation, the following events took place: (a) a slow radial spread of the zone of maximal depolarization, from the cortical surface downward, as evidenced by a laminar study; (b) a massive cellular discharge preceded by a period during which few unit activities were detected, followed by bursts of spike activity timed with the surface-positive waves of the ECoG; (c) a surface-negative DC shift with maximal amplitude around 1000 mum below the surface; (d) the occurrence of a synchronizing focus from which the paraoxysmal waves propagated to the whole gyrus. 3. All these phenomena spread across the surface of the gyrus with a velocity (7-20 mm/min) similar to that of focal seizures in man.", "PMID": 62656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_554", "title": "Cortically elicited spike-wave after discharges in thalamic neurons.", "content": "Self-sustained, 3-4/sec spike-wave ADs were elicited in lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior thalamic bursting neurons following incremental responses elicited by 10/sec shock-trains applied to the anterior suprasylvian cortex. The pattern of cortically elicited thalamic spike-wave complexes, with brief depolarizing components and a long-lasting hyperpolarizing wave, resembles that of previously described spike-wave seizures elicited in cortical interneurons following specific thalamo-cortical augmenting responses.", "contents": "Cortically elicited spike-wave after discharges in thalamic neurons. Self-sustained, 3-4/sec spike-wave ADs were elicited in lateralis intermedius-lateralis posterior thalamic bursting neurons following incremental responses elicited by 10/sec shock-trains applied to the anterior suprasylvian cortex. The pattern of cortically elicited thalamic spike-wave complexes, with brief depolarizing components and a long-lasting hyperpolarizing wave, resembles that of previously described spike-wave seizures elicited in cortical interneurons following specific thalamo-cortical augmenting responses.", "PMID": 62658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_555", "title": "The immediate uptake of potassium ion by mitochondria requiring gramicidin and 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride.", "content": "The addition of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride to mitochondrial suspensions fortified with gramicidin and potassium ion but without any permeant anion caused an immediate and rapid increase in volume (as indicated by absorbance change at 520 nm) and the uptake of potassium ion (as indicated by a cation-specific electrode). The phenomena was not inhibited by rutamycin but was inhibited by either rotenone, antimycin or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Rotenone inhibition was relieved by succinate thus one of the requirements of the process was energy derived from endogenous substrates. Potassium ion could be replaced by rubidium and cesium ions but not by lithium or sodium ions. Since 2,2-dimethylsuccinate could not replace the anhydride and was not a permeant anion there must also be a requirement for the anhydride bond. The action of the anhydride on the mitochondria must be direct. Only closely related anhydrides were capable of engendering the effect of a highly effective permeant anion.", "contents": "The immediate uptake of potassium ion by mitochondria requiring gramicidin and 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride. The addition of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride to mitochondrial suspensions fortified with gramicidin and potassium ion but without any permeant anion caused an immediate and rapid increase in volume (as indicated by absorbance change at 520 nm) and the uptake of potassium ion (as indicated by a cation-specific electrode). The phenomena was not inhibited by rutamycin but was inhibited by either rotenone, antimycin or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Rotenone inhibition was relieved by succinate thus one of the requirements of the process was energy derived from endogenous substrates. Potassium ion could be replaced by rubidium and cesium ions but not by lithium or sodium ions. Since 2,2-dimethylsuccinate could not replace the anhydride and was not a permeant anion there must also be a requirement for the anhydride bond. The action of the anhydride on the mitochondria must be direct. Only closely related anhydrides were capable of engendering the effect of a highly effective permeant anion.", "PMID": 62662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_556", "title": "Structural features of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA from analysis of reverse transcription products.", "content": "The presence in encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus RNA of homonucleotide tracts 10 nucleotides or more in length has been investigated by testing the ability of homo-oligodeoxynucleotides to prime DNA synthesis in the reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Neither (dC)10 nor (dA)10 promoted incorporation of [3H]deoxynucleotides into acid-insoluble material but (dG)10 and (dT)12-18 were effective primers and produced DNA products approximately 2000 nucleotides in length. We conclude that there are single-stranded oligo(rC) and oligo(rA) tracts in native EMC virus RNA at 37 degrees C. Kinetic analysis indicated that oligo(dT) priming is similar to priming on ovalbumin mRNA and that it gives rise to only one DNA product per template molecule. Oligo(dG) priming appears to be complicated by self-aggregation of the primer. Oligo(dT)-primed and oligo(dG)-primed DNA have both been separated on alkaline-sucrose gradients into two peaks of which only the 'heavier' will hybridise to EMC virus RNA. Competitive hybridisation experiments indicate that the 'heavy' oligo(dT)-primed and oligo(dG)-primed DNA fractions hybridise to overlapping sequences of EMC virus RNA and place the priming regions of EMC virus RNA approximately 500 nucleotides apart during reverse transcription.", "contents": "Structural features of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA from analysis of reverse transcription products. The presence in encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus RNA of homonucleotide tracts 10 nucleotides or more in length has been investigated by testing the ability of homo-oligodeoxynucleotides to prime DNA synthesis in the reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Neither (dC)10 nor (dA)10 promoted incorporation of [3H]deoxynucleotides into acid-insoluble material but (dG)10 and (dT)12-18 were effective primers and produced DNA products approximately 2000 nucleotides in length. We conclude that there are single-stranded oligo(rC) and oligo(rA) tracts in native EMC virus RNA at 37 degrees C. Kinetic analysis indicated that oligo(dT) priming is similar to priming on ovalbumin mRNA and that it gives rise to only one DNA product per template molecule. Oligo(dG) priming appears to be complicated by self-aggregation of the primer. Oligo(dT)-primed and oligo(dG)-primed DNA have both been separated on alkaline-sucrose gradients into two peaks of which only the 'heavier' will hybridise to EMC virus RNA. Competitive hybridisation experiments indicate that the 'heavy' oligo(dT)-primed and oligo(dG)-primed DNA fractions hybridise to overlapping sequences of EMC virus RNA and place the priming regions of EMC virus RNA approximately 500 nucleotides apart during reverse transcription.", "PMID": 62663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_557", "title": "Anaphylactoid reactions due to hydroxyethyl starch infusion.", "content": "Incompatibility reactions due to hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were observed during 8 out of 10,273 infusions of 500 ml 6% HES (Plasmasteril). The clinical symptoms ranged from skin reactions to tachycardia, hypotension and shock. In 3 of the 8 patients with incompatibility serum immunoglobulin concentrations were reduced after the anaphylactoid reaction. Specific antibodies against HES were, however, not detected. Serum IgE levels stayed within their normal limits. Positive reactions of the immediate type to intradermal skin tests with different dilutions of Plasmasteril were obtained in five patients.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reactions due to hydroxyethyl starch infusion. Incompatibility reactions due to hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were observed during 8 out of 10,273 infusions of 500 ml 6% HES (Plasmasteril). The clinical symptoms ranged from skin reactions to tachycardia, hypotension and shock. In 3 of the 8 patients with incompatibility serum immunoglobulin concentrations were reduced after the anaphylactoid reaction. Specific antibodies against HES were, however, not detected. Serum IgE levels stayed within their normal limits. Positive reactions of the immediate type to intradermal skin tests with different dilutions of Plasmasteril were obtained in five patients.", "PMID": 62664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_558", "title": "H-2 antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells induced by concanavalin A: estimation of their relative frequency.", "content": "Specific and nonspecific lysis of DBA/2 (H-2d) mastocytoma cells, P815, by concanavalin A (Con A)-induced cytotoxic T cells was studied. In the assay for nonspecific lysis, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was present to glue the target and killer cells together. We have presented evidence previously to show that PHA reveals only, and all, cytotoxic T cells. In the assay for specific lysis the only glue present was specific receptors on a fraction of the killer cells and surface antigens of P815. We show that when PHA was present, Con A-induced cells which were syngeneic, semi-syngeneic, or allogeneic, lysed P815 very efficiently in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. However, only Con A-induced T cells which were allogeneic and did not carry H-2d lysed P815 when the assay was carried out in the absence of PHA. In an experiment with two target cells, Con A-induced B10 (H-2b) T cells lysed B10.D2 (H-2d) targets specifically but did not lyse B10 targets, while Con A-induced B10.D2 T cells lysed B10 targets specifically but not B10.D2 targets. Furthermore, Con A-induced B6 (H-2b) T cells from normal mice lysed P815 specifically but Con A-induced B6 T cells from irradiated F1 (B6 x BALB/c) (H-2b/d) mice reconstituted with B6 bone marrow did not lyse P815 specifically. A fraction of Con A-induced T cells therefore appear to bear specific surface receptors for nonself H-2 coded structures. We describe conditions of assay and a new method of plotting the results such that nonspecific (PHA-revealed) and specific (PHA-independent) cytotoxicity can be quantitatively compared. We conclude that 1-4% of the total Con A-induced cytotoxic effector T cells are directed against any particular foreign H-2 haplotype. This is the first estimate of the relative frequency of antigen-reactive cytotoxic T cells.", "contents": "H-2 antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells induced by concanavalin A: estimation of their relative frequency. Specific and nonspecific lysis of DBA/2 (H-2d) mastocytoma cells, P815, by concanavalin A (Con A)-induced cytotoxic T cells was studied. In the assay for nonspecific lysis, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was present to glue the target and killer cells together. We have presented evidence previously to show that PHA reveals only, and all, cytotoxic T cells. In the assay for specific lysis the only glue present was specific receptors on a fraction of the killer cells and surface antigens of P815. We show that when PHA was present, Con A-induced cells which were syngeneic, semi-syngeneic, or allogeneic, lysed P815 very efficiently in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. However, only Con A-induced T cells which were allogeneic and did not carry H-2d lysed P815 when the assay was carried out in the absence of PHA. In an experiment with two target cells, Con A-induced B10 (H-2b) T cells lysed B10.D2 (H-2d) targets specifically but did not lyse B10 targets, while Con A-induced B10.D2 T cells lysed B10 targets specifically but not B10.D2 targets. Furthermore, Con A-induced B6 (H-2b) T cells from normal mice lysed P815 specifically but Con A-induced B6 T cells from irradiated F1 (B6 x BALB/c) (H-2b/d) mice reconstituted with B6 bone marrow did not lyse P815 specifically. A fraction of Con A-induced T cells therefore appear to bear specific surface receptors for nonself H-2 coded structures. We describe conditions of assay and a new method of plotting the results such that nonspecific (PHA-revealed) and specific (PHA-independent) cytotoxicity can be quantitatively compared. We conclude that 1-4% of the total Con A-induced cytotoxic effector T cells are directed against any particular foreign H-2 haplotype. This is the first estimate of the relative frequency of antigen-reactive cytotoxic T cells.", "PMID": 62665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_559", "title": "Isolation of antigen-binding cells from unprimed mice. II. Evidence for monospecificity of antigen-binding cells.", "content": "Spleen cells from unimmunized mice were exposed to two contrastingly fluorescent antigens simultaneously. Antigen-binding cells of either specificity were isolated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Purified cells binding one or the other of the antigens were then examined by fluorescence microscopy for the presence of bound antigen of the alternate specificity. No double binding cells were seen. If cells bear receptors of two or more specificities and these receptors are randomly distributed among antigen-binding cells, then of the 13 000 binding cells examined 82 were expected to bind both antigens. These results strongly suggest that antigen-binding cells bear receptors of only one specificity. In addition, by inference from the functional correlation between antigen-binding cells and precursor cells, the data support the contention that precursors of antibody-forming cells are monospecific.", "contents": "Isolation of antigen-binding cells from unprimed mice. II. Evidence for monospecificity of antigen-binding cells. Spleen cells from unimmunized mice were exposed to two contrastingly fluorescent antigens simultaneously. Antigen-binding cells of either specificity were isolated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Purified cells binding one or the other of the antigens were then examined by fluorescence microscopy for the presence of bound antigen of the alternate specificity. No double binding cells were seen. If cells bear receptors of two or more specificities and these receptors are randomly distributed among antigen-binding cells, then of the 13 000 binding cells examined 82 were expected to bind both antigens. These results strongly suggest that antigen-binding cells bear receptors of only one specificity. In addition, by inference from the functional correlation between antigen-binding cells and precursor cells, the data support the contention that precursors of antibody-forming cells are monospecific.", "PMID": 62666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_560", "title": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. I. Kinetics of induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells.", "content": "The induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells in vitro, using high concentrations (100 mug/ml) of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in Marbrook flasks is described. Spleen and cortisone-resistant thymocytes were the richest source of suppressor cell precursors, compared to lymph node cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes or thoracic duct lymphocytes. Suppressor cells induced with KLH only suppressed KLH-reactive helper cells, and not B cells or helper cells of other specificity. The suppressor cells were T cells, as judged by their sensitivity to anti-Thy-1.2, heterologous anti-T, but not anti-B antisera.", "contents": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. I. Kinetics of induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells. The induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells in vitro, using high concentrations (100 mug/ml) of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in Marbrook flasks is described. Spleen and cortisone-resistant thymocytes were the richest source of suppressor cell precursors, compared to lymph node cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes or thoracic duct lymphocytes. Suppressor cells induced with KLH only suppressed KLH-reactive helper cells, and not B cells or helper cells of other specificity. The suppressor cells were T cells, as judged by their sensitivity to anti-Thy-1.2, heterologous anti-T, but not anti-B antisera.", "PMID": 62667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_561", "title": "Solubilization and molecular characterization of membrane-bound antigens shared by thymocytes and brain.", "content": "In order to characterize chemically the serologically well-defined antigens shared by thymocytes and nervous tissue of mice and rats, different solubilization procedures have been tested. Treatment of thymocyte membranes with urea-Nonidet-P40 (NP40) proved to be the most valuable method, since nearly 100% of the antigen was solubilized essentially without loss of the antigenicity. By gel filtration in urea-NP40 the molecular weight was estimated to be 35 000 and the Stokes radius in sodium deoxycholate 31.8 A. In gel filtration studies a homogenous peak was obtained, whereas isoelectric focusing yielded two peaks (isoelectric points pH 4.5-5.0 and pH 5.4). The three determinants of this antigenic system were inseparable in gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, supporting the view put forward on the basis of serological studies that they are part of the same molecule. Extraction of murine thymocyte membranes with organic solvents yielded a considerable loss of activity of the thymocyte-brain antigen. There was some residual activity in the protein fraction, but none in the organic phase. Correspondingly, the highly purified ganglioside G Gtet 2b proved unable to absorb any rabbit anti-CBA brain serum. The reduced antigenic activity of the delipidated protein fraction could be restored by addition of lipids, as well as the nonionic detergent NP40. These observations suggest that interaction of protein and lipid is necessary for the antigenicity of the thymocyte-brain antigen.", "contents": "Solubilization and molecular characterization of membrane-bound antigens shared by thymocytes and brain. In order to characterize chemically the serologically well-defined antigens shared by thymocytes and nervous tissue of mice and rats, different solubilization procedures have been tested. Treatment of thymocyte membranes with urea-Nonidet-P40 (NP40) proved to be the most valuable method, since nearly 100% of the antigen was solubilized essentially without loss of the antigenicity. By gel filtration in urea-NP40 the molecular weight was estimated to be 35 000 and the Stokes radius in sodium deoxycholate 31.8 A. In gel filtration studies a homogenous peak was obtained, whereas isoelectric focusing yielded two peaks (isoelectric points pH 4.5-5.0 and pH 5.4). The three determinants of this antigenic system were inseparable in gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, supporting the view put forward on the basis of serological studies that they are part of the same molecule. Extraction of murine thymocyte membranes with organic solvents yielded a considerable loss of activity of the thymocyte-brain antigen. There was some residual activity in the protein fraction, but none in the organic phase. Correspondingly, the highly purified ganglioside G Gtet 2b proved unable to absorb any rabbit anti-CBA brain serum. The reduced antigenic activity of the delipidated protein fraction could be restored by addition of lipids, as well as the nonionic detergent NP40. These observations suggest that interaction of protein and lipid is necessary for the antigenicity of the thymocyte-brain antigen.", "PMID": 62668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_562", "title": "Detection of immunologically active zones in equine growth hormone.", "content": "Peptide fragments, obtained from equine growth hormone by cyanogen bromide cleavage and further chemical treatment, were isolated and identified. Their immunological reactivities were tested by hemagglutination and complement fixation methods using rabbit antisera against native hormone. Antigenic determinants were detected in the fragments comprising amino acid sequences 5-72 and 73-123, this last one being predominant. Fragment 124-178 had very low reactivity. Nitration of peptide 73-123 did not modify its immunological properties,but oxidation diminished them. Comparison of the antigenicity of equine growth hormone fragment 73-123 with that of the homologous ovine growth hormone fragment 86-123 lent support to the hypothesis that at least one antigenic determinant area in the horse hormone fragment is dependent on sequence 86-123.", "contents": "Detection of immunologically active zones in equine growth hormone. Peptide fragments, obtained from equine growth hormone by cyanogen bromide cleavage and further chemical treatment, were isolated and identified. Their immunological reactivities were tested by hemagglutination and complement fixation methods using rabbit antisera against native hormone. Antigenic determinants were detected in the fragments comprising amino acid sequences 5-72 and 73-123, this last one being predominant. Fragment 124-178 had very low reactivity. Nitration of peptide 73-123 did not modify its immunological properties,but oxidation diminished them. Comparison of the antigenicity of equine growth hormone fragment 73-123 with that of the homologous ovine growth hormone fragment 86-123 lent support to the hypothesis that at least one antigenic determinant area in the horse hormone fragment is dependent on sequence 86-123.", "PMID": 62669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_563", "title": "Expression of new idiotypes following neonatal idiotypic suppression of a dominant clone.", "content": "The anti-PC antibodies of BALB/c origin bear predominantly the idiotype characteristic of the phosphorylcholine (PC)-binding T15 idiotype than sera from adult mice, and, unlike the latter, they also contain detectable amounts of anti-T15 antibodies. By 2 weeks of age the anti-T15 antibodies are no longer detectable while the T15 idiotype has reached adult levels. Injection of neonatal mice with anti-idiotypic antibodies renders them unresponsive to PC until the 15th week of life. Furthermore, this treatment induces a chronic suppression of the T15 idiotype, since on recovery from unresponsiveness, the neonatally suppressed mice produce anti-PC antibodies which are predominantly T15-negative. In contrast, treatment of adult mice with anti-idiotypic antibodies induces only a transient state of unresponsiveness to PC, and the antibodies produced upon recovery bear the T15 idiotype. These findings are discussed in the context of idiotype anti-idiotype interactions and their possible role in immuno-regulation.", "contents": "Expression of new idiotypes following neonatal idiotypic suppression of a dominant clone. The anti-PC antibodies of BALB/c origin bear predominantly the idiotype characteristic of the phosphorylcholine (PC)-binding T15 idiotype than sera from adult mice, and, unlike the latter, they also contain detectable amounts of anti-T15 antibodies. By 2 weeks of age the anti-T15 antibodies are no longer detectable while the T15 idiotype has reached adult levels. Injection of neonatal mice with anti-idiotypic antibodies renders them unresponsive to PC until the 15th week of life. Furthermore, this treatment induces a chronic suppression of the T15 idiotype, since on recovery from unresponsiveness, the neonatally suppressed mice produce anti-PC antibodies which are predominantly T15-negative. In contrast, treatment of adult mice with anti-idiotypic antibodies induces only a transient state of unresponsiveness to PC, and the antibodies produced upon recovery bear the T15 idiotype. These findings are discussed in the context of idiotype anti-idiotype interactions and their possible role in immuno-regulation.", "PMID": 62670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_564", "title": "Many cells in rat bone marrow have cell-surface Thy-1 antigen.", "content": "Thy-1.1 and Thy-1 xenoantigenic determinants were detected at the cell surface of many rat bone marrow cells. The absorptive capacity of bone marrow cells was 6-10% of that of thymocytes for Thy-1 antigenic determinants, and 30-45% of rat bone marrow cells were specifically labeled with anti-Thy-1 antibody as detected by autoradiography. Thus, while mice and rats are similar in having large amounts of Thy-1 in brain and thymocytes, they differ in that the rat lacks the antigen in most peripheral T cells and expresses it in a large number of bone marrow cells; the opposite is true in the mouse.", "contents": "Many cells in rat bone marrow have cell-surface Thy-1 antigen. Thy-1.1 and Thy-1 xenoantigenic determinants were detected at the cell surface of many rat bone marrow cells. The absorptive capacity of bone marrow cells was 6-10% of that of thymocytes for Thy-1 antigenic determinants, and 30-45% of rat bone marrow cells were specifically labeled with anti-Thy-1 antibody as detected by autoradiography. Thus, while mice and rats are similar in having large amounts of Thy-1 in brain and thymocytes, they differ in that the rat lacks the antigen in most peripheral T cells and expresses it in a large number of bone marrow cells; the opposite is true in the mouse.", "PMID": 62671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_565", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant drugs as antagonists of muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "Close arterial injection of McN-A-343 into the superior cervical ganglion of the cat resulted in contractions of the nictitating membrane. The ganglionic effects of McN-A-343 but not those of DMPP were antagonized in a dose-related manner by 2-10 mug of desipramine, imipramine, chlorimpramine, iprindole and viloxazine. No correlation was found between the dose of each drug which blocked the effects of McN-A-343 and that required to potentiate the responses of the nictitating membrane to intra-arterial administration of noradrenaline. It is concluded that clinically effective antidepressant agents can block muscarinic receptors in neural tissue, even if they do not do so in smooth muscle and gland cells.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant drugs as antagonists of muscarinic receptors in sympathetic ganglia. Close arterial injection of McN-A-343 into the superior cervical ganglion of the cat resulted in contractions of the nictitating membrane. The ganglionic effects of McN-A-343 but not those of DMPP were antagonized in a dose-related manner by 2-10 mug of desipramine, imipramine, chlorimpramine, iprindole and viloxazine. No correlation was found between the dose of each drug which blocked the effects of McN-A-343 and that required to potentiate the responses of the nictitating membrane to intra-arterial administration of noradrenaline. It is concluded that clinically effective antidepressant agents can block muscarinic receptors in neural tissue, even if they do not do so in smooth muscle and gland cells.", "PMID": 62672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_566", "title": "Morphological evidence for axonal transport of glycogen in neurons innervating cutaneous receptors in Lacerta sicula (Squamata: Reptilia).", "content": "Three types of glycogen-containing cutaneous nerve terminals - two of them hitherto unknown - are described. It is shown that the glycogen is synthesized in the perikaryon and transferred to the terminals by means of slow axoplasmic transport.", "contents": "Morphological evidence for axonal transport of glycogen in neurons innervating cutaneous receptors in Lacerta sicula (Squamata: Reptilia). Three types of glycogen-containing cutaneous nerve terminals - two of them hitherto unknown - are described. It is shown that the glycogen is synthesized in the perikaryon and transferred to the terminals by means of slow axoplasmic transport.", "PMID": 62673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_567", "title": "Comparison of a natural heparinoid with sodium and calcium heparin for their effect on the inhibitor of activated factor X.", "content": "The reaction between activated factor X (Xa) and its natural inhibitor (XaI) was accelerated in vitro by both sodium heparin and an heparinoid, which was about 3 times less potent than heparin. The s. c. administration in humans of 5,000 units of sodium and calcium heparin was followed by the detection of a plasma activity potentiating XaI. In the majority of subjects, the heparinoid was not effective. These observations indicate that the use of heparinoids should not be considered as an alternative to heparin in the prevention of thromboembolism.", "contents": "Comparison of a natural heparinoid with sodium and calcium heparin for their effect on the inhibitor of activated factor X. The reaction between activated factor X (Xa) and its natural inhibitor (XaI) was accelerated in vitro by both sodium heparin and an heparinoid, which was about 3 times less potent than heparin. The s. c. administration in humans of 5,000 units of sodium and calcium heparin was followed by the detection of a plasma activity potentiating XaI. In the majority of subjects, the heparinoid was not effective. These observations indicate that the use of heparinoids should not be considered as an alternative to heparin in the prevention of thromboembolism.", "PMID": 62674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_568", "title": "Study of H-2 antigens of wild mice (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "226 wild mice originating from 16 different localities were tested serologically, using a battery of anti-H-2 sera. The results indicate the existence of a large number of hitherto unknown H-2 haplotypes. Three cogenic resistant strains (B10.W44, B10.W67, B10.W625) were prepared, their H-2 haplotypes being derived from wild mice. The H-2 haplotypes of these strains are different from the haplotypes of the existing inbred mouse strains but they share with them some public H-2 antigenic specificities. An analysis of the antisera prepared against H-2wild haplotypes allowed the detection of the private antigens, H-2.107 (B10.W44), H-2.108 (B10.W67), and H-2.109 (B10. W625). Furthermore, new public antigenic specificities, H-2.60, 61, 62, were defined. All the three H-2wild haplotypes possess the Ss-high allele. Blood cells from many wild mice as well as from the individuals of the new CR strains gave positive reactions with some antisera containing antibodies against the private specificities of H-2 haplotypes of the inbred mouse strains. However, these reactions were only the consequence of the cross-reactions of anti-H-2 inbred sera with antigenic products of wild mice. In the set of wild mice tested, a frequent occurrence of the same H-2 phenotype in individuals originating from the same locality could not be confirmed.", "contents": "Study of H-2 antigens of wild mice (Mus musculus L.). 226 wild mice originating from 16 different localities were tested serologically, using a battery of anti-H-2 sera. The results indicate the existence of a large number of hitherto unknown H-2 haplotypes. Three cogenic resistant strains (B10.W44, B10.W67, B10.W625) were prepared, their H-2 haplotypes being derived from wild mice. The H-2 haplotypes of these strains are different from the haplotypes of the existing inbred mouse strains but they share with them some public H-2 antigenic specificities. An analysis of the antisera prepared against H-2wild haplotypes allowed the detection of the private antigens, H-2.107 (B10.W44), H-2.108 (B10.W67), and H-2.109 (B10. W625). Furthermore, new public antigenic specificities, H-2.60, 61, 62, were defined. All the three H-2wild haplotypes possess the Ss-high allele. Blood cells from many wild mice as well as from the individuals of the new CR strains gave positive reactions with some antisera containing antibodies against the private specificities of H-2 haplotypes of the inbred mouse strains. However, these reactions were only the consequence of the cross-reactions of anti-H-2 inbred sera with antigenic products of wild mice. In the set of wild mice tested, a frequent occurrence of the same H-2 phenotype in individuals originating from the same locality could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 62682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_569", "title": "Interaction of DNA and deoxyribonucleoprotein with methylene blue after the treatment with fixation solutions used in chromosome G-banding techniques.", "content": "Maximum binding capacity of calf thymus DNA and deoxyribonucleoprotein for methylene blue was investigated. The binding capacity of native and heat-denatured solutions of the biopolymers was compared with that of the solutions incubated with fixatives used in cytology, viz. 4% formaldehyde and methanol-acetic acid (3 : 1) mixture. The binding capacity of DNA and DNP is strongly reduced after the treatment with both fixation agents. Thermal denaturation leads to a small decrease in the binding capacity of DNA, but does not influence that of DNP. These results were compared with microphotometric determination of nuclear methylene blue content in thymocyte spreads. Fixation with MeAc increased the dye content as compared with air-dried thymocytes, whereas 4% formaldehyde exhibited practically no influence. The mechanisms connected with the different staining properties after incubating with fixation agents DNA and DNP solutions on the one hand and the nuclear material of thymocyte spreads on the other hand are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of DNA and deoxyribonucleoprotein with methylene blue after the treatment with fixation solutions used in chromosome G-banding techniques. Maximum binding capacity of calf thymus DNA and deoxyribonucleoprotein for methylene blue was investigated. The binding capacity of native and heat-denatured solutions of the biopolymers was compared with that of the solutions incubated with fixatives used in cytology, viz. 4% formaldehyde and methanol-acetic acid (3 : 1) mixture. The binding capacity of DNA and DNP is strongly reduced after the treatment with both fixation agents. Thermal denaturation leads to a small decrease in the binding capacity of DNA, but does not influence that of DNP. These results were compared with microphotometric determination of nuclear methylene blue content in thymocyte spreads. Fixation with MeAc increased the dye content as compared with air-dried thymocytes, whereas 4% formaldehyde exhibited practically no influence. The mechanisms connected with the different staining properties after incubating with fixation agents DNA and DNP solutions on the one hand and the nuclear material of thymocyte spreads on the other hand are discussed.", "PMID": 62683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_570", "title": "Differentiation of rat lens epithelial cells in tissue culture. (I) Effects of cell density, medium and embryonic age of initial culture.", "content": "The growth and differentiation of rat lens epithelial cells in tissue culture were studied. Cells could be maintained for a number of generations in an undifferentiated state in suspension culture. When cultured as monolayers, they grew and differentiated in a series of six defined stages described here. These stages include morphological changes (elongation, followed by cell \"spreading\" or formation of cell aggregates), and biochemical changes (appearance of nu-crystallin protein as detected by immunofluorescence). The process of differentiation appeared to be accelerated in the vicinity of elongated cells, occurred more rapidly at high cell density, and required frequent changes of medium. This suggests that cell-cell communication, and not medium factors, may be essential for promoting differentiation. The final morphology of the differentiated cells differed, depending on the embryonic age of the rats used as a source of lens epithelial cells. This implies that the programme for differentiation changes as a function of the embryonic age of the lens.", "contents": "Differentiation of rat lens epithelial cells in tissue culture. (I) Effects of cell density, medium and embryonic age of initial culture. The growth and differentiation of rat lens epithelial cells in tissue culture were studied. Cells could be maintained for a number of generations in an undifferentiated state in suspension culture. When cultured as monolayers, they grew and differentiated in a series of six defined stages described here. These stages include morphological changes (elongation, followed by cell \"spreading\" or formation of cell aggregates), and biochemical changes (appearance of nu-crystallin protein as detected by immunofluorescence). The process of differentiation appeared to be accelerated in the vicinity of elongated cells, occurred more rapidly at high cell density, and required frequent changes of medium. This suggests that cell-cell communication, and not medium factors, may be essential for promoting differentiation. The final morphology of the differentiated cells differed, depending on the embryonic age of the rats used as a source of lens epithelial cells. This implies that the programme for differentiation changes as a function of the embryonic age of the lens.", "PMID": 62687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_571", "title": "[Alpha 1 fetoprotein in pre-eclamptic toxemia (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1973 to 1975, 287 serum levels of alpha 1 fetoprotein in women with pre-eclamptic toxemia were determined. Pre-eclamptic toxemia was classified according to modified scheme of Goecke and Rippmann. 161 patients had mild pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 1-3), 72 patients had moderate pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 4-6), 54 patients had severe pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 7). In all types of severity of pre-eclamptic toxemia more levels of alpha fetoprotein were lower or higher than the normal levels including the standard deviations. The number of abnormal values rose with an increasing toxemia index. There was no statistically significant difference between too high values and too low values. Significantly more values were above and also below the normal values. Our investigations appear to indicate that the determination of the alpha fetoprotein is not only valuable as screening method for neural tube defects but also of value in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclamptic toxemia. Too high and too low values should not be differentiated but values both above and below the normal levels should be considered.", "contents": "[Alpha 1 fetoprotein in pre-eclamptic toxemia (author's transl)]. From 1973 to 1975, 287 serum levels of alpha 1 fetoprotein in women with pre-eclamptic toxemia were determined. Pre-eclamptic toxemia was classified according to modified scheme of Goecke and Rippmann. 161 patients had mild pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 1-3), 72 patients had moderate pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 4-6), 54 patients had severe pre-eclamptic toxemia (index 7). In all types of severity of pre-eclamptic toxemia more levels of alpha fetoprotein were lower or higher than the normal levels including the standard deviations. The number of abnormal values rose with an increasing toxemia index. There was no statistically significant difference between too high values and too low values. Significantly more values were above and also below the normal values. Our investigations appear to indicate that the determination of the alpha fetoprotein is not only valuable as screening method for neural tube defects but also of value in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclamptic toxemia. Too high and too low values should not be differentiated but values both above and below the normal levels should be considered.", "PMID": 62688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_572", "title": "[Primary combined chemotherapy following removal of an endodermal sinus tumor or yolk-sac tumor of the ovary (author's transl)].", "content": "The yolk-sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor is a rare but highly malignant ovarian teratoma with its highest incidence in young women. The tumor is relatively resistant to radiotherapy but sensitive to combined chemotherapy and should therefore be differentiated in the diagnosis from embryonal carcinoma and radio-sensitive dysgerminomas of the ovary. It is possible that the determination of alpha-fetoprotein is of differential diagnostic value. Two patients are alive and well 8 months and 2 1/2 years following removal of a yolk-sac tumor and primary chemotherapy. One patient received chemotherapy for peritoneal recurrence after removal of the tumor and radiotherapy. She died 1 1/2 years following the primary operation. Long term chemotherapy of the yolk-sac tumor is indicated following operation, irrespective of the stage of the tumor.", "contents": "[Primary combined chemotherapy following removal of an endodermal sinus tumor or yolk-sac tumor of the ovary (author's transl)]. The yolk-sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor is a rare but highly malignant ovarian teratoma with its highest incidence in young women. The tumor is relatively resistant to radiotherapy but sensitive to combined chemotherapy and should therefore be differentiated in the diagnosis from embryonal carcinoma and radio-sensitive dysgerminomas of the ovary. It is possible that the determination of alpha-fetoprotein is of differential diagnostic value. Two patients are alive and well 8 months and 2 1/2 years following removal of a yolk-sac tumor and primary chemotherapy. One patient received chemotherapy for peritoneal recurrence after removal of the tumor and radiotherapy. She died 1 1/2 years following the primary operation. Long term chemotherapy of the yolk-sac tumor is indicated following operation, irrespective of the stage of the tumor.", "PMID": 62689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_573", "title": "Activation of chymotrypsinogen by boar acrosin and its prevention by antiboar acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins.", "content": "Activation of chymotrypsinogen by bovine trypsin or boar sperm acrosin was followed up using Nalpha-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester in a highly sensitive test system. Inhibition studies employing antiboar acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins showed the following results. 1) Whereas the acrosin-induced activation velocity was significantly depressed in the presence of the antibodies, the trypsin-catalyzed activation rate was not diminished. 2) The antibodies enhanced the acrosin-catalyzed cleavage rate of BzArgOEt significantly, but not the trypsin-catalyzed cleavage rate of this substrate. 3) Autodigestion of acrosin was considerably reduced in the presence of the antibodies. The enzymatic test system used is especially suitable to study the specificity of acrosin antibodies or their affinity to related enzymes if only small amounts of these substances are available.", "contents": "Activation of chymotrypsinogen by boar acrosin and its prevention by antiboar acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins. Activation of chymotrypsinogen by bovine trypsin or boar sperm acrosin was followed up using Nalpha-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester in a highly sensitive test system. Inhibition studies employing antiboar acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins showed the following results. 1) Whereas the acrosin-induced activation velocity was significantly depressed in the presence of the antibodies, the trypsin-catalyzed activation rate was not diminished. 2) The antibodies enhanced the acrosin-catalyzed cleavage rate of BzArgOEt significantly, but not the trypsin-catalyzed cleavage rate of this substrate. 3) Autodigestion of acrosin was considerably reduced in the presence of the antibodies. The enzymatic test system used is especially suitable to study the specificity of acrosin antibodies or their affinity to related enzymes if only small amounts of these substances are available.", "PMID": 62699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_574", "title": "Influence of boar acrosin antibodies produced in rabbit and sheep on chymotrypsinogen activation catalyzed by acrosin from boar, bull, ram, rabbkt and human.", "content": "Activation of bovine chymotrypsinogen is catalyzed with increasing velocity by human, rabbit, boar, bull and ram acrosin. Antiboar-acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins cause a significant reduction in the proenzyme activation rate induced by boar and bull acrosin, but only a weak reduction or none if ram or rabbit acrosin is the activating agent. The antiboar-acrosin gamma-globulins from sheep strongly inhibit chymotrypsinogen activation by ram, bull and boar acrosin, and significantly inhibit the human acrosin-catalyzed reaction.", "contents": "Influence of boar acrosin antibodies produced in rabbit and sheep on chymotrypsinogen activation catalyzed by acrosin from boar, bull, ram, rabbkt and human. Activation of bovine chymotrypsinogen is catalyzed with increasing velocity by human, rabbit, boar, bull and ram acrosin. Antiboar-acrosin rabbit gamma-globulins cause a significant reduction in the proenzyme activation rate induced by boar and bull acrosin, but only a weak reduction or none if ram or rabbit acrosin is the activating agent. The antiboar-acrosin gamma-globulins from sheep strongly inhibit chymotrypsinogen activation by ram, bull and boar acrosin, and significantly inhibit the human acrosin-catalyzed reaction.", "PMID": 62700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_575", "title": "[On the alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of Alpha-Fetoprotein was investigated in sera of 544 patients with laparoscopically and/or histologically proved chronic liver diseases and cancer of the liver. The applied methods were the double-diffusion technique (micro-Ouchterlony), the counter immunelectrophoresis and the latex agglutination test. In 15 patients with primary cancer of the liver there was a positive result for Alpha-Fetoprotein with the first two methods, 73,3 and 80,67%, respectively. In other liver diseases (liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, malignant tumors with liver metastases) there were only a few positive results (4,17% in patients with liver metastases of unknown origin and less than 1% for the other disease groups). In this group the latex test showed a higher frequency of positive tests for Alpha-Fetoprotein, however with a concomitant rise of positive Waaler-Rose test in 80-93%. In the case of a positive rheumatic factor the latex test will therefore demand a cautious judgement because the latex particle coated with rabbit-anti-Alpha-Fetoprotein-globulin could be agglutinated by anti-rabbit-globulin existing in human serum. A correlation between the existence of Alpha-Fetoprotein and clinical parameters or laboratory datas does not exist. Increases of Alpha-Fetoprotein shown by counter immunelectrophoresis exist in primary cancers of the liver and embryonic tumors, sometimes and only temporarely in acute viral hepatitis, in some sorts of liver cirrhosis of indian children and in the case of pathologic gestation. If these last-named diseases are excluded a positive test for Alpha-Fetoprotein by precipitation methods is highly suggestive for primary cancer of the liver. Finally, the determination of this substance has a certain value for the therapeutic control of Alpha-Fetoprotein positive malignant tumors.", "contents": "[On the alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma (author's transl)]. The existence of Alpha-Fetoprotein was investigated in sera of 544 patients with laparoscopically and/or histologically proved chronic liver diseases and cancer of the liver. The applied methods were the double-diffusion technique (micro-Ouchterlony), the counter immunelectrophoresis and the latex agglutination test. In 15 patients with primary cancer of the liver there was a positive result for Alpha-Fetoprotein with the first two methods, 73,3 and 80,67%, respectively. In other liver diseases (liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, malignant tumors with liver metastases) there were only a few positive results (4,17% in patients with liver metastases of unknown origin and less than 1% for the other disease groups). In this group the latex test showed a higher frequency of positive tests for Alpha-Fetoprotein, however with a concomitant rise of positive Waaler-Rose test in 80-93%. In the case of a positive rheumatic factor the latex test will therefore demand a cautious judgement because the latex particle coated with rabbit-anti-Alpha-Fetoprotein-globulin could be agglutinated by anti-rabbit-globulin existing in human serum. A correlation between the existence of Alpha-Fetoprotein and clinical parameters or laboratory datas does not exist. Increases of Alpha-Fetoprotein shown by counter immunelectrophoresis exist in primary cancers of the liver and embryonic tumors, sometimes and only temporarely in acute viral hepatitis, in some sorts of liver cirrhosis of indian children and in the case of pathologic gestation. If these last-named diseases are excluded a positive test for Alpha-Fetoprotein by precipitation methods is highly suggestive for primary cancer of the liver. Finally, the determination of this substance has a certain value for the therapeutic control of Alpha-Fetoprotein positive malignant tumors.", "PMID": 62705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_576", "title": "Triggering of lymphocytes by antibodies against beta2 microglobulin.", "content": "beta2 microglobulin (beta2m), structurally related to \"domains\" of immunoglobulin molecules, is associated with products of the major histocompatibility system on cell surfaces. Heteroantibodies against beta2m are mitogenic to a specific subpopulation of human and mouse B lymphocytes. This subpopulation is present in human blood which makes the antibody convenient and clinically useful as a functional marker for peripheral B lymphocytes. Absorption and elution experiments, as well as tests showing mitogenic activity of Fab monomers of anti-beta2m indicate that the interaction of the binding site of the antibody and relevant cell surface structures, probably beta2m itself, is directly responsible for lymphocyte activation. The relevance of these findings for cell receptors involved in lymphocyte activation is discussed.", "contents": "Triggering of lymphocytes by antibodies against beta2 microglobulin. beta2 microglobulin (beta2m), structurally related to \"domains\" of immunoglobulin molecules, is associated with products of the major histocompatibility system on cell surfaces. Heteroantibodies against beta2m are mitogenic to a specific subpopulation of human and mouse B lymphocytes. This subpopulation is present in human blood which makes the antibody convenient and clinically useful as a functional marker for peripheral B lymphocytes. Absorption and elution experiments, as well as tests showing mitogenic activity of Fab monomers of anti-beta2m indicate that the interaction of the binding site of the antibody and relevant cell surface structures, probably beta2m itself, is directly responsible for lymphocyte activation. The relevance of these findings for cell receptors involved in lymphocyte activation is discussed.", "PMID": 62710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_577", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in human cavity fluids.", "content": "Pleural and peritoneal fluids from humans with pathological diseases were examined for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances (CEA-LS). Among eight samples tested by a solid phase radioimmunoassay, two pleural fluids and one peritoneal fluid showed significantly elevated CEA-activity. The substances responsible for the CEA-activity were isolated by perchloric acid-extraction followed by two successive Sephadex G-200 chromatography into two pools, Pool I (PI) and Pool II (PII). According to their sedimentation properties, PII was slightly smaller than CEA from tumor tissue-extract (CEA-TTE), while PI was larger than CEA-TTE and approximately twice the size of PII. Micro-double diffusion and antibody binding studies showed that CEA-LS possessed identical antigenic determinants as CEA-TTE, which did not cross-react with normal colon antigen (NCA).", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances in human cavity fluids. Pleural and peritoneal fluids from humans with pathological diseases were examined for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen-like substances (CEA-LS). Among eight samples tested by a solid phase radioimmunoassay, two pleural fluids and one peritoneal fluid showed significantly elevated CEA-activity. The substances responsible for the CEA-activity were isolated by perchloric acid-extraction followed by two successive Sephadex G-200 chromatography into two pools, Pool I (PI) and Pool II (PII). According to their sedimentation properties, PII was slightly smaller than CEA from tumor tissue-extract (CEA-TTE), while PI was larger than CEA-TTE and approximately twice the size of PII. Micro-double diffusion and antibody binding studies showed that CEA-LS possessed identical antigenic determinants as CEA-TTE, which did not cross-react with normal colon antigen (NCA).", "PMID": 62711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_578", "title": "I. Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the migration of mesenteric lymphoblasts and mesenteric T lymphoblasts in syngeneic mice.", "content": "The migration of [125I]UdR-labelled mesenteric lymph node cells in NIH strain mice at various times after inis produced an enhanced accumulation of mesenteric immunoblasts in the small intestine at 2 and 4 days after infection but not at later times. The enhanced migration occurred when using cells from both uninfected and infected donors, denoting an absence of antigenic specificity. This effect is not secondary to a reduced arrival of cells at sites away from the gut in infected mice, but to a primary increase of the arrival in the small intestine. Mesenteric T lymphoblasts (separated on a nylon-wool column) migrated to the small intestine of uninfected recipients and appear to be a major portion of the population which migrate to the gut of infected recipients. Our results were confirmed using 51Cr to label mesenteric cells. We conclude that the parasite causes the small intestine to become more attractive or retentive for mesenteric blast cells early during infection.", "contents": "I. Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the migration of mesenteric lymphoblasts and mesenteric T lymphoblasts in syngeneic mice. The migration of [125I]UdR-labelled mesenteric lymph node cells in NIH strain mice at various times after inis produced an enhanced accumulation of mesenteric immunoblasts in the small intestine at 2 and 4 days after infection but not at later times. The enhanced migration occurred when using cells from both uninfected and infected donors, denoting an absence of antigenic specificity. This effect is not secondary to a reduced arrival of cells at sites away from the gut in infected mice, but to a primary increase of the arrival in the small intestine. Mesenteric T lymphoblasts (separated on a nylon-wool column) migrated to the small intestine of uninfected recipients and appear to be a major portion of the population which migrate to the gut of infected recipients. Our results were confirmed using 51Cr to label mesenteric cells. We conclude that the parasite causes the small intestine to become more attractive or retentive for mesenteric blast cells early during infection.", "PMID": 62712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_579", "title": "Study of human T and B lymphocytes with heterologous antisera. II. Partial characterization of a human T lymphocyte antigen.", "content": "Using a horse anti-human thymocyte serum made specific for T lymphocytes by absorption (anti-HTLA serum), a material reacting with it has been extracted from detergent-lysed peripheral blood lymphocytes. Acid elution and gel-filtration analysis allowed recovery of two peaks containing HTLA activity: one of 30,000-40,000 Daltons, the other being excluded by Sephadex G-200 and likely to be more than 300,000 Daltons. HTLA appeared to be released by lymphocytes incubated at 37 degrees, but not at 4 degrees, and significantly detectable after 10-24-h incubation. Finally co-capping experiments with anti-beta2m antibodies and absence of inhibition of cytolysis by anti-HTLA serum of celld beta2m.", "contents": "Study of human T and B lymphocytes with heterologous antisera. II. Partial characterization of a human T lymphocyte antigen. Using a horse anti-human thymocyte serum made specific for T lymphocytes by absorption (anti-HTLA serum), a material reacting with it has been extracted from detergent-lysed peripheral blood lymphocytes. Acid elution and gel-filtration analysis allowed recovery of two peaks containing HTLA activity: one of 30,000-40,000 Daltons, the other being excluded by Sephadex G-200 and likely to be more than 300,000 Daltons. HTLA appeared to be released by lymphocytes incubated at 37 degrees, but not at 4 degrees, and significantly detectable after 10-24-h incubation. Finally co-capping experiments with anti-beta2m antibodies and absence of inhibition of cytolysis by anti-HTLA serum of celld beta2m.", "PMID": 62713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_580", "title": "Fibroblast lysis by lymphocytes from normal persons and SLE patients on short-term cultures.", "content": "Lymphocytes from thirty-six normal individuals of both sexes with ages ranging from 4-89 years were tested for their cytotoxic activity against short term cluters of fibroblasts from nine foetal umbilical cords and nine adult skin samples. Wide variability in the amount of fibroblast lysis was observed. Adult male lymphocytes caused significantly higher lytic activity than lymphocytes of adult females against both types of targets. Cell-mediated target cell reduction was not confined to allogeneic target cells. There was also killing of autochthonous cultured fibroblasts. Some individuals' sera inhibited the fibroblast lytic activity of their own lymphocytes. These cell-mediated reactions are directed against unknown antigenic specifications, probably not histocompatibility antigens, and give evidence of the problem of how to measure normal controls in the microcytotoxicity test in allogeneic human testing. Both autochthonous and allogeneic target cell lysis were also observed in SLE patients.", "contents": "Fibroblast lysis by lymphocytes from normal persons and SLE patients on short-term cultures. Lymphocytes from thirty-six normal individuals of both sexes with ages ranging from 4-89 years were tested for their cytotoxic activity against short term cluters of fibroblasts from nine foetal umbilical cords and nine adult skin samples. Wide variability in the amount of fibroblast lysis was observed. Adult male lymphocytes caused significantly higher lytic activity than lymphocytes of adult females against both types of targets. Cell-mediated target cell reduction was not confined to allogeneic target cells. There was also killing of autochthonous cultured fibroblasts. Some individuals' sera inhibited the fibroblast lytic activity of their own lymphocytes. These cell-mediated reactions are directed against unknown antigenic specifications, probably not histocompatibility antigens, and give evidence of the problem of how to measure normal controls in the microcytotoxicity test in allogeneic human testing. Both autochthonous and allogeneic target cell lysis were also observed in SLE patients.", "PMID": 62714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_581", "title": "The physiochemical and immunological characterization of Gm (1) antibodies from normal human serum.", "content": "The mol. wt and charge characteristics of Gm(1) antibodies from normal human serum were studied by gel filtration and DEAE- anion exchange chromatography. The effect on anti-Gm(1) activity, of incubating individual antisera with disulphide reducing agents, and with anti-IgG or anti-IgM immunoabsorbents were also studied. The results demonstrate the existence of a low molecular weight IgM protein with anti-Gm(1) activity.", "contents": "The physiochemical and immunological characterization of Gm (1) antibodies from normal human serum. The mol. wt and charge characteristics of Gm(1) antibodies from normal human serum were studied by gel filtration and DEAE- anion exchange chromatography. The effect on anti-Gm(1) activity, of incubating individual antisera with disulphide reducing agents, and with anti-IgG or anti-IgM immunoabsorbents were also studied. The results demonstrate the existence of a low molecular weight IgM protein with anti-Gm(1) activity.", "PMID": 62715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_582", "title": "Chromosomal considerations--application of modern cytogenetics.", "content": "Attention is directed towards the use of new techniques in cytogenetics. C-, G-, Q-, and R-banding methods are briefly discussed and illustrated. Methods of sister chromatid differential staining and silver staining for demonstration of nucleolus organizing regions are reviewed and their application in medical cytogenetics is pointed out. Frequency of chromosomal aberration and the importance of the orofacial area in diagnosis of chromosomal syndromes are the bases for the argument for the usefulness of cytogenetics in the field of stomatology-dentistry.", "contents": "Chromosomal considerations--application of modern cytogenetics. Attention is directed towards the use of new techniques in cytogenetics. C-, G-, Q-, and R-banding methods are briefly discussed and illustrated. Methods of sister chromatid differential staining and silver staining for demonstration of nucleolus organizing regions are reviewed and their application in medical cytogenetics is pointed out. Frequency of chromosomal aberration and the importance of the orofacial area in diagnosis of chromosomal syndromes are the bases for the argument for the usefulness of cytogenetics in the field of stomatology-dentistry.", "PMID": 62717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_583", "title": "Serum antibodies to herpesvirus early antigens in patients with cervical carcinoma determined by anticomplement immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "Sera from patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were used with the anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) technique to develop a simple procedure for detection of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) early antigens. Test cells used in the ACIF assay were HEp-2 cells infected with HSV-2 sequentially treated with inhibitors of protein and of DNA SYNTHESIS. The cells were first treated for 7 h with cycloheximide (100 mug/ml) and then for 3 h with hydroxyurea (150 mug/ml). In this assay serum titers giving more than 21.5% ACIF-positive cells correlated to invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Using these criteria 18 out of 43 patients with invasive carcinoma, none of 8 patients with carcinoma in situ, and only 1 of 43 controls, were diagnosed as positive. Thus an elevated titer of antibodies against HSV-2 antigens correlated to cervical carcinoma.", "contents": "Serum antibodies to herpesvirus early antigens in patients with cervical carcinoma determined by anticomplement immunofluorescence technique. Sera from patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were used with the anticomplement immunofluorescence (ACIF) technique to develop a simple procedure for detection of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) early antigens. Test cells used in the ACIF assay were HEp-2 cells infected with HSV-2 sequentially treated with inhibitors of protein and of DNA SYNTHESIS. The cells were first treated for 7 h with cycloheximide (100 mug/ml) and then for 3 h with hydroxyurea (150 mug/ml). In this assay serum titers giving more than 21.5% ACIF-positive cells correlated to invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Using these criteria 18 out of 43 patients with invasive carcinoma, none of 8 patients with carcinoma in situ, and only 1 of 43 controls, were diagnosed as positive. Thus an elevated titer of antibodies against HSV-2 antigens correlated to cervical carcinoma.", "PMID": 62718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_584", "title": "Antigens on melanoma cells detected by leukocyte dependent antibody assays of human melanoma antisera.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic assays have been used to examine antigens on human melanoma cells obtained either directly from patients or from long-term melanoma cell lines. A panel of melanoma antisera was selected from human subjects which could be shown not to have significant reactivity to histocompatibility antigens. With these antisera extensive cross-reactions between melanoma cells were found. However, the cross-reactivity was incomplete and the pattern of reactivity was different for each antiserum tested. These results were not consistent with a common melanoma antigen on human melanoma cells but rather indicated heterogeneity of melanoma antigens and multiple antibody specificities in the sera tested. This appeared to be confirmed by extensive cross-absorption studies which indicated limited cross-reactivity of antigens on melanoma cells from either long-term or short-term cultures. Several changes in the antigenic profile of melanoma cells in vitro from both long-term and short-term cultures were documented which resulted from contamination of the melanoma cell lines with non-melanoma cells and fibroblasts. Melanoma antisera may therefore be useful to mintor changes in long-term cultures which would otherwise give spurious results in in vitro tests. These results appear to have considerable significance for understanding tumour/host relationships and for the establishment of rational immunotherapeutic procedures and diagnostic tests in melanoma.", "contents": "Antigens on melanoma cells detected by leukocyte dependent antibody assays of human melanoma antisera. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic assays have been used to examine antigens on human melanoma cells obtained either directly from patients or from long-term melanoma cell lines. A panel of melanoma antisera was selected from human subjects which could be shown not to have significant reactivity to histocompatibility antigens. With these antisera extensive cross-reactions between melanoma cells were found. However, the cross-reactivity was incomplete and the pattern of reactivity was different for each antiserum tested. These results were not consistent with a common melanoma antigen on human melanoma cells but rather indicated heterogeneity of melanoma antigens and multiple antibody specificities in the sera tested. This appeared to be confirmed by extensive cross-absorption studies which indicated limited cross-reactivity of antigens on melanoma cells from either long-term or short-term cultures. Several changes in the antigenic profile of melanoma cells in vitro from both long-term and short-term cultures were documented which resulted from contamination of the melanoma cell lines with non-melanoma cells and fibroblasts. Melanoma antisera may therefore be useful to mintor changes in long-term cultures which would otherwise give spurious results in in vitro tests. These results appear to have considerable significance for understanding tumour/host relationships and for the establishment of rational immunotherapeutic procedures and diagnostic tests in melanoma.", "PMID": 62719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_585", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for the effect of post-operative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in eight cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumour.", "content": "The clinical pathological findings of eight cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour) are presented. Histological exmination in all eight cases showed a typical endodermal sinus tumour pattern, and in six of the patients other tumour elements such as dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma, malignant teratoma, endometriosis, and a dermoid cyst were also found. Six patients had increased serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration in the post-operative period, and two patients had a normal concentration 27 and 35 days after operation, respectively. In all cases except one, a close correlation between serum alpha-fetoprotein and progression or regression of tumour was found. Serum alphafetoprotein was thus found to be a reliable parameter in post-operative radiation and/or chemotherapy (VAMBLE). In one patient who died 10 months after operation with widespread endodermal sinus tumour growth, only a small terminal increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was found. Four of the eight women are still alive with normal alpha-fetoprotein concentration, and without clinical evidence of tumour disease.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for the effect of post-operative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in eight cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumour. The clinical pathological findings of eight cases of ovarian endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour) are presented. Histological exmination in all eight cases showed a typical endodermal sinus tumour pattern, and in six of the patients other tumour elements such as dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma, malignant teratoma, endometriosis, and a dermoid cyst were also found. Six patients had increased serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration in the post-operative period, and two patients had a normal concentration 27 and 35 days after operation, respectively. In all cases except one, a close correlation between serum alpha-fetoprotein and progression or regression of tumour was found. Serum alphafetoprotein was thus found to be a reliable parameter in post-operative radiation and/or chemotherapy (VAMBLE). In one patient who died 10 months after operation with widespread endodermal sinus tumour growth, only a small terminal increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was found. Four of the eight women are still alive with normal alpha-fetoprotein concentration, and without clinical evidence of tumour disease.", "PMID": 62720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_586", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by human breast-cancer-associated antigens.", "content": "The existence of CMI to tumor-associated antigens present in 3 M KCl extracts of breast carcinomas was demonstrated in a group of breast cancer patients by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay. When crude KCl extracts were tested, 3 of 5 breast cancer patients gave a positive response to autologous tumor extracts. Eleven of 20 gave a positive response to allogeneic extracts as compared to 3 of 22 controls (including 6 patients with benign breast disease, 7 with non-mammary cancers and 9 normal controls). Extracts of fibrocystic disease tissue gave positive LMI tests in 2 of 5 breast cancer patients, suggesting the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between benign and malignant breast disease. An extract of a medullary carcinoma of breast was fractionated on Sephadex G-200 and the effluent pooled into three fractions. The high molecular weight fraction produced LMI in 11 of 22 breast cancer patients and in 1 of 19 controls, including patients with benign breast disease, other cancers and normal individuals. The low molecular weight fraction produced LMI in both the benign (4 of 6) and the malignant breast disease (6 of 20) patients, but not in the controls (0 of 12). A simple fractionation technique has thus separated \"cancer-specific\" from \"organ-specific\" activity. Sephadex G-200 fractions were active at a much lower protein concentration than the crude 3 M KCl extracts.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by human breast-cancer-associated antigens. The existence of CMI to tumor-associated antigens present in 3 M KCl extracts of breast carcinomas was demonstrated in a group of breast cancer patients by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay. When crude KCl extracts were tested, 3 of 5 breast cancer patients gave a positive response to autologous tumor extracts. Eleven of 20 gave a positive response to allogeneic extracts as compared to 3 of 22 controls (including 6 patients with benign breast disease, 7 with non-mammary cancers and 9 normal controls). Extracts of fibrocystic disease tissue gave positive LMI tests in 2 of 5 breast cancer patients, suggesting the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between benign and malignant breast disease. An extract of a medullary carcinoma of breast was fractionated on Sephadex G-200 and the effluent pooled into three fractions. The high molecular weight fraction produced LMI in 11 of 22 breast cancer patients and in 1 of 19 controls, including patients with benign breast disease, other cancers and normal individuals. The low molecular weight fraction produced LMI in both the benign (4 of 6) and the malignant breast disease (6 of 20) patients, but not in the controls (0 of 12). A simple fractionation technique has thus separated \"cancer-specific\" from \"organ-specific\" activity. Sephadex G-200 fractions were active at a much lower protein concentration than the crude 3 M KCl extracts.", "PMID": 62721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_587", "title": "Demonstration of a phase (stage)-specific embryonic brain antigen in human meningioma.", "content": "The water-soluble antigens of human embryonic brain were studied using a rabbit antiserum to human 8- to 10-week embryonic brain (non-absorbed and absorbed with extracts of human embryonic and adult organs). A phase (stage)-specific brain antigen(s) characteristic for the human 8- to 10-week-old embryo was detected by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel. The testing of this anti-embryonic brain serum against saline extracts of human brain tumours (meningiomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, neurinomas and brain metastasis of carcinoma) revealed the presence of an \"embryonic\" antigen in the human meningioma only. Immunochemically this meningioma-associated antigen is identical to a phase (stage)-specific antigen of the 8- to 10-week embryo.", "contents": "Demonstration of a phase (stage)-specific embryonic brain antigen in human meningioma. The water-soluble antigens of human embryonic brain were studied using a rabbit antiserum to human 8- to 10-week embryonic brain (non-absorbed and absorbed with extracts of human embryonic and adult organs). A phase (stage)-specific brain antigen(s) characteristic for the human 8- to 10-week-old embryo was detected by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel. The testing of this anti-embryonic brain serum against saline extracts of human brain tumours (meningiomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, neurinomas and brain metastasis of carcinoma) revealed the presence of an \"embryonic\" antigen in the human meningioma only. Immunochemically this meningioma-associated antigen is identical to a phase (stage)-specific antigen of the 8- to 10-week embryo.", "PMID": 62722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_588", "title": "A plasma membrane antigen highly associated with oat-cell carcinoma of the lung and undetectable in normal adult tissue.", "content": "The plasma membrane antigens of an oat-cell carcinoma of the lung were studied to determine if any antigens absent from normal adult tissue could be identified. Rabbit and monkey antisera were prepared to a highly purified plasma membrane fraction of an oat-cell carcinoma of the lung. The specificities of the antisera were studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method on frozen section substrate. The rabbit antiserum, after absorption with normal lung, liver, colon and peripheral nerve homogenates and extracts, failed to react with any detectable normal adult tissue. The absorbed anti-serum did react with 7 of 7 oat-cell carcinomas of the lung, but failed to react with any of 7 adeno-carcinomas of the lung, 6 epidermoid carcinomas of the lung, 7 colon carcinomas, 8 breast carcinomas, 4 kidney carcinomas, and 1 pancreatic carcinoma. The unabsorbed monkey antiserum failed to react with any detectable normal adult tissue, and had a tumor reactivity pattern nearly identical to that of the absorbed rabbit antiserum. Thus similar results were obtained with antisera from two different species. It is concluded that oat-cell carcinomas of the lung express a plasma membrane antigen(s) undetectable in normal adult tissue and highly associated with this tumor type.", "contents": "A plasma membrane antigen highly associated with oat-cell carcinoma of the lung and undetectable in normal adult tissue. The plasma membrane antigens of an oat-cell carcinoma of the lung were studied to determine if any antigens absent from normal adult tissue could be identified. Rabbit and monkey antisera were prepared to a highly purified plasma membrane fraction of an oat-cell carcinoma of the lung. The specificities of the antisera were studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method on frozen section substrate. The rabbit antiserum, after absorption with normal lung, liver, colon and peripheral nerve homogenates and extracts, failed to react with any detectable normal adult tissue. The absorbed anti-serum did react with 7 of 7 oat-cell carcinomas of the lung, but failed to react with any of 7 adeno-carcinomas of the lung, 6 epidermoid carcinomas of the lung, 7 colon carcinomas, 8 breast carcinomas, 4 kidney carcinomas, and 1 pancreatic carcinoma. The unabsorbed monkey antiserum failed to react with any detectable normal adult tissue, and had a tumor reactivity pattern nearly identical to that of the absorbed rabbit antiserum. Thus similar results were obtained with antisera from two different species. It is concluded that oat-cell carcinomas of the lung express a plasma membrane antigen(s) undetectable in normal adult tissue and highly associated with this tumor type.", "PMID": 62723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_589", "title": "Inducibility of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle and surface marker properties of EBV-negative lymphoma lines and their in vitro EBV-converted sublines.", "content": "Two EBV-negative lymphoma lines of human B-cell origin, BJAB and Ramos, were compared with altogether six of their in vitro EBV-converted, EBNA- and EBV-DNA-carrying sublines (four of Ramos and two of BJAB derivation). All converted lines closely resembled the parental line with regard to karyotype and HL-A and B antigen typing. Induction of EBV antigens (EA and VCA) by P3HR-1 virus superinfection was either similar in the converted and the negative lines, or somewhat increased in certain converted lines. These findings argue against a simple, virally determined repressor model and emphasize the role or cellular controls in restricting the EBV cycle in virus-carrying B-lymphocyte lines of human origin. IUdR inducibility varied in the different converted lines. There was a possible relationship between average number of EBV-genome equivalents per cell and inducibility. Converted sublines did not differ from the original negative lines with regard to surface immunoglobulin and Fc receptors. There was a dramatic increase in complement-consuming ability, however, following EBV conversion. Among the EBV-positive lines, there was a linear relationship between complement-consuming and EBV-receptor activity, the latter measured by a quantitative absorption test.", "contents": "Inducibility of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle and surface marker properties of EBV-negative lymphoma lines and their in vitro EBV-converted sublines. Two EBV-negative lymphoma lines of human B-cell origin, BJAB and Ramos, were compared with altogether six of their in vitro EBV-converted, EBNA- and EBV-DNA-carrying sublines (four of Ramos and two of BJAB derivation). All converted lines closely resembled the parental line with regard to karyotype and HL-A and B antigen typing. Induction of EBV antigens (EA and VCA) by P3HR-1 virus superinfection was either similar in the converted and the negative lines, or somewhat increased in certain converted lines. These findings argue against a simple, virally determined repressor model and emphasize the role or cellular controls in restricting the EBV cycle in virus-carrying B-lymphocyte lines of human origin. IUdR inducibility varied in the different converted lines. There was a possible relationship between average number of EBV-genome equivalents per cell and inducibility. Converted sublines did not differ from the original negative lines with regard to surface immunoglobulin and Fc receptors. There was a dramatic increase in complement-consuming ability, however, following EBV conversion. Among the EBV-positive lines, there was a linear relationship between complement-consuming and EBV-receptor activity, the latter measured by a quantitative absorption test.", "PMID": 62724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_590", "title": "Mast cells and tumor angiogenesis.", "content": "Tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) elicits a strong vasoproliferative response when implanted upon the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo. This response is first observed stereomicroscopically 2-3 days after implantation. A 40-fold increase in mast cell density is observed within the vicinity of this implant by 24 h. Mast cells that have been isolated from retired breeder Sprague-Dawley rats fail to evoke a vascular reaction when implanted on the CAM. An intermediate role for the mast cell in tumor angiogenesis is suggested.", "contents": "Mast cells and tumor angiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) elicits a strong vasoproliferative response when implanted upon the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo. This response is first observed stereomicroscopically 2-3 days after implantation. A 40-fold increase in mast cell density is observed within the vicinity of this implant by 24 h. Mast cells that have been isolated from retired breeder Sprague-Dawley rats fail to evoke a vascular reaction when implanted on the CAM. An intermediate role for the mast cell in tumor angiogenesis is suggested.", "PMID": 62725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_591", "title": "Membrane-associated antigen from the SV40-induced hamster fibrosarcoma, para-7. I. Role in immune complex formation and effector cell blockade.", "content": "PARA-7 membrane-associated antigen was prepared by treatment of the tumor cells with pH 9.4 glycine buffer, or by concentration of spent cell culture medium. When admixed with sensitized effector cells, both preparations could specifically block cellular cytotoxicity for PARA-7 target cells. Pretreatment of target cells with antigen did not result in blocking. Incubation of antigen extract with simian virus 40 (SV40) anti-serum caused neutralization of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with concomitant formation of a factor which blocked at the target cell level but not at the effector cell level. Serum from tumor-bearing hamsters exhibited blocking characteristics comparable to those of the antigen-SV40 teristics comparable to those of the antigen-SV40 antiserum preparation. Washing experiments indicated that PARA-7 antigen was more efficient than PARA-7 antigen-antibody complexes in blocking cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Material extracted from untransformed hamster embryo fibroblasts either by itself or when admixed with SV40 antiserum exhibited no significant blocking activity. These observations support the concept that loss of serum ADCC during progressive tumor growth is due to immune complex formation.", "contents": "Membrane-associated antigen from the SV40-induced hamster fibrosarcoma, para-7. I. Role in immune complex formation and effector cell blockade. PARA-7 membrane-associated antigen was prepared by treatment of the tumor cells with pH 9.4 glycine buffer, or by concentration of spent cell culture medium. When admixed with sensitized effector cells, both preparations could specifically block cellular cytotoxicity for PARA-7 target cells. Pretreatment of target cells with antigen did not result in blocking. Incubation of antigen extract with simian virus 40 (SV40) anti-serum caused neutralization of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with concomitant formation of a factor which blocked at the target cell level but not at the effector cell level. Serum from tumor-bearing hamsters exhibited blocking characteristics comparable to those of the antigen-SV40 teristics comparable to those of the antigen-SV40 antiserum preparation. Washing experiments indicated that PARA-7 antigen was more efficient than PARA-7 antigen-antibody complexes in blocking cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Material extracted from untransformed hamster embryo fibroblasts either by itself or when admixed with SV40 antiserum exhibited no significant blocking activity. These observations support the concept that loss of serum ADCC during progressive tumor growth is due to immune complex formation.", "PMID": 62726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_592", "title": "A new technique for the vital staining of the corneal endothelium.", "content": "A new technique for the staining of the corneal endothelium combines the actions of the vital stain trypan blue and the intercellular stain alizarin red S. The technique is an improvement over former staining methods, because it defines both viable and nonviable cells and thereby permits an investigator to accurately quantify endothelial cell damage.", "contents": "A new technique for the vital staining of the corneal endothelium. A new technique for the staining of the corneal endothelium combines the actions of the vital stain trypan blue and the intercellular stain alizarin red S. The technique is an improvement over former staining methods, because it defines both viable and nonviable cells and thereby permits an investigator to accurately quantify endothelial cell damage.", "PMID": 62728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_593", "title": "Niemann-Pick disease-like inclusions caused by a hypocholesteremic agent.", "content": "AY9944, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, was injected into albino rats and the ocular tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy. Abundant lamellar inclusion bodies accumulated in various cells of the eye, especially in the ganglion cells of the retina and glial cells of the optic nerve. Prolonged administration of this drug resulted in degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and oligodendroglial cells of the optic nerve. Micro-organelles of the inclusion body-laden cells were otherwise normal in their appearance. The electron microscopic appearance of these inclusion bodies and their distribution in the ocular tissues closely resembled those of Niemann-Pick diseasees.", "contents": "Niemann-Pick disease-like inclusions caused by a hypocholesteremic agent. AY9944, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, was injected into albino rats and the ocular tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy. Abundant lamellar inclusion bodies accumulated in various cells of the eye, especially in the ganglion cells of the retina and glial cells of the optic nerve. Prolonged administration of this drug resulted in degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and oligodendroglial cells of the optic nerve. Micro-organelles of the inclusion body-laden cells were otherwise normal in their appearance. The electron microscopic appearance of these inclusion bodies and their distribution in the ocular tissues closely resembled those of Niemann-Pick diseasees.", "PMID": 62729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_594", "title": "Prospects for microscopical cytochemistry.", "content": "This review is devoted mainly to an evaluation of the status of microscopical cytochemistry seen as a discipline aiming at both the localization and the quantification of molecular processes in cells. Its relationships to ultramicrochemistry, as well as, in a broader sense, to biochemistry and cell biology, are discussed from both the historical and the methodological points of view. Recent developments in quantitative cytophysical techniques, such as automated cytophotometry using microscopes fitted with flying spot systems, TV cameras, or scanning stages, and the development of rapid flow cytometers are discussed. Analytical electron microscopy is touched upon too. The main part of the review is devoted to recent trends that strengthen the analytical basis of cytochemical staining methods. The special character of staining procedures as a kind of matrix chemistry is discussed and the potentialities of the use of matrix-incorporated compounds for the fundamental study and calibration of microscopical staining procedures are elaborated. Parallel developments in the theory and practice of matrix chemistry in biochemistry are stressed. Growing interrelations between microscopical cytochemistry and related fields of investigation, such as the controlled fragmentation of cells, and methods like ultramicroanalysis of individual cells are indicated.", "contents": "Prospects for microscopical cytochemistry. This review is devoted mainly to an evaluation of the status of microscopical cytochemistry seen as a discipline aiming at both the localization and the quantification of molecular processes in cells. Its relationships to ultramicrochemistry, as well as, in a broader sense, to biochemistry and cell biology, are discussed from both the historical and the methodological points of view. Recent developments in quantitative cytophysical techniques, such as automated cytophotometry using microscopes fitted with flying spot systems, TV cameras, or scanning stages, and the development of rapid flow cytometers are discussed. Analytical electron microscopy is touched upon too. The main part of the review is devoted to recent trends that strengthen the analytical basis of cytochemical staining methods. The special character of staining procedures as a kind of matrix chemistry is discussed and the potentialities of the use of matrix-incorporated compounds for the fundamental study and calibration of microscopical staining procedures are elaborated. Parallel developments in the theory and practice of matrix chemistry in biochemistry are stressed. Growing interrelations between microscopical cytochemistry and related fields of investigation, such as the controlled fragmentation of cells, and methods like ultramicroanalysis of individual cells are indicated.", "PMID": 62731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_595", "title": "Cytochemistry of colloidal iron binding to the surface of Hela cells and human erythrocytes.", "content": "It seems from the literature that colloidal iron (C.I.) binding sites on cell surfaces cannot be completely removed by treatment with Vibrio Colerae alpha-neuraminidase. We wondered if C.I. particles bind to negative groups other than the carboxyl groups of sialic acids. Using HeLa cells from suspension cultures and fresh human erythrocytes, we examined, with the transmission electronmicroscope, the influence of the following enzymatic and histochemical treatments on C.I. staining: alpha-neuraminidase; hyaluronidase; ribonuclease; alpha-amylase; mild methylation (MM); MM + saponification (Sap.); MM + Sap +MM; MM + Sap + alpha-neuraminidase; active methylation (AM); AM + Sap; AM + Sap + AM; AM + Sap + alpha-neuraminiadase; CH3OH (80%); Sap. It seemed from these experiments that the carboxyl groups of alpha-neuraminidase sensitive sialic acids constitute the majority of binding sites for C.I. to these particular cells. The most interesting candidates for the residual binding of C.I. are carboxyl groups of alpha-neuraminidase resistant molecules, sulfon, sulfin, and sulfate groups.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of colloidal iron binding to the surface of Hela cells and human erythrocytes. It seems from the literature that colloidal iron (C.I.) binding sites on cell surfaces cannot be completely removed by treatment with Vibrio Colerae alpha-neuraminidase. We wondered if C.I. particles bind to negative groups other than the carboxyl groups of sialic acids. Using HeLa cells from suspension cultures and fresh human erythrocytes, we examined, with the transmission electronmicroscope, the influence of the following enzymatic and histochemical treatments on C.I. staining: alpha-neuraminidase; hyaluronidase; ribonuclease; alpha-amylase; mild methylation (MM); MM + saponification (Sap.); MM + Sap +MM; MM + Sap + alpha-neuraminidase; active methylation (AM); AM + Sap; AM + Sap + AM; AM + Sap + alpha-neuraminiadase; CH3OH (80%); Sap. It seemed from these experiments that the carboxyl groups of alpha-neuraminidase sensitive sialic acids constitute the majority of binding sites for C.I. to these particular cells. The most interesting candidates for the residual binding of C.I. are carboxyl groups of alpha-neuraminidase resistant molecules, sulfon, sulfin, and sulfate groups.", "PMID": 62732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_596", "title": "Impairment of the M-protein and unmasking of a superficial type-specific antigen by proteolytic treatment of influenza A virions with preservation of host-specific antigenicity.", "content": "Influenza PR8 particles resulting from strong treatment with caseinase C are spikeless, devoid of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin 1 and 2 glycopeptides, and contain a Schiff-negative polypeptide of about 13,000 molecular weight which exists as traces in intact virions. Their M-protein polypeptide content is reduced to 50% of its original value, but there is no evidence of particle disruption nor of lipid release. They fix complement in the presence of both anti-M-protein antiserum and antiserum raised against a host polysaccharide. During exposure to caseinase C, an antigen is unmasked. It is type-specific and its identity with the M-protein is discussed.", "contents": "Impairment of the M-protein and unmasking of a superficial type-specific antigen by proteolytic treatment of influenza A virions with preservation of host-specific antigenicity. Influenza PR8 particles resulting from strong treatment with caseinase C are spikeless, devoid of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin 1 and 2 glycopeptides, and contain a Schiff-negative polypeptide of about 13,000 molecular weight which exists as traces in intact virions. Their M-protein polypeptide content is reduced to 50% of its original value, but there is no evidence of particle disruption nor of lipid release. They fix complement in the presence of both anti-M-protein antiserum and antiserum raised against a host polysaccharide. During exposure to caseinase C, an antigen is unmasked. It is type-specific and its identity with the M-protein is discussed.", "PMID": 62730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_597", "title": "Light microscopic distinction between elastin, pseudo-elastica (type III collagen?) AND INTERSTITIAL COLLAGEN.", "content": "Distinction between elastin and collagen in arteriosclerotic lesions is difficult because the so-called elastica stains are bound also by collagen fibers which resemble collagen of premature infants. Investigations of effects of organic solvents on dye binding led to the development of methods for selective demonstration of pseudo-elastica, and for simultaneous visualization of elastin and pseudo-elastica in contrasting colors. Paraffin sections of human autopsy material were stained with solutions of resorcin-fuchsin, orcein or aldehyde fuchsin in absolute ethanol. In other series, sections pretreated with this resorcin-fuchsin solution were counter-stained with tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid (TP)-dye technics. Solutions of these \"elastica stains\" in absolute ethanol colored only pseudo-elastica; elastin, e.g. elastic membranes of aorta, remained unstained. In sections counterstained with TP-dye technics elastin was colored red; pseudo-elastica retained the purplish blue coloration imparted by resorcin-fuchsin. Other collagens were stained yellow. A review of the literature showed that until the 1920's elastin was classified as a gelatinoid of the collagen group. Elastic fibers were identified by mechanical properties, not a particular chemical composition. Hence, the elastic fibers of classical histology cannot be equated with the elastin of modern chemistry. Correlation of histochemical observations with chemical data indicates that the collagenous pseudo-elastica corresponds to [alpha1(III)]3 collagen.", "contents": "Light microscopic distinction between elastin, pseudo-elastica (type III collagen?) AND INTERSTITIAL COLLAGEN. Distinction between elastin and collagen in arteriosclerotic lesions is difficult because the so-called elastica stains are bound also by collagen fibers which resemble collagen of premature infants. Investigations of effects of organic solvents on dye binding led to the development of methods for selective demonstration of pseudo-elastica, and for simultaneous visualization of elastin and pseudo-elastica in contrasting colors. Paraffin sections of human autopsy material were stained with solutions of resorcin-fuchsin, orcein or aldehyde fuchsin in absolute ethanol. In other series, sections pretreated with this resorcin-fuchsin solution were counter-stained with tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid (TP)-dye technics. Solutions of these \"elastica stains\" in absolute ethanol colored only pseudo-elastica; elastin, e.g. elastic membranes of aorta, remained unstained. In sections counterstained with TP-dye technics elastin was colored red; pseudo-elastica retained the purplish blue coloration imparted by resorcin-fuchsin. Other collagens were stained yellow. A review of the literature showed that until the 1920's elastin was classified as a gelatinoid of the collagen group. Elastic fibers were identified by mechanical properties, not a particular chemical composition. Hence, the elastic fibers of classical histology cannot be equated with the elastin of modern chemistry. Correlation of histochemical observations with chemical data indicates that the collagenous pseudo-elastica corresponds to [alpha1(III)]3 collagen.", "PMID": 62733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_598", "title": "Nuclear stains with soluble metachrome metal mordant dye lakes. The effect of chemical endgroup blocking reactions and the artificial introduction of acid groups into tissues.", "content": "Following our study on the effect of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction on nuclear staining with soluble metal mordant dye lakes covering 29 dye lakes we chose a series of lakes representing the three groups: (1) readily prevented by DNA removal, (2) weakened by DNA extraction but not prevented, (3) unaffected by DNA removal, for application of other endgroup blockade reactions. The lakes selected were alum and iron hematoxylins, iron alum and ferrous sulfate galleins, Fe2+ gallo blue E, iron alum celestin blue B, iron alum fluorone black and the phenocyanin TC-FeSO4 sequence. Azure A with and without an eosin B neutral stain, was used as a simple cationic (and anionic) dye control. Methylation was less effective than with simple cationic dyes, but did weaken celestin blue, gallo blue E and phenocyanin Fe2+ nuclear stains. These dyes also demonstrate other acid groups: acid mucins, cartilage matrix, mast cells, central nervous corpora amylacea and artificially introduced carboxyl, sulfuric and sulfonic acid groups. Alum hematoxylin stained cartilage weakly and demonstrated sulfation and sulfonation sites. The iron galleins, iron fluorone black and acid iron hematoxylin do not. A pH 4 iron alum hematoxylin gave no staining of these sites; an alum hematoxylin acidified with 1% 12 N HCl gave weaker results. Deamination prevented eosin and orange G counterstains but did not impair nuclear stains with any of the mordant dye lakes. The simple acetylations likewise did not alter mordant dye nuclear staining, the Skraup reagent gave its usual sulfation effect on other tissue elements, but did not alter nuclear stains by mordant dyes. The mordant dyes do not bind to periodic acid engendered aldehyde sites and p-toluidine/acetic acid and borohydride aldehyde blockades did not alter mordant dye lake nuclear staining. Nitration by tetranitromethane, which blocks azo coupling of tyrosine residues, did not alter nuclear staining by the mordant dye lakes. Benzil at pH 13, which prevents the beta-naphthoquinone-4-Na sulfonate (NQS) arginine reaction and the Fullmer reaction of basic nucleoprotein, did not affect iron gallein, iron or alum hematoxylin stains of nuclei or lingual keratohyalin.", "contents": "Nuclear stains with soluble metachrome metal mordant dye lakes. The effect of chemical endgroup blocking reactions and the artificial introduction of acid groups into tissues. Following our study on the effect of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction on nuclear staining with soluble metal mordant dye lakes covering 29 dye lakes we chose a series of lakes representing the three groups: (1) readily prevented by DNA removal, (2) weakened by DNA extraction but not prevented, (3) unaffected by DNA removal, for application of other endgroup blockade reactions. The lakes selected were alum and iron hematoxylins, iron alum and ferrous sulfate galleins, Fe2+ gallo blue E, iron alum celestin blue B, iron alum fluorone black and the phenocyanin TC-FeSO4 sequence. Azure A with and without an eosin B neutral stain, was used as a simple cationic (and anionic) dye control. Methylation was less effective than with simple cationic dyes, but did weaken celestin blue, gallo blue E and phenocyanin Fe2+ nuclear stains. These dyes also demonstrate other acid groups: acid mucins, cartilage matrix, mast cells, central nervous corpora amylacea and artificially introduced carboxyl, sulfuric and sulfonic acid groups. Alum hematoxylin stained cartilage weakly and demonstrated sulfation and sulfonation sites. The iron galleins, iron fluorone black and acid iron hematoxylin do not. A pH 4 iron alum hematoxylin gave no staining of these sites; an alum hematoxylin acidified with 1% 12 N HCl gave weaker results. Deamination prevented eosin and orange G counterstains but did not impair nuclear stains with any of the mordant dye lakes. The simple acetylations likewise did not alter mordant dye nuclear staining, the Skraup reagent gave its usual sulfation effect on other tissue elements, but did not alter nuclear stains by mordant dyes. The mordant dyes do not bind to periodic acid engendered aldehyde sites and p-toluidine/acetic acid and borohydride aldehyde blockades did not alter mordant dye lake nuclear staining. Nitration by tetranitromethane, which blocks azo coupling of tyrosine residues, did not alter nuclear staining by the mordant dye lakes. Benzil at pH 13, which prevents the beta-naphthoquinone-4-Na sulfonate (NQS) arginine reaction and the Fullmer reaction of basic nucleoprotein, did not affect iron gallein, iron or alum hematoxylin stains of nuclei or lingual keratohyalin.", "PMID": 62734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_599", "title": "Diurnal variations in endogenous RNA polymerase activity and amounts of nuclear non-histone protein, DNA and cytoplasmic protein in rat liver.", "content": "From rats fed ad libitum and kept under a 12 + 12 h light/dark regimen, the DNA dependent RNA polymerase activity of liver cell nuclei was determined avery four hours. From identical rats, nuclear non-histone protein and DNA, and cytoplasmic protein was determined by Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of isolated liver cells. The minimum: maximum ratio of the RNA polymerase activity is 0.77; the min:max ratio of nuclear non-histone protein is 0.84. These two parameters have identical time courses with a gradual decline during the light period and a sharp rise after the onset of the dark period. The variations in nuclear DNA content, estimated as the amount of Feulgen stain bound, closely parallel those of the RNA polymerase activity and nuclear non-histone protein content (min:max = 0.96). The amount of cytoplasmic protein per cell also varies throughout the day, but its time curve lags behind those of nuclear non-histone content and RNA polymerase activity. These results are consistent with the concept of nuclear non-histone proteins as de-repressors of the DNA template in differentiated, non-proliferating cells, and support the validity of using Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of nuclear non-histone proteins as an estimate of gene expression in such cells.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in endogenous RNA polymerase activity and amounts of nuclear non-histone protein, DNA and cytoplasmic protein in rat liver. From rats fed ad libitum and kept under a 12 + 12 h light/dark regimen, the DNA dependent RNA polymerase activity of liver cell nuclei was determined avery four hours. From identical rats, nuclear non-histone protein and DNA, and cytoplasmic protein was determined by Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of isolated liver cells. The minimum: maximum ratio of the RNA polymerase activity is 0.77; the min:max ratio of nuclear non-histone protein is 0.84. These two parameters have identical time courses with a gradual decline during the light period and a sharp rise after the onset of the dark period. The variations in nuclear DNA content, estimated as the amount of Feulgen stain bound, closely parallel those of the RNA polymerase activity and nuclear non-histone protein content (min:max = 0.96). The amount of cytoplasmic protein per cell also varies throughout the day, but its time curve lags behind those of nuclear non-histone content and RNA polymerase activity. These results are consistent with the concept of nuclear non-histone proteins as de-repressors of the DNA template in differentiated, non-proliferating cells, and support the validity of using Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of nuclear non-histone proteins as an estimate of gene expression in such cells.", "PMID": 62735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_600", "title": "Uneven distribution of alkaline phosphatase in individual layers of rabbit and ox cornea. Histochemical and biochemical study.", "content": "In the rabbit and bovine cornea the activity of alkaline phosphatase using histochemical as well as biochemical methods was investigated. Biochemically the enzyme activity was studied in separated corneal layers. In the histochemical investigation the best results were obtained in cryostat sections using the azocoupling method with naphthol AS-MX phosphate and Variamine Blue RT Salt. The enzyme activity was found not only in the epithelium and endothelium (as was described previously) but even in keratocytes. The mutual relation of activities in the epithelium and in keratocytes differed in both species. The overall activity found by histochemical methods is in good agreement with the biochemical determination of alkaline phosphatase (p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate). Besides the histochemical approach shows an uneven distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in individual cells which cannot be assessed by the biochemical determination.", "contents": "Uneven distribution of alkaline phosphatase in individual layers of rabbit and ox cornea. Histochemical and biochemical study. In the rabbit and bovine cornea the activity of alkaline phosphatase using histochemical as well as biochemical methods was investigated. Biochemically the enzyme activity was studied in separated corneal layers. In the histochemical investigation the best results were obtained in cryostat sections using the azocoupling method with naphthol AS-MX phosphate and Variamine Blue RT Salt. The enzyme activity was found not only in the epithelium and endothelium (as was described previously) but even in keratocytes. The mutual relation of activities in the epithelium and in keratocytes differed in both species. The overall activity found by histochemical methods is in good agreement with the biochemical determination of alkaline phosphatase (p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate). Besides the histochemical approach shows an uneven distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in individual cells which cannot be assessed by the biochemical determination.", "PMID": 62736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_601", "title": "Histochemical evidence for sulfomucins at the surface of Hela cells.", "content": "The nature of the negatively charged groups present at the surface of HeLa cells was further investigated. Therefore we applied a series of light microscopic staining techniques, widely used for the demonstration of epithelial mucosubstances on tissue sections, to HeLa cells from suspension cultures. Our histochemical findings confirmed the presence of carboxylated substances at the surface of these cells. Furthermore we obtained conclusive evidence for the presence of sulfated molecules. Both substances seem to be closely related to epithelial sialomucins and sulfomucins.", "contents": "Histochemical evidence for sulfomucins at the surface of Hela cells. The nature of the negatively charged groups present at the surface of HeLa cells was further investigated. Therefore we applied a series of light microscopic staining techniques, widely used for the demonstration of epithelial mucosubstances on tissue sections, to HeLa cells from suspension cultures. Our histochemical findings confirmed the presence of carboxylated substances at the surface of these cells. Furthermore we obtained conclusive evidence for the presence of sulfated molecules. Both substances seem to be closely related to epithelial sialomucins and sulfomucins.", "PMID": 62737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_602", "title": "On using cis-Pt (II)-uracil as a stain for nucleic acids in brain slices and subcellular fractions.", "content": "Chick brain cortical slices and crude mitochondrial fractions were fixed with glutaraldehyde, stained only with cis-Pt (II)-uracil and processed for electron microscopy. The optimal time of staining was determined to be 10 min. Results show that this platinum-pyrimidine complex is a relatively specific stain for the nucleic acids of brain slices. However, staining of crude mitochondrial fractions apparently resulted in some protein staining and other artifacts. The method should be helpful identifying ribosomal contamination of subcellular preparations and if its specificity can be increased it may prove a useful addition to staining methods of the electron microscopist.", "contents": "On using cis-Pt (II)-uracil as a stain for nucleic acids in brain slices and subcellular fractions. Chick brain cortical slices and crude mitochondrial fractions were fixed with glutaraldehyde, stained only with cis-Pt (II)-uracil and processed for electron microscopy. The optimal time of staining was determined to be 10 min. Results show that this platinum-pyrimidine complex is a relatively specific stain for the nucleic acids of brain slices. However, staining of crude mitochondrial fractions apparently resulted in some protein staining and other artifacts. The method should be helpful identifying ribosomal contamination of subcellular preparations and if its specificity can be increased it may prove a useful addition to staining methods of the electron microscopist.", "PMID": 62738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_603", "title": "Tissue fixation and osmium black formation with nonvolatile octavalent osmium compounds.", "content": "Several compounds of osmiumVIII, including potassium osmiamate and coordination complexes of OsO4 with ammonia and various heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, have been synthesized and characterized. They have also been evaluated as substitutes for OsO4 in postfixation of biological specimens and in light and electron microscopic cytochemical methods resulting in osmium black formation. The most useful of these osmic compounds, a molecular addition complex of hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) with OsO4, has a negligible vapor pressure of OsO4. It has the molecular formula C6H12N4.2OsO4 and has been designated osmeth. Although it has only limited solubility, aqueous solutions of the compound (or of OsO4) can be rapidly prepared by dissolution in a minimal amount of dimethylformamide and subsequent dilution with distilled water or buffer. Although stable in the solid state, the complex in solution undergoes partial dissociation releasing OsO4, and the odor of OsO4 becomes apparent. Such solutions of osmeth are (approximately 0.25%) considerably less concentrated with respect to OsO4 than solutions (1-2%) ordinarily employed for ultrastructural preservation or in cytochemical studies. Osmeth has limited value for postosmication after glutaraldehyde fixation because the generation (release) of OsO4 appears to be slow. Adequate osmication of tissue blocks exists only at the surface, but effective osmication can be achieved throughout tissue sections. In cytochemical reactions resulting in the formation of osmium blacks, the osmeth solutions are as effective as OsO4 solutions of equivalent concentrations. Our findings indicate that OsO4 solutions of less than 1% may be satisfactorily utilized in many cytochemical studies. Osmeth is safer and more convenient to handle than OsO4 because small amounts may be solubilized as needed. It should be considered as a substitute for OsO4 in ultrastructural cytochemistry. These results suggest that the effectiveness of OsO4 as a fixative may, in part, be related to its nonpolarity. The infrared spectra indicate that the OsO4 molecule is tetrahedral, perfectly symmetrical and, therefore, as a whole nonpolar. As a consequence, it could be expected to readily penetrate charged surfaces of tissues, cells, and organelles. The spectral studies show that osmeth is much less symmetrical and, to that extent, polar; thus, it penetrates biomembranes less readily.", "contents": "Tissue fixation and osmium black formation with nonvolatile octavalent osmium compounds. Several compounds of osmiumVIII, including potassium osmiamate and coordination complexes of OsO4 with ammonia and various heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, have been synthesized and characterized. They have also been evaluated as substitutes for OsO4 in postfixation of biological specimens and in light and electron microscopic cytochemical methods resulting in osmium black formation. The most useful of these osmic compounds, a molecular addition complex of hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) with OsO4, has a negligible vapor pressure of OsO4. It has the molecular formula C6H12N4.2OsO4 and has been designated osmeth. Although it has only limited solubility, aqueous solutions of the compound (or of OsO4) can be rapidly prepared by dissolution in a minimal amount of dimethylformamide and subsequent dilution with distilled water or buffer. Although stable in the solid state, the complex in solution undergoes partial dissociation releasing OsO4, and the odor of OsO4 becomes apparent. Such solutions of osmeth are (approximately 0.25%) considerably less concentrated with respect to OsO4 than solutions (1-2%) ordinarily employed for ultrastructural preservation or in cytochemical studies. Osmeth has limited value for postosmication after glutaraldehyde fixation because the generation (release) of OsO4 appears to be slow. Adequate osmication of tissue blocks exists only at the surface, but effective osmication can be achieved throughout tissue sections. In cytochemical reactions resulting in the formation of osmium blacks, the osmeth solutions are as effective as OsO4 solutions of equivalent concentrations. Our findings indicate that OsO4 solutions of less than 1% may be satisfactorily utilized in many cytochemical studies. Osmeth is safer and more convenient to handle than OsO4 because small amounts may be solubilized as needed. It should be considered as a substitute for OsO4 in ultrastructural cytochemistry. These results suggest that the effectiveness of OsO4 as a fixative may, in part, be related to its nonpolarity. The infrared spectra indicate that the OsO4 molecule is tetrahedral, perfectly symmetrical and, therefore, as a whole nonpolar. As a consequence, it could be expected to readily penetrate charged surfaces of tissues, cells, and organelles. The spectral studies show that osmeth is much less symmetrical and, to that extent, polar; thus, it penetrates biomembranes less readily.", "PMID": 62739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_604", "title": "Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of liver cells. The effect of formaldehyde induced shrinkage on nuclear Naphthol Yellow S binding.", "content": "1. In isolated liver cells, fixed in 4 per cent formaldehyde (NFS) for Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S (F-NYS) staining of DNA and protein, nuclear shrinkage increases the nuclear concentration of solids to 46 per cent (w/v) before the start of the NYS staining. 2. When a fixative mixture of methanol:acetic acid:formalin (85:5:10 by volume; MAF) is used, the concentration of nuclear solids during NYS staining remain at a physiological level of 19 per cent. 3. By exposing liver cells to NFS for 10 to 120 seconds before fixation in MAF, increasing nuclear shrinkage can be induced with increasing pretreatment in NFS. Nuclear NYS binding decreases in parallel with the decreasing nuclear volume in cells thus treated. As the shrinkage induced reduction in NYS binding may vary with the net charge of nuclear non-histone proteins, MAF fixation must be preferred for quantitative determinations of nuclear non-histone protein in F-NYS stained, isolated cells. 4. Fixation in MAF offers the same advantages as NFS fixation as regards the small loss of proteins during the Feulgen staining procedure and the excellent reproducibility of the F-NYS staining. Storage of MAF fixed cells in the fixative for a few days does not alter their F-NYS staining properties. 5. In MAF fixed, F-NYS stained cells there is no NYS binding to histone basic amino acid residues.", "contents": "Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S cytophotometry of liver cells. The effect of formaldehyde induced shrinkage on nuclear Naphthol Yellow S binding. 1. In isolated liver cells, fixed in 4 per cent formaldehyde (NFS) for Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S (F-NYS) staining of DNA and protein, nuclear shrinkage increases the nuclear concentration of solids to 46 per cent (w/v) before the start of the NYS staining. 2. When a fixative mixture of methanol:acetic acid:formalin (85:5:10 by volume; MAF) is used, the concentration of nuclear solids during NYS staining remain at a physiological level of 19 per cent. 3. By exposing liver cells to NFS for 10 to 120 seconds before fixation in MAF, increasing nuclear shrinkage can be induced with increasing pretreatment in NFS. Nuclear NYS binding decreases in parallel with the decreasing nuclear volume in cells thus treated. As the shrinkage induced reduction in NYS binding may vary with the net charge of nuclear non-histone proteins, MAF fixation must be preferred for quantitative determinations of nuclear non-histone protein in F-NYS stained, isolated cells. 4. Fixation in MAF offers the same advantages as NFS fixation as regards the small loss of proteins during the Feulgen staining procedure and the excellent reproducibility of the F-NYS staining. Storage of MAF fixed cells in the fixative for a few days does not alter their F-NYS staining properties. 5. In MAF fixed, F-NYS stained cells there is no NYS binding to histone basic amino acid residues.", "PMID": 62740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_605", "title": "Comparison of dieldrin, lindane, and DDT extractions from serum, and gas-liquid chromatography using glass capillary columns.", "content": "Rats were given an oral dose of 14C-labeled chlorinated pesticides to obtain serum containing p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, or lindane. Simple hexane and formic acid-hexane extraction methods, involving pretreatment of the serum with formic acid, were compared by radiometric and by paper chromatographic and gas chromatographic analysis. In vivo binding of chlorinated pesticides to constituents of the serum does not necessarily prohibit their isolation by simple hexane extractions, provided that the extraction is very vigorous and at least 5 min long. Stable emulsions were broken by cooling in liquid nitrogen or Dry Ice-acetone. The hexane extraction method described yields quantitative recovery of the pesticides studied, whereas the formic acid-hexane method is quantitative for p,p'-DDT, 93% for dieldrin, and 89% for lindane. Gas chromatographic comparison of both methods, using human serum, shows that the hexane method extracts 16% more beta-BHC, 7% more dieldrin and HCB, and 4% more p,p'-DDE from serum than does the formic acid-hexane method. The difference for p,p'-DDT is not significant. Gas chromatography with glass capillary columns and an all-glass solids injection system yielded detection limits as low as 15 fg. Data show that the use of an internal standard considerably improves the precision of quantitation.", "contents": "Comparison of dieldrin, lindane, and DDT extractions from serum, and gas-liquid chromatography using glass capillary columns. Rats were given an oral dose of 14C-labeled chlorinated pesticides to obtain serum containing p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, or lindane. Simple hexane and formic acid-hexane extraction methods, involving pretreatment of the serum with formic acid, were compared by radiometric and by paper chromatographic and gas chromatographic analysis. In vivo binding of chlorinated pesticides to constituents of the serum does not necessarily prohibit their isolation by simple hexane extractions, provided that the extraction is very vigorous and at least 5 min long. Stable emulsions were broken by cooling in liquid nitrogen or Dry Ice-acetone. The hexane extraction method described yields quantitative recovery of the pesticides studied, whereas the formic acid-hexane method is quantitative for p,p'-DDT, 93% for dieldrin, and 89% for lindane. Gas chromatographic comparison of both methods, using human serum, shows that the hexane method extracts 16% more beta-BHC, 7% more dieldrin and HCB, and 4% more p,p'-DDE from serum than does the formic acid-hexane method. The difference for p,p'-DDT is not significant. Gas chromatography with glass capillary columns and an all-glass solids injection system yielded detection limits as low as 15 fg. Data show that the use of an internal standard considerably improves the precision of quantitation.", "PMID": 62748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_606", "title": "Bacterial cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenases: comparison of physicochemical and immunological protperties.", "content": "Cells of Pseudomonas putida NP, Pseudomonas species (NCIB 9816), and a Nocardia species, after growth on naphthalene as sole source of carbon and energy, contain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzyme that oxidizes cis-dihydrodiols of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Similarly, cells of a strain of P. putida biotype A, when grown either on toluene or benzene vapors, were found to contain a dehydrogenase that oxidized dihydrodiols of aromatic hydrocarbons with cis stereochemistry and required NAD+ as an electron acceptor. In all these cases, no enzymatic activity was detected when trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol was used as a substrate. Purified cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase was injected into rabbits to obtain antibodies. Physiocochemical and immunological properties of cis-dihydrodiol:NAD+ oxidoreductases from four different organisms were examined. Kinetic analysis showed that, in all the cases, enzymes exhibited higher affinity for cis-dihydrodiols than for NAD+ and had pH optima between 8.8 and 9.0. except in the case of the enzyme from Nocarida sp., which showed maximum activity at pH 8.4. Molecular-weight determination of the dehydrogenases from the four different organisms by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column gave values ranging from 92,000 for the enzyme from Nocardia sp. to 160,000 for that from P. putida biotype A. All the dehydrogenases, except the one from Nocardia sp., exhibited immunological cross-reaction with the antibodies prepared against the enzyme purified from P. putida NP.", "contents": "Bacterial cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenases: comparison of physicochemical and immunological protperties. Cells of Pseudomonas putida NP, Pseudomonas species (NCIB 9816), and a Nocardia species, after growth on naphthalene as sole source of carbon and energy, contain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzyme that oxidizes cis-dihydrodiols of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Similarly, cells of a strain of P. putida biotype A, when grown either on toluene or benzene vapors, were found to contain a dehydrogenase that oxidized dihydrodiols of aromatic hydrocarbons with cis stereochemistry and required NAD+ as an electron acceptor. In all these cases, no enzymatic activity was detected when trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol was used as a substrate. Purified cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase was injected into rabbits to obtain antibodies. Physiocochemical and immunological properties of cis-dihydrodiol:NAD+ oxidoreductases from four different organisms were examined. Kinetic analysis showed that, in all the cases, enzymes exhibited higher affinity for cis-dihydrodiols than for NAD+ and had pH optima between 8.8 and 9.0. except in the case of the enzyme from Nocarida sp., which showed maximum activity at pH 8.4. Molecular-weight determination of the dehydrogenases from the four different organisms by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column gave values ranging from 92,000 for the enzyme from Nocardia sp. to 160,000 for that from P. putida biotype A. All the dehydrogenases, except the one from Nocardia sp., exhibited immunological cross-reaction with the antibodies prepared against the enzyme purified from P. putida NP.", "PMID": 62750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_607", "title": "House staff training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "content": "An audiovisual instructional program has been developed to teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to new interns and house staff. The entire program conformed to standards established in this subject and was devised so that it could be used for either large or small group instruction. Special projection equipment and a computerized student response system made it possible to use the audiovisual material with large groups and yet maintain most advantages of individual instruction. Following the instructional sessions small group workshops gave students an opportunity to demonstrate CPR and to receive guidance from trained personnel. Small group instruction was also enhanced by use of the audiovisual materials. After participation in the program, all interns were judged competent in performing required CPR tasks; 98% rated the program \"good\" or \"excellent\".", "contents": "House staff training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An audiovisual instructional program has been developed to teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to new interns and house staff. The entire program conformed to standards established in this subject and was devised so that it could be used for either large or small group instruction. Special projection equipment and a computerized student response system made it possible to use the audiovisual material with large groups and yet maintain most advantages of individual instruction. Following the instructional sessions small group workshops gave students an opportunity to demonstrate CPR and to receive guidance from trained personnel. Small group instruction was also enhanced by use of the audiovisual materials. After participation in the program, all interns were judged competent in performing required CPR tasks; 98% rated the program \"good\" or \"excellent\".", "PMID": 62751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_608", "title": "Distribution and use problems of the institutional developer arising from copyrights.", "content": "Institutional developers of mediated instruction for the health sciences in higher education must take whatever steps are reasonable and necessary to obtain copyright protection for their original works and avoid liability for infringement. Twelve questiona frequently asked by such developers in these two areas are discussed. Special requirements are set forth pertaining to material copyrightable by the developer, copyrighted by others, and in the public domain (not copyrightable by anyone). Unique requirements for writings, sound recordings and visual products are summarized. Relevant aspects of fair use, pre-publication copyright, post-publication copyright, and marketing and distribution through the private sector are set forth together with the elements of proof in infringement actions.", "contents": "Distribution and use problems of the institutional developer arising from copyrights. Institutional developers of mediated instruction for the health sciences in higher education must take whatever steps are reasonable and necessary to obtain copyright protection for their original works and avoid liability for infringement. Twelve questiona frequently asked by such developers in these two areas are discussed. Special requirements are set forth pertaining to material copyrightable by the developer, copyrighted by others, and in the public domain (not copyrightable by anyone). Unique requirements for writings, sound recordings and visual products are summarized. Relevant aspects of fair use, pre-publication copyright, post-publication copyright, and marketing and distribution through the private sector are set forth together with the elements of proof in infringement actions.", "PMID": 62752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_609", "title": "Regulation of folate reductase synthesis in sensitive and methotrexate-resistant sarcoma 180 cells. In vitro translation and characterization of folate reductase mRNA.", "content": "A highly specific assay for folate reductase mRNA activity from Sarcoma 180 cells was developed using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system. Quantitation of in vitro folate reductase synthesis was accomplished by direct immunoprecipitation from lysate reactions. The in vitro labeled folate reductase was synthesized in a linear response to a wide range of RNA concentrations, migrated as a single prominent radioactive species upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was indistinguishable from authentic 14C-labeled folate reductase on the basis of molecular weight and immunotitration with anti-folate reductase gamma-globulin. The assay was used to quantitate folate reductase mRNA activity in various cell lines and under several conditions known to affect folate reductase synthesis. These included (a) sensitive and methotrexate-resistant Sarcoma 180 cells, (b) two lines of resistant cells having different relative rates of folate reductase synthesis, (c) growth of methotrexate-resistant cells in the absence of methotrexate, and (d) growth phase. The results indicate that the relative rate of folate reductase synthesis in each case can be explained solely by the level of translatable folate reductase mRNA. The use of poly(U)-Sepharose and sucrose gradient fractionation procedures indicated that folate reductase mRNA contains poly(A) and has a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 14 S. These two fractionation steps were combined to achieve an approximately 90-fold purification of folate reductase mRNA over total cytoplasmic RNA.", "contents": "Regulation of folate reductase synthesis in sensitive and methotrexate-resistant sarcoma 180 cells. In vitro translation and characterization of folate reductase mRNA. A highly specific assay for folate reductase mRNA activity from Sarcoma 180 cells was developed using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system. Quantitation of in vitro folate reductase synthesis was accomplished by direct immunoprecipitation from lysate reactions. The in vitro labeled folate reductase was synthesized in a linear response to a wide range of RNA concentrations, migrated as a single prominent radioactive species upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was indistinguishable from authentic 14C-labeled folate reductase on the basis of molecular weight and immunotitration with anti-folate reductase gamma-globulin. The assay was used to quantitate folate reductase mRNA activity in various cell lines and under several conditions known to affect folate reductase synthesis. These included (a) sensitive and methotrexate-resistant Sarcoma 180 cells, (b) two lines of resistant cells having different relative rates of folate reductase synthesis, (c) growth of methotrexate-resistant cells in the absence of methotrexate, and (d) growth phase. The results indicate that the relative rate of folate reductase synthesis in each case can be explained solely by the level of translatable folate reductase mRNA. The use of poly(U)-Sepharose and sucrose gradient fractionation procedures indicated that folate reductase mRNA contains poly(A) and has a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 14 S. These two fractionation steps were combined to achieve an approximately 90-fold purification of folate reductase mRNA over total cytoplasmic RNA.", "PMID": 62753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_610", "title": "Reconstitution of Biological Molecular generators of electric current. Bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "1. Photoinduced generation of electric current by bacteriorhodopsin, incorporated into the planar phospholipid membrane, has been directly measured with conventional electrometer techniques. 2. Two methods for bacteriorhodopsin incorporation have been developed: (a) formation of planar membrane from a mixture of decane solution of phospholipids and of the fraction of violet fragments of the Halobacterium halobium membrane (bacteriorhodopsin sheets), and (b) adhesion of bacteriorhodopsin-containing reconstituted spherical membranes (proteoliposomes) to the planar membrane in the presence of Ca2+ or some other cations. In both cases, illumination was found to induce electric current generation directed across the planar membrane, an effect which was measured by macroelectrodes immersed into electrolyte solutions on both sides of the membrane. 3. The maximal values of the transmembrane electric potential were of about 150 mV at a current of about 10(-11) A. The electromotive force measured by means of counterbalancing the photoeffect by an external battery, was found to reach the value of 300 mV. 4. The action spectrum of the photoeffect coincides with the bacteriorhodopsin absorption spectrum (maximum about 570 nm). 5. Both components of the electrochemical potential of H+ ions (electric potential and delta pH) across the planar membrane affect the bacteriorhodopsin photoelectric response in a fashion which could be expected if bacteriorhodopsin were a light-dependent electrogenic proton pump. 6. La3+ ions were shown to inhibit operation of those bacteriorhodopsin which pump out H+ ions from the La3+-containing compartment. 7. The photoeffect, mediated by proteoliposomes associated with thick planar membrane, is decreased by gramicidin A at concentrations which do not influence the planar membrane resistance in the light. On the contrary, a protonophorous uncoupler, trichlorocarbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone, decreases the photoeffect only if it is added at a concentration lowering the light resistance. The dark resistance is shown to be higher than the light one, and decreases to the light level by gramicidin. 8. A simple equivalent electric scheme consistent with the above results has been proposed.", "contents": "Reconstitution of Biological Molecular generators of electric current. Bacteriorhodopsin. 1. Photoinduced generation of electric current by bacteriorhodopsin, incorporated into the planar phospholipid membrane, has been directly measured with conventional electrometer techniques. 2. Two methods for bacteriorhodopsin incorporation have been developed: (a) formation of planar membrane from a mixture of decane solution of phospholipids and of the fraction of violet fragments of the Halobacterium halobium membrane (bacteriorhodopsin sheets), and (b) adhesion of bacteriorhodopsin-containing reconstituted spherical membranes (proteoliposomes) to the planar membrane in the presence of Ca2+ or some other cations. In both cases, illumination was found to induce electric current generation directed across the planar membrane, an effect which was measured by macroelectrodes immersed into electrolyte solutions on both sides of the membrane. 3. The maximal values of the transmembrane electric potential were of about 150 mV at a current of about 10(-11) A. The electromotive force measured by means of counterbalancing the photoeffect by an external battery, was found to reach the value of 300 mV. 4. The action spectrum of the photoeffect coincides with the bacteriorhodopsin absorption spectrum (maximum about 570 nm). 5. Both components of the electrochemical potential of H+ ions (electric potential and delta pH) across the planar membrane affect the bacteriorhodopsin photoelectric response in a fashion which could be expected if bacteriorhodopsin were a light-dependent electrogenic proton pump. 6. La3+ ions were shown to inhibit operation of those bacteriorhodopsin which pump out H+ ions from the La3+-containing compartment. 7. The photoeffect, mediated by proteoliposomes associated with thick planar membrane, is decreased by gramicidin A at concentrations which do not influence the planar membrane resistance in the light. On the contrary, a protonophorous uncoupler, trichlorocarbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone, decreases the photoeffect only if it is added at a concentration lowering the light resistance. The dark resistance is shown to be higher than the light one, and decreases to the light level by gramicidin. 8. A simple equivalent electric scheme consistent with the above results has been proposed.", "PMID": 62754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_611", "title": "Fluorescent antibody localization of myosin in the cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, and mitotic spindle of human cells.", "content": "We have studied the distribution of myosin molecules in human cells using myosin-specific antibody coupled with fluorescent dyes. Rabbits were immunized with platelet myosin or myosin rod. They produced antisera which precipitated only myosin among all the components in crude platelet extracts. From these antisera we isolated immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and conjugated it with tetramethylrhodamine or fluorescein. We separated IgG with 2-5 fluorochromes per molecule from both under- and over-conjugated IgG by ion exchange chromatography and used it to stain acetone-treated cells. The following controls established the specificity of the staining patterns: (a) staining with labeled preimmune IgG; (b) staining with labeled immune IgG adsorbed with purified myosin; (c) staining with labeled immune IgG mixed with either unlabeled preimmune or immune serum; and (d) staining with labeled antibody purified by affinity chromatography. In blood smears, only the cytoplasm of platelets and leukocytes stained. In spread Enson and HeLa cells, stress fibers stained strongly in closely spaced 0.5 mum spots. The cytoplasm stained uniformly in those cells presumed to be motile before acetone treatment. In dividing HeLa cells there was a high concentration of myosin-specific staining in the vicinity of the contractole ring and in the mitotic spindle, especially the region between the chromosomes and the poles. We detected no staining of erythrocytes, or nuclei of leukocytes and cultured cells, or the surface of platelets and cultured cells.", "contents": "Fluorescent antibody localization of myosin in the cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, and mitotic spindle of human cells. We have studied the distribution of myosin molecules in human cells using myosin-specific antibody coupled with fluorescent dyes. Rabbits were immunized with platelet myosin or myosin rod. They produced antisera which precipitated only myosin among all the components in crude platelet extracts. From these antisera we isolated immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and conjugated it with tetramethylrhodamine or fluorescein. We separated IgG with 2-5 fluorochromes per molecule from both under- and over-conjugated IgG by ion exchange chromatography and used it to stain acetone-treated cells. The following controls established the specificity of the staining patterns: (a) staining with labeled preimmune IgG; (b) staining with labeled immune IgG adsorbed with purified myosin; (c) staining with labeled immune IgG mixed with either unlabeled preimmune or immune serum; and (d) staining with labeled antibody purified by affinity chromatography. In blood smears, only the cytoplasm of platelets and leukocytes stained. In spread Enson and HeLa cells, stress fibers stained strongly in closely spaced 0.5 mum spots. The cytoplasm stained uniformly in those cells presumed to be motile before acetone treatment. In dividing HeLa cells there was a high concentration of myosin-specific staining in the vicinity of the contractole ring and in the mitotic spindle, especially the region between the chromosomes and the poles. We detected no staining of erythrocytes, or nuclei of leukocytes and cultured cells, or the surface of platelets and cultured cells.", "PMID": 62755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_612", "title": "Redistribution of surface macromolecules in dissociated epithelial cells.", "content": "A number of ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques were used to study intact epithelial cells lining the frog urinary bladder: high resolution autoradiography after administration of [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose; 125I iodination of external protein; concanavalin A-peroxidase, periodic acid-chromic acid silver methenamine; and colloidal thorium. Results indicate that the material (probably glycoprotein) coating the apical surface differs from that which lines the lateral and basal surfaces. After dissociation and isolation of the epithelial cells, the material previously confined to the apical surface invaded progressively the opened \"tight junctions\" (about 5 min), then the lateral membranes (about 40 min), and finally the basal membrane (about 80 min): at that time, the whole cell surface was entirely enveloped by the apical material. Since, on the one hand, the reacting material was confined to the apical surface when the tight junctions were closed (in intact epithelial cells) and since, on the other hand, the apical material was sliding down the laterobasal membranes when the tight junctions were opened (in dissociated cells), it may be concluded that tight junctions contribute to maintain the cell surface specialization in epithelia.", "contents": "Redistribution of surface macromolecules in dissociated epithelial cells. A number of ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques were used to study intact epithelial cells lining the frog urinary bladder: high resolution autoradiography after administration of [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose; 125I iodination of external protein; concanavalin A-peroxidase, periodic acid-chromic acid silver methenamine; and colloidal thorium. Results indicate that the material (probably glycoprotein) coating the apical surface differs from that which lines the lateral and basal surfaces. After dissociation and isolation of the epithelial cells, the material previously confined to the apical surface invaded progressively the opened \"tight junctions\" (about 5 min), then the lateral membranes (about 40 min), and finally the basal membrane (about 80 min): at that time, the whole cell surface was entirely enveloped by the apical material. Since, on the one hand, the reacting material was confined to the apical surface when the tight junctions were closed (in intact epithelial cells) and since, on the other hand, the apical material was sliding down the laterobasal membranes when the tight junctions were opened (in dissociated cells), it may be concluded that tight junctions contribute to maintain the cell surface specialization in epithelia.", "PMID": 62756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_613", "title": "Effect of megestrol acetate (Megace) on steroid metabolism and steroid-protein binding in the human prostate.", "content": "Megestrol acetate (Megace), an antiandrogen, was administered in a dosage of 80 mg daily to 6 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) for 4 to 25 days prior to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Surgical tissue from drug-treated patients was compared to untreated controls in regard to: 1) the enzymatic reduction of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 2) DHT binding to a cytosol receptor protein; 3) tissue levels of endogenous dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols (diols). When minced prostate was incubated with 3H-T and 14C-androstenedione for 1 h at 37 C, prostate 5alpha-reductase activity, measured as reduced products formed from substrate, decreased to 31% and 39%, respectively, of the control values. Prostate 3-oxido-reductase enzyme activity, measured as diols formed from 3H-DHT, was decreased to neglible values in Megace-treated patients compared to an 8.7% conversion to diols in controls. No 3H-DHT binding to a cytosol receptor protein could be demonstrated in 4 out of 5 prostates from Megace-treated patients, whereas the presence of such a receptor was noted in 14 out of 17 untreated controls. Endogenous DHT levels in Megace-treated patients averaged 1.1 ng/g (SE = 0.26), significantly less than the average of 3.9 ng/g (SE = 0.49) found in controls (P less than 0.001). No significant difference was noted in endogenous diols. In addition to these effects on tissue, Megace significantly decreased plasma levels of T, LH, and FSH at the end of the 4- to 25-day period; plasma prolactin levels did not change. Continued studies of Megace for the possible treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy may be warranted since the drug appears to block several important biochemical steps which mediate the effects of androgen on the human prostate.", "contents": "Effect of megestrol acetate (Megace) on steroid metabolism and steroid-protein binding in the human prostate. Megestrol acetate (Megace), an antiandrogen, was administered in a dosage of 80 mg daily to 6 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) for 4 to 25 days prior to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Surgical tissue from drug-treated patients was compared to untreated controls in regard to: 1) the enzymatic reduction of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 2) DHT binding to a cytosol receptor protein; 3) tissue levels of endogenous dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols (diols). When minced prostate was incubated with 3H-T and 14C-androstenedione for 1 h at 37 C, prostate 5alpha-reductase activity, measured as reduced products formed from substrate, decreased to 31% and 39%, respectively, of the control values. Prostate 3-oxido-reductase enzyme activity, measured as diols formed from 3H-DHT, was decreased to neglible values in Megace-treated patients compared to an 8.7% conversion to diols in controls. No 3H-DHT binding to a cytosol receptor protein could be demonstrated in 4 out of 5 prostates from Megace-treated patients, whereas the presence of such a receptor was noted in 14 out of 17 untreated controls. Endogenous DHT levels in Megace-treated patients averaged 1.1 ng/g (SE = 0.26), significantly less than the average of 3.9 ng/g (SE = 0.49) found in controls (P less than 0.001). No significant difference was noted in endogenous diols. In addition to these effects on tissue, Megace significantly decreased plasma levels of T, LH, and FSH at the end of the 4- to 25-day period; plasma prolactin levels did not change. Continued studies of Megace for the possible treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy may be warranted since the drug appears to block several important biochemical steps which mediate the effects of androgen on the human prostate.", "PMID": 62759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_614", "title": "Pathogenic mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis: collagen-induced migration inhibition factor production and cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes.", "content": "The universal features of the histopathology of fibrotic lung disease are derangement of parenchymal collagen and infiltration of the parenchyma with chronic inflammatory cells. To determine if this cellular reaction might be associated with autoimmunity to a consitituent of the alveolar interstitium, peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to human type I collagen in vitro and evaluated for the production of migration inhibition factor and cytotoxicity. Data from 18 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 8 patients with pulmonary fibrosis other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 12 patients with nonfibrotic lung disease, and 9 normals demonstrated that circulating lymphocytes from more than 94% of patients with fibrotic lung disease take part in processes where the recognition of collagen results in migration inhibition factor production and lysis of collagen-coated sheep red blood cells. These collagen-induced cell-mediated phenomena are obviated with human T-lymphocyte antiserum. Collagen-induced migration inhibition factor production and cytotoxicity were found in less than 20% of patients with nonfibrotic disease and were not found in normals. Qualitatively, there was no organ (lung, skin) or species (human, rabbit) collagen specificity in these assays, but human lung alpha 2 chains were recognized more often than alpha 1(I) chains. Circulating lymphocytes from patients with fibrotic disease are present in a normal T to B ratio. These lymphocytes did not incorporate [3H]thymidine when exposed to collagen but did when exposed to T-cell mitogens. These in vitro observations suggest that circulating T-lymphocytes and lung collagen may be intimately associated in the pathogenesis of human fibrotic lung disease.", "contents": "Pathogenic mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis: collagen-induced migration inhibition factor production and cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes. The universal features of the histopathology of fibrotic lung disease are derangement of parenchymal collagen and infiltration of the parenchyma with chronic inflammatory cells. To determine if this cellular reaction might be associated with autoimmunity to a consitituent of the alveolar interstitium, peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to human type I collagen in vitro and evaluated for the production of migration inhibition factor and cytotoxicity. Data from 18 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 8 patients with pulmonary fibrosis other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 12 patients with nonfibrotic lung disease, and 9 normals demonstrated that circulating lymphocytes from more than 94% of patients with fibrotic lung disease take part in processes where the recognition of collagen results in migration inhibition factor production and lysis of collagen-coated sheep red blood cells. These collagen-induced cell-mediated phenomena are obviated with human T-lymphocyte antiserum. Collagen-induced migration inhibition factor production and cytotoxicity were found in less than 20% of patients with nonfibrotic disease and were not found in normals. Qualitatively, there was no organ (lung, skin) or species (human, rabbit) collagen specificity in these assays, but human lung alpha 2 chains were recognized more often than alpha 1(I) chains. Circulating lymphocytes from patients with fibrotic disease are present in a normal T to B ratio. These lymphocytes did not incorporate [3H]thymidine when exposed to collagen but did when exposed to T-cell mitogens. These in vitro observations suggest that circulating T-lymphocytes and lung collagen may be intimately associated in the pathogenesis of human fibrotic lung disease.", "PMID": 62760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_615", "title": "Assessment of group B streptococcal opsonins in human and rabbit serum by neutrophil chemiluminescence.", "content": "The factors important in host defense against group B streptococci are not well understood. The role of antibody and complement in the prevention of serious infection by these organisms is not known because, to date, a reliable measure of functional opsonic activity has not been developed. Recently, it has been shown that neutrophils produce a chemiluminescence after ingestion of particulate matter, and that this event can be detected and quantitated in a liquid scintillation system. We have adapted the chemiluminescence procedure to examine rabbit hyperimmune and human serum for the presence of group B streptococcal opsonins. Group B streptococci of types Ia, II, and III that were opsonized in homologous but not heterologous type serum produced a peak in chemiluminescence when added to normal human neutrophils. Such activity was correlated, in each instance, with ingestion of bacteria by neutrophils and deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 on the bacterial surface as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. With this assay, we have examined sera from colonized and diseased patients for the presence of opsonins to types Ia, II, and III group B streptococci. Maternal sera often contained type-specific opsonins which resided in the IgG fraction and which crossed the placenta to appear in paired cord specimens. 63% of patients colonized with group B streptococci had serum opsonins to their colonizing type of organism. In contrast, none of the 15 patients with sepsis or meningitis had opsonins directed against their infecting strain. These data suggest that the lack of type-specific opsonins to group B streptococci may be one of the important factors in determining host susceptibility to systemic infection with strains of this group.", "contents": "Assessment of group B streptococcal opsonins in human and rabbit serum by neutrophil chemiluminescence. The factors important in host defense against group B streptococci are not well understood. The role of antibody and complement in the prevention of serious infection by these organisms is not known because, to date, a reliable measure of functional opsonic activity has not been developed. Recently, it has been shown that neutrophils produce a chemiluminescence after ingestion of particulate matter, and that this event can be detected and quantitated in a liquid scintillation system. We have adapted the chemiluminescence procedure to examine rabbit hyperimmune and human serum for the presence of group B streptococcal opsonins. Group B streptococci of types Ia, II, and III that were opsonized in homologous but not heterologous type serum produced a peak in chemiluminescence when added to normal human neutrophils. Such activity was correlated, in each instance, with ingestion of bacteria by neutrophils and deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 on the bacterial surface as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. With this assay, we have examined sera from colonized and diseased patients for the presence of opsonins to types Ia, II, and III group B streptococci. Maternal sera often contained type-specific opsonins which resided in the IgG fraction and which crossed the placenta to appear in paired cord specimens. 63% of patients colonized with group B streptococci had serum opsonins to their colonizing type of organism. In contrast, none of the 15 patients with sepsis or meningitis had opsonins directed against their infecting strain. These data suggest that the lack of type-specific opsonins to group B streptococci may be one of the important factors in determining host susceptibility to systemic infection with strains of this group.", "PMID": 62761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_616", "title": "Use of food colourants as plaque disclosing agents.", "content": "The effectiveness of plaque disclosure by several liquid food colourants and disclosing agents was compared in a group of eight subjects. The subjects refrained from all forms of oral hygiene for a 48-hour period prior to rinsing with 5 ml of each dye in turn at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment of plaque staining efficacy by a panel of 38 assessors. Acceptability with respect to taste, extent and duration of mucosal staining and any side effects was also evaluated. The food colourants were as effective as the disclosing agents. Ability to stain plaque appears to be related not only to the constituents of each dye, but also to their concentrations and relative proportions. Other desirable properties of an ideal disclosing agent tended to be fulfilled to a level equivalent to, or better than, that reached by the proprietery disclosing agents. Difficulty in obtaining proprietary disclosing agents should not act as a handicap to achieving better levels of oral cleanliness as inexpensive food colourants of equal effectiveness to the best proprietary agent are readily available.", "contents": "Use of food colourants as plaque disclosing agents. The effectiveness of plaque disclosure by several liquid food colourants and disclosing agents was compared in a group of eight subjects. The subjects refrained from all forms of oral hygiene for a 48-hour period prior to rinsing with 5 ml of each dye in turn at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment of plaque staining efficacy by a panel of 38 assessors. Acceptability with respect to taste, extent and duration of mucosal staining and any side effects was also evaluated. The food colourants were as effective as the disclosing agents. Ability to stain plaque appears to be related not only to the constituents of each dye, but also to their concentrations and relative proportions. Other desirable properties of an ideal disclosing agent tended to be fulfilled to a level equivalent to, or better than, that reached by the proprietery disclosing agents. Difficulty in obtaining proprietary disclosing agents should not act as a handicap to achieving better levels of oral cleanliness as inexpensive food colourants of equal effectiveness to the best proprietary agent are readily available.", "PMID": 62762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_617", "title": "Facilitating sentence formulation: a case study.", "content": "A training program was designed to facilitate sentence formulation in a Broca's aphasic patient. Two training methods were compared and generalization to untrained stimuli was measured. Training, using either method, resulted in increased production of correct linguistic constituents and appropriate lexical items. Gains tended to occur on the trained items and generalization to untrained items was limited.", "contents": "Facilitating sentence formulation: a case study. A training program was designed to facilitate sentence formulation in a Broca's aphasic patient. Two training methods were compared and generalization to untrained stimuli was measured. Training, using either method, resulted in increased production of correct linguistic constituents and appropriate lexical items. Gains tended to occur on the trained items and generalization to untrained items was limited.", "PMID": 62763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_618", "title": "Observations on the projections and intrinsic organization of the pigeon optic tectum: an autoradiographic study based on anterograde and retrograde, axonal and dendritic flow.", "content": "Three aspects of the labelling pattern seen after the injection of 13 different radioactive amino acids into the pigeon optic tectum have been described: The efferent projections of the optic tectum; the specific labelling of two pathways; and the dendritic organisation of tectal layer III neurons based on the retrograde and anterograde movement of label within these dendrites. Discrete injections of tritiated amino acid that involved all or only the superficial tectal layers suggested that layer III gave rise to the massive non-topographically organised and bilateral projections (fibers crossing within the decussato supraoptica ventrlis) upon the nuclei rotundus, subpraetectalis and interstitio-praetecto-subpraetectalis and to the ipsilaterally directed pathways terminating within the nuclei praetectalis, triangularis, subrotundus, dorsolateralis anterior thalami, posteroventralis and ventrolateralis thalami. Layer III neurons may also be the source of efferents to the posterior dorsolateral thalamus (the layer III pathway), the pontine grey and, bilaterally to the reticular formation and of the layer IV or tectal commisural pathway terminating within the contralateral tectal cortex. In contrast projections originating from layer II were generally topographically organised and terminated either within certain of the isthmic nuclei (n. isthmi pars parvocellularis, n. isthmo-opticus and n. semilunaris) or ran within layer I (layer I pathways) to end in the pretectum (griseum tectale) and ventral thalamus (n. ventrolateralis thalami, n. geniculatus, pars ventralis). A small projection from layer II upon the ipsilateral nucleus rotundus may also be present. Triated serine and tyrosine were found to be particularly effective in labeling perikarya as well as axons and terminals. The layer I pathway could be selectively labelled after tectal injections of 3H-GABA while the cell bodies of Ipc neurons were labelled in a retrograde fashion after tectal injections of 3H-glycine, serine or alanine. Intrinsic tectal labelling was found by correlation with Golgi material to reflect both anterograde and retrograde transport of label within dendrites of layer III cells. Anterograde movement of label indicated that the terminal portions of layer III cell dendrites ended in an orderly radial arrangement within sublayers IIb and IId, while the retrograde movement of label resulted in the labelin of layer III perikarya outside the injection field.", "contents": "Observations on the projections and intrinsic organization of the pigeon optic tectum: an autoradiographic study based on anterograde and retrograde, axonal and dendritic flow. Three aspects of the labelling pattern seen after the injection of 13 different radioactive amino acids into the pigeon optic tectum have been described: The efferent projections of the optic tectum; the specific labelling of two pathways; and the dendritic organisation of tectal layer III neurons based on the retrograde and anterograde movement of label within these dendrites. Discrete injections of tritiated amino acid that involved all or only the superficial tectal layers suggested that layer III gave rise to the massive non-topographically organised and bilateral projections (fibers crossing within the decussato supraoptica ventrlis) upon the nuclei rotundus, subpraetectalis and interstitio-praetecto-subpraetectalis and to the ipsilaterally directed pathways terminating within the nuclei praetectalis, triangularis, subrotundus, dorsolateralis anterior thalami, posteroventralis and ventrolateralis thalami. Layer III neurons may also be the source of efferents to the posterior dorsolateral thalamus (the layer III pathway), the pontine grey and, bilaterally to the reticular formation and of the layer IV or tectal commisural pathway terminating within the contralateral tectal cortex. In contrast projections originating from layer II were generally topographically organised and terminated either within certain of the isthmic nuclei (n. isthmi pars parvocellularis, n. isthmo-opticus and n. semilunaris) or ran within layer I (layer I pathways) to end in the pretectum (griseum tectale) and ventral thalamus (n. ventrolateralis thalami, n. geniculatus, pars ventralis). A small projection from layer II upon the ipsilateral nucleus rotundus may also be present. Triated serine and tyrosine were found to be particularly effective in labeling perikarya as well as axons and terminals. The layer I pathway could be selectively labelled after tectal injections of 3H-GABA while the cell bodies of Ipc neurons were labelled in a retrograde fashion after tectal injections of 3H-glycine, serine or alanine. Intrinsic tectal labelling was found by correlation with Golgi material to reflect both anterograde and retrograde transport of label within dendrites of layer III cells. Anterograde movement of label indicated that the terminal portions of layer III cell dendrites ended in an orderly radial arrangement within sublayers IIb and IId, while the retrograde movement of label resulted in the labelin of layer III perikarya outside the injection field.", "PMID": 62764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_619", "title": "Selective uptake and transport of label within three identified neuronal systems after injection of 3H-GABA into the pigeon optic tectum: an autoradiographic and Golgi study.", "content": "After injection of tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the pigeon optic tectum and thalamus it was possible to correlate certain aspects of the autoradiographic labeling pattern with observations made from Golgi material. Three neuronal, GABA specific systems were identified both from the uptake of the amino acid and from the subsequent and bidirectional in tracellular transport of labe. The first system derives from cell bodies within sublayer IIi the axons of which could be selectively labelled throughout their course within layer I and to the areas of termination within the pretectum and ventral thalamus. The radially ascending dendrites and axon collaterals of these neurons arbourised within sublayer IIf, and could be labelled in a retrograde fashion after tectal or thalamic injections. The second system was represented by small perikarya within sublayer IIc with locally and superficially directed dendrites and with a radially and deep directed axon from which an extensive axon collateral system arose. It was found possible to label these perikarya either directly or indirectly after tangential tectal injections which preferentially labelled the axons and terminals of these neurons within the deeper regions of the tectal cortex and resulted in the retrograde axonal movement of label to theoverlying cell bodies. A third system was found within sublayer IId, was horizontally organized and from a correlation with degeneration, other autoradiographic and Golgi preparations thought to be mainly dendritic in nature. The biochemical and anatomical implications of specific GABA uptake and subsequent transport of label are discussed and a model of the tectal cortex, based on the three proposed inhibitory systems and their relation to a number of tectal afferent inputs, considered.", "contents": "Selective uptake and transport of label within three identified neuronal systems after injection of 3H-GABA into the pigeon optic tectum: an autoradiographic and Golgi study. After injection of tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the pigeon optic tectum and thalamus it was possible to correlate certain aspects of the autoradiographic labeling pattern with observations made from Golgi material. Three neuronal, GABA specific systems were identified both from the uptake of the amino acid and from the subsequent and bidirectional in tracellular transport of labe. The first system derives from cell bodies within sublayer IIi the axons of which could be selectively labelled throughout their course within layer I and to the areas of termination within the pretectum and ventral thalamus. The radially ascending dendrites and axon collaterals of these neurons arbourised within sublayer IIf, and could be labelled in a retrograde fashion after tectal or thalamic injections. The second system was represented by small perikarya within sublayer IIc with locally and superficially directed dendrites and with a radially and deep directed axon from which an extensive axon collateral system arose. It was found possible to label these perikarya either directly or indirectly after tangential tectal injections which preferentially labelled the axons and terminals of these neurons within the deeper regions of the tectal cortex and resulted in the retrograde axonal movement of label to theoverlying cell bodies. A third system was found within sublayer IId, was horizontally organized and from a correlation with degeneration, other autoradiographic and Golgi preparations thought to be mainly dendritic in nature. The biochemical and anatomical implications of specific GABA uptake and subsequent transport of label are discussed and a model of the tectal cortex, based on the three proposed inhibitory systems and their relation to a number of tectal afferent inputs, considered.", "PMID": 62765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_620", "title": "Electron-microscopic identification of Marchi-positive bodies and argyrophilic granules in the spinal cord white matter of the guinea pig.", "content": "Sections from spinal cord white matter of normal and rhizotomized guinea pigs fixed by glutaraldehyde perfusion were stained with Marchi fluid or according to a suppressive silver technique. With the aid of the section-embedding method thin sections, cut from light-microscopically identified areas containing Marchi-positive bodies or argyrophilic granules, were examined in the electron microscope. The results show that the Marchi-positive bodies and argyrophilic granules, which are present in normal white matter, represent different histochemical expressions of the same entity--the myelinoid body. In view of the similarities between myelinoid bodies and myelin fragments formed during Wallerian degeneration it is suggested that this type of so called artifact staining of normal white matter inherent to both methods should instead be considered as an expression of a specificity of the two methods for degenerating nervous elements.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic identification of Marchi-positive bodies and argyrophilic granules in the spinal cord white matter of the guinea pig. Sections from spinal cord white matter of normal and rhizotomized guinea pigs fixed by glutaraldehyde perfusion were stained with Marchi fluid or according to a suppressive silver technique. With the aid of the section-embedding method thin sections, cut from light-microscopically identified areas containing Marchi-positive bodies or argyrophilic granules, were examined in the electron microscope. The results show that the Marchi-positive bodies and argyrophilic granules, which are present in normal white matter, represent different histochemical expressions of the same entity--the myelinoid body. In view of the similarities between myelinoid bodies and myelin fragments formed during Wallerian degeneration it is suggested that this type of so called artifact staining of normal white matter inherent to both methods should instead be considered as an expression of a specificity of the two methods for degenerating nervous elements.", "PMID": 62766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_621", "title": "Retinal projections in the ringtailed possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus.", "content": "The retinal projections in the ringtailed possum, Pseudocheirus peregrinus were determined using Fink-Heimer material and autoradiography. At least seven regions in the brain receive retinal projections. These are (1) the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (2) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (4) the lateral posterior nucleus (5) the pretectum (6) the superior colliculus, and (7) the accessory optic system. The accessory optic system and lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other five regions receive a bilateral retinal projection. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus consists of two parts: an outer alpha division of closely packed cells and an inner beta division containing loosely scattered cells. There are no cell layers apparent within the alpha division in Nissl sections. The autoradiographs and Fink-Heimer material reveal four concealed laminae within the alpha division. Lamina 1, which is adjacent to the optic tract and lamina 3 receive a predominantly contralateral input. Laminae 2 and 4 receive a predominantly ipsilateral input. The beta segment contains a fifth lamina which receives contralateral retinal input.", "contents": "Retinal projections in the ringtailed possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus. The retinal projections in the ringtailed possum, Pseudocheirus peregrinus were determined using Fink-Heimer material and autoradiography. At least seven regions in the brain receive retinal projections. These are (1) the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (2) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (4) the lateral posterior nucleus (5) the pretectum (6) the superior colliculus, and (7) the accessory optic system. The accessory optic system and lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other five regions receive a bilateral retinal projection. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus consists of two parts: an outer alpha division of closely packed cells and an inner beta division containing loosely scattered cells. There are no cell layers apparent within the alpha division in Nissl sections. The autoradiographs and Fink-Heimer material reveal four concealed laminae within the alpha division. Lamina 1, which is adjacent to the optic tract and lamina 3 receive a predominantly contralateral input. Laminae 2 and 4 receive a predominantly ipsilateral input. The beta segment contains a fifth lamina which receives contralateral retinal input.", "PMID": 62767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_622", "title": "Structural and functional changes in an identified cricket neuron after separation from the soma. I. Structural changes.", "content": "The morphological effects of separation from the soma were examined in isolated arborization and isolated axon segments of an identified motor neuron in the Polynesian field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. The identified neuron, the contralateral dorsal longitudinal motor neuron of the metathoracic ganglion (CDLM), possesses an arborization most of which lies contralateral to its soma within the metathoracic ganglion. Midline surgical lesions in the metathoracic ganglion separated CDLM into a distal segment composed of the axon and most of the arborization, and a proximal segment comprised of the remaining arborization, neuritie, and soma. Isolated axonal segments were produced by cutting the nerve root containing the axon of CDLM close to the ganglion. The normal anatomy of CDLM was determined by axonal dye-fills using cobaltous chloride. Morphological changes in the isolated arborization of CDLM were examined by axonal dye-fills at successive time intervals. Changes in the isolated CDLM axon were examined via dissection and histological cross-sections of the distal nerve at graded time intervals. In one example, a remnant of the isolated CDLM arborization survived to 168 days postoperative, a time comparable to the longest previously-reported physiological and morphological survival times of distal axonal segments of invertebrates. In general the isolated arborization does not survive this long. Normally-occurring branches of the arborization can be preserved about 0 to 50 days. After this period branches of the arborization seem to be lost in progressive fashion from smaller to larger, leading to complete loss of the arborization and axon in most cases at 100 or more postoperative days. There is evidence for the presence of supernumerary fibers in the isoalted CDLM arborization between 0 to 63 days postoperative. Such supernumerary fibers indicate an independent capacity for outgrowth of the isolated arborization without connection to the nucleus. The distal axonal segment of CDLM degenerates physiologically and morphologically within 4 to 15 days after peripheral nerve section. This time course is close to that of Wallerian degeneration of vertebrate peripheral nerve axons.", "contents": "Structural and functional changes in an identified cricket neuron after separation from the soma. I. Structural changes. The morphological effects of separation from the soma were examined in isolated arborization and isolated axon segments of an identified motor neuron in the Polynesian field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. The identified neuron, the contralateral dorsal longitudinal motor neuron of the metathoracic ganglion (CDLM), possesses an arborization most of which lies contralateral to its soma within the metathoracic ganglion. Midline surgical lesions in the metathoracic ganglion separated CDLM into a distal segment composed of the axon and most of the arborization, and a proximal segment comprised of the remaining arborization, neuritie, and soma. Isolated axonal segments were produced by cutting the nerve root containing the axon of CDLM close to the ganglion. The normal anatomy of CDLM was determined by axonal dye-fills using cobaltous chloride. Morphological changes in the isolated arborization of CDLM were examined by axonal dye-fills at successive time intervals. Changes in the isolated CDLM axon were examined via dissection and histological cross-sections of the distal nerve at graded time intervals. In one example, a remnant of the isolated CDLM arborization survived to 168 days postoperative, a time comparable to the longest previously-reported physiological and morphological survival times of distal axonal segments of invertebrates. In general the isolated arborization does not survive this long. Normally-occurring branches of the arborization can be preserved about 0 to 50 days. After this period branches of the arborization seem to be lost in progressive fashion from smaller to larger, leading to complete loss of the arborization and axon in most cases at 100 or more postoperative days. There is evidence for the presence of supernumerary fibers in the isoalted CDLM arborization between 0 to 63 days postoperative. Such supernumerary fibers indicate an independent capacity for outgrowth of the isolated arborization without connection to the nucleus. The distal axonal segment of CDLM degenerates physiologically and morphologically within 4 to 15 days after peripheral nerve section. This time course is close to that of Wallerian degeneration of vertebrate peripheral nerve axons.", "PMID": 62768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_623", "title": "The accessory optic system of the ferret.", "content": "The accessory optic system of the ferret has been studied both by silver degeneration staining and by autoradiography after intraocular 3H leucine injections. There is no anterior accessory optic tract but a posterior tract containing only crossed fibres leaves the brachium of the superior colliculus and ends in the two nuclei, the medial and lateral terminal nuclei, lying either side of the cerebral peduncle. Both suprachiasmatic nuclei receive retinal fibres visible only on autoradiographs; most fibres end in the contralateral nucleus. No other area in the hypothalamus appears to receive retinal fibres demonstrated by these methods.", "contents": "The accessory optic system of the ferret. The accessory optic system of the ferret has been studied both by silver degeneration staining and by autoradiography after intraocular 3H leucine injections. There is no anterior accessory optic tract but a posterior tract containing only crossed fibres leaves the brachium of the superior colliculus and ends in the two nuclei, the medial and lateral terminal nuclei, lying either side of the cerebral peduncle. Both suprachiasmatic nuclei receive retinal fibres visible only on autoradiographs; most fibres end in the contralateral nucleus. No other area in the hypothalamus appears to receive retinal fibres demonstrated by these methods.", "PMID": 62769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_624", "title": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations.", "content": "The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...", "contents": "Olfactory relationships of the telencephalon and diencephalon in the rabbit. III. The ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. The axoplasmic retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from axon terminals to their parent cell bodies and histochemical fluorescence microscopy have been used to study the ipsilateral centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus in the rabbit. Focal injections of peroxidase were placed unilaterally into the main or accessory olfactory bulb or into the anterior olfactory nucleus. In animals with injected HRP confined within the main bulb, perikarya retrogradely labeled with the protein in the ipsilateral forebrain were observed in the anterior prepyriform cortex horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band, and far lateral preoptic and rostral lateral hypothalamic areas. Brain stem cell groups that contained HRP-positive somata include the locus coeruleus and midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. Except for the prepyriform cortex, the basal forebrain structures with labeled perikarya correlate well with locations of cell bodies containing acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase. These somata may represent a cholinergic afferent system to the main olfactory bulb. Peroxidase-labeled cell bodies in the locus coeruleus and midbrain raphe are indicative of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervations respectively of the olfactory bulb. In rabbits in which peroxidase was injected or diffused into the accessory olfactory bulb and anterior alfactory nucleus, HRP-positive somata were identified in the prepyriform cortex bilaterally, the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, corticomedial complex of the amygdala, mitral and tufted cell layers of the ipsilateral main olfactory bulb, locus coeruleus, and the midbrain raphe. Evidence for centrifugal fibers to the accessory olfactory bulb from the corticomedial complex of the amygdala, locus coeruleus, and possibly the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and midbrain raphe is discussed. A similar distribution of labeled perikarya in the forebrain and brain stem was seen in rats in which peroxidase injected into the main olfactory bulb had spread into the accessory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus. Histochemical fluorescence microscopy of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the rabbit and rat revealed fine caliber, green fluorescent fibers and varicosities predominantly in the granule cell layer and less so among cells in the glomerular layer. In sections through the root of the main olfactory bulb, a similar fluorescence was seen in the deep half of the plexiform layer of the pars externa of the anterior alfactory nucleus. These fluorescent fibers likely represent the noradrenergic innervation of the olfactory bulbar and retrobulbar formations. A fluorescent yellow hue was observed in the glomerular layer of the main bulb and may signify a serotonergic innervation of this lamina...", "PMID": 62770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_625", "title": "Dental learning resources center.", "content": "The University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been operating the Dental Sciences Study Center since 1971 to support a curriculum with a large percentage of individualized instruction. Three crucial aspects of the Study Center were discussed: the facilities, the instructional materials, and the atmosphere. Administrative attention to and support of each aspect are essential to the successful functioning of a learning resources center in a largely individualized dental curriculum.", "contents": "Dental learning resources center. The University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been operating the Dental Sciences Study Center since 1971 to support a curriculum with a large percentage of individualized instruction. Three crucial aspects of the Study Center were discussed: the facilities, the instructional materials, and the atmosphere. Administrative attention to and support of each aspect are essential to the successful functioning of a learning resources center in a largely individualized dental curriculum.", "PMID": 62772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_626", "title": "Mediator release from basophil granulocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Mediator release from the leukocytes of two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and basophilia was studied using rabbit antihuman IgE antibody. The release of histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), platelet activating factor (PAF), chemotactic activity for neutrophils and eosinophils, and an inhibitor of eosinophil migration was observed. However, the release of SRS-A from the basophils of one patient and the release of chemotactic activity from both patients displayed unusual properties. During acceleration of the disease process, the basophils of one patient released maximal SRS-A activity at progressively lower concentrations of anti-IgE. Both patients released a high molecular weight factor (M.W. greater than 20,000) which enhanced the migration of neutrophils and eosinophils and a low molecular weight chemotactic factor (M.W. less than 500) which selectively attracted eosinophils. A double peak of eosinophil chemotactic activity was routinely observed for the low molecular weight factor; this was shown to represent the eosinophil chemotactic activity of histamine with relative inhibition of migration at the histamine peak. There was little release of the tetrapeptides, ECF-A, in these patients which facilitated demonstration of this eosinophilotactic activity of histamine. These results suggest that the eosinophil chemotactic activity observed in acute allergic reactions is the net effect of the release of multiple chemotactic factors.", "contents": "Mediator release from basophil granulocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mediator release from the leukocytes of two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and basophilia was studied using rabbit antihuman IgE antibody. The release of histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), platelet activating factor (PAF), chemotactic activity for neutrophils and eosinophils, and an inhibitor of eosinophil migration was observed. However, the release of SRS-A from the basophils of one patient and the release of chemotactic activity from both patients displayed unusual properties. During acceleration of the disease process, the basophils of one patient released maximal SRS-A activity at progressively lower concentrations of anti-IgE. Both patients released a high molecular weight factor (M.W. greater than 20,000) which enhanced the migration of neutrophils and eosinophils and a low molecular weight chemotactic factor (M.W. less than 500) which selectively attracted eosinophils. A double peak of eosinophil chemotactic activity was routinely observed for the low molecular weight factor; this was shown to represent the eosinophil chemotactic activity of histamine with relative inhibition of migration at the histamine peak. There was little release of the tetrapeptides, ECF-A, in these patients which facilitated demonstration of this eosinophilotactic activity of histamine. These results suggest that the eosinophil chemotactic activity observed in acute allergic reactions is the net effect of the release of multiple chemotactic factors.", "PMID": 62774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_627", "title": "Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication in skin of tuberculin-sensitized animals challenged with PPD.", "content": "Induction of a celayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in tuberculin-sensitized animals by tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) at the site of dermal vaccinia virus (VV) infection markedly accelerated elimination of VV and led to clinical recovery. Viral titers were depressed by over 99.9% in the skin of animals given PPD as compared to animals given phosphate-buffered saline or nonspecific irritants. Low concentrations of acid labile interferon were found in the skin of uninfected tuberculin-sensitized animals challenged with PPD. High concentrations of acid stable interferon were found in skin of tuberculin-sensitized animals infected with VV and challenged with either PPD or PBS. The time of appearance of the acid stable interferon was markedly accelerated, however, in the animals challenged with PPD as compared with PBS. It is concluded that recovery from dermal vaccinia infection can be enhanced by induction of a local delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction with an antigen untelated to the infecting virus.", "contents": "Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication in skin of tuberculin-sensitized animals challenged with PPD. Induction of a celayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in tuberculin-sensitized animals by tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) at the site of dermal vaccinia virus (VV) infection markedly accelerated elimination of VV and led to clinical recovery. Viral titers were depressed by over 99.9% in the skin of animals given PPD as compared to animals given phosphate-buffered saline or nonspecific irritants. Low concentrations of acid labile interferon were found in the skin of uninfected tuberculin-sensitized animals challenged with PPD. High concentrations of acid stable interferon were found in skin of tuberculin-sensitized animals infected with VV and challenged with either PPD or PBS. The time of appearance of the acid stable interferon was markedly accelerated, however, in the animals challenged with PPD as compared with PBS. It is concluded that recovery from dermal vaccinia infection can be enhanced by induction of a local delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction with an antigen untelated to the infecting virus.", "PMID": 62789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_628", "title": "Relationship between the C5 peptides chemotactic for leukocytes and tumor cells.", "content": "A reciprocal relationship has been demonstrated between the generation of the leukotactic and the tumor cell chemotactic peptides from C5. Trypsin-produced C5 leukotactic peptides can be converted into tumor cell chemotactic factors by treatment with tumor cell extracts or by incubation with the alpha-globulin chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) isolated from human serum. A similar CFI isolated from rat serum can, like the alpha-globulin CFI from human serum, generate the tumor cell chemotactic factor from the whole human serum. These results suggest that the tumor cell chemotactic factor derives from the same portion of the C5 molecule as the leukotactic peptide. Furthermore, it appears that the critical change may be cleavage of the amino-terminal portion of the leukotactic peptide. In addition, it has been shown that most normal tissues contain an enzyme-like material that is able to generate in normal human serum a factor chemotactic for tumor cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between the C5 peptides chemotactic for leukocytes and tumor cells. A reciprocal relationship has been demonstrated between the generation of the leukotactic and the tumor cell chemotactic peptides from C5. Trypsin-produced C5 leukotactic peptides can be converted into tumor cell chemotactic factors by treatment with tumor cell extracts or by incubation with the alpha-globulin chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) isolated from human serum. A similar CFI isolated from rat serum can, like the alpha-globulin CFI from human serum, generate the tumor cell chemotactic factor from the whole human serum. These results suggest that the tumor cell chemotactic factor derives from the same portion of the C5 molecule as the leukotactic peptide. Furthermore, it appears that the critical change may be cleavage of the amino-terminal portion of the leukotactic peptide. In addition, it has been shown that most normal tissues contain an enzyme-like material that is able to generate in normal human serum a factor chemotactic for tumor cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 62790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_629", "title": "Effect of alpha-fetoprotein and other serum factors derived from hepatoma-bearing rats on the mixed lymphocyte response.", "content": "Serum alpha-globulin fractions isolated by physiocochemical techniques from normal adult Buffalo rats suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The factors responsible for mixed lymphocyte culture suppression appeared to be strain specific since they were not demonstrable in the same fractions from normal LBN rat serum. Similar fractionation of the serum from Buffalo rats bearing the Morris Hepatoma 7777 obtained from two different sources also yielded suppressive protein fractions that differed both chemically and functionally. Both variants of this hepatoma produced high serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), providing an opportunity to study the possible immunoregulatory role of their fetal-associated globulins. Fractions rich in AFP that lacked other serum alpha-globulins were obtained by gel filtration chromatography and were devoid of any in vitro immunosuppressive activity. When AFP that was further purified by immunoabsorption was added to mixed lymphocyte cultures, no effect was observed at doses below 400 mug/ml. The MLC response was augmented with higher doses, similar to albumin purified by the same methods.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-fetoprotein and other serum factors derived from hepatoma-bearing rats on the mixed lymphocyte response. Serum alpha-globulin fractions isolated by physiocochemical techniques from normal adult Buffalo rats suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The factors responsible for mixed lymphocyte culture suppression appeared to be strain specific since they were not demonstrable in the same fractions from normal LBN rat serum. Similar fractionation of the serum from Buffalo rats bearing the Morris Hepatoma 7777 obtained from two different sources also yielded suppressive protein fractions that differed both chemically and functionally. Both variants of this hepatoma produced high serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), providing an opportunity to study the possible immunoregulatory role of their fetal-associated globulins. Fractions rich in AFP that lacked other serum alpha-globulins were obtained by gel filtration chromatography and were devoid of any in vitro immunosuppressive activity. When AFP that was further purified by immunoabsorption was added to mixed lymphocyte cultures, no effect was observed at doses below 400 mug/ml. The MLC response was augmented with higher doses, similar to albumin purified by the same methods.", "PMID": 62791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_630", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of a tumor-specific blocking factor from sera of mice with growing chemically induced sarcomas.", "content": "The purification of a blocking factor from the sera of tumor-bearing mice is described. Whole serum with blocking activity-the ability to inhibit specific cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in microcytotoxicity tests-was fractionated on immunoadsorbent columns containing Sepharose-bound syngeneic normal mouse immunoglobulins and immunoglobulins from tumor-immune donors. The blocking serum was derived from mice which had carried a transplanted methylocholanthrene-induced sarcoma for 21 to 28 days. Elution of the immunoadsorbents recovered the blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was radiolabeled and analyzed by SDS gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The active component of the blocking serum was shown to be a polypeptide of m.w. 56,000. Specificity testing implied that the factor was likely to be either tumor antigen or an antigen-specific suppressor molecule.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of a tumor-specific blocking factor from sera of mice with growing chemically induced sarcomas. The purification of a blocking factor from the sera of tumor-bearing mice is described. Whole serum with blocking activity-the ability to inhibit specific cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in microcytotoxicity tests-was fractionated on immunoadsorbent columns containing Sepharose-bound syngeneic normal mouse immunoglobulins and immunoglobulins from tumor-immune donors. The blocking serum was derived from mice which had carried a transplanted methylocholanthrene-induced sarcoma for 21 to 28 days. Elution of the immunoadsorbents recovered the blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was radiolabeled and analyzed by SDS gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The active component of the blocking serum was shown to be a polypeptide of m.w. 56,000. Specificity testing implied that the factor was likely to be either tumor antigen or an antigen-specific suppressor molecule.", "PMID": 62792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_631", "title": "Cell interactions between histoincompatible T an B lymphocytes. IX. The failure of histoincompatible cells is not due to suppression and cannot be circumvented by carrier-priming T cells with allogeneic macrophages.", "content": "Two possible explanations for the failure of primed histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes to cooperate in secondary responses of the IgG antibody class have been investigated in the present study: 1) The possible existence of subtle suppressive mechanisms developing as a consequence of mixing two histoincompatible cell populations; and 2) The possible inability of histoincompatible carrier-primed T cells to recognize and/or be induced to function by  carrier determinants presented to them in association with foreign MHC antigens (i.e., the \"altered-self\" recognition hypothesis). Absence of suppression has been verified by two different approaches, including: 1) the failure of histoincompatible T cells, even in great excess, to interfere with physiologic cooperation between syngeneic T and B lymphocytes; and 2) the failure of histoincompatible B cells to interfere with physiologic cooperation between semi-syngeneic F1 hybrid T cells and parental B cells. The unlikelihood of the \"altered-self\" explanation for failure of histoincompatible T and B cells to cooperate has been incicated by an inability to circumvent the requirement for I-region identity by priming T cells with allogeneic macrophagebound antigen even when the latter cells are of identical haploytpe with the allogeneic B cells employed in the final cooperation assay. These results strongly substantiate the existence of true genetic restrictions in T-B cell intractions in secondary responses to hapten-protein conjugates. The validity of other observations indicating an absence of genetic restrictions in certain circumstances, considered in the context of our own data, has suggested the possibility that virgin T and B lymphocytes reciprocally influence one another during the course of cell interactions in response to antigenic and/or other signals, a process we term \"adaptive differentiation.\"", "contents": "Cell interactions between histoincompatible T an B lymphocytes. IX. The failure of histoincompatible cells is not due to suppression and cannot be circumvented by carrier-priming T cells with allogeneic macrophages. Two possible explanations for the failure of primed histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes to cooperate in secondary responses of the IgG antibody class have been investigated in the present study: 1) The possible existence of subtle suppressive mechanisms developing as a consequence of mixing two histoincompatible cell populations; and 2) The possible inability of histoincompatible carrier-primed T cells to recognize and/or be induced to function by  carrier determinants presented to them in association with foreign MHC antigens (i.e., the \"altered-self\" recognition hypothesis). Absence of suppression has been verified by two different approaches, including: 1) the failure of histoincompatible T cells, even in great excess, to interfere with physiologic cooperation between syngeneic T and B lymphocytes; and 2) the failure of histoincompatible B cells to interfere with physiologic cooperation between semi-syngeneic F1 hybrid T cells and parental B cells. The unlikelihood of the \"altered-self\" explanation for failure of histoincompatible T and B cells to cooperate has been incicated by an inability to circumvent the requirement for I-region identity by priming T cells with allogeneic macrophagebound antigen even when the latter cells are of identical haploytpe with the allogeneic B cells employed in the final cooperation assay. These results strongly substantiate the existence of true genetic restrictions in T-B cell intractions in secondary responses to hapten-protein conjugates. The validity of other observations indicating an absence of genetic restrictions in certain circumstances, considered in the context of our own data, has suggested the possibility that virgin T and B lymphocytes reciprocally influence one another during the course of cell interactions in response to antigenic and/or other signals, a process we term \"adaptive differentiation.\"", "PMID": 62793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_632", "title": "Comparative immunogenic properties of N-substituted phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives and liposomal model membranes.", "content": "This study describes some of the parameters that quantitatively or qualitatively influence the immunogenicity in guinea pigs of synthetic lipid antigens: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatives in which the amino (N) group has been substituted with either dinitrophenyl (DNP), dinitrophenylaminocaproyl (DNP-Cap), fluoresceinthiocarbamyl (Fl), or mono (p-azobenzenearsonic acid) throsyl (ABA-Tyr) residues. Previous experiments have shown that the non-covalent insertion of DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE into the same lipid bilayers of sphingomyelincholesterol-dicetylphosphate liposomes markedly enhanced anti-DNP-Cap antibody formation over that produced by liposomes sensitized with only DNP-Cap-PE. The humoral response to Fl-PE and CNP-PE-sensitized liposomes is also augmented by the simultaneous incorporation of ABA-Tyr-PE. Moreover, micelles containing both DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE induce more antibodies to the DNP-Cap deteminant than do micelles of DNP-Cap-PE alone, or a mixture of DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE micelles. Nevertheless, in regard to a humoral response, liposomes were more potent immunogens than were their micellar counterparts. Of all the N-substituted derivatives examined so far, ABA-Tyr-PE is unique in that it can elicit cell-mediated immunity in addition to antibodies. The cellular response to ABA-Tyr-PE is not, however, stimulated by incorporation into liposomal bilayers and requires administration of either micelles or liposomes in complete Freund's adjuvant. In contrast, the ability of ABA-Tyr-PE to enhance a  humoral response to another N-substituted PE derivative present in the same immunogen is also observed when the latter are given with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The relationship of these findings to the immunogenicity of naturally occurring lipid antigens, as well as conventional immunogens having at least one determinant covalently attached to a protein carrier is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative immunogenic properties of N-substituted phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives and liposomal model membranes. This study describes some of the parameters that quantitatively or qualitatively influence the immunogenicity in guinea pigs of synthetic lipid antigens: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatives in which the amino (N) group has been substituted with either dinitrophenyl (DNP), dinitrophenylaminocaproyl (DNP-Cap), fluoresceinthiocarbamyl (Fl), or mono (p-azobenzenearsonic acid) throsyl (ABA-Tyr) residues. Previous experiments have shown that the non-covalent insertion of DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE into the same lipid bilayers of sphingomyelincholesterol-dicetylphosphate liposomes markedly enhanced anti-DNP-Cap antibody formation over that produced by liposomes sensitized with only DNP-Cap-PE. The humoral response to Fl-PE and CNP-PE-sensitized liposomes is also augmented by the simultaneous incorporation of ABA-Tyr-PE. Moreover, micelles containing both DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE induce more antibodies to the DNP-Cap deteminant than do micelles of DNP-Cap-PE alone, or a mixture of DNP-Cap-PE and ABA-Tyr-PE micelles. Nevertheless, in regard to a humoral response, liposomes were more potent immunogens than were their micellar counterparts. Of all the N-substituted derivatives examined so far, ABA-Tyr-PE is unique in that it can elicit cell-mediated immunity in addition to antibodies. The cellular response to ABA-Tyr-PE is not, however, stimulated by incorporation into liposomal bilayers and requires administration of either micelles or liposomes in complete Freund's adjuvant. In contrast, the ability of ABA-Tyr-PE to enhance a  humoral response to another N-substituted PE derivative present in the same immunogen is also observed when the latter are given with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The relationship of these findings to the immunogenicity of naturally occurring lipid antigens, as well as conventional immunogens having at least one determinant covalently attached to a protein carrier is discussed.", "PMID": 62794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_633", "title": "The L1210 leukemia cell bears a B lymphocyte specific, non-H-2 linked alloantigen.", "content": "The L1210 murine lymphoblast cell line possessed a B lymphocyte-specific alloantigen which was detected with C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum. The antigen was found on splenic B lymphocytes but not on thymocytes, T lymphocytes, or erythrocytes. It was present on only 7% of bone marrow cells. The reactivity of C57BL/Ks anti-DBA/2-spleen serum was indistinguishable from that of the anti L1210 serum, confirming that the antigen was a normal component of B lymphocytes of the CBA/2 mouse. The strain distribution pattern of the antigen detected by the C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum indicated that this alloantigen was not an allele of the H-2K, H-2D, Mls, or Ig loci. Genetic analysis indicated that the antigen was inherited as a single, Mendelian dominant trait. Segregation analysis of (B10.BR X DBA/2)F1 X AKR/J offspring indicated that this B cell marker was not linked to geneslambdacoding for H-2.31 or Ly 4.2. The C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum identified a new polymorphic genetic locus, the product of which was B lymphocyte specific.", "contents": "The L1210 leukemia cell bears a B lymphocyte specific, non-H-2 linked alloantigen. The L1210 murine lymphoblast cell line possessed a B lymphocyte-specific alloantigen which was detected with C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum. The antigen was found on splenic B lymphocytes but not on thymocytes, T lymphocytes, or erythrocytes. It was present on only 7% of bone marrow cells. The reactivity of C57BL/Ks anti-DBA/2-spleen serum was indistinguishable from that of the anti L1210 serum, confirming that the antigen was a normal component of B lymphocytes of the CBA/2 mouse. The strain distribution pattern of the antigen detected by the C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum indicated that this alloantigen was not an allele of the H-2K, H-2D, Mls, or Ig loci. Genetic analysis indicated that the antigen was inherited as a single, Mendelian dominant trait. Segregation analysis of (B10.BR X DBA/2)F1 X AKR/J offspring indicated that this B cell marker was not linked to geneslambdacoding for H-2.31 or Ly 4.2. The C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum identified a new polymorphic genetic locus, the product of which was B lymphocyte specific.", "PMID": 62795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_634", "title": "Studies on non-H-2-linked lymphocyte-activating determinants. II. Nonexpression of Mls determinants in a mouse strain with an X-linked B lymphocyte immune defect.", "content": "Minor lymphocyte-stilulating (MIs) coded non-H-2-linked lymphocyte-activating determinants (LADs) are present on a late developing subpopulation of murine B lymphocytes. Spleen cells derived from CBA/N mice, a strain with an X-linked defect in B cell function, failed to stimulate a response in MIs-defined mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) with H-2 identical CBA/J or C3H/N responder spleen cells. However, both CBA/J and C3H/N spleen cells induced significant responses in CBA/N responder spleen cells. The inability of CBA/N cells to induce an MIs-defined response was not due to the presence of the nonstimulatory MIsb genotype, since spleen cells of immunologically normal F1 mice derived from crosses of CBA/N and C3H/N mice were stimulatory in MLRs for C3H/N responder cells. Immunologically abnormal CBA/N female x C3H/N male) F1 male mice, which are hemizygous for the CBA/N X chromosome, were also unable to induce a response in MIs-defined MLRs. Although the MIs coded LADs are not X linked in immunologically normal mouse strains, these data indicate that the failure of CBA/N mice to functionally express the MIs-coded LADs is X linked. This characteristic was not secondary to the presence of suppressor cells and is most likely related to the absence of a late developing (mature) subpopulation of B lymphocytes in these mice.", "contents": "Studies on non-H-2-linked lymphocyte-activating determinants. II. Nonexpression of Mls determinants in a mouse strain with an X-linked B lymphocyte immune defect. Minor lymphocyte-stilulating (MIs) coded non-H-2-linked lymphocyte-activating determinants (LADs) are present on a late developing subpopulation of murine B lymphocytes. Spleen cells derived from CBA/N mice, a strain with an X-linked defect in B cell function, failed to stimulate a response in MIs-defined mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) with H-2 identical CBA/J or C3H/N responder spleen cells. However, both CBA/J and C3H/N spleen cells induced significant responses in CBA/N responder spleen cells. The inability of CBA/N cells to induce an MIs-defined response was not due to the presence of the nonstimulatory MIsb genotype, since spleen cells of immunologically normal F1 mice derived from crosses of CBA/N and C3H/N mice were stimulatory in MLRs for C3H/N responder cells. Immunologically abnormal CBA/N female x C3H/N male) F1 male mice, which are hemizygous for the CBA/N X chromosome, were also unable to induce a response in MIs-defined MLRs. Although the MIs coded LADs are not X linked in immunologically normal mouse strains, these data indicate that the failure of CBA/N mice to functionally express the MIs-coded LADs is X linked. This characteristic was not secondary to the presence of suppressor cells and is most likely related to the absence of a late developing (mature) subpopulation of B lymphocytes in these mice.", "PMID": 62796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_635", "title": "Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of T cell/B cell cooperation. IV. Development of a model system demonstrating responsiveness of two T cell functions to HGG in vitro.", "content": "Previous work in this laboratory has defined two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations (viz., antigen-specific helper) and characerized some of the parameters of these subpopulations derived from the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed mouse spleen. Characerization of further parameters such as relative susceptibility to tolerance induction and relative degree of specificity was not possible with the use of KLH as the antigen. In order to overcome this impediment, an experimental protocol was developed, as herewith described, to permit the study of these two T cell subpopulations in response to the antigen human gamma-globulin (HCG). This protocol qualitatively duplicates the parameters defined for the KLH system and provides an extremely useful model for the study of the response to serum proteins in the Mishell-Dutton culture system.", "contents": "Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of T cell/B cell cooperation. IV. Development of a model system demonstrating responsiveness of two T cell functions to HGG in vitro. Previous work in this laboratory has defined two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations (viz., antigen-specific helper) and characerized some of the parameters of these subpopulations derived from the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-primed mouse spleen. Characerization of further parameters such as relative susceptibility to tolerance induction and relative degree of specificity was not possible with the use of KLH as the antigen. In order to overcome this impediment, an experimental protocol was developed, as herewith described, to permit the study of these two T cell subpopulations in response to the antigen human gamma-globulin (HCG). This protocol qualitatively duplicates the parameters defined for the KLH system and provides an extremely useful model for the study of the response to serum proteins in the Mishell-Dutton culture system.", "PMID": 62797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_636", "title": "Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of T cell/B cell cooperation. V. Unresponsiveness to HGG in vitro of these two T cell subpopulations.", "content": "In previously published experiments we have distinguished two subpopulations of helper T cells (specific helper and nonspecific helper) in the spleens of antigen-primed mice. These subpopulations can be differentiated by their modes of action, and their activities and dose-response characteristics in mouse spleens primed with human gamma-globulin (HGG). In experiments designed to test shether the two subpopulations were derived from the same pool of precursors, or different pools, mice were injected with limiting doses of a tolerogenic form of HGG. They were subsequently challenged with an immunogeneic dose of HGG and their spleens assayed for specific helper and nonspecific helper activities in response to HGG in vitro. Over the dose range of tolerogenic HGG studied, both the helper activities were found to be equally tolerized. The question of the possible involvement of suppressor T cells in the maintenance of the state of unresponsiveness was also addressed quantitatively by the use of this model system. No active suppression was demonstrable in the maintenance of tolerance in either T cell subpopulation. These results suggest that the two types of helper T cells are derived from a common precursor pool, or from different pools with identical susceptibilities to tolerogen. Suppressor cells do not appear to play a role in this form of tolerance.", "contents": "Antigen-specific and nonspecific mediators of T cell/B cell cooperation. V. Unresponsiveness to HGG in vitro of these two T cell subpopulations. In previously published experiments we have distinguished two subpopulations of helper T cells (specific helper and nonspecific helper) in the spleens of antigen-primed mice. These subpopulations can be differentiated by their modes of action, and their activities and dose-response characteristics in mouse spleens primed with human gamma-globulin (HGG). In experiments designed to test shether the two subpopulations were derived from the same pool of precursors, or different pools, mice were injected with limiting doses of a tolerogenic form of HGG. They were subsequently challenged with an immunogeneic dose of HGG and their spleens assayed for specific helper and nonspecific helper activities in response to HGG in vitro. Over the dose range of tolerogenic HGG studied, both the helper activities were found to be equally tolerized. The question of the possible involvement of suppressor T cells in the maintenance of the state of unresponsiveness was also addressed quantitatively by the use of this model system. No active suppression was demonstrable in the maintenance of tolerance in either T cell subpopulation. These results suggest that the two types of helper T cells are derived from a common precursor pool, or from different pools with identical susceptibilities to tolerogen. Suppressor cells do not appear to play a role in this form of tolerance.", "PMID": 62798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_637", "title": "Mutant lines of guinea pig L2C leukemia. III. The reaction of an alloantiserum detecting idiotypic determinants on a clonally derived guinea pig B cell leukemia with IgM and Ia molecules.", "content": "An alloantiserum was prepared in a strain 13 guinea pig against the GH line of the strain 2 guinea pig L2C leukemia. This serum contained antibodies to both IgM and Ia molecules. After absorption with normal spleen cells from a strain 2 guinea pig, this antiserum no longer reacted with strain 2 cells, but detected idiotypes on the IgM molecules of the L2C leukemia. These idiotypes were on the same IgM molecules detected by a xenogeneic sheep anti-L2C Fab mu antiserum. As assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the idiotype-bearing IgM molecules were synthesized by the cell, composed of normal sized mu and light chains, appeared on the cell surface as monomeric IgM, and were the only immunoglobulin molecules present on the cell. Although the alloantiserum potentially contained antibodies to unique Ia idiotypic determinants, none were found. Furthermore, the anti-IgM idiotype antisera did not react with any Ia-like molecules.", "contents": "Mutant lines of guinea pig L2C leukemia. III. The reaction of an alloantiserum detecting idiotypic determinants on a clonally derived guinea pig B cell leukemia with IgM and Ia molecules. An alloantiserum was prepared in a strain 13 guinea pig against the GH line of the strain 2 guinea pig L2C leukemia. This serum contained antibodies to both IgM and Ia molecules. After absorption with normal spleen cells from a strain 2 guinea pig, this antiserum no longer reacted with strain 2 cells, but detected idiotypes on the IgM molecules of the L2C leukemia. These idiotypes were on the same IgM molecules detected by a xenogeneic sheep anti-L2C Fab mu antiserum. As assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the idiotype-bearing IgM molecules were synthesized by the cell, composed of normal sized mu and light chains, appeared on the cell surface as monomeric IgM, and were the only immunoglobulin molecules present on the cell. Although the alloantiserum potentially contained antibodies to unique Ia idiotypic determinants, none were found. Furthermore, the anti-IgM idiotype antisera did not react with any Ia-like molecules.", "PMID": 62799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_638", "title": "Specific extraction of antigen in vivo by extracorporeal circulation over antibody immobilized in collodion-charcoal.", "content": "A novel extracorporeal immunoadsorbent is described in which anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) was entrapped in collodion membranes adherent to activated charcoal particles. This immunoadsorbent was capable of specifically removing circulating BSA in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal system in dogs. In preparation of the immunoadsorbent, up to 81.2% of added anti-BSA was retained on collodion-charcoal. In vitro circulation studies demonstrated that anti-BSA collodion-charcoal removed 812% more 125I-BSA than control colloidon-charcoal. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and arterial blood was passaged through a continuous flow celltrifuge wherein plasma which was separated from formed elements of the blood was circulated over anti-BSA and control rabbit gamma-globulin collodion-charcoal. 125I-BSA was passively infused into mongrel dogs, and plasma was then circulated over extracorpeal immunoadsorbents for 2 hr. Results showed up to 896% greater uptake of circulating 125I-BSA on the charcoal containing immobilized anti-BSA compared to control charcoal. There was no evidence of release of anti-BSA from the immunoadsorbent since 125I-anti-BSA cpm on the charcoal before and after the experiments were unchanged. In addition, there were no significant alterations in hematocrit, leukocyte counts, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or creatinine levels before and after in vivo procedures. These data suggest that this immunoadsorbent consisting of anti-BSA immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to charcoal particles may specifically withdraw circulating antigens in vivo with minimal release of entrapped antibodies and no significant alteration in the host hematologic and biochemical status.", "contents": "Specific extraction of antigen in vivo by extracorporeal circulation over antibody immobilized in collodion-charcoal. A novel extracorporeal immunoadsorbent is described in which anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) was entrapped in collodion membranes adherent to activated charcoal particles. This immunoadsorbent was capable of specifically removing circulating BSA in vitro and in vivo in an extracorporeal system in dogs. In preparation of the immunoadsorbent, up to 81.2% of added anti-BSA was retained on collodion-charcoal. In vitro circulation studies demonstrated that anti-BSA collodion-charcoal removed 812% more 125I-BSA than control colloidon-charcoal. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established and arterial blood was passaged through a continuous flow celltrifuge wherein plasma which was separated from formed elements of the blood was circulated over anti-BSA and control rabbit gamma-globulin collodion-charcoal. 125I-BSA was passively infused into mongrel dogs, and plasma was then circulated over extracorpeal immunoadsorbents for 2 hr. Results showed up to 896% greater uptake of circulating 125I-BSA on the charcoal containing immobilized anti-BSA compared to control charcoal. There was no evidence of release of anti-BSA from the immunoadsorbent since 125I-anti-BSA cpm on the charcoal before and after the experiments were unchanged. In addition, there were no significant alterations in hematocrit, leukocyte counts, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or creatinine levels before and after in vivo procedures. These data suggest that this immunoadsorbent consisting of anti-BSA immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to charcoal particles may specifically withdraw circulating antigens in vivo with minimal release of entrapped antibodies and no significant alteration in the host hematologic and biochemical status.", "PMID": 62800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_639", "title": "Isolation of a human lymphocyte mitogen from wheat germ with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specificity.", "content": "A lectin, isolated from wheat germ by affinity chromatography on chitin, was mitogenic for purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peak incorporation of 3H-thymidine was observed after incubation of lymphocyte cultures with wheat germ mitogen for 7 to 10 days. When lymphocytes were separated into two fractions based on their ability to form rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes, the mitogen induced a negligible proliferative response in either fraction. Mixing experiments demonstrated a strong response in the T lymphocyte fraction which required the collaboration, but not proliferation, of cells present in the nonrosetting fraction. Stimulation was specifically abolished by addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at initiation of culture.", "contents": "Isolation of a human lymphocyte mitogen from wheat germ with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specificity. A lectin, isolated from wheat germ by affinity chromatography on chitin, was mitogenic for purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peak incorporation of 3H-thymidine was observed after incubation of lymphocyte cultures with wheat germ mitogen for 7 to 10 days. When lymphocytes were separated into two fractions based on their ability to form rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes, the mitogen induced a negligible proliferative response in either fraction. Mixing experiments demonstrated a strong response in the T lymphocyte fraction which required the collaboration, but not proliferation, of cells present in the nonrosetting fraction. Stimulation was specifically abolished by addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at initiation of culture.", "PMID": 62801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_640", "title": "Cytomegalovirus specific IgM and IgG response in humans studied by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "An indirect solid phase micro-radioimmunoassay (RIA) was adapted for the measurement of anti-cytomegalovirus class-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen (Ag) was added to the wells of microtiter plates and desiccated onto the bottom surface of the wells. Serial dilution of human CMV antisera were added and allowed to react with the Ag. The amount of viral antibody (Ab) was determined by measuring the specific binding of 125I-labeled goat anti-human IgG (125I-AHIgG) and/or IgM (125I-AHIgM). The multiple factors which influence the test were determined. Serial samples of sera from CMV-positive patients showed progressive increases in Ab titers on the basis of specific binding of 125I-AHIgG. The titers of IgM class anti-CMV Ab were also determined with the same sera, and enhancement of the titers was demonstrated when the incubation periods of the first Ag-Ab reaction were extended from 1 to 3 hr. The competition between the different Ig classes of Ab for CMV Ag and the involvement of rheumatoid factor (RF) were investigated. The anti-CMV IgG that may compete with the IgM determination was removed by adsorption of sera with Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1). The RF that would cause false anti-CMV IgM results was adsorbed with glutaraldehyde-insolubilized IgG. Our results indicate that this RIA is a practical, specific, and reproducible technique for detection of specific IgG and IgM Ab to CMV.", "contents": "Cytomegalovirus specific IgM and IgG response in humans studied by radioimmunoassay. An indirect solid phase micro-radioimmunoassay (RIA) was adapted for the measurement of anti-cytomegalovirus class-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen (Ag) was added to the wells of microtiter plates and desiccated onto the bottom surface of the wells. Serial dilution of human CMV antisera were added and allowed to react with the Ag. The amount of viral antibody (Ab) was determined by measuring the specific binding of 125I-labeled goat anti-human IgG (125I-AHIgG) and/or IgM (125I-AHIgM). The multiple factors which influence the test were determined. Serial samples of sera from CMV-positive patients showed progressive increases in Ab titers on the basis of specific binding of 125I-AHIgG. The titers of IgM class anti-CMV Ab were also determined with the same sera, and enhancement of the titers was demonstrated when the incubation periods of the first Ag-Ab reaction were extended from 1 to 3 hr. The competition between the different Ig classes of Ab for CMV Ag and the involvement of rheumatoid factor (RF) were investigated. The anti-CMV IgG that may compete with the IgM determination was removed by adsorption of sera with Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1). The RF that would cause false anti-CMV IgM results was adsorbed with glutaraldehyde-insolubilized IgG. Our results indicate that this RIA is a practical, specific, and reproducible technique for detection of specific IgG and IgM Ab to CMV.", "PMID": 62802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_641", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in the regulation of delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "A correlation was demonstrated between the transient nature of a) delayed intradermal responses of guinea pigs sensitized to hen egg albumin in incomplete Freund's adjuvant and b) the proliferative response of sensitized lymphocytes to the specific antigen. Spleen cells from sensitized animals suppressed the proliferative response of lymph node cells to specific antigen. This suppression was dependent on the dose of spleen cells and the time of their removal after sensitization. Thymus cells were suppressive to a lesser extent, and their activity was not correlated with the time of removal after sensitization. Separation of spleen and thymus cells into T and B populations indicated that the B cell was the major suppressor cell in the spleen, while the T cell in the thymus had a similar but less pronounced action.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in the regulation of delayed hypersensitivity. A correlation was demonstrated between the transient nature of a) delayed intradermal responses of guinea pigs sensitized to hen egg albumin in incomplete Freund's adjuvant and b) the proliferative response of sensitized lymphocytes to the specific antigen. Spleen cells from sensitized animals suppressed the proliferative response of lymph node cells to specific antigen. This suppression was dependent on the dose of spleen cells and the time of their removal after sensitization. Thymus cells were suppressive to a lesser extent, and their activity was not correlated with the time of removal after sensitization. Separation of spleen and thymus cells into T and B populations indicated that the B cell was the major suppressor cell in the spleen, while the T cell in the thymus had a similar but less pronounced action.", "PMID": 62803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_642", "title": "Induction of antibody to the \"y\" determinant of HBsAg in a chimpanzee carrier of HBsAg subtype \"adw\".", "content": "Antibody to the y determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was induced in a chimpanzee chronically infected with hepatitis B virus and circulating HBsAg subtype adw. The chimpanzee was immunized with purified preparations of HBsAg subtypes adw and ayw. Six weeks after immunization, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) specific for the y determinant, appeared. No change occurred in titers of HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and \"e\" antigen remained detectable. The circulating HBsAg subtype adw remained present despite the persistence of anti-y for greater than 8 months.", "contents": "Induction of antibody to the \"y\" determinant of HBsAg in a chimpanzee carrier of HBsAg subtype \"adw\". Antibody to the y determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was induced in a chimpanzee chronically infected with hepatitis B virus and circulating HBsAg subtype adw. The chimpanzee was immunized with purified preparations of HBsAg subtypes adw and ayw. Six weeks after immunization, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) specific for the y determinant, appeared. No change occurred in titers of HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and \"e\" antigen remained detectable. The circulating HBsAg subtype adw remained present despite the persistence of anti-y for greater than 8 months.", "PMID": 62804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_643", "title": "Blocking of HLA and B lymphocyte alloantigens with F (ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies.", "content": "F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies specific for human B lymphocytes will block human anti-B lymphocyte alloantibodies. F(ab')2 of anti-beta2m will block HLA alloantibodies. The F(ab')2 fragments can be used to improve the typing of B cell lines and certain leukemia cells which express both HLA and B lymphocyte alloantigens. Pretreatment of these cells with anti-beta2m F(ab')2 preparations allows the observation of B cell alloantigen reactions independently of HLA reactions. Similar use of rabbit anti-B cell F (ab')2 allows HLA reactions to be observed free from the \"extra reactions\" caused by B alloantibodies that are present in many HLA typing sera.", "contents": "Blocking of HLA and B lymphocyte alloantigens with F (ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies. F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies specific for human B lymphocytes will block human anti-B lymphocyte alloantibodies. F(ab')2 of anti-beta2m will block HLA alloantibodies. The F(ab')2 fragments can be used to improve the typing of B cell lines and certain leukemia cells which express both HLA and B lymphocyte alloantigens. Pretreatment of these cells with anti-beta2m F(ab')2 preparations allows the observation of B cell alloantigen reactions independently of HLA reactions. Similar use of rabbit anti-B cell F (ab')2 allows HLA reactions to be observed free from the \"extra reactions\" caused by B alloantibodies that are present in many HLA typing sera.", "PMID": 62805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_644", "title": "The genetics of cell-mediated lympholysis.", "content": "The role of HLA antigens in the generation of cytotoxic cells in CML has been investigated. Cytotoxic effector cells were generated in MLC among HLA-A or HLA-A and HLA-B  disparate, HLA-D identical siblings, and among HLA-A and HLA-B disparate, MLC identical (%RR less than or equal to 2 3.6) unrelated individual. The data indicate that HLA-D differences and poliferative MLC responses as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation are not requisite for the in vitro generation of cytotoxic cells and suggest the existence of a CML-S locus (loci) distinct from HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-D. The degree of cytotoxicity generated in a proliferative versus a \"nonproliferative\" MLC was comparable. In addition, these studies demonstrate that antigens other than the currently definable HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D can serve as target determinants in cell-mediated lympholysis.", "contents": "The genetics of cell-mediated lympholysis. The role of HLA antigens in the generation of cytotoxic cells in CML has been investigated. Cytotoxic effector cells were generated in MLC among HLA-A or HLA-A and HLA-B  disparate, HLA-D identical siblings, and among HLA-A and HLA-B disparate, MLC identical (%RR less than or equal to 2 3.6) unrelated individual. The data indicate that HLA-D differences and poliferative MLC responses as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation are not requisite for the in vitro generation of cytotoxic cells and suggest the existence of a CML-S locus (loci) distinct from HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-D. The degree of cytotoxicity generated in a proliferative versus a \"nonproliferative\" MLC was comparable. In addition, these studies demonstrate that antigens other than the currently definable HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D can serve as target determinants in cell-mediated lympholysis.", "PMID": 62806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_645", "title": "Analysis of mononuclear cell surfaces with fluoresceinated staphylococcal protein A complexed with IgG antibody of heat-aggregated gamma-globulin.", "content": "Fluorescein-conjugated staphylococcal protein A (SPA) was complexed with either: 1) heat-aggregated IgG, 2) B cell specific antibody, or 3) T cell specific antibody and then used for an immunofluorescent analysis of mononuclear cell surfaces. Cellular Fc receptors failed to recognize the Fc region of aggregated IgG that had been blocked by SPA. Moreover, fluoresceinated SPA that had been complexed either with anti-Fab (B-cell specific) or T cell-specific antisera prevented the nonspecific binding of these reagents to the IgG-Fc receptors on mononuclear cells, thereby permitting the latter to be properly identified as B or T lymphocytes. In addition, when unconjugated SPA was added to presensitized target cells in a test for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytolysis was abrogated.", "contents": "Analysis of mononuclear cell surfaces with fluoresceinated staphylococcal protein A complexed with IgG antibody of heat-aggregated gamma-globulin. Fluorescein-conjugated staphylococcal protein A (SPA) was complexed with either: 1) heat-aggregated IgG, 2) B cell specific antibody, or 3) T cell specific antibody and then used for an immunofluorescent analysis of mononuclear cell surfaces. Cellular Fc receptors failed to recognize the Fc region of aggregated IgG that had been blocked by SPA. Moreover, fluoresceinated SPA that had been complexed either with anti-Fab (B-cell specific) or T cell-specific antisera prevented the nonspecific binding of these reagents to the IgG-Fc receptors on mononuclear cells, thereby permitting the latter to be properly identified as B or T lymphocytes. In addition, when unconjugated SPA was added to presensitized target cells in a test for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytolysis was abrogated.", "PMID": 62807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_646", "title": "The role of hydroxylation of proline in the antigenicity of basement membrane collagen.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies to bovine basement membrane collagen were used to compare the antigenic determinants of rat parietal yolk sac basement membrane [14C]procollagen with [14C]protocollagen. Basement membrane [14C]protocollagen was found to be less antigenic than basement membrane [14C]procollagen. Hydroxylation of basement membrane [14C]protocollagen, either intracellularly or in vitro with protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase, resulted in restoration of antigenicity. The difference in antigenicity observed between basement membrane [14C]procollagen and basement membrane [14C]protocollagen appeared to depend primarily upon the presence of hydroxyproline in the collagen molecule. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was found to be unimportant for antigenicity.", "contents": "The role of hydroxylation of proline in the antigenicity of basement membrane collagen. Rabbit antibodies to bovine basement membrane collagen were used to compare the antigenic determinants of rat parietal yolk sac basement membrane [14C]procollagen with [14C]protocollagen. Basement membrane [14C]protocollagen was found to be less antigenic than basement membrane [14C]procollagen. Hydroxylation of basement membrane [14C]protocollagen, either intracellularly or in vitro with protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase, resulted in restoration of antigenicity. The difference in antigenicity observed between basement membrane [14C]procollagen and basement membrane [14C]protocollagen appeared to depend primarily upon the presence of hydroxyproline in the collagen molecule. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was found to be unimportant for antigenicity.", "PMID": 62808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_647", "title": "Maintenance of hyporesponsiveness to antigen by a distinct subclass of T lymphocytes.", "content": "Immunization with increasing doses of SRBC, in excess of 10(8), results in a progressive decline in the anti-SRBC PFC response. This hyporesponsive state is antigen specific and is reflected in a decrease of both T helper and B antibody-forming activity. We asked whether the apparent defect of T helper activity reflected a) an absence of alphaSRBC helper T cell activity, or b) the presence of SRBC-specific suppressor T cells within the hyporesponsive population. Our results indicate that at least a portion of hyporesponsiveness noted after antigen exposure to large doses of antigen can be ascribed to specific suppressor T cell activation. Fractionation of the suppressive T cell population using Ly antiserum showed that specific suppressive activity was mediated by a subclass of T cells (Ly2+), distinct from that committed to express helper function (Ly1).", "contents": "Maintenance of hyporesponsiveness to antigen by a distinct subclass of T lymphocytes. Immunization with increasing doses of SRBC, in excess of 10(8), results in a progressive decline in the anti-SRBC PFC response. This hyporesponsive state is antigen specific and is reflected in a decrease of both T helper and B antibody-forming activity. We asked whether the apparent defect of T helper activity reflected a) an absence of alphaSRBC helper T cell activity, or b) the presence of SRBC-specific suppressor T cells within the hyporesponsive population. Our results indicate that at least a portion of hyporesponsiveness noted after antigen exposure to large doses of antigen can be ascribed to specific suppressor T cell activation. Fractionation of the suppressive T cell population using Ly antiserum showed that specific suppressive activity was mediated by a subclass of T cells (Ly2+), distinct from that committed to express helper function (Ly1).", "PMID": 62809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_648", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response in vitro. II. The mechanism(s) involved in the suppression of the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "Spleen cells harvested from mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 or 3 suppress the development of CL from a fresh MLC across a cell-impermeable membrane, but day 4 MLC cells which have the maximum level of CL showed only a limited effect. Inhibition was observed only when suppressor cells were restimulated with the same H-2 type cells used during induction. However, the suppressive effect was not strain specific; that is, CBA-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 cells. In addition, DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from CBA cells. B10 spleen cells stimulated by B10.D2 cells gave rise to a suppressor cell population, indicating that H-2 differences alone can induce the response. The suppressive effect seemed to be exerted on an early phase of the response since no detectable inhibition was observed when suppressor cells were added 48 hr after culture initiation. The suppressive effect is not exerted on the accessory cell function but seems to inhibit DNA synthesis of the reacting cells in the MLC.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response in vitro. II. The mechanism(s) involved in the suppression of the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Spleen cells harvested from mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 or 3 suppress the development of CL from a fresh MLC across a cell-impermeable membrane, but day 4 MLC cells which have the maximum level of CL showed only a limited effect. Inhibition was observed only when suppressor cells were restimulated with the same H-2 type cells used during induction. However, the suppressive effect was not strain specific; that is, CBA-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 cells. In addition, DBA/2-induced C57BL/6 spleen cells effectively inhibited the development of CL from CBA cells. B10 spleen cells stimulated by B10.D2 cells gave rise to a suppressor cell population, indicating that H-2 differences alone can induce the response. The suppressive effect seemed to be exerted on an early phase of the response since no detectable inhibition was observed when suppressor cells were added 48 hr after culture initiation. The suppressive effect is not exerted on the accessory cell function but seems to inhibit DNA synthesis of the reacting cells in the MLC.", "PMID": 62810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_649", "title": "The covalent coupling of proteins to periodate-oxidized sephadex: a new approach to immunoadsorbent preparation.", "content": "Proteins were covalently coupled in good yield to periodate-oxidized Sephadex. The reaction was studied in detail with respect to Sephadex type, sodium m-periodate concentration, protein (albumin or immunoglobulin) concentration, time course, temperature dependence, and pH optimum. The complexes were stable and were used successfully for the immunoadsorption of sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibodies.", "contents": "The covalent coupling of proteins to periodate-oxidized sephadex: a new approach to immunoadsorbent preparation. Proteins were covalently coupled in good yield to periodate-oxidized Sephadex. The reaction was studied in detail with respect to Sephadex type, sodium m-periodate concentration, protein (albumin or immunoglobulin) concentration, time course, temperature dependence, and pH optimum. The complexes were stable and were used successfully for the immunoadsorption of sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibodies.", "PMID": 62811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_650", "title": "Role of ionic strength in salt antagonism of aminoglycoside action on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Studies were designed to determine whether ionic strength (mu) is a significant factor in salt inhibition of aminoglycoside action against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In both nutrient broth (a low mu medium) and Mueller-Hinton broth (a relatively high mu medium), protection of E. coli from dihydrostreptomycin or gentamicin action by MgCl2, NaCl, or Na2SO4 was attributed to ionic strength alone. The percentage of protection increased with ionic strength and was independent of the particular salt used. Antagonism of aminoglycoside action against P. aeruginosa appeared to involve both a specific, divalent caption-dependent mechanism, revealed in Mueller-Hinton broth, and a nonspecific, ionic strength effect, elicited by sodium salts in nutrient broth. With media of relatively low salt content, variation in ionic strength itself over a range of mu of 0.02-0.14 significantly influences the effectiveness of aminoglycoside antibiotics against E. coli and P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Role of ionic strength in salt antagonism of aminoglycoside action on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Studies were designed to determine whether ionic strength (mu) is a significant factor in salt inhibition of aminoglycoside action against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In both nutrient broth (a low mu medium) and Mueller-Hinton broth (a relatively high mu medium), protection of E. coli from dihydrostreptomycin or gentamicin action by MgCl2, NaCl, or Na2SO4 was attributed to ionic strength alone. The percentage of protection increased with ionic strength and was independent of the particular salt used. Antagonism of aminoglycoside action against P. aeruginosa appeared to involve both a specific, divalent caption-dependent mechanism, revealed in Mueller-Hinton broth, and a nonspecific, ionic strength effect, elicited by sodium salts in nutrient broth. With media of relatively low salt content, variation in ionic strength itself over a range of mu of 0.02-0.14 significantly influences the effectiveness of aminoglycoside antibiotics against E. coli and P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 62813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_651", "title": "Amikacin, an aminoglycoside with marked activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates.", "content": "A total of 319 clinical isolates known to be resistant to one or more aminoglycoside antibiotics were tested for their susceptibility to 10 aminoglycosides. The percentages of isolates found by an agar dilution method to be susceptible were: amikacin, 83.7%; tobramycin, 41.4%; butirosin A, 33.2%; dideoxykanamycin B, 32.6%; gentamicin C, 27.3%; lividomycin A, 17.6%; neomycin B, 10.7%; paromomycin, 10.3%; kanamycin A, 10.0%; and ribostamycin, 7.2%. The effectiveness of the antibiotics was related to their degree of resistance to bacterial enzymes; e.g., of the nine enzymes known to inactivate antibiotics containing 2-deoxystreptamine, amikacin was affected by one enzyme, tobramycin by five, and gentamicin and kanamycin by six. Examination of cell-free extracts from the 52 strains resistant to amikacin revealed that only four contained the amikacin-inactivating enzyme aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, a finding indicating that this mechanism of resistance is rare. Other experiments suggest that most amikacin-resistant strains, which are almost invariably resistant to all aminoglycosides, lack the ability to accumulate effectively either amikacin or presumably the other antibiotics intracellularly.", "contents": "Amikacin, an aminoglycoside with marked activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates. A total of 319 clinical isolates known to be resistant to one or more aminoglycoside antibiotics were tested for their susceptibility to 10 aminoglycosides. The percentages of isolates found by an agar dilution method to be susceptible were: amikacin, 83.7%; tobramycin, 41.4%; butirosin A, 33.2%; dideoxykanamycin B, 32.6%; gentamicin C, 27.3%; lividomycin A, 17.6%; neomycin B, 10.7%; paromomycin, 10.3%; kanamycin A, 10.0%; and ribostamycin, 7.2%. The effectiveness of the antibiotics was related to their degree of resistance to bacterial enzymes; e.g., of the nine enzymes known to inactivate antibiotics containing 2-deoxystreptamine, amikacin was affected by one enzyme, tobramycin by five, and gentamicin and kanamycin by six. Examination of cell-free extracts from the 52 strains resistant to amikacin revealed that only four contained the amikacin-inactivating enzyme aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, a finding indicating that this mechanism of resistance is rare. Other experiments suggest that most amikacin-resistant strains, which are almost invariably resistant to all aminoglycosides, lack the ability to accumulate effectively either amikacin or presumably the other antibiotics intracellularly.", "PMID": 62814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_652", "title": "In vitro activity of amikacin and ten other aminoglycoside antibiotics against gentamicin-resistant bacterial strains.", "content": "Sixty-nine strains of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli obtained from different geographical sources were tested for susceptibility to 11 aminoglycoside antibiotics. From the results of determinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations, patterns of resistance were established for 45 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 24 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, 81% of the strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% of the strains were sensitive to butirosin, the next most active compound. Results indicated that 54% of the P. aeruginosa strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% were sensitive to tobramycin. From resistance patterns, enzymes responsible for inactivation of the antibiotics were deduced. The most common enzyme was aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase(2''), either alone or combined with either aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-I or aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-II. Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase(2) was identified exclusively in strains of Providencia stuartii. Specific enzymes could not be identified for 30 strains, 21 of which were P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "In vitro activity of amikacin and ten other aminoglycoside antibiotics against gentamicin-resistant bacterial strains. Sixty-nine strains of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli obtained from different geographical sources were tested for susceptibility to 11 aminoglycoside antibiotics. From the results of determinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations, patterns of resistance were established for 45 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 24 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, 81% of the strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% of the strains were sensitive to butirosin, the next most active compound. Results indicated that 54% of the P. aeruginosa strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% were sensitive to tobramycin. From resistance patterns, enzymes responsible for inactivation of the antibiotics were deduced. The most common enzyme was aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase(2''), either alone or combined with either aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-I or aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-II. Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase(2) was identified exclusively in strains of Providencia stuartii. Specific enzymes could not be identified for 30 strains, 21 of which were P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 62815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_653", "title": "Modulation of the alternative complement pathways by beta 1 H globulin.", "content": "C3b inactivator accelerator (A-C3bINA) was isolated from human plasma. An antiserum produced against the purified protein gave a reaction of identity with beta 1 H, a well-documented contaminant of C3 preparations. Beta 1 H appears to be composed of a single polypeptide chain containing a significant quantity of carbohydrate, and having a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 on analytical, and 6.4 on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Its mol wt based on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium sedimentation is approximately 150,000, whereas it elutes from Sephadex G200 with an apparent mol wt of 300,000, suggesting that beta 1 H is an asymmetric molecule. Beta 1 H potentiates the inactivation of C3b by C3b inactivator, binds to EAC43 to limit the formation of EAC43bB and EAC43bBP, and in contrast to  C3b inactivator, it increases the rate of loss of hemolytic sites from  EAC43bB and EAC43bBP. For the C3b inactivator-potentiating effect, beta 1 H and C3b inactivator must necessarily be simultaneously present. The kinetics of inactivation of C3b by C3b inactivator and beta 1 H are first order, suggesting that potentiation is not a multistep process. The mechanisms of binding to C3b and inhibition of the alternative pathway convertases C3bB and C3bBP are currently unknown.", "contents": "Modulation of the alternative complement pathways by beta 1 H globulin. C3b inactivator accelerator (A-C3bINA) was isolated from human plasma. An antiserum produced against the purified protein gave a reaction of identity with beta 1 H, a well-documented contaminant of C3 preparations. Beta 1 H appears to be composed of a single polypeptide chain containing a significant quantity of carbohydrate, and having a sedimentation coefficient of 5.6 on analytical, and 6.4 on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Its mol wt based on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium sedimentation is approximately 150,000, whereas it elutes from Sephadex G200 with an apparent mol wt of 300,000, suggesting that beta 1 H is an asymmetric molecule. Beta 1 H potentiates the inactivation of C3b by C3b inactivator, binds to EAC43 to limit the formation of EAC43bB and EAC43bBP, and in contrast to  C3b inactivator, it increases the rate of loss of hemolytic sites from  EAC43bB and EAC43bBP. For the C3b inactivator-potentiating effect, beta 1 H and C3b inactivator must necessarily be simultaneously present. The kinetics of inactivation of C3b by C3b inactivator and beta 1 H are first order, suggesting that potentiation is not a multistep process. The mechanisms of binding to C3b and inhibition of the alternative pathway convertases C3bB and C3bBP are currently unknown.", "PMID": 62817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_654", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. I. Analysis with an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens.", "content": "In order to analyze the genetic factors involved in the regulation of macrophage-T-cells interaction we have developed an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens in which nonimmune guinea pig T cells can be sensitized and subsequently challenged in tissue culture with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Antigen-specific T-cell activation, as measured by increased DNA synthesis, occurred when syngeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for both initial sensitization and secondary challenge. No T-cell activation occurred when allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for secondary challenge of cells primed when syngeneic macrophages. When allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used in both primary and secondary cultures it was difficult to assess antigen-specific stimulation due to the substantial mixed leukocyte reaction. However, when T cells from F1 animals were primed with parental antigen-pulsed macrophages they responded only to the parental macrophages used for initial sensitization but not to those of the other parent. These results are discussed with respect to T-cell recognition of a complex antigenic determinant which may include I-region gene products.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. I. Analysis with an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens. In order to analyze the genetic factors involved in the regulation of macrophage-T-cells interaction we have developed an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens in which nonimmune guinea pig T cells can be sensitized and subsequently challenged in tissue culture with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Antigen-specific T-cell activation, as measured by increased DNA synthesis, occurred when syngeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for both initial sensitization and secondary challenge. No T-cell activation occurred when allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for secondary challenge of cells primed when syngeneic macrophages. When allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used in both primary and secondary cultures it was difficult to assess antigen-specific stimulation due to the substantial mixed leukocyte reaction. However, when T cells from F1 animals were primed with parental antigen-pulsed macrophages they responded only to the parental macrophages used for initial sensitization but not to those of the other parent. These results are discussed with respect to T-cell recognition of a complex antigenic determinant which may include I-region gene products.", "PMID": 62818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_655", "title": "Expression of equivalent clonotypes in BALB/c and A/J mice after immunization with phosphorylcholine.", "content": "Analysis of A/J antibody to phosphorylcholine (PC) revealed a striking degree of similarity to PC-binding myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin. By quantitative idiotypic analysis A/J anti-PC antibody was composed to antibodies bearing binding site idiotypic determinants indistinguishable from two different BALB/c myeloma proteins, T15 and M511. Idiotypic determinants of three other PC-binding proteins, W3207, M167, and M603 were not detected. Isoelectric focusing of the light chains verified the presence of antibodies similar to T15 and M511 and indicated the presence of a third antibody whose light chains had a pI identical to that of M603. When the sequence of A/J heavy chains were compared to the heavy chains of T15, M511, and M603, both the framework and first complementarity regions were identical in all cases. Sequences analysis of the light chains through part of the first complementarity region revealed three chains, one similar to each of the myeloma proteins T15, M603, and M167-M511. The latter two sequences differ by only a single amino acid (a single base substitution) in the first 23 residues, suggesting that the two light chains may be very similar if not identical. Thus, BALB/c and A/J mice which differ genetically at multiple loci including the heavy chain allotype complex locus show a remarkable preservation of their anti-PC antibodies. These results indicate that the genes encoding these antibodies are contained in the germ line.", "contents": "Expression of equivalent clonotypes in BALB/c and A/J mice after immunization with phosphorylcholine. Analysis of A/J antibody to phosphorylcholine (PC) revealed a striking degree of similarity to PC-binding myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin. By quantitative idiotypic analysis A/J anti-PC antibody was composed to antibodies bearing binding site idiotypic determinants indistinguishable from two different BALB/c myeloma proteins, T15 and M511. Idiotypic determinants of three other PC-binding proteins, W3207, M167, and M603 were not detected. Isoelectric focusing of the light chains verified the presence of antibodies similar to T15 and M511 and indicated the presence of a third antibody whose light chains had a pI identical to that of M603. When the sequence of A/J heavy chains were compared to the heavy chains of T15, M511, and M603, both the framework and first complementarity regions were identical in all cases. Sequences analysis of the light chains through part of the first complementarity region revealed three chains, one similar to each of the myeloma proteins T15, M603, and M167-M511. The latter two sequences differ by only a single amino acid (a single base substitution) in the first 23 residues, suggesting that the two light chains may be very similar if not identical. Thus, BALB/c and A/J mice which differ genetically at multiple loci including the heavy chain allotype complex locus show a remarkable preservation of their anti-PC antibodies. These results indicate that the genes encoding these antibodies are contained in the germ line.", "PMID": 62819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_656", "title": "Production of gramicidin S synthetases by Bacillus brevis in continuous culture.", "content": "The effects of different nutrient limitations on the production of the two enzymes of gramicidin S biosynthesis were studied during continuous culture of Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S synthetases I and II were produced in the chemostat under carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur limitation. The growth rate, rather than the nature of the limitation, was the major controlling factor in regulating the level of the gramicidin S synthetases. Synthetase production was low at high dilution rates (0.45 to 0.50 h-1) but increased as the dilution rate was lowered. The highest specific activities occurred at dilution rates that were different for each type of limitation: 0.40 h-1 for nitrogen, 0.32 h-1 for carbon, 0.24 h-1 for sulphur and 0.20 h-1 for phosphorus. Phosphorus limitation gave the highest specific activities. At low dilution rates (0.10 to 0.15 h-1), enzyme activities were again low. Sporulation occurred under carbon limitation, but at a lower dilution rate than that which supported optimal gramicidin S synthetase formation. The specific productivity of the synthetases in the chemostat was higher than the highest productivity obtained in batch growth.", "contents": "Production of gramicidin S synthetases by Bacillus brevis in continuous culture. The effects of different nutrient limitations on the production of the two enzymes of gramicidin S biosynthesis were studied during continuous culture of Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S synthetases I and II were produced in the chemostat under carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur limitation. The growth rate, rather than the nature of the limitation, was the major controlling factor in regulating the level of the gramicidin S synthetases. Synthetase production was low at high dilution rates (0.45 to 0.50 h-1) but increased as the dilution rate was lowered. The highest specific activities occurred at dilution rates that were different for each type of limitation: 0.40 h-1 for nitrogen, 0.32 h-1 for carbon, 0.24 h-1 for sulphur and 0.20 h-1 for phosphorus. Phosphorus limitation gave the highest specific activities. At low dilution rates (0.10 to 0.15 h-1), enzyme activities were again low. Sporulation occurred under carbon limitation, but at a lower dilution rate than that which supported optimal gramicidin S synthetase formation. The specific productivity of the synthetases in the chemostat was higher than the highest productivity obtained in batch growth.", "PMID": 62820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_657", "title": "Morphological, biological and antigenic properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae adapted to growth in guinea-pig subcutaneous chambers.", "content": "Gonococci (strain BS3) passaged three times and harvested directly from plastic chambers implanted subcutaneously in guinea pigs were compared with the parent strain (BS) grown in vitro. The strain grown in vivo produced smaller colonies than that grown in vitro and when examined directly in chamber fluid was sometimes not pilated. It was more resistant to the bactericidal action of human serum and more infective for guinea-pig chambers. In gel diffusion, extracts of the organisms adapted in vivo and cultured once on agar appeared to contain one or two antigens that were different from those in extracts of the in vitro grown organisms; and on polyacrylamide gels, electrophoresis of similar extracts showed one or more protein components for strain BS3 which were not seen for strain BS. Gonococci grown in guinea-pig subcutaneous chambers appear to be suitable for studies on the determinants of gonoccal pathogenicity.", "contents": "Morphological, biological and antigenic properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae adapted to growth in guinea-pig subcutaneous chambers. Gonococci (strain BS3) passaged three times and harvested directly from plastic chambers implanted subcutaneously in guinea pigs were compared with the parent strain (BS) grown in vitro. The strain grown in vivo produced smaller colonies than that grown in vitro and when examined directly in chamber fluid was sometimes not pilated. It was more resistant to the bactericidal action of human serum and more infective for guinea-pig chambers. In gel diffusion, extracts of the organisms adapted in vivo and cultured once on agar appeared to contain one or two antigens that were different from those in extracts of the in vitro grown organisms; and on polyacrylamide gels, electrophoresis of similar extracts showed one or more protein components for strain BS3 which were not seen for strain BS. Gonococci grown in guinea-pig subcutaneous chambers appear to be suitable for studies on the determinants of gonoccal pathogenicity.", "PMID": 62821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_658", "title": "Expression of virus structural proteins on murine cell surfaces in association with the production of murine leukaemia virus.", "content": "We have used a quantitative radiolabelled antibody procedure to measure the amount of certain virus structural antigens on the surface of BALB/c RAG cells producing endogenous B-tropic type C virus. RAG cells expressed group specificities of MuLV p30 on their cell surface but did not express gp70 group specificities. However, type specificities of gp70 were expressed on BALB/c cell lines infected with Moloney leukaemia virus. The majority of p30 antigens detected on the RAG cell surface were removed by trypsin and their reappearance was prevented by cycloheximide, even in the presence of 'conditioned medium' containing MuLV. Passive adsorption of exogenous MuLV p30 to the surface of virus negative BALB/c fibroblasts reached a maximum of 20% of the protein detectable on virus producing RAG cells. These data support the hypothesis that much, but not all, of the surface p30 is expressed de novo on the cell membrane and not derived from passive adsorption of p30 released from shed virus or as a by-product of virus infection of a cell.", "contents": "Expression of virus structural proteins on murine cell surfaces in association with the production of murine leukaemia virus. We have used a quantitative radiolabelled antibody procedure to measure the amount of certain virus structural antigens on the surface of BALB/c RAG cells producing endogenous B-tropic type C virus. RAG cells expressed group specificities of MuLV p30 on their cell surface but did not express gp70 group specificities. However, type specificities of gp70 were expressed on BALB/c cell lines infected with Moloney leukaemia virus. The majority of p30 antigens detected on the RAG cell surface were removed by trypsin and their reappearance was prevented by cycloheximide, even in the presence of 'conditioned medium' containing MuLV. Passive adsorption of exogenous MuLV p30 to the surface of virus negative BALB/c fibroblasts reached a maximum of 20% of the protein detectable on virus producing RAG cells. These data support the hypothesis that much, but not all, of the surface p30 is expressed de novo on the cell membrane and not derived from passive adsorption of p30 released from shed virus or as a by-product of virus infection of a cell.", "PMID": 62822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_659", "title": "Lipid storage myopathies. A review of metabolic defect and of treatment.", "content": "Various cases of lipid storage myopathies have been described. The biochemical defect could be determined in only some of these cases. The syndromes identified to date are as follows: carnitine deficiency (type I lipid storage myopathy), carnitine-palmityltransferase (CPT) deficiency and pyruvate-decarboxylase deficiency. In the last two diseases the vacuolization in muscle is not marked. The case of a 10 year old carnitine deficient patient with a history of insidious muscle weakness in the proximal limb and neck muscles is presented. The patient was treated with oral carnitine and a medium chain triglyceride diet for 18 months and her clinical status has remained improved. In other lipid storage patients prednisone treatment resulted in improvement. In cases of suspected lipid storage myopathy the following studies are indicated: 1) examination of ketone bodies in serum and urine during fasting, long chain and medium chain triglyceride diets; 2) serum triglyceride and serum carnitine; 3) study on fresh muscle and fibroblasts with labeled substrates, biochemical determination of carnitine and CPT in muscle.", "contents": "Lipid storage myopathies. A review of metabolic defect and of treatment. Various cases of lipid storage myopathies have been described. The biochemical defect could be determined in only some of these cases. The syndromes identified to date are as follows: carnitine deficiency (type I lipid storage myopathy), carnitine-palmityltransferase (CPT) deficiency and pyruvate-decarboxylase deficiency. In the last two diseases the vacuolization in muscle is not marked. The case of a 10 year old carnitine deficient patient with a history of insidious muscle weakness in the proximal limb and neck muscles is presented. The patient was treated with oral carnitine and a medium chain triglyceride diet for 18 months and her clinical status has remained improved. In other lipid storage patients prednisone treatment resulted in improvement. In cases of suspected lipid storage myopathy the following studies are indicated: 1) examination of ketone bodies in serum and urine during fasting, long chain and medium chain triglyceride diets; 2) serum triglyceride and serum carnitine; 3) study on fresh muscle and fibroblasts with labeled substrates, biochemical determination of carnitine and CPT in muscle.", "PMID": 62824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_660", "title": "[Selective muscle fiber type anomalies in neuromusclar disorders. An analysis of 124 consecutive muscle biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "The following parameters were measured and calculated in 124 consecutive muscle biopsies: mean fiber diameter, standard deviation, percentage of type I and Type II fibers, variability coefficient, hypertrophy and atrophy factor. Twenty percent of the histometrically analyzed biopsies showed a type II atrophy and four percent a type I atrophy. Type II atrophy was found particularly in the following disorders: collagen vascular diseases, steroid myopathies, cachexia and as a result of inactivity. Some neurogenic processes also demonstrated a selective type II atrophy. The combination of a grouped type II atrophy with a type I hypertrophy is characteristic of chronic and usually heredodegenerative disorders of the motoneurons. The presence of a selective type II atrophy argues against a genetically determined muscular dystrophy. A mixed atrophy classified here as strong or very strong primarily suggests a neuropathy. A selective type I hypertrophy has been found exclusively in neurogenic processes, and type II hypertrophy predominantly in the cases of chronic heredodegenerative neurogenic and primarily myopathic diseases. An increase of the variability coefficient of both types of muscle fibers is more frequent and pronounced in neurogenic processes than in myopathic syndromes. Type II fibers show a selective increase in the variability coefficient considerably more often than type I fibers. In contrast to other reports we seldom found a fiber type predominance or a pathological type-grouping. Only two out of five biopsies with pathological fiber type-grouping were definitely neurogenic. In special cases the histometric analysis of muscle fiber types improves the diagnostic efficiency of muscle biopsies.", "contents": "[Selective muscle fiber type anomalies in neuromusclar disorders. An analysis of 124 consecutive muscle biopsies (author's transl)]. The following parameters were measured and calculated in 124 consecutive muscle biopsies: mean fiber diameter, standard deviation, percentage of type I and Type II fibers, variability coefficient, hypertrophy and atrophy factor. Twenty percent of the histometrically analyzed biopsies showed a type II atrophy and four percent a type I atrophy. Type II atrophy was found particularly in the following disorders: collagen vascular diseases, steroid myopathies, cachexia and as a result of inactivity. Some neurogenic processes also demonstrated a selective type II atrophy. The combination of a grouped type II atrophy with a type I hypertrophy is characteristic of chronic and usually heredodegenerative disorders of the motoneurons. The presence of a selective type II atrophy argues against a genetically determined muscular dystrophy. A mixed atrophy classified here as strong or very strong primarily suggests a neuropathy. A selective type I hypertrophy has been found exclusively in neurogenic processes, and type II hypertrophy predominantly in the cases of chronic heredodegenerative neurogenic and primarily myopathic diseases. An increase of the variability coefficient of both types of muscle fibers is more frequent and pronounced in neurogenic processes than in myopathic syndromes. Type II fibers show a selective increase in the variability coefficient considerably more often than type I fibers. In contrast to other reports we seldom found a fiber type predominance or a pathological type-grouping. Only two out of five biopsies with pathological fiber type-grouping were definitely neurogenic. In special cases the histometric analysis of muscle fiber types improves the diagnostic efficiency of muscle biopsies.", "PMID": 62825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_661", "title": "Electrophoretic and morphologic studies on normal human white matter obtained at surgery with special reference to its basic protein component.", "content": "Histologically confirmed normal pieces of human white matter removed during surgical approach to underlying pathology were studied by acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. A basic electrophoretic pattern of the white matter homogenates from three separate patients is described. Aliquots of white matter from two of these patients were incubated at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C for intervals up to 18 hours, then homogenized and electrophoresed to detect any degradative changes in the basic protein band. Results of these studies indicated that the basic protein band of freshly obtained normal human white matter was unaffected by incubation at 23 degrees C for as long as 18 hours. Electron microscopic examination of white matter that was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature prior to fixation, showed sporadic areas of lamellar separation, a finding similar to but not as extensive as that described earlier in white matter obtained at autopsy that was performed 8 hours post-mortem. These findings 1) confirm earlier observations made on autopsy material, 2) are compatible with location of basic protein along the cytoplasmic surface of myelin lamellae, and 3) further emphasize the remarkable resistance of basic protein in situ to autolytic degradation.", "contents": "Electrophoretic and morphologic studies on normal human white matter obtained at surgery with special reference to its basic protein component. Histologically confirmed normal pieces of human white matter removed during surgical approach to underlying pathology were studied by acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. A basic electrophoretic pattern of the white matter homogenates from three separate patients is described. Aliquots of white matter from two of these patients were incubated at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C for intervals up to 18 hours, then homogenized and electrophoresed to detect any degradative changes in the basic protein band. Results of these studies indicated that the basic protein band of freshly obtained normal human white matter was unaffected by incubation at 23 degrees C for as long as 18 hours. Electron microscopic examination of white matter that was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature prior to fixation, showed sporadic areas of lamellar separation, a finding similar to but not as extensive as that described earlier in white matter obtained at autopsy that was performed 8 hours post-mortem. These findings 1) confirm earlier observations made on autopsy material, 2) are compatible with location of basic protein along the cytoplasmic surface of myelin lamellae, and 3) further emphasize the remarkable resistance of basic protein in situ to autolytic degradation.", "PMID": 62823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_662", "title": "Electrophysiological findings in the syndrome of acute ocular muscle palsy with ataxia (Fisher syndrome).", "content": "4 patients are described with ophthalmoplegia (Figs. 1 and 2) and ataxia with acute onset. Three of them showed only very slight symptoms of generalized polyneuritis. Measurement of sensory nerve conduction velocity (Fig. 4, Table 2) and determination of vibration sense by an electrical vibrator (Fig. 3) proved to be helpful for diagnosis. The ocular EMG revealed signs of peripheral denervation in 3 cases. Pathological changes of the somatosensory evoked potential (Fig. 5) which has been registered in one case, might give some speculation as to whether or not central nervous pathways are affected.", "contents": "Electrophysiological findings in the syndrome of acute ocular muscle palsy with ataxia (Fisher syndrome). 4 patients are described with ophthalmoplegia (Figs. 1 and 2) and ataxia with acute onset. Three of them showed only very slight symptoms of generalized polyneuritis. Measurement of sensory nerve conduction velocity (Fig. 4, Table 2) and determination of vibration sense by an electrical vibrator (Fig. 3) proved to be helpful for diagnosis. The ocular EMG revealed signs of peripheral denervation in 3 cases. Pathological changes of the somatosensory evoked potential (Fig. 5) which has been registered in one case, might give some speculation as to whether or not central nervous pathways are affected.", "PMID": 62826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_663", "title": "[Demonstration of a factor in cerebrospinal fluid with inhibitory activity for electrophoretic cell mobility in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhibition of electrophoretic cell migration using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly was investigated by the modified MEM (macrophage electrophoretic mobility) and TEEM (tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility) tests, respectively. An inhibitory activity of macrophage slowing factor (MSF)--one of in vivo lymphokines--in CSF was established in cases of multiple sclerosis (17.5 +/- 3.8%), and neurolues. The value of this MSF assay turned out to be significantly different from the remaining inflammatory ailments of the nervous system (10.1 +/- 6.8%). Results of other neurological diseases were found to be very much lower (5.1 +/- 4.2%). It seems important, for immunopathogenesis and the diagnosis of neuroimmunological diseases with enhanced cellular immunoreaction, to evaluate MSF activity in CSF. To characterize the active factor in CSF (and serum) these fluids were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography as well as supernatants from lymphocyte-antigen incubation in MS patients. The main activity for inhibition of electrophoretic cell mobility was eluated in the same fraction in these fluids. It could be shown that units have a molecular weight of about 15000 Daltons; this value for MSF lies below those for other inhibitory lymphokines.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a factor in cerebrospinal fluid with inhibitory activity for electrophoretic cell mobility in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Inhibition of electrophoretic cell migration using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly was investigated by the modified MEM (macrophage electrophoretic mobility) and TEEM (tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility) tests, respectively. An inhibitory activity of macrophage slowing factor (MSF)--one of in vivo lymphokines--in CSF was established in cases of multiple sclerosis (17.5 +/- 3.8%), and neurolues. The value of this MSF assay turned out to be significantly different from the remaining inflammatory ailments of the nervous system (10.1 +/- 6.8%). Results of other neurological diseases were found to be very much lower (5.1 +/- 4.2%). It seems important, for immunopathogenesis and the diagnosis of neuroimmunological diseases with enhanced cellular immunoreaction, to evaluate MSF activity in CSF. To characterize the active factor in CSF (and serum) these fluids were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography as well as supernatants from lymphocyte-antigen incubation in MS patients. The main activity for inhibition of electrophoretic cell mobility was eluated in the same fraction in these fluids. It could be shown that units have a molecular weight of about 15000 Daltons; this value for MSF lies below those for other inhibitory lymphokines.", "PMID": 62827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_664", "title": "Erythrocyte ghosts (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity in Duchenne's dystrophy and myotonia.", "content": "In Duchenne muscular dystrophy the activity of (Na+ + K+)ATPase in erythrocyte ghosts is reduced and its reaction to ouabain is paradoxical both in low sodium and high sodium systems. No such changes were seen in a case of Becker dystrophy, in limb-girdle dystrophy, and in neurogenic atrophy of muscles. In myotonic dystrophy and congenital myotonia the activity of ATPase and its inhibition by ouabain were depressed.", "contents": "Erythrocyte ghosts (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity in Duchenne's dystrophy and myotonia. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy the activity of (Na+ + K+)ATPase in erythrocyte ghosts is reduced and its reaction to ouabain is paradoxical both in low sodium and high sodium systems. No such changes were seen in a case of Becker dystrophy, in limb-girdle dystrophy, and in neurogenic atrophy of muscles. In myotonic dystrophy and congenital myotonia the activity of ATPase and its inhibition by ouabain were depressed.", "PMID": 62828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_665", "title": "Muscle enzymatic changes induced by blockage of axoplasmic transport.", "content": "The activity of malic dehydrogenase, pyruvic kinase, and phosphorylase b was measured in the geniohyoid muscle of the cat after injection of 10 10 mM colchicine into the hypoglossal nerve. Experiments performed 1-60 days after the injection showed that the activity of the three enzymes gradually decreased (day 4-5), reached a maximum fall (day 10-25), and subsequently returned to control values (day 30-60). Concomitantly to these enzymatic alterations, the muscles showed fibrillation and ACh hypersensitivity; however, in contrast to denervation, the drug had no effect on nerve conduction, effective neuromuscular transmission, and ultrastructure of motor end plates. Experiments with [3H]colchicine indicated that the observed changes were brought about by the drug acting directly on the motor axons rather than on the muscle cells. The transsynaptic effects induced by colchicine treatment to the nerve can be ascribed to a temporary interruption of axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that neurotrophic regulation of some muscle-soluble enzymes partly depend on the normal operation of the axoplasmic transport system.", "contents": "Muscle enzymatic changes induced by blockage of axoplasmic transport. The activity of malic dehydrogenase, pyruvic kinase, and phosphorylase b was measured in the geniohyoid muscle of the cat after injection of 10 10 mM colchicine into the hypoglossal nerve. Experiments performed 1-60 days after the injection showed that the activity of the three enzymes gradually decreased (day 4-5), reached a maximum fall (day 10-25), and subsequently returned to control values (day 30-60). Concomitantly to these enzymatic alterations, the muscles showed fibrillation and ACh hypersensitivity; however, in contrast to denervation, the drug had no effect on nerve conduction, effective neuromuscular transmission, and ultrastructure of motor end plates. Experiments with [3H]colchicine indicated that the observed changes were brought about by the drug acting directly on the motor axons rather than on the muscle cells. The transsynaptic effects induced by colchicine treatment to the nerve can be ascribed to a temporary interruption of axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that neurotrophic regulation of some muscle-soluble enzymes partly depend on the normal operation of the axoplasmic transport system.", "PMID": 62830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_666", "title": "Influence of dimercaprol on the early hepatic uptake of 111In-bleomycin in the BALB/c mouse.", "content": "Dimercaprol (BAL) administered 1 hr before 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse produced an early preferential hepatic loading of 111In-bleomycin without a loading of the spleen, skin, bone, or muscle. Liver-to-muscle ratios were increased about threefold under the influence of BAL. Liver (c BAL)/liver (s BAL) ratios also increased threefold at 3 hr whereas relative muscle uptake remained at about unity. Indium-111 chloride (colloid, pH 6.5) used as a control did not show a similar increase. The findings suggest that the kinetics and distribution of 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse can be influenced by pretreatment with BAL.", "contents": "Influence of dimercaprol on the early hepatic uptake of 111In-bleomycin in the BALB/c mouse. Dimercaprol (BAL) administered 1 hr before 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse produced an early preferential hepatic loading of 111In-bleomycin without a loading of the spleen, skin, bone, or muscle. Liver-to-muscle ratios were increased about threefold under the influence of BAL. Liver (c BAL)/liver (s BAL) ratios also increased threefold at 3 hr whereas relative muscle uptake remained at about unity. Indium-111 chloride (colloid, pH 6.5) used as a control did not show a similar increase. The findings suggest that the kinetics and distribution of 111In-bleomycin in the normal BALB/c mouse can be influenced by pretreatment with BAL.", "PMID": 62831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_667", "title": "Differential transmission in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat.", "content": "Mechanisms in the superior cervical ganglion resulting in contraction of the nictitating membrane (NM) and dilation of the parasympathectimized pupil were studies in anesthetized cats. Frequency-response curves were  obtained following pregangionic stimulation with NM and pupillary responses recorded simultaneously in the same preparations.", "contents": "Differential transmission in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Mechanisms in the superior cervical ganglion resulting in contraction of the nictitating membrane (NM) and dilation of the parasympathectimized pupil were studies in anesthetized cats. Frequency-response curves were  obtained following pregangionic stimulation with NM and pupillary responses recorded simultaneously in the same preparations.", "PMID": 62832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_668", "title": "The instructional effect of verbal/visual feedback in visualized instruction.", "content": "This study was designed to measure the instructional effect of verbal/visual beedback in facilitating S achievement and to determine whether the amount of realistic detail contained in the visualization influences S achievement. Two hundred sixty-seven university students were randomly assigned to one of three presentation method. Ss received a pretest, participated in their respective instructional presentation, and received four individual criterion measures. Results indicate that all feedback strategies are not equally effective in facilitating student achievement of different educational objectives and that specific feedback techniques may be so elaborate as to interfere with rather than facilitate achievement.", "contents": "The instructional effect of verbal/visual feedback in visualized instruction. This study was designed to measure the instructional effect of verbal/visual beedback in facilitating S achievement and to determine whether the amount of realistic detail contained in the visualization influences S achievement. Two hundred sixty-seven university students were randomly assigned to one of three presentation method. Ss received a pretest, participated in their respective instructional presentation, and received four individual criterion measures. Results indicate that all feedback strategies are not equally effective in facilitating student achievement of different educational objectives and that specific feedback techniques may be so elaborate as to interfere with rather than facilitate achievement.", "PMID": 62834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_669", "title": "Central terminations of muscle afferents on motoneurones in the cat spinal cord.", "content": "Intraspinal branches of primary afferent axons in the cat lumbar cord have been revealed by filling then with cobalt, followed by precipitation as cobalt sulphide and silver intensification. 2. Primary afferent collaterals which reached the ventral horn were myelinated and had axon diameters of around 2 mum. Up to four (mean 1) side branches occurred at nodes within the ventral horn. The finest branches were less than 1 mum in diameter. 3. The finest branches formed synaptic boutons on nerve cells. The total observed association between one afferent and a motoneurone (synaptic structure) consisted of up to six boutons (mean 1-85). The boutons constituting a synaptic structure were usually located close together on the soma or dendrites, but sometimes were spread along more than 60 mum of dendrite. It was assumed that these monosynaptic structures on moto-neurones were formed by muscle spindle afferents. 4. There was no correlation between the total contact area of a synaptic structure and its location on a motoneurone. 5. A computer model of the motoneurone was used to investigate the effect of multiple synaptic contact on electrophysiological estimates of synaptic location. It was concluded that the observed spread of boutons making up a synaptic structure would not significantly affect distance allocation of distal synapses but could lead to some proximal dendrite structures being incorrectly classified as somatic.", "contents": "Central terminations of muscle afferents on motoneurones in the cat spinal cord. Intraspinal branches of primary afferent axons in the cat lumbar cord have been revealed by filling then with cobalt, followed by precipitation as cobalt sulphide and silver intensification. 2. Primary afferent collaterals which reached the ventral horn were myelinated and had axon diameters of around 2 mum. Up to four (mean 1) side branches occurred at nodes within the ventral horn. The finest branches were less than 1 mum in diameter. 3. The finest branches formed synaptic boutons on nerve cells. The total observed association between one afferent and a motoneurone (synaptic structure) consisted of up to six boutons (mean 1-85). The boutons constituting a synaptic structure were usually located close together on the soma or dendrites, but sometimes were spread along more than 60 mum of dendrite. It was assumed that these monosynaptic structures on moto-neurones were formed by muscle spindle afferents. 4. There was no correlation between the total contact area of a synaptic structure and its location on a motoneurone. 5. A computer model of the motoneurone was used to investigate the effect of multiple synaptic contact on electrophysiological estimates of synaptic location. It was concluded that the observed spread of boutons making up a synaptic structure would not significantly affect distance allocation of distal synapses but could lead to some proximal dendrite structures being incorrectly classified as somatic.", "PMID": 62833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_670", "title": "Rat alpha-fetoprotein in experimental utero-placental ischaemia.", "content": "Retardation of growth and death of fetal rats were produced after uteroplacental ischaemia was induced by surgical ligation of the uterine arteries. Changes in maternal plasma levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. In rats in which the uterine blood supply was totally occluded, the resultant increase in maternal plasma AFP was due to resorption of fetal elements, because AFP levels in maternal rat plasma did not increase following hysterectomy in a control group. Maternal plasma AFP levels in rats with a partly occluded blood supply (and therefore some dead and some live fetuses) paralleled those of sham-operated rats, suggesting that increased placental transfer of AFP to maternal plasma may have offset the anticipated decline of AFP due to a decreased number of live fetuses.", "contents": "Rat alpha-fetoprotein in experimental utero-placental ischaemia. Retardation of growth and death of fetal rats were produced after uteroplacental ischaemia was induced by surgical ligation of the uterine arteries. Changes in maternal plasma levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. In rats in which the uterine blood supply was totally occluded, the resultant increase in maternal plasma AFP was due to resorption of fetal elements, because AFP levels in maternal rat plasma did not increase following hysterectomy in a control group. Maternal plasma AFP levels in rats with a partly occluded blood supply (and therefore some dead and some live fetuses) paralleled those of sham-operated rats, suggesting that increased placental transfer of AFP to maternal plasma may have offset the anticipated decline of AFP due to a decreased number of live fetuses.", "PMID": 62835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_671", "title": "Differences in motility of human X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa.", "content": "Human Y-bearing spermatozoa, as identified by the quinacrine staining technique, were found to be significantly more motile than X-bearing spermatozoa under laboratory conditions. This difference is consistent with current estimates of the difference in mean head DNA content.", "contents": "Differences in motility of human X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa. Human Y-bearing spermatozoa, as identified by the quinacrine staining technique, were found to be significantly more motile than X-bearing spermatozoa under laboratory conditions. This difference is consistent with current estimates of the difference in mean head DNA content.", "PMID": 62836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_672", "title": "Ectopic and eutopic secretion of chorionic gonadotropin and its sub-nits in vitro: comparison of clonal strains from carcinomas of lung and placenta.", "content": "We compared rates of secretion in vitro of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and its subunits alpha and beta by established clonal cell lines of a bronchogenic carcinoma (ChaGo) and a choriocarcinoma (JEG). Clones showing the highest secretion rates of either HCG or its subunits were studied: ChaGo-K1, a new clonal strain, and ChaGo-C5 and JEG-3, two previously reported clonal lines. Cells were grown under identical conditions in the same laboratory. Hormone and subunit concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays. ChaGo-K1 and ChaGo-C5 secreted only alpha-subunit whereas JEG-3 secreted only HCG. Average peak secretion rates in picomoles/day/mg protein were: for ChaGo-K1, HCG less than 0.3, alpha=290, and beta less than 0.5; for ChaGo-C5, HCG less than 0.3, alpha=21, and beta less than 0.5; and for JEG-3, HCG=18, alpha less than 0.7, and beta less than 0.5. The ChaGo-K1 secretion rate of alpha was greater than that of any of out previously reported ChaGo clones. Significant quantities of estradiol and progesterone accumulated in the media of all three cell lines; however, only JEG-3 secreted detectable quantities of placental lactogen. Thus under identical culture conditions, a bronchogenic carcinoma clonal line secreted only alpha-subunit, whereas a choriocarcinoma line secreted only HCG; these findings implied major differences in cellular control mechanisms. Moreover, the ectopic secretions of alpha exceeded the eutopic trophoblastic secretion of HCG, which suggested that in certain cases ectopic protein production may be even more efficient than nonectopic production.", "contents": "Ectopic and eutopic secretion of chorionic gonadotropin and its sub-nits in vitro: comparison of clonal strains from carcinomas of lung and placenta. We compared rates of secretion in vitro of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and its subunits alpha and beta by established clonal cell lines of a bronchogenic carcinoma (ChaGo) and a choriocarcinoma (JEG). Clones showing the highest secretion rates of either HCG or its subunits were studied: ChaGo-K1, a new clonal strain, and ChaGo-C5 and JEG-3, two previously reported clonal lines. Cells were grown under identical conditions in the same laboratory. Hormone and subunit concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays. ChaGo-K1 and ChaGo-C5 secreted only alpha-subunit whereas JEG-3 secreted only HCG. Average peak secretion rates in picomoles/day/mg protein were: for ChaGo-K1, HCG less than 0.3, alpha=290, and beta less than 0.5; for ChaGo-C5, HCG less than 0.3, alpha=21, and beta less than 0.5; and for JEG-3, HCG=18, alpha less than 0.7, and beta less than 0.5. The ChaGo-K1 secretion rate of alpha was greater than that of any of out previously reported ChaGo clones. Significant quantities of estradiol and progesterone accumulated in the media of all three cell lines; however, only JEG-3 secreted detectable quantities of placental lactogen. Thus under identical culture conditions, a bronchogenic carcinoma clonal line secreted only alpha-subunit, whereas a choriocarcinoma line secreted only HCG; these findings implied major differences in cellular control mechanisms. Moreover, the ectopic secretions of alpha exceeded the eutopic trophoblastic secretion of HCG, which suggested that in certain cases ectopic protein production may be even more efficient than nonectopic production.", "PMID": 62839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_673", "title": "Secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic response to challenge of rats with syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma.", "content": "Secondary cell-mediated cytotoxicity generated in vivo against a syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma [(C58NT)D] in WF rats was detected by the 4-hour 51Cr release assay. At 30 days or more following primary tumor cell inoculation, after the tumors had regressed, lymphoid cells had little or no detectable direct cytotoxic reactivity. At rechallenge with tumor cells, high levels of cytotoxicity were detected in the peritoneal exudate, peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen cells. The secondary cellular immune response after challenge developed earlier, reached higher levels, and lasted longer than the primary immune response. The secondary cytotoxic reactivity was shown to be immunologically specific by the use of various tumor cells both as target and inhibitor cells. Treatment of immune spleen cells with specific antiserum to rat T-cells and complement abolished their cytotoxic reactivity, whereas removal of complement receptor-bearing cells or phagocytic cells did not reduct the cytotoxicity. These data demonstrated that specific-memory T-cells persisted for long periods in the lymphoid organs of immune rats and could rapidly become cytotoxic from rechallenge with the tumor.", "contents": "Secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic response to challenge of rats with syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma. Secondary cell-mediated cytotoxicity generated in vivo against a syngeneic Gross virus-induced lymphoma [(C58NT)D] in WF rats was detected by the 4-hour 51Cr release assay. At 30 days or more following primary tumor cell inoculation, after the tumors had regressed, lymphoid cells had little or no detectable direct cytotoxic reactivity. At rechallenge with tumor cells, high levels of cytotoxicity were detected in the peritoneal exudate, peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen cells. The secondary cellular immune response after challenge developed earlier, reached higher levels, and lasted longer than the primary immune response. The secondary cytotoxic reactivity was shown to be immunologically specific by the use of various tumor cells both as target and inhibitor cells. Treatment of immune spleen cells with specific antiserum to rat T-cells and complement abolished their cytotoxic reactivity, whereas removal of complement receptor-bearing cells or phagocytic cells did not reduct the cytotoxicity. These data demonstrated that specific-memory T-cells persisted for long periods in the lymphoid organs of immune rats and could rapidly become cytotoxic from rechallenge with the tumor.", "PMID": 62841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_674", "title": "Leukemia-associated antigens detected by heterologous antisera.", "content": "An antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with the membrane fraction of a lymphoblastoid cell line, RPMI 4265. This antiserum reacted against leukemia-associated antigens on immature blast cells of 24 patients with acute leukemia (13 myeloblastic, 11 lymphoblastic). No reactivity was observed against morphologically normal blood mononuclear cells from patients in remission, cells from normal control subjects and patients with unrelated disorders, phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoblasts, or normal bone marrow cells. Reactivity against leukemia cells was not reduced by absorption with fetal tissues. These findings were consistent with the presence of tumor-associated antigens on leukemia cells. The antigens were detectable neither during hematologic remission nor on cells from patients with unrelated diseases.", "contents": "Leukemia-associated antigens detected by heterologous antisera. An antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with the membrane fraction of a lymphoblastoid cell line, RPMI 4265. This antiserum reacted against leukemia-associated antigens on immature blast cells of 24 patients with acute leukemia (13 myeloblastic, 11 lymphoblastic). No reactivity was observed against morphologically normal blood mononuclear cells from patients in remission, cells from normal control subjects and patients with unrelated disorders, phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoblasts, or normal bone marrow cells. Reactivity against leukemia cells was not reduced by absorption with fetal tissues. These findings were consistent with the presence of tumor-associated antigens on leukemia cells. The antigens were detectable neither during hematologic remission nor on cells from patients with unrelated diseases.", "PMID": 62842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_675", "title": "Characterization of virus-free guinea pig tumors induced by Kirsten sarcoma virus.", "content": "Tumors were induced by Kirsten sarcoma virus (KiSV) in an inbred guinea pig, strain 13. The tumor cells were established in culture and characterized. The KiSV-induced sarcoma cells were virus-free and nonproducing; however, they contained resuable sarcoma genome. A type B guinea pig retravirus was readily activated from the tumor cells after induction with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). BUDR induction of guinea pig retravirus was further enhanced by treatment with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone.", "contents": "Characterization of virus-free guinea pig tumors induced by Kirsten sarcoma virus. Tumors were induced by Kirsten sarcoma virus (KiSV) in an inbred guinea pig, strain 13. The tumor cells were established in culture and characterized. The KiSV-induced sarcoma cells were virus-free and nonproducing; however, they contained resuable sarcoma genome. A type B guinea pig retravirus was readily activated from the tumor cells after induction with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). BUDR induction of guinea pig retravirus was further enhanced by treatment with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone.", "PMID": 62843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_676", "title": "Deficits in reticuloendothelial humoral control mechanisms in patients after trauma.", "content": "Plasma opsonic activity as expressed by an alpha-2-globulin which stimulates hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytosis, and thus modulates RES clearance, was determined in patients at varying intervals following whole-body trauma. Plasma opsonic activity decreased markedly following trauma in both nonsurviving (NS) and surviving (S) trauma patients as compared to an age- and sex-matched group of healthy volunteers. The initial post-traumatic hypoopsonemia (0-72 hr) was more severe (p less than 0.01) in nonsurviving patients than surviving patients. Survivors following trauma manifested restoration of opsonin levels with a definite transient rebound hyperopsonemia during the recovery phase (11-30 days); nonsurviving patients exhibited persistent systemic alpha-2-globulin opsonic deficiency. On the basis of previous animal and human studies, the presently observed humoral deficits following trauma in patients could contribute to impairment of reticuloendothelial Kupffer cell clearance of blood-borne particulate matter such as fibrin, damaged platelets, and other altered autologous tissue. The importance of post-trauma RES dysfunction to survival following severe injury warrants further investigation and clinical consideration.", "contents": "Deficits in reticuloendothelial humoral control mechanisms in patients after trauma. Plasma opsonic activity as expressed by an alpha-2-globulin which stimulates hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytosis, and thus modulates RES clearance, was determined in patients at varying intervals following whole-body trauma. Plasma opsonic activity decreased markedly following trauma in both nonsurviving (NS) and surviving (S) trauma patients as compared to an age- and sex-matched group of healthy volunteers. The initial post-traumatic hypoopsonemia (0-72 hr) was more severe (p less than 0.01) in nonsurviving patients than surviving patients. Survivors following trauma manifested restoration of opsonin levels with a definite transient rebound hyperopsonemia during the recovery phase (11-30 days); nonsurviving patients exhibited persistent systemic alpha-2-globulin opsonic deficiency. On the basis of previous animal and human studies, the presently observed humoral deficits following trauma in patients could contribute to impairment of reticuloendothelial Kupffer cell clearance of blood-borne particulate matter such as fibrin, damaged platelets, and other altered autologous tissue. The importance of post-trauma RES dysfunction to survival following severe injury warrants further investigation and clinical consideration.", "PMID": 62844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_677", "title": "Induction of GIX antigen and gross cell surface antigen after infection by ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses in vitro.", "content": "A number of ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses were examined for their ability to induce the GIX antigen and Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA) in tissue culture fibroblasts. GIX appears to be a constituent of murine leukemia virus gp70; a molecular characterization of GCSA has not yet been reported. Antigen induction was measured by the ability of productively infected cells to absorb cytotoxic activity from the standard GIX- and GCSA-typing antisera. Cells infected by ecotropic viruses displayed four distinct phenotypes GIX:+/GCSA++, GIX-/GCSA++, GIX++/GCSA+, and GIX-/GSCA+; cells infected by xenotropic viruses were either GIX-/GCSA+ or GIX-/GCSA-. GIX induction appeared to be a type-specific property of some but not all Gross-AKR type ecotropic viruses. Differences in the degree of absorption of the GCSA antiserum by ecotropic virus- and xenotropic virus-infected cells indicated that GCSA may comprise multiple antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Induction of GIX antigen and gross cell surface antigen after infection by ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses in vitro. A number of ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses were examined for their ability to induce the GIX antigen and Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA) in tissue culture fibroblasts. GIX appears to be a constituent of murine leukemia virus gp70; a molecular characterization of GCSA has not yet been reported. Antigen induction was measured by the ability of productively infected cells to absorb cytotoxic activity from the standard GIX- and GCSA-typing antisera. Cells infected by ecotropic viruses displayed four distinct phenotypes GIX:+/GCSA++, GIX-/GCSA++, GIX++/GCSA+, and GIX-/GSCA+; cells infected by xenotropic viruses were either GIX-/GCSA+ or GIX-/GCSA-. GIX induction appeared to be a type-specific property of some but not all Gross-AKR type ecotropic viruses. Differences in the degree of absorption of the GCSA antiserum by ecotropic virus- and xenotropic virus-infected cells indicated that GCSA may comprise multiple antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 62848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_678", "title": "Type C particle-positive and type C particle-negative rat cell lines: characterization of the coding capacity of endogenous sarcoma virus-specific RNA.", "content": "Various rat cell lines have been analyzed for expression of endogenous RNA homologous either to RT21C, a typical rat type C virus, or to Kirsten sarcoma virus. Cells have been found that express either (i) high levels of RNA homologous to RT21C rat type C virus and low levels of RNA homologous to Kirsten sarcoma virus (RT21Chigh,sarclow) or (ii) high levels of RNA homologous to Kirsten sarcoma virus and low levels of RNA homologous to typical rat type C virus (sarchigh, RT21Clow). The properties of these two classes of cell lines have been compared. Each type of cell contains an equal amount of the expressed RNA on polysomes. Cell lines that are RT21Chigh produce abundant rat p30 nad p12 structural proteins and release rat type C particles containing viral RNA and reverse transcriptase into supernatant fluids from these cultures. Cell lines that are sarchigh,RTC21Clow have no detectable rat viral p12 protein and no p30 protein immunoreactive in even broad interspecies radioimmunoassays, and do not release type C particles into the supernatant from the cultures. When the particle-negative cell lines are superinfected with heterologous mouse or wooly type C viruses or are producing typical rat type C virus particles, the endogenous sarcoma virus-specific RNA is secreted from these cells. The sarcoma virus-specific RNA can be transcribed in complementary DNA in the endogenous reverse transcriptase reactions carried out in vitro with such virus preparations. However, exposure of cells that are permissive to the helper virus with the particles containing sarcoma virus-specific RNA has not yet resulted in cell transformation or in the synthesis of these RNA sequences. The results suggest: (i) that the first step in the genesis of sarcoma viruses involves the packaging of this expressed sarcoma virus-specific RNA in helper viral particles; (ii) that efficient transmission of the sarcoma virus-specific RNA requires additional events; and (iii) that the formation of a stable sarcoma virus by recombination between the helper viral genome and part of the rescued sarcoma virus-specific RNA is much less common event than the rescue process itself.", "contents": "Type C particle-positive and type C particle-negative rat cell lines: characterization of the coding capacity of endogenous sarcoma virus-specific RNA. Various rat cell lines have been analyzed for expression of endogenous RNA homologous either to RT21C, a typical rat type C virus, or to Kirsten sarcoma virus. Cells have been found that express either (i) high levels of RNA homologous to RT21C rat type C virus and low levels of RNA homologous to Kirsten sarcoma virus (RT21Chigh,sarclow) or (ii) high levels of RNA homologous to Kirsten sarcoma virus and low levels of RNA homologous to typical rat type C virus (sarchigh, RT21Clow). The properties of these two classes of cell lines have been compared. Each type of cell contains an equal amount of the expressed RNA on polysomes. Cell lines that are RT21Chigh produce abundant rat p30 nad p12 structural proteins and release rat type C particles containing viral RNA and reverse transcriptase into supernatant fluids from these cultures. Cell lines that are sarchigh,RTC21Clow have no detectable rat viral p12 protein and no p30 protein immunoreactive in even broad interspecies radioimmunoassays, and do not release type C particles into the supernatant from the cultures. When the particle-negative cell lines are superinfected with heterologous mouse or wooly type C viruses or are producing typical rat type C virus particles, the endogenous sarcoma virus-specific RNA is secreted from these cells. The sarcoma virus-specific RNA can be transcribed in complementary DNA in the endogenous reverse transcriptase reactions carried out in vitro with such virus preparations. However, exposure of cells that are permissive to the helper virus with the particles containing sarcoma virus-specific RNA has not yet resulted in cell transformation or in the synthesis of these RNA sequences. The results suggest: (i) that the first step in the genesis of sarcoma viruses involves the packaging of this expressed sarcoma virus-specific RNA in helper viral particles; (ii) that efficient transmission of the sarcoma virus-specific RNA requires additional events; and (iii) that the formation of a stable sarcoma virus by recombination between the helper viral genome and part of the rescued sarcoma virus-specific RNA is much less common event than the rescue process itself.", "PMID": 62849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_679", "title": "A new combination chemotherapy for resistant Hodgkin disease.", "content": "A new four-drug combination chemotherapeutic regimen (BVDS) was used in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone). The BVDS regimen, consisting of 12 cycles of bleomycin sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and streptozocin (streptozotocin), was administered to ten patients. Responses were seen in five (50%) of these patients. Complete remissions occurred in three (30%). These results suggest that BVDS is an effective alternative regimen to MOPP, and may be of benefit not only to patients resistant to MOPP, but also to newly-diagnosed patients with advanced hodgkin disease when combined sequentially with MOPP.", "contents": "A new combination chemotherapy for resistant Hodgkin disease. A new four-drug combination chemotherapeutic regimen (BVDS) was used in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin disease resistant to MOPP (mechlorethamine hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone). The BVDS regimen, consisting of 12 cycles of bleomycin sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and streptozocin (streptozotocin), was administered to ten patients. Responses were seen in five (50%) of these patients. Complete remissions occurred in three (30%). These results suggest that BVDS is an effective alternative regimen to MOPP, and may be of benefit not only to patients resistant to MOPP, but also to newly-diagnosed patients with advanced hodgkin disease when combined sequentially with MOPP.", "PMID": 62854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_680", "title": "Action of bleomycin on proliferating plant cells.", "content": "Bleomycin (10-(6) M) has been tested in Allium cepa L. meristems which are formed by a proliferating cell population growing under steady state conditions. Chromosome breaks were apparently induced by the antibiotic in cells in G2 period since anaphases with chromatid breaks were formed at a time shorter than G2 + prophase duration. Stimulation of entrance of G2 cells into mitosis is suggested both by an increase in the frequency of early prophases and by the study of waves of prophases in a synchronous subpopulation labelled by caffeine. Progression of other mitotic phases was unaffected. Nucleologenesis rate was increased by the antibiotic in a fashion resembling protein synthesis inhibitors. Protein synthesis is inhibited by 10-(6) M bleomycin to the same extent as 4 X 10(-6) M anisomycin. Both facts suggest that bleomycin has a direct inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in meristems. Given the nucleologenesis sensitivity to nucleolar RNA inhibition it is suggested that the antibiotic activity on nucleolar transcription is mediated through DNA.", "contents": "Action of bleomycin on proliferating plant cells. Bleomycin (10-(6) M) has been tested in Allium cepa L. meristems which are formed by a proliferating cell population growing under steady state conditions. Chromosome breaks were apparently induced by the antibiotic in cells in G2 period since anaphases with chromatid breaks were formed at a time shorter than G2 + prophase duration. Stimulation of entrance of G2 cells into mitosis is suggested both by an increase in the frequency of early prophases and by the study of waves of prophases in a synchronous subpopulation labelled by caffeine. Progression of other mitotic phases was unaffected. Nucleologenesis rate was increased by the antibiotic in a fashion resembling protein synthesis inhibitors. Protein synthesis is inhibited by 10-(6) M bleomycin to the same extent as 4 X 10(-6) M anisomycin. Both facts suggest that bleomycin has a direct inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in meristems. Given the nucleologenesis sensitivity to nucleolar RNA inhibition it is suggested that the antibiotic activity on nucleolar transcription is mediated through DNA.", "PMID": 62855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_681", "title": "Interactions between bleomycins and metals.", "content": "Gel filtration has shown that there are considerable differences between the metal complexes of bleomycin A2 and B2 with indium, cobalt or copper. Differences in the rates of formation of the complexes have also been found and it is thought that these effects are due to a difference in co-ordination between the metals and the bleomycin. The co-ordination changes are thought to be the cause of the differences in in vivo distribution of metal bleomycin complexes found in the radiodiagnosis of tumours. The ease of formation of the copper or cobalt complexes is suggested as a possible mechanism for the inhibition of the attack of DNA by bleomycins.", "contents": "Interactions between bleomycins and metals. Gel filtration has shown that there are considerable differences between the metal complexes of bleomycin A2 and B2 with indium, cobalt or copper. Differences in the rates of formation of the complexes have also been found and it is thought that these effects are due to a difference in co-ordination between the metals and the bleomycin. The co-ordination changes are thought to be the cause of the differences in in vivo distribution of metal bleomycin complexes found in the radiodiagnosis of tumours. The ease of formation of the copper or cobalt complexes is suggested as a possible mechanism for the inhibition of the attack of DNA by bleomycins.", "PMID": 62856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_682", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) in mice: histological studies on EAE induced by myelin basic protein, and role of pertussis vaccine.", "content": "The histological evidence of EAE in mice was presented to show the identity with those of other species of animals. There was a typical perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration. In addition, a hyperacute form was characterized by edema and the infiltration of polymorphs. In vascular lesions, vascular stasis, thrombosis, and hemorrhage were observed. As for the effect of pertussis vaccine used in the induction of mouse EAE, responsiveness to the histamine sensitizing factor was not directly correlated to the incidence of EAE. However, the intravenous administration of pertussis vaccine caused remarkable leukocytosis, which might play a certain role in mouse EAE induction.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) in mice: histological studies on EAE induced by myelin basic protein, and role of pertussis vaccine. The histological evidence of EAE in mice was presented to show the identity with those of other species of animals. There was a typical perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration. In addition, a hyperacute form was characterized by edema and the infiltration of polymorphs. In vascular lesions, vascular stasis, thrombosis, and hemorrhage were observed. As for the effect of pertussis vaccine used in the induction of mouse EAE, responsiveness to the histamine sensitizing factor was not directly correlated to the incidence of EAE. However, the intravenous administration of pertussis vaccine caused remarkable leukocytosis, which might play a certain role in mouse EAE induction.", "PMID": 62860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_683", "title": "Preparation of anti-etiocholenic acid antiserum and anti-cholesterol succinate antiserum and their cross reactivities.", "content": "Anti-3-hydroxy 5-androstene carbonic acid (etiocholenic acid) antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with anetiocholenic acid-polylysine complex. Anticholesterol succinate antiserum was also prepared by immunizing rabbits with a cholesterol succinate-polylysine complex. The cross reactivities of these antisera were examined by means of radioimmunoassay system, immunolysis of liposome and passive hemagglutination reaction. Anti-etiocholenic acid antiserum was specific against the structure of ring A of cholesterol and the nature of OH group at C3 position and anti-cholesterol succinate antiserum was specific against the side chain similar to that of cholesterol.", "contents": "Preparation of anti-etiocholenic acid antiserum and anti-cholesterol succinate antiserum and their cross reactivities. Anti-3-hydroxy 5-androstene carbonic acid (etiocholenic acid) antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with anetiocholenic acid-polylysine complex. Anticholesterol succinate antiserum was also prepared by immunizing rabbits with a cholesterol succinate-polylysine complex. The cross reactivities of these antisera were examined by means of radioimmunoassay system, immunolysis of liposome and passive hemagglutination reaction. Anti-etiocholenic acid antiserum was specific against the structure of ring A of cholesterol and the nature of OH group at C3 position and anti-cholesterol succinate antiserum was specific against the side chain similar to that of cholesterol.", "PMID": 62861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_684", "title": "Grouping antigens of four Lactobacillus species and their characteristics.", "content": "Antigenic analyses of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri were carried out by double immunodiffusion in agar. Antigens were extracted from whole cells and cell wall preparations with cold trichloroacetic acid. Most strains of the four species possessed antigen 9 in their cell walls. Another antigen, antigen 10, was found in the cell walls of all the strains of L. brevis and L. buchneri, and in some strains of L. lactis, but not in L. bulgaricus. Fractionation of the antigens was attempted using the cell wall extracts of L. lactis L-10 with only antigen 9 and of L. brevis X-1 with both antigens 9 and 10. The partially purified fractions of antigen 9 and of the complex of antigens 9 and 10 were obtained by zone electrophoresis. However, antigen 10 from the complex could not be separated by the same method or gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 since the two antigens 9 and 10 of the complex always behaved together. The fraction of antigen 9 consisted almost entirely of glycerol and glucose as sugar components, the molar ratio being 2: 1. The complex of antigens 9 and 10 also consisted of the same sugars, and the molar ratio of glycerol: glucose was 4: 1. Inhibition tests indicated that the immunodominant component of antigen 9 was a-methylglucoside (glucose), and most probably the determinant is a glycosylated glycerol teichoic acid. It was considered that the determinant of antigen 10 is a glycerol teichoic acid although glucosamine and galactosamine inhibited effectively the reaction between antigen 10 and its antibody.", "contents": "Grouping antigens of four Lactobacillus species and their characteristics. Antigenic analyses of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri were carried out by double immunodiffusion in agar. Antigens were extracted from whole cells and cell wall preparations with cold trichloroacetic acid. Most strains of the four species possessed antigen 9 in their cell walls. Another antigen, antigen 10, was found in the cell walls of all the strains of L. brevis and L. buchneri, and in some strains of L. lactis, but not in L. bulgaricus. Fractionation of the antigens was attempted using the cell wall extracts of L. lactis L-10 with only antigen 9 and of L. brevis X-1 with both antigens 9 and 10. The partially purified fractions of antigen 9 and of the complex of antigens 9 and 10 were obtained by zone electrophoresis. However, antigen 10 from the complex could not be separated by the same method or gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 since the two antigens 9 and 10 of the complex always behaved together. The fraction of antigen 9 consisted almost entirely of glycerol and glucose as sugar components, the molar ratio being 2: 1. The complex of antigens 9 and 10 also consisted of the same sugars, and the molar ratio of glycerol: glucose was 4: 1. Inhibition tests indicated that the immunodominant component of antigen 9 was a-methylglucoside (glucose), and most probably the determinant is a glycosylated glycerol teichoic acid. It was considered that the determinant of antigen 10 is a glycerol teichoic acid although glucosamine and galactosamine inhibited effectively the reaction between antigen 10 and its antibody.", "PMID": 62862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_685", "title": "Nephritic factor: Description of a new quantitative assay and findings in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A sensitive quantitative test for nephritic factor (NF) in human serum is reported. The test is based on the capacity of NF to initiate fluid phase consumption of the third complement (C) component in the presence of magnesium ions (Mg++) and of factors of the alternative pathway of C activation. These factors as well as C3 and C5 were supplied by the incorporation of normal human serum (NHS) into the assay mixture. In order to prevent C3 (and C5) consumption via the Ca++- and Mg++-dependent classical pathway, the test was performed in the presence of the chelating agent Mg-ethylene bis (oxyethylene-nitrilo) tetraacetic acid (Mg EGTA) which interacts preferentially with Ca++. The Mg EGTA concentration was found to be critical, a final concentration of 5 mM in the assay mixture being required for optimal results. By its heat stability (54 degrees to 56 degrees C, 30 min), NF could be distinguished from other, heat-labile NF-like factors. The NF test was applied to five categories of patients with glomerulonephritis (GN). Heat-stable NF activity was found in seven of 17 sera in the membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) group. Two of the 12 acute poststreptococcal GN sera had NF-like activity which disappeared upon heating. Serum C3 and proactivator (PA) concentrations varied widely in all groups but a clear positive relationship was found between the presence of NF and low serum C3 concentrations in MPGN. Renal immunofluorescence in MPGN indicated a lesser amount of lg deposited in glomeruli from patients with NF when compared to the NF-negative patients. Both groups had heavy C3 deposits. The availability of a sensitive, quantitative assay for NF may help to provide further insight into the various pathogenic mechanisms in different forms of MPGN.", "contents": "Nephritic factor: Description of a new quantitative assay and findings in glomerulonephritis. A sensitive quantitative test for nephritic factor (NF) in human serum is reported. The test is based on the capacity of NF to initiate fluid phase consumption of the third complement (C) component in the presence of magnesium ions (Mg++) and of factors of the alternative pathway of C activation. These factors as well as C3 and C5 were supplied by the incorporation of normal human serum (NHS) into the assay mixture. In order to prevent C3 (and C5) consumption via the Ca++- and Mg++-dependent classical pathway, the test was performed in the presence of the chelating agent Mg-ethylene bis (oxyethylene-nitrilo) tetraacetic acid (Mg EGTA) which interacts preferentially with Ca++. The Mg EGTA concentration was found to be critical, a final concentration of 5 mM in the assay mixture being required for optimal results. By its heat stability (54 degrees to 56 degrees C, 30 min), NF could be distinguished from other, heat-labile NF-like factors. The NF test was applied to five categories of patients with glomerulonephritis (GN). Heat-stable NF activity was found in seven of 17 sera in the membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) group. Two of the 12 acute poststreptococcal GN sera had NF-like activity which disappeared upon heating. Serum C3 and proactivator (PA) concentrations varied widely in all groups but a clear positive relationship was found between the presence of NF and low serum C3 concentrations in MPGN. Renal immunofluorescence in MPGN indicated a lesser amount of lg deposited in glomeruli from patients with NF when compared to the NF-negative patients. Both groups had heavy C3 deposits. The availability of a sensitive, quantitative assay for NF may help to provide further insight into the various pathogenic mechanisms in different forms of MPGN.", "PMID": 62864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_686", "title": "The use of glutaraldehyde-conjugated horseradish peroxidase-bovine serum albumin in the visualization of concanavalin A binding to tissue sections of human colonic tumor.", "content": "A method is reported for the preparation of glutaraldehyde cross-linked horseradish peroxidase conjugates for the visualization of concanavalin A binding to frozen sections. The binding of concanavalin A to tissue sections of human colonic tumor is used to compare staining by horseradish peroxidase conjugates and monomers. Without decreasing specificity, the use of progressively larger molecular weight conjugates provides progressively greater intensity of staining of the epithelial components of colonic carcinomas and normal colons.", "contents": "The use of glutaraldehyde-conjugated horseradish peroxidase-bovine serum albumin in the visualization of concanavalin A binding to tissue sections of human colonic tumor. A method is reported for the preparation of glutaraldehyde cross-linked horseradish peroxidase conjugates for the visualization of concanavalin A binding to frozen sections. The binding of concanavalin A to tissue sections of human colonic tumor is used to compare staining by horseradish peroxidase conjugates and monomers. Without decreasing specificity, the use of progressively larger molecular weight conjugates provides progressively greater intensity of staining of the epithelial components of colonic carcinomas and normal colons.", "PMID": 62892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_687", "title": "Morphologic and biochemical study of pulmonary changes induced by bleomycin in mice.", "content": "Pulmonary changes induced by bleomycin were investigated in mice by using light and electron microscopy and by phospholipid analysis of the alveolar washings. The damage began in the endothelium of capillaries and was accompanied by interstitial edema and an appearance of enlarged macrophages along with hypertrophy of type II epithelial cells. This condition was followed by degeneration of type I cells. The denuded epithelium appeared to be repaired by two different mechanisms. In areas away from the bronchioles, division of existing type II cells and subsequent transformation into type I cells appeared to be the pattern of epithelial repair. In areas near the bronchiole, downgrowth of bronchiolar undifferentiated cells and subsequent maturation of these cells to type II and type I cells appeared to be prominent. Biochemically, total phospholipids and disaturated lecithin in the alveolar wash increased along with the increase of the alveolar lining layer and the hypertrophy of type II cells. This was considered to be consistent with the view that the hyperactive type II cells secreted more surfactant in the early phase of the experiment.", "contents": "Morphologic and biochemical study of pulmonary changes induced by bleomycin in mice. Pulmonary changes induced by bleomycin were investigated in mice by using light and electron microscopy and by phospholipid analysis of the alveolar washings. The damage began in the endothelium of capillaries and was accompanied by interstitial edema and an appearance of enlarged macrophages along with hypertrophy of type II epithelial cells. This condition was followed by degeneration of type I cells. The denuded epithelium appeared to be repaired by two different mechanisms. In areas away from the bronchioles, division of existing type II cells and subsequent transformation into type I cells appeared to be the pattern of epithelial repair. In areas near the bronchiole, downgrowth of bronchiolar undifferentiated cells and subsequent maturation of these cells to type II and type I cells appeared to be prominent. Biochemically, total phospholipids and disaturated lecithin in the alveolar wash increased along with the increase of the alveolar lining layer and the hypertrophy of type II cells. This was considered to be consistent with the view that the hyperactive type II cells secreted more surfactant in the early phase of the experiment.", "PMID": 62893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_688", "title": "Variety of determinants in an adrenal antigen common to man and some animals.", "content": "Precipitating adrenal antibodies are specifically associated with the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome. This may include several simultaneous autoimmune disorders such as Addison's disease, hypoparathyroidism, thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia and ovarian failure often combined with moniliasis and alopecia. The antibodies react with two adrenal specific antigens present in man and in different animals. One of these antigens designated S-(soluble) antigen is present in all subcellular fractions and the other designated P-(particulate) antigen was found in precipitable form only in the mitochondrial fractions. Rabbits immunized with bovine adrenal homogenate and different subcellular fractions, produced three to four adrenal specific antibodies, which were qualitatively identical. The corresponding antigens were designed as S1-S4, one of which (S4) was strictly specific for bovine tissue. S1-, S2- and S3-antigens were identical in bovine and ovine adrenals, whereas a partial reaction of identity was found between ruminants and the S1- and S2-antigens of all other species tested. The S1- and S2-antigens seem to contain a variety of determinants, some common to all the species studied and some limited to certain species only. Of the four S-antigens only one (S1) in rabbits, was found to contain autoantigenic determinants. Comparative studies with sera from patients with the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome indicate, that this molecule is the one with which human and rabbit antisera react.", "contents": "Variety of determinants in an adrenal antigen common to man and some animals. Precipitating adrenal antibodies are specifically associated with the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome. This may include several simultaneous autoimmune disorders such as Addison's disease, hypoparathyroidism, thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia and ovarian failure often combined with moniliasis and alopecia. The antibodies react with two adrenal specific antigens present in man and in different animals. One of these antigens designated S-(soluble) antigen is present in all subcellular fractions and the other designated P-(particulate) antigen was found in precipitable form only in the mitochondrial fractions. Rabbits immunized with bovine adrenal homogenate and different subcellular fractions, produced three to four adrenal specific antibodies, which were qualitatively identical. The corresponding antigens were designed as S1-S4, one of which (S4) was strictly specific for bovine tissue. S1-, S2- and S3-antigens were identical in bovine and ovine adrenals, whereas a partial reaction of identity was found between ruminants and the S1- and S2-antigens of all other species tested. The S1- and S2-antigens seem to contain a variety of determinants, some common to all the species studied and some limited to certain species only. Of the four S-antigens only one (S1) in rabbits, was found to contain autoantigenic determinants. Comparative studies with sera from patients with the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome indicate, that this molecule is the one with which human and rabbit antisera react.", "PMID": 62895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_689", "title": "Gastric-juice nitrite. A risk factor for cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach?", "content": "Nitrite and hydrogen ion concentrations have been measured in the fasting gastric juice of 69 patients undergoing routine gastrointestinal investigations. There was an inverse relationship between nitrite concentration and hydrogen ion concentration, with a highly significant increase in gastric-juice nitrite in hypochlorhydric subjects. Thiocyanate was also found in all specimens in concentrations likely to increase nitrosamine formation, if nitrosation of amines occurs in the fasting stomach. Neutral gastric juice contains metabolically active bacteria capable both of generating nitrite from nitrate and of catalysing nitrosation. In this way an intragastric environment suitable for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines exists in the hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric stomach, providing a possible mechanism for the high incidence of gastric cancer in these subjects.", "contents": "Gastric-juice nitrite. A risk factor for cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach? Nitrite and hydrogen ion concentrations have been measured in the fasting gastric juice of 69 patients undergoing routine gastrointestinal investigations. There was an inverse relationship between nitrite concentration and hydrogen ion concentration, with a highly significant increase in gastric-juice nitrite in hypochlorhydric subjects. Thiocyanate was also found in all specimens in concentrations likely to increase nitrosamine formation, if nitrosation of amines occurs in the fasting stomach. Neutral gastric juice contains metabolically active bacteria capable both of generating nitrite from nitrate and of catalysing nitrosation. In this way an intragastric environment suitable for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines exists in the hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric stomach, providing a possible mechanism for the high incidence of gastric cancer in these subjects.", "PMID": 62896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_690", "title": "Penicillin-induced coagulation disorder.", "content": "A coagulation disorder was seen after penicillin-G administration (10 million units/day) in uraemic patients and after high-dose penicillin G (40 million units/day) in patients with a normal glomerular filtration-rate (5 patients after cardiac surgery). This disorder was characterised by: prolongation of bleeding-time, appearing immediately after penicillin-G administration and persisting until 4 days after withdrawal of therapy; disturbance of collagen-induced and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation; increase of antithrombin-III activity; and inhibition of factor-xa activity. The inhibition of factor-xa activity corresponded to that seen after low-dose-heparin prophylaxis. The clinically latent coagulation disorder, when super-imposed upon pre-existing coagulation abnormalities (uraemia, treatment with anti-coagulants) may cause severe bleeding, as observed in 1 patient with acute renal failure on haemodialysis.", "contents": "Penicillin-induced coagulation disorder. A coagulation disorder was seen after penicillin-G administration (10 million units/day) in uraemic patients and after high-dose penicillin G (40 million units/day) in patients with a normal glomerular filtration-rate (5 patients after cardiac surgery). This disorder was characterised by: prolongation of bleeding-time, appearing immediately after penicillin-G administration and persisting until 4 days after withdrawal of therapy; disturbance of collagen-induced and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation; increase of antithrombin-III activity; and inhibition of factor-xa activity. The inhibition of factor-xa activity corresponded to that seen after low-dose-heparin prophylaxis. The clinically latent coagulation disorder, when super-imposed upon pre-existing coagulation abnormalities (uraemia, treatment with anti-coagulants) may cause severe bleeding, as observed in 1 patient with acute renal failure on haemodialysis.", "PMID": 62897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_691", "title": "Strong association between B-lymphocyte group-2 specificity and asthma.", "content": "30 families in which at least one member has asthma were tested for five new specificities of B lymphocytes as well as for twenty-five HLA antigens. 41 other asthmatic patients were also tested. HLA-B8 was slightly less common than normal in the 71 patients with asthma and there was a trend towards an increased frequency of HLA-A2 in these patients. However, 88% of the 30 asthma patients had B lymphocyte group 2 compared with 24% of the 109 controls. This strong association between asthma and B lymphocyte group 2 was not completely paralleled by linkage with a postulated susceptibility gene of the HLA complex in 9 families whose members were investigated in detail.", "contents": "Strong association between B-lymphocyte group-2 specificity and asthma. 30 families in which at least one member has asthma were tested for five new specificities of B lymphocytes as well as for twenty-five HLA antigens. 41 other asthmatic patients were also tested. HLA-B8 was slightly less common than normal in the 71 patients with asthma and there was a trend towards an increased frequency of HLA-A2 in these patients. However, 88% of the 30 asthma patients had B lymphocyte group 2 compared with 24% of the 109 controls. This strong association between asthma and B lymphocyte group 2 was not completely paralleled by linkage with a postulated susceptibility gene of the HLA complex in 9 families whose members were investigated in detail.", "PMID": 62898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_692", "title": "Effect of long-term diuretic treatment on body-potassium in heart-disease.", "content": "Plasma and total body potassium have been measured in 151 patients with chronic heart-disease, 83 of whom were taking diuretics and potassium supplements. After allowance for age and body-size, the deficit in total body-potassium was only 3-5% (100-150 mmol) in the diuretic group. 13 of the 83 patients taking diuretic had hypokalaemia (less than 3-5 mmol/1) but the potassium deficit was no greater than in the patients with normal plasma-potassium. There was no relation between the dose of potassium supplements and either the plasma-potassium or the total body-potasium. It is suggested that potassium depletion is not a major problem in patients with heart-failure treated with diuretics. The dose of potassium supplements should therefore be determined entirely by the plasma-potassium.", "contents": "Effect of long-term diuretic treatment on body-potassium in heart-disease. Plasma and total body potassium have been measured in 151 patients with chronic heart-disease, 83 of whom were taking diuretics and potassium supplements. After allowance for age and body-size, the deficit in total body-potassium was only 3-5% (100-150 mmol) in the diuretic group. 13 of the 83 patients taking diuretic had hypokalaemia (less than 3-5 mmol/1) but the potassium deficit was no greater than in the patients with normal plasma-potassium. There was no relation between the dose of potassium supplements and either the plasma-potassium or the total body-potasium. It is suggested that potassium depletion is not a major problem in patients with heart-failure treated with diuretics. The dose of potassium supplements should therefore be determined entirely by the plasma-potassium.", "PMID": 62899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_693", "title": "Cardiovascular-disease mortality trends and oral-contraceptive use in young women.", "content": "Analysis of mortality trends in 21 countries indicates that, since oral contraceptives first became available, changes in mortality from non-rheumatic heart-disease and hypertension (I.C.D. 400-429), cerebrovascular disease (I.C.D. 430-439), and all non-rheumatic cardiovascular diseases (I.C.D. 400-469) among women aged 15-44 years have been strongly associated with changes in the prevalence of oral-contraceptive use in each country. This relationship is highly specific for women of reproductive age. The relative risks of death from heart-disease and hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and all cardiovascular diseases for women using oral contraceptives compared with non-users were estimated to be 5 to 1,2 to 1, and 3 to 1 respectively. These findings suggest that the range of vascular diseases affected by oral-contraceptive use and the size of the associated risks may be greater than previously recognised. Furthermore, the increased risks of cardiovascular disease might exist not only with the pills containing high oestrogen doses, but also with the new \"lower dose\" pills.", "contents": "Cardiovascular-disease mortality trends and oral-contraceptive use in young women. Analysis of mortality trends in 21 countries indicates that, since oral contraceptives first became available, changes in mortality from non-rheumatic heart-disease and hypertension (I.C.D. 400-429), cerebrovascular disease (I.C.D. 430-439), and all non-rheumatic cardiovascular diseases (I.C.D. 400-469) among women aged 15-44 years have been strongly associated with changes in the prevalence of oral-contraceptive use in each country. This relationship is highly specific for women of reproductive age. The relative risks of death from heart-disease and hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and all cardiovascular diseases for women using oral contraceptives compared with non-users were estimated to be 5 to 1,2 to 1, and 3 to 1 respectively. These findings suggest that the range of vascular diseases affected by oral-contraceptive use and the size of the associated risks may be greater than previously recognised. Furthermore, the increased risks of cardiovascular disease might exist not only with the pills containing high oestrogen doses, but also with the new \"lower dose\" pills.", "PMID": 62900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_694", "title": "Patterns of blood-pressure during chronic administration of postganglionic sympathetic blocking drugs for hypertension.", "content": "Continuous recording of intra-arterial blood pressure in 11 ambulant patients taking postganglionic blocking drugs for the treatment of hypertension has shown an alternating pattern of high pressures at rest and very low pressures associated with exertion during normal daily activities. In 4 patients there was evidence of decreased cerebral or myocardial blood-flow during hypotensive episodes. It is suggested that these agents may predispose towards cerebral and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Patterns of blood-pressure during chronic administration of postganglionic sympathetic blocking drugs for hypertension. Continuous recording of intra-arterial blood pressure in 11 ambulant patients taking postganglionic blocking drugs for the treatment of hypertension has shown an alternating pattern of high pressures at rest and very low pressures associated with exertion during normal daily activities. In 4 patients there was evidence of decreased cerebral or myocardial blood-flow during hypotensive episodes. It is suggested that these agents may predispose towards cerebral and myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 62901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_695", "title": "Substance P: a naturally occurring transmitter in human spinal cord.", "content": "Immunoreactive substance P-like material has been found in axonal processes of human spinal cord in a location similar to that in other mammals. Substance P may be a primary sensory transmitter (or modulator) in man.", "contents": "Substance P: a naturally occurring transmitter in human spinal cord. Immunoreactive substance P-like material has been found in axonal processes of human spinal cord in a location similar to that in other mammals. Substance P may be a primary sensory transmitter (or modulator) in man.", "PMID": 62902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_696", "title": "Indium-111-labelled leucocytes for localisation of abscesses.", "content": "Leucocytes from eight patients who were thought to have an abscess were labelled with indium-111 and reintroduced into the circulation. The distribution of radioactivity was followed by whole-body scanning and imaging with a gamma camera. Focal accumulation of radioactivity were observed in the lesion in the three patients with abscesses, in the lungs of a boy with bacterial endocarditis, in the knee of a woman with rheumatoid arthritis, and at the site of intramuscular injections in another patient. The use of radiolabelled cells for the detection of focal pathological processes would seem to be an important addition to conventional diagnostic methods.", "contents": "Indium-111-labelled leucocytes for localisation of abscesses. Leucocytes from eight patients who were thought to have an abscess were labelled with indium-111 and reintroduced into the circulation. The distribution of radioactivity was followed by whole-body scanning and imaging with a gamma camera. Focal accumulation of radioactivity were observed in the lesion in the three patients with abscesses, in the lungs of a boy with bacterial endocarditis, in the knee of a woman with rheumatoid arthritis, and at the site of intramuscular injections in another patient. The use of radiolabelled cells for the detection of focal pathological processes would seem to be an important addition to conventional diagnostic methods.", "PMID": 62903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_697", "title": "Target cell in chronic myeloid leukaemia and its relationship to acute lymphoid leukaemia.", "content": "On the basis of membrane marker analysis with an antiserum made against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and other immunological markers it is suggested that some chronic myeloid leukaemias (C.M.L.) and some acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (A.L.L.) originate in a common target cell or precursor. This is possibly a pluripotential stem cell or a closely related derivative. These leukaemic cells retain their undifferentiated membrane characteristics C.M.L. patients in blast crisis who are A.L.L.-antigen-positive and have terminal transferase enzyme activity might benefit from therapy usually given in typical Philadelphia-chromosome-negative A.L.L.", "contents": "Target cell in chronic myeloid leukaemia and its relationship to acute lymphoid leukaemia. On the basis of membrane marker analysis with an antiserum made against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and other immunological markers it is suggested that some chronic myeloid leukaemias (C.M.L.) and some acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (A.L.L.) originate in a common target cell or precursor. This is possibly a pluripotential stem cell or a closely related derivative. These leukaemic cells retain their undifferentiated membrane characteristics C.M.L. patients in blast crisis who are A.L.L.-antigen-positive and have terminal transferase enzyme activity might benefit from therapy usually given in typical Philadelphia-chromosome-negative A.L.L.", "PMID": 62904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_698", "title": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibody as a marker for asymptomatic and latent diabetes and prediabetes.", "content": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (I.C.Ab) were detected in 31 patients with organ-specific autoimmune disorders, 4 first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab-positive diabetics, and 1 apparently normal subject, none of whom had clinical evidence of diabetes. 10 of these 36 subjects were found to have diabetic glucose-tolerance tests (G.T.T.S), 4 had lag storage, and 22 had normal G.T.T.S.2 had latent diabetes, as evidenced by diabetic G.T.T.S during pregnancy and thyrotoxicosis; another 2 subsequently developed insulin-dependent diabetes (I.D.D.) Serum from 26 subjects had been stored for 1-11 yr before the G.T.T.S were done. The titres in some were shown to rise and fall over the years, while in others they remained remarkably constant. There was no correlation between the titre, change in titre or the duration of I.C.Ab or the presence of HLA-B8, BW15, or CW3 and the result of the G.T.T. In addition to acting as a marker for asymptomatic and latent diabetes and prediabetes, it seems that the presence of I.C.Ab in the serum may define a new group of potential diabetics with normal G.T.T.S. Many such subjects have one or more organ-specific autoimmune disorders (irrespective of diabetic family history), but some are first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab-positive subjects (mainly I.D.D.). About 0-5% of the general population also have I.C.Ab in their serum.", "contents": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibody as a marker for asymptomatic and latent diabetes and prediabetes. Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (I.C.Ab) were detected in 31 patients with organ-specific autoimmune disorders, 4 first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab-positive diabetics, and 1 apparently normal subject, none of whom had clinical evidence of diabetes. 10 of these 36 subjects were found to have diabetic glucose-tolerance tests (G.T.T.S), 4 had lag storage, and 22 had normal G.T.T.S.2 had latent diabetes, as evidenced by diabetic G.T.T.S during pregnancy and thyrotoxicosis; another 2 subsequently developed insulin-dependent diabetes (I.D.D.) Serum from 26 subjects had been stored for 1-11 yr before the G.T.T.S were done. The titres in some were shown to rise and fall over the years, while in others they remained remarkably constant. There was no correlation between the titre, change in titre or the duration of I.C.Ab or the presence of HLA-B8, BW15, or CW3 and the result of the G.T.T. In addition to acting as a marker for asymptomatic and latent diabetes and prediabetes, it seems that the presence of I.C.Ab in the serum may define a new group of potential diabetics with normal G.T.T.S. Many such subjects have one or more organ-specific autoimmune disorders (irrespective of diabetic family history), but some are first-degree relatives of I.C.Ab-positive subjects (mainly I.D.D.). About 0-5% of the general population also have I.C.Ab in their serum.", "PMID": 62945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_699", "title": "Short-course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. A controlled trial by the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.", "content": "A rigimen of rifampicin plus isoniazid, supplemented in the first two months by ethambutol or streptomycin, was given for six, nine, twelve, or eighteen months in a controlled study of 696 patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. The results obtained in the thirty-three months since the start of treatment when all the patients in the six-month and nine-month groups had completed at least two years and those in the twelve-month group had completed twenty-one months of post-chemotherapy follow-up revealed no relapses among patients receiving nine months chemotherapy and a 1% relapse-rate in the twelve-month group. The same regimen given for only six months resulted in a relapse-rate of 5% during the subsequent twenty-seven months. There were adverse effects with streptomycin but not with ethambutol. It is concluded that treatment with rifampicin plus isoniazid for nine months, supplemented by ethambutol in a dose of 25 mg/kg for the first two months, is now acceptable as standard chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in Britain.", "contents": "Short-course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. A controlled trial by the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. A rigimen of rifampicin plus isoniazid, supplemented in the first two months by ethambutol or streptomycin, was given for six, nine, twelve, or eighteen months in a controlled study of 696 patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. The results obtained in the thirty-three months since the start of treatment when all the patients in the six-month and nine-month groups had completed at least two years and those in the twelve-month group had completed twenty-one months of post-chemotherapy follow-up revealed no relapses among patients receiving nine months chemotherapy and a 1% relapse-rate in the twelve-month group. The same regimen given for only six months resulted in a relapse-rate of 5% during the subsequent twenty-seven months. There were adverse effects with streptomycin but not with ethambutol. It is concluded that treatment with rifampicin plus isoniazid for nine months, supplemented by ethambutol in a dose of 25 mg/kg for the first two months, is now acceptable as standard chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in Britain.", "PMID": 62946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_700", "title": "Response of protracted neonatal hypocalcaemia to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Six infants with protracted hypocalcaemia (5 classed as tetany of the newborn) had a mean plasma-calcium of less than 6-4 mg/dl and raised plasma-inorganic-phosphate. Four had been hypocalcaemic for longer than 2 weeks despite treatment with low phosphate formulae and extra calcium. All the infants were treated with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D3), usually in a dose of 0-05 mug/kg body-weight/day, administered intravenously for 5--12 days. The plasma-calcium levels began to rise within 24 h after starting 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 treatment, increased above 7-5 mg/dl within 3 days, and reached the normal range within 8 days. Four of the infants remained normocalcaemic when 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 was discontinued, but two infants became hypocalcaemic again and required long-term treatment. 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 has been found safe and dependable as treatment for protracted neonatal hypocalcaemia.", "contents": "Response of protracted neonatal hypocalcaemia to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Six infants with protracted hypocalcaemia (5 classed as tetany of the newborn) had a mean plasma-calcium of less than 6-4 mg/dl and raised plasma-inorganic-phosphate. Four had been hypocalcaemic for longer than 2 weeks despite treatment with low phosphate formulae and extra calcium. All the infants were treated with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D3), usually in a dose of 0-05 mug/kg body-weight/day, administered intravenously for 5--12 days. The plasma-calcium levels began to rise within 24 h after starting 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 treatment, increased above 7-5 mg/dl within 3 days, and reached the normal range within 8 days. Four of the infants remained normocalcaemic when 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 was discontinued, but two infants became hypocalcaemic again and required long-term treatment. 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 has been found safe and dependable as treatment for protracted neonatal hypocalcaemia.", "PMID": 62947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_701", "title": "Urinary infection in boys.A three-year prospective study.", "content": "73 boys who presented to their general practitioners over the course of one year with symptoms of urinary-tract infection and were found to have bacteriuria were referred to a three-year prospective study. This included clinical and radiological investigations and monitoring of the preputial flora and midstream-urine culture at monthyl intervals. 22 (30%) of the boys had radiological abnormalities of the urinary tract; 6 had pyelonephritic changes. Only 2 required urinary-tract surgery. Several findings of the study suggest that the natural history of the disease in boys is different from that in girls. Proteus spp.predominated as the infecting organisms. Culture of swabs from the preputial sac, and comparison with matched controls, suggested that the source of infection in boys is the prepuce or urethra rather than the bowel as in girls. Recurrence of infection, in the absence of radiological abnormality, was rare; 51 boys (70%) had no recurrence throughout the follow-up period. There was evidence that recurrence in boys is related to the persistence of gram-negative organisms in the urethra, revealed by low bacterial counts on midstream culture, and it is suggested that in boys urethral infection may be as important as bladder bacteriuria.", "contents": "Urinary infection in boys.A three-year prospective study. 73 boys who presented to their general practitioners over the course of one year with symptoms of urinary-tract infection and were found to have bacteriuria were referred to a three-year prospective study. This included clinical and radiological investigations and monitoring of the preputial flora and midstream-urine culture at monthyl intervals. 22 (30%) of the boys had radiological abnormalities of the urinary tract; 6 had pyelonephritic changes. Only 2 required urinary-tract surgery. Several findings of the study suggest that the natural history of the disease in boys is different from that in girls. Proteus spp.predominated as the infecting organisms. Culture of swabs from the preputial sac, and comparison with matched controls, suggested that the source of infection in boys is the prepuce or urethra rather than the bowel as in girls. Recurrence of infection, in the absence of radiological abnormality, was rare; 51 boys (70%) had no recurrence throughout the follow-up period. There was evidence that recurrence in boys is related to the persistence of gram-negative organisms in the urethra, revealed by low bacterial counts on midstream culture, and it is suggested that in boys urethral infection may be as important as bladder bacteriuria.", "PMID": 62948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_702", "title": "Effects of incubator noise on the cochlea of the newborn.", "content": "The possible effects of incubator noise on the hearing of premature babies have long been debated. The type of hearing loss found in 12 low-birthweight children was examined; and the variable noise level in regularly used incubators was measured. This noise, applied to guinea pigs continuously during their second week after birth, was shown histologically to destroy a proportion of the sensory cells in the cochlea. Adult guinea pigs, however, were not vulnerable in this way. The conclusion is that there is definite circumstantial evidence of the damaging effect of many incubators on the hearing of premature infants.", "contents": "Effects of incubator noise on the cochlea of the newborn. The possible effects of incubator noise on the hearing of premature babies have long been debated. The type of hearing loss found in 12 low-birthweight children was examined; and the variable noise level in regularly used incubators was measured. This noise, applied to guinea pigs continuously during their second week after birth, was shown histologically to destroy a proportion of the sensory cells in the cochlea. Adult guinea pigs, however, were not vulnerable in this way. The conclusion is that there is definite circumstantial evidence of the damaging effect of many incubators on the hearing of premature infants.", "PMID": 62949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_703", "title": "T-lymphocyte colonies in malignant disease.", "content": "T-lymphocyte colonies have been cultured in 106 subjects comprising healthy individuals and hospital inpatients as controls and patients with a wide variety of malignancies. Abnormal results were recorded in 89% of patients with malignant disease and in 23 of 24 patients with carcinomas (96%). This test may be valuable in research, and in diagnosis and monitoring of progress in malignant disease.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte colonies in malignant disease. T-lymphocyte colonies have been cultured in 106 subjects comprising healthy individuals and hospital inpatients as controls and patients with a wide variety of malignancies. Abnormal results were recorded in 89% of patients with malignant disease and in 23 of 24 patients with carcinomas (96%). This test may be valuable in research, and in diagnosis and monitoring of progress in malignant disease.", "PMID": 62950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_704", "title": "Chloroquine, quinine, procaine, quinidine, tricyclic antidepressants, and methylxanthines as prostaglandin agonists and antagonists.", "content": "Chloroquine, quanine, procaine, quinidine, clomipramine, theophylline, and caffeine have been shown to be strong prostaglandin antagonists and weak agonists. The antagonist effect is clearly demonstrable at concentrations reached in human plasma when the drugs are used therapeutically. This suggests that prostaglandins are important in several situations in which their role has hitherto been unsuspected. New approaches to the development of prostaglandin antagonists and new uses for established drugs are indicated. In a preliminary study chloroquine has been successfully used to close patent ductus arteriosus in three infants.", "contents": "Chloroquine, quinine, procaine, quinidine, tricyclic antidepressants, and methylxanthines as prostaglandin agonists and antagonists. Chloroquine, quanine, procaine, quinidine, clomipramine, theophylline, and caffeine have been shown to be strong prostaglandin antagonists and weak agonists. The antagonist effect is clearly demonstrable at concentrations reached in human plasma when the drugs are used therapeutically. This suggests that prostaglandins are important in several situations in which their role has hitherto been unsuspected. New approaches to the development of prostaglandin antagonists and new uses for established drugs are indicated. In a preliminary study chloroquine has been successfully used to close patent ductus arteriosus in three infants.", "PMID": 62951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_705", "title": "Mask wiggling as a potential cause of wound contamination.", "content": "Some operating-theatre staff have a habit of wiggling their surgical masks by moving their facial muscles. The field contamination which can result from this practice was studied. A firmly fitting, moulded, synthetic-fibre mask produced significant bacterial contamination of culture plates held beneath the mask, compared with that found on simultaneously exposed control plates placed nearby. Softer fibreglass masks produced less contamination when moved by facial muscles, and are more suitable for mask wigglers.", "contents": "Mask wiggling as a potential cause of wound contamination. Some operating-theatre staff have a habit of wiggling their surgical masks by moving their facial muscles. The field contamination which can result from this practice was studied. A firmly fitting, moulded, synthetic-fibre mask produced significant bacterial contamination of culture plates held beneath the mask, compared with that found on simultaneously exposed control plates placed nearby. Softer fibreglass masks produced less contamination when moved by facial muscles, and are more suitable for mask wigglers.", "PMID": 62960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_706", "title": "The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness.", "content": "Acute mountain sickness (A.M.S.) and its severe complications, high-altitude pulmonary oedema (H.A.P.O.) and cerebral oedema (C.O.), were studied in 278 unacclimatised hikers at 4243 m altitude at Pheriche in the Himalayas of Nepal. The overall incidence of A.M.S. was 53%, the incidence being increased in the young and in those who flew to 2800 m, climbed fast, and spent fewer nights acclimatising en route. It was unrelated to sex, to previous altitude experience, to the load carried, and to recent respiratory infections. The severity of A.M.S. was inversely related to age (independent of rate of ascent) and the highest altitude attained, and was highly ocrrelated with speed of ascent. There were 7 cases of H.A.P.O. and 5 with the more intractable C.O. and, of these 12, 11 had flown in, 9 had spent only one night at Pheriche, and none were on acetazolamide. 11 required evacuation. Acetazolamide, compared in a double-blind study with a placebo and also compared with no tablets at all, reduced both the incidence and the severity of A.M.S. in those who flew to 2800 m but not in those who hiked up to that altitude. Prevention consists in slow ascent, rapid recognition of warning signs, and prompt descent to avoid progression.", "contents": "The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Acute mountain sickness (A.M.S.) and its severe complications, high-altitude pulmonary oedema (H.A.P.O.) and cerebral oedema (C.O.), were studied in 278 unacclimatised hikers at 4243 m altitude at Pheriche in the Himalayas of Nepal. The overall incidence of A.M.S. was 53%, the incidence being increased in the young and in those who flew to 2800 m, climbed fast, and spent fewer nights acclimatising en route. It was unrelated to sex, to previous altitude experience, to the load carried, and to recent respiratory infections. The severity of A.M.S. was inversely related to age (independent of rate of ascent) and the highest altitude attained, and was highly ocrrelated with speed of ascent. There were 7 cases of H.A.P.O. and 5 with the more intractable C.O. and, of these 12, 11 had flown in, 9 had spent only one night at Pheriche, and none were on acetazolamide. 11 required evacuation. Acetazolamide, compared in a double-blind study with a placebo and also compared with no tablets at all, reduced both the incidence and the severity of A.M.S. in those who flew to 2800 m but not in those who hiked up to that altitude. Prevention consists in slow ascent, rapid recognition of warning signs, and prompt descent to avoid progression.", "PMID": 62991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_707", "title": "Comparative efficacy of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever.", "content": "Two clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of 3 antimicrobial agents often recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral ampicillin or oral co-trimoxazole (trimethaprim/sulphamethoxazole) in reducing the duration of fever. Oral chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral chloramphenicol probably because oral doses resulted in higher blood concentrations of the drug. However, parenteral chloramphenicol was given during the initial period of acute illness, without loss of efficacy.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of typhoid fever. Two clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of 3 antimicrobial agents often recommended for the treatment of typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral ampicillin or oral co-trimoxazole (trimethaprim/sulphamethoxazole) in reducing the duration of fever. Oral chloramphenicol was more effective than parenteral chloramphenicol probably because oral doses resulted in higher blood concentrations of the drug. However, parenteral chloramphenicol was given during the initial period of acute illness, without loss of efficacy.", "PMID": 62992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_708", "title": "Intrapulmonary heparin. A new procedure for anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Heparin was administered by the intrapulmonary route to dogs, mice, and human volunteers. In all species, a single administration of a large quantity of heparin via the lung resulted in a prolonged state of moderate hypocoagulability (3 days in dogs, 14 days in man) due to the production of a sustained low concentration of heparin in plasma. The lengthening of clotting-time and duration of this response increased with dosage. Effective doses are above 8 mg (1300 units) per kg body-weight. Examination of the lungs, body-fluids, and tissues shows that the heparin is cleared rapidly from the lung and enters a body cellular compartment (probably the macrophages) from which it is slowly released to plasma. No evidence was found (symptomatic or on gross or histological postmortem examination) of haemorrhage or any heparin-related pathological change indicating either immediate or long-term toxic effects in the lung or other tissues. Suggestions are made for the clinical use of the unique features of anticoagulant treatment by intrapulmonary heparin.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary heparin. A new procedure for anticoagulant therapy. Heparin was administered by the intrapulmonary route to dogs, mice, and human volunteers. In all species, a single administration of a large quantity of heparin via the lung resulted in a prolonged state of moderate hypocoagulability (3 days in dogs, 14 days in man) due to the production of a sustained low concentration of heparin in plasma. The lengthening of clotting-time and duration of this response increased with dosage. Effective doses are above 8 mg (1300 units) per kg body-weight. Examination of the lungs, body-fluids, and tissues shows that the heparin is cleared rapidly from the lung and enters a body cellular compartment (probably the macrophages) from which it is slowly released to plasma. No evidence was found (symptomatic or on gross or histological postmortem examination) of haemorrhage or any heparin-related pathological change indicating either immediate or long-term toxic effects in the lung or other tissues. Suggestions are made for the clinical use of the unique features of anticoagulant treatment by intrapulmonary heparin.", "PMID": 62993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_709", "title": "Plasma-fibrinogen and thromboemboli after myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 120 patients with myocardial infarction subsequent non-fatal thromboemboli occurred only in patients in whom plasma-fibrinogen had exceeded 750 mg/dl. It is suggested that patients at risk from thromboembolism after infarction can be identified by monitoring plasma-fibrinogen and that appropriate anticoagulation might reduce morbidity.", "contents": "Plasma-fibrinogen and thromboemboli after myocardial infarction. In 120 patients with myocardial infarction subsequent non-fatal thromboemboli occurred only in patients in whom plasma-fibrinogen had exceeded 750 mg/dl. It is suggested that patients at risk from thromboembolism after infarction can be identified by monitoring plasma-fibrinogen and that appropriate anticoagulation might reduce morbidity.", "PMID": 62994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_710", "title": "Treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and tyramine.", "content": "Six patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension were treated with a chemical preparation of tyramine and tranylcypromine (\"Parnate\"), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (M.A.O.I.). Four had autonomic failure with no other neurological deficit (idiopathic orthostatic hypotension), and in two patients other neuronal systems were also involved (Shy-Drager syndrome). Previous therapy with fludrocortisone, ephedrine, elastic garments, postural training, and, in one patient, an anti-G suit was unsatisfactory. Tyramine given orally with tranylcypromine produced a moderate rise in blood-pressure which was sustained for 2-4 hours, enabling patients to walk about without symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. Measurement of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline during therapy suggested that release of noradrenaline caused the pressor response. In three patients there has been a pronounced improvement for 8, 20 and 30 months. In a further patient, therapy has been successful in treating the orthostatic hypotension, although his mobility has been restricted by cerebellar ataxia. In one patient a confusional state developed during treatment and therapy was stopped. The only patient in whom the drugs did not produce a pressor response had orthostatic hypotension with failure of noradrenaline release. It is suggested that the pressor response to a M.A.O.I. and tyramine should be examined in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and that this treatment should be tried in those who respond.", "contents": "Treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and tyramine. Six patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension were treated with a chemical preparation of tyramine and tranylcypromine (\"Parnate\"), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (M.A.O.I.). Four had autonomic failure with no other neurological deficit (idiopathic orthostatic hypotension), and in two patients other neuronal systems were also involved (Shy-Drager syndrome). Previous therapy with fludrocortisone, ephedrine, elastic garments, postural training, and, in one patient, an anti-G suit was unsatisfactory. Tyramine given orally with tranylcypromine produced a moderate rise in blood-pressure which was sustained for 2-4 hours, enabling patients to walk about without symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. Measurement of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline during therapy suggested that release of noradrenaline caused the pressor response. In three patients there has been a pronounced improvement for 8, 20 and 30 months. In a further patient, therapy has been successful in treating the orthostatic hypotension, although his mobility has been restricted by cerebellar ataxia. In one patient a confusional state developed during treatment and therapy was stopped. The only patient in whom the drugs did not produce a pressor response had orthostatic hypotension with failure of noradrenaline release. It is suggested that the pressor response to a M.A.O.I. and tyramine should be examined in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and that this treatment should be tried in those who respond.", "PMID": 62995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_711", "title": "Fatal graft-versus-host disease following transfusion of granulocytes from normal donors.", "content": "A case of fatal graft-versus-host disease was seen in an adult with acute leukaemia, after transfusion of leucocytes from normal donors. This is the first reported case of graft-versus-host disease following transfusion of normal blood-products to a patient with a disease not usually associated with severe immunoincompetence. The number of lymphocytes transfused was no higher than that given when platelet concentrates are prepared from a single donor.", "contents": "Fatal graft-versus-host disease following transfusion of granulocytes from normal donors. A case of fatal graft-versus-host disease was seen in an adult with acute leukaemia, after transfusion of leucocytes from normal donors. This is the first reported case of graft-versus-host disease following transfusion of normal blood-products to a patient with a disease not usually associated with severe immunoincompetence. The number of lymphocytes transfused was no higher than that given when platelet concentrates are prepared from a single donor.", "PMID": 62996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_712", "title": "In-vitro monitoring of cell-mediated immunity to dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "A dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.)/red-blood-cell conjugate inhibited migration of leucocytes which came from D.N.C.B. sensitised patients. This effect provided the basis for a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative in-vitro measure of D.N.C.B. sensitivity. Frequent serial measurement of cell-mediated immunity was possible with the test, provided D.N.C.B. sensitivity was maintained by occasional skin patch tests.", "contents": "In-vitro monitoring of cell-mediated immunity to dinitrochlorobenzene. A dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.)/red-blood-cell conjugate inhibited migration of leucocytes which came from D.N.C.B. sensitised patients. This effect provided the basis for a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative in-vitro measure of D.N.C.B. sensitivity. Frequent serial measurement of cell-mediated immunity was possible with the test, provided D.N.C.B. sensitivity was maintained by occasional skin patch tests.", "PMID": 62997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_713", "title": "Evidence for prevention of borderline leprosy reactions by dapsone.", "content": "68 patients were included in a prospective study of the treatment of borderline leprosy. 34 were treated with dapsone 5 mg daily, and 34 with 50 mg daily. Reversal reactions developed in 11 of those on 5 mg daily and in 3 of those on 50 mg daily. The statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups indicates that, contrary to previous teaching, dapsone given in higher dosage does not predispose patients to reversal reactions and indeed may prevent them.", "contents": "Evidence for prevention of borderline leprosy reactions by dapsone. 68 patients were included in a prospective study of the treatment of borderline leprosy. 34 were treated with dapsone 5 mg daily, and 34 with 50 mg daily. Reversal reactions developed in 11 of those on 5 mg daily and in 3 of those on 50 mg daily. The statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups indicates that, contrary to previous teaching, dapsone given in higher dosage does not predispose patients to reversal reactions and indeed may prevent them.", "PMID": 62998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_714", "title": "Treatment of lamellar ichthyosis and other keratinising dermatoses with an oral synthetic retinoid.", "content": "Thirteen patients with keratinising dermatoses were treated for 2-17 weeks with oral 13-cis retinoic acid. There was near complete clearing of the skin lesions beginning within 2 weeks of starting treatment in all five patients with lamellar ichthyosis (including two cases of non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma), in two of the three patients with Darier's disease, and in one patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris. The patients with psoriasis and naevus comedonicus did not improve. The main form of toxicity was cheilitis. These results indicate that 13-cis retinoic acid may be more effective and is less toxic than naturally occurring retinoic acid (all-trans vitamin A acid), and that the synthetic retinoids may represent a potent new class of drugs in the treatment of cutaneous disease.", "contents": "Treatment of lamellar ichthyosis and other keratinising dermatoses with an oral synthetic retinoid. Thirteen patients with keratinising dermatoses were treated for 2-17 weeks with oral 13-cis retinoic acid. There was near complete clearing of the skin lesions beginning within 2 weeks of starting treatment in all five patients with lamellar ichthyosis (including two cases of non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma), in two of the three patients with Darier's disease, and in one patient with pityriasis rubra pilaris. The patients with psoriasis and naevus comedonicus did not improve. The main form of toxicity was cheilitis. These results indicate that 13-cis retinoic acid may be more effective and is less toxic than naturally occurring retinoic acid (all-trans vitamin A acid), and that the synthetic retinoids may represent a potent new class of drugs in the treatment of cutaneous disease.", "PMID": 62999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_715", "title": "Lymphomas and animal-protein consumption.", "content": "Geographic comparison reveals a positive correlation between consumption of animal protein, particularly bovine protein, and lymphoma mortality. Allied observations suggest that excessive consumption of animal protein may, through antigen absorption and chronic persistent stimulation, impose considerable wear and tear on lymphoid tissue and thereby encourage malignant changes.", "contents": "Lymphomas and animal-protein consumption. Geographic comparison reveals a positive correlation between consumption of animal protein, particularly bovine protein, and lymphoma mortality. Allied observations suggest that excessive consumption of animal protein may, through antigen absorption and chronic persistent stimulation, impose considerable wear and tear on lymphoid tissue and thereby encourage malignant changes.", "PMID": 63007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_716", "title": "Vitamin-D deficiency in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure.", "content": "The plasma level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) has been measured and the histological appearances of bone examined in 22 patients with stable chronic renal failure. The results show that osteomalacia occurred only in those patients with relatively low levels of 25-OHD. It is concluded that the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure results from a lack of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 superimposed on an existing deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) rather than from lack of 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone.", "contents": "Vitamin-D deficiency in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. The plasma level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) has been measured and the histological appearances of bone examined in 22 patients with stable chronic renal failure. The results show that osteomalacia occurred only in those patients with relatively low levels of 25-OHD. It is concluded that the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure results from a lack of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 superimposed on an existing deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) rather than from lack of 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone.", "PMID": 63038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_717", "title": "Occult osteomalacia amongst healthy and pregnant women in Pakistan.", "content": "A survey has been carried out on 206 healthy Pakistani women attending with their sick children at the paediatric outpatients department and 252 pregnant Pakistani women near term attending the antenatal clinic of the Karachi Prosgraduate Medical Centre. 12-6% of helathy women and 33% of pregnant women had biochemical abnormalities in serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase which were corrected with subsequent administration of vitamin D. The absence of clinical disease has been ascribed to the supplementation received through the ultraviolet irradiation of the skin.", "contents": "Occult osteomalacia amongst healthy and pregnant women in Pakistan. A survey has been carried out on 206 healthy Pakistani women attending with their sick children at the paediatric outpatients department and 252 pregnant Pakistani women near term attending the antenatal clinic of the Karachi Prosgraduate Medical Centre. 12-6% of helathy women and 33% of pregnant women had biochemical abnormalities in serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase which were corrected with subsequent administration of vitamin D. The absence of clinical disease has been ascribed to the supplementation received through the ultraviolet irradiation of the skin.", "PMID": 63039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_718", "title": "Influence of somatostatin on carbohydrate disposal and absorption in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Infusion of somatostatin, an inhibitor of glucagon secretion, in insulin-dependent diabetics resulted in a 75-100% reduction in the blood-glucose rise after oral glucose administration, but did not improve intravenous glucose tolerance. Somatostatin reduced blood-xylose levels by 50-90% after ingestion of this pentose and delayed the peak increment in blood-xylose by 1-2 h. Similar effects on blood-xylose levels and a 30% reduction in splanchnic blood-flow were observed in normal subjects during infusion of somatostatin. Glucagon administration (3 ng per kg per min) or intraduodenal administration of xylose did not reverse somatostatin's effect on xylose tolerance. Somatostatin reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetes primarily by decreasing and/or delaying carbohydrate absorption rather than enhancing carbohydrate disposal. This effect may be mediated, in part, but a reduction in splanchnic blood-flow. These findings indicate that postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetes is due primarily to insulin deficiency rather than glucagon excess.", "contents": "Influence of somatostatin on carbohydrate disposal and absorption in diabetes mellitus. Infusion of somatostatin, an inhibitor of glucagon secretion, in insulin-dependent diabetics resulted in a 75-100% reduction in the blood-glucose rise after oral glucose administration, but did not improve intravenous glucose tolerance. Somatostatin reduced blood-xylose levels by 50-90% after ingestion of this pentose and delayed the peak increment in blood-xylose by 1-2 h. Similar effects on blood-xylose levels and a 30% reduction in splanchnic blood-flow were observed in normal subjects during infusion of somatostatin. Glucagon administration (3 ng per kg per min) or intraduodenal administration of xylose did not reverse somatostatin's effect on xylose tolerance. Somatostatin reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetes primarily by decreasing and/or delaying carbohydrate absorption rather than enhancing carbohydrate disposal. This effect may be mediated, in part, but a reduction in splanchnic blood-flow. These findings indicate that postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetes is due primarily to insulin deficiency rather than glucagon excess.", "PMID": 63040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_719", "title": "The primary enzyme defect in hereditary coproporphyria.", "content": "The activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase (E.C. 1.3.3.3) in cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients with hereditary coproporphyria (H.C.) was approximately half that in fibroblasts from normal subjects and patients with other types of porphyria. It is suggested that this is the primary defect in H.C., which is inherited as an autosomal dominant, and that the same abnormality is present in the liver. Consideration of the probable relative activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis in the liver in H.C. suggests that the acute attacks of porphyria which are its major clinical manifestation occur when the activity of uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase (E.C. 4.3.1.8) becomes rate-limiting for haem synthesis.", "contents": "The primary enzyme defect in hereditary coproporphyria. The activity of coproporphyrinogen oxidase (E.C. 1.3.3.3) in cultured skin fibroblasts from three patients with hereditary coproporphyria (H.C.) was approximately half that in fibroblasts from normal subjects and patients with other types of porphyria. It is suggested that this is the primary defect in H.C., which is inherited as an autosomal dominant, and that the same abnormality is present in the liver. Consideration of the probable relative activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis in the liver in H.C. suggests that the acute attacks of porphyria which are its major clinical manifestation occur when the activity of uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase (E.C. 4.3.1.8) becomes rate-limiting for haem synthesis.", "PMID": 63041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_720", "title": "Herpes zoster with dysfunction of bladder and anus.", "content": "Herpes zoster may give rise to dysfunction of bladder and anus. Mucosal lesions have been reported, and 7 cases are described with retention, loss of sensation, or incontinence. Sacral shingles is associated with sensory loss and flaccid detrusor paralysis. Lumbar shingles may cause retention, and zoster at higher levels can also damage the spinal cord. Recovery is usually complete. The implication for schemes of bladder innervation is discussed.", "contents": "Herpes zoster with dysfunction of bladder and anus. Herpes zoster may give rise to dysfunction of bladder and anus. Mucosal lesions have been reported, and 7 cases are described with retention, loss of sensation, or incontinence. Sacral shingles is associated with sensory loss and flaccid detrusor paralysis. Lumbar shingles may cause retention, and zoster at higher levels can also damage the spinal cord. Recovery is usually complete. The implication for schemes of bladder innervation is discussed.", "PMID": 63042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_721", "title": "Blood-cadmium in hypertensives and normotensives.", "content": "70 hypertensive patients and 70 controls matched for age and sex were investigated for a possible relationship between blood-cadmium and hypertension. No significant differences between the two groups were detected, although the blood-cadmium level was significantly higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. These data do not support the hypothesis that cadmium is involved in the development of hypertension in man.", "contents": "Blood-cadmium in hypertensives and normotensives. 70 hypertensive patients and 70 controls matched for age and sex were investigated for a possible relationship between blood-cadmium and hypertension. No significant differences between the two groups were detected, although the blood-cadmium level was significantly higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. These data do not support the hypothesis that cadmium is involved in the development of hypertension in man.", "PMID": 63043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_722", "title": "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of human normal and carcinomatous lung tissue.", "content": "The activity of the phosphodiesterase enzyme(s) responsible for the degradation of cylic adenosine monophosphate (CA.M.P.) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CG.M.P. (in human normal and carcinomatous lung tissue has been investigated. Enzyme activities were 3-5 times greater in normal than in carcinomatous lung. This is compatible with the known higher concentrations of these cyclic nucleotides in normal tissues. It is suggested that cancer chemotherapy designed to block the phosphodiesterase activity, and thus promote accretion of CA.M.P and CG.M.P., may provide a means of normalising cancerous tissue. Both phosphodiesterase activities in both types of tissue were inhibited by methylxanthines at 10(-3) mol/l, but some enzyme potentiation was observed at lower concentration.", "contents": "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of human normal and carcinomatous lung tissue. The activity of the phosphodiesterase enzyme(s) responsible for the degradation of cylic adenosine monophosphate (CA.M.P.) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CG.M.P. (in human normal and carcinomatous lung tissue has been investigated. Enzyme activities were 3-5 times greater in normal than in carcinomatous lung. This is compatible with the known higher concentrations of these cyclic nucleotides in normal tissues. It is suggested that cancer chemotherapy designed to block the phosphodiesterase activity, and thus promote accretion of CA.M.P and CG.M.P., may provide a means of normalising cancerous tissue. Both phosphodiesterase activities in both types of tissue were inhibited by methylxanthines at 10(-3) mol/l, but some enzyme potentiation was observed at lower concentration.", "PMID": 63044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_723", "title": "Where do all the tablets go?", "content": "Barium sulphate tablets, identical in size and shape to those of aspirin, were given to 98 consecutive patients during routine radiological studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In 57 patients the tablets remained in the oesophagus for longer than five minutes. Delay in passage of the tablets was particularly likely to occur in patients with hiatus hernia and reflux and if defects of peristalsis in the oesophagus were observed.", "contents": "Where do all the tablets go? Barium sulphate tablets, identical in size and shape to those of aspirin, were given to 98 consecutive patients during routine radiological studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In 57 patients the tablets remained in the oesophagus for longer than five minutes. Delay in passage of the tablets was particularly likely to occur in patients with hiatus hernia and reflux and if defects of peristalsis in the oesophagus were observed.", "PMID": 63055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_724", "title": "Wastage of pharmaceuticals.", "content": "Wastage of pharmaceuticals was studied for three months at a 520-bed hospital in Suffolk. Drugs worth 1104 pounds were brought to the pharmacy for destruction. Only 40 pounds worth could be put back into stock. It is suggested that the use of blister-packing together with conservative prescribing, supply, and suitable storage of medicines could lead to important savings of drugs discarded each year in English hospitals, which from this study were estimated to cost in excess of 1 million pounds.", "contents": "Wastage of pharmaceuticals. Wastage of pharmaceuticals was studied for three months at a 520-bed hospital in Suffolk. Drugs worth 1104 pounds were brought to the pharmacy for destruction. Only 40 pounds worth could be put back into stock. It is suggested that the use of blister-packing together with conservative prescribing, supply, and suitable storage of medicines could lead to important savings of drugs discarded each year in English hospitals, which from this study were estimated to cost in excess of 1 million pounds.", "PMID": 63056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_725", "title": "[Blocking surgery for esophageal varices].", "content": "If it is not possible to arrest massive hemorrhage from esophageal varices within 48 h by conservative means or by endoscopic phlebosclerosation, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. In most cases a palliative operation is performed, by which irreversible shock and consequent heart failure can be avoided. The method of phlebosclerosation preferred by the authors is transection of the lower esophagus via a thoracic approach.", "contents": "[Blocking surgery for esophageal varices]. If it is not possible to arrest massive hemorrhage from esophageal varices within 48 h by conservative means or by endoscopic phlebosclerosation, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. In most cases a palliative operation is performed, by which irreversible shock and consequent heart failure can be avoided. The method of phlebosclerosation preferred by the authors is transection of the lower esophagus via a thoracic approach.", "PMID": 63093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_726", "title": "[Sclerosing therapy of esophageal varicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "As long-term results of portosystemic shunt operations for decompression of the portal hypertension are unsatisfactory, the author's therapeutic trials are directed increasingly at local treatment of varicosity. One treatment used is esophagoscopic submucosal sclerosing therapy of the esophageal wall for detachment of the varices from the surface. This method proved to be of great value in 420 patients, as the incidence of fatal recurrences of bleeding was only 12% and primary mortality was 15%. Suggested indications for endoscopic mural sclerosing are discussed. Mural sclerosing associated with transhepatic percutaneous esophageal varix sclerosis (following Lunderquist) might improve the results further in some cases.", "contents": "[Sclerosing therapy of esophageal varicosis (author's transl)]. As long-term results of portosystemic shunt operations for decompression of the portal hypertension are unsatisfactory, the author's therapeutic trials are directed increasingly at local treatment of varicosity. One treatment used is esophagoscopic submucosal sclerosing therapy of the esophageal wall for detachment of the varices from the surface. This method proved to be of great value in 420 patients, as the incidence of fatal recurrences of bleeding was only 12% and primary mortality was 15%. Suggested indications for endoscopic mural sclerosing are discussed. Mural sclerosing associated with transhepatic percutaneous esophageal varix sclerosis (following Lunderquist) might improve the results further in some cases.", "PMID": 63094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_727", "title": "[Surgical procedure in acute variceal hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "The author recommends various general rules to be observed in the surgical treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage: 1. attempts to arrest the hemorrhage by conservative means are always justified in the case of variceal  bleeding, but should be comprehensive, and both patient and staff should first be prepared for surgery in case it should become necessary: 2. if when the GI tract is free of blood the indications for surgery are found to be present, a shunt should be constructed at once (Crile's stage A); 3. if hemorrhage starts again after carefully monitored release of the ballons of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, conservative measures should be carefully applied again at once. If an experienced endoscopist is available, paravariceal sclerosing injections should be given at this point. Otherwise a shunt operation is indicated (Crile's stage B). In patients in whom liver tolerance is poor (Crile's stage C), transhoracic dissection of the esophageal varices is indicated as the only possible, definitive treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical procedure in acute variceal hemorrhage (author's transl)]. The author recommends various general rules to be observed in the surgical treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage: 1. attempts to arrest the hemorrhage by conservative means are always justified in the case of variceal  bleeding, but should be comprehensive, and both patient and staff should first be prepared for surgery in case it should become necessary: 2. if when the GI tract is free of blood the indications for surgery are found to be present, a shunt should be constructed at once (Crile's stage A); 3. if hemorrhage starts again after carefully monitored release of the ballons of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, conservative measures should be carefully applied again at once. If an experienced endoscopist is available, paravariceal sclerosing injections should be given at this point. Otherwise a shunt operation is indicated (Crile's stage B). In patients in whom liver tolerance is poor (Crile's stage C), transhoracic dissection of the esophageal varices is indicated as the only possible, definitive treatment.", "PMID": 63095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_728", "title": "[Extirpation of metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-two lung and 25 liver metastases were excised after radical local removal of the primary tumor. The 5-year survival rate was 41% and the 10-year survival rate 22% for patients in whom lung metastases had been excised. After the removal of liver metastases the 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 36% and 29% respectively. It is concluded that lung or liver metastases should be excised in certain defined cases. Pathologic fractures caused by bone metastases are stabilized by palliative internal fixation. In the cases of bone metastases, cure can only be expected when they are caused by hypernephroid and thyroid carcinomas.", "contents": "[Extirpation of metastases (author's transl)]. Seventy-two lung and 25 liver metastases were excised after radical local removal of the primary tumor. The 5-year survival rate was 41% and the 10-year survival rate 22% for patients in whom lung metastases had been excised. After the removal of liver metastases the 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 36% and 29% respectively. It is concluded that lung or liver metastases should be excised in certain defined cases. Pathologic fractures caused by bone metastases are stabilized by palliative internal fixation. In the cases of bone metastases, cure can only be expected when they are caused by hypernephroid and thyroid carcinomas.", "PMID": 63096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_729", "title": "[Multiple-stage treatment of malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on 11 patients with very advanced melanoma, who were treated with a modified version of multiple-stage cancer therapy. No improvement in the course of the illness resulted, but survival may have been slightly prolonged.", "contents": "[Multiple-stage treatment of malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. The paper reports on 11 patients with very advanced melanoma, who were treated with a modified version of multiple-stage cancer therapy. No improvement in the course of the illness resulted, but survival may have been slightly prolonged.", "PMID": 63097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_730", "title": "[The effect of ear surgery to the immunologic defense system of the middle ear during chronic otitis media (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobuline are very important proteinase inhibitors for the healing process in chronic otitis media, because they can inhibit numerous bacterial and leukocytic proteinases: Alpha-2-macroglobuline can block the malignant proteinases of pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and proteus vulgaris. In 58 cases in the middle ear secretion was examined and the level of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin investigated pre- and postoperatively. By these investigations we could demonstrate that the postoperative level of these two inhibitors is higher than preoperatively. In a couple of cases with cholesteatoma the postoperative concentration of alpha-2-macroglobuline was nearly three times higher than prior to the tympanoplasty. We believe that one of the causes for this high inhibitor level is the liberation of alpha-2-macroglobuline by injuring blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. It is our opinion that the increase of the inhibitor level in the postoperative phase is one of the prerequisites for the healing process in chronic otitis media.", "contents": "[The effect of ear surgery to the immunologic defense system of the middle ear during chronic otitis media (author's transl)]. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobuline are very important proteinase inhibitors for the healing process in chronic otitis media, because they can inhibit numerous bacterial and leukocytic proteinases: Alpha-2-macroglobuline can block the malignant proteinases of pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and proteus vulgaris. In 58 cases in the middle ear secretion was examined and the level of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin investigated pre- and postoperatively. By these investigations we could demonstrate that the postoperative level of these two inhibitors is higher than preoperatively. In a couple of cases with cholesteatoma the postoperative concentration of alpha-2-macroglobuline was nearly three times higher than prior to the tympanoplasty. We believe that one of the causes for this high inhibitor level is the liberation of alpha-2-macroglobuline by injuring blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. It is our opinion that the increase of the inhibitor level in the postoperative phase is one of the prerequisites for the healing process in chronic otitis media.", "PMID": 63098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_731", "title": "[Compression of the external carotid artery. An anatomical finding to Eagle's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An anatomical finding to Eagle's styloid process-carotid artery syndrome is presented. The left external carotid artery of a 64-year-old male is compressed by an anomalous styloid process and by the tendon of the stylohyoid muscle. Symptoms caused by anomality of the styloid process are reported by means of literature. The histological examination of the vessel wall in the level, where it is compressed, reveals typical characteristics of early arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Compression of the external carotid artery. An anatomical finding to Eagle's syndrome (author's transl)]. An anatomical finding to Eagle's styloid process-carotid artery syndrome is presented. The left external carotid artery of a 64-year-old male is compressed by an anomalous styloid process and by the tendon of the stylohyoid muscle. Symptoms caused by anomality of the styloid process are reported by means of literature. The histological examination of the vessel wall in the level, where it is compressed, reveals typical characteristics of early arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 63099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_732", "title": "Neurologic disease in patients with treated Whipple's disease.", "content": "Four patients with Whipple's disease which had responded to antibiotic therapy, later developed neurologic disease identical to that seen in patients with Whipple's disease who died without treatment. Dementia, myoclonus, ataxia, and supranuclear ophthalmoplegia were the main neurologic features. Restarting antibiotics has been followed by stabilization of disease in all four. Two have improved. In three, the previously diagnosed and treated Whipple's disease was not considered as a possible cause of the neurologic disease until the symptoms and signs were far advanced. It is advisable to periodically evaluate all patients with Whipple's disease, even after successful treatment. Signs of neurologic disease should be considered a possible recurrence of Whipple's disease and antibiotics restarted.", "contents": "Neurologic disease in patients with treated Whipple's disease. Four patients with Whipple's disease which had responded to antibiotic therapy, later developed neurologic disease identical to that seen in patients with Whipple's disease who died without treatment. Dementia, myoclonus, ataxia, and supranuclear ophthalmoplegia were the main neurologic features. Restarting antibiotics has been followed by stabilization of disease in all four. Two have improved. In three, the previously diagnosed and treated Whipple's disease was not considered as a possible cause of the neurologic disease until the symptoms and signs were far advanced. It is advisable to periodically evaluate all patients with Whipple's disease, even after successful treatment. Signs of neurologic disease should be considered a possible recurrence of Whipple's disease and antibiotics restarted.", "PMID": 63101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_733", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis on growth and sexuality of Pythium and Zygorhynchus.", "content": "Seven commercial inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis were tested for their effect upon vegatative growth and sexuality in Pythium acanthicum and Zygorhynchus moelleri. Five compounds (SKF 525, Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide, Benzmalacene, AY 9944) inhibited both growth and sexuality of both fungi and two (SKF 7732 and SKF 7997) were ineffective. Pythium was more sensitive to the activity of the inhibitors than was Zygorhynchus. None of the compounds tested inhibited sexuality without similarly reducing vegetative growth.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis on growth and sexuality of Pythium and Zygorhynchus. Seven commercial inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis were tested for their effect upon vegatative growth and sexuality in Pythium acanthicum and Zygorhynchus moelleri. Five compounds (SKF 525, Chlorpropamide, Tolbutamide, Benzmalacene, AY 9944) inhibited both growth and sexuality of both fungi and two (SKF 7732 and SKF 7997) were ineffective. Pythium was more sensitive to the activity of the inhibitors than was Zygorhynchus. None of the compounds tested inhibited sexuality without similarly reducing vegetative growth.", "PMID": 63104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_734", "title": "[Changes in plasma values of alpha-fetoprotein in subjects with prior acute hepatitis].", "content": "Plasma alpha-FP values were examined in patients with a prior acute hepatitis episode. One group had been examined during the active stage and were then seen 4-5 months after clinical cure. In the second group, the episode had occurred 2-22 yr previously. Liver performance was fully normal in all cases. No subject presented clinical or serological signs of persistence or recurrence. Values were above the normal mean +/- 2 S.D. in 10-13 cases in the first group and were pathological in 31-38 of the second. These differences were statistically significant with respect to a control series. Increased alpha-FP in acute hepatitis can be seen as the result of post-necrotic regeneration. Experimental data have shown that alpha-FP synthesis is peculiar to only a few liver cell clones. It may be deduced, therefore, that these clones are mainly concerned in the repair process and are thus present in greater numbers when it has been completed.", "contents": "[Changes in plasma values of alpha-fetoprotein in subjects with prior acute hepatitis]. Plasma alpha-FP values were examined in patients with a prior acute hepatitis episode. One group had been examined during the active stage and were then seen 4-5 months after clinical cure. In the second group, the episode had occurred 2-22 yr previously. Liver performance was fully normal in all cases. No subject presented clinical or serological signs of persistence or recurrence. Values were above the normal mean +/- 2 S.D. in 10-13 cases in the first group and were pathological in 31-38 of the second. These differences were statistically significant with respect to a control series. Increased alpha-FP in acute hepatitis can be seen as the result of post-necrotic regeneration. Experimental data have shown that alpha-FP synthesis is peculiar to only a few liver cell clones. It may be deduced, therefore, that these clones are mainly concerned in the repair process and are thus present in greater numbers when it has been completed.", "PMID": 63106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_735", "title": "Prediction of fetal outcome by urinary estriol, maternal serum placental lactogen, and alpha-fetoprotein in diabetes and hepatosis of pregnancy.", "content": "Urinary estriol, serum placental lactogen (hPL), and alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels were investigated in singleton pregnancies of 75 diabetic women and 84 women with obstetric hepatosis. Fetal distress was demonstrated in 19 diabetic patients (25%) and in 18 cases of obstetric hepatosis (21%). Low urinary estriol correctly predicted fetal distress in 26% of the cases of diabetes and in 29% of the cases of hepatosis. False pathologic readings were found in 9% of pregnancies in either group. Diabetes was associated with higher than normal hPL levels with overlap of levels between cases with fetal distress and normal outcome. hPL levels were higher than normal and correctly predicted fetal distress in 2 of 18 cases of hepatosis (11%) with no false pathologic values. In diabetes, AFP predicted fetal distress in 2 of 4 cases in which a subsequent perinatal death occurred, and 1 additional case of fetal distress. False pathologic values were found in 4% of cases. Maternal AFP levels were normal in 2 cases of closed neural tube anomalies. In cases of hepatosis, AFP gave no information. In combination, estriol and AFP determinations gave correct information in 35% of diabetic pregnancies with pernatal morbidity or death. In hepatosis, estriol and hPL pointed out 33% of the cases of fetal distress.", "contents": "Prediction of fetal outcome by urinary estriol, maternal serum placental lactogen, and alpha-fetoprotein in diabetes and hepatosis of pregnancy. Urinary estriol, serum placental lactogen (hPL), and alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels were investigated in singleton pregnancies of 75 diabetic women and 84 women with obstetric hepatosis. Fetal distress was demonstrated in 19 diabetic patients (25%) and in 18 cases of obstetric hepatosis (21%). Low urinary estriol correctly predicted fetal distress in 26% of the cases of diabetes and in 29% of the cases of hepatosis. False pathologic readings were found in 9% of pregnancies in either group. Diabetes was associated with higher than normal hPL levels with overlap of levels between cases with fetal distress and normal outcome. hPL levels were higher than normal and correctly predicted fetal distress in 2 of 18 cases of hepatosis (11%) with no false pathologic values. In diabetes, AFP predicted fetal distress in 2 of 4 cases in which a subsequent perinatal death occurred, and 1 additional case of fetal distress. False pathologic values were found in 4% of cases. Maternal AFP levels were normal in 2 cases of closed neural tube anomalies. In cases of hepatosis, AFP gave no information. In combination, estriol and AFP determinations gave correct information in 35% of diabetic pregnancies with pernatal morbidity or death. In hepatosis, estriol and hPL pointed out 33% of the cases of fetal distress.", "PMID": 63107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_736", "title": "Maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein as a marker of acute fetal distress in a midtrimester abortion model.", "content": "Maternal serum (MS) and amniotic fluid (AF) alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) levels were serially determined in 18 cases of elective midtrimester abortion. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and 20% NaCl were used as the abortifacients in 2 groups of 9 patients, respectively. The time from instillation to abortion (IAT) was accurately recorded in all cases. A marked 260-600% increase in MS alpha-FP occurred prior to fetal demise in both groups. Amniotic fluid alpha-FP content remained largely unchanged for the first 6 hours following intraamniotic prostaglandin injection. A 50% INCREASE WAS OBSERVED IN THE AF alpha-FP content in the group with 20% NaCl-induced abortion (after an initial dilutionary drop). The results of this investigation confirm the value of alpha-FP in MS as a marker of impending fetal demise. This rise is not caused by a prior alpha-FP change in the AF. The data suggest a major fetomaternal transplacental route for alpha-FP.", "contents": "Maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein as a marker of acute fetal distress in a midtrimester abortion model. Maternal serum (MS) and amniotic fluid (AF) alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) levels were serially determined in 18 cases of elective midtrimester abortion. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and 20% NaCl were used as the abortifacients in 2 groups of 9 patients, respectively. The time from instillation to abortion (IAT) was accurately recorded in all cases. A marked 260-600% increase in MS alpha-FP occurred prior to fetal demise in both groups. Amniotic fluid alpha-FP content remained largely unchanged for the first 6 hours following intraamniotic prostaglandin injection. A 50% INCREASE WAS OBSERVED IN THE AF alpha-FP content in the group with 20% NaCl-induced abortion (after an initial dilutionary drop). The results of this investigation confirm the value of alpha-FP in MS as a marker of impending fetal demise. This rise is not caused by a prior alpha-FP change in the AF. The data suggest a major fetomaternal transplacental route for alpha-FP.", "PMID": 63108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_737", "title": "Symptomatic degenerative joint disease. Report of a case.", "content": "Although degenerative joint disease is a most common type of arthritis in persons past 40 years of age, and associated with an aging process, this case has been presented as an interesting finding because of the early occurrence. Clinical symptoms, radiographic changes, and microscopic alterations were demonstrated. Conservative therapy was unable to relieve the symptoms and slow the progressive degeneration, and resolution of the subjective complaints was achieved by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Symptomatic degenerative joint disease. Report of a case. Although degenerative joint disease is a most common type of arthritis in persons past 40 years of age, and associated with an aging process, this case has been presented as an interesting finding because of the early occurrence. Clinical symptoms, radiographic changes, and microscopic alterations were demonstrated. Conservative therapy was unable to relieve the symptoms and slow the progressive degeneration, and resolution of the subjective complaints was achieved by surgical intervention.", "PMID": 63109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_738", "title": "[On the radio-surgery of the carcinoma of the tongue (n = 1,000) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1931 to 1976 1,116 patients were admitted to our department--1,000 were treatable. The 5 year survival rate is 26.7% out of 975 cases with follow-up. There is a marked difference between the regions of the corpus and the radix linguae which present with different symptoms and--in relation to these--have a very different prognosis. The Ca linguae and sublinguale are without symptoms--after treatment--in 29.15%, the Ca radicis linguae in 10.5% only. The method of choice was in case of circumscribed invasion radio-surgery, in case of Radix Ca or diffusion or involvement of fixated lymphnodes irradiation with external beams: Radium, Cobalt, Betatron. 20 years ago, Wasserburger, the late leader of our departement, published the results of his investigations on data of 628 patients with Ca of the tongue. The good results which are due to a methodical approach and meticulous treatment were not equalled by another method, neither irradiation alone nor surgery. To preserve the unique homogeneity of this material we stuck to this therapy which consists in the coagulation of the tumor, interstitial implants of radium-needles in the layers adjacent to the electrocoagulation and in external radiation of the regional lymphnodes and additional chemotherapy if indicated. On january, 21st., 1976, the thousandst patient with Ca of the tongue was admitted to our departement to be treated and so continues the chain of patients which were extensively documented and are followed up in coordinative work with the ENT departement in our hospital. In summary there were 1,116 cases, 116 were too progredient to be treated.", "contents": "[On the radio-surgery of the carcinoma of the tongue (n = 1,000) (author's transl)]. In the period 1931 to 1976 1,116 patients were admitted to our department--1,000 were treatable. The 5 year survival rate is 26.7% out of 975 cases with follow-up. There is a marked difference between the regions of the corpus and the radix linguae which present with different symptoms and--in relation to these--have a very different prognosis. The Ca linguae and sublinguale are without symptoms--after treatment--in 29.15%, the Ca radicis linguae in 10.5% only. The method of choice was in case of circumscribed invasion radio-surgery, in case of Radix Ca or diffusion or involvement of fixated lymphnodes irradiation with external beams: Radium, Cobalt, Betatron. 20 years ago, Wasserburger, the late leader of our departement, published the results of his investigations on data of 628 patients with Ca of the tongue. The good results which are due to a methodical approach and meticulous treatment were not equalled by another method, neither irradiation alone nor surgery. To preserve the unique homogeneity of this material we stuck to this therapy which consists in the coagulation of the tumor, interstitial implants of radium-needles in the layers adjacent to the electrocoagulation and in external radiation of the regional lymphnodes and additional chemotherapy if indicated. On january, 21st., 1976, the thousandst patient with Ca of the tongue was admitted to our departement to be treated and so continues the chain of patients which were extensively documented and are followed up in coordinative work with the ENT departement in our hospital. In summary there were 1,116 cases, 116 were too progredient to be treated.", "PMID": 63110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_739", "title": "Rheumatic diseases. 1. Differential diagnosis.", "content": "In a case of rheumatic disease, the patient's history and a careful physical examination should yield most of the information needed to identify the specific disorder present. A convenient classification is based on four differentiating features: number of joints affected, acuteness or chronicity of disease, absence of joint involvement, and anatomic distribution.", "contents": "Rheumatic diseases. 1. Differential diagnosis. In a case of rheumatic disease, the patient's history and a careful physical examination should yield most of the information needed to identify the specific disorder present. A convenient classification is based on four differentiating features: number of joints affected, acuteness or chronicity of disease, absence of joint involvement, and anatomic distribution.", "PMID": 63120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_740", "title": "[New strategies in psychiatric diagnosis through the use of audio-visual technics. 2. Importance of verbal and non-verbal information for assessment of depressive patients].", "content": "Sections of 150 seconds duration were taken on a random basis out of TV stored interviews of day 0, 10 and 20 of a double-blind antidepressive drug trial. Not identical sections were selected for the isolated audio and video channel and for the combined presentation in such a way that for each of the 20 patients three times three parts were presented for evaluation. It was the two rater's task to rank each patient's tapes in terms of the degree of depression. They were blind regarding the day of recording the interview (day 0, 10 or 20). The best results were reached with the combined presentation of the audio-video-channel while each channel taken seperately rendered less diagnostic information. The raters evaluated the material in two different modifications: a) Video, audio and than audio-video-channel or b) audio, video and audio-video-channel. The first version (a) was evaluated in a better way than the second one with respect to the content of diagnostic information. Furthemore we found that the evaluation of the visual information became less safe if the audio presentation preceded as in version b.", "contents": "[New strategies in psychiatric diagnosis through the use of audio-visual technics. 2. Importance of verbal and non-verbal information for assessment of depressive patients]. Sections of 150 seconds duration were taken on a random basis out of TV stored interviews of day 0, 10 and 20 of a double-blind antidepressive drug trial. Not identical sections were selected for the isolated audio and video channel and for the combined presentation in such a way that for each of the 20 patients three times three parts were presented for evaluation. It was the two rater's task to rank each patient's tapes in terms of the degree of depression. They were blind regarding the day of recording the interview (day 0, 10 or 20). The best results were reached with the combined presentation of the audio-video-channel while each channel taken seperately rendered less diagnostic information. The raters evaluated the material in two different modifications: a) Video, audio and than audio-video-channel or b) audio, video and audio-video-channel. The first version (a) was evaluated in a better way than the second one with respect to the content of diagnostic information. Furthemore we found that the evaluation of the visual information became less safe if the audio presentation preceded as in version b.", "PMID": 63128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_741", "title": "Slide-tape versus lecture demonstration presentation of thermal agents in a physical therapist assistant program.", "content": "A slide-tape individualized method and a conventional lecture-demonstration method of teaching thermal agents to physical therapist assistant students were compared. Performance measures included clinical procedures, written tests, attitudes toward the method used, and time spent in the learning center and in the classroom laboratory. No significant differences were found between the groups on performance of clinical procedures, written tests, or attitudes. The group using the slide-tape individualized method, however, spent significantly less time in achieving satisfactory performance on written tests and in clinical procedures.", "contents": "Slide-tape versus lecture demonstration presentation of thermal agents in a physical therapist assistant program. A slide-tape individualized method and a conventional lecture-demonstration method of teaching thermal agents to physical therapist assistant students were compared. Performance measures included clinical procedures, written tests, attitudes toward the method used, and time spent in the learning center and in the classroom laboratory. No significant differences were found between the groups on performance of clinical procedures, written tests, or attitudes. The group using the slide-tape individualized method, however, spent significantly less time in achieving satisfactory performance on written tests and in clinical procedures.", "PMID": 63129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_742", "title": "Brain metastases and possibilities of their treatment, with special reference to single-session whole-brain irradiation.", "content": "A brief review of methods used in the treatment of brain metastases is followed by a discussion of single-session whole-brain irradiation, with special reference to three important practical problems: (a) difficulties in evaluation of the clinical condition, and particularly the quality of survival, after treatment; (b) cerebral oedema induced by single-session whole-brain irradiation and methods to reduce it; (c) selection of patients. The tentative conclusion is that single-session whole-brain irradiation affords a possibility of palliative treatment of brain metastases.", "contents": "Brain metastases and possibilities of their treatment, with special reference to single-session whole-brain irradiation. A brief review of methods used in the treatment of brain metastases is followed by a discussion of single-session whole-brain irradiation, with special reference to three important practical problems: (a) difficulties in evaluation of the clinical condition, and particularly the quality of survival, after treatment; (b) cerebral oedema induced by single-session whole-brain irradiation and methods to reduce it; (c) selection of patients. The tentative conclusion is that single-session whole-brain irradiation affords a possibility of palliative treatment of brain metastases.", "PMID": 63130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_743", "title": "Comparison of I-bleomycin prepared by two methods stability and pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic antibiotic agent, was radio-iodinated by the ICI and chloramine-T methods; the radiochemical stabilities and pharmacokinetics of the two I-bleomycins in tumor-bearing mice were compared. The ICI preparation was more stable with respect to deiodination in vitro. Both products were sufficiently stable in vivo that high body background due to free isotope, a disadvantage of 111In- and 99mTc-bleomycin, was not encountered. Tumor uptake of the ICI preparation was constant from 2 to 24 hrs., and the tumor/blood ratio increased with time; with chloramine-T, this ratio decreased, and was less than that for ICI. The two preparations are chemically and biologically different; the ICI product is the superior tumor radiodiagnostic agent.", "contents": "Comparison of I-bleomycin prepared by two methods stability and pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing mice. Bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic antibiotic agent, was radio-iodinated by the ICI and chloramine-T methods; the radiochemical stabilities and pharmacokinetics of the two I-bleomycins in tumor-bearing mice were compared. The ICI preparation was more stable with respect to deiodination in vitro. Both products were sufficiently stable in vivo that high body background due to free isotope, a disadvantage of 111In- and 99mTc-bleomycin, was not encountered. Tumor uptake of the ICI preparation was constant from 2 to 24 hrs., and the tumor/blood ratio increased with time; with chloramine-T, this ratio decreased, and was less than that for ICI. The two preparations are chemically and biologically different; the ICI product is the superior tumor radiodiagnostic agent.", "PMID": 63131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_744", "title": "Abnormal fat collections in the omentum and mesocolon of children.", "content": "Two cases of abnormal collection of fat in the abdomen are reported. One involved the omentum, the other involved the mesocolon. Both patients had few symptoms with strikingly similar radiological findings of increased radiolucency due to fat surrounding the small bowel.", "contents": "Abnormal fat collections in the omentum and mesocolon of children. Two cases of abnormal collection of fat in the abdomen are reported. One involved the omentum, the other involved the mesocolon. Both patients had few symptoms with strikingly similar radiological findings of increased radiolucency due to fat surrounding the small bowel.", "PMID": 63132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_745", "title": "The occurrence of orcein-positive hepatocellular material in various liver diseases.", "content": "Liver specimens from 103 patients with various hepatic diseases and from 297 consecutive liver biopsies examined routinely were stained with orcein after oxidation of the tissue sections with potassium permanganate. Orcein-positive dark brown cytoplasmic material could be demonstrated in 27 cases with long-standing cholestasis. These patients had either primary biliary cirrhosis, the cholestatic liver disease of ulcerative colitis or chronic active hepatitis, advanced alcoholic cirrhosis or secondary biliary cirrhosis due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Orcein-positive material could not be demonstrated in congenital disorders of bilirubin metabolism or in hemochromatosis. Similarly, it could not be found in acute, toxic, alcoholic or chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "The occurrence of orcein-positive hepatocellular material in various liver diseases. Liver specimens from 103 patients with various hepatic diseases and from 297 consecutive liver biopsies examined routinely were stained with orcein after oxidation of the tissue sections with potassium permanganate. Orcein-positive dark brown cytoplasmic material could be demonstrated in 27 cases with long-standing cholestasis. These patients had either primary biliary cirrhosis, the cholestatic liver disease of ulcerative colitis or chronic active hepatitis, advanced alcoholic cirrhosis or secondary biliary cirrhosis due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Orcein-positive material could not be demonstrated in congenital disorders of bilirubin metabolism or in hemochromatosis. Similarly, it could not be found in acute, toxic, alcoholic or chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 63138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_746", "title": "The cellular origin of motilin in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The semithin-thin technique applied to serial resin-embedded sections, using sequential immunocytochemistry, conventional electron microscopy and silver staining, indicates that a population of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine contain, and therefore presumably synthesize and secrete, the 22-amino acid residue peptide motilin.", "contents": "The cellular origin of motilin in the gastrointestinal tract. The semithin-thin technique applied to serial resin-embedded sections, using sequential immunocytochemistry, conventional electron microscopy and silver staining, indicates that a population of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine contain, and therefore presumably synthesize and secrete, the 22-amino acid residue peptide motilin.", "PMID": 63139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_747", "title": "Differential localisation of substance P and motilin.", "content": "Motilin, and Substance P, have previously been shown to be present in enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut mucosa. By comparing a specific immunofluorescence stain for Substance P with an immunoperoxidase reaction for motilin, applied sequentially to the same tissue section, it is possible to demonstrate that the two peptides are present in different cells. It is concluded that a) at least two different types of EC cells must exist and b) these results provide further evidence for the neuroectodermal origin of the gastrointestinal APUD cells. Studies of the degranulation pattern of EC cells could help to elucidate the role of amines in the mechanism of storage and secretion of different peptides under normal and pathological conditions.", "contents": "Differential localisation of substance P and motilin. Motilin, and Substance P, have previously been shown to be present in enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut mucosa. By comparing a specific immunofluorescence stain for Substance P with an immunoperoxidase reaction for motilin, applied sequentially to the same tissue section, it is possible to demonstrate that the two peptides are present in different cells. It is concluded that a) at least two different types of EC cells must exist and b) these results provide further evidence for the neuroectodermal origin of the gastrointestinal APUD cells. Studies of the degranulation pattern of EC cells could help to elucidate the role of amines in the mechanism of storage and secretion of different peptides under normal and pathological conditions.", "PMID": 63140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_748", "title": "Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III concentration in plasma related to age and sex.", "content": "Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III (At-III) concentration were measured in plasma from 219 healthy men and 177 women. Narrow ranges for heparin cofactor activity and At-III concentration were found. The standard deviation for heparin cofactor activity in men and women was 8.6 and 10.1, respectively, for At-III concentration 10.4 and 12.5. In men, mean heparin cofactor activity and mean At-III concentration decreased significantly with increasing age. In women, mean heparin cofactor activity and mean At-III concentration tended to be lower in fertile age. Hereditary At-III deficiency was detected in one individual.", "contents": "Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III concentration in plasma related to age and sex. Heparin cofactor activity and antithrombin III (At-III) concentration were measured in plasma from 219 healthy men and 177 women. Narrow ranges for heparin cofactor activity and At-III concentration were found. The standard deviation for heparin cofactor activity in men and women was 8.6 and 10.1, respectively, for At-III concentration 10.4 and 12.5. In men, mean heparin cofactor activity and mean At-III concentration decreased significantly with increasing age. In women, mean heparin cofactor activity and mean At-III concentration tended to be lower in fertile age. Hereditary At-III deficiency was detected in one individual.", "PMID": 63141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_749", "title": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin and by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin (anti-beta2m) was found to increase DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and in cells from abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, adenoid, appendix, and bone marrow. The response to anti-beta2m was highest in cells originating from abdominal lymph node, appendix, and spleen. These organs were shown to contain a high proportion of surface-Ig-positive cells. No response to anti-beta2m was seen in thymus cells or in B-cell-depleted lymphocyte populations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased DNA synthesis in spleen cells, bone marrow cells, tonsil cells, and, sometimes, in cells from abdominal lymph nodes but weakly or not at all in PBLs. To study whether anti-beta2m and LPS activated the same subpopulation of lymphocytes, cultures were exposed to both mitogens in various concentrations. The effect on DNA synthesis in spleen cells was almost additive. This may indicate that these two polyclonal B-cell activators (PBAs) stimulate mainly distinct subsets of B cells in spleen. On the other hand, these two mitogens have a synergistic effect on DNA synthesis in PBLs. Since anti-beta2m is the first described selective B-cell mitogen activating human PBLs, it might be of clinical importance in the functional characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Activation of human lymphocyte subpopulations by rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin and by lipopolysaccharide. Rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin (anti-beta2m) was found to increase DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and in cells from abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, adenoid, appendix, and bone marrow. The response to anti-beta2m was highest in cells originating from abdominal lymph node, appendix, and spleen. These organs were shown to contain a high proportion of surface-Ig-positive cells. No response to anti-beta2m was seen in thymus cells or in B-cell-depleted lymphocyte populations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased DNA synthesis in spleen cells, bone marrow cells, tonsil cells, and, sometimes, in cells from abdominal lymph nodes but weakly or not at all in PBLs. To study whether anti-beta2m and LPS activated the same subpopulation of lymphocytes, cultures were exposed to both mitogens in various concentrations. The effect on DNA synthesis in spleen cells was almost additive. This may indicate that these two polyclonal B-cell activators (PBAs) stimulate mainly distinct subsets of B cells in spleen. On the other hand, these two mitogens have a synergistic effect on DNA synthesis in PBLs. Since anti-beta2m is the first described selective B-cell mitogen activating human PBLs, it might be of clinical importance in the functional characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "PMID": 63142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_750", "title": "[Treatment of disseminated oro-pharyngo-laryngeal epidermoid carcinomas with a combination of methotrexate and bleomycine in small doses].", "content": "In the previously published series of patients with generalized head and neck epidermoid carcinoma, a high dose combination of methotrexate (MTX) (0.4 mg/kg biw. i.v.) and bleomycin (BLM) (30 mg biw. iv) produced an objective remission rate of 60% with a median duration of 9 weeks. The disappointingly short duration of the remissions was tentatively related to the short period of treatment, which was limited to 5 weeks in order to keep the cumulative dosage of BLM below 300 mg. In the present study, covering 26 patients, a lower weekly dose was adopted (BLM 15 mg, MTX 0.6 mg/kg). 13 partial remissions were obtained with a median duration of 26 weeks; in 7 cases there was no evolution, in 6 cases progression of the tumor was registered, and there was one death from hematological toxicity. The major toxicity was leuko- and thrombopenia with one toxic death. Digestive and cutaneous side effects and fever were minor. There were 2 cases of major pulmonary toxicity, one of which was lethal. In conclusion, a combination of MTX and BLM at a relatively low dosage is active in disseminated head and neck carcinoma and appears to be compatible with longer maintenance of palliation in comparison with results obtained at a high dose level.", "contents": "[Treatment of disseminated oro-pharyngo-laryngeal epidermoid carcinomas with a combination of methotrexate and bleomycine in small doses]. In the previously published series of patients with generalized head and neck epidermoid carcinoma, a high dose combination of methotrexate (MTX) (0.4 mg/kg biw. i.v.) and bleomycin (BLM) (30 mg biw. iv) produced an objective remission rate of 60% with a median duration of 9 weeks. The disappointingly short duration of the remissions was tentatively related to the short period of treatment, which was limited to 5 weeks in order to keep the cumulative dosage of BLM below 300 mg. In the present study, covering 26 patients, a lower weekly dose was adopted (BLM 15 mg, MTX 0.6 mg/kg). 13 partial remissions were obtained with a median duration of 26 weeks; in 7 cases there was no evolution, in 6 cases progression of the tumor was registered, and there was one death from hematological toxicity. The major toxicity was leuko- and thrombopenia with one toxic death. Digestive and cutaneous side effects and fever were minor. There were 2 cases of major pulmonary toxicity, one of which was lethal. In conclusion, a combination of MTX and BLM at a relatively low dosage is active in disseminated head and neck carcinoma and appears to be compatible with longer maintenance of palliation in comparison with results obtained at a high dose level.", "PMID": 63144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_751", "title": "[Simultaneous combination of adriamycin, bleomycin, cyclohexyl-chloroethyl nitrosourea with dimethyl-triazeno imidazole carboxamide in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma].", "content": "Sixteen patients with Hodgkin's (10) and non-Hodgkin's (6) lymphoma were treated by the \"ABCD scheme\", which is a combination of adriamycin (25-30 mg/m2 day 1), bleomycin (15 mg day 1-5), CCNU (60 mg/m2 day 1) and DIC (90-100 mg/m2 day 1-5). 15 results are evaluable and included 5 complete remissions, 5 partial remissions, 2 stabilizations, 2 progressions and 1 early death (remission rate: 66%). 45 ABCD courses were given. 8 patients received more than one course (maximum 7 courses). Toxicity was tolerable and consisted mainly of myelodepression, nausea, vomiting and muco-cutaneous alterations. Two patients died following toxicity, one from myelosuppression and the other from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The results suggest that this combination can be useful where the usual chemotherapy combination fails.", "contents": "[Simultaneous combination of adriamycin, bleomycin, cyclohexyl-chloroethyl nitrosourea with dimethyl-triazeno imidazole carboxamide in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma]. Sixteen patients with Hodgkin's (10) and non-Hodgkin's (6) lymphoma were treated by the \"ABCD scheme\", which is a combination of adriamycin (25-30 mg/m2 day 1), bleomycin (15 mg day 1-5), CCNU (60 mg/m2 day 1) and DIC (90-100 mg/m2 day 1-5). 15 results are evaluable and included 5 complete remissions, 5 partial remissions, 2 stabilizations, 2 progressions and 1 early death (remission rate: 66%). 45 ABCD courses were given. 8 patients received more than one course (maximum 7 courses). Toxicity was tolerable and consisted mainly of myelodepression, nausea, vomiting and muco-cutaneous alterations. Two patients died following toxicity, one from myelosuppression and the other from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The results suggest that this combination can be useful where the usual chemotherapy combination fails.", "PMID": 63145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_752", "title": "Centrifugal fibers to the eye in a nonavian vertebrate: source revealed by horseradish peroxidase studies.", "content": "A source of efferent fibers to the eye of snakes of the genus Thamnophis has been identified by the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Cell bodies of the contralateral nucleus of the ventral supraoptic decussation accumulate horseradish peroxidase after intraocular but not intraorbital injections. Intraocular injections also result in anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to retinofugal axon terminals. Intraorbital injections result in accumulation of horseradish peroxidase in the cell bodies of the cranial nerve nuclei of extraocular muscles.", "contents": "Centrifugal fibers to the eye in a nonavian vertebrate: source revealed by horseradish peroxidase studies. A source of efferent fibers to the eye of snakes of the genus Thamnophis has been identified by the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Cell bodies of the contralateral nucleus of the ventral supraoptic decussation accumulate horseradish peroxidase after intraocular but not intraorbital injections. Intraocular injections also result in anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to retinofugal axon terminals. Intraorbital injections result in accumulation of horseradish peroxidase in the cell bodies of the cranial nerve nuclei of extraocular muscles.", "PMID": 63147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_753", "title": "Prophylactic and therapeutic use of anticoagulants in inherited antithrombin III deficiency.", "content": "A family with a pronounced history of venous thrombotic disease is described. Several members were found to have reduced antithrombin III levels. Heparin cofactor activity was reduced in the antithrombin III-deficient plasma. The proposita, who presented with bilateral iliofemoral vein thrombosis early in pregnancy, was treated initially with heparin, and after the 12th week of pregnancy was maintained on oral anticoagulants until she was 38 weeks pregnant. Heparin was then given and continued throughout the delivery period and for 10 days postpartum with no evidence of recurrent thrombosis. The effect of infusing 5 units of fresh frozen plasma on the antithrombin III level and the response to heparin were minimal and short-lived. Oral anticoagulatns produced a rise in the antithrombin III level. These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining antithrombin III-deficient subjects on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Prophylactic and therapeutic use of anticoagulants in inherited antithrombin III deficiency. A family with a pronounced history of venous thrombotic disease is described. Several members were found to have reduced antithrombin III levels. Heparin cofactor activity was reduced in the antithrombin III-deficient plasma. The proposita, who presented with bilateral iliofemoral vein thrombosis early in pregnancy, was treated initially with heparin, and after the 12th week of pregnancy was maintained on oral anticoagulants until she was 38 weeks pregnant. Heparin was then given and continued throughout the delivery period and for 10 days postpartum with no evidence of recurrent thrombosis. The effect of infusing 5 units of fresh frozen plasma on the antithrombin III level and the response to heparin were minimal and short-lived. Oral anticoagulatns produced a rise in the antithrombin III level. These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining antithrombin III-deficient subjects on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 63150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_754", "title": "Immunological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Experimental observations were made on hepatic cancer induced with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in guinea-pigs. Two cancer cell lines have been established in tissue culture and their antigenicity investigated. Tumour antignes were not found on normal liver cells, liver cells damaged wtih carbon tetrachloride and fetal liver cells obtained from fetuses more than 35 days old. The possibility of using immunological techniques to investigate the antigenicity of human cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in the guinea-pig. Experimental observations were made on hepatic cancer induced with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in guinea-pigs. Two cancer cell lines have been established in tissue culture and their antigenicity investigated. Tumour antignes were not found on normal liver cells, liver cells damaged wtih carbon tetrachloride and fetal liver cells obtained from fetuses more than 35 days old. The possibility of using immunological techniques to investigate the antigenicity of human cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 63151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_755", "title": "Expression of the cystic fibrosis genotype in cultured somatic cells.", "content": "Observations on the characteristics of the cell with the cystic fibrosis (CF) genotype in culture are reviewed. Although numerous and diverse abnormalities have been described, none were specific for the CF gene. The relevance of each of these abnormalities to the clinical syndrome known as CF is discussed, emphasizing that the value thus far of such cell culture research has been to learn how the CF gene influences cellular function.", "contents": "Expression of the cystic fibrosis genotype in cultured somatic cells. Observations on the characteristics of the cell with the cystic fibrosis (CF) genotype in culture are reviewed. Although numerous and diverse abnormalities have been described, none were specific for the CF gene. The relevance of each of these abnormalities to the clinical syndrome known as CF is discussed, emphasizing that the value thus far of such cell culture research has been to learn how the CF gene influences cellular function.", "PMID": 63153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_756", "title": "Kinetics of microcolonies of cultured mammalian cells after bleomycin treatment.", "content": "Cultured ascites hepatoma cells of the rat were treated with 400 to 900 R of gamma rays or 25 to 100 mug/ml of bleomycin for 30 min. The cells were followed up for 133 hr and the pedigrees were analyzed. Gamma rays and 2 low doses of bleomycin gave rise to typical reproductive death in generations 1 and 2 but 100 mug of the drug produced frequent interphase death. Natural death and induced death did not follow statistical randomness suggesting an existence of weak and sensitive clones in a population.", "contents": "Kinetics of microcolonies of cultured mammalian cells after bleomycin treatment. Cultured ascites hepatoma cells of the rat were treated with 400 to 900 R of gamma rays or 25 to 100 mug/ml of bleomycin for 30 min. The cells were followed up for 133 hr and the pedigrees were analyzed. Gamma rays and 2 low doses of bleomycin gave rise to typical reproductive death in generations 1 and 2 but 100 mug of the drug produced frequent interphase death. Natural death and induced death did not follow statistical randomness suggesting an existence of weak and sensitive clones in a population.", "PMID": 63157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_757", "title": "Hexachrome modification of Movat's stain.", "content": "A less than three-hour hexachrome modification of Movat's pentachrome stain is described, its various steps discussed, and its principal uses in histopathology presented. The hexachrome procedure consistently yields good results, with excellent and colorful differentiation of muscle, various connective tissue components, mucinous secretions and intra-cytoplasmic structures in human and animal tissues obtained surgically or at autopsy. Alternative abbreviated procedures for muscle-connective tissue differential staining and for study of nuclear detail are also described.", "contents": "Hexachrome modification of Movat's stain. A less than three-hour hexachrome modification of Movat's pentachrome stain is described, its various steps discussed, and its principal uses in histopathology presented. The hexachrome procedure consistently yields good results, with excellent and colorful differentiation of muscle, various connective tissue components, mucinous secretions and intra-cytoplasmic structures in human and animal tissues obtained surgically or at autopsy. Alternative abbreviated procedures for muscle-connective tissue differential staining and for study of nuclear detail are also described.", "PMID": 63159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_758", "title": "The nature of mycobacterial acid-fastness.", "content": "Phenol is not essential to acid-fast staining, for it will occur in the absence of phenol where such lipoid-soluble basic dyes as night blue, Victoria blue B or Victoria R are used; it is essential for acid-fast staining with water soluble basic dyes such as basic fuchsin. When phenol is added to the staining solution, such water soluble basic dyes behave in effect like their lipid-soluble counterparts. The loss of mycobacterial acid-fastness with carbol-fuchsin after bromination or chromation indicates that this phenomenon is related to the presence of unsaturated lipids in the bacterial cells. Within the cells these acid-fast lipids are bound in such a way that they are easily removed from all mycobacteria by hot dilute HCl; from leprosy bacilli alone they are easily removed with hot pyridine. From the results of various blocking reactions it appears that carboxyl and especially hydroxyl groups of these cellular lipids are essential to the acid-fast reaction of mycobacteria.", "contents": "The nature of mycobacterial acid-fastness. Phenol is not essential to acid-fast staining, for it will occur in the absence of phenol where such lipoid-soluble basic dyes as night blue, Victoria blue B or Victoria R are used; it is essential for acid-fast staining with water soluble basic dyes such as basic fuchsin. When phenol is added to the staining solution, such water soluble basic dyes behave in effect like their lipid-soluble counterparts. The loss of mycobacterial acid-fastness with carbol-fuchsin after bromination or chromation indicates that this phenomenon is related to the presence of unsaturated lipids in the bacterial cells. Within the cells these acid-fast lipids are bound in such a way that they are easily removed from all mycobacteria by hot dilute HCl; from leprosy bacilli alone they are easily removed with hot pyridine. From the results of various blocking reactions it appears that carboxyl and especially hydroxyl groups of these cellular lipids are essential to the acid-fast reaction of mycobacteria.", "PMID": 63160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_759", "title": "A Bodian method for mounted frozen sections.", "content": "For application of the Bodian method to frozen sections, cut frozen peripheral nerve or muscle at 10 mum and mount. Fix for 4 days in 18 parts 80% ethanol, 1 part 10% formalin, and 1 part glacial acetic acid. Fix central nervous tissue in the same mixture prior to freezing and sectioning, and after mounting postfix for 4 days. Impregnate by the Bodian procedure. The results equal Bodian stains of paraffin sections. The technique is simple and reliable. The use of 10 mum frozen sections produces little artifact and allows alternate serial sections to be stained with other techniques.", "contents": "A Bodian method for mounted frozen sections. For application of the Bodian method to frozen sections, cut frozen peripheral nerve or muscle at 10 mum and mount. Fix for 4 days in 18 parts 80% ethanol, 1 part 10% formalin, and 1 part glacial acetic acid. Fix central nervous tissue in the same mixture prior to freezing and sectioning, and after mounting postfix for 4 days. Impregnate by the Bodian procedure. The results equal Bodian stains of paraffin sections. The technique is simple and reliable. The use of 10 mum frozen sections produces little artifact and allows alternate serial sections to be stained with other techniques.", "PMID": 63161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_760", "title": "Absorption of lead through the skin.", "content": "Absorption of lead through the skin was studied by comparing the effect produced by lead naphthenate or lead acetate solution, when coated on the skin of rats, with data obtained from subcutaneous injections of these solutions. Body weight and liver size and weight decreased in the case of rats receiving the subcutaneous dose. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in liver was decreased in all rats having been treated with lead compounds. The distribution of absorbed lead has been evaluated by assay of the lead content in brain, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle in the rats. The results of this study seem to verify that absorption of lead through the skin does occur and the findings confirm lead naphthenate to be more toxic than lead acetate.", "contents": "Absorption of lead through the skin. Absorption of lead through the skin was studied by comparing the effect produced by lead naphthenate or lead acetate solution, when coated on the skin of rats, with data obtained from subcutaneous injections of these solutions. Body weight and liver size and weight decreased in the case of rats receiving the subcutaneous dose. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in liver was decreased in all rats having been treated with lead compounds. The distribution of absorbed lead has been evaluated by assay of the lead content in brain, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle in the rats. The results of this study seem to verify that absorption of lead through the skin does occur and the findings confirm lead naphthenate to be more toxic than lead acetate.", "PMID": 63158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_761", "title": "Immunopathological studies of the ruptured human renal allograft.", "content": "The immunopathology of five cases of spontaneous allograft rupture has been studied. All kidneys were edematous on exploration and routine histological sections showed interstitial edema and mononuclear cell infiltration characteristic of acute rejection. Immunofluorescence revealed, at most, scattered vascular deposition of IgM and mild mesangial C3 deposition. These findings are compared with findings in normal kidneys and kidneys which had been hyperacutely rejected. The normal kidney showed focal afferent arteriolar and proximal mesangial stalk deposition of C3 without IgM. The kidneys of patients with hyperacute rejection showed brilliant staining for fibrin and IgM in all arterial and arteriolar walls with lesser amounts of C3 and IgG; IgM and C3 were prominent in the glomerulus. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than circulating preformed antibodies are responsible for the pathogenesis of spontaneous allograft rupture.", "contents": "Immunopathological studies of the ruptured human renal allograft. The immunopathology of five cases of spontaneous allograft rupture has been studied. All kidneys were edematous on exploration and routine histological sections showed interstitial edema and mononuclear cell infiltration characteristic of acute rejection. Immunofluorescence revealed, at most, scattered vascular deposition of IgM and mild mesangial C3 deposition. These findings are compared with findings in normal kidneys and kidneys which had been hyperacutely rejected. The normal kidney showed focal afferent arteriolar and proximal mesangial stalk deposition of C3 without IgM. The kidneys of patients with hyperacute rejection showed brilliant staining for fibrin and IgM in all arterial and arteriolar walls with lesser amounts of C3 and IgG; IgM and C3 were prominent in the glomerulus. These findings suggest that mechanisms other than circulating preformed antibodies are responsible for the pathogenesis of spontaneous allograft rupture.", "PMID": 63167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_762", "title": "Absence of a serologically detectable association of murine beta2-microglobulin with the embryonic F9 antigen.", "content": "The association of murine beta2-microglobulin to the early embryonic F9 antigen has been investigated by indirect immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoassay. Although some cell lines carry both types of molecules, the beta2-microglobulin was not found expressed on primitive teratocarcinoma cells, where F9 antigen was primarily detected. It is concluded that the low m.w. (12,000 daltons) subunit that was reported to be associated to the F9 antigen is not the adult beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "Absence of a serologically detectable association of murine beta2-microglobulin with the embryonic F9 antigen. The association of murine beta2-microglobulin to the early embryonic F9 antigen has been investigated by indirect immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoassay. Although some cell lines carry both types of molecules, the beta2-microglobulin was not found expressed on primitive teratocarcinoma cells, where F9 antigen was primarily detected. It is concluded that the low m.w. (12,000 daltons) subunit that was reported to be associated to the F9 antigen is not the adult beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 63168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_763", "title": "Purification of HLA antigens from urine.", "content": "HLA antigens were purified from urines of kidney transplanted patients, HLA was recovered as a single peak of 45,000 mol wt that was dissociated into beta2-microglobulin and a 33,000 mol wt fraction bearing the allospecificity. The purified fractions contain carbohydrates but no lipids. Electrophoretical mobility and the relative salt concentration of eluting buffers in DEAE-Sephadex chromatography were determined for six antigens of the A locus and seven antigens of the B locus. Isolectric points of antigens A1, A2, A9, and B12 were measured. Physiochemical characteristics of HLA purified from urine appear to be similar to those of papain-solubilized cell membrane HLA. Urinary HLA was shown to originate from serum and not from renal or ureteric tissue.", "contents": "Purification of HLA antigens from urine. HLA antigens were purified from urines of kidney transplanted patients, HLA was recovered as a single peak of 45,000 mol wt that was dissociated into beta2-microglobulin and a 33,000 mol wt fraction bearing the allospecificity. The purified fractions contain carbohydrates but no lipids. Electrophoretical mobility and the relative salt concentration of eluting buffers in DEAE-Sephadex chromatography were determined for six antigens of the A locus and seven antigens of the B locus. Isolectric points of antigens A1, A2, A9, and B12 were measured. Physiochemical characteristics of HLA purified from urine appear to be similar to those of papain-solubilized cell membrane HLA. Urinary HLA was shown to originate from serum and not from renal or ureteric tissue.", "PMID": 63169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_764", "title": "[Diagnostic laparotomy and palliative surgery in jaundice caused by tumors of the pancreato-duodenal zone].", "content": "The remote results of palliative operations for tumors of the pancreatoduodenal zone in 266 patients were analysed. Among palliative procedures cholecysto-jejunoanastomosis was most frequently employed in the clinic. 72 patients died. An acute hepatic insufficiency and cancerous intoxication was the main cause of the mortality. It is concluded that the survival of patients postoperatively depends on tumor localization and the degree of cancerous intoxication. The construction of cholecysto-jejunoanastomosis with the Brown enteroanastomosis seems to be mostly rational.", "contents": "[Diagnostic laparotomy and palliative surgery in jaundice caused by tumors of the pancreato-duodenal zone]. The remote results of palliative operations for tumors of the pancreatoduodenal zone in 266 patients were analysed. Among palliative procedures cholecysto-jejunoanastomosis was most frequently employed in the clinic. 72 patients died. An acute hepatic insufficiency and cancerous intoxication was the main cause of the mortality. It is concluded that the survival of patients postoperatively depends on tumor localization and the degree of cancerous intoxication. The construction of cholecysto-jejunoanastomosis with the Brown enteroanastomosis seems to be mostly rational.", "PMID": 63175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_765", "title": "[Several properties of one of the acid neurospecific antigens].", "content": "The identity of one of the acid neurospecific antigens (antigen A) and S-100 protein has been established through agar gel immunoelectrophoresis and Sephadex G-100 gelchromatography. On agar gel electrophoresis antigen A moves as 2 fractions which occupy positions of blood serum prealbumins and alpha2 globulins. Both fractions of the antigen have a molecular weight of 25000. The heterogenic nature of antigen A (protein S-100) during electrophoresis on agar gel is discussed.", "contents": "[Several properties of one of the acid neurospecific antigens]. The identity of one of the acid neurospecific antigens (antigen A) and S-100 protein has been established through agar gel immunoelectrophoresis and Sephadex G-100 gelchromatography. On agar gel electrophoresis antigen A moves as 2 fractions which occupy positions of blood serum prealbumins and alpha2 globulins. Both fractions of the antigen have a molecular weight of 25000. The heterogenic nature of antigen A (protein S-100) during electrophoresis on agar gel is discussed.", "PMID": 63179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_766", "title": "[New polymerase gene in pancytopenia (author's transl)].", "content": "Increasing evidence has accumulated that the direct assay of reverse transcriptase in human blood cells is of value in the diagnosis of leukaemia. The isolation and characterization of this enzyme has shown that it possesses remarkable similarities to the DNA-polymerase of the RNA-tumour virus of simian sarcoma. Hence, leukaemic cells in humans are thought to possess a virus-related gene, namely, reverse transcriptase. Various clinical reports have established the presence of this enzyme in blood cells, not only in the case of morphologically-proven malignant change, but also in cases classified as non-leukaemic from the morphological picture, such as acute leukaemia in remission and in the pre-leukaemic state. In confirmation and augmentation of earlier views we now report on the presence of reverse transcriptase in a patient with pancytopenia, who subsequently developed acute leukaemia i.e. isolation of the enzyme occurred in the pre-leukaemic state.", "contents": "[New polymerase gene in pancytopenia (author's transl)]. Increasing evidence has accumulated that the direct assay of reverse transcriptase in human blood cells is of value in the diagnosis of leukaemia. The isolation and characterization of this enzyme has shown that it possesses remarkable similarities to the DNA-polymerase of the RNA-tumour virus of simian sarcoma. Hence, leukaemic cells in humans are thought to possess a virus-related gene, namely, reverse transcriptase. Various clinical reports have established the presence of this enzyme in blood cells, not only in the case of morphologically-proven malignant change, but also in cases classified as non-leukaemic from the morphological picture, such as acute leukaemia in remission and in the pre-leukaemic state. In confirmation and augmentation of earlier views we now report on the presence of reverse transcriptase in a patient with pancytopenia, who subsequently developed acute leukaemia i.e. isolation of the enzyme occurred in the pre-leukaemic state.", "PMID": 63182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_767", "title": "[Malignant disease of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period 1931 to 1974 167 men and 97 women with tumours of the maxilla or of the paranasal sinuses were treated at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Lainz Hospital. The peak incidence is found in the age group 51 to 70 years. The survival rate is determined by the extent of spread of the tumour. Cases in which the malignant process is still localized in the mucosa, without infiltration of the adjacent bony structures, have a good prognosis and so have the early cases of all tumours of the paranasal sinuses (Stage T1 and T2, according to Schwab) with a 5-year survival rate of 59.3%. Of the late cases (stage T3 and T4), however, no more than 20% survive for 5 years. In sarcomas there is no difference in survival rate between early and late cases because of their natural tendency to systemic spread. The 5-year survival rate is 33% in each group. Chemotherapy of these malignant tumours with Bleomycin appears promising, with a reduction of even massive infiltrations of the osseous structures in squamous cell carcinomas. However, there is no evidence as yet of any increase in 5-year survival rate with this type of therapy.", "contents": "[Malignant disease of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. During the period 1931 to 1974 167 men and 97 women with tumours of the maxilla or of the paranasal sinuses were treated at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Lainz Hospital. The peak incidence is found in the age group 51 to 70 years. The survival rate is determined by the extent of spread of the tumour. Cases in which the malignant process is still localized in the mucosa, without infiltration of the adjacent bony structures, have a good prognosis and so have the early cases of all tumours of the paranasal sinuses (Stage T1 and T2, according to Schwab) with a 5-year survival rate of 59.3%. Of the late cases (stage T3 and T4), however, no more than 20% survive for 5 years. In sarcomas there is no difference in survival rate between early and late cases because of their natural tendency to systemic spread. The 5-year survival rate is 33% in each group. Chemotherapy of these malignant tumours with Bleomycin appears promising, with a reduction of even massive infiltrations of the osseous structures in squamous cell carcinomas. However, there is no evidence as yet of any increase in 5-year survival rate with this type of therapy.", "PMID": 63183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_768", "title": "[Cytodiagnosis of the synovial fluid].", "content": "In a survey in a general part the differential-diagnostic approach in the establishment of cytological findings of the arthrocentesis for the judgment of the normal and pathologically changed synovial fluid are described. Especially the differential-diagnostic possibilities by constellations of the findings from determination of the total number of leucocytes, the differential cell picture and the determination of the individual signs characteristic for a disease are demonstrated. A special part deals with the assessment of the cytologic findings of the arthrocentesis for the diagnosis, the local and general judgment of the activity and the judgment of the therapeutic success of medicamentous and operative measures in rheumatoid arthritis with the help of the cytology of the puncture of a joint.", "contents": "[Cytodiagnosis of the synovial fluid]. In a survey in a general part the differential-diagnostic approach in the establishment of cytological findings of the arthrocentesis for the judgment of the normal and pathologically changed synovial fluid are described. Especially the differential-diagnostic possibilities by constellations of the findings from determination of the total number of leucocytes, the differential cell picture and the determination of the individual signs characteristic for a disease are demonstrated. A special part deals with the assessment of the cytologic findings of the arthrocentesis for the diagnosis, the local and general judgment of the activity and the judgment of the therapeutic success of medicamentous and operative measures in rheumatoid arthritis with the help of the cytology of the puncture of a joint.", "PMID": 63189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_769", "title": "[Studies on the antigenicity of variously preserved skin].", "content": "The authors have investigated a model of second-set-rejection after allo-transplantation of chemically preserved skin by different methods. The relative increase of weight of regional lymph nodes as well as the production of lymphocytotoxic antibodies served as additioned indicators of senzitation. All regimes of preservation used in this model of second-set-rejection have been responsable for a decrease in antigenity. The results are discussed with regard to recent publications.", "contents": "[Studies on the antigenicity of variously preserved skin]. The authors have investigated a model of second-set-rejection after allo-transplantation of chemically preserved skin by different methods. The relative increase of weight of regional lymph nodes as well as the production of lymphocytotoxic antibodies served as additioned indicators of senzitation. All regimes of preservation used in this model of second-set-rejection have been responsable for a decrease in antigenity. The results are discussed with regard to recent publications.", "PMID": 63190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_770", "title": "[Demonstration of antibodies to salmonella-R-antigens in sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses (author's transl)].", "content": "The extent of hemagglutinating antibody titers against Salmonella R-lipopolysaccharides in 189 sera of 119 human beings suffering from various salmonelloses was estimated. When compared to serum specimens of 137 healthy persons a significant rise in the number of Ra- and Rb2-titer containing sera was observed. It was further found that titers directed against chemotypes Ra, Rb2 and Rc were significantly enhanced in height when compared to the control group. Sera of healthy persons and patients did not show significant differences in Rd1-, Rd2- and Re-titers, respecively. The results indicate that the innermost part of the LPS core in Salmonella S-forms is considerably less (or even none) immunogenic in respect to antibody formation. R-titers in sera from patients suffering from salmonelloses as well as from healthy persons were predominantly directed against Ra-, Rb2- or Rc-LPS structures; the Ra-titer being the most frequent one in both groups. More detailed analyses on sera from patients suffering from salmonelloses revealed a somewhat lower content of R-titers in the early stage of infection. Furthermore in typhoid fever changes in the height of Ra-titers paralled the usual course of O-titers and in gastroenteritic infections the course of illness, respectively. The immunogenicity of the LPS core, however, was less expressed than that of the O-polysaccharides as revealed from a comparison in extent and height of R- and O-titers. Frequently the salmonelloses sera showed titers against several R-antigens. In such cases Ra-titers mostly occurred either together with Rb2-titers alone or concomitantly with both Rb2- and Rc-titers. In absorption experiments it could be demonstrated that two types of antibodies had been formed, those directed against terminal sugar residues in R-lipopolysaccharides and others with specificties against internal partial structures of the core.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antibodies to salmonella-R-antigens in sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses (author's transl)]. The extent of hemagglutinating antibody titers against Salmonella R-lipopolysaccharides in 189 sera of 119 human beings suffering from various salmonelloses was estimated. When compared to serum specimens of 137 healthy persons a significant rise in the number of Ra- and Rb2-titer containing sera was observed. It was further found that titers directed against chemotypes Ra, Rb2 and Rc were significantly enhanced in height when compared to the control group. Sera of healthy persons and patients did not show significant differences in Rd1-, Rd2- and Re-titers, respecively. The results indicate that the innermost part of the LPS core in Salmonella S-forms is considerably less (or even none) immunogenic in respect to antibody formation. R-titers in sera from patients suffering from salmonelloses as well as from healthy persons were predominantly directed against Ra-, Rb2- or Rc-LPS structures; the Ra-titer being the most frequent one in both groups. More detailed analyses on sera from patients suffering from salmonelloses revealed a somewhat lower content of R-titers in the early stage of infection. Furthermore in typhoid fever changes in the height of Ra-titers paralled the usual course of O-titers and in gastroenteritic infections the course of illness, respectively. The immunogenicity of the LPS core, however, was less expressed than that of the O-polysaccharides as revealed from a comparison in extent and height of R- and O-titers. Frequently the salmonelloses sera showed titers against several R-antigens. In such cases Ra-titers mostly occurred either together with Rb2-titers alone or concomitantly with both Rb2- and Rc-titers. In absorption experiments it could be demonstrated that two types of antibodies had been formed, those directed against terminal sugar residues in R-lipopolysaccharides and others with specificties against internal partial structures of the core.", "PMID": 63195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_771", "title": "The unfortunate role of precedent in bacteriology. II. Unrelated serological specificities of the polysaccharides from S. typhi and S. gallinarum sharing factors 9.12.", "content": "Tube and agar-gel precipitations of antigens isolated from S. typhi and S. gallinarum against homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera showed that the polysaccharides of these Salmonellae, sharing factors 9.12 do not cross-react. Thus, the serological analyses prove that sugars can not be related to factors in the Kauffmann-White scheme. The cross-reacting antigens from these Salmonellae of serogroup D are the free proteins and the proteinic moieties of their somatic antigens.", "contents": "The unfortunate role of precedent in bacteriology. II. Unrelated serological specificities of the polysaccharides from S. typhi and S. gallinarum sharing factors 9.12. Tube and agar-gel precipitations of antigens isolated from S. typhi and S. gallinarum against homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera showed that the polysaccharides of these Salmonellae, sharing factors 9.12 do not cross-react. Thus, the serological analyses prove that sugars can not be related to factors in the Kauffmann-White scheme. The cross-reacting antigens from these Salmonellae of serogroup D are the free proteins and the proteinic moieties of their somatic antigens.", "PMID": 63196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_772", "title": "[Air pollution by motor vehicles along the freeways].", "content": "Total mass particulates and benzopyrenes have been determined to evaluate the specific pollution by vehicles on a section (6 km) of a highway. The traffic density generated an increase of 30% mass particulates in nighttime and 44% during daylight. Concentrations of benzopyrenes in air have doubled compared to the period before traffic.", "contents": "[Air pollution by motor vehicles along the freeways]. Total mass particulates and benzopyrenes have been determined to evaluate the specific pollution by vehicles on a section (6 km) of a highway. The traffic density generated an increase of 30% mass particulates in nighttime and 44% during daylight. Concentrations of benzopyrenes in air have doubled compared to the period before traffic.", "PMID": 63193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_773", "title": "Sh. dysenteriae serotypes2,4,8-immunochemistry and phage receptor activity.", "content": "Among three analyzed serotypes of Shigella dysenteriae, namely, the serotypes 2,4 and 8, the serotype 2 proved to be a strong immunogen in rabbits, inducing anti-polysaccharide antibodies as well as antiprotein antibodies in all the animals. In contrast, the serotypes 4 and 8 were weak immunogens and among the rabbits some have synthesized only anti-proteins while others had antibodies against the somatic conjugate. Aside from the somatic antigens, large amounts of proteins were isolated from all the strains; however, the numerous determinants of these proteins were proven with the help of a serum to proteins from Sh. sonnei. The polysaccharides were specific for the serotype. The sensitivity of Sh. dysenteriae strains to phage P1 and the phage receptor actigity of different bacterial extracts were examined. By using the phage receptor neutralization test, it was possible to demonstrate that the receptor substance is a common component present in the lipopolysaccharide. The nature of neutralization has been discussed.", "contents": "Sh. dysenteriae serotypes2,4,8-immunochemistry and phage receptor activity. Among three analyzed serotypes of Shigella dysenteriae, namely, the serotypes 2,4 and 8, the serotype 2 proved to be a strong immunogen in rabbits, inducing anti-polysaccharide antibodies as well as antiprotein antibodies in all the animals. In contrast, the serotypes 4 and 8 were weak immunogens and among the rabbits some have synthesized only anti-proteins while others had antibodies against the somatic conjugate. Aside from the somatic antigens, large amounts of proteins were isolated from all the strains; however, the numerous determinants of these proteins were proven with the help of a serum to proteins from Sh. sonnei. The polysaccharides were specific for the serotype. The sensitivity of Sh. dysenteriae strains to phage P1 and the phage receptor actigity of different bacterial extracts were examined. By using the phage receptor neutralization test, it was possible to demonstrate that the receptor substance is a common component present in the lipopolysaccharide. The nature of neutralization has been discussed.", "PMID": 63197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_774", "title": "[Measurement of exhaust gases of cars in the neighbourhood of roads (author's transl)].", "content": "Air samples were collected in plastic bags simultaneously at various measuring points in the close range of streets. When examining the various bag materials, Teflon bags showed the smallest deviations in direct analyses and in analyses of up to two hours after the drawing of samples. The following methods were used for the analysis of the air samples collected in the bags: coulometry for CO and SO2, chemiluminescence for NO/NO2, chromotropic acid for CH2O and flame ionization for hydrocarbon. The various components were measured close to a highway and near streets in residential and business areas.", "contents": "[Measurement of exhaust gases of cars in the neighbourhood of roads (author's transl)]. Air samples were collected in plastic bags simultaneously at various measuring points in the close range of streets. When examining the various bag materials, Teflon bags showed the smallest deviations in direct analyses and in analyses of up to two hours after the drawing of samples. The following methods were used for the analysis of the air samples collected in the bags: coulometry for CO and SO2, chemiluminescence for NO/NO2, chromotropic acid for CH2O and flame ionization for hydrocarbon. The various components were measured close to a highway and near streets in residential and business areas.", "PMID": 63198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_775", "title": "[Detection of alkylating air pollutants (author's transl)].", "content": "Occupational toxicological observations made during the last few years have shown that the respiratory intake of certain alkylating compounds entails a major carcinogenic risk even at concentrations below 1 ppm. Such inhalation carcinogens can also stem from photochemical and spontaneous chemical reactions in the atmosphere and not merely from direct emissions. For the examination of air samples for alkylating activities simple colorimetric test methods are available. Some of them must be considerably modified and matched to the reaction of the various alkylating compounds. In this manner colour reactions of, in part, high selectivity are obtained: thus, for example, carcinogenic alpha halogen ether can be detected in concentrations of 10 ng/ml test solution. By the use of sensitive colorimetric methods of analysis it was possible to fractionate the alkylating activity found in the exhaust gases of automobiles. It is now possible to enrich certain compounds, which react positively to the colour test, and to purify them for further chemical characterization.", "contents": "[Detection of alkylating air pollutants (author's transl)]. Occupational toxicological observations made during the last few years have shown that the respiratory intake of certain alkylating compounds entails a major carcinogenic risk even at concentrations below 1 ppm. Such inhalation carcinogens can also stem from photochemical and spontaneous chemical reactions in the atmosphere and not merely from direct emissions. For the examination of air samples for alkylating activities simple colorimetric test methods are available. Some of them must be considerably modified and matched to the reaction of the various alkylating compounds. In this manner colour reactions of, in part, high selectivity are obtained: thus, for example, carcinogenic alpha halogen ether can be detected in concentrations of 10 ng/ml test solution. By the use of sensitive colorimetric methods of analysis it was possible to fractionate the alkylating activity found in the exhaust gases of automobiles. It is now possible to enrich certain compounds, which react positively to the colour test, and to purify them for further chemical characterization.", "PMID": 63199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_776", "title": "[Several developmental disorders in children with schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors discusses some unclear and insufficiently studied problems related to early infantile autism, regress of development and underdevelopment of schizophrenic children. The basis of early infantile autism is most likely a peculiar disturbance of development due to constitutional, organic and psychogenic factors. In most of the cases this syndrome is connected with the schizophrenic process. The majority of psychiatrists in the Soviet Union consider lowering to a more early level of development as a regress of development in child schizophrenia symptoms. The clinical picture of retarded development in childhood schizophrenia depends upon the age of the onset of the disease and the degree of progressiveness of the process. Depending upon these criteria it is possible to distinguish retarded development, resembling oligophrenia and phenomena of psychophysical infantilism.", "contents": "[Several developmental disorders in children with schizophrenia]. The authors discusses some unclear and insufficiently studied problems related to early infantile autism, regress of development and underdevelopment of schizophrenic children. The basis of early infantile autism is most likely a peculiar disturbance of development due to constitutional, organic and psychogenic factors. In most of the cases this syndrome is connected with the schizophrenic process. The majority of psychiatrists in the Soviet Union consider lowering to a more early level of development as a regress of development in child schizophrenia symptoms. The clinical picture of retarded development in childhood schizophrenia depends upon the age of the onset of the disease and the degree of progressiveness of the process. Depending upon these criteria it is possible to distinguish retarded development, resembling oligophrenia and phenomena of psychophysical infantilism.", "PMID": 63201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_777", "title": "The haematopoietic supraneural organ of adult, sexually immature river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis [L.] Gray) with particular reference to azurophil leucocytes.", "content": "The haematopoietic tissue in the supraneural organ of the freshwater river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L. Gray) was studied in sexually immature animals. Besides erythro- and granulopoietic elements, macrophages, reticular cells, fibroblasts and glycogen-rich fat cells were seen. Developing granulocytes of the lamprey contain one type of azurophil granules originating from small cytoplasmic (Golgi) vesicles. The lamprey's azurophil granulocytes seem to be homologous with those of fishes. However, the granulocytes of fishes, studied thus far, show granules with only one type of inclusion, whereas in lamprey the granulocyte inclusions are variable in size and shape. Thus, lamprey granulocytes are, in this respect, reminiscent of similar cells of higher vertebrates. The PAS and alkaline phosphatase reactions, common markers of vertebrate neutrophil leucocytes, are very weak in the haematopoietic tissue granulocytes of the lamprey, and intense in the blood cells of the same animal. Lamprey granulocytes, similarly to the granulocytes of Chondrostei and Elasmobranchiata, do not stain with peroxidase, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase and sudan black B. The haematopoietic tissue contains a relatively high number of degenerated granulocytes.", "contents": "The haematopoietic supraneural organ of adult, sexually immature river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis [L.] Gray) with particular reference to azurophil leucocytes. The haematopoietic tissue in the supraneural organ of the freshwater river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis L. Gray) was studied in sexually immature animals. Besides erythro- and granulopoietic elements, macrophages, reticular cells, fibroblasts and glycogen-rich fat cells were seen. Developing granulocytes of the lamprey contain one type of azurophil granules originating from small cytoplasmic (Golgi) vesicles. The lamprey's azurophil granulocytes seem to be homologous with those of fishes. However, the granulocytes of fishes, studied thus far, show granules with only one type of inclusion, whereas in lamprey the granulocyte inclusions are variable in size and shape. Thus, lamprey granulocytes are, in this respect, reminiscent of similar cells of higher vertebrates. The PAS and alkaline phosphatase reactions, common markers of vertebrate neutrophil leucocytes, are very weak in the haematopoietic tissue granulocytes of the lamprey, and intense in the blood cells of the same animal. Lamprey granulocytes, similarly to the granulocytes of Chondrostei and Elasmobranchiata, do not stain with peroxidase, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase and sudan black B. The haematopoietic tissue contains a relatively high number of degenerated granulocytes.", "PMID": 63202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_778", "title": "The effect of hypothyroidism on the female genital tract of gerbils (Meriones hurrianae jerdon).", "content": "The effects of hypothyroidism on the female genital tract of gerbils have been studied. Hypothyroidism was produced by (a) surgical ablation, and (b) pharmacological suppression of the gland. Hypothyroidism resulted in atrophic ovaries. Follivular development was severely arrested, with most of the follicles showing atresia. Distinct effects were produced upon the uterine physiology. Uterine regression was conspicuous in thyroidectomized females. Hypothyroidism resulted in a decreased RNA, protein, sialic acid and glycogen concentration of the uterus. Vaginal RNA, protein and sialic acid contents were low after thyroidectomy. The vaginal cytology showed a constant pattern of its cells, i.e. dioestrous. L-thyroxine treatment restores the biochemical changes of uterus and vagina to subnormal levels in thyroidectomized animals. It is concluded that hypothyroidism affected the weight, cytology and biochemistry of the female genital tract of gerbils.", "contents": "The effect of hypothyroidism on the female genital tract of gerbils (Meriones hurrianae jerdon). The effects of hypothyroidism on the female genital tract of gerbils have been studied. Hypothyroidism was produced by (a) surgical ablation, and (b) pharmacological suppression of the gland. Hypothyroidism resulted in atrophic ovaries. Follivular development was severely arrested, with most of the follicles showing atresia. Distinct effects were produced upon the uterine physiology. Uterine regression was conspicuous in thyroidectomized females. Hypothyroidism resulted in a decreased RNA, protein, sialic acid and glycogen concentration of the uterus. Vaginal RNA, protein and sialic acid contents were low after thyroidectomy. The vaginal cytology showed a constant pattern of its cells, i.e. dioestrous. L-thyroxine treatment restores the biochemical changes of uterus and vagina to subnormal levels in thyroidectomized animals. It is concluded that hypothyroidism affected the weight, cytology and biochemistry of the female genital tract of gerbils.", "PMID": 63204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_779", "title": "Effects of small doses of L-thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine on pituitary LH content of thyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Pituitary LH was studied by means of a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) in male rats at different time intervals after thyroidectomy (T), and in rats which were T at least 30 days before and were then treated with different doses of L-thyroxine or triiodo-L-thyronine. A decrease in the pituitary LH of the T animals, with respect to the intact age-paired controls, was demonstrable from 13 days after the operation, when total pituitary LH content was taken into consideration, or from 5 days after T, when the LH concentration (mug/mg pituitary) was considered. Doses of thyroid hormones lower than the daily maintenance dose for the rat produced very little effect on the pituitary LH levels of T animals. However, a single dose of 1.75 mug of T4 or 0.2 mug of T3 (doses approximately equivalent to the T4 and T3 maintenance dose for T rats) induced such a rapid and intense increase in the pituitary LH content that it no longer differed from that of the intact age-paired controls by 12 hours. Surprisingly, 5.0 mug of T4 and 1.0 mug of T3 did not produce any increase in the pituitary LH content of T rats.", "contents": "Effects of small doses of L-thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine on pituitary LH content of thyroidectomized rats. Pituitary LH was studied by means of a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) in male rats at different time intervals after thyroidectomy (T), and in rats which were T at least 30 days before and were then treated with different doses of L-thyroxine or triiodo-L-thyronine. A decrease in the pituitary LH of the T animals, with respect to the intact age-paired controls, was demonstrable from 13 days after the operation, when total pituitary LH content was taken into consideration, or from 5 days after T, when the LH concentration (mug/mg pituitary) was considered. Doses of thyroid hormones lower than the daily maintenance dose for the rat produced very little effect on the pituitary LH levels of T animals. However, a single dose of 1.75 mug of T4 or 0.2 mug of T3 (doses approximately equivalent to the T4 and T3 maintenance dose for T rats) induced such a rapid and intense increase in the pituitary LH content that it no longer differed from that of the intact age-paired controls by 12 hours. Surprisingly, 5.0 mug of T4 and 1.0 mug of T3 did not produce any increase in the pituitary LH content of T rats.", "PMID": 63208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_780", "title": "Diurnal variations of plasma and pituitary thyrotrophin in adult male and female rats.", "content": "Male and female rats fed a low iodine diet for 20 days were used to study the diurnal variations in resting levels of plasma and pituitary TSH concentration using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. Sex differences in the fluctuations in plasma TSH levels and in amount of TSH in the pituitary gland were observed. The daily fluctuations of plasma TSH were characterized by two peaks that occurred in males at 6 a.m. and at 3 p.m. while in females the peaks were delayed until 9 a.m. and 7:30 p.m. Moreover, in the females the morning and the afternoon peaks were of the same intensity while in the males the afternoon peak that occurred just before the onset of darkness was much greater than the morning peak. There was a fall in TSH content of the pituitary in the male rats at 6 a.m. and also in the afternoon just before the onset of darkness. Thus, the diurnal variations in the plasma and pituitary TSH levels were related in male rats. In the females, however, the pituitary TSH concentration did not reflect the changes observed in the plasma TSH levels. The level of plasma PBI did not appear to be responsible for the fluctuations in plasma TSH concentration. It is suggested that the main mechanism for the control of the circadian rhythm of TSH might be related to a high activity at night.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of plasma and pituitary thyrotrophin in adult male and female rats. Male and female rats fed a low iodine diet for 20 days were used to study the diurnal variations in resting levels of plasma and pituitary TSH concentration using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. Sex differences in the fluctuations in plasma TSH levels and in amount of TSH in the pituitary gland were observed. The daily fluctuations of plasma TSH were characterized by two peaks that occurred in males at 6 a.m. and at 3 p.m. while in females the peaks were delayed until 9 a.m. and 7:30 p.m. Moreover, in the females the morning and the afternoon peaks were of the same intensity while in the males the afternoon peak that occurred just before the onset of darkness was much greater than the morning peak. There was a fall in TSH content of the pituitary in the male rats at 6 a.m. and also in the afternoon just before the onset of darkness. Thus, the diurnal variations in the plasma and pituitary TSH levels were related in male rats. In the females, however, the pituitary TSH concentration did not reflect the changes observed in the plasma TSH levels. The level of plasma PBI did not appear to be responsible for the fluctuations in plasma TSH concentration. It is suggested that the main mechanism for the control of the circadian rhythm of TSH might be related to a high activity at night.", "PMID": 63209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_781", "title": "Oat-cell bronchial carcinoma. Identification of cells in pleural fluid.", "content": "An analysis is made of the accuracy of diagnosing oat-cell (small cell) carcinoma of the lung from the cytology of pleural fluid. All the material over a 22-year period has been reviewed. Air-dried smears were used, stained with May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa. Of 91 cases in which oat-cells were specified in the written report, 90 were either proved histologically to have oat-cell or anaplastic bronchial carcinoma, or else had clinical findings consistent with that diagnosis and were registered as having bronchial carcinoma at death. There was one false positive, and no false suspicious reports. Cytologic diagnosis of this tumor type has, therefore, been no less reliable than would be expected from a histologist examining a surgical biopsy of infiltrated tissue. Of 49 consecutive cases histologically proved to have oat-cell carcinoma, and with pleural effusions examined in this laboratory, 21 showed no malignant cells (43 per cent false negative). Diagnostic features and causes of error are discussed, as well as the advantage of air-dried smears over the standard Papanicolaou method for the detection of this cell type.", "contents": "Oat-cell bronchial carcinoma. Identification of cells in pleural fluid. An analysis is made of the accuracy of diagnosing oat-cell (small cell) carcinoma of the lung from the cytology of pleural fluid. All the material over a 22-year period has been reviewed. Air-dried smears were used, stained with May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa. Of 91 cases in which oat-cells were specified in the written report, 90 were either proved histologically to have oat-cell or anaplastic bronchial carcinoma, or else had clinical findings consistent with that diagnosis and were registered as having bronchial carcinoma at death. There was one false positive, and no false suspicious reports. Cytologic diagnosis of this tumor type has, therefore, been no less reliable than would be expected from a histologist examining a surgical biopsy of infiltrated tissue. Of 49 consecutive cases histologically proved to have oat-cell carcinoma, and with pleural effusions examined in this laboratory, 21 showed no malignant cells (43 per cent false negative). Diagnostic features and causes of error are discussed, as well as the advantage of air-dried smears over the standard Papanicolaou method for the detection of this cell type.", "PMID": 63205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_782", "title": "Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tissue damage.", "content": "Our knowledge on immunopathogenic damage is derived from multiple different sources: experiments in vitro, experiments in vivo, clinical observations, and observations using material from multiple different animal species including man. If we want to analyse an immunological process suspected of causing tissue damage we have critically to evaluate the mechanism of immunologically specific initiating factors and the mechanisms of non-specific mediating factors. It is necessary to have clear information on the identity of the antigen, the location of the antigen, the identity of antibody, the location of antibody and similar information on specifically reactive lymphocytes. With this information in mind it is possible to hypothesize upon mechanisms, which can be responsible for the immunologically specific initiation of immuno-pathogenic damage. The non-specific mediating systems, which are the actual inducers of functional or structural tissue damage, are triggered by the specific, initial immune reaction. These systems comprise for instance complement, coagulation, granulocyte and macrophage lysozomes and function, chemotaxis, the mast cell system, phagocytosis etc. The overall picture of non-specific mediation of tissue damage is extremely complex, since it really makes it necessary to investigate and describe not only these systems but also their co-existence and interaction. Knowledge of immunopathogenic mechanisms in clinical disorders in man is still resting mainly upon analogies and assumptions, although progress is taking place. It is essential to ask the right questions and critically to evaluate the answers. Thereby the understanding of immunopathogenesis in diabetes mellitus and other clinical disorders shall gradually improve.", "contents": "Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tissue damage. Our knowledge on immunopathogenic damage is derived from multiple different sources: experiments in vitro, experiments in vivo, clinical observations, and observations using material from multiple different animal species including man. If we want to analyse an immunological process suspected of causing tissue damage we have critically to evaluate the mechanism of immunologically specific initiating factors and the mechanisms of non-specific mediating factors. It is necessary to have clear information on the identity of the antigen, the location of the antigen, the identity of antibody, the location of antibody and similar information on specifically reactive lymphocytes. With this information in mind it is possible to hypothesize upon mechanisms, which can be responsible for the immunologically specific initiation of immuno-pathogenic damage. The non-specific mediating systems, which are the actual inducers of functional or structural tissue damage, are triggered by the specific, initial immune reaction. These systems comprise for instance complement, coagulation, granulocyte and macrophage lysozomes and function, chemotaxis, the mast cell system, phagocytosis etc. The overall picture of non-specific mediation of tissue damage is extremely complex, since it really makes it necessary to investigate and describe not only these systems but also their co-existence and interaction. Knowledge of immunopathogenic mechanisms in clinical disorders in man is still resting mainly upon analogies and assumptions, although progress is taking place. It is essential to ask the right questions and critically to evaluate the answers. Thereby the understanding of immunopathogenesis in diabetes mellitus and other clinical disorders shall gradually improve.", "PMID": 63210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_783", "title": "Insulin--anti-insulin complexes.", "content": "When guinea pig antibodies (ab) bind insulin (ag), they can make complexes of different sizes. We propose the following model: In ab excess: (see article) Intermediate: (see article) In ag excess: (see article). An insulin molecule acts as a bivalent antigen, although more than two different antigenic determinants may be present. In vivo the large C II type disappears more rapidly from the blood than does the C I. The C II binds to complement factor C1q, whilst C I and C III do not. In sera from insulin treated patients we found C I and C III. The lack of lattice formation, due to the bivalency, may explain the difficulty in obtaining precipitation. The different complexes may influence calculations of antibody concentrations and affinity constants of the binding sites. The in vivo effects and possible clinical effects of antibodies to insulin may depend on the type of complex formed. Possibly, prevailing C II formation tends to cause large insulin requirements, although C II may seldomly be detected in the blood, because of rappid trapping. The immune complexes could affect the progression of angiopathy a) by interfering with insulin metabolism and control of diabetes, and b) by complement activation (mainly C II) and trapping in the vascular bed.", "contents": "Insulin--anti-insulin complexes. When guinea pig antibodies (ab) bind insulin (ag), they can make complexes of different sizes. We propose the following model: In ab excess: (see article) Intermediate: (see article) In ag excess: (see article). An insulin molecule acts as a bivalent antigen, although more than two different antigenic determinants may be present. In vivo the large C II type disappears more rapidly from the blood than does the C I. The C II binds to complement factor C1q, whilst C I and C III do not. In sera from insulin treated patients we found C I and C III. The lack of lattice formation, due to the bivalency, may explain the difficulty in obtaining precipitation. The different complexes may influence calculations of antibody concentrations and affinity constants of the binding sites. The in vivo effects and possible clinical effects of antibodies to insulin may depend on the type of complex formed. Possibly, prevailing C II formation tends to cause large insulin requirements, although C II may seldomly be detected in the blood, because of rappid trapping. The immune complexes could affect the progression of angiopathy a) by interfering with insulin metabolism and control of diabetes, and b) by complement activation (mainly C II) and trapping in the vascular bed.", "PMID": 63211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_784", "title": "Sudanophilia in exfoliated urothelial cells.", "content": "Cytoplasmic lipid globules colorable by Oil Red O of varying numbers, size and random distribution were encountered in the majority of normal, abnormal and malignant urothelial cells of the urinary sediments fixed by formaldehyde. Small cytoplasmic lipid globules and the diffuse sudanophilia of the finely dispersed lipids which paralleled the cyanophilia in the homologous cells were considered indicators of the functional status of well preserved urothelial cells; medium and large lipid globules were a sign of advanced necrobiosis. Demonstration of cytoplasmic lipids was not found a reliable discriminatory guide in the differential diagnosis of malignancy of the urothelium.", "contents": "Sudanophilia in exfoliated urothelial cells. Cytoplasmic lipid globules colorable by Oil Red O of varying numbers, size and random distribution were encountered in the majority of normal, abnormal and malignant urothelial cells of the urinary sediments fixed by formaldehyde. Small cytoplasmic lipid globules and the diffuse sudanophilia of the finely dispersed lipids which paralleled the cyanophilia in the homologous cells were considered indicators of the functional status of well preserved urothelial cells; medium and large lipid globules were a sign of advanced necrobiosis. Demonstration of cytoplasmic lipids was not found a reliable discriminatory guide in the differential diagnosis of malignancy of the urothelium.", "PMID": 63207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_785", "title": "HLA factors and immune function.", "content": "The HLA system is the major histocompatibility system (MHS) in man and contains a variety of closely linked genes, which control a large number of alloantigens, some complement components, and certain immune responses. The alloantigens are of three different kinds: (i) so-called \"classical\" or serologically detectable (SD) antigens which are present on all nucleated cells and controlled by genes of at least three different loci; (ii) MLC (= mixed lymphocyte culture = LD = lymphocyte dependent) antigens which are as yet only recognizable by in vitro culture assays; (iii) Ia (= immune-associated) antigens which (like MLC antigens) primarily are present on B lymphocytes and which can be detected serologically. Our knowledge of immune-response (Ir) determinants in man is as yet rather limited but by inference from studies of MHS in mice, guinea-pigs, and rhesus monkeys it is almost certain that HLA contains such genes. Immune response genes control in a dominant way the ability to respond specifically with IgG antibody production and cell-mediated immunity to certain specific antigens. Ir genes are closely linked to the MLC and Ia genes. They seem to be particularly important for immune responses involving T lymphocyte function (including T-B cell cooperation), and it seems likely that they code for \"antibody-like\", carrier-specific immune receptors on T cells. Evidence that HLA contains Ir determinants derives from the observations (i) that a variety of \"immunopathic\" disorders are associated with HLA factors; (ii) that ragweed hayfever seems to be inherited with certain HLA types within families; and (iii) that the occurrence of anti-adrenal antibodies is associated with HLA in Addison's disease. Autoimmune thyreoiditis is controlled by the MHS in mice and chickens, and in analogy, Graves' disease is associated with HLA in man.", "contents": "HLA factors and immune function. The HLA system is the major histocompatibility system (MHS) in man and contains a variety of closely linked genes, which control a large number of alloantigens, some complement components, and certain immune responses. The alloantigens are of three different kinds: (i) so-called \"classical\" or serologically detectable (SD) antigens which are present on all nucleated cells and controlled by genes of at least three different loci; (ii) MLC (= mixed lymphocyte culture = LD = lymphocyte dependent) antigens which are as yet only recognizable by in vitro culture assays; (iii) Ia (= immune-associated) antigens which (like MLC antigens) primarily are present on B lymphocytes and which can be detected serologically. Our knowledge of immune-response (Ir) determinants in man is as yet rather limited but by inference from studies of MHS in mice, guinea-pigs, and rhesus monkeys it is almost certain that HLA contains such genes. Immune response genes control in a dominant way the ability to respond specifically with IgG antibody production and cell-mediated immunity to certain specific antigens. Ir genes are closely linked to the MLC and Ia genes. They seem to be particularly important for immune responses involving T lymphocyte function (including T-B cell cooperation), and it seems likely that they code for \"antibody-like\", carrier-specific immune receptors on T cells. Evidence that HLA contains Ir determinants derives from the observations (i) that a variety of \"immunopathic\" disorders are associated with HLA factors; (ii) that ragweed hayfever seems to be inherited with certain HLA types within families; and (iii) that the occurrence of anti-adrenal antibodies is associated with HLA in Addison's disease. Autoimmune thyreoiditis is controlled by the MHS in mice and chickens, and in analogy, Graves' disease is associated with HLA in man.", "PMID": 63212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_786", "title": "Application of alcian blue in the electron microscopic study of mouse and human cerebral cortex nerve cells.", "content": "Alcian blue is a cationic dye which has been used in the histochemical field for the demonstration of polyanions especially carboxylated and sulphated. The results obtained in neurons when this dye was applied to human and mouse cerebral cortex and studied with the electron microscope are the object of the present report. The CNS of normal adult mice was fixed by vascular perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde-0.1 M sodium cacodylate-0.1 M sucrose at pH = 6.8 followed by the same fixative with the addition of 0.5% alcian blue. After perfusion, brain cortex was taken out, sectioned into small blocks and immersed in a fresh similar mixture and subsequently in OSO4. Blocks were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections were doubly stained with uranyl and lead salts. Human brain cortex taken from patients with cerebral edema was fixed by immersion with 6.5% glutaraldehyde-0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH = 7.4 followed by embedding in warm agar and sectioning in slices of 30 mum thickness which were impregnated by immersion in a mixture of 1% alcian blue-acetate buffer-3% glutaraldehyde at pH = 3.5 for 9 to 15 h at  4 degrees C and subsequently immersed in 1% buffered OSO4-0.1 M sucrose, pH = 7.4 for 2 h at 4 degrees S. Sections were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections were doubly stained by uranyl and lead salts. We have denominated the complete procedure in both instances GABOUL technique. The submicroscopic study of both tissues, at nerve cells, revealed the presence of an electron dense homogeneous substance thoroughly dispersed at the hyaloplasmic matrix of perikarya, processes and even synaptic endings. This substance was more evident around free and attached ribosomes, GOLGI apparatus, complex vesicles, dense bodies, microtubules, subsurface cisternae and synaptic vesicles. Canaliculi of endoplasmic reticulum and even the perinuclear cistern also showed a moderate content. It is suggested that this electron dense substance, being alcianophilic, has a polyanionic character and thus may partially correspond to acid polysaccharides since these compounds have already been previously confirmed in such neurons by biochemical and light microscope histochemical techniques.", "contents": "Application of alcian blue in the electron microscopic study of mouse and human cerebral cortex nerve cells. Alcian blue is a cationic dye which has been used in the histochemical field for the demonstration of polyanions especially carboxylated and sulphated. The results obtained in neurons when this dye was applied to human and mouse cerebral cortex and studied with the electron microscope are the object of the present report. The CNS of normal adult mice was fixed by vascular perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde-0.1 M sodium cacodylate-0.1 M sucrose at pH = 6.8 followed by the same fixative with the addition of 0.5% alcian blue. After perfusion, brain cortex was taken out, sectioned into small blocks and immersed in a fresh similar mixture and subsequently in OSO4. Blocks were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections were doubly stained with uranyl and lead salts. Human brain cortex taken from patients with cerebral edema was fixed by immersion with 6.5% glutaraldehyde-0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH = 7.4 followed by embedding in warm agar and sectioning in slices of 30 mum thickness which were impregnated by immersion in a mixture of 1% alcian blue-acetate buffer-3% glutaraldehyde at pH = 3.5 for 9 to 15 h at  4 degrees C and subsequently immersed in 1% buffered OSO4-0.1 M sucrose, pH = 7.4 for 2 h at 4 degrees S. Sections were dehydrated and embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections were doubly stained by uranyl and lead salts. We have denominated the complete procedure in both instances GABOUL technique. The submicroscopic study of both tissues, at nerve cells, revealed the presence of an electron dense homogeneous substance thoroughly dispersed at the hyaloplasmic matrix of perikarya, processes and even synaptic endings. This substance was more evident around free and attached ribosomes, GOLGI apparatus, complex vesicles, dense bodies, microtubules, subsurface cisternae and synaptic vesicles. Canaliculi of endoplasmic reticulum and even the perinuclear cistern also showed a moderate content. It is suggested that this electron dense substance, being alcianophilic, has a polyanionic character and thus may partially correspond to acid polysaccharides since these compounds have already been previously confirmed in such neurons by biochemical and light microscope histochemical techniques.", "PMID": 63213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_787", "title": "Improved periodic acid-silver methenamine staining procedure for electron microscopy.", "content": "Mucosubstances can be stained for electron micrsocopy with silver methenamine after periodic acid oxidation in ultrathin Epon sections mounted on nickel grids. The grids are transferred from a solution to another during the staining procedure conveniently in a container made of polyvinyl chloride plastic. This staining procedure is easy to perform and gives reproducible results. It is especially suitable for simultaneous handling of a large number of grids.", "contents": "Improved periodic acid-silver methenamine staining procedure for electron microscopy. Mucosubstances can be stained for electron micrsocopy with silver methenamine after periodic acid oxidation in ultrathin Epon sections mounted on nickel grids. The grids are transferred from a solution to another during the staining procedure conveniently in a container made of polyvinyl chloride plastic. This staining procedure is easy to perform and gives reproducible results. It is especially suitable for simultaneous handling of a large number of grids.", "PMID": 63214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_788", "title": "[Therapy evaluation in rheumatology with an electronic data processing system].", "content": "A system for the evaluation of therapeutical effects in rheumatic diseases is presented. This system permits a calculation of two indices: i.e. rheuma-number and \"Masszahl\" (= only measured values such as range of motion in degrees) which lend themselves to statistical treatment. The result of standardized physical joint examination of patients is recorded on two mark-pages, specially developed for documentation of joint status. The data recorded on the two-mark-pages are then entered into the computer by means of a mark-page-reader. On the basis of these data, the computer, upon the basis of a program specially developed for this purpose, automatically calculates the corresponding amount of negative-points, which parallels the severity of the joint changes, i.e. the rheuma-number (\"Rheumazahl\"). Separately listed at the end of the status-outprint is the \"Masszahl\", which is part of the rheuma-number and comprises the measured values (for example, the range of motion measured in degrees). The practicability of this system is demonstrated on the basis of the results of a double-blind-comparison of two antirheumatic-corticosteroid-combinations and an open study with immuno-suppressives in patinets with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Therapy evaluation in rheumatology with an electronic data processing system]. A system for the evaluation of therapeutical effects in rheumatic diseases is presented. This system permits a calculation of two indices: i.e. rheuma-number and \"Masszahl\" (= only measured values such as range of motion in degrees) which lend themselves to statistical treatment. The result of standardized physical joint examination of patients is recorded on two mark-pages, specially developed for documentation of joint status. The data recorded on the two-mark-pages are then entered into the computer by means of a mark-page-reader. On the basis of these data, the computer, upon the basis of a program specially developed for this purpose, automatically calculates the corresponding amount of negative-points, which parallels the severity of the joint changes, i.e. the rheuma-number (\"Rheumazahl\"). Separately listed at the end of the status-outprint is the \"Masszahl\", which is part of the rheuma-number and comprises the measured values (for example, the range of motion measured in degrees). The practicability of this system is demonstrated on the basis of the results of a double-blind-comparison of two antirheumatic-corticosteroid-combinations and an open study with immuno-suppressives in patinets with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 63215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_789", "title": "General health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. IV. An analysis of the effectiveness of the psychological examination program.", "content": "Since 1969, 4-year-olds in the County of Uppsala have been offered extensive health screening at the Child Health Centres. In 1969 and 1970 a total of 3810 children underwent the screening procedure. The psychological screening instrument consisted of a questionnaire (to be answered by the parents), an interview of the parents, a psychomotor examination and an observation of the child's behaviour. 156 (4.1%) 4-year-olds were referred to a specialist team for investigation and decision concerning treatment. In the present study the effectiveness of the psychological screening instrument was assessed by its sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. The sensitivity was found to amount to a maximum of 0.73. The specificity was estimated to be 0.98-0.99, and the positive predictive value to 0.67. The authors consider the effectiveness to be sufficiently high to motivate continuation of the screening procedure for detection of psychological problems in pre-school age. Efforts should be made, however, to further improve the effectiveness.", "contents": "General health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish county. IV. An analysis of the effectiveness of the psychological examination program. Since 1969, 4-year-olds in the County of Uppsala have been offered extensive health screening at the Child Health Centres. In 1969 and 1970 a total of 3810 children underwent the screening procedure. The psychological screening instrument consisted of a questionnaire (to be answered by the parents), an interview of the parents, a psychomotor examination and an observation of the child's behaviour. 156 (4.1%) 4-year-olds were referred to a specialist team for investigation and decision concerning treatment. In the present study the effectiveness of the psychological screening instrument was assessed by its sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. The sensitivity was found to amount to a maximum of 0.73. The specificity was estimated to be 0.98-0.99, and the positive predictive value to 0.67. The authors consider the effectiveness to be sufficiently high to motivate continuation of the screening procedure for detection of psychological problems in pre-school age. Efforts should be made, however, to further improve the effectiveness.", "PMID": 63218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_790", "title": "Nerve fibers in the human organ of Corti.", "content": "In the human cochlea, the following characteristics of nerve fiber arrangements were observed. 1. Where there was only the basilar fiber in the tunnel of Corti, the internal and tunnel spiral bundle were not observed. In such cases, the number of nerve fibers in the external spiral bundle was small. 2. In the tunnel of Corti, the basilar fibers (afferent) took a course at the base and crossing the tunnel slanting to the basal end. 3. The medial fibers were present with the internal spiral bundle and tunnel spiral bundle. These fibers are possibly efferent. 4. The external spiral bundle increases its fiber count when internal and tunnel spiral bundles were present in the organ of Corti. 5. The external spiral bundle was composed of the basilar and medial fibers. The former were less and the latter much more numerous in the bundle. 6. 85-90% of the afferent fibers went to the internal hair cells, while the remainder went to the external hair cells. 7. The nerve fibers were found in the organ of Corti lateral to the external spiral bundles. The fibers were running in the Hensen's and Claudius' cell area. 8. In some cases medial fibers showed a torpedo-like deformity in the tunnel of Corti. When this was observed, it was found distributed throughout the entire cochlea. Hearing disorders due to this pathology of the efferent fiber was suggested.", "contents": "Nerve fibers in the human organ of Corti. In the human cochlea, the following characteristics of nerve fiber arrangements were observed. 1. Where there was only the basilar fiber in the tunnel of Corti, the internal and tunnel spiral bundle were not observed. In such cases, the number of nerve fibers in the external spiral bundle was small. 2. In the tunnel of Corti, the basilar fibers (afferent) took a course at the base and crossing the tunnel slanting to the basal end. 3. The medial fibers were present with the internal spiral bundle and tunnel spiral bundle. These fibers are possibly efferent. 4. The external spiral bundle increases its fiber count when internal and tunnel spiral bundles were present in the organ of Corti. 5. The external spiral bundle was composed of the basilar and medial fibers. The former were less and the latter much more numerous in the bundle. 6. 85-90% of the afferent fibers went to the internal hair cells, while the remainder went to the external hair cells. 7. The nerve fibers were found in the organ of Corti lateral to the external spiral bundles. The fibers were running in the Hensen's and Claudius' cell area. 8. In some cases medial fibers showed a torpedo-like deformity in the tunnel of Corti. When this was observed, it was found distributed throughout the entire cochlea. Hearing disorders due to this pathology of the efferent fiber was suggested.", "PMID": 63216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_791", "title": "Selective loss of blood group antigens during wound healing.", "content": "Frozen sections of healing wounds of the oral mucosa of 3 rhesus monkeys were examined by a double layer immunofluorescent technic for the presence of blood B-like antigens. Antigen activity was present in normal epithelium and in the epithelial outgrowth into the wounds but was absent from the outgrowth following treatment with lipid solvents. This finding suggests that glycoprotein but not glycolipid associated antigen is lost from the surface of epithelial cells during wound healing, a pattern of selective loss which may reflect a difference between regenerative and neoplastic lesions.", "contents": "Selective loss of blood group antigens during wound healing. Frozen sections of healing wounds of the oral mucosa of 3 rhesus monkeys were examined by a double layer immunofluorescent technic for the presence of blood B-like antigens. Antigen activity was present in normal epithelium and in the epithelial outgrowth into the wounds but was absent from the outgrowth following treatment with lipid solvents. This finding suggests that glycoprotein but not glycolipid associated antigen is lost from the surface of epithelial cells during wound healing, a pattern of selective loss which may reflect a difference between regenerative and neoplastic lesions.", "PMID": 63219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_792", "title": "Fibrinoid necrosis of the epithelial cells of the skin.", "content": "It has been shown in previous studies that fibrinoid necrosis not only occurs in connective tissue and in vessel walls, but can also be observed in the liver cells under special conditions and can also be provoked experimentally. It was observed in the present study that certain dermatoses (cases of the herpes group, erythema multiforme, drug eruptions, Lyell's toxic epidermal necrolysis, pityriasis lichenoides acuta, and skin affected by UV-rays) were associated with \"eosinophilic necrosis\" in the epithelial cells which morphologically corresponded to the fibrinoid necrosis of the connective tissue and of the liver cells described previously. Besides toxic, infectious and septic conditions, circulatory disturbances (hypoxia, anoxia) appear to have a special significance. Observations by way of the light and fluorescence microscope revealed the characteristics of keratin variants and precursors in some necrobiotic cells which influence the peculiar properties of fibrinoid necrosis of the skin epithelia. The role of the mixed paraproteins is emphasized and reference is made to the role of a mixed paraprotein (\"keratofibrinoid\") which is formed in the course of the regressive process and to which the morphological changes may be attributed.", "contents": "Fibrinoid necrosis of the epithelial cells of the skin. It has been shown in previous studies that fibrinoid necrosis not only occurs in connective tissue and in vessel walls, but can also be observed in the liver cells under special conditions and can also be provoked experimentally. It was observed in the present study that certain dermatoses (cases of the herpes group, erythema multiforme, drug eruptions, Lyell's toxic epidermal necrolysis, pityriasis lichenoides acuta, and skin affected by UV-rays) were associated with \"eosinophilic necrosis\" in the epithelial cells which morphologically corresponded to the fibrinoid necrosis of the connective tissue and of the liver cells described previously. Besides toxic, infectious and septic conditions, circulatory disturbances (hypoxia, anoxia) appear to have a special significance. Observations by way of the light and fluorescence microscope revealed the characteristics of keratin variants and precursors in some necrobiotic cells which influence the peculiar properties of fibrinoid necrosis of the skin epithelia. The role of the mixed paraproteins is emphasized and reference is made to the role of a mixed paraprotein (\"keratofibrinoid\") which is formed in the course of the regressive process and to which the morphological changes may be attributed.", "PMID": 63220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_793", "title": "Microscopy of tonsillar smears and sections in tonsillar gonorrhoea.", "content": "Microscopy of methylene-blue and Gram-stained smears from the tonsillar surface and an immunofluorescence (IF) test were carried out for 130 patients, 129 with genital and/or anal gonorrhoea, 27 of whom also had tonsillar gonorrhoea. One patient had only tonsillar gonorrhoea. 5 of the 28 patients with tonsillar gonorrhoea had acute tonsillitis and for these, agreement was found between culture, light microscopy and IF test, while only 5 of the remaining 23 patients had positive microscopy. Among the 102 patients who did not have tonsillar gonorrhoea a few false-positive light microscopies and IF tests were found. Microscopy of haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of 8 tonsils from 4 patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar gonorrhoea showed subacute tonsillitis. Methylene-blue and Gram-stained sections revealed gram-negative diplococci morphologically similar to gonococci. The bacteria were located in the superficial layers of the mucous membrane (frequently intracellularly in leukocytes) and occasionally in cellular debris in the crypts.", "contents": "Microscopy of tonsillar smears and sections in tonsillar gonorrhoea. Microscopy of methylene-blue and Gram-stained smears from the tonsillar surface and an immunofluorescence (IF) test were carried out for 130 patients, 129 with genital and/or anal gonorrhoea, 27 of whom also had tonsillar gonorrhoea. One patient had only tonsillar gonorrhoea. 5 of the 28 patients with tonsillar gonorrhoea had acute tonsillitis and for these, agreement was found between culture, light microscopy and IF test, while only 5 of the remaining 23 patients had positive microscopy. Among the 102 patients who did not have tonsillar gonorrhoea a few false-positive light microscopies and IF tests were found. Microscopy of haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of 8 tonsils from 4 patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar gonorrhoea showed subacute tonsillitis. Methylene-blue and Gram-stained sections revealed gram-negative diplococci morphologically similar to gonococci. The bacteria were located in the superficial layers of the mucous membrane (frequently intracellularly in leukocytes) and occasionally in cellular debris in the crypts.", "PMID": 63217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_794", "title": "Five new Escherichia coli K antigens, K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100.", "content": "Five Escherichia coli strains were established as antigenic test strains for five new polysaccharide K antigens: K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100. K95 to K98 served already as test strains of O antigens O75, O77, O81 and O107 respectively. F147, which is test strain of K100, had O antigen O75.", "contents": "Five new Escherichia coli K antigens, K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100. Five Escherichia coli strains were established as antigenic test strains for five new polysaccharide K antigens: K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100. K95 to K98 served already as test strains of O antigens O75, O77, O81 and O107 respectively. F147, which is test strain of K100, had O antigen O75.", "PMID": 63221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_795", "title": "The impact of HLA-A, B or HLA-D identity on the MIF production in MLC.", "content": "The relative influence on MIF release in MLC of different parts of the HLA region was studied in 1) MLCs between cells from HLA-A and B identical (probably HLA-D unidentical) unrelated persons and 2) MLCs between cells from HLA-D identical, HLA-A and B unidentical unrelated persons. It was found that the HLA-D part of the region has the major effect on the MIF production. Studies of MIF activity in supernatants from mitomycin treated cultures lent some evidence to the hypothesis that there is an extreme linkage disequilibrium between the HLA-D alleles and hypothetical separate MIF alleles. Examination of families with crossover between the HLA-A, B and HLA-D part of the region is required for confirmation of these findings.", "contents": "The impact of HLA-A, B or HLA-D identity on the MIF production in MLC. The relative influence on MIF release in MLC of different parts of the HLA region was studied in 1) MLCs between cells from HLA-A and B identical (probably HLA-D unidentical) unrelated persons and 2) MLCs between cells from HLA-D identical, HLA-A and B unidentical unrelated persons. It was found that the HLA-D part of the region has the major effect on the MIF production. Studies of MIF activity in supernatants from mitomycin treated cultures lent some evidence to the hypothesis that there is an extreme linkage disequilibrium between the HLA-D alleles and hypothetical separate MIF alleles. Examination of families with crossover between the HLA-A, B and HLA-D part of the region is required for confirmation of these findings.", "PMID": 63222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_796", "title": "Study of substances related to carcinoembryonic antigens, CEA-NCA and association with alpha1-antichymotrypsin.", "content": "The alpha-protein which we previously detected in PCA extracts of malignant tumours, normal tissues, sera and other body fluids has been further tested. The alpha-protein was identified by immunological methods as alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Experiments by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that this protein cross-reacts with the betaE-protein found in the PCA extracts. The betaE-protein shows heterogeneity in molecular size, electrophoretic mobility and it has been demonstrated that it shares antigenic determinants with the CEA or betaI-molecule. Cross-reaction between betaE and other glycoproteins found in the PCA extract of normal or malignant tissue or serum was not detected.", "contents": "Study of substances related to carcinoembryonic antigens, CEA-NCA and association with alpha1-antichymotrypsin. The alpha-protein which we previously detected in PCA extracts of malignant tumours, normal tissues, sera and other body fluids has been further tested. The alpha-protein was identified by immunological methods as alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Experiments by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that this protein cross-reacts with the betaE-protein found in the PCA extracts. The betaE-protein shows heterogeneity in molecular size, electrophoretic mobility and it has been demonstrated that it shares antigenic determinants with the CEA or betaI-molecule. Cross-reaction between betaE and other glycoproteins found in the PCA extract of normal or malignant tissue or serum was not detected.", "PMID": 63223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_797", "title": "Further characterization of protein A reactive and non-reactive subfragments of Fc from human IgG.", "content": "Tryptic digests of acid-treated Fc from normal human IgG were separated into four peaks (I-IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The second peak was further divided into two fractions (II and II'). Peak I was indistinguishable from intact Fc on electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and reactivity to protein A. The protein A reactive fragments of fractions II, II', and III were shown to contain antigenic determinants of both the CH2 and CH3 domains, to interact with the anti-Gm (1) specific rheumatoid factor, and to fix complement. These results, together with SDS-electrophoresis, showed that protein A reactive fragments are all composed of an intact Fc chain with shorter chains covalently linked to it. The protein A non-reactive fragments of fractions II' and III were homogeneous, fixed complement and showed no interaction with the Gm (1) rheumatoid factor. These results, in addition to the observed antigenic determinants, localized the fragments to the CH2 region.", "contents": "Further characterization of protein A reactive and non-reactive subfragments of Fc from human IgG. Tryptic digests of acid-treated Fc from normal human IgG were separated into four peaks (I-IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The second peak was further divided into two fractions (II and II'). Peak I was indistinguishable from intact Fc on electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and reactivity to protein A. The protein A reactive fragments of fractions II, II', and III were shown to contain antigenic determinants of both the CH2 and CH3 domains, to interact with the anti-Gm (1) specific rheumatoid factor, and to fix complement. These results, together with SDS-electrophoresis, showed that protein A reactive fragments are all composed of an intact Fc chain with shorter chains covalently linked to it. The protein A non-reactive fragments of fractions II' and III were homogeneous, fixed complement and showed no interaction with the Gm (1) rheumatoid factor. These results, in addition to the observed antigenic determinants, localized the fragments to the CH2 region.", "PMID": 63224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_798", "title": "Antigenic properties of a DNA-preparation from calf thymus used for the demonstration of anti-DNA.", "content": "It was attempted to evaluate passive haemagglutination of antigen coated, tanned erythrocytes as a test by which to demonstrate anti-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigens was prepared using a minimum of procedures in order to produce a native preparation. The resulting material had most of the criteria applying to native DNA, but the protein content was about 9%. It contained a thymocyte specific component, but no demonstrable trace of bovine species antigen. The reactions between the antigen and an anti-DNA serum from a patient with suspected SLE were inhibited by DNA and DNA-histone, but not appreciably by ENA, RNA or desoxyribonucleosides. Passive haemagglutination reactions against the antigen were positively correlated to a homogeneous immunofluorescence nuclear pattern and negatively correlated to a speckled pattern. Passive haemagglutination titres against ENA and DNA antigen were not correlated. Seventy-three per cent of randomly selected sera gave either purely DNase sensitive reactions (19%) or reactions of combined sensitivity to DNase and other enzymes. Twenty-eight out of 53 sera reacting in the passive haemagglutination test reacted also in the immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. The latter reactions were DNase sensitive. It applies to both tests that DNase sensitive, but RNase resistant, reactions were well correlated, irrespective of their sensitivity to trypsin while DNase resistant or DNase and RNase sensitive reactions were not correlated. The passive haemagglutination test using a native but relatively crude DNA-preparation coated on tanned sheep erythrocytes supplemented by specificity tests with DNase and RNase treated antigen gives about the same information as the indirect immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. Furthermore, the results show that patients' sera reacting with a homogeneous nuclear pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence test may contain not only anti-DNA and anti-nucleohistone antibodies, but also antibodies to a number of non-histone chromatin associated proteins some of which contain RNA.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of a DNA-preparation from calf thymus used for the demonstration of anti-DNA. It was attempted to evaluate passive haemagglutination of antigen coated, tanned erythrocytes as a test by which to demonstrate anti-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigens was prepared using a minimum of procedures in order to produce a native preparation. The resulting material had most of the criteria applying to native DNA, but the protein content was about 9%. It contained a thymocyte specific component, but no demonstrable trace of bovine species antigen. The reactions between the antigen and an anti-DNA serum from a patient with suspected SLE were inhibited by DNA and DNA-histone, but not appreciably by ENA, RNA or desoxyribonucleosides. Passive haemagglutination reactions against the antigen were positively correlated to a homogeneous immunofluorescence nuclear pattern and negatively correlated to a speckled pattern. Passive haemagglutination titres against ENA and DNA antigen were not correlated. Seventy-three per cent of randomly selected sera gave either purely DNase sensitive reactions (19%) or reactions of combined sensitivity to DNase and other enzymes. Twenty-eight out of 53 sera reacting in the passive haemagglutination test reacted also in the immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. The latter reactions were DNase sensitive. It applies to both tests that DNase sensitive, but RNase resistant, reactions were well correlated, irrespective of their sensitivity to trypsin while DNase resistant or DNase and RNase sensitive reactions were not correlated. The passive haemagglutination test using a native but relatively crude DNA-preparation coated on tanned sheep erythrocytes supplemented by specificity tests with DNase and RNase treated antigen gives about the same information as the indirect immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. Furthermore, the results show that patients' sera reacting with a homogeneous nuclear pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence test may contain not only anti-DNA and anti-nucleohistone antibodies, but also antibodies to a number of non-histone chromatin associated proteins some of which contain RNA.", "PMID": 63225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_799", "title": "Encephalitogenic activity of the N-terminal part of bovine myelin basic protein in rabbits.", "content": "The disease-inducing activity of the N-terminal part (residues 1-42) of bovine myelin basic protein in rabbits is localized to two regions. One encephalitogenic determined probably incorporates at least one of the lysine residues (Nos. 4 and 11); the other is within residues 20-36. It is concluded that region 1-42 shows a comparably strong degree of encephalitogenicity for rabbits.", "contents": "Encephalitogenic activity of the N-terminal part of bovine myelin basic protein in rabbits. The disease-inducing activity of the N-terminal part (residues 1-42) of bovine myelin basic protein in rabbits is localized to two regions. One encephalitogenic determined probably incorporates at least one of the lysine residues (Nos. 4 and 11); the other is within residues 20-36. It is concluded that region 1-42 shows a comparably strong degree of encephalitogenicity for rabbits.", "PMID": 63226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_800", "title": "Inhibition of the mitogenicity of the carrier molecule results in loss of immunogenicity of a hapten-LPS conjugate.", "content": "Colistin methanesulfonate, a basic polypeptide similar to polymyxin E, has been shown to suppress the mitogenicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. It also inhibits the immunogenicity of a hapten-LPS conjugate. The inhibition was neither due to interference with the expression of hapten determinants, nor was it due to crossreactivity between the hapten and colistin methanesulfonate. As mitogenicity and immunogenicity was similarly affected, we conclude that activation of bursa-derived lymphocytes, in specific thymus-independent immune responses, does not take place in the absence of a mitogenic (non-Ig mediated) signal, thus supporting the hypothesis of the \"one nonspecific signal\" for B cell triggering.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mitogenicity of the carrier molecule results in loss of immunogenicity of a hapten-LPS conjugate. Colistin methanesulfonate, a basic polypeptide similar to polymyxin E, has been shown to suppress the mitogenicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. It also inhibits the immunogenicity of a hapten-LPS conjugate. The inhibition was neither due to interference with the expression of hapten determinants, nor was it due to crossreactivity between the hapten and colistin methanesulfonate. As mitogenicity and immunogenicity was similarly affected, we conclude that activation of bursa-derived lymphocytes, in specific thymus-independent immune responses, does not take place in the absence of a mitogenic (non-Ig mediated) signal, thus supporting the hypothesis of the \"one nonspecific signal\" for B cell triggering.", "PMID": 63227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_801", "title": "Intracellular localization of carbonic anhydrase in the frog nephron.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase has been studied in the frog nephron by a histochemical method. The study of the detailed intracellular localization was possible by sectioning tissue embedded in plastic (Sorwall, JB-4), before staining essentially according to Hansson. This procedure preserves the intracellular structure well and the resolution is high. For light microscopy sections from 1 to 10 mum were used. For electron microscopy 0.25 mum thick sections were stained and examined in the electron microscope using an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The highest concentrations of the enzyme seem to be localized to the cell membranes or their immediate neighbourhood. A faint cytoplasmic staining may sometimes be observed. In distal tubule cells the apical part of the cell membrane was heavily stained. Weaker staining was found at the lateral membranes and their infoldings and to some extent the basal parts of the cell membrane. In the canaliculi cells only the lateral and basal parts of the membranes were stained. This latter localization is similar to that in the parietal cells of the mammalian stomach.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of carbonic anhydrase in the frog nephron. The intracellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase has been studied in the frog nephron by a histochemical method. The study of the detailed intracellular localization was possible by sectioning tissue embedded in plastic (Sorwall, JB-4), before staining essentially according to Hansson. This procedure preserves the intracellular structure well and the resolution is high. For light microscopy sections from 1 to 10 mum were used. For electron microscopy 0.25 mum thick sections were stained and examined in the electron microscope using an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The highest concentrations of the enzyme seem to be localized to the cell membranes or their immediate neighbourhood. A faint cytoplasmic staining may sometimes be observed. In distal tubule cells the apical part of the cell membrane was heavily stained. Weaker staining was found at the lateral membranes and their infoldings and to some extent the basal parts of the cell membrane. In the canaliculi cells only the lateral and basal parts of the membranes were stained. This latter localization is similar to that in the parietal cells of the mammalian stomach.", "PMID": 63229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_802", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin metabolites.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays were developed for the main plasma and urinary metabolites of PGF2alpha in the human, viz., 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha and 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprosta-1,16-dioic acid. The methods allowed assay of unextracted samples and had a sensitivity of 5 pg and 2 pg, respectively. The assays were evaluated by comparison with mass spectrometric data. Normal levels of these metabolites were estimated in a number of subjects. Levels in plasma and urine of the metabolites were followed after injection or during infusion of PGF2alpha and during administration of various antiinflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin metabolites. Radioimmunoassays were developed for the main plasma and urinary metabolites of PGF2alpha in the human, viz., 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha and 5alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-11-ketotetranorprosta-1,16-dioic acid. The methods allowed assay of unextracted samples and had a sensitivity of 5 pg and 2 pg, respectively. The assays were evaluated by comparison with mass spectrometric data. Normal levels of these metabolites were estimated in a number of subjects. Levels in plasma and urine of the metabolites were followed after injection or during infusion of PGF2alpha and during administration of various antiinflammatory drugs.", "PMID": 63236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_803", "title": "Studies on the characteristics of poliovirus type 3. II. Characteristics of \"hot\" clones.", "content": "Markers d, IST, EA1(OH)3, rct (at sub- and supraoptimal temperatures) and neurovirulence were determined for clones isolated from two lots (S2 and S3) of vaccines containing poliovirus strain Leon 12a1b. Changes of markers rct, d and neurovirulence were observed in several clones isolated from S2 vaccine. No changes were observed in IST and EA1(OH)3 markers.", "contents": "Studies on the characteristics of poliovirus type 3. II. Characteristics of \"hot\" clones. Markers d, IST, EA1(OH)3, rct (at sub- and supraoptimal temperatures) and neurovirulence were determined for clones isolated from two lots (S2 and S3) of vaccines containing poliovirus strain Leon 12a1b. Changes of markers rct, d and neurovirulence were observed in several clones isolated from S2 vaccine. No changes were observed in IST and EA1(OH)3 markers.", "PMID": 63237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_804", "title": "Electron microscopy of surface structures of Rickettsia prowazeki stained with ruthenium red.", "content": "In studying surface structures of Rickettsia prowazeki (E and Breinl strains) by ruthenium red staining, a microcapsular layer 125-165 A thick, composed of subunits 85--100 A in diameter with a periodicity of 100--120 A as well as the inner layer of the cell wall 40--60 A thick were clearly revealed. In tangential sections of cells, subunits of the microcapsular layer were found in parallel striation arrays. These structures presumably contain acid mucopolysaccharides detectable by ruthenium red staining. Besides, hitherto unreported intracytoplasmic membrane structures were detected in ruthenium red-stained rickettsiae.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of surface structures of Rickettsia prowazeki stained with ruthenium red. In studying surface structures of Rickettsia prowazeki (E and Breinl strains) by ruthenium red staining, a microcapsular layer 125-165 A thick, composed of subunits 85--100 A in diameter with a periodicity of 100--120 A as well as the inner layer of the cell wall 40--60 A thick were clearly revealed. In tangential sections of cells, subunits of the microcapsular layer were found in parallel striation arrays. These structures presumably contain acid mucopolysaccharides detectable by ruthenium red staining. Besides, hitherto unreported intracytoplasmic membrane structures were detected in ruthenium red-stained rickettsiae.", "PMID": 63238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_805", "title": "Histogenesis of splenic lesions in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Histochemical markers were used to identify the various cellular and structural components of the human spleen, and to investigate the histogenesis of the splenic lesions of Hodgkin's disease. The early lesions appear in areas near the central artery (periarterial lymphatic sheath) in the white pulp. The white pulp becomes hypertrophic. The lesions enlarge, extend into the red pulp, and compress the sinuses and the cords of Billroth. The derivations of various \"histiocytes\" contained with the lesions are differentiated by using cytochemical stains for lysosomal enzymes and for granulocytes. The epithelioid cells in the granulomas are rich in those lysosomal enzymes typically seen in phagocytic histiocytes, suggesting that they are indeed true histiocytes. The malignant \"histiocytes,\" including the mononuclear Hodgkin cells, the binucleated Sternberg-Reed cells, and the multinucleated giant cells, do not contain significant amounts of lysosomal enzymes and more closely resemble stimulated lymphocytes. The splenic lesions in Hodkin's disease may be the result of a lymphocytic and histiocytic cellular response to an unknown agent, which reaches the spleen through the central artery in the white pulp.", "contents": "Histogenesis of splenic lesions in Hodgkin's disease. Histochemical markers were used to identify the various cellular and structural components of the human spleen, and to investigate the histogenesis of the splenic lesions of Hodgkin's disease. The early lesions appear in areas near the central artery (periarterial lymphatic sheath) in the white pulp. The white pulp becomes hypertrophic. The lesions enlarge, extend into the red pulp, and compress the sinuses and the cords of Billroth. The derivations of various \"histiocytes\" contained with the lesions are differentiated by using cytochemical stains for lysosomal enzymes and for granulocytes. The epithelioid cells in the granulomas are rich in those lysosomal enzymes typically seen in phagocytic histiocytes, suggesting that they are indeed true histiocytes. The malignant \"histiocytes,\" including the mononuclear Hodgkin cells, the binucleated Sternberg-Reed cells, and the multinucleated giant cells, do not contain significant amounts of lysosomal enzymes and more closely resemble stimulated lymphocytes. The splenic lesions in Hodkin's disease may be the result of a lymphocytic and histiocytic cellular response to an unknown agent, which reaches the spleen through the central artery in the white pulp.", "PMID": 63241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_806", "title": "Use of retrograde cholangiography in guiding radiotherapy of obstructive jaundice due to tumor.", "content": "A patient with oat cell carcinoma of the lung which was responsive to radiotherapy developed jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERCP) revealed compression of the distal common bile duct. Radiotherapy to this area produced prompt and prolonged relief of the obstructive jaundice. The use of ERCP which led to significant palliation in a patient with known inoperable cancer makes this case worthy of note.", "contents": "Use of retrograde cholangiography in guiding radiotherapy of obstructive jaundice due to tumor. A patient with oat cell carcinoma of the lung which was responsive to radiotherapy developed jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERCP) revealed compression of the distal common bile duct. Radiotherapy to this area produced prompt and prolonged relief of the obstructive jaundice. The use of ERCP which led to significant palliation in a patient with known inoperable cancer makes this case worthy of note.", "PMID": 63242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_807", "title": "Identification of cells in culture.", "content": "Most laboratories using cells cultured in vitro maintain multiple cell lines. Such lines should be monitored for species and intraspecies characteristics to prevent invalidation of research work due to incidents of cell line cross-contamination. This report describes the results obtained when 246 cell cultures were examined for evidence of cross-contamination or mislabeling. Using species-specific antigens, isoenzyme electrophoresis, and chromosomes as markers of identity, 14% of the cultures submitted were found to be contaminated by cells of another species. Of human cell lines submitted 25% were of HeLa cell origin, as determined by 2 intraspecies markers, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and chromosome analyses. The fact that, overall, nearly 30% of the cell lines examined were incorrectly designated makes the importance of cell line monitoring self-evident.", "contents": "Identification of cells in culture. Most laboratories using cells cultured in vitro maintain multiple cell lines. Such lines should be monitored for species and intraspecies characteristics to prevent invalidation of research work due to incidents of cell line cross-contamination. This report describes the results obtained when 246 cell cultures were examined for evidence of cross-contamination or mislabeling. Using species-specific antigens, isoenzyme electrophoresis, and chromosomes as markers of identity, 14% of the cultures submitted were found to be contaminated by cells of another species. Of human cell lines submitted 25% were of HeLa cell origin, as determined by 2 intraspecies markers, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and chromosome analyses. The fact that, overall, nearly 30% of the cell lines examined were incorrectly designated makes the importance of cell line monitoring self-evident.", "PMID": 63243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_808", "title": "Toxemia of pregnancy: assessment of fetal distress by urinary estriol and circulating human placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein levels.", "content": "The efficacy of three biochemical methods for the detection of fetal distress was assessed in a prospective study of 224 singleton pregnancies complicated by toxemia. Fetal distress was diagnosed in 65 cases (29 per cent). Abnormally low urinary estriol (E3) excretion pointed out 63 per cent, low serum levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) 27 per cent, and elevated maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 10 per cent of distressed fetuses. The efficacy of each test increased with the severity of maternal disease. The frequencies of false pathologic levels were: E3 19 per cent, HPL 0 per cent, and AFP 1 per cent of the cases with a normal fetal outcome. Although E3 was by far the most effective marker, abnormal levels of HPL and AFP provided supportive evidence for fetal distress by pointing out those cases in which E3 reading was not a false positive.", "contents": "Toxemia of pregnancy: assessment of fetal distress by urinary estriol and circulating human placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein levels. The efficacy of three biochemical methods for the detection of fetal distress was assessed in a prospective study of 224 singleton pregnancies complicated by toxemia. Fetal distress was diagnosed in 65 cases (29 per cent). Abnormally low urinary estriol (E3) excretion pointed out 63 per cent, low serum levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) 27 per cent, and elevated maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 10 per cent of distressed fetuses. The efficacy of each test increased with the severity of maternal disease. The frequencies of false pathologic levels were: E3 19 per cent, HPL 0 per cent, and AFP 1 per cent of the cases with a normal fetal outcome. Although E3 was by far the most effective marker, abnormal levels of HPL and AFP provided supportive evidence for fetal distress by pointing out those cases in which E3 reading was not a false positive.", "PMID": 63245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_809", "title": "A light microscopic, autoradiographic study of axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head during ocular hypotony, increased intraocular pressure, and papilledema.", "content": "Cyclocryotherapy of the monkey eye reliably produces transient increased intraocular pressure followed by prolonged hypotony, during which papilledema occurs. Axoplasmic transport was studied while the intraocular pressure was both increased and decreased after cyclocryotherapy by autoradiography following the intravitreal injection of tritiated leucine and proline. Surgical fistulization of the anterior chamber was also used to produce hypotony and papilledema. Significant alterations of both the rapid and the slow components of axoplasmic transport were demonstrated in the nerve head during increased intraocular pressure, and in ocular hypotony with papilledema.", "contents": "A light microscopic, autoradiographic study of axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head during ocular hypotony, increased intraocular pressure, and papilledema. Cyclocryotherapy of the monkey eye reliably produces transient increased intraocular pressure followed by prolonged hypotony, during which papilledema occurs. Axoplasmic transport was studied while the intraocular pressure was both increased and decreased after cyclocryotherapy by autoradiography following the intravitreal injection of tritiated leucine and proline. Surgical fistulization of the anterior chamber was also used to produce hypotony and papilledema. Significant alterations of both the rapid and the slow components of axoplasmic transport were demonstrated in the nerve head during increased intraocular pressure, and in ocular hypotony with papilledema.", "PMID": 63246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_810", "title": "Pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory mediator release by rat mast cells.", "content": "Current knowledge of the mechanism of inflammatory mediator release from mast cells is reviewed with particular reference to the role of cyclic nucleotides and calcium and their interrelationship with one another as defined by studies in highly purified rat peritoneal mast cells. Data are presented indicating an important role for intracellular cAMP and calcium in the mediation or modulation of release, as well as evidence for a close relationship between these two regulatory systems. Releasing agents which clearly act at the level of the plasma membrane (concanavalin A and anti-IgE antibody) are shown to differ from releasing agents that may not (48/80 and the ionophore A23187) in regard to the early cellular cAMP response, dependency of the release reaction on phosphatidyl serine, and kinetics of release. Pharmacologic modulators of release are discussed; these include: PGE1 and theophylline, which raise cAMP and inhibit release; and diazoxide, adenine, and carbachol which lower cAMP and potentiate release. Adenosine was also found to enhance release with marked effects at concentrations in the low nanomolar range.", "contents": "Pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory mediator release by rat mast cells. Current knowledge of the mechanism of inflammatory mediator release from mast cells is reviewed with particular reference to the role of cyclic nucleotides and calcium and their interrelationship with one another as defined by studies in highly purified rat peritoneal mast cells. Data are presented indicating an important role for intracellular cAMP and calcium in the mediation or modulation of release, as well as evidence for a close relationship between these two regulatory systems. Releasing agents which clearly act at the level of the plasma membrane (concanavalin A and anti-IgE antibody) are shown to differ from releasing agents that may not (48/80 and the ionophore A23187) in regard to the early cellular cAMP response, dependency of the release reaction on phosphatidyl serine, and kinetics of release. Pharmacologic modulators of release are discussed; these include: PGE1 and theophylline, which raise cAMP and inhibit release; and diazoxide, adenine, and carbachol which lower cAMP and potentiate release. Adenosine was also found to enhance release with marked effects at concentrations in the low nanomolar range.", "PMID": 63247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_811", "title": "Interaction of genes controlling two allotypes in chickens.", "content": "This paper presents the results of the investigations of the newly detected antigen of chicken blood serum, called K2. It was established that the K2 antigen which was identified with isoimmune serum was a beta-globulin with the molecular weight over 200 000. The results of the genetic analysis based on sire-dam-offspring combinations seemed to indicate that the antigen under examination was controlled by a gene hypostatic to the gene controlling the previously described K1 allotype.", "contents": "Interaction of genes controlling two allotypes in chickens. This paper presents the results of the investigations of the newly detected antigen of chicken blood serum, called K2. It was established that the K2 antigen which was identified with isoimmune serum was a beta-globulin with the molecular weight over 200 000. The results of the genetic analysis based on sire-dam-offspring combinations seemed to indicate that the antigen under examination was controlled by a gene hypostatic to the gene controlling the previously described K1 allotype.", "PMID": 63255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_812", "title": "Removal of blood group determinants from bovine erythrocyte membranes. 3. Action of proteolytic enzymes on intact cells.", "content": "Bovine erythrocyte treatment with chymotrypsin, trypsin, pronase, papain, or ficin eliminated or weakened the reactivity of 18 of the 47 blood group factors which were examined. Thirteen of the affected factors were from the B system, and one each was from the C, FV, L, M, and R'S' systems. Variation attributable to pheno-group (allele) or genotype influences was observed in the effects upon six of the factors. Ficin-treated V/V, but not F/V or F/F, cells were rapidly lysed by normal rabbit serum (complement control). Absorptions with pronase-treated V positive cells indicated that essentially all V antigenicity was removed. However, immunizations with pronase-treated V positive cells elicited V antibody production in one of two recipient cows. The numbers of antigens removed by different enzymes did not appear to be closely related to the amount of protein removed.", "contents": "Removal of blood group determinants from bovine erythrocyte membranes. 3. Action of proteolytic enzymes on intact cells. Bovine erythrocyte treatment with chymotrypsin, trypsin, pronase, papain, or ficin eliminated or weakened the reactivity of 18 of the 47 blood group factors which were examined. Thirteen of the affected factors were from the B system, and one each was from the C, FV, L, M, and R'S' systems. Variation attributable to pheno-group (allele) or genotype influences was observed in the effects upon six of the factors. Ficin-treated V/V, but not F/V or F/F, cells were rapidly lysed by normal rabbit serum (complement control). Absorptions with pronase-treated V positive cells indicated that essentially all V antigenicity was removed. However, immunizations with pronase-treated V positive cells elicited V antibody production in one of two recipient cows. The numbers of antigens removed by different enzymes did not appear to be closely related to the amount of protein removed.", "PMID": 63256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_813", "title": "Alleviation of primary fibrinolysis after hypophysectomy.", "content": "A case of primary hyperfibrinolysis secondary to disseminated prostatic carcinoma is presented. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy resulted in a significant palliative response and reversal of the bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Alleviation of primary fibrinolysis after hypophysectomy. A case of primary hyperfibrinolysis secondary to disseminated prostatic carcinoma is presented. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy resulted in a significant palliative response and reversal of the bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 63257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_814", "title": "Serotherapy of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumors.", "content": "Immune serum, obtained from animals that had survived sublethal challenge with RE virus, was very effective in achieving tumor cures in chickens infected with this virus. The therapeutic effect could also be obtained by the immunoglobulin fraction of immune serum. The serum did not influence the development of an unrelated malignancy. Serotherapy studies in Bx and Tx recipients indicate that the B-cell or T-cell system of the host does not significantly contribute to the curative activity of immune serum. Absorption studies show that the curative effect is mediated by antibodies to tumor-associated transplantation antigens on tumor cells, not by antiviral antibodies.", "contents": "Serotherapy of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumors. Immune serum, obtained from animals that had survived sublethal challenge with RE virus, was very effective in achieving tumor cures in chickens infected with this virus. The therapeutic effect could also be obtained by the immunoglobulin fraction of immune serum. The serum did not influence the development of an unrelated malignancy. Serotherapy studies in Bx and Tx recipients indicate that the B-cell or T-cell system of the host does not significantly contribute to the curative activity of immune serum. Absorption studies show that the curative effect is mediated by antibodies to tumor-associated transplantation antigens on tumor cells, not by antiviral antibodies.", "PMID": 63259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_815", "title": "Background and practical aspects of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) carriers in the Europe and North America 0.1 - 0.2%, but can exceed a few per cent in South-East Asia and Africa. The HBSAg carrier state is considered to be connected with sociaohygienic conditions but it is evident that genetic factors also contribute the chronic carrier state. Practical measures concerning the treatment and management of HBSAg carriers are discussed.", "contents": "Background and practical aspects of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) carriers in the Europe and North America 0.1 - 0.2%, but can exceed a few per cent in South-East Asia and Africa. The HBSAg carrier state is considered to be connected with sociaohygienic conditions but it is evident that genetic factors also contribute the chronic carrier state. Practical measures concerning the treatment and management of HBSAg carriers are discussed.", "PMID": 63263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_816", "title": "Histological characteristics of chronic hepatides and primary biliary cirrhosis with special reference to orcein positive hepatocellular accumulations.", "content": "The histological criteria of chronic hepatides (chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis) and primary biliary cirrhosis are well characterized and documented in the literature. Histology forms the diagnostic basis for chronic hepatides. Diagnostic changes are seen, however, only in some cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and only in the early stages of the disease. Difficulties are met especially in differentiating PBC from chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). There is a considerable histological overlap and mixed forms occur. Orcein-positive material, which is a copper-binding protein with high content of sulphydryl groups, accumulates in liver cells in long standing cholestatic liver diseases and can be demonstrated histochemically in routine biopsy specimens. It is seen in PBC in at least 70% of biopsy specimens which confirms the biliary nature of the disease. In CAH orcein positive material can be demonstrated in 20% of specimens but only from patients who also have features of PBC. This group of patients may therefore have both biliary disease are hepatocellular damage, and can be separated from CAH by the orcein method.", "contents": "Histological characteristics of chronic hepatides and primary biliary cirrhosis with special reference to orcein positive hepatocellular accumulations. The histological criteria of chronic hepatides (chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis) and primary biliary cirrhosis are well characterized and documented in the literature. Histology forms the diagnostic basis for chronic hepatides. Diagnostic changes are seen, however, only in some cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and only in the early stages of the disease. Difficulties are met especially in differentiating PBC from chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). There is a considerable histological overlap and mixed forms occur. Orcein-positive material, which is a copper-binding protein with high content of sulphydryl groups, accumulates in liver cells in long standing cholestatic liver diseases and can be demonstrated histochemically in routine biopsy specimens. It is seen in PBC in at least 70% of biopsy specimens which confirms the biliary nature of the disease. In CAH orcein positive material can be demonstrated in 20% of specimens but only from patients who also have features of PBC. This group of patients may therefore have both biliary disease are hepatocellular damage, and can be separated from CAH by the orcein method.", "PMID": 63264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_817", "title": "Clinical correlations and significance of orceinpositivity in chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Clinical, biochemical and immunological variables were analyzed in 30 patients with orcein-negative (ON) chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 4 patients with ON primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 8 patients with orcein-positive (OP; intracellular copper-binding protein seen histologically in liver biopsy specimens) CAH and 15 patients with OP-PBC. A marked elevation of serum bile acids, alkaline phosphatase, leusine aminopeptidase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and cholesterol concentrations, and highly pathological BSP Tm values were characteristic for OP-cases. In addition the faecal fat level was increased and bile acids decreased in OP-cases. Serum levels of IgG or IgM and the occurrence of smooth muscle, mitochondrial or glomerular antibodies were identical in ON- and OP-CAH as well as also in ON- and OP-PBC. 49 patients were treated with a combination of prednisone and azathioprine from 4 to 72 months (mean 22). 26 patients with ON-CAH responded biochemically and morphologically to the treatment. No treatment failures were found in ON-CAH. In contrast treatment failure was confirmed in every treated OP-PBC or OP-CAH. The results suggest that orcein-positivity indicates a poor response to prednisone-azathioprine treatment of CAH.", "contents": "Clinical correlations and significance of orceinpositivity in chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinical, biochemical and immunological variables were analyzed in 30 patients with orcein-negative (ON) chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 4 patients with ON primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 8 patients with orcein-positive (OP; intracellular copper-binding protein seen histologically in liver biopsy specimens) CAH and 15 patients with OP-PBC. A marked elevation of serum bile acids, alkaline phosphatase, leusine aminopeptidase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and cholesterol concentrations, and highly pathological BSP Tm values were characteristic for OP-cases. In addition the faecal fat level was increased and bile acids decreased in OP-cases. Serum levels of IgG or IgM and the occurrence of smooth muscle, mitochondrial or glomerular antibodies were identical in ON- and OP-CAH as well as also in ON- and OP-PBC. 49 patients were treated with a combination of prednisone and azathioprine from 4 to 72 months (mean 22). 26 patients with ON-CAH responded biochemically and morphologically to the treatment. No treatment failures were found in ON-CAH. In contrast treatment failure was confirmed in every treated OP-PBC or OP-CAH. The results suggest that orcein-positivity indicates a poor response to prednisone-azathioprine treatment of CAH.", "PMID": 63265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_818", "title": "The prevention of viral hepatitis.", "content": "Studies with heat-inactivated MS-2 serum have indicated that active immunization against hepatitis B infection can be achieved even though the virus has not been cultivated in tissue culture. The development of new biophysical, biochemical and immunological techniques has increased knowledge of the hepatitis B virus and its associated antigens. In the wake of these recent developments the accumulating evidence indicates that active immunization could be achieved by the use of purified hepatitis B surface antigen or by one of its polypeptides or glycolipids.", "contents": "The prevention of viral hepatitis. Studies with heat-inactivated MS-2 serum have indicated that active immunization against hepatitis B infection can be achieved even though the virus has not been cultivated in tissue culture. The development of new biophysical, biochemical and immunological techniques has increased knowledge of the hepatitis B virus and its associated antigens. In the wake of these recent developments the accumulating evidence indicates that active immunization could be achieved by the use of purified hepatitis B surface antigen or by one of its polypeptides or glycolipids.", "PMID": 63266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_819", "title": "Method for reproducible large-volume production and purification of Rauscher murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Rauscher murine leukemia virus was produced in roller-bottle cultures of chronically infected JLS-V9 cells. Virus from this culture fluid was concentrated and purified by two semi-isopycnic bandings in sucrose gradients. Virus material obtained from young, nonconfluent cultures (early-harvest virus) yielded products characteristically containing endogenous ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase with high specific activity (400 to 1,000 pmol of [3H]thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporated per milligram of protein per hour). Fluids obtained from older confluent cultures (late-harvest virus) yielded products with endogenous ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase with little or no specific activity (200 pmol or less of [3H]thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporated per milligram of protein per hour), but with higher virus particle counts and greater amounts of protein and gs antigen than the early-harvest products.", "contents": "Method for reproducible large-volume production and purification of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Rauscher murine leukemia virus was produced in roller-bottle cultures of chronically infected JLS-V9 cells. Virus from this culture fluid was concentrated and purified by two semi-isopycnic bandings in sucrose gradients. Virus material obtained from young, nonconfluent cultures (early-harvest virus) yielded products characteristically containing endogenous ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase with high specific activity (400 to 1,000 pmol of [3H]thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporated per milligram of protein per hour). Fluids obtained from older confluent cultures (late-harvest virus) yielded products with endogenous ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase with little or no specific activity (200 pmol or less of [3H]thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporated per milligram of protein per hour), but with higher virus particle counts and greater amounts of protein and gs antigen than the early-harvest products.", "PMID": 63267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_820", "title": "Penetration and comparative metabolism of leptophos in susceptible and resistant houseflies.", "content": "The metabolism and rate of penetration of leptophos (O-methyl O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate) was determined in a susceptible strain and a strain of housefies which was 50-fold resistant to leptophos. Penetration of leptophos into resistant flies was substantially slower than into susceptible flies but large differences in metabolism, both quantitatively and qualitatively, were not observed. No difference was observed in the sensitivity of flyhead and thorax acetylcholinesterase to leptophos-oxon in vitro, and tolerance to leptophos by the resistant strain is explained in terms of decreased rates or penetration and minor differences in metabolism.", "contents": "Penetration and comparative metabolism of leptophos in susceptible and resistant houseflies. The metabolism and rate of penetration of leptophos (O-methyl O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate) was determined in a susceptible strain and a strain of housefies which was 50-fold resistant to leptophos. Penetration of leptophos into resistant flies was substantially slower than into susceptible flies but large differences in metabolism, both quantitatively and qualitatively, were not observed. No difference was observed in the sensitivity of flyhead and thorax acetylcholinesterase to leptophos-oxon in vitro, and tolerance to leptophos by the resistant strain is explained in terms of decreased rates or penetration and minor differences in metabolism.", "PMID": 63268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_821", "title": "Insecticide movement following application to crevices in rooms.", "content": "The movement of chlorpyrifos and diazinon from cracks and crevices in empty dormitory rooms with and without forced air movement to houseflies and plates in non-target areas was studied. Aluminum pie plates in rooms with the high concentrations of an insecticide, no forced air movement, and at the earlier sampling interals contained more insecticide. Insecticides were not detectable at 48 hr. Increased housefly movement occurred simultaneously with the initiation of insecticide application in rooms with forced air and 1 min later in rooms with no forced air. Mortality of houseflies exposed during and at 5 hr after insecticide application was greater for males than females in all tests except one; at the high insecticide concentrations; and at successive time intervals through the 24-hr interval after their transfer from the treated rooms to holding rooms. Houseflies in cages near the ceiling, exposed to an insecticide, and forced air movement, exhibited greater mortality than those in cages on the floor, while the reverse was true for houseflies in rooms with no forced air movement.", "contents": "Insecticide movement following application to crevices in rooms. The movement of chlorpyrifos and diazinon from cracks and crevices in empty dormitory rooms with and without forced air movement to houseflies and plates in non-target areas was studied. Aluminum pie plates in rooms with the high concentrations of an insecticide, no forced air movement, and at the earlier sampling interals contained more insecticide. Insecticides were not detectable at 48 hr. Increased housefly movement occurred simultaneously with the initiation of insecticide application in rooms with forced air and 1 min later in rooms with no forced air. Mortality of houseflies exposed during and at 5 hr after insecticide application was greater for males than females in all tests except one; at the high insecticide concentrations; and at successive time intervals through the 24-hr interval after their transfer from the treated rooms to holding rooms. Houseflies in cages near the ceiling, exposed to an insecticide, and forced air movement, exhibited greater mortality than those in cages on the floor, while the reverse was true for houseflies in rooms with no forced air movement.", "PMID": 63269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_822", "title": "The evolution of the concept of the use of surgical castration in the palliation of breast cancer in pre-menopausal females.", "content": "The understanding of the association of mammalian ovarian function with lactation was common knowledge to dairy-men early in the 19th century or earlier. This thesis reviews the application of these empiric observations to lactation in humans by Beatson of Glasgow, supported by his preliminary laboratory investigations. Beatson noted the cellular anatomic similarity between pre-gestational breast and carcinoma. This study reviews the progressive development of the successful clinical application of castration for the control of inoperable breast cancer by Beatson in pre-menopausal women in 1895. The review terminates with its leading to the monumental work of Huggins in 1941.", "contents": "The evolution of the concept of the use of surgical castration in the palliation of breast cancer in pre-menopausal females. The understanding of the association of mammalian ovarian function with lactation was common knowledge to dairy-men early in the 19th century or earlier. This thesis reviews the application of these empiric observations to lactation in humans by Beatson of Glasgow, supported by his preliminary laboratory investigations. Beatson noted the cellular anatomic similarity between pre-gestational breast and carcinoma. This study reviews the progressive development of the successful clinical application of castration for the control of inoperable breast cancer by Beatson in pre-menopausal women in 1895. The review terminates with its leading to the monumental work of Huggins in 1941.", "PMID": 63270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_823", "title": "Palliation of infants with truncus arteriosus through creation of a pulmonary artery ostial stenosis.", "content": "A surgical procedure for palliation of infants with truncus arteriosus and excessive pulmonary blood flow (types I, II, and III) is described. The technique involves the production of ostial stenosis of the pulmonary artery from within the truncus using cardiopulmonary bypass. This method has advantages over pulmonary artery banding, which in general has produced disappointing results.", "contents": "Palliation of infants with truncus arteriosus through creation of a pulmonary artery ostial stenosis. A surgical procedure for palliation of infants with truncus arteriosus and excessive pulmonary blood flow (types I, II, and III) is described. The technique involves the production of ostial stenosis of the pulmonary artery from within the truncus using cardiopulmonary bypass. This method has advantages over pulmonary artery banding, which in general has produced disappointing results.", "PMID": 63271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_824", "title": "[Effect of long-lasting noise on the plasma concentration of catecholamines, glucocorticosteroids and PBI in pigs].", "content": "Exposure of pigs with a body mass of 25-30 kg to long-lasting motor noise (108 dB, 60-8000 Hz, 72 hours) results in a considerable increase of catecholamine concentration in the plasma. Coincidently there is a sharp continuous decrease of the 11-OHKS in the plasma during the whole period of exposure to noise. Immediately after stopping the acoustic irritation the concentration of plasma corticosteroids increases again. The electroencephalogram (EEG) giving evidence of inhibition signs during exposure to noise an adaptation effect of the information processing system is concluded. The increase of the PBJ during the period of acoustic stress points to an increased function of the thyroid gland but simultaneously it is considered to be an expression of the elevated adrenergic situation. By reason of the strong deviation of the three observed regulatory systems must be concluded that longer-lasting exposure to noise with the applied quality and intensity represents a stress situation for pigs having noise character as established for men. A possible influence on the productivity of the pork type pig by permanent acoustic stress is indicated.", "contents": "[Effect of long-lasting noise on the plasma concentration of catecholamines, glucocorticosteroids and PBI in pigs]. Exposure of pigs with a body mass of 25-30 kg to long-lasting motor noise (108 dB, 60-8000 Hz, 72 hours) results in a considerable increase of catecholamine concentration in the plasma. Coincidently there is a sharp continuous decrease of the 11-OHKS in the plasma during the whole period of exposure to noise. Immediately after stopping the acoustic irritation the concentration of plasma corticosteroids increases again. The electroencephalogram (EEG) giving evidence of inhibition signs during exposure to noise an adaptation effect of the information processing system is concluded. The increase of the PBJ during the period of acoustic stress points to an increased function of the thyroid gland but simultaneously it is considered to be an expression of the elevated adrenergic situation. By reason of the strong deviation of the three observed regulatory systems must be concluded that longer-lasting exposure to noise with the applied quality and intensity represents a stress situation for pigs having noise character as established for men. A possible influence on the productivity of the pork type pig by permanent acoustic stress is indicated.", "PMID": 63272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_825", "title": "Conditions favoring immunological enhancement of a murine allogeneic lymphoma.", "content": "An in vivo model was used which permits the growth of AKR lymphoma allografts inoculated within a glass cylinder subcutaneously implanted in BALB mice. Pretreatment of the host with acellular tumor extracts or tumor cells enclosed within a diffusion chamber significantly increased tumor incidence. On the contrary, donor spleen extracts did not alter tumor incidence while viable spleen cells within a diffusion chamber even prevented tumor development. It can be concluded that in this model a condition of maximal tumor enhancement can be attained with soluble tumor antigen but not with normal spleen extracts.", "contents": "Conditions favoring immunological enhancement of a murine allogeneic lymphoma. An in vivo model was used which permits the growth of AKR lymphoma allografts inoculated within a glass cylinder subcutaneously implanted in BALB mice. Pretreatment of the host with acellular tumor extracts or tumor cells enclosed within a diffusion chamber significantly increased tumor incidence. On the contrary, donor spleen extracts did not alter tumor incidence while viable spleen cells within a diffusion chamber even prevented tumor development. It can be concluded that in this model a condition of maximal tumor enhancement can be attained with soluble tumor antigen but not with normal spleen extracts.", "PMID": 63273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_826", "title": "Primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice treated with immunoregulatory alpha-globulins (IRA).", "content": "Alpha-Globulins from human and bovine sera or from mouse ascitic fluid were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into fractions A, B, and C. Fractions A and B had no immunosuppressive activity; fraction C injected into mice at the time of antigen administration, but not later, significantly reduced the number of anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells in the spleens of experimental animals. Single high dose inhibited the response better than the same doses given on 4 consecutive days. It is concluded that a critical level of alpha-globulins is necessary to render lymphocytes hyporesponsive, and when once stimulated by antigen they become less susceptible to alpha-globulin action.", "contents": "Primary immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice treated with immunoregulatory alpha-globulins (IRA). Alpha-Globulins from human and bovine sera or from mouse ascitic fluid were separated by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into fractions A, B, and C. Fractions A and B had no immunosuppressive activity; fraction C injected into mice at the time of antigen administration, but not later, significantly reduced the number of anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells in the spleens of experimental animals. Single high dose inhibited the response better than the same doses given on 4 consecutive days. It is concluded that a critical level of alpha-globulins is necessary to render lymphocytes hyporesponsive, and when once stimulated by antigen they become less susceptible to alpha-globulin action.", "PMID": 63274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_827", "title": "Anti B and T cell activity of antiserum to spleen cells of athymic (nu/nu) mice: evidence for surface antigenic differences between functionally distinct subclasses of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum obtained by immunization with spleen cells of nu/nu mice, known to be deficient in thymus and T cells but not in T cell precursor, possesses two different specificities. In addition to activity against bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells), as revealed by inhibition of antibody forming cells and myeloma cells, the antiserum (Ra-nu/nu) has strong activity against cytotoxic T cells but not against helper T cells. Differences in sensitivity to antiserum treatment between anatomically and functionally distinct B cells point to surface antigenic differences among subclasses of B cells.", "contents": "Anti B and T cell activity of antiserum to spleen cells of athymic (nu/nu) mice: evidence for surface antigenic differences between functionally distinct subclasses of T and B lymphocytes. A rabbit antiserum obtained by immunization with spleen cells of nu/nu mice, known to be deficient in thymus and T cells but not in T cell precursor, possesses two different specificities. In addition to activity against bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells), as revealed by inhibition of antibody forming cells and myeloma cells, the antiserum (Ra-nu/nu) has strong activity against cytotoxic T cells but not against helper T cells. Differences in sensitivity to antiserum treatment between anatomically and functionally distinct B cells point to surface antigenic differences among subclasses of B cells.", "PMID": 63275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_828", "title": "Comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of the RNA of influenza parent and recombinant strains.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of the RNA of Influenza viruses A/WSN, A/Singapore and their antigenic recombinants X-7 and X-9 was investigated. The genome of each virus studied consisted of seven pieces of RNA. The electrophoretic profile of the influenza virus A/WSN RNA differed from that of A/Singapore but resumbled that of the recombinant X-9 genome. The essential differences were connected with the properties of the fifth fragment of the RNA. The molecular weight of this RNA species of influenza virus A/WSN and X-9 was 5.4 X 10(5) AND 5.3 X 10(5) daltons (d) respectively. The molecular weight of the corresponding component of the influenza viruses A/Sinapore and X-7 RNA was 6.2 X 10(5) and 6.3 X 10(5)d respectively.", "contents": "Comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of the RNA of influenza parent and recombinant strains. The electrophoretic mobility of the RNA of Influenza viruses A/WSN, A/Singapore and their antigenic recombinants X-7 and X-9 was investigated. The genome of each virus studied consisted of seven pieces of RNA. The electrophoretic profile of the influenza virus A/WSN RNA differed from that of A/Singapore but resumbled that of the recombinant X-9 genome. The essential differences were connected with the properties of the fifth fragment of the RNA. The molecular weight of this RNA species of influenza virus A/WSN and X-9 was 5.4 X 10(5) AND 5.3 X 10(5) daltons (d) respectively. The molecular weight of the corresponding component of the influenza viruses A/Sinapore and X-7 RNA was 6.2 X 10(5) and 6.3 X 10(5)d respectively.", "PMID": 63276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_829", "title": "Effect of Ca++ on the stability of influenza virus neuraminidase.", "content": "The neuraminidases of different strains of influenza virus varied in their stability at 37 degrees C. The enzymes of the strains with N1 neuraminidases were found to be unstable during incubation at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of the strains with the N2 neuraminidases were stable. Among the strains with N2 neuraminidases, the enzymes of some strains were inactivated during dialysis at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of others were stable. This observed loss of enzyme activity during dialysis at 37 degrees C was not restricted to a single substrate as the same loss of enzyme activity was observed irrespective of the size of the substrate used in the assay. The enzymically inactive neuraminidase was found to be non-antigenic and non-immunogenic. The inactivation of the enzyme could be prevented by the addition of Ca++ but not Mg++. Out results suggest that Ca++ is essential for the stability of the enzyme at 37 degrees C. The results would also suggest that the enzymic, antigenic and immunogenic sites are either the same or very closely situated on the surface of the neuraminidase molecule.", "contents": "Effect of Ca++ on the stability of influenza virus neuraminidase. The neuraminidases of different strains of influenza virus varied in their stability at 37 degrees C. The enzymes of the strains with N1 neuraminidases were found to be unstable during incubation at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of the strains with the N2 neuraminidases were stable. Among the strains with N2 neuraminidases, the enzymes of some strains were inactivated during dialysis at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of others were stable. This observed loss of enzyme activity during dialysis at 37 degrees C was not restricted to a single substrate as the same loss of enzyme activity was observed irrespective of the size of the substrate used in the assay. The enzymically inactive neuraminidase was found to be non-antigenic and non-immunogenic. The inactivation of the enzyme could be prevented by the addition of Ca++ but not Mg++. Out results suggest that Ca++ is essential for the stability of the enzyme at 37 degrees C. The results would also suggest that the enzymic, antigenic and immunogenic sites are either the same or very closely situated on the surface of the neuraminidase molecule.", "PMID": 63277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_830", "title": "A continuous-wear hydrophilic lens. Prophylactic topical antibiotics.", "content": "Seventeen patients, who were fitted with a continuous-wear hydrophilic lens for 12 weeks, received topical neomycin sulfate-polymyxin B sulfate-gramicidin (Neosporin) eyedrops in one eye only at a frequency of 3.7 times per day. The continuous wear of a hydrophilic lens in and of itself did not after normal bacterial flora, and the use of the antibiotic drops did not alter normal conjunctival flora. In addition, the eyedrops were not more effective when used in conjunction with the hydrophilic lens and did not appear to produce resistant organisms during the 12-week study. In normal eyes, a continuously worn hydrophilic soft contact lens that is well tolerated does not adversely affect the bacterial flora and the addition of neomycin sulfate-polymixin B-gramicidin drops at a frequency of 3.7 times per day does not appear to be beneficial or necessary.", "contents": "A continuous-wear hydrophilic lens. Prophylactic topical antibiotics. Seventeen patients, who were fitted with a continuous-wear hydrophilic lens for 12 weeks, received topical neomycin sulfate-polymyxin B sulfate-gramicidin (Neosporin) eyedrops in one eye only at a frequency of 3.7 times per day. The continuous wear of a hydrophilic lens in and of itself did not after normal bacterial flora, and the use of the antibiotic drops did not alter normal conjunctival flora. In addition, the eyedrops were not more effective when used in conjunction with the hydrophilic lens and did not appear to produce resistant organisms during the 12-week study. In normal eyes, a continuously worn hydrophilic soft contact lens that is well tolerated does not adversely affect the bacterial flora and the addition of neomycin sulfate-polymixin B-gramicidin drops at a frequency of 3.7 times per day does not appear to be beneficial or necessary.", "PMID": 63278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_831", "title": "Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal septum.", "content": "The entire mucosa from 13 normal nasal septa was stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices in 13 localities was determined quantitatively by counts in 4 mm2 fields. The median density within the entire material was 8.4 glands/mm2, with an interindividual variation of +/- 1 gland/mm2. The median number was 15,900 glands, range 10,800-21,800. The distribution of the glands is regular, with little variation between the localities. Density is somewhat, but significantly lower in the posterior quarter of the septum, and there was a significant increase in density into the infero-superior direction.", "contents": "Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal septum. The entire mucosa from 13 normal nasal septa was stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices in 13 localities was determined quantitatively by counts in 4 mm2 fields. The median density within the entire material was 8.4 glands/mm2, with an interindividual variation of +/- 1 gland/mm2. The median number was 15,900 glands, range 10,800-21,800. The distribution of the glands is regular, with little variation between the localities. Density is somewhat, but significantly lower in the posterior quarter of the septum, and there was a significant increase in density into the infero-superior direction.", "PMID": 63279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_832", "title": "[Meatoplasty with allogenic preserved cartilage. Histomorphological model in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "The reconstruction of the posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus destroyed by surgery or a cholesteatoma is necessary for the complete restoration of function. For this purpose, allogen cartilage preserved in thiomersalate has been transplanted on the anterior wall of the air-containing mastoid bone in 160 clinical cases. The histomorphological reaction of the recipient to unilaterally uncovered transplant material has previously been unknown. In 10 guinea pigs, 15 fenestrated bullae (hypotympanum equivalents) were closed with cartilage transplants fixed in place with tissue adhesive. After a period varying between 7 1/2 and 11 months, the walls of the bullae with the transplant were then examined histomorphologically. Despite the variations in the period in situ, the avital cartilage transplant, which remained largely constant in volume and shape, was always to be found. It was tolerated without reaction and was \"enveloped\"--also on the primarily uncovered surface--by a capsule of bone and connective tissue. In no case was rejection observed. Marked foreign-body reaction was, however, found in the vicinity of the tissue adhesive, which was absorbed only slowly. The clinically well-known tissue-compatible and complication free behaviour of the allogenic cartilage transplant preserved in thiomersalate, is thus explained by the histomorphological findings. In contrast, the fact that marked foreign-body reaction was demonstrable even after almost one year, suggests that tissue adhesive should not be used.", "contents": "[Meatoplasty with allogenic preserved cartilage. Histomorphological model in animal experiments (author's transl)]. The reconstruction of the posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus destroyed by surgery or a cholesteatoma is necessary for the complete restoration of function. For this purpose, allogen cartilage preserved in thiomersalate has been transplanted on the anterior wall of the air-containing mastoid bone in 160 clinical cases. The histomorphological reaction of the recipient to unilaterally uncovered transplant material has previously been unknown. In 10 guinea pigs, 15 fenestrated bullae (hypotympanum equivalents) were closed with cartilage transplants fixed in place with tissue adhesive. After a period varying between 7 1/2 and 11 months, the walls of the bullae with the transplant were then examined histomorphologically. Despite the variations in the period in situ, the avital cartilage transplant, which remained largely constant in volume and shape, was always to be found. It was tolerated without reaction and was \"enveloped\"--also on the primarily uncovered surface--by a capsule of bone and connective tissue. In no case was rejection observed. Marked foreign-body reaction was, however, found in the vicinity of the tissue adhesive, which was absorbed only slowly. The clinically well-known tissue-compatible and complication free behaviour of the allogenic cartilage transplant preserved in thiomersalate, is thus explained by the histomorphological findings. In contrast, the fact that marked foreign-body reaction was demonstrable even after almost one year, suggests that tissue adhesive should not be used.", "PMID": 63280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_833", "title": "The conquest of smallpox.", "content": "Smallpox has been a dreaded disease for thousands of years. Recurrent epidemics traversed the known world leaving a trail of death, disfigurement, and disability unparalleled by the other great plagues. Fear of smallpox provoked the first important attempts to prevent epidemic disease by a primitive form of immunization called variolation. In 1796, Edward Jenner developed the first effective vaccine against an infectious disease by using cowpox virus to prevent subsequent infection with smallpox. The discovery of this vaccine made possible the conquest of smallpox, a task that will probably be completed this year.", "contents": "The conquest of smallpox. Smallpox has been a dreaded disease for thousands of years. Recurrent epidemics traversed the known world leaving a trail of death, disfigurement, and disability unparalleled by the other great plagues. Fear of smallpox provoked the first important attempts to prevent epidemic disease by a primitive form of immunization called variolation. In 1796, Edward Jenner developed the first effective vaccine against an infectious disease by using cowpox virus to prevent subsequent infection with smallpox. The discovery of this vaccine made possible the conquest of smallpox, a task that will probably be completed this year.", "PMID": 63281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_834", "title": "Quantitation of casein messenger ribonucleic acid sequences using a specific complementary DNA hybridization probe.", "content": "Two highly purified rat casein mRNA fractions were used as templates to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization probes using RNA-directed DNA polymerase isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus. Both of the probes selectively hybridized to RNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, but not to poly(adenylic acid)-containing rat liver RNA. An analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of the cDNA derived from the 15S casein mRNA (cDNA12S) with their individual mRNA templates indicated that greater than 90% hybridization occurred over a R0t range of one and one-half logs with R0t 1/2 values of 0.0023 and 0.0032 mol s l.-1, respectively. Compared with the total RNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, these values represented a 166- and 245-fold purification, respectively, of these individual mRNA fractions. Using the 15S casein mRNA as a template, two probes of different lengths and specific activities were synthesized. The deoxyribonucleotide and mRNA concentrations and the temperature of incubation were optimized to obtain either a high specific activity cDNA probe, 330 nucleotides long, which represented approximately 25% of the mRNA or a lower specific activity preparation containing some complete cDNA copies, 1300 nucleotides in length. The Tm of the longer cDNA15S-15S mRNA hybrid was 88.5 degrees C, while that of the short cDNA15S-RNA hybrid was 82.5 degrees C. Following this initial characterization, the cDNA15S probe was utilized for three separate determinations: (1) Analysis of the sequence divergence between mouse and rat casein mRNAs. It was observed that the rate of hybridization of heterologous rat cDNA15S-mouse casein mRNA was only 20% that of the homologous rat cDNA15S-rat casein mRNA hybridization. The resulting heterologous hybrid displayed approximately 17% mismatching compared with the homologous hybrid. (2) Determination of the gene dosage for casein mRNA in normal and malignant mammary cells. In this study, an analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of the high specific activity cDNA15S probe with an excess of DNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, carcinogen-induced mammary tumors, or rat liver indicated that casein mRNA was transcribed from the nonlification or deletion was observed during tumor formation or the process of mammary differentiation. (3) Quantitation of casein mRNA sequences during normal mammary gland development. RNA excess hybridizations were performed using RNA extracted from either pregnant, lactating, or regressed rat mammary tissue. The concentration of casein mRNA molecules/alveolar cell was found to increase 12-fold from 5 days of pregnancy until 8 days of lactation and then declined to approximately 2% of the maximal level of 79 000 molecules/cell by 7 days after weaning. A coordinate increase was observed in casein mRNA sequences detected by cDNA hybridization and mRNA activity measured in a cell-free translation assay.", "contents": "Quantitation of casein messenger ribonucleic acid sequences using a specific complementary DNA hybridization probe. Two highly purified rat casein mRNA fractions were used as templates to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization probes using RNA-directed DNA polymerase isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus. Both of the probes selectively hybridized to RNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, but not to poly(adenylic acid)-containing rat liver RNA. An analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of the cDNA derived from the 15S casein mRNA (cDNA12S) with their individual mRNA templates indicated that greater than 90% hybridization occurred over a R0t range of one and one-half logs with R0t 1/2 values of 0.0023 and 0.0032 mol s l.-1, respectively. Compared with the total RNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, these values represented a 166- and 245-fold purification, respectively, of these individual mRNA fractions. Using the 15S casein mRNA as a template, two probes of different lengths and specific activities were synthesized. The deoxyribonucleotide and mRNA concentrations and the temperature of incubation were optimized to obtain either a high specific activity cDNA probe, 330 nucleotides long, which represented approximately 25% of the mRNA or a lower specific activity preparation containing some complete cDNA copies, 1300 nucleotides in length. The Tm of the longer cDNA15S-15S mRNA hybrid was 88.5 degrees C, while that of the short cDNA15S-RNA hybrid was 82.5 degrees C. Following this initial characterization, the cDNA15S probe was utilized for three separate determinations: (1) Analysis of the sequence divergence between mouse and rat casein mRNAs. It was observed that the rate of hybridization of heterologous rat cDNA15S-mouse casein mRNA was only 20% that of the homologous rat cDNA15S-rat casein mRNA hybridization. The resulting heterologous hybrid displayed approximately 17% mismatching compared with the homologous hybrid. (2) Determination of the gene dosage for casein mRNA in normal and malignant mammary cells. In this study, an analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of the high specific activity cDNA15S probe with an excess of DNA isolated from lactating mammary tissue, carcinogen-induced mammary tumors, or rat liver indicated that casein mRNA was transcribed from the nonlification or deletion was observed during tumor formation or the process of mammary differentiation. (3) Quantitation of casein mRNA sequences during normal mammary gland development. RNA excess hybridizations were performed using RNA extracted from either pregnant, lactating, or regressed rat mammary tissue. The concentration of casein mRNA molecules/alveolar cell was found to increase 12-fold from 5 days of pregnancy until 8 days of lactation and then declined to approximately 2% of the maximal level of 79 000 molecules/cell by 7 days after weaning. A coordinate increase was observed in casein mRNA sequences detected by cDNA hybridization and mRNA activity measured in a cell-free translation assay.", "PMID": 63286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_835", "title": "Kinetic studies of drug-dinucleotide complexes.", "content": "Three classes of kinetic behavior are observed in the complexes of actinomycin or ethidium with deoxydinucleotides. First, the initial dinucleotide binding to form a 1:1 complex is a rapid bimolecular process, whose rate could be measured for combination of actinomycin with d(pTpG) d(pGpT), d(pGpA), d(pGpG) d(pCpGpG), and d(pCpG) andfor combination of ethidium with d(pGpC). Second, with one exception, all reactions in which a second dinucleotide is added to form a 2:1 dinucleotide-drug complex are limited by a first-order step at high concentration. This class includes the combination of actinomycin with all dinucleotides tested except d(pGpC), and the reaction of ethidium with nucleotides of complementary sequence pyrimidine-purine, such as d(pCpG). The final class is the special case of d(pGpC) interacting to form a 2:1 complex with actinomycin. Third-order kinetics is observed, with no evidence for a first-order, rate-limiting step.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of drug-dinucleotide complexes. Three classes of kinetic behavior are observed in the complexes of actinomycin or ethidium with deoxydinucleotides. First, the initial dinucleotide binding to form a 1:1 complex is a rapid bimolecular process, whose rate could be measured for combination of actinomycin with d(pTpG) d(pGpT), d(pGpA), d(pGpG) d(pCpGpG), and d(pCpG) andfor combination of ethidium with d(pGpC). Second, with one exception, all reactions in which a second dinucleotide is added to form a 2:1 dinucleotide-drug complex are limited by a first-order step at high concentration. This class includes the combination of actinomycin with all dinucleotides tested except d(pGpC), and the reaction of ethidium with nucleotides of complementary sequence pyrimidine-purine, such as d(pCpG). The final class is the special case of d(pGpC) interacting to form a 2:1 complex with actinomycin. Third-order kinetics is observed, with no evidence for a first-order, rate-limiting step.", "PMID": 63287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_836", "title": "Anthroyl stearate as a fluorescent probe of chloroplast membranes.", "content": "1. A reversible light-induced enhancement of the fluorescence of a \"hydrophobic fluorophore\", 12-(9-anthroyl)-stearic acid (anthroyl stearate), is observed with chloroplasts supporting phenazine methosulfate, cyclic or 1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide (Diquat) pseudo-cyclic electron flow; no fluorescence change is observed when methyl viologen or ferricyanide are used as electron acceptors. The stearic acid moiety of anthroyl stearate is important for its localization and fluorescence response in the thylakoid membrane, since structural analogs of anthroyl stearate lacking this group do not show the same response. 2. This effect is decreased under phosphorylating conditions (presence of ADP, Pi, Mg2+), and completely inhibited by the uncoupler of phosphorylation NH4Cl(5-10mM), as well as the ionophores nigericin and gramicidin-D (both at 5 - 10(-8)M). The MgCl2 concentration dependence of the anthroyl stearate enhancement effect is identical to that previously observed for cyclic photophosphorylation, as well as for the formation of a \"high energy intermediate\". The anthroyl stearate fluorescence enhancement is inhibited by increasing concentrations of ionophores in parallel with the decrease in ATP synthesis, but is essentially unaffected by specific inhibitors (Dio-9 and phlorizin) of photophosphorylation; thus, it appears that anthroyl stearate monitors a component of the \"high energy state\" of the thylakoid membrane rather than a terminal phosphorylation step. 3. The light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence enhancement is suggested to monitor a proton gradient in the energized chloroplast because (a) similar enhancement can be produced by sudden injection of hydrogen ions in a solution of anthroyl stearate; (b) when the proton gradient is dissipated by gramicidin or nigericin light-induced anthroyl stearate fllorescence is eliminated; (c) when the proton gradient is dissipated by tetraphenylboron, light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence decreases, and (d) light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence change as a function of pH is qualitatively similar to that observed with other probes for a proton gradient (e.g. 9-aminoacridine). Furthermore, anthroyl stearate does not monitor H+ uptake per se because (a) the pH dependence of H+ transport is different from that of the anthroyl stearate fluorescence change, and (b) tetraphenylboron, which does not inhibit H+ uptake, reduces anthroyl stearate fluorescence. Thus, anthroyl stearate appears to be a useful probe of a proton gradient supported by phenazine methosulfate of Diquat catalyzed electron flow and is the first \"non-amine\" fluorescence probe utilized for this purpose in chloroplasts.", "contents": "Anthroyl stearate as a fluorescent probe of chloroplast membranes. 1. A reversible light-induced enhancement of the fluorescence of a \"hydrophobic fluorophore\", 12-(9-anthroyl)-stearic acid (anthroyl stearate), is observed with chloroplasts supporting phenazine methosulfate, cyclic or 1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide (Diquat) pseudo-cyclic electron flow; no fluorescence change is observed when methyl viologen or ferricyanide are used as electron acceptors. The stearic acid moiety of anthroyl stearate is important for its localization and fluorescence response in the thylakoid membrane, since structural analogs of anthroyl stearate lacking this group do not show the same response. 2. This effect is decreased under phosphorylating conditions (presence of ADP, Pi, Mg2+), and completely inhibited by the uncoupler of phosphorylation NH4Cl(5-10mM), as well as the ionophores nigericin and gramicidin-D (both at 5 - 10(-8)M). The MgCl2 concentration dependence of the anthroyl stearate enhancement effect is identical to that previously observed for cyclic photophosphorylation, as well as for the formation of a \"high energy intermediate\". The anthroyl stearate fluorescence enhancement is inhibited by increasing concentrations of ionophores in parallel with the decrease in ATP synthesis, but is essentially unaffected by specific inhibitors (Dio-9 and phlorizin) of photophosphorylation; thus, it appears that anthroyl stearate monitors a component of the \"high energy state\" of the thylakoid membrane rather than a terminal phosphorylation step. 3. The light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence enhancement is suggested to monitor a proton gradient in the energized chloroplast because (a) similar enhancement can be produced by sudden injection of hydrogen ions in a solution of anthroyl stearate; (b) when the proton gradient is dissipated by gramicidin or nigericin light-induced anthroyl stearate fllorescence is eliminated; (c) when the proton gradient is dissipated by tetraphenylboron, light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence decreases, and (d) light-induced anthroyl stearate fluorescence change as a function of pH is qualitatively similar to that observed with other probes for a proton gradient (e.g. 9-aminoacridine). Furthermore, anthroyl stearate does not monitor H+ uptake per se because (a) the pH dependence of H+ transport is different from that of the anthroyl stearate fluorescence change, and (b) tetraphenylboron, which does not inhibit H+ uptake, reduces anthroyl stearate fluorescence. Thus, anthroyl stearate appears to be a useful probe of a proton gradient supported by phenazine methosulfate of Diquat catalyzed electron flow and is the first \"non-amine\" fluorescence probe utilized for this purpose in chloroplasts.", "PMID": 63289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_837", "title": "Circular dichroism of intermediate subviral particles of reovirus. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the specific monovalent cation effects on uncoating.", "content": "1. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of purified intermediate subviral particles of reovirus were determined in the presence of different monovalent cations. 2. The CD spectra reveal that reo intermediate subviral particles can exist in two conformationally different forms. The two forms are readily distinguished by comparison of their ellipticities in the wavelength regions 210 nm and 220 nm, with a Na+-induced form exhibiting a reduced negative ellipticity relative to a Cs+-induced form. 3. The transition between the Na+- and Cs+-induced forms is reversible by manipulation of the species of monovalent cation present and appears to be temperature independent. 4. Temperature variation studies on dilute suspensions of particles indicate that the Na+-induced form is stable, whereas the Cs+-induced from undergoes a second transition, temperature dependent and irreversible, to become a viral core. 5. A model is presented relating these observations to the known properties of reovirus uncoating and transcriptase activation.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of intermediate subviral particles of reovirus. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the specific monovalent cation effects on uncoating. 1. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra of purified intermediate subviral particles of reovirus were determined in the presence of different monovalent cations. 2. The CD spectra reveal that reo intermediate subviral particles can exist in two conformationally different forms. The two forms are readily distinguished by comparison of their ellipticities in the wavelength regions 210 nm and 220 nm, with a Na+-induced form exhibiting a reduced negative ellipticity relative to a Cs+-induced form. 3. The transition between the Na+- and Cs+-induced forms is reversible by manipulation of the species of monovalent cation present and appears to be temperature independent. 4. Temperature variation studies on dilute suspensions of particles indicate that the Na+-induced form is stable, whereas the Cs+-induced from undergoes a second transition, temperature dependent and irreversible, to become a viral core. 5. A model is presented relating these observations to the known properties of reovirus uncoating and transcriptase activation.", "PMID": 63290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_838", "title": "Purification and characterization of gibbon ape leukemia virus DNA polymerase.", "content": "An RNA directed DNA polymerase was purified over 2500 fold from gibbon ape leukemia virus by successive column chromatography on Sephadex G100, DEAE cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 7.5, a Mn2+ optimum of 0.8 mM, and KCl optimum of 80 mM. The purified enzyme transcribes heteropolymeric regions of viral 60-70 S RNA isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus and it is inhibited by antiserum prepared against either gibbon ape leukemia virus or simian sarcoma virus DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of gibbon ape leukemia virus DNA polymerase. An RNA directed DNA polymerase was purified over 2500 fold from gibbon ape leukemia virus by successive column chromatography on Sephadex G100, DEAE cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 7.5, a Mn2+ optimum of 0.8 mM, and KCl optimum of 80 mM. The purified enzyme transcribes heteropolymeric regions of viral 60-70 S RNA isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus and it is inhibited by antiserum prepared against either gibbon ape leukemia virus or simian sarcoma virus DNA polymerases.", "PMID": 63292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_839", "title": "Interaction of rifamycins with mammalian nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes.", "content": "Procedures were established for the isolation and partial purification of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and poly(A) polymerase activities from the cytoplasm and nuclei of NIH-Swiss mouse embryos. Based on the elution pattern of these enzyme activities from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, the apparent basicities of the enzymes can be arranged as follows: cytoplasmic(C) poly(A) polymerase greater than (C)DNA polymerase beta greater than (C)DNA polymerase alpha and nuclear(N) poly(A) polymerase greater than (N)DNA polymerase greater than (N)RNA polymerase I greater than (N)RNA polymerase II. Twenty rifamycins, including rifamycin B, rifamycin S, rifamycin SV, and rifamycin SV derivatives, were examined for their ability to inhibit the above mentioned nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes and Simian sarcoma virus type I (SSV-1) reverse transcriptase. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldiphenylhydrazone, rifamycin SV 3'-formyl-n-octyloxime (AF/013) and rifamycin SV 3'-formyldiphenylmethyloxime (AF/05) inhibited all the tested enzyme activities. Rifamycin SV 3'-formylpropylphenyloxime (AF/015) inhibited cellular nucleic acid polymerase activities but not SSV-1 DNA polymerase activity. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldinitrophenylhydrazone (AF/DNFL) strongly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity but did not inhibit cellular DNA polymerase activities. AF/DNFI slightly inhibited RNA and poly(A) polymerase activities. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldipropylhydrazone (AF/DPI) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-N-benzyldemethyl-rifampicin (AF/ABDMP) slightly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity but did not inhibit cellular nucleic acid polymerase activities. Active rifamycin derivatives inhibited enzyme reactions by interacting with the enzyme proteins. Nascent polynucleotide chain elongation continued although at a reduced rate in the presence of inhibitor. The addition of increasing concentrations of nonionic detergent (Triton X-100) to rifamycin-inhibited enzyme reactions fully restored enzyme activities. The presence of highly lipophilic 3'-side chains on active rifamycins and the reversibility of enzyme inhibition by Triton X-100 suggest that the tested nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes may have hydrophobic regions with which inhibitory rifamycins interact.", "contents": "Interaction of rifamycins with mammalian nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes. Procedures were established for the isolation and partial purification of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and poly(A) polymerase activities from the cytoplasm and nuclei of NIH-Swiss mouse embryos. Based on the elution pattern of these enzyme activities from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, the apparent basicities of the enzymes can be arranged as follows: cytoplasmic(C) poly(A) polymerase greater than (C)DNA polymerase beta greater than (C)DNA polymerase alpha and nuclear(N) poly(A) polymerase greater than (N)DNA polymerase greater than (N)RNA polymerase I greater than (N)RNA polymerase II. Twenty rifamycins, including rifamycin B, rifamycin S, rifamycin SV, and rifamycin SV derivatives, were examined for their ability to inhibit the above mentioned nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes and Simian sarcoma virus type I (SSV-1) reverse transcriptase. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldiphenylhydrazone, rifamycin SV 3'-formyl-n-octyloxime (AF/013) and rifamycin SV 3'-formyldiphenylmethyloxime (AF/05) inhibited all the tested enzyme activities. Rifamycin SV 3'-formylpropylphenyloxime (AF/015) inhibited cellular nucleic acid polymerase activities but not SSV-1 DNA polymerase activity. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldinitrophenylhydrazone (AF/DNFL) strongly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity but did not inhibit cellular DNA polymerase activities. AF/DNFI slightly inhibited RNA and poly(A) polymerase activities. Rifamycin SV 3'-formyldipropylhydrazone (AF/DPI) and 2,6-dimethyl-4-N-benzyldemethyl-rifampicin (AF/ABDMP) slightly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity but did not inhibit cellular nucleic acid polymerase activities. Active rifamycin derivatives inhibited enzyme reactions by interacting with the enzyme proteins. Nascent polynucleotide chain elongation continued although at a reduced rate in the presence of inhibitor. The addition of increasing concentrations of nonionic detergent (Triton X-100) to rifamycin-inhibited enzyme reactions fully restored enzyme activities. The presence of highly lipophilic 3'-side chains on active rifamycins and the reversibility of enzyme inhibition by Triton X-100 suggest that the tested nucleic acid polymerizing enzymes may have hydrophobic regions with which inhibitory rifamycins interact.", "PMID": 63293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_840", "title": "A new estimate of human ribosomal gene number.", "content": "Radioactively labelled DNAs (5 X 10(6) cpm/mug) complementary to human 18 S and 28 S ribosomal RNA were synthesized using RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7). These complementary DNAs were used to measure human ribosomal gene numbers by two independent methods, both of which indicated numbers at least four-fold lower than those previously reported. First, the kinetics of the annealing of the complementary DNAs with total human placental DNA indicated that the number of both 18-S and 28-S ribosomal genes per haploid genome is approximately 50. Second, saturation experiments in which a constant amount of DNA was annealed with increasing amounts of complementary DNA also indicated that the number of 28 S ribosomal RNA genes in human placental and spleen DNA is is about 50 per haploid genome.", "contents": "A new estimate of human ribosomal gene number. Radioactively labelled DNAs (5 X 10(6) cpm/mug) complementary to human 18 S and 28 S ribosomal RNA were synthesized using RNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7). These complementary DNAs were used to measure human ribosomal gene numbers by two independent methods, both of which indicated numbers at least four-fold lower than those previously reported. First, the kinetics of the annealing of the complementary DNAs with total human placental DNA indicated that the number of both 18-S and 28-S ribosomal genes per haploid genome is approximately 50. Second, saturation experiments in which a constant amount of DNA was annealed with increasing amounts of complementary DNA also indicated that the number of 28 S ribosomal RNA genes in human placental and spleen DNA is is about 50 per haploid genome.", "PMID": 63294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_841", "title": "Latent homology of murine lymphoid antigens revealed through the complement mediated absorption of xenogeneic antiserum.", "content": "Xenoantiserum against C57BL/6 mouse spleen cells was produced by immunization of rabbits. Such antiserum displayed cytotoxic activity for several strains of mice. Standard \"in vitro\" absorption removed species specific antibody revealing antibody directed against the C57BL/6 strain. When the xenoantiserum was absorbed with DBA/2 spleen cells in the presence of complement, the binding of anti-C57BL/6 was increased. Such data suggest that xenoantibodies directed against spleen cells possess a broader capacity to react with cross-strain lymphoid antigens than previously described.", "contents": "Latent homology of murine lymphoid antigens revealed through the complement mediated absorption of xenogeneic antiserum. Xenoantiserum against C57BL/6 mouse spleen cells was produced by immunization of rabbits. Such antiserum displayed cytotoxic activity for several strains of mice. Standard \"in vitro\" absorption removed species specific antibody revealing antibody directed against the C57BL/6 strain. When the xenoantiserum was absorbed with DBA/2 spleen cells in the presence of complement, the binding of anti-C57BL/6 was increased. Such data suggest that xenoantibodies directed against spleen cells possess a broader capacity to react with cross-strain lymphoid antigens than previously described.", "PMID": 63296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_842", "title": "Antibody-like activity to polyacrylic acid in normal rabbit sera.", "content": "Most unimmunized rabbit sera agglutinate acrylic particles coated with polyacrylic acid. The factor responsible for the agglutinating activity turned out to be a 2-mercaptoethanol-resistent immunoglobulin, present in low concentration. It was tentatively classified as \"natural antibody\". This is assumed to have arisen upon previous contact with naturally occurring cross-reacting polyanions.", "contents": "Antibody-like activity to polyacrylic acid in normal rabbit sera. Most unimmunized rabbit sera agglutinate acrylic particles coated with polyacrylic acid. The factor responsible for the agglutinating activity turned out to be a 2-mercaptoethanol-resistent immunoglobulin, present in low concentration. It was tentatively classified as \"natural antibody\". This is assumed to have arisen upon previous contact with naturally occurring cross-reacting polyanions.", "PMID": 63297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_843", "title": "Urinary excretion of total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin during exercise in adolescent diabetics.", "content": "Urinary total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion during exercise on a bicycle ergometer was determined in a group of 7 adolescent male diabetics and in a comparable control group. There was no difference, neither in the diabetic group nor in the control group, in the excretion of these proteins under the provocative effect of physical exercise. These results suggest exercise may not always give a positive response and is not a discriminative function in reliable studies of renal function.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin during exercise in adolescent diabetics. Urinary total protein, albumin and beta2-microglobulin excretion during exercise on a bicycle ergometer was determined in a group of 7 adolescent male diabetics and in a comparable control group. There was no difference, neither in the diabetic group nor in the control group, in the excretion of these proteins under the provocative effect of physical exercise. These results suggest exercise may not always give a positive response and is not a discriminative function in reliable studies of renal function.", "PMID": 63298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_844", "title": "Leukocyte cytochemical reactions in preterm and small for date babies.", "content": "Four cytochemical reactions widely used for hematological diagnosis (Myeloperoxydase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, PAS and Sudan Black) were carried out in 46 infants admitted into a neonatology unit (14 preterm babies, 19 small for date newborn infants (SDB) and 13 preterm with retarded intra-uterine growth). The MPO, polymorphonuclear PAS and Sudan Black levels are comparable in the three groups of infants and the same as in normal full-term newborn babies. On the other hand, the LAP level, identical in preterms and SDB, is lower than in full-term infants but higher than in adults. Lymphocyte PAS value increases progressively with age. Better interpretation of results would be gained with knowledge of normal ranges for these four parameters in children. The authors suggest that these reactions should be used in the field of general metabolic diseases, susceptibility to infection and genetic diseases with or without chromosal abnomaly.", "contents": "Leukocyte cytochemical reactions in preterm and small for date babies. Four cytochemical reactions widely used for hematological diagnosis (Myeloperoxydase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, PAS and Sudan Black) were carried out in 46 infants admitted into a neonatology unit (14 preterm babies, 19 small for date newborn infants (SDB) and 13 preterm with retarded intra-uterine growth). The MPO, polymorphonuclear PAS and Sudan Black levels are comparable in the three groups of infants and the same as in normal full-term newborn babies. On the other hand, the LAP level, identical in preterms and SDB, is lower than in full-term infants but higher than in adults. Lymphocyte PAS value increases progressively with age. Better interpretation of results would be gained with knowledge of normal ranges for these four parameters in children. The authors suggest that these reactions should be used in the field of general metabolic diseases, susceptibility to infection and genetic diseases with or without chromosal abnomaly.", "PMID": 63299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_845", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of pregnancy associated alpha2 glycoprotein].", "content": "A method using immunoadsorbents for the isolation of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) from the extract of human placentae is described. The physical properties and the chemical composition of the purified protein are determined: alpha2PAG sediments with 11,5 S, has a molecular weight of 360 000 daltons and is composed of subunits having a molecular weight of 180000, which are held together by disulfide bonds. The isoelectric point was found to be pH 4,7 and the extinction coefficient (E1%1cm) was determined to be 9,7 at 277 nm. The carbohydrate content of the molecule amounts to 12,1% (hexose 6,0%, hexosamine 3,7%, fucose 0,06%, sialic acid 2,4%). An analysis of the amino acids is reported, too. The purified alpha2PAG was used to determine the absolute concentrations of this protein in a reference standard and in sera.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of pregnancy associated alpha2 glycoprotein]. A method using immunoadsorbents for the isolation of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) from the extract of human placentae is described. The physical properties and the chemical composition of the purified protein are determined: alpha2PAG sediments with 11,5 S, has a molecular weight of 360 000 daltons and is composed of subunits having a molecular weight of 180000, which are held together by disulfide bonds. The isoelectric point was found to be pH 4,7 and the extinction coefficient (E1%1cm) was determined to be 9,7 at 277 nm. The carbohydrate content of the molecule amounts to 12,1% (hexose 6,0%, hexosamine 3,7%, fucose 0,06%, sialic acid 2,4%). An analysis of the amino acids is reported, too. The purified alpha2PAG was used to determine the absolute concentrations of this protein in a reference standard and in sera.", "PMID": 63301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_846", "title": "Joint air pollution sampling program in twin cities on the U.S.-Mexico border.", "content": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez (Chihuahua) and El Paso (Texas), two cities on the U.S.-Mexico border, form a single environmental system in which the same natural resources, especially air and water, are shared. It also constitutes a single metropolitan area which is characterized by high rates of pipulation growth, economic development, and urban expansion, all these factors mitigating against air quality. Early in 1972 the health authorities in El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez initiated a joint air pollution sampling program with assistance from the Pan American Health Organization. The nearby city of Las Cruces (New Mexico) was later included in the program as well. Activities are carried out in accordance with a document entitled \"Bases of Cooperation.\" The guiding criteria of the program are: functional simplicity, operational economy, and complementarity with other sampling programs conducted by the participating services. An Air Pollution Control Subcommittee is responsible for execution coordination of the program. Three studies are currently underway to determine levels of dust pollution in the air. A fourth study is aimed at measuring sulfur dioxide levels through the use of sulfation plates. The results collected reveal concentrations of particulates in the ambient air levels higher than the U.S. Federal primary standards. The program should be expanded to include the study of other pollutants and a joint inventory of emissions. In this way criteria on air quality may be established and joint plans of action and strategies drawn up for the control of air pollution in this important area.", "contents": "Joint air pollution sampling program in twin cities on the U.S.-Mexico border. Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez (Chihuahua) and El Paso (Texas), two cities on the U.S.-Mexico border, form a single environmental system in which the same natural resources, especially air and water, are shared. It also constitutes a single metropolitan area which is characterized by high rates of pipulation growth, economic development, and urban expansion, all these factors mitigating against air quality. Early in 1972 the health authorities in El Paso and Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez initiated a joint air pollution sampling program with assistance from the Pan American Health Organization. The nearby city of Las Cruces (New Mexico) was later included in the program as well. Activities are carried out in accordance with a document entitled \"Bases of Cooperation.\" The guiding criteria of the program are: functional simplicity, operational economy, and complementarity with other sampling programs conducted by the participating services. An Air Pollution Control Subcommittee is responsible for execution coordination of the program. Three studies are currently underway to determine levels of dust pollution in the air. A fourth study is aimed at measuring sulfur dioxide levels through the use of sulfation plates. The results collected reveal concentrations of particulates in the ambient air levels higher than the U.S. Federal primary standards. The program should be expanded to include the study of other pollutants and a joint inventory of emissions. In this way criteria on air quality may be established and joint plans of action and strategies drawn up for the control of air pollution in this important area.", "PMID": 63303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_847", "title": "Pharmacological properties of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-atopic agent.", "content": "1 N-(3'-4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') exhibited a dose-dependent, potent inhibition of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated by homocytotropic antibodies (HTA), which was hardly affected by anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone at any dose used. The HTA-induced PCA was significantly inhibited by combined treatment with diphenydramine and cyproheptadine. 2 Doses of N-5' which potently inhibited HTA-induced PCA inhibited only slightly the heterologous PCA produced by anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) rabbit serum. This heterologous PCA was clearly inhibited by phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone. Diphenydramine and cyproheptadine, singly or combined inhibited the heterologous PCA only slightly. 3 The increased vascular permeability caused by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly inhibited by diphenyldramine or cyproheptadine, but not by N-5' and the anti-inflammatory agents used. 4 N-5' 150 mg/kg orally inhibited rat paw oedema induced by carrageenin by about 26% while phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone produced significant inhibition. 5 N-5' at concentrations of 100 and 1000 muM significantly inhibited (by about 52% and 95%, respectively) the histamine release from rat peritoneal cells induced by HTA; 10 muM N-5' had little effect. Histamine release was inhibited by phenylbutazone or indomethacin at 1000 muM but not at 100 muM. Prednisolone had no effect on histamine release at any of the concentrations used. 6 These findings suggest that the inhibition of the HTA-induced PCA by N-5' may be due to inhibition of histamine release and is clearly different from the actions of anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-atopic agent. 1 N-(3'-4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') exhibited a dose-dependent, potent inhibition of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated by homocytotropic antibodies (HTA), which was hardly affected by anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone at any dose used. The HTA-induced PCA was significantly inhibited by combined treatment with diphenydramine and cyproheptadine. 2 Doses of N-5' which potently inhibited HTA-induced PCA inhibited only slightly the heterologous PCA produced by anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) rabbit serum. This heterologous PCA was clearly inhibited by phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone. Diphenydramine and cyproheptadine, singly or combined inhibited the heterologous PCA only slightly. 3 The increased vascular permeability caused by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly inhibited by diphenyldramine or cyproheptadine, but not by N-5' and the anti-inflammatory agents used. 4 N-5' 150 mg/kg orally inhibited rat paw oedema induced by carrageenin by about 26% while phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone produced significant inhibition. 5 N-5' at concentrations of 100 and 1000 muM significantly inhibited (by about 52% and 95%, respectively) the histamine release from rat peritoneal cells induced by HTA; 10 muM N-5' had little effect. Histamine release was inhibited by phenylbutazone or indomethacin at 1000 muM but not at 100 muM. Prednisolone had no effect on histamine release at any of the concentrations used. 6 These findings suggest that the inhibition of the HTA-induced PCA by N-5' may be due to inhibition of histamine release and is clearly different from the actions of anti-inflammatory agents such as phenylbutazone, indomethacin and prednisolone.", "PMID": 63304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_848", "title": "Clinical use of combined bleomycin and radiation therapy for head and neck tumours and testicular cancers.", "content": "The Bleomycin advantages are resumed with special reference to the use in combination with irradiation. More vigorous effect were seen in patients given Bleomycin one hour before irradiation twice to three times weekly than after irradiation alone. For head and neck tumours the effect of two weeks Bleomycin treatment alone showed 40 per cent distinct shrinkage and in this group 73 per cent of the patients were tumour-free after a full course of radiotherapy, compared to 38 per cent in the group showing no response to Bleomycin-pretreatment. Moderately differentiated squamous cancer showed just as good response as highly differentiated tumours. The one year survival using subsequent treatment of Bleomycin and irradiation, compared to an historical material showed improved survival rate for T3 laryngeal cancers, as well as all stages of testicular carcinomas given simultaneous Bleomycin twice weekly under the full course of postoperative irradiation to regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Clinical use of combined bleomycin and radiation therapy for head and neck tumours and testicular cancers. The Bleomycin advantages are resumed with special reference to the use in combination with irradiation. More vigorous effect were seen in patients given Bleomycin one hour before irradiation twice to three times weekly than after irradiation alone. For head and neck tumours the effect of two weeks Bleomycin treatment alone showed 40 per cent distinct shrinkage and in this group 73 per cent of the patients were tumour-free after a full course of radiotherapy, compared to 38 per cent in the group showing no response to Bleomycin-pretreatment. Moderately differentiated squamous cancer showed just as good response as highly differentiated tumours. The one year survival using subsequent treatment of Bleomycin and irradiation, compared to an historical material showed improved survival rate for T3 laryngeal cancers, as well as all stages of testicular carcinomas given simultaneous Bleomycin twice weekly under the full course of postoperative irradiation to regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 63302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_849", "title": "Efferent connections of the septal area in the rat: an analysis utilizing retrograde and anterograde transport methods.", "content": "Experiments were performed by either retrograde (horseradish peroxidase histochemistry) or anterograde ([3H]leucine radioautography) transport methods to determine the efferent connections of the septum in the rat. It was observed that the dorsal septum projects to the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus. Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the dorsal fornix to all CA fields of the dorsal hippo campus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and anteromedial nuclhe pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located immediately lateral to the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the medial part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the posterior hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers which originate from this region project through the stria medullaris to both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei and the paratenial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the medial forebrain bundle to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located in the intermediolateral septum project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus. Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventrl septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the stria terminalis to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus and the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the septal area in the rat: an analysis utilizing retrograde and anterograde transport methods. Experiments were performed by either retrograde (horseradish peroxidase histochemistry) or anterograde ([3H]leucine radioautography) transport methods to determine the efferent connections of the septum in the rat. It was observed that the dorsal septum projects to the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus. Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the dorsal fornix to all CA fields of the dorsal hippo campus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and anteromedial nuclhe pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located immediately lateral to the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the medial part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the posterior hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers which originate from this region project through the stria medullaris to both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei and the paratenial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the medial forebrain bundle to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located in the intermediolateral septum project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus. Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventrl septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the stria terminalis to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus and the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.", "PMID": 63306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_850", "title": "Banding analysis of the somatic chromosomes of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).", "content": "The chromosomes of the domestic dog (Beagle) were investigated by several different staining techniques. G-banding, Q-banding, and the bis-benzimidazol derivative Hoechst 33258, make possible the identification of all 39 chromosome pairs. Constitutive heterochromatin (C-bands) was present on a few chromosomes as distinctive, large stained areas; on the other autosomes there was little or no heterochromatin detectable.", "contents": "Banding analysis of the somatic chromosomes of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The chromosomes of the domestic dog (Beagle) were investigated by several different staining techniques. G-banding, Q-banding, and the bis-benzimidazol derivative Hoechst 33258, make possible the identification of all 39 chromosome pairs. Constitutive heterochromatin (C-bands) was present on a few chromosomes as distinctive, large stained areas; on the other autosomes there was little or no heterochromatin detectable.", "PMID": 63309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_851", "title": "Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.", "content": "Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in chromosomes from human lymphocytes grown two replication cycles in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by fluorescence microscopy after staining with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The DAPI fluorescence appears to be more stable than that of the dye 33258 Hoechst and may provide a more sensitive method for the detection of SCE.", "contents": "Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in chromosomes from human lymphocytes grown two replication cycles in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by fluorescence microscopy after staining with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The DAPI fluorescence appears to be more stable than that of the dye 33258 Hoechst and may provide a more sensitive method for the detection of SCE.", "PMID": 63310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_852", "title": "Persistence of transferable drug resistance in the lactose-fermenting enteric flora of swine following antimicrobial feeding.", "content": "Six groups of swine (85 animals) were fed a combination of antimicrobial drugs (sulfamethazine 100 g/ton, chlortetracycline 100 g/ton and penicillin 50 g/ton). After two weeks the antimicronial drugs were removed from the diet of two groups (28 animals). These swine were compared to four groups fed the medicated diet to determine the effect of duration of treatment and degree of animal isolation on the persistence of resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric organisms. The degree of resistance to penicillin, oxytetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin and neomycin as determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations and the incidence of resistant organisms were examined during and after antibiotic feedings. Ninety-two percent or greater of all isolates tested during and after treatment had minimum inhibitory concentrations for oxytetracycline of greater than 100 mug/ml. Thirty-two weeks after cessation of dietary antibiotic, resistance to oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin remained at 100% and 89% respectively. Variation in degree of contact between swine receiving medicated feed and those receiving nonmedicated feed was not sufficient to reduce the incidence of resistance to oxytetracycline or dihydrostreptomycin in all animals. Factors influencing persistence of resistant enteric organisms are discussed. Addition of the antimicrobials to the ration resulted in significantly greater weight gains for treated animals than for the controls but did not alter feed conversion.", "contents": "Persistence of transferable drug resistance in the lactose-fermenting enteric flora of swine following antimicrobial feeding. Six groups of swine (85 animals) were fed a combination of antimicrobial drugs (sulfamethazine 100 g/ton, chlortetracycline 100 g/ton and penicillin 50 g/ton). After two weeks the antimicronial drugs were removed from the diet of two groups (28 animals). These swine were compared to four groups fed the medicated diet to determine the effect of duration of treatment and degree of animal isolation on the persistence of resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric organisms. The degree of resistance to penicillin, oxytetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin and neomycin as determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations and the incidence of resistant organisms were examined during and after antibiotic feedings. Ninety-two percent or greater of all isolates tested during and after treatment had minimum inhibitory concentrations for oxytetracycline of greater than 100 mug/ml. Thirty-two weeks after cessation of dietary antibiotic, resistance to oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin remained at 100% and 89% respectively. Variation in degree of contact between swine receiving medicated feed and those receiving nonmedicated feed was not sufficient to reduce the incidence of resistance to oxytetracycline or dihydrostreptomycin in all animals. Factors influencing persistence of resistant enteric organisms are discussed. Addition of the antimicrobials to the ration resulted in significantly greater weight gains for treated animals than for the controls but did not alter feed conversion.", "PMID": 63311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_853", "title": "Friedreich's ataxia: observations with Q and G banding of human chromosomes.", "content": "No chromosomal anomaly was found in 15 cases of typical Friedreich's ataxia and three cases of atypical recessive ataxia studied with Q and G banding techniques. No difference between frequency of chromosomes gaps or breakages was noted amongst patients with Friedreich's ataxia and controls.", "contents": "Friedreich's ataxia: observations with Q and G banding of human chromosomes. No chromosomal anomaly was found in 15 cases of typical Friedreich's ataxia and three cases of atypical recessive ataxia studied with Q and G banding techniques. No difference between frequency of chromosomes gaps or breakages was noted amongst patients with Friedreich's ataxia and controls.", "PMID": 63312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_854", "title": "Living with the dying: use of the technique of participant observation.", "content": "Through participant observation, questions concerning optimal care of dying patients and needs of their families were answered. A general surgical ward and a palliative care unit were the sites of observation. The observations support the belief that a palliative care unit, specifically designed to meet the known needs of dying patients and their families, is preferable to a general surgical ward. The main findings, of less concern in the palliative care unit than on the surgical ward, were the following: the importance of patient-to-patient support; the discomfort of sick-role behaviour; the impersonal and sometimes intimidating nature of patient care; the limitation of the patient's need (as a person) to give as well as to receive; and the value of families, student nurses and volunteers in total care. These findings emphasize the importance of personal interest in relieving the distress suffered by many terminally ill patients.", "contents": "Living with the dying: use of the technique of participant observation. Through participant observation, questions concerning optimal care of dying patients and needs of their families were answered. A general surgical ward and a palliative care unit were the sites of observation. The observations support the belief that a palliative care unit, specifically designed to meet the known needs of dying patients and their families, is preferable to a general surgical ward. The main findings, of less concern in the palliative care unit than on the surgical ward, were the following: the importance of patient-to-patient support; the discomfort of sick-role behaviour; the impersonal and sometimes intimidating nature of patient care; the limitation of the patient's need (as a person) to give as well as to receive; and the value of families, student nurses and volunteers in total care. These findings emphasize the importance of personal interest in relieving the distress suffered by many terminally ill patients.", "PMID": 63313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_855", "title": "Phase II study of mitomycin-C, vincristine, and bleomycin in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Utilizing the stathmokinetic principle of timed vincristine and bleomycin, we combined these two agents with Mitomycin-C. The dose schedule included vincristine 0.5 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) geginning on day 1 and repeated twice weekly for 12 weeks; each injection was followed in 6-12 hours by bleomycin 6 mg/m2 for 12 weeks. Mitomycin-C was administered as a 20 mg/m2 bolus beginning on day 2 and repeated at 6-week intervals. Thirty patients were entered into this study, 27 were fully available for response. Thirteen patients (48%) met criteria of response (greater than 50% reduction in volume of measurable tumor). Significant myelosuppression resulted from this therapy. Median leukopenia nadir was 3.8 X 10(3) cells/mm3 and median thrombocytopenia nadir was 116 X 10(3) cells/mm3. Additional toxic reactions included anemia, lassitude, anorexia, peripheral neuropath fever, and skin rash. Despite significant, but manageable, toxicity, this combination appears to represent an improvement in the chemotherapy of a traditionaly refractory solid tumor.", "contents": "Phase II study of mitomycin-C, vincristine, and bleomycin in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Utilizing the stathmokinetic principle of timed vincristine and bleomycin, we combined these two agents with Mitomycin-C. The dose schedule included vincristine 0.5 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) geginning on day 1 and repeated twice weekly for 12 weeks; each injection was followed in 6-12 hours by bleomycin 6 mg/m2 for 12 weeks. Mitomycin-C was administered as a 20 mg/m2 bolus beginning on day 2 and repeated at 6-week intervals. Thirty patients were entered into this study, 27 were fully available for response. Thirteen patients (48%) met criteria of response (greater than 50% reduction in volume of measurable tumor). Significant myelosuppression resulted from this therapy. Median leukopenia nadir was 3.8 X 10(3) cells/mm3 and median thrombocytopenia nadir was 116 X 10(3) cells/mm3. Additional toxic reactions included anemia, lassitude, anorexia, peripheral neuropath fever, and skin rash. Despite significant, but manageable, toxicity, this combination appears to represent an improvement in the chemotherapy of a traditionaly refractory solid tumor.", "PMID": 63314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_856", "title": "Simultaneous assays of cancer-associated antigens in various neoplastic disorders.", "content": "Five tumor markers were measured simultaneously in serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC), the beta subunit of HCG, and Kappa casein. In a population of 935 normal subjects these antigens were undetectable or found within precise limits. In patients with tumors of various origins the rate of pathologically elevated levels was 72% at the beginning of the clinical course (194 cases). This high rate was primarily due to the simultaneous measurement of CEA, betaHCG, HCG, and casein. AFP was of little importance. The simultaneous measurement of these tumor markers may be one biochemical element of diagnosis of carcinoma, although this criterion is neither absolute nor specific, as 14.7% of patients with non-neoplastic disorders (234 cases) were positive for one antigen. In the presence of metastases (112 cases) the rate of pathologic levels of at least one antigen was increased: 86% due to CEA and casein assay at the same time as their absolute levels were increased. Surgical removal reduces the rate of positivity of these antigens to 37%. As was shown in patients with breast cancer, the rate was 10% when the tumor had been removed at Stage N- and 54% when it was removed at Stage N+. Thus, the persistence of pathologic levels could be correlated with the capacity for recurrence or metastases. Finally chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, do not decrease the rate of positivity of the tumor markers.", "contents": "Simultaneous assays of cancer-associated antigens in various neoplastic disorders. Five tumor markers were measured simultaneously in serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC), the beta subunit of HCG, and Kappa casein. In a population of 935 normal subjects these antigens were undetectable or found within precise limits. In patients with tumors of various origins the rate of pathologically elevated levels was 72% at the beginning of the clinical course (194 cases). This high rate was primarily due to the simultaneous measurement of CEA, betaHCG, HCG, and casein. AFP was of little importance. The simultaneous measurement of these tumor markers may be one biochemical element of diagnosis of carcinoma, although this criterion is neither absolute nor specific, as 14.7% of patients with non-neoplastic disorders (234 cases) were positive for one antigen. In the presence of metastases (112 cases) the rate of pathologic levels of at least one antigen was increased: 86% due to CEA and casein assay at the same time as their absolute levels were increased. Surgical removal reduces the rate of positivity of these antigens to 37%. As was shown in patients with breast cancer, the rate was 10% when the tumor had been removed at Stage N- and 54% when it was removed at Stage N+. Thus, the persistence of pathologic levels could be correlated with the capacity for recurrence or metastases. Finally chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, do not decrease the rate of positivity of the tumor markers.", "PMID": 63315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_857", "title": "Carcinoid of the uterine cervix: additional observations on a new tumor entity.", "content": "Twelve carcinoid tumors of the uterine cervix were studied. Based on the microscopic structure, they were divided into well-differentiated and poorly differentiated types. Both tumor varieties affected adult women. The clinical and gross features of these tumors were indistinguishable from those of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Of the 12 patients, six died, four with poorly differentiated carcinoid and two with the well-differentiated type. Three patients are alive and symptom-free 9 months to 2 years after treatment; the remaining three were lost to follow-up. Microscopically, four well-differentiated carcinoids showed argyrophil cells, and ultrastructurally two had neurosecretory granules. One of the well-differentiated carcinoids resembled islet cell carcinoma and two had areas resembling medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The poorly differentiated type of carcinoid had a histologic structure and a cell population very similar to that of the oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Of this group, four were argyrophilic, and by electron microscopy four contained pleomorphic secretory granules. It is considered that these tumors arise from the normal argyrophil cell of the cervix and are part of the group of neoplasms of the diffuse endocrine cell system (APUD).", "contents": "Carcinoid of the uterine cervix: additional observations on a new tumor entity. Twelve carcinoid tumors of the uterine cervix were studied. Based on the microscopic structure, they were divided into well-differentiated and poorly differentiated types. Both tumor varieties affected adult women. The clinical and gross features of these tumors were indistinguishable from those of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Of the 12 patients, six died, four with poorly differentiated carcinoid and two with the well-differentiated type. Three patients are alive and symptom-free 9 months to 2 years after treatment; the remaining three were lost to follow-up. Microscopically, four well-differentiated carcinoids showed argyrophil cells, and ultrastructurally two had neurosecretory granules. One of the well-differentiated carcinoids resembled islet cell carcinoma and two had areas resembling medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The poorly differentiated type of carcinoid had a histologic structure and a cell population very similar to that of the oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Of this group, four were argyrophilic, and by electron microscopy four contained pleomorphic secretory granules. It is considered that these tumors arise from the normal argyrophil cell of the cervix and are part of the group of neoplasms of the diffuse endocrine cell system (APUD).", "PMID": 63316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_858", "title": "Morphologic and biologic characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma cells of the salivary gland.", "content": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma cells cultivated in monolayer and sponge matrix culture, or implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated eggs, were observed morphologically, and the glycosaminoglycan components in the tumor tissue were analyzed. This tumor tissue contained a large amount of glycosaminoglycans, composed of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and a small amount of dermatan sulfate. In monolayer culture spindle cells proliferated vigorously as multilayer, and secreated mucinous material. In sponge matrix culture, the proliferating cells became embedded in the material produced by the cells themselves. A trace of fine fibers stained with orceine was observed in the intercellular material in culture. Histologic sections of the implants grown on CAM showed that the tumor cells arranged in various structures produced a large amount of mucinous material that spread into the stromal area without any contribution from the mesenchymal element. The morphologic and biologic characteristics of these tumor cells are quite similar to those of pleomorphic adenoma.", "contents": "Morphologic and biologic characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma cells of the salivary gland. Adenoid cystic carcinoma cells cultivated in monolayer and sponge matrix culture, or implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated eggs, were observed morphologically, and the glycosaminoglycan components in the tumor tissue were analyzed. This tumor tissue contained a large amount of glycosaminoglycans, composed of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and a small amount of dermatan sulfate. In monolayer culture spindle cells proliferated vigorously as multilayer, and secreated mucinous material. In sponge matrix culture, the proliferating cells became embedded in the material produced by the cells themselves. A trace of fine fibers stained with orceine was observed in the intercellular material in culture. Histologic sections of the implants grown on CAM showed that the tumor cells arranged in various structures produced a large amount of mucinous material that spread into the stromal area without any contribution from the mesenchymal element. The morphologic and biologic characteristics of these tumor cells are quite similar to those of pleomorphic adenoma.", "PMID": 63317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_859", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic analysis of 71 cases.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 71 endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary were studied in an effort to delineate the histogenesis and biologic behavior of this neoplasm and to evaluate the efficacy of different forms of treatment. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was identified in hyaline droplets, cell cytoplasm, and intercellular spaces of all 15 tumors examined by an immunoperoxidase technique; this supports the view that the neoplasm simulates yolk sac endoderm. There were only nine survivors among 65 patients on whom follow-up information was available; the actuarial survival was 13% at 3 years. Of the neoplasms that recurred, 93% did so within 1 year, and of those patients who died, 93% did so within 2 years. The size and stage of the tumor had prognostic significance, but the patient's age, the mitotic activity, and histologic pattern did not. Although 71% of the patients had Stage I tumors at the time of diagnosis, subclinical metastasis was present in 84% of Stage I patients. Triple chemotherapy (vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC)) employed after unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in four patients with Stage I tumors resultivors among 12 Stage I patients treated with combined surgery and radiation. The finding of AFP in all tumors in which this was evaluated suggests that serum radioimmunoassay might be useful to monitor response to therapy.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic analysis of 71 cases. The clinical and pathologic features of 71 endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary were studied in an effort to delineate the histogenesis and biologic behavior of this neoplasm and to evaluate the efficacy of different forms of treatment. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was identified in hyaline droplets, cell cytoplasm, and intercellular spaces of all 15 tumors examined by an immunoperoxidase technique; this supports the view that the neoplasm simulates yolk sac endoderm. There were only nine survivors among 65 patients on whom follow-up information was available; the actuarial survival was 13% at 3 years. Of the neoplasms that recurred, 93% did so within 1 year, and of those patients who died, 93% did so within 2 years. The size and stage of the tumor had prognostic significance, but the patient's age, the mitotic activity, and histologic pattern did not. Although 71% of the patients had Stage I tumors at the time of diagnosis, subclinical metastasis was present in 84% of Stage I patients. Triple chemotherapy (vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC)) employed after unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in four patients with Stage I tumors resultivors among 12 Stage I patients treated with combined surgery and radiation. The finding of AFP in all tumors in which this was evaluated suggests that serum radioimmunoassay might be useful to monitor response to therapy.", "PMID": 63318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_860", "title": "Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic entity distinct from endodermal sinus tumor resembling embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 15 examples of a hitherto undescribed germ cell tumor of the ovary are delineated. This tumor resembles the embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis and may be distinguished from the endodermal sinus tumor on the basis of its histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. An indirect immunoperoxidase method for the localization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was done on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 10 neoplasms; HCG was present in all 10 neoplasms, and AFP was found in seven. HCG was indentified only in cells resembling syncytiotrophoblast, whereas AFP was present only in mononuclear embryonal cells, indicating that the two protein antigens were localized in different cell types. Abnormal hormonal manifestations, consisting of precocious puberty, irregular bleeding, amenorrhea, or hirsutism, were present in nine (60%) of the patients. The actuarial survival for the entire group was 39%; for those with stage I tumors, 50%. We are proposing the term \"embryonal carcinoma\" for this neoplasm in order to distinuish it from the more common endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary and to emphasize the histologic similarity to embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis.", "contents": "Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic entity distinct from endodermal sinus tumor resembling embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis. The clinical and pathologic features of 15 examples of a hitherto undescribed germ cell tumor of the ovary are delineated. This tumor resembles the embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis and may be distinguished from the endodermal sinus tumor on the basis of its histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. An indirect immunoperoxidase method for the localization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was done on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 10 neoplasms; HCG was present in all 10 neoplasms, and AFP was found in seven. HCG was indentified only in cells resembling syncytiotrophoblast, whereas AFP was present only in mononuclear embryonal cells, indicating that the two protein antigens were localized in different cell types. Abnormal hormonal manifestations, consisting of precocious puberty, irregular bleeding, amenorrhea, or hirsutism, were present in nine (60%) of the patients. The actuarial survival for the entire group was 39%; for those with stage I tumors, 50%. We are proposing the term \"embryonal carcinoma\" for this neoplasm in order to distinuish it from the more common endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary and to emphasize the histologic similarity to embryonal carcinoma of the adult testis.", "PMID": 63319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_861", "title": "Hepatic dearterialization for nonrespectable primary and secondary tumors of the liver.", "content": "Seventeen patients with primary or secondary liver tumors were treated by dearterialization of the liver and intraportal infusion of cytotoxic drugs. In 14 cases, ligation of the main (10), right and left (1), right and middle (1), and right (2) hepatic arteries was performed. In three in whom hepatic artery ligation was considered to be contraindicated due to occlusion of the portal vein, temporary occlusion of the hepatic artery was repeated postoperatively. Only one patient died from the cause related to the ligation. Out of 14 patients who survived for more than one month ten showed an apparent regression of tumors radiologically. The mean survival period of the patients excluding those who died from other unrelated causes was 28 weeks. That of the control patients who received only chemotherapy through the hepatic artery was 13 weeks. The results were not always satisfactory, but dearterialization of the liver can be a palliative treatment for nonresectable liver tumors with a forceful combined chemotherapy.", "contents": "Hepatic dearterialization for nonrespectable primary and secondary tumors of the liver. Seventeen patients with primary or secondary liver tumors were treated by dearterialization of the liver and intraportal infusion of cytotoxic drugs. In 14 cases, ligation of the main (10), right and left (1), right and middle (1), and right (2) hepatic arteries was performed. In three in whom hepatic artery ligation was considered to be contraindicated due to occlusion of the portal vein, temporary occlusion of the hepatic artery was repeated postoperatively. Only one patient died from the cause related to the ligation. Out of 14 patients who survived for more than one month ten showed an apparent regression of tumors radiologically. The mean survival period of the patients excluding those who died from other unrelated causes was 28 weeks. That of the control patients who received only chemotherapy through the hepatic artery was 13 weeks. The results were not always satisfactory, but dearterialization of the liver can be a palliative treatment for nonresectable liver tumors with a forceful combined chemotherapy.", "PMID": 63320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_862", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein.", "content": "Antibodies directed toward the antitumor protein neocarzinostatin (NCS) have been produced in a rabbit by immunization with a highly purified NCS preparation. The antiserum was monospecific and reversed the antibacterial activity of NCS against Sarcina lutea. It cross-reacted with chemically modified derivatives of NCS and mitomalcin but failed to cross-react with macromomycin. A radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed utilizing the antiserum and a biologically active 125I-labeled derivative of NCS. The lower limit of detection by this radioimmunoassay, which involves a double antibody technique for the separation of antibody-bound and free antigen, was 1 X 10(-13) mole. The sensitivity of the assay is such that serum levels of NCS can be determined accurately after administration of the drug to rats at a single dose of 2 mg/kg. Since NCS is now undergoing clinical trial, the radioimmunoassay of the drug will be a valuable tool in clinical pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein. Antibodies directed toward the antitumor protein neocarzinostatin (NCS) have been produced in a rabbit by immunization with a highly purified NCS preparation. The antiserum was monospecific and reversed the antibacterial activity of NCS against Sarcina lutea. It cross-reacted with chemically modified derivatives of NCS and mitomalcin but failed to cross-react with macromomycin. A radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed utilizing the antiserum and a biologically active 125I-labeled derivative of NCS. The lower limit of detection by this radioimmunoassay, which involves a double antibody technique for the separation of antibody-bound and free antigen, was 1 X 10(-13) mole. The sensitivity of the assay is such that serum levels of NCS can be determined accurately after administration of the drug to rats at a single dose of 2 mg/kg. Since NCS is now undergoing clinical trial, the radioimmunoassay of the drug will be a valuable tool in clinical pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 63321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_863", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein in toxic liver injury.", "content": "The temporal sequence of alpha-fetoprotein appearance in serum was determined in both necrogenic and nonnecrogenic liver injury. Ethionine, thioacetamide, and CCl4 were used to intoxicate male and female rats for evaluating serum enzyme levels, mitotic indices, and morphological reflections of impairment. Thioacetamide- and CCl4-induced cell death preceded the mitotic wave in residual hepatocytes, and, in the case of both agents, this intoxicant-mediated necrosis preceded the emergence of alpha-fetoprotein. Yet, although there was no evidence of either cell destruction or significant mitotic activity in ethionine-poisoned animals, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels progressively increased. Thus the temporal sequence of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and/or release and cellular reorganization for regeneration suggests that reappearance of the protein macro-molecule is an expression of the altered phenotype observed during the \"step-down\" phase of liver regeneration.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein in toxic liver injury. The temporal sequence of alpha-fetoprotein appearance in serum was determined in both necrogenic and nonnecrogenic liver injury. Ethionine, thioacetamide, and CCl4 were used to intoxicate male and female rats for evaluating serum enzyme levels, mitotic indices, and morphological reflections of impairment. Thioacetamide- and CCl4-induced cell death preceded the mitotic wave in residual hepatocytes, and, in the case of both agents, this intoxicant-mediated necrosis preceded the emergence of alpha-fetoprotein. Yet, although there was no evidence of either cell destruction or significant mitotic activity in ethionine-poisoned animals, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels progressively increased. Thus the temporal sequence of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and/or release and cellular reorganization for regeneration suggests that reappearance of the protein macro-molecule is an expression of the altered phenotype observed during the \"step-down\" phase of liver regeneration.", "PMID": 63322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_864", "title": "Genetic control of interindividual variations in the inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "Interindividual and intraindividual variations in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) induction by 3-methylcholanthrene were studied in cultured lymphocytes from normal adult volunteers. Using eight pairs of monozygotic and eight pairs of dizygotic twins, we examined to what extent these variations are controlled by heritable factors and whether AHH inducibility correlations in an individual with the plasma half-lives of three drugs. Substantial overestimation of the induction ratio (fold inducibility) may occur if the nonlinearity of the assay standard curve is not considered. Fold inducibility remains relatively constant for an individual, but large intraindividual variations occur in absolute \"control\" and \"induced\" AHH activities. Fetal calf serum may contain inducers of AHH activity that vary with the particular lot of serum, thereby rendering the apparent induction ratio an imprecise indicator of genetic susceptibility to induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. The index of heritability for AHH fold inducibility in twins studied with different lots of fetal calf serum (0.80) or with a single lot of fetal calf serum (0.77) suggests nonetheless that genetic rather than environmental factors are mainly responsible for interindividual variations in AHH inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene in human lymphocytes. In these twins a significant but poor correlation (r=-0.551; 0.03 less than p less than 0.05) occurs between AHH inducibility in culture and the plasma antipyring half-life, but not between AHH inducibility and phenylbutazone or bishdroxycoumarin half-lives.", "contents": "Genetic control of interindividual variations in the inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes. Interindividual and intraindividual variations in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) induction by 3-methylcholanthrene were studied in cultured lymphocytes from normal adult volunteers. Using eight pairs of monozygotic and eight pairs of dizygotic twins, we examined to what extent these variations are controlled by heritable factors and whether AHH inducibility correlations in an individual with the plasma half-lives of three drugs. Substantial overestimation of the induction ratio (fold inducibility) may occur if the nonlinearity of the assay standard curve is not considered. Fold inducibility remains relatively constant for an individual, but large intraindividual variations occur in absolute \"control\" and \"induced\" AHH activities. Fetal calf serum may contain inducers of AHH activity that vary with the particular lot of serum, thereby rendering the apparent induction ratio an imprecise indicator of genetic susceptibility to induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. The index of heritability for AHH fold inducibility in twins studied with different lots of fetal calf serum (0.80) or with a single lot of fetal calf serum (0.77) suggests nonetheless that genetic rather than environmental factors are mainly responsible for interindividual variations in AHH inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene in human lymphocytes. In these twins a significant but poor correlation (r=-0.551; 0.03 less than p less than 0.05) occurs between AHH inducibility in culture and the plasma antipyring half-life, but not between AHH inducibility and phenylbutazone or bishdroxycoumarin half-lives.", "PMID": 63323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_865", "title": "Absence of thymus-derived lymphocyte markers in myelogenous leukemia (Ph1+) cell line K-562.", "content": "The myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 with a Ph1+chromosome, derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in terminal blastic crisis, is not a bone marrow-derived lymphoblastic cell line, because the cells neither produce immunoglobulins nor possess complement receptors. Since it has been suspected that blasts found in some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis might be thymus-derived cells, we have studied several parameters to demonstrate that K-562 cells are not thymus-derived lymphoblasts. The results of this study show: (a) no cross-reactivity of antisera to K-562 cells with normal human thymocytes; (b) lack of cytotoxicity of a specific horse anti-human thymocyte globulin for K-562 cells; (c) failure of the treatment of K-562 cells with bovine thymosin to induce antigenic determinant and erythrocyte rosette receptors on K-562 cells; (d) presence of receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G; (e) absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; and (f) cytotoxicity of monkey antiserum to K-562 cells for malignant thymus-derived cells (Molt-4). However, absorption with Molt-4 cells abolished the cross-reactivity with Molt-4 cells, whereas 60% of the antibody to K-562 cells remained in the immune serum. Studies of DNA polymerase activities revealed that K-562 cells have levels of polymerase alpha and beta, like other proliferating cells, and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, presumably representing polymerase gamma.", "contents": "Absence of thymus-derived lymphocyte markers in myelogenous leukemia (Ph1+) cell line K-562. The myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 with a Ph1+chromosome, derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in terminal blastic crisis, is not a bone marrow-derived lymphoblastic cell line, because the cells neither produce immunoglobulins nor possess complement receptors. Since it has been suspected that blasts found in some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis might be thymus-derived cells, we have studied several parameters to demonstrate that K-562 cells are not thymus-derived lymphoblasts. The results of this study show: (a) no cross-reactivity of antisera to K-562 cells with normal human thymocytes; (b) lack of cytotoxicity of a specific horse anti-human thymocyte globulin for K-562 cells; (c) failure of the treatment of K-562 cells with bovine thymosin to induce antigenic determinant and erythrocyte rosette receptors on K-562 cells; (d) presence of receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G; (e) absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; and (f) cytotoxicity of monkey antiserum to K-562 cells for malignant thymus-derived cells (Molt-4). However, absorption with Molt-4 cells abolished the cross-reactivity with Molt-4 cells, whereas 60% of the antibody to K-562 cells remained in the immune serum. Studies of DNA polymerase activities revealed that K-562 cells have levels of polymerase alpha and beta, like other proliferating cells, and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, presumably representing polymerase gamma.", "PMID": 63324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_866", "title": "Evidence for a particle-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase in rabbit placental and uterine tissues.", "content": "A RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with particles that band at a density characteristic of type C RNA viruses was found in normal rabbit placental and uterine tissues taken during the early stages of gestation. That the rabbit RNA-directed DNA polymerase is distinct from the known cellular DNA polymerases and similar to the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of mammalian type C RNA viruses is shown by column chromatographic characteristics, template primer preferences, molecular weight determination, and an absolute requirement for the divalent cations.", "contents": "Evidence for a particle-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase in rabbit placental and uterine tissues. A RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with particles that band at a density characteristic of type C RNA viruses was found in normal rabbit placental and uterine tissues taken during the early stages of gestation. That the rabbit RNA-directed DNA polymerase is distinct from the known cellular DNA polymerases and similar to the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of mammalian type C RNA viruses is shown by column chromatographic characteristics, template primer preferences, molecular weight determination, and an absolute requirement for the divalent cations.", "PMID": 63325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_867", "title": "Presence of a high-molecular-weight RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase in rabbit hereditary lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Rabbit lymphosarcoma tissues contain 70 S RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase encapsulated in particulate components that band in the density region of type C RNA viruses. RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with the particles could be distinguished from cellular DNA polymerases by salt elution from phosphocellulose. The enzyme preferred the template primers poly(rA)-(dT)12-18 and poly(rC)-(dG)12-18 over other synthetic template primers and also utilized viral 70 S RNA as template; these properties are not observed with the known cellular DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Presence of a high-molecular-weight RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase in rabbit hereditary lymphosarcoma. Rabbit lymphosarcoma tissues contain 70 S RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase encapsulated in particulate components that band in the density region of type C RNA viruses. RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with the particles could be distinguished from cellular DNA polymerases by salt elution from phosphocellulose. The enzyme preferred the template primers poly(rA)-(dT)12-18 and poly(rC)-(dG)12-18 over other synthetic template primers and also utilized viral 70 S RNA as template; these properties are not observed with the known cellular DNA polymerases.", "PMID": 63326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_868", "title": "Two-stage control of cell proliferation induced in rat liver by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.", "content": "Determinants of the timing of DNA synthesis in rat liver were studied, using alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane as a tool for stimulation of cell proliferation. One determinant is the time of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane administration. The increase in DNA synthesis starts after a lag phase (prereplicative phase) of minimally 20 hr. Use of animals adapted to a controlled feeding and lighting schedule revealed a second determinant provided by food consumption. Initiation of DNA synthesis is suppressed by fasting or protein deprivation and occurs 5 to 8 hr after readministration of a protein-containing diet. The light-dark rhythm has no direct influence on the timing of DNA synthesis. Stimulation of hepatic DNA synthesis, therefore appears to require two different sequential signals. The first is provided by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, and the second is provided by protein intake. In the absence of the second signal, committed cells are arrested at a critical point of the prereplicative phase and accumulate. Protein intake permits release from the block, and the accumulated cells enter the S period almost synchronously after completion of the remaining 5 to 8 hr of the prereplicative phase. These observations provide a means of synchronizing, in the living animal, a proliferating population of hepatocytes. In addition, they offer an explanation for the diurnal rhythmicity in the rate of hepatic cell proliferation.", "contents": "Two-stage control of cell proliferation induced in rat liver by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. Determinants of the timing of DNA synthesis in rat liver were studied, using alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane as a tool for stimulation of cell proliferation. One determinant is the time of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane administration. The increase in DNA synthesis starts after a lag phase (prereplicative phase) of minimally 20 hr. Use of animals adapted to a controlled feeding and lighting schedule revealed a second determinant provided by food consumption. Initiation of DNA synthesis is suppressed by fasting or protein deprivation and occurs 5 to 8 hr after readministration of a protein-containing diet. The light-dark rhythm has no direct influence on the timing of DNA synthesis. Stimulation of hepatic DNA synthesis, therefore appears to require two different sequential signals. The first is provided by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, and the second is provided by protein intake. In the absence of the second signal, committed cells are arrested at a critical point of the prereplicative phase and accumulate. Protein intake permits release from the block, and the accumulated cells enter the S period almost synchronously after completion of the remaining 5 to 8 hr of the prereplicative phase. These observations provide a means of synchronizing, in the living animal, a proliferating population of hepatocytes. In addition, they offer an explanation for the diurnal rhythmicity in the rate of hepatic cell proliferation.", "PMID": 63327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_869", "title": "Reduction of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in rats by lipotrope or amino acid supplementation of a marginally deficient diet.", "content": "In studies in this and other laboratories, induction of hepatocardinoma by several different chemical carcinogens was enhanced in rats fed diets deficient in lipotropes (choline, methionine, folic acid), amino acids, and niacin, and high in fat. In some cases, specific supplementation with lipotropes blocked carcinogenesis. In studies reported here, specific supplementation of a marginally deficient diet that enhanced carcinogenesis in rats, with the amino acids or lipotropes in which it was deficient, significantly decreased induction of hepatocarcinoma by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Niacin supplementation decreased hepatocarcinoma incidence only slight; the addition of beef fat to an adequate diet did not enhance tumor induction. Rats fed the amino acid- or lipotrope-supplemented diets had an increased incidence of hepatic hemangioendothelial sarcomas, compared to deficient rats or to rats fed the adequate control diet. Methionine was contained in both the amino acid and the lipotrope supplement and probably was responsible for reducing hepatocarcinoma incidence. Methionine has been found to have an anticarcinogenic effect in other studies and also to block the depletion of hepatic folate stores that is induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Interactions between carcinogens, S-adenosylmethionine, and folate may be significant in hepatic or other tissue carcinogenesis. One of more hepatic microsomal oxidases were depressed in rats fed any of the high-fat diets but were not correlated with tumor incidence.", "contents": "Reduction of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in rats by lipotrope or amino acid supplementation of a marginally deficient diet. In studies in this and other laboratories, induction of hepatocardinoma by several different chemical carcinogens was enhanced in rats fed diets deficient in lipotropes (choline, methionine, folic acid), amino acids, and niacin, and high in fat. In some cases, specific supplementation with lipotropes blocked carcinogenesis. In studies reported here, specific supplementation of a marginally deficient diet that enhanced carcinogenesis in rats, with the amino acids or lipotropes in which it was deficient, significantly decreased induction of hepatocarcinoma by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Niacin supplementation decreased hepatocarcinoma incidence only slight; the addition of beef fat to an adequate diet did not enhance tumor induction. Rats fed the amino acid- or lipotrope-supplemented diets had an increased incidence of hepatic hemangioendothelial sarcomas, compared to deficient rats or to rats fed the adequate control diet. Methionine was contained in both the amino acid and the lipotrope supplement and probably was responsible for reducing hepatocarcinoma incidence. Methionine has been found to have an anticarcinogenic effect in other studies and also to block the depletion of hepatic folate stores that is induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Interactions between carcinogens, S-adenosylmethionine, and folate may be significant in hepatic or other tissue carcinogenesis. One of more hepatic microsomal oxidases were depressed in rats fed any of the high-fat diets but were not correlated with tumor incidence.", "PMID": 63328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_870", "title": "Common tumor rejection antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinomas of mice detected by tumor protection and a radioisotopic footpad assay.", "content": "Seven transplantable lines of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin initiated in BALB/c mice by skin painting with methycholanthrene were systematically tested for cross-reactivity of their tumor rejection antigens in a 7 X 7 matrix. As determined by decreased tumor frequency after tumor cell challenge, each line was immunogenic against and/or immunosensitive to at least one and usually more than one of the other lines. A radioisotopic footpad assay for delayed hypersensitivity against viable tumor cells confirmed the cross-reactivity shown by tumor rejection. More than two antigens appeared to be present in the lines. Tests for C-type viruses were positive in all tumors; those for polyoma virus were negative. Whether the uniform presence of C-type viruses can account for the number and variety of antigens found, or whether the tumor rejection antigens are independent of virus expression, remains an open question. The finding of cross-reacting tumor rejection antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinomas encourages prospects for the development of more broadly applicable immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents.", "contents": "Common tumor rejection antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinomas of mice detected by tumor protection and a radioisotopic footpad assay. Seven transplantable lines of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin initiated in BALB/c mice by skin painting with methycholanthrene were systematically tested for cross-reactivity of their tumor rejection antigens in a 7 X 7 matrix. As determined by decreased tumor frequency after tumor cell challenge, each line was immunogenic against and/or immunosensitive to at least one and usually more than one of the other lines. A radioisotopic footpad assay for delayed hypersensitivity against viable tumor cells confirmed the cross-reactivity shown by tumor rejection. More than two antigens appeared to be present in the lines. Tests for C-type viruses were positive in all tumors; those for polyoma virus were negative. Whether the uniform presence of C-type viruses can account for the number and variety of antigens found, or whether the tumor rejection antigens are independent of virus expression, remains an open question. The finding of cross-reacting tumor rejection antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced squamous cell carcinomas encourages prospects for the development of more broadly applicable immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents.", "PMID": 63329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_871", "title": "Bleomycin (NSC-125066) followed by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), vincristine (NSC-67574), methotrexate (NSC-740), and 5-fllorouracil (NSC-19893) for non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The in vivo observation that bleomycin may be used as a synchronizing agent provides the basis for testing 4 days of continuous bleomycin infusion followed by 5 days of intensive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Thirty-eight patients with extensive non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma (adenocarcinoma[17 patients], squamous cell carcinoma[14 patients], and poorly differentiated carcinoma [seven patients]) were registered for chemotherapy. There were 11 patients with 50% regression of all measurable lesions and four with improved but poorly measurable radiographic lesions, providing a crude response rate of 39% (15 of 38 patients). An overall survival median of 19 weeks compares favorably with Veterans' Administration Lung Cancer Study Group control data, but was not substantially better than our own historical controls (P = 0.15). The median survival for responders was 36 weeks compared to 16 weeks for historical controls (P = 0.001) and 12 weeks for nonresponders (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Bleomycin (NSC-125066) followed by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), vincristine (NSC-67574), methotrexate (NSC-740), and 5-fllorouracil (NSC-19893) for non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The in vivo observation that bleomycin may be used as a synchronizing agent provides the basis for testing 4 days of continuous bleomycin infusion followed by 5 days of intensive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Thirty-eight patients with extensive non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma (adenocarcinoma[17 patients], squamous cell carcinoma[14 patients], and poorly differentiated carcinoma [seven patients]) were registered for chemotherapy. There were 11 patients with 50% regression of all measurable lesions and four with improved but poorly measurable radiographic lesions, providing a crude response rate of 39% (15 of 38 patients). An overall survival median of 19 weeks compares favorably with Veterans' Administration Lung Cancer Study Group control data, but was not substantially better than our own historical controls (P = 0.15). The median survival for responders was 36 weeks compared to 16 weeks for historical controls (P = 0.001) and 12 weeks for nonresponders (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 63331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_872", "title": "Phase I clinical trial of combined therapy with vinblastine (NSC-49842), bleomycin (NSC-125066), and cisdichlorodiammineplatinum(II)( NSC-119875).", "content": "Seventeen patients with various histologic types of incurable malignant disease were treated with a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen elevations were noted but were not of a severe degree. White blood cell and platelet count depressions were seen and appeared to be cumulative, though not life-threatening. Tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss were noted. Tumor regression was seen in one patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung and in one patient with a testicular tumor. This appears to be a manageable drug combination with frequent monitoring of renal, hematopoietic, pulmonary, and auditory function. A phase II study establishing the therapeutic efficacy of this combination in advanced testicular neoplasms now appears to be indicated.", "contents": "Phase I clinical trial of combined therapy with vinblastine (NSC-49842), bleomycin (NSC-125066), and cisdichlorodiammineplatinum(II)( NSC-119875). Seventeen patients with various histologic types of incurable malignant disease were treated with a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen elevations were noted but were not of a severe degree. White blood cell and platelet count depressions were seen and appeared to be cumulative, though not life-threatening. Tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss were noted. Tumor regression was seen in one patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung and in one patient with a testicular tumor. This appears to be a manageable drug combination with frequent monitoring of renal, hematopoietic, pulmonary, and auditory function. A phase II study establishing the therapeutic efficacy of this combination in advanced testicular neoplasms now appears to be indicated.", "PMID": 63332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_873", "title": "Perivascular regions of the rat neural lobe.", "content": "Neural lobes and portions of occipital cortex from rats were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The procedure allowed a clear demonstration of the perivascular space and intercellular spaces in both tissues. The perivascular spaces in the neurosecretory tissue was far more extensive than in the neural tissue and the role of this region in relation to the process of neurosecretion is discussed.", "contents": "Perivascular regions of the rat neural lobe. Neural lobes and portions of occipital cortex from rats were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The procedure allowed a clear demonstration of the perivascular space and intercellular spaces in both tissues. The perivascular spaces in the neurosecretory tissue was far more extensive than in the neural tissue and the role of this region in relation to the process of neurosecretion is discussed.", "PMID": 63334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_874", "title": "Anatomy of the ocellar interneurons of acridid grasshoppers. I. The large interneurons.", "content": "The anatomy of the large ocellar interneurons in the brain of five species of acridid grasshoppers of two different subfamilies (Schistocerca vaga, S. gregaria, Gastrimargus africanus, Trimerotropis pallidipennis, and Arphia conspersa) was revealed by cobalt-filling of the three ocellar nerves and subsequent reconstructions from silver-intensified (Timm's method) serial sections. Conflicts in the literature are reviewed (Tables 1, 2) and differences in the number of cells, anatomical descriptions of these cells, and nomenclature are resolved by demonstration of an identical number of large ocellar identical number of large ocellar interneurons in all five species examined (Fig. 1). There are 17 large 1st-order ocellar interneurons (Figs. 2, 3). Each of the three ocellar nerves contains the axons of seven large interneurons; four of these interneurons have axons in two ocellar nerves. The anatomy of three pairs of 2nd-order ocellar interneurons (with branches in the ocellar tracts within the brain and axons in the circum-esophageal connectives) is reconsidered in light of recent conflicts in the literature. Previous accounts by Williams (1975) of interneurons O2, O3, and PI(2):5 are corroborated and new details added (Fig. 7) by the use of a cobalt method that appears to stain these 2nd-order interneurons transsynaptically (Fig. 6).", "contents": "Anatomy of the ocellar interneurons of acridid grasshoppers. I. The large interneurons. The anatomy of the large ocellar interneurons in the brain of five species of acridid grasshoppers of two different subfamilies (Schistocerca vaga, S. gregaria, Gastrimargus africanus, Trimerotropis pallidipennis, and Arphia conspersa) was revealed by cobalt-filling of the three ocellar nerves and subsequent reconstructions from silver-intensified (Timm's method) serial sections. Conflicts in the literature are reviewed (Tables 1, 2) and differences in the number of cells, anatomical descriptions of these cells, and nomenclature are resolved by demonstration of an identical number of large ocellar identical number of large ocellar interneurons in all five species examined (Fig. 1). There are 17 large 1st-order ocellar interneurons (Figs. 2, 3). Each of the three ocellar nerves contains the axons of seven large interneurons; four of these interneurons have axons in two ocellar nerves. The anatomy of three pairs of 2nd-order ocellar interneurons (with branches in the ocellar tracts within the brain and axons in the circum-esophageal connectives) is reconsidered in light of recent conflicts in the literature. Previous accounts by Williams (1975) of interneurons O2, O3, and PI(2):5 are corroborated and new details added (Fig. 7) by the use of a cobalt method that appears to stain these 2nd-order interneurons transsynaptically (Fig. 6).", "PMID": 63335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_875", "title": "Anatomy of the ocellar interneurons of acridid grasshoppers. II. The small interneurons.", "content": "The anatomy of the small ocellar interneurons in the brain of the acridid grasshopper Schistocerca vaga was revealed by cobalt-filling the three ocellar nerves and subsequent reconstructions from silver-intensified (Timm's method) serial sections. In total, 61 small ocellar interneurons were repeatedly identified with arborizations in many areas of the brain and optic lobe, including in particular the posterior neuropil, ocellar tracts, protocerebral bridge, lobula, ventral bridge and tritocerebral crotch, calyces, and antenno-glomerular tracts. Each ocellar nerve contains the axons of small cells that arborize in the other two ocellar tracts; these tracts are sites of ocellar integration. Direct interactions between the ocelli and compound eyes are suggested by the projections of small ocellar interneurons into the proximal lobula. Small cell arborizations from all three ocelli are distributed actoss much of the protocerebral bridge, implying a role for the bridge as an ocellar neuropil within the brain. Four of the small interneurons could be seen in whole-mount preparations and are demonstrated to be identical in five species of acridid grasshoppers of two different subfamilies: Schistocera vaga, S. gregaria, Gastrimargus africanus, Trimerotropis pallidipennis, and Arphia conspersa.", "contents": "Anatomy of the ocellar interneurons of acridid grasshoppers. II. The small interneurons. The anatomy of the small ocellar interneurons in the brain of the acridid grasshopper Schistocerca vaga was revealed by cobalt-filling the three ocellar nerves and subsequent reconstructions from silver-intensified (Timm's method) serial sections. In total, 61 small ocellar interneurons were repeatedly identified with arborizations in many areas of the brain and optic lobe, including in particular the posterior neuropil, ocellar tracts, protocerebral bridge, lobula, ventral bridge and tritocerebral crotch, calyces, and antenno-glomerular tracts. Each ocellar nerve contains the axons of small cells that arborize in the other two ocellar tracts; these tracts are sites of ocellar integration. Direct interactions between the ocelli and compound eyes are suggested by the projections of small ocellar interneurons into the proximal lobula. Small cell arborizations from all three ocelli are distributed actoss much of the protocerebral bridge, implying a role for the bridge as an ocellar neuropil within the brain. Four of the small interneurons could be seen in whole-mount preparations and are demonstrated to be identical in five species of acridid grasshoppers of two different subfamilies: Schistocera vaga, S. gregaria, Gastrimargus africanus, Trimerotropis pallidipennis, and Arphia conspersa.", "PMID": 63336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_876", "title": "Separation of primary and secondary cardiovascular events in systemic anaphylaxis.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to differentiate primary cardiac participation in systemic anaphylaxis from a cardiac reaction secondary to respiratory distress. Hemocyaninsensitized guinea pigs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and artifically ventilated. The chest was opened and the left ventricle cannulated. The electrocardiogram, bronchial resistance, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure and its first derivative were recorded. Following intravenous administration of antigen, the sinus rate increased by about 50-60 beats/min, left ventricular dP/dt increased by a factor of 3, and mean arterial pressure doubled. Conduction disturbances occurred in all of the experiments and ventricular fibrillation in four of six. These changes were concomitant with a 4-fold rise in bronchial resistance. To separate the cardiac and respiratory components, antigen was administered directly into the left ventricle to expose the heart to antigen before the lungs. The intracardiac challenge resulted in increases in sinus rate and left ventricular and arterial pressure quantitatively similar to changes recorded from guinea pigs after the intravenous challenge. However, all these changes preceded the rise in bronchial resistance by 60 seconds. Arrhythmias occurred as frequently as with the intravenous challenge. Our findings show that by use of an appropriate route for administration of antigen, cardiovascular and respiratory components of systemic anaphylaxis can be separated. Our data also indicate that anaphylactic cardiovascular changes can be dissociated temporally into two sets of events: an initial primary cardiac reaction caused by intracardiac release of histamine and a subsequent cardiovascular reaction secondary to systemic release of mediator.", "contents": "Separation of primary and secondary cardiovascular events in systemic anaphylaxis. The purpose of this investigation was to differentiate primary cardiac participation in systemic anaphylaxis from a cardiac reaction secondary to respiratory distress. Hemocyaninsensitized guinea pigs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and artifically ventilated. The chest was opened and the left ventricle cannulated. The electrocardiogram, bronchial resistance, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure and its first derivative were recorded. Following intravenous administration of antigen, the sinus rate increased by about 50-60 beats/min, left ventricular dP/dt increased by a factor of 3, and mean arterial pressure doubled. Conduction disturbances occurred in all of the experiments and ventricular fibrillation in four of six. These changes were concomitant with a 4-fold rise in bronchial resistance. To separate the cardiac and respiratory components, antigen was administered directly into the left ventricle to expose the heart to antigen before the lungs. The intracardiac challenge resulted in increases in sinus rate and left ventricular and arterial pressure quantitatively similar to changes recorded from guinea pigs after the intravenous challenge. However, all these changes preceded the rise in bronchial resistance by 60 seconds. Arrhythmias occurred as frequently as with the intravenous challenge. Our findings show that by use of an appropriate route for administration of antigen, cardiovascular and respiratory components of systemic anaphylaxis can be separated. Our data also indicate that anaphylactic cardiovascular changes can be dissociated temporally into two sets of events: an initial primary cardiac reaction caused by intracardiac release of histamine and a subsequent cardiovascular reaction secondary to systemic release of mediator.", "PMID": 63338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_877", "title": "alpha1-Antichymotrypsin interaction with cationic proteins from granulocytes.", "content": "Human granulocytes contain cationic proteins with chymotrypsin-like activity. These proteases showed a higher relative affinity for alpha1-antichymotrypsin than for alpha1-antitrypsin but the highest affinity for alpha2-macroglobulin. The complexes between cationic protein and alpha1-antichymotrypsin migrate as beta-globulin on agarose gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "alpha1-Antichymotrypsin interaction with cationic proteins from granulocytes. Human granulocytes contain cationic proteins with chymotrypsin-like activity. These proteases showed a higher relative affinity for alpha1-antichymotrypsin than for alpha1-antitrypsin but the highest affinity for alpha2-macroglobulin. The complexes between cationic protein and alpha1-antichymotrypsin migrate as beta-globulin on agarose gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 63339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_878", "title": "Intracellular localisation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "When slices of benign hypertrophied human prostate and abdominal muscle were incubated with either [3H]testosterone or 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the uptake of radioactivity by prostatic tissue was significantly higher than that of the muscle (P less than 0.01). The uptake of labelled androgen by prostatic tissue could be significantly reduced by adding the unlabelled steroid to the incubation medium. After the incubation of prostatic tissue with 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the amount of the radioactivity taken up by the whole homogenate and the nuclear preparation of the prostatic tissue were measured. DNA content of the nuclei and the whole homogenate was also estimated. The mean+/-S.E.M. of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone associated with the nuclei was 65+/-4.4%, ranging from (52.2-79.8%). The activity of acid phosphatase was measured in 30 samples of prostatic tissue. The mean +/- S.E.M. was 20.7+/-1.5 U/g tissue (9.8+/-0.9 U/mg DNA). The correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the uptake of androgen by prostatic tissue is evaluated.", "contents": "Intracellular localisation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in human benign prostatic hypertrophy. When slices of benign hypertrophied human prostate and abdominal muscle were incubated with either [3H]testosterone or 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the uptake of radioactivity by prostatic tissue was significantly higher than that of the muscle (P less than 0.01). The uptake of labelled androgen by prostatic tissue could be significantly reduced by adding the unlabelled steroid to the incubation medium. After the incubation of prostatic tissue with 5alpha-dihydro[3H]testosterone, the amount of the radioactivity taken up by the whole homogenate and the nuclear preparation of the prostatic tissue were measured. DNA content of the nuclei and the whole homogenate was also estimated. The mean+/-S.E.M. of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone associated with the nuclei was 65+/-4.4%, ranging from (52.2-79.8%). The activity of acid phosphatase was measured in 30 samples of prostatic tissue. The mean +/- S.E.M. was 20.7+/-1.5 U/g tissue (9.8+/-0.9 U/mg DNA). The correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the uptake of androgen by prostatic tissue is evaluated.", "PMID": 63340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_879", "title": "Influence of hyposensitization of ATP level and CO2 production of mast cells in anaphylaxis.", "content": "Anaphylaxis in a glucose-free medium containing pyruvate caused a release of histamine and a significant decrease in the ATP level of rat mast cells. The fall was maximal after 10 min and it was found to reverse after 22 min. Glucose completely counteracted the ATP fall without changing the anaphylactic histamine release. Furthermore, the oxidative metabolism of exogenous pyruvate to CO2 was stimulated in the mast cell. A high level of protection of mast cells to antigen challenge was obtained following hyposensitization and only a small amount of the intracellular histamine was released in contrast to non-hyposensitized cells. Hyposensitization counteracted the ATP fall by antigen challenge but the increase in oxidative metabolism remained unchanged. The results indicate that hyposensitization exerts effects in the mast cell consistent with a reduced ATP utilization or with a reduced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of the hyposensitization must be due to inhibition of one or more of the cellular steps leading to histamine release and subsequent morphological changes of the cell or to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Influence of hyposensitization of ATP level and CO2 production of mast cells in anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis in a glucose-free medium containing pyruvate caused a release of histamine and a significant decrease in the ATP level of rat mast cells. The fall was maximal after 10 min and it was found to reverse after 22 min. Glucose completely counteracted the ATP fall without changing the anaphylactic histamine release. Furthermore, the oxidative metabolism of exogenous pyruvate to CO2 was stimulated in the mast cell. A high level of protection of mast cells to antigen challenge was obtained following hyposensitization and only a small amount of the intracellular histamine was released in contrast to non-hyposensitized cells. Hyposensitization counteracted the ATP fall by antigen challenge but the increase in oxidative metabolism remained unchanged. The results indicate that hyposensitization exerts effects in the mast cell consistent with a reduced ATP utilization or with a reduced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of the hyposensitization must be due to inhibition of one or more of the cellular steps leading to histamine release and subsequent morphological changes of the cell or to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 63342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_880", "title": "The effects of BCG on both cellular and humoral immunity during the early response to a hapten carrier complex.", "content": "Cell-mediated reactions to the carrier and antibody-mediated reactions to hapten and carrier were studied in guinea-pigs treated with a single i.v. injection of BCG at different intervals of time before immunization with two different doses of a hapten-carrier complex. The results clearly show that BCG-induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the carrier and decreased antibody synthesis to the hapten. It is proposed that BCG acts on a dispatcher cell which controls both cellular and humoral immunity.", "contents": "The effects of BCG on both cellular and humoral immunity during the early response to a hapten carrier complex. Cell-mediated reactions to the carrier and antibody-mediated reactions to hapten and carrier were studied in guinea-pigs treated with a single i.v. injection of BCG at different intervals of time before immunization with two different doses of a hapten-carrier complex. The results clearly show that BCG-induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the carrier and decreased antibody synthesis to the hapten. It is proposed that BCG acts on a dispatcher cell which controls both cellular and humoral immunity.", "PMID": 63343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_881", "title": "Purification and characterization of human liver specific F antigen.", "content": "This paper reports the properties of purified human F antigen (liver-specific antigen). Homogenates of liver in 0-25 M sucrose were centrifuged at 105,000 g. The supernatants were chromatographed on Sepharose 6-B and four major peaks were separated. The third peak proved to be predominantly F antigen. This fraction was subsequently subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and F antigen was eluted at a concentration less than 0-2 M NaCl in 0-01 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7-2). Finally, purified F antigen was obtained after preparative isoelectric focusing. Purified human F antigen was found to have a mol. wt between 40,000 and 80,000, a pI of 6-5-6-7 and a density of 1-26. It is a protein antigen and contains no detectable carbohydrate or lipid. No differences were found in purified F-antigen preparations from several species when tested by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) disc gel electrophoresis. Immunofluorescent studies showed that F antigen was homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm of liver cells but was not present on the cell surface. Immunization of guinea-pigs with purified human liver-specific protein did not induce antibody to the F antigenic determinant defined by mouse anti-F antiserum. It did, however, induce antibodies to two human liver antigens. One of these seems to be a human-specific determinant on the F antigen molecule and the other appears to be a separate molecule which is similar in molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility to the F-antigen molecule.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human liver specific F antigen. This paper reports the properties of purified human F antigen (liver-specific antigen). Homogenates of liver in 0-25 M sucrose were centrifuged at 105,000 g. The supernatants were chromatographed on Sepharose 6-B and four major peaks were separated. The third peak proved to be predominantly F antigen. This fraction was subsequently subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and F antigen was eluted at a concentration less than 0-2 M NaCl in 0-01 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7-2). Finally, purified F antigen was obtained after preparative isoelectric focusing. Purified human F antigen was found to have a mol. wt between 40,000 and 80,000, a pI of 6-5-6-7 and a density of 1-26. It is a protein antigen and contains no detectable carbohydrate or lipid. No differences were found in purified F-antigen preparations from several species when tested by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) disc gel electrophoresis. Immunofluorescent studies showed that F antigen was homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm of liver cells but was not present on the cell surface. Immunization of guinea-pigs with purified human liver-specific protein did not induce antibody to the F antigenic determinant defined by mouse anti-F antiserum. It did, however, induce antibodies to two human liver antigens. One of these seems to be a human-specific determinant on the F antigen molecule and the other appears to be a separate molecule which is similar in molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility to the F-antigen molecule.", "PMID": 63344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_882", "title": "Studies on the specificity of smooth-muscle antibodies.", "content": "Purified contractile proteins from smooth and striated muscles have been used to test the specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) from patients with chronic liver disease (IgG-SMA) and acute hepatitis (IgM-SMA). The reactions, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, of IgG-SMA with renal vessel walls, renal glomeruli, peritubular fibrils and the luminal part of the tubular cells could be completely abolished by absorption with either smooth muscle or skeletal muscle F-actin, while absorption with myosin and tropomyosin had no effect. The specificity of IgG-SMA for actin was confirmed by their staining of the actin-rich I-bands of skeletal muscle myofibrils and by the blocking of this reaction by pretreatment of myofibrils and isolated smooth muscle cells with smooth muscle myosin subfragment 1 (S-1). IgM-SMA from patients with acute hepatitis-stained renal vessel walls and some sera also stained renal glomeruli. The IgM-SMA titres decreased after absorption both with myosin and F-actin but not with tropomyosin. The reactivity of some IgM-SMA could be blocked by S-1 while others could not. Thus the specificity of IgM-SMA seemed to be variable, and apparently differed from IgG-SMA in some cases.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of smooth-muscle antibodies. Purified contractile proteins from smooth and striated muscles have been used to test the specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) from patients with chronic liver disease (IgG-SMA) and acute hepatitis (IgM-SMA). The reactions, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, of IgG-SMA with renal vessel walls, renal glomeruli, peritubular fibrils and the luminal part of the tubular cells could be completely abolished by absorption with either smooth muscle or skeletal muscle F-actin, while absorption with myosin and tropomyosin had no effect. The specificity of IgG-SMA for actin was confirmed by their staining of the actin-rich I-bands of skeletal muscle myofibrils and by the blocking of this reaction by pretreatment of myofibrils and isolated smooth muscle cells with smooth muscle myosin subfragment 1 (S-1). IgM-SMA from patients with acute hepatitis-stained renal vessel walls and some sera also stained renal glomeruli. The IgM-SMA titres decreased after absorption both with myosin and F-actin but not with tropomyosin. The reactivity of some IgM-SMA could be blocked by S-1 while others could not. Thus the specificity of IgM-SMA seemed to be variable, and apparently differed from IgG-SMA in some cases.", "PMID": 63345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_883", "title": "Cytophilic antibodies in bronchopulmonary aspergilloma and cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia.", "content": "The immunoglobulin class and subclass of cytophilic antibodies have been studied using peripheral leucocytes from twenty-two patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia. In patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, significantly increased histamine liberation occurred following challenge of their leucocytes with antisera to IgE, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 as well as with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen. The results were considerably modified if the patient was receiving corticosteroids at the time of the test. The presence of IgG2-specific antibody to A. fumigatus in the serum of one patient, capable of sensitizing donor leucocytes, was demonstrated in passive sensitization experiments. In two patients with uncomplicated aspergillomas no evidence of cytophilic antibody to any class was found although large amounts of precipitating IgG antibody was present in the serum. Two patients with aspergilloma and systemic symptoms of weight loss and fatigue (which have been interpreted by others as 'hypersensitivity' responses) had increased amounts of cytophilic antibody similar to those with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Six patients with cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia were also studied. No evidence of specific antibody to A. fumigatus was found but, as a group, significantly increased histamine liberation using antisera to IgG2 was demonstrated. Individual patients also showed evidence of other classes of cytophilic antibody, one having IgE, three IgG3 and two IgG4. The relationship between heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibody (IgG STS) inducing immediate skin responses and the pattern of cytophilic antibodies found in our patients with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis having dual (immediate and late reactions) is discussed. Clinically these tests are of diagnostic value and they may be helpful in assessing symptomatic patients with aspergillomas for corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "Cytophilic antibodies in bronchopulmonary aspergilloma and cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia. The immunoglobulin class and subclass of cytophilic antibodies have been studied using peripheral leucocytes from twenty-two patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia. In patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, significantly increased histamine liberation occurred following challenge of their leucocytes with antisera to IgE, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 as well as with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen. The results were considerably modified if the patient was receiving corticosteroids at the time of the test. The presence of IgG2-specific antibody to A. fumigatus in the serum of one patient, capable of sensitizing donor leucocytes, was demonstrated in passive sensitization experiments. In two patients with uncomplicated aspergillomas no evidence of cytophilic antibody to any class was found although large amounts of precipitating IgG antibody was present in the serum. Two patients with aspergilloma and systemic symptoms of weight loss and fatigue (which have been interpreted by others as 'hypersensitivity' responses) had increased amounts of cytophilic antibody similar to those with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Six patients with cryptogenic pulmonary eosinophilia were also studied. No evidence of specific antibody to A. fumigatus was found but, as a group, significantly increased histamine liberation using antisera to IgG2 was demonstrated. Individual patients also showed evidence of other classes of cytophilic antibody, one having IgE, three IgG3 and two IgG4. The relationship between heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibody (IgG STS) inducing immediate skin responses and the pattern of cytophilic antibodies found in our patients with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis having dual (immediate and late reactions) is discussed. Clinically these tests are of diagnostic value and they may be helpful in assessing symptomatic patients with aspergillomas for corticosteroid treatment.", "PMID": 63346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_884", "title": "The Ia antigens.", "content": "The Ia antigens constitute a polymorphic series of cell surface determinants. At present, their definition is mainly a genetic one, and thus any cell surface antigen which can be demonstrated to be encoded by a gene in the Ir region of the H-2 complex may be classified as an Ia antigen. There are presently three subregions of the I region defined on the basis of available recombinant haplotypes, and designated at I-A, I-B, AND I-C. Mapping of individual Ia specificities indicates that numerous specificities are determined by genes in the I-A subregion, several in the I-C subregion, and few, if any, in the I-B subregion. This may be a reflection of the state of the art, however, rather than an accurate assessment of the extent of polymorphism. The Ia antigens appear to be expressed preferentially on the B-cell subpopulation of lymphoid cells. However, with the use of sensitive techniques they have also been demonstrated on some T cells, on macrophages, on sperm cells, and on epidermal cells. The Ia antigens have also been demonstrated on several T-cell factors which appear to be involved in the immune response. Whether or not all of the Ia antigens thus localized are identical or represent overlapping specificities within the same sera remains in many cases to be determined. There are presently three ways of defining Ia specificities serologically: (1) by direct immunization between strains differing only in the I region; (2) by detection of shared Ia determinants using polyspecific sera which contain H-2K region and H-2D region antibodies but which are nevertheless specific only for Ia antigens when tested on target cells of other strains; and (3) by selective absorption of H-2K region and H-2D region antibodies from an H-2 antiserum by cells bearing these antigens but lacking (or relatively lacking Ia antigens. All three of these methods produce anti-Ia reagents of reasonable titer for use in both serological and functional experimentation. The definition of the specificity as an Ia specificity in each case requires the availability of appropriate recombinant strains to map the specificity to the Iregion. In addition, there are several correlative criteria which have been developed in order to detect Ia activity in alloantisera in the absence of the availability of appropriate recombinants for mapping of the specificity. These include the tissue distribution of the Ia antigens (namely, their predominant expression on the B-cell subpopulation), their characteristics molecular size, their association on the B-cell surface with the Fc receptor, and their  lack of association with other products of the major histocompatibility complex as distinguished either chemically or by cocapping studies. These correlative criteria make it possible to distinguish probable anti-Ia reactivity in a variety of serological reactions, but the results must still be interpreted with caution until appropriate recombinants have been obtained which can map the specificities to the I region...", "contents": "The Ia antigens. The Ia antigens constitute a polymorphic series of cell surface determinants. At present, their definition is mainly a genetic one, and thus any cell surface antigen which can be demonstrated to be encoded by a gene in the Ir region of the H-2 complex may be classified as an Ia antigen. There are presently three subregions of the I region defined on the basis of available recombinant haplotypes, and designated at I-A, I-B, AND I-C. Mapping of individual Ia specificities indicates that numerous specificities are determined by genes in the I-A subregion, several in the I-C subregion, and few, if any, in the I-B subregion. This may be a reflection of the state of the art, however, rather than an accurate assessment of the extent of polymorphism. The Ia antigens appear to be expressed preferentially on the B-cell subpopulation of lymphoid cells. However, with the use of sensitive techniques they have also been demonstrated on some T cells, on macrophages, on sperm cells, and on epidermal cells. The Ia antigens have also been demonstrated on several T-cell factors which appear to be involved in the immune response. Whether or not all of the Ia antigens thus localized are identical or represent overlapping specificities within the same sera remains in many cases to be determined. There are presently three ways of defining Ia specificities serologically: (1) by direct immunization between strains differing only in the I region; (2) by detection of shared Ia determinants using polyspecific sera which contain H-2K region and H-2D region antibodies but which are nevertheless specific only for Ia antigens when tested on target cells of other strains; and (3) by selective absorption of H-2K region and H-2D region antibodies from an H-2 antiserum by cells bearing these antigens but lacking (or relatively lacking Ia antigens. All three of these methods produce anti-Ia reagents of reasonable titer for use in both serological and functional experimentation. The definition of the specificity as an Ia specificity in each case requires the availability of appropriate recombinant strains to map the specificity to the Iregion. In addition, there are several correlative criteria which have been developed in order to detect Ia activity in alloantisera in the absence of the availability of appropriate recombinants for mapping of the specificity. These include the tissue distribution of the Ia antigens (namely, their predominant expression on the B-cell subpopulation), their characteristics molecular size, their association on the B-cell surface with the Fc receptor, and their  lack of association with other products of the major histocompatibility complex as distinguished either chemically or by cocapping studies. These correlative criteria make it possible to distinguish probable anti-Ia reactivity in a variety of serological reactions, but the results must still be interpreted with caution until appropriate recombinants have been obtained which can map the specificities to the I region...", "PMID": 63350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_885", "title": "Preliminary amino acid sequences of transplantation antigens: genetic and evolutionary implications.", "content": "Preliminary amino acid sequence data on the transplantation antigens of mouse and man have led to provocative hypotheses about the genetic organization and evolution of genes coded by the major histocompatibility complex of mammals. New microsequencing techniques should permit a detailed analysis of these gene products and an eventual choice among the alternative hypotheses now posed. These data have made it apparent that the H-2 complex is  a fascinating and complicated chromosomal region which will continue for some time to intrigue immunologists, geneticists, biochemists, and cell biologists.", "contents": "Preliminary amino acid sequences of transplantation antigens: genetic and evolutionary implications. Preliminary amino acid sequence data on the transplantation antigens of mouse and man have led to provocative hypotheses about the genetic organization and evolution of genes coded by the major histocompatibility complex of mammals. New microsequencing techniques should permit a detailed analysis of these gene products and an eventual choice among the alternative hypotheses now posed. These data have made it apparent that the H-2 complex is  a fascinating and complicated chromosomal region which will continue for some time to intrigue immunologists, geneticists, biochemists, and cell biologists.", "PMID": 63354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_886", "title": "Serum protein synthesis in mutant mice with abnormal hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Severe ultrastructural abnormalities of liver endoplasmic reticulum have been described in newborn mice homozygous for radiation-induced deletion alleles at the colour locus. The ultrastructural defects were accompanied by deficiencies of several enzymes and lowered serum protein levels. Studies on serum protein synthesis were undertaken to see if decreased rates of synthesis, especially of constituents thought to be synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes, were the cause of the deficiencies. Although decreases or absence of several serum proteins were shown, radiopulse-immunoprecipitation studies of albumin and fibrinogen synthesis suggested that the decreased synthesis rates were a secondary defect. Serum glycoproteins were not altered more than other constituents in the mutant material.", "contents": "Serum protein synthesis in mutant mice with abnormal hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Severe ultrastructural abnormalities of liver endoplasmic reticulum have been described in newborn mice homozygous for radiation-induced deletion alleles at the colour locus. The ultrastructural defects were accompanied by deficiencies of several enzymes and lowered serum protein levels. Studies on serum protein synthesis were undertaken to see if decreased rates of synthesis, especially of constituents thought to be synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes, were the cause of the deficiencies. Although decreases or absence of several serum proteins were shown, radiopulse-immunoprecipitation studies of albumin and fibrinogen synthesis suggested that the decreased synthesis rates were a secondary defect. Serum glycoproteins were not altered more than other constituents in the mutant material.", "PMID": 63355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_887", "title": "Negotiating educational programs for children with developmental disorders: assessment, interpretation, demonstration, support (AIDS).", "content": "An approach to negotiating educational programs for children with multiple developmental problems is presented using two case examples from an interdisciplianry setting, the University Affiliated Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders. The use of the AIDS (Assessment, Intervention, Demonstration, Support) approach offers the schools evidence that the professional educator and psychologist are working in good faith and will not abandon them prematurely. Proper school placement through mediation also allows the school personnel to receive credit from the family for making the necessary changes, therefore not losing face with the parents. This approach seems particularly applicable to children with multiple and chronic problems who do not fit single special educational/diagnostic categories or labels.", "contents": "Negotiating educational programs for children with developmental disorders: assessment, interpretation, demonstration, support (AIDS). An approach to negotiating educational programs for children with multiple developmental problems is presented using two case examples from an interdisciplianry setting, the University Affiliated Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders. The use of the AIDS (Assessment, Intervention, Demonstration, Support) approach offers the schools evidence that the professional educator and psychologist are working in good faith and will not abandon them prematurely. Proper school placement through mediation also allows the school personnel to receive credit from the family for making the necessary changes, therefore not losing face with the parents. This approach seems particularly applicable to children with multiple and chronic problems who do not fit single special educational/diagnostic categories or labels.", "PMID": 63356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_888", "title": "Detection of sister chromatid exchanges by 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence.", "content": "This paper describes a 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent technique for differentiation of sister chromatids and for the study of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in mouse chromosomes. The advantages of the DAPI fluorescent technique are also described. Differences in the occurrence of SCE between the centromeric heterochromatin (C-banded) and the chromosomal arm chromatin were studied in mouse cells (RAG) with or without mitomycin C treatment. Single strand exchanges between the DNA double helices in the sister chromatids were not detected. SCE and chromosome breakage appeared to occur more frequently in the centromeric region than in the chromosomal arm. This might play an important role in chromosome evolution in mice.", "contents": "Detection of sister chromatid exchanges by 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence. This paper describes a 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent technique for differentiation of sister chromatids and for the study of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in mouse chromosomes. The advantages of the DAPI fluorescent technique are also described. Differences in the occurrence of SCE between the centromeric heterochromatin (C-banded) and the chromosomal arm chromatin were studied in mouse cells (RAG) with or without mitomycin C treatment. Single strand exchanges between the DNA double helices in the sister chromatids were not detected. SCE and chromosome breakage appeared to occur more frequently in the centromeric region than in the chromosomal arm. This might play an important role in chromosome evolution in mice.", "PMID": 63357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_889", "title": "Characterization of Drosophila heterochromatin. I. Staining and decondensation with Hoechst 33258 and quinacrine.", "content": "A number of preliminary experiments have shown that the fluorescence pattern of Hoechst 33258, as opposed to that of quinacrine, varies with the concentration of dye. The metaphase chromosomes of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. virilis, D. texana, D. hydei and D. ezoana have therefore been stained with two concentrations of H 33258 (0.05 and 0.5 mug/ml in phosphate buffer at pH 7) and with a single concentration of quinacrine (0.5% in absolute alcohol). The three fluorescence patterns so obtained were shown to be somewhat different in some of the species and the coincide in others. All three stainings gave an excellent longitudinal differentiation of heterochromatin while euchromatin fluoresced homogeneously. Living ganglion cells of the six species mentioned above were treated with quinacrine and H 33258. Quinacrine induced a generalized lengthening and swelling of the chromosomes and H 33258 the decondensation of specific heterochromatic regions. A correlation of the base composition of the satellite DNAs contained in the heterochromatin of the species studied with the relative fluorescence and decondensation patterns showed that: 1) the extremely fluorochrome bright areas and those decondensed are present only in species containing AT rich satellite DNA; 2) the opposite is not true since some AT-rich satellite DNAs are neither fluorochrome bright nor decondensed; 3) there is no good correspondence between Hoechst bright areas and the decondensed ones. AT richness therefore appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition both for bright fluorescence and decondensation. Some cytological evidence suggests that similarly AT rich satellite DNAs respond differently in fluorescence and decondensation because they are bound to different chromosomal proteins. A combination of the results of fluorescence and decondensation revealed at least 14 types of heterochromatin; 4-7 of which are simultaneously present in the same species. Since closely related species (i.e. D. melanogaster and D. simulans; D. virilis and D. texana) show marked differences in the heterochromatic types they contain, it can be suggested that within the genus Drosophila qualitative variations of heterochromatin have played an important role in speciation.", "contents": "Characterization of Drosophila heterochromatin. I. Staining and decondensation with Hoechst 33258 and quinacrine. A number of preliminary experiments have shown that the fluorescence pattern of Hoechst 33258, as opposed to that of quinacrine, varies with the concentration of dye. The metaphase chromosomes of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. virilis, D. texana, D. hydei and D. ezoana have therefore been stained with two concentrations of H 33258 (0.05 and 0.5 mug/ml in phosphate buffer at pH 7) and with a single concentration of quinacrine (0.5% in absolute alcohol). The three fluorescence patterns so obtained were shown to be somewhat different in some of the species and the coincide in others. All three stainings gave an excellent longitudinal differentiation of heterochromatin while euchromatin fluoresced homogeneously. Living ganglion cells of the six species mentioned above were treated with quinacrine and H 33258. Quinacrine induced a generalized lengthening and swelling of the chromosomes and H 33258 the decondensation of specific heterochromatic regions. A correlation of the base composition of the satellite DNAs contained in the heterochromatin of the species studied with the relative fluorescence and decondensation patterns showed that: 1) the extremely fluorochrome bright areas and those decondensed are present only in species containing AT rich satellite DNA; 2) the opposite is not true since some AT-rich satellite DNAs are neither fluorochrome bright nor decondensed; 3) there is no good correspondence between Hoechst bright areas and the decondensed ones. AT richness therefore appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition both for bright fluorescence and decondensation. Some cytological evidence suggests that similarly AT rich satellite DNAs respond differently in fluorescence and decondensation because they are bound to different chromosomal proteins. A combination of the results of fluorescence and decondensation revealed at least 14 types of heterochromatin; 4-7 of which are simultaneously present in the same species. Since closely related species (i.e. D. melanogaster and D. simulans; D. virilis and D. texana) show marked differences in the heterochromatic types they contain, it can be suggested that within the genus Drosophila qualitative variations of heterochromatin have played an important role in speciation.", "PMID": 63358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_890", "title": "Characterization of Drosophila heterochromatin. II. C- and N-banding.", "content": "The C- and N-banding patterns of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. virilis, D. texana, D. ezoana and D. hydei were studied in comparison with quinacrine and Hoechst banding patterns. In all these Drosophila species the C bands correspond to the heterochromatin as revealed by the positive heteropycnosis in the prometaphase chromosomes. The N bands have the following characteristics: 1) they are always localized on the heterochromatin and generally do not correspond to the C bands; 2) they do not correspond to the nucleolar organizing regions; 3) they are inversely correlated with fluorescence, i.e., they correspond to regions which are scarcely, if at all, fluorescent after Hoechst 33258 or quinacrine staining; 4) they are localized both on regions containing AT rich satellite DNA and on those containing GC rich satellite DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of Drosophila heterochromatin. II. C- and N-banding. The C- and N-banding patterns of D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. virilis, D. texana, D. ezoana and D. hydei were studied in comparison with quinacrine and Hoechst banding patterns. In all these Drosophila species the C bands correspond to the heterochromatin as revealed by the positive heteropycnosis in the prometaphase chromosomes. The N bands have the following characteristics: 1) they are always localized on the heterochromatin and generally do not correspond to the C bands; 2) they do not correspond to the nucleolar organizing regions; 3) they are inversely correlated with fluorescence, i.e., they correspond to regions which are scarcely, if at all, fluorescent after Hoechst 33258 or quinacrine staining; 4) they are localized both on regions containing AT rich satellite DNA and on those containing GC rich satellite DNA.", "PMID": 63359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_891", "title": "Sequence of DNA replication in 277 R- and Q-bands of human chromosomes using a BrdU treatment.", "content": "Replication times for all important chromosome bands, of both types R and Q (277 structures) are analysed. The R-bands form a group of structures whose DNA replicates during the early S-phase, while the DNA situated in the Q-bands replicates during the late S-phase. There may not exist overlapping between replication times of these two types of structures. The widest R-bands are those which are the earliest to replicate; in general, the most intense Q-bands are those which are the latest to replicate. Especially among these last ones, a certain asynchronism exists between the replication times. Finally the heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 16 and Y and of the short arms of the acrocentrics could contain two types of DNA which replicate at different times.", "contents": "Sequence of DNA replication in 277 R- and Q-bands of human chromosomes using a BrdU treatment. Replication times for all important chromosome bands, of both types R and Q (277 structures) are analysed. The R-bands form a group of structures whose DNA replicates during the early S-phase, while the DNA situated in the Q-bands replicates during the late S-phase. There may not exist overlapping between replication times of these two types of structures. The widest R-bands are those which are the earliest to replicate; in general, the most intense Q-bands are those which are the latest to replicate. Especially among these last ones, a certain asynchronism exists between the replication times. Finally the heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 16 and Y and of the short arms of the acrocentrics could contain two types of DNA which replicate at different times.", "PMID": 63360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_892", "title": "Characterization of the toromeric structure in Drosophila lummei.", "content": "The toromere, a structure previously reported only in several strains of Drosophila melanogaster, is found in salivary gland nuclei of three populations of Drosophila lummei, a member of the virilis group. The toromere is characterized by being quinacrine-bright and Feulgen-positive. Further staining and enzyme digestion procedures reveal that the toromere is composed of double-stranded DNA with little or no protein complexed with it. The toromere appears as a small quinacrine-bright dot in diploid cells and apparently undergoes polytenization, as it is observed as a large quinacrine-bright doughnut-shaped structure in salivary gland preparations. We describe the effect of larval culture temperature on the morphology and number of toromeres per cell, and lend support to the proposal that the toromere could be a highly replicated episome.", "contents": "Characterization of the toromeric structure in Drosophila lummei. The toromere, a structure previously reported only in several strains of Drosophila melanogaster, is found in salivary gland nuclei of three populations of Drosophila lummei, a member of the virilis group. The toromere is characterized by being quinacrine-bright and Feulgen-positive. Further staining and enzyme digestion procedures reveal that the toromere is composed of double-stranded DNA with little or no protein complexed with it. The toromere appears as a small quinacrine-bright dot in diploid cells and apparently undergoes polytenization, as it is observed as a large quinacrine-bright doughnut-shaped structure in salivary gland preparations. We describe the effect of larval culture temperature on the morphology and number of toromeres per cell, and lend support to the proposal that the toromere could be a highly replicated episome.", "PMID": 63361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_893", "title": "Dotted chromosomes produced in sodium phosphate solution supersaturated with NaHCO3.", "content": "Dotted chromosomes were consistently produced in both BrdU and non-BrdU substituted Chinese hamster cells after treatment with 1.0 M Na-phosphate solution, adjusted to pH 9.0 with a supersaturating amount of NaHCO3, and at a temperature of 80--95 degrees C. -- A series of changes in chromosome morphology was produced as the temperature of the solution was progressively increased. In BrdU-treated cells, G-banding and differentially stained sister chromatids were sequentially produced prior to the appearance of dots. In non-BrdU treated cells, only G-banding was produced before dot formation. In general, the patterns of dots correspond to the G-banding patterns. --Chromatids, with uni- or bifilarly BrdU substituted DNA or with normal DNA, required differential temperatures for the production of dots. Since the temperature required for dot formation was always slightly higher than that required for producing differentially stained chromatids, this phenomenon can be used as an important indicator for determining the optimal temperature required for revealing differentially stained chromatids.", "contents": "Dotted chromosomes produced in sodium phosphate solution supersaturated with NaHCO3. Dotted chromosomes were consistently produced in both BrdU and non-BrdU substituted Chinese hamster cells after treatment with 1.0 M Na-phosphate solution, adjusted to pH 9.0 with a supersaturating amount of NaHCO3, and at a temperature of 80--95 degrees C. -- A series of changes in chromosome morphology was produced as the temperature of the solution was progressively increased. In BrdU-treated cells, G-banding and differentially stained sister chromatids were sequentially produced prior to the appearance of dots. In non-BrdU treated cells, only G-banding was produced before dot formation. In general, the patterns of dots correspond to the G-banding patterns. --Chromatids, with uni- or bifilarly BrdU substituted DNA or with normal DNA, required differential temperatures for the production of dots. Since the temperature required for dot formation was always slightly higher than that required for producing differentially stained chromatids, this phenomenon can be used as an important indicator for determining the optimal temperature required for revealing differentially stained chromatids.", "PMID": 63362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_894", "title": "In vivo BrdU-33258 Hoechst analysis of DNA replication kinetics and sister chromatid exchange formation in mouse somatic and meiotic cells.", "content": "BrdU (5-bromodeoxyuridine)-33258 Hoechst methods have been adapted for in vivo analyses of replication kinetics, sister chromatid differentiation and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) formation in mice. Sufficient in vivo BrdU substitution for cytological detection was effected with multiple intraperitoneal injections of the analogue. The combination of centromere staining asymmetry and sister chromatid differentiation at metaphase permits unambiguous determination of the number of replications in BrdU and dT (deoxythymidine) undergone by individual cells. Late-replicating regions in marrow and spermatogonial chromosomes are highlighted by bright fluorescence after sequential incorporation of BrdU followed by dT during a single DNA synthesis period. SCEs are analyzed in marrow and spermatogonial metaphases after successive complete cycles of BrdU and dT incorporation. Significant induction of SCE was observed with both mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide; the latter drug requires host-mediated activation to be effective. In meiotic metaphase cells harvested two weeks after BrdU incorporation, satellite DNA asymmetry, sister chromatid differentiation and SCE could be detected in a few chromosomes, most frequently the X and the Y.", "contents": "In vivo BrdU-33258 Hoechst analysis of DNA replication kinetics and sister chromatid exchange formation in mouse somatic and meiotic cells. BrdU (5-bromodeoxyuridine)-33258 Hoechst methods have been adapted for in vivo analyses of replication kinetics, sister chromatid differentiation and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) formation in mice. Sufficient in vivo BrdU substitution for cytological detection was effected with multiple intraperitoneal injections of the analogue. The combination of centromere staining asymmetry and sister chromatid differentiation at metaphase permits unambiguous determination of the number of replications in BrdU and dT (deoxythymidine) undergone by individual cells. Late-replicating regions in marrow and spermatogonial chromosomes are highlighted by bright fluorescence after sequential incorporation of BrdU followed by dT during a single DNA synthesis period. SCEs are analyzed in marrow and spermatogonial metaphases after successive complete cycles of BrdU and dT incorporation. Significant induction of SCE was observed with both mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide; the latter drug requires host-mediated activation to be effective. In meiotic metaphase cells harvested two weeks after BrdU incorporation, satellite DNA asymmetry, sister chromatid differentiation and SCE could be detected in a few chromosomes, most frequently the X and the Y.", "PMID": 63363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_895", "title": "Xerophthalmia and measles in Kenya.", "content": "In many African countries measles is considered to be an important cause of blindness. On the basis of his observations in Kenya and Tanzania in 1972 Franken presumed, however, that in the majority of these cases xerophthalmia was the real cause of blindness, precipitated by the \"catalyst\" measles. In order to gain a better understanding of this important complicated problem, we performed in the first half of 1974 an investigation in Kenya into the prevalence of xerophthalmia. In December 1974 we had the opportunity to evaluate our Kenyan findings on Java, in the company of Dr. J. ten Doesschate and Professor H.A.P.C. Oomen. The results of this investigation in Kenya and Indonesia are presented in this thesis. (see article) 1. Xerophthalmia occurred nearly everywhere in Kenya in 1974. This demonstrates the prevalence of xerophthalmia in communities which - do not have rice but - have maize for their staplefood. 2. Xerophthalmia appears to be the main cause of blindness in Kenyan children. 3. Measles often plays - by means of local and general \"catalysing\" effects - an important role in the development of blindness caused by xerophthalmia. 4. In well-nourished children measles is of no consequence as a cause of blindness. 5. Vital staining by 1% rose bengal or 1% lissamine green appears to be a real asset for the early diagnosis of xerophthalmia in Health Centres and in field surveys. This method is therefore of great importance for the prevention of severe, blindness inducing vitamin A deficiency.", "contents": "Xerophthalmia and measles in Kenya. In many African countries measles is considered to be an important cause of blindness. On the basis of his observations in Kenya and Tanzania in 1972 Franken presumed, however, that in the majority of these cases xerophthalmia was the real cause of blindness, precipitated by the \"catalyst\" measles. In order to gain a better understanding of this important complicated problem, we performed in the first half of 1974 an investigation in Kenya into the prevalence of xerophthalmia. In December 1974 we had the opportunity to evaluate our Kenyan findings on Java, in the company of Dr. J. ten Doesschate and Professor H.A.P.C. Oomen. The results of this investigation in Kenya and Indonesia are presented in this thesis. (see article) 1. Xerophthalmia occurred nearly everywhere in Kenya in 1974. This demonstrates the prevalence of xerophthalmia in communities which - do not have rice but - have maize for their staplefood. 2. Xerophthalmia appears to be the main cause of blindness in Kenyan children. 3. Measles often plays - by means of local and general \"catalysing\" effects - an important role in the development of blindness caused by xerophthalmia. 4. In well-nourished children measles is of no consequence as a cause of blindness. 5. Vital staining by 1% rose bengal or 1% lissamine green appears to be a real asset for the early diagnosis of xerophthalmia in Health Centres and in field surveys. This method is therefore of great importance for the prevention of severe, blindness inducing vitamin A deficiency.", "PMID": 63364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_896", "title": "[Principles of programmed teaching].", "content": "Student education and continued education programs increase the stress on a dental school teacher as far as time is concerned. The use of modern aids gives an effective relief, if existing teaching materials in basic fields can be taken over. Quality characteristics and basics of the evalutation of teaching programs are presented.", "contents": "[Principles of programmed teaching]. Student education and continued education programs increase the stress on a dental school teacher as far as time is concerned. The use of modern aids gives an effective relief, if existing teaching materials in basic fields can be taken over. Quality characteristics and basics of the evalutation of teaching programs are presented.", "PMID": 63367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_897", "title": "Nature of cross-reaction between hCG and anti-oLH serum and development of a radioimmunoassay to measure hLH specifically in the presence of hCG.", "content": "Immunological cross-reaction between hCG and anti-oLH sera has been demonstrated using radioimmunoassay techniques. The results indicate that this cross-reaction is incomplete and that the anti-oLH sera used have the ability to distinguish between LH and hCG. Following absorption with purified hCG, anti-oLH serum was used to develop a heterologous radioimmunoassay \"[125I]iodo-hLH + anti-oLH serum\" (H-O, RIA) which specifically and selectively measures hLH in serum samples containing both hLH and hCG. In this radioimmunoassay hCG and subunits of hCG do not cross-react with hLH, in the range in which these hormones are present in human serum under physiological conditions. Other hormones such as hPL, hPRL, hGH, hFSH, hTSH, and GnRH do not interfere with the measurement of LH by radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the assay was 1.5 mIU (25 ng) per ml (LER 907 standard), and the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variations for samples were 10.83% and 8.4%, respectively. The recoveries of hLH added to pregnancy serum containing an hCG concentration of 8.55 IU/ml were in the range 95-108%. Determination of LH content of human pituitary extracts by H-O RIA gave values which were in close agreement with those derived by bioassay (indices of discrimination 0.72-1.12). Serum LH patterns in women during normal menstrual cycles as well as in amenorrheic patients who received GnRH treatment are comparable to those reported by other investigators using other radioimmunoassay systems. Serum samples obtained during the first trimester of pregnancy, when analyzed by H-O RIA, showed basal LH levels.", "contents": "Nature of cross-reaction between hCG and anti-oLH serum and development of a radioimmunoassay to measure hLH specifically in the presence of hCG. Immunological cross-reaction between hCG and anti-oLH sera has been demonstrated using radioimmunoassay techniques. The results indicate that this cross-reaction is incomplete and that the anti-oLH sera used have the ability to distinguish between LH and hCG. Following absorption with purified hCG, anti-oLH serum was used to develop a heterologous radioimmunoassay \"[125I]iodo-hLH + anti-oLH serum\" (H-O, RIA) which specifically and selectively measures hLH in serum samples containing both hLH and hCG. In this radioimmunoassay hCG and subunits of hCG do not cross-react with hLH, in the range in which these hormones are present in human serum under physiological conditions. Other hormones such as hPL, hPRL, hGH, hFSH, hTSH, and GnRH do not interfere with the measurement of LH by radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the assay was 1.5 mIU (25 ng) per ml (LER 907 standard), and the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variations for samples were 10.83% and 8.4%, respectively. The recoveries of hLH added to pregnancy serum containing an hCG concentration of 8.55 IU/ml were in the range 95-108%. Determination of LH content of human pituitary extracts by H-O RIA gave values which were in close agreement with those derived by bioassay (indices of discrimination 0.72-1.12). Serum LH patterns in women during normal menstrual cycles as well as in amenorrheic patients who received GnRH treatment are comparable to those reported by other investigators using other radioimmunoassay systems. Serum samples obtained during the first trimester of pregnancy, when analyzed by H-O RIA, showed basal LH levels.", "PMID": 63368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_898", "title": "Quinidine syncope: torsade de pointes with low quinidine plasma concentrations.", "content": "In 2 patients without clinically significant ischemic heart diseases, oral quinidine was used to control supraventricular arrhythmias. In both patients, syncopal attacks occurred, caused by a particular type of ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes. Quinidine plasma concentrations were low (2.6 and 1.2 mg/1, respectively); QRS duration was normal, but the Q-T interval was markedly prolonged.", "contents": "Quinidine syncope: torsade de pointes with low quinidine plasma concentrations. In 2 patients without clinically significant ischemic heart diseases, oral quinidine was used to control supraventricular arrhythmias. In both patients, syncopal attacks occurred, caused by a particular type of ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes. Quinidine plasma concentrations were low (2.6 and 1.2 mg/1, respectively); QRS duration was normal, but the Q-T interval was markedly prolonged.", "PMID": 63370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_899", "title": "Increased plasma binding of quinidine after surgery: a preliminary report.", "content": "The plasma binding of quinidine and phenytoin has been studied pre- and postoperatively in nine patients submitted to planned gastric surgery. The binding of phenytoin showed a slight and transient reduction, whilst quinidine binding was markedly increased, on average from 78.5% on the day of operation to a maximum of 87.5%, after 2-4 days. The time course of the increase was strikingly parallel to that of the concentration of certain acute phase proteins.", "contents": "Increased plasma binding of quinidine after surgery: a preliminary report. The plasma binding of quinidine and phenytoin has been studied pre- and postoperatively in nine patients submitted to planned gastric surgery. The binding of phenytoin showed a slight and transient reduction, whilst quinidine binding was markedly increased, on average from 78.5% on the day of operation to a maximum of 87.5%, after 2-4 days. The time course of the increase was strikingly parallel to that of the concentration of certain acute phase proteins.", "PMID": 63371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_900", "title": "Blockade of specific antibody-forming cells in vivo by dextrans and levans.", "content": "Fractions of dextrian (DE) B512, DE B1355 and levan (LE) have been shown to induce a specific blockade of antibody-forming cells (AFC) when injected into previously immunized mice. Whereas specific blockade with DE B512 (450 000 daltons) was easily induced by as little as 10 mug, blockade to LE and DE B1355 was more resistant and required 1 and 10 mg, respectively. AFC blockade and tolerance are dissociable phenomena, as the former effect could be achieved with nontolerogenic low mol. wt DE B512 (10 000 daltons). Conversely, perennial rye grass fructosan (7600 daltons), which is tolerogenic for LE, did not induce a blockade. Furthermore, blockade of anti-DE response specific for alpha (1 leads to 3)-linked glucosyl determinants was achieved in BALB/c mice, whereas attempts to induce stable tolerance have been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Blockade of specific antibody-forming cells in vivo by dextrans and levans. Fractions of dextrian (DE) B512, DE B1355 and levan (LE) have been shown to induce a specific blockade of antibody-forming cells (AFC) when injected into previously immunized mice. Whereas specific blockade with DE B512 (450 000 daltons) was easily induced by as little as 10 mug, blockade to LE and DE B1355 was more resistant and required 1 and 10 mg, respectively. AFC blockade and tolerance are dissociable phenomena, as the former effect could be achieved with nontolerogenic low mol. wt DE B512 (10 000 daltons). Conversely, perennial rye grass fructosan (7600 daltons), which is tolerogenic for LE, did not induce a blockade. Furthermore, blockade of anti-DE response specific for alpha (1 leads to 3)-linked glucosyl determinants was achieved in BALB/c mice, whereas attempts to induce stable tolerance have been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 63372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_901", "title": "HLA-B specificities and w4, w6 specificities are on the same polypeptide.", "content": "The human alloantigenic specificities w4 and w6, which are products of a diallelic system genetically associated with the HLA-B locus, have been solubilized by papain digestion of membranes from the lymphoblastoid cell line, RPMI 4265. The w4 and w6 specificities copurified with the HLA-B locus products, HLA-B7 and HLA-B12. Sequential immunoprecipitation experiments were performed using alloantisera to HLA-B7, HLA-B12, w4 and w6, and a purified HLA-B7, B12, w4, w6 antigen pool labeled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent. These experiments demonstrated directly that HLA-B7 and w6, which are genetically associated with each other, are different antigenic determinants on the same molecule, while HLA-B12 and w4, also genetically associated, are distinct antigenic determinants on a second molecule. Arguments are presented which suggest that the HLA-B determinants and w4, w6 determinants are in fact on the same polypeptide, and the genetic implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "HLA-B specificities and w4, w6 specificities are on the same polypeptide. The human alloantigenic specificities w4 and w6, which are products of a diallelic system genetically associated with the HLA-B locus, have been solubilized by papain digestion of membranes from the lymphoblastoid cell line, RPMI 4265. The w4 and w6 specificities copurified with the HLA-B locus products, HLA-B7 and HLA-B12. Sequential immunoprecipitation experiments were performed using alloantisera to HLA-B7, HLA-B12, w4 and w6, and a purified HLA-B7, B12, w4, w6 antigen pool labeled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent. These experiments demonstrated directly that HLA-B7 and w6, which are genetically associated with each other, are different antigenic determinants on the same molecule, while HLA-B12 and w4, also genetically associated, are distinct antigenic determinants on a second molecule. Arguments are presented which suggest that the HLA-B determinants and w4, w6 determinants are in fact on the same polypeptide, and the genetic implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 63373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_902", "title": "Antigen, host and adjuvant requirements for induction of hyperacute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.", "content": "A hyperacute form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (HEAE) was induced in Lewis rats using small doses (3.2 mug) of guinea pig myelin basic protein as immunogen and B. pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Myelin basic proteins from species other than guinea pig (rat, man, monkey, pig, ox, rabbit and sheep) induced only ordinary EAE with this adjuvant. HEAE was more readily distinguished from ordinary EAE by clinical criteria (early onset, with a rapid and severe course, and high incidence of cerebral signs and mortality) than by histologic signs which, although characteristic of HEAE. were not pathognomonic for HEAE, HEAE was transferred to x-irradiated syngeneic recipient rats with lymph node cells from appropriately immunized donors. The Brown Norway (BN) strain of rat was found susceptible to induction of ordinary EAE, but not HEAE, using large doses of either rat or guinea pig myelin basic proteins. The unique immunogenicity of the guinea pig basic protein must be due to a different antigenic determinant from the determinant(s) which is shared by rat and guinea pig myelin basic proteins and which without B. pertussis induces ordinary EAE. The adjuvant action of B. pertussis in inducing HEAE in the Lewis rat is most likely mediated through an immunocompetent T lymphocyte.", "contents": "Antigen, host and adjuvant requirements for induction of hyperacute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A hyperacute form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (HEAE) was induced in Lewis rats using small doses (3.2 mug) of guinea pig myelin basic protein as immunogen and B. pertussis vaccine as adjuvant. Myelin basic proteins from species other than guinea pig (rat, man, monkey, pig, ox, rabbit and sheep) induced only ordinary EAE with this adjuvant. HEAE was more readily distinguished from ordinary EAE by clinical criteria (early onset, with a rapid and severe course, and high incidence of cerebral signs and mortality) than by histologic signs which, although characteristic of HEAE. were not pathognomonic for HEAE, HEAE was transferred to x-irradiated syngeneic recipient rats with lymph node cells from appropriately immunized donors. The Brown Norway (BN) strain of rat was found susceptible to induction of ordinary EAE, but not HEAE, using large doses of either rat or guinea pig myelin basic proteins. The unique immunogenicity of the guinea pig basic protein must be due to a different antigenic determinant from the determinant(s) which is shared by rat and guinea pig myelin basic proteins and which without B. pertussis induces ordinary EAE. The adjuvant action of B. pertussis in inducing HEAE in the Lewis rat is most likely mediated through an immunocompetent T lymphocyte.", "PMID": 63374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_903", "title": "Effect of prior sensitization with hapten on the antibovine IgG antibody response to hapten-conjugated tolerogen of mice tolerized by low doses of bovine IgG.", "content": "Mice tolerized by low doses of bovine IgG (BGG), immunized with arsanilated (ARS) conjugates and challenged with ARS-BGG show an augmented anti-BGG antibody response compared with controls immunized with nonconjugated carrier. Conditions optimal for generating hapten help are explored and suggest that the phenomenon is mediated by hapten-specific helper T cells. During exploration of these conditions it became apparent that the response was suppression rather than augmentation with ARS, under certain circumstances, and with 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitro-phenylacetyl (NIP) and sulfanilic acid, under all conditions tested. Especially important in determining the outcome of the interaction was the type of adjuvant used for hapten priming. The significance of these observations is discussed in relationship to the balance between negative and positive cooperation.", "contents": "Effect of prior sensitization with hapten on the antibovine IgG antibody response to hapten-conjugated tolerogen of mice tolerized by low doses of bovine IgG. Mice tolerized by low doses of bovine IgG (BGG), immunized with arsanilated (ARS) conjugates and challenged with ARS-BGG show an augmented anti-BGG antibody response compared with controls immunized with nonconjugated carrier. Conditions optimal for generating hapten help are explored and suggest that the phenomenon is mediated by hapten-specific helper T cells. During exploration of these conditions it became apparent that the response was suppression rather than augmentation with ARS, under certain circumstances, and with 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitro-phenylacetyl (NIP) and sulfanilic acid, under all conditions tested. Especially important in determining the outcome of the interaction was the type of adjuvant used for hapten priming. The significance of these observations is discussed in relationship to the balance between negative and positive cooperation.", "PMID": 63375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_904", "title": "Beta2-microglobulin distribution in human normal tissues.", "content": "The distribution of beta2-microblobulin in human normal tissues was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method. Lymphoid, macrophage and endothelial cells were consistently positive in every organ studied. In addition, only the stratum germinativum of the epidermis, some tracts of the columnar epithelium of the digestive system and some endometrial tubular glands showed a specific fluorescence.", "contents": "Beta2-microglobulin distribution in human normal tissues. The distribution of beta2-microblobulin in human normal tissues was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method. Lymphoid, macrophage and endothelial cells were consistently positive in every organ studied. In addition, only the stratum germinativum of the epidermis, some tracts of the columnar epithelium of the digestive system and some endometrial tubular glands showed a specific fluorescence.", "PMID": 63376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_905", "title": "Naturally-occurring double-stranded RNA and immune responses. IV. Influence of molecular size on antigenicity and adjuvant activity.", "content": "The immunological properties of a naturally-occurring double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds-RNA), obtained from a mycophage of Penicillium chrysogenum, have been studied in relation to molecular size. Materials of reduced size, as reflected by molecular weight measurements, produced by ultrasonication of native ds-RNA, exhibited progressively lowered ability to induce an anti-ds-RNA response in mice. Adjuvant and immunosuppressive activities were of similar magnitude in both high and low molecular weight fractions. Evidence was also obtained of increased toxicity in materials of reduced size.", "contents": "Naturally-occurring double-stranded RNA and immune responses. IV. Influence of molecular size on antigenicity and adjuvant activity. The immunological properties of a naturally-occurring double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds-RNA), obtained from a mycophage of Penicillium chrysogenum, have been studied in relation to molecular size. Materials of reduced size, as reflected by molecular weight measurements, produced by ultrasonication of native ds-RNA, exhibited progressively lowered ability to induce an anti-ds-RNA response in mice. Adjuvant and immunosuppressive activities were of similar magnitude in both high and low molecular weight fractions. Evidence was also obtained of increased toxicity in materials of reduced size.", "PMID": 63377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_906", "title": "Antigenic determinants of heavy chain variable regions: immumological typing of the human immunoglobulin VHIII subgroup.", "content": "An antigenic determinant of the VHIII variable region subgroup was defined by means of a heterologous specific antiserum using a hemagglutination inhibition procedure. The specificity of this antiserum was established in inhibition experiments with proteins either of known primary structure or belonging to a definite VH subgroup. A series of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD monoclonal proteins was examined for the presence of this VHIII subgroup antigenic determinant. The data showed that 50% of the IgG, 62% of the IgA, 55% of the IgM and 41% of the IgD were VHIII-positive, and that certain \"blocked\" monoclonal immunoglobulins belonged to this subgroup. A preferential association of the VHIII antigenic determinant with the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses was observed among IgG myeloma proteins while the preferential association was only observed with the IgG1 subclass when anti-Rh antibodies were studied. The VHIII subgroup exhibited nonallelic behavior.", "contents": "Antigenic determinants of heavy chain variable regions: immumological typing of the human immunoglobulin VHIII subgroup. An antigenic determinant of the VHIII variable region subgroup was defined by means of a heterologous specific antiserum using a hemagglutination inhibition procedure. The specificity of this antiserum was established in inhibition experiments with proteins either of known primary structure or belonging to a definite VH subgroup. A series of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD monoclonal proteins was examined for the presence of this VHIII subgroup antigenic determinant. The data showed that 50% of the IgG, 62% of the IgA, 55% of the IgM and 41% of the IgD were VHIII-positive, and that certain \"blocked\" monoclonal immunoglobulins belonged to this subgroup. A preferential association of the VHIII antigenic determinant with the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses was observed among IgG myeloma proteins while the preferential association was only observed with the IgG1 subclass when anti-Rh antibodies were studied. The VHIII subgroup exhibited nonallelic behavior.", "PMID": 63378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_907", "title": "Shared determinants between virus-infected and trinitrophenyl-conjugated H-2-identical target cells detected in cell-mediated lympholysis.", "content": "Infection of H-2-identical mice with either lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus, vaccinia virus, or paramyxo (Sendai) virus resulted in the generation of specifically sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL generated in vitro against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic stimulator cells were specifically cytotoxic for TNP-conjugated H-2K (D) region identical targets. Both LCM and vaccinia-induced CTL, however, were found to be strongly cytotoxic towards TNP-conjugated, H-2K(D) region-identical target cells. In contrast, Sendai virus-induced CTL did not lyse TNP-conjugated, syngeneic target cells. Inhibition experiments using cold targets suggested that shared antigenic determinants can be detected on either LCM virus-infected and TNP-conjugated targets, which are not present on the cell surface of normal target cells.", "contents": "Shared determinants between virus-infected and trinitrophenyl-conjugated H-2-identical target cells detected in cell-mediated lympholysis. Infection of H-2-identical mice with either lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus, vaccinia virus, or paramyxo (Sendai) virus resulted in the generation of specifically sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL generated in vitro against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic stimulator cells were specifically cytotoxic for TNP-conjugated H-2K (D) region identical targets. Both LCM and vaccinia-induced CTL, however, were found to be strongly cytotoxic towards TNP-conjugated, H-2K(D) region-identical target cells. In contrast, Sendai virus-induced CTL did not lyse TNP-conjugated, syngeneic target cells. Inhibition experiments using cold targets suggested that shared antigenic determinants can be detected on either LCM virus-infected and TNP-conjugated targets, which are not present on the cell surface of normal target cells.", "PMID": 63379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_908", "title": "Role of epitope density in the induction of tolerance and immunity with thymus-independent antigens. III. Interaction of epitope density and receptor avidity.", "content": "The induction of B cell tolerance to 2,4-dinitrophenyl conjugates of polysaccharide antigens (levan or dextran) was studied in mice primed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated KLH. The relationship of the epitope density of the tolerogen with avidity of B cell receptors (as judged indirectly by a plaque inhibition assay) was investigated. It was found that high avidity precursors (IgG) were tolerized by antigen of much lower epitope density, and at lower concentration, than were low avidity precursors (especially IgM cells). IgA cells were intermediate in behavior. These results suggest that the epitope density effect acts by ensuring a necessary degree and/or energy of antigen binding.", "contents": "Role of epitope density in the induction of tolerance and immunity with thymus-independent antigens. III. Interaction of epitope density and receptor avidity. The induction of B cell tolerance to 2,4-dinitrophenyl conjugates of polysaccharide antigens (levan or dextran) was studied in mice primed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated KLH. The relationship of the epitope density of the tolerogen with avidity of B cell receptors (as judged indirectly by a plaque inhibition assay) was investigated. It was found that high avidity precursors (IgG) were tolerized by antigen of much lower epitope density, and at lower concentration, than were low avidity precursors (especially IgM cells). IgA cells were intermediate in behavior. These results suggest that the epitope density effect acts by ensuring a necessary degree and/or energy of antigen binding.", "PMID": 63380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_909", "title": "Evidence for an absence of cross-reactivity between the human beta2-microblobulin and human IgG allotypes and subclasses.", "content": "Six beta2-microglobulins were isolated from the urine of six patients with renal tubular dysfunction. Cross-reactivity between these beta2-microglobulins and antigenic determinants of different IgG allotypes and subclasses was investigated. No evidence of cross-reactivity was found. Some hypotheses are discussed concerning these results.", "contents": "Evidence for an absence of cross-reactivity between the human beta2-microblobulin and human IgG allotypes and subclasses. Six beta2-microglobulins were isolated from the urine of six patients with renal tubular dysfunction. Cross-reactivity between these beta2-microglobulins and antigenic determinants of different IgG allotypes and subclasses was investigated. No evidence of cross-reactivity was found. Some hypotheses are discussed concerning these results.", "PMID": 63381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_910", "title": "Synthesis and release of histamine studied on slices from rat hypothalamus.", "content": "In slices from rat hypothalamus, incubated in the presence of 3H-L-histidine (3H-L-His), the aminoacid was rapidly taken up by a saturable process, and partially converted into 3H-histamine (3H-HA). The overall conversion was prevented either by inhibitors of L-histidine decarboxylase or by aromatic aminoacids competing with L-His uptake. The synthesis process exhibited Michaelis--Menten kinetics with an affinity of the aminoacid not different from that for the decarboxylase in homogenates; however the Vmax in homogenates was more than 10 times higher than in slices. Depolarization of the slices by 50 mM potassium resulted in: (a) a calcium-dependent release of 3H-HA which was more marked than that previously reported for endogenous HA, (b) a significant acceleration in the rate of 3H-HA synthesis, which was characterized by an unchanged Km but a significantly elevated Vmax. The regulation of HA synthesis did not appear to depend on end-product inhibition since it was not midified by the addition of exogenous HA. The release of 3H-HA was followed by the accumulation of 3H-methylhistamine, which was enhanced by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor, had no effect on catabolism. The involvement of mast-cells in the storage of a fraction of endogenous HA in hypothalamic slices was assessed by the significant releasing effect of compound 48/80. Hence, the data support the existence of two distinct HA stores in the brain: depolarization relases the amine and increases its synthesis, probably in neurones, whereas compound 48/80 releases it from a slowly turning-over store, probably in mast-cells.", "contents": "Synthesis and release of histamine studied on slices from rat hypothalamus. In slices from rat hypothalamus, incubated in the presence of 3H-L-histidine (3H-L-His), the aminoacid was rapidly taken up by a saturable process, and partially converted into 3H-histamine (3H-HA). The overall conversion was prevented either by inhibitors of L-histidine decarboxylase or by aromatic aminoacids competing with L-His uptake. The synthesis process exhibited Michaelis--Menten kinetics with an affinity of the aminoacid not different from that for the decarboxylase in homogenates; however the Vmax in homogenates was more than 10 times higher than in slices. Depolarization of the slices by 50 mM potassium resulted in: (a) a calcium-dependent release of 3H-HA which was more marked than that previously reported for endogenous HA, (b) a significant acceleration in the rate of 3H-HA synthesis, which was characterized by an unchanged Km but a significantly elevated Vmax. The regulation of HA synthesis did not appear to depend on end-product inhibition since it was not midified by the addition of exogenous HA. The release of 3H-HA was followed by the accumulation of 3H-methylhistamine, which was enhanced by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor, had no effect on catabolism. The involvement of mast-cells in the storage of a fraction of endogenous HA in hypothalamic slices was assessed by the significant releasing effect of compound 48/80. Hence, the data support the existence of two distinct HA stores in the brain: depolarization relases the amine and increases its synthesis, probably in neurones, whereas compound 48/80 releases it from a slowly turning-over store, probably in mast-cells.", "PMID": 63382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_911", "title": "The retinal projection to the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. An experimental study with silver-impregnation methods and axoplasmic protein tracing.", "content": "The retinal projection to the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) was studied in 25 adult cats. In 12 cats one or both eyes were enucleated and the terminal degeneration in the LGNv was studied with silver impregnation methods. In 12 cats one or both eyes were injected with 3H-leucine and the terminal labelling in the LGNv was studied with autoradiography. In one animal one eye was enucleated and the other injected. In this case alternate sections were silver impregnated and processed for autoradiography. The series were cut in parasagittal, transverse or horizontal planes. The results revealed by degeneration were in very good agreement with those revealed by axoplasmic protein tracing. Two fields of retinal projection were found in the LGNn. The larger, dorsal one was restricted to subnucleus k (Jordan and Holl\u00e4nder, 1972) and comprised an ipsilateral and a contralateral component which did not overlap each other. The smaller, ventral field of projection was contralateral and extended from subnucleus b into c, e and a. The afferent optic tract fibres to both terminal fields were of small calibers.", "contents": "The retinal projection to the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. An experimental study with silver-impregnation methods and axoplasmic protein tracing. The retinal projection to the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) was studied in 25 adult cats. In 12 cats one or both eyes were enucleated and the terminal degeneration in the LGNv was studied with silver impregnation methods. In 12 cats one or both eyes were injected with 3H-leucine and the terminal labelling in the LGNv was studied with autoradiography. In one animal one eye was enucleated and the other injected. In this case alternate sections were silver impregnated and processed for autoradiography. The series were cut in parasagittal, transverse or horizontal planes. The results revealed by degeneration were in very good agreement with those revealed by axoplasmic protein tracing. Two fields of retinal projection were found in the LGNn. The larger, dorsal one was restricted to subnucleus k (Jordan and Holl\u00e4nder, 1972) and comprised an ipsilateral and a contralateral component which did not overlap each other. The smaller, ventral field of projection was contralateral and extended from subnucleus b into c, e and a. The afferent optic tract fibres to both terminal fields were of small calibers.", "PMID": 63383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_912", "title": "The climbing fibers of the cerebellar cortex, their origin and pathways in cat.", "content": "The sources and pathways of the climbing fibers to the cerebellar posterior vermis were studied with comibined electrophysiological and anatomical methods in cats. Recording from identified cerebellar Purkinje cells, monosynaptic climbing fiber (CF) responses have been obtained both for stimulation of the inferior olive (IO) and various parts of the brain stem (BS). CF responses were found to of three types, IO only, BS only or both IO and BS. However the responses to BS stimulation were very few in number in comparison with IO or IO and BS types of responses. The latencies of the responses were shorter for the BS cases consistent with their distance from the cerebellum. A comparison of latencies and the relative responsiveness of the different area of the brain stem which were studied, indicate that part of the CF ascend through the pontine region and enter the cerebellum by way of the medium and superior penduncles. This finding is confirmed by the results of anatomical studies in which degenerating fibers were found in the molecular layer (using the Nauta technique) after lesion of the brachium pontis but not after lesions of the medial portion of the pons. Similarly, injection of radioactive leucine into the pontine nuclei failed to show any labeled fibers in the molecular layer. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into localized regions of the posterior vermis after total bilateral destruction of the inferior peduncles. Large numbers of positive, marked cells were still found in the inferior olive. It is concluded that nearly all, if not all, the climbing fibers originate in the inferior olive and that they ascend to the cerebellum by way of all the peduncles.", "contents": "The climbing fibers of the cerebellar cortex, their origin and pathways in cat. The sources and pathways of the climbing fibers to the cerebellar posterior vermis were studied with comibined electrophysiological and anatomical methods in cats. Recording from identified cerebellar Purkinje cells, monosynaptic climbing fiber (CF) responses have been obtained both for stimulation of the inferior olive (IO) and various parts of the brain stem (BS). CF responses were found to of three types, IO only, BS only or both IO and BS. However the responses to BS stimulation were very few in number in comparison with IO or IO and BS types of responses. The latencies of the responses were shorter for the BS cases consistent with their distance from the cerebellum. A comparison of latencies and the relative responsiveness of the different area of the brain stem which were studied, indicate that part of the CF ascend through the pontine region and enter the cerebellum by way of the medium and superior penduncles. This finding is confirmed by the results of anatomical studies in which degenerating fibers were found in the molecular layer (using the Nauta technique) after lesion of the brachium pontis but not after lesions of the medial portion of the pons. Similarly, injection of radioactive leucine into the pontine nuclei failed to show any labeled fibers in the molecular layer. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into localized regions of the posterior vermis after total bilateral destruction of the inferior peduncles. Large numbers of positive, marked cells were still found in the inferior olive. It is concluded that nearly all, if not all, the climbing fibers originate in the inferior olive and that they ascend to the cerebellum by way of all the peduncles.", "PMID": 63384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_913", "title": "Immunological heterogeneity in human ferritinemia.", "content": "Hyperferritinemia in various diseases, mainly hematological, was confirmed by immunological methods. For ferritin detection, anti-human placental ferritin antiserum, anti-human hepatic ferritin antiserum, and anti-human leukemia cell ferritin antiserum were used and the result was compared with each other. Leukemia, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia are hematological diseases which showed a positive reaction in this test, among which leukemia showed the highest positivity. Cases of hepatic diseases and non-hematological malignant neoplasms also showed a positive reaction. The positivity was quite low and almost negligible in other diseases and healthy individuals. Anti-human placental ferritin antiserum seemed to be suitable for cancer diagnosis and, antihuman hepatic ferritin antiserum for hepatic diseases. The results of analysis of purified human hepatic and placental ferritins highly suggested the presence of immunological heterogeneities between them. Also, a possibility was pointed out that one of the components of the so-called leukemia-specific antigens might sometimes be the isoferritin of leukemia cells.", "contents": "Immunological heterogeneity in human ferritinemia. Hyperferritinemia in various diseases, mainly hematological, was confirmed by immunological methods. For ferritin detection, anti-human placental ferritin antiserum, anti-human hepatic ferritin antiserum, and anti-human leukemia cell ferritin antiserum were used and the result was compared with each other. Leukemia, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia are hematological diseases which showed a positive reaction in this test, among which leukemia showed the highest positivity. Cases of hepatic diseases and non-hematological malignant neoplasms also showed a positive reaction. The positivity was quite low and almost negligible in other diseases and healthy individuals. Anti-human placental ferritin antiserum seemed to be suitable for cancer diagnosis and, antihuman hepatic ferritin antiserum for hepatic diseases. The results of analysis of purified human hepatic and placental ferritins highly suggested the presence of immunological heterogeneities between them. Also, a possibility was pointed out that one of the components of the so-called leukemia-specific antigens might sometimes be the isoferritin of leukemia cells.", "PMID": 63405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_914", "title": "Determination of the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme in biopsies.", "content": "A method for the determination of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme is described. The amount of conversion of active Bleomycin to inactive Bleomycin is used as a measure for the determination of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activity. The active Bleomycin is determined in a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay; in a certain Bleomycin concentration range the resulting reduction of the activity of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is correlated linearly when plotted semilogarithmically. By application of this method it has been found that the activity of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme is highest in liver and present in lower concentrations in testis, spleen, lung, brain, and skin.", "contents": "Determination of the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme in biopsies. A method for the determination of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme is described. The amount of conversion of active Bleomycin to inactive Bleomycin is used as a measure for the determination of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activity. The active Bleomycin is determined in a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay; in a certain Bleomycin concentration range the resulting reduction of the activity of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is correlated linearly when plotted semilogarithmically. By application of this method it has been found that the activity of the Bleomycin-inactivating enzyme is highest in liver and present in lower concentrations in testis, spleen, lung, brain, and skin.", "PMID": 63406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_915", "title": "[Successes and prospects for genetic engineering].", "content": "The review of literature (1970-1976) on problems of gene engineering is given. Gene engineering is pointed out to be a new method of modern biology and a new page of modern molecular genetics. Gene engineering detected a real possibility of artificial creating living hybrid organisms, i.e. constructing functional recombinant DNA molecules according to a project of investigator, but not to possibilities of crossing. The determination of gene engineering (in contrast with genetical engineering) is given in the first division of the article. Genetical engineering is a construction of hybrid organisms on the basis of recombination between non-homologous chromosomes cy crossing. Genetical engineering is based on sex crossing, thus the application of this method is restricted by crossability (i.e. experiments in vivo), which possibilities are determined by taxonomical limits. Gene engineering is a new method of operating directly with genes. It permits constructing in vitro any hybrid genomes desirable. There is no limits of combining ability for gene engineering. Three main stages of constructing hybrid genomes should be taken into account for the proper determination of gene engineering as a method of genome constructing: 1) the gene isolation; 2) their cross-linking in vitro; 3) the transfer of hybrid DNA into recipient cell or its genome. The cardinal stage of gene engineering is the construction of hybrid DNA, cross-linking any initial DNAs from any remote animals, plants and bacteria. All the methods known of gene isolation are described. The chemical method of gene isolation is based on that case, when DNA of some gene differs in its physico-chemical characteristics from total DNA, for example, DNAs of genes coding ribosomal RNAs or sea urchine histone DNA. Isolation of promotors and operators using DNA dependent RNA polymerase, which recognizes promotors, repressor and operator DNA, should also be considered as the chemical method of gene isolation. Restrictase method, which is also well known, is convenuent because the restricts have long enough sticky ends, which is important for the following gene cross-linking. The method of total restriction, reported by Lederberg et al. and Debabov et al., is described. The phage method (in particular, Shimada method) is given, permitting the direct integration of lambda phage into a number of sites of Escherichia coli chromosome. Gene engineering method of gene isolation is mentioned, in particular, the data of Kameron et al. on hybrid phages carrying DNA ligase gene, and Clark a. Carbon on hybrid plasmids carrying triptophane and arabinose operons genes. These methods are called \"shot gun\". Methods of gene isolation from higher organisms are less developed. A method of gene isolation using so called colony hybridization (according to Gr\u00fcnstein and Hognes) is also given...", "contents": "[Successes and prospects for genetic engineering]. The review of literature (1970-1976) on problems of gene engineering is given. Gene engineering is pointed out to be a new method of modern biology and a new page of modern molecular genetics. Gene engineering detected a real possibility of artificial creating living hybrid organisms, i.e. constructing functional recombinant DNA molecules according to a project of investigator, but not to possibilities of crossing. The determination of gene engineering (in contrast with genetical engineering) is given in the first division of the article. Genetical engineering is a construction of hybrid organisms on the basis of recombination between non-homologous chromosomes cy crossing. Genetical engineering is based on sex crossing, thus the application of this method is restricted by crossability (i.e. experiments in vivo), which possibilities are determined by taxonomical limits. Gene engineering is a new method of operating directly with genes. It permits constructing in vitro any hybrid genomes desirable. There is no limits of combining ability for gene engineering. Three main stages of constructing hybrid genomes should be taken into account for the proper determination of gene engineering as a method of genome constructing: 1) the gene isolation; 2) their cross-linking in vitro; 3) the transfer of hybrid DNA into recipient cell or its genome. The cardinal stage of gene engineering is the construction of hybrid DNA, cross-linking any initial DNAs from any remote animals, plants and bacteria. All the methods known of gene isolation are described. The chemical method of gene isolation is based on that case, when DNA of some gene differs in its physico-chemical characteristics from total DNA, for example, DNAs of genes coding ribosomal RNAs or sea urchine histone DNA. Isolation of promotors and operators using DNA dependent RNA polymerase, which recognizes promotors, repressor and operator DNA, should also be considered as the chemical method of gene isolation. Restrictase method, which is also well known, is convenuent because the restricts have long enough sticky ends, which is important for the following gene cross-linking. The method of total restriction, reported by Lederberg et al. and Debabov et al., is described. The phage method (in particular, Shimada method) is given, permitting the direct integration of lambda phage into a number of sites of Escherichia coli chromosome. Gene engineering method of gene isolation is mentioned, in particular, the data of Kameron et al. on hybrid phages carrying DNA ligase gene, and Clark a. Carbon on hybrid plasmids carrying triptophane and arabinose operons genes. These methods are called \"shot gun\". Methods of gene isolation from higher organisms are less developed. A method of gene isolation using so called colony hybridization (according to Gr\u00fcnstein and Hognes) is also given...", "PMID": 63407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_916", "title": "Demonstration of an intracellular copper-binding protein by orcein staining in long-standing cholestatic liver diseases.", "content": "Liver biopsies from eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, two with chronic active hepatitis of a cholestatic form, three with long-standing alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and one with extrahepatic biliary obstruction were studied. In each case dark brown cytoplasmic material was seen after staining of the tissue sections with Shikata's orcein method. In exactly the same cellular and subcellular locations as the orcein-positive material, and with morphologically equal granules, two different ordinary staining methods for copper (rubeanic acid and Mallory-Parker's haematoxylin) gave positive reactions. The earlier histochemical findings have revealed the protein nature and high sulphydryl content of the orcein-positive material. Its close association with copper in liver sections suggests its copper-binding nature and indicates that a common copper-protein complex accumulates in the cytoplasm of liver cells during longstanding cholestasis in biliary diseases of various pathogenetic origin.", "contents": "Demonstration of an intracellular copper-binding protein by orcein staining in long-standing cholestatic liver diseases. Liver biopsies from eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, two with chronic active hepatitis of a cholestatic form, three with long-standing alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and one with extrahepatic biliary obstruction were studied. In each case dark brown cytoplasmic material was seen after staining of the tissue sections with Shikata's orcein method. In exactly the same cellular and subcellular locations as the orcein-positive material, and with morphologically equal granules, two different ordinary staining methods for copper (rubeanic acid and Mallory-Parker's haematoxylin) gave positive reactions. The earlier histochemical findings have revealed the protein nature and high sulphydryl content of the orcein-positive material. Its close association with copper in liver sections suggests its copper-binding nature and indicates that a common copper-protein complex accumulates in the cytoplasm of liver cells during longstanding cholestasis in biliary diseases of various pathogenetic origin.", "PMID": 63413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_917", "title": "Morphological types of hepatocellular hyalin in Indian childhood cirrhosis: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Morphological variants of intrahepatocytic hyalin in Indian childhood cirrhosis have been analysed by electron microscopy. This structure, morphologically identical with Mallory's alcoholic hyalin, is encountered in three different forms. The most common one is composed of randomly oriented fibrils. The next common type is composed of smudgy homogeneous or finely granular material, while the least common type consists of parallel fibrils with gentle curves giving a 'finger-print' appearance. Fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes were frequently associated with hyalin suggesting that these organelles contribute to their formation.", "contents": "Morphological types of hepatocellular hyalin in Indian childhood cirrhosis: an ultrastructural study. Morphological variants of intrahepatocytic hyalin in Indian childhood cirrhosis have been analysed by electron microscopy. This structure, morphologically identical with Mallory's alcoholic hyalin, is encountered in three different forms. The most common one is composed of randomly oriented fibrils. The next common type is composed of smudgy homogeneous or finely granular material, while the least common type consists of parallel fibrils with gentle curves giving a 'finger-print' appearance. Fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes were frequently associated with hyalin suggesting that these organelles contribute to their formation.", "PMID": 63414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_918", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnant women.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation (PHA-T) was depressed in pregnant women, as compared with that in nonpregnant women. Pregnancy serum had a suppressive action on PHA-T which was enhanced with the advance in pregnancy. Hydrocortisone, progesterone, alpha-fetoprotein and trophoblast-specific antigen, were demonstrated as immune suppressive factors. From these results, it was concluded that cell-mediated immunity might be reduced in pregnant women and that this reduction might be one of the causes for the maintenance of pregnancy.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnant women. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation (PHA-T) was depressed in pregnant women, as compared with that in nonpregnant women. Pregnancy serum had a suppressive action on PHA-T which was enhanced with the advance in pregnancy. Hydrocortisone, progesterone, alpha-fetoprotein and trophoblast-specific antigen, were demonstrated as immune suppressive factors. From these results, it was concluded that cell-mediated immunity might be reduced in pregnant women and that this reduction might be one of the causes for the maintenance of pregnancy.", "PMID": 63415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_919", "title": "Correlations between radioiodine uptake and blood viscosity factors in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states.", "content": "A study of blood viscosity factors was undertaken in six hypothyroid and eleven thyrotoxic patients (females) whose thyroid function was defined by means of radioiodine uptake and protein bound (PB) 131I tests. Results indicate that: (i) significant differences exist between hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups in correlations between radioiodine tests and blood viscosity factors (and fibrinogen levels); (ii) blood viscosity in thyrotoxic patients decreases as the degree of thyrotoxicity increases, while an opposite phenomenon is observed in hypothyroid patients, and (iii) degree of rigidity of the red cells is associated with the radioiodine uptake and PB 131I tests, the correlations being significant and negative.", "contents": "Correlations between radioiodine uptake and blood viscosity factors in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states. A study of blood viscosity factors was undertaken in six hypothyroid and eleven thyrotoxic patients (females) whose thyroid function was defined by means of radioiodine uptake and protein bound (PB) 131I tests. Results indicate that: (i) significant differences exist between hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups in correlations between radioiodine tests and blood viscosity factors (and fibrinogen levels); (ii) blood viscosity in thyrotoxic patients decreases as the degree of thyrotoxicity increases, while an opposite phenomenon is observed in hypothyroid patients, and (iii) degree of rigidity of the red cells is associated with the radioiodine uptake and PB 131I tests, the correlations being significant and negative.", "PMID": 63416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_920", "title": "An improved technique for selective silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in human chromosomes.", "content": "A reliable technique for staining human chromosomal nucleolar organizers (NOR's) with silver solutions is described. The NOR's can be selectively stained dark brown by silver solutions leaving the chromosome arms unstained and available for counterstaining with orcein or Giemsa dyes. Unequivocal identification of chromosome pairs bearing NOR's can be achieved using fluorescent banding techniques followed by silver staining. The silver staining procedure for NOR's was simplified and standardized through control of the chemical and physical conditions during silver impregnation and developing.", "contents": "An improved technique for selective silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in human chromosomes. A reliable technique for staining human chromosomal nucleolar organizers (NOR's) with silver solutions is described. The NOR's can be selectively stained dark brown by silver solutions leaving the chromosome arms unstained and available for counterstaining with orcein or Giemsa dyes. Unequivocal identification of chromosome pairs bearing NOR's can be achieved using fluorescent banding techniques followed by silver staining. The silver staining procedure for NOR's was simplified and standardized through control of the chemical and physical conditions during silver impregnation and developing.", "PMID": 63440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_921", "title": "Production of C and T bands in human mitotic chromosomes after heat treatment.", "content": "A modified thermal denaturation of human chromosomes in Hanks' solution at 91 degrees C produces highly contrasted C and T bands. This improved double-banding system is a good tool in the analysis of ring chromosomes, for which R banding is often inadequate, as it is exemplified.", "contents": "Production of C and T bands in human mitotic chromosomes after heat treatment. A modified thermal denaturation of human chromosomes in Hanks' solution at 91 degrees C produces highly contrasted C and T bands. This improved double-banding system is a good tool in the analysis of ring chromosomes, for which R banding is often inadequate, as it is exemplified.", "PMID": 63441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_922", "title": "Segmentation of human chromosomes induced by 5-ACR (5-azacytidine).", "content": "The 5-ACR (5-azacytidine) introduced in human lymphocyte cultures induces a lack or a delay of condensation of some chromosome segments corresponding to the G-bands. The resulting R-banding is very similar to that obtained with a 7-h treatment by BrdU, although the segmentation may be much stronger (pulverization) with high doses. However, the 5-ACR does not induce chromatid asymmetry, as BrdU does. This constitutes a new argument for considering that the segmentation and the asymmetry of chromatids depend, at least partly, on two different mechanisms, where proteins are probably involved. Another effect of 5-ACR is to increase chromosome associations by satellites, secondary constrictions, and telomeric regions.", "contents": "Segmentation of human chromosomes induced by 5-ACR (5-azacytidine). The 5-ACR (5-azacytidine) introduced in human lymphocyte cultures induces a lack or a delay of condensation of some chromosome segments corresponding to the G-bands. The resulting R-banding is very similar to that obtained with a 7-h treatment by BrdU, although the segmentation may be much stronger (pulverization) with high doses. However, the 5-ACR does not induce chromatid asymmetry, as BrdU does. This constitutes a new argument for considering that the segmentation and the asymmetry of chromatids depend, at least partly, on two different mechanisms, where proteins are probably involved. Another effect of 5-ACR is to increase chromosome associations by satellites, secondary constrictions, and telomeric regions.", "PMID": 63442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_923", "title": "Studies on the altered electrophoretic type of the factor VIII related antigen.", "content": "A distinct sub-group of von Willebrand's disease is characterized by an electrophoretically faster mobility of the factor VIII related antigen. Some of the physico-chemical properties of this variant antigen were investigated in this communication. The effect of temperature was tested by heating aliquots (0.5 ml) for 20 minutes at 45 degrees C, 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The variant was found to be denatured at 56 degrees C while the control was denatured at 65 degrees C. The effect of pH was tested by assessing the quantity (Laurell technique)  and electrophoretic mobility (two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis) of the antigen in a variety of buffers ranging in pH from 7.0 to 9.5. The quantity of antigen was variable both among variants and controls and the electrophoretic mobility of the variant antigen was faster at all pH's. Molecular weight differences between the variant and controls were not detected since the chromatographic profile of the variant was similar to that of the controls in Sepharose 6 B using a 0.02 M Tris-NaCL buffer at pH 7.0. The affinity of the antigen for human antibody was heterogeneous although the variant exhibited less affinity for one of the human antibodies but not the other. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced in serum than in plasma. Purified IGG, however, did not show any inhibition, as the residual antigen assayed by the Laurell technique, was similar to the expected values. This would imply that non-IgG plasmatic factors could also play a part in the observed inhibition.", "contents": "Studies on the altered electrophoretic type of the factor VIII related antigen. A distinct sub-group of von Willebrand's disease is characterized by an electrophoretically faster mobility of the factor VIII related antigen. Some of the physico-chemical properties of this variant antigen were investigated in this communication. The effect of temperature was tested by heating aliquots (0.5 ml) for 20 minutes at 45 degrees C, 56 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The variant was found to be denatured at 56 degrees C while the control was denatured at 65 degrees C. The effect of pH was tested by assessing the quantity (Laurell technique)  and electrophoretic mobility (two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis) of the antigen in a variety of buffers ranging in pH from 7.0 to 9.5. The quantity of antigen was variable both among variants and controls and the electrophoretic mobility of the variant antigen was faster at all pH's. Molecular weight differences between the variant and controls were not detected since the chromatographic profile of the variant was similar to that of the controls in Sepharose 6 B using a 0.02 M Tris-NaCL buffer at pH 7.0. The affinity of the antigen for human antibody was heterogeneous although the variant exhibited less affinity for one of the human antibodies but not the other. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced in serum than in plasma. Purified IGG, however, did not show any inhibition, as the residual antigen assayed by the Laurell technique, was similar to the expected values. This would imply that non-IgG plasmatic factors could also play a part in the observed inhibition.", "PMID": 63443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_924", "title": "Coal fires, industrial emissions and motor vehicles as sources of environmental carcinogens.", "content": "One of the most widely studied carcinogenic agents in the environment is the polycyclic hydrocarbon, benzo(a) pyrene. As a component of soot from the inefficient combustion of coal, its association with cancer can be traced back 200 years, but its possible relevance to lung cancer as a widely distributed air relevance to lung cancer as a widely distributed air pollutant has been investigated only during the past 25 years. Domestic coal fires have been shown to be important sources, and smaller amounts come from industrial sources and from motor vehicles. There is evidence now that the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in large towns in Britain has decreased by a factor of about ten during the last few decades, as a result of changing heating methods and smoke control. In view of the overwhelming effect of cigarette smoking, it is difficult to determine whether the benzo(a)pyrene content of the air has had any importnat effect on the development of lung cancer, but careful analysis of trends in mortality may now throw some light on this. Among other materials with carcinogenic properties that may be dispersed into the general air, asbestos is the one that has been investigated most thoroughly. The association between exposure to asbestos and the development of lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura has been clearly demonstrated among people occupationally exposed to the dust, but as far as the general public is concerned, any risk may be limited to the immediate vicinity of major sources. These and other hazards demonstrated among occupational gropus serve as a warning however to maintain careful scutiny of urban air pollutants in relation to the acetiology of cancer.", "contents": "Coal fires, industrial emissions and motor vehicles as sources of environmental carcinogens. One of the most widely studied carcinogenic agents in the environment is the polycyclic hydrocarbon, benzo(a) pyrene. As a component of soot from the inefficient combustion of coal, its association with cancer can be traced back 200 years, but its possible relevance to lung cancer as a widely distributed air relevance to lung cancer as a widely distributed air pollutant has been investigated only during the past 25 years. Domestic coal fires have been shown to be important sources, and smaller amounts come from industrial sources and from motor vehicles. There is evidence now that the concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in large towns in Britain has decreased by a factor of about ten during the last few decades, as a result of changing heating methods and smoke control. In view of the overwhelming effect of cigarette smoking, it is difficult to determine whether the benzo(a)pyrene content of the air has had any importnat effect on the development of lung cancer, but careful analysis of trends in mortality may now throw some light on this. Among other materials with carcinogenic properties that may be dispersed into the general air, asbestos is the one that has been investigated most thoroughly. The association between exposure to asbestos and the development of lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura has been clearly demonstrated among people occupationally exposed to the dust, but as far as the general public is concerned, any risk may be limited to the immediate vicinity of major sources. These and other hazards demonstrated among occupational gropus serve as a warning however to maintain careful scutiny of urban air pollutants in relation to the acetiology of cancer.", "PMID": 63445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_925", "title": "An in vitro model of canine immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Fragmented lung prepared from dogs cutaneously sensitive to ascaris antigen released histamine and a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis-like (SRS-A) material upon antigen challenge. Passive sensitization of fragments with serum obtained from ascaris-sensitive donor dogs enhanced the release of both substances; heating (56 degrees C for 4 h) destroyed the ability of the serum to enhance release. In passively sensitized tissues isoproterenol and papaverine inhibited the release of histamine and SRS-A; propranolol antagonized the effect of isoproterenol. Carbachol enhanced the release of both substances from passively sensitized lung wheras disodium cromoglycate and aminoguanidine were without effect. It is concluded that fragmented canine lung is a useful model for study of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "An in vitro model of canine immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. Fragmented lung prepared from dogs cutaneously sensitive to ascaris antigen released histamine and a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis-like (SRS-A) material upon antigen challenge. Passive sensitization of fragments with serum obtained from ascaris-sensitive donor dogs enhanced the release of both substances; heating (56 degrees C for 4 h) destroyed the ability of the serum to enhance release. In passively sensitized tissues isoproterenol and papaverine inhibited the release of histamine and SRS-A; propranolol antagonized the effect of isoproterenol. Carbachol enhanced the release of both substances from passively sensitized lung wheras disodium cromoglycate and aminoguanidine were without effect. It is concluded that fragmented canine lung is a useful model for study of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 63451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_926", "title": "Influence of Q- and G-banding on the Feulgen-stainability of human metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "In this paper, model experiments on chicken red blood cell nuclei are described concerning the influence of methanol-acetic acid fixation and irradiation at different wavelengths, with and without prior Atebrin staining on subsequent Feulgen-stainability. In addition, data are reported on the influence on Feulgen-stainability of Giemsa-banding procedures, illumination of unstained chromosomes at 220 and 515 nm and exposure of unstained and Atebrin-stained chromosomes to illumination at 440 nm. The ASG and especially the trypsin-Giemsa technique appeared to reduce markedly Feulgen-stainability. The same holds true for Atebrin fluorescence of chromosomes. The data are discussed in relation to their implications for the assumed cause of the Q- and G-banding phenomena. Techniques are described that allow reliable Feulgen DNA measurements of individual chromosomes after application of either G- or Q-banding.", "contents": "Influence of Q- and G-banding on the Feulgen-stainability of human metaphase chromosomes. In this paper, model experiments on chicken red blood cell nuclei are described concerning the influence of methanol-acetic acid fixation and irradiation at different wavelengths, with and without prior Atebrin staining on subsequent Feulgen-stainability. In addition, data are reported on the influence on Feulgen-stainability of Giemsa-banding procedures, illumination of unstained chromosomes at 220 and 515 nm and exposure of unstained and Atebrin-stained chromosomes to illumination at 440 nm. The ASG and especially the trypsin-Giemsa technique appeared to reduce markedly Feulgen-stainability. The same holds true for Atebrin fluorescence of chromosomes. The data are discussed in relation to their implications for the assumed cause of the Q- and G-banding phenomena. Techniques are described that allow reliable Feulgen DNA measurements of individual chromosomes after application of either G- or Q-banding.", "PMID": 63454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_927", "title": "An ultrastructural study of osmiophilia in the human rectum.", "content": "Rectal biopsies from subjects with a normal rectum and from patients with various forms of inflammatory bowel disease were studied by the prolonged osmication technique. No consistent ultrastructural differences were observed between these groups, but there were striking differences between individual epithelial cells in the same biopsy and between the epithelium and the cells of the lamina propria. The Golgi apparatus was demonstrated occasionally in the epithelium, often in endothelium. Endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisterna and mitochondria were variably outlined. In plasma cells, there were striking differences in osmiophilia. The underlying mechanism of the different staining patterns is not clear. The findings do not appear to help in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease nor to shed any new light on their underlying pathogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of osmiophilia in the human rectum. Rectal biopsies from subjects with a normal rectum and from patients with various forms of inflammatory bowel disease were studied by the prolonged osmication technique. No consistent ultrastructural differences were observed between these groups, but there were striking differences between individual epithelial cells in the same biopsy and between the epithelium and the cells of the lamina propria. The Golgi apparatus was demonstrated occasionally in the epithelium, often in endothelium. Endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisterna and mitochondria were variably outlined. In plasma cells, there were striking differences in osmiophilia. The underlying mechanism of the different staining patterns is not clear. The findings do not appear to help in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease nor to shed any new light on their underlying pathogenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 63455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_928", "title": "Histochemical detection of sialic acid residues using periodate oxidation.", "content": "The use of low concentrations of periodate for the detection of sialic acid residues in tissue sections has been investigated. Oxidation of aqueous solutions of sugar glycosides with 0.4 mM periodate revealed that sialic acid was oxidized more rapidly than other sugars found in glycoproteins. Sequential treatment of tissue sections with 0.4 mM periodate for 30 min followed by Schiff's reagent stained sialic acid residues but other sugar components were not stained under these conditions.", "contents": "Histochemical detection of sialic acid residues using periodate oxidation. The use of low concentrations of periodate for the detection of sialic acid residues in tissue sections has been investigated. Oxidation of aqueous solutions of sugar glycosides with 0.4 mM periodate revealed that sialic acid was oxidized more rapidly than other sugars found in glycoproteins. Sequential treatment of tissue sections with 0.4 mM periodate for 30 min followed by Schiff's reagent stained sialic acid residues but other sugar components were not stained under these conditions.", "PMID": 63456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_929", "title": "A comparison of polychromasia and reticulocyte counts in assessing erythrocytic regenerative response in the cat.", "content": "Three staining techniques were evaluated for use in assessing the erythrocytic regenerative responses in the cat. Using new methylene blue as a vital stain, the aggregate reticulocyte count closely corresponded to the reticulocyte count on air-dried smears stained with new methylene blue and to the polychromatophilic erythrocyte count on Wright's stained smears.", "contents": "A comparison of polychromasia and reticulocyte counts in assessing erythrocytic regenerative response in the cat. Three staining techniques were evaluated for use in assessing the erythrocytic regenerative responses in the cat. Using new methylene blue as a vital stain, the aggregate reticulocyte count closely corresponded to the reticulocyte count on air-dried smears stained with new methylene blue and to the polychromatophilic erythrocyte count on Wright's stained smears.", "PMID": 63457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_930", "title": "Relationship between changes in the translational apparatus and actinomycin production in Streptomyces antibioticus.", "content": "As previously reported (G. H. Jones, 1975), transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) and ribosomes from actinomycin-producing cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus show a decreased ability to function in aminoacylation and translation as compared with the corresponding components from younger cells. Further, specific changes in the isoacceptor patterns are revealed when tRNA's from actinomycin-producing cells are compared with those of younger cells by reverse- phase column chromatography. A specific glycyl-tRNA species is eliminated from the reverse-phase profile of tRNA's from actinomycin-producing S. antibioticus cells as compared with younger cells. Changes in isoacceptor patterns were also observed for the amino acids methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and leucine. Actinomycin synthesis was inhibited by growing S. antibioticus cells in the presence of alpha-methyl-DL-tryptophan. Inhibition of actinomycin synthesis reversed the changes in tRNA observed in normally grown control cultures, although it had no demonstrable effect on the growth of the cells. Thus, tRNA from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells had amino acid acceptor activity that was equal to or greater than that of tRNA from 12-h-old, normally grown cells. Similarly, the reverse-phase chromatographic pattern for glycyl-tRNA's from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells was identical to that of the glycyl-tRNA's from 12-h-old, normally grown cells. In contrast, the ability of ribosomes from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells to function in polypeptide synthesis in vitro was essentially identical to that of 48-h-old, normally grown cells. Ribosomes from 12-h-old, normally grown cells were severalfold more active in in vitro polypeptide synthesis.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in the translational apparatus and actinomycin production in Streptomyces antibioticus. As previously reported (G. H. Jones, 1975), transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) and ribosomes from actinomycin-producing cultures of Streptomyces antibioticus show a decreased ability to function in aminoacylation and translation as compared with the corresponding components from younger cells. Further, specific changes in the isoacceptor patterns are revealed when tRNA's from actinomycin-producing cells are compared with those of younger cells by reverse- phase column chromatography. A specific glycyl-tRNA species is eliminated from the reverse-phase profile of tRNA's from actinomycin-producing S. antibioticus cells as compared with younger cells. Changes in isoacceptor patterns were also observed for the amino acids methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and leucine. Actinomycin synthesis was inhibited by growing S. antibioticus cells in the presence of alpha-methyl-DL-tryptophan. Inhibition of actinomycin synthesis reversed the changes in tRNA observed in normally grown control cultures, although it had no demonstrable effect on the growth of the cells. Thus, tRNA from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells had amino acid acceptor activity that was equal to or greater than that of tRNA from 12-h-old, normally grown cells. Similarly, the reverse-phase chromatographic pattern for glycyl-tRNA's from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells was identical to that of the glycyl-tRNA's from 12-h-old, normally grown cells. In contrast, the ability of ribosomes from 48-h-old, alpha-methyl-tryptophan-grown cells to function in polypeptide synthesis in vitro was essentially identical to that of 48-h-old, normally grown cells. Ribosomes from 12-h-old, normally grown cells were severalfold more active in in vitro polypeptide synthesis.", "PMID": 63458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_931", "title": "The ovalbumin gene. In vitro enzymatic synthesis and characterization.", "content": "Using purified single-stranded ovalbumin complementary DNA (cDNAov) as a template for avian myeloblastosis (AM) virus reverse transcriptase, we have enzymatically synthesized a complete double-stranded cDNAov sequence. Our data suggests that many single-stranded cDNAov molecules contain short double-stranded sequences (hairpins) at their 3' termini capable of acting as primers for synthesis of complete double-stranded cDNAs. Optimum conditions for synthesis of the double-stranded cDNAov were found to be a high temperature (46 degrees) and a low salt concentration. Nevertheless, in all cases 40% of the initial single-stranded cDNAov molecules fail to prime for synthesis of a complementary double strand. Following synthesis, the second DNA strand is covalently linked to the first cDNAov strand as shown by analysis on alkaline sucrose gradients. The two strands have a high Tm on hydroxylapatite (89 degrees). These intact double-stranded cDNAov structures have a bouyant density in CsCl gradients of 1.700 g/cm3 and rapidly renature after heat denaturation with a C0t1/2 value of less than 2 X 10(-6) mol s liter(-1). All size classes of cDNAs, i.e. partial as well as complete transcripts of the mRNA, are capable of forming double-stranded structures. The closed loop of the double-stranded cDNAov could be opened with S1 nuclease. The denatured complementary strands of the cDNAov then renatured with the appropriate second order kinetics at a C0t1/2 value of 1.89 X 10(-3) mol s liter(-1). Using the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase to label to free 3'-terminal end of double-stranded [32P]cDNAov with 3H, we demonstrate a convenient procedure to study the site for restriction endonuclease cleavage within the ovalbumin gene.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene. In vitro enzymatic synthesis and characterization. Using purified single-stranded ovalbumin complementary DNA (cDNAov) as a template for avian myeloblastosis (AM) virus reverse transcriptase, we have enzymatically synthesized a complete double-stranded cDNAov sequence. Our data suggests that many single-stranded cDNAov molecules contain short double-stranded sequences (hairpins) at their 3' termini capable of acting as primers for synthesis of complete double-stranded cDNAs. Optimum conditions for synthesis of the double-stranded cDNAov were found to be a high temperature (46 degrees) and a low salt concentration. Nevertheless, in all cases 40% of the initial single-stranded cDNAov molecules fail to prime for synthesis of a complementary double strand. Following synthesis, the second DNA strand is covalently linked to the first cDNAov strand as shown by analysis on alkaline sucrose gradients. The two strands have a high Tm on hydroxylapatite (89 degrees). These intact double-stranded cDNAov structures have a bouyant density in CsCl gradients of 1.700 g/cm3 and rapidly renature after heat denaturation with a C0t1/2 value of less than 2 X 10(-6) mol s liter(-1). All size classes of cDNAs, i.e. partial as well as complete transcripts of the mRNA, are capable of forming double-stranded structures. The closed loop of the double-stranded cDNAov could be opened with S1 nuclease. The denatured complementary strands of the cDNAov then renatured with the appropriate second order kinetics at a C0t1/2 value of 1.89 X 10(-3) mol s liter(-1). Using the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase to label to free 3'-terminal end of double-stranded [32P]cDNAov with 3H, we demonstrate a convenient procedure to study the site for restriction endonuclease cleavage within the ovalbumin gene.", "PMID": 63459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_932", "title": "Light-induced exchange of nucleotides into coupling factor 1 in spinach chloroplast thylakoids.", "content": "The method of centrifugation of chloroplast thylakoids through silicone fluid, previously used to estimate the uptake of solutes by thylakoids, is shown to be an excellent method for measuring binding of nucleotides to thylakoids. This binding, which is probably an exchange (Harris, D. A. and Slater, E. C. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 387, 335-348), is enhanced by light and is sensitive to uncoupling. Half-maximal binding of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) at 10 mjM was reached within less than 0.1 s. With illumination times sufficient to elicit maximal binding, saturation of the site(s) is approached at 20 muM nucleotide and dissociation constants of 5 muM and 7 muM were calculated for ADP and ATP, respectively. At saturation, the binding corresponds to 1 mol/mol of coupling factor 1 or less. Although the light-dependent binding of ADP does not require Mg2+, that of ATP is markedly enhanced by Mg2+. A 10-fold molar excess of guanosine di- or triphosphate or adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate had little effect on the binding. Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a competitive inhibitor of phosphorylation with respect to ADP, decreases the binding. Thylakoids, previously illuminated in the absence of added nucleotides, retain the capacity to bind ADP or ATP in the dark long after the H+ electrochemical gradient has decayed. The conformation of coupling factor 1 in darkened thylakoids following illumination in the absence of added nucleotides may thus differ from that in thylakoids either illuminated in the presence of nucleotides or kept in the dark. Approximately 20% of the ADP bound to coupling factor 1 in thylakoids is converted to ATP by a 2-s illumination. Bound inorganic phosphate, derived either from ATP or from inorganic phosphate itself, serves as the phosphoryl donor. Bound ADP may, therefore, be of catalytic significance in the mechanism of phosphorylation.", "contents": "Light-induced exchange of nucleotides into coupling factor 1 in spinach chloroplast thylakoids. The method of centrifugation of chloroplast thylakoids through silicone fluid, previously used to estimate the uptake of solutes by thylakoids, is shown to be an excellent method for measuring binding of nucleotides to thylakoids. This binding, which is probably an exchange (Harris, D. A. and Slater, E. C. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 387, 335-348), is enhanced by light and is sensitive to uncoupling. Half-maximal binding of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) at 10 mjM was reached within less than 0.1 s. With illumination times sufficient to elicit maximal binding, saturation of the site(s) is approached at 20 muM nucleotide and dissociation constants of 5 muM and 7 muM were calculated for ADP and ATP, respectively. At saturation, the binding corresponds to 1 mol/mol of coupling factor 1 or less. Although the light-dependent binding of ADP does not require Mg2+, that of ATP is markedly enhanced by Mg2+. A 10-fold molar excess of guanosine di- or triphosphate or adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate had little effect on the binding. Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a competitive inhibitor of phosphorylation with respect to ADP, decreases the binding. Thylakoids, previously illuminated in the absence of added nucleotides, retain the capacity to bind ADP or ATP in the dark long after the H+ electrochemical gradient has decayed. The conformation of coupling factor 1 in darkened thylakoids following illumination in the absence of added nucleotides may thus differ from that in thylakoids either illuminated in the presence of nucleotides or kept in the dark. Approximately 20% of the ADP bound to coupling factor 1 in thylakoids is converted to ATP by a 2-s illumination. Bound inorganic phosphate, derived either from ATP or from inorganic phosphate itself, serves as the phosphoryl donor. Bound ADP may, therefore, be of catalytic significance in the mechanism of phosphorylation.", "PMID": 63460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_933", "title": "Treatment of pathological fractures of long bones excluding those due to breast cancer.", "content": "Seventy-two pathological fractures associated with tumors other than carcinoma of the breast in the long bones of the extremities of sixty patients were treated over a five-year period at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Pain was relieved in 91 per cent of the patients treated by internal fixation, in 59 per cent of those treated by irradiation, and in 45 per cent of those treated by other means. Among patients with lower-extremity fractures, 61 per cent of those treated by internal fixation became ambulatory, whereas only 23 per cent of those treated by other methods were able to walk. Internal fixation of these pathological fractures appeared to be the best treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of pathological fractures of long bones excluding those due to breast cancer. Seventy-two pathological fractures associated with tumors other than carcinoma of the breast in the long bones of the extremities of sixty patients were treated over a five-year period at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Pain was relieved in 91 per cent of the patients treated by internal fixation, in 59 per cent of those treated by irradiation, and in 45 per cent of those treated by other means. Among patients with lower-extremity fractures, 61 per cent of those treated by internal fixation became ambulatory, whereas only 23 per cent of those treated by other methods were able to walk. Internal fixation of these pathological fractures appeared to be the best treatment.", "PMID": 63462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_934", "title": "Resolution in electron microscope autoradiography. III. Iodine-125, the effect of heavy metal staining, and a reassessment of critical parameters.", "content": "Resolution for 125I-labeled specimens under electron microscope (EM) autoradiographic conditions was assessed experimentally. With this isotope the size of the silver halide crystal was the most important resolution-limiting factor. Heavy metal staining such as is routinely used in preparing animal tissues for EM autoradiography produced an improvement in resolution of approximately 15-20%. For a 500-1,000-A biological tissue section fixed with OsO4 and stained with uranyl acetate, we obtained resolution (half distance, HD) values of approximately 800 +/- 120 A using Ilford L4 emulsion and 500 +/- 70 A using a Kodak NTE-type emulsion. General aspects of resolution-limiting factors and comparison with 3H and 14C values are discussed.", "contents": "Resolution in electron microscope autoradiography. III. Iodine-125, the effect of heavy metal staining, and a reassessment of critical parameters. Resolution for 125I-labeled specimens under electron microscope (EM) autoradiographic conditions was assessed experimentally. With this isotope the size of the silver halide crystal was the most important resolution-limiting factor. Heavy metal staining such as is routinely used in preparing animal tissues for EM autoradiography produced an improvement in resolution of approximately 15-20%. For a 500-1,000-A biological tissue section fixed with OsO4 and stained with uranyl acetate, we obtained resolution (half distance, HD) values of approximately 800 +/- 120 A using Ilford L4 emulsion and 500 +/- 70 A using a Kodak NTE-type emulsion. General aspects of resolution-limiting factors and comparison with 3H and 14C values are discussed.", "PMID": 63463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_935", "title": "The electrophysiological mapping of compartments within a mammalian cell.", "content": "The electrical properties of structures within an intact cell were examined by impalement with micropipette electrodes. Mean potential differences (PDs) measured from interphase HeLa cells showed that internal membrane-bounded compartments such as the nucleus, Golgi region, and the mitochondria were more negative than the cytoplasm with respect to an external grounding electrode. The nuclear PDs, unlike Golgi and cytoplasmic PDs, shifted during interphase and reached a peak value shortly before mitosis. The positioning of micropipettes was confirmed by electron microscope examination of marker solutions that were microinjected into specific intracellular regions. The combination of methods described here offers a new approach for the study of physiological events within intact, living cells.", "contents": "The electrophysiological mapping of compartments within a mammalian cell. The electrical properties of structures within an intact cell were examined by impalement with micropipette electrodes. Mean potential differences (PDs) measured from interphase HeLa cells showed that internal membrane-bounded compartments such as the nucleus, Golgi region, and the mitochondria were more negative than the cytoplasm with respect to an external grounding electrode. The nuclear PDs, unlike Golgi and cytoplasmic PDs, shifted during interphase and reached a peak value shortly before mitosis. The positioning of micropipettes was confirmed by electron microscope examination of marker solutions that were microinjected into specific intracellular regions. The combination of methods described here offers a new approach for the study of physiological events within intact, living cells.", "PMID": 63464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_936", "title": "Regular structures in membranes: the lumenal plasma membrane of the cow urinary bladder.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the lumenal plasma membrane of the cow urianry bladder has been studied in thin sections of glutaraldehyde- and glutaraldehyde-H2O2-fixed specimens, by negative staining and freeze fracture. A regular hexagonal array of particles confined to polygonal plaques 0-1-0-4-mum in diameter and separated by 0-02-mum interplaque areas is revealed by all 3 techniques. Cross-sections through particulate areas fixed with glutarayldehyde-H2O2 display a tetralaminar structure consisting of the usual approximately 8-nm-thick trilamellar unit membrane structure, on the external dense leaflet of which is located an additional approximately 4-nm-thick stratum which is occasionally resolved into a row of regulrly spaced approximately 4-nm-diameter particles. Non-particulate areas feature only the approximately 8-nm-thick trilamellar structure. Tangential sections reveal an hexagonal array of particles with a unit cell of approximately 16 nm. Four membrane faces can be revealed by freeze fracture and etching of membranes of the cow urinary bladder; 2 complementary split inner membrane faces (A and B) revealed by the cleaving process and the lumenal and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces exposed by etching. Face B, which belongs to the external membrane leaflet and faces the cytoplasm, displays plaques of particles arranged in a hexagonal lattice with a unit cell of approximately 16 nm. Face A, which belongs to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet and faces the lumen, displays a complementary array of hexagonally packed pits. The hexagonally arranged particles also protrude into the lumenal membrane surface where they can occasionally be resolved into 6 approximately 5-nm-diameter subunits; the cytoplasmic surface appears smooth. Six approximately 5-nm-diameter subunits are also revealed in negatively stained preparations. The data are consistent with a model for the membrane in which the particles forming the hexagonal structure protrude above the lumenal membrane surface and also bridge most of the thickness of the membrane.", "contents": "Regular structures in membranes: the lumenal plasma membrane of the cow urinary bladder. The ultrastructure of the lumenal plasma membrane of the cow urianry bladder has been studied in thin sections of glutaraldehyde- and glutaraldehyde-H2O2-fixed specimens, by negative staining and freeze fracture. A regular hexagonal array of particles confined to polygonal plaques 0-1-0-4-mum in diameter and separated by 0-02-mum interplaque areas is revealed by all 3 techniques. Cross-sections through particulate areas fixed with glutarayldehyde-H2O2 display a tetralaminar structure consisting of the usual approximately 8-nm-thick trilamellar unit membrane structure, on the external dense leaflet of which is located an additional approximately 4-nm-thick stratum which is occasionally resolved into a row of regulrly spaced approximately 4-nm-diameter particles. Non-particulate areas feature only the approximately 8-nm-thick trilamellar structure. Tangential sections reveal an hexagonal array of particles with a unit cell of approximately 16 nm. Four membrane faces can be revealed by freeze fracture and etching of membranes of the cow urinary bladder; 2 complementary split inner membrane faces (A and B) revealed by the cleaving process and the lumenal and cytoplasmic membrane surfaces exposed by etching. Face B, which belongs to the external membrane leaflet and faces the cytoplasm, displays plaques of particles arranged in a hexagonal lattice with a unit cell of approximately 16 nm. Face A, which belongs to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet and faces the lumen, displays a complementary array of hexagonally packed pits. The hexagonally arranged particles also protrude into the lumenal membrane surface where they can occasionally be resolved into 6 approximately 5-nm-diameter subunits; the cytoplasmic surface appears smooth. Six approximately 5-nm-diameter subunits are also revealed in negatively stained preparations. The data are consistent with a model for the membrane in which the particles forming the hexagonal structure protrude above the lumenal membrane surface and also bridge most of the thickness of the membrane.", "PMID": 63465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_937", "title": "Interrelationships between Golgi, GERL and synaptic vesicles in the nerve cells of insect and gastropod ganglia.", "content": "In addition to demonstrating synaptic vesicles, staining with the zinc-iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) method reveals the presence of positively reacting GERL membranes in association with the Golgi complex and lysosomes in the nerve cell bodies within ganglia from the locust Schistocerca gregaria and the gastropod molluscs, Limnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa. A positive response to ZIO occurs in certain Golgi vesicles and saccules, in GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic-reticulum-lysosomes), in multivesicular bodies as well as residual bodies and in small vesicles and cisternae of axonal smooth endoplasmic reticllum (ER). The interrelationships between these organelles are considered in view of the similarity of the ZIO localization to phosphatase-rich sites in the neuronal perikarya and with respect to the possibility that components of the synaptic vesicles are formed in the Golgi region of the cell and migrate via the axonal smooth ER to the synaptic regions.", "contents": "Interrelationships between Golgi, GERL and synaptic vesicles in the nerve cells of insect and gastropod ganglia. In addition to demonstrating synaptic vesicles, staining with the zinc-iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) method reveals the presence of positively reacting GERL membranes in association with the Golgi complex and lysosomes in the nerve cell bodies within ganglia from the locust Schistocerca gregaria and the gastropod molluscs, Limnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa. A positive response to ZIO occurs in certain Golgi vesicles and saccules, in GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic-reticulum-lysosomes), in multivesicular bodies as well as residual bodies and in small vesicles and cisternae of axonal smooth endoplasmic reticllum (ER). The interrelationships between these organelles are considered in view of the similarity of the ZIO localization to phosphatase-rich sites in the neuronal perikarya and with respect to the possibility that components of the synaptic vesicles are formed in the Golgi region of the cell and migrate via the axonal smooth ER to the synaptic regions.", "PMID": 63466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_938", "title": "Thin-layer chromatography of some cationic dyes commonly used in histology.", "content": "A number of cationic dyes commonly used in histology may be conveniently and effectively analysed using the thin-layer chromatographic system of Marshall and Lewis. Commercial samples of Acridine Orange, Crystal Violet, Janus Green B,Methyl Violet, Neutral Red, Pyronin B, Pyronin Y(G), Safranin, Victoria Blue B and Victoria Blue 4R have been analysed with this system. All have been found to be complex mixtures of coloured components. Chromatographic data on these components are presented.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatography of some cationic dyes commonly used in histology. A number of cationic dyes commonly used in histology may be conveniently and effectively analysed using the thin-layer chromatographic system of Marshall and Lewis. Commercial samples of Acridine Orange, Crystal Violet, Janus Green B,Methyl Violet, Neutral Red, Pyronin B, Pyronin Y(G), Safranin, Victoria Blue B and Victoria Blue 4R have been analysed with this system. All have been found to be complex mixtures of coloured components. Chromatographic data on these components are presented.", "PMID": 63467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_939", "title": "Androgens in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia before and after prostatectomy.", "content": "Plasma androgens [testosterone (T), 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), androst-4-en-3,17 dione(A), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)] as well as 17 hydroxyprogesterone were measured in a group of patients (age 60-80 yrs.) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) just before prostatectomy and compared to values obtained in subjects of similar age without signs of BPH. The most important difference was observed in the mean DHT level which was significantly (P less than 0.025) higher than in the control group; mean T and free testosterone levels in BPH patients were slightly higher (P less than 0.05) in the age group 70-80 yrs; whereas in age group 60-70 mean values were similar to those observed in normal controls. Mean A, DHEA and 17 OHP and E2 levels were not significantly different in BPH patients when compared to age matched controls. 2-5 months after prostatectomy, T and DHT levels were significantly higher than immediately preoperatively. The preoperative stress may have influenced the preprostatectomy values.", "contents": "Androgens in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia before and after prostatectomy. Plasma androgens [testosterone (T), 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), androst-4-en-3,17 dione(A), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)] as well as 17 hydroxyprogesterone were measured in a group of patients (age 60-80 yrs.) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) just before prostatectomy and compared to values obtained in subjects of similar age without signs of BPH. The most important difference was observed in the mean DHT level which was significantly (P less than 0.025) higher than in the control group; mean T and free testosterone levels in BPH patients were slightly higher (P less than 0.05) in the age group 70-80 yrs; whereas in age group 60-70 mean values were similar to those observed in normal controls. Mean A, DHEA and 17 OHP and E2 levels were not significantly different in BPH patients when compared to age matched controls. 2-5 months after prostatectomy, T and DHT levels were significantly higher than immediately preoperatively. The preoperative stress may have influenced the preprostatectomy values.", "PMID": 63468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_940", "title": "Delta5-androstenediol: kinetics of metabolism and binding to plasma proteins in normal men and women.", "content": "Using the constant fusion and single injection technique the metabolic clearance rates (mean +/- SEM) for delta5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta5-idol) were measured for 19 normal men (1311 +/- 67 1/24 h) and 10 normal women (858 +/- 63 1/24 h). The constant infusion technique yielded values for the conversation ratios for the transformation of delta5-diol to several products: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)/delta5-diol of 0.06+/-0.01 for men and 0.05 +/- 0.01 for women, of delta5-diol sulfate/delta5-diol of 0.45 +/- 0.04 for men and 0.52 +/- 0.03 for women and of DHEA sulfate/delta5-diol of 5.53 +/- 0.26 for men and 5.02 +/- 0.42 for women. The single injection technique yielded rate constants (units) and volumes of distribution (liters) for delta5-diol; Ki = 34.3 +/- 4.3 for men and 35.0 +/- 3.9 for women, K2 = 63.7 +/- 4.1 for men and 75.1 +/- 4.2 for women, V1 = 23.1 +/- 3.2 for men and 11.9 +/- 2.3 for women, V2 = 14.8 +/- 3.7 for men and 9.2 +/- 3.2 for women. The mean delta5-diol plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.10 ng/ml for 12 men and 1.17 +/- 0.16 ng/ml for 9 women. (he calculated blood production rates for delta5-diol were 1357 +/- 117 mug/24 h for 12 men and 969 +/- 131 mug/24 h for 9 women. The per cent binding (equilibrium dialysis) was higher for women (94.9 +/- 0.3) than for men (93.0 +/- 0.2). Paper electrophoresis showed that significant fractions of 3H-delta5-diol migrated with both the beta-globulin and albumin fractions. Estrogen administration to two normal men increased the per cent binding of delta5-diol to plasma proteins and decreased the metabolic clearance rate towards the values found for normal women.", "contents": "Delta5-androstenediol: kinetics of metabolism and binding to plasma proteins in normal men and women. Using the constant fusion and single injection technique the metabolic clearance rates (mean +/- SEM) for delta5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta5-idol) were measured for 19 normal men (1311 +/- 67 1/24 h) and 10 normal women (858 +/- 63 1/24 h). The constant infusion technique yielded values for the conversation ratios for the transformation of delta5-diol to several products: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)/delta5-diol of 0.06+/-0.01 for men and 0.05 +/- 0.01 for women, of delta5-diol sulfate/delta5-diol of 0.45 +/- 0.04 for men and 0.52 +/- 0.03 for women and of DHEA sulfate/delta5-diol of 5.53 +/- 0.26 for men and 5.02 +/- 0.42 for women. The single injection technique yielded rate constants (units) and volumes of distribution (liters) for delta5-diol; Ki = 34.3 +/- 4.3 for men and 35.0 +/- 3.9 for women, K2 = 63.7 +/- 4.1 for men and 75.1 +/- 4.2 for women, V1 = 23.1 +/- 3.2 for men and 11.9 +/- 2.3 for women, V2 = 14.8 +/- 3.7 for men and 9.2 +/- 3.2 for women. The mean delta5-diol plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.10 ng/ml for 12 men and 1.17 +/- 0.16 ng/ml for 9 women. (he calculated blood production rates for delta5-diol were 1357 +/- 117 mug/24 h for 12 men and 969 +/- 131 mug/24 h for 9 women. The per cent binding (equilibrium dialysis) was higher for women (94.9 +/- 0.3) than for men (93.0 +/- 0.2). Paper electrophoresis showed that significant fractions of 3H-delta5-diol migrated with both the beta-globulin and albumin fractions. Estrogen administration to two normal men increased the per cent binding of delta5-diol to plasma proteins and decreased the metabolic clearance rate towards the values found for normal women.", "PMID": 63469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_941", "title": "Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the reeler mutant mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods.", "content": "The tangential organization of the callosal system of interhemispheric connections, as judged by the distribution of axon terminals as well as by the distribution of cells of origin of callosal axons, is normal in the reeler mutant mouse. As in the normal animal connections between the two cerebral hemispheres are homotopic. In the reeler, as in the normal animal, medium-sized pyramidal cells are, numerically speaking, the principal cells of origin of the callosal system. These lie superficially in the cortex of the normal animal but deep within the cortex of reeler. Callosal terminals are most densely concentrated at the cortical level of the small and medium-sized pyramids in both reeler and normal animals. It is probable, therefore, that the same classes of neurons are interconnected by the callosal system in the normal and reeler mouse despite malposition of neurons in reeler. The patterns of intracortical distribution of terminals of callosal axons is evidently governed by the positions of their target cells.", "contents": "Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the reeler mutant mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods. The tangential organization of the callosal system of interhemispheric connections, as judged by the distribution of axon terminals as well as by the distribution of cells of origin of callosal axons, is normal in the reeler mutant mouse. As in the normal animal connections between the two cerebral hemispheres are homotopic. In the reeler, as in the normal animal, medium-sized pyramidal cells are, numerically speaking, the principal cells of origin of the callosal system. These lie superficially in the cortex of the normal animal but deep within the cortex of reeler. Callosal terminals are most densely concentrated at the cortical level of the small and medium-sized pyramids in both reeler and normal animals. It is probable, therefore, that the same classes of neurons are interconnected by the callosal system in the normal and reeler mouse despite malposition of neurons in reeler. The patterns of intracortical distribution of terminals of callosal axons is evidently governed by the positions of their target cells.", "PMID": 63471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_942", "title": "The anatomical organization of the cerebello-olivary projection in the cat.", "content": "The cerebello-olivary pathway in the cat has been examined using orthograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. The orthograde transport of 3H-leucine from injection sites in the deep cerebellar nuclei labeled dentate and interpositus projections to the rostral two-thirds of the contralateral inferior olivary complex. These projections are topographically organized, with the dentate nucleus projecting to the principal olivary nucleus and the posterior and anterior interpositus nuclei projecting to the medial and dorsal accessory olives respectively. Fibers from the ventral half of the dentate nucleus terminate in the lateral bend and ventral lamina of the principal olive, whereas the medial and lateral parts of the dorsal half of the nucleus project to the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal lamina respectively. It is apparent that the more caudal parts of the interpositus nuclei project to areas of the medial and dorsal accessory olives near the caudal end of the principal olivary nucleus, whereas neurons in the more rostral parts of the interpositus nuclei project to the more rostral areas of the accessory olivary nuclei. A connection between the fastigial ncleus and the inferior olive could not be demonstrated. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injections sites in the inferior olive labeled cells throughout the contralateral dentate and interpositus nuclei. The labeled cells were especially numerous in the ventral parts of the dentate and posterior interpositus nlclei. These HRP-positive neurons were consistently small (10--15 mu) ovoid or spindle-shaped cells, with relatively large nuclei and light-staining Nissl substance. This evidence strongly suggests that the cerebello-olivary pathway originates from a population of small neurons in the dentate and interpositus nuclei and projects to specific, topographically defined areas in the contralateral inferior olive.", "contents": "The anatomical organization of the cerebello-olivary projection in the cat. The cerebello-olivary pathway in the cat has been examined using orthograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. The orthograde transport of 3H-leucine from injection sites in the deep cerebellar nuclei labeled dentate and interpositus projections to the rostral two-thirds of the contralateral inferior olivary complex. These projections are topographically organized, with the dentate nucleus projecting to the principal olivary nucleus and the posterior and anterior interpositus nuclei projecting to the medial and dorsal accessory olives respectively. Fibers from the ventral half of the dentate nucleus terminate in the lateral bend and ventral lamina of the principal olive, whereas the medial and lateral parts of the dorsal half of the nucleus project to the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal lamina respectively. It is apparent that the more caudal parts of the interpositus nuclei project to areas of the medial and dorsal accessory olives near the caudal end of the principal olivary nucleus, whereas neurons in the more rostral parts of the interpositus nuclei project to the more rostral areas of the accessory olivary nuclei. A connection between the fastigial ncleus and the inferior olive could not be demonstrated. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injections sites in the inferior olive labeled cells throughout the contralateral dentate and interpositus nuclei. The labeled cells were especially numerous in the ventral parts of the dentate and posterior interpositus nlclei. These HRP-positive neurons were consistently small (10--15 mu) ovoid or spindle-shaped cells, with relatively large nuclei and light-staining Nissl substance. This evidence strongly suggests that the cerebello-olivary pathway originates from a population of small neurons in the dentate and interpositus nuclei and projects to specific, topographically defined areas in the contralateral inferior olive.", "PMID": 63472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_943", "title": "Epidermal changes in lichen planus.", "content": "Ultrastructural investigations in 15 patients with lichen planus (LP) revealed a multitude of epidermal changes. The most consistent findings were (1) multiplication, irregular folding or dislocation of the basal lamina, (2) fragmentation with degenerative changes of basal keratinocytes, (3) formation of numerous fibrillar Civatte bodies and, (4) presence of dyskeratotic elements. In addition, mitotic figures of keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were observed. These findings support the view that the primary event in LP represents an injury involving epidermal basal cells. Furthermore, the replacement of destroyed tissue seems to originate not only from the margin of the lesions or the skin appendages but also from unaffected cells within the LP papule.", "contents": "Epidermal changes in lichen planus. Ultrastructural investigations in 15 patients with lichen planus (LP) revealed a multitude of epidermal changes. The most consistent findings were (1) multiplication, irregular folding or dislocation of the basal lamina, (2) fragmentation with degenerative changes of basal keratinocytes, (3) formation of numerous fibrillar Civatte bodies and, (4) presence of dyskeratotic elements. In addition, mitotic figures of keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were observed. These findings support the view that the primary event in LP represents an injury involving epidermal basal cells. Furthermore, the replacement of destroyed tissue seems to originate not only from the margin of the lesions or the skin appendages but also from unaffected cells within the LP papule.", "PMID": 63473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_944", "title": "Determination and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked and charcoal-broiled food products by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed and applied to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in 70 samples of smoked food products commercially available in Canada, and in 6 charcoal broiled meats. In some cases a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was used as a confirmatory technique. In the commercial samples PAH's were detected in approx. 70% of the samples. Total PAH's ranged from 0-141 ppb and individual PAH's from 0-38 ppb. With the charcoal-broiled samples, total PAH's and individual PAH's ranged from 0-164 ppb and 0-60 ppb respectively. These levels are similar to those observed in other countries.", "contents": "Determination and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked and charcoal-broiled food products by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. A high pressure liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed and applied to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in 70 samples of smoked food products commercially available in Canada, and in 6 charcoal broiled meats. In some cases a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was used as a confirmatory technique. In the commercial samples PAH's were detected in approx. 70% of the samples. Total PAH's ranged from 0-141 ppb and individual PAH's from 0-38 ppb. With the charcoal-broiled samples, total PAH's and individual PAH's ranged from 0-164 ppb and 0-60 ppb respectively. These levels are similar to those observed in other countries.", "PMID": 63478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_945", "title": "[Alpha-1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid, Changes in concentration in normal and pathologic pregnancies].", "content": "In this article, which is a preliminary report, the authors determined amniotic fluid levels of alpha-I-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein during complicated pregnancies with gestational ages of 31 to 42 weeks. These levels were compared with those observed during normal pregnancies. The clinical value of the variations of the glycoprotein levels is discussed.", "contents": "[Alpha-1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid, Changes in concentration in normal and pathologic pregnancies]. In this article, which is a preliminary report, the authors determined amniotic fluid levels of alpha-I-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein during complicated pregnancies with gestational ages of 31 to 42 weeks. These levels were compared with those observed during normal pregnancies. The clinical value of the variations of the glycoprotein levels is discussed.", "PMID": 63479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_946", "title": "Use of actinomycin D for the specific quenching of fluorescence of deoxyribonucleic acid in cells stained with acridine aminoderivatives.", "content": "Actinomycin D specifically quenches the fluorescence of acridine orange and quinacrine bound to deoxyribonucleic acid in cytologic preparations, but does not change the fluorescence of these fluorochromes bound to RNA. The following fluorescence-cytochemical applications of techniques based on these findings can be suggested: (a) distinction between deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid; (b) detection of double-stranded virus ribonucleic acid; (c) approximate estimation of the lengths of A-T sequences in deoxyribonucleic acid molecules.", "contents": "Use of actinomycin D for the specific quenching of fluorescence of deoxyribonucleic acid in cells stained with acridine aminoderivatives. Actinomycin D specifically quenches the fluorescence of acridine orange and quinacrine bound to deoxyribonucleic acid in cytologic preparations, but does not change the fluorescence of these fluorochromes bound to RNA. The following fluorescence-cytochemical applications of techniques based on these findings can be suggested: (a) distinction between deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid; (b) detection of double-stranded virus ribonucleic acid; (c) approximate estimation of the lengths of A-T sequences in deoxyribonucleic acid molecules.", "PMID": 63505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_947", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of melatonin in the rat Harderian gland.", "content": "Using fluorescence and double antibody techniques, melatonin was localized immunohistologically in the secretory cells of the Harderian gland of mature male rats. The presence and quantity of melatonin in the acinar cells seem to correlate with the amount of porphyrins inside the lumen. The specificity was proven by disappearance of yellow fluorescence after saturation of antibody with melatonin or after use of nonspecific antibody only.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of melatonin in the rat Harderian gland. Using fluorescence and double antibody techniques, melatonin was localized immunohistologically in the secretory cells of the Harderian gland of mature male rats. The presence and quantity of melatonin in the acinar cells seem to correlate with the amount of porphyrins inside the lumen. The specificity was proven by disappearance of yellow fluorescence after saturation of antibody with melatonin or after use of nonspecific antibody only.", "PMID": 63506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_948", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of biogenic amines in nervous tissue: methodologic improvements.", "content": "A new fixation method has been developed for localizing biogenic amines in nervous tissue. The method is a modification of the chromaffin reaction in which all fixation steps are buffered with mixtures of sodium chromate and potassium dichromate. In this way the fixation and cytochemical reaction are carried out almost simultaneously. Using the rat vas deferens as a model tissue, it was found that the preservation of electron dense (chromaffin) cores in the vesicles of adrenergic nerve terminals depended on several factors: a short primary fixation using low concentrations of aldehydes, the presence of the chromate/dichromate buffer during all fixation steps and, finally, a long incubation period in a slightly acidic (pH 6.0) solution of this buffer before postfixation in osmium tetroxide. Using this method it was possible to identify not only small and large dense-cored vesicles as storage sites for amines but also a tubular reticulum (neuronal endoplasmic reticulum), the latter especially in nerve terminals of mesenteric arteries and iris. Biogenic amines were also visualized in sympathetic ganglion cells and in the central nervous system e.g., supraependymal nerve terminals, tissues that up to now proved the most difficult in terms of amine localization. In all the tissues examined the cytochemical reaction was highly selective and present in well preserved tissue, which is a significant advance over previously available techniques. It therefore offers new opportunities for further studies on the role of biogenic amines as neurotransmitters.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of biogenic amines in nervous tissue: methodologic improvements. A new fixation method has been developed for localizing biogenic amines in nervous tissue. The method is a modification of the chromaffin reaction in which all fixation steps are buffered with mixtures of sodium chromate and potassium dichromate. In this way the fixation and cytochemical reaction are carried out almost simultaneously. Using the rat vas deferens as a model tissue, it was found that the preservation of electron dense (chromaffin) cores in the vesicles of adrenergic nerve terminals depended on several factors: a short primary fixation using low concentrations of aldehydes, the presence of the chromate/dichromate buffer during all fixation steps and, finally, a long incubation period in a slightly acidic (pH 6.0) solution of this buffer before postfixation in osmium tetroxide. Using this method it was possible to identify not only small and large dense-cored vesicles as storage sites for amines but also a tubular reticulum (neuronal endoplasmic reticulum), the latter especially in nerve terminals of mesenteric arteries and iris. Biogenic amines were also visualized in sympathetic ganglion cells and in the central nervous system e.g., supraependymal nerve terminals, tissues that up to now proved the most difficult in terms of amine localization. In all the tissues examined the cytochemical reaction was highly selective and present in well preserved tissue, which is a significant advance over previously available techniques. It therefore offers new opportunities for further studies on the role of biogenic amines as neurotransmitters.", "PMID": 63507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_949", "title": "A microspectrophotometric study of Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells as an aid in computerized image processing.", "content": "As part of a study of cytologic automation, microspectrophotometric investigation of Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells was performed, using a Leitz MPV-II scanning photometer connected to a PDP 8/F minicomputer. It was shown that the selection of one single wavelength may result in difficulties in detecting boundries between background and cytoplasm and/or between cytoplasm nucleus. A set of two wavelengths, 530 nm and 570 nm, were found to be optimal for the image processing of these cells.", "contents": "A microspectrophotometric study of Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells as an aid in computerized image processing. As part of a study of cytologic automation, microspectrophotometric investigation of Papanicolaou-stained cervical cells was performed, using a Leitz MPV-II scanning photometer connected to a PDP 8/F minicomputer. It was shown that the selection of one single wavelength may result in difficulties in detecting boundries between background and cytoplasm and/or between cytoplasm nucleus. A set of two wavelengths, 530 nm and 570 nm, were found to be optimal for the image processing of these cells.", "PMID": 63509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_950", "title": "Quantitation of mast cell heparin by flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "Mast cells can be automatically identified in a mixed cell population by flow cytofluorometry after Berberine sulphate staining. Volume specific counts of the total number of cells and number of mast cells, as well as frequency distributions of fluorescence intensities of mast cells, based on a large number of cells, can be rapidly obtained. Results obtained by microscope fluorometry of cells identified by phase contrast microscopy showviously published results it may be inferred that the fluorescence intensity of individual mast cells is proportional to mast cell heparin content. The automated cell counts correlated very well with manual hemocytometer counts. Both cell counts and the determination of mean mast cell fluorescence showed excellent reproducibility.", "contents": "Quantitation of mast cell heparin by flow cytofluorometry. Mast cells can be automatically identified in a mixed cell population by flow cytofluorometry after Berberine sulphate staining. Volume specific counts of the total number of cells and number of mast cells, as well as frequency distributions of fluorescence intensities of mast cells, based on a large number of cells, can be rapidly obtained. Results obtained by microscope fluorometry of cells identified by phase contrast microscopy showviously published results it may be inferred that the fluorescence intensity of individual mast cells is proportional to mast cell heparin content. The automated cell counts correlated very well with manual hemocytometer counts. Both cell counts and the determination of mean mast cell fluorescence showed excellent reproducibility.", "PMID": 63510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_951", "title": "The identification of eosinophil colonies in soft-agar cultures by differential staining for peroxidase.", "content": "There has been a need to easily quantitate the incidence of eosinophil colonies within soft agar cultures. This has been realized by layering of the agar with benzidine dihydrochloride that permits detection of peroxidase activity in cells. Eosinophil colonies can be specifically identified by the addition to the substrate of potassium cyanide, an inhibitor of enzyme activity in neutrophils and monocytes. The enumeration of eosinophil colonies can be accomplished by scanning fresh or embedded cultures with low power magnification.", "contents": "The identification of eosinophil colonies in soft-agar cultures by differential staining for peroxidase. There has been a need to easily quantitate the incidence of eosinophil colonies within soft agar cultures. This has been realized by layering of the agar with benzidine dihydrochloride that permits detection of peroxidase activity in cells. Eosinophil colonies can be specifically identified by the addition to the substrate of potassium cyanide, an inhibitor of enzyme activity in neutrophils and monocytes. The enumeration of eosinophil colonies can be accomplished by scanning fresh or embedded cultures with low power magnification.", "PMID": 63511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_952", "title": "The blue reaction product in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: incubation parameters and visibility.", "content": "A blue reaction product is formed at sites that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity when benzidene is used as the chromogen. With neutral red as a counter stain, this method affords excellent visualization of both retrograde and orthograde axonal transport of intracerebrally injected HRP. The visibility of this blue reaction-product is better than the visibility of the brown reaction-product obtained in the commonly used diaminobenzidene procedures. Variations in incubation times and reagent concentrations resulted in significant differences in the extent to which transported HRP could be demonstrated with benzidene. One of these benzidene procedures demonstrated a wider extent of HRP transport than a representative diaminobenzidene procedure. The substantia nigra and the nucleus locus ceruleus did not display artifactual deposition of the blue reaction-product.", "contents": "The blue reaction product in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: incubation parameters and visibility. A blue reaction product is formed at sites that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity when benzidene is used as the chromogen. With neutral red as a counter stain, this method affords excellent visualization of both retrograde and orthograde axonal transport of intracerebrally injected HRP. The visibility of this blue reaction-product is better than the visibility of the brown reaction-product obtained in the commonly used diaminobenzidene procedures. Variations in incubation times and reagent concentrations resulted in significant differences in the extent to which transported HRP could be demonstrated with benzidene. One of these benzidene procedures demonstrated a wider extent of HRP transport than a representative diaminobenzidene procedure. The substantia nigra and the nucleus locus ceruleus did not display artifactual deposition of the blue reaction-product.", "PMID": 63512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_953", "title": "Mapping of the genetic control of murine response to low doses of the dinitrophenyl conjugates of ovomucoid and bovine gamma-globulin.", "content": "The antibody responses in mice to low doses of the DNP-conjugates of ovomucoid (OM) and bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) were measured for a number of inbred strains carrying independent and recombinant H-2 haplotypes. This permitted mapping the gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of OM (Ir-1-OM) within the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Similarly, it was possible to map the primary gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of BGG (Ir-1-BGG) within the I-A and/or I-B subregions. Further localization of the Ir-1-BGG gene(s) to the I-A or I-B subregion of the H-2 complex was not possible due to the ambiguous response of the B10.A(4R) strain of mice.", "contents": "Mapping of the genetic control of murine response to low doses of the dinitrophenyl conjugates of ovomucoid and bovine gamma-globulin. The antibody responses in mice to low doses of the DNP-conjugates of ovomucoid (OM) and bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) were measured for a number of inbred strains carrying independent and recombinant H-2 haplotypes. This permitted mapping the gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of OM (Ir-1-OM) within the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Similarly, it was possible to map the primary gene(s) controlling the response to low doses of BGG (Ir-1-BGG) within the I-A and/or I-B subregions. Further localization of the Ir-1-BGG gene(s) to the I-A or I-B subregion of the H-2 complex was not possible due to the ambiguous response of the B10.A(4R) strain of mice.", "PMID": 63513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_954", "title": "Relationship between beta2-microglobulin and cell-surface alloantigens of the mouse.", "content": "Molecular relationships between beta2m and other cell surface antigens (H-2, Tla, Ia, and Thy-1) were studied with the double immunofluorescence method. Cells were incubated with an antiserum against one antigen capped, and then tested with an antiserum against a second antigen. Capping of beta2m on thymocytes led to simultaneous capping of H-2 and Tla but not Thy-1 antigens; capping of H-2 and TIa (but not Thy-1) antigens resulted in capping of all beta2m detectable by the immunofluorescence method. Similarly, capping of beta2m on B or T lymphocytes resulted in capping of H-2 and vice versa. Ia antigens on B lymphocytes were not capped after the redistribution of beta2m. We conclude from these data that, in the cell membrane of thymocytes, virtually all the beta2m molecules are associated with H-2 and Tla, but not with Thy-1, and that on the cell surface of T or B lymphocytes, virtually all beta2m  is associated with H-2 but not with Ia. We found no evidence of any significant free beta2m on either thymocytes or splenocytes.", "contents": "Relationship between beta2-microglobulin and cell-surface alloantigens of the mouse. Molecular relationships between beta2m and other cell surface antigens (H-2, Tla, Ia, and Thy-1) were studied with the double immunofluorescence method. Cells were incubated with an antiserum against one antigen capped, and then tested with an antiserum against a second antigen. Capping of beta2m on thymocytes led to simultaneous capping of H-2 and Tla but not Thy-1 antigens; capping of H-2 and TIa (but not Thy-1) antigens resulted in capping of all beta2m detectable by the immunofluorescence method. Similarly, capping of beta2m on B or T lymphocytes resulted in capping of H-2 and vice versa. Ia antigens on B lymphocytes were not capped after the redistribution of beta2m. We conclude from these data that, in the cell membrane of thymocytes, virtually all the beta2m molecules are associated with H-2 and Tla, but not with Thy-1, and that on the cell surface of T or B lymphocytes, virtually all beta2m  is associated with H-2 but not with Ia. We found no evidence of any significant free beta2m on either thymocytes or splenocytes.", "PMID": 63514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_955", "title": "Development of mast cells in vitro. II. Biologic function of cultured mast cells.", "content": "Mast cells were obtained by long term culture of rat thymus cells on rat embryonic fibroblast monolayers. Pure mast cell preparations obtained culture were incubated with 125I-labeled rat E myeloma protein to study receptors for IgE on their surface. When the cells were obtained after 35 to 45 days culture, the average number of receptors per mast cell was 100,000 to 400,000. An equilibrium constant of the binding reaction between their receptor and rat IgE was in the order of 108 M-1. The histamine content of the cultured mast cells was 0.2 to 5 mug/106 cells. The measurement of histamine content in mast cells recovered after different periods of culture suggested that the histamine content increased with maturation. Even after 45 to 50 days culture, the histamine content of cultured mast cells was significantly lower than that in rat peritoneal mast cells. The cultured mast cells were passively sensitized in vitro with rat IgE antibody against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The sensitized cells released histamine upon incubation with the antigen. It was also found that cultured mast cells released histamine upon exposure to compound 48/80. These results indicated that cultured mast cells have physiologic functions similar to those of normal rat mast cells, but they have not reached full maturation.", "contents": "Development of mast cells in vitro. II. Biologic function of cultured mast cells. Mast cells were obtained by long term culture of rat thymus cells on rat embryonic fibroblast monolayers. Pure mast cell preparations obtained culture were incubated with 125I-labeled rat E myeloma protein to study receptors for IgE on their surface. When the cells were obtained after 35 to 45 days culture, the average number of receptors per mast cell was 100,000 to 400,000. An equilibrium constant of the binding reaction between their receptor and rat IgE was in the order of 108 M-1. The histamine content of the cultured mast cells was 0.2 to 5 mug/106 cells. The measurement of histamine content in mast cells recovered after different periods of culture suggested that the histamine content increased with maturation. Even after 45 to 50 days culture, the histamine content of cultured mast cells was significantly lower than that in rat peritoneal mast cells. The cultured mast cells were passively sensitized in vitro with rat IgE antibody against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The sensitized cells released histamine upon incubation with the antigen. It was also found that cultured mast cells released histamine upon exposure to compound 48/80. These results indicated that cultured mast cells have physiologic functions similar to those of normal rat mast cells, but they have not reached full maturation.", "PMID": 63515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_956", "title": "Conformational integrity of myoglobin after immunization with Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "The use of Freund's complete adjuvant for immunizing goats with myoglobin produces mainly antibodies directed against antigenic determinants present in the native protein. Only about 9% of the total antibodies produced are directed toward determinants not expressed in tha native molecule. This shows that neither emulsification nor the subsequent in vivo events leading up to the immune response appreciably perturb the conformation of the protein surface.", "contents": "Conformational integrity of myoglobin after immunization with Freund's adjuvant. The use of Freund's complete adjuvant for immunizing goats with myoglobin produces mainly antibodies directed against antigenic determinants present in the native protein. Only about 9% of the total antibodies produced are directed toward determinants not expressed in tha native molecule. This shows that neither emulsification nor the subsequent in vivo events leading up to the immune response appreciably perturb the conformation of the protein surface.", "PMID": 63516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_957", "title": "Amyloid-related serum protein SAA from three animal species: comparison with human SAA.", "content": "The amyloid-relates serum protein SAA has been isolated by gel filtration in 10% formic acid from three animal species: mink, mouse, rabbit. Sera used in the isolation procedure were obtained from animals in which high concentrations of SAA had been induced by treatment with LPS. The isolated SAA proteins had a subunit size similar to that of human SAA, with m.w. values ranging from 10,000 to 11,700 (estimated by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine-HC1) or 12,400 to 15,000 (estimated by SDS-PAGE). The m.w. studies and amino acid sequence data indicated that SAA and the amyloid fibril protein AA in the mouse, and probably also the mink, are related in the same way as in man, the two proteins having common NH2-terminal amino acid sequences and SAA being extended by 20 to 40 residues at the COOH-terminal end of the molecule.", "contents": "Amyloid-related serum protein SAA from three animal species: comparison with human SAA. The amyloid-relates serum protein SAA has been isolated by gel filtration in 10% formic acid from three animal species: mink, mouse, rabbit. Sera used in the isolation procedure were obtained from animals in which high concentrations of SAA had been induced by treatment with LPS. The isolated SAA proteins had a subunit size similar to that of human SAA, with m.w. values ranging from 10,000 to 11,700 (estimated by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine-HC1) or 12,400 to 15,000 (estimated by SDS-PAGE). The m.w. studies and amino acid sequence data indicated that SAA and the amyloid fibril protein AA in the mouse, and probably also the mink, are related in the same way as in man, the two proteins having common NH2-terminal amino acid sequences and SAA being extended by 20 to 40 residues at the COOH-terminal end of the molecule.", "PMID": 63517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_958", "title": "The immunologic and molecular profiles of HLA antigens isolated from urine.", "content": "Human urine was shown to be a good source for the isolation of immunologically functional HLA-A9 antigens. The use of complex solubilization procedures can be avoided since the antigens are present in soluble form and are not complexes with membrane fragements. Purification in excess of 400-fold could be achieved by the application of cellulose ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified HLA-A9 antigen is composed of a glycoprotein of m.w. 38,000 and beta2-microglobulin, a peptide of m.w. 12,000. HLA-A9 antigens isolated from urine proved to be immunologically functional since they not only reacted specifically with anti-HLA-A9 alloantibody but also elicited anti-HLA-A9 xenoantibodies. These antibodies when covalently attached to Sepharose 4B specifically bound HLA-A9 antigens isolated from both serum and urine.", "contents": "The immunologic and molecular profiles of HLA antigens isolated from urine. Human urine was shown to be a good source for the isolation of immunologically functional HLA-A9 antigens. The use of complex solubilization procedures can be avoided since the antigens are present in soluble form and are not complexes with membrane fragements. Purification in excess of 400-fold could be achieved by the application of cellulose ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified HLA-A9 antigen is composed of a glycoprotein of m.w. 38,000 and beta2-microglobulin, a peptide of m.w. 12,000. HLA-A9 antigens isolated from urine proved to be immunologically functional since they not only reacted specifically with anti-HLA-A9 alloantibody but also elicited anti-HLA-A9 xenoantibodies. These antibodies when covalently attached to Sepharose 4B specifically bound HLA-A9 antigens isolated from both serum and urine.", "PMID": 63518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_959", "title": "Isolation and characterization of canine secretory immunoglobulin M.", "content": "Canine secretory immunoglobulin M, isolated from both colostrum and bronchial secretions, contained the unique glycoprotein bound secretory component. The presence of this extra subunit accounted for the differences in size, quaternary structure, and antigenicity observed upon comparison of secretory immunoglobulin M with its serum counterpart. Approximately 90% of the isolated secretory immunoglobulin M contained covalently bound secretory component while, in the remainder of the population, secretory component was loosely attached and easily dissociated from the immunoglobulin. Following peptide bond cleavage with cyanogen bromide, the release of bound secretory component and J chain from secretory immunoglobulin M was not detected. Because cyanogen bromide cleavage of secretory immunoglobulin A results in the release of these subunits, differences in the primary structure of secretory immunoglobulin M and secretory immunoglobulin A must exist around the binding sites for secretory component and J chain.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of canine secretory immunoglobulin M. Canine secretory immunoglobulin M, isolated from both colostrum and bronchial secretions, contained the unique glycoprotein bound secretory component. The presence of this extra subunit accounted for the differences in size, quaternary structure, and antigenicity observed upon comparison of secretory immunoglobulin M with its serum counterpart. Approximately 90% of the isolated secretory immunoglobulin M contained covalently bound secretory component while, in the remainder of the population, secretory component was loosely attached and easily dissociated from the immunoglobulin. Following peptide bond cleavage with cyanogen bromide, the release of bound secretory component and J chain from secretory immunoglobulin M was not detected. Because cyanogen bromide cleavage of secretory immunoglobulin A results in the release of these subunits, differences in the primary structure of secretory immunoglobulin M and secretory immunoglobulin A must exist around the binding sites for secretory component and J chain.", "PMID": 63519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_960", "title": "Coincident hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies of different subtypes in human serum.", "content": "Three patients with simultaneously detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) in their sera were studied for subtypes of HBsAg and anti-HBs. In each case anti-HBs was found to be directed to a different subtype than that of the circulating HBsAg, indicating that reinfection (or simultaneous infection) with a second subtype occurred.", "contents": "Coincident hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies of different subtypes in human serum. Three patients with simultaneously detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) in their sera were studied for subtypes of HBsAg and anti-HBs. In each case anti-HBs was found to be directed to a different subtype than that of the circulating HBsAg, indicating that reinfection (or simultaneous infection) with a second subtype occurred.", "PMID": 63520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_961", "title": "Affinity in radioimmunoassay of antibody cross-reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and colon carcinoma antigen-III (CCA-III).", "content": "Several antisera raised against purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were evaluated for their content of antibody cross-reactive with colon carcinoma antigen-III (CCA-III). All antisera gave a reaction of partial identity between CEA and CCA-III and demonstrated a high titer in CEA radioimmunoassay (RIA). Between 50 and 70% of the CEA RIA activity was removed, however, by absorption with soluble CCA-III or adsorption onto CCA-III-containing immunoadsorbents. Immunoadsorbent retained antibody gave a line of complete identity between CEA and CCA-III. Purified CCA-III (2 mug) only partially depressed CEA binding by this common site antibody, whereas nanogram quantities of CCA-III inhibited the reaction between specific CCA-III antibody and radioiodinated CCA-III. In addition, low levels of CEA were equally effective in depressing CEA binding by the common site or CEA-specific antibody. The higher affinity in RIA of the common site antibody for CEA over CCA-III suggests that the common determinant expressed on CEA is stereochemically different from that on CCA-III. The results further demonstrate that interference by plasma CCA-III is not a significant factor in the measurement of CEA by RIA.", "contents": "Affinity in radioimmunoassay of antibody cross-reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and colon carcinoma antigen-III (CCA-III). Several antisera raised against purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were evaluated for their content of antibody cross-reactive with colon carcinoma antigen-III (CCA-III). All antisera gave a reaction of partial identity between CEA and CCA-III and demonstrated a high titer in CEA radioimmunoassay (RIA). Between 50 and 70% of the CEA RIA activity was removed, however, by absorption with soluble CCA-III or adsorption onto CCA-III-containing immunoadsorbents. Immunoadsorbent retained antibody gave a line of complete identity between CEA and CCA-III. Purified CCA-III (2 mug) only partially depressed CEA binding by this common site antibody, whereas nanogram quantities of CCA-III inhibited the reaction between specific CCA-III antibody and radioiodinated CCA-III. In addition, low levels of CEA were equally effective in depressing CEA binding by the common site or CEA-specific antibody. The higher affinity in RIA of the common site antibody for CEA over CCA-III suggests that the common determinant expressed on CEA is stereochemically different from that on CCA-III. The results further demonstrate that interference by plasma CCA-III is not a significant factor in the measurement of CEA by RIA.", "PMID": 63521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_962", "title": "A micro-titer red-cell-linked-antigen-antiglobulin-test for DNP specific immunoglobulins.", "content": "A micro-titer red-cell-linked-antigen--antiglobulin test is described for the measurement of DNP specific immunoglobulins in mouse plasma samples.", "contents": "A micro-titer red-cell-linked-antigen-antiglobulin-test for DNP specific immunoglobulins. A micro-titer red-cell-linked-antigen--antiglobulin test is described for the measurement of DNP specific immunoglobulins in mouse plasma samples.", "PMID": 63522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_963", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of basement membrane in lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a blistering disease with a characteristic histology that includes papillary edema, neutrophilic papillary microabscesses, and development of subepidermal blisters. In spite of this pathologic sequence occurring entirely beneath the basement membrane zone, prior studies have indicated that the basement membrane, as defined by period acid-Schiff (PAS) or silver stains, lies at the floor of fully formed blisters or is destroyed by the disease process. To more accurately assess its location in primary lesions of DH, the basement membrane was stained using immunofluorescent techniques. Lesional skin from 5 patients with DH was used as substrate for indirect immunofluorescence with sera from patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and fluoresceinated antihuman IgG. The BP-stained basement membrane was attached to the roofs of early blisters, where it would be expected from the pathologic sequence of blister formation. PAS stains of the same or serial sections show the basement membrane to be in the roof or at the floor of the blisters. PAS stains of sections from formalin-fixed lesional skin, on the other hand, show the basement membrane to routinely lie at the blister floor, when not destroyed. The BP-stained epidermal basement membrane has greater anatomic and functional significance than either the PAS-or silver-stained basement membrane for two reasons: (1) it corresponds to a specific morphologic structure, the lamina lucida, a part of the epidermis, and remains attached to the rest of the epidermis unless destroyed; and (2) it is antigenic, capable of binding with BP antibodies.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of basement membrane in lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a blistering disease with a characteristic histology that includes papillary edema, neutrophilic papillary microabscesses, and development of subepidermal blisters. In spite of this pathologic sequence occurring entirely beneath the basement membrane zone, prior studies have indicated that the basement membrane, as defined by period acid-Schiff (PAS) or silver stains, lies at the floor of fully formed blisters or is destroyed by the disease process. To more accurately assess its location in primary lesions of DH, the basement membrane was stained using immunofluorescent techniques. Lesional skin from 5 patients with DH was used as substrate for indirect immunofluorescence with sera from patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and fluoresceinated antihuman IgG. The BP-stained basement membrane was attached to the roofs of early blisters, where it would be expected from the pathologic sequence of blister formation. PAS stains of the same or serial sections show the basement membrane to be in the roof or at the floor of the blisters. PAS stains of sections from formalin-fixed lesional skin, on the other hand, show the basement membrane to routinely lie at the blister floor, when not destroyed. The BP-stained epidermal basement membrane has greater anatomic and functional significance than either the PAS-or silver-stained basement membrane for two reasons: (1) it corresponds to a specific morphologic structure, the lamina lucida, a part of the epidermis, and remains attached to the rest of the epidermis unless destroyed; and (2) it is antigenic, capable of binding with BP antibodies.", "PMID": 63524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_964", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the major subdeterminants of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Antisera monospecific for subtyping of speciments of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) were prepared by affinity chromatography. These sera were then used for quantitation of the a, d, and y subdeterminants of HBS Ag on a standard panel of sera and on 41 unselected sera containing HBS Ag. Although 25 of this latter group were completely monospecific for ad or ay, the remaining 16 sera showed degrees of cross-reaction with the heterologous antiserum. It is suggested that d and y subdeterminants are not infrequently present on the same particle.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the major subdeterminants of hepatitis B surface antigen. Antisera monospecific for subtyping of speciments of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) were prepared by affinity chromatography. These sera were then used for quantitation of the a, d, and y subdeterminants of HBS Ag on a standard panel of sera and on 41 unselected sera containing HBS Ag. Although 25 of this latter group were completely monospecific for ad or ay, the remaining 16 sera showed degrees of cross-reaction with the heterologous antiserum. It is suggested that d and y subdeterminants are not infrequently present on the same particle.", "PMID": 63525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_965", "title": "A passive hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trench fever due to Rochalimaea quintana.", "content": "A passive hemagglutination test devised for diagnosis of trench fever was easily performed and highly sensitive and specific. Tanned sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with soluble antigen from Rochalimaea quintana. The test detected antibody in six of seven cases of primary infection and in four cases of late, relapsed trench fever. Titers of antibody ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. Although both IgM and IgG antibody to R. quintana were detected by passive hemagglutination, IgG appeared to be the major reactive antibody. Antigens involved in the reaction were two types of proteins, one inactivated at 50 C and 60 C and the other at 80 C and 100 C. Of 322 control samples of sera that were tested, only one reacted positively; thus, the test had a specificity of greater than 99%. The single positive reaction was in serum from a patient with Q fever. This finding suggests that, in an area where Q fever is endemic, this disease must be ruled out in the interpretation of a positive passive hemagglutination test. Sera should be tested routinely against tanned, unsensitized erythrocytes, since an occassional sample of serum may agglutinate unsensitized cells. Because of its sensitivity and specificity, as well as its simplicity of performance, the passive hemagglutination test shows promise as a useful procedure for serologic identification of both acute and past infection with R. quintana.", "contents": "A passive hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trench fever due to Rochalimaea quintana. A passive hemagglutination test devised for diagnosis of trench fever was easily performed and highly sensitive and specific. Tanned sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with soluble antigen from Rochalimaea quintana. The test detected antibody in six of seven cases of primary infection and in four cases of late, relapsed trench fever. Titers of antibody ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. Although both IgM and IgG antibody to R. quintana were detected by passive hemagglutination, IgG appeared to be the major reactive antibody. Antigens involved in the reaction were two types of proteins, one inactivated at 50 C and 60 C and the other at 80 C and 100 C. Of 322 control samples of sera that were tested, only one reacted positively; thus, the test had a specificity of greater than 99%. The single positive reaction was in serum from a patient with Q fever. This finding suggests that, in an area where Q fever is endemic, this disease must be ruled out in the interpretation of a positive passive hemagglutination test. Sera should be tested routinely against tanned, unsensitized erythrocytes, since an occassional sample of serum may agglutinate unsensitized cells. Because of its sensitivity and specificity, as well as its simplicity of performance, the passive hemagglutination test shows promise as a useful procedure for serologic identification of both acute and past infection with R. quintana.", "PMID": 63526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_966", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in patients with leprosy.", "content": "The frequencies of distribution of 25 histocompatibility antigens were determined in 92 Mexican patients with leprosy and compared with those in 315 Mexicans who did not have the disease. No statistically significant differences were found between the patients and the controls in regard to histocompatibility antigens, and subgroups with a significant difference could not be identified by division of the patients according to the density of Mycobacterium leprae or the presence or absence of cell-mediated immunity directed against antigens of M. leprae.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in patients with leprosy. The frequencies of distribution of 25 histocompatibility antigens were determined in 92 Mexican patients with leprosy and compared with those in 315 Mexicans who did not have the disease. No statistically significant differences were found between the patients and the controls in regard to histocompatibility antigens, and subgroups with a significant difference could not be identified by division of the patients according to the density of Mycobacterium leprae or the presence or absence of cell-mediated immunity directed against antigens of M. leprae.", "PMID": 63527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_967", "title": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. I. Lack of serological evidence for the role of endogenous ecotropic viruses in pathogenesis.", "content": "The humoral immune response against endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) was examined in irradiated and control C57BL/6 mice. Control mice developed antibodies against MuLV slowly throughout life. In contrast, within 2-3 mo after irradiation 90% of irradiated C57BL/6 mice had developed detectable antibodies against MuLV. The characteristics of this immune response, however, were identical in control and irradiated mice in terms of peak titers, specificity for endogenous ecotropic MuLV, and reactivity against the ecotropic viruses' glycoprotein (gp71). Moreover, the rate of appearance of antibodies against MuLV in irradiated mice and the peak titers were generally not affected by age at irradiation, dose of irradiation (two, three, or four treatments of 175 R), or bone marrow reconstitution. Although the ability of irradiation to accelerate the appearance of antibody in a population of C57BL/6 mice suggested activation of endogenous ecotropic MuLV, there was no apparent correlation between the appearance of this immune response or its persistence and the development of lymphoma. Thus, the incidence of lymphoma was comparable in mice that: (a) developed no immune response; (b) developed an immune response only transiently after irradiation; or (c) developed an immune response which persisted until death from lymphoma. Moreover, experimental conditions that alter the ability of irradiation to induce leukemia, such as age, dose, or bone marrow reconstitution did so without significantly altering either the rate of appearance of a humoral immune response to MuLV or its peak titers. The results, therefore, fail to demonstrate any seroepidemological relationship between endogenous ecotropic MuLV and radiation-induced leukemia.", "contents": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. I. Lack of serological evidence for the role of endogenous ecotropic viruses in pathogenesis. The humoral immune response against endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) was examined in irradiated and control C57BL/6 mice. Control mice developed antibodies against MuLV slowly throughout life. In contrast, within 2-3 mo after irradiation 90% of irradiated C57BL/6 mice had developed detectable antibodies against MuLV. The characteristics of this immune response, however, were identical in control and irradiated mice in terms of peak titers, specificity for endogenous ecotropic MuLV, and reactivity against the ecotropic viruses' glycoprotein (gp71). Moreover, the rate of appearance of antibodies against MuLV in irradiated mice and the peak titers were generally not affected by age at irradiation, dose of irradiation (two, three, or four treatments of 175 R), or bone marrow reconstitution. Although the ability of irradiation to accelerate the appearance of antibody in a population of C57BL/6 mice suggested activation of endogenous ecotropic MuLV, there was no apparent correlation between the appearance of this immune response or its persistence and the development of lymphoma. Thus, the incidence of lymphoma was comparable in mice that: (a) developed no immune response; (b) developed an immune response only transiently after irradiation; or (c) developed an immune response which persisted until death from lymphoma. Moreover, experimental conditions that alter the ability of irradiation to induce leukemia, such as age, dose, or bone marrow reconstitution did so without significantly altering either the rate of appearance of a humoral immune response to MuLV or its peak titers. The results, therefore, fail to demonstrate any seroepidemological relationship between endogenous ecotropic MuLV and radiation-induced leukemia.", "PMID": 63528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_968", "title": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. II. Lack of ecotropic virus expression in the majority of lymphomas.", "content": "The expression of endogenous ecotropic viruses in radiation-induced thymomas of C57BL/6 mice was examined. Competition radioimmunoassays for AKR MuLV gp71, p30, and p12 were used for viral antigen expression. 3 of 40 lymphomas had readily detectable ecotropic gp71 at levels of 95-689 ng/mg protein; the remainder of the tumors had no detectable gp71 (less than 1.0 ng/mg protein). 30 thymomas were characterized by the presence of MuLV p30 at levels of 1-10 ng/mg protein, levels that were comparable to those found in thymus extracts from age-matched, nonirradiated control. 10 tumors were characterized by having p30 levels of 10-30 ng/mg protein. In one tumor significant levels of AKR MuLV p12 were detectable. Since B-tropic and N-tropic viruses from C57BL/6 mice have glycoproteins (gp71) indistinguishable from AKR MuLV gp71 and the N-tropic virus had a p12 serologically identical to AKR MuLV p12, these results demonstrate that overt endogenous B-tropic virus was detectable in 2 of 40 thymomas and endogenous N-tropic virus was detectable in 1 of 40 thymomas. The lack of overt expression of gp71 or p12 was also confirmed by cytotoxicity assays using monospecific antisera to these viral proteins. Radiation-induced lymphomas were also examined for the presence of reverse transcriptase after chromatography of tissue extracts on poly G-Sepharose. One tumor, which was characterized by the lack of gp71, also had no detectable reverse transcriptase; whereas one tumor with gp71 was characterized by readily detectable levels of reverse transcriptase in cellular extracts. The presence of viral RNA was examined using AKR cDNA. Low levels of RNA capable of hybridizing with AKR cDNA were found in age-matched, nonirradiated mice; these hybrids had Tm's of 72 degrees C, while hybrids with AKR MuLV 70S RNA had Tm's of 80 degrees C. In 1 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable RNA and the Tm of the hybrids were identical to control values. In 9 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable sequences increased approximately three-to fivefold and the Tm of these hybrids varied from 73 to 75 degrees C. In 1 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable sequences increased over 100-fold, hybridized completely with AKR MuLV cDNA, and the hybrids had Tm's of 79 degrees C. This thymoma was also characterized by the presence of the AKR MuLV type of gp71 and p12. One tumor was characterized by a 10-to 100-fold increase in hybridizable sequences, which only partially hybridized with AKR MuLV cDNA, and hybrids had a Tm of 73 degrees C. This tumor was characterized by the presence of AKR MuLV gp71 but not AKR MuLV p12. The results taken together demonstrate that overt endogenous ecotropic virus expression is only rarely detectable in radiation-induced thymomas of C57BL/6 mice.", "contents": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. II. Lack of ecotropic virus expression in the majority of lymphomas. The expression of endogenous ecotropic viruses in radiation-induced thymomas of C57BL/6 mice was examined. Competition radioimmunoassays for AKR MuLV gp71, p30, and p12 were used for viral antigen expression. 3 of 40 lymphomas had readily detectable ecotropic gp71 at levels of 95-689 ng/mg protein; the remainder of the tumors had no detectable gp71 (less than 1.0 ng/mg protein). 30 thymomas were characterized by the presence of MuLV p30 at levels of 1-10 ng/mg protein, levels that were comparable to those found in thymus extracts from age-matched, nonirradiated control. 10 tumors were characterized by having p30 levels of 10-30 ng/mg protein. In one tumor significant levels of AKR MuLV p12 were detectable. Since B-tropic and N-tropic viruses from C57BL/6 mice have glycoproteins (gp71) indistinguishable from AKR MuLV gp71 and the N-tropic virus had a p12 serologically identical to AKR MuLV p12, these results demonstrate that overt endogenous B-tropic virus was detectable in 2 of 40 thymomas and endogenous N-tropic virus was detectable in 1 of 40 thymomas. The lack of overt expression of gp71 or p12 was also confirmed by cytotoxicity assays using monospecific antisera to these viral proteins. Radiation-induced lymphomas were also examined for the presence of reverse transcriptase after chromatography of tissue extracts on poly G-Sepharose. One tumor, which was characterized by the lack of gp71, also had no detectable reverse transcriptase; whereas one tumor with gp71 was characterized by readily detectable levels of reverse transcriptase in cellular extracts. The presence of viral RNA was examined using AKR cDNA. Low levels of RNA capable of hybridizing with AKR cDNA were found in age-matched, nonirradiated mice; these hybrids had Tm's of 72 degrees C, while hybrids with AKR MuLV 70S RNA had Tm's of 80 degrees C. In 1 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable RNA and the Tm of the hybrids were identical to control values. In 9 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable sequences increased approximately three-to fivefold and the Tm of these hybrids varied from 73 to 75 degrees C. In 1 of 12 thymomas the concentration of hybridizable sequences increased over 100-fold, hybridized completely with AKR MuLV cDNA, and the hybrids had Tm's of 79 degrees C. This thymoma was also characterized by the presence of the AKR MuLV type of gp71 and p12. One tumor was characterized by a 10-to 100-fold increase in hybridizable sequences, which only partially hybridized with AKR MuLV cDNA, and hybrids had a Tm of 73 degrees C. This tumor was characterized by the presence of AKR MuLV gp71 but not AKR MuLV p12. The results taken together demonstrate that overt endogenous ecotropic virus expression is only rarely detectable in radiation-induced thymomas of C57BL/6 mice.", "PMID": 63529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_969", "title": "The specificity of cellular immune responses II. The structure of antigenic determinants leading to T-lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "T cells from guinea pigs immunized with the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-coupled directly to mycobacteria are of interest since they recognize and respond to DNP conjugated to many but not all carriers. The experiments reported here further analyze the structure of the complex, chemically defined antigenic determinants recognized by such T cells. These antigenic determinants can have DNP coupled either to the xi-amino group of lysyl residues or to the hydroxyl group of tyrosyl residues. Furthermore, essential contributions to the determinant recognized by such T cells are made by amino acid residues to which the hapten is not attached. Such residues are thought to be close to the hapten group itself, since introducing a small spacer between hapten and carrier prevents recognition. The hapten itself is also recognized and discriminated from other haptens with great precision by these T lymphocytes. The strain of guinea pig immunized affects the precise specificity characteristics of the responding T cells, in a way that may reflect the activity of histocompatibility-linked immune response genes. Finally, the characteristics of the immunogen have been studied. It is thought that the lipid content of the mycobacteria may be critical in inducing the hapten-reactive T cells, and this is supported by finding similar responses in T cells from guinea pigs immunized with DNP protein to which lipid has been covalently attached. Thus, the T-cell population being studied, while recognizing haptens with great precision, appears to require a larger determinant for activation than do hapten-specific B lymphocytes.", "contents": "The specificity of cellular immune responses II. The structure of antigenic determinants leading to T-lymphocyte stimulation. T cells from guinea pigs immunized with the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-coupled directly to mycobacteria are of interest since they recognize and respond to DNP conjugated to many but not all carriers. The experiments reported here further analyze the structure of the complex, chemically defined antigenic determinants recognized by such T cells. These antigenic determinants can have DNP coupled either to the xi-amino group of lysyl residues or to the hydroxyl group of tyrosyl residues. Furthermore, essential contributions to the determinant recognized by such T cells are made by amino acid residues to which the hapten is not attached. Such residues are thought to be close to the hapten group itself, since introducing a small spacer between hapten and carrier prevents recognition. The hapten itself is also recognized and discriminated from other haptens with great precision by these T lymphocytes. The strain of guinea pig immunized affects the precise specificity characteristics of the responding T cells, in a way that may reflect the activity of histocompatibility-linked immune response genes. Finally, the characteristics of the immunogen have been studied. It is thought that the lipid content of the mycobacteria may be critical in inducing the hapten-reactive T cells, and this is supported by finding similar responses in T cells from guinea pigs immunized with DNP protein to which lipid has been covalently attached. Thus, the T-cell population being studied, while recognizing haptens with great precision, appears to require a larger determinant for activation than do hapten-specific B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 63530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_970", "title": "The specificity of cellular immune responses in guinea pigs. III. The precision of antigen recognition by T lymphocytes.", "content": "T lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives of mycobacteria respond to a variety of DNP conjugates. Preincubation of such cells with a given DNP conjugate under conditions which lead to the inactivation of responding cells causes a loss of the response to that conjugate, but has little effect on the response to DNP coupled to unrelated carriers. Thus, the responses of such cells to a variety of DNP conjugates can best be explained by the presence of a mixture of highly specific cells each responding to a different antigenic dterminant rather than by the presence of T cells with specificity limited to the hapten itself. Furthermore, the activity of T cells from DNP-mycobacteria-primed donors could not be blocked by a variety of nonstimulatory DNP conjugates. This suggests that while such T cells clearly recognize DNP with great precision, the receptor does not contain a very high affinity site for the hapten. A possible model for such a T-cell receptor is discussed.", "contents": "The specificity of cellular immune responses in guinea pigs. III. The precision of antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives of mycobacteria respond to a variety of DNP conjugates. Preincubation of such cells with a given DNP conjugate under conditions which lead to the inactivation of responding cells causes a loss of the response to that conjugate, but has little effect on the response to DNP coupled to unrelated carriers. Thus, the responses of such cells to a variety of DNP conjugates can best be explained by the presence of a mixture of highly specific cells each responding to a different antigenic dterminant rather than by the presence of T cells with specificity limited to the hapten itself. Furthermore, the activity of T cells from DNP-mycobacteria-primed donors could not be blocked by a variety of nonstimulatory DNP conjugates. This suggests that while such T cells clearly recognize DNP with great precision, the receptor does not contain a very high affinity site for the hapten. A possible model for such a T-cell receptor is discussed.", "PMID": 63531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_971", "title": "Some properties of antisera to serum amyloid A protein (SAA): inhibition of precipitation by complexing of SAA to albumin.", "content": "Three potent rabbit antisera to human serum amyloid A protein (SAA) appear to be directed exclusibely to the carboxy terminal region not shared with the tissue amyloid A protein. Since binding to albumin completely blocks the reaction of these antisera with the antigen, and since SAA exists in serum complexed to albumin, the anti-SAA cannot be used to detect or quantitate this serum component. The possibility that similar problems will be encountered with immunoassays for molecules that exist complexed to other proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Some properties of antisera to serum amyloid A protein (SAA): inhibition of precipitation by complexing of SAA to albumin. Three potent rabbit antisera to human serum amyloid A protein (SAA) appear to be directed exclusibely to the carboxy terminal region not shared with the tissue amyloid A protein. Since binding to albumin completely blocks the reaction of these antisera with the antigen, and since SAA exists in serum complexed to albumin, the anti-SAA cannot be used to detect or quantitate this serum component. The possibility that similar problems will be encountered with immunoassays for molecules that exist complexed to other proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 63532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_972", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. IV. H-2-linked control of the relative proportions of antibodies produced to different determinants of native nuclease.", "content": "The relative proportions of antibodies of different specificities within antisera raised to native staphylococcal nuclease have been studied in several strains of mice in which the antibody response has been shown to be under H-2-linked Ir-gene control. A method was developed in which binding to different radiolabeled fragments of nuclease was titrated against increasing fragment concentration until the binding capacity of the antiserum for that fragment was saturated. In comparing the low responder (H-2b) strain C57BL/10 with its congenic high responder counterpart B10.A (H-2a), it was found that the two strains made markedly and reproducibly different proportions of antibodies to different determinants on native nuclease. Since these two strains differ only at H-2, and therefore have identical immunoglobulin structural gene repertoires, we conclude that H-2-linked Ir genes can control the response to different determinants on the same antigen molecule independently of one another. This result suggests a possible role of H-2-linked genes in the selection of specific B cells.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. IV. H-2-linked control of the relative proportions of antibodies produced to different determinants of native nuclease. The relative proportions of antibodies of different specificities within antisera raised to native staphylococcal nuclease have been studied in several strains of mice in which the antibody response has been shown to be under H-2-linked Ir-gene control. A method was developed in which binding to different radiolabeled fragments of nuclease was titrated against increasing fragment concentration until the binding capacity of the antiserum for that fragment was saturated. In comparing the low responder (H-2b) strain C57BL/10 with its congenic high responder counterpart B10.A (H-2a), it was found that the two strains made markedly and reproducibly different proportions of antibodies to different determinants on native nuclease. Since these two strains differ only at H-2, and therefore have identical immunoglobulin structural gene repertoires, we conclude that H-2-linked Ir genes can control the response to different determinants on the same antigen molecule independently of one another. This result suggests a possible role of H-2-linked genes in the selection of specific B cells.", "PMID": 63533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_973", "title": "The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. IV. Inhibition of binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fc receptor-positive T cells by anti-Ia sera.", "content": "Treatment of splenic T lymphocytes with anti-Ia antiserum inhibits the binding of antigen-antibody (AgAb) complexes to the majority (less than 50%) of Fc receptor-positive (FcR+) T cells. A similar inhibition was observed with anti-H-2D and anti-H-2K sera but not with anti-Thy 1.2. Despite the presence of Ia determinants on peripheral T cells, as established by the inhibition of AgAb binding, Ia could not be detected on peripheral T cells by immunofluorescence assays. Data obtained with the AgAb-binding inhibition assay indicate that determinants controlled by loci mapping in the I-A and I-C, S, or G regions are present on the FcR+ T cells. Evidence is presented that subpopulations of T cells within the FcR+ T-cell population may be distinguishable on the basis of which I-region-controlled determinant is expressed. The data are discussed in terms of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. IV. Inhibition of binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fc receptor-positive T cells by anti-Ia sera. Treatment of splenic T lymphocytes with anti-Ia antiserum inhibits the binding of antigen-antibody (AgAb) complexes to the majority (less than 50%) of Fc receptor-positive (FcR+) T cells. A similar inhibition was observed with anti-H-2D and anti-H-2K sera but not with anti-Thy 1.2. Despite the presence of Ia determinants on peripheral T cells, as established by the inhibition of AgAb binding, Ia could not be detected on peripheral T cells by immunofluorescence assays. Data obtained with the AgAb-binding inhibition assay indicate that determinants controlled by loci mapping in the I-A and I-C, S, or G regions are present on the FcR+ T cells. Evidence is presented that subpopulations of T cells within the FcR+ T-cell population may be distinguishable on the basis of which I-region-controlled determinant is expressed. The data are discussed in terms of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 63534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_974", "title": "Qualitative patterns of protein synthesis in the mouse oocyte.", "content": "Mouse oocytes were found to synthesize proteins actively at the germinal vesicle, metaphase I, metaphase II, and pronuclear (6 hours post-fertilization) stages. The qualitative pattern components being synthesized in vitro, as demonstrated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, changed throughout maturation and fertilization. Oocytes were arrested at metaphase I by greater than 0.1 mug/ml cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The protein pattern in oocytes cultured in the presence of actinomycin D progresses to a metaphase II pattern in spite of the nuclear maturation arrest, indicating a dissociation between meiotic maturation and the changes in the pattern of proteins synthesized at different stages of maturation.", "contents": "Qualitative patterns of protein synthesis in the mouse oocyte. Mouse oocytes were found to synthesize proteins actively at the germinal vesicle, metaphase I, metaphase II, and pronuclear (6 hours post-fertilization) stages. The qualitative pattern components being synthesized in vitro, as demonstrated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, changed throughout maturation and fertilization. Oocytes were arrested at metaphase I by greater than 0.1 mug/ml cycloheximide or actinomycin D. The protein pattern in oocytes cultured in the presence of actinomycin D progresses to a metaphase II pattern in spite of the nuclear maturation arrest, indicating a dissociation between meiotic maturation and the changes in the pattern of proteins synthesized at different stages of maturation.", "PMID": 63535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_975", "title": "A comparison of four methods used to concentrate Rous sarcoma virus from tissue culture fluids.", "content": "Three methods of pelleting, pelleting followed by Pronase treatment, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-Pronase, and diaflo ultrafiltration (diafiltration) were used to concentrate RSV(RAV-1) from tissue culture fluids. Sucrose-gradient fractions containing virus preparations which had been concentrated by diafiltration or pelleting were heavily contaminated with amorphous debris. This debris was not present in similar, gradient-purified preparations that had been concentrated by the PEG-Pronase or pellet-Pronase methods. Maximum recovery of radiolabelled virus particles and virion-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was obtained in gradient fractions containing virus concentrates prepared by the pellet-Pronase and PEG-Pronase methods. Although there were slight differences in recovery by these two methods, the advantages of the PEG-Pronase method make it the preferred method, especially when large volumes of tissue culture fluids are used.", "contents": "A comparison of four methods used to concentrate Rous sarcoma virus from tissue culture fluids. Three methods of pelleting, pelleting followed by Pronase treatment, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-Pronase, and diaflo ultrafiltration (diafiltration) were used to concentrate RSV(RAV-1) from tissue culture fluids. Sucrose-gradient fractions containing virus preparations which had been concentrated by diafiltration or pelleting were heavily contaminated with amorphous debris. This debris was not present in similar, gradient-purified preparations that had been concentrated by the PEG-Pronase or pellet-Pronase methods. Maximum recovery of radiolabelled virus particles and virion-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was obtained in gradient fractions containing virus concentrates prepared by the pellet-Pronase and PEG-Pronase methods. Although there were slight differences in recovery by these two methods, the advantages of the PEG-Pronase method make it the preferred method, especially when large volumes of tissue culture fluids are used.", "PMID": 63539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_976", "title": "Effects of a memory aid of the three types of conservation in institutionalized retarded children.", "content": "Qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation were assessed in 60 retarded boys and girls in three groups (MAS 5.4,6.3, and 7.5)9 Half of the Ss were provided a memory aid while the other half were not. The memory aid did not facilitate conservation on any of the tasks. The order of task difficulty found was qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation. These data were discussed in terms of memory deficits and factors contributing to conservation and M.A.", "contents": "Effects of a memory aid of the three types of conservation in institutionalized retarded children. Qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation were assessed in 60 retarded boys and girls in three groups (MAS 5.4,6.3, and 7.5)9 Half of the Ss were provided a memory aid while the other half were not. The memory aid did not facilitate conservation on any of the tasks. The order of task difficulty found was qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation. These data were discussed in terms of memory deficits and factors contributing to conservation and M.A.", "PMID": 63540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_977", "title": "Neuron culture from adult goldfish.", "content": "Neurons and glia from the central nervous system of the adult teleost Carassius auratus have been grown as explant cultures of minced brain tissue and as trypsin dissociated cells. These cultures exhibit extensive neurite growth from two neuronal types, have organotypic ultrastructure, and contain electrically active cells. Autoradiographic data indicate that these neurons do not divide in culture, and histological evidence suggests that some mature neurons survive explantation and regenerate processes. However, explantation of brain fragments not containing undifferentiated cells, localized in the ventricular and subventricular zones in the brains of fish, resulted in mesenchymal and glial cell cultures only. Therefore, a contribution to the population of cells in culture by undifferentiated cells must be considered. The cultured neurons remained viable for at least 19 weeks and ultrastructural and electrophysiological data indicate synaptic interaction between cells in explant cultures.", "contents": "Neuron culture from adult goldfish. Neurons and glia from the central nervous system of the adult teleost Carassius auratus have been grown as explant cultures of minced brain tissue and as trypsin dissociated cells. These cultures exhibit extensive neurite growth from two neuronal types, have organotypic ultrastructure, and contain electrically active cells. Autoradiographic data indicate that these neurons do not divide in culture, and histological evidence suggests that some mature neurons survive explantation and regenerate processes. However, explantation of brain fragments not containing undifferentiated cells, localized in the ventricular and subventricular zones in the brains of fish, resulted in mesenchymal and glial cell cultures only. Therefore, a contribution to the population of cells in culture by undifferentiated cells must be considered. The cultured neurons remained viable for at least 19 weeks and ultrastructural and electrophysiological data indicate synaptic interaction between cells in explant cultures.", "PMID": 63541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_978", "title": "Isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of the CSF proteins in tremor of different origins.", "content": "The CSF proteins have previously been very little investigated in the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism and in essential tremor. Such studies have been carried out more thoroughly by electrophoretic methods in Parkinson's disease but generally with normal results. In the present investigation the CSF proteins were examined by isoelectric focusing and quantitative paper electrophoresis in 10 patients with the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholsm, 12 patients with Parkinson's disease and 16 subjects with essential tremor. Abnormal CSF proteins of very similar appearance were found on isoelectric focusing in the acidic pH interval 5.6-5.8 in 80% of the patients with the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism. In Parkinson's disease the most common aberration was evidence of nonspecific blood-CSF-barrier damage which occurred in half of the patients. In only 17% of these cases did other alterations appear, situated in the pH range alkaline to pH 5.8. Abnormal CSF proteins were found in 94% of the patients with essential tremor. The aberrant proteins appeared in both the acidic and alkaline pH regions, most frequently with anisoelectric point at pH 5.9, 7.2 and 9.3. There was a considerably higher frequency of CSF protein abnormalities in different pH ranges in patients with tremor of more pronounced degree as compared to those with only mild symptoms. The electrophoretic examinations failed to show any conclusive alterations. Barrier-damage patterns of mild or moderate degree or slightly increased levels of CSF beta1-globulin were occasionally found in all 3 diseases. The results indicate that isoelectric focusing of the CSF proteins may be of diagnostic value in the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism and in essential tremor but does not reveal any characteristic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of the CSF proteins in tremor of different origins. The CSF proteins have previously been very little investigated in the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism and in essential tremor. Such studies have been carried out more thoroughly by electrophoretic methods in Parkinson's disease but generally with normal results. In the present investigation the CSF proteins were examined by isoelectric focusing and quantitative paper electrophoresis in 10 patients with the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholsm, 12 patients with Parkinson's disease and 16 subjects with essential tremor. Abnormal CSF proteins of very similar appearance were found on isoelectric focusing in the acidic pH interval 5.6-5.8 in 80% of the patients with the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism. In Parkinson's disease the most common aberration was evidence of nonspecific blood-CSF-barrier damage which occurred in half of the patients. In only 17% of these cases did other alterations appear, situated in the pH range alkaline to pH 5.8. Abnormal CSF proteins were found in 94% of the patients with essential tremor. The aberrant proteins appeared in both the acidic and alkaline pH regions, most frequently with anisoelectric point at pH 5.9, 7.2 and 9.3. There was a considerably higher frequency of CSF protein abnormalities in different pH ranges in patients with tremor of more pronounced degree as compared to those with only mild symptoms. The electrophoretic examinations failed to show any conclusive alterations. Barrier-damage patterns of mild or moderate degree or slightly increased levels of CSF beta1-globulin were occasionally found in all 3 diseases. The results indicate that isoelectric focusing of the CSF proteins may be of diagnostic value in the cerebellar syndrome of chronic alcoholism and in essential tremor but does not reveal any characteristic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 63543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_979", "title": "Steroidal compounds (injectable and implants) affecting spermatogenesis in men.", "content": "The effect of androgen and different progestins on spermatogenesis was studied in young men with subfertility, prostatovesiculitis and haematospermia, and in older men with benign hypertrophy of the prostate. The compounds (testosterone, testosterone oenanthate, ethinyl oestradiol, megestrol acetate, ethinyl norgestrienone and Depo-Provera) were administered intramuscularly, orally or as subcutaneous silastic implants.", "contents": "Steroidal compounds (injectable and implants) affecting spermatogenesis in men. The effect of androgen and different progestins on spermatogenesis was studied in young men with subfertility, prostatovesiculitis and haematospermia, and in older men with benign hypertrophy of the prostate. The compounds (testosterone, testosterone oenanthate, ethinyl oestradiol, megestrol acetate, ethinyl norgestrienone and Depo-Provera) were administered intramuscularly, orally or as subcutaneous silastic implants.", "PMID": 63550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_980", "title": "Protein-binding polyhedral boranes.", "content": "A series of polyhedral borane derivatives containing protein-binding functional groups has been synthesized. Problems encountered in earlier studies (low incorporation levels, gross precipitation of conjugates) have been overcome by including a water-solubilizing gluconamide group in the structure. This modification has allowed high levels of boron to be covalently bound to HGG, forming a completely water-soluble conjugate.", "contents": "Protein-binding polyhedral boranes. A series of polyhedral borane derivatives containing protein-binding functional groups has been synthesized. Problems encountered in earlier studies (low incorporation levels, gross precipitation of conjugates) have been overcome by including a water-solubilizing gluconamide group in the structure. This modification has allowed high levels of boron to be covalently bound to HGG, forming a completely water-soluble conjugate.", "PMID": 63551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_981", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 with unexpected increase in alpha-feto protein.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman who had previously given birth to an infant with Down's syndrome was shown by chromosomal analysis of the liquor amnii to be carrying an infant with trisomy D. Routine examination of serum and liquor alpha-feto protein (AFP) in the antenatal period showed unexpected high levels of both, consistent with a neural tube defect. The fetus, however, did not have evidence of a neural tube defect but had scalp defects which were presumed to have allowed the leakage of AFP from the fetus into the liquor amnii and hance into the maternal serum.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 with unexpected increase in alpha-feto protein. A 24-year-old woman who had previously given birth to an infant with Down's syndrome was shown by chromosomal analysis of the liquor amnii to be carrying an infant with trisomy D. Routine examination of serum and liquor alpha-feto protein (AFP) in the antenatal period showed unexpected high levels of both, consistent with a neural tube defect. The fetus, however, did not have evidence of a neural tube defect but had scalp defects which were presumed to have allowed the leakage of AFP from the fetus into the liquor amnii and hance into the maternal serum.", "PMID": 63552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_982", "title": "A serotyping system for Clostridium welchii (C. perfringens) type A, and studies on the type-specific antigens.", "content": "A serotyping scheme for Clostridium welchii (C. perfringens) type A employing 57 antisera has been used to investigate the epidemiology of 153 food-poisoning outbreaks and 32 cases of gas gangrene and other clinical infections. Respectively 65% and 59% of the isolates were typable, and in 55% of the food-poisoning outbreaks the causative serotypes were established. Isolation and reporting methods that would render the typing scheme of even greater epidemiological value are described. The type-specific antigen was shown to reside in the capsule and to be lost from strains that had become rough. Development of roughness and its prevention are described. A great range of antisera and an internationally acceptable serotyping scheme is expected after integration of this set with those developed independently in America and Japan.", "contents": "A serotyping system for Clostridium welchii (C. perfringens) type A, and studies on the type-specific antigens. A serotyping scheme for Clostridium welchii (C. perfringens) type A employing 57 antisera has been used to investigate the epidemiology of 153 food-poisoning outbreaks and 32 cases of gas gangrene and other clinical infections. Respectively 65% and 59% of the isolates were typable, and in 55% of the food-poisoning outbreaks the causative serotypes were established. Isolation and reporting methods that would render the typing scheme of even greater epidemiological value are described. The type-specific antigen was shown to reside in the capsule and to be lost from strains that had become rough. Development of roughness and its prevention are described. A great range of antisera and an internationally acceptable serotyping scheme is expected after integration of this set with those developed independently in America and Japan.", "PMID": 63553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_983", "title": "Xenotropic properties of an isolate from murine Rauscher leukemia virus in primates.", "content": "Murine Rauscher leukemia virus (MuRLV) from BALB/c plasma consisting of a mixture of an ecotropic and a xenotropic virus could be separated out by a selection process when propagated in human and simian cell cultures. This hypothesis is supported by obtaining consistently lower infectivity titers of human cell propagated RLV in human and simian cells as compared to MuRLV propagated in mouse cell cultures. Furthermore, RLV passaged in a simian cell culture failed to replicate in mouse cells, had a wide host range, was able to rescue Moloney sarcoma genome, possessed murine type C group-specific antigen, and was neutralized by anti-HRLV. Its reverse transcriptase was strongly inhibited by antiserum to MuRLV enzyme; however, antiserum to woolly monkey enzyme also inhibited (30%) its reverse transcriptase, suggesting some difference in antigenic properties. Inoculation of this virus in rhesus monkeys was inconclusive.", "contents": "Xenotropic properties of an isolate from murine Rauscher leukemia virus in primates. Murine Rauscher leukemia virus (MuRLV) from BALB/c plasma consisting of a mixture of an ecotropic and a xenotropic virus could be separated out by a selection process when propagated in human and simian cell cultures. This hypothesis is supported by obtaining consistently lower infectivity titers of human cell propagated RLV in human and simian cells as compared to MuRLV propagated in mouse cell cultures. Furthermore, RLV passaged in a simian cell culture failed to replicate in mouse cells, had a wide host range, was able to rescue Moloney sarcoma genome, possessed murine type C group-specific antigen, and was neutralized by anti-HRLV. Its reverse transcriptase was strongly inhibited by antiserum to MuRLV enzyme; however, antiserum to woolly monkey enzyme also inhibited (30%) its reverse transcriptase, suggesting some difference in antigenic properties. Inoculation of this virus in rhesus monkeys was inconclusive.", "PMID": 63554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_984", "title": "Carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 in rhesus monkeys: two additional cases of primary liver cancer.", "content": "Three of 42 (7%) monkeys given aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for longer than 2 years have developed primary malignant neoplasms of the liver. Liver biopsies performed at intervals during aflatoxin administration revealed that neoplasia was preceded by pathologic lesions of the liver, including toxic hepatitis, proliferation of pseudotubules, and hyperplastic nodules. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, monitored in one of the monkeys by radioimmunoassay, paralleled tumor growth and recurrence of the hepatocellular carcinoma. Normal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were noted for a monkey with hemangioendothelial sarcoma. Our results implicate AFB1 as a liver carcinogen in monkeys and add additional support to the hypothesis that humans exposed to this substance may be at risk of developing liver cancer.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 in rhesus monkeys: two additional cases of primary liver cancer. Three of 42 (7%) monkeys given aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for longer than 2 years have developed primary malignant neoplasms of the liver. Liver biopsies performed at intervals during aflatoxin administration revealed that neoplasia was preceded by pathologic lesions of the liver, including toxic hepatitis, proliferation of pseudotubules, and hyperplastic nodules. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, monitored in one of the monkeys by radioimmunoassay, paralleled tumor growth and recurrence of the hepatocellular carcinoma. Normal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were noted for a monkey with hemangioendothelial sarcoma. Our results implicate AFB1 as a liver carcinogen in monkeys and add additional support to the hypothesis that humans exposed to this substance may be at risk of developing liver cancer.", "PMID": 63557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_985", "title": "Interaction analysis of selective and nonselective cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "The coexistence of selective and nonselective cytotoxic cells in effector suspensions required a method of separating the two effects before specificities in cell-mediated cytotoxicity could be investigated. A method of analysis was derived which used the average cytotoxicity for each effector and target to estimate selective and nonselective cytotoxic effects. The analysis clearly detected specificity in tests of cell-mediated lympholysis, and application to tests of cell-mediated cytotoxicity on cultured human tumor cells showed that selective reactions were found.", "contents": "Interaction analysis of selective and nonselective cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The coexistence of selective and nonselective cytotoxic cells in effector suspensions required a method of separating the two effects before specificities in cell-mediated cytotoxicity could be investigated. A method of analysis was derived which used the average cytotoxicity for each effector and target to estimate selective and nonselective cytotoxic effects. The analysis clearly detected specificity in tests of cell-mediated lympholysis, and application to tests of cell-mediated cytotoxicity on cultured human tumor cells showed that selective reactions were found.", "PMID": 63558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_986", "title": "Host response to tumor-associated fetal antigens: kinetics and components.", "content": "Using a colony-inhibition bioassay that measures the contribution of the host response in transplantation immunity to tumor-associated fetal antigens (TAFA), I evaluated the occurrence of TAFA during different developmental stages of murine fetal liver cells. A maximum concentration of TAFA was present at approximately 15 days' gestation. A similar age-equivalence phase of gestation was also found in pig fetal liver. Host-response kinetics to TAFA were examined, and results indicated a similar pattern of activity for tumor- or fetal-immunized groups with a transient immune suppression in the middle of the study period. I detected specific antibodies generated by tumor and fetal cell immunization by a complement-dependent serum microcytotoxicity assay. The specificity of the reaction was evaluated further by absorption studies that demonstrated specific cross-reactive antibodies to fetal and tumor cell targets. Adoptive transplanted immunity to TAFA was indirectly evaluated by a modified Winn assay which indicated that a cellular immune mechanism was an important component of the host response to TAFA.", "contents": "Host response to tumor-associated fetal antigens: kinetics and components. Using a colony-inhibition bioassay that measures the contribution of the host response in transplantation immunity to tumor-associated fetal antigens (TAFA), I evaluated the occurrence of TAFA during different developmental stages of murine fetal liver cells. A maximum concentration of TAFA was present at approximately 15 days' gestation. A similar age-equivalence phase of gestation was also found in pig fetal liver. Host-response kinetics to TAFA were examined, and results indicated a similar pattern of activity for tumor- or fetal-immunized groups with a transient immune suppression in the middle of the study period. I detected specific antibodies generated by tumor and fetal cell immunization by a complement-dependent serum microcytotoxicity assay. The specificity of the reaction was evaluated further by absorption studies that demonstrated specific cross-reactive antibodies to fetal and tumor cell targets. Adoptive transplanted immunity to TAFA was indirectly evaluated by a modified Winn assay which indicated that a cellular immune mechanism was an important component of the host response to TAFA.", "PMID": 63559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_987", "title": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. II. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes to murine oncofetal antigens.", "content": "The presence of oncofetal antigens (OFA) on a wide variety of murine tumor cells was demonstrated to a totally in vitro system of cellular immunity. Nonimmune spleen lymphocytes were cocultivated with irradiated syngeneic fetal liver cells and, at various times after initiation of culture, were tested for the presence of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) by 51Cr-release assay with labeled tumor target cells. Significant cytotoxic activity was regularly detected after such culture, whereas only minor levels appeared in control cultures of spleen lymphocytes with irradiated syngeneic spleen cells. Specificity of the reaction was assessed by inhibition tests in which nonlabeled cells were admixed to the CL and 51Cr-labeled tumor targets. Fetal liver cells gave significant inhibition; however, no inhibition was found with adult spleen cells. Various tumor types gave inhibition, and fibrosarcomas were more effective than plasmacytomas or lymphomas. The results suggested that all tumor types tested possess such OFA, as well as their unique or virus-associated, tumor-associated transplantation antigens, and that the in vitro system permits a more active response to the tumor-associated OFA than that observed in in vivo studies.", "contents": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. II. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes to murine oncofetal antigens. The presence of oncofetal antigens (OFA) on a wide variety of murine tumor cells was demonstrated to a totally in vitro system of cellular immunity. Nonimmune spleen lymphocytes were cocultivated with irradiated syngeneic fetal liver cells and, at various times after initiation of culture, were tested for the presence of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) by 51Cr-release assay with labeled tumor target cells. Significant cytotoxic activity was regularly detected after such culture, whereas only minor levels appeared in control cultures of spleen lymphocytes with irradiated syngeneic spleen cells. Specificity of the reaction was assessed by inhibition tests in which nonlabeled cells were admixed to the CL and 51Cr-labeled tumor targets. Fetal liver cells gave significant inhibition; however, no inhibition was found with adult spleen cells. Various tumor types gave inhibition, and fibrosarcomas were more effective than plasmacytomas or lymphomas. The results suggested that all tumor types tested possess such OFA, as well as their unique or virus-associated, tumor-associated transplantation antigens, and that the in vitro system permits a more active response to the tumor-associated OFA than that observed in in vivo studies.", "PMID": 63560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_988", "title": "Induction of tumors in Syrian hamsters by a human renal papovavirus, RF strain.", "content": "Injection of RF virus (RFV), a papovavirus isolated from human urine, into newborn Syrian hamsters induced subcutaneous sarcomas in 50% of the recipients with 18- to 48-week latent periods. Transplantation of 2 X 10(6) primary RFV-induced tumor cells into weaning hamsters caused tumors in 100% of the recipients within 1-2 weeks. Continuous tissue culture cell lines were established from two primary tumors; one of these was transplantable. An in vitro-transformed continuous cell line (RF-194) obtained by infection of primary hamster embryo fibroblasts with RFV was transplantable in weaning hamsters. Neither infectious RFV nor virion antigens were detected in transformed cells. No RFV was recovered when transformed cells were fused with permissive, human embryo kidney cells by means of inactivated Sendai virus. Immunoperoxidase staining was used to show that all three RFV-transformed cell lines contained an intranuclear T-antigen closely similar to that of simian virus 40(SV40)-infected cells. Most hamsters (84%) with primary or transplanted RFV tumors responded with antibodies that reacted with RFV T-antigen and the T-antigen of SV40-infected cells. Likewise, hamster antisera against SV40 T-antigen cross-reacted with RFV T-antigen. Adsorption of RFV T-antisera with an excess of lyophilized SV40-transformed cells removed all detectable activity against SV40 T-antigen but left significant activity against RFV T-antigen. The reciprocal adsorption produced an antiserum spedicic for SV40 T-antigen. Thus human and simian papovavirus T-antigens were related but immunologically separable.", "contents": "Induction of tumors in Syrian hamsters by a human renal papovavirus, RF strain. Injection of RF virus (RFV), a papovavirus isolated from human urine, into newborn Syrian hamsters induced subcutaneous sarcomas in 50% of the recipients with 18- to 48-week latent periods. Transplantation of 2 X 10(6) primary RFV-induced tumor cells into weaning hamsters caused tumors in 100% of the recipients within 1-2 weeks. Continuous tissue culture cell lines were established from two primary tumors; one of these was transplantable. An in vitro-transformed continuous cell line (RF-194) obtained by infection of primary hamster embryo fibroblasts with RFV was transplantable in weaning hamsters. Neither infectious RFV nor virion antigens were detected in transformed cells. No RFV was recovered when transformed cells were fused with permissive, human embryo kidney cells by means of inactivated Sendai virus. Immunoperoxidase staining was used to show that all three RFV-transformed cell lines contained an intranuclear T-antigen closely similar to that of simian virus 40(SV40)-infected cells. Most hamsters (84%) with primary or transplanted RFV tumors responded with antibodies that reacted with RFV T-antigen and the T-antigen of SV40-infected cells. Likewise, hamster antisera against SV40 T-antigen cross-reacted with RFV T-antigen. Adsorption of RFV T-antisera with an excess of lyophilized SV40-transformed cells removed all detectable activity against SV40 T-antigen but left significant activity against RFV T-antigen. The reciprocal adsorption produced an antiserum spedicic for SV40 T-antigen. Thus human and simian papovavirus T-antigens were related but immunologically separable.", "PMID": 63561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_989", "title": "Effect of ethidium bromide on transplanted virus-induced tumor cells.", "content": "Ethidium bromide (2,3-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide) significantly inhibited the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of types A and C particles isolated from transplanted adenovirus 12-induced tumors of CBA mice. It was also cytotoxic for an established in vitro line of adenovirus 12-induced tumor cells of CBA mice and caused cell death, inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake, and a significant reduction of cells in metaphase. Ethidium bromide significantly inhibited the in vivo growth of transplanted adenovirus 12-induced tumor cells of CBA mice, simian virus 40-induced tumor cells of hamsters, and murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma cells of BALB/c mice. The compound may have exerted the antitumor activity by selectively affecting oncornavirus in the tumor cells.", "contents": "Effect of ethidium bromide on transplanted virus-induced tumor cells. Ethidium bromide (2,3-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide) significantly inhibited the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of types A and C particles isolated from transplanted adenovirus 12-induced tumors of CBA mice. It was also cytotoxic for an established in vitro line of adenovirus 12-induced tumor cells of CBA mice and caused cell death, inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake, and a significant reduction of cells in metaphase. Ethidium bromide significantly inhibited the in vivo growth of transplanted adenovirus 12-induced tumor cells of CBA mice, simian virus 40-induced tumor cells of hamsters, and murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma cells of BALB/c mice. The compound may have exerted the antitumor activity by selectively affecting oncornavirus in the tumor cells.", "PMID": 63562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_990", "title": "Detection, quantitation, and characterization of the major internal virion antigen of the bovine leukemia virus by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The major internal polypeptide of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was purified to homogeneity with the use of gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Like previous results, the protein had a molecular weight of 25,000 daltons as determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. More than 90% of the 125I-labeled protein was precipitated by bovine sera that reacted in immunofluorescence tests with acetone-fixed BLV-infected cells. In contrast, minimal precipitation (less than 5%) was observed with sera from 36 cattle in leukemia-free herds; these sera, negative by immunofluorescence, included six samples that had high titers of antibodies to the foamy-like bovine syncytia virus (BSV). Antisera prepared against several other oncornaviruses or the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) did not bind the BLV p25 protein. Conversely, the labeled p30 polypeptides of several oncornaviruses tested did not react with bovine sera that had high titers of antibodies to BLV p25. Competitive radioimmunoassay(s) (RIA) also failed to detect cross-reactions between BLV p25 protein and the internal polypeptides of other mammalian and avian oncornaviruses, M-PMV, or foamy-like BSV. The RIA for BLV p25 antigen was also highly sensitive and specific for the detection and quantitation of the antigen in virus preparations and cell homogenates.", "contents": "Detection, quantitation, and characterization of the major internal virion antigen of the bovine leukemia virus by radioimmunoassay. The major internal polypeptide of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was purified to homogeneity with the use of gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Like previous results, the protein had a molecular weight of 25,000 daltons as determined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. More than 90% of the 125I-labeled protein was precipitated by bovine sera that reacted in immunofluorescence tests with acetone-fixed BLV-infected cells. In contrast, minimal precipitation (less than 5%) was observed with sera from 36 cattle in leukemia-free herds; these sera, negative by immunofluorescence, included six samples that had high titers of antibodies to the foamy-like bovine syncytia virus (BSV). Antisera prepared against several other oncornaviruses or the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) did not bind the BLV p25 protein. Conversely, the labeled p30 polypeptides of several oncornaviruses tested did not react with bovine sera that had high titers of antibodies to BLV p25. Competitive radioimmunoassay(s) (RIA) also failed to detect cross-reactions between BLV p25 protein and the internal polypeptides of other mammalian and avian oncornaviruses, M-PMV, or foamy-like BSV. The RIA for BLV p25 antigen was also highly sensitive and specific for the detection and quantitation of the antigen in virus preparations and cell homogenates.", "PMID": 63563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_991", "title": "Safety of viral vaccine cell substrates: a reevaluation.", "content": "Primary cultures of African green monkey kidney and rabbit kidney as well as diploid cell lines WI-38 and DBS-FRhL-2 were examined for evidence of tumorigenicity and latent RNA tumor viruses. Cells inoculated into immunosuppressed newborn hamsters and rhesus monkeys were not tumorigenic. Cells treated with 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine to induce the production of latent viruses were examined by electron microscopy, density gradient centrifugation, and the reverse transcriptase enzyme assay. No evidence was found for RNA tumor viruses by the biochemical or biophysical methods used. The results indicated that each type of mammalian cell currently used in the production of virus vaccines would be acceptable for these parameters of safety if similar control procedures were applied at the time the vaccines were manufactured.", "contents": "Safety of viral vaccine cell substrates: a reevaluation. Primary cultures of African green monkey kidney and rabbit kidney as well as diploid cell lines WI-38 and DBS-FRhL-2 were examined for evidence of tumorigenicity and latent RNA tumor viruses. Cells inoculated into immunosuppressed newborn hamsters and rhesus monkeys were not tumorigenic. Cells treated with 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine to induce the production of latent viruses were examined by electron microscopy, density gradient centrifugation, and the reverse transcriptase enzyme assay. No evidence was found for RNA tumor viruses by the biochemical or biophysical methods used. The results indicated that each type of mammalian cell currently used in the production of virus vaccines would be acceptable for these parameters of safety if similar control procedures were applied at the time the vaccines were manufactured.", "PMID": 63564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_992", "title": "Potentiation of cytotoxic T-cell function by virus.", "content": "Inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with allogeneic P815 mastocytoma cells in the presence of simian virus 40 (SV40), a DNA tumor virus, led to an enhanced cytolytic T-cell response to P815 in vivo. Cytotoxic function was also augmented if SV40 was given subsequent to a primary immunization, even when mice were given a suboptimal dose of immunizing cells. Although SV40 increased the cell-mediated immune response to allogeneic cells, it did not enhance the antibody response to the soluble antigen dinitrophenyl bovine gamma-globulin, a helper T-cell-dependent response. Thus it appeared that SV40 had a selective adjuvant effect on lymphocyte subpopulations, since it increased cytotoxicity but not helper T-cell function.", "contents": "Potentiation of cytotoxic T-cell function by virus. Inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with allogeneic P815 mastocytoma cells in the presence of simian virus 40 (SV40), a DNA tumor virus, led to an enhanced cytolytic T-cell response to P815 in vivo. Cytotoxic function was also augmented if SV40 was given subsequent to a primary immunization, even when mice were given a suboptimal dose of immunizing cells. Although SV40 increased the cell-mediated immune response to allogeneic cells, it did not enhance the antibody response to the soluble antigen dinitrophenyl bovine gamma-globulin, a helper T-cell-dependent response. Thus it appeared that SV40 had a selective adjuvant effect on lymphocyte subpopulations, since it increased cytotoxicity but not helper T-cell function.", "PMID": 63565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_993", "title": "Role of divalent ion complex formation in pyran--inhibition of nucleic acid biosynthesis.", "content": "The degree of inhibition of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II and Moloney leukemia virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase by pyran copolymer was dependent on the concentration of the divalent cation cofactor in the reaction mixture. Inhibition was completely blocked by an excess of divalent cations. It was concluded that pyran inhibited these enzymes by complexing with the essential divalent cation cofactor.", "contents": "Role of divalent ion complex formation in pyran--inhibition of nucleic acid biosynthesis. The degree of inhibition of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II and Moloney leukemia virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase by pyran copolymer was dependent on the concentration of the divalent cation cofactor in the reaction mixture. Inhibition was completely blocked by an excess of divalent cations. It was concluded that pyran inhibited these enzymes by complexing with the essential divalent cation cofactor.", "PMID": 63566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_994", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of alpha fetoprotein in yolk sac carcinomas of the rat.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was demonstrated by the immunofluorescent antibody staining technique in 1 primary and 3 transplantable yolk sac carcinomas of rats. AFP was observed only in structures with a characteristic endodermal appearance. This protein was not detected in embryonal carcinoma cells.20", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of alpha fetoprotein in yolk sac carcinomas of the rat. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was demonstrated by the immunofluorescent antibody staining technique in 1 primary and 3 transplantable yolk sac carcinomas of rats. AFP was observed only in structures with a characteristic endodermal appearance. This protein was not detected in embryonal carcinoma cells.20", "PMID": 63567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_995", "title": "Combined cystometric, sphincter electromyographic and uroflowmetric studies before and after transurethral resection of the prostate.", "content": "Detrusor and urethral function was studied in 10 patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate by  means of flowmetry, and simultaneous gas cystometry and integrated sphincter electromyography. THE PATIENTas cystometry and integrated sphincter electromyography. The patient had no clinical signs of neurological disease. Six had neurogenic exaggeration of the detrusor reflex in the preoperative studies. In 3 patients changes in the detrusor reflex were found postoperatively. Postural changes in detrusor reflex excitability were encountered preoperatively and postoperatively. The preoperative finding of detrusor hyperreflexia in the majority of the patients is ascribed to lesions in the detrusor reflex organization at 2 anatomical sites: 1) a subclinical lesion of the cerebral circuits of the detrusor reflex control owing to arteriosclerosis and 2) an increase of sensory detrusor-reflex triggering stimuli from the morphologically changed prostatic urethra. The study calls for diagnostic techniques for delineation of minimal cerebrospinal impairment and objective assessment of the sensory innervation of the urethra.", "contents": "Combined cystometric, sphincter electromyographic and uroflowmetric studies before and after transurethral resection of the prostate. Detrusor and urethral function was studied in 10 patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate by  means of flowmetry, and simultaneous gas cystometry and integrated sphincter electromyography. THE PATIENTas cystometry and integrated sphincter electromyography. The patient had no clinical signs of neurological disease. Six had neurogenic exaggeration of the detrusor reflex in the preoperative studies. In 3 patients changes in the detrusor reflex were found postoperatively. Postural changes in detrusor reflex excitability were encountered preoperatively and postoperatively. The preoperative finding of detrusor hyperreflexia in the majority of the patients is ascribed to lesions in the detrusor reflex organization at 2 anatomical sites: 1) a subclinical lesion of the cerebral circuits of the detrusor reflex control owing to arteriosclerosis and 2) an increase of sensory detrusor-reflex triggering stimuli from the morphologically changed prostatic urethra. The study calls for diagnostic techniques for delineation of minimal cerebrospinal impairment and objective assessment of the sensory innervation of the urethra.", "PMID": 63571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_996", "title": "The Gibbons indwelling silicone ureteral stent catheter.", "content": "A method is described to facilitate the placement of the Gibbons indwelling silicone ureteral stent catheter using 2 ureteral catheters. The small catheter is placed within the silicone stent and the larger one is placed over the smaller catheter, fixing the ureteral stent within the obstructed ureter.", "contents": "The Gibbons indwelling silicone ureteral stent catheter. A method is described to facilitate the placement of the Gibbons indwelling silicone ureteral stent catheter using 2 ureteral catheters. The small catheter is placed within the silicone stent and the larger one is placed over the smaller catheter, fixing the ureteral stent within the obstructed ureter.", "PMID": 63573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_997", "title": "[Study of the interdependence between prostatic hypertrophy and disorders in hormone levels. Preliminary report. 1. Study of blood testosterone].", "content": "Using the radioimmunological method and applying the double antibody separation technique, testosterone was determined in 14 patients and LH in a few. A group of men in good health aged between 20 and 60 years (22 persons) was used as a control and a group of men aged from 60 to 90 years (24 persons) in whom the size of the prostate gland corresponded to their age. In 4 patients, testosterone levels were determined before and after prostatectomy. It was found that testosterone levels in the serum of men aged over 60, in good health, were markedly lower. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy showed testosterone concentrations several times higher than the men in the control groups. Testosterone levels in patients with considerable hypertrophy of the prostate were higher than in patients with moderate hypertrophy. Adenomectomy had a remarkable influence on the decrease of testosterone in the serum.", "contents": "[Study of the interdependence between prostatic hypertrophy and disorders in hormone levels. Preliminary report. 1. Study of blood testosterone]. Using the radioimmunological method and applying the double antibody separation technique, testosterone was determined in 14 patients and LH in a few. A group of men in good health aged between 20 and 60 years (22 persons) was used as a control and a group of men aged from 60 to 90 years (24 persons) in whom the size of the prostate gland corresponded to their age. In 4 patients, testosterone levels were determined before and after prostatectomy. It was found that testosterone levels in the serum of men aged over 60, in good health, were markedly lower. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy showed testosterone concentrations several times higher than the men in the control groups. Testosterone levels in patients with considerable hypertrophy of the prostate were higher than in patients with moderate hypertrophy. Adenomectomy had a remarkable influence on the decrease of testosterone in the serum.", "PMID": 63569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_998", "title": "Improved chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer.", "content": "Two combination chemotherapy regimens for disseminated testicular cancer are described. Our present regimen of platinum vinblastine and bleomycin has been highly successful, producing 16 complete (80 per cent) and 4 partial (20 per cent) remissions. Furthermore, 2 patients have been rendered free of disease by the surgical removal of residual disease, making the effective complete remission rate in these 20 patients 90 per cent. Of these patients 16 are alive and 14 are free of disease for more than 8 to more than 20 months. Despite the significant toxicity during the first 12 weeks of this therapeutic regimen it usually was manageable and maintenance therapy produced minimal toxicity. We believe that this regimen is a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "contents": "Improved chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Two combination chemotherapy regimens for disseminated testicular cancer are described. Our present regimen of platinum vinblastine and bleomycin has been highly successful, producing 16 complete (80 per cent) and 4 partial (20 per cent) remissions. Furthermore, 2 patients have been rendered free of disease by the surgical removal of residual disease, making the effective complete remission rate in these 20 patients 90 per cent. Of these patients 16 are alive and 14 are free of disease for more than 8 to more than 20 months. Despite the significant toxicity during the first 12 weeks of this therapeutic regimen it usually was manageable and maintenance therapy produced minimal toxicity. We believe that this regimen is a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "PMID": 63574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_999", "title": "[Abnormality of the pyelo-ureteric junction revealed by a prostatic adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "An acquired hydronephrosis proximal to obstruction caused by a proastatic adenoma regressed after surgical removal of the latter. On this basis, the authors review the lesions predisposing to abnormalities of the junction and the circumstances which may provoke a hydronephrosis.", "contents": "[Abnormality of the pyelo-ureteric junction revealed by a prostatic adenoma (author's transl)]. An acquired hydronephrosis proximal to obstruction caused by a proastatic adenoma regressed after surgical removal of the latter. On this basis, the authors review the lesions predisposing to abnormalities of the junction and the circumstances which may provoke a hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 63570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1000", "title": "Prostatism and prostatectomy: the value of urine flow rate measurement in the preoperative assessment for operation.", "content": "Urine flow rates were measured before and after elective prostatic operations in 53 patients. The over-all success rate was 72 per cent, as assessed by the changes in symptoms and urine flow rates. Patients with less than a satisfactory operative result had more frequency and urgency and higher preoperative urine flow rates than patients with good results from the operation. Since bladder conditions unassociated with bladder outflow obstruction may be responsible for the poor results it is recommended that urine flow rates be measured before an elective prostatic operation so that patients unlikely to benefit from an operation may be identified.", "contents": "Prostatism and prostatectomy: the value of urine flow rate measurement in the preoperative assessment for operation. Urine flow rates were measured before and after elective prostatic operations in 53 patients. The over-all success rate was 72 per cent, as assessed by the changes in symptoms and urine flow rates. Patients with less than a satisfactory operative result had more frequency and urgency and higher preoperative urine flow rates than patients with good results from the operation. Since bladder conditions unassociated with bladder outflow obstruction may be responsible for the poor results it is recommended that urine flow rates be measured before an elective prostatic operation so that patients unlikely to benefit from an operation may be identified.", "PMID": 63575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1001", "title": "Radical prostatectomy: palliation for stage C carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "An objective comparison is made of patients with stage C carcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy versus more conservative measures. Morbidity from local manifestations of the tumor left in situ was markedly increased, whereas those patients afforded an extirpative operation had a much improved quality of life.", "contents": "Radical prostatectomy: palliation for stage C carcinoma of the prostate. An objective comparison is made of patients with stage C carcinoma of the prostate treated with radical prostatectomy versus more conservative measures. Morbidity from local manifestations of the tumor left in situ was markedly increased, whereas those patients afforded an extirpative operation had a much improved quality of life.", "PMID": 63576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1002", "title": "Self-instructional emergency medicine program for medical students.", "content": "A self-instructional program in emergency medicine has been developed for freshmen medical students at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. The cognitive objective of the course is to give the student the minimum level of knowledge to diagnose emergency medical conditions. Performance of the appropriate practical treatment is the course's psychomotor objective. Evaluation of the student's grasp of the program's cognitive and psychomotor objectives is accomplished by the written and practical examination for certification of emergency medical technicians and practical tests in basic life-support. Self-instructional guides, algorithms, videotapes and reading materials are the educational resources for the course. As a result of successful completion of the training program, the student is certified as an emergency medical technician in the Commonwealth of Virginia.", "contents": "Self-instructional emergency medicine program for medical students. A self-instructional program in emergency medicine has been developed for freshmen medical students at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. The cognitive objective of the course is to give the student the minimum level of knowledge to diagnose emergency medical conditions. Performance of the appropriate practical treatment is the course's psychomotor objective. Evaluation of the student's grasp of the program's cognitive and psychomotor objectives is accomplished by the written and practical examination for certification of emergency medical technicians and practical tests in basic life-support. Self-instructional guides, algorithms, videotapes and reading materials are the educational resources for the course. As a result of successful completion of the training program, the student is certified as an emergency medical technician in the Commonwealth of Virginia.", "PMID": 63582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1003", "title": "Pathogenesis of polycation-induced alterations (\"fusion\") of glomerular epithelium.", "content": "Perfusion of rat kidneys with polycations (protamine sulfate, poly-L-lysine), resulted in glomerular epithelial alterations very similar to those observed in proteinuric states, particularly rat aminonucleoside nephrosis. Such changes did not occur after exposure to neutral or anionic macromolecules (poly-DL-alanine, myoglobin, heparin, poly-L-glutamic acid and ovalbumin). Morphigenetic factors in the polycation-induced lesion included retraction and flattening of foot processes, narrowing of filtration slits, formation of occluding junctions between foot processes and cell swelling. The associated suppression of histochemically demonstrable glomerular polyanion suggested that neutralization of cell surface anionic sites was an important factor in the causation of the lesion, which was reversible by reperfusion with heparin. Observations by freeze-fracture confirmed the similarity of the polycation-induced lesion to the epithelial changes in rat aminonucleoside nephrosis. Following exposure to polycations there was also \"staining\" of anionic sites on epithelial and endothelial cell membranes and glomerular basement membrane. Reperfusion of protamine-treated kidneys with heparin resulted in restoration of previously suppressed colloidal iron staining and the formation of spherical, electron-dense (heparin-protamine) complexes within the glomerular filter.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of polycation-induced alterations (\"fusion\") of glomerular epithelium. Perfusion of rat kidneys with polycations (protamine sulfate, poly-L-lysine), resulted in glomerular epithelial alterations very similar to those observed in proteinuric states, particularly rat aminonucleoside nephrosis. Such changes did not occur after exposure to neutral or anionic macromolecules (poly-DL-alanine, myoglobin, heparin, poly-L-glutamic acid and ovalbumin). Morphigenetic factors in the polycation-induced lesion included retraction and flattening of foot processes, narrowing of filtration slits, formation of occluding junctions between foot processes and cell swelling. The associated suppression of histochemically demonstrable glomerular polyanion suggested that neutralization of cell surface anionic sites was an important factor in the causation of the lesion, which was reversible by reperfusion with heparin. Observations by freeze-fracture confirmed the similarity of the polycation-induced lesion to the epithelial changes in rat aminonucleoside nephrosis. Following exposure to polycations there was also \"staining\" of anionic sites on epithelial and endothelial cell membranes and glomerular basement membrane. Reperfusion of protamine-treated kidneys with heparin resulted in restoration of previously suppressed colloidal iron staining and the formation of spherical, electron-dense (heparin-protamine) complexes within the glomerular filter.", "PMID": 63647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1004", "title": "Sequelae of concussion caused by minor head injuries.", "content": "Of 145 patients with concussion from minor head injuries admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, over one year, 49.0 per cent had no symptoms, 38.9 per cent had between 1 and 6 symptoms, and 2.1 per cent had more than 6 symptoms about six weeks after the accident. There was significant correlation between a high symptom-rate at six weeks and positive neurological signs and symptoms at twenty-four hours. Post-concussion symptoms were more frequent in women, in those injured by falls, and in those who blamed their employers or large impersonal organisations for their accidents. The results suggest that both organic and neurotic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of symptoms at six weeks.", "contents": "Sequelae of concussion caused by minor head injuries. Of 145 patients with concussion from minor head injuries admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, over one year, 49.0 per cent had no symptoms, 38.9 per cent had between 1 and 6 symptoms, and 2.1 per cent had more than 6 symptoms about six weeks after the accident. There was significant correlation between a high symptom-rate at six weeks and positive neurological signs and symptoms at twenty-four hours. Post-concussion symptoms were more frequent in women, in those injured by falls, and in those who blamed their employers or large impersonal organisations for their accidents. The results suggest that both organic and neurotic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of symptoms at six weeks.", "PMID": 63653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1005", "title": "Hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis: Diminished degradation or hypersecretion?", "content": "The breakdown of proinsulin in the pancreatic beta cell yields insulin and C-peptide which are secreted in equimolar amounts. Unlike insulin, C-peptide is not degraded significantly by the liver, so that its measurement should give a better assessment of insulin secretion than estimation of peripheral insulin levels alone; particularly in the presence of hepatic dysfunction. Plasma C-peptide and insulin response to an oral glucose load have therefore been assessed in 14 cirrhotic and 7 normal subjects. Cirrhotic patients were divided into hyperinsulinaemic and normoinsulinaemic groups based on fasting plasma-insulin concentrations. Fasting blood-blucose and plasma-C-peptide concentrations were the same in normal and cirrhotic subjects, suggesting that basal pancreatic insulin secretion was the same in all subjects. Thus the C-peptide/insulin ratio was significantly decreased in hyperinsulinaemic subjects (2-13 +/- 0-31, compared with 4-63 +/- 0-48 in controls). After oral glucose, the two groups of cirrhotic patients showed the same glucose intolerance. C-peptide concentrations were also the same but insulin concentrations were markedly increased in the hyperinsulinaemic group. It is suggested that pancreatic insulin secretion is not increased in cirrhosis and that the peripheral hyperinsulinism is due solely to decreased hepatic insulin degradation secondary to either spontaneous portal-systemic shunting or to parenchymal damage.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis: Diminished degradation or hypersecretion? The breakdown of proinsulin in the pancreatic beta cell yields insulin and C-peptide which are secreted in equimolar amounts. Unlike insulin, C-peptide is not degraded significantly by the liver, so that its measurement should give a better assessment of insulin secretion than estimation of peripheral insulin levels alone; particularly in the presence of hepatic dysfunction. Plasma C-peptide and insulin response to an oral glucose load have therefore been assessed in 14 cirrhotic and 7 normal subjects. Cirrhotic patients were divided into hyperinsulinaemic and normoinsulinaemic groups based on fasting plasma-insulin concentrations. Fasting blood-blucose and plasma-C-peptide concentrations were the same in normal and cirrhotic subjects, suggesting that basal pancreatic insulin secretion was the same in all subjects. Thus the C-peptide/insulin ratio was significantly decreased in hyperinsulinaemic subjects (2-13 +/- 0-31, compared with 4-63 +/- 0-48 in controls). After oral glucose, the two groups of cirrhotic patients showed the same glucose intolerance. C-peptide concentrations were also the same but insulin concentrations were markedly increased in the hyperinsulinaemic group. It is suggested that pancreatic insulin secretion is not increased in cirrhosis and that the peripheral hyperinsulinism is due solely to decreased hepatic insulin degradation secondary to either spontaneous portal-systemic shunting or to parenchymal damage.", "PMID": 63654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1006", "title": "Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to tinea imbricata.", "content": "Familial distribution of chronic tinea imbricata in an untreated Melanesian population was consistent with a genetic predisposition to this disease. The pattern suggested that susceptibility to chronic Trichophyton concentricum infection is recessively inherited and controlled by genes at a single autosomal locus. In married couples there was no concordance of the disease above that expected by chance and the observed segregation of tinea imbricata accorded well with that predicted by the genetic hypothesis.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to tinea imbricata. Familial distribution of chronic tinea imbricata in an untreated Melanesian population was consistent with a genetic predisposition to this disease. The pattern suggested that susceptibility to chronic Trichophyton concentricum infection is recessively inherited and controlled by genes at a single autosomal locus. In married couples there was no concordance of the disease above that expected by chance and the observed segregation of tinea imbricata accorded well with that predicted by the genetic hypothesis.", "PMID": 63655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1007", "title": "Subcutaneous fat in newborn infants of diabetic mothers: An indication of quality of diabetic control.", "content": "Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured in 40 newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Maternal fasting blood-glucose and mean blood-glucose in the third trimester correlated significantly with neonatal skinfold thickness. Skinfold measurement, when compared with a reference range for gestational age, may be a convenient way of assessing one effect of maternal diabetes on the fetus. Gluteal adipose-cell diameter was measured in 31 infants of diabetic mothers. The fattest babies had the largest adipose cells and there was a significant positive correlation between maternal fasting blood-glucose and neonatal adipose cell diameter. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in diabetic pregnancy fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinism stimulate increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose cells and enlargement of adipose cells and lead to an increase in fetal subcutaneous fat.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat in newborn infants of diabetic mothers: An indication of quality of diabetic control. Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured in 40 newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Maternal fasting blood-glucose and mean blood-glucose in the third trimester correlated significantly with neonatal skinfold thickness. Skinfold measurement, when compared with a reference range for gestational age, may be a convenient way of assessing one effect of maternal diabetes on the fetus. Gluteal adipose-cell diameter was measured in 31 infants of diabetic mothers. The fattest babies had the largest adipose cells and there was a significant positive correlation between maternal fasting blood-glucose and neonatal adipose cell diameter. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in diabetic pregnancy fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinism stimulate increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose cells and enlargement of adipose cells and lead to an increase in fetal subcutaneous fat.", "PMID": 63656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1008", "title": "Human arterial and venous tissues generate prostacyclin (prostaglandin x), a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "content": "Fresh rings of arteries and veins obtained from surgical specimens generated an unstable substance, prostacyclin (prostaglandinx, [P.G.X]) WHICH IS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF PLATELET AGGREGATION. The spontaneous generation of prostacyclin as well as its generation from exogenous arachidonic acid was inhibit by incubation of the tissues with a prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor such as indomethacin, whilst the generation induced by prostaglandin endoperoxides was not. 15-Hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (a lipid hydroperoxide) inhibited the generation of prostacyclin in all three situations. It is postulated that prostacyclin is important for prevention of deposition of platelets on the vessel wall and that the inhibition or prevention of the generation of prostacyclin is important in the genesis of diseases, especially those in which increased lipid peroxidation occurs, such as atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Human arterial and venous tissues generate prostacyclin (prostaglandin x), a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Fresh rings of arteries and veins obtained from surgical specimens generated an unstable substance, prostacyclin (prostaglandinx, [P.G.X]) WHICH IS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF PLATELET AGGREGATION. The spontaneous generation of prostacyclin as well as its generation from exogenous arachidonic acid was inhibit by incubation of the tissues with a prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor such as indomethacin, whilst the generation induced by prostaglandin endoperoxides was not. 15-Hydroperoxyarachidonic acid (a lipid hydroperoxide) inhibited the generation of prostacyclin in all three situations. It is postulated that prostacyclin is important for prevention of deposition of platelets on the vessel wall and that the inhibition or prevention of the generation of prostacyclin is important in the genesis of diseases, especially those in which increased lipid peroxidation occurs, such as atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 63657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1009", "title": "Radially oriented fibrin crystallisation. A new test for endotoxin sensitivity in man.", "content": "Radially oriented acicular crystalline aggregates could be induced by incubating heparinised blood with bacterial endotoxins. These aggregates did not appear in the blood of 37 healthy volunteers but were observed in the blood of 130 patients, predominantly those with vasculitis, psoriasis, and bacterial infections. Study of these asteroid structures, which resemble 'sunbursts', led to the view that they are oriented crystals of fibrin radiating from a central platelet mass undergoing lysis.", "contents": "Radially oriented fibrin crystallisation. A new test for endotoxin sensitivity in man. Radially oriented acicular crystalline aggregates could be induced by incubating heparinised blood with bacterial endotoxins. These aggregates did not appear in the blood of 37 healthy volunteers but were observed in the blood of 130 patients, predominantly those with vasculitis, psoriasis, and bacterial infections. Study of these asteroid structures, which resemble 'sunbursts', led to the view that they are oriented crystals of fibrin radiating from a central platelet mass undergoing lysis.", "PMID": 63658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1010", "title": "Social-services support for multiple sclerosis patients in West of Scotland.", "content": "A survey has been carries out of 104 patients with multiple sclerosis (m.s.) in West-Central-Scotland. All patients were living at home, and success of services to assist them in the community was examined. The partients were aged 16-65 years and had permanent disability, many being severely handicapped. Regular hospital follow-up was more common among the least disabled. 24 patients had never seen a social worker. Many patients had experienced problems with employment but 37 per cent of these had never registered with a disablement resettlement officer. After advice 10 additional patients applied successfully for an attendance allowance. Legislation requires local authorities to compile a register of the disabled and give information on services available to them. Only 19 patients were registered, however, and no one had received any information from a local authority. Many of these M.S. patients had failed to establish or maintain contact with available services. These results indicate a need for reorganisation of the support for the chronically disabled, possibly by setting up regular clinics for assessment and management, as recommended by the Tunbridge report (1972).", "contents": "Social-services support for multiple sclerosis patients in West of Scotland. A survey has been carries out of 104 patients with multiple sclerosis (m.s.) in West-Central-Scotland. All patients were living at home, and success of services to assist them in the community was examined. The partients were aged 16-65 years and had permanent disability, many being severely handicapped. Regular hospital follow-up was more common among the least disabled. 24 patients had never seen a social worker. Many patients had experienced problems with employment but 37 per cent of these had never registered with a disablement resettlement officer. After advice 10 additional patients applied successfully for an attendance allowance. Legislation requires local authorities to compile a register of the disabled and give information on services available to them. Only 19 patients were registered, however, and no one had received any information from a local authority. Many of these M.S. patients had failed to establish or maintain contact with available services. These results indicate a need for reorganisation of the support for the chronically disabled, possibly by setting up regular clinics for assessment and management, as recommended by the Tunbridge report (1972).", "PMID": 63666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1011", "title": "Outcome of pregnancy among women in anaesthetic practice.", "content": "A survey has been made of the outcome of the pregnancies of 5700 women doctors first registered in England and Wales in 1950 or later. Conceptions that occurred when the mother was in an anaesthetic appointment resulted in smaller babies, higher stillbirth-rates, and more congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system than the pregnancies of other women doctors. There was no significant difference in the spontaneous-abortion rate between the two groups. A pronounced effect of age on this rate was evident among all groups examined.", "contents": "Outcome of pregnancy among women in anaesthetic practice. A survey has been made of the outcome of the pregnancies of 5700 women doctors first registered in England and Wales in 1950 or later. Conceptions that occurred when the mother was in an anaesthetic appointment resulted in smaller babies, higher stillbirth-rates, and more congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system than the pregnancies of other women doctors. There was no significant difference in the spontaneous-abortion rate between the two groups. A pronounced effect of age on this rate was evident among all groups examined.", "PMID": 63667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1012", "title": "Oral cimetidine in severe duodenal ulceration. A double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "40 adult outpatients with active endoscopically proven duodenal ulceration, who would otherwise have merited elective ulcer surgery, entered a double-blind trial of either cimetidine (1g/day) or placebo. After twenty-eight days, 17 of 20 (85%) patients receiving cimetidine showed ulcer healing, compared with 5 of 20 patients receiving placebo (p less than 0.0005). Patients receiving cimetidine had significantly more pain-free days and pain-free nights than those receiving placebo. There was good correlation between ulcer healing and symptomatic relief (p less than 0.0005).", "contents": "Oral cimetidine in severe duodenal ulceration. A double-blind controlled trial. 40 adult outpatients with active endoscopically proven duodenal ulceration, who would otherwise have merited elective ulcer surgery, entered a double-blind trial of either cimetidine (1g/day) or placebo. After twenty-eight days, 17 of 20 (85%) patients receiving cimetidine showed ulcer healing, compared with 5 of 20 patients receiving placebo (p less than 0.0005). Patients receiving cimetidine had significantly more pain-free days and pain-free nights than those receiving placebo. There was good correlation between ulcer healing and symptomatic relief (p less than 0.0005).", "PMID": 63673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1013", "title": "Neurological and phychometric studies in children surviving freshwater immersion accidents.", "content": "A study of the neurological and intellectual sequelae of childhood near-drowning is reported. Results are from a total  population study, without selection, of all freshwater immersion accidents in which consciousness was lost in the water. Such accidents affected 56 children in the city of Brisbane and environs over the period 1971-75. 54 of these children have been re-examined medically and psychometrically. Over 95 per cent of children who survived such accidents were neurologically normal. The median i.q. of survivors was 110 (range 90-137), which is higher than that of the general population. There is a suggestion that visualmotor (performance)) skills are particularly vulnerable to freshwater immersion hypoxia. In 20 per cent of survivors subscale disparities between verbal and performance skills exceeded 15 i.q. points. No correlation between the post-immersion I.Q. and either estimated immersion-time or water temperature was demonstrated in this study. No long-term emotional or personality disorders were encountered. Uncommon gross clinical sequelae of prolonged immersion in fresh water included spastic quadriplegia and gross mental retardation. All children in this study were apparently dead at the moment of rescue; despite this, the prognosis of near-drowning in childhood is excellent", "contents": "Neurological and phychometric studies in children surviving freshwater immersion accidents. A study of the neurological and intellectual sequelae of childhood near-drowning is reported. Results are from a total  population study, without selection, of all freshwater immersion accidents in which consciousness was lost in the water. Such accidents affected 56 children in the city of Brisbane and environs over the period 1971-75. 54 of these children have been re-examined medically and psychometrically. Over 95 per cent of children who survived such accidents were neurologically normal. The median i.q. of survivors was 110 (range 90-137), which is higher than that of the general population. There is a suggestion that visualmotor (performance)) skills are particularly vulnerable to freshwater immersion hypoxia. In 20 per cent of survivors subscale disparities between verbal and performance skills exceeded 15 i.q. points. No correlation between the post-immersion I.Q. and either estimated immersion-time or water temperature was demonstrated in this study. No long-term emotional or personality disorders were encountered. Uncommon gross clinical sequelae of prolonged immersion in fresh water included spastic quadriplegia and gross mental retardation. All children in this study were apparently dead at the moment of rescue; despite this, the prognosis of near-drowning in childhood is excellent", "PMID": 63699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1014", "title": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "8 patients with hypoparathyroidism have been treated successfully with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (0-25-1-0 mug/day) for 4-24 mo. Normal serum-calcium levels were restored in all patients, but half the patients required supplementary oral calcium. Treatment reduced serum-phosphorus in all patients, but values remained high in 3, and the renal-tubular reabsorption of phosphate returned to normal in only 2 of the 8 patients. A comparison is made with the effects of oral therapy with massive amounts of calcium salts. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the probable mode of therapeutic action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in hypoparathyroidism. 8 patients with hypoparathyroidism have been treated successfully with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (0-25-1-0 mug/day) for 4-24 mo. Normal serum-calcium levels were restored in all patients, but half the patients required supplementary oral calcium. Treatment reduced serum-phosphorus in all patients, but values remained high in 3, and the renal-tubular reabsorption of phosphate returned to normal in only 2 of the 8 patients. A comparison is made with the effects of oral therapy with massive amounts of calcium salts. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the probable mode of therapeutic action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 63708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1015", "title": "Dose-effect relation of cholestryamine in children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "Twenty children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.), on a diet low in cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fats, were treated with cholestyramine in a metabolic unit to determine the decrease in plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.) cholesterol in relation to drug dosage, pretreatment concentrations of cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol, and body-weight. When the dose of cholestyramine was increased in thirteen patients by 1 g/day up to 16 g/day, given twice daily, cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol fell within the normal range in eleven subjects (average dose, 7 g/day), and the response was directly proportional (P less than less than 0-001) to the pretreatment concentrations of cholesterol (r = 0-89) and L.D.L. cholesterol (r = 0-93) but did not correlate with body-weight. Plasma total cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol continued to fall and concentrations reached a plateau after which additional cholestyramine had no further effect (average dose, 11 g/day). The L.D.L. cholesterol regression line successfully predicted the dose required to reduce L.D.L. cholesterol concentrations in seven other patients. There was a significant decrease in mean serum-folate in female patients. It was concluded that the minimum effective dose of cholestyramine in young patients with F.H. can be predicted from the pretreatment plasma total and L.D.L. cholesterol and may be given twice daily.", "contents": "Dose-effect relation of cholestryamine in children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Twenty children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.), on a diet low in cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fats, were treated with cholestyramine in a metabolic unit to determine the decrease in plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.) cholesterol in relation to drug dosage, pretreatment concentrations of cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol, and body-weight. When the dose of cholestyramine was increased in thirteen patients by 1 g/day up to 16 g/day, given twice daily, cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol fell within the normal range in eleven subjects (average dose, 7 g/day), and the response was directly proportional (P less than less than 0-001) to the pretreatment concentrations of cholesterol (r = 0-89) and L.D.L. cholesterol (r = 0-93) but did not correlate with body-weight. Plasma total cholesterol and L.D.L. cholesterol continued to fall and concentrations reached a plateau after which additional cholestyramine had no further effect (average dose, 11 g/day). The L.D.L. cholesterol regression line successfully predicted the dose required to reduce L.D.L. cholesterol concentrations in seven other patients. There was a significant decrease in mean serum-folate in female patients. It was concluded that the minimum effective dose of cholestyramine in young patients with F.H. can be predicted from the pretreatment plasma total and L.D.L. cholesterol and may be given twice daily.", "PMID": 63709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1016", "title": "Plasma-exchange and immunosuppression in the treatment of fulminating immune-complex crescentic nephritis.", "content": "Nine patients with fulminating immune-complex crescentic nephritis were treated by a regimen of intensive plasma-exchange, steroids, and cytotoxic drugs. In five patients with severe renal failure there was early and rapid improvement in renal function; in one patient an early but extensive focal necrotising glomerulitis was arrested; in two patients improvement was delayed for 3 and 7 weeks and could not confidently be attributed to therapy; one patient, anuric at presentation, did not recover renal function. Follow-up renal biopsy specimens, obtained in three patients, showed no evidence of active disease. With the Clq-deviation test, circulating immune complexes were detected in five patients before treatment and had disappeared when renal function had improved and stabilised: these patients showed the best response to therapy. In three patients temporary withdrawal of plasma-exchange was followed by the reappearance of immune complexes in the circulation and was accompanied in two patients by deterioration in renal function; reintroduction of plasma-exchange was followed by elimination of immune complexes and further improvement in renal function.", "contents": "Plasma-exchange and immunosuppression in the treatment of fulminating immune-complex crescentic nephritis. Nine patients with fulminating immune-complex crescentic nephritis were treated by a regimen of intensive plasma-exchange, steroids, and cytotoxic drugs. In five patients with severe renal failure there was early and rapid improvement in renal function; in one patient an early but extensive focal necrotising glomerulitis was arrested; in two patients improvement was delayed for 3 and 7 weeks and could not confidently be attributed to therapy; one patient, anuric at presentation, did not recover renal function. Follow-up renal biopsy specimens, obtained in three patients, showed no evidence of active disease. With the Clq-deviation test, circulating immune complexes were detected in five patients before treatment and had disappeared when renal function had improved and stabilised: these patients showed the best response to therapy. In three patients temporary withdrawal of plasma-exchange was followed by the reappearance of immune complexes in the circulation and was accompanied in two patients by deterioration in renal function; reintroduction of plasma-exchange was followed by elimination of immune complexes and further improvement in renal function.", "PMID": 63710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1017", "title": "Genetic factors in the development of chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "In 14 of 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis (C.A.H.) who did not have HLA antigens B8 and/or B12 an external triggering factor (drug or virus) could be demonstrated at onset of symptoms. In contrast external factors were involved in only 11 of 25 cases of C.A.H. in patients with HLA-B8 and/or B12. In the latter group antinuclear antibodies were less common in cases possible triggered by external agents compared with cases in which no such factor was demonstrated. The results suggest that there are at least two pathogenetically different types of C.A.H.---one genetically determined type in which no external factor is involved and in which autoimmune phenomena are common, and another type triggered by environmental agents and not involving predisposing genetic factors.", "contents": "Genetic factors in the development of chronic active hepatitis. In 14 of 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis (C.A.H.) who did not have HLA antigens B8 and/or B12 an external triggering factor (drug or virus) could be demonstrated at onset of symptoms. In contrast external factors were involved in only 11 of 25 cases of C.A.H. in patients with HLA-B8 and/or B12. In the latter group antinuclear antibodies were less common in cases possible triggered by external agents compared with cases in which no such factor was demonstrated. The results suggest that there are at least two pathogenetically different types of C.A.H.---one genetically determined type in which no external factor is involved and in which autoimmune phenomena are common, and another type triggered by environmental agents and not involving predisposing genetic factors.", "PMID": 63711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1018", "title": "Behaviour in ferrets of swine influenza virus isolated from man.", "content": "After intranasal instillation into ferrets, the \"swine\" influenza virus A/New Jersey/8/76(Hsw1 N1) had a 50% minimal infectious dose similar to that of previously tested A/PR/8-A/England (H3 N2) recombinants virulent and attenuated for man. A/New Jersey produced only a mild upper respiratory tract infection. However, higher titres of virus were recovered from the lungs over a longer period than experienced previously with Asian and Hong Kong virus strains. There was a diphasic pyrexia the second and higher peaks of which correlated with peak titres of virus in lung macerates. These results suggest that A/New Jersey has a pneumotropic potential in ferrets and, if the animal model is valid, possible in man.", "contents": "Behaviour in ferrets of swine influenza virus isolated from man. After intranasal instillation into ferrets, the \"swine\" influenza virus A/New Jersey/8/76(Hsw1 N1) had a 50% minimal infectious dose similar to that of previously tested A/PR/8-A/England (H3 N2) recombinants virulent and attenuated for man. A/New Jersey produced only a mild upper respiratory tract infection. However, higher titres of virus were recovered from the lungs over a longer period than experienced previously with Asian and Hong Kong virus strains. There was a diphasic pyrexia the second and higher peaks of which correlated with peak titres of virus in lung macerates. These results suggest that A/New Jersey has a pneumotropic potential in ferrets and, if the animal model is valid, possible in man.", "PMID": 63712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1019", "title": "Limitations of transcendental meditation in the treatment of essential hypertension.", "content": "20 hypertensive patients participating in a professionally supervised programme of transcendental meditation showed no significant change in blood-pressure after a 6-month study. Although there were small reductions in systolic blood-pressure and in pulse-rate early in the trial, these changes had disappeared by 6 months. At no time did the mean diastolic pressure fall significantly. Plasma-renin activity did not change during the study. It is concluded that while the general feeling of wellbeing experienced by most patients may provide a useful adjunct to conventional treatments, it is unlikely that transcendental meditation contributes directly towards the lowering of blood-pressure.", "contents": "Limitations of transcendental meditation in the treatment of essential hypertension. 20 hypertensive patients participating in a professionally supervised programme of transcendental meditation showed no significant change in blood-pressure after a 6-month study. Although there were small reductions in systolic blood-pressure and in pulse-rate early in the trial, these changes had disappeared by 6 months. At no time did the mean diastolic pressure fall significantly. Plasma-renin activity did not change during the study. It is concluded that while the general feeling of wellbeing experienced by most patients may provide a useful adjunct to conventional treatments, it is unlikely that transcendental meditation contributes directly towards the lowering of blood-pressure.", "PMID": 63713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1020", "title": "Myotonia precipitated by propranolol therapy.", "content": "A 39-year-old man with ischaemic heart-disease developed clinical myotonia while taking propranolol. The myotonia disappeared when administration of the drug ceased. The patient appears to have dystrophia myotonica which had not been evident before propranolol therapy.", "contents": "Myotonia precipitated by propranolol therapy. A 39-year-old man with ischaemic heart-disease developed clinical myotonia while taking propranolol. The myotonia disappeared when administration of the drug ceased. The patient appears to have dystrophia myotonica which had not been evident before propranolol therapy.", "PMID": 63714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1021", "title": "Is peptic ulceration a hormonal disease?", "content": "The pathogenesis of peptic ulceration cannot be explained by an abnormal capacity to secrete acid, for ulcers develop in patients who secrete acid normally. Duodenal and gastric ulcers have a common cause. The location of an ulcer in each individual is primarily determined by his capacity to secrete acid at that time. There is a difference between the mechanisms which heal an ulcer and cure a patient of his disease. Procedures that reduce an individual's capacity to secrete acid, heal an ulcer by moving the focus of the ulcerogenic forces to a more proximal site. It is necessary to remove an antral factor if in addition the patient is to be cured of his disease. It is postulated that this antral factor is the gastrin (G17) which is released in abnormal amounts into gastric juice in patients with ulcers and with gastrinomas. The abnormal amount of G17 in gastric juice may be responsible for releasing abnormal amounts of G34 into the circulation from the duodenum and from gastrinomas. The abnormal release of gastrin develops as a result of an impaired response to duodenal acidification manifest in part by an impaired release of secretin. It is postulated that the abnormal stimulation of antral gastrin release may on occasions give rise to antral G-cell hyperplasia, and that the abnormal secretion of gastrin into gastric juice may on occasions give rise to gastrinomas. These abnormalities may cause ulcers by producing an uncontrolled secretion of acid and an abnormal exposure to bile.", "contents": "Is peptic ulceration a hormonal disease? The pathogenesis of peptic ulceration cannot be explained by an abnormal capacity to secrete acid, for ulcers develop in patients who secrete acid normally. Duodenal and gastric ulcers have a common cause. The location of an ulcer in each individual is primarily determined by his capacity to secrete acid at that time. There is a difference between the mechanisms which heal an ulcer and cure a patient of his disease. Procedures that reduce an individual's capacity to secrete acid, heal an ulcer by moving the focus of the ulcerogenic forces to a more proximal site. It is necessary to remove an antral factor if in addition the patient is to be cured of his disease. It is postulated that this antral factor is the gastrin (G17) which is released in abnormal amounts into gastric juice in patients with ulcers and with gastrinomas. The abnormal amount of G17 in gastric juice may be responsible for releasing abnormal amounts of G34 into the circulation from the duodenum and from gastrinomas. The abnormal release of gastrin develops as a result of an impaired response to duodenal acidification manifest in part by an impaired release of secretin. It is postulated that the abnormal stimulation of antral gastrin release may on occasions give rise to antral G-cell hyperplasia, and that the abnormal secretion of gastrin into gastric juice may on occasions give rise to gastrinomas. These abnormalities may cause ulcers by producing an uncontrolled secretion of acid and an abnormal exposure to bile.", "PMID": 63715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1022", "title": "A miniature syringe pump for continuous administration of drugs and hormones: The Mill Hill infuser.", "content": "A miniature syringe pump has been developed for intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of the many drugs and hormones which produce better therapeutic responses when continuously delivered at a controlled rate than by repeated separate injections. The infuser uses disposable plastic syringes and is designed for precise tamper-proof delivery of 2 ml/24 h or 2 ml/8 h with quartz-crystal control, unaffected bt the dose-rate can be precisely determined by prescribing solutions of appropriate strength.", "contents": "A miniature syringe pump for continuous administration of drugs and hormones: The Mill Hill infuser. A miniature syringe pump has been developed for intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of the many drugs and hormones which produce better therapeutic responses when continuously delivered at a controlled rate than by repeated separate injections. The infuser uses disposable plastic syringes and is designed for precise tamper-proof delivery of 2 ml/24 h or 2 ml/8 h with quartz-crystal control, unaffected bt the dose-rate can be precisely determined by prescribing solutions of appropriate strength.", "PMID": 63716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1023", "title": "Abuse of solvents \"for kicks\". A review of 50 cases.", "content": "The deliberate inhalation of solvents \"for kicks\" is becoming more common among children and adolescents in the west of Scotland. 50 consecutive police cases of solvent abuse in Lanarkshire have been reviewed. Investigation of the 42 patients (40 male and 2 female) showed that \"sniffing\" was a group activity involving many adolescents aged 12-19 years, all of whom had a previous history of solvent abuse. Although some incidents were reported within school hours, 52% of referrals occurred after 6 P.M., with Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays being the commonest days for referrals. Of 4 cases sent to hospital, 2 required admission. A list has been compiled of the agents most frequently used for inhalation purposes and a simple screening procedure based on gas-liquid chromatography developed to detect their solvent components. This has been successfully applied to the detection of solvents in blood-samples from the patients referred.", "contents": "Abuse of solvents \"for kicks\". A review of 50 cases. The deliberate inhalation of solvents \"for kicks\" is becoming more common among children and adolescents in the west of Scotland. 50 consecutive police cases of solvent abuse in Lanarkshire have been reviewed. Investigation of the 42 patients (40 male and 2 female) showed that \"sniffing\" was a group activity involving many adolescents aged 12-19 years, all of whom had a previous history of solvent abuse. Although some incidents were reported within school hours, 52% of referrals occurred after 6 P.M., with Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays being the commonest days for referrals. Of 4 cases sent to hospital, 2 required admission. A list has been compiled of the agents most frequently used for inhalation purposes and a simple screening procedure based on gas-liquid chromatography developed to detect their solvent components. This has been successfully applied to the detection of solvents in blood-samples from the patients referred.", "PMID": 63722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1024", "title": "Prolonged exposure to a stressful stimulus (noise) as a cause of raised blood-pressure in man.", "content": "Systolic and diastolic blood-pressure was significantly higher in 44 male industrial workers with a noise-induced auditory impairment (greater than or equal to 65 dB at 3000, 4000, or 6000 Hz) than in 74 males of the same age with normal hearing. Moreover, significantly more individuals with hypertension (resting recumbent blood-pressure greater than or equal to 160/100 mm Hg) were found in the group with noise-induced loss of hearing. It is suggested that replaced and prolonged exposure to a stressful stimulus (industrial noise severe and prolonged enough to cause a permanent loss of hearing at the relevant frequencies) may be a contributing factor to the rise in blood-pressure through a mechanism involving structural adaption of blood-vessels in response to repeated peaks of raised blood-pressure.", "contents": "Prolonged exposure to a stressful stimulus (noise) as a cause of raised blood-pressure in man. Systolic and diastolic blood-pressure was significantly higher in 44 male industrial workers with a noise-induced auditory impairment (greater than or equal to 65 dB at 3000, 4000, or 6000 Hz) than in 74 males of the same age with normal hearing. Moreover, significantly more individuals with hypertension (resting recumbent blood-pressure greater than or equal to 160/100 mm Hg) were found in the group with noise-induced loss of hearing. It is suggested that replaced and prolonged exposure to a stressful stimulus (industrial noise severe and prolonged enough to cause a permanent loss of hearing at the relevant frequencies) may be a contributing factor to the rise in blood-pressure through a mechanism involving structural adaption of blood-vessels in response to repeated peaks of raised blood-pressure.", "PMID": 63723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1025", "title": "B-lymphocyte alloantigens associated with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "6 B-lymphocyte alloantigens have been provisionally identified with lymphocytotoxic antisera reacting, after absorption, specifically with B but not T cells. 3 of these antigens appear to form part of an allelic series. The frequency of HLA and B-lymphocyte antigens was then studied in 59 patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.). 1 of the B-cell antigens, BT 101, was found in 49 out of 59 patients (83%), compared with 10 out of 30 normal individuals (33%), giving a relative risk of 9-8 times to the association. 2 other B-cell alloantigens and HLA-B7 showed lesser but significant positive associations with M.S. Apart from providing possible clues to the pathogenesis of M.S., the association between BT 101 and M.S. may allow screening for susceptible individuals who are thought to be at special risk.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte alloantigens associated with multiple sclerosis. 6 B-lymphocyte alloantigens have been provisionally identified with lymphocytotoxic antisera reacting, after absorption, specifically with B but not T cells. 3 of these antigens appear to form part of an allelic series. The frequency of HLA and B-lymphocyte antigens was then studied in 59 patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.). 1 of the B-cell antigens, BT 101, was found in 49 out of 59 patients (83%), compared with 10 out of 30 normal individuals (33%), giving a relative risk of 9-8 times to the association. 2 other B-cell alloantigens and HLA-B7 showed lesser but significant positive associations with M.S. Apart from providing possible clues to the pathogenesis of M.S., the association between BT 101 and M.S. may allow screening for susceptible individuals who are thought to be at special risk.", "PMID": 63743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1026", "title": "Effect of intermittent compression of the arms on deep venous thrombosis in the legs.", "content": "Despite the presence of venostasis in the legs, intermittent compression of the arms during and after surgery reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) in the legs to half that in control patients and maintained blood fibrinolytic activity at preoperative values. It is suggested that the release of fibrinolytic activators is essential to the prophylactic action of pneumatic leggings.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent compression of the arms on deep venous thrombosis in the legs. Despite the presence of venostasis in the legs, intermittent compression of the arms during and after surgery reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) in the legs to half that in control patients and maintained blood fibrinolytic activity at preoperative values. It is suggested that the release of fibrinolytic activators is essential to the prophylactic action of pneumatic leggings.", "PMID": 63744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1027", "title": "Treatment of hypersplenism by embolus placement in the splenic artery.", "content": "In a patient with liver cirrhosis and severe hypersplenism resistent to corticosteroids splenectomy was attempted but proved impossible. Embolisation of the splenic artery with tiny fragments of absorbable gelatin sponge induced gradual restitution of haematological function to normal after 6 wk. Abdominal pain, paralytic ileus of short duration, transient pyrexia, and pleural effusion ensued but were well tolerated. The patient has remained well, 2 1/2 mo later. It is suggested that this simple method may prove rewarding and could safely be used, if necessary, more than once in patients for whom other treatments are unsuitable or have failed.", "contents": "Treatment of hypersplenism by embolus placement in the splenic artery. In a patient with liver cirrhosis and severe hypersplenism resistent to corticosteroids splenectomy was attempted but proved impossible. Embolisation of the splenic artery with tiny fragments of absorbable gelatin sponge induced gradual restitution of haematological function to normal after 6 wk. Abdominal pain, paralytic ileus of short duration, transient pyrexia, and pleural effusion ensued but were well tolerated. The patient has remained well, 2 1/2 mo later. It is suggested that this simple method may prove rewarding and could safely be used, if necessary, more than once in patients for whom other treatments are unsuitable or have failed.", "PMID": 63745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1028", "title": "Reconstitution of B and T lymphocyte function in severe combined immunodeficiency disease after transplantation with thymic epithelium.", "content": "A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency has been given a transplant of thymic epithelium obtained from short-term culture of normal human thymus. 4 wk after transplantation immunoglobulin was detected and the patient now has normal levels of the three main classes. Functional antibodies of four specificities have been detected. An increase in reactivity to allogeneic cells and phytohaemagglutinin has been observed, with an increase in E rosettes; a positive delayed skin test to candida antigen is now present. The patient has shown reversal of wasting and has been free of infection for 7 months since receiving the transplant. It appears that under certain circumstances thymic epithelium reconstitutes both T and B cell functions.", "contents": "Reconstitution of B and T lymphocyte function in severe combined immunodeficiency disease after transplantation with thymic epithelium. A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency has been given a transplant of thymic epithelium obtained from short-term culture of normal human thymus. 4 wk after transplantation immunoglobulin was detected and the patient now has normal levels of the three main classes. Functional antibodies of four specificities have been detected. An increase in reactivity to allogeneic cells and phytohaemagglutinin has been observed, with an increase in E rosettes; a positive delayed skin test to candida antigen is now present. The patient has shown reversal of wasting and has been free of infection for 7 months since receiving the transplant. It appears that under certain circumstances thymic epithelium reconstitutes both T and B cell functions.", "PMID": 63746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1029", "title": "Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Islet-cell antibodies (I.C.A.) were found in 38% (319/829) of insulin-dependent diabetic patients, in 5% (6/112) of insulin-independent diabetics, and in 1.7% (3/177) of non-diabetic subjects. In the insulin-dependent group I.C.A. were found in 85% of patients immediately after the onset of symptoms and they became less common as the duration of disease increased I.C.A. were equally common in both sexes and the decline in their prevalence was independent of age. The antibodies were directed against cytoplasmic components of islet cells but not against insulin itself. The appearance of I.C.A. probably follows cell damage occurring before the onset of symptoms. By contrast, thyroid and gastric autoantibodies were more common in older patients and females. There was no correlation between the presence of these antibodies and I.C.A. in patients with either diabetes of recent onset or longstanding disease.", "contents": "Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus. Islet-cell antibodies (I.C.A.) were found in 38% (319/829) of insulin-dependent diabetic patients, in 5% (6/112) of insulin-independent diabetics, and in 1.7% (3/177) of non-diabetic subjects. In the insulin-dependent group I.C.A. were found in 85% of patients immediately after the onset of symptoms and they became less common as the duration of disease increased I.C.A. were equally common in both sexes and the decline in their prevalence was independent of age. The antibodies were directed against cytoplasmic components of islet cells but not against insulin itself. The appearance of I.C.A. probably follows cell damage occurring before the onset of symptoms. By contrast, thyroid and gastric autoantibodies were more common in older patients and females. There was no correlation between the presence of these antibodies and I.C.A. in patients with either diabetes of recent onset or longstanding disease.", "PMID": 63747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1030", "title": "Differential response of chlamydial and ureaplasma-associated urethritis to sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole) and aminocyclitols.", "content": "91 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (N.G.U.) were randomly treated with either sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole), 500 mg orally q.i.d. for 10 days, or an aminocyclitol (streptomycin or spectinomycin), 2 g intramuscularity for 1 to 3 doses at 12 h intervals. Initial urethral cultures were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (C) in 36 (40%). Ureaplasma urealyticum (U) was isolated from the urethra or urine from20 (95%) of 21 White men in a first episode of N.G.U. who had negative chlamydia cultures. Sulphafurazole, active against C. trachomatis but not U. urealyticum in vitro, produced a clinical response in 7 of 7 men with C+U- N.G.U. and 5 of 19 with C-U+ N.G.U. (P less than 0-01). Aminocyclitols, active against U. urealyticum but relatively inactive against C. trachomatis in vitro produced a clinical response in 0 of 6 men with C+U-N.G.U., 9 of 11 men with C-U+N.G.U. from whom ureaplasma was eradicated (P less than 0-01), and 0 of 8 with C-U+ N.G.U. from whom ureaplasma was not eradicated. C+U+ N.G.U. responded poorly to both antimicrobials alone. These results support the aetiological importance of both C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum in N.G.U.", "contents": "Differential response of chlamydial and ureaplasma-associated urethritis to sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole) and aminocyclitols. 91 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (N.G.U.) were randomly treated with either sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole), 500 mg orally q.i.d. for 10 days, or an aminocyclitol (streptomycin or spectinomycin), 2 g intramuscularity for 1 to 3 doses at 12 h intervals. Initial urethral cultures were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (C) in 36 (40%). Ureaplasma urealyticum (U) was isolated from the urethra or urine from20 (95%) of 21 White men in a first episode of N.G.U. who had negative chlamydia cultures. Sulphafurazole, active against C. trachomatis but not U. urealyticum in vitro, produced a clinical response in 7 of 7 men with C+U- N.G.U. and 5 of 19 with C-U+ N.G.U. (P less than 0-01). Aminocyclitols, active against U. urealyticum but relatively inactive against C. trachomatis in vitro produced a clinical response in 0 of 6 men with C+U-N.G.U., 9 of 11 men with C-U+N.G.U. from whom ureaplasma was eradicated (P less than 0-01), and 0 of 8 with C-U+ N.G.U. from whom ureaplasma was not eradicated. C+U+ N.G.U. responded poorly to both antimicrobials alone. These results support the aetiological importance of both C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum in N.G.U.", "PMID": 63748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1031", "title": "Subcutaneous infusion and intramuscular injection of desferrioxamine in patients with transfusional iron overload.", "content": "The effects of intramuscular injection and subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine (D.F.) on urinary iron excretion were compared in eleven patients with thalassaemia major and one with congenital sideroblastic anaemia who were being maintained on regular blood-transfusions. Total (48-hour) urinary iron excretion ranged from 3-3 to 40-3 mg (mean 16-3 mg) in nine patients who received 750 mg D.F. intramuscularly before transfusion and from 3-9 to 32-3 mg (mean 11-9 mg) in ten patients who received D.F. by the same route after transfusion. In all 9 patients studied before transfusion, continuous subcutaneous infusion of 750 mg D.F. over 24 hours increased iron excretion by 61-5 to 135-8% (mean 101+/-25-4 S.D.%) compared with intramuscular injection of a similar dose. In the 10 patients studied after transfusion, the iron excretion produced by continuous subcutaneous infusion was from 18-9 to 213% (mean 128+/-74-3%) more than that produced by a single intramuscular injection of D.F. When the subcutaneous dose over 24 hours was increased to 1500 mg in six patients, 48-hour iron excretion ranged from 29-2 to 81-2 mg (mean 52-4 mg) and was increased by 80-2--794% (mean 429%) compared with the excretion when 750 mg was given by intramuscular injection. It is concluded that continuous subcutaneous infusion of D.F. produces more iron excretion in patients with iron overload than intramuscular injection. Providing a suitable portable pump can be carried by the patients, continuous subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine may prove a valuable means of preventing or treating iron overload in anaemic patients maintained on regular transfusions.", "contents": "Subcutaneous infusion and intramuscular injection of desferrioxamine in patients with transfusional iron overload. The effects of intramuscular injection and subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine (D.F.) on urinary iron excretion were compared in eleven patients with thalassaemia major and one with congenital sideroblastic anaemia who were being maintained on regular blood-transfusions. Total (48-hour) urinary iron excretion ranged from 3-3 to 40-3 mg (mean 16-3 mg) in nine patients who received 750 mg D.F. intramuscularly before transfusion and from 3-9 to 32-3 mg (mean 11-9 mg) in ten patients who received D.F. by the same route after transfusion. In all 9 patients studied before transfusion, continuous subcutaneous infusion of 750 mg D.F. over 24 hours increased iron excretion by 61-5 to 135-8% (mean 101+/-25-4 S.D.%) compared with intramuscular injection of a similar dose. In the 10 patients studied after transfusion, the iron excretion produced by continuous subcutaneous infusion was from 18-9 to 213% (mean 128+/-74-3%) more than that produced by a single intramuscular injection of D.F. When the subcutaneous dose over 24 hours was increased to 1500 mg in six patients, 48-hour iron excretion ranged from 29-2 to 81-2 mg (mean 52-4 mg) and was increased by 80-2--794% (mean 429%) compared with the excretion when 750 mg was given by intramuscular injection. It is concluded that continuous subcutaneous infusion of D.F. produces more iron excretion in patients with iron overload than intramuscular injection. Providing a suitable portable pump can be carried by the patients, continuous subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine may prove a valuable means of preventing or treating iron overload in anaemic patients maintained on regular transfusions.", "PMID": 63749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1032", "title": "Bacteraemia in a London teaching hospital 1966-75.", "content": "Analysis of blood-cultures done at St. Bartholomew's Hospital over the decade 1966-75 has revealed a five-fold increase in the incidence of bacteraemia. This increase was particularly prominent in patients with non-malignant disease. The predominance of bacteraemia caused by gram-negative organisms declined in recent years, whereas bacteraemia due to gram-positive organisms, anaerobes, and Candida spp. increased. A recent increase in the number of blood-cultures performed was associated with the introduction of commercially prepared bottles. This led to a higher rate of investigation of patients who ultimately proved to have negative results, and also to a higher incidence of contamination which exceeded the positivity-rate.", "contents": "Bacteraemia in a London teaching hospital 1966-75. Analysis of blood-cultures done at St. Bartholomew's Hospital over the decade 1966-75 has revealed a five-fold increase in the incidence of bacteraemia. This increase was particularly prominent in patients with non-malignant disease. The predominance of bacteraemia caused by gram-negative organisms declined in recent years, whereas bacteraemia due to gram-positive organisms, anaerobes, and Candida spp. increased. A recent increase in the number of blood-cultures performed was associated with the introduction of commercially prepared bottles. This led to a higher rate of investigation of patients who ultimately proved to have negative results, and also to a higher incidence of contamination which exceeded the positivity-rate.", "PMID": 63757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1033", "title": "Inappropriate antihypertensive therapy in the elderly.", "content": "Six symptomless patients aged 64-84 (mean 72) years received antihypertensive therapy from their family doctors. Pretreatment systolic pressures ranged from 160 to 220 mm Hg and disastolic pressures from 80 to 120 mm Hg. Within one week of starting therapy all six patients were admitted as emergencies with epidoses of unconsciousness. Admission systolic pressures ranged from 80 to 150 mm Hg and diastolic pressures from 50 to 90 mm Hg. Before admission each patient had experiences symptoms of postural hypotension and had become housebound. After antihypertensive therapy was stopped, one patient had a residual left homonymous hemianopia but the others recovered completely. A raised systolic and distolic pressure is common in the elderly; potent antihypertensive treatment may seriously impair the quality of life and is often unecessary.", "contents": "Inappropriate antihypertensive therapy in the elderly. Six symptomless patients aged 64-84 (mean 72) years received antihypertensive therapy from their family doctors. Pretreatment systolic pressures ranged from 160 to 220 mm Hg and disastolic pressures from 80 to 120 mm Hg. Within one week of starting therapy all six patients were admitted as emergencies with epidoses of unconsciousness. Admission systolic pressures ranged from 80 to 150 mm Hg and diastolic pressures from 50 to 90 mm Hg. Before admission each patient had experiences symptoms of postural hypotension and had become housebound. After antihypertensive therapy was stopped, one patient had a residual left homonymous hemianopia but the others recovered completely. A raised systolic and distolic pressure is common in the elderly; potent antihypertensive treatment may seriously impair the quality of life and is often unecessary.", "PMID": 63799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1034", "title": "Amputation of the toes for vascular disease: fate of the affected leg.", "content": "53 patients coming to amputation of one or more toes for the late results of degenerative vascular disease were studied prospectively. By a median time of thirteen months, 26 of the 53 had undergone a major amputation of the affected side. Diabetes was associated with the same prognosis as atherosclerosis obliterans uncomplicated by diabetes. A palpable pedal pulse or a functioning arterial reconstruction carried a virtual guarantee of success for the toe amputation. The presence of a popliteal pulse, however, was not associated with any better prognosis than the presence of a femoral pulse alone. Smoking seemed to exert little influence. With the passage of time, the major-amputation rate rose steadily, and by 3 1/2 years almost three-quarters of the patients had come to major amputation.", "contents": "Amputation of the toes for vascular disease: fate of the affected leg. 53 patients coming to amputation of one or more toes for the late results of degenerative vascular disease were studied prospectively. By a median time of thirteen months, 26 of the 53 had undergone a major amputation of the affected side. Diabetes was associated with the same prognosis as atherosclerosis obliterans uncomplicated by diabetes. A palpable pedal pulse or a functioning arterial reconstruction carried a virtual guarantee of success for the toe amputation. The presence of a popliteal pulse, however, was not associated with any better prognosis than the presence of a femoral pulse alone. Smoking seemed to exert little influence. With the passage of time, the major-amputation rate rose steadily, and by 3 1/2 years almost three-quarters of the patients had come to major amputation.", "PMID": 63800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1035", "title": "Small-bowel abnormalities in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Jejunal biopsies were performed in 12 randomly chosen patients with multiple sclerosis. The jejunal mucosa was examined histologically, ultrastructurally, and by tissue immune techniques. Histology showed a normal mucosa in 7 patients, increased inflammatory-cell infiltration in 3, a partial villous atrophy in 1, and a subtotal villous atrophy in the remaining patient. Fine structural abnormalities were seen in 6 of 8 patients studied. These included microvillous changes, increase in theliolymphocytes and epithelial lysosomes, thickening of the connective tissue with or without collagen fibres, and numerous macrophages containing large amounts of membrane-bound electron-dense material. The latter was seen in 5 of the 8 mucosae examined.", "contents": "Small-bowel abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Jejunal biopsies were performed in 12 randomly chosen patients with multiple sclerosis. The jejunal mucosa was examined histologically, ultrastructurally, and by tissue immune techniques. Histology showed a normal mucosa in 7 patients, increased inflammatory-cell infiltration in 3, a partial villous atrophy in 1, and a subtotal villous atrophy in the remaining patient. Fine structural abnormalities were seen in 6 of 8 patients studied. These included microvillous changes, increase in theliolymphocytes and epithelial lysosomes, thickening of the connective tissue with or without collagen fibres, and numerous macrophages containing large amounts of membrane-bound electron-dense material. The latter was seen in 5 of the 8 mucosae examined.", "PMID": 63801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1036", "title": "Evidence that endogenous calcitonin protects against renal bone disease.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (A.P.), immunoreactive calcitonin (iC.T.), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iP.T.H.) were measured in fifty-two patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis. On the basis of a bimodal distribution of values for plasma-A.P. the patients were dividied into 2 groups. In those patients with normal A.P. concentratons as well as in twenty-eight normal subjects there was a positive correlation between iP.T.H. and iC.T. which was independent of plasma calcium or phosphate. Patients with increased plasma-A.P. had higher concentrations of iP.T.H., lower concentrations of iC.T., and showed a negative relation between the concentrations of the two hormones. It is suggested that a possible factor in the pathogenesis of renal bone disease is a failure to secrete C.T. in adequate amounts.", "contents": "Evidence that endogenous calcitonin protects against renal bone disease. Plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (A.P.), immunoreactive calcitonin (iC.T.), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iP.T.H.) were measured in fifty-two patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis. On the basis of a bimodal distribution of values for plasma-A.P. the patients were dividied into 2 groups. In those patients with normal A.P. concentratons as well as in twenty-eight normal subjects there was a positive correlation between iP.T.H. and iC.T. which was independent of plasma calcium or phosphate. Patients with increased plasma-A.P. had higher concentrations of iP.T.H., lower concentrations of iC.T., and showed a negative relation between the concentrations of the two hormones. It is suggested that a possible factor in the pathogenesis of renal bone disease is a failure to secrete C.T. in adequate amounts.", "PMID": 63802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1037", "title": "A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure.", "content": "In 31 of 34 patients with chronic renal insufficiency caused by various diseaes, reciprocal serum-creatinine concentration declined linearly as creatinine concentration rose from a mean of 2-6 mg/dl to 14-8 mg/dl over an average of 71 months. These results indicate that in most cases reciprocal serum-creatinine declines linearly with time as chronic renal failure progresses. Analysis of this relation in individual patients gives an estimate of the progression of the disease, may help to determine the effects of therapy, and could be used to predict when dialysis will become necessary.", "contents": "A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure. In 31 of 34 patients with chronic renal insufficiency caused by various diseaes, reciprocal serum-creatinine concentration declined linearly as creatinine concentration rose from a mean of 2-6 mg/dl to 14-8 mg/dl over an average of 71 months. These results indicate that in most cases reciprocal serum-creatinine declines linearly with time as chronic renal failure progresses. Analysis of this relation in individual patients gives an estimate of the progression of the disease, may help to determine the effects of therapy, and could be used to predict when dialysis will become necessary.", "PMID": 63803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1038", "title": "HLA-linked genetic control of host response to Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Non-random parental HLA-haplotype segregation is demonstrated in siblings with leprosy. A new method is described for the statistical analysis of non-random segregation among sibships of different sizes. Sibs with the same type of leprosy show a significant excess of identical HLA haplotypes. This is also true for families in which only tuberculoid leprosy is found, which is by far the commonest type in the population studied. However, sibs affected with different types of leprosy share a haplotype less often than expected. This indicates that both susceptibility to and type of leprosy are controlled by at least two HLA-linked genes. Our findings suggest that the equivocal results of previous population studies are due to differences of linkage disequilibrium between HLA-linked genes controlling the host response to Mycobacterium leprae and alleles of HLA A and B loci in various populations.", "contents": "HLA-linked genetic control of host response to Mycobacterium leprae. Non-random parental HLA-haplotype segregation is demonstrated in siblings with leprosy. A new method is described for the statistical analysis of non-random segregation among sibships of different sizes. Sibs with the same type of leprosy show a significant excess of identical HLA haplotypes. This is also true for families in which only tuberculoid leprosy is found, which is by far the commonest type in the population studied. However, sibs affected with different types of leprosy share a haplotype less often than expected. This indicates that both susceptibility to and type of leprosy are controlled by at least two HLA-linked genes. Our findings suggest that the equivocal results of previous population studies are due to differences of linkage disequilibrium between HLA-linked genes controlling the host response to Mycobacterium leprae and alleles of HLA A and B loci in various populations.", "PMID": 63804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1039", "title": "Prognostic significance of lymphocyte surface markers in adult non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Neoplastic tissues from 75 adults with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma were examined for B and T lymphocyte surface markers. All nodular lymphomas were B-cell type. Of 40 diffuse lymphomas, 23 were B, 5 were T, and 12 were \"null\" type. Patients with nodular lymphoma survived significantly longer than those with diffuse lymphoma (P = 0-00003). For patients with diffuse lymphoma, however, surface markers provide prognostic information not obtainable by histological classification as \"poorly differentiated lymphocytic\" or \"histiocytic\". Patients whose malignant cells had B markers survived significantly longer than those whose malignant cells had no markers (P=O-008). Survival of patients with diffuse lymphoma was best predicted by a classification utilising both surface markers and histological appearances. Differences in survival among patients with B-cell and \"null\" or T-cell lymphomas may relfect differences in sensitivity to specific drugs.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of lymphocyte surface markers in adult non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma. Neoplastic tissues from 75 adults with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma were examined for B and T lymphocyte surface markers. All nodular lymphomas were B-cell type. Of 40 diffuse lymphomas, 23 were B, 5 were T, and 12 were \"null\" type. Patients with nodular lymphoma survived significantly longer than those with diffuse lymphoma (P = 0-00003). For patients with diffuse lymphoma, however, surface markers provide prognostic information not obtainable by histological classification as \"poorly differentiated lymphocytic\" or \"histiocytic\". Patients whose malignant cells had B markers survived significantly longer than those whose malignant cells had no markers (P=O-008). Survival of patients with diffuse lymphoma was best predicted by a classification utilising both surface markers and histological appearances. Differences in survival among patients with B-cell and \"null\" or T-cell lymphomas may relfect differences in sensitivity to specific drugs.", "PMID": 63805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1040", "title": "Rapid decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine during surgery and epidural analgesia independent of afferent neurogenic stimuli and of cortisol.", "content": "Changes in circulating triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), binding of thyroid hormones to plasma proteins (resin-T3 test), cortisol, and glucose were evaluated in sixteen patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. In eight of the patients afferent neurogenic impulses from the surgical area were blocked during and after operation by epidural analgesia. These patients were pain-free, and the normal stress-induced increase in cortisol and glucose was abolished. During epidural analgesia and general anesthesia plasma-T3 fell rapidly and values in the hypothyroid range were found 6 hours after skin incision. Similarly, an increase in the resin-T3 test reflected decreased binding of T3 to plasma proteins. Plasma-T4 decreased slightly during surgery and epidural analgesia (as it does when other anaesthetics are given), but increased during general anaesthesia. These results indicated that the alterations in thyroid hormones and their binding to plasma proteins after surgery are not caused by a stress-induced increase in plasma-cortisol or by neurogenic afferent stimuli from the surgical area, factors which are both known to affect concentrations of other hormones.", "contents": "Rapid decrease in plasma-triiodothyronine during surgery and epidural analgesia independent of afferent neurogenic stimuli and of cortisol. Changes in circulating triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), binding of thyroid hormones to plasma proteins (resin-T3 test), cortisol, and glucose were evaluated in sixteen patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. In eight of the patients afferent neurogenic impulses from the surgical area were blocked during and after operation by epidural analgesia. These patients were pain-free, and the normal stress-induced increase in cortisol and glucose was abolished. During epidural analgesia and general anesthesia plasma-T3 fell rapidly and values in the hypothyroid range were found 6 hours after skin incision. Similarly, an increase in the resin-T3 test reflected decreased binding of T3 to plasma proteins. Plasma-T4 decreased slightly during surgery and epidural analgesia (as it does when other anaesthetics are given), but increased during general anaesthesia. These results indicated that the alterations in thyroid hormones and their binding to plasma proteins after surgery are not caused by a stress-induced increase in plasma-cortisol or by neurogenic afferent stimuli from the surgical area, factors which are both known to affect concentrations of other hormones.", "PMID": 63806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1041", "title": "Cell partition. A simple test for lymphocyte sensitisation.", "content": "An established method of investigating total surface charge on particulate materials has been applied to the detection of changes in surface charge on macrophages which are induced by supernatants from the interaction of sensitised lymphocytes and appropriate antigen. The method was studied as an alternative to the established but problematical macrophage-electrophoretic-mobility (M.E.M.) test for detecting such changes. This preliminary investigation suggests that the results from subjects with and without malignant disease differ significantly.", "contents": "Cell partition. A simple test for lymphocyte sensitisation. An established method of investigating total surface charge on particulate materials has been applied to the detection of changes in surface charge on macrophages which are induced by supernatants from the interaction of sensitised lymphocytes and appropriate antigen. The method was studied as an alternative to the established but problematical macrophage-electrophoretic-mobility (M.E.M.) test for detecting such changes. This preliminary investigation suggests that the results from subjects with and without malignant disease differ significantly.", "PMID": 63807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1042", "title": "Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis.", "content": "The records of 207 patients with pneumococcal meningitis admitted to Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaira, northern Nigeria, between February, 1971 and June, 1976 have been reviewed. Mortality was 51%. Death was more likely in patients with a short history, impaired consciousness on admission, and an associated pneumonia. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of protein, lactate, fibrin degradation products, and polysaccharide antigen were higher in patients who died than in survivors.", "contents": "Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis. The records of 207 patients with pneumococcal meningitis admitted to Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaira, northern Nigeria, between February, 1971 and June, 1976 have been reviewed. Mortality was 51%. Death was more likely in patients with a short history, impaired consciousness on admission, and an associated pneumonia. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of protein, lactate, fibrin degradation products, and polysaccharide antigen were higher in patients who died than in survivors.", "PMID": 63813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1043", "title": "Outbreak of hospital infection with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and methicillin.", "content": "A previously unreported strain of Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to both gentamicin and methicillin, as well as other antibiotics, caused an outbreak of hospital infection involving 17 patinets and 8 staff. In this outbreak none of the patients had received previous aminoglycoside therapy. The epidemic strain was eliminated by the use of strict measures for the control of infection.", "contents": "Outbreak of hospital infection with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and methicillin. A previously unreported strain of Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to both gentamicin and methicillin, as well as other antibiotics, caused an outbreak of hospital infection involving 17 patinets and 8 staff. In this outbreak none of the patients had received previous aminoglycoside therapy. The epidemic strain was eliminated by the use of strict measures for the control of infection.", "PMID": 63814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1044", "title": "Maximum acid output and risk of peptic ulcer.", "content": "The relationship between the capacity to secrete acid and the risk of peptic ulcer has been examined prospectively in 114 healthy symptom-free students and retrospectively in 2361 patients with and without ulcers. The risk of ulcer was found to increase as te maximum acid output (M.A.O.) increased, and the risk of recurrent ulceration, after vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulceration, was found to increase as the postvagotomy M.A.O. increased. The risk of recurrent ulcer, at any postvagotomy M.A.O., was always greater than the risk of ulceration in a healthy individual with an equivalent M.A.O.. The addition of an antrectomy to a vagotomy restored the risk of recurrent ulcer towards that of a healthy individual developing his first ulcer. The therapeutic benefit of adding an antrectomy to a vagotomy could not be attributed solely to its enhancement of the percentage reduction in M.A.O. from 65% to 95%. The major therapeutic effect of an antrectomy seems to be achieved independently of its action on M.A.O.", "contents": "Maximum acid output and risk of peptic ulcer. The relationship between the capacity to secrete acid and the risk of peptic ulcer has been examined prospectively in 114 healthy symptom-free students and retrospectively in 2361 patients with and without ulcers. The risk of ulcer was found to increase as te maximum acid output (M.A.O.) increased, and the risk of recurrent ulceration, after vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulceration, was found to increase as the postvagotomy M.A.O. increased. The risk of recurrent ulcer, at any postvagotomy M.A.O., was always greater than the risk of ulceration in a healthy individual with an equivalent M.A.O.. The addition of an antrectomy to a vagotomy restored the risk of recurrent ulcer towards that of a healthy individual developing his first ulcer. The therapeutic benefit of adding an antrectomy to a vagotomy could not be attributed solely to its enhancement of the percentage reduction in M.A.O. from 65% to 95%. The major therapeutic effect of an antrectomy seems to be achieved independently of its action on M.A.O.", "PMID": 63846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1045", "title": "Maximum acid output and position of peptic ulcers.", "content": "In a retrospective analysis of 2218 tests of gastric secretion 27% of patients with duodenal ulcers had an abnormal capacity to secrete acid. The abnormality was evident only in patients who had had symptoms for longer than three years, and was greatest in patients who had had symptoms for six to nine years. There was no significant difference between the capacity to secretic acid in patients who had symptoms of duodenal ulcer for less than three years and the capacity to secretic acid in normal controls. The tendency for the capacity to secrete acid to increase with duration of symptoms was also evident in patients with gastric ulcers. The positions in which ulcers were found were closely related to the maximum acid output (M.A.O.), and to the age of patients. The site of recurrent ulcers, after vagotomy and drainage, was also related to the M.A.O. after vagotomy. These influences of ageing and vagotomy on the site of ulcers can be attributed to their antecedent effect on the M.A.O. It is suggested that the capacity to secret acid alone is not responsible for the genesis of peptic ulcers but that it influences the position in which an ulcer may develop under the influence of an unknown ulcerogenic factor.", "contents": "Maximum acid output and position of peptic ulcers. In a retrospective analysis of 2218 tests of gastric secretion 27% of patients with duodenal ulcers had an abnormal capacity to secrete acid. The abnormality was evident only in patients who had had symptoms for longer than three years, and was greatest in patients who had had symptoms for six to nine years. There was no significant difference between the capacity to secretic acid in patients who had symptoms of duodenal ulcer for less than three years and the capacity to secretic acid in normal controls. The tendency for the capacity to secrete acid to increase with duration of symptoms was also evident in patients with gastric ulcers. The positions in which ulcers were found were closely related to the maximum acid output (M.A.O.), and to the age of patients. The site of recurrent ulcers, after vagotomy and drainage, was also related to the M.A.O. after vagotomy. These influences of ageing and vagotomy on the site of ulcers can be attributed to their antecedent effect on the M.A.O. It is suggested that the capacity to secret acid alone is not responsible for the genesis of peptic ulcers but that it influences the position in which an ulcer may develop under the influence of an unknown ulcerogenic factor.", "PMID": 63847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1046", "title": "Remission of myasthenia gravis following plasma-exchange.", "content": "A course of daily plasma-exchange was undertaken in 3 patients with severe myasthenia gravis (M.G.) who had failed to respond to anticholinesterases, thymectomy, and steroids. In the 2 cases with acquired M.G., exchange was associated with an unequivocal improvement in muscle weakness and fatiguability, indicating that a humoral factor in plasma is directly concerned in causing the disorder of neuromuscular transmission. The improvement began within a few days of initiating exchange and continued for several days after exchange ceased. Preliminary evidence suggests that the beneficial effect can be maintained with subsequent immunosuppressive therapy. The patient with congenital M.G. failed to improve, suggesting that its pathogenesis may differ from that of the acquired disease.", "contents": "Remission of myasthenia gravis following plasma-exchange. A course of daily plasma-exchange was undertaken in 3 patients with severe myasthenia gravis (M.G.) who had failed to respond to anticholinesterases, thymectomy, and steroids. In the 2 cases with acquired M.G., exchange was associated with an unequivocal improvement in muscle weakness and fatiguability, indicating that a humoral factor in plasma is directly concerned in causing the disorder of neuromuscular transmission. The improvement began within a few days of initiating exchange and continued for several days after exchange ceased. Preliminary evidence suggests that the beneficial effect can be maintained with subsequent immunosuppressive therapy. The patient with congenital M.G. failed to improve, suggesting that its pathogenesis may differ from that of the acquired disease.", "PMID": 63848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1047", "title": "Low lead levels and mental retardation.", "content": "Borderline and mildly retarded children attending the hospital developmental evaluation clinic were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of a pred with a paediatric control group using blood-lead concentration as the independent variable. Children with a history of diagnosed lead posisoning were excluded from the study. The group of mentally retarded children \"aetiology unknown\" had statistically significantly raised blood-lead concentrations but the mentally retarded sample with \"probable aetiology\" showed no significant difference in lead concentrations from those of the normal controls. It is concluded that the association between lead and mental retardation extends over a much wider range than hitherto suspected and that the nature of this association is independent of a history of \"encephalopathic\" lead poisoning. It is suggested that physicians should consider raised lead levels in their examination of all children suspected of mental retardation and that the numerical definition of lead toxicity should be re-evaluated.", "contents": "Low lead levels and mental retardation. Borderline and mildly retarded children attending the hospital developmental evaluation clinic were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of a pred with a paediatric control group using blood-lead concentration as the independent variable. Children with a history of diagnosed lead posisoning were excluded from the study. The group of mentally retarded children \"aetiology unknown\" had statistically significantly raised blood-lead concentrations but the mentally retarded sample with \"probable aetiology\" showed no significant difference in lead concentrations from those of the normal controls. It is concluded that the association between lead and mental retardation extends over a much wider range than hitherto suspected and that the nature of this association is independent of a history of \"encephalopathic\" lead poisoning. It is suggested that physicians should consider raised lead levels in their examination of all children suspected of mental retardation and that the numerical definition of lead toxicity should be re-evaluated.", "PMID": 63849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1048", "title": "Penicillinase-producing Gonococci in Liverpool.", "content": "Gonococci, which had acquired a TEM-type of penicillinase widely distributed among gram-negative bacilli, appeared in February, 1976, and soon accounted for 9% of isolates at a clinic in Liverpool. In 45 patients infected by such gonococci, the frequency of complications did not suggest reduced communicability or invasiveness, and usual forms of treatment with penicillins always failed. Spectinomycin succeeded in 21 (95%) of 22 patients treated, blt tetracyclines succeeded in only 13 (68%) of 19. Appropriate laboratory tests for recognising penicillinase-producing gonococci must be used since such gonococci have already been transferred to other parts of the U.K. Penicillinase-stable cephalosporins were active in vitro and could prove to be the future treatment of choice.", "contents": "Penicillinase-producing Gonococci in Liverpool. Gonococci, which had acquired a TEM-type of penicillinase widely distributed among gram-negative bacilli, appeared in February, 1976, and soon accounted for 9% of isolates at a clinic in Liverpool. In 45 patients infected by such gonococci, the frequency of complications did not suggest reduced communicability or invasiveness, and usual forms of treatment with penicillins always failed. Spectinomycin succeeded in 21 (95%) of 22 patients treated, blt tetracyclines succeeded in only 13 (68%) of 19. Appropriate laboratory tests for recognising penicillinase-producing gonococci must be used since such gonococci have already been transferred to other parts of the U.K. Penicillinase-stable cephalosporins were active in vitro and could prove to be the future treatment of choice.", "PMID": 63850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1049", "title": "Red-blood-cell composition in thyroid disease.", "content": "Eight red-blood-cell (R.B.C.) consitituents were measured in ten patients with hyperthyroidism and in ten healthy subjects. Only R.B.C. sodium ([Na]) and zinc ([Zn]) differed much between the groups. Therefore, only these variables were measured in a larger group of untreated hyperthyroid patients. The increase in. R.B.C. [Na] and decrease in R.B.C. [Zn] were confirmed. The R.B.C. [Na] and [Zn] were related to each other and to the plasma-thyroid-hormone concentration. However, more patients had low R.B.C. [Zn] (91%) than had raised R.B.C. [Na] (50%). Further studies suggest that the R.B.C. [Zn] lags behind the clinical response when these patients are treated. These results suggest that the measurement of R.B.C. [Zn] may have a role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Red-blood-cell composition in thyroid disease. Eight red-blood-cell (R.B.C.) consitituents were measured in ten patients with hyperthyroidism and in ten healthy subjects. Only R.B.C. sodium ([Na]) and zinc ([Zn]) differed much between the groups. Therefore, only these variables were measured in a larger group of untreated hyperthyroid patients. The increase in. R.B.C. [Na] and decrease in R.B.C. [Zn] were confirmed. The R.B.C. [Na] and [Zn] were related to each other and to the plasma-thyroid-hormone concentration. However, more patients had low R.B.C. [Zn] (91%) than had raised R.B.C. [Na] (50%). Further studies suggest that the R.B.C. [Zn] lags behind the clinical response when these patients are treated. These results suggest that the measurement of R.B.C. [Zn] may have a role in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 63851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1050", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of thyroid disease using carbonic-anhydrase immunoassay.", "content": "Erythrocyte carbonic-anhydrase-I (C.A.I.) concentration was measured by radial immunodiffusion in 30 thyrotoxic patients and 15 myxoedemic patients, the results being compared with those found in a control group of 90 euthyroid individuals. In thyrotoxicosis the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was found to be below 10-29 mg/g haemoglobin, whereas the normal range varied from 11-1 to 22-5 mg C.A.I./g Hb. Low values were found in 4 patients with triiodothyronine(T3)-toxicosis. In myxoedema, the mean erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration, though elevated at 20-37 mg/g Hb, fell within the normal range. In pregnancy, the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration rose with time, the mean value at tern being 20-6 +/-S.D. 3-3 mg/g Hb. In a group of women taking oral contraceptives, a low erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was noted--an effect which was most obvious among those taking low-oestrogen contraceptives. It is suggested that erythrocyte-C.A.I. estimation provdes a rapid screening test for thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of thyroid disease using carbonic-anhydrase immunoassay. Erythrocyte carbonic-anhydrase-I (C.A.I.) concentration was measured by radial immunodiffusion in 30 thyrotoxic patients and 15 myxoedemic patients, the results being compared with those found in a control group of 90 euthyroid individuals. In thyrotoxicosis the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was found to be below 10-29 mg/g haemoglobin, whereas the normal range varied from 11-1 to 22-5 mg C.A.I./g Hb. Low values were found in 4 patients with triiodothyronine(T3)-toxicosis. In myxoedema, the mean erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration, though elevated at 20-37 mg/g Hb, fell within the normal range. In pregnancy, the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration rose with time, the mean value at tern being 20-6 +/-S.D. 3-3 mg/g Hb. In a group of women taking oral contraceptives, a low erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was noted--an effect which was most obvious among those taking low-oestrogen contraceptives. It is suggested that erythrocyte-C.A.I. estimation provdes a rapid screening test for thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 63852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1051", "title": "Antiviral activity in milk of possible clinical importance.", "content": "In human and in cow's milk an antiviral activity has been detected which does not seem to be related to antibodies or other known virus inhibitors. The antiviral activity lay in a relatively heat-stable macromolecule belonging to the non-fatty part of milk.", "contents": "Antiviral activity in milk of possible clinical importance. In human and in cow's milk an antiviral activity has been detected which does not seem to be related to antibodies or other known virus inhibitors. The antiviral activity lay in a relatively heat-stable macromolecule belonging to the non-fatty part of milk.", "PMID": 63853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1052", "title": "Coronary risk factors and socioeconomic status. The Oslo study.", "content": "Coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) had been reviewed as a \"manager's disease\". However, deaths from C.H.D. are now said to be more common in groups from the lower social classes than in those of higher socioeconomic status. We have examined wheather these differences in C.H.D. mortality can be explained by differences in the conventional risk factors for C.H.D.", "contents": "Coronary risk factors and socioeconomic status. The Oslo study. Coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) had been reviewed as a \"manager's disease\". However, deaths from C.H.D. are now said to be more common in groups from the lower social classes than in those of higher socioeconomic status. We have examined wheather these differences in C.H.D. mortality can be explained by differences in the conventional risk factors for C.H.D.", "PMID": 63860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1053", "title": "Transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella.", "content": "The transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica has been refined and perfected through advances in medicine and technology. Originally performed for excision of pituitary adenomas, its present primary use is pituitary ablation is hormonally dependent diseases. Our study of 55 patients who have undergone this procedure during the years 1970-1975 demonstrates that this microscopic technique gives excellent exposure and visualization of intrasellar contents. Our method gives excellent exposure and visualization of intrasellar contents. Our method with several instrument modifications is discussed. It is technically an easy procedure with a minimum of morbidigy and mortality.", "contents": "Transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella. The transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica has been refined and perfected through advances in medicine and technology. Originally performed for excision of pituitary adenomas, its present primary use is pituitary ablation is hormonally dependent diseases. Our study of 55 patients who have undergone this procedure during the years 1970-1975 demonstrates that this microscopic technique gives excellent exposure and visualization of intrasellar contents. Our method gives excellent exposure and visualization of intrasellar contents. Our method with several instrument modifications is discussed. It is technically an easy procedure with a minimum of morbidigy and mortality.", "PMID": 63889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1054", "title": "Phosphotungstic acid-iron-haematoxylin staining method for osteoid, boundary bone and bone components in paraffin sections.", "content": "A new staining technique which stains osteoid and bone tissue differentially and also demonstrates boundary bone, pathological osteoid and the changes in ageing, pathological and dead bone matrix in decalcified paraffin or low-viscosity-nitrocellulose bone sections was developed. This phosphotungstic acid-iron-haematoxylin (PTAIH) method is based on pretreating the sections with phosphotungstic acid followed by an iron alum mordant and staining in haematoxylin with subsequent timed differentiation, at certain stages of which the features listed above appear. Van Gieson's picrofuchsin is then used as a counterstain. After standard differentiation osteoid appears red in sharp contrast with the black bone, young and woven bone, old and lamellar bone, and allows one to demonstrate changes in stainability of diseased osteoid and bone matrix, and dead bone. With the differentiation done individually and interrupted at certain stages it is possible to distinguish between various bone components depending on the amount and quality of their in vivo mineralisation. Comparison with controls showed that in this respect the method is more sensitive than the curremt staining techniques of undecalcified bone sections since it demonstrates not only unmineralised and fully mineralised tissues but also shows the poorly calcified, demineralised and ill-calcified bone components. The advantages of the method compared with those using undecalcified sections are its simplicity, suitability for fixed and decalcified material in any unspecialised histological laboratory and the fact that osteoid and other bone components can be studied in sections of unlimited size and in undisturbed relationship to their surrounding soft tissues.", "contents": "Phosphotungstic acid-iron-haematoxylin staining method for osteoid, boundary bone and bone components in paraffin sections. A new staining technique which stains osteoid and bone tissue differentially and also demonstrates boundary bone, pathological osteoid and the changes in ageing, pathological and dead bone matrix in decalcified paraffin or low-viscosity-nitrocellulose bone sections was developed. This phosphotungstic acid-iron-haematoxylin (PTAIH) method is based on pretreating the sections with phosphotungstic acid followed by an iron alum mordant and staining in haematoxylin with subsequent timed differentiation, at certain stages of which the features listed above appear. Van Gieson's picrofuchsin is then used as a counterstain. After standard differentiation osteoid appears red in sharp contrast with the black bone, young and woven bone, old and lamellar bone, and allows one to demonstrate changes in stainability of diseased osteoid and bone matrix, and dead bone. With the differentiation done individually and interrupted at certain stages it is possible to distinguish between various bone components depending on the amount and quality of their in vivo mineralisation. Comparison with controls showed that in this respect the method is more sensitive than the curremt staining techniques of undecalcified bone sections since it demonstrates not only unmineralised and fully mineralised tissues but also shows the poorly calcified, demineralised and ill-calcified bone components. The advantages of the method compared with those using undecalcified sections are its simplicity, suitability for fixed and decalcified material in any unspecialised histological laboratory and the fact that osteoid and other bone components can be studied in sections of unlimited size and in undisturbed relationship to their surrounding soft tissues.", "PMID": 63895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1055", "title": "Methods of fixing, sectioning and staining amphibian eggs for cytological study.", "content": "A combination of methods for fixation (sublimate, cobalt nitrate, formaldehyde, acetic acid in water), inclusion (celloidin dissolved in methyl salicylate, paraffin-paraplast) and staining was used to make serial sections easy, to avoid clefts and to give a good picture of segmentation mitoses, as well as a good contrast of yolk and cytoplasmic components. Four methods of staining were used concerning the Urodele eggs: Safranin-methyl blue-orange G, safranin-picro-blue black naphthol (Curtis), safranin-violet crystal-orange G (Flemming) and Feulgen-methyl blue-orange G. The achromatic apparatus of the normal segmentation mitoses is clearly delineated and the relationships between astral fibers and yolk are different at metaphase and anaphase. By these methods, particularly suitable for demonstration of nuclei, cytoplasm and achromatic apparatus, the cleaving egg may be used as a test for the inhibition of achromatic apparatus and chromosome damage by antimitotic substances. The contrast between vitelline cytoplasm and cytoplasmic non-vitelline abnormal fibrillar systems, produced by transformation of astral and diastematic fibres, is made particularly evident by these methods of staining.", "contents": "Methods of fixing, sectioning and staining amphibian eggs for cytological study. A combination of methods for fixation (sublimate, cobalt nitrate, formaldehyde, acetic acid in water), inclusion (celloidin dissolved in methyl salicylate, paraffin-paraplast) and staining was used to make serial sections easy, to avoid clefts and to give a good picture of segmentation mitoses, as well as a good contrast of yolk and cytoplasmic components. Four methods of staining were used concerning the Urodele eggs: Safranin-methyl blue-orange G, safranin-picro-blue black naphthol (Curtis), safranin-violet crystal-orange G (Flemming) and Feulgen-methyl blue-orange G. The achromatic apparatus of the normal segmentation mitoses is clearly delineated and the relationships between astral fibers and yolk are different at metaphase and anaphase. By these methods, particularly suitable for demonstration of nuclei, cytoplasm and achromatic apparatus, the cleaving egg may be used as a test for the inhibition of achromatic apparatus and chromosome damage by antimitotic substances. The contrast between vitelline cytoplasm and cytoplasmic non-vitelline abnormal fibrillar systems, produced by transformation of astral and diastematic fibres, is made particularly evident by these methods of staining.", "PMID": 63896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1056", "title": "A lecture on lecturing.", "content": "There are major differences between a lecture and a paper for publication. Often the printed word is spoken at meetings, a kind of compulsive public reading which has robbed the lecturer of the chance of oratory and the audience of a little enjoyment. The simple fact is that although doctors read aloud badly (actors do this far better) most can learn to speak spontaneolsly and with animation; but this requires time and effort, both of which are donated in a miserly way. The successful lecturer is generous and considerate of his audience--a rare being at medical meetings.", "contents": "A lecture on lecturing. There are major differences between a lecture and a paper for publication. Often the printed word is spoken at meetings, a kind of compulsive public reading which has robbed the lecturer of the chance of oratory and the audience of a little enjoyment. The simple fact is that although doctors read aloud badly (actors do this far better) most can learn to speak spontaneolsly and with animation; but this requires time and effort, both of which are donated in a miserly way. The successful lecturer is generous and considerate of his audience--a rare being at medical meetings.", "PMID": 63898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1057", "title": "Evaluation of an integrated multi-media learning system.", "content": "Two teaching methods were compared: (1) the traditional way with textbooks, practical guidance, personal demonstration, and (2) an integrated multimedia system with text programme, slide-sound-show accompanying the experiment, and lecturer. Two samples of thirty-one students each were classified in twin groups by means of psychological tests. Both groups worked with the identical pretest/post-test and different training procedures. The integrated multi-media system produced highly significant more gain in the theoretical sphere, greater personal confidence, and lower experimental error. Furthermore positive attitude of the students towards the experiment was demonstrated. The improved performance was statistically proved by t-test and covariance analysis.", "contents": "Evaluation of an integrated multi-media learning system. Two teaching methods were compared: (1) the traditional way with textbooks, practical guidance, personal demonstration, and (2) an integrated multimedia system with text programme, slide-sound-show accompanying the experiment, and lecturer. Two samples of thirty-one students each were classified in twin groups by means of psychological tests. Both groups worked with the identical pretest/post-test and different training procedures. The integrated multi-media system produced highly significant more gain in the theoretical sphere, greater personal confidence, and lower experimental error. Furthermore positive attitude of the students towards the experiment was demonstrated. The improved performance was statistically proved by t-test and covariance analysis.", "PMID": 63899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1058", "title": "A method of teaching epidemiology in the clinical setting.", "content": "It is important to provide an epidemiological presence when teaching clinical medicine to undergraduate medical students in order to supply the underlying facts about disease. A series of pictorial or tabular presentations which together make up a 'master set' of Data Boards has been designed to give the medical student a visual picture of epidemiology. Each Data Board is constructed in such a way that it can be readily interpreted by a medical student at the bedside or in similar situations to those where he is expected to interpret clinical signs and symptoms of disease. The present use of Data Boards in clinical teaching is described and suggestions for future applications are made.", "contents": "A method of teaching epidemiology in the clinical setting. It is important to provide an epidemiological presence when teaching clinical medicine to undergraduate medical students in order to supply the underlying facts about disease. A series of pictorial or tabular presentations which together make up a 'master set' of Data Boards has been designed to give the medical student a visual picture of epidemiology. Each Data Board is constructed in such a way that it can be readily interpreted by a medical student at the bedside or in similar situations to those where he is expected to interpret clinical signs and symptoms of disease. The present use of Data Boards in clinical teaching is described and suggestions for future applications are made.", "PMID": 63900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1059", "title": "[Pathological-anatomical findings in 70-102 years old Caucasians (author's transl)].", "content": "The macroscopic findings of 2385 autopsy protocolls of 70-102 year-old males and females were analysed for frequency and functional significance of diseases. 1. Severe coronary arteriosclerosis was found up to 60% of the cases, with increasing frequency in higher age groups. However decrease of acute myocardial necrosis was stated including the highest age group. 2. The mean values of heart weights decrease in the highest age groups. 3. While the frequency of arteriosclerosis in the cerebral arteries increases the frequency of ischemic lesions of the brain decreases. 4. Benign hyperplasia of the prostate is found in 85% of the cases. 5. 80% of the patients had severe substantial chronic pulmonary emphysema and acute tracheobronchitis. These pulmonary lesions are supposed to be the functionally most important disease in patients of old age.", "contents": "[Pathological-anatomical findings in 70-102 years old Caucasians (author's transl)]. The macroscopic findings of 2385 autopsy protocolls of 70-102 year-old males and females were analysed for frequency and functional significance of diseases. 1. Severe coronary arteriosclerosis was found up to 60% of the cases, with increasing frequency in higher age groups. However decrease of acute myocardial necrosis was stated including the highest age group. 2. The mean values of heart weights decrease in the highest age groups. 3. While the frequency of arteriosclerosis in the cerebral arteries increases the frequency of ischemic lesions of the brain decreases. 4. Benign hyperplasia of the prostate is found in 85% of the cases. 5. 80% of the patients had severe substantial chronic pulmonary emphysema and acute tracheobronchitis. These pulmonary lesions are supposed to be the functionally most important disease in patients of old age.", "PMID": 63903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1060", "title": "Electron-microscopic identification of infectious particles of lymphocytic choriomeningitis.", "content": "LCM virus, strain WE--grown on L cells--and labeled with 3H-uridine was centrifuged to equilibrium in a sucrose density gradient and examined in fractions for infectivity, incorporated radioactivity, and electron-microscopic features. The peak of infectivity is congruent with the one of radioactivity (density = 1.17 g/ml). LCM virus specificity of the radioactive peak was proved by precipitation of the radioactivity with anti-LCM virus antiserum. The peak fractions showed an abundance of 106 +/- 14 nm (1s) particles. They could be agglutinated with specific anti-LCM virus antiserum but not with antiserum directed against the histocompatibility (H-2) antigens of L cells.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic identification of infectious particles of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. LCM virus, strain WE--grown on L cells--and labeled with 3H-uridine was centrifuged to equilibrium in a sucrose density gradient and examined in fractions for infectivity, incorporated radioactivity, and electron-microscopic features. The peak of infectivity is congruent with the one of radioactivity (density = 1.17 g/ml). LCM virus specificity of the radioactive peak was proved by precipitation of the radioactivity with anti-LCM virus antiserum. The peak fractions showed an abundance of 106 +/- 14 nm (1s) particles. They could be agglutinated with specific anti-LCM virus antiserum but not with antiserum directed against the histocompatibility (H-2) antigens of L cells.", "PMID": 63905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1061", "title": "Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoglobulin levels in breast carcinoma.", "content": "Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoglobulin levels were studied in 50 patients with breast carcinoma before therapy (17 with stage I disease; 18 stage II; 15 stage III or IV), and in 55 patients after primary lesions were surgically removed and gave no evidence of recurrence. The most consistent and statistically significant abnormalities observed on SPE were those of albumin, globulin, and alpha-2 globulin. Patients who were free of disease during follow-up examinations had higher albumin and lower globulin and alpha-2 globulin levels than those with advanced breast cancer (P = 0.003, P = 0.03, and P = 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in concentrations of immunoglobulin G, A, or M among the 5 groups. Routine laboratory tests of hemoglobulin, lymphocyte count, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and transaminase also did not differ among the groups, but carcinoembryonic antigen was significantly elevated in patients with stage III and IV disease.", "contents": "Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoglobulin levels in breast carcinoma. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoglobulin levels were studied in 50 patients with breast carcinoma before therapy (17 with stage I disease; 18 stage II; 15 stage III or IV), and in 55 patients after primary lesions were surgically removed and gave no evidence of recurrence. The most consistent and statistically significant abnormalities observed on SPE were those of albumin, globulin, and alpha-2 globulin. Patients who were free of disease during follow-up examinations had higher albumin and lower globulin and alpha-2 globulin levels than those with advanced breast cancer (P = 0.003, P = 0.03, and P = 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in concentrations of immunoglobulin G, A, or M among the 5 groups. Routine laboratory tests of hemoglobulin, lymphocyte count, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and transaminase also did not differ among the groups, but carcinoembryonic antigen was significantly elevated in patients with stage III and IV disease.", "PMID": 63906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1062", "title": "The pathogenesis of amyloid deposition: a new hypothesis.", "content": "Amyloid proteins are probably derived from a variety of precursor glycoproteins. It is postulated that there may be at least two key events in the pathogenesisi of amyloidosis. The first is an increase in the load of glycoprotein being brought to a site of degradation. In the case of myeloma this might be in the form of excess immunoglobulin light chains. In the case of secondary amyloidosis the form taken could be enzyme-alpha-globulin complexes. The second is an inability of the degrading site to handle the arriving substrate at a sufficiently rapid rate, the rate limiting step being at some point along the degradation pathway. We postulate that an acquired enzyme deficiency prevents removal of the carbohydrate moiety of the presented glycoprotein. This results in the accumulation of a normal intermediate (amyloid protein) during the breakdown of the glycoprotein substrate. Evidence for the operation of these mechanisms is discussed and their detailed nature and implications considered.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of amyloid deposition: a new hypothesis. Amyloid proteins are probably derived from a variety of precursor glycoproteins. It is postulated that there may be at least two key events in the pathogenesisi of amyloidosis. The first is an increase in the load of glycoprotein being brought to a site of degradation. In the case of myeloma this might be in the form of excess immunoglobulin light chains. In the case of secondary amyloidosis the form taken could be enzyme-alpha-globulin complexes. The second is an inability of the degrading site to handle the arriving substrate at a sufficiently rapid rate, the rate limiting step being at some point along the degradation pathway. We postulate that an acquired enzyme deficiency prevents removal of the carbohydrate moiety of the presented glycoprotein. This results in the accumulation of a normal intermediate (amyloid protein) during the breakdown of the glycoprotein substrate. Evidence for the operation of these mechanisms is discussed and their detailed nature and implications considered.", "PMID": 63902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1063", "title": "Tissue specificity of nonhistone proteins from human chromatin.", "content": "Nonhistone proteins were isolated from human placental and tonsillar chromatins. Antiserum was prepared against a complex from some nonhistone proteins and DNA (NP-DNA) from placental chromatin. With the help of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunological methods the tissue specificity of human chromatin nonhistone proteins was established. The described organ immunogenic specificity of the complex of DNA and nonhistone protein (NP-DNA) from human chromatin is in accordance with data published on similar complexes from different animal organs. Besides, it is shown that shearing of chromatin leads to large chifts in NP-DNA concentrations required for maximum complement fixation in the presence of the prepared antiserum. This may probably be due to a damage of certain chromatin super structures which involve some of the nonhistone proteins and DNA sequences from both the more condensed and less condensed parts of chromatin.", "contents": "Tissue specificity of nonhistone proteins from human chromatin. Nonhistone proteins were isolated from human placental and tonsillar chromatins. Antiserum was prepared against a complex from some nonhistone proteins and DNA (NP-DNA) from placental chromatin. With the help of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunological methods the tissue specificity of human chromatin nonhistone proteins was established. The described organ immunogenic specificity of the complex of DNA and nonhistone protein (NP-DNA) from human chromatin is in accordance with data published on similar complexes from different animal organs. Besides, it is shown that shearing of chromatin leads to large chifts in NP-DNA concentrations required for maximum complement fixation in the presence of the prepared antiserum. This may probably be due to a damage of certain chromatin super structures which involve some of the nonhistone proteins and DNA sequences from both the more condensed and less condensed parts of chromatin.", "PMID": 63910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1064", "title": "Biochemical and electron microscopical evidence for the presence of oncorna viruses in spleen tissue from two patients with haematological malignancies.", "content": "In extracts of spleen tissue from two patients with haemotological malignancies an RNA dependent DNA polymerase was found in particles with a density of 1.16, that is at the density of oncorna viruses. After treatment with noniomic detergents the enzyme activity was found in particles with a density of 1.23-1.24, similar to the density of oncorna viral cores. A simultaneous detection test with this core fraction material for 70 S RNA and RNA dependent DNA polymerase was positive for both patients. Electron microscopical inspection of the material with a density of 1.16 revealed immature C-type virus like particles, various stages of maturing particles and a number of particles resembling mature C-type oncorna viruses. In two normal spleens from patients with carcinoma of the colon and oesophagus respectively and in three spleens from patients with no history of malignancy no RNA dependent DNA polymerase was found. Material from one normal spleen was examined in the electron microscope and no virus-like particles were seen.", "contents": "Biochemical and electron microscopical evidence for the presence of oncorna viruses in spleen tissue from two patients with haematological malignancies. In extracts of spleen tissue from two patients with haemotological malignancies an RNA dependent DNA polymerase was found in particles with a density of 1.16, that is at the density of oncorna viruses. After treatment with noniomic detergents the enzyme activity was found in particles with a density of 1.23-1.24, similar to the density of oncorna viral cores. A simultaneous detection test with this core fraction material for 70 S RNA and RNA dependent DNA polymerase was positive for both patients. Electron microscopical inspection of the material with a density of 1.16 revealed immature C-type virus like particles, various stages of maturing particles and a number of particles resembling mature C-type oncorna viruses. In two normal spleens from patients with carcinoma of the colon and oesophagus respectively and in three spleens from patients with no history of malignancy no RNA dependent DNA polymerase was found. Material from one normal spleen was examined in the electron microscope and no virus-like particles were seen.", "PMID": 63913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1065", "title": "Effect of a digitalis drug on ventricular premature beats.", "content": "To determine the efficacy of digitalis drugs in suppressing ventricular ectopic activity, 142 patients with frequent (greater than 1 per minute) ventricular premature beats underwent acetyl strophanthidin tolerance testing. In 65 patients (46 per cent), frequency and grade were reduced during testing. In 37 (26 per cent), the ectopic activity remained unaltered; frequency increased during testing in the remaining 40 patients (28 per cent). In the group with a suppressive effect, ventricular premature beats decreased by 82 per cent, with complete abolition of arrhythmias in 46 per cent. The three groups were not distinguishable clinically by either the type or the extent of heart disease. The antiarrhythmic action of acetyl strophanthidin did not appear to depend upon its positive inotropic action. In some patients it appears to be due to an indirect reduction of Purkinje-fiber automaticity resulting from enhanced vagus-nerve activity that thereby lessens adrenergic tone on the heart.", "contents": "Effect of a digitalis drug on ventricular premature beats. To determine the efficacy of digitalis drugs in suppressing ventricular ectopic activity, 142 patients with frequent (greater than 1 per minute) ventricular premature beats underwent acetyl strophanthidin tolerance testing. In 65 patients (46 per cent), frequency and grade were reduced during testing. In 37 (26 per cent), the ectopic activity remained unaltered; frequency increased during testing in the remaining 40 patients (28 per cent). In the group with a suppressive effect, ventricular premature beats decreased by 82 per cent, with complete abolition of arrhythmias in 46 per cent. The three groups were not distinguishable clinically by either the type or the extent of heart disease. The antiarrhythmic action of acetyl strophanthidin did not appear to depend upon its positive inotropic action. In some patients it appears to be due to an indirect reduction of Purkinje-fiber automaticity resulting from enhanced vagus-nerve activity that thereby lessens adrenergic tone on the heart.", "PMID": 63914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1066", "title": "Generation of an esterolytic and kinin-forming kallikrein-alpha2-macroglobulin complex in human serum by treatment with acetone.", "content": "Kinin-forming and esterolytic activity in human citrate plasma has been activated by treatment of the plasma with acetone. By far most of the esterolytic activity if not all of it was recovered in an alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) kallikrein complex (SI) which was characterized and purified by chromatography. Little if any esterolytic activity was present which could be ascribed to free plasma kallikrein. The alpha2M-kallikrein complex had kinin-releasing activity though much less than free plasma kallikrein, relative to esterolytic potency. This explains that a considerable fraction of the kinin-forming potential of acetone-activated plasma resides in free plasma kallikrein although it represents only a very small portion of the total kallikrein store. Like free plasma kallikrein the alpha2M complex releases kinin from LMW-kininogen less efficiently than from HMW, in systems of purified components. In whole plasma, the efficiencies change: whereas plasma kallikrein is rapidly inactivated by endogenous inhibitors, the alpha2M complex is protected from further inactivation and capable of releasing kinin continuously if slowly, attacking also LMW-kininogen after HMW-kininogen has been consumed by free kallikrein. While the alpha2M-complex in this respect differs functionally from free plasma kallikrein and explains earlier observations suggesting the presence of two kininogenases, it seems doubtful now that two truly different kininogenases exist in human plasma. The results suggest that acetone predominantly inactivates full inhibitors of kallikrein such as C1INH whereas alpha2M is somewhat more resistant and (pre-)-kallikrein even more. Depending on the time and temperature of acetone treatment one obtains more or less total kallikrein and varying proportions of free to bound enzymes. It is likely that acetone does not turly trigger an activation of prekallikrein but supports spontaneous activation by slowing down the control of the feedback reinforcement of this activation, by damaging inhibitors.", "contents": "Generation of an esterolytic and kinin-forming kallikrein-alpha2-macroglobulin complex in human serum by treatment with acetone. Kinin-forming and esterolytic activity in human citrate plasma has been activated by treatment of the plasma with acetone. By far most of the esterolytic activity if not all of it was recovered in an alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) kallikrein complex (SI) which was characterized and purified by chromatography. Little if any esterolytic activity was present which could be ascribed to free plasma kallikrein. The alpha2M-kallikrein complex had kinin-releasing activity though much less than free plasma kallikrein, relative to esterolytic potency. This explains that a considerable fraction of the kinin-forming potential of acetone-activated plasma resides in free plasma kallikrein although it represents only a very small portion of the total kallikrein store. Like free plasma kallikrein the alpha2M complex releases kinin from LMW-kininogen less efficiently than from HMW, in systems of purified components. In whole plasma, the efficiencies change: whereas plasma kallikrein is rapidly inactivated by endogenous inhibitors, the alpha2M complex is protected from further inactivation and capable of releasing kinin continuously if slowly, attacking also LMW-kininogen after HMW-kininogen has been consumed by free kallikrein. While the alpha2M-complex in this respect differs functionally from free plasma kallikrein and explains earlier observations suggesting the presence of two kininogenases, it seems doubtful now that two truly different kininogenases exist in human plasma. The results suggest that acetone predominantly inactivates full inhibitors of kallikrein such as C1INH whereas alpha2M is somewhat more resistant and (pre-)-kallikrein even more. Depending on the time and temperature of acetone treatment one obtains more or less total kallikrein and varying proportions of free to bound enzymes. It is likely that acetone does not turly trigger an activation of prekallikrein but supports spontaneous activation by slowing down the control of the feedback reinforcement of this activation, by damaging inhibitors.", "PMID": 63921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1067", "title": "Amniotic fluid tests for fetal maturity in normal and abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "The lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio is acknowledged to be superior to most procedures for predictinf fetal lung maturity in normal pregnancy. In complicated gestations, however, errors have been reported. This study involves 686 normal gestations and 389 pregnancies complicated by fetomaternal diseases. The L/S ratio, creatinine level, and percent of fat-staining cells were measured in samples of amniotic fluid from these patients. The results showed good correlation of all three tests with fetal maturity as measured by weight, Dubowitz criteria, and incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in the normal patients. In the complicated pregnancies, however, the creatinine was unacceptable in up to 30% of the cases. The L/S ratio likewise decreased in accuracy for all parameters of fetal maturity measured. The Nile blue staining of the fetal cells appeared to be the most consistent technic in these cases. A fetal maturity battery comprised of these three assays and other methods of assessing fetal health is advocated in pregnancies complicated by certain disease states.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid tests for fetal maturity in normal and abnormal pregnancies. The lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio is acknowledged to be superior to most procedures for predictinf fetal lung maturity in normal pregnancy. In complicated gestations, however, errors have been reported. This study involves 686 normal gestations and 389 pregnancies complicated by fetomaternal diseases. The L/S ratio, creatinine level, and percent of fat-staining cells were measured in samples of amniotic fluid from these patients. The results showed good correlation of all three tests with fetal maturity as measured by weight, Dubowitz criteria, and incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in the normal patients. In the complicated pregnancies, however, the creatinine was unacceptable in up to 30% of the cases. The L/S ratio likewise decreased in accuracy for all parameters of fetal maturity measured. The Nile blue staining of the fetal cells appeared to be the most consistent technic in these cases. A fetal maturity battery comprised of these three assays and other methods of assessing fetal health is advocated in pregnancies complicated by certain disease states.", "PMID": 63926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1068", "title": "Amniography for the early detection of neural tube defects.", "content": "Among the methods available for the midtrimester diagnosis of neural tube defects, it has been suggested that amniography be used to determine the presence of meningomyelocele. Twelve studies are reported in which the procedure was utilized. In 3 cases, a neural tube defect was present but was not detected by this method. The experience reported here challenges the value of this procedure and suggests that it should be evaluated further by utilizing it in cases where a positive diagnosis has been made by other methods and pregnancy termination is to be performed.", "contents": "Amniography for the early detection of neural tube defects. Among the methods available for the midtrimester diagnosis of neural tube defects, it has been suggested that amniography be used to determine the presence of meningomyelocele. Twelve studies are reported in which the procedure was utilized. In 3 cases, a neural tube defect was present but was not detected by this method. The experience reported here challenges the value of this procedure and suggests that it should be evaluated further by utilizing it in cases where a positive diagnosis has been made by other methods and pregnancy termination is to be performed.", "PMID": 63927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1069", "title": "Nile blue and fetal maturity. Further investigations.", "content": "The consistency of results using Nile blue staining of fetal cells in amniotic fluid to estimate fetal maturity has been demonstrated. Recently, evidence to support this method has been published from this laboratory. Several biochemical and technical factors were cited as important to the success of the method. This report deals with further testing of several Nile blue dyes (hydrochloride and sulfate) necessitated by changes in production and federal regulation of this compound. The results show Nile blue hydrochloride (HCl) to be the most superior dye regardless of color index. Buffered solutions (6.6) of Nile blue A (sulfate) improve its performance, but not to levels demonstrated by the HCl preparation. Storage at room temperature adversely affects each dye; however, the sulfate variety appears to be the most unreliable under these circumstances. For best results, it is recommended that Nile blue HCl be used and the solution (buffered or normal) be kept refrigerated.", "contents": "Nile blue and fetal maturity. Further investigations. The consistency of results using Nile blue staining of fetal cells in amniotic fluid to estimate fetal maturity has been demonstrated. Recently, evidence to support this method has been published from this laboratory. Several biochemical and technical factors were cited as important to the success of the method. This report deals with further testing of several Nile blue dyes (hydrochloride and sulfate) necessitated by changes in production and federal regulation of this compound. The results show Nile blue hydrochloride (HCl) to be the most superior dye regardless of color index. Buffered solutions (6.6) of Nile blue A (sulfate) improve its performance, but not to levels demonstrated by the HCl preparation. Storage at room temperature adversely affects each dye; however, the sulfate variety appears to be the most unreliable under these circumstances. For best results, it is recommended that Nile blue HCl be used and the solution (buffered or normal) be kept refrigerated.", "PMID": 63928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1070", "title": "Phytohemagglutin-induced lymphocyte transformation in oral contraceptive users.", "content": "Phytohemagglutin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte transformation (PILT) was determined in 217 women taking oral contraceptives and 203 control women by means of the uptake of 3H-thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes cultured in heterologous serum. Depressed PILT responses were observed in oral contraceptive users as compared with age-matched controls, and the magnitude of depression correlated with the duration of oral contraception and was inversely related to the clinical progestagenic potency of the component steroids. An additional group of 21 women, tested within 1 year (mean 3 months) of cessation of oral contraception, showed persistent depression of PILT responses. Suppression of lymphocyte transformation in autologous as compared with homologous, normal serum suggests that serum inhibitory factors amy be important. We found no evidence for a direct suppressive in vitro effect of synthetic estrogens and gestagens. The prevalence of autoantibodies in oral contraceptive users was similar to that in control subjects.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutin-induced lymphocyte transformation in oral contraceptive users. Phytohemagglutin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte transformation (PILT) was determined in 217 women taking oral contraceptives and 203 control women by means of the uptake of 3H-thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes cultured in heterologous serum. Depressed PILT responses were observed in oral contraceptive users as compared with age-matched controls, and the magnitude of depression correlated with the duration of oral contraception and was inversely related to the clinical progestagenic potency of the component steroids. An additional group of 21 women, tested within 1 year (mean 3 months) of cessation of oral contraception, showed persistent depression of PILT responses. Suppression of lymphocyte transformation in autologous as compared with homologous, normal serum suggests that serum inhibitory factors amy be important. We found no evidence for a direct suppressive in vitro effect of synthetic estrogens and gestagens. The prevalence of autoantibodies in oral contraceptive users was similar to that in control subjects.", "PMID": 63929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1071", "title": "[New experiences with bleomycin].", "content": "26 patients all with squamous call carcinoma of the head and neck were treated primarily with Bleomycin (maximal dose 300 mg by i.v. injections of 15 mg every second day). In 10 of the patients a significant regression of the tumor was achieved. In one particular case no histological evidence of tumor could be found. The expected side effects of Bleomycin were observed. Two patients died of heart-lung failure. Histological examinations showed signs of cytostatic pneumopathy.", "contents": "[New experiences with bleomycin]. 26 patients all with squamous call carcinoma of the head and neck were treated primarily with Bleomycin (maximal dose 300 mg by i.v. injections of 15 mg every second day). In 10 of the patients a significant regression of the tumor was achieved. In one particular case no histological evidence of tumor could be found. The expected side effects of Bleomycin were observed. Two patients died of heart-lung failure. Histological examinations showed signs of cytostatic pneumopathy.", "PMID": 63931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1072", "title": "Tumoral drugs as possible blastogenic agents the problem of anti-blastic medication.", "content": "The author studies the possible transplacentary carcinogenic drugs used in human therapeutics; the study is of an experimental nature, the pregnant mother rat being injected at the 20-21st days of gestation with double the kg/day dose used in human therapeutics. A total of 1,264 rats (Wistar) were utilized, careful note being made of the possible appearance of tumors throughout the lives of the animals. The products and tumoral percentages, both benign as well as malignant, were as follows: Oncotiotepa (0%); Daunoblastine (3.3%); Vinblastine (9%); Bleomycine (12.8%); 5-Fluoro-Uracil (12.87%); Lyovac (cosmogen) (16.6%); Genoxal (17.14%); and Natulan (37.42%). The benign forms predominated in all the tumors produced, but with some of the drugs the malignant varieties produced were made as 39.3% of the tumors. The location and type of tumors were variable; there being cutaneous, glandular, mammary, hepatic, renal, and tumors of the nervous system; there were also tumors of epithelial, connective and nervous variety.", "contents": "Tumoral drugs as possible blastogenic agents the problem of anti-blastic medication. The author studies the possible transplacentary carcinogenic drugs used in human therapeutics; the study is of an experimental nature, the pregnant mother rat being injected at the 20-21st days of gestation with double the kg/day dose used in human therapeutics. A total of 1,264 rats (Wistar) were utilized, careful note being made of the possible appearance of tumors throughout the lives of the animals. The products and tumoral percentages, both benign as well as malignant, were as follows: Oncotiotepa (0%); Daunoblastine (3.3%); Vinblastine (9%); Bleomycine (12.8%); 5-Fluoro-Uracil (12.87%); Lyovac (cosmogen) (16.6%); Genoxal (17.14%); and Natulan (37.42%). The benign forms predominated in all the tumors produced, but with some of the drugs the malignant varieties produced were made as 39.3% of the tumors. The location and type of tumors were variable; there being cutaneous, glandular, mammary, hepatic, renal, and tumors of the nervous system; there were also tumors of epithelial, connective and nervous variety.", "PMID": 63933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1073", "title": "Silver deposition in mouse glomeruli.", "content": "Administration of 6 mM silver nitrate in the drinking water of mice resulted in deposition within the glomerular basement membrane of silver granules which were detected on electron microscopy after 12 days. Larger aggregates were detected in the basement membrane and mesangium when silver ingestion was extended to 14 weeks. The silver deposits did not alter significantly over a period of 21 weeks after silver nitrate ingestion was stopped.", "contents": "Silver deposition in mouse glomeruli. Administration of 6 mM silver nitrate in the drinking water of mice resulted in deposition within the glomerular basement membrane of silver granules which were detected on electron microscopy after 12 days. Larger aggregates were detected in the basement membrane and mesangium when silver ingestion was extended to 14 weeks. The silver deposits did not alter significantly over a period of 21 weeks after silver nitrate ingestion was stopped.", "PMID": 63934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1074", "title": "Morphological and immunological evidence of coagulopathy in renal complications of pregnancy.", "content": "Renal biopsies in 14 patients with P.E.T. or eclampsia showed constant I.F. reactions for IgM and fibrin, with frequent reactions for C1q and C3. The glomeruli showed reversible mesangial proliferation and swelling, with characterictic E.M. deposits, and segmental lesions were present in seven patients. Similar I.F. reactions occurred in three other patients with clinical diagnoses of P.E.T. whose biopsies demonstrated coexistent glomerular disease. Serum complement studies showed a significant rise in C3 in the third trimester of normal pregnancies and a further significant elevation in C1q and C3 in the third trimester of a series of unselected P.E.T. patients. In contrast, four patients from the biopsy series with eclampsia or severe P.E.T. showed profound depression of serum C3 and C4, at the time of maximum clinical severity, which was shown to return to normal in two patients. The I.F. findings confirm those of Petrucco et al (6), and, with the other data, suggest that immune-complex deposition and activation of the classical complement pathway could interrect with intravascular coagulation to produce the glomerular lesions of P.E.T. and eclampsia.", "contents": "Morphological and immunological evidence of coagulopathy in renal complications of pregnancy. Renal biopsies in 14 patients with P.E.T. or eclampsia showed constant I.F. reactions for IgM and fibrin, with frequent reactions for C1q and C3. The glomeruli showed reversible mesangial proliferation and swelling, with characterictic E.M. deposits, and segmental lesions were present in seven patients. Similar I.F. reactions occurred in three other patients with clinical diagnoses of P.E.T. whose biopsies demonstrated coexistent glomerular disease. Serum complement studies showed a significant rise in C3 in the third trimester of normal pregnancies and a further significant elevation in C1q and C3 in the third trimester of a series of unselected P.E.T. patients. In contrast, four patients from the biopsy series with eclampsia or severe P.E.T. showed profound depression of serum C3 and C4, at the time of maximum clinical severity, which was shown to return to normal in two patients. The I.F. findings confirm those of Petrucco et al (6), and, with the other data, suggest that immune-complex deposition and activation of the classical complement pathway could interrect with intravascular coagulation to produce the glomerular lesions of P.E.T. and eclampsia.", "PMID": 63937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1075", "title": "Lipofuscin in neuronal aging and diseases.", "content": "The increasing intraneuronal accumulation of lipofuscin has been linked to the aging process by a striking linear correlation between the degree of accumulation and chronological age. It has been established that age pigments are soluble in polar and nonpolar solvents; the pigment is autofluorescent and stains with PAS, Sudan black B, Nile blue osmic acid and ferric ferricyanide techniques. Whether all pigments exhibiting these properties are identical, or at least closely related, regardless of the surrounding tissue, animal species and age of the individual, is debatable. Pigment formation has been demonstrated in young and aged animals as well as in individual subjected to experimental stress and to dietetic and environmental interference. Electron microscopic studies in animals have shown a considerable variability in the fine structure of individual lipofuscin granules but the presence of \"lucent vacuoles\" surrounded by a unit membrane is one of the characteristic features of neuronal lipofuscin in the aged. Recently, electron microscopy, utilizing the freeze-etching technique, has provided convincing evidence which disproves the earlier view that lucent vacuoles are the remnant of lipid material dissolved and removed during the preparation of the tissues for microscopic examination. These vacuoles have also been demonstrated in freshly frozen material not previously fixed or immersed. Vacuolated pigment granules occur earlier in the area postrema than in other regions of the rat brain (Hasan and Heyder 1974). Regional differences in the time sequence of pigment deposition are present.", "contents": "Lipofuscin in neuronal aging and diseases. The increasing intraneuronal accumulation of lipofuscin has been linked to the aging process by a striking linear correlation between the degree of accumulation and chronological age. It has been established that age pigments are soluble in polar and nonpolar solvents; the pigment is autofluorescent and stains with PAS, Sudan black B, Nile blue osmic acid and ferric ferricyanide techniques. Whether all pigments exhibiting these properties are identical, or at least closely related, regardless of the surrounding tissue, animal species and age of the individual, is debatable. Pigment formation has been demonstrated in young and aged animals as well as in individual subjected to experimental stress and to dietetic and environmental interference. Electron microscopic studies in animals have shown a considerable variability in the fine structure of individual lipofuscin granules but the presence of \"lucent vacuoles\" surrounded by a unit membrane is one of the characteristic features of neuronal lipofuscin in the aged. Recently, electron microscopy, utilizing the freeze-etching technique, has provided convincing evidence which disproves the earlier view that lucent vacuoles are the remnant of lipid material dissolved and removed during the preparation of the tissues for microscopic examination. These vacuoles have also been demonstrated in freshly frozen material not previously fixed or immersed. Vacuolated pigment granules occur earlier in the area postrema than in other regions of the rat brain (Hasan and Heyder 1974). Regional differences in the time sequence of pigment deposition are present.", "PMID": 63941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1076", "title": "Blood groups changes in preleukemic states.", "content": "Modifications of blood groups in the course of malignant hemopathies are related to the disease itself and appear to be essentially clonal. They refer not only to the glycolipidic ABH and associated antigens, but also to other blood group systems or other genetic markers. These multiple abnormalities are observed in the preleukemic states as well as in the actual leukaemias. Similar but limited to one genetic unit abnormalities have been noticed among apparently normal subjects, especially in the aged. The various modifications observed are indeed related to the genetic function, and the clonal character is in favor of this assumption. The evidence of abnormalities affecting two genetic systems which are linked ABO and AK is a further argument supporting this hypothesis. Furthermore, the distribution of immunoglobulin marker abnormalities corresponds to that of one of the haplotypes of the Gm genotype. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase itself is abnormal too, in the case of ABH antigen abnormalities. In all the cases investigated to date, when apparently new characters seemed to be observed, they are in fact unconverted substrates, which are to be compared to the carcinoembryonic antigens.", "contents": "Blood groups changes in preleukemic states. Modifications of blood groups in the course of malignant hemopathies are related to the disease itself and appear to be essentially clonal. They refer not only to the glycolipidic ABH and associated antigens, but also to other blood group systems or other genetic markers. These multiple abnormalities are observed in the preleukemic states as well as in the actual leukaemias. Similar but limited to one genetic unit abnormalities have been noticed among apparently normal subjects, especially in the aged. The various modifications observed are indeed related to the genetic function, and the clonal character is in favor of this assumption. The evidence of abnormalities affecting two genetic systems which are linked ABO and AK is a further argument supporting this hypothesis. Furthermore, the distribution of immunoglobulin marker abnormalities corresponds to that of one of the haplotypes of the Gm genotype. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase itself is abnormal too, in the case of ABH antigen abnormalities. In all the cases investigated to date, when apparently new characters seemed to be observed, they are in fact unconverted substrates, which are to be compared to the carcinoembryonic antigens.", "PMID": 63942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1077", "title": "Problems relating to immunoselection of leukemias.", "content": "Problems relating to immunoselection of neoplastic, in particular leukemic, cell lines are reviewed. Since there is ample evidence that specific immune reactions of the host against malignant neoplastic cells do occur, it becomes important to consider the effectiveness and the relevance of immunity in suppression or elimination of neoplastic growth. Emphasis is placed on experimental results obtained in syngeneic tumor-host combinations, because they more closely resemble the situation of spontaneous tumorigenesis or leukemogenesis than xenogeneic or allogeneic model systems. Studies of types of neoplasia observed in cases of human immunodeficiency syndromes offer an important insight into problems involved in immunoselection of leukemic cell lines: the marked predominance of leukemias and lymphoreticular neoplasias in immunodeficient patients invites speculation on both the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and the relative importance of the immune system in eliminating malignant neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Problems relating to immunoselection of leukemias. Problems relating to immunoselection of neoplastic, in particular leukemic, cell lines are reviewed. Since there is ample evidence that specific immune reactions of the host against malignant neoplastic cells do occur, it becomes important to consider the effectiveness and the relevance of immunity in suppression or elimination of neoplastic growth. Emphasis is placed on experimental results obtained in syngeneic tumor-host combinations, because they more closely resemble the situation of spontaneous tumorigenesis or leukemogenesis than xenogeneic or allogeneic model systems. Studies of types of neoplasia observed in cases of human immunodeficiency syndromes offer an important insight into problems involved in immunoselection of leukemic cell lines: the marked predominance of leukemias and lymphoreticular neoplasias in immunodeficient patients invites speculation on both the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and the relative importance of the immune system in eliminating malignant neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 63943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1078", "title": "Binding of triton X-100 to diphtheria toxin, crossreacting material 45, and their fragments.", "content": "Binding of the nonionic detergent [3H]Triton X-100 by diphtheria toxin, by the nontoxic serologically related protein crossreacting material (CRM) 45, and by their respective A and B fragments has been studied. If first denatured in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, all of the proteins with the exception of fragment A bind increasing amounts of Triton X-100, reaching a maximum of more than 40 mol bound per mol of protein when the detergent concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration. No measurable amount of Triton X-100 is bound by native toxin or its A fragment of any concentration of the detergent. Undenatured CRM45 or its B45 fragment, on the other hand, readily became inserted into Triton X-100 micelles when the detergent reaches its critical micelle concentration. The results show that the toxin molecule contains a hydrophobic domain located on the portion of the B fragment that is linked to A. This region is masked in native toxin. Based on these findings, a model is proposed to describe how fragment B facilitates the transport of the enzymically active hydrophilic fragment A across the plasma membrane to reach the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Binding of triton X-100 to diphtheria toxin, crossreacting material 45, and their fragments. Binding of the nonionic detergent [3H]Triton X-100 by diphtheria toxin, by the nontoxic serologically related protein crossreacting material (CRM) 45, and by their respective A and B fragments has been studied. If first denatured in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, all of the proteins with the exception of fragment A bind increasing amounts of Triton X-100, reaching a maximum of more than 40 mol bound per mol of protein when the detergent concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration. No measurable amount of Triton X-100 is bound by native toxin or its A fragment of any concentration of the detergent. Undenatured CRM45 or its B45 fragment, on the other hand, readily became inserted into Triton X-100 micelles when the detergent reaches its critical micelle concentration. The results show that the toxin molecule contains a hydrophobic domain located on the portion of the B fragment that is linked to A. This region is masked in native toxin. Based on these findings, a model is proposed to describe how fragment B facilitates the transport of the enzymically active hydrophilic fragment A across the plasma membrane to reach the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 63947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1079", "title": "Analysis of HeLa cell hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutants and revertants by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: evidence for silent gene activation.", "content": "The spot corresponding to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) has been identified in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of HeLa cell extracts. This spot is absent in gels of 24 HPRT dificient mutants. A missense mutant displays a new HPRT spot at the same molecular weight but different isoelectric focusing position. Five independently isolated revertants of the missense mutant display spots corresponding to both the wild-type and mutant proteins indicating that they synthesize HPRT from two separate genes. If the missense protein is synthesized from a mutated form of the initially active HPRT gene, then wild-type HPRT protein in the revertants must be snythesized from a newly activated but prevously silent wild-type gene. The newly activated gene in the revertants of the missense mutation appears unstable producing a high frequency of spontaneous HPRT mutants.", "contents": "Analysis of HeLa cell hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutants and revertants by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: evidence for silent gene activation. The spot corresponding to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) has been identified in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of HeLa cell extracts. This spot is absent in gels of 24 HPRT dificient mutants. A missense mutant displays a new HPRT spot at the same molecular weight but different isoelectric focusing position. Five independently isolated revertants of the missense mutant display spots corresponding to both the wild-type and mutant proteins indicating that they synthesize HPRT from two separate genes. If the missense protein is synthesized from a mutated form of the initially active HPRT gene, then wild-type HPRT protein in the revertants must be snythesized from a newly activated but prevously silent wild-type gene. The newly activated gene in the revertants of the missense mutation appears unstable producing a high frequency of spontaneous HPRT mutants.", "PMID": 63948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1080", "title": "Bvr-1, a restriction locus of a type C RNA virus in the feline cellular genome: identification, location, and phenotypic characterization in cat X mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were constructed between BALB/c-RAG mouse cells and feline lymphoma cells by the hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selection scheme. RAG cells spontaneously produce an endogenous B-tropic type C virus. Cat-mouse hybrids preferentially segregate feline chromosomes and retain murine chromosomes-demonstrable by karyotypic and isozyme analyses. Despite the presence of the complete mouse genome, including the viral genome, virus production was diminished to 1-5% of the levels observed in RAG parents based upon particle-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity in the culture fluid. Thirty-seven hybrids made on four different occasions had suppressed virus levels, and no hybrids expressed parental virus levels. Reverse selection experiments on 6-thioguanine demonstrated that a restriction gene, tentatively named Bvr-1, was linked to the feline structural genes for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.4.8) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49) in cats, probably on the X-chromosome. The genetic mode of action of Bvr-1 is trans dominant in restriction of murine leukemia virus. The restriction locus results in a block late in virus maturation but prior to release, since expression of antigens for viral structural proteins and matrue budding particles is apparent on surfaces of restriced hybrid cells but not in high-speed pellets from culture fluid of restricted cells.", "contents": "Bvr-1, a restriction locus of a type C RNA virus in the feline cellular genome: identification, location, and phenotypic characterization in cat X mouse somatic cell hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids were constructed between BALB/c-RAG mouse cells and feline lymphoma cells by the hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selection scheme. RAG cells spontaneously produce an endogenous B-tropic type C virus. Cat-mouse hybrids preferentially segregate feline chromosomes and retain murine chromosomes-demonstrable by karyotypic and isozyme analyses. Despite the presence of the complete mouse genome, including the viral genome, virus production was diminished to 1-5% of the levels observed in RAG parents based upon particle-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity in the culture fluid. Thirty-seven hybrids made on four different occasions had suppressed virus levels, and no hybrids expressed parental virus levels. Reverse selection experiments on 6-thioguanine demonstrated that a restriction gene, tentatively named Bvr-1, was linked to the feline structural genes for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.4.8) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49) in cats, probably on the X-chromosome. The genetic mode of action of Bvr-1 is trans dominant in restriction of murine leukemia virus. The restriction locus results in a block late in virus maturation but prior to release, since expression of antigens for viral structural proteins and matrue budding particles is apparent on surfaces of restriced hybrid cells but not in high-speed pellets from culture fluid of restricted cells.", "PMID": 63949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1081", "title": "Antiviral effect on MS-2 coliphage obtained with a synthetic antigen.", "content": "The coat protein of bacteriophage MS-2 was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to yield three fragments, possessing the sequence 1-88 (P1), 89-108 (P2), and 109-129 (P3), respectively. The mixture of peptides P2 and P3, which could not be separated, was found capable of inhibiting the neutralization of the phage by antiserum to the whole MS-2. The peptides corresponding to P2 and P3 were therefore synthesized. The synthetic P3 had no capacity to interfere with neutralization of MS-2, not did its macromolecular conjugate with multichain poly(DL-alanine) elicit neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, the synthetic P2 was very efficient in inhibiting the inactivation of the phage by the antiserum against phage. Furthermore, a synthetic antigen prepared by attachment of P2 to multichain poly(alanine) incuded antiserum in rabbits that was capable of neutralizing MS-2 activity almost as efficiently as the antiserum prepared against the intact coat protein. This inactivation is specific, because it can, in turn, be totally inhibited by P2 peptide.", "contents": "Antiviral effect on MS-2 coliphage obtained with a synthetic antigen. The coat protein of bacteriophage MS-2 was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to yield three fragments, possessing the sequence 1-88 (P1), 89-108 (P2), and 109-129 (P3), respectively. The mixture of peptides P2 and P3, which could not be separated, was found capable of inhibiting the neutralization of the phage by antiserum to the whole MS-2. The peptides corresponding to P2 and P3 were therefore synthesized. The synthetic P3 had no capacity to interfere with neutralization of MS-2, not did its macromolecular conjugate with multichain poly(DL-alanine) elicit neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, the synthetic P2 was very efficient in inhibiting the inactivation of the phage by the antiserum against phage. Furthermore, a synthetic antigen prepared by attachment of P2 to multichain poly(alanine) incuded antiserum in rabbits that was capable of neutralizing MS-2 activity almost as efficiently as the antiserum prepared against the intact coat protein. This inactivation is specific, because it can, in turn, be totally inhibited by P2 peptide.", "PMID": 63950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1082", "title": "Immunological crossreaction between alpha-fetoprotein and albumin.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a fetal protein associated with certain tumors, and serum albumin did not corssreact immunologically in native form. Unfolding of their polypeptide chains by reduction of the disulfide bonds followed by carboxamidomethylation produced derivatives with immunochemical properties different from those of the native proteins. Precipitating reactions and radioimmunoassays preformed with antibodies to such unfolded derivatives showed strong crossreactions between albumin and AFP. These assays were found to lack species specificity: AFPs and albumins from different species were equally active. Several other proteins unrelated to AFP or albumin did not react or reacted much less in these assays. These results support the conclusions derived from recent sequence data that AFP and albumin are structurally related and have a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "Immunological crossreaction between alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a fetal protein associated with certain tumors, and serum albumin did not corssreact immunologically in native form. Unfolding of their polypeptide chains by reduction of the disulfide bonds followed by carboxamidomethylation produced derivatives with immunochemical properties different from those of the native proteins. Precipitating reactions and radioimmunoassays preformed with antibodies to such unfolded derivatives showed strong crossreactions between albumin and AFP. These assays were found to lack species specificity: AFPs and albumins from different species were equally active. Several other proteins unrelated to AFP or albumin did not react or reacted much less in these assays. These results support the conclusions derived from recent sequence data that AFP and albumin are structurally related and have a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 63951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1083", "title": "Human alpha-fetoprotein as a modulator of human lymphocyte transformation: correlation of biological potency with electrophoretic variants.", "content": "Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) isolated by immunoadsorbent column was shown to suppress the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes to phytomitogens, antihuman thymocyte antiserum, and the mixed lymphocyte culture. HAFP isolated from the sera and ascitic fluid of five hepatoma patients, and from fetal liver, varied in biological potency over three orders of magnitude. Extended agarose gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated three molecular species of HAFP. Quantitation of the three species revealed a correlation between the relative amount of the most negatively charged species and biological potency. Treatment of HAFP with neuraminidase to remove completely sialic acid residues did not alter the biological potency, but converted the three species to two species having slower electrophoretic mobilities. We conclude that differences in sialic acid content are only partly responsible for the microheterogeneity demonstrated by HAFP, and that variability in another charged moiety is also present. Variation in the relative proportions of the different molecular species of HAFP may be important in the regulation of its immunosuppressive properties.", "contents": "Human alpha-fetoprotein as a modulator of human lymphocyte transformation: correlation of biological potency with electrophoretic variants. Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) isolated by immunoadsorbent column was shown to suppress the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes to phytomitogens, antihuman thymocyte antiserum, and the mixed lymphocyte culture. HAFP isolated from the sera and ascitic fluid of five hepatoma patients, and from fetal liver, varied in biological potency over three orders of magnitude. Extended agarose gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated three molecular species of HAFP. Quantitation of the three species revealed a correlation between the relative amount of the most negatively charged species and biological potency. Treatment of HAFP with neuraminidase to remove completely sialic acid residues did not alter the biological potency, but converted the three species to two species having slower electrophoretic mobilities. We conclude that differences in sialic acid content are only partly responsible for the microheterogeneity demonstrated by HAFP, and that variability in another charged moiety is also present. Variation in the relative proportions of the different molecular species of HAFP may be important in the regulation of its immunosuppressive properties.", "PMID": 63952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1084", "title": "Simultaneous detection of reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA in tissue of patients with Hodgkin's disease and patients with leukemia.", "content": "Complexes of high-molecular-weight RNA and reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) have been detected in 14(77.8%) of 18 spleen from patients with Hodgkin's disease and in all samples tested of peripheral leukocytes and spleens from leukemic patients. The enzyme and its template are localized in a particle having a density between 1.16 and 1.19 g/ml. These observations describe characteristic features of RNA tumor viruses.", "contents": "Simultaneous detection of reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA in tissue of patients with Hodgkin's disease and patients with leukemia. Complexes of high-molecular-weight RNA and reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) have been detected in 14(77.8%) of 18 spleen from patients with Hodgkin's disease and in all samples tested of peripheral leukocytes and spleens from leukemic patients. The enzyme and its template are localized in a particle having a density between 1.16 and 1.19 g/ml. These observations describe characteristic features of RNA tumor viruses.", "PMID": 63953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1085", "title": "Growth parameters of the hairless mouse epidermis after bleomycin treatment: possible interaction with epidermal chalones.", "content": "Hairless mice were given two injections of 2 mg bleomycin i.p. on two successive days. By a stathmokinetic method, micro-flow fluorometry and autoradiography, many kinetic parameters were measured. Bleomycin affected cell proliferation in epidermis by depressing the number of cells in and the passage of cells through the different cell cycle phases, i.e. S, G2 and M in a biphasic manner. The time between the two minima corresponded to the mean generation time of the basal cells. Skin extracts produced from animals at different time intervals after the bleomycin injection show that bleomycin interferred only slightly with the G1-chalone, but had a more pronounced effect on the content of G2 of the skin, increasing and reducing the chalone effect in a biphasic manner. The study gives some support to the theory that the particularly good effect of bleomycin in squamous cell epithelium may be due to an interference of bleomycin with keratinization and chalone production. The protein synthesis showed only a minimal depression where the kinetic parameters were heavily depressed.", "contents": "Growth parameters of the hairless mouse epidermis after bleomycin treatment: possible interaction with epidermal chalones. Hairless mice were given two injections of 2 mg bleomycin i.p. on two successive days. By a stathmokinetic method, micro-flow fluorometry and autoradiography, many kinetic parameters were measured. Bleomycin affected cell proliferation in epidermis by depressing the number of cells in and the passage of cells through the different cell cycle phases, i.e. S, G2 and M in a biphasic manner. The time between the two minima corresponded to the mean generation time of the basal cells. Skin extracts produced from animals at different time intervals after the bleomycin injection show that bleomycin interferred only slightly with the G1-chalone, but had a more pronounced effect on the content of G2 of the skin, increasing and reducing the chalone effect in a biphasic manner. The study gives some support to the theory that the particularly good effect of bleomycin in squamous cell epithelium may be due to an interference of bleomycin with keratinization and chalone production. The protein synthesis showed only a minimal depression where the kinetic parameters were heavily depressed.", "PMID": 63957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1086", "title": "Structure and action of bleomycin.", "content": "The structures of bleomycins and of other bleomycin-phleomycin group of antibiotics were described. The activity of bleomycins and their derivatives in causing strand scission of SV40 viral DNA suggests that the beta-aminoalanine amide moiety and the carbamoyl group are involved in this reaction. More than one guanido group in the terminal amine of bleomycin-phleomycin group antibiotics caused irreversible renal toxicity in dogs. Pulmonary toxicity varied depending on the terminal amines. A bleomycin-inactivating enzyme which distributes widely in animal cells was shown to be a new aminopeptidase B which hydrolyzes beta-aminoalanine amide group. At least one of the reasons for activity against squamous cell carcinoma was shown to be due to the lower content of this enzyme. The inhibitor of this enzyme was synergistic to bleomycin in inhibiting growth of cells, thus suggesting the intracellular action of this enzyme. Selected for further study from the bleomycins containing various terminal amines, bleomycin 5033 which showed the same activity against squamous cell carcinoma in mouse skin as the bleomycin used at present and lower toxicity than the latter, and bleomycin A5196 which showed stronger activity and stronger toxicity but lower lung toxicity than the latter.", "contents": "Structure and action of bleomycin. The structures of bleomycins and of other bleomycin-phleomycin group of antibiotics were described. The activity of bleomycins and their derivatives in causing strand scission of SV40 viral DNA suggests that the beta-aminoalanine amide moiety and the carbamoyl group are involved in this reaction. More than one guanido group in the terminal amine of bleomycin-phleomycin group antibiotics caused irreversible renal toxicity in dogs. Pulmonary toxicity varied depending on the terminal amines. A bleomycin-inactivating enzyme which distributes widely in animal cells was shown to be a new aminopeptidase B which hydrolyzes beta-aminoalanine amide group. At least one of the reasons for activity against squamous cell carcinoma was shown to be due to the lower content of this enzyme. The inhibitor of this enzyme was synergistic to bleomycin in inhibiting growth of cells, thus suggesting the intracellular action of this enzyme. Selected for further study from the bleomycins containing various terminal amines, bleomycin 5033 which showed the same activity against squamous cell carcinoma in mouse skin as the bleomycin used at present and lower toxicity than the latter, and bleomycin A5196 which showed stronger activity and stronger toxicity but lower lung toxicity than the latter.", "PMID": 63962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1087", "title": "Importance of experimental data for the improvement of the therapeutical effect of bleomycin.", "content": "The intimate mechanism of action of bleomycin has been extensively studied at molecular and cellular level. From the analysis of dose-response curves, different hypotheses have been formulated, and the importance and the extent of DNA repairability has been emphasized in correlation with the different phases of the cell cycle. Sensitivity to bleomycin depends on the fixation of DNA damage which occurs when damaged sites become involved in replication before they can be repaired.", "contents": "Importance of experimental data for the improvement of the therapeutical effect of bleomycin. The intimate mechanism of action of bleomycin has been extensively studied at molecular and cellular level. From the analysis of dose-response curves, different hypotheses have been formulated, and the importance and the extent of DNA repairability has been emphasized in correlation with the different phases of the cell cycle. Sensitivity to bleomycin depends on the fixation of DNA damage which occurs when damaged sites become involved in replication before they can be repaired.", "PMID": 63965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1088", "title": "Bleomycin effects on malignant tumors of the male genitalia.", "content": "Bleomycin was applied alone or in combination with actinomycin D, vinblastine, radiation and/or surgery in cancer of the penis (6) and testis (6). In early stages of penile cancer (T2 N0 M0) a total response was noted. The failure in advanced stages is discussed. In terato-, embryonal- and choriocarcinomas of the testis (T2-4 N0-2 M0-1) remarkable responses of short and long duration were observed in all patients. The reasons for different biological action are discussed.", "contents": "Bleomycin effects on malignant tumors of the male genitalia. Bleomycin was applied alone or in combination with actinomycin D, vinblastine, radiation and/or surgery in cancer of the penis (6) and testis (6). In early stages of penile cancer (T2 N0 M0) a total response was noted. The failure in advanced stages is discussed. In terato-, embryonal- and choriocarcinomas of the testis (T2-4 N0-2 M0-1) remarkable responses of short and long duration were observed in all patients. The reasons for different biological action are discussed.", "PMID": 63968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1089", "title": "Effect of bleomycin on DNA, RNA, protein, chromatin and on cell transformation by oncogenic RNA viruses.", "content": "Bleomycin (BLM) exclusively affects thymidine-containing compounds such as DNA and polydeoxyribonucleotides by releasing free thymine and leaving aldehyde functions. Molecular morphology and base sequence of the DNA strongly influence BLM activity. High BLM concentrations, besides modifying DNA into oligothyminic or athyminic nucleic acids, cause strand scissions. Enzymatic DNA and RNA synthesis is strongly influenced by BLM. The inhibition in DNA-dependent DNA polymerase and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase assays is of the non-competitive type. Protein biosynthesis in in vitro systems is not affected by BLM even at high concentrations. BLM turns out to be a strong inhibitor of DNase I and of DNase II; the inhibition is of the competitive type. The enzymatic activities of nucleases using RNA as substrate (RNase A, RNase B, Rnase T1, venom phosphodiesterase I and spleen phosphodiesterase II) are not influenced by this antibiotic. The antibiotic reduces cell proliferation (L5178y mouse lymphoma cells) in vitro in low concentrations by cytostasis and at higher concentrations by cytotoxicity. In BLM-treated L5178y cells, DNA synthesis is strongly reduced, while RNA and protein synthesis are not affected. In vivo, using growing quail oviducts, cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation are markedly inhibited after BLM treatment. This is attributed to the observed inhibition of DNA synthesis. RNA and protein synthesis as well as gene expression are not influenced by BLM under the conditions used. The selective inhibition of DNA synthesis in vivo may be caused by the following mechanisms: (1) competition of BLM with RNA; (2) blocking of the accessibility of DNA in chromatin to BLM, and (3) dependence from the repair processes. BLM inhibits growth of sarcomas, induced by oncogenic RNA viruses in vivo; well-developed tumours show regression after BLM treatment. Transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts by oncogenic RNA viruses in vitro and growth of these viruses is blocked by BLM; the most sensitive period for BLM inhibition is the time during the first period (integration of viral genome into cellular genome?) after infection.", "contents": "Effect of bleomycin on DNA, RNA, protein, chromatin and on cell transformation by oncogenic RNA viruses. Bleomycin (BLM) exclusively affects thymidine-containing compounds such as DNA and polydeoxyribonucleotides by releasing free thymine and leaving aldehyde functions. Molecular morphology and base sequence of the DNA strongly influence BLM activity. High BLM concentrations, besides modifying DNA into oligothyminic or athyminic nucleic acids, cause strand scissions. Enzymatic DNA and RNA synthesis is strongly influenced by BLM. The inhibition in DNA-dependent DNA polymerase and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase assays is of the non-competitive type. Protein biosynthesis in in vitro systems is not affected by BLM even at high concentrations. BLM turns out to be a strong inhibitor of DNase I and of DNase II; the inhibition is of the competitive type. The enzymatic activities of nucleases using RNA as substrate (RNase A, RNase B, Rnase T1, venom phosphodiesterase I and spleen phosphodiesterase II) are not influenced by this antibiotic. The antibiotic reduces cell proliferation (L5178y mouse lymphoma cells) in vitro in low concentrations by cytostasis and at higher concentrations by cytotoxicity. In BLM-treated L5178y cells, DNA synthesis is strongly reduced, while RNA and protein synthesis are not affected. In vivo, using growing quail oviducts, cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation are markedly inhibited after BLM treatment. This is attributed to the observed inhibition of DNA synthesis. RNA and protein synthesis as well as gene expression are not influenced by BLM under the conditions used. The selective inhibition of DNA synthesis in vivo may be caused by the following mechanisms: (1) competition of BLM with RNA; (2) blocking of the accessibility of DNA in chromatin to BLM, and (3) dependence from the repair processes. BLM inhibits growth of sarcomas, induced by oncogenic RNA viruses in vivo; well-developed tumours show regression after BLM treatment. Transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts by oncogenic RNA viruses in vitro and growth of these viruses is blocked by BLM; the most sensitive period for BLM inhibition is the time during the first period (integration of viral genome into cellular genome?) after infection.", "PMID": 63969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1090", "title": "Actions of bleomycin on DNA ligase and polymerases.", "content": "Bleomycin inhibited the ligase, which was partially purified from rat ascites hepatoma, AH-130, even at a concentration as low as 0.01-1 mug/ml. The DNA degraded by bleomycin was not repaired by ligase. Therefore, it was suggested that bleomycin at higher concentration produced strand scission of DNA, which could not be repaired by the ligase, and at lower concentration inhibited the ligase reaction presumably by binding to DNA strand or to ligase. Also, the specificity of inhibition by bleomycin on the DNA polymerase of oncogenic RNA virus was tested, comparing with the four kinds of DNA polymerases extracted from the spleen of mice infected with Friend virus. Three kinds of DNA polymerases from spleen were not inhibited by bleomycin, but the fourth enzyme, which was induced in the spleen by virus infection, was inhibited by the antibiotic, when poly-d(AT) and poly-dG with dC were used as template.", "contents": "Actions of bleomycin on DNA ligase and polymerases. Bleomycin inhibited the ligase, which was partially purified from rat ascites hepatoma, AH-130, even at a concentration as low as 0.01-1 mug/ml. The DNA degraded by bleomycin was not repaired by ligase. Therefore, it was suggested that bleomycin at higher concentration produced strand scission of DNA, which could not be repaired by the ligase, and at lower concentration inhibited the ligase reaction presumably by binding to DNA strand or to ligase. Also, the specificity of inhibition by bleomycin on the DNA polymerase of oncogenic RNA virus was tested, comparing with the four kinds of DNA polymerases extracted from the spleen of mice infected with Friend virus. Three kinds of DNA polymerases from spleen were not inhibited by bleomycin, but the fourth enzyme, which was induced in the spleen by virus infection, was inhibited by the antibiotic, when poly-d(AT) and poly-dG with dC were used as template.", "PMID": 63970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1091", "title": "Effect of bleomycin on cell survival and some implications for tumor therapy.", "content": "Tumor is normally composed of cells growing and non-growing and, therefore, of cells having different responses to exogenous agents. Hence, it is not possible to treat a tumor with an unitary principle. As far as the tumor cell sterilization by bleomycin is concerned, the growing fraction of tumor should be managed by fractional schedule, while plateau phase cells by continuous infusion. Based on the cell sterilization kinetics, further improvement of chemotherapy by bleomycin must be sought. The investigation will duly involve the studies on the nature of resistance induction and PLD repair.", "contents": "Effect of bleomycin on cell survival and some implications for tumor therapy. Tumor is normally composed of cells growing and non-growing and, therefore, of cells having different responses to exogenous agents. Hence, it is not possible to treat a tumor with an unitary principle. As far as the tumor cell sterilization by bleomycin is concerned, the growing fraction of tumor should be managed by fractional schedule, while plateau phase cells by continuous infusion. Based on the cell sterilization kinetics, further improvement of chemotherapy by bleomycin must be sought. The investigation will duly involve the studies on the nature of resistance induction and PLD repair.", "PMID": 63972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1092", "title": "Response of mammalian cells to bleomycin-induced potentially lethal and sublethal damage.", "content": "Both dividing and nondividing cells were able to recover from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage, but not from sublethal damage. The recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage by nondividing cells was twice as great as that exhibited by dividing cells; and, potentially lethal damage recovery was sufficiently high for cells in both growth states to conceal the true response to sublethal damage. Through the use of integral dose fractions of bleomycin, the recovery from potentially lethal damage can be reduced significantly. These data suggest that closely spaced treatments with fractionated doses of bleomycin may be a more effective means of eradicating tumors containing large nondividing cell populations in vivo.", "contents": "Response of mammalian cells to bleomycin-induced potentially lethal and sublethal damage. Both dividing and nondividing cells were able to recover from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage, but not from sublethal damage. The recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage by nondividing cells was twice as great as that exhibited by dividing cells; and, potentially lethal damage recovery was sufficiently high for cells in both growth states to conceal the true response to sublethal damage. Through the use of integral dose fractions of bleomycin, the recovery from potentially lethal damage can be reduced significantly. These data suggest that closely spaced treatments with fractionated doses of bleomycin may be a more effective means of eradicating tumors containing large nondividing cell populations in vivo.", "PMID": 63973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1093", "title": "Sensorimotor organization in reach and prehension: a development model.", "content": "A model is presented to depict the organization of the reflex, visual, voluntary motor, and perceptual-cognitive systems in the development of reach and prehension during the first year of life. Five components of hand skills are identified based upon a review of infant scales and observational studies, and the sequential occurrence of behaviors leading to the development of these components is graphically presented. These sequences are juxtaposed to enable the reader to view the temporal relationship of the systems at various stages in the development of reach and prehension in the infant. Items in the models are operationally defined. An explanation is included to clarify the nature and the sequence of events involved in the culmination of mature hand skills. The model should be useful in the identification, analysis, and remediation of deficits in reach and prehension often noted in children with developmental disabilities.", "contents": "Sensorimotor organization in reach and prehension: a development model. A model is presented to depict the organization of the reflex, visual, voluntary motor, and perceptual-cognitive systems in the development of reach and prehension during the first year of life. Five components of hand skills are identified based upon a review of infant scales and observational studies, and the sequential occurrence of behaviors leading to the development of these components is graphically presented. These sequences are juxtaposed to enable the reader to view the temporal relationship of the systems at various stages in the development of reach and prehension in the infant. Items in the models are operationally defined. An explanation is included to clarify the nature and the sequence of events involved in the culmination of mature hand skills. The model should be useful in the identification, analysis, and remediation of deficits in reach and prehension often noted in children with developmental disabilities.", "PMID": 63975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1094", "title": "Mental development of phenylketonuric children on or off diet after the age of six.", "content": "Eleven children with phenylketonuria (PKU) taken off diet after the age of six showed significant decreases in rate of mental development compared with 26 control children children of comparable IQ and with 17 PKU children of comparable IQ who remained on the diet. Changes in rate of mental development were significantly and inversely correlated with plasma phenylalanine levels in treated PKU.", "contents": "Mental development of phenylketonuric children on or off diet after the age of six. Eleven children with phenylketonuria (PKU) taken off diet after the age of six showed significant decreases in rate of mental development compared with 26 control children children of comparable IQ and with 17 PKU children of comparable IQ who remained on the diet. Changes in rate of mental development were significantly and inversely correlated with plasma phenylalanine levels in treated PKU.", "PMID": 63976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1095", "title": "[Competitive inhibition of the fixation of various cytotropic antibodies to mast cells of the peritoneal serous membrane in the guinea pig].", "content": "The degranulating capacity of guinea pig peritoneal serous membrane mast-cells due to IgG1 and reaginic homocytotropic antibodies and heterocytotropic rabbit IgG antibody was studied, as was the interference which nonspecific immunoglobulins may produce in the fixation of antibodies. Although the capacity to degranulate mast-cells proved identical for all the antibodies studied, reagin appears to possess a greater fixation capacity for a possible cellular membrane site. The greater resistence of reagin to elimination by washing could account for this.", "contents": "[Competitive inhibition of the fixation of various cytotropic antibodies to mast cells of the peritoneal serous membrane in the guinea pig]. The degranulating capacity of guinea pig peritoneal serous membrane mast-cells due to IgG1 and reaginic homocytotropic antibodies and heterocytotropic rabbit IgG antibody was studied, as was the interference which nonspecific immunoglobulins may produce in the fixation of antibodies. Although the capacity to degranulate mast-cells proved identical for all the antibodies studied, reagin appears to possess a greater fixation capacity for a possible cellular membrane site. The greater resistence of reagin to elimination by washing could account for this.", "PMID": 63978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1096", "title": "[Study of serologic cross reactions between the antigens of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Histoplasma capsulatum].", "content": "A comparative study of serologic cross-reactions between histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis was carried out using complement fixation (CF) and agar gel immunodiffusion (ID) tests. Sera from 77 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, 38 with histoplasmosis and 50 healthy individuals were studied. The Pan American Health Organization microtiter CF test and the Hupper ID technique were employed. The antigens were prepared by the method of Ajello as modified by Negroni. Paracoccidioidin CF test was positive in all patients with paracoccidioidomycosis; 29 of these (37%) presented serologic cross-reaction with histoplasmin. Histoplasmin CF test was positive in all but one of the patients with histoplasmosis and only 4 of them (10%) showed cross-reaction with paracoccidioidin. Positive reactions with the ID test were registered in 74/77 cases of paracoccidiodomycosis, with only one case of cross-reaction (1,3%). The result for the ID test was positive in all but one of the cases of histoplasmosis, with only one cross-reaction with paracoccidiodin (2,7%). The ID test seemed to be much more specific although it could be less sensitive. It was also easier to perform and less expensive than the CF test. Nevertheless the authors urge that the CF test also be carried out whenever posible, since the information obtained is likely to be of more value in follow-up and control of patients.", "contents": "[Study of serologic cross reactions between the antigens of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Histoplasma capsulatum]. A comparative study of serologic cross-reactions between histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis was carried out using complement fixation (CF) and agar gel immunodiffusion (ID) tests. Sera from 77 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, 38 with histoplasmosis and 50 healthy individuals were studied. The Pan American Health Organization microtiter CF test and the Hupper ID technique were employed. The antigens were prepared by the method of Ajello as modified by Negroni. Paracoccidioidin CF test was positive in all patients with paracoccidioidomycosis; 29 of these (37%) presented serologic cross-reaction with histoplasmin. Histoplasmin CF test was positive in all but one of the patients with histoplasmosis and only 4 of them (10%) showed cross-reaction with paracoccidioidin. Positive reactions with the ID test were registered in 74/77 cases of paracoccidiodomycosis, with only one case of cross-reaction (1,3%). The result for the ID test was positive in all but one of the cases of histoplasmosis, with only one cross-reaction with paracoccidiodin (2,7%). The ID test seemed to be much more specific although it could be less sensitive. It was also easier to perform and less expensive than the CF test. Nevertheless the authors urge that the CF test also be carried out whenever posible, since the information obtained is likely to be of more value in follow-up and control of patients.", "PMID": 63979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1097", "title": "Confirmation of the existence of human serum leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA).", "content": "We have obtained antisera from rabbits which react with serum from several leukaemia patients after absorption with normal human serum. The specificities of these rabbit antisera have been shown to be closely related to those of the original anti-LAA antisera of Viza et al (1970) and Harris et al (1971). Thus, the existence of leukaemia associated (but probably not leukaemia specific) serum antigen in man has been confirmed. One of the animals was immunized with normal amniotic fluid obtained at 15-16 weeks of gestation. Thus, LAA seems to be a normal constituent of amniotic fluid. This suggests that LAA is another onco-fetal component.", "contents": "Confirmation of the existence of human serum leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA). We have obtained antisera from rabbits which react with serum from several leukaemia patients after absorption with normal human serum. The specificities of these rabbit antisera have been shown to be closely related to those of the original anti-LAA antisera of Viza et al (1970) and Harris et al (1971). Thus, the existence of leukaemia associated (but probably not leukaemia specific) serum antigen in man has been confirmed. One of the animals was immunized with normal amniotic fluid obtained at 15-16 weeks of gestation. Thus, LAA seems to be a normal constituent of amniotic fluid. This suggests that LAA is another onco-fetal component.", "PMID": 63985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1098", "title": "The immunosuppressive role of alpha-fetoprotein during pregnancy.", "content": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in mice at mid-term (day 10) in pregnancy. A significant but selective suppression of the primary in vivo antibody (plaque-forming cell) response to SRBC was observed, with the most pronounced effect being on the gammaA response. Similar results were obtained for secondary in vitro antibody synthesis by antigen-primed spleen cells from pregnant mice, demonstrating the intrinsic nature of the inhibition. Pregnant mouse serum (PMS) was shown to suppress primary in vitro antibody synthesis, and the inhibitory effect was abrogated by the selective removal of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using affinity chromatography. Normal mouse serum became similarly suppressive in vitro when purified AFP of fetal origin was added to it in concentrations approximating that found in PMS. Spleen cells from pregnant mice showed a suppressed mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, a lowered response to concanavalin. A, and a normal response to lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, the allogeneic response of these animals as measured in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture was enhanced. PMS suppressed both allogeneic and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation by spleen cells from nonpregnant mice, and the effect was eliminated by the selective removal of AFP. These findings indicate an important functional role for AFP in normal embryological development.", "contents": "The immunosuppressive role of alpha-fetoprotein during pregnancy. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in mice at mid-term (day 10) in pregnancy. A significant but selective suppression of the primary in vivo antibody (plaque-forming cell) response to SRBC was observed, with the most pronounced effect being on the gammaA response. Similar results were obtained for secondary in vitro antibody synthesis by antigen-primed spleen cells from pregnant mice, demonstrating the intrinsic nature of the inhibition. Pregnant mouse serum (PMS) was shown to suppress primary in vitro antibody synthesis, and the inhibitory effect was abrogated by the selective removal of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using affinity chromatography. Normal mouse serum became similarly suppressive in vitro when purified AFP of fetal origin was added to it in concentrations approximating that found in PMS. Spleen cells from pregnant mice showed a suppressed mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, a lowered response to concanavalin. A, and a normal response to lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, the allogeneic response of these animals as measured in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture was enhanced. PMS suppressed both allogeneic and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation by spleen cells from nonpregnant mice, and the effect was eliminated by the selective removal of AFP. These findings indicate an important functional role for AFP in normal embryological development.", "PMID": 63986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1099", "title": "The first example of an isoallotype of human IgG located on the Fd fragment.", "content": "An isoallotype of IgG is described that is an isotype on heavy chains of IgG3 and IgG4 proteins and an allotype for IgG1 proteins, in which it is associated with Glm(f). The isoallotypic determinant is located on Fd. Binding of light chains (independent of their type) is required for its antigenic expression, since isolated heavy chains are not reactive in inhibition tests. It is suggested that the coding for the amino acid sequence related to this isoallotype was present on the ancestral gene before the duplication of subclasses. The presence in many non-human primate species proves that it is strongly conserved in evolution.", "contents": "The first example of an isoallotype of human IgG located on the Fd fragment. An isoallotype of IgG is described that is an isotype on heavy chains of IgG3 and IgG4 proteins and an allotype for IgG1 proteins, in which it is associated with Glm(f). The isoallotypic determinant is located on Fd. Binding of light chains (independent of their type) is required for its antigenic expression, since isolated heavy chains are not reactive in inhibition tests. It is suggested that the coding for the amino acid sequence related to this isoallotype was present on the ancestral gene before the duplication of subclasses. The presence in many non-human primate species proves that it is strongly conserved in evolution.", "PMID": 63987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1100", "title": "[Diagnostic methods in drug allergies].", "content": "Immunological exploration of a patient following an allergic complication is based on tests in vitro, which are free of danger. At the present time it remains very difficult, on the one hand on the basis of the antigenic radicle responsible, secondly because of the characteristics of the immune response which it induces. The aim of exploration is the objective demonstration, using several techniques, of an immune response directed specifically against the medication. The pathological significance of this response must be analysed in each case.", "contents": "[Diagnostic methods in drug allergies]. Immunological exploration of a patient following an allergic complication is based on tests in vitro, which are free of danger. At the present time it remains very difficult, on the one hand on the basis of the antigenic radicle responsible, secondly because of the characteristics of the immune response which it induces. The aim of exploration is the objective demonstration, using several techniques, of an immune response directed specifically against the medication. The pathological significance of this response must be analysed in each case.", "PMID": 63984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1101", "title": "The concentration of doxycycline in human prostate gland and its role in the treatment of prostatitis.", "content": "The concentrations of doxycycline were measured in 36 enucleated, enlarged prostate glands. After administration of 200 mg of doxycycline intravenously significant tissue concentrations (mean value 1.79 mug/g) were rapidly obtained. The mean concentration of the drug 14 hours after a repeated oral dose of 100 mg was 1.56 mug/g. The ratios of tissue and serum concentrations were 0.610 and 0.568, respectively. As there are only a few antibiotics which penetrate into the prostate, the importance of these data for the treatment of bacterial or mycoplasma prostatitis is obvious.", "contents": "The concentration of doxycycline in human prostate gland and its role in the treatment of prostatitis. The concentrations of doxycycline were measured in 36 enucleated, enlarged prostate glands. After administration of 200 mg of doxycycline intravenously significant tissue concentrations (mean value 1.79 mug/g) were rapidly obtained. The mean concentration of the drug 14 hours after a repeated oral dose of 100 mg was 1.56 mug/g. The ratios of tissue and serum concentrations were 0.610 and 0.568, respectively. As there are only a few antibiotics which penetrate into the prostate, the importance of these data for the treatment of bacterial or mycoplasma prostatitis is obvious.", "PMID": 63989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1102", "title": "Experimental production of rheumatoid factor-like antibodies and antibodies against the cathepsin D site of IgG following the injection of autologous Fab2.", "content": "In a very high proportion of rabbits, repeated intra- or extra-articular injections of autolous Fab2 produced by homologous cathepsin D induce the formation of Rf-like antibodies reacting with both homologous and human IgG. Moreover, intra-articular injections of this kind cause a significant rise in the titre of thm of all the animals so far tested. Rf-like antibodies against human IgG appear earlier and have higher serum titres than those reacting with homologous IgG. The reason for this latter observation seems to be the blocking of the anti-rabbit IgG antibodies by the animal's own IgG. The anti-rabbit IgG antibodies can be absorbed only on aggregated rabbit IgG. The anti-human IgG antibodies cross-react to some extent with rabbit IgG. The results of inhibition studies suggest that the formation of anti-Fab2 homoreactants is directly stimulated by the injected Fab2, whereas the Rf-like antibodies owe their appearance to immune complexes formed in vivo by the injected Fab2 and the naturally occuring anti-Fab2 homoreactants. In respect of immunoglobulin class, the two kinds of Rf-like antibody are possibly of both IgM and IgG type.", "contents": "Experimental production of rheumatoid factor-like antibodies and antibodies against the cathepsin D site of IgG following the injection of autologous Fab2. In a very high proportion of rabbits, repeated intra- or extra-articular injections of autolous Fab2 produced by homologous cathepsin D induce the formation of Rf-like antibodies reacting with both homologous and human IgG. Moreover, intra-articular injections of this kind cause a significant rise in the titre of thm of all the animals so far tested. Rf-like antibodies against human IgG appear earlier and have higher serum titres than those reacting with homologous IgG. The reason for this latter observation seems to be the blocking of the anti-rabbit IgG antibodies by the animal's own IgG. The anti-rabbit IgG antibodies can be absorbed only on aggregated rabbit IgG. The anti-human IgG antibodies cross-react to some extent with rabbit IgG. The results of inhibition studies suggest that the formation of anti-Fab2 homoreactants is directly stimulated by the injected Fab2, whereas the Rf-like antibodies owe their appearance to immune complexes formed in vivo by the injected Fab2 and the naturally occuring anti-Fab2 homoreactants. In respect of immunoglobulin class, the two kinds of Rf-like antibody are possibly of both IgM and IgG type.", "PMID": 63990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1103", "title": "[The importance of clinical observations for medical research].", "content": "Medical progress owes a great deal to the fundamental medical sciences and to the application of chemistry, physics and mathematics to medical problems. However, clinical observations and investigations are still of decisive importance in any field of medicine. By a feed-back mechanism they may even stimulate and fertilize fundamental medical sciences. Thus, our knowledge of the blood coagulation mechanism has been considerably enlarged by clinical analysis of hereditary bleeding disorders. - Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases started from clinical observations during World War I (production of leucopenia by sulfur mustard gas). - Surgical procedures and their consequences have contributed greatly to our knowledge of thyroid function, of the segmental anatomy of the lung, and of the conduction system of the heart. - Observations of side effects of drugs have often enlarged or completely changed their primary clinical indications: from antibacterial sulfonamides, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive and powerful diuretic drugs have been developed, and from histaminics the modern neuroleptics and antidepressants. - Fundamental immunology has been enormously activated by clinical transplantation of kidney and bone marrow. Selective immunological defects in men, real experiments of nature, contributed much to our knowledge of the various types of allergic response. The quality of clinical investigations, particularly of controlled clinical trials, has been considerably improved during the last two decades. Although it is an applied science the reliability of its results is to-day comparable with that of \"pure\" natural sciences. However, medicine is more than a natural science: examples of outstanding scientists who at the same time were great and human physicians are presented.", "contents": "[The importance of clinical observations for medical research]. Medical progress owes a great deal to the fundamental medical sciences and to the application of chemistry, physics and mathematics to medical problems. However, clinical observations and investigations are still of decisive importance in any field of medicine. By a feed-back mechanism they may even stimulate and fertilize fundamental medical sciences. Thus, our knowledge of the blood coagulation mechanism has been considerably enlarged by clinical analysis of hereditary bleeding disorders. - Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases started from clinical observations during World War I (production of leucopenia by sulfur mustard gas). - Surgical procedures and their consequences have contributed greatly to our knowledge of thyroid function, of the segmental anatomy of the lung, and of the conduction system of the heart. - Observations of side effects of drugs have often enlarged or completely changed their primary clinical indications: from antibacterial sulfonamides, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive and powerful diuretic drugs have been developed, and from histaminics the modern neuroleptics and antidepressants. - Fundamental immunology has been enormously activated by clinical transplantation of kidney and bone marrow. Selective immunological defects in men, real experiments of nature, contributed much to our knowledge of the various types of allergic response. The quality of clinical investigations, particularly of controlled clinical trials, has been considerably improved during the last two decades. Although it is an applied science the reliability of its results is to-day comparable with that of \"pure\" natural sciences. However, medicine is more than a natural science: examples of outstanding scientists who at the same time were great and human physicians are presented.", "PMID": 63991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1104", "title": "Salivary gland hyperglycemic factor: an extrapancreatic source of glucagon-like material.", "content": "Extracts of homogenates of rat, mouse, rabbit, and human submaxillary salivary glands contain a significant quantity of a material with glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Fractionation of this material on columns of Sephadex G-100 reveals a single peak immediately following a gamma globulin marker but in advance of a rat growth hormone marker, crystalline amylase, and isotopically labeled porcine insulin and glucagon. This material, which is urea stable, shows identical immunoassay dilution curves when measured with the highly specific K-30 glucagon antiserum. Study of paired glands in vitro shows that low concentrations of glucose stimulate and high concentrations of glucose suppress release of this material. Arginine promotes brisk release in vitro. Somatostatin does not influence arginine-stimulated secretion and insignificantly suppresses basal release in vitro. These findings lend support to previous speculations that the salivary glands may possess endocrine as well as exocrine functions. Salivary gland glucagon may also be the source of circulating glucagon recently reported in pancreatectomized and eviscerated rats.", "contents": "Salivary gland hyperglycemic factor: an extrapancreatic source of glucagon-like material. Extracts of homogenates of rat, mouse, rabbit, and human submaxillary salivary glands contain a significant quantity of a material with glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Fractionation of this material on columns of Sephadex G-100 reveals a single peak immediately following a gamma globulin marker but in advance of a rat growth hormone marker, crystalline amylase, and isotopically labeled porcine insulin and glucagon. This material, which is urea stable, shows identical immunoassay dilution curves when measured with the highly specific K-30 glucagon antiserum. Study of paired glands in vitro shows that low concentrations of glucose stimulate and high concentrations of glucose suppress release of this material. Arginine promotes brisk release in vitro. Somatostatin does not influence arginine-stimulated secretion and insignificantly suppresses basal release in vitro. These findings lend support to previous speculations that the salivary glands may possess endocrine as well as exocrine functions. Salivary gland glucagon may also be the source of circulating glucagon recently reported in pancreatectomized and eviscerated rats.", "PMID": 63992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1105", "title": "Oncornavirus: isolation from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) lung culture.", "content": "An oncornavirus isolated from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) lung culture has a density of 1.16 to 1.17 grams per milliliter, contains 70S RNA, and has an RNA-directed DNA polymerase that prefers Mg2+ over Mn2+ in an assay in which polyribocytidylate - oligodeoxyguanylate (12-18) is used as a synthetic template. Morphologically, the virus resembles Mason-Pfizer monkey virus but is antigenically distinct from this virus. The virus grows in cells of human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, canine, and mink origin, but not cells of squirrel monkey origin. On the basis of its properties, the newly isolated virus can be classified as a retravirus.", "contents": "Oncornavirus: isolation from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) lung culture. An oncornavirus isolated from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) lung culture has a density of 1.16 to 1.17 grams per milliliter, contains 70S RNA, and has an RNA-directed DNA polymerase that prefers Mg2+ over Mn2+ in an assay in which polyribocytidylate - oligodeoxyguanylate (12-18) is used as a synthetic template. Morphologically, the virus resembles Mason-Pfizer monkey virus but is antigenically distinct from this virus. The virus grows in cells of human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, canine, and mink origin, but not cells of squirrel monkey origin. On the basis of its properties, the newly isolated virus can be classified as a retravirus.", "PMID": 63993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1106", "title": "Reverse banding on chromosomes produced by a guanosine-cytosine specific DNA binding antibiotic: olivomycin.", "content": "Characteristic reverse fluorescent banding patterns (R bands) on human, bovine, and mouse metaphase chromosomes are produced by treating chromosome preparations directly with olivomycin. With the DNA in solution, the repeating polymer poly[d(G-C)] - poly[d((G-C)] (where G is guanine and C is cytosine) enhanced the fluorescence of olivomycin, while the antibotic fluorescence was not affected by the alternating polynucleotide poly]d(A-T)] - poly[d(A-T)] (where A is adenine and T is thymine). Calf thymus DNA, with an intermediate G-C content of about 40 percent, showed a smaller fluorescence enhancement in the presence of olivomycin as was observed for the synthetic polynucleotide poly[d(G-C)] - poly [d(G-C)]. The closely related antibiotic chromomycin A3 showed the same results as were obtained with olivomycin either in the solution interaction with specific DNA's or with the netaphase chromosome preparations. The production of R bands by these G-C-specific DNA binding antibiotics lends credence to the suggestion that the arrangement of the nucleotide sequences along the chromosome is a primary determinant for the appearance of fluorescent bands.", "contents": "Reverse banding on chromosomes produced by a guanosine-cytosine specific DNA binding antibiotic: olivomycin. Characteristic reverse fluorescent banding patterns (R bands) on human, bovine, and mouse metaphase chromosomes are produced by treating chromosome preparations directly with olivomycin. With the DNA in solution, the repeating polymer poly[d(G-C)] - poly[d((G-C)] (where G is guanine and C is cytosine) enhanced the fluorescence of olivomycin, while the antibotic fluorescence was not affected by the alternating polynucleotide poly]d(A-T)] - poly[d(A-T)] (where A is adenine and T is thymine). Calf thymus DNA, with an intermediate G-C content of about 40 percent, showed a smaller fluorescence enhancement in the presence of olivomycin as was observed for the synthetic polynucleotide poly[d(G-C)] - poly [d(G-C)]. The closely related antibiotic chromomycin A3 showed the same results as were obtained with olivomycin either in the solution interaction with specific DNA's or with the netaphase chromosome preparations. The production of R bands by these G-C-specific DNA binding antibiotics lends credence to the suggestion that the arrangement of the nucleotide sequences along the chromosome is a primary determinant for the appearance of fluorescent bands.", "PMID": 63994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1107", "title": "Markers for ovarian cancer: regan isoenzyme and other glycoproteins.", "content": "Since embryonic genes are not generally active in normal adult subjects and because certain of these genes are activated in cancer leading to ectopic synthesis, it is the difference between the ectopic level and the normal adult concentrations of embryonic gene products which we seek in developing \"markers\" for ovarian cancer. The carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatases corresponding to the term gestational phenotypes correlate positively with ovarian cancer as does hCG. Other fetal and placental glycoproteins whose presence is noted in ovarian cancer include CEA, alpha-FP, and Bj\u00f6rklund's antigen. Antigens of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma have not yet been examined for their possible fetal or placental origins. The degree of concordance of expression of Regan isoenzyme and hCG is variable. Profiles of glycoproteins would appear to offer an opportunity to inquire more deeply into the nature of ovarian cancer and from this inquiry, one can expect to develop a system of markers which can be of clinical use.", "contents": "Markers for ovarian cancer: regan isoenzyme and other glycoproteins. Since embryonic genes are not generally active in normal adult subjects and because certain of these genes are activated in cancer leading to ectopic synthesis, it is the difference between the ectopic level and the normal adult concentrations of embryonic gene products which we seek in developing \"markers\" for ovarian cancer. The carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatases corresponding to the term gestational phenotypes correlate positively with ovarian cancer as does hCG. Other fetal and placental glycoproteins whose presence is noted in ovarian cancer include CEA, alpha-FP, and Bj\u00f6rklund's antigen. Antigens of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma have not yet been examined for their possible fetal or placental origins. The degree of concordance of expression of Regan isoenzyme and hCG is variable. Profiles of glycoproteins would appear to offer an opportunity to inquire more deeply into the nature of ovarian cancer and from this inquiry, one can expect to develop a system of markers which can be of clinical use.", "PMID": 63996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1108", "title": "Establishment of a continuously growing cell line from primary carcinoma of the liver.", "content": "A continuously growing cell line has been established from autopsy material taken from a primary liver carcinoma, a cancer which has a high incidence in Southern Africa. The cell line was initiated from multifocal areas of outgrowth in the primary culture, and adaptation to in vitro conditions was completed after 18 months. The cells resemble hepatocytes in culture, have a doubling time of 35-40 hours and a plating efficiency of 40-50%. No virus particles have been found in the cells by ultrastructural examination. The isozyme pattern and the karyology of the cells are human. The chromosome pattern is heteroploid (mean number 56) and there are marker chromosomes.", "contents": "Establishment of a continuously growing cell line from primary carcinoma of the liver. A continuously growing cell line has been established from autopsy material taken from a primary liver carcinoma, a cancer which has a high incidence in Southern Africa. The cell line was initiated from multifocal areas of outgrowth in the primary culture, and adaptation to in vitro conditions was completed after 18 months. The cells resemble hepatocytes in culture, have a doubling time of 35-40 hours and a plating efficiency of 40-50%. No virus particles have been found in the cells by ultrastructural examination. The isozyme pattern and the karyology of the cells are human. The chromosome pattern is heteroploid (mean number 56) and there are marker chromosomes.", "PMID": 63998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1109", "title": "An optical switch for improved photography through the operating microscope.", "content": "An optical switch is described which allows utilization of both a 35 mm still camera and a video camera on the operating microscope. This allows more versatile photodocumentation without sacrificing the other port on the beamsplitter which would normally be utilized by the assistant.", "contents": "An optical switch for improved photography through the operating microscope. An optical switch is described which allows utilization of both a 35 mm still camera and a video camera on the operating microscope. This allows more versatile photodocumentation without sacrificing the other port on the beamsplitter which would normally be utilized by the assistant.", "PMID": 64000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1110", "title": "A simple fluorescence staining technique for the differentiation of human tissue transplanted into nude mice.", "content": "Human and mouse nuclei can be distinguished by differences in the constitutive heterochromatin when stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. With the staining method described, mouse heterochromatin during interphase appears as brilliant fluorescent chromocenters. By replacing the commonly used aqueous buffer mounting medium with a xylene-diluted synthetic resin, the haziness of the nuclear fluorescence is eliminated thus allowing identification of the heterochromatin pattern in histological preparations. A requirement for the definite identification of cells of human or murine origin in the nude mouse is the knowledge that the heterochromatin arrangements changes according to the stage of differentiation of the cell of the position of a particular nucleus within the cell cycle.", "contents": "A simple fluorescence staining technique for the differentiation of human tissue transplanted into nude mice. Human and mouse nuclei can be distinguished by differences in the constitutive heterochromatin when stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. With the staining method described, mouse heterochromatin during interphase appears as brilliant fluorescent chromocenters. By replacing the commonly used aqueous buffer mounting medium with a xylene-diluted synthetic resin, the haziness of the nuclear fluorescence is eliminated thus allowing identification of the heterochromatin pattern in histological preparations. A requirement for the definite identification of cells of human or murine origin in the nude mouse is the knowledge that the heterochromatin arrangements changes according to the stage of differentiation of the cell of the position of a particular nucleus within the cell cycle.", "PMID": 64003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1111", "title": "Binding of [3H] methyltrienolone (R 1881) in rat prostate and human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).", "content": "Methyltrienolone (R 1881 - 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4, 9, 11-trien-3-one) binding to rat ventral prostate cytosol has a specificity typical of an androgen receptor. In human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) tissue, the specificity of [3H] R 1881 binding is different from that measured in rat prostate: progesterone and R 5020 (17, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4, 9-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione) being more potent while 19-nortestosterone is less potent competitor. Moreover, the synthetic progestin [3H] R 5020 binds to BPH tissue with a similar specificity. These data suggest the presence of progestin binding components or of an atypical androgen receptor in human BPH cytosol.", "contents": "Binding of [3H] methyltrienolone (R 1881) in rat prostate and human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Methyltrienolone (R 1881 - 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4, 9, 11-trien-3-one) binding to rat ventral prostate cytosol has a specificity typical of an androgen receptor. In human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) tissue, the specificity of [3H] R 1881 binding is different from that measured in rat prostate: progesterone and R 5020 (17, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4, 9-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione) being more potent while 19-nortestosterone is less potent competitor. Moreover, the synthetic progestin [3H] R 5020 binds to BPH tissue with a similar specificity. These data suggest the presence of progestin binding components or of an atypical androgen receptor in human BPH cytosol.", "PMID": 64005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1112", "title": "Indian childhood cirrhosis: genealogic data, alpha-foetoprotein, hepatitis antigen and circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Indian childhood cirrhosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in India. One hundred patients with ICC, 66 boys and 34 girls, were studied. Pedigree analysis yielded a segregation ratio of 0-2196, suggestive of an autosomal recessive inheritance. Serum alpha1-antitrypsin level was normal. Serum alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) concentration was increased in all the patients, parents and in some siblings. Serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, and D were elevated. Haemolytic complement and C3 were low. Electrophoretically altered complement components were detected in 36% of patients. There was an inverse relationship between C3 concentration and immunoconglutinin titre. Circulatingimmune complexes were detected in the sera of six out of ten patients who had significant proteinuria. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in the serum, ascitic fluid, saliva, urine and faeces of ICC patients more frequently than in controls. HBsAb was detected less often. Lymphocyte response to HBsAg was impaired. The first-degree relatives had a higher incidence of HBsAg and HBsAb than healthy controls. It is suggested that ICC occurs in infants with an inherited hepatocyte vulnerability and that one of the precipitating causes of liver cell necrosis is infection with hepatitis virus(es). The consequent immunologic epiphenomena contribute to progressive hepatic damage ending in death.", "contents": "Indian childhood cirrhosis: genealogic data, alpha-foetoprotein, hepatitis antigen and circulating immune complexes. Indian childhood cirrhosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in India. One hundred patients with ICC, 66 boys and 34 girls, were studied. Pedigree analysis yielded a segregation ratio of 0-2196, suggestive of an autosomal recessive inheritance. Serum alpha1-antitrypsin level was normal. Serum alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) concentration was increased in all the patients, parents and in some siblings. Serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, and D were elevated. Haemolytic complement and C3 were low. Electrophoretically altered complement components were detected in 36% of patients. There was an inverse relationship between C3 concentration and immunoconglutinin titre. Circulatingimmune complexes were detected in the sera of six out of ten patients who had significant proteinuria. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in the serum, ascitic fluid, saliva, urine and faeces of ICC patients more frequently than in controls. HBsAb was detected less often. Lymphocyte response to HBsAg was impaired. The first-degree relatives had a higher incidence of HBsAg and HBsAb than healthy controls. It is suggested that ICC occurs in infants with an inherited hepatocyte vulnerability and that one of the precipitating causes of liver cell necrosis is infection with hepatitis virus(es). The consequent immunologic epiphenomena contribute to progressive hepatic damage ending in death.", "PMID": 64006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1113", "title": "T cell-specific human alloantisera-detecting antigens segregating outside the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Two sera demonstrated non-HLA lymphocytotoxicity on the basis of reactivity with the cells of siblings genotypically identical to the serum donors for the major histocompatibility complex. These two sera, Bl and Caf, once contaminating HLA antibodies were removed by absorption with pooled platelets, demonstrated allogeneic lymphocytotoxicity that was restricted to T lymphocytes. Reactivity of the absorbed sera segregated independently of the major histocompatibility complex in 3 of 12 families tested. Unlike both cold lymphotoxins and HLA antibodies, the absorbed sera showed little temperature sensitivity against allogeneic cells, although reactivity of the Bl serum to autologous cells and to cells of the donor's HLA identical sibling did show a decrease with increasing temperature and restriction of activity to the 19S-containing fraction. Granulocytes were unreactive with the absorbed sera. Such sera may provide probes of minor transplantation antigens or markers, or both, of lymphoid subpopulations.", "contents": "T cell-specific human alloantisera-detecting antigens segregating outside the major histocompatibility complex. Two sera demonstrated non-HLA lymphocytotoxicity on the basis of reactivity with the cells of siblings genotypically identical to the serum donors for the major histocompatibility complex. These two sera, Bl and Caf, once contaminating HLA antibodies were removed by absorption with pooled platelets, demonstrated allogeneic lymphocytotoxicity that was restricted to T lymphocytes. Reactivity of the absorbed sera segregated independently of the major histocompatibility complex in 3 of 12 families tested. Unlike both cold lymphotoxins and HLA antibodies, the absorbed sera showed little temperature sensitivity against allogeneic cells, although reactivity of the Bl serum to autologous cells and to cells of the donor's HLA identical sibling did show a decrease with increasing temperature and restriction of activity to the 19S-containing fraction. Granulocytes were unreactive with the absorbed sera. Such sera may provide probes of minor transplantation antigens or markers, or both, of lymphoid subpopulations.", "PMID": 64007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1114", "title": "Evaluation of cellular immunologic responsiveness in the clinical management of patients with prostatic cancer. I. Thymic-dependent lymphocytic blastogenesis.", "content": "Thymic-dependent lymphocytic blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of 59 patients with varying stages of prostatic cancer to the non-specific plant mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and the correlation of their responsiveness with the clinical stage of malignancy and level of alpha2-globulin have been evaluated. Patients within each of the four stages of malignancy possessed statistically significant extrinsic (noted in 40 (68%) of 59 patients) and intrinsic (noted in 21 (47%) of 45 patients) aberrations of their lymphocytic responsiveness to PHA compared with the responsiveness of a control population of non-cancer patients. The observed aberrations were, however, not significantly different between each stage nor did they correlate with the stage of disease. Similarly, levels of alpha2-globulin, while significantly elevated within each stage, as compared with the levels in the control population, no significant differences or correlation with the stage of disease was observed. Of interest, perhaps pending further study, were observations of the increased frequency of the number of patients with a significant elevation of alpha2 with a progression of malignancy from localized to invasive and metastatic disease. A similar trend in the incidence of the association of aberrations of lymphocytic reactivity with elevated levels of alpha2 were also noted with a progression of disease. The present confirmatory observations of a recent study in this laboratory of diminished cellular responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer may be of considerable relevance in directing the therapeutic management of the patient - lest the therapy selected be further debilitating providing reduced surveillance - metastization of tumour cells, and alteration of tumour-host homeostasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of cellular immunologic responsiveness in the clinical management of patients with prostatic cancer. I. Thymic-dependent lymphocytic blastogenesis. Thymic-dependent lymphocytic blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of 59 patients with varying stages of prostatic cancer to the non-specific plant mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and the correlation of their responsiveness with the clinical stage of malignancy and level of alpha2-globulin have been evaluated. Patients within each of the four stages of malignancy possessed statistically significant extrinsic (noted in 40 (68%) of 59 patients) and intrinsic (noted in 21 (47%) of 45 patients) aberrations of their lymphocytic responsiveness to PHA compared with the responsiveness of a control population of non-cancer patients. The observed aberrations were, however, not significantly different between each stage nor did they correlate with the stage of disease. Similarly, levels of alpha2-globulin, while significantly elevated within each stage, as compared with the levels in the control population, no significant differences or correlation with the stage of disease was observed. Of interest, perhaps pending further study, were observations of the increased frequency of the number of patients with a significant elevation of alpha2 with a progression of malignancy from localized to invasive and metastatic disease. A similar trend in the incidence of the association of aberrations of lymphocytic reactivity with elevated levels of alpha2 were also noted with a progression of disease. The present confirmatory observations of a recent study in this laboratory of diminished cellular responsiveness in patients with prostatic cancer may be of considerable relevance in directing the therapeutic management of the patient - lest the therapy selected be further debilitating providing reduced surveillance - metastization of tumour cells, and alteration of tumour-host homeostasis.", "PMID": 64009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1115", "title": "[Electroresection at the apex of the prostate gland: aid for orientation by faradic stimulation of the external sphincter muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of the external sphincter muscle can be very well demonstrated by its contractions, which can be produced by transurethral faradic electrostimulation. We present a simple and safe method of stimulating the sphincter muscle if wished during TUR or for diagnostic reasons. This exact orientation-aid, which is simultaneously a function test, is more precise than the known \"sphincter signs\".", "contents": "[Electroresection at the apex of the prostate gland: aid for orientation by faradic stimulation of the external sphincter muscle (author's transl)]. The localization of the external sphincter muscle can be very well demonstrated by its contractions, which can be produced by transurethral faradic electrostimulation. We present a simple and safe method of stimulating the sphincter muscle if wished during TUR or for diagnostic reasons. This exact orientation-aid, which is simultaneously a function test, is more precise than the known \"sphincter signs\".", "PMID": 64012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1116", "title": "[Reliability of cytologic examination in the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytologic examination has been performed as systematic survey, with drawing by plug in direct laryngoscopy, on 96 patients with intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal lesions and, as control, on 22 patients with oro- and rhinopharyngeal lesions. The reliability of cytologic diagnosis in relation to the type of the lesion (histologically controlled), to the site of the lesion and to the staining method is evaluated.", "contents": "[Reliability of cytologic examination in the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Cytologic examination has been performed as systematic survey, with drawing by plug in direct laryngoscopy, on 96 patients with intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal lesions and, as control, on 22 patients with oro- and rhinopharyngeal lesions. The reliability of cytologic diagnosis in relation to the type of the lesion (histologically controlled), to the site of the lesion and to the staining method is evaluated.", "PMID": 64008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1117", "title": "The H specificities of butanol extracts of human erythrocytes.", "content": "A previous report of other researchers that aqueous phase fractions of erythrocyte stromata of secretors contained more ABH blood group activity than similar fractions of non-secretors was confirmed. The recovery of H activity in the butanol phase extracts of both secretors and non-secretors, which had not been seen previously, is reported here for the first time. Three H specificities were present when the aqueous and butanol phases of group O secretor stromata were examined in inhibition of agglutination studies with anti-H of group Oh and group A1 sera and three lectins. The anti-H (group Oh) sera were inhibited by both aqueous and butanol fractions. Anti-H serum (group A1) and the lectin Ulex europaeus were inhibited by the aqueous fraction only. The lectins Laburnum alpinum and Lotus tetragonolobus were not inhibited by either the aqueous or butanol phase extracts.", "contents": "The H specificities of butanol extracts of human erythrocytes. A previous report of other researchers that aqueous phase fractions of erythrocyte stromata of secretors contained more ABH blood group activity than similar fractions of non-secretors was confirmed. The recovery of H activity in the butanol phase extracts of both secretors and non-secretors, which had not been seen previously, is reported here for the first time. Three H specificities were present when the aqueous and butanol phases of group O secretor stromata were examined in inhibition of agglutination studies with anti-H of group Oh and group A1 sera and three lectins. The anti-H (group Oh) sera were inhibited by both aqueous and butanol fractions. Anti-H serum (group A1) and the lectin Ulex europaeus were inhibited by the aqueous fraction only. The lectins Laburnum alpinum and Lotus tetragonolobus were not inhibited by either the aqueous or butanol phase extracts.", "PMID": 64017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1118", "title": "Sterilized hepatitis B (surface) antigen for production of specific antisera.", "content": "The combined treatment with beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet rays described for the sterilization of HBsAg-positive sera does not interfere with the purification procedures for the production of HBs antigen. The immunogenicity of the HBs antigen is retained.", "contents": "Sterilized hepatitis B (surface) antigen for production of specific antisera. The combined treatment with beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet rays described for the sterilization of HBsAg-positive sera does not interfere with the purification procedures for the production of HBs antigen. The immunogenicity of the HBs antigen is retained.", "PMID": 64018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1119", "title": "[Antigenic characteristics of oncovirus persisting in continuous Syrian hamster cell culture].", "content": "The antigenic properties of an oncornavirus persisting in a continuous Syrian hamster cell culture (X-100) were studied. By the mutual immunodiffusion test it was shown that virions and virion-producing cells contained a protein antigenically identical to the main structural protein of oncornaviruses type C of Syrian hamsters. The materials tested contained no \"GS-1\" antigens (species-specific antigenic determinants of the main structural protein of mammalian oncornaviruses type C) of murine, feline, simian viruses or group-specific antigens of Bitner and Mason-Pfiser viruses.", "contents": "[Antigenic characteristics of oncovirus persisting in continuous Syrian hamster cell culture]. The antigenic properties of an oncornavirus persisting in a continuous Syrian hamster cell culture (X-100) were studied. By the mutual immunodiffusion test it was shown that virions and virion-producing cells contained a protein antigenically identical to the main structural protein of oncornaviruses type C of Syrian hamsters. The materials tested contained no \"GS-1\" antigens (species-specific antigenic determinants of the main structural protein of mammalian oncornaviruses type C) of murine, feline, simian viruses or group-specific antigens of Bitner and Mason-Pfiser viruses.", "PMID": 64023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1120", "title": "[Preparative isolation of alpha 2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and study of their nonspecific gamma-inhibitory activity].", "content": "Profiles of distribution of non-specific gamma-inhibitors of influenza A2/Victoria/35/72 in donkey and horse sera were established by gel chromatography in Sephadex G-200. High and low molecular inhibitors were found in 19S and 4S serum fractions. Highly purified preparations of a2-macroglobulin, transferrine and albumin were isolated by a combination of methods of salt precipitation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, G-200 and ion exchange on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Heating sera resulted in a considerable increase of the antiviral activity of a2-macroglobulin and transferrine and a reduction of albumin activity.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of alpha 2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and study of their nonspecific gamma-inhibitory activity]. Profiles of distribution of non-specific gamma-inhibitors of influenza A2/Victoria/35/72 in donkey and horse sera were established by gel chromatography in Sephadex G-200. High and low molecular inhibitors were found in 19S and 4S serum fractions. Highly purified preparations of a2-macroglobulin, transferrine and albumin were isolated by a combination of methods of salt precipitation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, G-200 and ion exchange on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Heating sera resulted in a considerable increase of the antiviral activity of a2-macroglobulin and transferrine and a reduction of albumin activity.", "PMID": 64024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1121", "title": "[Various biological properties of diploid cell strains derived from various tissues of human embryo].", "content": "Some properties of 4 diplod cell strains derived from the lung and skin-muscle tissue of human embryos were studied. Only one strain (L-63) was shown to have a stable karyotype throughout its life span and induced no tumor formation in the cheek pouch of hamsters. Species-specific and group antigens were revealed. In the cell strains of the lung and skin-muscle derivation differences in the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were observed and found characteristic of the original tissue cells.", "contents": "[Various biological properties of diploid cell strains derived from various tissues of human embryo]. Some properties of 4 diplod cell strains derived from the lung and skin-muscle tissue of human embryos were studied. Only one strain (L-63) was shown to have a stable karyotype throughout its life span and induced no tumor formation in the cheek pouch of hamsters. Species-specific and group antigens were revealed. In the cell strains of the lung and skin-muscle derivation differences in the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were observed and found characteristic of the original tissue cells.", "PMID": 64025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1122", "title": "[Characteristics of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from sick monkeys].", "content": "A cytopathic filterable agent designated EMC-70 was isolated in 1970 from Macaca rhesus monkeys with encephalomyocarditis. Its biologic and physico-chemical properties were studied. A number of primary and continuous cell cultures were found to be susceptible to the virus, and it was pathogenic for monkeys and small laboratory animals but did not multiply in chick embryos. The virus was stable to chlorofrom, thermolabile, stable to acids, and agglutinated group O erythrocytes of man, sheep, guinea pig. Electron microscopic examinations of infected cells revealed crystalline packings of subunits about 50 nm in diameter typical of picornaviruses. Serological studies demonstrated close antigenic relationship of the isolate with the virus belonging to encephalomyocarditis group.", "contents": "[Characteristics of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from sick monkeys]. A cytopathic filterable agent designated EMC-70 was isolated in 1970 from Macaca rhesus monkeys with encephalomyocarditis. Its biologic and physico-chemical properties were studied. A number of primary and continuous cell cultures were found to be susceptible to the virus, and it was pathogenic for monkeys and small laboratory animals but did not multiply in chick embryos. The virus was stable to chlorofrom, thermolabile, stable to acids, and agglutinated group O erythrocytes of man, sheep, guinea pig. Electron microscopic examinations of infected cells revealed crystalline packings of subunits about 50 nm in diameter typical of picornaviruses. Serological studies demonstrated close antigenic relationship of the isolate with the virus belonging to encephalomyocarditis group.", "PMID": 64027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1123", "title": "[Various properties of virulent and moderate Erwinia carotovora phages].", "content": "A bacterial culture of E. carotovora 8638 lysed by virulent phage 62 after treatment with UV rays produces a moderate phage. The virulent and moderate viruses, antigenically unrealted, have a similar prolonged latent period (100 min) and the period of lysis (60 min). They also differ in the sizes of the capsids and the length of processes which are 750+/-30 and 2000+/-50A in the virulent phage and 600+/-30 and 1500+/-50A, in the moderate phage, respectively. The sedimentation constants are 602 and 340 S, respectively. In the virulent virus, the volume of the cavity of the protein capsid contianing 8 major and 5 minor peptides is twice as large as that in the moderate one (with 8 peptides); the molecular weight of their DNA shows approximately similar ratios: 52.53+/-17X10(6) and 29.79+/-0.88X10(6) daltons. Evidently, the moderate phage because of the reduced size of the genome contains less message for coding for structural proteins and nucleoprotein as a whole.", "contents": "[Various properties of virulent and moderate Erwinia carotovora phages]. A bacterial culture of E. carotovora 8638 lysed by virulent phage 62 after treatment with UV rays produces a moderate phage. The virulent and moderate viruses, antigenically unrealted, have a similar prolonged latent period (100 min) and the period of lysis (60 min). They also differ in the sizes of the capsids and the length of processes which are 750+/-30 and 2000+/-50A in the virulent phage and 600+/-30 and 1500+/-50A, in the moderate phage, respectively. The sedimentation constants are 602 and 340 S, respectively. In the virulent virus, the volume of the cavity of the protein capsid contianing 8 major and 5 minor peptides is twice as large as that in the moderate one (with 8 peptides); the molecular weight of their DNA shows approximately similar ratios: 52.53+/-17X10(6) and 29.79+/-0.88X10(6) daltons. Evidently, the moderate phage because of the reduced size of the genome contains less message for coding for structural proteins and nucleoprotein as a whole.", "PMID": 64030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1124", "title": "[Comparative antigenic characteristics of 2 Marek's disease virus variants and of herpesvirus of turkeys isolated in the USSR].", "content": "The antigens induced by pathogenic (55) and nonpathogenic (83) variants of Marek's disease virus, the Kekava strain (MDV-Kekava) and herpesvirus of turkeys, the M-24-72 strain (HVT-M24-72) were tested in the agar gel precipitation test. The antigens were prepared from feather follicles (FF) of the infected chickens, from the infected cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and from the culture fluid (CF) of these culttures. In the FF and CEF cultures infected with MDV-Kekava-83, the synthesis of the antigens was 6-10 times as low as in the FF and CEF cultures infected with MDV-Kekava-55. Both variants of MDV-Kekava retained their capacity for antigen synthesis in the CF up to 84 passages. Three antigens or three groups of antigens were found in the preparations examined: (1) strong common antigens in the CF and FF preparations; (2) weak common antigens in cell preparations and CF; (3) strong antigen(s) in cell preparations not identical to the CF and FF antigens. In CEF culture preparations infected with MDV-M-24-72, using sera from chickens with Marek's disease an antigen was detected partially identical to the weak antigen of cell preparations and cross-reacting with strong antigens of the FF, CF and cell antigens of MDV. No antigen was found in concentrates of CF from the CEF cultures infected with MDV-M-24-72 with the sera used. It is suggested that the CF and FF MDV antigens are virus antigens, while antigens of the cell preparations of this strain are autoantigens or embryonal antigens. Data are presented on relationship between the MDV-Kekava antigens with the MDV-HPRS-16 antigen.", "contents": "[Comparative antigenic characteristics of 2 Marek's disease virus variants and of herpesvirus of turkeys isolated in the USSR]. The antigens induced by pathogenic (55) and nonpathogenic (83) variants of Marek's disease virus, the Kekava strain (MDV-Kekava) and herpesvirus of turkeys, the M-24-72 strain (HVT-M24-72) were tested in the agar gel precipitation test. The antigens were prepared from feather follicles (FF) of the infected chickens, from the infected cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and from the culture fluid (CF) of these culttures. In the FF and CEF cultures infected with MDV-Kekava-83, the synthesis of the antigens was 6-10 times as low as in the FF and CEF cultures infected with MDV-Kekava-55. Both variants of MDV-Kekava retained their capacity for antigen synthesis in the CF up to 84 passages. Three antigens or three groups of antigens were found in the preparations examined: (1) strong common antigens in the CF and FF preparations; (2) weak common antigens in cell preparations and CF; (3) strong antigen(s) in cell preparations not identical to the CF and FF antigens. In CEF culture preparations infected with MDV-M-24-72, using sera from chickens with Marek's disease an antigen was detected partially identical to the weak antigen of cell preparations and cross-reacting with strong antigens of the FF, CF and cell antigens of MDV. No antigen was found in concentrates of CF from the CEF cultures infected with MDV-M-24-72 with the sera used. It is suggested that the CF and FF MDV antigens are virus antigens, while antigens of the cell preparations of this strain are autoantigens or embryonal antigens. Data are presented on relationship between the MDV-Kekava antigens with the MDV-HPRS-16 antigen.", "PMID": 64031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1125", "title": "[Cellular immunity responses in studies of the specificity of leukocyte hepatitis virus].", "content": "Hypersensitivity of a delayed type to leukocyte hepatitis virus (LHV) was established in patients with virus hepatitis. The results of the skin tests with the LHV antigen were positive in 15 out of 20 patients with active chronic hepatitis, in 17 out of 20 convalescents and in 3 out of 20 patients in the acute stage of virus hepatitis, and negative in 4 normal subjects and in 12 out of 14 patients with chronic hepatitis in the stage of stabilization. The results of the skin tests with the antigen of donor leukocytes were negative in 130 patients with hepatitis and normal subjects. In the leukocyte migration inhibition test, 1/4 of the patients with chronic hepatitis were found to be sensitized to the LHV antigen, in the absence of sensitization by this test to the HB antigen and the antigen in the plasma of hepatitis patient.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity responses in studies of the specificity of leukocyte hepatitis virus]. Hypersensitivity of a delayed type to leukocyte hepatitis virus (LHV) was established in patients with virus hepatitis. The results of the skin tests with the LHV antigen were positive in 15 out of 20 patients with active chronic hepatitis, in 17 out of 20 convalescents and in 3 out of 20 patients in the acute stage of virus hepatitis, and negative in 4 normal subjects and in 12 out of 14 patients with chronic hepatitis in the stage of stabilization. The results of the skin tests with the antigen of donor leukocytes were negative in 130 patients with hepatitis and normal subjects. In the leukocyte migration inhibition test, 1/4 of the patients with chronic hepatitis were found to be sensitized to the LHV antigen, in the absence of sensitization by this test to the HB antigen and the antigen in the plasma of hepatitis patient.", "PMID": 64028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1126", "title": "[Changes in cell mitosis under the influence of antigenically different strains of respiratory syncytial virus].", "content": "A peculiar effect on mitosis of RH cells of the reference Long strain and strain No. 14 of respiratory syncytial virus isolated during a rise of the incidence of acute respiratory diseases in Kharkov was observed. The Long strain affected mostly the qualitative and strain No. 14 the quantitative aspects of cell mitosis. The character of pathological mitoses under the influence of the Long strain indicated more considerable impairment of the mitotic apparatus of the cells than that caused by the strains No. 14. It is suggested that the peculiarities of the effect of the two respiratory syncytial virus strains on cell mitosis are associated with the structural and antigenic differences in the strains circulating in various geographic zones.", "contents": "[Changes in cell mitosis under the influence of antigenically different strains of respiratory syncytial virus]. A peculiar effect on mitosis of RH cells of the reference Long strain and strain No. 14 of respiratory syncytial virus isolated during a rise of the incidence of acute respiratory diseases in Kharkov was observed. The Long strain affected mostly the qualitative and strain No. 14 the quantitative aspects of cell mitosis. The character of pathological mitoses under the influence of the Long strain indicated more considerable impairment of the mitotic apparatus of the cells than that caused by the strains No. 14. It is suggested that the peculiarities of the effect of the two respiratory syncytial virus strains on cell mitosis are associated with the structural and antigenic differences in the strains circulating in various geographic zones.", "PMID": 64029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1127", "title": "The effect of bleomycin on mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Covalently closed circular mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) from mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) forms a separate band from nicked circular or linear DNA molecules in ethidium bromide-cesium chloride byoyant density gradient analysis. The conversion of covalently closed circular mt-DNA to nicked circular or linear DNA may serve as a sensitive method of detecting DNA strand breaks induced by bleomycin (BLM). At a very high concentration BLM induces the conversion of closed circular mt-DNA to nicked circular or linear DNA, however even after 24 h of exposure to BLM at a high concentration a considerable amount of closed circular mt-DNA molecules remains intact.", "contents": "The effect of bleomycin on mitochondrial DNA. Covalently closed circular mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) from mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) forms a separate band from nicked circular or linear DNA molecules in ethidium bromide-cesium chloride byoyant density gradient analysis. The conversion of covalently closed circular mt-DNA to nicked circular or linear DNA may serve as a sensitive method of detecting DNA strand breaks induced by bleomycin (BLM). At a very high concentration BLM induces the conversion of closed circular mt-DNA to nicked circular or linear DNA, however even after 24 h of exposure to BLM at a high concentration a considerable amount of closed circular mt-DNA molecules remains intact.", "PMID": 64040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1128", "title": "[Intraarterial bleomycin therapy on squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Clinico-pathological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of action of bleomycin after intraarterial perfusion in 53 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is reported on the basis of clinical results and pathologico-anatomic findings. In 29 out of 32 cases not previously treated a clinically complete remission could be achieved by primary chemotherapy. In 8 cases these findings were histomorphologically confirmed and 7 patients have shown a persistant remission for 9 to 61 months. The chances of success are much less favorable in the treatment of recurrences. No clinical advantages were observed when combining bleomycin with other chemotherapeutics.", "contents": "[Intraarterial bleomycin therapy on squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Clinico-pathological investigations (author's transl)]. The mode of action of bleomycin after intraarterial perfusion in 53 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is reported on the basis of clinical results and pathologico-anatomic findings. In 29 out of 32 cases not previously treated a clinically complete remission could be achieved by primary chemotherapy. In 8 cases these findings were histomorphologically confirmed and 7 patients have shown a persistant remission for 9 to 61 months. The chances of success are much less favorable in the treatment of recurrences. No clinical advantages were observed when combining bleomycin with other chemotherapeutics.", "PMID": 64041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1129", "title": "[Nucleus tuberis lateralis in the human brain. A pigmentarchitectonic study].", "content": "In the present article the shape of the nucleus tuberis lateralis and a hitherto unknown cell group in the human hypothalamus is described. Neurolipofuscin is selectively stained with aldehyde-fuchsin. This method enables the exact determination of the three dimensional shape of a griseum by using slices more than 500 mum thick. Differences in the distribution and amount of pigment within different types of nerve cells provide a basis for cellular demarcation and subdivision (pigmentarchitectonics). The intensely stained nucleus tuberis lateralis can be seen as consisting of a main lateral and a medial group. There are elevan cell groups which constantly occur. The individual range of their shapes causes a great variation in the shape of the lateral tuberal nucleus. It also has portions in the medial field of the hypothalamus: a pars suprafornicalis and 'mediale Streuzellen' ('medial scatter-cells'). Rostrally it extends almost to the chiasma with scattered irregularly occurring groups of cells. The amount of intracellular lipofuscin depends on the respective cell group and the age of the brain. By the age of 12 years the nucleus is already more intensely pigmented than the surrounding grisea. There is an indication of a tendency towards an aggregation of the cell groups with age. Connections between pigmentation and the phylogeny are discussed. Ventrally the nucleus tuberis lateralis  is bounded by a hitherto undescribed heteromorphous cell group. It is clearly delimited and can be divided into a longish pars lateralis and a spherical pars medialis. Both parts consist of small as well as medium-sized cells which accumulate diffusely distributed granula of lipofuscin in adult brains. The name 'nucleus paratuberalis' is suggested for this griseum.", "contents": "[Nucleus tuberis lateralis in the human brain. A pigmentarchitectonic study]. In the present article the shape of the nucleus tuberis lateralis and a hitherto unknown cell group in the human hypothalamus is described. Neurolipofuscin is selectively stained with aldehyde-fuchsin. This method enables the exact determination of the three dimensional shape of a griseum by using slices more than 500 mum thick. Differences in the distribution and amount of pigment within different types of nerve cells provide a basis for cellular demarcation and subdivision (pigmentarchitectonics). The intensely stained nucleus tuberis lateralis can be seen as consisting of a main lateral and a medial group. There are elevan cell groups which constantly occur. The individual range of their shapes causes a great variation in the shape of the lateral tuberal nucleus. It also has portions in the medial field of the hypothalamus: a pars suprafornicalis and 'mediale Streuzellen' ('medial scatter-cells'). Rostrally it extends almost to the chiasma with scattered irregularly occurring groups of cells. The amount of intracellular lipofuscin depends on the respective cell group and the age of the brain. By the age of 12 years the nucleus is already more intensely pigmented than the surrounding grisea. There is an indication of a tendency towards an aggregation of the cell groups with age. Connections between pigmentation and the phylogeny are discussed. Ventrally the nucleus tuberis lateralis  is bounded by a hitherto undescribed heteromorphous cell group. It is clearly delimited and can be divided into a longish pars lateralis and a spherical pars medialis. Both parts consist of small as well as medium-sized cells which accumulate diffusely distributed granula of lipofuscin in adult brains. The name 'nucleus paratuberalis' is suggested for this griseum.", "PMID": 64043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1130", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study with synthetic salmon calcitonin (Sandoz).", "content": "18 patients randomly divided into 3 groups of six each received 35 mug (140 M.R.C. Units) of synthetic salmon calcitonin intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Plasma and urin concentrations were determined using the radioimmunoassay method. There was a rapid distribution phase of ca. 12 minutes after intravenous injection then an elimination half-life of 1.1 hours. The volume of distribution was 11 litres. The invasion half-life after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration was 12 and 11 minutes respectively and the elimination half-lives 1 and 1.5 hours, respectively. The bioavailability of the intramuscular and subcutaneous forms was found to be 66 and 71% respectively when areas under their plasma concentration/time curves were compared with the intravenous area.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study with synthetic salmon calcitonin (Sandoz). 18 patients randomly divided into 3 groups of six each received 35 mug (140 M.R.C. Units) of synthetic salmon calcitonin intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Plasma and urin concentrations were determined using the radioimmunoassay method. There was a rapid distribution phase of ca. 12 minutes after intravenous injection then an elimination half-life of 1.1 hours. The volume of distribution was 11 litres. The invasion half-life after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration was 12 and 11 minutes respectively and the elimination half-lives 1 and 1.5 hours, respectively. The bioavailability of the intramuscular and subcutaneous forms was found to be 66 and 71% respectively when areas under their plasma concentration/time curves were compared with the intravenous area.", "PMID": 64046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1131", "title": "Does salmon calcitonin influence the motility of the human gastrointestinal tract? An electromanometric and endoscopic study.", "content": "The effect of salmon calcitonin--as a relatively high dose of 25 mug by single iv. injection--upon the basal and metoclopramide-stimulated motility phenomena of the stomach and proximal duodenum as well as upon the unstimulated colon and rectosigmoid was evaluated in 12 subjects without gastrointestinal disease by quantitative electromanometric measurements performed for one hour with the aid of fluid-filled micro-balloon-catheter-systems. Additionally, in 9 subjects the reaction of the cardia, stomach, pylorus and proximal duodenum upon the same dose of the hormone was observed endoscopically for 30 minutes. Under the conditions of our study there was no evidence to be obtained for any measurable or visible effect of salmon calcitonin upon the tonus and motility of the smooth muscle organs of the human gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Does salmon calcitonin influence the motility of the human gastrointestinal tract? An electromanometric and endoscopic study. The effect of salmon calcitonin--as a relatively high dose of 25 mug by single iv. injection--upon the basal and metoclopramide-stimulated motility phenomena of the stomach and proximal duodenum as well as upon the unstimulated colon and rectosigmoid was evaluated in 12 subjects without gastrointestinal disease by quantitative electromanometric measurements performed for one hour with the aid of fluid-filled micro-balloon-catheter-systems. Additionally, in 9 subjects the reaction of the cardia, stomach, pylorus and proximal duodenum upon the same dose of the hormone was observed endoscopically for 30 minutes. Under the conditions of our study there was no evidence to be obtained for any measurable or visible effect of salmon calcitonin upon the tonus and motility of the smooth muscle organs of the human gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 64048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1132", "title": "Inhibition of pancreatic secretion of enzymes by calcitonin.", "content": "Calcitonin in pharmacological dosage inhibits the secretion of enzymes in the human pancreas without influencing the production of fluid and bicarbonate. The degree of inhibition is the same in a juice stimulated by secretin alone and by secretin plus pancreozymin-cholecystokinin or caerulein. Thus the endogenous and the exogenously applied pancreozymin is inhibited in its action. The secretion of enzymes, which is induced cholinergically by carbamylcholine or insulin hypoglycemia, is not altered by calcitonin. The inhibitory action of CT is not counteracted by infusion of calcium thus showing that local depletion of calcium is not the mechanism of inhibition. Possible mechanisms are the direct interference with pancreozymin at the acinar cell and the inhibition of hormone-release from the pancreozyminproducing cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of pancreatic secretion of enzymes by calcitonin. Calcitonin in pharmacological dosage inhibits the secretion of enzymes in the human pancreas without influencing the production of fluid and bicarbonate. The degree of inhibition is the same in a juice stimulated by secretin alone and by secretin plus pancreozymin-cholecystokinin or caerulein. Thus the endogenous and the exogenously applied pancreozymin is inhibited in its action. The secretion of enzymes, which is induced cholinergically by carbamylcholine or insulin hypoglycemia, is not altered by calcitonin. The inhibitory action of CT is not counteracted by infusion of calcium thus showing that local depletion of calcium is not the mechanism of inhibition. Possible mechanisms are the direct interference with pancreozymin at the acinar cell and the inhibition of hormone-release from the pancreozyminproducing cells.", "PMID": 64049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1133", "title": "Inhibition of gastric acid and gastrin secretion by somatostatin in man.", "content": "Somatostatin inhibited gastric acid secretion significantly in three ZE patients, while serum gastrin was lowered only in two. A direct inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion by somatostatin was demonstrated in three healthy volunteers and four patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Somatostatin reduced betazole-stimulated gastric acid secretion to a lesser degree. The immunohistological demonstration of somatostatin-producing cells apposite to antral G-cells suggest a physiological role of somatostatin in the regulation of gastrin secretion in man.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric acid and gastrin secretion by somatostatin in man. Somatostatin inhibited gastric acid secretion significantly in three ZE patients, while serum gastrin was lowered only in two. A direct inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion by somatostatin was demonstrated in three healthy volunteers and four patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Somatostatin reduced betazole-stimulated gastric acid secretion to a lesser degree. The immunohistological demonstration of somatostatin-producing cells apposite to antral G-cells suggest a physiological role of somatostatin in the regulation of gastrin secretion in man.", "PMID": 64051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1134", "title": "Inhibition by somatostatin of pancreatic juice and enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction induced by secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and carbachol administration.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on secretin-, CCK-pancreozymin-and-carbachol-stimulated pancreatic secretion was studied in eight healthy volunteers. In all instances there was a significant reduction in duodenal secretory volume after secretin without any change in bicarbonate concentration. CCK-parcreozymin and carbachol stimulated volume and enzyme secretion were significantly inhibited and gallbladder contraction was abolished by somatostatin. In three volunteers a reversible hypercoagulation during infusion of 200 mug/h cyclic somatostatin has been observed. Somatostatin inhibited the CCK-pancreozymin stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion of anaesthesized rats.", "contents": "Inhibition by somatostatin of pancreatic juice and enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction induced by secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and carbachol administration. The effect of somatostatin on secretin-, CCK-pancreozymin-and-carbachol-stimulated pancreatic secretion was studied in eight healthy volunteers. In all instances there was a significant reduction in duodenal secretory volume after secretin without any change in bicarbonate concentration. CCK-parcreozymin and carbachol stimulated volume and enzyme secretion were significantly inhibited and gallbladder contraction was abolished by somatostatin. In three volunteers a reversible hypercoagulation during infusion of 200 mug/h cyclic somatostatin has been observed. Somatostatin inhibited the CCK-pancreozymin stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion of anaesthesized rats.", "PMID": 64052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1135", "title": "Effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in conscious cats and rats.", "content": "In conscious and unrestrained cats the gastric secretion and ulcer formation induced by i.v. infusion of pentagastrin can be inhibited by synthetic salmon calcitonin given simultaneously. The volume and various constituents of gastric juice are proportionally diminished. Pepsin alone is definitely more inhibited, which may be of significance in respect to the mode of action of calcitonin. These effects are dose dependent in the range of 0.01 mug - 1.0 mug/kg/h salmon calcitonin, corresponding to 0.05 - 5.0 MRC units. Based on the finding that such minute doses have effects, it may be speculated that calcitonin has a regulatory function in gastric secretion of cats. In Shay-rats a dose dependent inhibitory effect of salmon calcitonin on ulcer formation and gastric secretion is demonstrated. Besides the volume, the acid concentration of gastric juice is reduced, which may explain the high efficacy of salmon calcitonin to prevent ulcer formation in this species. Ulcerations induced by pylorus ligation, stress and phenylbutazone can be inhibited to a similar degree by calcitonin, suggesting interference with a basal mechanism common to all three types of ulcerogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin on gastric secretion and ulcer formation in conscious cats and rats. In conscious and unrestrained cats the gastric secretion and ulcer formation induced by i.v. infusion of pentagastrin can be inhibited by synthetic salmon calcitonin given simultaneously. The volume and various constituents of gastric juice are proportionally diminished. Pepsin alone is definitely more inhibited, which may be of significance in respect to the mode of action of calcitonin. These effects are dose dependent in the range of 0.01 mug - 1.0 mug/kg/h salmon calcitonin, corresponding to 0.05 - 5.0 MRC units. Based on the finding that such minute doses have effects, it may be speculated that calcitonin has a regulatory function in gastric secretion of cats. In Shay-rats a dose dependent inhibitory effect of salmon calcitonin on ulcer formation and gastric secretion is demonstrated. Besides the volume, the acid concentration of gastric juice is reduced, which may explain the high efficacy of salmon calcitonin to prevent ulcer formation in this species. Ulcerations induced by pylorus ligation, stress and phenylbutazone can be inhibited to a similar degree by calcitonin, suggesting interference with a basal mechanism common to all three types of ulcerogenesis.", "PMID": 64054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1136", "title": "Calcitonin-biochemistry and physiology.", "content": "Calcitonin is still a mysterious protein hormone. Secreted by the C-cell in ultimobranchial body or thyroid glands, it seems to act as a hypocalcemic antagonist against parathyroid hormone by inhibiting osteolysis. This concept which was developed especially in small mammals like the rat, does not entirely fit the results gained from other species: in fish, CT levels change in connection with the reproductive cycle in the female, in amphibians, buffering capacity of the organism is bound to the ultimobranchial body, and in birds, sexual development in the male is accompanied by increasing calcitonin levels.", "contents": "Calcitonin-biochemistry and physiology. Calcitonin is still a mysterious protein hormone. Secreted by the C-cell in ultimobranchial body or thyroid glands, it seems to act as a hypocalcemic antagonist against parathyroid hormone by inhibiting osteolysis. This concept which was developed especially in small mammals like the rat, does not entirely fit the results gained from other species: in fish, CT levels change in connection with the reproductive cycle in the female, in amphibians, buffering capacity of the organism is bound to the ultimobranchial body, and in birds, sexual development in the male is accompanied by increasing calcitonin levels.", "PMID": 64055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1137", "title": "Long-term effects of calcitonin on gastric secretion in normals, peptic ulcer and high risk patients.", "content": "Using a 12-hour infusion of salmon synthetic calcitonin (S-CT), distinct and sustained inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion has been demonstrated in 4 normal subjects, 3 patients with peptic ulcer disease and 3 high risk patients. In 3 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, treated in the same way, elevated serum gastrin was reduced by about 50% and acid secretion by more than 90%. In healthy volunteers oral administration of human synthetic CT (H-CT) led to reduction in basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion by about 50%, lasting for more than 2 hours after the instillation of CT. In 4 subjects receiving CT intravenously, slight nausea and headache were registered, while there were no side effects after the oral route. Serum calcium did not change after i.v. or oral administration of CT. Wheras therapeutical applications of CT, given by i.v. route, seem to be restricted to selected cases, i.e. acute gastric ulcerations with imminent or existent bleeding, the eventual benefit or orally administered CT in peptic ulcer disease should be evaluated in controlled long-term trials.", "contents": "Long-term effects of calcitonin on gastric secretion in normals, peptic ulcer and high risk patients. Using a 12-hour infusion of salmon synthetic calcitonin (S-CT), distinct and sustained inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion has been demonstrated in 4 normal subjects, 3 patients with peptic ulcer disease and 3 high risk patients. In 3 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, treated in the same way, elevated serum gastrin was reduced by about 50% and acid secretion by more than 90%. In healthy volunteers oral administration of human synthetic CT (H-CT) led to reduction in basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion by about 50%, lasting for more than 2 hours after the instillation of CT. In 4 subjects receiving CT intravenously, slight nausea and headache were registered, while there were no side effects after the oral route. Serum calcium did not change after i.v. or oral administration of CT. Wheras therapeutical applications of CT, given by i.v. route, seem to be restricted to selected cases, i.e. acute gastric ulcerations with imminent or existent bleeding, the eventual benefit or orally administered CT in peptic ulcer disease should be evaluated in controlled long-term trials.", "PMID": 64056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1138", "title": "[Current state of radiotherapy of mouth neoplasms].", "content": "Beside surgery and chemotherapy, which has recently become important, radiotherapy is an efficacious means in the treatment of oral cavity cancer, both when applied alone and in combination. Clinical radiotherapy is based on the differences in sensitivity between normal tissue and tumor. The radiosensitivity of oral cavity cancers--above all squamous cell carcinoma--may even be considered to be mediocre: therefore a dose should be reached in order to destroy the malignant growth. In percutaneous radiotherapy orthovoltage is without any prospects; high-energy methods, above all telecobalt, have certain advantages, particularly the lower absorption in the bones. In \"brachytherapy\" we prefer the artificial nuclides 137Cs and 60Co instead of 226Ra for moulds and 198Au grains for interstitial application. At first the radiotherapist has to decide whether to advise radical or palliative treatment. Patients with secondary nodes in whom \"radical surgery is inadvisable should have radical radiation therapy...\" (Gibb and Todd) in a dose of nearly 5000 rads. Radiotherapy after an inradical neck dissection is burdened with a therapy before surgery can be considered in select cases. The treatment of oral cavity cancer should be practiced in close cooperation between the surgeon and the radiotherapist.", "contents": "[Current state of radiotherapy of mouth neoplasms]. Beside surgery and chemotherapy, which has recently become important, radiotherapy is an efficacious means in the treatment of oral cavity cancer, both when applied alone and in combination. Clinical radiotherapy is based on the differences in sensitivity between normal tissue and tumor. The radiosensitivity of oral cavity cancers--above all squamous cell carcinoma--may even be considered to be mediocre: therefore a dose should be reached in order to destroy the malignant growth. In percutaneous radiotherapy orthovoltage is without any prospects; high-energy methods, above all telecobalt, have certain advantages, particularly the lower absorption in the bones. In \"brachytherapy\" we prefer the artificial nuclides 137Cs and 60Co instead of 226Ra for moulds and 198Au grains for interstitial application. At first the radiotherapist has to decide whether to advise radical or palliative treatment. Patients with secondary nodes in whom \"radical surgery is inadvisable should have radical radiation therapy...\" (Gibb and Todd) in a dose of nearly 5000 rads. Radiotherapy after an inradical neck dissection is burdened with a therapy before surgery can be considered in select cases. The treatment of oral cavity cancer should be practiced in close cooperation between the surgeon and the radiotherapist.", "PMID": 64090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1139", "title": "[Epidemiological and laboratory criteria in the assessment of meningococcus carrier state].", "content": "A study was made of the duration of meningococcus carrier state, immunological indices and group-specific properties of meningococci isolated from them. The periods of meningococcus discharge were studied in 738 persons. Three categories of the carrier state were revealed: a single discharge (67% of the carriers), of average duration (up to 4 weeks), and prolonged. Greater indices of group-specific antibodies (in the passive hemagglutination test) were revealed in the carriers with prolonged presence of meningococci in the nasopharynx. Dynamics of immunological indices and periods of the carrier state formation in the foci of infection permitted to characterize the prolonged carrier state as a latent form of meningococcus infection. A study of the group-specific properties in 1845 strains and comparison of the group-specific pattern of the circulating strains with the epidemic situation indicated that meningococci of group A were not only epidemic, but also more virulent.", "contents": "[Epidemiological and laboratory criteria in the assessment of meningococcus carrier state]. A study was made of the duration of meningococcus carrier state, immunological indices and group-specific properties of meningococci isolated from them. The periods of meningococcus discharge were studied in 738 persons. Three categories of the carrier state were revealed: a single discharge (67% of the carriers), of average duration (up to 4 weeks), and prolonged. Greater indices of group-specific antibodies (in the passive hemagglutination test) were revealed in the carriers with prolonged presence of meningococci in the nasopharynx. Dynamics of immunological indices and periods of the carrier state formation in the foci of infection permitted to characterize the prolonged carrier state as a latent form of meningococcus infection. A study of the group-specific properties in 1845 strains and comparison of the group-specific pattern of the circulating strains with the epidemic situation indicated that meningococci of group A were not only epidemic, but also more virulent.", "PMID": 64094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1140", "title": "[Vaccine from the cell fragments of Bordetella pertussis. I. Protective, sensitizing properties and morphological characteristics of the vaccine].", "content": "The authors present the results of studying the protective and sensitizing properties of a new preparation made of a ultrasonic disintegrate of pertussis microbes treated by ethyl ether. As shown by electron microscopy, the preparation consisted of the cell wall elements (the membrane), remnants of the cytoplasm and protectosome, i.e. it represented a vaccine consisting of cell fragments. In crude and sorbed condition it possessed marked protective properties (a test on mice). The content of protective units in the adsorbed preparation increased 1.5-3 times. The vaccine produced no sensitizing action, and its histamine-sensitizing activity was 3-5 times lower by protein and 5-10 times--by IOU than that of the whole-cell vaccine prepared form the same microbial suspension.", "contents": "[Vaccine from the cell fragments of Bordetella pertussis. I. Protective, sensitizing properties and morphological characteristics of the vaccine]. The authors present the results of studying the protective and sensitizing properties of a new preparation made of a ultrasonic disintegrate of pertussis microbes treated by ethyl ether. As shown by electron microscopy, the preparation consisted of the cell wall elements (the membrane), remnants of the cytoplasm and protectosome, i.e. it represented a vaccine consisting of cell fragments. In crude and sorbed condition it possessed marked protective properties (a test on mice). The content of protective units in the adsorbed preparation increased 1.5-3 times. The vaccine produced no sensitizing action, and its histamine-sensitizing activity was 3-5 times lower by protein and 5-10 times--by IOU than that of the whole-cell vaccine prepared form the same microbial suspension.", "PMID": 64095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1141", "title": "[The effect of homologous gamma-globulin on nonspecific factors of antiviral immunity in prophylactic and therapeutic application].", "content": "Administration of homologous gamma-globulin for prophylactic purpose promoted an increase in the interferon-synthesizing activity of leukocytes. The therapeutic use of this preparation in tick-borne encephalitis produced no stimulating effect on this index.", "contents": "[The effect of homologous gamma-globulin on nonspecific factors of antiviral immunity in prophylactic and therapeutic application]. Administration of homologous gamma-globulin for prophylactic purpose promoted an increase in the interferon-synthesizing activity of leukocytes. The therapeutic use of this preparation in tick-borne encephalitis produced no stimulating effect on this index.", "PMID": 64096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1142", "title": "[Identification with the aid of various serological reactions of L forms of streptococci isolated from the live organism].", "content": "Growth inhibition, agglutination, precipitation, and passive hemagglutination tests were used for the identification of the L-forms of streptococci isolated from the organism of experimental rabbits both after the infection with the L-forms of streptococci and with the streptococci of group A. The tests were positive not only with the antiserum of homologous, but also of heterologous strains of the L-form of streptococcus, group A. The L-form cultures isolated from the experimental animals failed to differ from the laboratory strain of the L-forms of streptococcus, group A, by serological properties.", "contents": "[Identification with the aid of various serological reactions of L forms of streptococci isolated from the live organism]. Growth inhibition, agglutination, precipitation, and passive hemagglutination tests were used for the identification of the L-forms of streptococci isolated from the organism of experimental rabbits both after the infection with the L-forms of streptococci and with the streptococci of group A. The tests were positive not only with the antiserum of homologous, but also of heterologous strains of the L-form of streptococcus, group A. The L-form cultures isolated from the experimental animals failed to differ from the laboratory strain of the L-forms of streptococcus, group A, by serological properties.", "PMID": 64097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1143", "title": "A cytological method for the simultaneous staining of nucleoproteids and some cathionic proteins.", "content": "A cytochemical method is suggested for the simultaneous and differential staining of cellular nucleoproteids [ribonucleoproteids (RNP) and desoxyribonucleoproteids (DNP)], as well as for the simultaneous contrast staining of some basic (arginine- and lysin-containing) proteins. The staining technique is based on DNA-denaturation procedures and the application of mixtures of basic dye--methylene blue and acid dyes--eosin or fast green at low concentrations. The combination of methylene blue with eosin is used for the staining of ribonucleoproteids (RNP) whereas methylene blue-fast green for the simultaneous detection of ribonucleoproteids and desoxyribonucleoproteids (RNP and DNP), as well as for the differential staining of nuclear DNP (after cold hydrolysis with 5 N HCl). The acid dyes eosin and fast green stain in pink resp. in green some cathionic proteins in the lysosomal (specific) granules of the neutrophilic and eosinophilic leucocytes in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes, and after cold hydrolysis in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes. A fluorescent variant of the method with sulfaflavin is also suggested for the fluorochromation of cytoplasmic cathionic granules in the luecocytes. Acid mucopolysaccharide components in the granules of basophilic leucocytes, tissue mastocytes and thrombocyres are stained intensively pink-violet (gamma-metachromatic). The possibilities for the application of the method in the quantitative analysis of blood and exfoliated cells, as well as for purpose of haematology, immunology and exfoliative cytology are discussed.", "contents": "A cytological method for the simultaneous staining of nucleoproteids and some cathionic proteins. A cytochemical method is suggested for the simultaneous and differential staining of cellular nucleoproteids [ribonucleoproteids (RNP) and desoxyribonucleoproteids (DNP)], as well as for the simultaneous contrast staining of some basic (arginine- and lysin-containing) proteins. The staining technique is based on DNA-denaturation procedures and the application of mixtures of basic dye--methylene blue and acid dyes--eosin or fast green at low concentrations. The combination of methylene blue with eosin is used for the staining of ribonucleoproteids (RNP) whereas methylene blue-fast green for the simultaneous detection of ribonucleoproteids and desoxyribonucleoproteids (RNP and DNP), as well as for the differential staining of nuclear DNP (after cold hydrolysis with 5 N HCl). The acid dyes eosin and fast green stain in pink resp. in green some cathionic proteins in the lysosomal (specific) granules of the neutrophilic and eosinophilic leucocytes in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes, and after cold hydrolysis in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes. A fluorescent variant of the method with sulfaflavin is also suggested for the fluorochromation of cytoplasmic cathionic granules in the luecocytes. Acid mucopolysaccharide components in the granules of basophilic leucocytes, tissue mastocytes and thrombocyres are stained intensively pink-violet (gamma-metachromatic). The possibilities for the application of the method in the quantitative analysis of blood and exfoliated cells, as well as for purpose of haematology, immunology and exfoliative cytology are discussed.", "PMID": 64103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1144", "title": "Changes in the mitochondria in the initial part of the axon during regeneration.", "content": "The initial part of the axon including the axon hellock, the initial unmyelimated segment and the beginning of myelinated axon was studied electron microscopically during regeneration, 1--30 days following a crush lesion of the rat hypoglossal nerve. Large mitochondria reaching 1.1 mum in diameter, with abundant cristae and dense granules in the matrix were observed between days 3--21. They formed clusters in the initial myelinated segment of the axon. End-to-end contacts and ribosomes around them were very often visible. The large mitochondria exhibited strong succinate dehydrogenase and NAD - H2 diaphorase activities. The relationship between the appearance of large and active mitochondria in the initial part of the axon and the elevated axonal transport during regeneration of the peripheral nerve is also discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the mitochondria in the initial part of the axon during regeneration. The initial part of the axon including the axon hellock, the initial unmyelimated segment and the beginning of myelinated axon was studied electron microscopically during regeneration, 1--30 days following a crush lesion of the rat hypoglossal nerve. Large mitochondria reaching 1.1 mum in diameter, with abundant cristae and dense granules in the matrix were observed between days 3--21. They formed clusters in the initial myelinated segment of the axon. End-to-end contacts and ribosomes around them were very often visible. The large mitochondria exhibited strong succinate dehydrogenase and NAD - H2 diaphorase activities. The relationship between the appearance of large and active mitochondria in the initial part of the axon and the elevated axonal transport during regeneration of the peripheral nerve is also discussed.", "PMID": 64104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1145", "title": "Orcein staining of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in conventional paraffin sections of liver biopsies.", "content": "In an unselected group of 213 liver biopsies, paraffin sections were treated with an orcein staining method with the view to demonstrate HBAg. In 8 patients with positive HBAg serology, only 3 biopsies yielded positive orcein material in hepatocytes. A good correlation appears to exist between orcein positive material and the \"ground glass\" cytoplasm of liver cells.", "contents": "Orcein staining of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) in conventional paraffin sections of liver biopsies. In an unselected group of 213 liver biopsies, paraffin sections were treated with an orcein staining method with the view to demonstrate HBAg. In 8 patients with positive HBAg serology, only 3 biopsies yielded positive orcein material in hepatocytes. A good correlation appears to exist between orcein positive material and the \"ground glass\" cytoplasm of liver cells.", "PMID": 64102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1146", "title": "The cellular pathology of microgyria. A Golgi analysis.", "content": "A case of extensive classical four layered cerebral microgyria was examined in whole brain serial section using routine cell and fiber stains, and in Golgi impregnations. Golgi preparations demonstrate that microgyric cortex contains the spectrum of neurons characteristically found in normal cortex, and that they are segregated by class into horizontal laminar comparable to layers I--VI in the normal. In microgyric cortex neurons of the mid-cortical layers, variably layers II--V, are replaced by a tangential band of fibrous astrocytes. These findings confirm impressions from general cell and fiber stains that classical four layered microgyria is the result of a destructive process striking predominantly in mid-cortical regions. It must occur after migration is complete but before the development of secondary and tertiary gyri, that is, between the fifth and seventh fetal months. The cellular pathology as seen in Golgi impregnations establishes that neurons surviving above the scar are normally differentiated, aligned, and oriented. By exception, many surviving neurons at the border of the scar have attenuated dendritic arbors which are oriented tangentially. Very few axons or dendrites actually traverse the scar.", "contents": "The cellular pathology of microgyria. A Golgi analysis. A case of extensive classical four layered cerebral microgyria was examined in whole brain serial section using routine cell and fiber stains, and in Golgi impregnations. Golgi preparations demonstrate that microgyric cortex contains the spectrum of neurons characteristically found in normal cortex, and that they are segregated by class into horizontal laminar comparable to layers I--VI in the normal. In microgyric cortex neurons of the mid-cortical layers, variably layers II--V, are replaced by a tangential band of fibrous astrocytes. These findings confirm impressions from general cell and fiber stains that classical four layered microgyria is the result of a destructive process striking predominantly in mid-cortical regions. It must occur after migration is complete but before the development of secondary and tertiary gyri, that is, between the fifth and seventh fetal months. The cellular pathology as seen in Golgi impregnations establishes that neurons surviving above the scar are normally differentiated, aligned, and oriented. By exception, many surviving neurons at the border of the scar have attenuated dendritic arbors which are oriented tangentially. Very few axons or dendrites actually traverse the scar.", "PMID": 64105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1147", "title": "Demonstration of the heterogeneity of the mast cell population on the basis of the mucopolysaccharide content.", "content": "From the aspect of its mucopolysaccharide content the mast cell population is not homogeneous. The pulmonary and heart muscle mast cells of the rat are alcian blue positive, the mast cells of the thyroid gland, lymph nodes, subcutaneous connective tissue, mesentery and peripheral nerve are safranin positive, whereas among the mast cells of the peritoneal cavity and the thymus there are both alcian blue and saffranin positive forms. The least acid mucopolysaccharides are in the mast cells of the peritoneal fluid, the mesentery and the lungs, whereas the most acid ones are in the mast cells of the lymph nodes, the subcutaneous connective tissue and the thyroid gland. There is a considerable difference between the two last mentioned organs. The mast cells of the subcutaneous connective tissue are end-product cells without amine or precursor turnover, whereas the mast cells of the thyroid gland incorporate and deliver amines, which may participate in the regulation of the host gland.", "contents": "Demonstration of the heterogeneity of the mast cell population on the basis of the mucopolysaccharide content. From the aspect of its mucopolysaccharide content the mast cell population is not homogeneous. The pulmonary and heart muscle mast cells of the rat are alcian blue positive, the mast cells of the thyroid gland, lymph nodes, subcutaneous connective tissue, mesentery and peripheral nerve are safranin positive, whereas among the mast cells of the peritoneal cavity and the thymus there are both alcian blue and saffranin positive forms. The least acid mucopolysaccharides are in the mast cells of the peritoneal fluid, the mesentery and the lungs, whereas the most acid ones are in the mast cells of the lymph nodes, the subcutaneous connective tissue and the thyroid gland. There is a considerable difference between the two last mentioned organs. The mast cells of the subcutaneous connective tissue are end-product cells without amine or precursor turnover, whereas the mast cells of the thyroid gland incorporate and deliver amines, which may participate in the regulation of the host gland.", "PMID": 64106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1148", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme studies after endotoxin administration in normothermia and hypothermia.", "content": "The LD50 dose of endotoxin results in a considerable increase in the plasma level of acidic phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The endotoxin decreases the quantity of gamma-globulin fraction of sera as an effect of neutral lysosomal proteases. In hypothermic rabbits the activity of lysosomal enzymes is increased only slightly after administration of endotoxin and the change in the gamma-globulin level is also more less than in the normothermic animals. The importance of our results in the pathogenesis of inflammation induced by endotoxin is discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme studies after endotoxin administration in normothermia and hypothermia. The LD50 dose of endotoxin results in a considerable increase in the plasma level of acidic phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The endotoxin decreases the quantity of gamma-globulin fraction of sera as an effect of neutral lysosomal proteases. In hypothermic rabbits the activity of lysosomal enzymes is increased only slightly after administration of endotoxin and the change in the gamma-globulin level is also more less than in the normothermic animals. The importance of our results in the pathogenesis of inflammation induced by endotoxin is discussed.", "PMID": 64108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1149", "title": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis.", "content": "More than 100,000 children are born in the U.S. each year with major congenital defects or genetic disorders, with or without mental retardation. Advances in prenatal diagnosis have now made it possible to detect an increasing number of these disorders in utero. Carrier detection is advised prior to pregnancy, rather than after the birth of a defective child, or during pregnancy itself. Patients have a right to know about their genetic risks and should have the freedom to exercise their options.", "contents": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis. More than 100,000 children are born in the U.S. each year with major congenital defects or genetic disorders, with or without mental retardation. Advances in prenatal diagnosis have now made it possible to detect an increasing number of these disorders in utero. Carrier detection is advised prior to pregnancy, rather than after the birth of a defective child, or during pregnancy itself. Patients have a right to know about their genetic risks and should have the freedom to exercise their options.", "PMID": 64110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1150", "title": "Lung biopsy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a histopathologic study of typical and atypical features.", "content": "This study of 36 patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia emphasizes a spectrum of histopathologic changes that have not been classically considered features of the infection. These atypical microscopic findings were present in 69% of the cases as defined in this retrospective examination. As expected, the suggestion of the correct diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on the basis of a frozen section and without the aid of appropriate special stains was extremely difficult in the majority of biopsies. It is important for the pathologist to maintain the possibility of this infection in his differential diagnosis when he examines a pulmonary biopsy from a patient who is immunologically compromised.", "contents": "Lung biopsy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a histopathologic study of typical and atypical features. This study of 36 patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia emphasizes a spectrum of histopathologic changes that have not been classically considered features of the infection. These atypical microscopic findings were present in 69% of the cases as defined in this retrospective examination. As expected, the suggestion of the correct diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on the basis of a frozen section and without the aid of appropriate special stains was extremely difficult in the majority of biopsies. It is important for the pathologist to maintain the possibility of this infection in his differential diagnosis when he examines a pulmonary biopsy from a patient who is immunologically compromised.", "PMID": 64112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1151", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by means of orcein staining of liver.", "content": "Paraffin-embedded sections of liver biopsies from 65 patients and 16 autopsies were stained by a modified orcein method as described by Shikata, to appraise the efficacy of the method in detecting hepatitis B antigen, (HGsAg). Of the liver biopsies from patients with chronic hepatitis, 55% were positively stained. Staining was observed in the cytoplasm of liver cells but was frequently irregular in distribution. The technic is simple and may be used for evaluation of fresh or stored liver. The positive stain is of value in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis with minimal or absent histologic changes, as well as the distinction of chronic from acute hepatic disease. The method may be useful for detecting asymptomatic carriers. However, weak positive staining of hepatic parenchyma should be evaluated with caution when serologic tests for HBsAg are negative. It may warrant repeated serologic testing. Evaluation of stored autopsy material suggests that Shikata's stain may also be used in determining the etiology of cirrhosis. Inclusion bodies seen in hepatomas stain positively with orcein, suggesting that they contain, or are related to, HBsAg.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by means of orcein staining of liver. Paraffin-embedded sections of liver biopsies from 65 patients and 16 autopsies were stained by a modified orcein method as described by Shikata, to appraise the efficacy of the method in detecting hepatitis B antigen, (HGsAg). Of the liver biopsies from patients with chronic hepatitis, 55% were positively stained. Staining was observed in the cytoplasm of liver cells but was frequently irregular in distribution. The technic is simple and may be used for evaluation of fresh or stored liver. The positive stain is of value in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis with minimal or absent histologic changes, as well as the distinction of chronic from acute hepatic disease. The method may be useful for detecting asymptomatic carriers. However, weak positive staining of hepatic parenchyma should be evaluated with caution when serologic tests for HBsAg are negative. It may warrant repeated serologic testing. Evaluation of stored autopsy material suggests that Shikata's stain may also be used in determining the etiology of cirrhosis. Inclusion bodies seen in hepatomas stain positively with orcein, suggesting that they contain, or are related to, HBsAg.", "PMID": 64113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1152", "title": "Human nucleolus organizers: the satellites or the stalks?", "content": "A silver-staining technique specific for demonstrating nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) showed that the achromatic stalks of the 10 acrocentric autosomes of the human complement represent the NORs. Some variability in number of stained stalks is observed from cell-to-cell and from individual-to-individual. The silver-stained masses may extend beyond the stalks and cover the satellites, especially in chromosomes with short stalks or minute satellites.", "contents": "Human nucleolus organizers: the satellites or the stalks? A silver-staining technique specific for demonstrating nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) showed that the achromatic stalks of the 10 acrocentric autosomes of the human complement represent the NORs. Some variability in number of stained stalks is observed from cell-to-cell and from individual-to-individual. The silver-stained masses may extend beyond the stalks and cover the satellites, especially in chromosomes with short stalks or minute satellites.", "PMID": 64114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1153", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice. II. Biochemical studies.", "content": "Premature activation of proteolytic zymogens (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen) as an early step in the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic insufficency (EPI) syndrome in CBA/J mice was investigated in electrophoresed pancreatic homogenates. Polyacrylamide gels containing extracts from control pancreas required prior activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (with exogenously added enterokinase and trypsin, respectively) to produce activity staining with specific synthetic substrates. On the contrary, bands of activity staining in gels containing homogenates from mice with EPI syndrome could be readily detected without trypsin or enterokinase preincubation. Subcellular fractionation of control and diseased pancreas revealed that the premature intracellular proteolysis was confined to the zymogren granule fraction, which, even in very moderately affected pancreases (10 to 30% acinar cell autolysis), was very labile in vitro. These proteolytic events reflect the biochemical consequences of zymogen granule destabilization that were observed at the ultrastructural level.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency syndrome in CBA/J mice. II. Biochemical studies. Premature activation of proteolytic zymogens (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen) as an early step in the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic insufficency (EPI) syndrome in CBA/J mice was investigated in electrophoresed pancreatic homogenates. Polyacrylamide gels containing extracts from control pancreas required prior activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (with exogenously added enterokinase and trypsin, respectively) to produce activity staining with specific synthetic substrates. On the contrary, bands of activity staining in gels containing homogenates from mice with EPI syndrome could be readily detected without trypsin or enterokinase preincubation. Subcellular fractionation of control and diseased pancreas revealed that the premature intracellular proteolysis was confined to the zymogren granule fraction, which, even in very moderately affected pancreases (10 to 30% acinar cell autolysis), was very labile in vitro. These proteolytic events reflect the biochemical consequences of zymogen granule destabilization that were observed at the ultrastructural level.", "PMID": 64119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1154", "title": "Chemical and histochemical studies of human alveolar collagen fibers.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies have established that the normal human alveolar argyrophilic (reticulum) fiber is collagen fiber. The silver impregnation method is highly sensitive and specific for histologic demonstration of the elaborate collagen fiber network of alveolar septa. The argyrophilic alveolar collagen fiber does not stain with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide (PTO) reaction. The materials positive for the PAS and PTO reactions in alveolar septa are epithelial and endothelial basal laminas, which are nonargyrophilic. Chemically, lung collagen fibers are composed of Type I and Type III collagens, which differ in amino acid composition, chain composition, and carbohydrate content. The chemical heterogeneity of lung collagen may have important biologic implications in the maintenance of normal structure and in the repair of lung injury.", "contents": "Chemical and histochemical studies of human alveolar collagen fibers. Light and electron microscopic studies have established that the normal human alveolar argyrophilic (reticulum) fiber is collagen fiber. The silver impregnation method is highly sensitive and specific for histologic demonstration of the elaborate collagen fiber network of alveolar septa. The argyrophilic alveolar collagen fiber does not stain with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide (PTO) reaction. The materials positive for the PAS and PTO reactions in alveolar septa are epithelial and endothelial basal laminas, which are nonargyrophilic. Chemically, lung collagen fibers are composed of Type I and Type III collagens, which differ in amino acid composition, chain composition, and carbohydrate content. The chemical heterogeneity of lung collagen may have important biologic implications in the maintenance of normal structure and in the repair of lung injury.", "PMID": 64120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1155", "title": "View box exercises for teaching problem solving in radiology.", "content": "An organized radiologic problem-solving system is presented for developing improved view box exercises for students and residents. It is based on six components: (1) problem sensing, (2) problem hypothesizing, (3) problem searching and definition, (4) problem identification, (5) resolution, and (6) verification. Since all examinations by the practicing radiologist involve these components, worthwhile simulated clinical management games should also incorporate them. A simulated radiologic exercise should be a valid measurement of the resident's ability to manage a wide range of clinical situations and techniques and should improve problem-solving strategies. Use of simulated clinical cases eliminates risk to patients during the educational process.", "contents": "View box exercises for teaching problem solving in radiology. An organized radiologic problem-solving system is presented for developing improved view box exercises for students and residents. It is based on six components: (1) problem sensing, (2) problem hypothesizing, (3) problem searching and definition, (4) problem identification, (5) resolution, and (6) verification. Since all examinations by the practicing radiologist involve these components, worthwhile simulated clinical management games should also incorporate them. A simulated radiologic exercise should be a valid measurement of the resident's ability to manage a wide range of clinical situations and techniques and should improve problem-solving strategies. Use of simulated clinical cases eliminates risk to patients during the educational process.", "PMID": 64121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1156", "title": "Chronic rotator cuff impingement in the throwing athlete.", "content": "Compromise of the space between the humeral head and the coracoacromial arch may be a source of chronic shoulder pain associated with rotator cuff impingement in the athlete participating in throwing sports. In certain carefully selected individuals, surgical decompression may alleviate these symptoms. The surgical procedure can be done under local anesthesia and may enable the athlete to return to his previous level of performance without disability.", "contents": "Chronic rotator cuff impingement in the throwing athlete. Compromise of the space between the humeral head and the coracoacromial arch may be a source of chronic shoulder pain associated with rotator cuff impingement in the athlete participating in throwing sports. In certain carefully selected individuals, surgical decompression may alleviate these symptoms. The surgical procedure can be done under local anesthesia and may enable the athlete to return to his previous level of performance without disability.", "PMID": 64122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1157", "title": "[Centrifugal fibers in the human retina].", "content": "The examination of 16 human retina stained in toto according to the Gallego method (1953) demonstrated the presence of centrifugal optic fibers. These fibers appear as large argyrophilic axons and can be traced as of the papille, amongst the centripetal optic fibers. The centrifugal fibers show a high degree of ramification which may extend over a quarter of the total retinal surface and terminate in the internal plexiform layer. Elsewhere the existence of perivascular and intravascular axon terminals as well as short axon ganglion nerve cells were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Centrifugal fibers in the human retina]. The examination of 16 human retina stained in toto according to the Gallego method (1953) demonstrated the presence of centrifugal optic fibers. These fibers appear as large argyrophilic axons and can be traced as of the papille, amongst the centripetal optic fibers. The centrifugal fibers show a high degree of ramification which may extend over a quarter of the total retinal surface and terminate in the internal plexiform layer. Elsewhere the existence of perivascular and intravascular axon terminals as well as short axon ganglion nerve cells were demonstrated.", "PMID": 64128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1158", "title": "Urticaria. An updated review.", "content": "Urticaria can result from many different stimuli, and numerous factors, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, are involved in its pathogenesis. Most commonly considered of immunologic mechanisms is the type I hypersensitivity state mediated by IgE. Another immunologic mechanism involves the activation of the complement cascade, which produces anaphylatoxins that can release histamine. Immunologic, nonimmunologic, genetic, and modulating factors converge on mast cells and basophils to release mediators capable of producing urticarial lesions. In addition to the clinical and laboratory diagnosis and treatment regimens, we review such mediators as histamine, kinins, serotonin, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, prostaglandins, acetylcholine, fibrin degradation products, and anaphylatoxins that increase vascular permeability and can thereby produce wheals. Special consideration is given to histamine and the factors that regulate is secretory release from mast cells and basophils, including the modulating role of intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.", "contents": "Urticaria. An updated review. Urticaria can result from many different stimuli, and numerous factors, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, are involved in its pathogenesis. Most commonly considered of immunologic mechanisms is the type I hypersensitivity state mediated by IgE. Another immunologic mechanism involves the activation of the complement cascade, which produces anaphylatoxins that can release histamine. Immunologic, nonimmunologic, genetic, and modulating factors converge on mast cells and basophils to release mediators capable of producing urticarial lesions. In addition to the clinical and laboratory diagnosis and treatment regimens, we review such mediators as histamine, kinins, serotonin, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, prostaglandins, acetylcholine, fibrin degradation products, and anaphylatoxins that increase vascular permeability and can thereby produce wheals. Special consideration is given to histamine and the factors that regulate is secretory release from mast cells and basophils, including the modulating role of intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.", "PMID": 64129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1159", "title": "Comparative studies of the incorporation inhibition of radioactive nucleotides and amino acids in vitro under the influence of adriamycin, bleomycin, and sodium arsenate.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-marked nucleotides and amino acids into the nucleic acids and into the cellular protein of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes was inhibited variably by increasing doses of Adriamycin, Bleomycin and Na2HAsO4. The findings, which were obtained with the aid of the liquid scintillation counter and partly by means of 14C-thymidine-marked autoradiographies shows clearly that Adriamycin causes the strongest incorporation inhibition. In contrast to this, the inhibition caused by Bleomycin and arsenate is considerably less destructive. It was shown by means of cytophoto metrical examinations that Adriamycin is capable of fixing cells in the G2 phase and in the S phase. Cells react similarly to Bleomycin and arsenate. The differential inhibition of nucleic acid and protein metabolism induced by Adriamycin, Bleomycin and arsenate is correlated with a varying responsiveness of lymphocytes to the cytostatically effective substances.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the incorporation inhibition of radioactive nucleotides and amino acids in vitro under the influence of adriamycin, bleomycin, and sodium arsenate. The incorporation of 14C-marked nucleotides and amino acids into the nucleic acids and into the cellular protein of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes was inhibited variably by increasing doses of Adriamycin, Bleomycin and Na2HAsO4. The findings, which were obtained with the aid of the liquid scintillation counter and partly by means of 14C-thymidine-marked autoradiographies shows clearly that Adriamycin causes the strongest incorporation inhibition. In contrast to this, the inhibition caused by Bleomycin and arsenate is considerably less destructive. It was shown by means of cytophoto metrical examinations that Adriamycin is capable of fixing cells in the G2 phase and in the S phase. Cells react similarly to Bleomycin and arsenate. The differential inhibition of nucleic acid and protein metabolism induced by Adriamycin, Bleomycin and arsenate is correlated with a varying responsiveness of lymphocytes to the cytostatically effective substances.", "PMID": 64130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1160", "title": "Detection by electron microscope of rod-shaped organisms in synovial membrane from a patient with the arthritis of Whipple's disease.", "content": "Rod-shaped organisms identical to those present in the jejunal mucosa have been found in the synovial membrane of a patient with Whipple's disease. These probably caused inflammatory changes which sere reflected in an increase of the cellular content and high enzyme levels (acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase) of the synovial fluid. Tetracycline was effective in controlling the bowel lesion but only had a temporary effect upon the arthritis. Erythromycin controlled both the bowel lesion and the arthritis.", "contents": "Detection by electron microscope of rod-shaped organisms in synovial membrane from a patient with the arthritis of Whipple's disease. Rod-shaped organisms identical to those present in the jejunal mucosa have been found in the synovial membrane of a patient with Whipple's disease. These probably caused inflammatory changes which sere reflected in an increase of the cellular content and high enzyme levels (acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase) of the synovial fluid. Tetracycline was effective in controlling the bowel lesion but only had a temporary effect upon the arthritis. Erythromycin controlled both the bowel lesion and the arthritis.", "PMID": 64131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1161", "title": "CEA monitoring of palliative treatment for colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Palliative treatment was applied to 131 cases of unresectable or palliatively resected colorectal carcinoma being monitored with serial CEA determinations. There were 84 instances of disease progression with 67 (80%) of them showing an increase in CEA above pretreatment levels or maintaining high levels, and 17 (20%) showing a fall when compared to pretreatment values or maintaining low initial values. There was a clear-cut regression of the disease in only 9 instances. In all 9, the CEA clearly dropped or maintained low valles throughout the period of regression. No patient in regression had a rise or maintained an elevated CEA level. These changes in CEA followed closely the clinical response of our patient to the use of a particular agent, although for the Nitrosourea compounds there may be a tendency to lower the CEA regardless of the patient's tumor response to the drug. This could be due to the fact that the Nitrosoureas produce a diffuse block of cellular activity, both at the nucleous and cytoplasm; while other compounds act as alkylating agents or by inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids (i.e., 5-FU inhibiting thymidylate synthetase). In general, longer survival was found in those patients who had initially lower levels of CEA as compared to those with high initial levels. The patients with a favorable CEA response to the treatment (falling CEA or maintained low value), even in many who did not show a clinical response had a longer survival than the group with rising or stable high levels. The main value in CEA monitoring of patients resides in its correlation with the amount of disease present and then its ability to detect progression of tumor mass which is not clinically measurable.", "contents": "CEA monitoring of palliative treatment for colorectal carcinoma. Palliative treatment was applied to 131 cases of unresectable or palliatively resected colorectal carcinoma being monitored with serial CEA determinations. There were 84 instances of disease progression with 67 (80%) of them showing an increase in CEA above pretreatment levels or maintaining high levels, and 17 (20%) showing a fall when compared to pretreatment values or maintaining low initial values. There was a clear-cut regression of the disease in only 9 instances. In all 9, the CEA clearly dropped or maintained low valles throughout the period of regression. No patient in regression had a rise or maintained an elevated CEA level. These changes in CEA followed closely the clinical response of our patient to the use of a particular agent, although for the Nitrosourea compounds there may be a tendency to lower the CEA regardless of the patient's tumor response to the drug. This could be due to the fact that the Nitrosoureas produce a diffuse block of cellular activity, both at the nucleous and cytoplasm; while other compounds act as alkylating agents or by inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids (i.e., 5-FU inhibiting thymidylate synthetase). In general, longer survival was found in those patients who had initially lower levels of CEA as compared to those with high initial levels. The patients with a favorable CEA response to the treatment (falling CEA or maintained low value), even in many who did not show a clinical response had a longer survival than the group with rising or stable high levels. The main value in CEA monitoring of patients resides in its correlation with the amount of disease present and then its ability to detect progression of tumor mass which is not clinically measurable.", "PMID": 64132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1162", "title": "Palliation of malignant esophago-respiratory fistulae by permanent indwelling prosthetic tube.", "content": "Malignant esophago-respiratory fistula is an incurable condition calsing severe distress to those patients suffering from it. Sixty two successive patients with esophago-respiratory fistulae, secondary to squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus, were intubated for palliation. The first 14 were intubated by a traction technique using the Celestin tube, and the remaining 48 were intubated by the Procter-Livingstone tube inserted by a pulsion method. Celestin intubation had a mortality of 64.3% but 75% of those intubated by the Procter-Livingstone tube were discharged from hospital, swallowing satisfactorily and relieved of their respiratory distress. In our experience the insertion of the Proctor-Livingstone tube by a pulsion technique, can be performed in a few minutes, with little morbidity and allows the patient to be discharged from hospital within 3-4 days of the procedure. It is a successful and acceptable method of treating malignant esophago-respiratory fistulae.", "contents": "Palliation of malignant esophago-respiratory fistulae by permanent indwelling prosthetic tube. Malignant esophago-respiratory fistula is an incurable condition calsing severe distress to those patients suffering from it. Sixty two successive patients with esophago-respiratory fistulae, secondary to squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus, were intubated for palliation. The first 14 were intubated by a traction technique using the Celestin tube, and the remaining 48 were intubated by the Procter-Livingstone tube inserted by a pulsion method. Celestin intubation had a mortality of 64.3% but 75% of those intubated by the Procter-Livingstone tube were discharged from hospital, swallowing satisfactorily and relieved of their respiratory distress. In our experience the insertion of the Proctor-Livingstone tube by a pulsion technique, can be performed in a few minutes, with little morbidity and allows the patient to be discharged from hospital within 3-4 days of the procedure. It is a successful and acceptable method of treating malignant esophago-respiratory fistulae.", "PMID": 64133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1163", "title": "Effects of citrulline administration on enzymes of liver and brain in rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of citrulline (30 mg/kg body weight) for three days to rats brought about an increase in the activity of hepatic ornithine-aminotransferase without any change in glutamine-synthetase activity. In the brain of the same animals, the activity of the glutamine synthetase in cerebellum and brain stem increased significantly. In cerebral hemispheres the activity of ornithine aminotransferase was increased without a change in glutamine-synthetase activity. Under these conditions, there is a rise in the content of glutamine, citrulline, arginine and ornithine in all the three regions of the brain.", "contents": "Effects of citrulline administration on enzymes of liver and brain in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of citrulline (30 mg/kg body weight) for three days to rats brought about an increase in the activity of hepatic ornithine-aminotransferase without any change in glutamine-synthetase activity. In the brain of the same animals, the activity of the glutamine synthetase in cerebellum and brain stem increased significantly. In cerebral hemispheres the activity of ornithine aminotransferase was increased without a change in glutamine-synthetase activity. Under these conditions, there is a rise in the content of glutamine, citrulline, arginine and ornithine in all the three regions of the brain.", "PMID": 64134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1164", "title": "[Metabolism of glucosamine in the liver of Scyliorhinus canicula (selachian)].", "content": "(1) The metabolism of the glucosamine was studied in the liver of S. canicula, after injection of D-(1-14C) glucosamine into the animal. (2) The labelled acid-soluble derivatives were separated by ion exchange columns and characterized by chromatography and electrophoresis, and were identified as glucosamine, glucosamine 6-P, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine 6-P, N-acetylglucosamine 1-P, N-acetylmannosamine 6-P, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. (3) The variation with time after glucosamine injection of the radioactivity of the fractions separated on Dowex 1-X4 was investigated. This study showed a decrease of the radioactivity in the fraction 1 (glucosamine and glucosamine 6-P), an increase in the fraction II (N-acetylneuraminic acid) and the fraction IV (UDP-N-acetylhexosamines), and a stability in the fraction III (phosphorylated N-acetylhexosamines). (4) The absence of label in neutral hexoses and their phosphorylated derivatives was interpretated as due to the weak activity of the glucosamine 6-P isomerase, which is positively modulated by the N-acetylglucosamine 6-P.", "contents": "[Metabolism of glucosamine in the liver of Scyliorhinus canicula (selachian)]. (1) The metabolism of the glucosamine was studied in the liver of S. canicula, after injection of D-(1-14C) glucosamine into the animal. (2) The labelled acid-soluble derivatives were separated by ion exchange columns and characterized by chromatography and electrophoresis, and were identified as glucosamine, glucosamine 6-P, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine 6-P, N-acetylglucosamine 1-P, N-acetylmannosamine 6-P, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. (3) The variation with time after glucosamine injection of the radioactivity of the fractions separated on Dowex 1-X4 was investigated. This study showed a decrease of the radioactivity in the fraction 1 (glucosamine and glucosamine 6-P), an increase in the fraction II (N-acetylneuraminic acid) and the fraction IV (UDP-N-acetylhexosamines), and a stability in the fraction III (phosphorylated N-acetylhexosamines). (4) The absence of label in neutral hexoses and their phosphorylated derivatives was interpretated as due to the weak activity of the glucosamine 6-P isomerase, which is positively modulated by the N-acetylglucosamine 6-P.", "PMID": 64135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1165", "title": "Oral fructose tolerance, gastric emptying and absorption: a compartmental model.", "content": "Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption regulate transfer of ingested fructose from stomach to plasma. Using conscious rhesus monkeys we have developed a compartmental model which describes this system. Fructose tolerance tests were performed in groups of monkeys by intragastrically administering 2 g/kg of 10.5% D-fructose solution; fructose concentration in arterial plasma, [fructose], and intragastric volume were measured at intervals afterward. One group was pretreated with atropine; stomachs imptied with a time constant, tau, of 67 min. Another group received fructose solution with trisodium citrate added; tau was 18 min. Another group received only fructose; tau was 30 min. Using these constants, a model was developed to describe the [fructose] data. In this model k1 related amount of fructose in intestine to absorption rate and Ae represented absorption efficiency. K1 = 0.03 and Ae = 89% provided a good fit for data from the atropinized group. k1 = 0.018 and Ae = 56% provided a good fit for data from the other groups. Differences were explained by considering effects of atropine on gastrointestinal secretion. The model adequately describes our [fructose] data and may be adapted for tests utilizing other substances.", "contents": "Oral fructose tolerance, gastric emptying and absorption: a compartmental model. Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption regulate transfer of ingested fructose from stomach to plasma. Using conscious rhesus monkeys we have developed a compartmental model which describes this system. Fructose tolerance tests were performed in groups of monkeys by intragastrically administering 2 g/kg of 10.5% D-fructose solution; fructose concentration in arterial plasma, [fructose], and intragastric volume were measured at intervals afterward. One group was pretreated with atropine; stomachs imptied with a time constant, tau, of 67 min. Another group received fructose solution with trisodium citrate added; tau was 18 min. Another group received only fructose; tau was 30 min. Using these constants, a model was developed to describe the [fructose] data. In this model k1 related amount of fructose in intestine to absorption rate and Ae represented absorption efficiency. K1 = 0.03 and Ae = 89% provided a good fit for data from the atropinized group. k1 = 0.018 and Ae = 56% provided a good fit for data from the other groups. Differences were explained by considering effects of atropine on gastrointestinal secretion. The model adequately describes our [fructose] data and may be adapted for tests utilizing other substances.", "PMID": 64136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1166", "title": "[Biochemical polymorphism in the red partridge (Alectoris rufa)].", "content": "Egg white proteins, hemoglobin, serum proteins and enzymes from Alectoris rufa have been examined by starch gel electrophoresis. All three genetic parameters, mean proportion of loci polymorphic per population (P), mean numbers of alleles per locus (A), and mean proportion of loci heterozygous per individual (H) are given for Alectoris rufa, and comparison were made between the proteins of the related species Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "contents": "[Biochemical polymorphism in the red partridge (Alectoris rufa)]. Egg white proteins, hemoglobin, serum proteins and enzymes from Alectoris rufa have been examined by starch gel electrophoresis. All three genetic parameters, mean proportion of loci polymorphic per population (P), mean numbers of alleles per locus (A), and mean proportion of loci heterozygous per individual (H) are given for Alectoris rufa, and comparison were made between the proteins of the related species Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "PMID": 64137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1167", "title": "On the induction of the hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase by quinolinic acid.", "content": "The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by quinolinic acid is inhibited completely by cycloheximide and by alpha-amanitin, but only partially during the first 3 hours by 5-azacytidine and 8-azaguanine; longer treatment with 8-azaguanine, however, also prevents the major increase in enzyme activity. The hepatic concentration of cyclic AMP does not change after administration of quinolinic acid. Insulin, like hydrocortisone, acts additively to qlinolinic acid. The isoenzyme pattern of tyrosine aminotransferase is not changed cosniderably during induction of quinolinic acid. Most likely, quinolinic acid acts through its own mechanism of induction.", "contents": "On the induction of the hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase by quinolinic acid. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by quinolinic acid is inhibited completely by cycloheximide and by alpha-amanitin, but only partially during the first 3 hours by 5-azacytidine and 8-azaguanine; longer treatment with 8-azaguanine, however, also prevents the major increase in enzyme activity. The hepatic concentration of cyclic AMP does not change after administration of quinolinic acid. Insulin, like hydrocortisone, acts additively to qlinolinic acid. The isoenzyme pattern of tyrosine aminotransferase is not changed cosniderably during induction of quinolinic acid. Most likely, quinolinic acid acts through its own mechanism of induction.", "PMID": 64138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1168", "title": "Purification and properties of human placenta arylsulphatase A.", "content": "1. Arylsulphatase A (arylsulphate sulphohydrolase E.N. 3.1.6.1) has been purified 7200-fold from human placenta using concanavalin A Sepharose chromatography. 2. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated that the purified enzyme was homogenous with respect to sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight and has a molecular weight of 102000. 3. The purified enzyme could hydrolyze cerebroside 3-sulphate, seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine under identical conditions. 4. The kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of all sulphate esters used in the present study were the same. 5. Both seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine were competitive inhibitors for the hydrolysis of cerebroside-3-sulphate with an inhibition constant of 0.2 mM. 6. Kinetic parameters, metal ion effect and heat inactivation profile of enzyme suggest that the same active site of enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulphate, seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human placenta arylsulphatase A. 1. Arylsulphatase A (arylsulphate sulphohydrolase E.N. 3.1.6.1) has been purified 7200-fold from human placenta using concanavalin A Sepharose chromatography. 2. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated that the purified enzyme was homogenous with respect to sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight and has a molecular weight of 102000. 3. The purified enzyme could hydrolyze cerebroside 3-sulphate, seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine under identical conditions. 4. The kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of all sulphate esters used in the present study were the same. 5. Both seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine were competitive inhibitors for the hydrolysis of cerebroside-3-sulphate with an inhibition constant of 0.2 mM. 6. Kinetic parameters, metal ion effect and heat inactivation profile of enzyme suggest that the same active site of enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulphate, seminolipid and sulphogalactosylsphingosine.", "PMID": 64139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1169", "title": "A duplex retina and the electroretinogram in the nocturnal Perodicticus potto.", "content": "The presence of cones in potto's retina has been proved beyond doubt although they are very restricted in number (1 cone for 300 rods). Morphologically, speaking there is no point in calling these cones \"rudimentary\" except for their slender outer segment. There are red sensitive elements in that retina at wavelengths beyond the spectral sensitivity of visual purple and it is tempting to assume that these elements are cones. The ERG evoked from these elements by red light differs from that in response to white and blue light. They dark-adapt faster than the receptors sensitive to blue and white flashes. However in some of their properties, for example fusion frequency, these cones behave like rods in other species. As these few cones seem to activate the bipolar cells nearly as effectively as the numerous rods, it is suggested that these cones may be responsible for day vision in the potto.", "contents": "A duplex retina and the electroretinogram in the nocturnal Perodicticus potto. The presence of cones in potto's retina has been proved beyond doubt although they are very restricted in number (1 cone for 300 rods). Morphologically, speaking there is no point in calling these cones \"rudimentary\" except for their slender outer segment. There are red sensitive elements in that retina at wavelengths beyond the spectral sensitivity of visual purple and it is tempting to assume that these elements are cones. The ERG evoked from these elements by red light differs from that in response to white and blue light. They dark-adapt faster than the receptors sensitive to blue and white flashes. However in some of their properties, for example fusion frequency, these cones behave like rods in other species. As these few cones seem to activate the bipolar cells nearly as effectively as the numerous rods, it is suggested that these cones may be responsible for day vision in the potto.", "PMID": 64140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1170", "title": "Changes in blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate,and plasma lactic dehydrogenase levels in the pigeon on acute exposure to cold.", "content": "Adult pigeons were subjected to acute cold exposure (-25 degrees C; 30 min) after which the levels of blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate and plasma lactic dehydrogenase were measured. Partially defeathered (dorsum and pectoral regions) birds, following exposure to cold, showed marked reduction in blood glucose and blood and muscle (pectoralis) lactate. Fully plumed birds, in contrast, showed no significant reduction in body temperature or blood glucose and only moderately reduced lactate levels indicating the effectiveness of the insulative feather coat in maintaining thermal and metabolic homeostasis. The partially-defeathered pigeons exposed to cold showed a two-to-three-fold increase in plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity, which may reflect a molecular adaptation in their calorigenic response to cold.", "contents": "Changes in blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate,and plasma lactic dehydrogenase levels in the pigeon on acute exposure to cold. Adult pigeons were subjected to acute cold exposure (-25 degrees C; 30 min) after which the levels of blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate and plasma lactic dehydrogenase were measured. Partially defeathered (dorsum and pectoral regions) birds, following exposure to cold, showed marked reduction in blood glucose and blood and muscle (pectoralis) lactate. Fully plumed birds, in contrast, showed no significant reduction in body temperature or blood glucose and only moderately reduced lactate levels indicating the effectiveness of the insulative feather coat in maintaining thermal and metabolic homeostasis. The partially-defeathered pigeons exposed to cold showed a two-to-three-fold increase in plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity, which may reflect a molecular adaptation in their calorigenic response to cold.", "PMID": 64141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1171", "title": "Influence of aminooxyacetate administration on ammonia-induced metabolic disturbances in the rat liver.", "content": "The purpose of the present report was to investigate the effects of aminooxyacetate administration to rats on the ammonia-induced disturbances in the substrate levels and in the activities of the enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism. 1.--Aminooxyacetate enhances the accumulation of ammonia following an ammonia load and prevents the other substrate level changes induced by ammonia. Thus, this transaminase inhibitor suppresses ammonia detoxication by formation of aminoacids as well as by urea synthesis. 2.--A significant decrease of glutamine synthetase activity is observed only after administration of both aminooxyacetate and ammonium chloride. 3.--Like in rats injected with ammonium chloride alone, an ammonia-induced activation of liver glutaminase I is found in inhibitor-pretreated rats. This result confirms the specific enhancement of glutaminase I activity by ammonia in excess.", "contents": "Influence of aminooxyacetate administration on ammonia-induced metabolic disturbances in the rat liver. The purpose of the present report was to investigate the effects of aminooxyacetate administration to rats on the ammonia-induced disturbances in the substrate levels and in the activities of the enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism. 1.--Aminooxyacetate enhances the accumulation of ammonia following an ammonia load and prevents the other substrate level changes induced by ammonia. Thus, this transaminase inhibitor suppresses ammonia detoxication by formation of aminoacids as well as by urea synthesis. 2.--A significant decrease of glutamine synthetase activity is observed only after administration of both aminooxyacetate and ammonium chloride. 3.--Like in rats injected with ammonium chloride alone, an ammonia-induced activation of liver glutaminase I is found in inhibitor-pretreated rats. This result confirms the specific enhancement of glutaminase I activity by ammonia in excess.", "PMID": 64142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1172", "title": "[Treatment of rhythm disorders by fenoxedil hydrochloride].", "content": "Fenoxedil chlorhydrate (FC), which is used as a treatment for cerebral circulatory failure and peripheral vascular disease, has been given to 100 patients with a cardiac arrhythmia: atrial fibrillation (78 cases), atrial flutter (4 cases), atrial tachysystole (2 cases), ventricular extrasystoles (12 cases), and supraventricular extrasystoles (4 cases). FC has been prescribed alone, or as a complement to current anticoagulant or digitalis treatment; combination with prenylamine, amiodarone, dysopyramide or a drug of the quinidine group must always be avoided, and the potassium level checked and corrected if necessary before treatment. In 78 cases of atrial fibrillation, the authors found that sinus rhythm was restored in 58 (74.4%); four cases of flutter were restored, and one case out of two of atrial tachycardia. In case of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles the results are less clear, and merit a further study with a larger number of cases. The electrocardiographic disorders encountered in this series have been evaluated: lenghthening of the QT interval, disorders of atrioventricular conduction, sinus inhibition. They were either produced by or aggravated by the FC. No cases of axis deviation were encountered. The authors make mention of the complications observed by other authors, but draw a distinction between the prescription of FC in cases of cerebral vascular insufficiency, without previous knowledge of the exact cardiac status of the patient (otherwise there is a risk of severe accidents), and the use of FC in cases of arrhythmia which have undergone full assessment before the drug is used. According to this study, FC appears to be a very effective anti-arrhythmic agent, but its use demands very rigorous clinical and electrocardiographic supervision.", "contents": "[Treatment of rhythm disorders by fenoxedil hydrochloride]. Fenoxedil chlorhydrate (FC), which is used as a treatment for cerebral circulatory failure and peripheral vascular disease, has been given to 100 patients with a cardiac arrhythmia: atrial fibrillation (78 cases), atrial flutter (4 cases), atrial tachysystole (2 cases), ventricular extrasystoles (12 cases), and supraventricular extrasystoles (4 cases). FC has been prescribed alone, or as a complement to current anticoagulant or digitalis treatment; combination with prenylamine, amiodarone, dysopyramide or a drug of the quinidine group must always be avoided, and the potassium level checked and corrected if necessary before treatment. In 78 cases of atrial fibrillation, the authors found that sinus rhythm was restored in 58 (74.4%); four cases of flutter were restored, and one case out of two of atrial tachycardia. In case of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles the results are less clear, and merit a further study with a larger number of cases. The electrocardiographic disorders encountered in this series have been evaluated: lenghthening of the QT interval, disorders of atrioventricular conduction, sinus inhibition. They were either produced by or aggravated by the FC. No cases of axis deviation were encountered. The authors make mention of the complications observed by other authors, but draw a distinction between the prescription of FC in cases of cerebral vascular insufficiency, without previous knowledge of the exact cardiac status of the patient (otherwise there is a risk of severe accidents), and the use of FC in cases of arrhythmia which have undergone full assessment before the drug is used. According to this study, FC appears to be a very effective anti-arrhythmic agent, but its use demands very rigorous clinical and electrocardiographic supervision.", "PMID": 64236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1173", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of a neurotoxic oral dose of leptophos in hens.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic profile of [14C] leptophos was determined in laying hens following a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg (0.58 muCi). Most of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine and feces. After 15 days, the total radioactivity recovered in the combined urinary-fecal excretion was 73.5% of the administered dose. A major part of the absorbed leptophos was concentrated in the eggs. The total 14C radioactivity in egg albumen was 7.29% of the administered dose as compared to 4.67% in egg yolk. The half-life for the disappearance of radioactivity from the birds' bodies following the administration of [14C] leptophos was 11.55 days. A correlation between the pharmacokinetics of leptophos and the susceptibility of the hen to delayed neurotoxicity is discusses.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of a neurotoxic oral dose of leptophos in hens. A pharmacokinetic profile of [14C] leptophos was determined in laying hens following a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg (0.58 muCi). Most of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine and feces. After 15 days, the total radioactivity recovered in the combined urinary-fecal excretion was 73.5% of the administered dose. A major part of the absorbed leptophos was concentrated in the eggs. The total 14C radioactivity in egg albumen was 7.29% of the administered dose as compared to 4.67% in egg yolk. The half-life for the disappearance of radioactivity from the birds' bodies following the administration of [14C] leptophos was 11.55 days. A correlation between the pharmacokinetics of leptophos and the susceptibility of the hen to delayed neurotoxicity is discusses.", "PMID": 64240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1174", "title": "[Feeding rhythms and the diurnal rhythm of cell proliferation in pharmacologically induced liver growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Stimulation of hepatic DNA synthesis can be achieved in the intact rat by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH = alpha-benzene hexachloride). The extent of stimulation is high in the morning and low in the evening. These rhythmic variations in the rate of DNA synthesis are synchronized indirectly by the light-dark rhythm, but directly by the animal's feeding habits: Rats eat preferentially during the night. If the diurnal rhythm of food intake is abolished, the rhythmic fluctuations in the rate of DNA synthesis are no longer detectable; if rats are adapted to daily feeding periods of only 5 h, these fluctuations are pronounced and almost synchronized. Further experiments show that the time of feeding determines the time of DNA replication. It is concluded that food intake provides a \"2nd stimulus\" or permissive factor, which is required for the induction of DNA synthesis in a certain critical stage of the prereplicative phase. Labelling experiments with orotic acid suggest that foot intake initially induces an increase of RNA synthesis. The results indicate that controlled feeding schedules provide the possibility to synchronize, in the living animal, a proliferating population of hepatocytes. A hypothesis is derived which offers an explanation for the generation of the diurnal rhythm of cell proliferation in the liver.", "contents": "[Feeding rhythms and the diurnal rhythm of cell proliferation in pharmacologically induced liver growth (author's transl)]. Stimulation of hepatic DNA synthesis can be achieved in the intact rat by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH = alpha-benzene hexachloride). The extent of stimulation is high in the morning and low in the evening. These rhythmic variations in the rate of DNA synthesis are synchronized indirectly by the light-dark rhythm, but directly by the animal's feeding habits: Rats eat preferentially during the night. If the diurnal rhythm of food intake is abolished, the rhythmic fluctuations in the rate of DNA synthesis are no longer detectable; if rats are adapted to daily feeding periods of only 5 h, these fluctuations are pronounced and almost synchronized. Further experiments show that the time of feeding determines the time of DNA replication. It is concluded that food intake provides a \"2nd stimulus\" or permissive factor, which is required for the induction of DNA synthesis in a certain critical stage of the prereplicative phase. Labelling experiments with orotic acid suggest that foot intake initially induces an increase of RNA synthesis. The results indicate that controlled feeding schedules provide the possibility to synchronize, in the living animal, a proliferating population of hepatocytes. A hypothesis is derived which offers an explanation for the generation of the diurnal rhythm of cell proliferation in the liver.", "PMID": 64241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1175", "title": "Double-exposure duplication of preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparencies.", "content": "Before and after photographs in plastic surgery are an essential part of the patient's record. They also provide visual data to supplement both primary and continuing education lectures. When successive photographs are used in lectures, a sharp visual memory is required to compare effectively the preoperative and postoperative photograph. The method presented in this article uses a specially constructed frame used as an accessory for one of the common commercial slide copiers. This device makes it possible to copy, duplicate, and frame preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparencies onto a single 2 X 2 transparency without any additional work on the original, such as framing, cutting, and remounting. This technique leaves the original preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparency slides intact for possible use elsewhere in the same lecture or subsequent lectures on the same subject.", "contents": "Double-exposure duplication of preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparencies. Before and after photographs in plastic surgery are an essential part of the patient's record. They also provide visual data to supplement both primary and continuing education lectures. When successive photographs are used in lectures, a sharp visual memory is required to compare effectively the preoperative and postoperative photograph. The method presented in this article uses a specially constructed frame used as an accessory for one of the common commercial slide copiers. This device makes it possible to copy, duplicate, and frame preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparencies onto a single 2 X 2 transparency without any additional work on the original, such as framing, cutting, and remounting. This technique leaves the original preoperative and postoperative 2 X 2 transparency slides intact for possible use elsewhere in the same lecture or subsequent lectures on the same subject.", "PMID": 64242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1176", "title": "Properties of erythrocyte catalase from homozygotes and heterozygotes for Swiss-type acatalasemia.", "content": "The unstable catalase variant found in the blood of individuals homozygous for Swiss-type acatalasemia and the enzyme species present in heterozygous carriers of this rare defect have been further characterized. The mutant enzyme isolated from acatalasemic red cells is considerably more heat labile and differs in electrophoretic mobility from the normal enzyme. Catalase preparations obtained from heterozygotes consist of an apparently uniform enzyme species, probably representing a molecular hybrid, with properties intermediate to those of the normal and the variant enzyme. However, antigenic identity of catalase from all three sources is observed. Model experiments indicate that hybrid catalase molecules can be produced by recombining normal and variant dimer subunits. Fractionation of erythrocytes according to density and age shows that most of the residual catalase activity is localized in juvenile acatalasemic cells, whereas in normal and heterozygous individuals the catalase activity level does not alter significantly during the life span of the red cells. These findings agree with the observation that there is no gene dosage in heterozygotes, their catalase activity values falling within the normal range.", "contents": "Properties of erythrocyte catalase from homozygotes and heterozygotes for Swiss-type acatalasemia. The unstable catalase variant found in the blood of individuals homozygous for Swiss-type acatalasemia and the enzyme species present in heterozygous carriers of this rare defect have been further characterized. The mutant enzyme isolated from acatalasemic red cells is considerably more heat labile and differs in electrophoretic mobility from the normal enzyme. Catalase preparations obtained from heterozygotes consist of an apparently uniform enzyme species, probably representing a molecular hybrid, with properties intermediate to those of the normal and the variant enzyme. However, antigenic identity of catalase from all three sources is observed. Model experiments indicate that hybrid catalase molecules can be produced by recombining normal and variant dimer subunits. Fractionation of erythrocytes according to density and age shows that most of the residual catalase activity is localized in juvenile acatalasemic cells, whereas in normal and heterozygous individuals the catalase activity level does not alter significantly during the life span of the red cells. These findings agree with the observation that there is no gene dosage in heterozygotes, their catalase activity values falling within the normal range.", "PMID": 64244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1177", "title": "The alpha macroglobulins of rat serum.", "content": "A three-stage method for isolation of alpha1 macroglobulin and alpha2 macroglobulin from the serum of normal and injured rats is described. The methods successively used, namely gel filtration, ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, were chosen to minimize loss of tryptic esterase-protecting activity. The two proteins differed slightly with respect to the following properties: mol.wt., alpha1 macroglobulin 7.46 X 10(5), alpha2 macroglobulin 7.16 X 10(5); isoelectric focusing, alpha1, macroglobulin pI 4.4, alpha2 macroglobulin pI4.5. Amino acid analyses were identical, except with respect to tyrosine: alpha1 macroglobulin 3.96 +/- 0.24, alpha2 macroglobulin 3.16 +/- 0.32 mol/100 mol of total amino acids. When isolated from the serum of uninjured rats, alpha1 macroglobulin retained the capacity to bind 1.05 mol of trypsin/mol. However, if isolated from serum 2 days after injury only 0.78 mol of trypsin/mol of alpha1 macroglobulin was bound. alpha2 macroglobulin isolated from this latter serum bound on average 0.97 mol of trypsin/mol. When reduced with N-acetylcysteine, both molecules formed subunits of size corresponding to that expected for quarter molecules. When alpha2 macroglobulin was reduced with dithiothreitol, quarter molecules were again produced. alpha1 macroglobulin, however, when thus treated gave a more complex mixture, containing a component having a mol.wt. of less than 6 X 10(4). Antisera raised against the two proteins permitted estimation of the concentration of each protein in the plasmas or sera of normal and injured rats. Plasma from normal male rats contained 3.76 +/- 0.56 mg of alpha1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 33) and 0.016 +/- 0.001 mg of alpha2 macroglobulin/ml (n=33). After injury by injection of turpentine and cortisone, the concentrations in plasma were at 3 days 5.19 +/- 0.81 mg of alpha1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12) and at 2 days 1.38 +/- 0.35 mg of alpha2 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12). Antisera to the two proteins did not cross-react with one another. The quarter molecules formed by reduction of both proteins showed increased antigenicity.", "contents": "The alpha macroglobulins of rat serum. A three-stage method for isolation of alpha1 macroglobulin and alpha2 macroglobulin from the serum of normal and injured rats is described. The methods successively used, namely gel filtration, ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, were chosen to minimize loss of tryptic esterase-protecting activity. The two proteins differed slightly with respect to the following properties: mol.wt., alpha1 macroglobulin 7.46 X 10(5), alpha2 macroglobulin 7.16 X 10(5); isoelectric focusing, alpha1, macroglobulin pI 4.4, alpha2 macroglobulin pI4.5. Amino acid analyses were identical, except with respect to tyrosine: alpha1 macroglobulin 3.96 +/- 0.24, alpha2 macroglobulin 3.16 +/- 0.32 mol/100 mol of total amino acids. When isolated from the serum of uninjured rats, alpha1 macroglobulin retained the capacity to bind 1.05 mol of trypsin/mol. However, if isolated from serum 2 days after injury only 0.78 mol of trypsin/mol of alpha1 macroglobulin was bound. alpha2 macroglobulin isolated from this latter serum bound on average 0.97 mol of trypsin/mol. When reduced with N-acetylcysteine, both molecules formed subunits of size corresponding to that expected for quarter molecules. When alpha2 macroglobulin was reduced with dithiothreitol, quarter molecules were again produced. alpha1 macroglobulin, however, when thus treated gave a more complex mixture, containing a component having a mol.wt. of less than 6 X 10(4). Antisera raised against the two proteins permitted estimation of the concentration of each protein in the plasmas or sera of normal and injured rats. Plasma from normal male rats contained 3.76 +/- 0.56 mg of alpha1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 33) and 0.016 +/- 0.001 mg of alpha2 macroglobulin/ml (n=33). After injury by injection of turpentine and cortisone, the concentrations in plasma were at 3 days 5.19 +/- 0.81 mg of alpha1 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12) and at 2 days 1.38 +/- 0.35 mg of alpha2 macroglobulin/ml (n = 12). Antisera to the two proteins did not cross-react with one another. The quarter molecules formed by reduction of both proteins showed increased antigenicity.", "PMID": 64245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1178", "title": "Rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin. Isolation and physicochemical properties.", "content": "1. Rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was isolated from turpentine-injected rats by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This method, since it does not include (NH4)2SO4 treatment, allows the study of the physicochemical as well as the biological properties of the molecule. 2. The purity of the preparation was demonstrated by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, fused \"rocket\" immunoelectrophoresis as well as double immunodiffusion. 3. The rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was characterized in terms of its main physical and chemical properties. Its isoelctric point was determined by isoelectrofocusing to be 4.55; s020,w was 18.4S and E1%/1cm at 278 nm was 6.8. The mol.wt. was determined by light-scattering to be 770000. 4. The amino acid content was compared with that of rat alpha1 macroglobulin and was found very similar. The carbohydrate composition of alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was determined to be: hexose, 4.25%; glucosamine, 3.4%; sialic acid, 2%; fucose, 0.2%. From these results it was concluded that alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin, although a typical acute-phase reactant, possesses the characteristic physicochemical properties of alpha macroglobulins.", "contents": "Rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin. Isolation and physicochemical properties. 1. Rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was isolated from turpentine-injected rats by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This method, since it does not include (NH4)2SO4 treatment, allows the study of the physicochemical as well as the biological properties of the molecule. 2. The purity of the preparation was demonstrated by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, fused \"rocket\" immunoelectrophoresis as well as double immunodiffusion. 3. The rat alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was characterized in terms of its main physical and chemical properties. Its isoelctric point was determined by isoelectrofocusing to be 4.55; s020,w was 18.4S and E1%/1cm at 278 nm was 6.8. The mol.wt. was determined by light-scattering to be 770000. 4. The amino acid content was compared with that of rat alpha1 macroglobulin and was found very similar. The carbohydrate composition of alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin was determined to be: hexose, 4.25%; glucosamine, 3.4%; sialic acid, 2%; fucose, 0.2%. From these results it was concluded that alpha2 acute-phase macroglobulin, although a typical acute-phase reactant, possesses the characteristic physicochemical properties of alpha macroglobulins.", "PMID": 64246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1179", "title": "Hepatic synthesis of carnitine from protein-bound trimethyl-lysine. Lysosomal digestion of methyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin.", "content": "The biosynthesis of carnitine in the rat was studied by following the metabolism of two radioactive derivatives of asialo-fetuin. The first contained 14C-labelled methyl groups covalently bound to the 6-N-amino fraction of its lysine residues as 6-N-monomethyl- and dimethyl-lysine. By treating this protein with iodomethane, a second derivative was produced in which the radioactivity was preferentially incorporated as 6-N-[Me-14C]-trimethyl-lysine. These desialylated glycoproteins, like other asialo-proteins, were immediately cleared from the blood by rat liver. Within hepatocyte lysosomes, the 14C-labelled proteins were rapidly hydrolysed, producing free amino acids containing the various 6-N-[Me-14C]methylated lysine residues. The radioactive amino acids crossed the lysosomal membrane and were further metabolized in the cytosol. Carnitine was the major radioactive metabolite detected in extracts of the rat carcass and liver after intravenous injection of 6-N-[Me-14C]trimethyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin. Within 3h, at least 34.6% of the trimethyl-lysine in the administered protein was converted into carnitine. Similarly, an isolated perfused rat liver converted 30% of the added peptide-bound trimethyl-lysine into carnitine within 90 min. On the other hand, in numerous attempts we failed to detect radioactive carnitine in both rat liver and carcass between 20 min and 22 h after injection of 6-N-[Me-14C]-monomethyl- and -dimethyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin. These data provide evidence for a pathway of carnitine biosynthesis that involves trimethyl-lysine as a peptide-bound precursor as proposed by R.A. Cox & C.L. Hoppel [(1973) Biochem. J. 136, 1083-1090] and V. Tanphaichitr & H.P. Broquist [(1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2176-2181]. The findings also show that rat liver can synthesize carnitine without the aid of other tissues, but cannot convert free partially methylated lysines into trimethyl-lysine.", "contents": "Hepatic synthesis of carnitine from protein-bound trimethyl-lysine. Lysosomal digestion of methyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin. The biosynthesis of carnitine in the rat was studied by following the metabolism of two radioactive derivatives of asialo-fetuin. The first contained 14C-labelled methyl groups covalently bound to the 6-N-amino fraction of its lysine residues as 6-N-monomethyl- and dimethyl-lysine. By treating this protein with iodomethane, a second derivative was produced in which the radioactivity was preferentially incorporated as 6-N-[Me-14C]-trimethyl-lysine. These desialylated glycoproteins, like other asialo-proteins, were immediately cleared from the blood by rat liver. Within hepatocyte lysosomes, the 14C-labelled proteins were rapidly hydrolysed, producing free amino acids containing the various 6-N-[Me-14C]methylated lysine residues. The radioactive amino acids crossed the lysosomal membrane and were further metabolized in the cytosol. Carnitine was the major radioactive metabolite detected in extracts of the rat carcass and liver after intravenous injection of 6-N-[Me-14C]trimethyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin. Within 3h, at least 34.6% of the trimethyl-lysine in the administered protein was converted into carnitine. Similarly, an isolated perfused rat liver converted 30% of the added peptide-bound trimethyl-lysine into carnitine within 90 min. On the other hand, in numerous attempts we failed to detect radioactive carnitine in both rat liver and carcass between 20 min and 22 h after injection of 6-N-[Me-14C]-monomethyl- and -dimethyl-lysine-labelled asialo-fetuin. These data provide evidence for a pathway of carnitine biosynthesis that involves trimethyl-lysine as a peptide-bound precursor as proposed by R.A. Cox & C.L. Hoppel [(1973) Biochem. J. 136, 1083-1090] and V. Tanphaichitr & H.P. Broquist [(1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2176-2181]. The findings also show that rat liver can synthesize carnitine without the aid of other tissues, but cannot convert free partially methylated lysines into trimethyl-lysine.", "PMID": 64247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1180", "title": "His bundle recordings in diagnosis of impulse formation in Kent and Mahaim tracts.", "content": "His bundle electrograms were recorded in 2 patients with ectopic beats arising in accessory atrioventricular tracts. Case 1 had Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) type A and a left-sided Kent tract with a short effective refractory period. Though ectopic impulse formation most probably occurred within the Kent tract itself, a vulnerability-related origin in the ventricular muscle close to the distal end of the Kent tract could not be excluded. In Case 2, with a Mahaim tract extending from His bundle to ventricles, there were three types of QRS morphologies resulting from : (a) atrioventricular conduction exclusively through the normal pathways; (b) atrioventricular conduction through both, normal pathway, and Mahaim tract; and (c) ectopic impulse formation in the Mahim tract. Specialized electrophysiological studies were essential to diagnose these unusual arrhythmias.", "contents": "His bundle recordings in diagnosis of impulse formation in Kent and Mahaim tracts. His bundle electrograms were recorded in 2 patients with ectopic beats arising in accessory atrioventricular tracts. Case 1 had Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) type A and a left-sided Kent tract with a short effective refractory period. Though ectopic impulse formation most probably occurred within the Kent tract itself, a vulnerability-related origin in the ventricular muscle close to the distal end of the Kent tract could not be excluded. In Case 2, with a Mahaim tract extending from His bundle to ventricles, there were three types of QRS morphologies resulting from : (a) atrioventricular conduction exclusively through the normal pathways; (b) atrioventricular conduction through both, normal pathway, and Mahaim tract; and (c) ectopic impulse formation in the Mahim tract. Specialized electrophysiological studies were essential to diagnose these unusual arrhythmias.", "PMID": 64251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1181", "title": "Excretion of alpha-foetoprotein in the urine of rats during exposure to 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "Female rats were maintained on standard laboratory diet, Miller's diet or Miller's diet containing 3'MeDAB. Animals fed standard or Miller's diet did not excrete alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) in their urine. Early appearance of AFP was demonstrated by examining the urine of rats on the 3'MeDAB regimen. The incidence of positive urine samples was high between the 5th and 7th week of the experiment. It thereafter declined, but from the 3rd month it steadily rose and reached a maximum of 80% at about 10 months. Though urinary excretion of AFP was irregular in individual animals, several positive urine samples were obtained from all rats followed for more than a few months. The urine of 90% of hepatoma-bearing rats contained AFP at the time of killing. The incidence of elevated serum AFP levels as determined by immunodiffusion, increased with the duration of the experiment, but was still only 70 percent in rats fed 3'MeDAB for over 34 weeks. The severity of the hepatic alterations, as well as hepatocytic uptake of [3H]thymidine, increased with time. The serum of animals fed the standard diet was negative, whereas AFP was very infrequently detected in the serum of rats given Miller's hypoprotein diet. The results demonstrate that, in a population exposed to hepatocarcinogenic agent, the recurring detection of urinary excretion of AFP is a useful indicator of the high risk of developing hepatomas.", "contents": "Excretion of alpha-foetoprotein in the urine of rats during exposure to 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Female rats were maintained on standard laboratory diet, Miller's diet or Miller's diet containing 3'MeDAB. Animals fed standard or Miller's diet did not excrete alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) in their urine. Early appearance of AFP was demonstrated by examining the urine of rats on the 3'MeDAB regimen. The incidence of positive urine samples was high between the 5th and 7th week of the experiment. It thereafter declined, but from the 3rd month it steadily rose and reached a maximum of 80% at about 10 months. Though urinary excretion of AFP was irregular in individual animals, several positive urine samples were obtained from all rats followed for more than a few months. The urine of 90% of hepatoma-bearing rats contained AFP at the time of killing. The incidence of elevated serum AFP levels as determined by immunodiffusion, increased with the duration of the experiment, but was still only 70 percent in rats fed 3'MeDAB for over 34 weeks. The severity of the hepatic alterations, as well as hepatocytic uptake of [3H]thymidine, increased with time. The serum of animals fed the standard diet was negative, whereas AFP was very infrequently detected in the serum of rats given Miller's hypoprotein diet. The results demonstrate that, in a population exposed to hepatocarcinogenic agent, the recurring detection of urinary excretion of AFP is a useful indicator of the high risk of developing hepatomas.", "PMID": 64252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1182", "title": "Serum alpha1-foetoprotein levels in 153 male patients with germ cell tumours.", "content": "--alpha1-Foetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 153 male patients with gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumours. Thirty-five patients with pure seminoma, and 34 patients with teratoma but without any postoperative evidence of residual or recurrent tumour, consistently had normal serum AFP levels (less than 25 ng/ml). Of 84 patients with active teratomas, 56 (67%) had serological evidence of AFP production. Ten patients with histological evidence of pure yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumours all had raised levels. Teratomas containing yolk sac (elements may or may not be associated with raised serum levels. Trophoblastic (choriocarcinomatous) elements in a teratoma were not normally associated with high values. Fourteen patients with teratomas had elevated levels in the absence of histologically detectable yolk sac elements. Serum AFP levels often became elevated before clinical evidence of recurrence, so that AFP can act as an effective marker of the course of the disease and its response to therapy in many patients, but recurrent or progressive disease may be present in the absence of raised levels.", "contents": "Serum alpha1-foetoprotein levels in 153 male patients with germ cell tumours. --alpha1-Foetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 153 male patients with gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumours. Thirty-five patients with pure seminoma, and 34 patients with teratoma but without any postoperative evidence of residual or recurrent tumour, consistently had normal serum AFP levels (less than 25 ng/ml). Of 84 patients with active teratomas, 56 (67%) had serological evidence of AFP production. Ten patients with histological evidence of pure yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumours all had raised levels. Teratomas containing yolk sac (elements may or may not be associated with raised serum levels. Trophoblastic (choriocarcinomatous) elements in a teratoma were not normally associated with high values. Fourteen patients with teratomas had elevated levels in the absence of histologically detectable yolk sac elements. Serum AFP levels often became elevated before clinical evidence of recurrence, so that AFP can act as an effective marker of the course of the disease and its response to therapy in many patients, but recurrent or progressive disease may be present in the absence of raised levels.", "PMID": 64253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1183", "title": "Oral anticoagulation in the treatment of a spontaneously metastasising murine tumour (3LL).", "content": "The effects of long-term anticoagulation with phenprocoumon on growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) were studied. Oral anticoagulation initiated at the day of i.m. transplantation of the 3LL into C57BL mice significantly inhibited primary tumour growth and reduced the number of spontaneous metastases to the lungs. Intermittent anticoagulation was without effect on metastasis formation but still retarded primary growth. There was no influence of anticoagulation on the mean survival time (MST) of tumour-bearing animals. Phenprocoumon appears to improve the results of cyclophosphamide of 5-fluorouracil treatment, but there were no statisticially significant differences. In contrast, bleomycin treatment in combination with adjuvant anticoagulation suggested a possible drug synergy. No significant influence of anticoagulation on the response of the primary tumour to irradiattion was found, though the MST of irradiated and anticoagulated animals was greater than in the solely irradiated controls. The present investigations suggest that coumarin derivatives have some direct tumour-inhibiting capacities, but exert their antimetastatic action via deceleration of the blood clotting mechanism.", "contents": "Oral anticoagulation in the treatment of a spontaneously metastasising murine tumour (3LL). The effects of long-term anticoagulation with phenprocoumon on growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) were studied. Oral anticoagulation initiated at the day of i.m. transplantation of the 3LL into C57BL mice significantly inhibited primary tumour growth and reduced the number of spontaneous metastases to the lungs. Intermittent anticoagulation was without effect on metastasis formation but still retarded primary growth. There was no influence of anticoagulation on the mean survival time (MST) of tumour-bearing animals. Phenprocoumon appears to improve the results of cyclophosphamide of 5-fluorouracil treatment, but there were no statisticially significant differences. In contrast, bleomycin treatment in combination with adjuvant anticoagulation suggested a possible drug synergy. No significant influence of anticoagulation on the response of the primary tumour to irradiattion was found, though the MST of irradiated and anticoagulated animals was greater than in the solely irradiated controls. The present investigations suggest that coumarin derivatives have some direct tumour-inhibiting capacities, but exert their antimetastatic action via deceleration of the blood clotting mechanism.", "PMID": 64254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1184", "title": "Airborne contact dermatitis from Compsoitae oleoresins simulating photodermatitis.", "content": "American ragweed (Ambrosia) dermatitis has an airborne pattern and is caused by lipid soluble oleoresins of pollens. A similar weed dermatitis has been described in India and Australia. The weeds involved were all of the Compositae family and contain sesquiterpene lactones with one common antigenic determinant. This study reports seven Danish patients treated for many years under the diagnosis of photodermatitis, who eventually proved to suffer from Compsoitae oleoresin dermatitis. Probably, Compsitae dermatitis is a world-wide disease, although aften misdiagnosed as has happened in Scandinavia.", "contents": "Airborne contact dermatitis from Compsoitae oleoresins simulating photodermatitis. American ragweed (Ambrosia) dermatitis has an airborne pattern and is caused by lipid soluble oleoresins of pollens. A similar weed dermatitis has been described in India and Australia. The weeds involved were all of the Compositae family and contain sesquiterpene lactones with one common antigenic determinant. This study reports seven Danish patients treated for many years under the diagnosis of photodermatitis, who eventually proved to suffer from Compsoitae oleoresin dermatitis. Probably, Compsitae dermatitis is a world-wide disease, although aften misdiagnosed as has happened in Scandinavia.", "PMID": 64255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1185", "title": "Sequential studies on components of the haemostatic mechanism in pregnancy with particular reference to the development of pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism were studied at intervals in 60 primigravidae over the course of pregnancy and the puerperium; 12 of these developed pre-eclampsia. During pregnancy there was a fall in fibrinolytic activity and fibrinolytic capacity and a rise in fibrinogen, FR-antigen, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. The women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia could not be identified on the basis of these measurements. Following delivery there was a more rapid return of fibrinolytic activity and capacity towards normal in the women who had not had pre-eclampsia. The urinary FR-antigen level was higher in the women with pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Sequential studies on components of the haemostatic mechanism in pregnancy with particular reference to the development of pre-eclampsia. Components of the haemostatic mechanism were studied at intervals in 60 primigravidae over the course of pregnancy and the puerperium; 12 of these developed pre-eclampsia. During pregnancy there was a fall in fibrinolytic activity and fibrinolytic capacity and a rise in fibrinogen, FR-antigen, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. The women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia could not be identified on the basis of these measurements. Following delivery there was a more rapid return of fibrinolytic activity and capacity towards normal in the women who had not had pre-eclampsia. The urinary FR-antigen level was higher in the women with pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 64256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1186", "title": "Biochemical changes in Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus after cell wall inhibition. IX. Metabolism and release of cellular lipids in the presence of antibiotics.", "content": "Inhibiton of cell wall synthesis caused simultaneously an increase in cellular phospho-and glycolipids and a marked release of these compounds to the medium. The composition of the cellular and the released glyco-and phospholipids was almost the same. Antibiotics, which inhibit cell wall synthesis, did not influence glycolipid composition, but increased the relative and absolute amounts of disphosphatidylglycerol and its lysoderivatives. Incorporation and chase experiments demonstrated a considerable stimulation of phospholipid metabolism, and of diphosphatidylglycerol synthesis especially. Release of lipids was not accompanied by loss of cellular protein. Omission of Tween 80 from the medium decreased the release by about 50% and increased the relative amounts of the phosphogalactolipids in the cells and in the culture fluid. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and valinomycin caused a decrease in cellular lipidphosphorus content, and a relative increase of the phosphogalactolipids. No release of lipids was observed under these conditions.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus after cell wall inhibition. IX. Metabolism and release of cellular lipids in the presence of antibiotics. Inhibiton of cell wall synthesis caused simultaneously an increase in cellular phospho-and glycolipids and a marked release of these compounds to the medium. The composition of the cellular and the released glyco-and phospholipids was almost the same. Antibiotics, which inhibit cell wall synthesis, did not influence glycolipid composition, but increased the relative and absolute amounts of disphosphatidylglycerol and its lysoderivatives. Incorporation and chase experiments demonstrated a considerable stimulation of phospholipid metabolism, and of diphosphatidylglycerol synthesis especially. Release of lipids was not accompanied by loss of cellular protein. Omission of Tween 80 from the medium decreased the release by about 50% and increased the relative amounts of the phosphogalactolipids in the cells and in the culture fluid. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and valinomycin caused a decrease in cellular lipidphosphorus content, and a relative increase of the phosphogalactolipids. No release of lipids was observed under these conditions.", "PMID": 64257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1187", "title": "Immunochemical study of beta-glucuronidase inhibitor from porcine sublingual gland. Relationship between the antigenic determinant and the active site of the inhibitor.", "content": "Following removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase treatment the activity of the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor was remarkably decreased, but the antigenic determinant was not affected. A partial common antigen to the inhibitor was isolated from porcine small intestine, by successive fractionation of trypsin extraction of the latter on Sephadex G-150, DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose 4B column chromatography. The immunologic and characteristic properties of the common antigen were compared with those of the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor is not identical with its antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Immunochemical study of beta-glucuronidase inhibitor from porcine sublingual gland. Relationship between the antigenic determinant and the active site of the inhibitor. Following removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase treatment the activity of the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor was remarkably decreased, but the antigenic determinant was not affected. A partial common antigen to the inhibitor was isolated from porcine small intestine, by successive fractionation of trypsin extraction of the latter on Sephadex G-150, DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose 4B column chromatography. The immunologic and characteristic properties of the common antigen were compared with those of the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor is not identical with its antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 64258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1188", "title": "Photooxidase system of Rhodospirillum rubrum. I. Photooxidations catalyzed by chromatophores isolated from a mutant deficient in photooxidase activity.", "content": "The aerobic photooxidations of reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and of reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870) have been investigated in membrane vesicles (chromatophores) isolated from a non-phototrophic Rhodospirillum rubrum strain. In aerobic suspensions of wild-type chromatophores, continuous light elicits an increase of the levels of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and of oxidized P-870, which reach steady-state values shortly after the onset of illumination. In contrast, light induces in mutant suspensions a transient increase of the levels of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol and of oxidized P-870, which fall to low steady-state values within a few seconds. These observations suggest that the mutation has altered a redox constituent located on the low-potential side of the photochemical reaction center, between a pool of acceptors and oxygen. Since endogenous cyclic photophosphorylation is catalyzed by mutant chromatophores at normal rates, it appears that the constituent altered by the mutation does not belong to the cyclic electron-transfer chain responsible for photophosphorylation. However, the system which mediates the aerobic photooxidations and the cyclic system are not completely independent: endogenous photophosphorylation is inhibited by oxygen in wild-type chromatophores but not in mutant chromatophores; in addition, the inhibitor of cyclic electron flow, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, enhances the aerobic photooxidation of reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by chromatophores from both strains. These results support a tentative branched model for light-driven electron transfer. In that model, the constituent altered in the mutant strain is located in a side electron-transfer chain which connects the cyclic acceptors to oxygen.", "contents": "Photooxidase system of Rhodospirillum rubrum. I. Photooxidations catalyzed by chromatophores isolated from a mutant deficient in photooxidase activity. The aerobic photooxidations of reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and of reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870) have been investigated in membrane vesicles (chromatophores) isolated from a non-phototrophic Rhodospirillum rubrum strain. In aerobic suspensions of wild-type chromatophores, continuous light elicits an increase of the levels of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and of oxidized P-870, which reach steady-state values shortly after the onset of illumination. In contrast, light induces in mutant suspensions a transient increase of the levels of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol and of oxidized P-870, which fall to low steady-state values within a few seconds. These observations suggest that the mutation has altered a redox constituent located on the low-potential side of the photochemical reaction center, between a pool of acceptors and oxygen. Since endogenous cyclic photophosphorylation is catalyzed by mutant chromatophores at normal rates, it appears that the constituent altered by the mutation does not belong to the cyclic electron-transfer chain responsible for photophosphorylation. However, the system which mediates the aerobic photooxidations and the cyclic system are not completely independent: endogenous photophosphorylation is inhibited by oxygen in wild-type chromatophores but not in mutant chromatophores; in addition, the inhibitor of cyclic electron flow, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, enhances the aerobic photooxidation of reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by chromatophores from both strains. These results support a tentative branched model for light-driven electron transfer. In that model, the constituent altered in the mutant strain is located in a side electron-transfer chain which connects the cyclic acceptors to oxygen.", "PMID": 64259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1189", "title": "Influence of membrane  thickness and ion concentration on the properties of the gramicidin a channel. Autocorrelation, spectral power density, relaxation  and single-channel studies.", "content": "The properties of the gramicidin A channel in membranes made from a series of monoglycerides have been studied. In agreement with previous studies, the dissociation rate constant kD of the dimeric channel was found to increase strongly with increasing chain length of the monoglyceride, corresponding to a decrease of the mean life-time of the channel. The value of kD, however, was not strictly correlated with the membrane thickness, as seen from a comparison of membranes with different solvent content. Furthermore, the life-time of the channel increased with the concentration of the permeable ion. This effect was tentatively explained by an electrostatic stabilization of the channel. The single-channel conductance lambda was found to decrease with increasing membrane thickness d, if d was varied by increasing the chain length of the lipid. On the other hand, if d was changed by varying the solvent content of the membranes formed from one and the same lipid, lambda remained constant. These observations were explained by the assumption of local inhomogeneities in the membrane thickness. A striking difference between the lambda values obtained from autocorrelation analysis in the presence of many presence of many channels (lambda a) and those obtained from single-channel experiments (lambda sc) occurred with membranes from longer chain-length monoglycerides. This difference disappeared at low ion concentrations. Electrostatic interactions between channels in local clusters were proposed for an interpretation of these findings.", "contents": "Influence of membrane  thickness and ion concentration on the properties of the gramicidin a channel. Autocorrelation, spectral power density, relaxation  and single-channel studies. The properties of the gramicidin A channel in membranes made from a series of monoglycerides have been studied. In agreement with previous studies, the dissociation rate constant kD of the dimeric channel was found to increase strongly with increasing chain length of the monoglyceride, corresponding to a decrease of the mean life-time of the channel. The value of kD, however, was not strictly correlated with the membrane thickness, as seen from a comparison of membranes with different solvent content. Furthermore, the life-time of the channel increased with the concentration of the permeable ion. This effect was tentatively explained by an electrostatic stabilization of the channel. The single-channel conductance lambda was found to decrease with increasing membrane thickness d, if d was varied by increasing the chain length of the lipid. On the other hand, if d was changed by varying the solvent content of the membranes formed from one and the same lipid, lambda remained constant. These observations were explained by the assumption of local inhomogeneities in the membrane thickness. A striking difference between the lambda values obtained from autocorrelation analysis in the presence of many presence of many channels (lambda a) and those obtained from single-channel experiments (lambda sc) occurred with membranes from longer chain-length monoglycerides. This difference disappeared at low ion concentrations. Electrostatic interactions between channels in local clusters were proposed for an interpretation of these findings.", "PMID": 64260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1190", "title": "The influence of phospholipid polar groups on gramicidin channels.", "content": "The influence of well-defined changes in the polar part of phospholipid molecules on the properties of black lipid membranes was studied using a series of phospholipids with identical hydrocarbon chains, but systematically changed polar groups. The hydrocarbon tails of the lipids under study were composed of 1,2-dipentadecylmethylidene glycerol. The polar parts differed in the degree of N-methylation and comprised phosphocholine, -N,N-dimethylethanolamine, -N-methylethanolamine and ethanolamine. Stable black lipid membranes could be formed with the solvents octane, decane, dodecane, tetradecane and hexadecane. The properties of gramicidin-induced single ionic channels changed systematically in membranes from the phosphatidylcholine to the phosphatidylethanolamine analogue, as indicated by an increase in the amplitude lambda of the unit conductance step and a decrease in the average channel life-time or duration tau. The series of tau-values was opposite to that expected from hydrocarbon thickness (specific capacitance). It is suggested that the surface tension gamma is a relevant parameter for the prediction of tau-values.", "contents": "The influence of phospholipid polar groups on gramicidin channels. The influence of well-defined changes in the polar part of phospholipid molecules on the properties of black lipid membranes was studied using a series of phospholipids with identical hydrocarbon chains, but systematically changed polar groups. The hydrocarbon tails of the lipids under study were composed of 1,2-dipentadecylmethylidene glycerol. The polar parts differed in the degree of N-methylation and comprised phosphocholine, -N,N-dimethylethanolamine, -N-methylethanolamine and ethanolamine. Stable black lipid membranes could be formed with the solvents octane, decane, dodecane, tetradecane and hexadecane. The properties of gramicidin-induced single ionic channels changed systematically in membranes from the phosphatidylcholine to the phosphatidylethanolamine analogue, as indicated by an increase in the amplitude lambda of the unit conductance step and a decrease in the average channel life-time or duration tau. The series of tau-values was opposite to that expected from hydrocarbon thickness (specific capacitance). It is suggested that the surface tension gamma is a relevant parameter for the prediction of tau-values.", "PMID": 64261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1191", "title": "Raman spectroscopic investigation of the interaction of gramicidin A with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes.", "content": "The interaction of gramicidin A with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes is investigated by Laser-Raman spectroscopy. As revealed by the methylene C-H stretching mode the phase transition of the hydrocarbon chains near 40 degree C is eliminated in the presence of gramicidin A. Liposomes prepared from a mixture of lecithin and cholesterol seem to be unaffected by gramicidin A and show only the normal broadened phase transition.", "contents": "Raman spectroscopic investigation of the interaction of gramicidin A with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The interaction of gramicidin A with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes is investigated by Laser-Raman spectroscopy. As revealed by the methylene C-H stretching mode the phase transition of the hydrocarbon chains near 40 degree C is eliminated in the presence of gramicidin A. Liposomes prepared from a mixture of lecithin and cholesterol seem to be unaffected by gramicidin A and show only the normal broadened phase transition.", "PMID": 64262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1192", "title": "Factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII-related antigen released from isolated perfused human spleens.", "content": "Eight human spleens were perfused for up to 65 h at normothermia and the coagulant Factor VIII activity measured in the perfusate. In addition, in three experiments Factor VIII-related antigen was determined in the perfusate. Although the spleens were pathologically enlarged and the normal structure involved by different diseases, all spleens released Factor VIII coagulant activity and Factor VIII-related antigen. On average the total amount of Factor VIII coagulant activity released was equivalent to that of 3.5 l of human plasma.", "contents": "Factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII-related antigen released from isolated perfused human spleens. Eight human spleens were perfused for up to 65 h at normothermia and the coagulant Factor VIII activity measured in the perfusate. In addition, in three experiments Factor VIII-related antigen was determined in the perfusate. Although the spleens were pathologically enlarged and the normal structure involved by different diseases, all spleens released Factor VIII coagulant activity and Factor VIII-related antigen. On average the total amount of Factor VIII coagulant activity released was equivalent to that of 3.5 l of human plasma.", "PMID": 64264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1193", "title": "Audiovisual materials: a survey of bibliographic controls in distributors' catalogs.", "content": "The current pattern of bibliographic control in audio-visual distributors' catalogs is described. Eight bibliographic control elements are defined, and the criteria for evaluating the occurrence of these elements in sixty-four sample catalogs are specified. When the distributors are grouped according to category, such as educational or commercial, the pattern of bibliographic control has three distinct clusters of elements. When the distributors are grouped by the number of titles handled, there is no clear pattern. The implications of these patterns are discussed in terms of practical library reference services. A solution to the problem of bibliographic control of health science audiovisual materials is proposed.", "contents": "Audiovisual materials: a survey of bibliographic controls in distributors' catalogs. The current pattern of bibliographic control in audio-visual distributors' catalogs is described. Eight bibliographic control elements are defined, and the criteria for evaluating the occurrence of these elements in sixty-four sample catalogs are specified. When the distributors are grouped according to category, such as educational or commercial, the pattern of bibliographic control has three distinct clusters of elements. When the distributors are grouped by the number of titles handled, there is no clear pattern. The implications of these patterns are discussed in terms of practical library reference services. A solution to the problem of bibliographic control of health science audiovisual materials is proposed.", "PMID": 64265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1194", "title": "A two-phased model for library instruction.", "content": "This article describes two methods of library orientation and instruction: self-paced audiotapes and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The tapes are used to orient the user to the libraries' physical facilities, policies, services, and tools, while CAI is used to provide detailed library information in an interactive mode.", "contents": "A two-phased model for library instruction. This article describes two methods of library orientation and instruction: self-paced audiotapes and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The tapes are used to orient the user to the libraries' physical facilities, policies, services, and tools, while CAI is used to provide detailed library information in an interactive mode.", "PMID": 64266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1195", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in benign prostatic hypertrophy: in vivo studies of gestonorone caproate and cyproterone acetate.", "content": "18 patients with obstructive benign prostatic hypertrophy were studied. A 5-day treatment with gestonorone caproate (200 mg daily and 200 mg on alternate days) and cyproterone acetate (300 mg daily) suppressed the plasma LH and serum LH levels. Subsequently, H3-testosterone was injected intravenously and its elimination from plasma and uptake and metabolism in the BPH tissue studied. The elimination of total radioactivity and H3-testosterone from plasma was not altered after the 3 treatment regimens as compared to the control group. The uptake of total radioactivity into BPH tissue and its intraprostatic metabolism particularly to dihydrotestosterone was significantly suppressed in the patients with daily injections of gestonorone. Cyproterone acetate and gestonorone caproate on alternate days did not cause this effect.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in benign prostatic hypertrophy: in vivo studies of gestonorone caproate and cyproterone acetate. 18 patients with obstructive benign prostatic hypertrophy were studied. A 5-day treatment with gestonorone caproate (200 mg daily and 200 mg on alternate days) and cyproterone acetate (300 mg daily) suppressed the plasma LH and serum LH levels. Subsequently, H3-testosterone was injected intravenously and its elimination from plasma and uptake and metabolism in the BPH tissue studied. The elimination of total radioactivity and H3-testosterone from plasma was not altered after the 3 treatment regimens as compared to the control group. The uptake of total radioactivity into BPH tissue and its intraprostatic metabolism particularly to dihydrotestosterone was significantly suppressed in the patients with daily injections of gestonorone. Cyproterone acetate and gestonorone caproate on alternate days did not cause this effect.", "PMID": 64267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1196", "title": "Detrusor and urethral dysfunction in prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Assessment of bladder and urethral function in 9 patients with prostatic hypertrophy before and after transurethral resection of the prostate was performed utilising gas cystometry, detrusor reflex activating procedures, combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry and uroflowmetry. A high incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia was found preoperatively indicating neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder. Removal of the obstructive tissue implied a change in detrusor reflex function in a part of the patients confirming the findings from a larger series studied with watercytsometry. Decompression or injury of sensory nerve endings in the prostatic urethra thus seem to determine detrusor function after surgery to the prostate. The impact of the resection upon urethral function was an increase in maximum urinary flow due to a significant shortening of the functional urethral length. No change in maximum urethral intramural pressure could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Detrusor and urethral dysfunction in prostatic hypertrophy. Assessment of bladder and urethral function in 9 patients with prostatic hypertrophy before and after transurethral resection of the prostate was performed utilising gas cystometry, detrusor reflex activating procedures, combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry and uroflowmetry. A high incidence of detrusor hyperreflexia was found preoperatively indicating neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder. Removal of the obstructive tissue implied a change in detrusor reflex function in a part of the patients confirming the findings from a larger series studied with watercytsometry. Decompression or injury of sensory nerve endings in the prostatic urethra thus seem to determine detrusor function after surgery to the prostate. The impact of the resection upon urethral function was an increase in maximum urinary flow due to a significant shortening of the functional urethral length. No change in maximum urethral intramural pressure could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 64268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1197", "title": "A simple method for the introduction of an oesophageal tube in advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "content": "A simple technique is described which facilitates the introduction of an oesophageal tube in cases of advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus. The method has proved satisfactory in cases with the tightest of strictures.", "contents": "A simple method for the introduction of an oesophageal tube in advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus. A simple technique is described which facilitates the introduction of an oesophageal tube in cases of advanced carcinoma of the oesophagus. The method has proved satisfactory in cases with the tightest of strictures.", "PMID": 64269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1198", "title": "Fetal proteinuria in diagnosis of congenital nephrosis detected by raised alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum.", "content": "High concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) were found at 14, 19, and 21 weeks gestation in the serum of a woman with a history of unexplained fetal death in her previous pregnancies. The alpha-FP concentration of the liquor also was high at 21 weeks and the pregnancy was terminated. Though the fetus was macroscopically normal, measurement of albumin, alpha-FP, IgG, and alpha2-macroglobulin in the fetal urine showed a selective proteinuria, and congenital nephrosis was diagnosed after examination of the fetal kidneys by electron microscopy. Possibly some fetuses reported to be \"false-positive for neural tube defect\" may have had renal lesions of this nature. Examination of fetal urine may be the simplest initial diagnostic procedure in any future case.", "contents": "Fetal proteinuria in diagnosis of congenital nephrosis detected by raised alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum. High concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) were found at 14, 19, and 21 weeks gestation in the serum of a woman with a history of unexplained fetal death in her previous pregnancies. The alpha-FP concentration of the liquor also was high at 21 weeks and the pregnancy was terminated. Though the fetus was macroscopically normal, measurement of albumin, alpha-FP, IgG, and alpha2-macroglobulin in the fetal urine showed a selective proteinuria, and congenital nephrosis was diagnosed after examination of the fetal kidneys by electron microscopy. Possibly some fetuses reported to be \"false-positive for neural tube defect\" may have had renal lesions of this nature. Examination of fetal urine may be the simplest initial diagnostic procedure in any future case.", "PMID": 64273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1199", "title": "Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion and its rootlets for trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia, not controlled by medical treatment, were treated by radio-frequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion and its posterior rootlets. Thirty-six received satisfactory pain relief. In 30 patients touch sensation in the treated territory was preserved. The corneal reflex was affected in only six patients, two of whom subsequently developed keratitis. There were no other complications apart from a minor unpleasant sensation in eight patients. By selectively destroying pain fibres this technique offers the scope of preserving touch sensation in the treated area. Moreover, the zone of analgesia can be restricted to the affected region by sensory mapping through electrode stimulation before thermocoagulation. Its simplicity, low morbidity, associated short hospital stay, and the increased ability to preserve touch sensation, especially of the cornea, seem to make it preferable to other forms of surgical management for trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion and its rootlets for trigeminal neuralgia. Thirty-nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia, not controlled by medical treatment, were treated by radio-frequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion and its posterior rootlets. Thirty-six received satisfactory pain relief. In 30 patients touch sensation in the treated territory was preserved. The corneal reflex was affected in only six patients, two of whom subsequently developed keratitis. There were no other complications apart from a minor unpleasant sensation in eight patients. By selectively destroying pain fibres this technique offers the scope of preserving touch sensation in the treated area. Moreover, the zone of analgesia can be restricted to the affected region by sensory mapping through electrode stimulation before thermocoagulation. Its simplicity, low morbidity, associated short hospital stay, and the increased ability to preserve touch sensation, especially of the cornea, seem to make it preferable to other forms of surgical management for trigeminal neuralgia.", "PMID": 64274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1200", "title": "Studies on the encephalitogenic effects of purified preparations of human and bovine oligodendrocytes.", "content": "Bulk-isolated human and bovine oligodendroglia, practically free from myelin, have been used in attempts to elicit an autoimmune response which has been compared with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). For these experiments, a total of 20 Hartley guinea pigs, 33 Lewis rats and 16 rabbits have been studied. Animals were inoculated with a range of doses of purified preparations of both human and bovine oligodendroglial cells in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and compared with others challenged with whole white matter in CFA. The latter animals all developed clinical and histological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. In general, oligodendroglial cells were encephalitogenically less potent than white matter. Guinea pigs were the most susceptible to inoculations of oligodendroglia. In several given human oligodendroglia 14 days earlier, a paraparesis indistinguishable from conventional EAE was seen. Animals receiving bovine cells showed no clinical signs. Histologically, the CNS of afflicted guinea pigs displayed severe inflammation but, in contrast to conventional EAE in the same species, demyelination was rare in the small group of animals tested. After sensitization with oligodendroglia, rats displayed no clinical disease. Histologically, some given human cells had positive evidence of disease while bovine cells in others gave a mild response. Rabbits showed no clinical and very little histological disease. Although more extensive studies are needed to confirm the findings, from the animals studied it appears that (1) variation in response to inocula containing oligodendroglia exists among the species tested, (2) that human oligodendroglia are more potent immunologically than bovine cells, (3) that CNS lesions produced by these cells in guinea pigs, lack a strong demyelinative component and (4) a specific antigen might exist in oligodendrocytes which is distinct from myelin basic protein. The possible reasons underlying our findings are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the encephalitogenic effects of purified preparations of human and bovine oligodendrocytes. Bulk-isolated human and bovine oligodendroglia, practically free from myelin, have been used in attempts to elicit an autoimmune response which has been compared with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). For these experiments, a total of 20 Hartley guinea pigs, 33 Lewis rats and 16 rabbits have been studied. Animals were inoculated with a range of doses of purified preparations of both human and bovine oligodendroglial cells in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and compared with others challenged with whole white matter in CFA. The latter animals all developed clinical and histological signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. In general, oligodendroglial cells were encephalitogenically less potent than white matter. Guinea pigs were the most susceptible to inoculations of oligodendroglia. In several given human oligodendroglia 14 days earlier, a paraparesis indistinguishable from conventional EAE was seen. Animals receiving bovine cells showed no clinical signs. Histologically, the CNS of afflicted guinea pigs displayed severe inflammation but, in contrast to conventional EAE in the same species, demyelination was rare in the small group of animals tested. After sensitization with oligodendroglia, rats displayed no clinical disease. Histologically, some given human cells had positive evidence of disease while bovine cells in others gave a mild response. Rabbits showed no clinical and very little histological disease. Although more extensive studies are needed to confirm the findings, from the animals studied it appears that (1) variation in response to inocula containing oligodendroglia exists among the species tested, (2) that human oligodendroglia are more potent immunologically than bovine cells, (3) that CNS lesions produced by these cells in guinea pigs, lack a strong demyelinative component and (4) a specific antigen might exist in oligodendrocytes which is distinct from myelin basic protein. The possible reasons underlying our findings are discussed.", "PMID": 64280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1201", "title": "Dimethylsulfoxide action on fast axoplasmic transport and ultrastructure of vagal axons.", "content": "The axonal microtubules (MT) are believed to be involved in fast axonal transport (FAXT). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has a strong stabilizing action on MT in vitro which may account for some of its reported biological effects. DMSO at concentrations of 5% disrupts the FAXT in a high percentage of axons emanating from the nodosum ganglion in the cat vagus nerve. Whereas 5% DMSO does not affect the FAXT in all axons, 10% DMSO blocks all the FAXT. The blockage is substantially, but not completely, reversed by washing the vagus for 2 h. DMSO at 2% caused no discernible change in either the FAXT or the axonal morphology, but some swelling of glial cells occurred. Ultrastructurally, 10% DMSO caused some axons to swell and others to shrink. The MT appeared normal and their total number per axon did not change. The spatial relationship of the axonal constituents is clearly altered by the DMSO and this may have contributed to the failure of the transport. It is suggested that the DMSO, through strengthening the forces involved in polymerization, renders them non-functional for FAXT.", "contents": "Dimethylsulfoxide action on fast axoplasmic transport and ultrastructure of vagal axons. The axonal microtubules (MT) are believed to be involved in fast axonal transport (FAXT). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has a strong stabilizing action on MT in vitro which may account for some of its reported biological effects. DMSO at concentrations of 5% disrupts the FAXT in a high percentage of axons emanating from the nodosum ganglion in the cat vagus nerve. Whereas 5% DMSO does not affect the FAXT in all axons, 10% DMSO blocks all the FAXT. The blockage is substantially, but not completely, reversed by washing the vagus for 2 h. DMSO at 2% caused no discernible change in either the FAXT or the axonal morphology, but some swelling of glial cells occurred. Ultrastructurally, 10% DMSO caused some axons to swell and others to shrink. The MT appeared normal and their total number per axon did not change. The spatial relationship of the axonal constituents is clearly altered by the DMSO and this may have contributed to the failure of the transport. It is suggested that the DMSO, through strengthening the forces involved in polymerization, renders them non-functional for FAXT.", "PMID": 64281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1202", "title": "Axoplasmic transport of norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus-hypothalamic system in the rat.", "content": "The axoplasmic transport of norepinephrine (NE) between the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and the hypothalamus has been measured by three methods which employ the stereotaxic injection of [3H]catecholamines in the rat brain. [3H]NE is synthesized from [3H]dopamine (DA) injected into the LC and transported at a rate of 0.8-0.9 mm/h. This rate is probably an underestimate since it includes the time required for uptake and conversion of [3H]DA to [3H]NE prior to transport. Measurement of transport of [3H]NE between the posterior and anterior hypothalamus gives a rate of 2 mm/h which is independent of [3H]DA uptake and [3H]NE synthesis. This rate is in good agreement with the 1.9 mm/h figure calculated for [3H]NE transport in the system after LC injection of [3H]NE and represents a closer estimate of the true rate of axoplasmic transport than the 0.8-0.9 mm/h estimate. Transport of [3H]NE occurs through primarily ipsilateral NE fibers running in the median forebrain bundle and is blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the bundle. Early appearing [3H]NE in the hypothalamus forms a relatively stable pool which is unaffected by median forebrain bundle lesions and is essentially unchanged by [3H]NE transported from the LC. This pool appears to be derived from non-specific spread of [3H]DA after injection, probably through the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Axoplasmic transport of norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus-hypothalamic system in the rat. The axoplasmic transport of norepinephrine (NE) between the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and the hypothalamus has been measured by three methods which employ the stereotaxic injection of [3H]catecholamines in the rat brain. [3H]NE is synthesized from [3H]dopamine (DA) injected into the LC and transported at a rate of 0.8-0.9 mm/h. This rate is probably an underestimate since it includes the time required for uptake and conversion of [3H]DA to [3H]NE prior to transport. Measurement of transport of [3H]NE between the posterior and anterior hypothalamus gives a rate of 2 mm/h which is independent of [3H]DA uptake and [3H]NE synthesis. This rate is in good agreement with the 1.9 mm/h figure calculated for [3H]NE transport in the system after LC injection of [3H]NE and represents a closer estimate of the true rate of axoplasmic transport than the 0.8-0.9 mm/h estimate. Transport of [3H]NE occurs through primarily ipsilateral NE fibers running in the median forebrain bundle and is blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the bundle. Early appearing [3H]NE in the hypothalamus forms a relatively stable pool which is unaffected by median forebrain bundle lesions and is essentially unchanged by [3H]NE transported from the LC. This pool appears to be derived from non-specific spread of [3H]DA after injection, probably through the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 64282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1203", "title": "Intraaxonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the sympathetic nervous system.", "content": "Following a single injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rabbit, the uptake and anterograde transport of this label was confirmed in the ganglion cell bodies, postganglionic axons, and preterminal and terminal ending axons in the ciliary processes of the eye. From the same injection site the intraaxonal HRP reaction product was demonstrated in myelinated axons, presumably by retrograde transport. Intracytoplasmic HRP was identified in large, single membrane-bound, dense vesicles predominantly in perinuclear orientation. Intraaxonal HRP appeared throughout, either within single membrane-bound round or oblong vesicles of variable sizes and densities. Frequently, the HRP vesicles in the axons revealed elaborate membranous subunits. A limited number of whole axons or axon fascicles were diffusely stained with HRP reaction product at or near the injection site. This phenomenon may be the result of membrane injury to neurons. The HRP label was found in small amounts in axons and terminals in the ciliary processes of the eye as early as 4 h following injection into the SCG, indicating a rapid anterograde transport of HRP from a single extracellular source. Likewise the HRP label disappeared from the ganglion cell bodies and processes by the 6th day following injection. Presence of numerous HRP-labeled myelinated and non-myelinated axons in the SCG confirms the bidirectional transport of HRP in the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Intraaxonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the sympathetic nervous system. Following a single injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rabbit, the uptake and anterograde transport of this label was confirmed in the ganglion cell bodies, postganglionic axons, and preterminal and terminal ending axons in the ciliary processes of the eye. From the same injection site the intraaxonal HRP reaction product was demonstrated in myelinated axons, presumably by retrograde transport. Intracytoplasmic HRP was identified in large, single membrane-bound, dense vesicles predominantly in perinuclear orientation. Intraaxonal HRP appeared throughout, either within single membrane-bound round or oblong vesicles of variable sizes and densities. Frequently, the HRP vesicles in the axons revealed elaborate membranous subunits. A limited number of whole axons or axon fascicles were diffusely stained with HRP reaction product at or near the injection site. This phenomenon may be the result of membrane injury to neurons. The HRP label was found in small amounts in axons and terminals in the ciliary processes of the eye as early as 4 h following injection into the SCG, indicating a rapid anterograde transport of HRP from a single extracellular source. Likewise the HRP label disappeared from the ganglion cell bodies and processes by the 6th day following injection. Presence of numerous HRP-labeled myelinated and non-myelinated axons in the SCG confirms the bidirectional transport of HRP in the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 64283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1204", "title": "The seventh cranial nerve of the rat. Visualization of efferent and afferent pathways by cobalt precipitation.", "content": "The cobalt sulphide precipitation technique, in conjunction with Timm's intensification procedure, was used to delineate the afferent and efferent intramedullary pathways of the seventh cranial nerve complex in the rat. The branchial motor nucleus with the accompanying first part, genu, and second part of the root are described. The motor branches to the superficial facial musculature do not contain fibres of geniculate ganglion origin or fibres which terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The motor branches to the deep facial muscles arise from the dorsal part of the branchial motor nucleus and traverse to the midline medial to the genu, then project under the genu into the lateral reticular formation before exiting with the facial nerve. The salivatory and lacrimal nuclei and their intramedullary pathways are described. Sensory fibres from the cutaneous auricular branch enter the spinal trigeminal tract and most of the chorda tympani gustatory fibres enter the fasciculus solitarius. A smaller number of gustatory fibres extend medially to the region of the salivatory nucleus. Fibres of greater superficial petrosal origin also enter the fasciculus solitarius as well as the medial reticular formation. These findings are discussed in relation to previous anatomical, physiological and clinical reports.", "contents": "The seventh cranial nerve of the rat. Visualization of efferent and afferent pathways by cobalt precipitation. The cobalt sulphide precipitation technique, in conjunction with Timm's intensification procedure, was used to delineate the afferent and efferent intramedullary pathways of the seventh cranial nerve complex in the rat. The branchial motor nucleus with the accompanying first part, genu, and second part of the root are described. The motor branches to the superficial facial musculature do not contain fibres of geniculate ganglion origin or fibres which terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The motor branches to the deep facial muscles arise from the dorsal part of the branchial motor nucleus and traverse to the midline medial to the genu, then project under the genu into the lateral reticular formation before exiting with the facial nerve. The salivatory and lacrimal nuclei and their intramedullary pathways are described. Sensory fibres from the cutaneous auricular branch enter the spinal trigeminal tract and most of the chorda tympani gustatory fibres enter the fasciculus solitarius. A smaller number of gustatory fibres extend medially to the region of the salivatory nucleus. Fibres of greater superficial petrosal origin also enter the fasciculus solitarius as well as the medial reticular formation. These findings are discussed in relation to previous anatomical, physiological and clinical reports.", "PMID": 64284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1205", "title": "Rapid axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase in rabbit sciatic nerves.", "content": "We compared the axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase with that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by means of an in vitro stop-flow technique. Proximal to a locally cooled nerve region, the activity of both enzymes increased linearly for 3 h. Internal standards of partially purified adrenal enzyme showed that the increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was not due to changes in activators or inhibitors. Furthermore, this increased activity represented increased V max, unaccompanied by changes in Km for tyrosine; probably, therefore, it reflected increased concentrations of the enzyme. From the rates of increase of enzyme activity, we calculated that, on the average, tyrosine hydroxylase was transported at 0.78 mm/h, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase at 2.4 mm/h. Much less tyrosine hydroxylase than dopamine-beta-hydroxylase seemed free to move in the nerves, suggesting greater similarity between true transport velocities than between average velocities of these enzymes. When nerves were rewarmed after local cooling for 3 h, waves of accumulated enzyme activity moved distally. The wave of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity had a single peak moving at about 14 mm/h. The wave of tyrosine hydroxylase activity had a small component moving this fast, but more of it moved slower, at velocities down to 5 mm/h...", "contents": "Rapid axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase in rabbit sciatic nerves. We compared the axonal transport of tyrosine hydroxylase with that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by means of an in vitro stop-flow technique. Proximal to a locally cooled nerve region, the activity of both enzymes increased linearly for 3 h. Internal standards of partially purified adrenal enzyme showed that the increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was not due to changes in activators or inhibitors. Furthermore, this increased activity represented increased V max, unaccompanied by changes in Km for tyrosine; probably, therefore, it reflected increased concentrations of the enzyme. From the rates of increase of enzyme activity, we calculated that, on the average, tyrosine hydroxylase was transported at 0.78 mm/h, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase at 2.4 mm/h. Much less tyrosine hydroxylase than dopamine-beta-hydroxylase seemed free to move in the nerves, suggesting greater similarity between true transport velocities than between average velocities of these enzymes. When nerves were rewarmed after local cooling for 3 h, waves of accumulated enzyme activity moved distally. The wave of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity had a single peak moving at about 14 mm/h. The wave of tyrosine hydroxylase activity had a small component moving this fast, but more of it moved slower, at velocities down to 5 mm/h...", "PMID": 64285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1206", "title": "Differences in the composition of the polypeptides deposited in the axon and the nerve terminals by fast axonal transport in the garfish olfactory nerve.", "content": "Proteins transported by the fast wave of axonal transport have been shown to be deposited both in the axon and in the nerve terminals. Differences in the nature of the molecules deposited in these two areas were studied in the garfish olfactory system. In order to avoid analysis of transported molecules in two different types of tissue like the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb, the study was conducted (1) by comparing the composition of the moving crest of radioactivity at two different points along the nerve: when the crest enters the axon and when it reaches a distance of approximatively 5 cm from the nerve endings, (2) by determining the composition of the molecules remaining in the axon behind the moving crest. Three subcellular fractions (two membranous fractions and a mitochondrial pellet) were investigated. In both membranous fractions the majority of the polypeptides deposited in the axon ranged from 50 to 150,000 daltons. No outstanding peak of radioactivity was found in either fraction. Radioactivity was relatively evenly distributed among the various polypeptides. In the lightest membranous fraction, however, a peak (mol. wt., 54-58,000) was more particularly deposited in the axon. The opposite situation was found for the molecules moving toward the synapses: transported radioactivity was concentrated in a few distinct polypeptides, while the others were significantly less labeled. Three peaks were found in the lightest membranous fraction (mol. wt., 35,000, 54-58,000 and 126,000). Only two peaks were determined in the heaviest fraction (mol. wt., 58,000 and 126,000). The 126,000 mol. wt. peak increases with distance in both membranous fractions from 9 to 12% of the total radioactivity and moves mainly toward the synapses. The 35,000 mol. wt. polypeptide presented some interesting properties: it was found in larger quantities in the lightest membranous fraction; labeling was very poor in the heaviest membranous fraction, and finally this polypeptide appeared to be largely transported to the synapses. Results concerning the polypeptide composition and the composition of the transported molecules indicated that the lightest fraction may contain more synaptosomal material. From this study it appears that most transported polypeptides are distributed in both the axon and the nerve terminals, but that the percentage delivered to each area varies. A few distinct polypeptides on the contrary are more selectively transported to the synapses and are even differently localized in subcellular fractions.", "contents": "Differences in the composition of the polypeptides deposited in the axon and the nerve terminals by fast axonal transport in the garfish olfactory nerve. Proteins transported by the fast wave of axonal transport have been shown to be deposited both in the axon and in the nerve terminals. Differences in the nature of the molecules deposited in these two areas were studied in the garfish olfactory system. In order to avoid analysis of transported molecules in two different types of tissue like the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb, the study was conducted (1) by comparing the composition of the moving crest of radioactivity at two different points along the nerve: when the crest enters the axon and when it reaches a distance of approximatively 5 cm from the nerve endings, (2) by determining the composition of the molecules remaining in the axon behind the moving crest. Three subcellular fractions (two membranous fractions and a mitochondrial pellet) were investigated. In both membranous fractions the majority of the polypeptides deposited in the axon ranged from 50 to 150,000 daltons. No outstanding peak of radioactivity was found in either fraction. Radioactivity was relatively evenly distributed among the various polypeptides. In the lightest membranous fraction, however, a peak (mol. wt., 54-58,000) was more particularly deposited in the axon. The opposite situation was found for the molecules moving toward the synapses: transported radioactivity was concentrated in a few distinct polypeptides, while the others were significantly less labeled. Three peaks were found in the lightest membranous fraction (mol. wt., 35,000, 54-58,000 and 126,000). Only two peaks were determined in the heaviest fraction (mol. wt., 58,000 and 126,000). The 126,000 mol. wt. peak increases with distance in both membranous fractions from 9 to 12% of the total radioactivity and moves mainly toward the synapses. The 35,000 mol. wt. polypeptide presented some interesting properties: it was found in larger quantities in the lightest membranous fraction; labeling was very poor in the heaviest membranous fraction, and finally this polypeptide appeared to be largely transported to the synapses. Results concerning the polypeptide composition and the composition of the transported molecules indicated that the lightest fraction may contain more synaptosomal material. From this study it appears that most transported polypeptides are distributed in both the axon and the nerve terminals, but that the percentage delivered to each area varies. A few distinct polypeptides on the contrary are more selectively transported to the synapses and are even differently localized in subcellular fractions.", "PMID": 64286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1207", "title": "Effect of current palliative treatment on the survival of patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The length of survival of 302 patients with breast cancer first treated between 1946 and 1949, who had mostly only contemporary radiotherapy for metastases, has been reviewed and compared with that of 578 patients, first treated between 1966 and 1969, who had modern endocrine therapy, cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although patients in the latter group demonstrated a significantly increased length of survival after the first metastases appeared, these differences were not substantial. In spite of impressive regressions in some patients with metastatic breast cancer after modern palliative therapy, the median survival after the first appearance of metastases has been increased only by about 6 months.", "contents": "Effect of current palliative treatment on the survival of patients with breast cancer. The length of survival of 302 patients with breast cancer first treated between 1946 and 1949, who had mostly only contemporary radiotherapy for metastases, has been reviewed and compared with that of 578 patients, first treated between 1966 and 1969, who had modern endocrine therapy, cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although patients in the latter group demonstrated a significantly increased length of survival after the first metastases appeared, these differences were not substantial. In spite of impressive regressions in some patients with metastatic breast cancer after modern palliative therapy, the median survival after the first appearance of metastases has been increased only by about 6 months.", "PMID": 64291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1208", "title": "The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia: a review.", "content": "The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia has received little attention despite suggestive evidence for an IgE response to tumor specific antigens. A complex interrelationship is known to exist between basophils, eosinophils, histamine, complement, and T cells. The latter cells are known to play a central role in the immune response to neoplasia and, in addition, are now considered important in the production and regulation of IgE, the molecule that may supply an important link between pharmacological and cellular dynamics of a successful anti-tumor response. The evidence for an IgE role in the immune response to tumors, the relationship between atopy and cancer, and the possible mechanisms whereby IgE could enhance tumor rejection are discussed in this review.", "contents": "The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia: a review. The role of IgE in the immune response to neoplasia has received little attention despite suggestive evidence for an IgE response to tumor specific antigens. A complex interrelationship is known to exist between basophils, eosinophils, histamine, complement, and T cells. The latter cells are known to play a central role in the immune response to neoplasia and, in addition, are now considered important in the production and regulation of IgE, the molecule that may supply an important link between pharmacological and cellular dynamics of a successful anti-tumor response. The evidence for an IgE role in the immune response to tumors, the relationship between atopy and cancer, and the possible mechanisms whereby IgE could enhance tumor rejection are discussed in this review.", "PMID": 64292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1209", "title": "Clinical aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including hilar carcinoma: a study of 57 autopsy-proven cases.", "content": "The clinical features of 57 autopsied cases of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including 28 cases of the peripheral type (cholangiocarcinoma in the narrow sense) and 29 cases of the hilar type are described in comparison with those of hepatocellular carcinoma, with a review of the literature on the clinicopathological aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. As compared with hepatocellular carcinoma, the average age of the patients was older; the male predominance was not obvious, chronic parenchymal liver disease was infrequent in the past history, association of primary cirrhosis was seldom, cholestatic features were frequently the early signs and more pronounced during the course, the liver was enlarged to a lesser extent, ascites was less common, signs of portal hypertension were absent or minimal, and extrahepatic metastases were less frequent. In many respects, the hilar type resembled extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and the peripheral type was somewhat between it and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the overall survival was not much different from that for hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis is emphasized; this would make surgical management possible. Differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma may be possible in the majority with direct cholangiography, liver scan, celiac angiography, determination of alpha-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen, and blood chemistry such as SGOT, SLDH, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Illustrative cases are given including one patient with a hilar carcinoma who survived for more than 2 years after transhepatic biliary drainage.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including hilar carcinoma: a study of 57 autopsy-proven cases. The clinical features of 57 autopsied cases of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including 28 cases of the peripheral type (cholangiocarcinoma in the narrow sense) and 29 cases of the hilar type are described in comparison with those of hepatocellular carcinoma, with a review of the literature on the clinicopathological aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. As compared with hepatocellular carcinoma, the average age of the patients was older; the male predominance was not obvious, chronic parenchymal liver disease was infrequent in the past history, association of primary cirrhosis was seldom, cholestatic features were frequently the early signs and more pronounced during the course, the liver was enlarged to a lesser extent, ascites was less common, signs of portal hypertension were absent or minimal, and extrahepatic metastases were less frequent. In many respects, the hilar type resembled extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and the peripheral type was somewhat between it and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the overall survival was not much different from that for hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis is emphasized; this would make surgical management possible. Differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma may be possible in the majority with direct cholangiography, liver scan, celiac angiography, determination of alpha-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen, and blood chemistry such as SGOT, SLDH, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Illustrative cases are given including one patient with a hilar carcinoma who survived for more than 2 years after transhepatic biliary drainage.", "PMID": 64293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1210", "title": "Biological characterization of a prolonged antileukemic effect of 5-azacytidine.", "content": "A prolonged cytotoxic effect of 5-azacytidine (aza-CR) on leukemic colony-forming units (LCFU) was observed in mice with transplanted L1210 leukemia. LCFU showed rapid reaccumulation in the marrow 12 hr after injection of 0.1 mg of aza-CR per mouse. However, after 0.5 mg of aza-CR, repopulation was delayed for at least 6 days. Experiments were performed to determine the mechanism of this prolonged antileukemic effect. Suspensions of leukemic marrow prepared from mice treated 4 days previously with 0.5 mg of aza-CR were exposed to [3H]thymidine in vitro in order to kill cells in S phase. Suspensions exhibited a 40% reduction in LCFU, indicating the prolonged effect was not due to cell cycle progression delay. Mice given whole-body irradiation prior to receiving L1210 demonstrated the same delayed repopulation following the high dose of aza-CR as nonirradiated mice, suggesting that the effect was likely not due to an immune reaction. aza-CR, when given to normal mice as long as 2 days prior to leukemic transplantation, was able to prolong the survival of leukemic mice, but not when given at longer intervals. Administration of aza-CR to mice 1 day or 1 hr prior to leukemic transplantation resulted in decreased LCFU survival as well as delayed repopulation of LCFU; the rate of repopulation was not changed. This indicated a prolonged residual activity of the drug, but not sufficient to explain the total in vivo suppression. In contrast, administration of aza-CR to leukemic mice suppressed repopulation of a subsequent leukemic transplant for 4 days, even when the cells were given 2 days after the aza-CR. Cytidine was partially able to reverse the delayed repopulation of LCFU when given 1 day after aza-CR, but it was unable to reverse the phenomenon 2 days after aza-CR. Therefore, a high dose of aza-CR produces a prolonged antileukemic effect which is probably mediated by continued availability of an aza-CR metabolite. Since this effect is more pronounced in leukemic mice than in nonleukemic mice, the pharmacokinetics of high doses of aza-CR probably differ in normal and leukemic mice.", "contents": "Biological characterization of a prolonged antileukemic effect of 5-azacytidine. A prolonged cytotoxic effect of 5-azacytidine (aza-CR) on leukemic colony-forming units (LCFU) was observed in mice with transplanted L1210 leukemia. LCFU showed rapid reaccumulation in the marrow 12 hr after injection of 0.1 mg of aza-CR per mouse. However, after 0.5 mg of aza-CR, repopulation was delayed for at least 6 days. Experiments were performed to determine the mechanism of this prolonged antileukemic effect. Suspensions of leukemic marrow prepared from mice treated 4 days previously with 0.5 mg of aza-CR were exposed to [3H]thymidine in vitro in order to kill cells in S phase. Suspensions exhibited a 40% reduction in LCFU, indicating the prolonged effect was not due to cell cycle progression delay. Mice given whole-body irradiation prior to receiving L1210 demonstrated the same delayed repopulation following the high dose of aza-CR as nonirradiated mice, suggesting that the effect was likely not due to an immune reaction. aza-CR, when given to normal mice as long as 2 days prior to leukemic transplantation, was able to prolong the survival of leukemic mice, but not when given at longer intervals. Administration of aza-CR to mice 1 day or 1 hr prior to leukemic transplantation resulted in decreased LCFU survival as well as delayed repopulation of LCFU; the rate of repopulation was not changed. This indicated a prolonged residual activity of the drug, but not sufficient to explain the total in vivo suppression. In contrast, administration of aza-CR to leukemic mice suppressed repopulation of a subsequent leukemic transplant for 4 days, even when the cells were given 2 days after the aza-CR. Cytidine was partially able to reverse the delayed repopulation of LCFU when given 1 day after aza-CR, but it was unable to reverse the phenomenon 2 days after aza-CR. Therefore, a high dose of aza-CR produces a prolonged antileukemic effect which is probably mediated by continued availability of an aza-CR metabolite. Since this effect is more pronounced in leukemic mice than in nonleukemic mice, the pharmacokinetics of high doses of aza-CR probably differ in normal and leukemic mice.", "PMID": 64294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1211", "title": "Comparison of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine and cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of murine brain tumor.", "content": "2,2'-Anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (anhydro-ara-FC) was compared with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) in the treatment of ic implanted murine Glioma 261. Both drugs given in ip doses of 500 mg/kg immediately inhibited the uptake and incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of brain tumor, small intestine, and spleen. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the tumor recovered within 12 hours of anhydro-ara-FC administration, yet it remained depressed greater than 50% of control 12 hours after ara-C administration. Inhibition in the small intestine recovered within 24 hours of drug administration with either agent while inhibition in the spleen remained depressed greater than 24 hours. Anhydro-ara-FC administered ip in single doses less than or equal to 1500 mg/kg or in multiple doses less than or equal to 200 mg/kg three times a week for ten doses failed to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice, and minimal increased survival followed drug administration of 200 mg/kg every 24 hours for five doses. In contrast, ara-C in doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg three times weekly for ten doses significantly increased the survival of tumor-bearing animals between 17% and 36%.", "contents": "Comparison of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine and cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of murine brain tumor. 2,2'-Anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine (anhydro-ara-FC) was compared with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) in the treatment of ic implanted murine Glioma 261. Both drugs given in ip doses of 500 mg/kg immediately inhibited the uptake and incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of brain tumor, small intestine, and spleen. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the tumor recovered within 12 hours of anhydro-ara-FC administration, yet it remained depressed greater than 50% of control 12 hours after ara-C administration. Inhibition in the small intestine recovered within 24 hours of drug administration with either agent while inhibition in the spleen remained depressed greater than 24 hours. Anhydro-ara-FC administered ip in single doses less than or equal to 1500 mg/kg or in multiple doses less than or equal to 200 mg/kg three times a week for ten doses failed to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice, and minimal increased survival followed drug administration of 200 mg/kg every 24 hours for five doses. In contrast, ara-C in doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg three times weekly for ten doses significantly increased the survival of tumor-bearing animals between 17% and 36%.", "PMID": 64295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1212", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of submaxillary salivary glands from mice treated with cytosine arabinoside, cyclocytidine, and anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine.", "content": "The effects of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), cyclocytidine (cyclo-C), and anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine (AAFC) on the ultrastructure of the serous and mucous cells of the submaxillary salivary glands were evaluated in normal BDF1 mice. Rapid loss of zymogen granules from serous cells and a discharge of mucous cell contents were observed within the first hour after administration of a single iv dose of cyclo-C. Serous cells were essentially devoid of granules (1-3 mum) within 3 hours; regranulation observed initially at 6 hours produced a population of microgranules (approximately 0.8 mum) by 24 hours; most serous cells contained a reduced complement of small granules through 96 hours after cyclo-C. Mucous cells recovered secretory content within 3-6 hours after drug administration. Neither ara-C nor AAFC produced zymogen-granule or mucous discharge or other cytopathologic effects in the murine submaxillary salivary glands. Thus, it can be postulated that cyclo-C itself is the secretogogue. The ultrastructural changes observed in this study provide a cytopathologic correlate of the salivary gland dysfunctions reported to follow the administration of cyclo-C to man.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of submaxillary salivary glands from mice treated with cytosine arabinoside, cyclocytidine, and anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine. The effects of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), cyclocytidine (cyclo-C), and anhydro-ara-5-fluorocytidine (AAFC) on the ultrastructure of the serous and mucous cells of the submaxillary salivary glands were evaluated in normal BDF1 mice. Rapid loss of zymogen granules from serous cells and a discharge of mucous cell contents were observed within the first hour after administration of a single iv dose of cyclo-C. Serous cells were essentially devoid of granules (1-3 mum) within 3 hours; regranulation observed initially at 6 hours produced a population of microgranules (approximately 0.8 mum) by 24 hours; most serous cells contained a reduced complement of small granules through 96 hours after cyclo-C. Mucous cells recovered secretory content within 3-6 hours after drug administration. Neither ara-C nor AAFC produced zymogen-granule or mucous discharge or other cytopathologic effects in the murine submaxillary salivary glands. Thus, it can be postulated that cyclo-C itself is the secretogogue. The ultrastructural changes observed in this study provide a cytopathologic correlate of the salivary gland dysfunctions reported to follow the administration of cyclo-C to man.", "PMID": 64296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1213", "title": "Influence of ventricular conduction defects on ventricular repolarisation and coupling intervals of ventricular extrasystoles.", "content": "In all conduction disorders of the left ventricle the Q-T interval is prolonged in relation to the prolongation of the QRS duration, but the S-T interval (measured from the end of the S wave) is within normal limits. Right ventricular conduction defects are associated with prolongation of the Q-T interval, but the S-T interval in incomplete and complete right bundle branch block is subnormal. In the absence of a broad QRS, the Q-T and S-T intervals are not prolonged in left anterior hemiblock. However, an associated non-specific left intraventricular conduction defect or right bundle branch block does prolong the QRS and thus the Q-T interval. The S-T interval is normal or subnormal in the presence of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock confirming that left anterior hemiblock does not effect the Q-T interval and repolarisation. In the presence of any conduction defect which prolongs the QRS duration, extrasystoles have longer coupling intervals. The coupling intervals are longer in the presence of left bundle branch block than right bundle branch block. It is postulated that this is due to the differences in the time of depolarisation and thus repolarisation of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Influence of ventricular conduction defects on ventricular repolarisation and coupling intervals of ventricular extrasystoles. In all conduction disorders of the left ventricle the Q-T interval is prolonged in relation to the prolongation of the QRS duration, but the S-T interval (measured from the end of the S wave) is within normal limits. Right ventricular conduction defects are associated with prolongation of the Q-T interval, but the S-T interval in incomplete and complete right bundle branch block is subnormal. In the absence of a broad QRS, the Q-T and S-T intervals are not prolonged in left anterior hemiblock. However, an associated non-specific left intraventricular conduction defect or right bundle branch block does prolong the QRS and thus the Q-T interval. The S-T interval is normal or subnormal in the presence of right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock confirming that left anterior hemiblock does not effect the Q-T interval and repolarisation. In the presence of any conduction defect which prolongs the QRS duration, extrasystoles have longer coupling intervals. The coupling intervals are longer in the presence of left bundle branch block than right bundle branch block. It is postulated that this is due to the differences in the time of depolarisation and thus repolarisation of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 64301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1214", "title": "Effect of dietary cholesterol on the pattern of osmium deposition in the symbiote-containing cells of the pea aphid.", "content": "Pea aphids left for 48 h in unbuffered osmium tetroxide show heavy staining of many organelles in the symbiote-containing cells (mycetocytes and sheath), embryos and oenocytes very similar to that characteristic of mammalian sterol-synthesizing cells. However, the staining of the per-aphid cells is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of cholesterol benzoate, or free cholesterol, in the aphid's diet. In aphids cultured in vitro with 3H mevalonate in the presence of added cholesterol, the incorporation of label into the cholesterol and lanosterol fractions is significantly reduced. If the dietary cholesterol effects a similar inhibition in vivo, the cholesterol-dependent osmium staining could be due to precursors(s) of cholesterol accumulating in the intracellular sites described. There is also osmium staining of large (normally electron-transparent) vacuoles in mycetocytes, gut and fat body, irrespective of dietary cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of dietary cholesterol on the pattern of osmium deposition in the symbiote-containing cells of the pea aphid. Pea aphids left for 48 h in unbuffered osmium tetroxide show heavy staining of many organelles in the symbiote-containing cells (mycetocytes and sheath), embryos and oenocytes very similar to that characteristic of mammalian sterol-synthesizing cells. However, the staining of the per-aphid cells is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of cholesterol benzoate, or free cholesterol, in the aphid's diet. In aphids cultured in vitro with 3H mevalonate in the presence of added cholesterol, the incorporation of label into the cholesterol and lanosterol fractions is significantly reduced. If the dietary cholesterol effects a similar inhibition in vivo, the cholesterol-dependent osmium staining could be due to precursors(s) of cholesterol accumulating in the intracellular sites described. There is also osmium staining of large (normally electron-transparent) vacuoles in mycetocytes, gut and fat body, irrespective of dietary cholesterol.", "PMID": 64302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1215", "title": "Transport adenosine triphosphatase activity in the rat cornea.", "content": "The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.", "contents": "Transport adenosine triphosphatase activity in the rat cornea. The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.", "PMID": 64303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1216", "title": "A core polyprotein of murine leukemia virus on the surface of mouse leukemia cells.", "content": "A polypeptide of molecular weight approximately 75,000 daltons, p(75), was identified on the surface of AKR spontaneous leukemia cells by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radio-iodination. This protein was shown by immunoprecipitation to have antigenic determinants of MuLV p30, p15, and p10, but not gp70, suggesting that p(75) represents a polyprotein composed of virion core components. As evidenced by studies on incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, p(75) is probably glycosylated. No p(75) was found on 2 month old AKR thymocytes, and only a small amount of p(75) was detectable of thymocytes from 4 month old animals. However, substantial quantities of p(75) could be found on thymocytes from 6 month old, yet still preleukemic mice.", "contents": "A core polyprotein of murine leukemia virus on the surface of mouse leukemia cells. A polypeptide of molecular weight approximately 75,000 daltons, p(75), was identified on the surface of AKR spontaneous leukemia cells by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radio-iodination. This protein was shown by immunoprecipitation to have antigenic determinants of MuLV p30, p15, and p10, but not gp70, suggesting that p(75) represents a polyprotein composed of virion core components. As evidenced by studies on incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, p(75) is probably glycosylated. No p(75) was found on 2 month old AKR thymocytes, and only a small amount of p(75) was detectable of thymocytes from 4 month old animals. However, substantial quantities of p(75) could be found on thymocytes from 6 month old, yet still preleukemic mice.", "PMID": 64304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1217", "title": "Palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease in infancy with E-type prostaglandins.", "content": "Prostaglandin-E (PGE) infusions have been used in an attempt to increase ductal patency in 11 infants aged one to 99 days with cyanotic heart disease. PGE1 was used in nine infants and PGE2 in two. Five patients had pulmonary atresia, four extreme pulmonary stenosis, one Ebstein's anomaly and one simple transposition of the great arteries. All but the oldest infant showed a satisfactory increase in oxygen saturation (average 36%) attributed to dilatation of the ductus. The failure in one infant may have been due largely to hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery. The only important side effect was apnea in one infant receiving PGE2. The efficacy of this form of treatment is confirmed in infants dependent on ductal patency for survival. PGE is an important asset in saving the lives of neonates requiring an aorticopulmonary shunt operation. The recommended starting dose is 0.1 mug/kg/min of PGE1 given by constant infusion.", "contents": "Palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease in infancy with E-type prostaglandins. Prostaglandin-E (PGE) infusions have been used in an attempt to increase ductal patency in 11 infants aged one to 99 days with cyanotic heart disease. PGE1 was used in nine infants and PGE2 in two. Five patients had pulmonary atresia, four extreme pulmonary stenosis, one Ebstein's anomaly and one simple transposition of the great arteries. All but the oldest infant showed a satisfactory increase in oxygen saturation (average 36%) attributed to dilatation of the ductus. The failure in one infant may have been due largely to hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery. The only important side effect was apnea in one infant receiving PGE2. The efficacy of this form of treatment is confirmed in infants dependent on ductal patency for survival. PGE is an important asset in saving the lives of neonates requiring an aorticopulmonary shunt operation. The recommended starting dose is 0.1 mug/kg/min of PGE1 given by constant infusion.", "PMID": 64317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1218", "title": "Tachycardia and bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block alternans: clinical observations.", "content": "Eleven patients with tachycardia-dependent, bradycardia-dependent, or \"pseudobradycardia-dependent\" bundle branch block (BBB) alternans were studied. This classification is based on the following criteria: 1) When alternans is initiated by a sudden acceleration in ventricular rate, or it appears with aberration of the second beat after a pause, the alternans is tachycardia-dependent and results from a 2:1 bidirectional block in the affected bundle branch. 2) When alternans begins with the aberrant complex terminating a pause it is bradycardia-dependent; such an alternans results from alternating bundle branch cycle lengths and refractoriness, possibly produced by alternating transseptal retrograde penetration of the affected bundle branch. 3) In cases referred to as \"pseudobradycardia-dependent BBB\" alternans, a change from alternans to persiscardia-dependent BBB\" alternans, a change from alternans to persistent BBB occurs as the cycle lengthens; however, the disappearance of BBB with further increase of the cycle length proves the tachycardia-dependence of the conduction defect.", "contents": "Tachycardia and bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block alternans: clinical observations. Eleven patients with tachycardia-dependent, bradycardia-dependent, or \"pseudobradycardia-dependent\" bundle branch block (BBB) alternans were studied. This classification is based on the following criteria: 1) When alternans is initiated by a sudden acceleration in ventricular rate, or it appears with aberration of the second beat after a pause, the alternans is tachycardia-dependent and results from a 2:1 bidirectional block in the affected bundle branch. 2) When alternans begins with the aberrant complex terminating a pause it is bradycardia-dependent; such an alternans results from alternating bundle branch cycle lengths and refractoriness, possibly produced by alternating transseptal retrograde penetration of the affected bundle branch. 3) In cases referred to as \"pseudobradycardia-dependent BBB\" alternans, a change from alternans to persiscardia-dependent BBB\" alternans, a change from alternans to persistent BBB occurs as the cycle lengthens; however, the disappearance of BBB with further increase of the cycle length proves the tachycardia-dependence of the conduction defect.", "PMID": 64318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1219", "title": "Atrial tachycardia without P waves masquerading as an A-V junctional tachycardia.", "content": "Two patients who presented by scalar ECG with an A-V junctional tachycardia were demonstrated during an electrophysiologic evaluation to have an atrial tachycardia without P waves in the surface ECG. Case 1 had an atrial tachycardia that conducted through the A-V node with a Wenckebach block. Atrial activity was recorded only from the proximal portion of the coronary sinus and from right atrial areas near the tricuspid valve. Case 2 had an atrial tachycardia that abruptly began and terminated following carotid sinus massage. Atrial activity was recorded only in the coronary sinusos, and pacing at that site resulted in atrial capture, with Wenckebach conduction to the ventricles. These observations demonstrate that an atrial tachycardia without P waves can simulate A-V junctional tachycardia with or without Weckebach block. Such findings may have a bearing on some important electrophysiologic concepts such as the origin of A-V junctional rhythms and the need for atrial participation in A-V nodal re-entry.", "contents": "Atrial tachycardia without P waves masquerading as an A-V junctional tachycardia. Two patients who presented by scalar ECG with an A-V junctional tachycardia were demonstrated during an electrophysiologic evaluation to have an atrial tachycardia without P waves in the surface ECG. Case 1 had an atrial tachycardia that conducted through the A-V node with a Wenckebach block. Atrial activity was recorded only from the proximal portion of the coronary sinus and from right atrial areas near the tricuspid valve. Case 2 had an atrial tachycardia that abruptly began and terminated following carotid sinus massage. Atrial activity was recorded only in the coronary sinusos, and pacing at that site resulted in atrial capture, with Wenckebach conduction to the ventricles. These observations demonstrate that an atrial tachycardia without P waves can simulate A-V junctional tachycardia with or without Weckebach block. Such findings may have a bearing on some important electrophysiologic concepts such as the origin of A-V junctional rhythms and the need for atrial participation in A-V nodal re-entry.", "PMID": 64319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1220", "title": "Effects of cycle length on atrial vulnerability.", "content": "The effect of cycle length on atrial vulnerability was studied in 14 patients manifesting reproducible repetitive atrial firing during atrial extra-stimulus (A2) testing. Repetitive atrial firing was defined as the occurrence of two or more premature atrial responses with return cycle (A2-A3) of 250 msec or less and subsequent mean cycle length of 300 msec or less, following A2. The zone of repetitive atrial firing could be defined in terms of its longest and shortest A1-A2 coupling intervals. Each patient was tested at a long cycle length (CL1) (mean 884 msec) and a short cycle length (CL2) (mean 557 msec). CL1 was sinus rhythm and CL2, an atrial paced rhythm. Repetitive atrial firing occurred in two patients at CL1 and in all patients at CL2. Of the former two patients (group 2), the zone of repetitive atrial firing was markedly widened in one at CL2 due to a shortening of atrial functional refractory period (FRP) at CL2. In the other, zone of repetitive atrial firing could not be totally defined due to induction of sustained atrial flutter preventing definition of atrial FRP. The occurrence of repetitive atrial firing at only CL2 in 12 patients (group 1) reflected: 1) a shortening of atrial FRP from 294 +/- 11 msec at CL1 to 242 +/- 10 msec at CL2 (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.01), allowing delivery of A2 at shorter coupling intervals (9); 2) the new occurrence of repetitive atrial firing at A1-A2 coupling intervals achievable at both cycle lengths (1); or 3) both effects (2). In conclusion, decrease of cycle length potentiated atrial vulnerability. This demonstration implies that atrial pacing could potentiate occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter.", "contents": "Effects of cycle length on atrial vulnerability. The effect of cycle length on atrial vulnerability was studied in 14 patients manifesting reproducible repetitive atrial firing during atrial extra-stimulus (A2) testing. Repetitive atrial firing was defined as the occurrence of two or more premature atrial responses with return cycle (A2-A3) of 250 msec or less and subsequent mean cycle length of 300 msec or less, following A2. The zone of repetitive atrial firing could be defined in terms of its longest and shortest A1-A2 coupling intervals. Each patient was tested at a long cycle length (CL1) (mean 884 msec) and a short cycle length (CL2) (mean 557 msec). CL1 was sinus rhythm and CL2, an atrial paced rhythm. Repetitive atrial firing occurred in two patients at CL1 and in all patients at CL2. Of the former two patients (group 2), the zone of repetitive atrial firing was markedly widened in one at CL2 due to a shortening of atrial functional refractory period (FRP) at CL2. In the other, zone of repetitive atrial firing could not be totally defined due to induction of sustained atrial flutter preventing definition of atrial FRP. The occurrence of repetitive atrial firing at only CL2 in 12 patients (group 1) reflected: 1) a shortening of atrial FRP from 294 +/- 11 msec at CL1 to 242 +/- 10 msec at CL2 (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.01), allowing delivery of A2 at shorter coupling intervals (9); 2) the new occurrence of repetitive atrial firing at A1-A2 coupling intervals achievable at both cycle lengths (1); or 3) both effects (2). In conclusion, decrease of cycle length potentiated atrial vulnerability. This demonstration implies that atrial pacing could potentiate occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter.", "PMID": 64320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1221", "title": "Studies on vasculitis. VI. Antiglobulins or rheumatoid-like factors in cutaneous vasculitis lesions detected by an improved immunofluorescence procedure.", "content": "Human cutaneous vasculitis lesions tend to be chronic in contrast to ephemeral experimental Arthus responses. Human lesions were examined for fixed antiglobulin antibodies, as occur in rheumatoid joint synovia, which could bind globulins to form tissue-damaging complexes and perpetuate the inflammation. The immunofluorescence procedure was modified by pretreating sections with 5% bovine serum albumin, and by using fluorescein conjugates of F(ab)2 portions of antibodies to avoid the antigen-nonspecific binding that sometimes occurs in inflamed or necrotic tissue. Previous findings of immunoglobulins in lesions were confirmed by the more discriminating technique. IgG and IgM was present more frequently in lesions with mainly mononuclear cell changes, than in those with mainly neutrophil changes, leucocytoclastic or necrotizing vasculitis. Fab occurred in some lesions without Fc of IgG or IgM. Three lesions containing IgM or IgM and IgG, specifically bound heat-aggregated whole IgG or Fc of IgG. None bound IgM. The results indicate that the immunoglobulin in some cutaneous vasculitis lesions is locally formed or fixed antiglobulin, which will bind aggregated IgG possibly forming complexes perpetuating the lesion.", "contents": "Studies on vasculitis. VI. Antiglobulins or rheumatoid-like factors in cutaneous vasculitis lesions detected by an improved immunofluorescence procedure. Human cutaneous vasculitis lesions tend to be chronic in contrast to ephemeral experimental Arthus responses. Human lesions were examined for fixed antiglobulin antibodies, as occur in rheumatoid joint synovia, which could bind globulins to form tissue-damaging complexes and perpetuate the inflammation. The immunofluorescence procedure was modified by pretreating sections with 5% bovine serum albumin, and by using fluorescein conjugates of F(ab)2 portions of antibodies to avoid the antigen-nonspecific binding that sometimes occurs in inflamed or necrotic tissue. Previous findings of immunoglobulins in lesions were confirmed by the more discriminating technique. IgG and IgM was present more frequently in lesions with mainly mononuclear cell changes, than in those with mainly neutrophil changes, leucocytoclastic or necrotizing vasculitis. Fab occurred in some lesions without Fc of IgG or IgM. Three lesions containing IgM or IgM and IgG, specifically bound heat-aggregated whole IgG or Fc of IgG. None bound IgM. The results indicate that the immunoglobulin in some cutaneous vasculitis lesions is locally formed or fixed antiglobulin, which will bind aggregated IgG possibly forming complexes perpetuating the lesion.", "PMID": 64321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1222", "title": "Comparison of double-antibody radioimmunoassay with Farr-technique radioimmunoassay and double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "We describe double-antibody procedures for determining alpha-fetoprotein in human serum. An equilibrium procedure can be done in 24 h with a sensitivity of at least 4 mug/liter and coefficient of variation of 5.5%. There are no interferences from normal human sera or sera with certain commonly seen chemical abnormalities. We also describe and discuss sequential procedures that range in sensitivity from 250 ng to 1mug/liter and require 24-48h incubation. The precise (mid-range)portion of the dose/response curve for sequential procedures can be shifted to higher or lower values by an adjustment of the time of preliminary incubation of antibody with unlabeled antigen. With a 37 degrees C incubation, a sequential procedure can be completed in 7 h. Sensitivity is 1 mug/liter, and coefficient of variation 8.0%. The relative merits of the above assay procedures are discussed. The double-antibody redioimmunoassay is twice as sensitive as the Farr procedure [J. Infect. Dis. 103, 239 (1958)], and it is free of the large and variable nonspecific precipitation that accompanies the precipitation of bound antigen with sodium sulfate solution. Double-antibody radioimmunoassay is superior to enzyme immunoassay in both sensitivity and precision.", "contents": "Comparison of double-antibody radioimmunoassay with Farr-technique radioimmunoassay and double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein. We describe double-antibody procedures for determining alpha-fetoprotein in human serum. An equilibrium procedure can be done in 24 h with a sensitivity of at least 4 mug/liter and coefficient of variation of 5.5%. There are no interferences from normal human sera or sera with certain commonly seen chemical abnormalities. We also describe and discuss sequential procedures that range in sensitivity from 250 ng to 1mug/liter and require 24-48h incubation. The precise (mid-range)portion of the dose/response curve for sequential procedures can be shifted to higher or lower values by an adjustment of the time of preliminary incubation of antibody with unlabeled antigen. With a 37 degrees C incubation, a sequential procedure can be completed in 7 h. Sensitivity is 1 mug/liter, and coefficient of variation 8.0%. The relative merits of the above assay procedures are discussed. The double-antibody redioimmunoassay is twice as sensitive as the Farr procedure [J. Infect. Dis. 103, 239 (1958)], and it is free of the large and variable nonspecific precipitation that accompanies the precipitation of bound antigen with sodium sulfate solution. Double-antibody radioimmunoassay is superior to enzyme immunoassay in both sensitivity and precision.", "PMID": 64323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1223", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "We describe an immunoelectrophoretic method for alpha-fetoprotein quantitation. The sensitivity of the method, which is easy to perform in the routine laboratory, is under the best conditions 50 mug/liter, but 83 mug/liter can always be detected. With this test, sera from patients with various hepatic diseases and from pregnancies can be tested.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein. We describe an immunoelectrophoretic method for alpha-fetoprotein quantitation. The sensitivity of the method, which is easy to perform in the routine laboratory, is under the best conditions 50 mug/liter, but 83 mug/liter can always be detected. With this test, sera from patients with various hepatic diseases and from pregnancies can be tested.", "PMID": 64324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1224", "title": "[Inventory of oligoclonal fractions of subacute sclerosing panenephalitis cere-brospinal fluid in Africa with a specific immuneserum: first results (author's transl)].", "content": "The oligoclonal gamma-fractions in the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) from one case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.) have been studied by means of immunolectrophoresis. The gamma-zone consisted of IgG and free kappa and lambda chains. Besides that, a rabbit immune serum against S.S.P.E. C.S.F. has been prepared. This immune serum did reveal in the gamma-zone one additional protein which is different from IgG and normal tissue proteins. The possibility for this additionnal protein to be of myelinic origin is postulated, because of the demyelinisating nature of the lesion.", "contents": "[Inventory of oligoclonal fractions of subacute sclerosing panenephalitis cere-brospinal fluid in Africa with a specific immuneserum: first results (author's transl)]. The oligoclonal gamma-fractions in the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) from one case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.) have been studied by means of immunolectrophoresis. The gamma-zone consisted of IgG and free kappa and lambda chains. Besides that, a rabbit immune serum against S.S.P.E. C.S.F. has been prepared. This immune serum did reveal in the gamma-zone one additional protein which is different from IgG and normal tissue proteins. The possibility for this additionnal protein to be of myelinic origin is postulated, because of the demyelinisating nature of the lesion.", "PMID": 64325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1225", "title": "Peripheral blood B-lymphocyte abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease.", "content": "Proportions of peripheral blood thymus-derived T lymphocytes (T cells) and bone-marrow-derived B-lymphocytes (B cells) were studied in twelve hyperthyroid patients and ninety-nine non-hyperthyroid control subjects including thirty-nine healthy individuals and sixty patients with various disorders. All hyperthyroid patients had Graves' disease and eight were untreated. The sheep erythrocyte (E)-rosetting technique was employed for enumeration of T cells and the immunofluorescent technique was used for identification of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins (SIg), a marker for B cells. The results showed that hyperthyroid patients had higher percentages of lymphocytes stainable for SIg, whereas their T-cell proportions were the same as our control values. In addition, approximately half or more of the fluorescein stainable lymphocytes reacted with each of the five antisera against individual heavy chain determinants, including the epsilon chain, indicating the presence of more than three Ig determinants on the same cell. The fluorescein-stainable cells did not form E rosettes. Blocking of the Fc receptor on lymphocytes by incubating the patients' cells with heat-aggregated human IgG or heated goat anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) failed to abolish the subsequent fluorescent staining of the cells. Incubation of patients' lymphocytes with non-fluorescent anti-epsilon inhibited the subsequent staining of cells with fluoresceinated anti-epsilon but not staining with fluoresceinated anti-mu or anti-gamma. Thus, the study revealed B-cell abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism, manifested by the simultaneous presence of multiple Ig classes, including IgE, on a single B cell. Results of studies of incubation of the patients' plasmas with lymphocytes from health individuals and studies of SIg by overnight culture of the patients' lymphocytes with or without prior trypsinization suggested that the SIg was generated endogenously by the cell on which it resided.", "contents": "Peripheral blood B-lymphocyte abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease. Proportions of peripheral blood thymus-derived T lymphocytes (T cells) and bone-marrow-derived B-lymphocytes (B cells) were studied in twelve hyperthyroid patients and ninety-nine non-hyperthyroid control subjects including thirty-nine healthy individuals and sixty patients with various disorders. All hyperthyroid patients had Graves' disease and eight were untreated. The sheep erythrocyte (E)-rosetting technique was employed for enumeration of T cells and the immunofluorescent technique was used for identification of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins (SIg), a marker for B cells. The results showed that hyperthyroid patients had higher percentages of lymphocytes stainable for SIg, whereas their T-cell proportions were the same as our control values. In addition, approximately half or more of the fluorescein stainable lymphocytes reacted with each of the five antisera against individual heavy chain determinants, including the epsilon chain, indicating the presence of more than three Ig determinants on the same cell. The fluorescein-stainable cells did not form E rosettes. Blocking of the Fc receptor on lymphocytes by incubating the patients' cells with heat-aggregated human IgG or heated goat anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) failed to abolish the subsequent fluorescent staining of the cells. Incubation of patients' lymphocytes with non-fluorescent anti-epsilon inhibited the subsequent staining of cells with fluoresceinated anti-epsilon but not staining with fluoresceinated anti-mu or anti-gamma. Thus, the study revealed B-cell abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism, manifested by the simultaneous presence of multiple Ig classes, including IgE, on a single B cell. Results of studies of incubation of the patients' plasmas with lymphocytes from health individuals and studies of SIg by overnight culture of the patients' lymphocytes with or without prior trypsinization suggested that the SIg was generated endogenously by the cell on which it resided.", "PMID": 64326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1226", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation by human alpha-foetoprotein (HAFP); comparison of foetal and hepatoma HAFP and kinetic studies in vitro immunosuppression.", "content": "Five pure isolates of human alpha-foetoprotein (HAFP) from adults with tumours of the li er or stomach, as well as HAFP isolated from foetal liver, inhibit in vitro human lymphocyte transformation induced by phytomitogens, anti-human thymocyte serum, and the mixed lymphocyte culture. Foetal HAFP produces 50% inhibition at concentrations of 1-5 mug/ml. The HAFPs isolated from tumour-bearing adults are 1-3 orders of magnitude less potent (50% inhibition achieved at approximately 20, 130, 500, and 2000 mug/ml, respectively). In order to achieve maximum inhibition HAFP must be present at the time of mitogen addition; pre-exposure of lymphocytes to HAFP, followed by washing, does not result in lymphocyte suppression. The inhibiting effect of HAFP cannot be overcome by a ten-fold increase in mitogen concentration implying that HAFP does not act by simple competition with the lymphocyte membrane for the mitogen combining site. HAFP may play an immunoregulatory role during foetal development.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation by human alpha-foetoprotein (HAFP); comparison of foetal and hepatoma HAFP and kinetic studies in vitro immunosuppression. Five pure isolates of human alpha-foetoprotein (HAFP) from adults with tumours of the li er or stomach, as well as HAFP isolated from foetal liver, inhibit in vitro human lymphocyte transformation induced by phytomitogens, anti-human thymocyte serum, and the mixed lymphocyte culture. Foetal HAFP produces 50% inhibition at concentrations of 1-5 mug/ml. The HAFPs isolated from tumour-bearing adults are 1-3 orders of magnitude less potent (50% inhibition achieved at approximately 20, 130, 500, and 2000 mug/ml, respectively). In order to achieve maximum inhibition HAFP must be present at the time of mitogen addition; pre-exposure of lymphocytes to HAFP, followed by washing, does not result in lymphocyte suppression. The inhibiting effect of HAFP cannot be overcome by a ten-fold increase in mitogen concentration implying that HAFP does not act by simple competition with the lymphocyte membrane for the mitogen combining site. HAFP may play an immunoregulatory role during foetal development.", "PMID": 64327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1227", "title": "Maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance by nonimmunogenic forms of antigen.", "content": "Immunologic tolerance to EAE in guinea-pigs appears to be a function of a determinant distinct from the encephalitogenic region of the myelin basic protein molecule. In Lewis rats (in which species the molecular sites for disease-induction and tolerance have not been completely characterized) the mechanism underlying this state of immunologic tolerance involves suppressor cell regulation of the autoimmune response. On the basis of these experimental findings we postulate that natural self-tolerance is maintained by suppressor T cells which are stimulated by nonimmunogenic fragments of self-antigen released during protein turnover.", "contents": "Maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance by nonimmunogenic forms of antigen. Immunologic tolerance to EAE in guinea-pigs appears to be a function of a determinant distinct from the encephalitogenic region of the myelin basic protein molecule. In Lewis rats (in which species the molecular sites for disease-induction and tolerance have not been completely characterized) the mechanism underlying this state of immunologic tolerance involves suppressor cell regulation of the autoimmune response. On the basis of these experimental findings we postulate that natural self-tolerance is maintained by suppressor T cells which are stimulated by nonimmunogenic fragments of self-antigen released during protein turnover.", "PMID": 64328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1228", "title": "Pregnancy zone protein analogue in pregnant and non-pregnant primates, and its decrease during pregnancy in some monkey species.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum to human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) cross-reacted with analogous proteins in several species of primates. The chimpanzee PZP showed reactions of identity with human PZP, while the PZP analogue in the orangutan, in four species of old world monkeys (pig-tailed, rhesus, cynomolgus and stump-tailed) and in a species of new world monkey (squirrel) showed equivalent reactions of partial identity with human PZP. In the chimpanzee and orangutan, the PZP analogue was present in low concentrations in non-pregnant animals, but as in the human, it increased quite appreciably during gestation. In the chimpanzee, this increase in pregnancy was about four-fold greater than in the human. In sharp contrast, in the old and new world monkeys, the PZP analogue was present in much higher concentrations in non-pregnant animals than it is in humans. In addition, during pregnancy the PZP analogue in these monkey species actually decreased during pregnancy. In the few cases studied, normal levels were regained about 1 month after delivery. A normal plasma protein, alpha2-macroglobin, was also studied in these primate species, because this protein shares some characteristics with PZP. Analogous alpha2-macroglobulin serum proteins were found in all the primates tested, but the observed gel diffusion identity patterns suggested that this protein was phylogenetically older than PZP. alpha2-macroglobulin increased slightly during human pregnancy, but in all the other primates studied, the alpha-macroglobulin analogue was either unchanged or slightly decreased during gestation.", "contents": "Pregnancy zone protein analogue in pregnant and non-pregnant primates, and its decrease during pregnancy in some monkey species. Rabbit antiserum to human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) cross-reacted with analogous proteins in several species of primates. The chimpanzee PZP showed reactions of identity with human PZP, while the PZP analogue in the orangutan, in four species of old world monkeys (pig-tailed, rhesus, cynomolgus and stump-tailed) and in a species of new world monkey (squirrel) showed equivalent reactions of partial identity with human PZP. In the chimpanzee and orangutan, the PZP analogue was present in low concentrations in non-pregnant animals, but as in the human, it increased quite appreciably during gestation. In the chimpanzee, this increase in pregnancy was about four-fold greater than in the human. In sharp contrast, in the old and new world monkeys, the PZP analogue was present in much higher concentrations in non-pregnant animals than it is in humans. In addition, during pregnancy the PZP analogue in these monkey species actually decreased during pregnancy. In the few cases studied, normal levels were regained about 1 month after delivery. A normal plasma protein, alpha2-macroglobin, was also studied in these primate species, because this protein shares some characteristics with PZP. Analogous alpha2-macroglobulin serum proteins were found in all the primates tested, but the observed gel diffusion identity patterns suggested that this protein was phylogenetically older than PZP. alpha2-macroglobulin increased slightly during human pregnancy, but in all the other primates studied, the alpha-macroglobulin analogue was either unchanged or slightly decreased during gestation.", "PMID": 64329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1229", "title": "Treatment of cancer of the ovary.", "content": "This chapter has stressed the importance of early diagnosis in the treatment of cancer of the ovary with suggestions as to achieving this goal by a more aggressive approach to the accurate diagnosis of pelvic tumours. The combined use of surgery with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy has also been discussed with the definition of the functions of the surgeon, radiotherapist and chemotherapist. The place of surgery in the staging and initial treatment of this disease is outlined and the indications for surgery for advanced and recurrent disease are demonstrated. The use of the various modalities of ionising radiation has been outlined and the place of chemotherapy and selection of appropriate drugs are also discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of cancer of the ovary. This chapter has stressed the importance of early diagnosis in the treatment of cancer of the ovary with suggestions as to achieving this goal by a more aggressive approach to the accurate diagnosis of pelvic tumours. The combined use of surgery with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy has also been discussed with the definition of the functions of the surgeon, radiotherapist and chemotherapist. The place of surgery in the staging and initial treatment of this disease is outlined and the indications for surgery for advanced and recurrent disease are demonstrated. The use of the various modalities of ionising radiation has been outlined and the place of chemotherapy and selection of appropriate drugs are also discussed.", "PMID": 64330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1230", "title": "Treatment of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle. Comparative observation of the effects of an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids and an intravenous injection of a combination of human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone.", "content": "Of 67 cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD), 34 were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg of betamethasone of 10 mg of dexamethasone (CC) and 33 intravenously with a combination of 3,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin and 125 mg of progesterone (HCG -P). Pregnancy rates and intervals between treatment and conception were 32.4% and 32.1 +/- 30.5 days, respectively, in the CC-treated cows and 30.3% and 51.6 +/- 29.5 days in the HCG -P-treated ones. Cows which had not responded to gonadotropin treatment showed a considerably higher pregnancy rate when treated with CC and a lower pregnancy rate when administered with HCG -P than those which had received no treatment before. There was a trend that the earlier a cow was treated, the more readily she recovered. CC injection gave a satisfactory result even when performed long after calving. The estrous behaviour seemed to be related with prognosis in cows with COD. In both CC-treated and HCG -P-treated cows, the pregnancy rate was the highest in cows showing anestrus and the lowest in those exhibiting irregular estrus.", "contents": "Treatment of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle. Comparative observation of the effects of an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids and an intravenous injection of a combination of human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone. Of 67 cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD), 34 were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg of betamethasone of 10 mg of dexamethasone (CC) and 33 intravenously with a combination of 3,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin and 125 mg of progesterone (HCG -P). Pregnancy rates and intervals between treatment and conception were 32.4% and 32.1 +/- 30.5 days, respectively, in the CC-treated cows and 30.3% and 51.6 +/- 29.5 days in the HCG -P-treated ones. Cows which had not responded to gonadotropin treatment showed a considerably higher pregnancy rate when treated with CC and a lower pregnancy rate when administered with HCG -P than those which had received no treatment before. There was a trend that the earlier a cow was treated, the more readily she recovered. CC injection gave a satisfactory result even when performed long after calving. The estrous behaviour seemed to be related with prognosis in cows with COD. In both CC-treated and HCG -P-treated cows, the pregnancy rate was the highest in cows showing anestrus and the lowest in those exhibiting irregular estrus.", "PMID": 64331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1231", "title": "Contraceptive steroid toxicology in the Beagle dog and its relevance to human carcinogenicity.", "content": "Problems associated with the use of the Beagle dog in chronic toxicological studies of contraceptive steroids are described. A short review is presented on the occurrence of spontaneous tumours in dogs and in bitches of various breeds. The current status of knowledge of canine reproductive hormones and endocrinology is outlined, together with effects of contraceptive steroids. The pathology and histological classification of spontaneous and induced mammary neoplasia in the dog is discussed and compared with breast cancer in women. A series of recommendations are included for future research in this field which it is hoped may resolve some of the outstanding issues and lead to a more suitable toxicological model for contraceptive steroids.", "contents": "Contraceptive steroid toxicology in the Beagle dog and its relevance to human carcinogenicity. Problems associated with the use of the Beagle dog in chronic toxicological studies of contraceptive steroids are described. A short review is presented on the occurrence of spontaneous tumours in dogs and in bitches of various breeds. The current status of knowledge of canine reproductive hormones and endocrinology is outlined, together with effects of contraceptive steroids. The pathology and histological classification of spontaneous and induced mammary neoplasia in the dog is discussed and compared with breast cancer in women. A series of recommendations are included for future research in this field which it is hoped may resolve some of the outstanding issues and lead to a more suitable toxicological model for contraceptive steroids.", "PMID": 64332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1232", "title": "On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components.", "content": "Fifteen subjects were presented with series of tones. Any one tone was either loud or soft, and in any one series the probability of one tone intensity was either 0.9 or 0.1. Subjects were instructed to count the frequent tones or to count the rare tones. The stimuli were also presented while the subjects were solving a word-puzzle. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 9 scalp locations (F3, C3, P3, FZ, CZ, PZ, F4, C4, P4) referred to linked mastoids. ERP components were measured with a Principal Components analysis and the relations between these measures and the independent variables were evaluated with the ANOVA procedure. This paradigm allowed an evaluation of the effect of stimulus probability, stimulus relevance, and task relevance on the waveform of the ERPs. We conclude that the P350 component is enhanced whenever the eliciting stimulus is both rare and in some sense relevant to the subject's task and the degree of enhancement is greatest when the rare--relevant tone is loud. A \"slow wave\" component which follows P350 is related to the same variables but has a scalp distribution quite different from that of P350. The slow wave shows a progressive shift in polarity from negative to positive from the frontal to the parietal sites, while the P350 is of nearly equal amplitude (and positive) at the central and parietal sites and has a smaller (positive) and amplitude at FZ. A third prominent component, negative in polarity, peaking at about 210 msec, is most pronounced following rare stimuli, whether or not they were task relevant. The amplitude of N210 tended to be largest at the frontal electrode. This study then demonstrates that when suitable measurement techniques are used, multiple endogenous ERP components can be observed, each related to distinct aspects of cognitive behavior.", "contents": "On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components. Fifteen subjects were presented with series of tones. Any one tone was either loud or soft, and in any one series the probability of one tone intensity was either 0.9 or 0.1. Subjects were instructed to count the frequent tones or to count the rare tones. The stimuli were also presented while the subjects were solving a word-puzzle. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 9 scalp locations (F3, C3, P3, FZ, CZ, PZ, F4, C4, P4) referred to linked mastoids. ERP components were measured with a Principal Components analysis and the relations between these measures and the independent variables were evaluated with the ANOVA procedure. This paradigm allowed an evaluation of the effect of stimulus probability, stimulus relevance, and task relevance on the waveform of the ERPs. We conclude that the P350 component is enhanced whenever the eliciting stimulus is both rare and in some sense relevant to the subject's task and the degree of enhancement is greatest when the rare--relevant tone is loud. A \"slow wave\" component which follows P350 is related to the same variables but has a scalp distribution quite different from that of P350. The slow wave shows a progressive shift in polarity from negative to positive from the frontal to the parietal sites, while the P350 is of nearly equal amplitude (and positive) at the central and parietal sites and has a smaller (positive) and amplitude at FZ. A third prominent component, negative in polarity, peaking at about 210 msec, is most pronounced following rare stimuli, whether or not they were task relevant. The amplitude of N210 tended to be largest at the frontal electrode. This study then demonstrates that when suitable measurement techniques are used, multiple endogenous ERP components can be observed, each related to distinct aspects of cognitive behavior.", "PMID": 64341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1233", "title": "Effects of voluntary isometric and isotonic activity on late transcortical reflex components in normal subjects and hemiparetic patients.", "content": "When the median nerve is stimulated at the wrist during voluntary contraction of m. abductor pollicis brevis (APB) EMG activity of this muscle contains different distinct responses: a direct muscular response (M response), a spinal reflex response (S response) and a third late reflex response, first described by Upton et al. (1971) as a second volitional reflex response (V2). Comparison of this very likely long-loop reflex involving pathways to and from the cortical level (therefore labelled C response) under isometric (hold) and isotonic (move) contraction revealed a strong facilitation of the response under the latter condition. Repetitive trains of stimuli had stronger facilitatory effect on the occurrence of this late reflex response than single stimuli. Cutaneous stimuli of the median nerve afferents did not exhibit M and S responses but definite late excitatory responses with similar latencies to the C responses. In cases of hemiparesis (mild to severe loss of sensorimotor control of finger movements) the C response was diminished, delayed or absent. These findings together with recent primate and human experimental work support the  hypothesis of a transcortical stretch reflex. On the premise that muscular as well as cutaneous afferents contribute to the afferent cortical input the late C response can be interpreted as the efferent component. The C response may be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of small lesions of the sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule.", "contents": "Effects of voluntary isometric and isotonic activity on late transcortical reflex components in normal subjects and hemiparetic patients. When the median nerve is stimulated at the wrist during voluntary contraction of m. abductor pollicis brevis (APB) EMG activity of this muscle contains different distinct responses: a direct muscular response (M response), a spinal reflex response (S response) and a third late reflex response, first described by Upton et al. (1971) as a second volitional reflex response (V2). Comparison of this very likely long-loop reflex involving pathways to and from the cortical level (therefore labelled C response) under isometric (hold) and isotonic (move) contraction revealed a strong facilitation of the response under the latter condition. Repetitive trains of stimuli had stronger facilitatory effect on the occurrence of this late reflex response than single stimuli. Cutaneous stimuli of the median nerve afferents did not exhibit M and S responses but definite late excitatory responses with similar latencies to the C responses. In cases of hemiparesis (mild to severe loss of sensorimotor control of finger movements) the C response was diminished, delayed or absent. These findings together with recent primate and human experimental work support the  hypothesis of a transcortical stretch reflex. On the premise that muscular as well as cutaneous afferents contribute to the afferent cortical input the late C response can be interpreted as the efferent component. The C response may be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of small lesions of the sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule.", "PMID": 64342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1234", "title": "Micro-tremor of the eyes of comatose patients.", "content": "An electronic method has been used to record the micro-tremor of the eyes of a group of comatose patients. Changes in the micro-tremor waveform patterns have been observed in successive records taken over a period of several days. These changes have been associated with changes in the depth of coma.", "contents": "Micro-tremor of the eyes of comatose patients. An electronic method has been used to record the micro-tremor of the eyes of a group of comatose patients. Changes in the micro-tremor waveform patterns have been observed in successive records taken over a period of several days. These changes have been associated with changes in the depth of coma.", "PMID": 64343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1235", "title": "Detection of canine Batten disease with the EEG.", "content": "Although it has been suggested that EEG changes appear early in the course of human Batten disease, these observations have been made only after the onset of clinical abnormalities and without immediate pathological correlation. In this brief report we have been able to document for the first time, abnormal EEGs in a strain of dogs proposed as a model for Batten disease. The degree of abnormality in the canine EEG correlated with the degree of clinical involvement and with the presence of pathological inclusions, resembling those seen in human Batten disease. In younger dogs, abnormal EEGs were obtained even before clinical manifestations of the disease. The large amplitude discharges reported with photic stimulation in children with the late infantile form of Batten disease were not elicited in the dog model. However, this dog strain is a model for the juvenile rather than the late infantile form although similarities between dogs and both forms of human Batten disease were seen. It is proposed that the EEG is both a method for early detection of this disease as well as a tool ot measure the degree of involvement. This information may be of use in relation to future therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Detection of canine Batten disease with the EEG. Although it has been suggested that EEG changes appear early in the course of human Batten disease, these observations have been made only after the onset of clinical abnormalities and without immediate pathological correlation. In this brief report we have been able to document for the first time, abnormal EEGs in a strain of dogs proposed as a model for Batten disease. The degree of abnormality in the canine EEG correlated with the degree of clinical involvement and with the presence of pathological inclusions, resembling those seen in human Batten disease. In younger dogs, abnormal EEGs were obtained even before clinical manifestations of the disease. The large amplitude discharges reported with photic stimulation in children with the late infantile form of Batten disease were not elicited in the dog model. However, this dog strain is a model for the juvenile rather than the late infantile form although similarities between dogs and both forms of human Batten disease were seen. It is proposed that the EEG is both a method for early detection of this disease as well as a tool ot measure the degree of involvement. This information may be of use in relation to future therapeutic trials.", "PMID": 64344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1236", "title": "Latency of the steady state visual evoked potential.", "content": "A technique has been devised to measure the latency of the steady state evoked potential (EP) to the separate flashes of a flickering light. The steady state method measures the averaged following EP to a flickering light. From the different averaged EP curves resulting from different averaged EP curves resulting from different intervals separating successive flashes, a latency is calculated which can be said to be the latency of a single response to a single flash of light. This latency is shorter for short inter-flash intervals (60-45 msec) than for the long inter-flash intervals (90-105 msec). The average short latency for three subjects was 61 msec and the average long latency 119 msec. These results agree reasonably well with other previous estimates of latency.", "contents": "Latency of the steady state visual evoked potential. A technique has been devised to measure the latency of the steady state evoked potential (EP) to the separate flashes of a flickering light. The steady state method measures the averaged following EP to a flickering light. From the different averaged EP curves resulting from different averaged EP curves resulting from different intervals separating successive flashes, a latency is calculated which can be said to be the latency of a single response to a single flash of light. This latency is shorter for short inter-flash intervals (60-45 msec) than for the long inter-flash intervals (90-105 msec). The average short latency for three subjects was 61 msec and the average long latency 119 msec. These results agree reasonably well with other previous estimates of latency.", "PMID": 64345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1237", "title": "Focal positive spikes in electroencephalography.", "content": "Focal positive spikes and sharp waves in clinical EEG are uncommon (about 1.3 per 1,000 EEGs in this series) and encountered chiefly in early life. All of out seven patients suffered from a convulsive disorder. These discharges must be differentiated from 14 and 6 c/sec positive bursts. Atifactual electrical transients with apparent focal positivity must always be ruled out. Whenever focal positive spikes and sharp waves are identified, it is advisable to search for simultaneous focal negative discharges. The literature indicates that focal positive spikes and sharp waves could be classified according to the presumed pathophysiological mechanisms and illustrative patients were described.", "contents": "Focal positive spikes in electroencephalography. Focal positive spikes and sharp waves in clinical EEG are uncommon (about 1.3 per 1,000 EEGs in this series) and encountered chiefly in early life. All of out seven patients suffered from a convulsive disorder. These discharges must be differentiated from 14 and 6 c/sec positive bursts. Atifactual electrical transients with apparent focal positivity must always be ruled out. Whenever focal positive spikes and sharp waves are identified, it is advisable to search for simultaneous focal negative discharges. The literature indicates that focal positive spikes and sharp waves could be classified according to the presumed pathophysiological mechanisms and illustrative patients were described.", "PMID": 64346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1238", "title": "Indirect estimation of spinal cord conduction velocity in man.", "content": "A method is described for deriving an indirect estimate of the velocity of impulse propagation in the spinal cord of intact man. The estimate is computed from measurements of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in the limbs, F-wave latencies, and the latencies of somatosensory evoked potentials. The mean estimated spinal cord conduction velocicy in normal subjects was found to be 55.1 m/sec, with a standard deviation of 9.9. This method appears to have potential application in the electrophysiological evaluation of patients with myelopathic disorders.", "contents": "Indirect estimation of spinal cord conduction velocity in man. A method is described for deriving an indirect estimate of the velocity of impulse propagation in the spinal cord of intact man. The estimate is computed from measurements of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in the limbs, F-wave latencies, and the latencies of somatosensory evoked potentials. The mean estimated spinal cord conduction velocicy in normal subjects was found to be 55.1 m/sec, with a standard deviation of 9.9. This method appears to have potential application in the electrophysiological evaluation of patients with myelopathic disorders.", "PMID": 64347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1239", "title": "Amine repletion in the reserpinized cat: effect upon PGO waves and REM sleep.", "content": "Selective repletion of 5-HT and catecholamines in the reserpinized cat was used to study the role of these biogenic amines in the regulation of PGO wave activity and sleep. The results include: 1. Repletion of 5-HT, following injections of D, L and L-5-HTP, suppressed PGORes in the pons and visual system. A consistent relationship between drug dose and duration of suppression was established. D-5-HTP failed to influence PGORes. L and D, L-5-HTP also induced a state closely resembling slow wave sleep and this change corresponded, temporally, with the period of wave suppression. 2. Repletion of catecholamined, following injections of L-DOPA, often caused behavioral arousal and a conversion from PGORes to PGOW. The molar dose of L-DOPA required to block PGORes was 10-20 times greater than that of L-5-HTP required for a comparable effect. In some cases, L-DOPA failed to arouse the cat, and in each of these instances, it failed to suppress PGORes. 3. L-DOPA consistently failed to induce a premature return of REM sleep in the reserpinized animal. These results suggest that 2 neuronal systems, one employing 5-HT and the other catecholamines, play a part in the regulation of PGORes, and presumably, PGOrem. The 5-HT system may be primarily responsible for suppressing PGOrem during slow wave sleep, with the catecholamine system playing a comparable part during wakefulness. Earlier reports that L-DOPA induces REM sleep in the reserpinized animal were not confirmed, indicating that the postulated role of catecholamines in the induction of this state should be reevaluated.", "contents": "Amine repletion in the reserpinized cat: effect upon PGO waves and REM sleep. Selective repletion of 5-HT and catecholamines in the reserpinized cat was used to study the role of these biogenic amines in the regulation of PGO wave activity and sleep. The results include: 1. Repletion of 5-HT, following injections of D, L and L-5-HTP, suppressed PGORes in the pons and visual system. A consistent relationship between drug dose and duration of suppression was established. D-5-HTP failed to influence PGORes. L and D, L-5-HTP also induced a state closely resembling slow wave sleep and this change corresponded, temporally, with the period of wave suppression. 2. Repletion of catecholamined, following injections of L-DOPA, often caused behavioral arousal and a conversion from PGORes to PGOW. The molar dose of L-DOPA required to block PGORes was 10-20 times greater than that of L-5-HTP required for a comparable effect. In some cases, L-DOPA failed to arouse the cat, and in each of these instances, it failed to suppress PGORes. 3. L-DOPA consistently failed to induce a premature return of REM sleep in the reserpinized animal. These results suggest that 2 neuronal systems, one employing 5-HT and the other catecholamines, play a part in the regulation of PGORes, and presumably, PGOrem. The 5-HT system may be primarily responsible for suppressing PGOrem during slow wave sleep, with the catecholamine system playing a comparable part during wakefulness. Earlier reports that L-DOPA induces REM sleep in the reserpinized animal were not confirmed, indicating that the postulated role of catecholamines in the induction of this state should be reevaluated.", "PMID": 64348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1240", "title": "The definition of waking stages on the basis of continuous polygraphic recordings in normal subjects.", "content": "Polygraphic examinations were made during the day on 6 normal subjects. Simultaneous evaluation of EEG, EOG and EMG was carried out over 30 sec epochs. The data thus obtained were correlated with the various types of behaviour and activities during the day and then interpreted. Six conditions could be defined corresponding to different waking stages. The analysis of the material obtained shows that the existence of these waking stages is of interindividual validity.", "contents": "The definition of waking stages on the basis of continuous polygraphic recordings in normal subjects. Polygraphic examinations were made during the day on 6 normal subjects. Simultaneous evaluation of EEG, EOG and EMG was carried out over 30 sec epochs. The data thus obtained were correlated with the various types of behaviour and activities during the day and then interpreted. Six conditions could be defined corresponding to different waking stages. The analysis of the material obtained shows that the existence of these waking stages is of interindividual validity.", "PMID": 64349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1241", "title": "The scalp topography of human somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials.", "content": "The waveform and topography of components of the scalp recorded somatosensory evoked poal (AEP) to click stimulation of the right ear, were determined for scalp electrode locations of the 10-20 system and for locations at the eye, mastoids, and posterior neck. Twenty-one SEP and twenty-two AEP components were analyzed. Differentiation of neurogenic and myogenic components was attempted on the basis of localization and variability. Some components of extracranial origin, apparently originating in frontal musculature, were small in most experienced subjects and large in most experimentally naive subjects. These and other presumptive myogenic potentials can distort adjacent neurogenic components. These data should aid in predicting SEP and AEP characteristics and in assessing myogenic distortion of neurogenic components.", "contents": "The scalp topography of human somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials. The waveform and topography of components of the scalp recorded somatosensory evoked poal (AEP) to click stimulation of the right ear, were determined for scalp electrode locations of the 10-20 system and for locations at the eye, mastoids, and posterior neck. Twenty-one SEP and twenty-two AEP components were analyzed. Differentiation of neurogenic and myogenic components was attempted on the basis of localization and variability. Some components of extracranial origin, apparently originating in frontal musculature, were small in most experienced subjects and large in most experimentally naive subjects. These and other presumptive myogenic potentials can distort adjacent neurogenic components. These data should aid in predicting SEP and AEP characteristics and in assessing myogenic distortion of neurogenic components.", "PMID": 64350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1242", "title": "Inter- and intrahemispheric differences in the peak frequency of rhythmic activity within the alpha band.", "content": "EEG was recorded simultaneously from several scalp regions in 5 normal subjects and analysed, using a PDP 11/45 computer by means of an autoregressive model. Significant intra- and interhemispheric differences in the peak frequencies within the alpha band were observed, up to 0.8 c/sec. Local modality -dependent increases in the peak frequency were also observed, which were predominant in occipital areas during visual stimulation and in central regions during acoustic stimulation. In most cases an increase in the peak frequency occurred together with a marked decrease in power, which could be interpreted as a desynchronization of slow components within the alpha band. These peak frequency differences found in the scalp EEG lead to the assumption that there might also be different alpha rhythms at the level of the cortex.", "contents": "Inter- and intrahemispheric differences in the peak frequency of rhythmic activity within the alpha band. EEG was recorded simultaneously from several scalp regions in 5 normal subjects and analysed, using a PDP 11/45 computer by means of an autoregressive model. Significant intra- and interhemispheric differences in the peak frequencies within the alpha band were observed, up to 0.8 c/sec. Local modality -dependent increases in the peak frequency were also observed, which were predominant in occipital areas during visual stimulation and in central regions during acoustic stimulation. In most cases an increase in the peak frequency occurred together with a marked decrease in power, which could be interpreted as a desynchronization of slow components within the alpha band. These peak frequency differences found in the scalp EEG lead to the assumption that there might also be different alpha rhythms at the level of the cortex.", "PMID": 64351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1243", "title": "Adaptive segmentation of EEG records: a new approach to automatic EEG analysis.", "content": "The first step in a procedure for automatic EEG analysis is to compress the incoming data into a manageable format while preserving the essential diagnostic information. In our approach we mimic the visual procedure of looking through the record for segments and events of particular interest. We assume that the EEG is composed of roughly stationary segments of variable length, possibly superposed by sharp transients. By using an autoregressive model we have developed a procedure to detect the segment boundaries and locate transients, and to represent the information in the segments in terms of a set of parameters specifying their power spectra. In this way, the time structure as well as the frequency content of the signal is preserved. Examples of segmentation and transient detection are shown for several EEG signals, and the quality of the representation is demonstrated by simulating the original signal from the parameters. Possible applications to practical EEG analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Adaptive segmentation of EEG records: a new approach to automatic EEG analysis. The first step in a procedure for automatic EEG analysis is to compress the incoming data into a manageable format while preserving the essential diagnostic information. In our approach we mimic the visual procedure of looking through the record for segments and events of particular interest. We assume that the EEG is composed of roughly stationary segments of variable length, possibly superposed by sharp transients. By using an autoregressive model we have developed a procedure to detect the segment boundaries and locate transients, and to represent the information in the segments in terms of a set of parameters specifying their power spectra. In this way, the time structure as well as the frequency content of the signal is preserved. Examples of segmentation and transient detection are shown for several EEG signals, and the quality of the representation is demonstrated by simulating the original signal from the parameters. Possible applications to practical EEG analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 64352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1244", "title": "Focal reflex epilepsy with myoclonus; electrophysiological investigation and therapeutic implications.", "content": "A middle-aged man suffering from myoclonic jerks of the right arm and leg and occasional grand mal seizures was investigated electrophysiologically. The EEG showed a left central spike focus which could be activated by any stimulus which distorted the biceps, triceps or brachioradialis muscles but skin stimulation was ineffective. Electrical nerve stimulation subthreshold to the alpha motoneurone fibres evoked cortical spikes and myoclonic jerks. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the myoclonus was triggered by muscle spindle afferent fibres (Ia) which projected to an epileptogenic focus in the sensori-motor area. A marked improvement of symptoms was achieved by a combination of baclophen and dipropylacetate.", "contents": "Focal reflex epilepsy with myoclonus; electrophysiological investigation and therapeutic implications. A middle-aged man suffering from myoclonic jerks of the right arm and leg and occasional grand mal seizures was investigated electrophysiologically. The EEG showed a left central spike focus which could be activated by any stimulus which distorted the biceps, triceps or brachioradialis muscles but skin stimulation was ineffective. Electrical nerve stimulation subthreshold to the alpha motoneurone fibres evoked cortical spikes and myoclonic jerks. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the myoclonus was triggered by muscle spindle afferent fibres (Ia) which projected to an epileptogenic focus in the sensori-motor area. A marked improvement of symptoms was achieved by a combination of baclophen and dipropylacetate.", "PMID": 64353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1245", "title": "Critical evaluation of the diagnostic value of systolic time intervals in the diagnosis of functional thyroid diseases. Comparison of results in a highly selected and a non-selected group of patients in relation to the blood PBI and T4I levels.", "content": "The value of measuring systolic time intervals for the diagnosis of functional thyroid disorders was studied. We were able to confirm that the systolic time intervals, namely the preejection period (PEP) are significantly shortened in hyperthyroidism and protracted in hypothyroidism. We were able to prove the rectilinear correlation between the PEP interval and Ig PBI in both highly selected and unselected groups of untreated patients with thyroid disorders. We were able to show much lower diagnostic value of other systolic intervals (as Q-S2) and indices (Weissler's index) compared to PEP. We are able to enumerate some pathological cardiovascular states, where the PEP interval is considerably influenced. With due respect to above-mentioned problems, we are convinced that the PEP measurement is of real diagnostic value in the bed-side diagnosis of thyroid disorders, moreover we believe it might help to solve some theoretical problems.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the diagnostic value of systolic time intervals in the diagnosis of functional thyroid diseases. Comparison of results in a highly selected and a non-selected group of patients in relation to the blood PBI and T4I levels. The value of measuring systolic time intervals for the diagnosis of functional thyroid disorders was studied. We were able to confirm that the systolic time intervals, namely the preejection period (PEP) are significantly shortened in hyperthyroidism and protracted in hypothyroidism. We were able to prove the rectilinear correlation between the PEP interval and Ig PBI in both highly selected and unselected groups of untreated patients with thyroid disorders. We were able to show much lower diagnostic value of other systolic intervals (as Q-S2) and indices (Weissler's index) compared to PEP. We are able to enumerate some pathological cardiovascular states, where the PEP interval is considerably influenced. With due respect to above-mentioned problems, we are convinced that the PEP measurement is of real diagnostic value in the bed-side diagnosis of thyroid disorders, moreover we believe it might help to solve some theoretical problems.", "PMID": 64354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1246", "title": "Sex hormone-dependent brain maturation and sexual behaviour in rats.", "content": "In male and female rats the endogenous steroid and gonadotrophin secretion was inhibited by injecting high doses of chlormadinone acetate (CmAc) from day 14 to 24 of life, i. e. during the period of brain maturation. In adulthood the males treated prepubertally with CmAc exhibited reduced sexual activity and fertility, whereas the females did not differ from the controls. More complete sex hormone deficiency during brain maturation was achieved by castration on day 14 of life. Controls were castrated at normal puberty time (40--60 days). Both groups were then substituted with androgens or oestrogens. In the females castrated on day 14 no impairment of sexual behaviour was observed as compared to the later castrated controls. In contrast, the early castrated males showed delayed onset of mounting behaviour. At autopsy, the weights of their sex organs were found to be lower than in the controls despite equal testosterone replacement for several months. These findings speak in favour of a permanently diminished responsiveness to androgens in males having been exposed to more or less severe androgen deficiency during sex specific brain maturation. Hence, the maturation of a male hypothalamus as well as the differentiation appears to depend at least in part on the presence of androgens, whereas in females it runs without hormonal influence.", "contents": "Sex hormone-dependent brain maturation and sexual behaviour in rats. In male and female rats the endogenous steroid and gonadotrophin secretion was inhibited by injecting high doses of chlormadinone acetate (CmAc) from day 14 to 24 of life, i. e. during the period of brain maturation. In adulthood the males treated prepubertally with CmAc exhibited reduced sexual activity and fertility, whereas the females did not differ from the controls. More complete sex hormone deficiency during brain maturation was achieved by castration on day 14 of life. Controls were castrated at normal puberty time (40--60 days). Both groups were then substituted with androgens or oestrogens. In the females castrated on day 14 no impairment of sexual behaviour was observed as compared to the later castrated controls. In contrast, the early castrated males showed delayed onset of mounting behaviour. At autopsy, the weights of their sex organs were found to be lower than in the controls despite equal testosterone replacement for several months. These findings speak in favour of a permanently diminished responsiveness to androgens in males having been exposed to more or less severe androgen deficiency during sex specific brain maturation. Hence, the maturation of a male hypothalamus as well as the differentiation appears to depend at least in part on the presence of androgens, whereas in females it runs without hormonal influence.", "PMID": 64355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1247", "title": "Purification and characterization of microsomal and lysosomal beta-glucuronidase from rat liver by use of immunoaffinity chromatography.", "content": "Rat liver beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), both from microsomal and lysosomal fractions, were purified about 9500-fold over the homogenate with high yield using affinity chromatography prepared by coupling purified specific immunoglobulin G against rat preputial gland beta-glucuronidase to Sepharose 2B and isoelectric focusing. The purified enzymes appeared homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and had a molecular weight of approximately 310000. In dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the microsomal beta-glucuronidase showed a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of 79000, while the lysosomal beta-glucuronidase had three distinct bands which consisted of one major and two minor bands corresponding to molecular weight of 79000, 74000, and 70000, respectively. A broad pH activity curve with a single optimum at pH 4.4 was observed in both the microsomal and the lysosomal beta-glucuronidases. Immunological gel diffusion technique with rabbit antiserum against rat liver lysosomal beta-glucuronidase revealed that both enzymes had the same or quite similar antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of microsomal and lysosomal beta-glucuronidase from rat liver by use of immunoaffinity chromatography. Rat liver beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), both from microsomal and lysosomal fractions, were purified about 9500-fold over the homogenate with high yield using affinity chromatography prepared by coupling purified specific immunoglobulin G against rat preputial gland beta-glucuronidase to Sepharose 2B and isoelectric focusing. The purified enzymes appeared homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and had a molecular weight of approximately 310000. In dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the microsomal beta-glucuronidase showed a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of 79000, while the lysosomal beta-glucuronidase had three distinct bands which consisted of one major and two minor bands corresponding to molecular weight of 79000, 74000, and 70000, respectively. A broad pH activity curve with a single optimum at pH 4.4 was observed in both the microsomal and the lysosomal beta-glucuronidases. Immunological gel diffusion technique with rabbit antiserum against rat liver lysosomal beta-glucuronidase revealed that both enzymes had the same or quite similar antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 64358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1248", "title": "The virtual absence of antigenic cross-reactivity between functionally distinct trout hemoglobins.", "content": "The antigenic properties of the hemoglobins of two species of rainbow trout, Salmo irideus and Salmo gairdneri, have been compared. Each of these species possess two different classes of hemoglobins, the members of the first of which have no Bohr effect while those of the second exhibit a pronounced pH dependence of their ligand affinities. The hemoglobins from these two species are antigenically indistinguishable. However, between the two classes of hemoglobins there is almost no immunological cross-reactivity.", "contents": "The virtual absence of antigenic cross-reactivity between functionally distinct trout hemoglobins. The antigenic properties of the hemoglobins of two species of rainbow trout, Salmo irideus and Salmo gairdneri, have been compared. Each of these species possess two different classes of hemoglobins, the members of the first of which have no Bohr effect while those of the second exhibit a pronounced pH dependence of their ligand affinities. The hemoglobins from these two species are antigenically indistinguishable. However, between the two classes of hemoglobins there is almost no immunological cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 64359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1249", "title": "Terminal riboadenylate transferase from Escherichia coli. Characterization and application.", "content": "Catalytic properties of terminal riboadenylate transferase from Escherichia coli and the products of the enzymic reaction were investigated. The kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction obeys the sequential ordered bi-bi mechanism. The application of conditions elaborated in this study resulted in the synthesis of products of defined size and efficient primer utilization. The tRNA(rA)n obtained was a good template for the synthesis of complementary DNA with reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "Terminal riboadenylate transferase from Escherichia coli. Characterization and application. Catalytic properties of terminal riboadenylate transferase from Escherichia coli and the products of the enzymic reaction were investigated. The kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction obeys the sequential ordered bi-bi mechanism. The application of conditions elaborated in this study resulted in the synthesis of products of defined size and efficient primer utilization. The tRNA(rA)n obtained was a good template for the synthesis of complementary DNA with reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 64360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1250", "title": "Proton translocation and ATP formation coupled to electron transport from H2O to the primary acceptor of photosystem 2.", "content": "1. The rate of electron transport from H2O to silicomolybdate in the presence of 3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) (which involves the oxygen-evolving enzyme, the photochemistry of photosystem 2 and the primary electron acceptor of photosystem 2) is controlled by internal pH. This is based on the shift of the pH profile of the rate of electron transport upon addition of uncouplers, or by using EDTA-treated chloroplasts. Both stimulation and inhibition of electron transport by addition of uncouplers (depending on external pH) could be observed. These effects are obtained in the diuron-insensitive photoreductions of either silicomolybdate or ferricyanide. These experiments provide strong evidence that a proton translocating site exists in the sequence of the electron transport H2O leads to Q (the primary acceptor of photosystem 2). 2. The photoreduction of silicomolybdate in the presence of diuron causes the formation of delta pH. The value of delta pH depends on the external pH and its maximal value was shown to be 2.4. The calculated internal pH at different external pH values was found to be rather constant, namely between 5.1 -- 5.2. 3. Electron transport from H2O to silicomolybdate (in the presence of diuron) does not support ATP formation. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the delta pH formed is below the \"threshold\" delta pH required for the synthesis of ATP. By adding an additional source of energy in the form of a dark diffusion potential created in the presence of K+ and valinomycin, significant amounts of ATP are formed in this system.", "contents": "Proton translocation and ATP formation coupled to electron transport from H2O to the primary acceptor of photosystem 2. 1. The rate of electron transport from H2O to silicomolybdate in the presence of 3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) (which involves the oxygen-evolving enzyme, the photochemistry of photosystem 2 and the primary electron acceptor of photosystem 2) is controlled by internal pH. This is based on the shift of the pH profile of the rate of electron transport upon addition of uncouplers, or by using EDTA-treated chloroplasts. Both stimulation and inhibition of electron transport by addition of uncouplers (depending on external pH) could be observed. These effects are obtained in the diuron-insensitive photoreductions of either silicomolybdate or ferricyanide. These experiments provide strong evidence that a proton translocating site exists in the sequence of the electron transport H2O leads to Q (the primary acceptor of photosystem 2). 2. The photoreduction of silicomolybdate in the presence of diuron causes the formation of delta pH. The value of delta pH depends on the external pH and its maximal value was shown to be 2.4. The calculated internal pH at different external pH values was found to be rather constant, namely between 5.1 -- 5.2. 3. Electron transport from H2O to silicomolybdate (in the presence of diuron) does not support ATP formation. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the delta pH formed is below the \"threshold\" delta pH required for the synthesis of ATP. By adding an additional source of energy in the form of a dark diffusion potential created in the presence of K+ and valinomycin, significant amounts of ATP are formed in this system.", "PMID": 64361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1251", "title": "An undeservedly neglected prostatectomy: Fabre's technique.", "content": "Fabre's prostatectomy technique was applied to 100 consecutive unselected patients with no mortality and minor complications. Three technical failures were recorded. No urethral catheter was used, the bladder being drained through a lateral hypogastric stabwound. The incidence of urinary infection was greatly reduced in this series.", "contents": "An undeservedly neglected prostatectomy: Fabre's technique. Fabre's prostatectomy technique was applied to 100 consecutive unselected patients with no mortality and minor complications. Three technical failures were recorded. No urethral catheter was used, the bladder being drained through a lateral hypogastric stabwound. The incidence of urinary infection was greatly reduced in this series.", "PMID": 64362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1252", "title": "Estimation of the size of prostatic adenoma by ultrasonography. A preliminary report.", "content": "17 patients with prostatic adenoma awaiting surgery were examined. The size of the adenomas was established by palpation, cystoscopy, urethro-cystography and ultrasonography. Echographic scanning was found to yield the most accurate results.", "contents": "Estimation of the size of prostatic adenoma by ultrasonography. A preliminary report. 17 patients with prostatic adenoma awaiting surgery were examined. The size of the adenomas was established by palpation, cystoscopy, urethro-cystography and ultrasonography. Echographic scanning was found to yield the most accurate results.", "PMID": 64363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1253", "title": "Prostatic desiccation used in poor-risk patients with benign and malignant prostatic obstruction.", "content": "A small percentage of patients with infra-vesical obstruction cannot tolerate open or transurethral prostatectomy. In these cases cryoprostatectomy is a possibility, we have, however, used another method based on heat destruction of the tissue. The results in 24 poor-risk patients were satisfactory, without any serious postoperative complications, and with excellent long-term results in 80% of the cases. The only complication is a high rate of incontinence. Until this problem has been solved the procedure should be reserved for poor-risk patients.", "contents": "Prostatic desiccation used in poor-risk patients with benign and malignant prostatic obstruction. A small percentage of patients with infra-vesical obstruction cannot tolerate open or transurethral prostatectomy. In these cases cryoprostatectomy is a possibility, we have, however, used another method based on heat destruction of the tissue. The results in 24 poor-risk patients were satisfactory, without any serious postoperative complications, and with excellent long-term results in 80% of the cases. The only complication is a high rate of incontinence. Until this problem has been solved the procedure should be reserved for poor-risk patients.", "PMID": 64364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1254", "title": "Identification of cells or origin of non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei of the cat.", "content": "In order to identify cells of origin in the spinal cord of non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been utilized in adult cats. 10 to 30% HRP was injected bilaterally (0.6 mul per side) in the dorsal medulla of nine cats. In most instances the spread of the injected enzyme extended a few millimeters rostrocaudally and infiltrated the DCN as well as other nuclei and fiber tracts. Labelled cells in these cases are numerous in the upper cervical, brachial and lumbosacral cord but are sparse in thoracic segments below T1. At upper cervical levels (C1-C4) HRP-positive neurons are distributed throughout the grey matter but are especially concentrated in the medial part of lamina VI. Cells projecting to the dorsal medulla are mainly localized in lamina IV and, more ventrally, along the medial border of the dorsal horn in the brachial and lumbosacral cord. Labelled cells at these levels are also scattered within lamina I and laminae VI through VII in cases in which the focus of the injection involved extensive portions of the medulla. From cases in which bilateral HRP injections were preceded by spinal tractotomy, it appears that the axons of at least the majority of labelled cells in lamina IV ascend in the ipsilateral dorsal quadrant of the spinal cord. In another group of adult cats, 0.1 to 0.25 mul of 30 to 50% HRP was injected unilaterally in the dorsal medulla at the level of, or rostral to, the obex. With these volumes of exogenous enzyme, an intense reaction product is largely confined within the limits of the DCN. Labelled cells in these cases are found almost exclusively in the medial part of lamina VI at upper cervical levels and, at brachial and lumbosacral levels, throughout lamina IV and medially in lamina V on the side of the cord ipsilateral to the injection. The results are discussed in relation to the organization of the dorsal horn ascending pathways with special reference to cells or origin of the spinocervical tract.", "contents": "Identification of cells or origin of non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei of the cat. In order to identify cells of origin in the spinal cord of non-primary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been utilized in adult cats. 10 to 30% HRP was injected bilaterally (0.6 mul per side) in the dorsal medulla of nine cats. In most instances the spread of the injected enzyme extended a few millimeters rostrocaudally and infiltrated the DCN as well as other nuclei and fiber tracts. Labelled cells in these cases are numerous in the upper cervical, brachial and lumbosacral cord but are sparse in thoracic segments below T1. At upper cervical levels (C1-C4) HRP-positive neurons are distributed throughout the grey matter but are especially concentrated in the medial part of lamina VI. Cells projecting to the dorsal medulla are mainly localized in lamina IV and, more ventrally, along the medial border of the dorsal horn in the brachial and lumbosacral cord. Labelled cells at these levels are also scattered within lamina I and laminae VI through VII in cases in which the focus of the injection involved extensive portions of the medulla. From cases in which bilateral HRP injections were preceded by spinal tractotomy, it appears that the axons of at least the majority of labelled cells in lamina IV ascend in the ipsilateral dorsal quadrant of the spinal cord. In another group of adult cats, 0.1 to 0.25 mul of 30 to 50% HRP was injected unilaterally in the dorsal medulla at the level of, or rostral to, the obex. With these volumes of exogenous enzyme, an intense reaction product is largely confined within the limits of the DCN. Labelled cells in these cases are found almost exclusively in the medial part of lamina VI at upper cervical levels and, at brachial and lumbosacral levels, throughout lamina IV and medially in lamina V on the side of the cord ipsilateral to the injection. The results are discussed in relation to the organization of the dorsal horn ascending pathways with special reference to cells or origin of the spinocervical tract.", "PMID": 64365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1255", "title": "Significance of the maillet method (ZIO) for cytochemical studies of subcellular structures.", "content": "The present knowledge on the methodology, specificity, localization, cytochemical significance and experimental variations of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining are reviewed. Some new findings supporting the concept that ZIO reacts with -SH groups in some structures under specific conditions are also communicated. In this respect the effect of in vitro pretreatment with -SH reagents on ZIO staining, already described in different kinds of synaptic vesicles, was studied in rod photoreceptor outer segments. It was observed that the intra- and extradiskal electron opaque deposits, present in untreated rod outer segments directly stained with ZIO at 4 degrees C for 2 h, were enhanced by previous incubation with dithioerythrytol (DTE), which protects -SH groups and reduce -S-S-bridges; when N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM), a -SH blocking agent was used directly or after DTE, the electron opaque deposits were considerably reduced or abolished. Furthermore the influence of previous incubation with cysteine on ZIO staining was studied in the rat pineal gland. In the controls ZIO made at 4 degrees C for 2 h, reacts strongly with the matrix of the small granulated synaptic vesicles in the pineal nerves; no electron opaque deposits are seen in the membranes of the vacuolar system. Previous incubation with cysteine 5 mM in phosphate buffer makes negative ZIO reaction in the matrix of the synaptic vesicles while with a concentration of 50 mM cysteine, a partial recovery is observed. In both concentrations the membranes of the vacuolar system appeared covered by patchy electron opaque deposits.", "contents": "Significance of the maillet method (ZIO) for cytochemical studies of subcellular structures. The present knowledge on the methodology, specificity, localization, cytochemical significance and experimental variations of the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining are reviewed. Some new findings supporting the concept that ZIO reacts with -SH groups in some structures under specific conditions are also communicated. In this respect the effect of in vitro pretreatment with -SH reagents on ZIO staining, already described in different kinds of synaptic vesicles, was studied in rod photoreceptor outer segments. It was observed that the intra- and extradiskal electron opaque deposits, present in untreated rod outer segments directly stained with ZIO at 4 degrees C for 2 h, were enhanced by previous incubation with dithioerythrytol (DTE), which protects -SH groups and reduce -S-S-bridges; when N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM), a -SH blocking agent was used directly or after DTE, the electron opaque deposits were considerably reduced or abolished. Furthermore the influence of previous incubation with cysteine on ZIO staining was studied in the rat pineal gland. In the controls ZIO made at 4 degrees C for 2 h, reacts strongly with the matrix of the small granulated synaptic vesicles in the pineal nerves; no electron opaque deposits are seen in the membranes of the vacuolar system. Previous incubation with cysteine 5 mM in phosphate buffer makes negative ZIO reaction in the matrix of the synaptic vesicles while with a concentration of 50 mM cysteine, a partial recovery is observed. In both concentrations the membranes of the vacuolar system appeared covered by patchy electron opaque deposits.", "PMID": 64367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1256", "title": "Amino acid and protein concentrations of human follicular fluid.", "content": "The amino acid and protein composition of human follicular fluid, obtained during surgery from women with polycystic ovaries, and of a simultaneously obtained sample of blood plasma were studied. In general, amino acid concentrations were higher in follicular fluid than in blood plasma: only the concentration of Cys was significantly lower in follicular fluid than in plasma, while Asp, Thr, Glu, Glu-NH2, Gly, Ala, and Met showed concentrations that were not significantly different in either biologic fluid. The concentration of basic amino acids, taken as group, was almost twice as high in follicular fluid as in plasma. The total protein concentration in follicular fluid was not significantly different from that in blood plasma. However, the follicular fluid albumin concentration was higher and globulin concentration lower than the respective concentrations in plasma. Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of follicular fluid showed some consistent differences, particularly in the alpha-globulin region, with the pattern observed in blood plasma. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of follicular fluid in capacitation and egg segmentation.", "contents": "Amino acid and protein concentrations of human follicular fluid. The amino acid and protein composition of human follicular fluid, obtained during surgery from women with polycystic ovaries, and of a simultaneously obtained sample of blood plasma were studied. In general, amino acid concentrations were higher in follicular fluid than in blood plasma: only the concentration of Cys was significantly lower in follicular fluid than in plasma, while Asp, Thr, Glu, Glu-NH2, Gly, Ala, and Met showed concentrations that were not significantly different in either biologic fluid. The concentration of basic amino acids, taken as group, was almost twice as high in follicular fluid as in plasma. The total protein concentration in follicular fluid was not significantly different from that in blood plasma. However, the follicular fluid albumin concentration was higher and globulin concentration lower than the respective concentrations in plasma. Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of follicular fluid showed some consistent differences, particularly in the alpha-globulin region, with the pattern observed in blood plasma. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible role of follicular fluid in capacitation and egg segmentation.", "PMID": 64370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1257", "title": "[Effects of verapamil on sinusal function and on atrioventricular conduction along normal and abnormal pathways, in patients with pre-existing troubles of excitation conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of verapamil (5 mg i.v.) on excitation conduction in 20 patients who already had a basic alteration (7 with ventricular pre-excitation syndrome) were studied by His electrogram, during spontaneous sinusal rhythm and atrial electrostimulation in increasing frequencies. In 4 cases, a test crossed with atropine was carried out. The effects of the drug on the effective refractory period of the A-V node and the anomalous tract in 3 patients with W.P.W. syndrome of Kent's bundle were studied. The effects were: no significant modifications in the sinusal frequency; increase in the corrected preautomatic pause only in cases with sick sinus node syndrome and serious basic compromise of the sinus node function; slowing down of A-V conduction in the supra-hisian area and increase of the effective refractory period of the A-V node; no modification of the intra-atrial conduction, or the under-hisian and intraventricular A-V conduction; uneven slowing down of conduction along the anomalous tract of the pre-excitation syndrome of the James bundle; modification of the effective refractory period of the anomalous tract of the Kent bundle type, variable from case to case. On the basis of the electrophysiological properties, the possibilities and limits of use of the drug in sick sinud node syndrome in the common supraventricular paroxymal tachycardias, in atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and arrhythmias of the ventricular pre-excitation syndrome are emphasized.", "contents": "[Effects of verapamil on sinusal function and on atrioventricular conduction along normal and abnormal pathways, in patients with pre-existing troubles of excitation conduction (author's transl)]. Effects of verapamil (5 mg i.v.) on excitation conduction in 20 patients who already had a basic alteration (7 with ventricular pre-excitation syndrome) were studied by His electrogram, during spontaneous sinusal rhythm and atrial electrostimulation in increasing frequencies. In 4 cases, a test crossed with atropine was carried out. The effects of the drug on the effective refractory period of the A-V node and the anomalous tract in 3 patients with W.P.W. syndrome of Kent's bundle were studied. The effects were: no significant modifications in the sinusal frequency; increase in the corrected preautomatic pause only in cases with sick sinus node syndrome and serious basic compromise of the sinus node function; slowing down of A-V conduction in the supra-hisian area and increase of the effective refractory period of the A-V node; no modification of the intra-atrial conduction, or the under-hisian and intraventricular A-V conduction; uneven slowing down of conduction along the anomalous tract of the pre-excitation syndrome of the James bundle; modification of the effective refractory period of the anomalous tract of the Kent bundle type, variable from case to case. On the basis of the electrophysiological properties, the possibilities and limits of use of the drug in sick sinud node syndrome in the common supraventricular paroxymal tachycardias, in atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and arrhythmias of the ventricular pre-excitation syndrome are emphasized.", "PMID": 64371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1258", "title": "[Adverse effects of drugs: syncope due to prenylamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 4 Intensive Care Unit cases, hospitalized for syncopes due to serious ventricular arrhythmias. They all presented long Q-T and were receiving treatment with prenylamine. Improvements were observed on suspension of the drug, suggesting therefore that during this treatment, frequent electrocardiographic checks, especially for elderly patients, should be carried out. Caution should also be exercised in associations with other chinidinosimiles and hypokaliemic drugs", "contents": "[Adverse effects of drugs: syncope due to prenylamine (author's transl)]. The authors report on 4 Intensive Care Unit cases, hospitalized for syncopes due to serious ventricular arrhythmias. They all presented long Q-T and were receiving treatment with prenylamine. Improvements were observed on suspension of the drug, suggesting therefore that during this treatment, frequent electrocardiographic checks, especially for elderly patients, should be carried out. Caution should also be exercised in associations with other chinidinosimiles and hypokaliemic drugs", "PMID": 64372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1259", "title": "[Blood bunaphthine during dynamic physical exercise and anti-arrhythmic action].", "content": "The course of bunaphtinemia during submaximal exercise was studied. To 5 patients showing the appearance or the increase of extrasystole, both ventricular and supraventricular, during ergometric test on the bicycle ergometer, bunaphtine was administered by the following method: a first dose of 0.5 mg/kg was injected endovenously in 2 minutes followed by a constant endovenous infusion at the speed of 2.5 mg/min, throughout the exercise. Doses were calculated referring to a pharmacocynetic pattern with two compartments and supposing an apparent distribution volume of 3 l/k. Resulting bunaphtinemia curves showed a steady state and were completely above the minimum effective standard throughout the test. In all patients the drug prevented ventricular arrhythmias and compared to the standard reduced the supraventricular arrhythmias by 80%.", "contents": "[Blood bunaphthine during dynamic physical exercise and anti-arrhythmic action]. The course of bunaphtinemia during submaximal exercise was studied. To 5 patients showing the appearance or the increase of extrasystole, both ventricular and supraventricular, during ergometric test on the bicycle ergometer, bunaphtine was administered by the following method: a first dose of 0.5 mg/kg was injected endovenously in 2 minutes followed by a constant endovenous infusion at the speed of 2.5 mg/min, throughout the exercise. Doses were calculated referring to a pharmacocynetic pattern with two compartments and supposing an apparent distribution volume of 3 l/k. Resulting bunaphtinemia curves showed a steady state and were completely above the minimum effective standard throughout the test. In all patients the drug prevented ventricular arrhythmias and compared to the standard reduced the supraventricular arrhythmias by 80%.", "PMID": 64374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1260", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with massive hepatic necrosis.", "content": "Serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 12 patients with massive hepatic necrosis, 11 of whom died. Levels were significantly elevated after the 8th day of illness in 8 of the 9 patients who died between the 10th and 60th day, and in the 1 patient who survived. All 9 patients with increased levels of serum AFP exhibited histological evidence of hepatic regeneration. These findings indicate that the rise in serum AFP in massive hepatic necrosis is related to the duration of survival after the onset of illness, but does not necessarily imply ultimate recovery. Because available evidence suggests that the serum AFP level reflects hepatic regenerative activity, it appears that the onset of regeneration in fulminant hepatitis is delayed until the 2nd week of illness.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with massive hepatic necrosis. Serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 12 patients with massive hepatic necrosis, 11 of whom died. Levels were significantly elevated after the 8th day of illness in 8 of the 9 patients who died between the 10th and 60th day, and in the 1 patient who survived. All 9 patients with increased levels of serum AFP exhibited histological evidence of hepatic regeneration. These findings indicate that the rise in serum AFP in massive hepatic necrosis is related to the duration of survival after the onset of illness, but does not necessarily imply ultimate recovery. Because available evidence suggests that the serum AFP level reflects hepatic regenerative activity, it appears that the onset of regeneration in fulminant hepatitis is delayed until the 2nd week of illness.", "PMID": 64375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1261", "title": "Cellular subclasses in human leukemic hemopoiesis.", "content": "Cellular organization and communication in leukemic hemopoiesis may be compared with its counterpart in normal hemopoiesis. Results obtained using cell culture methods have provided some support for the view that leukemic hemopoiesis, like normla hemopoiesis, may involve 3 levels of differentiation: leukemic stem cells, committed leukemic progenitors, and more mature cells. Evidence is also beginning to emerge that leukemic populations may be regulated by messages from the environment in a manner analogous to normal hemopoiesis. The apparent similarities between leukemic and normal hemopoiesis raise, the possibility that the target cell for leukemic transformation is the normal pluripotent stem cell. The development of culture methods for the production of leukovirus-like particles from human leukemic cells provides a possible first step toward the direct identification of leukemic target cells.", "contents": "Cellular subclasses in human leukemic hemopoiesis. Cellular organization and communication in leukemic hemopoiesis may be compared with its counterpart in normal hemopoiesis. Results obtained using cell culture methods have provided some support for the view that leukemic hemopoiesis, like normla hemopoiesis, may involve 3 levels of differentiation: leukemic stem cells, committed leukemic progenitors, and more mature cells. Evidence is also beginning to emerge that leukemic populations may be regulated by messages from the environment in a manner analogous to normal hemopoiesis. The apparent similarities between leukemic and normal hemopoiesis raise, the possibility that the target cell for leukemic transformation is the normal pluripotent stem cell. The development of culture methods for the production of leukovirus-like particles from human leukemic cells provides a possible first step toward the direct identification of leukemic target cells.", "PMID": 64380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1262", "title": "[Results of palliative operations in infants with pseudotruncus arteriosus (author's transl)].", "content": "A palliative procedure in patients with pulmonary atresia with VSD should improve arterial oxygen saturation, allow growth and development, and promotes a uniform dilatation of the pulmonary arteries. Thirty-three severely symptomatic patients, ranging from 5 days to 24 mths of age and from 2,4 to 11 kg of weight underwent a variety of palliative operations, including the ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery shunt (intrapericardial: 15 cases; extrapericardial: 14 cases), the Blalock shunt (4 cases). In two cases, both with absence of the left pulmonary artery, a Waterston shunt was performed using cardiopulmonary by-pass. The operative mortality was 20%. In two patients an additional shunt procedure was deemed necessary due to persistent cyanosis. All the survivors improved in terms of arterial oxygen saturation, growth and development. There were no late deaths (mean follow-up: 23 months).", "contents": "[Results of palliative operations in infants with pseudotruncus arteriosus (author's transl)]. A palliative procedure in patients with pulmonary atresia with VSD should improve arterial oxygen saturation, allow growth and development, and promotes a uniform dilatation of the pulmonary arteries. Thirty-three severely symptomatic patients, ranging from 5 days to 24 mths of age and from 2,4 to 11 kg of weight underwent a variety of palliative operations, including the ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery shunt (intrapericardial: 15 cases; extrapericardial: 14 cases), the Blalock shunt (4 cases). In two cases, both with absence of the left pulmonary artery, a Waterston shunt was performed using cardiopulmonary by-pass. The operative mortality was 20%. In two patients an additional shunt procedure was deemed necessary due to persistent cyanosis. All the survivors improved in terms of arterial oxygen saturation, growth and development. There were no late deaths (mean follow-up: 23 months).", "PMID": 64373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1263", "title": "Bovine leukemia virus: an exogenous RNA oncogenic virus?", "content": "Short term cultures of bovine leukemic lymphocytes release virus particles with biochemical properties of RNA oncogenic viruses. These particles, tentatively called Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) have a high molecular weight-reverse transcriptase complex and a density averaging 1.155 g/ml in sucrose solutions. Molecular hybridizations between BLV-3H cDNA and several viral RNAs show that BLV is not related to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus (MPMV) Simian Sarcoma Associated Virus (SSV-1) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) or Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV). Rauscher Leukemia Virus (RLV) exhibits a slight but reproducible relatednesse to BLV. The high preference of BLV reverse transcriptase for Mg++ as the divalent cation suggests that BLV might be an atypical mammalian leukemogenic type C virus. Hybridization studies using BLV 3H cDNA as a probe suggest that the DNA of bovine leukemic cells contains viral sequences that cannot be detected in normal bovine DNA.", "contents": "Bovine leukemia virus: an exogenous RNA oncogenic virus? Short term cultures of bovine leukemic lymphocytes release virus particles with biochemical properties of RNA oncogenic viruses. These particles, tentatively called Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) have a high molecular weight-reverse transcriptase complex and a density averaging 1.155 g/ml in sucrose solutions. Molecular hybridizations between BLV-3H cDNA and several viral RNAs show that BLV is not related to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus (MPMV) Simian Sarcoma Associated Virus (SSV-1) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) or Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV). Rauscher Leukemia Virus (RLV) exhibits a slight but reproducible relatednesse to BLV. The high preference of BLV reverse transcriptase for Mg++ as the divalent cation suggests that BLV might be an atypical mammalian leukemogenic type C virus. Hybridization studies using BLV 3H cDNA as a probe suggest that the DNA of bovine leukemic cells contains viral sequences that cannot be detected in normal bovine DNA.", "PMID": 64382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1264", "title": "B- and T-cell determination in ALL.", "content": "The influence of different cytostatic treatment schemes on T- and B-cell behaviour has been studied in children with ALL and UAL. Under these treatment schemes the percentage of B-cells decreased, while the percentage of T-cells remained within normal limits. In long-term remissions, we found normal values. In the first attack of ALL before therapy, a different behaviour of lymphoid cells was found. One group of patients had no lymphoid cells with membrane-bound Ig and no rosette forming cells; a second group had mainly T-cells, and a third group showed normal values of lymphoid cells with membrane-bound Ig, but the ability of rosette formation was slightly diminished. Whether this membrane-bound Ig is really cell-produced or only attached to the cell-membrane (blocking antibodies?) is discussed. Capping and pitching behaviour was observed. There were no differences in cell-membrane fluidity as compared with the normal controls.", "contents": "B- and T-cell determination in ALL. The influence of different cytostatic treatment schemes on T- and B-cell behaviour has been studied in children with ALL and UAL. Under these treatment schemes the percentage of B-cells decreased, while the percentage of T-cells remained within normal limits. In long-term remissions, we found normal values. In the first attack of ALL before therapy, a different behaviour of lymphoid cells was found. One group of patients had no lymphoid cells with membrane-bound Ig and no rosette forming cells; a second group had mainly T-cells, and a third group showed normal values of lymphoid cells with membrane-bound Ig, but the ability of rosette formation was slightly diminished. Whether this membrane-bound Ig is really cell-produced or only attached to the cell-membrane (blocking antibodies?) is discussed. Capping and pitching behaviour was observed. There were no differences in cell-membrane fluidity as compared with the normal controls.", "PMID": 64386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1265", "title": "The amoebocytic corpuscles in the circulating fluid of the lamelli-branches, Indonaia caerulia and Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens.", "content": "The circulating amoebocytes of the freshwater mussels, Indonaia caerulia and Parreysia favidens have been studied. The total number of amoebocytes is low and variable, and the individual to individual variation in total counts is particularly significant. The amoebocytes are of 3 main types: Acidophils, Large Basophils and Small Basophils. Acidophils contain large acidophilic granules and basophils fine basophilic granules within the cytoplasm. Acidophils are the largest and small basophils the smallest. The greater volume of the cell is occupied by cytoplasm in acidophils and large basophils and by the nucleus in small basophils. Large basophils are the most and small basophils the least abundant. Amoebocytes clump together by means of filipodia. Large basophils possess these protoplasmic processes in the greatest abundance, and partake most actively and in largest numbers in clumping; while small basophils lack filipodia and play an absolutely passive role. Clumping progressively becomes more extensive with passage of time following cardiac injury inflicted during blood collection. I. caerulia appears to be generally more efficient than P. favidens with regard to clumping reaction. The different structural, numerical and behavioural aspects of the amoebocytes have been considered with reference to their probable causative factors and functional import.", "contents": "The amoebocytic corpuscles in the circulating fluid of the lamelli-branches, Indonaia caerulia and Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens. The circulating amoebocytes of the freshwater mussels, Indonaia caerulia and Parreysia favidens have been studied. The total number of amoebocytes is low and variable, and the individual to individual variation in total counts is particularly significant. The amoebocytes are of 3 main types: Acidophils, Large Basophils and Small Basophils. Acidophils contain large acidophilic granules and basophils fine basophilic granules within the cytoplasm. Acidophils are the largest and small basophils the smallest. The greater volume of the cell is occupied by cytoplasm in acidophils and large basophils and by the nucleus in small basophils. Large basophils are the most and small basophils the least abundant. Amoebocytes clump together by means of filipodia. Large basophils possess these protoplasmic processes in the greatest abundance, and partake most actively and in largest numbers in clumping; while small basophils lack filipodia and play an absolutely passive role. Clumping progressively becomes more extensive with passage of time following cardiac injury inflicted during blood collection. I. caerulia appears to be generally more efficient than P. favidens with regard to clumping reaction. The different structural, numerical and behavioural aspects of the amoebocytes have been considered with reference to their probable causative factors and functional import.", "PMID": 64387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1266", "title": "Blood of the common indian weaver birds Ploceus philippinus and Ploceus benghalensis (Linnaeus).", "content": "The blood contents of two common Indian weaver birds, Ploceus philippinus and Ploceus benghalensis have been studied. Morphology of RBC and WBC, total differential count, the number of RBC and WBC, Hb contents, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, ESR, haemin crystal structures, coagulation and prothrombin time, glucose and cholesterol contents were calculated and compared with the haematological data recorded for other birds and vertebrates. Variation with respect to length and breadth of the erythrocytes and length of the nucleus of the RBC were also discussed. Males have higher RBC number and Hb content in these birds. The mean RBC number and Hb content were also more than in fishes, amphibians and reptiles but little less than in man. The RBC number for males of both the species do not differ significantly but the Hb contents in males and females of P. benghalensis differ significantly but this was not found in P. philippinus. Again the Hb content in male of both the species differ significantly but this was not true in females. Like Passer and Columba large number of polymorphs and lymphocytes were present but only a few basophils was observed in most of the slide preparations. No special type of haemin crystals were observed in any sex of both the species. The coagulation time was more than Passer and Columba but less than in man. There was also no marked difference in both the species with respect to prothrombin time. In both the species blood glucose was more in female than male but there was no marked difference in both the species.", "contents": "Blood of the common indian weaver birds Ploceus philippinus and Ploceus benghalensis (Linnaeus). The blood contents of two common Indian weaver birds, Ploceus philippinus and Ploceus benghalensis have been studied. Morphology of RBC and WBC, total differential count, the number of RBC and WBC, Hb contents, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, ESR, haemin crystal structures, coagulation and prothrombin time, glucose and cholesterol contents were calculated and compared with the haematological data recorded for other birds and vertebrates. Variation with respect to length and breadth of the erythrocytes and length of the nucleus of the RBC were also discussed. Males have higher RBC number and Hb content in these birds. The mean RBC number and Hb content were also more than in fishes, amphibians and reptiles but little less than in man. The RBC number for males of both the species do not differ significantly but the Hb contents in males and females of P. benghalensis differ significantly but this was not found in P. philippinus. Again the Hb content in male of both the species differ significantly but this was not true in females. Like Passer and Columba large number of polymorphs and lymphocytes were present but only a few basophils was observed in most of the slide preparations. No special type of haemin crystals were observed in any sex of both the species. The coagulation time was more than Passer and Columba but less than in man. There was also no marked difference in both the species with respect to prothrombin time. In both the species blood glucose was more in female than male but there was no marked difference in both the species.", "PMID": 64388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1267", "title": "[Problems in the treatment of stem cell leukemias in aged patients].", "content": "Stem-cell leukemias will reveal a second peak of frequency at old age. The cytochemical differentiation in 26 patients of old age revealed a preponderance of myeloblastic forms. Moreover, a slight accumulation of monocytic and myelo-monocytic types could also be observed. In spite of this apparently unfavourable cytochemical differentiation the relatively good capability of myeloblastic leukemias of responding to cytostatic treatment was surprising. However, no cytostatic maximum programmes should be chosen in view of the low regenerating ability of the bone marrow in old patients.", "contents": "[Problems in the treatment of stem cell leukemias in aged patients]. Stem-cell leukemias will reveal a second peak of frequency at old age. The cytochemical differentiation in 26 patients of old age revealed a preponderance of myeloblastic forms. Moreover, a slight accumulation of monocytic and myelo-monocytic types could also be observed. In spite of this apparently unfavourable cytochemical differentiation the relatively good capability of myeloblastic leukemias of responding to cytostatic treatment was surprising. However, no cytostatic maximum programmes should be chosen in view of the low regenerating ability of the bone marrow in old patients.", "PMID": 64389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1268", "title": "[Loss of blood and carbon tetrachloride poisoning].", "content": "In rats the induced enhancement of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and leucine aminopeptidase activity in plasma to 5.2 mMol CC14/kg (per 05) is potentiated after repeated drawing of blood. The DL50 of CC14 following oral application in rats after loss of blood is reduced significant comparatively to controls and to animals with increased content of haemoglobin in blood.", "contents": "[Loss of blood and carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. In rats the induced enhancement of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and leucine aminopeptidase activity in plasma to 5.2 mMol CC14/kg (per 05) is potentiated after repeated drawing of blood. The DL50 of CC14 following oral application in rats after loss of blood is reduced significant comparatively to controls and to animals with increased content of haemoglobin in blood.", "PMID": 64390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1269", "title": "Susceptibility of volume stress in Colisa fasciatus.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of 0.6% NaC1, commonly used as injection vehicle, at 10 mul/g, but not at 5 mul/g. elicit significant (p less than .05) transitory erythropenia, leucopenia, and thrombopenia at selected post-injection time intervals in female Colisa fasciatus, a fresh water teleost. It is suggested that administration of large volumes of injection fluid per gram body weight of experimental animals should be avoided lest it might distort physiological parameters, particularly those relating to blood components, under study.", "contents": "Susceptibility of volume stress in Colisa fasciatus. Intraperitoneal injections of 0.6% NaC1, commonly used as injection vehicle, at 10 mul/g, but not at 5 mul/g. elicit significant (p less than .05) transitory erythropenia, leucopenia, and thrombopenia at selected post-injection time intervals in female Colisa fasciatus, a fresh water teleost. It is suggested that administration of large volumes of injection fluid per gram body weight of experimental animals should be avoided lest it might distort physiological parameters, particularly those relating to blood components, under study.", "PMID": 64391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1270", "title": "[Intravital survival and deformability of weakly amidinated rat erythrocytes].", "content": "Rat erythrocytes previously labelled with 51Cr were treated with 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM dimethyladipic imidate (ADE) pH 9.5, respectively, or with borate buffer pH 9.5 for 15 minutes each. After reinjection into rats of amidinated or nonamidinated erythrocytes their elimination form the streaming blood was followed for 50 days (0.1 mM ADE) or 38 days (0.5 mM ADE). During the 1st day about 10% of amidinated erythrocytes were sequestered. There was no increased initial elimination rate of borate incubated red blood cells detectable. During the following period the elimination rate of erythrocytes amidinated with 0.5 mM ADE was slightly greater than in the case of erythrocytes treated with 0.1 mM ADE. The mean life span of 0.5 mM ADE-erythrocytes was shorter compared with the controls and with 0.1 mM ADE-erythrocytes. Red blood cells previously treated with 0.5 mM ADE are significantly less deformable. Presumably, the stiffness of amidinated erythrocytes causes their increased elimination rate.", "contents": "[Intravital survival and deformability of weakly amidinated rat erythrocytes]. Rat erythrocytes previously labelled with 51Cr were treated with 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM dimethyladipic imidate (ADE) pH 9.5, respectively, or with borate buffer pH 9.5 for 15 minutes each. After reinjection into rats of amidinated or nonamidinated erythrocytes their elimination form the streaming blood was followed for 50 days (0.1 mM ADE) or 38 days (0.5 mM ADE). During the 1st day about 10% of amidinated erythrocytes were sequestered. There was no increased initial elimination rate of borate incubated red blood cells detectable. During the following period the elimination rate of erythrocytes amidinated with 0.5 mM ADE was slightly greater than in the case of erythrocytes treated with 0.1 mM ADE. The mean life span of 0.5 mM ADE-erythrocytes was shorter compared with the controls and with 0.1 mM ADE-erythrocytes. Red blood cells previously treated with 0.5 mM ADE are significantly less deformable. Presumably, the stiffness of amidinated erythrocytes causes their increased elimination rate.", "PMID": 64392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1271", "title": "[Mechanical resistance of amidinated human erythrocytes].", "content": "The amidination reactions by means of dimethyl adipimidate (0.25-10.0 mM) or dimethyldodecane-imidate (0.1-1.0 mM) cause an alteration of the mechanical resistance of red blood cells. Low amidination results in peripheral cross-links of erythrocytes whose mechanical resistance increase relative to borate buffer treated cells. Increasing cross-linking reduces the mechanical resistance of erythrocytes, which finally appears to have become restored. The final state, however, is characterized by an almost complete cross-linking of the cell, which than no longer behaves like an osmometer.", "contents": "[Mechanical resistance of amidinated human erythrocytes]. The amidination reactions by means of dimethyl adipimidate (0.25-10.0 mM) or dimethyldodecane-imidate (0.1-1.0 mM) cause an alteration of the mechanical resistance of red blood cells. Low amidination results in peripheral cross-links of erythrocytes whose mechanical resistance increase relative to borate buffer treated cells. Increasing cross-linking reduces the mechanical resistance of erythrocytes, which finally appears to have become restored. The final state, however, is characterized by an almost complete cross-linking of the cell, which than no longer behaves like an osmometer.", "PMID": 64393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1272", "title": "[The effect of splenectomy, produced chemically by means of ethylpalmitate, on the formation of heteroagglutinins in the rat].", "content": "The formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-erythrocytes was pursued in Wistar rats splenectomized \"chemically\" by means of intravenous injections of ethyl palmitite. Contrary to some data in literature the initial inhibition in the formation of antibodies was replaced by a significant titre increase ranging from the 8th to the 14th day following immunization. The tween 20 contained in the emulsion of ethyl palmitic did not influence the formation of heteroagglutinins. The examinations show that a possible use of palmitic ethyl for immunosuppression is questionable.", "contents": "[The effect of splenectomy, produced chemically by means of ethylpalmitate, on the formation of heteroagglutinins in the rat]. The formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-erythrocytes was pursued in Wistar rats splenectomized \"chemically\" by means of intravenous injections of ethyl palmitite. Contrary to some data in literature the initial inhibition in the formation of antibodies was replaced by a significant titre increase ranging from the 8th to the 14th day following immunization. The tween 20 contained in the emulsion of ethyl palmitic did not influence the formation of heteroagglutinins. The examinations show that a possible use of palmitic ethyl for immunosuppression is questionable.", "PMID": 64394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1273", "title": "Filtrability of erythrocytes in \"hypersplenic\" rats.", "content": "The values of haemoglobin, reticulocytes and half-times of the filtrability of non-washed and washed erythrocytes were examined in male albino rats, Wistar strain, after i.p. injections of methylcellulose (MC) and compared with controls. In individual experiments the rats received 2 to 32 injections of MC. In injected animals, the filtrability of non-washed erythrocytes was altered. The filtrability half-times of the washed erythrocytes did not differ from the controls. Thus, the filtrability is altered for extracorpuscular reasons. \"Hypersplenism\" being completely developed, (after 32 MC injections), the filtrability of non-washed erythrocytes repaired when the application of MC had been discontinued, the reticulocyte values remained however increased. Problems of the mechanism of anaemia in experimental \"hypersplenism\" after MC injections in rats and relations between the altered filtrability of the erythrocytes and the haemolysis are discussed.", "contents": "Filtrability of erythrocytes in \"hypersplenic\" rats. The values of haemoglobin, reticulocytes and half-times of the filtrability of non-washed and washed erythrocytes were examined in male albino rats, Wistar strain, after i.p. injections of methylcellulose (MC) and compared with controls. In individual experiments the rats received 2 to 32 injections of MC. In injected animals, the filtrability of non-washed erythrocytes was altered. The filtrability half-times of the washed erythrocytes did not differ from the controls. Thus, the filtrability is altered for extracorpuscular reasons. \"Hypersplenism\" being completely developed, (after 32 MC injections), the filtrability of non-washed erythrocytes repaired when the application of MC had been discontinued, the reticulocyte values remained however increased. Problems of the mechanism of anaemia in experimental \"hypersplenism\" after MC injections in rats and relations between the altered filtrability of the erythrocytes and the haemolysis are discussed.", "PMID": 64395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1274", "title": "[The effect of inosine, inorganic phosphates and pyruvate on erythrocyte glycolysis metabolites under conditions of preservation].", "content": "Human erythrocytes were stored as resuspensions in solutions containing citrate (Z), inosine + citrate (I), inosine + phosphate (IP), and inosine + phosphate + pyruvate (IPP). The storage was made at + 4 degrees C for 6 weeks; the initial pH-value amounted to 7.4 at + 4 degrees C. The cellular concentrations of 2.3 DPG, ATP, G6P, FDP and DOAP + GAP were determined. The following results were obtained: 1. During the storage in stored Z-blood the 2.3 DPG concentration will fall below 10% of its initial value; it will remain nearly unchanged in stored I-blood and will increase to 170% in stored IP-blood, to 270% of its initial value in stored IPP-blood. 2. The ATP concentration of cells will fall to about 50% of its initial value at the beginning of the storage of all stored blood. After that it will only increase to about 80% of its initial value in stored IP- and IPP-blood. 3. During the storage the G6P concentration will increase to the highest degree in stored IPP-blood and if high pyruvate concentrations are not present, it will have a reciprocal behaviour towards the FDP and triosephosphate level. The results were discussed in view of the regulation of glycolysis under storage conditions.", "contents": "[The effect of inosine, inorganic phosphates and pyruvate on erythrocyte glycolysis metabolites under conditions of preservation]. Human erythrocytes were stored as resuspensions in solutions containing citrate (Z), inosine + citrate (I), inosine + phosphate (IP), and inosine + phosphate + pyruvate (IPP). The storage was made at + 4 degrees C for 6 weeks; the initial pH-value amounted to 7.4 at + 4 degrees C. The cellular concentrations of 2.3 DPG, ATP, G6P, FDP and DOAP + GAP were determined. The following results were obtained: 1. During the storage in stored Z-blood the 2.3 DPG concentration will fall below 10% of its initial value; it will remain nearly unchanged in stored I-blood and will increase to 170% in stored IP-blood, to 270% of its initial value in stored IPP-blood. 2. The ATP concentration of cells will fall to about 50% of its initial value at the beginning of the storage of all stored blood. After that it will only increase to about 80% of its initial value in stored IP- and IPP-blood. 3. During the storage the G6P concentration will increase to the highest degree in stored IPP-blood and if high pyruvate concentrations are not present, it will have a reciprocal behaviour towards the FDP and triosephosphate level. The results were discussed in view of the regulation of glycolysis under storage conditions.", "PMID": 64396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1275", "title": "[Fibrinolytic properties of a heparin-ocrase complex].", "content": "The obtained heparin-ocrase complex includes properties of inhibiting coagulation and a high fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in vivo. The fibrinolytic activity of the heparin-ocrase complex is higher than the equivalent amount of ocrase. The fibrinolytic activity of the complex is not only evident on non-stabilized fibrin plates, but likewise on stabilized ones and at the presence of inhibitors of enzymatic fibrinolysis, such as Trasylol and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The complex formation between heparin and protease was confirmed by means of cross-paper electrophoresis and spectrophotometry.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic properties of a heparin-ocrase complex]. The obtained heparin-ocrase complex includes properties of inhibiting coagulation and a high fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in vivo. The fibrinolytic activity of the heparin-ocrase complex is higher than the equivalent amount of ocrase. The fibrinolytic activity of the complex is not only evident on non-stabilized fibrin plates, but likewise on stabilized ones and at the presence of inhibitors of enzymatic fibrinolysis, such as Trasylol and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The complex formation between heparin and protease was confirmed by means of cross-paper electrophoresis and spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 64397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1276", "title": "[Micromethod for the determination of heat fibrinogen].", "content": "Description of a micromethod for determining heat fibrinogen where 0.06 to 0.08 ml of citrate plasma are only required. The results are similar to those of the heat fibrinogen method according to SCHULZ, yet they are by 15% below the average values of the Biuret test. The method is particularly suited as a quick orientating determination of fibrinogen for paediatrics and neonatology. A time of 30 minutes approximately is required for it.", "contents": "[Micromethod for the determination of heat fibrinogen]. Description of a micromethod for determining heat fibrinogen where 0.06 to 0.08 ml of citrate plasma are only required. The results are similar to those of the heat fibrinogen method according to SCHULZ, yet they are by 15% below the average values of the Biuret test. The method is particularly suited as a quick orientating determination of fibrinogen for paediatrics and neonatology. A time of 30 minutes approximately is required for it.", "PMID": 64398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1277", "title": "[Studies on cryoprecipitates. 6. Osmolality and electrolyte conductivity].", "content": "By measuring the osmolality of plasma and the cryoprecipitate gained by it as well as by measurements of conductivity the previously reported observations about the enrichment of electrolytes in cryoprecipitates could be confirmed. The findings show that these preparations represent hyperosmolic solutions. This fact should by kept in mind when applying them.", "contents": "[Studies on cryoprecipitates. 6. Osmolality and electrolyte conductivity]. By measuring the osmolality of plasma and the cryoprecipitate gained by it as well as by measurements of conductivity the previously reported observations about the enrichment of electrolytes in cryoprecipitates could be confirmed. The findings show that these preparations represent hyperosmolic solutions. This fact should by kept in mind when applying them.", "PMID": 64399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1278", "title": "[Review: Ontogeny of the oxygen transport in the blood].", "content": "The biological importance of the oxygen affinity of the tetrameric haemoglobin molecule and its dependency from co-factors is described. Oxygen affinity variations during development from embryonic to adult values are discussed in respect to oxygen uptake from maternal blood via placenta, in lungs and gills as well as to oxygen delivery into tissues. Comparative aspects of the molecular mechanisms leading to affinity changes are presented.", "contents": "[Review: Ontogeny of the oxygen transport in the blood]. The biological importance of the oxygen affinity of the tetrameric haemoglobin molecule and its dependency from co-factors is described. Oxygen affinity variations during development from embryonic to adult values are discussed in respect to oxygen uptake from maternal blood via placenta, in lungs and gills as well as to oxygen delivery into tissues. Comparative aspects of the molecular mechanisms leading to affinity changes are presented.", "PMID": 64400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1279", "title": "T cells, B cells and intermediate forms in the newborn studied by scanning electron microscopy and phosphatase marker.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed that percentage of T cells was lower in four cases of premature infants born between 30th and 34th week of gestation when compared with that in four cases of term infants (18.6% and 39.9% counted from 956 and 1,379 lymphocytes, respectively). The occurence of lymphocytes with intermediate patterns of surface morphology (I cells) was noted in both groups studied. Percentages of B and I cells were higher in the premature than in the term infant (26.3% and 55.1% and 20.0% and 39.1%, respectively). Analogous tendency in the T cell occurence in the premature and the term infant was demonstrated with acid phosphatase as T cell marker.", "contents": "T cells, B cells and intermediate forms in the newborn studied by scanning electron microscopy and phosphatase marker. Scanning electron microscopic studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed that percentage of T cells was lower in four cases of premature infants born between 30th and 34th week of gestation when compared with that in four cases of term infants (18.6% and 39.9% counted from 956 and 1,379 lymphocytes, respectively). The occurence of lymphocytes with intermediate patterns of surface morphology (I cells) was noted in both groups studied. Percentages of B and I cells were higher in the premature than in the term infant (26.3% and 55.1% and 20.0% and 39.1%, respectively). Analogous tendency in the T cell occurence in the premature and the term infant was demonstrated with acid phosphatase as T cell marker.", "PMID": 64401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1280", "title": "Formation of multinucleated giant cells from circulating blood cells cultivated in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Autologous circulating rabbit blood cells have been cultivated in Millipore diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally for 13 days. During this period multinucleated giant cells were formed within the diffusion chambers, confirming a hematogenous origin of these cells. The diffusion chamber technique might be helpful for the investigations of factors initiating the formation of multinucleated giant cells.", "contents": "Formation of multinucleated giant cells from circulating blood cells cultivated in diffusion chambers. Autologous circulating rabbit blood cells have been cultivated in Millipore diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally for 13 days. During this period multinucleated giant cells were formed within the diffusion chambers, confirming a hematogenous origin of these cells. The diffusion chamber technique might be helpful for the investigations of factors initiating the formation of multinucleated giant cells.", "PMID": 64402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1281", "title": "[Changes in the cellular immune reaction in the course of acute lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "In a seven years course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 children by means of the lymphocyte transformation test and the macrophage migration inhibition test. The transformation response revealed a dependence on the stage, course of the disease and regime of therapy during the tests with unspecific, specific and tumorspecific antigens. Compared with all antigens the transformation in the first crisis and in the recidives is significantly lower than in the remission. In spite of continuous immunosuppressive therapy in a cytostatic treatment lasting for years, the increase of the transformation rates is concealed by the fact that a positive selection of children with favourable courses can be evaluated in single test groups with advancing time of illness. The results for the prognosis of the disease and the transformation rates depending on the age of disease and the cell type are identical. The result of reaction with leukaemic cells as antigens enables prognostic conclusions to be made during the time of remission. Tests with leukaemic cells in myeloic leukaemias reveal a marked dependence on stages. In lymphatic forms a proceeding influence of the responding capacity of the T-lymphocyte population must be assumed. The difference in the results of reaction in cells from different stages must be discussed in connection with a possible change of antigens.", "contents": "[Changes in the cellular immune reaction in the course of acute lymphatic leukemia]. In a seven years course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 children by means of the lymphocyte transformation test and the macrophage migration inhibition test. The transformation response revealed a dependence on the stage, course of the disease and regime of therapy during the tests with unspecific, specific and tumorspecific antigens. Compared with all antigens the transformation in the first crisis and in the recidives is significantly lower than in the remission. In spite of continuous immunosuppressive therapy in a cytostatic treatment lasting for years, the increase of the transformation rates is concealed by the fact that a positive selection of children with favourable courses can be evaluated in single test groups with advancing time of illness. The results for the prognosis of the disease and the transformation rates depending on the age of disease and the cell type are identical. The result of reaction with leukaemic cells as antigens enables prognostic conclusions to be made during the time of remission. Tests with leukaemic cells in myeloic leukaemias reveal a marked dependence on stages. In lymphatic forms a proceeding influence of the responding capacity of the T-lymphocyte population must be assumed. The difference in the results of reaction in cells from different stages must be discussed in connection with a possible change of antigens.", "PMID": 64403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1282", "title": "[Repeated, 2-10 fold asparaginase treatments in children with lymphoproliferative diseases].", "content": "In 42 children being in the advanced stage of an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia as well in 7 children with lymphosarcoma a total of 83 series of treatment with L-asparaginase were carried out. During the first blastic crisis of acute leukaemia 74% of complete or partial remissions could be obtained by two treatments and 52% by the following ones. The best results were obtained by organ manifestations of acute leukaemia (80% of complete or partial remissions). Less satisfactory results were achieved in treating lymphosarcoma. All remissions were only of a short duration.", "contents": "[Repeated, 2-10 fold asparaginase treatments in children with lymphoproliferative diseases]. In 42 children being in the advanced stage of an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia as well in 7 children with lymphosarcoma a total of 83 series of treatment with L-asparaginase were carried out. During the first blastic crisis of acute leukaemia 74% of complete or partial remissions could be obtained by two treatments and 52% by the following ones. The best results were obtained by organ manifestations of acute leukaemia (80% of complete or partial remissions). Less satisfactory results were achieved in treating lymphosarcoma. All remissions were only of a short duration.", "PMID": 64404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1283", "title": "[Results of polychemotherapy and immunotherapy in acute leukemias].", "content": "For the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of an unspecific immunostimulation in acute leukaemias the results of treatment obtained from two groups of patients (a total of 55 children) were compiled. In the first group an unspecific immunostimulation with vaccination (BCG, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, measles) could be observed after the induction of remission during a cytostatic maintenance therapy. In the second group a polychemical therapy and the CNS-irradiation was applied according to the treatment scheme developed by the working team of Donald Pinkel. The group of patients treated with unspecific immunostimulation involved a high percentage of surviving children. In total there was no essential difference between the treatment results of both schemes of therapy during our period of observation. As before, the treatment of hyperleukocytic forms of leukaemias will cause particular difficulties.", "contents": "[Results of polychemotherapy and immunotherapy in acute leukemias]. For the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of an unspecific immunostimulation in acute leukaemias the results of treatment obtained from two groups of patients (a total of 55 children) were compiled. In the first group an unspecific immunostimulation with vaccination (BCG, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, measles) could be observed after the induction of remission during a cytostatic maintenance therapy. In the second group a polychemical therapy and the CNS-irradiation was applied according to the treatment scheme developed by the working team of Donald Pinkel. The group of patients treated with unspecific immunostimulation involved a high percentage of surviving children. In total there was no essential difference between the treatment results of both schemes of therapy during our period of observation. As before, the treatment of hyperleukocytic forms of leukaemias will cause particular difficulties.", "PMID": 64405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1284", "title": "[Possibilities for the treatment of varicella-herpes zoster infections in juvenile leukemia].", "content": "Chicken pox and herpes zoster represent afraid complications in patients with malignant diseases which may take a noxious course. During the sequence of two chicken pox epidemias in 1973 in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, the prevention and therapeutic possibilities were checked again. Chicken pox or herpes zoster convalescent sera being compatible for blood groups and zoster-immunoglobulin were not available. At the time of the epidemia the first reports on the effect of cytarabine (Alexan) were published. Moreover, we received an information on the therapeutic application of small pox vaccine inactivated with formaldehyde (vaccinia antigen) in adults with herpes zoster and herpes labialis. From 10 children with leukaemias, who were affected with chicken pox or herpes zoster, 7 received up to 1.0 ml of inactivated small pox vaccine intramuscularly on the first day of manifestation. In 6 of the patients there were no new efflorescences on the third day. A third child died. First of all it seems probable that this influence may be due to an induction of interferon formation. Further studies will have to elucidate to what extent this mechanism will also be efficient in severe cases of immunosuppression.", "contents": "[Possibilities for the treatment of varicella-herpes zoster infections in juvenile leukemia]. Chicken pox and herpes zoster represent afraid complications in patients with malignant diseases which may take a noxious course. During the sequence of two chicken pox epidemias in 1973 in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, the prevention and therapeutic possibilities were checked again. Chicken pox or herpes zoster convalescent sera being compatible for blood groups and zoster-immunoglobulin were not available. At the time of the epidemia the first reports on the effect of cytarabine (Alexan) were published. Moreover, we received an information on the therapeutic application of small pox vaccine inactivated with formaldehyde (vaccinia antigen) in adults with herpes zoster and herpes labialis. From 10 children with leukaemias, who were affected with chicken pox or herpes zoster, 7 received up to 1.0 ml of inactivated small pox vaccine intramuscularly on the first day of manifestation. In 6 of the patients there were no new efflorescences on the third day. A third child died. First of all it seems probable that this influence may be due to an induction of interferon formation. Further studies will have to elucidate to what extent this mechanism will also be efficient in severe cases of immunosuppression.", "PMID": 64406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1285", "title": "[The transplantability of bone marrow and spleen cells after filtration through silon tissue].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the separation of haematopoietic stem cells from suspensions of the bone-marrow and spleen by means of filtration with silon tissue. The presence of stem cells in the filtrates was determined by the spleen colony test according to the method of Till and McCulloch in irradiated mice. The investigations revealed that a selective separation of haematopoietic stem cells could not be achieved when proceeding in this way. From the results of further test series, in which suspensions were also used which had been gained from haematopoietic tissues of hypersplenic mice, the conclusion could be drawn that the haematopoietic stem cells obtained by filtrating the bone-marrow will have another affinity to the spleen tissue of irradiated mice than the haematopoietic stem cells gained by filtrating the spleen tissue.", "contents": "[The transplantability of bone marrow and spleen cells after filtration through silon tissue]. Investigations were carried out on the separation of haematopoietic stem cells from suspensions of the bone-marrow and spleen by means of filtration with silon tissue. The presence of stem cells in the filtrates was determined by the spleen colony test according to the method of Till and McCulloch in irradiated mice. The investigations revealed that a selective separation of haematopoietic stem cells could not be achieved when proceeding in this way. From the results of further test series, in which suspensions were also used which had been gained from haematopoietic tissues of hypersplenic mice, the conclusion could be drawn that the haematopoietic stem cells obtained by filtrating the bone-marrow will have another affinity to the spleen tissue of irradiated mice than the haematopoietic stem cells gained by filtrating the spleen tissue.", "PMID": 64407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1286", "title": "Inhibition of normal granulopoiesis by cytostatic agents.", "content": "Rabbits were treated with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil, myelosuppressive cytostatic agents, applied with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 or daily doses of 1/30 LD50 given for 14 days. Functional tests for evaluation of granulopoiesis were regularly performed at standard intervals and were following: leukocytosis, bone marrow picture with mitotic index, 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro followed by autoradiography of labeled promyelocytes and myelocytes, serum lysozyme activity, mobilization of granulocyte reserve pool by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, cytochemistry of granulocytes, phagocytosis ability and Nitro-BT reduction. It has been found that 6-10 days after application of cytostatics, a marked depression of proliferation of young granulocyte forms and lowered reserve pool, are regularly observed. This was followed by spontaneous regeneration of granulopoiesis. No changes were noted in functional tests of mature granulocytes in peripheral blood. It is suggested that for investigation of the impairment of granulopoiesis after application of cytostatic agents, most suitable is evaluation of mobilization of the bone marrow reserve pool, lysozyme activity in blood serum and labelling of promyelocytes and myelocytes with 3H-thymidine in vitro.", "contents": "Inhibition of normal granulopoiesis by cytostatic agents. Rabbits were treated with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil, myelosuppressive cytostatic agents, applied with a single dose of 1/3 LD50 or daily doses of 1/30 LD50 given for 14 days. Functional tests for evaluation of granulopoiesis were regularly performed at standard intervals and were following: leukocytosis, bone marrow picture with mitotic index, 3H-thymidine incorporation in vitro followed by autoradiography of labeled promyelocytes and myelocytes, serum lysozyme activity, mobilization of granulocyte reserve pool by staphylococcal alpha-toxin, cytochemistry of granulocytes, phagocytosis ability and Nitro-BT reduction. It has been found that 6-10 days after application of cytostatics, a marked depression of proliferation of young granulocyte forms and lowered reserve pool, are regularly observed. This was followed by spontaneous regeneration of granulopoiesis. No changes were noted in functional tests of mature granulocytes in peripheral blood. It is suggested that for investigation of the impairment of granulopoiesis after application of cytostatic agents, most suitable is evaluation of mobilization of the bone marrow reserve pool, lysozyme activity in blood serum and labelling of promyelocytes and myelocytes with 3H-thymidine in vitro.", "PMID": 64408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1287", "title": "[Blood morphology of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). II. Studies on granulopoiesis].", "content": "It was found that the granulocytes for Anguilla anguilla mainly form in the kidney. The stem cell of granulocytes is the large hemocytoblast. Sequences of development were established for the heterophil, cosinophil and basophil granulocytes. Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, mature red-shaped and segmented forms were described as stages of development of the heterophil granulocytes. In the case of the eosinophil and basophil granulocytes the myeloblastic and myelocytic stages could be demonstrated as well as the mature granulocyte. By the aid of special granular staining, phase contrast observations, supravital and cytochemical investigations the granulocytes could be described. The cytochemical proof for the granulocytes delivered a distribution pattern of the lipids, carbohydrates, RNA (RNS) and enzymes: unspecific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, oxydase and peroxydase. By means of heart puncture a larger loss of blood was caused and the hematopoiesis stimulated. The following blood letting gave indications of how rapidly the granulopoiesis develops and how much time maturing takes. After a larger loss of blood the new-growth of the granulocytes will be completed nine days later.", "contents": "[Blood morphology of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). II. Studies on granulopoiesis]. It was found that the granulocytes for Anguilla anguilla mainly form in the kidney. The stem cell of granulocytes is the large hemocytoblast. Sequences of development were established for the heterophil, cosinophil and basophil granulocytes. Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, mature red-shaped and segmented forms were described as stages of development of the heterophil granulocytes. In the case of the eosinophil and basophil granulocytes the myeloblastic and myelocytic stages could be demonstrated as well as the mature granulocyte. By the aid of special granular staining, phase contrast observations, supravital and cytochemical investigations the granulocytes could be described. The cytochemical proof for the granulocytes delivered a distribution pattern of the lipids, carbohydrates, RNA (RNS) and enzymes: unspecific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, oxydase and peroxydase. By means of heart puncture a larger loss of blood was caused and the hematopoiesis stimulated. The following blood letting gave indications of how rapidly the granulopoiesis develops and how much time maturing takes. After a larger loss of blood the new-growth of the granulocytes will be completed nine days later.", "PMID": 64409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1288", "title": "[Behavior of the heparinocytes after gold therapy].", "content": "A reduction of the total leukocytes as well as a significant decrease of heparinocytes and BAI (basophilic age index) can be observed in rheumatoid arthritis in the course of a gold therapy. As some coagulation parameters simultaneously speak in favour of an enhancement of the intravasal coagulation, a partial blocking of the endogenous heparin caused by gold may be supposed. A combined heparin or heparinoid therapy in a low dosage is being recommended for risk patients of the vascular and coagulation system.", "contents": "[Behavior of the heparinocytes after gold therapy]. A reduction of the total leukocytes as well as a significant decrease of heparinocytes and BAI (basophilic age index) can be observed in rheumatoid arthritis in the course of a gold therapy. As some coagulation parameters simultaneously speak in favour of an enhancement of the intravasal coagulation, a partial blocking of the endogenous heparin caused by gold may be supposed. A combined heparin or heparinoid therapy in a low dosage is being recommended for risk patients of the vascular and coagulation system.", "PMID": 64410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1289", "title": "[Thrombocyte kinetics before and after gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Before and after performing a basic therapy with sanocrysin, thromboytic kinetic examinations were carried out in 12 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The thrombocyte survival time, maximal recovery and thrombocyte turnover were determined. The surface activity values were given in the form of spleen-heart quotients and liver-heart quotients as well as by surplus impulses over these organs. The findings evaluated statistically reveal that even the untreated rheumatoid arthritis will have thrombocytic kinetics deviating from the norm. By influencing RES the gold treatment will lead to an reduction of the enhanced platelet decomposition. The behaviour of single parameters before and after gold therapy are discussed. The examination of thrombocyte kinetic could not identify a damage of thrombopoiesis in the bone-marrow and in the periphery caused by sanocrysin.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte kinetics before and after gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. Before and after performing a basic therapy with sanocrysin, thromboytic kinetic examinations were carried out in 12 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The thrombocyte survival time, maximal recovery and thrombocyte turnover were determined. The surface activity values were given in the form of spleen-heart quotients and liver-heart quotients as well as by surplus impulses over these organs. The findings evaluated statistically reveal that even the untreated rheumatoid arthritis will have thrombocytic kinetics deviating from the norm. By influencing RES the gold treatment will lead to an reduction of the enhanced platelet decomposition. The behaviour of single parameters before and after gold therapy are discussed. The examination of thrombocyte kinetic could not identify a damage of thrombopoiesis in the bone-marrow and in the periphery caused by sanocrysin.", "PMID": 64411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1290", "title": "[Fibrinolysis before and after gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "In 12 patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were determined according to Mancini and the fibrinolytic split products according to Nilehn before and after a gold treatment of 3 to 6 months. The IgG values were always increased and even after the treatment there was only little regression. The fibrinolytic split products found in 5 cases speak in favour of an enhanced intravasal coagulation, which increased still further after the gold therapy. In spite of clinical improvement the immunological processes and latent actions of coagulation seem to pass almost undiminished.", "contents": "[Fibrinolysis before and after gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. In 12 patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were determined according to Mancini and the fibrinolytic split products according to Nilehn before and after a gold treatment of 3 to 6 months. The IgG values were always increased and even after the treatment there was only little regression. The fibrinolytic split products found in 5 cases speak in favour of an enhanced intravasal coagulation, which increased still further after the gold therapy. In spite of clinical improvement the immunological processes and latent actions of coagulation seem to pass almost undiminished.", "PMID": 64412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1291", "title": "[Effect of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis on leukopoiesis and granulocyte phagocytosis].", "content": "In 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the investigations of leukopoiesis and granulocytic phagocytosis were carried out before and after a gold therapy. A marked reduction of granulocytic phagocytosis could be observed here which decreased after the gold therapy, yet remained below the values of a normal collective. Partly contrary informations are discussed. The disturbance of the phagocytosis capacity of granulocytes may possibly be due to a rheumatic factor.", "contents": "[Effect of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis on leukopoiesis and granulocyte phagocytosis]. In 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis the investigations of leukopoiesis and granulocytic phagocytosis were carried out before and after a gold therapy. A marked reduction of granulocytic phagocytosis could be observed here which decreased after the gold therapy, yet remained below the values of a normal collective. Partly contrary informations are discussed. The disturbance of the phagocytosis capacity of granulocytes may possibly be due to a rheumatic factor.", "PMID": 64413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1292", "title": "Changes in erythropoiesis during the course of polycythaemia vera.", "content": "Using 58Fe, 51Cr and cytological parameters, the authors have examined erythropoiesis in 44 polycythaemia vera patients diagnosed as such on the basis of the usual parameters (exept for determination of the erythropoietin level). In the patients divided into four types the following characteristica were observed. In type I, increased erythropoiesis is evident by accelerated plasma iron clearance, greater PIT and EIT as well as enhanced iron utilization and production indices. In type II, in addition to the former signs of increased erythropoiesis moderately shortened red cell life-span and hyposideraemia characteristic of splenic sequestration and resulting from bleeding and blood letting seem to be accompanied by microcytosis. There is a metaplastic erythropoiesis in type III, bone marrow activity decreases, but the increased erythropoiesis is indicated by several parameters already observed earlier. At the time the iron utilization indicative of effective erythropoiesis is decreased, thus ineffective erythropoiesis and considerably shortened red cell life-span are responsible for the enhanced iron turnover. This is also shown by the regression calculations. In type IV effective erythropoiesis was considerably decreased in the patients with severe anaemia. Sings which are indicative of metaplastic erythropoiesis are absent. In one of the patients the morphological changes characteristic of dyserythropoiesis were found. Although all our patients were given treatment. We believe that these alterations in the character of erythropoiesis are not likely to be the consequences of therapy.", "contents": "Changes in erythropoiesis during the course of polycythaemia vera. Using 58Fe, 51Cr and cytological parameters, the authors have examined erythropoiesis in 44 polycythaemia vera patients diagnosed as such on the basis of the usual parameters (exept for determination of the erythropoietin level). In the patients divided into four types the following characteristica were observed. In type I, increased erythropoiesis is evident by accelerated plasma iron clearance, greater PIT and EIT as well as enhanced iron utilization and production indices. In type II, in addition to the former signs of increased erythropoiesis moderately shortened red cell life-span and hyposideraemia characteristic of splenic sequestration and resulting from bleeding and blood letting seem to be accompanied by microcytosis. There is a metaplastic erythropoiesis in type III, bone marrow activity decreases, but the increased erythropoiesis is indicated by several parameters already observed earlier. At the time the iron utilization indicative of effective erythropoiesis is decreased, thus ineffective erythropoiesis and considerably shortened red cell life-span are responsible for the enhanced iron turnover. This is also shown by the regression calculations. In type IV effective erythropoiesis was considerably decreased in the patients with severe anaemia. Sings which are indicative of metaplastic erythropoiesis are absent. In one of the patients the morphological changes characteristic of dyserythropoiesis were found. Although all our patients were given treatment. We believe that these alterations in the character of erythropoiesis are not likely to be the consequences of therapy.", "PMID": 64414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1293", "title": "[Production of an enriched factor VIII reagent].", "content": "An enriched factor VIII preparation was produced from cryoprecipitates by means of dextran. Cleaning was made in two phases: In the first phase the fibrinogen was precipitated and in the subsequent second phase the same was done with antihaemophilic globulin. By comparing the quantity and the degree of enrichment gained from the precipitation with dextran and with polyaethylenglycol, the conclusion can be made that both procedures virtually lead to the same results.", "contents": "[Production of an enriched factor VIII reagent]. An enriched factor VIII preparation was produced from cryoprecipitates by means of dextran. Cleaning was made in two phases: In the first phase the fibrinogen was precipitated and in the subsequent second phase the same was done with antihaemophilic globulin. By comparing the quantity and the degree of enrichment gained from the precipitation with dextran and with polyaethylenglycol, the conclusion can be made that both procedures virtually lead to the same results.", "PMID": 64415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1294", "title": "The \"echis carinatus venom\" prothrombin assay in coumarin treated patients. A comparison with one-stage and immunological assays.", "content": "Prothrombin (factor II) was assayed in a group of coumarin treated patients using the Echis carinatus venom as thromboplastin. The levels obtained were comparable to those observed using the classical one-stage method. A good correlation was in fact observed between the two methods. The levels observed by the Echis carinatus method were definitely lower than those obtained using two immunological methods indicating that Echis carinatus venom activated, in our system, only normal prothrombin. However, even the levels obtained immunologically were slightly decreased, regardless of the method used, as compared to pooled normal plasma. In congenital prothrombin deficiency (homozygotes and heterozygotes) the level obtained by the Echis carinatus method was comparable to that observed by the one-stage method. On the contrary, in a congenital dysprothrombinemia (prothrombin Padua) a normal level was observed whereas the one-stage and two-stage methods yielded constantly levels of about 50% of normal.", "contents": "The \"echis carinatus venom\" prothrombin assay in coumarin treated patients. A comparison with one-stage and immunological assays. Prothrombin (factor II) was assayed in a group of coumarin treated patients using the Echis carinatus venom as thromboplastin. The levels obtained were comparable to those observed using the classical one-stage method. A good correlation was in fact observed between the two methods. The levels observed by the Echis carinatus method were definitely lower than those obtained using two immunological methods indicating that Echis carinatus venom activated, in our system, only normal prothrombin. However, even the levels obtained immunologically were slightly decreased, regardless of the method used, as compared to pooled normal plasma. In congenital prothrombin deficiency (homozygotes and heterozygotes) the level obtained by the Echis carinatus method was comparable to that observed by the one-stage method. On the contrary, in a congenital dysprothrombinemia (prothrombin Padua) a normal level was observed whereas the one-stage and two-stage methods yielded constantly levels of about 50% of normal.", "PMID": 64416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1295", "title": "[Results in the treatment of immune thrombocytolytic purpura (ITP)].", "content": "The late results in the treatment of 43 patients (adults) with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are represented. Steroid treatment proved to be excellent and well-efficient in 20% of all cases and splenectomy in 70% of all cases. The good, but temporary increase of thrombocytes observed after the preceding steroid medication and the thrombocytosis after splenectomy can be explained as a favourable prognostic sign for a lasting success after the operation.", "contents": "[Results in the treatment of immune thrombocytolytic purpura (ITP)]. The late results in the treatment of 43 patients (adults) with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) are represented. Steroid treatment proved to be excellent and well-efficient in 20% of all cases and splenectomy in 70% of all cases. The good, but temporary increase of thrombocytes observed after the preceding steroid medication and the thrombocytosis after splenectomy can be explained as a favourable prognostic sign for a lasting success after the operation.", "PMID": 64417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1296", "title": "[Determination of the thrombocyte count in platelet-rich plasma].", "content": "A method is described according to which the number of thrombocytes may be calculated from the optical density of plasma enriched with platelets. The accuracy of the method is ensured by statistical calculations. Citrate venous blood of 60 surgical patients was used for the measurements.", "contents": "[Determination of the thrombocyte count in platelet-rich plasma]. A method is described according to which the number of thrombocytes may be calculated from the optical density of plasma enriched with platelets. The accuracy of the method is ensured by statistical calculations. Citrate venous blood of 60 surgical patients was used for the measurements.", "PMID": 64418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1297", "title": "[The appearance of anti-thrombocyte and anti-leukocyte antibodies in hemophilia A patients after cryoprecipitate transfusions].", "content": "18 sera of haemophilia-A patients were examined for the presence of antithrombocytic and antileukocytic antibodies. It was only in a very small number of test persons (5) that antibodies could be found, though a variety of cryoprecipitate transfusions had preceded. The causes are discusses. The correlation existing between the presence of antibodies and the appearance of transfusion reactions is refferred to.", "contents": "[The appearance of anti-thrombocyte and anti-leukocyte antibodies in hemophilia A patients after cryoprecipitate transfusions]. 18 sera of haemophilia-A patients were examined for the presence of antithrombocytic and antileukocytic antibodies. It was only in a very small number of test persons (5) that antibodies could be found, though a variety of cryoprecipitate transfusions had preceded. The causes are discusses. The correlation existing between the presence of antibodies and the appearance of transfusion reactions is refferred to.", "PMID": 64419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1298", "title": "[Studies on the effect of various kinds of cytostatic therapy on the cellular immune reaction in children with acute lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "Clinical and experimental findings on possible changes of the lymphocyte function during an immunosuppressive or cytostatic therapy respectively caused investigations to be made for explaining the connections existing between the influence of cellular immunoreaction and the use of different cytostatic regimes. Earlier findings on the influence of cellular immunoreaction after adding cytostatics to cultivated cells and investigations on the influence of the lymphocyte function in dependence on cytostatic therapy were used for comparison. Transformation and mitosis rates as well as necrosis rates and the result of macrophage migration inhibition are comparable parameters for influencing the lymphocyte function in children treated with cytostatics. Antimetabolites, vincristine, asparaginase and daunomycin will have less influence on the transformation rate as an expression of an immunosuppressive effect on only those cells responding in accordance with their kinetic phase. Cyclophosphamide will inhibit the transformation reaction more significantly. Examinations in children with different therapeutic regimes reveal a certain validity of therapy after the first statistical evaluation of the clinical material.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of various kinds of cytostatic therapy on the cellular immune reaction in children with acute lymphatic leukemia]. Clinical and experimental findings on possible changes of the lymphocyte function during an immunosuppressive or cytostatic therapy respectively caused investigations to be made for explaining the connections existing between the influence of cellular immunoreaction and the use of different cytostatic regimes. Earlier findings on the influence of cellular immunoreaction after adding cytostatics to cultivated cells and investigations on the influence of the lymphocyte function in dependence on cytostatic therapy were used for comparison. Transformation and mitosis rates as well as necrosis rates and the result of macrophage migration inhibition are comparable parameters for influencing the lymphocyte function in children treated with cytostatics. Antimetabolites, vincristine, asparaginase and daunomycin will have less influence on the transformation rate as an expression of an immunosuppressive effect on only those cells responding in accordance with their kinetic phase. Cyclophosphamide will inhibit the transformation reaction more significantly. Examinations in children with different therapeutic regimes reveal a certain validity of therapy after the first statistical evaluation of the clinical material.", "PMID": 64421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1299", "title": "[Effect of immunotherapy on lymphocyte function in acute lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "During the immunotherapy children suffered from acute leukaemias will have a significantly higher transformation rate than at the beginning of the immunotherapy. This may be explained by an increase of the immunological competence as well as by an enhanced mobilization of lymphatic cells. Leukaemic blasts used for immunoinduction-therapy will have no higher transformation rates as antigens than those cells never contacted by children. During the immunotherapy an increase of transformation rates may be observed after administering unspecific antigens and in mixed cultures. In a retrospective manner the indication for immunotherapy may be checked again in children with immunotherapy on the basis of the clinical course and evaluation of the cellular immunoreaction.", "contents": "[Effect of immunotherapy on lymphocyte function in acute lymphatic leukemia]. During the immunotherapy children suffered from acute leukaemias will have a significantly higher transformation rate than at the beginning of the immunotherapy. This may be explained by an increase of the immunological competence as well as by an enhanced mobilization of lymphatic cells. Leukaemic blasts used for immunoinduction-therapy will have no higher transformation rates as antigens than those cells never contacted by children. During the immunotherapy an increase of transformation rates may be observed after administering unspecific antigens and in mixed cultures. In a retrospective manner the indication for immunotherapy may be checked again in children with immunotherapy on the basis of the clinical course and evaluation of the cellular immunoreaction.", "PMID": 64422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1300", "title": "[The problem of capability for antibody formation in juvenile acute leukemia].", "content": "A report is presented on the quantitative behaviour of immunoglobulins G, A and M in 105 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. Those 24 cases with a \"total\" hypoimmunoglobulinaemia referring to all three main classes are particularly analysed. Initially hyperplastic forms of leukaemia had primarily lower Ig-levels and a considerably worse prognosis.", "contents": "[The problem of capability for antibody formation in juvenile acute leukemia]. A report is presented on the quantitative behaviour of immunoglobulins G, A and M in 105 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. Those 24 cases with a \"total\" hypoimmunoglobulinaemia referring to all three main classes are particularly analysed. Initially hyperplastic forms of leukaemia had primarily lower Ig-levels and a considerably worse prognosis.", "PMID": 64423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1301", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies as a contribution to the diagnosis of juvenile preleukemia and leukemia recurrence].", "content": "Hematologic changes in panmyelopathia are characterized by a wide-spreading spectrum of symptoms and a rare specifity. Therefore cytological and cytochemical findings do not allow a significant prognosis for the malignant or benign development of panmyelopathia. Cytogenetic experiments showed only the Philadelphia chromosome being of diagnostic value. MEISNER and co-workers, who studied adults with panmyelopathia and proven myelocytic leukemia and 5 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, found that significant and persistent spontaneous division in unstimulated 24 hr. peripheral blood cultures is an indication of a malignant state. The present work shows that in two of five children with panmyelopathia and with significant spontaneous division chronic myelocytic leukemia developed or was in the very initial state; a third child with spontaneous division is still under control. In contrast to literature only one of 14 children with ALL had significant spontaneous cell division. Therefore the method applied must be checked for its usefulness in ALL and especially for its usefulness in early recognition of a relapse.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies as a contribution to the diagnosis of juvenile preleukemia and leukemia recurrence]. Hematologic changes in panmyelopathia are characterized by a wide-spreading spectrum of symptoms and a rare specifity. Therefore cytological and cytochemical findings do not allow a significant prognosis for the malignant or benign development of panmyelopathia. Cytogenetic experiments showed only the Philadelphia chromosome being of diagnostic value. MEISNER and co-workers, who studied adults with panmyelopathia and proven myelocytic leukemia and 5 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, found that significant and persistent spontaneous division in unstimulated 24 hr. peripheral blood cultures is an indication of a malignant state. The present work shows that in two of five children with panmyelopathia and with significant spontaneous division chronic myelocytic leukemia developed or was in the very initial state; a third child with spontaneous division is still under control. In contrast to literature only one of 14 children with ALL had significant spontaneous cell division. Therefore the method applied must be checked for its usefulness in ALL and especially for its usefulness in early recognition of a relapse.", "PMID": 64424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1302", "title": "[Clinical and cytological differences in adult acute lymphatic and acute undifferentiated leukemia].", "content": "The usefulness for clinical purposes of the distinction of acute undifferentiated (AUL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is suggested by the following observations: 1. Maturation from AUL to ALL has not been observed. Transformation of ALL to AUL has been reported i.e. less of cytoplasmic polysaccharides; however this seems rather to be the effect of cytotoxic therapy and not a real change of the cytological type. 2. Significant differences among ALL and AUL can be noted as far as the therapeutic response is concerned: All of the 9 patients with ALL but only 2 out of 9 patients with AUL went into remission. The mean survival of the cases with ALL amounts to 34, that of AUL only to 4 months. Out of the patients with ALL 4 patients are still alive in persistant first remission after 77, 57, 36 and 28 months. 3. ALL occurs most frequently in young adults (mean age of 21 patients: 31.7 years): AUL is more frequent in elderly patients (Mean age of 18 patients: 57.6 years). 4. In our material ALL did never occur consequent to a typical preluekemic stage, which was followed either by myeloblastic, monocytic, erythroleukemic or undifferentiated leukemias.", "contents": "[Clinical and cytological differences in adult acute lymphatic and acute undifferentiated leukemia]. The usefulness for clinical purposes of the distinction of acute undifferentiated (AUL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is suggested by the following observations: 1. Maturation from AUL to ALL has not been observed. Transformation of ALL to AUL has been reported i.e. less of cytoplasmic polysaccharides; however this seems rather to be the effect of cytotoxic therapy and not a real change of the cytological type. 2. Significant differences among ALL and AUL can be noted as far as the therapeutic response is concerned: All of the 9 patients with ALL but only 2 out of 9 patients with AUL went into remission. The mean survival of the cases with ALL amounts to 34, that of AUL only to 4 months. Out of the patients with ALL 4 patients are still alive in persistant first remission after 77, 57, 36 and 28 months. 3. ALL occurs most frequently in young adults (mean age of 21 patients: 31.7 years): AUL is more frequent in elderly patients (Mean age of 18 patients: 57.6 years). 4. In our material ALL did never occur consequent to a typical preluekemic stage, which was followed either by myeloblastic, monocytic, erythroleukemic or undifferentiated leukemias.", "PMID": 64425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1303", "title": "[The effect of exogenous alkalization on cytokinetics and on the survival rate of mice with lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "In mice vaccinated with two forms of lymphoblastic leukaemia and alkalized with intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, the survival rate, the extent of leukaemic infiltration and the proliferative capacity of cells in the bone-marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphnodes, liver and lungs were investigated. The survival rate in the TAL leukaemia of the AKR stem producing an endogenous acidosis could be significantly prolonged in a statistical way by alkalization. Yet an accelerated expiring rate could be observed after exogenous alkalization in L-1210 leukaemia of the DBA/2J stem producing an endogenous alkalosis. By means of cytological and impulse-cytophotometrical investigations the exogenous alkalization of both forms of leukaemia could be proved to have a direct bearing on the proliferative kinetics. In TAL leukaemia the leukaemic proliferation was inhibited by the exogenously involved correction of the acid-base balance; in the L-1210 leukaemia, however, the pH disturbances were enhanced, thus accelerating the leukaemic proliferation. Consequently, the disturbances of the acid base balance seem to be an essential cofactor in the leukaemia genesis. The exogenous direction of the acid-base balance may be important as a means of treating leukaemia.", "contents": "[The effect of exogenous alkalization on cytokinetics and on the survival rate of mice with lymphoblastic leukemia]. In mice vaccinated with two forms of lymphoblastic leukaemia and alkalized with intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, the survival rate, the extent of leukaemic infiltration and the proliferative capacity of cells in the bone-marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphnodes, liver and lungs were investigated. The survival rate in the TAL leukaemia of the AKR stem producing an endogenous acidosis could be significantly prolonged in a statistical way by alkalization. Yet an accelerated expiring rate could be observed after exogenous alkalization in L-1210 leukaemia of the DBA/2J stem producing an endogenous alkalosis. By means of cytological and impulse-cytophotometrical investigations the exogenous alkalization of both forms of leukaemia could be proved to have a direct bearing on the proliferative kinetics. In TAL leukaemia the leukaemic proliferation was inhibited by the exogenously involved correction of the acid-base balance; in the L-1210 leukaemia, however, the pH disturbances were enhanced, thus accelerating the leukaemic proliferation. Consequently, the disturbances of the acid base balance seem to be an essential cofactor in the leukaemia genesis. The exogenous direction of the acid-base balance may be important as a means of treating leukaemia.", "PMID": 64426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1304", "title": "[Prefinal clinical findings and results of autopsy in 82 children with acute lymphatic leuckemia (ALL) under various courses of therapy].", "content": "At present 80...90 % of the patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia die in the blastic crisis. About 10% will come ad finem during full remission caused by side effects of the treatment and their complication. The leukaemic terminal crisis may be accompanied or overlapped by a number of complications, the most frequent among own patients being acute bleeding in the terminal phase. First of all the source of bleeding is to be found in the gastro-intestinal tract (80%). Other authors found infections to be the most frequent final cause of death. It is only under autopsy that leukaemic infiltrates, infections and bleeding are completely recognized to their full extent. After polychemo-therapy the patients showed a significant increase of complications including pulmonary oedema and a marked insufficiency of the bone-marrow with leukocytopenia and granulocytopenia in the peripheral blood. Among the biochemical parameters only a generally significant increase of alpha2 and gamma globulins could be found in the serum. A correlation towards a form of therapy could not be ensured.", "contents": "[Prefinal clinical findings and results of autopsy in 82 children with acute lymphatic leuckemia (ALL) under various courses of therapy]. At present 80...90 % of the patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia die in the blastic crisis. About 10% will come ad finem during full remission caused by side effects of the treatment and their complication. The leukaemic terminal crisis may be accompanied or overlapped by a number of complications, the most frequent among own patients being acute bleeding in the terminal phase. First of all the source of bleeding is to be found in the gastro-intestinal tract (80%). Other authors found infections to be the most frequent final cause of death. It is only under autopsy that leukaemic infiltrates, infections and bleeding are completely recognized to their full extent. After polychemo-therapy the patients showed a significant increase of complications including pulmonary oedema and a marked insufficiency of the bone-marrow with leukocytopenia and granulocytopenia in the peripheral blood. Among the biochemical parameters only a generally significant increase of alpha2 and gamma globulins could be found in the serum. A correlation towards a form of therapy could not be ensured.", "PMID": 64427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1305", "title": "[The spontaneous lymphocyte transformation rate in newborn infants at risk].", "content": "The lymphocyte transformation test was performed in 32 risk newborns and 32 comparative persons (17 adults, 15 children). In the void controls without antigen addition the newborns had a significantly higher spontaneous blastic reaction than the control group. The phenomenon may be explained by lymphatic stem cells in the blood or an ontogenetically higher content of \"embryonic tissue\" respectively being present as unspecific stimulant or an immunological defence reaction against maternal immunoglobulins transmitted diaplacentally (formation of antigammaglobulin factors) or against maternal lymphocytes to prevent a \"runt disease\".", "contents": "[The spontaneous lymphocyte transformation rate in newborn infants at risk]. The lymphocyte transformation test was performed in 32 risk newborns and 32 comparative persons (17 adults, 15 children). In the void controls without antigen addition the newborns had a significantly higher spontaneous blastic reaction than the control group. The phenomenon may be explained by lymphatic stem cells in the blood or an ontogenetically higher content of \"embryonic tissue\" respectively being present as unspecific stimulant or an immunological defence reaction against maternal immunoglobulins transmitted diaplacentally (formation of antigammaglobulin factors) or against maternal lymphocytes to prevent a \"runt disease\".", "PMID": 64428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1306", "title": "The human blood platelet: its derivation from the red blood cell. A morphologic study.", "content": "The blood platelet arises from the interior of the red blood cell when blood is either damaged or disturbed. The platelet body may be seen to form from an amorphous granular mass to a definite granular platelet body when blood is prevented from coagulating by the use of a retardant solution.", "contents": "The human blood platelet: its derivation from the red blood cell. A morphologic study. The blood platelet arises from the interior of the red blood cell when blood is either damaged or disturbed. The platelet body may be seen to form from an amorphous granular mass to a definite granular platelet body when blood is prevented from coagulating by the use of a retardant solution.", "PMID": 64429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1307", "title": "[The relevance of schizocyte demonstration for the diagnosis of rejection in patients with transplanted kidneys].", "content": "Schizocytes may be obtained, if erythrocytes are being pressed through glassfibre threads under pressure. For the purpose of explaining the different mechanisms of schizocytes origin, model tests were made in the haemoresistometer according to Fleisch and in the shaking water bath. As schizocytes can easily be identified, they will yield valuable differential-diagnostical informations and will give a high evidence in checking the progress of transplanted patients.", "contents": "[The relevance of schizocyte demonstration for the diagnosis of rejection in patients with transplanted kidneys]. Schizocytes may be obtained, if erythrocytes are being pressed through glassfibre threads under pressure. For the purpose of explaining the different mechanisms of schizocytes origin, model tests were made in the haemoresistometer according to Fleisch and in the shaking water bath. As schizocytes can easily be identified, they will yield valuable differential-diagnostical informations and will give a high evidence in checking the progress of transplanted patients.", "PMID": 64430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1308", "title": "[The correlation of human erythrocyte shape with dark-field light scattering intensity].", "content": "This study was concerned with the quantitative evaluation of dark field light scattering by sedimented erythrocytes of banked human blood samples. Due to considerable variability of both appearance and amount of scattered light the discocyte group had to be subdivided into discocyte I and discocyte II. The mean intensity of scattered light increased about three fold from discocyte II to echinocytes I, II, III, sphaeroechinocyte, and sphaerocyte. On the other hand the average light scattering intensity of discocytes I exceeded that of discocytes II about 2.5 times, with individual data varying over a wide range. There was a rapid disappearing of discocytes I correlated with time of storage. Therefore it is concluded that discocytes I represent the initial stage of erythrocytes transforming under banking conditions.", "contents": "[The correlation of human erythrocyte shape with dark-field light scattering intensity]. This study was concerned with the quantitative evaluation of dark field light scattering by sedimented erythrocytes of banked human blood samples. Due to considerable variability of both appearance and amount of scattered light the discocyte group had to be subdivided into discocyte I and discocyte II. The mean intensity of scattered light increased about three fold from discocyte II to echinocytes I, II, III, sphaeroechinocyte, and sphaerocyte. On the other hand the average light scattering intensity of discocytes I exceeded that of discocytes II about 2.5 times, with individual data varying over a wide range. There was a rapid disappearing of discocytes I correlated with time of storage. Therefore it is concluded that discocytes I represent the initial stage of erythrocytes transforming under banking conditions.", "PMID": 64431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1309", "title": "[\"Sugar-agglutinability\"].", "content": "Haemagglutination induced by saccharose is shown to go parallel with a binding of autologous isohaemagglutinin to the surface of erythrocytes. Under suitable conditions, i.e. in the presence of anorganic ions and health, haemagglutinin may be largely separated from the cell surface and the saccharose agglutination may be inhibited. Haemagglutination induced by saccharose will re-appear after agglutinins being re-adsorbed at low incubation temperatures and prolonged incubation time in non-ional as well as ional media. Therefore it is assumed that in the inert non-ional atmosphere the autologous haemagglutinin will produce a phenomenon of agglutination in non-homologous erythrocytes similar to that in homologous cells.", "contents": "[\"Sugar-agglutinability\"]. Haemagglutination induced by saccharose is shown to go parallel with a binding of autologous isohaemagglutinin to the surface of erythrocytes. Under suitable conditions, i.e. in the presence of anorganic ions and health, haemagglutinin may be largely separated from the cell surface and the saccharose agglutination may be inhibited. Haemagglutination induced by saccharose will re-appear after agglutinins being re-adsorbed at low incubation temperatures and prolonged incubation time in non-ional as well as ional media. Therefore it is assumed that in the inert non-ional atmosphere the autologous haemagglutinin will produce a phenomenon of agglutination in non-homologous erythrocytes similar to that in homologous cells.", "PMID": 64432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1310", "title": "Iron absorption in gastric and duodenal pathology in patients with iron deficiency anaemias.", "content": "Absorption of radioactive iron was studied in 87 patients with different types of iron deficiency anaemias and in 23 healthy subjects. The subjects were given 1...2muci of radiactive iron in the form of FeSO4 together with 5 mg of nonradioactive iron as a carrier and 100 to 150 g of white bread, radioactivity on the whole body being studied with a big liquid scintillation counter 4 pi (BLSC-2). In clinical observations and in single experiments on volunteers there was no conformity of the values of absorption with the levels of acid-formation. But in the same time the gastric juice from an anaemic horse almost doubled iron absorption in healthy individuals. Marked morphological changes in the gastric mucosa inhibited the absorption in the intestine and the degree of increase of absorption in patients with anaemia depended to some extent on the morphological conditions of the gastric mucosa. When healthy subjects and patients with iron deficiency anaemia were given bread \"enriched\" with iron before baking instead of common bread with \"external\" mark there was observed similar correlation between the values of absorption but the figures were somewhat lower.", "contents": "Iron absorption in gastric and duodenal pathology in patients with iron deficiency anaemias. Absorption of radioactive iron was studied in 87 patients with different types of iron deficiency anaemias and in 23 healthy subjects. The subjects were given 1...2muci of radiactive iron in the form of FeSO4 together with 5 mg of nonradioactive iron as a carrier and 100 to 150 g of white bread, radioactivity on the whole body being studied with a big liquid scintillation counter 4 pi (BLSC-2). In clinical observations and in single experiments on volunteers there was no conformity of the values of absorption with the levels of acid-formation. But in the same time the gastric juice from an anaemic horse almost doubled iron absorption in healthy individuals. Marked morphological changes in the gastric mucosa inhibited the absorption in the intestine and the degree of increase of absorption in patients with anaemia depended to some extent on the morphological conditions of the gastric mucosa. When healthy subjects and patients with iron deficiency anaemia were given bread \"enriched\" with iron before baking instead of common bread with \"external\" mark there was observed similar correlation between the values of absorption but the figures were somewhat lower.", "PMID": 64433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1311", "title": "Hb Lepore and (haemo-) blastomata.", "content": "The still increasing amount of carriers and anemics by thalassemia (Th) and other Hb-pathies (approximately 4,000 among approximately 48,000 investigated people) have shown that Campania is the most affected world area by all Hb Lepre conditions. Among 161 people with heterozygous Hb Lepore we have noticed 10 cases associated with (hemo-) blastomata as follows: 2 Chr. Lymphatic Leukemia, 2 Ac. Lymphoblastic Leukemia, 1 Lymphosarcom, 1 Colon Cancer, 1 Uterin Cancer, 1 Plasmocytom, 1 Hodkgin Disease, 1 Ac. Promyelocyte Leukemia (or fatal ac. agranulocytemia?). In the literature we recently found 2 other similar cases. The incidence of such malignancies in our Hb Lepore people reaches 6%. On the contrary in the heterozygous Th. group, among 3,150 carriers, we diagnosed only 20 people with (hemo-) blastomata as follows: 12 Ac. Leukemia (9Lymphoblastic) and 8 Chr. Myeloid Leukemia, with  an incidence rate of 0.6% namely a little higher than in normal people. This highly significant discrepancy rate shows an elective predisposition to (haemo-) blastomata from Leporian people.", "contents": "Hb Lepore and (haemo-) blastomata. The still increasing amount of carriers and anemics by thalassemia (Th) and other Hb-pathies (approximately 4,000 among approximately 48,000 investigated people) have shown that Campania is the most affected world area by all Hb Lepre conditions. Among 161 people with heterozygous Hb Lepore we have noticed 10 cases associated with (hemo-) blastomata as follows: 2 Chr. Lymphatic Leukemia, 2 Ac. Lymphoblastic Leukemia, 1 Lymphosarcom, 1 Colon Cancer, 1 Uterin Cancer, 1 Plasmocytom, 1 Hodkgin Disease, 1 Ac. Promyelocyte Leukemia (or fatal ac. agranulocytemia?). In the literature we recently found 2 other similar cases. The incidence of such malignancies in our Hb Lepore people reaches 6%. On the contrary in the heterozygous Th. group, among 3,150 carriers, we diagnosed only 20 people with (hemo-) blastomata as follows: 12 Ac. Leukemia (9Lymphoblastic) and 8 Chr. Myeloid Leukemia, with  an incidence rate of 0.6% namely a little higher than in normal people. This highly significant discrepancy rate shows an elective predisposition to (haemo-) blastomata from Leporian people.", "PMID": 64434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1312", "title": "[Autologous transfusion of erythrocytes with high or low concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Survival rate and time and hemoglobin-oxygen affinity].", "content": "1. In human erythrocytes the 2.3 DPG concentration was increased three to fourfold of the norm as IPP re-suspension by an incubation time of four hours at 37 degrees C or as ACD-AG blood was lowered below 20% of the norm respectively. After an autologous transfusion the 24 hours' surviving rate and the apparent half survival time of cells as well as the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen in the total blood were measured. 2. The 24 hours' surviving rate for fresh erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG and ATP concentration amounts to 73% and the apparent half survival time amounts to 6 days. If erythrocytes are stored for four weeks as IPP resuspension at 4 degrees C, the 24 hours' surviving rate is 59%. Erythrocytes from fresh ACD-AG blood with lowered 2.3 DPG and a normal ATP concentration have a 24 hours' surviving time of 85% and an apparent half survival time of 24 days. 3. After autologous transfusion of 400 ml of erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG concentration the P50 value of the total blood will increase by 3 mm of Hg, after administering 400 ml of erythrocytes with lowered 2.3 DPG concentration it will fall by 1.8 mm of Hg. 4. The findings are discussed in connection with the significance of the changes of affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen produced by 2.3 DPG for the oxygen supply of tissues and under the aspect of using stored blood with increased 2.3 DPG concentration for practical purposes.", "contents": "[Autologous transfusion of erythrocytes with high or low concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Survival rate and time and hemoglobin-oxygen affinity]. 1. In human erythrocytes the 2.3 DPG concentration was increased three to fourfold of the norm as IPP re-suspension by an incubation time of four hours at 37 degrees C or as ACD-AG blood was lowered below 20% of the norm respectively. After an autologous transfusion the 24 hours' surviving rate and the apparent half survival time of cells as well as the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen in the total blood were measured. 2. The 24 hours' surviving rate for fresh erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG and ATP concentration amounts to 73% and the apparent half survival time amounts to 6 days. If erythrocytes are stored for four weeks as IPP resuspension at 4 degrees C, the 24 hours' surviving rate is 59%. Erythrocytes from fresh ACD-AG blood with lowered 2.3 DPG and a normal ATP concentration have a 24 hours' surviving time of 85% and an apparent half survival time of 24 days. 3. After autologous transfusion of 400 ml of erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG concentration the P50 value of the total blood will increase by 3 mm of Hg, after administering 400 ml of erythrocytes with lowered 2.3 DPG concentration it will fall by 1.8 mm of Hg. 4. The findings are discussed in connection with the significance of the changes of affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen produced by 2.3 DPG for the oxygen supply of tissues and under the aspect of using stored blood with increased 2.3 DPG concentration for practical purposes.", "PMID": 64435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1313", "title": "[Studies on the demonstration of a factor VIII or IX deficiency by means of partial thromboplastin time].", "content": "A report is presented on the performance of the correction of PTT by means of factor VIII and IX deficiency plasma, which may be used at least one year, when preserved in liquid nitrogen. The method allows reliable, qualitative statements to be made about disturbances in the area of the coagulation factors VIII, IX, XI and XII; the small amount of time required for preparing and carrying out these works representing an essential advantage.", "contents": "[Studies on the demonstration of a factor VIII or IX deficiency by means of partial thromboplastin time]. A report is presented on the performance of the correction of PTT by means of factor VIII and IX deficiency plasma, which may be used at least one year, when preserved in liquid nitrogen. The method allows reliable, qualitative statements to be made about disturbances in the area of the coagulation factors VIII, IX, XI and XII; the small amount of time required for preparing and carrying out these works representing an essential advantage.", "PMID": 64436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1314", "title": "Isolation of Non-modified gamma globulin for intravenous use.", "content": "The availibility of a non-modified gamma globulin for intravenous use should abolish the intramuscular administration of Cohn standard gamma globulin and replace modified products to the greatest possible extent. The product developed in our institute is purified from Cohn fraction II using HES and aluminum silicate for the elimination of aggregates. The product shows excellent purity, stability, and clinical compatibility.", "contents": "Isolation of Non-modified gamma globulin for intravenous use. The availibility of a non-modified gamma globulin for intravenous use should abolish the intramuscular administration of Cohn standard gamma globulin and replace modified products to the greatest possible extent. The product developed in our institute is purified from Cohn fraction II using HES and aluminum silicate for the elimination of aggregates. The product shows excellent purity, stability, and clinical compatibility.", "PMID": 64437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1315", "title": "Chromosomal analysis of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) with a comparison to man.", "content": "The karyotype of Pan paniscus is reexamined by G-banding and examined for the first time by C-banding. In addition, examination of the chromosomes by the use of the fluorochromes adreamycine and 33258 Hoechst is undertaken. C-banding showed a surprising pattern with numerous terminal C-bands, as interstitial C-band, and several chromosomes lacking C-bands. Polymorphic conditions for C-bands are also identified involving several pairs. In a comparison to the chromosomes of man, G-banding revealed two pericentric inversions not previously observed. Only chromosome pairs No. 9,11,12 and the X are similar to man's by all techniques employed.", "contents": "Chromosomal analysis of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) with a comparison to man. The karyotype of Pan paniscus is reexamined by G-banding and examined for the first time by C-banding. In addition, examination of the chromosomes by the use of the fluorochromes adreamycine and 33258 Hoechst is undertaken. C-banding showed a surprising pattern with numerous terminal C-bands, as interstitial C-band, and several chromosomes lacking C-bands. Polymorphic conditions for C-bands are also identified involving several pairs. In a comparison to the chromosomes of man, G-banding revealed two pericentric inversions not previously observed. Only chromosome pairs No. 9,11,12 and the X are similar to man's by all techniques employed.", "PMID": 64439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1316", "title": "[Bleomycin-induced lung changes in the roentgen picture].", "content": "Amongst 25 patients treated with Bleomycin for squamous epitheliomas, irreversible pulmonary fibrosis was observed in four cases and reversible fibrosis in two others. The radiological changes in five patients consisted of linear interstitial shadows and one patient showed nodular shadowing. By means of lung biopsies, these findings were related to the pathological changes. Problems in the differential diagnosis of these radiological findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Bleomycin-induced lung changes in the roentgen picture]. Amongst 25 patients treated with Bleomycin for squamous epitheliomas, irreversible pulmonary fibrosis was observed in four cases and reversible fibrosis in two others. The radiological changes in five patients consisted of linear interstitial shadows and one patient showed nodular shadowing. By means of lung biopsies, these findings were related to the pathological changes. Problems in the differential diagnosis of these radiological findings are discussed.", "PMID": 64443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1317", "title": "A histochemical study of the tracheobronchial epithelial mucosubstances in normal dogs and dogs with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The tracheobronchial mucosubstances in a group of normal dogs and a group of dogs with chronic bronchitis have been characterized histochemically. Sulphomucin was the predominant mucosubstance in the epithelial goblet cells of normal dogs and a mixture of sulphomucin and sialomucin was found in the bronchial glands. In the dogs with chronic bronchitis there was a shift towards the production of sialomucin in both sites.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the tracheobronchial epithelial mucosubstances in normal dogs and dogs with chronic bronchitis. The tracheobronchial mucosubstances in a group of normal dogs and a group of dogs with chronic bronchitis have been characterized histochemically. Sulphomucin was the predominant mucosubstance in the epithelial goblet cells of normal dogs and a mixture of sulphomucin and sialomucin was found in the bronchial glands. In the dogs with chronic bronchitis there was a shift towards the production of sialomucin in both sites.", "PMID": 64440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1318", "title": "[Determination of normal values by means of various statistical methods derived from radioiodine tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal values derived from 361 euthyroid patients were calculated by means of five different statistical methods and compared. Borderline values were also obtained from 61 patients with hyperthyroidism, nine with hypothyroidism and ten with autonomous adenomas. The following individuals data were collected: 131 I-PBI after 48 hours, thyroid uptake after two, 24 and 48 hours.", "contents": "[Determination of normal values by means of various statistical methods derived from radioiodine tests (author's transl)]. Normal values derived from 361 euthyroid patients were calculated by means of five different statistical methods and compared. Borderline values were also obtained from 61 patients with hyperthyroidism, nine with hypothyroidism and ten with autonomous adenomas. The following individuals data were collected: 131 I-PBI after 48 hours, thyroid uptake after two, 24 and 48 hours.", "PMID": 64444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1319", "title": "[Clinical aspects of bronchial cancer].", "content": "The most frequent cause of death of the male is cancer of the lungs. The prognosis is still unfavourable. The cases of patients having survived for 5 years amount altogether to not more than 5%, as far as operated patients are concerned, the quota amounts to 20-25%; in cases of early detection of cancer, however, the rates are up to 40%. Precaution and preventive care (reduction of cigarette consumption) is at present not possible. Considerable time is being wasted because of the uncharacteristic and gradually proceeding symptoms and misinterpretations of the X-ray findings. The bronchial carcinoma can imitate any other disease of the lungs. Even a normal X-ray picture does not exclude carcinoma. The observation of acute symptoms appearing for the first time and of those already existing, but changing suddenly, is essential. Exclusive treatments are dangerous. Any X-ray finding of the lungs should be followed up to all bronchological details. A \"normal\" X-ray picture, accompanied by clinical symptoms, requires basic diagnostic measures including bronchoscopy.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of bronchial cancer]. The most frequent cause of death of the male is cancer of the lungs. The prognosis is still unfavourable. The cases of patients having survived for 5 years amount altogether to not more than 5%, as far as operated patients are concerned, the quota amounts to 20-25%; in cases of early detection of cancer, however, the rates are up to 40%. Precaution and preventive care (reduction of cigarette consumption) is at present not possible. Considerable time is being wasted because of the uncharacteristic and gradually proceeding symptoms and misinterpretations of the X-ray findings. The bronchial carcinoma can imitate any other disease of the lungs. Even a normal X-ray picture does not exclude carcinoma. The observation of acute symptoms appearing for the first time and of those already existing, but changing suddenly, is essential. Exclusive treatments are dangerous. Any X-ray finding of the lungs should be followed up to all bronchological details. A \"normal\" X-ray picture, accompanied by clinical symptoms, requires basic diagnostic measures including bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 64445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1320", "title": "Protein measurements in the early prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida.", "content": "Measurement of beta-lipoprotein concentration in amniotic fluid is introduced as a new parameter for the early prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida. It was successful in 15 cases of spinal bifida, but failed in 5 cases of open spina bifida and 2 cases of closed spina bifida. All assays were performed before the end of the second trimester and most between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. beta-lipoprotein was compared with alpha-fetoprotein and alpha2-macroglobulin in its effectiveness in diagnosing spina bifida at an early enough date to allow a termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Protein measurements in the early prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida. Measurement of beta-lipoprotein concentration in amniotic fluid is introduced as a new parameter for the early prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida. It was successful in 15 cases of spinal bifida, but failed in 5 cases of open spina bifida and 2 cases of closed spina bifida. All assays were performed before the end of the second trimester and most between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. beta-lipoprotein was compared with alpha-fetoprotein and alpha2-macroglobulin in its effectiveness in diagnosing spina bifida at an early enough date to allow a termination of pregnancy.", "PMID": 64448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1321", "title": "Influence of serum-derived chemotactic factors and bacterial products on human neutrophil chemotaxis.", "content": "The chemotaxis of neutrophils has been shown to be modulated by serum factors, tissue factors, bacterial products, and a host of other substances. In vivo, these factors may act in concert with each other to modify neutrophil movement. We examined the effect of aggregated gamma globulin-activated serum (AS), bacterial factors, and endotoxin either alone or in combination with each other, on human neutrophil chemotaxis. Exposure of neutrophils to AS resulted in deactivation to AS but not to Escherichial coli or Staphylococcus epidermis culture filtrate. Exposure of neutrophils to S. epidermis or E. coli CF or E. coli endotoxin resulted in deactivation to AS or C5a but not to E. coli or S. epidermis culture filtrate. Addition of endotoxin to AS or C5a resulted in inhibition of chemotaxis by untreated neutrophils toward this combination as compared with AS alone. These results suggest that separate mechanisms may be involved when serum or bacterial chemotactic factors initiate human neutrophil chemotaxis. Furthermore, the potent but specific inhibitory effect of endotoxin on chemotaxis toward AS may be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Influence of serum-derived chemotactic factors and bacterial products on human neutrophil chemotaxis. The chemotaxis of neutrophils has been shown to be modulated by serum factors, tissue factors, bacterial products, and a host of other substances. In vivo, these factors may act in concert with each other to modify neutrophil movement. We examined the effect of aggregated gamma globulin-activated serum (AS), bacterial factors, and endotoxin either alone or in combination with each other, on human neutrophil chemotaxis. Exposure of neutrophils to AS resulted in deactivation to AS but not to Escherichial coli or Staphylococcus epidermis culture filtrate. Exposure of neutrophils to S. epidermis or E. coli CF or E. coli endotoxin resulted in deactivation to AS or C5a but not to E. coli or S. epidermis culture filtrate. Addition of endotoxin to AS or C5a resulted in inhibition of chemotaxis by untreated neutrophils toward this combination as compared with AS alone. These results suggest that separate mechanisms may be involved when serum or bacterial chemotactic factors initiate human neutrophil chemotaxis. Furthermore, the potent but specific inhibitory effect of endotoxin on chemotaxis toward AS may be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 64455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1322", "title": "Characterization of the Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii purified by renografin density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "The avirulent Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii cultivated in chicken yolk sacs could be purified successfully with a Renografin density gradient method developed previously for Rickettsia typhi. Recovery during purification, viability, and lack of contamination with host cell components were similar for the two species, although yields of R. prowazekii per yolk sac were lower. Purified typhus rickettsiae provided satisfactory antigens in the complement fixation, Ouchterlony double-diffusion, and microagglutination tests. The retention of the typhus soluble group antigen during purification was readily demonstrated by complement fixation tests. However, removal of the soluble group antigen by ether treatment was not always adequate for the demonstration of type-specific particulate antigens. Heat-killed R. prowazekii cells gave higher serum microagglutination titers than untreated or formalized cells, a difference was noted for R. typhi cells. Although the protein profiles of whole cells and extracts of R. typhi and R. prowazekii on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were relatively similar, a small but reproducible, difference in the electrophoretic mobilities of their malate dehydrogenases was detected. Purification of typhus rickettsiae on Renografin gradients has no apparent adverse effects on their metabolic or antigenic properties.", "contents": "Characterization of the Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii purified by renografin density gradient centrifugation. The avirulent Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii cultivated in chicken yolk sacs could be purified successfully with a Renografin density gradient method developed previously for Rickettsia typhi. Recovery during purification, viability, and lack of contamination with host cell components were similar for the two species, although yields of R. prowazekii per yolk sac were lower. Purified typhus rickettsiae provided satisfactory antigens in the complement fixation, Ouchterlony double-diffusion, and microagglutination tests. The retention of the typhus soluble group antigen during purification was readily demonstrated by complement fixation tests. However, removal of the soluble group antigen by ether treatment was not always adequate for the demonstration of type-specific particulate antigens. Heat-killed R. prowazekii cells gave higher serum microagglutination titers than untreated or formalized cells, a difference was noted for R. typhi cells. Although the protein profiles of whole cells and extracts of R. typhi and R. prowazekii on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were relatively similar, a small but reproducible, difference in the electrophoretic mobilities of their malate dehydrogenases was detected. Purification of typhus rickettsiae on Renografin gradients has no apparent adverse effects on their metabolic or antigenic properties.", "PMID": 64456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1323", "title": "Protein bound iodine levels during oestrus, pregnancy and non-pregnancy states in goats.", "content": "Thyroidal function in goats as estimated by PBI values of blood serum showed a very high activity in oestrus, followed by that in pregnancy state. There was significant increase in PBI values between oestrus and non-pregnancy groups. The lack of significance between pregnancy and non-pregnancy values has been explained. Mean PBI values in oestrus, pregnancy and non-pregnancy were respectively 5.91, 5.31 and 3.74 mug/100 ml blood serum.", "contents": "Protein bound iodine levels during oestrus, pregnancy and non-pregnancy states in goats. Thyroidal function in goats as estimated by PBI values of blood serum showed a very high activity in oestrus, followed by that in pregnancy state. There was significant increase in PBI values between oestrus and non-pregnancy groups. The lack of significance between pregnancy and non-pregnancy values has been explained. Mean PBI values in oestrus, pregnancy and non-pregnancy were respectively 5.91, 5.31 and 3.74 mug/100 ml blood serum.", "PMID": 64454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1324", "title": "Characterization of membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was employed to electrophoretically identify membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini G-230. Five distinct cytoplasmic antigens were observed in soluble fractions prepared by digitonin lysis with electrophoretic mobilities (relative to bovine albumin) ranging from 0.36 to 0.86; four of these were common to other M. arginini strains: leonis and 23243. Five membrane antigens were identified, two of which (0.4 and 0.2) were common to the other M. arginini strains. The most prominent antigenic component of the membrane fraction (the complex membrane antigen) was electrophoretically heterogeneous, showing four antigenically related components with electrophoretic mobilities of 1.2, 0.95 to 0.76 and 0.05. The complex membrane antigen was exposed on the outside of the mycoplasmic cell because absorption of antiserum with live organisms removed antibody to this component. Antibodies to two other membrane components (0.6 and 0.2) were removed by absorption with Triton-solubilized membranes, but not by untreated membranes, indicating that these components were, at best, little exposed on either membrane surface. Antiserum was prepared against the complex membrane antigen using precipitin lines from two dimensional electropherograms as the immunogen. This antiserum reacted only with the complex membrane antigen and did not react with the other M. arginini strains, indicating that the complex membrane antigen was unique to strain G-230.", "contents": "Characterization of membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was employed to electrophoretically identify membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini G-230. Five distinct cytoplasmic antigens were observed in soluble fractions prepared by digitonin lysis with electrophoretic mobilities (relative to bovine albumin) ranging from 0.36 to 0.86; four of these were common to other M. arginini strains: leonis and 23243. Five membrane antigens were identified, two of which (0.4 and 0.2) were common to the other M. arginini strains. The most prominent antigenic component of the membrane fraction (the complex membrane antigen) was electrophoretically heterogeneous, showing four antigenically related components with electrophoretic mobilities of 1.2, 0.95 to 0.76 and 0.05. The complex membrane antigen was exposed on the outside of the mycoplasmic cell because absorption of antiserum with live organisms removed antibody to this component. Antibodies to two other membrane components (0.6 and 0.2) were removed by absorption with Triton-solubilized membranes, but not by untreated membranes, indicating that these components were, at best, little exposed on either membrane surface. Antiserum was prepared against the complex membrane antigen using precipitin lines from two dimensional electropherograms as the immunogen. This antiserum reacted only with the complex membrane antigen and did not react with the other M. arginini strains, indicating that the complex membrane antigen was unique to strain G-230.", "PMID": 64457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1325", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay as a method for evaluating antigenic differences in type A influenza viruses.", "content": "An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed to determine its usefulness in assessing antigenic variation in the surface antigens of type A influenza virus strains. The importance of several test variables was examined, and those having a significant effect on the binding ratios were identified. The reproducibility of the RIA procedure was investigated. Maximum variation of the mean binding ratios encountered in repetitive tests was found to be approximately 20%. The antigenic characteristics of the A/Aichi/68 virus strain were compared with several different type A virus strains. Utilizing anti-A/Aichi/68 immune serum together with specific anti-hemagglutinin and antineuraminidase immune sera, the RIA method was shown to quantitatively differentiate the surface antigens of the A/Aichi/68 virus strain from the surface antigens of the type A strains that preceded, as well as from those that succeeded, the introduction of the Aichi virus strain in 1968. Using antigen-specific serum, both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens can be independently characterized in one test system. This advantage, together with the ease and greater sensitivity of the RIA, should make it a useful serological test for evaluating antigenic variation of type A influenza viruses.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay as a method for evaluating antigenic differences in type A influenza viruses. An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed to determine its usefulness in assessing antigenic variation in the surface antigens of type A influenza virus strains. The importance of several test variables was examined, and those having a significant effect on the binding ratios were identified. The reproducibility of the RIA procedure was investigated. Maximum variation of the mean binding ratios encountered in repetitive tests was found to be approximately 20%. The antigenic characteristics of the A/Aichi/68 virus strain were compared with several different type A virus strains. Utilizing anti-A/Aichi/68 immune serum together with specific anti-hemagglutinin and antineuraminidase immune sera, the RIA method was shown to quantitatively differentiate the surface antigens of the A/Aichi/68 virus strain from the surface antigens of the type A strains that preceded, as well as from those that succeeded, the introduction of the Aichi virus strain in 1968. Using antigen-specific serum, both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens can be independently characterized in one test system. This advantage, together with the ease and greater sensitivity of the RIA, should make it a useful serological test for evaluating antigenic variation of type A influenza viruses.", "PMID": 64458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1326", "title": "Cellular origin of interferon induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces interferons with different properties in mouse macrophages and B lymphocytes. Macrophage interferon is labile at 56 degrees C and is neutralized by anti-mouse fibroblast interferon at a dilution of 1:6,142. B cell interferon is more heat stable and is neutralized by the same antiserum only at a dilution of 1:276. Serum obtained early (1 h) after an intravenous injection of 100 mug of LPS resembled macrophage interferon, whereas serum obtained at later times resembled more and more B cell interferon. The diverse cellular origin of LPS-induced interferon may explain the broad hyporesponsiveness produced by LPS in animals.", "contents": "Cellular origin of interferon induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces interferons with different properties in mouse macrophages and B lymphocytes. Macrophage interferon is labile at 56 degrees C and is neutralized by anti-mouse fibroblast interferon at a dilution of 1:6,142. B cell interferon is more heat stable and is neutralized by the same antiserum only at a dilution of 1:276. Serum obtained early (1 h) after an intravenous injection of 100 mug of LPS resembled macrophage interferon, whereas serum obtained at later times resembled more and more B cell interferon. The diverse cellular origin of LPS-induced interferon may explain the broad hyporesponsiveness produced by LPS in animals.", "PMID": 64459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1327", "title": "Antigenic relatedness of glucosyltransferase enzymes from streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The antigenic relationship of glucosyltransferases (GTF) produced by different serotypes of Streptococcus mutans was studied by using a functional inhibition assay. Rat, rabbit, or hamster immune fluids, directed to cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF, were tested against ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatants containing GTF from seven strains of S. mutans representing six different serotypes. An antigenic relationship was shown to exist among GTF from serotypes a, d, and g, since both rat and rabbit antisera directed to serotype a or g GTF inhibited GTF of serotypes d and g similarly and both antisera also inhibited serotype a GTF. Furthermore, serum inhibition patterns indicated that GTF of serotypes c and e, and possibly b, are antigenically related to each other, but are antigenically distinct from GTF of serotype a, d, or g. Serum antibody directed to antigens other than enzyme (e.g., serotype-specific antigen or teichoic acid) had little effect on the inhibition assay. Salivas from rats immunized with cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF exhibited low but consistent inhibition of GTF activity, which generally corresponded to the serum patterns. The sera of two groups of hamsters immunized with GTF (serotype g), enriched either in water-insoluble or water-soluble glucan synthetic activity, gave patterns of inhibition quite similar to those seen with sera from more heterogenous cell-associated or crude supernatant-derived GTF preparations. Both groups of hamster sera also gave virtually identical patterns, suggesting that the two enzyme forms used as antigen share common antigenic determinants. The results from the three animal models suggest that among the cariogenic organisms tested, two (serotypes a, d, g and b, c, e), or perhaps three (serotypes a, d, g; b; and c, e), different subsets of GTF exist that have distinct antigenic determinants within a subset.", "contents": "Antigenic relatedness of glucosyltransferase enzymes from streptococcus mutans. The antigenic relationship of glucosyltransferases (GTF) produced by different serotypes of Streptococcus mutans was studied by using a functional inhibition assay. Rat, rabbit, or hamster immune fluids, directed to cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF, were tested against ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatants containing GTF from seven strains of S. mutans representing six different serotypes. An antigenic relationship was shown to exist among GTF from serotypes a, d, and g, since both rat and rabbit antisera directed to serotype a or g GTF inhibited GTF of serotypes d and g similarly and both antisera also inhibited serotype a GTF. Furthermore, serum inhibition patterns indicated that GTF of serotypes c and e, and possibly b, are antigenically related to each other, but are antigenically distinct from GTF of serotype a, d, or g. Serum antibody directed to antigens other than enzyme (e.g., serotype-specific antigen or teichoic acid) had little effect on the inhibition assay. Salivas from rats immunized with cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF exhibited low but consistent inhibition of GTF activity, which generally corresponded to the serum patterns. The sera of two groups of hamsters immunized with GTF (serotype g), enriched either in water-insoluble or water-soluble glucan synthetic activity, gave patterns of inhibition quite similar to those seen with sera from more heterogenous cell-associated or crude supernatant-derived GTF preparations. Both groups of hamster sera also gave virtually identical patterns, suggesting that the two enzyme forms used as antigen share common antigenic determinants. The results from the three animal models suggest that among the cariogenic organisms tested, two (serotypes a, d, g and b, c, e), or perhaps three (serotypes a, d, g; b; and c, e), different subsets of GTF exist that have distinct antigenic determinants within a subset.", "PMID": 64460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1328", "title": "Detection of early antigens in nuclei of cells infected with cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 by anti-complement immunofluorescence, and use of a blocking assay to demonstrate their specificity.", "content": "Skin fibroblasts exposed to cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) were infected with either cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2. Herpesvirus-determined early antigens (HV-EA), detected by anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF), occurred primarily in the nucleic, and the specificity of these results was established by an ACIF blocking reaction using F(ab')2 fragments of human and hyperimmune reference sera. Direct tests with selected sera and cross-blocking experiments between early antigenic systems of CMV, HSV-1 and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) did not demonstrate common HV-EA.", "contents": "Detection of early antigens in nuclei of cells infected with cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 by anti-complement immunofluorescence, and use of a blocking assay to demonstrate their specificity. Skin fibroblasts exposed to cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) were infected with either cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2. Herpesvirus-determined early antigens (HV-EA), detected by anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF), occurred primarily in the nucleic, and the specificity of these results was established by an ACIF blocking reaction using F(ab')2 fragments of human and hyperimmune reference sera. Direct tests with selected sera and cross-blocking experiments between early antigenic systems of CMV, HSV-1 and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) did not demonstrate common HV-EA.", "PMID": 64461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1329", "title": "Adsorption of naturally occurring polymers onto calcium oxalate crystal surfaces.", "content": "The adsorption of proteins and mucopolysaccharides on calcium oxalate crystals was measured by solution depletion. Anionic protein adsorption was found to be sensitive to calcium ion concentration. Adsorption of fibrinogen was anomalously large in the presence of 0.01 M Ca2+. Adsorption of cationic protein (histone) was sensitive to oxalate ion concentration. A small alteration in adsorption of protein as a result of pH or temperature change was also observed. Plots of adsorption versus concentration were interpreted in terms of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The derived Langmuir adsorption parameters were then used to investigate the contribution of protein, by physical adsorpti, to the quantity of matrix in urinary stones. It was concluded that physical adsorption can account for the deposition of part but not all of the matrix in calcium oxalate stones. It was also concluded that physical adsorption of mucopolysaccharides by calcium oxalate crystals could explain the inhibition of growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals seen with in vitro precipitation systems. Recalculation of published data indicates that adsorption of protein on dental enamel (calcium hydroxyapatite) results in approximately the same extent of surface coverage as adsorption on calcium oxalate crystals, but protein has a much lower affinity for dental enamel than for calcium oxalate crystals.", "contents": "Adsorption of naturally occurring polymers onto calcium oxalate crystal surfaces. The adsorption of proteins and mucopolysaccharides on calcium oxalate crystals was measured by solution depletion. Anionic protein adsorption was found to be sensitive to calcium ion concentration. Adsorption of fibrinogen was anomalously large in the presence of 0.01 M Ca2+. Adsorption of cationic protein (histone) was sensitive to oxalate ion concentration. A small alteration in adsorption of protein as a result of pH or temperature change was also observed. Plots of adsorption versus concentration were interpreted in terms of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The derived Langmuir adsorption parameters were then used to investigate the contribution of protein, by physical adsorpti, to the quantity of matrix in urinary stones. It was concluded that physical adsorption can account for the deposition of part but not all of the matrix in calcium oxalate stones. It was also concluded that physical adsorption of mucopolysaccharides by calcium oxalate crystals could explain the inhibition of growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals seen with in vitro precipitation systems. Recalculation of published data indicates that adsorption of protein on dental enamel (calcium hydroxyapatite) results in approximately the same extent of surface coverage as adsorption on calcium oxalate crystals, but protein has a much lower affinity for dental enamel than for calcium oxalate crystals.", "PMID": 64463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1330", "title": "Induction of organ-specific antigens of the rabbit male accessory glands by injection of testosterone or gonadotrophin.", "content": "Highly specific antiserums for two antigens of rabbit male accessory glands, called FII and FV, were used to study the effect of hormonal treatment on their appearance during postnatal development. Single or double serial injection of testosterone, or human chorionic gonadotrophin, produces an increase in accessory gland and testis weight, and at the same time induces the synthesis of a detectable amount of specific antigens. This was proved by using groups of animals 4 and 6 1/2 weeks old. The antigens were consistently absent in accessory glands from normal and control animals of the same age. The histologic characteristics of maturation were also observed. Ultrastructural studies revealed an increase in number of microvilli supranuclear vaculoes with secretory content and well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were more easily detected in young animals treated with chorionic gonadotrophin. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the presence of specific carriers (cytosols).", "contents": "Induction of organ-specific antigens of the rabbit male accessory glands by injection of testosterone or gonadotrophin. Highly specific antiserums for two antigens of rabbit male accessory glands, called FII and FV, were used to study the effect of hormonal treatment on their appearance during postnatal development. Single or double serial injection of testosterone, or human chorionic gonadotrophin, produces an increase in accessory gland and testis weight, and at the same time induces the synthesis of a detectable amount of specific antigens. This was proved by using groups of animals 4 and 6 1/2 weeks old. The antigens were consistently absent in accessory glands from normal and control animals of the same age. The histologic characteristics of maturation were also observed. Ultrastructural studies revealed an increase in number of microvilli supranuclear vaculoes with secretory content and well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. These changes were more easily detected in young animals treated with chorionic gonadotrophin. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the presence of specific carriers (cytosols).", "PMID": 64464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1331", "title": "Cardiac Arrhythmias in the horse.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were obtained from normal horses and from horses with cardiac or other organic disease that affected the cardiac rhythm. Tracings were obtained from a base-apex bipolar monitor lead, with the negative electrode attached to the skin in the right jugular furrow and the positive electrode attached to the skin on the ventral medline, beneath the apex of the heart. Each arrhythmia was discussed relative to importance and probable cause.", "contents": "Cardiac Arrhythmias in the horse. Electrocardiograms were obtained from normal horses and from horses with cardiac or other organic disease that affected the cardiac rhythm. Tracings were obtained from a base-apex bipolar monitor lead, with the negative electrode attached to the skin in the right jugular furrow and the positive electrode attached to the skin on the ventral medline, beneath the apex of the heart. Each arrhythmia was discussed relative to importance and probable cause.", "PMID": 64466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1332", "title": "Purification and properties of Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase and selective inhibition of mammalian viral reverse transcriptase by inorganic phosphate.", "content": "Rauscher leukemia virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase has been purified to near homogeneity (greater than 90% pure) using affinity chromatography on polycytidylate-agarose with over 85% recovery of input enzymatic activity. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 and appears to consist of a single polypeptide chain. The enzyme is free of DNase, but has RNase H activity. Analysis of the requirements for optimal rates of DNA synthesis by this enzyme using synthetic and natural template-primers has revealed template-specific variations in such requirements. During these studies it was observed that DNA synthesis catalyzed by Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase is inhibited by the addition of inorganic phosphate. An analysis of the mechanism of phosphate inhibition was carried out using the synthetic template-primer poly(A)-(dT)10. It appears that by some mechanism, possibly involving the substrate binding site of the enzyme, phosphate ions inhibit DNA synthesis with a more acute effect on the rate of chain growth than on that of initiation. The extension of these studies to DNA synthesis catalyzed by a variety of mammalian type C viral reverse transcriptases revealed that low levels ( less than or equal to 2 mM) of inorganic phosphate strongly inhibited DNA synthesis. The susceptibility to phosphate inhibition appears unique to mammalian type C viral enzymes since the type B viral enzyme, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, avian myeloblastosis virus and Mason Pfizer monkey tumor virus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases alpha and gamma are not inhibited by inorganic phosphate. This phenomenon of phosphate inhibition of various DNA polymerases, therefore, provides a new basis for the differentiation of the sources and nature of these enzymes.", "contents": "Purification and properties of Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase and selective inhibition of mammalian viral reverse transcriptase by inorganic phosphate. Rauscher leukemia virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase has been purified to near homogeneity (greater than 90% pure) using affinity chromatography on polycytidylate-agarose with over 85% recovery of input enzymatic activity. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 and appears to consist of a single polypeptide chain. The enzyme is free of DNase, but has RNase H activity. Analysis of the requirements for optimal rates of DNA synthesis by this enzyme using synthetic and natural template-primers has revealed template-specific variations in such requirements. During these studies it was observed that DNA synthesis catalyzed by Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase is inhibited by the addition of inorganic phosphate. An analysis of the mechanism of phosphate inhibition was carried out using the synthetic template-primer poly(A)-(dT)10. It appears that by some mechanism, possibly involving the substrate binding site of the enzyme, phosphate ions inhibit DNA synthesis with a more acute effect on the rate of chain growth than on that of initiation. The extension of these studies to DNA synthesis catalyzed by a variety of mammalian type C viral reverse transcriptases revealed that low levels ( less than or equal to 2 mM) of inorganic phosphate strongly inhibited DNA synthesis. The susceptibility to phosphate inhibition appears unique to mammalian type C viral enzymes since the type B viral enzyme, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, avian myeloblastosis virus and Mason Pfizer monkey tumor virus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases alpha and gamma are not inhibited by inorganic phosphate. This phenomenon of phosphate inhibition of various DNA polymerases, therefore, provides a new basis for the differentiation of the sources and nature of these enzymes.", "PMID": 64468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1333", "title": "Structure of tetanus toxin. II. Toxin binding to ganglioside.", "content": "The interaction between tetanus toxin and ganglioside containing 2 N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked in sequence to one another has been investigated using a new method involving radioactively labeled ganglioside and tetanus toxin adsorbed to Sephadex matrix. Binding between the two components was demonstrated, and it was calculated that in the nanomolar concentration range, tetanus toxin becomes half-saturated at about 5 X 10(-8) M concentration of ganglioside. Removal of the ceramide portion from the ganglioside resulted in the complete loss of binding activity, whereas removal of the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residue from the intact ganglioside had no effect. Among the fragments derived from tetanus toxin (Helting, T. B., and Zwisler, O. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 187-193), only the heavy chain polypeptide exhibited a binding activity of the same order of magnitude as that observed for the native toxin. The light chain polypeptide showed no interaction with ganglioside and among the fragments derived from the toxin by digestion with papain, only Fragment C, at a high protein concentration, displayed marginal binding activity. Using monovalent antibodies directed against specific regions of the tetanus toxin molecule, it was demonstrated that antibodies directed against Fragment C uniquely interfere with the binding process. Anti-light chain serum was ineffective, as well as antitetanus toxoid serum previously absorbed with Fragment C. It is concluded that the binding site for ganglioside is located on the heavy chain portion of tetanus toxin, possibly in or near the region comprised by Fragment C.", "contents": "Structure of tetanus toxin. II. Toxin binding to ganglioside. The interaction between tetanus toxin and ganglioside containing 2 N-acetylneuraminic acid residues linked in sequence to one another has been investigated using a new method involving radioactively labeled ganglioside and tetanus toxin adsorbed to Sephadex matrix. Binding between the two components was demonstrated, and it was calculated that in the nanomolar concentration range, tetanus toxin becomes half-saturated at about 5 X 10(-8) M concentration of ganglioside. Removal of the ceramide portion from the ganglioside resulted in the complete loss of binding activity, whereas removal of the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residue from the intact ganglioside had no effect. Among the fragments derived from tetanus toxin (Helting, T. B., and Zwisler, O. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 187-193), only the heavy chain polypeptide exhibited a binding activity of the same order of magnitude as that observed for the native toxin. The light chain polypeptide showed no interaction with ganglioside and among the fragments derived from the toxin by digestion with papain, only Fragment C, at a high protein concentration, displayed marginal binding activity. Using monovalent antibodies directed against specific regions of the tetanus toxin molecule, it was demonstrated that antibodies directed against Fragment C uniquely interfere with the binding process. Anti-light chain serum was ineffective, as well as antitetanus toxoid serum previously absorbed with Fragment C. It is concluded that the binding site for ganglioside is located on the heavy chain portion of tetanus toxin, possibly in or near the region comprised by Fragment C.", "PMID": 64469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1334", "title": "[Cysts of the kidney in adults. Surgical approach].", "content": "90 case records of renal cysts in adults submitted to surgery are studied. A simple pathological classification is proposed. The accompanying signs were, hematuria in 30 p. 100 of cases, but one should always seek another cause; renal colic is present in 22 p. 100 of cases, a palpable tumour in 50 p. 100, on the other hand, infection of the cyst is rare. 35 p. 100 of the cysts were associated with another disease, usually obstructive uropathy, and there were 3 cases of association with carcinoma of the kidney in this series. Pre-operative diagnosis, eliminating carcinoma of the kidney, was ensured by intravenous urography and echotomography which permitted us to restrict the indications for arteriography and aspiration of the cyst. Surgical treatment permits resection of the salient dome of the cyst in the absence of general contra-indications, in order to suppress symptoms due to the cyst and above all, eliminate carcinoma of the kidney. The post-operative period was uneventful and the mortality nil.", "contents": "[Cysts of the kidney in adults. Surgical approach]. 90 case records of renal cysts in adults submitted to surgery are studied. A simple pathological classification is proposed. The accompanying signs were, hematuria in 30 p. 100 of cases, but one should always seek another cause; renal colic is present in 22 p. 100 of cases, a palpable tumour in 50 p. 100, on the other hand, infection of the cyst is rare. 35 p. 100 of the cysts were associated with another disease, usually obstructive uropathy, and there were 3 cases of association with carcinoma of the kidney in this series. Pre-operative diagnosis, eliminating carcinoma of the kidney, was ensured by intravenous urography and echotomography which permitted us to restrict the indications for arteriography and aspiration of the cyst. Surgical treatment permits resection of the salient dome of the cyst in the absence of general contra-indications, in order to suppress symptoms due to the cyst and above all, eliminate carcinoma of the kidney. The post-operative period was uneventful and the mortality nil.", "PMID": 64470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1335", "title": "Formation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol by normal and hypertrophic human prostate.", "content": "The 3-keto reduction of [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone to 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediols was assessed in homogenates of 40 prostates obtained either at surgery or at medicolegal autopsy from men who had died suddenly. Formation of both androstanediols was demonstrable in cytosol and in microsomes, and both NADH and NADPH were effective cofactors for the two reactions. Formation of the two steroids was not influenced by storage of the gland for up to 8 h prior to processing. When NADPH was cofactor, the formation of 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol was significantly higher in microsomes and cytosol from hypertrophic than from normal glands.", "contents": "Formation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol by normal and hypertrophic human prostate. The 3-keto reduction of [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone to 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediols was assessed in homogenates of 40 prostates obtained either at surgery or at medicolegal autopsy from men who had died suddenly. Formation of both androstanediols was demonstrable in cytosol and in microsomes, and both NADH and NADPH were effective cofactors for the two reactions. Formation of the two steroids was not influenced by storage of the gland for up to 8 h prior to processing. When NADPH was cofactor, the formation of 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol was significantly higher in microsomes and cytosol from hypertrophic than from normal glands.", "PMID": 64471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1336", "title": "Living histamine-containing cells from the bronchial lumens of humans. Description and comparison of histamine content with cells of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Cell populations obtained by bronchial lavage from human subjects were examined for the presence of cells related to the mast cell-basophil series. Such bronchial lumen histamine-containing cells (BLHCC) were identified. The BLHCC stained with toluidine blue may be identified by bright field or dark field microscopy. The BLHCC are alive as evidenced by ability to release histamine (H) after exposure to anti-IgE or calcium ionophore. Although H release from peripheral blood leukocytes by these two agents is potentiated by the presence of D2O, H release from BLHCC of the same subjects by anti-IgE or calcium ionophore was not potentiated by D2O. In studies comparing bronchial cell populations of humans and rhesus monkeys with peripheral blood leukocyte populations of the same subjects, the histamine content of the bronchial cell population was much higher in rhesus monkeys. IgE/Alb ratios of respiratory secretions and serum of the same human subjects were of the same order of magnitude in contrast to previous comparisons done on these fluids in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Living histamine-containing cells from the bronchial lumens of humans. Description and comparison of histamine content with cells of rhesus monkeys. Cell populations obtained by bronchial lavage from human subjects were examined for the presence of cells related to the mast cell-basophil series. Such bronchial lumen histamine-containing cells (BLHCC) were identified. The BLHCC stained with toluidine blue may be identified by bright field or dark field microscopy. The BLHCC are alive as evidenced by ability to release histamine (H) after exposure to anti-IgE or calcium ionophore. Although H release from peripheral blood leukocytes by these two agents is potentiated by the presence of D2O, H release from BLHCC of the same subjects by anti-IgE or calcium ionophore was not potentiated by D2O. In studies comparing bronchial cell populations of humans and rhesus monkeys with peripheral blood leukocyte populations of the same subjects, the histamine content of the bronchial cell population was much higher in rhesus monkeys. IgE/Alb ratios of respiratory secretions and serum of the same human subjects were of the same order of magnitude in contrast to previous comparisons done on these fluids in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 64472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1337", "title": "A soluble acidic protein of the cell nucleus which reacts with serum from patients with systemic lupus erythermatosus and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "A soluble nuclear antigen that reacts with sera obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome has been described. The antigen, tentatively named the Ha antigen after the prototype serum, was shown to react with specific antibodies by precipitin, complement fixation, and immunofluorescence techniques. The Ha antigen prepared from isolated nuclei of calf thymus glands, calf liver, and rat liver showed identical immunological reactivities; a wide distribution among different species and tissues is presumed. The Ha antigen was destroyed by trypsin and relatively mild heat or pH variation from neutrality, but was resistant to DNase or RNase. Many of these characteristics are similar to those of the \"B\" antigen to which antibodies have recently been described in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The  nuclear origin of the Ha antigen was confirmed by the speckled nuclear immunofluorescence staining pattern given by purified antibody to Ha obtained from a specific immune precipitate. Preliminary results showed approximately 13% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 30% of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome had precipitating antibodies to the Ha antigen.", "contents": "A soluble acidic protein of the cell nucleus which reacts with serum from patients with systemic lupus erythermatosus and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A soluble nuclear antigen that reacts with sera obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome has been described. The antigen, tentatively named the Ha antigen after the prototype serum, was shown to react with specific antibodies by precipitin, complement fixation, and immunofluorescence techniques. The Ha antigen prepared from isolated nuclei of calf thymus glands, calf liver, and rat liver showed identical immunological reactivities; a wide distribution among different species and tissues is presumed. The Ha antigen was destroyed by trypsin and relatively mild heat or pH variation from neutrality, but was resistant to DNase or RNase. Many of these characteristics are similar to those of the \"B\" antigen to which antibodies have recently been described in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The  nuclear origin of the Ha antigen was confirmed by the speckled nuclear immunofluorescence staining pattern given by purified antibody to Ha obtained from a specific immune precipitate. Preliminary results showed approximately 13% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 30% of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome had precipitating antibodies to the Ha antigen.", "PMID": 64473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1338", "title": "The Minnesota Child Development Inventory ad an aid in the assessment of developmental disability.", "content": "Parents' reports on their children's functioning were obtained from the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) during a review of 132 cases. These data were found to be highly correlated (r = .92) with mental ages obtained during formal psychometric evaluation. The data support the use of the MCDI as an additional tool in the assessment of clinical population of children suspected of having developmental disabilities.", "contents": "The Minnesota Child Development Inventory ad an aid in the assessment of developmental disability. Parents' reports on their children's functioning were obtained from the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) during a review of 132 cases. These data were found to be highly correlated (r = .92) with mental ages obtained during formal psychometric evaluation. The data support the use of the MCDI as an additional tool in the assessment of clinical population of children suspected of having developmental disabilities.", "PMID": 64474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1339", "title": "Purified azure B as a reticulocyte stain.", "content": "A comparison has been made between reticulocyte preparations stained with purified azure B and with several commerically available batches of brilliant cresyl blue and new methylene blue. Marked variations were observed in the composition and staining performances of the various batches of the two commerically available dyes. Although there were no significant differences in reticulocyte counts obtained with these two dyes, varying amounts of an extraneous, particulate dye deposit were present in these preparations, making accuracte counting both tedious and timeconsuming. Purified azure B, on the other hand, gave reproducibly stained, deposit-free preparations. Reticulocyte counts obtained from azure B preparations  correlated almost exactly with those determined using new methylene blue. Purified azure B is therefore recommended as a convenient reticulocyte stain for routine use.", "contents": "Purified azure B as a reticulocyte stain. A comparison has been made between reticulocyte preparations stained with purified azure B and with several commerically available batches of brilliant cresyl blue and new methylene blue. Marked variations were observed in the composition and staining performances of the various batches of the two commerically available dyes. Although there were no significant differences in reticulocyte counts obtained with these two dyes, varying amounts of an extraneous, particulate dye deposit were present in these preparations, making accuracte counting both tedious and timeconsuming. Purified azure B, on the other hand, gave reproducibly stained, deposit-free preparations. Reticulocyte counts obtained from azure B preparations  correlated almost exactly with those determined using new methylene blue. Purified azure B is therefore recommended as a convenient reticulocyte stain for routine use.", "PMID": 64475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1340", "title": "Anatomical studies of a temporal visual area in the rabbit.", "content": "Using Fink-Heimer, autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques, the connections of a temporal visual cortical region of the rabbit were explored. The temporal visual area covers portions of areas T1 and T2, and is reciprocally connected with the posterior nucleus and suprageniculate nuclei of the thalamus. It was also shown that the temporal visual area projects to a similar region in the opposite hemisphere, and to intermediate laminae of the superior colliculus. The temporal visual area is discussed in comparison to other similar regions in the cortex of primate species. It is pointed out that recent evidence indicates visual areas in the occipital cortex of non-primate species may be no less numerous and complex than those in primate species.", "contents": "Anatomical studies of a temporal visual area in the rabbit. Using Fink-Heimer, autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques, the connections of a temporal visual cortical region of the rabbit were explored. The temporal visual area covers portions of areas T1 and T2, and is reciprocally connected with the posterior nucleus and suprageniculate nuclei of the thalamus. It was also shown that the temporal visual area projects to a similar region in the opposite hemisphere, and to intermediate laminae of the superior colliculus. The temporal visual area is discussed in comparison to other similar regions in the cortex of primate species. It is pointed out that recent evidence indicates visual areas in the occipital cortex of non-primate species may be no less numerous and complex than those in primate species.", "PMID": 64476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1341", "title": "The cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus and adjacent thalamic nuclei in the rat.", "content": "The mediodorsal nucleus of the rat thalamus has been divided into medial, central and lateral segments on the basis of its structure and axonal connections, and these segments have been shown by experiments using the autoradiographic method of demonstrating axonal connections to project to seven distinct cortical areas covering most of the frontal pole of the hemisphere. The position and cytoarchitectonic characteristics of these areas are described. The medial segment of the nucleus projects to the prelimbic area (32) on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and to the dorsal agranular insular area, dorsal to the rhinal sulcus on the lateral surface. The lateral segment projects to the anterior cingulate area (area 24) and the medial precentral area on the dorsomedial shoulder of the hemisphere, while the central segment projects to the ventral agranular insular area in the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus, and to a lateral part of the orbital cortex further rostrally. (The term \"orbital\" is used to refer to the cortex on the ventral surface of the frontal pole of the hemisphere.) A ventral part of this orbital cortex also receives fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus, possibly its lateral segment, but the medial part of the orbital cortex, and the ventrolateral orbital area in the fundus of the rhinal sulcus receive projections from the paratenial nucleus and the submedial nucleus, respectively. All of these thalamocortical projections end in layer III, and in the outer part of layer I. The basal nucleus of the ventromedial complex (the thalamic taste relay) has been shown to have a similar laminar projection (layer I and layers III/IV) to the granular insular area immediately dorsal to, but not overlapping, the mediodorsal projection field. However, the principal nucleus of the ventromedial complex appears to project to layer I, and possibly layer VI, of the entire frontal pole of the hemisphere. The anteromedial nucleus does not appear to project to layer III of the projection field of the mediodorsal nucleus, although it may project to layers I and VI, especially in the anterior cingulate and medial precentral areas. A thalamoamygdaloid projection from the medial segment of the mediodorsal nucleus to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala has also been demonstrated, which reciprocates an amygdalothalamic projection from the basolateral nucleus to the medial segment. The habenular nuclei also appear to project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. These results are discussed in relation to the delineation and subdivision of the prefrontal cortex in the rat, and to amygdalothalamic and amygdalocortical projections which are described in a subsequent paper (Krettek and Price, '77).", "contents": "The cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus and adjacent thalamic nuclei in the rat. The mediodorsal nucleus of the rat thalamus has been divided into medial, central and lateral segments on the basis of its structure and axonal connections, and these segments have been shown by experiments using the autoradiographic method of demonstrating axonal connections to project to seven distinct cortical areas covering most of the frontal pole of the hemisphere. The position and cytoarchitectonic characteristics of these areas are described. The medial segment of the nucleus projects to the prelimbic area (32) on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and to the dorsal agranular insular area, dorsal to the rhinal sulcus on the lateral surface. The lateral segment projects to the anterior cingulate area (area 24) and the medial precentral area on the dorsomedial shoulder of the hemisphere, while the central segment projects to the ventral agranular insular area in the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus, and to a lateral part of the orbital cortex further rostrally. (The term \"orbital\" is used to refer to the cortex on the ventral surface of the frontal pole of the hemisphere.) A ventral part of this orbital cortex also receives fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus, possibly its lateral segment, but the medial part of the orbital cortex, and the ventrolateral orbital area in the fundus of the rhinal sulcus receive projections from the paratenial nucleus and the submedial nucleus, respectively. All of these thalamocortical projections end in layer III, and in the outer part of layer I. The basal nucleus of the ventromedial complex (the thalamic taste relay) has been shown to have a similar laminar projection (layer I and layers III/IV) to the granular insular area immediately dorsal to, but not overlapping, the mediodorsal projection field. However, the principal nucleus of the ventromedial complex appears to project to layer I, and possibly layer VI, of the entire frontal pole of the hemisphere. The anteromedial nucleus does not appear to project to layer III of the projection field of the mediodorsal nucleus, although it may project to layers I and VI, especially in the anterior cingulate and medial precentral areas. A thalamoamygdaloid projection from the medial segment of the mediodorsal nucleus to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala has also been demonstrated, which reciprocates an amygdalothalamic projection from the basolateral nucleus to the medial segment. The habenular nuclei also appear to project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. These results are discussed in relation to the delineation and subdivision of the prefrontal cortex in the rat, and to amygdalothalamic and amygdalocortical projections which are described in a subsequent paper (Krettek and Price, '77).", "PMID": 64477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1342", "title": "A comparison of visual pathways in Boston and Midwestern Siamese cats.", "content": "A genetic mutation in Siamese cats causes retinogeniculate fibers representing roughly the first 20 degrees of ipsilateral visual field in each eye to cross aberrantly in the optic chiasm and terminate in the wrong lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Previous investigations have shown that in the visual cortex this extra representation of ipsilateral visual field can be organized into one pattern in Boston Siamese cats, another in Midwestern. This finding was confirmed here. The possibility that the organization of the LGN might account for these two patterns was studied using combined anatomical and physiological methods. On the basis of microelectrode recordings from the visual cortex, 11 out of the 12 Siamese cats included here were Boston cats; one was Midwestern. The distribution of retinogeniculate terminals was examined in each cat using autoradiographic techniques following an eye-injection of 3H-proline. Overall, the LGN organization in Boston cats was similar to that of Midwestern: both lateral and medial normal segments of lamina A1 (mnA1) were present. In Boston cats, however, the mnA1 was remarkably small and shifted ventromedially in the nucleus to allow for the fusion between the medial borders of lamina A and the abnormal segment of A1. In the Midwestern cat this fusion was not apparent and the medial normal segment of A1 was significantly larger. These differences in organization of the LGN are consistent with those seen at the level of the visual cortex in Midwestern and Boston Siamese cats. It was not possible, however, to relate them clearly to the characteristic strabismus of these animals.", "contents": "A comparison of visual pathways in Boston and Midwestern Siamese cats. A genetic mutation in Siamese cats causes retinogeniculate fibers representing roughly the first 20 degrees of ipsilateral visual field in each eye to cross aberrantly in the optic chiasm and terminate in the wrong lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Previous investigations have shown that in the visual cortex this extra representation of ipsilateral visual field can be organized into one pattern in Boston Siamese cats, another in Midwestern. This finding was confirmed here. The possibility that the organization of the LGN might account for these two patterns was studied using combined anatomical and physiological methods. On the basis of microelectrode recordings from the visual cortex, 11 out of the 12 Siamese cats included here were Boston cats; one was Midwestern. The distribution of retinogeniculate terminals was examined in each cat using autoradiographic techniques following an eye-injection of 3H-proline. Overall, the LGN organization in Boston cats was similar to that of Midwestern: both lateral and medial normal segments of lamina A1 (mnA1) were present. In Boston cats, however, the mnA1 was remarkably small and shifted ventromedially in the nucleus to allow for the fusion between the medial borders of lamina A and the abnormal segment of A1. In the Midwestern cat this fusion was not apparent and the medial normal segment of A1 was significantly larger. These differences in organization of the LGN are consistent with those seen at the level of the visual cortex in Midwestern and Boston Siamese cats. It was not possible, however, to relate them clearly to the characteristic strabismus of these animals.", "PMID": 64478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1343", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the superior cervical trunk of the mouse: distribution, cytochemistry and stability of fibrous elements in preganglionic fibers.", "content": "The ultrastructure of axons in the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk of the mouse is described with emphasis on the number, distribution and stability of fibrous elements in the axoplasm. Neurofilaments outnumbered microtubules in myelinated and non-myelinated axons of all sizes, and the ratio of neurofilaments to microtubules in non-myelinated axons at each point studied was fairly consistent and independent of axonal diameter. The density of neurofilaments and microtubules, however, was greater in axons of progressively smaller diameter. In non-myelinated axons and small myelinated axons neurofilaments were uniformly distributed throughout the axoplasm resulting in minimum and maximum interfilament distances of 300 angstrom and 500 angstrom respectively; the spacing of fibrous elements within any one axon was dependent upon its diameter and position with respect to the superior cervical ganglion in the preganglionic trunk. The maximum interfilament distance was also found in large myelinated axons where neurofilaments, occurring in fascicles, were separated by distances of approximately 500 angstroms. Cytochemical staining of axons with lanthanum hydroxide, ruthenium red or alkaline bismuth delineated the delicate filamentous matrix interconnecting microtubules, neurofilaments and other organelles in the axoplasm. Alkaline bismuth stain was most intense in myelinated axons where heaviest deposition of reaction product was associated with neurofilaments. Treatment in vitro of the cervical sympathetic trunk with 5 X 10(-5) M vinblastine sulfate dissociated microtubules and induced formation of crystalline arrays of \"tubular\" elements. A uniform center to center spacing of 250-300 angstrom was found for crystalloids in non-myelinted axons; however, in myelinated axons the center to center spacing was not uniform and varied in the range 300-600 angstrom. Neurofilaments and their surface projections were unaffected by vinblastine. Fixation in the presence of lanthanum enhanced delineation of crystalloid elements. Exposure of 0-4 degrees C for up to three hours had no consistent effect on microtubules or neurofilaments. In contrast, cold treatment disrupted the delicate axonal matrix and resulted in the formation of aggregates of coarse flocculent material in the axoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the superior cervical trunk of the mouse: distribution, cytochemistry and stability of fibrous elements in preganglionic fibers. The ultrastructure of axons in the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk of the mouse is described with emphasis on the number, distribution and stability of fibrous elements in the axoplasm. Neurofilaments outnumbered microtubules in myelinated and non-myelinated axons of all sizes, and the ratio of neurofilaments to microtubules in non-myelinated axons at each point studied was fairly consistent and independent of axonal diameter. The density of neurofilaments and microtubules, however, was greater in axons of progressively smaller diameter. In non-myelinated axons and small myelinated axons neurofilaments were uniformly distributed throughout the axoplasm resulting in minimum and maximum interfilament distances of 300 angstrom and 500 angstrom respectively; the spacing of fibrous elements within any one axon was dependent upon its diameter and position with respect to the superior cervical ganglion in the preganglionic trunk. The maximum interfilament distance was also found in large myelinated axons where neurofilaments, occurring in fascicles, were separated by distances of approximately 500 angstroms. Cytochemical staining of axons with lanthanum hydroxide, ruthenium red or alkaline bismuth delineated the delicate filamentous matrix interconnecting microtubules, neurofilaments and other organelles in the axoplasm. Alkaline bismuth stain was most intense in myelinated axons where heaviest deposition of reaction product was associated with neurofilaments. Treatment in vitro of the cervical sympathetic trunk with 5 X 10(-5) M vinblastine sulfate dissociated microtubules and induced formation of crystalline arrays of \"tubular\" elements. A uniform center to center spacing of 250-300 angstrom was found for crystalloids in non-myelinted axons; however, in myelinated axons the center to center spacing was not uniform and varied in the range 300-600 angstrom. Neurofilaments and their surface projections were unaffected by vinblastine. Fixation in the presence of lanthanum enhanced delineation of crystalloid elements. Exposure of 0-4 degrees C for up to three hours had no consistent effect on microtubules or neurofilaments. In contrast, cold treatment disrupted the delicate axonal matrix and resulted in the formation of aggregates of coarse flocculent material in the axoplasm.", "PMID": 64479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1344", "title": "Survival and fertility of antibiotic-treated bovine spermatozoa.", "content": "Motility of spermatozoa stored at 5 C with up to 1000 units or mug of chloramphenicol, polymyxin, kanamycin, tylosin, ampicillin, lincomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, novabiocin, or terramycin per ml of extender was compared to that with penicillin plus dihydrostreptomycin. Novabiocin and terramycin were toxic, but other antibiotic treatments had no effect. However, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as colymycin, depressed motility of frozen thawed spermatozoa. Spermatozoal motility was equivalent, following freezing in ampules or straws. All of the antibiotics which were non-toxic when added singly to frozen semen were also not harmful to frozen spermatozoa when as much as 2000 units or mug were added per ml of extender containing penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. The addition of 1000 units or mug of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, polymyxin, or spectinomycin per ml of extender containing 750 units penicillin and 750 mug dihydrostreptomycin per ml did not influence the fertility of frozen spermatozoa in a field test involving 19,663 first inseminations.", "contents": "Survival and fertility of antibiotic-treated bovine spermatozoa. Motility of spermatozoa stored at 5 C with up to 1000 units or mug of chloramphenicol, polymyxin, kanamycin, tylosin, ampicillin, lincomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, novabiocin, or terramycin per ml of extender was compared to that with penicillin plus dihydrostreptomycin. Novabiocin and terramycin were toxic, but other antibiotic treatments had no effect. However, erythromycin and tylosin, as well as colymycin, depressed motility of frozen thawed spermatozoa. Spermatozoal motility was equivalent, following freezing in ampules or straws. All of the antibiotics which were non-toxic when added singly to frozen semen were also not harmful to frozen spermatozoa when as much as 2000 units or mug were added per ml of extender containing penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. The addition of 1000 units or mug of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin, polymyxin, or spectinomycin per ml of extender containing 750 units penicillin and 750 mug dihydrostreptomycin per ml did not influence the fertility of frozen spermatozoa in a field test involving 19,663 first inseminations.", "PMID": 64480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1345", "title": "Harvester ant sensitivity: in vitro and in vivo studies using whole body extracts and venom.", "content": "Harvester ant stings by Pogonomyrmex maricopa (Pm) or Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Pr) resulted in serious reactions in 8 patients, 4 with generalized reactions and 1 with large local reactions. Exposure to one species in the genus Pogonomyrmex (P) appeared to cross-sensitize ant-sensitive patients to other species in the same genus as evidenced by skin testing and leukocyte histamine release, but these patients were less sensitive to extracts from other stinging Hymenoptera, including bee, wasp, yellow jacket, hornet, and Formica ant. Pr ant venom was obtained by electrical stimulation of live ants for leukocyte histamine release studies. The venom preparation was considerably more effective in inducing histamine release than a body extract derived from gasters, the posterior abdominal segments. Rabbits immunized with an extract from one species produced precipitating antibodies against the injected extract withich cross-reacted with extracts from other species of harvester ant, but not with other stinging Hymenoptera. Humans and rabbits appear to react to certain genus-specific antigens present in Pogonomyrmex whole body extracts. Proper identification of the offending ant is crucial for proper testing and treatment of ant-sensitive patients.", "contents": "Harvester ant sensitivity: in vitro and in vivo studies using whole body extracts and venom. Harvester ant stings by Pogonomyrmex maricopa (Pm) or Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Pr) resulted in serious reactions in 8 patients, 4 with generalized reactions and 1 with large local reactions. Exposure to one species in the genus Pogonomyrmex (P) appeared to cross-sensitize ant-sensitive patients to other species in the same genus as evidenced by skin testing and leukocyte histamine release, but these patients were less sensitive to extracts from other stinging Hymenoptera, including bee, wasp, yellow jacket, hornet, and Formica ant. Pr ant venom was obtained by electrical stimulation of live ants for leukocyte histamine release studies. The venom preparation was considerably more effective in inducing histamine release than a body extract derived from gasters, the posterior abdominal segments. Rabbits immunized with an extract from one species produced precipitating antibodies against the injected extract withich cross-reacted with extracts from other species of harvester ant, but not with other stinging Hymenoptera. Humans and rabbits appear to react to certain genus-specific antigens present in Pogonomyrmex whole body extracts. Proper identification of the offending ant is crucial for proper testing and treatment of ant-sensitive patients.", "PMID": 64481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1346", "title": "Diagnosis of Hymenoptera hypersensitivity by skin testing with Hymenoptera venoms.", "content": "This double-blind study provides evidence that skin testing with dialyzed Hymenoptera venoms is a more accurate, reliable method of diagnosing hypersensitivity to the sting of honeybee, yellow jacket, yellow hornet, white-faced hornet, and wasp than is skin testing with the corresponding whole body diagnostic allergenic extract. Furthermore, the incidence of false-positives was greatly reduced by using the dialyzed Hymenoptera venom (HDV) diagnosis. In this clinical trial, most sensitive individuals had skin test reactions greater than the diluent control at concentrations of 1 mug/ml or below. Levels of venom diagnostic of 100 mug/ml appeared to produce nonspecific local irritation. Skin test with whole body diagnostic allergenic extract did not produce a consistent differentiation between sensitive and nonsensitive individuals. No untoward reactions were seen using the dialyzed Hymenoptera venom (HDV) diagnostic.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Hymenoptera hypersensitivity by skin testing with Hymenoptera venoms. This double-blind study provides evidence that skin testing with dialyzed Hymenoptera venoms is a more accurate, reliable method of diagnosing hypersensitivity to the sting of honeybee, yellow jacket, yellow hornet, white-faced hornet, and wasp than is skin testing with the corresponding whole body diagnostic allergenic extract. Furthermore, the incidence of false-positives was greatly reduced by using the dialyzed Hymenoptera venom (HDV) diagnosis. In this clinical trial, most sensitive individuals had skin test reactions greater than the diluent control at concentrations of 1 mug/ml or below. Levels of venom diagnostic of 100 mug/ml appeared to produce nonspecific local irritation. Skin test with whole body diagnostic allergenic extract did not produce a consistent differentiation between sensitive and nonsensitive individuals. No untoward reactions were seen using the dialyzed Hymenoptera venom (HDV) diagnostic.", "PMID": 64482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1347", "title": "Hypersensitivity to pancreatic extracts in parents of patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Because immediate hypersensitivity reactions can occur in individuals exposed to powdered pancreatic extracts, 36 patients with cystic fibrosis and 51 patents of such patients wwer studied for evidence of sensitization. Sensitivity to the extracts as evidence by history and skin testing was infrequent in the children with cystic fibrosis. However, skin testing for immediate hypersensitivity with either crude pancreatic extracts or inactivated trypsin correlated well in their patents with a history of clinical symptoms. IgE mediation of these reactions in sensitized individuals was demonstrated by antigen-induced histamine release from leukocytes, passive transfer studies, and immediate response to inhalation challenge.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to pancreatic extracts in parents of patients with cystic fibrosis. Because immediate hypersensitivity reactions can occur in individuals exposed to powdered pancreatic extracts, 36 patients with cystic fibrosis and 51 patents of such patients wwer studied for evidence of sensitization. Sensitivity to the extracts as evidence by history and skin testing was infrequent in the children with cystic fibrosis. However, skin testing for immediate hypersensitivity with either crude pancreatic extracts or inactivated trypsin correlated well in their patents with a history of clinical symptoms. IgE mediation of these reactions in sensitized individuals was demonstrated by antigen-induced histamine release from leukocytes, passive transfer studies, and immediate response to inhalation challenge.", "PMID": 64483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1348", "title": "Immediate hypersensitivity to cockroach. Isolation and purification of the major antigens.", "content": "Crude cockroach extract elicited positive skin tests in 50% of patients with positive and in 4% with negative environmental history for cockroach exposure, suggesting a possible role of cockroach in perennial atopic disease. Three major allergens in crude American and German cockroach extracts have been identified using sequential purification steps on Sephadex G-75, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Cr-I elicits positive skin tests in 70% of patients sensitive to the crude extracts. It has a molecular weight of approximately 25,500 daltons, is highly acidic, and resists boiling for four hours. Boiling in 4 N acetic acid completely abolishes its allergenicity. The purified allergen elicits positive skin tests at a concentration of 3 mug/ml and is capable of inducing greater than 50% histamine release from sensitive leukocytes at 0.05 ng/ml. A second antigen, Cr-II, elicits positive skin tests also in approximately 70% of cockroach-sensitive individuals, has a molecular weight of approximately 63,000 to 65,000 daltons, and has similar heat stability and acid hydrolysis characteristics to Cr-I. A third, less well-characterized antigen, Cr-III, has a molecular weight less than 10,000 daltons and elicits positive skin tests in 30% of individuals sensitive to the crude extract.", "contents": "Immediate hypersensitivity to cockroach. Isolation and purification of the major antigens. Crude cockroach extract elicited positive skin tests in 50% of patients with positive and in 4% with negative environmental history for cockroach exposure, suggesting a possible role of cockroach in perennial atopic disease. Three major allergens in crude American and German cockroach extracts have been identified using sequential purification steps on Sephadex G-75, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Cr-I elicits positive skin tests in 70% of patients sensitive to the crude extracts. It has a molecular weight of approximately 25,500 daltons, is highly acidic, and resists boiling for four hours. Boiling in 4 N acetic acid completely abolishes its allergenicity. The purified allergen elicits positive skin tests at a concentration of 3 mug/ml and is capable of inducing greater than 50% histamine release from sensitive leukocytes at 0.05 ng/ml. A second antigen, Cr-II, elicits positive skin tests also in approximately 70% of cockroach-sensitive individuals, has a molecular weight of approximately 63,000 to 65,000 daltons, and has similar heat stability and acid hydrolysis characteristics to Cr-I. A third, less well-characterized antigen, Cr-III, has a molecular weight less than 10,000 daltons and elicits positive skin tests in 30% of individuals sensitive to the crude extract.", "PMID": 64484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1349", "title": "Studies on Brugia pahangi. 13. The anthelmintic effect of compounds F151 (Friedheim), HOE 33258 (Hoechst) and their reaction product.", "content": "F151 was a potent filaricide against adult Brugia pahangi in cats and jirds. HOE 33258 did not kill adult worms in cats but had a marginal effect on adult worms in the peritoneal cavity of jirds. It was not immediately microfilaricidal in cats but the microfilarial counts of treated cats fell within a few weeks of treatment. The reaction product, or mixture, of these two compounds (V5851 = E) was strongly macrofilaricidal in cats and jirds.", "contents": "Studies on Brugia pahangi. 13. The anthelmintic effect of compounds F151 (Friedheim), HOE 33258 (Hoechst) and their reaction product. F151 was a potent filaricide against adult Brugia pahangi in cats and jirds. HOE 33258 did not kill adult worms in cats but had a marginal effect on adult worms in the peritoneal cavity of jirds. It was not immediately microfilaricidal in cats but the microfilarial counts of treated cats fell within a few weeks of treatment. The reaction product, or mixture, of these two compounds (V5851 = E) was strongly macrofilaricidal in cats and jirds.", "PMID": 64486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1350", "title": "Interaction of polyanions with basic fuchsin and formaldehyde.", "content": "Basic fuchsin and formaldehyde react readily with a number of polyanions in aqueous solutions. Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, several synthetic polynucleotides and polyvinylsulfate all convert buffered solutions of basic fuchsin and formaldehyde from a magenta to a purple color at ambient temperature. The formation of product is maximal in about 20 min and the resulting complexes are stable enough to be isolated by gel filtration. Microgram amounts of polyanion suffice to produce the color changes and the spectral shifts vary with the type of polyanion. These results are interpreted to indicate that polymerization of basic fuchsin and formaldehyde is an essential aspect of color formation.", "contents": "Interaction of polyanions with basic fuchsin and formaldehyde. Basic fuchsin and formaldehyde react readily with a number of polyanions in aqueous solutions. Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, several synthetic polynucleotides and polyvinylsulfate all convert buffered solutions of basic fuchsin and formaldehyde from a magenta to a purple color at ambient temperature. The formation of product is maximal in about 20 min and the resulting complexes are stable enough to be isolated by gel filtration. Microgram amounts of polyanion suffice to produce the color changes and the spectral shifts vary with the type of polyanion. These results are interpreted to indicate that polymerization of basic fuchsin and formaldehyde is an essential aspect of color formation.", "PMID": 64566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1351", "title": "Simultaneous staining of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids in unfixed cells using acridine orange in a flow cytofluorometric system.", "content": "Simultaneous staining of deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in nonfixed, but permeable, cells is described. Cells are made permeable by treatment with non-ionic detergent at low pH. RNA is denatured prior to, or during staining, by exposure of cells to chelating agents to ensure that DNA (native) and RNA (dentured) may be stained differentially with the metachromatic dye, acridine orange. The fluorescence of individual cells is measured in a flow cytofluorometer. A comparison between various staining procedures employing acridine orange or other intercalating dyes in unfixed cells is discussed in terms of staining specificity, cell permeability and preservation. Evidence is provided that acridine orange staining of unfixed cells may be used as a simple, fast means of obtaining information on cell ploidy levels and cell cycle status from DNA measurements (green fluorescence), and cell transcriptional activity from RNA staining (red fluorescence), in human and murine cells lines, peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from patients with leukemia and mitogenically (phytohemagglutinin) or antigenically (mixed lymphocyte culture) stimulated human peripheral blood cultures. Exposure of cells to detergent at low pH as an alternative to cell fixation or hypotonic treatment is proposed as a fast, convenient method of making cells permeable to dyes.", "contents": "Simultaneous staining of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids in unfixed cells using acridine orange in a flow cytofluorometric system. Simultaneous staining of deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in nonfixed, but permeable, cells is described. Cells are made permeable by treatment with non-ionic detergent at low pH. RNA is denatured prior to, or during staining, by exposure of cells to chelating agents to ensure that DNA (native) and RNA (dentured) may be stained differentially with the metachromatic dye, acridine orange. The fluorescence of individual cells is measured in a flow cytofluorometer. A comparison between various staining procedures employing acridine orange or other intercalating dyes in unfixed cells is discussed in terms of staining specificity, cell permeability and preservation. Evidence is provided that acridine orange staining of unfixed cells may be used as a simple, fast means of obtaining information on cell ploidy levels and cell cycle status from DNA measurements (green fluorescence), and cell transcriptional activity from RNA staining (red fluorescence), in human and murine cells lines, peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from patients with leukemia and mitogenically (phytohemagglutinin) or antigenically (mixed lymphocyte culture) stimulated human peripheral blood cultures. Exposure of cells to detergent at low pH as an alternative to cell fixation or hypotonic treatment is proposed as a fast, convenient method of making cells permeable to dyes.", "PMID": 64567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1352", "title": "Optical properties of normal and injured cells. Application of cytographic analysis to cell viability and volume studies.", "content": "A cell spectrophotometer (Cytograf Model 6300 A, Bio/Physics Systems, Inc.) was tested in a cytotoxic assay using Ehrlich ascites tumor cells as a model system. Several cellular conditions associated with volume expansion, staining of cellular components and fixation of cells were applied and the magnitude of the scattering and extinction signals were tested in these diverse cellular conditions. The magnitude of the scattering pulse of a cell spectrophotometer was found to be greatly dependent on the staining color and intensity of cellular components with vital dyes or following osmium tetroxide fixation. When the absorption wavelength of the vital dye was close to the wavelength used in the cell spectrophotometer (about 630 nm), dead stained and living nonstained cell populations were completely separated from each other. The magnitude of the extinction pulse was greatly dependent on the state (normal, injured cells) and staining intensity (vital dye staining, osmium fixation) of cellular components. The magnitude of the extinction pulse was reduced from that in normal cells when cells were treated with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid or in a hypotonic solution that caused a marked volume expansion of injured cells. When cells were fixed with a mixture containing glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide the cellular components of normal and injured cells turned black and in these conditions the magnitude of the extinction signal was in a linear correlation to the cross-sectional area of cells. In the present study, the cell spectrophotometer proved to be an efficient method for estimation of cellular viability, based on different scattering properties of cells, offering the advantages of high speed and precision. Demonstration of the use of a variety of vital dyes having diverse extinction properties with capabilities to differentiate between living and dead cells has indicated the potential use of the cell spectrophotometer in cytotoxic assay. Modification of the magnitude of the extinction signal in the cell spectrophotometer also shows great promise for accurate automated size determination of both normal and injured cells. Previously, determination of the size of injured cells has been beset with methodologic errors.", "contents": "Optical properties of normal and injured cells. Application of cytographic analysis to cell viability and volume studies. A cell spectrophotometer (Cytograf Model 6300 A, Bio/Physics Systems, Inc.) was tested in a cytotoxic assay using Ehrlich ascites tumor cells as a model system. Several cellular conditions associated with volume expansion, staining of cellular components and fixation of cells were applied and the magnitude of the scattering and extinction signals were tested in these diverse cellular conditions. The magnitude of the scattering pulse of a cell spectrophotometer was found to be greatly dependent on the staining color and intensity of cellular components with vital dyes or following osmium tetroxide fixation. When the absorption wavelength of the vital dye was close to the wavelength used in the cell spectrophotometer (about 630 nm), dead stained and living nonstained cell populations were completely separated from each other. The magnitude of the extinction pulse was greatly dependent on the state (normal, injured cells) and staining intensity (vital dye staining, osmium fixation) of cellular components. The magnitude of the extinction pulse was reduced from that in normal cells when cells were treated with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid or in a hypotonic solution that caused a marked volume expansion of injured cells. When cells were fixed with a mixture containing glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide the cellular components of normal and injured cells turned black and in these conditions the magnitude of the extinction signal was in a linear correlation to the cross-sectional area of cells. In the present study, the cell spectrophotometer proved to be an efficient method for estimation of cellular viability, based on different scattering properties of cells, offering the advantages of high speed and precision. Demonstration of the use of a variety of vital dyes having diverse extinction properties with capabilities to differentiate between living and dead cells has indicated the potential use of the cell spectrophotometer in cytotoxic assay. Modification of the magnitude of the extinction signal in the cell spectrophotometer also shows great promise for accurate automated size determination of both normal and injured cells. Previously, determination of the size of injured cells has been beset with methodologic errors.", "PMID": 64568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1353", "title": "A general method for the rapid separation and specific detection of antigenic meterial by immunoelectrofiltration using multispecific antisera.", "content": "A general technique is described for the separation and detection of specific antigens from complex antigen mixtures, by their electrophoresis through antibody-containing gels. The method does not require purified reagent antigen or fuctionally monospecific antisera and should have a wide applicability in the detection, quantification and characterization of various antigens.", "contents": "A general method for the rapid separation and specific detection of antigenic meterial by immunoelectrofiltration using multispecific antisera. A general technique is described for the separation and detection of specific antigens from complex antigen mixtures, by their electrophoresis through antibody-containing gels. The method does not require purified reagent antigen or fuctionally monospecific antisera and should have a wide applicability in the detection, quantification and characterization of various antigens.", "PMID": 64569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1354", "title": "The ethanol fractionation of mouse serum.", "content": "A method for the ethanol fractionation of normal mouse serum has been developed which is rapid and simple to perform. The method was shown to be effective in purification of IgG1, IgG2 and gammaM-gammaA globulins. Gel filtration and zone electrophoresis proved to be effective in separating the gammaM-gammaA globulin combination into their respective components. Immunoelectrophoresis was chosen to assess the homogeneity of the fractions and the results agree with those obtained by other workers.", "contents": "The ethanol fractionation of mouse serum. A method for the ethanol fractionation of normal mouse serum has been developed which is rapid and simple to perform. The method was shown to be effective in purification of IgG1, IgG2 and gammaM-gammaA globulins. Gel filtration and zone electrophoresis proved to be effective in separating the gammaM-gammaA globulin combination into their respective components. Immunoelectrophoresis was chosen to assess the homogeneity of the fractions and the results agree with those obtained by other workers.", "PMID": 64570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1355", "title": "Cad(super Sda) in a British family with eastern connections: a note on the specificity of the Dolichos biflorus lectin.", "content": "Cad, Sd(a++) or Super Sda is a rare, inherited, dominant blood group character which is of much interest, not only with regard to problems in pretransfusion tests (erythrocyte polyagglutination) but also in the field of lectin specificity. We have studied this blood group character in a British family with Eastern connections and present a brief account of its serological and clinical importance. Most persons are Sd(a+) but there is a wide distribution of antigen strength, ranging from ordinary Sd(a+) to Cad. Most persons also have weak anti-Sda in their serum; this is ordinarily of no clinical importance, but could cause problems if Cad bloods are transfused. The chief structural determinant of Cad specificity is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in alpha-linked position, yet it is clearly distinguishable by use of appropriate lectins from other blood group antigens, A and Tn, which also have this acetyl-hexosamine as their chief structural determinant. A method for the rapid identification of Cad, applicable to all ABO groups, is described. The lectin of Dolichos biflorus, which is specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in alpha-linked position, reacts strongly with A(A1), Tn and Cad cells, its action on Cad cells being much the strongest. Absorption-elution studies show that one and the same lectin reacts with both A1 and Tn cells. Absorption with Cad cells abolishes activity for A1, Tn and Cad cells; whereas absorption with A1 or Tn cells leaves activity for Cad. This does not necessarily indicate that anti-Cad is a separate component since the same result can be obtained by simply diluting the Dolichos reagent. However, eluates from Cad cells react only with Cad cells, whereas eluates from A1 or Tn cells react with A1, Tn and Cad cells.", "contents": "Cad(super Sda) in a British family with eastern connections: a note on the specificity of the Dolichos biflorus lectin. Cad, Sd(a++) or Super Sda is a rare, inherited, dominant blood group character which is of much interest, not only with regard to problems in pretransfusion tests (erythrocyte polyagglutination) but also in the field of lectin specificity. We have studied this blood group character in a British family with Eastern connections and present a brief account of its serological and clinical importance. Most persons are Sd(a+) but there is a wide distribution of antigen strength, ranging from ordinary Sd(a+) to Cad. Most persons also have weak anti-Sda in their serum; this is ordinarily of no clinical importance, but could cause problems if Cad bloods are transfused. The chief structural determinant of Cad specificity is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in alpha-linked position, yet it is clearly distinguishable by use of appropriate lectins from other blood group antigens, A and Tn, which also have this acetyl-hexosamine as their chief structural determinant. A method for the rapid identification of Cad, applicable to all ABO groups, is described. The lectin of Dolichos biflorus, which is specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in alpha-linked position, reacts strongly with A(A1), Tn and Cad cells, its action on Cad cells being much the strongest. Absorption-elution studies show that one and the same lectin reacts with both A1 and Tn cells. Absorption with Cad cells abolishes activity for A1, Tn and Cad cells; whereas absorption with A1 or Tn cells leaves activity for Cad. This does not necessarily indicate that anti-Cad is a separate component since the same result can be obtained by simply diluting the Dolichos reagent. However, eluates from Cad cells react only with Cad cells, whereas eluates from A1 or Tn cells react with A1, Tn and Cad cells.", "PMID": 64571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1356", "title": "RB, a determinant defined by lymphocytotoxicity being associated with ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status. Further evidence that RB is not produced by lymphocytes.", "content": "In a case of chimaeric male twins which showed red and white cell chimaerism, the latter being demonstrated using polymorphism of autosomes, it could be shown that the determinant RB, being defined by lymphocytotoxicity and associated with ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status, is probably absorbed from the serum on to the lymphocyte surface and not produced by the cells themselves.", "contents": "RB, a determinant defined by lymphocytotoxicity being associated with ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status. Further evidence that RB is not produced by lymphocytes. In a case of chimaeric male twins which showed red and white cell chimaerism, the latter being demonstrated using polymorphism of autosomes, it could be shown that the determinant RB, being defined by lymphocytotoxicity and associated with ABO blood groups and ABH secretor status, is probably absorbed from the serum on to the lymphocyte surface and not produced by the cells themselves.", "PMID": 64572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1357", "title": "Immunochemical investigations on toad (Bufo) eggs: comparative studies on three species (B. bufo, B. viridis, B. calamita).", "content": "Eggs of three Bufo species (B. bufo, B. viridis and B. calamita) were examined for blood group activity. B. bufo showed distinct A activity, whereas in B. viridis and B. calamita a marked H-activity was observed. These results correspond with the zoological systematic classification of the three toad species tested.", "contents": "Immunochemical investigations on toad (Bufo) eggs: comparative studies on three species (B. bufo, B. viridis, B. calamita). Eggs of three Bufo species (B. bufo, B. viridis and B. calamita) were examined for blood group activity. B. bufo showed distinct A activity, whereas in B. viridis and B. calamita a marked H-activity was observed. These results correspond with the zoological systematic classification of the three toad species tested.", "PMID": 64573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1358", "title": "Hair growth inhibition as a method of screening drugs for local antimitotic activity.", "content": "The intradermal injection of certain drugs with antimitotic properties in the guinea pig resulted in localized areas of reversible hair loss or hair growth inhibition. The size of the affected field was related to the dose. This may provide a useful and simple method for the rapid screening of potentially useful agents for local cytostatic activity.", "contents": "Hair growth inhibition as a method of screening drugs for local antimitotic activity. The intradermal injection of certain drugs with antimitotic properties in the guinea pig resulted in localized areas of reversible hair loss or hair growth inhibition. The size of the affected field was related to the dose. This may provide a useful and simple method for the rapid screening of potentially useful agents for local cytostatic activity.", "PMID": 64574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1359", "title": "Cross-antigenicity and immunogenicity between capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis and of Escherichia coli K92.", "content": "Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis are often found in sera of young adults despite infrequent nasopharyngeal carriage and low rate of attack of N. meningitidis in the United States. Thus, experiments were designed for detection of bacteria cross-reactive with N. meningitidis. Among 3,264 cultures of stool, urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid, only 14 strains were found to be cross-reactive; all were Escherichia coli possessing the K92 capsular polysaccharide. The somatic O-antigens were 16, 13, 23, and 73; the flagellar antigens were H4 and 34. All K92 strains of E. coli showed the expected fermentations, were sensitive to common antibiotics, and lacked enteropathogenicity. Antigens of both E. coli K92 and group C N. meningitidis are capsular, acidic polysaccharides composed of sialic acid. The K92 polysaccharide is N- but not O-acetylated, sensitive to neuraminidase, and linked by alpha-2,8- alternating with alpha-2,9-ketosidic bonds. The K92 polysaccharides from all E. coli studied had similar biophysical and immunological properties. Intravenous injection of formalin-treated K92 organisms induced precipitating and bactericidal antibodies to polysaccharides of N. meningitidis. E. coli K92 strains may provide an alternative immunogen for prophylaxis against disease due to group C N. meningitidis in infants and young children.", "contents": "Cross-antigenicity and immunogenicity between capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis and of Escherichia coli K92. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis are often found in sera of young adults despite infrequent nasopharyngeal carriage and low rate of attack of N. meningitidis in the United States. Thus, experiments were designed for detection of bacteria cross-reactive with N. meningitidis. Among 3,264 cultures of stool, urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid, only 14 strains were found to be cross-reactive; all were Escherichia coli possessing the K92 capsular polysaccharide. The somatic O-antigens were 16, 13, 23, and 73; the flagellar antigens were H4 and 34. All K92 strains of E. coli showed the expected fermentations, were sensitive to common antibiotics, and lacked enteropathogenicity. Antigens of both E. coli K92 and group C N. meningitidis are capsular, acidic polysaccharides composed of sialic acid. The K92 polysaccharide is N- but not O-acetylated, sensitive to neuraminidase, and linked by alpha-2,8- alternating with alpha-2,9-ketosidic bonds. The K92 polysaccharides from all E. coli studied had similar biophysical and immunological properties. Intravenous injection of formalin-treated K92 organisms induced precipitating and bactericidal antibodies to polysaccharides of N. meningitidis. E. coli K92 strains may provide an alternative immunogen for prophylaxis against disease due to group C N. meningitidis in infants and young children.", "PMID": 64575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1360", "title": "Neutral proteases of human granulocytes. IV. Interaction between human granulocyte collagenase and plasma protease inhibitors.", "content": "Purified human granulocyte collagenase was inactivated by serum through the formation of complexes with alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. A molar combining ratio of 1:1 was observed for each inhibitor. The affinity of alpha 2-macroglobulin was about 10 times that of alpha 1-antitrypsin for granulocyte collagenase. The molar concentration of alpha 1-antitrypsin in the blood exceeds that of alpha 2-macroglobulin by about 12 times, so that the inhibitors may be equally important for defence against granulocyte collagenase.", "contents": "Neutral proteases of human granulocytes. IV. Interaction between human granulocyte collagenase and plasma protease inhibitors. Purified human granulocyte collagenase was inactivated by serum through the formation of complexes with alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. A molar combining ratio of 1:1 was observed for each inhibitor. The affinity of alpha 2-macroglobulin was about 10 times that of alpha 1-antitrypsin for granulocyte collagenase. The molar concentration of alpha 1-antitrypsin in the blood exceeds that of alpha 2-macroglobulin by about 12 times, so that the inhibitors may be equally important for defence against granulocyte collagenase.", "PMID": 64576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1361", "title": "Pharmacokinetic behaviour of bleomycin-cobalt-57 with special regard to intraarterial perfusion of the maxillo-facial region.", "content": "Bleomycin was traced by the isotope Cobalt-57. By using this radioactive substance the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug was examined. It was given either intravenously or intra-arterially or directly into the tumor in patients suffering from epidermoid carcinoma in the maxillo-facial region. The differences in the pharmacokinetic data are delineated. Practically, the intra-arterial route of administration is the best one because of the high adherence rate of the drug to the perfused tissue.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic behaviour of bleomycin-cobalt-57 with special regard to intraarterial perfusion of the maxillo-facial region. Bleomycin was traced by the isotope Cobalt-57. By using this radioactive substance the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug was examined. It was given either intravenously or intra-arterially or directly into the tumor in patients suffering from epidermoid carcinoma in the maxillo-facial region. The differences in the pharmacokinetic data are delineated. Practically, the intra-arterial route of administration is the best one because of the high adherence rate of the drug to the perfused tissue.", "PMID": 64577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1362", "title": "Dual effects of concealed A-V nodal conduction in man.", "content": "An interpolated premature ventricular contraction (PVC) may produce either complete block of the next sinus impulse or depression of A-V nodal conduction with a prolonged A-H interval. When a PVC results in partial depression of a A-V nodal conduction, the effect on subsequent premature atrial stimuli is unknown. The authors have recently observed three patients in which the effect of a premature ventricular stimulus with interpolation on the functional refractory period of the A-V node could be measured. In case one an interpolated PVC sufficient to prolong the A-H interval from 80 to 120 msec was followed by programmed premature atrial stimuli which resulted in no additional A-V nodal delay, and the apparent functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced from 420 to 330 msec when compared with the atrial extrastimulus technique. In case two a programmed ventricular extrastimulus prolonged the A-H interval in the following sinus beat from 120 to 240 msec; atrial extrastimuli then resulted in only minimal increments in A-V nodal delay and the apparent functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced from 590 msec. A ventricular extrastimulus in case three increased the resting A-H interval from 60 to 115 msec; conduction of atrial extrastimuli then resulted in a reduction in the functional refractory period of the A-V node from 465 to 400 msec. In each case an interpolated premature ventricular stimulus produced (1) depression of A-V nodal conduction in the ensuing sinus beat A1 and (2) relative facilitation of A-V nodal conduction of a subsequent premature atrial stimulus (A2). The functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced when compared with the atrial extrastimulus technique alone.", "contents": "Dual effects of concealed A-V nodal conduction in man. An interpolated premature ventricular contraction (PVC) may produce either complete block of the next sinus impulse or depression of A-V nodal conduction with a prolonged A-H interval. When a PVC results in partial depression of a A-V nodal conduction, the effect on subsequent premature atrial stimuli is unknown. The authors have recently observed three patients in which the effect of a premature ventricular stimulus with interpolation on the functional refractory period of the A-V node could be measured. In case one an interpolated PVC sufficient to prolong the A-H interval from 80 to 120 msec was followed by programmed premature atrial stimuli which resulted in no additional A-V nodal delay, and the apparent functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced from 420 to 330 msec when compared with the atrial extrastimulus technique. In case two a programmed ventricular extrastimulus prolonged the A-H interval in the following sinus beat from 120 to 240 msec; atrial extrastimuli then resulted in only minimal increments in A-V nodal delay and the apparent functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced from 590 msec. A ventricular extrastimulus in case three increased the resting A-H interval from 60 to 115 msec; conduction of atrial extrastimuli then resulted in a reduction in the functional refractory period of the A-V node from 465 to 400 msec. In each case an interpolated premature ventricular stimulus produced (1) depression of A-V nodal conduction in the ensuing sinus beat A1 and (2) relative facilitation of A-V nodal conduction of a subsequent premature atrial stimulus (A2). The functional refractory period of the A-V node was reduced when compared with the atrial extrastimulus technique alone.", "PMID": 64580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1363", "title": "T-lymphocyte-enriched murine peritoneal exudate cells. IV. Genetic control of cross-stimulation at the T-cell level.", "content": "Antibodies raised against many structurally related antigens have been shown to cross-react extensively. Manifestations of T-cell immunity, on the other hand, appear to be more restricted in their ability to be elicited by cross-reacting antigens, although examples have been reported. This paper explores the nature of the cross-reactions at the T-cell level among the branched-chain copolymers (T,G)-A--L, (phi,G)-A--L, (H,G)-A--L, and G-A--L, as well as a related linear terpolymer, GAT, in a variety of mouse strains using the peritoneal exudate T-lymphocyte-enriched cells (PETLES) proliferation assay. (T,G)-A--L, (phi,G)-A--L, and GAT could cross-stimulate cells immune to the other two antigens, whereas (H,G)-A--L, (T,G)-Pro--L, and G-A--L showed no cross-stimulations. The extent of the cross-reactions varied with the mouse strain and was shown to be under the control of immune response genes. It was necessary for the strain to be able to respond to both the immunogen and the cross-reacting antigen, when used as an immunogen, in order for cross-stimulation to occur; however, this was not always sufficient. Several examples of unequal or one-way cross-reactions were found. In addition, the immune responses to (H,G)-A--L and (phi,G)-A--L showed no cross-reactions with the other antigen even though their Ir genes were both mapped to the K region or I-A subregion. The problem of accounting for such fine specificity of T-cell recognition in lieu of the genetic evidence demonstrating only Ir gene control of the response is discussed.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte-enriched murine peritoneal exudate cells. IV. Genetic control of cross-stimulation at the T-cell level. Antibodies raised against many structurally related antigens have been shown to cross-react extensively. Manifestations of T-cell immunity, on the other hand, appear to be more restricted in their ability to be elicited by cross-reacting antigens, although examples have been reported. This paper explores the nature of the cross-reactions at the T-cell level among the branched-chain copolymers (T,G)-A--L, (phi,G)-A--L, (H,G)-A--L, and G-A--L, as well as a related linear terpolymer, GAT, in a variety of mouse strains using the peritoneal exudate T-lymphocyte-enriched cells (PETLES) proliferation assay. (T,G)-A--L, (phi,G)-A--L, and GAT could cross-stimulate cells immune to the other two antigens, whereas (H,G)-A--L, (T,G)-Pro--L, and G-A--L showed no cross-stimulations. The extent of the cross-reactions varied with the mouse strain and was shown to be under the control of immune response genes. It was necessary for the strain to be able to respond to both the immunogen and the cross-reacting antigen, when used as an immunogen, in order for cross-stimulation to occur; however, this was not always sufficient. Several examples of unequal or one-way cross-reactions were found. In addition, the immune responses to (H,G)-A--L and (phi,G)-A--L showed no cross-reactions with the other antigen even though their Ir genes were both mapped to the K region or I-A subregion. The problem of accounting for such fine specificity of T-cell recognition in lieu of the genetic evidence demonstrating only Ir gene control of the response is discussed.", "PMID": 64582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1364", "title": "Hapten-specific hemolytic plaque assays usually fail to detect most of the diversity in the anti-hapten response.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits or mice with a single, chemically defined hapten elicits populations of plaque-forming cells (PFC) detectable not only on sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) bearing the immunizing hapten, but also on SRBC bearing structural analogues of the immunizing hapten. Most of these analogue-reactive PFC preferentially lyse analogue-conjugated SRBC and cannot be detected on erythrocytes bearing the immunizing hapten. Thus, they represent heretofore largely unstudied components of the secretory B-cell response to haptenic immunization, and they have been termed alloreactive PFC. Such alloreactive PFC are detectable using either classical small haptens or tripeptide-enlarged counterparts of these classical haptens. They are present in large numbers both in direct and in indirect PFC assays, and they are elicited in response to both thymic-dependent and thymic-independent antigens. Relatively few alloreactive PFC can be attributed to cells producing hapten-carrier or \"bridge area\"-specific antibodies. Since the antibodies released by alloreactive PFC can also be detected by passive hemagglutination, their presence does not appear attributable to vagaries of complement activation. Numerous coexisting alloreactive PFC populations are detectable after haptenic immunization. In early direct PFC responses it is not nucommon for a single alloreactive PFC population to outnumber the population of PFC detectable on SRBC bearing the actual immunizing hapten. These alloreactive PFC may be the source of at least some of the new \"nonspecific\" Ig which is formed at the time of immunization but about which little is known for lack of available techniques. Some possible implications of these findings on the specificity of B precursor cell activation are discussed.", "contents": "Hapten-specific hemolytic plaque assays usually fail to detect most of the diversity in the anti-hapten response. Immunization of rabbits or mice with a single, chemically defined hapten elicits populations of plaque-forming cells (PFC) detectable not only on sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) bearing the immunizing hapten, but also on SRBC bearing structural analogues of the immunizing hapten. Most of these analogue-reactive PFC preferentially lyse analogue-conjugated SRBC and cannot be detected on erythrocytes bearing the immunizing hapten. Thus, they represent heretofore largely unstudied components of the secretory B-cell response to haptenic immunization, and they have been termed alloreactive PFC. Such alloreactive PFC are detectable using either classical small haptens or tripeptide-enlarged counterparts of these classical haptens. They are present in large numbers both in direct and in indirect PFC assays, and they are elicited in response to both thymic-dependent and thymic-independent antigens. Relatively few alloreactive PFC can be attributed to cells producing hapten-carrier or \"bridge area\"-specific antibodies. Since the antibodies released by alloreactive PFC can also be detected by passive hemagglutination, their presence does not appear attributable to vagaries of complement activation. Numerous coexisting alloreactive PFC populations are detectable after haptenic immunization. In early direct PFC responses it is not nucommon for a single alloreactive PFC population to outnumber the population of PFC detectable on SRBC bearing the actual immunizing hapten. These alloreactive PFC may be the source of at least some of the new \"nonspecific\" Ig which is formed at the time of immunization but about which little is known for lack of available techniques. Some possible implications of these findings on the specificity of B precursor cell activation are discussed.", "PMID": 64583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1365", "title": "Virus-replicating T cells in the immune response of mice. I. Virus plaque assay of the lymphocytes reactive to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Virus plaque-forming cell assay with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which had been originally introduced by Bloom and his colleagues as a tool for the enumeration of activated lymphocytes, was first applied to the immune response of mice to a widely used antigen, i.e. sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When spleen cells taken from mice previously primed with SRBC were cultured in the presence of the antigen, lymphocytes capable of replicating VSV (antigen-induced virus plaque-forming cells, Ag-V-PFC) were generated in the culture. They seemed to appear as early as 1 day of culture, and the peak was attained by the 2nd day. Most of Ag-V-PFC belonged to T-cell population, since 80-90% of Ag-V-PFC was killed by the treatment of cultured cells with anti-thymocyte serum plus complement. In vitro generation of Ag-V-PFC seemed to be highly cross-reactive (about 40%) with a related antigen (horse red blood cells). Ag-V-PFC detected in the present experiment may not represent helper T cells, effector T cells, or their precursors because of the following: (a) The generation of Ag-V-PFC was completely suppressed by the addition of anti-SRBC mouse serum in the culture, though the helper activity was apparently augmented by the same treatment. (b) Development of Ag-V-PFC was almost completely suppressed by the pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide 2 days before immunization, by which delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was markedly augmented. (c) After the immunization of mice, Ag-V-PFC began to develop just when the level of DTH declined, at which point helper activity of the spleen cells also diminished. A possible role of Ag-V-PFC in the immune response was discussed.", "contents": "Virus-replicating T cells in the immune response of mice. I. Virus plaque assay of the lymphocytes reactive to sheep erythrocytes. Virus plaque-forming cell assay with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which had been originally introduced by Bloom and his colleagues as a tool for the enumeration of activated lymphocytes, was first applied to the immune response of mice to a widely used antigen, i.e. sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When spleen cells taken from mice previously primed with SRBC were cultured in the presence of the antigen, lymphocytes capable of replicating VSV (antigen-induced virus plaque-forming cells, Ag-V-PFC) were generated in the culture. They seemed to appear as early as 1 day of culture, and the peak was attained by the 2nd day. Most of Ag-V-PFC belonged to T-cell population, since 80-90% of Ag-V-PFC was killed by the treatment of cultured cells with anti-thymocyte serum plus complement. In vitro generation of Ag-V-PFC seemed to be highly cross-reactive (about 40%) with a related antigen (horse red blood cells). Ag-V-PFC detected in the present experiment may not represent helper T cells, effector T cells, or their precursors because of the following: (a) The generation of Ag-V-PFC was completely suppressed by the addition of anti-SRBC mouse serum in the culture, though the helper activity was apparently augmented by the same treatment. (b) Development of Ag-V-PFC was almost completely suppressed by the pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide 2 days before immunization, by which delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was markedly augmented. (c) After the immunization of mice, Ag-V-PFC began to develop just when the level of DTH declined, at which point helper activity of the spleen cells also diminished. A possible role of Ag-V-PFC in the immune response was discussed.", "PMID": 64584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1366", "title": "Immunochemical evidence for an additional H-2 region closely linked to H-2D.", "content": "Anti-H-2 reagents have been tested on solubilized spleen cell preparations in combinations expected to be specific for D region products. Two different types of molecules were detected. One showed the expected reactivity with both antisera to private and antisera to public specificities. However, an additional molecule was detected which reacted only with antisera to public specificities. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migration patterns indicated that both products have a similar molecular size of approximately 45,000 daltons. The data therefore present chemical evidence for the existence of a third H-2-associated gene product of 45,000 mol wt in addition to the classical H-2K and H-2D antigens.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence for an additional H-2 region closely linked to H-2D. Anti-H-2 reagents have been tested on solubilized spleen cell preparations in combinations expected to be specific for D region products. Two different types of molecules were detected. One showed the expected reactivity with both antisera to private and antisera to public specificities. However, an additional molecule was detected which reacted only with antisera to public specificities. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migration patterns indicated that both products have a similar molecular size of approximately 45,000 daltons. The data therefore present chemical evidence for the existence of a third H-2-associated gene product of 45,000 mol wt in addition to the classical H-2K and H-2D antigens.", "PMID": 64585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1367", "title": "Mechanism of compact-colony formation by strains of Staphylococcus aureus in serum soft agar.", "content": "Compact-colony forming active substance (CCFAS), the material responsible for the compact colonies of Staphylococcus aureus observed in serum soft agar, was found to be an alkaline-stable, associated polysaccharide containing galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, ribitol, phosphorus and a small quantity of alanine. This substance, when extracted from strains unable to produce protein A clumping factor, was able to absorb the serum-reacting factor whereas a teichoic acid preparation of one strain could not. The formation of CCFAS was unaffected by the age of the cells, whereas when staphylococci were cultured at alkaline pH, young cells produced more clumping factor than old ones. Both fibrinogen and its degradation products were capable of inducing compact colonies in a strain of S. aureus. The ability of human sera to interact in compact-colony formation was independent of the immunoglobin content. Thus neither protein A, clumping factor, nor teichoic acid participate in the CCFAS reaction.", "contents": "Mechanism of compact-colony formation by strains of Staphylococcus aureus in serum soft agar. Compact-colony forming active substance (CCFAS), the material responsible for the compact colonies of Staphylococcus aureus observed in serum soft agar, was found to be an alkaline-stable, associated polysaccharide containing galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, ribitol, phosphorus and a small quantity of alanine. This substance, when extracted from strains unable to produce protein A clumping factor, was able to absorb the serum-reacting factor whereas a teichoic acid preparation of one strain could not. The formation of CCFAS was unaffected by the age of the cells, whereas when staphylococci were cultured at alkaline pH, young cells produced more clumping factor than old ones. Both fibrinogen and its degradation products were capable of inducing compact colonies in a strain of S. aureus. The ability of human sera to interact in compact-colony formation was independent of the immunoglobin content. Thus neither protein A, clumping factor, nor teichoic acid participate in the CCFAS reaction.", "PMID": 64587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1368", "title": "Protargol impregnation of plastic-embedded semi-thin sections: a simple method to select degenerative areas for electron microscopy.", "content": "0.5 mu plastic-embedded sections, obtained from aldehyde-osmium fixed rat and cat spinal cord, were impregnated in a 0.5% Protargol solution for 24 hours at 56 degrees C. Reduction was performed in a sodium sulphite- (5%) hydroquinone (1%) developer. Terminals undergoing Wallerian degeneration stand out as easily discernible black dots; corresponding osmiophilic degenerative patterns are demonstrated in consecutive thin electron microscopic sections. This simple technique enables successful trimming of blocks to obtain areas with the highest frequency of terminal degeneration.", "contents": "Protargol impregnation of plastic-embedded semi-thin sections: a simple method to select degenerative areas for electron microscopy. 0.5 mu plastic-embedded sections, obtained from aldehyde-osmium fixed rat and cat spinal cord, were impregnated in a 0.5% Protargol solution for 24 hours at 56 degrees C. Reduction was performed in a sodium sulphite- (5%) hydroquinone (1%) developer. Terminals undergoing Wallerian degeneration stand out as easily discernible black dots; corresponding osmiophilic degenerative patterns are demonstrated in consecutive thin electron microscopic sections. This simple technique enables successful trimming of blocks to obtain areas with the highest frequency of terminal degeneration.", "PMID": 64588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1369", "title": "Serum globulin changes in patients with craniocerebral trauma.", "content": "Investigations of serum total protein, albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-2M, beta- and gamma-globulin changes are reported in 48 patients with craniocerebral trauma. Only alpha-2 and alpha-2M globulins showed important variations, the first rising to three to four times normal values (112% on average) and directly correlating with the amount of tissue lesions. Alpha-2M changes were rather irregular with a tendency to severe decrease during the first days in patients with a bad prognosis. Reasons for non-regular changes of alpha-2M are discussed. Alpha-1 globulin showed a similar though less marked increase. Gamma globulin, on average, was diminished in the first week.", "contents": "Serum globulin changes in patients with craniocerebral trauma. Investigations of serum total protein, albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-2M, beta- and gamma-globulin changes are reported in 48 patients with craniocerebral trauma. Only alpha-2 and alpha-2M globulins showed important variations, the first rising to three to four times normal values (112% on average) and directly correlating with the amount of tissue lesions. Alpha-2M changes were rather irregular with a tendency to severe decrease during the first days in patients with a bad prognosis. Reasons for non-regular changes of alpha-2M are discussed. Alpha-1 globulin showed a similar though less marked increase. Gamma globulin, on average, was diminished in the first week.", "PMID": 64592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1370", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of the mechanisms of terminal club formation in transected spinal cord axons.", "content": "Following transection of spinal cords, axoplasmic flow occurred in the axons both proximal and distal to the transection. In the proximal axonal stump, the direction of flow was proximo-distal whereas in the distal axonal stump the direction of flow was disto-proximal. Thus the flows in transected axons were all directed toward the point of transection. Electron microscopic observation of the spinal cord tissue bordering at the cut ends of spinal cord stumps showed various structural changes in the axons and myelin sheaths of the transected fibers near the cut ends which interfered with the axoplasmic flow leading to the formation of the terminal clubs. Five prototypes of changes in axons and myelin sheaths near the cut ends of fibers are described and the mechanism of terminal club formation is discussed. It seemed that the terminal clubs within the transected spinal cord stumps rere of the axoplasmic flow toward the cut ends of the fibers, and (2) interference by structural changes which developed within individual fibers consequent to spinal cord injury.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of the mechanisms of terminal club formation in transected spinal cord axons. Following transection of spinal cords, axoplasmic flow occurred in the axons both proximal and distal to the transection. In the proximal axonal stump, the direction of flow was proximo-distal whereas in the distal axonal stump the direction of flow was disto-proximal. Thus the flows in transected axons were all directed toward the point of transection. Electron microscopic observation of the spinal cord tissue bordering at the cut ends of spinal cord stumps showed various structural changes in the axons and myelin sheaths of the transected fibers near the cut ends which interfered with the axoplasmic flow leading to the formation of the terminal clubs. Five prototypes of changes in axons and myelin sheaths near the cut ends of fibers are described and the mechanism of terminal club formation is discussed. It seemed that the terminal clubs within the transected spinal cord stumps rere of the axoplasmic flow toward the cut ends of the fibers, and (2) interference by structural changes which developed within individual fibers consequent to spinal cord injury.", "PMID": 64594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1371", "title": "Erythrocyte-UFA (Eufa) mobility test for multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and handling of the disease.", "content": "Erythrocytes from patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) show a highly significant reduction in their absolute electrophoretic mobility in the presence of linoleic and arachidonic acids (LA; AA). Patients with other (destructive) neurological disease (OND) and normal subjects show an increased absolute mobility of their erythrocytes in the presence of LA and AA. About 40 per cent of blood relatives of MS patients show an intermediate type of reaction - being slowed by LA and speeded up by AA. Administration of LA (or gamma linolenate) to an MS patient for some months leads to change in the mobilities from the MS to normal type, the AA result altering first. The effect of LA and AA on the absolute mobility of RBC may thus be used as a simple laboratory test involving a long established technique and eliminating the animal and other needs of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The implications of these findings for our understanding and handling of MS are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Erythrocyte-UFA (Eufa) mobility test for multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and handling of the disease. Erythrocytes from patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) show a highly significant reduction in their absolute electrophoretic mobility in the presence of linoleic and arachidonic acids (LA; AA). Patients with other (destructive) neurological disease (OND) and normal subjects show an increased absolute mobility of their erythrocytes in the presence of LA and AA. About 40 per cent of blood relatives of MS patients show an intermediate type of reaction - being slowed by LA and speeded up by AA. Administration of LA (or gamma linolenate) to an MS patient for some months leads to change in the mobilities from the MS to normal type, the AA result altering first. The effect of LA and AA on the absolute mobility of RBC may thus be used as a simple laboratory test involving a long established technique and eliminating the animal and other needs of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The implications of these findings for our understanding and handling of MS are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 64595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1372", "title": "The perifascicular atrophy factor. An aid in the histological diagnosis of polymyositis.", "content": "19 biopsies of polymyositis patients were compared with 19 matched controls. The presence of smaller fibres in the periphery of the fascicles has been analyzed quantitatively using a perifascicular atrophy factor. The thinner fibres are multiplied by a factor from 1-4, considering their significance for the diagnosis of fibre atrophy. The value obtained with this method from centrally located fibres as related to the value from peripherally located ones is called the perifascicular atrophy factor. If this is less than -300 a myopathy of the group of the polymyositis/dermatomyositis can be assumed. 47 per cent of dermatomyositis biopsies and none of the controls were below this range", "contents": "The perifascicular atrophy factor. An aid in the histological diagnosis of polymyositis. 19 biopsies of polymyositis patients were compared with 19 matched controls. The presence of smaller fibres in the periphery of the fascicles has been analyzed quantitatively using a perifascicular atrophy factor. The thinner fibres are multiplied by a factor from 1-4, considering their significance for the diagnosis of fibre atrophy. The value obtained with this method from centrally located fibres as related to the value from peripherally located ones is called the perifascicular atrophy factor. If this is less than -300 a myopathy of the group of the polymyositis/dermatomyositis can be assumed. 47 per cent of dermatomyositis biopsies and none of the controls were below this range", "PMID": 64596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1373", "title": "Specific staining of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier with ferric ion and ferrocyanide.", "content": "Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used as stains for light and electron microscopy of peripheral nerves. In rat sciatic nerves, it was found that ferric ion preferntially binds to the cytoplasmic surface of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier but not at internodal regions. In myelinated axons in the electric organ of the gymnotid fish, Sternarchus albifrons, the small excitable nodes are similarly stained, but the larger inexcitable nodes are not stained by ferric ion. Staining of the inner surface of the nodal membrane appears to be related to a structural specialization of this membrane, rather than accessibility to stain. Our data thus show a chemical differentiation of the inner surface of the axon membrane between nodes and internodes in normal peripheral nerve fibers and between the inner surface of the axon membrane at active nodes, and the internodes in the Sternarchus electrocyte axons.", "contents": "Specific staining of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier with ferric ion and ferrocyanide. Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used as stains for light and electron microscopy of peripheral nerves. In rat sciatic nerves, it was found that ferric ion preferntially binds to the cytoplasmic surface of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier but not at internodal regions. In myelinated axons in the electric organ of the gymnotid fish, Sternarchus albifrons, the small excitable nodes are similarly stained, but the larger inexcitable nodes are not stained by ferric ion. Staining of the inner surface of the nodal membrane appears to be related to a structural specialization of this membrane, rather than accessibility to stain. Our data thus show a chemical differentiation of the inner surface of the axon membrane between nodes and internodes in normal peripheral nerve fibers and between the inner surface of the axon membrane at active nodes, and the internodes in the Sternarchus electrocyte axons.", "PMID": 64593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1374", "title": "Toxic polyneuropathies after sniffing a glue thinner.", "content": "In West Berlin in the autumn of 1975 through the following 5 months we observed 18 juvenile patients who had a toxic polyneuropathy and had sniffed a glue thinner. The neurological picture consisted of a symmetrical, progressive, ascending, mainly motor, polyneuropathy with pronounced muscle atrophy and characteristic vegetative alterations. The height of the disease was reached after 1 1/2-2 1/2 months and was characterized by tetraplegia in 7 patients. After 8 months all patients still had a motor deficit. Nerve biopsy showed paranodal axon swelling, dense masses of neurofilaments and secondary myelin retraction. The neurological and morphological data correspond to the \"glue sniffer's neuropathy\" and the n-hexane and MBK polyneuropathy after industrial exposure, as described in 10 cases to date. However, there was no MBK in the glue thinner. The polyneuropathies occurred in close time relation with the denaturation of the thinner with MEK (2-butanone). It is concluded from the data n-hexane and MBK have a common toxic mechanism with primary axonal changes and that there is an additional synergistic effect of MEK.", "contents": "Toxic polyneuropathies after sniffing a glue thinner. In West Berlin in the autumn of 1975 through the following 5 months we observed 18 juvenile patients who had a toxic polyneuropathy and had sniffed a glue thinner. The neurological picture consisted of a symmetrical, progressive, ascending, mainly motor, polyneuropathy with pronounced muscle atrophy and characteristic vegetative alterations. The height of the disease was reached after 1 1/2-2 1/2 months and was characterized by tetraplegia in 7 patients. After 8 months all patients still had a motor deficit. Nerve biopsy showed paranodal axon swelling, dense masses of neurofilaments and secondary myelin retraction. The neurological and morphological data correspond to the \"glue sniffer's neuropathy\" and the n-hexane and MBK polyneuropathy after industrial exposure, as described in 10 cases to date. However, there was no MBK in the glue thinner. The polyneuropathies occurred in close time relation with the denaturation of the thinner with MEK (2-butanone). It is concluded from the data n-hexane and MBK have a common toxic mechanism with primary axonal changes and that there is an additional synergistic effect of MEK.", "PMID": 64597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1375", "title": "[Global aphasia. The clinical picture and a consideration of the neurolinguistic structure (author's transl)].", "content": "Global aphasia is described as a unitary syndrome which is characterized by a severe impairment of all linguistic capabilities. Speech production is extremely limited and consists of stereotyped phrases, recurring utterances or a few isolated words which are usually neologistically distorted. The patients are unable to express their thoughts in a situationally adequate manner. Language comprehension is restricted to simple questions and commands. A clinical description of the syndrome is given and the neurolinguistic structure of the disorders is discussed.", "contents": "[Global aphasia. The clinical picture and a consideration of the neurolinguistic structure (author's transl)]. Global aphasia is described as a unitary syndrome which is characterized by a severe impairment of all linguistic capabilities. Speech production is extremely limited and consists of stereotyped phrases, recurring utterances or a few isolated words which are usually neologistically distorted. The patients are unable to express their thoughts in a situationally adequate manner. Language comprehension is restricted to simple questions and commands. A clinical description of the syndrome is given and the neurolinguistic structure of the disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 64600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1376", "title": "Aseptic meningitis: frequency among Israeli ethnic groups.", "content": "The relative frequency of aseptic meningoencephalitis (AME) was compared in populations of diverse origin, A countrywide search of Israel during 1969-1970 disclosed 1350 cases who fit strict diagnostic criteria. The average annual incidence was 21.6 per 100000 population. The total incidence was similar in Afro-Asian, Euro-American and Israeli Jewish groups but among Israeli Arabs, the incidence was apparently lower. Age-specific incidence showed a peak in infants under one year of age among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews whereas Euro-Americans and Israeli Jews had a peak incidence at 5-9 years. Larger family size among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews might account for the higher incidence in infants. Age-specific incidence may be a better index than total incidence of important differences in AME among various ethnic groups.", "contents": "Aseptic meningitis: frequency among Israeli ethnic groups. The relative frequency of aseptic meningoencephalitis (AME) was compared in populations of diverse origin, A countrywide search of Israel during 1969-1970 disclosed 1350 cases who fit strict diagnostic criteria. The average annual incidence was 21.6 per 100000 population. The total incidence was similar in Afro-Asian, Euro-American and Israeli Jewish groups but among Israeli Arabs, the incidence was apparently lower. Age-specific incidence showed a peak in infants under one year of age among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews whereas Euro-Americans and Israeli Jews had a peak incidence at 5-9 years. Larger family size among Arabs and Afro-Asian Jews might account for the higher incidence in infants. Age-specific incidence may be a better index than total incidence of important differences in AME among various ethnic groups.", "PMID": 64601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1377", "title": "Autoradiographic demonstration of proliferating cells in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The proliferative activity of cells, isolated from 82 human CSF specimens, was examined by 3H-thymidine autoradiography. High labelling indices (LI) were found in acute viral meningitis (up to 8 per cent) and radiculitis (up to 6 per cent). CSF cell proliferation was also shown in the subacute stages of viral diseases and in other inflammatory processes (LI ranging from 0.5 per cent to 3 per cent). Most of the cells labelled from these CSF specimens were large lymphocytes, \"lymphoid cells\" and plasmacytes. Their presence in CSF is presumed to indicate an immune reaction. By the demonstration of a proliferative activity of these cells, aseptic inflammatory processes can be differentiated from \"unspecific\" pleocytosis. Because of a correlation between the LI of CSF cells and the stages of some inflammations, this method is suggested for an assessment of pregression or remission of chronic processes, e.g. \"chronic meningitis\" and multiple sclerosis. It can also be used in experimental research: the same type of mononuclear cells was labelled after having been cultured for 23 hours prior to the incubation with 3H-thymidine. Proliferating tumor cells as well as proliferating non-neoplastic mononuclear cells were demonstrated in CSF from various neoplastic diseases. In the clinical diagnosis of these processes, the method is of limited value. It proved very useful, however, for an assessment of the therapeutic effects of intrathecal cytostatic therapy. CSF specimens from non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic diseases regularly contained very few proliferating cells (LI: less than 0.1).", "contents": "Autoradiographic demonstration of proliferating cells in cerebrospinal fluid. The proliferative activity of cells, isolated from 82 human CSF specimens, was examined by 3H-thymidine autoradiography. High labelling indices (LI) were found in acute viral meningitis (up to 8 per cent) and radiculitis (up to 6 per cent). CSF cell proliferation was also shown in the subacute stages of viral diseases and in other inflammatory processes (LI ranging from 0.5 per cent to 3 per cent). Most of the cells labelled from these CSF specimens were large lymphocytes, \"lymphoid cells\" and plasmacytes. Their presence in CSF is presumed to indicate an immune reaction. By the demonstration of a proliferative activity of these cells, aseptic inflammatory processes can be differentiated from \"unspecific\" pleocytosis. Because of a correlation between the LI of CSF cells and the stages of some inflammations, this method is suggested for an assessment of pregression or remission of chronic processes, e.g. \"chronic meningitis\" and multiple sclerosis. It can also be used in experimental research: the same type of mononuclear cells was labelled after having been cultured for 23 hours prior to the incubation with 3H-thymidine. Proliferating tumor cells as well as proliferating non-neoplastic mononuclear cells were demonstrated in CSF from various neoplastic diseases. In the clinical diagnosis of these processes, the method is of limited value. It proved very useful, however, for an assessment of the therapeutic effects of intrathecal cytostatic therapy. CSF specimens from non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic diseases regularly contained very few proliferating cells (LI: less than 0.1).", "PMID": 64602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1378", "title": "Comparison of attitudes and cognitive achievement of nursing students in three instructional strategies.", "content": "This study is a comparison of the attitudes and the cognitive achievement of nursing students in three instructional strategies (the traditional lecture, black and white televised instruction, and independent color televised instruction via the Dial Access Information Retrieval System). Though only thirty-one percent (31%) of students indicated prior exposure to independent study methology, sixty percent (60%) identified a desire for active involvement in courses of study. The only significant finding regarding attitudes toward the three strategies was a preference for an greater interest in color videotapes than for black and white televised material. No significant differences in cognitive achievement were noted between any of the three strategies. Implications from the study for curriculum revision are discussed, stressing the probable value of maintaining traditional techniques concurrent with innovative methodological experimentation.", "contents": "Comparison of attitudes and cognitive achievement of nursing students in three instructional strategies. This study is a comparison of the attitudes and the cognitive achievement of nursing students in three instructional strategies (the traditional lecture, black and white televised instruction, and independent color televised instruction via the Dial Access Information Retrieval System). Though only thirty-one percent (31%) of students indicated prior exposure to independent study methology, sixty percent (60%) identified a desire for active involvement in courses of study. The only significant finding regarding attitudes toward the three strategies was a preference for an greater interest in color videotapes than for black and white televised material. No significant differences in cognitive achievement were noted between any of the three strategies. Implications from the study for curriculum revision are discussed, stressing the probable value of maintaining traditional techniques concurrent with innovative methodological experimentation.", "PMID": 64603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1379", "title": "New neonatal problems of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. I. The change of plasmin inhibitor levels in the newborn infant.", "content": "\"Hemorrhage in the newborn\" has long been recognized as merely a result of vitamin K deficiency. However, it is also recognized that fibrinolysis, especially the correlation between the plasminogen-activator and plasmin-inhibitors, play an important role in this disease during the neonatal period. With this in mind, we compared thromboelastograms (TEG) from samples with and without urokinase (plasminogen-activator). In 13 out of 15 newborn infant blood-samples (prior to and after addition of urokinase) the thromboelastogram showed the pattern of a consumption coagulopathy. The change in the concentration of plasmin-inhibitor during the neonatal period was also measured using alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III with M-partigen-plates. The value of alpha2-macroglobulin showed normal adult levels but the value of alpha1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III did not even reach half of the adult level. During the newborn period, the plasmin-inhibitor shows a remarkable lowering tendency and it may be surmised that with such a lowering tendency plasmin-inhibitor may constitute an exceptionally large handicap when the activator is working. This is especially true in the case of lung hemorrhage since the activator arises from a severe pathological state in the lungs and in addition because this is complicated by the lowering of plasmin-inhibitor. These results indicate that the low level of plasmin-inhibitors work synergistically with the high value of activator. The low level of antithrombin III could be the reason for coagulation disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, (DIC).", "contents": "New neonatal problems of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. I. The change of plasmin inhibitor levels in the newborn infant. \"Hemorrhage in the newborn\" has long been recognized as merely a result of vitamin K deficiency. However, it is also recognized that fibrinolysis, especially the correlation between the plasminogen-activator and plasmin-inhibitors, play an important role in this disease during the neonatal period. With this in mind, we compared thromboelastograms (TEG) from samples with and without urokinase (plasminogen-activator). In 13 out of 15 newborn infant blood-samples (prior to and after addition of urokinase) the thromboelastogram showed the pattern of a consumption coagulopathy. The change in the concentration of plasmin-inhibitor during the neonatal period was also measured using alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III with M-partigen-plates. The value of alpha2-macroglobulin showed normal adult levels but the value of alpha1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III did not even reach half of the adult level. During the newborn period, the plasmin-inhibitor shows a remarkable lowering tendency and it may be surmised that with such a lowering tendency plasmin-inhibitor may constitute an exceptionally large handicap when the activator is working. This is especially true in the case of lung hemorrhage since the activator arises from a severe pathological state in the lungs and in addition because this is complicated by the lowering of plasmin-inhibitor. These results indicate that the low level of plasmin-inhibitors work synergistically with the high value of activator. The low level of antithrombin III could be the reason for coagulation disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, (DIC).", "PMID": 64604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1380", "title": "Serum alpha2-macroglobulin levels in tuberose sclerosis.", "content": "The serum levels of alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-MG) were determined by radial diffusion if fifty-four cases with tuberose sclerosis and compared with forty-seven institutionalised control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. Although higher levels of alpha2-MG were found in the females of both groups when compared with the males, this increase was not significant. The tuberose sclerosis subjects showed consistently elevated levels of alpha2-MG when compared to the control group for both the males and females separately and combined. With the two sexes combined this elevation was significant at p less than 0.001. The significance of this observation has been discussed both from the point of view of the possible mechanism involved and the use of this estimation in genetical counselling.", "contents": "Serum alpha2-macroglobulin levels in tuberose sclerosis. The serum levels of alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-MG) were determined by radial diffusion if fifty-four cases with tuberose sclerosis and compared with forty-seven institutionalised control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. Although higher levels of alpha2-MG were found in the females of both groups when compared with the males, this increase was not significant. The tuberose sclerosis subjects showed consistently elevated levels of alpha2-MG when compared to the control group for both the males and females separately and combined. With the two sexes combined this elevation was significant at p less than 0.001. The significance of this observation has been discussed both from the point of view of the possible mechanism involved and the use of this estimation in genetical counselling.", "PMID": 64607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1381", "title": "Plasma acute-phase reactant proteins in tuberose sclerosis.", "content": "The quantitative levels of seven of the acute-phase reactant proteins were measured in the plasma of a sample of fifty-four adults all diagnosed as suffering from tuberose sclerosis and compared to that derived from a group of control subjects resident in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. Abnormal levels were found in one or more of the proteins in all but thirteen cases, with no fewer than twenty-six subject (forty-eight per cent) showing results outside the 2SD limits in three or more of the parameters investigated. Only in the alpha1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen were the means not significantly different from the control means but even in these two proteins ten and seven cases respectively individually exceeded the normal mean by more than 2SD. It is suggested that these observations can be explained as the normal response to the presence of neoplastic tissue, and the routine investigation of these and other biochemical components known to respond to the presence of neoplastic tissue may be of help in genetic counselling.", "contents": "Plasma acute-phase reactant proteins in tuberose sclerosis. The quantitative levels of seven of the acute-phase reactant proteins were measured in the plasma of a sample of fifty-four adults all diagnosed as suffering from tuberose sclerosis and compared to that derived from a group of control subjects resident in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. Abnormal levels were found in one or more of the proteins in all but thirteen cases, with no fewer than twenty-six subject (forty-eight per cent) showing results outside the 2SD limits in three or more of the parameters investigated. Only in the alpha1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen were the means not significantly different from the control means but even in these two proteins ten and seven cases respectively individually exceeded the normal mean by more than 2SD. It is suggested that these observations can be explained as the normal response to the presence of neoplastic tissue, and the routine investigation of these and other biochemical components known to respond to the presence of neoplastic tissue may be of help in genetic counselling.", "PMID": 64608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1382", "title": "Contrast enhancement of negatively stained macromolecules and biomembranes by single sideband phase contrast interference.", "content": "A straightforward procedure is described for the production of contrast enhancement of negatively stained macromolecules and biological membranes by single sideband phase contrast interference (electron optical shadowing). The instrumental adjustment required to produce this type of phase contrast illumination is readily achieved by beam deflection from the strioscopic (dark field) mode. Part of the hollow cone of electrons from the annular condenser aperture that are unscattered by the specimen are permitted to pass through the objective aperture and interfere with the scattered beam. The electron optical shadowing effect is produced because only one side of the unscattered beam is used. Careful adjustment of the beam tilt control, with the ability to tilt in any azimuth, allows optimal illumination conditions to be achieved. The results presented show the increased image contrast obtained using as specimens the purified cylindrical macromolecule from human erythrocyte membranes, purified nuclear envelopes and collagen fibres.", "contents": "Contrast enhancement of negatively stained macromolecules and biomembranes by single sideband phase contrast interference. A straightforward procedure is described for the production of contrast enhancement of negatively stained macromolecules and biological membranes by single sideband phase contrast interference (electron optical shadowing). The instrumental adjustment required to produce this type of phase contrast illumination is readily achieved by beam deflection from the strioscopic (dark field) mode. Part of the hollow cone of electrons from the annular condenser aperture that are unscattered by the specimen are permitted to pass through the objective aperture and interfere with the scattered beam. The electron optical shadowing effect is produced because only one side of the unscattered beam is used. Careful adjustment of the beam tilt control, with the ability to tilt in any azimuth, allows optimal illumination conditions to be achieved. The results presented show the increased image contrast obtained using as specimens the purified cylindrical macromolecule from human erythrocyte membranes, purified nuclear envelopes and collagen fibres.", "PMID": 64609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1383", "title": "The influence of the embedding medium when staining for electron microscopy: the penetration of stains into plastic sections.", "content": "Using a sectioned-section procedure it was found that only a few structures, e.g. the connective tissue elements, were deeply penetrated by phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and uranyl acetate (UA). Reynold's lead citrate appeared to penetrate more generally. Using stains selective for the embedding medium, and also observing the surfaces of shadowed sections, it was concluded that structures readily penetrated by polar stains were only poorly infiltrated by non-polar embedding media. It is argued that this differential infiltration leading to differential penetration by polar stains largely controls the pattern of staining of ultrathin sections by PTA and UA.", "contents": "The influence of the embedding medium when staining for electron microscopy: the penetration of stains into plastic sections. Using a sectioned-section procedure it was found that only a few structures, e.g. the connective tissue elements, were deeply penetrated by phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and uranyl acetate (UA). Reynold's lead citrate appeared to penetrate more generally. Using stains selective for the embedding medium, and also observing the surfaces of shadowed sections, it was concluded that structures readily penetrated by polar stains were only poorly infiltrated by non-polar embedding media. It is argued that this differential infiltration leading to differential penetration by polar stains largely controls the pattern of staining of ultrathin sections by PTA and UA.", "PMID": 64610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1384", "title": "A new metachromatic stain technique for paraffin-embedded neural tissue using thionin.", "content": "A metachromatic staining procedure which differentiates Nissl substance in neuron cell bodies, neuropil area, and axonic fibres of passage with distinct colours with no counterstaining has been developed for paraffin-embedded tissue utilizing thionin stain. Frozen sections of neural tissue fixed in formalin may also be satisfactorily stained by this procedure, and both paraffin-embedded and frozen sections have been found to retain the distinct colours for a year with little fading. Since metachromatic staining of paraffin-embedded neural tissue has not been successfully achieved before, the following procedure will be especially valuable for studying small vertebrate brains, or other central nervous tissue which must be processed by the paraffin method.", "contents": "A new metachromatic stain technique for paraffin-embedded neural tissue using thionin. A metachromatic staining procedure which differentiates Nissl substance in neuron cell bodies, neuropil area, and axonic fibres of passage with distinct colours with no counterstaining has been developed for paraffin-embedded tissue utilizing thionin stain. Frozen sections of neural tissue fixed in formalin may also be satisfactorily stained by this procedure, and both paraffin-embedded and frozen sections have been found to retain the distinct colours for a year with little fading. Since metachromatic staining of paraffin-embedded neural tissue has not been successfully achieved before, the following procedure will be especially valuable for studying small vertebrate brains, or other central nervous tissue which must be processed by the paraffin method.", "PMID": 64611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1385", "title": "Human B-lymphocyte antigens expressed by lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemia cells. II. Detection by human anti-B-cell alloantisera.", "content": "The majority of human lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemia cells express a polymorphic antigen that is found on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes and cultured lymphoblastoid B-cell lines. These B-lymphocyte antigens were detected by 34 human alloantisera that were repeatedly absorbed with pooled platelets to remove all activity against HLA antigens and T-lymphocytes. Absorption studies indicated that a common antigen was present on both B-lymphocytes and positive leukemia cells. Leukemia cells could be subdivided into two groups based on the presence of the B-lymphocyte antigen. Fourteen of 18 acute myelocytic leukemia cells, 10 of 13 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, 4 of 6 chronic myelocytic leukemia cells, and 2 of 2 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were positive. This group of leukemia cells also reacted with rabbit anti-B-cell sera raised to papain digests of spleen cell membranes. F(ab')2 fragments of the rabbit antsera were shown to specifically block the reactions of the human antisera against B-cells and leukemia cells. These results suggested that the rabbit and human anti-B-cell sera were reacting with identical molecules. This conclusion was supported by immunoprecipitation data.", "contents": "Human B-lymphocyte antigens expressed by lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemia cells. II. Detection by human anti-B-cell alloantisera. The majority of human lymphocytic and myelocytic leukemia cells express a polymorphic antigen that is found on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes and cultured lymphoblastoid B-cell lines. These B-lymphocyte antigens were detected by 34 human alloantisera that were repeatedly absorbed with pooled platelets to remove all activity against HLA antigens and T-lymphocytes. Absorption studies indicated that a common antigen was present on both B-lymphocytes and positive leukemia cells. Leukemia cells could be subdivided into two groups based on the presence of the B-lymphocyte antigen. Fourteen of 18 acute myelocytic leukemia cells, 10 of 13 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, 4 of 6 chronic myelocytic leukemia cells, and 2 of 2 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were positive. This group of leukemia cells also reacted with rabbit anti-B-cell sera raised to papain digests of spleen cell membranes. F(ab')2 fragments of the rabbit antsera were shown to specifically block the reactions of the human antisera against B-cells and leukemia cells. These results suggested that the rabbit and human anti-B-cell sera were reacting with identical molecules. This conclusion was supported by immunoprecipitation data.", "PMID": 64614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1386", "title": "Effects of streptovaricins and their degradation products on RNA-directed DNA polymerase of Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "The activities of streptovaricin complexes, streptovaricins, streptovals, and streptovarinic degradation products were elevated against RNA-directed DNA polymerases of Rauscher leukemia virus, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase of bacterial and mammalian cells, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of mammalian origin. The activities of streptovaricins were also listed for comparison purposes. The effects of streptovaricin complexes on viral DNA polymerases varied significantly from lot to lot, and streptovaricin complex lot 7 was the most active. All the streptovals and streptovaricin degradation products except varicinal A showed a marked improvement (twofold to tenfold) in activity against the viral enzyme over the parent streptovaricins. None of these compounds, however, displayed any significant effect on either the DNA polymerase of L1210 leukemia cells and Escherichia coli or the RNA polymerase of isolated nuclei of mouse liver. As a result of tests in these systems, some specific inhibitors of RNA-directed DNA polymerases of Rauscher leukemia virus were selected.", "contents": "Effects of streptovaricins and their degradation products on RNA-directed DNA polymerase of Rauscher leukemia virus. The activities of streptovaricin complexes, streptovaricins, streptovals, and streptovarinic degradation products were elevated against RNA-directed DNA polymerases of Rauscher leukemia virus, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase of bacterial and mammalian cells, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of mammalian origin. The activities of streptovaricins were also listed for comparison purposes. The effects of streptovaricin complexes on viral DNA polymerases varied significantly from lot to lot, and streptovaricin complex lot 7 was the most active. All the streptovals and streptovaricin degradation products except varicinal A showed a marked improvement (twofold to tenfold) in activity against the viral enzyme over the parent streptovaricins. None of these compounds, however, displayed any significant effect on either the DNA polymerase of L1210 leukemia cells and Escherichia coli or the RNA polymerase of isolated nuclei of mouse liver. As a result of tests in these systems, some specific inhibitors of RNA-directed DNA polymerases of Rauscher leukemia virus were selected.", "PMID": 64615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1387", "title": "Effects of streptovaricins and their degradation products on infectivity of Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "The virucidal effects of streptovaricin (Sv) A, SvC, SvD, streptoval (Sval) C, Sval Fc, and streptovarone were evaluated by incubation of the drug with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes prior to dillution and addition to cells (in vitro assay) or before ip injection into animals (in vivo assay). The in vitro and in vivo assays were plaque formation and splenomegaly, respectively. A dose-related effect was observed with all six compounds with the in vitro assay. On an equimolar basis, the Sv degradation products, i.e., Sval C, Sval Fc, and streptovarone were most inhibitory, followed by SvD; SvA and SvC were least active. At 0.0625 mumoles, the three Sv degradation products inactivated over 90% of the RLV. Similar results were obtained through the in vivo assay. At 0.06 mumoles, streptovarone, Sval C, and SvD showed 78,62, and 29% inhibition of splenomegaly, respectively; SvA and SvC were essentially inactive. A direct relationship was observed between inhibition on RNA-directed DNA polymrase of RLV by these compounds and their virucidal effects. No drug given at the time of injection, however, showed any significant effect on virus infective processes in vitro or in vivo. The reason for the lack of therapeutic effects of these compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of streptovaricins and their degradation products on infectivity of Rauscher leukemia virus. The virucidal effects of streptovaricin (Sv) A, SvC, SvD, streptoval (Sval) C, Sval Fc, and streptovarone were evaluated by incubation of the drug with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes prior to dillution and addition to cells (in vitro assay) or before ip injection into animals (in vivo assay). The in vitro and in vivo assays were plaque formation and splenomegaly, respectively. A dose-related effect was observed with all six compounds with the in vitro assay. On an equimolar basis, the Sv degradation products, i.e., Sval C, Sval Fc, and streptovarone were most inhibitory, followed by SvD; SvA and SvC were least active. At 0.0625 mumoles, the three Sv degradation products inactivated over 90% of the RLV. Similar results were obtained through the in vivo assay. At 0.06 mumoles, streptovarone, Sval C, and SvD showed 78,62, and 29% inhibition of splenomegaly, respectively; SvA and SvC were essentially inactive. A direct relationship was observed between inhibition on RNA-directed DNA polymrase of RLV by these compounds and their virucidal effects. No drug given at the time of injection, however, showed any significant effect on virus infective processes in vitro or in vivo. The reason for the lack of therapeutic effects of these compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 64616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1388", "title": "Antigenic similarity between simian virus 40-induced surface and fetal antigens in hamster.", "content": "The tumor-associated cell-surface antigen (TSSA) on simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed hamster cells was studied serologically by a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. An antiserum was obtained from guinea pigs inoculated with SV40-transformed hamster cells. The serum was cytotoxic to SV40-transformed hamster cells after absorption with 15-day hamster embryo cells, hamster cells transformed either by polyoma virus or adenovirus 12, various tissues of hamster origin (brainliver, spleen, and kidney), or sheep red blood cells. These results indicated that the major TSSA induced specifically by SV40 was similar or identical to the antigen present during early stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Antigenic similarity between simian virus 40-induced surface and fetal antigens in hamster. The tumor-associated cell-surface antigen (TSSA) on simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed hamster cells was studied serologically by a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. An antiserum was obtained from guinea pigs inoculated with SV40-transformed hamster cells. The serum was cytotoxic to SV40-transformed hamster cells after absorption with 15-day hamster embryo cells, hamster cells transformed either by polyoma virus or adenovirus 12, various tissues of hamster origin (brainliver, spleen, and kidney), or sheep red blood cells. These results indicated that the major TSSA induced specifically by SV40 was similar or identical to the antigen present during early stages of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 64617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1389", "title": "Effect of serum deprivation on myelinating mouse cerebellum cultures.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of nutrient deprivation on brain development, mouse cerebellum cultures were grown in nutrient media with reduced serum concentration. After 9--18 days in vitro, experimental cultures grown in media with low serum concentration exhibited a delayed and retarded myelination. Electron microscopic examination of experimental cultures revealed profiles of deficient myelination, but showed normal neuronal and synaptic structures. The amount of myelin basic protein measured by radioimmunoassay was markedly reduced in experimental cultures. Activity of cholinesterase in these experimental cultures was also decreased.", "contents": "Effect of serum deprivation on myelinating mouse cerebellum cultures. In order to investigate the effect of nutrient deprivation on brain development, mouse cerebellum cultures were grown in nutrient media with reduced serum concentration. After 9--18 days in vitro, experimental cultures grown in media with low serum concentration exhibited a delayed and retarded myelination. Electron microscopic examination of experimental cultures revealed profiles of deficient myelination, but showed normal neuronal and synaptic structures. The amount of myelin basic protein measured by radioimmunoassay was markedly reduced in experimental cultures. Activity of cholinesterase in these experimental cultures was also decreased.", "PMID": 64618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1390", "title": "Interspecies determinants of Friend leukemia virus antigens involved in cytolysis of virus-pfoducing cells.", "content": "The cytolytic reactivity of a complex goat anti-feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antiserum for mouse cells (Eveline) releasing large quantities of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) was analyzed by the sensitive [14C]nicotinamide release microcytotoxicity assay. Whereas this interspecies killing reactivity could be blocked by absorption of the goat anti-FeLV serum with a preparation of disrupted FLV, absorption with purified FLV gp71, the major envelope glycoprotein, had no effect. Subsequent serum absorptions with the individual FLV structural polypeptides revealed that the lysis of the Eveline cells by the goat anti-FeLV serum is mediated by antibodies recognizing the interspecies determinant of p30, the major internal capsid protein. The expression of this internal viral component at the surface of virus-producing cells is discussed further. The results also demonstrated that removal of approximately 70% of the carbohydrate portion of gp71 with a preparation of glycosidases did not affect the integrity of its interspecies determinant; these results are in agreement with an earlier study (Bolgnesi et al., 1975) that examined primarily the group- and type-specific sites.", "contents": "Interspecies determinants of Friend leukemia virus antigens involved in cytolysis of virus-pfoducing cells. The cytolytic reactivity of a complex goat anti-feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antiserum for mouse cells (Eveline) releasing large quantities of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) was analyzed by the sensitive [14C]nicotinamide release microcytotoxicity assay. Whereas this interspecies killing reactivity could be blocked by absorption of the goat anti-FeLV serum with a preparation of disrupted FLV, absorption with purified FLV gp71, the major envelope glycoprotein, had no effect. Subsequent serum absorptions with the individual FLV structural polypeptides revealed that the lysis of the Eveline cells by the goat anti-FeLV serum is mediated by antibodies recognizing the interspecies determinant of p30, the major internal capsid protein. The expression of this internal viral component at the surface of virus-producing cells is discussed further. The results also demonstrated that removal of approximately 70% of the carbohydrate portion of gp71 with a preparation of glycosidases did not affect the integrity of its interspecies determinant; these results are in agreement with an earlier study (Bolgnesi et al., 1975) that examined primarily the group- and type-specific sites.", "PMID": 64623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1391", "title": "Increased length of DNA made by virions of murine leukemia virus at limiting magnesium ion concentration.", "content": "Conditions have been developed for reverse transcription by detergent-disrupted virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus which permit synthesis of molecules that appear to be complete transcripts of the 35S RNA subunits. At limiting Mg2+ concentration, DNA is synthesized in good yield, up to a maximum size of about 2.4 X 10(6) daltons. DNA larger than 2 X 10(6) daltons, taken from alkaline sucrose gradients, has no detectable self-complementarity and was protected from digestion by S1 nuclease to an extent of 90% by annealing to 70S RNA. All size classes of DNA made in these reactions are primed with RNA, because all are initiated with a pApdAjunction. To produce such long molecules, it is necessary to keep the concentration of Mg2+ in the reaction mixture below the total concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Under these conditions, degradation of the RNA template is minimized. The rate of DNA synthesis is also slowed by 30 to 50%, but products longer than 5,000 nucleotides, which are not found otherwise, are completed between 3 and 6h of reaction.", "contents": "Increased length of DNA made by virions of murine leukemia virus at limiting magnesium ion concentration. Conditions have been developed for reverse transcription by detergent-disrupted virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus which permit synthesis of molecules that appear to be complete transcripts of the 35S RNA subunits. At limiting Mg2+ concentration, DNA is synthesized in good yield, up to a maximum size of about 2.4 X 10(6) daltons. DNA larger than 2 X 10(6) daltons, taken from alkaline sucrose gradients, has no detectable self-complementarity and was protected from digestion by S1 nuclease to an extent of 90% by annealing to 70S RNA. All size classes of DNA made in these reactions are primed with RNA, because all are initiated with a pApdAjunction. To produce such long molecules, it is necessary to keep the concentration of Mg2+ in the reaction mixture below the total concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Under these conditions, degradation of the RNA template is minimized. The rate of DNA synthesis is also slowed by 30 to 50%, but products longer than 5,000 nucleotides, which are not found otherwise, are completed between 3 and 6h of reaction.", "PMID": 64624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1392", "title": "Common structural antigen of papovaviruses of the simian virus 40-polyoma subgroup.", "content": "An antigenic determinant common to the major capsid polypeptide (VP1) of simian virus 40 (SV40) and polyoma virus is described. Antisera prepared against intact viral particles reacted only with cells infected with the homologous virus by immunofluorescence tests (IF). However, antisera prepared against disrupted SV40 particles reacted in IF with both polyoma- and SV40-infected permissive cells. The cross-reaction with polyoma was localized to VP1 by the following evidence. (i) The IF cross-reaction was inhibited by preincubation of the antiserum with purified SV40 VP1; (ii) purified radiolabeled polyoma VP1 was precipitated by the cross-reactive serum, and this reaction was inhibited by unlabeled SV40 VP1; (iii) other antisera prepared against purified SV40 VP1 or polyoma VP1 reacted in IF with both SV40- and polyma-infected permissive cells. These cross-reacting antisera also reacted in IF with permissive cells infected with BK virus, rabbit kidney vacuolating virus, and the stumptailed macaque virus, suggesting that all members of the polyoma-SV40 subgroup share a common antigenic determinant located in their major capsid polypeptides.", "contents": "Common structural antigen of papovaviruses of the simian virus 40-polyoma subgroup. An antigenic determinant common to the major capsid polypeptide (VP1) of simian virus 40 (SV40) and polyoma virus is described. Antisera prepared against intact viral particles reacted only with cells infected with the homologous virus by immunofluorescence tests (IF). However, antisera prepared against disrupted SV40 particles reacted in IF with both polyoma- and SV40-infected permissive cells. The cross-reaction with polyoma was localized to VP1 by the following evidence. (i) The IF cross-reaction was inhibited by preincubation of the antiserum with purified SV40 VP1; (ii) purified radiolabeled polyoma VP1 was precipitated by the cross-reactive serum, and this reaction was inhibited by unlabeled SV40 VP1; (iii) other antisera prepared against purified SV40 VP1 or polyoma VP1 reacted in IF with both SV40- and polyma-infected permissive cells. These cross-reacting antisera also reacted in IF with permissive cells infected with BK virus, rabbit kidney vacuolating virus, and the stumptailed macaque virus, suggesting that all members of the polyoma-SV40 subgroup share a common antigenic determinant located in their major capsid polypeptides.", "PMID": 64625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1393", "title": "Expression of an early, nonstructural antigen of herpes simplex virus in cell transformed in vitro by herpes simplex virus.", "content": "Hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to an early, nonstructural herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-induced polypeptide (VP143) reacted in immunofluorescence tests with a variety of cell lines transformed by HSV-2. Cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed in 10 to 50% of HSV-2-transformed cells, whereas no fluorescence was observed in cells transformed by other oncogenic DNA viruses or by a chemical carcinogen. VP143-specific reactivity could be absorbed from anti-VP143 serum with HSV-2-transformed cells but not with cells transformed by other agents. When HSV-2-transformed cells were synchronized in mitosis and examined at various times postmitosis for VP143-specific fluorescence, the expression of VP143 was shown to be cell cycle dependent.", "contents": "Expression of an early, nonstructural antigen of herpes simplex virus in cell transformed in vitro by herpes simplex virus. Hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to an early, nonstructural herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-induced polypeptide (VP143) reacted in immunofluorescence tests with a variety of cell lines transformed by HSV-2. Cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed in 10 to 50% of HSV-2-transformed cells, whereas no fluorescence was observed in cells transformed by other oncogenic DNA viruses or by a chemical carcinogen. VP143-specific reactivity could be absorbed from anti-VP143 serum with HSV-2-transformed cells but not with cells transformed by other agents. When HSV-2-transformed cells were synchronized in mitosis and examined at various times postmitosis for VP143-specific fluorescence, the expression of VP143 was shown to be cell cycle dependent.", "PMID": 64626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1394", "title": "Viral protein synthesis in Friend erythroleukemia cell lines.", "content": "Viral protein synthesis was studied in two Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell lines (Ostertag cell lines FSD1-F4 and B8) by the technique of immuno-precipitation with monospecific antisera to the major envelope glycoprotein gp70 and major core protein p30. One of the cell lines (F4) releases active Friend virus complex to the growth medium, where release of virus from the other cell line (B8) is barely or nondetectable. It was found that in the nonproducer cell line B8, a large-molecular-weight protein of about 65,000 containing p30 antigenic determinants is synthesized, yet no p30 is produced upon prolonged incubation and chase, suggesting that this might be the actual lesion that prevents mature virus production by these cells. In both cell lines, the predominant protein species that is immunoprecipitated with monospecific anti-gp70 serum is a protein of 55,000 to 60,000 daltons that is labeled with glucosamine to a much lesser extent that gp70 and appears to become heterogeneous with time. Large amounts of gp70 can be detected in the cell-free medium, but none of the unstable species of 55,00 to 60,000 molecular weight.", "contents": "Viral protein synthesis in Friend erythroleukemia cell lines. Viral protein synthesis was studied in two Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell lines (Ostertag cell lines FSD1-F4 and B8) by the technique of immuno-precipitation with monospecific antisera to the major envelope glycoprotein gp70 and major core protein p30. One of the cell lines (F4) releases active Friend virus complex to the growth medium, where release of virus from the other cell line (B8) is barely or nondetectable. It was found that in the nonproducer cell line B8, a large-molecular-weight protein of about 65,000 containing p30 antigenic determinants is synthesized, yet no p30 is produced upon prolonged incubation and chase, suggesting that this might be the actual lesion that prevents mature virus production by these cells. In both cell lines, the predominant protein species that is immunoprecipitated with monospecific anti-gp70 serum is a protein of 55,000 to 60,000 daltons that is labeled with glucosamine to a much lesser extent that gp70 and appears to become heterogeneous with time. Large amounts of gp70 can be detected in the cell-free medium, but none of the unstable species of 55,00 to 60,000 molecular weight.", "PMID": 64627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1395", "title": "Purification and molecular characterization of adenovirus type 2 DNA-binding protein.", "content": "An adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) DNA-binding protein was purified by sequential DNA-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, with a yield of 120 mug of binding protein (95 to 99% homogeneity) starting with 2 X 10(9) infected cells. By omitting the Sephadex G-200 step, 400 to 600 mug of 95% pure binding protein was obtained. To obtain high yields of highly purified binding protein, it was necessary to include deoxycholate and Nonidet P-40 at selected stages during the preparation. The highly purified binding protein appeared to have retained its native stage as indicated by: (i) binding to single-stranded but not native Ad2 DNA, (ii) almost complete precipitation by immunoglobulin G from hamsters immunized by extracts of tumors induced by Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses, and (iii) identical sedimentation coefficient with binding protein obtained from DNA-cellulose chromatography only. Zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and gel filtration revealed that purified binding protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4S and a Stokes radius of 5.2 nm. Based on these two values, a molecular weight of 73,000 was calculated, in agreement with the estimate from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A frictional ratio of 1.88 was calculated, suggesting that the Ad2 DNA-binding protein does not have a typical globular protein structure.", "contents": "Purification and molecular characterization of adenovirus type 2 DNA-binding protein. An adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) DNA-binding protein was purified by sequential DNA-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, with a yield of 120 mug of binding protein (95 to 99% homogeneity) starting with 2 X 10(9) infected cells. By omitting the Sephadex G-200 step, 400 to 600 mug of 95% pure binding protein was obtained. To obtain high yields of highly purified binding protein, it was necessary to include deoxycholate and Nonidet P-40 at selected stages during the preparation. The highly purified binding protein appeared to have retained its native stage as indicated by: (i) binding to single-stranded but not native Ad2 DNA, (ii) almost complete precipitation by immunoglobulin G from hamsters immunized by extracts of tumors induced by Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses, and (iii) identical sedimentation coefficient with binding protein obtained from DNA-cellulose chromatography only. Zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and gel filtration revealed that purified binding protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4S and a Stokes radius of 5.2 nm. Based on these two values, a molecular weight of 73,000 was calculated, in agreement with the estimate from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A frictional ratio of 1.88 was calculated, suggesting that the Ad2 DNA-binding protein does not have a typical globular protein structure.", "PMID": 64628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1396", "title": "The changing role of chemotherapy in treatment of non-seminomatous germinal testicular cancer.", "content": "Although this series is too small for meaningful statistical conclusions it demonstrates the effectiveness and hazards of bleomycin and vinblastine combined with other treatment modalities in the handling of non-seminomatous germinal testicular cancer. Bleomycin and vinblastine therapy is indicated 1) as a last restor in patients who have failed with other forms of therapy, 2) to convert high stage lesions to a lower stage and 3) as adjuvant therapy in the lowest stage lesions. The indications, risks and alternatives to chemotherapy, especially in patients with low stage tumors, must be realized by the physician and patient prior to its administration. However, the results reported here and elsewhere are so encouraging that we strongly recommend more aggressive use of these agents in any treatment regimen involving non-seminomatous tumors.", "contents": "The changing role of chemotherapy in treatment of non-seminomatous germinal testicular cancer. Although this series is too small for meaningful statistical conclusions it demonstrates the effectiveness and hazards of bleomycin and vinblastine combined with other treatment modalities in the handling of non-seminomatous germinal testicular cancer. Bleomycin and vinblastine therapy is indicated 1) as a last restor in patients who have failed with other forms of therapy, 2) to convert high stage lesions to a lower stage and 3) as adjuvant therapy in the lowest stage lesions. The indications, risks and alternatives to chemotherapy, especially in patients with low stage tumors, must be realized by the physician and patient prior to its administration. However, the results reported here and elsewhere are so encouraging that we strongly recommend more aggressive use of these agents in any treatment regimen involving non-seminomatous tumors.", "PMID": 64629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1397", "title": "Evaluation of research needs in nephrology in urology. Obstructive and neuromuscular disorders affecting the urinary system.", "content": "Obstructive and neuromuscular disorders are common problems of the urinary tract. They cause considerable morbidity and some mortality. In all problem areas research efforts have been and continue to be limited. The principal reason for the lack of research efforts in these areas is the lack of trained established investigators interested in the problems of the urinary tract. Unfortunately, most basic scientists with the research and investigative background to solve many of these problems see them as mundane and not worthy of investigation. In addition, these same basic scientists are out of touch with clinical urologic diseases and probably do not appreciate the magnitude of the problems. In our opinion the solution is 2-fold: to train qualified investigators in urology and nephrology, and to interest, educate and collaborate with the basic scientists about these clinical problems of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Evaluation of research needs in nephrology in urology. Obstructive and neuromuscular disorders affecting the urinary system. Obstructive and neuromuscular disorders are common problems of the urinary tract. They cause considerable morbidity and some mortality. In all problem areas research efforts have been and continue to be limited. The principal reason for the lack of research efforts in these areas is the lack of trained established investigators interested in the problems of the urinary tract. Unfortunately, most basic scientists with the research and investigative background to solve many of these problems see them as mundane and not worthy of investigation. In addition, these same basic scientists are out of touch with clinical urologic diseases and probably do not appreciate the magnitude of the problems. In our opinion the solution is 2-fold: to train qualified investigators in urology and nephrology, and to interest, educate and collaborate with the basic scientists about these clinical problems of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 64630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1398", "title": "[Bathmotropic effect of panangin and strophanthin in patients with extrasystole].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of Panangine and Strophantin was studied by way of rhythmography in patients with extrasystole of different etiology. The strophantin (0.25 mg) an Panangine (2 vials intravenously) tests, and therapeutic courses of Panagine (2 coated tablets 3 times a day for 5--7 days) or of Strophantin (0.25 mg) with Panagine (2 vials intravenously) for 7--10 days were conducted. A course of Strophantin with Panangine was given only to those patient who did not increase the number of their extrasystoles after the Strophantin test. Such a course resulted in the most striking antiarrhythmic effect (60.3% of the patients).", "contents": "[Bathmotropic effect of panangin and strophanthin in patients with extrasystole]. The antiarrhythmic effect of Panangine and Strophantin was studied by way of rhythmography in patients with extrasystole of different etiology. The strophantin (0.25 mg) an Panangine (2 vials intravenously) tests, and therapeutic courses of Panagine (2 coated tablets 3 times a day for 5--7 days) or of Strophantin (0.25 mg) with Panagine (2 vials intravenously) for 7--10 days were conducted. A course of Strophantin with Panangine was given only to those patient who did not increase the number of their extrasystoles after the Strophantin test. Such a course resulted in the most striking antiarrhythmic effect (60.3% of the patients).", "PMID": 64640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1399", "title": "[The vulnerability of the right atrium. II. Correlations between vulnerability and the atrial refractory periods (author's transl)].", "content": "The vulnerability of the right atrium to single electrical stimuli was investigated in 100 non-selected patients. According to the response pattern to extrasystolic stimulation of the right atrium during the relative refractory period, the patients could be divided in 3 groups: Group A: no signs of vulnerability. Group B: 1 to 5 additional atrial extrasystoles after the premature atrial stimulus. Group C: runs of atrial flutter or fibrillation for at least 8 s. The 3 groups were compared with respect to the duration of the effective and relative refractory period of the right atrium. From group A to group C the effective refractory period showed a tendency to shorten, while the relative refractory period showed a tendency to prolong. These results are interpreted as supporting a reentry as the underlying mechanism of the here described atrial vulnerability.", "contents": "[The vulnerability of the right atrium. II. Correlations between vulnerability and the atrial refractory periods (author's transl)]. The vulnerability of the right atrium to single electrical stimuli was investigated in 100 non-selected patients. According to the response pattern to extrasystolic stimulation of the right atrium during the relative refractory period, the patients could be divided in 3 groups: Group A: no signs of vulnerability. Group B: 1 to 5 additional atrial extrasystoles after the premature atrial stimulus. Group C: runs of atrial flutter or fibrillation for at least 8 s. The 3 groups were compared with respect to the duration of the effective and relative refractory period of the right atrium. From group A to group C the effective refractory period showed a tendency to shorten, while the relative refractory period showed a tendency to prolong. These results are interpreted as supporting a reentry as the underlying mechanism of the here described atrial vulnerability.", "PMID": 64641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1400", "title": "Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart-disease.", "content": "Mortality follow-up is now complete for 5 years in the 18 403 male civil servants aged 40-64 who were examined between 1967-69 in the Whitehall Study of British civil servants. During this period, 277 of them died of coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.); half of these deaths were in subjects in whom the findings at initial screening had suggested early myocardial ischaemia (angina or history of possible infarction according to standard questionnaire, or electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia). The finding of suspect ischaemia had greater predictive power than the \"primary\" coronary risk factors, from which it was generally independent. At each level of the primary risk factors, the risk of death from C.H.D. was much greater in the presence of suspect ischaemia; and, with the possible exceptions of glucose tolerance and physical activity, the main risk factors still operated even at the stage of early ischaemia. These findings have implications for future studies of the effects of intervention.", "contents": "Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart-disease. Mortality follow-up is now complete for 5 years in the 18 403 male civil servants aged 40-64 who were examined between 1967-69 in the Whitehall Study of British civil servants. During this period, 277 of them died of coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.); half of these deaths were in subjects in whom the findings at initial screening had suggested early myocardial ischaemia (angina or history of possible infarction according to standard questionnaire, or electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia). The finding of suspect ischaemia had greater predictive power than the \"primary\" coronary risk factors, from which it was generally independent. At each level of the primary risk factors, the risk of death from C.H.D. was much greater in the presence of suspect ischaemia; and, with the possible exceptions of glucose tolerance and physical activity, the main risk factors still operated even at the stage of early ischaemia. These findings have implications for future studies of the effects of intervention.", "PMID": 64647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1401", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in smokers of filter and plain cigarettes.", "content": "Blood-carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels were studied in 343 healthy male cigarette smokers aged 35-64. The mean COHb level was 30% higher in the 248 men who smoked unventilated filter cigarettes than in the 41 men who smoked plain cigarettes, after adjusting for the number of cigarettes smoked (P less than 0.001). This result was consistent with the carbon-monoxide (CO) yields of these cigarettes: on average, the unventilated filter cigarettes had yields 25% higher than the plain ones. The mean COHb level was 7% higher in the 54 men who smoked ventilated cigarettes than in men who smoked plain cigarettes. Although this difference was not statistically significant, it was in the opposite direction to the result which might have been expected on the basis of the CO yields of these cigarettes: on average the ventilated filter cigarettes had yields 21% lower than the plain ones. The medical implications of these results are uncertain. COHb levels of 3-4% or more can exacerbate angina pectoris and intermittent claudication, and it is, therefore, of concern that COHb levels are higher in smokers of filter cigarettes than in smokers of plain cigarettes. However, any assessment of risk associated with either type of cigarette should take account of the observation from other studies that filter cigarettes are associated with a lower mortality from lung cancer than are plain cigarettes.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in smokers of filter and plain cigarettes. Blood-carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels were studied in 343 healthy male cigarette smokers aged 35-64. The mean COHb level was 30% higher in the 248 men who smoked unventilated filter cigarettes than in the 41 men who smoked plain cigarettes, after adjusting for the number of cigarettes smoked (P less than 0.001). This result was consistent with the carbon-monoxide (CO) yields of these cigarettes: on average, the unventilated filter cigarettes had yields 25% higher than the plain ones. The mean COHb level was 7% higher in the 54 men who smoked ventilated cigarettes than in men who smoked plain cigarettes. Although this difference was not statistically significant, it was in the opposite direction to the result which might have been expected on the basis of the CO yields of these cigarettes: on average the ventilated filter cigarettes had yields 21% lower than the plain ones. The medical implications of these results are uncertain. COHb levels of 3-4% or more can exacerbate angina pectoris and intermittent claudication, and it is, therefore, of concern that COHb levels are higher in smokers of filter cigarettes than in smokers of plain cigarettes. However, any assessment of risk associated with either type of cigarette should take account of the observation from other studies that filter cigarettes are associated with a lower mortality from lung cancer than are plain cigarettes.", "PMID": 64648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1402", "title": "Direct evidence for synthesis of valine in man.", "content": "Plasma valine and 13C-valine concentrations were measured in 2 healthy volunteers and 2 uraemic patients during and after a 3-hour intravenous infusion of the 13-c-labelled alpha-keto-acid analogue of valine. Plasma-valine increased by 23-43%. 13C-valine accounted for most of the early increase, but for less than 30% of the increase 1 hour after infusion. It was concluded that valine had increased by 2 mechanisms with different time courses. Initially, transamination of the infused ketoacid predominated, confirming directly for the first time that the essential aminoacid valine can be synthesised in-vivo both in health and uraemia. The previously unsuspected second mechanism was quantitatively more important but slower in ooperation; it may prove to be the key to understanding the metabolic effects of essential aminoacid precursors.", "contents": "Direct evidence for synthesis of valine in man. Plasma valine and 13C-valine concentrations were measured in 2 healthy volunteers and 2 uraemic patients during and after a 3-hour intravenous infusion of the 13-c-labelled alpha-keto-acid analogue of valine. Plasma-valine increased by 23-43%. 13C-valine accounted for most of the early increase, but for less than 30% of the increase 1 hour after infusion. It was concluded that valine had increased by 2 mechanisms with different time courses. Initially, transamination of the infused ketoacid predominated, confirming directly for the first time that the essential aminoacid valine can be synthesised in-vivo both in health and uraemia. The previously unsuspected second mechanism was quantitatively more important but slower in ooperation; it may prove to be the key to understanding the metabolic effects of essential aminoacid precursors.", "PMID": 64649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1403", "title": "Cell electrophoretic analysis of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Cell electrophoresis was performed on peripheral-blood lymphocytes obtained from 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) and 16 normal controls. On the basis of cell frequency/mobility histograms each subject's lymphocyte electrophoretic profile was resolved into a bimodal distribution of fast and slow cells. The mean electrophoretic mobility (E.P.M.) of the fast-cell population was similar in controls and in R.A. patients but the mean E.P.M. of the slow population was significantly slower in R.A. than in the controls. In the R.A. patients the E.P.M. of the polymorphonuclear cell population was significantly slower than that of P.M.N. cells in the peripheral blood of controls.", "contents": "Cell electrophoretic analysis of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell electrophoresis was performed on peripheral-blood lymphocytes obtained from 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) and 16 normal controls. On the basis of cell frequency/mobility histograms each subject's lymphocyte electrophoretic profile was resolved into a bimodal distribution of fast and slow cells. The mean electrophoretic mobility (E.P.M.) of the fast-cell population was similar in controls and in R.A. patients but the mean E.P.M. of the slow population was significantly slower in R.A. than in the controls. In the R.A. patients the E.P.M. of the polymorphonuclear cell population was significantly slower than that of P.M.N. cells in the peripheral blood of controls.", "PMID": 64650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1404", "title": "Blood-flow in incompetent perforating veins.", "content": "A new pulsed multichannel ultrasonic Doppler instrument was used to determine the relative blood-flow in the perforating veins of 16 patients with symptoms attributable to their leg venous systems. 9 patients had leg ulceration and 7 did not. 8 (89%) of the ulcer patients had sustained blood-flow from the deep to the superficial veins (\"reverse\") during calf muscle contraction, compared to 1 (14%) of the group without leg ulcers. This evidence supports the theory that postphlebitic leg ulceration is the result of retrograde flow of blood in incompetent calf perforating veins during walking.", "contents": "Blood-flow in incompetent perforating veins. A new pulsed multichannel ultrasonic Doppler instrument was used to determine the relative blood-flow in the perforating veins of 16 patients with symptoms attributable to their leg venous systems. 9 patients had leg ulceration and 7 did not. 8 (89%) of the ulcer patients had sustained blood-flow from the deep to the superficial veins (\"reverse\") during calf muscle contraction, compared to 1 (14%) of the group without leg ulcers. This evidence supports the theory that postphlebitic leg ulceration is the result of retrograde flow of blood in incompetent calf perforating veins during walking.", "PMID": 64651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1405", "title": "Lipofuscin formation in the developing nervous system of squirrel monkeys consequent to maternal dietary protein deficiency during gestation.", "content": "The formation of lipofuscin pigment under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during most of the gestation period has been demonstrated in the cerebellum and motor cortex of the developing fetuses and neonates in squirrel monkeys. The controls maintained on high protein diets failed to show lipofuscin pigment in appreciable quantities. The dirty yellow to dark brown pigment bodies exist as homogeneous particulates as well as duplex structures, each with a thin, irregular, light brown cortex, studded with one or more darker granules, and a medulla filled with sharp yellow substance. The malnourished neonates, especially in the third and fifth laminae of motor cortex, show loose aggregations of lipofuscin bodies in the apical dendrite and occasionally in the body of the dendritic branches but not in the axon hillock or the body of the axon. Histochemically, the pigment is a complex of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, showing strong reaction for non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase and mild activity of succinate and lactate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, which puts the pigment observed in the same category as the typical aging pigment described in literature. It is clear that maternal protein deficiency during the critical period of the fetal brain development has an adverse effect on its biochemical maturation. The accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is probably one manifestation of the metabolic changes in the neurons, which may have the impact of hastening the aging process, if protein deprivation is continued into the postnatal period.", "contents": "Lipofuscin formation in the developing nervous system of squirrel monkeys consequent to maternal dietary protein deficiency during gestation. The formation of lipofuscin pigment under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during most of the gestation period has been demonstrated in the cerebellum and motor cortex of the developing fetuses and neonates in squirrel monkeys. The controls maintained on high protein diets failed to show lipofuscin pigment in appreciable quantities. The dirty yellow to dark brown pigment bodies exist as homogeneous particulates as well as duplex structures, each with a thin, irregular, light brown cortex, studded with one or more darker granules, and a medulla filled with sharp yellow substance. The malnourished neonates, especially in the third and fifth laminae of motor cortex, show loose aggregations of lipofuscin bodies in the apical dendrite and occasionally in the body of the dendritic branches but not in the axon hillock or the body of the axon. Histochemically, the pigment is a complex of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, showing strong reaction for non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase and mild activity of succinate and lactate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, which puts the pigment observed in the same category as the typical aging pigment described in literature. It is clear that maternal protein deficiency during the critical period of the fetal brain development has an adverse effect on its biochemical maturation. The accumulation of lipofuscin pigment is probably one manifestation of the metabolic changes in the neurons, which may have the impact of hastening the aging process, if protein deprivation is continued into the postnatal period.", "PMID": 64646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1406", "title": "Skin test for coeliac disease using a subfraction of gluten.", "content": "Gluten and various of its fractions and subfractions have been used for intradermal testing in 10 patients with coeliac disease and in 20 healthy control subjects. All the coeliac patients gave positive Arthus-type reactions (type III) to the subfractions of gluten, whereas all the control subjects were negative. The subfraction B2 evoked strong reactions in almost all the coeliac subjects. If tests with larger series confirm the present results, skin testing with B2 may prove to be a useful screening test for coeliac disease. As B2 has already been found to stimulate the lymphocytes of coeliac patients, the present findings are also of interest in relation to the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.", "contents": "Skin test for coeliac disease using a subfraction of gluten. Gluten and various of its fractions and subfractions have been used for intradermal testing in 10 patients with coeliac disease and in 20 healthy control subjects. All the coeliac patients gave positive Arthus-type reactions (type III) to the subfractions of gluten, whereas all the control subjects were negative. The subfraction B2 evoked strong reactions in almost all the coeliac subjects. If tests with larger series confirm the present results, skin testing with B2 may prove to be a useful screening test for coeliac disease. As B2 has already been found to stimulate the lymphocytes of coeliac patients, the present findings are also of interest in relation to the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.", "PMID": 64652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1407", "title": "A heparin analogue with specific action on antithrombin III.", "content": "The effects of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue were compared in vivo and in vitro. The two drugs differed strikingly in their in-vitro behaviour: unlike heparin, the heparin analogue had little effect in a specific heparin assay or on overall clotting, as measured by the kaolin-cephalin clotting time (K.C.C.T.). When given by parenteral injection, the heparin analogue had almost the same potentiating effect on antithrombin III as mucous heparin, but without a comparable effect on the K.C.C.T. These observations suggest that the heparin analogue may have desirable characteristics for the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis, since it selectively potentiates antithrombin III in vivo while having little effect on overall clotting.", "contents": "A heparin analogue with specific action on antithrombin III. The effects of heparin and a semi-synthetic heparin analogue were compared in vivo and in vitro. The two drugs differed strikingly in their in-vitro behaviour: unlike heparin, the heparin analogue had little effect in a specific heparin assay or on overall clotting, as measured by the kaolin-cephalin clotting time (K.C.C.T.). When given by parenteral injection, the heparin analogue had almost the same potentiating effect on antithrombin III as mucous heparin, but without a comparable effect on the K.C.C.T. These observations suggest that the heparin analogue may have desirable characteristics for the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis, since it selectively potentiates antithrombin III in vivo while having little effect on overall clotting.", "PMID": 64653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1408", "title": "Starvation suppression and refeeding activation of infection. An ecological necessity?", "content": "The hypothesis is advanced that starvation suppresses and refeeding activates certain infections as an essential part of an ecological balance between man, his animals, and his environment. During famine, then, man fails to thrive, but his ultimate extinction is prevented in part by the parallel decline in fecundity of his \"micropredators\". In times of plenty the parallel increase in the same predators is a check against his excessive multiplication.", "contents": "Starvation suppression and refeeding activation of infection. An ecological necessity? The hypothesis is advanced that starvation suppresses and refeeding activates certain infections as an essential part of an ecological balance between man, his animals, and his environment. During famine, then, man fails to thrive, but his ultimate extinction is prevented in part by the parallel decline in fecundity of his \"micropredators\". In times of plenty the parallel increase in the same predators is a check against his excessive multiplication.", "PMID": 64655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1409", "title": "Biochemical markers in human breast cancer.", "content": "Nineteen biochemical parameters, most of which have been individually advocated as tumour-index-substances for breast cancer, were measured in 51 patients with breast disease, 42 of whom had active breast cancer. Seven of these parameters were raised in more than half of the 17 patients of the series with overt metastases; these were serum ferritin (88%), C-reactive protein (87%), carcinoembryonic antigen (81%), acid glycoprotein (75%), total alkaline phosphatase (64%), sialyl transferase (56%), andthe urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (73%). The incidence of biochemical abnormalities in patients in this group compared favourably with the results of physical methods of detecting metastases. 7 of 16 further patients without evidence of distant metastases, but who had a poor prognosis as judged by histology of the primary tumour and axillary lymph-nodes, had abnormalities of at least one of the seven parameters. 3 of these patients have relapsed within a year of mastectomy. The results suggest that these biochemical tests could assist in monitoring metastatic disease and could indicate at the time of mastectomy, patients who might benefit from immediate systemic therapy in addition to local treatment of their breast carcinomas.", "contents": "Biochemical markers in human breast cancer. Nineteen biochemical parameters, most of which have been individually advocated as tumour-index-substances for breast cancer, were measured in 51 patients with breast disease, 42 of whom had active breast cancer. Seven of these parameters were raised in more than half of the 17 patients of the series with overt metastases; these were serum ferritin (88%), C-reactive protein (87%), carcinoembryonic antigen (81%), acid glycoprotein (75%), total alkaline phosphatase (64%), sialyl transferase (56%), andthe urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (73%). The incidence of biochemical abnormalities in patients in this group compared favourably with the results of physical methods of detecting metastases. 7 of 16 further patients without evidence of distant metastases, but who had a poor prognosis as judged by histology of the primary tumour and axillary lymph-nodes, had abnormalities of at least one of the seven parameters. 3 of these patients have relapsed within a year of mastectomy. The results suggest that these biochemical tests could assist in monitoring metastatic disease and could indicate at the time of mastectomy, patients who might benefit from immediate systemic therapy in addition to local treatment of their breast carcinomas.", "PMID": 64663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1410", "title": "Hyperventilation: An important cause of pseudoangina.", "content": "50 patients initially referred to a cardiac clinic for confirmation or exclusion of angina were found to be habitual hyperventilators. 13 of them also had some organic heart disease. Simple physiotherapy aimed at restoring a normal breathing pattern proved an effective treatment, 76% of those followed for 11-68 months being symptom-free.", "contents": "Hyperventilation: An important cause of pseudoangina. 50 patients initially referred to a cardiac clinic for confirmation or exclusion of angina were found to be habitual hyperventilators. 13 of them also had some organic heart disease. Simple physiotherapy aimed at restoring a normal breathing pattern proved an effective treatment, 76% of those followed for 11-68 months being symptom-free.", "PMID": 64694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1411", "title": "Neutrophil function in children who are carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen.", "content": "The functional capacity of neutrophils of twenty children who are chronic carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated by histochemical and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium tests (N.B.T.), an assay of bactericidal capacity against Encherichia coli, and an immunofluorescence test for HBsAg in neutrophils, The histochemical N.B.T. test showed that there was a higher proportion of stimulated neutrophils in chronic HBsAg carriers than in controls, but HBsAg particles were not detected in these cells. Bactericidal activity was significantly reduced in chronic carriers. If the defects in neutrophil function in the HBsAg carrier children preceded their hepatitis-B infections they could have influenced the development of the carrier state. Newborn infants infected with hepatitis-B virus are likely to become chronic carriers and neutrophil functions in uninfected newborn infants are similar to those seen in these carriers of HBsAg.", "contents": "Neutrophil function in children who are carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen. The functional capacity of neutrophils of twenty children who are chronic carriers of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated by histochemical and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium tests (N.B.T.), an assay of bactericidal capacity against Encherichia coli, and an immunofluorescence test for HBsAg in neutrophils, The histochemical N.B.T. test showed that there was a higher proportion of stimulated neutrophils in chronic HBsAg carriers than in controls, but HBsAg particles were not detected in these cells. Bactericidal activity was significantly reduced in chronic carriers. If the defects in neutrophil function in the HBsAg carrier children preceded their hepatitis-B infections they could have influenced the development of the carrier state. Newborn infants infected with hepatitis-B virus are likely to become chronic carriers and neutrophil functions in uninfected newborn infants are similar to those seen in these carriers of HBsAg.", "PMID": 64695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1412", "title": "Mechanism of pancreatic polypeptide release in man.", "content": "Pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) is a potent hormonal peptide which has been isolated from the pancreas. Its role in human physiology and pathology is not yet established. After a standard hospital lunch the plasma concentration of P.P. showed a rapid and identical rise in 10 healthy controls, 11 duodenal-ulcer patients, and 6 post-vagotomy patients but remained undetectable in 4 totally pancreatectomised subjects. In contrast plasma-P.P. was unaffected by intravenous administration of glucose, aminoacids, or fat. However, during intravenous infusion of caerulein, a cholecystokinin analogue, P.P. rose by nearly five-fold, and an even greater rise was seen after intravenous injection of Boots secretin. In 19 duodenal-ulcer patients insulin hypoglycaemia produced a rapid rise in plasma-P.P. but this did not occur in any of the 17 patients studied after a truncal vagotomy. Thus P.P. is released by oral but not intravenous nutriments and the existence of an entero-P.P. axis is postulated. One component of this axis may be the vagal innervation but the normal postprandial rise seen after vagotomy suggests that other control mechanisms, such as the intestinal hormones, are more important.", "contents": "Mechanism of pancreatic polypeptide release in man. Pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) is a potent hormonal peptide which has been isolated from the pancreas. Its role in human physiology and pathology is not yet established. After a standard hospital lunch the plasma concentration of P.P. showed a rapid and identical rise in 10 healthy controls, 11 duodenal-ulcer patients, and 6 post-vagotomy patients but remained undetectable in 4 totally pancreatectomised subjects. In contrast plasma-P.P. was unaffected by intravenous administration of glucose, aminoacids, or fat. However, during intravenous infusion of caerulein, a cholecystokinin analogue, P.P. rose by nearly five-fold, and an even greater rise was seen after intravenous injection of Boots secretin. In 19 duodenal-ulcer patients insulin hypoglycaemia produced a rapid rise in plasma-P.P. but this did not occur in any of the 17 patients studied after a truncal vagotomy. Thus P.P. is released by oral but not intravenous nutriments and the existence of an entero-P.P. axis is postulated. One component of this axis may be the vagal innervation but the normal postprandial rise seen after vagotomy suggests that other control mechanisms, such as the intestinal hormones, are more important.", "PMID": 64696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1413", "title": "Stress deficiency of the T-lymphocyte system exemplified by Down syndrome.", "content": "A comparison of immune competence in 26 patients with Down syndrome in an institution and 26 matched healthy controls revealed an atypical pattern of T-cell immunodeficiency in the Down-syndrome patients. The patients with Down syndrome had a lymphocytosis in blood with high counts of T (and B) cells, but with impaired effector function of T cells as judged by anergy to dinitrochlorobenzene, low responsiveness to ubiquitous antigens which elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and low mitogenic activity of non-stimulated and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in culture. Helper-T-cell function measured by the humoral immune response to flagellin was intact, and there were minor abnormalities of the B-cell system. Attempted restoration of T-cell function with levamisole was unsuccessful. This pattern of T-lymphocytosis with impaired effector function could be explained by \"stress-deficiency\" of the immune system consequent upon a heavy load of infection in early life.", "contents": "Stress deficiency of the T-lymphocyte system exemplified by Down syndrome. A comparison of immune competence in 26 patients with Down syndrome in an institution and 26 matched healthy controls revealed an atypical pattern of T-cell immunodeficiency in the Down-syndrome patients. The patients with Down syndrome had a lymphocytosis in blood with high counts of T (and B) cells, but with impaired effector function of T cells as judged by anergy to dinitrochlorobenzene, low responsiveness to ubiquitous antigens which elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and low mitogenic activity of non-stimulated and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in culture. Helper-T-cell function measured by the humoral immune response to flagellin was intact, and there were minor abnormalities of the B-cell system. Attempted restoration of T-cell function with levamisole was unsuccessful. This pattern of T-lymphocytosis with impaired effector function could be explained by \"stress-deficiency\" of the immune system consequent upon a heavy load of infection in early life.", "PMID": 64697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1414", "title": "Vitamin-D in human milk.", "content": "The vitamin-D concentration in human milk is reported  to be very low, yet breast-fed infants do not develop rickets. All the earlier assays of vitamin D were made on the lipid fraction of milk, and the aqueous phase was discarded. It is now clear that most of the vitamin D in human milk is present as a water-soluble conjugate of vitamin D with sulphate. The concentration of vitamin-D sulphate in the aqueous fraction of human milk collected at different stages of lactation has been chemically measured. Milk was collected from twenty-two women 3-8 days post partum and fourteen women 4-6 weeks post partum. The vitamin-D sulphate concentration in milk collected between the 3rd and 5th days was 1-78 mug/dl, significantly higher that the 1-00 mug/dl for milk collected between the 6th and 8th days. After the 8th day there was no significant change.", "contents": "Vitamin-D in human milk. The vitamin-D concentration in human milk is reported  to be very low, yet breast-fed infants do not develop rickets. All the earlier assays of vitamin D were made on the lipid fraction of milk, and the aqueous phase was discarded. It is now clear that most of the vitamin D in human milk is present as a water-soluble conjugate of vitamin D with sulphate. The concentration of vitamin-D sulphate in the aqueous fraction of human milk collected at different stages of lactation has been chemically measured. Milk was collected from twenty-two women 3-8 days post partum and fourteen women 4-6 weeks post partum. The vitamin-D sulphate concentration in milk collected between the 3rd and 5th days was 1-78 mug/dl, significantly higher that the 1-00 mug/dl for milk collected between the 6th and 8th days. After the 8th day there was no significant change.", "PMID": 64698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1415", "title": "Lymphocyte purine 5'-nucleotidase edficiency in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "The mean activity of purine 5'-nucleotidase (E.C.3.1.3.5) in lymphocytes was significantly lower in patients with non-familial adult onset \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobulinaemia than in non-hypogammaglobulinaemic control subjects. These findings suggest that 5'-nucleotidase activity is necessary for normal lymphocyte function. This may be related to its role in facilitating the transfer of newly formed purines across cell membranes by converting them from nucleotides to nucleosides. This enzyme defect may be a characteristic metabolic lesion in at least some of the patients; alternatively, it may be secondary to some other metabolic defect or plasma-membrane change.", "contents": "Lymphocyte purine 5'-nucleotidase edficiency in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. The mean activity of purine 5'-nucleotidase (E.C.3.1.3.5) in lymphocytes was significantly lower in patients with non-familial adult onset \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobulinaemia than in non-hypogammaglobulinaemic control subjects. These findings suggest that 5'-nucleotidase activity is necessary for normal lymphocyte function. This may be related to its role in facilitating the transfer of newly formed purines across cell membranes by converting them from nucleotides to nucleosides. This enzyme defect may be a characteristic metabolic lesion in at least some of the patients; alternatively, it may be secondary to some other metabolic defect or plasma-membrane change.", "PMID": 64699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1416", "title": "Response of lymphocytes from cancer patients to human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "Positive responses to human chroionic gonadotrophin (H.C.G.) were observed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test when lymphocytes from 34/44 patients with various types of cancer and from 7/21 patients with non-malignant disease were tested. Lymphocytes from some pregnant women also responded but those from parous women who were not pregnant did not respond. Positive responses were also obtained with H.C.G. sub-units but not with luteinising hormone.", "contents": "Response of lymphocytes from cancer patients to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Positive responses to human chroionic gonadotrophin (H.C.G.) were observed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test when lymphocytes from 34/44 patients with various types of cancer and from 7/21 patients with non-malignant disease were tested. Lymphocytes from some pregnant women also responded but those from parous women who were not pregnant did not respond. Positive responses were also obtained with H.C.G. sub-units but not with luteinising hormone.", "PMID": 64701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1417", "title": "Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: studies in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblast cell-lines derived from four patients with clinically confirmed Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined by Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Cell-lines from patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy could be distinguished from normal cell-lines by the presence of characteristic inclusion bodies.", "contents": "Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: studies in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblast cell-lines derived from four patients with clinically confirmed Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined by Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Cell-lines from patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy could be distinguished from normal cell-lines by the presence of characteristic inclusion bodies.", "PMID": 64702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1418", "title": "How doctors deal with epilepsy.", "content": "All of those adults with epilepsy on the lists of 17 general practitioners in Metropolitan London were identified. 87% of these agreed to be separately interviewed in their homes by a neurologist and a sociologist. The vast majority had been referred to hospital for investigation, and their hospital notes were inspected. The pattern of care suggests unnecessary referral, unnecessary electroencephalography, inadequate communication of the diagnosis, inadequate medication, and follow-up supervision not related to patient need.", "contents": "How doctors deal with epilepsy. All of those adults with epilepsy on the lists of 17 general practitioners in Metropolitan London were identified. 87% of these agreed to be separately interviewed in their homes by a neurologist and a sociologist. The vast majority had been referred to hospital for investigation, and their hospital notes were inspected. The pattern of care suggests unnecessary referral, unnecessary electroencephalography, inadequate communication of the diagnosis, inadequate medication, and follow-up supervision not related to patient need.", "PMID": 64710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1419", "title": "Use of early fetal tissues obtained from suction termination of pregnancy.", "content": "Organs were identified in the fetal products of pregnancies of short gestation terminated by the suction method. Various tissues from such fetuses were grown in tissue-culture and some of these cultures were used for the isolation of viruses. This new approach would ensure the supply of human embryonic tissue, essential for certain virlogical procedures, as suitable fetuses from pregnancies terminated by hysterotomy become less common. Tissues from these early fetuses could also be used fro transplantation and developmental studies.", "contents": "Use of early fetal tissues obtained from suction termination of pregnancy. Organs were identified in the fetal products of pregnancies of short gestation terminated by the suction method. Various tissues from such fetuses were grown in tissue-culture and some of these cultures were used for the isolation of viruses. This new approach would ensure the supply of human embryonic tissue, essential for certain virlogical procedures, as suitable fetuses from pregnancies terminated by hysterotomy become less common. Tissues from these early fetuses could also be used fro transplantation and developmental studies.", "PMID": 64711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1420", "title": "An inactive higher-molecular-weight renin in normal subjects and hypertensive patients.", "content": "Inactive renin which can be converted to an enzymologically active form by acidification to pH 3-3 by dialysis was found in normal subjects and in patients with untreated essential hypertension. The molecular weight of this inactive renin (43 000) is 2000 +/- 900 (S.E.M.) daltons higher (p less than 0.05) than that of naturally occurring active renin and the two forms of renin could be clearly separated by ion-exchange chromatography with diethylaminoethyl-\"Sepharose'. Patients with low-renin essential hypertension had proportionately larger amounts of inactive renin than usual, so that the total renin in these patients approached the normal range. Inactive renin seems likely to be a form in which the enzyme is secreted since in a patient with renal-artery stenosis its concentration was greater in the renal-vein blood coming from the affected kidney.", "contents": "An inactive higher-molecular-weight renin in normal subjects and hypertensive patients. Inactive renin which can be converted to an enzymologically active form by acidification to pH 3-3 by dialysis was found in normal subjects and in patients with untreated essential hypertension. The molecular weight of this inactive renin (43 000) is 2000 +/- 900 (S.E.M.) daltons higher (p less than 0.05) than that of naturally occurring active renin and the two forms of renin could be clearly separated by ion-exchange chromatography with diethylaminoethyl-\"Sepharose'. Patients with low-renin essential hypertension had proportionately larger amounts of inactive renin than usual, so that the total renin in these patients approached the normal range. Inactive renin seems likely to be a form in which the enzyme is secreted since in a patient with renal-artery stenosis its concentration was greater in the renal-vein blood coming from the affected kidney.", "PMID": 64745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1421", "title": "Prevention of postoperative thromboembolism by dextran 40, low doses of heparin, or xantinol nicotinate.", "content": "The efficacy of dextran-40 infusions or low-dose heparin or xantinol-nicotinate administration in preventing postoperative thromboembolic complications has been investigated in a prospective, controlled, randomised trial as part of an international multicentre trial. 382 patients over the age of forty years undergoing elective major general surgery were investigated; 100 had a complete protocol in the control, 94 in the heparin, 92 in the dextran, and 32 in the xantinol-nicotinate group. 31 patients died: 13 in the control group, 10 in the heparin group, 6 in the dextran group, and 2 in the xantinol-nicotinate group. In 4 controls, 6 in the heparin group, and 1 in the dextran group the cause of death was acute pulmonary embolism. 4 further controls, 1 in the heparin group, and 2 in the dextran group had emboli found at necropsy, which either contributed to the deaths or were incidental findings. The distribution of pulmonary emboli in this study did not show the difference between the control and the heparin group reported in the multicentre trial. The 125I-fibrinogen test was done in all patients. The frequency of isotopic deep-vein thrombosis was 36-0% in the controls, 12-8% in the heparin group, 21-7% in the dextran group, and 40-6% in the xantinol-nicotinate group. The difference between the controls and the heparin groups was highly significant and between the control and the dextran group, probably significant. There were significantly more side-effects in the heparin group than in the dextran group.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative thromboembolism by dextran 40, low doses of heparin, or xantinol nicotinate. The efficacy of dextran-40 infusions or low-dose heparin or xantinol-nicotinate administration in preventing postoperative thromboembolic complications has been investigated in a prospective, controlled, randomised trial as part of an international multicentre trial. 382 patients over the age of forty years undergoing elective major general surgery were investigated; 100 had a complete protocol in the control, 94 in the heparin, 92 in the dextran, and 32 in the xantinol-nicotinate group. 31 patients died: 13 in the control group, 10 in the heparin group, 6 in the dextran group, and 2 in the xantinol-nicotinate group. In 4 controls, 6 in the heparin group, and 1 in the dextran group the cause of death was acute pulmonary embolism. 4 further controls, 1 in the heparin group, and 2 in the dextran group had emboli found at necropsy, which either contributed to the deaths or were incidental findings. The distribution of pulmonary emboli in this study did not show the difference between the control and the heparin group reported in the multicentre trial. The 125I-fibrinogen test was done in all patients. The frequency of isotopic deep-vein thrombosis was 36-0% in the controls, 12-8% in the heparin group, 21-7% in the dextran group, and 40-6% in the xantinol-nicotinate group. The difference between the controls and the heparin groups was highly significant and between the control and the dextran group, probably significant. There were significantly more side-effects in the heparin group than in the dextran group.", "PMID": 64746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1422", "title": "Bone-marrow transplant from an unrelated donor for chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A boy with chronic granulomatous disease received a bone-marrow graft from a fully compatible unrelated donor, in association with a modified immunosuppressant regimen. He showed considerable clinical improvement with definite evidence of engraftment, and he has enjoyed a normal life for over 3 years.", "contents": "Bone-marrow transplant from an unrelated donor for chronic granulomatous disease. A boy with chronic granulomatous disease received a bone-marrow graft from a fully compatible unrelated donor, in association with a modified immunosuppressant regimen. He showed considerable clinical improvement with definite evidence of engraftment, and he has enjoyed a normal life for over 3 years.", "PMID": 64747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1423", "title": "Nephroptosis and hypertension.", "content": "The degree of renal mobility was measured in patients with and without hypertension to evaluate a suggested causal relation between nephroptosis and hypertension. In contrast to men, women often showed pronounced renal mobility and the degree of renal mobility correlated positively with the blood-pressure. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery was always accompanied by a considerable degree of renal mobility on the side involved. The results of this study indicate that in women there may be an association between abnormal renal mobility and the development of high blood-pressure.", "contents": "Nephroptosis and hypertension. The degree of renal mobility was measured in patients with and without hypertension to evaluate a suggested causal relation between nephroptosis and hypertension. In contrast to men, women often showed pronounced renal mobility and the degree of renal mobility correlated positively with the blood-pressure. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery was always accompanied by a considerable degree of renal mobility on the side involved. The results of this study indicate that in women there may be an association between abnormal renal mobility and the development of high blood-pressure.", "PMID": 64748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1424", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in hepatic cirrhosis: causes and relation to hepatic failure and stress.", "content": "Emergency fibroscopy revealed bleeding lesions in 84 cirrhotic patients. In patients with moderate or no hepatic failure, the commonest actively bleeding sources were oesophagogastric varices and acute mucosal ulcers associated with the ingestion of anti-inflammatory drugs. In patients with severe hepatic failure, acute mucosal ulcers unrelated to drugs predominated and there was evidence that these were stress-induced erosions.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in hepatic cirrhosis: causes and relation to hepatic failure and stress. Emergency fibroscopy revealed bleeding lesions in 84 cirrhotic patients. In patients with moderate or no hepatic failure, the commonest actively bleeding sources were oesophagogastric varices and acute mucosal ulcers associated with the ingestion of anti-inflammatory drugs. In patients with severe hepatic failure, acute mucosal ulcers unrelated to drugs predominated and there was evidence that these were stress-induced erosions.", "PMID": 64749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1425", "title": "Effect of blood-group on relation between HLA match and outcome of cadaver kidney transplants.", "content": "In a series of 4998 cadaver kidney transplants the extent of HLA matching correlated with transplant outcome in patients with blood-groups other than O (non-O) but not in patients of blood-group O. The high survival-rate of poorly matched kidneys in O recipients was responsible for the lack of correlation between HLA matching and graft survival in these patients. Survival-rates of transplants with 4 HLA mismatches were 52 +/- 3% at one year in 222 O-to-O grafts compared with 24 +/- 5% in 65 B-to-B grafts (P less than 0.0001). In 2827 non-O patients, there was a strong correlation between HLA matching and graft survival (P less than 0.0001 at one year). One possible reason for the cancelling out of the effect of HLA mismatching in type-O recipients is that these patients waited longer on dialysis for a transplant and consequently received more blood-transfusions.", "contents": "Effect of blood-group on relation between HLA match and outcome of cadaver kidney transplants. In a series of 4998 cadaver kidney transplants the extent of HLA matching correlated with transplant outcome in patients with blood-groups other than O (non-O) but not in patients of blood-group O. The high survival-rate of poorly matched kidneys in O recipients was responsible for the lack of correlation between HLA matching and graft survival in these patients. Survival-rates of transplants with 4 HLA mismatches were 52 +/- 3% at one year in 222 O-to-O grafts compared with 24 +/- 5% in 65 B-to-B grafts (P less than 0.0001). In 2827 non-O patients, there was a strong correlation between HLA matching and graft survival (P less than 0.0001 at one year). One possible reason for the cancelling out of the effect of HLA mismatching in type-O recipients is that these patients waited longer on dialysis for a transplant and consequently received more blood-transfusions.", "PMID": 64750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1426", "title": "Altered vitamin-D metabolism in pregnancy.", "content": "Low levels of plasma-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) (less than 16 nmol/1) were found in 33% of a group of pregnant women studied in South London. Non-White women in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy had significantly reduced levels compared with non-pregnant controls (P less than 0.02). Plasma-25-OHD was unrelated to dietary vitamin-D intake, age, parity, social class, plasma-calcium, and plasma-albumin. Reduction of plasma-25-OHD could contribute to the fall in plasma-calcium during pregnancy, and may result from enhanced maternal metabolism or increased utilisation of vitamin D by the fetus.", "contents": "Altered vitamin-D metabolism in pregnancy. Low levels of plasma-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) (less than 16 nmol/1) were found in 33% of a group of pregnant women studied in South London. Non-White women in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy had significantly reduced levels compared with non-pregnant controls (P less than 0.02). Plasma-25-OHD was unrelated to dietary vitamin-D intake, age, parity, social class, plasma-calcium, and plasma-albumin. Reduction of plasma-25-OHD could contribute to the fall in plasma-calcium during pregnancy, and may result from enhanced maternal metabolism or increased utilisation of vitamin D by the fetus.", "PMID": 64751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1427", "title": "Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticosteroids.", "content": "Glucocorticosteroids react with blood monocytes and tissue macrophages to produce a peptide factor which stimulates the random migration of polymorphs in vitro in the capillary-tube migration system. An identical effect on polymorph migration is produced by colchicine and vinblastine, drugs which inhibit the assembly of the cytoplasmic microtubules on which the functional activity of polymorphs depends. Pharmacological agents which inhibit microtubular assembly indirectly by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (A.M.P.), also stimulate polymorph migration in vitro. These observations suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticosteroid drugs is mediated by a peptide hormone which inhibits polymorph microtubular assembly. Many peptide hormones are believed to act by increasing the concentration of cyclic A.M.P. within target cells and this mechanism is probably also responsible for the inhibitory effect of steroids on phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticosteroids. Glucocorticosteroids react with blood monocytes and tissue macrophages to produce a peptide factor which stimulates the random migration of polymorphs in vitro in the capillary-tube migration system. An identical effect on polymorph migration is produced by colchicine and vinblastine, drugs which inhibit the assembly of the cytoplasmic microtubules on which the functional activity of polymorphs depends. Pharmacological agents which inhibit microtubular assembly indirectly by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (A.M.P.), also stimulate polymorph migration in vitro. These observations suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticosteroid drugs is mediated by a peptide hormone which inhibits polymorph microtubular assembly. Many peptide hormones are believed to act by increasing the concentration of cyclic A.M.P. within target cells and this mechanism is probably also responsible for the inhibitory effect of steroids on phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 64752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1428", "title": "Vaccination against whooping-cough. Efficacy versus risks.", "content": "Calculations based on the mortality of whooping-cough before 1957 predict accurately the subsequent decline and the present low mortality. Notifications of incidence, though variable and incomplete, follow the same pattern of steady decline in the United Kingdom and are unaffected either by small-scale vaccination beginning about 1948 or by nationwide vaccination beginning in 1957. When valid comparisons can be made, attack-rates may be lower and complications fewer in vaccinated children, but allowance has to be made for overcrowding and socio-economic differences which may be more important as determinants of attack-rates. No protection by vaccination is demonstrable in infants. Adverse reactions and neurotoxicity following vaccinations were studied in 160 cases. In 79, the relationship to pertussis vaccine was strong. In 14 of these cases, reaction was transient but characteristic of a syndrome of shock and cerebral disturbance, which, in the other 65 cases, was followed by convulsions, hyperkinesis, and severe mental defect. It seems likely that most adverse reactions are unreported and that many are overlooked. Precise information about the efficacy and safety of this vaccine is lacking, because existing provisions, national and international, for epidemiological surveillance and evaluation are inadequate. The claim by official bodies that the risks of whooping-cough exceed those of vaccination is questionable, at least in the U.K.", "contents": "Vaccination against whooping-cough. Efficacy versus risks. Calculations based on the mortality of whooping-cough before 1957 predict accurately the subsequent decline and the present low mortality. Notifications of incidence, though variable and incomplete, follow the same pattern of steady decline in the United Kingdom and are unaffected either by small-scale vaccination beginning about 1948 or by nationwide vaccination beginning in 1957. When valid comparisons can be made, attack-rates may be lower and complications fewer in vaccinated children, but allowance has to be made for overcrowding and socio-economic differences which may be more important as determinants of attack-rates. No protection by vaccination is demonstrable in infants. Adverse reactions and neurotoxicity following vaccinations were studied in 160 cases. In 79, the relationship to pertussis vaccine was strong. In 14 of these cases, reaction was transient but characteristic of a syndrome of shock and cerebral disturbance, which, in the other 65 cases, was followed by convulsions, hyperkinesis, and severe mental defect. It seems likely that most adverse reactions are unreported and that many are overlooked. Precise information about the efficacy and safety of this vaccine is lacking, because existing provisions, national and international, for epidemiological surveillance and evaluation are inadequate. The claim by official bodies that the risks of whooping-cough exceed those of vaccination is questionable, at least in the U.K.", "PMID": 64761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1429", "title": "Whooping-cough admissions to a paediatric hospital over ten years. The protective value of immunisation.", "content": "188 children with pertussis were admitted to Derbyshire Children's Hospital over a period of ten years. Fewer immunised children were admitted than would be expected if immunisation were ineffective. Immunisation seemed to decrease the risk of complications and the time spent in hospital. It is suggested that pertussis immunisation is valuable and should perhaps be introduced at an earlier age than is now recommended.", "contents": "Whooping-cough admissions to a paediatric hospital over ten years. The protective value of immunisation. 188 children with pertussis were admitted to Derbyshire Children's Hospital over a period of ten years. Fewer immunised children were admitted than would be expected if immunisation were ineffective. Immunisation seemed to decrease the risk of complications and the time spent in hospital. It is suggested that pertussis immunisation is valuable and should perhaps be introduced at an earlier age than is now recommended.", "PMID": 64762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1430", "title": "Home haemodialysis in children. Report of the London Children's Home Dialysis Group.", "content": "In January, 1973, a study was established to evaluate, prospectively and independently, the growth and psychosocial adaptation of children in end-stage renal failure treated by home haemodialysis at Guy's Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital. By January, 1975, 26 children had entered the study, but 2 died before they were established on home haemodialysis. In this paper a specified 1-yr period starting 6 mo after the onset of haemodialysis was selected for analysis. School attendance, diet, plasma-biochemistry, bone disease, growth, and emotional symptoms were investigated in each child. Rehabilitation was satisfactory, and average school attendance was 65%. Growth in all the prepubertal children was poor, whereas in most pubertal children it was adequate. At the end of the year, only 5 children were emotionally disturbed, but half the families had stress symptoms. The children at Guy's Hospital were dialysed more intensively than those at the Royal Free Hospital, and they had significantly lower mean plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and a greater energy and protein intake. On the other hand, the children at the Royal Free Hospital had a better school attendance. We conclude that home haemodialysis is an acceptable treatment for children in end-stage renal failure.", "contents": "Home haemodialysis in children. Report of the London Children's Home Dialysis Group. In January, 1973, a study was established to evaluate, prospectively and independently, the growth and psychosocial adaptation of children in end-stage renal failure treated by home haemodialysis at Guy's Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital. By January, 1975, 26 children had entered the study, but 2 died before they were established on home haemodialysis. In this paper a specified 1-yr period starting 6 mo after the onset of haemodialysis was selected for analysis. School attendance, diet, plasma-biochemistry, bone disease, growth, and emotional symptoms were investigated in each child. Rehabilitation was satisfactory, and average school attendance was 65%. Growth in all the prepubertal children was poor, whereas in most pubertal children it was adequate. At the end of the year, only 5 children were emotionally disturbed, but half the families had stress symptoms. The children at Guy's Hospital were dialysed more intensively than those at the Royal Free Hospital, and they had significantly lower mean plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and a greater energy and protein intake. On the other hand, the children at the Royal Free Hospital had a better school attendance. We conclude that home haemodialysis is an acceptable treatment for children in end-stage renal failure.", "PMID": 64765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1431", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia. Experience with 24 cases.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia was attempted in 24 pregnancies. Adequate amounts of fetal blood (for studying globin-chain synthesis) were obtained in 22 cases. 4 cases of homozygous beta-thalassaemia and 2 of sickle-cell anaemia were diagnosed. The difference between the homozygous and non-homozygous states was well defined. Fetal bleeding from cord puncture and amnionitis resulted in the loss of three fetuses, and methods to avoid these complications are being devised. It is concluded that prenatal diagnosis of disorders of beta-globin synthesis is feasible.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia. Experience with 24 cases. Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia was attempted in 24 pregnancies. Adequate amounts of fetal blood (for studying globin-chain synthesis) were obtained in 22 cases. 4 cases of homozygous beta-thalassaemia and 2 of sickle-cell anaemia were diagnosed. The difference between the homozygous and non-homozygous states was well defined. Fetal bleeding from cord puncture and amnionitis resulted in the loss of three fetuses, and methods to avoid these complications are being devised. It is concluded that prenatal diagnosis of disorders of beta-globin synthesis is feasible.", "PMID": 64802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1432", "title": "Evaluation of beta blockade bendrofluazide, and prazosin in severe hypertension.", "content": "20 patients with severe essential hypertension (average blood-pressure 211/123 mm Hg) had an inadequate fall in blood-pressure with beta blockade alone. They were given in random order either 5 and then 10 mg of bendrofluazide a day or prazosin 2 mg three times daily rising to 5 mg if required. The trial was a within-patient comparison of the two drug regimens. 10 patients who did not achieve a satisfactory fall in pressure with either agent were then given all three drugs together. When bendrofluazide 5 or 10 mg was added to beta blockade there was an average fall in mean blood-pressure, standing, of 13%. When prazosin was added to beta blockade the average fall in mean blood-pressure, standing, was 16%. 18 patients who completed the trial had an average final blood-pressure, standing, of 139/93 mm Hg. In the prazosin period 8 patients continued to complain of dizziness after the first 24 h. With bendrofluazide serum-potassium levels fell below 3-6 mmol/l in half the patients within the first two weeks of treatment. It is concluded that patients with essential hypertension already treated with beta blockade who need an additional agent will get a further fall in blood-pressure with 5 mg of bendrofluazide. Prazosin appears to be a potent and appropriate third agent.", "contents": "Evaluation of beta blockade bendrofluazide, and prazosin in severe hypertension. 20 patients with severe essential hypertension (average blood-pressure 211/123 mm Hg) had an inadequate fall in blood-pressure with beta blockade alone. They were given in random order either 5 and then 10 mg of bendrofluazide a day or prazosin 2 mg three times daily rising to 5 mg if required. The trial was a within-patient comparison of the two drug regimens. 10 patients who did not achieve a satisfactory fall in pressure with either agent were then given all three drugs together. When bendrofluazide 5 or 10 mg was added to beta blockade there was an average fall in mean blood-pressure, standing, of 13%. When prazosin was added to beta blockade the average fall in mean blood-pressure, standing, was 16%. 18 patients who completed the trial had an average final blood-pressure, standing, of 139/93 mm Hg. In the prazosin period 8 patients continued to complain of dizziness after the first 24 h. With bendrofluazide serum-potassium levels fell below 3-6 mmol/l in half the patients within the first two weeks of treatment. It is concluded that patients with essential hypertension already treated with beta blockade who need an additional agent will get a further fall in blood-pressure with 5 mg of bendrofluazide. Prazosin appears to be a potent and appropriate third agent.", "PMID": 64803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1433", "title": "Soybean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "A soybean textured protein induced a 14% decrease of plasma-cholesterol levels after two weeks and 21% after three when substituted for animal proteins in a group of 20 patients with type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Comparison of soybean diet with a standard low-lipid diet in the same patients, according to a cross-over protocol, indicated that this hypocholesterolaemic effect was not due to differences in the lipid composition of the two diets. The hypothesis that a soy protein has a hypocholesterolaemic action per se is supported by the results of a subsequent experiment in 8 type-II patients in whom the addition of cholesterol (500 mg/day) to soy protein did not modify the hypocholesterolaemic response.", "contents": "Soybean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia. A soybean textured protein induced a 14% decrease of plasma-cholesterol levels after two weeks and 21% after three when substituted for animal proteins in a group of 20 patients with type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Comparison of soybean diet with a standard low-lipid diet in the same patients, according to a cross-over protocol, indicated that this hypocholesterolaemic effect was not due to differences in the lipid composition of the two diets. The hypothesis that a soy protein has a hypocholesterolaemic action per se is supported by the results of a subsequent experiment in 8 type-II patients in whom the addition of cholesterol (500 mg/day) to soy protein did not modify the hypocholesterolaemic response.", "PMID": 64804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1434", "title": "Relation between endemic (Balkan) nephropathy and urinary-tract tumours.", "content": "Serum and urine beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were determined in 38-6% of the 869 inhabitants of a village in which both Balkan endemic nephropathy and papillary tumours of the urinary-tract epithelium are common. Over 23% of the \"healthy\" population had raised serum and/or urine beta 2-microglobulin. 5 of 6 patients with papillary tumours of the renal pelvis, without evidence of renal parenchymal involvement, and 13-4% of the \"healthy\" population had raised serum-beta 2-microglobulin. It is suggested that overproduction of beta 2-microglobulin, a light-chain-like immune globulin, by the tumour cells may result in a light-chain-like nephropathy--i.e., endemic Balkan nephropathy.", "contents": "Relation between endemic (Balkan) nephropathy and urinary-tract tumours. Serum and urine beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were determined in 38-6% of the 869 inhabitants of a village in which both Balkan endemic nephropathy and papillary tumours of the urinary-tract epithelium are common. Over 23% of the \"healthy\" population had raised serum and/or urine beta 2-microglobulin. 5 of 6 patients with papillary tumours of the renal pelvis, without evidence of renal parenchymal involvement, and 13-4% of the \"healthy\" population had raised serum-beta 2-microglobulin. It is suggested that overproduction of beta 2-microglobulin, a light-chain-like immune globulin, by the tumour cells may result in a light-chain-like nephropathy--i.e., endemic Balkan nephropathy.", "PMID": 64805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1435", "title": "Reversible insensitivity to androgens in men with untreated gluten enteropathy.", "content": "Plasma androgen and gonadotrophin concentrations have been measured before and during treatment of 23 men with gluten enteropathy. Before treatment, there was marked rise in total plasma-testosterone, free testosterone concentration (as assessed by the free testosterone index), and plasma-luteinising-hormone concentration. In contrast, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentrations were lower than normal. All these abnormalities reverted towards normal with successful treatment of the jejunal mucosal lesion. These data are consistent with a reversible tissue resistance to circulating plasma-testosterone in men with gluten enteropathy and subtotal villous atrophy.", "contents": "Reversible insensitivity to androgens in men with untreated gluten enteropathy. Plasma androgen and gonadotrophin concentrations have been measured before and during treatment of 23 men with gluten enteropathy. Before treatment, there was marked rise in total plasma-testosterone, free testosterone concentration (as assessed by the free testosterone index), and plasma-luteinising-hormone concentration. In contrast, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone concentrations were lower than normal. All these abnormalities reverted towards normal with successful treatment of the jejunal mucosal lesion. These data are consistent with a reversible tissue resistance to circulating plasma-testosterone in men with gluten enteropathy and subtotal villous atrophy.", "PMID": 64806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1436", "title": "Magnesium therapy in neonatal tetany.", "content": "104 infants with symptomatic hypocalcaemia were randomly allocated to treatment with calcium gluconate, phenobarbitone, or magnesium sulphate. Infants treated with magnesium sulphate had higher plasma-calcium concentrations after 48 hours' treatment and fewer convulsions during and after the treatment period. Magnesium sulphate is recommended as the treatment of choice in symptomatic neonatal tetany whether or not there is hypomagnesaemia.", "contents": "Magnesium therapy in neonatal tetany. 104 infants with symptomatic hypocalcaemia were randomly allocated to treatment with calcium gluconate, phenobarbitone, or magnesium sulphate. Infants treated with magnesium sulphate had higher plasma-calcium concentrations after 48 hours' treatment and fewer convulsions during and after the treatment period. Magnesium sulphate is recommended as the treatment of choice in symptomatic neonatal tetany whether or not there is hypomagnesaemia.", "PMID": 64807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1437", "title": "Microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for reversal of sterilisation.", "content": "11 of 16 patients had intrauterine pregnancies after microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for reversal of sterilisation. This procedure has several important advantages over tubal reimplantation and may be of benefit in the treatment of infertile women with inflammatory blockage of the isthmus of the fallopian tube.", "contents": "Microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for reversal of sterilisation. 11 of 16 patients had intrauterine pregnancies after microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for reversal of sterilisation. This procedure has several important advantages over tubal reimplantation and may be of benefit in the treatment of infertile women with inflammatory blockage of the isthmus of the fallopian tube.", "PMID": 64808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1438", "title": "An association between abo blood-group distribution and geographical differences in death-rates.", "content": "In England, Wales, and Scotland there is a strong association between mortality-rates and ABO blood-group distribution. It is suggested that some of the discrepancies in investigations of the relation between water hardness and mortality-rates from cardiovascular disease may be attributed to genetic influences.", "contents": "An association between abo blood-group distribution and geographical differences in death-rates. In England, Wales, and Scotland there is a strong association between mortality-rates and ABO blood-group distribution. It is suggested that some of the discrepancies in investigations of the relation between water hardness and mortality-rates from cardiovascular disease may be attributed to genetic influences.", "PMID": 64818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1439", "title": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and contaminated cooling-water in a factory machine.", "content": "Symptoms and signs typical of extrinsic allergic alveolitis occurred in 24 workers in a stationery factory. The illness was caused by inhalation of a water aerosol contaminated by microorganisms, and although no specific organism has been incriminated, affected workers had serum precipitins to the contaminated water, and the illness could be reproduced by inhalation challenge tests.", "contents": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and contaminated cooling-water in a factory machine. Symptoms and signs typical of extrinsic allergic alveolitis occurred in 24 workers in a stationery factory. The illness was caused by inhalation of a water aerosol contaminated by microorganisms, and although no specific organism has been incriminated, affected workers had serum precipitins to the contaminated water, and the illness could be reproduced by inhalation challenge tests.", "PMID": 64819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1440", "title": "Prevention of eczema.", "content": "In a prospective study of the development of reaginic allergy, infants of allergic parents were either subjected to an allergen-avoidance regimen from birth for six months or managed conventionally. The group on the allergen-avoidance regimen had less eczema at six months and one year than did the control group at six months. They also had a lower mean serum-total-IgE level at six weeks.", "contents": "Prevention of eczema. In a prospective study of the development of reaginic allergy, infants of allergic parents were either subjected to an allergen-avoidance regimen from birth for six months or managed conventionally. The group on the allergen-avoidance regimen had less eczema at six months and one year than did the control group at six months. They also had a lower mean serum-total-IgE level at six weeks.", "PMID": 64855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1441", "title": "Measles-virus-specific immunoglobulin-M response in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Measles-virus specific IgM and IgG responses in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) of 20 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.) and of two control groups were examined by indirect radioimmunoassay. All S.S.P.E. patients, regardless of the stage of the disease, had high titres of anti-measles antibodies in sera and C.S.F. The antibody activity was associated with both the IgM and the IgG classes of immunoglobulins. In 7 (35%) of the S.S.P.E. cases the specific IgM response was more pronounced in the C.S.F. than in the serum, suggesting IgM production within the central nervous system. The two control groups did not have a specific IgM response in C.S.F. or serum. It is assumed that the continuing release of measles antigen in S.S.P.E., as the result of the persistence of virus virus in the central nervous system, pevents the shut-off of IgM synthesis and is responsible for the specific IgM activity. It is proposed that the detection of virus-specific IgM antibodies in the C.S.F. of patients with chronic diseases of the central nervous system can be taken as an indication of persistence of virus.", "contents": "Measles-virus-specific immunoglobulin-M response in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Measles-virus specific IgM and IgG responses in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) of 20 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.) and of two control groups were examined by indirect radioimmunoassay. All S.S.P.E. patients, regardless of the stage of the disease, had high titres of anti-measles antibodies in sera and C.S.F. The antibody activity was associated with both the IgM and the IgG classes of immunoglobulins. In 7 (35%) of the S.S.P.E. cases the specific IgM response was more pronounced in the C.S.F. than in the serum, suggesting IgM production within the central nervous system. The two control groups did not have a specific IgM response in C.S.F. or serum. It is assumed that the continuing release of measles antigen in S.S.P.E., as the result of the persistence of virus virus in the central nervous system, pevents the shut-off of IgM synthesis and is responsible for the specific IgM activity. It is proposed that the detection of virus-specific IgM antibodies in the C.S.F. of patients with chronic diseases of the central nervous system can be taken as an indication of persistence of virus.", "PMID": 64856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1442", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens as markers of abnormal iron metabolism in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis and their relatives.", "content": "HLA-A3 was significantly more common in 35 unrelated patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis (69%) than in 95 controls (31%). Further studies in two families suggest that 2 genes are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, each associated with a separate metabolic defect. Whereas minor abnormalities, namely raised serum-iron and some increase in storage iron, were found in relatives with an HLA A11, B27, CW2 haplotype, those with the A3, B14, CW5 haplotype had no detectable abnormalities. When both these haplotypes were found together, as in the propositus and one sibling in the first family investigated, all the signs of the fully developed disease were apparent. It is suggested that one of the genes is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and could be responsible for a kinetic abnormality, possibly increased plasma to storage iron exchange. The other gene, also carried on the sixth chromosome and, in the first family, marked by the HLA A11, B27, CW2 haplotype might result in an increased absorption of dietary iron. The concomitant inheritance of these two genes and the metabolic defects they determine are required for the full development of the disease", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens as markers of abnormal iron metabolism in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis and their relatives. HLA-A3 was significantly more common in 35 unrelated patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis (69%) than in 95 controls (31%). Further studies in two families suggest that 2 genes are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, each associated with a separate metabolic defect. Whereas minor abnormalities, namely raised serum-iron and some increase in storage iron, were found in relatives with an HLA A11, B27, CW2 haplotype, those with the A3, B14, CW5 haplotype had no detectable abnormalities. When both these haplotypes were found together, as in the propositus and one sibling in the first family investigated, all the signs of the fully developed disease were apparent. It is suggested that one of the genes is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and could be responsible for a kinetic abnormality, possibly increased plasma to storage iron exchange. The other gene, also carried on the sixth chromosome and, in the first family, marked by the HLA A11, B27, CW2 haplotype might result in an increased absorption of dietary iron. The concomitant inheritance of these two genes and the metabolic defects they determine are required for the full development of the disease", "PMID": 64857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1443", "title": "Impairment of immunity during pregnancy and antiviral effect of amniotic fluid.", "content": "In 297 pregnant women serum-levels of antibody to rubella virus were determined by haemagglutination inhibition, and serum-levels of antibodies to herpes-simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii were measured by indirect immunofluorescence tests. Sera of age-matched non-pregnant women with intrauterine devices were also tested for the antibodies. A lower level of humoral immunity was found in the pregnant women than in the controls, and this fell further as pregnancy progressed. Investigation of serum-samples taken at 14 weeks' gestation, at delivery, and 30-45 days post-partum revealed that after delivery humoral immunity to rubella virus returned to the levels of early gestation. Of 44 amniotic-fluid samples collected from pregnancies terminated at 11-14 wk and examined for antiviral activity to herpes-simplex virus and polio-virus, 7 exerted an antiviral effect which could be linked with the protein (other than alpha1-fetoprotein) fraction of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Impairment of immunity during pregnancy and antiviral effect of amniotic fluid. In 297 pregnant women serum-levels of antibody to rubella virus were determined by haemagglutination inhibition, and serum-levels of antibodies to herpes-simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii were measured by indirect immunofluorescence tests. Sera of age-matched non-pregnant women with intrauterine devices were also tested for the antibodies. A lower level of humoral immunity was found in the pregnant women than in the controls, and this fell further as pregnancy progressed. Investigation of serum-samples taken at 14 weeks' gestation, at delivery, and 30-45 days post-partum revealed that after delivery humoral immunity to rubella virus returned to the levels of early gestation. Of 44 amniotic-fluid samples collected from pregnancies terminated at 11-14 wk and examined for antiviral activity to herpes-simplex virus and polio-virus, 7 exerted an antiviral effect which could be linked with the protein (other than alpha1-fetoprotein) fraction of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 64858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1444", "title": "Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein in maternal blood in normal pregnancy and in intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (S.P.1), a product of the human placenta. Circulating concentrations of S.P.1 were measured in 153 women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy and in 27 women who delivered children with birth-weight below the 10th centile of the normal range--i.e., with intrauterine growth regardation (I.U.G.R.). Concentrations of S.P.1 showed a skewed distribution and rose progressively to reach a plateau in the last four weeks of pregnancy. In over 70% of women with I.U.G.R. of the fetus, concentrations of S.P.1 were low. Measurement of serum-S.P.1 may provide a new index of fetal wellbeing.", "contents": "Concentrations of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein in maternal blood in normal pregnancy and in intrauterine growth retardation. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (S.P.1), a product of the human placenta. Circulating concentrations of S.P.1 were measured in 153 women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy and in 27 women who delivered children with birth-weight below the 10th centile of the normal range--i.e., with intrauterine growth regardation (I.U.G.R.). Concentrations of S.P.1 showed a skewed distribution and rose progressively to reach a plateau in the last four weeks of pregnancy. In over 70% of women with I.U.G.R. of the fetus, concentrations of S.P.1 were low. Measurement of serum-S.P.1 may provide a new index of fetal wellbeing.", "PMID": 64859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1445", "title": "Specific and sensitive determination of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein by radioimmunoassay. A new pregnancy test.", "content": "A specific and highly sensitive radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) for determination of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (S.P.1) in human plasma, urine, amniotic fluid, and breast milk has been developed. The minimum detection limit of S.P.1 was 8 mug/1 of sample. The assay was applied to plasma and/or urine samples from 8 women in early pregnancy. S.P. 1 was detected in the plasma of all three women obtained within 14 days of ovulation, the earliest positive result being at 7 days. In another woman plasma was negative at day 18 and positive by day 22. In the three remaining women plasma S.P.1 was detected when measured within 24 to 36 days of ovulation. S.P.1 was detected in four urine samples obtained between 20 and 28 days after ovulation. S.P.1 was also measured in breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and plasma of women with ectopic gestation and trophoblastic disease. It is suggested that the assay of S.P.1 may have important advantages over existing systems for detection and monitoring of early pregnancy.", "contents": "Specific and sensitive determination of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein by radioimmunoassay. A new pregnancy test. A specific and highly sensitive radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) for determination of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (S.P.1) in human plasma, urine, amniotic fluid, and breast milk has been developed. The minimum detection limit of S.P.1 was 8 mug/1 of sample. The assay was applied to plasma and/or urine samples from 8 women in early pregnancy. S.P. 1 was detected in the plasma of all three women obtained within 14 days of ovulation, the earliest positive result being at 7 days. In another woman plasma was negative at day 18 and positive by day 22. In the three remaining women plasma S.P.1 was detected when measured within 24 to 36 days of ovulation. S.P.1 was detected in four urine samples obtained between 20 and 28 days after ovulation. S.P.1 was also measured in breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and plasma of women with ectopic gestation and trophoblastic disease. It is suggested that the assay of S.P.1 may have important advantages over existing systems for detection and monitoring of early pregnancy.", "PMID": 64860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1446", "title": "Is Burkitt's lymphoma related to perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus?", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma (B.L.) is very restricted geographically, whereas the Epstein-Barr virus (E.B.V.), a very likely causal factor, exists all over the world. It is proposed that perinatal infection (either transplacental, or, more probably, neonatal) is an important risk factor for the development of B.L. This hypothesis arose when the epidemiological characteristics of E.B.V. infection were compared in different parts of the world and is supported by the preliminary results of a seroepidemiological prospective study of B.L. E.B.V. would behave in a manner similar to that of animal tumour viruses whose oncogenic potential is greatly enhanced by neonatal infection.", "contents": "Is Burkitt's lymphoma related to perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus? Burkitt's lymphoma (B.L.) is very restricted geographically, whereas the Epstein-Barr virus (E.B.V.), a very likely causal factor, exists all over the world. It is proposed that perinatal infection (either transplacental, or, more probably, neonatal) is an important risk factor for the development of B.L. This hypothesis arose when the epidemiological characteristics of E.B.V. infection were compared in different parts of the world and is supported by the preliminary results of a seroepidemiological prospective study of B.L. E.B.V. would behave in a manner similar to that of animal tumour viruses whose oncogenic potential is greatly enhanced by neonatal infection.", "PMID": 64861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1447", "title": "Success and problems of long-term levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The patient with Parkinson' disease on chronic levodopa therapy, like the diabetic on insulin, is dependent on the drug. Like the diabetic, the patients with Parkinson's disease may run into problems during long-term treatment. Two have emerged as frequent and serious, an insidious and progressive loss of benefit and the appearance of progessively more severe fluctuations in disability. It is concluded that progression of the underlying pathology of the disease is probably responsible. Discovery of the exact causes for loss of benefit may provide a rational basis for new therapy.", "contents": "Success and problems of long-term levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. The patient with Parkinson' disease on chronic levodopa therapy, like the diabetic on insulin, is dependent on the drug. Like the diabetic, the patients with Parkinson's disease may run into problems during long-term treatment. Two have emerged as frequent and serious, an insidious and progressive loss of benefit and the appearance of progessively more severe fluctuations in disability. It is concluded that progression of the underlying pathology of the disease is probably responsible. Discovery of the exact causes for loss of benefit may provide a rational basis for new therapy.", "PMID": 64868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1448", "title": "Obesity in childhood: A community study in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "content": "All children born of Newcastle upon Tyne mothers in 1960, 1961, and 1962 who were obese at the age of ten years have been investigated. Anthropometric, social, and psychological data were collected from the children and their families. The results confirm that obesity in childhood has many causes. The obesity was of early onset in 43% of the children, the remaining majority becoming obese after the age of five years. The commonest \"at-risk\" factors were obesity in a first degree relative, an elderly mother, being an only child, and absence of one parent. Two or more of these factors were present in at least 60% of the obese children.", "contents": "Obesity in childhood: A community study in Newcastle upon Tyne. All children born of Newcastle upon Tyne mothers in 1960, 1961, and 1962 who were obese at the age of ten years have been investigated. Anthropometric, social, and psychological data were collected from the children and their families. The results confirm that obesity in childhood has many causes. The obesity was of early onset in 43% of the children, the remaining majority becoming obese after the age of five years. The commonest \"at-risk\" factors were obesity in a first degree relative, an elderly mother, being an only child, and absence of one parent. Two or more of these factors were present in at least 60% of the obese children.", "PMID": 64869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1449", "title": "Gene specific priming of complementary DNA synthesis.", "content": "DNA, complementary to chicken globin mRNA was synthesized using either Avian Myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, or E. coli DNA polymerase I. Transcriptase cDNA sediments at 9 S on sucrose gradients, and is 620 nucleotides in length, representing a complete copy of globin mRNA template. In contrast, Polymerase I cDNA sediments at 4 S, is 100 to 200 nucleotides in length, and is a copy of a small region at the 3'(poly A) end of globin mRNA. Similarly, Transcriptase cDNA and Polymerase I cDNA hybridize to globin mRNA template with characteristic, individual Crot1/2 values. The Crot1/2 value for Transcriptase cDNA hybridization is 7 X 10(-4) mol s 1(-1), and that for Polymerase I cDNA is 5 X 10(-3). This work shows that Avian Myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase can use Polymerase I cDNA to prime further cDNA synthesis along the mRNA template. The product of extended cDNA synthesis is identical in length and hybridization properties to oligo (dT) primed transcriptase cDNA.", "contents": "Gene specific priming of complementary DNA synthesis. DNA, complementary to chicken globin mRNA was synthesized using either Avian Myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, or E. coli DNA polymerase I. Transcriptase cDNA sediments at 9 S on sucrose gradients, and is 620 nucleotides in length, representing a complete copy of globin mRNA template. In contrast, Polymerase I cDNA sediments at 4 S, is 100 to 200 nucleotides in length, and is a copy of a small region at the 3'(poly A) end of globin mRNA. Similarly, Transcriptase cDNA and Polymerase I cDNA hybridize to globin mRNA template with characteristic, individual Crot1/2 values. The Crot1/2 value for Transcriptase cDNA hybridization is 7 X 10(-4) mol s 1(-1), and that for Polymerase I cDNA is 5 X 10(-3). This work shows that Avian Myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase can use Polymerase I cDNA to prime further cDNA synthesis along the mRNA template. The product of extended cDNA synthesis is identical in length and hybridization properties to oligo (dT) primed transcriptase cDNA.", "PMID": 64922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1450", "title": "[Minor diphtheria epidemic in a Cologne children's home (author's transl)].", "content": "Between May and July 1972, 12 children aged from 7 to 14 were admitted to the Cologne University Children's Hospital suspected of having diphtheria. In 10 cases the tonsils or pharyngeal cavity were affected. One case of wound diphtheria and one of nasal diphtheria were observed. The clinical suspicion was confirmed in 8 of 12 cases by detection of the pathogen Coryne-bacterium diphtheroides mitis. 11 patients were discharged from the hospital after being treated for between 2 to 6 weeks, but 5 of them needed ambulant cardiac observation. One patient died of malignant diphtheria with symptoms of cardiovascular failure. He had not been treated specifically for 1 week at first. Not one of the 12 patients had been satisfactorily immunized by active inoculation with diphtheria toxoid.", "contents": "[Minor diphtheria epidemic in a Cologne children's home (author's transl)]. Between May and July 1972, 12 children aged from 7 to 14 were admitted to the Cologne University Children's Hospital suspected of having diphtheria. In 10 cases the tonsils or pharyngeal cavity were affected. One case of wound diphtheria and one of nasal diphtheria were observed. The clinical suspicion was confirmed in 8 of 12 cases by detection of the pathogen Coryne-bacterium diphtheroides mitis. 11 patients were discharged from the hospital after being treated for between 2 to 6 weeks, but 5 of them needed ambulant cardiac observation. One patient died of malignant diphtheria with symptoms of cardiovascular failure. He had not been treated specifically for 1 week at first. Not one of the 12 patients had been satisfactorily immunized by active inoculation with diphtheria toxoid.", "PMID": 64924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1451", "title": "Ten model mutagens evaluated by the micronucleus test.", "content": "The following ten mutagenic compounds were subjected to the micronucleus bone marrow test (MNT) in the mouse: cyclophosphamide (CTX), thiotepa (TT), vincristin (VCR), colcemid (COLC), adriamycin (AM), bleomycin (BM), cytosin arabinoside (ARA C), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Dose-effect curves were established for all compounds. With the exception of CTX, COLC and AM, the drugs also were subjected to chromosome analyses on Chinese hamster fibroblasts in vitro. The MNT revealed loss of chromatin due to chromosome breakage and rearrangements by CTX, TT and AM, to breakage by ARA C, 6-MP, MTX and 5-FU, as well as loss of entire chromosomes caused by impairment of the spindle by VCR and COLC. With the exception of BM, the effects were demonstrable in the therapeutic dose range. The MNT, provided it is carried out by the methodology of the authors, not only reveals chromatin loss but permits important conclusions in regard to the proliferative state of the bone marrow and the specific time of action of the mutagens in the cell cycle. If arrest of the cell cycle occurs, as in the case of anti-metabolites MTX and 5-FU particularly, the routine scheme of investigation needs to be modified since micronucleated cells appear only after release of the metabolic block, i.e. after a delay of 24 h. The negative bone marrow results obtained with BM emphasize the importance of combining in vivo and in vitro tests.", "contents": "Ten model mutagens evaluated by the micronucleus test. The following ten mutagenic compounds were subjected to the micronucleus bone marrow test (MNT) in the mouse: cyclophosphamide (CTX), thiotepa (TT), vincristin (VCR), colcemid (COLC), adriamycin (AM), bleomycin (BM), cytosin arabinoside (ARA C), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Dose-effect curves were established for all compounds. With the exception of CTX, COLC and AM, the drugs also were subjected to chromosome analyses on Chinese hamster fibroblasts in vitro. The MNT revealed loss of chromatin due to chromosome breakage and rearrangements by CTX, TT and AM, to breakage by ARA C, 6-MP, MTX and 5-FU, as well as loss of entire chromosomes caused by impairment of the spindle by VCR and COLC. With the exception of BM, the effects were demonstrable in the therapeutic dose range. The MNT, provided it is carried out by the methodology of the authors, not only reveals chromatin loss but permits important conclusions in regard to the proliferative state of the bone marrow and the specific time of action of the mutagens in the cell cycle. If arrest of the cell cycle occurs, as in the case of anti-metabolites MTX and 5-FU particularly, the routine scheme of investigation needs to be modified since micronucleated cells appear only after release of the metabolic block, i.e. after a delay of 24 h. The negative bone marrow results obtained with BM emphasize the importance of combining in vivo and in vitro tests.", "PMID": 64925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1452", "title": "Cytogenetic analysis of human chromosomes and its value for the estimation of genetic risk.", "content": "A short review of present-day contradictory opinions on the usefulness of human chromosomal analysis in the system of chemical mutagen testing is illustrated by examples of the results achieved by both conventional and banding techniques. The results include exposures of human chromosomes to ECHH and TEPA in vitro, and to ECHH, vinyl chloride and Imuran in vivo. Exposures of human lymphocytes in vitro to the chemical to be tested for mutagenicity are recommended as one of the tests to be included in the system of mutagenicity testing, parallel with all other tests on mammalian and submammalian levels. The testing of human chromosomes of people exposed to chemicals in vivo is considered essential.", "contents": "Cytogenetic analysis of human chromosomes and its value for the estimation of genetic risk. A short review of present-day contradictory opinions on the usefulness of human chromosomal analysis in the system of chemical mutagen testing is illustrated by examples of the results achieved by both conventional and banding techniques. The results include exposures of human chromosomes to ECHH and TEPA in vitro, and to ECHH, vinyl chloride and Imuran in vivo. Exposures of human lymphocytes in vitro to the chemical to be tested for mutagenicity are recommended as one of the tests to be included in the system of mutagenicity testing, parallel with all other tests on mammalian and submammalian levels. The testing of human chromosomes of people exposed to chemicals in vivo is considered essential.", "PMID": 64926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1453", "title": "Relationship between acute and chronic exposures in mutagenicity studies in mice.", "content": "The relationship between acute and chronic exposures in mutagenicity studies on mammals still lacks experimental data that might permit the decision whether or not the long-term exposures are of significance mutagenicity testing. Fractional application of TEPA, THIOTEPA, EMS, cyclophosphamide and sodium arsenite was made in experiments with mice, by using the dominant-lethal test and cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow. In most experiments the repeated application yielded the same or higher genetic injury than the same total dose at a single application. Negative results are discussed in relation to the threshold dose and the different sensitivity of the germ-cell stage. Possible interaction of mutagens was also studied by analysing the combined effect of a long-term exposure to sodium arsenite, which probably affected the repair mechanism, and of a single dose of TEPA. It is concluded that the present stage of knowledge requires acceptance of the opinion that the genetic risk induced by chronic exposure to a chemical is as serious as that induced by acute exposure.", "contents": "Relationship between acute and chronic exposures in mutagenicity studies in mice. The relationship between acute and chronic exposures in mutagenicity studies on mammals still lacks experimental data that might permit the decision whether or not the long-term exposures are of significance mutagenicity testing. Fractional application of TEPA, THIOTEPA, EMS, cyclophosphamide and sodium arsenite was made in experiments with mice, by using the dominant-lethal test and cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow. In most experiments the repeated application yielded the same or higher genetic injury than the same total dose at a single application. Negative results are discussed in relation to the threshold dose and the different sensitivity of the germ-cell stage. Possible interaction of mutagens was also studied by analysing the combined effect of a long-term exposure to sodium arsenite, which probably affected the repair mechanism, and of a single dose of TEPA. It is concluded that the present stage of knowledge requires acceptance of the opinion that the genetic risk induced by chronic exposure to a chemical is as serious as that induced by acute exposure.", "PMID": 64927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1454", "title": "Rates, sample sizes, and the neutrality hypothesis for electrophoresis in evolutionary studies.", "content": "It is shown that electrophoretic genetic distance estimates are highly correlated with albumin immunological distances between the same pairs of species. The bimodality of rates of electrophoretic differentiation at various loci is then documented and the electrophoretic clocks involved are calibrated. The differences between the systematics and population genetics uses of electrophoretic data are then discussed. Finally, a direct electrophoretic test of the neutral alleles hypothesis is presented and exemplified on a set of Thomomys bottae-umbrinus data.", "contents": "Rates, sample sizes, and the neutrality hypothesis for electrophoresis in evolutionary studies. It is shown that electrophoretic genetic distance estimates are highly correlated with albumin immunological distances between the same pairs of species. The bimodality of rates of electrophoretic differentiation at various loci is then documented and the electrophoretic clocks involved are calibrated. The differences between the systematics and population genetics uses of electrophoretic data are then discussed. Finally, a direct electrophoretic test of the neutral alleles hypothesis is presented and exemplified on a set of Thomomys bottae-umbrinus data.", "PMID": 64931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1455", "title": "Biodegradation of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. VII. Resolution, purification, and characterization of an alpha-HCH dechlorinating enzyme from rat liver cytosol.", "content": "From rat liver cytosol, an enzyme was isolated which catalyzes the dechlorination of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-HCH. The enzyme also catalyzes the conjugation of GSH with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and with 1 -chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 46000 and its molecule is composed of two subunits of similar size. The optimum for the dechlorination of alpha-HCH lies at pH 8.0. The Michaelis constant is 0.12 mM for alpha-HCH (with 1 mM GSH as constant substrate), and maximal velocity was determined to be 0.25 moles Cl- -min -1 per mole enzyme.", "contents": "Biodegradation of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. VII. Resolution, purification, and characterization of an alpha-HCH dechlorinating enzyme from rat liver cytosol. From rat liver cytosol, an enzyme was isolated which catalyzes the dechlorination of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-HCH. The enzyme also catalyzes the conjugation of GSH with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and with 1 -chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 46000 and its molecule is composed of two subunits of similar size. The optimum for the dechlorination of alpha-HCH lies at pH 8.0. The Michaelis constant is 0.12 mM for alpha-HCH (with 1 mM GSH as constant substrate), and maximal velocity was determined to be 0.25 moles Cl- -min -1 per mole enzyme.", "PMID": 64937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1456", "title": "Efferent projection of the nucleus praeopticus medialis to the median eminence in rats.", "content": "Efferent projection from the medial preoptic nucleus, especially to the median eminence, was studied in the rat by light and electron microscopy, in combination with 3H-leucine labelling and electrical coagulation of the nucleus. In the light microscopy autoradiographs of the brain, an ipsilateral distribution of silver grains was followed caudally and dorsally in the periventricular area, into the triangular area between the ventromedial nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, and, further, into the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and median eminence. After electrical coagulation of the medial preoptic area, electron microscopy showed numerous degenerated nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence. Occasionally, cored vesicles (90 nm mean diameter with a core of 70 nm mean diameter) and clear vesicles (40-50 nm diameter) were encountered in the axoplasm of the degenerated nerve terminals. These findings indicate that the axons of the nerve cells of the medial preoptic nucleus extend caudally, terminating in the external layer of the median eminence.", "contents": "Efferent projection of the nucleus praeopticus medialis to the median eminence in rats. Efferent projection from the medial preoptic nucleus, especially to the median eminence, was studied in the rat by light and electron microscopy, in combination with 3H-leucine labelling and electrical coagulation of the nucleus. In the light microscopy autoradiographs of the brain, an ipsilateral distribution of silver grains was followed caudally and dorsally in the periventricular area, into the triangular area between the ventromedial nucleus and the arcuate nucleus, and, further, into the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and median eminence. After electrical coagulation of the medial preoptic area, electron microscopy showed numerous degenerated nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence. Occasionally, cored vesicles (90 nm mean diameter with a core of 70 nm mean diameter) and clear vesicles (40-50 nm diameter) were encountered in the axoplasm of the degenerated nerve terminals. These findings indicate that the axons of the nerve cells of the medial preoptic nucleus extend caudally, terminating in the external layer of the median eminence.", "PMID": 64948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1457", "title": "Treatment of advanced lymphomas with bleomycin (NSC-125066).", "content": "88 patients with far-advanced lymphomatous malignancy were treated with Bleomycin given by either intramuscular (i. m.) or intravenous (i. v.) injection according to a randomized treatment assignment. Response occurred most frequently in Hodgkin's disease (i. m. 7/24; i. v. 4/18), least often in histiocytic lymphomas (i. m. 0/8; i. v. 1/8), and with intermediate frequency in lymphocytic lymphomas (i. m. 3/16; i. v. 0/14). While toxicity was common (70%), severe toxicity was unusual (8%) with severe pulmonary toxicity occurring in four patients (three i.m.; one i.v.). All three drug associated deaths occurred in i. m. patients. Unexpected life-threatening pericarditis occurred in two i. m. treated patients. Although response and drug related deaths occurred more often in the i. m. patients, the comparison with i. v. patients was not statistically different.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced lymphomas with bleomycin (NSC-125066). 88 patients with far-advanced lymphomatous malignancy were treated with Bleomycin given by either intramuscular (i. m.) or intravenous (i. v.) injection according to a randomized treatment assignment. Response occurred most frequently in Hodgkin's disease (i. m. 7/24; i. v. 4/18), least often in histiocytic lymphomas (i. m. 0/8; i. v. 1/8), and with intermediate frequency in lymphocytic lymphomas (i. m. 3/16; i. v. 0/14). While toxicity was common (70%), severe toxicity was unusual (8%) with severe pulmonary toxicity occurring in four patients (three i.m.; one i.v.). All three drug associated deaths occurred in i. m. patients. Unexpected life-threatening pericarditis occurred in two i. m. treated patients. Although response and drug related deaths occurred more often in the i. m. patients, the comparison with i. v. patients was not statistically different.", "PMID": 64951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1458", "title": "A comparative study of five materials for use in filling root canal spaces.", "content": "The purpose of this study was dual: (1) to test the adaptation of various filling materials to the walls of instrumented root canals and (2) to test which of the experimental materials can be utilized with the pressure syringe. The root canal spaces of 210 extracted permanent anterior teeth were instrumented and, with the pressure syringe, the canals and access cavities were filled with a sealer or cement. Teeth filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer, and with a silver cone plus laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer served as the controls. Except for the apical openings, the roots were coated with sticky wax and then placed in methylene blue dye at 37 degrees C. for periods of 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. The teeth were removed from the dye and sectioned longitudinally, and the length of the dye penetration between the filling and the canal wall was measured. Of all materials tested, the silver point control exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage at each time period. AH-26 exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage after 30 days as compared to the other experimental materials and the gutta-percha control, and was the easiest material to handle of all those tested. Since gutta-percha has been shown to be clinically successful, and since it did not differ significantly in dye seepage from the other materials, all materials tested will give a satisfactory result up to 30 days when used as a root canal sealer under these testing conditions.", "contents": "A comparative study of five materials for use in filling root canal spaces. The purpose of this study was dual: (1) to test the adaptation of various filling materials to the walls of instrumented root canals and (2) to test which of the experimental materials can be utilized with the pressure syringe. The root canal spaces of 210 extracted permanent anterior teeth were instrumented and, with the pressure syringe, the canals and access cavities were filled with a sealer or cement. Teeth filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer, and with a silver cone plus laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer served as the controls. Except for the apical openings, the roots were coated with sticky wax and then placed in methylene blue dye at 37 degrees C. for periods of 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. The teeth were removed from the dye and sectioned longitudinally, and the length of the dye penetration between the filling and the canal wall was measured. Of all materials tested, the silver point control exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage at each time period. AH-26 exhibited the least amount of marginal seepage after 30 days as compared to the other experimental materials and the gutta-percha control, and was the easiest material to handle of all those tested. Since gutta-percha has been shown to be clinically successful, and since it did not differ significantly in dye seepage from the other materials, all materials tested will give a satisfactory result up to 30 days when used as a root canal sealer under these testing conditions.", "PMID": 64952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1459", "title": "[Experiments on the biosynthesis of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase and UDP-Glucosyltransferase under the influence of eucalyptol (author's transl)].", "content": "To elucidate the reaction mechanism of the increased elimination rate of bilirubin in the blood of newborns under the influence of Eucalyptol, we performed a study on young mice. The following results were obtained: UDPGA-T activity is increased 33%, if measured with 4-MU as substrate after a single injection (i.p.) of Eucalyptol (0.3 mg/g body weight), with bilirubin as substrate the increase is 112%. UDPG-T activity increases 29%. The enhancement of enzyme activities can be inhibited by Actinomycin D (1 MUg/g body weight) 30% (bilirubin), 48% (4-MU) respectively in the case of UDPGA-T. Under cycloheximide (2 mug/g body weight) the increase of the activity of UDPGA-T is suppressed by 59% (bilirubin) or 99% (4-MU) as compared to the corresponding controls. No significant difference in the activity of UDPG-T by actinomycin or cycloheximide can be observed between the controls and the Eucalyptol-treated group. We conclude that the increase of enzyme activity of UDPGA-T is mainly due to enzyme induction, while in the case of UDPG-T activation of enzyme molecules might be the underlying mechanism. The effect of Eucalyptol on the bilirubin level in the blood of newborns is comparable to the effect of phenobarbital.", "contents": "[Experiments on the biosynthesis of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase and UDP-Glucosyltransferase under the influence of eucalyptol (author's transl)]. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of the increased elimination rate of bilirubin in the blood of newborns under the influence of Eucalyptol, we performed a study on young mice. The following results were obtained: UDPGA-T activity is increased 33%, if measured with 4-MU as substrate after a single injection (i.p.) of Eucalyptol (0.3 mg/g body weight), with bilirubin as substrate the increase is 112%. UDPG-T activity increases 29%. The enhancement of enzyme activities can be inhibited by Actinomycin D (1 MUg/g body weight) 30% (bilirubin), 48% (4-MU) respectively in the case of UDPGA-T. Under cycloheximide (2 mug/g body weight) the increase of the activity of UDPGA-T is suppressed by 59% (bilirubin) or 99% (4-MU) as compared to the corresponding controls. No significant difference in the activity of UDPG-T by actinomycin or cycloheximide can be observed between the controls and the Eucalyptol-treated group. We conclude that the increase of enzyme activity of UDPGA-T is mainly due to enzyme induction, while in the case of UDPG-T activation of enzyme molecules might be the underlying mechanism. The effect of Eucalyptol on the bilirubin level in the blood of newborns is comparable to the effect of phenobarbital.", "PMID": 64954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1460", "title": "[Formation of xanthomatous cells in vitro from the aortic media of the rat].", "content": "The foam cell is viewed as a specific component of the atherosclerotic plaque found in human or experimentally induced in the animal. A study using light microscopy (staining with Sudan III) and electron microscopy was performed on cell cultures derived from rat aortic media. Sudanophilic and electron transparent vacuoles were observed in vitro in 11 week cultures. The sudanophilic cells were either scattered or crowded in clusters; some of them were found in a mitotic phase. Different serums were applied to the cultures starting from the 6th week: either calf serum (continuing the previous treatment), or normocholesterolemic rat serum (NCRS) or hypercholesterolemic rat serum (HCRS). Sudanophilic cells were observed more frequently in the cultures on exposure to HCRS than to NCRS (p less than 0.05). Thus it was possible to induce the formation of foam cells in vitro in cultures of arterial tissue derived from the rat, which is known to be resistant to atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Formation of xanthomatous cells in vitro from the aortic media of the rat]. The foam cell is viewed as a specific component of the atherosclerotic plaque found in human or experimentally induced in the animal. A study using light microscopy (staining with Sudan III) and electron microscopy was performed on cell cultures derived from rat aortic media. Sudanophilic and electron transparent vacuoles were observed in vitro in 11 week cultures. The sudanophilic cells were either scattered or crowded in clusters; some of them were found in a mitotic phase. Different serums were applied to the cultures starting from the 6th week: either calf serum (continuing the previous treatment), or normocholesterolemic rat serum (NCRS) or hypercholesterolemic rat serum (HCRS). Sudanophilic cells were observed more frequently in the cultures on exposure to HCRS than to NCRS (p less than 0.05). Thus it was possible to induce the formation of foam cells in vitro in cultures of arterial tissue derived from the rat, which is known to be resistant to atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 64956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1461", "title": "[Action on human fibrinogen of anti-sera against fibrinogen dissociated chains (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation of immune anti-sera against A alpha, B beta and gamma chains of human fibrinogen is described. Using these anti-sera, the authors have shown that the antigenic parts of the gamma chain are masked inside the molecule of fibrinogen and are not accessible on the surface of the molecule.", "contents": "[Action on human fibrinogen of anti-sera against fibrinogen dissociated chains (author's transl)]. The preparation of immune anti-sera against A alpha, B beta and gamma chains of human fibrinogen is described. Using these anti-sera, the authors have shown that the antigenic parts of the gamma chain are masked inside the molecule of fibrinogen and are not accessible on the surface of the molecule.", "PMID": 64957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1462", "title": "[Urokinase. Biochemical therapeutical and therapeutical data (author's transl)].", "content": "Two thrombolytic agents are mainly used in patients: streptokinase (SK) and urokinase (UK). UK from human origin is an endopeptidase which is able to convert plasminogen into plasmin. UK is only secreted by the kidney and is only found in urine which is presently the only source of extraction. Studies in man have shown that UK produces a highly reproducible state of enhanced plasma thrombolytic activity with a high fibrinolysis/fibrnogenolysis ratio and a lack of toxicity and antigenicity. The half life in Animal is short as well as the duration of fibrinolytic activity in Man. In clinical experience, positive results have been reported in pulminary embolism while the issues in myocardial infarction are controversial. Suggestive results have been registered in deep vein thrombosis, in ophthalmologic field and in desobstruction of arterio-venious shunts. No evident benefit has been noted in cerebral vascular disease. Up to now, UK has been very well tolerated.", "contents": "[Urokinase. Biochemical therapeutical and therapeutical data (author's transl)]. Two thrombolytic agents are mainly used in patients: streptokinase (SK) and urokinase (UK). UK from human origin is an endopeptidase which is able to convert plasminogen into plasmin. UK is only secreted by the kidney and is only found in urine which is presently the only source of extraction. Studies in man have shown that UK produces a highly reproducible state of enhanced plasma thrombolytic activity with a high fibrinolysis/fibrnogenolysis ratio and a lack of toxicity and antigenicity. The half life in Animal is short as well as the duration of fibrinolytic activity in Man. In clinical experience, positive results have been reported in pulminary embolism while the issues in myocardial infarction are controversial. Suggestive results have been registered in deep vein thrombosis, in ophthalmologic field and in desobstruction of arterio-venious shunts. No evident benefit has been noted in cerebral vascular disease. Up to now, UK has been very well tolerated.", "PMID": 64958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1463", "title": "[Study of the foeto-maternal immunization using the LDA test (author's translation)].", "content": "In this work, sera of primiparous and multiparous women are studied by the aid of a LDA test and the results are compared to those obtained by the classical technique of complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity. Specificities, that complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity is unable to prove, are checked by the LDA test. Its higher senstivity is confirmed without contradicting the complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity conclusions.", "contents": "[Study of the foeto-maternal immunization using the LDA test (author's translation)]. In this work, sera of primiparous and multiparous women are studied by the aid of a LDA test and the results are compared to those obtained by the classical technique of complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity. Specificities, that complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity is unable to prove, are checked by the LDA test. Its higher senstivity is confirmed without contradicting the complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity conclusions.", "PMID": 64966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1464", "title": "[Improved methods for the cytochemical demonstration of platelet peroxidase (author's transl)].", "content": "The variability of results to demonstrate the peroxidase of platelets has been attributed to an inhibition of the enzyme by glutaraldehyde. In order to eliminate this difficulty, two new methods have been employed prior to incubation in the diaminobenzidine medium: 1. Fixation was omitted. 2. Fixation was performed in a mixture of tannic acid-formaldehyde glutaraldehyde. With these two procedures, intense and reproducible peroxidase staining of human platelets and chicken thrombocytes was obtained. Only when the fixation procedure was omitted could the peroxidase of rat platelets be demonstrated histochemically. The importance of the detection the peroxidase as a marker enzyme of the megakaryocyte cell line and the relationships of this peroxidase with those of leukocyte peroxidases are discussed.", "contents": "[Improved methods for the cytochemical demonstration of platelet peroxidase (author's transl)]. The variability of results to demonstrate the peroxidase of platelets has been attributed to an inhibition of the enzyme by glutaraldehyde. In order to eliminate this difficulty, two new methods have been employed prior to incubation in the diaminobenzidine medium: 1. Fixation was omitted. 2. Fixation was performed in a mixture of tannic acid-formaldehyde glutaraldehyde. With these two procedures, intense and reproducible peroxidase staining of human platelets and chicken thrombocytes was obtained. Only when the fixation procedure was omitted could the peroxidase of rat platelets be demonstrated histochemically. The importance of the detection the peroxidase as a marker enzyme of the megakaryocyte cell line and the relationships of this peroxidase with those of leukocyte peroxidases are discussed.", "PMID": 64967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1465", "title": "[Radioiodine studies with 1231].", "content": "The use of 123I (half-life of 13,3 h, no beta emission) results in a marked diminution of thyroid and total body exposure in comparison to 131I. 99mTc-pertechnetate would give the lowest radiation dose, but is not an ideal thyroid agent because it only reflects the iodine trapping mechanism. Several studies show discrepancies between pertechnetate and iodine scans, i.e. Usher and Arzoumanian (2), Turner and Spencer (3). 123I is cyclotron produced, in Switzerland by the 127I (p, 5n) leads to 123Xe leads to 123I reaction. The short half-life needs a modification of the usual testing with 131I. In the present study, thyroid uptakes after 6 h and 24 h, blood sampling after 24 h for 123PBJ and scanning after 6 h give the best results for a complete 123I tracer study of the thyroid. If only morphology of the thyroid is needed, a 6 h scan is done. The normal ranges for uptake values and the 123PBJ are similar to those with 131I. The scans with 123I are definitely faster and of better quality, either by scanner or by camera. The administered doses are 100 muCi for scanning and 300 muCi 123I orally for a complete tracer study. 100 muCi 123I result in a thyroid radiation dose of about 1,5 rads and a total body dose of about 3 mrads [James, Wagner, Cook (1)].", "contents": "[Radioiodine studies with 1231]. The use of 123I (half-life of 13,3 h, no beta emission) results in a marked diminution of thyroid and total body exposure in comparison to 131I. 99mTc-pertechnetate would give the lowest radiation dose, but is not an ideal thyroid agent because it only reflects the iodine trapping mechanism. Several studies show discrepancies between pertechnetate and iodine scans, i.e. Usher and Arzoumanian (2), Turner and Spencer (3). 123I is cyclotron produced, in Switzerland by the 127I (p, 5n) leads to 123Xe leads to 123I reaction. The short half-life needs a modification of the usual testing with 131I. In the present study, thyroid uptakes after 6 h and 24 h, blood sampling after 24 h for 123PBJ and scanning after 6 h give the best results for a complete 123I tracer study of the thyroid. If only morphology of the thyroid is needed, a 6 h scan is done. The normal ranges for uptake values and the 123PBJ are similar to those with 131I. The scans with 123I are definitely faster and of better quality, either by scanner or by camera. The administered doses are 100 muCi for scanning and 300 muCi 123I orally for a complete tracer study. 100 muCi 123I result in a thyroid radiation dose of about 1,5 rads and a total body dose of about 3 mrads [James, Wagner, Cook (1)].", "PMID": 64968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1466", "title": "Colitic arthropathies.", "content": "\"Colitic arthropathy\" is commonly used to describe the arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis or regional enteritis. The term also describes the acute sterile arthritis which infrequently follows infection of the intestinal tract with Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia. Sterile arthritis is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of Whipple's disease, in which an unidentified bacteria is present in greatest concentration in the small bowel. Although arthritis and intestinal symptoms are common in Behcet's syndrome, the arthritis is not usually thought of as a colitic arthropathy because of the prominence of other signs, such as oral and genital ulceration and eye involvement. Joint and intestinal manifestations may, however, appear first or overshadow for a time involvement of other systems. Arthritis and arthralgia also occur frequently after jejunocolic and jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "Colitic arthropathies. \"Colitic arthropathy\" is commonly used to describe the arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis or regional enteritis. The term also describes the acute sterile arthritis which infrequently follows infection of the intestinal tract with Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia. Sterile arthritis is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of Whipple's disease, in which an unidentified bacteria is present in greatest concentration in the small bowel. Although arthritis and intestinal symptoms are common in Behcet's syndrome, the arthritis is not usually thought of as a colitic arthropathy because of the prominence of other signs, such as oral and genital ulceration and eye involvement. Joint and intestinal manifestations may, however, appear first or overshadow for a time involvement of other systems. Arthritis and arthralgia also occur frequently after jejunocolic and jejunoileal bypass.", "PMID": 64976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1467", "title": "A systems approach to the development and evaluation of a minicourse for nurses.", "content": "An autotutorial, audiovisual minicourse was designed to: 1) inform nurses and other hospital personnel to handle effectively problems associated with contamination and decontamination of respiratory therapy equipment according to the best procedures currently availabel, 2) investigate how different instructional methods are related to student achievement, and 3) determine an effective approach for implementing this educational modality. The subjects-137 allied health students, predominantly nurses, enrolled in introductory microbiology in the Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, during the Spring Quarter 1974-were randomly placed in four treatment groups: 1-programmed instruction (PI), 2-audiovisual (AV), 3-AV-PI combined, 4-no exposure to the mini-course-control group. Achievement was measured by comparing pre- and posttest scores on a subject matter achievement test. An analysis of variance revealed that not all treatment population means were equal. Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference Test showed that all three groups exposed to one or both methods of the minicourse scored higher than the control group, with the AV-PI group scoring highest.", "contents": "A systems approach to the development and evaluation of a minicourse for nurses. An autotutorial, audiovisual minicourse was designed to: 1) inform nurses and other hospital personnel to handle effectively problems associated with contamination and decontamination of respiratory therapy equipment according to the best procedures currently availabel, 2) investigate how different instructional methods are related to student achievement, and 3) determine an effective approach for implementing this educational modality. The subjects-137 allied health students, predominantly nurses, enrolled in introductory microbiology in the Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, during the Spring Quarter 1974-were randomly placed in four treatment groups: 1-programmed instruction (PI), 2-audiovisual (AV), 3-AV-PI combined, 4-no exposure to the mini-course-control group. Achievement was measured by comparing pre- and posttest scores on a subject matter achievement test. An analysis of variance revealed that not all treatment population means were equal. Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference Test showed that all three groups exposed to one or both methods of the minicourse scored higher than the control group, with the AV-PI group scoring highest.", "PMID": 64972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1468", "title": "An appraisal of symptom relief after coronary bypass grafting.", "content": "Subjective symptomatic improvement is experienced by 90% of patients after coronary bypass surgery. Objective exercise testing reduces this incidence to 70%. An analysis of the multifactorial genesis of pain relief based on data of non-randomized trials reveals that graft patency plays a dominant but not unique role in causing improved symptomatology. In a number of cases, intra-operative myocardial infarctions seem to explain the pain relief but may also have opposite effects. Changes in left ventricular function operate bidirectionally but data on this variable in relation to changes in symptomatology are not amenable for detailed  analysis. Progression in native vessel lesions apparently opposes pain relief and has its greatest impact in connection with graft closure. Residual post-operative angina is evidently related also to incomplete revascularization.", "contents": "An appraisal of symptom relief after coronary bypass grafting. Subjective symptomatic improvement is experienced by 90% of patients after coronary bypass surgery. Objective exercise testing reduces this incidence to 70%. An analysis of the multifactorial genesis of pain relief based on data of non-randomized trials reveals that graft patency plays a dominant but not unique role in causing improved symptomatology. In a number of cases, intra-operative myocardial infarctions seem to explain the pain relief but may also have opposite effects. Changes in left ventricular function operate bidirectionally but data on this variable in relation to changes in symptomatology are not amenable for detailed  analysis. Progression in native vessel lesions apparently opposes pain relief and has its greatest impact in connection with graft closure. Residual post-operative angina is evidently related also to incomplete revascularization.", "PMID": 64978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1469", "title": "Transient inhibition of initiation of S-phase associated with dimethyl sulfoxide induction of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation.", "content": "The murine erythroleukemia cell (MELC) line in suspension culture can be induced to differentiate to erythroid cells by various compounds, including dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Analysis of the cell cycle, during differentiation induced by Me2SO, using thymidine incorporation, thymidine labeling index, and relative DNA content per cell as measured by flow microfluorometry, demonstrates a transient inhibition of entry of cells into S-phase of the cell cycle which is detected as early as 5 hr and is maximal about 20 hr after beginning of nonsynchronous cultures. Furthermore, in the presence of Me2SO there is restricted binding of the intercalating dye propidium iodide to chromatin from MELC in G1 phase of the cell cycle, as early as 10 hr of culture. This restricted binding of propidium iodide to chromatin is observed in MELC cultured with other inducing agents, such as butyric acid and dimethyl-acetamide, but is not detected with an Me2SO-resistant cell line cultured with Me2SO.", "contents": "Transient inhibition of initiation of S-phase associated with dimethyl sulfoxide induction of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation. The murine erythroleukemia cell (MELC) line in suspension culture can be induced to differentiate to erythroid cells by various compounds, including dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Analysis of the cell cycle, during differentiation induced by Me2SO, using thymidine incorporation, thymidine labeling index, and relative DNA content per cell as measured by flow microfluorometry, demonstrates a transient inhibition of entry of cells into S-phase of the cell cycle which is detected as early as 5 hr and is maximal about 20 hr after beginning of nonsynchronous cultures. Furthermore, in the presence of Me2SO there is restricted binding of the intercalating dye propidium iodide to chromatin from MELC in G1 phase of the cell cycle, as early as 10 hr of culture. This restricted binding of propidium iodide to chromatin is observed in MELC cultured with other inducing agents, such as butyric acid and dimethyl-acetamide, but is not detected with an Me2SO-resistant cell line cultured with Me2SO.", "PMID": 64982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1470", "title": "Structure and properties of a hybrid tryptophan synthetase of alpha chain produced by genetic exchange between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Genetic exchange between the structural genes for the alpha chain of tryptophan synthetase [tryptophan synthase; L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate), EC 4.2.1.20] of E. coli and S. typhimurium yielded recombinant genes that specified functional hybrid polypeptides. The alpha chains produced by three recombinants appeared to be identical but differed from those of E. coli and S. typhimurium by at least 27 and 8 amino acid residues, respectively. In vivo and in vitro tests of enzyme function suggest that the hybrid alpha chains are near-equivalent to their fully active parental proteins.", "contents": "Structure and properties of a hybrid tryptophan synthetase of alpha chain produced by genetic exchange between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Genetic exchange between the structural genes for the alpha chain of tryptophan synthetase [tryptophan synthase; L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate), EC 4.2.1.20] of E. coli and S. typhimurium yielded recombinant genes that specified functional hybrid polypeptides. The alpha chains produced by three recombinants appeared to be identical but differed from those of E. coli and S. typhimurium by at least 27 and 8 amino acid residues, respectively. In vivo and in vitro tests of enzyme function suggest that the hybrid alpha chains are near-equivalent to their fully active parental proteins.", "PMID": 64983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1471", "title": "[The treatment of chronic pain symptoms with psychotropic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of longlasting experience in the treatment of severe chronic pain are reported. 82% of 103 in-patients with chronic pain responded to a combined treatment with neuroleptic and antidepressant drugs. A dosing strategy for the combbination of clomipramine and haloperidol is described.", "contents": "[The treatment of chronic pain symptoms with psychotropic drugs (author's transl)]. The results of longlasting experience in the treatment of severe chronic pain are reported. 82% of 103 in-patients with chronic pain responded to a combined treatment with neuroleptic and antidepressant drugs. A dosing strategy for the combbination of clomipramine and haloperidol is described.", "PMID": 64986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1472", "title": "Gastric mucosal polyps in pernicious anaemia.", "content": "In a 4-year follow-up study of 68 patients with pernicious anaemia gastric polyps were observed in 25 patients. In some patients the polyps seemed to vanish completely from one year to another, while they might ascen or increase in  other patients. None of these polyps underwent malignanttransformation during thperiod f observation, and by histological examination they could be classified as non-neoplastic regenerative benign polyps in an atrophic gastric mucosa. In our opinion the surgical attitude to these nonneoplastic gastric polyps in pernicious anaemia should be restrictive.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal polyps in pernicious anaemia. In a 4-year follow-up study of 68 patients with pernicious anaemia gastric polyps were observed in 25 patients. In some patients the polyps seemed to vanish completely from one year to another, while they might ascen or increase in  other patients. None of these polyps underwent malignanttransformation during thperiod f observation, and by histological examination they could be classified as non-neoplastic regenerative benign polyps in an atrophic gastric mucosa. In our opinion the surgical attitude to these nonneoplastic gastric polyps in pernicious anaemia should be restrictive.", "PMID": 65002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1473", "title": "Affinity chromatography of beta2-microglobulin from human lymphocytes on concanavalin-A-sepharose. Determination of carbohydrate-containing protein molecules complexed with beta2-microglobulin.", "content": "Beta2-microglobulin was extracted from human lymphocytes with nonionic detergent and separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A-Sepharose. The retarded part of beta2-microglobulin is assumed to be associated with HLA antigens. Using a radioimmunoassay for beta2-microglobulin, the average number of presumably free beta2-microglobulin molecules and of presumably HLA-associated beta2-microglobulin molecules per lymphocyte was estimated to be 3.8 x 10(5) and 1.4 x 10(5), respectively.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of beta2-microglobulin from human lymphocytes on concanavalin-A-sepharose. Determination of carbohydrate-containing protein molecules complexed with beta2-microglobulin. Beta2-microglobulin was extracted from human lymphocytes with nonionic detergent and separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A-Sepharose. The retarded part of beta2-microglobulin is assumed to be associated with HLA antigens. Using a radioimmunoassay for beta2-microglobulin, the average number of presumably free beta2-microglobulin molecules and of presumably HLA-associated beta2-microglobulin molecules per lymphocyte was estimated to be 3.8 x 10(5) and 1.4 x 10(5), respectively.", "PMID": 65003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1474", "title": "Identification of resting human T and B lymphocytes by acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining combined with rosette formation with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1.", "content": "We describe a method enabling the identification of both lymphocyte class and morphology from a single microscopic slide. As a marker for B cells we used surface immunoglobulin. The surface-Ig-carrying cells were rosetted after poly-valent anti-Ig treatment with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 (StaCw) and the cells were cytocentrifuged onto a microscope slide. The lymphocytes forming rosettes with StaCw were identical with cells expressing surface Ig studied by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-Ig. As a marker for T cells we used the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) histochemical marker. The cell smears were first stained for ANAE and subsequently counterstained to distinguish also cell morphology. The ANAE-marker-carrying cells were all included in the population of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. Thus both T and B lymphocytes could be simultaneously identified from a single microscopic slide, and we therefore recommend the method for routine clinical work.", "contents": "Identification of resting human T and B lymphocytes by acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining combined with rosette formation with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1. We describe a method enabling the identification of both lymphocyte class and morphology from a single microscopic slide. As a marker for B cells we used surface immunoglobulin. The surface-Ig-carrying cells were rosetted after poly-valent anti-Ig treatment with Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 (StaCw) and the cells were cytocentrifuged onto a microscope slide. The lymphocytes forming rosettes with StaCw were identical with cells expressing surface Ig studied by fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-Ig. As a marker for T cells we used the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) histochemical marker. The cell smears were first stained for ANAE and subsequently counterstained to distinguish also cell morphology. The ANAE-marker-carrying cells were all included in the population of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. Thus both T and B lymphocytes could be simultaneously identified from a single microscopic slide, and we therefore recommend the method for routine clinical work.", "PMID": 65004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1475", "title": "Carrier-specific B cells play a role in the production of an antigen-specific T-cell-replacing factor.", "content": "An in vitro anti-hapten response to dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin (DNP-MON) was used to examine the ability of T cells to collaborate with B cells across a cell-impermeable Millipore membrane. It was found that T cells alone were not able to collaborate with B cells across the membrane. However, B and T cells together produced a T-cell-replacing factor that passed through the membrane and partially restored the antibody response of B cells cultured beneath the membrane. Production of the factor was abolished when carrier-specific B cells were inactivated by [125I]polymeric flagellin (POL) suicide. The T-cell-replacing factor was shown to be nondialysable and antigen-specific. It was also demonstrated that macrophages were required for production of the specific T-cell-replacing factor but that the action of the factor on B cells macrophage-independent.", "contents": "Carrier-specific B cells play a role in the production of an antigen-specific T-cell-replacing factor. An in vitro anti-hapten response to dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin (DNP-MON) was used to examine the ability of T cells to collaborate with B cells across a cell-impermeable Millipore membrane. It was found that T cells alone were not able to collaborate with B cells across the membrane. However, B and T cells together produced a T-cell-replacing factor that passed through the membrane and partially restored the antibody response of B cells cultured beneath the membrane. Production of the factor was abolished when carrier-specific B cells were inactivated by [125I]polymeric flagellin (POL) suicide. The T-cell-replacing factor was shown to be nondialysable and antigen-specific. It was also demonstrated that macrophages were required for production of the specific T-cell-replacing factor but that the action of the factor on B cells macrophage-independent.", "PMID": 65005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1476", "title": "A simple stained protein assay (SPA) for rapid total protein determination applied to spinal fluids.", "content": "A rapid, simple technique measures small amounts of total protein applied on an agarose gel slab. Alternating current through the gel may reduce diffusion of the protein, which is chemically fixed. The intensity of the Coomassie-Blue-stained spots is a function of the amount of protein determined by comparison with simultaneously run standards. Densitometric and visual estimates of protein in spinal fluids by the stained protein assay correlated with Lowry values highly significantly (n = 28; P less than 0.001, Spearman test of rank correlation). As little as 0.2 mug protein was measured; this figure should be compared with 10 mug for the Lowry method. The reproducibility of the method was +/- 5%.", "contents": "A simple stained protein assay (SPA) for rapid total protein determination applied to spinal fluids. A rapid, simple technique measures small amounts of total protein applied on an agarose gel slab. Alternating current through the gel may reduce diffusion of the protein, which is chemically fixed. The intensity of the Coomassie-Blue-stained spots is a function of the amount of protein determined by comparison with simultaneously run standards. Densitometric and visual estimates of protein in spinal fluids by the stained protein assay correlated with Lowry values highly significantly (n = 28; P less than 0.001, Spearman test of rank correlation). As little as 0.2 mug protein was measured; this figure should be compared with 10 mug for the Lowry method. The reproducibility of the method was +/- 5%.", "PMID": 65006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1477", "title": "[Meningeal carcinomatosis: clinical and anatomical study of a case of suprarenal neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of meningeal carcinomatosis associated with cerebral metastases from an adrenal neuroblastoma is described. The clinical picture was ushered-in by bilateral sciatic pain in a 50 years old female and was followed by rapidly progressive sensory-motor deficits of the arms and legs, leading to flaccid quadriplegia associated with paralysis of cranial nerves and episodes of mental confusion. Death occurred 4 months alter, in cardiac failure. At autopsy, a bilateral tumor of the adrenal glands was found. No metastases were detected anywhere except in the central nervous system. Histology identified the tumor as a neuroblastoma; meningeal carcinomatosis, radicular infiltration by tumor cells and parenchimal metastases were found in the central nervous system. Neuroblastoma is typically a tumor of childhood, only 13% of them being found in adult's according to Russell and Rubinstein. Meningeal metastases from adrenal neuroblastoma have not hitherto been reported in the literature. In our opinion, the most likely mode of spread of tumor cells to the central nervous system was hematogenous because of the presence of small multiple intraparenchimal metastases; however, possible spread through the perineural lymphatics, as proposed by others, cannot be excluded, due to the prominent localization of tumor cells at spinal roots level. The main differential diagnostic problems (paraneoplastic neuropathy (Wyburn-Mason) and infectious subacute or chronic meningitis) are discussed. The authors stress the emportance of complete cerebro-spinal fluid examination including a careful search for tumor cells.", "contents": "[Meningeal carcinomatosis: clinical and anatomical study of a case of suprarenal neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. A case of meningeal carcinomatosis associated with cerebral metastases from an adrenal neuroblastoma is described. The clinical picture was ushered-in by bilateral sciatic pain in a 50 years old female and was followed by rapidly progressive sensory-motor deficits of the arms and legs, leading to flaccid quadriplegia associated with paralysis of cranial nerves and episodes of mental confusion. Death occurred 4 months alter, in cardiac failure. At autopsy, a bilateral tumor of the adrenal glands was found. No metastases were detected anywhere except in the central nervous system. Histology identified the tumor as a neuroblastoma; meningeal carcinomatosis, radicular infiltration by tumor cells and parenchimal metastases were found in the central nervous system. Neuroblastoma is typically a tumor of childhood, only 13% of them being found in adult's according to Russell and Rubinstein. Meningeal metastases from adrenal neuroblastoma have not hitherto been reported in the literature. In our opinion, the most likely mode of spread of tumor cells to the central nervous system was hematogenous because of the presence of small multiple intraparenchimal metastases; however, possible spread through the perineural lymphatics, as proposed by others, cannot be excluded, due to the prominent localization of tumor cells at spinal roots level. The main differential diagnostic problems (paraneoplastic neuropathy (Wyburn-Mason) and infectious subacute or chronic meningitis) are discussed. The authors stress the emportance of complete cerebro-spinal fluid examination including a careful search for tumor cells.", "PMID": 65000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1478", "title": "The effects of mouse alpha-fetoprotein on T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent immune responses in vitro.", "content": "Mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) suppressed the specific antibody response to the T-cell-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and the phytohemagglutinin- and concanavalin-A-stimulated DNA synthesis of purified T lymphocytes but failed to inhibit the T-cell-independent antibody response to dinitrophenyl-substituted Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) and the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated polyclonal B-cell antibody synthesis. Mouse amniotic fluid (MAF) suppressed antibody responses to both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens; however, the effects could be differentiated since dialysis of the MAF removed most of the suppressive effect on the DNP-Ficoll response but did not diminish the inhibitory action on the anti-SRBC response. The results indicate that AFP suppresses certain T-lymphocyte functions in vitro and does not act by directly inhibiting B-cell functions.", "contents": "The effects of mouse alpha-fetoprotein on T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent immune responses in vitro. Mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) suppressed the specific antibody response to the T-cell-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and the phytohemagglutinin- and concanavalin-A-stimulated DNA synthesis of purified T lymphocytes but failed to inhibit the T-cell-independent antibody response to dinitrophenyl-substituted Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) and the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated polyclonal B-cell antibody synthesis. Mouse amniotic fluid (MAF) suppressed antibody responses to both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens; however, the effects could be differentiated since dialysis of the MAF removed most of the suppressive effect on the DNP-Ficoll response but did not diminish the inhibitory action on the anti-SRBC response. The results indicate that AFP suppresses certain T-lymphocyte functions in vitro and does not act by directly inhibiting B-cell functions.", "PMID": 65007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1479", "title": "[Drug interactions in cardiovascular therapy].", "content": "Cardiovascular therapy frequently requires simultaneous administration of several drugs. These drugs may interact pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically, and most drug interactions are therapeutically useful. The clinical importance of adverse drug interactions is often overestimated; they are almost always predictable and preventable, if their mechanisms are understood and the drug dosages appropriately modified. Coumarin anticoagulants and cardiac glycosides are involved in the most serious interactions. Diuretics, antiarrhythmic drugs, sympatholytics, sympathomimetics and monoamine oxidase blockers also interact in clinically significant fashion with other drugs.", "contents": "[Drug interactions in cardiovascular therapy]. Cardiovascular therapy frequently requires simultaneous administration of several drugs. These drugs may interact pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically, and most drug interactions are therapeutically useful. The clinical importance of adverse drug interactions is often overestimated; they are almost always predictable and preventable, if their mechanisms are understood and the drug dosages appropriately modified. Coumarin anticoagulants and cardiac glycosides are involved in the most serious interactions. Diuretics, antiarrhythmic drugs, sympatholytics, sympathomimetics and monoamine oxidase blockers also interact in clinically significant fashion with other drugs.", "PMID": 65008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1480", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis in non-inflammatory central nervous system diseases].", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) (N = 365) from patients with non-inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system were analyzed for protein distribution by agar gel microelectrophoresis. After subdivision into diagnostically well defined groups, these patients were compared with 79 normal controls. Most of the diseases investigated were found to follow the \"plasma-type\" pattern. In some of them the deviations from normal were so extensive that a CSF-protein pattern similar to the \"acute-phase reaction\" in the serum occurred. Moreover, the following characteristics were found: a considerable increase in total protein and the gamma-globulin fractions in neurinomas; a reproducible increase in the alpha1-globulins in metastases of the central nervous system; and a statistically significant difference of CSF protein findings between male and female patients with protrusion of lumbar intervertebral discs.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid protein electrophoresis in non-inflammatory central nervous system diseases]. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) (N = 365) from patients with non-inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system were analyzed for protein distribution by agar gel microelectrophoresis. After subdivision into diagnostically well defined groups, these patients were compared with 79 normal controls. Most of the diseases investigated were found to follow the \"plasma-type\" pattern. In some of them the deviations from normal were so extensive that a CSF-protein pattern similar to the \"acute-phase reaction\" in the serum occurred. Moreover, the following characteristics were found: a considerable increase in total protein and the gamma-globulin fractions in neurinomas; a reproducible increase in the alpha1-globulins in metastases of the central nervous system; and a statistically significant difference of CSF protein findings between male and female patients with protrusion of lumbar intervertebral discs.", "PMID": 65009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1481", "title": "[Neurological manifestations of Whipple's disease].", "content": "Three consecutive cases of Whipple's disease observed by us in recent years have involved neurologic symptoms, i.e. psychoorganic syndromes, gaze palsy, nystagmus, masseteric and pharyngeal myoclonus or papilledema. In one case mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, most probably of ependymal origin, were loaded with periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS) positive granules. On treatment with antibiotics the neurologic signs cleared considerably or completely. The findings suggest (a) that neurologic involvement Whipple's disease may not be so uncommon as appears from the literature, (b) that examination of the spinal fluid with PAS staining may be helpful in the diagnosis of such cases, and (c) that neurologic involvement in Whipple's disease may also be amenable to treatment with antibiotics.", "contents": "[Neurological manifestations of Whipple's disease]. Three consecutive cases of Whipple's disease observed by us in recent years have involved neurologic symptoms, i.e. psychoorganic syndromes, gaze palsy, nystagmus, masseteric and pharyngeal myoclonus or papilledema. In one case mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, most probably of ependymal origin, were loaded with periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS) positive granules. On treatment with antibiotics the neurologic signs cleared considerably or completely. The findings suggest (a) that neurologic involvement Whipple's disease may not be so uncommon as appears from the literature, (b) that examination of the spinal fluid with PAS staining may be helpful in the diagnosis of such cases, and (c) that neurologic involvement in Whipple's disease may also be amenable to treatment with antibiotics.", "PMID": 65010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1482", "title": "Albumin phylogeny for clawed frogs (Xenopus).", "content": "Comparisons of albumin indicate that the frogs commonly used by North American molecular and developmental biologists under the name of Xenopus muelleri belong to another species, X. borealis. Phylogenetic analysis of the albumin data reveals two major groups of Xenopus species, one containing only X. tropicalis and the other, called the X. laevis grou, containing the remaining species of the genus. The phylogenetic tree, in conjunction with evidence from chromosomes and DNA content, leads to the hypothesis that total genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of the X. laevis group.", "contents": "Albumin phylogeny for clawed frogs (Xenopus). Comparisons of albumin indicate that the frogs commonly used by North American molecular and developmental biologists under the name of Xenopus muelleri belong to another species, X. borealis. Phylogenetic analysis of the albumin data reveals two major groups of Xenopus species, one containing only X. tropicalis and the other, called the X. laevis grou, containing the remaining species of the genus. The phylogenetic tree, in conjunction with evidence from chromosomes and DNA content, leads to the hypothesis that total genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of the X. laevis group.", "PMID": 65013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1483", "title": "[Significance of the AgHB and of the immune reaction in chronic hepatitis].", "content": "The authors studied 496 patients with chronic persistent or aggressive hepatitis, and active or non-active hepatic cirrhosis, and 396 non-hepatic patients. AgHB was detected in the serum by immuno-electrophoresis and by immuno-diffusion and, in the liver, by needle biopsy, using immuno-fluorescence. The liver diagnosis was made histologically. AgHB was found in 34.2% of patients, more often in chronic active hepatitis (53.7%) than in inactive forms (23.2%). This finding may be interpreted as a sign of severity, chronic aggressive hepatitis is more frequently caused by B virus and by its persistence in the liver. In all cases of chronic, aggressive hepatitis studied with AgHB in the serum, AgHB was detected in the nuclei of the liver parenchyma cells. It should be emphasized that there is no significant difference from the immunological point of view, between patients with AgHB and the others, the levels of gamma-globulin and immunoglobulin were higher in the former. The increased frequency of AgHB in the active forms of the disease compared with stabilised forms, reinforces its physiopathological, diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "[Significance of the AgHB and of the immune reaction in chronic hepatitis]. The authors studied 496 patients with chronic persistent or aggressive hepatitis, and active or non-active hepatic cirrhosis, and 396 non-hepatic patients. AgHB was detected in the serum by immuno-electrophoresis and by immuno-diffusion and, in the liver, by needle biopsy, using immuno-fluorescence. The liver diagnosis was made histologically. AgHB was found in 34.2% of patients, more often in chronic active hepatitis (53.7%) than in inactive forms (23.2%). This finding may be interpreted as a sign of severity, chronic aggressive hepatitis is more frequently caused by B virus and by its persistence in the liver. In all cases of chronic, aggressive hepatitis studied with AgHB in the serum, AgHB was detected in the nuclei of the liver parenchyma cells. It should be emphasized that there is no significant difference from the immunological point of view, between patients with AgHB and the others, the levels of gamma-globulin and immunoglobulin were higher in the former. The increased frequency of AgHB in the active forms of the disease compared with stabilised forms, reinforces its physiopathological, diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "PMID": 65014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1484", "title": "Hemagglutination test for alpha fetoprotein in the diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma.", "content": "By means of the treatment of the globulin obtained from the monophasic anti-alphaFP serum with pepsin, it has been found to be able to sensitize tannic acid-treated human red blood cells. The sensitivity of the HA test, either on purified alphaFP or with sera from patients with primary liver carcinoma, was found to be favourable as compared with the serological methods commonly employed, such as double diffusion, countercurrent electrophoresis, and complement fixation tests. From a preliminary clinical application on 566 routine specimens obtained from various local hospitals, somewhat greater sensitivity of the HA test was confirmed. Blood specimens from persons known to be free from primary liver carcinoma, namely, 408 from blood donors, 32 from pregnant women, 19 from malignant tumours other than primary liver carcinoma and 5 from benign tumours patients, were all negative except 15 sera from pregnant women. It is well known that the serum alphaFP level of pregnant women is definitely higher than that of normal adults. The specificity of the test has thus been considered established. As the HA test can be carried out with a drop of blood and completed in 30 minutes with simple implements, it is suggested that the method should be suitable for screening test in mass survey in the village and countryside.", "contents": "Hemagglutination test for alpha fetoprotein in the diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma. By means of the treatment of the globulin obtained from the monophasic anti-alphaFP serum with pepsin, it has been found to be able to sensitize tannic acid-treated human red blood cells. The sensitivity of the HA test, either on purified alphaFP or with sera from patients with primary liver carcinoma, was found to be favourable as compared with the serological methods commonly employed, such as double diffusion, countercurrent electrophoresis, and complement fixation tests. From a preliminary clinical application on 566 routine specimens obtained from various local hospitals, somewhat greater sensitivity of the HA test was confirmed. Blood specimens from persons known to be free from primary liver carcinoma, namely, 408 from blood donors, 32 from pregnant women, 19 from malignant tumours other than primary liver carcinoma and 5 from benign tumours patients, were all negative except 15 sera from pregnant women. It is well known that the serum alphaFP level of pregnant women is definitely higher than that of normal adults. The specificity of the test has thus been considered established. As the HA test can be carried out with a drop of blood and completed in 30 minutes with simple implements, it is suggested that the method should be suitable for screening test in mass survey in the village and countryside.", "PMID": 65012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1485", "title": "Cobalt-57-bleomycin scanning of hila and mediastinum in patients with bronchial carcinoma: a prospective study.", "content": "Because the results with cobalt-57-bleomycin (57Co-bleo) as a tumour-seeking agent in patients with pulmonary tumours were promising, a prospective study was carried out to test the sensitivity and selectivity of this technique for metastases in lung hila and mediastinum in a group of patients with bronchial cancer. The sensitivity of 57Co-bleo scintigraphy appeared to be higher than that of routine radiological investigations and mediastinoscopy. For this reason it is suggested that 57Co-bleo scintigraphy can be used as a method to select patients for mediastinoscopy.", "contents": "Cobalt-57-bleomycin scanning of hila and mediastinum in patients with bronchial carcinoma: a prospective study. Because the results with cobalt-57-bleomycin (57Co-bleo) as a tumour-seeking agent in patients with pulmonary tumours were promising, a prospective study was carried out to test the sensitivity and selectivity of this technique for metastases in lung hila and mediastinum in a group of patients with bronchial cancer. The sensitivity of 57Co-bleo scintigraphy appeared to be higher than that of routine radiological investigations and mediastinoscopy. For this reason it is suggested that 57Co-bleo scintigraphy can be used as a method to select patients for mediastinoscopy.", "PMID": 65019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1486", "title": "LD typing and the lack of involvement of SD antigens in the priming process.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes with known HLA-SD were typed for LD determinants using a panel of primed cells prepared from SD identical lymphocytes. Then these lymphocytes (with known SD and LD) were primed by x-irradiated cells from the same SD and LD group and their secondary reactions were evaluated. Disparity in SD antigens of responder and stimulator cells did not produce primed cells and lymphocytes were primed only for LD differences. This finding allows LD typing using primed cells from a panel of randomly selected lymphocytes regardless of their HLA-SD.", "contents": "LD typing and the lack of involvement of SD antigens in the priming process. Peripheral blood lymphocytes with known HLA-SD were typed for LD determinants using a panel of primed cells prepared from SD identical lymphocytes. Then these lymphocytes (with known SD and LD) were primed by x-irradiated cells from the same SD and LD group and their secondary reactions were evaluated. Disparity in SD antigens of responder and stimulator cells did not produce primed cells and lymphocytes were primed only for LD differences. This finding allows LD typing using primed cells from a panel of randomly selected lymphocytes regardless of their HLA-SD.", "PMID": 65020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1487", "title": "Normal human sera cytotoxic to cells of human acute leukemia.", "content": "Eight human sera from healthy individuals with no history of immunization with human transplantation antigens have demonstrated complement dependent cytotoxicity to cells of some patients with active acute leukemia. The antigen(s) detected by these sera are absent from normal and remission lymphocytes and appear most often in ALL patients with a high peripheral lymphoblast count. Some B and T lymphoblastoid cell lines carry the antigen(s) as evidenced by their ability to react with and absorb the antileukemia activity. The data support the existence of at least two overlapping specificities detected by these antileukemia sera. The leukemia antigen(s) show no strong correlation with any known HLA antigen. These observations provide evidence for a human leukemia blast associated antigen or set of antigens which may be immunogenic in man. Their relationship to normal HLA antigens of loci other than A, B or C is unknown.", "contents": "Normal human sera cytotoxic to cells of human acute leukemia. Eight human sera from healthy individuals with no history of immunization with human transplantation antigens have demonstrated complement dependent cytotoxicity to cells of some patients with active acute leukemia. The antigen(s) detected by these sera are absent from normal and remission lymphocytes and appear most often in ALL patients with a high peripheral lymphoblast count. Some B and T lymphoblastoid cell lines carry the antigen(s) as evidenced by their ability to react with and absorb the antileukemia activity. The data support the existence of at least two overlapping specificities detected by these antileukemia sera. The leukemia antigen(s) show no strong correlation with any known HLA antigen. These observations provide evidence for a human leukemia blast associated antigen or set of antigens which may be immunogenic in man. Their relationship to normal HLA antigens of loci other than A, B or C is unknown.", "PMID": 65021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1488", "title": "Cell mediated lympholysis in man: an attempt to type with cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "From approximately 3,000 CML combinations, originally established in order to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of the serologically defined HLA-A, B, and C antigens on cellular, complement independent cytolysis, 12 combinations were selected yielding reproducible positive cytolysis on allogenic target cells, although no HLA-antigenic sharing could be demonstrated between stimulator and target lymphocytes. These 12 CytoToxic Lymphocytes (CTL's) have been tested in parallell as \"CML typing combinations\" against lymphocytes from a random population sample of 100 unrelated Danes. Based on a pairwise analysis 11 of these CTL's could be classified into two groups of significantly correlated CTL's. These two groups do not define monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually positive correlation and a poor fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The traits defined by these groups may be either partially identical or governed by closely linked loci. The same groups were identified and the same conclusions reached after exclusion of those individuals in the population sample where HLA-A, B, C, or D antigens may be targets for destruction. Thus, this study gives direct evidence that known HLA antigens are not sole target determinants in CML or that cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize HLA molecules in a different way than lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The studies underline the immunogenetic complexity of CML although this reaction is most probably governed by genes in the HLA region. It is suggested that cytotoxic lymphocytes may recognize \"backbone structures\" of the HLA molecules.", "contents": "Cell mediated lympholysis in man: an attempt to type with cytotoxic lymphocytes. From approximately 3,000 CML combinations, originally established in order to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of the serologically defined HLA-A, B, and C antigens on cellular, complement independent cytolysis, 12 combinations were selected yielding reproducible positive cytolysis on allogenic target cells, although no HLA-antigenic sharing could be demonstrated between stimulator and target lymphocytes. These 12 CytoToxic Lymphocytes (CTL's) have been tested in parallell as \"CML typing combinations\" against lymphocytes from a random population sample of 100 unrelated Danes. Based on a pairwise analysis 11 of these CTL's could be classified into two groups of significantly correlated CTL's. These two groups do not define monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually positive correlation and a poor fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The traits defined by these groups may be either partially identical or governed by closely linked loci. The same groups were identified and the same conclusions reached after exclusion of those individuals in the population sample where HLA-A, B, C, or D antigens may be targets for destruction. Thus, this study gives direct evidence that known HLA antigens are not sole target determinants in CML or that cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize HLA molecules in a different way than lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The studies underline the immunogenetic complexity of CML although this reaction is most probably governed by genes in the HLA region. It is suggested that cytotoxic lymphocytes may recognize \"backbone structures\" of the HLA molecules.", "PMID": 65022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1489", "title": "HLA restriction of non-HLA--A, --B, --C and --D cell mediated lympholysis (CML).", "content": "The aim of our study was to define target determinants other than those coded for by the classical HLA-A, -B, -C or -D loci which were responsible for killing in CML. In one of the families studied, strong evidence was found for the existence of a determinant coded for within the HLA region. CML was restricted to targets carrying the classical HLA-Bw35 and Cw4 determinants but the targets were neither HLA-Bw35 nor Cw4 themselves. We therefore concluded that this new HLA determinant was either the product of a new locus closely associated with HLA-B or that it was a product of the classical HLA-B locus which has not been recognized by serology.", "contents": "HLA restriction of non-HLA--A, --B, --C and --D cell mediated lympholysis (CML). The aim of our study was to define target determinants other than those coded for by the classical HLA-A, -B, -C or -D loci which were responsible for killing in CML. In one of the families studied, strong evidence was found for the existence of a determinant coded for within the HLA region. CML was restricted to targets carrying the classical HLA-Bw35 and Cw4 determinants but the targets were neither HLA-Bw35 nor Cw4 themselves. We therefore concluded that this new HLA determinant was either the product of a new locus closely associated with HLA-B or that it was a product of the classical HLA-B locus which has not been recognized by serology.", "PMID": 65023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1490", "title": "Joint report of the B lymphocyte specificities workshop of the France-one region.", "content": "The analysis of 182 selected anti-B cell sera on 102 cells allowed us to identifysseveral clusters of sera. They showed no correlation with HLA-A, B or C specificities but many associations with the HLA-D determinants. In 10 families, most of these sera segregated with HLA, and five recombinants showed a linkage with the BD or D end part of the MHC. The panel distribution and the family analysis indicated that at least one (the Ly-Li system) and probably two segregant series could exist close to the HLA-D locus.", "contents": "Joint report of the B lymphocyte specificities workshop of the France-one region. The analysis of 182 selected anti-B cell sera on 102 cells allowed us to identifysseveral clusters of sera. They showed no correlation with HLA-A, B or C specificities but many associations with the HLA-D determinants. In 10 families, most of these sera segregated with HLA, and five recombinants showed a linkage with the BD or D end part of the MHC. The panel distribution and the family analysis indicated that at least one (the Ly-Li system) and probably two segregant series could exist close to the HLA-D locus.", "PMID": 65025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1491", "title": "Absorption and elution of anti-DLA-A and B antibodies with acetone-dried dog spleen powder.", "content": "Acetone-dried powders were prepared from the spleens of DLA-serotyped dogs and assayed for their specific absorptive properties for anti-DLA-A and B antisera. The specific activity of two different antisera (anti-DLA-A9 and anti-DLA-B13) was readily absorbed with acetone-dried powders prepared from the spleens of dogs of the corresponding DLA types. This specific activity was recovered by the elution of the powder used for the serum absorption. The same method was used to narrow the specificity of a highly polyspecific antiserum. The comparison of the absorption properties of acetone-dried spleen powder versus fresh spleen cells shows that the treatment with acetone does not modify qualitatively and quantitatively the DLA specificities.", "contents": "Absorption and elution of anti-DLA-A and B antibodies with acetone-dried dog spleen powder. Acetone-dried powders were prepared from the spleens of DLA-serotyped dogs and assayed for their specific absorptive properties for anti-DLA-A and B antisera. The specific activity of two different antisera (anti-DLA-A9 and anti-DLA-B13) was readily absorbed with acetone-dried powders prepared from the spleens of dogs of the corresponding DLA types. This specific activity was recovered by the elution of the powder used for the serum absorption. The same method was used to narrow the specificity of a highly polyspecific antiserum. The comparison of the absorption properties of acetone-dried spleen powder versus fresh spleen cells shows that the treatment with acetone does not modify qualitatively and quantitatively the DLA specificities.", "PMID": 65033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1492", "title": "Cellular presensitization to alloantigens in haemodialyzed patients.", "content": "The state of cellular alloimmunity in haemodialyzed patients has been assessed by a microcytotoxicity assay and compared with that in healthy donors. Some of the patients were also studied during the weeks following a first kidney transplant rejection. For comparison, lymphocytes of multiparous women have been studied. Skin fibroblasts from a panel of normal donors were used as targets, and effector cells were cryopreserved peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) demonstrated restricted reactivity against target cells, an indication of specificity. It detected presensitization more often than a standard test for cytotoxic antibodies. This difference is not attributable to differences in sensitivity of the two tests, since some patients were at least once LMC negative and cytotoxic antibody positive, and the antigens detected by both tests were different in patients who had positive LMC and cytotoxic antibodies simultaneously. In some experiments, LMC target determinants were not HLA serologically detectable antigens. Furthermore, lymphocytes obtained after transplant rejection were cytotoxic for targets which did not share the donors' serological mismatches. These results suggest that antigens other than HLA-A and B may be the determinants recognized in the microcytotoxicity assay.", "contents": "Cellular presensitization to alloantigens in haemodialyzed patients. The state of cellular alloimmunity in haemodialyzed patients has been assessed by a microcytotoxicity assay and compared with that in healthy donors. Some of the patients were also studied during the weeks following a first kidney transplant rejection. For comparison, lymphocytes of multiparous women have been studied. Skin fibroblasts from a panel of normal donors were used as targets, and effector cells were cryopreserved peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) demonstrated restricted reactivity against target cells, an indication of specificity. It detected presensitization more often than a standard test for cytotoxic antibodies. This difference is not attributable to differences in sensitivity of the two tests, since some patients were at least once LMC negative and cytotoxic antibody positive, and the antigens detected by both tests were different in patients who had positive LMC and cytotoxic antibodies simultaneously. In some experiments, LMC target determinants were not HLA serologically detectable antigens. Furthermore, lymphocytes obtained after transplant rejection were cytotoxic for targets which did not share the donors' serological mismatches. These results suggest that antigens other than HLA-A and B may be the determinants recognized in the microcytotoxicity assay.", "PMID": 65034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1493", "title": "Immunogenicity of HLA antigens purified from serum.", "content": "The immunogenic properties of HLA-A9 antigens isolated from serum have been evaluated. A9 antigens at various stages of purification can elicit the formation of cytotoxic antibodies which become operationally specific to A9 either after absorption of the xenoantisera with cultured human lymphoid cells or human red blood cells, or after dilution of xenoantisera with human serum. A9 xenoantisera do no affect mixed lymphocyte reactions between allogeneic lymphocytes carrying A9, suggesting that coating of antigens of the A locus does not impair the functional activity of lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of HLA antigens purified from serum. The immunogenic properties of HLA-A9 antigens isolated from serum have been evaluated. A9 antigens at various stages of purification can elicit the formation of cytotoxic antibodies which become operationally specific to A9 either after absorption of the xenoantisera with cultured human lymphoid cells or human red blood cells, or after dilution of xenoantisera with human serum. A9 xenoantisera do no affect mixed lymphocyte reactions between allogeneic lymphocytes carrying A9, suggesting that coating of antigens of the A locus does not impair the functional activity of lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "PMID": 65035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1494", "title": "The effect of timing of skin grafts on subsequent survival in ALS-treated, marrow-infused mice.", "content": "It has previously been shown that the survival of C3H/He skin grafts can be prolonged on ALS-treated (C57 x A)F1 mice by the injection of C3H/He bone marrow cells 7 days after grafting. Experiments have now been done to study the influence of timing of the skin graft on its subsequent survival. Single grafts were placed either before or after marrow was given. Paired grafts on the same animal were also studied, one placed before and one after marrow was given. Grafts placed before marrow was given, whether single or paired, showed equal and significant prolongation while grafts placed after marrow was given showed only slight prolongation compared with ALS controls. Paired grafts showed distinctly different survival curves depending on their time of placement in relation to injection of marrow. The pattern of graft survival suggests that the graft prolongation achieved is attributable to a mechanism similar to enhancement. Experiments were also done to see whether a state of preexisting immunity to the skin graft donor induced by the injection of marrow could be manipulated to achieve prolonged graft survival. (C57 x A)F1 mice were treated with ALS, given injections of C3H/He marrow, and grafted 56 days later with C3H/He skin either with or without additional ALS at the time of grafting. If no ALS was given grafts were rejected in accelerated fashion, indicating that the previous injection of marrow had sensitized the recipient. With additional ALS, the prolongation of graft survival achieved far exceeded that seen using our standard protocol of skin grafting a week before marrow is given. This represents one of the first demonstrations of positive alteration of a preexisting state of immunity to achieve graft prolongation which exceeds that expected by giving ALS immunosuppression alone to a presensitized animal.", "contents": "The effect of timing of skin grafts on subsequent survival in ALS-treated, marrow-infused mice. It has previously been shown that the survival of C3H/He skin grafts can be prolonged on ALS-treated (C57 x A)F1 mice by the injection of C3H/He bone marrow cells 7 days after grafting. Experiments have now been done to study the influence of timing of the skin graft on its subsequent survival. Single grafts were placed either before or after marrow was given. Paired grafts on the same animal were also studied, one placed before and one after marrow was given. Grafts placed before marrow was given, whether single or paired, showed equal and significant prolongation while grafts placed after marrow was given showed only slight prolongation compared with ALS controls. Paired grafts showed distinctly different survival curves depending on their time of placement in relation to injection of marrow. The pattern of graft survival suggests that the graft prolongation achieved is attributable to a mechanism similar to enhancement. Experiments were also done to see whether a state of preexisting immunity to the skin graft donor induced by the injection of marrow could be manipulated to achieve prolonged graft survival. (C57 x A)F1 mice were treated with ALS, given injections of C3H/He marrow, and grafted 56 days later with C3H/He skin either with or without additional ALS at the time of grafting. If no ALS was given grafts were rejected in accelerated fashion, indicating that the previous injection of marrow had sensitized the recipient. With additional ALS, the prolongation of graft survival achieved far exceeded that seen using our standard protocol of skin grafting a week before marrow is given. This represents one of the first demonstrations of positive alteration of a preexisting state of immunity to achieve graft prolongation which exceeds that expected by giving ALS immunosuppression alone to a presensitized animal.", "PMID": 65036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1495", "title": "[Immunologic properties of fructose diphosphate aldolase in rabbit muscle under normal conditions and during fasting].", "content": "Methods of double diffusion failed to detect differences in immunological properties of aldolase from muscles of normal rabbits and those fasting for a long time. Therefore a quantitative method was used to inhibit the aldolase activity by homologous and heterologous antisera. The data obtained evidence for appearance of additional antigen determinants in an algolase molecule of the animals fasting for a long time; the determinants being sterically connected with the site of the enzyme active centre.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties of fructose diphosphate aldolase in rabbit muscle under normal conditions and during fasting]. Methods of double diffusion failed to detect differences in immunological properties of aldolase from muscles of normal rabbits and those fasting for a long time. Therefore a quantitative method was used to inhibit the aldolase activity by homologous and heterologous antisera. The data obtained evidence for appearance of additional antigen determinants in an algolase molecule of the animals fasting for a long time; the determinants being sterically connected with the site of the enzyme active centre.", "PMID": 65041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1496", "title": "Adriamycin plus bleomycin versus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine in advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The paper reports the results of a prospective controlled study with two drug combinations (adriamycin plus bleomycin versus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine) in 34 consecutive patients with advanced or recurrent carcinoma of uterine cervix. Despite adequate dosage, the incidence of complete and partial remission was low (10% vs 20%) and not superior to that usually obtained with single agent chemotherapy. By adding objective improvement, the over all response rate was 47% and 26%, respectively. The duration of complete plus partial remission was 7.5 and 7.2 months, the median survival for responders 19 and 8.3 months, respectively. After cross over, adriamycin plus bleomycin yielded response in 4/10 patients, cyclophosphamide plus vincristine objective improvement in 1/3 patients. Since the control of advanced cervical carcinoma remains difficult, a combined modality approach with radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy for stages IIB and III appears worth of trial.", "contents": "Adriamycin plus bleomycin versus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine in advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The paper reports the results of a prospective controlled study with two drug combinations (adriamycin plus bleomycin versus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine) in 34 consecutive patients with advanced or recurrent carcinoma of uterine cervix. Despite adequate dosage, the incidence of complete and partial remission was low (10% vs 20%) and not superior to that usually obtained with single agent chemotherapy. By adding objective improvement, the over all response rate was 47% and 26%, respectively. The duration of complete plus partial remission was 7.5 and 7.2 months, the median survival for responders 19 and 8.3 months, respectively. After cross over, adriamycin plus bleomycin yielded response in 4/10 patients, cyclophosphamide plus vincristine objective improvement in 1/3 patients. Since the control of advanced cervical carcinoma remains difficult, a combined modality approach with radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy for stages IIB and III appears worth of trial.", "PMID": 65039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1497", "title": "The migrating thermodynamic quantum hypothesis for cytoplasmic streaming, sodium pumping and other cell biological phenomena, deduced from biofunctional considerations of the ultrastructure of brush border microvilli.", "content": "An attempt is made to reconcile experimental data dealing with, inter alia, cytoplasmic streaming in Characean algae, contraction in actomyosin systems. Na+- and -K+-simtulated ATPase activity and the ultrastructure of brush border microvilli. It is postulated that myosin molecules transfer energy from ATP to an actin-containing filament and that a high energy conformation is subsequently propagated along the filament. At regularly spaced intervals corresponding to the length of an actin-tropomyosin subunit, the propagation of high energy involves rejection of a pressure pulse in the direction of cytoplasmic streaming. Proteins in solution capable of storing the thermodynamic energy represented by the pressure pulse will either migrate in the opposite direction or conserve the quantized cytoplasmic flow generated by the actin-containing filaments. At sites where actin filaments are attached to the plasma membrane the high energy is propagated in another direction leading to expulsion of sodium ions and neutralization of the vectorial pressure pulse.", "contents": "The migrating thermodynamic quantum hypothesis for cytoplasmic streaming, sodium pumping and other cell biological phenomena, deduced from biofunctional considerations of the ultrastructure of brush border microvilli. An attempt is made to reconcile experimental data dealing with, inter alia, cytoplasmic streaming in Characean algae, contraction in actomyosin systems. Na+- and -K+-simtulated ATPase activity and the ultrastructure of brush border microvilli. It is postulated that myosin molecules transfer energy from ATP to an actin-containing filament and that a high energy conformation is subsequently propagated along the filament. At regularly spaced intervals corresponding to the length of an actin-tropomyosin subunit, the propagation of high energy involves rejection of a pressure pulse in the direction of cytoplasmic streaming. Proteins in solution capable of storing the thermodynamic energy represented by the pressure pulse will either migrate in the opposite direction or conserve the quantized cytoplasmic flow generated by the actin-containing filaments. At sites where actin filaments are attached to the plasma membrane the high energy is propagated in another direction leading to expulsion of sodium ions and neutralization of the vectorial pressure pulse.", "PMID": 65043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1498", "title": "Therapy of advanced esophageal cancer with bleomycin, irradiation and combination of bleomycin with irradiation.", "content": "Results from treating 51 patients with advanced esophageal cancer are presented. Fifteen patients were treated with Bleomycin, 12 with radiotherapy, and 24 with a combination of bleomycin and radiotherapy. The best results were achieved in the group of patients treated with combined therapy showing 62% objective remissions (15/24) which was statistically significant (P less than 0.001) in comparison to the other groups. In the Bleomycin therapy group, there were 26% objective remissions (4/15), and in the group treated only with radiotherapy 33% (4/12)- The median duration of remission was 9 months in the combined therapy group, 6.3 months in the group treated with radiotherapy, and 2.6 months in the Bleomycin treated group. The authors concluded that the combination of Bleomycin and radiotherapy seems to be a further step in palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer.", "contents": "Therapy of advanced esophageal cancer with bleomycin, irradiation and combination of bleomycin with irradiation. Results from treating 51 patients with advanced esophageal cancer are presented. Fifteen patients were treated with Bleomycin, 12 with radiotherapy, and 24 with a combination of bleomycin and radiotherapy. The best results were achieved in the group of patients treated with combined therapy showing 62% objective remissions (15/24) which was statistically significant (P less than 0.001) in comparison to the other groups. In the Bleomycin therapy group, there were 26% objective remissions (4/15), and in the group treated only with radiotherapy 33% (4/12)- The median duration of remission was 9 months in the combined therapy group, 6.3 months in the group treated with radiotherapy, and 2.6 months in the Bleomycin treated group. The authors concluded that the combination of Bleomycin and radiotherapy seems to be a further step in palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer.", "PMID": 65040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1499", "title": "[Bacterial infection in cows associated with abortion, endometritis and sterility].", "content": "Isolated were two types of bacteria (having common morphologic and cultural behaviour and related antigenic composition) from aborted fetuses and placentae of cows with a positive reaction after both Huddleson and placentae of cows with a positive reaction afterboth Huddleson and Wright. They were shown to be new species of the group Mimeae and the genus Yersinia. It was demonstrated through immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis that these new bacteria present antigenic relationship with Brucella organisms. A common O-antigen determinant was found to exist in the isolated bacteria and the S-and R-Brucellae and Br. ovis. The pathogenic effect was tested of the newly isolated bacteria on experimental animals, establishing a certain degree of uterotropism. An abortion was reproduced in a pregnant heifer by means of the intravenous injection of a bacterial culture. The serologic reaction presented by the animal proved comparable with that of cows exhibiting a natural infection process.", "contents": "[Bacterial infection in cows associated with abortion, endometritis and sterility]. Isolated were two types of bacteria (having common morphologic and cultural behaviour and related antigenic composition) from aborted fetuses and placentae of cows with a positive reaction after both Huddleson and placentae of cows with a positive reaction afterboth Huddleson and Wright. They were shown to be new species of the group Mimeae and the genus Yersinia. It was demonstrated through immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis that these new bacteria present antigenic relationship with Brucella organisms. A common O-antigen determinant was found to exist in the isolated bacteria and the S-and R-Brucellae and Br. ovis. The pathogenic effect was tested of the newly isolated bacteria on experimental animals, establishing a certain degree of uterotropism. An abortion was reproduced in a pregnant heifer by means of the intravenous injection of a bacterial culture. The serologic reaction presented by the animal proved comparable with that of cows exhibiting a natural infection process.", "PMID": 65045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1500", "title": "[Effect of lactoplasmin, gamma-globulin, Filatov's swine embryo tissue preparation and hyperimmune rabbit serum on several hematologic indices and morbidity among cattle with bronchopneumonia].", "content": "Studied was the effect of lactoplasmin, gamma-globulin, a tissue preparation of swine embryos after Filatov, and a hyperimmune rabbit serum on the hemopoieis, the white blood picture, and the morbidity rate in calves with bronchopneumonia. It was found that these preparations influence favourably the white blood picture, the clotting time of blood, and the resistance of calves. With the test calves the morbidity rate was lower than in the controls. Best prophylactic effect was produced with use of tissue preparations and lactoplasmin.", "contents": "[Effect of lactoplasmin, gamma-globulin, Filatov's swine embryo tissue preparation and hyperimmune rabbit serum on several hematologic indices and morbidity among cattle with bronchopneumonia]. Studied was the effect of lactoplasmin, gamma-globulin, a tissue preparation of swine embryos after Filatov, and a hyperimmune rabbit serum on the hemopoieis, the white blood picture, and the morbidity rate in calves with bronchopneumonia. It was found that these preparations influence favourably the white blood picture, the clotting time of blood, and the resistance of calves. With the test calves the morbidity rate was lower than in the controls. Best prophylactic effect was produced with use of tissue preparations and lactoplasmin.", "PMID": 65046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1501", "title": "[Effect of Filatov's tissue preparation and and a globulin preparation on weight gain in calves].", "content": "A comparitive experiment was carried out with 81 calves, aged 4-15 days, to establish the effect of a tissue preparation of swine embryos after Filatov, colostral lactoplasmin, and bovine gammaglobulin as prophylactic and therapeutic means, on the sera proteins. It was found that these preparations show no influence on the protein fraction ratio. It has also been pointed out that these agents produce a strong stimulative effect on the average daily weight gain of calves up to the sixtieth day following treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of Filatov's tissue preparation and and a globulin preparation on weight gain in calves]. A comparitive experiment was carried out with 81 calves, aged 4-15 days, to establish the effect of a tissue preparation of swine embryos after Filatov, colostral lactoplasmin, and bovine gammaglobulin as prophylactic and therapeutic means, on the sera proteins. It was found that these preparations show no influence on the protein fraction ratio. It has also been pointed out that these agents produce a strong stimulative effect on the average daily weight gain of calves up to the sixtieth day following treatment.", "PMID": 65047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1502", "title": "[Relationship between the viability and pathogenicity of Heterskis gallinarum and the intensity of invasion and age of the infested chickens].", "content": "It has been found that the survival rate of Heterakis worms in chickens aged from one to seven months is directly dependent on the number of Heterakis eggs that have gained access in them only in the case of lower numbers of infective eggs (10 and 50). At comparatively larger numbers of eggs (500 and 2500) the survival rate has been highest at the 3- and 4-month-old chickens, and the morphologic changes in this age group are most pronouncedly expressed. Investigations have shown that the greatest survival rate corresponds to the weakest increase in the leukocyte count and the amount of the gamma-globulins in the 3- and 4-month-old chickens. In the one- and 2-month-old ones the Heterakis infection has caused a strong increase in the leukocyte count, and in those aged 5-7 month-old there has been also an increase in the gamma-globulins. The biochemical indices and the morphologic changes have not in all cases been directly dependent on the age of the infected birds, the number of the infective eggs given, and the number of the Heterakis helminths that have survived. Heterakis injection caused by a greater number of eggs is present by worms of a smaller size. Chickens infected at the age of more than five months have worms among which the female samples are considerably more than the male ones as compared with the respective numbers found in one- to 4-month-old birds.", "contents": "[Relationship between the viability and pathogenicity of Heterskis gallinarum and the intensity of invasion and age of the infested chickens]. It has been found that the survival rate of Heterakis worms in chickens aged from one to seven months is directly dependent on the number of Heterakis eggs that have gained access in them only in the case of lower numbers of infective eggs (10 and 50). At comparatively larger numbers of eggs (500 and 2500) the survival rate has been highest at the 3- and 4-month-old chickens, and the morphologic changes in this age group are most pronouncedly expressed. Investigations have shown that the greatest survival rate corresponds to the weakest increase in the leukocyte count and the amount of the gamma-globulins in the 3- and 4-month-old chickens. In the one- and 2-month-old ones the Heterakis infection has caused a strong increase in the leukocyte count, and in those aged 5-7 month-old there has been also an increase in the gamma-globulins. The biochemical indices and the morphologic changes have not in all cases been directly dependent on the age of the infected birds, the number of the infective eggs given, and the number of the Heterakis helminths that have survived. Heterakis injection caused by a greater number of eggs is present by worms of a smaller size. Chickens infected at the age of more than five months have worms among which the female samples are considerably more than the male ones as compared with the respective numbers found in one- to 4-month-old birds.", "PMID": 65048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1503", "title": "Vascular lesions following perfusion with bleomycin. Electron-microscopic observations.", "content": "During intra-arterial perfusion therapy of oral squamous cell carcinomas with bleomycin, circumscribed necrotic areas in the perfused region are observed in a few cases. These are usually located in the acral regions. As the cause, a lesion of the blood vessels with formation of microthrombosis could be demonstrated. Electron-microscopic observations of the blood vessels in five bleomycin-perfused tumor areas demonstrated lesions of the endothelium characterized by swelling of the cells, formation of intracytoplasmatic vacuoles and villous projections into the lumen of the vessel. In arterioles, separation of the endothelium from the underlying tissue, swollen smooth muscle cells and destruction of elastic lamellae were found. These were the pacemakers for the formation of thrombosis. A negative influence of the vascular lesions on the cytostatic effect on the tumor is likely. Vascular lesions also constitute one of the initial factors for the development of the bleomycin-induced lung lesion (bleomycin lung).", "contents": "Vascular lesions following perfusion with bleomycin. Electron-microscopic observations. During intra-arterial perfusion therapy of oral squamous cell carcinomas with bleomycin, circumscribed necrotic areas in the perfused region are observed in a few cases. These are usually located in the acral regions. As the cause, a lesion of the blood vessels with formation of microthrombosis could be demonstrated. Electron-microscopic observations of the blood vessels in five bleomycin-perfused tumor areas demonstrated lesions of the endothelium characterized by swelling of the cells, formation of intracytoplasmatic vacuoles and villous projections into the lumen of the vessel. In arterioles, separation of the endothelium from the underlying tissue, swollen smooth muscle cells and destruction of elastic lamellae were found. These were the pacemakers for the formation of thrombosis. A negative influence of the vascular lesions on the cytostatic effect on the tumor is likely. Vascular lesions also constitute one of the initial factors for the development of the bleomycin-induced lung lesion (bleomycin lung).", "PMID": 65049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1504", "title": "[The results of palliative radiotherapy in 50 unselected cases of bone metastases].", "content": "A report is given on the results achieved in the palliative treatment of bone metastases by means of conventional radiotherapy in fifty unselected patients with different types of primary tumours. 14 % showed and excellent response and in 56 % a good result was obtained. In 14 % of the patients the treatment was unsuccessful, while in 16 % it was not possible to complete therapy because of the poor general condition of the patients. The response was independent of the histology or localization of the primary tumour.", "contents": "[The results of palliative radiotherapy in 50 unselected cases of bone metastases]. A report is given on the results achieved in the palliative treatment of bone metastases by means of conventional radiotherapy in fifty unselected patients with different types of primary tumours. 14 % showed and excellent response and in 56 % a good result was obtained. In 14 % of the patients the treatment was unsuccessful, while in 16 % it was not possible to complete therapy because of the poor general condition of the patients. The response was independent of the histology or localization of the primary tumour.", "PMID": 65057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1505", "title": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in coronary heart disease. Analysis by long-term-ecg, coronary arteriography and left ventriculography (author's transl)].", "content": "A dual channel long-term-Ecg monitoring system was used to investigate arrhythmias in 90 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary arteriography. There was no significant difference of ventricular arrhythmias during an observation period of 10 hours before and after cardiac catheterization. The incidence of ventricular premature beats (VPB) was significantly higher in coronary patients than in normal controls (normal coronary arteries and normal ventriculograms) or in a group of 24 healthy soldiers. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) the incidence of VPB's was 82 %. There was, however, no significant correlation between the severity of CAD and the number of VPB's although patients with 3-vessel disease showed a tendency to produce more extopic beats. In contrast, patients with generalized or regional left ventricular akinesis (systolic shortening less than 15 %) showed a significantly higher number of VPB's than patients with normal or hypokinetic ventricles. In addition the analysis of qualitative criteria of ventricular arrhythmias with regard to their prognostic significance following Lown's definition showed the same close correlation with ventricular dysfunction. In the group of patients with VPB's of high incidence and prognostic importance cardiac index and ejection fraction was significantly decreased and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure significantly elevated. In conclusion, coronary patients with left ventricular akinesis are prone not only to produce congestive heart failure, but also life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in coronary heart disease. Analysis by long-term-ecg, coronary arteriography and left ventriculography (author's transl)]. A dual channel long-term-Ecg monitoring system was used to investigate arrhythmias in 90 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary arteriography. There was no significant difference of ventricular arrhythmias during an observation period of 10 hours before and after cardiac catheterization. The incidence of ventricular premature beats (VPB) was significantly higher in coronary patients than in normal controls (normal coronary arteries and normal ventriculograms) or in a group of 24 healthy soldiers. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) the incidence of VPB's was 82 %. There was, however, no significant correlation between the severity of CAD and the number of VPB's although patients with 3-vessel disease showed a tendency to produce more extopic beats. In contrast, patients with generalized or regional left ventricular akinesis (systolic shortening less than 15 %) showed a significantly higher number of VPB's than patients with normal or hypokinetic ventricles. In addition the analysis of qualitative criteria of ventricular arrhythmias with regard to their prognostic significance following Lown's definition showed the same close correlation with ventricular dysfunction. In the group of patients with VPB's of high incidence and prognostic importance cardiac index and ejection fraction was significantly decreased and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure significantly elevated. In conclusion, coronary patients with left ventricular akinesis are prone not only to produce congestive heart failure, but also life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 65058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1506", "title": "[The ultrastructure of human pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "34 pituitary adenomas were examined by light and electron microscopical methods. Slices of tumor tissue fixed in formaldehyde or Bouin's solution, respectively, and embeded in paraffin were stained by hematoxylin-eosin, Goldner's method (including Orang G), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction, and in some cases by Herlant's tetrachrom. The ultrastructure was studied using tumor tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde within 1 hour after removal. The adenomas were classified by their light microscopical characteristics as chromophilic or chromophobe tumors. Employing the PAS reaction and Goldner's staining method, 27 adenomas were found to give intense or weak staining reactions. By electron microscopical investigation , all the adenomas studied were seen to contain secretory granules more or less densely packed within the cytoplasm. The number of these granules was strongly correlated with the intensity of the tinctorial properties of the tumor tissue. Out of 11 acidophilic adenomas, 10 were observed consisting of typical STH cells. 4 acromegalic patients were found to possess heavily or poorly granulated STH cell adenomas (two patients in each of these groups). One patient with a clinical history of liver cirrhosis and gynecomastia was observed bearing an acidophilic (and erythrosinophilic) adenomatous hyperplasia of prolactin cells, 13 tumors consisted of cells exhibiting almost weak amphophilic staining properties and secretory granules of 100-250nm diameter, thus resembling cells which have been reported to produced ACTH. One of the patients suffering from these adenomas, showed the clinical signs of M. Cushing. By ultrastructural criterions, 3 adenomas with PAS-positive tumor cells were considered to be composed of gonadotropic cells. Only 7 adenomas were observed which did not give any chromophilic reaction. These tumors consisted of extreme poorly granulated cells which could not be significantly associated with one of the pituitary hormones by their morphological properties. In respect of the abundance of mitochondria, 4 out of the adenomas were designated as oncocytic tumors.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of human pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. 34 pituitary adenomas were examined by light and electron microscopical methods. Slices of tumor tissue fixed in formaldehyde or Bouin's solution, respectively, and embeded in paraffin were stained by hematoxylin-eosin, Goldner's method (including Orang G), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction, and in some cases by Herlant's tetrachrom. The ultrastructure was studied using tumor tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde within 1 hour after removal. The adenomas were classified by their light microscopical characteristics as chromophilic or chromophobe tumors. Employing the PAS reaction and Goldner's staining method, 27 adenomas were found to give intense or weak staining reactions. By electron microscopical investigation , all the adenomas studied were seen to contain secretory granules more or less densely packed within the cytoplasm. The number of these granules was strongly correlated with the intensity of the tinctorial properties of the tumor tissue. Out of 11 acidophilic adenomas, 10 were observed consisting of typical STH cells. 4 acromegalic patients were found to possess heavily or poorly granulated STH cell adenomas (two patients in each of these groups). One patient with a clinical history of liver cirrhosis and gynecomastia was observed bearing an acidophilic (and erythrosinophilic) adenomatous hyperplasia of prolactin cells, 13 tumors consisted of cells exhibiting almost weak amphophilic staining properties and secretory granules of 100-250nm diameter, thus resembling cells which have been reported to produced ACTH. One of the patients suffering from these adenomas, showed the clinical signs of M. Cushing. By ultrastructural criterions, 3 adenomas with PAS-positive tumor cells were considered to be composed of gonadotropic cells. Only 7 adenomas were observed which did not give any chromophilic reaction. These tumors consisted of extreme poorly granulated cells which could not be significantly associated with one of the pituitary hormones by their morphological properties. In respect of the abundance of mitochondria, 4 out of the adenomas were designated as oncocytic tumors.", "PMID": 65063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1507", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of the Na+-K+-ATPase in the mechanism of axonal protein and nucleoside transport.", "content": "[3H]Proline and [3H]uridine were injected into both eyes of the goldfish. 1 h before and after this injection 3X10)-6)M ouabain was administrated unilaterally to the retina. 8 h and 24 h after tracer injection the radioactivity in the retina, optic nerve and tectum was measured. It is suggested that the inhibition of the neuronal Na+-K+-ATPase inside the retina is responsible for the reduction of the labelled material transported into the optic nerve.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of the Na+-K+-ATPase in the mechanism of axonal protein and nucleoside transport. [3H]Proline and [3H]uridine were injected into both eyes of the goldfish. 1 h before and after this injection 3X10)-6)M ouabain was administrated unilaterally to the retina. 8 h and 24 h after tracer injection the radioactivity in the retina, optic nerve and tectum was measured. It is suggested that the inhibition of the neuronal Na+-K+-ATPase inside the retina is responsible for the reduction of the labelled material transported into the optic nerve.", "PMID": 65059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1508", "title": "Effect of lindane on radio-carbon (14C) incorporation by Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Experiments conducted in vitro with three levels (1, 2, and 5 ppm active ingredient) of the insecticide lindane (gamma-BHC) showed no effect on the growth of Rhizobium japonicum, but altered the incorporation of radio-carbon (14C-glucose) into the different constituents of the growing cells. While all the three levels of the insecticide significantly depressed the incorporation of radiocarbon in the alcohol-extractable fraction, with no effect on the alcohol-ether soluble fraction of the cells, the 2 and 5 ppm levels enhanced the incorporation rate in the cold-TCA soluble fraction, but reduced it in the hot-TCA soluble fraction. Only with the 5ppm level of the insecticide treatment an increase in the specific activity of the insoluble protein fraction of the cells was observed. The results indicated that lindane, at various concentrations, affected the carbon (glucose) metabolism of the Rhizobium cells.", "contents": "Effect of lindane on radio-carbon (14C) incorporation by Rhizobium japonicum. Experiments conducted in vitro with three levels (1, 2, and 5 ppm active ingredient) of the insecticide lindane (gamma-BHC) showed no effect on the growth of Rhizobium japonicum, but altered the incorporation of radio-carbon (14C-glucose) into the different constituents of the growing cells. While all the three levels of the insecticide significantly depressed the incorporation of radiocarbon in the alcohol-extractable fraction, with no effect on the alcohol-ether soluble fraction of the cells, the 2 and 5 ppm levels enhanced the incorporation rate in the cold-TCA soluble fraction, but reduced it in the hot-TCA soluble fraction. Only with the 5ppm level of the insecticide treatment an increase in the specific activity of the insoluble protein fraction of the cells was observed. The results indicated that lindane, at various concentrations, affected the carbon (glucose) metabolism of the Rhizobium cells.", "PMID": 65064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1509", "title": "Immunoglobulin diversity: correlation of non-allelic antigenic markers with the basic sequences of the variable region of human lambda chains.", "content": "Three forms of the amino terminal half (variable region) of human pathological lambda light chains of immunolglobulins were identified antigenically. By study of all completely sequenced Bence Jones proteins hitherto analyzed and a greater number of proteins subjected to automated sequence determination as well as normal light chains three distinct isotypic basic sequences were identified. The basic sequences are shown to be associated with characteristic antigenic markers representing three V region genes encoding the variable half of lambda chains of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin diversity: correlation of non-allelic antigenic markers with the basic sequences of the variable region of human lambda chains. Three forms of the amino terminal half (variable region) of human pathological lambda light chains of immunolglobulins were identified antigenically. By study of all completely sequenced Bence Jones proteins hitherto analyzed and a greater number of proteins subjected to automated sequence determination as well as normal light chains three distinct isotypic basic sequences were identified. The basic sequences are shown to be associated with characteristic antigenic markers representing three V region genes encoding the variable half of lambda chains of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 65060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1510", "title": "[Applications of mycoserological diagnostic methods in phytopathology. 2. Relations between the position of precipitation lines and reaction specificity].", "content": "Immunsera from rabbits were produced against 8 Fusarium species by way of immunisation using 10 injections with increasing antigen dosis. Homologeous and heterolgeous seroreactions were carried out by using angular double diffusion test. These investigations are aiming at the determination of the relations between the position of the precipatation-lines and the specifity of the reactions. The results are showing, that it is possible to characterize the quality of the antigen by means of the reaction speed of the immunologeous reagents. By this way it is also possible to differentiate several groups of Fusarium species with similar antigen-properties.", "contents": "[Applications of mycoserological diagnostic methods in phytopathology. 2. Relations between the position of precipitation lines and reaction specificity]. Immunsera from rabbits were produced against 8 Fusarium species by way of immunisation using 10 injections with increasing antigen dosis. Homologeous and heterolgeous seroreactions were carried out by using angular double diffusion test. These investigations are aiming at the determination of the relations between the position of the precipatation-lines and the specifity of the reactions. The results are showing, that it is possible to characterize the quality of the antigen by means of the reaction speed of the immunologeous reagents. By this way it is also possible to differentiate several groups of Fusarium species with similar antigen-properties.", "PMID": 65065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1511", "title": "[Stress ulcer; origin and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Conditions like stress and shock influence each other and lead to irritation of the regio hypothalamica not only in its anterior but also in its posterior part with excitement of the n. vagus or the anterior lobe of the hypophysis respectively (ACTH-release with following release of cortisole). Irritation of the n. sympathicus and diminution of the circulating plasma volume are additional sides of the pathophysiological course. Sequels of this are: reduction of blood flow through the gastric mucosa, decrease of the protective ability of the mucus, secretion of an especially aggressive gastric juice and reflux of bile into the stomach. They lead to a breakdown of the mucosa barrier with releasing of histamine in the mucosa, to peptic, destruction of the gastric walls damaged regions and thus to the development of erosions and acute ulcers (AGML=acute gastric mucosal lesions). As to the aspect, these ulcers cannot be differentiated from those lesions of the mucosa which are induced by medicaments. To recognize a complicating hemorrhage in time an emergency endoscopy is recommended. Complicated perforations are seldom observed. Prognosis is bad in patients with complications. Therefore prophylactical measures are of special importance like vagotomy, medicamental blockade of the n. vagus and influencing of the n. sympathicus, infusions in time and in sufficient extent, application of anti-acida and, in case of bile reflux, cholestyramin. Therapy of hemorrhage should be made according to the endoscopical findings. Conservative therapy should be the first aim. If surgical therapy cannot be avoided, methods of minimal risk should be practised.", "contents": "[Stress ulcer; origin and treatment (author's transl)]. Conditions like stress and shock influence each other and lead to irritation of the regio hypothalamica not only in its anterior but also in its posterior part with excitement of the n. vagus or the anterior lobe of the hypophysis respectively (ACTH-release with following release of cortisole). Irritation of the n. sympathicus and diminution of the circulating plasma volume are additional sides of the pathophysiological course. Sequels of this are: reduction of blood flow through the gastric mucosa, decrease of the protective ability of the mucus, secretion of an especially aggressive gastric juice and reflux of bile into the stomach. They lead to a breakdown of the mucosa barrier with releasing of histamine in the mucosa, to peptic, destruction of the gastric walls damaged regions and thus to the development of erosions and acute ulcers (AGML=acute gastric mucosal lesions). As to the aspect, these ulcers cannot be differentiated from those lesions of the mucosa which are induced by medicaments. To recognize a complicating hemorrhage in time an emergency endoscopy is recommended. Complicated perforations are seldom observed. Prognosis is bad in patients with complications. Therefore prophylactical measures are of special importance like vagotomy, medicamental blockade of the n. vagus and influencing of the n. sympathicus, infusions in time and in sufficient extent, application of anti-acida and, in case of bile reflux, cholestyramin. Therapy of hemorrhage should be made according to the endoscopical findings. Conservative therapy should be the first aim. If surgical therapy cannot be avoided, methods of minimal risk should be practised.", "PMID": 65066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1512", "title": "[Mechanical ileus (author's transl)].", "content": "181 patients with mechanical bowel obstruction were treated between 1965 and 1974 at the First Surgical Clinic of the University of Vienna. 172 were operated, 7 had conservative treatment. 1. the mortality was 24,3% and infavorably influenced by a) advanced malignant tumors, b) age over 60 years, c) preexistent peritonitis. -2. Enterotomy for bowel-decompression was in no case followed by a complication.- 3. Nobles operation should be performed only totally and in cases of severe adhaesions. 4. Discussion of the one stage operation in large bowel obstruction, which is only indicated in patients with good general condition. The high letality of 47% after operations in cases with ileus due to carcinosis peritonei requires critical indications for these operations.", "contents": "[Mechanical ileus (author's transl)]. 181 patients with mechanical bowel obstruction were treated between 1965 and 1974 at the First Surgical Clinic of the University of Vienna. 172 were operated, 7 had conservative treatment. 1. the mortality was 24,3% and infavorably influenced by a) advanced malignant tumors, b) age over 60 years, c) preexistent peritonitis. -2. Enterotomy for bowel-decompression was in no case followed by a complication.- 3. Nobles operation should be performed only totally and in cases of severe adhaesions. 4. Discussion of the one stage operation in large bowel obstruction, which is only indicated in patients with good general condition. The high letality of 47% after operations in cases with ileus due to carcinosis peritonei requires critical indications for these operations.", "PMID": 65067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1513", "title": "[A gradual method for a more physiological hormonal contraception].", "content": "The multiple physiologie stages of method by oral hormonal anticonception was reported, which have been in use in combination. Since 1969 about 362 women at the average age of 27,5 years received 10281 cycles, that means in an average cycles from 28,4 days, the stage method from 11/10 days or 7-7-7 days rhythmus.", "contents": "[A gradual method for a more physiological hormonal contraception]. The multiple physiologie stages of method by oral hormonal anticonception was reported, which have been in use in combination. Since 1969 about 362 women at the average age of 27,5 years received 10281 cycles, that means in an average cycles from 28,4 days, the stage method from 11/10 days or 7-7-7 days rhythmus.", "PMID": 65068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1514", "title": "[Recommendations for the use of cryotherapy in gynecology].", "content": "Bases on the experiences with the application of cryotherapy to 393 patients with 440 cryosurgical operations, special and general experiences concerning the cryotherapy in gynaecology are presented. Accordingly, the cryotherapy is suitable to increase the number of the conventional methods of medical attendance to the vulva, the vagina, and to the cervix uteri. The main possibilities of application are those to the sanitation indications of the portio, to the removal of acute condylomes, and to the pallative as well as to the curative therapy of the vulva carcinomes.", "contents": "[Recommendations for the use of cryotherapy in gynecology]. Bases on the experiences with the application of cryotherapy to 393 patients with 440 cryosurgical operations, special and general experiences concerning the cryotherapy in gynaecology are presented. Accordingly, the cryotherapy is suitable to increase the number of the conventional methods of medical attendance to the vulva, the vagina, and to the cervix uteri. The main possibilities of application are those to the sanitation indications of the portio, to the removal of acute condylomes, and to the pallative as well as to the curative therapy of the vulva carcinomes.", "PMID": 65069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1515", "title": "Detection of antigenic differences among street and fixed rabies virus strains by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test.", "content": "Using the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test, two street rabies virus strains (Mangosta and Apipe) revealed antigens not detected in the standard challenge virus (CVS). No antigenic differences, however, were found between CVS and another fixed rabies virus strain (strain 91) by this method. The results of serum neutralization tests revealed similar antigenic relationships among the rabies virus strains studied. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to antigenic variations in rabies virus strains.", "contents": "Detection of antigenic differences among street and fixed rabies virus strains by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test. Using the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test, two street rabies virus strains (Mangosta and Apipe) revealed antigens not detected in the standard challenge virus (CVS). No antigenic differences, however, were found between CVS and another fixed rabies virus strain (strain 91) by this method. The results of serum neutralization tests revealed similar antigenic relationships among the rabies virus strains studied. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to antigenic variations in rabies virus strains.", "PMID": 65070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1516", "title": "[Serological analysis of two complex Salmonella respectively Arizona O-groups (Salmonella O:48 and O:64 - Arizona O:5 and O:29) with the object of combining them into one Salmonella O-group 48 within the Kauffmann-White-schema (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1963 KAUFFMANN divided O-group Y (= O:48) of the KAUFFMANN-WHITE-Schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g. 481, 482 - S. dahlem; 481, 482, 483 - S. djakarta; 481, 483, 484 = Citrobacter no. 2624/36. He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S. dahlem and S. djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum. At that time, serological relations- especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities) - between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz. between the Salmonella group 0:48 and the Arizona group O:5. It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 484 defined by KAUFMANN in the Citrobacter culture no. 2624 embraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (= Arizona group O:29). Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factorserum 484, defined by KAUFFMANN. A special O:64 serum is no longer required. The Salmonella antigen 64 (Ar. 29 or 5.29) has a rule the partial antigens 481, 483, 484 (= Ar. 5,29). Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 483; their components are 481 and 484 (= Ar. 29). The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (= Arizona 29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Ar. 5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White-Schema and the Arizona Antigenic Schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis.", "contents": "[Serological analysis of two complex Salmonella respectively Arizona O-groups (Salmonella O:48 and O:64 - Arizona O:5 and O:29) with the object of combining them into one Salmonella O-group 48 within the Kauffmann-White-schema (author's transl)]. In 1963 KAUFFMANN divided O-group Y (= O:48) of the KAUFFMANN-WHITE-Schema into 3 sub-groups, e.g. 481, 482 - S. dahlem; 481, 482, 483 - S. djakarta; 481, 483, 484 = Citrobacter no. 2624/36. He also recommended the use of the two serotypes S. dahlem and S. djakarta for the preparation of a diagnostic group-serum. At that time, serological relations- especially O-antigenic relations (and even some identities) - between the separate Salmonella and Arizona genera were known, viz. between the Salmonella group 0:48 and the Arizona group O:5. It has now been found that there exist also close serological relations between the Salmonella O-groups 48 and 64 on the one hand and to the corresponding Arizona O-groups 5 and 29 on the other hand, in connection with which the special factor 484 defined by KAUFMANN in the Citrobacter culture no. 2624 embraces the whole Salmonella group O:64 (= Arizona group O:29). Therefore, every Salmonella O:64 strain and Arizona O:29 serotype respectively can be agglutinated with factorserum 484, defined by KAUFFMANN. A special O:64 serum is no longer required. The Salmonella antigen 64 (Ar. 29 or 5.29) has a rule the partial antigens 481, 483, 484 (= Ar. 5,29). Only a few serotypes do not possess factor 483; their components are 481 and 484 (= Ar. 29). The evidence of our findings demonstrates that the Salmonella O-group 64 (= Arizona 29) should be combined with O-group 48 (Ar. 5) and erased from the original Kauffmann-White-Schema and the Arizona Antigenic Schema to avoid a wrong diagnosis.", "PMID": 65071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1517", "title": "[On the similarity of antigen between fungi and Salmonella. 4. Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "The immune sera for Candida membranefaciens (C. majoricensis), Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Syringospora stellatoidea and Torulopsis candida agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated Candida membranefaciens (C. majoricensis), Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila, Metschnikowia biscuspidata, Syringospora stelladoidea and Torulopsis candida. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested fungi species and in S. cholerae-suis (6,7).", "contents": "[On the similarity of antigen between fungi and Salmonella. 4. Communication (author's transl)]. The immune sera for Candida membranefaciens (C. majoricensis), Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Syringospora stellatoidea and Torulopsis candida agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated Candida membranefaciens (C. majoricensis), Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila, Metschnikowia biscuspidata, Syringospora stelladoidea and Torulopsis candida. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested fungi species and in S. cholerae-suis (6,7).", "PMID": 65072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1518", "title": "[Experimental infection of domestic animals with R. prowazeki and R. canada].", "content": "The authors infected lambs with R. prowazeki and R. canada to ascertain their possible role in the natural infection of the animals. The lambs were infected subcutaneously with increasing doses; rickettsiemia was recorded with the aid of tests on guinea pigs and Ixodidae and Argasidae ticks fed on the lambs. Dynamics of antibody formation was ascertained in the infected animals in the agglutination reaction and in the complement fixation test. The antigenic affinity of R. canada and rickettsia of the typhoid group and the presence of common antigenic determinants with the Proteus OX19 was confirmed. The absence of any clinical manifestations, the character of antibody formation, impossibility of inducing the generalized infection and of the isolation of the causative agent from the blood pointed to the low susceptibility of lambs to R. prowazeki and R. canada; thus a possibility of circulation of the causative agents of typhius among the domestic animals scarcely probable.", "contents": "[Experimental infection of domestic animals with R. prowazeki and R. canada]. The authors infected lambs with R. prowazeki and R. canada to ascertain their possible role in the natural infection of the animals. The lambs were infected subcutaneously with increasing doses; rickettsiemia was recorded with the aid of tests on guinea pigs and Ixodidae and Argasidae ticks fed on the lambs. Dynamics of antibody formation was ascertained in the infected animals in the agglutination reaction and in the complement fixation test. The antigenic affinity of R. canada and rickettsia of the typhoid group and the presence of common antigenic determinants with the Proteus OX19 was confirmed. The absence of any clinical manifestations, the character of antibody formation, impossibility of inducing the generalized infection and of the isolation of the causative agent from the blood pointed to the low susceptibility of lambs to R. prowazeki and R. canada; thus a possibility of circulation of the causative agents of typhius among the domestic animals scarcely probable.", "PMID": 65076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1519", "title": "[Avidity criteria in assessing the functional activity of antigens, antibodies and non-specific serum inhibitors on a model of the kinetic reaction of hemagglutination suppression with arboviruses].", "content": "The functional activity of some arboviruses of groups A and B, of the antibodies and serum inhibitors was studied on a model of the kinetic hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) by different avidity criteria (velocity, completeness and stability of formation of a neutral complex). The avidity indices of the antigens, antibodies and the inhibitors proved to depend on the group, species and strain peculiarities of the arboviruses, the method of preparation of the antigen, the biological species of the donor of the immune and normal blood sera, the method of treatment of the sera and a number of other factors. There proved to be no constan-correlation between the avidity of the strain and the avidity of the serum immune to it. Inhibitors of the normal rabbit and human sera were not less effective in comparison with the specific antibodies to a number of viral strains of tick-borne encephalitis and Japanese encephaliti or even exceeded them by the avidity indices to the antigens in the HAI test. The most active (functionally) strains can be recommended for obtaining high-quality viral (antigenic and serum) preparations.", "contents": "[Avidity criteria in assessing the functional activity of antigens, antibodies and non-specific serum inhibitors on a model of the kinetic reaction of hemagglutination suppression with arboviruses]. The functional activity of some arboviruses of groups A and B, of the antibodies and serum inhibitors was studied on a model of the kinetic hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) by different avidity criteria (velocity, completeness and stability of formation of a neutral complex). The avidity indices of the antigens, antibodies and the inhibitors proved to depend on the group, species and strain peculiarities of the arboviruses, the method of preparation of the antigen, the biological species of the donor of the immune and normal blood sera, the method of treatment of the sera and a number of other factors. There proved to be no constan-correlation between the avidity of the strain and the avidity of the serum immune to it. Inhibitors of the normal rabbit and human sera were not less effective in comparison with the specific antibodies to a number of viral strains of tick-borne encephalitis and Japanese encephaliti or even exceeded them by the avidity indices to the antigens in the HAI test. The most active (functionally) strains can be recommended for obtaining high-quality viral (antigenic and serum) preparations.", "PMID": 65077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1520", "title": "[Heart rhythm disorders in acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The authors studied 101 patients with a combination of acute disorders of brain circulation and changes in the rhythm of heart activity in the form of sinus tachycardia, extra-systolia, fluttering arythmia. In ischemic strokes fluttering arythmia was encountered quite frequently while as in hemmorhages it was almost never seen. In 20 cases disorders of heart rhythm appeared following several days or more after the stroke. These data permit to assume that disorders of rhythm in the heart activity may be one of the pathogenetical factors of acute disorders of brain circulation. Their appearance after strokes is most frequently associated with signs of acute or exacerbated coronary insufficiency. Flutter arythmia in patients with strokes should be taken into consideration indifferential diagnosis of brain haemmorhages and infarctions.", "contents": "[Heart rhythm disorders in acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. The authors studied 101 patients with a combination of acute disorders of brain circulation and changes in the rhythm of heart activity in the form of sinus tachycardia, extra-systolia, fluttering arythmia. In ischemic strokes fluttering arythmia was encountered quite frequently while as in hemmorhages it was almost never seen. In 20 cases disorders of heart rhythm appeared following several days or more after the stroke. These data permit to assume that disorders of rhythm in the heart activity may be one of the pathogenetical factors of acute disorders of brain circulation. Their appearance after strokes is most frequently associated with signs of acute or exacerbated coronary insufficiency. Flutter arythmia in patients with strokes should be taken into consideration indifferential diagnosis of brain haemmorhages and infarctions.", "PMID": 65080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1521", "title": "Effect of antibody on interaction between vitamin B2 and riboflavin apoprotein.", "content": "1. Dissociation of riboflavin from flavoprotein and from the flavoprotein-antibody complex occurs under the same conditions. 2. The precipitated apoprotein-antibody complex retains 15% of the apoprotein capacity to bind riboflavin. After solubilization of the complex in 0.3 M-KCl or 1 M-urea, the binding of riboflavin amounts to 80 - 90% of its capacity. 3. The apoprotein modified by oxidation of 50% of tryptophan residues loses the ability to bind riboflavin but its immunological reactivity with the anti-flavoprotein antibody is similar to that of native apoprotein. The apoprotein with all tryptophan residues oxidized shows much lower immunoreactivity. 4. The obtained results suggest that in riboflavin flavoprotein the region around the riboflavin-binding site does not show the properties of an antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Effect of antibody on interaction between vitamin B2 and riboflavin apoprotein. 1. Dissociation of riboflavin from flavoprotein and from the flavoprotein-antibody complex occurs under the same conditions. 2. The precipitated apoprotein-antibody complex retains 15% of the apoprotein capacity to bind riboflavin. After solubilization of the complex in 0.3 M-KCl or 1 M-urea, the binding of riboflavin amounts to 80 - 90% of its capacity. 3. The apoprotein modified by oxidation of 50% of tryptophan residues loses the ability to bind riboflavin but its immunological reactivity with the anti-flavoprotein antibody is similar to that of native apoprotein. The apoprotein with all tryptophan residues oxidized shows much lower immunoreactivity. 4. The obtained results suggest that in riboflavin flavoprotein the region around the riboflavin-binding site does not show the properties of an antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 65081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1522", "title": "The accumulation of immunoglobulins in the human tonsil.", "content": "The concentration of 5 types of immunoglobulins in both serum and the faucial tonsil was determined. The level for all types was significantly higher in the tonsil. IgG was detected as the main immunoglobulin in the tonsil, while the concentration of the other types was in about the same range. With the shortening of the biological half-live the accumulation index increases. The results give evidence for the antibody formation in the tonsil.", "contents": "The accumulation of immunoglobulins in the human tonsil. The concentration of 5 types of immunoglobulins in both serum and the faucial tonsil was determined. The level for all types was significantly higher in the tonsil. IgG was detected as the main immunoglobulin in the tonsil, while the concentration of the other types was in about the same range. With the shortening of the biological half-live the accumulation index increases. The results give evidence for the antibody formation in the tonsil.", "PMID": 65082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1523", "title": "[Evidence of pseudoisocyanine--positive endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa of the dog].", "content": "The tunica mucosa of the stomach and the other parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum colon) of the dog has been investigated in order t to demonstrate insulin producing cells. By means of thepseudoisocyanine-reaction it was possible to visualize in the lamina epithelialis of the stomach singular cells containing metachromatically reacting granules. It was possible to distinguish these cells from mast cells localised outside of the lamina epithelialis of the tunica mucosa. The value of this observation is given by the fact that until now hormone producing cells could be demonstrated in the laimina epithelialis of stomach and intestine of mammalia with exception of insulin-producing cells.", "contents": "[Evidence of pseudoisocyanine--positive endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa of the dog]. The tunica mucosa of the stomach and the other parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum colon) of the dog has been investigated in order t to demonstrate insulin producing cells. By means of thepseudoisocyanine-reaction it was possible to visualize in the lamina epithelialis of the stomach singular cells containing metachromatically reacting granules. It was possible to distinguish these cells from mast cells localised outside of the lamina epithelialis of the tunica mucosa. The value of this observation is given by the fact that until now hormone producing cells could be demonstrated in the laimina epithelialis of stomach and intestine of mammalia with exception of insulin-producing cells.", "PMID": 65095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1524", "title": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines. IV. Cytologic and histochemical characteristics.", "content": "The cytologic and histochemical characteristics of seven established human melanoma cell lines were studied using monolayer culture and cytocentrifuge perparations. The morphology of the cells is different in the two preparations. There is a strong resemblance between the Cytocentrifuge preparations and the histological tissue sections and cytologic smears that are used in routine diagnostic work.", "contents": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines. IV. Cytologic and histochemical characteristics. The cytologic and histochemical characteristics of seven established human melanoma cell lines were studied using monolayer culture and cytocentrifuge perparations. The morphology of the cells is different in the two preparations. There is a strong resemblance between the Cytocentrifuge preparations and the histological tissue sections and cytologic smears that are used in routine diagnostic work.", "PMID": 65091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1525", "title": "Stain using celestine blue B as substitute nuclear stain in routine cytologic examinations.", "content": "It was found that an improved Celestine blue B stain could be used satisfactorily for routine staining of cytologic smears as a substitute nuclear stain for hematoxylin. Whatever the clinical material, the results were no different from the findings obtained by staining with the usual Papanicolaou's method using hematoxylin.", "contents": "Stain using celestine blue B as substitute nuclear stain in routine cytologic examinations. It was found that an improved Celestine blue B stain could be used satisfactorily for routine staining of cytologic smears as a substitute nuclear stain for hematoxylin. Whatever the clinical material, the results were no different from the findings obtained by staining with the usual Papanicolaou's method using hematoxylin.", "PMID": 65092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1526", "title": "In vitro histamine release from leukocytes in penicillin allergies.", "content": "The definite diagnosis of Type I allergy against penicillin is very important. The in vivo tests used for this purpose may have some disadvantages for the patient. Among the in vitro tests used for the evidence and differential diagnosis of Type I allergy against penicillin, the determination of histamine release from leukocytes and the detection of IgE by the RAST test are the most promising. We have used the test of histamine release from leukocyte in this study of 18 cases, nine of whom had Type I hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and comprised the study group, the rest were control cases. The per cent of histamine release in the control group was \"zero\" while in the study group it ranged from 3.9 to 51.7 per cent. The results indicate that the method used in this study is a sensitive and reliable method for the diagnosis of Type I penicillin allergies.", "contents": "In vitro histamine release from leukocytes in penicillin allergies. The definite diagnosis of Type I allergy against penicillin is very important. The in vivo tests used for this purpose may have some disadvantages for the patient. Among the in vitro tests used for the evidence and differential diagnosis of Type I allergy against penicillin, the determination of histamine release from leukocytes and the detection of IgE by the RAST test are the most promising. We have used the test of histamine release from leukocyte in this study of 18 cases, nine of whom had Type I hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and comprised the study group, the rest were control cases. The per cent of histamine release in the control group was \"zero\" while in the study group it ranged from 3.9 to 51.7 per cent. The results indicate that the method used in this study is a sensitive and reliable method for the diagnosis of Type I penicillin allergies.", "PMID": 65096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1527", "title": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis or with cerebral infarction.", "content": "Ten patients with MS were studied with leukocyte migration in agarose technique to detect changes in reactivity to encephalitogenic protein in connexion with a relapse. Six showed significant reactivity within a few days after the relapse. It decreased or disappeared during the 2 weeks after the relapse, but sometimes reappeared and was found in tests performed 2-3 months later. Five patients with cerebral infarction were studied in a similar way--in three, marked reactivity was noted within a few days after the stroke; in these, reactivity decreased or disappeared in later tests. In the two other patients, reactivity appeared in the second and/or third test. The possibility of a reactivity as in epiphenomenon due to CNS tissue destruction is discussed, and the need for antigens with a more restricted specificity for such an analysis is stressed.", "contents": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis or with cerebral infarction. Ten patients with MS were studied with leukocyte migration in agarose technique to detect changes in reactivity to encephalitogenic protein in connexion with a relapse. Six showed significant reactivity within a few days after the relapse. It decreased or disappeared during the 2 weeks after the relapse, but sometimes reappeared and was found in tests performed 2-3 months later. Five patients with cerebral infarction were studied in a similar way--in three, marked reactivity was noted within a few days after the stroke; in these, reactivity decreased or disappeared in later tests. In the two other patients, reactivity appeared in the second and/or third test. The possibility of a reactivity as in epiphenomenon due to CNS tissue destruction is discussed, and the need for antigens with a more restricted specificity for such an analysis is stressed.", "PMID": 65098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1528", "title": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. I. Feature evaluation for the pattern recognition system.", "content": "A basic study was carried out to determine the parameters of a pattern recognition system for the automatic assessment of cytologic cell samples. Various cell features were extracted, whose combinations were evaluationed by an \"ambiguity function\". It was shown that the highest reliability can be obtained with a combination of the features of nuclear staining, nuclear area, area of cytoplasm, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear shape and chromatin pattern. However, recognition of the nuclear edge and chromatin patterns is complicated and makes automation difficult. Even if these two features are omitted, false positives do not exceed 20 per cent. Consequently screening of abnormal cells can be carried out by image recognition procedures by the use of a computer.", "contents": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. I. Feature evaluation for the pattern recognition system. A basic study was carried out to determine the parameters of a pattern recognition system for the automatic assessment of cytologic cell samples. Various cell features were extracted, whose combinations were evaluationed by an \"ambiguity function\". It was shown that the highest reliability can be obtained with a combination of the features of nuclear staining, nuclear area, area of cytoplasm, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear shape and chromatin pattern. However, recognition of the nuclear edge and chromatin patterns is complicated and makes automation difficult. Even if these two features are omitted, false positives do not exceed 20 per cent. Consequently screening of abnormal cells can be carried out by image recognition procedures by the use of a computer.", "PMID": 65093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1529", "title": "Myopathies with abnormal mitochondria. A clinical, histological, and electrophysiological study.", "content": "Among 135 consecutive patients with myopathy, 17 showed abnormalities in the mitochondria of muscle. In eight of these patients the abnormalities were demonstrated by electron microscopy. In all patients G\u00f6m\u00f6ri trichome stain showed red masses at the sites of the mitochondria and diformazan deposits when stained for mitochondrial enzymes. The patients could be divided into three groups: i) Nine patients had weakness of the extra-ocular muscles, either alone or associated with weakness of skeletal muscles and non-muscular signs. One patient with the oculo-cranio-somatic syndrome had two affected sibs. ii) Four patients had a facioscapulohumeral distribution of weakness. Three (two sisters and a maternal aunt) were in the same family, and the fourth patient had an affected sister. iii) Four patients were clinically heterogeneous. When mitochondrial alterations were the only pathological change in many fibers in a muscle, they were most often associated with an ocular or oculo-cranio-somatic syndrome. Electromyography showed changes indicating or suggestive of myopathy in all but one patient. There was a discrepancy between severe changes in the EMG and nearly normal fibers by hematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains. Serum creatine kinase was increased in 10 of 17 patients, in most 2-4 times the upper limit of normal.", "contents": "Myopathies with abnormal mitochondria. A clinical, histological, and electrophysiological study. Among 135 consecutive patients with myopathy, 17 showed abnormalities in the mitochondria of muscle. In eight of these patients the abnormalities were demonstrated by electron microscopy. In all patients G\u00f6m\u00f6ri trichome stain showed red masses at the sites of the mitochondria and diformazan deposits when stained for mitochondrial enzymes. The patients could be divided into three groups: i) Nine patients had weakness of the extra-ocular muscles, either alone or associated with weakness of skeletal muscles and non-muscular signs. One patient with the oculo-cranio-somatic syndrome had two affected sibs. ii) Four patients had a facioscapulohumeral distribution of weakness. Three (two sisters and a maternal aunt) were in the same family, and the fourth patient had an affected sister. iii) Four patients were clinically heterogeneous. When mitochondrial alterations were the only pathological change in many fibers in a muscle, they were most often associated with an ocular or oculo-cranio-somatic syndrome. Electromyography showed changes indicating or suggestive of myopathy in all but one patient. There was a discrepancy between severe changes in the EMG and nearly normal fibers by hematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains. Serum creatine kinase was increased in 10 of 17 patients, in most 2-4 times the upper limit of normal.", "PMID": 65099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1530", "title": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. II. Segmentation of cells and computer simulation.", "content": "In images of Papanicolaou stained cells 64 gray levels have been differentiated by scanning densitomery. One of the two peaks in a differential histogram indicates the threshold of the cytoplasm, the other that of the nucleus. The two modes indicate where in the digitized image of good segmentation of the cell from its background and the nucleus from the cytoplasm can be accomplished.", "contents": "Fundamental study of automatic cyto-screening for uterine cancer. II. Segmentation of cells and computer simulation. In images of Papanicolaou stained cells 64 gray levels have been differentiated by scanning densitomery. One of the two peaks in a differential histogram indicates the threshold of the cytoplasm, the other that of the nucleus. The two modes indicate where in the digitized image of good segmentation of the cell from its background and the nucleus from the cytoplasm can be accomplished.", "PMID": 65094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1531", "title": "About demyelinating properties of humoral antibodies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "In order to elucidate the role of humoral antibodies in the pathogenesis of myelin lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) a combined in vivo and in vitro study was done using rabbits immunized with the purified A1 basic protein. Rabbits injected with whole white matter were used for comparison. Demyelinating activity appeared in the rabbit sera 5 days after injection, as tested in myelinated organotypic tissue cultures. In spite of this no lesions of the myelin preceded the appearance of inflammatory cells in the living animals. In the spinal cord changes in vascular permeability, as revealed by leakage of Evans blue-albumin complex, appeared at the same time as the cells. In contrast to in vitro, the mere presence of circulating antibodies in vivo does not appear to be enough to cause structural changes of the myelin. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed; it is emphasized that the inflammatory changes develope first in areas where the so-called blood-brain barrier to diffusion of proteins is lacking.", "contents": "About demyelinating properties of humoral antibodies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In vivo and in vitro studies. In order to elucidate the role of humoral antibodies in the pathogenesis of myelin lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) a combined in vivo and in vitro study was done using rabbits immunized with the purified A1 basic protein. Rabbits injected with whole white matter were used for comparison. Demyelinating activity appeared in the rabbit sera 5 days after injection, as tested in myelinated organotypic tissue cultures. In spite of this no lesions of the myelin preceded the appearance of inflammatory cells in the living animals. In the spinal cord changes in vascular permeability, as revealed by leakage of Evans blue-albumin complex, appeared at the same time as the cells. In contrast to in vitro, the mere presence of circulating antibodies in vivo does not appear to be enough to cause structural changes of the myelin. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed; it is emphasized that the inflammatory changes develope first in areas where the so-called blood-brain barrier to diffusion of proteins is lacking.", "PMID": 65100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1532", "title": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of the ageing human cerebral cortex.", "content": "A recent quantitative electron microscopic study of biopsy samples of the cerebral cortex of neurologically normal individuals, aged between 15 and 54 years, has shown that atypical inclusions are present in neuronal and glial processes in small but appreciable numbers (Rees). It would be of interest to know whether these inclusions accumulate with age. This study therefore applied the same quantitative methods used in the previous study, to autopsy samples of frontal and temporal cortex from 3 non-demented ageing human brains (70-76 years). The results showed that in the areas of cortex examined, the number of inclusions in neuronal processes did not increase with age. However, the number of dense deposits in the cell bodies and processes of oligodendrocytes did increase significantly with age. In agreement with previous studies corpora amylacea were found in astrocytic processes. Senile plaques were not observed.", "contents": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of the ageing human cerebral cortex. A recent quantitative electron microscopic study of biopsy samples of the cerebral cortex of neurologically normal individuals, aged between 15 and 54 years, has shown that atypical inclusions are present in neuronal and glial processes in small but appreciable numbers (Rees). It would be of interest to know whether these inclusions accumulate with age. This study therefore applied the same quantitative methods used in the previous study, to autopsy samples of frontal and temporal cortex from 3 non-demented ageing human brains (70-76 years). The results showed that in the areas of cortex examined, the number of inclusions in neuronal processes did not increase with age. However, the number of dense deposits in the cell bodies and processes of oligodendrocytes did increase significantly with age. In agreement with previous studies corpora amylacea were found in astrocytic processes. Senile plaques were not observed.", "PMID": 65101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1533", "title": "Survival and liquid holding recovery in UV-sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after treatment with chemical mutagens and radiation.", "content": "Two UV-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad 3 and rad 6 were tested for sensitivity to X-rays, MMS, EMS, HNO2 and DEB. Rad 3 mutant is more sensitive than the wild type strain only to HNO2 and DEB, while rad 6 is cross sensitive both to X-rays and all chemicals tested. Liquid holding recovery (LHR) was studied by comparison of cell survival immediately after mutagen treatment and after 5 days of storage in phosphate buffer. LH greatly increases cell survival of rad 3 mutant after DEB and slightly after EMS, MMS and HNO2, while after UV treatment LH significantly decreases survival of this mutant. LH increases survival of rad 6 mutant after exposure to UV, MMS and HNO2, but decreases survival of DEB-treated cells. Exposure of wild type strain to LH results in an increase of survival after UV, and DEB but not after MMS and HNO2. The results suggest that LHR is a strain- and mutagen-specific phenomenon and cannot be explained within the present knowledge of repair processes in yeast.", "contents": "Survival and liquid holding recovery in UV-sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after treatment with chemical mutagens and radiation. Two UV-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad 3 and rad 6 were tested for sensitivity to X-rays, MMS, EMS, HNO2 and DEB. Rad 3 mutant is more sensitive than the wild type strain only to HNO2 and DEB, while rad 6 is cross sensitive both to X-rays and all chemicals tested. Liquid holding recovery (LHR) was studied by comparison of cell survival immediately after mutagen treatment and after 5 days of storage in phosphate buffer. LH greatly increases cell survival of rad 3 mutant after DEB and slightly after EMS, MMS and HNO2, while after UV treatment LH significantly decreases survival of this mutant. LH increases survival of rad 6 mutant after exposure to UV, MMS and HNO2, but decreases survival of DEB-treated cells. Exposure of wild type strain to LH results in an increase of survival after UV, and DEB but not after MMS and HNO2. The results suggest that LHR is a strain- and mutagen-specific phenomenon and cannot be explained within the present knowledge of repair processes in yeast.", "PMID": 65102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1534", "title": "Host specificity of DNA in Haemophilus influenzae: DNA restriction enzyme from H. influenzae Rf232.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease has been partially purified from Haemophilus influenzae Rf232 containing the genetically determined system of restriction and modification of DNA. The enzyme requires ATP for the degradation of transfecting phage DNA.", "contents": "Host specificity of DNA in Haemophilus influenzae: DNA restriction enzyme from H. influenzae Rf232. A restriction endonuclease has been partially purified from Haemophilus influenzae Rf232 containing the genetically determined system of restriction and modification of DNA. The enzyme requires ATP for the degradation of transfecting phage DNA.", "PMID": 65103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1535", "title": "Effect of the culture medium and incubation time on auxins production by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris l.).", "content": "Studies were performed on the effect of culture medium and incubation time on the production of auxins by bacteria. The bacteria studied produced more auxins in the mineral medium containing glucose and tryptophan than in that enriched with casamino acids and yeast extract. The amount of auxins elaborated depended both upon the strain and the age of the culture. Some strains produced the largest amounts of these substances after 7 days of incubation while others required a longer period. Most of the substances showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.3-0.4 and 0.8-1.0.", "contents": "Effect of the culture medium and incubation time on auxins production by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris l.). Studies were performed on the effect of culture medium and incubation time on the production of auxins by bacteria. The bacteria studied produced more auxins in the mineral medium containing glucose and tryptophan than in that enriched with casamino acids and yeast extract. The amount of auxins elaborated depended both upon the strain and the age of the culture. Some strains produced the largest amounts of these substances after 7 days of incubation while others required a longer period. Most of the substances showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.3-0.4 and 0.8-1.0.", "PMID": 65104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1536", "title": "Adenylate energy charge and the steroid 11 alfa-hydroxylase activity in Monosporium olivaceum during growth and starvation.", "content": "During growth of Monosporium olivaceum its energy charge, E.C., (i.e. the adenylates ratio ATP + 0.5 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) increased from an initial value of 0.59 up to 0.85 after 25 hr of growth and then decreased to 0.51. The increase of energy charge was followed by the decrease of the activity of the 11 alpha-hydroxylase of cortexolone. This occured very clearly in the starved mycelium. Highest hydroxylation activity was observed when the lowest E.C. level (0.39-0.33) was reached.", "contents": "Adenylate energy charge and the steroid 11 alfa-hydroxylase activity in Monosporium olivaceum during growth and starvation. During growth of Monosporium olivaceum its energy charge, E.C., (i.e. the adenylates ratio ATP + 0.5 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) increased from an initial value of 0.59 up to 0.85 after 25 hr of growth and then decreased to 0.51. The increase of energy charge was followed by the decrease of the activity of the 11 alpha-hydroxylase of cortexolone. This occured very clearly in the starved mycelium. Highest hydroxylation activity was observed when the lowest E.C. level (0.39-0.33) was reached.", "PMID": 65105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1537", "title": "Changes in the cellular content of the pool constituents of Monosporium olivaceum -- a steroid hydroxylating mould.", "content": "Changes of the metabolic pool constitutents of Monosporium olivaceum -- a mould capable of steroid hydroxylation were examined. The experiments were carried during growth and starvation of the microorganism. The highest activity of the 11alpha-hydroxylase was observed in the mycelium which contained the lowest level of free amino acids, glucose, and mannitol. It is suggested that the inhibition of biosynthetic processes and the decrease of the respiration rate, the activity of the NAD(P)H regenerating systems maintained, provide the optimal physiological conditions for the activity of the steroid hydroxylases.", "contents": "Changes in the cellular content of the pool constituents of Monosporium olivaceum -- a steroid hydroxylating mould. Changes of the metabolic pool constitutents of Monosporium olivaceum -- a mould capable of steroid hydroxylation were examined. The experiments were carried during growth and starvation of the microorganism. The highest activity of the 11alpha-hydroxylase was observed in the mycelium which contained the lowest level of free amino acids, glucose, and mannitol. It is suggested that the inhibition of biosynthetic processes and the decrease of the respiration rate, the activity of the NAD(P)H regenerating systems maintained, provide the optimal physiological conditions for the activity of the steroid hydroxylases.", "PMID": 65106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1538", "title": "Physiology and characterization of a fungal milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "Aspergillus flavus produced extracellularly an active rennin-like enzyme when grown aerobically in whey media. The enzyme was detected at early stages of growth reaching a maximum after three to four days at 25 degrees. The activity was destroyed by heating to temperatures higher than 50 degrees, whereas the presence of skim milk during heating preserved the enzyme activity, at least, up to 70 degrees. Calcium chloride significantly stimulated the milk-clotting activity up to 1% final concentration. The clotting time was inversely proportional to protein concentration in the range 0.2-0.6 mg/ml and the enzyme exhibited marked stability when stored at 37 degrees at pH 6.", "contents": "Physiology and characterization of a fungal milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus flavus produced extracellularly an active rennin-like enzyme when grown aerobically in whey media. The enzyme was detected at early stages of growth reaching a maximum after three to four days at 25 degrees. The activity was destroyed by heating to temperatures higher than 50 degrees, whereas the presence of skim milk during heating preserved the enzyme activity, at least, up to 70 degrees. Calcium chloride significantly stimulated the milk-clotting activity up to 1% final concentration. The clotting time was inversely proportional to protein concentration in the range 0.2-0.6 mg/ml and the enzyme exhibited marked stability when stored at 37 degrees at pH 6.", "PMID": 65107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1539", "title": "Preliminary studies on the kinetics of utilization of acetate by bacterioplankton in Miko\u0142ajskie Lake.", "content": "The kinetics of the utilization of acetate by bacterioplankton in natural waters was measured according to a modification of the method of Wright and Hobbie (1965, 1966) which enabled investigations in natural conditions in the open. A number of measurements made with this method allowed the determination of the natural concentration of the substrate in lake water and potential maximal rate and time of utilization of the substrate by bacterioplankton. Measurements were made in different zones and at various depths in Miko\u0142ajskie Lake in July, August and Septemper of 1974.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the kinetics of utilization of acetate by bacterioplankton in Miko\u0142ajskie Lake. The kinetics of the utilization of acetate by bacterioplankton in natural waters was measured according to a modification of the method of Wright and Hobbie (1965, 1966) which enabled investigations in natural conditions in the open. A number of measurements made with this method allowed the determination of the natural concentration of the substrate in lake water and potential maximal rate and time of utilization of the substrate by bacterioplankton. Measurements were made in different zones and at various depths in Miko\u0142ajskie Lake in July, August and Septemper of 1974.", "PMID": 65108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1540", "title": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyestre fibre industry. III. Effect of adaptation on the respiratory activity of organisms and on the biocenosis of inoculated sludge.", "content": "Manometric studies were conducted in 3 series. In the first one the sludge used for inoculation was non adapted to water purification containing surfactants. In the second and third series it was adapted to the sludge load 0.11 and 0.28 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day respectively. Increase in oxygen uptake was proportional to the degree of the adaptation of microorganisms only within limited range of surfactant concentration not exceeding 500 mg/l for Cirrasol FP and 1000 mg/l for Cirrasol SF and Cirrasol TCS. The toxic action of surfactants against Ciliata was noted at concentration above 100 mg/l and for Mastigota and Sarcodina above 500 mg/l, even by using adapted sludge for inoculation.", "contents": "Studies on the biodegradation of nonionic surfactants applied in the polyestre fibre industry. III. Effect of adaptation on the respiratory activity of organisms and on the biocenosis of inoculated sludge. Manometric studies were conducted in 3 series. In the first one the sludge used for inoculation was non adapted to water purification containing surfactants. In the second and third series it was adapted to the sludge load 0.11 and 0.28 mg surfactant/mg d.w./day respectively. Increase in oxygen uptake was proportional to the degree of the adaptation of microorganisms only within limited range of surfactant concentration not exceeding 500 mg/l for Cirrasol FP and 1000 mg/l for Cirrasol SF and Cirrasol TCS. The toxic action of surfactants against Ciliata was noted at concentration above 100 mg/l and for Mastigota and Sarcodina above 500 mg/l, even by using adapted sludge for inoculation.", "PMID": 65109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1541", "title": "Control of proliferative growth in androgen responsive organs and neoplasms.", "content": "Growth of a normal androgen-responsive organ appears to be ordered by the function of three constraint mechanisms which are sensitive to the intranuclear concentration of androgens. For the complete expression of these constraint mechanisms, several properties underlying hormonal responsiveness must be manifest by the cell, including the presence of cytoplasmic receptor, the ability to transfer androgens into the nucleus, the competence to form nuclear receptor, and the fidelity of the interaction between androgens and chromatin. Cytoplasmic receptor alone is not an exclusive indication of hormonal dependence in vivo, but its presence is associated with enhanced ability of the cell to incoropate androgens into the nucleus. Androgens are required for the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, and nuclear receptor may not be required for these responses. On the other hand, it is possible that the function of the latter molecule is concerned with negative feedback or cellular autolysis.", "contents": "Control of proliferative growth in androgen responsive organs and neoplasms. Growth of a normal androgen-responsive organ appears to be ordered by the function of three constraint mechanisms which are sensitive to the intranuclear concentration of androgens. For the complete expression of these constraint mechanisms, several properties underlying hormonal responsiveness must be manifest by the cell, including the presence of cytoplasmic receptor, the ability to transfer androgens into the nucleus, the competence to form nuclear receptor, and the fidelity of the interaction between androgens and chromatin. Cytoplasmic receptor alone is not an exclusive indication of hormonal dependence in vivo, but its presence is associated with enhanced ability of the cell to incoropate androgens into the nucleus. Androgens are required for the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, and nuclear receptor may not be required for these responses. On the other hand, it is possible that the function of the latter molecule is concerned with negative feedback or cellular autolysis.", "PMID": 65115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1542", "title": "Antiandrogens.", "content": "Many antiandrogens, mainly steroidal and some nonsteroidal agents, have been synthesized and tested in several available biological assays. Unfortunately, many of these compounds have other biological activities which make it difficult to ascertain the precise mechanism of antiandrogenic action. The blocking of androgen action can be accomplished by a number of ways: (1) the inhibition of gonadotropin release and/or synthesis, (2) the interference with testosterone and/or dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis, (3) the blocking of protein synthesis, and (4) the competition with androgens at receptor sites. Although the major reason for the development of antiandrogens is to utilize them in certain clinical situations, some have become important tools in studying androgen action, particularly on the molecular level. The clinical effectiveness of some antiandrogens in prostatic hyperplasias, hirsutism, and acne represents an important advance in therapeutics, but the search for more potent antiandrogens with minimal side effects should continue.", "contents": "Antiandrogens. Many antiandrogens, mainly steroidal and some nonsteroidal agents, have been synthesized and tested in several available biological assays. Unfortunately, many of these compounds have other biological activities which make it difficult to ascertain the precise mechanism of antiandrogenic action. The blocking of androgen action can be accomplished by a number of ways: (1) the inhibition of gonadotropin release and/or synthesis, (2) the interference with testosterone and/or dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis, (3) the blocking of protein synthesis, and (4) the competition with androgens at receptor sites. Although the major reason for the development of antiandrogens is to utilize them in certain clinical situations, some have become important tools in studying androgen action, particularly on the molecular level. The clinical effectiveness of some antiandrogens in prostatic hyperplasias, hirsutism, and acne represents an important advance in therapeutics, but the search for more potent antiandrogens with minimal side effects should continue.", "PMID": 65117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1543", "title": "A competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens.", "content": "A double-antibody competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens is described. A viral antigen preparation from influenza A virus recombinant MRC11 [antigenically identical to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)] consisting of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was labelled with radioiodine. Rabbit antisera were allowed to react with the labelled antigen and the resultant antigen-antibody complexes were precipitated with the appropriate antiglobulin. The competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay was very sensitive in elucidation of differences even among closely related influenza virus strains. Attempts have been made to eliminate neuraminidase from radioimmunoprecipitation in order to obtain a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay system for haemagglutinin alone.", "contents": "A competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens. A double-antibody competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens is described. A viral antigen preparation from influenza A virus recombinant MRC11 [antigenically identical to A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)] consisting of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was labelled with radioiodine. Rabbit antisera were allowed to react with the labelled antigen and the resultant antigen-antibody complexes were precipitated with the appropriate antiglobulin. The competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay was very sensitive in elucidation of differences even among closely related influenza virus strains. Attempts have been made to eliminate neuraminidase from radioimmunoprecipitation in order to obtain a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay system for haemagglutinin alone.", "PMID": 65118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1544", "title": "Persistent SV5 virus infection in continuous cell cultures.", "content": "A continuous line of guinea pig kidney cells (CGPK/H) and a continuous line of mouse fibroblasts (L/H) spontaneously infected with parainfluenza virus SV5 were found. These cultures showed no enhanced cell degeneration or symplast formation, nor was haemagglutinin accumulation or infectious virus demonstrated in them. However, regular reproduction of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) characteristic of parainfluenza viruses, morphologically complete virions and antigens producing antibody to SV5 virus were found in the cells. Focal haemadsorption neutralized by antiserum to SV5 virus was also demonstrated. The infection persisted in the cell populations for over 2 years (the observation period) under standard conditions of cell dispersion and subcultivation.", "contents": "Persistent SV5 virus infection in continuous cell cultures. A continuous line of guinea pig kidney cells (CGPK/H) and a continuous line of mouse fibroblasts (L/H) spontaneously infected with parainfluenza virus SV5 were found. These cultures showed no enhanced cell degeneration or symplast formation, nor was haemagglutinin accumulation or infectious virus demonstrated in them. However, regular reproduction of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) characteristic of parainfluenza viruses, morphologically complete virions and antigens producing antibody to SV5 virus were found in the cells. Focal haemadsorption neutralized by antiserum to SV5 virus was also demonstrated. The infection persisted in the cell populations for over 2 years (the observation period) under standard conditions of cell dispersion and subcultivation.", "PMID": 65119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1545", "title": "Two variants of concealed trigeminy.", "content": "Long rhythm strips were analyzed from three patients with frequent unifocal ventricular extrasystoles. The predominant rhythm in each patient was concealed trigeminy; i.w., the number of conducted sinus beats, S, between extrasystoles satisfied the equation S = 3n --1, where n is any positive integer. In one of these patients, about one-fourth of the values of S did not satisfy this equation; however, all such exceptional values of S satisfied the equation S = 3n. In the other two patients, very few of the exceptional values of S fit the equation S = 3n, but they did conform to the equation S = 3n --2. It is proposed that in all forms of concealed trigeminy, there is a characteristic 3:1 block in the re-entry loop that is responsible for the extrasystoles. Furthermore, it is postulated that immediately after each manifest extrasystole, the 3:1 block is converted transiently to a 4:1 or 2:1 block in the \"3n\" and \"3n--2\" variants, respectively. After the first penetration of the block site after a manifest extrasystole, if the re-entrant impulse is concealed, the 3:1 ratio is resumed in both variants until the next manifest extrasystole appears.", "contents": "Two variants of concealed trigeminy. Long rhythm strips were analyzed from three patients with frequent unifocal ventricular extrasystoles. The predominant rhythm in each patient was concealed trigeminy; i.w., the number of conducted sinus beats, S, between extrasystoles satisfied the equation S = 3n --1, where n is any positive integer. In one of these patients, about one-fourth of the values of S did not satisfy this equation; however, all such exceptional values of S satisfied the equation S = 3n. In the other two patients, very few of the exceptional values of S fit the equation S = 3n, but they did conform to the equation S = 3n --2. It is proposed that in all forms of concealed trigeminy, there is a characteristic 3:1 block in the re-entry loop that is responsible for the extrasystoles. Furthermore, it is postulated that immediately after each manifest extrasystole, the 3:1 block is converted transiently to a 4:1 or 2:1 block in the \"3n\" and \"3n--2\" variants, respectively. After the first penetration of the block site after a manifest extrasystole, if the re-entrant impulse is concealed, the 3:1 ratio is resumed in both variants until the next manifest extrasystole appears.", "PMID": 65121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1546", "title": "Intermittent parasystole with concealed extrasystolic bigeminy during myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 72-year-old man demonstrated persistent intermittent ventricular parasystole for 6 days during an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Entrance block failure occurred at a critical interval of 1.24 sec. after parasystolic beats with resetting of the parasystolic cycle length. The first ectopic beat in each parasystolic series showed coupling to its second preceding conducted beat, and successive cycle lengths in each series usually showed gradual shortening. Concealed extrasystolic bigeminy was also demonstrated between parasystolic series with the number of intervening conducted beats conforming to the formula 2n + 2. After interpolated parasystolic beats, this formula became 2n + 3.", "contents": "Intermittent parasystole with concealed extrasystolic bigeminy during myocardial infarction. A 72-year-old man demonstrated persistent intermittent ventricular parasystole for 6 days during an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Entrance block failure occurred at a critical interval of 1.24 sec. after parasystolic beats with resetting of the parasystolic cycle length. The first ectopic beat in each parasystolic series showed coupling to its second preceding conducted beat, and successive cycle lengths in each series usually showed gradual shortening. Concealed extrasystolic bigeminy was also demonstrated between parasystolic series with the number of intervening conducted beats conforming to the formula 2n + 2. After interpolated parasystolic beats, this formula became 2n + 3.", "PMID": 65122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1547", "title": "identification of Cryptococcus neoformans in cytologic preparations of cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Review of routine Papanicolaou-stained cerebrospinal fluid preparations from 13 patients who had meningeal cryptococcosis documented by other methods demonstrated the yeast in 11 cases. Special stains greatly facilitated the detection of the organisms in two samples and discriminated them from artifacts. An increased number of cells was present in nine cases. Correlation with the clinical data revealed that every patient but one had a malignant lymphoma, most commonly Hodgkin's disease. The exception was a patient who had disseminated carcinoma of the breast treated with adrenal corticosteroids. The clinical history and the cellularity of the smear should alert one to the possibility of cryptococcosis.", "contents": "identification of Cryptococcus neoformans in cytologic preparations of cerebrospinal fluid. Review of routine Papanicolaou-stained cerebrospinal fluid preparations from 13 patients who had meningeal cryptococcosis documented by other methods demonstrated the yeast in 11 cases. Special stains greatly facilitated the detection of the organisms in two samples and discriminated them from artifacts. An increased number of cells was present in nine cases. Correlation with the clinical data revealed that every patient but one had a malignant lymphoma, most commonly Hodgkin's disease. The exception was a patient who had disseminated carcinoma of the breast treated with adrenal corticosteroids. The clinical history and the cellularity of the smear should alert one to the possibility of cryptococcosis.", "PMID": 65123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1548", "title": "Orosomucoid contents of pleural and peritoneal effusion of various etiologies.", "content": "Orosomucoid and the contents of seven other proteins were determined by radial immunodiffusion in sera and in pleural or peritoneal fluids of 66 patients. No significant difference between concentration of individual proteins in effusions of neoplastic origin and those of nonneoplastic inflammatory origin was found. In noninflammatory fluids, the protein concentrations were lower, but their distribution was similar to distributions in the other fluids tested. These findings support the view that the protein content of effusions reflects changes in vascular permeability.", "contents": "Orosomucoid contents of pleural and peritoneal effusion of various etiologies. Orosomucoid and the contents of seven other proteins were determined by radial immunodiffusion in sera and in pleural or peritoneal fluids of 66 patients. No significant difference between concentration of individual proteins in effusions of neoplastic origin and those of nonneoplastic inflammatory origin was found. In noninflammatory fluids, the protein concentrations were lower, but their distribution was similar to distributions in the other fluids tested. These findings support the view that the protein content of effusions reflects changes in vascular permeability.", "PMID": 65124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1549", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in adults, in women during pregnancy, in children at birth, and during the first week of life: a sex difference.", "content": "In order to investigate whether a sex difference exists in alpha-fetoprotein serum concentration, blood samples were collected from 133 adult men, 52 adult women, 239 pregnant women at different ages of gestation, 16 girls and 18 boys at birth, and seven girls and seven boys during the first week of life. In the case of 15 boys and 10 girls, blood samples were also collected from their mothers at the time of delivery. Serum AFP was measured by a radioimmunoassay method. In all neonates the mean value was 625 times higher than in all mothers at the time of delivery and 13,000 times higher than in adults. No difference was found between mothers of girls and those of boys both during pregnancy and at the time of delivery. However, at birth, the fetal AFP serum concentration was 1.8 (p less than 0.001) times higher in boys than in girls. This sex difference was maintained during the first week of life. The half-life of serum AFP was 5 to 6 days in the neonate. The origin and the possible physiologic significance of such sex difference in AFP deserve further investigations.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in adults, in women during pregnancy, in children at birth, and during the first week of life: a sex difference. In order to investigate whether a sex difference exists in alpha-fetoprotein serum concentration, blood samples were collected from 133 adult men, 52 adult women, 239 pregnant women at different ages of gestation, 16 girls and 18 boys at birth, and seven girls and seven boys during the first week of life. In the case of 15 boys and 10 girls, blood samples were also collected from their mothers at the time of delivery. Serum AFP was measured by a radioimmunoassay method. In all neonates the mean value was 625 times higher than in all mothers at the time of delivery and 13,000 times higher than in adults. No difference was found between mothers of girls and those of boys both during pregnancy and at the time of delivery. However, at birth, the fetal AFP serum concentration was 1.8 (p less than 0.001) times higher in boys than in girls. This sex difference was maintained during the first week of life. The half-life of serum AFP was 5 to 6 days in the neonate. The origin and the possible physiologic significance of such sex difference in AFP deserve further investigations.", "PMID": 65129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1550", "title": "A clinical and laboratory evaluation of immune serum globulin from donors with a history of hepatitis: attempted prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis.", "content": "A controlled trial of passive immunization for prevention of post-transfusion viral hepatitis was carried out in order to determine whether effective levels of antibody were present in the \"convalescent\" immune serum globulin used in the study. This globulin was prepared selectively from plasma of donors giving a history of overt viral hepatitis two or more years earlier. The proportion of contributors to the globulin who had B hepatitis was unknown but the final product contained a low titer of antibody to the surface  antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs). The failure of 20 ml of immune serum globulin to reduce the incidence of type B post-transfusion hepatitis (7/93) below that of placebo-treated controls (8/102) was not unexpected in view of the globulin's low titer of anti-HBs. However, more than two thirds of the post-transfusion cases were not type B and were as plentiful among globulin recipients (17/93) as among controls (17/102). Although some of the donors from whom the immune serum globulin was obtained may once have had the same type(s) of hepatitis as the non-B cases currently observed in transfusion recipients, the globulin apparently did not contain enough specific antibody to confer protection in the dose schedule tested.", "contents": "A clinical and laboratory evaluation of immune serum globulin from donors with a history of hepatitis: attempted prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A controlled trial of passive immunization for prevention of post-transfusion viral hepatitis was carried out in order to determine whether effective levels of antibody were present in the \"convalescent\" immune serum globulin used in the study. This globulin was prepared selectively from plasma of donors giving a history of overt viral hepatitis two or more years earlier. The proportion of contributors to the globulin who had B hepatitis was unknown but the final product contained a low titer of antibody to the surface  antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs). The failure of 20 ml of immune serum globulin to reduce the incidence of type B post-transfusion hepatitis (7/93) below that of placebo-treated controls (8/102) was not unexpected in view of the globulin's low titer of anti-HBs. However, more than two thirds of the post-transfusion cases were not type B and were as plentiful among globulin recipients (17/93) as among controls (17/102). Although some of the donors from whom the immune serum globulin was obtained may once have had the same type(s) of hepatitis as the non-B cases currently observed in transfusion recipients, the globulin apparently did not contain enough specific antibody to confer protection in the dose schedule tested.", "PMID": 65126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1551", "title": "Role of altered vascular permeability amyloid formation.", "content": "Heavily radiolabeled plasma proteins were injected intravenously into mice with experimentally induced amyloid lesions, and the distribution of the labeled protein with respect to vascular spaces and the amyloid lesions determined by autoradiography. Radiolabeled albumin and IgG entered early amyloid lesions so quickly and in such high concentration as to indicate that much of the volume of these early lesions must be occupied by circulating plasma. Entry of these same proteins into advanced lesions was definitely reduced. High-molecular-weight proteins remained largely in vascular spaces. In situ saline perfusion resulted in considerable removal of protein from early lesions but very little alteration in their greenish-yellow birefringence when stained with Congo red. An initial alteration in vascular permeability with circulation of plasma proteins in tissue spaces quickly followed by a progressively increasing deposition of fibrous proteins on an underlying cellular framework may be the sequence of events in amyloid formation.", "contents": "Role of altered vascular permeability amyloid formation. Heavily radiolabeled plasma proteins were injected intravenously into mice with experimentally induced amyloid lesions, and the distribution of the labeled protein with respect to vascular spaces and the amyloid lesions determined by autoradiography. Radiolabeled albumin and IgG entered early amyloid lesions so quickly and in such high concentration as to indicate that much of the volume of these early lesions must be occupied by circulating plasma. Entry of these same proteins into advanced lesions was definitely reduced. High-molecular-weight proteins remained largely in vascular spaces. In situ saline perfusion resulted in considerable removal of protein from early lesions but very little alteration in their greenish-yellow birefringence when stained with Congo red. An initial alteration in vascular permeability with circulation of plasma proteins in tissue spaces quickly followed by a progressively increasing deposition of fibrous proteins on an underlying cellular framework may be the sequence of events in amyloid formation.", "PMID": 65130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1552", "title": "Evidence for an active immune response in acute hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease).", "content": "Activated lymphocytes, identified by an autoradiographic labeling method, were found to be present in the peripheral blood of the majority of 20 patients with acute hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). The number of such cells in the blood was significantly greater than that found in 30 healthy controls (p less than 0.00001), and in 13 patients who had previously suffered from acute hyperthyroidism, and who were judged to be euthyroid following therapy (p less than 0.025). This latter group included two patients in whom such activated lymphocytes had been found in the blood during the acute phase of their illness. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the number of such activated circulating lymphocytes in the group of patients with acute hyperthyroidism and five patients suffering from hyperthyroidism due to a toxic thyroid nodule (p less than 0.001), five patients suffering from primary myxedema (p less than 0.001), or in 14 patients with a nontoxic multinodular goiter (p less than 0.05). Identification and counting of circulating T and B lymphocytes by fluorescent immunolabeling and rosette-forming techniques in a small number of the patients with acute hyperthyroidism failed to reveal significant differences from the normal. The results suggest that in acute hyperthyroidism there is active stimulation of the cellular immune system, and that this effect is specific to the early, untreated phase of the disease. This response is different to other thyroid diseases, including hyperthyroidism due to a toxic thyroid nodule.", "contents": "Evidence for an active immune response in acute hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). Activated lymphocytes, identified by an autoradiographic labeling method, were found to be present in the peripheral blood of the majority of 20 patients with acute hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). The number of such cells in the blood was significantly greater than that found in 30 healthy controls (p less than 0.00001), and in 13 patients who had previously suffered from acute hyperthyroidism, and who were judged to be euthyroid following therapy (p less than 0.025). This latter group included two patients in whom such activated lymphocytes had been found in the blood during the acute phase of their illness. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the number of such activated circulating lymphocytes in the group of patients with acute hyperthyroidism and five patients suffering from hyperthyroidism due to a toxic thyroid nodule (p less than 0.001), five patients suffering from primary myxedema (p less than 0.001), or in 14 patients with a nontoxic multinodular goiter (p less than 0.05). Identification and counting of circulating T and B lymphocytes by fluorescent immunolabeling and rosette-forming techniques in a small number of the patients with acute hyperthyroidism failed to reveal significant differences from the normal. The results suggest that in acute hyperthyroidism there is active stimulation of the cellular immune system, and that this effect is specific to the early, untreated phase of the disease. This response is different to other thyroid diseases, including hyperthyroidism due to a toxic thyroid nodule.", "PMID": 65127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1553", "title": "Hypercalcemia in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Hypercalcemia occurs rarely at the time of diagnosis in patients found to have epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. It is particularly unlike in those patients who present with potentially curable lesions. Only 2 of our 307 patients who presented with potentially curable lesions were hypercalcemic at the time of diagnosis. Two hundred thirty-eight of these patients were followed up for two years or until death. Of the 139 who did not remain free of disease, hypercalcemia of clinical significance developed in ten (7.2 per cent). Pseudohyperparathyroidism was the suspected cause in seven of twelve patients. Debilitating symptoms were present in all patients with serum calcium levels greater thn 12.0 mg/100 ml. Treatment, when given, was effective in alleviating gastrointestinal and central nervous system problems. Although usually temporary, symptomatic improvement was appreciated by most patients and family members.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Hypercalcemia occurs rarely at the time of diagnosis in patients found to have epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. It is particularly unlike in those patients who present with potentially curable lesions. Only 2 of our 307 patients who presented with potentially curable lesions were hypercalcemic at the time of diagnosis. Two hundred thirty-eight of these patients were followed up for two years or until death. Of the 139 who did not remain free of disease, hypercalcemia of clinical significance developed in ten (7.2 per cent). Pseudohyperparathyroidism was the suspected cause in seven of twelve patients. Debilitating symptoms were present in all patients with serum calcium levels greater thn 12.0 mg/100 ml. Treatment, when given, was effective in alleviating gastrointestinal and central nervous system problems. Although usually temporary, symptomatic improvement was appreciated by most patients and family members.", "PMID": 65132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1554", "title": "The dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin synthesis in human and rat liver during normal ontogeny.", "content": "The dynamics of synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin have been studied in rat and man by immunocytochemical localization of each protein in the liver and its quantitation in serum at different periods of normal intrauterine and extrauterine life. The proteins are present only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. During physiologic development, an inverse relationship exists between the serum concentrations of the two proteins, the latter for each appearing to be directly related to the number of hepatocytes synthesizing it. AFP-containing cells are randomly distributed, while albumin-containing cells are more uniformly spread out. Both, however, are often preferentially located around venous channels. In the case of AFP-containing cells, the last to disappear with advancing postnatal age are seen around the hepatic veins. When both proteins are present in serum, several hepatocytes seem to syntehsize the two simultaneously, though others contain only one of them. It is unlikely that in the physiologic state different populations of hepatocytes are assigned to synthesize AFP and albumin separately.", "contents": "The dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin synthesis in human and rat liver during normal ontogeny. The dynamics of synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin have been studied in rat and man by immunocytochemical localization of each protein in the liver and its quantitation in serum at different periods of normal intrauterine and extrauterine life. The proteins are present only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. During physiologic development, an inverse relationship exists between the serum concentrations of the two proteins, the latter for each appearing to be directly related to the number of hepatocytes synthesizing it. AFP-containing cells are randomly distributed, while albumin-containing cells are more uniformly spread out. Both, however, are often preferentially located around venous channels. In the case of AFP-containing cells, the last to disappear with advancing postnatal age are seen around the hepatic veins. When both proteins are present in serum, several hepatocytes seem to syntehsize the two simultaneously, though others contain only one of them. It is unlikely that in the physiologic state different populations of hepatocytes are assigned to synthesize AFP and albumin separately.", "PMID": 65131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1555", "title": "[Hydroxy-ethyl-starch as plasma substitute in transurethral prostatectomy with the \"cold-punch\" method (author's transl)].", "content": "Each of 24 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy under spinal anaesthesia received 1000 ml HES and, depending from the clinical situation, some patients received blood-transfusion. Afterwards two groups were formed: group A (11 patients), who received HES only, and group B (13 Patients) with additional blood-transfusions. The following parameters were monitored simultaneously: blood pressure, heart rate, stroke index, cardiac output, active blood volume, hemoglobin and hematocrit in whole blood as well as in the irrigatin fluid of the bladder. They showed HES to be a useful plasma substitute for older patients. It is well tolerated and has a slow stabilising effect on circulation, which was effective for several hours. Furthermore, HES-infusion reduced the average need of bloodtransfusion by 500 ml.", "contents": "[Hydroxy-ethyl-starch as plasma substitute in transurethral prostatectomy with the \"cold-punch\" method (author's transl)]. Each of 24 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy under spinal anaesthesia received 1000 ml HES and, depending from the clinical situation, some patients received blood-transfusion. Afterwards two groups were formed: group A (11 patients), who received HES only, and group B (13 Patients) with additional blood-transfusions. The following parameters were monitored simultaneously: blood pressure, heart rate, stroke index, cardiac output, active blood volume, hemoglobin and hematocrit in whole blood as well as in the irrigatin fluid of the bladder. They showed HES to be a useful plasma substitute for older patients. It is well tolerated and has a slow stabilising effect on circulation, which was effective for several hours. Furthermore, HES-infusion reduced the average need of bloodtransfusion by 500 ml.", "PMID": 65133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1556", "title": "Orthodontic root resorption studied by electron microscopy.", "content": "The present study supports previous findings that root resorption takes place simultaneously with and after the elimination of hyalinized tissue. The cementoid layer and the more mature periodontal collagen fibers adjacent to cementum are possible barriers preventing root resorption. The microenvironment around hyalinized tissue is favorable for the introduction of hard-tissue resorbing cells. The findings show that the elimination of hyalinized tissue leads to the removal of the cementoid and the mature collagen thus leaving a raw cemental surface without a barrier. It is therefore hypothesized that such an area is readily attacked by odontoclasts. Once resorption lacunae are established, the cementum is resorbed from the rear as an undermining process. By continued orthodontic force application the resorption process will proceed even after all hyalinized tissue is eliminated. If the orthodontic force is discontinued or falls under a certain level, the resorption lacunae are repaired.", "contents": "Orthodontic root resorption studied by electron microscopy. The present study supports previous findings that root resorption takes place simultaneously with and after the elimination of hyalinized tissue. The cementoid layer and the more mature periodontal collagen fibers adjacent to cementum are possible barriers preventing root resorption. The microenvironment around hyalinized tissue is favorable for the introduction of hard-tissue resorbing cells. The findings show that the elimination of hyalinized tissue leads to the removal of the cementoid and the mature collagen thus leaving a raw cemental surface without a barrier. It is therefore hypothesized that such an area is readily attacked by odontoclasts. Once resorption lacunae are established, the cementum is resorbed from the rear as an undermining process. By continued orthodontic force application the resorption process will proceed even after all hyalinized tissue is eliminated. If the orthodontic force is discontinued or falls under a certain level, the resorption lacunae are repaired.", "PMID": 65136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1557", "title": "Morphologic resemblance of zygomycete spores to Pneumocystis carinii cysts in tissue.", "content": "Structures resembling the cyst form of Pneumocystis carinii were noted in the lungs of alloxan-diabetic rabbits to whom spores of several species of fungi belonging to the class zygomycetes had been administered by intranasal instillation. At 24 to 168 hours after the instillation of spores, these rabbits succumbed to diabetes or zygomycete infection, or both, and the possibility of a mixed infection with both fungus and P. carinii could not be ruled out on morphologic criteria alone. To resolve the dilemma, rabbit lung tissue was examined by the fluorescent antibody procedure with labeled P. carinii antibodies. The labeled antibodies did not stain structures that resembled P. carinii but stained P. carinii cells in control rat lung infected with this organism. Investigators should be aware of the difficulty that may arise in differentiating the cyst form of P. carinii from spores of some fungi. The direct fluorescent antibody procedure for P. carinii appears to be very useful for differentiating P. carinii cysts from fungal spores.", "contents": "Morphologic resemblance of zygomycete spores to Pneumocystis carinii cysts in tissue. Structures resembling the cyst form of Pneumocystis carinii were noted in the lungs of alloxan-diabetic rabbits to whom spores of several species of fungi belonging to the class zygomycetes had been administered by intranasal instillation. At 24 to 168 hours after the instillation of spores, these rabbits succumbed to diabetes or zygomycete infection, or both, and the possibility of a mixed infection with both fungus and P. carinii could not be ruled out on morphologic criteria alone. To resolve the dilemma, rabbit lung tissue was examined by the fluorescent antibody procedure with labeled P. carinii antibodies. The labeled antibodies did not stain structures that resembled P. carinii but stained P. carinii cells in control rat lung infected with this organism. Investigators should be aware of the difficulty that may arise in differentiating the cyst form of P. carinii from spores of some fungi. The direct fluorescent antibody procedure for P. carinii appears to be very useful for differentiating P. carinii cysts from fungal spores.", "PMID": 65138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1558", "title": "[Survival of children and results obtained with a new chemotherapic combination in disseminated neuroblastoma treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A new polichemotherapic combination, including B.C.N.U., is essayed at six patients with disseminated neuroblastoma. Survival of these children and secundaries effects of the drugs are presented.", "contents": "[Survival of children and results obtained with a new chemotherapic combination in disseminated neuroblastoma treatment (author's transl)]. A new polichemotherapic combination, including B.C.N.U., is essayed at six patients with disseminated neuroblastoma. Survival of these children and secundaries effects of the drugs are presented.", "PMID": 65139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1559", "title": "Uniformity in the clonal repertoire for the immune response to phosphorylcholine in mice.", "content": "A comparison of the clonal nature of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC) was made in nine different inbred mouse strains. Quantitative idiotypic analysis showed that anti-PC antibodies from each strain were composed of antibodies bearing binding-site idiotypic determinants indistinguishable from two different BALB/c myeloma proteins, T15 and M511. Idiotypic determinants of two other PC-binding proteins, M167 and M603, were not detected. Isoelectric focusing of the light (L) chains verified the presence of antibodies similar to T15 and M511 in each strain and indicated the presence of two additional antibodies, one of which has an L chain which cofocuses with M603. Fractionation of anti-PC antibody with anti-idiotypic antibody showed that immunoglobulins bearing T15 and M511 idiotypic determinants are separate and contain L chains that are unifore and resemble those of T15 and M511, respectively. Thus, these mice which differ genetically at multiple loci including the heavy chain allotype complex locus each possess, at least in part, an equivalent set of clonotypes specific for PC. This indicates that the genes encoding these antibodies must be contained in the germ line.", "contents": "Uniformity in the clonal repertoire for the immune response to phosphorylcholine in mice. A comparison of the clonal nature of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC) was made in nine different inbred mouse strains. Quantitative idiotypic analysis showed that anti-PC antibodies from each strain were composed of antibodies bearing binding-site idiotypic determinants indistinguishable from two different BALB/c myeloma proteins, T15 and M511. Idiotypic determinants of two other PC-binding proteins, M167 and M603, were not detected. Isoelectric focusing of the light (L) chains verified the presence of antibodies similar to T15 and M511 in each strain and indicated the presence of two additional antibodies, one of which has an L chain which cofocuses with M603. Fractionation of anti-PC antibody with anti-idiotypic antibody showed that immunoglobulins bearing T15 and M511 idiotypic determinants are separate and contain L chains that are unifore and resemble those of T15 and M511, respectively. Thus, these mice which differ genetically at multiple loci including the heavy chain allotype complex locus each possess, at least in part, an equivalent set of clonotypes specific for PC. This indicates that the genes encoding these antibodies must be contained in the germ line.", "PMID": 65140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1560", "title": "Role of early viral surface antigens in cellular immune response to vaccinia virus.", "content": "Infection of mice with the vaccinia virus strain WR, Elstree or DIs, a coditional lethal mutant of vaccinia virus, resulted in the generation of vaccinia virus-specific sensitized cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). It could be shown by cross-reactivity between the three strains and by inhibition experiments with specific antisera that early vaccinia surface antigens are sufficient for the generation of specific CTL in vivo and for the lysis of infected target cells in vitro.", "contents": "Role of early viral surface antigens in cellular immune response to vaccinia virus. Infection of mice with the vaccinia virus strain WR, Elstree or DIs, a coditional lethal mutant of vaccinia virus, resulted in the generation of vaccinia virus-specific sensitized cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). It could be shown by cross-reactivity between the three strains and by inhibition experiments with specific antisera that early vaccinia surface antigens are sufficient for the generation of specific CTL in vivo and for the lysis of infected target cells in vitro.", "PMID": 65141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1561", "title": "Isolation of lymphocyte surface antigens. II. Identification of non-beta 2 -microglobulin-associated human T cell-specific antigen.", "content": "Iodinated cell surface components from human thymus lymphocytes labeled by the lactoperoxidase method, were solubilized by papain digestion and then 3 M KCl extraction of the residual cell pellet. Antiserum to human thymus bound three components from this material, mol. wt. approximately equal to 40 000, 20 000 and 12 000 daltons. This antiserum was absorbed with cultured human lymphoblasts (CHL) until it no longer bound CHL antigens or the HLA-beta 2-microglobulin complex. It continued to bind labeled antigens from thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes and \"T\" cell-enriched fraction of tonsil lymphocytes. The absorbed antiserum bound a component from papain-solubilized thymus antigens which had an estimated molecular weight of approximately 40 000 daltons and which was not associated with beta 2-microglobulin. This component seemed to be a human T cell-specific antigen.", "contents": "Isolation of lymphocyte surface antigens. II. Identification of non-beta 2 -microglobulin-associated human T cell-specific antigen. Iodinated cell surface components from human thymus lymphocytes labeled by the lactoperoxidase method, were solubilized by papain digestion and then 3 M KCl extraction of the residual cell pellet. Antiserum to human thymus bound three components from this material, mol. wt. approximately equal to 40 000, 20 000 and 12 000 daltons. This antiserum was absorbed with cultured human lymphoblasts (CHL) until it no longer bound CHL antigens or the HLA-beta 2-microglobulin complex. It continued to bind labeled antigens from thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes and \"T\" cell-enriched fraction of tonsil lymphocytes. The absorbed antiserum bound a component from papain-solubilized thymus antigens which had an estimated molecular weight of approximately 40 000 daltons and which was not associated with beta 2-microglobulin. This component seemed to be a human T cell-specific antigen.", "PMID": 65142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1562", "title": "Structural and serological relationships among different antibodies from the same rabbit antiserum. II. The idiotypes of ten antibody components from an anti-streptococcal serum.", "content": "In studies aimed at elucidation of the idiotypic relationships among antibodies produced by a single rabbit, ten antibodies were isolated from the serum of a rabbit immunized with streptococcal Group C vaccine. Four of these antibodies were obtained in amounts sufficient to prepare homologous (rabbit) anti-idiotype antisera. The antisera were used to test for cross-reactivities among all ten antibodies by binding and inhibition of binding assays. Idiotypic cross-reactions among the antibodies were detected by three of the four antisera, while the fourth antiserum reacted only with the antibody that was used as the immunogen for its preparation. Two antibodies demonstrating the highest degree of cross-reactivity had readily distinguishable VH allotypic (a1) subspecificities. The idiotypic reactions and cross-reactions could be inhibited by haptens prepared from the Group C carbohydrate. Bleedings taken from the three immunization periods of this rabbit indicated that the four idiotypes were expressed in approximately equal amounts in each immunization period and that all idiotypes dropped to undetectable levels between immunization periods.", "contents": "Structural and serological relationships among different antibodies from the same rabbit antiserum. II. The idiotypes of ten antibody components from an anti-streptococcal serum. In studies aimed at elucidation of the idiotypic relationships among antibodies produced by a single rabbit, ten antibodies were isolated from the serum of a rabbit immunized with streptococcal Group C vaccine. Four of these antibodies were obtained in amounts sufficient to prepare homologous (rabbit) anti-idiotype antisera. The antisera were used to test for cross-reactivities among all ten antibodies by binding and inhibition of binding assays. Idiotypic cross-reactions among the antibodies were detected by three of the four antisera, while the fourth antiserum reacted only with the antibody that was used as the immunogen for its preparation. Two antibodies demonstrating the highest degree of cross-reactivity had readily distinguishable VH allotypic (a1) subspecificities. The idiotypic reactions and cross-reactions could be inhibited by haptens prepared from the Group C carbohydrate. Bleedings taken from the three immunization periods of this rabbit indicated that the four idiotypes were expressed in approximately equal amounts in each immunization period and that all idiotypes dropped to undetectable levels between immunization periods.", "PMID": 65143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1563", "title": "[Sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease. Association? Relation?].", "content": "On the basis of a personal case in which two successive diagnoses of sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease were made at an interval of four years, the authors discuss the possible association or relationship between these two disorders, both diffuse, affecting the reticulo-histiocytic system and diagnosed on a histological basis. Review in the literature of 54 cases of Whipple's disease with pleuro-pulmonary lesions makes it possible on the one hand to associate with the latter numerous examples of extra-intestinal involvement, the histological appearance of which of a non-specific epithelioid granuloma does not indicate the diagnosis during the long pre-intestinal phase, and on the other hand to explain that during this period, the presence of pleuro-pulmonary lesions leads to an initial diagnosis of the probability of sarcoidosis. The practical consequences are as follows: The appearance of intestinal signs during \"sarcoidosis\" should lead to intestinal or mesenteric node biopsy to seek the macrophages with highly PAS positive cytoplasm characteristic of Whipple's disease. Their discovery necessitats long term antibiotic therapy which has recently transformed the outlook in this disease, invariably fatal in the past.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease. Association? Relation?]. On the basis of a personal case in which two successive diagnoses of sarcoidosis and Whipple's disease were made at an interval of four years, the authors discuss the possible association or relationship between these two disorders, both diffuse, affecting the reticulo-histiocytic system and diagnosed on a histological basis. Review in the literature of 54 cases of Whipple's disease with pleuro-pulmonary lesions makes it possible on the one hand to associate with the latter numerous examples of extra-intestinal involvement, the histological appearance of which of a non-specific epithelioid granuloma does not indicate the diagnosis during the long pre-intestinal phase, and on the other hand to explain that during this period, the presence of pleuro-pulmonary lesions leads to an initial diagnosis of the probability of sarcoidosis. The practical consequences are as follows: The appearance of intestinal signs during \"sarcoidosis\" should lead to intestinal or mesenteric node biopsy to seek the macrophages with highly PAS positive cytoplasm characteristic of Whipple's disease. Their discovery necessitats long term antibiotic therapy which has recently transformed the outlook in this disease, invariably fatal in the past.", "PMID": 65144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1564", "title": "Coeliac plexus block with alcohol for relief of upper abdominal pain due to cancer.", "content": "One hundred cases of coeliac plexus block in which absolute alcohol was used as a sclerosing agent, performed over a period of 10 years between 1963 and 1973, are analysed. A success rate of 91% in relieving the pain of advanced intra-abdominal malignant disease is claimed and reasons for failures are advanced. The technique described is relatively simple and a 3-day hospital stay is all that is required. It is recommended that this procedure be carried out before the invalid is subjected to repeated injections of narcotic drugs or any form of surgery for pain relief.", "contents": "Coeliac plexus block with alcohol for relief of upper abdominal pain due to cancer. One hundred cases of coeliac plexus block in which absolute alcohol was used as a sclerosing agent, performed over a period of 10 years between 1963 and 1973, are analysed. A success rate of 91% in relieving the pain of advanced intra-abdominal malignant disease is claimed and reasons for failures are advanced. The technique described is relatively simple and a 3-day hospital stay is all that is required. It is recommended that this procedure be carried out before the invalid is subjected to repeated injections of narcotic drugs or any form of surgery for pain relief.", "PMID": 65147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1565", "title": "[The immunology of psoriasis].", "content": "In recent years, numerous studies have reported the existence of multiple immune disturbances in psoriasis. Estimation of serum immunoglobulins shows an increase in IgA and a possible decrease in IgM. The percentage of psoriatic patients with an increased IgE (450 I.U./ml) is increased in comparison with the normal population. IgA levels in salivary secretions are markedly increased. There are anti-IgG antibodies as well as anti-IgG activity on circulating lymphocytes in 45 p. 100 of psoriasis sufferers. This anti-IgG activity has also been described by certain authors in the psoriatic epidermis. More recently, the abnormal presence of anti-stratum corneum auto-antibodies fixed on the corneal layer has been noted. Cell immunity explored by intra-dermal tests and by the DCNB test is little disturbed. However, certain studies have shown a dissociated deficiency in circulating T-lymphocytes. Finally, it is now well established that BW17, B13 and BW38 histocompatibility antigens are found with a high degree of frequency in psoriasis. The role of these immunological disturbances in psoriatic disease remains to be defined.", "contents": "[The immunology of psoriasis]. In recent years, numerous studies have reported the existence of multiple immune disturbances in psoriasis. Estimation of serum immunoglobulins shows an increase in IgA and a possible decrease in IgM. The percentage of psoriatic patients with an increased IgE (450 I.U./ml) is increased in comparison with the normal population. IgA levels in salivary secretions are markedly increased. There are anti-IgG antibodies as well as anti-IgG activity on circulating lymphocytes in 45 p. 100 of psoriasis sufferers. This anti-IgG activity has also been described by certain authors in the psoriatic epidermis. More recently, the abnormal presence of anti-stratum corneum auto-antibodies fixed on the corneal layer has been noted. Cell immunity explored by intra-dermal tests and by the DCNB test is little disturbed. However, certain studies have shown a dissociated deficiency in circulating T-lymphocytes. Finally, it is now well established that BW17, B13 and BW38 histocompatibility antigens are found with a high degree of frequency in psoriasis. The role of these immunological disturbances in psoriatic disease remains to be defined.", "PMID": 65150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1566", "title": "Slide staining device for use during space flight.", "content": "A slide staining device is described that performs Gram and Wright stains during space flight. Reagents and liquid wastes are contained within a closed system.", "contents": "Slide staining device for use during space flight. A slide staining device is described that performs Gram and Wright stains during space flight. Reagents and liquid wastes are contained within a closed system.", "PMID": 65152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1567", "title": "An electron microscopic technique for the study of elastic tissue in small arteries and arterioles of the kidney.", "content": "Elastic tissue content and distribution were studied by electron microscopy of small arteries and arterioles of kidneys obtained from normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats, normal dogs and patients with hypertension and glomerular diseases. Specificity and sensitivity of silver tetraphenyl porphyrin sulfonate stain are discussed. This specific electron microscopy technique should prove useful in analysis of elastic tissue in pathologic states of other organs, especially where elastic tissue normally appears to be sparse or absent.", "contents": "An electron microscopic technique for the study of elastic tissue in small arteries and arterioles of the kidney. Elastic tissue content and distribution were studied by electron microscopy of small arteries and arterioles of kidneys obtained from normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats, normal dogs and patients with hypertension and glomerular diseases. Specificity and sensitivity of silver tetraphenyl porphyrin sulfonate stain are discussed. This specific electron microscopy technique should prove useful in analysis of elastic tissue in pathologic states of other organs, especially where elastic tissue normally appears to be sparse or absent.", "PMID": 65148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1568", "title": "Selective uptake of contact allergens by the Langerhans cell.", "content": "Using histochemical staining techniques, it has been possible to demonstrate the selective uptake of ten different contact allergens by the Langerhans cells. It is postulated that the Langerhans cells form a reticuloepithelial system that clears the epidermis of foreign chemicals. The Langerhans cell is viewed as the site of hapten binding and antigen formation and hence the central target cell in immune contact dermatitis reactions.", "contents": "Selective uptake of contact allergens by the Langerhans cell. Using histochemical staining techniques, it has been possible to demonstrate the selective uptake of ten different contact allergens by the Langerhans cells. It is postulated that the Langerhans cells form a reticuloepithelial system that clears the epidermis of foreign chemicals. The Langerhans cell is viewed as the site of hapten binding and antigen formation and hence the central target cell in immune contact dermatitis reactions.", "PMID": 65155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1569", "title": "Storage and analysis of samples of water, fish, and mud from environments contaminated with abate.", "content": "Methods for extraction, cleanup, and analysis of samples of water, mud, and fish containing trace quantities of Abate have been developed. Water was extracted by high-speed stirring of 10 ml of hexane in a 300-ml sample. The extracts were evaporated and analyzed by gas chromatography with a limit of detection of 0.00003 ppm. Dried mud samples were extracted by shaking with acetone. An aliquot of the acetone extract was diluted with water and the Abate extracted into 10 ml of hexane by high-speed stirring. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fish were extracted with methylene chloride, cleaned up on a silica gel column, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The limit of sensitivity of the methods for mud and fish was found to be 0.001 ppm. Fish samples were stored for 3 weeks in 10% formalin containing 5% sodium thiosulfate without significant loss of Abate residues. A biological magnification of greater than 100 was observed in fish exposed to Abate for 16 hr at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.002 ppm.", "contents": "Storage and analysis of samples of water, fish, and mud from environments contaminated with abate. Methods for extraction, cleanup, and analysis of samples of water, mud, and fish containing trace quantities of Abate have been developed. Water was extracted by high-speed stirring of 10 ml of hexane in a 300-ml sample. The extracts were evaporated and analyzed by gas chromatography with a limit of detection of 0.00003 ppm. Dried mud samples were extracted by shaking with acetone. An aliquot of the acetone extract was diluted with water and the Abate extracted into 10 ml of hexane by high-speed stirring. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fish were extracted with methylene chloride, cleaned up on a silica gel column, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The limit of sensitivity of the methods for mud and fish was found to be 0.001 ppm. Fish samples were stored for 3 weeks in 10% formalin containing 5% sodium thiosulfate without significant loss of Abate residues. A biological magnification of greater than 100 was observed in fish exposed to Abate for 16 hr at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.002 ppm.", "PMID": 65156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1570", "title": "Antithrombin III deficiency causing postsplenectomy mesenteric venous thrombosis coincident with thrombocytopenia.", "content": "The most commonly recognized cause of mesenteric venous thrombosis following splenectomy is hypercoagulation secondary to reactive thrombocytosis. A case is reviewed in which hypercoagulation followed splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in spite of persistent thrombocytopenia.  Episodic mesenteric venous occlusion occurred due to antithrombin III deficiency. This hypercoagulable state may be the cause of primary acute mesenteric venous occlusive disease. Symptoms and signs suggesting thrombosis in the portal circulation demand immediate coagulation studies since even in the thrombocytopenic patient thrombotic proglems can occur. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for segmental small bowel ischemia; warfarin therapy is indicated when there is evidence of antithrombin III deficiency.", "contents": "Antithrombin III deficiency causing postsplenectomy mesenteric venous thrombosis coincident with thrombocytopenia. The most commonly recognized cause of mesenteric venous thrombosis following splenectomy is hypercoagulation secondary to reactive thrombocytosis. A case is reviewed in which hypercoagulation followed splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in spite of persistent thrombocytopenia.  Episodic mesenteric venous occlusion occurred due to antithrombin III deficiency. This hypercoagulable state may be the cause of primary acute mesenteric venous occlusive disease. Symptoms and signs suggesting thrombosis in the portal circulation demand immediate coagulation studies since even in the thrombocytopenic patient thrombotic proglems can occur. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for segmental small bowel ischemia; warfarin therapy is indicated when there is evidence of antithrombin III deficiency.", "PMID": 65157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1571", "title": "[A new technic for LE cell formation. Preliminary report].", "content": "In special designed vials using coverslides glued to segments of polyethilene test tubes of 0.15 ml of fibrin free blood were incubated during 45 min to 37 degrees C in a humid chamber. Blood samples were obtained from patients with disseminated Lupus erythematosus (DLE) and normal subjects (N). Adhered polymorpho-nuclear cells (PNC) to glass were washed with Hank's solution; immediately 0.15 ml of DLE or N serum containing 5X10(6) lymphocytes (L) were added to culture cells and incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 min. Lymphocytes were previously incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 min with either N serum or DLE serum. Thereafter the segment of polyethilene test tube was detached from coverslides and cells attached to glass was washed with Hank's solution and stained with Wright solution. PMN of DLE and N in presence of L of DLE and N incubated with fresh serum of DLE formed 5 to 15% of LE cells. Determining factor for LE cells formation is the serum of DLE. Slides contained only PMN and LE cells which make easy the observation of results. All possible combinations with PMN and DLE serum and N serum allowed inclusion of several negative or positive control groups.", "contents": "[A new technic for LE cell formation. Preliminary report]. In special designed vials using coverslides glued to segments of polyethilene test tubes of 0.15 ml of fibrin free blood were incubated during 45 min to 37 degrees C in a humid chamber. Blood samples were obtained from patients with disseminated Lupus erythematosus (DLE) and normal subjects (N). Adhered polymorpho-nuclear cells (PNC) to glass were washed with Hank's solution; immediately 0.15 ml of DLE or N serum containing 5X10(6) lymphocytes (L) were added to culture cells and incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 min. Lymphocytes were previously incubated at 37 degrees C during 30 min with either N serum or DLE serum. Thereafter the segment of polyethilene test tube was detached from coverslides and cells attached to glass was washed with Hank's solution and stained with Wright solution. PMN of DLE and N in presence of L of DLE and N incubated with fresh serum of DLE formed 5 to 15% of LE cells. Determining factor for LE cells formation is the serum of DLE. Slides contained only PMN and LE cells which make easy the observation of results. All possible combinations with PMN and DLE serum and N serum allowed inclusion of several negative or positive control groups.", "PMID": 65159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1572", "title": "Aldolases of the lactic acid bacteria. Demonstration of immunological relationships among eight genera of Gram positive bacteria using an anti-pediococcal aldolase serum.", "content": "Reciprocal qualitative and quantitative immunological experiments employing an anti-Pediococcus cerevisiae aldolase serum confirmed many of the interspecific relationships demonstrated previously among lactic acid bacteria with antisera prepared against the Streptococcus faecalis fructose diphosphate aldolase. The extent of immunological relatedness observed between the Lactobacillus and Pediococcus aldolases was markedly gses indicating that the pediococci share closer phylogenetic ties with the rod-shaped lacotbacilli than with their spherical counterparts in the streptococci. In addition to confirming the existence of definitive, but distant, relationships between the lactic acid bacteria and certain gram positive nonsporeforming anaerobes, immunological cross-reactivity was also demonstrated between the pediococcal aldolases and those of Aerococcus viridans.", "contents": "Aldolases of the lactic acid bacteria. Demonstration of immunological relationships among eight genera of Gram positive bacteria using an anti-pediococcal aldolase serum. Reciprocal qualitative and quantitative immunological experiments employing an anti-Pediococcus cerevisiae aldolase serum confirmed many of the interspecific relationships demonstrated previously among lactic acid bacteria with antisera prepared against the Streptococcus faecalis fructose diphosphate aldolase. The extent of immunological relatedness observed between the Lactobacillus and Pediococcus aldolases was markedly gses indicating that the pediococci share closer phylogenetic ties with the rod-shaped lacotbacilli than with their spherical counterparts in the streptococci. In addition to confirming the existence of definitive, but distant, relationships between the lactic acid bacteria and certain gram positive nonsporeforming anaerobes, immunological cross-reactivity was also demonstrated between the pediococcal aldolases and those of Aerococcus viridans.", "PMID": 65160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1573", "title": "Immunological comparison of enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway.", "content": "beta-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme and gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase catalyze sequential reactions in the beta-ketoadipate pathway; the subunit sizes of the enzymes from Pseudomonas putida, biotype A, are 40 000 and 13 000, respectively. The cross reaction of antisera prepared against the enzymes was tested with the isofunctional enzymes formed by representatives of other bacterial species. Despite the differences in the subunit sizes of the enzymes, the antisera revealed the same general pattern: cross reaction was observed with the corresponding enzymes formed by other strains in the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group I and generally was not observed with enzymes from other Pseudomonas species or from other bacterial genera. Exceptions were provided by representatives of Pseudomonas cepacia. Members of this species are classified outside the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group. Nevertheless, the gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylases from these organisms formed precipitin bands with antisera prepared against the corresponding enzyme from P.putida, biotype A; the lactonizing enzymes from the two species did not appear to cross react. Immunodiffusion experiments with gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase indicated that a common set of antigenic determinants for the enzyme is conserved among strains that have been classified together by other criteria; the relative immunological distances of the decarboxylases of each taxon from the reference P.putida, biotype A, enzyme were indicated by spurring patterns on Ouchterlony plates. These results suggested that the interspecific transfer of the structural gene for the enzyme is not a common event in Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Immunological comparison of enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. beta-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme and gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase catalyze sequential reactions in the beta-ketoadipate pathway; the subunit sizes of the enzymes from Pseudomonas putida, biotype A, are 40 000 and 13 000, respectively. The cross reaction of antisera prepared against the enzymes was tested with the isofunctional enzymes formed by representatives of other bacterial species. Despite the differences in the subunit sizes of the enzymes, the antisera revealed the same general pattern: cross reaction was observed with the corresponding enzymes formed by other strains in the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group I and generally was not observed with enzymes from other Pseudomonas species or from other bacterial genera. Exceptions were provided by representatives of Pseudomonas cepacia. Members of this species are classified outside the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group. Nevertheless, the gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylases from these organisms formed precipitin bands with antisera prepared against the corresponding enzyme from P.putida, biotype A; the lactonizing enzymes from the two species did not appear to cross react. Immunodiffusion experiments with gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase indicated that a common set of antigenic determinants for the enzyme is conserved among strains that have been classified together by other criteria; the relative immunological distances of the decarboxylases of each taxon from the reference P.putida, biotype A, enzyme were indicated by spurring patterns on Ouchterlony plates. These results suggested that the interspecific transfer of the structural gene for the enzyme is not a common event in Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 65161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1574", "title": "Physico-chemical and immunological properties of allophycocyanins.", "content": "Allophycocyanins were purified from diverse cyanobacteria and one rhodophytan alga (Cyanidium caldarium). The native proteins are trimeric molecules with the structure (alpha beta)3. Representative native allophycocyanins and their alpha and beta subunits were characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino acid composition, isoelectric point, absorption and fluorescence spectra and immunological properties. All of the allophycocyanins studied were strikingly similar with respect to each of these properties. Renatured alpha and beta subunits of allophycocyanin were distinct immunologically from each other, and both cross-reacted with the antiserum to the native protein. Trimeric allophycocyanin was readily reconstituted from the purified alpha and beta subunits. Formation of hybrid allophycocyanins was demonstrated by direct isolation and characterization of the hybrid proteins and by immunological techniques. The results support the view that allophycocyanins are a highly conserved group of proteins.", "contents": "Physico-chemical and immunological properties of allophycocyanins. Allophycocyanins were purified from diverse cyanobacteria and one rhodophytan alga (Cyanidium caldarium). The native proteins are trimeric molecules with the structure (alpha beta)3. Representative native allophycocyanins and their alpha and beta subunits were characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino acid composition, isoelectric point, absorption and fluorescence spectra and immunological properties. All of the allophycocyanins studied were strikingly similar with respect to each of these properties. Renatured alpha and beta subunits of allophycocyanin were distinct immunologically from each other, and both cross-reacted with the antiserum to the native protein. Trimeric allophycocyanin was readily reconstituted from the purified alpha and beta subunits. Formation of hybrid allophycocyanins was demonstrated by direct isolation and characterization of the hybrid proteins and by immunological techniques. The results support the view that allophycocyanins are a highly conserved group of proteins.", "PMID": 65163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1575", "title": "Cytochemical studies on the localization of methanol oxidase and other oxidases in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha.", "content": "The localization of methanol oxidase activity in cells of methanol-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been studied with different cytochemical staining techniques. The methods were based on enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during aerobic incubations of whole cells in methanol-containing media. The results showed that methanol-dependent hydrogen peroxide production in either fixed or unfixed cells exclusively occurred in peroxisomes, which characteristically develop during growth of this yeast on methanol. Apart from methanol oxidase and catalase, the typical peroxisomal enzymes D-aminoacid oxidase and L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase were also found to be located in the peroxisomes. Urate oxidase was not detected in these organelles. Phase-contrast microscopy of living cells revealed the occurrence of peroxisomes which were cubic of form. This unusual shape was also observed in thin sections examined by electron microscopy. The contents of the peroxisomes showed, after various fixation procedures, a completely crystalline or striated substructure. It is suggested that this substructure might represent the in vivo organization structure of the peroxisomal enzymes.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies on the localization of methanol oxidase and other oxidases in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha. The localization of methanol oxidase activity in cells of methanol-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been studied with different cytochemical staining techniques. The methods were based on enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during aerobic incubations of whole cells in methanol-containing media. The results showed that methanol-dependent hydrogen peroxide production in either fixed or unfixed cells exclusively occurred in peroxisomes, which characteristically develop during growth of this yeast on methanol. Apart from methanol oxidase and catalase, the typical peroxisomal enzymes D-aminoacid oxidase and L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase were also found to be located in the peroxisomes. Urate oxidase was not detected in these organelles. Phase-contrast microscopy of living cells revealed the occurrence of peroxisomes which were cubic of form. This unusual shape was also observed in thin sections examined by electron microscopy. The contents of the peroxisomes showed, after various fixation procedures, a completely crystalline or striated substructure. It is suggested that this substructure might represent the in vivo organization structure of the peroxisomal enzymes.", "PMID": 65162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1576", "title": "Immunoglobulins in chronic alcoholics: relation to liver histology and effect of 2-month abstinence therapy.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels and alpha1-fetoprotein were measured in 49 male alcoholics entering an abstinence program. These parameters were evaluated in relation to liver histology. Of 49 studied alcoholics, 32 had elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, chiefly IgA, which occurred in 29 patients. IgA elevation was also observed in patients with normal histological picture of the liver. Of 17 alcoholics with normal immunoglobulin levels, in 9, i.e. 53%, liver histology was normal. In the group of 32 alcoholics with elevated immunoglobulin levles, normal liver histology was encountered only in 8 patients, i.e. 25%. Two-month abstinence in 18 alcoholics with previously elevated IgA levels caused their decrease in 12 patients, i.e. 66%. A decrease in IgA was noted even in patients with symptoms of histological worsening. Of 49 alcoholics, only 1 showed significantly elevated alpha1-fetoprotein.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in chronic alcoholics: relation to liver histology and effect of 2-month abstinence therapy. Serum immunoglobulin levels and alpha1-fetoprotein were measured in 49 male alcoholics entering an abstinence program. These parameters were evaluated in relation to liver histology. Of 49 studied alcoholics, 32 had elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, chiefly IgA, which occurred in 29 patients. IgA elevation was also observed in patients with normal histological picture of the liver. Of 17 alcoholics with normal immunoglobulin levels, in 9, i.e. 53%, liver histology was normal. In the group of 32 alcoholics with elevated immunoglobulin levles, normal liver histology was encountered only in 8 patients, i.e. 25%. Two-month abstinence in 18 alcoholics with previously elevated IgA levels caused their decrease in 12 patients, i.e. 66%. A decrease in IgA was noted even in patients with symptoms of histological worsening. Of 49 alcoholics, only 1 showed significantly elevated alpha1-fetoprotein.", "PMID": 65164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1577", "title": "[Use of automatic devices for histological processing and staining of the tissues and certain characteristics of preparation of histological specimens].", "content": "The experience in using automatic devices AT-2, AT-3, AT-4 and in this connection some peculiar features of making histological preparations are discussed. Some modifications of treatment and paraffin embedding of pieces of the tissue are suggested. Recommendations concerning economizing reagents used in the automatic apparatus referred to above without lowering the quality of preparations are given. The technique described makes it possible to prepare specimens and to carry out investigations of bioptic materials in the course of 2-3 days (including the fixation period).", "contents": "[Use of automatic devices for histological processing and staining of the tissues and certain characteristics of preparation of histological specimens]. The experience in using automatic devices AT-2, AT-3, AT-4 and in this connection some peculiar features of making histological preparations are discussed. Some modifications of treatment and paraffin embedding of pieces of the tissue are suggested. Recommendations concerning economizing reagents used in the automatic apparatus referred to above without lowering the quality of preparations are given. The technique described makes it possible to prepare specimens and to carry out investigations of bioptic materials in the course of 2-3 days (including the fixation period).", "PMID": 65165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1578", "title": "Particles resembling oncornaviruses. Spontaneous release from cultured meningioma cells.", "content": "A cell culture from thoracic cord meningioma tissue obtained at surgery was maintained for several passages in cell culture. These cells spontaneously released particles with an RNA of high-molecular weight (90S to 95S) and a density similar to that of type C oncornaviruses. The implications of these results and similar findings by others are discussed.", "contents": "Particles resembling oncornaviruses. Spontaneous release from cultured meningioma cells. A cell culture from thoracic cord meningioma tissue obtained at surgery was maintained for several passages in cell culture. These cells spontaneously released particles with an RNA of high-molecular weight (90S to 95S) and a density similar to that of type C oncornaviruses. The implications of these results and similar findings by others are discussed.", "PMID": 65166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1579", "title": "The cell-mediated immune response to ectromelia virus infection. Secondary response in vitro: specificity, nature of effector and responder cells and requirements for induction of antigenic changes in stimulator cells.", "content": "An in vitro culture method was used to study secondary cell-mediated responses to ectromelia virus infection in mice. Infected, syngeneic spleen cells or peritoneal cells were efficient \"stimulator\" cells when cultured with \"responder\" cells obtained from mice infected with ectromelia 4-6 weeks previously. The kinetics of generation of cytotoxic cells in cultures were determined; a peak occurred on days 4-5. A separation procedure performed on the cytotoxic cells showed that activity was associated mainly with the Ig-negative subpopulation (T cell-rich) and that H-2 compatibility between cytotoxic cells and target cells was required. The secondary response was virus-specific, at the level of both induction and target cell lysis, at least so far as ectromelia and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses are concerned. Seperation of responder cells prior to culture showed that a potent secondary response was generated with the Ig-negative (T cell-rich) subpopulation and only a weak response was observed when the responder cells were Ig-positive (rich in B cells). Infected stimulator cells did not appear to secrete significant amounts of soluble antigen into the medium over 4 days of culture. Thus, antigenic patterns effective in memory T cell stimulation may be largely associated with the surfaces of infected cells.Pretreatment of ectromelia virus with UV- or gamma-irradiation did not impair its ability to induce antigenic changes in stimulator cells. Stimulator cells treated with UV-or gamma-irradiated virus for 1 h and then immediately with pactamycin to inhibit further viral protein synthesis and replication were efficient stimulators, thus indicating that antigenic changes are induced very rapidly on the surface of stimulator cells after uptake of virus. These treatments are being used to further characterize the cellular requirements in the stimulator population.", "contents": "The cell-mediated immune response to ectromelia virus infection. Secondary response in vitro: specificity, nature of effector and responder cells and requirements for induction of antigenic changes in stimulator cells. An in vitro culture method was used to study secondary cell-mediated responses to ectromelia virus infection in mice. Infected, syngeneic spleen cells or peritoneal cells were efficient \"stimulator\" cells when cultured with \"responder\" cells obtained from mice infected with ectromelia 4-6 weeks previously. The kinetics of generation of cytotoxic cells in cultures were determined; a peak occurred on days 4-5. A separation procedure performed on the cytotoxic cells showed that activity was associated mainly with the Ig-negative subpopulation (T cell-rich) and that H-2 compatibility between cytotoxic cells and target cells was required. The secondary response was virus-specific, at the level of both induction and target cell lysis, at least so far as ectromelia and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses are concerned. Seperation of responder cells prior to culture showed that a potent secondary response was generated with the Ig-negative (T cell-rich) subpopulation and only a weak response was observed when the responder cells were Ig-positive (rich in B cells). Infected stimulator cells did not appear to secrete significant amounts of soluble antigen into the medium over 4 days of culture. Thus, antigenic patterns effective in memory T cell stimulation may be largely associated with the surfaces of infected cells.Pretreatment of ectromelia virus with UV- or gamma-irradiation did not impair its ability to induce antigenic changes in stimulator cells. Stimulator cells treated with UV-or gamma-irradiated virus for 1 h and then immediately with pactamycin to inhibit further viral protein synthesis and replication were efficient stimulators, thus indicating that antigenic changes are induced very rapidly on the surface of stimulator cells after uptake of virus. These treatments are being used to further characterize the cellular requirements in the stimulator population.", "PMID": 65167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1580", "title": "The specificity of nematode allergens in the diagnosis of human visceral larva migrans.", "content": "Extracts of nematodes have been used as skin test antigens in the diagnosis of nematode infections for many years. Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis are two nematodes commonly involved in human parasitism, the latter being associated with the clinical condition of Visceral Larva Migrans. In vitro and in vivo experiments reported in this paper confirm experimentally, as well as clinically, the existence of cross-reacting antigens between T. canis and Ascaris spp., and probably between T. canis and other nematodes. These cross-reactions compromise the usefulness of skin tests in the diagnosis of such parasitic infections.", "contents": "The specificity of nematode allergens in the diagnosis of human visceral larva migrans. Extracts of nematodes have been used as skin test antigens in the diagnosis of nematode infections for many years. Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis are two nematodes commonly involved in human parasitism, the latter being associated with the clinical condition of Visceral Larva Migrans. In vitro and in vivo experiments reported in this paper confirm experimentally, as well as clinically, the existence of cross-reacting antigens between T. canis and Ascaris spp., and probably between T. canis and other nematodes. These cross-reactions compromise the usefulness of skin tests in the diagnosis of such parasitic infections.", "PMID": 65168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1581", "title": "Comparative immunochemical studies of the serum low-density lipoprotein in several animal species.", "content": "The antigenic reactivities of the serum LDLs of several groups of animals (mammals, birds, snakes, and fish) have been compared by qualitative and quantitative immunological techniques. The cross-reactivities of the various LDLs were evaluated qualitatively by gel diffusion techniques and quantitatively by the precipitation and inhibition of precipitation tests. The degrees of cross-reaction between human and animal LDLs ranged from 80-88% in the Old World monkeys to 36-58% in the pig, 26-37% in the guinea pig, 1-10% in the chicken, and about 1% in the snakes and fish. These antigenic relationships are consistent with the taxonomic classification of these species, but are relatively closer than those observed for other serum proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and hemoglobin). These results indicate a relatively high conservation of LDL structure through evolution, and are consistent with a common function for this lipoprotein in the transport and metabolism of cholesterol in the higher animals.", "contents": "Comparative immunochemical studies of the serum low-density lipoprotein in several animal species. The antigenic reactivities of the serum LDLs of several groups of animals (mammals, birds, snakes, and fish) have been compared by qualitative and quantitative immunological techniques. The cross-reactivities of the various LDLs were evaluated qualitatively by gel diffusion techniques and quantitatively by the precipitation and inhibition of precipitation tests. The degrees of cross-reaction between human and animal LDLs ranged from 80-88% in the Old World monkeys to 36-58% in the pig, 26-37% in the guinea pig, 1-10% in the chicken, and about 1% in the snakes and fish. These antigenic relationships are consistent with the taxonomic classification of these species, but are relatively closer than those observed for other serum proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and hemoglobin). These results indicate a relatively high conservation of LDL structure through evolution, and are consistent with a common function for this lipoprotein in the transport and metabolism of cholesterol in the higher animals.", "PMID": 65172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1582", "title": "[Presence of alpha-2-macroglobulin on the membrane of peripheral human blood lymphocytes : a new lymphocyte maker].", "content": "The presence of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal human subjects and from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and with ataxia-teleangectasia was studied by indirect immunofluorescence technique. Same experiments were done on purified subpopulations of normal blood peripheral lymphocytes (B and T). The percentage of alpha-2-M bearing lymphocytes is 17 +/- 6% as regard to normal subjects (Ig-bearing cells are 14%): in CLL the percentage of alpha-2-M bearing cells generally is significantly lower than that of Ig-bearing cells (IgM-IgD). On selected subpopulations, 90% of alpha-2-M bearing cells are present among non T-cells and only 5% among T-cells (probably due to not absolute purification). Blocking experiments using anti-Ig sera did not affect significantly the percentage of alpha-2-M bearing cells and using anti-alpha-2-M sera did not affect that of Ig-bearing cells. The percentage of E-rosette forming cells is not affected by pretreatment of peripheral lymphocytes with anti-Ig and/or anti-alpha-2-M sera. Hypothesis is set forth that alpha-2-M bearing cells could be a lymphocytes subpopulation made by a subgroup of B-cells and by K-cells, taking part in that immunoregulatory system in which collaborate many serum alpha-globulins and T-suppresor cells.", "contents": "[Presence of alpha-2-macroglobulin on the membrane of peripheral human blood lymphocytes : a new lymphocyte maker]. The presence of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal human subjects and from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and with ataxia-teleangectasia was studied by indirect immunofluorescence technique. Same experiments were done on purified subpopulations of normal blood peripheral lymphocytes (B and T). The percentage of alpha-2-M bearing lymphocytes is 17 +/- 6% as regard to normal subjects (Ig-bearing cells are 14%): in CLL the percentage of alpha-2-M bearing cells generally is significantly lower than that of Ig-bearing cells (IgM-IgD). On selected subpopulations, 90% of alpha-2-M bearing cells are present among non T-cells and only 5% among T-cells (probably due to not absolute purification). Blocking experiments using anti-Ig sera did not affect significantly the percentage of alpha-2-M bearing cells and using anti-alpha-2-M sera did not affect that of Ig-bearing cells. The percentage of E-rosette forming cells is not affected by pretreatment of peripheral lymphocytes with anti-Ig and/or anti-alpha-2-M sera. Hypothesis is set forth that alpha-2-M bearing cells could be a lymphocytes subpopulation made by a subgroup of B-cells and by K-cells, taking part in that immunoregulatory system in which collaborate many serum alpha-globulins and T-suppresor cells.", "PMID": 65174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1583", "title": "[The influence of frequency and blockade of the autonomic nervous system on the functional behaviour of the human conduction system. Part A: Conduction velocity (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients were studied by His-bundle recordings to examine the extent to which frequency and autonomic nervous system influence the conduction velocity in the subdivisions (atrium, AV-node, His-Purkinje system) of the normal PR-interval. The measurements were performed during sinus rhythm and three electrically induced atrial frequencies before and after intravenous administration of 1 mg Atropine (15 patients) and 0.4 mg Visken (17 patients). In influencing the atrial conduction velocity frequency dominates the blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system. Increase in frequency lengthens the intraatrial conduction time. Blockade of parasympathicus and sympathicus does not significantly influence the changes in intraatrial conduction velocity induced by increase of frequency. Patients with prolonged intraatrial conduction respond in the same way to cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic tone as patients with normal conduction. The results are discussed with respect to acetylcholine and catecholamine influence on the electrophysiological properties of the atrial myocardium. The AV-node is the part of the conduction system most sensitive to the influence of both cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic nervous system. Artificially induced cycle length shortening prolongs the intranodal conduction time to a different individual level for each patient. Blockade of the parasympathicus not only shortens this interval but also reduces the steepness of the AH-time induced by atrial pacing. Blockade of the sympathicus has the opposite effect. The most likely explanation for these results is the abolishing of the functional dissociation within the AV-node by blocking the autonomic influence on this structure. The conduction velocity in the His-Purkinje system is influenced neither by atrial pacing nor by blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "[The influence of frequency and blockade of the autonomic nervous system on the functional behaviour of the human conduction system. Part A: Conduction velocity (author's transl)]. 32 patients were studied by His-bundle recordings to examine the extent to which frequency and autonomic nervous system influence the conduction velocity in the subdivisions (atrium, AV-node, His-Purkinje system) of the normal PR-interval. The measurements were performed during sinus rhythm and three electrically induced atrial frequencies before and after intravenous administration of 1 mg Atropine (15 patients) and 0.4 mg Visken (17 patients). In influencing the atrial conduction velocity frequency dominates the blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system. Increase in frequency lengthens the intraatrial conduction time. Blockade of parasympathicus and sympathicus does not significantly influence the changes in intraatrial conduction velocity induced by increase of frequency. Patients with prolonged intraatrial conduction respond in the same way to cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic tone as patients with normal conduction. The results are discussed with respect to acetylcholine and catecholamine influence on the electrophysiological properties of the atrial myocardium. The AV-node is the part of the conduction system most sensitive to the influence of both cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic nervous system. Artificially induced cycle length shortening prolongs the intranodal conduction time to a different individual level for each patient. Blockade of the parasympathicus not only shortens this interval but also reduces the steepness of the AH-time induced by atrial pacing. Blockade of the sympathicus has the opposite effect. The most likely explanation for these results is the abolishing of the functional dissociation within the AV-node by blocking the autonomic influence on this structure. The conduction velocity in the His-Purkinje system is influenced neither by atrial pacing nor by blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system.", "PMID": 65170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1584", "title": "[The influence of frequency and blockade of the autonomic nervous system on the functional behaviour of the human conduction system. Part B: Refractory periods (author's transl)].", "content": "32 patients were studied by His-bundle-electrocardiogram and programmed atrial stimulation to examine to which extent frequency and autonomic tone participate in influencing the effective (ERP) and functional (FRP) refractory periods of the atrium and AV-node. The measurements were performed during three electrically induced atrial frequencies before and after intravenous injection of 1 mg Atropine (15 patients) and 0.4 mg Visken (17 patients). For the atrium, frequency dominates the blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system in influencing both refractory periods. Increase in frequency shortens both ERP and FRP of the atriu. The blockade of parasympathicus and sympathicus does not significantly influence the changes in atrial ERP and FRP induced by atrial pacing. The AV-node responses most sensitive to both pacing induced cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic tone. Cycle length shortening prolongs the nodal ERP. the FRP is either shortened or prolonged. Blockade of the parasympathicus shortens both nodal ERP and FRP. Blockade of the sympathicus lengthens both parameters. This behaviour of both refractory periods in response to atrial pacing and blockade of the autonomic tone are discussed with respect to the \"gate mechanism\" in the conduction system. In the majority of patients blockade of the parasympathicus shifts the \"gate\" from the AV-node to the atrium. Blockade of the sympathicus has the opposite effect in some cases.", "contents": "[The influence of frequency and blockade of the autonomic nervous system on the functional behaviour of the human conduction system. Part B: Refractory periods (author's transl)]. 32 patients were studied by His-bundle-electrocardiogram and programmed atrial stimulation to examine to which extent frequency and autonomic tone participate in influencing the effective (ERP) and functional (FRP) refractory periods of the atrium and AV-node. The measurements were performed during three electrically induced atrial frequencies before and after intravenous injection of 1 mg Atropine (15 patients) and 0.4 mg Visken (17 patients). For the atrium, frequency dominates the blockade of both components of the autonomic nervous system in influencing both refractory periods. Increase in frequency shortens both ERP and FRP of the atriu. The blockade of parasympathicus and sympathicus does not significantly influence the changes in atrial ERP and FRP induced by atrial pacing. The AV-node responses most sensitive to both pacing induced cycle length shortening and blockade of the autonomic tone. Cycle length shortening prolongs the nodal ERP. the FRP is either shortened or prolonged. Blockade of the parasympathicus shortens both nodal ERP and FRP. Blockade of the sympathicus lengthens both parameters. This behaviour of both refractory periods in response to atrial pacing and blockade of the autonomic tone are discussed with respect to the \"gate mechanism\" in the conduction system. In the majority of patients blockade of the parasympathicus shifts the \"gate\" from the AV-node to the atrium. Blockade of the sympathicus has the opposite effect in some cases.", "PMID": 65171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1585", "title": "Heterologous specificity of reticulin RS antibodies.", "content": "Reticulin antibodies were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence technique in 1450 sera from miscellaneous patients. R1 pattern on human and rat tissues was found only in 2 cases with adult coeliac disease. Reticulin Rs staining, involving intrasinusoidal cells of rat liver as well as interstitial and endothelial structures of various rat tissues, was demonstrated in 3.7% of cases, without correlation with gastro-intestinal or skin disorders. Rs pattern, due to IgG antibodies, could be absorbed by rat erythrocytes. Only Rs positive sera showed high titres of anti-rat IgG-type hemoagglutinins. Rat RBC agglutinating activity was demonstrated by a modified indirect Coomb's test. Heterologous Rs antibodies appear unrelated to particular diseases and should not be mistaken for the R1 and R2 patterns, which may be useful for diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Heterologous specificity of reticulin RS antibodies. Reticulin antibodies were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence technique in 1450 sera from miscellaneous patients. R1 pattern on human and rat tissues was found only in 2 cases with adult coeliac disease. Reticulin Rs staining, involving intrasinusoidal cells of rat liver as well as interstitial and endothelial structures of various rat tissues, was demonstrated in 3.7% of cases, without correlation with gastro-intestinal or skin disorders. Rs pattern, due to IgG antibodies, could be absorbed by rat erythrocytes. Only Rs positive sera showed high titres of anti-rat IgG-type hemoagglutinins. Rat RBC agglutinating activity was demonstrated by a modified indirect Coomb's test. Heterologous Rs antibodies appear unrelated to particular diseases and should not be mistaken for the R1 and R2 patterns, which may be useful for diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 65175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1586", "title": "Antigens in human glioblastomas and meningiomas: Search for tumour and onco-foetal antigens. Estimation of S-100 and GFA protein.", "content": "Extracts of glioblastomas and meningiomas were analysed by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis for the presence of foetal brain antigens and tumour-associated antigens, and levels of 2 normal brain-specific proteins were also determined. The following antibodies were used: monospecific anti-S-100 (glia specific); monospecific anti-GFA (glial fibrillary acidic protein), (astroglia specific); polyspecific anti-foetal brain (12-16th week of gestation); a polyspecific anti-glioblastoma antiserum, absorbed with insolubilized serum, haemolysate and normal brain extract; polyspecific anti-alpha-foetoprotein; and monospecific anti-ferritin. Using the antibodies raised against the tumours, several antigens not present in foetal or adult normal brain were found in the glioblastomas and the meningiomas. These antigens cross-reacted with antigens present in normal liver and were therefore not tumour-associated. S-100 was found in glioblastomas in approximately one tenth the amount in whole brain homogenate, whereas GFA was found 2-4 times enriched. The 2 proteins were absent in meningiomas. The possible use of the GFA protein as a marker for astroglial neoplasia is discussed. Five foetal antigens were found in foetal brain, but none in the tumours. alpha-Foetoprotein could only be demonstrated in foetal tissue extracts, including foetal brain, but not in tumours. Ferritin was detected in all tumour extracts, although the amounts determined were unrelated to histological tumour type.", "contents": "Antigens in human glioblastomas and meningiomas: Search for tumour and onco-foetal antigens. Estimation of S-100 and GFA protein. Extracts of glioblastomas and meningiomas were analysed by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis for the presence of foetal brain antigens and tumour-associated antigens, and levels of 2 normal brain-specific proteins were also determined. The following antibodies were used: monospecific anti-S-100 (glia specific); monospecific anti-GFA (glial fibrillary acidic protein), (astroglia specific); polyspecific anti-foetal brain (12-16th week of gestation); a polyspecific anti-glioblastoma antiserum, absorbed with insolubilized serum, haemolysate and normal brain extract; polyspecific anti-alpha-foetoprotein; and monospecific anti-ferritin. Using the antibodies raised against the tumours, several antigens not present in foetal or adult normal brain were found in the glioblastomas and the meningiomas. These antigens cross-reacted with antigens present in normal liver and were therefore not tumour-associated. S-100 was found in glioblastomas in approximately one tenth the amount in whole brain homogenate, whereas GFA was found 2-4 times enriched. The 2 proteins were absent in meningiomas. The possible use of the GFA protein as a marker for astroglial neoplasia is discussed. Five foetal antigens were found in foetal brain, but none in the tumours. alpha-Foetoprotein could only be demonstrated in foetal tissue extracts, including foetal brain, but not in tumours. Ferritin was detected in all tumour extracts, although the amounts determined were unrelated to histological tumour type.", "PMID": 65176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1587", "title": "Reaction of peptide 89-169 of bovine myelin basic protein with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine.", "content": "The C-terminal half of the bovine myelin basic protein, peptide 89-169, was treated with BNPS-skatole [2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine], and the products were isolated by repeated gel filtration through Sephadex G-50. They consisted of uncleaved peptide 89-169 in which approximately 30% of the tyrosine had been monobrominated and the tryptophan converted to oxindolealanine, peptide 116-169 modified by partial bromination (30%) of the tyrosine, and two chromatographic forms of peptide 89-115. The major form contained the lactone of dioxindolealanine at the C terminus; the minor form contained the uncyclized oxidation product. Each form of peptide 89-115 was resolved into several components by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels (10%, w/w) containing 1 M acetic acid and 8 M urea. The presence of three of these components could be explained by partial deamidation of Asn-91 and Gln-102. Studies on the oxidation of tryptophan-containing model peptides by BNPS-skatole indicated that the reaction can also include partial bromination of the dioxindole and its lactone and partial cleavage at the amino peptide bond of the tryptophan.", "contents": "Reaction of peptide 89-169 of bovine myelin basic protein with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine. The C-terminal half of the bovine myelin basic protein, peptide 89-169, was treated with BNPS-skatole [2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolenine], and the products were isolated by repeated gel filtration through Sephadex G-50. They consisted of uncleaved peptide 89-169 in which approximately 30% of the tyrosine had been monobrominated and the tryptophan converted to oxindolealanine, peptide 116-169 modified by partial bromination (30%) of the tyrosine, and two chromatographic forms of peptide 89-115. The major form contained the lactone of dioxindolealanine at the C terminus; the minor form contained the uncyclized oxidation product. Each form of peptide 89-115 was resolved into several components by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels (10%, w/w) containing 1 M acetic acid and 8 M urea. The presence of three of these components could be explained by partial deamidation of Asn-91 and Gln-102. Studies on the oxidation of tryptophan-containing model peptides by BNPS-skatole indicated that the reaction can also include partial bromination of the dioxindole and its lactone and partial cleavage at the amino peptide bond of the tryptophan.", "PMID": 65177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1588", "title": "Characterization of the apolipoproteins of rat plasma lipoproteins.", "content": "Purified fractions of three major rat high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and one rat very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were isolated by Sephadex gel chromatography or preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. These proteins were characterized by amino acid analysis, end-group analysis, molecular-weight determination, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and circular dichroism. One of these rat proteins, of molecular weight 27 000, appears to be homologous with the human A-I protein. However, rat HDL possesses two additional major components not reported in human HDL - an arginine-rich protein of molecular weight 35 000 and a protein of molecular weight 46 000. The arginine-rich protein of the rat is similar in size and amino acid analysis to the arginine-rich protein reported in human VLDL. A major component of rat VLDL of 35 000 molecular weight appears similar or identical to the arginine-rich protein in rat HDL by every criterion employed for their characterization.", "contents": "Characterization of the apolipoproteins of rat plasma lipoproteins. Purified fractions of three major rat high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and one rat very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were isolated by Sephadex gel chromatography or preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. These proteins were characterized by amino acid analysis, end-group analysis, molecular-weight determination, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and circular dichroism. One of these rat proteins, of molecular weight 27 000, appears to be homologous with the human A-I protein. However, rat HDL possesses two additional major components not reported in human HDL - an arginine-rich protein of molecular weight 35 000 and a protein of molecular weight 46 000. The arginine-rich protein of the rat is similar in size and amino acid analysis to the arginine-rich protein reported in human VLDL. A major component of rat VLDL of 35 000 molecular weight appears similar or identical to the arginine-rich protein in rat HDL by every criterion employed for their characterization.", "PMID": 65178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1589", "title": "ATP-dependent proton translocation and quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence in inside-out membrane vesicles of a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli,.", "content": "1. ATP-dependent proton translocation and ATP-dependent quenching of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine were measured in inside-out vesicles derived from a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. 2. ATP-dependent quenching of fluorescence was inhibited by nigericin gramicidin, NH4Cl, and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Inhibition was also produced by the ATPase inhibitors N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPA), and by the respiratory chain inhibitors piericidin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and An2+. The inhibition of ATP-dependent fluorescence quenching by the ionophores, uncouplers, and respiratory chain inhibitors was not due to an effect on ATPase activity which was insensitive to these agents. 3. By use of the ATPase inhibitors DCCD and DPA, or by replacing ATP with GTP, ITP and CTP, a correlation between the ATPase activity and the rate of ATP-dependent membrane energization, as measured by fluorescence quenching, was obtained.", "contents": "ATP-dependent proton translocation and quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence in inside-out membrane vesicles of a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli,. 1. ATP-dependent proton translocation and ATP-dependent quenching of the fluorescence of 9-aminoacridine were measured in inside-out vesicles derived from a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. 2. ATP-dependent quenching of fluorescence was inhibited by nigericin gramicidin, NH4Cl, and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Inhibition was also produced by the ATPase inhibitors N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPA), and by the respiratory chain inhibitors piericidin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and An2+. The inhibition of ATP-dependent fluorescence quenching by the ionophores, uncouplers, and respiratory chain inhibitors was not due to an effect on ATPase activity which was insensitive to these agents. 3. By use of the ATPase inhibitors DCCD and DPA, or by replacing ATP with GTP, ITP and CTP, a correlation between the ATPase activity and the rate of ATP-dependent membrane energization, as measured by fluorescence quenching, was obtained.", "PMID": 65180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1590", "title": "The action of a carbonsuboxide dimerized gramicidin A on lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Gramicidin A was dimerized with carbonsuboxide as bifunctional reagent. The effect of the resulting malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin on lipid bilayer membranes was investigated and compared with the effect of the monomer gramicidin. It was found that the single channel conductance and the ion selectivity are very similar to the behaviour of the monomer molecule, whereas the channel forming kinetics and the life time of the single channel of the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin differ strongly from the behaviour of the monomer gramicidin. The electrical relaxations are very small and possibly associated with some structural changes of the membrane after a voltage jump. The single channel lifetime of the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin is measured in minutes, whereas for the same lipid system the single channel lifetime in the case of the monomer gramicidin is restricted to 1-2 s. It is concluded that the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin-molecule itself (as a single molecule) forms an ionic channel without further association.", "contents": "The action of a carbonsuboxide dimerized gramicidin A on lipid bilayer membranes. Gramicidin A was dimerized with carbonsuboxide as bifunctional reagent. The effect of the resulting malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin on lipid bilayer membranes was investigated and compared with the effect of the monomer gramicidin. It was found that the single channel conductance and the ion selectivity are very similar to the behaviour of the monomer molecule, whereas the channel forming kinetics and the life time of the single channel of the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin differ strongly from the behaviour of the monomer gramicidin. The electrical relaxations are very small and possibly associated with some structural changes of the membrane after a voltage jump. The single channel lifetime of the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin is measured in minutes, whereas for the same lipid system the single channel lifetime in the case of the monomer gramicidin is restricted to 1-2 s. It is concluded that the malonyl-bis-desformylgramicidin-molecule itself (as a single molecule) forms an ionic channel without further association.", "PMID": 65181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1591", "title": "Binding of heparin to human antithrombin III as studied by measurements of tryptophan fluorescence.", "content": "Corrected fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of human antithrombin III have been determined. The fluorescence observed originates almost entirely from tryptophan residues. Reduction of the disulfide bonds followed by carboxymethylation did not change the fluorometric properties of the protein. The binding of heparin to antithrombin III caused a marked fluorescence enhancement by about 30% of the intrinsic protein emission intensity. Various samples of heparin yielded different binding curves. Heparin fractionated by gel filtration seemed to be bound to two sites on antithrombin III with association constants of 0.6-10(6)m-1 and 0.2-10(6)M-1 respectively. Heparin, prepared by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin III appeared to be bound to only one site with an association constant of 2.3-10(6)M-1. Under similar conditions heparin caused no increase of the intrinsic protein emission intensity when added to reduced and carboxymethylated antithrombin III. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of heparin to human antithrombin III as studied by measurements of tryptophan fluorescence. Corrected fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of human antithrombin III have been determined. The fluorescence observed originates almost entirely from tryptophan residues. Reduction of the disulfide bonds followed by carboxymethylation did not change the fluorometric properties of the protein. The binding of heparin to antithrombin III caused a marked fluorescence enhancement by about 30% of the intrinsic protein emission intensity. Various samples of heparin yielded different binding curves. Heparin fractionated by gel filtration seemed to be bound to two sites on antithrombin III with association constants of 0.6-10(6)m-1 and 0.2-10(6)M-1 respectively. Heparin, prepared by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin III appeared to be bound to only one site with an association constant of 2.3-10(6)M-1. Under similar conditions heparin caused no increase of the intrinsic protein emission intensity when added to reduced and carboxymethylated antithrombin III. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 65182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1592", "title": "Immunological relation between 14 S dynein and 30 S dynein from the cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The immunological relation between 14 S dynein and 30 S dynein obtained from Tetrahymena cilia was investigated by using antisera specific for each dynein subunit or some dynein subunits separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although 14 and 30 S dynein main subunits have different electrophoretic mobilities, our immunodiffusion tests showed that there exists a close immunological relation between them. At least three immunologically different polypeptides designated polypeptides A, B and C are included in the 30 S dynein main band which has been recognized as a single component by electrophoresis, and that the polypeptides designated A',B' and C' are included in the 14 S dynein main bands. Polypeptides A and A',B and B', or C and C' appeared to have a certain common antigenic determinant(s). Polypeptide C of 30 S dynein was shown to possess a certain antigenic determinant(s) specific for 30 S dynein, besides the determinant common with that of polypeptide C' of 14S dynein. The second main component of 30 S dynein proved to be a specific polypeptide of 30 S dynein but not to be a degraded product of the main polypedtide. All antisera reacted with native dynein molecules to some extent, but did not inhibit dynein ATPase (ATP phosphohydrase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity significantly.", "contents": "Immunological relation between 14 S dynein and 30 S dynein from the cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The immunological relation between 14 S dynein and 30 S dynein obtained from Tetrahymena cilia was investigated by using antisera specific for each dynein subunit or some dynein subunits separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although 14 and 30 S dynein main subunits have different electrophoretic mobilities, our immunodiffusion tests showed that there exists a close immunological relation between them. At least three immunologically different polypeptides designated polypeptides A, B and C are included in the 30 S dynein main band which has been recognized as a single component by electrophoresis, and that the polypeptides designated A',B' and C' are included in the 14 S dynein main bands. Polypeptides A and A',B and B', or C and C' appeared to have a certain common antigenic determinant(s). Polypeptide C of 30 S dynein was shown to possess a certain antigenic determinant(s) specific for 30 S dynein, besides the determinant common with that of polypeptide C' of 14S dynein. The second main component of 30 S dynein proved to be a specific polypeptide of 30 S dynein but not to be a degraded product of the main polypedtide. All antisera reacted with native dynein molecules to some extent, but did not inhibit dynein ATPase (ATP phosphohydrase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity significantly.", "PMID": 65183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1593", "title": "Mammalian epidermal keratin: isolation and characterization of the alpha-helical proteins from newborn rat.", "content": "Neutral buffer-insoluble proteins extracted from newborn rat epidermis with alkaline urea have been purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 columns run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 60 000 and 68 000, respectively have been isolated and characterized. Spectropolarimetric studies show both of them to be alpha-helical in contrast to the non-helical heavier and lighter species also solubilized with alkaline urea. The amino acid composition of the two proteins, their electrophoretic behavior and their immunological characteristics are essentially identical. Both proteins appear to be major constituents of rat epidermal tonofilaments.", "contents": "Mammalian epidermal keratin: isolation and characterization of the alpha-helical proteins from newborn rat. Neutral buffer-insoluble proteins extracted from newborn rat epidermis with alkaline urea have been purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 columns run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 60 000 and 68 000, respectively have been isolated and characterized. Spectropolarimetric studies show both of them to be alpha-helical in contrast to the non-helical heavier and lighter species also solubilized with alkaline urea. The amino acid composition of the two proteins, their electrophoretic behavior and their immunological characteristics are essentially identical. Both proteins appear to be major constituents of rat epidermal tonofilaments.", "PMID": 65184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1594", "title": "Diphtheria toxin: the effect of nitration and reductive methylation on enzymatic activity and toxicity.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin is rapidly inactivated upon reaction with tetranitromethane. inactivation is partially prevented in the presence of the substrate NAD. The loss of enzymatic activity and of toxicity is concomitant with the modification of one tyrosyl residue per molecule, located in the fragment A. Completely inactivated toxin (more than 5 nitrotyrosines per molecule) is a good toxin antagonist for HeLa cells binding sites indicating that the integrity of its fragment B is preserved. Methylation of lysyl residues leads to a decrease of toxicity and enzymatic activity but only after the modification of about 20 lysines per molecule. This methylated toxin however can still bind NAD and seems to possess a functional fragment B. Enzymatic site of diphtheria toxin fragment A seems thus to contain one essential tyrosyl residue implicated in the binding of NAD and at least one lysine not implicated in this dinucleotide binding.", "contents": "Diphtheria toxin: the effect of nitration and reductive methylation on enzymatic activity and toxicity. Diphtheria toxin is rapidly inactivated upon reaction with tetranitromethane. inactivation is partially prevented in the presence of the substrate NAD. The loss of enzymatic activity and of toxicity is concomitant with the modification of one tyrosyl residue per molecule, located in the fragment A. Completely inactivated toxin (more than 5 nitrotyrosines per molecule) is a good toxin antagonist for HeLa cells binding sites indicating that the integrity of its fragment B is preserved. Methylation of lysyl residues leads to a decrease of toxicity and enzymatic activity but only after the modification of about 20 lysines per molecule. This methylated toxin however can still bind NAD and seems to possess a functional fragment B. Enzymatic site of diphtheria toxin fragment A seems thus to contain one essential tyrosyl residue implicated in the binding of NAD and at least one lysine not implicated in this dinucleotide binding.", "PMID": 65185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1595", "title": "The different electrophoretic forms of post gamma-globulin their antigenic identity and their structural variability.", "content": "Post gamma-globulin, first described as a constant component of protein of cerebrospinal fluid and urine from patients with tubular disorders has also been found in other biological fluids. Post gamma-globulin from a single individual always migrated as several bands after storage. Three electrophoretic forms, immunochemically identical, have been isolated by gel chromatography, preparative continuous flow electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weight was found to be approximately between 11 000 to 12 000. No difference between the three forms could be detected. The N-terminal amino acids were found to be Lys, Arg and Leu respectively for the three forms of post gamma-globulin. The \"slow\" and \"fast\" forms of post gamma-globulin seemed to differ by elimination of small basic peptides or amino acids from the N-terminal end of the protein. No enzymatic activity of post gamma-globulin was found, but this requires further investigations.", "contents": "The different electrophoretic forms of post gamma-globulin their antigenic identity and their structural variability. Post gamma-globulin, first described as a constant component of protein of cerebrospinal fluid and urine from patients with tubular disorders has also been found in other biological fluids. Post gamma-globulin from a single individual always migrated as several bands after storage. Three electrophoretic forms, immunochemically identical, have been isolated by gel chromatography, preparative continuous flow electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weight was found to be approximately between 11 000 to 12 000. No difference between the three forms could be detected. The N-terminal amino acids were found to be Lys, Arg and Leu respectively for the three forms of post gamma-globulin. The \"slow\" and \"fast\" forms of post gamma-globulin seemed to differ by elimination of small basic peptides or amino acids from the N-terminal end of the protein. No enzymatic activity of post gamma-globulin was found, but this requires further investigations.", "PMID": 65186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1596", "title": "Cytochemical aspects of Mercenaria mercenaria hemocytes.", "content": "The hemocytes of the hard clam M. mercenaria were of three types: an agranulocyte, a small, and a large granulocyte. The agranulocyte, with only a thin periphery of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus, had no visible cytoplasmic granules in living preparations but did exhibit a few centers of nonspecific esterase activity. This cell type represented 2% of the hemocyte population. The small granulocyte possessed four distinct granule types and comprised 61% of the total cell population. Large granulocytes accounted fro 37% of all hemocytes. While they contained the same four granule types identified in the small granulocyte, only one-third the total number were present. The nucleus of all three hemocyte types appeared morphologically similar. The four types of granules observed were a blunt, dot-like, a refractile and a filamentous granule. Blunt granules were identified as mitochondria, based on their ability to reduce Janus Green B to diethyl safranin, the presence of NADH dehydrogenase activity and boundary staining with Sudan black B. Dot-like granules were identified as lysosomes on the basis of neutral red staining, localization of acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity and staining with Sudan black B. Refractile granules were demonstrated to be membrane-bound, lipid-filled structures that reacted positively with Sudan black B and Oil red O, respectively; these granules act as lipid storage centers. Nuclear similarity of the three cell types suggest that these cells might represent different stages of maturity, rather than three distinct cell lines. This was also indicated by the similar yet graded cytochemical reactions and the varying degree of motility and phagocytic activity demonstrated by hemocyte types.", "contents": "Cytochemical aspects of Mercenaria mercenaria hemocytes. The hemocytes of the hard clam M. mercenaria were of three types: an agranulocyte, a small, and a large granulocyte. The agranulocyte, with only a thin periphery of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus, had no visible cytoplasmic granules in living preparations but did exhibit a few centers of nonspecific esterase activity. This cell type represented 2% of the hemocyte population. The small granulocyte possessed four distinct granule types and comprised 61% of the total cell population. Large granulocytes accounted fro 37% of all hemocytes. While they contained the same four granule types identified in the small granulocyte, only one-third the total number were present. The nucleus of all three hemocyte types appeared morphologically similar. The four types of granules observed were a blunt, dot-like, a refractile and a filamentous granule. Blunt granules were identified as mitochondria, based on their ability to reduce Janus Green B to diethyl safranin, the presence of NADH dehydrogenase activity and boundary staining with Sudan black B. Dot-like granules were identified as lysosomes on the basis of neutral red staining, localization of acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity and staining with Sudan black B. Refractile granules were demonstrated to be membrane-bound, lipid-filled structures that reacted positively with Sudan black B and Oil red O, respectively; these granules act as lipid storage centers. Nuclear similarity of the three cell types suggest that these cells might represent different stages of maturity, rather than three distinct cell lines. This was also indicated by the similar yet graded cytochemical reactions and the varying degree of motility and phagocytic activity demonstrated by hemocyte types.", "PMID": 65187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1597", "title": "[Effect of chronic stimulation of the negative and positive emotionogenic centers of the hypothalamus on development of cardiac arrhythmias].", "content": "Chronic experiments were conducted on 46 rabbits; a study was made of the changes in cardiac activity arising in prolonged (up to 1--2 weeks) electric stimulation of the ventro-median nuclei of the hypothalamus. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm in the form of tachycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation, ventricular extrasystole and paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole occurred mostly during the first days of stimulation and ceased after inderal infusion. Functional \"weakness\" of the cardiac pacemakers was revealed in the animals subjected to 1--2-week stimulation of the ventromedian nuclei. This was indicated by the post-stimulation suppression of the pacemaker automaticity and the appearance of Liciani's periods. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm originating in stimulation of the ventromedian nuclei ceased in stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic field.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic stimulation of the negative and positive emotionogenic centers of the hypothalamus on development of cardiac arrhythmias]. Chronic experiments were conducted on 46 rabbits; a study was made of the changes in cardiac activity arising in prolonged (up to 1--2 weeks) electric stimulation of the ventro-median nuclei of the hypothalamus. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm in the form of tachycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation, ventricular extrasystole and paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole occurred mostly during the first days of stimulation and ceased after inderal infusion. Functional \"weakness\" of the cardiac pacemakers was revealed in the animals subjected to 1--2-week stimulation of the ventromedian nuclei. This was indicated by the post-stimulation suppression of the pacemaker automaticity and the appearance of Liciani's periods. Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm originating in stimulation of the ventromedian nuclei ceased in stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic field.", "PMID": 65188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1598", "title": "Combination chemotherapy (\"CHOP-Bleo\") in advanced (non-Hodgkin) malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Forty-seven adults with advanced malignant lymphoma (the majority in stage IV) were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, hydroxyldaunorubicin (Adriamycin), vincristine (Oncovin), prednisone, and bleomycin (CHOP-Bleo). The complete remission (CR) rate was 66%. The overall response (complete + partial remission) was 92%. The CR rate in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) was 69%. Only 3 of the 18 patients with DHL in CR have relapsed; the projected median duration of response was calculated to be greater than 2 yr. In patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NPDL), the CR rate was 62%. One of the eight patients with NPDL in CR has relapsed; the projected median duration of complete response will be greater than 4 yr. The median survival for all patients entered in this study has not been reached; however, it was estimated that it will be greater than 3 yr. The survival curves became flat at 70 wk for the patients with DHL and at 1 yr for the patients with NPDL. Major complications during chemotherapy with CHOP-Bleo were myelosuppression and alopecia. Only six severe infections occurred during myelosuppression. No hemorrhagic problems were observed. This study indicates that combination chemotherapy with these agents is effective in increasing the CR rate and survival in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. In patients with NPDL, further observation will be needed to assess the effect of this combination on survival.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy (\"CHOP-Bleo\") in advanced (non-Hodgkin) malignant lymphoma. Forty-seven adults with advanced malignant lymphoma (the majority in stage IV) were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, hydroxyldaunorubicin (Adriamycin), vincristine (Oncovin), prednisone, and bleomycin (CHOP-Bleo). The complete remission (CR) rate was 66%. The overall response (complete + partial remission) was 92%. The CR rate in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) was 69%. Only 3 of the 18 patients with DHL in CR have relapsed; the projected median duration of response was calculated to be greater than 2 yr. In patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NPDL), the CR rate was 62%. One of the eight patients with NPDL in CR has relapsed; the projected median duration of complete response will be greater than 4 yr. The median survival for all patients entered in this study has not been reached; however, it was estimated that it will be greater than 3 yr. The survival curves became flat at 70 wk for the patients with DHL and at 1 yr for the patients with NPDL. Major complications during chemotherapy with CHOP-Bleo were myelosuppression and alopecia. Only six severe infections occurred during myelosuppression. No hemorrhagic problems were observed. This study indicates that combination chemotherapy with these agents is effective in increasing the CR rate and survival in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. In patients with NPDL, further observation will be needed to assess the effect of this combination on survival.", "PMID": 65189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1599", "title": "T and B lymphocyte antigen-positive null cell leukemias.", "content": "To clarify the nature of null cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) we tested null lymphoblasts and other leukemic cells for human T and B lymphocyte antigens detected by reciprocally absorbed rabbit antisera prepared against autologous T and B lymphoblast cell lines HSB-2 and SB. Blasts from 4 of 4 patients with T cell leukemia and from 2 of 10 patients with null cell leukemia expressed T cell but not B cell antigens. Blasts from 8 of 10 patients with null cell leukemia, one patient with B cell leukemia, and 3 of 3 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia expressed B cell but not T cell antigens. T lymphocyte antigen-positive null cell ALL appear to be a form of T cell ALL. B antigen-positive null cell leukemia could arise from either immature B cell precursors or from multipotential stem cells.", "contents": "T and B lymphocyte antigen-positive null cell leukemias. To clarify the nature of null cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) we tested null lymphoblasts and other leukemic cells for human T and B lymphocyte antigens detected by reciprocally absorbed rabbit antisera prepared against autologous T and B lymphoblast cell lines HSB-2 and SB. Blasts from 4 of 4 patients with T cell leukemia and from 2 of 10 patients with null cell leukemia expressed T cell but not B cell antigens. Blasts from 8 of 10 patients with null cell leukemia, one patient with B cell leukemia, and 3 of 3 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia expressed B cell but not T cell antigens. T lymphocyte antigen-positive null cell ALL appear to be a form of T cell ALL. B antigen-positive null cell leukemia could arise from either immature B cell precursors or from multipotential stem cells.", "PMID": 65190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1600", "title": "Repair in arterial tissue. A semiquantitative scanning-electron-microscopic and light-microscopic study on the effects of toxic doses of noradrenaline on the endothelium of the rabbit thoracic aorta.", "content": "The effects of various numbers of intravenous toxic doses of noradrenaline observed at various time intervals after the injections were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface light microscopy of silver-stained rabbit thoracic aorta and by transmission light microscopy. Hexagonal endothelium: a conspicuous change was observed by SEM and surface light microscopy, increased with the length of observation time, and to a certain degree with the number of noradrenaline injections; this change occurred coincidently with development of media necroses, intimal thickening, dilatation of the vessel and various gross changes. Silver-binding endothelial cells: a discrete lesion prevailed in experiments based on one injection of noradrenaline and seemed partly independent of time of observation. The nature of these cells and their role in the morphology of noradrenaline lesion remained obscure. Hexagonal endothelium and silver-binding endothelial cells may have a partial common pathogenetic mechanism, but a mutual relationship was improbable.", "contents": "Repair in arterial tissue. A semiquantitative scanning-electron-microscopic and light-microscopic study on the effects of toxic doses of noradrenaline on the endothelium of the rabbit thoracic aorta. The effects of various numbers of intravenous toxic doses of noradrenaline observed at various time intervals after the injections were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface light microscopy of silver-stained rabbit thoracic aorta and by transmission light microscopy. Hexagonal endothelium: a conspicuous change was observed by SEM and surface light microscopy, increased with the length of observation time, and to a certain degree with the number of noradrenaline injections; this change occurred coincidently with development of media necroses, intimal thickening, dilatation of the vessel and various gross changes. Silver-binding endothelial cells: a discrete lesion prevailed in experiments based on one injection of noradrenaline and seemed partly independent of time of observation. The nature of these cells and their role in the morphology of noradrenaline lesion remained obscure. Hexagonal endothelium and silver-binding endothelial cells may have a partial common pathogenetic mechanism, but a mutual relationship was improbable.", "PMID": 65191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1601", "title": "A double-blind trial of the effects of candicidin on patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "62 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, leading to bladder outflow obstruction, took part in a randomised double-blind trial. Those patients in the treatment group took 6 capsules of a polyene macrolide, candicidin, each day (300 mg daily dose). Subjective improvement was noted in both the treated and the control group. This improvement was not confirmed by pressure flow analysis of micturition. The results of this trial do not support the view that candicidin is a useful drug in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of the effects of candicidin on patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. 62 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, leading to bladder outflow obstruction, took part in a randomised double-blind trial. Those patients in the treatment group took 6 capsules of a polyene macrolide, candicidin, each day (300 mg daily dose). Subjective improvement was noted in both the treated and the control group. This improvement was not confirmed by pressure flow analysis of micturition. The results of this trial do not support the view that candicidin is a useful drug in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "PMID": 65196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1602", "title": "Fibreoptic endoscopic palliative intubation of inoperable oesophagogastric neoplasms.", "content": "Palliative intubation for inoperable malignant strictures at the cardia was done on 16 occasions in 13 patients using fiberoptic endoscopy. Preliminary dilatation was performed, and the Celestin tube was mounted on an introducer and passed over a guide wire inserted with a fiberoptic endoscope. Only one death resulted from the procedure and all the 12 patients who left hospital were swallowing satisfactorily on discharge. The method provided a simple and relatively safe means of relieving dysphagia and improving nutrition.", "contents": "Fibreoptic endoscopic palliative intubation of inoperable oesophagogastric neoplasms. Palliative intubation for inoperable malignant strictures at the cardia was done on 16 occasions in 13 patients using fiberoptic endoscopy. Preliminary dilatation was performed, and the Celestin tube was mounted on an introducer and passed over a guide wire inserted with a fiberoptic endoscope. Only one death resulted from the procedure and all the 12 patients who left hospital were swallowing satisfactorily on discharge. The method provided a simple and relatively safe means of relieving dysphagia and improving nutrition.", "PMID": 65197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1603", "title": "Concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin: value of direct assay.", "content": "The concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the serum can now be measured by direct assays that are simple and inexpensive. Comparison of a direct measurement of TBG concentration with a widely used indirect method (Thyopac-3) showed that the indirect method was inaccurate when TBG concentrations were high. This will result in an increase in the derived free thyroxine index (FTI), so that euthyroid patients with a raised TBG concentration may be at risk of being labelled thyrotoxic. Correction of serum total thyroxine (T4) concentration according to the actual TBG concentration (T4:TBG ratio) provided a better correlation with thyroid state than FTI.", "contents": "Concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin: value of direct assay. The concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the serum can now be measured by direct assays that are simple and inexpensive. Comparison of a direct measurement of TBG concentration with a widely used indirect method (Thyopac-3) showed that the indirect method was inaccurate when TBG concentrations were high. This will result in an increase in the derived free thyroxine index (FTI), so that euthyroid patients with a raised TBG concentration may be at risk of being labelled thyrotoxic. Correction of serum total thyroxine (T4) concentration according to the actual TBG concentration (T4:TBG ratio) provided a better correlation with thyroid state than FTI.", "PMID": 65198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1604", "title": "Reutilization of precursor following axonal transport of [3H]proline-labeled protein.", "content": "In further studies on axonally transported protein in the goldfish visual system, the turnover of rapidly transported [3H]proline-labeled protein was examined. It was found that: (1) a fraction of the rapidly transported protein has a relatively short half-life; (2) [3H]proline released following proteolysis of transported protein is efficiently reutilized for tectal protein synthesis, as inferred from an increased labeling of nuclear protein in the contralateral tectum (COT) relative to that in the ipsilateral tectum (IOT); (3) a small amount of [3H]proline arrives in the COT by axonal flow of the free amino acid; and (4) [3H]leucine and [3H]asparagine are less efficiently reutilized than [3H]proline. These findings may relate to the phenomenon of transneuronal transfer of radioactivity which has been observed with [3H]proline as precursor. The extensive reutilization of [3H]proline may account for part or all of the labeling at secondary synaptic sites. The results suggest that asparagine may be highly suitable for radioautographic identification of primary neuronal fields.", "contents": "Reutilization of precursor following axonal transport of [3H]proline-labeled protein. In further studies on axonally transported protein in the goldfish visual system, the turnover of rapidly transported [3H]proline-labeled protein was examined. It was found that: (1) a fraction of the rapidly transported protein has a relatively short half-life; (2) [3H]proline released following proteolysis of transported protein is efficiently reutilized for tectal protein synthesis, as inferred from an increased labeling of nuclear protein in the contralateral tectum (COT) relative to that in the ipsilateral tectum (IOT); (3) a small amount of [3H]proline arrives in the COT by axonal flow of the free amino acid; and (4) [3H]leucine and [3H]asparagine are less efficiently reutilized than [3H]proline. These findings may relate to the phenomenon of transneuronal transfer of radioactivity which has been observed with [3H]proline as precursor. The extensive reutilization of [3H]proline may account for part or all of the labeling at secondary synaptic sites. The results suggest that asparagine may be highly suitable for radioautographic identification of primary neuronal fields.", "PMID": 65202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1605", "title": "Response of cultured mammalian cells to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae: differential cytotoxicity.", "content": "The sensitivities of 21 mammalian cell lines to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were measured. Each line exhibited 1-4 log differences in sensitivities to the two toxins. No species-specific sensitivities were noted for Pseudomonas exotoxin while diphtheria exotoxin was most potent in cells of monkey origin, followed by human and hamster cells. Rat- and mouse-derived cell lines were very insensitive to diphtheria exotoxin. The rates of cellular intoxication by both toxins exhibited apparent first-order kinetics and were indistinguishable from one another when equipotent doses were used. Our preparation of diphtheria exotoxin appeared to have a slightly higher ADP-ribosylating efficiency than did Pseudomonas toxin. However, neither toxin exhibited cell line-specific differences in ribosylating efficiencies which could have explained the wide range in potencies for intact cells. Our results suggest that there are significant differences in the mechanisms of cellular intoxication by Pseudomonas and diphtheria exotoxins and that these differences probably exist in the attachment or internalization stages of toxin action.", "contents": "Response of cultured mammalian cells to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae: differential cytotoxicity. The sensitivities of 21 mammalian cell lines to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were measured. Each line exhibited 1-4 log differences in sensitivities to the two toxins. No species-specific sensitivities were noted for Pseudomonas exotoxin while diphtheria exotoxin was most potent in cells of monkey origin, followed by human and hamster cells. Rat- and mouse-derived cell lines were very insensitive to diphtheria exotoxin. The rates of cellular intoxication by both toxins exhibited apparent first-order kinetics and were indistinguishable from one another when equipotent doses were used. Our preparation of diphtheria exotoxin appeared to have a slightly higher ADP-ribosylating efficiency than did Pseudomonas toxin. However, neither toxin exhibited cell line-specific differences in ribosylating efficiencies which could have explained the wide range in potencies for intact cells. Our results suggest that there are significant differences in the mechanisms of cellular intoxication by Pseudomonas and diphtheria exotoxins and that these differences probably exist in the attachment or internalization stages of toxin action.", "PMID": 65205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1606", "title": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition by soluble tumor antigens in breast cancer patients.", "content": "The authors modified and refined the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Assay (LAI) first described by Halliday, et al. in 1972 by standardizing the protein concentration of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and by utilizing paired normal tissue extracts as controls to eliminate interference of HL-A histocompatibility antigens and organ-associated antigens. When dose response studies were performed, a progressively larger percentage of patients reacted to the LAI test with increasing concentration of tumor extracts, but the optimal concentration was found to be 200 mug/ml, where 42 out of 66 (63%) leukocytes from 54 breast cancer patients reacted to the breast cancer extracts. At this dose range, only three out of 39 (7%) normal donors and four out of 30 (13%) patients with other types of cancer were positive. When breast cancer patients were tested against TAA of colon cancer and malignant melanoma, one of 24 (4%) and two of 24 (8%), respectively, were positive. Although a higher response rate (72%) was noted in Stage II disease, this was not statistically different from Stage I and Stage III disease. Likewise, no difference was noted in LAI at varying phases following the mastectomy.", "contents": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition by soluble tumor antigens in breast cancer patients. The authors modified and refined the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Assay (LAI) first described by Halliday, et al. in 1972 by standardizing the protein concentration of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and by utilizing paired normal tissue extracts as controls to eliminate interference of HL-A histocompatibility antigens and organ-associated antigens. When dose response studies were performed, a progressively larger percentage of patients reacted to the LAI test with increasing concentration of tumor extracts, but the optimal concentration was found to be 200 mug/ml, where 42 out of 66 (63%) leukocytes from 54 breast cancer patients reacted to the breast cancer extracts. At this dose range, only three out of 39 (7%) normal donors and four out of 30 (13%) patients with other types of cancer were positive. When breast cancer patients were tested against TAA of colon cancer and malignant melanoma, one of 24 (4%) and two of 24 (8%), respectively, were positive. Although a higher response rate (72%) was noted in Stage II disease, this was not statistically different from Stage I and Stage III disease. Likewise, no difference was noted in LAI at varying phases following the mastectomy.", "PMID": 65207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1607", "title": "The place of radiation therapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The use of Hodgkin's disease as a model for the evaluation and management of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may not be appropriate. This latter group of different syndromes and diseases differs significantly in their clinical presentation from each other as well as from Hodgkin's disease. Survival must be separated from relapse-free survival since the latter is a measure of the effectiveness of any individual therapy being applied. Localized nodal lymphoma is uncommon, but important to identify since it is potentially curable by irradiation. Stage I nodular, non-histiocytic lymphomas treated by radiation results in significant, extended, relapse-free survival. All other localized nodal lymphoma is associated with a high proportion of patients relapsing outside the treatment portal. Whole body irradiation is a useful systemic agent causing regression for an extended period of time in stage III or stage IV nodular lymphoma. Chemotherapy seems to have a limited value in nodular lymphomas, with no clear evidence that combination chemotherapy is more effective than single agents. In diffuse lymphomas, aggressive chemotherapy shows more promise, with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma having extended relapse-free survival.", "contents": "The place of radiation therapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The use of Hodgkin's disease as a model for the evaluation and management of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may not be appropriate. This latter group of different syndromes and diseases differs significantly in their clinical presentation from each other as well as from Hodgkin's disease. Survival must be separated from relapse-free survival since the latter is a measure of the effectiveness of any individual therapy being applied. Localized nodal lymphoma is uncommon, but important to identify since it is potentially curable by irradiation. Stage I nodular, non-histiocytic lymphomas treated by radiation results in significant, extended, relapse-free survival. All other localized nodal lymphoma is associated with a high proportion of patients relapsing outside the treatment portal. Whole body irradiation is a useful systemic agent causing regression for an extended period of time in stage III or stage IV nodular lymphoma. Chemotherapy seems to have a limited value in nodular lymphomas, with no clear evidence that combination chemotherapy is more effective than single agents. In diffuse lymphomas, aggressive chemotherapy shows more promise, with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma having extended relapse-free survival.", "PMID": 65208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1608", "title": "Radiotherapy and rectal cancer.", "content": "Studies utilizing preoperative radiotherapy as an adjunct to surgery are reviewed, with results indicating marked increase in survival. Results of postoperative irradiation also appear beneficial, although less extensive data are available. Irradiation for inoperable and recurrent rectal cancer has demonstrated symptomatic relief, particularly avoidance of colostomy, and can render some patients operable and resectable. Adjuvant immunotherapy after irradiation and operation is suggested for further research.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and rectal cancer. Studies utilizing preoperative radiotherapy as an adjunct to surgery are reviewed, with results indicating marked increase in survival. Results of postoperative irradiation also appear beneficial, although less extensive data are available. Irradiation for inoperable and recurrent rectal cancer has demonstrated symptomatic relief, particularly avoidance of colostomy, and can render some patients operable and resectable. Adjuvant immunotherapy after irradiation and operation is suggested for further research.", "PMID": 65209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1609", "title": "Potentiation of the chemotherapeutic action of bleomycin by combination with inosine on HRS-sarcoma.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic action of Bleomycin, applied at a dosage which induced only a non-specific tumor inhibition on HRS-sarcoma, was potentiated by combination with inosine. This combination, without increasing toxicity, effected both a significant tumor inhibition and a significant curative action.", "contents": "Potentiation of the chemotherapeutic action of bleomycin by combination with inosine on HRS-sarcoma. The chemotherapeutic action of Bleomycin, applied at a dosage which induced only a non-specific tumor inhibition on HRS-sarcoma, was potentiated by combination with inosine. This combination, without increasing toxicity, effected both a significant tumor inhibition and a significant curative action.", "PMID": 65212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1610", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441), cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), vincristine (NSC-67574), methotrexate (NSC-740), and bleomycin (NSC-125066) in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Forty consecutive eligible patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma and no prior chemotherapy were treated with a 5-drug combination of methyl-CCNU, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and bleomycin. Of the 36 patients who completed at least one 6-week course of treatment and were considered evaluable, 4 (11%) had partial tumor response. Response by cell type was as follows: 2(14%) of 14 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 2(18%) of 11 with oat cell carcinoma, and none of 11 with adenocarcinoma. Toxicity in the group of 36 evaluable patients consisted of nausea and vomiting in 24 patients (67%), severe leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 1000 cells/-mm3) in 7 patients (19%), severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) in 14 patients (39%), and bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in 2 patients (6%). This combination does not appear to be more effective than single-agent chemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with methyl-CCNU (NSC-95441), cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), vincristine (NSC-67574), methotrexate (NSC-740), and bleomycin (NSC-125066) in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Forty consecutive eligible patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma and no prior chemotherapy were treated with a 5-drug combination of methyl-CCNU, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and bleomycin. Of the 36 patients who completed at least one 6-week course of treatment and were considered evaluable, 4 (11%) had partial tumor response. Response by cell type was as follows: 2(14%) of 14 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 2(18%) of 11 with oat cell carcinoma, and none of 11 with adenocarcinoma. Toxicity in the group of 36 evaluable patients consisted of nausea and vomiting in 24 patients (67%), severe leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 1000 cells/-mm3) in 7 patients (19%), severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) in 14 patients (39%), and bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in 2 patients (6%). This combination does not appear to be more effective than single-agent chemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 65213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1611", "title": "Efficient detection of soft agar grown colonies using a tetrazolium salt.", "content": "The use of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenul)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride at concentrations of from 0.25-1.0 mg/ml, when added to plates containing soft agar grown colonies, colors the cell clusters a deep brick red against a colorless background. This greatly facilitates the quantitation of such colonies since clusters of cells containing as few as 16-32 cells are visible macroscopically. Incubation for 20 h is optimal although coloration takes place as early as 6-8 h.", "contents": "Efficient detection of soft agar grown colonies using a tetrazolium salt. The use of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenul)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride at concentrations of from 0.25-1.0 mg/ml, when added to plates containing soft agar grown colonies, colors the cell clusters a deep brick red against a colorless background. This greatly facilitates the quantitation of such colonies since clusters of cells containing as few as 16-32 cells are visible macroscopically. Incubation for 20 h is optimal although coloration takes place as early as 6-8 h.", "PMID": 65214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1612", "title": "Immunological tumour profile: organ-specific carcinoma diagnosis in patients employing the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test.", "content": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test provides a highly sensitive in vitro technique for the detection of cell-mediated immunity in man. The principle involved is the lymphokine-mediated reduction of the negative surface charge of guinea pig macrophages shown by the slowing of the macrophages during cell electrophoresis. Lymphocytes from 162 patients were tested by MEM. They were exposed to a battery of KCl extracts from normal and malignant human tissues, to encephalitogenic protein (EP), to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and to thyroglobulin. Variable lymphocyte responses to EP, CEA and KCl extracts from different cancers gave MEM reaction profiles common to patients with carcinomas of the same organ origin.", "contents": "Immunological tumour profile: organ-specific carcinoma diagnosis in patients employing the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test. The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test provides a highly sensitive in vitro technique for the detection of cell-mediated immunity in man. The principle involved is the lymphokine-mediated reduction of the negative surface charge of guinea pig macrophages shown by the slowing of the macrophages during cell electrophoresis. Lymphocytes from 162 patients were tested by MEM. They were exposed to a battery of KCl extracts from normal and malignant human tissues, to encephalitogenic protein (EP), to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and to thyroglobulin. Variable lymphocyte responses to EP, CEA and KCl extracts from different cancers gave MEM reaction profiles common to patients with carcinomas of the same organ origin.", "PMID": 65215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1613", "title": "The influence of antisera specific for alpha-fetoprotein and mouse serum albumin on the viability and protein synthesis of cultured mouse hepatoma cells.", "content": "The cytotoxic potential of heterologous rabbit antibody directed against mouse serum albumin (MSA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was investigated in vitro with a cell line (Hepa) derived from the mouse hepatoma BW7756. Anti-AFP in the presence of complement could kill Hepa cells at concentrations of anti-MSA that were virtually nontoxic. The specificity of the anti-AFP was defined by demonstrating that Hepa cell toxicity was dependent upon and paralleled the secretion of AFP in synchronized cultures. Furthermore, neither antiserum could be shown to be significantly toxic to mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). Immunoglobulin purified from pools of antisera was also highly effective in producing cytotoxicity even in a complement-free system. This reaction proceeded more slowly, requiring nearly 48 hr to reach maximum effect in comparison to the 12 hr for complement-mediated toxicity. MSA and AFP are secreted during different phases of the cell cycle. In cultures arrested by isoleucine starvation, labeled AFP appears in the medium 10 hr after release of the blockade in association with S phase. The appearance of labeled MSA is delayed until the first mitosis. Cytotoxic effects of anti-AFP parallel the secretion of AFP in synchronous cultures. Both antisera could be inhibitory to the secretion and synthesis of the proteins of their antigenic specificity. MSA synthesis was more susceptible to this inhibition than was AFP synthesis. The significance of this phenomenon and its association with the differential cytotoxicity of the antiserum are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of antisera specific for alpha-fetoprotein and mouse serum albumin on the viability and protein synthesis of cultured mouse hepatoma cells. The cytotoxic potential of heterologous rabbit antibody directed against mouse serum albumin (MSA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was investigated in vitro with a cell line (Hepa) derived from the mouse hepatoma BW7756. Anti-AFP in the presence of complement could kill Hepa cells at concentrations of anti-MSA that were virtually nontoxic. The specificity of the anti-AFP was defined by demonstrating that Hepa cell toxicity was dependent upon and paralleled the secretion of AFP in synchronized cultures. Furthermore, neither antiserum could be shown to be significantly toxic to mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). Immunoglobulin purified from pools of antisera was also highly effective in producing cytotoxicity even in a complement-free system. This reaction proceeded more slowly, requiring nearly 48 hr to reach maximum effect in comparison to the 12 hr for complement-mediated toxicity. MSA and AFP are secreted during different phases of the cell cycle. In cultures arrested by isoleucine starvation, labeled AFP appears in the medium 10 hr after release of the blockade in association with S phase. The appearance of labeled MSA is delayed until the first mitosis. Cytotoxic effects of anti-AFP parallel the secretion of AFP in synchronous cultures. Both antisera could be inhibitory to the secretion and synthesis of the proteins of their antigenic specificity. MSA synthesis was more susceptible to this inhibition than was AFP synthesis. The significance of this phenomenon and its association with the differential cytotoxicity of the antiserum are discussed.", "PMID": 65216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1614", "title": "The effects of a marginally lipotrope-deficient diet on the hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine and on the urinary metabolites of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rats.", "content": "Hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), of glutathione, and of the microsomal enzymes p-nitroanisole demethylase and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase were measured in male and female rats fed a diet marginally deficient in choline and methionine and void of folic acid (lipotrope deficient) or an adequate diet for 0 to 14 weeks with and without added 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). The urinary metabolites of AAF were determined throughout the experimental period. After 2 to 4 weeks of dietary administration, the hepatic AdoMet levels were 43% lower in male rats fed the lipotrope-deficient diet than in male rats fed the lipotrope-adequate diet; no differences were found in hepatic AdoMet of females fed the lipotrope-deficient or lipotrope-adequate diets for 2 to 14 weeks. Administration of AAF to lipotrope-deficient female rats for 2 weeks led to a transient decrease in hepatic levels of AdoMet. The administration of AAF for 2 to 14 weeks did not significantly affect hepatic AdoMet in female rats fed the lipotrope-adequate diet or in male rats fed either diet. Female rats fed the lipotrope-deficient diet and treated with AAF excreted decreased proportions of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and increased proportions of 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in their urine. However, the urine of lipotrope-deficient male rats treated with AAF contained increased proportions of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and decreased levels of 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The urinary excretion of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by male and female lipotrope-deficient rats treated with AAF was generally similar to that in lipotrope-adequate rats. The lipotrope-deficient diet did not appear to alter the hepatic levels of glutathione, p-nitroanisole demethylase, or benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity was lower in the livers of lipotrope-deficient male rats treated with AAF for 8 to 14 weeks than in the livers of lipotrope-deficient rats not receiving the carcinogen. The altered metabolism of AAF correlated well with the previously reported effects of a marginal lipotrope deficiency on AAF carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The effects of a marginally lipotrope-deficient diet on the hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine and on the urinary metabolites of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rats. Hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), of glutathione, and of the microsomal enzymes p-nitroanisole demethylase and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase were measured in male and female rats fed a diet marginally deficient in choline and methionine and void of folic acid (lipotrope deficient) or an adequate diet for 0 to 14 weeks with and without added 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). The urinary metabolites of AAF were determined throughout the experimental period. After 2 to 4 weeks of dietary administration, the hepatic AdoMet levels were 43% lower in male rats fed the lipotrope-deficient diet than in male rats fed the lipotrope-adequate diet; no differences were found in hepatic AdoMet of females fed the lipotrope-deficient or lipotrope-adequate diets for 2 to 14 weeks. Administration of AAF to lipotrope-deficient female rats for 2 weeks led to a transient decrease in hepatic levels of AdoMet. The administration of AAF for 2 to 14 weeks did not significantly affect hepatic AdoMet in female rats fed the lipotrope-adequate diet or in male rats fed either diet. Female rats fed the lipotrope-deficient diet and treated with AAF excreted decreased proportions of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and increased proportions of 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in their urine. However, the urine of lipotrope-deficient male rats treated with AAF contained increased proportions of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and decreased levels of 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The urinary excretion of 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by male and female lipotrope-deficient rats treated with AAF was generally similar to that in lipotrope-adequate rats. The lipotrope-deficient diet did not appear to alter the hepatic levels of glutathione, p-nitroanisole demethylase, or benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity was lower in the livers of lipotrope-deficient male rats treated with AAF for 8 to 14 weeks than in the livers of lipotrope-deficient rats not receiving the carcinogen. The altered metabolism of AAF correlated well with the previously reported effects of a marginal lipotrope deficiency on AAF carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 65217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1615", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in a mouse strain (C3H-Avy fB) with spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas.", "content": "In a study of the association between circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentrations and spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas, we examined C3H-Avy fB mice, which with age consistently demonstrate a rapidly increasing incidence of hepatic cancer. Although elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels are observed in association with the majority of these tumors, no elevation of alpha-fetoprotein was observed during the life course of non-tumor-bearing mice despite their age-dependent risk for hepatic cancer. Therefore, whatever the evolutionary or age-related biological changes may be that lead to tumor formation in this mouse, they are not linked to the synthesis of significant amounts of this oncofetal protein.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in a mouse strain (C3H-Avy fB) with spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas. In a study of the association between circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentrations and spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas, we examined C3H-Avy fB mice, which with age consistently demonstrate a rapidly increasing incidence of hepatic cancer. Although elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels are observed in association with the majority of these tumors, no elevation of alpha-fetoprotein was observed during the life course of non-tumor-bearing mice despite their age-dependent risk for hepatic cancer. Therefore, whatever the evolutionary or age-related biological changes may be that lead to tumor formation in this mouse, they are not linked to the synthesis of significant amounts of this oncofetal protein.", "PMID": 65218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1616", "title": "Immunofluorescent analysis of expression of the RNA tumor virus major glycoprotein, gp71, on surfaces of virus-producing murine and other mammalian species cell lines.", "content": "The specificity of a single rabbit antiserum pool raised against the purified major glycoprotein, gp71, of Friend murine leukemia virus was determined for a variety of virus-producing mouse, feline, and gibbon ape cell lines by viable cell membrane immunofluorescence absorption. Among murine cells examined, Friend gp71 type specificity was shared only with Rauscher virus-producing cells, and a group specificity was present for all the murine leukemia virus-producing cells tested. Friend and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected cells shared interspecies cross-reactivity with feline leukemia and gibbon ape lymphoma virus-producing cells. However, Moloney, Gross, and other virus-producing murine cells shared some, but not all, of these gp71 interspecies determinants with the feline and primate cells. Immunoferritin electron microscopy localized these gp71 antigenic determinants on both virus and cell membranes.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent analysis of expression of the RNA tumor virus major glycoprotein, gp71, on surfaces of virus-producing murine and other mammalian species cell lines. The specificity of a single rabbit antiserum pool raised against the purified major glycoprotein, gp71, of Friend murine leukemia virus was determined for a variety of virus-producing mouse, feline, and gibbon ape cell lines by viable cell membrane immunofluorescence absorption. Among murine cells examined, Friend gp71 type specificity was shared only with Rauscher virus-producing cells, and a group specificity was present for all the murine leukemia virus-producing cells tested. Friend and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected cells shared interspecies cross-reactivity with feline leukemia and gibbon ape lymphoma virus-producing cells. However, Moloney, Gross, and other virus-producing murine cells shared some, but not all, of these gp71 interspecies determinants with the feline and primate cells. Immunoferritin electron microscopy localized these gp71 antigenic determinants on both virus and cell membranes.", "PMID": 65219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1617", "title": "Immunofluorescent analysis of expression of the RNA tumor virus major glycoprotein, gp71, on the surfaces of normal murine cells.", "content": "The expression of the major glycoprotein, gp71, of murine leukemia virus was studied on the surfaces of a variety of normal murine cell lines with a monospecific rabbit antiserum raised against purified Friend murine leukemia virus gp71. Using viable cell membrane immunofluorescence, most established and early passage normal murine cell lines were significantly reactive with the antiserum, irrespective of neoplastic transformation, strain genotype, or whether they were of embryonic or adult tissue origin. The only murine cells tested not detectably expressing gp71 determinants were BALB/3T3 lines. Although some Friend gp71 interspecies reactivity was discernible on normal murine cells, the principal reactivity was shown to be group specific. Fresh thymocytes from BALB/cJ (GIX-), C57BL/6J (GIX-), and 129/J (GIX+) mouse strains were also reactive with Friend gp71 antiserum, and this activity, as well as that of an antiserum prepared against purified AKR gp71, were also group specific. An activity discriminating GIX+ from GIX- thymocytes was not observed with either Friend or AKR gp71 antisera.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent analysis of expression of the RNA tumor virus major glycoprotein, gp71, on the surfaces of normal murine cells. The expression of the major glycoprotein, gp71, of murine leukemia virus was studied on the surfaces of a variety of normal murine cell lines with a monospecific rabbit antiserum raised against purified Friend murine leukemia virus gp71. Using viable cell membrane immunofluorescence, most established and early passage normal murine cell lines were significantly reactive with the antiserum, irrespective of neoplastic transformation, strain genotype, or whether they were of embryonic or adult tissue origin. The only murine cells tested not detectably expressing gp71 determinants were BALB/3T3 lines. Although some Friend gp71 interspecies reactivity was discernible on normal murine cells, the principal reactivity was shown to be group specific. Fresh thymocytes from BALB/cJ (GIX-), C57BL/6J (GIX-), and 129/J (GIX+) mouse strains were also reactive with Friend gp71 antiserum, and this activity, as well as that of an antiserum prepared against purified AKR gp71, were also group specific. An activity discriminating GIX+ from GIX- thymocytes was not observed with either Friend or AKR gp71 antisera.", "PMID": 65220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1618", "title": "Eight-drug combination chemotherapy (MOPP and ABDV) and local radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's Disease.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease have been treated for greater than or equal to 3 months with a protocol consisting of alternate monthly courses of MOPP (mechlorethamine, Oncovin [vincristine], procarbazine, and prednisone) and ABDV (adriamycin, bleomycin, DTIC, and vinblastine) with local radiotherapy (RT) to areas of originally bulky disease. This therapy produced CR in 19 of 19 previously untreated patients (100%), eight of nine previously treated with RT (89%), and six of nine previously treated with RT and MOPP (67%). The remaining patients are all PRs tending toward CR status. The median time to CR was 3.0 months. The median time in remission to date for the previously untreated patients is 8+ months (2+-14+). After an induction period of eight cycles of chemotherapy patients are maintained on alternate-month treatment continuing the alternating sequence. During this phase three patients have experienced reappearance of disease (one recurrence, one possible second primary lymphoma, and one recurrence in a patient whose original diagnosis is in doubt). The regimen has been well tolerated. All patients were treated as outpatients. Alopecia and neurotoxicity were mild and myelosuppression was moderate. Clinically significant cardiopulmonary toxicity has been limited to mild radiation pneumonitis in one patient and bleomycin pneumonitis which cleared during prednisone in a second patient.", "contents": "Eight-drug combination chemotherapy (MOPP and ABDV) and local radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's Disease. Thirty-seven patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease have been treated for greater than or equal to 3 months with a protocol consisting of alternate monthly courses of MOPP (mechlorethamine, Oncovin [vincristine], procarbazine, and prednisone) and ABDV (adriamycin, bleomycin, DTIC, and vinblastine) with local radiotherapy (RT) to areas of originally bulky disease. This therapy produced CR in 19 of 19 previously untreated patients (100%), eight of nine previously treated with RT (89%), and six of nine previously treated with RT and MOPP (67%). The remaining patients are all PRs tending toward CR status. The median time to CR was 3.0 months. The median time in remission to date for the previously untreated patients is 8+ months (2+-14+). After an induction period of eight cycles of chemotherapy patients are maintained on alternate-month treatment continuing the alternating sequence. During this phase three patients have experienced reappearance of disease (one recurrence, one possible second primary lymphoma, and one recurrence in a patient whose original diagnosis is in doubt). The regimen has been well tolerated. All patients were treated as outpatients. Alopecia and neurotoxicity were mild and myelosuppression was moderate. Clinically significant cardiopulmonary toxicity has been limited to mild radiation pneumonitis in one patient and bleomycin pneumonitis which cleared during prednisone in a second patient.", "PMID": 65221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1619", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with three marginally effective agents, CCNU, vincristine, and bleomycin, in the treatment of stage III melanoma.", "content": "Forty-two patients with stage III melanoma were treated with a combination of CCNU, bleomycin, and vincristine. Seventeen of 35 evaluable patients achieved an objective response (48.5%) including five patients with CRs. The median duration of response was 4 months (range, 1-18 months). The responders had a median survival of 278 days (range, 78-1100 days) and the nonresponders had a median survival of 168 days (range 34-619 days). The toxicity off the combination was within an acceptable range with no toxic deaths.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with three marginally effective agents, CCNU, vincristine, and bleomycin, in the treatment of stage III melanoma. Forty-two patients with stage III melanoma were treated with a combination of CCNU, bleomycin, and vincristine. Seventeen of 35 evaluable patients achieved an objective response (48.5%) including five patients with CRs. The median duration of response was 4 months (range, 1-18 months). The responders had a median survival of 278 days (range, 78-1100 days) and the nonresponders had a median survival of 168 days (range 34-619 days). The toxicity off the combination was within an acceptable range with no toxic deaths.", "PMID": 65222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1620", "title": "Phase 1-11 study of DTIC and cyclocytidine in disseminated malignant melanoma.", "content": "Seventeen patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC (150 mg/m2, Days 1-5) and cyclocytidine (increasing doses sc, Days 1-10) in a phase I-II study. There was one early death. The remaining 16 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Two patients (13%) had CR lasting 8+ and 2+ months, while one patient (6%) had a PR lasting 1 month. Nausea and vomiting was seen in seven patients (44%), jaw pain in four (25%), and orthostatic hypotension in two (13%). Hematologic toxicity was not excessive, nor was it cumulative. The overall response rate of 19% was comparable to that reported with DTIC alone. This drug combination does not appear to offer any therapeutic advantage within the dosage range tested in disseminated malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Phase 1-11 study of DTIC and cyclocytidine in disseminated malignant melanoma. Seventeen patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC (150 mg/m2, Days 1-5) and cyclocytidine (increasing doses sc, Days 1-10) in a phase I-II study. There was one early death. The remaining 16 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Two patients (13%) had CR lasting 8+ and 2+ months, while one patient (6%) had a PR lasting 1 month. Nausea and vomiting was seen in seven patients (44%), jaw pain in four (25%), and orthostatic hypotension in two (13%). Hematologic toxicity was not excessive, nor was it cumulative. The overall response rate of 19% was comparable to that reported with DTIC alone. This drug combination does not appear to offer any therapeutic advantage within the dosage range tested in disseminated malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 65223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1621", "title": "Experimental studies on the antiarrhythmic action of a lidocaine analog.", "content": "The electrophysiologic properties of a lidocaine analog (K\u00f6 1173) was experimentally studied in 41 mongrel dogs. The threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles was significantly raised by the administration of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg of the drug, while atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction times were not affected. After ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, the threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles was significantly lowered before the administration of K\u00f6 1173 but it returned to control values after the administration 1 mg/kg of the drug. The strength-interval curve shifted profressively to the right when the dose was increased from 2 to 4 and 8 mg/kg. These results indicate that K\u00f6 1173 prevents the decrease in threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles in acute coronary insufficiency at a dose which does not affect the conduction system.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the antiarrhythmic action of a lidocaine analog. The electrophysiologic properties of a lidocaine analog (K\u00f6 1173) was experimentally studied in 41 mongrel dogs. The threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles was significantly raised by the administration of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg of the drug, while atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction times were not affected. After ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery, the threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles was significantly lowered before the administration of K\u00f6 1173 but it returned to control values after the administration 1 mg/kg of the drug. The strength-interval curve shifted profressively to the right when the dose was increased from 2 to 4 and 8 mg/kg. These results indicate that K\u00f6 1173 prevents the decrease in threshold for occurrence of repetitive ventricular extrasystoles in acute coronary insufficiency at a dose which does not affect the conduction system.", "PMID": 65226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1622", "title": "\"Gomori-positive\" neurosecretion in the rat after deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus.", "content": "A portion of the \"Gomori-positive\" peptidergic neurosecretory (NS) cells in the paraventricular and especially in the supraoptic and postoptic nuclei degenerate three weeks after deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Most of the remaining NS cells show signs of high activity. Regenerating NS fibres form \"muffs\" around the blood vessels laterally from the lesion; some of them enter the \"isolated\" area or persist there if a thin layer of the brain tissue is left somewhere untouched under the basal end of the cut. The regenerating NS fibres are also found outside the nervous tissue: within the scar tissue, in the proliferating connective tissue of the brain sheet below the basal end of the cut and in the mantel plexus area. The NS fibres make close contact with blood vessels invading or penetrating the vascular wall. It is suggested that peptide neurohormones discharged from the \"Gomori-positive\" NS terminals enter the general blood circulation as well as the portal blood at the site of these newly formed axovasal contacts. It is supposed that under these conditions monoaminergic terminals do not discharge monoamines because no stimulation of monoamine-producing NS cells occurs with deafferentation.", "contents": "\"Gomori-positive\" neurosecretion in the rat after deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. A portion of the \"Gomori-positive\" peptidergic neurosecretory (NS) cells in the paraventricular and especially in the supraoptic and postoptic nuclei degenerate three weeks after deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Most of the remaining NS cells show signs of high activity. Regenerating NS fibres form \"muffs\" around the blood vessels laterally from the lesion; some of them enter the \"isolated\" area or persist there if a thin layer of the brain tissue is left somewhere untouched under the basal end of the cut. The regenerating NS fibres are also found outside the nervous tissue: within the scar tissue, in the proliferating connective tissue of the brain sheet below the basal end of the cut and in the mantel plexus area. The NS fibres make close contact with blood vessels invading or penetrating the vascular wall. It is suggested that peptide neurohormones discharged from the \"Gomori-positive\" NS terminals enter the general blood circulation as well as the portal blood at the site of these newly formed axovasal contacts. It is supposed that under these conditions monoaminergic terminals do not discharge monoamines because no stimulation of monoamine-producing NS cells occurs with deafferentation.", "PMID": 65227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1623", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the secretory cycle of the neurosecretory cells and the formation of Herring bodies in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the normal male rat was studied by electron microscopy during various functional states. Four morphologically distinct types of neurosecretory cells were observed. It appears that they do not represent different classes of cells but different phases of secretory activity of a single cell type. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells show a definite cycle of formation and transportation of secretory granules. We have designated the phases of this cycle as: (1) phase of synthesis, (2) phase of granule production, (3) phase of granule storage and (4) phase of granule transport. The neurosecretory granules appear to be moved in bulk into the axons, forming a large axonal swelling filled with granules as a result of one cycle in the neurosecretory process. Thus it may be postulated that a secretory cycle in the perikaryon of the neurosecretory cell seems to result in the formation of a Herring body in its axon, and that its content is then conveyed to the posterior pituitary.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the secretory cycle of the neurosecretory cells and the formation of Herring bodies in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. The ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the normal male rat was studied by electron microscopy during various functional states. Four morphologically distinct types of neurosecretory cells were observed. It appears that they do not represent different classes of cells but different phases of secretory activity of a single cell type. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells show a definite cycle of formation and transportation of secretory granules. We have designated the phases of this cycle as: (1) phase of synthesis, (2) phase of granule production, (3) phase of granule storage and (4) phase of granule transport. The neurosecretory granules appear to be moved in bulk into the axons, forming a large axonal swelling filled with granules as a result of one cycle in the neurosecretory process. Thus it may be postulated that a secretory cycle in the perikaryon of the neurosecretory cell seems to result in the formation of a Herring body in its axon, and that its content is then conveyed to the posterior pituitary.", "PMID": 65228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1624", "title": "Further evidence for the existence of intralobular nerves in the rat liver.", "content": "In a recent study (Skaaring and Bierring, 1976) we found cholinesterase-positive nerve-like structures in the lobules of rat liver, and scanning electron microscopy revealed cords having a distribution pattern similar to that of the cholinesterase-positive structures. To obtain further evidence for an intralobular nerve supply the methods of cobalt and Procion Yellow nerve staining (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968; Iles and Mulloney, 1971; Pitman, Tweedle and Cohen, 1972) were adapted, iontophoretic introduction of the dyes being attempted through cut axonal ends in the surface of small excised blocks of rat liver.", "contents": "Further evidence for the existence of intralobular nerves in the rat liver. In a recent study (Skaaring and Bierring, 1976) we found cholinesterase-positive nerve-like structures in the lobules of rat liver, and scanning electron microscopy revealed cords having a distribution pattern similar to that of the cholinesterase-positive structures. To obtain further evidence for an intralobular nerve supply the methods of cobalt and Procion Yellow nerve staining (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968; Iles and Mulloney, 1971; Pitman, Tweedle and Cohen, 1972) were adapted, iontophoretic introduction of the dyes being attempted through cut axonal ends in the surface of small excised blocks of rat liver.", "PMID": 65229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1625", "title": "Cells transformed by certain strains of Moloney sarcoma virus contain murine p60.", "content": "It was previously demonstrated that the 60,000 dalton (p60) precursor-like polyprotein containing murine p30 was a constituent of the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of Moloney sarcoma virus [m1MSV(FeLV)]. It is now shown that p60 is detected  in cells of five mammalian species transformed by m1MSV, indicating that p60 is specified by this genome. Moreover, little or no murine p30 is detected in the m1MSV-transformed cells, suggesting that the murine group p30 antigenic reactivity of S + L- cells is ude to p60. Pulse-chase studies in cells producing m1MSV(FeLV) show that p60 is the largest polypeptide detectable during the pulse, and that intracellular p60 is not cleaved into smaller (for example, p30) polypeptides during chase periods of up to 10 hr. The lack of cleavage of p60 is in contrast to the properties of p30 precursors detected in cells containing replicating avian or mammalian RNA tumor viruses. The inefficient cleavage of intracellular p60 and the kinetics of appearance of murine p30 in extracellular m1MSV(FeLV) suggest that p60 cleavage to p30 occurs in cells shortly before virus release. While only p60 was detected in the m1MSV-transformed cells, p60 and p70 were detected in m3MSV-transformed cells, and no immunoprecipitable polypeptides were detected in HT-1 MSV-transformed cells. The observed differences in the intracellular polypeptide expression by each of the strains of MSV suggests differences in genetic content.", "contents": "Cells transformed by certain strains of Moloney sarcoma virus contain murine p60. It was previously demonstrated that the 60,000 dalton (p60) precursor-like polyprotein containing murine p30 was a constituent of the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of Moloney sarcoma virus [m1MSV(FeLV)]. It is now shown that p60 is detected  in cells of five mammalian species transformed by m1MSV, indicating that p60 is specified by this genome. Moreover, little or no murine p30 is detected in the m1MSV-transformed cells, suggesting that the murine group p30 antigenic reactivity of S + L- cells is ude to p60. Pulse-chase studies in cells producing m1MSV(FeLV) show that p60 is the largest polypeptide detectable during the pulse, and that intracellular p60 is not cleaved into smaller (for example, p30) polypeptides during chase periods of up to 10 hr. The lack of cleavage of p60 is in contrast to the properties of p30 precursors detected in cells containing replicating avian or mammalian RNA tumor viruses. The inefficient cleavage of intracellular p60 and the kinetics of appearance of murine p30 in extracellular m1MSV(FeLV) suggest that p60 cleavage to p30 occurs in cells shortly before virus release. While only p60 was detected in the m1MSV-transformed cells, p60 and p70 were detected in m3MSV-transformed cells, and no immunoprecipitable polypeptides were detected in HT-1 MSV-transformed cells. The observed differences in the intracellular polypeptide expression by each of the strains of MSV suggests differences in genetic content.", "PMID": 65230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1626", "title": "The effect of interferon on de novo infection of Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "The mode of action of interferon in de novo Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) infection of mouse bone marrow/thymus (TB) cells was studied. Our results indicate that in interferon-treated cells, there is approximately a 2000 fold decrease in the production of infectious MuLV, but only a 10-20 fold decrease in the level of viral specific extracellular reverse transcriptase activity, and only about a 2 fold difference in the number of virus particles observed on the cell membrane as determined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies showed that the proportion of early budding virions, which have shallow crescent-shaped ribonucleoprotein cores (Figure 3A), to virions in later stages of assembly (Figures 3B-3D) is relatively higher in interferon-treated cells than in the untreated controls. From a temperature shift-down experiment on a temperature-sensitive mutant of MuLV, ts 3, which produces viral particles that fail to dissociate from the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature, we demonstrated that ts 3 virions partially assembled on the cell membrane prior to the addition of interferon are able to complete assembly and to dissociate from the cell membrane on temperature shift-down in the presence of interferon action. Our data suggest that interferon neither inhibits the late stages of virion assembly at which ts 3 virions are arrested at the nonpermissive temperature nor prevents release of the virions. Our findings also indicate that in interferon-treated cells, most of the extracellular virions are noninfectious.", "contents": "The effect of interferon on de novo infection of Moloney murine leukemia virus. The mode of action of interferon in de novo Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) infection of mouse bone marrow/thymus (TB) cells was studied. Our results indicate that in interferon-treated cells, there is approximately a 2000 fold decrease in the production of infectious MuLV, but only a 10-20 fold decrease in the level of viral specific extracellular reverse transcriptase activity, and only about a 2 fold difference in the number of virus particles observed on the cell membrane as determined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies showed that the proportion of early budding virions, which have shallow crescent-shaped ribonucleoprotein cores (Figure 3A), to virions in later stages of assembly (Figures 3B-3D) is relatively higher in interferon-treated cells than in the untreated controls. From a temperature shift-down experiment on a temperature-sensitive mutant of MuLV, ts 3, which produces viral particles that fail to dissociate from the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature, we demonstrated that ts 3 virions partially assembled on the cell membrane prior to the addition of interferon are able to complete assembly and to dissociate from the cell membrane on temperature shift-down in the presence of interferon action. Our data suggest that interferon neither inhibits the late stages of virion assembly at which ts 3 virions are arrested at the nonpermissive temperature nor prevents release of the virions. Our findings also indicate that in interferon-treated cells, most of the extracellular virions are noninfectious.", "PMID": 65231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1627", "title": "[Presence in immunostimulated cells of an RNA molecule utilizable as template for reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV)].", "content": "Cytoplasmic RNA extracted from antigen stimulated immunocompetant cells is transcribed in vitro into DNA by the RNA directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus, in the absence of any added primer. Cytoplasmic RNA from other organs of the same animal, from non-stimulated immunocompetent cells, or from cells in tissue culture is not transcribed in the absence of exogenous primer.", "contents": "[Presence in immunostimulated cells of an RNA molecule utilizable as template for reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV)]. Cytoplasmic RNA extracted from antigen stimulated immunocompetant cells is transcribed in vitro into DNA by the RNA directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus, in the absence of any added primer. Cytoplasmic RNA from other organs of the same animal, from non-stimulated immunocompetent cells, or from cells in tissue culture is not transcribed in the absence of exogenous primer.", "PMID": 65233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1628", "title": "System for simplified discontinuous-gradient polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "content": "We describe a modified polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method with which plasma proteins are excellently resolved in 4 h. We made a three-layer discontinuous gradient gel with concentrations of 80,60, and 45 g of polyacrylamide per liter of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/borate buffer, pH 9.2. Time and material needed in the preparation of the gel was greatly decreased, a well-resolved (22-25 bands) pattern was obtained in 1 h, and the gel slabs were easier to remove from the cell than were gels prepared according to the manufacturer's specifications. We saw a marked shift in the higher polymers of haptoglobin type 2-2 toward the cathode in this system, and also a clearly resolved double band of alpha2-macroglobulin in whichthe more anodal band appears to represent alpha2-macroglobulin/protease complex.", "contents": "System for simplified discontinuous-gradient polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. We describe a modified polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method with which plasma proteins are excellently resolved in 4 h. We made a three-layer discontinuous gradient gel with concentrations of 80,60, and 45 g of polyacrylamide per liter of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/borate buffer, pH 9.2. Time and material needed in the preparation of the gel was greatly decreased, a well-resolved (22-25 bands) pattern was obtained in 1 h, and the gel slabs were easier to remove from the cell than were gels prepared according to the manufacturer's specifications. We saw a marked shift in the higher polymers of haptoglobin type 2-2 toward the cathode in this system, and also a clearly resolved double band of alpha2-macroglobulin in whichthe more anodal band appears to represent alpha2-macroglobulin/protease complex.", "PMID": 65234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1629", "title": "Non-fluorescent Y chromosome in a male infant with Turner's symptoms and XO/XY mosaicism.", "content": "A 45, X/46,XY mosaicism was found in a male infant with stigmata of Turner's syndrome but normal male external genitalia. In contrast to the Y chromosome of his father, the Y chromosome of the patient does not display either the characteristic brilliant fluorescence or the typical dark heterochromatin staining of the distal long arm. Furthermore, DNA replication in the abnormal Y chromosome was shown to be premature. Mechanisms leading to the observed abnormalities are discussed.", "contents": "Non-fluorescent Y chromosome in a male infant with Turner's symptoms and XO/XY mosaicism. A 45, X/46,XY mosaicism was found in a male infant with stigmata of Turner's syndrome but normal male external genitalia. In contrast to the Y chromosome of his father, the Y chromosome of the patient does not display either the characteristic brilliant fluorescence or the typical dark heterochromatin staining of the distal long arm. Furthermore, DNA replication in the abnormal Y chromosome was shown to be premature. Mechanisms leading to the observed abnormalities are discussed.", "PMID": 65235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1630", "title": "Hydration of arene and alkene oxides by epoxide hydrase in human liver microsomes.", "content": "The comparative hydration of styrene 7,8-oxide, octene 1,2-oxide, naphthalene 1,2-oxide, phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, benzo[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide, 3-methylcholanthrene 11,12-oxide, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 5,6-oxide, and benzo[a, 7,8-, 9,10-, and 11,12-oxides to their respective dihydrodiols was investigated in microsomes from nine human autopsy livers. The substrate specificity of the epoxide hydrase in human liver microsomes was very similar to that of the epoxide hydrase in rat liver microsomes. Phenanthrene 9,10-oxide was the best substrate for the human and rat epoxide hydrases and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 5,6-oxide and benzo[a-a)pyrene 11, 12-oxide were the poorest substrates. Plotting epoxide hydrase activity obtained with one substrate against epoxide hydrase activity for another substrate for each of the nine human livers revealed excellent correlations for all combinations of the 11 substrates studied (r = 0.87 to 0.99). The data suggest the presence in human liver of a single epoxide hydrase with broad substrate specificity. However, the results do not exclude the possible presence in human liver of several epoxide hydrases that are under similar regulatory control. These results suggest the need for further investigation to determine whether there is a safe epoxide of a drug whose in vivo metabolism is predictive of the capacity of different individuals to metabolize a wide variety of epoxides of drugs and environmental chemicals.", "contents": "Hydration of arene and alkene oxides by epoxide hydrase in human liver microsomes. The comparative hydration of styrene 7,8-oxide, octene 1,2-oxide, naphthalene 1,2-oxide, phenanthrene 9,10-oxide, benzo[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide, 3-methylcholanthrene 11,12-oxide, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 5,6-oxide, and benzo[a, 7,8-, 9,10-, and 11,12-oxides to their respective dihydrodiols was investigated in microsomes from nine human autopsy livers. The substrate specificity of the epoxide hydrase in human liver microsomes was very similar to that of the epoxide hydrase in rat liver microsomes. Phenanthrene 9,10-oxide was the best substrate for the human and rat epoxide hydrases and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 5,6-oxide and benzo[a-a)pyrene 11, 12-oxide were the poorest substrates. Plotting epoxide hydrase activity obtained with one substrate against epoxide hydrase activity for another substrate for each of the nine human livers revealed excellent correlations for all combinations of the 11 substrates studied (r = 0.87 to 0.99). The data suggest the presence in human liver of a single epoxide hydrase with broad substrate specificity. However, the results do not exclude the possible presence in human liver of several epoxide hydrases that are under similar regulatory control. These results suggest the need for further investigation to determine whether there is a safe epoxide of a drug whose in vivo metabolism is predictive of the capacity of different individuals to metabolize a wide variety of epoxides of drugs and environmental chemicals.", "PMID": 65238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1631", "title": "Herpes zoster: a combined therapy regimen.", "content": "A combined method of therapy for the routine management of herpes zoster in most all age groups is presented. The uniformly gratifying results of this treatment prompted this report. A total of 105 known cases of acute herpes zoster in which this regimen was employed during the past 15 years was analyzed in this study. Clinical observations before and after treatment are presented with discussion of clinical factors, treatment and conclusions.", "contents": "Herpes zoster: a combined therapy regimen. A combined method of therapy for the routine management of herpes zoster in most all age groups is presented. The uniformly gratifying results of this treatment prompted this report. A total of 105 known cases of acute herpes zoster in which this regimen was employed during the past 15 years was analyzed in this study. Clinical observations before and after treatment are presented with discussion of clinical factors, treatment and conclusions.", "PMID": 65242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1632", "title": "Ionophores. Chemistry, physiology and potential applications to bone biology.", "content": "Ionophores are substances which facilitate the movement of ions into and/or through organic phases. The two major classes of compounds are the neutral ionophores, which form charged clathrate complexes with ions, and the carboxylic polyether ionophores which are neutral in the complexed state. Many of the ionophores exclusively bind organic monovalent cations. Selectivity for divalent metal cations or for anions is less common. One carboxylic polyether, X-537A, forms complexes with small organic cations as well as a variety of metals. Ionophores selective for monovalent cations have been used primarily for studies of mitochondrial metabolism. Compounds like X-537A and A23187, which show high affinity for biologically active divalent cations, are being widely used as tools to study the physiologic roles of these cations. These studies have confirmed the central role of calcium in many biological processes. The major problem encountered with X537A is a lack of selectivity. A23187 has produced variable results in studies of bone as well as other tissues. Despite these difficulties, the ionophores offer promise of being useful tools in studies of bone metabolism.", "contents": "Ionophores. Chemistry, physiology and potential applications to bone biology. Ionophores are substances which facilitate the movement of ions into and/or through organic phases. The two major classes of compounds are the neutral ionophores, which form charged clathrate complexes with ions, and the carboxylic polyether ionophores which are neutral in the complexed state. Many of the ionophores exclusively bind organic monovalent cations. Selectivity for divalent metal cations or for anions is less common. One carboxylic polyether, X-537A, forms complexes with small organic cations as well as a variety of metals. Ionophores selective for monovalent cations have been used primarily for studies of mitochondrial metabolism. Compounds like X-537A and A23187, which show high affinity for biologically active divalent cations, are being widely used as tools to study the physiologic roles of these cations. These studies have confirmed the central role of calcium in many biological processes. The major problem encountered with X537A is a lack of selectivity. A23187 has produced variable results in studies of bone as well as other tissues. Despite these difficulties, the ionophores offer promise of being useful tools in studies of bone metabolism.", "PMID": 65236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1633", "title": "Radioactive isotope labeled diffusible components of a bone morphogenetic substratum.", "content": "Bone matrix gelatin labeled with radioactive glucose, cysteine, proline, tyrosine or tryptophan was enclosed in one chamber while an adjoined second chamber was left empty to become filled with interstitial fluid. The paired diffusion chambers were implanted into the anterior abdominal wall of allogeneic rats for 14 days. Release of the matrix gelatin (BMG) from the loaded chamber was followed by a bone formation on the outer membrane of the unloaded chamber. 3H-cysteine labeled components of BMG were disseminated into the interstitial fluids and throughout the host tissues 5 times more rapidly than 3H-proline labeled BMG. The relative rates of loss of radioactivity from the residue was cysteine greater than tryptophan greater than tyrosine greater than proline. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed random dissemination of collagenous and non-collagenous derivatives of BMG. 3H-glucose distribution was coordinated with ruthenium red staining coarse granules and may have originated from BMG. A component of interstitial fluid staining positively with Coomassie brilliant blue and PAS methods was identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of interstitial fluid aspirated from empty chambers attached to chambers loaded with bone matrix gelatin. The character of the bone morphogenetic property in bone gelatin has not yet been defined in physico-chemical terms but present evidence points to the view that it is associated with a protein molecule.", "contents": "Radioactive isotope labeled diffusible components of a bone morphogenetic substratum. Bone matrix gelatin labeled with radioactive glucose, cysteine, proline, tyrosine or tryptophan was enclosed in one chamber while an adjoined second chamber was left empty to become filled with interstitial fluid. The paired diffusion chambers were implanted into the anterior abdominal wall of allogeneic rats for 14 days. Release of the matrix gelatin (BMG) from the loaded chamber was followed by a bone formation on the outer membrane of the unloaded chamber. 3H-cysteine labeled components of BMG were disseminated into the interstitial fluids and throughout the host tissues 5 times more rapidly than 3H-proline labeled BMG. The relative rates of loss of radioactivity from the residue was cysteine greater than tryptophan greater than tyrosine greater than proline. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed random dissemination of collagenous and non-collagenous derivatives of BMG. 3H-glucose distribution was coordinated with ruthenium red staining coarse granules and may have originated from BMG. A component of interstitial fluid staining positively with Coomassie brilliant blue and PAS methods was identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of interstitial fluid aspirated from empty chambers attached to chambers loaded with bone matrix gelatin. The character of the bone morphogenetic property in bone gelatin has not yet been defined in physico-chemical terms but present evidence points to the view that it is associated with a protein molecule.", "PMID": 65237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1634", "title": "Herpes zoster in the elderly.", "content": "Herpes zoster is a self-limited disorder which in most cases resolves without complications. The specific defect in host immunity that permits activation of latent V-Z virus and the occurrence of herpes zoster in both healthy and debilitated individuals has not yet been identified. In some patients, particularly the aged, complications occur during the acute phase of the disease or there are sequelae that may incapacitate the patient later. The most important of these is postherpetic neuralgia. In the elderly the chance of developing neuralgia following herpes zoster is about 50%. Involvement of the eye may produce minimal scarring or permanent blindness. There is an increasing incidence and severity of herpes zoster in association with malignant disease and in particular with Hodgkin's disease. Treatment of herpes zoster in the elderly should be determined by presenting symptoms. Topical medication such as the basic shake lotion is helpful. Personal experience and published reports suggest that early systemic administration of corticosteroids to healthy patients with severe herpes zoster pain with lessen the occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia. Administration of herpes zoster immune globulin is only effective in reducing the morbidity or preventing varicella in high risk individuals. ZIG does not affect the clinical course of herpes zoster.", "contents": "Herpes zoster in the elderly. Herpes zoster is a self-limited disorder which in most cases resolves without complications. The specific defect in host immunity that permits activation of latent V-Z virus and the occurrence of herpes zoster in both healthy and debilitated individuals has not yet been identified. In some patients, particularly the aged, complications occur during the acute phase of the disease or there are sequelae that may incapacitate the patient later. The most important of these is postherpetic neuralgia. In the elderly the chance of developing neuralgia following herpes zoster is about 50%. Involvement of the eye may produce minimal scarring or permanent blindness. There is an increasing incidence and severity of herpes zoster in association with malignant disease and in particular with Hodgkin's disease. Treatment of herpes zoster in the elderly should be determined by presenting symptoms. Topical medication such as the basic shake lotion is helpful. Personal experience and published reports suggest that early systemic administration of corticosteroids to healthy patients with severe herpes zoster pain with lessen the occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia. Administration of herpes zoster immune globulin is only effective in reducing the morbidity or preventing varicella in high risk individuals. ZIG does not affect the clinical course of herpes zoster.", "PMID": 65246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1635", "title": "Localisation of non-replicating heterochromatin in polytene cells of Drosophila nasuta by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "A simple fluorescence technique is decribed to localise in situ the non-replicating alpha heterochromatin in the chromocentre region of Drosophila nasuta polytene nuclei. After incorporating 5-bromodeoxyuridine in larval salivary gland cells for one or two cycles of replication, the polytene nuclei are examined for Hoechst 33258 flourescence at pH 7.0. The non-replicating alpha heterochromatin remains brightly fluorescing as it does not incorporate any 5-bromodeoxyuridine while the rest of the replicating chromatin shows dull fluorescence due to the quenching of Hoechst 33258 fluorescence by the bromodeoxyuridine substituted DNA.", "contents": "Localisation of non-replicating heterochromatin in polytene cells of Drosophila nasuta by fluorescence microscopy. A simple fluorescence technique is decribed to localise in situ the non-replicating alpha heterochromatin in the chromocentre region of Drosophila nasuta polytene nuclei. After incorporating 5-bromodeoxyuridine in larval salivary gland cells for one or two cycles of replication, the polytene nuclei are examined for Hoechst 33258 flourescence at pH 7.0. The non-replicating alpha heterochromatin remains brightly fluorescing as it does not incorporate any 5-bromodeoxyuridine while the rest of the replicating chromatin shows dull fluorescence due to the quenching of Hoechst 33258 fluorescence by the bromodeoxyuridine substituted DNA.", "PMID": 65247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1636", "title": "[Bleomycin lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and electron-microscopic study of the lungs of 15 patients who had been treated with bleomycin for advanced squamous cell carcinoma demonstrated marked histological changes in nine. They were typical of bleomycin effects: alveolitis, intra-alveolar and interstitial oedema, pulmonary hyaline membranes, disseminated intravascular coagulation, intraalveolar and interstitial fibrosis, atelectasis, metaplasia and dysplasia of the alveolar lining cells. These lesions had a focal distribution, preferentially in the subpleural and periseptal regions. Each of these lesions alone is a non-characteristic reaction, but their combination makes it a distinct entity (bleomycin lung). Three different clinical courses were noted: (1) cases with no or little abnormality; (2) acute form during or shortly after bleomycin treatment; (3) chronic, progressive form of bleomycin lung which may end fatally as late as 1 1/2 years after bleomycin treatment had been discontinued. Squamous cell metaplasia is the most characteristic sign of bleomycin lung. It should not be confused with pulmonary metastases. To prove the diagnosis of bleomycin lung often requires systematic histological investigation. A schema of the pathogenesis of the bleomycin lung is proposed in which the formation of microthrombi plays an important part.", "contents": "[Bleomycin lung (author's transl)]. Histological and electron-microscopic study of the lungs of 15 patients who had been treated with bleomycin for advanced squamous cell carcinoma demonstrated marked histological changes in nine. They were typical of bleomycin effects: alveolitis, intra-alveolar and interstitial oedema, pulmonary hyaline membranes, disseminated intravascular coagulation, intraalveolar and interstitial fibrosis, atelectasis, metaplasia and dysplasia of the alveolar lining cells. These lesions had a focal distribution, preferentially in the subpleural and periseptal regions. Each of these lesions alone is a non-characteristic reaction, but their combination makes it a distinct entity (bleomycin lung). Three different clinical courses were noted: (1) cases with no or little abnormality; (2) acute form during or shortly after bleomycin treatment; (3) chronic, progressive form of bleomycin lung which may end fatally as late as 1 1/2 years after bleomycin treatment had been discontinued. Squamous cell metaplasia is the most characteristic sign of bleomycin lung. It should not be confused with pulmonary metastases. To prove the diagnosis of bleomycin lung often requires systematic histological investigation. A schema of the pathogenesis of the bleomycin lung is proposed in which the formation of microthrombi plays an important part.", "PMID": 65249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1637", "title": "Types of hypoxic and posthypoxic delta activity in animals and man.", "content": "1. Two types of hypoxic delta activity were observed in ECoG records of dogs subjected to exsanguination, sudden cardiac arrest resulting from ventricular fibrillation or mechanical asphyxiation, as well as during post-hypoxic recovery. They were polymorphous delta activity (PDA) and \"standard slow complexes\" (SSCs). 2. These two types of delta activity were found to differ from each other as to the shape of the potentials; their amplitude in monopolar and bipolar leads; the cortical areas in which the activity exhibited the highest amplitude; the degree of manifestation in the cortex and subcortical structures; their relation to activating influences; their dependence on the stage and character of hypoxia. 3. Analysis of EEG records of patients during and after hypoxia made it possible to distinguish both PDA and a type of delta activity similar to the SSCs observed in experimental animals. 4. It is suggested that the appearance of SSCs is determined by the activity of a pacemaker situated in the diencephalon and responding to pO2 changes, and that the mechanism of SSC generation is closer to that of monorhythmic, bilataerally synchronous delta waves observed in primary irritative or epileptogenic processes in the diencephalon.", "contents": "Types of hypoxic and posthypoxic delta activity in animals and man. 1. Two types of hypoxic delta activity were observed in ECoG records of dogs subjected to exsanguination, sudden cardiac arrest resulting from ventricular fibrillation or mechanical asphyxiation, as well as during post-hypoxic recovery. They were polymorphous delta activity (PDA) and \"standard slow complexes\" (SSCs). 2. These two types of delta activity were found to differ from each other as to the shape of the potentials; their amplitude in monopolar and bipolar leads; the cortical areas in which the activity exhibited the highest amplitude; the degree of manifestation in the cortex and subcortical structures; their relation to activating influences; their dependence on the stage and character of hypoxia. 3. Analysis of EEG records of patients during and after hypoxia made it possible to distinguish both PDA and a type of delta activity similar to the SSCs observed in experimental animals. 4. It is suggested that the appearance of SSCs is determined by the activity of a pacemaker situated in the diencephalon and responding to pO2 changes, and that the mechanism of SSC generation is closer to that of monorhythmic, bilataerally synchronous delta waves observed in primary irritative or epileptogenic processes in the diencephalon.", "PMID": 65266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1638", "title": "Behavioral and hippocampal electrical changes during operant learning in cats and effects of stimulating two hypothalamic--hippocampal systems.", "content": "The electrical activity of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and of the anterior and posterior neocortex is described and illustrated during the development of trained operant behavior in water-deprived cats learning to bar-press for water reward under three operant conditioning schedules: (a) continuous reinforcement; (b) alternating 10 sec periods of reinforcement and non-reinforcement; and (c) mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement with special auditory and visual cues. In addition, the contrasting effects of 100 c/sec electrical stimulation of the medial and lateral hypothalamic systems upon hippocampal electrical activity and operantly trained behavior are reported. During the early stages of learning to bar-press for water reward, when close attention to the bar and water-well are required, hippocampal electrical activity manifests synchrony (theta rhythm) and neocortical electrical activity is desynchronized. Subsequently, as bar-pressing performance improves and requires little attention to the manipulanda, the pattern of hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity is one of irregular slow waves mixed with low voltage high frequency activity, characteristic of relative inattention and automatic performance. During alternating or mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement schedules of operant training differential effects are observed during reinforcement and non-reinforcement periods, the latter being characterized generally by lower voltage, mixed low and high frequency activity, except when orienting and shifting of attention occurred with associated theta rhythm bursts. Stimulation of the medial hypothalamic system has a striking inhibitory effect upon bar-pressing for water reward. Bar-pressing ceases for many minutes but its eventually resumed at the pre-stimulation rate. In contrast, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic system only interrupts bar-pressing for a matter of seconds. Possible causes of these differential effects, and especially the prolonged inhibition of bar-pressing induced by medial hypothalamic stimulation, are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral and hippocampal electrical changes during operant learning in cats and effects of stimulating two hypothalamic--hippocampal systems. The electrical activity of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and of the anterior and posterior neocortex is described and illustrated during the development of trained operant behavior in water-deprived cats learning to bar-press for water reward under three operant conditioning schedules: (a) continuous reinforcement; (b) alternating 10 sec periods of reinforcement and non-reinforcement; and (c) mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement with special auditory and visual cues. In addition, the contrasting effects of 100 c/sec electrical stimulation of the medial and lateral hypothalamic systems upon hippocampal electrical activity and operantly trained behavior are reported. During the early stages of learning to bar-press for water reward, when close attention to the bar and water-well are required, hippocampal electrical activity manifests synchrony (theta rhythm) and neocortical electrical activity is desynchronized. Subsequently, as bar-pressing performance improves and requires little attention to the manipulanda, the pattern of hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity is one of irregular slow waves mixed with low voltage high frequency activity, characteristic of relative inattention and automatic performance. During alternating or mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement schedules of operant training differential effects are observed during reinforcement and non-reinforcement periods, the latter being characterized generally by lower voltage, mixed low and high frequency activity, except when orienting and shifting of attention occurred with associated theta rhythm bursts. Stimulation of the medial hypothalamic system has a striking inhibitory effect upon bar-pressing for water reward. Bar-pressing ceases for many minutes but its eventually resumed at the pre-stimulation rate. In contrast, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic system only interrupts bar-pressing for a matter of seconds. Possible causes of these differential effects, and especially the prolonged inhibition of bar-pressing induced by medial hypothalamic stimulation, are discussed.", "PMID": 65267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1639", "title": "Ocular accomodative changes in humans induced by positional changes with respect to gravity.", "content": "Ocular accomodation was measured in human subjects while they were rotated at 1 degree/sec about their naso-occipital axes. Sixteen normal subjects were tested with 45 complete and 27 partial revolutions. Naso-occipital rotations ipsilateral to the eye being observed caused accommodative, lens-thickening changes. This effect begin at about 14 degrees from head upright position, tended to reach a maximum by 45 degrees and usually stayed at this level until about 90 degrees. The values tended to return to control level by 180 degrees. With naso-occipital roll in the direction opposite to the eye being observed, there was little change until about 135 degrees at which point further roll was typically clear accomodation. This continued to a maximum at about 270 degrees rotation, and at about 350 degrees returned to control values. Arguments are presented relating this response to the utricles, which are approximately parallel to earth horizontal. The threshold of this response, between 3.7 and 77 cm/sec2, is similar to the threshold of linear acceleration when measured by other means.", "contents": "Ocular accomodative changes in humans induced by positional changes with respect to gravity. Ocular accomodation was measured in human subjects while they were rotated at 1 degree/sec about their naso-occipital axes. Sixteen normal subjects were tested with 45 complete and 27 partial revolutions. Naso-occipital rotations ipsilateral to the eye being observed caused accommodative, lens-thickening changes. This effect begin at about 14 degrees from head upright position, tended to reach a maximum by 45 degrees and usually stayed at this level until about 90 degrees. The values tended to return to control level by 180 degrees. With naso-occipital roll in the direction opposite to the eye being observed, there was little change until about 135 degrees at which point further roll was typically clear accomodation. This continued to a maximum at about 270 degrees rotation, and at about 350 degrees returned to control values. Arguments are presented relating this response to the utricles, which are approximately parallel to earth horizontal. The threshold of this response, between 3.7 and 77 cm/sec2, is similar to the threshold of linear acceleration when measured by other means.", "PMID": 65268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1640", "title": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. I. The evoked potential.", "content": "As squirrel monkeys learned that a tone cue signalled the availability of a food reward there appeared in pre- and post-central cortex a surface negative waveform in response to the cue. This waveform disappeared, concomitantly with the animal's behavioral response, during extinction and pseudoconditioning. It was independent of changes in cue intensity sufficient to markedly alter earlier components of evoked activity and it disappeared when evoked activity was averaged with the behavioral response, rather than the cue, as reference point. It was concluded that this evoked potential reflects cortical activity somewhere in the stimulus-response sequence between the recognition of the cue and the decision to act.", "contents": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. I. The evoked potential. As squirrel monkeys learned that a tone cue signalled the availability of a food reward there appeared in pre- and post-central cortex a surface negative waveform in response to the cue. This waveform disappeared, concomitantly with the animal's behavioral response, during extinction and pseudoconditioning. It was independent of changes in cue intensity sufficient to markedly alter earlier components of evoked activity and it disappeared when evoked activity was averaged with the behavioral response, rather than the cue, as reference point. It was concluded that this evoked potential reflects cortical activity somewhere in the stimulus-response sequence between the recognition of the cue and the decision to act.", "PMID": 65269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1641", "title": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. II. Drive motivation (hunger).", "content": "It was shown that the late negative wave evoked in squirrel monkey cortex by tone cues signalling the availability of reward was smaller when the animal did not respond to the cue and often disappeared if the animal ignored many cues in succession. It decreased in amplitude as a test session progressed, and the rate of this decrease increased if the rate of reinforcement was increased. In some animals the size of the evoked wave was smaller if the animal was not fasted before a test session. In some animals the average size of a significant positive correlation with the number of cues responded to and a negative correlation with the animal's average reaction time. It is concluded that the evoked wave is probably a reflection of the conditioned incentive value of the cue.", "contents": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. II. Drive motivation (hunger). It was shown that the late negative wave evoked in squirrel monkey cortex by tone cues signalling the availability of reward was smaller when the animal did not respond to the cue and often disappeared if the animal ignored many cues in succession. It decreased in amplitude as a test session progressed, and the rate of this decrease increased if the rate of reinforcement was increased. In some animals the size of the evoked wave was smaller if the animal was not fasted before a test session. In some animals the average size of a significant positive correlation with the number of cues responded to and a negative correlation with the animal's average reaction time. It is concluded that the evoked wave is probably a reflection of the conditioned incentive value of the cue.", "PMID": 65270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1642", "title": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. III. Manipulative motivation and the value of the reward.", "content": "Changing animals from a schedule on which they had to bar-press after a tone cue to get a food pellet, to a schedule on which the food pellet was presented automatically after the tone cue and the manipulandum was not available, had no effect on the latency, amplitude, or shape of the M-wave evoked by the tone cue. The amplitude of the evoked wave did, however, decrease more rapidly, as a test session progressed, with the latter schedule than with the former schedule. Failure to fast animals before test sessions markedly reduced the amplitude of the M-wave. Variation in the type of food pellet used caused marked variations in the amplitude of the evoked response. In all cases, there was a high degree of correlation between M-wave amplitude and a behavioral indication of the animal's interest in the reward. It was concluded that the M-wave reflects the conditioned incentive value of the cue, or in other words, the level of interest of the animal in the reward.", "contents": "A cortical evoked potential that reflects the conditioned, positive incentive value of the stimulus. III. Manipulative motivation and the value of the reward. Changing animals from a schedule on which they had to bar-press after a tone cue to get a food pellet, to a schedule on which the food pellet was presented automatically after the tone cue and the manipulandum was not available, had no effect on the latency, amplitude, or shape of the M-wave evoked by the tone cue. The amplitude of the evoked wave did, however, decrease more rapidly, as a test session progressed, with the latter schedule than with the former schedule. Failure to fast animals before test sessions markedly reduced the amplitude of the M-wave. Variation in the type of food pellet used caused marked variations in the amplitude of the evoked response. In all cases, there was a high degree of correlation between M-wave amplitude and a behavioral indication of the animal's interest in the reward. It was concluded that the M-wave reflects the conditioned incentive value of the cue, or in other words, the level of interest of the animal in the reward.", "PMID": 65271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1643", "title": "Absence of thermoregulatory vasomotor responses during fast wave sleep in cats.", "content": "The skin temperature of the pinna was recorded in unrestrained cats sleeping at different ambient temperatures. The results show that during fast wave sleep vasomotion is inconsistent with homeothermic regulation as ear skin temperature increases and decreases at low and high ambient temperatures, respectively. The effects of preoptic heating during slow wave and fast wave sleep reveal that a depression of the responsiveness of hypothalamic thermoceptive structures underlies the absence of thermoregulatory vasomotor responses during fast wave sleep.", "contents": "Absence of thermoregulatory vasomotor responses during fast wave sleep in cats. The skin temperature of the pinna was recorded in unrestrained cats sleeping at different ambient temperatures. The results show that during fast wave sleep vasomotion is inconsistent with homeothermic regulation as ear skin temperature increases and decreases at low and high ambient temperatures, respectively. The effects of preoptic heating during slow wave and fast wave sleep reveal that a depression of the responsiveness of hypothalamic thermoceptive structures underlies the absence of thermoregulatory vasomotor responses during fast wave sleep.", "PMID": 65272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1644", "title": "Ethanol and marihuana effects on event-related potentials in a memory retrieval paradigm.", "content": "Twelve men performed the Sternberg memory retrieval task under three experimental conditions: after oral doses of marihuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, or placebo. Simultaneously, the EEG was recorded from Ca to linked ears and the EOG from leads above and below the right eye. In this task, subjects saw a set of 1 to 4 digits follwed by a warning tone that was followed 1.5 sec later by a test digit. Subjects indicated by pressing one of two buttons whether the test digit was in-set or out-of-the-set. There were no drug effects on N1 in the evoked potential to the warning tone, but P3 amplitude was smaller under THC and ethanol than under placebo. CNV amplitude in the interval between the warning tone and the test digit showed no drug effects, indicating that the subject was equally prepared for the test digit regardless of drug received. However, the latency of 50% resolution of the CNV was longer under THC than under placebo. THC also increased the reaction time for each set size by about 75 msec above the values for ethanol and placebo, the latter two not differing significantly. Set size affected N1 and P3 amplitudes and latencies and CNV amplitude, as well as 50% CNV resolution latency and reaction time, but there were no drug chi set size interactions.", "contents": "Ethanol and marihuana effects on event-related potentials in a memory retrieval paradigm. Twelve men performed the Sternberg memory retrieval task under three experimental conditions: after oral doses of marihuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, or placebo. Simultaneously, the EEG was recorded from Ca to linked ears and the EOG from leads above and below the right eye. In this task, subjects saw a set of 1 to 4 digits follwed by a warning tone that was followed 1.5 sec later by a test digit. Subjects indicated by pressing one of two buttons whether the test digit was in-set or out-of-the-set. There were no drug effects on N1 in the evoked potential to the warning tone, but P3 amplitude was smaller under THC and ethanol than under placebo. CNV amplitude in the interval between the warning tone and the test digit showed no drug effects, indicating that the subject was equally prepared for the test digit regardless of drug received. However, the latency of 50% resolution of the CNV was longer under THC than under placebo. THC also increased the reaction time for each set size by about 75 msec above the values for ethanol and placebo, the latter two not differing significantly. Set size affected N1 and P3 amplitudes and latencies and CNV amplitude, as well as 50% CNV resolution latency and reaction time, but there were no drug chi set size interactions.", "PMID": 65273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1645", "title": "Hippocampal RSA (theta), apnea, bradycardia and effects of atropine during underwater swimming in the rat.", "content": "Hippocampal RSA (theta), neocortical EEG, and heart rate were recorded during surface and underwater swimming in the rat. RSA was present with slightly reduced frequency during the apnea, bradycardia, and vibrissae arrest associated with under water swimming. Atropine sulfate (50 mg/kg) blocked bradycardia did not affect RSA. Contrary to previous suggestions, no causal relation was found between RSA and respiration, heart rate, or vibrissae movement. The study supports the view that RSA is related to the neural control of voluntary movement. It is suggested that the slight reduction in RSA frequency during underwater swimming may be part of an oxygen conservation process.", "contents": "Hippocampal RSA (theta), apnea, bradycardia and effects of atropine during underwater swimming in the rat. Hippocampal RSA (theta), neocortical EEG, and heart rate were recorded during surface and underwater swimming in the rat. RSA was present with slightly reduced frequency during the apnea, bradycardia, and vibrissae arrest associated with under water swimming. Atropine sulfate (50 mg/kg) blocked bradycardia did not affect RSA. Contrary to previous suggestions, no causal relation was found between RSA and respiration, heart rate, or vibrissae movement. The study supports the view that RSA is related to the neural control of voluntary movement. It is suggested that the slight reduction in RSA frequency during underwater swimming may be part of an oxygen conservation process.", "PMID": 65274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1646", "title": "Theta bursts: an EEG pattern in normal subjects practising the transcendental meditation technique.", "content": "In a survey of the EEG characteristics of persons practising the Transcendental Meditation technique, 21 of 78 people demonstrated intermittent prominent bursts of frontally dominant theta activity. On the average across subjects, the theta bursts occurred about every 2 min, had an average duration of 1.8 sec, and an average maximal amplitude of 135 muV. Typically, the bursts were preceded and followed by alpha rhythm. Subject reports elicited during theta bursts indicated pleasant states with intact situational orientation and no subjective experiences related to sleep. Fifty-four non-meditating controls showed no theta bursts during relaxation and sleep onset. It is hypothesized that theta burst may be the manifestation of a state adjustment mechanism which comes into play during prolonged low-arousal states, and which may be related to EEG patterns of relaxation in certain behavioural conditions.", "contents": "Theta bursts: an EEG pattern in normal subjects practising the transcendental meditation technique. In a survey of the EEG characteristics of persons practising the Transcendental Meditation technique, 21 of 78 people demonstrated intermittent prominent bursts of frontally dominant theta activity. On the average across subjects, the theta bursts occurred about every 2 min, had an average duration of 1.8 sec, and an average maximal amplitude of 135 muV. Typically, the bursts were preceded and followed by alpha rhythm. Subject reports elicited during theta bursts indicated pleasant states with intact situational orientation and no subjective experiences related to sleep. Fifty-four non-meditating controls showed no theta bursts during relaxation and sleep onset. It is hypothesized that theta burst may be the manifestation of a state adjustment mechanism which comes into play during prolonged low-arousal states, and which may be related to EEG patterns of relaxation in certain behavioural conditions.", "PMID": 65275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1647", "title": "Applications of statistical equivalence to newborn EEG recordings.", "content": "Epochs were selected from sleep EEGs of newborns during both quiet and REM phases. A first order parameter analysis was done in order to test the homogeneity (run test and one way variance analysis) of the data within the epochs, follwed by a study of spectral equivalence between epochs. Comparisons were made between average spectra in the frequency range 0.5--4 c/sec; and between their band-by-band components, to test the feasibility of automatic classification of sleep stages by means of frequency analysis. On the basis of the statistical parameters we used, spectral analysis appears to be of limited value for the purpose of automatic classification of newborn EEG records; due to a lack of complete homogeneity of the spectra within each sleep state, it is not possible to identify a characteristic spectrum for active sleep and quiet sleep.", "contents": "Applications of statistical equivalence to newborn EEG recordings. Epochs were selected from sleep EEGs of newborns during both quiet and REM phases. A first order parameter analysis was done in order to test the homogeneity (run test and one way variance analysis) of the data within the epochs, follwed by a study of spectral equivalence between epochs. Comparisons were made between average spectra in the frequency range 0.5--4 c/sec; and between their band-by-band components, to test the feasibility of automatic classification of sleep stages by means of frequency analysis. On the basis of the statistical parameters we used, spectral analysis appears to be of limited value for the purpose of automatic classification of newborn EEG records; due to a lack of complete homogeneity of the spectra within each sleep state, it is not possible to identify a characteristic spectrum for active sleep and quiet sleep.", "PMID": 65276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1648", "title": "Drug effects on EEG frequency spectra as a function of interstimulus interval.", "content": "The frequency spectra of EEG background activity preceding the stimulus in a serial simple RT task were investigated as a function of interstimulus interval (ISI). The percentage of power in the alpha and theta bands increased with longer ISIs while the delta activity decreased. Additionally, the effects of an amphetamine and a barbiturate were investigated. The increase in alpha activity with longer ISI conditions were larger after barbiturate than after placebo, while it remained constant after amphetamine treatment. Contrary to expectation, no systemic changes in alpha activity were found during the 3-h session for any of the treatments. It is suggested that the background EEG during the foreperiod of an RT task mainly reflects phasic arousal. The characteristics of the background EEG in the present experimental situation may be quite different from that recorded under \"relaxed\" no-task conditions.", "contents": "Drug effects on EEG frequency spectra as a function of interstimulus interval. The frequency spectra of EEG background activity preceding the stimulus in a serial simple RT task were investigated as a function of interstimulus interval (ISI). The percentage of power in the alpha and theta bands increased with longer ISIs while the delta activity decreased. Additionally, the effects of an amphetamine and a barbiturate were investigated. The increase in alpha activity with longer ISI conditions were larger after barbiturate than after placebo, while it remained constant after amphetamine treatment. Contrary to expectation, no systemic changes in alpha activity were found during the 3-h session for any of the treatments. It is suggested that the background EEG during the foreperiod of an RT task mainly reflects phasic arousal. The characteristics of the background EEG in the present experimental situation may be quite different from that recorded under \"relaxed\" no-task conditions.", "PMID": 65278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1649", "title": "Pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin.", "content": "Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is associated with bleomycin administration to humans. The sequential reactions of lung cells to this drug have now been investigated in mice following injection of 20 mg/kg bleomycin twice per week for 4 to 8 weeks. Cytoplasmic and subendothelial edema was first observed in large vessels and by 4 weeks involved the capillaries. The reaction in many animals did not progress further than endothelial lesions with accumulation of interstitial edema. However, 30% of mice subsequently showed necrosis of type 1 epithelium with a fibrinous exudate in the alveoli. Fibroblastic organization of the fibrin resulted in the deposition of intraalveolar collagen as well as extensive septal fibrosis by 8 weeks. Epithelial repair, normally accomplished by type 2 cell proliferation and transformation to type 1 cells, is characterized in this case by division and metaplasia of type 2 cells. The metaplastic cells were, however, capable of DNA synthesis and probably of further cell division. The results indicate that the pulmonary endothelium is the initial site of injury. Extensive damage to these cells could allow the drug access to interstitial and epithelial cells. Focal necrosis of type 1 epithelium is the critical event that triggers the exudation of fibrin and the subsequent reparative processes.", "contents": "Pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is associated with bleomycin administration to humans. The sequential reactions of lung cells to this drug have now been investigated in mice following injection of 20 mg/kg bleomycin twice per week for 4 to 8 weeks. Cytoplasmic and subendothelial edema was first observed in large vessels and by 4 weeks involved the capillaries. The reaction in many animals did not progress further than endothelial lesions with accumulation of interstitial edema. However, 30% of mice subsequently showed necrosis of type 1 epithelium with a fibrinous exudate in the alveoli. Fibroblastic organization of the fibrin resulted in the deposition of intraalveolar collagen as well as extensive septal fibrosis by 8 weeks. Epithelial repair, normally accomplished by type 2 cell proliferation and transformation to type 1 cells, is characterized in this case by division and metaplasia of type 2 cells. The metaplastic cells were, however, capable of DNA synthesis and probably of further cell division. The results indicate that the pulmonary endothelium is the initial site of injury. Extensive damage to these cells could allow the drug access to interstitial and epithelial cells. Focal necrosis of type 1 epithelium is the critical event that triggers the exudation of fibrin and the subsequent reparative processes.", "PMID": 65280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1650", "title": "Organization of sequences of avian globin mRNA.", "content": "Formamide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that chicken globin mRNA contains about 6.50 nucleotides, and since only 435 of these code for globin, a further 215 are not translated, and their function and position are not known. This work has produced the following conclusions. 1. 45-50 of these untranslated nucleotides are present as poly (A) at the 3' terminus. 2. The 3' untranslated region of chicken globin mRNA is at least 90 nucleotides in length. This minimal estimate is based on data derived from hybridization of defined lenghts of chicken globin cDNA to rabbit globin mRNA. The percentage of avian globin cDNA sequences which hybridize to rabbit globin mRNA is directly proportional to the length of the cDNA in each case. This relationship holds for lengths of cDNA from 115 up to 620 nucleotides. The low percentage homology for short cDNA molecules is not due to their being short per se. In homologous mRNA excess hybridizations (chicken cDNA/chicken mRNA), all cDNA preparations were completely protected from S1 nuclease digestion. 3. It is probable that there is greater evolutionary divergence in the 3' untranslated region of chicken and rabbit globin mRNA when compared with the coding regions of these molecules; The combined data is sued to formulate a regional map of chicken globin mRNA,", "contents": "Organization of sequences of avian globin mRNA. Formamide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that chicken globin mRNA contains about 6.50 nucleotides, and since only 435 of these code for globin, a further 215 are not translated, and their function and position are not known. This work has produced the following conclusions. 1. 45-50 of these untranslated nucleotides are present as poly (A) at the 3' terminus. 2. The 3' untranslated region of chicken globin mRNA is at least 90 nucleotides in length. This minimal estimate is based on data derived from hybridization of defined lenghts of chicken globin cDNA to rabbit globin mRNA. The percentage of avian globin cDNA sequences which hybridize to rabbit globin mRNA is directly proportional to the length of the cDNA in each case. This relationship holds for lengths of cDNA from 115 up to 620 nucleotides. The low percentage homology for short cDNA molecules is not due to their being short per se. In homologous mRNA excess hybridizations (chicken cDNA/chicken mRNA), all cDNA preparations were completely protected from S1 nuclease digestion. 3. It is probable that there is greater evolutionary divergence in the 3' untranslated region of chicken and rabbit globin mRNA when compared with the coding regions of these molecules; The combined data is sued to formulate a regional map of chicken globin mRNA,", "PMID": 65281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1651", "title": "Intravascular persistence of hydroxyethyl starch in man.", "content": "In two groups, each consisting of five healthy volunteers, 7 ml blood/kg body weight were exchanged with equal amount of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and dextran 60 solutions, respectively. Dextran 60 plasma levels, determined by the anthrone method, were undetectable after 4 weeks. The elimination of HES from the blood, determined by an immunological technique and by the anthrone method, had a very protracted course. Two weeks after infusion the HES plasma concentrations were 9% of the initial value and after 17 weeks they were still above the 1% level. The prolonged intravascular persistence of HES in its commercially available preparation, and the possibility of tissue accumulation after repeated HES infusions were considered undesirable. The hypothesis that HES infusion causes and augmentation of serum alpha-amylase concentrations in man was confirmed. This effect should be borne in mind when HES solutions are given to patients in whom the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis might be considered.", "contents": "Intravascular persistence of hydroxyethyl starch in man. In two groups, each consisting of five healthy volunteers, 7 ml blood/kg body weight were exchanged with equal amount of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and dextran 60 solutions, respectively. Dextran 60 plasma levels, determined by the anthrone method, were undetectable after 4 weeks. The elimination of HES from the blood, determined by an immunological technique and by the anthrone method, had a very protracted course. Two weeks after infusion the HES plasma concentrations were 9% of the initial value and after 17 weeks they were still above the 1% level. The prolonged intravascular persistence of HES in its commercially available preparation, and the possibility of tissue accumulation after repeated HES infusions were considered undesirable. The hypothesis that HES infusion causes and augmentation of serum alpha-amylase concentrations in man was confirmed. This effect should be borne in mind when HES solutions are given to patients in whom the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis might be considered.", "PMID": 65282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1652", "title": "Method of presentation of meaningful prose to young and old adults.", "content": "Thirty young (x = 27.5 years) and thirty old (x = 67.7 years) volunteers read a selection of prose and then were tested for retention with a fifteen item multiple-choice comprehension test. Half the subjects in each group were in the standard visual condition and read the passage silently while the rest read the material aloud to obtain a simultaneous auditory-visual input. There were no age-related differences in the time taken to read the materials and, for both age groups, reading aloud required significantly more time than silent reading. Although the young subjects had significantly higher scores than old on the comprehension test, neither age group exhibited any differences attributable to mode of presentation of materials.", "contents": "Method of presentation of meaningful prose to young and old adults. Thirty young (x = 27.5 years) and thirty old (x = 67.7 years) volunteers read a selection of prose and then were tested for retention with a fifteen item multiple-choice comprehension test. Half the subjects in each group were in the standard visual condition and read the passage silently while the rest read the material aloud to obtain a simultaneous auditory-visual input. There were no age-related differences in the time taken to read the materials and, for both age groups, reading aloud required significantly more time than silent reading. Although the young subjects had significantly higher scores than old on the comprehension test, neither age group exhibited any differences attributable to mode of presentation of materials.", "PMID": 65283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1653", "title": "Metabolism of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) in man: effects of venous thrombosis and of heparin administration.", "content": "The metabolism of human antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) was studied in four control subjects, in four subjects with peripheral obliterative arterial disease, in six patients with recent venous thrombosis and in one patient with clinically severe haemophilia A. The labelled antithrombin III has a high specific activity (5.75 units/mg) and displayed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On Sephadex G-100 gel filtration the labelled material eluted in the same position as the antithrombin III activity in plasma. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of a mixture of fresh plasma and labelled antithrombin III against a specific antiserum, revealed a single precipitin line in which radioactivity was concentrated. The changes in electrophoretic mobility of both the plasma antithrombin III and the labelled material following the addition of heparin to the mixture or following coagulation were identical. The purified antithrombin III behaved as a homogeneous protein in the turnover experiments. The plasma radioactivity data were approximated by a sum of two exponential terms and the metabolism of antithrombin III represented by a two compartment mammillary model. Results in the control subjects were as follows: plasma antithrombin III concentration 19.6 +/- 2.3 mg/100 ml; intravascular fraction 0.45 +/- 0.05; fractional catabolic rate 0.55 +/- 0.02 of the plasma pool per day; half-life of the plasma radioactivity 2.83 +/- 0.26 days. Circulating large molecular weight degradation products of labelled antithrombin III could not be detected by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. No significant differences in these parameters were found in the patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. The turnover rate of antithrombin III was normal in the patient with haemophilia A. In three patients with venous thrombosis not treated with heparin, the turnover of labelled antithrombin III was in the normal range. In three patients with venous thrombosis, treated with heparin, the plasma radioactivity half-life was significantly shortened (2.13 +/- 0.08 days) and the fractional catabolic rate increased (0.75 +/- 0.05) of the plasma pool per day). In one of these patients, the labelled antithrombin III had been incubated with an equimolar amount of heparin prior to injection. In this patient the plasma radioactivity half-life was in the same range as in the other two patients (2.15 days).", "contents": "Metabolism of antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) in man: effects of venous thrombosis and of heparin administration. The metabolism of human antithrombin III (heparin cofactor) was studied in four control subjects, in four subjects with peripheral obliterative arterial disease, in six patients with recent venous thrombosis and in one patient with clinically severe haemophilia A. The labelled antithrombin III has a high specific activity (5.75 units/mg) and displayed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On Sephadex G-100 gel filtration the labelled material eluted in the same position as the antithrombin III activity in plasma. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of a mixture of fresh plasma and labelled antithrombin III against a specific antiserum, revealed a single precipitin line in which radioactivity was concentrated. The changes in electrophoretic mobility of both the plasma antithrombin III and the labelled material following the addition of heparin to the mixture or following coagulation were identical. The purified antithrombin III behaved as a homogeneous protein in the turnover experiments. The plasma radioactivity data were approximated by a sum of two exponential terms and the metabolism of antithrombin III represented by a two compartment mammillary model. Results in the control subjects were as follows: plasma antithrombin III concentration 19.6 +/- 2.3 mg/100 ml; intravascular fraction 0.45 +/- 0.05; fractional catabolic rate 0.55 +/- 0.02 of the plasma pool per day; half-life of the plasma radioactivity 2.83 +/- 0.26 days. Circulating large molecular weight degradation products of labelled antithrombin III could not be detected by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. No significant differences in these parameters were found in the patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. The turnover rate of antithrombin III was normal in the patient with haemophilia A. In three patients with venous thrombosis not treated with heparin, the turnover of labelled antithrombin III was in the normal range. In three patients with venous thrombosis, treated with heparin, the plasma radioactivity half-life was significantly shortened (2.13 +/- 0.08 days) and the fractional catabolic rate increased (0.75 +/- 0.05) of the plasma pool per day). In one of these patients, the labelled antithrombin III had been incubated with an equimolar amount of heparin prior to injection. In this patient the plasma radioactivity half-life was in the same range as in the other two patients (2.15 days).", "PMID": 65284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1654", "title": "Functional organization of the vestibular input to the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis of cat.", "content": "1. Responses evoked by electrical stimulation (auditory division of the VIIIth nerve sectioned chronically) and natural stimulation of the vestibular apparatus were recorded in the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis of cats anesthetized with Ketamine or Nembutal. Under Ketamine the functional state of the cerebellar cortex was similar to that of the decerebrate or enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparation. 2. Vestibular-evoked responses were found bilaterally throughout the vermis (lob. I-X) and parts of pars intermedia and were, for the most part, mediated via the mossy fiber-granule cell pathway although natural stimulation occasionally evoked climbing fiber responses in Purkinje cells. 3. Lesion and stimulation experiments suggested that the polysynaptic potentials recorded in the dorsal folia of the anterior and parts of posterior vermis were mediated, at least in part, by the lateral reticular nucleus. Potentials recorded in the deeper folia often had shorter latencies and were probably mediated by primary and/or secondary vestibular fibers. Studies with horseradish peroxidase (injections in lob. V and VI) supported these notions. 4. An analysis of Purkinje cell responses to sinusoidal rotation and steps of angular acceleration or velocity indicated that P-cells in these regions signalled angular head velocity in the mid-frequency range. Single canal responses as well as multi-canal convergent P-cell responses were found. Purkinje cells also responded to static head displacement.", "contents": "Functional organization of the vestibular input to the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis of cat. 1. Responses evoked by electrical stimulation (auditory division of the VIIIth nerve sectioned chronically) and natural stimulation of the vestibular apparatus were recorded in the anterior and posterior cerebellar vermis of cats anesthetized with Ketamine or Nembutal. Under Ketamine the functional state of the cerebellar cortex was similar to that of the decerebrate or enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 preparation. 2. Vestibular-evoked responses were found bilaterally throughout the vermis (lob. I-X) and parts of pars intermedia and were, for the most part, mediated via the mossy fiber-granule cell pathway although natural stimulation occasionally evoked climbing fiber responses in Purkinje cells. 3. Lesion and stimulation experiments suggested that the polysynaptic potentials recorded in the dorsal folia of the anterior and parts of posterior vermis were mediated, at least in part, by the lateral reticular nucleus. Potentials recorded in the deeper folia often had shorter latencies and were probably mediated by primary and/or secondary vestibular fibers. Studies with horseradish peroxidase (injections in lob. V and VI) supported these notions. 4. An analysis of Purkinje cell responses to sinusoidal rotation and steps of angular acceleration or velocity indicated that P-cells in these regions signalled angular head velocity in the mid-frequency range. Single canal responses as well as multi-canal convergent P-cell responses were found. Purkinje cells also responded to static head displacement.", "PMID": 65291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1655", "title": "Towards a chemical definition of idiotypy.", "content": "The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the variable regions of immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. Both chains are generally required to express the idiotype. The major idiotypic determinants are the result of the amino acid sequence of the hypervaiable regions, although some idiotypic determinants reside outside the antibody combining site and these so called \"framework idiotypes\" are important markers. In my view the hypervariable regions are spatially disposed so as to present adequate antigenic stimulation, and they display enough structural heterogeneity to account for the uniqueness of the idiotype in the general population of immunoglobulin molecules. Hypervariable regions, the antibody combining site, and the idiotypic determinants thus amalgamate three formerly diverse concepts into a unified theoretical construct.", "contents": "Towards a chemical definition of idiotypy. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the variable regions of immunoglobulin polypeptide chains. Both chains are generally required to express the idiotype. The major idiotypic determinants are the result of the amino acid sequence of the hypervaiable regions, although some idiotypic determinants reside outside the antibody combining site and these so called \"framework idiotypes\" are important markers. In my view the hypervariable regions are spatially disposed so as to present adequate antigenic stimulation, and they display enough structural heterogeneity to account for the uniqueness of the idiotype in the general population of immunoglobulin molecules. Hypervariable regions, the antibody combining site, and the idiotypic determinants thus amalgamate three formerly diverse concepts into a unified theoretical construct.", "PMID": 65295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1656", "title": "The use of idiotypes as markers for antibody variable regions in the rabbit.", "content": "This article reviews the use of idiotypes as variable region genetic markers in the rabbit. Topics discussed include reagents and assays for the detection of idiotypes, evidence concerning the association of idiotypes with specific antigen binding sites on antibodies, and the inheritance of idiotypes in the rabbit. Several points are emphasized in this review. First, interpretation of idiotypic phenomenons are strongly dependent on the reagents and assays employed. Second, while strong evidence exists that a given idiotype is a marker for a specific antigen binding site, exceptions to this association have been reported. Third, the inheritance of identical or similar idiotypes has been demonstrated in several instances, but it is not always demonstrable, perhaps because an idiotype is a complex phenotype. Several reasons for this complexity are pointed out. Fourth, idiotypes are linked to group a allotypes and VL subgroups but exceptions to these associations have been described for antibodies isolated from single individuals. The significance of these exceptions is discussed. Current areas of interest in rabbit idiotypy include the relationship of idiotypes to other V region markers, the genetics of idiotypes specific to H or L chains, and the relationships among the idiotypes of antibodies isolated from a single rabbit.", "contents": "The use of idiotypes as markers for antibody variable regions in the rabbit. This article reviews the use of idiotypes as variable region genetic markers in the rabbit. Topics discussed include reagents and assays for the detection of idiotypes, evidence concerning the association of idiotypes with specific antigen binding sites on antibodies, and the inheritance of idiotypes in the rabbit. Several points are emphasized in this review. First, interpretation of idiotypic phenomenons are strongly dependent on the reagents and assays employed. Second, while strong evidence exists that a given idiotype is a marker for a specific antigen binding site, exceptions to this association have been reported. Third, the inheritance of identical or similar idiotypes has been demonstrated in several instances, but it is not always demonstrable, perhaps because an idiotype is a complex phenotype. Several reasons for this complexity are pointed out. Fourth, idiotypes are linked to group a allotypes and VL subgroups but exceptions to these associations have been described for antibodies isolated from single individuals. The significance of these exceptions is discussed. Current areas of interest in rabbit idiotypy include the relationship of idiotypes to other V region markers, the genetics of idiotypes specific to H or L chains, and the relationships among the idiotypes of antibodies isolated from a single rabbit.", "PMID": 65296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1657", "title": "Complementary idiotypy in the regulation of the immune response.", "content": "A new concept is presented for the interactions of two complementary antibodies in the immune response. These antibodies bind to each other by means of their variable sequence determinants and therefore are designated as complementary idiotypes. Under certain conditions, both complementary idiotypes are produced by the same animal at the same time. An idiotype can drastically affect the expression of the complementary idiotype in the animal, inducing a peripheral quench effect of antibody-binding activity and a central effect on the immunocompetent cell, which produces the complementary idiotype. It is proposed that complementary idiotypes might be induced during every immune response, thus playing an essential role in the regulation of the immune response.", "contents": "Complementary idiotypy in the regulation of the immune response. A new concept is presented for the interactions of two complementary antibodies in the immune response. These antibodies bind to each other by means of their variable sequence determinants and therefore are designated as complementary idiotypes. Under certain conditions, both complementary idiotypes are produced by the same animal at the same time. An idiotype can drastically affect the expression of the complementary idiotype in the animal, inducing a peripheral quench effect of antibody-binding activity and a central effect on the immunocompetent cell, which produces the complementary idiotype. It is proposed that complementary idiotypes might be induced during every immune response, thus playing an essential role in the regulation of the immune response.", "PMID": 65297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1658", "title": "A schematic approach to the work-up of amenorrhea.", "content": "Amenorrhea is a symptom having many possible causes. Since amenorrhea can result from disturbed function anywhere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis, a specific etiologic diagnosis must be made if treatment is to be effective. For this purpose, a diagnostic scheme for the differential diagnosis of the etiology of primary and secondary amenorrhea  is proposed. This scheme includes a progestin test, a cyclic estrogen and progestin test, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) loading test, and a gonadotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin) loading test. A specific pattern of responses to LH-RH and gonadotropins exists in patients with hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian amenorrheas, respectively, and the character of the response may facilitate the etiologic diagnosis of amenorrhea. The clinical usefulness and/or value of the scheme in the diagnosis and treatment of amenorrheas is discussed.", "contents": "A schematic approach to the work-up of amenorrhea. Amenorrhea is a symptom having many possible causes. Since amenorrhea can result from disturbed function anywhere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis, a specific etiologic diagnosis must be made if treatment is to be effective. For this purpose, a diagnostic scheme for the differential diagnosis of the etiology of primary and secondary amenorrhea  is proposed. This scheme includes a progestin test, a cyclic estrogen and progestin test, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) loading test, and a gonadotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin) loading test. A specific pattern of responses to LH-RH and gonadotropins exists in patients with hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian amenorrheas, respectively, and the character of the response may facilitate the etiologic diagnosis of amenorrhea. The clinical usefulness and/or value of the scheme in the diagnosis and treatment of amenorrheas is discussed.", "PMID": 65298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1659", "title": "[A case report of Hashimoto's disease with anti-thyroxine autoantibody (author's transl)].", "content": "In one case of untreated Hashimoto's disease, serum thyroxine (T4) value by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was significantly lower than that by competitive protein binding analysis (CPBA). The discrepancy was found to be due to the presence of antithyroxine autoantibody in the serum. This phenomenon was considered to be of practical importance in interpreting the T4 value by RIA in cases with autoimmune thyroid diseases. The patient was 59-year-old woman with a 30-year history of goiter. A diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis had been established by open biopsy of the thyroid ten years ago. The patient was judged to be euthyroid on the basis of clinical and laboratory evaluation (mean serum T4 by CPBA (Tetrasorb and Tetratab kit), 5.0 mug/100 ml; serum T3, 165 ng/100 ml; T3 resin uptake, 31.8%; and serum TSH, 2.0 muU/ml). TBG binding capacity was 24 mug/100 ml. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg), once positive ten years before, was negative at this time. But the mean T4 in the serum measured by T4 RIA and RIA-Mat T4 kit were 1.7 and 2.9 mug/100 ml, respectively. Recovery of the T4 added to the patient's serum evaluated by RIA-Mat T4 kit, was 71.2%, although the recovery using a control serum was 108%. Binding of 125I-T4 to the serum or fractions of the serum was studied by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) method, column chromatography, and double antibody precipitation. The results were as follows: 1) The binding of 125I-T4 to the patient's serum was detected by using RIA kit system without addition of anti-T4 serum. 2) On Sephadex G-200 chromatography of 125I-T4 incubated with the serum or the rabbit anti-T4 antibody in the presence of ANS, an early radioactive peak was observed by using the patient's serum as in the case of the anti-T4 antibody. When the serum after thermal inactivation of TBG, was incubated with 125I-T4, and was applied to the Sephadex G-200 column, a radioactive peak was observed in the area where 7S fraction was detected by protein peak. 3) The binding of 125I-T4 to the patient's IgG was 9.0% by using double antibody method when the binding to a control IgG was 0.5%. 4) The binding of 125I-T4 to IgG fractions was also proved by PEG method. 5) The binding of 125I-T4 was competitively inhibited by the addition of unlabeled T4. The affinity constant was 1.9 X 10(8) L/mol and its binding capacity was 0.8 mug/100 ml serum. From these data this T4 binding IgG was considered to be anti-T4 autoantibody. The cross reaction with T3 was approximately 8.3%. MIT and DIT did not displace labeled T4 when tested in amounts varying from 0.1 to 100 ng/assay. By using the paper electrophoresis, the binding of 125IT4 to the serum or IgG was not detectable. Therefore this method was considered unsuitable for detecting such anti-T4 antibody. As we couldn't find any significant binding of 125I-T4 to sera in 37 other patients with Hashimoto's disease by using the PEG method, the incidence of this phenomenon was considered to be low...", "contents": "[A case report of Hashimoto's disease with anti-thyroxine autoantibody (author's transl)]. In one case of untreated Hashimoto's disease, serum thyroxine (T4) value by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was significantly lower than that by competitive protein binding analysis (CPBA). The discrepancy was found to be due to the presence of antithyroxine autoantibody in the serum. This phenomenon was considered to be of practical importance in interpreting the T4 value by RIA in cases with autoimmune thyroid diseases. The patient was 59-year-old woman with a 30-year history of goiter. A diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis had been established by open biopsy of the thyroid ten years ago. The patient was judged to be euthyroid on the basis of clinical and laboratory evaluation (mean serum T4 by CPBA (Tetrasorb and Tetratab kit), 5.0 mug/100 ml; serum T3, 165 ng/100 ml; T3 resin uptake, 31.8%; and serum TSH, 2.0 muU/ml). TBG binding capacity was 24 mug/100 ml. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg), once positive ten years before, was negative at this time. But the mean T4 in the serum measured by T4 RIA and RIA-Mat T4 kit were 1.7 and 2.9 mug/100 ml, respectively. Recovery of the T4 added to the patient's serum evaluated by RIA-Mat T4 kit, was 71.2%, although the recovery using a control serum was 108%. Binding of 125I-T4 to the serum or fractions of the serum was studied by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) method, column chromatography, and double antibody precipitation. The results were as follows: 1) The binding of 125I-T4 to the patient's serum was detected by using RIA kit system without addition of anti-T4 serum. 2) On Sephadex G-200 chromatography of 125I-T4 incubated with the serum or the rabbit anti-T4 antibody in the presence of ANS, an early radioactive peak was observed by using the patient's serum as in the case of the anti-T4 antibody. When the serum after thermal inactivation of TBG, was incubated with 125I-T4, and was applied to the Sephadex G-200 column, a radioactive peak was observed in the area where 7S fraction was detected by protein peak. 3) The binding of 125I-T4 to the patient's IgG was 9.0% by using double antibody method when the binding to a control IgG was 0.5%. 4) The binding of 125I-T4 to IgG fractions was also proved by PEG method. 5) The binding of 125I-T4 was competitively inhibited by the addition of unlabeled T4. The affinity constant was 1.9 X 10(8) L/mol and its binding capacity was 0.8 mug/100 ml serum. From these data this T4 binding IgG was considered to be anti-T4 autoantibody. The cross reaction with T3 was approximately 8.3%. MIT and DIT did not displace labeled T4 when tested in amounts varying from 0.1 to 100 ng/assay. By using the paper electrophoresis, the binding of 125IT4 to the serum or IgG was not detectable. Therefore this method was considered unsuitable for detecting such anti-T4 antibody. As we couldn't find any significant binding of 125I-T4 to sera in 37 other patients with Hashimoto's disease by using the PEG method, the incidence of this phenomenon was considered to be low...", "PMID": 65300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1660", "title": "Relation between hypotensive effect in cats and reactions in children using normal human immunoglobulin.", "content": "The paper deals with the rare adverse reactions following administration of normal human immunoglobulins in Bulgaria. Experimental work has shown that such lots cause hypotensive effect in cats and lead to the release of pharmacologically active substances, measured biologically and spectrofluorometrically. The same immunoglobulins give two peaks of IgG aggregates by gel-chromatography and possess high anti-complementary activity. The possible relation between hypotensive effect in cats and reactions in children is discussed.", "contents": "Relation between hypotensive effect in cats and reactions in children using normal human immunoglobulin. The paper deals with the rare adverse reactions following administration of normal human immunoglobulins in Bulgaria. Experimental work has shown that such lots cause hypotensive effect in cats and lead to the release of pharmacologically active substances, measured biologically and spectrofluorometrically. The same immunoglobulins give two peaks of IgG aggregates by gel-chromatography and possess high anti-complementary activity. The possible relation between hypotensive effect in cats and reactions in children is discussed.", "PMID": 65303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1661", "title": "Mean alpha-fetoprotein values of 1,333 males over 15 years by age groups.", "content": "Sera of 1,333 African, Caucasian, Chinese and Malay males over 15 years from four countries were randomly assayed for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by the radioimmunoassay. The average AFP level was 2.97 IU/ml (+ 2 SD = 8.78, -2 SD = 1.00) which can be compared with previously published figures ranging from 2.3 to 1.2 ng/ml. Average values increased with age and the upper limit (mean + 2 SD) in the over 64 years age group was close to 17 IU/ml. The use of international units should facilitate the comparison of results between laboratories. The present data can help in determining whether an AFP value is \"normal\" and when AFP levels of certain follow-up patients revert to normal.", "contents": "Mean alpha-fetoprotein values of 1,333 males over 15 years by age groups. Sera of 1,333 African, Caucasian, Chinese and Malay males over 15 years from four countries were randomly assayed for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by the radioimmunoassay. The average AFP level was 2.97 IU/ml (+ 2 SD = 8.78, -2 SD = 1.00) which can be compared with previously published figures ranging from 2.3 to 1.2 ng/ml. Average values increased with age and the upper limit (mean + 2 SD) in the over 64 years age group was close to 17 IU/ml. The use of international units should facilitate the comparison of results between laboratories. The present data can help in determining whether an AFP value is \"normal\" and when AFP levels of certain follow-up patients revert to normal.", "PMID": 65304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1662", "title": "Detection of oncornavirus-like particles in normal and tumorigenic rat liver cell cultures.", "content": "Six epithelial cell cultures established from adult Wistar rat liver were examined by electron microscopy for oncornavirus-like particles. Two heteroploid and tumorigenic cultures demonstrated many cells with virus-like particles of type-A and type-C morphology. The remaining four, composed of diploid nontumorigenic cells, demonstrated similar virus-like particles but in few cells and only after bromodeoxyuridine treatment. The virus-like particles in the tumorigenic cultures were identified as a rat type-C virus by serological assays.", "contents": "Detection of oncornavirus-like particles in normal and tumorigenic rat liver cell cultures. Six epithelial cell cultures established from adult Wistar rat liver were examined by electron microscopy for oncornavirus-like particles. Two heteroploid and tumorigenic cultures demonstrated many cells with virus-like particles of type-A and type-C morphology. The remaining four, composed of diploid nontumorigenic cells, demonstrated similar virus-like particles but in few cells and only after bromodeoxyuridine treatment. The virus-like particles in the tumorigenic cultures were identified as a rat type-C virus by serological assays.", "PMID": 65305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1663", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes obtained from patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to Chang liver cells was investigated by a microcytotoxicity test, and that to autologous liver cells obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy was studied using a 51Cr release assay. Lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis were found to be highly cytotoxic to Chang liver cells and autologous liver cells when compared to those of healthy subjects (P is less than 0.001). Cell-free supernatant fluid of lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis incubated with purified alcoholic hyalin for 5 days was significantly cytotoxic to Chang liver cells (P is less than 0.01), indicating that a cytotoxic factor is elaborated by sensitized lymphocytes. A significant reduction in cytotoxicity was noted with disappearance of clinical features or direct addition of a purified isolate of alcoholic hyalin or its preincubation with lymphocytes. Preincubation of sensitized lymphocytes with acetaldehyde increased cytotoxicity for autologous liver beyond that obtained by the combined effects of lymphocytes alone and acetaldehyde alone (P is less than 0.001), interpreted as evidence that ethanol toxicity and hyperactivity of lymphocytes independently and collectively contribute to development of cirrhosis in patients with alcoholic hepatitis who continue to imbibe alcohol.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in alcoholic hepatitis. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes obtained from patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to Chang liver cells was investigated by a microcytotoxicity test, and that to autologous liver cells obtained by percutaneous liver biopsy was studied using a 51Cr release assay. Lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis were found to be highly cytotoxic to Chang liver cells and autologous liver cells when compared to those of healthy subjects (P is less than 0.001). Cell-free supernatant fluid of lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis incubated with purified alcoholic hyalin for 5 days was significantly cytotoxic to Chang liver cells (P is less than 0.01), indicating that a cytotoxic factor is elaborated by sensitized lymphocytes. A significant reduction in cytotoxicity was noted with disappearance of clinical features or direct addition of a purified isolate of alcoholic hyalin or its preincubation with lymphocytes. Preincubation of sensitized lymphocytes with acetaldehyde increased cytotoxicity for autologous liver beyond that obtained by the combined effects of lymphocytes alone and acetaldehyde alone (P is less than 0.001), interpreted as evidence that ethanol toxicity and hyperactivity of lymphocytes independently and collectively contribute to development of cirrhosis in patients with alcoholic hepatitis who continue to imbibe alcohol.", "PMID": 65306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1664", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcaemia: response to antithyroid drugs and salmon calcitonin.", "content": "Four patients with thyrotoxicosis, hypercalcaemia and metabolic bone disease are described. One of them had a 'hot nodule', T3 toxicosis and a parathyroid tumour and another had thin bones, subperiosteal cortical bone erosions and complete dysphagia. Hypercalcaemia persisted during treatment with antithyroid drugs in two patients, both of whom had hyperparathyroidism. The administration of salmon calcitonin to these two patients before starting antithyroid treatment produced an immediate and sustained fall in serum calcium and urinary hydroxyproline levels. Calcitonin administration should be of value in the early management of hypercalcaemic patients.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcaemia: response to antithyroid drugs and salmon calcitonin. Four patients with thyrotoxicosis, hypercalcaemia and metabolic bone disease are described. One of them had a 'hot nodule', T3 toxicosis and a parathyroid tumour and another had thin bones, subperiosteal cortical bone erosions and complete dysphagia. Hypercalcaemia persisted during treatment with antithyroid drugs in two patients, both of whom had hyperparathyroidism. The administration of salmon calcitonin to these two patients before starting antithyroid treatment produced an immediate and sustained fall in serum calcium and urinary hydroxyproline levels. Calcitonin administration should be of value in the early management of hypercalcaemic patients.", "PMID": 65311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1665", "title": "Oligopeptides as models for Tyr/Glu sequences in the multichain co-polymer poly(Lys)  poly(Tyr, Glu)-poly(DL-Ala).", "content": "The syntheses of a number of oligopeptides by classical means are reported. The peptides are designed as models for possible antigenic sequences among the Tyr/Glu sequences of a macromolecule widely used as antigen in immunogenetic studies, the multichain co-polymer, poly(Lys)  poly(Tyr, Glu)-poly(DL Ala). Preliminary studies on the biological activity of the oligopeptides synthesized show that only peptides with the N-terminal sequence H-Tyr-Glu- do compete with the co-polymer in a double antibody radioimmune assay, whereas other sequences do not.", "contents": "Oligopeptides as models for Tyr/Glu sequences in the multichain co-polymer poly(Lys)  poly(Tyr, Glu)-poly(DL-Ala). The syntheses of a number of oligopeptides by classical means are reported. The peptides are designed as models for possible antigenic sequences among the Tyr/Glu sequences of a macromolecule widely used as antigen in immunogenetic studies, the multichain co-polymer, poly(Lys)  poly(Tyr, Glu)-poly(DL Ala). Preliminary studies on the biological activity of the oligopeptides synthesized show that only peptides with the N-terminal sequence H-Tyr-Glu- do compete with the co-polymer in a double antibody radioimmune assay, whereas other sequences do not.", "PMID": 65312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1666", "title": "Influenza: the agent.", "content": "Less perplexing than its epidemic behavior is the nature of the influenza virion as such, which is now one of the best understood viruses in terms of morphology and replication. Among the aspects of the virus discussed in this article are the composition of its genome, the components of its envelope, and the probable molecular structure of its two surface proteins as well as their relative roles in antigenicity.", "contents": "Influenza: the agent. Less perplexing than its epidemic behavior is the nature of the influenza virion as such, which is now one of the best understood viruses in terms of morphology and replication. Among the aspects of the virus discussed in this article are the composition of its genome, the components of its envelope, and the probable molecular structure of its two surface proteins as well as their relative roles in antigenicity.", "PMID": 65314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1667", "title": "Cell culture factors influencing in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "Several cell culture factors were found to influence in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in the mouse adenocarcinoma cell line Mm5mt/c1. Cells were propagated in a variety of commercially available cell culture media to which dexamethasone (DXM) was added as a stimulator of MMTV production. Culture seeding density, culture medium type, and glucose concentration each influenced MMTV production when expressed on a per cell basis. Maximum cell growth occurred in cultures grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing insulin. Those media which provided good cell growth were not necessarily optimal for virus expression. Addition of insulin did not stimulate MMTV synthesis although dexamethasone alone was stimulatory in all media used; however, maximum MMTV expression was obtained when dexamethasone and insulin were used in concert. Equivalent levels of MMTV-specific cell membrane antigen, MMTV-specific protein, and virus particles were produced at incubation temperatures of 32 degrees, 34 degrees or 37 degrees C; however, higher levels of virus-related RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity were recovered from cultures incubated at 32 degrees and 34 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Decreased levels of RDDP were attributed to enzyme thermolability at 37 degrees C incubation.", "contents": "Cell culture factors influencing in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus. Several cell culture factors were found to influence in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in the mouse adenocarcinoma cell line Mm5mt/c1. Cells were propagated in a variety of commercially available cell culture media to which dexamethasone (DXM) was added as a stimulator of MMTV production. Culture seeding density, culture medium type, and glucose concentration each influenced MMTV production when expressed on a per cell basis. Maximum cell growth occurred in cultures grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing insulin. Those media which provided good cell growth were not necessarily optimal for virus expression. Addition of insulin did not stimulate MMTV synthesis although dexamethasone alone was stimulatory in all media used; however, maximum MMTV expression was obtained when dexamethasone and insulin were used in concert. Equivalent levels of MMTV-specific cell membrane antigen, MMTV-specific protein, and virus particles were produced at incubation temperatures of 32 degrees, 34 degrees or 37 degrees C; however, higher levels of virus-related RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity were recovered from cultures incubated at 32 degrees and 34 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Decreased levels of RDDP were attributed to enzyme thermolability at 37 degrees C incubation.", "PMID": 65318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1668", "title": "[Diagnostic stain of helminth eggs (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of a diagnostic method for the staining of eggs and larvae of intestinal helminth in smears of both fresh and fixed stool samples. The contents of the eggs and larvae stain red, the background various shades of blue. The most contrasting staining was obtained with thin-walled eggs.", "contents": "[Diagnostic stain of helminth eggs (author's transl)]. A description is given of a diagnostic method for the staining of eggs and larvae of intestinal helminth in smears of both fresh and fixed stool samples. The contents of the eggs and larvae stain red, the background various shades of blue. The most contrasting staining was obtained with thin-walled eggs.", "PMID": 65319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1669", "title": "[Side effects of aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "Animal experiments showed that all aminoglycosides cause similar toxic tubular and glomerular damage when investigated by qualitative morphology. Quantitative differences in the tubular nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, kanendomycin, amikacin, and butirosin can be demonstrated experimentally by evaluation of the excretion rates of tubular cells and urinary enzymes in rats. By this means dose-effect relationships were established resulting in varying reproduceable toxic threshold doses for each antibiotic, and thus in a scale of increasing nephrotoxicity. The aminoglycosides differed in their affinity to kidney tissue as measured by determination of the accumulating renal concentrations of the drugs at different times during multiple-dose administration. This had a modifying influence on excretion rates of cells and enzymes affecting the scale of toxicity in long-term studies. Comparative investigations on nephrotoxicity in rats and guinea pigs gave similar results. In addition, a study in man suggested that the test results of nephrotoxicity are not species-specific. For human therapy it is concluded that even more caution should be practised with the new aminoglycerides than with gentamicin in order to avoid renal damage.", "contents": "[Side effects of aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity (author's transl)]. Animal experiments showed that all aminoglycosides cause similar toxic tubular and glomerular damage when investigated by qualitative morphology. Quantitative differences in the tubular nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, kanendomycin, amikacin, and butirosin can be demonstrated experimentally by evaluation of the excretion rates of tubular cells and urinary enzymes in rats. By this means dose-effect relationships were established resulting in varying reproduceable toxic threshold doses for each antibiotic, and thus in a scale of increasing nephrotoxicity. The aminoglycosides differed in their affinity to kidney tissue as measured by determination of the accumulating renal concentrations of the drugs at different times during multiple-dose administration. This had a modifying influence on excretion rates of cells and enzymes affecting the scale of toxicity in long-term studies. Comparative investigations on nephrotoxicity in rats and guinea pigs gave similar results. In addition, a study in man suggested that the test results of nephrotoxicity are not species-specific. For human therapy it is concluded that even more caution should be practised with the new aminoglycerides than with gentamicin in order to avoid renal damage.", "PMID": 65328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1670", "title": "Penicillin allergy studies by a modified red-cell-linked antigen-antiblobulin reaction.", "content": "A red-cell-linked antigen-radioactive antiglobulin reaction (RCLA AR) is reported which may be combined with the conventional red-cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) to measure antibodies of all five immunoglobulin calsses against the same determinant at the same time. The method has been applied to sera from penicillin-allergic patients and controls. Human erythrocytes coated with rabbit antibodies carrying penicilloyl groups were incubated with the serum to be tested, then washed. 125I-labelled anti-human IgE was added and, after further incubation and washing, the radioactivity retained by the cells was counted. This gives a measure of the specific IgE in the test sample. Other aliquots of the coated cells were treated with specific antiglobulin reagents in the usual manner of the RCLAAR in order to determine antibodies of other classes. The sensitivity for IgE was similar to that of the radioallergosorbent test. Information was also obtained about specific IgG subclasses.", "contents": "Penicillin allergy studies by a modified red-cell-linked antigen-antiblobulin reaction. A red-cell-linked antigen-radioactive antiglobulin reaction (RCLA AR) is reported which may be combined with the conventional red-cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) to measure antibodies of all five immunoglobulin calsses against the same determinant at the same time. The method has been applied to sera from penicillin-allergic patients and controls. Human erythrocytes coated with rabbit antibodies carrying penicilloyl groups were incubated with the serum to be tested, then washed. 125I-labelled anti-human IgE was added and, after further incubation and washing, the radioactivity retained by the cells was counted. This gives a measure of the specific IgE in the test sample. Other aliquots of the coated cells were treated with specific antiglobulin reagents in the usual manner of the RCLAAR in order to determine antibodies of other classes. The sensitivity for IgE was similar to that of the radioallergosorbent test. Information was also obtained about specific IgG subclasses.", "PMID": 65330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1671", "title": "Fetuin. In vitro effect on sheep erythrocyte rosette formation with human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy control subjects were incubated in vitro with fetuin and enumerated for sheep erythrocyte rosette forming T cells. Significant enhancement of rosette-forming T lymphocytes was observed in a dose-related manner. The physical presence of fetuin is not required for this effect. Incubation of lymphocytes with human AB serum has no significant effect on the rosette formation. This enhancing effect of fetuin appears to be secondary to alteration in T lymphocyte surface receptors for sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "Fetuin. In vitro effect on sheep erythrocyte rosette formation with human T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy control subjects were incubated in vitro with fetuin and enumerated for sheep erythrocyte rosette forming T cells. Significant enhancement of rosette-forming T lymphocytes was observed in a dose-related manner. The physical presence of fetuin is not required for this effect. Incubation of lymphocytes with human AB serum has no significant effect on the rosette formation. This enhancing effect of fetuin appears to be secondary to alteration in T lymphocyte surface receptors for sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 65331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1672", "title": "Antibodies against hydroxyethylstarch produced in rabbits by immunization with a protein-hydroxyetylstarch conjugate.", "content": "Antibodies (ABS) against hydroxyethylstarch (HES) were raised in rabbits by immunization with HES-bovine serum albumin conjugate. ABS against HES were demonstrable by gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination (PH) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA); specificity was confirmed by inhibition of PH and neutralization of PCA. No ABS against starch could be induced in comparative experiments. Non-immunogenicity of starch was attributed to its structural similarity with glycogen, widely distributed in animal species. Absence of cross-reactivity of anti-HES ABS with starch, amylopectin and glycogen and strong reactivity with 2-hydroxypropylstarch (DS = 0.65) and HES (DS = 0.7-1.2) indicate that hydroxyethyl substitution created antigenic determinants and conferred new immunochemical identity on the modified starch molecule. Anti-HES ABS represent specific analytical tools for the identification and quantitation of HES in biological material.", "contents": "Antibodies against hydroxyethylstarch produced in rabbits by immunization with a protein-hydroxyetylstarch conjugate. Antibodies (ABS) against hydroxyethylstarch (HES) were raised in rabbits by immunization with HES-bovine serum albumin conjugate. ABS against HES were demonstrable by gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination (PH) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA); specificity was confirmed by inhibition of PH and neutralization of PCA. No ABS against starch could be induced in comparative experiments. Non-immunogenicity of starch was attributed to its structural similarity with glycogen, widely distributed in animal species. Absence of cross-reactivity of anti-HES ABS with starch, amylopectin and glycogen and strong reactivity with 2-hydroxypropylstarch (DS = 0.65) and HES (DS = 0.7-1.2) indicate that hydroxyethyl substitution created antigenic determinants and conferred new immunochemical identity on the modified starch molecule. Anti-HES ABS represent specific analytical tools for the identification and quantitation of HES in biological material.", "PMID": 65332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1673", "title": "Immunological activities of rat lymphocytes. I. Mitogenic responses and surface markers of lymphocytes from normal, thymectomized and B rats.", "content": "Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes of normal, thymectomized (TX) and thymectomized lethally irradiated marrow reconstituted (TXBM or B rats) Lewis rats were studied for their ability to proliferate in vitro in the presence of Con A or PHA. At the same time the lymphoid tissues of these animals were examined for the presence of B cells or T cells by immunofluorescence staining with antiserums to rat immunoglobulins or rat brain antigens (ARBS), respectively. The specificity of ARBS fort T cells was first established in both cytotoxicity and immunofluoresecnce studies with thymocytes as well as pruified T and B cells. In various lymphoid tissues from TX and B rats, cells carrying brain antigens were found which were unable to respond to Con A and PHA. Thymectomy has a lesser effect on the response to Con A that to PHA; this was particularly true in the thoracic duct where, following thymectomy, lymphocytes continued to respond to Con A but lost their ability to respond to PHA. This suggests that the response to PHA and Con A may belong to different cells' subsets but that the ability to respond to either one of these mitogens may be impaired in cells carrying known T cell markers.", "contents": "Immunological activities of rat lymphocytes. I. Mitogenic responses and surface markers of lymphocytes from normal, thymectomized and B rats. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes of normal, thymectomized (TX) and thymectomized lethally irradiated marrow reconstituted (TXBM or B rats) Lewis rats were studied for their ability to proliferate in vitro in the presence of Con A or PHA. At the same time the lymphoid tissues of these animals were examined for the presence of B cells or T cells by immunofluorescence staining with antiserums to rat immunoglobulins or rat brain antigens (ARBS), respectively. The specificity of ARBS fort T cells was first established in both cytotoxicity and immunofluoresecnce studies with thymocytes as well as pruified T and B cells. In various lymphoid tissues from TX and B rats, cells carrying brain antigens were found which were unable to respond to Con A and PHA. Thymectomy has a lesser effect on the response to Con A that to PHA; this was particularly true in the thoracic duct where, following thymectomy, lymphocytes continued to respond to Con A but lost their ability to respond to PHA. This suggests that the response to PHA and Con A may belong to different cells' subsets but that the ability to respond to either one of these mitogens may be impaired in cells carrying known T cell markers.", "PMID": 65333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1674", "title": "Determination of alpha-fetoprotein by a new paper disc radioimmunoassay of the sandwich type.", "content": "Determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the 1- to 500-mug/litre range has been shown to be of diagnostic value in a variety of clinical settings, in particular, in prenatal diagnosis and the monitoring of pregnancies. A modified paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay (sandwich RIA) is described which meets the essential criteria for large-scale assaying for AFP. The sandwich RIA is based upon anti-AFP antiserum, which is available commercially, and thus purified AFP is not essential. The sandwich RIA (1) is simple to run and gives results within 24 h; (2) has a comparatively broad range of sensitivity; (3) requires no apparatus other than a gamma-scintillation counter, and (4) has an acceptable level of accuracy. We have used the described sandwich RIA for AFP in routine obstetrical practice for over 2 years. Our experience, encompassing more than 15,000 samples, has been most satisfactory.", "contents": "Determination of alpha-fetoprotein by a new paper disc radioimmunoassay of the sandwich type. Determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the 1- to 500-mug/litre range has been shown to be of diagnostic value in a variety of clinical settings, in particular, in prenatal diagnosis and the monitoring of pregnancies. A modified paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay (sandwich RIA) is described which meets the essential criteria for large-scale assaying for AFP. The sandwich RIA is based upon anti-AFP antiserum, which is available commercially, and thus purified AFP is not essential. The sandwich RIA (1) is simple to run and gives results within 24 h; (2) has a comparatively broad range of sensitivity; (3) requires no apparatus other than a gamma-scintillation counter, and (4) has an acceptable level of accuracy. We have used the described sandwich RIA for AFP in routine obstetrical practice for over 2 years. Our experience, encompassing more than 15,000 samples, has been most satisfactory.", "PMID": 65334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1675", "title": "Flour allergy in bakers. I. Identification of allergenic fractions in flour and comparison of diagnostic methods.", "content": "Extract of wheat flour obtained by extraction, centrifugation and dialysis was immunochemically characterized by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies. The analysis revealed wheat flour to be composed of 40 antigens, some of which were immunologically partially identical with antigens of rye flour and of common grass pollen. Furthermore, antigens of the gliadin fraction of wheat flour were identified. 25 bakers with allergic complaints working in and around Copenhagen were clinically tested with wheat flour and related extracts. Among 13 bakers with respiratory complaints (asthma and/or rhinitis), 11 showed positive reactions to wheat flour extract when tested in histamine release from basophil leukocytes radioallergosorbent test and skin test, whereas further 2 were positive in the basophil test only. The ability of the IgE of individual sera to adsorb to the individual antigens of wheat flour was examined by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. On the basis of these results, individual allergenic components of wheat flour were identified, three of these with comparatively high affinity and frequency.", "contents": "Flour allergy in bakers. I. Identification of allergenic fractions in flour and comparison of diagnostic methods. Extract of wheat flour obtained by extraction, centrifugation and dialysis was immunochemically characterized by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies. The analysis revealed wheat flour to be composed of 40 antigens, some of which were immunologically partially identical with antigens of rye flour and of common grass pollen. Furthermore, antigens of the gliadin fraction of wheat flour were identified. 25 bakers with allergic complaints working in and around Copenhagen were clinically tested with wheat flour and related extracts. Among 13 bakers with respiratory complaints (asthma and/or rhinitis), 11 showed positive reactions to wheat flour extract when tested in histamine release from basophil leukocytes radioallergosorbent test and skin test, whereas further 2 were positive in the basophil test only. The ability of the IgE of individual sera to adsorb to the individual antigens of wheat flour was examined by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. On the basis of these results, individual allergenic components of wheat flour were identified, three of these with comparatively high affinity and frequency.", "PMID": 65335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1676", "title": "Sequential release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine during pinnal anaphylaxis in the mouse.", "content": "Histamine and 5-HT have been demonstrated to be involved in pinnal anaphylaxis in mice. Each predominates at different stages during the 30-min development of the reaction. The main mediator of the early stage of the reaction (0-10 min) is histamine, that of the middle stage (10-20 min) is 5-HT, and that of the final 20- to 30-min stage is, again, histamine. The source and mechanism of release of the 5-HT and the late histamine are, as yet, unknown but under investigation.", "contents": "Sequential release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine during pinnal anaphylaxis in the mouse. Histamine and 5-HT have been demonstrated to be involved in pinnal anaphylaxis in mice. Each predominates at different stages during the 30-min development of the reaction. The main mediator of the early stage of the reaction (0-10 min) is histamine, that of the middle stage (10-20 min) is 5-HT, and that of the final 20- to 30-min stage is, again, histamine. The source and mechanism of release of the 5-HT and the late histamine are, as yet, unknown but under investigation.", "PMID": 65336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1677", "title": "The allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. I. Tryptic peptides of fragment TM 1.", "content": "In attempts to locate the allergenic active sites of fragment TM 1 of allergen M from cod, the allergenicity of the tryptic hydrolysis peptides was examined both in vivo and in vitro. A duodecapeptide (residues No. 33-44) was tentatively suggested to incorporate at least one allergenic determinant. All the tryptic peptides were less active than allergen M as shown by the in vivo titration experiments. The activity of the peptides was not due to contamination of intact allergens.", "contents": "The allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. I. Tryptic peptides of fragment TM 1. In attempts to locate the allergenic active sites of fragment TM 1 of allergen M from cod, the allergenicity of the tryptic hydrolysis peptides was examined both in vivo and in vitro. A duodecapeptide (residues No. 33-44) was tentatively suggested to incorporate at least one allergenic determinant. All the tryptic peptides were less active than allergen M as shown by the in vivo titration experiments. The activity of the peptides was not due to contamination of intact allergens.", "PMID": 65337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1678", "title": "Inhibition of reagin-mediated PCA reactions in monkeys and histamine release from human leukocytes by human IgG4 subclass.", "content": "Human myeloma proteins of IgG4 subclass in contrast to myeloma proteins IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, were capable of blocking PCA reactions in monkeys mediated by human reaginic antibodies of IgE class. In addition to IgE, IgG4 myeloma protein was also capable of sensitizing leukocytes from normal individuals and gave histamine release (HR) upon challenge with anti-human IgG4. Leukocytes from 11 allergic individuals and from 9 normal subjects sensitized with the serum of allergic patients, were capable of releasing histamine with anti-human IgG4, anti-human IgE, and the specific allergen. No response was obtained with anti-human IgG1 and IgG3 sera. Leukocytes from the normal individuals released histamine from 3 to 20% with anti-human IgG4 and from 6 to 30% with anti-human IgE. Moreover, normal leukocytes sensitized with IgG4 myeloma protein or a serum of an allergic patient heated at 56 degrees C for 2 h, released a significant amount of histamine on challenge with anti-human IgG4 whereas no response was obtained with anti-human IgE. The biological role of human IgG4 in immediate hypersensitivity reactions is discussed in relation to human IgE.", "contents": "Inhibition of reagin-mediated PCA reactions in monkeys and histamine release from human leukocytes by human IgG4 subclass. Human myeloma proteins of IgG4 subclass in contrast to myeloma proteins IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, were capable of blocking PCA reactions in monkeys mediated by human reaginic antibodies of IgE class. In addition to IgE, IgG4 myeloma protein was also capable of sensitizing leukocytes from normal individuals and gave histamine release (HR) upon challenge with anti-human IgG4. Leukocytes from 11 allergic individuals and from 9 normal subjects sensitized with the serum of allergic patients, were capable of releasing histamine with anti-human IgG4, anti-human IgE, and the specific allergen. No response was obtained with anti-human IgG1 and IgG3 sera. Leukocytes from the normal individuals released histamine from 3 to 20% with anti-human IgG4 and from 6 to 30% with anti-human IgE. Moreover, normal leukocytes sensitized with IgG4 myeloma protein or a serum of an allergic patient heated at 56 degrees C for 2 h, released a significant amount of histamine on challenge with anti-human IgG4 whereas no response was obtained with anti-human IgE. The biological role of human IgG4 in immediate hypersensitivity reactions is discussed in relation to human IgE.", "PMID": 65338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1679", "title": "Development of radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-globulin and its measurement in serum of patients with trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic tumours.", "content": "Levels of human pregnancy-specific or trophoblast-specific beta1-globulin (TBG) were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 103 patients with trophoblastic tumours and in 114 patients with a variety of non-trophoblastic tumours. The sensitivity of RIA for TBG was about 1 ng per ml. Twenty healthy adult females and males had levels below 1 ng per ml. Using the RIA for measurement of TBG in sera which were selected from immunodiffusion-TBG-negative samples, we detected elevated TBG levels in 76.7% of cases with trophoblastic tumours and in 15% of different cases with non-trophoblastic malignancies. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the measurement of TBG levels by RIA in patients with trophoblastic tumours is discussed.", "contents": "Development of radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific beta1-globulin and its measurement in serum of patients with trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic tumours. Levels of human pregnancy-specific or trophoblast-specific beta1-globulin (TBG) were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 103 patients with trophoblastic tumours and in 114 patients with a variety of non-trophoblastic tumours. The sensitivity of RIA for TBG was about 1 ng per ml. Twenty healthy adult females and males had levels below 1 ng per ml. Using the RIA for measurement of TBG in sera which were selected from immunodiffusion-TBG-negative samples, we detected elevated TBG levels in 76.7% of cases with trophoblastic tumours and in 15% of different cases with non-trophoblastic malignancies. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the measurement of TBG levels by RIA in patients with trophoblastic tumours is discussed.", "PMID": 65339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1680", "title": "Mouse mammary tumor virus production stimulated by hormones and polyamines in cells grown in semi-synthetic in vitro conditions.", "content": "Hormonal regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) synthesis was studied in the CCL-51-SF cell subline derived from the Sykes' mammary tumor cell line CCL-51 and adapted to grow in semi-synthetic in vitro conditions. The virus was quantitated by measuring the supernatant reverse transcriptase activity in exogenous reaction using poly (rA)-oligo (dT) and poly (rC)-oligo (dG) as template/primers. The cells produced a low but significant amount of virus in the absence of any hormones and serum proteins. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone increased production considerably, up to 100-fold. Pretreatment of CCL-51-SF cells with serum or 5-bromodeoxyuridine, BrdUrd, partly reduced the stimulation by dexamethasone of MMTV production. Insulin and prolactin alone or in combination had no stimulating effect on spontaneous MMTV synthesis and cell growth. Prolactin, and more efficiently the prolactin-insulin combination, enhanced the MMTV production stumulated with dexamethasone. Insulin alone remained without effect. The polyamine spermidine, but not spermine, increased the MMTV production over the control by a factor of 2. Polyamines did not influence cell replication at the concentrations used.", "contents": "Mouse mammary tumor virus production stimulated by hormones and polyamines in cells grown in semi-synthetic in vitro conditions. Hormonal regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) synthesis was studied in the CCL-51-SF cell subline derived from the Sykes' mammary tumor cell line CCL-51 and adapted to grow in semi-synthetic in vitro conditions. The virus was quantitated by measuring the supernatant reverse transcriptase activity in exogenous reaction using poly (rA)-oligo (dT) and poly (rC)-oligo (dG) as template/primers. The cells produced a low but significant amount of virus in the absence of any hormones and serum proteins. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone increased production considerably, up to 100-fold. Pretreatment of CCL-51-SF cells with serum or 5-bromodeoxyuridine, BrdUrd, partly reduced the stimulation by dexamethasone of MMTV production. Insulin and prolactin alone or in combination had no stimulating effect on spontaneous MMTV synthesis and cell growth. Prolactin, and more efficiently the prolactin-insulin combination, enhanced the MMTV production stumulated with dexamethasone. Insulin alone remained without effect. The polyamine spermidine, but not spermine, increased the MMTV production over the control by a factor of 2. Polyamines did not influence cell replication at the concentrations used.", "PMID": 65340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1681", "title": "Improvement of intractable idiopathic epilepsy with chlormadinone acetate. A case report.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with idiopathic epilepsy refractory to treatment from age 4 and with clinical signs of hyperandrogenism was treated with chlormadinone acetate (24 mg/day) during two alternate periods of 3 months. The administration of chlormadinone was associated with a marked clinical and electroencephalographic improvement as well as a concomitant decrease in the levels of plasma testosterone and delta4 androstenedione. No changes in plasma gonadotropins were observed. Placebo had no effect neither in seizures nor in the concentration of hormones in the plasma. Since chlormadinone acetate is not a very potent gonadotropin inhibitor in males, it is suggested that the clinical and electroencephalographic improvement associated with the use of this compound, might be the consequence of a decrease in the plasma levels of androgens, mainly testosterone.", "contents": "Improvement of intractable idiopathic epilepsy with chlormadinone acetate. A case report. A 10-year-old boy with idiopathic epilepsy refractory to treatment from age 4 and with clinical signs of hyperandrogenism was treated with chlormadinone acetate (24 mg/day) during two alternate periods of 3 months. The administration of chlormadinone was associated with a marked clinical and electroencephalographic improvement as well as a concomitant decrease in the levels of plasma testosterone and delta4 androstenedione. No changes in plasma gonadotropins were observed. Placebo had no effect neither in seizures nor in the concentration of hormones in the plasma. Since chlormadinone acetate is not a very potent gonadotropin inhibitor in males, it is suggested that the clinical and electroencephalographic improvement associated with the use of this compound, might be the consequence of a decrease in the plasma levels of androgens, mainly testosterone.", "PMID": 65343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1682", "title": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances and lipids in normal human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "The histochemistry of lipids and mucosubstances in normal human oesophageal epithelium were studied in biopsies obtained from 24 patients undergoing investigations of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Neutral fat droplets, 1-2 mum in diameter, were present in all layers, the greatest number being in the functional layer cells. No unsaturated lipids or fatty acids were demonstrable. Much glycogen was present in the cytoplasm of the prickle and functional cell layers as demonstrated by PAS (and diastase digestion) techniques. The intercellular space of the most superficial of the functional cell layer contained neutral and sialic acid-rich acid mucopolysaccharides. These may be important in protecting the epithelium against physical and chemical trauma.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of mucosubstances and lipids in normal human oesophageal epithelium. The histochemistry of lipids and mucosubstances in normal human oesophageal epithelium were studied in biopsies obtained from 24 patients undergoing investigations of the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Neutral fat droplets, 1-2 mum in diameter, were present in all layers, the greatest number being in the functional layer cells. No unsaturated lipids or fatty acids were demonstrable. Much glycogen was present in the cytoplasm of the prickle and functional cell layers as demonstrated by PAS (and diastase digestion) techniques. The intercellular space of the most superficial of the functional cell layer contained neutral and sialic acid-rich acid mucopolysaccharides. These may be important in protecting the epithelium against physical and chemical trauma.", "PMID": 65344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1683", "title": "The Alcian blue and combined Alcian blue--Safranin O staining of glycosaminoglycans studied in a model system and in mast cells.", "content": "Polyacrylamide films containing different glycosaminoglycans have been applied to the study of the Alcian Blue and combined Alcian Blue--Safranin O staining procedures. It was found that the polyacrylamide matrix can be interpreted as some kind of 'barrier' around the substrate molecules, a situation which can be compared to a certain extent with what occurs in situ, where complex protein molecules can likewise form a 'barrier'. The Alcian Blue staining of the model films was found to follow the Lambert-Beer law. The time to reach optimal dye binding depended on the concentration of the glycosaminoglycan enclosed in the model films and on the concentration of Alcian Blue in the dye solution. Lowering the pH of the dye solution appeared to increase the rate of staining. Optimal staining of model films in the presence of salt or urea was not possible, because under these conditions the pores of the polyacrylamide matrix became blocked. Alcian Blue was found to bind irreversibly to the glycosaminoglycan molecules enclosed in the polyacrylamide films. The results of the combined Alcian Blue-Safranin O staining applied to model films appeared to be highly dependent on the amount of Alcian Blue bound to the glycosaminoglycan in the first step of the double staining procedure. No specific differences were noticed between the behaviour of the different glycosaminoglycan-Alcian Blue complexes towards the Safranin O binding in the next step. As the theoretical basis for the application of the combined Alcian Blue-Safranin O staining was also found not to be completely valid, the conclusion was reached that this double staining cannot be used for the histochemical identification of glycosaminoglycans. The colour retained by a certain glycosaminoglycan-containing part of the specimen only delivers information about the accesibility of that part for Alcian Blue.", "contents": "The Alcian blue and combined Alcian blue--Safranin O staining of glycosaminoglycans studied in a model system and in mast cells. Polyacrylamide films containing different glycosaminoglycans have been applied to the study of the Alcian Blue and combined Alcian Blue--Safranin O staining procedures. It was found that the polyacrylamide matrix can be interpreted as some kind of 'barrier' around the substrate molecules, a situation which can be compared to a certain extent with what occurs in situ, where complex protein molecules can likewise form a 'barrier'. The Alcian Blue staining of the model films was found to follow the Lambert-Beer law. The time to reach optimal dye binding depended on the concentration of the glycosaminoglycan enclosed in the model films and on the concentration of Alcian Blue in the dye solution. Lowering the pH of the dye solution appeared to increase the rate of staining. Optimal staining of model films in the presence of salt or urea was not possible, because under these conditions the pores of the polyacrylamide matrix became blocked. Alcian Blue was found to bind irreversibly to the glycosaminoglycan molecules enclosed in the polyacrylamide films. The results of the combined Alcian Blue-Safranin O staining applied to model films appeared to be highly dependent on the amount of Alcian Blue bound to the glycosaminoglycan in the first step of the double staining procedure. No specific differences were noticed between the behaviour of the different glycosaminoglycan-Alcian Blue complexes towards the Safranin O binding in the next step. As the theoretical basis for the application of the combined Alcian Blue-Safranin O staining was also found not to be completely valid, the conclusion was reached that this double staining cannot be used for the histochemical identification of glycosaminoglycans. The colour retained by a certain glycosaminoglycan-containing part of the specimen only delivers information about the accesibility of that part for Alcian Blue.", "PMID": 65345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1684", "title": "An investigation into the hypothesis of shifting neuronal relationships during development.", "content": "The projection of ganglion cells from the centre of the eye to the tectum has been followed during development in Xenopus by an autoradiographic technique. By comparing the caudal limit of this projection with a fixed line of cells labelled with tritiated thymidine the projection has been shown to shift caudally during development. This indicates a less rigid form of neuronal specificity than has previously been accepted.", "contents": "An investigation into the hypothesis of shifting neuronal relationships during development. The projection of ganglion cells from the centre of the eye to the tectum has been followed during development in Xenopus by an autoradiographic technique. By comparing the caudal limit of this projection with a fixed line of cells labelled with tritiated thymidine the projection has been shown to shift caudally during development. This indicates a less rigid form of neuronal specificity than has previously been accepted.", "PMID": 65348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1685", "title": "Argyrophilic cells in the larynx of the guinea-pig demonstrated by the method of Grimelius.", "content": "Argyrophilic cells with branching processes are shown in both the surface epithelium and in the glands in the larynx of adult guinea-pigs using the Grimelius silver technique after GPA fixation. When Bouin's fixative or neutral formalin were used as fixatives argrophilic cells could not be identified.", "contents": "Argyrophilic cells in the larynx of the guinea-pig demonstrated by the method of Grimelius. Argyrophilic cells with branching processes are shown in both the surface epithelium and in the glands in the larynx of adult guinea-pigs using the Grimelius silver technique after GPA fixation. When Bouin's fixative or neutral formalin were used as fixatives argrophilic cells could not be identified.", "PMID": 65349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1686", "title": "Stability and subunit structure of human alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The molecular weights of alpha2-macroglobulin and its non-covalent subunits have been determined by equilibrium centrifugation. The secondary structure of the native and the thermally denatured molecules has been analyzed by circular dichroic measurements. In contrast to most proteins the thermally denatured form contains a slightly more highly organized polypeptide chain than the native form. The relaxation time of the native protein, as determined by fluorescence polarization measurements, indicates that alpha2-macroglobulin is composed of domains smaller than that of the two subunits. The transitions in acid, alkali, and at high temperatures have been explored in order to establish the pH and thermal range of stability of alpha-macroglobin.", "contents": "Stability and subunit structure of human alpha2-macroglobulin. The molecular weights of alpha2-macroglobulin and its non-covalent subunits have been determined by equilibrium centrifugation. The secondary structure of the native and the thermally denatured molecules has been analyzed by circular dichroic measurements. In contrast to most proteins the thermally denatured form contains a slightly more highly organized polypeptide chain than the native form. The relaxation time of the native protein, as determined by fluorescence polarization measurements, indicates that alpha2-macroglobulin is composed of domains smaller than that of the two subunits. The transitions in acid, alkali, and at high temperatures have been explored in order to establish the pH and thermal range of stability of alpha-macroglobin.", "PMID": 65351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1687", "title": "Treatment of an encephalitogenic peptide from guinea pig myelin basic protein with alpha-protease and thermolysin. Isolation of fragments and determination of cleavage sites.", "content": "Two peptic fragments (residues 37-88 and 43-88) of guinea pig myelin basic protein which are capable of inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats were cleaved to shorter fragments with alpha-protease (Crotalus atrox proteinase, EC 3.4.24.1) and thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4). The fragments were isolated, purified, and identified by amino acid composition and NH2- and COOH-terminal residues. The time courses of the reactions, monitored by thin layer electrophoresis of the digests, showed that alpha-protease cleaves peptide (43-88) initially at the Pro(71)-Gln(72) bond, and that the product peptides are subsequently attacked at the Arg(63) -Thr(64), Ser(74)-Gln(75), Arg(78)-Ser(79), and Ser(76)-Gln(80) bonds. No significant cleavages occurred at the -Leu, -Val, and -Ala bonds. These results are in striking contrast to those obtained previously by others workers with other peptide substrates, where selective cleavage at hydrophobic residues occurred. Thermolysin was found to attack peptide (37-88) at the Phe(42)-Phe(43) bond very rapidly; the product peptides were subsequently attacked at the His(60)-Ala(61), Ser(38)-Ile(39)-Tyr(67)-Gly(68), and Pro(84)-Val(85) bonds. These cleavages are compatible with the known specificity of this enzyme. Several of the fragments prepared with these two enzymes, peptides (43-71), (61-88), (75-88), and (72-84) have been used in other studies to locate the encephalitogenic site in the parent peptic peptide.", "contents": "Treatment of an encephalitogenic peptide from guinea pig myelin basic protein with alpha-protease and thermolysin. Isolation of fragments and determination of cleavage sites. Two peptic fragments (residues 37-88 and 43-88) of guinea pig myelin basic protein which are capable of inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats were cleaved to shorter fragments with alpha-protease (Crotalus atrox proteinase, EC 3.4.24.1) and thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4). The fragments were isolated, purified, and identified by amino acid composition and NH2- and COOH-terminal residues. The time courses of the reactions, monitored by thin layer electrophoresis of the digests, showed that alpha-protease cleaves peptide (43-88) initially at the Pro(71)-Gln(72) bond, and that the product peptides are subsequently attacked at the Arg(63) -Thr(64), Ser(74)-Gln(75), Arg(78)-Ser(79), and Ser(76)-Gln(80) bonds. No significant cleavages occurred at the -Leu, -Val, and -Ala bonds. These results are in striking contrast to those obtained previously by others workers with other peptide substrates, where selective cleavage at hydrophobic residues occurred. Thermolysin was found to attack peptide (37-88) at the Phe(42)-Phe(43) bond very rapidly; the product peptides were subsequently attacked at the His(60)-Ala(61), Ser(38)-Ile(39)-Tyr(67)-Gly(68), and Pro(84)-Val(85) bonds. These cleavages are compatible with the known specificity of this enzyme. Several of the fragments prepared with these two enzymes, peptides (43-71), (61-88), (75-88), and (72-84) have been used in other studies to locate the encephalitogenic site in the parent peptic peptide.", "PMID": 65352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1688", "title": "Cancer-associated serum galactosyltransferase activity. Demonstration in an animal model system.", "content": "Two different lines of solid tumors were produced in outbred hamsters by subcutaneous injection of polyoma transformed BHK cells. Growth of the tumors correlated with the appearance in serum of an electrophoretically distinct peak of galactosyltransferase: NeuAc-, Gal-free fetuin acceptor activity on polyacrylamide gels. This slow moving peak of enzyme activity (GT-HH) was detected before solid tumors could be grossly observed and the amount of activity in this peak was also found to be linearly related with growth of the tumor. GT-IIH was not detectable in control animals and separated from a faster migrating major area of serum galactosyltransferase activity (GT-IH) found in sera of both control and tumor-bearing hamsters. These two activities were shown to maintain their respective mobilities on re-electrophoresis. Solubilized enzyme derived from excised tumors demonstrated an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels identical to that for GT-IIH present in serum from tumor-bearing animals. In contrast, enzyme activity solubilized from livers of both control or tumor-bearing hamsters showed a mobility similar to that of the faster moving serum galactosyltransferase enzyme activity, i.e. GT-IH. In addition, medium derived from nonconfluent BHKpy cells in tissue culture contained galactosyltransferase activity which co-electrophoresed with the slower migrating characteristics of galactosyltransferase activities derived from serum (control and tumor-bearing), solid tumors, liver and BHKpy cells in tissue culture were compared. All kinetic properties were similar with the exception that the Km UDP-galactose of GT-IIH (1.0 X 10(-5) M) was half that of GT-IH (2.0 X 10(-5) M).", "contents": "Cancer-associated serum galactosyltransferase activity. Demonstration in an animal model system. Two different lines of solid tumors were produced in outbred hamsters by subcutaneous injection of polyoma transformed BHK cells. Growth of the tumors correlated with the appearance in serum of an electrophoretically distinct peak of galactosyltransferase: NeuAc-, Gal-free fetuin acceptor activity on polyacrylamide gels. This slow moving peak of enzyme activity (GT-HH) was detected before solid tumors could be grossly observed and the amount of activity in this peak was also found to be linearly related with growth of the tumor. GT-IIH was not detectable in control animals and separated from a faster migrating major area of serum galactosyltransferase activity (GT-IH) found in sera of both control and tumor-bearing hamsters. These two activities were shown to maintain their respective mobilities on re-electrophoresis. Solubilized enzyme derived from excised tumors demonstrated an electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels identical to that for GT-IIH present in serum from tumor-bearing animals. In contrast, enzyme activity solubilized from livers of both control or tumor-bearing hamsters showed a mobility similar to that of the faster moving serum galactosyltransferase enzyme activity, i.e. GT-IH. In addition, medium derived from nonconfluent BHKpy cells in tissue culture contained galactosyltransferase activity which co-electrophoresed with the slower migrating characteristics of galactosyltransferase activities derived from serum (control and tumor-bearing), solid tumors, liver and BHKpy cells in tissue culture were compared. All kinetic properties were similar with the exception that the Km UDP-galactose of GT-IIH (1.0 X 10(-5) M) was half that of GT-IH (2.0 X 10(-5) M).", "PMID": 65353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1689", "title": "Arrangement of high molecular weight associated proteins on purified mammalian brain microtubules.", "content": "The arrangement of the high molecular weight proteins associated with the walls of reconstituted mammalian brain microtubules has been investigated by electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations. The images are found to be consistent with an arrangement whereby the high molecular weight molecules are spaced 12 tubulin dimers apart, i.e., 960 A, along each protofilament of the microtubule, in agreement with the relative stoichiometry of tubulin and high molecular weight protein. Molecules on neighbouring protofilaments seem to be staggered so that they give rise to a helical superlattice, which can be superimposed on the underlying tubulin lattice. In micrographs of disintegrating tubules there is some indication of lateral interactions between neighbouring high molecular weight molecules. When the microtubules are depolymerized into a mixture of short spirals and rings, the high molecular weight proteins appear to remain attached to their respective protofilaments.", "contents": "Arrangement of high molecular weight associated proteins on purified mammalian brain microtubules. The arrangement of the high molecular weight proteins associated with the walls of reconstituted mammalian brain microtubules has been investigated by electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations. The images are found to be consistent with an arrangement whereby the high molecular weight molecules are spaced 12 tubulin dimers apart, i.e., 960 A, along each protofilament of the microtubule, in agreement with the relative stoichiometry of tubulin and high molecular weight protein. Molecules on neighbouring protofilaments seem to be staggered so that they give rise to a helical superlattice, which can be superimposed on the underlying tubulin lattice. In micrographs of disintegrating tubules there is some indication of lateral interactions between neighbouring high molecular weight molecules. When the microtubules are depolymerized into a mixture of short spirals and rings, the high molecular weight proteins appear to remain attached to their respective protofilaments.", "PMID": 65355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1690", "title": "A serum factor requirement for the passage of cultured Vero cells through G2.", "content": "When Vero cells, a line derived from and African Green Monkey kidney, are grown under conditions where the saturation density is limited by serum, they deplete the growth medium of a factor necessary for cell division. The factor is a component of serum. When Vero cells are plated at low density (2 X 10(4)/cm2) in this depleted growth medium (after dialysis against serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) they initiate an unbalanced program of growth. Protein synthesis proceeds at the same rate as parallel cells in fresh serum, and and the cells accumulate protein as a function of time. DNA synthesis is also initiated in these cells, and the amount of DNA per cell increases for the next four days plating. However the cells quickly stop dividing. Measurements of DNA per cell using microspectrofluorometry show that the cells are accumulating in the late S and G2 period during this time. Thus we conclude that these cells cannot pass through a transition point in G2. When fresh serum is added to cells after three days in depleted growth medium, they divide before they begin to synthesize DNA. This further confirms that they are in late S and G2. Cell division is promoted in Vero cells in depleted growth medium by bovine fetuin, and to a lesser extent by bovine albumin. Cell division is not promoted by insulin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, linolenic acid, calcium, and typsin inhibitor form ovomucoid. From these data we conclude that transit through G2 requires the prescence of an extracellular factor.", "contents": "A serum factor requirement for the passage of cultured Vero cells through G2. When Vero cells, a line derived from and African Green Monkey kidney, are grown under conditions where the saturation density is limited by serum, they deplete the growth medium of a factor necessary for cell division. The factor is a component of serum. When Vero cells are plated at low density (2 X 10(4)/cm2) in this depleted growth medium (after dialysis against serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) they initiate an unbalanced program of growth. Protein synthesis proceeds at the same rate as parallel cells in fresh serum, and and the cells accumulate protein as a function of time. DNA synthesis is also initiated in these cells, and the amount of DNA per cell increases for the next four days plating. However the cells quickly stop dividing. Measurements of DNA per cell using microspectrofluorometry show that the cells are accumulating in the late S and G2 period during this time. Thus we conclude that these cells cannot pass through a transition point in G2. When fresh serum is added to cells after three days in depleted growth medium, they divide before they begin to synthesize DNA. This further confirms that they are in late S and G2. Cell division is promoted in Vero cells in depleted growth medium by bovine fetuin, and to a lesser extent by bovine albumin. Cell division is not promoted by insulin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, linolenic acid, calcium, and typsin inhibitor form ovomucoid. From these data we conclude that transit through G2 requires the prescence of an extracellular factor.", "PMID": 65356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1691", "title": "Alterations in differentiation and pyrimidine pathway enzymes in 5-azacytidine resistant variants of a myoblast line.", "content": "5-azacytidine at concentrations higher than 5 muM inhibited the differentiation of a rat myoblast line in vitro. It was also somewhat cytotoxic at this level. Variants resistant to the cytotoxic effect of 5-azacytidine were obtained which were simultaneously unable to differentiate into myotubes and exhibited altered morphology. These characteristics were retained by the variants when subcultured in the absence of the drug for over 700 generations. Several of the azacytidine resistant cells were more susceptible than the parental line to the lethal action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and adenosine, but not that of cytosine arabinoside, ouabain or 8-azaguanine. The variants were capable of transporting uridine, thymidine and 5-azacytidine. The uridine kinase activity was one-half to one-third of than in the parental cells but it was not missing completely in any of the variants. Two independently isolated variants selected for detailed study showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activity of orotidylic acid decarboxylase. This enzyme in the variants in contrast to that of the parental cells was completely insensitive to the inhibitory effect of a nucleotide generated from ATP and 5-azacytidine in cell extracts (probably 5-azacytidine monophosphate). These observations point to the possibility the 5-azacytidine resistance arises in myoblasts due to an alteration of the components of two target pathways of this drug, viz., the de novo  pyrimidine pathway and an undefined sequence leading to the synthesis of membrane components.", "contents": "Alterations in differentiation and pyrimidine pathway enzymes in 5-azacytidine resistant variants of a myoblast line. 5-azacytidine at concentrations higher than 5 muM inhibited the differentiation of a rat myoblast line in vitro. It was also somewhat cytotoxic at this level. Variants resistant to the cytotoxic effect of 5-azacytidine were obtained which were simultaneously unable to differentiate into myotubes and exhibited altered morphology. These characteristics were retained by the variants when subcultured in the absence of the drug for over 700 generations. Several of the azacytidine resistant cells were more susceptible than the parental line to the lethal action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and adenosine, but not that of cytosine arabinoside, ouabain or 8-azaguanine. The variants were capable of transporting uridine, thymidine and 5-azacytidine. The uridine kinase activity was one-half to one-third of than in the parental cells but it was not missing completely in any of the variants. Two independently isolated variants selected for detailed study showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activity of orotidylic acid decarboxylase. This enzyme in the variants in contrast to that of the parental cells was completely insensitive to the inhibitory effect of a nucleotide generated from ATP and 5-azacytidine in cell extracts (probably 5-azacytidine monophosphate). These observations point to the possibility the 5-azacytidine resistance arises in myoblasts due to an alteration of the components of two target pathways of this drug, viz., the de novo  pyrimidine pathway and an undefined sequence leading to the synthesis of membrane components.", "PMID": 65357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1692", "title": "Study of the pituitary-thyroid functions at high altitude in man.", "content": "The alterations in serum levels of T3, T4, TSH and TBG, TSH response to 100 mug iv TRH, and urinary excretion of T3 and T4 were studied in 8 healthy men at sea level (SL), on days 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 after arrival by air at high altitude (3,700 m, HA), and during days 5 to 7 after their return to SL. No significant alterations in serum levels of TSH and TBG or TSH response to TRH were observed during exposure to HA or on return to SL. There was, however, an acute elevation in both serum total T3 and T4. Serum total T3 from a mean basal+/-SE value of 128+/-13 ng/dl increased to 320+/-18 on day 1 and remained significantly elevated at 225+/-48 up to day 8 after arrival at high altitude. Similarly serum total T4 increased from basal level of 9+/-0.92 mug/dl to 15.2+/-1.2 and remained elevated till day 16 and it was 11+/-1.19 mug/dl during days 5 to 7 after return to SL. The urinary excretion of both T3 and T4 was decreased. These changes perhaps were the result of complex physiologic adjustments on acute exposure to high altitude, like shrinkage of the T3 and T4 distribution pools, altered binding capacities of thyroid hormones binding proteins, and a reduction in clearance of thyroid hormones from the plasma compartment; and were probably not suggestive of an enhanced thyroid activity. Their actual significance in high altitude adaptation in man is not clearly understood.", "contents": "Study of the pituitary-thyroid functions at high altitude in man. The alterations in serum levels of T3, T4, TSH and TBG, TSH response to 100 mug iv TRH, and urinary excretion of T3 and T4 were studied in 8 healthy men at sea level (SL), on days 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 after arrival by air at high altitude (3,700 m, HA), and during days 5 to 7 after their return to SL. No significant alterations in serum levels of TSH and TBG or TSH response to TRH were observed during exposure to HA or on return to SL. There was, however, an acute elevation in both serum total T3 and T4. Serum total T3 from a mean basal+/-SE value of 128+/-13 ng/dl increased to 320+/-18 on day 1 and remained significantly elevated at 225+/-48 up to day 8 after arrival at high altitude. Similarly serum total T4 increased from basal level of 9+/-0.92 mug/dl to 15.2+/-1.2 and remained elevated till day 16 and it was 11+/-1.19 mug/dl during days 5 to 7 after return to SL. The urinary excretion of both T3 and T4 was decreased. These changes perhaps were the result of complex physiologic adjustments on acute exposure to high altitude, like shrinkage of the T3 and T4 distribution pools, altered binding capacities of thyroid hormones binding proteins, and a reduction in clearance of thyroid hormones from the plasma compartment; and were probably not suggestive of an enhanced thyroid activity. Their actual significance in high altitude adaptation in man is not clearly understood.", "PMID": 65358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1693", "title": "Hypothyroidism in an area of endemic goiter and cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia.", "content": "In an area of severe endemic goiter in Central Java, Indonesia, clinical overt or mild hypothyroidism appeared to be present in 7 out of 20 cretins and also in 12 out of 94 non-cretinous subjects, all 5-20 years of age, living in the village of Sengi. Hypothyroidism was not found in a control group of 70 subjects of the same age living in Londjong just outside the edemia. In hypothyroid subjects the plasma PBI-concentration was 0.98+/-0.32 mug/100 ml (mean+/-SD) vs. 2.72+/-1.24 mug/100 ml in euthyroid subjects from Sengi and 4.86+/-0.80 mug/100 ml in controls from Londjong. Values for T3 were 56.3+/-3.17 ng/100 ml in hypothyroids, 140.5+/-38.5 ng/100 ml in euthyroids from Sengi and 121.6+/-27.4 ng/100 ml in controls. The TSH levels (geometric mean and range) in these 3 groups were, respectively, 210.1 (108.0-342), 15.6 (3.0-372) and 4.1 (0.8-7.0) muU/ml. The differences between the mean concentration of PBI, T3 and TSH in the hypothyroid and euthyroid groups were highly significant (P less than 0.001). These data strengthen the clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism in cretins as well as in non-cretinous subjects. All hypothyroid subjects had a PBI less than 1.8 mug/100 ml and T3 less than 120 ng/100 ml and TSH greater than 100 muU/ml. In 8 hypothyroid subjects, restudied 18 months after iodized oil injection, hypothyroidism was either corrected or markedly improved. It therefore appears that iodine deficiency per se in postnatal life may lead to (juvenile) hypothyroidism, which can be corrected by iodine therapy. Our findings have implications for the definition and diagnosis of endemic cretinism. Not all hypothyroid subjects in an area of endemic iodine deficiency should be classified as cretins.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism in an area of endemic goiter and cretinism in Central Java, Indonesia. In an area of severe endemic goiter in Central Java, Indonesia, clinical overt or mild hypothyroidism appeared to be present in 7 out of 20 cretins and also in 12 out of 94 non-cretinous subjects, all 5-20 years of age, living in the village of Sengi. Hypothyroidism was not found in a control group of 70 subjects of the same age living in Londjong just outside the edemia. In hypothyroid subjects the plasma PBI-concentration was 0.98+/-0.32 mug/100 ml (mean+/-SD) vs. 2.72+/-1.24 mug/100 ml in euthyroid subjects from Sengi and 4.86+/-0.80 mug/100 ml in controls from Londjong. Values for T3 were 56.3+/-3.17 ng/100 ml in hypothyroids, 140.5+/-38.5 ng/100 ml in euthyroids from Sengi and 121.6+/-27.4 ng/100 ml in controls. The TSH levels (geometric mean and range) in these 3 groups were, respectively, 210.1 (108.0-342), 15.6 (3.0-372) and 4.1 (0.8-7.0) muU/ml. The differences between the mean concentration of PBI, T3 and TSH in the hypothyroid and euthyroid groups were highly significant (P less than 0.001). These data strengthen the clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism in cretins as well as in non-cretinous subjects. All hypothyroid subjects had a PBI less than 1.8 mug/100 ml and T3 less than 120 ng/100 ml and TSH greater than 100 muU/ml. In 8 hypothyroid subjects, restudied 18 months after iodized oil injection, hypothyroidism was either corrected or markedly improved. It therefore appears that iodine deficiency per se in postnatal life may lead to (juvenile) hypothyroidism, which can be corrected by iodine therapy. Our findings have implications for the definition and diagnosis of endemic cretinism. Not all hypothyroid subjects in an area of endemic iodine deficiency should be classified as cretins.", "PMID": 65359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1694", "title": "Efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).", "content": "The projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) have been analyzed with anterograde degeneration and autoradiographic methods for identifying axonal projections, and with the horseradish peroxidase method for identifying the distribution of neurons from which these projections originate. The cytoarchitectonic features of the paleocortical areas which receive projections from the main and the accessory olfactory bulb have also been described. The efferent projections of the accessory olfactory bulb are distributed to the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the medial amygdaloid area, the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid area, and to the caudal portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In contrast, the efferent projections of the main olfactory bulb are distributed to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the tenia tecta, the olfactory tubercle, the pyriform cortex, the anterior cortical amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid area, and to the lateral entorhinal cortex. These observations are consistent with the notion that the olfactory system can be divided into at least two major subsystems: one related to the vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb, and another related to the main olfactory organ and main olfactory bulb. The paleocortical areas receiving olfactory projections have three basic layers: a superficially positioned plexiform layer (layer I), a pyramidal cell layer (layer II), and a polymorphic cell layer (layer III). The projections of both the main and the accessory olfactory bulb terminate in the outer portion of the plexiform layer (sublamina Ia). Sublamina Ia contains the distal segments of dendrites which originate from a heterogeneous population of neurons located in layer II and, to a lesser extent, layer III. Although the efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb are segregated, evidence for a more refined topographical organization within these projections was not obtained. However, the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the main olfactory bulb, following injections of horseradish peroxidase into its various paleocortical targets, indicates that the olfactory projections to these areas may not all originate from the same population of cells.", "contents": "Efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). The projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) have been analyzed with anterograde degeneration and autoradiographic methods for identifying axonal projections, and with the horseradish peroxidase method for identifying the distribution of neurons from which these projections originate. The cytoarchitectonic features of the paleocortical areas which receive projections from the main and the accessory olfactory bulb have also been described. The efferent projections of the accessory olfactory bulb are distributed to the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the medial amygdaloid area, the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid area, and to the caudal portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In contrast, the efferent projections of the main olfactory bulb are distributed to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the tenia tecta, the olfactory tubercle, the pyriform cortex, the anterior cortical amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid area, and to the lateral entorhinal cortex. These observations are consistent with the notion that the olfactory system can be divided into at least two major subsystems: one related to the vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb, and another related to the main olfactory organ and main olfactory bulb. The paleocortical areas receiving olfactory projections have three basic layers: a superficially positioned plexiform layer (layer I), a pyramidal cell layer (layer II), and a polymorphic cell layer (layer III). The projections of both the main and the accessory olfactory bulb terminate in the outer portion of the plexiform layer (sublamina Ia). Sublamina Ia contains the distal segments of dendrites which originate from a heterogeneous population of neurons located in layer II and, to a lesser extent, layer III. Although the efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb are segregated, evidence for a more refined topographical organization within these projections was not obtained. However, the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the main olfactory bulb, following injections of horseradish peroxidase into its various paleocortical targets, indicates that the olfactory projections to these areas may not all originate from the same population of cells.", "PMID": 65361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1695", "title": "Bilateral ganglion cell branches in the normal rat: a demonstration with electrophysiological collision and cobalt tracing methods.", "content": "The application of microelectrode recording and anatomical tracing methods to the subcortical optic projections of the normal rat shows that the uncrossed pathway from the retina of this mammal is substantially composed of branches of crossed axons. In the recording experiments, paired stimuli to the optic tracts produces an attenuated antidromic response in the optic nerve which is best explained by the collision of impulses which travel in branches of the same parent axon. Cobalt injection of one optic tract results in retrograde filling of axons in the entire contralateral optic nerve and filling of axons in restricted regions of the ipsilateral optic nerve. This procedure also results in the filling of axons in the opposite optic tract. The locations of the filled axons in the opposite tract correspond to the positions of crossed and uncrossed projections from the temporal retinae: ventrolateral and dorsomedial, respectively. The position of the temporal retinal projections in both optic tracts was determined by applying silver degeneration methods after small lesions of the retina.", "contents": "Bilateral ganglion cell branches in the normal rat: a demonstration with electrophysiological collision and cobalt tracing methods. The application of microelectrode recording and anatomical tracing methods to the subcortical optic projections of the normal rat shows that the uncrossed pathway from the retina of this mammal is substantially composed of branches of crossed axons. In the recording experiments, paired stimuli to the optic tracts produces an attenuated antidromic response in the optic nerve which is best explained by the collision of impulses which travel in branches of the same parent axon. Cobalt injection of one optic tract results in retrograde filling of axons in the entire contralateral optic nerve and filling of axons in restricted regions of the ipsilateral optic nerve. This procedure also results in the filling of axons in the opposite optic tract. The locations of the filled axons in the opposite tract correspond to the positions of crossed and uncrossed projections from the temporal retinae: ventrolateral and dorsomedial, respectively. The position of the temporal retinal projections in both optic tracts was determined by applying silver degeneration methods after small lesions of the retina.", "PMID": 65362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1696", "title": "The organization of the facial nucleus of the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).", "content": "The facial nucleus of the brush-tailed possum has been studied using Nissl staining and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing technique. In Nissl stained sections the nucleus is seen to comprise five distinct subnuclei. Injections of HRP into individual facial muscle groups have shown that these subnuclei reflect the peripheral innervation pattern of efferents from this nucleus. Although in most cases, injection of HRP into a single facial muscle group resulted in the labelling of neurons in more than one facial subnucleus, the following subnuclei were most completely labelled subsequent to intramuscular injection of HRP: the dorsal intermediate subnucleus was labelled with HRP reaction product following injection of m. auricularis anterior; the middle intermediate subnucleus  was labelled following injection of the muscle underlying the malar vibrissae; the ventral intermediate subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. mentalis; the medial subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. auricularis posterior; the lateral subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. nasolabialis with HRP. In general there is a mediolateral representation in the facial nucleus of neurons innervating facial muscle groups which are found in anteroposterior succession along the head of the animal. Muscle groups found in dorsoventral succession on the animal are represented dorsoventrally in the facial nucleus.", "contents": "The organization of the facial nucleus of the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The facial nucleus of the brush-tailed possum has been studied using Nissl staining and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing technique. In Nissl stained sections the nucleus is seen to comprise five distinct subnuclei. Injections of HRP into individual facial muscle groups have shown that these subnuclei reflect the peripheral innervation pattern of efferents from this nucleus. Although in most cases, injection of HRP into a single facial muscle group resulted in the labelling of neurons in more than one facial subnucleus, the following subnuclei were most completely labelled subsequent to intramuscular injection of HRP: the dorsal intermediate subnucleus was labelled with HRP reaction product following injection of m. auricularis anterior; the middle intermediate subnucleus  was labelled following injection of the muscle underlying the malar vibrissae; the ventral intermediate subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. mentalis; the medial subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. auricularis posterior; the lateral subnucleus was labelled following injection of the m. nasolabialis with HRP. In general there is a mediolateral representation in the facial nucleus of neurons innervating facial muscle groups which are found in anteroposterior succession along the head of the animal. Muscle groups found in dorsoventral succession on the animal are represented dorsoventrally in the facial nucleus.", "PMID": 65363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1697", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat.", "content": "The efferent connections of the hippocampal formation of the rat have been re-examined autoradiographically following the injection of small quantities of 3H-amino acids (usually 3H-proline) into different parts of Ammon's horn and the adjoining structures. The findings indicate quite clearly that each component of the hippocampal formation has a distinctive pattern of efferent connections and that each component of the fornix system arises from a specific subdivision of the hippocampus or the adjoining cortical fields. Thus, the precommissural fornix has been found to originate solely in fields CA1-3 of the hippocampus proper and from the subiculum; the projection to the anterior nuclear complex of the thalamus arises more posteriorly in the pre- and/or parasubiculum and the postsubicular area; the projection to the mammillary complex which comprises a major part of the descending columns of the fornix has its origin in the dorsal subiculum and the pre- and/or parasubiculum; and finally, the medial cortico-hypothalamic tract arises from the ventral subiculum. The lateral septal nuclei (and the adjoining parts of the posterior septal complex) constitute the only subcortical projection field of the pyramidal cells in fields CA1-3 of Ammon's horn. There is a rostral extension of the pre-commissural fornix to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, the medial and posterior parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the taenia tecta, and the infralimbic area, which appears to arise from the temporal part of field CA1 or the adjacent part of the ventral subiculum. The projection of Ammon's horn upon the lateral septal complex shows a high degree of topographic organization (such that different parts of fields CA1 and CA3 project in an ordered manner to different zones within the lateral septal nucleus). The septal projection of \"CA2\" and field CA3 is bilateral, while that of field CA1 is strictly unilateral. In addition to its subcortical projections, the hippocampus has been found to give rise to a surprisingly extensive series of intracortical association connections. For example, all parts of fields CA1, CA2 and CA3 project to the subiculum, and at least some parts of these fields send fibers to the pre- and parasubiculum, and to the entorhinal perirhinal, retrosplenial and cingulate areas. From the region of the pre- and parasubiculum there is a projection to the entorhinal cortex and the parasubiculum of both sides. That part of the postsubiculum (= dorsal part of the presubiculum) which we have examined has been found to project to the cingulate and retrosplenial areas ipsilaterally, and to the entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum bilaterally.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. The efferent connections of the hippocampal formation of the rat have been re-examined autoradiographically following the injection of small quantities of 3H-amino acids (usually 3H-proline) into different parts of Ammon's horn and the adjoining structures. The findings indicate quite clearly that each component of the hippocampal formation has a distinctive pattern of efferent connections and that each component of the fornix system arises from a specific subdivision of the hippocampus or the adjoining cortical fields. Thus, the precommissural fornix has been found to originate solely in fields CA1-3 of the hippocampus proper and from the subiculum; the projection to the anterior nuclear complex of the thalamus arises more posteriorly in the pre- and/or parasubiculum and the postsubicular area; the projection to the mammillary complex which comprises a major part of the descending columns of the fornix has its origin in the dorsal subiculum and the pre- and/or parasubiculum; and finally, the medial cortico-hypothalamic tract arises from the ventral subiculum. The lateral septal nuclei (and the adjoining parts of the posterior septal complex) constitute the only subcortical projection field of the pyramidal cells in fields CA1-3 of Ammon's horn. There is a rostral extension of the pre-commissural fornix to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, the medial and posterior parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the taenia tecta, and the infralimbic area, which appears to arise from the temporal part of field CA1 or the adjacent part of the ventral subiculum. The projection of Ammon's horn upon the lateral septal complex shows a high degree of topographic organization (such that different parts of fields CA1 and CA3 project in an ordered manner to different zones within the lateral septal nucleus). The septal projection of \"CA2\" and field CA3 is bilateral, while that of field CA1 is strictly unilateral. In addition to its subcortical projections, the hippocampus has been found to give rise to a surprisingly extensive series of intracortical association connections. For example, all parts of fields CA1, CA2 and CA3 project to the subiculum, and at least some parts of these fields send fibers to the pre- and parasubiculum, and to the entorhinal perirhinal, retrosplenial and cingulate areas. From the region of the pre- and parasubiculum there is a projection to the entorhinal cortex and the parasubiculum of both sides. That part of the postsubiculum (= dorsal part of the presubiculum) which we have examined has been found to project to the cingulate and retrosplenial areas ipsilaterally, and to the entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum bilaterally.", "PMID": 65364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1698", "title": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. IV. The projection to the anterior lobe.", "content": "Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive was mapped. The findings largely confirm those made previously in studies of olivary retrograde cell loss following cerebellar ablations (Brodal, '40b). In addition, they reveal further olivary areas projecting onto the anterior lobe, and permit a more detailed analysis of the pattern in this projection. Concerning major points the results are in agreement with physiological studies by Armstrong et al. ('74). They bring supporting evidence for a longitudinal zonal pattern in the anterior lobe (fig. 6C). The middle zone of the vermis receives its fibers from a large central area in the caudal half of the medial accessory olive, a lateral zone of the vermis from the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive. Both olivary areas project to the corresponding cerebellar zone throughout lobules V-I. The lateralmost part of the anterior lobe (lobules IV-V) receives afferents from an area in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The intermediate part of lobules IV-V receives afferents from the medial half of the dorsal accessory olive and from an area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive. There is suggestive evidence that the latter projects to a middle zone, the former to a medial and a lateral zone within the intermediate part as found physiologically. Conclusions concerning projections to the intermediate part of lobules III-II could not be made. The findings in this and preceding studies with the HRP-method show that the concept of a longitudinal pattern in the cerebellum is scarcely generally valid of the entire olivocerebellar projection. Within the projections of the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive and the area in the rostral part of the medial accessory olive there appears to be a topical relation with the folial pattern in the anterior lobe. An analysis of the findings with reference to the afferents traced anatomically to the various olivary areas permits some conclusions as to the functional role of the olivary areas. Comparison with Oscarsson's ('73) diagram of the sites of termination of two of the spinal-olivary pathways (his DF-SOCP) and VF-SOCP) permits an anatomical explanation as concerns the projections to the vermis, while correlations as concerns the intermediate part are less satisfactory.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. IV. The projection to the anterior lobe. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive was mapped. The findings largely confirm those made previously in studies of olivary retrograde cell loss following cerebellar ablations (Brodal, '40b). In addition, they reveal further olivary areas projecting onto the anterior lobe, and permit a more detailed analysis of the pattern in this projection. Concerning major points the results are in agreement with physiological studies by Armstrong et al. ('74). They bring supporting evidence for a longitudinal zonal pattern in the anterior lobe (fig. 6C). The middle zone of the vermis receives its fibers from a large central area in the caudal half of the medial accessory olive, a lateral zone of the vermis from the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive. Both olivary areas project to the corresponding cerebellar zone throughout lobules V-I. The lateralmost part of the anterior lobe (lobules IV-V) receives afferents from an area in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The intermediate part of lobules IV-V receives afferents from the medial half of the dorsal accessory olive and from an area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive. There is suggestive evidence that the latter projects to a middle zone, the former to a medial and a lateral zone within the intermediate part as found physiologically. Conclusions concerning projections to the intermediate part of lobules III-II could not be made. The findings in this and preceding studies with the HRP-method show that the concept of a longitudinal pattern in the cerebellum is scarcely generally valid of the entire olivocerebellar projection. Within the projections of the lateral half of the dorsal accessory olive and the area in the rostral part of the medial accessory olive there appears to be a topical relation with the folial pattern in the anterior lobe. An analysis of the findings with reference to the afferents traced anatomically to the various olivary areas permits some conclusions as to the functional role of the olivary areas. Comparison with Oscarsson's ('73) diagram of the sites of termination of two of the spinal-olivary pathways (his DF-SOCP) and VF-SOCP) permits an anatomical explanation as concerns the projections to the vermis, while correlations as concerns the intermediate part are less satisfactory.", "PMID": 65365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1699", "title": "Brain stem afferents to the fastigial nucleus in the cat demonstrated by transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Although retrograde and anterograde degeneration studies have provided important information concerning brain stem afferents to the fastigal nucleus (FN), these data may be incomplete and should be confirmed by axonal transport methods. Attempts were made to inject horseradish peroxidase (HRP) unilaterally into the FN in a series of adult cats. Animals were perfused with dextran and a fixative solution of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phospate buffer. Representative sections were treated by the Graham and Karnovsky ('66) method. Selective HRP injections in one FN resulted in retrograde transport of the marker to Purkinje cells of the ipsilateral vermis and distinctive appendages of the contralateral medial accessory olivary (MAO) nucleus (nucleus beta and the dorso-medial cell column). Retrograde transport of the label was found bilaterally in cells of the medial (MVN) and inferior (IVN) vestibular nuclei, in cell group x and in the nucleus prepositus (PP). Labeled vestibular neurons, most numerous in MVN, were identified in dorsal, caudal and lateral regions, with a slight ipsilateral preponderance. Only a few neurons in caudal, dorsal and lateral regions of the IVN were labeled and none of these included cells of group f. Labeled cells in the caudal third of PP were greatest ipsilaterally. Rostral and caudal injections of FN labeled smaller numbers of cells in MVN, IVN, cell group x and PP. HRP injections of FN and portions of lobules VIII and IX resulted in bilateral retrograde labeling of larger numbers of cells in MVN, IVN and cell group x, and ipsilateral labeling of cells in group y and the interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve. Injections of HRP into basal folia of lobules V and VI resulted in retrograde transport of the marker to cells of the medial and dorsal accessory olivary nuclei contralaterally, and to cells of the ipsilateral accessory cuneate nucleus. Transport of label injected into portions of the pyramis was detected in parts of the contralateral MAO and bilaterally in parts of the pontine and reticulotegmental nuclei. This study suggests that the principal afferents of the fastigial nucleus arise from: (1) Purkinje cells of the ipsilateral vermis, (2) restricted portions of the contralateral MAO (nucleus beta and dorsomedial cell column), (3) portions of the MVN and IVN (bilaterally) and (4) caudal parts of the PP. Secondary vestibular inputs to the fastigial nucleus probably are relayed mainly by Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "Brain stem afferents to the fastigial nucleus in the cat demonstrated by transport of horseradish peroxidase. Although retrograde and anterograde degeneration studies have provided important information concerning brain stem afferents to the fastigal nucleus (FN), these data may be incomplete and should be confirmed by axonal transport methods. Attempts were made to inject horseradish peroxidase (HRP) unilaterally into the FN in a series of adult cats. Animals were perfused with dextran and a fixative solution of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phospate buffer. Representative sections were treated by the Graham and Karnovsky ('66) method. Selective HRP injections in one FN resulted in retrograde transport of the marker to Purkinje cells of the ipsilateral vermis and distinctive appendages of the contralateral medial accessory olivary (MAO) nucleus (nucleus beta and the dorso-medial cell column). Retrograde transport of the label was found bilaterally in cells of the medial (MVN) and inferior (IVN) vestibular nuclei, in cell group x and in the nucleus prepositus (PP). Labeled vestibular neurons, most numerous in MVN, were identified in dorsal, caudal and lateral regions, with a slight ipsilateral preponderance. Only a few neurons in caudal, dorsal and lateral regions of the IVN were labeled and none of these included cells of group f. Labeled cells in the caudal third of PP were greatest ipsilaterally. Rostral and caudal injections of FN labeled smaller numbers of cells in MVN, IVN, cell group x and PP. HRP injections of FN and portions of lobules VIII and IX resulted in bilateral retrograde labeling of larger numbers of cells in MVN, IVN and cell group x, and ipsilateral labeling of cells in group y and the interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve. Injections of HRP into basal folia of lobules V and VI resulted in retrograde transport of the marker to cells of the medial and dorsal accessory olivary nuclei contralaterally, and to cells of the ipsilateral accessory cuneate nucleus. Transport of label injected into portions of the pyramis was detected in parts of the contralateral MAO and bilaterally in parts of the pontine and reticulotegmental nuclei. This study suggests that the principal afferents of the fastigial nucleus arise from: (1) Purkinje cells of the ipsilateral vermis, (2) restricted portions of the contralateral MAO (nucleus beta and dorsomedial cell column), (3) portions of the MVN and IVN (bilaterally) and (4) caudal parts of the PP. Secondary vestibular inputs to the fastigial nucleus probably are relayed mainly by Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 65366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1700", "title": "The vestibular complex of the American opossum didelphis virginiana. II. Afferent and efferent connections.", "content": "We have demonstrated the connectivity of the opossum's vestibular nuclei using degeneration, autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques and have found it to be generally comparable to that reported for the cat. Apart from the primary input described in Part I of our study, the cerebellum provides the major source of afferent connections to the vestibular complex. Axons from the cerebellar cortex distribute mainly to vestibular areas which receive no primary afferent projections, e.g., the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral margin of the inferior vestibular nucleus as well as cell groups comparable to \"f\" and \"x.\" In contrast, fastigial fibers show considerable overlap with primary vestibular input, particularly in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus, the central part of the inferior nucleus and the medial nucleus. Axons of fastigial origin also distribute to the superior vestibular nucleus, to subnuclei \"f\" and \"x\" and to the parasolitary region. Although spinal fibers are diffuse within the main vestibular nuclei, they ramify quite densely within subnucleus \"x.\" Most of the spinovestibular projection appears to arise in the cervical spinal cord of the opossum. Ipsilateral connections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and surrounding areas end predominantly, but not exclusively, in the medial vestibular nucleus. A crossed midbrain projection has been verified from the red nucleus to cell group \"x\" and the lateral part of the inferior nucleus, as well as to an area possibly comparable to cell group \"z,\" as described for the cat. In Part I of our study we have shown that the major targets of primary vestibular fibers are the central part of the superior nucleus, a portion of the parabrachial complex possibly comparable to subnucleus \"y\",\" the ventral part of the lateral nucleus and the medial nucleus. All of these primary zones give rise to fibers supplying extraocular nuclei and surrounding areas (present study). The ascending midbrain fibers from the superior nucleus end mainly ipsilaterally, whereas those from the putative subnucleus \"y\" and the medial vestibular nucleus distribute contralaterally for the most part. Although the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus has no primary vestibular input, it does receive a major projection from the cerebellar cortex. This same region of the lateral nucleus projects to the spinal cord, but not to extraocular nuclei. The ventral part of the lateral nucleus, and perhaps the medial nucleus, also relay to the spinal cord. Additional projections from all vestibular nuclei to the reticular formation provide indirect routes through which the vestibular nuclei can potentially effect multiple systems, including those innervating the spinal cord. Finally, commissural vestibular connections of the opossum are shown to arise within all four major nuclei.", "contents": "The vestibular complex of the American opossum didelphis virginiana. II. Afferent and efferent connections. We have demonstrated the connectivity of the opossum's vestibular nuclei using degeneration, autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques and have found it to be generally comparable to that reported for the cat. Apart from the primary input described in Part I of our study, the cerebellum provides the major source of afferent connections to the vestibular complex. Axons from the cerebellar cortex distribute mainly to vestibular areas which receive no primary afferent projections, e.g., the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral margin of the inferior vestibular nucleus as well as cell groups comparable to \"f\" and \"x.\" In contrast, fastigial fibers show considerable overlap with primary vestibular input, particularly in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus, the central part of the inferior nucleus and the medial nucleus. Axons of fastigial origin also distribute to the superior vestibular nucleus, to subnuclei \"f\" and \"x\" and to the parasolitary region. Although spinal fibers are diffuse within the main vestibular nuclei, they ramify quite densely within subnucleus \"x.\" Most of the spinovestibular projection appears to arise in the cervical spinal cord of the opossum. Ipsilateral connections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and surrounding areas end predominantly, but not exclusively, in the medial vestibular nucleus. A crossed midbrain projection has been verified from the red nucleus to cell group \"x\" and the lateral part of the inferior nucleus, as well as to an area possibly comparable to cell group \"z,\" as described for the cat. In Part I of our study we have shown that the major targets of primary vestibular fibers are the central part of the superior nucleus, a portion of the parabrachial complex possibly comparable to subnucleus \"y\",\" the ventral part of the lateral nucleus and the medial nucleus. All of these primary zones give rise to fibers supplying extraocular nuclei and surrounding areas (present study). The ascending midbrain fibers from the superior nucleus end mainly ipsilaterally, whereas those from the putative subnucleus \"y\" and the medial vestibular nucleus distribute contralaterally for the most part. Although the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus has no primary vestibular input, it does receive a major projection from the cerebellar cortex. This same region of the lateral nucleus projects to the spinal cord, but not to extraocular nuclei. The ventral part of the lateral nucleus, and perhaps the medial nucleus, also relay to the spinal cord. Additional projections from all vestibular nuclei to the reticular formation provide indirect routes through which the vestibular nuclei can potentially effect multiple systems, including those innervating the spinal cord. Finally, commissural vestibular connections of the opossum are shown to arise within all four major nuclei.", "PMID": 65367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1701", "title": "An autoradiographic investigation of the subcortical visual system in chimpanzee.", "content": "Based on one adult chimpanzee monocularly injected with radioactive proline, retinofugal fibers were found to terminate bilaterally in the suprachiasmatic, pregeniculate, lateral geniculate, olivary, pretectal and lateral terminal nuclei, and the superior colliculi; the existence of a dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system is in doubt. In the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus, the fibers terminate in layers 2, 3 and 5; in the contralateral nucleus, they end in layers 1, 4 and 6. Midway through the geniculate nucleus, layers 3 and 4 split medially into two daughter layers each. In the superior colliculi, most of the retinal terminals are aggregated superficially in a band located in the stratum griseum superficiale. The contralateral band is interrupted by gaps; the ipsilateral band has fewer gaps, is slightly thicker and located more deeply. There is a limited second tier of terminals in the contralateral superficial gray.", "contents": "An autoradiographic investigation of the subcortical visual system in chimpanzee. Based on one adult chimpanzee monocularly injected with radioactive proline, retinofugal fibers were found to terminate bilaterally in the suprachiasmatic, pregeniculate, lateral geniculate, olivary, pretectal and lateral terminal nuclei, and the superior colliculi; the existence of a dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system is in doubt. In the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus, the fibers terminate in layers 2, 3 and 5; in the contralateral nucleus, they end in layers 1, 4 and 6. Midway through the geniculate nucleus, layers 3 and 4 split medially into two daughter layers each. In the superior colliculi, most of the retinal terminals are aggregated superficially in a band located in the stratum griseum superficiale. The contralateral band is interrupted by gaps; the ipsilateral band has fewer gaps, is slightly thicker and located more deeply. There is a limited second tier of terminals in the contralateral superficial gray.", "PMID": 65368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1702", "title": "The substantia nigra of the rat: a Golgi study.", "content": "Three variants of the Golgi method were employed to examine the cell types, their dendritic fields and organization and axonal trajectories within the substantia nigra of albino and hooded rats. In both sagittal and coronal sections, large, medium and small neurons were classified on the basis of soma size, extent of dendritic fileds and dendritic caliber. In general nigral cells have three to five primary dendrites that branch relatively infrequently. Some dendrites of all cell types have thinly scattered spines or varicosities. Small cells, found in all areas of the nucleus, have thin dendrites and small, nondirectional dendritic fields. These are considered to be interneurons. The medium cells found in pars compacta, presumed to be the dopaminergic cells of the nigroneostriatal pathway, send long dendrites into pars reticulata perpendicular to the course of pars compacta. In addition, these cells have a number of dendrites which remain in pars compacta. These cells have axons that run medio-dorsally. No axon collaterals were detected. Both large and medium cells are found in pars reticulata. Cells in the dorso-medial aspect of pars reticulata orient rostro-caudally and roughly perpendicular to the course of pars compacta, while cells in the peripeduncular area show a strict orientation which is parallel to the crus cerebri. Some pars reticulata cells emit axon collaterals while others remain unbranced for their observable lenght. Both large and medium cells are also seen in pars lateralis. These cells send long dendrites ventrally into pars reticulata where they run parallel to the crus cerebri, while some shorter dendrites remain in pars lateralis. In total, the substantia nigra appears to have a layered organization: the superior layer is the cellular pars compacta, the second is the dorso-medial area of pars reticulata where both pars compacta and pars reticulata dendrites run rostro-caudally and dorso-ventrally and the third layer is the peripeduncular region where dendrites from all areas run parallel to the crus cerebri.", "contents": "The substantia nigra of the rat: a Golgi study. Three variants of the Golgi method were employed to examine the cell types, their dendritic fields and organization and axonal trajectories within the substantia nigra of albino and hooded rats. In both sagittal and coronal sections, large, medium and small neurons were classified on the basis of soma size, extent of dendritic fileds and dendritic caliber. In general nigral cells have three to five primary dendrites that branch relatively infrequently. Some dendrites of all cell types have thinly scattered spines or varicosities. Small cells, found in all areas of the nucleus, have thin dendrites and small, nondirectional dendritic fields. These are considered to be interneurons. The medium cells found in pars compacta, presumed to be the dopaminergic cells of the nigroneostriatal pathway, send long dendrites into pars reticulata perpendicular to the course of pars compacta. In addition, these cells have a number of dendrites which remain in pars compacta. These cells have axons that run medio-dorsally. No axon collaterals were detected. Both large and medium cells are found in pars reticulata. Cells in the dorso-medial aspect of pars reticulata orient rostro-caudally and roughly perpendicular to the course of pars compacta, while cells in the peripeduncular area show a strict orientation which is parallel to the crus cerebri. Some pars reticulata cells emit axon collaterals while others remain unbranced for their observable lenght. Both large and medium cells are also seen in pars lateralis. These cells send long dendrites ventrally into pars reticulata where they run parallel to the crus cerebri, while some shorter dendrites remain in pars lateralis. In total, the substantia nigra appears to have a layered organization: the superior layer is the cellular pars compacta, the second is the dorso-medial area of pars reticulata where both pars compacta and pars reticulata dendrites run rostro-caudally and dorso-ventrally and the third layer is the peripeduncular region where dendrites from all areas run parallel to the crus cerebri.", "PMID": 65369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1703", "title": "Microcapsules on Streptococcus mutans serotypes by electron microscopy.", "content": "Extracellular microcapsules have been demonstrated on cells of most serotypes of Streptococcus mutans by electron microscopy, using bacterial strains of the various serotypes and peroxidase labeled or unlabeled immune serum. A correlation was noted between the amount of capsular substance on the strains of S mutans examined and degree of antigenicity as expressed by the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) title. A serotype d strain was shown to lose both antigenicity as determined by the FA reaction and capsular material as seen by electron microscopy with repeated in vitro passage. When 10% unheated rabbit serum was added to the medium, antigenicity and capsular material were restored.", "contents": "Microcapsules on Streptococcus mutans serotypes by electron microscopy. Extracellular microcapsules have been demonstrated on cells of most serotypes of Streptococcus mutans by electron microscopy, using bacterial strains of the various serotypes and peroxidase labeled or unlabeled immune serum. A correlation was noted between the amount of capsular substance on the strains of S mutans examined and degree of antigenicity as expressed by the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) title. A serotype d strain was shown to lose both antigenicity as determined by the FA reaction and capsular material as seen by electron microscopy with repeated in vitro passage. When 10% unheated rabbit serum was added to the medium, antigenicity and capsular material were restored.", "PMID": 65370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1704", "title": "Studies of perennial ragweed immunotherapy.", "content": "Perennial ragweed immunotherapy was studied in 24 patients with ragweed pollenosis. Cellular responsiveness was determined by measuring the cellular reactivity and sensitivity to ragweed antigen E (RW-AgE) by RW-AgE-induced leukocyte histamine release. Serum blocking antibody content was determined by measuring the serum RW-AgE binding capacity by ammonium sulfate coprecipitation of bound RW-AgE. Specific IgE (anti-RW-AgE) concentration was determined by polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay. Cellular responsiveness decreased with continuing immunotherapy, as did the specific IgE concentrations. The serum RW-AgE binding capacity, in contrast, increased as treatment continued. The absence of demonstrable correlations between RW-AgE binding capacity and cellular reactivity, cellular sensitivity, and specific IgE concentrations contrasted impressively with the demonstration of multiple significant correlations between the change in the RW-AgE binding capacity and the other parameters studied. The degree of increase in RW-AgE binding capacity correlated significantly with the degree of decrease in both the specific IgE concentration (p is less than 0.04) and the cellular sensitivity to RW-AgE (p is less than 0.003). these findings suggest that the active process of blocking antibody production, rather than the passive presence of blocking antibody, is related to the process which decreases the specific IgE concentration and the degree of cellular responsiveness and therefore results in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Studies of perennial ragweed immunotherapy. Perennial ragweed immunotherapy was studied in 24 patients with ragweed pollenosis. Cellular responsiveness was determined by measuring the cellular reactivity and sensitivity to ragweed antigen E (RW-AgE) by RW-AgE-induced leukocyte histamine release. Serum blocking antibody content was determined by measuring the serum RW-AgE binding capacity by ammonium sulfate coprecipitation of bound RW-AgE. Specific IgE (anti-RW-AgE) concentration was determined by polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay. Cellular responsiveness decreased with continuing immunotherapy, as did the specific IgE concentrations. The serum RW-AgE binding capacity, in contrast, increased as treatment continued. The absence of demonstrable correlations between RW-AgE binding capacity and cellular reactivity, cellular sensitivity, and specific IgE concentrations contrasted impressively with the demonstration of multiple significant correlations between the change in the RW-AgE binding capacity and the other parameters studied. The degree of increase in RW-AgE binding capacity correlated significantly with the degree of decrease in both the specific IgE concentration (p is less than 0.04) and the cellular sensitivity to RW-AgE (p is less than 0.003). these findings suggest that the active process of blocking antibody production, rather than the passive presence of blocking antibody, is related to the process which decreases the specific IgE concentration and the degree of cellular responsiveness and therefore results in clinical improvement.", "PMID": 65371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1705", "title": "Automated histamine analysis for in vitro allergy testing. II. Correlation of skin test results with in vitro whole blood histamine release in 82 patients.", "content": "The recently developed sensitive, automated histamine assay system was applied for in vitro allergy testing. The simplified method for histamine release from whole heparinized blood was used. Aliquots of blood and allergen were incubated for one hour at 37 degrees C, and each supernatant was then analyzed for histamine release. Nine common pollen and environmental allergens were used at three 10-fold dilutions for in vitro testing with the use of 20 ml of blood. Intradermal skin tests were correlated with the whole blood histamine release in 82 patients who had received no immunotherapy. A scoring system for the histamine results was developed to take into consideration the results with multiple allergen concentrations. When the skin test was strongly positive (greater than or equal to 3 + at 100 protein nitrogen units [PNU]/ml), the whole blood histamine release was positive in 89% of the tests. In contrast, when the skin test was negative ( less than 1 + at 100 PNU/ml), the histamine release was also negative in 99.8% of the cases. When the skin test was 1 +, the histamine release from whole blood was positive in 6% of the tests; and when the skin test was 2+, the whole blood results were positive in 32%. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the automated histamine assay allow its application for the clinical study of allergic patients.", "contents": "Automated histamine analysis for in vitro allergy testing. II. Correlation of skin test results with in vitro whole blood histamine release in 82 patients. The recently developed sensitive, automated histamine assay system was applied for in vitro allergy testing. The simplified method for histamine release from whole heparinized blood was used. Aliquots of blood and allergen were incubated for one hour at 37 degrees C, and each supernatant was then analyzed for histamine release. Nine common pollen and environmental allergens were used at three 10-fold dilutions for in vitro testing with the use of 20 ml of blood. Intradermal skin tests were correlated with the whole blood histamine release in 82 patients who had received no immunotherapy. A scoring system for the histamine results was developed to take into consideration the results with multiple allergen concentrations. When the skin test was strongly positive (greater than or equal to 3 + at 100 protein nitrogen units [PNU]/ml), the whole blood histamine release was positive in 89% of the tests. In contrast, when the skin test was negative ( less than 1 + at 100 PNU/ml), the histamine release was also negative in 99.8% of the cases. When the skin test was 1 +, the histamine release from whole blood was positive in 6% of the tests; and when the skin test was 2+, the whole blood results were positive in 32%. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the automated histamine assay allow its application for the clinical study of allergic patients.", "PMID": 65372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1706", "title": "Toluene diisocyanate pulmonary disease: immunopharmacologic and mecholyl challenge studies.", "content": "Selected workers exhibiting clinical \"sensitivity\" to toluene diiosocyanate (TDI) (wheezing, cough, and dyspnea upon entering a TDI-containing area) were studied for : (1) in vitro TDI-induced leukocyte histamine release; (2) determination of cyclic 3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels of lymphocytes exposed to TDI; (3) effect of TDI on the isoproterenol-induced increase of lymphocyte cAMP levels: and (4) acetyl-beta-methylcholine (mecholyl) inhalation challenge. TDI did not induce histamine release from leukocytes of \"sensitive\" or \"nonsensitive\" individuals, nor were lymphocyte cAMP levels affected by in vitro TDI exposure, TDI did, however, diminish in vitro stimulation of cAMP by isoproterenol. This effect, seen with cells of \"sensitive\" and \"nonsensitive\" individuals, appeared to be dose-dependent; there were no significant differences between the two groups. When challenged with mecholyl, 7 of 10 \"sensitive\" but only 1 of 10 \"nonsensitive\" individuals showed a greater than 20% decrease in FEV1. These results suggest that TDI-induced obstructive airways disorders may be associated with altered beta-adrenergic function.", "contents": "Toluene diisocyanate pulmonary disease: immunopharmacologic and mecholyl challenge studies. Selected workers exhibiting clinical \"sensitivity\" to toluene diiosocyanate (TDI) (wheezing, cough, and dyspnea upon entering a TDI-containing area) were studied for : (1) in vitro TDI-induced leukocyte histamine release; (2) determination of cyclic 3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels of lymphocytes exposed to TDI; (3) effect of TDI on the isoproterenol-induced increase of lymphocyte cAMP levels: and (4) acetyl-beta-methylcholine (mecholyl) inhalation challenge. TDI did not induce histamine release from leukocytes of \"sensitive\" or \"nonsensitive\" individuals, nor were lymphocyte cAMP levels affected by in vitro TDI exposure, TDI did, however, diminish in vitro stimulation of cAMP by isoproterenol. This effect, seen with cells of \"sensitive\" and \"nonsensitive\" individuals, appeared to be dose-dependent; there were no significant differences between the two groups. When challenged with mecholyl, 7 of 10 \"sensitive\" but only 1 of 10 \"nonsensitive\" individuals showed a greater than 20% decrease in FEV1. These results suggest that TDI-induced obstructive airways disorders may be associated with altered beta-adrenergic function.", "PMID": 65373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1707", "title": "An approach to diagnosis and treatment in the migrant allergic population.", "content": "An approach to allergy diagnosis and treatment in the migrant population of the United States is derived from a review of selected aspects of pollen aerobiology and the nature and distribution of allergenic plants. Pollen distribution and importance are defined and divided into four relatively homogenous geographic regions of the continental United States. Botanic relationships between pollens are then summarized, especially as they relate to the methodology and results of studies of antigenic relationships between pollens. From this information, 13 mixes of tree pollens, 12 mixes of grass pollens, and 12 mixes of week pollens are proposed which would include the pollens of major and secondary importance found in the four defined geographic regions and which would be appropriate for puncture testing. Further grouping of antigens is described for use in intradermal testing and formulating treatment mixtures. A sample skin test sheet is presented which summarizes this information in a practical format.", "contents": "An approach to diagnosis and treatment in the migrant allergic population. An approach to allergy diagnosis and treatment in the migrant population of the United States is derived from a review of selected aspects of pollen aerobiology and the nature and distribution of allergenic plants. Pollen distribution and importance are defined and divided into four relatively homogenous geographic regions of the continental United States. Botanic relationships between pollens are then summarized, especially as they relate to the methodology and results of studies of antigenic relationships between pollens. From this information, 13 mixes of tree pollens, 12 mixes of grass pollens, and 12 mixes of week pollens are proposed which would include the pollens of major and secondary importance found in the four defined geographic regions and which would be appropriate for puncture testing. Further grouping of antigens is described for use in intradermal testing and formulating treatment mixtures. A sample skin test sheet is presented which summarizes this information in a practical format.", "PMID": 65374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1708", "title": "Ultrastructural visualization of cellular carbohydrate components by means of lectins on ultrathin glycol methacrylate sections.", "content": "A method for the visualization of cellular carbohydrate components by both light and electron microscopy using lectins on glycol methacrylate sections is proposed. This method, which is an application of the lectin-peroxidase affinity technique, solves the problem of limited penetration when it is attempted to demonstrated lectins receptors within the tissue block. Following partial dissolution of glycol methacrylate from thin sections using alcohol, they are incubated successively with lectin (Concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin), horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, type II), 3-3' diaminobenzidine and H2O2 and then with OsO4-Different kinds of tissues and cells have been used to test the method: mouse myocardium, rat epididymis, a protozoon Gregarina blaberae and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The localization of carbohydrate residues deomonstrated by this method within the different tissues and cells is consistent with the findings from other published studies. Controls have been performed (i.e., omission of the lectin, lectin and its inhibitor) and these demonstrate the specificity of the method.", "contents": "Ultrastructural visualization of cellular carbohydrate components by means of lectins on ultrathin glycol methacrylate sections. A method for the visualization of cellular carbohydrate components by both light and electron microscopy using lectins on glycol methacrylate sections is proposed. This method, which is an application of the lectin-peroxidase affinity technique, solves the problem of limited penetration when it is attempted to demonstrated lectins receptors within the tissue block. Following partial dissolution of glycol methacrylate from thin sections using alcohol, they are incubated successively with lectin (Concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin), horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, type II), 3-3' diaminobenzidine and H2O2 and then with OsO4-Different kinds of tissues and cells have been used to test the method: mouse myocardium, rat epididymis, a protozoon Gregarina blaberae and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The localization of carbohydrate residues deomonstrated by this method within the different tissues and cells is consistent with the findings from other published studies. Controls have been performed (i.e., omission of the lectin, lectin and its inhibitor) and these demonstrate the specificity of the method.", "PMID": 65417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1709", "title": "Temperature and acid concentration in the search for optimum Feulgen hydrolysis conditions.", "content": "Exposure and removal of aldehyde groups during Feulgen acid hydrolysis were studied at a wide range of temperature and acid concentrations. Temperatures between 9 and 75degreesC were found to influence only the rate of the hydrolysis reaction over the entire range from high (6 M) to low (0.05 M) HCl concentrations. The temperature dependence was high, and around +5degreesC was sufficient to double the reaction rate. The influence of acid concentrations between 0.02 and 6 M was studied, and the extraction rates that determine the peak values of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve were found to depend in the same way on the (H+) concentration. A diagram is given that makes it possible to determine the time to reach the point during hydrolysis where the maximum amount of aldehyde groups are developed for a wide range of temperatures and acid concentrations. Temperatures slightly above room temperature in combination with high acid concentration is recommended for Feulgen hydrolysis.", "contents": "Temperature and acid concentration in the search for optimum Feulgen hydrolysis conditions. Exposure and removal of aldehyde groups during Feulgen acid hydrolysis were studied at a wide range of temperature and acid concentrations. Temperatures between 9 and 75degreesC were found to influence only the rate of the hydrolysis reaction over the entire range from high (6 M) to low (0.05 M) HCl concentrations. The temperature dependence was high, and around +5degreesC was sufficient to double the reaction rate. The influence of acid concentrations between 0.02 and 6 M was studied, and the extraction rates that determine the peak values of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve were found to depend in the same way on the (H+) concentration. A diagram is given that makes it possible to determine the time to reach the point during hydrolysis where the maximum amount of aldehyde groups are developed for a wide range of temperatures and acid concentrations. Temperatures slightly above room temperature in combination with high acid concentration is recommended for Feulgen hydrolysis.", "PMID": 65418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1710", "title": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. II. Distribution of allotypes on the 7S immunoglobulin of homozygous and heterozygous chickens.", "content": "We have previously reported that chicken 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain allotypes (CS-1 locus) segregate as phenogroups in F2 progeny. Specificity CS-1.1 formed a phenogroup with CS-1.4 in inbred chicken line UCD 2, and a second phenogroup with CS-1.3 in line UCD 3. To determine whether these phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities on the same, or on separate subclasses of 7S Ig, their distribution on the 7S Ig molecules of birds homozygous for 7S Ig allotypes was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Anti-CS-1.1 and anti-CS-1.3 alloantisera each bound more than 94% of line UCD 3 1252-7S Ig. Similar results were obtained with alloantisera to CS-1.1 and CS-1.4 WITH 125 I-7S Ig from line UCD 2. These results indicate that both phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities present on the same H chain. Thus, each phenogroup described, probably is the product of a single structural gene which is responsible for more than 94% of the 7S Ig H chain constant regions. In F hybrids with the genotype CS-1.3, 1.3/CS-1.2, two populations of serum 7S Ig molecules were detected by direct and sequential binding analysis with specific alloantisera. One population of 7S Ig contained specificities CS-1.1 AND CS-1.3, but not CS-1.2; while the second population was exclusively the product of one parental allele. Consistent with a genetic regulatory mechanism involving allelic exclusion, no MS Ig containing allotypes produced by both alleles was detected.", "contents": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. II. Distribution of allotypes on the 7S immunoglobulin of homozygous and heterozygous chickens. We have previously reported that chicken 7S immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain allotypes (CS-1 locus) segregate as phenogroups in F2 progeny. Specificity CS-1.1 formed a phenogroup with CS-1.4 in inbred chicken line UCD 2, and a second phenogroup with CS-1.3 in line UCD 3. To determine whether these phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities on the same, or on separate subclasses of 7S Ig, their distribution on the 7S Ig molecules of birds homozygous for 7S Ig allotypes was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Anti-CS-1.1 and anti-CS-1.3 alloantisera each bound more than 94% of line UCD 3 1252-7S Ig. Similar results were obtained with alloantisera to CS-1.1 and CS-1.4 WITH 125 I-7S Ig from line UCD 2. These results indicate that both phenogroups were formed by combinations of specificities present on the same H chain. Thus, each phenogroup described, probably is the product of a single structural gene which is responsible for more than 94% of the 7S Ig H chain constant regions. In F hybrids with the genotype CS-1.3, 1.3/CS-1.2, two populations of serum 7S Ig molecules were detected by direct and sequential binding analysis with specific alloantisera. One population of 7S Ig contained specificities CS-1.1 AND CS-1.3, but not CS-1.2; while the second population was exclusively the product of one parental allele. Consistent with a genetic regulatory mechanism involving allelic exclusion, no MS Ig containing allotypes produced by both alleles was detected.", "PMID": 65421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1711", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with varying concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein and enumerated for total and \"\"active'' T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and their proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin. No significant effect was observed on total T or B lymphocyte proportions. However, there was a dose-related increase in proportions of the so called \"active\" T lymphocytes. The response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was markedly depressed. The alteration in the proportion of active T cells and the inhibition of T lymphocyte response to phyto hemagglutinin by alpha-fetoprotein occurred at higher concentrations than are present in amniotic fluid, serum of pregnant women, or serum of adults, but well within the range reached in fetal serum. The immunoregulatory role of alpha-fetoprotein is discussed.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human lymphocyte subpopulations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with varying concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein and enumerated for total and \"\"active'' T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and their proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin. No significant effect was observed on total T or B lymphocyte proportions. However, there was a dose-related increase in proportions of the so called \"active\" T lymphocytes. The response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was markedly depressed. The alteration in the proportion of active T cells and the inhibition of T lymphocyte response to phyto hemagglutinin by alpha-fetoprotein occurred at higher concentrations than are present in amniotic fluid, serum of pregnant women, or serum of adults, but well within the range reached in fetal serum. The immunoregulatory role of alpha-fetoprotein is discussed.", "PMID": 65422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1712", "title": "Characterization of suppressor cells in mice bearing syngeneic mastocytoma.", "content": "Suppressor cells from syngeneic P815 mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2 mice that inhibit in vitro generation of specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity were characterized. Suppressive activity was almost completely eliminated by treating suppressive spleen cells with anti-theta serum and complement. Treatment with anti-mouse lg serum and complement or with carbonyl iron did not affect their suppressive activity. When suppressive thymocytes from P815 tumor-bearing DBA/2 mice were tested for their capacity to inhibit the generation of cytotoxicity against L1210 cells, a leukemia line in DBa/2 mice, they did not affect the activity, indicating that the supressor cells in the thymocytes of P815 tumor-bearing mice are specific to the tumor. When Ficoll-Hypaque density cell separation was carried out with cytotoxic spleen cells and suppressive spleen cells from 815 tumor-bearing mice, the dense fraction was enriched for kiler cells whereas the suppressive activitty was mainly recovered in the light fraction. Therefore, killer cells and suppressor cells in P815 tumor-bearing mice are thought to be distinct populations.", "contents": "Characterization of suppressor cells in mice bearing syngeneic mastocytoma. Suppressor cells from syngeneic P815 mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2 mice that inhibit in vitro generation of specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity were characterized. Suppressive activity was almost completely eliminated by treating suppressive spleen cells with anti-theta serum and complement. Treatment with anti-mouse lg serum and complement or with carbonyl iron did not affect their suppressive activity. When suppressive thymocytes from P815 tumor-bearing DBA/2 mice were tested for their capacity to inhibit the generation of cytotoxicity against L1210 cells, a leukemia line in DBa/2 mice, they did not affect the activity, indicating that the supressor cells in the thymocytes of P815 tumor-bearing mice are specific to the tumor. When Ficoll-Hypaque density cell separation was carried out with cytotoxic spleen cells and suppressive spleen cells from 815 tumor-bearing mice, the dense fraction was enriched for kiler cells whereas the suppressive activitty was mainly recovered in the light fraction. Therefore, killer cells and suppressor cells in P815 tumor-bearing mice are thought to be distinct populations.", "PMID": 65423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1713", "title": "Purification of a Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antigen by immunoadsorption with monospecific antibody.", "content": "This study describes the isolation and partial characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis specific antigen. A species-specific antigen of C. trachomatis (antigen-0.65) was identified by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antiserum specific for antigen-0.65 was prepared in rabbits by immunizing with agarose-gel precipitates excised from two-dimensional immunoelectrophorograms. Purified gamma-globulins from antigen-0.65 specific serum were coupled to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of agarose which was then used for the immunoadsorbent purification of antigen-0.65 from Triton X-100 solubilized lymphogranuloma venereum (L2/434/Bu) organisms. The isolated antigen was immunochemically pure when tested against rabbit antiserum prepared to LGV-434 organisms by using rocket and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antigenicity was destroyed by protease treatment and heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but the antigen was stable to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, periodate oxidation and pH extremes of 2.2 and 10.6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified antigen showed a major protein band with an apparent m.w. of 155,000.", "contents": "Purification of a Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antigen by immunoadsorption with monospecific antibody. This study describes the isolation and partial characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis specific antigen. A species-specific antigen of C. trachomatis (antigen-0.65) was identified by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antiserum specific for antigen-0.65 was prepared in rabbits by immunizing with agarose-gel precipitates excised from two-dimensional immunoelectrophorograms. Purified gamma-globulins from antigen-0.65 specific serum were coupled to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of agarose which was then used for the immunoadsorbent purification of antigen-0.65 from Triton X-100 solubilized lymphogranuloma venereum (L2/434/Bu) organisms. The isolated antigen was immunochemically pure when tested against rabbit antiserum prepared to LGV-434 organisms by using rocket and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Antigenicity was destroyed by protease treatment and heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but the antigen was stable to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, periodate oxidation and pH extremes of 2.2 and 10.6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified antigen showed a major protein band with an apparent m.w. of 155,000.", "PMID": 65424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1714", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced specific suppression of the protective immune response to rodent malaria.", "content": "Nonspecific and specific chemosuppression of the immune response to Plasmodium berghei protective antigens were investigated. Specific immunosuppression was defined operationally as the selective suppression of the protective response to the parasite in mice injected with a combination of gamma-irradiated infected mouse erythrocytes (gammaPb) and cyclophosphamide (CY) with continued responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). After initial treatment (gammaPb + CY), mice were injected with gammaPb in potentially immunogenic doses. These and appropriate control animals were later challenged with nonirradiated infected mouse erythrocytes. The influence of the initial treatment regimens on the protective response was evaluated by parasitemia, and mortality was observed after challenge. Specificity of suppression was measured by evaluating the ability of mice to produce antibody to SRBC. Both specific and nonspecific suppression of the protective response to malaria were noted. Initial treatment with drug alone resulted in increased parasitemia and mortality and suppression of the SRBC antibody synthesis in drug-pretreated immunized mice as compared with immunized mice not pretreated with the drug. On the other hand, suppression of the response to the parasite, but not to SRBC, in animals pretreated with gammaPb + CY was clearly greater than that induced by drug alone. Thus, animals treated with malarial antigen and cyclophosphamide develop a measurable specific immunosuppression. These studies indicate that immunity to malaria is influenced by both cyclophosphamide alone (general immunosuppression) and cyclophosphamide in combination with antigen (specific immunosuppression) in a manner analogous to other immune responses.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced specific suppression of the protective immune response to rodent malaria. Nonspecific and specific chemosuppression of the immune response to Plasmodium berghei protective antigens were investigated. Specific immunosuppression was defined operationally as the selective suppression of the protective response to the parasite in mice injected with a combination of gamma-irradiated infected mouse erythrocytes (gammaPb) and cyclophosphamide (CY) with continued responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). After initial treatment (gammaPb + CY), mice were injected with gammaPb in potentially immunogenic doses. These and appropriate control animals were later challenged with nonirradiated infected mouse erythrocytes. The influence of the initial treatment regimens on the protective response was evaluated by parasitemia, and mortality was observed after challenge. Specificity of suppression was measured by evaluating the ability of mice to produce antibody to SRBC. Both specific and nonspecific suppression of the protective response to malaria were noted. Initial treatment with drug alone resulted in increased parasitemia and mortality and suppression of the SRBC antibody synthesis in drug-pretreated immunized mice as compared with immunized mice not pretreated with the drug. On the other hand, suppression of the response to the parasite, but not to SRBC, in animals pretreated with gammaPb + CY was clearly greater than that induced by drug alone. Thus, animals treated with malarial antigen and cyclophosphamide develop a measurable specific immunosuppression. These studies indicate that immunity to malaria is influenced by both cyclophosphamide alone (general immunosuppression) and cyclophosphamide in combination with antigen (specific immunosuppression) in a manner analogous to other immune responses.", "PMID": 65425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1715", "title": "Antigen recognition: the specificity of an isolated T lymphocyte population.", "content": "Guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes were separated into T and B cell fractions on immunoabsorbent columns. Separated cells were functionally distinct: T cells proliferated in response to ConA, PHA, soluble and alloantigen, whereas anti-Ig reagents only stimulated B cells. The in vitro proliferative response of guinea pig lymph node T lymphocytes was then shown to be highly discriminating when elicited by a series of structurally similar synthetic DNP-oligolysine antigens. Proliferation was always most extensive in response to the homologous, immunizing antigen, and less intense to cross-reacting DNP-oligolysines. Specificity of proliferation was maintained in the absence of both B lymphocytes and antibody secreting cells, suggesting that T cell recognition is not \"acquired\" from B cells or secreted antibody, but is a property inherent to the T cell.", "contents": "Antigen recognition: the specificity of an isolated T lymphocyte population. Guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes were separated into T and B cell fractions on immunoabsorbent columns. Separated cells were functionally distinct: T cells proliferated in response to ConA, PHA, soluble and alloantigen, whereas anti-Ig reagents only stimulated B cells. The in vitro proliferative response of guinea pig lymph node T lymphocytes was then shown to be highly discriminating when elicited by a series of structurally similar synthetic DNP-oligolysine antigens. Proliferation was always most extensive in response to the homologous, immunizing antigen, and less intense to cross-reacting DNP-oligolysines. Specificity of proliferation was maintained in the absence of both B lymphocytes and antibody secreting cells, suggesting that T cell recognition is not \"acquired\" from B cells or secreted antibody, but is a property inherent to the T cell.", "PMID": 65426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1716", "title": "Partial characterization of nervous system-specific cell surface antigen(s) NS-2.", "content": "Partial biochemical characterization of several neural tissue specific antigens isolated from a murine glioblastoma cell line was accomplished by means of radioiodination of intact cells followed by immunoprecipitation of the cell lysate with a rabbit serum specific for neural tissue antigens. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate in sodium dodecyl sulfate resolved the labeled antigens into several major components: two proteins (or glycoproteins) having apparent m.w.'s of 84,000 and 120,000 and lipid associated components which may be heterogeneous. The protein and lipid associated components apparently possess independent antigenicity because after chloroformmethanol extraction the protein components can be immunoprecipitated from the aqueous phase and the lipid associated component can be immunoprecipitated from the organic phase. Despite their independent antigenicity it is not known whether the components may be noncovalently associated on the cell surface. Although some of these antigens can be isolated from brain or glioma cells (a related tumor), non can be demonstrated in lymphoid tissues or C1300 neuroblastoma cells using identical methods. Therefore, these studies confirm our previous findings concerning the specificity of the anti-NS-2 antiserum by using cytotoxicity tests.", "contents": "Partial characterization of nervous system-specific cell surface antigen(s) NS-2. Partial biochemical characterization of several neural tissue specific antigens isolated from a murine glioblastoma cell line was accomplished by means of radioiodination of intact cells followed by immunoprecipitation of the cell lysate with a rabbit serum specific for neural tissue antigens. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate in sodium dodecyl sulfate resolved the labeled antigens into several major components: two proteins (or glycoproteins) having apparent m.w.'s of 84,000 and 120,000 and lipid associated components which may be heterogeneous. The protein and lipid associated components apparently possess independent antigenicity because after chloroformmethanol extraction the protein components can be immunoprecipitated from the aqueous phase and the lipid associated component can be immunoprecipitated from the organic phase. Despite their independent antigenicity it is not known whether the components may be noncovalently associated on the cell surface. Although some of these antigens can be isolated from brain or glioma cells (a related tumor), non can be demonstrated in lymphoid tissues or C1300 neuroblastoma cells using identical methods. Therefore, these studies confirm our previous findings concerning the specificity of the anti-NS-2 antiserum by using cytotoxicity tests.", "PMID": 65427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1717", "title": "The mononuclear cell in human blood which mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to virus-infected target cells. II. Identification as a K cell.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine whether the mononuclear cell in human blood which mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected target cells has surface Fc receptors which participate in the reaction. The F (ab')2 fragment of human IgG antibody was inactive both in ADCC and in complement-mediated cytolysis, but retained the capacity to neutralize infectious virus, to agglutinate erythrocytes coated with viral antigens, and to bind to the surface of virus-infected cells. Treatment of sensitized virus-infected target cells with staphylococcus protein A, which has affinity for the Fc epitope of IgG, strongly reduced their susceptibility to lysis by ADCC in a dose-dependent relationship. These findings indicate that the Fc portion of IgG antibody to the virus is necessary for cytotoxicity. Treatment of blood mononuclear cells with either heat-aggregated gamma-globulin or HSV immune complexes inhibited effector cell activity. The presence of \"third party\" cellular immune complexes also strongly inhibited ADCC. Adsorption of mononuclear cells to plastic surfaces coated with soluble third party immune complexes resulted in a significant reduction in effector cell activity. These findings demonstrate that the ADCC effector cell possesses surface Fc receptors which are utilized in the ADCC reaction. The presence of Fc receptors on the surface of the effector cell indicates that it is a K cell rather than a null cell.", "contents": "The mononuclear cell in human blood which mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to virus-infected target cells. II. Identification as a K cell. Studies were carried out to determine whether the mononuclear cell in human blood which mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected target cells has surface Fc receptors which participate in the reaction. The F (ab')2 fragment of human IgG antibody was inactive both in ADCC and in complement-mediated cytolysis, but retained the capacity to neutralize infectious virus, to agglutinate erythrocytes coated with viral antigens, and to bind to the surface of virus-infected cells. Treatment of sensitized virus-infected target cells with staphylococcus protein A, which has affinity for the Fc epitope of IgG, strongly reduced their susceptibility to lysis by ADCC in a dose-dependent relationship. These findings indicate that the Fc portion of IgG antibody to the virus is necessary for cytotoxicity. Treatment of blood mononuclear cells with either heat-aggregated gamma-globulin or HSV immune complexes inhibited effector cell activity. The presence of \"third party\" cellular immune complexes also strongly inhibited ADCC. Adsorption of mononuclear cells to plastic surfaces coated with soluble third party immune complexes resulted in a significant reduction in effector cell activity. These findings demonstrate that the ADCC effector cell possesses surface Fc receptors which are utilized in the ADCC reaction. The presence of Fc receptors on the surface of the effector cell indicates that it is a K cell rather than a null cell.", "PMID": 65428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1718", "title": "Reduction in basal adenylate cyclase activity during the immunologic release of histamine from guinea pig lung.", "content": "Cyclic AMP has been implicated in the regulation of the immunologic release of histamine from lung and other tissues and cell types. The mechanism whereby intracellular levels of cAMP are altered during mediator release was investigated. Measurements of histamine, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were made in actively and passively sensitized guinea pig lung after challenge with antigen. A transient decrease in basal adenylate cyclase activity occurred which returned to control levels after histamine release. There was no change in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity determined at substrate concentrations of 1 mM and 0.01 mM. The adenylate cyclase response did not occur under the following conditions: 1) incubation of nonsensitized lung with antigen, 2) incubation of sensitized lung with antigen in the absence of extracellular calcium, and 3) incubation of nonsensitized lung with compound 48/80. These observations indicate 1) the adenylate cyclase response and the immunologic release of histamine are intimately related, and 2) the reduction in intracellular levels of cAMP which have been reported to occur during immunologic histamine release are mediated via adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Reduction in basal adenylate cyclase activity during the immunologic release of histamine from guinea pig lung. Cyclic AMP has been implicated in the regulation of the immunologic release of histamine from lung and other tissues and cell types. The mechanism whereby intracellular levels of cAMP are altered during mediator release was investigated. Measurements of histamine, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP phosphodiesterase activities were made in actively and passively sensitized guinea pig lung after challenge with antigen. A transient decrease in basal adenylate cyclase activity occurred which returned to control levels after histamine release. There was no change in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity determined at substrate concentrations of 1 mM and 0.01 mM. The adenylate cyclase response did not occur under the following conditions: 1) incubation of nonsensitized lung with antigen, 2) incubation of sensitized lung with antigen in the absence of extracellular calcium, and 3) incubation of nonsensitized lung with compound 48/80. These observations indicate 1) the adenylate cyclase response and the immunologic release of histamine are intimately related, and 2) the reduction in intracellular levels of cAMP which have been reported to occur during immunologic histamine release are mediated via adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 65429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1719", "title": "Antigen-specific T cell factors: a fine analysis of specificity.", "content": "The specificity of T cell factors produced in presence of synthetic polypeptide antigens was studied. Factors prepared with either one of the three antigens: poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (T,G)-A--L, poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (Phe,G)-A--L, and poly(His,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (H,G)-A--L, successfully cooperated with B cells for antibody production to the homologous as well as to the other two immunogens. Furthermore, the activity of a (T,G)-A--L-specific factor was removed after passage through immunoadsorbents built of Sepharose coupled to: (T,G)A--L, (Phe-G)-A--L and poly(Glu)-poly(DLAa)--poly(Lys), (G)-A--L, but not to poly (DLALa)--poly(LLys),A--L. No cross-reactivity was observed between (T,G)-A--L and poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(Pro)--poly(Lys), (T,G)-Pro--L, at the level of T cell factors, as shown using the above approaches. These results lead to the conclusion that specificity of T cell factors, although not identical, is similar to that of antibodies.", "contents": "Antigen-specific T cell factors: a fine analysis of specificity. The specificity of T cell factors produced in presence of synthetic polypeptide antigens was studied. Factors prepared with either one of the three antigens: poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (T,G)-A--L, poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (Phe,G)-A--L, and poly(His,Glu)-poly(DLALa)--poly(Lys), (H,G)-A--L, successfully cooperated with B cells for antibody production to the homologous as well as to the other two immunogens. Furthermore, the activity of a (T,G)-A--L-specific factor was removed after passage through immunoadsorbents built of Sepharose coupled to: (T,G)A--L, (Phe-G)-A--L and poly(Glu)-poly(DLAa)--poly(Lys), (G)-A--L, but not to poly (DLALa)--poly(LLys),A--L. No cross-reactivity was observed between (T,G)-A--L and poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(Pro)--poly(Lys), (T,G)-Pro--L, at the level of T cell factors, as shown using the above approaches. These results lead to the conclusion that specificity of T cell factors, although not identical, is similar to that of antibodies.", "PMID": 65430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1720", "title": "Experimental cell-mediated interstitial nephritis induced with exogenous antigens.", "content": "The capacity of intrarenal injections of bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) to elicit hypersensitivity reactions was studied in guinea pigs immunized with DNP BGG or BGG immune complexes in CFA or in rats immunized with BGG in CFA. In guinea pigs it was found that heat-aggregated BGG elicited inflammatory reactions in the renal cortex, whereas soluble BGG did not. In rats only aggregated BGG was used, and this was found to be effective. The reactions were characterized by a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrate. Transfer experiments were performed in rats and it was found that reactivity was transferrable with lymph node cells but not with serum.", "contents": "Experimental cell-mediated interstitial nephritis induced with exogenous antigens. The capacity of intrarenal injections of bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) to elicit hypersensitivity reactions was studied in guinea pigs immunized with DNP BGG or BGG immune complexes in CFA or in rats immunized with BGG in CFA. In guinea pigs it was found that heat-aggregated BGG elicited inflammatory reactions in the renal cortex, whereas soluble BGG did not. In rats only aggregated BGG was used, and this was found to be effective. The reactions were characterized by a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrate. Transfer experiments were performed in rats and it was found that reactivity was transferrable with lymph node cells but not with serum.", "PMID": 65431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1721", "title": "Primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "A method for the induction of a primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes is presented. Upon cultivation with trinitrophenyl conjugated polyacrylamide beads (TNP-PAA), an anti-TNP response can be obtained as indicated by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells from day 5 of culture, with a reproducible peak on day 8. These plaques correspond to cells actively producing antibody of the IgM type, as shown by their inhibition by cycloheximide and by anti-human IgM serum, but not by anti-human Fc gamma serum. Their specificity for the TNP hapten can be demonstrated by the effector cell blockade phenomenon, with highly substituted TNP-human IgG. Although the anti-TNP response induced by TNP-PAA in mouse spleen cell cultures appears T independent the same response in human PBL may involve in addition the participation of T cells, since E-RFC depletion before culture led to a markedly decreased number of plaque-forming cells. A significant response could be obtained from the PBL of all of the 30 normal individuals tested. Importantly, the response was reproducible in its magnitude in the six individuals tested in at least three different experiments. Thus, the in vitro stimulation of human PBL by TNP-PAA can be proposed as a reliable test for the study of human B cell function in a specific primary antibody response.", "contents": "Primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A method for the induction of a primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes is presented. Upon cultivation with trinitrophenyl conjugated polyacrylamide beads (TNP-PAA), an anti-TNP response can be obtained as indicated by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells from day 5 of culture, with a reproducible peak on day 8. These plaques correspond to cells actively producing antibody of the IgM type, as shown by their inhibition by cycloheximide and by anti-human IgM serum, but not by anti-human Fc gamma serum. Their specificity for the TNP hapten can be demonstrated by the effector cell blockade phenomenon, with highly substituted TNP-human IgG. Although the anti-TNP response induced by TNP-PAA in mouse spleen cell cultures appears T independent the same response in human PBL may involve in addition the participation of T cells, since E-RFC depletion before culture led to a markedly decreased number of plaque-forming cells. A significant response could be obtained from the PBL of all of the 30 normal individuals tested. Importantly, the response was reproducible in its magnitude in the six individuals tested in at least three different experiments. Thus, the in vitro stimulation of human PBL by TNP-PAA can be proposed as a reliable test for the study of human B cell function in a specific primary antibody response.", "PMID": 65432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1722", "title": "Antigenic specificity of opsonophagocytic antibodies in rabbit anti-sera to group B streptococci.", "content": "An opsonophagocytic assay has been developed which requires human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, immune serum, and complement for optimal killing of Group B streptococci. Only with all three of these components was killing of greater than 1.0 log10 of the initial inoculum achieved, using rabbit antisera directed to homologous strains of each of the five known serotypes of Group B streptococci. Titers of specific antisera which opsonized the strains and resulted in greater than 1 log 10 reduction of colony-forming units, ranged from 1:100 (serotype Ib) to 1:3200 (serotype Ia). Cross-reactions between serotype-specific sera and heterologous strains were seen in certain instances. Type Ic strain and serotype Ic antiserum demonstrated cross-reactions with types Ia and Ib which were explainable by known shared antigens among these types. The only other cross-reaction which resulted in greater than 1 log 10 reduction in colony-forming units was when unabsorbed antiserum to strain Ia was used to opsonize a strain of serotype III. Opsonization of 10 serotype III strains was demonstrated with a single type III antiserum. Killing of nine of these strains required polymorphonuclear leukocytes, complement, and antiserum, but one strain, D136C, the reference strain, could be killed (greater than 1 log 10 reduction in colony-forming units) without either complement or specific antiserum. Inhibition studies were performed utilizing large m.w. polysaccharide antigens extracted from each serotype. These antigens inhibited opsonization of homologous strains by homologous antisera with 50% inhibition points ranging between 0.5 and 4 mug.", "contents": "Antigenic specificity of opsonophagocytic antibodies in rabbit anti-sera to group B streptococci. An opsonophagocytic assay has been developed which requires human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, immune serum, and complement for optimal killing of Group B streptococci. Only with all three of these components was killing of greater than 1.0 log10 of the initial inoculum achieved, using rabbit antisera directed to homologous strains of each of the five known serotypes of Group B streptococci. Titers of specific antisera which opsonized the strains and resulted in greater than 1 log 10 reduction of colony-forming units, ranged from 1:100 (serotype Ib) to 1:3200 (serotype Ia). Cross-reactions between serotype-specific sera and heterologous strains were seen in certain instances. Type Ic strain and serotype Ic antiserum demonstrated cross-reactions with types Ia and Ib which were explainable by known shared antigens among these types. The only other cross-reaction which resulted in greater than 1 log 10 reduction in colony-forming units was when unabsorbed antiserum to strain Ia was used to opsonize a strain of serotype III. Opsonization of 10 serotype III strains was demonstrated with a single type III antiserum. Killing of nine of these strains required polymorphonuclear leukocytes, complement, and antiserum, but one strain, D136C, the reference strain, could be killed (greater than 1 log 10 reduction in colony-forming units) without either complement or specific antiserum. Inhibition studies were performed utilizing large m.w. polysaccharide antigens extracted from each serotype. These antigens inhibited opsonization of homologous strains by homologous antisera with 50% inhibition points ranging between 0.5 and 4 mug.", "PMID": 65433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1723", "title": "Complement-induced histamine release from human basophils. III. Effect of pharmacologic agents.", "content": "Human serum activated with zymosan generates a factor (C5a) that releases histamine from autologous basophils. Previously we have presented evidence that this mechanism for C5a-induced release differs from IgE-mediated reactions. The effect of several pharmacologic agents known to alter IgE-mediated release was studied to determine whether they have a similar action on serum-induced release. Deuterium oxide (D2O), which enhances allergic release, inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion the serum-induced reaction at incubation temperatures of 25 and 32 degrees C. The colchicine-induced inhibition was not reversed by D2O. Cytochalasin B, which gives a variable enhancement of IgE-mediated release, had a marked enhancing effect on the serum-induced reaction in all subjects tested. The following agents known to inhibit the IgE-mediated reaction also inhibited serum-induced release at 25 degrees C: colchicine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, aminophylline, isoproterenol, cholera toxin, chlorphenesin, diethylcarbamazine, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These results suggest that the serum-induced release is modulated by intracellular cyclic AMP, requires energy, and is enhanced by the disruption of microfilaments. The lack of an effect by D2O would suggest that microtubular stabilization is not required. The data can be interpreted to indicate that IgE- and C5a-mediated reactions diverge at a late stage in the histamine release pathway.", "contents": "Complement-induced histamine release from human basophils. III. Effect of pharmacologic agents. Human serum activated with zymosan generates a factor (C5a) that releases histamine from autologous basophils. Previously we have presented evidence that this mechanism for C5a-induced release differs from IgE-mediated reactions. The effect of several pharmacologic agents known to alter IgE-mediated release was studied to determine whether they have a similar action on serum-induced release. Deuterium oxide (D2O), which enhances allergic release, inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion the serum-induced reaction at incubation temperatures of 25 and 32 degrees C. The colchicine-induced inhibition was not reversed by D2O. Cytochalasin B, which gives a variable enhancement of IgE-mediated release, had a marked enhancing effect on the serum-induced reaction in all subjects tested. The following agents known to inhibit the IgE-mediated reaction also inhibited serum-induced release at 25 degrees C: colchicine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, aminophylline, isoproterenol, cholera toxin, chlorphenesin, diethylcarbamazine, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These results suggest that the serum-induced release is modulated by intracellular cyclic AMP, requires energy, and is enhanced by the disruption of microfilaments. The lack of an effect by D2O would suggest that microtubular stabilization is not required. The data can be interpreted to indicate that IgE- and C5a-mediated reactions diverge at a late stage in the histamine release pathway.", "PMID": 65434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1724", "title": "Rapid identification of monocytes in a mixed mononuclear cell preparation.", "content": "A method for identifying monocytes by the \"non-specific esterase\" stain is described. This method is particularly applicable to mononuclear cell suspensions obtained by Ficoll--Hypaque density gradient separations and allows rapid as well as accurate determinations.", "contents": "Rapid identification of monocytes in a mixed mononuclear cell preparation. A method for identifying monocytes by the \"non-specific esterase\" stain is described. This method is particularly applicable to mononuclear cell suspensions obtained by Ficoll--Hypaque density gradient separations and allows rapid as well as accurate determinations.", "PMID": 65435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1725", "title": "Radioimmunoassay procedure for quantitating bacterial antibody in human sera.", "content": "A RIA system was developed to detect antibodies in human sera against bacteria. Sonicates of Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium polymorphum were used as antigens to sensitize plastic-coated beads; antibodies to these antigens were detected with 125I-labeled antihuman globulin. Serum antibody titers against E. coli were determined by the serial dilution method; from the results the standard curve principle was applied in determining the relative amounts of antibodies against E. coli in serum samples tested at a single dilution. The coefficient of variation of the RIA procedure was less than 10%. Serum titers obtained by the RIA and indirect immunofluorescence test were compared; RIA was more sensitive, quantitative and objective. Absorption studies, using E. coli and F. polymorphum absorbentes against E. coli and F. polymorphum. This RIA procedure offers a combination of desirable advantages; it is sensitive, specific, objective, quantitative, and easy to perform.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay procedure for quantitating bacterial antibody in human sera. A RIA system was developed to detect antibodies in human sera against bacteria. Sonicates of Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium polymorphum were used as antigens to sensitize plastic-coated beads; antibodies to these antigens were detected with 125I-labeled antihuman globulin. Serum antibody titers against E. coli were determined by the serial dilution method; from the results the standard curve principle was applied in determining the relative amounts of antibodies against E. coli in serum samples tested at a single dilution. The coefficient of variation of the RIA procedure was less than 10%. Serum titers obtained by the RIA and indirect immunofluorescence test were compared; RIA was more sensitive, quantitative and objective. Absorption studies, using E. coli and F. polymorphum absorbentes against E. coli and F. polymorphum. This RIA procedure offers a combination of desirable advantages; it is sensitive, specific, objective, quantitative, and easy to perform.", "PMID": 65436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1726", "title": "Purification of rabbit T-derived (Ig-) lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit peripheral blood cells were rosetted by means of mixed agglutination technique described by Coombs et al. and the unrosetted Ig-, T-derived lymphocytes were separated in Ficoll-Triosil gradient. The cells which did not rosette in mixed agglutination reaction represented highly purified T-derived (Ig-) lymphocytes, as evidence by their response to T and B rabbit cell mitogens, their cytotoxic reactivity versus rabbit thymus lymphocyte antiserum (RTLA), and by failure to be stained with labelled anti-rabbit immunoglobulins antibodies and antibodies against allotypic specificities of the a and b series.", "contents": "Purification of rabbit T-derived (Ig-) lymphocytes. Rabbit peripheral blood cells were rosetted by means of mixed agglutination technique described by Coombs et al. and the unrosetted Ig-, T-derived lymphocytes were separated in Ficoll-Triosil gradient. The cells which did not rosette in mixed agglutination reaction represented highly purified T-derived (Ig-) lymphocytes, as evidence by their response to T and B rabbit cell mitogens, their cytotoxic reactivity versus rabbit thymus lymphocyte antiserum (RTLA), and by failure to be stained with labelled anti-rabbit immunoglobulins antibodies and antibodies against allotypic specificities of the a and b series.", "PMID": 65437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1727", "title": "Antigenic relationship between human coronavirus strain OC 43 and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus strain 67N of swine: antibody responses in human and animal sera.", "content": "Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine (HEV) was adapted to growth in suckling mouse brain. Electron micrographs of HEV-infected suckling mouse brain, prepared by negative staining and thin-section techniques, exhibited typical morphological characteristics shared with other members of the Coronaviridae. The adaptation of HEV to suckling mouse brain facilitated serologic testing by the use of common host reagents and compatible animal systems. With hemagglutination inhibition, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests, an antigenic relationship was demonstrated between human coronavirus OC 43 and HEV in specific immune and hyperimmune animal sera. Children and adults with seroconversion to OC 43 antigen had diagnostic rises in titer of antibody to HEV antigens. Individuals with seroconversion to human coronaviruse 229E and B814 demonstrated antibody to HEV but not diagnostic rises in titer. Swine with titers of antibody to HEV had lower or no detectable titers of antibody to coronavirus OC 43. Although the prevalence and geometric mean titer of antibody to OC 43 were higher than the titer of antibody to HEV in every group of normal humans tested, significant differences in antibody response to coronavirus OC 43 and HEV were seen between populations that did or did not have possible contact with swine. The evidence suggested that antibody to HEV in humans probably represented a heterologous response to infection with coronavirus OC 43. However, a heterotypic response to unknown or uncharacterized strains of coronavirus cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship between human coronavirus strain OC 43 and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus strain 67N of swine: antibody responses in human and animal sera. Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine (HEV) was adapted to growth in suckling mouse brain. Electron micrographs of HEV-infected suckling mouse brain, prepared by negative staining and thin-section techniques, exhibited typical morphological characteristics shared with other members of the Coronaviridae. The adaptation of HEV to suckling mouse brain facilitated serologic testing by the use of common host reagents and compatible animal systems. With hemagglutination inhibition, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests, an antigenic relationship was demonstrated between human coronavirus OC 43 and HEV in specific immune and hyperimmune animal sera. Children and adults with seroconversion to OC 43 antigen had diagnostic rises in titer of antibody to HEV antigens. Individuals with seroconversion to human coronaviruse 229E and B814 demonstrated antibody to HEV but not diagnostic rises in titer. Swine with titers of antibody to HEV had lower or no detectable titers of antibody to coronavirus OC 43. Although the prevalence and geometric mean titer of antibody to OC 43 were higher than the titer of antibody to HEV in every group of normal humans tested, significant differences in antibody response to coronavirus OC 43 and HEV were seen between populations that did or did not have possible contact with swine. The evidence suggested that antibody to HEV in humans probably represented a heterologous response to infection with coronavirus OC 43. However, a heterotypic response to unknown or uncharacterized strains of coronavirus cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 65439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1728", "title": "Approaches to management of the handicapped infant.", "content": "A form of management which has proven helpful in a developmental intervention program for handicapped infants is described. The use of ordinal rather than normative assessments when monitoring the infant's development and when teaching families about their infants is advocated. Two cases demonstrate ways to enhance the functioning of the handicapped infant and his family.", "contents": "Approaches to management of the handicapped infant. A form of management which has proven helpful in a developmental intervention program for handicapped infants is described. The use of ordinal rather than normative assessments when monitoring the infant's development and when teaching families about their infants is advocated. Two cases demonstrate ways to enhance the functioning of the handicapped infant and his family.", "PMID": 65440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1729", "title": "The physician as manager. \"What\" and HOW\" OF PRACTICE MANAGEMENT EDUCATION.", "content": "Management science and application play a pivotal role in preparing physicians for effective and efficient office practice. Integration of management theory into practice management education of family physicians may be accomplished by developing and maintaining a well-organized model practice, involving residents directly in management decisions and problem solving, using a variety of resource people in and outside the model unit, and providing quantitative analysis of practice performance. After three years of development, the Family Practice Center of Akron City Hospital has instituted a practice management curriculum whereby residents become actively involved in the management and supervision of the model practice, conduct research study into management problems, and receive training and supervision as they develop leadership and organizational skills.", "contents": "The physician as manager. \"What\" and HOW\" OF PRACTICE MANAGEMENT EDUCATION. Management science and application play a pivotal role in preparing physicians for effective and efficient office practice. Integration of management theory into practice management education of family physicians may be accomplished by developing and maintaining a well-organized model practice, involving residents directly in management decisions and problem solving, using a variety of resource people in and outside the model unit, and providing quantitative analysis of practice performance. After three years of development, the Family Practice Center of Akron City Hospital has instituted a practice management curriculum whereby residents become actively involved in the management and supervision of the model practice, conduct research study into management problems, and receive training and supervision as they develop leadership and organizational skills.", "PMID": 65441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1730", "title": "Antigenic relationships of alphaviruses by a simple micro-culture cross-neutralization method.", "content": "A cross-neutralization study of 22 alphaviruses disclosed two major antigenic complexes and two viruses that were distinct from all the others. Cross-reactions were common but were restricted within the complexes. Sub-groupings within a complex were also shown, and some viruses proved to be indistinguishable by neutralization testing. The results generally paralleled previously reported data. Investigations were carried out, using BHK 2I cells in a micro tissue-culture system, on all available alphaviruses.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships of alphaviruses by a simple micro-culture cross-neutralization method. A cross-neutralization study of 22 alphaviruses disclosed two major antigenic complexes and two viruses that were distinct from all the others. Cross-reactions were common but were restricted within the complexes. Sub-groupings within a complex were also shown, and some viruses proved to be indistinguishable by neutralization testing. The results generally paralleled previously reported data. Investigations were carried out, using BHK 2I cells in a micro tissue-culture system, on all available alphaviruses.", "PMID": 65442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1731", "title": "RNA-instructed DNA polymerase associated with C-type particles produced in vivo by murine myeloma cells.", "content": "C-type particles secreted in vivo by MOPC-315 myeloma cells were characterized. These particles localize at a density of 1-16 g/ml in sucrose and possess a 60 to 70S RNA and an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase. Endogenous enzyme activity requires manganese and is inhibited by ribonuclease or by the omission of any of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme utilizes the virus 60 to 70S RNA as a template to synthesize DNA molecules which specifically hybridize to the homologous RNA.", "contents": "RNA-instructed DNA polymerase associated with C-type particles produced in vivo by murine myeloma cells. C-type particles secreted in vivo by MOPC-315 myeloma cells were characterized. These particles localize at a density of 1-16 g/ml in sucrose and possess a 60 to 70S RNA and an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase. Endogenous enzyme activity requires manganese and is inhibited by ribonuclease or by the omission of any of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme utilizes the virus 60 to 70S RNA as a template to synthesize DNA molecules which specifically hybridize to the homologous RNA.", "PMID": 65443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1732", "title": "An antigenic subunit present in rotavirus infected faeces.", "content": "It has been found by immune electron microscopy that rotavirus-infected faeces, calf or human, contain an antigenic subunit associated with the inner of the two virus capsids. This internal component represents the group specific antigen for the rotavirus group and the subunit reacts with both homologous and heterologous antiserum. It can therefore be used in diagnostic tests and in this paper its use as a reagent for immunodiffusion is described.", "contents": "An antigenic subunit present in rotavirus infected faeces. It has been found by immune electron microscopy that rotavirus-infected faeces, calf or human, contain an antigenic subunit associated with the inner of the two virus capsids. This internal component represents the group specific antigen for the rotavirus group and the subunit reacts with both homologous and heterologous antiserum. It can therefore be used in diagnostic tests and in this paper its use as a reagent for immunodiffusion is described.", "PMID": 65444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1733", "title": "Induction of neutralizing antibodies and immunity in vaccinated guinea pigs by cyanogen bromide-peptides of VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus.", "content": "The specificity of guinea pig antisera against large cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides of the virus capsid protein VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O1, strain Kaufbeuren has been characterized by double immunodiffusion, virus neutralization and protection tests. Antibodies to purified 146S particles and the cleavage peptides of VP3 showed an incomplete cross-section against VP3 peptide antigen when reacted in immunodiffusion tests, indicating that new antigenic determinants are exhibited by the peptides which are not recognized by the antiserum against the native virus proteins. The immune response against the reduced, unfolded chain constituents of VP3 was lower in comparison to that of native virus particles but still some immunological determinants remained actively capable of inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies in immunized guinea pigs.", "contents": "Induction of neutralizing antibodies and immunity in vaccinated guinea pigs by cyanogen bromide-peptides of VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The specificity of guinea pig antisera against large cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides of the virus capsid protein VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O1, strain Kaufbeuren has been characterized by double immunodiffusion, virus neutralization and protection tests. Antibodies to purified 146S particles and the cleavage peptides of VP3 showed an incomplete cross-section against VP3 peptide antigen when reacted in immunodiffusion tests, indicating that new antigenic determinants are exhibited by the peptides which are not recognized by the antiserum against the native virus proteins. The immune response against the reduced, unfolded chain constituents of VP3 was lower in comparison to that of native virus particles but still some immunological determinants remained actively capable of inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies in immunized guinea pigs.", "PMID": 65445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1734", "title": "Fits of laughter (gelastic epilepsy) with a tumour of the floor of the third ventricle. A video tape analysis.", "content": "A patient with fits of laughter due to a tumorous alteration (hyperplasia) of the floor of the third ventricle is described with electroencephalographic findings indicative of focal epilepsy (complex partial seizures = psychomotor fits). The laughter is interpreted as an inborn emotional expression with structural substrate in the hypothalamus and neighboring brain. With structures remaining intact functional disorders in this area can cause epileptic phenomena with participation of the limbic system.", "contents": "Fits of laughter (gelastic epilepsy) with a tumour of the floor of the third ventricle. A video tape analysis. A patient with fits of laughter due to a tumorous alteration (hyperplasia) of the floor of the third ventricle is described with electroencephalographic findings indicative of focal epilepsy (complex partial seizures = psychomotor fits). The laughter is interpreted as an inborn emotional expression with structural substrate in the hypothalamus and neighboring brain. With structures remaining intact functional disorders in this area can cause epileptic phenomena with participation of the limbic system.", "PMID": 65451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1735", "title": "Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis. Follow up of 110 patients for 2-6 years.", "content": "140 MS patients were treated with intensive I.V. cyclophosphamide immunotherapy and 110 were followed over 2-4 years. Annual relapse rate incidence was calculated over a period of 2 years before and after treatment and repeated neurological scores were made during this period. The conclusions are that 62% of the patients were stabilized during 2-4 years and that clinical improvement of the neurological signs was observed in most of the cases. It is concluded that intensive immunosuppression is able to interfere with the pathological processes involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis.", "contents": "Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis. Follow up of 110 patients for 2-6 years. 140 MS patients were treated with intensive I.V. cyclophosphamide immunotherapy and 110 were followed over 2-4 years. Annual relapse rate incidence was calculated over a period of 2 years before and after treatment and repeated neurological scores were made during this period. The conclusions are that 62% of the patients were stabilized during 2-4 years and that clinical improvement of the neurological signs was observed in most of the cases. It is concluded that intensive immunosuppression is able to interfere with the pathological processes involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis.", "PMID": 65452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1736", "title": "Peripheral neuropathy with vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "Seven patients with neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency are reported. Four of them had other signs of malabsorption aside from the abnormal Schilling test. The neuropathy was diagnosed on the basis of the whole clinical picture and the neurophysiological findings. The pathogenesis of the peripheral nerve disease is discussed in the light of the evidence in the literature.", "contents": "Peripheral neuropathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. Seven patients with neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency are reported. Four of them had other signs of malabsorption aside from the abnormal Schilling test. The neuropathy was diagnosed on the basis of the whole clinical picture and the neurophysiological findings. The pathogenesis of the peripheral nerve disease is discussed in the light of the evidence in the literature.", "PMID": 65453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1737", "title": "The pathogenesis of reactive axonal swellings: role of axonal transport.", "content": "The role of axonal transport in the pathogenesis of the axonal swellings which develop at the severed ends of transected axons was studied by electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography. Proteins carried by fast anterograde transport in rat sciatic nerves were labeled with [3H]-leucine or [3H]-fucose; [3H]-leucine, [3H]-fucose, and [125I]-tetanus toxin were used to label components of retrograde transport. After the labeling procedure, the nerves were ligated and 2 to 24 hours later the animals were perfused with fixatives. The axonal swellings in both the proximal and distal stumps contained densely packed membranous organelles. The transported radioactivity in the swellings was strictly associated with these organelles, particularly pleomorphic vesicles and branched tubules derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The endogenous (tritiated) substances had a similar association with the organelle collections in both the proximal stump (fast anterograde transport) and in the distal stump (retrograde transport). The exogenous marker of retrograde transport (125I-tetanus toxin) had the same autoradiographic localization. These results suggest that fast anterograde and retrograde transport are very similar processes carrying predominantly membranous organelles and constituting a system of bidirectional fast transport. The accumulations of organelles in reactive swellings are interpreted as the consequence of the acute focal interruption of this system. Studies of axonal transport provide a means for investigation of the origin and fate of axonal organelles in pathologic processes.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of reactive axonal swellings: role of axonal transport. The role of axonal transport in the pathogenesis of the axonal swellings which develop at the severed ends of transected axons was studied by electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography. Proteins carried by fast anterograde transport in rat sciatic nerves were labeled with [3H]-leucine or [3H]-fucose; [3H]-leucine, [3H]-fucose, and [125I]-tetanus toxin were used to label components of retrograde transport. After the labeling procedure, the nerves were ligated and 2 to 24 hours later the animals were perfused with fixatives. The axonal swellings in both the proximal and distal stumps contained densely packed membranous organelles. The transported radioactivity in the swellings was strictly associated with these organelles, particularly pleomorphic vesicles and branched tubules derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The endogenous (tritiated) substances had a similar association with the organelle collections in both the proximal stump (fast anterograde transport) and in the distal stump (retrograde transport). The exogenous marker of retrograde transport (125I-tetanus toxin) had the same autoradiographic localization. These results suggest that fast anterograde and retrograde transport are very similar processes carrying predominantly membranous organelles and constituting a system of bidirectional fast transport. The accumulations of organelles in reactive swellings are interpreted as the consequence of the acute focal interruption of this system. Studies of axonal transport provide a means for investigation of the origin and fate of axonal organelles in pathologic processes.", "PMID": 65450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1738", "title": "Cerebrovascular amyloidosis with cerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "More than 1400 necropsies performed on patients with  either a nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage (400 cases) or with dementia over the age of 55 (1010 cases), or both, have been reviewed. There were 15 cases in which a cerebral hemorrhage had occurred together with cerebral amyloid angiopathy all of whom had been demented. Eight of the 15 patients were hypertensive. The 7 non-hypertensives showing only the amyloid change included two cases of \"atypical\" Alzheimer's disease with acute neurological features, and 5 cases of senile dementia (aged 72 to 78 years) coupled with focal neurological disorders. In the hypertensive patients, aged 67 to 86 years, with a progressive dementing syndrome and acute neurological signs, multiple ball-like hemorrhages (7 cases) and/or cerebral hematomas (3 cases) were associated with a combination of amyloid and hyalinar (hypertensive) angiopathy, often affecting segments of the same pial and cortical vessels. From these data and recent reports on lethal cerebral hemorrhage occurring spontaneously or after neurosurgical procedures in demented old people, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which is not necessarily associated with systemic amyloidosis or severe (pre)senile cerebral degeneration, may be considered a rare but important cause of cerebral hemorrhage in the aged. The \"vascular\" type of presenile dementia, occasionally complicated by focal cerebrovascular lesions or bleeds, is considered a variant of Alzheimer's disease.  The mechanism leading to formation of cerebral amyloid is unknown.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular amyloidosis with cerebral hemorrhage. More than 1400 necropsies performed on patients with  either a nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage (400 cases) or with dementia over the age of 55 (1010 cases), or both, have been reviewed. There were 15 cases in which a cerebral hemorrhage had occurred together with cerebral amyloid angiopathy all of whom had been demented. Eight of the 15 patients were hypertensive. The 7 non-hypertensives showing only the amyloid change included two cases of \"atypical\" Alzheimer's disease with acute neurological features, and 5 cases of senile dementia (aged 72 to 78 years) coupled with focal neurological disorders. In the hypertensive patients, aged 67 to 86 years, with a progressive dementing syndrome and acute neurological signs, multiple ball-like hemorrhages (7 cases) and/or cerebral hematomas (3 cases) were associated with a combination of amyloid and hyalinar (hypertensive) angiopathy, often affecting segments of the same pial and cortical vessels. From these data and recent reports on lethal cerebral hemorrhage occurring spontaneously or after neurosurgical procedures in demented old people, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which is not necessarily associated with systemic amyloidosis or severe (pre)senile cerebral degeneration, may be considered a rare but important cause of cerebral hemorrhage in the aged. The \"vascular\" type of presenile dementia, occasionally complicated by focal cerebrovascular lesions or bleeds, is considered a variant of Alzheimer's disease.  The mechanism leading to formation of cerebral amyloid is unknown.", "PMID": 65454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1739", "title": "Protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis with special reference to the function of the blood brain barrier.", "content": "The leucocyte count, total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM content of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 103 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was determined. In 54 cases a simultaneous analysis of serum was also carried out. As a sign of an intact blood brain barrier the albumin concentration was normal in 76.7%. Taking into account the relative IgG quotient in CSF and serum, and the albumin and IgG concentration gradients between CSF and serum, it was possible to reveal an elevation of IgG content in CSF of MS patients in 75 and 83%, respectively. Without a simultaneous analysis of serum this was the case only in 51.5%. In MS cases with an intact blood brain barrier the values for IgA and/or IgM were slightly elevated in 11.7%. This study demonstrates analytic methods, which support the hypothesis of IgG synthesis by cells accumulating within the CNS in MS. A correlation of the laboratory results and clinical manifestation of MS was tried.", "contents": "Protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis with special reference to the function of the blood brain barrier. The leucocyte count, total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA and IgM content of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 103 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was determined. In 54 cases a simultaneous analysis of serum was also carried out. As a sign of an intact blood brain barrier the albumin concentration was normal in 76.7%. Taking into account the relative IgG quotient in CSF and serum, and the albumin and IgG concentration gradients between CSF and serum, it was possible to reveal an elevation of IgG content in CSF of MS patients in 75 and 83%, respectively. Without a simultaneous analysis of serum this was the case only in 51.5%. In MS cases with an intact blood brain barrier the values for IgA and/or IgM were slightly elevated in 11.7%. This study demonstrates analytic methods, which support the hypothesis of IgG synthesis by cells accumulating within the CNS in MS. A correlation of the laboratory results and clinical manifestation of MS was tried.", "PMID": 65455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1740", "title": "Comparison of radiolabeled bleomycins and gallium citrate in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Radioiodinated bleomycin is a chemically stable radiopharmaceutical that can be prepared with high specific activity using 123I. Its pharmacokinetics were compared with those of 99mTc,- 111In-, and 57Co-bleomycin, and 67Ga citrate in mice bearing a transplanted KHJJ tumor. The in vivo kinetics and stability of 123I- and 57Co-bleomycin were similar: both were acceptable, although not equivalent, tags for bleomycin and, along with 67Ga citrate, both had biologic properties suitable for tumor detection. Both 99mTc- and 111In-bleomycin dissociated rapidly in vivo and hence do not represent legitimate tags for bleomycin. However, 111In-bleomycin may have tumor-localizing properties related to its biochemical properties after the indium and chelate separate in vivo. Iodine-123 is superior to either 57Co or 55Co. Tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-liver ratios were higher for I-bleomycin than for 67Ga or Co-bleomycin. The nearly ideal nuclear properties of 123I should complement the biologic properties of bleomycin and lead to a useful tumor radiodiagnostic agent.", "contents": "Comparison of radiolabeled bleomycins and gallium citrate in tumor-bearing mice. Radioiodinated bleomycin is a chemically stable radiopharmaceutical that can be prepared with high specific activity using 123I. Its pharmacokinetics were compared with those of 99mTc,- 111In-, and 57Co-bleomycin, and 67Ga citrate in mice bearing a transplanted KHJJ tumor. The in vivo kinetics and stability of 123I- and 57Co-bleomycin were similar: both were acceptable, although not equivalent, tags for bleomycin and, along with 67Ga citrate, both had biologic properties suitable for tumor detection. Both 99mTc- and 111In-bleomycin dissociated rapidly in vivo and hence do not represent legitimate tags for bleomycin. However, 111In-bleomycin may have tumor-localizing properties related to its biochemical properties after the indium and chelate separate in vivo. Iodine-123 is superior to either 57Co or 55Co. Tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-liver ratios were higher for I-bleomycin than for 67Ga or Co-bleomycin. The nearly ideal nuclear properties of 123I should complement the biologic properties of bleomycin and lead to a useful tumor radiodiagnostic agent.", "PMID": 65460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1741", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for bleomycin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for bleomycin, suitable for monitoring serum and urine drug levels, has been developed. Antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized with a conjugate of bleomycin and human serum albumin.Bleomycin labeled with 57Co was used as the tracer. Antibody-bound and free bleomycin were separated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. The assay could determine bleomycin levels down to 0.025 mug/ml. The assay was precise, with a coefficient of variation of 2.8% Other drugs likely to be administered in combination with bleomycin did not interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for bleomycin. A radioimmunoassay for bleomycin, suitable for monitoring serum and urine drug levels, has been developed. Antisera were obtained from rabbits immunized with a conjugate of bleomycin and human serum albumin.Bleomycin labeled with 57Co was used as the tracer. Antibody-bound and free bleomycin were separated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. The assay could determine bleomycin levels down to 0.025 mug/ml. The assay was precise, with a coefficient of variation of 2.8% Other drugs likely to be administered in combination with bleomycin did not interfere with the radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 65461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1742", "title": "Microprobe and microradiographic studies of hyalin bodies in odontogenic cysts.", "content": "Microprobe analysis of Araldite embedded sections of hyalin bodies revealed the presence of sulphur, chlorine, calcium and in some cases iron. The results have been compared with those obtained from control tissue sections of human heel skin, a thrombus occluded vessel and mineralized spherules in a dental follicle. Microradiographic studies showed that the density of hyalin bodies increased progressively towards the core. Isodensitracing confirms the laminar configuration of hyalin bodies as seen electron microscopically. The findings conform with the hypothesis that hyalin bodies originate as an epithelial secretion.", "contents": "Microprobe and microradiographic studies of hyalin bodies in odontogenic cysts. Microprobe analysis of Araldite embedded sections of hyalin bodies revealed the presence of sulphur, chlorine, calcium and in some cases iron. The results have been compared with those obtained from control tissue sections of human heel skin, a thrombus occluded vessel and mineralized spherules in a dental follicle. Microradiographic studies showed that the density of hyalin bodies increased progressively towards the core. Isodensitracing confirms the laminar configuration of hyalin bodies as seen electron microscopically. The findings conform with the hypothesis that hyalin bodies originate as an epithelial secretion.", "PMID": 65462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1743", "title": "Hyalin material bounding dystrophic calcification in the epithelial lining of  odontogenic cysts.", "content": "Areas of dystrophic calcification present in the epithelial lining of two apical periodontal cysts have been shown to exhibit an outer layer of hyalin material. Similar calcific areas in the connective tissue walls do not show hyalin boundaries. Hyalin material has been found around muscle fibers present in the epithelial lining of a residual dental cyst. It is believed that the hyalin material is secreted by the epithelial cells and these observations are considered to be supporting evidence that hyalin bodied arise as an epithelial secretion.", "contents": "Hyalin material bounding dystrophic calcification in the epithelial lining of  odontogenic cysts. Areas of dystrophic calcification present in the epithelial lining of two apical periodontal cysts have been shown to exhibit an outer layer of hyalin material. Similar calcific areas in the connective tissue walls do not show hyalin boundaries. Hyalin material has been found around muscle fibers present in the epithelial lining of a residual dental cyst. It is believed that the hyalin material is secreted by the epithelial cells and these observations are considered to be supporting evidence that hyalin bodied arise as an epithelial secretion.", "PMID": 65463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1744", "title": "Identification of diacetylmorphine metabolites in humans.", "content": "With the techniques of column chromatography, TLC, and GLC, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine 3-glucuronide, 6-acetylmorphine 3-glucuronide, and normorphine glucuronide were identified as metabolites of diacetylmorphine (heroin) in the urine of humans administered 10 mg iv/70 kg body weight.", "contents": "Identification of diacetylmorphine metabolites in humans. With the techniques of column chromatography, TLC, and GLC, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, normorphine, morphine 3-glucuronide, 6-acetylmorphine 3-glucuronide, and normorphine glucuronide were identified as metabolites of diacetylmorphine (heroin) in the urine of humans administered 10 mg iv/70 kg body weight.", "PMID": 65466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1745", "title": "Effects of halothane on ganglionic discharges.", "content": "The effects of halothane on ganglionic transmission were studied by recording extracellular potentials from the postganglionic nerve of the isolated hamster stellate ganglion. Halothane, at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM, decreased the potentials evoked by preganglionic stimuli at 0.2 Hz. Halothane also blocked discharges elicited by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium, a selective nicotinic agonist, and discharges elicited by the nicotinic actions of exogenous acetylcholine. Repetitive preganglionic stimulation (30 Hz, 5 seconds) in the presence of nicotine (10(-3) M), or hexamethonium (10(-3) M), evoked asynchronous discharges in the postganglionic nerve. These discharges were suppressed by low concentrations of atropine, and were probably due to the muscarinic actions of neurotransmitter. Halothane depressed these discharges at approximately the same concentration that it depressed the compound action potential elicited by low frequency preganglionic stimulation in the untreated ganglion. Halothane had no effect on the discharges elicited by 4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343), a selective muscarinic agonist, or the discharges elicited by the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine. These results are most readily explained by hypothesizing that halothane acts at two sites in the ganglion. It appears to depress the postsynaptic response to the nicotinic actions of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Also, it probably depresses transmitter release from the presynaptic nerve endings during repetitive stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on ganglionic discharges. The effects of halothane on ganglionic transmission were studied by recording extracellular potentials from the postganglionic nerve of the isolated hamster stellate ganglion. Halothane, at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM, decreased the potentials evoked by preganglionic stimuli at 0.2 Hz. Halothane also blocked discharges elicited by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium, a selective nicotinic agonist, and discharges elicited by the nicotinic actions of exogenous acetylcholine. Repetitive preganglionic stimulation (30 Hz, 5 seconds) in the presence of nicotine (10(-3) M), or hexamethonium (10(-3) M), evoked asynchronous discharges in the postganglionic nerve. These discharges were suppressed by low concentrations of atropine, and were probably due to the muscarinic actions of neurotransmitter. Halothane depressed these discharges at approximately the same concentration that it depressed the compound action potential elicited by low frequency preganglionic stimulation in the untreated ganglion. Halothane had no effect on the discharges elicited by 4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343), a selective muscarinic agonist, or the discharges elicited by the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine. These results are most readily explained by hypothesizing that halothane acts at two sites in the ganglion. It appears to depress the postsynaptic response to the nicotinic actions of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Also, it probably depresses transmitter release from the presynaptic nerve endings during repetitive stimulation.", "PMID": 65467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1746", "title": "The viscosity of mammalian nerve axoplasm measured by electron spin resonance.", "content": "1. The microviscosity of the axoplasm of can sciatic nerve was determined  by an in vitro electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) method using the spin label tempone. To identify the spin label signal as one arising only from within the axoplasm, Ni2+ was used as a line broadening agent. In one series of experiments in nerves with sheath intact the Ni2+ ion was shown to eliminate the tempone signal arising from the surface water, and in another series of experiments, with the sheath slit, to eliminate the signal from the extracellular space as well. 2. A microviscosity of less than 5 centipoise (cP), i.e. 5x that of water, was determined for the axoplasm. Changes in the viscosity of the nerve axoplasm as a function of temperature over a range of 38 degrees down to 2 degrees C were seen to follow closely the viscosity change found for a water solution. 3. The microviscosity of nerve axoplasm and its change with temperature were related to axoplasmic transport of material in nerve fibres. The results were used to exclude a large increase in viscosity at low temperatures as the cause for the cold-block of fast axoplasmic transport.", "contents": "The viscosity of mammalian nerve axoplasm measured by electron spin resonance. 1. The microviscosity of the axoplasm of can sciatic nerve was determined  by an in vitro electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) method using the spin label tempone. To identify the spin label signal as one arising only from within the axoplasm, Ni2+ was used as a line broadening agent. In one series of experiments in nerves with sheath intact the Ni2+ ion was shown to eliminate the tempone signal arising from the surface water, and in another series of experiments, with the sheath slit, to eliminate the signal from the extracellular space as well. 2. A microviscosity of less than 5 centipoise (cP), i.e. 5x that of water, was determined for the axoplasm. Changes in the viscosity of the nerve axoplasm as a function of temperature over a range of 38 degrees down to 2 degrees C were seen to follow closely the viscosity change found for a water solution. 3. The microviscosity of nerve axoplasm and its change with temperature were related to axoplasmic transport of material in nerve fibres. The results were used to exclude a large increase in viscosity at low temperatures as the cause for the cold-block of fast axoplasmic transport.", "PMID": 65468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1747", "title": "A symposium on canine biliary fever. Paper 1: relapses and immunity in canine babesiosis.", "content": "Canine and bovine babesiosis are compared with particular reference to the occurrence of relapses and some immunological aspects of the diseases. Intact dogs resemble splenectomized cattle in respect of the relatively frequent occurrence of clinical relapses of babesiosis. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Attention is drawn to the fact that a sterile immunity of variable duration follows on auto sterilization of some Babesia infections and that antigenically difference strains of the parasite occur in the field.", "contents": "A symposium on canine biliary fever. Paper 1: relapses and immunity in canine babesiosis. Canine and bovine babesiosis are compared with particular reference to the occurrence of relapses and some immunological aspects of the diseases. Intact dogs resemble splenectomized cattle in respect of the relatively frequent occurrence of clinical relapses of babesiosis. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Attention is drawn to the fact that a sterile immunity of variable duration follows on auto sterilization of some Babesia infections and that antigenically difference strains of the parasite occur in the field.", "PMID": 65470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1748", "title": "Levels of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluids of mice (curly-tail) with neural tube defects.", "content": "Mutant curly-tail mice are genetically predisposed to produce offspring with neural tube defects. Estimation of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid of fetuses of these mutants has shown that the levels are raised in fetuses with exencephaly and open spina bifida. This suggests that these mice are a valid model for studies of the aetiology and genesis of neural tube defects in man.", "contents": "Levels of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluids of mice (curly-tail) with neural tube defects. Mutant curly-tail mice are genetically predisposed to produce offspring with neural tube defects. Estimation of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid of fetuses of these mutants has shown that the levels are raised in fetuses with exencephaly and open spina bifida. This suggests that these mice are a valid model for studies of the aetiology and genesis of neural tube defects in man.", "PMID": 65471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1749", "title": "Inclusion of satellites in an 18/21 translocation chromosome shown by ammonical-silver staining (sat-banding) in case of partial trisomy 18.", "content": "A male infant with a partial trisomy 18 and a 46,XY, --21, t(18;21)(18qter replaced by 18q12::21 p13 replaced by 21 qter) chromosome complement is described. The translocation chromosome is of special interest because it includes the satellites of chromosome 21. This was shown by differential satellite staining with the ammoniacal-silver technique.", "contents": "Inclusion of satellites in an 18/21 translocation chromosome shown by ammonical-silver staining (sat-banding) in case of partial trisomy 18. A male infant with a partial trisomy 18 and a 46,XY, --21, t(18;21)(18qter replaced by 18q12::21 p13 replaced by 21 qter) chromosome complement is described. The translocation chromosome is of special interest because it includes the satellites of chromosome 21. This was shown by differential satellite staining with the ammoniacal-silver technique.", "PMID": 65472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1750", "title": "Antigenic relationship between human and simian rotaviruses.", "content": "The simian rotavirus, SA 11, and the murine rotavirus, EDIM, were investigated for antigenic relatedness to the human rotavirus, by immunoelectron-microscopy. These studies led to the recognition of two types of rotavirus antibody. One agglutinated \"rough\" virus particles only and was group-reactive; it appears to be widely distributed in various animal species, including human infants. The second antibody agglutinated \"smooth\" virus particles and was more species-specific, demonstrating only a one-way cross-reaction between the simian and human viruses; it was found only in convalescent-phase human sera and in hyperimmune rabbit sera and is probably protective. The simian rotavirus is easy to propagate in primary cell culture and in cell lines and should prove useful for serodiagnosis of human gastroenteritis. It may be a candidate for immunoprophylaxis.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship between human and simian rotaviruses. The simian rotavirus, SA 11, and the murine rotavirus, EDIM, were investigated for antigenic relatedness to the human rotavirus, by immunoelectron-microscopy. These studies led to the recognition of two types of rotavirus antibody. One agglutinated \"rough\" virus particles only and was group-reactive; it appears to be widely distributed in various animal species, including human infants. The second antibody agglutinated \"smooth\" virus particles and was more species-specific, demonstrating only a one-way cross-reaction between the simian and human viruses; it was found only in convalescent-phase human sera and in hyperimmune rabbit sera and is probably protective. The simian rotavirus is easy to propagate in primary cell culture and in cell lines and should prove useful for serodiagnosis of human gastroenteritis. It may be a candidate for immunoprophylaxis.", "PMID": 65473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1751", "title": "Evaluation of methods for the determination of Q and K antigens of an 02:K1(L) strain of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Tests made on ten colonies from a strain of Escherichia coli O2:K1 demonstrated that bacterial agglutination tests were reliable for identifying the O antigen of serogroup O2 but were unreliable for identifying the K1 antigen. The granular nature of K agglutination was not a reliable characteristic of the L type of K antigen. In contrast, indirect haemagglutination, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests with bacterial extracts gave consistent results with all colonies. The polysaccharide K1 antigen formed a long anodic precipitation line with two peaks, indicating its heterogenous nature, and partial fusion of this line with the O-antigen precipitation line suggested the presence of common serological determinants. In addition, a heat-labile protein antigen, possibly another K antigen, was identified by indirect haemagglutination tests and may have produced a short anodic precipitation line. The results also showed that the K1 antigen was still produced after storage of a culture for 12 years on Dorset-egg medium.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods for the determination of Q and K antigens of an 02:K1(L) strain of Escherichia coli. Tests made on ten colonies from a strain of Escherichia coli O2:K1 demonstrated that bacterial agglutination tests were reliable for identifying the O antigen of serogroup O2 but were unreliable for identifying the K1 antigen. The granular nature of K agglutination was not a reliable characteristic of the L type of K antigen. In contrast, indirect haemagglutination, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests with bacterial extracts gave consistent results with all colonies. The polysaccharide K1 antigen formed a long anodic precipitation line with two peaks, indicating its heterogenous nature, and partial fusion of this line with the O-antigen precipitation line suggested the presence of common serological determinants. In addition, a heat-labile protein antigen, possibly another K antigen, was identified by indirect haemagglutination tests and may have produced a short anodic precipitation line. The results also showed that the K1 antigen was still produced after storage of a culture for 12 years on Dorset-egg medium.", "PMID": 65474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1752", "title": "Formation of ion channels by a negatively charged analog of gramicidin A.", "content": "O-pyromellitylgramicidin is a derivative of gramicidin in which three carboxyl groups are introduced at the terminal hydroxyl end of the peptide. Experiments with artificial lipid membranes indicate that this negatively charged analog forms ion-permeable channels in a way similar to that of gramicidin. If O-pyromellitylgramicidin is added to only one aqueous solution, the membrane conductance remains small, but increases by several orders of magnitude if the same amount is also added to the other side. In accordance with the dimer model of the channel, the membrane conductance under symmetrical conditions is proportional to the square of the aqueous concentration of O-pyromellitylgramicidin over a wide range. The ratio lambdaPG/lambdaG of the single-channel conductance of O-pyromellitylgramicidin to that of gramicidin is close to unity at high ionic strength, but increases more than fivefold at smaller ionic strength (0.01 M). This observation is explained in terms of an electrostatic effect of the fixed negative charges localized near the mouth of the channel. In a mixture of O-pyromellitylgramicidin and gramicidin, unit conductance steps of intermediate size are observed in addition to the conductance steps corresponding to the pure compounds, indicating the formation of hybrid channels. Hybrid channels with preferred orientation may be formed if small amounts of gramicicin and O-pyromellitylgramicidin are added to opposite sides of the membrane. These hybrid channels show a distinct asymmetry in the current-voltage characteristic.", "contents": "Formation of ion channels by a negatively charged analog of gramicidin A. O-pyromellitylgramicidin is a derivative of gramicidin in which three carboxyl groups are introduced at the terminal hydroxyl end of the peptide. Experiments with artificial lipid membranes indicate that this negatively charged analog forms ion-permeable channels in a way similar to that of gramicidin. If O-pyromellitylgramicidin is added to only one aqueous solution, the membrane conductance remains small, but increases by several orders of magnitude if the same amount is also added to the other side. In accordance with the dimer model of the channel, the membrane conductance under symmetrical conditions is proportional to the square of the aqueous concentration of O-pyromellitylgramicidin over a wide range. The ratio lambdaPG/lambdaG of the single-channel conductance of O-pyromellitylgramicidin to that of gramicidin is close to unity at high ionic strength, but increases more than fivefold at smaller ionic strength (0.01 M). This observation is explained in terms of an electrostatic effect of the fixed negative charges localized near the mouth of the channel. In a mixture of O-pyromellitylgramicidin and gramicidin, unit conductance steps of intermediate size are observed in addition to the conductance steps corresponding to the pure compounds, indicating the formation of hybrid channels. Hybrid channels with preferred orientation may be formed if small amounts of gramicicin and O-pyromellitylgramicidin are added to opposite sides of the membrane. These hybrid channels show a distinct asymmetry in the current-voltage characteristic.", "PMID": 65475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1753", "title": "Multiple antigens as marker substances in germinal tumors of the testis.", "content": "Germinal cell tumors of the testis were studied for the presence of several tumor-associated antigens. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with the purified antigens of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and hepatoma ferritin. Indirect immunofluorescence on embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma components demonstrated that their staining range was 1--60 per cent with antiserum against AFP, 0--16 per cent with anti-serum against ferritin, and 0-40% with antiserum against CEA. Ferritin-like substances have not been described previously in germinal tumors of the testis. No staining was seen with seminoma cells or benign testicular tissues. Raised serum levels of AFP and the ferritin-like substance were related both to the presence of tumor and to dissemination of the disease. CEA occurred transiently in serum. Eleven patients with primary tumors had no antigen in their sera and have all survived, but the median survival time for 8 patients with either antigen in preoperative sera was 12 months. Five patients with advanced tumor in whom neither AFP nor ferritin was detected had a much longer median survival time (58 mo) than did 13 patients with high levels of serum AFP or ferritin (12 mo). The presence of either AFP or ferritin in sera of patients with primary or advanced disease, therefore, seemed to indicate a poor prognosis. The determination of both substances in serum may be useful in the follow-up of patients with certain types of testicular tumors. The proportion of cells containing each antigen varied in the different tumors. Similarly, each antigen could occur independently in serum. This suggested that certain germ cell tumors contained subpopulations of cells, which differed in their production and release of the antigens studied.", "contents": "Multiple antigens as marker substances in germinal tumors of the testis. Germinal cell tumors of the testis were studied for the presence of several tumor-associated antigens. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with the purified antigens of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and hepatoma ferritin. Indirect immunofluorescence on embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma components demonstrated that their staining range was 1--60 per cent with antiserum against AFP, 0--16 per cent with anti-serum against ferritin, and 0-40% with antiserum against CEA. Ferritin-like substances have not been described previously in germinal tumors of the testis. No staining was seen with seminoma cells or benign testicular tissues. Raised serum levels of AFP and the ferritin-like substance were related both to the presence of tumor and to dissemination of the disease. CEA occurred transiently in serum. Eleven patients with primary tumors had no antigen in their sera and have all survived, but the median survival time for 8 patients with either antigen in preoperative sera was 12 months. Five patients with advanced tumor in whom neither AFP nor ferritin was detected had a much longer median survival time (58 mo) than did 13 patients with high levels of serum AFP or ferritin (12 mo). The presence of either AFP or ferritin in sera of patients with primary or advanced disease, therefore, seemed to indicate a poor prognosis. The determination of both substances in serum may be useful in the follow-up of patients with certain types of testicular tumors. The proportion of cells containing each antigen varied in the different tumors. Similarly, each antigen could occur independently in serum. This suggested that certain germ cell tumors contained subpopulations of cells, which differed in their production and release of the antigens studied.", "PMID": 65476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1754", "title": "Viral reverse transcriptase suppression associated with erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "The Friend erythroleukemia cell line T3-C12, which produces Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and can be induced to synthesize hemoglobin by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was monitored for viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. The amount of viral 60-70S RNA released from DMSO-treated cells was unaffected or increased compared to that from control cells, while RT activity from treated cells was decreased. Accordingly, the specific activity in F-MuLV from DMSO-treated cells expressed as RT/70S RNA was decreased to 8% of the control activity. The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine added to cultures containing DMSO reversed the differentiation process, and the F-MuLV thus treated did not exhibit the reduced RT activity normally observed in DMSO-treated virus. Cell-free F-MuLV incubated with and without DMSO showed the same RT activity, indicating that DMSO itself did not inhibit RT activity. However, when F-MuLV-containing pellets from control and DMSO-treated culture fluids were mixed, there was marked inhibition of the control RT activity, suggesting that RNase hybrid activity was stimulated or that an inhibitor was produced. Assays of F-MuLV-RNase hybrid released from control and DMSO-treated cells showed no difference in activity, indicating that a specific inhibitor of RT was produced or activated. Additions of certain nucleotide triphosphates to RT incubation mixtures did not result in any stimulation of RT activity in DMSO-treated F-MuLV, suggesting that phosphatase was not responsible for the observed inhibition. The results suggested that DMSO treatment of T3-C12 cells caused a reduction in viral RT activity by stimulating the production of an inhibitor, the nature of which is unknown.", "contents": "Viral reverse transcriptase suppression associated with erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. The Friend erythroleukemia cell line T3-C12, which produces Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and can be induced to synthesize hemoglobin by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was monitored for viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. The amount of viral 60-70S RNA released from DMSO-treated cells was unaffected or increased compared to that from control cells, while RT activity from treated cells was decreased. Accordingly, the specific activity in F-MuLV from DMSO-treated cells expressed as RT/70S RNA was decreased to 8% of the control activity. The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine added to cultures containing DMSO reversed the differentiation process, and the F-MuLV thus treated did not exhibit the reduced RT activity normally observed in DMSO-treated virus. Cell-free F-MuLV incubated with and without DMSO showed the same RT activity, indicating that DMSO itself did not inhibit RT activity. However, when F-MuLV-containing pellets from control and DMSO-treated culture fluids were mixed, there was marked inhibition of the control RT activity, suggesting that RNase hybrid activity was stimulated or that an inhibitor was produced. Assays of F-MuLV-RNase hybrid released from control and DMSO-treated cells showed no difference in activity, indicating that a specific inhibitor of RT was produced or activated. Additions of certain nucleotide triphosphates to RT incubation mixtures did not result in any stimulation of RT activity in DMSO-treated F-MuLV, suggesting that phosphatase was not responsible for the observed inhibition. The results suggested that DMSO treatment of T3-C12 cells caused a reduction in viral RT activity by stimulating the production of an inhibitor, the nature of which is unknown.", "PMID": 65477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1755", "title": "The role of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "The results of therapy for 78 patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma are evaluated. Symptoms related to the primary tumor were noted in only 28 per cent of the patients and were not difficult to manage in those patients not undergoing nephrectomy. Adjuctive nephrectomy, therefore, is a more appropriate term than palliative nephrectomy when referring to removal of the primary tumor as part of an aggresive combined therapeutic approach. Of patients receiving an adjunctive nephrectomy those with osseous metastases only had a better 1-year survival rate (36 per cent) than those with metastases to other sites (18 per cent). Complete regression of metastases was noted in 12 per cent of patients treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate and adjunctive nephrectomy. The role of adjunctive nephrectomy combined with embolic infarction, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "The role of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The results of therapy for 78 patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma are evaluated. Symptoms related to the primary tumor were noted in only 28 per cent of the patients and were not difficult to manage in those patients not undergoing nephrectomy. Adjuctive nephrectomy, therefore, is a more appropriate term than palliative nephrectomy when referring to removal of the primary tumor as part of an aggresive combined therapeutic approach. Of patients receiving an adjunctive nephrectomy those with osseous metastases only had a better 1-year survival rate (36 per cent) than those with metastases to other sites (18 per cent). Complete regression of metastases was noted in 12 per cent of patients treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate and adjunctive nephrectomy. The role of adjunctive nephrectomy combined with embolic infarction, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 65479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1756", "title": "An improved non-intubated cutaneous ureterostomy technique for the normal and dilated ureter.", "content": "Cutaneous ureterostomy is a simple procedure to perform but is attended by high morbidity owing to recurring abscesses, strictures and stenosis of the stoma. An improved technique applied to the diversion of 4 normal renal units and 3 dilated ureters is described. We have not experienced the complications mentioned in previous studies and none of the patients has required ureteral intubation in this small series with a 3-year followup.", "contents": "An improved non-intubated cutaneous ureterostomy technique for the normal and dilated ureter. Cutaneous ureterostomy is a simple procedure to perform but is attended by high morbidity owing to recurring abscesses, strictures and stenosis of the stoma. An improved technique applied to the diversion of 4 normal renal units and 3 dilated ureters is described. We have not experienced the complications mentioned in previous studies and none of the patients has required ureteral intubation in this small series with a 3-year followup.", "PMID": 65480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1757", "title": "A study of transrectal aspiration biopsies of the prostate, with particular regard to prognostic evaluation.", "content": "We studied 182 transrectal aspiration biopsies of the prostate primarily to evaluate the reliability of cytologic grading as a method to determine the biological malignancy of prostatic cancer. The technique and cytologic grading are described in detail. All patients with clinical cancer of the prostate were assessed as to whether the disease was stable or progressive. A comparison was made between the clinical assessment and the cytologic grading of the prostatic material. The results show that the patients whose disease was assessed as stable tended to have a high cytologic grade and those assessed as progressive had a low cytologic grade. The importance of this method as a possible prognostic indicator is emphasized.", "contents": "A study of transrectal aspiration biopsies of the prostate, with particular regard to prognostic evaluation. We studied 182 transrectal aspiration biopsies of the prostate primarily to evaluate the reliability of cytologic grading as a method to determine the biological malignancy of prostatic cancer. The technique and cytologic grading are described in detail. All patients with clinical cancer of the prostate were assessed as to whether the disease was stable or progressive. A comparison was made between the clinical assessment and the cytologic grading of the prostatic material. The results show that the patients whose disease was assessed as stable tended to have a high cytologic grade and those assessed as progressive had a low cytologic grade. The importance of this method as a possible prognostic indicator is emphasized.", "PMID": 65481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1758", "title": "Rapid method for Tzanck preparations.", "content": "Use of the Paragon Multiple Stain for Frozen Sections (PMS) for Tzanck preparations of herpetic lesions has several distinct advantages over procedures previously described; the method is rapid, simple, inexpensive, and results in hematoxylin-eosin-like staining. This enables a diagnosis to be made from a single, affected cell.", "contents": "Rapid method for Tzanck preparations. Use of the Paragon Multiple Stain for Frozen Sections (PMS) for Tzanck preparations of herpetic lesions has several distinct advantages over procedures previously described; the method is rapid, simple, inexpensive, and results in hematoxylin-eosin-like staining. This enables a diagnosis to be made from a single, affected cell.", "PMID": 65482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1759", "title": "[Sinus extrasystole].", "content": "A rare clinical case is described pertaining to a 70-year-old female patient with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis accompanied by a combination of sinus and ventricular extrasystole. The importance of rhythmography and the criterion of allorhythmia is emphasized as being he indices that help to improve the diagnosis of sinus extrasystole.", "contents": "[Sinus extrasystole]. A rare clinical case is described pertaining to a 70-year-old female patient with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis accompanied by a combination of sinus and ventricular extrasystole. The importance of rhythmography and the criterion of allorhythmia is emphasized as being he indices that help to improve the diagnosis of sinus extrasystole.", "PMID": 65495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1760", "title": "[Lysozyme and beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluids from healthy children and in children with diseases of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "Lysozyme is absent from normal cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) and in C.S.F. from children with viral meningitis. Appreciable amounts of lysozyme were noted in C.S.F. from children with bacterial meningitis (0.23 +/- 0.14 mg/100 ml) and cerebral convulsions (0-0.82 mg/100 ml). The C.S.F.-lysozyme content is a sensitive indicator for bacterial meningitis and important in the differential diagnosis between viral and bacterial meningitis. The beta2-microglobulin content of C.S.F. in healthy children was 0.11 +/- 0.05 mg/100 ml; in children with viral meningitis 0.20 +/- 0.06 mg/100 ml and in children with bacterial meningitis 0.44 +/- 0.17 mg/100 ml. Children with cerebral convulsions had also a rise in C.S.F. beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "[Lysozyme and beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluids from healthy children and in children with diseases of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. Lysozyme is absent from normal cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) and in C.S.F. from children with viral meningitis. Appreciable amounts of lysozyme were noted in C.S.F. from children with bacterial meningitis (0.23 +/- 0.14 mg/100 ml) and cerebral convulsions (0-0.82 mg/100 ml). The C.S.F.-lysozyme content is a sensitive indicator for bacterial meningitis and important in the differential diagnosis between viral and bacterial meningitis. The beta2-microglobulin content of C.S.F. in healthy children was 0.11 +/- 0.05 mg/100 ml; in children with viral meningitis 0.20 +/- 0.06 mg/100 ml and in children with bacterial meningitis 0.44 +/- 0.17 mg/100 ml. Children with cerebral convulsions had also a rise in C.S.F. beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 65496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1761", "title": "The antigen-induced degranulation of basophil leukocytes from atopic subjects studied by electron microscopy.", "content": "Suspensions of washed leukocytes were prepared from the blood of atopic subjects and incubated with diluent, ragweed antigen E or rye grass group I antigen. Histamine release into the suspending medium was measured and directly correlated with changes in the ultrastructure of basophil leukocytes from the same tubes. Incubation of leukocytes with either diluent or an antigen to which the donor was not hypersensitive caused no significant histamine release and the morphology of the basophils was unaltered. By contrast, incubation of leukocytes with an intigen to which the donor was hypersensitive caused substantial histamine release and characteristic morphologic changes in the basophils, many of which underwent exocytotic degranulation. Degranulated human basophils showed the following features: (1) an irregular surface, to which platelets and leukocytes were often adherent; (2) reduction in the number of basophilic granules; (3) residual granular material, both in exocytotic cavities and at the cell surface; (4) coated vesicles and cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, frequently related to the plasma membrane at sites of exocytosis; (5) thin membrane-bounded granules appeared unaltered; (6) no consistent change was observed in centrioles, microtubules, 90 A filaments, mitochondria, or multivesicular bodies, and degranulated basophils appeared ultrastructurally viable; (7) in reaction cell suspensions, nondegranulated basophils often showed a more active contour than control cells; both reacting but nondegranulated basophils and degranulated basophils sometimes showed localized filamentous webs at their periphery.", "contents": "The antigen-induced degranulation of basophil leukocytes from atopic subjects studied by electron microscopy. Suspensions of washed leukocytes were prepared from the blood of atopic subjects and incubated with diluent, ragweed antigen E or rye grass group I antigen. Histamine release into the suspending medium was measured and directly correlated with changes in the ultrastructure of basophil leukocytes from the same tubes. Incubation of leukocytes with either diluent or an antigen to which the donor was not hypersensitive caused no significant histamine release and the morphology of the basophils was unaltered. By contrast, incubation of leukocytes with an intigen to which the donor was hypersensitive caused substantial histamine release and characteristic morphologic changes in the basophils, many of which underwent exocytotic degranulation. Degranulated human basophils showed the following features: (1) an irregular surface, to which platelets and leukocytes were often adherent; (2) reduction in the number of basophilic granules; (3) residual granular material, both in exocytotic cavities and at the cell surface; (4) coated vesicles and cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, frequently related to the plasma membrane at sites of exocytosis; (5) thin membrane-bounded granules appeared unaltered; (6) no consistent change was observed in centrioles, microtubules, 90 A filaments, mitochondria, or multivesicular bodies, and degranulated basophils appeared ultrastructurally viable; (7) in reaction cell suspensions, nondegranulated basophils often showed a more active contour than control cells; both reacting but nondegranulated basophils and degranulated basophils sometimes showed localized filamentous webs at their periphery.", "PMID": 65497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1762", "title": "Changes in blood viscosity and plasma proteins in carcinoma.", "content": "Blood viscosity and plasma protein concentrations were measured in 31 patients with a variety of visceral carcinomas. The mean whole blood viscosity was not elevated over normal controls because of a significantly lowered mean hematocrit. However, when hematocrit was eliminated as a variable by adjusting the hematocrit to 45%, the mean whole blood viscosity was significantly elevated in the group with carcinoma. Both the plasma viscosity and the tendency for red cell aggregation were significantly elevated. Since blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, and its viscosity increases markedly at low shear rates, these rheological abnormalities would be most important at the low shear rates characteristic of the venous circulation. It is suggested that these abnormalities in blood viscosity and red cell aggregation may be contributing to the high incidence of venous thromboembolism seen in patients with neoplastic.", "contents": "Changes in blood viscosity and plasma proteins in carcinoma. Blood viscosity and plasma protein concentrations were measured in 31 patients with a variety of visceral carcinomas. The mean whole blood viscosity was not elevated over normal controls because of a significantly lowered mean hematocrit. However, when hematocrit was eliminated as a variable by adjusting the hematocrit to 45%, the mean whole blood viscosity was significantly elevated in the group with carcinoma. Both the plasma viscosity and the tendency for red cell aggregation were significantly elevated. Since blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, and its viscosity increases markedly at low shear rates, these rheological abnormalities would be most important at the low shear rates characteristic of the venous circulation. It is suggested that these abnormalities in blood viscosity and red cell aggregation may be contributing to the high incidence of venous thromboembolism seen in patients with neoplastic.", "PMID": 65499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1763", "title": "Staged surgical management of pulmonary atresia with diminutive pulmonary arteries.", "content": "A particular problem in treatment is presented by patients who have atresia of the pulmonary valve and ventricular septal defect but whose pulmonary arterial tree is extremely diminutive. The pulmonary blood flow results from naturally occurring large bronchial collateral arteries. In the experience reported, satisfactory palliation was provided for all 3 patients in whom right ventricle--to--pulmonary artery continuity was constructed by placing a pericardial patch graft during open-heart operation. The ventricular septal defect was left unrepaired. Early evidence supports the hypothesis that, besides providing palliation of cyanosiis, the procedure may allow progressive enlargment of the hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. This offers hope that later second-stage completion of total repair, involving closure of the ventricular septal defect and ligation of any remaining large bronchial collateral arteries, may become feasible.", "contents": "Staged surgical management of pulmonary atresia with diminutive pulmonary arteries. A particular problem in treatment is presented by patients who have atresia of the pulmonary valve and ventricular septal defect but whose pulmonary arterial tree is extremely diminutive. The pulmonary blood flow results from naturally occurring large bronchial collateral arteries. In the experience reported, satisfactory palliation was provided for all 3 patients in whom right ventricle--to--pulmonary artery continuity was constructed by placing a pericardial patch graft during open-heart operation. The ventricular septal defect was left unrepaired. Early evidence supports the hypothesis that, besides providing palliation of cyanosiis, the procedure may allow progressive enlargment of the hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. This offers hope that later second-stage completion of total repair, involving closure of the ventricular septal defect and ligation of any remaining large bronchial collateral arteries, may become feasible.", "PMID": 65500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1764", "title": "Conduit repairs of transposition complexes. A report of 14 cases.", "content": "Of 14 patients with transposition complexes undergoing conduit repairs, 10 had complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and 4 double-outlet right ventricle. All 14 had ventricular septal defect (VSD). Ten had pulmonary stenosis, one had an atrial septal defect, and one had patent ductus arteriosus. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 months to 18 years. Six patients were treated with nine palliative operations: four systemic-pulmonary artery shunts, three atrioseptectomies, and two pulmonary banding procedures. Four patients died immediately after the operation. Among the 10 operative survivors, there were no late deaths during the follow-up periods from 5 months through 6 years. Review of the factors influencine the early operative results has stressed the importance of correct timing of operation with or without palliative treatment, increased surgical experience, and the critical evaluation of intracardiac anatomy.", "contents": "Conduit repairs of transposition complexes. A report of 14 cases. Of 14 patients with transposition complexes undergoing conduit repairs, 10 had complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and 4 double-outlet right ventricle. All 14 had ventricular septal defect (VSD). Ten had pulmonary stenosis, one had an atrial septal defect, and one had patent ductus arteriosus. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 months to 18 years. Six patients were treated with nine palliative operations: four systemic-pulmonary artery shunts, three atrioseptectomies, and two pulmonary banding procedures. Four patients died immediately after the operation. Among the 10 operative survivors, there were no late deaths during the follow-up periods from 5 months through 6 years. Review of the factors influencine the early operative results has stressed the importance of correct timing of operation with or without palliative treatment, increased surgical experience, and the critical evaluation of intracardiac anatomy.", "PMID": 65501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1765", "title": "Rh sytem. Genetics and function.", "content": "Little is known about the exact genetic control of the Rh system. The Rh antigen is a large protein molecule carrying many antigenic determinants. The structural genes controlling its production comprise a gene complex that has probably evolved by unequal crossover and mutation at the duplicated points. No convincing evidence for crossing-over within the gene complex has been found since the discovery of Rh. Studies of Rhnull families provide evidence for unlinked control genes that influence the ability of the structural Rh genes to function. It was hoped that the Rhnull bloods would provide information to establish the function of the Rh antigen, because the antigen appears to be necessary to maintain the integrity of the red cell membrane. However, the abnormalities of the Rhnull cells (increased Na+K+ pumps) have not been tied directly to their lack of Rh antigens.", "contents": "Rh sytem. Genetics and function. Little is known about the exact genetic control of the Rh system. The Rh antigen is a large protein molecule carrying many antigenic determinants. The structural genes controlling its production comprise a gene complex that has probably evolved by unequal crossover and mutation at the duplicated points. No convincing evidence for crossing-over within the gene complex has been found since the discovery of Rh. Studies of Rhnull families provide evidence for unlinked control genes that influence the ability of the structural Rh genes to function. It was hoped that the Rhnull bloods would provide information to establish the function of the Rh antigen, because the antigen appears to be necessary to maintain the integrity of the red cell membrane. However, the abnormalities of the Rhnull cells (increased Na+K+ pumps) have not been tied directly to their lack of Rh antigens.", "PMID": 65503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1766", "title": "[Erythrasma of the nails].", "content": "We have studied 17 cases of pseudomycotic onychoses. This condition is frequently seen in the toe nails with the clinical aspect of hyperkeratosis of the nail bed and onycholysis. The Giemsa stained preparations have been performed with the clinical material previously heated in a 40% OHK solution and washed out with distilled water by centrifugation. The microorganism has similar or identical characteristics to those of the agent of erythrasma of the folds. Its morphology and physiological characteristics are comcon to \"Corynebacterium\" and \"Nocardia\". It is a gram positive, acid-fast organism with tendency to produce filaments with short lateral branches and fragmentation spores. Indirect inmunofluorescence identifies microorganisms present in the clinical material and that obtained in cultures.", "contents": "[Erythrasma of the nails]. We have studied 17 cases of pseudomycotic onychoses. This condition is frequently seen in the toe nails with the clinical aspect of hyperkeratosis of the nail bed and onycholysis. The Giemsa stained preparations have been performed with the clinical material previously heated in a 40% OHK solution and washed out with distilled water by centrifugation. The microorganism has similar or identical characteristics to those of the agent of erythrasma of the folds. Its morphology and physiological characteristics are comcon to \"Corynebacterium\" and \"Nocardia\". It is a gram positive, acid-fast organism with tendency to produce filaments with short lateral branches and fragmentation spores. Indirect inmunofluorescence identifies microorganisms present in the clinical material and that obtained in cultures.", "PMID": 65505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1767", "title": "Comparison of cromoglycate (cromolyn) and theophylline in controlling symptoms of chronic asthma. A collaborative study.", "content": "28 children with chronic asthma (15 in Denver and 13 in London) completed a 12 wk double-blind trial of treatment with sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium), theophylline, and a combination of both. The three regimens were administered, each for 4 wk, in random sequence as part of a collaborative investigation of the relative efficacy of the two antiasthmatic agents. Cromoglycate was administered by inhalation in standard doses of 20 mg q.i.d. Theophylline dosage was individualized with the assistance of serum-theophylline measurements and averaged 6 mg/kg/dose q.i.d. (range 3-8--8-5 mg/kg/dose). Peak expiratory-flow rates measured twice daily on all patients averaged 75% of that predicted during cromoglycate administration, 79% during theophylline, and 81% during the combined-drug regimen (P less than 0.05). Patients had an average of 59% of days free of symptoms while on cromoglycate and 71% of days symptom-free when on both the theophylline and the combination regimens (P less than 0.025). None of the 13 patients whose asthmatic symptoms were previously controlled with cromoglycate was unable to complete the 4 wk trial with theophylline alone; 1 patient whose symptoms had been previously controlled with theophylline twice developed severe asthmatic symptoms while receiving cromoglycate, and he had to be withdrawn from that study period. No significant differences in adverse effects of the medication were observed during the 12 wk trial.", "contents": "Comparison of cromoglycate (cromolyn) and theophylline in controlling symptoms of chronic asthma. A collaborative study. 28 children with chronic asthma (15 in Denver and 13 in London) completed a 12 wk double-blind trial of treatment with sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium), theophylline, and a combination of both. The three regimens were administered, each for 4 wk, in random sequence as part of a collaborative investigation of the relative efficacy of the two antiasthmatic agents. Cromoglycate was administered by inhalation in standard doses of 20 mg q.i.d. Theophylline dosage was individualized with the assistance of serum-theophylline measurements and averaged 6 mg/kg/dose q.i.d. (range 3-8--8-5 mg/kg/dose). Peak expiratory-flow rates measured twice daily on all patients averaged 75% of that predicted during cromoglycate administration, 79% during theophylline, and 81% during the combined-drug regimen (P less than 0.05). Patients had an average of 59% of days free of symptoms while on cromoglycate and 71% of days symptom-free when on both the theophylline and the combination regimens (P less than 0.025). None of the 13 patients whose asthmatic symptoms were previously controlled with cromoglycate was unable to complete the 4 wk trial with theophylline alone; 1 patient whose symptoms had been previously controlled with theophylline twice developed severe asthmatic symptoms while receiving cromoglycate, and he had to be withdrawn from that study period. No significant differences in adverse effects of the medication were observed during the 12 wk trial.", "PMID": 65508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1768", "title": "Aetiology of juvenile-onset diabetes. A prospective study.", "content": "110 people in whom insulin-dependent diabetes developed when they were less than 30 years old were studied as soon as possible after diagnosis. There was evidence for clustering of cases with BW15-positive phenotypes during the winter peak (1976) but not during the autumn peak (1975). Subjects who were BW15-positive, and in particular those who were both B8 and BW15-positive, had higher neutralising antibody titres to Coxsackle virus types B1-B4 58% of cases had islet-cell antibodies (I.C.A.), but the presence of I.C.A. was not correlated with HLA phenotypes or viral antibody titres. In 41 subjects (37%), who gave a definite history of antecedent illness, evidence indicated that this was a precipitating infection and not the initiating event producing islet-cell damage. Nearly half the subjects had had diabetic symptoms for more than 4 weeks before diagnosis.", "contents": "Aetiology of juvenile-onset diabetes. A prospective study. 110 people in whom insulin-dependent diabetes developed when they were less than 30 years old were studied as soon as possible after diagnosis. There was evidence for clustering of cases with BW15-positive phenotypes during the winter peak (1976) but not during the autumn peak (1975). Subjects who were BW15-positive, and in particular those who were both B8 and BW15-positive, had higher neutralising antibody titres to Coxsackle virus types B1-B4 58% of cases had islet-cell antibodies (I.C.A.), but the presence of I.C.A. was not correlated with HLA phenotypes or viral antibody titres. In 41 subjects (37%), who gave a definite history of antecedent illness, evidence indicated that this was a precipitating infection and not the initiating event producing islet-cell damage. Nearly half the subjects had had diabetic symptoms for more than 4 weeks before diagnosis.", "PMID": 65509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1769", "title": "Severe steroid-responsive nephrosis associated with hypersensitivity.", "content": "Sensitivity to cow's whole milk investigated in six patients with the idiopathic nephrotic and an elemental diet was given. After proteinuria had decreased to less than or equal to 500 mg/24 hours on consecutive days patients were challenged with cow's milk. This resulted in the return of significant proteinuria, oedema, and decreased urine volume together with a decrease in serum-IgG concentrations in four patients. Acute alteration of plasma C3 complement component accompanied milk challenge in all 6 patients. There were no consistent alterations in other immunoglobulin concentrations. Intradermal skin testing with cow's milk extract was positive in all patients. These results suggest that in some individuals clinical and biochemical manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome of childhood may be related to hypersensitivity of food products.", "contents": "Severe steroid-responsive nephrosis associated with hypersensitivity. Sensitivity to cow's whole milk investigated in six patients with the idiopathic nephrotic and an elemental diet was given. After proteinuria had decreased to less than or equal to 500 mg/24 hours on consecutive days patients were challenged with cow's milk. This resulted in the return of significant proteinuria, oedema, and decreased urine volume together with a decrease in serum-IgG concentrations in four patients. Acute alteration of plasma C3 complement component accompanied milk challenge in all 6 patients. There were no consistent alterations in other immunoglobulin concentrations. Intradermal skin testing with cow's milk extract was positive in all patients. These results suggest that in some individuals clinical and biochemical manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome of childhood may be related to hypersensitivity of food products.", "PMID": 65510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1770", "title": "Transitory decrease in platelet monoamine-oxidase activity during migraine attacks.", "content": "A highly significant decrease in platelet monoamine-oxidase activity has been observed in migrainous subjects during a migraine attack compared with activity outside an attack. The effect did not derive from drugs commonly used in migraine therapy.", "contents": "Transitory decrease in platelet monoamine-oxidase activity during migraine attacks. A highly significant decrease in platelet monoamine-oxidase activity has been observed in migrainous subjects during a migraine attack compared with activity outside an attack. The effect did not derive from drugs commonly used in migraine therapy.", "PMID": 65511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1771", "title": "An early pregnancy factor detected in human serum by the rosette inhibition test.", "content": "Modification of maternal lymphocyte activity has been demonstrated early in pregnancy by the rosette inhibition test. Normal human lymphocytes showed a similar depression of activity after incubation in serum from pregnant women, indicating that the response was caused by a serum factor. This early pregnancy factor has been differentiated from other substances which appear later in pregnancy and which may also be involved in the suppression of the maternal response. The results of this investigation suggest that the early pregnancy factor may be necessary for the continued viability of the early embryo.", "contents": "An early pregnancy factor detected in human serum by the rosette inhibition test. Modification of maternal lymphocyte activity has been demonstrated early in pregnancy by the rosette inhibition test. Normal human lymphocytes showed a similar depression of activity after incubation in serum from pregnant women, indicating that the response was caused by a serum factor. This early pregnancy factor has been differentiated from other substances which appear later in pregnancy and which may also be involved in the suppression of the maternal response. The results of this investigation suggest that the early pregnancy factor may be necessary for the continued viability of the early embryo.", "PMID": 65512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1772", "title": "A potentially toxic drug interaction between pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone.", "content": "The concomitant administration of pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone results in enhanced sedation in a patient previously tolerant of pethidine. A complete analysis of pethidine kinetics and metabolism was performed in this patient, in four additional patients undergoing similar treatment but not receiving phenobarbitone, and in a volunteer after placebo and phentobarbitone pretreatment. The results indicate that phentobarbitone enhances the production of the toxic metabolite norpethidine by increasing N-demethylation.", "contents": "A potentially toxic drug interaction between pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone. The concomitant administration of pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone results in enhanced sedation in a patient previously tolerant of pethidine. A complete analysis of pethidine kinetics and metabolism was performed in this patient, in four additional patients undergoing similar treatment but not receiving phenobarbitone, and in a volunteer after placebo and phentobarbitone pretreatment. The results indicate that phentobarbitone enhances the production of the toxic metabolite norpethidine by increasing N-demethylation.", "PMID": 65513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1773", "title": "Do drugs acting on the nervous system affect cell proliferation in the developing brain.", "content": "Drugs which alter the balance of neurotransmitter activity may, while failing to cause gross structural malformations of the brain, produce long-lasting functional disturbances if given when the brain is developing. Subtle anatomical changes may underlie such disturbances; reserpine has been shown to interfere with cell proliferation in the brain of suckling rats, and long-term alterations in behaviour reported after treatment with reserpine may be related to this effect of the drug. Neurotransmitters, apart from their conventional role, may also function as neurohumours and be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in the nervous system. Thus drugs influencing central neurotransmitter activity, such as phenothiazines and adrenergic agonists and antagonists, which in clinical practice are often given to pregnant mothers, may affect the developing brain through mechanisms similar to those reported for reserpine. More experimental information is needed about the influence of such drugs on cell proliferation in the brain, and about their \"behavioural teratogenicity\".", "contents": "Do drugs acting on the nervous system affect cell proliferation in the developing brain. Drugs which alter the balance of neurotransmitter activity may, while failing to cause gross structural malformations of the brain, produce long-lasting functional disturbances if given when the brain is developing. Subtle anatomical changes may underlie such disturbances; reserpine has been shown to interfere with cell proliferation in the brain of suckling rats, and long-term alterations in behaviour reported after treatment with reserpine may be related to this effect of the drug. Neurotransmitters, apart from their conventional role, may also function as neurohumours and be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in the nervous system. Thus drugs influencing central neurotransmitter activity, such as phenothiazines and adrenergic agonists and antagonists, which in clinical practice are often given to pregnant mothers, may affect the developing brain through mechanisms similar to those reported for reserpine. More experimental information is needed about the influence of such drugs on cell proliferation in the brain, and about their \"behavioural teratogenicity\".", "PMID": 65514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1774", "title": "Virus-like particles in winter vomiting disease.", "content": "In an outbreak of winter vomiting disease affecting both pupils and staff in a primary school, virus-like particles were found in 7 out of 8 faecal specimens examined by electron microscopy. The particles measured 26 nm in diameter and had a buoyant density of 1-38--1-40 g/cm3 in caesium chloride. They could not be cultured in tissue-culture or organ-culture. In immune electron microscopy tests the particles appeared to differ antigenically from the Norwalk and Hawaii agents. Two out of three patients examined more than one month after their illness were still excreting the particles.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in winter vomiting disease. In an outbreak of winter vomiting disease affecting both pupils and staff in a primary school, virus-like particles were found in 7 out of 8 faecal specimens examined by electron microscopy. The particles measured 26 nm in diameter and had a buoyant density of 1-38--1-40 g/cm3 in caesium chloride. They could not be cultured in tissue-culture or organ-culture. In immune electron microscopy tests the particles appeared to differ antigenically from the Norwalk and Hawaii agents. Two out of three patients examined more than one month after their illness were still excreting the particles.", "PMID": 65520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1775", "title": "The mast cell/heparin paradox.", "content": "Purified heparin extracted from tissues rich in mast cells remains the ideal rapid anticoagulant in clinical practice. Nevertheless, there are grounds for doubting that an injection of commercial heparin corresponds to the release of heparin-containing granules from the mast cells. The metachromatic granule contains much more than heparin--chondroitins, heparitins, histamine (in some species 5-hydroxytryptamine also), and a variety of enzymes. Shed granules, released by trauma of any kind, are ingested by connective-tissue phagocytes and are digested. Commercial heparin, on the other hand, is taken up by cells of the reticuloendothelial system and is stored there. This apparent paradox can be resolved by conceding that the mast cell is primarily concerned with the connective tissue, as Ehrlich saw it a century ago, and that, within these broad limits, it can express itself in a variety of ways.", "contents": "The mast cell/heparin paradox. Purified heparin extracted from tissues rich in mast cells remains the ideal rapid anticoagulant in clinical practice. Nevertheless, there are grounds for doubting that an injection of commercial heparin corresponds to the release of heparin-containing granules from the mast cells. The metachromatic granule contains much more than heparin--chondroitins, heparitins, histamine (in some species 5-hydroxytryptamine also), and a variety of enzymes. Shed granules, released by trauma of any kind, are ingested by connective-tissue phagocytes and are digested. Commercial heparin, on the other hand, is taken up by cells of the reticuloendothelial system and is stored there. This apparent paradox can be resolved by conceding that the mast cell is primarily concerned with the connective tissue, as Ehrlich saw it a century ago, and that, within these broad limits, it can express itself in a variety of ways.", "PMID": 65521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1776", "title": "The preregistration year: Chaos by consensus.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to all preregistration housemen who had graduated from the University of Birmingham in July, 1975. The results showed much dissatisfaction with the workings of the houseyear--specifically, with the long, sleepless hours of work, the almost negligible educational role of the year, the lack of time for human contact with patients, and the tendious, repetitive nature of the work. It is proposed that a shift system, which wound seem to be acceptable to most housemen, would solve many of these problems, and result in a better deal for both doctors and patients.", "contents": "The preregistration year: Chaos by consensus. A questionnaire was sent to all preregistration housemen who had graduated from the University of Birmingham in July, 1975. The results showed much dissatisfaction with the workings of the houseyear--specifically, with the long, sleepless hours of work, the almost negligible educational role of the year, the lack of time for human contact with patients, and the tendious, repetitive nature of the work. It is proposed that a shift system, which wound seem to be acceptable to most housemen, would solve many of these problems, and result in a better deal for both doctors and patients.", "PMID": 65522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1777", "title": "Implications of combined treatment with 'Madopar' and L-deprenil in Parkinson's disease. A long-term study.", "content": "In a clinical trial the effect of L-deprenil, a selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (M.A.O.) \"type B\" in potentiating the anti-kinetic properties of levodopa has been investigated in 223 patients. Both drugs were given orally, levodopa as 'Madopar' (levodopa plus the peripherally acting decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide) 250 mg three times daily and L-deprenil 5 mg once or twice daily. The addition of L-deprenil to madopar therapy resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0-01-0-001) reduction in patients' functional disability on average within 60 min after a single oral dose and lasting for 1 to 3 days. Dyskinesia occurred in 16 patients, psychosis in 14, orthostatic hypotension in 5, and nausea in 8. Reduction of the L-deprenil dose to 5 mg in these patients eliminated some of the side-effects. Two-thirds of the patients with side-effects had suffered from parkinsonism for between 7 and 15 years. 14% of the patients failed to respond to madopar-deprenil therapy. It is suggested that L-deprenil may act through inhibition of brain M.A.O. as well as by a psychostimulant effect similar to that of amphetamine which occurs through the release of dopamine. Both mechanisms would make more dopamine available at dopamine receptor sites.", "contents": "Implications of combined treatment with 'Madopar' and L-deprenil in Parkinson's disease. A long-term study. In a clinical trial the effect of L-deprenil, a selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (M.A.O.) \"type B\" in potentiating the anti-kinetic properties of levodopa has been investigated in 223 patients. Both drugs were given orally, levodopa as 'Madopar' (levodopa plus the peripherally acting decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide) 250 mg three times daily and L-deprenil 5 mg once or twice daily. The addition of L-deprenil to madopar therapy resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0-01-0-001) reduction in patients' functional disability on average within 60 min after a single oral dose and lasting for 1 to 3 days. Dyskinesia occurred in 16 patients, psychosis in 14, orthostatic hypotension in 5, and nausea in 8. Reduction of the L-deprenil dose to 5 mg in these patients eliminated some of the side-effects. Two-thirds of the patients with side-effects had suffered from parkinsonism for between 7 and 15 years. 14% of the patients failed to respond to madopar-deprenil therapy. It is suggested that L-deprenil may act through inhibition of brain M.A.O. as well as by a psychostimulant effect similar to that of amphetamine which occurs through the release of dopamine. Both mechanisms would make more dopamine available at dopamine receptor sites.", "PMID": 65560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1778", "title": "A new type of penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Penicillin--\"tolerant\" Staphylococcus aureus strains are resistant to the lethal action of penicillins, but are inhibited by normal (low) concentrations. They are deficient in autolytic enzyme activity which appears to be necessary for bacteriolysis and the lethal action of penicillins. This \"deficiency\" is caused by a large excess of an inhibitor of autolysin. Seven such tolerant strains have been isolated from blood, bone, or sputum of patients who responded poorly to penicillin treatment of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or staphylococcal pneumonia. These isolates were of different phage-types, and most showed cross-tolerance to the killing action of cephalosporins or vancomycin, antibiotics to which they were sensitive (inhibited). They were killed at normal rates by gentamicin, cycloserine, and rifampicin. Population analysis indicated that the proportion of tolerant organisms within a resistant strain is 7% or less; their ability to inhibit autolytic activity within their own and neighbouring cells appears to account for the net decreased autolytic activity of the entire strain; 44% of the bacteraemic strains studied showed penicillin tolerance. Tolerance is thus a common, clinically important form of penicillin resistance, that differs from previously described forms of pencillin resistance, that due to beta-lactamase, and that due to \"intrinsic\" (e.g., methicillin resistance) mechanisms.", "contents": "A new type of penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Penicillin--\"tolerant\" Staphylococcus aureus strains are resistant to the lethal action of penicillins, but are inhibited by normal (low) concentrations. They are deficient in autolytic enzyme activity which appears to be necessary for bacteriolysis and the lethal action of penicillins. This \"deficiency\" is caused by a large excess of an inhibitor of autolysin. Seven such tolerant strains have been isolated from blood, bone, or sputum of patients who responded poorly to penicillin treatment of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or staphylococcal pneumonia. These isolates were of different phage-types, and most showed cross-tolerance to the killing action of cephalosporins or vancomycin, antibiotics to which they were sensitive (inhibited). They were killed at normal rates by gentamicin, cycloserine, and rifampicin. Population analysis indicated that the proportion of tolerant organisms within a resistant strain is 7% or less; their ability to inhibit autolytic activity within their own and neighbouring cells appears to account for the net decreased autolytic activity of the entire strain; 44% of the bacteraemic strains studied showed penicillin tolerance. Tolerance is thus a common, clinically important form of penicillin resistance, that differs from previously described forms of pencillin resistance, that due to beta-lactamase, and that due to \"intrinsic\" (e.g., methicillin resistance) mechanisms.", "PMID": 65561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1779", "title": "Early morning migraine. Nocturnal plasma levels of catecholamines, tryptophan, glucose, and free fatty acids and sleep encephalographs.", "content": "Nocturnal plasma catecholamine, tryptophan, glucose, and free fatty acid levels have been measured in 19 subjects who regularly awoke from sleep with migraine. All-night polygraphic sleep recordings were also made. 13 subjects were studied on a second occasion allowing within-subject control as well as group comparison. Plasma total catecholamine and specifically plasma-noradrenaline levels were significantly higher in the three hours before the subjects awoke with migraine. No differences were found in plasma tryptophan, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels in the migraine/no-migraine categories. Waking with migraine occurred significantly more often from rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. There were no other differences in sleep pattern in the migraine/no-migraine categories.", "contents": "Early morning migraine. Nocturnal plasma levels of catecholamines, tryptophan, glucose, and free fatty acids and sleep encephalographs. Nocturnal plasma catecholamine, tryptophan, glucose, and free fatty acid levels have been measured in 19 subjects who regularly awoke from sleep with migraine. All-night polygraphic sleep recordings were also made. 13 subjects were studied on a second occasion allowing within-subject control as well as group comparison. Plasma total catecholamine and specifically plasma-noradrenaline levels were significantly higher in the three hours before the subjects awoke with migraine. No differences were found in plasma tryptophan, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels in the migraine/no-migraine categories. Waking with migraine occurred significantly more often from rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. There were no other differences in sleep pattern in the migraine/no-migraine categories.", "PMID": 65562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1780", "title": "Previous pregnancy as a protective factor against death from melanoma.", "content": "Examination of the case-records of women presenting to the Melanoma Unit at Sydney Hospital over the period 1961-71 has shown that women with pregnancies before the development of melanoma had a better survival-rate from melanoma than women without previous pregnancies. The known presence of fetal antigens on melanoma cells and immunisation against fetal antigens during pregnancy suggest an immunological explanation for these results. Exposure to fetal antigens during pregnancy may protect against the dissemination of melanoma cells bearing similar fetal antigens and thus increase the survival-rate. The incidence of melanoma in males and females was approximately equal, which suggests that immune responses to tumour-associated antigens may be more effective in preventing spread of tumours than in preventing their occurrence.", "contents": "Previous pregnancy as a protective factor against death from melanoma. Examination of the case-records of women presenting to the Melanoma Unit at Sydney Hospital over the period 1961-71 has shown that women with pregnancies before the development of melanoma had a better survival-rate from melanoma than women without previous pregnancies. The known presence of fetal antigens on melanoma cells and immunisation against fetal antigens during pregnancy suggest an immunological explanation for these results. Exposure to fetal antigens during pregnancy may protect against the dissemination of melanoma cells bearing similar fetal antigens and thus increase the survival-rate. The incidence of melanoma in males and females was approximately equal, which suggests that immune responses to tumour-associated antigens may be more effective in preventing spread of tumours than in preventing their occurrence.", "PMID": 65563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1781", "title": "Radiolabelled anti-human fibrin antibody: a new thrombus-detecting agent.", "content": "Rabbit anti-human fibrin globulin (A.F.G.) was labelled with iodine (131I) and used as a thrombus-detecting agent. 131I-A.F.G. labelled thrombi were displayed by means of a gamma scintillation camera. Normal subjects and patients with thrombophlebitis of legs, acute fibrin depositions other than thrombi, and chronic varicosities were examined. The 131I-A.F.G. technique detected both formed thrombi and those that were forming and could discriminate between acute thrombosis and chronic varicosities. Thrombophlebitis and extravascular fibrin depositions were best demonstrated between 24 and 27 hours of 131I-A.F.G. injection. Radiolabelled A.F.G. in normal veins and chronic varicosities was best displayed within 6 hours of injection.", "contents": "Radiolabelled anti-human fibrin antibody: a new thrombus-detecting agent. Rabbit anti-human fibrin globulin (A.F.G.) was labelled with iodine (131I) and used as a thrombus-detecting agent. 131I-A.F.G. labelled thrombi were displayed by means of a gamma scintillation camera. Normal subjects and patients with thrombophlebitis of legs, acute fibrin depositions other than thrombi, and chronic varicosities were examined. The 131I-A.F.G. technique detected both formed thrombi and those that were forming and could discriminate between acute thrombosis and chronic varicosities. Thrombophlebitis and extravascular fibrin depositions were best demonstrated between 24 and 27 hours of 131I-A.F.G. injection. Radiolabelled A.F.G. in normal veins and chronic varicosities was best displayed within 6 hours of injection.", "PMID": 65564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1782", "title": "Silicon, fibre, and atherosclerosis.", "content": "A logical argument can be made for the hypothesis that lack of silicon may be an important aetiological factor in atherosclerosis. As silicic acid or its derivatives, silicon is essential for growth. It is found mainly in connective tissue, where it functions as a cross-linking agent. Unusually high amounts of bound silicon are present in the arterial wall, especially in the intima. Various kinds of dietary fibre have been reported to be effective in preventing experimental models of atherosclerosis, reducing cholesterol and blood-lipid levels, and binding bile acids in vitro. Exceptionally large amounts of silicon (1000 to 25 000 p.p.m.) were found in fibre products of greatly varying origin and chemical composition which were active in these tests. Inactive materials, such as different types of purified cellulose, contained only negligible quantities of the element. It is concluded that silicate-silicon may be the active agent in dietary fibre which affects the development of atherosclerosis. Two out of three samples of bran also had relatively low levels, which could explain why bran does not lower serum-cholesterol. The fact that atherosclerosis has a low incidence in less developed countries may be related to the availability of dietary silicon. Two instances are presented where silicon is reduced by industrial treatment: white flour and refined soy products were much lower in silicon than--their respective crude natural products. The chemical nature of silicon in different types of fibre is not known. It could exist as orthosilic acid, polymeric silicic acid, colloidal silica (opal), dense silica concentrations, or in the form of organically bound derivatives of silicic acid (silanolates). Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "Silicon, fibre, and atherosclerosis. A logical argument can be made for the hypothesis that lack of silicon may be an important aetiological factor in atherosclerosis. As silicic acid or its derivatives, silicon is essential for growth. It is found mainly in connective tissue, where it functions as a cross-linking agent. Unusually high amounts of bound silicon are present in the arterial wall, especially in the intima. Various kinds of dietary fibre have been reported to be effective in preventing experimental models of atherosclerosis, reducing cholesterol and blood-lipid levels, and binding bile acids in vitro. Exceptionally large amounts of silicon (1000 to 25 000 p.p.m.) were found in fibre products of greatly varying origin and chemical composition which were active in these tests. Inactive materials, such as different types of purified cellulose, contained only negligible quantities of the element. It is concluded that silicate-silicon may be the active agent in dietary fibre which affects the development of atherosclerosis. Two out of three samples of bran also had relatively low levels, which could explain why bran does not lower serum-cholesterol. The fact that atherosclerosis has a low incidence in less developed countries may be related to the availability of dietary silicon. Two instances are presented where silicon is reduced by industrial treatment: white flour and refined soy products were much lower in silicon than--their respective crude natural products. The chemical nature of silicon in different types of fibre is not known. It could exist as orthosilic acid, polymeric silicic acid, colloidal silica (opal), dense silica concentrations, or in the form of organically bound derivatives of silicic acid (silanolates). Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "PMID": 65565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1783", "title": "Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes.", "content": "All available colloid volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. In a multicentre prospective trial, 69 cases of anaphylactoid reactions have been observed among 200 906 infusions of colloid volume substitutes. The frequency of severe reactions (shock, cardiac and/or respiratory arrest) was 0-003% for plasma-protein solutions, 0-006% for hydroxyethyl starch, 0-008% for dextran, and 0-038% for gelatin solutions.", "contents": "Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. All available colloid volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. In a multicentre prospective trial, 69 cases of anaphylactoid reactions have been observed among 200 906 infusions of colloid volume substitutes. The frequency of severe reactions (shock, cardiac and/or respiratory arrest) was 0-003% for plasma-protein solutions, 0-006% for hydroxyethyl starch, 0-008% for dextran, and 0-038% for gelatin solutions.", "PMID": 65572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1784", "title": "Diabetes: The quest for basal normoglycaemia.", "content": "Diabetes is an endocrine deficiency disease, a logical treatment of which is hormone replacement therapy. Many patients who are thought to be controlled by diet alone continue to have high plasma-glucose levels. As the rise in the basal plasma glucose concentration is the predominant glucose abnormality of diabetes, treatment should be aimed primarily at producing basal normoglycaemia. 18 mild, maturity onset diabetics have been treated with a basal insulin supplement provided by single daily injections of insulin zinc suspension (crystalline) 'Ultralente'. Overnight basal normoglycaemia has been obtained with markedly reduced plasma-glucose levels during the day. Plama-triglyceride levels have become normal in most patients. The required insulin dose need not be determined empirically, but can be calculated from the basal plasma-glucose level and the degree of obesity. There is minimum risk of hypoglycaemia, and rigid dietary restriction is unnecessary. As mild diabetics are prone to complications, treatment with basal insulin supplements may be beneficial when diet alone fails to produce basal normoglycaemia.", "contents": "Diabetes: The quest for basal normoglycaemia. Diabetes is an endocrine deficiency disease, a logical treatment of which is hormone replacement therapy. Many patients who are thought to be controlled by diet alone continue to have high plasma-glucose levels. As the rise in the basal plasma glucose concentration is the predominant glucose abnormality of diabetes, treatment should be aimed primarily at producing basal normoglycaemia. 18 mild, maturity onset diabetics have been treated with a basal insulin supplement provided by single daily injections of insulin zinc suspension (crystalline) 'Ultralente'. Overnight basal normoglycaemia has been obtained with markedly reduced plasma-glucose levels during the day. Plama-triglyceride levels have become normal in most patients. The required insulin dose need not be determined empirically, but can be calculated from the basal plasma-glucose level and the degree of obesity. There is minimum risk of hypoglycaemia, and rigid dietary restriction is unnecessary. As mild diabetics are prone to complications, treatment with basal insulin supplements may be beneficial when diet alone fails to produce basal normoglycaemia.", "PMID": 65573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1785", "title": "High remission-induction rate in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "28 adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (A.M.L.) received T.A.D., a high-dose sequential chemotherapeutic remission-induction regimen consisting of 7-day courses of cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and daunorubicin. Overall response-rate was 82%. 22 patients (79%) achieved complete remission, and 1 had a partial remission. Median remission duration was 280 days and median survival 375 days. 10 patients remain in remission. These induction results are superior to those reported in most studies and indicate that disease remission can be achieved in a high proportion of patients with A.M.L. treated with an intensive multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen, provided support facilities are adequate.", "contents": "High remission-induction rate in acute myeloid leukaemia. 28 adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (A.M.L.) received T.A.D., a high-dose sequential chemotherapeutic remission-induction regimen consisting of 7-day courses of cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and daunorubicin. Overall response-rate was 82%. 22 patients (79%) achieved complete remission, and 1 had a partial remission. Median remission duration was 280 days and median survival 375 days. 10 patients remain in remission. These induction results are superior to those reported in most studies and indicate that disease remission can be achieved in a high proportion of patients with A.M.L. treated with an intensive multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen, provided support facilities are adequate.", "PMID": 65605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1786", "title": "Weight-gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk.", "content": "Weight-gain in 35 slightly undernourished Australian Aboriginal infants was studied in hospital (49 admissions) during a blind controlled trial of a pre-hydrolysed low-lactose milk preparation and reconstituted full-cream milk powder. Infants fed the lactose hydrolysed milk gained 70% more weight than those receiving normal milk. Better weight-gains were achieved in those on the lactose hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage standard weight for age, the presence of diarrhoea on admission to the trial, and stool sugar concentrations. The use of low-lactose milk should be considered in nutritional aid programmes for undernourished children throughout the world.", "contents": "Weight-gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk. Weight-gain in 35 slightly undernourished Australian Aboriginal infants was studied in hospital (49 admissions) during a blind controlled trial of a pre-hydrolysed low-lactose milk preparation and reconstituted full-cream milk powder. Infants fed the lactose hydrolysed milk gained 70% more weight than those receiving normal milk. Better weight-gains were achieved in those on the lactose hydrolysed milk irrespective of percentage standard weight for age, the presence of diarrhoea on admission to the trial, and stool sugar concentrations. The use of low-lactose milk should be considered in nutritional aid programmes for undernourished children throughout the world.", "PMID": 65606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1787", "title": "Bromocriptine for induction of ovulation in normoprolactinaemic post-pill anovulation.", "content": "19 women with anovulation after discontinuing oral contraceptive agents and with normal plasma-prolactin concentrations were treated with bromocriptine. Ovulation and menstruation were restored in 9 of the 13 amenorrhoeic and 5 of the 6 oligomenorrhoeic patients. The success-rate (74%) indicates that bromocriptine is an effective treatment for post-pill anovulation in normoprolactinaemic women.", "contents": "Bromocriptine for induction of ovulation in normoprolactinaemic post-pill anovulation. 19 women with anovulation after discontinuing oral contraceptive agents and with normal plasma-prolactin concentrations were treated with bromocriptine. Ovulation and menstruation were restored in 9 of the 13 amenorrhoeic and 5 of the 6 oligomenorrhoeic patients. The success-rate (74%) indicates that bromocriptine is an effective treatment for post-pill anovulation in normoprolactinaemic women.", "PMID": 65607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1788", "title": "A second look at emepronium bromide in urinary incontinence.", "content": "Response to oral and intramuscular emepronium bromide was assessed cystometrically in nine patients with urinary incontinence caused by an uninhibited bladder. Oral therapy had no effect, whereas intramuscular administration increased bladder capacity and significantly delayed the onset of bladder spasm and the desire to void. Plasma-propranolol response was delayed and concentrations were reduced after an oral 40 mg dose of propranolol in 3 patients who had received oral emepronium bromide. These results indicate that although oral emepronium bromide had some anticholinergic effect--i.e., in reducing gastrointestinal motility--absorption of an oral dose was not sufficient for the bladder to be affected.", "contents": "A second look at emepronium bromide in urinary incontinence. Response to oral and intramuscular emepronium bromide was assessed cystometrically in nine patients with urinary incontinence caused by an uninhibited bladder. Oral therapy had no effect, whereas intramuscular administration increased bladder capacity and significantly delayed the onset of bladder spasm and the desire to void. Plasma-propranolol response was delayed and concentrations were reduced after an oral 40 mg dose of propranolol in 3 patients who had received oral emepronium bromide. These results indicate that although oral emepronium bromide had some anticholinergic effect--i.e., in reducing gastrointestinal motility--absorption of an oral dose was not sufficient for the bladder to be affected.", "PMID": 65608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1789", "title": "Blood-transfusions induce prolonged kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A prospective study has been carried out in rhesus monkeys to investigate the influence of blood-transfusions on kidney allograft survival. Unrelated animals matched for 2 or 3 antigens of the A and B locus of the major histocompatibility complex were given five consecutive blood-transfusions before transplantation and received conventional immunosuppressive treatment. Transfused recipients showed a four-fold increase in mean survival time compared with the non-transfused controls. These results may contribute to a change of policy regarding blood-transfusions in transplant patients.", "contents": "Blood-transfusions induce prolonged kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys. A prospective study has been carried out in rhesus monkeys to investigate the influence of blood-transfusions on kidney allograft survival. Unrelated animals matched for 2 or 3 antigens of the A and B locus of the major histocompatibility complex were given five consecutive blood-transfusions before transplantation and received conventional immunosuppressive treatment. Transfused recipients showed a four-fold increase in mean survival time compared with the non-transfused controls. These results may contribute to a change of policy regarding blood-transfusions in transplant patients.", "PMID": 65609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1790", "title": "Association between leucocyte group-5a antigen and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Leucocyte group 5 has two dominant alleles (5a and 5b) which segregate independently of the major histocompatibility complex. The group-5 system was studied in a Caucasian population of controls and patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The 5a gene frequency was 0-09 in 72 controls and 0-38 in 39 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0-001). 15 patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia and 12 patients with aplastic anaemia had 5a and 5b frequencies similar to those seen in the control population. It is concluded that 5a or a closely linked gene is involved in susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "Association between leucocyte group-5a antigen and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leucocyte group 5 has two dominant alleles (5a and 5b) which segregate independently of the major histocompatibility complex. The group-5 system was studied in a Caucasian population of controls and patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The 5a gene frequency was 0-09 in 72 controls and 0-38 in 39 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0-001). 15 patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia and 12 patients with aplastic anaemia had 5a and 5b frequencies similar to those seen in the control population. It is concluded that 5a or a closely linked gene is involved in susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "PMID": 65610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1791", "title": "A new experimental system for the study of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.", "content": "A method is described for the differential removal of epithelial cells from human intestinal-tissue specimens. Epithelial cells can be freed of contaminating cells such as erythrocytes, and on the basis of microscopic appearance, dye exclusion tests, and short-term survival in defined media are viable. The experimental system can be used to investigate the differential cytotoxic effects,if any, of specific gluten components upon cells from normal subjects and coeliac patients.", "contents": "A new experimental system for the study of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. A method is described for the differential removal of epithelial cells from human intestinal-tissue specimens. Epithelial cells can be freed of contaminating cells such as erythrocytes, and on the basis of microscopic appearance, dye exclusion tests, and short-term survival in defined media are viable. The experimental system can be used to investigate the differential cytotoxic effects,if any, of specific gluten components upon cells from normal subjects and coeliac patients.", "PMID": 65611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1792", "title": "The ocular microtremor record and the prognosis of the unconscious patient.", "content": "Ocular microtremor was recorded in 41 healthy subjects and 70 unconscious patients. Abnormalities of frequency and pattern were found in all the unconscious patients, the degree of abnormality being related to outcome. The ocular microtremor record is a potential aid to prognosis in the unconscious patient.", "contents": "The ocular microtremor record and the prognosis of the unconscious patient. Ocular microtremor was recorded in 41 healthy subjects and 70 unconscious patients. Abnormalities of frequency and pattern were found in all the unconscious patients, the degree of abnormality being related to outcome. The ocular microtremor record is a potential aid to prognosis in the unconscious patient.", "PMID": 65612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1793", "title": "Comparison of results from a cardiac ambulance manned by medical or non-medical personnel.", "content": "During a 20-month period a \"cardiac\" ambulance was manned on alternate days by specially-trained ambulance personnel only, or by such personnel plus a doctor. The presence of a doctor did not lead to any reduction in the mortality of patients with heart-attacks. Although transport to hospital by the special service was associated with a low pre-hospital mortality, this was balanced by a high pre-hospital mortality in the group of patients brought to hospital by routine ambulances at times when the special vehicle was manned, but for some reason was not used. There was evidence of unintentional selection of low-risk cases for transport by the cardiac ambulance. The number of lives saved by the special service was too small to cause any significant reduction in the overall mortality from heart-attacks in Nottingham.", "contents": "Comparison of results from a cardiac ambulance manned by medical or non-medical personnel. During a 20-month period a \"cardiac\" ambulance was manned on alternate days by specially-trained ambulance personnel only, or by such personnel plus a doctor. The presence of a doctor did not lead to any reduction in the mortality of patients with heart-attacks. Although transport to hospital by the special service was associated with a low pre-hospital mortality, this was balanced by a high pre-hospital mortality in the group of patients brought to hospital by routine ambulances at times when the special vehicle was manned, but for some reason was not used. There was evidence of unintentional selection of low-risk cases for transport by the cardiac ambulance. The number of lives saved by the special service was too small to cause any significant reduction in the overall mortality from heart-attacks in Nottingham.", "PMID": 65621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1794", "title": "Effects of a heatwave on mortality-rates in elderly inpatients.", "content": "The relation between the number of in-patient deaths occurring in a department of geriatric medicine and external air temperatures recorded during the heatwave of 1976 in the U.K. was investigated. There was a close correlation between the mortality-rate and the weekly average of peak daily temperatures. There was less of an increase in mortality among the elderly patients in the better insulated buildings. The total number of deaths among elderly patients increased threefold during the hottest period of the heat-wave. These results suggest that measures may need to be taken in the elderly to combat the harmful effects of heatwaves.", "contents": "Effects of a heatwave on mortality-rates in elderly inpatients. The relation between the number of in-patient deaths occurring in a department of geriatric medicine and external air temperatures recorded during the heatwave of 1976 in the U.K. was investigated. There was a close correlation between the mortality-rate and the weekly average of peak daily temperatures. There was less of an increase in mortality among the elderly patients in the better insulated buildings. The total number of deaths among elderly patients increased threefold during the hottest period of the heat-wave. These results suggest that measures may need to be taken in the elderly to combat the harmful effects of heatwaves.", "PMID": 65622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1795", "title": "Clinical significance and prognostic value of the T-B immunological classification of human primary acute lymphoid leukaemias.", "content": "50 cases of primary acute lymphoid leukaemia (A.L.L.) were analysed for the presence of T and B membrane markers on bone-marrow and/or peripheral-blood cells. 26% of cases were predominantly T-cell in type, 4% were B, the remaining 70%, without detectable membrane markers, were classified as \"null\" cell A.L.L. Of particular interest is the correlation between this immunological classification and the prognosis, since T-cell and B-cell A.L.L. were associated with a poorer prognosis than null-cell A.L.L. in terms of both median length of first complete remission and median survival. With one exception the T-cell cases were, according to the W.H.O. classification, of either the prolymphocytic or macrolymphoblastic type of A.L.L. and were more extensive than the comparable null-cell A.L.L. In contrast, cases of the W.H.O. prolymphoblastic and microlymphoblastic types were all found to be null-cell A.L.L. and were associated with the worst and best prognosis respectively. The correlation found between the immunological classification of A.L.L. and the prognosis means that patients with a poor prognosis can be selected for more intensive therapy.", "contents": "Clinical significance and prognostic value of the T-B immunological classification of human primary acute lymphoid leukaemias. 50 cases of primary acute lymphoid leukaemia (A.L.L.) were analysed for the presence of T and B membrane markers on bone-marrow and/or peripheral-blood cells. 26% of cases were predominantly T-cell in type, 4% were B, the remaining 70%, without detectable membrane markers, were classified as \"null\" cell A.L.L. Of particular interest is the correlation between this immunological classification and the prognosis, since T-cell and B-cell A.L.L. were associated with a poorer prognosis than null-cell A.L.L. in terms of both median length of first complete remission and median survival. With one exception the T-cell cases were, according to the W.H.O. classification, of either the prolymphocytic or macrolymphoblastic type of A.L.L. and were more extensive than the comparable null-cell A.L.L. In contrast, cases of the W.H.O. prolymphoblastic and microlymphoblastic types were all found to be null-cell A.L.L. and were associated with the worst and best prognosis respectively. The correlation found between the immunological classification of A.L.L. and the prognosis means that patients with a poor prognosis can be selected for more intensive therapy.", "PMID": 65655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1796", "title": "Reactivation of hepatitis b after transplantation operations.", "content": "Surveillance of the staff and patients at the Cambridge Transplant and Dialysis Unit for hepatitis-B infection since 1968 has revealed the onset of antigenaemia in 6 patients in eight years. When the first serum of each patient admitted was examined for anti-HBc antibody, 23 of 380 (6-1%) patients were found positive. Since the presence of anti-HBc is taken to be evidence of previous infection, the occurence of antigenaemia in 3 of the positives when they were immunosuppressed after transplantation is believed to be due to reactivation of latent infection. This is a new factor to be considered in the control of hepatitis B after transplantation;", "contents": "Reactivation of hepatitis b after transplantation operations. Surveillance of the staff and patients at the Cambridge Transplant and Dialysis Unit for hepatitis-B infection since 1968 has revealed the onset of antigenaemia in 6 patients in eight years. When the first serum of each patient admitted was examined for anti-HBc antibody, 23 of 380 (6-1%) patients were found positive. Since the presence of anti-HBc is taken to be evidence of previous infection, the occurence of antigenaemia in 3 of the positives when they were immunosuppressed after transplantation is believed to be due to reactivation of latent infection. This is a new factor to be considered in the control of hepatitis B after transplantation;", "PMID": 65656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1797", "title": "Non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis.", "content": "To clarify the role of hepatitis-A virus (H.A.V.) in the aetiology of post-transfusion hepatitis unrelated to hepatitis-B virus, we have tested and titred pre-transfusion and convalescent serum samples from 32 patients for antibody to hepatitis-A antigen (anti-HA) by quantitative immune adherence haemagglutination. 12 patients had no detectable anti-HA in either pre-transfusion or late convalescent serum; the other 20 had anti-HA in pretransfusion serum and no significant chance in titre during convalescence. This study excludes H.A.V. as the agent responsible for these cases of post-transfusion hepatitis and supports the existence of \"non-A, non-B\" hepatitis virus(es).", "contents": "Non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. To clarify the role of hepatitis-A virus (H.A.V.) in the aetiology of post-transfusion hepatitis unrelated to hepatitis-B virus, we have tested and titred pre-transfusion and convalescent serum samples from 32 patients for antibody to hepatitis-A antigen (anti-HA) by quantitative immune adherence haemagglutination. 12 patients had no detectable anti-HA in either pre-transfusion or late convalescent serum; the other 20 had anti-HA in pretransfusion serum and no significant chance in titre during convalescence. This study excludes H.A.V. as the agent responsible for these cases of post-transfusion hepatitis and supports the existence of \"non-A, non-B\" hepatitis virus(es).", "PMID": 65657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1798", "title": "B-cell alloantigen associated with chronic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Thirteen patients with chronic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (M.C.G.) defined by light and immunofluorescent microscopy were examined for possible B-lymphocyte alloantigen associations by means of antisera from multiparous mothers of M.C.G. probands. Three such sera reacted with M.C.G.-patient B-cells. One of these sera (M.C.G.3) was highly discriminative for a B-cell antigen present in 77% of M.C.G. patients and only 17% of normal individuals tested. The risk of developing M.C.G. was estimated to be 16-6 times greater in the presence of the M.C.G.3 antigen than in its absence. This is the first demonstration of an association between a specific B-lymphocyte determinant and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "B-cell alloantigen associated with chronic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Thirteen patients with chronic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (M.C.G.) defined by light and immunofluorescent microscopy were examined for possible B-lymphocyte alloantigen associations by means of antisera from multiparous mothers of M.C.G. probands. Three such sera reacted with M.C.G.-patient B-cells. One of these sera (M.C.G.3) was highly discriminative for a B-cell antigen present in 77% of M.C.G. patients and only 17% of normal individuals tested. The risk of developing M.C.G. was estimated to be 16-6 times greater in the presence of the M.C.G.3 antigen than in its absence. This is the first demonstration of an association between a specific B-lymphocyte determinant and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 65658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1799", "title": "Serum immune complexes and disease activity in lupus nephritis.", "content": "Raised levels of circulating soluble immune complexes were found in sera of 21 of 29 patients with lupus nephritis. They correlated well with clinical disease activity in the group as a whole and with the course of individual patients. In 2 patients, high-dose methylprednisolone reduced levels of immune complexes and led to clinical improvement. The size of the IgG complexes was studied in 7 patients. The complexes were very large (2-5-4X10(6) M.W.) in 6, but only the 4 with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis had medium-sized IgG complexes (1-1-5X10(6) M.W.) as well.", "contents": "Serum immune complexes and disease activity in lupus nephritis. Raised levels of circulating soluble immune complexes were found in sera of 21 of 29 patients with lupus nephritis. They correlated well with clinical disease activity in the group as a whole and with the course of individual patients. In 2 patients, high-dose methylprednisolone reduced levels of immune complexes and led to clinical improvement. The size of the IgG complexes was studied in 7 patients. The complexes were very large (2-5-4X10(6) M.W.) in 6, but only the 4 with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis had medium-sized IgG complexes (1-1-5X10(6) M.W.) as well.", "PMID": 65659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1800", "title": "Prevention of Fatal Postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin. Reappraisal of results of international multicentre trial.", "content": "The results of a multicentre trial, designed to assess the efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism, were published in July 1975. In view of inconsistencies which have now become apparent in the data from one of the twenty-eight centres which took part in the trial, the results of the trial have been re-examined, excluding the data from this centre. Of 4031 patients remaining after exclusion of these data, 2033 were in the control group and 1998 in the heparin group. 170 (4-2%) patients died during the postoperative period, 94 in the control group and 76 in the heparin group; 70-2% of deaths in the control group and 65-7% in the heparin group had necropsy examination. 15 patients in the control group and none in the heparin group were found at necropsy to have died due to acute massive fatal pulmonary embolism (P less than 0-001). Exclusion of data from the one centre did not alter already published significant differences in the total incidence of deep-vein thrombosis, nor in the frequency of operative and post-operative bleeding complications observed in the control group and the heparin group.", "contents": "Prevention of Fatal Postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin. Reappraisal of results of international multicentre trial. The results of a multicentre trial, designed to assess the efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism, were published in July 1975. In view of inconsistencies which have now become apparent in the data from one of the twenty-eight centres which took part in the trial, the results of the trial have been re-examined, excluding the data from this centre. Of 4031 patients remaining after exclusion of these data, 2033 were in the control group and 1998 in the heparin group. 170 (4-2%) patients died during the postoperative period, 94 in the control group and 76 in the heparin group; 70-2% of deaths in the control group and 65-7% in the heparin group had necropsy examination. 15 patients in the control group and none in the heparin group were found at necropsy to have died due to acute massive fatal pulmonary embolism (P less than 0-001). Exclusion of data from the one centre did not alter already published significant differences in the total incidence of deep-vein thrombosis, nor in the frequency of operative and post-operative bleeding complications observed in the control group and the heparin group.", "PMID": 65660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1801", "title": "Primary lesion in osteoarthrosis.", "content": "The primary disturbance in osteoarthrosis is generally regarded as occurring in the articular cartilage and as resulting from a combination of ageing and mechanical factors. An alternative hypothesis is that the primary disturbance is located in the synovial lining cells. It is suggested that proteolytic enzymes which normally leak from the phagocytic (A type) lining cells are in the healthy joint neutralised by inhibitors synthesised by the B-type lining cells. Osteoarthrosis is the result of an imbalance between leakage of enzymes and provision of inhibitors.", "contents": "Primary lesion in osteoarthrosis. The primary disturbance in osteoarthrosis is generally regarded as occurring in the articular cartilage and as resulting from a combination of ageing and mechanical factors. An alternative hypothesis is that the primary disturbance is located in the synovial lining cells. It is suggested that proteolytic enzymes which normally leak from the phagocytic (A type) lining cells are in the healthy joint neutralised by inhibitors synthesised by the B-type lining cells. Osteoarthrosis is the result of an imbalance between leakage of enzymes and provision of inhibitors.", "PMID": 65664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1802", "title": "Mechanisms for the control of body-weight.", "content": "Various hypotheses for the mechanism of regulation of body-weight in human adults have been proposed in the light of the magnitude of the long-term changes in weight actually observed. One of these hypotheses has been represented in the form of a computer simulation model which has been used to demonstrate that (i) it is not necessary to postulate the existence of a set-point regulatory system, and (ii) in practice, several mechanisms, including hunger and satiety, the relative constancy of habits and customs of behaviour, and the existence of cognitive thresholds combined with a relatively simple physiological negative feedback system probably constitute the simplest hypothesis for the mechanism of weight stability.", "contents": "Mechanisms for the control of body-weight. Various hypotheses for the mechanism of regulation of body-weight in human adults have been proposed in the light of the magnitude of the long-term changes in weight actually observed. One of these hypotheses has been represented in the form of a computer simulation model which has been used to demonstrate that (i) it is not necessary to postulate the existence of a set-point regulatory system, and (ii) in practice, several mechanisms, including hunger and satiety, the relative constancy of habits and customs of behaviour, and the existence of cognitive thresholds combined with a relatively simple physiological negative feedback system probably constitute the simplest hypothesis for the mechanism of weight stability.", "PMID": 65670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1803", "title": "Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes in the first sixteen years of life.", "content": "The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes in the first 16 years of life in a nationally representative sample was 1-42 per 1000 population. This incidence is larger than that found in previous studies of diabetes in comparable age-groups and suggests an overall increase in incidence in this country. 23% of the diabetics had a history of diabetes in a first-degree relative, which is higher than reported previously. There was no evidence to suggest any association between prenatal and postnatal infections and diabetes.", "contents": "Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes in the first sixteen years of life. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes in the first 16 years of life in a nationally representative sample was 1-42 per 1000 population. This incidence is larger than that found in previous studies of diabetes in comparable age-groups and suggests an overall increase in incidence in this country. 23% of the diabetics had a history of diabetes in a first-degree relative, which is higher than reported previously. There was no evidence to suggest any association between prenatal and postnatal infections and diabetes.", "PMID": 65672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1804", "title": "Organization of the facial nerve nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The location of efferent neurons in the brain stem of newborn kittens supplying the facial muscles was studied by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) used as a tracer of retrograde protein transport. Three to 15 microliters containing 0.3 to 1.5 mg of HRP was injected into the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles of six kittens and in the seventh kitten, the ventral ramus of the facial nerve was transected and HRP was instilled on the cut end of the nerve. After a survival time of 24 hours, the animals were anesthetized, perfused by intracardic perfusion technique, and then they were fixed and the brain stems sectioned. Stains for peroxidase demonstrated the labelled neurons in the lateral division of facial nuclei in the ipsilateral side. The orbicularis oculi muscles were represented in the rostral pole of the lateral division of the facial nucleus dorsally while the orbicularis oris muscles were represented in the caudal pole of the lateral division of the facial nucleus ventrally. No labelled neurons were found in the nuclei of the Vth or any other brain stem nuclei. According to my knowledge, this method of localizing the neurons supplying the facial muscles has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Organization of the facial nerve nucleus in the cat. The location of efferent neurons in the brain stem of newborn kittens supplying the facial muscles was studied by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) used as a tracer of retrograde protein transport. Three to 15 microliters containing 0.3 to 1.5 mg of HRP was injected into the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles of six kittens and in the seventh kitten, the ventral ramus of the facial nerve was transected and HRP was instilled on the cut end of the nerve. After a survival time of 24 hours, the animals were anesthetized, perfused by intracardic perfusion technique, and then they were fixed and the brain stems sectioned. Stains for peroxidase demonstrated the labelled neurons in the lateral division of facial nuclei in the ipsilateral side. The orbicularis oculi muscles were represented in the rostral pole of the lateral division of the facial nucleus dorsally while the orbicularis oris muscles were represented in the caudal pole of the lateral division of the facial nucleus ventrally. No labelled neurons were found in the nuclei of the Vth or any other brain stem nuclei. According to my knowledge, this method of localizing the neurons supplying the facial muscles has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 65707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1805", "title": "Palato-pharyngeal cine photography: a technique for developing continuing education films.", "content": "A method of Cine photography has been developed to record a variety of plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures in the oral cavity and pharynx. Effective classroom teaching of surgical closure of the cleft palate and the various palatal lengthening procedures including pharyngeal flaps, has been hampered by the lack of quality teaching films demonstrating surgical techniques in color. The small size of the structures involved and the delicate nature of the surgery requires that the surgeon work at close range and directly in front of the mouth. To avoid the shadows cast by the sides of the oral cavity, the surgeon's hands and frequent change of position by the professional photographic team, a head-mounted Cine camera was employed. A \"through the surgeon's eye\" view for the camera was accomplished by using a parallelogram of beam-splitting mirrors. The resulting photographic film provides the classroom audience with a sense of being in the surgeon's operating position thus having a view superior to that obtained by the surgeon's first assistant. An elaborate system of counter-balancing provides the surgeon with a weightless camera, mirror, and light complex mounted on a football helmet. The football helmet merely served as an interlocking unit enabling the surgeon to compose his own movie while operating.", "contents": "Palato-pharyngeal cine photography: a technique for developing continuing education films. A method of Cine photography has been developed to record a variety of plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures in the oral cavity and pharynx. Effective classroom teaching of surgical closure of the cleft palate and the various palatal lengthening procedures including pharyngeal flaps, has been hampered by the lack of quality teaching films demonstrating surgical techniques in color. The small size of the structures involved and the delicate nature of the surgery requires that the surgeon work at close range and directly in front of the mouth. To avoid the shadows cast by the sides of the oral cavity, the surgeon's hands and frequent change of position by the professional photographic team, a head-mounted Cine camera was employed. A \"through the surgeon's eye\" view for the camera was accomplished by using a parallelogram of beam-splitting mirrors. The resulting photographic film provides the classroom audience with a sense of being in the surgeon's operating position thus having a view superior to that obtained by the surgeon's first assistant. An elaborate system of counter-balancing provides the surgeon with a weightless camera, mirror, and light complex mounted on a football helmet. The football helmet merely served as an interlocking unit enabling the surgeon to compose his own movie while operating.", "PMID": 65708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1806", "title": "[Colonic histiocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Macrophages accumulating various substances can be detected in the mucosa of the small and large bowel under physiological and various pathological conditions. Among these the so-called PAS-positive macrophages have attracted much attention in recent times. Abundant occurrence of such cells in the intestinal mucosa has been termed \"colonic histiocytosis\". The occurrence of PAS-positive macrophages was investigated in 200 unselected and otherwise normal biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa; no correlation was found between the occurrence of these cells on the one hand and any intestinal or extraintestinal disease on the other. PAS-positive macrophages were mostly found close to the surface of the mucosa or to the cryptal epithelium as well as between the crypts. It is suggested to abandon the term \"colonic histiocytosis\" since it induces a false impression of a disease entity in the clinician (and may be related falsely e.g. to \"histiocytosis X\", and since the clinician may tend to attribute unnecessary importance to this harmless finding.", "contents": "[Colonic histiocytosis (author's transl)]. Macrophages accumulating various substances can be detected in the mucosa of the small and large bowel under physiological and various pathological conditions. Among these the so-called PAS-positive macrophages have attracted much attention in recent times. Abundant occurrence of such cells in the intestinal mucosa has been termed \"colonic histiocytosis\". The occurrence of PAS-positive macrophages was investigated in 200 unselected and otherwise normal biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa; no correlation was found between the occurrence of these cells on the one hand and any intestinal or extraintestinal disease on the other. PAS-positive macrophages were mostly found close to the surface of the mucosa or to the cryptal epithelium as well as between the crypts. It is suggested to abandon the term \"colonic histiocytosis\" since it induces a false impression of a disease entity in the clinician (and may be related falsely e.g. to \"histiocytosis X\", and since the clinician may tend to attribute unnecessary importance to this harmless finding.", "PMID": 65709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1807", "title": "[Endoscopic findings in whipple's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Whipple's disease is reported in detail. Pathological changes of duodenal mucosa are demonstrated and the diagnostic importance of duodenoscopy is stressed.", "contents": "[Endoscopic findings in whipple's disease (author's transl)]. A case of Whipple's disease is reported in detail. Pathological changes of duodenal mucosa are demonstrated and the diagnostic importance of duodenoscopy is stressed.", "PMID": 65710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1808", "title": "[Staining the Nissl bodies in 4--10 microns thick Araldite sections with an area of about 2x2 cm (author's transl)].", "content": "For light microscopy 4--10 microns thick sections with an area of 2x2 cm o Araldite-embedded tissue (human autopsy brain) are stained in 1% aqueous methylene blue at 65 degrees C for 4--12 hours and are differentiated in 98% ethanol for some seconds or very few minutes. The Nissl bodies, nuclei and nucleoli are stained dark blue, the neuropil is nearly colourless.", "contents": "[Staining the Nissl bodies in 4--10 microns thick Araldite sections with an area of about 2x2 cm (author's transl)]. For light microscopy 4--10 microns thick sections with an area of 2x2 cm o Araldite-embedded tissue (human autopsy brain) are stained in 1% aqueous methylene blue at 65 degrees C for 4--12 hours and are differentiated in 98% ethanol for some seconds or very few minutes. The Nissl bodies, nuclei and nucleoli are stained dark blue, the neuropil is nearly colourless.", "PMID": 65719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1809", "title": "A fluorescence staining method for the examination of microorganisms on natural substrates.", "content": "A fluorescence staining technique is described which uses the magnesium salt of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid as a protein stain. At a concentration of 2.5 or 3.0 mg ml-1 in distilled water or phosphate buffer the compound does not fluoresce under ultra-violet or far blue illumination until it is bound to a protein or similar compound. It can be applied to natural substrates such as soil, food materials, organic material in water, etc., and can be examined immediately without any washing procedures. The application of this staining method to detect microorganisms on dead green algae (detritus) is described.", "contents": "A fluorescence staining method for the examination of microorganisms on natural substrates. A fluorescence staining technique is described which uses the magnesium salt of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid as a protein stain. At a concentration of 2.5 or 3.0 mg ml-1 in distilled water or phosphate buffer the compound does not fluoresce under ultra-violet or far blue illumination until it is bound to a protein or similar compound. It can be applied to natural substrates such as soil, food materials, organic material in water, etc., and can be examined immediately without any washing procedures. The application of this staining method to detect microorganisms on dead green algae (detritus) is described.", "PMID": 65720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1810", "title": "Techniques and applications of autoradiography in the light and electron microscope.", "content": "Principle, examples of application and technical details of autoradiographic procedures are described. Tested recipes for light microscopic autoradiography of biological material and for qualitative electron microscopic autoradiography are given. Problems of quantitative autoradiography are discussed.", "contents": "Techniques and applications of autoradiography in the light and electron microscope. Principle, examples of application and technical details of autoradiographic procedures are described. Tested recipes for light microscopic autoradiography of biological material and for qualitative electron microscopic autoradiography are given. Problems of quantitative autoradiography are discussed.", "PMID": 65723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1811", "title": "Orseillin BB and crystal violet, a differential staining combination for paraffin sections and water mounts of fungi.", "content": "A saturated solution of orseillin BB in 3% acetic acid followed by a 1% aqueous solution of crystal violet provides an excellent differential staining for sections of ascomycetous fructifications. The technique stains a wide variety of fungus and host cells, revealing considerable morphological and cytological detail. It is appropriate for microscope slides both of unfixed material mounted in water and of picric acid-fixed paraffin sections.", "contents": "Orseillin BB and crystal violet, a differential staining combination for paraffin sections and water mounts of fungi. A saturated solution of orseillin BB in 3% acetic acid followed by a 1% aqueous solution of crystal violet provides an excellent differential staining for sections of ascomycetous fructifications. The technique stains a wide variety of fungus and host cells, revealing considerable morphological and cytological detail. It is appropriate for microscope slides both of unfixed material mounted in water and of picric acid-fixed paraffin sections.", "PMID": 65724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1812", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced previously treated Hodgkin's disease with streptozotocin, CCNU, adriamycin and bleomycin.", "content": "Seventeen patients with advanced, previously treated Hodgkin's disease received therapy with a combination of streptozotocin 500 mg/m2/day i.v. days 1--5, CCNU 100 mg/m2 orally day 1, adriamycin 45 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, and bleomycin 15 mg/m2 i.m. days 1 and 8 at 28-day intervals (SCAB). The overall response rate was 59% with six patients (35%) achieving complete remission and four patients (24%) entering partial remissions. No maintenance therapy was given and the median duration of complete remission was 8+ months (range 2+-18+ months), while the median duration of partial remission was only 2 months (range 2-3 months). The median duration of survival from the start of therapy for the complete responders was 16+ months (range 5+-25+ months) while the median survival for the partial and nonresponders was only 5 months (range 2-13 and 3-11+ months, respectively). Toxicity was a major problem with this drug combination. Myelosuppression occurred regularly and was severe after 25% of courses. There were two deaths directly related to drug-induced myelosuppression. Other serious toxicities included bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in three patients, with one death; renal tubular dysfunction secondary to streptozotocin in three patients; hepatic dysfunction in three patients and severe weight loss in three. SCAB has proven to be an active although toxic combination which is not cross-resistant to MOPP-type regimens. Alterations in drug dosages and scheduling are being evaluated in an effect to ameliorate toxicity and preserve efficacy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced previously treated Hodgkin's disease with streptozotocin, CCNU, adriamycin and bleomycin. Seventeen patients with advanced, previously treated Hodgkin's disease received therapy with a combination of streptozotocin 500 mg/m2/day i.v. days 1--5, CCNU 100 mg/m2 orally day 1, adriamycin 45 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, and bleomycin 15 mg/m2 i.m. days 1 and 8 at 28-day intervals (SCAB). The overall response rate was 59% with six patients (35%) achieving complete remission and four patients (24%) entering partial remissions. No maintenance therapy was given and the median duration of complete remission was 8+ months (range 2+-18+ months), while the median duration of partial remission was only 2 months (range 2-3 months). The median duration of survival from the start of therapy for the complete responders was 16+ months (range 5+-25+ months) while the median survival for the partial and nonresponders was only 5 months (range 2-13 and 3-11+ months, respectively). Toxicity was a major problem with this drug combination. Myelosuppression occurred regularly and was severe after 25% of courses. There were two deaths directly related to drug-induced myelosuppression. Other serious toxicities included bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in three patients, with one death; renal tubular dysfunction secondary to streptozotocin in three patients; hepatic dysfunction in three patients and severe weight loss in three. SCAB has proven to be an active although toxic combination which is not cross-resistant to MOPP-type regimens. Alterations in drug dosages and scheduling are being evaluated in an effect to ameliorate toxicity and preserve efficacy.", "PMID": 65727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1813", "title": "Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) versus adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone (ABP) in stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "In stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) was randomly compared to ABP (adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone). Of 62 patients entered into the study, 57 (CVP 27, ABP 30) were considered evaluable for comparison. In patients with liver and/or marrow involvement a second biopsy was performed to define complete remission (CR). CR occurred in 48% of patients treated with CVP and in 50% of those given ABP. The median duration of CR was 10.5 and 20.5 months, respectively. The difference is not statistically significant. Also, the survival of complete responders was not significantly different between the two treatment groups. After cross-over, secondary treatment with CVP produced an overall response rate of 40% (six of 15), compared to 50% (six of 12) obtained with ABP. In the ABP group, four patients developed a reversible interstitial penumonia. In two other patients, cardiomyopathy (fatal in one) was observed. In conclusion, although complete remission was similar in both groups, cumulative toxicity occurred in few patients given ABP. However, this combination could represent an effective alternative treatment to be used either in CVP failures or sequence with CVP.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) versus adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone (ABP) in stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) was randomly compared to ABP (adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone). Of 62 patients entered into the study, 57 (CVP 27, ABP 30) were considered evaluable for comparison. In patients with liver and/or marrow involvement a second biopsy was performed to define complete remission (CR). CR occurred in 48% of patients treated with CVP and in 50% of those given ABP. The median duration of CR was 10.5 and 20.5 months, respectively. The difference is not statistically significant. Also, the survival of complete responders was not significantly different between the two treatment groups. After cross-over, secondary treatment with CVP produced an overall response rate of 40% (six of 15), compared to 50% (six of 12) obtained with ABP. In the ABP group, four patients developed a reversible interstitial penumonia. In two other patients, cardiomyopathy (fatal in one) was observed. In conclusion, although complete remission was similar in both groups, cumulative toxicity occurred in few patients given ABP. However, this combination could represent an effective alternative treatment to be used either in CVP failures or sequence with CVP.", "PMID": 65728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1814", "title": "Epidemic measles in a highly vaccinated population.", "content": "During November, 1975, to May, 1976, measles occurred at a rate of 20.3 cases per 1000 in a purported immunized population, of whom historical and serologic survey revealed that 9 per cent had no history of either measles illness or vaccination and 18 per cent did not have detectable measles antibody. Antibody was detectable in 92 per cent of those vaccinated at greater than or equal to 13 months, 80 per cent at 12 months and 67 per cent of those vaccinated when less than one year old (P less than 0.001), but no significant differences existed with increasing years since vaccination (P greater than 0.1). A second vaccination increased detectable antibody prevalence only in those originally vaccinated when less than nine months old (42 to 80 per cent, P less than 0.02). During a measles outbreak, more cases occurred in those receiving vaccine when less than 12 months old than in those vaccinated at greater than or equal to 12 months (37 per cent vs. 9 per cent, P less than 0.001). A second vaccination protected those originally vaccinated at less than 12 months (35 per cent ill without a second vaccination vs. 2 per cent with, P less than 0.001). Thus, a single measles vaccination of children less than 12 months old does not protect; a second vaccination will protect this group.", "contents": "Epidemic measles in a highly vaccinated population. During November, 1975, to May, 1976, measles occurred at a rate of 20.3 cases per 1000 in a purported immunized population, of whom historical and serologic survey revealed that 9 per cent had no history of either measles illness or vaccination and 18 per cent did not have detectable measles antibody. Antibody was detectable in 92 per cent of those vaccinated at greater than or equal to 13 months, 80 per cent at 12 months and 67 per cent of those vaccinated when less than one year old (P less than 0.001), but no significant differences existed with increasing years since vaccination (P greater than 0.1). A second vaccination increased detectable antibody prevalence only in those originally vaccinated when less than nine months old (42 to 80 per cent, P less than 0.02). During a measles outbreak, more cases occurred in those receiving vaccine when less than 12 months old than in those vaccinated at greater than or equal to 12 months (37 per cent vs. 9 per cent, P less than 0.001). A second vaccination protected those originally vaccinated at less than 12 months (35 per cent ill without a second vaccination vs. 2 per cent with, P less than 0.001). Thus, a single measles vaccination of children less than 12 months old does not protect; a second vaccination will protect this group.", "PMID": 65732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1815", "title": "Chemical modification of DNA polymerase phosphoprotein from avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "Fractionation of purified avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, after phosphorylation in vitro, revealed the presence of a small acidic proten, a phosphate acceptor polypeptide with high specific activity. Its presence in the phosphorylated form with the polymerase resulted in as much as a 10-fold increase in the rate of DNA synthesis. Its presence in the dephosphorylated form with the polymerase had no effect in the rate of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Chemical modification of DNA polymerase phosphoprotein from avian myeloblastosis virus. Fractionation of purified avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, after phosphorylation in vitro, revealed the presence of a small acidic proten, a phosphate acceptor polypeptide with high specific activity. Its presence in the phosphorylated form with the polymerase resulted in as much as a 10-fold increase in the rate of DNA synthesis. Its presence in the dephosphorylated form with the polymerase had no effect in the rate of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 65734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1816", "title": "[Diagnosis of primary and secondary tumors of the liver].", "content": "A brief epidemiological and clinical introduction is followed by an examination of the most useful methods for the diagnosis of primary and secondary tumours of the liver: alpha protein values, scintiscanning, arteriography of the coeliac artery, splenoportography, and laparotomy with directed biopsy. The diagnostic specificity and percent positivity of each method are illustrated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of primary and secondary tumors of the liver]. A brief epidemiological and clinical introduction is followed by an examination of the most useful methods for the diagnosis of primary and secondary tumours of the liver: alpha protein values, scintiscanning, arteriography of the coeliac artery, splenoportography, and laparotomy with directed biopsy. The diagnostic specificity and percent positivity of each method are illustrated.", "PMID": 65747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1817", "title": "Chemotherapeutic retroconversion of immature teratoma of the ovary.", "content": "There has been a growing interest in treating malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary with adjuvant chemotherapy following appropriate surgery. This is a report of 3 patients treated in this manner. Of interest is the finding in all 3 patients of residual mature metastatic teratomatous tissue representing many tissue types. The concept of possible chemotherapeutic \"retroconversion\" or \"in situ destruction\" of immature tissue may be the mechanism for this result. All patients are alive and presumably well at the time of this report.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic retroconversion of immature teratoma of the ovary. There has been a growing interest in treating malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary with adjuvant chemotherapy following appropriate surgery. This is a report of 3 patients treated in this manner. Of interest is the finding in all 3 patients of residual mature metastatic teratomatous tissue representing many tissue types. The concept of possible chemotherapeutic \"retroconversion\" or \"in situ destruction\" of immature tissue may be the mechanism for this result. All patients are alive and presumably well at the time of this report.", "PMID": 65751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1818", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 antigens in leukoplakia and carcinoma in man.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune responses to herpes simplex virus 1 and type 2 virion and non-virion antigens were assessed in patients and in controls with oral leukoplakia, carcinoma and recurrent herpes labialis. Enhanced proliferation was found in lymphocytes from patients with recurrent herpes labialis or with leukoplakia showing epithelial atypia, and depressed responses were found in carcinoma. Very significantly positive correlations were shown between the responses to each of the herpes virus antigens. A specific increase in cell-mediated immunity to herpes virus in epithelial atypia was confirmed, but separation of the nonvirion from virion antigen is necessary before specific cell-mediated immune responses to the non-virion antigen can be assessed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 antigens in leukoplakia and carcinoma in man. Cell-mediated immune responses to herpes simplex virus 1 and type 2 virion and non-virion antigens were assessed in patients and in controls with oral leukoplakia, carcinoma and recurrent herpes labialis. Enhanced proliferation was found in lymphocytes from patients with recurrent herpes labialis or with leukoplakia showing epithelial atypia, and depressed responses were found in carcinoma. Very significantly positive correlations were shown between the responses to each of the herpes virus antigens. A specific increase in cell-mediated immunity to herpes virus in epithelial atypia was confirmed, but separation of the nonvirion from virion antigen is necessary before specific cell-mediated immune responses to the non-virion antigen can be assessed.", "PMID": 65753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1819", "title": "The synthesis of a variant-specific antigen by Trypanosoma brucei in vitro.", "content": "A variant-specific surface antigen from a cloned population of Trypanosoma brucei S42 has been isolated and partially characterized. [35S]L-methionine was found to be incorporated into this material by cells incubated in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Incorporation of [35S]L-methionine was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin at concentrations which are known to specifically inhibit protein synthesis in other systems. The rate of synthesis of the variant-specific antigen in vitro has been estimated to be about 8% of the rate in vivo. Newly synthesized [35S]L-methionine-labelled variant-specific antigen was incorporated into the surface coat.", "contents": "The synthesis of a variant-specific antigen by Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. A variant-specific surface antigen from a cloned population of Trypanosoma brucei S42 has been isolated and partially characterized. [35S]L-methionine was found to be incorporated into this material by cells incubated in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Incorporation of [35S]L-methionine was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin at concentrations which are known to specifically inhibit protein synthesis in other systems. The rate of synthesis of the variant-specific antigen in vitro has been estimated to be about 8% of the rate in vivo. Newly synthesized [35S]L-methionine-labelled variant-specific antigen was incorporated into the surface coat.", "PMID": 65762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1820", "title": "Identification of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by tissue culture and immunological testing.", "content": "We outline the techniques used to successfully grow squamous cell carcinoma in tissue culture, and to test the cellular immunity of the patient by lymphocyte cytotoxicity studies. Lymphocytes cultured with malignant squamous cells killed from 40 to 60 percent of the tumor cells during 48 hours of incubation. These same lymphocytes did not show any killing potential against cultured melanoma cells or against cultured fibroblasts. This demonstrates an immune response that is tumor-antigen specific. There was no evidence of any serum-blocking factor, because the killing potential of these lymphocytes was not significantly altered by the addition of the patients' sera. The implications and potential for early diagnosis made possible by these techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by tissue culture and immunological testing. We outline the techniques used to successfully grow squamous cell carcinoma in tissue culture, and to test the cellular immunity of the patient by lymphocyte cytotoxicity studies. Lymphocytes cultured with malignant squamous cells killed from 40 to 60 percent of the tumor cells during 48 hours of incubation. These same lymphocytes did not show any killing potential against cultured melanoma cells or against cultured fibroblasts. This demonstrates an immune response that is tumor-antigen specific. There was no evidence of any serum-blocking factor, because the killing potential of these lymphocytes was not significantly altered by the addition of the patients' sera. The implications and potential for early diagnosis made possible by these techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 65776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1821", "title": "Tissue alpha-globulins in keloid formation.", "content": "The deposition of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, both known to be inhibitors of human skin collagenase, is significantly increased in keloids and in hypertrophic scars (as compared to normal skin). However, following intralesional triamcinolone treatment, a marked resorption of these abnormal scars occurs along with a significant reduction of the alpha-1-antitrypsin deposits. These findings suggest that alpha-globulins are involved in abnormal scar formation, and that triamcinolone may remove collagenase and/or protease inhibitors--thereby allowing activation of the collagenase with subsequent breakdown and resorption of the excessive collagen.", "contents": "Tissue alpha-globulins in keloid formation. The deposition of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, both known to be inhibitors of human skin collagenase, is significantly increased in keloids and in hypertrophic scars (as compared to normal skin). However, following intralesional triamcinolone treatment, a marked resorption of these abnormal scars occurs along with a significant reduction of the alpha-1-antitrypsin deposits. These findings suggest that alpha-globulins are involved in abnormal scar formation, and that triamcinolone may remove collagenase and/or protease inhibitors--thereby allowing activation of the collagenase with subsequent breakdown and resorption of the excessive collagen.", "PMID": 65777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1822", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Starting from the knowledge accumulated with respect to the etiopathogenesis and the components of immunoreaction a minimal to maximal program by steps has been developed for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS). It is based on fundamental methods (I), special supplementary methods (II), and relatively specific immunological methods (III). For MS five possible conditions of the CSF could be determined from alterations of cells and variations in protein: a (1) typically complete and (2.) typically incomplete immunoreactive encephalomyelitic (encephalitic) syndrome, a (3.) nonspecific CSF-syndrome of low degree and less typical character (in the sense of an acute or subacute irritation syndrome) an (4.) atypical syndrome of a considerable degree, and a (5.) normal condition of the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid syndromes to the diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis as well as further relatively disease-specific methods (such as the MEM test and MSF assay) of determining cellular immunity, are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. Starting from the knowledge accumulated with respect to the etiopathogenesis and the components of immunoreaction a minimal to maximal program by steps has been developed for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS). It is based on fundamental methods (I), special supplementary methods (II), and relatively specific immunological methods (III). For MS five possible conditions of the CSF could be determined from alterations of cells and variations in protein: a (1) typically complete and (2.) typically incomplete immunoreactive encephalomyelitic (encephalitic) syndrome, a (3.) nonspecific CSF-syndrome of low degree and less typical character (in the sense of an acute or subacute irritation syndrome) an (4.) atypical syndrome of a considerable degree, and a (5.) normal condition of the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid syndromes to the diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis as well as further relatively disease-specific methods (such as the MEM test and MSF assay) of determining cellular immunity, are discussed.", "PMID": 65778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1823", "title": "[Evaluation of the relations between serum proteins electrophoresis and other laboratory tests in monoclonal gammopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "We have considered interesting to determine monoclonal gammopathies incidence, in 2191 serum proteins electrophoresis performed in our laboratory from January to December 1974. We have found 15 cases of monoclonal gammopathies, some cases combined with Mieloma (3 cases), some other with other with non specific diseases. We have considered the relations between type of gammopathy and other laboratory tests useful for any other diagnose: they are: immunochemical analysis, E.S.R., red and white count, total proteins, Bence Jones protein.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the relations between serum proteins electrophoresis and other laboratory tests in monoclonal gammopathies (author's transl)]. We have considered interesting to determine monoclonal gammopathies incidence, in 2191 serum proteins electrophoresis performed in our laboratory from January to December 1974. We have found 15 cases of monoclonal gammopathies, some cases combined with Mieloma (3 cases), some other with other with non specific diseases. We have considered the relations between type of gammopathy and other laboratory tests useful for any other diagnose: they are: immunochemical analysis, E.S.R., red and white count, total proteins, Bence Jones protein.", "PMID": 65779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1824", "title": "Increased alpha-fetoprotein biosynthesis in rats following DL-ethionine and carbon tetrachloride injuries.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-leucine into alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in serum and liver extracts from DL-ethionine and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured rats was measured directly by using an immunochemical technique. The maximum value with nearly 10-fold increases of serum AFP was obtained in 3 days of both treatments. However, no significant increase in the immunoprecipitable AFP in liver extracts was detected under these conditions.", "contents": "Increased alpha-fetoprotein biosynthesis in rats following DL-ethionine and carbon tetrachloride injuries. The incorporation of 14C-leucine into alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in serum and liver extracts from DL-ethionine and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured rats was measured directly by using an immunochemical technique. The maximum value with nearly 10-fold increases of serum AFP was obtained in 3 days of both treatments. However, no significant increase in the immunoprecipitable AFP in liver extracts was detected under these conditions.", "PMID": 65785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1825", "title": "[Transvesical prostatic adenomectomy without urethral catheter].", "content": "The results are presented, of trans-vesical prosthatic adenomectomy without urethral probe in 40 patients. The drainage of the bladder was achieved by vesical counter-incision, according to the technique suggested by Rose and Novak. A decrease by approximately 70% of the post-operative urinary infections, was obtained.", "contents": "[Transvesical prostatic adenomectomy without urethral catheter]. The results are presented, of trans-vesical prosthatic adenomectomy without urethral probe in 40 patients. The drainage of the bladder was achieved by vesical counter-incision, according to the technique suggested by Rose and Novak. A decrease by approximately 70% of the post-operative urinary infections, was obtained.", "PMID": 65781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1826", "title": "Hematoporphyrin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.", "content": "Visible light (6328A) was shown to inactivate RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of Moloney mouse leukemia virus, in the presence of hematoporphyrin. The same treatment on exogenous, template-initiation complex had no effect on enzyme activity. It was suggested that this enzyme may be the target of photodynamic inactivation of this and related viruses.", "contents": "Hematoporphyrin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Visible light (6328A) was shown to inactivate RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of Moloney mouse leukemia virus, in the presence of hematoporphyrin. The same treatment on exogenous, template-initiation complex had no effect on enzyme activity. It was suggested that this enzyme may be the target of photodynamic inactivation of this and related viruses.", "PMID": 65786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1827", "title": "A modified technique for combination of cytochemistry and radioautography of haemic cells.", "content": "Cultured mouse bone marrow and human blood cells were labelled with 3H-thymidine, smeared, and stained, using peroxydase reagents or the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa procedure. The slides were dipped in a approximately 12% solution of polyvinylchloride, bleached by a photographic fixer and processed for liquid emulsion radioautography. This method yielded technically very satisfactory radioautographs of pre-stained smears.", "contents": "A modified technique for combination of cytochemistry and radioautography of haemic cells. Cultured mouse bone marrow and human blood cells were labelled with 3H-thymidine, smeared, and stained, using peroxydase reagents or the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa procedure. The slides were dipped in a approximately 12% solution of polyvinylchloride, bleached by a photographic fixer and processed for liquid emulsion radioautography. This method yielded technically very satisfactory radioautographs of pre-stained smears.", "PMID": 65788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1828", "title": "[Is there any bimodality of the age distribution of male mammary cancer (author's transl)?].", "content": "The authors study the pattern of the curve concerning breast cancer incidence in males as a function of age. The demonstration is made that such a curve is bimodal and, more precisely, could be satisfactorily considered as being made up of the juxtaposition of two normal distribution curves. The interval thus individualized between the mean age of both groups is remarkably steady between 17 and 20 yrs. The phenomenon is not blurred by regrouping the data and the patients population could be divided into two subgroups: one with a mean age of 147 yrs, with a standard deviation of 9 yrs, and bearing on 246 patients, the other one including 1.100 patients averaging 66.5 yrs old with a standard deviation of 9.9 yrs.", "contents": "[Is there any bimodality of the age distribution of male mammary cancer (author's transl)?]. The authors study the pattern of the curve concerning breast cancer incidence in males as a function of age. The demonstration is made that such a curve is bimodal and, more precisely, could be satisfactorily considered as being made up of the juxtaposition of two normal distribution curves. The interval thus individualized between the mean age of both groups is remarkably steady between 17 and 20 yrs. The phenomenon is not blurred by regrouping the data and the patients population could be divided into two subgroups: one with a mean age of 147 yrs, with a standard deviation of 9 yrs, and bearing on 246 patients, the other one including 1.100 patients averaging 66.5 yrs old with a standard deviation of 9.9 yrs.", "PMID": 65784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1829", "title": "Light green crystals in May-Gr\u00fcnwald and Giemsa-stained bone marrow macrophages in patients with myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A patient in a terminal stage of myelomocytic leukaemia had a number of elongated crystals in many bone marrow macrophages. The crystals were up to 20 micron long, showed a characteristic light green colour with May-Gr\u00fcnwald & Giemsa, but did not stain with Sudan Black B or PAS. Electron microscopy showed that many of the crystals had a rhomboid form, but failed to show periodicity with the magnification used. A search was made for similar light green crystalline inclusions in patients with different types of leukaemia. Identical inclusions were found in 2 out of 5 other cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia, and in 3 out of 5 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia. In contrast, such inclusions were not found in any of 6 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, nor in 4 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "Light green crystals in May-Gr\u00fcnwald and Giemsa-stained bone marrow macrophages in patients with myeloid leukaemia. A patient in a terminal stage of myelomocytic leukaemia had a number of elongated crystals in many bone marrow macrophages. The crystals were up to 20 micron long, showed a characteristic light green colour with May-Gr\u00fcnwald & Giemsa, but did not stain with Sudan Black B or PAS. Electron microscopy showed that many of the crystals had a rhomboid form, but failed to show periodicity with the magnification used. A search was made for similar light green crystalline inclusions in patients with different types of leukaemia. Identical inclusions were found in 2 out of 5 other cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia, and in 3 out of 5 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia. In contrast, such inclusions were not found in any of 6 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, nor in 4 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "PMID": 65789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1830", "title": "In vitro platelet stain preventing (degranulating) effect of various substances, Study of mechanism of action.", "content": "A few years ago a patients, T.L., with metastatic leiomyosarcoma found to have a serum and tumor factor which caused the granulomere of normal platelets to disappear as seen using light microscopy. The present report describes the effect on platelet granules of several different substances using various anticoagulants. Ultramicroscopy showed in all instances that the platelet stain preventing effect as seen in May-Gr\u00fcnwald & Giemsa stained films reflected a degranulation. Ultramicroscopy was little better than light microscopy in the differentiation between the mechanisms of the various degranulating substances. Different conditions such as variation in anticoagulant or combination of anticoagulants, storage at room temperature for 24h, heating to 56 degrees C for 1 h on the other hand were very useful methods for differentiating between the various degranulating substances. These methods failed, however, to differentiate between patient T.L.-serum and patient T.L.-tumour fraction SSS, probably because the active factor was the same in both.", "contents": "In vitro platelet stain preventing (degranulating) effect of various substances, Study of mechanism of action. A few years ago a patients, T.L., with metastatic leiomyosarcoma found to have a serum and tumor factor which caused the granulomere of normal platelets to disappear as seen using light microscopy. The present report describes the effect on platelet granules of several different substances using various anticoagulants. Ultramicroscopy showed in all instances that the platelet stain preventing effect as seen in May-Gr\u00fcnwald & Giemsa stained films reflected a degranulation. Ultramicroscopy was little better than light microscopy in the differentiation between the mechanisms of the various degranulating substances. Different conditions such as variation in anticoagulant or combination of anticoagulants, storage at room temperature for 24h, heating to 56 degrees C for 1 h on the other hand were very useful methods for differentiating between the various degranulating substances. These methods failed, however, to differentiate between patient T.L.-serum and patient T.L.-tumour fraction SSS, probably because the active factor was the same in both.", "PMID": 65790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1831", "title": "Neurophysin biosynthesis: conversion of a putative precursor during axonal transport.", "content": "[35S]Cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus of the rat is rapidly incorporated into a 20,000-dalton protein that, in time, is converted to a 12,000-dalton labeled protein, neurophysin. This putative precursor of neurophysin appears to be synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus and transformed to neurophysin and related peptides during axonal transport to the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Neurophysin biosynthesis: conversion of a putative precursor during axonal transport. [35S]Cysteine injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus of the rat is rapidly incorporated into a 20,000-dalton protein that, in time, is converted to a 12,000-dalton labeled protein, neurophysin. This putative precursor of neurophysin appears to be synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus and transformed to neurophysin and related peptides during axonal transport to the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 65791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1832", "title": "Severe antithrombin III deficiency in an infant associated with multiple arterial and venous thromboses.", "content": "Inherited antithrombin III (AT-III, heparin cofactor) deficiency is a rare condition, presenting with thrombotic disease in adult life. This paper reports an 8 months old South African Black male infant with multiple large vessel venous and arterial thromboses, and E. coli septicaemia. This was associated with an extremely low plasma AT-III level. Micronodular cirrhosis and intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the liver cells were present. These globules were eosinophilic, and PAS-positive after diastase. They measured approximately 5 mu to 30 muin diameter, occurred singly in the liver cells and were located mainly in the periportal areas. The histological findings in the liver are similar to those observed in alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency in which the intracytoplasmic globules represent accumulation of altered AAT. Immunochemical studies carried out on formalin fixed tissue failed to detect cross reaction material with anti-alpha 1 antitrypsin or anti-AT III antiserum. This is the first case report of AT-III deficiency presenting in infancy. It is also the first case associated with distinctive liver pathology. The available data presented are insufficient to distinguish between an inborn defect and acquired caused of the severely depressed AT-III plasma level and the distinctive liver pathology.", "contents": "Severe antithrombin III deficiency in an infant associated with multiple arterial and venous thromboses. Inherited antithrombin III (AT-III, heparin cofactor) deficiency is a rare condition, presenting with thrombotic disease in adult life. This paper reports an 8 months old South African Black male infant with multiple large vessel venous and arterial thromboses, and E. coli septicaemia. This was associated with an extremely low plasma AT-III level. Micronodular cirrhosis and intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the liver cells were present. These globules were eosinophilic, and PAS-positive after diastase. They measured approximately 5 mu to 30 muin diameter, occurred singly in the liver cells and were located mainly in the periportal areas. The histological findings in the liver are similar to those observed in alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency in which the intracytoplasmic globules represent accumulation of altered AAT. Immunochemical studies carried out on formalin fixed tissue failed to detect cross reaction material with anti-alpha 1 antitrypsin or anti-AT III antiserum. This is the first case report of AT-III deficiency presenting in infancy. It is also the first case associated with distinctive liver pathology. The available data presented are insufficient to distinguish between an inborn defect and acquired caused of the severely depressed AT-III plasma level and the distinctive liver pathology.", "PMID": 65797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1833", "title": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta- thrombin by antithrombin-III and heparin.", "content": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin-III and heparin was studied, since it had been suggested that two forms of thrombin exist with respect to heparin sensitivity (Machovich 1975b). It was found that the inactivation rates of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin were different, namely alpha-thrombin was more sensitive to antithrombin than beta-thrombin. Heparin facilitated the complex formation between alpha-thrombin and antithrombin-III, whereas beta-thrombin inactivation was only slightly affected. Furthermore, heparin protected alpha-thrombin against the inactivating effect of heat, while beta-thrombin lost its activity during the heat treatment. These findings suggest that the formation of beta-thrombin in blood circulation may have an important role in thrombosis predisposition.", "contents": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta- thrombin by antithrombin-III and heparin. Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin-III and heparin was studied, since it had been suggested that two forms of thrombin exist with respect to heparin sensitivity (Machovich 1975b). It was found that the inactivation rates of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin were different, namely alpha-thrombin was more sensitive to antithrombin than beta-thrombin. Heparin facilitated the complex formation between alpha-thrombin and antithrombin-III, whereas beta-thrombin inactivation was only slightly affected. Furthermore, heparin protected alpha-thrombin against the inactivating effect of heat, while beta-thrombin lost its activity during the heat treatment. These findings suggest that the formation of beta-thrombin in blood circulation may have an important role in thrombosis predisposition.", "PMID": 65798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1834", "title": "Prothrombin determination by means of a chromogenic peptide substrate.", "content": "A two stage method to determine prothrombin with the chromogenic peptide substrate benzoyl-phe-val-arg-p-nitroanilide has been worked out. Citrated plasma (10 mul) was diluted in 600 mul tris buffer, pH 8.2, ionic strength 0.18 and activated with 250 mul of a commercial rabbit brain-lung thromboplastin. After 325 s incubation at 37 degrees C 200 mul of a 1 mM solution of the chromogenic substrate was added and the increase in absorbance was recorded in a LKB-Beckman 8600 enzyme analyzer. A reading time of 1 minute (including a delay of 20 s) was used which permitted 55 analyses per hour to be carried out. An approximate linear relationship was found between delta A/min and dilutions of normal plasma in prothrombin deficient plasma. The method is insensitive to variations of factors V, VII and X. Less than 10% or normal plasma was needed to \"normalize\" plasmas deficient in factor V or VII or X. A group of 99 dicoumarol treated patients and 23 normal subjects has been investigated using the present method and compared with a factor II-VII-X determination method. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 was found.", "contents": "Prothrombin determination by means of a chromogenic peptide substrate. A two stage method to determine prothrombin with the chromogenic peptide substrate benzoyl-phe-val-arg-p-nitroanilide has been worked out. Citrated plasma (10 mul) was diluted in 600 mul tris buffer, pH 8.2, ionic strength 0.18 and activated with 250 mul of a commercial rabbit brain-lung thromboplastin. After 325 s incubation at 37 degrees C 200 mul of a 1 mM solution of the chromogenic substrate was added and the increase in absorbance was recorded in a LKB-Beckman 8600 enzyme analyzer. A reading time of 1 minute (including a delay of 20 s) was used which permitted 55 analyses per hour to be carried out. An approximate linear relationship was found between delta A/min and dilutions of normal plasma in prothrombin deficient plasma. The method is insensitive to variations of factors V, VII and X. Less than 10% or normal plasma was needed to \"normalize\" plasmas deficient in factor V or VII or X. A group of 99 dicoumarol treated patients and 23 normal subjects has been investigated using the present method and compared with a factor II-VII-X determination method. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 was found.", "PMID": 65799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1835", "title": "The reversible antithrombin activity of incubated plasma.", "content": "The thrombin time of normal citrated plasma is progressively prolonged on incubation in open glass tubes at 37 degrees C. The phenomenon is dependent on the temperature and duration of incubation, on the pH, and on the concentration of calcium ions present. Platelet-rich citrated plasma fails to exhibit augmented antithrombin activity when similarly incubated, and the addition of washed platelets to platelet-poor plasma inhibits this activity. The clot retarding action of incubated plasma against thrombin is also manifested against Arvin (Ancrod), but not against Reptilase-R. This thrombin time lengthening may be inhibited by incubation with anti-antithrombin III antiserum thus indicating that the phenomenon of thrombin time lengthening is consistent with enhanced activity of antithrombin III. It is unlikely that alterations in the activity of alpha2-macroglobulin, is important in the reduced thrombin-coagulability of incubated plasma. Interference with the polymerisation of fibrin monomers by the physico-chemical changes may contribute to the observed phenomenon.", "contents": "The reversible antithrombin activity of incubated plasma. The thrombin time of normal citrated plasma is progressively prolonged on incubation in open glass tubes at 37 degrees C. The phenomenon is dependent on the temperature and duration of incubation, on the pH, and on the concentration of calcium ions present. Platelet-rich citrated plasma fails to exhibit augmented antithrombin activity when similarly incubated, and the addition of washed platelets to platelet-poor plasma inhibits this activity. The clot retarding action of incubated plasma against thrombin is also manifested against Arvin (Ancrod), but not against Reptilase-R. This thrombin time lengthening may be inhibited by incubation with anti-antithrombin III antiserum thus indicating that the phenomenon of thrombin time lengthening is consistent with enhanced activity of antithrombin III. It is unlikely that alterations in the activity of alpha2-macroglobulin, is important in the reduced thrombin-coagulability of incubated plasma. Interference with the polymerisation of fibrin monomers by the physico-chemical changes may contribute to the observed phenomenon.", "PMID": 65800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1836", "title": "Comparison between British Comparative Thromboplastin (BCT) and a factor II-VII-X determination method (simplastin A) based on fresh plasma samples from dicoumarol-treated patients.", "content": "Comparisons between British Comparative Thromboplastic (BCT) and a factor II-VII-X determination method--Simplastic A--have been carried out monthly during the time from December 1973 to March 1976. On each occasion fresh plasma from 20 dicoumarol-treated patients was analyzed with the two methods. It was found that the linear regression model is well suited for the comparison, that the BCT thromboplastin did not change significantly during the study, and that the method of comparing has a coefficient of variation of approximately 6-8%. This means, for instance, that a ratio of 3.8 with BCT corresponds to a ratio of 3.5 +/- 0.26 with Simplastin A. Thus in one period you may have ratio 3 and in another ratio 4 as the lower limit of the therapeutic range although you use the same thromboplastin and the same method. The importance of having a stable reference thromboplastin and an established method of comparing thromboplastins is stressed.", "contents": "Comparison between British Comparative Thromboplastin (BCT) and a factor II-VII-X determination method (simplastin A) based on fresh plasma samples from dicoumarol-treated patients. Comparisons between British Comparative Thromboplastic (BCT) and a factor II-VII-X determination method--Simplastic A--have been carried out monthly during the time from December 1973 to March 1976. On each occasion fresh plasma from 20 dicoumarol-treated patients was analyzed with the two methods. It was found that the linear regression model is well suited for the comparison, that the BCT thromboplastin did not change significantly during the study, and that the method of comparing has a coefficient of variation of approximately 6-8%. This means, for instance, that a ratio of 3.8 with BCT corresponds to a ratio of 3.5 +/- 0.26 with Simplastin A. Thus in one period you may have ratio 3 and in another ratio 4 as the lower limit of the therapeutic range although you use the same thromboplastin and the same method. The importance of having a stable reference thromboplastin and an established method of comparing thromboplastins is stressed.", "PMID": 65801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1837", "title": "HLA phenotype and haplotype frequencies in a sample of the Spanish population.", "content": "The frequencies of HLA antigens and genes were determined in 491 unrelated individuals from the area of Madrid. In order to obtain a fairly good idea of the HLA antigen frequencies in the Spanish population, our results have been compared with those reported from Barcelona. Haplotype frequencies were observed in 212 parents and compared with the frequencies estimated from the 491 individuals. The present data show certain characteristics of the Spanish population and are in good agreement with other studies in the demonstration of linkage disequilibrium between genes of the two series.", "contents": "HLA phenotype and haplotype frequencies in a sample of the Spanish population. The frequencies of HLA antigens and genes were determined in 491 unrelated individuals from the area of Madrid. In order to obtain a fairly good idea of the HLA antigen frequencies in the Spanish population, our results have been compared with those reported from Barcelona. Haplotype frequencies were observed in 212 parents and compared with the frequencies estimated from the 491 individuals. The present data show certain characteristics of the Spanish population and are in good agreement with other studies in the demonstration of linkage disequilibrium between genes of the two series.", "PMID": 65802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1838", "title": "Reactivity of anti-HLA sera against mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The reactivity of anti-HLA hyper-immune sera was tested by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique (LCT) against a panel of mouse lymphocytes. Three levels of reactivity were observed: negative (immune sera titre 1:20 or less), weak (titre 1:40 to 1:80 with a percentage of dead cells less than 50%) or strong (titre 1:60 or more with 100% killing). Thirteen normal human sera were non-reactive. Eleven out of 60 hyper-immune sera were strongly reactive. Tests using congenic lines showed that the reactivity was controlled at the H-2 complex. One serum (CODRON) was studied in detail. When tested against a panel of strains carrying 10 different H-2 haplotypes, it reacted strongly against lymphocytes H-2d, ja, k, p and r; and did not react, or at least only weakly, against lymphocytes H-2b, f, q, s and v. Tests using mouse strains carrying the recombinant H-2 haplotypes h4, i5, i, y2, g, g2 and t1, suggested that the observed reactivity was directed against structures controlled at the K end of the H-2 complex (H-2.47?). Absorption-elution experiments with human and murine lymphocytes and platelets confirmed that the structures recognised by serum CODRON were determined at the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Reactivity of anti-HLA sera against mouse lymphocytes. The reactivity of anti-HLA hyper-immune sera was tested by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique (LCT) against a panel of mouse lymphocytes. Three levels of reactivity were observed: negative (immune sera titre 1:20 or less), weak (titre 1:40 to 1:80 with a percentage of dead cells less than 50%) or strong (titre 1:60 or more with 100% killing). Thirteen normal human sera were non-reactive. Eleven out of 60 hyper-immune sera were strongly reactive. Tests using congenic lines showed that the reactivity was controlled at the H-2 complex. One serum (CODRON) was studied in detail. When tested against a panel of strains carrying 10 different H-2 haplotypes, it reacted strongly against lymphocytes H-2d, ja, k, p and r; and did not react, or at least only weakly, against lymphocytes H-2b, f, q, s and v. Tests using mouse strains carrying the recombinant H-2 haplotypes h4, i5, i, y2, g, g2 and t1, suggested that the observed reactivity was directed against structures controlled at the K end of the H-2 complex (H-2.47?). Absorption-elution experiments with human and murine lymphocytes and platelets confirmed that the structures recognised by serum CODRON were determined at the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 65803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1839", "title": "Distribution of HLA antigens in a Cuban population.", "content": "The frequencies of the HLA antigens were determined in a population of 160 unrelated Cubans from three different ethnic groups (white, mixed-blood and negro). We typed for antigenic specificities of the A and B loci, and also for the Cw1 specificity of the C locus. Phenotype and gene frequencies for the different ethnic groups are presented for comparison. The phenotype distribution, the haplotype frequencies for the white group and the genetic distance between this group and a Spanish population were calculated.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA antigens in a Cuban population. The frequencies of the HLA antigens were determined in a population of 160 unrelated Cubans from three different ethnic groups (white, mixed-blood and negro). We typed for antigenic specificities of the A and B loci, and also for the Cw1 specificity of the C locus. Phenotype and gene frequencies for the different ethnic groups are presented for comparison. The phenotype distribution, the haplotype frequencies for the white group and the genetic distance between this group and a Spanish population were calculated.", "PMID": 65804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1840", "title": "HLA-B27 in rheumatoid arthritis and amyloidosis.", "content": "To study the role of genetically determined immune responsiveness in the pathogenesis of systemic amyloidosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis the HLA antigens were identified in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by secondary amyloidosis, in 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 11 patients with secondary amyloidosis of non-rheumatoid origin. Subjects with ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis without peripheral polyarthritis, Reiter's disease, reactive arthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus or arthritis associated with a gastrointestinal involvement were excluded from the study. Patients with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis had a high frequency of the HLA specificity B27 and of the haplotype likely to bear A2, B27. The association with B27 was closest in the group of male patients with amyloidosis whose rheumatoid arthritis had begun at an early age and who lacked demonstrable rheumatoid factor in serum. These patients may represent a genetically determined subentity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "HLA-B27 in rheumatoid arthritis and amyloidosis. To study the role of genetically determined immune responsiveness in the pathogenesis of systemic amyloidosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis the HLA antigens were identified in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by secondary amyloidosis, in 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 11 patients with secondary amyloidosis of non-rheumatoid origin. Subjects with ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis without peripheral polyarthritis, Reiter's disease, reactive arthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus or arthritis associated with a gastrointestinal involvement were excluded from the study. Patients with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis had a high frequency of the HLA specificity B27 and of the haplotype likely to bear A2, B27. The association with B27 was closest in the group of male patients with amyloidosis whose rheumatoid arthritis had begun at an early age and who lacked demonstrable rheumatoid factor in serum. These patients may represent a genetically determined subentity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 65805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1841", "title": "Vertebrate Golgi complexes have beads in a similar position to those found in arthropods.", "content": "Insects and other arthropods have bead-like structures in Golgi complexes from all cell types. They are arranged in rings at the base of transition vesicles located near the smooth surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum making the forming face of the Golgi complex and are only seen easily after staining in bismuth salts. Procedures used to demonstrate the beads in arthropod Golgi complexes do not selectively stain any structures where they would be expected to occur in several mouse and tadpole tissues. However, a faint pattern similar to the arthropod GC beads can be made out in the large GCs concerned in the formation of acrosomes during mouse spermatogenesis. Uranyl staining shows particles of about the same size and spacing as the beads of arthropod GCs. We conclude that vertebrate GCs may have beads that differ from arthropods in their staining properties.", "contents": "Vertebrate Golgi complexes have beads in a similar position to those found in arthropods. Insects and other arthropods have bead-like structures in Golgi complexes from all cell types. They are arranged in rings at the base of transition vesicles located near the smooth surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum making the forming face of the Golgi complex and are only seen easily after staining in bismuth salts. Procedures used to demonstrate the beads in arthropod Golgi complexes do not selectively stain any structures where they would be expected to occur in several mouse and tadpole tissues. However, a faint pattern similar to the arthropod GC beads can be made out in the large GCs concerned in the formation of acrosomes during mouse spermatogenesis. Uranyl staining shows particles of about the same size and spacing as the beads of arthropod GCs. We conclude that vertebrate GCs may have beads that differ from arthropods in their staining properties.", "PMID": 65806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1842", "title": "Rat iso-alpha1-fetoproteins. Purification and interaction with estradiol-17beta.", "content": "The combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Concanavalin-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation on a preparative scale, of four molecular forms of rat alpha 1-fetoprotein: a \"slow\" and a \"fast\" fraction, each separable into Concanavalin-A-adsorbed (\"high carbohydrate\", i.e. rich in accessible alphaD-Mannosyl and alphaD-Glu-cosyl residues) and a Concanavalin-A-non adsorbed (\"low carbohydrate\") fractions. These four iso-alpha 1-fetoproteins (iso-AFP) bind estradiol-17beta. However, they disclose differences in both their association constants and number of binding sites for this hormone. Very high affinity sites (10(9) are mainly located on the \"slow-low carbohydrate\" form. Low affinity, high capacity sites are preferentially located on the \"high carbohydrate\" form. These results confirm the molecular and functional heterogeneity of rat AFT and suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the protein may have a role in estrogen-AFP interactions.", "contents": "Rat iso-alpha1-fetoproteins. Purification and interaction with estradiol-17beta. The combination of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Concanavalin-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography has permitted the isolation on a preparative scale, of four molecular forms of rat alpha 1-fetoprotein: a \"slow\" and a \"fast\" fraction, each separable into Concanavalin-A-adsorbed (\"high carbohydrate\", i.e. rich in accessible alphaD-Mannosyl and alphaD-Glu-cosyl residues) and a Concanavalin-A-non adsorbed (\"low carbohydrate\") fractions. These four iso-alpha 1-fetoproteins (iso-AFP) bind estradiol-17beta. However, they disclose differences in both their association constants and number of binding sites for this hormone. Very high affinity sites (10(9) are mainly located on the \"slow-low carbohydrate\" form. Low affinity, high capacity sites are preferentially located on the \"high carbohydrate\" form. These results confirm the molecular and functional heterogeneity of rat AFT and suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the protein may have a role in estrogen-AFP interactions.", "PMID": 65808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1843", "title": "Human schistosomiasis: Schistosoma mansoni antigen detection in renal glomeruli.", "content": "Twelve kidney, five biopsy and seven necropsy specimens, all from schistosomiasis mansoni patients were studied by light and immunoflurescent microscopy in an attempt to detect antigen in the glomerular walls. Deposits of IgM, IgG,I gA, IgE, complement C3 and fibrinogen were observered in most cases. Antigen was successfully detected in two cases(one biopsy and one necropsy specimen), both exhibiting proliferative glomerulonephritis. The only clinical manifestation was a slight proteinuria. IgG antibodies eluted from the sutopsy kidney homogenates showed specific binding mostly to Schistosoma mansoni gut, thus spggesting that the fixed antibodies (eluates) are, at least partially, consituted by antibodies similar to the anti-circulating antigen. These data reinfroce the hypothesis that renal injury in schistosomiasis is mediated through an immune complex disease.", "contents": "Human schistosomiasis: Schistosoma mansoni antigen detection in renal glomeruli. Twelve kidney, five biopsy and seven necropsy specimens, all from schistosomiasis mansoni patients were studied by light and immunoflurescent microscopy in an attempt to detect antigen in the glomerular walls. Deposits of IgM, IgG,I gA, IgE, complement C3 and fibrinogen were observered in most cases. Antigen was successfully detected in two cases(one biopsy and one necropsy specimen), both exhibiting proliferative glomerulonephritis. The only clinical manifestation was a slight proteinuria. IgG antibodies eluted from the sutopsy kidney homogenates showed specific binding mostly to Schistosoma mansoni gut, thus spggesting that the fixed antibodies (eluates) are, at least partially, consituted by antibodies similar to the anti-circulating antigen. These data reinfroce the hypothesis that renal injury in schistosomiasis is mediated through an immune complex disease.", "PMID": 65811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1844", "title": "Phosphorus-32 for intractable pain in carcinoma of prostate. Analysis of androgen priming, parathormone rebound, and combination therapy.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with intractable pain caused by diffuse osteoblastic metastases from carcinoma of the prostate were treated with phosphorus-32 (32P) therapy either androgen priming, parathormone rebound, or a combination of both priming methods. Significant response to pain was achieved in 12 of 19 patients receiving testosterone-potentiated therapy, 0 of 5 patients treated with parathormone alone, and 6 of 9 patients receiving a combination of both priming modalities. It is concluded that androgen priming alone is the simplest and most effective method to be used when 32P therapy is being considered for palliative control of pain in patients with carcinoma of prostate.", "contents": "Phosphorus-32 for intractable pain in carcinoma of prostate. Analysis of androgen priming, parathormone rebound, and combination therapy. Thirty-three patients with intractable pain caused by diffuse osteoblastic metastases from carcinoma of the prostate were treated with phosphorus-32 (32P) therapy either androgen priming, parathormone rebound, or a combination of both priming methods. Significant response to pain was achieved in 12 of 19 patients receiving testosterone-potentiated therapy, 0 of 5 patients treated with parathormone alone, and 6 of 9 patients receiving a combination of both priming modalities. It is concluded that androgen priming alone is the simplest and most effective method to be used when 32P therapy is being considered for palliative control of pain in patients with carcinoma of prostate.", "PMID": 65816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1845", "title": "Microscopic foci of cancer in prostatectomy for benign disease: diagnostic and surgical considerations.", "content": "A study of 66 patients in whom microscopic foci of prostatic cancer was found in prostatectomies done for benign prostatic hyperplasia revealed in 32 of the 66 cases (48%) that there were in retrospect abnormal rectal findings that should have suggested the possibility of neoplasia. Other abnormalities were elevated serum acid phosphatase (5 patients), asymmetrical enlargement of one lateral prostatic lobe at cystoscopy (7 patients), and unilateral hydroureteronephrosis (7 patients). Urinary retention was the presenting symptoms in 56% of the patients. Difficult enucleation was noted in 41% of the open prostatectomies. The importance of performing careful prostatic biopsy in any suspicious prostatic enlargement is again stressed.", "contents": "Microscopic foci of cancer in prostatectomy for benign disease: diagnostic and surgical considerations. A study of 66 patients in whom microscopic foci of prostatic cancer was found in prostatectomies done for benign prostatic hyperplasia revealed in 32 of the 66 cases (48%) that there were in retrospect abnormal rectal findings that should have suggested the possibility of neoplasia. Other abnormalities were elevated serum acid phosphatase (5 patients), asymmetrical enlargement of one lateral prostatic lobe at cystoscopy (7 patients), and unilateral hydroureteronephrosis (7 patients). Urinary retention was the presenting symptoms in 56% of the patients. Difficult enucleation was noted in 41% of the open prostatectomies. The importance of performing careful prostatic biopsy in any suspicious prostatic enlargement is again stressed.", "PMID": 65817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1846", "title": "Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with hydroxyprogesterone-caproate: placebo-controlled study.", "content": "A placebo-controlled study with progesterone compound, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17-n-caproate (Primostat), in 39 patients with benign enlargement of the prostate is reported. Statistical analysis of the results showed no evidence of significant improvement in patients receiving hydroxyprogesterone-caproate. No evidence of an effect as compared with the placebo was found when the residual urine, prostatic size, and histologic and ultrastructural changes of the removed prostatic gland in 6 of the patients, and in the luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estrogen urine levels in 21 patients were examined. Subjective effects, when carefully analyzed, provided some beneficial evidence, however not substantiated, when the patients' mode of voiding was carefully watched. The reported beneficial subjective improvement might be attributed to the enhancement of the beta-adrenergic response by the progesterone compound of the adrenergic receptors in the posterior urethra and bladder, presumably causing relaxation of its smooth muscle. The problems associated with the choice and measurement of parameters to be used in this type of investigation are discussed, and the absolute necessity of proper controls, statistical analysis, and close follow-up of the patients is pointed out.", "contents": "Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with hydroxyprogesterone-caproate: placebo-controlled study. A placebo-controlled study with progesterone compound, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17-n-caproate (Primostat), in 39 patients with benign enlargement of the prostate is reported. Statistical analysis of the results showed no evidence of significant improvement in patients receiving hydroxyprogesterone-caproate. No evidence of an effect as compared with the placebo was found when the residual urine, prostatic size, and histologic and ultrastructural changes of the removed prostatic gland in 6 of the patients, and in the luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estrogen urine levels in 21 patients were examined. Subjective effects, when carefully analyzed, provided some beneficial evidence, however not substantiated, when the patients' mode of voiding was carefully watched. The reported beneficial subjective improvement might be attributed to the enhancement of the beta-adrenergic response by the progesterone compound of the adrenergic receptors in the posterior urethra and bladder, presumably causing relaxation of its smooth muscle. The problems associated with the choice and measurement of parameters to be used in this type of investigation are discussed, and the absolute necessity of proper controls, statistical analysis, and close follow-up of the patients is pointed out.", "PMID": 65818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1847", "title": "Serum alpha fetal protein in a three year old child with hepatoma.", "content": "A 3 year old child with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and high AFP concentrations is described. Following hemihepatectomy, a sharp decrease and return to normal of serum AFP concentrations indicated the completeness of the surgical procedure. Repeat-normal serum AFP concentrations (less than 19 ng/ml), found during a three year follow-up, correlated well with the absence of clinical, laboratory and x-ray evidence of tumor recurrence. The differential diagnosis of abnormal AFP concentrations in childhood is discussed, and the importance of the AFP assay in the follow-up of post-hemihepatectomy patients for the assessment of the completeness of the surgical procedure, the prognosis, and the early detection of tumor recurrence is stressed.", "contents": "Serum alpha fetal protein in a three year old child with hepatoma. A 3 year old child with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and high AFP concentrations is described. Following hemihepatectomy, a sharp decrease and return to normal of serum AFP concentrations indicated the completeness of the surgical procedure. Repeat-normal serum AFP concentrations (less than 19 ng/ml), found during a three year follow-up, correlated well with the absence of clinical, laboratory and x-ray evidence of tumor recurrence. The differential diagnosis of abnormal AFP concentrations in childhood is discussed, and the importance of the AFP assay in the follow-up of post-hemihepatectomy patients for the assessment of the completeness of the surgical procedure, the prognosis, and the early detection of tumor recurrence is stressed.", "PMID": 65812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1848", "title": "Treatment of multiple superficial tumors of bladder with intravesical bleomycin.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with superficial Stage O or A transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, whose lesions were not amenable to transurethral resection, received bleomycin sulfate intravesically at weekly intervals for eight treatments. Five different drug regimens were tried, and the optimal concentration appeared to be 60 units dissolved in 30 cc. of sterile water. Serum determinations failed to reveal any significant absorption. There was a 27% complete response rate in patients with small tumor burdens. An additional 9% had partial responses which allowed the tumors to be readily managed transurethrally. However, no patients with extensive superficial tumor showed complete response to therapy. Although belomycin used intravesically is active against transitional cell carcinoma, the current cost of the drug precludes its routine use and restricts it to situations in which other agents are contraindicated.", "contents": "Treatment of multiple superficial tumors of bladder with intravesical bleomycin. Twenty-six patients with superficial Stage O or A transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, whose lesions were not amenable to transurethral resection, received bleomycin sulfate intravesically at weekly intervals for eight treatments. Five different drug regimens were tried, and the optimal concentration appeared to be 60 units dissolved in 30 cc. of sterile water. Serum determinations failed to reveal any significant absorption. There was a 27% complete response rate in patients with small tumor burdens. An additional 9% had partial responses which allowed the tumors to be readily managed transurethrally. However, no patients with extensive superficial tumor showed complete response to therapy. Although belomycin used intravesically is active against transitional cell carcinoma, the current cost of the drug precludes its routine use and restricts it to situations in which other agents are contraindicated.", "PMID": 65819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1849", "title": "Light and electron-microscopic studies on guinea pig hearts after perfusion with nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT).", "content": "Guinea pig hearts isolated by the Langendorff technique were perfused with a nitro-blue tetrazolium salt solution. In spite of a homogeneous dark-blue staining at the macroscopic examination, light-microscopic studies showed a spotty staining of the myocardial fibers. Since no microscopic alterations were found which could explain the unstained areas, ultramicroscopic studies were undertaken. At ultrastructural level, striking alterations of myocardial cells were observed. They consisted of mitochondrial lesions, alterations of the transversal tubuli, and intercalated discs. Arteriolar narrowing and capillary edema were found, suggesting that pathological changes in the microcirculation could be a possible reason for the spotty staining of the myocardial fibers. Some speculations on the nature and localization of the formazan granules are also reported.", "contents": "Light and electron-microscopic studies on guinea pig hearts after perfusion with nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT). Guinea pig hearts isolated by the Langendorff technique were perfused with a nitro-blue tetrazolium salt solution. In spite of a homogeneous dark-blue staining at the macroscopic examination, light-microscopic studies showed a spotty staining of the myocardial fibers. Since no microscopic alterations were found which could explain the unstained areas, ultramicroscopic studies were undertaken. At ultrastructural level, striking alterations of myocardial cells were observed. They consisted of mitochondrial lesions, alterations of the transversal tubuli, and intercalated discs. Arteriolar narrowing and capillary edema were found, suggesting that pathological changes in the microcirculation could be a possible reason for the spotty staining of the myocardial fibers. Some speculations on the nature and localization of the formazan granules are also reported.", "PMID": 65824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1850", "title": "[Alpha-2-macroglobulin in children with glomerular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum and urine levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2-MG) was determined in 33 children with glomerular diseases and in 26 healthy control children. Healthy children showed a minimum level of 275 mg% and maximum level of 337 mg%, with a mean concentration of 301 mg% and a standard deviation of 13 mg%. No alpha2-MG was detected in the urine. Steroid-treated patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome displayed elevated inhibitor levels of up to 490 mg%. This might be a direct result of steroid therapy or a consequence of reactively-increased protein synthesis in response to the renal protein loss. In all these patients the urine was found to be alpha2-MG-negative, irrespective of the presence or absence of proteinuria. In the miscellaneous group of glomerulopathies without the nephrotic syndrome, serum levels of alpha2-MG were shown to be normal. The urinary concentrations of alpha2-MG were related to the activity of the disease. alpha2-MG determination in serum and urine seems to be a tool for differential diagnosis and prognosis in some cases of glomerular disease.", "contents": "[Alpha-2-macroglobulin in children with glomerular diseases (author's transl)]. The serum and urine levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2-MG) was determined in 33 children with glomerular diseases and in 26 healthy control children. Healthy children showed a minimum level of 275 mg% and maximum level of 337 mg%, with a mean concentration of 301 mg% and a standard deviation of 13 mg%. No alpha2-MG was detected in the urine. Steroid-treated patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome displayed elevated inhibitor levels of up to 490 mg%. This might be a direct result of steroid therapy or a consequence of reactively-increased protein synthesis in response to the renal protein loss. In all these patients the urine was found to be alpha2-MG-negative, irrespective of the presence or absence of proteinuria. In the miscellaneous group of glomerulopathies without the nephrotic syndrome, serum levels of alpha2-MG were shown to be normal. The urinary concentrations of alpha2-MG were related to the activity of the disease. alpha2-MG determination in serum and urine seems to be a tool for differential diagnosis and prognosis in some cases of glomerular disease.", "PMID": 65838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1851", "title": "[Dissociation of maturity: a typical variant of motor development (author's transl)].", "content": "71 cases are described of a typical variant of motor development, characterized by dissociation of maturity between the upper and the lower extremities. The affected children develop head and trunk control at the normal time, as well as skill in the use of their arms and hands, but they refuse to stand and walk well into their second year of life. Further characteristic features of this developmental type are: slender limbs generalized reduction of muscular tonus with well-preserved strength and lively spontaneous movements, mental irritation with temper tantrums and stereotype movements. Intellectual development is normal or moderately retarded. The following causes are discussed: constitutional and genetic factors (girls predominate), cerebral damage and treatment with hip abduction splints. The developmental type simulates cerebral palsy, chiefly spastic diplegia. There are only rare descriptions of this condition in the literature. Precise diagnosis is of practical importance, since despite similarities to spastic diplegia, the theurapeutic consequences are quite different. The prognosis of \"dissociation of motor development\" is good, at least with regard to the neurological symptoms. Normal standing and walking are achieved at the latest by the end of the second year of life. the prognosis of intellectual development depends on the cause and should be individually assessed.", "contents": "[Dissociation of maturity: a typical variant of motor development (author's transl)]. 71 cases are described of a typical variant of motor development, characterized by dissociation of maturity between the upper and the lower extremities. The affected children develop head and trunk control at the normal time, as well as skill in the use of their arms and hands, but they refuse to stand and walk well into their second year of life. Further characteristic features of this developmental type are: slender limbs generalized reduction of muscular tonus with well-preserved strength and lively spontaneous movements, mental irritation with temper tantrums and stereotype movements. Intellectual development is normal or moderately retarded. The following causes are discussed: constitutional and genetic factors (girls predominate), cerebral damage and treatment with hip abduction splints. The developmental type simulates cerebral palsy, chiefly spastic diplegia. There are only rare descriptions of this condition in the literature. Precise diagnosis is of practical importance, since despite similarities to spastic diplegia, the theurapeutic consequences are quite different. The prognosis of \"dissociation of motor development\" is good, at least with regard to the neurological symptoms. Normal standing and walking are achieved at the latest by the end of the second year of life. the prognosis of intellectual development depends on the cause and should be individually assessed.", "PMID": 65839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1852", "title": "[Investigations of the effect of midodrine on carbohydrate and fat metabolism with particular reference to the diabetic metabolic state (author's transl)].", "content": "Midodrine, which is used in the treatment of hypotensive circulatory distrubances was investigated with respect to possible effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in 5 healthy subjects and 7 patients with disturbed glocuse tolerance. An i.v. glucose tolerance test was carried out on both groups and was repeated a few days subsequently with simultaneous administration of midodrine (5mg i.v.). Midodrine had no significant effect on glucose tolerance in either group, nor was there any significant effect of midodrine on FFA, serum insulin, triglyceride or cholesterol levels. 15 diabetic patients controlled by different therapeutic regimens (5 by diet only, 5 by oral preparations and 5 by insulin treatment) were given 3x5mg midodrine  orally over a 5-day period and the effects on diabetic control and metabolic parameters compared with a 5-day pretreatment period without midodrine. Midodrine did not cause any change in the quality of diabetic control nor any significant alteration in serum lipid or uric acid levels.", "contents": "[Investigations of the effect of midodrine on carbohydrate and fat metabolism with particular reference to the diabetic metabolic state (author's transl)]. Midodrine, which is used in the treatment of hypotensive circulatory distrubances was investigated with respect to possible effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in 5 healthy subjects and 7 patients with disturbed glocuse tolerance. An i.v. glucose tolerance test was carried out on both groups and was repeated a few days subsequently with simultaneous administration of midodrine (5mg i.v.). Midodrine had no significant effect on glucose tolerance in either group, nor was there any significant effect of midodrine on FFA, serum insulin, triglyceride or cholesterol levels. 15 diabetic patients controlled by different therapeutic regimens (5 by diet only, 5 by oral preparations and 5 by insulin treatment) were given 3x5mg midodrine  orally over a 5-day period and the effects on diabetic control and metabolic parameters compared with a 5-day pretreatment period without midodrine. Midodrine did not cause any change in the quality of diabetic control nor any significant alteration in serum lipid or uric acid levels.", "PMID": 65840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1853", "title": "[Trypsin-inhibitory - capacity in humans to respirable allergens or irritants (author's transl)].", "content": "The trypsin-inhibitory-capacity was measured with a gelatine-film-technique after JAMES et al, in 520 persons suffering from complaints of upper and/or lower airways in connection with exposure to respirable allergens and/or irritants. As a control group 214 blood donors were examined. After determination of normal range, relations to age, sex, smoking habits, ventilatory parameters, bronchial reactivity, sedimentation rate of blood cells, alpha1-globuline and IgE were examined. In workers exposed to enzymes mean values to trypsin-inhibitory-capacity were found to be in normal range. Determination of trypsin-inhibitory-capacity is proposed to be used in examinations of workers who are to be exposed to enzymes.", "contents": "[Trypsin-inhibitory - capacity in humans to respirable allergens or irritants (author's transl)]. The trypsin-inhibitory-capacity was measured with a gelatine-film-technique after JAMES et al, in 520 persons suffering from complaints of upper and/or lower airways in connection with exposure to respirable allergens and/or irritants. As a control group 214 blood donors were examined. After determination of normal range, relations to age, sex, smoking habits, ventilatory parameters, bronchial reactivity, sedimentation rate of blood cells, alpha1-globuline and IgE were examined. In workers exposed to enzymes mean values to trypsin-inhibitory-capacity were found to be in normal range. Determination of trypsin-inhibitory-capacity is proposed to be used in examinations of workers who are to be exposed to enzymes.", "PMID": 65842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1854", "title": "[The immunologic tumor diagnosis].", "content": "Issuing from a possibility of classification of tumour-associated antigens (TAA), corresponding to themodern state of recognition, the present situation of the immunological tumour diagnostics is discussed. The direct proof of tumour-associated antigens in the blood or in other body fluids, as one of the fundamental possibilities, is hitherto practically matured only for the alpha-fetoprotein and in this case only contribute to the diagnostics of liver carcinomas and malignant teratoblastomas. The determination of the carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) in the serum or plasm has at present no essential diagnostic significance, may however, be used for the control of the therapeutic effect of cancer of the colon, rectum as well as the stomach. It is reserved for prospective studies to estimate the valency of the determination of CEA or fetal sulphoglycoproteid antigen in the gastric juice for the recognition of early carcinomas of the stomach. At present the proof of an immune response of the tumor carrier to TAA in vitro seems to be more favourable as a second way of the immunological tumour diagnostics. Sensitivity as well as specificity might here at first higher be estimated, when they are theoretically established. Whereas the inhibition test of leucocyte migration and technically similar variants in apparently sufficient specifity have an insufficient sensitivity and thus give too many falsely negative results the mobility test of the electrophoresis of macrophages in the modification of the immunological tumour profile distinguishes itself by a high certainty and by evidence on the probable localisation of the organ and the primary tumour (up to now verified for the cancer of colon and rectum, carcinomas of the stomach). Apart from the research of further principles, however, even for this test technological simplifications are to be found, before a broader use in routine work becomes practicable.", "contents": "[The immunologic tumor diagnosis]. Issuing from a possibility of classification of tumour-associated antigens (TAA), corresponding to themodern state of recognition, the present situation of the immunological tumour diagnostics is discussed. The direct proof of tumour-associated antigens in the blood or in other body fluids, as one of the fundamental possibilities, is hitherto practically matured only for the alpha-fetoprotein and in this case only contribute to the diagnostics of liver carcinomas and malignant teratoblastomas. The determination of the carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) in the serum or plasm has at present no essential diagnostic significance, may however, be used for the control of the therapeutic effect of cancer of the colon, rectum as well as the stomach. It is reserved for prospective studies to estimate the valency of the determination of CEA or fetal sulphoglycoproteid antigen in the gastric juice for the recognition of early carcinomas of the stomach. At present the proof of an immune response of the tumor carrier to TAA in vitro seems to be more favourable as a second way of the immunological tumour diagnostics. Sensitivity as well as specificity might here at first higher be estimated, when they are theoretically established. Whereas the inhibition test of leucocyte migration and technically similar variants in apparently sufficient specifity have an insufficient sensitivity and thus give too many falsely negative results the mobility test of the electrophoresis of macrophages in the modification of the immunological tumour profile distinguishes itself by a high certainty and by evidence on the probable localisation of the organ and the primary tumour (up to now verified for the cancer of colon and rectum, carcinomas of the stomach). Apart from the research of further principles, however, even for this test technological simplifications are to be found, before a broader use in routine work becomes practicable.", "PMID": 65843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1855", "title": "Dependence of the antibody response of guinea-pigs to collagen on the type of adjuvant and on the conformation of the antigen.", "content": "The immunological response to collagen of guinea-pigs is strongly dependent on the conformation of the antigen and on the type of adjuvant. Freund's complete adjuvant facilitated excellent delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to native (triple helical conformation) as well as denatured (random coil conformation) collagen. Immunization of guinea-pigs with collagen in this adjuvant gave rise to very low levels of antibody to native collagen and failed to induce antibodies to denatured collagen. Use of Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in excellent antibody responses to native collagen, but it did not induce antibodies to denatured collagen. Animals injected with collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant were not sensitized for cell-mediated immunological reactions. The antibodies to collagen were specific with regard to collagen from various species but displayed different degrees of cross-reactivities depending on the species of collagen used for immunization. They were specific for the triple helical conformation of the collagen molecule.", "contents": "Dependence of the antibody response of guinea-pigs to collagen on the type of adjuvant and on the conformation of the antigen. The immunological response to collagen of guinea-pigs is strongly dependent on the conformation of the antigen and on the type of adjuvant. Freund's complete adjuvant facilitated excellent delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to native (triple helical conformation) as well as denatured (random coil conformation) collagen. Immunization of guinea-pigs with collagen in this adjuvant gave rise to very low levels of antibody to native collagen and failed to induce antibodies to denatured collagen. Use of Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in excellent antibody responses to native collagen, but it did not induce antibodies to denatured collagen. Animals injected with collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant were not sensitized for cell-mediated immunological reactions. The antibodies to collagen were specific with regard to collagen from various species but displayed different degrees of cross-reactivities depending on the species of collagen used for immunization. They were specific for the triple helical conformation of the collagen molecule.", "PMID": 65844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1856", "title": "[A vertebral body implant for use in palliative surgery of spinal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "A newly developed vertebral body implant is discussed which is used to support and stabilize the spine after surgical removal of a vertebra in spinal tumors.", "contents": "[A vertebral body implant for use in palliative surgery of spinal tumors (author's transl)]. A newly developed vertebral body implant is discussed which is used to support and stabilize the spine after surgical removal of a vertebra in spinal tumors.", "PMID": 65845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1857", "title": "[Alpha 1 fetoproteins determination in the amniotic fluid -- a method for prenatal diagnosis].", "content": "It is reported on the evaluation of alpha1-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid by means of single radial immundiffusion method. Our results are compared with those in the literature. The importance of this method is discussed for antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and anencephaly.", "contents": "[Alpha 1 fetoproteins determination in the amniotic fluid -- a method for prenatal diagnosis]. It is reported on the evaluation of alpha1-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid by means of single radial immundiffusion method. Our results are compared with those in the literature. The importance of this method is discussed for antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and anencephaly.", "PMID": 65874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1858", "title": "[Fetography and amniography in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders].", "content": "68 patients were transfered to the prenatal diagnosis. Both the alpa-fetorotein-estimation and the fetography or amniography were performed in 13 patients. The indication for fetography is the exclusion of neural tube defects and other serious visible defects. The amniography can especially carried out in the prenatal diagnosis of defects of intestinal tract. A program is proposed to the prenatal detection of neural tube defects: 1. Examination of all of the pregnacies with ultra sonic B scan. 2. At suspicions ultra sonic B scan and after birth of a child with neural tube defect alpha-fetoproteinestimation at the 16th week of pregnancy and fetography at the 24th week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Fetography and amniography in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders]. 68 patients were transfered to the prenatal diagnosis. Both the alpa-fetorotein-estimation and the fetography or amniography were performed in 13 patients. The indication for fetography is the exclusion of neural tube defects and other serious visible defects. The amniography can especially carried out in the prenatal diagnosis of defects of intestinal tract. A program is proposed to the prenatal detection of neural tube defects: 1. Examination of all of the pregnacies with ultra sonic B scan. 2. At suspicions ultra sonic B scan and after birth of a child with neural tube defect alpha-fetoproteinestimation at the 16th week of pregnancy and fetography at the 24th week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 65875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1859", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on anionic surface sites of Mycoplasma membranes.", "content": "Negatively charged, chemical groups on the surfaces of mycoplasma membranes were studied in the electron microscope by staining with positively charged ferric oxide hydrosols in the acetic acid (AI-reagent) or propanoic acid (PI-reagent), respectively. The technique of thin sectioning was used. With the AI-reagent, no significant binding of the ferric oxide particles was observed on the mycoplasma membranes. With the lipophilic PI-reagent, the membrane surfaces of M. mycoides subsp. capri, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, M. gallisepticum, and Acholeplasma laidlawii were heavily stained with focal aggregates of iron granules. M. hominis did not bind the label. Prior chemical and enzymatic treatments indicate that the cationic ferric oxide particles in propanoic acid interact with negatively charged, presumably lipid phosphate groups exposed on the surfaces of mycoplasma membranes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on anionic surface sites of Mycoplasma membranes. Negatively charged, chemical groups on the surfaces of mycoplasma membranes were studied in the electron microscope by staining with positively charged ferric oxide hydrosols in the acetic acid (AI-reagent) or propanoic acid (PI-reagent), respectively. The technique of thin sectioning was used. With the AI-reagent, no significant binding of the ferric oxide particles was observed on the mycoplasma membranes. With the lipophilic PI-reagent, the membrane surfaces of M. mycoides subsp. capri, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, M. gallisepticum, and Acholeplasma laidlawii were heavily stained with focal aggregates of iron granules. M. hominis did not bind the label. Prior chemical and enzymatic treatments indicate that the cationic ferric oxide particles in propanoic acid interact with negatively charged, presumably lipid phosphate groups exposed on the surfaces of mycoplasma membranes.", "PMID": 65876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1860", "title": "[The influence of zink and lead on the formation of antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Female NMRI-mice were injected intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with zinc chloride and lead chloride as well as with a mixture of both. The mice were also immunized with foreign-proteins. To demonstrate the interconections, the heavy metals and the proteins were injected separately, as was the heavy-metal-protein-suspension. The results of the studies are as follows: 1. Intraperitoneal application of lead leads to a significant elevation of the antibody titer, using bovine immunglobuline while zinc applications showed no rise or slightly raised antibody formation. 2. It could be demonstrated that the admixtion of zinc chloride depresses the stimulatory effect of lead chloride on the immunization. 3. With the heavy metal-protein-mixture is proved that lead chloride stimulates the antibody production more than zinc chloride. To explain these results, it is discussed whether the adjuvant effect of lead is inhibited by zinc whereas zinc itself stimulates the immunsystem through another working mechanism.", "contents": "[The influence of zink and lead on the formation of antibodies (author's transl)]. Female NMRI-mice were injected intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with zinc chloride and lead chloride as well as with a mixture of both. The mice were also immunized with foreign-proteins. To demonstrate the interconections, the heavy metals and the proteins were injected separately, as was the heavy-metal-protein-suspension. The results of the studies are as follows: 1. Intraperitoneal application of lead leads to a significant elevation of the antibody titer, using bovine immunglobuline while zinc applications showed no rise or slightly raised antibody formation. 2. It could be demonstrated that the admixtion of zinc chloride depresses the stimulatory effect of lead chloride on the immunization. 3. With the heavy metal-protein-mixture is proved that lead chloride stimulates the antibody production more than zinc chloride. To explain these results, it is discussed whether the adjuvant effect of lead is inhibited by zinc whereas zinc itself stimulates the immunsystem through another working mechanism.", "PMID": 65877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1861", "title": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XIV. Effects of automobile exhaust condensate on the Syrian golden hamster lung.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally instilled with 5 or 2.5 mg/animal of automobile exhaust condensate at two weekly intervals. Moribund animals were fixed by intravascular perfusion. Samples of lobar and segmental bronchi, as well as of peripheral lung tissue, were taken for electron microscopical examination. In addition, all organs were examined histologically. After a survival time of 30 to 60 weeks all animals developed multiple pulmonary adenomas, thus indicating a marked carcinogenic effect of automobile exhaust condensate.", "contents": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XIV. Effects of automobile exhaust condensate on the Syrian golden hamster lung. Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally instilled with 5 or 2.5 mg/animal of automobile exhaust condensate at two weekly intervals. Moribund animals were fixed by intravascular perfusion. Samples of lobar and segmental bronchi, as well as of peripheral lung tissue, were taken for electron microscopical examination. In addition, all organs were examined histologically. After a survival time of 30 to 60 weeks all animals developed multiple pulmonary adenomas, thus indicating a marked carcinogenic effect of automobile exhaust condensate.", "PMID": 65878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1862", "title": "[Possibilities of cervical fusion surgery in the spinal canal with intervertebral disk degeneration, Therapeutic and case-report contribution].", "content": "This is a report of a patient with pains in the shoulders and arms, atrophies of the small muscles of the hands, and paraspasms of the legs. After having suffered from the disease for eight to nine years, the patient was diagnosed as having cervical myelopathy. Measurements of the bony cervical vertebral column, which were made on a lateral roentgenogram, showed extreme narrowness of the spinal canal, the measured values obtained being below the lower limit. In addition, the cervical canal was narrowed at three levels by the formation of projections on degenerate disks. This suggested the most effective surgical treatment: Vetral clearance of disks, removal of prominences, and fusion of the three levels through the use of four bone dowels. Subsidence of pains in the shoulders and arms, improvements of paresis of the hands, and considerable improvement of paraspams of the legs were observed postoperatively. This particular case shows that surgical intervention may be considered a possible method of therapy even in the case of narrowness of the cervical canal, a condition that was aggravated here by a number of degenerate disks. In such situations it is possible for the cervical canal to be considerably relieved by clearing the disks, removing the projections and crests, and making use of the special technique of fusion or joining together so that improvement will be possible even in those cases where the disease has already arrived at a progressive state.", "contents": "[Possibilities of cervical fusion surgery in the spinal canal with intervertebral disk degeneration, Therapeutic and case-report contribution]. This is a report of a patient with pains in the shoulders and arms, atrophies of the small muscles of the hands, and paraspasms of the legs. After having suffered from the disease for eight to nine years, the patient was diagnosed as having cervical myelopathy. Measurements of the bony cervical vertebral column, which were made on a lateral roentgenogram, showed extreme narrowness of the spinal canal, the measured values obtained being below the lower limit. In addition, the cervical canal was narrowed at three levels by the formation of projections on degenerate disks. This suggested the most effective surgical treatment: Vetral clearance of disks, removal of prominences, and fusion of the three levels through the use of four bone dowels. Subsidence of pains in the shoulders and arms, improvements of paresis of the hands, and considerable improvement of paraspams of the legs were observed postoperatively. This particular case shows that surgical intervention may be considered a possible method of therapy even in the case of narrowness of the cervical canal, a condition that was aggravated here by a number of degenerate disks. In such situations it is possible for the cervical canal to be considerably relieved by clearing the disks, removing the projections and crests, and making use of the special technique of fusion or joining together so that improvement will be possible even in those cases where the disease has already arrived at a progressive state.", "PMID": 65879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1863", "title": "[Use of the indirect rat mast cell degranulation reaction in vitro for characterization of the specific activity of non-infectious allergens].", "content": "The test of indirect degranulation of rat mast cells was applied to the study of the specific activity of 16 series of noninfectious allergens from domestic dust (3 series) from hotel dust (7 series) and from the pollen of fescue (6 series). The concentration of protein nitrogen in the allergens from the domestic and hotel dust constituted to 10 000 PNU, and in the allergen from the pollen of fescue--125 000, 50 000, 15 000 and 7 000 PNU. In studying the specific activity of domestic allergens use was made of the sera of patients suffering from bronchial asthma with a marked allergy to domestic dust sera of patients with pollinoses with a marked allergy to fescue pollen was applied to the study of the specific activity of pollen allergen. For the assessment of the indirect degranulation test in mast cells of rats an index of mast cell degranulation of rats (IMCDR) was employed. It was shown that the IMCDR values were equal to 0.46, 0.58, 0.62 in using the domestic dust and in the case of the hotel dust - from 0.17 to 0.28. The mean values for the group of preparations from the domestic dust were 2.5 times greater than for the group of preparations for the hotel dust and were 0.55 and 0.22, respectively. For the allergen from the fescue pollen the IMCDR values varied from 1.23 to 0.16, and increased with the rise of the protein nitrogen concentration (PNU). Additional studies demonstrated that the specific activity of the domestic dust allergen with the crude sera and with those preserved in frozen condition for 3 to 6 months was almost the same. The results obtained permit to draw a conclusion that the method of indirect degranulation of rat mast cells with trizing of commercial batches of infectious allergens.", "contents": "[Use of the indirect rat mast cell degranulation reaction in vitro for characterization of the specific activity of non-infectious allergens]. The test of indirect degranulation of rat mast cells was applied to the study of the specific activity of 16 series of noninfectious allergens from domestic dust (3 series) from hotel dust (7 series) and from the pollen of fescue (6 series). The concentration of protein nitrogen in the allergens from the domestic and hotel dust constituted to 10 000 PNU, and in the allergen from the pollen of fescue--125 000, 50 000, 15 000 and 7 000 PNU. In studying the specific activity of domestic allergens use was made of the sera of patients suffering from bronchial asthma with a marked allergy to domestic dust sera of patients with pollinoses with a marked allergy to fescue pollen was applied to the study of the specific activity of pollen allergen. For the assessment of the indirect degranulation test in mast cells of rats an index of mast cell degranulation of rats (IMCDR) was employed. It was shown that the IMCDR values were equal to 0.46, 0.58, 0.62 in using the domestic dust and in the case of the hotel dust - from 0.17 to 0.28. The mean values for the group of preparations from the domestic dust were 2.5 times greater than for the group of preparations for the hotel dust and were 0.55 and 0.22, respectively. For the allergen from the fescue pollen the IMCDR values varied from 1.23 to 0.16, and increased with the rise of the protein nitrogen concentration (PNU). Additional studies demonstrated that the specific activity of the domestic dust allergen with the crude sera and with those preserved in frozen condition for 3 to 6 months was almost the same. The results obtained permit to draw a conclusion that the method of indirect degranulation of rat mast cells with trizing of commercial batches of infectious allergens.", "PMID": 65880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1864", "title": "[Several allergic reactions under conditions of functioning of an inhibitor of antibody activity in the body].", "content": "Allergization under conditions of functioning an inhibitory factor in the organism was studied by the reaction of leukocytolysis with Tsuverkalov's dysenterin and in the reproduction of hypersensitivity of the immediate type on the Schultz-Dale's model. It was shown that in functioning an inhibitory factor in the organism the degree of leukocytolysis reaction with the dysentery allergen decreased in the immunized animals in parallel with the fall in the serum antibody activity. A depression of the activity of macromolecular sensitizing antibodies was also observed.", "contents": "[Several allergic reactions under conditions of functioning of an inhibitor of antibody activity in the body]. Allergization under conditions of functioning an inhibitory factor in the organism was studied by the reaction of leukocytolysis with Tsuverkalov's dysenterin and in the reproduction of hypersensitivity of the immediate type on the Schultz-Dale's model. It was shown that in functioning an inhibitory factor in the organism the degree of leukocytolysis reaction with the dysentery allergen decreased in the immunized animals in parallel with the fall in the serum antibody activity. A depression of the activity of macromolecular sensitizing antibodies was also observed.", "PMID": 65882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1865", "title": "[Cerebral circulatory disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases accompanied by cardiac rhythm disorders].", "content": "The authors examined 180 patients where disorders of cerebral circulation developed on the background of different disturbance of the heart rhythm. The patients suffered from rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive disease or atherosclerosis in concomitance with ischemic heart disease. For comparison, 100 patients with similar disorders were studied, but without disturbances of heart rhythm. It was established that disorders of cerebral circulation were more frequently seen in permanent forms of cardiac fibrillation and less so in paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation and extrasystoles. The most severe disorders of cerebral circulation were seen in combinations of permanent forms of cardiac fibrillation with single and frequent ventricular extrasystoles in patients with rheumatic heart disease.", "contents": "[Cerebral circulatory disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases accompanied by cardiac rhythm disorders]. The authors examined 180 patients where disorders of cerebral circulation developed on the background of different disturbance of the heart rhythm. The patients suffered from rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive disease or atherosclerosis in concomitance with ischemic heart disease. For comparison, 100 patients with similar disorders were studied, but without disturbances of heart rhythm. It was established that disorders of cerebral circulation were more frequently seen in permanent forms of cardiac fibrillation and less so in paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation and extrasystoles. The most severe disorders of cerebral circulation were seen in combinations of permanent forms of cardiac fibrillation with single and frequent ventricular extrasystoles in patients with rheumatic heart disease.", "PMID": 65883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1866", "title": "[Experience with the etiotropic treatment of children with tick-bone encephalitis].", "content": "The authors conducted a comparative study of the therapeutical effectivity of ribonuclease, hetero- and homologic specific gamma-globulin used in 189 children with tick-borne encephalitis in the acute period of the disease. It was established that there was a significant advantage of ribonuclease before serotherapy. During ribonuclease treatment the febrile period of the disease was much less, while the meningeal symptoms disappeared more rapidly with normalization of the CSF.", "contents": "[Experience with the etiotropic treatment of children with tick-bone encephalitis]. The authors conducted a comparative study of the therapeutical effectivity of ribonuclease, hetero- and homologic specific gamma-globulin used in 189 children with tick-borne encephalitis in the acute period of the disease. It was established that there was a significant advantage of ribonuclease before serotherapy. During ribonuclease treatment the febrile period of the disease was much less, while the meningeal symptoms disappeared more rapidly with normalization of the CSF.", "PMID": 65884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1867", "title": "Sideroblast score: A sensitive indicator of iron deficiency and hypoproliferative anemia.", "content": "The detection and enumeration of sideroblasts depend critically on the method used for iron staining of bone marrow smears. Several methods proposed for semiquantitative evaluation of bone marrow hemosiderin (iron stores) were compared with respect to their suitability for detection of normal and abnormal sideroblasts. Instead of the customary percentage of sideroblasts, the introduction of a sideroblast score is proposed and its diagnostic relevance was prospectively studied. Low sideroblast scores are associated with iron deficiency and hypoproliferative anemia. A normal sideroblast score, despite the absence of stainable hemosiderin, exclused the diagnosis of severe iron depletion. Elevated sideroblast scores may be correlated either with iron overload and/or sideroblastic (sideroachrestic) anemias.", "contents": "Sideroblast score: A sensitive indicator of iron deficiency and hypoproliferative anemia. The detection and enumeration of sideroblasts depend critically on the method used for iron staining of bone marrow smears. Several methods proposed for semiquantitative evaluation of bone marrow hemosiderin (iron stores) were compared with respect to their suitability for detection of normal and abnormal sideroblasts. Instead of the customary percentage of sideroblasts, the introduction of a sideroblast score is proposed and its diagnostic relevance was prospectively studied. Low sideroblast scores are associated with iron deficiency and hypoproliferative anemia. A normal sideroblast score, despite the absence of stainable hemosiderin, exclused the diagnosis of severe iron depletion. Elevated sideroblast scores may be correlated either with iron overload and/or sideroblastic (sideroachrestic) anemias.", "PMID": 65890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1868", "title": "Familial thrombosis due to antithrombin III deficiency in a Greek family.", "content": "A Greek family with hereditary antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency associated with venous thrombosis is reported. 5 members of the family were affected. In these patients, AT III and heparin cofactor activities were decreased. Immunoreactive AT III showed a positive correlation to both AT III and heparin cofactor activities. alpha2-Macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin were normal. The pattern of inheritance of the defect is autosomal dominant.", "contents": "Familial thrombosis due to antithrombin III deficiency in a Greek family. A Greek family with hereditary antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency associated with venous thrombosis is reported. 5 members of the family were affected. In these patients, AT III and heparin cofactor activities were decreased. Immunoreactive AT III showed a positive correlation to both AT III and heparin cofactor activities. alpha2-Macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin were normal. The pattern of inheritance of the defect is autosomal dominant.", "PMID": 65891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1869", "title": "[Development of tumors as the 1st manifestation of acute leukemia].", "content": "The acute Myeloblastosis in adults which forms tumours, is one of the very rare forms of this disease. The unusual development of the disease, the last appearance of characteristic symptoms and difficulties in forming a histological diagnosis usually makes it very difficult to diagnose this disease in sufficient time. On the basis of a 44 year old patient's course of disease, the clinical difficulties and the pathological-anatomical diagnosis of an acute Myeloblastosis that formed tumours, are discussed.", "contents": "[Development of tumors as the 1st manifestation of acute leukemia]. The acute Myeloblastosis in adults which forms tumours, is one of the very rare forms of this disease. The unusual development of the disease, the last appearance of characteristic symptoms and difficulties in forming a histological diagnosis usually makes it very difficult to diagnose this disease in sufficient time. On the basis of a 44 year old patient's course of disease, the clinical difficulties and the pathological-anatomical diagnosis of an acute Myeloblastosis that formed tumours, are discussed.", "PMID": 65892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1870", "title": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. Variable effect of the antigen in a large dose range, with a literature review.", "content": "The literature on in vitro test of sensitivity to brain antigen in multiple sclerosis is summarized in the tables. A study is presented using leukocyte migration in agarose as test system and a wide range of concentration of bovine encephalitogenic protein as antigen. Definite reactivity was seen in 12 out of 28 patients with MS. Some occurred in patients who had had no signs of disease activity for at least 5 years. Reactivity occurred more often in patients with active disease studied within 5 days after a relapse. The significance of the in vitro reactivity is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. Variable effect of the antigen in a large dose range, with a literature review. The literature on in vitro test of sensitivity to brain antigen in multiple sclerosis is summarized in the tables. A study is presented using leukocyte migration in agarose as test system and a wide range of concentration of bovine encephalitogenic protein as antigen. Definite reactivity was seen in 12 out of 28 patients with MS. Some occurred in patients who had had no signs of disease activity for at least 5 years. Reactivity occurred more often in patients with active disease studied within 5 days after a relapse. The significance of the in vitro reactivity is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 65893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1871", "title": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukoytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis or with cerebral infarction.", "content": "Ten patients with MS were studied with leukocyte migration in agarose technique to detect changes in reactivity ot encephalitogenic protein in connexion with a relapse. Six showed significant reactivity within a few days after the relapse. It decreased or disappeared during the 2 weeks after the relapse, but sometimes reappeared and was found in tests performed 2-3 months later. Five patients with cerebral infarction were studied in a similar way--in three, marked reactivity was noted within a few days after the stroke; in these, reactivity decreased or disappeared in later tests. In the two other patients, reactivity appeared in the second and/or third test. The possbility of a reactivity as an epiphenomenon due to CNS tissue destruction is discussed, and the need for antigens with a more restricted specificity for such an analysis is stressed.", "contents": "Effect of encephalitogenic protein on migration in agarose of leukoytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis or with cerebral infarction. Ten patients with MS were studied with leukocyte migration in agarose technique to detect changes in reactivity ot encephalitogenic protein in connexion with a relapse. Six showed significant reactivity within a few days after the relapse. It decreased or disappeared during the 2 weeks after the relapse, but sometimes reappeared and was found in tests performed 2-3 months later. Five patients with cerebral infarction were studied in a similar way--in three, marked reactivity was noted within a few days after the stroke; in these, reactivity decreased or disappeared in later tests. In the two other patients, reactivity appeared in the second and/or third test. The possbility of a reactivity as an epiphenomenon due to CNS tissue destruction is discussed, and the need for antigens with a more restricted specificity for such an analysis is stressed.", "PMID": 65894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1872", "title": "Alpha-1 fetoprotein in cord serum correlated to gestational age.", "content": "Measurement of alpha1-fetoprotein by rocket immuno-electrophoresis in cord serum from a consecutive series of 422 newborn infants showed a negative correlation with gestational age. The coefficient of correlation was divided by 0.70 for girls and divided by 0.74 for boys. For a given alpha1-fetoprotein concentration in cord blood the confidence limits for prediction of gestational age for both sexes were calculated to +/- 24 days. It is concluded that determination of alpha1-fetoprotein in cord serum is of limited help in the evaluation of maturity.", "contents": "Alpha-1 fetoprotein in cord serum correlated to gestational age. Measurement of alpha1-fetoprotein by rocket immuno-electrophoresis in cord serum from a consecutive series of 422 newborn infants showed a negative correlation with gestational age. The coefficient of correlation was divided by 0.70 for girls and divided by 0.74 for boys. For a given alpha1-fetoprotein concentration in cord blood the confidence limits for prediction of gestational age for both sexes were calculated to +/- 24 days. It is concluded that determination of alpha1-fetoprotein in cord serum is of limited help in the evaluation of maturity.", "PMID": 65895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1873", "title": "The influence of smoking on the haemostatic mechanism in pregnancy.", "content": "A prospective study through pregnancy is described comparing smokers with non-smokers in an attempt to assess possible changes in the haemostatic mechanism. Various components of the coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme systems were assayed serially up to 38 weeks of gestation. Plasma fibrinogen was lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. Also plasminogen was slightly decreased and plasminogen activator activity and serum F.D.P. increased in the former group. Although the results failed to demonstrate motor disseminated intravascular coagulation in smokers, the pattern of a possible low grade syndrome emerged.", "contents": "The influence of smoking on the haemostatic mechanism in pregnancy. A prospective study through pregnancy is described comparing smokers with non-smokers in an attempt to assess possible changes in the haemostatic mechanism. Various components of the coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme systems were assayed serially up to 38 weeks of gestation. Plasma fibrinogen was lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. Also plasminogen was slightly decreased and plasminogen activator activity and serum F.D.P. increased in the former group. Although the results failed to demonstrate motor disseminated intravascular coagulation in smokers, the pattern of a possible low grade syndrome emerged.", "PMID": 65896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1874", "title": "Effects of ophthalmic vehicles on the stability of the precorneal film.", "content": "The break up time (B.U.T.) of the precorneal film has been studied before and after application of 34 different vehicles. The material examined comprised 646 eyes. Maximum increase of the B.U.T. was obtained with 2% methyl cellulose (four times) and 10% polyvinyl alchohol (seven times). These vehicles in the usually employed concentrations, fat-free ointment (polyethylene glycol), acetyl cysteine and polysaccharide (dextran) affected a less pronounced prolongation. The B.U.T. was reduced four or five times by fatty, anhydrous ointments and by silicone oil, about two or three times by emulsions and oils, and twice by 0.01% benzalkonium chloride. The clinical significance of the B.U.T. alterations is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of ophthalmic vehicles on the stability of the precorneal film. The break up time (B.U.T.) of the precorneal film has been studied before and after application of 34 different vehicles. The material examined comprised 646 eyes. Maximum increase of the B.U.T. was obtained with 2% methyl cellulose (four times) and 10% polyvinyl alchohol (seven times). These vehicles in the usually employed concentrations, fat-free ointment (polyethylene glycol), acetyl cysteine and polysaccharide (dextran) affected a less pronounced prolongation. The B.U.T. was reduced four or five times by fatty, anhydrous ointments and by silicone oil, about two or three times by emulsions and oils, and twice by 0.01% benzalkonium chloride. The clinical significance of the B.U.T. alterations is discussed.", "PMID": 65897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1875", "title": "K antigen determination of Escherichia coli by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE).", "content": "The application of the counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for determination of E. coli acidic polysaccharide K antigen is described. The most appropriate dilutions of antigens and antisera were established after examination of six different K antigens with homologous OK antisera. According to this result all test strains for acidic polysaccharide K antigens, i.e. K1 to K57, K62, K74, K82, K53, K84, K92, K93, K94, K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100, were examined and OK antisera suitable for the CIE test were selected. The following reciprocal cross-reactions were found: K2 and K62; K7 and K56; K12 and K82; K13, K20 and K23; K18 and K22; K16 and K97, and K53 and K93. The CIE method is now used as a routine test in our laboratory.", "contents": "K antigen determination of Escherichia coli by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The application of the counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for determination of E. coli acidic polysaccharide K antigen is described. The most appropriate dilutions of antigens and antisera were established after examination of six different K antigens with homologous OK antisera. According to this result all test strains for acidic polysaccharide K antigens, i.e. K1 to K57, K62, K74, K82, K53, K84, K92, K93, K94, K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100, were examined and OK antisera suitable for the CIE test were selected. The following reciprocal cross-reactions were found: K2 and K62; K7 and K56; K12 and K82; K13, K20 and K23; K18 and K22; K16 and K97, and K53 and K93. The CIE method is now used as a routine test in our laboratory.", "PMID": 65900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1876", "title": "The patas monkey as a model for dihydrostreptomycin ototoxicity.", "content": "Although the cochlear toxicity of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) is well-recognized in man, it has always proved difficult to demonstrate in animals. Hearing thresholds in M. nemestrina monkeys remained essentially unchanged after DHSM 100 mg/kg im daily for 8 months, but E. patas monkeys were severely deafened by DHSM 20 mg/kg for 90 days, a regimen formerly used in treating human tuberculosis. The patas monkey may prove to be the animal model of choice for evaluating aminoglycoside ototoxicity.", "contents": "The patas monkey as a model for dihydrostreptomycin ototoxicity. Although the cochlear toxicity of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) is well-recognized in man, it has always proved difficult to demonstrate in animals. Hearing thresholds in M. nemestrina monkeys remained essentially unchanged after DHSM 100 mg/kg im daily for 8 months, but E. patas monkeys were severely deafened by DHSM 20 mg/kg for 90 days, a regimen formerly used in treating human tuberculosis. The patas monkey may prove to be the animal model of choice for evaluating aminoglycoside ototoxicity.", "PMID": 65898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1877", "title": "Cross-reactivity of Bacteroides fragilis O antigens.", "content": "The cross-reactivity of O antigens prepared from Bacteroides fragilis, other Bacteroides species and from Fusobacterium has been examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination. Fifteen of 20 B. fragilis ss. fragilis strains showed O-antigenic cross-reactivity with one or more of the test strains of B. fragilis ss. fragilis: NCTC 9343, Lille E 323 and SBL B55. The same applies also to 3 strains classified as B. coagulans, B. hypermegas and B. putredinis. The multispecificity of B. fragilis O antigens is pronounced. Test systems for demonstration of 9 specificities, all harboured by one or more of the 3 test strains, have been worked out.", "contents": "Cross-reactivity of Bacteroides fragilis O antigens. The cross-reactivity of O antigens prepared from Bacteroides fragilis, other Bacteroides species and from Fusobacterium has been examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination. Fifteen of 20 B. fragilis ss. fragilis strains showed O-antigenic cross-reactivity with one or more of the test strains of B. fragilis ss. fragilis: NCTC 9343, Lille E 323 and SBL B55. The same applies also to 3 strains classified as B. coagulans, B. hypermegas and B. putredinis. The multispecificity of B. fragilis O antigens is pronounced. Test systems for demonstration of 9 specificities, all harboured by one or more of the 3 test strains, have been worked out.", "PMID": 65902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1878", "title": "Ultrastructure of the organ of Jacobson and comparative study with olfactory mucosa.", "content": "The organ of Jacobson has been studied in lizards, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs by means of embedding in nitrocellulose, semithin sectioning, and electron microscopy. The various elements of the organ in the species studied have been analysed and a comparative study carried out between the sensory portion of the organ and the olfactory epithelium.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the organ of Jacobson and comparative study with olfactory mucosa. The organ of Jacobson has been studied in lizards, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs by means of embedding in nitrocellulose, semithin sectioning, and electron microscopy. The various elements of the organ in the species studied have been analysed and a comparative study carried out between the sensory portion of the organ and the olfactory epithelium.", "PMID": 65899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1879", "title": "Protein concentration in interstitial and lymphatic fluids from the subcutaneous tissue.", "content": "The protein content of interstitial fluid and lymph from the same tissue was determined fluid samples of nanolitre volumes being taken from the subcutaneous tissue of rabbits by micropuncture. In the same area lymph was collected from lymphatic vessels of 30-100 mum. An electrophoretic technique in polyacrylamide gels in glass capillaries was used for the analysis of proteins. The gels were stained and then scanned on a microscope equipped with a moving table and photomultiplier. The area under each protein band was calculated from the recorded densitograms. The method required only a few nanolitres of fluid for analysis. Using solutions of known protein concentrations the relationship between the amount of protein and the area under the densitogram band was investigated. This relationship was found to be linear, making it possible to quantify the protein content of both interstitial fluid and lymph samples. The interstitial fluid/plasma concentration ratios for albumin, transferrin, globulins and total proteins were 0.42, 0.42, 0.32 and 0.37. The albumin/globulin ratio in interstitial fluid was found to be 1.60 of the plasma value although the values obtained for lymph were similar to those found for interstitial fluid. The similarity between the protein concentration of interstitial fluid and lymph indicated that the endothelial lining of the terminal lymphatics did not restrict the passage of macromolecules into the lymphatics.", "contents": "Protein concentration in interstitial and lymphatic fluids from the subcutaneous tissue. The protein content of interstitial fluid and lymph from the same tissue was determined fluid samples of nanolitre volumes being taken from the subcutaneous tissue of rabbits by micropuncture. In the same area lymph was collected from lymphatic vessels of 30-100 mum. An electrophoretic technique in polyacrylamide gels in glass capillaries was used for the analysis of proteins. The gels were stained and then scanned on a microscope equipped with a moving table and photomultiplier. The area under each protein band was calculated from the recorded densitograms. The method required only a few nanolitres of fluid for analysis. Using solutions of known protein concentrations the relationship between the amount of protein and the area under the densitogram band was investigated. This relationship was found to be linear, making it possible to quantify the protein content of both interstitial fluid and lymph samples. The interstitial fluid/plasma concentration ratios for albumin, transferrin, globulins and total proteins were 0.42, 0.42, 0.32 and 0.37. The albumin/globulin ratio in interstitial fluid was found to be 1.60 of the plasma value although the values obtained for lymph were similar to those found for interstitial fluid. The similarity between the protein concentration of interstitial fluid and lymph indicated that the endothelial lining of the terminal lymphatics did not restrict the passage of macromolecules into the lymphatics.", "PMID": 65903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1880", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase in the intestinal tract of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the intestinal tract of the guinea-pig was studied by the histochemical method of Hansson. Enzyme activity was demonstrated in epithelial cells, erythrocytes and capillary walls. In the gastric mucosa parietal cells, surface mucous cells and neck mucous cells were highly active. In the small intestine only a few epithelial cells on the villi and in the upper part of the crypts showed enzyme activity. They seemed to be randomly scattered among inactive ones. It is not clear at present if they represent a distinct cell type or specialized absorptive cells. In the proximal colon most surface epithelial cells were highly active (goblet cells were inactive), whereas the surface cells in the distal colon showed less activity with a more varying degree of staining. In the cecum enzyme activity was found in the surface epithelium and in the upper part of the crypts, the staining being most marked at the luminal border of the surface cells. The staining reaction was completely inhibited in all tissues by 10 muM acetazolamide, except for the luminal staining of the cecum, which was inhibited only by 100 muM acetazolamide. This indicates the presence of high concentrations of carbonic anhydrase, probably of the \"low activity\" form, at this locus. Mucosal scrapings were taken from the intestinal tissues, homogenized and assayed for carbonic anhydrase activity by a changing-pH indicator method. The results confirm those of previous studies and correlate well with the histochemical findings.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase in the intestinal tract of the guinea-pig. The distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the intestinal tract of the guinea-pig was studied by the histochemical method of Hansson. Enzyme activity was demonstrated in epithelial cells, erythrocytes and capillary walls. In the gastric mucosa parietal cells, surface mucous cells and neck mucous cells were highly active. In the small intestine only a few epithelial cells on the villi and in the upper part of the crypts showed enzyme activity. They seemed to be randomly scattered among inactive ones. It is not clear at present if they represent a distinct cell type or specialized absorptive cells. In the proximal colon most surface epithelial cells were highly active (goblet cells were inactive), whereas the surface cells in the distal colon showed less activity with a more varying degree of staining. In the cecum enzyme activity was found in the surface epithelium and in the upper part of the crypts, the staining being most marked at the luminal border of the surface cells. The staining reaction was completely inhibited in all tissues by 10 muM acetazolamide, except for the luminal staining of the cecum, which was inhibited only by 100 muM acetazolamide. This indicates the presence of high concentrations of carbonic anhydrase, probably of the \"low activity\" form, at this locus. Mucosal scrapings were taken from the intestinal tissues, homogenized and assayed for carbonic anhydrase activity by a changing-pH indicator method. The results confirm those of previous studies and correlate well with the histochemical findings.", "PMID": 65904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1881", "title": "Possible linkage between group-specific component (Gc protein) and pure depressive disease.", "content": "Genetic linkage was studied in pure depressive disease, a subgroup of unipolar depression defined by absence of familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality. Rigorous research criteria were used for diagnosis and the diagnoses were made blind, i.e. without the knowledge of the genetic marker results. Under the assumptions of full penetrance and of all examined individuals' having passed the risk period, two out of eight families investigated showed a possibility of linkage, using the lod score method, with the Group-Specific Component (Gc protein) locus, one of the 17 polymorphic markers tested. The results, being based on a small amount of data, are presented as a hypothesis only; important possible implications of Psychiatry, however, indicate the desirability of testing the hypothesis.", "contents": "Possible linkage between group-specific component (Gc protein) and pure depressive disease. Genetic linkage was studied in pure depressive disease, a subgroup of unipolar depression defined by absence of familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality. Rigorous research criteria were used for diagnosis and the diagnoses were made blind, i.e. without the knowledge of the genetic marker results. Under the assumptions of full penetrance and of all examined individuals' having passed the risk period, two out of eight families investigated showed a possibility of linkage, using the lod score method, with the Group-Specific Component (Gc protein) locus, one of the 17 polymorphic markers tested. The results, being based on a small amount of data, are presented as a hypothesis only; important possible implications of Psychiatry, however, indicate the desirability of testing the hypothesis.", "PMID": 65905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1882", "title": "Immunoglobulin receptors in lymphocytes.", "content": "This discussion has been concerned with the immunoglobulin receptors of lymphocytes and particularly with the ability of these immunoglobulin receptors to bind specific antigens. We have considered some of the methods used to measure these antigen-binding cells (ABC) and the nature of the ABC in normal, nonimmunized animals. The response of the ABC to specific immunization has been discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of technics which allow the evaluation of precursor cell populations. Finally, the development of these ABC and more particularly the development of B lymphocytes in general has been considered and compared to the ontogenic pattern of several species.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin receptors in lymphocytes. This discussion has been concerned with the immunoglobulin receptors of lymphocytes and particularly with the ability of these immunoglobulin receptors to bind specific antigens. We have considered some of the methods used to measure these antigen-binding cells (ABC) and the nature of the ABC in normal, nonimmunized animals. The response of the ABC to specific immunization has been discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of technics which allow the evaluation of precursor cell populations. Finally, the development of these ABC and more particularly the development of B lymphocytes in general has been considered and compared to the ontogenic pattern of several species.", "PMID": 65910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1883", "title": "Comparative effects of overdrive on sinus and subsidiary pacemaker function.", "content": "Recent evidence has suggested a difference in response to overdrive pacing dependent on the location of the pacemaker within the A-V conduction system. To test this hypothesis, the effects of overdrive pacing were evaluated in five anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced A-V block and in seven patients with advanced A-V block. In the animals, sinoatrial node recovery times were studied over wide ranges of rates (130 to 210 beats per minute) and durations (30 to 180 seconds) of atrial pacing. All sinus node recovery times were less than 600 msec. with a mean maximum pause of 0.540+/-0.043 seconds (M.+/-S.E.M.). In contrast, after ventricular pacing (rates 90 to 150 beats per minute; durations 30 to 180 seconds), subsidiary pacemaker recovery times were significantly greater (p less than 0.025) with a mean maximum recovery time of 28.4+/-8.3 seconds. In the seven patients studied, all sinus node recovery times were less than 1,400 msecs. with a mean maximum pause of 0.954+/-0.051 seconds. As seen with the experimental animals, a significantly longer (p less than 0.025 mean maximum subsidiary pacemaker recovery time of 3.55+/-0.92 seconds was observed. The present studies in both experimental animals and in man without evidence of sinus node dysfunction showed that sinus node recovery time was independent of both rate and duration of atrial overdrive pacing. In contrast, subsidiary pacemaker recovery time was correlated with both rate and duration of ventricular overdrive pacing. In both experimental protocols, subsidiary pacemaker recovery time was shown to exceed sinus node recovery time at all rates and at all durations of pacing. Postrecovery sinus node acceleration was consistently observed after atrial overdrive pacing. In contrast, postrecovery subsidiary pacemaker \"depression\" characterized ventricular overdrive pacing. It is concluded that subsidiary pacemakers are significantly more susceptible to overdrive suppression than the sinoatrial node, a feature of substantial clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparative effects of overdrive on sinus and subsidiary pacemaker function. Recent evidence has suggested a difference in response to overdrive pacing dependent on the location of the pacemaker within the A-V conduction system. To test this hypothesis, the effects of overdrive pacing were evaluated in five anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced A-V block and in seven patients with advanced A-V block. In the animals, sinoatrial node recovery times were studied over wide ranges of rates (130 to 210 beats per minute) and durations (30 to 180 seconds) of atrial pacing. All sinus node recovery times were less than 600 msec. with a mean maximum pause of 0.540+/-0.043 seconds (M.+/-S.E.M.). In contrast, after ventricular pacing (rates 90 to 150 beats per minute; durations 30 to 180 seconds), subsidiary pacemaker recovery times were significantly greater (p less than 0.025) with a mean maximum recovery time of 28.4+/-8.3 seconds. In the seven patients studied, all sinus node recovery times were less than 1,400 msecs. with a mean maximum pause of 0.954+/-0.051 seconds. As seen with the experimental animals, a significantly longer (p less than 0.025 mean maximum subsidiary pacemaker recovery time of 3.55+/-0.92 seconds was observed. The present studies in both experimental animals and in man without evidence of sinus node dysfunction showed that sinus node recovery time was independent of both rate and duration of atrial overdrive pacing. In contrast, subsidiary pacemaker recovery time was correlated with both rate and duration of ventricular overdrive pacing. In both experimental protocols, subsidiary pacemaker recovery time was shown to exceed sinus node recovery time at all rates and at all durations of pacing. Postrecovery sinus node acceleration was consistently observed after atrial overdrive pacing. In contrast, postrecovery subsidiary pacemaker \"depression\" characterized ventricular overdrive pacing. It is concluded that subsidiary pacemakers are significantly more susceptible to overdrive suppression than the sinoatrial node, a feature of substantial clinical significance.", "PMID": 65911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1884", "title": "Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease.", "content": "Results are reported of portable 24 hour dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without cardiovascular disease, as defined by normal clinical and noninvasive cardiovascular examination. During waking periods, maximal sinus rates ranged from 107 to 180 beats/min (mean +/- 5). Twenty-five subjects (50 percent) had episodes of marked sinus arrhythmia as defined by spontaneous changes in adjacent cycle lengths of 100 percent or more. Fourteen subjects (28 percent) had sinus pauses of more than 1.75 seconds, usually during sinus arrhythmia. Transient nocturnal type I second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block was noted in three subjects (6 percent). Of 28 patients (56 percent) having atrial premature beats, only 1 (2 percent) had more than 100 such beats (141) in 24 hours. Of 25 patients (50 percent) having premature ventricular contractions, only 1 (2 percent) had more than 50 such contractions (86) in 24 hours. In conclusion, frequent atrial and ventricular premature beats are unusual in a young adult male population. In contrast, bradyarrhythmias (including marked sinus arrhythmia with sinus pauses, sinus bradycardia and nocturnal A-V block) are common. These findings are useful in evaluating the clinical significance of arrhythmias detected with portable monitoring.", "contents": "Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Results are reported of portable 24 hour dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without cardiovascular disease, as defined by normal clinical and noninvasive cardiovascular examination. During waking periods, maximal sinus rates ranged from 107 to 180 beats/min (mean +/- 5). Twenty-five subjects (50 percent) had episodes of marked sinus arrhythmia as defined by spontaneous changes in adjacent cycle lengths of 100 percent or more. Fourteen subjects (28 percent) had sinus pauses of more than 1.75 seconds, usually during sinus arrhythmia. Transient nocturnal type I second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block was noted in three subjects (6 percent). Of 28 patients (56 percent) having atrial premature beats, only 1 (2 percent) had more than 100 such beats (141) in 24 hours. Of 25 patients (50 percent) having premature ventricular contractions, only 1 (2 percent) had more than 50 such contractions (86) in 24 hours. In conclusion, frequent atrial and ventricular premature beats are unusual in a young adult male population. In contrast, bradyarrhythmias (including marked sinus arrhythmia with sinus pauses, sinus bradycardia and nocturnal A-V block) are common. These findings are useful in evaluating the clinical significance of arrhythmias detected with portable monitoring.", "PMID": 65912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1885", "title": "A fixative for intestinal parasites permitting the use of concentration and permanent staining procedures.", "content": "Results obtained with stools preserved in a simple, stable and relatively nontoxic fixative (SAF) composed of sodium acetate, acetic acid and formalin, suggest that this fixative is a suitable alternative to other fixatives for the preservation and recovery of intestinal parasites by diphasic concentration methods and permanent staining.", "contents": "A fixative for intestinal parasites permitting the use of concentration and permanent staining procedures. Results obtained with stools preserved in a simple, stable and relatively nontoxic fixative (SAF) composed of sodium acetate, acetic acid and formalin, suggest that this fixative is a suitable alternative to other fixatives for the preservation and recovery of intestinal parasites by diphasic concentration methods and permanent staining.", "PMID": 65913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1886", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse: a review of associated arrhythmias.", "content": "The syndrome of mitral valve prolapse with associated auscultatory-electrocardiographic findings is now well documented. Two representative cases of repetitive tachyarrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse are discussed as well as an analysis of the 589 cases in the English literature of arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The average age of the patients was 38 years; 70 per cent of them were women. Symptoms were variable, but palpitations occurred in 44 per cent, lightheadedness in 12 per cent and syncope in 4 per cent. Premature atrial and/or ventricular contractions were found in 55 per cent, premature ventricular contractions in 45 per cent, supraventricular tachycardia in 6.1 per cent and ventricular tachycardia in 6.3 per cent. Sudden death was noted in 1.4 per cent. A discussion of the pathogenesis of arrhythmias and therapy concludes this review.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse: a review of associated arrhythmias. The syndrome of mitral valve prolapse with associated auscultatory-electrocardiographic findings is now well documented. Two representative cases of repetitive tachyarrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse are discussed as well as an analysis of the 589 cases in the English literature of arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The average age of the patients was 38 years; 70 per cent of them were women. Symptoms were variable, but palpitations occurred in 44 per cent, lightheadedness in 12 per cent and syncope in 4 per cent. Premature atrial and/or ventricular contractions were found in 55 per cent, premature ventricular contractions in 45 per cent, supraventricular tachycardia in 6.1 per cent and ventricular tachycardia in 6.3 per cent. Sudden death was noted in 1.4 per cent. A discussion of the pathogenesis of arrhythmias and therapy concludes this review.", "PMID": 65914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1887", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by progesterone in the pregnant rat. Prevention by estogens.", "content": "Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was induced in female rats by administration of progesterone in late pregnacy. This prevented parturition, with intrauterine fetal death 2 to 4 days past term and subsequent retention of dead fetuses. Concomitantly with or closely following the intrauterine death of their litters, a large proportion of pregnant rats died with histologically evident DIC. Administration of cortisone, heparin, or disoumarin did not prevent DIC, and xi-aminocaproic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, or an onion-rich diet tended to increase its incidence. Antibiotic regimens gave variable results, with significant decrease in DIC only with a combination of two wide-spectrum penicillins. Neomycin and polymyxin had little effect on susceptible Sprague-dawley derived rats, but polymxin caused a significant increase in DIC in a resistant strain of hooded rats. Fatal maternal DIC was completely prevented only by use of natural or synthetic estrogens concurrently with progesterone, although this did not alter the sequence of abnormally prolonged pregnacy with intrauterine fetal death and retention of dead fetuses. Potencies of estrogens varied greatly, but all compounds tested prevented DIC at adequate dosage levels. Diethylstilbestrol, the most potent drug tested, was completely protective at 1 mug daily given subcutaneously. beta-Estradiol was the most effective natural estrogen, giving complete protection with a 10-mug daily subcutaneous injection. Estrogens were much more potent by subcutaneous injection than by oral ingestion, and toxic side effects were sometimes noted with higher levels of the latter. For estrogen therapy to be effective, it was necessary to begin its use before the expected onset of DIC, and in no instance was there evidence of reversal of this process after signs of illness were observed.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by progesterone in the pregnant rat. Prevention by estogens. Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was induced in female rats by administration of progesterone in late pregnacy. This prevented parturition, with intrauterine fetal death 2 to 4 days past term and subsequent retention of dead fetuses. Concomitantly with or closely following the intrauterine death of their litters, a large proportion of pregnant rats died with histologically evident DIC. Administration of cortisone, heparin, or disoumarin did not prevent DIC, and xi-aminocaproic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, or an onion-rich diet tended to increase its incidence. Antibiotic regimens gave variable results, with significant decrease in DIC only with a combination of two wide-spectrum penicillins. Neomycin and polymyxin had little effect on susceptible Sprague-dawley derived rats, but polymxin caused a significant increase in DIC in a resistant strain of hooded rats. Fatal maternal DIC was completely prevented only by use of natural or synthetic estrogens concurrently with progesterone, although this did not alter the sequence of abnormally prolonged pregnacy with intrauterine fetal death and retention of dead fetuses. Potencies of estrogens varied greatly, but all compounds tested prevented DIC at adequate dosage levels. Diethylstilbestrol, the most potent drug tested, was completely protective at 1 mug daily given subcutaneously. beta-Estradiol was the most effective natural estrogen, giving complete protection with a 10-mug daily subcutaneous injection. Estrogens were much more potent by subcutaneous injection than by oral ingestion, and toxic side effects were sometimes noted with higher levels of the latter. For estrogen therapy to be effective, it was necessary to begin its use before the expected onset of DIC, and in no instance was there evidence of reversal of this process after signs of illness were observed.", "PMID": 65916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1888", "title": "Molecular interactions in human atherosclerotic plaques.", "content": "Most plasma proteins appear to be present in intima at concentrations that are a linear function of molecular weight and concentration in the plasma. Thus low density lipoprotein (LDL) (molecular weight, 2 X 10(6)) has the greatest retention relative to its plasma concentration, whereas the relative retention of albumin is only 15% of the relative retention of LDL. This gives rise to the concept that \"whole plasma\" crosses endothelium, and the steady state concentrations reflect rates of egress of the macromolecules, which in turn depend on molecular sieving. Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein in intima in addition to LDL and albumin, and there are also substantial amounts of the protease inhibitors alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin. Intima also contains insoluble derivatives of plasma--extracellular cholesterol, both free and esterified, and fibrin. The balances of intact LDL/\"deposited\" cholesterol and of fibrinogen/fibrin are closely linked with intimal morphology. Fibrinogen and electrophoretically mobile LDL are increased about threefold in gelatinous lesions, whereas there are only slight rises in fibrin and deposited cholesterol. In the deep layers of fibrous plaques, fibrin is increased fivefold and cholesterol up to thirtyfold. In these lipid-rich layers, LDL is rapidly lost on incubation of tissue samples, but in some gelatinous lesions it first increases and only decreases on longer incubation, suggesting release of a previously immobilized lipoprotein fraction. This immobilized lipoprotein was investigated by subjecting tissue samples to immunoelectrophoresis to remove mobile LDL and tissue enzymes, followed by treatment of the tissue with enzyme and measurement of the lipoprotein released on fresh immunoelectrophoresis plates. Plasmin or a crude collagenase released large amounts of lipoprotein from samples of amorphous atheroma lipid. For all samples the amount of lipoprotein released was highly correlated with the accumulation of deposited cholesterol, suggesting that immobilization of LDL may be an intermediate step in the irreversible deposition of extracellular cholesterol. Plasmin is highly effective in releasing immobilized lipoprotein, and the concentration of immobilized lipoprotein is significantly correlated with the concentration of insoluble fibrin, suggesting that the lipoprotein may in some way be immobilized by fibrin.", "contents": "Molecular interactions in human atherosclerotic plaques. Most plasma proteins appear to be present in intima at concentrations that are a linear function of molecular weight and concentration in the plasma. Thus low density lipoprotein (LDL) (molecular weight, 2 X 10(6)) has the greatest retention relative to its plasma concentration, whereas the relative retention of albumin is only 15% of the relative retention of LDL. This gives rise to the concept that \"whole plasma\" crosses endothelium, and the steady state concentrations reflect rates of egress of the macromolecules, which in turn depend on molecular sieving. Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein in intima in addition to LDL and albumin, and there are also substantial amounts of the protease inhibitors alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin. Intima also contains insoluble derivatives of plasma--extracellular cholesterol, both free and esterified, and fibrin. The balances of intact LDL/\"deposited\" cholesterol and of fibrinogen/fibrin are closely linked with intimal morphology. Fibrinogen and electrophoretically mobile LDL are increased about threefold in gelatinous lesions, whereas there are only slight rises in fibrin and deposited cholesterol. In the deep layers of fibrous plaques, fibrin is increased fivefold and cholesterol up to thirtyfold. In these lipid-rich layers, LDL is rapidly lost on incubation of tissue samples, but in some gelatinous lesions it first increases and only decreases on longer incubation, suggesting release of a previously immobilized lipoprotein fraction. This immobilized lipoprotein was investigated by subjecting tissue samples to immunoelectrophoresis to remove mobile LDL and tissue enzymes, followed by treatment of the tissue with enzyme and measurement of the lipoprotein released on fresh immunoelectrophoresis plates. Plasmin or a crude collagenase released large amounts of lipoprotein from samples of amorphous atheroma lipid. For all samples the amount of lipoprotein released was highly correlated with the accumulation of deposited cholesterol, suggesting that immobilization of LDL may be an intermediate step in the irreversible deposition of extracellular cholesterol. Plasmin is highly effective in releasing immobilized lipoprotein, and the concentration of immobilized lipoprotein is significantly correlated with the concentration of insoluble fibrin, suggesting that the lipoprotein may in some way be immobilized by fibrin.", "PMID": 65917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1889", "title": "Further evidence for a central regulation of free fatty acid mobilization in the rat.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that anterior hypothalamic deafferentation in rats completely suppresses the increase in plasma free fatty acid (FFA), but not the hyperglycemia induced by administration of 2-deoxyglucose, suggesting a specific central regulation of FFA mobilization. The physiological importance of this finding was further investigated by examining in deafferented rats the response to several stimuli that modify the rate of lipomobilization in normal rats. The results show that the hypothalamic lesion interferes with FFA mobilization mainly when increased sympathetic activity is required: during cold exposure or forced muscular activity, and after insulin-induced hypoglycemia or a relatively long period of fasting. Changes in blood sugar responses, when observed, could be interpreted as secondary to an initial block in FFA mobilization. The data support our hypothesis that there are areas in the central nervous system sensitive to glycopenia and activated in situations requiring rapid mobilization of metabolic reserves that can specifically influence FFA mobilization through an activation of the sympathetic fibers of adipose tissue.", "contents": "Further evidence for a central regulation of free fatty acid mobilization in the rat. Previous studies have shown that anterior hypothalamic deafferentation in rats completely suppresses the increase in plasma free fatty acid (FFA), but not the hyperglycemia induced by administration of 2-deoxyglucose, suggesting a specific central regulation of FFA mobilization. The physiological importance of this finding was further investigated by examining in deafferented rats the response to several stimuli that modify the rate of lipomobilization in normal rats. The results show that the hypothalamic lesion interferes with FFA mobilization mainly when increased sympathetic activity is required: during cold exposure or forced muscular activity, and after insulin-induced hypoglycemia or a relatively long period of fasting. Changes in blood sugar responses, when observed, could be interpreted as secondary to an initial block in FFA mobilization. The data support our hypothesis that there are areas in the central nervous system sensitive to glycopenia and activated in situations requiring rapid mobilization of metabolic reserves that can specifically influence FFA mobilization through an activation of the sympathetic fibers of adipose tissue.", "PMID": 65918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1890", "title": "Arotic Evans blue dye accumulation: its measurement and interpretation.", "content": "Parenteral Evans blue dye (EBD) binds to albumin and thus can indicate transvascular protein flux. A model was developed to relate the arterial surface accumulation of EBD to the light refected from the opened vessel surface. The accumulation, M (nmol cm-2), was related to the optical \"absorbance\" (rho) of the surface by the equation, M = 3.92 rho + 0.80 rho3, where rho = -ln(I/I0) and I and I0 are the intensities of light reflected from the surface in the stained and unstained state, respectively. The validity of the model was examined in two ways, 1) by comparing the value of the optical absorption coefficient for EBD predicted by the model to the measured value: the predicted value was 0.128 +/- SD 0.015 cm2 nmol-1, the measured value was 0.125 +/- SD 0.005 cm2 nmol-1; and 2) by comparing predicted changes in vessel wall stretch to measured values: the percentage changes (Y) in area predicted by the model from changes in M were linearly related to the directly measured percentage area changes (X) by Y = 0.09 + 1.01X, +/- SD 2.54, with a correlation coefficient of 0.994.", "contents": "Arotic Evans blue dye accumulation: its measurement and interpretation. Parenteral Evans blue dye (EBD) binds to albumin and thus can indicate transvascular protein flux. A model was developed to relate the arterial surface accumulation of EBD to the light refected from the opened vessel surface. The accumulation, M (nmol cm-2), was related to the optical \"absorbance\" (rho) of the surface by the equation, M = 3.92 rho + 0.80 rho3, where rho = -ln(I/I0) and I and I0 are the intensities of light reflected from the surface in the stained and unstained state, respectively. The validity of the model was examined in two ways, 1) by comparing the value of the optical absorption coefficient for EBD predicted by the model to the measured value: the predicted value was 0.128 +/- SD 0.015 cm2 nmol-1, the measured value was 0.125 +/- SD 0.005 cm2 nmol-1; and 2) by comparing predicted changes in vessel wall stretch to measured values: the percentage changes (Y) in area predicted by the model from changes in M were linearly related to the directly measured percentage area changes (X) by Y = 0.09 + 1.01X, +/- SD 2.54, with a correlation coefficient of 0.994.", "PMID": 65919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1891", "title": "Electroimmunoassay of alpha-2-opsonic protein during reticuloendothelial blockade.", "content": "Physiological regulation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity by a plasma opsonic factor has been documented. In the recent study, serum levels of this alpha-2-opsonic protein in rats during colloid-induced RE blockade were measured utilizing an electroimmunoassay (Rocket immunoelectrophoresis) with monospecific antiserum to the purified alpha-2-glycoprotein. RE blockade was produced by the intravenous injection of the gelatinized \"RE-test-lipid emulsion\" at a dose of 50 mg/100 g body wt. The opsonic activity of serum at various intervals during colloid-induced RE blockade as measured by tissue slice bioassay manifested a high correlation (r = 0.98) with the serum opsonic protein concentration as measured by the electroimmunoassay. During RE blockade (30 min), there was a rapid depletion of the opsonic alpha-2-glycoprotein to 20% of the initial preinjection levels. Serum concentration of this glycoprotein remained low for at least 2-3 h after which time its concentration progressively increased with approximation of normal values by 6 h postblockade. Opsonic protein concentration at 24 h postinjection were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated above controls. Thus, colloid-induced RE blockade is associated with the removal of this glycoprotein from the serum and recovery from RE blockade is accompanied by a restoration of opsonin levels. The electroimmunoassay can provide a sensitive technique to monitor this humoral factor known to exert a physiological control on the RE system.", "contents": "Electroimmunoassay of alpha-2-opsonic protein during reticuloendothelial blockade. Physiological regulation of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic activity by a plasma opsonic factor has been documented. In the recent study, serum levels of this alpha-2-opsonic protein in rats during colloid-induced RE blockade were measured utilizing an electroimmunoassay (Rocket immunoelectrophoresis) with monospecific antiserum to the purified alpha-2-glycoprotein. RE blockade was produced by the intravenous injection of the gelatinized \"RE-test-lipid emulsion\" at a dose of 50 mg/100 g body wt. The opsonic activity of serum at various intervals during colloid-induced RE blockade as measured by tissue slice bioassay manifested a high correlation (r = 0.98) with the serum opsonic protein concentration as measured by the electroimmunoassay. During RE blockade (30 min), there was a rapid depletion of the opsonic alpha-2-glycoprotein to 20% of the initial preinjection levels. Serum concentration of this glycoprotein remained low for at least 2-3 h after which time its concentration progressively increased with approximation of normal values by 6 h postblockade. Opsonic protein concentration at 24 h postinjection were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated above controls. Thus, colloid-induced RE blockade is associated with the removal of this glycoprotein from the serum and recovery from RE blockade is accompanied by a restoration of opsonin levels. The electroimmunoassay can provide a sensitive technique to monitor this humoral factor known to exert a physiological control on the RE system.", "PMID": 65920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1892", "title": "A complement-fixing antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi grown in cell cultures.", "content": "A complement-fixing (CF) antigen was prepared from amastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Ernestina strain) grown in beef embryo cell cultures. Multiple lots of the antigen, which consisted of a supernate of washed and disrupted organisms, required material from 10(6) to 10(7) total organism per ml for optimum CF activity. Antibody at dilutions up to 1:256 was demonstrable in various sera from infected animals or patients. Contaminating beef cells from infected cultures were shown to be partly responsible for crossreactions of the antigen by CF with sera from cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in whom concomitant infection with T. cruzi could be excluded. There were no cross-reactions with syphilitic sera and the frequency of positive reactions with normal sera was very low. Some characterisitics of the antigen included stability to storage at -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C for months, inactivation at 60 degrees C and by lyophilization, and an estimated molecular size of between 50,000 and 100,000 on the basis of membrane filtration.", "contents": "A complement-fixing antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi grown in cell cultures. A complement-fixing (CF) antigen was prepared from amastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Ernestina strain) grown in beef embryo cell cultures. Multiple lots of the antigen, which consisted of a supernate of washed and disrupted organisms, required material from 10(6) to 10(7) total organism per ml for optimum CF activity. Antibody at dilutions up to 1:256 was demonstrable in various sera from infected animals or patients. Contaminating beef cells from infected cultures were shown to be partly responsible for crossreactions of the antigen by CF with sera from cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in whom concomitant infection with T. cruzi could be excluded. There were no cross-reactions with syphilitic sera and the frequency of positive reactions with normal sera was very low. Some characterisitics of the antigen included stability to storage at -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C for months, inactivation at 60 degrees C and by lyophilization, and an estimated molecular size of between 50,000 and 100,000 on the basis of membrane filtration.", "PMID": 65921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1893", "title": "Comparison of cell culture with epimastigote antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Various epimastigote antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi were compared with an amastigote-trypomastigote antigen from infected cell cultures by complement fixation (CF) and gel diffusion (Ouchterlony). CF results with human Chagasic sera showed that the amastigote-trypomastigote antigen was usually more sensitive than epimastigote antigens tested. In addition, cross-reactions with normal and other sera were no greater and perhaps less frequent than with crude epimastigote antigens. Specificity of the amastigote-trypomastigote antigen, however, was less than with a protein extract of epimastigotes. Gel diffusion results with human Chagasic and hyper-immunized rabbit sera indicated differences between epimastigote and amastigote-trypomastigote antigens whereas differences by CF with the same sera were equivocal.", "contents": "Comparison of cell culture with epimastigote antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi. Various epimastigote antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi were compared with an amastigote-trypomastigote antigen from infected cell cultures by complement fixation (CF) and gel diffusion (Ouchterlony). CF results with human Chagasic sera showed that the amastigote-trypomastigote antigen was usually more sensitive than epimastigote antigens tested. In addition, cross-reactions with normal and other sera were no greater and perhaps less frequent than with crude epimastigote antigens. Specificity of the amastigote-trypomastigote antigen, however, was less than with a protein extract of epimastigotes. Gel diffusion results with human Chagasic and hyper-immunized rabbit sera indicated differences between epimastigote and amastigote-trypomastigote antigens whereas differences by CF with the same sera were equivocal.", "PMID": 65922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1894", "title": "Experimental gerontology and quantitative cytology: a new approach to cellular ageing.", "content": "The application of the followiny cytologic methods for gerontological basis research is discussed: 1. Quantitative cytomorphology including electron microscopic morphometry and its combination with cytochemical reactions. 2. Histochemical studies on cell components like DNA in situ by means of acridine orange microfluorimetry and thermal denaturation. 3. X-ray microanalysis for measuring the intranuclear electrolyte contents. The results obtained indicate the usefulness and the validity of a quantitative cytological approach to the cellular ageing.", "contents": "Experimental gerontology and quantitative cytology: a new approach to cellular ageing. The application of the followiny cytologic methods for gerontological basis research is discussed: 1. Quantitative cytomorphology including electron microscopic morphometry and its combination with cytochemical reactions. 2. Histochemical studies on cell components like DNA in situ by means of acridine orange microfluorimetry and thermal denaturation. 3. X-ray microanalysis for measuring the intranuclear electrolyte contents. The results obtained indicate the usefulness and the validity of a quantitative cytological approach to the cellular ageing.", "PMID": 65923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1895", "title": "[Effects of premedication, narcosis and surgery on the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and the platelets. The influence of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch (hes) during and after operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients who had undergone orthopaedic surgery were investigated. The changes attributable to premedication and narcosis were characterized by a primary fibrinolysis which was accompanied by a slight hypercoagulability. This increased fibrinolytic activity was more pronounced immediately after the beginning of the operation. The post operative changes are characterized by increased ADP-induced aggregation, increased release of platelet factors 3 and 4 and hypercoagulability with reduced fibrinolysis. The reduction in platelets during the operation could be prevented due to the influence of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). It came further to a slight increase in the activity of factor VII, to an increased fibrinogen polymerization and also to an increased release of platelet factor 4.", "contents": "[Effects of premedication, narcosis and surgery on the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems and the platelets. The influence of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch (hes) during and after operation (author's transl)]. Patients who had undergone orthopaedic surgery were investigated. The changes attributable to premedication and narcosis were characterized by a primary fibrinolysis which was accompanied by a slight hypercoagulability. This increased fibrinolytic activity was more pronounced immediately after the beginning of the operation. The post operative changes are characterized by increased ADP-induced aggregation, increased release of platelet factors 3 and 4 and hypercoagulability with reduced fibrinolysis. The reduction in platelets during the operation could be prevented due to the influence of dextran and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). It came further to a slight increase in the activity of factor VII, to an increased fibrinogen polymerization and also to an increased release of platelet factor 4.", "PMID": 65927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1896", "title": "The effect of endotoxin on the mast cell c'AMP system.", "content": "To determine whether the endotoxin induced release of histamine is mediated via the mast cell c'AMP system, hamster mast cells were isolated and incubated (prior to endotoxin-serum stimulates (ET-S) with disodium cromoglycate, isoproterenol and aminophylline. All drugs caused significant inhibition of the ET-S histamine release. The authors conclude that ET-S utilizes the c'AMP system to release histamine.", "contents": "The effect of endotoxin on the mast cell c'AMP system. To determine whether the endotoxin induced release of histamine is mediated via the mast cell c'AMP system, hamster mast cells were isolated and incubated (prior to endotoxin-serum stimulates (ET-S) with disodium cromoglycate, isoproterenol and aminophylline. All drugs caused significant inhibition of the ET-S histamine release. The authors conclude that ET-S utilizes the c'AMP system to release histamine.", "PMID": 65929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1897", "title": "Immune and biochemical mechanisms in the allergic disease of the upper respiratory tract; role of antibodies, target cells, mediators and eosinophils.", "content": "The pathways leading to the development of the allergic state and subsequently to the characteristic inflammatory response are complex in nature and result from an interplay between immunologic and biochemical events. Along these pathways a number of intrinsic factors, i.e., handling of antigens at mucosal level, transient immunodeficiency states, especially in the secretory IgA system, impairment in the IgE regulatory mechanism, modulation of cyclic nucleotides leading to mediator release and a \"feedback\" inhibition control provided by histamine and eosinophil derived products greatly dictate the outcome of events associated with allergic inflammation.", "contents": "Immune and biochemical mechanisms in the allergic disease of the upper respiratory tract; role of antibodies, target cells, mediators and eosinophils. The pathways leading to the development of the allergic state and subsequently to the characteristic inflammatory response are complex in nature and result from an interplay between immunologic and biochemical events. Along these pathways a number of intrinsic factors, i.e., handling of antigens at mucosal level, transient immunodeficiency states, especially in the secretory IgA system, impairment in the IgE regulatory mechanism, modulation of cyclic nucleotides leading to mediator release and a \"feedback\" inhibition control provided by histamine and eosinophil derived products greatly dictate the outcome of events associated with allergic inflammation.", "PMID": 65931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1898", "title": "Total serum protein, serum protein fractions and serum immunoglobulins in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves.", "content": "Total serum protein levels, serum protein fraction levels, and specific serum immunoglobulin class or subclass levels were measured in colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) calves during the first 144 hours after birth. Total serum protein values increased at 24 hours in the CF group and then decreased slightly at 144 hours. The increase in total serum protei5) in beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-globulins. The beta2- and gamma-globulin levels decreased by 144 hours, while the serum level of beta1-globulin continued to increase. The CD calves exhibited a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in total serum protein at 24 hours, folhours, the level of beta1-globulin inlowed by a significant increase (P less than 0.05) at 144 hours. At 24 hours, the level of beta1-globulin decreased slightly, and the level of beta2- and gamma-globulins increased slightly. At 144 creased, and the level of gamma-globulin decreased. The beta2-globulin level did not change. At birth, immunoglobulin (Ig) M was detected in 5 of the 10 calves, IgG1 in 6 of the 10 calves, and IgG2 in 3 of the 10 calves. By 24 hours after birth, all CF calves had detectable levels of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2, and there were significant increases (P less than 0.01) in the mean serum levels of all 3 immunoglobulins. By 144 hours after birth, the serum levels of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 decreased to various degrees. At 24 hours, the IgM level had not increased in CD calves; however, the level of IgG2 appeared to increase slightly, and the mean IgG1 level increased by approximately 50%. By 144 hours after birth, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the mean level of serum IgM. The level of IgG, also appeared to increase substantially, while the level of IgG2 appeared to increase slightly.", "contents": "Total serum protein, serum protein fractions and serum immunoglobulins in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves. Total serum protein levels, serum protein fraction levels, and specific serum immunoglobulin class or subclass levels were measured in colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) calves during the first 144 hours after birth. Total serum protein values increased at 24 hours in the CF group and then decreased slightly at 144 hours. The increase in total serum protei5) in beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-globulins. The beta2- and gamma-globulin levels decreased by 144 hours, while the serum level of beta1-globulin continued to increase. The CD calves exhibited a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in total serum protein at 24 hours, folhours, the level of beta1-globulin inlowed by a significant increase (P less than 0.05) at 144 hours. At 24 hours, the level of beta1-globulin decreased slightly, and the level of beta2- and gamma-globulins increased slightly. At 144 creased, and the level of gamma-globulin decreased. The beta2-globulin level did not change. At birth, immunoglobulin (Ig) M was detected in 5 of the 10 calves, IgG1 in 6 of the 10 calves, and IgG2 in 3 of the 10 calves. By 24 hours after birth, all CF calves had detectable levels of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2, and there were significant increases (P less than 0.01) in the mean serum levels of all 3 immunoglobulins. By 144 hours after birth, the serum levels of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 decreased to various degrees. At 24 hours, the IgM level had not increased in CD calves; however, the level of IgG2 appeared to increase slightly, and the mean IgG1 level increased by approximately 50%. By 144 hours after birth, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the mean level of serum IgM. The level of IgG, also appeared to increase substantially, while the level of IgG2 appeared to increase slightly.", "PMID": 65932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1899", "title": "[Use of two dimensional immunoelectrophoretic method in the study of the antigenic relationships of \"Mycobacterium simiae\" and \"M. habana\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the cultural, biochemical and serologic studies reported elsewhere, it was thought of interest to investigate the antigenic structure of these strains. In the present work, sonicated suspensions of the bacteria were used as antigens, together with rabbit immune serum antibodies. The optimal conditions to obtain the largest number and the sharpest lines possible, were established. In this manner, we were able to obtain on two dimensional electrophoresis patterns were obtained. Using an anti-M. habana 4238 antiserum, 36 lines of precipitation were obtained with M. habana 4238, 41 lines with M. simiae 29 and 29 lines with for M. simiae 59-IX-7. Subsequently, identity tests were performed to verify the occurrence of were common antigens. These tests revealed such commons antigens in all the three strains. The comparison between M. habana and M. simiae 29 showed the occurence of at least one Precipitation line, that is characteristic of M. habana. These results appear to agree with those of Meissner, who obtained a small amount of anti-M. habana specific agglutinins. However, this worker did not believe that this was sufficient evidence to separate M. simiae 29 from M. habana. The antigenic differences between M. habana and M. simiae 59-IX-7 are more significant and appear to justify their differentiation into 2 serotypes: M. habana 4238 and M. simiae 29 being of serotype 1, M. simiae 59-IX-7 of serotype 2. The difficulties experienced in the separation of the antigenic fractions in the immunoelectrophoretic diagrams, led to consider the purification of the antigens and then to attempt to isolate the specific antigenic fractions.", "contents": "[Use of two dimensional immunoelectrophoretic method in the study of the antigenic relationships of \"Mycobacterium simiae\" and \"M. habana\" (author's transl)]. Following the cultural, biochemical and serologic studies reported elsewhere, it was thought of interest to investigate the antigenic structure of these strains. In the present work, sonicated suspensions of the bacteria were used as antigens, together with rabbit immune serum antibodies. The optimal conditions to obtain the largest number and the sharpest lines possible, were established. In this manner, we were able to obtain on two dimensional electrophoresis patterns were obtained. Using an anti-M. habana 4238 antiserum, 36 lines of precipitation were obtained with M. habana 4238, 41 lines with M. simiae 29 and 29 lines with for M. simiae 59-IX-7. Subsequently, identity tests were performed to verify the occurrence of were common antigens. These tests revealed such commons antigens in all the three strains. The comparison between M. habana and M. simiae 29 showed the occurence of at least one Precipitation line, that is characteristic of M. habana. These results appear to agree with those of Meissner, who obtained a small amount of anti-M. habana specific agglutinins. However, this worker did not believe that this was sufficient evidence to separate M. simiae 29 from M. habana. The antigenic differences between M. habana and M. simiae 59-IX-7 are more significant and appear to justify their differentiation into 2 serotypes: M. habana 4238 and M. simiae 29 being of serotype 1, M. simiae 59-IX-7 of serotype 2. The difficulties experienced in the separation of the antigenic fractions in the immunoelectrophoretic diagrams, led to consider the purification of the antigens and then to attempt to isolate the specific antigenic fractions.", "PMID": 65934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1900", "title": "[Paraneoplastic ichthyosis. Ultrastructural study].", "content": "A case of ichthyosis in association with bronchial carcinoma is studied by electron microscopy. Keratohyaline granules are always present in only one layer; variable in size but often reduced upon short tonofilament bundles, they are structurally normal. This suggested a reduced synthesis of a normal keratohyalin, different from the synthesis of an abnormal few spongy keratohyaline in autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris.", "contents": "[Paraneoplastic ichthyosis. Ultrastructural study]. A case of ichthyosis in association with bronchial carcinoma is studied by electron microscopy. Keratohyaline granules are always present in only one layer; variable in size but often reduced upon short tonofilament bundles, they are structurally normal. This suggested a reduced synthesis of a normal keratohyalin, different from the synthesis of an abnormal few spongy keratohyaline in autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris.", "PMID": 65937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1901", "title": "An improved method for processing early rat otocysts for the electron microscope.", "content": "Various methods of dissection, fixation, osmication, sectioning and staining were tested in order to develop an acceptable technique for preparing 9, 10, 11, and 12-day-old rat otocysts for electron microscopic study. The general problems associated with embryonic tissue-difficult handling, high water content and poor stainability are discussed, and concrete methods of preparation which significantly decrease these difficulties are proposed. The specific fixation and sectioning requirements of rat otocyst are also described in the elaboration of a method which will be used in subsequent studies of the organogenesis of rodent ear.", "contents": "An improved method for processing early rat otocysts for the electron microscope. Various methods of dissection, fixation, osmication, sectioning and staining were tested in order to develop an acceptable technique for preparing 9, 10, 11, and 12-day-old rat otocysts for electron microscopic study. The general problems associated with embryonic tissue-difficult handling, high water content and poor stainability are discussed, and concrete methods of preparation which significantly decrease these difficulties are proposed. The specific fixation and sectioning requirements of rat otocyst are also described in the elaboration of a method which will be used in subsequent studies of the organogenesis of rodent ear.", "PMID": 65936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1902", "title": "The inhibition of arginase from the hepatopancreas of a terrestrial snail by amino acids.", "content": "The effects of L-amino acids on arginase from the hepatopancreas of the snail Ariophanta (=Cryptozona) ligulata were studied. This enzyme was inhibited by ornithine, valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, proline and threonine. The other amino acids were without any significant effect. Only ornithine was a non-competitive inhibitor, where as all the other inhibitory amino acids were competitive.", "contents": "The inhibition of arginase from the hepatopancreas of a terrestrial snail by amino acids. The effects of L-amino acids on arginase from the hepatopancreas of the snail Ariophanta (=Cryptozona) ligulata were studied. This enzyme was inhibited by ornithine, valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, proline and threonine. The other amino acids were without any significant effect. Only ornithine was a non-competitive inhibitor, where as all the other inhibitory amino acids were competitive.", "PMID": 65944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1903", "title": "[Radiometric detection of formate 14C and formaldehyde 14C oxidation in folic acid deficiency].", "content": "An ionization chamber method was used in vivo to demonstrate a delayed oxidation of [14C] formaldehyde and [14C] formate to 14CO2 in folic acid-deficient rats as compared to control rats or folic-acid-deficient rats treated by folic acid. Results obtained showed that oxidation of these two molecules required the presence of folic acid.", "contents": "[Radiometric detection of formate 14C and formaldehyde 14C oxidation in folic acid deficiency]. An ionization chamber method was used in vivo to demonstrate a delayed oxidation of [14C] formaldehyde and [14C] formate to 14CO2 in folic acid-deficient rats as compared to control rats or folic-acid-deficient rats treated by folic acid. Results obtained showed that oxidation of these two molecules required the presence of folic acid.", "PMID": 65945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1904", "title": "[Comparison of the compliance of resting and contracting muscle].", "content": "Frog sartorius muscles are stretched at rest and during maximal tetanic contractions. Parallel compliance decreases when the length increases. The relationship between compliance and length is linear in double-logarithmic scale. The compliance of the active muscle (tetanic contraction) is not related to the length. The series-compliance is calculated from the parallel compliance and the active one. It increases with the length of muscle. These results are discussed on the basis of the sliding-filaments theory.", "contents": "[Comparison of the compliance of resting and contracting muscle]. Frog sartorius muscles are stretched at rest and during maximal tetanic contractions. Parallel compliance decreases when the length increases. The relationship between compliance and length is linear in double-logarithmic scale. The compliance of the active muscle (tetanic contraction) is not related to the length. The series-compliance is calculated from the parallel compliance and the active one. It increases with the length of muscle. These results are discussed on the basis of the sliding-filaments theory.", "PMID": 65946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1905", "title": "Response of isolated axonal preparations to hyperosmoticity: evidence for a cellular volume regulation.", "content": "When submitted to a hyperosmotic stress, isolated axons of Callinectes sapidus shrink. Volume regulation is observed if the experiment is carried out by using serum from a crab adapted to sea water. 3' : 5'-AMP and dibutyryl AMP are also effective. A compound isolated from the hemolymph and having a molecular weight close to 10 000 mimics the effects of the serum and induces a partial regulation of the axonal volume.", "contents": "Response of isolated axonal preparations to hyperosmoticity: evidence for a cellular volume regulation. When submitted to a hyperosmotic stress, isolated axons of Callinectes sapidus shrink. Volume regulation is observed if the experiment is carried out by using serum from a crab adapted to sea water. 3' : 5'-AMP and dibutyryl AMP are also effective. A compound isolated from the hemolymph and having a molecular weight close to 10 000 mimics the effects of the serum and induces a partial regulation of the axonal volume.", "PMID": 65947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1906", "title": "[Immunological importance of a new protein: the beta2-microglobulin (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors are presenting a concise review on a protein, beta2-microglobulin, that has gained in notable importance in the immunological field during these last years. The story of this protein begins with nephrology because it has a notable importance in the diagnosis of renal tubular diseases; in fact its presence in the electrophoretic pattern of proteinuria puts in evidence renal tubular damage. Nextly immunological studies have shown the beta2-microglobulin has strict correlations with the HL-A system; probably it forms a part of this system, as shown by the new immunofluorescent methods applied to the lymphocte. A recent study has shown also the beta2-microglobulin serum levels are very high in some malignant diseases, like in acute leukemia; however this low molecular weight protein could also be the expression of malignancy because it can be a product of non mature cells in a large quantity.", "contents": "[Immunological importance of a new protein: the beta2-microglobulin (author's transl)]. The Authors are presenting a concise review on a protein, beta2-microglobulin, that has gained in notable importance in the immunological field during these last years. The story of this protein begins with nephrology because it has a notable importance in the diagnosis of renal tubular diseases; in fact its presence in the electrophoretic pattern of proteinuria puts in evidence renal tubular damage. Nextly immunological studies have shown the beta2-microglobulin has strict correlations with the HL-A system; probably it forms a part of this system, as shown by the new immunofluorescent methods applied to the lymphocte. A recent study has shown also the beta2-microglobulin serum levels are very high in some malignant diseases, like in acute leukemia; however this low molecular weight protein could also be the expression of malignancy because it can be a product of non mature cells in a large quantity.", "PMID": 65943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1907", "title": "[Problems of the prenatal prophylaxis of the viral infections (author's transl)].", "content": "The present review will supply an simple notice over the characters of every one viral infection interesting the materne-faetal conditions, and also propose the most convenient intervention for each observed type. A not small lot of these problems are not resolved in the field of the antiviral immunity regarding the mother and newborn.", "contents": "[Problems of the prenatal prophylaxis of the viral infections (author's transl)]. The present review will supply an simple notice over the characters of every one viral infection interesting the materne-faetal conditions, and also propose the most convenient intervention for each observed type. A not small lot of these problems are not resolved in the field of the antiviral immunity regarding the mother and newborn.", "PMID": 65942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1908", "title": "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the uptake of various cations by lymphoid cells.", "content": "Several acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as well as their corresponding alcohol molecules which are known to induce swelling of isolated lymphocytes by changing cell membrane permeability to water, are demonstrated also to induce changes of membrane permeability of lymphoid cells to one divalent cation, calcium, and to three monovalent cations, rubidium, cesium and sodium. According to the cells ionic environment, they increase or decrease the cellular uptake of cation which is itself also closely dependent on the ionic composition of the incubation medium. This drug-effect is very rapid, directly related to the medium NSAID concentration and almost totally reversible except to the most potent drugs such as flufenamic acid. Changes in intracellular ionic balance could have important catalytic effects on the metabolism of normal as well as of pathological cells. This fact could explain side-effects of these drugs as well as some of their therapeutic effects.", "contents": "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the uptake of various cations by lymphoid cells. Several acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as well as their corresponding alcohol molecules which are known to induce swelling of isolated lymphocytes by changing cell membrane permeability to water, are demonstrated also to induce changes of membrane permeability of lymphoid cells to one divalent cation, calcium, and to three monovalent cations, rubidium, cesium and sodium. According to the cells ionic environment, they increase or decrease the cellular uptake of cation which is itself also closely dependent on the ionic composition of the incubation medium. This drug-effect is very rapid, directly related to the medium NSAID concentration and almost totally reversible except to the most potent drugs such as flufenamic acid. Changes in intracellular ionic balance could have important catalytic effects on the metabolism of normal as well as of pathological cells. This fact could explain side-effects of these drugs as well as some of their therapeutic effects.", "PMID": 65948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1909", "title": "Anaerobic metabolism of the common cockle, Cardium edule. II. Partial purification and properties of lactate dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase. A comparative study.", "content": "1. Octopine dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were purified 190-fold and 10-fold respectively from the adductor muscle of the marine bivalve Cardium edule by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. 2. Lactate dehydrogenase was capable to convert D- and L-lactate, had a molecular weight of about 70 000 and 280 000 daltons, exhibits no distinct pH optimum and was not inhibited by lactate. The enzyme showed apparent Km values of 0.16 mM for pyruvate and 16 mM and 48 mM for D- and L-lactate respectively. 3. In comparison to the purified enzymes from other species, octopine dehydrogenase from Cardium edule showed similar biochemical properties : pH optima of 6.8 and 8.7 respectively, Km values of 0.9 mM (for pyruvate) and 2.0 mM (for arginine), a molecular weight of 37 000 daltons and inhibition by octopine. Electrophoretic studies on standard polyacrylamide gels showed five isoenzymes. 4. The biochemical properties of both dehydrogenases are compared to the conditions in vivo of these animals and the biological role of the octopine dehydrogenase is discussed.", "contents": "Anaerobic metabolism of the common cockle, Cardium edule. II. Partial purification and properties of lactate dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase. A comparative study. 1. Octopine dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were purified 190-fold and 10-fold respectively from the adductor muscle of the marine bivalve Cardium edule by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. 2. Lactate dehydrogenase was capable to convert D- and L-lactate, had a molecular weight of about 70 000 and 280 000 daltons, exhibits no distinct pH optimum and was not inhibited by lactate. The enzyme showed apparent Km values of 0.16 mM for pyruvate and 16 mM and 48 mM for D- and L-lactate respectively. 3. In comparison to the purified enzymes from other species, octopine dehydrogenase from Cardium edule showed similar biochemical properties : pH optima of 6.8 and 8.7 respectively, Km values of 0.9 mM (for pyruvate) and 2.0 mM (for arginine), a molecular weight of 37 000 daltons and inhibition by octopine. Electrophoretic studies on standard polyacrylamide gels showed five isoenzymes. 4. The biochemical properties of both dehydrogenases are compared to the conditions in vivo of these animals and the biological role of the octopine dehydrogenase is discussed.", "PMID": 65949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1910", "title": "Effect of vitamin B6 on gamma-aminobutyric acid level in rat brain.", "content": "Vitamin B6 injected intraperitoneally into rats 400 mg/kg body weight, has produced a statistically significant decrease in GABA level concentrations in hippocampus and cerebellum. Cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and thalamus have shown the decrease in GABA concentrations, but these changes were not statistically significant. No remarkable behavioural changes were noted under such circumstances. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed in relation to the role of GABA distribution in different brain regions and development of convulsions.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin B6 on gamma-aminobutyric acid level in rat brain. Vitamin B6 injected intraperitoneally into rats 400 mg/kg body weight, has produced a statistically significant decrease in GABA level concentrations in hippocampus and cerebellum. Cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and thalamus have shown the decrease in GABA concentrations, but these changes were not statistically significant. No remarkable behavioural changes were noted under such circumstances. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed in relation to the role of GABA distribution in different brain regions and development of convulsions.", "PMID": 65950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1911", "title": "Incorporation of double-labelled valine into delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine by Penicillium chrysogenum.", "content": "The incorporation of valine into the LLD-tripeptide, delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine, a precursor of penicillin, was studied by incubating mycelial mats of Penicillium chrysogenum Wis. 49-2105 with double labelled valines. L-valine was incorporated into the LLD-tripeptide without formation of an alpha, beta-didehydrovaline intermediate. Intact D-valine was not incorporated into the LLD-tripeptide.", "contents": "Incorporation of double-labelled valine into delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine by Penicillium chrysogenum. The incorporation of valine into the LLD-tripeptide, delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine, a precursor of penicillin, was studied by incubating mycelial mats of Penicillium chrysogenum Wis. 49-2105 with double labelled valines. L-valine was incorporated into the LLD-tripeptide without formation of an alpha, beta-didehydrovaline intermediate. Intact D-valine was not incorporated into the LLD-tripeptide.", "PMID": 65951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1912", "title": "Absence of a prostaglandinic mediator in the lateral hypothalamic cardio-vascular inhibition.", "content": "The cardio-vascular inhibition elicited by electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus of anaesthesized and desafferentiated dogs is not linked with a mediator release like PGE. The effect of this biological agent is not registered in the isolated femoral artery of a receiver, after deviation by a cruised circulation of the arterial blood of a hypothalamic stimulated donor dog. Antipyretics, which are also prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, enhance the lateral hypothalamic reactions. As the thermoregulation centre is localized in the same region as the cardio-vascular inhibition centre and because lowering of temperature depends upon vasodilation and decrease in the general cellular metabolism, both functions of the paraventricular nucleus activity, a hypothesis is proposed that thermoregulation and cardio-vascular inhibition centres are a functional and anatomical unity.", "contents": "Absence of a prostaglandinic mediator in the lateral hypothalamic cardio-vascular inhibition. The cardio-vascular inhibition elicited by electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus of anaesthesized and desafferentiated dogs is not linked with a mediator release like PGE. The effect of this biological agent is not registered in the isolated femoral artery of a receiver, after deviation by a cruised circulation of the arterial blood of a hypothalamic stimulated donor dog. Antipyretics, which are also prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, enhance the lateral hypothalamic reactions. As the thermoregulation centre is localized in the same region as the cardio-vascular inhibition centre and because lowering of temperature depends upon vasodilation and decrease in the general cellular metabolism, both functions of the paraventricular nucleus activity, a hypothesis is proposed that thermoregulation and cardio-vascular inhibition centres are a functional and anatomical unity.", "PMID": 65952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1913", "title": "The effect of thermic stress on the somatic reaction of rage and on rapid circling turns, in the cat.", "content": "An investigation was made of the effect of thermic stress on the somatic rage reaction and on rapid circling turns in cats awake and free to move in a behavioural cage. An increase in room temperature had a two-phase effect on the excitability of the nervous structures stimulated that is able to evoke the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns. The first phase, at room temperature 25 degrees-30 degrees C, was characterized by hypoexcitability; the second phase, appearing after longer periods of exposure and at temperatures above 30 degrees C, was characterized by the onset panting, hyperexcitability of the nervous structures stimulated and then by lowering of the somatic rage reaction threshold and a very significant increase in the number of circling turns. Experimentation on the action of cold external temperature on the excitability of structures involved in evoking the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns indicated an increase in their excitability, corresponding to an increase in spontaneous and evoked somatic motor activity.", "contents": "The effect of thermic stress on the somatic reaction of rage and on rapid circling turns, in the cat. An investigation was made of the effect of thermic stress on the somatic rage reaction and on rapid circling turns in cats awake and free to move in a behavioural cage. An increase in room temperature had a two-phase effect on the excitability of the nervous structures stimulated that is able to evoke the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns. The first phase, at room temperature 25 degrees-30 degrees C, was characterized by hypoexcitability; the second phase, appearing after longer periods of exposure and at temperatures above 30 degrees C, was characterized by the onset panting, hyperexcitability of the nervous structures stimulated and then by lowering of the somatic rage reaction threshold and a very significant increase in the number of circling turns. Experimentation on the action of cold external temperature on the excitability of structures involved in evoking the somatic rage reaction and rapid circling turns indicated an increase in their excitability, corresponding to an increase in spontaneous and evoked somatic motor activity.", "PMID": 65954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1914", "title": "[Noradrenaline clearance in human urine].", "content": "The urinary clearance for DL-[3H] noradrenaline has been measured in four human subjects. The mean ratio of noradrenaline clearance over glomerular filtration rate was 0.93, the confidence limit for the mean at the 5% level being 0.81-1.06. These results are in perfect agreement with those obtained in dogs with the same experimental procedure. It is concluded that the urinary excretion of noradrenaline is strictly proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "[Noradrenaline clearance in human urine]. The urinary clearance for DL-[3H] noradrenaline has been measured in four human subjects. The mean ratio of noradrenaline clearance over glomerular filtration rate was 0.93, the confidence limit for the mean at the 5% level being 0.81-1.06. These results are in perfect agreement with those obtained in dogs with the same experimental procedure. It is concluded that the urinary excretion of noradrenaline is strictly proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 65955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1915", "title": "Effect of various ions on ATP determinations using the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system.", "content": "Various salts and buffers used in routine as part of the ATP extraction procedues induce an important inhibition of the peak light emission produced by the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system. The nature of the anion is more important in determining the inhibitory effect than the nature of the cation. The series obtained when placing the anions studied by order of increasing effectiveness is as follows Ac- less than Cl- less than I- less than ClO4-. KClO4 appears thus as a strong inhibitor of the enzyme activity. It appears moreover to act competitively with respect to ATP, one mole of inhibitor binding per mole of ATP active site. These results are discussed in connection with the use of the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system for ATP and other energy-rich compounds' concentration measurements.", "contents": "Effect of various ions on ATP determinations using the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system. Various salts and buffers used in routine as part of the ATP extraction procedues induce an important inhibition of the peak light emission produced by the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system. The nature of the anion is more important in determining the inhibitory effect than the nature of the cation. The series obtained when placing the anions studied by order of increasing effectiveness is as follows Ac- less than Cl- less than I- less than ClO4-. KClO4 appears thus as a strong inhibitor of the enzyme activity. It appears moreover to act competitively with respect to ATP, one mole of inhibitor binding per mole of ATP active site. These results are discussed in connection with the use of the \"luciferine-luciferase\" system for ATP and other energy-rich compounds' concentration measurements.", "PMID": 65956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1916", "title": "[Effect of prolonged glucidic starvation on the contents of starch and tannins of Blechnum brasiliense L. gametophytes].", "content": "Some Blechnum brasiliense gametophytes have been maintained in darkness, in a purely mineral medium, for the purpose of investigating the effect of prolonged glucidic starving on the amount of tannins and starch that they contain. During the first two months the tannin contents undergoes a fast decrease. The starch variations are different : a transitory increase simultaneous with the fall in tannin; a decrease after the disappearance of 3/4 of the tannin contents; and lastly, a new amylogenese which precedes the prothallus necrosis. It seems that the gametophytes, in order to survive, degrade first their tannoidic reserves, and they utilize the starch that they contain only with difficulty. This behaviour can be explained by the distribution of the two metabolites; by the acid pH of the medium, which is not very propitious to the phosphorylases activity and lastly by the presence of chlorogenic acids, which are inhibitors of those enzymes.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged glucidic starvation on the contents of starch and tannins of Blechnum brasiliense L. gametophytes]. Some Blechnum brasiliense gametophytes have been maintained in darkness, in a purely mineral medium, for the purpose of investigating the effect of prolonged glucidic starving on the amount of tannins and starch that they contain. During the first two months the tannin contents undergoes a fast decrease. The starch variations are different : a transitory increase simultaneous with the fall in tannin; a decrease after the disappearance of 3/4 of the tannin contents; and lastly, a new amylogenese which precedes the prothallus necrosis. It seems that the gametophytes, in order to survive, degrade first their tannoidic reserves, and they utilize the starch that they contain only with difficulty. This behaviour can be explained by the distribution of the two metabolites; by the acid pH of the medium, which is not very propitious to the phosphorylases activity and lastly by the presence of chlorogenic acids, which are inhibitors of those enzymes.", "PMID": 65957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1917", "title": "Release of prostaglandin-like material from isolated cat tracheal muscle by electrical and mechanical stimulation.", "content": "Release of PGE-like material has been studied on the isolated continuously-superfused cat tracheal muscle using dynamic bioassay methods. The effluent of transmural electrically-stimulated cat tracheal muscle induced a contraction when superfused over the rat stomach fundus strip. This response did not alter with atropine, methysergide, phentolamine and propranolol but was inhibited by aspirin and Sc 19220. The same myotropic activity in the effluent was found when trachea was mechanically stimulated by an additional increase in tension. The effluent from mechanically- and electrically-stimulated tracheal muscle caused a definite relaxation when superfused over a second cat tracheal muscle contracted by serotonin and pretreated with propranolol. Electrically-stimulated cat trachea itself gave a relaxant response which was blocked by propranolol but potentiated by aspirin. From these results it was concluded that both electrical and mechanical stimulation can elicit a release of PGE-like material from isolated cat tracheal muscle.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin-like material from isolated cat tracheal muscle by electrical and mechanical stimulation. Release of PGE-like material has been studied on the isolated continuously-superfused cat tracheal muscle using dynamic bioassay methods. The effluent of transmural electrically-stimulated cat tracheal muscle induced a contraction when superfused over the rat stomach fundus strip. This response did not alter with atropine, methysergide, phentolamine and propranolol but was inhibited by aspirin and Sc 19220. The same myotropic activity in the effluent was found when trachea was mechanically stimulated by an additional increase in tension. The effluent from mechanically- and electrically-stimulated tracheal muscle caused a definite relaxation when superfused over a second cat tracheal muscle contracted by serotonin and pretreated with propranolol. Electrically-stimulated cat trachea itself gave a relaxant response which was blocked by propranolol but potentiated by aspirin. From these results it was concluded that both electrical and mechanical stimulation can elicit a release of PGE-like material from isolated cat tracheal muscle.", "PMID": 65958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1918", "title": "[The possible protective effect of cysteine during acute alcohol intoxication].", "content": "In the experimental conditions used, cysteine administered per os together with ethanol reduces the blood alcohol levels, but does not modify significantly the rate of alcohol oxidation. No effect of cysteine administration is however observed when ethanol is injected intraperitoneally. Cysteine addition in vitro enhances ethanol consumption by liver slices and reduces at the same time 14CO2 production from [2-14C] ethanol. This effect is only observed with a high cysteine/ethanol molar ratio. The changes in the blood alcohol level resulting from cysteine administration do not appear to result from such an interaction with ethanol oxidation, but seem to be due to a delayed ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[The possible protective effect of cysteine during acute alcohol intoxication]. In the experimental conditions used, cysteine administered per os together with ethanol reduces the blood alcohol levels, but does not modify significantly the rate of alcohol oxidation. No effect of cysteine administration is however observed when ethanol is injected intraperitoneally. Cysteine addition in vitro enhances ethanol consumption by liver slices and reduces at the same time 14CO2 production from [2-14C] ethanol. This effect is only observed with a high cysteine/ethanol molar ratio. The changes in the blood alcohol level resulting from cysteine administration do not appear to result from such an interaction with ethanol oxidation, but seem to be due to a delayed ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 65959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1919", "title": "[Intensive albumin therapy and pressure modifications during acute coronary ischemia in the dog].", "content": "The influence, on left ventricular pressure, of an intensive human albumin administration, has been studied in eight open chest dogs, during a second myocardial ischemia produced by coronary occlusion. After elevation of plasmatic proteins, the systolic and telediastolic left ventricular pressure, the dP/dt and the cardiac rate are measured. Any hypotensive effect was not observed in the human albumin-perfused dogs, nor in another control groups of six animals.", "contents": "[Intensive albumin therapy and pressure modifications during acute coronary ischemia in the dog]. The influence, on left ventricular pressure, of an intensive human albumin administration, has been studied in eight open chest dogs, during a second myocardial ischemia produced by coronary occlusion. After elevation of plasmatic proteins, the systolic and telediastolic left ventricular pressure, the dP/dt and the cardiac rate are measured. Any hypotensive effect was not observed in the human albumin-perfused dogs, nor in another control groups of six animals.", "PMID": 65980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1920", "title": "Modification of testicular steroid metabolism in the rat during gonadotrophin administration.", "content": "The administration of human chorionic gonadotrophins to adult rats stimulates the formation of testosterone, 7alpha-hydroxy-testosterone and 5alpha-androstanediol in incubated testes. When the gonadotrophins are injected for several days, the testosterone formation is maintained at a high level; however, the transformation to 7alpha-hydroxy-testosterone decreases progressively to subcontrol levels, while 5alpha-androstanediol is produced in greater amounts.", "contents": "Modification of testicular steroid metabolism in the rat during gonadotrophin administration. The administration of human chorionic gonadotrophins to adult rats stimulates the formation of testosterone, 7alpha-hydroxy-testosterone and 5alpha-androstanediol in incubated testes. When the gonadotrophins are injected for several days, the testosterone formation is maintained at a high level; however, the transformation to 7alpha-hydroxy-testosterone decreases progressively to subcontrol levels, while 5alpha-androstanediol is produced in greater amounts.", "PMID": 66034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1921", "title": "[Decrease in maximum consumption of oxygen after blockage of beta-andrenergic receptors].", "content": "VO2 max, maximum oxygen uptake, has been measured in 4 normal young men, before and after beta-adrenergic blockade (0.5 to 5 mg Pindolol by mouth). Pindolol induces bradycardia and reduces VO2 max. A statistically significant positive correlation appears between posology of Pindolol and bradycardia, this posology and reduction of VO2 max, and finally between bradycardia and reduction of VO2 max. These correlations indicate that the reduction of VO2 max is best explained by a circulatory limitation of oxygen supply to active muscles.", "contents": "[Decrease in maximum consumption of oxygen after blockage of beta-andrenergic receptors]. VO2 max, maximum oxygen uptake, has been measured in 4 normal young men, before and after beta-adrenergic blockade (0.5 to 5 mg Pindolol by mouth). Pindolol induces bradycardia and reduces VO2 max. A statistically significant positive correlation appears between posology of Pindolol and bradycardia, this posology and reduction of VO2 max, and finally between bradycardia and reduction of VO2 max. These correlations indicate that the reduction of VO2 max is best explained by a circulatory limitation of oxygen supply to active muscles.", "PMID": 66035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1922", "title": "Voltage-current relationships in skeletal muscles of rats.", "content": "(1) Thin sheets of fibres from gastrocnemius and lumbricalis muscles of rats were washed in Tris-proponiate solutions containing 0.67 to 60 mM K. The voltage-current relationship was measured by the two microelectrode technique. (2) The V-C curve was S-shaped. The steep region, sometimes including a \"forbidden\" voltage zone, occurred between about -40 and -70 mV when the solution contained 2 mM K. In some fibres the steep region was found to occur at more positive currents and voltages in \"upward\" runs (steps of increasing depolarizing currents) then in \"downward\" runs. The V-C curves thus revealed hysteresis loops presumably covering a negative conductance region. (3) The voltage at which the steep region occurred was a function of [K]0. The mid-point of the steep region was 50 to 60 mV more positive than EK for a particular [K]0 was about 6 mM the steep region of the V-C relationship was not conspicuous. The steep V-C region is considered to reflect depolarizing K inactivation. The near disappearance of the phenomenon at 6 mM K is thought to result from an interference of delayed rectification and depolarizing K inactivation.", "contents": "Voltage-current relationships in skeletal muscles of rats. (1) Thin sheets of fibres from gastrocnemius and lumbricalis muscles of rats were washed in Tris-proponiate solutions containing 0.67 to 60 mM K. The voltage-current relationship was measured by the two microelectrode technique. (2) The V-C curve was S-shaped. The steep region, sometimes including a \"forbidden\" voltage zone, occurred between about -40 and -70 mV when the solution contained 2 mM K. In some fibres the steep region was found to occur at more positive currents and voltages in \"upward\" runs (steps of increasing depolarizing currents) then in \"downward\" runs. The V-C curves thus revealed hysteresis loops presumably covering a negative conductance region. (3) The voltage at which the steep region occurred was a function of [K]0. The mid-point of the steep region was 50 to 60 mV more positive than EK for a particular [K]0 was about 6 mM the steep region of the V-C relationship was not conspicuous. The steep V-C region is considered to reflect depolarizing K inactivation. The near disappearance of the phenomenon at 6 mM K is thought to result from an interference of delayed rectification and depolarizing K inactivation.", "PMID": 66036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1923", "title": "Effect of sodium on voltage-current relationships in rat muscles.", "content": "(1) Replacement of Tris by Na in propionate solution causes depolarizations (3-10 or more than 30 mV) in rat muscles. As a result, the resting potentials are distributed in two groups, one at about -70 mV and the other at about -40 mV. Small inward or outward currents are often sufficient for the membrane potential to switch from one level to the other. The change from the low (more positive) to the high (more negative) resting potential can also be provoked by small increases in [K] and vice versa. (2) High frequency, low-amplitude oscillations are produced by gradually repolarizing the membrane at the low resting potential level. The frequency decreases (from a high 2/sec to 5/min or less) and the amplitude increases (up to 30 mV) with further repolarization. Low amplitude oscillations are sinusoidal, high amplitude oscillations resemble pacemaker potentials in other tissues. (3) The voltage-current relationship in Na propionate solutions containing 2 mM K frequently displays pronounced hysteresis presumably covering a negative conductance region. Hysteresis is about the same in Na and Tris containing solutions at high (more than 20 mM) [K]. The results are discussed in terms of an interaction between depolarizing K inactivation and gNa activation, possibly in a channel not involved in spike production.", "contents": "Effect of sodium on voltage-current relationships in rat muscles. (1) Replacement of Tris by Na in propionate solution causes depolarizations (3-10 or more than 30 mV) in rat muscles. As a result, the resting potentials are distributed in two groups, one at about -70 mV and the other at about -40 mV. Small inward or outward currents are often sufficient for the membrane potential to switch from one level to the other. The change from the low (more positive) to the high (more negative) resting potential can also be provoked by small increases in [K] and vice versa. (2) High frequency, low-amplitude oscillations are produced by gradually repolarizing the membrane at the low resting potential level. The frequency decreases (from a high 2/sec to 5/min or less) and the amplitude increases (up to 30 mV) with further repolarization. Low amplitude oscillations are sinusoidal, high amplitude oscillations resemble pacemaker potentials in other tissues. (3) The voltage-current relationship in Na propionate solutions containing 2 mM K frequently displays pronounced hysteresis presumably covering a negative conductance region. Hysteresis is about the same in Na and Tris containing solutions at high (more than 20 mM) [K]. The results are discussed in terms of an interaction between depolarizing K inactivation and gNa activation, possibly in a channel not involved in spike production.", "PMID": 66037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1924", "title": "Relationships between eupnoeic pattern of breathing and ventilatory control in man: I. Response to airways occlusion during active lung inflation.", "content": "The apnoeic response following interruption of the air flow at different levels of the inspiratory capacity (deltaVL) was studied in conscious children and adults. Changes in mouth pressure were used to measured the duration of the apnoe. The total duration of the interrupted breath (T1) was compared to mean value of the ventilatory period of the five preceding breaths (T0). A monoexponential regression could be fitted to the relationship between T1/T0 ratio and change in lung volume (deltaVL) measured at the onset of interruption: T1/T0=k-exp (S-deltaVL), S begin the sensitivity of the response to lung inflation. When T1/T0=1, the intrathoracic lung volume was called threshold volume (VTh.L.). The parameters S and VTh.L. were used for characterization of the individual importance of the Breuer-Hering inspiratory-inhibitory reflex (B.H. reflex). The high reproducibility of the T1/T0 vs. deltaVL relationship in many subjects showed the light influence of voluntary control on apnoea's duration. In each subject, S and VTh.L. were compared with ventilatory variables measured during eupnoea. A fast pattern of breathing (i.e. small inspired volume and short inspiratory duration) was associated with high value of S and low VTh.L. Moreover VTh.L. was near the tidal volume range in subjects where the B.H. reflex was the more potent. Thus, vagal afferents relating to this reflex could modulate the eupnoeic pattern of some subjects.", "contents": "Relationships between eupnoeic pattern of breathing and ventilatory control in man: I. Response to airways occlusion during active lung inflation. The apnoeic response following interruption of the air flow at different levels of the inspiratory capacity (deltaVL) was studied in conscious children and adults. Changes in mouth pressure were used to measured the duration of the apnoe. The total duration of the interrupted breath (T1) was compared to mean value of the ventilatory period of the five preceding breaths (T0). A monoexponential regression could be fitted to the relationship between T1/T0 ratio and change in lung volume (deltaVL) measured at the onset of interruption: T1/T0=k-exp (S-deltaVL), S begin the sensitivity of the response to lung inflation. When T1/T0=1, the intrathoracic lung volume was called threshold volume (VTh.L.). The parameters S and VTh.L. were used for characterization of the individual importance of the Breuer-Hering inspiratory-inhibitory reflex (B.H. reflex). The high reproducibility of the T1/T0 vs. deltaVL relationship in many subjects showed the light influence of voluntary control on apnoea's duration. In each subject, S and VTh.L. were compared with ventilatory variables measured during eupnoea. A fast pattern of breathing (i.e. small inspired volume and short inspiratory duration) was associated with high value of S and low VTh.L. Moreover VTh.L. was near the tidal volume range in subjects where the B.H. reflex was the more potent. Thus, vagal afferents relating to this reflex could modulate the eupnoeic pattern of some subjects.", "PMID": 66038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1925", "title": "Relationships between eupnoeic pattern of breathing and ventilatory control in man II. Early response to transient hypercapnia.", "content": "The individual importance of peripheral chemosensitive afferents was studied using a transient hypercapnia (inhalation of a 5% or a 10% CO2 in air gas mixture respectively during 4 or 2 breaths) in human conscious subjects chosen for their different eupnoeic ventilatory patterns. Calculation of the speed of change in end-tidal CO2 pressure in tracheal gas (sPETCO2) and of the rate of change in tidal volume (sVI) gave assessment for quantifying the sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors to hypercapnia (sCO2=SVI/SPETCO2). Our results showed that, independently of any outside influence of the eupnoeic ventilatory pattern on the components of the chemical stimulus, sVI and sCO2 were found to be much smaller in subjects whose pattern of breathing was slow (i.e. having a large tidal volume). The possible causes of the weak importance of peripheral chemosensitive afferents in such subjects were discussed.", "contents": "Relationships between eupnoeic pattern of breathing and ventilatory control in man II. Early response to transient hypercapnia. The individual importance of peripheral chemosensitive afferents was studied using a transient hypercapnia (inhalation of a 5% or a 10% CO2 in air gas mixture respectively during 4 or 2 breaths) in human conscious subjects chosen for their different eupnoeic ventilatory patterns. Calculation of the speed of change in end-tidal CO2 pressure in tracheal gas (sPETCO2) and of the rate of change in tidal volume (sVI) gave assessment for quantifying the sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors to hypercapnia (sCO2=SVI/SPETCO2). Our results showed that, independently of any outside influence of the eupnoeic ventilatory pattern on the components of the chemical stimulus, sVI and sCO2 were found to be much smaller in subjects whose pattern of breathing was slow (i.e. having a large tidal volume). The possible causes of the weak importance of peripheral chemosensitive afferents in such subjects were discussed.", "PMID": 66039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1926", "title": "[Free amino acids in sera of Cymothoidae (crustacean, isopods, parasites of fishes) and some teleosts].", "content": "The free amino-acid composition of the sera of 4 species of Isopods Cymothoidae (Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, Emetha audouini, Anilocra physodes) are very similar, and present the same characteristics, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as those of free marine Isopods of the family Sphaeromatidae and Idoteidae. Five amino acids are preponderant (serin, prolin, glycin, alanin and taurin). The total concentration is relatively high (154.6-356.4 mg/100 ml) with respect to Decapods. In the parasites studied so far, the free amino-acid pattern (except prolin) is rather like that of the Teleost Fishes, whether they are potential hosts of Cymothoidae or not. The free amino-acid concentration of the blood of the Fishes does not seem to be impaired by the Cymothoidae parasitism.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in sera of Cymothoidae (crustacean, isopods, parasites of fishes) and some teleosts]. The free amino-acid composition of the sera of 4 species of Isopods Cymothoidae (Meinertia oestroides, Meinertia parallela, Emetha audouini, Anilocra physodes) are very similar, and present the same characteristics, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as those of free marine Isopods of the family Sphaeromatidae and Idoteidae. Five amino acids are preponderant (serin, prolin, glycin, alanin and taurin). The total concentration is relatively high (154.6-356.4 mg/100 ml) with respect to Decapods. In the parasites studied so far, the free amino-acid pattern (except prolin) is rather like that of the Teleost Fishes, whether they are potential hosts of Cymothoidae or not. The free amino-acid concentration of the blood of the Fishes does not seem to be impaired by the Cymothoidae parasitism.", "PMID": 66040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1927", "title": "[Free amino acids of hemolymph of marine isopods, Sphaeroma hookers Sphaeroma serratum (Flabellifera) and Idotea balthica (Valvifera)].", "content": "The total concentration of the free amino acids in the hemolymph is higher (about twice the amount in three species of marine Isopods (Sphaeroma hookeri, S. serratum and Idotea balthica) than in Decapods. In the three species so far studied, the proportions of glycine and taurine are always rather high. In the Sphaeromatidae, serine is the most concentrated amino acid while the proline concentration is comparatively low. The situation is reversed in Idotea balthica. In Crustaceans, the free amino acid composition of the hemolymph thus appears, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to be a biochemical character of marine Isopods when compared to Oniscoids Isopods and to Decapods.", "contents": "[Free amino acids of hemolymph of marine isopods, Sphaeroma hookers Sphaeroma serratum (Flabellifera) and Idotea balthica (Valvifera)]. The total concentration of the free amino acids in the hemolymph is higher (about twice the amount in three species of marine Isopods (Sphaeroma hookeri, S. serratum and Idotea balthica) than in Decapods. In the three species so far studied, the proportions of glycine and taurine are always rather high. In the Sphaeromatidae, serine is the most concentrated amino acid while the proline concentration is comparatively low. The situation is reversed in Idotea balthica. In Crustaceans, the free amino acid composition of the hemolymph thus appears, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to be a biochemical character of marine Isopods when compared to Oniscoids Isopods and to Decapods.", "PMID": 66041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1928", "title": "Excretion of sodium and water by kidneys in situ and by transplanted kidneys following isotonic, hypotonic, iso-oncotic and hyperoncotic intravenous infusions in sodium-loaded and sodium-deprived dogs.", "content": "The excretion of sodium and water following isotonic, hypotonic, iso-oncotic and hyperoncotic intravenous infusions has been investigated in the kidneys in situ and in transplanted kidneys of narcotized dogs previously submitted to sodium-enriched or-deprived diets. The fractional excretion of sodium depended basically on the cumulative effect on the kidney of the changes in plasma oncotic pressure, plasma sodium concentration, and haematocrit. The differences in excretory responses of sodium-loaded or-deprived animals did not depend on differences in the distribution of infused fluids between intra- and extravascular compartments, but to the sensitivity of the kidney itself to the direct cumulative effect of these non-specific changes in blood composition.", "contents": "Excretion of sodium and water by kidneys in situ and by transplanted kidneys following isotonic, hypotonic, iso-oncotic and hyperoncotic intravenous infusions in sodium-loaded and sodium-deprived dogs. The excretion of sodium and water following isotonic, hypotonic, iso-oncotic and hyperoncotic intravenous infusions has been investigated in the kidneys in situ and in transplanted kidneys of narcotized dogs previously submitted to sodium-enriched or-deprived diets. The fractional excretion of sodium depended basically on the cumulative effect on the kidney of the changes in plasma oncotic pressure, plasma sodium concentration, and haematocrit. The differences in excretory responses of sodium-loaded or-deprived animals did not depend on differences in the distribution of infused fluids between intra- and extravascular compartments, but to the sensitivity of the kidney itself to the direct cumulative effect of these non-specific changes in blood composition.", "PMID": 66042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1929", "title": "[Quantitative determination of blood-plasma protein fractions using micro-agar gel electrophoresis in highly pregnant dairy cows close to the day of delivery].", "content": "Ten clinically intact Jersey dairy cows in advanced pregnancy were examined and tested over a span of three hours before to seven hours after parturition. Blood was sampled from them in intervals of ten tp 20 minutes, and the blood plasma was checked total protein and the \"classical\" fractions. The average total protein value of the plasma samples was 6.5 g/100 ml. The albumin and alpha 1-fractions were inversely proportional the psi-globulin concentrations before, during, and after parturition. The albumin values were on a declining trend three hours prior to parturition and recommenced to rise ten minutes prior to parturition. They were relatively constant after parturition. The pri-globulins went up slightly prior to parturition, but that rise remained statistically unsecured. It is assumed that in a certain period of time from before to somewhen after parturition change of the fractions is caused by the corticoids and sexual hormones.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of blood-plasma protein fractions using micro-agar gel electrophoresis in highly pregnant dairy cows close to the day of delivery]. Ten clinically intact Jersey dairy cows in advanced pregnancy were examined and tested over a span of three hours before to seven hours after parturition. Blood was sampled from them in intervals of ten tp 20 minutes, and the blood plasma was checked total protein and the \"classical\" fractions. The average total protein value of the plasma samples was 6.5 g/100 ml. The albumin and alpha 1-fractions were inversely proportional the psi-globulin concentrations before, during, and after parturition. The albumin values were on a declining trend three hours prior to parturition and recommenced to rise ten minutes prior to parturition. They were relatively constant after parturition. The pri-globulins went up slightly prior to parturition, but that rise remained statistically unsecured. It is assumed that in a certain period of time from before to somewhen after parturition change of the fractions is caused by the corticoids and sexual hormones.", "PMID": 66043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1930", "title": "[Surgical treatment of gastric cancer-personal results (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years from 1964 to 1973, 672 patients with gastric cancer were treated in the Surgical Department of Medical Academy Dresden. Tumors were located in the gastric antrum in 28.9%, in the cardia-fundus region in 28,1%, in the corpus ventriculi in 18.3%, and had involved the stomach totally in 18.6%. A resection was performed in 268 cases or 50.0%. Postoperative fatality rate was 20.1% but amounted to 30% in resection of the proximal part of the stomach and in total gastrectomy. The 5-year relative survival rate was 35.0% in distal partial gastrectomy, 10.4% in proximal partial gastrectomy, 8.2% in total gastrectomy, and 20.1% for all resections. Prognosis depends on local extension and on lymph node metastasis. Results are compared with data from the literature.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of gastric cancer-personal results (author's transl)]. In the years from 1964 to 1973, 672 patients with gastric cancer were treated in the Surgical Department of Medical Academy Dresden. Tumors were located in the gastric antrum in 28.9%, in the cardia-fundus region in 28,1%, in the corpus ventriculi in 18.3%, and had involved the stomach totally in 18.6%. A resection was performed in 268 cases or 50.0%. Postoperative fatality rate was 20.1% but amounted to 30% in resection of the proximal part of the stomach and in total gastrectomy. The 5-year relative survival rate was 35.0% in distal partial gastrectomy, 10.4% in proximal partial gastrectomy, 8.2% in total gastrectomy, and 20.1% for all resections. Prognosis depends on local extension and on lymph node metastasis. Results are compared with data from the literature.", "PMID": 66044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1931", "title": "Presence of the p27 antigenicity and absence of the gp52 antigenicity and leukemia virus antigens in intracytoplasmic A particles (iAp) of mouse mammary tumour origin.", "content": "Using the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method and indirect immunofluorescence tests on tissue slices the antigenic structure of iAp of mouse mammary tumour origin has further been investigated. Antisera against iAp, MTV-B particles, B particle polypeptide p27 and glycoprotein gp52, and leukemia C-type particles were used in these studies. The most prominent antigen of iAp in mammary tumours was found to be identical to the p27 antigen of B particles. This finding was not unexpected in view of recently published data by other authors showing the presence of p27 in iAp of leukemia cells and Leydig cell tumours. The p27 polypeptide is considered to be a group-specific antigen of mouse mammary tumour viruses associated with iAp of different tissue sources and inner structural components of mature B particles. On the other hand, the gp52 antigen and leukemia virus antigens were shown to be absent from iAp of mammary carcinomas. Therefore, the assumption is confirmed that the gp52 glycoprotein represents a group-specific antigen of B type viruses, presumably located at the virion surface. The failure to demonstrate leukemia virus antigens in iAp supports the suggestion that this kind of particles is not related to C type viruses.", "contents": "Presence of the p27 antigenicity and absence of the gp52 antigenicity and leukemia virus antigens in intracytoplasmic A particles (iAp) of mouse mammary tumour origin. Using the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method and indirect immunofluorescence tests on tissue slices the antigenic structure of iAp of mouse mammary tumour origin has further been investigated. Antisera against iAp, MTV-B particles, B particle polypeptide p27 and glycoprotein gp52, and leukemia C-type particles were used in these studies. The most prominent antigen of iAp in mammary tumours was found to be identical to the p27 antigen of B particles. This finding was not unexpected in view of recently published data by other authors showing the presence of p27 in iAp of leukemia cells and Leydig cell tumours. The p27 polypeptide is considered to be a group-specific antigen of mouse mammary tumour viruses associated with iAp of different tissue sources and inner structural components of mature B particles. On the other hand, the gp52 antigen and leukemia virus antigens were shown to be absent from iAp of mammary carcinomas. Therefore, the assumption is confirmed that the gp52 glycoprotein represents a group-specific antigen of B type viruses, presumably located at the virion surface. The failure to demonstrate leukemia virus antigens in iAp supports the suggestion that this kind of particles is not related to C type viruses.", "PMID": 66045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1932", "title": "Osmium dependent argentaffin reaction in the pancreatic islet.", "content": "By applying at the ultrastructural level the silver methenamine impregnation method to glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed pancreatic tissue of Snell-Bagg mice it was found that two islet cell types show deposition of reduced silver on their secretory granules: B cells and another cell type. Histochemical analyses indicate that very likely the osmium dependent argentaffinity is due to S-S groups. After alkaline treatment the reactivity of B cells is lost, while that of the other cells remains unaffected. It is suggested that the third cell type stores the pancreatic somatostatin, an S-S containing polypeptide hormone.", "contents": "Osmium dependent argentaffin reaction in the pancreatic islet. By applying at the ultrastructural level the silver methenamine impregnation method to glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed pancreatic tissue of Snell-Bagg mice it was found that two islet cell types show deposition of reduced silver on their secretory granules: B cells and another cell type. Histochemical analyses indicate that very likely the osmium dependent argentaffinity is due to S-S groups. After alkaline treatment the reactivity of B cells is lost, while that of the other cells remains unaffected. It is suggested that the third cell type stores the pancreatic somatostatin, an S-S containing polypeptide hormone.", "PMID": 66046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1933", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the calcification of the tendon-bone joint.", "content": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on developing tendon-bone joints (fibrocartilage) of rats indicated that the initial calcification loci were, as in some other calcifying tissues, matrix vesicles. These membrane-bounded vesicular structures were concentrated in the spaces between the longitudinal cell columns of the fibrocartilage. Where calcification was going to start, the vesicles became denser and more osmiophilic in appearance. The first identifiable needles of apatite crystals were deposited in and close to the matrix vesicles. Where calcification was more extensive and crystals radiating from each calcification center formed a calcified spherule, the matrix vesicles were no longer deposits of minerals was noticed at the site of the initial calcification. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the matrix vesicles as well as in the plasma membrane of fibrocartilage cells, most intensely at the initiating site of calcification. Following potassium pyroantimonate fixation to produce electron opaque deposits of calcium, the deposits were located mainly in the mitochondria and plasma membrane of fibrocartilage cells as well as in matrix vesicles. The closer to the initial site of calcification, the stronger the cells and vesicles reacted. In the area where calcification was in progress, however, calcium was gradually lost from the cell and reversely accumulated in the matrix vesicles. The ultrastructural and cytochemical findings from this study suggested that they were of cellular origin and liberated into the matrix from cells, partly by way of budding off and partly by cell disintegration. The possible roles of matrix vesicles at the initiating sites of calcification in fibrocartilage were discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the calcification of the tendon-bone joint. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on developing tendon-bone joints (fibrocartilage) of rats indicated that the initial calcification loci were, as in some other calcifying tissues, matrix vesicles. These membrane-bounded vesicular structures were concentrated in the spaces between the longitudinal cell columns of the fibrocartilage. Where calcification was going to start, the vesicles became denser and more osmiophilic in appearance. The first identifiable needles of apatite crystals were deposited in and close to the matrix vesicles. Where calcification was more extensive and crystals radiating from each calcification center formed a calcified spherule, the matrix vesicles were no longer deposits of minerals was noticed at the site of the initial calcification. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the matrix vesicles as well as in the plasma membrane of fibrocartilage cells, most intensely at the initiating site of calcification. Following potassium pyroantimonate fixation to produce electron opaque deposits of calcium, the deposits were located mainly in the mitochondria and plasma membrane of fibrocartilage cells as well as in matrix vesicles. The closer to the initial site of calcification, the stronger the cells and vesicles reacted. In the area where calcification was in progress, however, calcium was gradually lost from the cell and reversely accumulated in the matrix vesicles. The ultrastructural and cytochemical findings from this study suggested that they were of cellular origin and liberated into the matrix from cells, partly by way of budding off and partly by cell disintegration. The possible roles of matrix vesicles at the initiating sites of calcification in fibrocartilage were discussed.", "PMID": 66047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1934", "title": "A reversed jejunal segment interposition as feeding gastrostomy.", "content": "Permanent feeding gastrostomies are needed for prolonged alimentation in some patients with foregut obstruction. The usual gastric flap or tube may be limited in patients with previous gastric surgery or with a small stomach. In these patients, interposition of a short, vascularized jejunal segment between the anterior wall of the stomach and the outside may be valuable. Periodic intubation is easy. Tested initially in dogs and then applied to selected patients, we have not seen ulcers, regurgitation, soiling, pain, or other complications.", "contents": "A reversed jejunal segment interposition as feeding gastrostomy. Permanent feeding gastrostomies are needed for prolonged alimentation in some patients with foregut obstruction. The usual gastric flap or tube may be limited in patients with previous gastric surgery or with a small stomach. In these patients, interposition of a short, vascularized jejunal segment between the anterior wall of the stomach and the outside may be valuable. Periodic intubation is easy. Tested initially in dogs and then applied to selected patients, we have not seen ulcers, regurgitation, soiling, pain, or other complications.", "PMID": 66049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1935", "title": "The pathogenesis of optic nerve drusen. A hypothesis.", "content": "Myriads of tiny perivascular drusen were found at histologic examination of the eyes of a 19-year-old patient who had pseudopapilledema and who died of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The possibility that they arose from constituents leaking from abnormal blood vessels prompted a review of 53 fluorescein retinal angiograms of patients with optic nerve drusen. As compared to a control group, many of these angiograms revealed the following abnormalities: (1) an abnormal branching pattern on the disc; (2) the presence of relatively large blood vessels connecting the superficial and deep disc circulations; and (3) increased disc capillarity. We believe that the tendency to develop optic nerve drusen results, at least in part, from a congenitally abnormal disc vasculature that allows transudation of plasma proteins that in turn serve as a nidus for the deposition of extracellular materials.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of optic nerve drusen. A hypothesis. Myriads of tiny perivascular drusen were found at histologic examination of the eyes of a 19-year-old patient who had pseudopapilledema and who died of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The possibility that they arose from constituents leaking from abnormal blood vessels prompted a review of 53 fluorescein retinal angiograms of patients with optic nerve drusen. As compared to a control group, many of these angiograms revealed the following abnormalities: (1) an abnormal branching pattern on the disc; (2) the presence of relatively large blood vessels connecting the superficial and deep disc circulations; and (3) increased disc capillarity. We believe that the tendency to develop optic nerve drusen results, at least in part, from a congenitally abnormal disc vasculature that allows transudation of plasma proteins that in turn serve as a nidus for the deposition of extracellular materials.", "PMID": 66050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1936", "title": "\"Physiological interaction\" does not explain the H-2 requirement for recognition of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "B10.A (H-2Kk, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune T cells from secondary responses in vitro were protent killers of both infected L929 (H-2Kk H-2Dk) and infected P-815 (H-2Kd, H-2Db) target cells. Specific competition with unlabelled targets showed that two separate T cell subsets were responsible for lysis of infected L929 and infected P-815 cells. One hypothesis to account for this (a form of \"physiological interaction\") is that T cells which kill one target e.g. infected L929) display only one out of two possible self-complementary recognition structures, in this example the H-2Kk alloantigen, not H-2Dd, whereas T cells that lyse infected P-815 targets display only H-2Dd, not H-2Kk. This hypothesis was tested and seems untenable because of the following results: A.TH (H-2Ks, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune, secondary cytotoxic T cells which killed infected SJL/J (H-2Ks, H-2Ds) targets were themselves inactivated by pre-incubation with SJL/J cytotoxic T cells generated in one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) against BALB/c (H-2Kd, H-2Dd). A.TL (H-2Ks, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune secondary cytotoxic T cells which killed infected BALB/c targets were themselves inactivated by BALB/c cytotoxic T cells generated in MLR against SJL/J. Thus, virus-immune T cells which lyse infected targets by virtue of shared H-2K are also displaying H-2D alloantigen, and vice versa.", "contents": "\"Physiological interaction\" does not explain the H-2 requirement for recognition of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic T cells. B10.A (H-2Kk, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune T cells from secondary responses in vitro were protent killers of both infected L929 (H-2Kk H-2Dk) and infected P-815 (H-2Kd, H-2Db) target cells. Specific competition with unlabelled targets showed that two separate T cell subsets were responsible for lysis of infected L929 and infected P-815 cells. One hypothesis to account for this (a form of \"physiological interaction\") is that T cells which kill one target e.g. infected L929) display only one out of two possible self-complementary recognition structures, in this example the H-2Kk alloantigen, not H-2Dd, whereas T cells that lyse infected P-815 targets display only H-2Dd, not H-2Kk. This hypothesis was tested and seems untenable because of the following results: A.TH (H-2Ks, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune, secondary cytotoxic T cells which killed infected SJL/J (H-2Ks, H-2Ds) targets were themselves inactivated by pre-incubation with SJL/J cytotoxic T cells generated in one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) against BALB/c (H-2Kd, H-2Dd). A.TL (H-2Ks, H-2Dd) ectromelia-immune secondary cytotoxic T cells which killed infected BALB/c targets were themselves inactivated by BALB/c cytotoxic T cells generated in MLR against SJL/J. Thus, virus-immune T cells which lyse infected targets by virtue of shared H-2K are also displaying H-2D alloantigen, and vice versa.", "PMID": 66051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1937", "title": "Pharmacodynamic actions of midodrine, a new alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent, and its main metabolite, ST 1059.", "content": "Pharmacodynamic actions of alpha-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-beta-glycinamido-ethanol-hydrochloride (midodrine, Gutron) and alpha-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-beta-aminoethanol (ST 1059), the main metabolite of midodrine, were investigated in various experimental procedures. Midodrine raises arterial blood pressure both after parenteral and enteral administration in animal experiments. Midodrine increases peripheral vascular tone when given in doses still ineffective in raising blood pressure. The d(+)-isomer of midodrine is by far less effective than the racemic mixture. Pretreatment with atropine, reserpine, guanethidine or hexamethonium has no influence on midodrine activity. Midodrine effects are greatly reduced by phentolamine but rather enhanced by propranolol pretreatment. Midodrine raises blood pressure in pithed rats, too; in the experiments performed the drug is devoid of central effects even when high doses are given. Chronic pretreatment with midodrine over a longer period reduces the effect of a subsequent single injection of this substance. Because of the results cited above midodrine may be classified as a direct peripheral alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent. alpha-Adrenergic receptor stimulation induced by midodrine can be demonstrated in various smooth muscle organs (blood vessels, nictitating membrane, intestine, pupil, urinary bladder, bronchi). In contrast to other pressor sympathomimetic agents, midodrine is of long duration of action and good efficacy after enteral administration. ST 1059, the main metabolite of midodrine, is an active alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent with a shorter duration of action than midodrine. It is suggested that midodrine is the well-absorbed \"transport form\", from which ST 1059, the actural pressor agent, is formed enzymatically in organism.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic actions of midodrine, a new alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent, and its main metabolite, ST 1059. Pharmacodynamic actions of alpha-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-beta-glycinamido-ethanol-hydrochloride (midodrine, Gutron) and alpha-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-beta-aminoethanol (ST 1059), the main metabolite of midodrine, were investigated in various experimental procedures. Midodrine raises arterial blood pressure both after parenteral and enteral administration in animal experiments. Midodrine increases peripheral vascular tone when given in doses still ineffective in raising blood pressure. The d(+)-isomer of midodrine is by far less effective than the racemic mixture. Pretreatment with atropine, reserpine, guanethidine or hexamethonium has no influence on midodrine activity. Midodrine effects are greatly reduced by phentolamine but rather enhanced by propranolol pretreatment. Midodrine raises blood pressure in pithed rats, too; in the experiments performed the drug is devoid of central effects even when high doses are given. Chronic pretreatment with midodrine over a longer period reduces the effect of a subsequent single injection of this substance. Because of the results cited above midodrine may be classified as a direct peripheral alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent. alpha-Adrenergic receptor stimulation induced by midodrine can be demonstrated in various smooth muscle organs (blood vessels, nictitating membrane, intestine, pupil, urinary bladder, bronchi). In contrast to other pressor sympathomimetic agents, midodrine is of long duration of action and good efficacy after enteral administration. ST 1059, the main metabolite of midodrine, is an active alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent with a shorter duration of action than midodrine. It is suggested that midodrine is the well-absorbed \"transport form\", from which ST 1059, the actural pressor agent, is formed enzymatically in organism.", "PMID": 66056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1938", "title": "Immunogenicity of macrophage RNA and its properties.", "content": "Date on the ability of ribonucleic acid, extracted from antigenically stimulated macrophages, to transform normal spleen cells into immunocompetent cells are reported, along with some properties of the same ribonucleic acid. It was observed that: 1 - RNA isolated from antigenically stimulated macrophages may transform normal spleen cells into immunocompetent cells.2 - Antibodies formed by these cells belong to the IgM class.3 - The average value of the ribonucleic acid from normal and stimulated macrophages is of about 5 mug/10(6) cells. 4 - RNA isolated from stimulated macrophages is richer in guanidine, but it contains less uracil in comparison with the ribonucleic acid isolated from the normal (not stimulated) macrophages. 5 - The curves obtained after sedimentation and fractionation of the ribonucleic acid isolated from normal and stimulated macrophages on the methylalbumin column are equal (identical) and contain 3 fractions with sedimentation constants 4-5S, 16S and 28S.6 - The antigenic determinants of the IgG are attached exclusively on the adenylic nucleotide of macrophagic ribonucleic acid, less on the guanidylic and cytidylic nucleotide and are not bound to uracyl nucleotide. The role of macrophagic ribonucleic acid, in the mechanism of antibody formation is discussed.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of macrophage RNA and its properties. Date on the ability of ribonucleic acid, extracted from antigenically stimulated macrophages, to transform normal spleen cells into immunocompetent cells are reported, along with some properties of the same ribonucleic acid. It was observed that: 1 - RNA isolated from antigenically stimulated macrophages may transform normal spleen cells into immunocompetent cells.2 - Antibodies formed by these cells belong to the IgM class.3 - The average value of the ribonucleic acid from normal and stimulated macrophages is of about 5 mug/10(6) cells. 4 - RNA isolated from stimulated macrophages is richer in guanidine, but it contains less uracil in comparison with the ribonucleic acid isolated from the normal (not stimulated) macrophages. 5 - The curves obtained after sedimentation and fractionation of the ribonucleic acid isolated from normal and stimulated macrophages on the methylalbumin column are equal (identical) and contain 3 fractions with sedimentation constants 4-5S, 16S and 28S.6 - The antigenic determinants of the IgG are attached exclusively on the adenylic nucleotide of macrophagic ribonucleic acid, less on the guanidylic and cytidylic nucleotide and are not bound to uracyl nucleotide. The role of macrophagic ribonucleic acid, in the mechanism of antibody formation is discussed.", "PMID": 66057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1939", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in viral hepatitis and its complications.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 40 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 5 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis, 15 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis and 5 cases of hepatic coma from fulminant viral hepatitis. Serum concentrations were increased in 55% of patients with acute viral hepatitis and in about 33% of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Levels resulted markedly raised among the patients with coma from fulminant viral hepatitis who survived. The high aplha-fetoprotein values may reflect liver cell regeneration after necrosis of a critical mass of hepatic tissue.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein in viral hepatitis and its complications. Alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 40 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 5 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis, 15 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis and 5 cases of hepatic coma from fulminant viral hepatitis. Serum concentrations were increased in 55% of patients with acute viral hepatitis and in about 33% of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Levels resulted markedly raised among the patients with coma from fulminant viral hepatitis who survived. The high aplha-fetoprotein values may reflect liver cell regeneration after necrosis of a critical mass of hepatic tissue.", "PMID": 66058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1940", "title": "[Clinical and immunological study of 2 cases of systemic candidiasis].", "content": "Two cases of chronic systemic candidiasis of the infancy are presented and their immunity in vivo and in vitro is studied. The clinical course, the negative intradermal tests to Candida extract and the absence of lymphoblastic transformation to the same antigen, suggest an immunological deficit of the cell mediated immunity. The positive response to intradermal test of bacterial antigens, the clinical recovery from infections different from Candida albicans and the positivity of the patch test to DNCB suggest the possibility of a selective immunological reponse (macrophage inability of precessing Candida albicans). The authors give a pathogenic hypothesis of the two different clinical cases (granuloma and erythematous-scaly sesions), based on the different capacity in producing MIF.", "contents": "[Clinical and immunological study of 2 cases of systemic candidiasis]. Two cases of chronic systemic candidiasis of the infancy are presented and their immunity in vivo and in vitro is studied. The clinical course, the negative intradermal tests to Candida extract and the absence of lymphoblastic transformation to the same antigen, suggest an immunological deficit of the cell mediated immunity. The positive response to intradermal test of bacterial antigens, the clinical recovery from infections different from Candida albicans and the positivity of the patch test to DNCB suggest the possibility of a selective immunological reponse (macrophage inability of precessing Candida albicans). The authors give a pathogenic hypothesis of the two different clinical cases (granuloma and erythematous-scaly sesions), based on the different capacity in producing MIF.", "PMID": 66059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1941", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein in fetal skin and muscle.", "content": "The skin and muscles of human fetuses were used to obtain extracts of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Fetuses up to sixteen weeks gestation gave the highest yields. Rabbits immunized by concentrates from this source made anti-AFP of a quality suitable for use in radioimmunoassay systems.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein in fetal skin and muscle. The skin and muscles of human fetuses were used to obtain extracts of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Fetuses up to sixteen weeks gestation gave the highest yields. Rabbits immunized by concentrates from this source made anti-AFP of a quality suitable for use in radioimmunoassay systems.", "PMID": 66061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1942", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli is indirectly inhibited by phenethyl alcohol.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol inhibits phospholipid synthesis in E. coli. At a nonbacteriostatic concentration, the drug reduces the rate of de novo fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis by 60 to 70%. The inhibition of fatty acid synthesis was found to be a secondary consequence of the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol reduces the rate of incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph by 60%. These results indicate that this drug controls phospholipid synthesis beyond the level of fatty acid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol inhibits the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than it does the synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids. It controls the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids at both the level of fatty acid synthesis and the level of incorporation of the saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. The synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids is inhibited at the level of incorporation of the fatty acids into phospholipids.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli is indirectly inhibited by phenethyl alcohol. Experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol inhibits phospholipid synthesis in E. coli. At a nonbacteriostatic concentration, the drug reduces the rate of de novo fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis by 60 to 70%. The inhibition of fatty acid synthesis was found to be a secondary consequence of the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol reduces the rate of incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph by 60%. These results indicate that this drug controls phospholipid synthesis beyond the level of fatty acid synthesis. Phenethyl alcohol inhibits the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than it does the synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids. It controls the synthesis of phospholipids containing saturated fatty acids at both the level of fatty acid synthesis and the level of incorporation of the saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. The synthesis of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids is inhibited at the level of incorporation of the fatty acids into phospholipids.", "PMID": 66062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1943", "title": "pH dependence of progesterone interaction with progesterone-binding globulin. Kinetic and equilibrium studies.", "content": "The kinetics of binding and dissociation for the progesterone-binding globulin (PBG)-progesterone complex have been measured as a function of pH. The association rate constant appears to be independent of pH from pH to 10 with an average value of kon = 8.5 X 10(7)M-1 S-1. The dissociation rate constant is strongly pH dependent with the dependency defined by: koff = k0 (1 + [H+]/K1 + K2/[H+])(1 + K3*/[H+])/(1 + K3/[H+]). The best values for the various parameters were k0 = 0.0785 s-1, pK1 = 5.30, pK2 = 10.54, pK3* = 7.41, and pK3 = 7.21. Simpler expressions were inadequate to fit the data, and it was concluded that at least three ionizing residues are responsible for the stability of the PBG-progesterone complex. The affinity constant was determined by equilibrium dialysis over the range of pH 3 to 12. The ratio of the association and dissociation rate constants is in agreement with the affinity constant from pH 6.5 to 10.5. The influence of pH on the conformation and binding activity of PBG was also investigated. Denaturation by acid, base, or guanidine hydrochloride leads to a reversible loss of binding activity. Regain of binding activity in all cases is slow with half-times of 0.5 to 2.7 h, depending on conditions. The rate of acid denaturation was found to be incompletely protonated at pH 1.4, suggesting a buried carboxylic acid residue. The slow renaturation of PBG might be due to the difficulty of burying a charged residue in the protein's interior coupled with steric hindrance by the large carbohydrate moiety of PBG.", "contents": "pH dependence of progesterone interaction with progesterone-binding globulin. Kinetic and equilibrium studies. The kinetics of binding and dissociation for the progesterone-binding globulin (PBG)-progesterone complex have been measured as a function of pH. The association rate constant appears to be independent of pH from pH to 10 with an average value of kon = 8.5 X 10(7)M-1 S-1. The dissociation rate constant is strongly pH dependent with the dependency defined by: koff = k0 (1 + [H+]/K1 + K2/[H+])(1 + K3*/[H+])/(1 + K3/[H+]). The best values for the various parameters were k0 = 0.0785 s-1, pK1 = 5.30, pK2 = 10.54, pK3* = 7.41, and pK3 = 7.21. Simpler expressions were inadequate to fit the data, and it was concluded that at least three ionizing residues are responsible for the stability of the PBG-progesterone complex. The affinity constant was determined by equilibrium dialysis over the range of pH 3 to 12. The ratio of the association and dissociation rate constants is in agreement with the affinity constant from pH 6.5 to 10.5. The influence of pH on the conformation and binding activity of PBG was also investigated. Denaturation by acid, base, or guanidine hydrochloride leads to a reversible loss of binding activity. Regain of binding activity in all cases is slow with half-times of 0.5 to 2.7 h, depending on conditions. The rate of acid denaturation was found to be incompletely protonated at pH 1.4, suggesting a buried carboxylic acid residue. The slow renaturation of PBG might be due to the difficulty of burying a charged residue in the protein's interior coupled with steric hindrance by the large carbohydrate moiety of PBG.", "PMID": 66063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1944", "title": "Estimation of chlorophyll a distribution in the photosynthetic pigment systems I and II of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis.", "content": "Chlorophyll a distribution in pigment systems I and II was estimated with the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis by two methods: first, with intact cells using delayed light emission as an index reaction; second, by measuring the 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol-Hill reaction and the cytochrome c photooxidation in membrane fragments. The first estimation indicated that 0.053+/-0.014 of total chlorophyll a functions as a component of pigment system II, and the second method 0.086+/-0.012. Though the values were somewhat different in the two methods, both estimations indicated that pigment system II chlorophyll a occupies a very small fraction of total chlorophyll a.", "contents": "Estimation of chlorophyll a distribution in the photosynthetic pigment systems I and II of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis. Chlorophyll a distribution in pigment systems I and II was estimated with the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis by two methods: first, with intact cells using delayed light emission as an index reaction; second, by measuring the 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol-Hill reaction and the cytochrome c photooxidation in membrane fragments. The first estimation indicated that 0.053+/-0.014 of total chlorophyll a functions as a component of pigment system II, and the second method 0.086+/-0.012. Though the values were somewhat different in the two methods, both estimations indicated that pigment system II chlorophyll a occupies a very small fraction of total chlorophyll a.", "PMID": 66064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1945", "title": "Isolation and characterization of alpha-fetoprotein from the mouse hepatoma BW7756.", "content": "Purification of alpha-fetoprotein from mouse hepatoma BW7756 extracts was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitations, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. These procedures produced a 5.6% yield of alpha-fetoprotein with 96% purity. Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, extended agarose electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that mouse hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein migrated at pH 8.6 as a rapid alpha1, or postalbumin globulin. Crossed antibody electrophoresis of the agarose zone containing alpha-fetoprotein failed to demonstrate microheterogeneity. Molecular weight analysis of the mouse hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column yielded a value of 72 000-73 000 for the native protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis subsequently demonstrated a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 72 000. Amino acid analysis showed the alpha-fetoprotein to be an acidic protein dominated by hydrophobic residues. The total carbohydrate content was 5.5%, and 3 mol of sialic acid were detected per mol of alpha-fetoprotein. Although neutral sugars were the principal class present, galactosamine was the most abundant single sugar detected.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of alpha-fetoprotein from the mouse hepatoma BW7756. Purification of alpha-fetoprotein from mouse hepatoma BW7756 extracts was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitations, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. These procedures produced a 5.6% yield of alpha-fetoprotein with 96% purity. Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, extended agarose electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that mouse hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein migrated at pH 8.6 as a rapid alpha1, or postalbumin globulin. Crossed antibody electrophoresis of the agarose zone containing alpha-fetoprotein failed to demonstrate microheterogeneity. Molecular weight analysis of the mouse hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein on a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column yielded a value of 72 000-73 000 for the native protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis subsequently demonstrated a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 72 000. Amino acid analysis showed the alpha-fetoprotein to be an acidic protein dominated by hydrophobic residues. The total carbohydrate content was 5.5%, and 3 mol of sialic acid were detected per mol of alpha-fetoprotein. Although neutral sugars were the principal class present, galactosamine was the most abundant single sugar detected.", "PMID": 66068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1946", "title": "[Isolation and immunochemical study of monomer and dimer forms of IgA human globulins].", "content": "Monomer and dimer of myeloma IgA human globulins are isolated by means of electrophoresis, ionic exchange chromatography, gel filtration and immunoadsorbtion. They are shown to be homogenous (using analytical ultracentrifugation and immunochemical analysis) and to differ in their antigenic specificity. Dimeric form of IgA has additional antigenic determinants, which depend on the intactness of a polymer structure and which are destroyed after protein dissociation into subunits in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol. Reconstructed polymers are polydispersed subunit aggregates, they do not have polymeric determinants inherent to native polymers.", "contents": "[Isolation and immunochemical study of monomer and dimer forms of IgA human globulins]. Monomer and dimer of myeloma IgA human globulins are isolated by means of electrophoresis, ionic exchange chromatography, gel filtration and immunoadsorbtion. They are shown to be homogenous (using analytical ultracentrifugation and immunochemical analysis) and to differ in their antigenic specificity. Dimeric form of IgA has additional antigenic determinants, which depend on the intactness of a polymer structure and which are destroyed after protein dissociation into subunits in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol. Reconstructed polymers are polydispersed subunit aggregates, they do not have polymeric determinants inherent to native polymers.", "PMID": 66070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1947", "title": "The effects of certain immunity systemic advuvants, PHA, and human gamma globulin on the thymic cortex of mice: a light and electron microscope study.", "content": "Thymus of (C57Bl/6 x DBA/2) F1 mice was examined histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, seven days after intravenous injection of BCG, pertussis vaccine, lipopolysaccharide or human gamma globulin, or intraperitoneal injection of complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvants or of phytohemagglutinin. Only BCG induced a marked increase of the secretory activity of the thymic epithelium at all histological sites (cortex, corticomedullary junction and medullar). Only with this adjuvant was the epithelial hyperplasia associated with marked mitotic activity and high percentage of cells with cytoplasmic pyroninophilia among cortical lymphoid cells. The other substances tested produced different changes in the thymic epithelial cells according to the histologic zones. These results suggest that the epithelial cells of the cortex, the corticomedullary junction and the medulla respond differently to the agents tested and that the action of these substances upon thymus-dependent lymphoid cells may be indirect perhaps involving factors secreted by the epithelial cells.", "contents": "The effects of certain immunity systemic advuvants, PHA, and human gamma globulin on the thymic cortex of mice: a light and electron microscope study. Thymus of (C57Bl/6 x DBA/2) F1 mice was examined histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, seven days after intravenous injection of BCG, pertussis vaccine, lipopolysaccharide or human gamma globulin, or intraperitoneal injection of complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvants or of phytohemagglutinin. Only BCG induced a marked increase of the secretory activity of the thymic epithelium at all histological sites (cortex, corticomedullary junction and medullar). Only with this adjuvant was the epithelial hyperplasia associated with marked mitotic activity and high percentage of cells with cytoplasmic pyroninophilia among cortical lymphoid cells. The other substances tested produced different changes in the thymic epithelial cells according to the histologic zones. These results suggest that the epithelial cells of the cortex, the corticomedullary junction and the medulla respond differently to the agents tested and that the action of these substances upon thymus-dependent lymphoid cells may be indirect perhaps involving factors secreted by the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 66071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1948", "title": "Detection of homocytotropic human antibodies by passive sensitization \"in vitro\" of monkey lung tissue. II. Technique. Results on 295 patients (215 with possible drug allergy).", "content": "Anti-drug serum human IgE can be detected by passive sensitization \"in vitro\" of monkey lung tissue. This technique gives reproducible results which are not quantitative. It is sensible; there are no false positive results and the number of false negative results has been strongly decreased. This technique is really an anaphylaxis and IgE only are detected. The results concern the study of 215 patients which possible drug allergy. The most frequent drugs come from groups of penicillins, sulfonamides, salicylates and malonylurea derivates. In 54% of cases, anti-drug IgE have been detected.", "contents": "Detection of homocytotropic human antibodies by passive sensitization \"in vitro\" of monkey lung tissue. II. Technique. Results on 295 patients (215 with possible drug allergy). Anti-drug serum human IgE can be detected by passive sensitization \"in vitro\" of monkey lung tissue. This technique gives reproducible results which are not quantitative. It is sensible; there are no false positive results and the number of false negative results has been strongly decreased. This technique is really an anaphylaxis and IgE only are detected. The results concern the study of 215 patients which possible drug allergy. The most frequent drugs come from groups of penicillins, sulfonamides, salicylates and malonylurea derivates. In 54% of cases, anti-drug IgE have been detected.", "PMID": 66072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1949", "title": "[Properties and the protein composition of lymph and blood in burns].", "content": "Experiments conducted on 25 dogs demonstrated that burn was accompanied by a regular redistribution of plasma proteins between the fluid media of the organism and an intensification of lymphogenic resorption. Properdin, albumin, and alpha2-globulin retardation in tissues in case of burn was demonstrated indirectly. The degree of burn proved to depend on the initial properdin level.", "contents": "[Properties and the protein composition of lymph and blood in burns]. Experiments conducted on 25 dogs demonstrated that burn was accompanied by a regular redistribution of plasma proteins between the fluid media of the organism and an intensification of lymphogenic resorption. Properdin, albumin, and alpha2-globulin retardation in tissues in case of burn was demonstrated indirectly. The degree of burn proved to depend on the initial properdin level.", "PMID": 66073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1950", "title": "[Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on ATP concentration in frog striated muscle following changes in the buffer capacity of the solution].", "content": "Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation--gramicidin D, tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidasole (TTFB) and carbonylcyanide-m-trichlorphenylhydrazone (CCCP)--reduced ATP concentration in muscle. An increase of the buffer capacity of solution was without effect on uncoupling action of TTFB and CCCP but increased that of gramicidin D. The results can be explained by a different mechanism of the transfer of ion carriers through the membrane. It has been shown that ATP is not directly concerned with the membrane potential.", "contents": "[Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on ATP concentration in frog striated muscle following changes in the buffer capacity of the solution]. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation--gramicidin D, tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidasole (TTFB) and carbonylcyanide-m-trichlorphenylhydrazone (CCCP)--reduced ATP concentration in muscle. An increase of the buffer capacity of solution was without effect on uncoupling action of TTFB and CCCP but increased that of gramicidin D. The results can be explained by a different mechanism of the transfer of ion carriers through the membrane. It has been shown that ATP is not directly concerned with the membrane potential.", "PMID": 66069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1951", "title": "[Thrombocyte antigens of dogs].", "content": "Four platelet-specific antigens were identified in dogs by means of the platelet agglutination test; these antigens were not connected with the erythrocyte or leukocyte antigens, they were inherited by the mendelian type and controlled by several recessive genes.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte antigens of dogs]. Four platelet-specific antigens were identified in dogs by means of the platelet agglutination test; these antigens were not connected with the erythrocyte or leukocyte antigens, they were inherited by the mendelian type and controlled by several recessive genes.", "PMID": 66074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1952", "title": "[Coexistence of reactive and nonreactive endocrine cells in the fundal mucosa in the rabbit].", "content": "Whether the same endocrine like cells are reactive towards different staining methods has been examined in normal and L-Dopa treated rabbits for distinction of cell types. Correlation with electron microscopy is proposed. It seems likely that SM cells (poorly reactive with Sevier-Munger technic) include two cell types: cells having around medium size and dense granules; cells having small round dense granules (D1?). X cells may correspond to a well defined group at the electron or photonic microscopic level. Insertion of D cells (according to Solcia and coworkers nomenclature) is not satisfactory but true non Apud cells are described. The signification of Jt (dim yellow) cells remains unknown.", "contents": "[Coexistence of reactive and nonreactive endocrine cells in the fundal mucosa in the rabbit]. Whether the same endocrine like cells are reactive towards different staining methods has been examined in normal and L-Dopa treated rabbits for distinction of cell types. Correlation with electron microscopy is proposed. It seems likely that SM cells (poorly reactive with Sevier-Munger technic) include two cell types: cells having around medium size and dense granules; cells having small round dense granules (D1?). X cells may correspond to a well defined group at the electron or photonic microscopic level. Insertion of D cells (according to Solcia and coworkers nomenclature) is not satisfactory but true non Apud cells are described. The signification of Jt (dim yellow) cells remains unknown.", "PMID": 66075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1953", "title": "Classification and audiovisuals.", "content": "The University of Connecticut Health Center Library's substantial investment in audiovisuals has prompted careful examination of its organization of the AV collection and its effectiveness in answering user needs. While an accession number system worked for a small collection, increased size quickly generated access problems, especially because shelves are open to users. With the present collection of over 2,500 audiovisual items, adoption of the NLM classification promises convenient and continued flexibility in the future.", "contents": "Classification and audiovisuals. The University of Connecticut Health Center Library's substantial investment in audiovisuals has prompted careful examination of its organization of the AV collection and its effectiveness in answering user needs. While an accession number system worked for a small collection, increased size quickly generated access problems, especially because shelves are open to users. With the present collection of over 2,500 audiovisual items, adoption of the NLM classification promises convenient and continued flexibility in the future.", "PMID": 66078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1954", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining of Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue in tissues fixed by formalin and embedded in paraffin wax.", "content": "The main problems in identifying Treponema pallidum in tissues are optical definition contrast, and specificity. In general, fluorochrome staining provides optical definition and contrast superior to that obtained by ordinary tinctorial staining, and in theory improved resolution. Specificity is lacking however, as with other stains. In contrast, immunofluorescence should combine the optical advantages of fluorochrome staining with the immunological advantages of specificity. Since the validity of such staining depends in part upon the integrity of the antigenic components of the micro-organisms, it is customary to avoid such drastic procedures as are involved in routine fixation and paraffin embedding. The manipulation, however, of unfixed cryostat material, in contrast with that of paraffin sections suffers from two disadvantages--namely, friability and infectivity. Published and unpublished work has shown antigenic stability in T. pallidum to a variety of procedures, both physical and chemical. Consideration of these facts led in this work to successful immunofluorescent staining after routine formalin fixation and paraffin embedding of tissues infected with T. pallidum or Treponema pertenue. Optical definition and contrast, were superior to that obtained with silver methods, but it was not possible to differentiate between these two organisms. Nevertheless immunofluorescence applied as described to paraffin sections should supply a convenient safe, and sensitive means of reappraising the histopathology of treponemal disease in patients, necropsy material, and experimental animals.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining of Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue in tissues fixed by formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. The main problems in identifying Treponema pallidum in tissues are optical definition contrast, and specificity. In general, fluorochrome staining provides optical definition and contrast superior to that obtained by ordinary tinctorial staining, and in theory improved resolution. Specificity is lacking however, as with other stains. In contrast, immunofluorescence should combine the optical advantages of fluorochrome staining with the immunological advantages of specificity. Since the validity of such staining depends in part upon the integrity of the antigenic components of the micro-organisms, it is customary to avoid such drastic procedures as are involved in routine fixation and paraffin embedding. The manipulation, however, of unfixed cryostat material, in contrast with that of paraffin sections suffers from two disadvantages--namely, friability and infectivity. Published and unpublished work has shown antigenic stability in T. pallidum to a variety of procedures, both physical and chemical. Consideration of these facts led in this work to successful immunofluorescent staining after routine formalin fixation and paraffin embedding of tissues infected with T. pallidum or Treponema pertenue. Optical definition and contrast, were superior to that obtained with silver methods, but it was not possible to differentiate between these two organisms. Nevertheless immunofluorescence applied as described to paraffin sections should supply a convenient safe, and sensitive means of reappraising the histopathology of treponemal disease in patients, necropsy material, and experimental animals.", "PMID": 66082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1955", "title": "Selective trans-synaptic migration of tetanus toxin after retrograde axonal transport in peripheral sympathetic nerves: a comparison with nerve growth factor.", "content": "Adult rats were injected unilaterally into the anterior eye chamber and the submandibular gland with either [125I]tetanus toxin or [125I]nerve growth factor (NGF). Fourteen and 24 h later in electron microscopic autoradiographs of the superior cervical ganglia of the injected side the labeling was confined to a limited number (15-20%) of adrenergic ganglion cells and the silver grains were localized over axons, perikarya and dendrites providing evidence for a retrograde intraaxonal transport of the two macromolecules. Moreover, after injection of [125]tetanus toxin there was a very marked labeling of the presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals. In contrast, after [125I]NGF these terminals were free of label. In both cases no specific labeling could be detected over glia and extracellular space. In the postganglionic axons the radioactivity seemed to be mainly associated with vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the perikarya and dendrites of the adrenergic neurons with secondary lysosomes, vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi cisternae and the nuclei were free of radioactivity. The specific labeling of presynaptic terminals after injection of [125I]tetanus toxin together wirans-symaptic migration of [125I]tetanus toxin from the adrenergic ganglion cell to its innervating presynaptic terminals following retrograde intraaxonal transport.", "contents": "Selective trans-synaptic migration of tetanus toxin after retrograde axonal transport in peripheral sympathetic nerves: a comparison with nerve growth factor. Adult rats were injected unilaterally into the anterior eye chamber and the submandibular gland with either [125I]tetanus toxin or [125I]nerve growth factor (NGF). Fourteen and 24 h later in electron microscopic autoradiographs of the superior cervical ganglia of the injected side the labeling was confined to a limited number (15-20%) of adrenergic ganglion cells and the silver grains were localized over axons, perikarya and dendrites providing evidence for a retrograde intraaxonal transport of the two macromolecules. Moreover, after injection of [125]tetanus toxin there was a very marked labeling of the presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals. In contrast, after [125I]NGF these terminals were free of label. In both cases no specific labeling could be detected over glia and extracellular space. In the postganglionic axons the radioactivity seemed to be mainly associated with vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the perikarya and dendrites of the adrenergic neurons with secondary lysosomes, vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi cisternae and the nuclei were free of radioactivity. The specific labeling of presynaptic terminals after injection of [125I]tetanus toxin together wirans-symaptic migration of [125I]tetanus toxin from the adrenergic ganglion cell to its innervating presynaptic terminals following retrograde intraaxonal transport.", "PMID": 66083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1956", "title": "Analysis of intracellular recordings from salamander olfactory epithelium.", "content": "Intracellular recordings have been obtained from provisionally identified olfactory receptor and sustentacular cells in the salamander olfactory epithelium. Two categories of membrane potential transients were recorded intracellularly in response to odor stimulation. The first category of responses, presumably recorded from receptor cell somas, were monophasis positive spikes 10-50 mV in amplitude which were superimposed on a depolarizing slow potential which ranged from 4 to 8 mV in amplitude. Graded and differential responses were recorded in response to odor stimulation. The second category of responses were depolarizing and hyperpolarizing slow membrane potential transients presumably recorded from sustentacular cells. Spiking was not observed in response to odor stimulation. Pysiological criteria and Procion dye marking in several instances have provided evidence that responses in the first category were recorded from olfactory receptors and that certain of the other responses were recorded from sustentacular cells.", "contents": "Analysis of intracellular recordings from salamander olfactory epithelium. Intracellular recordings have been obtained from provisionally identified olfactory receptor and sustentacular cells in the salamander olfactory epithelium. Two categories of membrane potential transients were recorded intracellularly in response to odor stimulation. The first category of responses, presumably recorded from receptor cell somas, were monophasis positive spikes 10-50 mV in amplitude which were superimposed on a depolarizing slow potential which ranged from 4 to 8 mV in amplitude. Graded and differential responses were recorded in response to odor stimulation. The second category of responses were depolarizing and hyperpolarizing slow membrane potential transients presumably recorded from sustentacular cells. Spiking was not observed in response to odor stimulation. Pysiological criteria and Procion dye marking in several instances have provided evidence that responses in the first category were recorded from olfactory receptors and that certain of the other responses were recorded from sustentacular cells.", "PMID": 66084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1957", "title": "Axonal transport of labeled material into sensory nerve ending of cat carotid body.", "content": "The origin of nerve endings on glomus cells in the carotid body has been the subject of much controversy in recent years. Specifically, the problem is whether these nerve endings, which contain clear-core (\"synaptic\") vesicles and mitochondria arise from sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglion or from efferent neurons located in the brain stem or elsewhere. To study this problem, [3H]proline was applied to cat petrosal ganglia, the animals were allowed to survive for 3 h-7 days, and the peripheral distribution of the label was analyzed by sample oxidation/scintillation counting and by EM autoradiography. The time courses of distribution of label along the nerves and the accumulation of label in the carotid body indicated the presence of fast, intermediate and slow components of axonal flow. EM autoradiographs of carotid bodies showed the label localized almost exclusively to nerve fibers and to nerve terminals on glomus cells. As much as 60--90% of the nerve terminals were labeled in a given ultrathin-section autoradiograph. Passive movement of label from the injection site, or fibers of passage (efferent) through the ganglion, did not contribute to the labeled material since administration of [3H]proline onto the desheathed nerve away from the ganglion was ineffective in labeling the carotid body. The results suggest that most, if not all, nerve terminals on glomus cells in cat carotid body arise from neurons in the petrosal ganglion.", "contents": "Axonal transport of labeled material into sensory nerve ending of cat carotid body. The origin of nerve endings on glomus cells in the carotid body has been the subject of much controversy in recent years. Specifically, the problem is whether these nerve endings, which contain clear-core (\"synaptic\") vesicles and mitochondria arise from sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglion or from efferent neurons located in the brain stem or elsewhere. To study this problem, [3H]proline was applied to cat petrosal ganglia, the animals were allowed to survive for 3 h-7 days, and the peripheral distribution of the label was analyzed by sample oxidation/scintillation counting and by EM autoradiography. The time courses of distribution of label along the nerves and the accumulation of label in the carotid body indicated the presence of fast, intermediate and slow components of axonal flow. EM autoradiographs of carotid bodies showed the label localized almost exclusively to nerve fibers and to nerve terminals on glomus cells. As much as 60--90% of the nerve terminals were labeled in a given ultrathin-section autoradiograph. Passive movement of label from the injection site, or fibers of passage (efferent) through the ganglion, did not contribute to the labeled material since administration of [3H]proline onto the desheathed nerve away from the ganglion was ineffective in labeling the carotid body. The results suggest that most, if not all, nerve terminals on glomus cells in cat carotid body arise from neurons in the petrosal ganglion.", "PMID": 66087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1958", "title": "Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27 in families.", "content": "To determine the hereditary pattern of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) 12 families with 2 cases of AAU in each family were given a routine eye examination which included serological determination of HLA antigens. Members of four families underwent x-ray examination of the lumbosacral spine. Of the 23 cases with AAU examined, 19 had the antigen B27. The genes determining B27 and a2 were inherited together in 14 instances and the gene determining Cwl in 10 of these 14. The lymphocytes of the HLA identical siblings of the three families studied by the mixed lymphocyte culture test did not react against each other. Sacroilities was seen in 62.5% of cases with familial AAU and in 58.6% of their relatives. It is concluded that HLA-B27 is linked with genes predisposing the carrier to familial AAU, which is closely related to the rheumatic group of diseases.", "contents": "Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27 in families. To determine the hereditary pattern of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) 12 families with 2 cases of AAU in each family were given a routine eye examination which included serological determination of HLA antigens. Members of four families underwent x-ray examination of the lumbosacral spine. Of the 23 cases with AAU examined, 19 had the antigen B27. The genes determining B27 and a2 were inherited together in 14 instances and the gene determining Cwl in 10 of these 14. The lymphocytes of the HLA identical siblings of the three families studied by the mixed lymphocyte culture test did not react against each other. Sacroilities was seen in 62.5% of cases with familial AAU and in 58.6% of their relatives. It is concluded that HLA-B27 is linked with genes predisposing the carrier to familial AAU, which is closely related to the rheumatic group of diseases.", "PMID": 66090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1959", "title": "Mean velocity of optically detected intraaxonal particles measured by a cross-correlation method.", "content": "A method which uses by the cross correlation of optical signals is described for the determination of the mean velocity of somatopetally moving particles within nerve fibers. The method was validated by simulation experiments and by comparing the results with those obtained by averaging collections of velocities of individual particles. The significant contribution of the method is that it allows objective and rapid serial evaluation of mean particle velocity within individual nerve fibers with good accuracy and precision. A series of results from normal myelinated nerve fibers from Xenopus laevis is presented. Considerable variation (up to 50%) in mean velocity was found between individual nerve fibers. The mean of all determinations indicates that the mean velocity of somatopetally moving particles in axons with diameters greater than 10mum is in the region of 1.14 mum/s at a temperature of 22-24 degrees C. The findings are compared with small collection of such determinations which have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Mean velocity of optically detected intraaxonal particles measured by a cross-correlation method. A method which uses by the cross correlation of optical signals is described for the determination of the mean velocity of somatopetally moving particles within nerve fibers. The method was validated by simulation experiments and by comparing the results with those obtained by averaging collections of velocities of individual particles. The significant contribution of the method is that it allows objective and rapid serial evaluation of mean particle velocity within individual nerve fibers with good accuracy and precision. A series of results from normal myelinated nerve fibers from Xenopus laevis is presented. Considerable variation (up to 50%) in mean velocity was found between individual nerve fibers. The mean of all determinations indicates that the mean velocity of somatopetally moving particles in axons with diameters greater than 10mum is in the region of 1.14 mum/s at a temperature of 22-24 degrees C. The findings are compared with small collection of such determinations which have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 66091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1960", "title": "Uridine kinase activities in normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells.", "content": "Both adult (I) and embryonic (II) forms of uridine kinase have been identified in the transplantable EL-4 leukemia of C57BL/6 mice and in the P815Y mastocytoma of DBA/2 mice. Only Species I is found in primary tumor cells of lymphoid orgin (virus-induced feline lymphosarcoma, human acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and in normal calf thymocytes and porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes; Species I was induced 4-fold upon stimulation of the normal blood lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin. The level of uridine kinase activity in the feline lymphosarcoma of thymus-dependent lymphocyte orgin and childhood lymphocytic leukemia of possible thymus-dependent lymphocyte or null-cell origin was similar to the induced level in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal lymphocytes, i.e., thymus-dependent lymphocytes. In contrast lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of thymus-independent lymphocyte origin had a level of uridine kinase activity comparable to that of the unstimulated normal lymphocytes or thymocytes. The uridine kinase activity in the EL-4 tumor cells was repressed by acute treatment of the mice with 5-azacytidine.", "contents": "Uridine kinase activities in normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. Both adult (I) and embryonic (II) forms of uridine kinase have been identified in the transplantable EL-4 leukemia of C57BL/6 mice and in the P815Y mastocytoma of DBA/2 mice. Only Species I is found in primary tumor cells of lymphoid orgin (virus-induced feline lymphosarcoma, human acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and in normal calf thymocytes and porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes; Species I was induced 4-fold upon stimulation of the normal blood lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin. The level of uridine kinase activity in the feline lymphosarcoma of thymus-dependent lymphocyte orgin and childhood lymphocytic leukemia of possible thymus-dependent lymphocyte or null-cell origin was similar to the induced level in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal lymphocytes, i.e., thymus-dependent lymphocytes. In contrast lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of thymus-independent lymphocyte origin had a level of uridine kinase activity comparable to that of the unstimulated normal lymphocytes or thymocytes. The uridine kinase activity in the EL-4 tumor cells was repressed by acute treatment of the mice with 5-azacytidine.", "PMID": 66093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1961", "title": "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust.", "content": "The connectivities of the tritocerebrum of locust (Locusta migratoria L., Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)) were studied histologically and by means of cobalt chloride infusion. Its neuropil consists partly of fibers which traverse the tritocerebrum and areas consisting of neuropilar agglomerizations (\"glomeruli\"). The following direct connections between the tritocerebrum and other regions were observed: connections to 1) dorsal and lateral brain regions (mushroom body, optic lobe), 2) the ventral nerve cord, 3) the stomatogastric nervous system (here the protocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion are also involved in these connections), 4) the retro-cerebral glands (corpora cardiaca, corpora allata), and 5) muscles of the foregut.", "contents": "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust. The connectivities of the tritocerebrum of locust (Locusta migratoria L., Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)) were studied histologically and by means of cobalt chloride infusion. Its neuropil consists partly of fibers which traverse the tritocerebrum and areas consisting of neuropilar agglomerizations (\"glomeruli\"). The following direct connections between the tritocerebrum and other regions were observed: connections to 1) dorsal and lateral brain regions (mushroom body, optic lobe), 2) the ventral nerve cord, 3) the stomatogastric nervous system (here the protocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion are also involved in these connections), 4) the retro-cerebral glands (corpora cardiaca, corpora allata), and 5) muscles of the foregut.", "PMID": 66098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1962", "title": "Suppression of premature ventricular contractions by acebutolol.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic action of the beta-blocking drug, acebutolol, was evaluated in patients with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). In the 12 hours following administration of a single 300 mg oral dose, 8 of 10 patients showed a greater than 50% reduction in PVC frequency, and statistical analysis indicated that PVC reduction persisted for 10 hours after the single dose. Analysis of plasma concentrations of acebutolol and an acetyl metabolite indicated that after single oral doses of plasma concentrations of the metabolite exceed those of unchanged acebutolol. When patients were studied during periods of 300 mg doses every 8 hours, eight of 11 showed a 70% reduction in PVC frequency, and analysis showed that the therapeutic effect was present throughout the 24-hour monitoring period. Acebutolol slowed the heart rate and prolonged the PR interval without affecting the QT interval. Significant clinical or laboratory toxicity was not encountered. In the small group studied, acebutolol was found to be safe and effective for short-term administration to patients with frequent PVCs and possessed a relatively long duration of antiarrhythmic action.", "contents": "Suppression of premature ventricular contractions by acebutolol. The antiarrhythmic action of the beta-blocking drug, acebutolol, was evaluated in patients with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). In the 12 hours following administration of a single 300 mg oral dose, 8 of 10 patients showed a greater than 50% reduction in PVC frequency, and statistical analysis indicated that PVC reduction persisted for 10 hours after the single dose. Analysis of plasma concentrations of acebutolol and an acetyl metabolite indicated that after single oral doses of plasma concentrations of the metabolite exceed those of unchanged acebutolol. When patients were studied during periods of 300 mg doses every 8 hours, eight of 11 showed a 70% reduction in PVC frequency, and analysis showed that the therapeutic effect was present throughout the 24-hour monitoring period. Acebutolol slowed the heart rate and prolonged the PR interval without affecting the QT interval. Significant clinical or laboratory toxicity was not encountered. In the small group studied, acebutolol was found to be safe and effective for short-term administration to patients with frequent PVCs and possessed a relatively long duration of antiarrhythmic action.", "PMID": 66105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1963", "title": "New approach to evaluation of proteinuric states.", "content": "We evaluated the use of immunonephelometric methods for measuring specific urinary proteins. Using a nephelometer to detect light scattering (angle, 31 degrees), we measured some proteins immunonephelometrically in serum and aliquots of 24-h urines from 50 apparently healthy children, ages 2-17 years. The mean urinary excretion rate (mg/24h) and the range of values was: for albumin 5.5 (range, 0-13.3), for transferrin 0.5 (0-1.9, for IgG 3.3 0-12), and for alpha 2-macroglobulin 0.6 (0-2.3). Direct comparison of the values for pathological urines with those for a reference population may offer more meaningful information concerning the integrity of the glomerular basement membrane than is provided by protein selectivity indices, and measuring a plasma protein such as albumin in urine may better define pathological proteinuria.", "contents": "New approach to evaluation of proteinuric states. We evaluated the use of immunonephelometric methods for measuring specific urinary proteins. Using a nephelometer to detect light scattering (angle, 31 degrees), we measured some proteins immunonephelometrically in serum and aliquots of 24-h urines from 50 apparently healthy children, ages 2-17 years. The mean urinary excretion rate (mg/24h) and the range of values was: for albumin 5.5 (range, 0-13.3), for transferrin 0.5 (0-1.9, for IgG 3.3 0-12), and for alpha 2-macroglobulin 0.6 (0-2.3). Direct comparison of the values for pathological urines with those for a reference population may offer more meaningful information concerning the integrity of the glomerular basement membrane than is provided by protein selectivity indices, and measuring a plasma protein such as albumin in urine may better define pathological proteinuria.", "PMID": 66106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1964", "title": "Identification of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III as components of normal and malignant human tissues.", "content": "alpha1-Acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, and antithrombin III have been identified, by immunological means, as components of the 90000 X g supernatant fraction of malignant and adjacent normal human breast, colon, and anal tissues, as well as malignant stomach and ileum. Malignant lung tissue only contained alpha1-acid glycoprotein. These protease inhibitors are immunologically equivalent to those present in human plasma.", "contents": "Identification of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III as components of normal and malignant human tissues. alpha1-Acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, and antithrombin III have been identified, by immunological means, as components of the 90000 X g supernatant fraction of malignant and adjacent normal human breast, colon, and anal tissues, as well as malignant stomach and ileum. Malignant lung tissue only contained alpha1-acid glycoprotein. These protease inhibitors are immunologically equivalent to those present in human plasma.", "PMID": 66107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1965", "title": "Enhancement of Tb3+ fluoresence induced by serum proteins other than apotransferrin.", "content": "When Tb3+ ions are incubated with human serum, there is a large enhancement in the fluorescence of the Tb3+ ions as revealed by the excitation and emission wavelength pair 288 and 545 nm. The fluorescence enhancement represents the binding of Tb3+ ions not only to (apo)transferrin, but to albumin and gamma-globulins as well. Spectrophotometric evidence indicate involvement of tyrosyl residues at the cation binding site(s). The ion fluorescence induced by albumin and gamma-globulins invalidates the usefulness of the fluorometric determination of transferrin in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "Enhancement of Tb3+ fluoresence induced by serum proteins other than apotransferrin. When Tb3+ ions are incubated with human serum, there is a large enhancement in the fluorescence of the Tb3+ ions as revealed by the excitation and emission wavelength pair 288 and 545 nm. The fluorescence enhancement represents the binding of Tb3+ ions not only to (apo)transferrin, but to albumin and gamma-globulins as well. Spectrophotometric evidence indicate involvement of tyrosyl residues at the cation binding site(s). The ion fluorescence induced by albumin and gamma-globulins invalidates the usefulness of the fluorometric determination of transferrin in the routine laboratory.", "PMID": 66108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1966", "title": "Splitting of human thyroglobulin. IV. The antigenicity of the pepsin-derived fragments.", "content": "Purified human thyroglobulin (Tg) was hydrolysed by pepsin. After completion of hydrolysis the pepsin hydrolysate was passed through a Sephadex G-200 column to remove undigested Tg. Further isolation of the enzymatic fragments was effected by passage through a Sephadex  G-75 column. Two discrete fragments, termed pep I and pep II, were separated. The two fragments had sedimentation coefficients of 1-0 and 0-6, respectively. These fragments retained antigenic determinants reactive with both hetero-and auto-antibodies to Tg. The larger fragment, pep I, possessed all antigenic determinants to intact Tg while pep II lacked some determinants. Neither fragment contained novel determinants resulting from proteolytic degradation.", "contents": "Splitting of human thyroglobulin. IV. The antigenicity of the pepsin-derived fragments. Purified human thyroglobulin (Tg) was hydrolysed by pepsin. After completion of hydrolysis the pepsin hydrolysate was passed through a Sephadex G-200 column to remove undigested Tg. Further isolation of the enzymatic fragments was effected by passage through a Sephadex  G-75 column. Two discrete fragments, termed pep I and pep II, were separated. The two fragments had sedimentation coefficients of 1-0 and 0-6, respectively. These fragments retained antigenic determinants reactive with both hetero-and auto-antibodies to Tg. The larger fragment, pep I, possessed all antigenic determinants to intact Tg while pep II lacked some determinants. Neither fragment contained novel determinants resulting from proteolytic degradation.", "PMID": 66113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1967", "title": "Antigen specific lymphocyte activity in vitro by peripheral blood leucocytes from Mantoux positive and negative human beings. I. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative differences in the PPD-specific lymphoproliferative response of lymphocytes from the two kinds of donors.", "content": "Lymphocytes from some PPD (purified protein derivative from tubercle bacillus) skin test negative (Mantoux negative=Mx--) human beings reacted against PPD in the lymphoproliferative assay with a time course and dose response very similar to those of lymphocytes from Mantoux positive (Mx+) individuals. Other Mx-- persons were PPD non-responsive in the lymphoproliferative assay. The PPD response of (immunoglobulin=Ig) Ig anti-Ig column passed lymphocytes (T-cells) from Mx--/LP+ (LP+=lymphoproliferative) persons was significantly reduced whereas the in vitro PPD response of T-lymphocytes from Mx+/LP+ was the same or increased. Purified B-lymphocytes from all kinds of tested individuals did not respond in vitro against PPD. Serological investigations indicated that one of the reasons for the negative skin reaction of individuals whose lymphocytes gave a positive lymphoproliferative response against PPD in vitro, is that such individuals had recirculating PPD of high molecular weight (greater than 900,000) and/or PPD anti-PPD antibody complexes in the serum. These substances could block the PPD-specific T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antigen specific lymphocyte activity in vitro by peripheral blood leucocytes from Mantoux positive and negative human beings. I. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative differences in the PPD-specific lymphoproliferative response of lymphocytes from the two kinds of donors. Lymphocytes from some PPD (purified protein derivative from tubercle bacillus) skin test negative (Mantoux negative=Mx--) human beings reacted against PPD in the lymphoproliferative assay with a time course and dose response very similar to those of lymphocytes from Mantoux positive (Mx+) individuals. Other Mx-- persons were PPD non-responsive in the lymphoproliferative assay. The PPD response of (immunoglobulin=Ig) Ig anti-Ig column passed lymphocytes (T-cells) from Mx--/LP+ (LP+=lymphoproliferative) persons was significantly reduced whereas the in vitro PPD response of T-lymphocytes from Mx+/LP+ was the same or increased. Purified B-lymphocytes from all kinds of tested individuals did not respond in vitro against PPD. Serological investigations indicated that one of the reasons for the negative skin reaction of individuals whose lymphocytes gave a positive lymphoproliferative response against PPD in vitro, is that such individuals had recirculating PPD of high molecular weight (greater than 900,000) and/or PPD anti-PPD antibody complexes in the serum. These substances could block the PPD-specific T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 66114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1968", "title": "Cytostatic effector cells generated in vivo against M locus determinants.", "content": "Cytostatic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were generated in mice by immunization with Mls incompatible lymphocytes. A post-labelling assay of 14C-labelled uridine uptake by macrophage targets was employed to meaure the inhibitory activity of the effector cells. Using lymphocytes from Mls pseudocongenic mice to immunize donors of effector cells, it was confirmed that the cytostatic effect was via the Mls determinants expressed on the macrophage targets. Cytotoxic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were not detected by the cell-mediated lympholysis assay (CML) in a five day mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between Mls incompatible lymphocytes. Specificity of cytotoxic cells generated by culturing in vivo preimmunized responder cells and Mls incompatible stimulator lymphocytes did not correlate with the Mls determinant of the stimulator lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytostatic effector cells generated in vivo against M locus determinants. Cytostatic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were generated in mice by immunization with Mls incompatible lymphocytes. A post-labelling assay of 14C-labelled uridine uptake by macrophage targets was employed to meaure the inhibitory activity of the effector cells. Using lymphocytes from Mls pseudocongenic mice to immunize donors of effector cells, it was confirmed that the cytostatic effect was via the Mls determinants expressed on the macrophage targets. Cytotoxic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were not detected by the cell-mediated lympholysis assay (CML) in a five day mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between Mls incompatible lymphocytes. Specificity of cytotoxic cells generated by culturing in vivo preimmunized responder cells and Mls incompatible stimulator lymphocytes did not correlate with the Mls determinant of the stimulator lymphocytes.", "PMID": 66115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1969", "title": "Ethylenediamine sensitivity from exposure to epoxy resin hardeners and Mycolog cream.", "content": "Sensitivity to ethylenediamine and to epoxy resin hardeners was found in three patients with long standing contact dermatitis. In one patient, a young man, the sensitivity was elicited by occupational contact with epoxy resin hardeners and subsequently sustained by use of Mycolog cream. In two patients, both elderly women, the condition was only due to use of Mycolog cream. These case histories and test results indicate that use of Mycolog cream can result in occupational disease viz. contact dermatitis from epoxy hardeners.", "contents": "Ethylenediamine sensitivity from exposure to epoxy resin hardeners and Mycolog cream. Sensitivity to ethylenediamine and to epoxy resin hardeners was found in three patients with long standing contact dermatitis. In one patient, a young man, the sensitivity was elicited by occupational contact with epoxy resin hardeners and subsequently sustained by use of Mycolog cream. In two patients, both elderly women, the condition was only due to use of Mycolog cream. These case histories and test results indicate that use of Mycolog cream can result in occupational disease viz. contact dermatitis from epoxy hardeners.", "PMID": 66117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1970", "title": "Conservative treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "A study was carried out in 30 male patients with benign prostate hyperplasia to assess the effectiveness of treatment with a progestational agent, gestonorone caproate (200 mg), given intramucularly every 7 days over a period of 2 to 3 months. The results showed definite subjective and objective improvement after treatment. Residual urine determination diminished significantly after therapy in 78% of the cases completing the study; uroflometry also showed improvement. There appeared to be some reduction in the degree of occlusion of the urethral lumen in at least 13(65%) out of 20 patients given follow-up cystopanendoscopy after 6 months. This result was further supported by improvement in urinary flow rates and uroflometrograms in the same patients. The only adverse effect of treatment noted was the development of impotency in 21 patients.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A study was carried out in 30 male patients with benign prostate hyperplasia to assess the effectiveness of treatment with a progestational agent, gestonorone caproate (200 mg), given intramucularly every 7 days over a period of 2 to 3 months. The results showed definite subjective and objective improvement after treatment. Residual urine determination diminished significantly after therapy in 78% of the cases completing the study; uroflometry also showed improvement. There appeared to be some reduction in the degree of occlusion of the urethral lumen in at least 13(65%) out of 20 patients given follow-up cystopanendoscopy after 6 months. This result was further supported by improvement in urinary flow rates and uroflometrograms in the same patients. The only adverse effect of treatment noted was the development of impotency in 21 patients.", "PMID": 66118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1971", "title": "The treatment of Hodgkin's disease: emphasizing programs at the Clinic Center, National Institutes of Health.", "content": "During the past 10--15 years there has been a dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with Hodgkin's diases. More than 80% of all patients now will live 5+ years, many of them free from disease. The well-recognized immediate complications of therapy discussed above, are insignificant compared to the tremendous improvement in patients' survival. The fact that they now probably will survive long enough to potentially be at risk of such long-term complications is a testament to the efficacy of modern-day aggressive therapy.", "contents": "The treatment of Hodgkin's disease: emphasizing programs at the Clinic Center, National Institutes of Health. During the past 10--15 years there has been a dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with Hodgkin's diases. More than 80% of all patients now will live 5+ years, many of them free from disease. The well-recognized immediate complications of therapy discussed above, are insignificant compared to the tremendous improvement in patients' survival. The fact that they now probably will survive long enough to potentially be at risk of such long-term complications is a testament to the efficacy of modern-day aggressive therapy.", "PMID": 66119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1972", "title": "[Relationship between digoxin-induced cardiac arrhythmias and serum-digoxin levels (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum-digoxin level was measured by radio-immunoassay (Immutope) on 245 patients in a coronary care unit. Cardiac arrhythmias were assumed to be digoxin-induced if they disappeared after the drug had been stopped. Patients who had received digitoxin or spironolactone were excluded. The results indicated a normal digoxin range of 1.52 +/- 0.2 ng/ml and a toxic one of 2.78 +/- 0.38 ng/ml. First degree A-V block, atrial ectopic beats and ventricular ectopics with variable coupling intervals were frequently associated with serum-digoxin levels of 1.5-2.5 ng/ml, while higher grade A-V block, atrial tachycardia, bigeminy and atrial tachycardia with block were more frequent with higher serum-digoxin levels (greater than 3.0 ng/ml). Atrial arrhythmias were especially frequent with serum levels above 3.0 ng/ml. This suggests different sensitivities of atrial and ventricular myocardium. Atrial arrhythmias thus in general indicate a higher degree of toxicity at high serum levels, while ventricular ectopic beats occur both with high serum levels and also with increased digoxin sensitivity of the ventricles.", "contents": "[Relationship between digoxin-induced cardiac arrhythmias and serum-digoxin levels (author's transl)]. The serum-digoxin level was measured by radio-immunoassay (Immutope) on 245 patients in a coronary care unit. Cardiac arrhythmias were assumed to be digoxin-induced if they disappeared after the drug had been stopped. Patients who had received digitoxin or spironolactone were excluded. The results indicated a normal digoxin range of 1.52 +/- 0.2 ng/ml and a toxic one of 2.78 +/- 0.38 ng/ml. First degree A-V block, atrial ectopic beats and ventricular ectopics with variable coupling intervals were frequently associated with serum-digoxin levels of 1.5-2.5 ng/ml, while higher grade A-V block, atrial tachycardia, bigeminy and atrial tachycardia with block were more frequent with higher serum-digoxin levels (greater than 3.0 ng/ml). Atrial arrhythmias were especially frequent with serum levels above 3.0 ng/ml. This suggests different sensitivities of atrial and ventricular myocardium. Atrial arrhythmias thus in general indicate a higher degree of toxicity at high serum levels, while ventricular ectopic beats occur both with high serum levels and also with increased digoxin sensitivity of the ventricles.", "PMID": 66122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1973", "title": "[Studies on the surgical and chemotherapeutic management of oral cancer].", "content": "Of the 101 patients who have been treated with bleomycin since 1971 two groups were formed: Group I: Preoperative chemotherapy with 345 mg bleomycin, followed by radical operation. Group II: 200 mg bleomycin preoperatively, followed by radical operation and postoperative chemotherapy up to a total dose of 345 mg bleomycin. 1. Bleomycin- induced cellular alterations showed a dose-time relation. 2. The treatment plan for group II with 200 mg bleomycin preoperatively plus postoperative cytostatic therapy up to a total of 345 mg resulted in less recurrences and fewer distant metastases than the sole preoperative application of the full dose of 345 mg bleomycin. 3. In all cases, preoperative microscopic examination after administration of the full dose of 345 mg still showed tumor cells with possible growth potential.", "contents": "[Studies on the surgical and chemotherapeutic management of oral cancer]. Of the 101 patients who have been treated with bleomycin since 1971 two groups were formed: Group I: Preoperative chemotherapy with 345 mg bleomycin, followed by radical operation. Group II: 200 mg bleomycin preoperatively, followed by radical operation and postoperative chemotherapy up to a total dose of 345 mg bleomycin. 1. Bleomycin- induced cellular alterations showed a dose-time relation. 2. The treatment plan for group II with 200 mg bleomycin preoperatively plus postoperative cytostatic therapy up to a total of 345 mg resulted in less recurrences and fewer distant metastases than the sole preoperative application of the full dose of 345 mg bleomycin. 3. In all cases, preoperative microscopic examination after administration of the full dose of 345 mg still showed tumor cells with possible growth potential.", "PMID": 66126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1974", "title": "[Audiovisual programmed teaching].", "content": "On the basis of the teaching program example \"The taking of alginate impressions in patients\", some viewpoints are reported which should be taken into consideration when establishing a teaching program. The choice of the medium or media, for example, is determined by the instructional objective and the type of learning targets which underlie the program. In a preliminary study, not only the first draft of the above-mentioned teaching program was examined, but at the same time it was also found out which factors should be considered in addition to those that are program inherent; e. g., how to integrate the teaching program into the organization of other instructional courses and how to make time and personnel plans for the quality checks of the nonpersonal program.", "contents": "[Audiovisual programmed teaching]. On the basis of the teaching program example \"The taking of alginate impressions in patients\", some viewpoints are reported which should be taken into consideration when establishing a teaching program. The choice of the medium or media, for example, is determined by the instructional objective and the type of learning targets which underlie the program. In a preliminary study, not only the first draft of the above-mentioned teaching program was examined, but at the same time it was also found out which factors should be considered in addition to those that are program inherent; e. g., how to integrate the teaching program into the organization of other instructional courses and how to make time and personnel plans for the quality checks of the nonpersonal program.", "PMID": 66127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1975", "title": "Correlation analysis of delta activity generated in cerebral hypoxia.", "content": "1. Differences in spatial and temporal characteristics between polymorphous delta activity (PDA) and \"standard slow complexes\" (SSCS) resulting from grave cerebral hypoxia have been demonstrated by means of digital correlation analysis and on line recording of correlograms. 2. PDA observed in the human EEG and the ECoG of dogs is characterized by the absence of periodic organization (high extinction indices of auto- and crosscorrelation functions) and absence of spatial synchronization when recorded from widely separated areas of the hemispheres (low correlation coefficients, significant and variable time shifts), with bilateral symmetry of slow waves being preserved. 3. Delta waves recorded from nucleus amygdalae, nucleus caudatus, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain in the dog differ from cortical PDA by a more synchronous and rhythmically arranged process. 4. During the establishment of SSC activity correlograms show a synchronous process common to all cortical aand subcortical areas characteized by very high values of correlation coefficients. 5. It is suggested that the unorganized slow wave PDA process could arise under conditions of hypoxic dysfunction of distant cortico-cortical relationships, accompanied by weak subcortical pacemaker influences. The process reflects local coexcitation of relatively limited cortical areas. The particular statistical characteristics of SSCs generated during further increase in oxygen deficit can be accounted for by simultaneous generation of responses in some subcortical areas to single volleys of impulses from a hypothetical pacemaker, accompanied by a passive wave propagation towards a cortex completetly depressed by hypoxia", "contents": "Correlation analysis of delta activity generated in cerebral hypoxia. 1. Differences in spatial and temporal characteristics between polymorphous delta activity (PDA) and \"standard slow complexes\" (SSCS) resulting from grave cerebral hypoxia have been demonstrated by means of digital correlation analysis and on line recording of correlograms. 2. PDA observed in the human EEG and the ECoG of dogs is characterized by the absence of periodic organization (high extinction indices of auto- and crosscorrelation functions) and absence of spatial synchronization when recorded from widely separated areas of the hemispheres (low correlation coefficients, significant and variable time shifts), with bilateral symmetry of slow waves being preserved. 3. Delta waves recorded from nucleus amygdalae, nucleus caudatus, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain in the dog differ from cortical PDA by a more synchronous and rhythmically arranged process. 4. During the establishment of SSC activity correlograms show a synchronous process common to all cortical aand subcortical areas characteized by very high values of correlation coefficients. 5. It is suggested that the unorganized slow wave PDA process could arise under conditions of hypoxic dysfunction of distant cortico-cortical relationships, accompanied by weak subcortical pacemaker influences. The process reflects local coexcitation of relatively limited cortical areas. The particular statistical characteristics of SSCs generated during further increase in oxygen deficit can be accounted for by simultaneous generation of responses in some subcortical areas to single volleys of impulses from a hypothetical pacemaker, accompanied by a passive wave propagation towards a cortex completetly depressed by hypoxia", "PMID": 66128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1976", "title": "Far field somatosensory potentials in the rat.", "content": "Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the rat were recorded from skull electrodes. The cortical component of the SEP was preceded by at least three low amplitude potentials. Surface distribution of these potentials, correlation with depth recording from posterior columns, posterior column nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, ventral posterior thalamus and sensory radiation, and the effect of brain stem and medullospinal transections on these potentials showed that: (1) All potentials preceding the cortical SEP are far field reflections of activity generated at a distance from the site or recording. (2) Component I originates in posterior columns. (3) Component II reflects summated activities in posterior column nuclei and medial lemniscus. (4) Anterior component III reflects summated activities in the ventral posterior thalamus and sensory radiation. (5) Posterior component III probably reflects activities originating in cerebellar pathways and cerebellum.", "contents": "Far field somatosensory potentials in the rat. Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the rat were recorded from skull electrodes. The cortical component of the SEP was preceded by at least three low amplitude potentials. Surface distribution of these potentials, correlation with depth recording from posterior columns, posterior column nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, ventral posterior thalamus and sensory radiation, and the effect of brain stem and medullospinal transections on these potentials showed that: (1) All potentials preceding the cortical SEP are far field reflections of activity generated at a distance from the site or recording. (2) Component I originates in posterior columns. (3) Component II reflects summated activities in posterior column nuclei and medial lemniscus. (4) Anterior component III reflects summated activities in the ventral posterior thalamus and sensory radiation. (5) Posterior component III probably reflects activities originating in cerebellar pathways and cerebellum.", "PMID": 66129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1977", "title": "Computerized evaluation of electroencephalographic changes accompanying exchange transfusion in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "The EEGs of 7 children with Reye's syndrome (fatty liver and encephalopathy) were continuously recorded on magnetic tape for times ranging from 12 to 80 h. During these times the major therapy consisted of exchange blood transfusions. The tapes were automatically processed on a LINC-8 computer using a peak-detection algorithm. The main parameters investigated were the delta and theta indices, the mean EEG frequency, the mean peak-to-peak amplitude, and the frequency versus amplitude characteristics of the delta waves. In 5 patients who responded to therapy, a marked decrease in the delta activity and an increase in mean frequency were noted subsequent to exchange transfusions. In all 5 cases the delta waves exhibited a similar pattern of decreasing amplitude and increasing frequency following therapy. However, in 2 patients with a fatal outcome, no favorable EEG response was observed during treatment, and a simultaneous decline in both delta frequency and delta amplitude was noted as the clinical condition worsened. The results of this study indicate that continuous EEG monitoring in Reye's syndrome may be an important clinical adjunct in evaluating the effectiveness of exchange transfusion therapy and in signaling the need for further treatment.", "contents": "Computerized evaluation of electroencephalographic changes accompanying exchange transfusion in Reye's syndrome. The EEGs of 7 children with Reye's syndrome (fatty liver and encephalopathy) were continuously recorded on magnetic tape for times ranging from 12 to 80 h. During these times the major therapy consisted of exchange blood transfusions. The tapes were automatically processed on a LINC-8 computer using a peak-detection algorithm. The main parameters investigated were the delta and theta indices, the mean EEG frequency, the mean peak-to-peak amplitude, and the frequency versus amplitude characteristics of the delta waves. In 5 patients who responded to therapy, a marked decrease in the delta activity and an increase in mean frequency were noted subsequent to exchange transfusions. In all 5 cases the delta waves exhibited a similar pattern of decreasing amplitude and increasing frequency following therapy. However, in 2 patients with a fatal outcome, no favorable EEG response was observed during treatment, and a simultaneous decline in both delta frequency and delta amplitude was noted as the clinical condition worsened. The results of this study indicate that continuous EEG monitoring in Reye's syndrome may be an important clinical adjunct in evaluating the effectiveness of exchange transfusion therapy and in signaling the need for further treatment.", "PMID": 66130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1978", "title": "The penicillin focus. I. Distribution of potential at the cortical surface.", "content": "The potential field of a penicillin focus of controlled size was recorded from a rectangular array of 12 electrodes occupying a 4 X 6 mm area on the exposed anterior sigmoid gyrus of the cat. The array was made with 2 mm interelectrode spacing of 0.4 mm I.D. glass capillary tubes filled with Ringer's in agar, excepting one containing penicillin to create the focus. Early in the development of the focus a negative spike appears at the penicillin electrode reaching amplitudes of as high as 3,000 muV while all of the other electrodes showed no synchronous activity of more than 100 muV. Within the first 15 min spike activity becomes visible at about 100 muV at all the electrodes and after 30 min, waveforms of all activity become quite stable. At the penicillin-containing electrode, at intervals of 2--10 sec each, a negative sharp wave of up to 4 mV occurs, having a shorter rise time than fall time. A smaller positive spike of about 30 msec duration which showed marked variations in amplitude often preceded the stable negative sharp wave. During the rise of the negativity at the penicillin electrode, practically all the surrounding electrodes showed a predominantly positive spike. This was occasionally followed by negativity during the falling phase at the penicillin electrode. Displays of potential surfaces interpolating the average values at the 12 recording points on the cortex at 4 msec intervals demonstrate a relationship between the field of the sharp wave at the penicillin focus which is less than 2 mm in diameter and that of the surrounding electrode which indicates that symmetrically located synaptic inhibitory processes are strongly activated in areas adjacent to the small simultaneous excitation at the penicillin electrode. Degrees of attenuation of interictal spikes that take place between cortex and scalp are estimated from the measured potential distributions. Explanation is offered for the reported apparent discrepancies between the findings at the cortex and the scalp EEG.", "contents": "The penicillin focus. I. Distribution of potential at the cortical surface. The potential field of a penicillin focus of controlled size was recorded from a rectangular array of 12 electrodes occupying a 4 X 6 mm area on the exposed anterior sigmoid gyrus of the cat. The array was made with 2 mm interelectrode spacing of 0.4 mm I.D. glass capillary tubes filled with Ringer's in agar, excepting one containing penicillin to create the focus. Early in the development of the focus a negative spike appears at the penicillin electrode reaching amplitudes of as high as 3,000 muV while all of the other electrodes showed no synchronous activity of more than 100 muV. Within the first 15 min spike activity becomes visible at about 100 muV at all the electrodes and after 30 min, waveforms of all activity become quite stable. At the penicillin-containing electrode, at intervals of 2--10 sec each, a negative sharp wave of up to 4 mV occurs, having a shorter rise time than fall time. A smaller positive spike of about 30 msec duration which showed marked variations in amplitude often preceded the stable negative sharp wave. During the rise of the negativity at the penicillin electrode, practically all the surrounding electrodes showed a predominantly positive spike. This was occasionally followed by negativity during the falling phase at the penicillin electrode. Displays of potential surfaces interpolating the average values at the 12 recording points on the cortex at 4 msec intervals demonstrate a relationship between the field of the sharp wave at the penicillin focus which is less than 2 mm in diameter and that of the surrounding electrode which indicates that symmetrically located synaptic inhibitory processes are strongly activated in areas adjacent to the small simultaneous excitation at the penicillin electrode. Degrees of attenuation of interictal spikes that take place between cortex and scalp are estimated from the measured potential distributions. Explanation is offered for the reported apparent discrepancies between the findings at the cortex and the scalp EEG.", "PMID": 66131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1979", "title": "Identification and separation of acoustic frequency following responses (FFRS) in man.", "content": "Frequency following responses (FFRs) to monaural tone bursts were recorded in normal and hearing impaired subjects as the potential difference between an ipsilateral earlobe electrode and a scalp vertex electrode. Whenn the rubber tube coupler between the earphone and the subject's ear was clamped, a stimulus artefact FFR was occasionally recorded. The \"biological\" FFR had a latency of about 1 msec and an irregular wave form which was made more sinusoidal by the addition of white noise. When the responses to tone bursts of opposite onset phases were added together, a \"double frequency\" FFR was obtained which had a latency of about 6 msec and whose amplitude was appreciably reduced by white noise. In some hearing impaired subjects (with no neural responses to clicks), this longer latency double frequency component could not be recorded, while in those cases in which the cochlear microphonic potential could be recorded, the shorter latency FFR was also present. It is concluded that the FFR in normally hearing subjects is made up of a short latency cochlear microphonic component and a longer latency neural component.", "contents": "Identification and separation of acoustic frequency following responses (FFRS) in man. Frequency following responses (FFRs) to monaural tone bursts were recorded in normal and hearing impaired subjects as the potential difference between an ipsilateral earlobe electrode and a scalp vertex electrode. Whenn the rubber tube coupler between the earphone and the subject's ear was clamped, a stimulus artefact FFR was occasionally recorded. The \"biological\" FFR had a latency of about 1 msec and an irregular wave form which was made more sinusoidal by the addition of white noise. When the responses to tone bursts of opposite onset phases were added together, a \"double frequency\" FFR was obtained which had a latency of about 6 msec and whose amplitude was appreciably reduced by white noise. In some hearing impaired subjects (with no neural responses to clicks), this longer latency double frequency component could not be recorded, while in those cases in which the cochlear microphonic potential could be recorded, the shorter latency FFR was also present. It is concluded that the FFR in normally hearing subjects is made up of a short latency cochlear microphonic component and a longer latency neural component.", "PMID": 66132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1980", "title": "Movement-related forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity in rats.", "content": "In 16 rats multiple unit activity was recorded simultaneously from ventral forebrain and dorsal midbrain areas, with continuous monitoring by sensitive head movement and body movement recorders, along with careful observations of ongoing behaviors. Both forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity were significantly correlated with head and body movements: recordings from both brain areas showed significant declines corresponding to decline in recordings head and body movement. The declines in midbrain multiple unit activity were significantly greater than those in forebrain multiple unit activity. The significant correlation of forebrain multiple unit activity with continuous recordings of bodily activity is, to the best of our knowledge, a new finding. The correlations between brain activity and bodily activity found in these experiments indicate the importance of monitoring brain recordings of awake animals with sensitive recordings of head and body movement. In addition, these findings represent a further demonstration of the need to analyze the operation of the brain in terms of its motor output.", "contents": "Movement-related forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity in rats. In 16 rats multiple unit activity was recorded simultaneously from ventral forebrain and dorsal midbrain areas, with continuous monitoring by sensitive head movement and body movement recorders, along with careful observations of ongoing behaviors. Both forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity were significantly correlated with head and body movements: recordings from both brain areas showed significant declines corresponding to decline in recordings head and body movement. The declines in midbrain multiple unit activity were significantly greater than those in forebrain multiple unit activity. The significant correlation of forebrain multiple unit activity with continuous recordings of bodily activity is, to the best of our knowledge, a new finding. The correlations between brain activity and bodily activity found in these experiments indicate the importance of monitoring brain recordings of awake animals with sensitive recordings of head and body movement. In addition, these findings represent a further demonstration of the need to analyze the operation of the brain in terms of its motor output.", "PMID": 66133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1981", "title": "Effects of atropine upon the hippocampal electrical activity in rats with special reference to paradoxical sleep.", "content": "In freely moving male rats with implanted electrodes, the influence of atropine sulphate (5-30 mg/kg, i.p.) on the hippocampal theta activity was studied with special emphasis on paradoxical sleep (PS). In accordance with previous work with cats and rabbits, atropine was found to inhibit PS, in delaying its first appearance as well as in decreasing the duration of the first PS episode. The hippocampal theta activity during PS was also changed after atropinization. In particular, when REM occurred often, theta activity was increased not only in frequency but also in amplitude; however, with no or little REM, theta frequency was not changed but the regularity of theta rhythms was markedly disturbed. These findings are in contrast with the theta activity associated with gross body movement, which was not affected by atropine as was previous reported by Vanderwolf (1975). Thus, in contrast to commonly held views, the hippocampal theta activity during gross body movement may be different in its underlying mechanisms from that during PS.", "contents": "Effects of atropine upon the hippocampal electrical activity in rats with special reference to paradoxical sleep. In freely moving male rats with implanted electrodes, the influence of atropine sulphate (5-30 mg/kg, i.p.) on the hippocampal theta activity was studied with special emphasis on paradoxical sleep (PS). In accordance with previous work with cats and rabbits, atropine was found to inhibit PS, in delaying its first appearance as well as in decreasing the duration of the first PS episode. The hippocampal theta activity during PS was also changed after atropinization. In particular, when REM occurred often, theta activity was increased not only in frequency but also in amplitude; however, with no or little REM, theta frequency was not changed but the regularity of theta rhythms was markedly disturbed. These findings are in contrast with the theta activity associated with gross body movement, which was not affected by atropine as was previous reported by Vanderwolf (1975). Thus, in contrast to commonly held views, the hippocampal theta activity during gross body movement may be different in its underlying mechanisms from that during PS.", "PMID": 66134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1982", "title": "The results of penicillin G Administration of chronic unrestrained cats: electrographic and behavioral observations.", "content": "Intramuscular administration of penicillin G was carried out in a series of 27 chronic cat preparations. In addition to the EEG, the high frequency components of cerebral electrical activity were also recorded from cortical and deep structures. Videotape recordings using split-screen technique allowed correlations of the animal's clinical state with the EEG. The results showed that 'spike-wave' type activity occurred earliest in the cortex. The discharges were also best formed in cortical and thalamic structures. The other deep structures showed characteristic bursting, but not of the 'spikewave' type variety. The cerebellum showed also early participation. Clinical expressivity of the bursts depended upon the state of alertness of the animal, the height of the spike components and the extent of depth participation. The high frequency recordings revealed characteristic alternation of decrease and increase in activity mostly in cortical structures and to a lesser extent in thalamus. Pontine and medullary reticular formation areas showed usually no changes in the high frequency records during the bursts. When major seizures were induced, they were always of focal onset rather than of the primary generalized type as one sees with pentylenetetrazol. Different cortical or deep structures served as the initiating site in different animals. It was concluded that systemic penicillin adminstration does not lead to a truly primary generalized form of epilepsy, but produces its effects by multifocal activation of various cerebral structures, with cortex and cerebullum usually showing earliest involvement.", "contents": "The results of penicillin G Administration of chronic unrestrained cats: electrographic and behavioral observations. Intramuscular administration of penicillin G was carried out in a series of 27 chronic cat preparations. In addition to the EEG, the high frequency components of cerebral electrical activity were also recorded from cortical and deep structures. Videotape recordings using split-screen technique allowed correlations of the animal's clinical state with the EEG. The results showed that 'spike-wave' type activity occurred earliest in the cortex. The discharges were also best formed in cortical and thalamic structures. The other deep structures showed characteristic bursting, but not of the 'spikewave' type variety. The cerebellum showed also early participation. Clinical expressivity of the bursts depended upon the state of alertness of the animal, the height of the spike components and the extent of depth participation. The high frequency recordings revealed characteristic alternation of decrease and increase in activity mostly in cortical structures and to a lesser extent in thalamus. Pontine and medullary reticular formation areas showed usually no changes in the high frequency records during the bursts. When major seizures were induced, they were always of focal onset rather than of the primary generalized type as one sees with pentylenetetrazol. Different cortical or deep structures served as the initiating site in different animals. It was concluded that systemic penicillin adminstration does not lead to a truly primary generalized form of epilepsy, but produces its effects by multifocal activation of various cerebral structures, with cortex and cerebullum usually showing earliest involvement.", "PMID": 66135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1983", "title": "The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks.", "content": "Averaged event-related cortical potentials (ERPs) were obtained from an array of scalp electrodes overlying the left hemicranium in response to regularly presented visual or auditory stimuli (non-signals)and to infrequent random replacements by different stimuli (signals) in the same modality. A motor response was required to the signals. Non-signal ERPs were subtracted from signal ERPs and the topographic distributions of the negative (N2 delta) and positive (P3 delta) components were plotted as isopotential maps. N2 delta distributions differed for the auditory and visual modalities, whereas P3delta was modality unspecific. These topographic data were compared to those from the previous study of missing stimulus potentials (Simson et al. 1976) using maps representing the contributions from unilateral cerebral sources. The N2 delta and negative missing stimulus potential distributions ascribed to cortical activity within the secondary auditory and visual regions, whereas the late positive component (positive missing stimulus potential or P3 delta) were considered to derive principally from inferior parietal association cortex.", "contents": "The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks. Averaged event-related cortical potentials (ERPs) were obtained from an array of scalp electrodes overlying the left hemicranium in response to regularly presented visual or auditory stimuli (non-signals)and to infrequent random replacements by different stimuli (signals) in the same modality. A motor response was required to the signals. Non-signal ERPs were subtracted from signal ERPs and the topographic distributions of the negative (N2 delta) and positive (P3 delta) components were plotted as isopotential maps. N2 delta distributions differed for the auditory and visual modalities, whereas P3delta was modality unspecific. These topographic data were compared to those from the previous study of missing stimulus potentials (Simson et al. 1976) using maps representing the contributions from unilateral cerebral sources. The N2 delta and negative missing stimulus potential distributions ascribed to cortical activity within the secondary auditory and visual regions, whereas the late positive component (positive missing stimulus potential or P3 delta) were considered to derive principally from inferior parietal association cortex.", "PMID": 66136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1984", "title": "Electrophysiological correlates of optokinetic and reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus in the rabbit.", "content": "Six rabbits with implanted electrodes in visual cortex, lateral geniculate body, superior colliculus and the mesodiencephalic nystagmogenic centres were exposed to 90 min optokinetic stimulation, followed by 30 to 60 min observation of reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN) in darkness. The oculographically recorded nystagmus was used to trigger a LINC 8 computer programmed for perisaccadic EEG averaging and for examination of excitability of visual centres by flashes applied at different intervals after the saccade onset. Whereas optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was accompanied by marked electrical potentials appearing at all recording sites during and for about 100 msec after the saccade, these potentials were considerably attenuated or absent during RPN. Visual evoked responses to flashes applied during the OKN saccades were considerably smaller than responses to flashes delayed by 130-200 msec. No saccadic suppression was observed when the same visual stimuli were applied during RPN saccades in darkness. It is concluded that eye movements generated in the absence of external stimuli during RPN elicit only weak corollary discharge.", "contents": "Electrophysiological correlates of optokinetic and reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus in the rabbit. Six rabbits with implanted electrodes in visual cortex, lateral geniculate body, superior colliculus and the mesodiencephalic nystagmogenic centres were exposed to 90 min optokinetic stimulation, followed by 30 to 60 min observation of reversed postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN) in darkness. The oculographically recorded nystagmus was used to trigger a LINC 8 computer programmed for perisaccadic EEG averaging and for examination of excitability of visual centres by flashes applied at different intervals after the saccade onset. Whereas optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was accompanied by marked electrical potentials appearing at all recording sites during and for about 100 msec after the saccade, these potentials were considerably attenuated or absent during RPN. Visual evoked responses to flashes applied during the OKN saccades were considerably smaller than responses to flashes delayed by 130-200 msec. No saccadic suppression was observed when the same visual stimuli were applied during RPN saccades in darkness. It is concluded that eye movements generated in the absence of external stimuli during RPN elicit only weak corollary discharge.", "PMID": 66137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1985", "title": "The stability of synergy in agonists during the execution of a simple voluntary movement.", "content": "The characteristics of muscular synergy between the main elbow flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, brachoradialis were considered. The activities of these different muscles were recorded simultaneously with surface and wire electrodes. A quantitative analysis of the activity of each of these muscles and of their excitation levels was carried out during movements performed at various velocities and against different inertias. It was shown that: (1) the onset as well as the cessation of activity in the different muscles occur practically simultaneously and independently of the velocity and inertia of the movement; (2) the well-known linear relation between the integrated EMG of biceps brachii and the work can be extended to the other main flexors. This implies that the relation between the activities of the main flexors remains constant whatever the velocity and inertia may be. These results confirm the notion of 'Flexor Equivalent'. They also demonstrate a stability of the synergy between agonist muscles which must be distinguished particularly from the synergy between agonists and antagonists.", "contents": "The stability of synergy in agonists during the execution of a simple voluntary movement. The characteristics of muscular synergy between the main elbow flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, brachoradialis were considered. The activities of these different muscles were recorded simultaneously with surface and wire electrodes. A quantitative analysis of the activity of each of these muscles and of their excitation levels was carried out during movements performed at various velocities and against different inertias. It was shown that: (1) the onset as well as the cessation of activity in the different muscles occur practically simultaneously and independently of the velocity and inertia of the movement; (2) the well-known linear relation between the integrated EMG of biceps brachii and the work can be extended to the other main flexors. This implies that the relation between the activities of the main flexors remains constant whatever the velocity and inertia may be. These results confirm the notion of 'Flexor Equivalent'. They also demonstrate a stability of the synergy between agonist muscles which must be distinguished particularly from the synergy between agonists and antagonists.", "PMID": 66138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1986", "title": "Characteristics of the experimental reflex sleep induced by vago-aortic nerve stimulation.", "content": "1. Electrical stimulation of the baroceptive fibres of the vago-aortic trunks (VA St) reflexly induces, in the Ec\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 (EI) cat preparation, a complete sleep cycle characterized by a progression of all stages of sleep previously described in chronic preparations (slow wave sleep, phasic slow wave sleep, paradoxical or REM sleep). Some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this \"vago-aortic\" (VA) sleep are analysed and compared with those obtained in EI cats previously deprived of REM sleep. 2. VA sleep is not simply the consequence of chance occurrences, but the consequence of VA St. It is stimulus-bound, even if the interval between successive stimuli is as short as 7.5 min. Thus it is possible to impose an artificially regular cycle much shorter than the normal one. one. 3. VA St. precipitates the onset of the differrent sleep cycle episodes in the non-REM-deprived EI cat as well as in the REM-deprived EI cat. 4. REM sleep begins rapidly after stimulus onset, so that an experimental reflex REM narcolepsy may be obtained. This effect is particularly noteworthy in REM-deprived cats. In this situation, REM sleep episodes with cataplexy (muscular atonia and areflexia) can immediately follow the onset of stimulation.", "contents": "Characteristics of the experimental reflex sleep induced by vago-aortic nerve stimulation. 1. Electrical stimulation of the baroceptive fibres of the vago-aortic trunks (VA St) reflexly induces, in the Ec\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 (EI) cat preparation, a complete sleep cycle characterized by a progression of all stages of sleep previously described in chronic preparations (slow wave sleep, phasic slow wave sleep, paradoxical or REM sleep). Some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this \"vago-aortic\" (VA) sleep are analysed and compared with those obtained in EI cats previously deprived of REM sleep. 2. VA sleep is not simply the consequence of chance occurrences, but the consequence of VA St. It is stimulus-bound, even if the interval between successive stimuli is as short as 7.5 min. Thus it is possible to impose an artificially regular cycle much shorter than the normal one. one. 3. VA St. precipitates the onset of the differrent sleep cycle episodes in the non-REM-deprived EI cat as well as in the REM-deprived EI cat. 4. REM sleep begins rapidly after stimulus onset, so that an experimental reflex REM narcolepsy may be obtained. This effect is particularly noteworthy in REM-deprived cats. In this situation, REM sleep episodes with cataplexy (muscular atonia and areflexia) can immediately follow the onset of stimulation.", "PMID": 66139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1987", "title": "Temporo-spatial pattern of subcortical spike activity in kindling epilepsy. A statistical approach.", "content": "Recording electrodes were implanted stereotaxically in limbic and thalamic structures and the mesencephalic reticular formation in twelve cats. The animals were submitted to daily stimulation of the left amygdaloid nucleus following the technique for the kindling procedure, always combined with 5 h 30 min post-stimulation monitoring. After about 18 days, generalized convulsive activity was established. The following results concerning the quantitative evolution of spontaneously occurring interictal spikes were obtained. Amygdaloid nuclei, the hippocampus and the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) demonstrated an increase of discharge activity during the kindling procedure, following by a significant decrease after convulsions had been elicited. Thalamic nucleus centrum medianum (CM) was the only recording site investigated where the amount of interictal discharge increased and remained at a high level even after generalized convulsions had been established. Fourier analysis of slow oscillations in discharge generation yielded two main types of significant periodicity. A 165 min oscillation could be detected in all structures tested except reticular formation, which developed a 110 min cycle shared only with the thalamic CM. Significant correlations in spike activity were obtained from various structures. Stimulated amygdala seemed to have alternating relations with thalamic CM and VL, whereas stimultaneous oscillations excisted between MRF and CM. The occurrence of high voltage spikes in both contralateral and ipsilateral amygdalae was shown to be significantly correlated.", "contents": "Temporo-spatial pattern of subcortical spike activity in kindling epilepsy. A statistical approach. Recording electrodes were implanted stereotaxically in limbic and thalamic structures and the mesencephalic reticular formation in twelve cats. The animals were submitted to daily stimulation of the left amygdaloid nucleus following the technique for the kindling procedure, always combined with 5 h 30 min post-stimulation monitoring. After about 18 days, generalized convulsive activity was established. The following results concerning the quantitative evolution of spontaneously occurring interictal spikes were obtained. Amygdaloid nuclei, the hippocampus and the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) demonstrated an increase of discharge activity during the kindling procedure, following by a significant decrease after convulsions had been elicited. Thalamic nucleus centrum medianum (CM) was the only recording site investigated where the amount of interictal discharge increased and remained at a high level even after generalized convulsions had been established. Fourier analysis of slow oscillations in discharge generation yielded two main types of significant periodicity. A 165 min oscillation could be detected in all structures tested except reticular formation, which developed a 110 min cycle shared only with the thalamic CM. Significant correlations in spike activity were obtained from various structures. Stimulated amygdala seemed to have alternating relations with thalamic CM and VL, whereas stimultaneous oscillations excisted between MRF and CM. The occurrence of high voltage spikes in both contralateral and ipsilateral amygdalae was shown to be significantly correlated.", "PMID": 66140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1988", "title": "New sphenoidal electrode assembly to permit long-term monitoring of the patient's ictal or interictal EEG.", "content": "A new sphenoidal wire electrode is described which greatly increases the clinical and diagnostic usefulness of sphenoidal electrode recordings. These very fine wire electrodes are easy to insert; they are comfortable and acceptable to the patient. In contrast to sphenoidal needle electrodes they expose the patient to no risk should he have a seizure during recording. These electrodes also allow one to extend the recording time to several days, thus increasing the chances of recording a spontaneous seizure, for instance while the patient's  EEG is being recorded with a telemetry system. The extended recording time also allows for continuous automatic sampling of the interictal EEG over a period of several days. The quality and the reliability of the EEG record are also enhanced. The new sphenoidal electrodes have been used on over 100 patients and are now being used routinely on suspected temporal lobe epileptics recorded with conventional techniques, while 50 of the patients have also been recorded with a cable-telemetry seizure monitoring system which has captured 65 spontaneous seizures.", "contents": "New sphenoidal electrode assembly to permit long-term monitoring of the patient's ictal or interictal EEG. A new sphenoidal wire electrode is described which greatly increases the clinical and diagnostic usefulness of sphenoidal electrode recordings. These very fine wire electrodes are easy to insert; they are comfortable and acceptable to the patient. In contrast to sphenoidal needle electrodes they expose the patient to no risk should he have a seizure during recording. These electrodes also allow one to extend the recording time to several days, thus increasing the chances of recording a spontaneous seizure, for instance while the patient's  EEG is being recorded with a telemetry system. The extended recording time also allows for continuous automatic sampling of the interictal EEG over a period of several days. The quality and the reliability of the EEG record are also enhanced. The new sphenoidal electrodes have been used on over 100 patients and are now being used routinely on suspected temporal lobe epileptics recorded with conventional techniques, while 50 of the patients have also been recorded with a cable-telemetry seizure monitoring system which has captured 65 spontaneous seizures.", "PMID": 66141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1989", "title": "Intracellular recording from pulsating cerebral cortex.", "content": "An instrument has been developed for recording intracellulary from cortical neurons in an exposed pulsating brain. The electrode moves with the brain pulsations maintaining the electrode within the impaled cell. Stable recordings have been obtained for up to 20 min.", "contents": "Intracellular recording from pulsating cerebral cortex. An instrument has been developed for recording intracellulary from cortical neurons in an exposed pulsating brain. The electrode moves with the brain pulsations maintaining the electrode within the impaled cell. Stable recordings have been obtained for up to 20 min.", "PMID": 66142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1990", "title": "Early events in the steroidal regulation of alpha2mu globulin in rat liver. Evidence for both androgenic and estrogenic induction.", "content": "1. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for alpha2mu globulin has been developed. With the help of this highly sensitive radoimmunoassay the early effects of both androgen and estrogen treatments on the hepatic synthesis of alpha2mu globulin in the rat have been investigated. 2. Results show that the earlier observation of the long lag period in the androgenic induction of alpha2mu globulin is more apparent than real. 3. Single injections of either 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone(5alpha-dihydro-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) or its physiological antagonist estradiol-17beta (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-idol) to castrated female rats resulted in the induction of alphamu globulin reaching maximum hepatic level of the protein between 6--9 h after the hormone administration. Administration of cycloheximide 15 prior to hormone treatment blocked both androgenic andestrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin. 4. Daily pretreatments with 5alphamu-dihydrotestosterone increased the sensitivity of subsequent androgenic response to alpha2muglobulin synthesis. On the other hand, daily pretreatments with estradiol 17beta decreased and ultimately abolished the estrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin. 5. The possible mechanism of both androgenic and estrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin in rat liver mediated through a sex-hormone-binding protein with dual affinity for both dihydrotestosterone and estradiol has been suggested.", "contents": "Early events in the steroidal regulation of alpha2mu globulin in rat liver. Evidence for both androgenic and estrogenic induction. 1. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for alpha2mu globulin has been developed. With the help of this highly sensitive radoimmunoassay the early effects of both androgen and estrogen treatments on the hepatic synthesis of alpha2mu globulin in the rat have been investigated. 2. Results show that the earlier observation of the long lag period in the androgenic induction of alpha2mu globulin is more apparent than real. 3. Single injections of either 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone(5alpha-dihydro-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) or its physiological antagonist estradiol-17beta (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-idol) to castrated female rats resulted in the induction of alphamu globulin reaching maximum hepatic level of the protein between 6--9 h after the hormone administration. Administration of cycloheximide 15 prior to hormone treatment blocked both androgenic andestrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin. 4. Daily pretreatments with 5alphamu-dihydrotestosterone increased the sensitivity of subsequent androgenic response to alpha2muglobulin synthesis. On the other hand, daily pretreatments with estradiol 17beta decreased and ultimately abolished the estrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin. 5. The possible mechanism of both androgenic and estrogenic induction of alpha2mu globulin in rat liver mediated through a sex-hormone-binding protein with dual affinity for both dihydrotestosterone and estradiol has been suggested.", "PMID": 66144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1991", "title": "An immunofluorescent study of alpha-fetoprotein. I. Its ontogenic development in human conceptus.", "content": "A development of alpha-fetoprotein-producing tissues was investigated in 52 cases of human conceptuses ranging from 2 to 7 months in gestation by a fluorescent antibody technique. It is synthesized in endodermal cells of the yolk sac, hepatocytes including the cells of large bile canaliculi, and some gland epithelial cells of the stomach, while its accumulation also occurs in mesenchymal cells of the yolk sac and Kupffer cells of the liver. A mode of its localization in individual tissues was described and possible explanation on the origin of its producers was discussed.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent study of alpha-fetoprotein. I. Its ontogenic development in human conceptus. A development of alpha-fetoprotein-producing tissues was investigated in 52 cases of human conceptuses ranging from 2 to 7 months in gestation by a fluorescent antibody technique. It is synthesized in endodermal cells of the yolk sac, hepatocytes including the cells of large bile canaliculi, and some gland epithelial cells of the stomach, while its accumulation also occurs in mesenchymal cells of the yolk sac and Kupffer cells of the liver. A mode of its localization in individual tissues was described and possible explanation on the origin of its producers was discussed.", "PMID": 66145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1992", "title": "Evidence for quasi-silent germline genes coding for phylogenetically ancient determinants of the rabbit a locus allotypes.", "content": "Anti-a2 sera raised in a3 rabbits are shown to detect determinants on a2 molecules which are different from those detected by anti-a2 sera raised in a1 animals. The former determinants are occasionally observed at a low level in rabbits of the a1 allotype and at a high level in sera of Leporidae of different genera. The two types of anti-a2 sera are shown to compete for the same sterical region of the a2 molecules. All homogeneous a2 molecules which have been tested show both types of determinants.", "contents": "Evidence for quasi-silent germline genes coding for phylogenetically ancient determinants of the rabbit a locus allotypes. Anti-a2 sera raised in a3 rabbits are shown to detect determinants on a2 molecules which are different from those detected by anti-a2 sera raised in a1 animals. The former determinants are occasionally observed at a low level in rabbits of the a1 allotype and at a high level in sera of Leporidae of different genera. The two types of anti-a2 sera are shown to compete for the same sterical region of the a2 molecules. All homogeneous a2 molecules which have been tested show both types of determinants.", "PMID": 66147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1993", "title": "The expression and relation of HLA, beta2-microglobulin and receptor for marmoset red blood cells on man/mouse and man/Chinese hamster hybrid cells.", "content": "The expression of HLA, human and mouse beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), P red blood cell antigen and a receptor for marmoset red blood cells (MaRBC) were studied on 18 man/mouse and man/Chinese hamster hybrids. A positive correlation was found between the expression of HLA, P, and the receptor for MaRBC, which we interpret as a possible synteny between these different loci. We studied 3 hybrid clones where HLA antigens are still expressed despite the absence of human beta2m and where redistribution experiments demonstrate that HLA is associated with mouse beta2m. Synteny between HLA and the receptor for MaRBC can be a useful tool to select HLA-positive hybrid clones.", "contents": "The expression and relation of HLA, beta2-microglobulin and receptor for marmoset red blood cells on man/mouse and man/Chinese hamster hybrid cells. The expression of HLA, human and mouse beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), P red blood cell antigen and a receptor for marmoset red blood cells (MaRBC) were studied on 18 man/mouse and man/Chinese hamster hybrids. A positive correlation was found between the expression of HLA, P, and the receptor for MaRBC, which we interpret as a possible synteny between these different loci. We studied 3 hybrid clones where HLA antigens are still expressed despite the absence of human beta2m and where redistribution experiments demonstrate that HLA is associated with mouse beta2m. Synteny between HLA and the receptor for MaRBC can be a useful tool to select HLA-positive hybrid clones.", "PMID": 66148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1994", "title": "Immunoglobulin-like messenger RNA in a mouse T cell lymphoma.", "content": "RNA-driven complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization experiments have been carried out in order to detect complementary sequences in RNA prepared from a mouse T cell lymphoma line (EL4). In conditions where efficient hybridization of L-chain cDNA with homologous P3 myeloma mRNA was observed, poor hybridization was observed with EL4 mRNA unless a low criterion of hybrid formation was employed (i.e. hydroxyapatite fractionation). The hybrid formed between EL4 mRNA and L-chain cDNA was found to melt about 5 degrees C below the homologous hybrid indicating that the sequence detected in EL4 mRNA is similar but not identical with the P3 mRNA sequence. However, a similar sequence was detectable in a Clambda-producing myeloma cell line but in this line the concentration of the sequence was found to be an order of magnitude lower than in EL4 cells.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-like messenger RNA in a mouse T cell lymphoma. RNA-driven complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization experiments have been carried out in order to detect complementary sequences in RNA prepared from a mouse T cell lymphoma line (EL4). In conditions where efficient hybridization of L-chain cDNA with homologous P3 myeloma mRNA was observed, poor hybridization was observed with EL4 mRNA unless a low criterion of hybrid formation was employed (i.e. hydroxyapatite fractionation). The hybrid formed between EL4 mRNA and L-chain cDNA was found to melt about 5 degrees C below the homologous hybrid indicating that the sequence detected in EL4 mRNA is similar but not identical with the P3 mRNA sequence. However, a similar sequence was detectable in a Clambda-producing myeloma cell line but in this line the concentration of the sequence was found to be an order of magnitude lower than in EL4 cells.", "PMID": 66149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1995", "title": "Relationship between phosphatidylserine and cromolyn in histamine release.", "content": "The opposing actions of phosphatidylserine (PS) and cromolyn on histamine release were studied in rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Histamine-releasing drugs could be separated into 2 groups on the basis of whether they were potentiated by PS and inhibited by muM cromolyn (dextran, antigen (BSA), concanavalin A) or neither potentiated by PS nor inhibited by muM cromolyn (48/80, polymyxin, phospholipase C and ATP). Compound 48/80 and polymyxin chemically combined with PS, but this could be circumvented by preincubating the mast cells in PS for one hour, and then washing them free of PS in solution prior to addition of the drugs. These data define at least 2 pathways for induction of histamine release: (1) a PS-potentiated pathway inhibited by muM cromolyn, and (2) a PS-independent pathway unaffected by muM cromolyn. Dose-response curves of the muM cromolyn inhibition of PS-potentiated release revealed a parallel shift, suggesting that cromolyn may compete with PS.", "contents": "Relationship between phosphatidylserine and cromolyn in histamine release. The opposing actions of phosphatidylserine (PS) and cromolyn on histamine release were studied in rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Histamine-releasing drugs could be separated into 2 groups on the basis of whether they were potentiated by PS and inhibited by muM cromolyn (dextran, antigen (BSA), concanavalin A) or neither potentiated by PS nor inhibited by muM cromolyn (48/80, polymyxin, phospholipase C and ATP). Compound 48/80 and polymyxin chemically combined with PS, but this could be circumvented by preincubating the mast cells in PS for one hour, and then washing them free of PS in solution prior to addition of the drugs. These data define at least 2 pathways for induction of histamine release: (1) a PS-potentiated pathway inhibited by muM cromolyn, and (2) a PS-independent pathway unaffected by muM cromolyn. Dose-response curves of the muM cromolyn inhibition of PS-potentiated release revealed a parallel shift, suggesting that cromolyn may compete with PS.", "PMID": 66150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1996", "title": "[On the classification of experimental brain tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification of experimental brain tumours is essential for mutual understanding and for comparison with human CNS tumours. The histogenetic principle of human neurooncology should be applied to the classification of experimental tumours, too. In rats different quantities of experimental tumours have been classified as ependymonas by various authors. The aim of our morphological investigation is to elucidate the reasons of the differences. The tumours were induced with ethyl- or methylnitrosourea in newborn or adult rats or by trnasplacentar application. Serial sections through the cerebrum of 57 rats were performed to detect early tumour stages and to study their localization within the brain. In other rats the brain and spinal cord were investigated in selected areas. 174 small tumours, most of them less than 2 mm in diameter were found. Early tumour stages never involved the ependyma of the ventricular walls or of the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumours exhibited a strong activity of acid phosphatase whereas the ependymal cells were inactive. No true rosettes, cilia or blepharoblasts were seen in the tumours. No perivascular zones, free of nuclei were found. In literature the experimental ependymomas have been diagnosed on grounds of row-like arrangements of tumour cells. We found similar peculiar structures in large experimental oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas. Our findings suggest that the classification of experimental brain tumours as ependymomas is not justified in many of the cases published in literature. To avoid misinterpretation of experimental results in their significance for human neurooncology the criteria of the histogenetic classification should be applied thoroughly.", "contents": "[On the classification of experimental brain tumours (author's transl)]. The classification of experimental brain tumours is essential for mutual understanding and for comparison with human CNS tumours. The histogenetic principle of human neurooncology should be applied to the classification of experimental tumours, too. In rats different quantities of experimental tumours have been classified as ependymonas by various authors. The aim of our morphological investigation is to elucidate the reasons of the differences. The tumours were induced with ethyl- or methylnitrosourea in newborn or adult rats or by trnasplacentar application. Serial sections through the cerebrum of 57 rats were performed to detect early tumour stages and to study their localization within the brain. In other rats the brain and spinal cord were investigated in selected areas. 174 small tumours, most of them less than 2 mm in diameter were found. Early tumour stages never involved the ependyma of the ventricular walls or of the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumours exhibited a strong activity of acid phosphatase whereas the ependymal cells were inactive. No true rosettes, cilia or blepharoblasts were seen in the tumours. No perivascular zones, free of nuclei were found. In literature the experimental ependymomas have been diagnosed on grounds of row-like arrangements of tumour cells. We found similar peculiar structures in large experimental oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas. Our findings suggest that the classification of experimental brain tumours as ependymomas is not justified in many of the cases published in literature. To avoid misinterpretation of experimental results in their significance for human neurooncology the criteria of the histogenetic classification should be applied thoroughly.", "PMID": 66155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1997", "title": "Immune responses to environmental antigens absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Foods, food additives, beverages, drugs, and intestinal microorganisms are potentially important sources of environmental antigens. While proteins taken orally ordinarily are absorbed to only a limited extent, under appropriate circumstances enough absorption occurs to produce an immune response. Acute allergic reactions to foods are not uncommon and as a rule are mediated by IgE antibodies. The possibility that small quantities of food antigens absorbed over a period of years without acute symptoms of allergy might produce a cumulative systemic or local immunological toxicity remains to be convincingly demonstrated.", "contents": "Immune responses to environmental antigens absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Foods, food additives, beverages, drugs, and intestinal microorganisms are potentially important sources of environmental antigens. While proteins taken orally ordinarily are absorbed to only a limited extent, under appropriate circumstances enough absorption occurs to produce an immune response. Acute allergic reactions to foods are not uncommon and as a rule are mediated by IgE antibodies. The possibility that small quantities of food antigens absorbed over a period of years without acute symptoms of allergy might produce a cumulative systemic or local immunological toxicity remains to be convincingly demonstrated.", "PMID": 66157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1998", "title": "[Antigenic properties of the proteolytic enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "Antigenic properties of crystalline pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied in 9 rabbits immunised with these enzymes. Production of antibodies and their titres were investigated by means of the reaction of the precipitation in testing tubes and immunoelectrophoresis. The most clear antigenic properties were revealed in trypsin, and they were the weakest in pepsin. Low titres of the antibody to pepsin were, probably, due to denaturation of its molecule at physiological values of pH immunisation. Absence of cross-reactions of antisera to trypsin and chymotrypsin with pepsin solutions may be due to considerable structural differences of the antigenic determinants of pepsin from those of trypsin and chemotrypsin. However, antisera to trypsin and chemotrypsin do develop cross-reactions with respective enzymes and there were may be due to a similarity between structures of their antigenic determinants.", "contents": "[Antigenic properties of the proteolytic enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract]. Antigenic properties of crystalline pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied in 9 rabbits immunised with these enzymes. Production of antibodies and their titres were investigated by means of the reaction of the precipitation in testing tubes and immunoelectrophoresis. The most clear antigenic properties were revealed in trypsin, and they were the weakest in pepsin. Low titres of the antibody to pepsin were, probably, due to denaturation of its molecule at physiological values of pH immunisation. Absence of cross-reactions of antisera to trypsin and chymotrypsin with pepsin solutions may be due to considerable structural differences of the antigenic determinants of pepsin from those of trypsin and chemotrypsin. However, antisera to trypsin and chemotrypsin do develop cross-reactions with respective enzymes and there were may be due to a similarity between structures of their antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 66158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_1999", "title": "Immunoprecipitation and radioimmunological studies of a lymph node activating factor released during contact of H-2-or HLA-different lymphocytes.", "content": "Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the supernatants from the 4-hour mixed cultures of allogeneic mouse lymphoid cells contained a specific component with the alpha2-globulin electrophoretic mobility which can correspond to, or to which a \"lymph node activating factor\" can be bound. In addition, during allogeneic cell culture serum proteins with the prealbumin mobility were released into the culture medium and in the control culture of cells from only one donor proteins with the albumin mobility predominated. In the supernatants from the 4-hour cultures of human HLA-identical and HLA-diferent lymphocytes beta2-microglobulin was determined by immunodiffusion and radioimmunologically.", "contents": "Immunoprecipitation and radioimmunological studies of a lymph node activating factor released during contact of H-2-or HLA-different lymphocytes. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the supernatants from the 4-hour mixed cultures of allogeneic mouse lymphoid cells contained a specific component with the alpha2-globulin electrophoretic mobility which can correspond to, or to which a \"lymph node activating factor\" can be bound. In addition, during allogeneic cell culture serum proteins with the prealbumin mobility were released into the culture medium and in the control culture of cells from only one donor proteins with the albumin mobility predominated. In the supernatants from the 4-hour cultures of human HLA-identical and HLA-diferent lymphocytes beta2-microglobulin was determined by immunodiffusion and radioimmunologically.", "PMID": 66160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2000", "title": "Correlation between inhibition of indicator cell migration and tuberculin hypersensitivity in patients with suspected tuberculous inflammation of the uveal tissue.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with suspected tuberculous inflammation of the uveal tissue were examined for their capacity to produce in vitro a migration inhibition factor in the presence of specific antigen. Three modifications of the capillary tube migration technique were used to demonstrate MIF. The indicator cells were guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood leucoytes. A correlation was found between the migration of indicator cells influenced by lymphocytes from Mantoux-positive donors in the presence of specific antigen and the tuberculin sensitivity. The possible uses of the in vitro tests as a correlate to cellular hypersensitivity in vivo in the human system are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between inhibition of indicator cell migration and tuberculin hypersensitivity in patients with suspected tuberculous inflammation of the uveal tissue. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with suspected tuberculous inflammation of the uveal tissue were examined for their capacity to produce in vitro a migration inhibition factor in the presence of specific antigen. Three modifications of the capillary tube migration technique were used to demonstrate MIF. The indicator cells were guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood leucoytes. A correlation was found between the migration of indicator cells influenced by lymphocytes from Mantoux-positive donors in the presence of specific antigen and the tuberculin sensitivity. The possible uses of the in vitro tests as a correlate to cellular hypersensitivity in vivo in the human system are discussed.", "PMID": 66161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2001", "title": "Antigens on boar spermatozoa and the effect of antibodies against the spermatozoa and the accessory sexual gland fluids on boar spermatozoa.", "content": "Antigens on the acrosomes of boar spermatozoa could be detected by the anti-complement immunofluorescence test, using antisera against spermatozoa and against seminal vesicle and epididymis fluids. Weak fluorescence was observed even on the tail and no fluorescence in the postnuclear segment. Adequate absorption of the complement allowed the sperm-immobilizing test to be used with boar spermatozoa. Using this test, the specificity of the sperm-immobilizing effect on antispermatozoal antibodies was confirmed. The sperm-immobilizing effect and damage to the acrosomes was prevented by absorption of the sera with spermatozoa. Antibodies against the fluid of the boar prostate did not react with antigens on boar spermatozoa.", "contents": "Antigens on boar spermatozoa and the effect of antibodies against the spermatozoa and the accessory sexual gland fluids on boar spermatozoa. Antigens on the acrosomes of boar spermatozoa could be detected by the anti-complement immunofluorescence test, using antisera against spermatozoa and against seminal vesicle and epididymis fluids. Weak fluorescence was observed even on the tail and no fluorescence in the postnuclear segment. Adequate absorption of the complement allowed the sperm-immobilizing test to be used with boar spermatozoa. Using this test, the specificity of the sperm-immobilizing effect on antispermatozoal antibodies was confirmed. The sperm-immobilizing effect and damage to the acrosomes was prevented by absorption of the sera with spermatozoa. Antibodies against the fluid of the boar prostate did not react with antigens on boar spermatozoa.", "PMID": 66162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2002", "title": "Serum alpha-fetroprotein concentration in adult patients under corticoid, estroprogestative or androgen therapy.", "content": "The serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was measured by radioimmunoassy in 41 women with or without hormonal contraception, 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis given corticosteroids or not, and 6 patients under androgen therapy for aplastic anemia. None of these therapies induced any significant variation of the serum alpha-fetoprotein level. More extensive studies are needed to investigate the possible effect of these hormones on the metabolism of this protein at a cellular level.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetroprotein concentration in adult patients under corticoid, estroprogestative or androgen therapy. The serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was measured by radioimmunoassy in 41 women with or without hormonal contraception, 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis given corticosteroids or not, and 6 patients under androgen therapy for aplastic anemia. None of these therapies induced any significant variation of the serum alpha-fetoprotein level. More extensive studies are needed to investigate the possible effect of these hormones on the metabolism of this protein at a cellular level.", "PMID": 66166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2003", "title": "Development of chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Role of gamma-globulin prophylaxis in its prevention.", "content": "Progression of acute type B hepatitis to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is well recognized, whereas no progression of acute type A hepatitis has as yet been documented. The natural history of acute non-A, non-B hepatitis has not been previously characterized. Ten cases of chronic liver disease were identified in 44 cases of acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Age, sex, severity of acute illness, and prevalence of preoperative antibodies to known hepatitis-producing agents did not differ between the group whose hepatitis progressed to chronicity and the group whose hepatitis resolved. Less progression of acute hepatitis to chronic liver disease was seen in those patients receiving immune serum globulin preoperatively than in those receiving an albumin placebo (P = 0.009). Only 3 patients had clinical symptoms of hepatitis at the time of liver biopsy, and elevations of liver enzymes and gamma-globulin were mild. However, liver biopsy specimens in 8 of 10 patients showed chronic active hepatitis and an additional biopsy specimen showed cirrhosis. Acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis often progresses to chronic active hepatitis. Preoperative gamma-globulin prophylaxis significantly reduces this progression. Identification and characterization of this viral agent(s) will further aid in the prevention of this undesirable complication of blood transfusion.", "contents": "Development of chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Role of gamma-globulin prophylaxis in its prevention. Progression of acute type B hepatitis to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is well recognized, whereas no progression of acute type A hepatitis has as yet been documented. The natural history of acute non-A, non-B hepatitis has not been previously characterized. Ten cases of chronic liver disease were identified in 44 cases of acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Age, sex, severity of acute illness, and prevalence of preoperative antibodies to known hepatitis-producing agents did not differ between the group whose hepatitis progressed to chronicity and the group whose hepatitis resolved. Less progression of acute hepatitis to chronic liver disease was seen in those patients receiving immune serum globulin preoperatively than in those receiving an albumin placebo (P = 0.009). Only 3 patients had clinical symptoms of hepatitis at the time of liver biopsy, and elevations of liver enzymes and gamma-globulin were mild. However, liver biopsy specimens in 8 of 10 patients showed chronic active hepatitis and an additional biopsy specimen showed cirrhosis. Acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis often progresses to chronic active hepatitis. Preoperative gamma-globulin prophylaxis significantly reduces this progression. Identification and characterization of this viral agent(s) will further aid in the prevention of this undesirable complication of blood transfusion.", "PMID": 66167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2004", "title": "[Genetic counseling, a contribution to family planning].", "content": "Since introduction of oral contraceptives \"family planning\" is mostly understood as birth control. In contrast the gynecologist and the genetic counselor are often confronted with the desire of proconceptive methods. The counselor has different possibilities in family planning: reduction of the age of reproduction; consideration of \"safety interval\" between the birth of children: a. in families affected with a hereditary disease with late manifestation, b. after exposition to x-rays, cytotoxic or immunosupressant agents; warning against reproduction in case of high genetic risk and missing of prenatal diagnostic procedures; application of modern diagnostic procedures, i.e. detection of carrier in affected families, i.e. prenatal diagnostics. Genetic counseling is a way to help to plan his family, specially in families affected with hereditary diseases and other risks.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling, a contribution to family planning]. Since introduction of oral contraceptives \"family planning\" is mostly understood as birth control. In contrast the gynecologist and the genetic counselor are often confronted with the desire of proconceptive methods. The counselor has different possibilities in family planning: reduction of the age of reproduction; consideration of \"safety interval\" between the birth of children: a. in families affected with a hereditary disease with late manifestation, b. after exposition to x-rays, cytotoxic or immunosupressant agents; warning against reproduction in case of high genetic risk and missing of prenatal diagnostic procedures; application of modern diagnostic procedures, i.e. detection of carrier in affected families, i.e. prenatal diagnostics. Genetic counseling is a way to help to plan his family, specially in families affected with hereditary diseases and other risks.", "PMID": 66174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2005", "title": "Short and long term effects of radioiodine and antithyroid drugs on T4 binding proteins, free T4 and T3, during Graves' disease therapy.", "content": "Ninety five patients with Graves' disease were studied before and at three months intervals after antithyroid drugs (ATD) (31 cases) or radioiodine (64 cases) therapy until recovery. Before treatment, the T4 maxima binding capacity of TBPA was significantly decreased 253.5 +/- 11.4 mug/100 ml)(mean + se) (control values: 287 +/- 10.4 mug/100 ml) (alpha = 0.04), especially in 53.7% of patients (m = 177 +/- 8 mug/100 ml). The mean of TBG (m = 20.7 +/- 0.9 mug/100 ml) was not different from euthyroid subjects (m = 19.7 +/- 1.7 mug/100 ml) except in 51.2% of patients who had a low TBG (m = 14.3 +/- 1.1 mug/100 ml). An inverse linear correlation was found between TBG-DFT4 (alpha = 0.05) and DF T 3 (alpha = 0.002), TBPA-log DF T4 (alpha = 0.05) but not between TBG and TBPA. The physiological relationship between DFT3, DFT4, TT3, TBG and TBPA was studied in vitro; after adding increased quantities of T4 to a pool of sera collected from eu, hypo or hyperthyroid patients, DFT4, DFT3, FT3 index increased in linear positive relationship with TT4 concentrations, the kinetic of this phenomena was inversely correlated with T4 maximal binding capacity of TBG or TBPA for T4. Addition of T3 to the same sera did not show any effect on the previous parameters. DFT3 depended on the level of T4 in serum more than T3 concentration and was in inverse relationship with the maximal binding capacity of TBG. This data might explain the paradoxal normal or slightly increased values of DFT3 found in T3 thyrotoxicosis. In patients treated with ATD or radioiodine, TBPA but not TBG increased significantly on year after. However, in subjects with an initial very low TGB or TBPA, this phenomenon occurred on the third month after radioiodine or ATD. During the same period, DF T4 and DF T3 were inversely correlated to TBG and TBPA. In conclusion, important changes in T4 binding proteins and free fractions of thyroid hormones were observed in Graves' disease but were corrected by antithyroid therapy. All these data were in good agreement with the normalisation of thyroid function.", "contents": "Short and long term effects of radioiodine and antithyroid drugs on T4 binding proteins, free T4 and T3, during Graves' disease therapy. Ninety five patients with Graves' disease were studied before and at three months intervals after antithyroid drugs (ATD) (31 cases) or radioiodine (64 cases) therapy until recovery. Before treatment, the T4 maxima binding capacity of TBPA was significantly decreased 253.5 +/- 11.4 mug/100 ml)(mean + se) (control values: 287 +/- 10.4 mug/100 ml) (alpha = 0.04), especially in 53.7% of patients (m = 177 +/- 8 mug/100 ml). The mean of TBG (m = 20.7 +/- 0.9 mug/100 ml) was not different from euthyroid subjects (m = 19.7 +/- 1.7 mug/100 ml) except in 51.2% of patients who had a low TBG (m = 14.3 +/- 1.1 mug/100 ml). An inverse linear correlation was found between TBG-DFT4 (alpha = 0.05) and DF T 3 (alpha = 0.002), TBPA-log DF T4 (alpha = 0.05) but not between TBG and TBPA. The physiological relationship between DFT3, DFT4, TT3, TBG and TBPA was studied in vitro; after adding increased quantities of T4 to a pool of sera collected from eu, hypo or hyperthyroid patients, DFT4, DFT3, FT3 index increased in linear positive relationship with TT4 concentrations, the kinetic of this phenomena was inversely correlated with T4 maximal binding capacity of TBG or TBPA for T4. Addition of T3 to the same sera did not show any effect on the previous parameters. DFT3 depended on the level of T4 in serum more than T3 concentration and was in inverse relationship with the maximal binding capacity of TBG. This data might explain the paradoxal normal or slightly increased values of DFT3 found in T3 thyrotoxicosis. In patients treated with ATD or radioiodine, TBPA but not TBG increased significantly on year after. However, in subjects with an initial very low TGB or TBPA, this phenomenon occurred on the third month after radioiodine or ATD. During the same period, DF T4 and DF T3 were inversely correlated to TBG and TBPA. In conclusion, important changes in T4 binding proteins and free fractions of thyroid hormones were observed in Graves' disease but were corrected by antithyroid therapy. All these data were in good agreement with the normalisation of thyroid function.", "PMID": 66177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2006", "title": "From ovulation to blastocyst attachment. A review of early embryonic life in the mouse.", "content": "The development of the blastocyst from ovulation to implantation is discussed with particular reference to control mechanisms that enable the embryo to attach to the uterine wall, using the mouse as a laboratory model. The physical and chemical changes in the uterus and within the blastocyst are seen as essential steps towards implantation. Evidence that the oestrogen plays a fundamental part in the overall control of these changes is demonstrated. The interrelationship between the hormones of early pregnancy and the uterine production of histamine and cycle AMP is viewed in conjunction with the development of the blastocyst and the decidual changes that occur in the uterus which are essential for nidation.", "contents": "From ovulation to blastocyst attachment. A review of early embryonic life in the mouse. The development of the blastocyst from ovulation to implantation is discussed with particular reference to control mechanisms that enable the embryo to attach to the uterine wall, using the mouse as a laboratory model. The physical and chemical changes in the uterus and within the blastocyst are seen as essential steps towards implantation. Evidence that the oestrogen plays a fundamental part in the overall control of these changes is demonstrated. The interrelationship between the hormones of early pregnancy and the uterine production of histamine and cycle AMP is viewed in conjunction with the development of the blastocyst and the decidual changes that occur in the uterus which are essential for nidation.", "PMID": 66173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2007", "title": "The relationship between DNA replication and chromosome structure.", "content": "The results obtained by acridine orange staining of chromosomes, after BrdU treatment, during one or two cell cycles, are described. The alterations of chromosome structure do not depend only on BrdU incorporation into DNA. Some other mechanisms are necessarily involved, and it is postulated that they are disturbances of protein-DNA association, occurring in G1 and in S- or  G2-phase.  The aspect of metaphase chromosomes then appears as the result of several metabolic steps, all occurring during interphase.", "contents": "The relationship between DNA replication and chromosome structure. The results obtained by acridine orange staining of chromosomes, after BrdU treatment, during one or two cell cycles, are described. The alterations of chromosome structure do not depend only on BrdU incorporation into DNA. Some other mechanisms are necessarily involved, and it is postulated that they are disturbances of protein-DNA association, occurring in G1 and in S- or  G2-phase.  The aspect of metaphase chromosomes then appears as the result of several metabolic steps, all occurring during interphase.", "PMID": 66179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2008", "title": "Characterization of a new serotype of Marek's disease herpesvirus.", "content": "The HPRS-24 strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus was selected for closer study from a group of virus isolates that appeared apathogenic under standard test conditons. Protection studies revealed an immunological relationship between this virus strain and acute Marek's disease herpesvirus. In chicken kidney cell cultures, the HPRS-24 strain caused small and slowly developing plaques, and the proportion of infected cells was less than with other strains. In chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, this virus multiplied rapidly, yielding a comparatively high proportion of infected cells. Electron microscopic studies revealed that infected fibroblasts contained more enveloped virus particles than those infected with other strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus. Infectious cell-free virus was extracted from cultured fibroblasts with titres high enough for use in neutralization studies. Cross-neutralization, immunofluorescence and precipitin tests served for serological comparison of the HPRS-24 strain with turkey herpesvirus and representatives of acute and classical Marek's disease herpesvirus. Antibody titres were 4-10 times higher against the homologous than against the heterologous virus strains. Qualitative differences between precipitating \"A\" antigens were characterized by spur line patterns of precipitation bands. These results suggest that the group of Marek's disease and turkey herpesviruses consists of at least three serological types. One of them is represented by the HPRS-24 strain of apathogenic Marek's disease virus. The other two types comprise pathogenic strains of Marek's disease virus and their attenuated variants, and turkey herpesvirus.", "contents": "Characterization of a new serotype of Marek's disease herpesvirus. The HPRS-24 strain of Marek's disease herpesvirus was selected for closer study from a group of virus isolates that appeared apathogenic under standard test conditons. Protection studies revealed an immunological relationship between this virus strain and acute Marek's disease herpesvirus. In chicken kidney cell cultures, the HPRS-24 strain caused small and slowly developing plaques, and the proportion of infected cells was less than with other strains. In chicken embryo fibroblast cultures, this virus multiplied rapidly, yielding a comparatively high proportion of infected cells. Electron microscopic studies revealed that infected fibroblasts contained more enveloped virus particles than those infected with other strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus. Infectious cell-free virus was extracted from cultured fibroblasts with titres high enough for use in neutralization studies. Cross-neutralization, immunofluorescence and precipitin tests served for serological comparison of the HPRS-24 strain with turkey herpesvirus and representatives of acute and classical Marek's disease herpesvirus. Antibody titres were 4-10 times higher against the homologous than against the heterologous virus strains. Qualitative differences between precipitating \"A\" antigens were characterized by spur line patterns of precipitation bands. These results suggest that the group of Marek's disease and turkey herpesviruses consists of at least three serological types. One of them is represented by the HPRS-24 strain of apathogenic Marek's disease virus. The other two types comprise pathogenic strains of Marek's disease virus and their attenuated variants, and turkey herpesvirus.", "PMID": 66180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2009", "title": "T-lymphoblastoid cell lines from Marek's disease lymphomas.", "content": "The establishment and continuous culture of two lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from Marek's disease lymphomas is described. Although the cells carried T-lymphocyte surface antigens, they had many features in common with cultured Burkitt's lymphoma lymphoblasts, which carry B-cell determinants. A small proportion acted as infectious units in tissue culture, and a similarly small proportion contained intranuclear immature herpesvirus particles. The cells did not respond to phytohaemagglutinin. One cell line possessed some graft-versus-host capacity, as measured by the induction of splenomegaly. It is concluded that the development of acute Marek's disease involves the malignant transformation of thymus-dependent lymphocytes by Marek's disease virus.", "contents": "T-lymphoblastoid cell lines from Marek's disease lymphomas. The establishment and continuous culture of two lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from Marek's disease lymphomas is described. Although the cells carried T-lymphocyte surface antigens, they had many features in common with cultured Burkitt's lymphoma lymphoblasts, which carry B-cell determinants. A small proportion acted as infectious units in tissue culture, and a similarly small proportion contained intranuclear immature herpesvirus particles. The cells did not respond to phytohaemagglutinin. One cell line possessed some graft-versus-host capacity, as measured by the induction of splenomegaly. It is concluded that the development of acute Marek's disease involves the malignant transformation of thymus-dependent lymphocytes by Marek's disease virus.", "PMID": 66182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2010", "title": "Immediate-type hypersensitivity to keyhole limpet haemocyanin in the dog.", "content": "A model of immediate-type hypersensitivity (ITH) in the dog using keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) as the antigen was studied. Long-lasting ITH was induced in fifteen of sixteen dogs by the i.v. (Kepron & Tse, 1975), intradermal (Rockey, Schwartzmann & Halliwell, 1971), inhalation (Patterson & Kelley, 1974) and i.d. plus inhalation (Rockey et al., 1971) routes. This ITH was demonstrated by direct skin reactivity, acute respiratory reactions and peripheral blood leucocyte and respiratory cell histamine release. The reaginic antibodies considered to mediate these reactions were larger than canine IgG, heat labile, 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive, and are probably canine IgE. In addition to cutaneous and respiratory reactions, these reagins were shown to mediate systemic reactions. In the course of these studies, an unexpected finding was the occurrence of ITH to KLH in three dogs which had had no prior experimental exposure to KLH. This ITH was of sufficient intensity to be associated with acute airway reactions to the inhaled antigen.", "contents": "Immediate-type hypersensitivity to keyhole limpet haemocyanin in the dog. A model of immediate-type hypersensitivity (ITH) in the dog using keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) as the antigen was studied. Long-lasting ITH was induced in fifteen of sixteen dogs by the i.v. (Kepron & Tse, 1975), intradermal (Rockey, Schwartzmann & Halliwell, 1971), inhalation (Patterson & Kelley, 1974) and i.d. plus inhalation (Rockey et al., 1971) routes. This ITH was demonstrated by direct skin reactivity, acute respiratory reactions and peripheral blood leucocyte and respiratory cell histamine release. The reaginic antibodies considered to mediate these reactions were larger than canine IgG, heat labile, 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive, and are probably canine IgE. In addition to cutaneous and respiratory reactions, these reagins were shown to mediate systemic reactions. In the course of these studies, an unexpected finding was the occurrence of ITH to KLH in three dogs which had had no prior experimental exposure to KLH. This ITH was of sufficient intensity to be associated with acute airway reactions to the inhaled antigen.", "PMID": 66190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2011", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of the WZ polymorphic antigens of normal human colon and their relationship with ABH antigenic determinants.", "content": "Heat resistant, high mol. wt glycoproteins of the three WZ phenotypes (W+Z+, W-Z+ and W-Z-) were extracted from normal human colonic mucosa and labelled with 125I. More than 80 per cent of the radioactivity of the W+Z+ antigens labelled with I125, was precipitated by natural or immune anti-W antibodies. About 60 per cent of the W-Z+ 125I-labelled antigens were precipitated by immune anti-Z antibodies. No specific precipitation could be detected with W-Z- 125I-labelled antigens. All the precipitin reactions were quantitatively inhibited with the crude antigen extracts of the corresponding phenotypes. The W and Z antigens were only found in the intestinal mucosa and there was a 100-fold increase in the relative concentrations between the small bowel and the rectum. As opposed to this, the ABH antigens were found in all the digestive secretions studied, except those of the rectum, and their relative concentrations progressively decreased by about 100 between the small intestine and the recutm. The decrease in ABH concentration seems to be correlated to a WZ increase in the same regions.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of the WZ polymorphic antigens of normal human colon and their relationship with ABH antigenic determinants. Heat resistant, high mol. wt glycoproteins of the three WZ phenotypes (W+Z+, W-Z+ and W-Z-) were extracted from normal human colonic mucosa and labelled with 125I. More than 80 per cent of the radioactivity of the W+Z+ antigens labelled with I125, was precipitated by natural or immune anti-W antibodies. About 60 per cent of the W-Z+ 125I-labelled antigens were precipitated by immune anti-Z antibodies. No specific precipitation could be detected with W-Z- 125I-labelled antigens. All the precipitin reactions were quantitatively inhibited with the crude antigen extracts of the corresponding phenotypes. The W and Z antigens were only found in the intestinal mucosa and there was a 100-fold increase in the relative concentrations between the small bowel and the rectum. As opposed to this, the ABH antigens were found in all the digestive secretions studied, except those of the rectum, and their relative concentrations progressively decreased by about 100 between the small intestine and the recutm. The decrease in ABH concentration seems to be correlated to a WZ increase in the same regions.", "PMID": 66191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2012", "title": "Common antigenic structures of HLA antigens. VII. Selective combination binding of beta2-microglobulin with HLA large component in cultured human cell lines.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of human beta2-microglobulin was examined in human cell lines (a Burkitt lymphoma cell line, a B-lymphoid cell line and an epighelial-like cell line). Freshly harvested cells were mechanically disrupted and separated into the nuclear, cell-membrane and cell-sap fractions. Nearly 90 per cent of the total beta2-microglobulin was recovered in the cell-membrane and cell-sap fractions. The cell-membrane fraction contained 75-88 per cent of the beta2-microglobulin recovered. The rest was in the cell-sap fraction. Most, 84-91 per cent, of the beta2-microglobulin in the cell-membrane fraction was present combined with membrane fraction was present combined with membrane components of about 38,000 daltons that carried the xenoantigenic activity characteristic of the HLA large component. These membrane components did carry HLA alloantigenic activity. No other membrane components were involved in binding beta2-microglobulin. The beta2-microglobulin in the cell-sap fraction was present in the unbound state. Thus, in the cell lines examined, the membrane component which was combined with beta2-microglobulin appeared to be exclusively the HLA large component and no larg excess of beta2-microglobulin over the HLA large component was found.", "contents": "Common antigenic structures of HLA antigens. VII. Selective combination binding of beta2-microglobulin with HLA large component in cultured human cell lines. The intracellular distribution of human beta2-microglobulin was examined in human cell lines (a Burkitt lymphoma cell line, a B-lymphoid cell line and an epighelial-like cell line). Freshly harvested cells were mechanically disrupted and separated into the nuclear, cell-membrane and cell-sap fractions. Nearly 90 per cent of the total beta2-microglobulin was recovered in the cell-membrane and cell-sap fractions. The cell-membrane fraction contained 75-88 per cent of the beta2-microglobulin recovered. The rest was in the cell-sap fraction. Most, 84-91 per cent, of the beta2-microglobulin in the cell-membrane fraction was present combined with membrane fraction was present combined with membrane components of about 38,000 daltons that carried the xenoantigenic activity characteristic of the HLA large component. These membrane components did carry HLA alloantigenic activity. No other membrane components were involved in binding beta2-microglobulin. The beta2-microglobulin in the cell-sap fraction was present in the unbound state. Thus, in the cell lines examined, the membrane component which was combined with beta2-microglobulin appeared to be exclusively the HLA large component and no larg excess of beta2-microglobulin over the HLA large component was found.", "PMID": 66192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2013", "title": "Relationship between E receptors and a T-specific surface antigen on human T cells.", "content": "The aim of this study was the delineation of different antigenic surface determinants on the surface of adult peripheral T cells by means of a specific horse anti-human T-cell serum (ATS). It was shown that this serum reacts both with E receptors and (an) additional T antigen(s). While E receptors showed the already known susceptibility to trypsin, T antigens (as demonstrated in cytotoxicity tests) were resistant to trypsinization even at high concentration. Incubation of the trypsinized peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in 5 per cent CO2 allowed the resynthesis of E-receptors. High concentrations of ATS (without complement) significantly inhibited rosette-formation. This suggests a close steric relationship between E receptors and T antigen(s). However, absorptions of ATS with trypsinized PBL left the E-rosette inhibitory capacity unaltered. Treatment of PBL with ATS in appropriate dilutions and indirect immunofluorescence tests under capping conditions followed by conventional rosette procedures showed that the E receptor and T antigens are separately mobile within the T-cell membrane.", "contents": "Relationship between E receptors and a T-specific surface antigen on human T cells. The aim of this study was the delineation of different antigenic surface determinants on the surface of adult peripheral T cells by means of a specific horse anti-human T-cell serum (ATS). It was shown that this serum reacts both with E receptors and (an) additional T antigen(s). While E receptors showed the already known susceptibility to trypsin, T antigens (as demonstrated in cytotoxicity tests) were resistant to trypsinization even at high concentration. Incubation of the trypsinized peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in 5 per cent CO2 allowed the resynthesis of E-receptors. High concentrations of ATS (without complement) significantly inhibited rosette-formation. This suggests a close steric relationship between E receptors and T antigen(s). However, absorptions of ATS with trypsinized PBL left the E-rosette inhibitory capacity unaltered. Treatment of PBL with ATS in appropriate dilutions and indirect immunofluorescence tests under capping conditions followed by conventional rosette procedures showed that the E receptor and T antigens are separately mobile within the T-cell membrane.", "PMID": 66193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2014", "title": "Antigen site distribution among weak A' red cell populations. A study of A3, Ax and Aend variants.", "content": "The distribution of the A receptors was studied among 'agglutinated' and 'free' populations of A variant RBC (A3, AX, Aend) known to be either partially or weakly agglutinated by human anti-A reagents. Following separation of the red cell populations and disaggregation of the clumps by mild treatment with soluble blood group substances, it was shown after appropriate controls, that among A3 ARBC,  the 'agglutinated' RBC have at least five times as 'free' RBC, these latter however being strongly A positive. The differences between the A antigenic content of the AX RBC were less pronounced. The most striking result was obtained with the Aend RBC, where two populations are clearly demonstrated; the first, including 5-10 per cent of the RBC, strongly agglutinates with anti-A and contains erythrocytes of high antigenic content (140,000 A receptors per cell). The second, including the majority of RBC could not be differentiated from the control O RBC. A wide heterogeneity of antibody binding capacity of the various populations of A3, AX and Aend red cells, was also demonstrated following ultrastructural examination by immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Such study reveals furthermore an heterogeneity of labelling from one cell to another in the same population of red blood cells. Comparison of 'week A' RBC and O RBC enzymatically converted into A RBC, demonstrates a similar pattern of reactivity between these cells, and supports the general relationship between antigen site density and red cell agglutination. It is concluded that the typical pattern of agglutinability of A3 and AX RBC arises both from their heterogeneous antigenic content and from the occurrence of an antigenic threshold below which red cells become non-agglutinable. The typical mixed-field agglutination pattern of Aend RBC merely reflects the occurrence of a probably true dual population of RBC. Finally, the mechanisms of inheritance of such well-known Mendelian characters, enabling the production of highly heterogeneous blood cell populations in the same individual, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Antigen site distribution among weak A' red cell populations. A study of A3, Ax and Aend variants. The distribution of the A receptors was studied among 'agglutinated' and 'free' populations of A variant RBC (A3, AX, Aend) known to be either partially or weakly agglutinated by human anti-A reagents. Following separation of the red cell populations and disaggregation of the clumps by mild treatment with soluble blood group substances, it was shown after appropriate controls, that among A3 ARBC,  the 'agglutinated' RBC have at least five times as 'free' RBC, these latter however being strongly A positive. The differences between the A antigenic content of the AX RBC were less pronounced. The most striking result was obtained with the Aend RBC, where two populations are clearly demonstrated; the first, including 5-10 per cent of the RBC, strongly agglutinates with anti-A and contains erythrocytes of high antigenic content (140,000 A receptors per cell). The second, including the majority of RBC could not be differentiated from the control O RBC. A wide heterogeneity of antibody binding capacity of the various populations of A3, AX and Aend red cells, was also demonstrated following ultrastructural examination by immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Such study reveals furthermore an heterogeneity of labelling from one cell to another in the same population of red blood cells. Comparison of 'week A' RBC and O RBC enzymatically converted into A RBC, demonstrates a similar pattern of reactivity between these cells, and supports the general relationship between antigen site density and red cell agglutination. It is concluded that the typical pattern of agglutinability of A3 and AX RBC arises both from their heterogeneous antigenic content and from the occurrence of an antigenic threshold below which red cells become non-agglutinable. The typical mixed-field agglutination pattern of Aend RBC merely reflects the occurrence of a probably true dual population of RBC. Finally, the mechanisms of inheritance of such well-known Mendelian characters, enabling the production of highly heterogeneous blood cell populations in the same individual, remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 66194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2015", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. III. Dynamic balance between delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody response.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA) which would be induced by a s.c. injection of BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant was interrupted by an i.v. injection of alum-precipitated BSA plus bacterial endotoxin (AP-BSA plus ET). In contrast, s.c. injection of BSA restrained the antibody response in the spleen of the mice receiving AP-BSA plus ET. Subcutaneous injection of either the adjuvant alone or an unrelated antigen in the adjuvant did not affect the anti-BSA antibody response in the spleen. The antibody response to other antigens in the spleen was not affected by the s.c. injection of BSA. The reduction of the antibody response in the spleen does not seem to be attributable to suppressor cells, since the suppressor cell activity against the antibody response of normal mice and that of irradiated recipients of primed spleen cells was not observed in the spleen cells of mice given s.c. immunization. The results indicated that the reduced antibody response in the spleen may be caused by the migration of some part of the antigen reactive cells or their precursors from the spleen to the s.c. region.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. III. Dynamic balance between delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody response. Delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA) which would be induced by a s.c. injection of BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant was interrupted by an i.v. injection of alum-precipitated BSA plus bacterial endotoxin (AP-BSA plus ET). In contrast, s.c. injection of BSA restrained the antibody response in the spleen of the mice receiving AP-BSA plus ET. Subcutaneous injection of either the adjuvant alone or an unrelated antigen in the adjuvant did not affect the anti-BSA antibody response in the spleen. The antibody response to other antigens in the spleen was not affected by the s.c. injection of BSA. The reduction of the antibody response in the spleen does not seem to be attributable to suppressor cells, since the suppressor cell activity against the antibody response of normal mice and that of irradiated recipients of primed spleen cells was not observed in the spleen cells of mice given s.c. immunization. The results indicated that the reduced antibody response in the spleen may be caused by the migration of some part of the antigen reactive cells or their precursors from the spleen to the s.c. region.", "PMID": 66195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2016", "title": "Functional maturation of B cells in vitro.", "content": "Maturation of B-cell function was studied in a two-stage tissue culture system. In the first stage, cells were cultured in the absence of antigen and then transferred to microcultures where the frequency of hapten-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) precursors was determined; Bone-marrow cells and spleen cells from 6--8-day-old mice mice were shown to act as sources of B-cell neogenesis in vitro. Both populations had very low initial frequencies of hapten-specific PFC precursors, but this increased ten- to seventeen-fold during a period of 72 h in the preliminary cultures. This increase could not be accounted for by selective cell death, nor by decay of a suppressor cell subpopulation nor by proliferation of pre-existing Fc-receptor-bearing B cells. The mechanism for the increase in frequency of functional B cells in cultures of bone marrow and neonatal spleen was thus the result of maturation of B-cell precursors to a state of immune competence during the culture interval.", "contents": "Functional maturation of B cells in vitro. Maturation of B-cell function was studied in a two-stage tissue culture system. In the first stage, cells were cultured in the absence of antigen and then transferred to microcultures where the frequency of hapten-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) precursors was determined; Bone-marrow cells and spleen cells from 6--8-day-old mice mice were shown to act as sources of B-cell neogenesis in vitro. Both populations had very low initial frequencies of hapten-specific PFC precursors, but this increased ten- to seventeen-fold during a period of 72 h in the preliminary cultures. This increase could not be accounted for by selective cell death, nor by decay of a suppressor cell subpopulation nor by proliferation of pre-existing Fc-receptor-bearing B cells. The mechanism for the increase in frequency of functional B cells in cultures of bone marrow and neonatal spleen was thus the result of maturation of B-cell precursors to a state of immune competence during the culture interval.", "PMID": 66196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2017", "title": "Tolerance induction in maturing B cells.", "content": "A two-stage tissue culture system was used to test the concept of clonal abortion as a mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells. In the first stage, neonatal spleen cells or bone marrow cells were cultured for 72 h under conditions in which B-cell neogenesis occurred. Haptens coupled to various carriers, were introduced during this stage. Following this culture phase, the cells were washed and their competence to respond to hapten-POL was measured in microcultures where feedback effects were minimized. The results indicated that immature B cells were specially susceptible to tolerance but that the conditions under which hapten was presented were also important in determining the outcome of the cell-antigen encounter.", "contents": "Tolerance induction in maturing B cells. A two-stage tissue culture system was used to test the concept of clonal abortion as a mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells. In the first stage, neonatal spleen cells or bone marrow cells were cultured for 72 h under conditions in which B-cell neogenesis occurred. Haptens coupled to various carriers, were introduced during this stage. Following this culture phase, the cells were washed and their competence to respond to hapten-POL was measured in microcultures where feedback effects were minimized. The results indicated that immature B cells were specially susceptible to tolerance but that the conditions under which hapten was presented were also important in determining the outcome of the cell-antigen encounter.", "PMID": 66197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2018", "title": "In vitro studies on H-2 linked unresponsiveness. 1. Normal helper cells to (T,G)-A-L and GAT in low and non-responder mice.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from unprimed high responder (C57BL/10) and low responder mice (B10.Br, B10.A, CBA) to (T,G)-A-L and high responder (B10, B10.A) and non-responder (B10.G, DBA/I) mice to GAT can be induced to form antigen specific T-helper cells in vitro under identical culture conditions. The helper cells induced from high and low or non-responder mice appear to be identical in efficiency, antigen concentration requirement for induction and induction kinetics.", "contents": "In vitro studies on H-2 linked unresponsiveness. 1. Normal helper cells to (T,G)-A-L and GAT in low and non-responder mice. Lymphoid cells from unprimed high responder (C57BL/10) and low responder mice (B10.Br, B10.A, CBA) to (T,G)-A-L and high responder (B10, B10.A) and non-responder (B10.G, DBA/I) mice to GAT can be induced to form antigen specific T-helper cells in vitro under identical culture conditions. The helper cells induced from high and low or non-responder mice appear to be identical in efficiency, antigen concentration requirement for induction and induction kinetics.", "PMID": 66198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2019", "title": "In vitro studies on H-2 linked unresponsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens. II. Induction of suppressor cells in both responsive and unresponsive mice to (T,G)-A-L and GAT;.", "content": "Antigen-specific T-suppressor cells can be induced in vitro from unprimed lymphoid cells of high responder (C57BL/10) and low responder (B10.Br, B10.A, CBA) mice to (T,G)-A-L and high responder (B10, B10;A) and non-responder (B10.G, DBA/1) mice to GAT10. The suppressor cells induced from high and low or non-responder mice appear identical in efficiency, in the antigen concentration required for induction and in their induction kinetics.", "contents": "In vitro studies on H-2 linked unresponsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens. II. Induction of suppressor cells in both responsive and unresponsive mice to (T,G)-A-L and GAT;. Antigen-specific T-suppressor cells can be induced in vitro from unprimed lymphoid cells of high responder (C57BL/10) and low responder (B10.Br, B10.A, CBA) mice to (T,G)-A-L and high responder (B10, B10;A) and non-responder (B10.G, DBA/1) mice to GAT10. The suppressor cells induced from high and low or non-responder mice appear identical in efficiency, in the antigen concentration required for induction and in their induction kinetics.", "PMID": 66199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2020", "title": "Pathogenesis of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rats: bacteriological and histological findings and metabolic alterations.", "content": "Gram-negative bacterial pneumonias have been increasingly important as nosocomial infections. The following model was developed to study the pathogenesis and evaluate therapy of such infections. Intranasal instillation of rats with a suspension of 5 x 10(6) Klebsiella pneumoniae caused bronchopneumonia with 24 h. Bacteria were isolated from the lungs in large numbers (greater than 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU] for at least 13 days after inoculation. Thereafter, the viable concentration decreased to about 10(3) CFU at 21 days but increased to 10(4) CFU at 25 days. Mortality rarely exceeded 25%. Plasma zinc concentration decreased, and plasma seromucoid, lysozyme, and alpha2-macrofetoprotein increased during respiratory K. pneumoniae infection in rats. There seemed to be a linear relationship between seromucoid concentration and the concentration of K. pneumoniae in the lung expressed in log10 units. Plasma zinc, alpha2-macrofetoprtoein, or lysozyme levels, however, did not change until the concentration of bacteria retrieved fron lungs exceeded 4 to 5 logs, Analysis of blood samples obtained serially from the orbital sinuses revealed that rats that succumbed to infection had significantly higher levels of seromucoid, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, and lysozyme and lower levels of plasma zinc than infected rats that survived. Progressive increases in seromucoid and particularly in lysozyme and alpha2-macrofetoprotein appeared to be predicative of death. It is postulated that the threshold effect observed for alpha2-macrofetoprotein and lysozyme reflect significant damage to lung tissue, and thus these two variables are good indexes of the severity of this infection. We propose that this model may be of value in elucidating the pathogenesis of respiratory K. pneumoniae as well as in assessing various models of therapy.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rats: bacteriological and histological findings and metabolic alterations. Gram-negative bacterial pneumonias have been increasingly important as nosocomial infections. The following model was developed to study the pathogenesis and evaluate therapy of such infections. Intranasal instillation of rats with a suspension of 5 x 10(6) Klebsiella pneumoniae caused bronchopneumonia with 24 h. Bacteria were isolated from the lungs in large numbers (greater than 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU] for at least 13 days after inoculation. Thereafter, the viable concentration decreased to about 10(3) CFU at 21 days but increased to 10(4) CFU at 25 days. Mortality rarely exceeded 25%. Plasma zinc concentration decreased, and plasma seromucoid, lysozyme, and alpha2-macrofetoprotein increased during respiratory K. pneumoniae infection in rats. There seemed to be a linear relationship between seromucoid concentration and the concentration of K. pneumoniae in the lung expressed in log10 units. Plasma zinc, alpha2-macrofetoprtoein, or lysozyme levels, however, did not change until the concentration of bacteria retrieved fron lungs exceeded 4 to 5 logs, Analysis of blood samples obtained serially from the orbital sinuses revealed that rats that succumbed to infection had significantly higher levels of seromucoid, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, and lysozyme and lower levels of plasma zinc than infected rats that survived. Progressive increases in seromucoid and particularly in lysozyme and alpha2-macrofetoprotein appeared to be predicative of death. It is postulated that the threshold effect observed for alpha2-macrofetoprotein and lysozyme reflect significant damage to lung tissue, and thus these two variables are good indexes of the severity of this infection. We propose that this model may be of value in elucidating the pathogenesis of respiratory K. pneumoniae as well as in assessing various models of therapy.", "PMID": 66201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2021", "title": "Extracellular antigens of Micropolyspora faeni grown in synthetic medium.", "content": "Extracellular antigens were prepared by growing Micropolyspora faeni in a new synthetic medium (SMSL), and this antigenic preparation was compared with antigens obtained by the double-dialysis method. These two preparations were tested against pooled sera from farmer's lung patients and rabbits immunized with these antigens by the agar-gel double-diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis methods. The immunological cross-reactivity between M. faeni strains of diverse origin and between other species of thermophilic actinomycetes associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis was also investigated. The usefulness of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis in the comparison and standardization of antigens is discussed.", "contents": "Extracellular antigens of Micropolyspora faeni grown in synthetic medium. Extracellular antigens were prepared by growing Micropolyspora faeni in a new synthetic medium (SMSL), and this antigenic preparation was compared with antigens obtained by the double-dialysis method. These two preparations were tested against pooled sera from farmer's lung patients and rabbits immunized with these antigens by the agar-gel double-diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis methods. The immunological cross-reactivity between M. faeni strains of diverse origin and between other species of thermophilic actinomycetes associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis was also investigated. The usefulness of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis in the comparison and standardization of antigens is discussed.", "PMID": 66202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2022", "title": "Immune suppression induced by acetoacetylated antigen.", "content": "Injection of acetoacetylated antigen into rabbits with an ongoing reagin response abrogated this response. The possibility that this phenomenon might be due to activation of suppressor cells was studied in mice. Thymus or spleen cells from animals which had been primed with acetoacetylated antigen were able to suppress the IgG and IgM antibody response upon transfer to syngeneic mice. Maximal suppressive effect was observed 12-14 days after priming with native as well as acetoacetylated antigen. The IgG and IgM responses were equally affected by the transferred suppressor cells.", "contents": "Immune suppression induced by acetoacetylated antigen. Injection of acetoacetylated antigen into rabbits with an ongoing reagin response abrogated this response. The possibility that this phenomenon might be due to activation of suppressor cells was studied in mice. Thymus or spleen cells from animals which had been primed with acetoacetylated antigen were able to suppress the IgG and IgM antibody response upon transfer to syngeneic mice. Maximal suppressive effect was observed 12-14 days after priming with native as well as acetoacetylated antigen. The IgG and IgM responses were equally affected by the transferred suppressor cells.", "PMID": 66203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2023", "title": "Effect of disodium cromoglycate and Picrorhiza kurroa root powder on sensitivity of guinea pigs to histamine and sympathomimetic amines.", "content": "Four weeks pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and the powdered roots of the herb Picrorhiza kurroa, Benth, rendered guinea pigs less sensitive to histamine when compared with appropriate controls. The bronchodilator effects of isoprenaline and adrenaline were found to be markedly enhanced. The severity and duration of the allergic bronchospasm was significantly less in animals pretreated with the two drugs. Furthermore, the total histamine content of the lung tissue in animals pretreated with DSCG and P. kurroa was significantly less than that in the untreated controls. The pretreatment was also found to exhibit inhibitory effect on the immunological release of histamine and SRS-A from chopped lungs.", "contents": "Effect of disodium cromoglycate and Picrorhiza kurroa root powder on sensitivity of guinea pigs to histamine and sympathomimetic amines. Four weeks pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and the powdered roots of the herb Picrorhiza kurroa, Benth, rendered guinea pigs less sensitive to histamine when compared with appropriate controls. The bronchodilator effects of isoprenaline and adrenaline were found to be markedly enhanced. The severity and duration of the allergic bronchospasm was significantly less in animals pretreated with the two drugs. Furthermore, the total histamine content of the lung tissue in animals pretreated with DSCG and P. kurroa was significantly less than that in the untreated controls. The pretreatment was also found to exhibit inhibitory effect on the immunological release of histamine and SRS-A from chopped lungs.", "PMID": 66204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2024", "title": "Inhibitory effect of alpha-globulins of different origin on the cell-mediated immune responses in mice.", "content": "alpha-Globulins prepared from different biological sources (human and bovine sera, mouse ascitic fluid, human ovarian cyst fluid) were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into fractions A, B and C. Whereas fractions A and B had no immunosuppressive activity, fraction C injected into mice shortly before antigen administration, but not after, significantly inhibited the contact sensitivity to oxazolone. Single high doses were preferential over divided doses given on several occasions. In transfer experiments when cells of animals sensitized to oxazolone were injected into recipients treated previously with fraction C, the response was also inhibited. Fraction C, when administered into F1 hybrid mice before injection of parental splenocytes, prevented the development of GVH reaction. The authors point out that the critical concentration of alpha-globulins at the time of antigen administration is necessary to make T-lymphocytes hyporesponsive, and when once triggered by antigen they become refractory to alpha-globulins action.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of alpha-globulins of different origin on the cell-mediated immune responses in mice. alpha-Globulins prepared from different biological sources (human and bovine sera, mouse ascitic fluid, human ovarian cyst fluid) were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into fractions A, B and C. Whereas fractions A and B had no immunosuppressive activity, fraction C injected into mice shortly before antigen administration, but not after, significantly inhibited the contact sensitivity to oxazolone. Single high doses were preferential over divided doses given on several occasions. In transfer experiments when cells of animals sensitized to oxazolone were injected into recipients treated previously with fraction C, the response was also inhibited. Fraction C, when administered into F1 hybrid mice before injection of parental splenocytes, prevented the development of GVH reaction. The authors point out that the critical concentration of alpha-globulins at the time of antigen administration is necessary to make T-lymphocytes hyporesponsive, and when once triggered by antigen they become refractory to alpha-globulins action.", "PMID": 66205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2025", "title": "Modulation of the IgE antibody response in rats to Kentucky blue grass pollen allergens.", "content": "The low molecular weight dialyzable fraction (D) prepared from the aqueous extract of Kentucky Blue Grass pollen was shown to suppress the formation of IgE antibodies in rats immunized with the nondialyzable fraction (R). In an attempt to establish the nature of the constituents responsible for this suppression, D was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The first fraction eluted (DI) elicited skin reactions in rats sensitized with a rat reaginic serum to R and also gave a precipitate with a rabbit antiserum to R. A later fraction (DIII) was devoid of these two properties. To investigate the effects of these fractions on the antibody response, rats received either DI or DIII, administered in saline, prior to their immunization with R in presence of aluminum hydroxide. Pretreatment with DI resulted in a reduction of IgE antibody levels as compared with the IgE antibody response in control animals which had received pretreatment only with saline; however, pretreatment with DI did not affect the anti-R-hemagglutinating titers. In contrast, pretreatment with DIII enhanced both the IgE and the hemagglutinating antibodies. Hence, it is concluded that the composite fraction D contains one group of constituents capable of suppressing and another of enhancing the IgE antibody response.", "contents": "Modulation of the IgE antibody response in rats to Kentucky blue grass pollen allergens. The low molecular weight dialyzable fraction (D) prepared from the aqueous extract of Kentucky Blue Grass pollen was shown to suppress the formation of IgE antibodies in rats immunized with the nondialyzable fraction (R). In an attempt to establish the nature of the constituents responsible for this suppression, D was fractionated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The first fraction eluted (DI) elicited skin reactions in rats sensitized with a rat reaginic serum to R and also gave a precipitate with a rabbit antiserum to R. A later fraction (DIII) was devoid of these two properties. To investigate the effects of these fractions on the antibody response, rats received either DI or DIII, administered in saline, prior to their immunization with R in presence of aluminum hydroxide. Pretreatment with DI resulted in a reduction of IgE antibody levels as compared with the IgE antibody response in control animals which had received pretreatment only with saline; however, pretreatment with DI did not affect the anti-R-hemagglutinating titers. In contrast, pretreatment with DIII enhanced both the IgE and the hemagglutinating antibodies. Hence, it is concluded that the composite fraction D contains one group of constituents capable of suppressing and another of enhancing the IgE antibody response.", "PMID": 66206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2026", "title": "Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and impaired immune response in malnutrition.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimated in 33 malnourished children, was found to be elevated in 11 of 17 fetally growth-retarded infants and in 5 to 16 with postnatal nutritional deficiency. The majority of those with increased serum AFP concentration had associated liver dysfunction. Nutritional deprivation of growing rats resulted in an increase in AFP levels, especially in the offspring of starved female animals. The administration of purified AFP was associated with reduced antibody formation to sheep red blood cells. It is suggested that AFP exerts a modulating influence on immune response.", "contents": "Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and impaired immune response in malnutrition. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimated in 33 malnourished children, was found to be elevated in 11 of 17 fetally growth-retarded infants and in 5 to 16 with postnatal nutritional deficiency. The majority of those with increased serum AFP concentration had associated liver dysfunction. Nutritional deprivation of growing rats resulted in an increase in AFP levels, especially in the offspring of starved female animals. The administration of purified AFP was associated with reduced antibody formation to sheep red blood cells. It is suggested that AFP exerts a modulating influence on immune response.", "PMID": 66207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2027", "title": "Comparative studies on EBV antigens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques.", "content": "Three groups of EBV antigens, VCA, MA and EA, were compared by the techniques of electron microscopic immunoperoxidase (IP) and immunofluorescence (IF). P3HR-1 and EBV superinfected Raji cells served as targets for labelled sera from patients with BL, NPC and IM or from healthy donors. 125I peroxidase-labelled antibodies were also prepared to determine, autoradiographically, the penetration of the complex into the cell system, and to monitor the incubation and washing procedures. The development of a gentle sedimentation technique proved critical in handling the fragile target cells. VCA and MA were readily identified and localized by both procedures without significant modification of the basic techniques. Indentification of early antigens by IP required modification of the fixation method to include a brief treatment in acetone. The diffuse early antigen (EAD) was found to be associated with cellular ribosomes.", "contents": "Comparative studies on EBV antigens by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Three groups of EBV antigens, VCA, MA and EA, were compared by the techniques of electron microscopic immunoperoxidase (IP) and immunofluorescence (IF). P3HR-1 and EBV superinfected Raji cells served as targets for labelled sera from patients with BL, NPC and IM or from healthy donors. 125I peroxidase-labelled antibodies were also prepared to determine, autoradiographically, the penetration of the complex into the cell system, and to monitor the incubation and washing procedures. The development of a gentle sedimentation technique proved critical in handling the fragile target cells. VCA and MA were readily identified and localized by both procedures without significant modification of the basic techniques. Indentification of early antigens by IP required modification of the fixation method to include a brief treatment in acetone. The diffuse early antigen (EAD) was found to be associated with cellular ribosomes.", "PMID": 66208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2028", "title": "Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XV. The presence of virus-associated membrane antigen(s) on Luck\u00e9 tumor cells.", "content": "Virus-specific antigens were detected in Luck\u00e9 tumor cells by indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum prepared against Luck\u00e9 herpesvirus. Intracellular fluorescence, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, was observed only in acetone:methanol-fixed tumor cells that contained herpesvirus detected by electron microscopy. The number of positive cells correlated well with the number of cells containing virus. In contrast, both virus-containing and virus-free cells exhibited membrane fluorescence when viable unfixed tumor cells were tested. A striking reduction in the number of membrane fluorescent cells was observed with an increase in the length of time that tumor cells were in primary culture. No reaction was observed with a variety of normal R. pipiens cells. Absorption of the antiserum with normal frog kidney tissue had no effect on the number of positive cells whereas absorption with virus-free tumor reduced the reaction; absorption with virus-containing tumor eliminated it. These findings provide the first demonstration that the Luck\u00e9 herpesvirus genome resident in virus-free tumor cells expresses a virus-associated membrane antigen(s).", "contents": "Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XV. The presence of virus-associated membrane antigen(s) on Luck\u00e9 tumor cells. Virus-specific antigens were detected in Luck\u00e9 tumor cells by indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum prepared against Luck\u00e9 herpesvirus. Intracellular fluorescence, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, was observed only in acetone:methanol-fixed tumor cells that contained herpesvirus detected by electron microscopy. The number of positive cells correlated well with the number of cells containing virus. In contrast, both virus-containing and virus-free cells exhibited membrane fluorescence when viable unfixed tumor cells were tested. A striking reduction in the number of membrane fluorescent cells was observed with an increase in the length of time that tumor cells were in primary culture. No reaction was observed with a variety of normal R. pipiens cells. Absorption of the antiserum with normal frog kidney tissue had no effect on the number of positive cells whereas absorption with virus-free tumor reduced the reaction; absorption with virus-containing tumor eliminated it. These findings provide the first demonstration that the Luck\u00e9 herpesvirus genome resident in virus-free tumor cells expresses a virus-associated membrane antigen(s).", "PMID": 66209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2029", "title": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test: Results on carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test was performed on guinea-pig macrophages treated with the interaction products of encephalitogenic protein and peripheral lymphocytes from 44 patients with colorectal cancer and 33 \"healthy\" controls. In 54/60 tests involving patients, statistically significant reductions in electrophoretic mobilities were observed, compared with 12/33 in controls. Our overall results on the reductions in macrophage mobilities by lymphocyte products are in accord with the work of some other workers, but not all. In contrast to many other studies, the standard procedures used here to express the results should permit an exchange of data on an international basis and allow a more rapid, general appraisal of the MEM test.", "contents": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test: Results on carcinoma of the colon and rectum. The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test was performed on guinea-pig macrophages treated with the interaction products of encephalitogenic protein and peripheral lymphocytes from 44 patients with colorectal cancer and 33 \"healthy\" controls. In 54/60 tests involving patients, statistically significant reductions in electrophoretic mobilities were observed, compared with 12/33 in controls. Our overall results on the reductions in macrophage mobilities by lymphocyte products are in accord with the work of some other workers, but not all. In contrast to many other studies, the standard procedures used here to express the results should permit an exchange of data on an international basis and allow a more rapid, general appraisal of the MEM test.", "PMID": 66210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2030", "title": "Effect of BNU treatment on leukaemogenesis in lethally irradiated AKR mice restored with bone-marrow and spleen cells.", "content": "The leukaemogenic effect of N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU) was studied in normal and thymectomized AKR mice which were lethally irradiated and restored with either bone-marrow (BM) or spleen cells from (AKR X AKR/T1ALD)F1 donors. In some instances T1ALD thymic cells were added to the restorative inoculum. It was possible to determine the origin of the leukemic cells by the metacentric marker chromosomes of T1ALD. The T- or B-cell characteristics were further ascertained by the cytotoxicity test for theta antigen and the EAC rosette test. All leukaemias whether thymic (TLS) or extra-thymic (ETL), developed from donor bone-marrow or spleen cells and never from the injected thymic cells. In non-thymectomized animals BNU increased the percentage of TLS and shortened their latency. Most of TLS which occurred after BNU treatment of BM-restored mice were theta-negative whereas the majority of TLS which occurred in controls and in spleen-restored animals were theta-positive. This suggests that during their maturation process BM-derived T precursors transit through a theta-negative compartment. This compartment does not reach a similar size during the maturation process of the spleen-derived precursors. Adding thymic cells to the restorative inoculum enhanced leukaemogenesis and suppressed theta-negative TLS in BM-restored mice. Thymectomized mice, restored either by BM or spleen, had a low incidence of ETL which was not significantly increased by BNU treatment except in the case of mice restored with spleen cells. The leukaemic cells of one ETL were theta-positive whereas all the other leukaemias had no detectable T or B marker. The percentage of ETL was higher in thymectomized mice treated with BNU alone than in those previously subjected to irradiation and restoration. These results strongly suggest that a theta-negative T precursor could be involved in extra-thymic leukaemogenesis but the possible involvement of a B precursor cannot be rule out unless experiments are carried out with specific markers of T- and B-cell sub-classes.", "contents": "Effect of BNU treatment on leukaemogenesis in lethally irradiated AKR mice restored with bone-marrow and spleen cells. The leukaemogenic effect of N-butyl-N-nitrosourea (BNU) was studied in normal and thymectomized AKR mice which were lethally irradiated and restored with either bone-marrow (BM) or spleen cells from (AKR X AKR/T1ALD)F1 donors. In some instances T1ALD thymic cells were added to the restorative inoculum. It was possible to determine the origin of the leukemic cells by the metacentric marker chromosomes of T1ALD. The T- or B-cell characteristics were further ascertained by the cytotoxicity test for theta antigen and the EAC rosette test. All leukaemias whether thymic (TLS) or extra-thymic (ETL), developed from donor bone-marrow or spleen cells and never from the injected thymic cells. In non-thymectomized animals BNU increased the percentage of TLS and shortened their latency. Most of TLS which occurred after BNU treatment of BM-restored mice were theta-negative whereas the majority of TLS which occurred in controls and in spleen-restored animals were theta-positive. This suggests that during their maturation process BM-derived T precursors transit through a theta-negative compartment. This compartment does not reach a similar size during the maturation process of the spleen-derived precursors. Adding thymic cells to the restorative inoculum enhanced leukaemogenesis and suppressed theta-negative TLS in BM-restored mice. Thymectomized mice, restored either by BM or spleen, had a low incidence of ETL which was not significantly increased by BNU treatment except in the case of mice restored with spleen cells. The leukaemic cells of one ETL were theta-positive whereas all the other leukaemias had no detectable T or B marker. The percentage of ETL was higher in thymectomized mice treated with BNU alone than in those previously subjected to irradiation and restoration. These results strongly suggest that a theta-negative T precursor could be involved in extra-thymic leukaemogenesis but the possible involvement of a B precursor cannot be rule out unless experiments are carried out with specific markers of T- and B-cell sub-classes.", "PMID": 66211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2031", "title": "Genetics of murine sarcoma virus (MSV)--induced tumors in AKR mice: Evidence that late progressing and early regressing tumors are controlled by different gents.", "content": "The genetics of late appearing MSV tumors showing a progressive growth pattern in AKR mice was investigated. The late MSV tumor response in F1 hybrids depended on the genetic background of the non-AKR parent. Within the 4-month observation period following virus injection, (CBA X AKR) F1, (DBA/2 X AKR)F1, and (NIH X AKR)F1 developed progressing MSV tumors, which exhibited latency and growth behavior comparable to that seen in AKR mice, (BALB X AKR)F1, (B6 X AKR)F1, and (B10br x akr)f1 mice did not show any late MSV tumors. In contrast to early regressing M-MSV tumors, whose development is independent of Fv-1 genotype, late MSV tumor progression is largely a function of this gene, since all late tumors which appeared in (B10BR x AKR) x AKR were observed in Fv-1n homozygous mice, H-2k halotype is a further factor in the occurrence of late MSV tumors, at least in (B6 x AKR) x AKR mice. In crosses of AKR with Fv-1 compatible mice, tumor appearance was strongly associated with inheritance of AKR-Mulv, and MSV recovered from late tumors of first back-cross animals appeared to be a new pseudotype with the endogenous AKR-MuLV. It is suggested that the host genetic control in both early and late MSV tumors is exerted mainly on the helper component of the leukemia-sarcoma complex.", "contents": "Genetics of murine sarcoma virus (MSV)--induced tumors in AKR mice: Evidence that late progressing and early regressing tumors are controlled by different gents. The genetics of late appearing MSV tumors showing a progressive growth pattern in AKR mice was investigated. The late MSV tumor response in F1 hybrids depended on the genetic background of the non-AKR parent. Within the 4-month observation period following virus injection, (CBA X AKR) F1, (DBA/2 X AKR)F1, and (NIH X AKR)F1 developed progressing MSV tumors, which exhibited latency and growth behavior comparable to that seen in AKR mice, (BALB X AKR)F1, (B6 X AKR)F1, and (B10br x akr)f1 mice did not show any late MSV tumors. In contrast to early regressing M-MSV tumors, whose development is independent of Fv-1 genotype, late MSV tumor progression is largely a function of this gene, since all late tumors which appeared in (B10BR x AKR) x AKR were observed in Fv-1n homozygous mice, H-2k halotype is a further factor in the occurrence of late MSV tumors, at least in (B6 x AKR) x AKR mice. In crosses of AKR with Fv-1 compatible mice, tumor appearance was strongly associated with inheritance of AKR-Mulv, and MSV recovered from late tumors of first back-cross animals appeared to be a new pseudotype with the endogenous AKR-MuLV. It is suggested that the host genetic control in both early and late MSV tumors is exerted mainly on the helper component of the leukemia-sarcoma complex.", "PMID": 66212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2032", "title": "Effects of a new glucocorticoid, oxazacort, on some variables connected with bone metabolism in man: a comparison with prednisone.", "content": "The urinary elimination of calcium, other electrolytes, and hydroxyproline and the oral absorption of 47Ca have been evaluated in three groups of 8 patients before and during a 15-day treatment with prednisone at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg and with oxazacort, a new glucocorticoid, at a daily dose of 50 mg. The results obtained demonstrate that oxazacort in short-term teatment with a high dose has no significant effect on the urinary elimination of calcium and hydroxypyroline in experimental conditions in which prednisone produces statistically significant and clinically relevant increase, both when given at the same dose and when given at half that dose. On the other hand, the oral absorption of 47Ca is decreased by oxazacort, but less than by prednisone at the same dose. As the antirheumatic activity of oxazacort appears to be only slightly lower than that of prednisone (activity ratio of about 0.84: 1), these findings may have interesting therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Effects of a new glucocorticoid, oxazacort, on some variables connected with bone metabolism in man: a comparison with prednisone. The urinary elimination of calcium, other electrolytes, and hydroxyproline and the oral absorption of 47Ca have been evaluated in three groups of 8 patients before and during a 15-day treatment with prednisone at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg and with oxazacort, a new glucocorticoid, at a daily dose of 50 mg. The results obtained demonstrate that oxazacort in short-term teatment with a high dose has no significant effect on the urinary elimination of calcium and hydroxypyroline in experimental conditions in which prednisone produces statistically significant and clinically relevant increase, both when given at the same dose and when given at half that dose. On the other hand, the oral absorption of 47Ca is decreased by oxazacort, but less than by prednisone at the same dose. As the antirheumatic activity of oxazacort appears to be only slightly lower than that of prednisone (activity ratio of about 0.84: 1), these findings may have interesting therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 66216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2033", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of soluble antigens of Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "Soluble antigens obtained from purified M. lepraemurium were identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as three different proteins, M-W 1 X 10(4), 1 X 10(5), and 4 X 10(6), and two polysaccharide-polypeptides. Three antigens were found to react with anti-M. leprae antiserum; a single antigen proved to be immunologically related to M. tuberculosis, M. similae, M. balnei and a few other mycobacteria, but not to Eubacteriales and fungi, as examined by immunoelectrophoresis. In the dermal hypersensitivity assay, the guinea pigs sensitized with soluble antigens of M. lepraemurium only responded to the antigens of M. lepraemurium, M. leprae and partly to M. scrofulaceum, but not to other antigens, including lepromin and leprous serum globulins.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of soluble antigens of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Soluble antigens obtained from purified M. lepraemurium were identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as three different proteins, M-W 1 X 10(4), 1 X 10(5), and 4 X 10(6), and two polysaccharide-polypeptides. Three antigens were found to react with anti-M. leprae antiserum; a single antigen proved to be immunologically related to M. tuberculosis, M. similae, M. balnei and a few other mycobacteria, but not to Eubacteriales and fungi, as examined by immunoelectrophoresis. In the dermal hypersensitivity assay, the guinea pigs sensitized with soluble antigens of M. lepraemurium only responded to the antigens of M. lepraemurium, M. leprae and partly to M. scrofulaceum, but not to other antigens, including lepromin and leprous serum globulins.", "PMID": 66213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2034", "title": "Electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in leprosy.", "content": "Sera collected from 65 patients having various types of leprosy and 20 healthy human beings were studied for the determination of total serum proteins, paper electrophoresis for protein types and albumin globulin ratios. Significant changes in protein equilibrium with the presence of hypoalbuminemia and increases in various globulin fractions (except beta globulin) were observed in patients having lepromatous and dimorphous leprosy. An abnormal protein band was also detected in 3 of 20 cases of lepromatous leprosy. The patients suffering from tuberculoid and polyneuritic leprosy did not show much protein disequilibrium except for mild rises in serum alpha-2 and reductions in serum beta globulins.", "contents": "Electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in leprosy. Sera collected from 65 patients having various types of leprosy and 20 healthy human beings were studied for the determination of total serum proteins, paper electrophoresis for protein types and albumin globulin ratios. Significant changes in protein equilibrium with the presence of hypoalbuminemia and increases in various globulin fractions (except beta globulin) were observed in patients having lepromatous and dimorphous leprosy. An abnormal protein band was also detected in 3 of 20 cases of lepromatous leprosy. The patients suffering from tuberculoid and polyneuritic leprosy did not show much protein disequilibrium except for mild rises in serum alpha-2 and reductions in serum beta globulins.", "PMID": 66214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2035", "title": "Present status of MA-160 cell line. Prostatic epithelium or HeLa cells.", "content": "This report reviews the background and the present status of the MA-160 cell line. This cell line was reported to have arisen from tissue cultures of a human, benign prostatic adenoma and consequently has been used for investigations on the prostat and on hormone-dependent cells. Recent studies using chromosome analysis by banding techniques, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6D) electrophoretic mobility, and a specific prostatic acid phosphatase test indicate that MA-160 is not of  prostatic origin but a HeLa cell contaminant, arising as a result of intraspecies cell contamination. It is suggested that whenever spontaneous transformation is observed in vitro and established cell lines are being used in the laboratory, the cells in question be thoroughly checked with the currently available chromosomal, biochemical, and cytochemical methods in order to establish their origin and to rule out interspecies and intraspecies cell contamination.", "contents": "Present status of MA-160 cell line. Prostatic epithelium or HeLa cells. This report reviews the background and the present status of the MA-160 cell line. This cell line was reported to have arisen from tissue cultures of a human, benign prostatic adenoma and consequently has been used for investigations on the prostat and on hormone-dependent cells. Recent studies using chromosome analysis by banding techniques, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6D) electrophoretic mobility, and a specific prostatic acid phosphatase test indicate that MA-160 is not of  prostatic origin but a HeLa cell contaminant, arising as a result of intraspecies cell contamination. It is suggested that whenever spontaneous transformation is observed in vitro and established cell lines are being used in the laboratory, the cells in question be thoroughly checked with the currently available chromosomal, biochemical, and cytochemical methods in order to establish their origin and to rule out interspecies and intraspecies cell contamination.", "PMID": 66218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2036", "title": "Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and chemically induced bladder tumors in mice.", "content": "Recent immunologic and microbiologic evidence suggests that urothelial tumors may be caused by \"C\" type oncogenic viruses. Such viruses may exert their oncogenic potential in responce to stimulation by known chemical carcinogens. By means of a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, these viruses are able to incorporate genetic information into that of the host, and can thereby be transmitted vertically from generation to generation. An evaluation of the specific antiviral agents dimethylbenzyldemethl-rifampicin and streptovaricin-comples, which inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, revealed no depay in the induction of bladder tumors by the chemical carcinogen, 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT) in C3H mice. This observation suggests that the reproduction and release of virus may not be essential in the malignant transformation of bladder epithelial cells, but does not preclude the possiblity that inherited viral genetic information may be involved in the oncogenesis of bladder tumors.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and chemically induced bladder tumors in mice. Recent immunologic and microbiologic evidence suggests that urothelial tumors may be caused by \"C\" type oncogenic viruses. Such viruses may exert their oncogenic potential in responce to stimulation by known chemical carcinogens. By means of a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, these viruses are able to incorporate genetic information into that of the host, and can thereby be transmitted vertically from generation to generation. An evaluation of the specific antiviral agents dimethylbenzyldemethl-rifampicin and streptovaricin-comples, which inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, revealed no depay in the induction of bladder tumors by the chemical carcinogen, 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT) in C3H mice. This observation suggests that the reproduction and release of virus may not be essential in the malignant transformation of bladder epithelial cells, but does not preclude the possiblity that inherited viral genetic information may be involved in the oncogenesis of bladder tumors.", "PMID": 66219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2037", "title": "Pig calcitonin in the treatment of localised osteoporosis.", "content": "On the basis of positive results obtained in the treatment of Sudeck's atrophy with calcitonin, the authors extended their investigation to other forms of localised osteoporosis. Six patients were examined affected by osteoporosis secondary to immobilisation, three patients with osteoporosis of the lower limbs from paralysis of the sciatic nerve and six patients with migrant osteoporosis. Treatment was as follows: pig calcitonin (Calcitar) in doses of 160 u MRC/daily + calcium gluconate in doses of 3 gr/daily. The duration of treatment averaged forty five days. In osteoporosis from immobilisation and nerve lesions the calcitonin treatment did not influence the condition and there was no change in radiographic appearances nor was there any analgesic action. On the other hand, the results were clearly positive in migrant osteoporosis: in all the patients treated there was complete regression of pain, cutaneous trophic changes, and functional loss. At a later stage, normal radiographic appearances were restored.", "contents": "Pig calcitonin in the treatment of localised osteoporosis. On the basis of positive results obtained in the treatment of Sudeck's atrophy with calcitonin, the authors extended their investigation to other forms of localised osteoporosis. Six patients were examined affected by osteoporosis secondary to immobilisation, three patients with osteoporosis of the lower limbs from paralysis of the sciatic nerve and six patients with migrant osteoporosis. Treatment was as follows: pig calcitonin (Calcitar) in doses of 160 u MRC/daily + calcium gluconate in doses of 3 gr/daily. The duration of treatment averaged forty five days. In osteoporosis from immobilisation and nerve lesions the calcitonin treatment did not influence the condition and there was no change in radiographic appearances nor was there any analgesic action. On the other hand, the results were clearly positive in migrant osteoporosis: in all the patients treated there was complete regression of pain, cutaneous trophic changes, and functional loss. At a later stage, normal radiographic appearances were restored.", "PMID": 66220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2038", "title": "Bandign isolated metaphase chromosomes by a sequential flurescent G/Q technique.", "content": "G/Q-banding is a new, rapid, fluorescent technique for banding isolated chromosomes that incorporates characteristics of both G- and Q- banding. G-bands, while easily characterized, are often inconsistent when using isolated chromosomes, and Q-bands, while reliable, fade rapidly under UV exposure, making prolonged observation and photography difficult. G/Q-banding combines these techniques to sequentially utilize quinacrine staining over Giemsa banding to produce slow-fading fluorescent G/Q-bands. The background fluorescence in G/Q preparations fades quickly under continued UV exposure, while the chromosomes remain brightly banded and can be observed and photographed for at least five minutes. G/Q-banding was extended to whole cell chromosome spreads and produced results identical to those obtained with isolated chromosomes. Whole cell karyotypes indicate that G/Q-bands generally correspond to Q-bands. Advantages of G/Q-banding as a unique and universal technique over current double-staining procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Bandign isolated metaphase chromosomes by a sequential flurescent G/Q technique. G/Q-banding is a new, rapid, fluorescent technique for banding isolated chromosomes that incorporates characteristics of both G- and Q- banding. G-bands, while easily characterized, are often inconsistent when using isolated chromosomes, and Q-bands, while reliable, fade rapidly under UV exposure, making prolonged observation and photography difficult. G/Q-banding combines these techniques to sequentially utilize quinacrine staining over Giemsa banding to produce slow-fading fluorescent G/Q-bands. The background fluorescence in G/Q preparations fades quickly under continued UV exposure, while the chromosomes remain brightly banded and can be observed and photographed for at least five minutes. G/Q-banding was extended to whole cell chromosome spreads and produced results identical to those obtained with isolated chromosomes. Whole cell karyotypes indicate that G/Q-bands generally correspond to Q-bands. Advantages of G/Q-banding as a unique and universal technique over current double-staining procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 66221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2039", "title": "Reduction and azo coupling of quinones. A histochemical study of human cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome.", "content": "Cutaneous melanin in formol fixed skin and adrenochrome in dichromate fixed monkey adrenal after adequate bisulfite or dithonite reduction were found to give definite azo coupling reactions. Weaker reactions were obtained on unreduced material, and these disappeared on ferric chloride oxidation. Both cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome appear to exist in a quinhydrone status. Prolongation of dichromate treatment weakens or abolishes azo coupling capacity of adrenochrome. The findings support the concept of quinonization and reduction to prevent and restore azo coupling of enterochromaffin cells and noradrenaline islets of the adrenal. The most effective diazos for melanin were p-nitrodiazobenzene, fast black K and the diazosulfanilic acid, pH 1 pyronin B procedure, for adrenochrome. Diazosafranin and 2-chloro-4-nitrodiazobenzene were also useful. Blue and violet coupling products from toluidine blue and methylene violet RR fail to yield sufficient contrast to be convincing.", "contents": "Reduction and azo coupling of quinones. A histochemical study of human cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome. Cutaneous melanin in formol fixed skin and adrenochrome in dichromate fixed monkey adrenal after adequate bisulfite or dithonite reduction were found to give definite azo coupling reactions. Weaker reactions were obtained on unreduced material, and these disappeared on ferric chloride oxidation. Both cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome appear to exist in a quinhydrone status. Prolongation of dichromate treatment weakens or abolishes azo coupling capacity of adrenochrome. The findings support the concept of quinonization and reduction to prevent and restore azo coupling of enterochromaffin cells and noradrenaline islets of the adrenal. The most effective diazos for melanin were p-nitrodiazobenzene, fast black K and the diazosulfanilic acid, pH 1 pyronin B procedure, for adrenochrome. Diazosafranin and 2-chloro-4-nitrodiazobenzene were also useful. Blue and violet coupling products from toluidine blue and methylene violet RR fail to yield sufficient contrast to be convincing.", "PMID": 66222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2040", "title": "Cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) as stain for electron microscopic preparations.", "content": "Cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) provides a strong contrast to electron microscopic preparations by reacting with nucleic acids and proteins. This staining technique is easy and applicable to ultrathin sections embedded in Epon; various staining conditions have been tested.", "contents": "Cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) as stain for electron microscopic preparations. Cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) provides a strong contrast to electron microscopic preparations by reacting with nucleic acids and proteins. This staining technique is easy and applicable to ultrathin sections embedded in Epon; various staining conditions have been tested.", "PMID": 66223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2041", "title": "Inhibition of bleomycin-induced [3H] thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporation into liver and hepatoma nuclei by N-ethyl maleimide and daunomycin.", "content": "The addition of bleomycin to a nuclear incorporating system results in an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine 5'-triphosphate (3H-TTP) into the DNA of liver and hepatoma nuclei. Bleomycin added to the nuclear incorporating system also produces scissions of DNA as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the extracted DNA. The action of bleomycin is dependent on the presence of sulfhydryl agents in the incubation mixture. Two compounds, N-ethyl maleimide and daunomycin, inhibit the bleomycin-induced incorporation of 3H-TTP preferentially. N-Ethyl maleimide inhibits bleomycin-induced activity in liver and hepatoma 7777 nuclei equally. Lower levels of daunomycin inhibit the bleomycin-induced activity in the hepatoma 7777 nuclei than are required to inhibit the activity in liver nuclei. The two compounds inhibit the bleomycin effect by different mechanisms. The addition of N-ethyl maleimide to bleomycin in the incubation system prevents bleomycin from causing breaks in the DNA. The addition of daunomycin, despite inhibition of bleomycin-induced 3H-TTP incorporation, does not affect the bleomycin-produced breaks in the DNA. N-Ethyl maleimide acts by binding to the DNA and by competing with a sulfhydryl agent for bleomycin-sensitive sites on the DNA. Daunomycin apparently inhibits a repair enzyme that is responsible for the increased incorporation following bleomycin treatment.", "contents": "Inhibition of bleomycin-induced [3H] thymidine 5'-triphosphate incorporation into liver and hepatoma nuclei by N-ethyl maleimide and daunomycin. The addition of bleomycin to a nuclear incorporating system results in an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine 5'-triphosphate (3H-TTP) into the DNA of liver and hepatoma nuclei. Bleomycin added to the nuclear incorporating system also produces scissions of DNA as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the extracted DNA. The action of bleomycin is dependent on the presence of sulfhydryl agents in the incubation mixture. Two compounds, N-ethyl maleimide and daunomycin, inhibit the bleomycin-induced incorporation of 3H-TTP preferentially. N-Ethyl maleimide inhibits bleomycin-induced activity in liver and hepatoma 7777 nuclei equally. Lower levels of daunomycin inhibit the bleomycin-induced activity in the hepatoma 7777 nuclei than are required to inhibit the activity in liver nuclei. The two compounds inhibit the bleomycin effect by different mechanisms. The addition of N-ethyl maleimide to bleomycin in the incubation system prevents bleomycin from causing breaks in the DNA. The addition of daunomycin, despite inhibition of bleomycin-induced 3H-TTP incorporation, does not affect the bleomycin-produced breaks in the DNA. N-Ethyl maleimide acts by binding to the DNA and by competing with a sulfhydryl agent for bleomycin-sensitive sites on the DNA. Daunomycin apparently inhibits a repair enzyme that is responsible for the increased incorporation following bleomycin treatment.", "PMID": 66227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2042", "title": "beta-actinin, a regulatory protein of muscle. Purification, characterization and function.", "content": "beta-Actinin, a minor regulatory protein of muscle, was purified from skeletal muscles of rabbit and chicken by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. beta-Actinin consisted of two subunits, beta I and betaII, with chain weights of 37,000 and 34,000 daltons, respectively. The amino acid compositions were similar, though not identical. It appears that each of the two subunits is associated in solution. beta-Actinin had the following effects on actin: (1) inhibition of reassociation of F-actin fragments; (2) inhibition of network formation of F-actin; (3) inhibition of growth of F-actin fragments; (4) retardation of depolymerization of F-actin and (5) acceleration of polymerization of G-actin. All these actions of beta-actinin can be explained in terms of action as an \"ending factor\". Experimental evidence favored the view that beta-actinin is bound to one end of the F-actin filament, namely to the end opposite to the direction of polymerization. Fluorescence-labeled anti-beta-actinin stained the middle portion of the A band of myofibrils. Based on the finding that the stain was unchanged on removal of myosin, it is suggested that beta-actinin is located at the free ends of the I filaments of myofibrils. Thus is seems likely that beta-actinin functions as an ending factor for actin filaments.", "contents": "beta-actinin, a regulatory protein of muscle. Purification, characterization and function. beta-Actinin, a minor regulatory protein of muscle, was purified from skeletal muscles of rabbit and chicken by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. beta-Actinin consisted of two subunits, beta I and betaII, with chain weights of 37,000 and 34,000 daltons, respectively. The amino acid compositions were similar, though not identical. It appears that each of the two subunits is associated in solution. beta-Actinin had the following effects on actin: (1) inhibition of reassociation of F-actin fragments; (2) inhibition of network formation of F-actin; (3) inhibition of growth of F-actin fragments; (4) retardation of depolymerization of F-actin and (5) acceleration of polymerization of G-actin. All these actions of beta-actinin can be explained in terms of action as an \"ending factor\". Experimental evidence favored the view that beta-actinin is bound to one end of the F-actin filament, namely to the end opposite to the direction of polymerization. Fluorescence-labeled anti-beta-actinin stained the middle portion of the A band of myofibrils. Based on the finding that the stain was unchanged on removal of myosin, it is suggested that beta-actinin is located at the free ends of the I filaments of myofibrils. Thus is seems likely that beta-actinin functions as an ending factor for actin filaments.", "PMID": 66229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2043", "title": "Biosynthesis of enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine. A possible initiation complex for gramicidin A biosynthesis.", "content": "A partially purified fraction (Component I) which catalyzed the ATP-PPi exchange reaction dependent only on valine and glycine among the five constituent amino acids of gramicidin A was obtained from crude extracts of Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, which produces both gramicidin A and tyrocidines. This fraction was found to bind valine and glycine as thioesters. The addition of a formylTHFA synthesizing system to Component I brought about the formation of Component I-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine. A possible initiation complex for gramicidin A biosynthesis. A partially purified fraction (Component I) which catalyzed the ATP-PPi exchange reaction dependent only on valine and glycine among the five constituent amino acids of gramicidin A was obtained from crude extracts of Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, which produces both gramicidin A and tyrocidines. This fraction was found to bind valine and glycine as thioesters. The addition of a formylTHFA synthesizing system to Component I brought about the formation of Component I-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine.", "PMID": 66230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2044", "title": "Instructional television graphics.", "content": "Instructional television graphics are defined as artwork and photographs used to aid comprehension of a concept presented through the medium of television. In this paper television graphics are examined for educational effectiveness and technical reproducibility. Educational effectiveness of a graphic is facilitated by utilizing the same criteria or components of instructional design used in development of the program. Technical reproducibility is more likely assured if the artist understands the characteristics of television as medium.", "contents": "Instructional television graphics. Instructional television graphics are defined as artwork and photographs used to aid comprehension of a concept presented through the medium of television. In this paper television graphics are examined for educational effectiveness and technical reproducibility. Educational effectiveness of a graphic is facilitated by utilizing the same criteria or components of instructional design used in development of the program. Technical reproducibility is more likely assured if the artist understands the characteristics of television as medium.", "PMID": 66231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2045", "title": "Active amino acid transport in plasma membrane vesicles from Simian virus 40-transformed mouse fibroblasts. Characteristics of electrochemical Na+ gradient-stimulated uptake.", "content": "Selectively permeable membrane vesicles isolated from Simian virus 40-transformed mouse fibroblasts catalyzed Na+ gradient-coupled active transport of several neutral amino acids dissociated from intracellular metabolism. Na+-stimulated alanine transport activity accompanied plasma membrane material during centrifugation in discontinuous dextran 110 gradients. Carrier-mediated transport into the vesicle was demonstrated. When Na+ was equilibrated across the membrane, countertransport stimulation of L-[3H]alanine uptake occurred in the presence of accumulated unlabeled L-alanine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, or L-methionine. Competitive interactions among neutral amino acids, pH profiles, and apparent Km values for Na+ gradient-stimulated transport into vesicles were similar to those previously described for amino acid uptake in Ehrlich ascites cells, which suggests that the transport activity assayed in vesicles is a component of the corresponding cellular uptake process. Both the initial rate and quasi-steady state of uptake were stimulated as a function of a Na+ gradient (external Na+ greater than internal Na+) applied artificially across the membrane and were independent of endogenous (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Stimulation by Na+ was decreased when the Na+ gradient was dissipated by monensin, gramicidin D or Na+ preincubation. Na+ decreased the apparent Km for alanine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, and glutamine transport. Na+ gradient-stimulated amino acid transport was electrogenic, stimulated by conditions expected to generate an interior-negative membrane potential, such as the presence of the permeant anions NO3- and SCN-. Na+-stimulated L-alanine transport was also stimulated by an electrogenic potassium diffusion potential (K+ internal greater than K+ external) catalyzed by valinomycin; this stimulation was blocked by nigericin. These observations provide support for a mechanism of active neutral amino acid transport via the \"A system\" of the plasma membrane in which both a Na+ gradient and membrane potential contribute to the total driving force.", "contents": "Active amino acid transport in plasma membrane vesicles from Simian virus 40-transformed mouse fibroblasts. Characteristics of electrochemical Na+ gradient-stimulated uptake. Selectively permeable membrane vesicles isolated from Simian virus 40-transformed mouse fibroblasts catalyzed Na+ gradient-coupled active transport of several neutral amino acids dissociated from intracellular metabolism. Na+-stimulated alanine transport activity accompanied plasma membrane material during centrifugation in discontinuous dextran 110 gradients. Carrier-mediated transport into the vesicle was demonstrated. When Na+ was equilibrated across the membrane, countertransport stimulation of L-[3H]alanine uptake occurred in the presence of accumulated unlabeled L-alanine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, or L-methionine. Competitive interactions among neutral amino acids, pH profiles, and apparent Km values for Na+ gradient-stimulated transport into vesicles were similar to those previously described for amino acid uptake in Ehrlich ascites cells, which suggests that the transport activity assayed in vesicles is a component of the corresponding cellular uptake process. Both the initial rate and quasi-steady state of uptake were stimulated as a function of a Na+ gradient (external Na+ greater than internal Na+) applied artificially across the membrane and were independent of endogenous (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Stimulation by Na+ was decreased when the Na+ gradient was dissipated by monensin, gramicidin D or Na+ preincubation. Na+ decreased the apparent Km for alanine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, and glutamine transport. Na+ gradient-stimulated amino acid transport was electrogenic, stimulated by conditions expected to generate an interior-negative membrane potential, such as the presence of the permeant anions NO3- and SCN-. Na+-stimulated L-alanine transport was also stimulated by an electrogenic potassium diffusion potential (K+ internal greater than K+ external) catalyzed by valinomycin; this stimulation was blocked by nigericin. These observations provide support for a mechanism of active neutral amino acid transport via the \"A system\" of the plasma membrane in which both a Na+ gradient and membrane potential contribute to the total driving force.", "PMID": 66232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2046", "title": "Actions of insulin in fat cells. Effects of low temperature, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory inhibitors.", "content": "When isolated rat epididymal fat cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin for 5 min at 37 degrees, radioactivity accumulated in the plasma membrane fraction (Peak 1) and an unidentified particulate fraction (Peak 2) as reported previously (Kono, T., Robinson, F.W., and Sarver, J.A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7826-7835). This accumulation of radioactivity in Peak 2 (but not that in Peak 1) was greatly impaired when cells were incubated with iodoinsulin in the presence of a variety of metabolic inhibitors that reduce the cellular content of ATP. The reduction in the ATP level coincided with a disappearance of the stimulatory effects of insulin on sugar transport and the hormone-sensitive phosphodiesterase. In contrast, ATP depletion had no significant effects, at least during a 5-to 15-min incubation, on the intracellular water space and on the basal sugar transport and phosphodiesterase activities. When cells once depleted on ATP by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM; 10 min) were washed and suspended in fresh buffer, the ATP level was recovered almost fully in 10 min. This recovery coincided with the restoration of responsiveness to insulin. When cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin or insulin for 5 min at 15 degrees instead of 37 degrees, a negligible quantity of radioactivity accumulated in Peak 2 and insulin failed to activate sugar transport. In contrast, under the same conditions, radioactivity accumulated in Peak 1 and insulin stimulated phosphodiesterase considerably. These results suggest that ATP, or some other compound metabolically related to ATP, may be necessary for the actions of insulin on sugar transport and phosphodiesterase. ATP, or some other related compound, may also be necessary in the formation of the radioactive Peak 2, although the physiological function and cellular location of this peak are yet to be ascertained.", "contents": "Actions of insulin in fat cells. Effects of low temperature, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory inhibitors. When isolated rat epididymal fat cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin for 5 min at 37 degrees, radioactivity accumulated in the plasma membrane fraction (Peak 1) and an unidentified particulate fraction (Peak 2) as reported previously (Kono, T., Robinson, F.W., and Sarver, J.A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7826-7835). This accumulation of radioactivity in Peak 2 (but not that in Peak 1) was greatly impaired when cells were incubated with iodoinsulin in the presence of a variety of metabolic inhibitors that reduce the cellular content of ATP. The reduction in the ATP level coincided with a disappearance of the stimulatory effects of insulin on sugar transport and the hormone-sensitive phosphodiesterase. In contrast, ATP depletion had no significant effects, at least during a 5-to 15-min incubation, on the intracellular water space and on the basal sugar transport and phosphodiesterase activities. When cells once depleted on ATP by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM; 10 min) were washed and suspended in fresh buffer, the ATP level was recovered almost fully in 10 min. This recovery coincided with the restoration of responsiveness to insulin. When cells were incubated with [125I]iodoinsulin or insulin for 5 min at 15 degrees instead of 37 degrees, a negligible quantity of radioactivity accumulated in Peak 2 and insulin failed to activate sugar transport. In contrast, under the same conditions, radioactivity accumulated in Peak 1 and insulin stimulated phosphodiesterase considerably. These results suggest that ATP, or some other compound metabolically related to ATP, may be necessary for the actions of insulin on sugar transport and phosphodiesterase. ATP, or some other related compound, may also be necessary in the formation of the radioactive Peak 2, although the physiological function and cellular location of this peak are yet to be ascertained.", "PMID": 66233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2047", "title": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. I. Isolation and partial characterization of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the enzyme.", "content": "Three forms of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase were isolated from highly purified avian sarcoma virus B77 grown in duck embryo fibroblasts, using sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and poly(U)-cellulose. One form, which sedimented with about 5.2 S, contained only one species of polypeptide, with a molecular weight of 63,000; a second sedimented with about 7.8 S and contained only one species of polypeptide with a molecular weight of 81,000; and a third form, which sedimented with about 7.3 S, contained two species of polypeptides with molecular weights of 63,000 and 81,000. The molecular constitution of the three enzyme forms were therefore alpha, beta2, and alphabeta. All three possessed almost the same specific activity with poly(rA)-oligo(dT) as the primer-template. Forms alpha and alphabeta of avian sarcoma virus DNA polymerase have already been described in the literature; form beta2 is a new form. All three forms possessed ribonuclease H activity, the relative specific activities of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms being about 1:4:5. All three enzyme forms were inhibited by antiserum to the alphabeta form, but whereas the alpha and alphabeta forms could be inhibited about 95%, the maximum degree of inhibition of the beta2 form was about 80%. The three enzyme forms also differed with respect to heat stability at 46 degrees, the monomeric alpha form of the enzyme being only about one-half as stable as the two dimeric forms.", "contents": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. I. Isolation and partial characterization of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the enzyme. Three forms of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase were isolated from highly purified avian sarcoma virus B77 grown in duck embryo fibroblasts, using sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and poly(U)-cellulose. One form, which sedimented with about 5.2 S, contained only one species of polypeptide, with a molecular weight of 63,000; a second sedimented with about 7.8 S and contained only one species of polypeptide with a molecular weight of 81,000; and a third form, which sedimented with about 7.3 S, contained two species of polypeptides with molecular weights of 63,000 and 81,000. The molecular constitution of the three enzyme forms were therefore alpha, beta2, and alphabeta. All three possessed almost the same specific activity with poly(rA)-oligo(dT) as the primer-template. Forms alpha and alphabeta of avian sarcoma virus DNA polymerase have already been described in the literature; form beta2 is a new form. All three forms possessed ribonuclease H activity, the relative specific activities of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms being about 1:4:5. All three enzyme forms were inhibited by antiserum to the alphabeta form, but whereas the alpha and alphabeta forms could be inhibited about 95%, the maximum degree of inhibition of the beta2 form was about 80%. The three enzyme forms also differed with respect to heat stability at 46 degrees, the monomeric alpha form of the enzyme being only about one-half as stable as the two dimeric forms.", "PMID": 66234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2048", "title": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. II. Comparison of the catalytic properties of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta enzyme forms.", "content": "The alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77 grown in duck embryo fibroblasts have been compared with respect to several kinetic properties. The following results were obtained. 1. The Km values for dTTP and dGTP for enzyme forms alpha, beta2, and alphabeta were 77, 39, and 74, and 6.8, 3.1, and 6.1 micronM, respectively. 2. The affinity of 70 S Rous sarcoma virus RNA for enzyme form alphabeta was about twice that for the other two forms. 3. The relative specific activities of the three enzyme forms on synthetic primer-templates such as poly(rA)-poly(dT) were almost the same. The viral 70 S RNA-dependent specific activities were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower and in the ratio of 1:3:5 for enzyme forms alpha:beta2:alphabeta. Addition of exogenous oligo(dT) stimulated the 70 S viral RNA-dependent activity of enzyme forms alphabeta and beta2 by a factor of 3, and that of enzyme form alpha by a factor of 30, so that it then became the most active transcriptase of viral 70 S RNA. 4. The largest transcripts formed by the three enzyme forms with 70 S viral RNA as primer-template were about 4,500 nucleotides long. About one-third of the total amount of polynucleotides polymerized by the alphabeta enzyme was in the form of such transcripts. This proportion was far higher than for the other two enzyme forms. 5. All three enzyme forms were capable of transcribing single-stranded into double-stranded DNA. 6. The 3-propylcyclohexyl piperidyl derivative of rifamycin SV, at a concentration of 100 microng/ml, inhibited enzyme forms beta2 and alphabeta by over 99.5 and 96%, respectively, but enzyme form alpha by only about 60%. 7. The beta2 and alphabeta forms of the enzyme were processive DNA polymerases, the alpha form a nonprocessive polymerase. 8. In general, these results indicate that in most respects the properties of the dimeric enzyme forms resemble each other much more closely than those of the alpha form. In some very important respects, such as affinity for viral RNA and the size of transcripts formed from it, the alphabeta enzyme form performs significantly better than either of the other two enzyme forms.", "contents": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. II. Comparison of the catalytic properties of the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta enzyme forms. The alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77 grown in duck embryo fibroblasts have been compared with respect to several kinetic properties. The following results were obtained. 1. The Km values for dTTP and dGTP for enzyme forms alpha, beta2, and alphabeta were 77, 39, and 74, and 6.8, 3.1, and 6.1 micronM, respectively. 2. The affinity of 70 S Rous sarcoma virus RNA for enzyme form alphabeta was about twice that for the other two forms. 3. The relative specific activities of the three enzyme forms on synthetic primer-templates such as poly(rA)-poly(dT) were almost the same. The viral 70 S RNA-dependent specific activities were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower and in the ratio of 1:3:5 for enzyme forms alpha:beta2:alphabeta. Addition of exogenous oligo(dT) stimulated the 70 S viral RNA-dependent activity of enzyme forms alphabeta and beta2 by a factor of 3, and that of enzyme form alpha by a factor of 30, so that it then became the most active transcriptase of viral 70 S RNA. 4. The largest transcripts formed by the three enzyme forms with 70 S viral RNA as primer-template were about 4,500 nucleotides long. About one-third of the total amount of polynucleotides polymerized by the alphabeta enzyme was in the form of such transcripts. This proportion was far higher than for the other two enzyme forms. 5. All three enzyme forms were capable of transcribing single-stranded into double-stranded DNA. 6. The 3-propylcyclohexyl piperidyl derivative of rifamycin SV, at a concentration of 100 microng/ml, inhibited enzyme forms beta2 and alphabeta by over 99.5 and 96%, respectively, but enzyme form alpha by only about 60%. 7. The beta2 and alphabeta forms of the enzyme were processive DNA polymerases, the alpha form a nonprocessive polymerase. 8. In general, these results indicate that in most respects the properties of the dimeric enzyme forms resemble each other much more closely than those of the alpha form. In some very important respects, such as affinity for viral RNA and the size of transcripts formed from it, the alphabeta enzyme form performs significantly better than either of the other two enzyme forms.", "PMID": 66235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2049", "title": "Role of protein and fatty acid adsorption on platelet adhesion and aggregation at the blood-polymer interface.", "content": "Thrombus formation on a foreign surface is a complicated process, involving many factors. However, there is little doubt that a foreign surface adsorbs plasma proteins upon blood contact and that the nature of this adsorbed layer may determine the mechanism of platelet adhesion and aggregation. The adhesion and aggregation of platelets play an important role in the initial events of thrombus formation on a foreign surface. In this work, adsorption studies using human blood plasma were done on several polymer surfaces. Some drugs which prevent platelet adhesion were utilized to verify the proposed mechanism for platelet adhesion which includes glycosyl transferase reaction. Also, adsorption and release of fatty acid salts, including fatty acid-bonded albumin, were investigated at different polymer interfaces. It is postulated that adsorbed fatty acid salts are released from the surface upon contact with plasma to form a high local concentration of fatty acid, and that this fatty acid suspension would cause platelet aggregation at the interface.", "contents": "Role of protein and fatty acid adsorption on platelet adhesion and aggregation at the blood-polymer interface. Thrombus formation on a foreign surface is a complicated process, involving many factors. However, there is little doubt that a foreign surface adsorbs plasma proteins upon blood contact and that the nature of this adsorbed layer may determine the mechanism of platelet adhesion and aggregation. The adhesion and aggregation of platelets play an important role in the initial events of thrombus formation on a foreign surface. In this work, adsorption studies using human blood plasma were done on several polymer surfaces. Some drugs which prevent platelet adhesion were utilized to verify the proposed mechanism for platelet adhesion which includes glycosyl transferase reaction. Also, adsorption and release of fatty acid salts, including fatty acid-bonded albumin, were investigated at different polymer interfaces. It is postulated that adsorbed fatty acid salts are released from the surface upon contact with plasma to form a high local concentration of fatty acid, and that this fatty acid suspension would cause platelet aggregation at the interface.", "PMID": 66237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2050", "title": "Immunological procedure for the rapid and specific identification of Coccidioides immitis cultures.", "content": "An immunological procedure for the rapid and specific identification of Coccidioides immitis isolates has been developed. The specificity of the procedure is based on the fact that C. immitis produces antigens that are not produced by morphologically similar fungi. The procedure involved the transfer of heavy mold-form inocula to flasks that contained small volumes of brain heart infusion broth. Shake cultures were grown at 25 degrees C on a gyratory shaker at 150 rpm. The concentrated supernatant antigens so obtained from broth cultures were tested in parallel with coccidioidin by a microimmunodiffusion technique against C. immitis antiserum. The ability of the immunological procedure to identify C. immitis cultures was evaluated by testing the supernatant antigens of 166 unknown isolates, many of which, by gross or microscopic examination or both, resembled C. immitis or belonged to the family Gymnoascaceae. Each culture was also identified by conventional laboratory procedures. Comparative evaluation showed that the immunological test for C. immitis was 100% sensitive and specific. The diagnostic precipitin bands that were produced by the interaction of the C. immitis supernatants and antisera were shown to consist of (i) a heat-stable antigen comparable to that active in the tube precipitin test and (ii) two heat-labile antigens, one of which was associated with complement fixation reactivity. With pure cultures, this immunological procedure permitted the identification of C. immitis isolates within 5 days.", "contents": "Immunological procedure for the rapid and specific identification of Coccidioides immitis cultures. An immunological procedure for the rapid and specific identification of Coccidioides immitis isolates has been developed. The specificity of the procedure is based on the fact that C. immitis produces antigens that are not produced by morphologically similar fungi. The procedure involved the transfer of heavy mold-form inocula to flasks that contained small volumes of brain heart infusion broth. Shake cultures were grown at 25 degrees C on a gyratory shaker at 150 rpm. The concentrated supernatant antigens so obtained from broth cultures were tested in parallel with coccidioidin by a microimmunodiffusion technique against C. immitis antiserum. The ability of the immunological procedure to identify C. immitis cultures was evaluated by testing the supernatant antigens of 166 unknown isolates, many of which, by gross or microscopic examination or both, resembled C. immitis or belonged to the family Gymnoascaceae. Each culture was also identified by conventional laboratory procedures. Comparative evaluation showed that the immunological test for C. immitis was 100% sensitive and specific. The diagnostic precipitin bands that were produced by the interaction of the C. immitis supernatants and antisera were shown to consist of (i) a heat-stable antigen comparable to that active in the tube precipitin test and (ii) two heat-labile antigens, one of which was associated with complement fixation reactivity. With pure cultures, this immunological procedure permitted the identification of C. immitis isolates within 5 days.", "PMID": 66238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2051", "title": "Comparisons of the analgesic effects of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and of intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine in patients with cancer.", "content": "The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral oxymorphone was 1/6 as potent as the intramuscular form. In terms of peak effect, however, oral oxymorphone was only 1/14 as potent. These values are almost identical to those obtained in a previous study comparing oral with intramuscular morphine. The analgesic effect of oral oxymorphone rose to a peak later and had a longer duration than the effect of intramuscular oxymorphone. Intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine were also compared in a similar patient group. Intramuscular oxymorphone proved to be 8.7 times as potent as morphine in terms of total analgesic effect and 13 times as potent in terms of peak effect. In roughly equinalgesic doses, the occurrence of side effects was qualitatively and quantitatively similar for oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and for intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine.", "contents": "Comparisons of the analgesic effects of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and of intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine in patients with cancer. The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral oxymorphone was 1/6 as potent as the intramuscular form. In terms of peak effect, however, oral oxymorphone was only 1/14 as potent. These values are almost identical to those obtained in a previous study comparing oral with intramuscular morphine. The analgesic effect of oral oxymorphone rose to a peak later and had a longer duration than the effect of intramuscular oxymorphone. Intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine were also compared in a similar patient group. Intramuscular oxymorphone proved to be 8.7 times as potent as morphine in terms of total analgesic effect and 13 times as potent in terms of peak effect. In roughly equinalgesic doses, the occurrence of side effects was qualitatively and quantitatively similar for oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and for intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine.", "PMID": 66240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2052", "title": "Detection of immediate hypersensitivity in rabbits by direct basophil degranulation.", "content": "The direct in vitro antigen-induced degranulation of rabbit basophils based on a simplified one-step method for the staining of these cells is reported. Degranulation was assessed by counting the number of basophils before and after exposure to antigen at 37 degrees C in the presence of Ca++. The degranulation was IgE-mediated, as shown by its passive transfer to nonimmunized rabbits by IgE-containing serum; also, the reaction was dependent on the presence of Ca++ ions and normal cell metabolism. The technique allowed the detection of serum factors capable of blocking the degranulation. It provided a means for following IgE sensitization at the cellular level, which is a better index of immediate hypersensitivity than the presence of circulating specific IgE.", "contents": "Detection of immediate hypersensitivity in rabbits by direct basophil degranulation. The direct in vitro antigen-induced degranulation of rabbit basophils based on a simplified one-step method for the staining of these cells is reported. Degranulation was assessed by counting the number of basophils before and after exposure to antigen at 37 degrees C in the presence of Ca++. The degranulation was IgE-mediated, as shown by its passive transfer to nonimmunized rabbits by IgE-containing serum; also, the reaction was dependent on the presence of Ca++ ions and normal cell metabolism. The technique allowed the detection of serum factors capable of blocking the degranulation. It provided a means for following IgE sensitization at the cellular level, which is a better index of immediate hypersensitivity than the presence of circulating specific IgE.", "PMID": 66241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2053", "title": "Delayed cold-induced urticaria: a dominantly inherited disorder.", "content": "A delayed cutaneous response to cold, characterized by areas of erythematous, edematous deep swelling at 9 to 18 hr after experimental ice challenge, was recognized in a 10-yr-old boy and several members of his family. Biopsy of the cold-induced lesion showed edema and an infiltrate of mononuclear cells; mast cells were normal, and immunoglobulins, complement factors, and fibrin were not detected by immunofluorescence techniques. Local cold challenge did not release histamine or induce alterations in the complement system or the enzymes, histaminase, and histamine methyl transferase. The delayed cutaneous response to cold could not be passively transferred with serum or tissue extracts to monkey skin. Family studies suggested an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Delayed cold-induced urticaria: a dominantly inherited disorder. A delayed cutaneous response to cold, characterized by areas of erythematous, edematous deep swelling at 9 to 18 hr after experimental ice challenge, was recognized in a 10-yr-old boy and several members of his family. Biopsy of the cold-induced lesion showed edema and an infiltrate of mononuclear cells; mast cells were normal, and immunoglobulins, complement factors, and fibrin were not detected by immunofluorescence techniques. Local cold challenge did not release histamine or induce alterations in the complement system or the enzymes, histaminase, and histamine methyl transferase. The delayed cutaneous response to cold could not be passively transferred with serum or tissue extracts to monkey skin. Family studies suggested an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 66242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2054", "title": "Polymerization of mixtures of grass allergens.", "content": "Mixed grass pollen allergens were precipitated from crude grass extract by 90% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The precipitate was dissolved and polymerized with glutaraldehyde. Polymerized allergens with a molecular weight range of 200,000 to 4,000,000 were isolated. The resultant grass allergen polymers had reduced allergenicity but were capable of absorbing out IgG antibody from sera of 2 patients treated with crude grass allergens. This alteration of allergenicity was intended to reduce the ability of allergens to react with IgE-sensitized cells rather than to modify or destroy antigenic determinants. Prior exposure of allergens to phenol used as a preservative inhibited the polymerization process probably by blocking combining sites with which glutaraldehyde reacts.", "contents": "Polymerization of mixtures of grass allergens. Mixed grass pollen allergens were precipitated from crude grass extract by 90% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The precipitate was dissolved and polymerized with glutaraldehyde. Polymerized allergens with a molecular weight range of 200,000 to 4,000,000 were isolated. The resultant grass allergen polymers had reduced allergenicity but were capable of absorbing out IgG antibody from sera of 2 patients treated with crude grass allergens. This alteration of allergenicity was intended to reduce the ability of allergens to react with IgE-sensitized cells rather than to modify or destroy antigenic determinants. Prior exposure of allergens to phenol used as a preservative inhibited the polymerization process probably by blocking combining sites with which glutaraldehyde reacts.", "PMID": 66243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2055", "title": "Acute urticaria and bronchospasm following radiographic contrast media in a dog.", "content": "An immediate-type systemic reaction in a dog following intravenous radiographic contrast media (RCM) manifested by urticaria and wheezing on one occasion and urticaria alone on another occasion is described. This reactivity disappeared spontaneously and plans to study the mechanisms of such a reaction were not possible. If such reactivity is more persistent in certain other dogs, a model for study of immediate type reactivity to RCM would be available.", "contents": "Acute urticaria and bronchospasm following radiographic contrast media in a dog. An immediate-type systemic reaction in a dog following intravenous radiographic contrast media (RCM) manifested by urticaria and wheezing on one occasion and urticaria alone on another occasion is described. This reactivity disappeared spontaneously and plans to study the mechanisms of such a reaction were not possible. If such reactivity is more persistent in certain other dogs, a model for study of immediate type reactivity to RCM would be available.", "PMID": 66244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2056", "title": "Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 male rats.", "content": "Pathology, microbiology, and selected serum chemistries were evaluated in 144 male Fischer rats from 4 to 33 mo of age. The rats were reared and maintained under barrier conditions, which successfully excluded the introduction of major infectious disease agents throughout the entire study, including Mycoplasma pulmonis. A wide variety of pathology was found and tabulated, and many lesions were found to increase in severity and incidence with age. There was a high correlation of renal disease severity with increasing age, while alpha-1 globulin and cholesterol increased.", "contents": "Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 male rats. Pathology, microbiology, and selected serum chemistries were evaluated in 144 male Fischer rats from 4 to 33 mo of age. The rats were reared and maintained under barrier conditions, which successfully excluded the introduction of major infectious disease agents throughout the entire study, including Mycoplasma pulmonis. A wide variety of pathology was found and tabulated, and many lesions were found to increase in severity and incidence with age. There was a high correlation of renal disease severity with increasing age, while alpha-1 globulin and cholesterol increased.", "PMID": 66246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2057", "title": "Structure and biologic functions of human IgD. XI. Identification and ontogeny of a rat lymphocyte immunoglobulin having antigenic cross-reactivity with human IgD.", "content": "Chicken anti-human IgD antiserum (anti-delta) has demonstrated an antigenically cross-reactive homologue on rat lymphocytes. IgD and IgM are the only cell surface immunoglobulins detectable by the lactoperoxidase radiolabeling technique employed. The results indicate that, although rat surface IgD is antigenically distinct from rat IgM, the respective H chains co-electrophorese in 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gels. Rat delta-chain has an apparent m.w. of 73,000 daltons and exhibits a minor 65,000 dalton component which probably represents a partially degraded delta-chain. The ontogenic emergence of rat IgD occurs approximately 3.5 weeks after birth whereas IgM, in contrast, is apparent by 6 days of age. Thus, as in the human, IgM develops before IgD. IgD receptors are undetectable in the thymus but are present in increasing levels in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.", "contents": "Structure and biologic functions of human IgD. XI. Identification and ontogeny of a rat lymphocyte immunoglobulin having antigenic cross-reactivity with human IgD. Chicken anti-human IgD antiserum (anti-delta) has demonstrated an antigenically cross-reactive homologue on rat lymphocytes. IgD and IgM are the only cell surface immunoglobulins detectable by the lactoperoxidase radiolabeling technique employed. The results indicate that, although rat surface IgD is antigenically distinct from rat IgM, the respective H chains co-electrophorese in 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gels. Rat delta-chain has an apparent m.w. of 73,000 daltons and exhibits a minor 65,000 dalton component which probably represents a partially degraded delta-chain. The ontogenic emergence of rat IgD occurs approximately 3.5 weeks after birth whereas IgM, in contrast, is apparent by 6 days of age. Thus, as in the human, IgM develops before IgD. IgD receptors are undetectable in the thymus but are present in increasing levels in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.", "PMID": 66267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2058", "title": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. II. Specificity of precursors responsive to alloantigens and to concanavalin A.", "content": "A microculture system was used to examine the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) derived from single precursors. Our data indicate that clones derived from single precursors of CL (CLP) are specific. Thus, RNC mice (H-2k) simultaneously stimulated by both H-2d and H-2b antigens produce clones which are specific for either H-2b or H-2d but not for both. In lymph node (LN), the frequency of CLP giving rise to clones specific for H-2d and H-2b is 1/480 and 1/860, respectively. Clonal specificity is also maintained when Con A is used to activate the precursors. With a nonspecific assay of CL, it was found that 2.5% of the cells in LN are stimulated by Con A to produce clones of CL. Among the CLP stimulated by Con A, 2.1% of the clones are specific for H-2d alloantigens. An unexpected finding was that 18% of the clones produced by Con A stimulation lysed EL4 tumor cells, which carry H-2b; however, only a small proportion of these clones were specific for the H-2b alloantigen. The antigen on EL4 which accounts for the high response has not been characterized.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. II. Specificity of precursors responsive to alloantigens and to concanavalin A. A microculture system was used to examine the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) derived from single precursors. Our data indicate that clones derived from single precursors of CL (CLP) are specific. Thus, RNC mice (H-2k) simultaneously stimulated by both H-2d and H-2b antigens produce clones which are specific for either H-2b or H-2d but not for both. In lymph node (LN), the frequency of CLP giving rise to clones specific for H-2d and H-2b is 1/480 and 1/860, respectively. Clonal specificity is also maintained when Con A is used to activate the precursors. With a nonspecific assay of CL, it was found that 2.5% of the cells in LN are stimulated by Con A to produce clones of CL. Among the CLP stimulated by Con A, 2.1% of the clones are specific for H-2d alloantigens. An unexpected finding was that 18% of the clones produced by Con A stimulation lysed EL4 tumor cells, which carry H-2b; however, only a small proportion of these clones were specific for the H-2b alloantigen. The antigen on EL4 which accounts for the high response has not been characterized.", "PMID": 66268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2059", "title": "Isolation of mouse C-reactive protein from liver and serum.", "content": "Purified proteins have been isolated from the sera and livers of mice. These proteins are antigenically identical but share antigenic determinants in common with human C-reactive protein and do not share antigenic determinants in common with mouse or human immunoglobulins. The proteins interact with C-polysaccharide, are precipitated by calcium ions, migrate electrophoretically with gamma mobilities, and have isoelectric points of 4.8 and 5.62. Since these properties are characteristic of C-reactive protein of man, monkey, rabbit and dog, the pure proteins isolated from mice are designated mouse C-reactive protein.", "contents": "Isolation of mouse C-reactive protein from liver and serum. Purified proteins have been isolated from the sera and livers of mice. These proteins are antigenically identical but share antigenic determinants in common with human C-reactive protein and do not share antigenic determinants in common with mouse or human immunoglobulins. The proteins interact with C-polysaccharide, are precipitated by calcium ions, migrate electrophoretically with gamma mobilities, and have isoelectric points of 4.8 and 5.62. Since these properties are characteristic of C-reactive protein of man, monkey, rabbit and dog, the pure proteins isolated from mice are designated mouse C-reactive protein.", "PMID": 66269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2060", "title": "Characterization of molecular heterogeneity and multispecificity in homologous idiotypic antisera.", "content": "The molecular heterogeneity of homologous anti-idiotypic reagents was characterized by a novel isoelectric focusing procedure. Idiotypic antisera directed against the PC-binding plasmacytoma protein T15 were raised in CE and and A/J mice. These antisera were shown to be highly specific by hemagglutination with myeloma protein-derivatized sheep erythrocytes and by radioimmunoassay. Competition experiments performed with affinity-labeled T15 revealed that about 40% of the pooled CE antibody activity was directed against binding site-associated determinants. Further analysis of anti-idiotypic sera from individual animals with the use of isoelectric focusing disclosed heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules distinguishable by isoelectric point and by subspecificity. Each animal expressed a unique spectrotypic profile. In addition, clones reactive with binding site and non-binding-site determinants as well as some clones with specificity for other PC-binding mouse myeloma proteins were detected. These results emphasize the importance of careful selection and thorough absorption of idiotypic antisera.", "contents": "Characterization of molecular heterogeneity and multispecificity in homologous idiotypic antisera. The molecular heterogeneity of homologous anti-idiotypic reagents was characterized by a novel isoelectric focusing procedure. Idiotypic antisera directed against the PC-binding plasmacytoma protein T15 were raised in CE and and A/J mice. These antisera were shown to be highly specific by hemagglutination with myeloma protein-derivatized sheep erythrocytes and by radioimmunoassay. Competition experiments performed with affinity-labeled T15 revealed that about 40% of the pooled CE antibody activity was directed against binding site-associated determinants. Further analysis of anti-idiotypic sera from individual animals with the use of isoelectric focusing disclosed heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules distinguishable by isoelectric point and by subspecificity. Each animal expressed a unique spectrotypic profile. In addition, clones reactive with binding site and non-binding-site determinants as well as some clones with specificity for other PC-binding mouse myeloma proteins were detected. These results emphasize the importance of careful selection and thorough absorption of idiotypic antisera.", "PMID": 66270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2061", "title": "Selective proteolysis of the J chain component in human polymeric immunoglobulin.", "content": "To clarify the losses that have been observed in the J chain portion of human IgM and IgA, were carried out studies on the enzymatic susceptibility of the J polypeptide. When Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulins and myeloma IgA polymers were subjected to limited proteolysis with various endopeptidases, only subtilisin was found to attack the J chain component. The pattern of cleavage was a function of the polymer species. The J chain in IgM was highly susceptible to digestion, quantitative cleavage being achieved at very low enzyme to IgM ratios and without significant changes in the remaining pentamer structure. Analyses of the digestion products showed that the initial cleavage occurred at an exposed region midway in the J sequence and was followed by extensive degradation of the carboxy-terminal segment. These findings indicated that the observed loss of the IgM J component can be explained by the inadvertent introduction of subtilisin in vitro or by the attack of in vivo enzymes with a specificity similar to subtilisin. In contrast, the IgA  J chain was found to be much more resistant to subtilisin proteolysis; its cleavage required higher enzyme concentrations and was accompanied by significant degradation of the alpha-chains. Thus, it appears unlikely that the IgA J polypeptide is degraded by either in vitro or in vivo enzymes unless its accessibility is first enhanced by changes in the IgA Fc structure.", "contents": "Selective proteolysis of the J chain component in human polymeric immunoglobulin. To clarify the losses that have been observed in the J chain portion of human IgM and IgA, were carried out studies on the enzymatic susceptibility of the J polypeptide. When Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulins and myeloma IgA polymers were subjected to limited proteolysis with various endopeptidases, only subtilisin was found to attack the J chain component. The pattern of cleavage was a function of the polymer species. The J chain in IgM was highly susceptible to digestion, quantitative cleavage being achieved at very low enzyme to IgM ratios and without significant changes in the remaining pentamer structure. Analyses of the digestion products showed that the initial cleavage occurred at an exposed region midway in the J sequence and was followed by extensive degradation of the carboxy-terminal segment. These findings indicated that the observed loss of the IgM J component can be explained by the inadvertent introduction of subtilisin in vitro or by the attack of in vivo enzymes with a specificity similar to subtilisin. In contrast, the IgA  J chain was found to be much more resistant to subtilisin proteolysis; its cleavage required higher enzyme concentrations and was accompanied by significant degradation of the alpha-chains. Thus, it appears unlikely that the IgA J polypeptide is degraded by either in vitro or in vivo enzymes unless its accessibility is first enhanced by changes in the IgA Fc structure.", "PMID": 66271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2062", "title": "Relationship between trinitrophenyl and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. I. H-2 antigens on cells treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid are derivatized.", "content": "Spleen cells were treated with TNBS in order to determine if cell surface H-2 antigens are derivatized with TNP. By labeling the cell membrane of the TNP-modified cells with 125I, followed by detergent lysis and immune precipitation with anti-TNP, it was determined that no H-2 antigenic activity remained in the supernatant. Further, by the use of an antibody-induced antigen redistribution assay it was found that previous exposure to TNP-modified cells to anti-TNP in the absence of complement rendered these cells resistant to lysis by anti-H-2 in the presence of complement. Together these data indicate that at the concentration of TNBS used for modification, H-2 antigens are derivatized with TNP. However, in addition to H-2, other proteins including immunoglobulin were also derivatized with TNP. Anti-TNP cytotoxic effector cells were blocked from their cytotoxic activity by anti-TNP antiserum. These data indicate that TNP directly couples to H-2 antigens on the cell surface of TNP-modified cells and that TNP is associated with the antigenic determinant that the cytotoxic T cell recognizes.", "contents": "Relationship between trinitrophenyl and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. I. H-2 antigens on cells treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid are derivatized. Spleen cells were treated with TNBS in order to determine if cell surface H-2 antigens are derivatized with TNP. By labeling the cell membrane of the TNP-modified cells with 125I, followed by detergent lysis and immune precipitation with anti-TNP, it was determined that no H-2 antigenic activity remained in the supernatant. Further, by the use of an antibody-induced antigen redistribution assay it was found that previous exposure to TNP-modified cells to anti-TNP in the absence of complement rendered these cells resistant to lysis by anti-H-2 in the presence of complement. Together these data indicate that at the concentration of TNBS used for modification, H-2 antigens are derivatized with TNP. However, in addition to H-2, other proteins including immunoglobulin were also derivatized with TNP. Anti-TNP cytotoxic effector cells were blocked from their cytotoxic activity by anti-TNP antiserum. These data indicate that TNP directly couples to H-2 antigens on the cell surface of TNP-modified cells and that TNP is associated with the antigenic determinant that the cytotoxic T cell recognizes.", "PMID": 66272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2063", "title": "Relationship between trinitrophenyl and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. II. Correlation between derivatization of H-2 antigens with trinitrophenyl and the ability of trinitrophenyl-modified cells to react functionally to the CML assay.", "content": "Spleen cells were modified with varying concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and then assayed for both their ability to stimulate syngeneic spleen cells into displaying a cytotoxic effect against TNP-modified target cells and for the extent of TNP derivatization of H-2 antigens. It was found that there was a direct correlation between the extent of derivatization of H-2 antigens and the ability of such derivatized cells to act as stimulator cells in the TNP-CML assay. Thus, these data lend support to the altered self or interaction antigen hypothesis as the explanation for the H-2 gene restriction of syngeneic CML. Target cells were also modified with TNBS at varying concentrations to determine the optimal concentration required to permit lysis in the CML assay. The results of these experiments indicate that similar concentration ranges of TNBS are required to create antigenic determinants on the target cells as well as immunogenic determinants on the stimulator cells that can be recognized by cytotoxic T cells.", "contents": "Relationship between trinitrophenyl and H-2 antigens on trinitrophenyl-modified spleen cells. II. Correlation between derivatization of H-2 antigens with trinitrophenyl and the ability of trinitrophenyl-modified cells to react functionally to the CML assay. Spleen cells were modified with varying concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and then assayed for both their ability to stimulate syngeneic spleen cells into displaying a cytotoxic effect against TNP-modified target cells and for the extent of TNP derivatization of H-2 antigens. It was found that there was a direct correlation between the extent of derivatization of H-2 antigens and the ability of such derivatized cells to act as stimulator cells in the TNP-CML assay. Thus, these data lend support to the altered self or interaction antigen hypothesis as the explanation for the H-2 gene restriction of syngeneic CML. Target cells were also modified with TNBS at varying concentrations to determine the optimal concentration required to permit lysis in the CML assay. The results of these experiments indicate that similar concentration ranges of TNBS are required to create antigenic determinants on the target cells as well as immunogenic determinants on the stimulator cells that can be recognized by cytotoxic T cells.", "PMID": 66273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2064", "title": "Quantitative measurement of mouse IgG subclasses with the use of heteroantisera: the importance of allotype considerations.", "content": "Double antibody radioimmunoassays have been used to determine the quantities of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b in samples of normal serum IgG from BALB/cJ, AKR/J and C57BL/6J inbred mice. The assays employed subclass-specific goat antisera which had been prepared with BALB/c myeloma proteins as immunogens and as immunoabsorbents. 125I-labeled BALB/c myeloma proteins were used as probes. Results indicate that partial resolution of mouse IgG subclasses was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Nearly all of the protein in BALB/cJ and AKR/J IgG fractions could be accounted for as IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b, and IgG2a was the predominant species observed. However, considerably less protein in C57BL/6J IgG fractions of purity similar to the BALB/cJ fractions could be accounted for as these three subclasses, and virtually no IgG2a was detected. Furthermore, an IgG2a myeloma protein bearing the C57BL/6 allotype failed to inhibit the IgG2a-specific assay significantly. Thus the IgG2a-specific antibody in the goat heteroantiserum employed appeared to consist nearly exclusively of antibody to BALB/c Ig-1a allotypic determinants. These findings point to the importance of allotype considerations in the use of heteroantisera to quantitate IgG subclasses.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of mouse IgG subclasses with the use of heteroantisera: the importance of allotype considerations. Double antibody radioimmunoassays have been used to determine the quantities of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b in samples of normal serum IgG from BALB/cJ, AKR/J and C57BL/6J inbred mice. The assays employed subclass-specific goat antisera which had been prepared with BALB/c myeloma proteins as immunogens and as immunoabsorbents. 125I-labeled BALB/c myeloma proteins were used as probes. Results indicate that partial resolution of mouse IgG subclasses was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Nearly all of the protein in BALB/cJ and AKR/J IgG fractions could be accounted for as IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b, and IgG2a was the predominant species observed. However, considerably less protein in C57BL/6J IgG fractions of purity similar to the BALB/cJ fractions could be accounted for as these three subclasses, and virtually no IgG2a was detected. Furthermore, an IgG2a myeloma protein bearing the C57BL/6 allotype failed to inhibit the IgG2a-specific assay significantly. Thus the IgG2a-specific antibody in the goat heteroantiserum employed appeared to consist nearly exclusively of antibody to BALB/c Ig-1a allotypic determinants. These findings point to the importance of allotype considerations in the use of heteroantisera to quantitate IgG subclasses.", "PMID": 66274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2065", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to chemically modified antigens in guinea pigs. I. Characterization of the immune response to lipid-conjugated protein antigens.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated with a lipid, dodecanoic acid, is capable of inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in guinea pigs. This paper reports experiments on the nature and specificity of this hypersensitivity. The response to lipid-conjugated BSA (L-BSA) was found to be classical DTH, as evidenced by its ability to be transferred passively by immune cells, but not by serum. In addition, special histologic examination of skin test sites demonstrated the characteristics of DTH rather than cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. Similar results were obtained when lipid-conjugated purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli (L-PPD) was used. The increased immunogenicity of L-BSA was not caused by the presence of protein aggregates, but seemed to be related to the hydrophobic nature of the conjugated side chains. A series of cross-reacting serum albumins was used for a study of the specificity of the antibody and DTH responses to BSA. It was found that the degree of enhancement of immunogenicity for DTH caused by lipid conjugation varied for different antigenic determinants on BSA.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to chemically modified antigens in guinea pigs. I. Characterization of the immune response to lipid-conjugated protein antigens. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated with a lipid, dodecanoic acid, is capable of inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in guinea pigs. This paper reports experiments on the nature and specificity of this hypersensitivity. The response to lipid-conjugated BSA (L-BSA) was found to be classical DTH, as evidenced by its ability to be transferred passively by immune cells, but not by serum. In addition, special histologic examination of skin test sites demonstrated the characteristics of DTH rather than cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. Similar results were obtained when lipid-conjugated purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli (L-PPD) was used. The increased immunogenicity of L-BSA was not caused by the presence of protein aggregates, but seemed to be related to the hydrophobic nature of the conjugated side chains. A series of cross-reacting serum albumins was used for a study of the specificity of the antibody and DTH responses to BSA. It was found that the degree of enhancement of immunogenicity for DTH caused by lipid conjugation varied for different antigenic determinants on BSA.", "PMID": 66275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2066", "title": "Ia antigens on murine thymocytes: detection by cellular radioimmunoassay.", "content": "An indirect radioimmunoassay was used to detect Ia antigenic determinants at the cell surface of thymic and splenic cells. An A.TH anti-A.TL serum was used as a source of anti-Ia antibodies which could bind to H-2a or H-2k target cells. Bound alloantibody was then detected with 125I anti-mouse IgG1 antibody. This assay system revealed Ia antigens on thymic T cells which are not usually detectable by cytotoxicity assays, and has the potential for quantitative measurement of such determinants on cells. Critical adsorption studies were performed to confirm that Ia antigens were in fact the targets of the alloantiserum tested.", "contents": "Ia antigens on murine thymocytes: detection by cellular radioimmunoassay. An indirect radioimmunoassay was used to detect Ia antigenic determinants at the cell surface of thymic and splenic cells. An A.TH anti-A.TL serum was used as a source of anti-Ia antibodies which could bind to H-2a or H-2k target cells. Bound alloantibody was then detected with 125I anti-mouse IgG1 antibody. This assay system revealed Ia antigens on thymic T cells which are not usually detectable by cytotoxicity assays, and has the potential for quantitative measurement of such determinants on cells. Critical adsorption studies were performed to confirm that Ia antigens were in fact the targets of the alloantiserum tested.", "PMID": 66276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2067", "title": "The xenogeneic effect. III. Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by alloantigen-stimulated thymocytes in the presence of xenogeneic reconstitution factor.", "content": "A supernatant from human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), Xenogeneic Reconstitution Factor (XRF), was added to one-way murine MLC. This supernatant greatly enhances the generation of cytotoxic cells from C57BL/6 or DBA/2 responder thymocytes, as assayed by a standard 51Cr-release assay. This enhancement is shown 1) to be dependent upon the presence of BDF1 semi-allogeneic stimulator cells and 2) to result in the generation of cytotoxic cells that are specific for the H-2 type of the stimulating alloantigen. In some experiments, alloantigen-stimulated murine spleen cells, when cultured with XRF showed increased induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These experiments show that XRF contains a cytotoxic-cell activating factor(s) that is functionally similar to those found in murine-derived supernatants, and that this factor can participate in the generation of cytotoxic cells from precursors present in the murine thymus.", "contents": "The xenogeneic effect. III. Induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by alloantigen-stimulated thymocytes in the presence of xenogeneic reconstitution factor. A supernatant from human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), Xenogeneic Reconstitution Factor (XRF), was added to one-way murine MLC. This supernatant greatly enhances the generation of cytotoxic cells from C57BL/6 or DBA/2 responder thymocytes, as assayed by a standard 51Cr-release assay. This enhancement is shown 1) to be dependent upon the presence of BDF1 semi-allogeneic stimulator cells and 2) to result in the generation of cytotoxic cells that are specific for the H-2 type of the stimulating alloantigen. In some experiments, alloantigen-stimulated murine spleen cells, when cultured with XRF showed increased induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These experiments show that XRF contains a cytotoxic-cell activating factor(s) that is functionally similar to those found in murine-derived supernatants, and that this factor can participate in the generation of cytotoxic cells from precursors present in the murine thymus.", "PMID": 66277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2068", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture response with anti-Lyb-4.1 serum 1,2,.", "content": "C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum, which recognized a non-H-2-linked B cell alloantigen, designated Lyb-4.1, specifically blocked the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response to allogeneic cells that expressed the Lyb-4.1 determinant. Anti-Lyb-4,1 serum blocked the MLC response across H-2 and MLC disparities. To test that this effect was not the result of a toxic or nonspecific cell-coating action, the response of parental cells to F1 lymphocytes was studied in combinations in which only one parent expressed the recognized allele. MLC stimulation was blocked only when the responding parental cell recognized on the F1 cell H-2 or MLs disparities which were derived from the parent which possessed the Lyb-4.1 antigen. Several DBA/2 tumors were characterized by cytotoxic and quantitation absorption assays for the presence of the B cell antigen. The presence of the antigen correlated with the ability of a limited number of tumors to stimulate the MLC response of H-2d identical BALB/c lymphocytes. An increased representation of the B cell alloantigen was found on the transformed B lymphoblast cell line in comparison to splenic B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture response with anti-Lyb-4.1 serum 1,2,. C57BL/Ks anti-L1210 serum, which recognized a non-H-2-linked B cell alloantigen, designated Lyb-4.1, specifically blocked the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response to allogeneic cells that expressed the Lyb-4.1 determinant. Anti-Lyb-4,1 serum blocked the MLC response across H-2 and MLC disparities. To test that this effect was not the result of a toxic or nonspecific cell-coating action, the response of parental cells to F1 lymphocytes was studied in combinations in which only one parent expressed the recognized allele. MLC stimulation was blocked only when the responding parental cell recognized on the F1 cell H-2 or MLs disparities which were derived from the parent which possessed the Lyb-4.1 antigen. Several DBA/2 tumors were characterized by cytotoxic and quantitation absorption assays for the presence of the B cell antigen. The presence of the antigen correlated with the ability of a limited number of tumors to stimulate the MLC response of H-2d identical BALB/c lymphocytes. An increased representation of the B cell alloantigen was found on the transformed B lymphoblast cell line in comparison to splenic B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 66278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2069", "title": "Topographic determinants on cytochrome c. I. The complete antigenic structures of rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c in rabbits and mice1.", "content": "Rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c differ from each other by only two amino acid residues. The identification is described of all of the antigenic determinants of mouse and guanaco cytochrome c that elicit an antibody response in rabbits, and those of the rabbit and guanaco proteins that elicity antibodies in the mouse. All except one of these sites center around single amino acid residue differences between the antigen and the host cytochrome c. The corresponding antibody popylations bind only to the areas of the protein in which the substitutions occur. Such antigenic determinants manifested in rabbits by quanaco and mouse cytochromes c are centered around residues 62 and 89, and residues 44 and 89, respectively. Similarly, the mouse recognizes sites containing residues 44 and 62 in guanaco cytochrome c, and residues 44 and 89 in rabbit cytochrome c. In none of these instances has a change in sequence failed to produce an antibody response. Each of these determinants appears to elicit and bind to its antibody, independently of other determinants present on the protein. In addition, two different autoantigenic responses have been detected. The antibodies produced against the determinant formed by glutamyl residue 62 of the guanaco protein in both rabbits and mice, the cytochromes c of which carry an aspartyl residue in that position, also bind to the aspartyl-containing region but with lower affinity. However, mouse and rabbit cytochrome c also elicit antibodies to the area of residue 62 in rabbits and mice, respectively, and these antibodies still bind more strongly to the glutamyl-than to the aspartyl-containing determinant. This last response occurs only when there are residue substitutions elsewhere in the molecule, because mice and rabbits fail to respond to their own cytochrome c. Antibodies produced in mice against the change from alanyl to valyl residue 44 by rabbit and guanaco cytochromes c also bind to the alanyl-containing determinant, except less tightly than to the valyl region. Conversely, antibodies raised in rabbits against the change from valyl to alanyl residue 44 only bind to this region when it carries an alanine. It is suggested that antigenic determinants that arise as a result of amino acid residue substitutions between the immunizing and the corresponding host protein, without a change in the spatial arrangement of the polypeptide backbone, be termed topographic determinants.", "contents": "Topographic determinants on cytochrome c. I. The complete antigenic structures of rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c in rabbits and mice1. Rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c differ from each other by only two amino acid residues. The identification is described of all of the antigenic determinants of mouse and guanaco cytochrome c that elicit an antibody response in rabbits, and those of the rabbit and guanaco proteins that elicity antibodies in the mouse. All except one of these sites center around single amino acid residue differences between the antigen and the host cytochrome c. The corresponding antibody popylations bind only to the areas of the protein in which the substitutions occur. Such antigenic determinants manifested in rabbits by quanaco and mouse cytochromes c are centered around residues 62 and 89, and residues 44 and 89, respectively. Similarly, the mouse recognizes sites containing residues 44 and 62 in guanaco cytochrome c, and residues 44 and 89 in rabbit cytochrome c. In none of these instances has a change in sequence failed to produce an antibody response. Each of these determinants appears to elicit and bind to its antibody, independently of other determinants present on the protein. In addition, two different autoantigenic responses have been detected. The antibodies produced against the determinant formed by glutamyl residue 62 of the guanaco protein in both rabbits and mice, the cytochromes c of which carry an aspartyl residue in that position, also bind to the aspartyl-containing region but with lower affinity. However, mouse and rabbit cytochrome c also elicit antibodies to the area of residue 62 in rabbits and mice, respectively, and these antibodies still bind more strongly to the glutamyl-than to the aspartyl-containing determinant. This last response occurs only when there are residue substitutions elsewhere in the molecule, because mice and rabbits fail to respond to their own cytochrome c. Antibodies produced in mice against the change from alanyl to valyl residue 44 by rabbit and guanaco cytochromes c also bind to the alanyl-containing determinant, except less tightly than to the valyl region. Conversely, antibodies raised in rabbits against the change from valyl to alanyl residue 44 only bind to this region when it carries an alanine. It is suggested that antigenic determinants that arise as a result of amino acid residue substitutions between the immunizing and the corresponding host protein, without a change in the spatial arrangement of the polypeptide backbone, be termed topographic determinants.", "PMID": 66279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2070", "title": "Effects of carrageenan on immune responses. Studies on the macrophage dependency of various antigens after treatment with carrageenan.", "content": "Carrageenan, a sulfated polygalactose having macrophage toxic properties, elicited a marked suppression of IgM response to T cell-dependent antigens such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC), dinitrophenylated bovine serum gamma-globulin (DNP-BGG), and trinitrophenylated concanavalin A (TNP-Con A). In contrast, carrageenan did not inhibit antibody responses to such T cell-independent antigens as trinitrophenylated DEAE-dextran (TNP-DEAE-dextran), trinitrophenylated polyvinyl pyrrolidone(TNP-PVP), and trinitrophenylated Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll). Compared to total spleen cells, spleen cells from which macrophages had been removed by adhesion to plastic Petri dishes had less effect on the production of antibody against T cell-dependent antigens, but no change or a rather stimulated effect was observed in in vitro antibiody synthesis against T cell-independent antigens. These results strongly suggest that macrophages are involved in antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens but not in those to T cell-independent antigens. However, the antibody response to trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), a T cell-independent antigen, was inhibited by carrageenan treatment, suggesting that the response is macrophage dependent. Moreover, antibody response to higher doses of dinitrophenylated phytohemagglutinin (DNP-PHA), a T cell-dependent antigen, was shown to be macrophage independent by carrageenan treatment, although the antibody response to low doses of the antigen was macrophage dependent. Considering all these results, carrageenan treatment seems to be a very useful method to determine whether immune response to various antigens are macrophage dependent or not.", "contents": "Effects of carrageenan on immune responses. Studies on the macrophage dependency of various antigens after treatment with carrageenan. Carrageenan, a sulfated polygalactose having macrophage toxic properties, elicited a marked suppression of IgM response to T cell-dependent antigens such as sheep red blood cells (SRBC), dinitrophenylated bovine serum gamma-globulin (DNP-BGG), and trinitrophenylated concanavalin A (TNP-Con A). In contrast, carrageenan did not inhibit antibody responses to such T cell-independent antigens as trinitrophenylated DEAE-dextran (TNP-DEAE-dextran), trinitrophenylated polyvinyl pyrrolidone(TNP-PVP), and trinitrophenylated Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll). Compared to total spleen cells, spleen cells from which macrophages had been removed by adhesion to plastic Petri dishes had less effect on the production of antibody against T cell-dependent antigens, but no change or a rather stimulated effect was observed in in vitro antibiody synthesis against T cell-independent antigens. These results strongly suggest that macrophages are involved in antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens but not in those to T cell-independent antigens. However, the antibody response to trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), a T cell-independent antigen, was inhibited by carrageenan treatment, suggesting that the response is macrophage dependent. Moreover, antibody response to higher doses of dinitrophenylated phytohemagglutinin (DNP-PHA), a T cell-dependent antigen, was shown to be macrophage independent by carrageenan treatment, although the antibody response to low doses of the antigen was macrophage dependent. Considering all these results, carrageenan treatment seems to be a very useful method to determine whether immune response to various antigens are macrophage dependent or not.", "PMID": 66280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2071", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of IRA on the plaque-forming response to SRBC in vitro: reversal with educated cells.", "content": "The alpha-globulin-rich fraction of Cohn Fraction IV, designated IRA, suppresses the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) without cytotoxicity. IRA was effective if added before or up to 24 hr after antigen exposure. The suppression could be reversed after 24-hr treatment by washing the cells two to three times; after 48 hr of IRA treatment, however, suppression could only be partially reversed. The addition of a population of thymus-derived cells educated to the antigen SRBC could effectively reverse the IRA-induced inhibition of antibody production, whereas BSA-educated T cells could not.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of IRA on the plaque-forming response to SRBC in vitro: reversal with educated cells. The alpha-globulin-rich fraction of Cohn Fraction IV, designated IRA, suppresses the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) without cytotoxicity. IRA was effective if added before or up to 24 hr after antigen exposure. The suppression could be reversed after 24-hr treatment by washing the cells two to three times; after 48 hr of IRA treatment, however, suppression could only be partially reversed. The addition of a population of thymus-derived cells educated to the antigen SRBC could effectively reverse the IRA-induced inhibition of antibody production, whereas BSA-educated T cells could not.", "PMID": 66281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2072", "title": "In vitro secondary MLR. I. Kinetics of proliferation and specificity of in vitro primed responder cells.", "content": "We have examined the kinetics and specificity of secondary in vitro mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). With limited numbers of primed responder cells (PRC) in the presence of \"excess antigen\" it was possible to obtain proliferative responses that were proportional to the number of PRC initially placed in culture. The responding cells, after an initial lag period, seem to grow exponentially until day 3 of culture. The responses of PRC (with the strain combinations and culture conditions described in this report) seemed to be directed toward stimulator cell determinants whose expression was determined by genes in the I region of the MHC. In one case, the relevant incompatibilities could be further restricted to the I-A region. Although PRC responded best to stimulator cells sharing the I region with the priming stimulator cell, apparent cross-reactivity could be observed by restimulating PRC with stimulator cells that did not carry the MHC haplotype of the priming stimulator cell. The rate of proliferation (measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation) in these apparent cross-reactions was reproducible and comparable to the rate observed in response to the priming stimulator cell. It was possible, therefore, to estimate the proportion of PRC that reacted in the presence of third party stimulator cells compared to the response of these PRC to the priming stimulator cells. We have estimated that the response of A (B6) PRC against H-2d and H-2s haplotype stimulator cells is about half of the response of these PRC to H-2b, the priming stimulator cell.", "contents": "In vitro secondary MLR. I. Kinetics of proliferation and specificity of in vitro primed responder cells. We have examined the kinetics and specificity of secondary in vitro mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). With limited numbers of primed responder cells (PRC) in the presence of \"excess antigen\" it was possible to obtain proliferative responses that were proportional to the number of PRC initially placed in culture. The responding cells, after an initial lag period, seem to grow exponentially until day 3 of culture. The responses of PRC (with the strain combinations and culture conditions described in this report) seemed to be directed toward stimulator cell determinants whose expression was determined by genes in the I region of the MHC. In one case, the relevant incompatibilities could be further restricted to the I-A region. Although PRC responded best to stimulator cells sharing the I region with the priming stimulator cell, apparent cross-reactivity could be observed by restimulating PRC with stimulator cells that did not carry the MHC haplotype of the priming stimulator cell. The rate of proliferation (measured as 3H-thymidine incorporation) in these apparent cross-reactions was reproducible and comparable to the rate observed in response to the priming stimulator cell. It was possible, therefore, to estimate the proportion of PRC that reacted in the presence of third party stimulator cells compared to the response of these PRC to the priming stimulator cells. We have estimated that the response of A (B6) PRC against H-2d and H-2s haplotype stimulator cells is about half of the response of these PRC to H-2b, the priming stimulator cell.", "PMID": 66282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2073", "title": "A human alloantiserum precipitates Ia-like molecules from chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.", "content": "Alloantigens specific for human B lymphocytes can be identified with selected antisera. These antigens have similarities to murine Ia antigens in that they are found on human B lymphocytes and are controlled by genes linked to genes controlling HLA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bearing B cell antigens were labeled with 3H  leucine and the membrane components reacting with the B cell antisera isolated by immunoprecipitation. These membrane components had m.w. of 33,000 and 24,000 daltons similar to the murine Ia antigens. The results complete the homology of murine Ia and human B cell alloantigens.", "contents": "A human alloantiserum precipitates Ia-like molecules from chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Alloantigens specific for human B lymphocytes can be identified with selected antisera. These antigens have similarities to murine Ia antigens in that they are found on human B lymphocytes and are controlled by genes linked to genes controlling HLA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bearing B cell antigens were labeled with 3H  leucine and the membrane components reacting with the B cell antisera isolated by immunoprecipitation. These membrane components had m.w. of 33,000 and 24,000 daltons similar to the murine Ia antigens. The results complete the homology of murine Ia and human B cell alloantigens.", "PMID": 66283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2074", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat: farther delineation of active sites in guinea pig and bovine myelin basic proteins.", "content": "Highly encephalitogenic peptide (37-88), derived from the guinea pig myelin basic protein by peptic digestion, was treated chemically to destroy its tyrosyl and histidyl residues and enzymatically to remove its C-terminal sequence Val-His-Phe. Neither of the modifications resulted in loss of activity in Lewis rats. The enccephalitogenic region within peptide (37-88) was located by examination of derivative peptides obtained by selective proteolytic cleavage. The results showed that peptide (61-88), like peptide (43-88), was fully active at the level of 0.02 nmole whereas peptides (72-88) and (72-84) were fully active at levels of 0.5 and 2.5 nmole, respectively. In contrast, peptides (43-71) and (75-88) were completely inactive. These results demonstrated that the undecapeptide Gln-Lys-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-Pro (residues 72-84), although not as encephalitogenic as peptides (43-88) or (61-88), does contain the elements essential for the induction of disease. At the levels tested (10.8 and 2.2 nmole) only peptides (43-88) and (61-88) were capable of inhibiting the induciton of disease by passively transferred lymph node cells; this inhibition, however, was less than that achieved by the intact guinea pig basic protein. Further studies on the encephalitogenicity of the bovine basic protein in Lewis rats demonstrated that the active site in the C-terminal half of this protein is present in its entirety within residues 89 to 115.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat: farther delineation of active sites in guinea pig and bovine myelin basic proteins. Highly encephalitogenic peptide (37-88), derived from the guinea pig myelin basic protein by peptic digestion, was treated chemically to destroy its tyrosyl and histidyl residues and enzymatically to remove its C-terminal sequence Val-His-Phe. Neither of the modifications resulted in loss of activity in Lewis rats. The enccephalitogenic region within peptide (37-88) was located by examination of derivative peptides obtained by selective proteolytic cleavage. The results showed that peptide (61-88), like peptide (43-88), was fully active at the level of 0.02 nmole whereas peptides (72-88) and (72-84) were fully active at levels of 0.5 and 2.5 nmole, respectively. In contrast, peptides (43-71) and (75-88) were completely inactive. These results demonstrated that the undecapeptide Gln-Lys-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-Pro (residues 72-84), although not as encephalitogenic as peptides (43-88) or (61-88), does contain the elements essential for the induction of disease. At the levels tested (10.8 and 2.2 nmole) only peptides (43-88) and (61-88) were capable of inhibiting the induciton of disease by passively transferred lymph node cells; this inhibition, however, was less than that achieved by the intact guinea pig basic protein. Further studies on the encephalitogenicity of the bovine basic protein in Lewis rats demonstrated that the active site in the C-terminal half of this protein is present in its entirety within residues 89 to 115.", "PMID": 66284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2075", "title": "Genetics of cell-mediated lympholysis in man.", "content": "Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) was studied in a family containing two siblings in who genetic recombinaiton had occurred in the HLA comples. In one sibling, recombination occurred between the HLA-A locus and the HLA-B locus. In the second sibling recombination occurred between the HLA-B locus and the HLA-D locus. Strong CML activity was generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) when stimulator and responder cells differed in HLA-A, B, and D antigens. MLC involving HLA-D differences alone did not generate CML. Weak, but definite CML activity was generated during MLC with cells differing at HLA-A and HLA-B but sharing HLA-D. HLA-B antigens were good targets for lysis in all combinations studied. HLA-A antigens were poor targets in some but not in all combinations. However, combinations where HLA-A antigens seemed to be good targets could have involved HLA-B differences due to polymorphism of HLA-B7 antigens each inherited from a different parent. HLA-D antigens did not serve as targets for lysis. In three cell experiments, excellent CML activity was generated when responder cells were stimulated by HLA-D antigens and by HLA-A and B antigens present on separate stimulator cells.", "contents": "Genetics of cell-mediated lympholysis in man. Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) was studied in a family containing two siblings in who genetic recombinaiton had occurred in the HLA comples. In one sibling, recombination occurred between the HLA-A locus and the HLA-B locus. In the second sibling recombination occurred between the HLA-B locus and the HLA-D locus. Strong CML activity was generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) when stimulator and responder cells differed in HLA-A, B, and D antigens. MLC involving HLA-D differences alone did not generate CML. Weak, but definite CML activity was generated during MLC with cells differing at HLA-A and HLA-B but sharing HLA-D. HLA-B antigens were good targets for lysis in all combinations studied. HLA-A antigens were poor targets in some but not in all combinations. However, combinations where HLA-A antigens seemed to be good targets could have involved HLA-B differences due to polymorphism of HLA-B7 antigens each inherited from a different parent. HLA-D antigens did not serve as targets for lysis. In three cell experiments, excellent CML activity was generated when responder cells were stimulated by HLA-D antigens and by HLA-A and B antigens present on separate stimulator cells.", "PMID": 66285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2076", "title": "Immunochemistry and polypeptide composition of hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag).", "content": "Core particles were isolated from a nuclear extract of a hepatitis B-infected liver labeled with 125I by using chloramine-T and further purified by rate zonal sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Iodinated HBcAg was used as a ligand in a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay for antibody to HBcAg. The specificity of the RIP reaction was evaluated using defined anti-HBc sera and paired sera from six well-documented cases of hepatitis B infection. The polypeptide composition of the iodinated antigen was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized complexes of 125I-HBcAg and anti-HBc. Two major polypeptides with apparent m.w. of 17,000 and 35,000 daltons were observed and designated as cP-1 and cP-2, respectively.", "contents": "Immunochemistry and polypeptide composition of hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag). Core particles were isolated from a nuclear extract of a hepatitis B-infected liver labeled with 125I by using chloramine-T and further purified by rate zonal sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Iodinated HBcAg was used as a ligand in a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay for antibody to HBcAg. The specificity of the RIP reaction was evaluated using defined anti-HBc sera and paired sera from six well-documented cases of hepatitis B infection. The polypeptide composition of the iodinated antigen was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized complexes of 125I-HBcAg and anti-HBc. Two major polypeptides with apparent m.w. of 17,000 and 35,000 daltons were observed and designated as cP-1 and cP-2, respectively.", "PMID": 66286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2077", "title": "Antigen-binding lymphocytes in guinea pigs. I.B cell expansion to the monovalent antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyl trimethylammonium (tyr(TMA)) in the absence of antibody production.", "content": "The monofunctional antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tyr(TMA), and the polyfunctional antigen, TMA-human gamma-globulin (TMA-HGG), were used to investigate the antigen structural requirements necessary for clonal proliferation of B cells. This clonal expansion was characterized with respect to receptor immunoglobulin class and affinity maturation. Antigen-binding analysis revealed that inoculation of tyr(TMA), although only of m.w. 344, triggers clonal expansion of B lymphocytes 9-fold in the absence of any apparent antibody production. There does not appear to be any maturation with respect to antibody class since greater than 90% of the tyr(TMA)-specific B cells bear the micron receptor in the nonimmune and immune state. However, the average avidity of the B cells for this antigen increases with time after immunization. In contrast, immunization with TMA-HGG results in an 18-fold increase in B lymphocytes with significant amounts of anti-TMA antibody production. With time after immunization, both maturation of average avidity and class of Ig receptor (micron leads to gamma shift) occur. These findings indicate that the functionally T cell-specific antigen tyr(TMA) can trigger clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation at the receptor level in the absence of detectable antibody production.", "contents": "Antigen-binding lymphocytes in guinea pigs. I.B cell expansion to the monovalent antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyl trimethylammonium (tyr(TMA)) in the absence of antibody production. The monofunctional antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tyr(TMA), and the polyfunctional antigen, TMA-human gamma-globulin (TMA-HGG), were used to investigate the antigen structural requirements necessary for clonal proliferation of B cells. This clonal expansion was characterized with respect to receptor immunoglobulin class and affinity maturation. Antigen-binding analysis revealed that inoculation of tyr(TMA), although only of m.w. 344, triggers clonal expansion of B lymphocytes 9-fold in the absence of any apparent antibody production. There does not appear to be any maturation with respect to antibody class since greater than 90% of the tyr(TMA)-specific B cells bear the micron receptor in the nonimmune and immune state. However, the average avidity of the B cells for this antigen increases with time after immunization. In contrast, immunization with TMA-HGG results in an 18-fold increase in B lymphocytes with significant amounts of anti-TMA antibody production. With time after immunization, both maturation of average avidity and class of Ig receptor (micron leads to gamma shift) occur. These findings indicate that the functionally T cell-specific antigen tyr(TMA) can trigger clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation at the receptor level in the absence of detectable antibody production.", "PMID": 66287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2078", "title": "Measurement of IgE on human basophils: relation to serum IgE and anti-IgE-induced histamine release.", "content": "The number of IgE molecules bound to human basophils was calculated from direct measurements of the IgE dissociated after exposing leukocytes to pH 3.7 acetate buffer in the cold. In 18 donors studied, cell-bound IgE ranged from 4000 to 500,000 molecules/basophil and correlated with the serum IgE concentration (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001) which ranged from 5 to 3,000 ng/ml. Sensitivity of these cells to anti-IgE was tested to explore the relationship between cell-bound IgE and the concentration of anti-IgE required for histamine release. Cells from some nonatopic donors (4000 to 100,000 IgE molecules/basophil) were as sensitive as cells from allergic donors (100,00 to 500,000 IgE molecules/basophil). Moreover, cells from donors having approximately the same cell-bound IgE concentration varied widely in their sensitivity to anti-IgE. We conclude that an intrinsic property of human basophils (\"releasability\") is an important parameter in determing mediator release.", "contents": "Measurement of IgE on human basophils: relation to serum IgE and anti-IgE-induced histamine release. The number of IgE molecules bound to human basophils was calculated from direct measurements of the IgE dissociated after exposing leukocytes to pH 3.7 acetate buffer in the cold. In 18 donors studied, cell-bound IgE ranged from 4000 to 500,000 molecules/basophil and correlated with the serum IgE concentration (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001) which ranged from 5 to 3,000 ng/ml. Sensitivity of these cells to anti-IgE was tested to explore the relationship between cell-bound IgE and the concentration of anti-IgE required for histamine release. Cells from some nonatopic donors (4000 to 100,000 IgE molecules/basophil) were as sensitive as cells from allergic donors (100,00 to 500,000 IgE molecules/basophil). Moreover, cells from donors having approximately the same cell-bound IgE concentration varied widely in their sensitivity to anti-IgE. We conclude that an intrinsic property of human basophils (\"releasability\") is an important parameter in determing mediator release.", "PMID": 66288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2079", "title": "Binding of affinity cross-linked oligomers of IgG to cells bearing Fc receptors.", "content": "The binding of covalently cross-linked oligomers of rabbit IgG antibodies to tumor cells resembling macrophages and lymphocytes and to normal spleen cells has been measured. With all cells trimeric IgG binds with greater affinity than does the dimer, which in turn binds more tightly than does the monomer. However, as the oligomers increase in size, the individual monomeric subunits bind with decreasing energy. The macrophage tumor line. P388D1, binds oligomers with greater affinity than does the lymphocyte line, AKTB-1, but the differences in affinities are not great, differing by at most a factor of 5 in equilibrium constant. Normal spleen cells bind oligomers in the same concentration range as the tumor cells. The kinetics of binding do not occur as single first or second order reactions and suggest a multistage mechanism for oligomer binding. The presence of large concentrations of monomeric IgG tends to weaken oligomer binding and increases the exchange rate of bound oligomer from the cells. Since plasma and extracellular fluid also contain large concentrations of monomeric IgG, it is suggested that many immune complexes will bind weakly to the types of cells examined here and will rapidly exchange with IgG from the external medium.", "contents": "Binding of affinity cross-linked oligomers of IgG to cells bearing Fc receptors. The binding of covalently cross-linked oligomers of rabbit IgG antibodies to tumor cells resembling macrophages and lymphocytes and to normal spleen cells has been measured. With all cells trimeric IgG binds with greater affinity than does the dimer, which in turn binds more tightly than does the monomer. However, as the oligomers increase in size, the individual monomeric subunits bind with decreasing energy. The macrophage tumor line. P388D1, binds oligomers with greater affinity than does the lymphocyte line, AKTB-1, but the differences in affinities are not great, differing by at most a factor of 5 in equilibrium constant. Normal spleen cells bind oligomers in the same concentration range as the tumor cells. The kinetics of binding do not occur as single first or second order reactions and suggest a multistage mechanism for oligomer binding. The presence of large concentrations of monomeric IgG tends to weaken oligomer binding and increases the exchange rate of bound oligomer from the cells. Since plasma and extracellular fluid also contain large concentrations of monomeric IgG, it is suggested that many immune complexes will bind weakly to the types of cells examined here and will rapidly exchange with IgG from the external medium.", "PMID": 66289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2080", "title": "Priming for a cytotoxic response to minor histocompatibility antigens: antigen specificity and failure to demonstrate a carrier effect.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal mice do not give a detectable in vitro cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to minor H antigens. Spleen cells from animals primed in vivo with minor H antigens give a strong CTL response when boosted in culture with the appropriate stimulating cells. Here I have studied the requirements for priming a CTL response to minor H antigens. It is shown that priming is just as antigen specific as is cytolytic effector function. That is, priming cells have to carry the same minor antigens as the challenge cells. Inducing a graft-vs-host reaction in vivo does not nonspecifically allow spleen cells to respond to minor H antigens in vitro. Using minor H congenic mice (congenic for H-Y and/or H-7) I have also tried, and failed, to demonstrate a carrier effect in priming. Female mice primed to H-Y were challenged in culture with cells bearing H-Y and H-7 antigens in the hope that a helper response to H-Y would augment a CTL response to H-7. This did not happen, however. Such primed and boosted cells gave a strong secondary CTL response to H-Y but none to H-7. It is concluded that in order to prime for a detectable in vitro response to minor antigens it is necessary to expose the CTL precursors to antigen in vivo. This either expands the size of the pool of precursors by cell division or changes them in some qualitative way.", "contents": "Priming for a cytotoxic response to minor histocompatibility antigens: antigen specificity and failure to demonstrate a carrier effect. Spleen cells from normal mice do not give a detectable in vitro cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to minor H antigens. Spleen cells from animals primed in vivo with minor H antigens give a strong CTL response when boosted in culture with the appropriate stimulating cells. Here I have studied the requirements for priming a CTL response to minor H antigens. It is shown that priming is just as antigen specific as is cytolytic effector function. That is, priming cells have to carry the same minor antigens as the challenge cells. Inducing a graft-vs-host reaction in vivo does not nonspecifically allow spleen cells to respond to minor H antigens in vitro. Using minor H congenic mice (congenic for H-Y and/or H-7) I have also tried, and failed, to demonstrate a carrier effect in priming. Female mice primed to H-Y were challenged in culture with cells bearing H-Y and H-7 antigens in the hope that a helper response to H-Y would augment a CTL response to H-7. This did not happen, however. Such primed and boosted cells gave a strong secondary CTL response to H-Y but none to H-7. It is concluded that in order to prime for a detectable in vitro response to minor antigens it is necessary to expose the CTL precursors to antigen in vivo. This either expands the size of the pool of precursors by cell division or changes them in some qualitative way.", "PMID": 66290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2081", "title": "Long-term effects of in vitro sensitization on immune reactivity of lymphocytes: generation of suppressor and helper T cells.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells were cultured for 5 days with or without HRBC. Cultured cells were 'parked' in irradiated syngeneic recipients for 3 weeks and then tested for their immunologic reactivity in vitro. We found that spleen cells from recipients of HRBC-sensitized cells (S) as well as spleen cells from recipients of control unsensitized cells (U) possessed radiosensitive suppressor and radioresistant helper activities. Suppressor activity was observed by the capacity of unirradiated S and U spleen cells to inhibit the in vitro generation of IgM and IgG PFC by spleen cells primed in vivo to HRBC or to LacKLH. Helper activity was shown by the capacity of the irradiated S and U cells to restore IgM and IgG PFC responses of in vivo primed, T-depleted spleen cells to HRBC, LacHRBC, and LacCRBC. Both suppressor and helper activities were mediated by T cells. The possibilities that immunologically specific or nonspecific mechanisms account for these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Long-term effects of in vitro sensitization on immune reactivity of lymphocytes: generation of suppressor and helper T cells. Mouse spleen cells were cultured for 5 days with or without HRBC. Cultured cells were 'parked' in irradiated syngeneic recipients for 3 weeks and then tested for their immunologic reactivity in vitro. We found that spleen cells from recipients of HRBC-sensitized cells (S) as well as spleen cells from recipients of control unsensitized cells (U) possessed radiosensitive suppressor and radioresistant helper activities. Suppressor activity was observed by the capacity of unirradiated S and U spleen cells to inhibit the in vitro generation of IgM and IgG PFC by spleen cells primed in vivo to HRBC or to LacKLH. Helper activity was shown by the capacity of the irradiated S and U cells to restore IgM and IgG PFC responses of in vivo primed, T-depleted spleen cells to HRBC, LacHRBC, and LacCRBC. Both suppressor and helper activities were mediated by T cells. The possibilities that immunologically specific or nonspecific mechanisms account for these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 66291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2082", "title": "Additional rabbit IgA allotypes, f69, f70, g76,g77: control by the C alphaf and C alphag loci.", "content": "Genetic and immunochemical studies have led to the identification of four additional rabbit IgA allotypes controlled by the Calphaf and Calphag loci. The folowing linkage combinations of the VHa and the 'new' alleles were observed among the populations of rabbits studied: a1f70g76, a1f69g77, and a2f69g77. Cross-reactions among g74, g76, and g77 molecules with various anti-g anti-allotype antisera indicate that the IgA-g allotypic specificities are comprised of multiple antigenic determinants. These studies provide a basis for further understanding of the evolution and gnetic control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain chromosomal region.", "contents": "Additional rabbit IgA allotypes, f69, f70, g76,g77: control by the C alphaf and C alphag loci. Genetic and immunochemical studies have led to the identification of four additional rabbit IgA allotypes controlled by the Calphaf and Calphag loci. The folowing linkage combinations of the VHa and the 'new' alleles were observed among the populations of rabbits studied: a1f70g76, a1f69g77, and a2f69g77. Cross-reactions among g74, g76, and g77 molecules with various anti-g anti-allotype antisera indicate that the IgA-g allotypic specificities are comprised of multiple antigenic determinants. These studies provide a basis for further understanding of the evolution and gnetic control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain chromosomal region.", "PMID": 66292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2083", "title": "Genetic control of the humoral response to an H-2 public specificity.", "content": "The humoral response of mice to an H-2 public specificity, termed H-2. '28' was found to be under genetic control. The genes determining this specificity were mapped to both the H-2K and H-2D regions, suggesting possible structural homologies between the products determined by these two regions. Genetic analyses indicated that a single non-H-2-linked gene regulates the anti-H-2. '28' response. In a backcross study, no linkage was detected between this putative H-2. '28' Ir gene and either the V H region or the Ly-2 locus to which the K-light chain locus is linked. Thus, a regulatory rather than a structural genetic locus seems a more likely basis for differences in response to this antigen. Our data further indicate that control of the humoral response to H-2. '28' is determinant specific since responses of the same backcross mice to other K and D alloantigens were not found to be subject to the same control.", "contents": "Genetic control of the humoral response to an H-2 public specificity. The humoral response of mice to an H-2 public specificity, termed H-2. '28' was found to be under genetic control. The genes determining this specificity were mapped to both the H-2K and H-2D regions, suggesting possible structural homologies between the products determined by these two regions. Genetic analyses indicated that a single non-H-2-linked gene regulates the anti-H-2. '28' response. In a backcross study, no linkage was detected between this putative H-2. '28' Ir gene and either the V H region or the Ly-2 locus to which the K-light chain locus is linked. Thus, a regulatory rather than a structural genetic locus seems a more likely basis for differences in response to this antigen. Our data further indicate that control of the humoral response to H-2. '28' is determinant specific since responses of the same backcross mice to other K and D alloantigens were not found to be subject to the same control.", "PMID": 66293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2084", "title": "H-2 homology requirements for secondary cell-mediated lympholysis and miced lymphocyte reactions to TNP-modified syngeneic lymphocytes.", "content": "Secondary cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were generated in a tissue culture system against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified murine syngeneic spleen cells. H-2 homology between primary and secondary TNP-modified stimulating cells was required in order to restimulate in the secondary CML. Strong proliferative responses (MLR) were detected only in the secondary cultures, for which H-2 homology was also required between TNP-modified primary and secondary immunogens. Intra-H-2 mapping for the secondary MLR indicated that the relevant regions of homology were I, D, and K and/or I-A. Homology throughout the entire major histocompatibility complex or at K plus I-A gave stronger MLR than did cultures in which there was homology between the primary and secondary phases at I or D only.", "contents": "H-2 homology requirements for secondary cell-mediated lympholysis and miced lymphocyte reactions to TNP-modified syngeneic lymphocytes. Secondary cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were generated in a tissue culture system against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified murine syngeneic spleen cells. H-2 homology between primary and secondary TNP-modified stimulating cells was required in order to restimulate in the secondary CML. Strong proliferative responses (MLR) were detected only in the secondary cultures, for which H-2 homology was also required between TNP-modified primary and secondary immunogens. Intra-H-2 mapping for the secondary MLR indicated that the relevant regions of homology were I, D, and K and/or I-A. Homology throughout the entire major histocompatibility complex or at K plus I-A gave stronger MLR than did cultures in which there was homology between the primary and secondary phases at I or D only.", "PMID": 66294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2085", "title": "Mitogenic activity of Actinomyces viscosus. I. Effects on murine B and T lymphocytes, and partial characterization.", "content": "Actinomyces viscosus homogenate (AVIS) contins substance(s) which cause spleen cells from conventional and germfree mice to undergo increased DNA synthesis. This mitogenic effect is primarily on B cells since spleen cells from nude mice or T-depleted spleen cells from conventional mice respond as strongly as conventional (T + B) spleen cells. Mouse thymocytes do not respond mitogenically to AVIS. It is unlikely that the mitogenic acitivity is due to the presence of LPS, since A. viscosus is Gram-positive and is not known to have an LPS cell wall component. Also, AVIS is not inactivated by polymyxin B, as are some preparations of LPS, and C3H/HeJ mouse splenocytes respond strongly to AVIS but not to LPS. The activity is heat stable, is not lost upon dialysis, and is not affected by lysozyme. Mitogenic activity is partially lost when AVIS is digested with nonspecific bacterial protease or treated with metaperiodate. Sodium hydroxide treatment completely abolishes mitogenic activity. Actinomycotic lesions are characterized by a long-tern inflammatory response involving a dense plasma cell infiltrate. We suggest that B cell mitogens form Actinomyces may play a role in the elicitation of the plasma cell component of these lesions.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of Actinomyces viscosus. I. Effects on murine B and T lymphocytes, and partial characterization. Actinomyces viscosus homogenate (AVIS) contins substance(s) which cause spleen cells from conventional and germfree mice to undergo increased DNA synthesis. This mitogenic effect is primarily on B cells since spleen cells from nude mice or T-depleted spleen cells from conventional mice respond as strongly as conventional (T + B) spleen cells. Mouse thymocytes do not respond mitogenically to AVIS. It is unlikely that the mitogenic acitivity is due to the presence of LPS, since A. viscosus is Gram-positive and is not known to have an LPS cell wall component. Also, AVIS is not inactivated by polymyxin B, as are some preparations of LPS, and C3H/HeJ mouse splenocytes respond strongly to AVIS but not to LPS. The activity is heat stable, is not lost upon dialysis, and is not affected by lysozyme. Mitogenic activity is partially lost when AVIS is digested with nonspecific bacterial protease or treated with metaperiodate. Sodium hydroxide treatment completely abolishes mitogenic activity. Actinomycotic lesions are characterized by a long-tern inflammatory response involving a dense plasma cell infiltrate. We suggest that B cell mitogens form Actinomyces may play a role in the elicitation of the plasma cell component of these lesions.", "PMID": 66295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2086", "title": "In vitro reactivity of splenic lymphocytes from normal and UV-irradiated mice against syngeneic UV-induced tumors.", "content": "Skin tumors induced in mice by chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are highly antigenic and are frequently immunologically rejected upon transplantation to normal syngeneic recipients. In this study we characterized this immune response with an in vitro microcytotoxicity test. Cytotoxic activity was present in the spleen cells of mice given a single injection of syngeneic UV-induced fibrosarcoma cells. After removal of adherent spleen cells, the remaining splenic lymphocytes were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor and showed no cross-reactivity with other syngeneic UV-induced or methylcholanthrene-induced tumors of similar histologic type. The level of cell-mediated reactivity against UV-induced tumors was quite high compared to that obtained with syngeneic tumors induced by methylcholanthrene, and the cytotoxicity was attributable to a population of theta antigen-bearing lymphocytes. With this in vitro test, we compared the response of normal mice, which reject a syngeneic tumor challenge, with that of UV-irradiated mice, in which the syngeneic UV-induced tumors grow progressively. After tumor cell inoculation, lymphocytes form the unirradiated (regressor) mice showed a high degree of cytotoxicity that reached a maximum level 8 days after injection. In contrast, no reactivity could be detected in the spleens of tumor-challenged UV-irradiated (progressor) mice.", "contents": "In vitro reactivity of splenic lymphocytes from normal and UV-irradiated mice against syngeneic UV-induced tumors. Skin tumors induced in mice by chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are highly antigenic and are frequently immunologically rejected upon transplantation to normal syngeneic recipients. In this study we characterized this immune response with an in vitro microcytotoxicity test. Cytotoxic activity was present in the spleen cells of mice given a single injection of syngeneic UV-induced fibrosarcoma cells. After removal of adherent spleen cells, the remaining splenic lymphocytes were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor and showed no cross-reactivity with other syngeneic UV-induced or methylcholanthrene-induced tumors of similar histologic type. The level of cell-mediated reactivity against UV-induced tumors was quite high compared to that obtained with syngeneic tumors induced by methylcholanthrene, and the cytotoxicity was attributable to a population of theta antigen-bearing lymphocytes. With this in vitro test, we compared the response of normal mice, which reject a syngeneic tumor challenge, with that of UV-irradiated mice, in which the syngeneic UV-induced tumors grow progressively. After tumor cell inoculation, lymphocytes form the unirradiated (regressor) mice showed a high degree of cytotoxicity that reached a maximum level 8 days after injection. In contrast, no reactivity could be detected in the spleens of tumor-challenged UV-irradiated (progressor) mice.", "PMID": 66296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2087", "title": "Ala-1: murine alloantigen of activated lymphocytes. II. T and B effector cells express ala-1.", "content": "Ala-1 (activated lymphocyte antigen-1) is a murine alloantigen expressed only on activated peripheral T and B lymphocytes. The presence or absence of Ala-1 on specific functional lymphocyte subsets was determined by treating the relevant cell population with anti-Ala-1 and complement, and assaying for residual functional activity. By this method, Ala-1 was shown to be on in vivo primed killer T cells cytotoxic for allogeneic tumor cells. It was also found on helper T cells generated in vivo to sheep red blood cells, and on IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells. In contrast, splenic precursors of helper cells and of IgM PFC to sheep red blood cells were completely resistant to treatment with anti-Ala-1 and complement. These findings indicate that effector cells can be distinguished from their nonactivated precursors by their expression of Ala-1.", "contents": "Ala-1: murine alloantigen of activated lymphocytes. II. T and B effector cells express ala-1. Ala-1 (activated lymphocyte antigen-1) is a murine alloantigen expressed only on activated peripheral T and B lymphocytes. The presence or absence of Ala-1 on specific functional lymphocyte subsets was determined by treating the relevant cell population with anti-Ala-1 and complement, and assaying for residual functional activity. By this method, Ala-1 was shown to be on in vivo primed killer T cells cytotoxic for allogeneic tumor cells. It was also found on helper T cells generated in vivo to sheep red blood cells, and on IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells. In contrast, splenic precursors of helper cells and of IgM PFC to sheep red blood cells were completely resistant to treatment with anti-Ala-1 and complement. These findings indicate that effector cells can be distinguished from their nonactivated precursors by their expression of Ala-1.", "PMID": 66297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2088", "title": "Substrate specificity of antinuclear antibodies in scleroderma.", "content": "Studies of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were carried out in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and for comparison in 19 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 4 of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) using indirect immunofluorescence (IF) methods under standard conditions. The results on three different substrates--monkey esophagus, guineapig lip and rat liver--are reported. In 48.7% of scleroderma cases ANA showed a substrate specificity. The highest percentage of positive results in scleroderma was obtained on monkey esophagus (97.4%) and the lowest on rat liver (61.5%). In SLE and MCTD, in contrast, only about 13% of the sera displayed such specificity. If only sera with substrate specificity are considered, the positive results on monkey esophagus and rat liver are 94.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Titers of sera reacting positively on 2 or 3 substrates were mostly in agreement, although some sera both in systemic scleroderma and SLE showed higher titers on monkey esophagus. The IF pattern was usually the same regardless of the substrate, Tests for ANA in scleroderma should be performed on at least 2 substrates simultaneously.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of antinuclear antibodies in scleroderma. Studies of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were carried out in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and for comparison in 19 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 4 of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) using indirect immunofluorescence (IF) methods under standard conditions. The results on three different substrates--monkey esophagus, guineapig lip and rat liver--are reported. In 48.7% of scleroderma cases ANA showed a substrate specificity. The highest percentage of positive results in scleroderma was obtained on monkey esophagus (97.4%) and the lowest on rat liver (61.5%). In SLE and MCTD, in contrast, only about 13% of the sera displayed such specificity. If only sera with substrate specificity are considered, the positive results on monkey esophagus and rat liver are 94.7% and 21.1%, respectively. Titers of sera reacting positively on 2 or 3 substrates were mostly in agreement, although some sera both in systemic scleroderma and SLE showed higher titers on monkey esophagus. The IF pattern was usually the same regardless of the substrate, Tests for ANA in scleroderma should be performed on at least 2 substrates simultaneously.", "PMID": 66298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2089", "title": "Rapid detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A new method for the detection of precipitating antibody to cytomegalovirus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) is described. Fourteen of 15 adult sera (95%) with IgM-specific antibodies (as detected by immunofluorescence) and complement-fixing antibodies to cytomegalovirus in high titers gave positive reactions by this method. Control sera from 156 patients and 40 normal subjects were negative by CIEP. One of 32 individuals acutely infected with other members of the herpesvirus group gave a positive reaction (3%). False-positive reactions were restricted to a group of sera containing rheumatoid factor (10 of 31), but this activity could be eliminated by preliminary absorption of the sera with aggregated gamma-globulin. The present findings demonstrate that CIEP is useful for the detection of precipitating antibodies to cytomegalovirus in sera from acutely infected patients and promises to be a rapid, inexpensive screening procedure of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Rapid detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A new method for the detection of precipitating antibody to cytomegalovirus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) is described. Fourteen of 15 adult sera (95%) with IgM-specific antibodies (as detected by immunofluorescence) and complement-fixing antibodies to cytomegalovirus in high titers gave positive reactions by this method. Control sera from 156 patients and 40 normal subjects were negative by CIEP. One of 32 individuals acutely infected with other members of the herpesvirus group gave a positive reaction (3%). False-positive reactions were restricted to a group of sera containing rheumatoid factor (10 of 31), but this activity could be eliminated by preliminary absorption of the sera with aggregated gamma-globulin. The present findings demonstrate that CIEP is useful for the detection of precipitating antibodies to cytomegalovirus in sera from acutely infected patients and promises to be a rapid, inexpensive screening procedure of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 66299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2090", "title": "Osteosarcoma of the upper jaw.", "content": "8 cases of osteosarcoma of the upper jaw from a personal series of tumours are described, and their treatment discussed in the light of past experience. Of the cases, four are still alive and well 6 months to 11 years after treatment. A case is put forward for the initial use of radical surgery, especially maxillectomy with orbital exenteration. The addition of routine postoperative Adriamycin therapy is recommended in the light of its known activity against sarcomas. The palliation of advanced cases is also discussed.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma of the upper jaw. 8 cases of osteosarcoma of the upper jaw from a personal series of tumours are described, and their treatment discussed in the light of past experience. Of the cases, four are still alive and well 6 months to 11 years after treatment. A case is put forward for the initial use of radical surgery, especially maxillectomy with orbital exenteration. The addition of routine postoperative Adriamycin therapy is recommended in the light of its known activity against sarcomas. The palliation of advanced cases is also discussed.", "PMID": 66302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2091", "title": "Bleomycin-methotrexate-chemotherapy in combination with telecobalt-radiation for patients suffering from advanced oral carcinoma.", "content": "20 patients suffering from advanced oral carcinoma (T3NXMO) were treated simultaneously with the cytostatics Bleomycin and Methotrexate and Telecobalt-radiation. 14 of them (70%) showed complete remission. Four relapses were treated by surgery. These patients are still alive and tumour-free. One patient with a tumour is also still alive. Five died of their tumours or other causes. As a preliminary result, overall survival of about 80% after the first year seems to be much higher than with other therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "Bleomycin-methotrexate-chemotherapy in combination with telecobalt-radiation for patients suffering from advanced oral carcinoma. 20 patients suffering from advanced oral carcinoma (T3NXMO) were treated simultaneously with the cytostatics Bleomycin and Methotrexate and Telecobalt-radiation. 14 of them (70%) showed complete remission. Four relapses were treated by surgery. These patients are still alive and tumour-free. One patient with a tumour is also still alive. Five died of their tumours or other causes. As a preliminary result, overall survival of about 80% after the first year seems to be much higher than with other therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 66303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2092", "title": "Evolution of human cytogenetics: an encyclopedic essay. III. The second decade after 1956: banding techiques.", "content": "Unequivocal establishment of the correct diploid chromosome number in 1956 started the modern era of human cytogenetics. The next impetus came when the peripheral blood leukocyte culture technique for the chromosome preparation was described in 1960. Discovery of special staining procedures - banding techniques - in early seventies not only saved it from early senescence but played decisive roles in broadening the horizons of modern human cytogenetics.", "contents": "Evolution of human cytogenetics: an encyclopedic essay. III. The second decade after 1956: banding techiques. Unequivocal establishment of the correct diploid chromosome number in 1956 started the modern era of human cytogenetics. The next impetus came when the peripheral blood leukocyte culture technique for the chromosome preparation was described in 1960. Discovery of special staining procedures - banding techniques - in early seventies not only saved it from early senescence but played decisive roles in broadening the horizons of modern human cytogenetics.", "PMID": 66304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2093", "title": "Reticulum stain for frozen-section diagnosis of pituitary adenomas. Technical note.", "content": "The authors describe a simple, quick, and reliable stain for use on frozen-section diagnosis of anterior pituitary microadenomas.", "contents": "Reticulum stain for frozen-section diagnosis of pituitary adenomas. Technical note. The authors describe a simple, quick, and reliable stain for use on frozen-section diagnosis of anterior pituitary microadenomas.", "PMID": 66305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2094", "title": "Orientation of the oxygen atom at C-6 as a determinant of agonistic activity in the oxymorphone series.", "content": "The kinetics of various oxymorphones, their 6-methylene analogs and the 6-hydroxy-epimers corresponding to naloxone and naltrexone have been studied in the longitudinal muscle strip of the guinea-pig ileum. Substitution of the oxygen at C-6 by amethylene group slightly increased antagonistic activity of the resulting structures, without significantly influencing agonistic activity relative to the parent compound. The alpha-orientation of the hydroxy group at C-6 enhanced the agonistic property of both naloxone and naltrexone. The beta-compounds, however, were pure antagonists, with potencies similar to those of the parent keto structures.", "contents": "Orientation of the oxygen atom at C-6 as a determinant of agonistic activity in the oxymorphone series. The kinetics of various oxymorphones, their 6-methylene analogs and the 6-hydroxy-epimers corresponding to naloxone and naltrexone have been studied in the longitudinal muscle strip of the guinea-pig ileum. Substitution of the oxygen at C-6 by amethylene group slightly increased antagonistic activity of the resulting structures, without significantly influencing agonistic activity relative to the parent compound. The alpha-orientation of the hydroxy group at C-6 enhanced the agonistic property of both naloxone and naltrexone. The beta-compounds, however, were pure antagonists, with potencies similar to those of the parent keto structures.", "PMID": 66306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2095", "title": "The site of action of the histamine releaser compound 45/80 in causing mast cell degranulation.", "content": "A primary amine analog of compound 48/80 (nor-48/80) was purified and attached to Sepharose beads through an albumin link. Suspensions of rat peritoneal cells were passed over the beads in an affinity chromatography column, and the proportion of the mast cells that was retained by the beads was determined. Sixty-seven percent of the mast cells were found to be retained by the column, indicating the existence of a binding site for nor-48/80 on the exterior of mast cells. The beads were larger than the cells, and hence precluded the entry of the nor-48/80 into the cells. Neither the Sepharose beads nor the albumin link was responsible for this amount of binding because control beads without nor-48-80 retained only 22% of the mast cells. Mast cells incubated with large quantities of the beads in a batch procedure released up to 53% of the mast cell histamine, whereas control beads without the polymer released only 18%. This release could not be attributable to soluble nor-48/80 because only trace amounts of radioactive nor-48/80 were released from beads soaked overnight, and these supernatants released insignificant amounts of histamine when incubated with mast cells. These studies indicate the presence of a receptor for 48/80 on the mast cell membrane which can trigger histamine release.", "contents": "The site of action of the histamine releaser compound 45/80 in causing mast cell degranulation. A primary amine analog of compound 48/80 (nor-48/80) was purified and attached to Sepharose beads through an albumin link. Suspensions of rat peritoneal cells were passed over the beads in an affinity chromatography column, and the proportion of the mast cells that was retained by the beads was determined. Sixty-seven percent of the mast cells were found to be retained by the column, indicating the existence of a binding site for nor-48/80 on the exterior of mast cells. The beads were larger than the cells, and hence precluded the entry of the nor-48/80 into the cells. Neither the Sepharose beads nor the albumin link was responsible for this amount of binding because control beads without nor-48-80 retained only 22% of the mast cells. Mast cells incubated with large quantities of the beads in a batch procedure released up to 53% of the mast cell histamine, whereas control beads without the polymer released only 18%. This release could not be attributable to soluble nor-48/80 because only trace amounts of radioactive nor-48/80 were released from beads soaked overnight, and these supernatants released insignificant amounts of histamine when incubated with mast cells. These studies indicate the presence of a receptor for 48/80 on the mast cell membrane which can trigger histamine release.", "PMID": 66307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2096", "title": "The effects of nerve section and of colchicine treatment on the density of mechanosensory nerve endings in salamander skin.", "content": "We have shown that when one of the spinal nerves supplying the salamander hind limb is cut or treated with colchicine, the fields of the remaining nerves enlarge in area; whereas nerve section produces Wallerian degeneration, the colchicine-treated nerves conducted action potentials normally and their peripheral fields remained unchanged in area (Aguilar, Bisby, Cooper & Diamond, 1973). Since colchicine-treatment reduced neuronal transport, and nerve-section eliminated it, we proposed that nerve sprouting is regulated by factors normally conveyed to the endings by axoplasmic transport. 1. We have now investigated the effects of colchicine on the thresholds and distribution of individual mechanosensory endings in the skin. If reduction of neuronal transport were enough to cause the threshold to be increased to the point of total unresponsiveness, then this could be a sign of an early stage of degernation in those terminals. It could then be hypothesized that products of degeneration were providing a stimulus for adjacent nerves to sprout. 2. Quantitative physiological studies of the effects of colchicine doses known to interfere with fast axoplasmic transport, indicate that in some experiments the terminal field of the treated nerve was invaded by sprouting fibres from neighbouring axons, when its own endings were unchanged in number, distribution and sensory thresholds. In other experiments the colchicine-treated nerve endings showed an increase in threshold but their function was otherwise unchanged; a similar adjacent nerve sprouting occurred. In a final group, colchicine caused total unresponsiveness of some endings of the treated nerve. 3. When a region of skin was partially denervated by nerve section, the physiological analysis indicated that the number of new mechanosensory endings which sprouted from the remaining axons exactly matched the number lost by nerve degeneration: furthermore the distribution of the endings was normal. It therefore appears that sprouting ceased when the original density of mechanosensory endings in the skin was restored. 4. The possibility that the drug induced sprouting as a consequense of a direct action on the skin is unlikely. With [3H]colchicine, we found that the accumulation of label in the skin of the untreated limb, in which sprouting did not occur, equalled that of the opposite limb. 5. The present results lend support to the original hypothesis of Aguilar et al. (1973), which proposed that collateral sprouting of intact nerves occurs when the supply of neuronally transported factors becomes inadequate to balance out the effects of a postulated target-tissue stimulus. In the Discussion other examples of collateral nerve sprouting, such as that following adjacent denervation, are shown to be explainable by this hypothesis.", "contents": "The effects of nerve section and of colchicine treatment on the density of mechanosensory nerve endings in salamander skin. We have shown that when one of the spinal nerves supplying the salamander hind limb is cut or treated with colchicine, the fields of the remaining nerves enlarge in area; whereas nerve section produces Wallerian degeneration, the colchicine-treated nerves conducted action potentials normally and their peripheral fields remained unchanged in area (Aguilar, Bisby, Cooper & Diamond, 1973). Since colchicine-treatment reduced neuronal transport, and nerve-section eliminated it, we proposed that nerve sprouting is regulated by factors normally conveyed to the endings by axoplasmic transport. 1. We have now investigated the effects of colchicine on the thresholds and distribution of individual mechanosensory endings in the skin. If reduction of neuronal transport were enough to cause the threshold to be increased to the point of total unresponsiveness, then this could be a sign of an early stage of degernation in those terminals. It could then be hypothesized that products of degeneration were providing a stimulus for adjacent nerves to sprout. 2. Quantitative physiological studies of the effects of colchicine doses known to interfere with fast axoplasmic transport, indicate that in some experiments the terminal field of the treated nerve was invaded by sprouting fibres from neighbouring axons, when its own endings were unchanged in number, distribution and sensory thresholds. In other experiments the colchicine-treated nerve endings showed an increase in threshold but their function was otherwise unchanged; a similar adjacent nerve sprouting occurred. In a final group, colchicine caused total unresponsiveness of some endings of the treated nerve. 3. When a region of skin was partially denervated by nerve section, the physiological analysis indicated that the number of new mechanosensory endings which sprouted from the remaining axons exactly matched the number lost by nerve degeneration: furthermore the distribution of the endings was normal. It therefore appears that sprouting ceased when the original density of mechanosensory endings in the skin was restored. 4. The possibility that the drug induced sprouting as a consequense of a direct action on the skin is unlikely. With [3H]colchicine, we found that the accumulation of label in the skin of the untreated limb, in which sprouting did not occur, equalled that of the opposite limb. 5. The present results lend support to the original hypothesis of Aguilar et al. (1973), which proposed that collateral sprouting of intact nerves occurs when the supply of neuronally transported factors becomes inadequate to balance out the effects of a postulated target-tissue stimulus. In the Discussion other examples of collateral nerve sprouting, such as that following adjacent denervation, are shown to be explainable by this hypothesis.", "PMID": 66308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2097", "title": "The production of denervation-like changes in rat muscle by colchicine, without interference with axonal transport or muscle activity.", "content": "1. Rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were examined after colchicine treatment of the sciatic nerve. Colchicine was applied in one of two ways: (i) a single sub-epineural injection; (ii) a chronically implanted silicone cuff. 2. After the sub-epineural injection, the entire membrane of muscle fibres became sensitive to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and the muscle action potentials became resistant to tetrodotoxin. However, the majority of these fibres were found to be normally innervated. 3. These effects were not restricted to the EDL muscle of the colchicine injected side but were also found in the EDL muscle of the contralateral side, indicating that the action of colchicine was systemic. 4. In the treated sciatic nerve there was a partial block of axonal transport of 3H-labelled proteins, which correlated with a partial paralysis of the ipsilateral leg. However, axoplasmic transport was found to be normal in the contralateral sciatic nerve and the contralateral limb was not paralysed despite the supersensitivity of the investigated muscle on that side. 5. When colchicine was applied with a silicone cuff, denervation-like changes were confined to the ipsilateral EDL muscle. However, impulse conduction block at the level of the cuff was usually observed. 6. It is concluded that (i) colchicine can produce denervation-like changes in normally active muscle without blocking axoplasmic transport, through an action probably exerted directly on the muscle membrane, and (ii) that colchicine-cuff experiments failed to provide unambiguous evidence in support of the existence of neurotrophic influences on the muscle membrane.", "contents": "The production of denervation-like changes in rat muscle by colchicine, without interference with axonal transport or muscle activity. 1. Rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were examined after colchicine treatment of the sciatic nerve. Colchicine was applied in one of two ways: (i) a single sub-epineural injection; (ii) a chronically implanted silicone cuff. 2. After the sub-epineural injection, the entire membrane of muscle fibres became sensitive to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and the muscle action potentials became resistant to tetrodotoxin. However, the majority of these fibres were found to be normally innervated. 3. These effects were not restricted to the EDL muscle of the colchicine injected side but were also found in the EDL muscle of the contralateral side, indicating that the action of colchicine was systemic. 4. In the treated sciatic nerve there was a partial block of axonal transport of 3H-labelled proteins, which correlated with a partial paralysis of the ipsilateral leg. However, axoplasmic transport was found to be normal in the contralateral sciatic nerve and the contralateral limb was not paralysed despite the supersensitivity of the investigated muscle on that side. 5. When colchicine was applied with a silicone cuff, denervation-like changes were confined to the ipsilateral EDL muscle. However, impulse conduction block at the level of the cuff was usually observed. 6. It is concluded that (i) colchicine can produce denervation-like changes in normally active muscle without blocking axoplasmic transport, through an action probably exerted directly on the muscle membrane, and (ii) that colchicine-cuff experiments failed to provide unambiguous evidence in support of the existence of neurotrophic influences on the muscle membrane.", "PMID": 66309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2098", "title": "The relation of axonal transport of mitochondria with microtubules and other axoplasmic organelles.", "content": "Axonal transport of mitochondria was studied in frog sciatic nerves incubated in agents selected for their known or alleged effect on microtubules or axonal flow. Quantitative data on mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments, endoplasmic reticulum, and cross-sectional area of the axon indicate that axonal transport of mitochondria is dependent on microtubules. When more than half of the microtubules are destroyed, the axonal transport of mitochondria is diminished in proportion to the destruction of microtubules. Axonal transport of mitochondria is not related to neurofilaments and endoplasmic reticulum. Changes in the cross-sectional area of axons, even upon reduction to half the normal size, do not noticeably affect mitochondrial transport. Cyanide which blocks oxidative metabolism also blocks axonal transport of mitochondria, but analysis of fine structure indicates that cyanide is destructive to microtubules as well.", "contents": "The relation of axonal transport of mitochondria with microtubules and other axoplasmic organelles. Axonal transport of mitochondria was studied in frog sciatic nerves incubated in agents selected for their known or alleged effect on microtubules or axonal flow. Quantitative data on mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments, endoplasmic reticulum, and cross-sectional area of the axon indicate that axonal transport of mitochondria is dependent on microtubules. When more than half of the microtubules are destroyed, the axonal transport of mitochondria is diminished in proportion to the destruction of microtubules. Axonal transport of mitochondria is not related to neurofilaments and endoplasmic reticulum. Changes in the cross-sectional area of axons, even upon reduction to half the normal size, do not noticeably affect mitochondrial transport. Cyanide which blocks oxidative metabolism also blocks axonal transport of mitochondria, but analysis of fine structure indicates that cyanide is destructive to microtubules as well.", "PMID": 66310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2099", "title": "Shade modification of porcelain restorations.", "content": "The described technique of using surface stains to modify shade can often salvage porcelain restorations which might otherwise be unacceptable. The chart (Fig. 2), if placed in the stain kit, can be helpful during chair-side staining.", "contents": "Shade modification of porcelain restorations. The described technique of using surface stains to modify shade can often salvage porcelain restorations which might otherwise be unacceptable. The chart (Fig. 2), if placed in the stain kit, can be helpful during chair-side staining.", "PMID": 66311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2100", "title": "Setting: a contextual variable associated with empathy.", "content": "Fifty seven registered nurses working in either a psychiatric or non-psychiatric setting volunteered to participate in a study to measure their empathic ability with patients. Results of the study supported the notion that nurses working in a psychiatric setting are significantly more empathic than nurses working in a non-psychiatric setting (p less than .05). Contrary to some previous research findings, the demographic variables of age, sex, marital status, educational level, and length of experiences were not significantly related to empathy. Setting--psychiatric or non-psychiatric--was the only variable that made a difference.", "contents": "Setting: a contextual variable associated with empathy. Fifty seven registered nurses working in either a psychiatric or non-psychiatric setting volunteered to participate in a study to measure their empathic ability with patients. Results of the study supported the notion that nurses working in a psychiatric setting are significantly more empathic than nurses working in a non-psychiatric setting (p less than .05). Contrary to some previous research findings, the demographic variables of age, sex, marital status, educational level, and length of experiences were not significantly related to empathy. Setting--psychiatric or non-psychiatric--was the only variable that made a difference.", "PMID": 66312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2101", "title": "Uterine protein synthesis during the early stages of pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The synthesis of uterine-soluble proteins during early pregnancy in the rat has been examined by means of dual-isotope labelling techniques and subsequent electrophoretic analysis. A protein of similar electrophoretic mobility to the uterine oestrogen-induced protein was observed, and synthesis of this 'presumptive induced protein' was maximal on Day 4 and Day 6 of pregnancy but low on day 5. Pregnancy associated protein synthesis was observed in many regions on polyacrylamide gels, including the beta-lipoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, post-transferrin and albumin regions. Synthesis of the post-transferrin species rapidly increased from Day 4 to reach a maximum on Day 6 in the implantation tissue. The temporal pattern of synthesis of post-transferrin protein and and of 'presumptive induced region' suggests involvement in the processes of cell proliferation and decidualization.", "contents": "Uterine protein synthesis during the early stages of pregnancy in the rat. The synthesis of uterine-soluble proteins during early pregnancy in the rat has been examined by means of dual-isotope labelling techniques and subsequent electrophoretic analysis. A protein of similar electrophoretic mobility to the uterine oestrogen-induced protein was observed, and synthesis of this 'presumptive induced protein' was maximal on Day 4 and Day 6 of pregnancy but low on day 5. Pregnancy associated protein synthesis was observed in many regions on polyacrylamide gels, including the beta-lipoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, post-transferrin and albumin regions. Synthesis of the post-transferrin species rapidly increased from Day 4 to reach a maximum on Day 6 in the implantation tissue. The temporal pattern of synthesis of post-transferrin protein and and of 'presumptive induced region' suggests involvement in the processes of cell proliferation and decidualization.", "PMID": 66313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2102", "title": "Polydispersity of human articular cartilage proteoglycan antigens.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to define more fully the antigenic properties of human articular cartilage proteoglycans, in anticipation of its potential contribution to alterations arising in diseased states and following cartilage transplantation. Proteoglycans, extracted from normal, adult articular cartilage by dissociative measures, were subjected to purification by cesium density gradient ultracentrifugation, under conditions facilitating both molecular aggregation and dissociation. A polydisperse population of reactive determinants was observed in immunodiffusion and hemagglutination inhibition systems, employing proteoglycan specific antisera on gradient fractions. Highly aggregated proteoglycan species appeared to contain potentially masked antigenic determinants, which were revealed after guanidine dissociation but not hyaluronidase digestion. Polyacrilamide disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, in conjunction with disc elution experiments, confirmed proteoglycan antigenic polydispersity.", "contents": "Polydispersity of human articular cartilage proteoglycan antigens. Studies were undertaken to define more fully the antigenic properties of human articular cartilage proteoglycans, in anticipation of its potential contribution to alterations arising in diseased states and following cartilage transplantation. Proteoglycans, extracted from normal, adult articular cartilage by dissociative measures, were subjected to purification by cesium density gradient ultracentrifugation, under conditions facilitating both molecular aggregation and dissociation. A polydisperse population of reactive determinants was observed in immunodiffusion and hemagglutination inhibition systems, employing proteoglycan specific antisera on gradient fractions. Highly aggregated proteoglycan species appeared to contain potentially masked antigenic determinants, which were revealed after guanidine dissociation but not hyaluronidase digestion. Polyacrilamide disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, in conjunction with disc elution experiments, confirmed proteoglycan antigenic polydispersity.", "PMID": 66314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2103", "title": "Fluorinated Pyrimidine nucleosides. 1. Synthesis of a nitrogen analogue of the antitumor agent 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine hydrochloride.", "content": "The nitrogen-bridged compound 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidinium chloride (2), an analogue of the antitumor agent anhydro-ara-FC (1), has been synthesized. 5-Fluorocytidine was converted into 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidinium chloride (4), but cyclization of 4 was not achieved due to a competing side reaction. The nitrogen bridge was therefore introduced by cyclization of 5-fluoroisocytidine (10) to give the 2,2'-imino-bridged compound 16. The latter was converted into 2 by the standard procedure of thiation, S-methylation, and treatment with ammonia. Compound 2, as well as a number of the synthetic intermediates, was tested for activity against S180 sarcoma in mice. None of the new compounds exhibited any antitumor activity.", "contents": "Fluorinated Pyrimidine nucleosides. 1. Synthesis of a nitrogen analogue of the antitumor agent 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine hydrochloride. The nitrogen-bridged compound 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidinium chloride (2), an analogue of the antitumor agent anhydro-ara-FC (1), has been synthesized. 5-Fluorocytidine was converted into 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidinium chloride (4), but cyclization of 4 was not achieved due to a competing side reaction. The nitrogen bridge was therefore introduced by cyclization of 5-fluoroisocytidine (10) to give the 2,2'-imino-bridged compound 16. The latter was converted into 2 by the standard procedure of thiation, S-methylation, and treatment with ammonia. Compound 2, as well as a number of the synthetic intermediates, was tested for activity against S180 sarcoma in mice. None of the new compounds exhibited any antitumor activity.", "PMID": 66315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2104", "title": "Synthesis of 5-azacytidine-6-13C and -6-14C.", "content": "5-Azacytidine (1) labeled with 13C or 14C at the chemically labile C-6 position was synthesized. A method utilizing hydrolytic opening of the triazine ring followed by recyclization with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal was used. Urinary and biliary excretion was measured in rabbits following intravenous doses of 1-4-14C and 1-6-14C. Differences in recoveries of the dose from 4-14C and 6-14C demonstrate that ring cleavage of 1 with loss of the C-6 carbon represents a major metabolite route.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-azacytidine-6-13C and -6-14C. 5-Azacytidine (1) labeled with 13C or 14C at the chemically labile C-6 position was synthesized. A method utilizing hydrolytic opening of the triazine ring followed by recyclization with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal was used. Urinary and biliary excretion was measured in rabbits following intravenous doses of 1-4-14C and 1-6-14C. Differences in recoveries of the dose from 4-14C and 6-14C demonstrate that ring cleavage of 1 with loss of the C-6 carbon represents a major metabolite route.", "PMID": 66316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2105", "title": "Ionic selectivity, saturation and block in gramicidin A channels: I. Theory for the electrical properties of ion selective channels having two pairs of binding sites and multiple conductance states.", "content": "A model for the gramicidin A channel is proposed which extends existing models by adding a specific cationic binding site at each entrance to the channel. The binding of ions to these outer channel sites is assumed to shift the energy levels of the inner sites and barriers and thereby alter the channel conductance. The resulting properties are analyzed theoretically for the simplest case of two inner sites and a single energy barrier. This for-site model (two outer and two inner) predicts that the membrane potential at zero current (Uo) should be a Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation with concentration-dependent permeability ratios. The coefficients of the concentration-dependent terms are shown to be related to the peak energy shifts of the barrier and to the binding constants of the outer sites. The thory also predicts the channel conductance in symmetrical solutions to exhibit three limiting behaviors, from which the properties of the outer and inner sites can be characterized. In two-cation symmetrical mixtures the conductance as a function of mole fraction is shown to have a minimum, and the related phenomenon of inhibition and block exerted by one ion on the other is explained explicitly by the theory. These various phenomena, having ion interactions in a multiply occupied channel as a common physical basis, are all related (by the theory) through a set of measurable parameters describing the properties of the system.", "contents": "Ionic selectivity, saturation and block in gramicidin A channels: I. Theory for the electrical properties of ion selective channels having two pairs of binding sites and multiple conductance states. A model for the gramicidin A channel is proposed which extends existing models by adding a specific cationic binding site at each entrance to the channel. The binding of ions to these outer channel sites is assumed to shift the energy levels of the inner sites and barriers and thereby alter the channel conductance. The resulting properties are analyzed theoretically for the simplest case of two inner sites and a single energy barrier. This for-site model (two outer and two inner) predicts that the membrane potential at zero current (Uo) should be a Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation with concentration-dependent permeability ratios. The coefficients of the concentration-dependent terms are shown to be related to the peak energy shifts of the barrier and to the binding constants of the outer sites. The thory also predicts the channel conductance in symmetrical solutions to exhibit three limiting behaviors, from which the properties of the outer and inner sites can be characterized. In two-cation symmetrical mixtures the conductance as a function of mole fraction is shown to have a minimum, and the related phenomenon of inhibition and block exerted by one ion on the other is explained explicitly by the theory. These various phenomena, having ion interactions in a multiply occupied channel as a common physical basis, are all related (by the theory) through a set of measurable parameters describing the properties of the system.", "PMID": 66317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2106", "title": "Ca+2-accumulating components in developing skeletal muscle.", "content": "This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.", "contents": "Ca+2-accumulating components in developing skeletal muscle. This ultrastructural study on the localization of Ca+2 in developing skeletal muscle indicates that the formation of calcium-accumulating components begins during embryonic development. Both oxalate and pyroantimonate techniques are used to localize Ca+2 in distinct cellular components of chick pectoral and sartorius muscles. Two major sites for Ca+2 accumulation are present in ultrathin sections of embryonic and post-embryonic muscles: the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and specific lines in the I-bands. Calcium oxalate-accumulating vesicles are present in the smallest recognizable myotubes at the twelfth day of incubation, but calcium-accumulating components are not seen at myofibrillar I-band sites until the fourteenth to seventeenth days of incubation. The fact that myofibrils first form and later in development accumulate a Ca+2-binding component suggests that this Ca+2-binding component is not necessary for the formation of myofibrils, but is added to myofibrils before hatching to serve a probable regulatory role in contraction.", "PMID": 66318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2107", "title": "Oncogenicity in marmosets of HL-23V, a type C oncornavirus isolated from human leukemic cells, and comparison with simian sarcoma virus type 1 (SSV-1/SSAV-1).", "content": "Type C virus produced by dog thymus cells (A7573) that were infected with virus (HL-23V), isolated from cultured leukocytes of an acute myelogenous leukemia patient, transformed marmoset and horse cells in vitro and induced virus-producing fibromas in marmosets. The tumors and transformed foci were indistinguishable morphologically from those induced by simian sarcoma virus, type 1 (SSV-1/SSAV-1). HL-23V was indistinguishable from SSV-1/SSAV-1 by immunofluorescence and neutralization tests, and the nontransforming virus associated with HL-23V completely inhibited SSV-1 focus induction in interference tests. Cell cultures established from a marmoset fibroma produced transforming and nontransforming virus biologically and antigenically indistinguishable from HL-23V and SSV-1/SSAV-1.", "contents": "Oncogenicity in marmosets of HL-23V, a type C oncornavirus isolated from human leukemic cells, and comparison with simian sarcoma virus type 1 (SSV-1/SSAV-1). Type C virus produced by dog thymus cells (A7573) that were infected with virus (HL-23V), isolated from cultured leukocytes of an acute myelogenous leukemia patient, transformed marmoset and horse cells in vitro and induced virus-producing fibromas in marmosets. The tumors and transformed foci were indistinguishable morphologically from those induced by simian sarcoma virus, type 1 (SSV-1/SSAV-1). HL-23V was indistinguishable from SSV-1/SSAV-1 by immunofluorescence and neutralization tests, and the nontransforming virus associated with HL-23V completely inhibited SSV-1 focus induction in interference tests. Cell cultures established from a marmoset fibroma produced transforming and nontransforming virus biologically and antigenically indistinguishable from HL-23V and SSV-1/SSAV-1.", "PMID": 66319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2108", "title": "Separation of the complement-fixing and early antigens from Epstein-Barr soluble antigen.", "content": "The Epstein-Barr virus-associated complement-fixing (soluble) antigen (CFSA) and the early antigen (EA) were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography from the P3HR-1 lymphoblastoid cell line activated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine for 72 hours. As expected, these two antigens were not immunologically identical. The CFSA, but not the EA, was isolated from the RAJl lymphoblastoid cell line by the same method.", "contents": "Separation of the complement-fixing and early antigens from Epstein-Barr soluble antigen. The Epstein-Barr virus-associated complement-fixing (soluble) antigen (CFSA) and the early antigen (EA) were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography from the P3HR-1 lymphoblastoid cell line activated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine for 72 hours. As expected, these two antigens were not immunologically identical. The CFSA, but not the EA, was isolated from the RAJl lymphoblastoid cell line by the same method.", "PMID": 66320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2109", "title": "Human lung organ-specific antigens on normal lung, lung tumors, and a lung tumor cell line.", "content": "An antiserum raised in rabbits against a lung tumor cell line (2563) was selected from a library of antisera against normal and malignant human lung, lung tumor cell lines, and fetal tissues and was found by complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and saturation binding assays to contain antibodies for antigens characteristic of those found in normal lung. Studies with the adsorbed antiserum (A49) revealed: 1) An antigen was shared by normal lung and normal kidney (NLK-1) 2) lung tissue-specific antigen(s) were present on normal lung tissue (NL-1); 3) NL-1 was found on both external and internal cell membranes; and 4) NL-1, in addition to being present on normal lung and the adenocarcinoma-derived cell line 2563, was present on 1 of 2 metastatic lung adenocarcinomas but on none of 4 metastatic lung tumors of other histologic types.", "contents": "Human lung organ-specific antigens on normal lung, lung tumors, and a lung tumor cell line. An antiserum raised in rabbits against a lung tumor cell line (2563) was selected from a library of antisera against normal and malignant human lung, lung tumor cell lines, and fetal tissues and was found by complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and saturation binding assays to contain antibodies for antigens characteristic of those found in normal lung. Studies with the adsorbed antiserum (A49) revealed: 1) An antigen was shared by normal lung and normal kidney (NLK-1) 2) lung tissue-specific antigen(s) were present on normal lung tissue (NL-1); 3) NL-1 was found on both external and internal cell membranes; and 4) NL-1, in addition to being present on normal lung and the adenocarcinoma-derived cell line 2563, was present on 1 of 2 metastatic lung adenocarcinomas but on none of 4 metastatic lung tumors of other histologic types.", "PMID": 66321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2110", "title": "Low-molecular-weight RNAs of Moloney murine leukemia virus: identification of the primer for RNA-directed DNA synthesis.", "content": "The small RNAs of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) were fractionated into at least 15 species by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern of small RNAs is significantly different from that of Rous sarcoma virus. A subset of the virion small RNAs is associated with the genome RNA in the 70S complex. One of the associated molecules, a cellular tRNA, is tightly bound to the genome RNA and serves as the major primer for M-MuLV RNA-directed DNA synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Low-molecular-weight RNAs of Moloney murine leukemia virus: identification of the primer for RNA-directed DNA synthesis. The small RNAs of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) were fractionated into at least 15 species by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern of small RNAs is significantly different from that of Rous sarcoma virus. A subset of the virion small RNAs is associated with the genome RNA in the 70S complex. One of the associated molecules, a cellular tRNA, is tightly bound to the genome RNA and serves as the major primer for M-MuLV RNA-directed DNA synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 66325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2111", "title": "Evidence for recombination between N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "After co-infection of Sc-1 cells with N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses that differ in their XC plaque morphology, Hopkins et al. (1976) obtained viruses, designated XLP-N, that appeared to be recombinants, since they possess the N-tropism of one parent and the XC plaque morphology of the other (the B-tropic virus) parent. Here we present evidence, based on antigenicity and electrophoretic mobility, that some clonal isolates of XLP-N have inherited gp70 gene of their B-tropic virus parent. In addition to providing evidence that XLP-N viruses are recombinants, the fact that an N-tropic virus may apparently possess a gp70 derived from a B-tropic virus provides evidence, which is in agreement with the findings of others (Huang et al., 1973; Krontiris et al., 1973) that the N- or B-tropism of murine leukemia virus does not reside in gp70.", "contents": "Evidence for recombination between N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses. After co-infection of Sc-1 cells with N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses that differ in their XC plaque morphology, Hopkins et al. (1976) obtained viruses, designated XLP-N, that appeared to be recombinants, since they possess the N-tropism of one parent and the XC plaque morphology of the other (the B-tropic virus) parent. Here we present evidence, based on antigenicity and electrophoretic mobility, that some clonal isolates of XLP-N have inherited gp70 gene of their B-tropic virus parent. In addition to providing evidence that XLP-N viruses are recombinants, the fact that an N-tropic virus may apparently possess a gp70 derived from a B-tropic virus provides evidence, which is in agreement with the findings of others (Huang et al., 1973; Krontiris et al., 1973) that the N- or B-tropism of murine leukemia virus does not reside in gp70.", "PMID": 66326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2112", "title": "Primer recognition by avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "Tryptophanyl-tRNA was specifically labeled at the 3' end with [3H]tryptophan and cleaved in half with RNase under denaturing conditions, and the 3' half was shown to hybridize exclusively at the 5' end of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus is capable of efficiently binding the 3' half of the primer molecule.", "contents": "Primer recognition by avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Tryptophanyl-tRNA was specifically labeled at the 3' end with [3H]tryptophan and cleaved in half with RNase under denaturing conditions, and the 3' half was shown to hybridize exclusively at the 5' end of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus is capable of efficiently binding the 3' half of the primer molecule.", "PMID": 66328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2113", "title": "Simian virus 40 tumor-specific proteins: subcellular distribution and metabolic stability in HeLa cells infected with nondefective adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses.", "content": "HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid viruses produce several SV40-specific proteins. These include the previously reported 28,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND1, and 42,000- and 56,000-dalton proteins of Ad2+ND2, the 56,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND4, and the 42,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND5. In this report, we extend the list of SV40-specific proteins induced by Ad2+ND4 to include proteins of apparent molecular weights of 28,000 42,000, 60,000, 64,000, 72,000, 74,000, and a doublet of 95,000. Cell fractionation studies demonstrate that the SV40-specific proteins are detectable in the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane fractions. By pulse-chase and cell fractionation experiments, three classes of SV40-specific proteins can be distinguished with regard to metabolic stability: (i) unstable in the cytoplasmic but stable in the nuclear and plasma membrane fractions; (ii) stable in the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane fractions; and (iii) unstable in all subcellular fractions. Immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts demonstrates that most of the above proteins share antigenic determinants with proteins expressed in hamsters bearing SV40-induced tumors. Only the 42,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND5 is not immunoprecipitable.", "contents": "Simian virus 40 tumor-specific proteins: subcellular distribution and metabolic stability in HeLa cells infected with nondefective adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses. HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid viruses produce several SV40-specific proteins. These include the previously reported 28,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND1, and 42,000- and 56,000-dalton proteins of Ad2+ND2, the 56,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND4, and the 42,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND5. In this report, we extend the list of SV40-specific proteins induced by Ad2+ND4 to include proteins of apparent molecular weights of 28,000 42,000, 60,000, 64,000, 72,000, 74,000, and a doublet of 95,000. Cell fractionation studies demonstrate that the SV40-specific proteins are detectable in the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane fractions. By pulse-chase and cell fractionation experiments, three classes of SV40-specific proteins can be distinguished with regard to metabolic stability: (i) unstable in the cytoplasmic but stable in the nuclear and plasma membrane fractions; (ii) stable in the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane fractions; and (iii) unstable in all subcellular fractions. Immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts demonstrates that most of the above proteins share antigenic determinants with proteins expressed in hamsters bearing SV40-induced tumors. Only the 42,000-dalton protein of Ad2+ND5 is not immunoprecipitable.", "PMID": 66327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2114", "title": "Protein kinase and phosphoproteins of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "A protein kinase associated with purified virions of avian myeloblastosis virus, BAI strain A, was highly purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. On the basis of molecular sieving on Sephadex G-200, the enzyme protein appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50,000 to 60,000; disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels revealed the presence of at least two polypeptide chains; and isoelectric focusing on acrylamide gels revealed two protein bands with activity. Of the nonviral proteins used as phosphate acceptors, the greatest rate of phosphorylation was obtained with alpha-casein. Potential physiological substrates for this activity included specific virion polypeptide of avian myeloblastosis virus. One of the virion polypeptides found in association with reverse transcriptase activity from avian myeloblastosis virus accepted more phosphate than any of nonviral or viral polypeptides examined on the basis of nanomoles of 32P incorporated per milligram of protein.", "contents": "Protein kinase and phosphoproteins of avian myeloblastosis virus. A protein kinase associated with purified virions of avian myeloblastosis virus, BAI strain A, was highly purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. On the basis of molecular sieving on Sephadex G-200, the enzyme protein appeared to have a molecular weight of about 50,000 to 60,000; disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels revealed the presence of at least two polypeptide chains; and isoelectric focusing on acrylamide gels revealed two protein bands with activity. Of the nonviral proteins used as phosphate acceptors, the greatest rate of phosphorylation was obtained with alpha-casein. Potential physiological substrates for this activity included specific virion polypeptide of avian myeloblastosis virus. One of the virion polypeptides found in association with reverse transcriptase activity from avian myeloblastosis virus accepted more phosphate than any of nonviral or viral polypeptides examined on the basis of nanomoles of 32P incorporated per milligram of protein.", "PMID": 66329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2115", "title": "Two distinct endogenous type C viruses isolated from the asian rodent Mus cervicolor: conservation of virogene sequences in related rodent species.", "content": "The cocultivation of a lung cell line from the Southeast Asian mouse Mus cervicolor with cells from heterologous species has resulted in the isolation of two new distinct type C viruses. Both viruses are endogenous to M. cervicolor and are present in multiple copies in the cellular DNA of these mice. One of the viruses, designated M. cervicolor type CI, replicates readily in the SIRC rabbit cell line and is antigenically related to the infectious primate type C viruses isolated from a woolly monkey (simian sarcoma-associated virus) and gibbon apes (gibbon ape leukemia virus). This virus is also closely related by both immunological and nucleic acid hybridization criteria to a type C virus previously isolated from a second Asian murine species, Mus caroli. The isolation of the M. cervicolor type C I virus thus provides further evidence that the infectious primate type C viruses originated by trans-species infection of primates by an endogenous virus of mice. The second virus, designated M. cervicolor type C II, replicates well in various cell lines derived from the laboratory mouse Mus musculus. While antigenically related to type C viruses derived from M. musculus, the M. cervicolor type C II virus isolate can be readily distinguished from standard murine leukemia viruses. Both new type C viruses from M. cervicolor are unrelated to the previously described retrovirus (M432) isolated from the same Mus species. The DNA of M. cervicolor therefore contains multiple copies of at least three distinct classes of endogenous viral genes. An examination of the cellular DNA of other rodent species for nucleic acid sequences related to the genomes of both M. cervicolor type C I and II reveals that both viruses have been highly conserved evolutionarily, and that other species of rodents, such as laboratory mice and rats, contain endogenous virogenes related to those in the DNA of M. cervicolor.", "contents": "Two distinct endogenous type C viruses isolated from the asian rodent Mus cervicolor: conservation of virogene sequences in related rodent species. The cocultivation of a lung cell line from the Southeast Asian mouse Mus cervicolor with cells from heterologous species has resulted in the isolation of two new distinct type C viruses. Both viruses are endogenous to M. cervicolor and are present in multiple copies in the cellular DNA of these mice. One of the viruses, designated M. cervicolor type CI, replicates readily in the SIRC rabbit cell line and is antigenically related to the infectious primate type C viruses isolated from a woolly monkey (simian sarcoma-associated virus) and gibbon apes (gibbon ape leukemia virus). This virus is also closely related by both immunological and nucleic acid hybridization criteria to a type C virus previously isolated from a second Asian murine species, Mus caroli. The isolation of the M. cervicolor type C I virus thus provides further evidence that the infectious primate type C viruses originated by trans-species infection of primates by an endogenous virus of mice. The second virus, designated M. cervicolor type C II, replicates well in various cell lines derived from the laboratory mouse Mus musculus. While antigenically related to type C viruses derived from M. musculus, the M. cervicolor type C II virus isolate can be readily distinguished from standard murine leukemia viruses. Both new type C viruses from M. cervicolor are unrelated to the previously described retrovirus (M432) isolated from the same Mus species. The DNA of M. cervicolor therefore contains multiple copies of at least three distinct classes of endogenous viral genes. An examination of the cellular DNA of other rodent species for nucleic acid sequences related to the genomes of both M. cervicolor type C I and II reveals that both viruses have been highly conserved evolutionarily, and that other species of rodents, such as laboratory mice and rats, contain endogenous virogenes related to those in the DNA of M. cervicolor.", "PMID": 66330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2116", "title": "The treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy with flutamide (SCH: 13521): a placebo-controlled study.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the antiandrogen compound flutamide in 30 patients with benign enlargement of the prostate is reported. The potency of the compound was indicated by the large percentage of patients suffering from gynecomastia or nipple pain. Flow rate recordings are probably the most reliable and useful examination in this type of investigation, and statistical analysis of the results showed evidence of significant improvement in patients receiving flutamide. No evidence of an effect as compared to the placebo was found when the residual urine, prostate size or histological changes in prostatic biopsies were examined. Subjective effects, when carefully analyzed, provided some evidence of a preference for the flutamide group, especially in the early weeks of treatment, but the fallaciousness of subjective observations is stressed. The various problems associated with the choice and measurement of parameters to be used in this type of investigation are discussed, and the absolute necessity of proper controls and statistical analysis in such a clinical study is illustrated.", "contents": "The treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy with flutamide (SCH: 13521): a placebo-controlled study. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the antiandrogen compound flutamide in 30 patients with benign enlargement of the prostate is reported. The potency of the compound was indicated by the large percentage of patients suffering from gynecomastia or nipple pain. Flow rate recordings are probably the most reliable and useful examination in this type of investigation, and statistical analysis of the results showed evidence of significant improvement in patients receiving flutamide. No evidence of an effect as compared to the placebo was found when the residual urine, prostate size or histological changes in prostatic biopsies were examined. Subjective effects, when carefully analyzed, provided some evidence of a preference for the flutamide group, especially in the early weeks of treatment, but the fallaciousness of subjective observations is stressed. The various problems associated with the choice and measurement of parameters to be used in this type of investigation are discussed, and the absolute necessity of proper controls and statistical analysis in such a clinical study is illustrated.", "PMID": 66331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2117", "title": "Recent progress in ultrasonography of the bladder and prostate.", "content": "Gray scale transrectal ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with tumors of the prostate and bladder. Its application in patients with prostatic disease is in the detection of early asymptomatic tumors, in the accurate staging of local disease and in the following of patients after the institution of specific treatment. Although it is not being used for the detection of bladder tumors the procedure is a reliable means to evaluate the degree of tumor invasion so that proper therapy can be instituted.", "contents": "Recent progress in ultrasonography of the bladder and prostate. Gray scale transrectal ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with tumors of the prostate and bladder. Its application in patients with prostatic disease is in the detection of early asymptomatic tumors, in the accurate staging of local disease and in the following of patients after the institution of specific treatment. Although it is not being used for the detection of bladder tumors the procedure is a reliable means to evaluate the degree of tumor invasion so that proper therapy can be instituted.", "PMID": 66332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2118", "title": "Influence of histamine releasing agents on gastric acid secretion of isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa.", "content": "The influence of histamine releasing agents on gastric acid secretion was studied in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa preparations. Maximum acid secretory responses in our preparations were obtained by stimulation with tetragastrin (5 X 10(-7) g/ml), histamine (1 X 10(-5) g/ml) and bethanechol (1 X 10(-6) g/ml). Compound 48/80 (1 X 10(-4) g/ml) showed a transient stimulatory action which was followed by a gradual depression of basal acid secretion. The stimulatory phase of compound 48/80 was completely antagonized by burimamide (1 X 10(-5) g/ml), a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. In gastric mucosa preincubated with compound 48/80, the secretagogue action of tetragastrin or bethanechol was not exerted, although this preparation continued to respond to histamine. The effects of Triton X-100, decylamine and polymixin B were quite similar to those of compound 48/80. After pretreatment with compound 48/80, the gastric mucosa preparation became refractory to the stimulatory action of compound 48/80 or Triton X-100. It is thus suggested that endogenous histamine may play an important role in the secretagogue action of tetragastrin and bethanechol.", "contents": "Influence of histamine releasing agents on gastric acid secretion of isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa. The influence of histamine releasing agents on gastric acid secretion was studied in isolated bullfrog gastric mucosa preparations. Maximum acid secretory responses in our preparations were obtained by stimulation with tetragastrin (5 X 10(-7) g/ml), histamine (1 X 10(-5) g/ml) and bethanechol (1 X 10(-6) g/ml). Compound 48/80 (1 X 10(-4) g/ml) showed a transient stimulatory action which was followed by a gradual depression of basal acid secretion. The stimulatory phase of compound 48/80 was completely antagonized by burimamide (1 X 10(-5) g/ml), a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. In gastric mucosa preincubated with compound 48/80, the secretagogue action of tetragastrin or bethanechol was not exerted, although this preparation continued to respond to histamine. The effects of Triton X-100, decylamine and polymixin B were quite similar to those of compound 48/80. After pretreatment with compound 48/80, the gastric mucosa preparation became refractory to the stimulatory action of compound 48/80 or Triton X-100. It is thus suggested that endogenous histamine may play an important role in the secretagogue action of tetragastrin and bethanechol.", "PMID": 66339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2119", "title": "[Age-specific characteristics of microcirculation in middle-and old age].", "content": "The results subsequent to investigations of morphological and functional peculiarities specific for cutaneous capillary circulation in the nailbed of hand and foot fingers of practically healthy young individuals (18--30 years old) and physiologically ageing persons (aged over 60) are reported. In ageing of humans there is demonstrable fading and opacification of the capillaroscopic field of vision background, flattening out of the papillary layer, diminution in the number of functioning capillaries per unit of the skin surface, the presence of non-vascularized zones, the development of intercapillary autoanastomoses and of the subpapillary venous plexus, lengthening of arterial and venous capillary branches, prevalence of spastico-atonic and spastic forms of the capillary loops, slowing down and granular nature of the capillary blood flow. With growing age there become evident a reduction of functioning reserve capillaries, a depression of the skin capillaries sensitivity to the neural effects (heat and cold) and its increase to humoral (adrenalin, histamine, acetylcholine and hypophysin ones. The mechanism behind the said phenomena in ageing is considered. The data obtained are of significance in studying the mechanisms underlying the ageing of the organs and tissues, the understanding of age-specific features of the pathogenesis, evolution and treatment of a number of affections involving the cardiovascular system in persons of advanced and senile age.", "contents": "[Age-specific characteristics of microcirculation in middle-and old age]. The results subsequent to investigations of morphological and functional peculiarities specific for cutaneous capillary circulation in the nailbed of hand and foot fingers of practically healthy young individuals (18--30 years old) and physiologically ageing persons (aged over 60) are reported. In ageing of humans there is demonstrable fading and opacification of the capillaroscopic field of vision background, flattening out of the papillary layer, diminution in the number of functioning capillaries per unit of the skin surface, the presence of non-vascularized zones, the development of intercapillary autoanastomoses and of the subpapillary venous plexus, lengthening of arterial and venous capillary branches, prevalence of spastico-atonic and spastic forms of the capillary loops, slowing down and granular nature of the capillary blood flow. With growing age there become evident a reduction of functioning reserve capillaries, a depression of the skin capillaries sensitivity to the neural effects (heat and cold) and its increase to humoral (adrenalin, histamine, acetylcholine and hypophysin ones. The mechanism behind the said phenomena in ageing is considered. The data obtained are of significance in studying the mechanisms underlying the ageing of the organs and tissues, the understanding of age-specific features of the pathogenesis, evolution and treatment of a number of affections involving the cardiovascular system in persons of advanced and senile age.", "PMID": 66340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2120", "title": "Acceleration of canalicular development in lungs of fetal mice exposed transplacentally to dexamethasone.", "content": "Morphometric techniques were used to compare the volume density of air space (Vva) and the degree of maturation of pulmonary epithelium in normal fetal mouse lung and in lungs of fetuses exposed transplacentally to dexamethasone. Pregnant Bagg-Webster Swiss mice of 16 days' gestation were given injections of either saline or dexamethasone in doses ranging from 0.40 to 12.0 microng. per gm. of body weight, and killed at intervals thereafter. Fetuses were removed and weighed and their lungs prepared for morphometry using osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded tissue. In control lungs, Vva increased 10-fold between days 17 and 19, an increase from 1.5 to 15%. A 25-fold increase occurred during the same period in test fetal lungs exposed to 0.40 microng. per gm. or more of dexamethasone. When the degree of air space development was compared 24 hours after exposure, within a single weight group and, according to dose, a linear increase in air space was found; 0.1-microng. per gm. increment in dexamethasone produced a 0.66% increment in Vva. Body weight was an important determinant, in that fetuses in the lower weight range had much less response. The latter showed an increment of approximately 0.25% in Vva for each 0.1-microng. per gm. increment of dexamethasone. It can be emphasized from the present experiments that a maximal development of Vva could be achieved by amounts of dexamethasone too low to depress fetal or lung weight. The proportion of pulmonary epithelial cells containing osmiophilic granules increased in control lungs from 18% on day 17 to 42% on day 18. Test fetuses (17 days old) examined 24 hours after receiving either 0.40 or 0.80 microng. per mg. of dexamethasone showed no significant increase in this proportion; however, a significant increase in the proportion of cells containing osmiophilic granules was found in fetal lungs exposed to 2.0 microng. per mg. Whereas a significant increase in Vva was found within 14 hours of exposure, no increase in the proportion of cells containig osmiophilic granules was detectable at this time. It was concluded that air space development is a sensitive method for evaluating the effect of dexamethasone as it gives a clear dose-response curve in fetuses exposed to it 24 hours prior to sacrifice. Accelerated maturation of the presumptive type II cell could only be demonstrated within 24 hours by using higher doses than those required to initiate air space development. These observations suggest that the steps invovled in canal formation, which are assumed to reflect alterations in mesenchyme, may have a different sensitivity to dexamethasone than do those initiating the maturation of alveolar epithelial cells.", "contents": "Acceleration of canalicular development in lungs of fetal mice exposed transplacentally to dexamethasone. Morphometric techniques were used to compare the volume density of air space (Vva) and the degree of maturation of pulmonary epithelium in normal fetal mouse lung and in lungs of fetuses exposed transplacentally to dexamethasone. Pregnant Bagg-Webster Swiss mice of 16 days' gestation were given injections of either saline or dexamethasone in doses ranging from 0.40 to 12.0 microng. per gm. of body weight, and killed at intervals thereafter. Fetuses were removed and weighed and their lungs prepared for morphometry using osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded tissue. In control lungs, Vva increased 10-fold between days 17 and 19, an increase from 1.5 to 15%. A 25-fold increase occurred during the same period in test fetal lungs exposed to 0.40 microng. per gm. or more of dexamethasone. When the degree of air space development was compared 24 hours after exposure, within a single weight group and, according to dose, a linear increase in air space was found; 0.1-microng. per gm. increment in dexamethasone produced a 0.66% increment in Vva. Body weight was an important determinant, in that fetuses in the lower weight range had much less response. The latter showed an increment of approximately 0.25% in Vva for each 0.1-microng. per gm. increment of dexamethasone. It can be emphasized from the present experiments that a maximal development of Vva could be achieved by amounts of dexamethasone too low to depress fetal or lung weight. The proportion of pulmonary epithelial cells containing osmiophilic granules increased in control lungs from 18% on day 17 to 42% on day 18. Test fetuses (17 days old) examined 24 hours after receiving either 0.40 or 0.80 microng. per mg. of dexamethasone showed no significant increase in this proportion; however, a significant increase in the proportion of cells containing osmiophilic granules was found in fetal lungs exposed to 2.0 microng. per mg. Whereas a significant increase in Vva was found within 14 hours of exposure, no increase in the proportion of cells containig osmiophilic granules was detectable at this time. It was concluded that air space development is a sensitive method for evaluating the effect of dexamethasone as it gives a clear dose-response curve in fetuses exposed to it 24 hours prior to sacrifice. Accelerated maturation of the presumptive type II cell could only be demonstrated within 24 hours by using higher doses than those required to initiate air space development. These observations suggest that the steps invovled in canal formation, which are assumed to reflect alterations in mesenchyme, may have a different sensitivity to dexamethasone than do those initiating the maturation of alveolar epithelial cells.", "PMID": 66416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2121", "title": "A cation-retaining layer in the alveolar-capillary membrane.", "content": "The ultrastructural cytochemistry of the alveolar-capillary \"membrane\" has been investigated. Dialyzed iron and high iron diamine staining demonstrated a layer containing sulfated mucosubstance at the basal surface of the membranous pneumocytes. In the same layer, fixation with an osmium tetroxide-potassium pyroantimonate solution yielded abundant fine precipitates which were abolished by inclusion of ehtylene glycol bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in the fixative. This cation-retaining layer could be interpreted as providing a mechanism for retarding cation transport from the basement membrane to the alveolar space. High iron diamine staining also demonstrated a layer of sulfated mucosubstance on the microvilli of the granular pneumocytes. This layer corresponded with a sialidase-resistant, dialyzed iron-reactive stratum which overlaid the sialomucin-rich cell coat.", "contents": "A cation-retaining layer in the alveolar-capillary membrane. The ultrastructural cytochemistry of the alveolar-capillary \"membrane\" has been investigated. Dialyzed iron and high iron diamine staining demonstrated a layer containing sulfated mucosubstance at the basal surface of the membranous pneumocytes. In the same layer, fixation with an osmium tetroxide-potassium pyroantimonate solution yielded abundant fine precipitates which were abolished by inclusion of ehtylene glycol bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in the fixative. This cation-retaining layer could be interpreted as providing a mechanism for retarding cation transport from the basement membrane to the alveolar space. High iron diamine staining also demonstrated a layer of sulfated mucosubstance on the microvilli of the granular pneumocytes. This layer corresponded with a sialidase-resistant, dialyzed iron-reactive stratum which overlaid the sialomucin-rich cell coat.", "PMID": 66417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2122", "title": "Does a bacterial elongation factor share a common evolutionary ancestor with actin?", "content": "Protein synthesis elongation factor Tu from E. coli shares several physical, chemical, and functional properties with actin-like proteins. Limited tryptic degradation indicates that the two polypeptides have a similar molecular architecture. These observations suggest that they could have evolved from a common ancestor, although more information will be necessary to prove or disprove this hypothesis. A partial sequence, comprising 22 aminoacid residues from the aminoterminal end of the large tryptic fragment of elongation factor Tu is presented.", "contents": "Does a bacterial elongation factor share a common evolutionary ancestor with actin? Protein synthesis elongation factor Tu from E. coli shares several physical, chemical, and functional properties with actin-like proteins. Limited tryptic degradation indicates that the two polypeptides have a similar molecular architecture. These observations suggest that they could have evolved from a common ancestor, although more information will be necessary to prove or disprove this hypothesis. A partial sequence, comprising 22 aminoacid residues from the aminoterminal end of the large tryptic fragment of elongation factor Tu is presented.", "PMID": 66419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2123", "title": "Myocardial preservation during aortic valve surgery. Assessment of five techniques by cellular chemical and biophysical methods.", "content": "Five different types of myocardial protection were employed in this series of 168 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Two methods of assessing myocardial preservation were used: cellular biological estimations and quantitative polarization measurements. Both parameters showed that either of two methods, continuous perfusion at 32 degrees C. with a beating heart or cardioplegic hypothermic arrest, protected the myocardum best. Intermittent perfusion at 30 degrees C. with a fibrillating heart was the worst means of preservation. Our investigations (both clinical and experimental) have also shown that changes in birefringence, indicative of deteriorating myocardial function, are often detectable before parallel cytochemical changes are apparent.", "contents": "Myocardial preservation during aortic valve surgery. Assessment of five techniques by cellular chemical and biophysical methods. Five different types of myocardial protection were employed in this series of 168 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Two methods of assessing myocardial preservation were used: cellular biological estimations and quantitative polarization measurements. Both parameters showed that either of two methods, continuous perfusion at 32 degrees C. with a beating heart or cardioplegic hypothermic arrest, protected the myocardum best. Intermittent perfusion at 30 degrees C. with a fibrillating heart was the worst means of preservation. Our investigations (both clinical and experimental) have also shown that changes in birefringence, indicative of deteriorating myocardial function, are often detectable before parallel cytochemical changes are apparent.", "PMID": 66420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2124", "title": "Celestin tube palliation of unresectable esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Celestin tube intubation was performed in 108 patients with unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia, in 83 per cent as the initial operation and in 17 per cent after exploration. The hospital mortality rate was 16 per cent, including a 7.4 per cent mortality rate from technical causes. The most frequent  causes of death were perforations of the esophagus and cardia and aspiration pneumonia. Nonfatal complications occurred in 13 per cent of surviving patients, obstruction and dislodgment of the tube being the most common. All patients were able to swallow at discharge, and 91 per cent of them could take food by mouth until the time of death. In 9 per cent, additional palliation, usually esophagoscopy or gastrostomy, was required. Ninety-one patients survived one to 21 months (average 5.8 months). The 6 month survival rate was 44 per cent and the one-year survival 9 per cent.", "contents": "Celestin tube palliation of unresectable esophageal carcinoma. Celestin tube intubation was performed in 108 patients with unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia, in 83 per cent as the initial operation and in 17 per cent after exploration. The hospital mortality rate was 16 per cent, including a 7.4 per cent mortality rate from technical causes. The most frequent  causes of death were perforations of the esophagus and cardia and aspiration pneumonia. Nonfatal complications occurred in 13 per cent of surviving patients, obstruction and dislodgment of the tube being the most common. All patients were able to swallow at discharge, and 91 per cent of them could take food by mouth until the time of death. In 9 per cent, additional palliation, usually esophagoscopy or gastrostomy, was required. Ninety-one patients survived one to 21 months (average 5.8 months). The 6 month survival rate was 44 per cent and the one-year survival 9 per cent.", "PMID": 66421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2125", "title": "Studies on an adrenal antigen common to man and different animals.", "content": "Precipitating adrenal antibodies, originally described by Andrada et al., are often associated with patients suffering from the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome. The syndrome may include contemporarily several organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as hypoparathyroidism. Addison's disease, thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia, gastritis and ovarian failure and often combined with moniliasis and alopecia. These antibodies seem to differ from those demonstrable by immunofluorescence (IFL) and complement fixation. This conclusion was made as the titres of immunofluorescence antibodies did not correlate with the presence or absence of precipitating antibodies (Krohn et al., Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3:59-68, 1974; Heinonen et al., Ann Clin Res 8:262-265 1976). In this study we describe the subcellular localization and distribution of the precipitable adrenal antigens within some animal species. We found two precipitable adrenal antigens; one of them, designated P-antigen (particulate), was found in precipitable form only in the mitochondrial fractions, and the other, designated S-antigen, could be found in all subcellular fractions of some animal species. Bovine and equine S-antigen could be fractionated on a Sephadex G-200 column, revealing also the soluble nature of the S-antigen. The human S-antigen seemed to differ from the animal S-antigen as in addition to one common antigenic determinant (Sc), the human S contained a second determinant (Sh) not present in the animals. There was no difference in the antigenic character of the P-antigen within different species, although this conclusion is mainly based on the absorption studies.", "contents": "Studies on an adrenal antigen common to man and different animals. Precipitating adrenal antibodies, originally described by Andrada et al., are often associated with patients suffering from the moniliasis-polyendocrinopathy syndrome. The syndrome may include contemporarily several organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as hypoparathyroidism. Addison's disease, thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia, gastritis and ovarian failure and often combined with moniliasis and alopecia. These antibodies seem to differ from those demonstrable by immunofluorescence (IFL) and complement fixation. This conclusion was made as the titres of immunofluorescence antibodies did not correlate with the presence or absence of precipitating antibodies (Krohn et al., Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3:59-68, 1974; Heinonen et al., Ann Clin Res 8:262-265 1976). In this study we describe the subcellular localization and distribution of the precipitable adrenal antigens within some animal species. We found two precipitable adrenal antigens; one of them, designated P-antigen (particulate), was found in precipitable form only in the mitochondrial fractions, and the other, designated S-antigen, could be found in all subcellular fractions of some animal species. Bovine and equine S-antigen could be fractionated on a Sephadex G-200 column, revealing also the soluble nature of the S-antigen. The human S-antigen seemed to differ from the animal S-antigen as in addition to one common antigenic determinant (Sc), the human S contained a second determinant (Sh) not present in the animals. There was no difference in the antigenic character of the P-antigen within different species, although this conclusion is mainly based on the absorption studies.", "PMID": 66422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2126", "title": "Non-renin-mediated renovascular hypertension: A new syndrome?", "content": "In two hypertensive patients with renal-artery stenosis, overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system was ruled out by investigations of renin and aldosterone concentrations and by the lack of a vasodepressor response to angiotensin blockade with saralasin. Nevertheless, hypertension was cured by renal revascularisation. The date suggest that there is a form of renovascular hypertension which is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Non-renin-mediated renovascular hypertension: A new syndrome? In two hypertensive patients with renal-artery stenosis, overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system was ruled out by investigations of renin and aldosterone concentrations and by the lack of a vasodepressor response to angiotensin blockade with saralasin. Nevertheless, hypertension was cured by renal revascularisation. The date suggest that there is a form of renovascular hypertension which is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 66424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2127", "title": "H2-receptor antagonists and antacids in the prevention of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in fulminant hepatic failure. Two controlled trials.", "content": "In two controlled trials, involving 75 patients, on the prevention of bleeding from gastric erosions in fulminant hepatic failure, antacids given four-hourly had no significant effect. Only 35% of intragastric pH recordings taken at two-hourly intervals in the treated group were maintained above 5 with the doses used, whereas this could be consistently achieved with the histamine H2-receptor antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine. In the group receiving these drugs only 1 patient out of 26 bled, compared with 13 (54%) of the controls, a highly significant difference. Blood-transfusion requirements were significantly less in those treated with H2-receptor antagonists.", "contents": "H2-receptor antagonists and antacids in the prevention of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in fulminant hepatic failure. Two controlled trials. In two controlled trials, involving 75 patients, on the prevention of bleeding from gastric erosions in fulminant hepatic failure, antacids given four-hourly had no significant effect. Only 35% of intragastric pH recordings taken at two-hourly intervals in the treated group were maintained above 5 with the doses used, whereas this could be consistently achieved with the histamine H2-receptor antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine. In the group receiving these drugs only 1 patient out of 26 bled, compared with 13 (54%) of the controls, a highly significant difference. Blood-transfusion requirements were significantly less in those treated with H2-receptor antagonists.", "PMID": 66425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2128", "title": "Immunoparesis and outcome in measles.", "content": "In five children with measles who subsequently died and in one with measles in whom chronic bronchopneumonia developed (group A), immunosuppression was more pronounced during the acute rash (i.e., 3-20 days before death) than in six children with measles who recovered (group B). The absolute total lymphocyte-count (T and B cells) was significantly lower in group A. Mean serum-C3 was also lower in group A than in group B. There were no significant differences between the two groups for other complement factors or for serum-immunoglobulins. The mean phytohaemagglutinin stimulation index (S.I.) for lymphocytes from patients in group A resembled that in group B, although the S.I. in both groups was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. S.I.S were lowest in two patients who died. Counts of total white cells, neutrophils, null cells, and those with both B and T cell markers were not significantly different in groups A and B. The total lymphocyte-count (mean 2117 +/- S.E.M. 375 cells/mm3) in a further nineteen patients with measles who had died, studied retrospectively, was significantly lower than that (4487 +/- 540 cells/mm3) in twenty-seven patients with measles who recovered.", "contents": "Immunoparesis and outcome in measles. In five children with measles who subsequently died and in one with measles in whom chronic bronchopneumonia developed (group A), immunosuppression was more pronounced during the acute rash (i.e., 3-20 days before death) than in six children with measles who recovered (group B). The absolute total lymphocyte-count (T and B cells) was significantly lower in group A. Mean serum-C3 was also lower in group A than in group B. There were no significant differences between the two groups for other complement factors or for serum-immunoglobulins. The mean phytohaemagglutinin stimulation index (S.I.) for lymphocytes from patients in group A resembled that in group B, although the S.I. in both groups was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. S.I.S were lowest in two patients who died. Counts of total white cells, neutrophils, null cells, and those with both B and T cell markers were not significantly different in groups A and B. The total lymphocyte-count (mean 2117 +/- S.E.M. 375 cells/mm3) in a further nineteen patients with measles who had died, studied retrospectively, was significantly lower than that (4487 +/- 540 cells/mm3) in twenty-seven patients with measles who recovered.", "PMID": 66426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2129", "title": "Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia: A feature of the operation or the thyroid disorder?", "content": "It has been suggested that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to the presence of a thyrotoxic osteodystrophy for which a high serum concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase is a marker. Changes in serum-calcium (corrected to a standard albumin concentration of 40 g/l), alkaline phosphatase (A.P.), inorganic phosphate, and albumin were studied prospectively in 54 euthyroid patients with drug-treated Graves' disease, and in 17 controls with simple non-toxic goitre, before and serially after partial thyroidectomy. All data were paired and results indicate that the pattern of biochemical change was the same in both types of patient and that the degree of change was not related to the serum-A.P. concentration in the Graves'-disease patients. Of the patients studied within the first 24 h of operation, 5 out of 12 with Graves' disease and raised serum-A.P. (group I), 9 of 20 with Graves' disease and normal serum-A.P. (group II), and 7 of 15 controls (group III) showed a fall in serum-calcium below the lower limit of the reference range. In all three groups there was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium 24 h after operation but there was no significant difference in serum-calcium between the groups either immediately before or 24 h after operation. Serum-calcium returned to pre-surgical concentrations within 7 days of thyroidectomy and serum-A.P. concentrations by 4 to 6 weeks in all groups. There was no evidence that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to thyrotoxic osteodystrophy and the pattern of the biochemical changes was thought to be consistent with release of thyrocalcitonin at operation.", "contents": "Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia: A feature of the operation or the thyroid disorder? It has been suggested that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to the presence of a thyrotoxic osteodystrophy for which a high serum concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase is a marker. Changes in serum-calcium (corrected to a standard albumin concentration of 40 g/l), alkaline phosphatase (A.P.), inorganic phosphate, and albumin were studied prospectively in 54 euthyroid patients with drug-treated Graves' disease, and in 17 controls with simple non-toxic goitre, before and serially after partial thyroidectomy. All data were paired and results indicate that the pattern of biochemical change was the same in both types of patient and that the degree of change was not related to the serum-A.P. concentration in the Graves'-disease patients. Of the patients studied within the first 24 h of operation, 5 out of 12 with Graves' disease and raised serum-A.P. (group I), 9 of 20 with Graves' disease and normal serum-A.P. (group II), and 7 of 15 controls (group III) showed a fall in serum-calcium below the lower limit of the reference range. In all three groups there was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium 24 h after operation but there was no significant difference in serum-calcium between the groups either immediately before or 24 h after operation. Serum-calcium returned to pre-surgical concentrations within 7 days of thyroidectomy and serum-A.P. concentrations by 4 to 6 weeks in all groups. There was no evidence that post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia is related to thyrotoxic osteodystrophy and the pattern of the biochemical changes was thought to be consistent with release of thyrocalcitonin at operation.", "PMID": 66427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2130", "title": "Treatment of severe intermittent claudication by controlled defibrination.", "content": "Fifteen patients with severe intermittent claudication were treated by therapeutic defibrination with subcutaneous injections of ancrod for 5 weeks. Mean plasma-fibrinogen was maintained below 50% of the initial value throughout the treatment period. This reduction in plasma-fibrinogen was accompanied by a parallel fall in whole-blood viscosity and a pronounced clinical improvement. Objective measurements showed maximum benefit on the 21st day of treatment, when the mean resting ankle/arm pressure index had increased by 37%, the post-exercise pressure index had increased by 50%, and the time taken for the pressure index to return to a resting value after a constant exercise had decreased by 33%. (The claudication-count had increased by 59%).", "contents": "Treatment of severe intermittent claudication by controlled defibrination. Fifteen patients with severe intermittent claudication were treated by therapeutic defibrination with subcutaneous injections of ancrod for 5 weeks. Mean plasma-fibrinogen was maintained below 50% of the initial value throughout the treatment period. This reduction in plasma-fibrinogen was accompanied by a parallel fall in whole-blood viscosity and a pronounced clinical improvement. Objective measurements showed maximum benefit on the 21st day of treatment, when the mean resting ankle/arm pressure index had increased by 37%, the post-exercise pressure index had increased by 50%, and the time taken for the pressure index to return to a resting value after a constant exercise had decreased by 33%. (The claudication-count had increased by 59%).", "PMID": 66429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2131", "title": "Heart-rate variability in brain-damaged adults.", "content": "To test whether or not the characteristics of the adult heart-rate reflect the condition of the central nervous system (as they seem to do in the fetus), ten patients with neurological deficits of acute onset were studied. No patients had received drugs and none was hypoxic. The findings indicate that the normal cyclic changes in heart-rate are reduced in the presence of severe brain damage. Variability decreases rapidly if intracranial pressure rises, and the rate of return of variability reflects the subsequent state of neuronal function, even when intracranial pressure has been restored to normal. In this limited setting, then, it appears that heart-rate variability may reflect the functional state of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Heart-rate variability in brain-damaged adults. To test whether or not the characteristics of the adult heart-rate reflect the condition of the central nervous system (as they seem to do in the fetus), ten patients with neurological deficits of acute onset were studied. No patients had received drugs and none was hypoxic. The findings indicate that the normal cyclic changes in heart-rate are reduced in the presence of severe brain damage. Variability decreases rapidly if intracranial pressure rises, and the rate of return of variability reflects the subsequent state of neuronal function, even when intracranial pressure has been restored to normal. In this limited setting, then, it appears that heart-rate variability may reflect the functional state of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 66430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2132", "title": "The aetiological role of maternal vitamin-B6 deficiency in the development of atherosclerosis.", "content": "Lysyl oxidase is the copper-dependent enzyme responsible for the normal cross-linking of both collagen and elastin which is necessary for their functional integrity. There is now strong evidence that this enzyme is vitamin-B6-dependent. The earliest visible lesion of atherosclerosis, commonly found in human neonatal coronary arteries and probably indicative of the location of future atherosclerotic plaques, is a focal splitting of the internal elastic lamina, the cause of which has hitherto remained unexplained. It is suggested that this lesion is the result of imperfect cross-linking of arterial elastin as well as collagen, and is caused by a maternal deficiency of vitamin B6 which is commonly found in pregnancy and which could thus impair the function of lysyl oxidase. Prophylactic supplementation of maternal diet with adequate vitamin B6 is therefore suggested.", "contents": "The aetiological role of maternal vitamin-B6 deficiency in the development of atherosclerosis. Lysyl oxidase is the copper-dependent enzyme responsible for the normal cross-linking of both collagen and elastin which is necessary for their functional integrity. There is now strong evidence that this enzyme is vitamin-B6-dependent. The earliest visible lesion of atherosclerosis, commonly found in human neonatal coronary arteries and probably indicative of the location of future atherosclerotic plaques, is a focal splitting of the internal elastic lamina, the cause of which has hitherto remained unexplained. It is suggested that this lesion is the result of imperfect cross-linking of arterial elastin as well as collagen, and is caused by a maternal deficiency of vitamin B6 which is commonly found in pregnancy and which could thus impair the function of lysyl oxidase. Prophylactic supplementation of maternal diet with adequate vitamin B6 is therefore suggested.", "PMID": 66431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2133", "title": "Classification of idiopathic diabetes.", "content": "A classification of idiopathic diabetes based on autoimmunity suggests that two main types of disease process may result in this syndrome. Type 1 includes classic insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes presenting in later life, and diabetes initially adequately controlled for at least 3 months on oral hypoglycaemic agents but with islet-cell antibody (I.C.A.) in the serum. Type II included classic maturity-onset insulin-independent diabetes and the rarer insulin-independent diabetes presenting at a younger age in patients whose serum is negative for I.C.A. at the time of diagnosis. In terms oer the main factor is a genetically determined diathesis towards islet-cell autoimmunity (type Ia), towards islet-cell damage by appropriate viral infection or other agent in the absence of islet cell autoimmunity (type Ic), or a combination of the two diatheses (type IB). Type-II diabetes has a different genetic basis and the environmental factor is a metabolic or other form of stress rather than viral infection. Both main types have an early potential phase indicated by the presence of I.C.A. in serum (type I) and, in the absence of I.C.A., in serum (type I) and, in the absence of I.C.A., by an appropriate family history of insulin-independent diabetes or giving birth to big babies (type II). Evidence to support this hypothesis comes from HLA and histological studies in man and viral studies in laboratory animals as well as from clinical observation.", "contents": "Classification of idiopathic diabetes. A classification of idiopathic diabetes based on autoimmunity suggests that two main types of disease process may result in this syndrome. Type 1 includes classic insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes presenting in later life, and diabetes initially adequately controlled for at least 3 months on oral hypoglycaemic agents but with islet-cell antibody (I.C.A.) in the serum. Type II included classic maturity-onset insulin-independent diabetes and the rarer insulin-independent diabetes presenting at a younger age in patients whose serum is negative for I.C.A. at the time of diagnosis. In terms oer the main factor is a genetically determined diathesis towards islet-cell autoimmunity (type Ia), towards islet-cell damage by appropriate viral infection or other agent in the absence of islet cell autoimmunity (type Ic), or a combination of the two diatheses (type IB). Type-II diabetes has a different genetic basis and the environmental factor is a metabolic or other form of stress rather than viral infection. Both main types have an early potential phase indicated by the presence of I.C.A. in serum (type I) and, in the absence of I.C.A., in serum (type I) and, in the absence of I.C.A., by an appropriate family history of insulin-independent diabetes or giving birth to big babies (type II). Evidence to support this hypothesis comes from HLA and histological studies in man and viral studies in laboratory animals as well as from clinical observation.", "PMID": 66440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2134", "title": "Frequency of E. coli K antigens in urinary-tract infections in children.", "content": "The somatic (O) and casular (K) antigens of Escherichia coli from the urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis, acute cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and in the faeces of healthy schoolchildren have been investigated. Typing antisera for sixteen capsular acidic polysaccharide K antigens were used, and five (numbers 1, 2, 3, 12, and 13) accounted for 70% of isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritis. These five K antigens were found to a lesser extent in the three other study groups. Thus, only a few K polysaccharides are associated with virulent properties of E. coli for the upper urinary tract. This finding is similar to the association of only some capsular types of pneumococci, meningococci, and Haemophilus influenzae with invasiveness. The identification of virulence markers for E. coli associated with upper-urinary-tract disease may permit more successful control with reference to preventive immunisation.", "contents": "Frequency of E. coli K antigens in urinary-tract infections in children. The somatic (O) and casular (K) antigens of Escherichia coli from the urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis, acute cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and in the faeces of healthy schoolchildren have been investigated. Typing antisera for sixteen capsular acidic polysaccharide K antigens were used, and five (numbers 1, 2, 3, 12, and 13) accounted for 70% of isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritis. These five K antigens were found to a lesser extent in the three other study groups. Thus, only a few K polysaccharides are associated with virulent properties of E. coli for the upper urinary tract. This finding is similar to the association of only some capsular types of pneumococci, meningococci, and Haemophilus influenzae with invasiveness. The identification of virulence markers for E. coli associated with upper-urinary-tract disease may permit more successful control with reference to preventive immunisation.", "PMID": 66470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2135", "title": "Treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease with a high-fibre diet.", "content": "The therapeutic value of increasing the daily dietary fibre intake was assessed over 3 months in a double-blind controlled trial of 18 patients. Significantly greater symptomatic relief was obtained by those on a high fibre regimen than by those in the control group, despite a marked initial placebo effect. The effectiveness of a high-fibre diet increased over the 3-month period.", "contents": "Treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease with a high-fibre diet. The therapeutic value of increasing the daily dietary fibre intake was assessed over 3 months in a double-blind controlled trial of 18 patients. Significantly greater symptomatic relief was obtained by those on a high fibre regimen than by those in the control group, despite a marked initial placebo effect. The effectiveness of a high-fibre diet increased over the 3-month period.", "PMID": 66471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2136", "title": "Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Clinical features and physiological implications.", "content": "The first case of a tumour producing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and bioactivity is presented. The pancreatic tumour was composed of cells indistinguishable from islet D cells. Radioimmunoassay of blood-samples obtained by tumour-vein catheterisation revealed very high levels of somatostatin immunoreactivity. On gel chromatography tumour extracts were found to contain at least 4 different immunoreactive components, one of which eluted in the position of synthetic somatostatin. Extracts from the tumour were potent in inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated perfused porcine pancreas. Clinical abnormalities included hypochlorhydria, steatorrhoea, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Conceivably some of these abnormalities may be related to somatostatin hypersecretion from the pancreatic tumour.", "contents": "Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Clinical features and physiological implications. The first case of a tumour producing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and bioactivity is presented. The pancreatic tumour was composed of cells indistinguishable from islet D cells. Radioimmunoassay of blood-samples obtained by tumour-vein catheterisation revealed very high levels of somatostatin immunoreactivity. On gel chromatography tumour extracts were found to contain at least 4 different immunoreactive components, one of which eluted in the position of synthetic somatostatin. Extracts from the tumour were potent in inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated perfused porcine pancreas. Clinical abnormalities included hypochlorhydria, steatorrhoea, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Conceivably some of these abnormalities may be related to somatostatin hypersecretion from the pancreatic tumour.", "PMID": 66472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2137", "title": "Neocortical cholinergic neurons in elderly people.", "content": "Choline acetyltransferase activity (presynaptic cholinergic system) and high affinity binding of cholinergic antagonists (postsynaptic cholinergic system) were measured in brain tissue removed after death from both mentally normal and demented old people. Muscarinic receptor binding sites in frontal cortex decreased with advancing years only in old people without appreciable morphological evidence of senile degeration. Preliminary data for temporal lobe suggested that also in Pick's disease the density of receptor binding sites is reduced. The markers are not significantly reduced in cases of mixed senile and vascular dementia. However, in non-vascular senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, there were indications that the presynaptic marker is selectively depleted. Therefore, centrally acting anticholinesterases might be beneficial, particularly in the early stages of the disease.", "contents": "Neocortical cholinergic neurons in elderly people. Choline acetyltransferase activity (presynaptic cholinergic system) and high affinity binding of cholinergic antagonists (postsynaptic cholinergic system) were measured in brain tissue removed after death from both mentally normal and demented old people. Muscarinic receptor binding sites in frontal cortex decreased with advancing years only in old people without appreciable morphological evidence of senile degeration. Preliminary data for temporal lobe suggested that also in Pick's disease the density of receptor binding sites is reduced. The markers are not significantly reduced in cases of mixed senile and vascular dementia. However, in non-vascular senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, there were indications that the presynaptic marker is selectively depleted. Therefore, centrally acting anticholinesterases might be beneficial, particularly in the early stages of the disease.", "PMID": 66473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2138", "title": "Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and a toxin-producing strain of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium: An experimental model in rats.", "content": "Cultures of an isolate of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, obtained from stored maize in an area of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy--Vratza, Bulgaria--has consistently induced renal tubular lesions when force-fed to rats for 20 days. The lesions, confined to the lower reaches of the proximal convoluted tublues (pars recta and junctional zone), closely resemble the tubular changes in patients with Balkan nephropathy. Preliminary evidence suggests that this nephrotoxin-producing strain of P. verrucosum var. cyclopium may be implicated in the aetiology of Balkan nephropathy.", "contents": "Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and a toxin-producing strain of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium: An experimental model in rats. Cultures of an isolate of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, obtained from stored maize in an area of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy--Vratza, Bulgaria--has consistently induced renal tubular lesions when force-fed to rats for 20 days. The lesions, confined to the lower reaches of the proximal convoluted tublues (pars recta and junctional zone), closely resemble the tubular changes in patients with Balkan nephropathy. Preliminary evidence suggests that this nephrotoxin-producing strain of P. verrucosum var. cyclopium may be implicated in the aetiology of Balkan nephropathy.", "PMID": 66474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2139", "title": "Plasma-myoinositol concentrations in uraemic neuropathy.", "content": "In a series of patients with chronic renal failure managed conservatively, the rise in the plasma-myo-inositol (myoinositol) concentration has been found to be related to depression of sural-nerve conduction velocity. There was no correlation with motor-nerve conduction velocity in the peroneal nerve, or with either of these variables in a series of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis. Despite the negative correlation with sural-nerve conduction velocity, there was no correlation between the plasma-myoinositol concentration and the presence of peripheral neuropathy as assessed clinically. It is concluded that hypermyoinositolaemia may depress nerve conduction velocity, but there is no evidence that it is responsible for the development of uraemic polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Plasma-myoinositol concentrations in uraemic neuropathy. In a series of patients with chronic renal failure managed conservatively, the rise in the plasma-myo-inositol (myoinositol) concentration has been found to be related to depression of sural-nerve conduction velocity. There was no correlation with motor-nerve conduction velocity in the peroneal nerve, or with either of these variables in a series of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis. Despite the negative correlation with sural-nerve conduction velocity, there was no correlation between the plasma-myoinositol concentration and the presence of peripheral neuropathy as assessed clinically. It is concluded that hypermyoinositolaemia may depress nerve conduction velocity, but there is no evidence that it is responsible for the development of uraemic polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 66475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2140", "title": "Cadmium and hypertension.", "content": "The cadmium concentration of renal tissue from 82 patients who had died at the age of 45-65 years has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; 43 were normotensive and 39 hypertensive. Renal cadmium concentration was higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. When smoking habits were taken into account, renal cadmium concentration was found to be 82% higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. Other workers have found the opposite relationship. It is proposed that this discrepancy might reflect either that variations due to age were not taken into account in previous investigations or that a difference exists between soft-water areas and hard-water areas such as the one studied.", "contents": "Cadmium and hypertension. The cadmium concentration of renal tissue from 82 patients who had died at the age of 45-65 years has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; 43 were normotensive and 39 hypertensive. Renal cadmium concentration was higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. When smoking habits were taken into account, renal cadmium concentration was found to be 82% higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. Other workers have found the opposite relationship. It is proposed that this discrepancy might reflect either that variations due to age were not taken into account in previous investigations or that a difference exists between soft-water areas and hard-water areas such as the one studied.", "PMID": 66476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2141", "title": "Intrathymic pathogenesis and dual genetic control of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "We propose a two-step model for the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. In the first step, primitive intrathymic stem-cells are induced by abnormal stimuli to differentiate to (abnormal?) myogenic cells. In the second step, immunocompetent T lymphocytes start an autoimmune reaction against these newly differentiated myogenic cells. The clinical stage is reached when autosensitised effector T lymphocytes leave the thymus and either infiltrate the synaptic spaces of peripheral muscles or participate in the formation of autoantibodies, causing the neuromuscular symptoms. At two points the pathogenesis is under genetic control--the first at the differentiation of the stem-cells to myogenic cells and the second at the immune responsiveness of the lymphocytes to these atypical intrathymic muscle cells.", "contents": "Intrathymic pathogenesis and dual genetic control of myasthenia gravis. We propose a two-step model for the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. In the first step, primitive intrathymic stem-cells are induced by abnormal stimuli to differentiate to (abnormal?) myogenic cells. In the second step, immunocompetent T lymphocytes start an autoimmune reaction against these newly differentiated myogenic cells. The clinical stage is reached when autosensitised effector T lymphocytes leave the thymus and either infiltrate the synaptic spaces of peripheral muscles or participate in the formation of autoantibodies, causing the neuromuscular symptoms. At two points the pathogenesis is under genetic control--the first at the differentiation of the stem-cells to myogenic cells and the second at the immune responsiveness of the lymphocytes to these atypical intrathymic muscle cells.", "PMID": 66477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2142", "title": "Malnutrition in surgical patients. An unrecognised problem.", "content": "Indices of nutritional state were measured in 105 surgical patients. The indices were chosen to give information on protein-calorie malnutrition, anaemia, vitamin deficiency. Abnormal values for the various indices were common in the group as a whole and most frequent (50%) in patients who were still in hospital more than a week after major surgery. These patients had a high frequency of anaemia, vitamin deficiency, weight-loss, loss of arm-muscle bulk, and low plasma levels of transferrin and albumin. These abnormalities had gone almost entirely unrecognised, even in patients with sepsis after major surgery, who would benefit from improvement in nutritional state.", "contents": "Malnutrition in surgical patients. An unrecognised problem. Indices of nutritional state were measured in 105 surgical patients. The indices were chosen to give information on protein-calorie malnutrition, anaemia, vitamin deficiency. Abnormal values for the various indices were common in the group as a whole and most frequent (50%) in patients who were still in hospital more than a week after major surgery. These patients had a high frequency of anaemia, vitamin deficiency, weight-loss, loss of arm-muscle bulk, and low plasma levels of transferrin and albumin. These abnormalities had gone almost entirely unrecognised, even in patients with sepsis after major surgery, who would benefit from improvement in nutritional state.", "PMID": 66485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2143", "title": "A strategy to detect beta-thalassaemia minor.", "content": "Over the past three years 25 302 adults in Kentucky have been tested for haemoglobinopathies, and of these, haemoglobin A2 was measured on 3734, 1973 with microcytosis and 1761 within the normal range. The best methods of detecting beta-thalassaemia minor using red-blood-cell indices were compared. No method detected all heterozygotes. A new method was devised consisting of three parts: (1) haemoglobin electrophoresis, (2) calculation of the product of the square of the mean corpuscular volume (M.C.V.) multiplied by the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (M.C.H.) measured in units of one hundred, (3) A2 determination on all AA samples with (M.C.V.)2 X M.C.H. less than 1530 and on those with variant genotypes consistent with thalassaemia. In this series this new method detected 137 out of 138 heterozygotes with 4-4% false-positives.", "contents": "A strategy to detect beta-thalassaemia minor. Over the past three years 25 302 adults in Kentucky have been tested for haemoglobinopathies, and of these, haemoglobin A2 was measured on 3734, 1973 with microcytosis and 1761 within the normal range. The best methods of detecting beta-thalassaemia minor using red-blood-cell indices were compared. No method detected all heterozygotes. A new method was devised consisting of three parts: (1) haemoglobin electrophoresis, (2) calculation of the product of the square of the mean corpuscular volume (M.C.V.) multiplied by the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (M.C.H.) measured in units of one hundred, (3) A2 determination on all AA samples with (M.C.V.)2 X M.C.H. less than 1530 and on those with variant genotypes consistent with thalassaemia. In this series this new method detected 137 out of 138 heterozygotes with 4-4% false-positives.", "PMID": 66486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2144", "title": "Coronary vasospasm in angina pectoris.", "content": "Coronary angiography was performed during 34 angina attacks in thirty patients admitted because of recurrent angina at rest. Nineteen (seventeen with S-T segment elevation and two S-T depression) had angiograms during a spontaneous attack, eleven (nine with S-T elevation and two with S-T depression) during an attack induced by intravenous ergonovine maleate. Control coronary angiograms showed a wide range of atherosclerotic obstruction, from normal vessels to severe triple-vessel disease. During the anginal attack, all patients with S-T segment elevation had vasospasm localised to one of the major branches, often resulting in complete occlusion. Attacks with S-T segment depression were seen only in patients with double or triple vessel disease, and here the vasospasm generally affected coronary branches without causing complete occlusion. When appropriately searched for, vasospastic angina seems to be common.", "contents": "Coronary vasospasm in angina pectoris. Coronary angiography was performed during 34 angina attacks in thirty patients admitted because of recurrent angina at rest. Nineteen (seventeen with S-T segment elevation and two S-T depression) had angiograms during a spontaneous attack, eleven (nine with S-T elevation and two with S-T depression) during an attack induced by intravenous ergonovine maleate. Control coronary angiograms showed a wide range of atherosclerotic obstruction, from normal vessels to severe triple-vessel disease. During the anginal attack, all patients with S-T segment elevation had vasospasm localised to one of the major branches, often resulting in complete occlusion. Attacks with S-T segment depression were seen only in patients with double or triple vessel disease, and here the vasospasm generally affected coronary branches without causing complete occlusion. When appropriately searched for, vasospastic angina seems to be common.", "PMID": 66516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2145", "title": "A retrospective analysis of blood-lead in mentally retarded children.", "content": "Blood-lead concentrations were measured retrospectively in the blood contained on cards used for testing for phenylketonuria in the first two weeks of life. Cards which belonged to 80 of a group of 77 children with mental retardation of unknown aetiology and 77 controls were identified. Of 77 usable cards, 41 were from mentally retarded children and 36 were from controls; 24 mental-retardation/control pairs were found. There was a highly significant trend towards higher blood-lead concentrations in the mentally retarded children. Water-lead concentrations in the maternal home during pregnancy correlated with blood-lead concentrations in the mentally retarded children. These results reinforce the probable association between lead exposure during pregnancy and the development of mental retardation of otherwise unknown aetiology.", "contents": "A retrospective analysis of blood-lead in mentally retarded children. Blood-lead concentrations were measured retrospectively in the blood contained on cards used for testing for phenylketonuria in the first two weeks of life. Cards which belonged to 80 of a group of 77 children with mental retardation of unknown aetiology and 77 controls were identified. Of 77 usable cards, 41 were from mentally retarded children and 36 were from controls; 24 mental-retardation/control pairs were found. There was a highly significant trend towards higher blood-lead concentrations in the mentally retarded children. Water-lead concentrations in the maternal home during pregnancy correlated with blood-lead concentrations in the mentally retarded children. These results reinforce the probable association between lead exposure during pregnancy and the development of mental retardation of otherwise unknown aetiology.", "PMID": 66517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2146", "title": "25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "The ability to 25-hydroxylate vitamin D was investigated in thirty-nine patients with symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (P.B.C.). In seven previously untreated patients serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) concentration increased after regular monthly injections of vitamin D. After a single injection of vitamin D in eight P.B.C. patients serum-25-OHD did not change significantly over 12 days; in contrast there were significant increases in eight normal subjects and in seven patients with nutritional osteomalacia. Twenty-three of twenty-five P.B.C. patients on regular vitamin-D therapy had normal serum-25-OHD values. These results indicate that serum-25-OHD concentrations become normal in P.B.C. if adequate amounts of vitamin D are presented to the liver as substrate.", "contents": "25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D in primary biliary cirrhosis. The ability to 25-hydroxylate vitamin D was investigated in thirty-nine patients with symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (P.B.C.). In seven previously untreated patients serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) concentration increased after regular monthly injections of vitamin D. After a single injection of vitamin D in eight P.B.C. patients serum-25-OHD did not change significantly over 12 days; in contrast there were significant increases in eight normal subjects and in seven patients with nutritional osteomalacia. Twenty-three of twenty-five P.B.C. patients on regular vitamin-D therapy had normal serum-25-OHD values. These results indicate that serum-25-OHD concentrations become normal in P.B.C. if adequate amounts of vitamin D are presented to the liver as substrate.", "PMID": 66518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2147", "title": "Intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteomalacia in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Bone histology and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD) were investigated in 11 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (P.B.C.). 4 patients had osteomalacia, and all these had received long-term cholestyramine. Plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25-OHD) concentrations after an oral dose of 25-OHD3 were significantly lower in the patients with P.B.C. (especially those with osteomalacia) than in normal controls. Serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion were lower, and serum-alkaline-phosphatase higher, in patients with osteomalacia. It is suggested that absorption of 25-OHD undergoing enterohepatic circulation and of dietary vitamin D is reduced in patients with P.B.C. Absorption of 25-OHD is further decreased by cholestyramine and the development of osteomalacia is thus hastened.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteomalacia in primary biliary cirrhosis. Bone histology and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD) were investigated in 11 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (P.B.C.). 4 patients had osteomalacia, and all these had received long-term cholestyramine. Plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25-OHD) concentrations after an oral dose of 25-OHD3 were significantly lower in the patients with P.B.C. (especially those with osteomalacia) than in normal controls. Serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion were lower, and serum-alkaline-phosphatase higher, in patients with osteomalacia. It is suggested that absorption of 25-OHD undergoing enterohepatic circulation and of dietary vitamin D is reduced in patients with P.B.C. Absorption of 25-OHD is further decreased by cholestyramine and the development of osteomalacia is thus hastened.", "PMID": 66519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2148", "title": "Failure of saralasin to predict a response to surgery in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Arteriography in two patients with renovascular hypertension suggested fibromuscular hyperplasia, mainly affecting the right renal artery. When saralasin was infused intravenously there was no fall in blood-pressure in either patient. However, both had a raised renal-vein plasma-renin activity on the affected side, relative to the unaffected kidney. Auto-transplantation resulted in a sustained reduction in arterial pressure in both patients. A negative saralasin test should not necessarily exclude further investigation of young patients with severe hypertension.", "contents": "Failure of saralasin to predict a response to surgery in renovascular hypertension. Arteriography in two patients with renovascular hypertension suggested fibromuscular hyperplasia, mainly affecting the right renal artery. When saralasin was infused intravenously there was no fall in blood-pressure in either patient. However, both had a raised renal-vein plasma-renin activity on the affected side, relative to the unaffected kidney. Auto-transplantation resulted in a sustained reduction in arterial pressure in both patients. A negative saralasin test should not necessarily exclude further investigation of young patients with severe hypertension.", "PMID": 66520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2149", "title": "Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "In 4 patients corticosteroid hypersecretion associated with excessive intake of alcohol led initially to an erroneous diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. If diagnostic errors are to be avoided, a history of alcohol intake should always be sought in a patient in whom the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is entertained. The abnormalities of pseudo-Cushing's syndrome revert to normal on ethanol withdrawal.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. In 4 patients corticosteroid hypersecretion associated with excessive intake of alcohol led initially to an erroneous diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. If diagnostic errors are to be avoided, a history of alcohol intake should always be sought in a patient in whom the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is entertained. The abnormalities of pseudo-Cushing's syndrome revert to normal on ethanol withdrawal.", "PMID": 66521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2150", "title": "Aetiocholanolone and prednisolone therapy in patients with severe bone-marrow failure.", "content": "Ten patients with bone-marrow failure from myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, and \"hairy cell\" leukaemia, who had failed to respond to androgens and/or glucocorticosteroids, were treated with a combination of aetiocholanolone and prednisolone. All patients except one with aplastic anaemia responded with an increase in reticulocytes, haematocrit, red blood cell mass, and blood neutrophils and platelets. These data suggest that aetiocholanolone, and similar 5beta-hydroxy steroids, may be valuable in treating certain patients with chronic marrow failure.", "contents": "Aetiocholanolone and prednisolone therapy in patients with severe bone-marrow failure. Ten patients with bone-marrow failure from myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, and \"hairy cell\" leukaemia, who had failed to respond to androgens and/or glucocorticosteroids, were treated with a combination of aetiocholanolone and prednisolone. All patients except one with aplastic anaemia responded with an increase in reticulocytes, haematocrit, red blood cell mass, and blood neutrophils and platelets. These data suggest that aetiocholanolone, and similar 5beta-hydroxy steroids, may be valuable in treating certain patients with chronic marrow failure.", "PMID": 66522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2151", "title": "Effect of a single dose of dimethyl sulphoxide on renal amyloidosis.", "content": "An amyloid-like fibrillar substance was obtained under certain chemical conditions from the urine of 11 patients with amyloid nephropathy who had been given a test dose of dimethyl sulphoxide. This fibrillar material could not be produced in the urine from 9 patients with proteinuria due to other causes. This finding may be useful in the diagnosis of amyloid nephropathy and could lead to a new approach to thearpy.", "contents": "Effect of a single dose of dimethyl sulphoxide on renal amyloidosis. An amyloid-like fibrillar substance was obtained under certain chemical conditions from the urine of 11 patients with amyloid nephropathy who had been given a test dose of dimethyl sulphoxide. This fibrillar material could not be produced in the urine from 9 patients with proteinuria due to other causes. This finding may be useful in the diagnosis of amyloid nephropathy and could lead to a new approach to thearpy.", "PMID": 66523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2152", "title": "Newer concepts of psychiatric diagnosis and biochemical research on mental illness.", "content": "Biochemical studies of psychiatric patients have revealed many abnormalities but have failed to identify specific biochemical changes linked to the pathophysiology of the illnesses. Review of these data in the light of newer concepts of psychiatric diagnosis may help to clarify the relationship between biochemical abnormalities and disabilities. These concepts may also suggest useful directions for future research.", "contents": "Newer concepts of psychiatric diagnosis and biochemical research on mental illness. Biochemical studies of psychiatric patients have revealed many abnormalities but have failed to identify specific biochemical changes linked to the pathophysiology of the illnesses. Review of these data in the light of newer concepts of psychiatric diagnosis may help to clarify the relationship between biochemical abnormalities and disabilities. These concepts may also suggest useful directions for future research.", "PMID": 66529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2153", "title": "Can rifampicin use be safely extended? Evidence for non-emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Data on the incidence of primary resistance to rifampicin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have been collected from various countries. Strains isolated from those countries where rifampicin is used for both tuberculous and non-tuberculous conditions (Italy, Argentina, Brazil, and Spain) did not show a higher incidence of primary resistance than did strains from other countries (France, U.K., and U.S.A.) where rifampicin use is confined to tuberculosis. It is concluded that there is no evidence to justify fears of an increased incidence of resistance to rifampicin in M. tuberculosis if rifampicin were used discreetly for treating non-tuberculous infections.", "contents": "Can rifampicin use be safely extended? Evidence for non-emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Data on the incidence of primary resistance to rifampicin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have been collected from various countries. Strains isolated from those countries where rifampicin is used for both tuberculous and non-tuberculous conditions (Italy, Argentina, Brazil, and Spain) did not show a higher incidence of primary resistance than did strains from other countries (France, U.K., and U.S.A.) where rifampicin use is confined to tuberculosis. It is concluded that there is no evidence to justify fears of an increased incidence of resistance to rifampicin in M. tuberculosis if rifampicin were used discreetly for treating non-tuberculous infections.", "PMID": 66530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2154", "title": "Long-term effects and after-effects of treatment of duodenal ulcer with metiamide.", "content": "Three therapeutic regimens were investigated to find the best way of treating duodenal ulceration with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide. Relapse of duodenal ulceration was not prevented by nocturnal administration of metiamide. Recurrence was prevented by continued administration of metiamide for 1 year, but cessation of treatment was followed by rapid relapse or symptomless recurrence of the ulceration. Repeated short courses (1 month) of treatment resulted in slower symptomatic control and more rapid recurrence of the ulceration. The treatment of duodenal ulcer with H2-receptor antagonists requires further investigation.", "contents": "Long-term effects and after-effects of treatment of duodenal ulcer with metiamide. Three therapeutic regimens were investigated to find the best way of treating duodenal ulceration with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide. Relapse of duodenal ulceration was not prevented by nocturnal administration of metiamide. Recurrence was prevented by continued administration of metiamide for 1 year, but cessation of treatment was followed by rapid relapse or symptomless recurrence of the ulceration. Repeated short courses (1 month) of treatment resulted in slower symptomatic control and more rapid recurrence of the ulceration. The treatment of duodenal ulcer with H2-receptor antagonists requires further investigation.", "PMID": 66567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2155", "title": "Phenylalanine metabolism and intellectual functioning among carriers of phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia.", "content": "All members of 63 families who had phenylketonuric or hyperphenylalaninaemic offspring received a phenylalanine tolerance test and an individual intelligence test. Parent carriers (heterozygotes, n=115) displayed a significant relationship (canonical correlation R=0.75, P is less than 0.05) between their ability to metabolise phenylalanine and their intellectual strengths and weaknesses. Mothers of hyperphenylalaniaemic children did not show this relationship. The number of carrier children (n=40) was too small for multivariate or sex analysis, but significant bivariate correlations were found for this group.", "contents": "Phenylalanine metabolism and intellectual functioning among carriers of phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninaemia. All members of 63 families who had phenylketonuric or hyperphenylalaninaemic offspring received a phenylalanine tolerance test and an individual intelligence test. Parent carriers (heterozygotes, n=115) displayed a significant relationship (canonical correlation R=0.75, P is less than 0.05) between their ability to metabolise phenylalanine and their intellectual strengths and weaknesses. Mothers of hyperphenylalaniaemic children did not show this relationship. The number of carrier children (n=40) was too small for multivariate or sex analysis, but significant bivariate correlations were found for this group.", "PMID": 66568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2156", "title": "Effect of granulocytic chalone on acute myeloid leukaemia in man. A follow-up study.", "content": "Non-pyrogenic preparations of granulocytic chalone have been administered to patient with acute myeloid leukaemia (A.M.L.) who had relapsed after chalone-induced complete remission of the disease. Another regression of the leukaemia was obtained. Normal and leukaemic granulocytes were inhibited without effect on other cell types. Survival was prolonged in 4 other patients with A.M.L. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the therapeutic role of granulocytic chalone.", "contents": "Effect of granulocytic chalone on acute myeloid leukaemia in man. A follow-up study. Non-pyrogenic preparations of granulocytic chalone have been administered to patient with acute myeloid leukaemia (A.M.L.) who had relapsed after chalone-induced complete remission of the disease. Another regression of the leukaemia was obtained. Normal and leukaemic granulocytes were inhibited without effect on other cell types. Survival was prolonged in 4 other patients with A.M.L. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the therapeutic role of granulocytic chalone.", "PMID": 66569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2157", "title": "Rebound thrombocytosis after alcohol abuse: a possible factor in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic disease.", "content": "Five alcoholic patients had rebound thrombocytosis after withdrawal of alcohol. This rebound thrombocytosis was not always preceded by thrombocytopenia at admission. Two patients had a history of unexplained recurrent venous thrombosis and recurrent pulmonary embolism. It is suggested that recurrent rebound thrombocytosis after alcohol abuse can be a factor in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic disease in some patients.", "contents": "Rebound thrombocytosis after alcohol abuse: a possible factor in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic disease. Five alcoholic patients had rebound thrombocytosis after withdrawal of alcohol. This rebound thrombocytosis was not always preceded by thrombocytopenia at admission. Two patients had a history of unexplained recurrent venous thrombosis and recurrent pulmonary embolism. It is suggested that recurrent rebound thrombocytosis after alcohol abuse can be a factor in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic disease in some patients.", "PMID": 66570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2158", "title": "A specific orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme in man.", "content": "An orally active inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, SQ 14,225 (D-2-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoly-L-proline), was administered to fourteen normal male volunteers to evaluate its safety and efficacy in inhibiting pressor responses to exogenous angiotensin I. SQ 14,225 produced significant blockade within 15 min of oral administration. The magnitude and duration of inhibition were dose-related. After a dose of 20 mg, complete blockade was observed for more than 2 h and partial inhibition for over 4 h. There was no effect on pressor responses to angiotensin II. SQ 14,225 promises to provide a new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving over-activity of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "A specific orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme in man. An orally active inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, SQ 14,225 (D-2-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoly-L-proline), was administered to fourteen normal male volunteers to evaluate its safety and efficacy in inhibiting pressor responses to exogenous angiotensin I. SQ 14,225 produced significant blockade within 15 min of oral administration. The magnitude and duration of inhibition were dose-related. After a dose of 20 mg, complete blockade was observed for more than 2 h and partial inhibition for over 4 h. There was no effect on pressor responses to angiotensin II. SQ 14,225 promises to provide a new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders involving over-activity of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 66571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2159", "title": "Prevalence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with \"functionless\" pituitary tumours.", "content": "Serum-prolactin concentrations were measured in 111 patients who had radiological abnormalities of the pituitary but no evidence of acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, or Nelson's syndrome. Raised prolactin levels were found in 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and in 15 of 47 patients studied after pituitary surgery. The majority of hyperprolactinaemic patients presented with amenorrhoea or impotence; galactorrhoea was uncommon. By contrast, reproductive disorders were rare in patients with normal prolactin levels. It is concluded that pituitary tumours previously described as \"functionless\" are frequently associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and that such tumours usually present as reproductive disorders. In the investigation of patients with amenorrhoea or impotence serum-prolactin should be measured and skull radiology performed if the prolactin level is raised. Prolactin should be measured in all patients with abnormal pituitary X-rays both before and after pituitary surgery.", "contents": "Prevalence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with \"functionless\" pituitary tumours. Serum-prolactin concentrations were measured in 111 patients who had radiological abnormalities of the pituitary but no evidence of acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, or Nelson's syndrome. Raised prolactin levels were found in 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and in 15 of 47 patients studied after pituitary surgery. The majority of hyperprolactinaemic patients presented with amenorrhoea or impotence; galactorrhoea was uncommon. By contrast, reproductive disorders were rare in patients with normal prolactin levels. It is concluded that pituitary tumours previously described as \"functionless\" are frequently associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and that such tumours usually present as reproductive disorders. In the investigation of patients with amenorrhoea or impotence serum-prolactin should be measured and skull radiology performed if the prolactin level is raised. Prolactin should be measured in all patients with abnormal pituitary X-rays both before and after pituitary surgery.", "PMID": 66572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2160", "title": "A possible virus aetiology in outbreaks of food-poisoning from cockles.", "content": "In a series of outbreaks of food-poisoning associated with the consumption of cockles, no bacterial pathogens were demonstrable either in faeces of patients or in cockles. However, small round virus-like particles have been detected in a high proportion of the faecal specimens in three of the outbreaks. These particles are similar in size, morphological features and density to particles seen in outbreaks of winter vomiting and non-bacterial gastroenteritis although in preliminary tests they are serologically distinctive.", "contents": "A possible virus aetiology in outbreaks of food-poisoning from cockles. In a series of outbreaks of food-poisoning associated with the consumption of cockles, no bacterial pathogens were demonstrable either in faeces of patients or in cockles. However, small round virus-like particles have been detected in a high proportion of the faecal specimens in three of the outbreaks. These particles are similar in size, morphological features and density to particles seen in outbreaks of winter vomiting and non-bacterial gastroenteritis although in preliminary tests they are serologically distinctive.", "PMID": 66573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2161", "title": "Complement activation in migraine.", "content": "Forty patients attending the Prince Henry Hospital migraine clinic have been investigated for evidence of complement activation related to migraine. These patients had a history of clinically similar migraine attacks. Levels of serum complement components were determined in nine patients, both in and out of migraine. Comparison of these levels showed significant reductions in C4 and C5 during headache. In a further 31 patients C3 breakdown products were sought when these patients were headache-free. They were detected in the plasma of three patients who proceeded to a migraine attack but not in the plasma of the remaining twenty-eight who did not. These findings suggest the presence of complement activation, which could explain many of the previously reported phenomena associated with migraine.", "contents": "Complement activation in migraine. Forty patients attending the Prince Henry Hospital migraine clinic have been investigated for evidence of complement activation related to migraine. These patients had a history of clinically similar migraine attacks. Levels of serum complement components were determined in nine patients, both in and out of migraine. Comparison of these levels showed significant reductions in C4 and C5 during headache. In a further 31 patients C3 breakdown products were sought when these patients were headache-free. They were detected in the plasma of three patients who proceeded to a migraine attack but not in the plasma of the remaining twenty-eight who did not. These findings suggest the presence of complement activation, which could explain many of the previously reported phenomena associated with migraine.", "PMID": 66574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2162", "title": "Varicose veins in tropical Africa.", "content": "1259 Tanzanians in a provincial town were examined for varicose veins. 5-5% (6-1% of men and 5-0% of women) of the 1000 people aged eighteen years and over had varicose veins. This prevalence is intermediate between that reported for minimally developed areas (0-1%-0-4%) and the age-adjusted rate reported for Michigan (12-3%). The Tanzanian diet included some refined carbohydrate, and the mean daily stool weight (228 g) indicated a fibre content intermediate between that of traditional African communities (490 g) and western countries (115 g). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis relating varicosities to a fibre-depleted diet. Life-long use of the squatting position for defaecation did not protect against the development of varicose veins.", "contents": "Varicose veins in tropical Africa. 1259 Tanzanians in a provincial town were examined for varicose veins. 5-5% (6-1% of men and 5-0% of women) of the 1000 people aged eighteen years and over had varicose veins. This prevalence is intermediate between that reported for minimally developed areas (0-1%-0-4%) and the age-adjusted rate reported for Michigan (12-3%). The Tanzanian diet included some refined carbohydrate, and the mean daily stool weight (228 g) indicated a fibre content intermediate between that of traditional African communities (490 g) and western countries (115 g). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis relating varicosities to a fibre-depleted diet. Life-long use of the squatting position for defaecation did not protect against the development of varicose veins.", "PMID": 66583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2163", "title": "[Experiences with tracheal-T-tubes in reconstructive surgery of the trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 cases with trachea problems we used the silicon-T-tube described by Montgomery (1965). Following our experiences we can recommend this trachea-endoprosthesis for two principal indications: 1. as symptomatic treatment in cases with non-operable stenoses of the upper airways, 2. as endoprosthesis and laryngeal or tracheal stent after reconstructive surgery. Numerous advantages  compared with traditionally used silver canulas have been noticed.", "contents": "[Experiences with tracheal-T-tubes in reconstructive surgery of the trachea (author's transl)]. In 19 cases with trachea problems we used the silicon-T-tube described by Montgomery (1965). Following our experiences we can recommend this trachea-endoprosthesis for two principal indications: 1. as symptomatic treatment in cases with non-operable stenoses of the upper airways, 2. as endoprosthesis and laryngeal or tracheal stent after reconstructive surgery. Numerous advantages  compared with traditionally used silver canulas have been noticed.", "PMID": 66621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2164", "title": "[Esophageal varices hemorrhage in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for esophageal varices hemorrhage in portal hypertension are indicated with reference to 149 patients. In the acute phase, operative measures are to be rejected because the lethality is too high. Conservative treatment with a Blakemore-Sengstaken probe should always be introduced at first. After confirmation of the conditions in the liver, a pressure-reducing anastomosis operation (delayed emergency shunt) must be performed. For this purpose we prefer the terminolateral splenorenal anastomosis.", "contents": "[Esophageal varices hemorrhage in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for esophageal varices hemorrhage in portal hypertension are indicated with reference to 149 patients. In the acute phase, operative measures are to be rejected because the lethality is too high. Conservative treatment with a Blakemore-Sengstaken probe should always be introduced at first. After confirmation of the conditions in the liver, a pressure-reducing anastomosis operation (delayed emergency shunt) must be performed. For this purpose we prefer the terminolateral splenorenal anastomosis.", "PMID": 66626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2165", "title": "Endogenous activation of latent collagenase by rheumatoid synovial cells. Evidence for a role of plasminogen activator.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanism of synovial damage in rheumatoid arthritis, we studied the activation of latent collagenases released from adherent rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. Latent enzyme was not complexed with alpha2 macroglobulin, the prinicpal proteinase inhibitor in serum, and could be activated by trypsin in the presence of alpha2 macroglobulin if sufficient proteinase was added to saturate inhibitor. Latent collagenase bound half as effectively to collagen fibrils as active enzyme. Plasmin was a threefold better activator of latent enzyme than trypsin and could be generated by addition of plasminogen to synovial-cell cultures. Production of both collagenase and plasminogen activator was inhibited by dexamethasone (10(-9) M). These studies emphasize in importance of control of activation in regulation collagenase activity, It is likely that rheumatoid synovium produces both latent collagenase and plasminogen activator; plasmin is activated from its zymogen, plasminogen, present in inflamed tissues, and in turn activates collagenase.", "contents": "Endogenous activation of latent collagenase by rheumatoid synovial cells. Evidence for a role of plasminogen activator. To elucidate the mechanism of synovial damage in rheumatoid arthritis, we studied the activation of latent collagenases released from adherent rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. Latent enzyme was not complexed with alpha2 macroglobulin, the prinicpal proteinase inhibitor in serum, and could be activated by trypsin in the presence of alpha2 macroglobulin if sufficient proteinase was added to saturate inhibitor. Latent collagenase bound half as effectively to collagen fibrils as active enzyme. Plasmin was a threefold better activator of latent enzyme than trypsin and could be generated by addition of plasminogen to synovial-cell cultures. Production of both collagenase and plasminogen activator was inhibited by dexamethasone (10(-9) M). These studies emphasize in importance of control of activation in regulation collagenase activity, It is likely that rheumatoid synovium produces both latent collagenase and plasminogen activator; plasmin is activated from its zymogen, plasminogen, present in inflamed tissues, and in turn activates collagenase.", "PMID": 66627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2166", "title": "Dimensions of homo- and heteropolymeric sections of DNA synthesized by reverse transcription from globin mRNA matrices.", "content": "The lengths of globin messenger RNAs, isolated from rabbit and pigeon reticulocytes, and single-stranded complementary DNAs, synthesized from mRNA in presence of RNA-directed DNA-polymerase and oligo(dt) have been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The cDNA preparations contained a fraction which corresponded in length to the alpha and beta chains of the mRNA used as a matrix. The lengthwise distribution of poly(A) sequences, isolated from globin mRNAs, corresponded to a statistical distribution, with a maximum at 75-80 nucleotides and with a maximum length of approximately 150 nucleotides. The lengthwise distribution of poly(dt) sequences, isolated from cDNA, corresponded to the poly(A) sequence distribution. It was concluded that: 1) cDNA is heterogeneous with respect to the length of poly(dt) sequences located at the 5' end of the molecule; 2) there was no selective use as primer of only that oligo(dt) which was located within the complex formed with the 5' end of the mRNA poly(A) sequence; 3) the heterogeneity of poly(DT) corresponded qualitatively to two models of template-primer interaction: selective use as a true primer of the oligonucleotide located in the complex formed with the 3' end of mRNA, and a statistical distribution of primer along the poly(A) sequence; and 4) the heterogeneity of the homopolymeric section of the cDNA may affect the kinetics of hybridization with mRNA, which possibly explains the previously observed [1] anomalous dependence of the hybridization rate on time.", "contents": "Dimensions of homo- and heteropolymeric sections of DNA synthesized by reverse transcription from globin mRNA matrices. The lengths of globin messenger RNAs, isolated from rabbit and pigeon reticulocytes, and single-stranded complementary DNAs, synthesized from mRNA in presence of RNA-directed DNA-polymerase and oligo(dt) have been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The cDNA preparations contained a fraction which corresponded in length to the alpha and beta chains of the mRNA used as a matrix. The lengthwise distribution of poly(A) sequences, isolated from globin mRNAs, corresponded to a statistical distribution, with a maximum at 75-80 nucleotides and with a maximum length of approximately 150 nucleotides. The lengthwise distribution of poly(dt) sequences, isolated from cDNA, corresponded to the poly(A) sequence distribution. It was concluded that: 1) cDNA is heterogeneous with respect to the length of poly(dt) sequences located at the 5' end of the molecule; 2) there was no selective use as primer of only that oligo(dt) which was located within the complex formed with the 5' end of the mRNA poly(A) sequence; 3) the heterogeneity of poly(DT) corresponded qualitatively to two models of template-primer interaction: selective use as a true primer of the oligonucleotide located in the complex formed with the 3' end of mRNA, and a statistical distribution of primer along the poly(A) sequence; and 4) the heterogeneity of the homopolymeric section of the cDNA may affect the kinetics of hybridization with mRNA, which possibly explains the previously observed [1] anomalous dependence of the hybridization rate on time.", "PMID": 66625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2167", "title": "Neostigmine-induced end-plate proliferation in the rat. A study using supra-vital methylene blue.", "content": "The supra-vital methylene blue technique was used to study motor end-plate morphology in 21 BD-1X rats, treated for 7 to 16 weeks with oral neostigmine bromide, and in five control animals. Motor endings of treated animals showed preterminal, terminal, and ultraterminal sprouting and an increase in mean end-plate length (p less than 0.001). These changes were most prominent after 14 weeks of treatment. After 16 weeks of therapy, mean end-plate length decreased and the proliferative abnormality became less evident. The adverse effect of neostigmine on motor end-plates may have clinical relevance in the management of myasthenia gravis and may be partly responsible for the end-plate abnormalities previously reported in this disease.", "contents": "Neostigmine-induced end-plate proliferation in the rat. A study using supra-vital methylene blue. The supra-vital methylene blue technique was used to study motor end-plate morphology in 21 BD-1X rats, treated for 7 to 16 weeks with oral neostigmine bromide, and in five control animals. Motor endings of treated animals showed preterminal, terminal, and ultraterminal sprouting and an increase in mean end-plate length (p less than 0.001). These changes were most prominent after 14 weeks of treatment. After 16 weeks of therapy, mean end-plate length decreased and the proliferative abnormality became less evident. The adverse effect of neostigmine on motor end-plates may have clinical relevance in the management of myasthenia gravis and may be partly responsible for the end-plate abnormalities previously reported in this disease.", "PMID": 66646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2168", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of stomach neoplasms].", "content": "Personal experience in the cytological diagnosis of gastric neoplasis acquired in a series of 104 patients is presented. Three false positives were detected in 29 cases of supposed malignancy and 11 false negatives in 75 patients with tumours thought to be benign. Cytology often proved the determining factor in the planning of surgery, while in some instances it also gave an indication of the histological type involved.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of stomach neoplasms]. Personal experience in the cytological diagnosis of gastric neoplasis acquired in a series of 104 patients is presented. Three false positives were detected in 29 cases of supposed malignancy and 11 false negatives in 75 patients with tumours thought to be benign. Cytology often proved the determining factor in the planning of surgery, while in some instances it also gave an indication of the histological type involved.", "PMID": 66648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2169", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. III. A reevaluation of the alpha-fetoprotein assay.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein was measured in 2209 amniotic fluid samples under improved assay conditions. All cases of open neural tube defects had elevated values greater than 5 SD above the mean. The false positive rate based on the 3 SD cutoff is estimated at less than 9.15%. Alpha-fetoprotein assays are recommended for all patients undergoing second trimester amniocentesis, optimally between 14 and 16 weeks' gestation.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. III. A reevaluation of the alpha-fetoprotein assay. Alpha-fetoprotein was measured in 2209 amniotic fluid samples under improved assay conditions. All cases of open neural tube defects had elevated values greater than 5 SD above the mean. The false positive rate based on the 3 SD cutoff is estimated at less than 9.15%. Alpha-fetoprotein assays are recommended for all patients undergoing second trimester amniocentesis, optimally between 14 and 16 weeks' gestation.", "PMID": 66652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2170", "title": "[Alpha-fetoprotein in the liver of embryonic and newborn rats].", "content": "The localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the liver of embryos and newborn Wistar rats was determined by the method of fluorescent antibodies. This protein was found in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes, endothelium of blood vessels and erythroid blood cells of embryos and new born rats. It was never found in the blood-forming and Kupffer cells of the liver, as well as in the epithelium of bile ducts. The hepatocytes containing this protein were located in the liver lobes near the central veins. Their number and the intensity of fluorescence decreased with the age of animals.", "contents": "[Alpha-fetoprotein in the liver of embryonic and newborn rats]. The localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the liver of embryos and newborn Wistar rats was determined by the method of fluorescent antibodies. This protein was found in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes, endothelium of blood vessels and erythroid blood cells of embryos and new born rats. It was never found in the blood-forming and Kupffer cells of the liver, as well as in the epithelium of bile ducts. The hepatocytes containing this protein were located in the liver lobes near the central veins. Their number and the intensity of fluorescence decreased with the age of animals.", "PMID": 66653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2171", "title": "[Isolation of the cercaria Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Arvy et Buttner, 1954 (Diplostomatidae) from fresh water mollusks of the Crimea].", "content": "Data on the biology and morphology of cercariae of Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Arvy et Buttner, 1954 are given. The cercariae were found in Radix auricularia from the middle part of the Burulcha river (Ukranian SSR, Crimea). In November, 1974 the invasion extensity of mollusks was 16.3%. No cercariae were found in spring and summer samples.", "contents": "[Isolation of the cercaria Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Arvy et Buttner, 1954 (Diplostomatidae) from fresh water mollusks of the Crimea]. Data on the biology and morphology of cercariae of Diplostomum phoxini (Faust, 1918) Arvy et Buttner, 1954 are given. The cercariae were found in Radix auricularia from the middle part of the Burulcha river (Ukranian SSR, Crimea). In November, 1974 the invasion extensity of mollusks was 16.3%. No cercariae were found in spring and summer samples.", "PMID": 66655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2172", "title": "[Distribution of certain enzymes in totally stained Cestode preparations].", "content": "The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase, HApi-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphatase was studied by means of the incubation of whole cestodes. Succinic dehydrogenase, NAD-diaphorase and glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase are connected in general with the fixating apparatus of the scolex and genital organs; phosphatases -- with the integument tissues, excretory system and calcareous corpuscles. The results obtained are in complete agreement with the available data on the distribution of the enzymes studied. The incubation method of whole cestodes can be useful for field works.", "contents": "[Distribution of certain enzymes in totally stained Cestode preparations]. The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase, HApi-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases and glucose-6-phosphatase was studied by means of the incubation of whole cestodes. Succinic dehydrogenase, NAD-diaphorase and glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase are connected in general with the fixating apparatus of the scolex and genital organs; phosphatases -- with the integument tissues, excretory system and calcareous corpuscles. The results obtained are in complete agreement with the available data on the distribution of the enzymes studied. The incubation method of whole cestodes can be useful for field works.", "PMID": 66656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2173", "title": "[Study of the method of direct immunofluorescence for differentiation of serotypes of Trichomonas].", "content": "It is possible to differentiate the serotypes of Trichomonas vaginalis by the direct immunofluorescent method using the tupe-specific antisera labelled with fluorescin-isothiocyanate. The most decisive factor in expressing the degree of induced fluorescence is the serotype of the protozoa. Evans blue, which has an intensive red fluorescence, totally eliminates the green autofluorescence of T. vaginalis and does not influence the induced specific fluorescence.", "contents": "[Study of the method of direct immunofluorescence for differentiation of serotypes of Trichomonas]. It is possible to differentiate the serotypes of Trichomonas vaginalis by the direct immunofluorescent method using the tupe-specific antisera labelled with fluorescin-isothiocyanate. The most decisive factor in expressing the degree of induced fluorescence is the serotype of the protozoa. Evans blue, which has an intensive red fluorescence, totally eliminates the green autofluorescence of T. vaginalis and does not influence the induced specific fluorescence.", "PMID": 66657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2174", "title": "[Anaphylactic type of accidents due to myorelaxing agents during general anesthesia. Clinical and biological study].", "content": "Six patients who had suffered a reaction to the administration of muscle relaxants at the time of induction of general anaesthesia were explored using skin tests, the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reaction, the blastic transformation test, the Shelley test and the basophil histamine release test. Fifteen normal subjects were used as controls. The patients who had suffered a reaction showed considerable cutaneous hypersensitivity to muscle relaxants. None of the biological tests carried out revealed an immunological mechanism.", "contents": "[Anaphylactic type of accidents due to myorelaxing agents during general anesthesia. Clinical and biological study]. Six patients who had suffered a reaction to the administration of muscle relaxants at the time of induction of general anaesthesia were explored using skin tests, the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reaction, the blastic transformation test, the Shelley test and the basophil histamine release test. Fifteen normal subjects were used as controls. The patients who had suffered a reaction showed considerable cutaneous hypersensitivity to muscle relaxants. None of the biological tests carried out revealed an immunological mechanism.", "PMID": 66668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2175", "title": "Gains and losses of vascular surgery patients.", "content": "Understanding the gains and losses experienced by the patient and his family aids in assessing the psychologic sequela of peripheral vascular surgery. Placing the patients' individual responses into the categories of: function, self-directiveness, self-definition, and future orientation offers a way to conceptualize the meaning of the illness to the patient. Factors such as physical mobility and integrity, self-concept and body image greatly influence the adaption process. Conceptually, these elements provide a framework upon which to base nursing intervention. Careful observation, skillful interviewing, and interpersonal support are appropriate nursing considerations when caring for the patient with peripheral vascular disease. The goal of adaption is a successful reintegration of the whole person,which comes from an acceptance of both gains and losses experienced in surviving peripheral vascular surgery.", "contents": "Gains and losses of vascular surgery patients. Understanding the gains and losses experienced by the patient and his family aids in assessing the psychologic sequela of peripheral vascular surgery. Placing the patients' individual responses into the categories of: function, self-directiveness, self-definition, and future orientation offers a way to conceptualize the meaning of the illness to the patient. Factors such as physical mobility and integrity, self-concept and body image greatly influence the adaption process. Conceptually, these elements provide a framework upon which to base nursing intervention. Careful observation, skillful interviewing, and interpersonal support are appropriate nursing considerations when caring for the patient with peripheral vascular disease. The goal of adaption is a successful reintegration of the whole person,which comes from an acceptance of both gains and losses experienced in surviving peripheral vascular surgery.", "PMID": 66672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2176", "title": "Factors in the rehabilitation of patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "At some point in the progression of peripheral vascular disease, a hospitalized patient may require the services of a rehabilitation unit. All patients, however, can benefit from basic rehabilitative care that should begin at the time of initial diagnosis of their disease and be considered throughout their treatment course. The nurse in the clinic , in the intensive care unit, and on the medical and surgical units should be aware of potential factors that may prevent the person with peripheral vascular disease from realizing his full potential. Physical, psychologic, social, economic, vocational, and spiritual needs are all important factors in the rehabilitation process.", "contents": "Factors in the rehabilitation of patients with peripheral vascular disease. At some point in the progression of peripheral vascular disease, a hospitalized patient may require the services of a rehabilitation unit. All patients, however, can benefit from basic rehabilitative care that should begin at the time of initial diagnosis of their disease and be considered throughout their treatment course. The nurse in the clinic , in the intensive care unit, and on the medical and surgical units should be aware of potential factors that may prevent the person with peripheral vascular disease from realizing his full potential. Physical, psychologic, social, economic, vocational, and spiritual needs are all important factors in the rehabilitation process.", "PMID": 66674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2177", "title": "Identification of simian virus 40 tumor and U antigens.", "content": "The synthesis and identity of the tumor and U antigens of simian virus 40 (SV 40) have been examined during productive infection in monkey cells, abortive infection in mouse cells, and in SV40-transformed mouse cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis to analyze [35S]methionine-labeled radioimmune precipitates. The following observations were made: (i) the tumor and U antigenic sites are on the same 94,000, 89,000, and 84,000 molecular weight species detected during productive infection; a 94,000 species made during abortive infection; and a 94,000 species found in transformed cells. (ii) The 94,000 species is relatively unstable compared to the relatively stable 89,000 and 84,000 species produced during productive infection. (iii) The stable 89,000 and 84,000 molecular weight species are differentially extracted from productively infected cells, which suggests an intracellular compartmentation and/or different affinities of these species for cellular substrates. (iv) The 94,000 species synthesized during abortive infection is more stable than the comparable 94,000 species synthesized in transformed cells. (v) Three tsA group mutants overproduce several unstable species of tumor antigen at restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Identification of simian virus 40 tumor and U antigens. The synthesis and identity of the tumor and U antigens of simian virus 40 (SV 40) have been examined during productive infection in monkey cells, abortive infection in mouse cells, and in SV40-transformed mouse cells by using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis to analyze [35S]methionine-labeled radioimmune precipitates. The following observations were made: (i) the tumor and U antigenic sites are on the same 94,000, 89,000, and 84,000 molecular weight species detected during productive infection; a 94,000 species made during abortive infection; and a 94,000 species found in transformed cells. (ii) The 94,000 species is relatively unstable compared to the relatively stable 89,000 and 84,000 species produced during productive infection. (iii) The stable 89,000 and 84,000 molecular weight species are differentially extracted from productively infected cells, which suggests an intracellular compartmentation and/or different affinities of these species for cellular substrates. (iv) The 94,000 species synthesized during abortive infection is more stable than the comparable 94,000 species synthesized in transformed cells. (v) Three tsA group mutants overproduce several unstable species of tumor antigen at restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 66677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2178", "title": "Antigenic distinctions of glycoproteins in plasma and mitochondrial membranes of lymphoid cells neoplastically transformed by simian virus 40.", "content": "Highly purified plasma membranes from hamster lymphocytes transformed by simian virus 40 (GD 248) were compared with the membranes of normal cells by crossed immune electrophoresis, crossed-line immune electrophoresis, and bidimensional isoelectric focusing-immune electrophoresis. Antiserum raised by inoculation of guinea pigs with GD 248 membranes was used as serologic reagent, either directly or after absorption with membranes from normal cells. Bidimensional immune electrophoresis reveals the presence in the plasma membranes of GD 248 cells of at least three antigens not detectable in the membranes from the normal cell population. At least two of these are also present in the mitochondrial membranes of GD 248 cells, but none could be detected in membranes of embryonic fibroblasts. Bidimensional isoelectric focusing-immune electrophoresis indicates that the distinctive antigens of the GD 248 membranes are glycoproteins.", "contents": "Antigenic distinctions of glycoproteins in plasma and mitochondrial membranes of lymphoid cells neoplastically transformed by simian virus 40. Highly purified plasma membranes from hamster lymphocytes transformed by simian virus 40 (GD 248) were compared with the membranes of normal cells by crossed immune electrophoresis, crossed-line immune electrophoresis, and bidimensional isoelectric focusing-immune electrophoresis. Antiserum raised by inoculation of guinea pigs with GD 248 membranes was used as serologic reagent, either directly or after absorption with membranes from normal cells. Bidimensional immune electrophoresis reveals the presence in the plasma membranes of GD 248 cells of at least three antigens not detectable in the membranes from the normal cell population. At least two of these are also present in the mitochondrial membranes of GD 248 cells, but none could be detected in membranes of embryonic fibroblasts. Bidimensional isoelectric focusing-immune electrophoresis indicates that the distinctive antigens of the GD 248 membranes are glycoproteins.", "PMID": 66678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2179", "title": "Expression of antigenic crossreactivity to RD114 p 30 protein in a human fibrosarcoma cell line.", "content": "An antigen crossreacting with the 30,000-molecular-weight protein (p30) of the feline endogenous oncornavirus (RD114) was detected in a well-characterized human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, by indirect immunofluorescence. Three antisera against RD114 p30 gave similar positive results, while two antisera prepared against simian sarcoma virus p30, one antiserum prepared against murine leukemia virus p30, and one antiserum prepared against feline leukemia virus p30 gave no immunofluorescence. The reactivity observed with the antiserum against RD114 p30 was detected in 10-40% of the cells at early passages and was no longer expressed by the forty-first subculture. The reactivity could be removed by adsorption of the antiserum with RD114-infected dog or human cells, but not by uninfected cells or by cells infected with an antigenically unrelated oncornavirus, feline leukemia virus. Neither complete virus particles nor reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) activity was detected in the culture. These experiments suggest that the fibrosarcoma cell line is expressing an antigen related to the p30 protein of RD114 baboon endogenous virus group of oncornaviruses without producing complete virions.", "contents": "Expression of antigenic crossreactivity to RD114 p 30 protein in a human fibrosarcoma cell line. An antigen crossreacting with the 30,000-molecular-weight protein (p30) of the feline endogenous oncornavirus (RD114) was detected in a well-characterized human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, by indirect immunofluorescence. Three antisera against RD114 p30 gave similar positive results, while two antisera prepared against simian sarcoma virus p30, one antiserum prepared against murine leukemia virus p30, and one antiserum prepared against feline leukemia virus p30 gave no immunofluorescence. The reactivity observed with the antiserum against RD114 p30 was detected in 10-40% of the cells at early passages and was no longer expressed by the forty-first subculture. The reactivity could be removed by adsorption of the antiserum with RD114-infected dog or human cells, but not by uninfected cells or by cells infected with an antigenically unrelated oncornavirus, feline leukemia virus. Neither complete virus particles nor reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) activity was detected in the culture. These experiments suggest that the fibrosarcoma cell line is expressing an antigen related to the p30 protein of RD114 baboon endogenous virus group of oncornaviruses without producing complete virions.", "PMID": 66679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2180", "title": "[Evaluation of the method of blood tyroxine determination with the aid of non-immunosorbents].", "content": "Tetralute 125I-Column is a set for determination of the total thyroxin content in the serum; this is a valuable test for examination of the T4 content in the blood with the aid of radioactive isotopes. The method is simple, specific, sensitive and precise, and can be used both under laboratory and under clinical conditions. Results of this test coordinate with the data of the protein-bound iodine study and the percentage of the T3 absorption. The work is based on determination of T4 in 2050 samples for a two-year period.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the method of blood tyroxine determination with the aid of non-immunosorbents]. Tetralute 125I-Column is a set for determination of the total thyroxin content in the serum; this is a valuable test for examination of the T4 content in the blood with the aid of radioactive isotopes. The method is simple, specific, sensitive and precise, and can be used both under laboratory and under clinical conditions. Results of this test coordinate with the data of the protein-bound iodine study and the percentage of the T3 absorption. The work is based on determination of T4 in 2050 samples for a two-year period.", "PMID": 66676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2181", "title": "Biological function of gramicidin: studies on gramicidin-negative mutants.", "content": "By the use of a rapid radioautographic screening procedure, two mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185 that have lost the ability to produce gramicidin have been isolated. These mutants produced normal levels of tyrocidine and sporulated at the same frequency as the parent strain. Their spores, however, were more heat-sensitive and had a reduced dipicolinic acid content. Gramicidin-producing revertants occurred at a relatively high frequency among the survivors of prolonged heat treatment and had also regained the ability to produce heat-resistant spores. A normal sport phenotype could also be restored by the addition of gramicidin to cultures of the mutant strain at the end of the exponential growth. On the other hand, the addition of dipicolinic acid could not cure the spore defect. These results provide strong evidence that the inability to produce gramicidin is directly responsible for the observed spore defects. Indeed, they unambiguously demonstrate a function of a peptide antibiotic in bacterial sporulation. The possibility that this function consists of the regulation of transcription during the transition from growth to sporulation is discussed.", "contents": "Biological function of gramicidin: studies on gramicidin-negative mutants. By the use of a rapid radioautographic screening procedure, two mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185 that have lost the ability to produce gramicidin have been isolated. These mutants produced normal levels of tyrocidine and sporulated at the same frequency as the parent strain. Their spores, however, were more heat-sensitive and had a reduced dipicolinic acid content. Gramicidin-producing revertants occurred at a relatively high frequency among the survivors of prolonged heat treatment and had also regained the ability to produce heat-resistant spores. A normal sport phenotype could also be restored by the addition of gramicidin to cultures of the mutant strain at the end of the exponential growth. On the other hand, the addition of dipicolinic acid could not cure the spore defect. These results provide strong evidence that the inability to produce gramicidin is directly responsible for the observed spore defects. Indeed, they unambiguously demonstrate a function of a peptide antibiotic in bacterial sporulation. The possibility that this function consists of the regulation of transcription during the transition from growth to sporulation is discussed.", "PMID": 66680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2182", "title": "Human placental lactogen mRNA and its structural genes during pregnancy: quantitation with a complementary DNA.", "content": "A complementary DNA (cDNA) strand was transcribed from human placental lactogen (hPL) mRNA. Based on alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, the size of the cDNA was about 8 S, which would represent at least 80% of the hPL mRNA. Previously we showed that four to five times more hPL was synthesized in cell-free extracts derived from term as compared to first trimester placentas. Hybridization of the cDNA with RNA derived from placental tissue revealed that there was about four times more hPL mRNA sequences in total RNA from term placenta than in a comparable quantity of total first trimester RNA. Only background hybridization was observed when the cDNA was incubated with RNA prepared from human kidney. To test if this differential accumulation of hPL mRNA was the result of an amplification of hPL genes, we hybridized the labeled cDNA with cellular DNA from first trimester and term placentas and with DNA isolated from human brain. In all cases, the amount of hPL sequences was approximately two copies per haploid genome. Thus, the enhanced synthesis of hPL mRNA appears to result from a transcriptional activation rather than an amplification of the hPL gene. The increase likely reflects placental differentiation in which the proportion of syncytial trophoblast increases at term.", "contents": "Human placental lactogen mRNA and its structural genes during pregnancy: quantitation with a complementary DNA. A complementary DNA (cDNA) strand was transcribed from human placental lactogen (hPL) mRNA. Based on alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, the size of the cDNA was about 8 S, which would represent at least 80% of the hPL mRNA. Previously we showed that four to five times more hPL was synthesized in cell-free extracts derived from term as compared to first trimester placentas. Hybridization of the cDNA with RNA derived from placental tissue revealed that there was about four times more hPL mRNA sequences in total RNA from term placenta than in a comparable quantity of total first trimester RNA. Only background hybridization was observed when the cDNA was incubated with RNA prepared from human kidney. To test if this differential accumulation of hPL mRNA was the result of an amplification of hPL genes, we hybridized the labeled cDNA with cellular DNA from first trimester and term placentas and with DNA isolated from human brain. In all cases, the amount of hPL sequences was approximately two copies per haploid genome. Thus, the enhanced synthesis of hPL mRNA appears to result from a transcriptional activation rather than an amplification of the hPL gene. The increase likely reflects placental differentiation in which the proportion of syncytial trophoblast increases at term.", "PMID": 66681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2183", "title": "Cell-cycle-related changes of 3':5'-cyclic GMP levels in Novikoff hepatoma cells.", "content": "Intracellular and extracellular levels of 3':5'-cyclic GMP and 3':5'-cyclic AMP were studied in synchronized Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Intracellular levels of cyclic GMP increased spontaneously from 2-fold (without colcemid) to 10-fold (with colcemid), in proportion to the number of cells in mitosis. As cells entered mitosis, cellular cyclic AMP declined simultaneously with the rise in cyclic GMP. These reciprocal changes in cyclic nucleotide levels were reversed as cells passed out of metaphase and through anaphase. Maximum cyclic AMP and minimum cyclic GMP concentrations occurred during G-1. Less marked reciprocal fluctuations in both cyclic nucleotides were also found in S-phase and early G-2, where the ratio of cyclic AMP to cyclic GMP concentrations first fell and then increased. These changes in cyclic nucleotide ratios were closely correlated with major cell-cycle transitions at the boundaries between G-1/S-phase, S-phase/G-2, G-2/prophase, and metaphase/anaphase. Most, but not all, of the extracellular cyclic nucleotides were extruded when cells traversed mitosis. Colcemid or vinblastine completely prevented the appearance of extracellular cyclic AMP but augmented the appearance of extracellular cyclic GMP in parallel with the accumulation of mitotic cells. These results reflected changes in intracellular cyclic nucleotides and indicated that increased intracellular turnover of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP occurred before and after metaphase, respectively. Elevated cyclic GMP levels during mitosis and S-phase are consistent with potential modulatory roles for this cyclic nucleotide in proliferation.", "contents": "Cell-cycle-related changes of 3':5'-cyclic GMP levels in Novikoff hepatoma cells. Intracellular and extracellular levels of 3':5'-cyclic GMP and 3':5'-cyclic AMP were studied in synchronized Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. Intracellular levels of cyclic GMP increased spontaneously from 2-fold (without colcemid) to 10-fold (with colcemid), in proportion to the number of cells in mitosis. As cells entered mitosis, cellular cyclic AMP declined simultaneously with the rise in cyclic GMP. These reciprocal changes in cyclic nucleotide levels were reversed as cells passed out of metaphase and through anaphase. Maximum cyclic AMP and minimum cyclic GMP concentrations occurred during G-1. Less marked reciprocal fluctuations in both cyclic nucleotides were also found in S-phase and early G-2, where the ratio of cyclic AMP to cyclic GMP concentrations first fell and then increased. These changes in cyclic nucleotide ratios were closely correlated with major cell-cycle transitions at the boundaries between G-1/S-phase, S-phase/G-2, G-2/prophase, and metaphase/anaphase. Most, but not all, of the extracellular cyclic nucleotides were extruded when cells traversed mitosis. Colcemid or vinblastine completely prevented the appearance of extracellular cyclic AMP but augmented the appearance of extracellular cyclic GMP in parallel with the accumulation of mitotic cells. These results reflected changes in intracellular cyclic nucleotides and indicated that increased intracellular turnover of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP occurred before and after metaphase, respectively. Elevated cyclic GMP levels during mitosis and S-phase are consistent with potential modulatory roles for this cyclic nucleotide in proliferation.", "PMID": 66682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2184", "title": "Rous sarcoma virus genome is terminally redundant: the 5' sequence.", "content": "When Rous sarcoma virus RNA is transcribed into DNA by the reverse transcriptase, a tRNA primer is elongated into DNA. The primer is near the 5' end of the virus genome; the first major DNA made is a \"run-off\" product extending 101 bases from the primer to the 5' end of the template. We have studied this DNA molecule to determine the sequence of the first 101 bases at the 5' end of the Rous sarcoma virus genome (Prague strain, subgroup C). Twenty-one bases at the extreme 5' end are also at the 3' end of the virus genome (see D. E. Schwartz, P. C. Zamecnik, and H. L. Weith, this issue, pp. 994-998), and thus this virus is terminally redundant. The existence of this sequence repetition immediately suggests mechanisms by which the growing DNA copy can jump from the 5' end to a 3' end of the template and become circular. The sequence also displays a possible ribosome binding site and enough secondary structure to permit a possible 5'-5' linkage of viral RNA molecules.", "contents": "Rous sarcoma virus genome is terminally redundant: the 5' sequence. When Rous sarcoma virus RNA is transcribed into DNA by the reverse transcriptase, a tRNA primer is elongated into DNA. The primer is near the 5' end of the virus genome; the first major DNA made is a \"run-off\" product extending 101 bases from the primer to the 5' end of the template. We have studied this DNA molecule to determine the sequence of the first 101 bases at the 5' end of the Rous sarcoma virus genome (Prague strain, subgroup C). Twenty-one bases at the extreme 5' end are also at the 3' end of the virus genome (see D. E. Schwartz, P. C. Zamecnik, and H. L. Weith, this issue, pp. 994-998), and thus this virus is terminally redundant. The existence of this sequence repetition immediately suggests mechanisms by which the growing DNA copy can jump from the 5' end to a 3' end of the template and become circular. The sequence also displays a possible ribosome binding site and enough secondary structure to permit a possible 5'-5' linkage of viral RNA molecules.", "PMID": 66683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2185", "title": "Rous sarcoma virus genome is terminally redundant: the 3' sequence.", "content": "A sequence of 20 nucleotide residues immediately adjacent to the 3'-terminal poly(A) in Rous sarcoma virus (Prague strain, subgroup C) 35S RNA has been determined by extension of a riboguanylic acid-terminated oligothymidylic acid primer hybridized at the 5' end of the 3'-terminal poly(A) with purified reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The sequence is 5'GCCAUUUUACCAUUCACCACpoly(A)3'. This same nucleotide sequence, excluding the poly(A) segment, has also been found at the 5' terminus of Rous sarcoma virus RNA (W. A. Haseltine, A. Maxam, and W. Gilbert, this issue pp. 989-993), and therefore the RNA genome of this virus is terminally redundant. Possible mechanisms for endogenous in vitro copying of the complete RNA genome by reverse transcriptase which involve terminally repeated nucleotide sequences are discussed.", "contents": "Rous sarcoma virus genome is terminally redundant: the 3' sequence. A sequence of 20 nucleotide residues immediately adjacent to the 3'-terminal poly(A) in Rous sarcoma virus (Prague strain, subgroup C) 35S RNA has been determined by extension of a riboguanylic acid-terminated oligothymidylic acid primer hybridized at the 5' end of the 3'-terminal poly(A) with purified reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The sequence is 5'GCCAUUUUACCAUUCACCACpoly(A)3'. This same nucleotide sequence, excluding the poly(A) segment, has also been found at the 5' terminus of Rous sarcoma virus RNA (W. A. Haseltine, A. Maxam, and W. Gilbert, this issue pp. 989-993), and therefore the RNA genome of this virus is terminally redundant. Possible mechanisms for endogenous in vitro copying of the complete RNA genome by reverse transcriptase which involve terminally repeated nucleotide sequences are discussed.", "PMID": 66684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2186", "title": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia: etiological considerations.", "content": "The evidence for a hormonal etiology of BPH in man and the dog has been reviewed. Experimentally, although the administration of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone or dihydrotestosterone plus estradiol failed to produce BPH in the dog, treatment with androstanediol or androstanediol plus estradiol produces many of the features characteristic of canine prostatic hyperplasia. This development may provide an experimental model for exploration of the pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia: etiological considerations. The evidence for a hormonal etiology of BPH in man and the dog has been reviewed. Experimentally, although the administration of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone or dihydrotestosterone plus estradiol failed to produce BPH in the dog, treatment with androstanediol or androstanediol plus estradiol produces many of the features characteristic of canine prostatic hyperplasia. This development may provide an experimental model for exploration of the pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 66685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2187", "title": "Androgen receptors in male sex tissues of rats and humans.", "content": "A brief description of physicochemical properties of the androgen receptors in the various target tissues is given. It is suggested that androgen receptors in all organs and species are very similar if not identical. It is also suggested that apparent differences in steroid binding are not due to differences in steroid specificity of receptors, but rather due to organ specific differences in target tissue metabolism. A short discussion of our studies on androgen receptors in the prostate, epididymis and testis of human being is also included. The properties of these receptors are similar, if not identical to those described in rats, and we have not been able to demonstrate differences in androgen receptors of non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissue. From studies on testosterone metabolism it is demonstrated that human prostate is metabolizing testosterone to DHT much faster than the seminal vesicles. Furthermore, there is a drastic reduction in DHT formation in tissue from prostatic cancer compared to normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue.", "contents": "Androgen receptors in male sex tissues of rats and humans. A brief description of physicochemical properties of the androgen receptors in the various target tissues is given. It is suggested that androgen receptors in all organs and species are very similar if not identical. It is also suggested that apparent differences in steroid binding are not due to differences in steroid specificity of receptors, but rather due to organ specific differences in target tissue metabolism. A short discussion of our studies on androgen receptors in the prostate, epididymis and testis of human being is also included. The properties of these receptors are similar, if not identical to those described in rats, and we have not been able to demonstrate differences in androgen receptors of non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissue. From studies on testosterone metabolism it is demonstrated that human prostate is metabolizing testosterone to DHT much faster than the seminal vesicles. Furthermore, there is a drastic reduction in DHT formation in tissue from prostatic cancer compared to normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue.", "PMID": 66689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2188", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in prostatic disease.", "content": "DIC may complicate prostatic disease either in its acute type during resection of the prostate causing excessive intra- or postoperative bleeding, or in its chronic type in cases with adenocarcinoma of the prostate with haematogenous metastases. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical course, differentiation of the condition against consumption of clotting factors by primary fibrinolysis, and treatment are discussed. The course in four characteristic cases is demonstrated.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in prostatic disease. DIC may complicate prostatic disease either in its acute type during resection of the prostate causing excessive intra- or postoperative bleeding, or in its chronic type in cases with adenocarcinoma of the prostate with haematogenous metastases. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical course, differentiation of the condition against consumption of clotting factors by primary fibrinolysis, and treatment are discussed. The course in four characteristic cases is demonstrated.", "PMID": 66693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2189", "title": "Cryosurgery of prostate adenoma: evaluation of the method.", "content": "For a small group of high-risk patients with prostate adenoma, cryosurgery should be the method of choice (about 5-10+ of all cases). This intervention is only a palliative measure. The regrowth of residual adenoma is minimal. The clinical importance of this new technique is greater for those urological schools preferring the open surgical approach compared to those mainly performing transurethral resection.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of prostate adenoma: evaluation of the method. For a small group of high-risk patients with prostate adenoma, cryosurgery should be the method of choice (about 5-10+ of all cases). This intervention is only a palliative measure. The regrowth of residual adenoma is minimal. The clinical importance of this new technique is greater for those urological schools preferring the open surgical approach compared to those mainly performing transurethral resection.", "PMID": 66697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2190", "title": "Histamine-releasing effect of a corticotrophin derivative. I. Histamine-releasing effect of a nonadecapeptide in comparison with that of other histamine liberators.", "content": "The histamine-liberating properties of a synthetic polypeptide (an a synthetic polypeptide (an alkylprolyl derivative of beta1-19-corticotrophin) were investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. It was found to be more potent in this respect than Compound 48/80, Melittin and Triton X-100. The degree of cell destruction observed in conjunction with the release of histamine induced by C 44 680-Ba suggests that the mode of action of the substance more closely resembles that of Compound 48/80 than that of Triton.", "contents": "Histamine-releasing effect of a corticotrophin derivative. I. Histamine-releasing effect of a nonadecapeptide in comparison with that of other histamine liberators. The histamine-liberating properties of a synthetic polypeptide (an a synthetic polypeptide (an alkylprolyl derivative of beta1-19-corticotrophin) were investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. It was found to be more potent in this respect than Compound 48/80, Melittin and Triton X-100. The degree of cell destruction observed in conjunction with the release of histamine induced by C 44 680-Ba suggests that the mode of action of the substance more closely resembles that of Compound 48/80 than that of Triton.", "PMID": 66701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2191", "title": "[Purification of a beta lipoprotein fraction rich in Lp(a)].", "content": "A Lp (a) rich fraction was prepared from  heparin/manganese chloride precipitated beta-lipoproteins, by using DEAE cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B.", "contents": "[Purification of a beta lipoprotein fraction rich in Lp(a)]. A Lp (a) rich fraction was prepared from  heparin/manganese chloride precipitated beta-lipoproteins, by using DEAE cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sepharose 4 B.", "PMID": 66734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2192", "title": "Surface staining of small intestinal biopsies.", "content": "Small intestinal biopsies are most often by routine examined under a stereo-microscope, prior to embedding for histological examination. This is done in order to get a view of the appearance of the mucosal pattern, especially villus configuration. The distinctness of the surface pattern however, is improved considerably if the biopsies are stained with Alcian Green and/or PAS before they are examined. In the present paper a detailed description is given of staining of small intestinal biopsies as whole mounts. The difference between the unstained and the stained biopsies is illustrated by a few examples.", "contents": "Surface staining of small intestinal biopsies. Small intestinal biopsies are most often by routine examined under a stereo-microscope, prior to embedding for histological examination. This is done in order to get a view of the appearance of the mucosal pattern, especially villus configuration. The distinctness of the surface pattern however, is improved considerably if the biopsies are stained with Alcian Green and/or PAS before they are examined. In the present paper a detailed description is given of staining of small intestinal biopsies as whole mounts. The difference between the unstained and the stained biopsies is illustrated by a few examples.", "PMID": 66736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2193", "title": "Identification of different antigenic determinants within the synthetic multichain co-polymer poly(Tyr,Glu)-polyAla--polyLys as recognized by the chicken. I. Significance of the polyAla--polyLys backbone and identification of poly-D-alanine as the antigenic determinant in backbone-directed responses.", "content": "The multichain co-polymer poly(Tyr,Glu)-polyAla--polyLys, designated (T,G)-A--L, is normally thought to present only the poly(Tyr,Glu) sequences, designated (T,G), as antigenic determinants. Evidence is presented indicating that at least two different determinants in the (T,G)-A--L antigen are recognized by chickens. Studies in a partly inbred high-responder chicken strain reveal two major determinant systems: the (T,G) and the A--L in the (T,G)-A--L antigen. For one serum the antigenic determinant of the A--L backbone is shown to be a poly-D-alanine.", "contents": "Identification of different antigenic determinants within the synthetic multichain co-polymer poly(Tyr,Glu)-polyAla--polyLys as recognized by the chicken. I. Significance of the polyAla--polyLys backbone and identification of poly-D-alanine as the antigenic determinant in backbone-directed responses. The multichain co-polymer poly(Tyr,Glu)-polyAla--polyLys, designated (T,G)-A--L, is normally thought to present only the poly(Tyr,Glu) sequences, designated (T,G), as antigenic determinants. Evidence is presented indicating that at least two different determinants in the (T,G)-A--L antigen are recognized by chickens. Studies in a partly inbred high-responder chicken strain reveal two major determinant systems: the (T,G) and the A--L in the (T,G)-A--L antigen. For one serum the antigenic determinant of the A--L backbone is shown to be a poly-D-alanine.", "PMID": 66738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2194", "title": "Characterization of an inhibitory allogeneic effect on humoral responsiveness in vitro.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the induction of a humoral response is inhibitable by a thymus-derived cell (TI) that acts on the antigen-sensitive precursors of both the thymus-derived cooperating and the bone marrow-derived antibody-secreting cell-that is, the tC and B cell respectively. The inhibition of induction of the tC and B cell by the TI cell is shown to be reversed by increasing the effective level of cooperation. This competitive interaction between the inhibitory (TI) and cooperating (TC) systems is postulated to be part of the mechanism for regulating the class of the response, cell-mediated or humoral. The following properties of the inhibitory system were demonstrated: [1] The tI cell--the antigen-sensitive precursor of the TI cell--is both paralyzable and inducible. [2] The TI cell appears during the induction of a cell-mediated response and, if not identical to the effector cytotoxic ('killer') TK cell, the TI cell is induced in parallel with it. [3] The effector function of the TI cell, like that of the TK cell, is H-2-restricted.", "contents": "Characterization of an inhibitory allogeneic effect on humoral responsiveness in vitro. Evidence is presented that the induction of a humoral response is inhibitable by a thymus-derived cell (TI) that acts on the antigen-sensitive precursors of both the thymus-derived cooperating and the bone marrow-derived antibody-secreting cell-that is, the tC and B cell respectively. The inhibition of induction of the tC and B cell by the TI cell is shown to be reversed by increasing the effective level of cooperation. This competitive interaction between the inhibitory (TI) and cooperating (TC) systems is postulated to be part of the mechanism for regulating the class of the response, cell-mediated or humoral. The following properties of the inhibitory system were demonstrated: [1] The tI cell--the antigen-sensitive precursor of the TI cell--is both paralyzable and inducible. [2] The TI cell appears during the induction of a cell-mediated response and, if not identical to the effector cytotoxic ('killer') TK cell, the TI cell is induced in parallel with it. [3] The effector function of the TI cell, like that of the TK cell, is H-2-restricted.", "PMID": 66739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2195", "title": "The absence of a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) on basophils and mast cells.", "content": "Basophilic granulocytes and mast cells of different species have been reported to originate from thymocytes and other lymphocytes. These observations were recently confirmed when evidence was given that thymic antigen is present on rabbit basophilic granulocytes. In the study reported here, human leukocytes were tested by the immunofluorescence technique and the immunoelectron-microscopy technique to ascertain whether a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) could be detected on their surface. We could demonstrate the presence of HTLA on T lymphocytes but not on basophilic granulocytes, nor on mast cells in Cryostat sections of various tissues.", "contents": "The absence of a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) on basophils and mast cells. Basophilic granulocytes and mast cells of different species have been reported to originate from thymocytes and other lymphocytes. These observations were recently confirmed when evidence was given that thymic antigen is present on rabbit basophilic granulocytes. In the study reported here, human leukocytes were tested by the immunofluorescence technique and the immunoelectron-microscopy technique to ascertain whether a human thymus lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) could be detected on their surface. We could demonstrate the presence of HTLA on T lymphocytes but not on basophilic granulocytes, nor on mast cells in Cryostat sections of various tissues.", "PMID": 66740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2196", "title": "The inhibitory action of the pineal extract on TRH.", "content": "The effects of a single dose and of 5 doses (5 days) of a bovine polypeptide pineal extract (PE) on the pituitary TSH reserves and on the blood level of thyroid hormones were studied on hypothyroid patients. The blood levels of PBI, total T4 (radiocompetitive), free T4, T3 and TSH (RIA) in basal conditions and during the TRH test (i.v. administration of 200 mug TRH), In the presence and absence of the treatment with PE were determined. Thirty minutes following i.m. administration of PE a decrease was noticed in the high level of the basal TSH in all the patients as well as maintenance or even exaggeration of the TRH response. After 5 days of PE administration a decrease was noticed in the basal TSH, with preservation of a strong response of the TSH release after TRH administration. In these patients a slight decrease was observed in PBI, total and free T4 and T3, when their initial level was close to normal. The results show the results show the intervention of the pineal extract by inhibiting the endogenous TRH.", "contents": "The inhibitory action of the pineal extract on TRH. The effects of a single dose and of 5 doses (5 days) of a bovine polypeptide pineal extract (PE) on the pituitary TSH reserves and on the blood level of thyroid hormones were studied on hypothyroid patients. The blood levels of PBI, total T4 (radiocompetitive), free T4, T3 and TSH (RIA) in basal conditions and during the TRH test (i.v. administration of 200 mug TRH), In the presence and absence of the treatment with PE were determined. Thirty minutes following i.m. administration of PE a decrease was noticed in the high level of the basal TSH in all the patients as well as maintenance or even exaggeration of the TRH response. After 5 days of PE administration a decrease was noticed in the basal TSH, with preservation of a strong response of the TSH release after TRH administration. In these patients a slight decrease was observed in PBI, total and free T4 and T3, when their initial level was close to normal. The results show the results show the intervention of the pineal extract by inhibiting the endogenous TRH.", "PMID": 66735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2197", "title": "Genetic basis of memory in cell-mediated immune response.", "content": "The present experiments were undertaken to delineate the role of LD and SD antigens in terms of memory in cell-mediated immune response (CML). Using recombinants that differ for either the H-2K or H-2D determinants (SD-different) and other recombinants differing for the central region of H-2 (LD-different), we have investigated this question. The results indicate that priming to SD determinants leads to a more rapid and higher response when cells are restimulated in vitro with either the same SD antigen alone or the same SD plus an LD antigen  and tested on target cells that possess either the SD antigen alone or both the LD and SD antigen. Antigens in the central regions of H-2, which includes LD, serve as the stimulus both for the helper T cells and for the cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Priming with a high dose of LD antigens leads to memory in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognizing the cytotoxic target antigens coded by the central region of H-2. Nevertheless, memory could not be detected when priming was done under the same conditions as for SD antigens. Moreover, a primed helper T-cell response does not facilitate the development of increased CML on restimulation in vitro with the LD antigen used for priming and a new SD antigen. Thus, it seems that memory in CML is in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte and not in the proliferating helper cells.", "contents": "Genetic basis of memory in cell-mediated immune response. The present experiments were undertaken to delineate the role of LD and SD antigens in terms of memory in cell-mediated immune response (CML). Using recombinants that differ for either the H-2K or H-2D determinants (SD-different) and other recombinants differing for the central region of H-2 (LD-different), we have investigated this question. The results indicate that priming to SD determinants leads to a more rapid and higher response when cells are restimulated in vitro with either the same SD antigen alone or the same SD plus an LD antigen  and tested on target cells that possess either the SD antigen alone or both the LD and SD antigen. Antigens in the central regions of H-2, which includes LD, serve as the stimulus both for the helper T cells and for the cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Priming with a high dose of LD antigens leads to memory in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognizing the cytotoxic target antigens coded by the central region of H-2. Nevertheless, memory could not be detected when priming was done under the same conditions as for SD antigens. Moreover, a primed helper T-cell response does not facilitate the development of increased CML on restimulation in vitro with the LD antigen used for priming and a new SD antigen. Thus, it seems that memory in CML is in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte and not in the proliferating helper cells.", "PMID": 66741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2198", "title": "Staphylococcal protein A in immunoferritin techniques.", "content": "Protein A (pA) of Staphylococcus aureus, by virtue of its reactivity with the Fc portion of a variety of mammalian immumoglobulins (IgG), can be used for electron-microscopical immunoferritin techniques. The conjugation of pA with ferritin (pA-F) by means of bis(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl) sulfone results in a highly specific marker for IgG in indirect labeling experiments. Native pA can be used as a noncovalent bridging agent between specific antibodies and antiferritin capturing the marker molecule. The use of pA and pA-F is demonstrated with a model system involving human erythrocytes and two rabbit antisera directed against different surface antigens of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Staphylococcal protein A in immunoferritin techniques. Protein A (pA) of Staphylococcus aureus, by virtue of its reactivity with the Fc portion of a variety of mammalian immumoglobulins (IgG), can be used for electron-microscopical immunoferritin techniques. The conjugation of pA with ferritin (pA-F) by means of bis(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl) sulfone results in a highly specific marker for IgG in indirect labeling experiments. Native pA can be used as a noncovalent bridging agent between specific antibodies and antiferritin capturing the marker molecule. The use of pA and pA-F is demonstrated with a model system involving human erythrocytes and two rabbit antisera directed against different surface antigens of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 66742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2199", "title": "Quinton-Scribner arteriovenous shunts for hemodialysis. A review of 6.5 years' experience.", "content": "Quinton-Scribner shunts have been used as a reliable access to the blood-stream in 56 patients treated with intermittent hemodialysis in the years 1965-71. The mean age of 29 men and 27 women was 39 years. Two hundred and thirty-two cannulae showed a mean survival time of 11.2 months for 103 arterial cannulae and 9.0 months for 129 venous cannulae. 700 shunt clotting episodes occurred during 1157 patient months, i.e. 0.6 clotting episode/month. In 350 episodes where saline flushing could not remove the clot, the effect of treatment with streptokinase was considered evident in 79.7%. Shunt cannula infection was a common complication while aseptic cutaneous necrosis and bleeding from the cannulated vessel were seen less frequently. Both severe and less harmful bleeding episodes were seen as a complication of dicumarol therapy. The number of complications to streptokinase treatments was low. The advantages and disadvantages of the Quinton-Scribner shunt for hemodialysis are discussed.", "contents": "Quinton-Scribner arteriovenous shunts for hemodialysis. A review of 6.5 years' experience. Quinton-Scribner shunts have been used as a reliable access to the blood-stream in 56 patients treated with intermittent hemodialysis in the years 1965-71. The mean age of 29 men and 27 women was 39 years. Two hundred and thirty-two cannulae showed a mean survival time of 11.2 months for 103 arterial cannulae and 9.0 months for 129 venous cannulae. 700 shunt clotting episodes occurred during 1157 patient months, i.e. 0.6 clotting episode/month. In 350 episodes where saline flushing could not remove the clot, the effect of treatment with streptokinase was considered evident in 79.7%. Shunt cannula infection was a common complication while aseptic cutaneous necrosis and bleeding from the cannulated vessel were seen less frequently. Both severe and less harmful bleeding episodes were seen as a complication of dicumarol therapy. The number of complications to streptokinase treatments was low. The advantages and disadvantages of the Quinton-Scribner shunt for hemodialysis are discussed.", "PMID": 66743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2200", "title": "Increased association of diabetes mellitus with capsulitis of the shoulder and shoulder-hand syndrome.", "content": "Sixty consecutive patients with capsulitis of the shoulder (including those with shoulder-hand syndrome) seen in our clinic since 1971 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (5 with previously recognized diabetes were excluded from this test). Capsulitis was primary in 35, secondary to other factors in 25 subjects. Females (34) out-numbered males (26). Their ages ranged from 40 to 72 years (mean age: 54 years). Sixty control subjects matched for age and sex with the 60 \"capsulitis\" patients underwent the same OGTT (except one with previously recognized diabetes). We have found diabetes in 17 out of 60 patients with capsulitis according to Hayner's criteria (12 according to Jackson's criteria) versus 7 (2 according to Jackson's criteria) in the 60 control subjects. The difference is statistically significant by both methods, with a p value of less than 0.02).", "contents": "Increased association of diabetes mellitus with capsulitis of the shoulder and shoulder-hand syndrome. Sixty consecutive patients with capsulitis of the shoulder (including those with shoulder-hand syndrome) seen in our clinic since 1971 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (5 with previously recognized diabetes were excluded from this test). Capsulitis was primary in 35, secondary to other factors in 25 subjects. Females (34) out-numbered males (26). Their ages ranged from 40 to 72 years (mean age: 54 years). Sixty control subjects matched for age and sex with the 60 \"capsulitis\" patients underwent the same OGTT (except one with previously recognized diabetes). We have found diabetes in 17 out of 60 patients with capsulitis according to Hayner's criteria (12 according to Jackson's criteria) versus 7 (2 according to Jackson's criteria) in the 60 control subjects. The difference is statistically significant by both methods, with a p value of less than 0.02).", "PMID": 66744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2201", "title": "[Vitelline components in teratomas and serum alpha-1 fetoprotein].", "content": "Serum alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) had been determined in 31 patient with (mostly malignant) teratomas before or immediately after operation, and later in the evolution of 3 other cases with clinical evidence of recurrence or metastases. Without knowledge of these serum AFP levels, histological slides of the same 34 teratomas were reexamined, especially for the presence of yolk sac components. Two pure yolk sac tumors and 6 teratomas containing yolk sac structures were associated with serum AFP levels above 500 ng/ml. Teratomas without yolk sac structures were associated with normal serum AFP levels (i.e. 10-500 ng/ml) in 14 cases, and high serum levels (i.e. above 500 ng/ml) in one case. Histologic analysis of the 14 cases with slightly elevated AFP levels did not reveal tissue possibly responsible for the low but nevertheless abnormal AFP synthesis. High AFP levels, which are easily detectable by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, are, however, highly specific for the yolk sac tumor or the yolk sac component of teratomas, and hence suggest that this extra-embryonic structure should be distinguished from other teratoma components.", "contents": "[Vitelline components in teratomas and serum alpha-1 fetoprotein]. Serum alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) had been determined in 31 patient with (mostly malignant) teratomas before or immediately after operation, and later in the evolution of 3 other cases with clinical evidence of recurrence or metastases. Without knowledge of these serum AFP levels, histological slides of the same 34 teratomas were reexamined, especially for the presence of yolk sac components. Two pure yolk sac tumors and 6 teratomas containing yolk sac structures were associated with serum AFP levels above 500 ng/ml. Teratomas without yolk sac structures were associated with normal serum AFP levels (i.e. 10-500 ng/ml) in 14 cases, and high serum levels (i.e. above 500 ng/ml) in one case. Histologic analysis of the 14 cases with slightly elevated AFP levels did not reveal tissue possibly responsible for the low but nevertheless abnormal AFP synthesis. High AFP levels, which are easily detectable by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, are, however, highly specific for the yolk sac tumor or the yolk sac component of teratomas, and hence suggest that this extra-embryonic structure should be distinguished from other teratoma components.", "PMID": 66746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2202", "title": "[Drug therapy of Basedow's disease. Long term functional results (302 cases)].", "content": "302 cases of Graves' disease were treated with a single course of antithyroid drugs and followed during 2 to 15 years. 71% of the patients showed a prolonged remission, 27,1% recurred and 1.9% were hypothyroid. Considering the yearly incidence of the recurrencies, the risk of a recurrency estimated 14 years after the treatment was 35% (cumulative incidence). Among the factors studied, hyperthyroidism of short duration seemed to correlate with a prolonged remission.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of Basedow's disease. Long term functional results (302 cases)]. 302 cases of Graves' disease were treated with a single course of antithyroid drugs and followed during 2 to 15 years. 71% of the patients showed a prolonged remission, 27,1% recurred and 1.9% were hypothyroid. Considering the yearly incidence of the recurrencies, the risk of a recurrency estimated 14 years after the treatment was 35% (cumulative incidence). Among the factors studied, hyperthyroidism of short duration seemed to correlate with a prolonged remission.", "PMID": 66747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2203", "title": "Niemann-Pick disease experimental model: sphingomyelinase reduction induced by AY-9944.", "content": "Organs of rats treated with the drug A Y-9944 for 5 days showed a significant reduction in sphingomyelinase activity. Evidence is presented which suggests that the reduction is due to impaired enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Niemann-Pick disease experimental model: sphingomyelinase reduction induced by AY-9944. Organs of rats treated with the drug A Y-9944 for 5 days showed a significant reduction in sphingomyelinase activity. Evidence is presented which suggests that the reduction is due to impaired enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 66749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2204", "title": "Radiation therapy in cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid.", "content": "Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid is one of the major causes of death in adults. Despite marked advances in surgical skills, anesthesia, and antibiotics, the results remain poor. Although papers in the medical literature have stressed the importance of adjunctive radiation therapy, most general surgeons do not refer patients with this disease for radiation therapy. Irradiation is important adjunctive therapy which should not be ignored. We have reviewed the medical literature and summarized the basic concepts on this subject.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid is one of the major causes of death in adults. Despite marked advances in surgical skills, anesthesia, and antibiotics, the results remain poor. Although papers in the medical literature have stressed the importance of adjunctive radiation therapy, most general surgeons do not refer patients with this disease for radiation therapy. Irradiation is important adjunctive therapy which should not be ignored. We have reviewed the medical literature and summarized the basic concepts on this subject.", "PMID": 66752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2205", "title": "Fell tube insertion after orthograde dilatation of malignant esophageal obstruction: palliation and morbidity.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with malignant esophageal obstruction had palliative treatment using the Fell endoesophageal tube. The usual plan for these patients, irradiation followed by resection, was not followed because of the presence of tracheoesophageal fistula, celiac or hepatic metastases, or marked debilitation which precluded major operation. Palliation was obtained in ten patients who were discharged in a mean of 16.5 days with the ability to swallow liquids or pureed or ground foods and had a mean survival of 116 days. There was a high incidence of tube-related symptoms in all patients, and increased dysphagia, tube regurgitation, and difficulties in initiating swallowing were noted in patients with lesions above 24 cm from the incisors. The high incidence of postoperative ocmplications was responsible for the poor palliation and low survival in the remaining 18 patients who had a mean survival of 41 days. It was concluded that orthograde dilatation or forced seating of the prosthesis through a malignant esophageal obstruction carries a significant risk of perforation of the esophagus which, if it occurs, negates the palliative aspects of the procedure, increases hospitalization, and decreases survival. It is recommended that this procedure be used selectively in patients not otherwise amenable to resectional therapy with lesions beyond 24 cm from the incisors.", "contents": "Fell tube insertion after orthograde dilatation of malignant esophageal obstruction: palliation and morbidity. Twenty-eight patients with malignant esophageal obstruction had palliative treatment using the Fell endoesophageal tube. The usual plan for these patients, irradiation followed by resection, was not followed because of the presence of tracheoesophageal fistula, celiac or hepatic metastases, or marked debilitation which precluded major operation. Palliation was obtained in ten patients who were discharged in a mean of 16.5 days with the ability to swallow liquids or pureed or ground foods and had a mean survival of 116 days. There was a high incidence of tube-related symptoms in all patients, and increased dysphagia, tube regurgitation, and difficulties in initiating swallowing were noted in patients with lesions above 24 cm from the incisors. The high incidence of postoperative ocmplications was responsible for the poor palliation and low survival in the remaining 18 patients who had a mean survival of 41 days. It was concluded that orthograde dilatation or forced seating of the prosthesis through a malignant esophageal obstruction carries a significant risk of perforation of the esophagus which, if it occurs, negates the palliative aspects of the procedure, increases hospitalization, and decreases survival. It is recommended that this procedure be used selectively in patients not otherwise amenable to resectional therapy with lesions beyond 24 cm from the incisors.", "PMID": 66753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2206", "title": "[2 new cases of Refsum's disease. Course during diet].", "content": "The authors report two cases of Refsum's disease treated with a low phytanic acid and low phytol diet for more than 5 years. The clinical, neurological improvement was undoubted in both cases but it was very gradual, appearing after 10 1/2 and 6 months treatment respectively. During these 5 years, no neurological aggravation occurred in the first patient ; but her sister presented in september 1972, 18 months after she started the diet, a mild attack from which she recovered. On the other hand, the sight and hearing disorders remained unchanged in spite of the considerable fall in phytanemia. In spite of the demanding and unagreeable character of the diet, almost constant moderate diarrhoea, the diet was worth following.", "contents": "[2 new cases of Refsum's disease. Course during diet]. The authors report two cases of Refsum's disease treated with a low phytanic acid and low phytol diet for more than 5 years. The clinical, neurological improvement was undoubted in both cases but it was very gradual, appearing after 10 1/2 and 6 months treatment respectively. During these 5 years, no neurological aggravation occurred in the first patient ; but her sister presented in september 1972, 18 months after she started the diet, a mild attack from which she recovered. On the other hand, the sight and hearing disorders remained unchanged in spite of the considerable fall in phytanemia. In spite of the demanding and unagreeable character of the diet, almost constant moderate diarrhoea, the diet was worth following.", "PMID": 66750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2207", "title": "[Refsum's disease].", "content": "Refsum's disease although rare is of great interest for it may benefit at least partially from treatment. Its clinical diagnosis depends on the association of pigmented retinitis, polyneuritis and cerebellar syndrome. It is confirmed beyond doubt by the increased C.S.F. protein and phytanemia. A full family history is necessary for it is possible to detect heterozygous carriers of the defect by enzyme studies on fibroblast cultures.", "contents": "[Refsum's disease]. Refsum's disease although rare is of great interest for it may benefit at least partially from treatment. Its clinical diagnosis depends on the association of pigmented retinitis, polyneuritis and cerebellar syndrome. It is confirmed beyond doubt by the increased C.S.F. protein and phytanemia. A full family history is necessary for it is possible to detect heterozygous carriers of the defect by enzyme studies on fibroblast cultures.", "PMID": 66751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2208", "title": "Some characteristics of Mozambican Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer.", "content": "Certain characteristics of 328 Mozambican male Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer (PHC) have been compared with those of 163 Shangaan men with hepatomegaly from causes other than PHC and with those of 122 Black Southern African men with the same tumour but who belonged to tribes other than the Shangaan. Shangaans with PHC were significantly younger than non-Shangaans with the tumour (mean age 33,4 cf. 40,0 years; Pless than 0,001). They also had a significantly higher positivity rate of alpha-fetoprotein by immunodiffusion (71,4%) than the non-Shangaans (16%), although in other respects the tumours appeared to be similar. Cirrhosis of the non-tumorous part of the liver was present at necropsy in 62% of the Shangaans and in 66% of the non-Shangaans. The hepatitis B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) was detected in the serum of 60% of the Shangaans with PHC compared with only 9% of the controls. The antigen was present in 53,4% of the non-Shangaans with PHC (the difference between this fifure and that in the Shangaans was not significant). HBsAg was detected in the serum of 64% of the Shangaans with PHC and cirrhosis, but also in 74% of those with the tumour without associated cirrhosis. The possible role of the hepatitis B verus in the aetiology of PHC is considered in the light both of these findings and of the possibility that the frequency with which the tumour is associated with cirrhosis may be decreasing in Shangaans. Some of the dietary habits of the Shangaans with PHC were compared with those of the controls. Virtually all the patients with PHC, but also almost all the controls, ate groundnuts in large quantities from an early age, as well as cashew nuts in smaller amounts. Cycad pips, mopani leaves and pods, mopani worms and locusts were not eaten by significantly more of the Shangaans with PHC than the controls. The limitations of this type of dietary analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Some characteristics of Mozambican Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer. Certain characteristics of 328 Mozambican male Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer (PHC) have been compared with those of 163 Shangaan men with hepatomegaly from causes other than PHC and with those of 122 Black Southern African men with the same tumour but who belonged to tribes other than the Shangaan. Shangaans with PHC were significantly younger than non-Shangaans with the tumour (mean age 33,4 cf. 40,0 years; Pless than 0,001). They also had a significantly higher positivity rate of alpha-fetoprotein by immunodiffusion (71,4%) than the non-Shangaans (16%), although in other respects the tumours appeared to be similar. Cirrhosis of the non-tumorous part of the liver was present at necropsy in 62% of the Shangaans and in 66% of the non-Shangaans. The hepatitis B (surface) antigen (HBsAg) was detected in the serum of 60% of the Shangaans with PHC compared with only 9% of the controls. The antigen was present in 53,4% of the non-Shangaans with PHC (the difference between this fifure and that in the Shangaans was not significant). HBsAg was detected in the serum of 64% of the Shangaans with PHC and cirrhosis, but also in 74% of those with the tumour without associated cirrhosis. The possible role of the hepatitis B verus in the aetiology of PHC is considered in the light both of these findings and of the possibility that the frequency with which the tumour is associated with cirrhosis may be decreasing in Shangaans. Some of the dietary habits of the Shangaans with PHC were compared with those of the controls. Virtually all the patients with PHC, but also almost all the controls, ate groundnuts in large quantities from an early age, as well as cashew nuts in smaller amounts. Cycad pips, mopani leaves and pods, mopani worms and locusts were not eaten by significantly more of the Shangaans with PHC than the controls. The limitations of this type of dietary analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 66757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2209", "title": "Alpha1-fetorprotein concentrations in maternal serum during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Measurement of amniotic fluid concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein has been proposed as a potentially important screening test of fetal well-being. Because maternal serum is more easily obtainable, the present study was performed to determine if there is a definable normal pattern of maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein levels during gestation. Sequential alpha1-fetoprotein determinations were performed throughout gestation on the serums of 151 women having apparently normal pregnancies. Before 13 weeks, all samples contained less than 20 nanograms of alpha1-fetoprotein per milliliter of serum, and in 12.5 per cent of normal pregnancies, alpha1-fetoprotein was still undetectable as late as 21 weeks of gestation. One normal term delivery followed a negative alpha1-fetoprotein determination at the 24th week of pregnancy. Beyond the 21st week of pregnancy, there was a wide range of normal absolute values noted between women at the same stage of pregnancy. Moreover, wide fluctuations in maternal serum concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein were observed from point to point in specimens from individual women studied longitudinally throughout gestation. The distribution of alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations at each stage of pregnancy was skewed. We conclude that studies of maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations are likely to be more meaningful from a diagnostic point of view prior to 21 weeks of gestation, when the range of circulating maternal alpha1-fetroportein values is relatively small. Undetectable maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein as late as the 24th week of pregnancy is compatible witha viable conceptus. Because unexplained and marked elevations of maternal alpha1-fetoprotein may occur, particularly in the third trimester, it would appear inappropriate to base clinical decision on maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein measurements alone, and such decisions certainly should not be taken after only single maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein measurements. Finally, no correlation was found between maternal alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations near term and the birth weight of the infant.", "contents": "Alpha1-fetorprotein concentrations in maternal serum during normal pregnancy. Measurement of amniotic fluid concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein has been proposed as a potentially important screening test of fetal well-being. Because maternal serum is more easily obtainable, the present study was performed to determine if there is a definable normal pattern of maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein levels during gestation. Sequential alpha1-fetoprotein determinations were performed throughout gestation on the serums of 151 women having apparently normal pregnancies. Before 13 weeks, all samples contained less than 20 nanograms of alpha1-fetoprotein per milliliter of serum, and in 12.5 per cent of normal pregnancies, alpha1-fetoprotein was still undetectable as late as 21 weeks of gestation. One normal term delivery followed a negative alpha1-fetoprotein determination at the 24th week of pregnancy. Beyond the 21st week of pregnancy, there was a wide range of normal absolute values noted between women at the same stage of pregnancy. Moreover, wide fluctuations in maternal serum concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein were observed from point to point in specimens from individual women studied longitudinally throughout gestation. The distribution of alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations at each stage of pregnancy was skewed. We conclude that studies of maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations are likely to be more meaningful from a diagnostic point of view prior to 21 weeks of gestation, when the range of circulating maternal alpha1-fetroportein values is relatively small. Undetectable maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein as late as the 24th week of pregnancy is compatible witha viable conceptus. Because unexplained and marked elevations of maternal alpha1-fetoprotein may occur, particularly in the third trimester, it would appear inappropriate to base clinical decision on maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein measurements alone, and such decisions certainly should not be taken after only single maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein measurements. Finally, no correlation was found between maternal alpha1-fetoprotein concentrations near term and the birth weight of the infant.", "PMID": 66760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2210", "title": "Plasma fibrinolytic inhibitors after operation.", "content": "The response of the fibrinolytic system to the stress of a surgical operation has been studied in a group of 39 patients. Fibrinolytic activity was stimulated during the operation but depressed during the early postoperative period. This was accompanied by an increase in the level of fibrinolytic inhibitors in the plasma after operation. This increase in fibrinolytic inhibitors was a result of a significant rise in alpha1 antitrypsin; the level of alpha2 macroglobulin fell both during and after the operation.", "contents": "Plasma fibrinolytic inhibitors after operation. The response of the fibrinolytic system to the stress of a surgical operation has been studied in a group of 39 patients. Fibrinolytic activity was stimulated during the operation but depressed during the early postoperative period. This was accompanied by an increase in the level of fibrinolytic inhibitors in the plasma after operation. This increase in fibrinolytic inhibitors was a result of a significant rise in alpha1 antitrypsin; the level of alpha2 macroglobulin fell both during and after the operation.", "PMID": 66761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2211", "title": "Proper management of hepatic adenoma associated with oral contraceptives.", "content": "Four patients with oral contraceptive associated hepatic adenoma have been studied and the literature reviewed. Clinically, these patients can be divided into ruptured and nonruptured hepatoma groups. In instances of ruptured hepatomas, resection only sufficient to control hemorrhage definitely is recommended. In instances of nonruptured hepatomas, major resection should only be attempted by skilled surgeons, and small multiple lesions should be observed. These management principles will deserve re-evaluation as more experience with these tumors accumulates. Until then, a conservative approach is indicated. This includes the avoidance of oral contraception until the biochemistry of these tumors is better clarified.", "contents": "Proper management of hepatic adenoma associated with oral contraceptives. Four patients with oral contraceptive associated hepatic adenoma have been studied and the literature reviewed. Clinically, these patients can be divided into ruptured and nonruptured hepatoma groups. In instances of ruptured hepatomas, resection only sufficient to control hemorrhage definitely is recommended. In instances of nonruptured hepatomas, major resection should only be attempted by skilled surgeons, and small multiple lesions should be observed. These management principles will deserve re-evaluation as more experience with these tumors accumulates. Until then, a conservative approach is indicated. This includes the avoidance of oral contraception until the biochemistry of these tumors is better clarified.", "PMID": 66762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2212", "title": "Identification of the presence and type of biliary microflora by immediate gram stains.", "content": "Immediate gram stains were performed on gallbladder bile aspirated at the start of an operation for biliary disease in 191 consecutive patients undergoing elective biliary surgery. The results of the gram stains were telephoned to the operating theater within 20 minutes of collection. The over-all accuracy rate of the telephone gram stain reports compared with the subsequent bile cultures was 77 percent. The incidence of false-positive results was 12 percent, and false-negative results were recorded in 7 percent. The organism was identified wrongly by the gram stain in 4 percent of patients. These results have improved with experience and the over-all accuracy rate of gram stains on bile over the last 6 months have been 87 percent.", "contents": "Identification of the presence and type of biliary microflora by immediate gram stains. Immediate gram stains were performed on gallbladder bile aspirated at the start of an operation for biliary disease in 191 consecutive patients undergoing elective biliary surgery. The results of the gram stains were telephoned to the operating theater within 20 minutes of collection. The over-all accuracy rate of the telephone gram stain reports compared with the subsequent bile cultures was 77 percent. The incidence of false-positive results was 12 percent, and false-negative results were recorded in 7 percent. The organism was identified wrongly by the gram stain in 4 percent of patients. These results have improved with experience and the over-all accuracy rate of gram stains on bile over the last 6 months have been 87 percent.", "PMID": 66763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2213", "title": "Selecting patients requiring antibiotics in biliary surgery by immediate gram stains of bile at operation.", "content": "The value of selecting patients for antibiotic cover during biliary surgery by the use of immediate gram stains of bile was determined in a nonrandomized prospective study which compared two groups of patients. Group A consisted of 119 consecutive patients in whom antibiotics were administered during operation according to the results of immediate gram stains on bile. Group B included 101 patients, none of whom received antibiotics. In Group A gentamicin was given for gram-negative bacteria, ampicillin for gram-positive organisms, and no antibiotics were given if no bacteria were seen on the gram stain. In Group A the incidence of wound sepsis was 7 percent, compared with 22 percent in Group B (p less than 0.005). Septicemia occured in 2 percent of Group A, compared with 8 percent in Group B. It is concluded that immediate gram stains of bile will provide a means of selecting patients requiring antibiotic cover during biliary surgery; furthermore, this procedure is a practical way of reducing postoperative sepsis while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic administration.", "contents": "Selecting patients requiring antibiotics in biliary surgery by immediate gram stains of bile at operation. The value of selecting patients for antibiotic cover during biliary surgery by the use of immediate gram stains of bile was determined in a nonrandomized prospective study which compared two groups of patients. Group A consisted of 119 consecutive patients in whom antibiotics were administered during operation according to the results of immediate gram stains on bile. Group B included 101 patients, none of whom received antibiotics. In Group A gentamicin was given for gram-negative bacteria, ampicillin for gram-positive organisms, and no antibiotics were given if no bacteria were seen on the gram stain. In Group A the incidence of wound sepsis was 7 percent, compared with 22 percent in Group B (p less than 0.005). Septicemia occured in 2 percent of Group A, compared with 8 percent in Group B. It is concluded that immediate gram stains of bile will provide a means of selecting patients requiring antibiotic cover during biliary surgery; furthermore, this procedure is a practical way of reducing postoperative sepsis while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic administration.", "PMID": 66764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2214", "title": "HLA determinants in chronic active liver disease: possible relation of HLA-Dw3 to prognosis.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) were found to have a significantly higher frequency of HLA-Dw3 (68%) than 91 healthy controls (24%) (P less than 0;0001). The association of CALD was statistically significantly stronger with the D locus than with the B locus of HLA. The response to treatment was significantly worse in patients with HLA-Dw3 than in patients who lacked this antigen.", "contents": "HLA determinants in chronic active liver disease: possible relation of HLA-Dw3 to prognosis. Thirty-eight patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) were found to have a significantly higher frequency of HLA-Dw3 (68%) than 91 healthy controls (24%) (P less than 0;0001). The association of CALD was statistically significantly stronger with the D locus than with the B locus of HLA. The response to treatment was significantly worse in patients with HLA-Dw3 than in patients who lacked this antigen.", "PMID": 66770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2215", "title": "An HLA-D specificity found in the Japanese population.", "content": "A new HLA-D specificity was found in the Japanese population in two different laboratories. Japanese cell YT, found at Stanford, California, was A9,BW22J,CW1 and cell Wa, found at Sapporo, Japan, was A9,BW22J homozygous. They were shown to be HLA-D identical to the homozygous Japanese cell AH which submitted to the VIth International Histocompatibility Testing Workshop (Workshop number 2-001). This specificity was common in the Japanese (gf = 0.089) but completely absent from 62 Caucasians tested. Strong association of this specificity with HLA-BW22J was demonstrated.", "contents": "An HLA-D specificity found in the Japanese population. A new HLA-D specificity was found in the Japanese population in two different laboratories. Japanese cell YT, found at Stanford, California, was A9,BW22J,CW1 and cell Wa, found at Sapporo, Japan, was A9,BW22J homozygous. They were shown to be HLA-D identical to the homozygous Japanese cell AH which submitted to the VIth International Histocompatibility Testing Workshop (Workshop number 2-001). This specificity was common in the Japanese (gf = 0.089) but completely absent from 62 Caucasians tested. Strong association of this specificity with HLA-BW22J was demonstrated.", "PMID": 66772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2216", "title": "Further evidence for the involvement of base and base sequence in the antigenic determination of thermally denatured DNA.", "content": "The antigenic determinant of thermally denatured salmon sperm (ss) DNA was extensively investigated with a radioimmunoassay technique using the ssDNA immune system. It was demonstrated that mixed sequences of purines and pyrimidines play a key role in the antigenic determination of DNA. On the other hand, the importance of the bases in the manifestation of DNA antigenicity was demonstrated by using brominated, methylated and/or ultraviolet irradiated ssDNA preparations.", "contents": "Further evidence for the involvement of base and base sequence in the antigenic determination of thermally denatured DNA. The antigenic determinant of thermally denatured salmon sperm (ss) DNA was extensively investigated with a radioimmunoassay technique using the ssDNA immune system. It was demonstrated that mixed sequences of purines and pyrimidines play a key role in the antigenic determination of DNA. On the other hand, the importance of the bases in the manifestation of DNA antigenicity was demonstrated by using brominated, methylated and/or ultraviolet irradiated ssDNA preparations.", "PMID": 66773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2217", "title": "Hydroxyethyl starch and prednisone as adjuncts to granulocyte collection.", "content": "A total of 232 leukaphereses were performed with a continuous flow (CFC) of 89 donors related to recipients to obtain granulocytes for infected granulocytopenic recipients. One hundred fifteen runs were done without pretreatment of the donors and were used as controls. Pharmacological pretreatment of the remaining one hundred seventeen donors included Prednisone, given in an oral dose (50 mg) the evening prior to the run, and/or 250ml of 6 per cent hydroxyethyl starch added to the input line of the CFC throughout the run. A median of 9.2 liters of donor blood was processed with each run. The pretreatment of the donors with Prednisone plus the addition of HES to the input line significantly increased the number of granulocytes collected. Donors tolerated the leukapheresis procedure well, and no significant side effects were associated with Prednisone or HES administration. Early and frequent use of such granulocytes was effective in the short-term control of fever in the granulocytopenic recipients who failed to respond to 48 hours of broad spectrum antibiotic coverage.", "contents": "Hydroxyethyl starch and prednisone as adjuncts to granulocyte collection. A total of 232 leukaphereses were performed with a continuous flow (CFC) of 89 donors related to recipients to obtain granulocytes for infected granulocytopenic recipients. One hundred fifteen runs were done without pretreatment of the donors and were used as controls. Pharmacological pretreatment of the remaining one hundred seventeen donors included Prednisone, given in an oral dose (50 mg) the evening prior to the run, and/or 250ml of 6 per cent hydroxyethyl starch added to the input line of the CFC throughout the run. A median of 9.2 liters of donor blood was processed with each run. The pretreatment of the donors with Prednisone plus the addition of HES to the input line significantly increased the number of granulocytes collected. Donors tolerated the leukapheresis procedure well, and no significant side effects were associated with Prednisone or HES administration. Early and frequent use of such granulocytes was effective in the short-term control of fever in the granulocytopenic recipients who failed to respond to 48 hours of broad spectrum antibiotic coverage.", "PMID": 66779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2218", "title": "Use of dextran 75 as a macromolecular agent in centrifugal leukapheresis.", "content": "Twenty-five leukaphereses were done by the Haemonetics system using citrated Dextran 75 in normal saline as anticoagulant, and were compared with a much larger series using hydroxyethyl starch (HES) with and without steroid premedication. The granulocyte and platelet yields were only minimally different between the two agents. Both were inferior in granulocyte collection to the group that was premedicated with a steroid. Dextran is thus a satisfactory substitute for HES in leukapheresis with this system.", "contents": "Use of dextran 75 as a macromolecular agent in centrifugal leukapheresis. Twenty-five leukaphereses were done by the Haemonetics system using citrated Dextran 75 in normal saline as anticoagulant, and were compared with a much larger series using hydroxyethyl starch (HES) with and without steroid premedication. The granulocyte and platelet yields were only minimally different between the two agents. Both were inferior in granulocyte collection to the group that was premedicated with a steroid. Dextran is thus a satisfactory substitute for HES in leukapheresis with this system.", "PMID": 66780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2219", "title": "RNA tumor viruses as causative agents of chronic neurological disease.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine if RIDP was present in a particulate fraction of brains from patients with ALS and PD. Evidence that we have detected RIDP is as follows: (a) DNA polymerase activity persists in the presence of concentrations of actinomycin D and distamycin that inhibit most DNA-directed DNA synthesis (25); (b) the majority of endogenous DNA polymerase activity is sensitive to prior treatment with RNase; (c) the early reaction product is a 4-5 S DNA heteropolymer joined by hydrogen bonds to an RNA molecule; and (d) the purified [3H]DNA product anneals to RNA extracted from the enzyme-containing pellet more extensively than to normal brain RNA or poly(rA). The enzyme activity is in a cytoplasmic particle that can be sedimented at high speed and has the buoyant density of RNA tumor viruses (1.16-1.18 gm/ml). This particulate fraction is not disrupted by physical manipulation and maintains its characteristic density with repeated centrifugations. Treatment with the nonionic surfactant Sterox changes the buoyant density of the enzyme-containing particle to 1.24 gm/ml, the density of the onconavirus virion core. Synthesis of RNA-DNA hybrids by an endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction was found only in normal and diseased Chamorro brains. Examination of a limited number of normal and diseased brains from individuals who lived in the United States produced negative results (39). Definitive characterization of this polymerase activity and identification as a true viral polymerase will depend on purification of biochemically active quantities of this polymerase to determine its template specificities, its cation preference, the fidelity of its transcription product, as well as its antigenic relationship to animal virus and human leukemic RIDP. Of critical importance in these studies will be differentiation of this activity from normal brain DNA polymerase  gamma and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.", "contents": "RNA tumor viruses as causative agents of chronic neurological disease. These studies were designed to determine if RIDP was present in a particulate fraction of brains from patients with ALS and PD. Evidence that we have detected RIDP is as follows: (a) DNA polymerase activity persists in the presence of concentrations of actinomycin D and distamycin that inhibit most DNA-directed DNA synthesis (25); (b) the majority of endogenous DNA polymerase activity is sensitive to prior treatment with RNase; (c) the early reaction product is a 4-5 S DNA heteropolymer joined by hydrogen bonds to an RNA molecule; and (d) the purified [3H]DNA product anneals to RNA extracted from the enzyme-containing pellet more extensively than to normal brain RNA or poly(rA). The enzyme activity is in a cytoplasmic particle that can be sedimented at high speed and has the buoyant density of RNA tumor viruses (1.16-1.18 gm/ml). This particulate fraction is not disrupted by physical manipulation and maintains its characteristic density with repeated centrifugations. Treatment with the nonionic surfactant Sterox changes the buoyant density of the enzyme-containing particle to 1.24 gm/ml, the density of the onconavirus virion core. Synthesis of RNA-DNA hybrids by an endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction was found only in normal and diseased Chamorro brains. Examination of a limited number of normal and diseased brains from individuals who lived in the United States produced negative results (39). Definitive characterization of this polymerase activity and identification as a true viral polymerase will depend on purification of biochemically active quantities of this polymerase to determine its template specificities, its cation preference, the fidelity of its transcription product, as well as its antigenic relationship to animal virus and human leukemic RIDP. Of critical importance in these studies will be differentiation of this activity from normal brain DNA polymerase  gamma and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.", "PMID": 66787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2220", "title": "[Concentration of estrone, estradiol and estriol in the blood of pregnant sheep after induction of estrus with chlormadinone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate].", "content": "The radioisotopic method of 131J-labelled albumin was employed to determine the distribution of acidic proteinase activity in some organs and tissues of chickens. The highest enzymatic activities were found in intestine wall, in pancreas, and in liver. Considerably lower activities were ascertained in kidneys, brain, lungs, and heart. The different proportions of these enzymes in homogenates and supernatant fractions (106 000 g) testify to a lack of uniformity in the solubility of cathepsins in the organs tested. The tested organs, with the exception of pancreas, did not show any enzymatic activity of neutral proteinases.", "contents": "[Concentration of estrone, estradiol and estriol in the blood of pregnant sheep after induction of estrus with chlormadinone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate]. The radioisotopic method of 131J-labelled albumin was employed to determine the distribution of acidic proteinase activity in some organs and tissues of chickens. The highest enzymatic activities were found in intestine wall, in pancreas, and in liver. Considerably lower activities were ascertained in kidneys, brain, lungs, and heart. The different proportions of these enzymes in homogenates and supernatant fractions (106 000 g) testify to a lack of uniformity in the solubility of cathepsins in the organs tested. The tested organs, with the exception of pancreas, did not show any enzymatic activity of neutral proteinases.", "PMID": 66795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2221", "title": "[Heterogeneity of neurospecific protein S-100].", "content": "Protein S-100 specific for the nervous system was isolated from the bull cerebral hemispheres by the Steward method and antiserum monospecific to it was obtained. In immunoelectrophoretical study of the initial brain extract with antiserum detected the paired line of precipitation consisting of two arcs in the zone of prealbumins and alpha2-globulins of the the serum, and that with purified protein fraction showed only one arc corresponding to the prealbumin component. The purified protein S-100 fraction in agar gel is divided into a series of prealbumin electrophoretic zones, with a pre-protein locating chiefly in the most mobile zone. It is established that heterogeneity of protein S-100 with electrophoresis in agar gel and immunophoresis is due to the presence of calcium ions in the systems. In the presence of 1 mM EDTA solution the one or two closely located prealbumin zones of purified protein S-100 migrates. The obtained monospecific antiserum made it possible to establish that two-fractional antigen A detected previously by the heterogenic antisera is protein S-100.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of neurospecific protein S-100]. Protein S-100 specific for the nervous system was isolated from the bull cerebral hemispheres by the Steward method and antiserum monospecific to it was obtained. In immunoelectrophoretical study of the initial brain extract with antiserum detected the paired line of precipitation consisting of two arcs in the zone of prealbumins and alpha2-globulins of the the serum, and that with purified protein fraction showed only one arc corresponding to the prealbumin component. The purified protein S-100 fraction in agar gel is divided into a series of prealbumin electrophoretic zones, with a pre-protein locating chiefly in the most mobile zone. It is established that heterogeneity of protein S-100 with electrophoresis in agar gel and immunophoresis is due to the presence of calcium ions in the systems. In the presence of 1 mM EDTA solution the one or two closely located prealbumin zones of purified protein S-100 migrates. The obtained monospecific antiserum made it possible to establish that two-fractional antigen A detected previously by the heterogenic antisera is protein S-100.", "PMID": 66790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2222", "title": "Physical methods for the analysis of molecular interactions in dyes utilizable in viral biology studies.", "content": "The possibilities of the main physical methods for the analysis of molecular interactions in solution are discussed on the ground of recent data of the literature. Spectrophotometry, (micro)cryoscopy and the isopiestic method are presented in more detail. These methods were applied to several dyes of common use in viral biology studies and to some new chromophore structures. The results obtained demonstrate the occurrence of molecular aggregation in solution in several of the above mentioned systems, both upon concentration rises and in the presence of inorganic ions.", "contents": "Physical methods for the analysis of molecular interactions in dyes utilizable in viral biology studies. The possibilities of the main physical methods for the analysis of molecular interactions in solution are discussed on the ground of recent data of the literature. Spectrophotometry, (micro)cryoscopy and the isopiestic method are presented in more detail. These methods were applied to several dyes of common use in viral biology studies and to some new chromophore structures. The results obtained demonstrate the occurrence of molecular aggregation in solution in several of the above mentioned systems, both upon concentration rises and in the presence of inorganic ions.", "PMID": 66799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2223", "title": "[Antibodies in gamma-globulin preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "A commerical preparation of gamma-globulin with 16% protein content for i. m. administration, as well as two commercial preparations of 5% protein content for i.v. administration, were tested for their antibodies to different viruses. The highest antibody titres were found in the 16% gamma-globulin. Sufficient levels of antibodies to justify prophylactic use were demonstrated in the case of rubella, measles, polio and EBV, whilst antibodies to mumps, coxsackie A9, B1-5 and herpes simplex type I and II were present to a moderate degree. Only low concentrations of antibodies or none at all were found with respect to influence A and B, para-influenza 1--3, vaccinia, adeno 3 and 7, and echo 4, 6, 9, 18 and HBs-antigen. This study shows that normal gamma-globulin can be used prohylactically against many different viral diseases.", "contents": "[Antibodies in gamma-globulin preparations (author's transl)]. A commerical preparation of gamma-globulin with 16% protein content for i. m. administration, as well as two commercial preparations of 5% protein content for i.v. administration, were tested for their antibodies to different viruses. The highest antibody titres were found in the 16% gamma-globulin. Sufficient levels of antibodies to justify prophylactic use were demonstrated in the case of rubella, measles, polio and EBV, whilst antibodies to mumps, coxsackie A9, B1-5 and herpes simplex type I and II were present to a moderate degree. Only low concentrations of antibodies or none at all were found with respect to influence A and B, para-influenza 1--3, vaccinia, adeno 3 and 7, and echo 4, 6, 9, 18 and HBs-antigen. This study shows that normal gamma-globulin can be used prohylactically against many different viral diseases.", "PMID": 66804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2224", "title": "[Global review of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the world (1961-1971)].", "content": "The main objective of gathering available world-wide information on tuberculosis is to present an overall picture of how tuberculosis infection, morbidity and mortality, can be reflected today and to suggest the necessity to improve international epidemiological statistical intelligence. The highest levels of tuberculosis infection in the world (i.e. 60-80% in children 14 years old) may be found in eastern Asia, Oceania and in several areas in Africa. Considerable differences still do exist between the highest and lowest prevalence level within each continent. The ratio between the highest and lowest prevalence level of infection is varying from 1 to 2 in the Americas, to 1 to 10 in Europe. While, in general, in developed countries the annual infection rate reached 0.5% (1969-1972), in developing countries, annual infection rates of 2% or more were reported. The decrease of the annual infection rate in developed countries is, in general, 10% each year, whereas in the developing part of the world the fall in the rates has been slower or the level even remained constant for the last ten years. The information concerning tuberculosis morbidity is sometimes incomplete or inconsistent because of the lack of standard criteria for diagnosing and reporting tuberculosis. Although the bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis cases has an important bearing on the recording system, official reports are particularly deficient in this respect. Estimating the total number of newly registered tuberculosis cases, one may say that more than 3.8 million, and approximately 4 million cases could have occurred 1967 and 1971 respectively. The prevalence of tuberculosis cases can be estimated to be around 6-8 in 1967 and 8 million cases in 1971. The highest incidence rates reported in 1971 were in Asia, Oceania and in some African countries (i.e. 250-523 per 100000 population). In Europe and America, tuberculosis incidence did not exceed a level of 200 per 100000 population. The average tuberculosis incidence rate for 1971 in the world may be estimated to be 111.5 per 100000 population (111.4 in 1967).", "contents": "[Global review of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the world (1961-1971)]. The main objective of gathering available world-wide information on tuberculosis is to present an overall picture of how tuberculosis infection, morbidity and mortality, can be reflected today and to suggest the necessity to improve international epidemiological statistical intelligence. The highest levels of tuberculosis infection in the world (i.e. 60-80% in children 14 years old) may be found in eastern Asia, Oceania and in several areas in Africa. Considerable differences still do exist between the highest and lowest prevalence level within each continent. The ratio between the highest and lowest prevalence level of infection is varying from 1 to 2 in the Americas, to 1 to 10 in Europe. While, in general, in developed countries the annual infection rate reached 0.5% (1969-1972), in developing countries, annual infection rates of 2% or more were reported. The decrease of the annual infection rate in developed countries is, in general, 10% each year, whereas in the developing part of the world the fall in the rates has been slower or the level even remained constant for the last ten years. The information concerning tuberculosis morbidity is sometimes incomplete or inconsistent because of the lack of standard criteria for diagnosing and reporting tuberculosis. Although the bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis cases has an important bearing on the recording system, official reports are particularly deficient in this respect. Estimating the total number of newly registered tuberculosis cases, one may say that more than 3.8 million, and approximately 4 million cases could have occurred 1967 and 1971 respectively. The prevalence of tuberculosis cases can be estimated to be around 6-8 in 1967 and 8 million cases in 1971. The highest incidence rates reported in 1971 were in Asia, Oceania and in some African countries (i.e. 250-523 per 100000 population). In Europe and America, tuberculosis incidence did not exceed a level of 200 per 100000 population. The average tuberculosis incidence rate for 1971 in the world may be estimated to be 111.5 per 100000 population (111.4 in 1967).", "PMID": 66805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2225", "title": "[Trends in tuberculosis hospital and sanatorium beds throughout the world (1960-1975)].", "content": "The most important problem facing phthisiologists in the past was how to ensure a sufficient number of sanatorium beds for the management of tuberculosis patients, their rehabilitation and the prevention of transmission of infection by isolating them. There is considerable evidence today, however, that the results obtained with ambulatory treatment are as good as those following in-patient treatment. The latter is now considered unnecessary as it serves merely to prolong duration of the patient's incapacity and to increase the cost of treatment. The presentation of the available information on the trend of beds designated for tuberculosis aims at stimulating the new approach to efficient control of the disease so as to prevent the misuse of available resources. During the period 1960-1965 there were more than 870000 tuberculosis beds reported in the world. Between 1970 and 1975, the number of tuberculosis beds was reduced to 609000. The average percentage of tuberculosis beds to the existing total bed complement was 8.4 in 1960-1uberculosis bed density\"--was 3.9 and 3.1 respectively, for the two periods. Owing to the very large variety of reporting systems and sometimes to their defective patterns, international comparisons are hazardous. In general, there is a considerable declining trend in the tuberculosis bed density, in countries with a high initial level, whereas in other countries an upwards trend is sometimes to be found. The analysis of the particular patterns of tuberculosis bed density is difficult, as in many countries the still existing high bed density is actually a combined tuberculosis and respiratory diseases bed density. In countries with a well developed network of institutional units, treatment costs account for approximately half the total cost of the tuberculosis control programme. In a broad public health sense bed strategy is becoming increasingly important since apart from the substantial capital cost of institutional facilities, it also influences both the pattern of service rendered and the use of resources available.", "contents": "[Trends in tuberculosis hospital and sanatorium beds throughout the world (1960-1975)]. The most important problem facing phthisiologists in the past was how to ensure a sufficient number of sanatorium beds for the management of tuberculosis patients, their rehabilitation and the prevention of transmission of infection by isolating them. There is considerable evidence today, however, that the results obtained with ambulatory treatment are as good as those following in-patient treatment. The latter is now considered unnecessary as it serves merely to prolong duration of the patient's incapacity and to increase the cost of treatment. The presentation of the available information on the trend of beds designated for tuberculosis aims at stimulating the new approach to efficient control of the disease so as to prevent the misuse of available resources. During the period 1960-1965 there were more than 870000 tuberculosis beds reported in the world. Between 1970 and 1975, the number of tuberculosis beds was reduced to 609000. The average percentage of tuberculosis beds to the existing total bed complement was 8.4 in 1960-1uberculosis bed density\"--was 3.9 and 3.1 respectively, for the two periods. Owing to the very large variety of reporting systems and sometimes to their defective patterns, international comparisons are hazardous. In general, there is a considerable declining trend in the tuberculosis bed density, in countries with a high initial level, whereas in other countries an upwards trend is sometimes to be found. The analysis of the particular patterns of tuberculosis bed density is difficult, as in many countries the still existing high bed density is actually a combined tuberculosis and respiratory diseases bed density. In countries with a well developed network of institutional units, treatment costs account for approximately half the total cost of the tuberculosis control programme. In a broad public health sense bed strategy is becoming increasingly important since apart from the substantial capital cost of institutional facilities, it also influences both the pattern of service rendered and the use of resources available.", "PMID": 66806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2226", "title": "Formation of infectious proviruses.", "content": "Formation of DNA proviruses was studied in chronic and acute cellular infections caused by RNA viruses. Some general considerations on the nature of reverse syntheses in eukaryotic cells are discussed.", "contents": "Formation of infectious proviruses. Formation of DNA proviruses was studied in chronic and acute cellular infections caused by RNA viruses. Some general considerations on the nature of reverse syntheses in eukaryotic cells are discussed.", "PMID": 66800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2227", "title": "[Effect of the gamma-isomer of HCCH on the functional state of the sex glands of rats].", "content": "The effect of the HCCH gamma-isomer on the function of sexual glands in rats was studied. Administration of the HCCH gamma-isomer in a dose of 5mg/kg body weight was found to bring down the pregnancy index in the group where test females were mated with test males. This indicator, as well as the mating index were down in the group where control males were mated with test females. Moreover, the offspring of animals, where test females were mated with test males and also in the group of control males and test females sacrificed before and during gestation a significant lagging of the weight gain at the end of the nursing period was recorded. Animals receiving the HCCH gamma-isomer in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg body weight did not differ from the control rats in all of the indicators under study.", "contents": "[Effect of the gamma-isomer of HCCH on the functional state of the sex glands of rats]. The effect of the HCCH gamma-isomer on the function of sexual glands in rats was studied. Administration of the HCCH gamma-isomer in a dose of 5mg/kg body weight was found to bring down the pregnancy index in the group where test females were mated with test males. This indicator, as well as the mating index were down in the group where control males were mated with test females. Moreover, the offspring of animals, where test females were mated with test males and also in the group of control males and test females sacrificed before and during gestation a significant lagging of the weight gain at the end of the nursing period was recorded. Animals receiving the HCCH gamma-isomer in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg body weight did not differ from the control rats in all of the indicators under study.", "PMID": 66802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2228", "title": "[Echinococcus alveolaris and cysticus of the liver].", "content": "From 1964-1976 34 patients were treated for Echinococcus of the liver at the Mainz University department of surgery. There were 25 cases of E. cysticus and 9 cases of E. alveolaris. Decisive for the diagnosis are Casoni's intracutaneous test, scout film of the abdomen, liver scan and arteriography. In all cases a surgical therapy is indicated. A central localization of the parasite cysts makes problems to the surgical management. In these cases we prefere the cystectomy. All other echinococcal cysts were removed totally, either by pericystectomy or hepatic lobectomy. Such a radicality is the exception in E. alveolaris. Twice we performed right hepatic lobectomy. In the other cases operative treatment was carried out to confirm diagnosis and ensure bile passage by a hepato-enterostomy. However, palliative bile draining procedures may prolong survival time to more than 10 years.", "contents": "[Echinococcus alveolaris and cysticus of the liver]. From 1964-1976 34 patients were treated for Echinococcus of the liver at the Mainz University department of surgery. There were 25 cases of E. cysticus and 9 cases of E. alveolaris. Decisive for the diagnosis are Casoni's intracutaneous test, scout film of the abdomen, liver scan and arteriography. In all cases a surgical therapy is indicated. A central localization of the parasite cysts makes problems to the surgical management. In these cases we prefere the cystectomy. All other echinococcal cysts were removed totally, either by pericystectomy or hepatic lobectomy. Such a radicality is the exception in E. alveolaris. Twice we performed right hepatic lobectomy. In the other cases operative treatment was carried out to confirm diagnosis and ensure bile passage by a hepato-enterostomy. However, palliative bile draining procedures may prolong survival time to more than 10 years.", "PMID": 66809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2229", "title": "Transfer of drug-resistance-plasmids in mixed cultures of Staphylococci.", "content": "Transfer of pen- and chl-plasmids does not only occur between strains of Staph, aureus but also betwen strains of Staph, aureus and Staph, epidermidis. In Staph, aureus, the frequency of transfer of a tet-plasmid is less frequent than the transfer of pen- and chl-plasmids. Lysogenization of the donor strain by a sero-group-B-phage has no influence on the frequency of transfer. The transfer is not inhibited by gamma-globulin. gamma-globulin inhibits unspecifically phage adsorption and also the transduction by phage 80. The transfer is also possible when an encapsulated recipient strain is used. Phages are inhibited by the capsular material (SCHEER and KOFT, 1975); a transduction to an encapsulated strain is impossible. These results speak against a phage-mediated transfer in mixed cultures. A dilution of the incubation mixture leads to an unproportional decrease of the frequency of transfer. A prerequisite to the transfer is probably a close cell-to-cell contact.", "contents": "Transfer of drug-resistance-plasmids in mixed cultures of Staphylococci. Transfer of pen- and chl-plasmids does not only occur between strains of Staph, aureus but also betwen strains of Staph, aureus and Staph, epidermidis. In Staph, aureus, the frequency of transfer of a tet-plasmid is less frequent than the transfer of pen- and chl-plasmids. Lysogenization of the donor strain by a sero-group-B-phage has no influence on the frequency of transfer. The transfer is not inhibited by gamma-globulin. gamma-globulin inhibits unspecifically phage adsorption and also the transduction by phage 80. The transfer is also possible when an encapsulated recipient strain is used. Phages are inhibited by the capsular material (SCHEER and KOFT, 1975); a transduction to an encapsulated strain is impossible. These results speak against a phage-mediated transfer in mixed cultures. A dilution of the incubation mixture leads to an unproportional decrease of the frequency of transfer. A prerequisite to the transfer is probably a close cell-to-cell contact.", "PMID": 66824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2230", "title": "Salmonella gallinarum - Salmonella enteritidis relationship in rabbits.", "content": "The polysaccharide of S. gallinarum, sharing factors 9.12 with the Salmonellae of group D. cross-reacts with one of two serological determinants, present in the polysaccharide of S. enteritidis, and is different from the determinant responsible for the cross-reaction of S. enteritidis and S. typhy polysaccharides. The absorption of anti S. gallinarum sera with proteins from S. enteritidis removed all the antibodies induced for the homologous antigens; in contrast, the absorption of the anti S. enteritidis sera with proteins from S. gallinarum removed all the antigens common to S. gallinarum and S. enteritidis, leaving for reaction the antibodies induced to specific antigens of S. enteritidis.", "contents": "Salmonella gallinarum - Salmonella enteritidis relationship in rabbits. The polysaccharide of S. gallinarum, sharing factors 9.12 with the Salmonellae of group D. cross-reacts with one of two serological determinants, present in the polysaccharide of S. enteritidis, and is different from the determinant responsible for the cross-reaction of S. enteritidis and S. typhy polysaccharides. The absorption of anti S. gallinarum sera with proteins from S. enteritidis removed all the antibodies induced for the homologous antigens; in contrast, the absorption of the anti S. enteritidis sera with proteins from S. gallinarum removed all the antigens common to S. gallinarum and S. enteritidis, leaving for reaction the antibodies induced to specific antigens of S. enteritidis.", "PMID": 66825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2231", "title": "Normal values in the adult Zambian. V. Plasma alpha-2 macroglobulin.", "content": "A study on the normal concentration of alpha-2 macroglobulin in the adult Zambian is presented. The values are time-related but fall within the normal range for Europeans and North Americans. An important difference in concentration between males and females is recorded.", "contents": "Normal values in the adult Zambian. V. Plasma alpha-2 macroglobulin. A study on the normal concentration of alpha-2 macroglobulin in the adult Zambian is presented. The values are time-related but fall within the normal range for Europeans and North Americans. An important difference in concentration between males and females is recorded.", "PMID": 66821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2232", "title": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test in the study of ornithosis. I. Hemosensitizing activity of ornithosis phosphlipid antigen and a method of performing tests with it].", "content": "A possibility was shown of using the phospholipid group-specific antigen of the ornitosis causative agent in the capacity of a hemosensitin for conducting the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT). There was revealed a direct proportional relationship between the sensitizing activity and the complement fixing properties of the antigens obtained. A method of sorption of this antigen on the tannin-treated erythrocytes and the optimal parameters of conducting the test with it were elaborated. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the IHAT was revealed as a result of parallel titration of hetero-and homologous sera in the complement fixation test and in the IHAT. The suggested test can be successfully used for the diagnosis of ornithosis.", "contents": "[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test in the study of ornithosis. I. Hemosensitizing activity of ornithosis phosphlipid antigen and a method of performing tests with it]. A possibility was shown of using the phospholipid group-specific antigen of the ornitosis causative agent in the capacity of a hemosensitin for conducting the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT). There was revealed a direct proportional relationship between the sensitizing activity and the complement fixing properties of the antigens obtained. A method of sorption of this antigen on the tannin-treated erythrocytes and the optimal parameters of conducting the test with it were elaborated. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the IHAT was revealed as a result of parallel titration of hetero-and homologous sera in the complement fixation test and in the IHAT. The suggested test can be successfully used for the diagnosis of ornithosis.", "PMID": 66827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2233", "title": "[Electron microscopic determination of the localization of the group-specific antigen of Halprowise (Chlamydiae) by the direct immunoperoxidase method].", "content": "The direct immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the study of the localization of a group-specific antigen of Halprowiae (Chlamydiae) in the causative agents of meningopneumonia (strain MP) and of paratrachoma (strain LB-I) at the individual stages of their developmental cycle in the L-cell (16, 24 and 48 hours after infection of the culture). The product of reaction to peroxidase pointing to the localization of the group-specific antigen was localized not only on the surface, but in the whole thickness of the cell wall of the initial bodies in the form of an even electron dense layer, 200--280 A in thickness. A weak positive reaction was also noted on the outer layer of the sytoplasmic membrane. The periplasmic space remained free of the reaction product. Localization of the reaction product in the intermediate and elementary bodies remained unchanged. At the initial stages of the developmental cycle (16 hours after the infection) the reaction) the reaction product was revealed not in the whole cell wall, butin some of its areas only. There were found no qualitative differences in the localization of the group-specific antigen in the Malprowiae strains under study.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic determination of the localization of the group-specific antigen of Halprowise (Chlamydiae) by the direct immunoperoxidase method]. The direct immunoperoxidase technique was applied to the study of the localization of a group-specific antigen of Halprowiae (Chlamydiae) in the causative agents of meningopneumonia (strain MP) and of paratrachoma (strain LB-I) at the individual stages of their developmental cycle in the L-cell (16, 24 and 48 hours after infection of the culture). The product of reaction to peroxidase pointing to the localization of the group-specific antigen was localized not only on the surface, but in the whole thickness of the cell wall of the initial bodies in the form of an even electron dense layer, 200--280 A in thickness. A weak positive reaction was also noted on the outer layer of the sytoplasmic membrane. The periplasmic space remained free of the reaction product. Localization of the reaction product in the intermediate and elementary bodies remained unchanged. At the initial stages of the developmental cycle (16 hours after the infection) the reaction) the reaction product was revealed not in the whole cell wall, butin some of its areas only. There were found no qualitative differences in the localization of the group-specific antigen in the Malprowiae strains under study.", "PMID": 66828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2234", "title": "[Protein and antigenic spectrum of different species of yeasts of the genus Candida].", "content": "The methods of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation were applied to the study of the protein and antigenic spectra of different species of Candida yeasts. It was revealed that for the majority of the yeast species the prevalence of proteins of definite fractions was characteristic. C. albincans displayed a marked (in comparison with the nonpathogenic species) content of proteins of proteins of group b. The most pronounced antigenic properties in C. albicans and C. tropicalis were possessed by the proteins of the basic character. C. albicans and C. tropicalis yeasts were characterized by similar antigenic spectra, whereas the C. crusei species showed the least affinity with the C. albicans.", "contents": "[Protein and antigenic spectrum of different species of yeasts of the genus Candida]. The methods of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation were applied to the study of the protein and antigenic spectra of different species of Candida yeasts. It was revealed that for the majority of the yeast species the prevalence of proteins of definite fractions was characteristic. C. albincans displayed a marked (in comparison with the nonpathogenic species) content of proteins of proteins of group b. The most pronounced antigenic properties in C. albicans and C. tropicalis were possessed by the proteins of the basic character. C. albicans and C. tropicalis yeasts were characterized by similar antigenic spectra, whereas the C. crusei species showed the least affinity with the C. albicans.", "PMID": 66829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2235", "title": "Chemotherapeutic remissions in Wistar Furth rat acute myelogenous leukemia: a model for human AML.", "content": "Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) of the inbred Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat is pathophysiologically similar to human AML. Subcutaneous transplantation of 1.0 X 10(6) cells of a clonal tissue culture line of W/Fu AML into 6- to 8-week-old rats produced local myeloblastomas in 8--10 days which progressed to infiltration of regional nodes, replacement of greater than 90% of the bone marrow, ascites, and fatal peripheral blood leukemia with concomitant hyperlysozymemia. Single doses of adriamycin, daunomycin, actinomycin, cytosine arabinoside, or Cytoxan in rats with 1.0 cm myeloblastomas produced complete tumor regression while bu-sulfan, vinblastine, vincristine, dexamethasone, and Methotrexate was relatively ineffective. Responses were associated with delay in progression to peripheral blood leukemia and prolonged survival. Similar results were obtained following treatment of rats with already disseminated leukemia. The demonstration of response to drugs known active against human AML indicates that the W/Fu AML should be a valuable model for rapid evaluation of new chemotherapeutic agents for clinical use.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic remissions in Wistar Furth rat acute myelogenous leukemia: a model for human AML. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) of the inbred Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat is pathophysiologically similar to human AML. Subcutaneous transplantation of 1.0 X 10(6) cells of a clonal tissue culture line of W/Fu AML into 6- to 8-week-old rats produced local myeloblastomas in 8--10 days which progressed to infiltration of regional nodes, replacement of greater than 90% of the bone marrow, ascites, and fatal peripheral blood leukemia with concomitant hyperlysozymemia. Single doses of adriamycin, daunomycin, actinomycin, cytosine arabinoside, or Cytoxan in rats with 1.0 cm myeloblastomas produced complete tumor regression while bu-sulfan, vinblastine, vincristine, dexamethasone, and Methotrexate was relatively ineffective. Responses were associated with delay in progression to peripheral blood leukemia and prolonged survival. Similar results were obtained following treatment of rats with already disseminated leukemia. The demonstration of response to drugs known active against human AML indicates that the W/Fu AML should be a valuable model for rapid evaluation of new chemotherapeutic agents for clinical use.", "PMID": 66830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2236", "title": "Preparation, purification and in vitro properties of a serum against human lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigens.", "content": "A serum against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells was obtained inoculating rabbits. We studied the specificity of the serum before and after particular absorptions in various clinical conditions. The serum was cytotoxic against many cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, against continuously cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells and against chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. On the contrary, the serum was not cytotoxic against lymphocytes of normal donors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission and other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Preparation, purification and in vitro properties of a serum against human lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigens. A serum against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells was obtained inoculating rabbits. We studied the specificity of the serum before and after particular absorptions in various clinical conditions. The serum was cytotoxic against many cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, against continuously cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells and against chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. On the contrary, the serum was not cytotoxic against lymphocytes of normal donors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission and other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 66831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2237", "title": "Imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) in the treatment of advanced lymphomas. Efficacy of DTIC in cases which fail to respond to conventional chemotherupetic combinations.", "content": "15 patients with malignant lymphomas (stage III B or IV) who had become resistant to previous combination chemotherapy were treated with DTIC. The drug was administered intravenously as a single agent in doses of 300 mg/m2 on 5 consecutive days, once a month. The results demonstrate good responses in Hodgkin's disease, while in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas only incomplete and short remissions or failures were recorded. The only untoward side effects were nausea, vomiting and pain in the vein during the injection.", "contents": "Imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) in the treatment of advanced lymphomas. Efficacy of DTIC in cases which fail to respond to conventional chemotherupetic combinations. 15 patients with malignant lymphomas (stage III B or IV) who had become resistant to previous combination chemotherapy were treated with DTIC. The drug was administered intravenously as a single agent in doses of 300 mg/m2 on 5 consecutive days, once a month. The results demonstrate good responses in Hodgkin's disease, while in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas only incomplete and short remissions or failures were recorded. The only untoward side effects were nausea, vomiting and pain in the vein during the injection.", "PMID": 66832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2238", "title": "Large granules and lysosomal fusion in human Chediak-Higashi white blood cells.", "content": "The phenomenon of giant anomalous lysosome formation in human Chediak-Higashi syndrome leukocytes was analyzed. Ultrastructure findings combined with cytochemical procedures for visualizing acid phosphatase and peroxidase activity showed giant anomalous granules in addition to normal, small and enlarged granules. Massive granules in lymphocytes had an appearance and structure different from those found in other leukocytes. The giant granules seem to be a product of an active fusion between primary and secondary normal sized or enlarged lysosomes. This fusion occurs in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils and in monocytes. No fusion was found in lymphocyte granules.", "contents": "Large granules and lysosomal fusion in human Chediak-Higashi white blood cells. The phenomenon of giant anomalous lysosome formation in human Chediak-Higashi syndrome leukocytes was analyzed. Ultrastructure findings combined with cytochemical procedures for visualizing acid phosphatase and peroxidase activity showed giant anomalous granules in addition to normal, small and enlarged granules. Massive granules in lymphocytes had an appearance and structure different from those found in other leukocytes. The giant granules seem to be a product of an active fusion between primary and secondary normal sized or enlarged lysosomes. This fusion occurs in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils and in monocytes. No fusion was found in lymphocyte granules.", "PMID": 66833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2239", "title": "Diagnostic significance of alpha-fetoproteins in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemias and primary cancer of the liver in adults.", "content": "The presence in the serum of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied by the following immunological methods: immunoprecipitation electrophoresis after Pesendorfer et al., modified micro Ouchterlony technique as described by Prince, and for quantitative determination of this fraction commercial Partigen plates with sensitivity above 1 mg/100 ml. were used (Behringwerke A.G.). Anti AFP serum produced by the same company was used. In our experiance these three methods were equally sensitive In the newborn (41) with hyperbilirubinemia (cytomegalic inclusion disease, toxoplasmosis, ABO and Rh incompatibility) despite persisting abnormal laboratory tests indicating liver damage AFP disappeared from circulation by the end of the first month. Fetoprotein has been demonstrated in the serum by the end of the third month in nine babies in whom malformation of the biliary ducts was confirmed intraoperatively (7,14). In adults AFP was observed in the serum of only those patients in whom presence of primary hepatocellular liver cancer was proved pathohistologically Out of 15 verified cases of primary liver cancer AFP was positive in 43.7%.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of alpha-fetoproteins in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemias and primary cancer of the liver in adults. The presence in the serum of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied by the following immunological methods: immunoprecipitation electrophoresis after Pesendorfer et al., modified micro Ouchterlony technique as described by Prince, and for quantitative determination of this fraction commercial Partigen plates with sensitivity above 1 mg/100 ml. were used (Behringwerke A.G.). Anti AFP serum produced by the same company was used. In our experiance these three methods were equally sensitive In the newborn (41) with hyperbilirubinemia (cytomegalic inclusion disease, toxoplasmosis, ABO and Rh incompatibility) despite persisting abnormal laboratory tests indicating liver damage AFP disappeared from circulation by the end of the first month. Fetoprotein has been demonstrated in the serum by the end of the third month in nine babies in whom malformation of the biliary ducts was confirmed intraoperatively (7,14). In adults AFP was observed in the serum of only those patients in whom presence of primary hepatocellular liver cancer was proved pathohistologically Out of 15 verified cases of primary liver cancer AFP was positive in 43.7%.", "PMID": 66834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2240", "title": "Duplication of the haemoglobin alpha-gene.", "content": "Gene duplication is one of the basic processes underlying evolutionary changes. The gamma-chains of human foetal haemoglobin is coded by multiple structural genes. The delta-chains of Hb A2 can be regarded as a duplication of the beta-locus. We have presented the first evidence for the presence of two major alpha-chain loci in man. The alpha-gene appears to have duplicated recently, since apart of the single point mutations characterizing Hb J-Buda and Hb G-Pest, the two alpha-gene products seem to be identical. Sensitive immunochemical measurement techniques may reveal structural differences which might escape detection by chemical methods based on differences in charge and/or chromatographic behaviour. Anti-alpha-chain sera recognizing the single amino acid substitution in alphaJ-Buda could be raised in rabbits. The anti-alpha-chain sera were found to be more powerful tools for detecting differences in the primary structure of the chain than the immune sera raised against the whole tetramer. None of the immune sera could reliably differentiate Hb G-Pest from Hb A1. The relative strength of complement fixation of the alpha-chains from haemoglobin A1 F and A2 was compared by hybridizing these human haemoglobins with caninehaemoglobin and measuring the quantitative complement fixation of the different hybrids with anti-Hb A1 and anti-alphaA1 rabbit immune sera. No antigenic difference among the alpha-chains from haemoglobins A1, A2 and F could be detected by this method either with anti-A1 or with anti-alphaA1 sera. These results do not exclude the possibility of conformational differences between the alpha-chains in native Hb A and Hb F. The antigenic activity of the alpha-chains of Hb A from normal subjects (alphaA1) and of the alpha-chains of Hb A from a double heterozygote for alphaJ-Buda and alphaG-Pest (alphaA1) were compared by the complement fixation technique. Definite differences could be detected in the relative strength of complement fixation by alphaA1 and alphaA1 with anti-alphaA1 serum. Final decision as to whether alpha-chain duplication is a universal phenomenon or whether it is restricted to only a part of mankind cannot be drawn until the presence of a silent alpha-thalassaemia gene is not excluded in some debated cases by reliable chemical methods. Measurement of alpha-globin genes in Hb H disease with cDNA enriched in alpha-globin sequences provided direct evidence that a non-thalassaemic subject has to have at least four alpha-globin genes per diploid cell.", "contents": "Duplication of the haemoglobin alpha-gene. Gene duplication is one of the basic processes underlying evolutionary changes. The gamma-chains of human foetal haemoglobin is coded by multiple structural genes. The delta-chains of Hb A2 can be regarded as a duplication of the beta-locus. We have presented the first evidence for the presence of two major alpha-chain loci in man. The alpha-gene appears to have duplicated recently, since apart of the single point mutations characterizing Hb J-Buda and Hb G-Pest, the two alpha-gene products seem to be identical. Sensitive immunochemical measurement techniques may reveal structural differences which might escape detection by chemical methods based on differences in charge and/or chromatographic behaviour. Anti-alpha-chain sera recognizing the single amino acid substitution in alphaJ-Buda could be raised in rabbits. The anti-alpha-chain sera were found to be more powerful tools for detecting differences in the primary structure of the chain than the immune sera raised against the whole tetramer. None of the immune sera could reliably differentiate Hb G-Pest from Hb A1. The relative strength of complement fixation of the alpha-chains from haemoglobin A1 F and A2 was compared by hybridizing these human haemoglobins with caninehaemoglobin and measuring the quantitative complement fixation of the different hybrids with anti-Hb A1 and anti-alphaA1 rabbit immune sera. No antigenic difference among the alpha-chains from haemoglobins A1, A2 and F could be detected by this method either with anti-A1 or with anti-alphaA1 sera. These results do not exclude the possibility of conformational differences between the alpha-chains in native Hb A and Hb F. The antigenic activity of the alpha-chains of Hb A from normal subjects (alphaA1) and of the alpha-chains of Hb A from a double heterozygote for alphaJ-Buda and alphaG-Pest (alphaA1) were compared by the complement fixation technique. Definite differences could be detected in the relative strength of complement fixation by alphaA1 and alphaA1 with anti-alphaA1 serum. Final decision as to whether alpha-chain duplication is a universal phenomenon or whether it is restricted to only a part of mankind cannot be drawn until the presence of a silent alpha-thalassaemia gene is not excluded in some debated cases by reliable chemical methods. Measurement of alpha-globin genes in Hb H disease with cDNA enriched in alpha-globin sequences provided direct evidence that a non-thalassaemic subject has to have at least four alpha-globin genes per diploid cell.", "PMID": 66838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2241", "title": "[Transferrin in various hematological syndrome].", "content": "In 100 patients with various haematological syndromes and in 22 healthy subjects serum transferrin was determined by the method of radial immunodiffusion of Mancini. The results were correlated with total iron-binding capacity, iron concentration, beta1 globulin and albumin levels. A statistically significant rise in serum transferrin concentration was demonstrated only in patients with sideropenic anaemia. In the remaining groups of patients transferrin concentration was decreased without regard to associated disturbances of iron metabolism and iron level. The comparison of the total iron-binding capacity with transferrin level determined by radial immunodiffusion may suggest presence of iron-binding proteins other than transferrin.", "contents": "[Transferrin in various hematological syndrome]. In 100 patients with various haematological syndromes and in 22 healthy subjects serum transferrin was determined by the method of radial immunodiffusion of Mancini. The results were correlated with total iron-binding capacity, iron concentration, beta1 globulin and albumin levels. A statistically significant rise in serum transferrin concentration was demonstrated only in patients with sideropenic anaemia. In the remaining groups of patients transferrin concentration was decreased without regard to associated disturbances of iron metabolism and iron level. The comparison of the total iron-binding capacity with transferrin level determined by radial immunodiffusion may suggest presence of iron-binding proteins other than transferrin.", "PMID": 66835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2242", "title": "[Simultaneous presence of HB-s and anti-HB-s antibody with different specificity in serum].", "content": "By means of counterelectrophoresis (CEP) HBs-Ag and anti-HBs were found in the serum of a patient with a third episode of virus hepatitis. Presence of HBs-Ag was confirmed by complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion (AGD) but the antibody was not demonstrated by these methods. The subtype of HBsAg in this case was ayw and the antibody was monospecific anti-HBs/d. The presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs differing in specificity was due, probably, to double infection with HB viruses of different subtypes--ayw and adw in this case.", "contents": "[Simultaneous presence of HB-s and anti-HB-s antibody with different specificity in serum]. By means of counterelectrophoresis (CEP) HBs-Ag and anti-HBs were found in the serum of a patient with a third episode of virus hepatitis. Presence of HBs-Ag was confirmed by complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion (AGD) but the antibody was not demonstrated by these methods. The subtype of HBsAg in this case was ayw and the antibody was monospecific anti-HBs/d. The presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs differing in specificity was due, probably, to double infection with HB viruses of different subtypes--ayw and adw in this case.", "PMID": 66836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2243", "title": "Regeneration of the basal melanocytes of the human skin.", "content": "The stages of regeneration of the basal melanocyte of human skin after Feulgen reaction were found to be granule, unipolar cell, bipolar cell and bidendritic, tridendritic and quadridendritic melanocyte, in that order. The last mentioned cell either divided by mitosis to form two daughter melanocytes or matured to form a replica of the original basal melanocyte of the human skin.", "contents": "Regeneration of the basal melanocytes of the human skin. The stages of regeneration of the basal melanocyte of human skin after Feulgen reaction were found to be granule, unipolar cell, bipolar cell and bidendritic, tridendritic and quadridendritic melanocyte, in that order. The last mentioned cell either divided by mitosis to form two daughter melanocytes or matured to form a replica of the original basal melanocyte of the human skin.", "PMID": 66840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2244", "title": "Development and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles.", "content": "Following the observation of 51 embryos and human fetuses of between 9 and 190 mm vertex/coccys length, cut transversally, frontally, or sagittally, depending on the case, and coloured with HE, Azan, or by the Bielschowsky method, we studied the development, and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. We reached a series of conclusions which we put forward in this paper. The m. tensor veli palatini is the one which develops earliest. It derives from the sam blastematic mass as the muscles of mastication, and it is innervated by a branch of the n. mandibularis. The m. levator veli palatini and m. pharyngopalatinus coincide chronologically with the appearance of the m. cephalopharyngeus. They derive from the pharyngeal musculature, and are innervated by fibres proceeding from the n. glossopharyngeus, in the case of the first one, and, in the case of the second, by direct branches from the n. glossopharyngeus and n. vagus, which penetrate the muscle directly, without prior contact with any nerve plexus. The m. uvulae is first formed, at the time the palatine processes close. In the first place, two outlines may be seen; but after 50 mm approximately it is formed by one muscle only, on the medial line; it is innervated by branches which proceed from the posterior n. palatinus. The m. glossopalatinus is the last to appear. It is closely linked to the musculature of the tongue and, therefore, we think that it derives from the hypobranchial musculature, and that is innervated in the body of the tongue itself, by means of the n. hypoglossus.", "contents": "Development and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. Following the observation of 51 embryos and human fetuses of between 9 and 190 mm vertex/coccys length, cut transversally, frontally, or sagittally, depending on the case, and coloured with HE, Azan, or by the Bielschowsky method, we studied the development, and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. We reached a series of conclusions which we put forward in this paper. The m. tensor veli palatini is the one which develops earliest. It derives from the sam blastematic mass as the muscles of mastication, and it is innervated by a branch of the n. mandibularis. The m. levator veli palatini and m. pharyngopalatinus coincide chronologically with the appearance of the m. cephalopharyngeus. They derive from the pharyngeal musculature, and are innervated by fibres proceeding from the n. glossopharyngeus, in the case of the first one, and, in the case of the second, by direct branches from the n. glossopharyngeus and n. vagus, which penetrate the muscle directly, without prior contact with any nerve plexus. The m. uvulae is first formed, at the time the palatine processes close. In the first place, two outlines may be seen; but after 50 mm approximately it is formed by one muscle only, on the medial line; it is innervated by branches which proceed from the posterior n. palatinus. The m. glossopalatinus is the last to appear. It is closely linked to the musculature of the tongue and, therefore, we think that it derives from the hypobranchial musculature, and that is innervated in the body of the tongue itself, by means of the n. hypoglossus.", "PMID": 66841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2245", "title": "[Changes in the cerebellum of the rat after actinomycin during the postnatal period].", "content": "A single dose of actinomycin was applied to young Wistar albino rats in the critical phase of their cerebellar development. The morphological alterations of the cerebellar cortex were studied by means of light and electron microscopy on several postnatal days. The cell types of the cerebellar cortex reacted in different ways toward the noxious substance according to their stage of development. The acute alterations consisted of an edematous reaction of the neuronal and glial perikarya (light degeneration) and a shrinkage of the neurons (dark degeneration). A massive intercellular edema and a rarefaction of glia cells as well as the Purkinje cell fibres proved to be the long-term damage. This pattern of the alteration was discussed regarding the chemodifferentiation of the cells of the cerebellar cortex, the onset of cerebellar function on day 14, and the establishment of a neuroglial functional unit.", "contents": "[Changes in the cerebellum of the rat after actinomycin during the postnatal period]. A single dose of actinomycin was applied to young Wistar albino rats in the critical phase of their cerebellar development. The morphological alterations of the cerebellar cortex were studied by means of light and electron microscopy on several postnatal days. The cell types of the cerebellar cortex reacted in different ways toward the noxious substance according to their stage of development. The acute alterations consisted of an edematous reaction of the neuronal and glial perikarya (light degeneration) and a shrinkage of the neurons (dark degeneration). A massive intercellular edema and a rarefaction of glia cells as well as the Purkinje cell fibres proved to be the long-term damage. This pattern of the alteration was discussed regarding the chemodifferentiation of the cells of the cerebellar cortex, the onset of cerebellar function on day 14, and the establishment of a neuroglial functional unit.", "PMID": 66842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2246", "title": "Electron-microscopic studies of the innervation of the pulmonary veins of the mouse.", "content": "The innervation of the pulmonary veins was studied with electron microscopy. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were differentiated with potassium permanganate fixation. All three layers of the venous wall, namely, the tunica intima, media and adventitia, contained unmyelinated axons. Adrenergic and cholinergic axons were located near the cardiac muscle in the tunica media and near the smooth muscle in the tunica intima. The morphological relationships may explain the pharmacological and electrophysiological responses of the large pulmonary veins observed by others.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic studies of the innervation of the pulmonary veins of the mouse. The innervation of the pulmonary veins was studied with electron microscopy. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were differentiated with potassium permanganate fixation. All three layers of the venous wall, namely, the tunica intima, media and adventitia, contained unmyelinated axons. Adrenergic and cholinergic axons were located near the cardiac muscle in the tunica media and near the smooth muscle in the tunica intima. The morphological relationships may explain the pharmacological and electrophysiological responses of the large pulmonary veins observed by others.", "PMID": 66843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2247", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the contact between interstitial cells and myocardial cells in mammalian hearts].", "content": "By combination of light, electron-microscopical and histochemical findings in the myocardium of dog and mice, the hypothesis of an intimate contact between a widely branched interstitial cell type, rich in proteoglycans, and myocardial cells could be strengthened. The branches seem to penetrate the transversal tubular system of the myocardial cells. Functionally, this interstitial (mast cell-like) cell type might influence via proteoglycans - delivered into the transversal tubuli - the excitation phenomena of the myocardial cell membrane. One of the earliest pathomorphological changes in the myocardium, as revealed by the light-microscopie, is the disengagement of these interstitial cells and the myocardial cells. From this point of view the genesis of myocardial cell necrosis has been discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the contact between interstitial cells and myocardial cells in mammalian hearts]. By combination of light, electron-microscopical and histochemical findings in the myocardium of dog and mice, the hypothesis of an intimate contact between a widely branched interstitial cell type, rich in proteoglycans, and myocardial cells could be strengthened. The branches seem to penetrate the transversal tubular system of the myocardial cells. Functionally, this interstitial (mast cell-like) cell type might influence via proteoglycans - delivered into the transversal tubuli - the excitation phenomena of the myocardial cell membrane. One of the earliest pathomorphological changes in the myocardium, as revealed by the light-microscopie, is the disengagement of these interstitial cells and the myocardial cells. From this point of view the genesis of myocardial cell necrosis has been discussed.", "PMID": 66844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2248", "title": "Staining of rabbit eosinophil and pseudoeosinophil leukocytes.", "content": "Air-dried rabbit blood was stained by HE, PAS and a modification of the Undritz II method. Eosin stained granules red in the eosinophil leukocytes. PAS was negative and the modified Undritz method failed to give consistent results. Cells with eosinophilic granules appeared in the corneal stroma 1 h after removing the corneal epithelium. They were stained red consistently by both eosin and the modified Undritz II method. Electron micrographs failed to demonstrate crystalloids in the granules. Because of the staining characteristics and the lack of crystalloids in their granules these cells were classified as pseudoeosinophil leukocytes. The electron micrographs showed some glycogen 12 h after denuding the cornea, however, glycogen was not well stained by PAS until 18 h after denuding.", "contents": "Staining of rabbit eosinophil and pseudoeosinophil leukocytes. Air-dried rabbit blood was stained by HE, PAS and a modification of the Undritz II method. Eosin stained granules red in the eosinophil leukocytes. PAS was negative and the modified Undritz method failed to give consistent results. Cells with eosinophilic granules appeared in the corneal stroma 1 h after removing the corneal epithelium. They were stained red consistently by both eosin and the modified Undritz II method. Electron micrographs failed to demonstrate crystalloids in the granules. Because of the staining characteristics and the lack of crystalloids in their granules these cells were classified as pseudoeosinophil leukocytes. The electron micrographs showed some glycogen 12 h after denuding the cornea, however, glycogen was not well stained by PAS until 18 h after denuding.", "PMID": 66845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2249", "title": "Different stainability of Purkinje cells.", "content": "Regarding the different stainability when using the Luxol fast blue methods, two kinds of Purkinje cells of the rat are described: Luxol-positive and Luxol-negative cells. Since, by this method, phospholipids are demonstrated, the author suggests the prospective varying functional conditions of these cells. Different tinction of Purkinje cells has been confirmed also by other methods (gallocyanin-chromalaun, thionine, toluidine blue, lithium-haematoxylin, chromalaun-haematoxylin-phloxine and acid phosphatase) in both animal and human material. After 96 h of immobilization the different stainability of Purkinje cells becomes more marked, which penomenon can be as well explained with regard to the functional point of view. Similar differences, though less marked, were found also in neurosecretory cells of the nucelus supra-opticus of the rat and in the nuclear region of the ganglion semilunare Gasseri cells in man. Finally, the author refers to the relations between the Luxol blue staining method and Baker's method employing acid haematoxylin for demonstration of phospholipids in certain kinds of nervous system cells, taking into consideration Kroon's findings.", "contents": "Different stainability of Purkinje cells. Regarding the different stainability when using the Luxol fast blue methods, two kinds of Purkinje cells of the rat are described: Luxol-positive and Luxol-negative cells. Since, by this method, phospholipids are demonstrated, the author suggests the prospective varying functional conditions of these cells. Different tinction of Purkinje cells has been confirmed also by other methods (gallocyanin-chromalaun, thionine, toluidine blue, lithium-haematoxylin, chromalaun-haematoxylin-phloxine and acid phosphatase) in both animal and human material. After 96 h of immobilization the different stainability of Purkinje cells becomes more marked, which penomenon can be as well explained with regard to the functional point of view. Similar differences, though less marked, were found also in neurosecretory cells of the nucelus supra-opticus of the rat and in the nuclear region of the ganglion semilunare Gasseri cells in man. Finally, the author refers to the relations between the Luxol blue staining method and Baker's method employing acid haematoxylin for demonstration of phospholipids in certain kinds of nervous system cells, taking into consideration Kroon's findings.", "PMID": 66846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2250", "title": "Oligoclonal aspect in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: a statistical and physiopathological study.", "content": "Oligoclonal aspect (O.A.) is observed in 51 per cent of 468 MS patients investigated. Elevation of gammaglobulins and lymphocytic pleiocytosis increase significantly its frequency. O.A. is more frequent in presence of an inflammatory transsudate. Clinical aggravation and O.A seem significantly connected. In the first years of the MS, when the course is intermittent, the frequency of O.A. is significantly influenced by the proximity of the last bout. No such differences exist in patients with continuous course. In conclusion O.A. appears as intermittent expression of a local and general immunity reaction, in connection with the progression of the disease and as a very probable manifestation of persistant virus. We proposed 3 years ago in G\u00f6teborg a physiopathological hypothesis suggesting multiple sclerosis (MS) is a two-phase disease. In this first paper, we demonstrated the existence of two successive immunological reactions: The first one is an intermittent synthesis of IgG obviously linked to a lymphocytic pleiocytosis which is also intermittent. This firs CSF pattern appears in the same time of a bout and disappears quickly like the clinical symptoms. It may represent the manifestation of a brief and only infectious aggression. After a few years (more than 5 in average) a second mechanism progress slowly: The synthesis of IgG appears continuous, in remission as in aggravation, the lymphocyte count becomes normal and the level of albumin increases progressively. This second pattern suggests, contrary to the first, a continuous auto-immune processus with the intervention of the general (systemic) immunity. The purpose of this second paper is an attempt to elucidate the signification of oligoclonal aspect in relation to this schema.", "contents": "Oligoclonal aspect in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: a statistical and physiopathological study. Oligoclonal aspect (O.A.) is observed in 51 per cent of 468 MS patients investigated. Elevation of gammaglobulins and lymphocytic pleiocytosis increase significantly its frequency. O.A. is more frequent in presence of an inflammatory transsudate. Clinical aggravation and O.A seem significantly connected. In the first years of the MS, when the course is intermittent, the frequency of O.A. is significantly influenced by the proximity of the last bout. No such differences exist in patients with continuous course. In conclusion O.A. appears as intermittent expression of a local and general immunity reaction, in connection with the progression of the disease and as a very probable manifestation of persistant virus. We proposed 3 years ago in G\u00f6teborg a physiopathological hypothesis suggesting multiple sclerosis (MS) is a two-phase disease. In this first paper, we demonstrated the existence of two successive immunological reactions: The first one is an intermittent synthesis of IgG obviously linked to a lymphocytic pleiocytosis which is also intermittent. This firs CSF pattern appears in the same time of a bout and disappears quickly like the clinical symptoms. It may represent the manifestation of a brief and only infectious aggression. After a few years (more than 5 in average) a second mechanism progress slowly: The synthesis of IgG appears continuous, in remission as in aggravation, the lymphocyte count becomes normal and the level of albumin increases progressively. This second pattern suggests, contrary to the first, a continuous auto-immune processus with the intervention of the general (systemic) immunity. The purpose of this second paper is an attempt to elucidate the signification of oligoclonal aspect in relation to this schema.", "PMID": 66849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2251", "title": "Demonstration of ochratoxin A in kidneys of pigs and rats by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Ochratoxin A was localized in the kidney of pigs and rats by means of immunofluorescence microscopy after short-time exposure. Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained from rabbits after repeated injections of bovine serum albumin-ochratoxin A conjugate. Ochratoxin A was localized exclusively in the proximal tubule. Light microscopically, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells in the pig kidneys were restricted to the proximal tubule where the toxin was found. The investigation had demonstrated conclusively that the proximal tubule is the target part of the nephron in ochratoxin A-induced mycotoxic nephropathy.", "contents": "Demonstration of ochratoxin A in kidneys of pigs and rats by immunofluorescence microscopy. Ochratoxin A was localized in the kidney of pigs and rats by means of immunofluorescence microscopy after short-time exposure. Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained from rabbits after repeated injections of bovine serum albumin-ochratoxin A conjugate. Ochratoxin A was localized exclusively in the proximal tubule. Light microscopically, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells in the pig kidneys were restricted to the proximal tubule where the toxin was found. The investigation had demonstrated conclusively that the proximal tubule is the target part of the nephron in ochratoxin A-induced mycotoxic nephropathy.", "PMID": 66854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2252", "title": "Spatial distribution of the EOG in the rat; a variation with odour quality.", "content": "The spatial distribution of olfactory receptors in the rat has been studied by simultaneous recordings of the electroolfactograms (EOGs) from areas of the olfactory mucosa. The potentials were recorded from the dorsal surface of the cribriform plate, leaving the mucosa and the nasal cavities intact. The ratio between the peak amplitude of the EOG potentials served as a measure of the relative sensitivity of one area against the other. The results obtained by stimulating with 31 substances at 38 positions demonstrate a non-homogeneous distribution of different receptors. Each substance gives a spatial pattern of response efficiency. The response distributions are mapped on the cribriform plate for the different odours.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of the EOG in the rat; a variation with odour quality. The spatial distribution of olfactory receptors in the rat has been studied by simultaneous recordings of the electroolfactograms (EOGs) from areas of the olfactory mucosa. The potentials were recorded from the dorsal surface of the cribriform plate, leaving the mucosa and the nasal cavities intact. The ratio between the peak amplitude of the EOG potentials served as a measure of the relative sensitivity of one area against the other. The results obtained by stimulating with 31 substances at 38 positions demonstrate a non-homogeneous distribution of different receptors. Each substance gives a spatial pattern of response efficiency. The response distributions are mapped on the cribriform plate for the different odours.", "PMID": 66856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2253", "title": "Decrease in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in men after cessation of exposure to chlorinate hydrocarbon pesticides.", "content": "Eight men who in 1970 had been exposed to chlorinated pesticides and for whom the exposure had ceased in 1976, showed a significant fall in alpha-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol between these years. The cholesterol concentration of the other lipoprotein classes showed no significant trend. The data support our previous suggestion that exposure to chlorinated pesticides, mainly lindane, may raise the alpha-lipoprotein levels.", "contents": "Decrease in alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in men after cessation of exposure to chlorinate hydrocarbon pesticides. Eight men who in 1970 had been exposed to chlorinated pesticides and for whom the exposure had ceased in 1976, showed a significant fall in alpha-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol between these years. The cholesterol concentration of the other lipoprotein classes showed no significant trend. The data support our previous suggestion that exposure to chlorinated pesticides, mainly lindane, may raise the alpha-lipoprotein levels.", "PMID": 66857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2254", "title": "Interspecies interactions of arboviruses. II. Participation of the genomes of two flaviviruses, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis, in formation of a virus clone with dual antigenic determinants.", "content": "A peculiar clone, 41/WN+JE+, possessing antigenic determinants of a flaviviruses, West Nile (WN) and Japanese encphalitis (JE), is described. The antigenic duality of this clone exceeded the cross reactions between WN and JE viruses; either antiserum neutralized 104--105 PFU/ml of the virus. The property of antigenic duality was inherited in over 340 virus generations and retained upon propagation in selective cell systems and after recloning. The progeny of infectious RNA consisted of 3 types of virus particle: antigenetically distinct WN and JE viruses and particles retaining dual antigenic determinants WN+JE+. The nature of clone 41/WN+JE+ (a stable heterozygote accompanied by phenotypic mixing) and its origin due to inadvertent contamination of attenuated WN virus with JE virus is discussed.", "contents": "Interspecies interactions of arboviruses. II. Participation of the genomes of two flaviviruses, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis, in formation of a virus clone with dual antigenic determinants. A peculiar clone, 41/WN+JE+, possessing antigenic determinants of a flaviviruses, West Nile (WN) and Japanese encphalitis (JE), is described. The antigenic duality of this clone exceeded the cross reactions between WN and JE viruses; either antiserum neutralized 104--105 PFU/ml of the virus. The property of antigenic duality was inherited in over 340 virus generations and retained upon propagation in selective cell systems and after recloning. The progeny of infectious RNA consisted of 3 types of virus particle: antigenetically distinct WN and JE viruses and particles retaining dual antigenic determinants WN+JE+. The nature of clone 41/WN+JE+ (a stable heterozygote accompanied by phenotypic mixing) and its origin due to inadvertent contamination of attenuated WN virus with JE virus is discussed.", "PMID": 66864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2255", "title": "Cardiac pacing and pacemakers II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias.", "content": "The place of pacemakers in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias has expanded far beyond the initial role in the brady-tachy syndrome, of providing a \"minimum guaranteed rate\" while medications suppress the tachycardia. Techniques have been developed for prevention, termination, and duplication of a patient's spontaneous tachycardia under safe catheterization laboratory conditions. Combined with accumulating information about the normal responses to electrophysiologic stresses, these techniques have led to a new dimension in arrhythmia control. Most tachycardias previously felt to be refractory can be controlled after serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing, during which sequential pharmacologic and pacer regimens are tested until a combination is found which prevents induction of tachycardias, and/or a pace mode is found which reliably terminates the tachycardia. Use of such an approach reduces hospital admissions and referral for surgery, and eliminates prolonged hospitalization for assessment of therapy in patients with infrequent but potentially lethal spontaneous tachycardias.", "contents": "Cardiac pacing and pacemakers II. Serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing for control of recurrent tachyarrhythmias. The place of pacemakers in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias has expanded far beyond the initial role in the brady-tachy syndrome, of providing a \"minimum guaranteed rate\" while medications suppress the tachycardia. Techniques have been developed for prevention, termination, and duplication of a patient's spontaneous tachycardia under safe catheterization laboratory conditions. Combined with accumulating information about the normal responses to electrophysiologic stresses, these techniques have led to a new dimension in arrhythmia control. Most tachycardias previously felt to be refractory can be controlled after serial electrophysiologic-pharmacologic testing, during which sequential pharmacologic and pacer regimens are tested until a combination is found which prevents induction of tachycardias, and/or a pace mode is found which reliably terminates the tachycardia. Use of such an approach reduces hospital admissions and referral for surgery, and eliminates prolonged hospitalization for assessment of therapy in patients with infrequent but potentially lethal spontaneous tachycardias.", "PMID": 66866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2256", "title": "Use of acupuncture anesthesia for normal delivery.", "content": "In order to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture anesthesia for normal delivery, 32 parturients were selected and studied. Definite subjective as well as objective relief of labor pain was produced in about 60% of 16 primapara and about 90% of multipara after acupuncture. The sedation of the patients was significant. The duration of the delivery, particularly in the second and third stages was shortened. No adverse or harmful effect was noticed on either mother or child. It was concluded that acupuncture anesthesia is useful for delivery, especially because of its safety, despite more erratic and less potent results than conventional anesthetic techniques.", "contents": "Use of acupuncture anesthesia for normal delivery. In order to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture anesthesia for normal delivery, 32 parturients were selected and studied. Definite subjective as well as objective relief of labor pain was produced in about 60% of 16 primapara and about 90% of multipara after acupuncture. The sedation of the patients was significant. The duration of the delivery, particularly in the second and third stages was shortened. No adverse or harmful effect was noticed on either mother or child. It was concluded that acupuncture anesthesia is useful for delivery, especially because of its safety, despite more erratic and less potent results than conventional anesthetic techniques.", "PMID": 66867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2257", "title": "Atypical stromal hyperplasia of the prostate gland.", "content": "Hyperplastic lesions of the prostatic stroma with atypical changes are presented and discussed. One lesion was a leiomyoma with atypical organization and a limited area of nuclear pleomorphism without mitotic figures. One was a lesion which in many portions was histologically indistinguishable from leiomyosarcoma. It, however, had certain features probably connoting less sinister behavior, and at autopsy 16 months after resection there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. One lesion histologically resembled fibroadenoma of the female breast. These three lesions occurred in patients more than 50 years who had symptoms and signs of prostatism. Reference is made to two previously reported lesions reminiscent of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the female breast. All the lesions were located in the craniad prostate, which is estrogen-influenced. A parallel is drawn between these atypical changes in prostatic fibromuscular stroma and atypical changes in the connective tissue stroma of the female breast.", "contents": "Atypical stromal hyperplasia of the prostate gland. Hyperplastic lesions of the prostatic stroma with atypical changes are presented and discussed. One lesion was a leiomyoma with atypical organization and a limited area of nuclear pleomorphism without mitotic figures. One was a lesion which in many portions was histologically indistinguishable from leiomyosarcoma. It, however, had certain features probably connoting less sinister behavior, and at autopsy 16 months after resection there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. One lesion histologically resembled fibroadenoma of the female breast. These three lesions occurred in patients more than 50 years who had symptoms and signs of prostatism. Reference is made to two previously reported lesions reminiscent of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the female breast. All the lesions were located in the craniad prostate, which is estrogen-influenced. A parallel is drawn between these atypical changes in prostatic fibromuscular stroma and atypical changes in the connective tissue stroma of the female breast.", "PMID": 66868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2258", "title": "Cytotoxic drug-induced lung disease.", "content": "Cytotoxic drugs, principally bleomycin, methotrexate and busulfan, have been associated with pulmonary toxicity. Cytotoxic drug-induced lung disease may be difficult to establish with certainty because other causes of pulmonary disease are frequently present. We discuss the clinical, roentgenographic and histologic effects of the administration of bleomycin, methotrexate, busulfan and other cytotoxic agents on the lungs and suggest that these agents may also cause pulmonary malignancies. We note the importance of careful patient monitoring and withdrawal of a demonstrated offending agent.", "contents": "Cytotoxic drug-induced lung disease. Cytotoxic drugs, principally bleomycin, methotrexate and busulfan, have been associated with pulmonary toxicity. Cytotoxic drug-induced lung disease may be difficult to establish with certainty because other causes of pulmonary disease are frequently present. We discuss the clinical, roentgenographic and histologic effects of the administration of bleomycin, methotrexate, busulfan and other cytotoxic agents on the lungs and suggest that these agents may also cause pulmonary malignancies. We note the importance of careful patient monitoring and withdrawal of a demonstrated offending agent.", "PMID": 66869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2259", "title": "Home observation for measurement of the environment: a validation study of screening efficiency.", "content": "Home environments of 91 6-month-old infants were assessed with the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory. Multiple discriminant functions composed of the six subscale scores from the HOME Inventory were used to predict whether a child would be low IQ (below 70), low average (70 to 89), or average to superior (90 and above) at age 3 years. The mean vector of Home inventory subscales for the three IQ groups was significantly different (p less than .01). Significant univariate effects were observed for three HOME Inventory subscales: organization of the physical and temporal environment, provision of appropriate play materials, and maternal involvement with child. The discriminant function of HOME Inventory subscale scores correctly predicted 71 percent of all children who scored below 70 IQ. Results attest to the usefulness of the HOME Inventory in a comprehensive program of screening for developmental delay.", "contents": "Home observation for measurement of the environment: a validation study of screening efficiency. Home environments of 91 6-month-old infants were assessed with the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory. Multiple discriminant functions composed of the six subscale scores from the HOME Inventory were used to predict whether a child would be low IQ (below 70), low average (70 to 89), or average to superior (90 and above) at age 3 years. The mean vector of Home inventory subscales for the three IQ groups was significantly different (p less than .01). Significant univariate effects were observed for three HOME Inventory subscales: organization of the physical and temporal environment, provision of appropriate play materials, and maternal involvement with child. The discriminant function of HOME Inventory subscale scores correctly predicted 71 percent of all children who scored below 70 IQ. Results attest to the usefulness of the HOME Inventory in a comprehensive program of screening for developmental delay.", "PMID": 66872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2260", "title": "Passive immunization against viral hepatitis-- status and prospects.", "content": "The value of conventional gamma globulin in prophylaxis of hepatitis A has not been confirmed in recent years but there is no evidence that ineffectiveness has been encountered as a result of declining immune experience among antibody donors in open populations. Fortunately, specific tests for hepatitis A antibody are becoming available as a means of estimating effectiveness of currently manufactured gamma globin. Hepatis B prophylaxis by conventional gamma globlin is much more uncertain but the negative evidence must be considered in light of rising anti-HBs titers of globin manufactured more recently. The latter have appeared to be effective in pre-exposure prophylaxis when nonparenteral transmission was implicated. Post-exposure prophylaxis against massive inocula of hepatitis B, as in transfusions, would appear to require large amounts of HBs antibody. Protection against hepatitis from small inocula accompanying accidental punctures with contaminated needles is under controlled study to determine whether the anti-HBs titer of special globulin preparations is a predictive index of protection. Results are expected by midyear, 1975.", "contents": "Passive immunization against viral hepatitis-- status and prospects. The value of conventional gamma globulin in prophylaxis of hepatitis A has not been confirmed in recent years but there is no evidence that ineffectiveness has been encountered as a result of declining immune experience among antibody donors in open populations. Fortunately, specific tests for hepatitis A antibody are becoming available as a means of estimating effectiveness of currently manufactured gamma globin. Hepatis B prophylaxis by conventional gamma globlin is much more uncertain but the negative evidence must be considered in light of rising anti-HBs titers of globin manufactured more recently. The latter have appeared to be effective in pre-exposure prophylaxis when nonparenteral transmission was implicated. Post-exposure prophylaxis against massive inocula of hepatitis B, as in transfusions, would appear to require large amounts of HBs antibody. Protection against hepatitis from small inocula accompanying accidental punctures with contaminated needles is under controlled study to determine whether the anti-HBs titer of special globulin preparations is a predictive index of protection. Results are expected by midyear, 1975.", "PMID": 66870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2261", "title": "Purification of human ovarian tumor-associated antigen and demonstration of circulating tumor antigen in patients with advanced ovarian malignancy.", "content": "Human ovarian tumor-associated antigen (TAA) has been purified from ovarian tumor tissue by affinity chromatography on concanavallin A-Sepharose and three different gamma globulin-Sepharose columns. The resulting ovarian TAA appears to be contaminated by one normal antigen or family of antigens. Rabbit antiserum prepared against this purified ovarian TAA (antiserum 404) was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. This coupled Sepharose was added to fractionated serum from ovarian cancer patients with Stage III and IV malignancy. Bound protein was eluted with 0.2M glycine buffer and tested against antiserum 404. The bound protein contained TAA identical to the TAA isolated from ovarian tumor tissue.", "contents": "Purification of human ovarian tumor-associated antigen and demonstration of circulating tumor antigen in patients with advanced ovarian malignancy. Human ovarian tumor-associated antigen (TAA) has been purified from ovarian tumor tissue by affinity chromatography on concanavallin A-Sepharose and three different gamma globulin-Sepharose columns. The resulting ovarian TAA appears to be contaminated by one normal antigen or family of antigens. Rabbit antiserum prepared against this purified ovarian TAA (antiserum 404) was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. This coupled Sepharose was added to fractionated serum from ovarian cancer patients with Stage III and IV malignancy. Bound protein was eluted with 0.2M glycine buffer and tested against antiserum 404. The bound protein contained TAA identical to the TAA isolated from ovarian tumor tissue.", "PMID": 66873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2262", "title": "False positive amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein levels resulting from contamination with fetal blood: results of an experiment.", "content": "The finding of an elevated level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid is of value in the prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects. The present study was done to determine the amount of fetal blood required in amniotic fluid to produce a significant and misleading increase in AFP. Fetal blood was obtained at hysterotomy, and measured volumes were added to amniotic fluid samples. Bethe-Kleihauer tests, red cell counts, and AFP determinations were done. On the average, at 16 weeks' gestation, contamination of 5 ml. of amniotic fluid with 22 mul of fetal blood will results in an increase in AFP of 1.6 mg. per deciliter. Fetal cells in a much lower concentration can readily be detected by the Bethe-Kleihauer technique. A Bethe-Kleihauer test and red cell count should be done on all blood-stained amniotic fluid samples to determine the amount of fetal blood present. The contribution of the fetal blood AFP can then be estimated and must be considered in the interpretation of the total amniotic fluid AFP result.", "contents": "False positive amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein levels resulting from contamination with fetal blood: results of an experiment. The finding of an elevated level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid is of value in the prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects. The present study was done to determine the amount of fetal blood required in amniotic fluid to produce a significant and misleading increase in AFP. Fetal blood was obtained at hysterotomy, and measured volumes were added to amniotic fluid samples. Bethe-Kleihauer tests, red cell counts, and AFP determinations were done. On the average, at 16 weeks' gestation, contamination of 5 ml. of amniotic fluid with 22 mul of fetal blood will results in an increase in AFP of 1.6 mg. per deciliter. Fetal cells in a much lower concentration can readily be detected by the Bethe-Kleihauer technique. A Bethe-Kleihauer test and red cell count should be done on all blood-stained amniotic fluid samples to determine the amount of fetal blood present. The contribution of the fetal blood AFP can then be estimated and must be considered in the interpretation of the total amniotic fluid AFP result.", "PMID": 66874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2263", "title": "Dysfunctional labor XII. Long-term effects on infant.", "content": "Developmental studies were done at 3 and 4 years of age in a series of 656 children and the results were correlated with the preceding labor pattern and the type of delivery. It was determined that there were significant adverse effects among offspring delivered by midforceps procedures or born following labors characterized by prolonged deceleration, secondary arrest of dilatation, or arrest of descent.", "contents": "Dysfunctional labor XII. Long-term effects on infant. Developmental studies were done at 3 and 4 years of age in a series of 656 children and the results were correlated with the preceding labor pattern and the type of delivery. It was determined that there were significant adverse effects among offspring delivered by midforceps procedures or born following labors characterized by prolonged deceleration, secondary arrest of dilatation, or arrest of descent.", "PMID": 66875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2264", "title": "Hepatitis B immune serum globulin and standard gamma globulin in prevention of hepatitis B infection among hospital staff: a preliminary report.", "content": "In May 1973 a controlled double-blind clinical trail with prophylactic injects of hepatitis B immune serum globulin (antibody titer by passive hemagglutination 1:355,000) and standard gamma globulin (1:100) was started in Sahlgren's Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The annual attack rate of clinical hepatitis B in the three departments studied had been 5 to 8 per cent during recent years. A total of 118 members of the hospital staff were prophylactically treated while 125 staff members were unwilling to participate and received no prophylactic treatment. During the first 20 months of study nine cases of clinical hepatitis B with jaundice occurred within the untreated group (7.2 per cent) while three cases (2.5 per cent) were observed in prophylactically treated individuals. After decoding it was found that 60 individuals had received specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin while 58 had received standard gamma globulin. Two of the three clinical cases of hepatitis B occurred within the standard gamma globulin group. Both groups included two individuals with transient antigenemia only and the standard gamma globulin group also included four individuals with antibody seroconversion.", "contents": "Hepatitis B immune serum globulin and standard gamma globulin in prevention of hepatitis B infection among hospital staff: a preliminary report. In May 1973 a controlled double-blind clinical trail with prophylactic injects of hepatitis B immune serum globulin (antibody titer by passive hemagglutination 1:355,000) and standard gamma globulin (1:100) was started in Sahlgren's Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The annual attack rate of clinical hepatitis B in the three departments studied had been 5 to 8 per cent during recent years. A total of 118 members of the hospital staff were prophylactically treated while 125 staff members were unwilling to participate and received no prophylactic treatment. During the first 20 months of study nine cases of clinical hepatitis B with jaundice occurred within the untreated group (7.2 per cent) while three cases (2.5 per cent) were observed in prophylactically treated individuals. After decoding it was found that 60 individuals had received specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin while 58 had received standard gamma globulin. Two of the three clinical cases of hepatitis B occurred within the standard gamma globulin group. Both groups included two individuals with transient antigenemia only and the standard gamma globulin group also included four individuals with antibody seroconversion.", "PMID": 66871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2265", "title": "Reduction of stress between mothers and their handicapped children.", "content": "This paper reports the results of videotaped baselines and a series of behavioral instruction sessions that involved 28 preschool handicapped children and their mothers. The behaviours of mother and child were analyzed from videotaped records before, immediately following, and nine months after the behavioral instruction sessions. The intervention, the instruction sessions, focused on enrichment of the mother-child interaction repertoire and was accomplished with immediate feedback to the mother by using the bug-in-the-ear device. The frequencies of the 216 measures of negative behaviours tested (12 behaviours in each of 18 dyads) decreased in 48 instances immediately following the instruction sessions. Forty of these changes were still present nine months later. The research indicates it is possible to reduce stressful, negative interaction and, in addition, to maintain the mother's behaviors of warmth and acceptance.", "contents": "Reduction of stress between mothers and their handicapped children. This paper reports the results of videotaped baselines and a series of behavioral instruction sessions that involved 28 preschool handicapped children and their mothers. The behaviours of mother and child were analyzed from videotaped records before, immediately following, and nine months after the behavioral instruction sessions. The intervention, the instruction sessions, focused on enrichment of the mother-child interaction repertoire and was accomplished with immediate feedback to the mother by using the bug-in-the-ear device. The frequencies of the 216 measures of negative behaviours tested (12 behaviours in each of 18 dyads) decreased in 48 instances immediately following the instruction sessions. Forty of these changes were still present nine months later. The research indicates it is possible to reduce stressful, negative interaction and, in addition, to maintain the mother's behaviors of warmth and acceptance.", "PMID": 66876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2266", "title": "The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. I. Purification of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovien gamma-globulin-induced skin reactions in guinea pigs.", "content": "A macrophage-chemotactic factor (MCFS) was extracted in the pseudoglobulin fraction from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. Its chemotactic activity was estimated by a modification of Boyden's method using Nuclepore filter. After chromatography of the protein fraction using Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose, in that order, two chemotactic fractions were obtained. The chemotactic factor with stronger activity (MCFS-1) was further highly purified (488-fold) by chromatography on CM-Sephadex. This factor migrated in a single band on acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and was found to be a protein that was free of nucleic acid. Gel filtration showed that its molecular weight was similar to that of IgG. Its chemotactic activity was heat labile. Intradermal injection of this factor into normal guinea pigs induced a pronounced mononuclear cell emigration from venules. These findings are pertinent to understanding macrophage reaction in the delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Am J Pathol 87:359-374, 1977).", "contents": "The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. I. Purification of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovien gamma-globulin-induced skin reactions in guinea pigs. A macrophage-chemotactic factor (MCFS) was extracted in the pseudoglobulin fraction from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. Its chemotactic activity was estimated by a modification of Boyden's method using Nuclepore filter. After chromatography of the protein fraction using Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose, in that order, two chemotactic fractions were obtained. The chemotactic factor with stronger activity (MCFS-1) was further highly purified (488-fold) by chromatography on CM-Sephadex. This factor migrated in a single band on acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and was found to be a protein that was free of nucleic acid. Gel filtration showed that its molecular weight was similar to that of IgG. Its chemotactic activity was heat labile. Intradermal injection of this factor into normal guinea pigs induced a pronounced mononuclear cell emigration from venules. These findings are pertinent to understanding macrophage reaction in the delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Am J Pathol 87:359-374, 1977).", "PMID": 66878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2267", "title": "The host antigen phenomenon in experimental murine schistosomiasis. III. Destruction of parasites transferred from mice to hamsters.", "content": "The surgical transfer of 23- to 28-day-old Schistosoma mansoni from donor mice to the mesenteric vessels of outbred hamsters is followed by recovery of 70% of the transferred trematodes 30 days later. Prior immunization of hamsters with mouse erythrocytes results in anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody titers of greater than 1:4,096 and death of 98% of the parasites. Destruction is correlated with evidence of the presence of mouse antigenic determinants on the surfaces of schistosomes from donor mice.", "contents": "The host antigen phenomenon in experimental murine schistosomiasis. III. Destruction of parasites transferred from mice to hamsters. The surgical transfer of 23- to 28-day-old Schistosoma mansoni from donor mice to the mesenteric vessels of outbred hamsters is followed by recovery of 70% of the transferred trematodes 30 days later. Prior immunization of hamsters with mouse erythrocytes results in anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody titers of greater than 1:4,096 and death of 98% of the parasites. Destruction is correlated with evidence of the presence of mouse antigenic determinants on the surfaces of schistosomes from donor mice.", "PMID": 66880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2268", "title": "A safe method of intrahepatic biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice.", "content": "In malignant disease with severe obstructive jaundice, survival after operative intervention is extremely low. Simple external biliary drainage is desirable for these patients, as a preliminary procedure for radical operation or long-term palliation. Intrahepatic biliary drainage at the anterior edge of the liver can be performed easily and safely under local anesthesia in case of obstruction of the proximal bile ducts, just as cholecystostomy is indicated for obstruction of the common bile duct.", "contents": "A safe method of intrahepatic biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice. In malignant disease with severe obstructive jaundice, survival after operative intervention is extremely low. Simple external biliary drainage is desirable for these patients, as a preliminary procedure for radical operation or long-term palliation. Intrahepatic biliary drainage at the anterior edge of the liver can be performed easily and safely under local anesthesia in case of obstruction of the proximal bile ducts, just as cholecystostomy is indicated for obstruction of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 66881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2269", "title": "A simplified palliative method of bypassing inoperable cancer of the head of the pancreas.", "content": "A plastic T tube has been used for internal drainage between the common bile duct and a loop of jejunum in six patients suffering from an advanced inoperable cancer of the head of the pancreas. The procedure proves to be very simple, without complications, and short in duration and offers certain advantages over other similar operative technics.", "contents": "A simplified palliative method of bypassing inoperable cancer of the head of the pancreas. A plastic T tube has been used for internal drainage between the common bile duct and a loop of jejunum in six patients suffering from an advanced inoperable cancer of the head of the pancreas. The procedure proves to be very simple, without complications, and short in duration and offers certain advantages over other similar operative technics.", "PMID": 66882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2270", "title": "Vital staining of the corneal endothelium with rose bengal and alizarin red S.", "content": "A new technique for the staining of the corneal endothelium is presented, in which the actions of the vital stain, rose bengal, and the intercellular stain, alizarin red S, are combined. The technique is an improvement over other simple evaluative methods, because it defines both healthy and damaged cells, and thereby permits an investigator to accurately quantify endothelial cell damage.", "contents": "Vital staining of the corneal endothelium with rose bengal and alizarin red S. A new technique for the staining of the corneal endothelium is presented, in which the actions of the vital stain, rose bengal, and the intercellular stain, alizarin red S, are combined. The technique is an improvement over other simple evaluative methods, because it defines both healthy and damaged cells, and thereby permits an investigator to accurately quantify endothelial cell damage.", "PMID": 66883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2271", "title": "Granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in fetal rats after maternal nephrectomy or fetal unilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "Granular cell indices (GCI: Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal rats one day after maternal nephrectomy of fetal unilateral nephrectomy on day 21 of gestation were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Maternal nephrectomy induced an extreme increase of GCI in fetal kidneys with increased granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Fetal unilateral nephrectomy did not cause any significant change.", "contents": "Granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in fetal rats after maternal nephrectomy or fetal unilateral nephrectomy. Granular cell indices (GCI: Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal rats one day after maternal nephrectomy of fetal unilateral nephrectomy on day 21 of gestation were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Maternal nephrectomy induced an extreme increase of GCI in fetal kidneys with increased granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Fetal unilateral nephrectomy did not cause any significant change.", "PMID": 66884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2272", "title": "Ultrastructural distinction between reticular and collagenous fibers with an ammoniacal silver stain.", "content": "Reticular and collagenous fibers stain differently when subjected to ammoniacal silver reduction. A variety of tissues were subjected to such a \"reticulin\" technique and the association of reaction product with intercellular connective tissue elements was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction with reticular fibers was primarily associated with the interfibrillar matrix, and was globular in form having a wide variety of particle sizes. Conversely, in dermal collagen the unit fibrils were stained rather than the interfibrillar matrix. The precipitate was punctate in form and was associated with the cross striations of unit collagen fibrils. Large microfibrils also reacted positively with the stain, imparting a faint periodicity. Basement membranes were stained uniquely. The underlying plasmalemma and the lamina densa were heavily stained with silver while the lamina lucida was relatively unstained. The unit fibrils of the lamina reticularis stained in the same manner as dermal unit collagen while the ground substance remained unstained. This represents a clear distinction between the argentophilic characteristics of collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and basement membranes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural distinction between reticular and collagenous fibers with an ammoniacal silver stain. Reticular and collagenous fibers stain differently when subjected to ammoniacal silver reduction. A variety of tissues were subjected to such a \"reticulin\" technique and the association of reaction product with intercellular connective tissue elements was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction with reticular fibers was primarily associated with the interfibrillar matrix, and was globular in form having a wide variety of particle sizes. Conversely, in dermal collagen the unit fibrils were stained rather than the interfibrillar matrix. The precipitate was punctate in form and was associated with the cross striations of unit collagen fibrils. Large microfibrils also reacted positively with the stain, imparting a faint periodicity. Basement membranes were stained uniquely. The underlying plasmalemma and the lamina densa were heavily stained with silver while the lamina lucida was relatively unstained. The unit fibrils of the lamina reticularis stained in the same manner as dermal unit collagen while the ground substance remained unstained. This represents a clear distinction between the argentophilic characteristics of collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and basement membranes.", "PMID": 66885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2273", "title": "Histochemical evidence of mucosubstances in the metaplastic epidermis and hair follicles produced in vitro in the presence of excess vitamin A.", "content": "Pieces of upper lip and lower jaw from 13-day old mouse embryos grown in organ culture with excess vitamin A showed metaplastic changes in epidermis and hair follicles after 7 to 21 days. Changes were less marked in upper lip explants from 15-day old embryos. Areas of keratinizing epidermis showed a much higher incidence of Alcian blue-positive bodies when excess vitamin A was present. Histochemical tests with Alcian blue at critical electrolyte concentrations indicated moderately sulfated acidic mucosubstances in these bodies. Other patches of epidermis were transformed into stratified cuboidal epithelium producing PAS-positive, Alcian blue-negative, mucosubstances. The hair follicles, transformed by vitamin A into glands, developed three types of epithelium with apical granules, luminal borders and occasional goblet cells, all showing mucosubstances. Tests suggest that both metaplastic epidermis and glands secrete either neutral mucosubstances or non-sulfated acidic mucosubstances. Another response to vitamin A was a rapid loss of glycogen, particularly in hair follicles and the epidermal basal layer. It was concluded that excess vitamin A alters not only the morphogenesis but also the distribution and synthesis of polysaccharides in developing skin.", "contents": "Histochemical evidence of mucosubstances in the metaplastic epidermis and hair follicles produced in vitro in the presence of excess vitamin A. Pieces of upper lip and lower jaw from 13-day old mouse embryos grown in organ culture with excess vitamin A showed metaplastic changes in epidermis and hair follicles after 7 to 21 days. Changes were less marked in upper lip explants from 15-day old embryos. Areas of keratinizing epidermis showed a much higher incidence of Alcian blue-positive bodies when excess vitamin A was present. Histochemical tests with Alcian blue at critical electrolyte concentrations indicated moderately sulfated acidic mucosubstances in these bodies. Other patches of epidermis were transformed into stratified cuboidal epithelium producing PAS-positive, Alcian blue-negative, mucosubstances. The hair follicles, transformed by vitamin A into glands, developed three types of epithelium with apical granules, luminal borders and occasional goblet cells, all showing mucosubstances. Tests suggest that both metaplastic epidermis and glands secrete either neutral mucosubstances or non-sulfated acidic mucosubstances. Another response to vitamin A was a rapid loss of glycogen, particularly in hair follicles and the epidermal basal layer. It was concluded that excess vitamin A alters not only the morphogenesis but also the distribution and synthesis of polysaccharides in developing skin.", "PMID": 66886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2274", "title": "Comparison of electrophoretograms of normal canine serum and plasma and of serum and plasma of hemolyzed specimens.", "content": "Comparison of the electrophoretograms of normal canine plasma and serum revealed a greater concentration of the beta3-fraction in plasma due to the presence of fibrinogen. When serum or plasma of hemolyzed canine blood was analyzed electrophoretically, there were slurring of the beta-globulin peaks due to the presence of free hemoglobin and increases in alpha2-globulins due to the formation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.", "contents": "Comparison of electrophoretograms of normal canine serum and plasma and of serum and plasma of hemolyzed specimens. Comparison of the electrophoretograms of normal canine plasma and serum revealed a greater concentration of the beta3-fraction in plasma due to the presence of fibrinogen. When serum or plasma of hemolyzed canine blood was analyzed electrophoretically, there were slurring of the beta-globulin peaks due to the presence of free hemoglobin and increases in alpha2-globulins due to the formation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.", "PMID": 66887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2275", "title": "Analysis of serum proteins in clinically normal pet and colony cats, using agarose electrophoresis.", "content": "The relative and absolute values of the electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins of 50 clinically normal cats were determined, using agarose as the supporting matrix. Six protein fractions were clearly and consistently resolved: albumin and alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-globulins. In many cats, the alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta2-fractions were each divided into 2 subfractions. Cats which lived in a research colony environment were found to have significantly increased levels of gamma-globulins as compared with the values in cats kept as house pets. The results of serum protein fractionation using this technique have been compared with the normal feline values reported in the literature.", "contents": "Analysis of serum proteins in clinically normal pet and colony cats, using agarose electrophoresis. The relative and absolute values of the electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins of 50 clinically normal cats were determined, using agarose as the supporting matrix. Six protein fractions were clearly and consistently resolved: albumin and alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, beta2-, and gamma-globulins. In many cats, the alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta2-fractions were each divided into 2 subfractions. Cats which lived in a research colony environment were found to have significantly increased levels of gamma-globulins as compared with the values in cats kept as house pets. The results of serum protein fractionation using this technique have been compared with the normal feline values reported in the literature.", "PMID": 66888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2276", "title": "Quantitative differences in goblet cells in the tracheal epithelium of male and female rats.", "content": "The cause of higher morbidity rates among men than women from diseases of the respiratory tract may be complex and involve several factors, one of which may be structural differences within airways. In an attempt to determine whether such differences exist, 13 male rats and 45 female rats (15 each in proestrous, estrous, and diestrous) were evaluated. Tracheas were fixed in situ by injection of a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Longitudinal sections cut from paraffin blocks were stained and combined alcian blue (pH 2.5) and periodic acid-Schiff stain to count goblet cells, or with Weigert's hematoxylin and eosin stain to determine epithelial thickness. In the normal rat trachea, cells containing periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules at their apices constituted a major population of goblet cells. The number of these goblet cells present in the trachea was greater in female than in male rats at each stage of the estrous cycle, with the values in the diestrous females closest to the value in the males. Among females, estrous and proestrous rats contained significantly more of these goblet cells than did diestrous animals. The tracheal epithelium of male rats was significantly thicker than that of female rats. These studies demonstrate that the tracheal epithelium differs in male and female rats and varies in the female rat as a function of hormonal cycles. These results raise the question of whether similar differences might be important in the pathogenesis of human disease, and they deserve further clarification in man.", "contents": "Quantitative differences in goblet cells in the tracheal epithelium of male and female rats. The cause of higher morbidity rates among men than women from diseases of the respiratory tract may be complex and involve several factors, one of which may be structural differences within airways. In an attempt to determine whether such differences exist, 13 male rats and 45 female rats (15 each in proestrous, estrous, and diestrous) were evaluated. Tracheas were fixed in situ by injection of a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Longitudinal sections cut from paraffin blocks were stained and combined alcian blue (pH 2.5) and periodic acid-Schiff stain to count goblet cells, or with Weigert's hematoxylin and eosin stain to determine epithelial thickness. In the normal rat trachea, cells containing periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules at their apices constituted a major population of goblet cells. The number of these goblet cells present in the trachea was greater in female than in male rats at each stage of the estrous cycle, with the values in the diestrous females closest to the value in the males. Among females, estrous and proestrous rats contained significantly more of these goblet cells than did diestrous animals. The tracheal epithelium of male rats was significantly thicker than that of female rats. These studies demonstrate that the tracheal epithelium differs in male and female rats and varies in the female rat as a function of hormonal cycles. These results raise the question of whether similar differences might be important in the pathogenesis of human disease, and they deserve further clarification in man.", "PMID": 66889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2277", "title": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia.", "content": "234 patients, 146 with carcinoma of the oesophagus and 88 with carcinoma of the cardia are reported. There were 82 females and 152 males, mean age 62 years. The overall operability and resectability of the whole series was 38% and 23%. In cardiac carcinoma operability was 50% and resectability 32%, while in oesophageal carcinoma it was 31% and 18% respectively. 54 patients underwent resection, 44 received irradiation, and in 136 patients only palliative treatment was possible. The overall hospital mortality after resection was 15%, after oesophageal resection 12%, after cardiac resection 18%, and after palliative procedures 14%. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 9 patients (17%), four of whom died. The overall 5-year survival rate for the whole series was 4%, after resection 11%, and after radiotherapy 4%. No patient in the palliative group survived for 2 years. The mean survival time after irradiation was 11.5 months and after palliative procedures 5.5 months. The 5-year survival rate after oesophageal resection was 13% and after cardiac resection 6%.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. 234 patients, 146 with carcinoma of the oesophagus and 88 with carcinoma of the cardia are reported. There were 82 females and 152 males, mean age 62 years. The overall operability and resectability of the whole series was 38% and 23%. In cardiac carcinoma operability was 50% and resectability 32%, while in oesophageal carcinoma it was 31% and 18% respectively. 54 patients underwent resection, 44 received irradiation, and in 136 patients only palliative treatment was possible. The overall hospital mortality after resection was 15%, after oesophageal resection 12%, after cardiac resection 18%, and after palliative procedures 14%. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 9 patients (17%), four of whom died. The overall 5-year survival rate for the whole series was 4%, after resection 11%, and after radiotherapy 4%. No patient in the palliative group survived for 2 years. The mean survival time after irradiation was 11.5 months and after palliative procedures 5.5 months. The 5-year survival rate after oesophageal resection was 13% and after cardiac resection 6%.", "PMID": 66891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2278", "title": "[Differential expression of relevant Rous sarcoma tumor antigens in cultured cells].", "content": "Chickens bearing tumours induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) are able to mount a cellular immune response against antigens associated with these neoplasms. Cultured Rous sarcoma (RS) cells, derived from the wings of chickens bearing tumors induced by RSV, were consistently more susceptible in cytotoxicity assays to killing by the splenic lymphocytes of RS-bearing chickens than were chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells which had been transformed in vitro by RSV. In contrast, extracts (3M KCI-derived) and supernatant fluids of transformed CEF were equally or more capable of eliciting blastogenic responsiveness in circulating lymphocytes of birds with tumors than were similar extracts and supernatant fluids obtained from cultured RS cells. As measured by lymphocyte stimulation, the expression of this anti-tumour response was in some cases only short-lived, and varied between animals in terms of time following inoculation with RSV. These findings point to a differential expression of relevant RS-tumour antigens in these various cell types, and indicate that the use of various experimental techniques may yield quite different results.", "contents": "[Differential expression of relevant Rous sarcoma tumor antigens in cultured cells]. Chickens bearing tumours induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) are able to mount a cellular immune response against antigens associated with these neoplasms. Cultured Rous sarcoma (RS) cells, derived from the wings of chickens bearing tumors induced by RSV, were consistently more susceptible in cytotoxicity assays to killing by the splenic lymphocytes of RS-bearing chickens than were chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells which had been transformed in vitro by RSV. In contrast, extracts (3M KCI-derived) and supernatant fluids of transformed CEF were equally or more capable of eliciting blastogenic responsiveness in circulating lymphocytes of birds with tumors than were similar extracts and supernatant fluids obtained from cultured RS cells. As measured by lymphocyte stimulation, the expression of this anti-tumour response was in some cases only short-lived, and varied between animals in terms of time following inoculation with RSV. These findings point to a differential expression of relevant RS-tumour antigens in these various cell types, and indicate that the use of various experimental techniques may yield quite different results.", "PMID": 66892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2279", "title": "[Correlation between tumor growth and proteic variations in interstitial liquid and serum].", "content": "The growth of four chemio-induced tumours has been studied in correlation with the proteic variations in interstitial subcutaneous liquid and serum revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We could notice important changes in three proteic groups: beta-lipoproteins, transferrin and alpha-globulins. A significant increase is recorded for these 3 proteic groups in intersitial fluid and only for alpha-globulins in serum for the tumours growing the slowest. By contrast, a significant decrease of these 3 proteic groups is recorded in interstitial liquid of mice which bear the faster-growing tumours.", "contents": "[Correlation between tumor growth and proteic variations in interstitial liquid and serum]. The growth of four chemio-induced tumours has been studied in correlation with the proteic variations in interstitial subcutaneous liquid and serum revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We could notice important changes in three proteic groups: beta-lipoproteins, transferrin and alpha-globulins. A significant increase is recorded for these 3 proteic groups in intersitial fluid and only for alpha-globulins in serum for the tumours growing the slowest. By contrast, a significant decrease of these 3 proteic groups is recorded in interstitial liquid of mice which bear the faster-growing tumours.", "PMID": 66893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2280", "title": "[Triggering of human peripheral blood B cells by supernatants of activated T cells: the role of Ia-like determinants].", "content": "Human peripheral blood B lymphocytes, isolated by Sephadex G-200 anti-Fab column chromatography, were non specifically induced by either pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or soluble products of antigen stimulated T cells, to differenciate into plaque directed against human Ia-like antigens (anti-p 23-30) inhibited the differenciation of B cells into antibody forming cells. Thus, while PWM induced proliferation was only mildly reduced by anti-p 23-30, the PWM induced PFC response was totally abrogated. Conversely, the antiserum abolished both the proliferative and the PFC responses generated by products of activated T cells. Using both Ouchterlony plates and co-precipitation techniques, we were unable to detect p 23-30 molecules on the active products present in the T cells supernatants. These data suggest that the inhibitory effects are secondary to interaction of the antiserum with B cells determinants.", "contents": "[Triggering of human peripheral blood B cells by supernatants of activated T cells: the role of Ia-like determinants]. Human peripheral blood B lymphocytes, isolated by Sephadex G-200 anti-Fab column chromatography, were non specifically induced by either pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or soluble products of antigen stimulated T cells, to differenciate into plaque directed against human Ia-like antigens (anti-p 23-30) inhibited the differenciation of B cells into antibody forming cells. Thus, while PWM induced proliferation was only mildly reduced by anti-p 23-30, the PWM induced PFC response was totally abrogated. Conversely, the antiserum abolished both the proliferative and the PFC responses generated by products of activated T cells. Using both Ouchterlony plates and co-precipitation techniques, we were unable to detect p 23-30 molecules on the active products present in the T cells supernatants. These data suggest that the inhibitory effects are secondary to interaction of the antiserum with B cells determinants.", "PMID": 66895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2281", "title": "[Antigenic determinants of human immunoglobulin light and heavy chain variable regions. Comparison with animal species].", "content": "An antigenic analysis of human heavy and light chain variable region subgroups has been done on different animal species, by means of heterologous specific antisera using a hemagglutination-inhibition procedure. Excepted in lemur sera, where Vkappa III and Vlambda III are the only variable antigenic determinants found, all VL antigenic determinants tested were shown to be present in primates. In other mammals (carnivores, some rodents, some artiodactyls) several VL antigenic subgroup determinant were detected while others were not. No VL antigenic determinant was found in other classes studied. The VH III subgroup antigenic determinant was found among all primates, some mammals and avains. The results suggest that there has been more preservation in the variable region of immunoglobulin chains, and particularly VH III chain, than in the constant region of immuoglobulin molecule.", "contents": "[Antigenic determinants of human immunoglobulin light and heavy chain variable regions. Comparison with animal species]. An antigenic analysis of human heavy and light chain variable region subgroups has been done on different animal species, by means of heterologous specific antisera using a hemagglutination-inhibition procedure. Excepted in lemur sera, where Vkappa III and Vlambda III are the only variable antigenic determinants found, all VL antigenic determinants tested were shown to be present in primates. In other mammals (carnivores, some rodents, some artiodactyls) several VL antigenic subgroup determinant were detected while others were not. No VL antigenic determinant was found in other classes studied. The VH III subgroup antigenic determinant was found among all primates, some mammals and avains. The results suggest that there has been more preservation in the variable region of immunoglobulin chains, and particularly VH III chain, than in the constant region of immuoglobulin molecule.", "PMID": 66896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2282", "title": "[H-2 specificity and auto-reactivity of autologous rosette-forming cells from adult thymectomized mice spleen cells].", "content": "We have previously shown that the number of autologous rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) found in adult thymectomized mice (A-Tx) spleens was 15 times higher than that found in spleens of intact controls. We have therefore investigated both the specificity of A-RFC and their relationship with autoreactivity. Immunoadsorption experiments showed that while the incubation on allogeneic monolayers did not bring any modification in A-RFC levels. This result suggests that the formation of autologous rosettes is the manifestation of a true recognition event associated with the H-2 complex. A-Tx mice spleen cells injected into syngeneic recipients induced an enlargement of the afferent popliteal lymph node (LN). Ficoll-Triosil A-RFC depleted A-Tx spleen cells lost their capacity to induce this popliteal proliferation. Conversely, A-RFC recovered spleen cell suspensions obtained from the pellet of the Ficoll Triosil gradient kept their capacity of inducing auto-reactivity. Thus, it seems that A-RFC and lymphocytes stimulating the afferent LN belong to the same sub-population.", "contents": "[H-2 specificity and auto-reactivity of autologous rosette-forming cells from adult thymectomized mice spleen cells]. We have previously shown that the number of autologous rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) found in adult thymectomized mice (A-Tx) spleens was 15 times higher than that found in spleens of intact controls. We have therefore investigated both the specificity of A-RFC and their relationship with autoreactivity. Immunoadsorption experiments showed that while the incubation on allogeneic monolayers did not bring any modification in A-RFC levels. This result suggests that the formation of autologous rosettes is the manifestation of a true recognition event associated with the H-2 complex. A-Tx mice spleen cells injected into syngeneic recipients induced an enlargement of the afferent popliteal lymph node (LN). Ficoll-Triosil A-RFC depleted A-Tx spleen cells lost their capacity to induce this popliteal proliferation. Conversely, A-RFC recovered spleen cell suspensions obtained from the pellet of the Ficoll Triosil gradient kept their capacity of inducing auto-reactivity. Thus, it seems that A-RFC and lymphocytes stimulating the afferent LN belong to the same sub-population.", "PMID": 66894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2283", "title": "[Biochemical and immunological characterization of a suppressor factor specific for the terpolymer GAT].", "content": "It has been possible to extract a suppressor factor specific for antigen from non-responder animals that have developed suppressor cells. This factor shows a high affinity for the antigen and cross-reacts with related antigens. It does not carry antigenic determinants of the constant region of immunoglobulin molecules but carries Ia determinants and has an affinity for the GAT comparable to the affinity of the anti-GAT antibodies.", "contents": "[Biochemical and immunological characterization of a suppressor factor specific for the terpolymer GAT]. It has been possible to extract a suppressor factor specific for antigen from non-responder animals that have developed suppressor cells. This factor shows a high affinity for the antigen and cross-reacts with related antigens. It does not carry antigenic determinants of the constant region of immunoglobulin molecules but carries Ia determinants and has an affinity for the GAT comparable to the affinity of the anti-GAT antibodies.", "PMID": 66898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2284", "title": "[Artificial H-2 dependent carrier determinants of the insulin molecule].", "content": "The known tertiary structure of insulin allows the study of carrierdeterminants of insulin: their nature, their distance to antigenic determinants and their H-2 dependance. We examined the influence of \"foreign \" amino acids of insulins from two different species and the influence of chemically coupled new amino acids at the B-chain of insulin in congenic resistant mice. Three strains were immunized with bovine insulin and three derivatives: LeuB-insulin, LysB-insulin and GluB-insulin. H-2d mice were high responders to insulin and all derivatives, while H-2k mice showed no detectable antibodies. The H-2b strain had an intermediate antibody response to bovine insulin. LeuB-insulin, LysB-insulin and GluB-insulin produced similar titers as unmodified insulin in H-2d mice. In H-2b mice, GluB-insulin produced significantly more antibodies than did all other insulins tested with antibody specificities directed against A8-A10. Therefore Glu at position B0 acts as a carrierdeterminant and A8-A10 as antigenic determinant at the dose utilised in H-2b mice. The distance between both determinants is about 15-20 A, allowing therefore the cooperation of T and B cell.", "contents": "[Artificial H-2 dependent carrier determinants of the insulin molecule]. The known tertiary structure of insulin allows the study of carrierdeterminants of insulin: their nature, their distance to antigenic determinants and their H-2 dependance. We examined the influence of \"foreign \" amino acids of insulins from two different species and the influence of chemically coupled new amino acids at the B-chain of insulin in congenic resistant mice. Three strains were immunized with bovine insulin and three derivatives: LeuB-insulin, LysB-insulin and GluB-insulin. H-2d mice were high responders to insulin and all derivatives, while H-2k mice showed no detectable antibodies. The H-2b strain had an intermediate antibody response to bovine insulin. LeuB-insulin, LysB-insulin and GluB-insulin produced similar titers as unmodified insulin in H-2d mice. In H-2b mice, GluB-insulin produced significantly more antibodies than did all other insulins tested with antibody specificities directed against A8-A10. Therefore Glu at position B0 acts as a carrierdeterminant and A8-A10 as antigenic determinant at the dose utilised in H-2b mice. The distance between both determinants is about 15-20 A, allowing therefore the cooperation of T and B cell.", "PMID": 66899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2285", "title": "[Modification of the immune response by a hepatic ferroglobulin: L alpha2-HF].", "content": "Alpha2-HF, foetal and tumorous isoferritin, the level of which is high in cancerous patients and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy, has an immunosuppressif effect on normal lymphocytic response. Its activity has been tested on blastic transformation induced by PHA, tuberculin, candidin and allgenic lymphocytes. The inhibition effect is proportional to the added quantity of alpha2-HF globulin. The antibody synthesis is depressed by alpha2-HF as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Iron is no responsible for the suppressif effect: the efficiency is identical with the native protein or the apo-protein. Crystallised ferritin, without sugar in its molecule on the contrary of alpha2-HF which is a glycoferroprotein, has no suppressif effect.", "contents": "[Modification of the immune response by a hepatic ferroglobulin: L alpha2-HF]. Alpha2-HF, foetal and tumorous isoferritin, the level of which is high in cancerous patients and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy, has an immunosuppressif effect on normal lymphocytic response. Its activity has been tested on blastic transformation induced by PHA, tuberculin, candidin and allgenic lymphocytes. The inhibition effect is proportional to the added quantity of alpha2-HF globulin. The antibody synthesis is depressed by alpha2-HF as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Iron is no responsible for the suppressif effect: the efficiency is identical with the native protein or the apo-protein. Crystallised ferritin, without sugar in its molecule on the contrary of alpha2-HF which is a glycoferroprotein, has no suppressif effect.", "PMID": 66897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2286", "title": "[Heterogeneity of L-valine pool in Actinomyces sp. 26-115 producing actinomycin C].", "content": "Free intracellular valine in Actinomyces sp. 26-115 producing actinomycin C its functionally heterogenous. There are at least 2 pools of free valine. One of them supplies valine for protein biosynthesis and the second for the antibiotic biosynthesis. The volume of the pools is estimated. Inadequate reaction of the pools to similar effects is indicative of differences in their properties. The pool participating in protein biosynthesis strives for preservation of its volume. The pool participating in the antibiotic biosynthesis is capable of enlarging its volume to various levels depending on the change in the volume of the common intracellular pool.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of L-valine pool in Actinomyces sp. 26-115 producing actinomycin C]. Free intracellular valine in Actinomyces sp. 26-115 producing actinomycin C its functionally heterogenous. There are at least 2 pools of free valine. One of them supplies valine for protein biosynthesis and the second for the antibiotic biosynthesis. The volume of the pools is estimated. Inadequate reaction of the pools to similar effects is indicative of differences in their properties. The pool participating in protein biosynthesis strives for preservation of its volume. The pool participating in the antibiotic biosynthesis is capable of enlarging its volume to various levels depending on the change in the volume of the common intracellular pool.", "PMID": 66908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2287", "title": "[Phylogeny of the e allotypic system of rabbit immunoglobulins: study of determinants recognized on ochotona IgG by anti-e15 antisera].", "content": "The phylogenetic studies of Cgamma allotypes already made in the Leporidae was extended to another family of lagomorphs, the Ochotonidae. The d allotypic system is only found in rabbits; thus, it appeared late in the lagomorphs evolution. The e system has two alleles (e14 and e15, present in rabbits and in another Leporidae genus (Sylvilagus). Previous studies on hare IgG showed that e15 pattern is composed of at least two \" determinants \" (or group of determinants) i and j. The hare has three allotypic patterns i+j+, i+j- and i-j-. All the studied ochotonae (from Afghanistan and Iran) possess the i determinant. From comparisons between results obtained with various genera of lagomorphs, and hypothetical scheme is proposed for the evolution of the Cgamma gene on the basis of the series allotypes.", "contents": "[Phylogeny of the e allotypic system of rabbit immunoglobulins: study of determinants recognized on ochotona IgG by anti-e15 antisera]. The phylogenetic studies of Cgamma allotypes already made in the Leporidae was extended to another family of lagomorphs, the Ochotonidae. The d allotypic system is only found in rabbits; thus, it appeared late in the lagomorphs evolution. The e system has two alleles (e14 and e15, present in rabbits and in another Leporidae genus (Sylvilagus). Previous studies on hare IgG showed that e15 pattern is composed of at least two \" determinants \" (or group of determinants) i and j. The hare has three allotypic patterns i+j+, i+j- and i-j-. All the studied ochotonae (from Afghanistan and Iran) possess the i determinant. From comparisons between results obtained with various genera of lagomorphs, and hypothetical scheme is proposed for the evolution of the Cgamma gene on the basis of the series allotypes.", "PMID": 66900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2288", "title": "Experimentally induced bleomycin sulfate pulmonary toxicity: histopathologic and ultrastructural study in the pheasant.", "content": "Morphological alterations in the lungs of pheasants after prolonged high-dosage administration of bleomycin sulfate were studied by light and electron microscopy. Nontreated birds acted as controls, and their lungs showed no abnormalities. Lungs of bleomycin-treated pheasants revealed collapse alternating with overexpansion, marked cuboidalization of atrial epithelium, and incipient interstitial fibrosis. There were neither lymphoplasmacytic or eosinophilic infiltrates, nor evidence of vasculitis. Ultrastructurally, type 1 alveolar epithelial cells were either reactive or conspicuously absent in the air capillaries. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells appeared hyperplastic with numerous lamellar bodies, many of which extruded into air spaces. Immature fibroblasts were noted in the vicinity of collagen fibrils or amorphous material resembling elastin. No immune deposits were present in basement membranes. These findings are consistent with a direct toxic effect of bleomycin to the pheasant lung rather than a drug hypersensitivity reaction. Reproduction of the bleomycin lesion in a nonmammalian species corroborates even further the high propensity of the drug to affect the lung.", "contents": "Experimentally induced bleomycin sulfate pulmonary toxicity: histopathologic and ultrastructural study in the pheasant. Morphological alterations in the lungs of pheasants after prolonged high-dosage administration of bleomycin sulfate were studied by light and electron microscopy. Nontreated birds acted as controls, and their lungs showed no abnormalities. Lungs of bleomycin-treated pheasants revealed collapse alternating with overexpansion, marked cuboidalization of atrial epithelium, and incipient interstitial fibrosis. There were neither lymphoplasmacytic or eosinophilic infiltrates, nor evidence of vasculitis. Ultrastructurally, type 1 alveolar epithelial cells were either reactive or conspicuously absent in the air capillaries. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells appeared hyperplastic with numerous lamellar bodies, many of which extruded into air spaces. Immature fibroblasts were noted in the vicinity of collagen fibrils or amorphous material resembling elastin. No immune deposits were present in basement membranes. These findings are consistent with a direct toxic effect of bleomycin to the pheasant lung rather than a drug hypersensitivity reaction. Reproduction of the bleomycin lesion in a nonmammalian species corroborates even further the high propensity of the drug to affect the lung.", "PMID": 66910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2289", "title": "Antiviral activities of acyl derivatives of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in cell culture.", "content": "Antiviral activities of acyl derivatives (3'-O-octanoyl and 3'-O-decanoyl) of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cyclo-C) and 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) were compared with other antiviral nucleosides, and some biological characteristics of the antiviral activity were investigated. Among those synthesized acyl derivatives, 3'-O-decanoyl ara-C was the most active against deoxyribonucleic acid viruses, with an activity comparable to that of Ara-C. Acyl derivatives of cyclo-C were somewhat less active than their Ara-C counterparts. In the value of therapeutic index, 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine was superior to the others, followed by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. In comparing the sensitivity of two serotypes of herpes simplex virus it was found that Ara-C and its ester, as well as its cyclo-C counterpart, were more active against the type 2 than the type 1 strain. The activity of 3'-O-decanoyl Ara-C, like that of its parent, was diminished by treatment with cytidine deaminase from mouse kidney, but 3'-O-decanoyl cyclo-C was resistant to this treatment. In comparative studies of 3'- and 5'-O-acyl Ara-C's, antivaccinia virus activity of 3'-O-palmitoyl Ara-C was significantly superior to its 5'-counterpart. The inhibitory activity of 5'-O-decanoyl Ara-C was markedly reduced by the presence of a threefold molar excess of eserine sulfate, a choline esterase inhibitor, whereas the 3'-acyl Ara-C was not affected by the inhibitor in any combination. This result indicates that enzymatic hydrolysis of the 3'-ester to Ara-C, which is inhibited by eserine sulfate, did not occur in this cell culture.", "contents": "Antiviral activities of acyl derivatives of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in cell culture. Antiviral activities of acyl derivatives (3'-O-octanoyl and 3'-O-decanoyl) of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cyclo-C) and 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) were compared with other antiviral nucleosides, and some biological characteristics of the antiviral activity were investigated. Among those synthesized acyl derivatives, 3'-O-decanoyl ara-C was the most active against deoxyribonucleic acid viruses, with an activity comparable to that of Ara-C. Acyl derivatives of cyclo-C were somewhat less active than their Ara-C counterparts. In the value of therapeutic index, 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine was superior to the others, followed by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. In comparing the sensitivity of two serotypes of herpes simplex virus it was found that Ara-C and its ester, as well as its cyclo-C counterpart, were more active against the type 2 than the type 1 strain. The activity of 3'-O-decanoyl Ara-C, like that of its parent, was diminished by treatment with cytidine deaminase from mouse kidney, but 3'-O-decanoyl cyclo-C was resistant to this treatment. In comparative studies of 3'- and 5'-O-acyl Ara-C's, antivaccinia virus activity of 3'-O-palmitoyl Ara-C was significantly superior to its 5'-counterpart. The inhibitory activity of 5'-O-decanoyl Ara-C was markedly reduced by the presence of a threefold molar excess of eserine sulfate, a choline esterase inhibitor, whereas the 3'-acyl Ara-C was not affected by the inhibitor in any combination. This result indicates that enzymatic hydrolysis of the 3'-ester to Ara-C, which is inhibited by eserine sulfate, did not occur in this cell culture.", "PMID": 66909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2290", "title": "[Ultrastructural identifaction of human T lymphocytes using a peroxidase-conjugated anti-HTLA serum].", "content": "A horse antiserum rendered specific for human T lymphocytes was conjugated with peroxidase (PO) and used for identification of tonsilar T lymphocytes in electron microscopy. This conjugate stained nearly 50% of tonsilar lymphocytes, 96% of the T of the T cell-enriched population and 4% of the B cell-enriched population. The staining was only found on the cytoplasmic membrane as irregular small spots all over the cell surface. This conjugate was used for identification of the lymphocyte sub-populations extracted from skin infiltrates, and specially in Sezary's syndrome. PO-anti-HTLA serum stained all the cells showing morphological chracteristics of Sezary cells, which confirmed the thymus-derived origin of these cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural identifaction of human T lymphocytes using a peroxidase-conjugated anti-HTLA serum]. A horse antiserum rendered specific for human T lymphocytes was conjugated with peroxidase (PO) and used for identification of tonsilar T lymphocytes in electron microscopy. This conjugate stained nearly 50% of tonsilar lymphocytes, 96% of the T of the T cell-enriched population and 4% of the B cell-enriched population. The staining was only found on the cytoplasmic membrane as irregular small spots all over the cell surface. This conjugate was used for identification of the lymphocyte sub-populations extracted from skin infiltrates, and specially in Sezary's syndrome. PO-anti-HTLA serum stained all the cells showing morphological chracteristics of Sezary cells, which confirmed the thymus-derived origin of these cells.", "PMID": 66907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2291", "title": "[The regulation of the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes may be mediated by a lymphokine].", "content": "MLC-CML reactivity declines after approximately the 7th day of culture. The experiments described were designed to probe the reason for this decline, envisaged as due to the signals (SD or LD determinants) required for CML activation. Either fresh stimulating cells or a lymphokine--blastogenic factor (BF)--were added daily to mixed cultures from the 5th to the 12th day of incubation. Whereas stimulating cells were without effect, added BF maintained both proliferative and cytotoxic activity of the cells in culture. These observations, together with previous results, were interpreted to suggest that helper cells may regulate the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by means of soluble mediators.", "contents": "[The regulation of the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes may be mediated by a lymphokine]. MLC-CML reactivity declines after approximately the 7th day of culture. The experiments described were designed to probe the reason for this decline, envisaged as due to the signals (SD or LD determinants) required for CML activation. Either fresh stimulating cells or a lymphokine--blastogenic factor (BF)--were added daily to mixed cultures from the 5th to the 12th day of incubation. Whereas stimulating cells were without effect, added BF maintained both proliferative and cytotoxic activity of the cells in culture. These observations, together with previous results, were interpreted to suggest that helper cells may regulate the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by means of soluble mediators.", "PMID": 66906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2292", "title": "Histochemical and morphologic changes in skeletal muscle following cervical cord injury: a study of upper and lower motor neuron lesions.", "content": "The effects of upper and lower motor neuron lesions on human skeletal muscles and muscle spindles were studied using histochemical and morphometric techniques. In the lower motor neuron lesions, the muscle fibers showed group atrophy, fiber type grouping and target fibers. The muscle spindle demonstrated thickening of the capsule, degeneration of the nuclear chain fibers, targeting and splitting of the bag fibers. In the upper motor neuron lesion, the muscles showed group atrophy with histochemical evidence of preferential type II fiber involvement. Histometrics, however, failed to demonstrate type II fiber atrophy but showed hypertrophy of type I fibers. The muscle spindles only showed increased number of intrafusal fibers.", "contents": "Histochemical and morphologic changes in skeletal muscle following cervical cord injury: a study of upper and lower motor neuron lesions. The effects of upper and lower motor neuron lesions on human skeletal muscles and muscle spindles were studied using histochemical and morphometric techniques. In the lower motor neuron lesions, the muscle fibers showed group atrophy, fiber type grouping and target fibers. The muscle spindle demonstrated thickening of the capsule, degeneration of the nuclear chain fibers, targeting and splitting of the bag fibers. In the upper motor neuron lesion, the muscles showed group atrophy with histochemical evidence of preferential type II fiber involvement. Histometrics, however, failed to demonstrate type II fiber atrophy but showed hypertrophy of type I fibers. The muscle spindles only showed increased number of intrafusal fibers.", "PMID": 66912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2293", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of oncornavirus from primary cultures of tissues from cattle with leukemia.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to search for oncornavirus in primary cell cultures obtained from leukemic cattle organs and lymphocytes and to study their molecular-biological properties and role in the etiology of cattle leukemia. The investigation was carried out on 25 primary trypsinized cell culutres of lymph nodes, spleens, kidneys and lymphocytes from cattle with acute and chronic leukemia. It was demonstrated that all cell cultures from leukemic cattle (in contrast to cell cultures from healthy cattle) released oncornavirus into the culture medium. The virus possesses the main properties of oncornaviruses: it has a virion of C-type structure with a density of 1.16--1.18g/ml in a 20--60 per cent sucrose gradient, which may be induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, inhibited by Actino-mycin D, has reverse transcriptase activity, contains 60S RNA, that is annealed in the reaction of molecular hybridization with DNA of lymph nodes of cattle with leukemia. The propagation of the isolated oncornavirus in continuous cell lines of calf kidney culture was demonstrated. Experimental inoculation of purified oncornavirus was carried out on 60 baby calves and 15 lambs from leukosis free herds or flocks. Several of the calves later showed evidence of virus infection.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of oncornavirus from primary cultures of tissues from cattle with leukemia. The purpose of this investigation was to search for oncornavirus in primary cell cultures obtained from leukemic cattle organs and lymphocytes and to study their molecular-biological properties and role in the etiology of cattle leukemia. The investigation was carried out on 25 primary trypsinized cell culutres of lymph nodes, spleens, kidneys and lymphocytes from cattle with acute and chronic leukemia. It was demonstrated that all cell cultures from leukemic cattle (in contrast to cell cultures from healthy cattle) released oncornavirus into the culture medium. The virus possesses the main properties of oncornaviruses: it has a virion of C-type structure with a density of 1.16--1.18g/ml in a 20--60 per cent sucrose gradient, which may be induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, inhibited by Actino-mycin D, has reverse transcriptase activity, contains 60S RNA, that is annealed in the reaction of molecular hybridization with DNA of lymph nodes of cattle with leukemia. The propagation of the isolated oncornavirus in continuous cell lines of calf kidney culture was demonstrated. Experimental inoculation of purified oncornavirus was carried out on 60 baby calves and 15 lambs from leukosis free herds or flocks. Several of the calves later showed evidence of virus infection.", "PMID": 66913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2294", "title": "[Characteristics of morphogenesis of coronary arteriosclerosis in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Characteristics of morphogenesis of plaques in the coronary arteries were studied in persons aged up to 50 years who had died of various forms of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It had been established to be different and in many respects to be dependent upon local and hemodynamic factors originating in connection with IHD. Hyalinized plaques were isolated, in their development a leading role was played by dysoric phenomena in the vascular wall developed because of acute hypoxia in the course of an attack of acute IHD. There were also revealed peculiar fibrous plaques formed in the distal regions of stenosed coronary arteries as a result of the overgrowth of the intima under conditions of hypovolemia. The authors failed to establish the morphogenesis of \"old\" plaques with lipid deposits.", "contents": "[Characteristics of morphogenesis of coronary arteriosclerosis in ischemic heart disease]. Characteristics of morphogenesis of plaques in the coronary arteries were studied in persons aged up to 50 years who had died of various forms of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It had been established to be different and in many respects to be dependent upon local and hemodynamic factors originating in connection with IHD. Hyalinized plaques were isolated, in their development a leading role was played by dysoric phenomena in the vascular wall developed because of acute hypoxia in the course of an attack of acute IHD. There were also revealed peculiar fibrous plaques formed in the distal regions of stenosed coronary arteries as a result of the overgrowth of the intima under conditions of hypovolemia. The authors failed to establish the morphogenesis of \"old\" plaques with lipid deposits.", "PMID": 66914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2295", "title": "Human red cell glyoxalase I polymorphism.", "content": "Human erythrocyte glyoxalase I has been subjected to starch gel electrophoresis, and its isoenzymatic forms have been visualized by a new positive staining procedure. The enzyme exhibits polymorphism and holds promise as a useful new genetic marker.", "contents": "Human red cell glyoxalase I polymorphism. Human erythrocyte glyoxalase I has been subjected to starch gel electrophoresis, and its isoenzymatic forms have been visualized by a new positive staining procedure. The enzyme exhibits polymorphism and holds promise as a useful new genetic marker.", "PMID": 66916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2296", "title": "Purification and properties of rabbit spermatozoal acrosomal neuraminidase.", "content": "Treatment of rabbit spermatozoa with 50mM-MgCl2 removes the plasma and the outer acrosomal membranes. Subsequent treatment with the detergents Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100 solubilizes spermatozoal neuraminidase bound to the inner acrosomal membrane. The enzyme was further purified by DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-150 and Bio-Gel P-300 column chromato. The enzyme showed a single major band, with the possibility of some minor contaminants, on disc-gel electrophoresis. It had a specific activity of 0.37 micronmal of sialic acid released/min per mg with purified boar Cowper's-gland mucin as the substrate. The enzyme had marked specificity for 2 leads to 6'-linked sialic acid in glycoproteins. The Km of spermatozoal neuraminidase was 1.72 X 10(-6)M with Cowper's-gland mucin, 1.17 X 10(-5)M with fetuin and 8.8 X 10(-4)M with sialyl-lactose as a substrates. The Vmax. was 0.112 micronmol/min per mg with the Cowper's-gland mucin, 0.071 micronmol/min per mg with fetuin and 0.033 micronmol/min per mg with sialyl-lactose as substrate. The enzyme hydrolysed sheep submaxillary-gland mucin as readily as the Cowper's-gland mucin. The optimum of enzyme activity was at pH 5.0 on the Cowper's-gland mucin and at pH4.3 on sialyl-lactose. The enzyme activity was unaffected by 20mM-Na+ and-K+, but was inhibited by 20mM-Ca2+,-Mn2+,-Co2+ and -Cu2+. The enzyme was unstable in dilute solutions, but could be stored indefinitely freeze-dried at --20 degrees C.", "contents": "Purification and properties of rabbit spermatozoal acrosomal neuraminidase. Treatment of rabbit spermatozoa with 50mM-MgCl2 removes the plasma and the outer acrosomal membranes. Subsequent treatment with the detergents Hyamine 2389 and Triton X-100 solubilizes spermatozoal neuraminidase bound to the inner acrosomal membrane. The enzyme was further purified by DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-150 and Bio-Gel P-300 column chromato. The enzyme showed a single major band, with the possibility of some minor contaminants, on disc-gel electrophoresis. It had a specific activity of 0.37 micronmal of sialic acid released/min per mg with purified boar Cowper's-gland mucin as the substrate. The enzyme had marked specificity for 2 leads to 6'-linked sialic acid in glycoproteins. The Km of spermatozoal neuraminidase was 1.72 X 10(-6)M with Cowper's-gland mucin, 1.17 X 10(-5)M with fetuin and 8.8 X 10(-4)M with sialyl-lactose as a substrates. The Vmax. was 0.112 micronmol/min per mg with the Cowper's-gland mucin, 0.071 micronmol/min per mg with fetuin and 0.033 micronmol/min per mg with sialyl-lactose as substrate. The enzyme hydrolysed sheep submaxillary-gland mucin as readily as the Cowper's-gland mucin. The optimum of enzyme activity was at pH 5.0 on the Cowper's-gland mucin and at pH4.3 on sialyl-lactose. The enzyme activity was unaffected by 20mM-Na+ and-K+, but was inhibited by 20mM-Ca2+,-Mn2+,-Co2+ and -Cu2+. The enzyme was unstable in dilute solutions, but could be stored indefinitely freeze-dried at --20 degrees C.", "PMID": 66917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2297", "title": "Characterization of a new reverse transcriptase of possibly cellular origin in the chicken system.", "content": "The properties of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, which occurs ubiquitously in the allantoic fluid of uninfected, leukosis-virus-free eggs, are described. It is shown that the enzyme can synthesize faithful transcripts from natural RNA (globin mRNA). With biochemical and immunological methods, the enzyme can be clearly distinguished from the reverse transcriptases of the known chicken RNA tumour viruses and therefore seems to be a member of a so far unknown class of chicken polymerases. Our data show that in the chicken system reverse transcriptase can occur without connection to the replication of RNA tumour viruses and without relationship to the induction of malignancy.", "contents": "Characterization of a new reverse transcriptase of possibly cellular origin in the chicken system. The properties of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, which occurs ubiquitously in the allantoic fluid of uninfected, leukosis-virus-free eggs, are described. It is shown that the enzyme can synthesize faithful transcripts from natural RNA (globin mRNA). With biochemical and immunological methods, the enzyme can be clearly distinguished from the reverse transcriptases of the known chicken RNA tumour viruses and therefore seems to be a member of a so far unknown class of chicken polymerases. Our data show that in the chicken system reverse transcriptase can occur without connection to the replication of RNA tumour viruses and without relationship to the induction of malignancy.", "PMID": 66920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2298", "title": "Alpha-foetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in germ cell neoplasms.", "content": "Serum alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured, serially whenever possible, in 70 patients attending the Institute of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, on account of testicular (65) or ovarian (4) germ cell tumours or, in one case, an endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumour in the mediastinum. In 15 patients the disease was active; in the others it was in remission. Patients with active disease had raised serum AFP levels which correlated well with disease activity; no patient without evidence of active disease had raised serum AFP levels. None of the patients with active disease was found to have raised serum CEA levels. There was no correlation between serum AFP and CEA levels in patients with germ cell neoplasms, but good correlation between serum AFP levels and disease activity. Serum CEA levels did not correlate with disease activity, and serial determinations would therefore not be useful in monitoring progress in this group of diseases.", "contents": "Alpha-foetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in germ cell neoplasms. Serum alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured, serially whenever possible, in 70 patients attending the Institute of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, on account of testicular (65) or ovarian (4) germ cell tumours or, in one case, an endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumour in the mediastinum. In 15 patients the disease was active; in the others it was in remission. Patients with active disease had raised serum AFP levels which correlated well with disease activity; no patient without evidence of active disease had raised serum AFP levels. None of the patients with active disease was found to have raised serum CEA levels. There was no correlation between serum AFP and CEA levels in patients with germ cell neoplasms, but good correlation between serum AFP levels and disease activity. Serum CEA levels did not correlate with disease activity, and serial determinations would therefore not be useful in monitoring progress in this group of diseases.", "PMID": 66925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2299", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels in pregnancies complicated by gastrointestinal abnormalities of the fetus.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured in maternal serum and amniotic fluid in a variety of gastrointestinal abnormalities of the fetus. Maternal serum AFP levels were consistently elevated in abdominal wall defects of the fetus after 15 weeks gestation and the amniotic fluid levels were raised in 3 of the 4 patients measured. In atresia of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragmatic hernia, serum AFP levels were usually normal unless there was an associated neural tube defect or multiple pregnancy, although the majority were not measured between 15 and 26 weeks gestation. If elevated amniotic fluid levels of AFP are used in the decision to terminate pregnancy on the assumption of a probable neural tube defect of the fetus, a proportion of terminations will be performed because of abdominal wall defects of the fetus.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels in pregnancies complicated by gastrointestinal abnormalities of the fetus. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured in maternal serum and amniotic fluid in a variety of gastrointestinal abnormalities of the fetus. Maternal serum AFP levels were consistently elevated in abdominal wall defects of the fetus after 15 weeks gestation and the amniotic fluid levels were raised in 3 of the 4 patients measured. In atresia of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragmatic hernia, serum AFP levels were usually normal unless there was an associated neural tube defect or multiple pregnancy, although the majority were not measured between 15 and 26 weeks gestation. If elevated amniotic fluid levels of AFP are used in the decision to terminate pregnancy on the assumption of a probable neural tube defect of the fetus, a proportion of terminations will be performed because of abdominal wall defects of the fetus.", "PMID": 66927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2300", "title": "Immunopathology of the lens. I. Humoral and cellular immune responses to heterologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation.", "content": "In experimental rabbits heterologous soluble lens proteins consisting of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins were found to be antigenic; they stimulated a marked antibody response compared to a rather weak T-cell response. The serum antibodies to alpha-crystallins appeared first, to be followed by antibodies to beta- and gamma-crystallins in that order. The rabbits did not respond to heterologous gamma-crystallins unless these were injected with Freund's adjuvant containing mycobacteria. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (i.e., without mycobacteria) was found to be an inferior immunoaccelerator so far as lens antigens are concerned. The response to lenticular antigens in both magnitude and duration varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us the important role played by a central control mechanism involving the immune response (Ir) genes. Some of the antibodies in potent lens antisera cross-reacted with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (i.e., microsomes), contractile organelles, and cell nuclei. This explains for the first time at least in part the reasons for the widely observed phenomenon of the reactivity of lens antisera with ocular and extraocular structures. Antibodies to soluble lens proteins as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were shown to be of the IgG class. Systemic heterologous immunisation followed by discission of the lens does not lead to the typical changes of phakoallergic endophthalmitis in the rabbit.", "contents": "Immunopathology of the lens. I. Humoral and cellular immune responses to heterologous lens antigens and their roles in ocular inflammation. In experimental rabbits heterologous soluble lens proteins consisting of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins were found to be antigenic; they stimulated a marked antibody response compared to a rather weak T-cell response. The serum antibodies to alpha-crystallins appeared first, to be followed by antibodies to beta- and gamma-crystallins in that order. The rabbits did not respond to heterologous gamma-crystallins unless these were injected with Freund's adjuvant containing mycobacteria. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (i.e., without mycobacteria) was found to be an inferior immunoaccelerator so far as lens antigens are concerned. The response to lenticular antigens in both magnitude and duration varied in different rabbits, which suggested to us the important role played by a central control mechanism involving the immune response (Ir) genes. Some of the antibodies in potent lens antisera cross-reacted with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (i.e., microsomes), contractile organelles, and cell nuclei. This explains for the first time at least in part the reasons for the widely observed phenomenon of the reactivity of lens antisera with ocular and extraocular structures. Antibodies to soluble lens proteins as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were shown to be of the IgG class. Systemic heterologous immunisation followed by discission of the lens does not lead to the typical changes of phakoallergic endophthalmitis in the rabbit.", "PMID": 66929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2301", "title": "The role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogenesis of retinal cotton-wool spots.", "content": "Small retinal arterioles in the pig retina were occluded by argon laser photocoagulation and the morphology and topography of the resulting lesions studied by ophthalmoscopy, histology, and electron microscopy. Two days after laser coagulation ischaemic necrosis of the inner retina was observed in the territory of occluded arterioles, and swollen axon terminals packed with cytoplasmic organelles were found in the retinal nerve-fibre layer on the peripheral border of the infarcts and their border nearest to the disc. These swellings gave rise to localised zones of opacification (cotton-wool spots) at the borders of the retinal infarcts, and similar zones developed in relation to the laser burns. Amino-acid uptake and transport in retinal ganglion cells was studied in these animals by autoradiography following an intravitreal injection of tritiated leucine. When 3H-leucine was injected at the same time as laser coagulation and arteriolar occlusion, label became concentrated in the swollen axon-terminals on the peripheral aspect of 2-day-old infarcts but was absent from the terminals on the disc side of infarcts. The accumulation of 3H-leucine and organelles was attributed to interruption of orthograde axoplasmic transport. When 3H-leucine was injected into the vitreous 2 days prior to laser occlusion, label became distributed throughout the axoplasm and then accumulated in swollen axon terminals on both sides of infarcts after a further 2 days. An obstruction to both orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic flow was thus demonstrated. We concluded that cotton-wood spots should be redefined as accumulations of cytoplasmic debris in the retinal nerve-fibre layer caused by obstruction of orthograde or retrograde axoplasmic transport in ganglion cell axons.", "contents": "The role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogenesis of retinal cotton-wool spots. Small retinal arterioles in the pig retina were occluded by argon laser photocoagulation and the morphology and topography of the resulting lesions studied by ophthalmoscopy, histology, and electron microscopy. Two days after laser coagulation ischaemic necrosis of the inner retina was observed in the territory of occluded arterioles, and swollen axon terminals packed with cytoplasmic organelles were found in the retinal nerve-fibre layer on the peripheral border of the infarcts and their border nearest to the disc. These swellings gave rise to localised zones of opacification (cotton-wool spots) at the borders of the retinal infarcts, and similar zones developed in relation to the laser burns. Amino-acid uptake and transport in retinal ganglion cells was studied in these animals by autoradiography following an intravitreal injection of tritiated leucine. When 3H-leucine was injected at the same time as laser coagulation and arteriolar occlusion, label became concentrated in the swollen axon-terminals on the peripheral aspect of 2-day-old infarcts but was absent from the terminals on the disc side of infarcts. The accumulation of 3H-leucine and organelles was attributed to interruption of orthograde axoplasmic transport. When 3H-leucine was injected into the vitreous 2 days prior to laser occlusion, label became distributed throughout the axoplasm and then accumulated in swollen axon terminals on both sides of infarcts after a further 2 days. An obstruction to both orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic flow was thus demonstrated. We concluded that cotton-wood spots should be redefined as accumulations of cytoplasmic debris in the retinal nerve-fibre layer caused by obstruction of orthograde or retrograde axoplasmic transport in ganglion cell axons.", "PMID": 66930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2302", "title": "Activities of lectins and their immobilized derivatives in detergent solutions. Implications on the use of lectin affinity chromatography for the purification of membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "The effects of several commonly used detergents on the saccharide-binding activities of lectins were investigated using lectin-mediated agglutination of formalin-fixed erythrocytes and affinity chromatography of glycoproteins on columns of lectins immobilized on polyacrylic hydrazide-Sepharose. In the hemagglutination assays, Ricinus communis I (RCA1) and II (RCAII), concanavalin A (Con A), and the agglutinins from peanut (PNA), soybean (SBA), wheat germ (WGA), and Limulus polyphemus (LPA) were tested with several concentrations of switterionic, cationic, anionic, and nonionic detergents. It was found that increasing detergent concentrations eventually affected hemagglutination titers in both test and control samples, and the highest detergent concentrations not affecting lectin hemagglutinating activities were determined. The effects of detergents on specific binding of [3H]fetuin and asialo[3H]fetuin to and elution from columns of immobilized lectins were less severe when compared with lectins in solution, suggesting that the lectins are stabilized by covalent attachment to agarose beads. Nonionic detergents did not affect the binding efficiency of the immobilized lectins tested at concentrations used for membrane solubilization while cationic and zwitterionic detergents caused significant inhibition of Con A- and SBA-Sepharose activities. In sodium deoxycholate (greater than 1%) only RCAI-Sepharose retained its activity, whereas the activities of the other lectins were reduced dramatically. Low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05%) inhibited only the activity of immobilized SBA, but at higher concentration (0.1%) and prolonged periods of incubation (16 h, 23 degrees C) most of the lectins were inactivated. These data are compared with previous reports on the use of detergents in lectin affinity chromatography, and the conditions for the optimal use of detergents are detailed.", "contents": "Activities of lectins and their immobilized derivatives in detergent solutions. Implications on the use of lectin affinity chromatography for the purification of membrane glycoproteins. The effects of several commonly used detergents on the saccharide-binding activities of lectins were investigated using lectin-mediated agglutination of formalin-fixed erythrocytes and affinity chromatography of glycoproteins on columns of lectins immobilized on polyacrylic hydrazide-Sepharose. In the hemagglutination assays, Ricinus communis I (RCA1) and II (RCAII), concanavalin A (Con A), and the agglutinins from peanut (PNA), soybean (SBA), wheat germ (WGA), and Limulus polyphemus (LPA) were tested with several concentrations of switterionic, cationic, anionic, and nonionic detergents. It was found that increasing detergent concentrations eventually affected hemagglutination titers in both test and control samples, and the highest detergent concentrations not affecting lectin hemagglutinating activities were determined. The effects of detergents on specific binding of [3H]fetuin and asialo[3H]fetuin to and elution from columns of immobilized lectins were less severe when compared with lectins in solution, suggesting that the lectins are stabilized by covalent attachment to agarose beads. Nonionic detergents did not affect the binding efficiency of the immobilized lectins tested at concentrations used for membrane solubilization while cationic and zwitterionic detergents caused significant inhibition of Con A- and SBA-Sepharose activities. In sodium deoxycholate (greater than 1%) only RCAI-Sepharose retained its activity, whereas the activities of the other lectins were reduced dramatically. Low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05%) inhibited only the activity of immobilized SBA, but at higher concentration (0.1%) and prolonged periods of incubation (16 h, 23 degrees C) most of the lectins were inactivated. These data are compared with previous reports on the use of detergents in lectin affinity chromatography, and the conditions for the optimal use of detergents are detailed.", "PMID": 66931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2303", "title": "Immunological determination of the order of folding of portions of the molecule during air oxidation of reduced ribonuclease.", "content": "An immunological method is used to follow the folding of different portions of the reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease molecule during air oxidation. Antibodies that react specifically with segments 1-13, 31-79, and 80-124 of native ribonuclease, as they are folded, were purified by affinity chromatography, using antiserum to native ribonuclease and columns to which the ribonuclease fragments were attached. The kinetics of reaction between these prufied antibodies and refolded portions that are produced when reduced rebonuclease is oxidized by air demonstrate the presence of intermediate states of folding, and are consistent with folding of the anti-genic determinants in the order 80-124, 1-13, and 31-79. The relative stabilities of each of these segments to thermal denaturation in the native protein provide additional evidence that the native conformation of region 80-124 is a very stable one in the intact molecule. On the basis of these two types of evidence, it appears that segment 80-124 contains a nucleation site for the folding of the protein molecule.", "contents": "Immunological determination of the order of folding of portions of the molecule during air oxidation of reduced ribonuclease. An immunological method is used to follow the folding of different portions of the reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease molecule during air oxidation. Antibodies that react specifically with segments 1-13, 31-79, and 80-124 of native ribonuclease, as they are folded, were purified by affinity chromatography, using antiserum to native ribonuclease and columns to which the ribonuclease fragments were attached. The kinetics of reaction between these prufied antibodies and refolded portions that are produced when reduced rebonuclease is oxidized by air demonstrate the presence of intermediate states of folding, and are consistent with folding of the anti-genic determinants in the order 80-124, 1-13, and 31-79. The relative stabilities of each of these segments to thermal denaturation in the native protein provide additional evidence that the native conformation of region 80-124 is a very stable one in the intact molecule. On the basis of these two types of evidence, it appears that segment 80-124 contains a nucleation site for the folding of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 66932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2304", "title": "Kinetics of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 by photosystem II in chloroplasts.", "content": "The kinetics of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 and plastoquinone were measured using well-coupled spinach chloroplasts. High potential (i.e, hydroquinone reducible) cytochrome b-559 was oxidized with low intensity far-red light in the presence of N-methyl phenazonium methosulfate or after preillumination with high intensity light. Using long flashes of red light, the half-reduction time of cytochrome b-559 was found to be 100 +/- 10 ms, compared to 6-10 ms for the photoreduction of the plastoquinone pool. Light saturation of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 occurred at a light intensity less than one-third of the intensity necessary for the saturation of ferricyanide reduction under identical illumination conditions. The photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 was accelerated in the presence of dibromothymoquinone with a t 1/2 = 25-35 ms. The addition of uncouplers, which caused stimulatory effect on ferricyanide reduction under the same experimental conditions resulted in a decrease in the rate of cytochrome b-559 reduction. The relatively slow photoreduction rate of cytochrome b-559 compared to the plastoquinone pool implies that electrons can be transferred efficiently from Photosystem II to plastoquinone without the involvement of cytochrome b-559 as an intermediate. These results indicate that it is unlikely that high potential cytochrome b-559 functions as an obligatory redox component in the main electron transport chain joining the two photosystems.", "contents": "Kinetics of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 by photosystem II in chloroplasts. The kinetics of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 and plastoquinone were measured using well-coupled spinach chloroplasts. High potential (i.e, hydroquinone reducible) cytochrome b-559 was oxidized with low intensity far-red light in the presence of N-methyl phenazonium methosulfate or after preillumination with high intensity light. Using long flashes of red light, the half-reduction time of cytochrome b-559 was found to be 100 +/- 10 ms, compared to 6-10 ms for the photoreduction of the plastoquinone pool. Light saturation of the photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 occurred at a light intensity less than one-third of the intensity necessary for the saturation of ferricyanide reduction under identical illumination conditions. The photoreduction of cytochrome b-559 was accelerated in the presence of dibromothymoquinone with a t 1/2 = 25-35 ms. The addition of uncouplers, which caused stimulatory effect on ferricyanide reduction under the same experimental conditions resulted in a decrease in the rate of cytochrome b-559 reduction. The relatively slow photoreduction rate of cytochrome b-559 compared to the plastoquinone pool implies that electrons can be transferred efficiently from Photosystem II to plastoquinone without the involvement of cytochrome b-559 as an intermediate. These results indicate that it is unlikely that high potential cytochrome b-559 functions as an obligatory redox component in the main electron transport chain joining the two photosystems.", "PMID": 66933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2305", "title": "Structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Comparison between freeze-etching and negative staining.", "content": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (pyruvate : lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating), EC 1.2.4.1), from pig heart, was studied by spray freeze etching and negative staining. From freeze etching experiments an average particle weight of 7-10(6) was estimated. Negative staining after glutaraldehyde fixation and freeze etching of unfixed and prefixed enzyme solutions yielded no significant difference in particle dimensions: the majority of the isometric complex molecules measured approximately 400 A in diameter. Tantalum tungsten shadowed freeze etch replicas indicated that the surface of the complex is built up of globular units. The relative positions of these units are in good agreement with the model still under discussion.", "contents": "Structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Comparison between freeze-etching and negative staining. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (pyruvate : lipoate oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating), EC 1.2.4.1), from pig heart, was studied by spray freeze etching and negative staining. From freeze etching experiments an average particle weight of 7-10(6) was estimated. Negative staining after glutaraldehyde fixation and freeze etching of unfixed and prefixed enzyme solutions yielded no significant difference in particle dimensions: the majority of the isometric complex molecules measured approximately 400 A in diameter. Tantalum tungsten shadowed freeze etch replicas indicated that the surface of the complex is built up of globular units. The relative positions of these units are in good agreement with the model still under discussion.", "PMID": 66934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2306", "title": "The secondary structure of myelin basic protein extracted by deoxycholate.", "content": "Because of the implication of myelin basic protein in some neurological diseases its in vivo structure is of particular interest. The protein is usually isolated using organic solvents and acid solutions and has previously been shown to contain little alpha-helical or beta-structure; but it is not known how the extraction methods influence the structure. Following recent observations that deoxycholate generally causes minimal structural perturbation when used to dissolve membrane proteins, this detergent has been used to extract the basic protein from bovine myelin. The protein contained in deoxycholate washes of myelin has been purified by gel chromatography and its secondary structure examined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. This protein and conventionally prepared bovine and human basic protein to which 1% deoxycholate has been added appear to have the same structure: they contain 8-14% more helical structure than the chloroform/methanol-extracted protein in pH 4.8 acetate buffer or in pH 9.15 Tris buffer. This conformational change is unaffected by addition of 0.25 M NaCl. The helical content will approach the upper limit if, as is expected, these ordered segments are short. It is suggested that basic protein may adopt this more ordered structure in myelin and possess activity not apparent in its water-soluble unordered conformation. Retention of its encephalitogenic activity following severe treatment may result from an ability to rapidly refold to the original conformation rather than from this activity being inherent in the unordered form.", "contents": "The secondary structure of myelin basic protein extracted by deoxycholate. Because of the implication of myelin basic protein in some neurological diseases its in vivo structure is of particular interest. The protein is usually isolated using organic solvents and acid solutions and has previously been shown to contain little alpha-helical or beta-structure; but it is not known how the extraction methods influence the structure. Following recent observations that deoxycholate generally causes minimal structural perturbation when used to dissolve membrane proteins, this detergent has been used to extract the basic protein from bovine myelin. The protein contained in deoxycholate washes of myelin has been purified by gel chromatography and its secondary structure examined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. This protein and conventionally prepared bovine and human basic protein to which 1% deoxycholate has been added appear to have the same structure: they contain 8-14% more helical structure than the chloroform/methanol-extracted protein in pH 4.8 acetate buffer or in pH 9.15 Tris buffer. This conformational change is unaffected by addition of 0.25 M NaCl. The helical content will approach the upper limit if, as is expected, these ordered segments are short. It is suggested that basic protein may adopt this more ordered structure in myelin and possess activity not apparent in its water-soluble unordered conformation. Retention of its encephalitogenic activity following severe treatment may result from an ability to rapidly refold to the original conformation rather than from this activity being inherent in the unordered form.", "PMID": 66935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2307", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of mink sera lipoproteins fractionated by preparative ultracentrifugation].", "content": "Using the method of preparative ultracentrifugation, four lipoprotein fractions were obtained differing in hydrate density. By means of immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the fractions, it is found that mink sera (except chilomicrons) contains at least five lipoproteins; two of them, lipoproteins 2 and 3, bind the major bulk of lipids. Lipoprotein 1 is of very low density. Lipoprotein 2 mostly belongs to the fraction with density less than 1.100 g/ml, although antigenically identical molecules with higher density were identified. Lipoprotein 3 is much more heterogeneous antigenically, electrophoretically and in its density (from 1.006 to 1.210 g/ml and higher). This protein seems to contain several structurally similar, though not identical, apoproteins. Lipoproteins 4 and 5 are very dense (more than 1.210 g/ml) and are weakly stained with Sudan black. These data, together with the results obtained in our previous studies, indicate that lipoproteins 2 and 4 are marked with genetically alloantygenic determinants.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of mink sera lipoproteins fractionated by preparative ultracentrifugation]. Using the method of preparative ultracentrifugation, four lipoprotein fractions were obtained differing in hydrate density. By means of immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the fractions, it is found that mink sera (except chilomicrons) contains at least five lipoproteins; two of them, lipoproteins 2 and 3, bind the major bulk of lipids. Lipoprotein 1 is of very low density. Lipoprotein 2 mostly belongs to the fraction with density less than 1.100 g/ml, although antigenically identical molecules with higher density were identified. Lipoprotein 3 is much more heterogeneous antigenically, electrophoretically and in its density (from 1.006 to 1.210 g/ml and higher). This protein seems to contain several structurally similar, though not identical, apoproteins. Lipoproteins 4 and 5 are very dense (more than 1.210 g/ml) and are weakly stained with Sudan black. These data, together with the results obtained in our previous studies, indicate that lipoproteins 2 and 4 are marked with genetically alloantygenic determinants.", "PMID": 66938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2308", "title": "[Membranes of bacteria and mechanism of action of the antibiotic gramicidin S].", "content": "The cyclopeptide antibiotic gramicidin S taken at a concentration of 100--200 mkg/mg membrane protein rapidly increases the permeability of M. lysodeikticus protoplast membranes for substrates of respiratory chain and exogenous cytochromes c. Prolonged incubation of gramicidin S with protoplasts results in their lysis which is more fast at low temperatures. In contrast to natural gramicidin, a derivative of gramicidin S with acetylated amino groups does not inhibit either the micrococcus membrane dehydrogenase or the whole of respiratory chain and does not affect the osmotic barrier of protoplasts. Aliphatic diamines (at concentrations up to 0.1 M) and Ca2+ ions (10(-2) M) do not affect the functioning of the respiratory chain in isolated micrococcus membranes. Another derivative of the antibiotic with an increased distance of loaded amino groups from the cyclopeptide framework (diglycyl gramicidin S) affects the membrane in a way similar to that of natural gramicidin. Washing of gramicidin-treated membranes with NaCl enhances the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic on membrane enzymes. The data obtained suggest that in addition to ionic interactions some hydrophobic interactions also occur during gramicidin S binding to the bacterial membrane, probably at the expense of a hydrophobic peptide ring. It is assumed that gramicidin S, similar to Ca2+ and some other membranotropic agents provides for phase separation of negatively charged phospholipids from other groups of phospholipids, manifesting itself in an appearance of \"frozen\" sites on the membrane which destroys its barrier properties. This is due to the formation of ionic bonds of negatively charged phospholipids. Simultaneously, unlike Ca2+, gramicidin S, when interacting with membrane proteins, prevents their redistribution in more liquid parts of the membrane, which results in a situation when the respiratory enzymes become surrounded by alkyl chains with restricted motion.", "contents": "[Membranes of bacteria and mechanism of action of the antibiotic gramicidin S]. The cyclopeptide antibiotic gramicidin S taken at a concentration of 100--200 mkg/mg membrane protein rapidly increases the permeability of M. lysodeikticus protoplast membranes for substrates of respiratory chain and exogenous cytochromes c. Prolonged incubation of gramicidin S with protoplasts results in their lysis which is more fast at low temperatures. In contrast to natural gramicidin, a derivative of gramicidin S with acetylated amino groups does not inhibit either the micrococcus membrane dehydrogenase or the whole of respiratory chain and does not affect the osmotic barrier of protoplasts. Aliphatic diamines (at concentrations up to 0.1 M) and Ca2+ ions (10(-2) M) do not affect the functioning of the respiratory chain in isolated micrococcus membranes. Another derivative of the antibiotic with an increased distance of loaded amino groups from the cyclopeptide framework (diglycyl gramicidin S) affects the membrane in a way similar to that of natural gramicidin. Washing of gramicidin-treated membranes with NaCl enhances the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic on membrane enzymes. The data obtained suggest that in addition to ionic interactions some hydrophobic interactions also occur during gramicidin S binding to the bacterial membrane, probably at the expense of a hydrophobic peptide ring. It is assumed that gramicidin S, similar to Ca2+ and some other membranotropic agents provides for phase separation of negatively charged phospholipids from other groups of phospholipids, manifesting itself in an appearance of \"frozen\" sites on the membrane which destroys its barrier properties. This is due to the formation of ionic bonds of negatively charged phospholipids. Simultaneously, unlike Ca2+, gramicidin S, when interacting with membrane proteins, prevents their redistribution in more liquid parts of the membrane, which results in a situation when the respiratory enzymes become surrounded by alkyl chains with restricted motion.", "PMID": 66939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2309", "title": "Rhodopsin and other proteins in artificial lipid membranes.", "content": "Some basic aspects of incorporation of hydrophobic peptides and proteins in artificial lipid membranes are discussed. As examples valinomycin as a carrier model and gramicidin A as a channel former in lipid vesicles and in planar lipid membranes are presented. In the second part of the lecture some examples of incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid vesicles and planar lipid membranes are reported. The interaction with artificial lipid membranes of the Ca++ ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, of Rhodopsin, and of Bacteriorhodopsin is presented.", "contents": "Rhodopsin and other proteins in artificial lipid membranes. Some basic aspects of incorporation of hydrophobic peptides and proteins in artificial lipid membranes are discussed. As examples valinomycin as a carrier model and gramicidin A as a channel former in lipid vesicles and in planar lipid membranes are presented. In the second part of the lecture some examples of incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid vesicles and planar lipid membranes are reported. The interaction with artificial lipid membranes of the Ca++ ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, of Rhodopsin, and of Bacteriorhodopsin is presented.", "PMID": 66940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2310", "title": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and liver structure in mice acutely poisoned with carbon tetrachloride].", "content": "Experiments on male C57BL mice demonstrated that the CCl4 inhalation for 15 minutes in a concentration of 0.05 ml to 4 l of air caused deep dystrophic lesions of the liver with the signs of necrobiosis. The signs of regeneration and cellular infiltration appeared almost in 24 hours accompanied by the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein into the blood. The foci of necrobiosis disappeared completely in 4 days, being replaced by the lymphoid cells with large hepatocytes in the circumference. In the animals given hydrocortisone (20 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) for therapeutic or prophylactic purpose the regenerative processes were decreased, and the number of animals producing alpha-fetoproteins fell from 92 to 60--65%.", "contents": "[Effect of glucocorticoids on alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and liver structure in mice acutely poisoned with carbon tetrachloride]. Experiments on male C57BL mice demonstrated that the CCl4 inhalation for 15 minutes in a concentration of 0.05 ml to 4 l of air caused deep dystrophic lesions of the liver with the signs of necrobiosis. The signs of regeneration and cellular infiltration appeared almost in 24 hours accompanied by the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein into the blood. The foci of necrobiosis disappeared completely in 4 days, being replaced by the lymphoid cells with large hepatocytes in the circumference. In the animals given hydrocortisone (20 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) for therapeutic or prophylactic purpose the regenerative processes were decreased, and the number of animals producing alpha-fetoproteins fell from 92 to 60--65%.", "PMID": 66946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2311", "title": "[Adaptation to the action of several teratogens as a consequence of preliminary administration of pesticides to females].", "content": "The effect of DDT and lindane pesticides on the intensity of the teratogenic action of sodium acetylxalicylate (SA) and of the cabomate benlate group of pesticides was studied on Wistar rats given the mentioned pesticides from the onset of pregnancy. The teratogens were administered on the 10th and the 12th days of gestation, respectively. Preliminary administration of these pesticides was found to weaken the teratogenic and the embryotoxic action of benlate given in a dose of 250 mg/kg, and of SA administered in a dose of 400 mg/kg. When SA was given in a dose of 600 mg/kg preliminary administration of the pesticides decreased the postimplantation mortality of the embryos, but the number of fetuses with developmental anomalies was the same as in the isolated action of the preparation given in this dose.", "contents": "[Adaptation to the action of several teratogens as a consequence of preliminary administration of pesticides to females]. The effect of DDT and lindane pesticides on the intensity of the teratogenic action of sodium acetylxalicylate (SA) and of the cabomate benlate group of pesticides was studied on Wistar rats given the mentioned pesticides from the onset of pregnancy. The teratogens were administered on the 10th and the 12th days of gestation, respectively. Preliminary administration of these pesticides was found to weaken the teratogenic and the embryotoxic action of benlate given in a dose of 250 mg/kg, and of SA administered in a dose of 400 mg/kg. When SA was given in a dose of 600 mg/kg preliminary administration of the pesticides decreased the postimplantation mortality of the embryos, but the number of fetuses with developmental anomalies was the same as in the isolated action of the preparation given in this dose.", "PMID": 66947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2312", "title": "[Rhythmicity in the structure-functional changes in hepatocytes following exposure to pesticides].", "content": "The processes of dursban biotransformation during the liver perfusion in rats exposed to CCl4 and milbex for 4, 8 and 15 days (microsomal enzyme inhibitor and inducer, respectively) were studied. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes was examined in the animals treated with the mentioned poisons. Three stages of the structural and functional changes were revealed. Reconstruction of the dursban biotransformation ways occurred from the 8th day, i.e. the dialkylation processes were intensified, resulting in production of less toxic metabolites.", "contents": "[Rhythmicity in the structure-functional changes in hepatocytes following exposure to pesticides]. The processes of dursban biotransformation during the liver perfusion in rats exposed to CCl4 and milbex for 4, 8 and 15 days (microsomal enzyme inhibitor and inducer, respectively) were studied. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes was examined in the animals treated with the mentioned poisons. Three stages of the structural and functional changes were revealed. Reconstruction of the dursban biotransformation ways occurred from the 8th day, i.e. the dialkylation processes were intensified, resulting in production of less toxic metabolites.", "PMID": 66948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2313", "title": "[Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of frog skeletal muscle following application of colchicine to a motor nerve].", "content": "Experiments with application of colchicine to the muscle motor nerve carried out; this was done for the purpose of disturbance of rapid axoplasmic transport. A reduction of the areas of transverse sections of the muscle fibers, an increase in the number of fibers with a low succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity a greater homogeneity of the muscle fibers by the degree of optic density in staining for detection of the SDH activity was noted. Analogous changes were revealed under conditions of section of the motor nerve. However, denervation was accompanied by the block of conductivity and by degenerative changes in the nerve endings. As to the preparations treated with colchicine, transmission of excitation in the nerve and through the synapse was retained and was recorded by the end plate miniature potentials, end plate potentials and the action potentials of the muscle fibers. A conclusion was drawn that rapid axoplasmic transport brought substances maintaining differentiated state of the muscle fibers.", "contents": "[Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of frog skeletal muscle following application of colchicine to a motor nerve]. Experiments with application of colchicine to the muscle motor nerve carried out; this was done for the purpose of disturbance of rapid axoplasmic transport. A reduction of the areas of transverse sections of the muscle fibers, an increase in the number of fibers with a low succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity a greater homogeneity of the muscle fibers by the degree of optic density in staining for detection of the SDH activity was noted. Analogous changes were revealed under conditions of section of the motor nerve. However, denervation was accompanied by the block of conductivity and by degenerative changes in the nerve endings. As to the preparations treated with colchicine, transmission of excitation in the nerve and through the synapse was retained and was recorded by the end plate miniature potentials, end plate potentials and the action potentials of the muscle fibers. A conclusion was drawn that rapid axoplasmic transport brought substances maintaining differentiated state of the muscle fibers.", "PMID": 66949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2314", "title": "[In vitro and inhibition of anaphylactic reactions 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine].", "content": "1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIBX), a potent antiphosphodiesterase drug, inhibited the anaphylactic reactions both in vitro and in vivo: anaphylactic histamine release from the isolated mast cells of rats, anaphylactic contracture of the isolated trachea of guinea pigs, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice and anaphylactic bronchial constriction (ABC) in guinea pigs. MIBX inhibited the anaphylactic reaction of the trachea, PCA and ABC more than the corresponding reactions induced by histamine.", "contents": "[In vitro and inhibition of anaphylactic reactions 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine]. 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIBX), a potent antiphosphodiesterase drug, inhibited the anaphylactic reactions both in vitro and in vivo: anaphylactic histamine release from the isolated mast cells of rats, anaphylactic contracture of the isolated trachea of guinea pigs, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice and anaphylactic bronchial constriction (ABC) in guinea pigs. MIBX inhibited the anaphylactic reaction of the trachea, PCA and ABC more than the corresponding reactions induced by histamine.", "PMID": 66950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2315", "title": "[In vitro synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by individual hepatocytes and microcolonies of human hepatocytes].", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) produced by individual hepatocytes and hepatocyte microcolonies was detected with microelectrophoresis-precipitation in polyacrylamide gel. Hepatic cells of 6--13-week-old human embryos were cultivated in vitro for 2 to 5 days. 23 of 28 individual cells, and 89 of 91 microcolonies, built up of 2--35 cells, were demonstrated to produce AFP within the range of 70--800 pg per cell.", "contents": "[In vitro synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by individual hepatocytes and microcolonies of human hepatocytes]. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) produced by individual hepatocytes and hepatocyte microcolonies was detected with microelectrophoresis-precipitation in polyacrylamide gel. Hepatic cells of 6--13-week-old human embryos were cultivated in vitro for 2 to 5 days. 23 of 28 individual cells, and 89 of 91 microcolonies, built up of 2--35 cells, were demonstrated to produce AFP within the range of 70--800 pg per cell.", "PMID": 66951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2316", "title": "[Several structural characteristics of vital dyes].", "content": "Lymphocytes and macrophages of normal rats, cells of lymphosarcoma and ovarian carcinoma of rats (CC strain), cells of sarcoma 37 and lymphosarcoma Nk/Ly of mice were investigated for their capacity for vital staining by 86 days in concentrations within the range of 10(-5)--3-10(-2) M. It was found that alkylation of amino groups of the basic dyes increased their capacity for penetrating the living cells and depositing in their cytoplasm in cases of thiazine, oxazine, acridine, xanthene, diazine, and triphenylmethane compounds. The acid radicals decreased the capacity of the dye to vital staining of the cells considerably. The degree of basicity of the dye molecule and its amino groups played no decisive role in the process of vital staining.", "contents": "[Several structural characteristics of vital dyes]. Lymphocytes and macrophages of normal rats, cells of lymphosarcoma and ovarian carcinoma of rats (CC strain), cells of sarcoma 37 and lymphosarcoma Nk/Ly of mice were investigated for their capacity for vital staining by 86 days in concentrations within the range of 10(-5)--3-10(-2) M. It was found that alkylation of amino groups of the basic dyes increased their capacity for penetrating the living cells and depositing in their cytoplasm in cases of thiazine, oxazine, acridine, xanthene, diazine, and triphenylmethane compounds. The acid radicals decreased the capacity of the dye to vital staining of the cells considerably. The degree of basicity of the dye molecule and its amino groups played no decisive role in the process of vital staining.", "PMID": 66952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2317", "title": "[Modification of the method for staining DNA with basic dyes].", "content": "The author studied the mechanisms and the applicability in histochemistry of the sodium bisulfate treatment with subsequent toluidine and methylene blue staining after Felgen's hydrolysis. Bisulfite treatment proved to increase the reaction intensity 11/2-fold; the stain is bound stoichiometrically. Toludidine blue results in a metachromatic and anisotropic staining of the cell nuclei. The method is recommended as a sensitive test for DNA in cytochemical investigations and for the study of dichroism of the DNA-containing structures.", "contents": "[Modification of the method for staining DNA with basic dyes]. The author studied the mechanisms and the applicability in histochemistry of the sodium bisulfate treatment with subsequent toluidine and methylene blue staining after Felgen's hydrolysis. Bisulfite treatment proved to increase the reaction intensity 11/2-fold; the stain is bound stoichiometrically. Toludidine blue results in a metachromatic and anisotropic staining of the cell nuclei. The method is recommended as a sensitive test for DNA in cytochemical investigations and for the study of dichroism of the DNA-containing structures.", "PMID": 66953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2318", "title": "[Advantages in immunofluorescence of dichlortriazinylaminofluorescein conjugates isolated by single-step gel filtration].", "content": "The author describes a simple method obtaining dichlortriazinylaminofluoresceine (DCTAF) conjugates to human immunoglobulins and separation of their optimally labeled fractions. The single-stage method of the conjugate release from the nonbound flurorchrome and of a simultaneous separation of the optimally labeled fractions was carried out on Sephadex G-25 at pH 5.6--6.6 and at low ionic power of the eluate. Proteins overloaded with the dye are sorbed on gel according to their isoelectrical points.", "contents": "[Advantages in immunofluorescence of dichlortriazinylaminofluorescein conjugates isolated by single-step gel filtration]. The author describes a simple method obtaining dichlortriazinylaminofluoresceine (DCTAF) conjugates to human immunoglobulins and separation of their optimally labeled fractions. The single-stage method of the conjugate release from the nonbound flurorchrome and of a simultaneous separation of the optimally labeled fractions was carried out on Sephadex G-25 at pH 5.6--6.6 and at low ionic power of the eluate. Proteins overloaded with the dye are sorbed on gel according to their isoelectrical points.", "PMID": 66954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2319", "title": "Abnormalities in granule formation in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Granule formation was investigated in differentiating neutrophils of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by means of the combined techniques of electron microscopy and peroxidase cytochemistry. Two important pathologic features were observed: first, an abnormal concentration and packaging of peroxidase into Auer rods in leukemic promyelocytes, and second, the presence of Auer rods surrounded by single-unit membranes in some mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). An additional unexpected finding was the discovery of two distinct populations of PMN circulating concurrently; a minor (less than 5%) normal one that contained both peroxidase-positive azurophilic and peroxidase-negative specific granules and a major abnormal one characterized by the absence of specific granules. None of these abnormalities was observed during the two remissions of this patient's disease. During relapse a \"hiatus leukemicus\" occurred, which also revealed two populations of cells, a majority population of leukemic blasts, and a minority population of a few normal PMN. These findings documented several developmental abnormalities in the differentiating cells of myelogenous leukemia and also suggested that concurrent normal and abnormal populations of PMN may be a helpful diagnostic feature of a leukemic process.", "contents": "Abnormalities in granule formation in acute myelogenous leukemia. Granule formation was investigated in differentiating neutrophils of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by means of the combined techniques of electron microscopy and peroxidase cytochemistry. Two important pathologic features were observed: first, an abnormal concentration and packaging of peroxidase into Auer rods in leukemic promyelocytes, and second, the presence of Auer rods surrounded by single-unit membranes in some mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). An additional unexpected finding was the discovery of two distinct populations of PMN circulating concurrently; a minor (less than 5%) normal one that contained both peroxidase-positive azurophilic and peroxidase-negative specific granules and a major abnormal one characterized by the absence of specific granules. None of these abnormalities was observed during the two remissions of this patient's disease. During relapse a \"hiatus leukemicus\" occurred, which also revealed two populations of cells, a majority population of leukemic blasts, and a minority population of a few normal PMN. These findings documented several developmental abnormalities in the differentiating cells of myelogenous leukemia and also suggested that concurrent normal and abnormal populations of PMN may be a helpful diagnostic feature of a leukemic process.", "PMID": 66955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2320", "title": "Group-specific human granulocyte antigens on a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line with a Philadelphia chromosome marker.", "content": "Group-specific human granulocyte antigens are serologically detectable with granulocytotoxic-positive human alloantisera on a cell line, K562, of chronic myelogenous leukemia origin which bears a Philadelphia chromosomal marker. The same cell line lacks serologically detectable HLA, B2 microglobulin, and B-lymphocyte antigens. Granulocyte antigens are important cell markers for cell lines of suspected myeloid lineage.", "contents": "Group-specific human granulocyte antigens on a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line with a Philadelphia chromosome marker. Group-specific human granulocyte antigens are serologically detectable with granulocytotoxic-positive human alloantisera on a cell line, K562, of chronic myelogenous leukemia origin which bears a Philadelphia chromosomal marker. The same cell line lacks serologically detectable HLA, B2 microglobulin, and B-lymphocyte antigens. Granulocyte antigens are important cell markers for cell lines of suspected myeloid lineage.", "PMID": 66956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2321", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma with bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP).", "content": "Seventy-three patients with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma were treated with bleomycin, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin) and prednisone (BACOP), administered intensively during a 7-wk induction course followed by intermittent cycles every 3 wk for a total of 28 wk. The objective response in 44 evaluable nonleukemic patients with diffuse histology was 86%, with 66% achieving a complete remission (CR), varying from 80% for diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic (DPDL) to 56% for diffuse histiocytic (DH) lymphoma. In patients with nodular histology 89% (8/9) achieved a CR with a projected 75% of patiients in CR at 14 mo. Median follow-up from time of CR for nodular histology was 17 mo. The projected median duration of CR in diffuse histology was 14 mo. with median survival 14 mo. Patients with a partial response survived a median of 7 mo, compared to 3 mo for nonresponders. Of 29 patients with diffuse histology, 17 (59%) have remained disease free for 5-34 mo with a median follow-up of 12 mo. Survival beyond 20 mo has been projected for 42% of patients with diffuse histology (58% with DPDL and 32% with DH). The central nervous system (CNS) was involved in a total of 11/44 (25%) patients with diffuse histology, including 5 with primary CNS relapse. BACOP resulted in a higher CR rate and longer survival than a previous three-drug program (COP), especially in patients with diffuse histology.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma with bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP). Seventy-three patients with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma were treated with bleomycin, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin) and prednisone (BACOP), administered intensively during a 7-wk induction course followed by intermittent cycles every 3 wk for a total of 28 wk. The objective response in 44 evaluable nonleukemic patients with diffuse histology was 86%, with 66% achieving a complete remission (CR), varying from 80% for diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic (DPDL) to 56% for diffuse histiocytic (DH) lymphoma. In patients with nodular histology 89% (8/9) achieved a CR with a projected 75% of patiients in CR at 14 mo. Median follow-up from time of CR for nodular histology was 17 mo. The projected median duration of CR in diffuse histology was 14 mo. with median survival 14 mo. Patients with a partial response survived a median of 7 mo, compared to 3 mo for nonresponders. Of 29 patients with diffuse histology, 17 (59%) have remained disease free for 5-34 mo with a median follow-up of 12 mo. Survival beyond 20 mo has been projected for 42% of patients with diffuse histology (58% with DPDL and 32% with DH). The central nervous system (CNS) was involved in a total of 11/44 (25%) patients with diffuse histology, including 5 with primary CNS relapse. BACOP resulted in a higher CR rate and longer survival than a previous three-drug program (COP), especially in patients with diffuse histology.", "PMID": 66957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2322", "title": "Eosinophil colony formation in semisolid cultures of human bone marrow cells.", "content": "A method for in situ staining and scoring of eosinophil colonies and clusters in the whole culture dish has been developed for agar cultures of human marrow cells. Cultures stimulated by human placental conditioned medium were found to develop the same proportion of eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocyte colonies as cultures stimulated by conventional peripheral white cell underlayers. Eosinophil colonies and clusters always contained pure populations of eosinophils, and no mixed colonies of eosinophils with other cells were observed. Eosinophil colony formation was delayed in onset relative to neutrophil or monocyte colony formation, but by day 14 eosinophil colonies comprised 20% of all colonies. Eosinophil colonies were absent in cultures of marrow cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia in relapse, but eosinophil colonies and clusters were found with higher than normal frequency in cultures from acute leukemic patients in remission. A high frequency of eosinophil colonies and clusters was also observed in cultures from three patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The new staining procedure should permit a wide range of studies on eosinophil precursor populations in the marrows of patients with various diseases.", "contents": "Eosinophil colony formation in semisolid cultures of human bone marrow cells. A method for in situ staining and scoring of eosinophil colonies and clusters in the whole culture dish has been developed for agar cultures of human marrow cells. Cultures stimulated by human placental conditioned medium were found to develop the same proportion of eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocyte colonies as cultures stimulated by conventional peripheral white cell underlayers. Eosinophil colonies and clusters always contained pure populations of eosinophils, and no mixed colonies of eosinophils with other cells were observed. Eosinophil colony formation was delayed in onset relative to neutrophil or monocyte colony formation, but by day 14 eosinophil colonies comprised 20% of all colonies. Eosinophil colonies were absent in cultures of marrow cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia in relapse, but eosinophil colonies and clusters were found with higher than normal frequency in cultures from acute leukemic patients in remission. A high frequency of eosinophil colonies and clusters was also observed in cultures from three patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The new staining procedure should permit a wide range of studies on eosinophil precursor populations in the marrows of patients with various diseases.", "PMID": 66958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2323", "title": "[Problems of conductor demonstration in haemophilia A: error possibilities in the determination of factor-VIII-associated antigen].", "content": "Difficulties in the detection of haemophilia A carriers by the determination of the ratio factor VII  coagulation activity to factor VII antigen concentration are shown in part one of our investigations. The second part evaluates methodical parameters of the quantitative immunoelectrophoretic technique. According to our results reliable data can only be obtained under the following conditions: 1. At least three determinations of each sample are required and the mean value should be used as the final result. 2. Each gel plate should be calibrated separately 3. The calibration line should include values less than 100%. Factor VIII concentrates are not suitable for determination of the calibration curve, as higer dilution results in lower calculated concentration of the undiluted concentrate. Storage of pooled normal plasma at--25 degrees C is possible without significant loss of antigen concentration over 5 months. However, plasma samples of a single person show an unpredictable variation in the antigen concentration during storage over the same time.", "contents": "[Problems of conductor demonstration in haemophilia A: error possibilities in the determination of factor-VIII-associated antigen]. Difficulties in the detection of haemophilia A carriers by the determination of the ratio factor VII  coagulation activity to factor VII antigen concentration are shown in part one of our investigations. The second part evaluates methodical parameters of the quantitative immunoelectrophoretic technique. According to our results reliable data can only be obtained under the following conditions: 1. At least three determinations of each sample are required and the mean value should be used as the final result. 2. Each gel plate should be calibrated separately 3. The calibration line should include values less than 100%. Factor VIII concentrates are not suitable for determination of the calibration curve, as higer dilution results in lower calculated concentration of the undiluted concentrate. Storage of pooled normal plasma at--25 degrees C is possible without significant loss of antigen concentration over 5 months. However, plasma samples of a single person show an unpredictable variation in the antigen concentration during storage over the same time.", "PMID": 66959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2324", "title": "Lead levels in small mammals and selected invertebrates associated with highways of different traffic densities.", "content": "Lead levels in small mammals were studied in 6 areas -- 3 associated with highways of different traffic densities, and 3 control sites in forested areas. Lead levels were also studied in insects from 2 traffic areas and in earthworms from different distances from 2 traffic areas. Lead levels were low in insects ranging from 3.84 microng/g to 3.35 microng/g. Lead levels in earthworms were highest in those recovered closest to highways and from the area with the higher traffic volume. Lead levels in mammals generally was highest in mammals from areas of higher traffic densities. Higher levels of lead were found in shrews than in Peromyscus and Microtus.", "contents": "Lead levels in small mammals and selected invertebrates associated with highways of different traffic densities. Lead levels in small mammals were studied in 6 areas -- 3 associated with highways of different traffic densities, and 3 control sites in forested areas. Lead levels were also studied in insects from 2 traffic areas and in earthworms from different distances from 2 traffic areas. Lead levels were low in insects ranging from 3.84 microng/g to 3.35 microng/g. Lead levels in earthworms were highest in those recovered closest to highways and from the area with the higher traffic volume. Lead levels in mammals generally was highest in mammals from areas of higher traffic densities. Higher levels of lead were found in shrews than in Peromyscus and Microtus.", "PMID": 66960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2325", "title": "Prostatic obstruction in Sudan.", "content": "Prostatic obstruction is not uncommon among Africans. Senile hypertrophy of the prostate is a common condition in Northern Sudan, while it is rare in the south. This difference in incidence is probably due to environmental rather than genetic factors. Carcinoma of the prostate exists in both regions.", "contents": "Prostatic obstruction in Sudan. Prostatic obstruction is not uncommon among Africans. Senile hypertrophy of the prostate is a common condition in Northern Sudan, while it is rare in the south. This difference in incidence is probably due to environmental rather than genetic factors. Carcinoma of the prostate exists in both regions.", "PMID": 66962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2326", "title": "Homocytotropic antibodies (IgE) to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the rat and a cross-reactivity of heterologous gonococcal strains.", "content": "Outbred Wistar rats were immunised with a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 30 mg of A1(OH)3 and 100microng of gonococcal zeolite antigen (ZA). Ten days after immunisation, ZA prepared from T1 and T4 colonies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain GC6 (GC6-T1 ZA and GC6-T4 ZA) were able to elicit a reaginic (IgE) response which declined to low levels by 35 days. There was a significant amount of histamine release from the mast cells of actively-sensitised rats on challenge with a specific gonococcal antigen. The antisera heated at a temperature of 56 degrees C for four hours failed to elicit a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, indicating a lack of IgGa antibody. In addition antisera to GC6-T1 ZA gave a positive PCA reaction with GC6-T4 ZA and ZA prepared from T1 colonies of six heterologous gonococcal strains suggesting that these strains of N. gonorrhoeae share common antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Homocytotropic antibodies (IgE) to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the rat and a cross-reactivity of heterologous gonococcal strains. Outbred Wistar rats were immunised with a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 30 mg of A1(OH)3 and 100microng of gonococcal zeolite antigen (ZA). Ten days after immunisation, ZA prepared from T1 and T4 colonies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain GC6 (GC6-T1 ZA and GC6-T4 ZA) were able to elicit a reaginic (IgE) response which declined to low levels by 35 days. There was a significant amount of histamine release from the mast cells of actively-sensitised rats on challenge with a specific gonococcal antigen. The antisera heated at a temperature of 56 degrees C for four hours failed to elicit a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, indicating a lack of IgGa antibody. In addition antisera to GC6-T1 ZA gave a positive PCA reaction with GC6-T4 ZA and ZA prepared from T1 colonies of six heterologous gonococcal strains suggesting that these strains of N. gonorrhoeae share common antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 66964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2327", "title": "Axoplasmic flow in myelinated and unmyelinated nerves.", "content": "[14C]Leucine was injected into the floor of the IVth ventricle of rabbits in order to label the axoplasmic flow of proteins in the efferent fibres of the vagus nerve. At intervals from 6 h to 180 days after injection, the rabbits were sacrificed and the cervical and abdominal vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves removed. The radioactivity in the protein, lipid and low molecular weight fractions of the nerve segments was estimated by liquid scintillation counting. Two rates of axoplasmic flow were thus demonstrated in the abdominal vagus nerve; a fast rate of about 450 mm/day and a slow rate of 30 mm/day. This agrees very well with previous work. Peaks of activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve corresponded to rates of 9 and 270 mm/day, but their level was low, being not significantly above sciatic nerve background levels. The number of efferent fibres in the two nerves and the corresponding axonal areas were calculated in order to estimate the amount of labelled material in the flow. The abdominal vagus was shown to contain 4-5 times as much label per unit area of axoplasm as the recurrent laryngeal. A difference was therefore demonstrated in the same anatomical nerve between myelinated fibres in the recurrent laryngeal and unmyelinated fibres in the abdominal vagus nerve, both in the rates of flow and in the amounts of material contained in the flow.", "contents": "Axoplasmic flow in myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. [14C]Leucine was injected into the floor of the IVth ventricle of rabbits in order to label the axoplasmic flow of proteins in the efferent fibres of the vagus nerve. At intervals from 6 h to 180 days after injection, the rabbits were sacrificed and the cervical and abdominal vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves removed. The radioactivity in the protein, lipid and low molecular weight fractions of the nerve segments was estimated by liquid scintillation counting. Two rates of axoplasmic flow were thus demonstrated in the abdominal vagus nerve; a fast rate of about 450 mm/day and a slow rate of 30 mm/day. This agrees very well with previous work. Peaks of activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve corresponded to rates of 9 and 270 mm/day, but their level was low, being not significantly above sciatic nerve background levels. The number of efferent fibres in the two nerves and the corresponding axonal areas were calculated in order to estimate the amount of labelled material in the flow. The abdominal vagus was shown to contain 4-5 times as much label per unit area of axoplasm as the recurrent laryngeal. A difference was therefore demonstrated in the same anatomical nerve between myelinated fibres in the recurrent laryngeal and unmyelinated fibres in the abdominal vagus nerve, both in the rates of flow and in the amounts of material contained in the flow.", "PMID": 66965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2328", "title": "Release of protein from axons during rapid axonal transport: an in vitro preparation.", "content": "An in vitro system from the frog was used to study fast axonal transport and determine if transported protein is released from the axons. This preparation included the eighth and ninth dorsal root ganglia with their roots, sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle. The preparation was placed in three-compartment chamber with each compartment separated by a silicone grease barrier. The dorsal root ganglia were incubated in [14C]leucine for 5 h in compartment A. The labeled protein was transported down the axon from compartment A to compartment B. The sciatic nerve in compartment B was superfused with frog Ringer. This solution was collected in hourly samples and dialyzed to remove unincoprorated leucine before counting. Incubating the ganglia in 100 microng/ml cycloheximide in frog Ringer blocked the release of labeled protein from the axon. Superfusing compartment B with solution containing 100 microng/ml cycloheximide inhibited axonal and Schwann cell protein synthesis, but did not block the release of labeled protein. It was concluded that the labeled protein released into the superfusing solution was synthesized in the ganglia and transported to the axon before release. SDS acrylamide gels were used to separate the labeled proteins. Sectioning the gels in 2 mm slices and determining the radioactivity showed that 80-85% of the counts were contained in two fast moving bands.", "contents": "Release of protein from axons during rapid axonal transport: an in vitro preparation. An in vitro system from the frog was used to study fast axonal transport and determine if transported protein is released from the axons. This preparation included the eighth and ninth dorsal root ganglia with their roots, sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle. The preparation was placed in three-compartment chamber with each compartment separated by a silicone grease barrier. The dorsal root ganglia were incubated in [14C]leucine for 5 h in compartment A. The labeled protein was transported down the axon from compartment A to compartment B. The sciatic nerve in compartment B was superfused with frog Ringer. This solution was collected in hourly samples and dialyzed to remove unincoprorated leucine before counting. Incubating the ganglia in 100 microng/ml cycloheximide in frog Ringer blocked the release of labeled protein from the axon. Superfusing compartment B with solution containing 100 microng/ml cycloheximide inhibited axonal and Schwann cell protein synthesis, but did not block the release of labeled protein. It was concluded that the labeled protein released into the superfusing solution was synthesized in the ganglia and transported to the axon before release. SDS acrylamide gels were used to separate the labeled proteins. Sectioning the gels in 2 mm slices and determining the radioactivity showed that 80-85% of the counts were contained in two fast moving bands.", "PMID": 66966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2329", "title": "A positive difference in nature of envelopes of thymus- and uterus-derived leukemia viruses of AKR mice.", "content": "Thymus-derived leukemia virus of AKR/J mice was inactivated by anti-theta antiserum. But it was not inactiviated by the antiserum which had been absorbed with intact thymus cells of AKR/J or RF/J mice, and by anti-uterus-derived leukemia virus antiserum. In contrast, uterus-derived leukemia virus of the strain was not inactivated by anti-theta antiserum, but was neutralized by anti-uterus-derived leukemia virus antiserum. The results suggest the possibility that some constitutents of the envelope of thymus-derived leukemia virus are derived from the plasma membrane of thymus cells of AKR mice at the time of budding and that such constituents are not associated with the enveloped of uterus-derived leukemia virus.", "contents": "A positive difference in nature of envelopes of thymus- and uterus-derived leukemia viruses of AKR mice. Thymus-derived leukemia virus of AKR/J mice was inactivated by anti-theta antiserum. But it was not inactiviated by the antiserum which had been absorbed with intact thymus cells of AKR/J or RF/J mice, and by anti-uterus-derived leukemia virus antiserum. In contrast, uterus-derived leukemia virus of the strain was not inactivated by anti-theta antiserum, but was neutralized by anti-uterus-derived leukemia virus antiserum. The results suggest the possibility that some constitutents of the envelope of thymus-derived leukemia virus are derived from the plasma membrane of thymus cells of AKR mice at the time of budding and that such constituents are not associated with the enveloped of uterus-derived leukemia virus.", "PMID": 66971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2330", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV).", "content": "Twenty-four patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, resistant to the MOPP regimen, were treated with a combination of Adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV). Fifteen (63%) achieved objective remission, 14 partial remissions and one complete remission. The median duration of remission in this group of patients was 6.5 months; four of the 15 patients are still in remission (8+, 8+, 9+, 10+ months). Objective remission occurred rapidly within 1.5 months. Regression was evident in disease within nodes, lung, liver and bone. Toxic manifestations caused by ABDV were well tolerated and reversible. In one patient death was directly attributed to drug toxicity. This combination has produced a better rate and duration of remission than that reported with single agent chemotherapy in MOPP-resistant patients with Hodgkin's disease. In our hands, ABDV did not equal the recent results reported with Bleomycin-CCNU-Velban in  a seemingly similar group of patients.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV). Twenty-four patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, resistant to the MOPP regimen, were treated with a combination of Adriamycin, bleomycin, dacarbazine and vinblastine (ABDV). Fifteen (63%) achieved objective remission, 14 partial remissions and one complete remission. The median duration of remission in this group of patients was 6.5 months; four of the 15 patients are still in remission (8+, 8+, 9+, 10+ months). Objective remission occurred rapidly within 1.5 months. Regression was evident in disease within nodes, lung, liver and bone. Toxic manifestations caused by ABDV were well tolerated and reversible. In one patient death was directly attributed to drug toxicity. This combination has produced a better rate and duration of remission than that reported with single agent chemotherapy in MOPP-resistant patients with Hodgkin's disease. In our hands, ABDV did not equal the recent results reported with Bleomycin-CCNU-Velban in  a seemingly similar group of patients.", "PMID": 66972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2331", "title": "Bleomycin serum pharmacokinetics as determined by a radioimmunoassay and a microbiologic assay in a patient with compromised renal function.", "content": "Serum and plasma bleomycin concentrations were determined in a patient with renal dysfunction at two creatinine clearances. The results obtained with a new radioimmunoassay and the microbiologic assay were compared. It was shown: 1) that the clearance of bleomycin from the blood is markedly retarded in severe renal dysfunction, 2) that clearance of bleomycin varies with creatinine clearance, 3) that bleomycin is probably not dialyzable, 4) that determinations on serum and plasma were equivalent, and 5) that the radioimmunoassay and microbiologic assays gave equivalent results (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Bleomycin serum pharmacokinetics as determined by a radioimmunoassay and a microbiologic assay in a patient with compromised renal function. Serum and plasma bleomycin concentrations were determined in a patient with renal dysfunction at two creatinine clearances. The results obtained with a new radioimmunoassay and the microbiologic assay were compared. It was shown: 1) that the clearance of bleomycin from the blood is markedly retarded in severe renal dysfunction, 2) that clearance of bleomycin varies with creatinine clearance, 3) that bleomycin is probably not dialyzable, 4) that determinations on serum and plasma were equivalent, and 5) that the radioimmunoassay and microbiologic assays gave equivalent results (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 66973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2332", "title": "A phase II study of adriamycin (NSC 123127) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from Zambia and the United States.", "content": "Nineteen Zambian and 22 American patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with Adriamycin every three weeks in intravenous doses ranging from 20-75 mg/m2 (depending upon their initial serum bilirubin levels). Four of 16 (25%) \"good risk\" Zambian and American patients who received 75 mg/m2 had objective responses, while in five additional patients there was evidence of either transient tumor regression or disease stabilization. In contrast three of 25 \"poor risk\" patients who received 20-60 mg/m2 had objective responses. Even in this latter group, however, transient, objective signs of tumor regression were noted in four patients. The results of the present study confirm previous reports suggesting anti-tumor activity for high doses of Adriamycin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Since those responses seen were generally incomplete and transient, further clinical trials of this agent used in combination or sequentially with other agents are indicated.", "contents": "A phase II study of adriamycin (NSC 123127) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from Zambia and the United States. Nineteen Zambian and 22 American patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with Adriamycin every three weeks in intravenous doses ranging from 20-75 mg/m2 (depending upon their initial serum bilirubin levels). Four of 16 (25%) \"good risk\" Zambian and American patients who received 75 mg/m2 had objective responses, while in five additional patients there was evidence of either transient tumor regression or disease stabilization. In contrast three of 25 \"poor risk\" patients who received 20-60 mg/m2 had objective responses. Even in this latter group, however, transient, objective signs of tumor regression were noted in four patients. The results of the present study confirm previous reports suggesting anti-tumor activity for high doses of Adriamycin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Since those responses seen were generally incomplete and transient, further clinical trials of this agent used in combination or sequentially with other agents are indicated.", "PMID": 66974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2333", "title": "Biochemical evidence for viral-like characteristics in cerebrospinal fluids of brain tumor patients.", "content": "Previous work done in this laboratory has shown that human Central Nervous System tumors possess attributes in common with those found in RNA tumor viruses. Because of the intimate physical relationship between the circulating cerebro-spinal fluid and the Central Nervous System, particles derived from tumors in this system may very well be shedded into the surrounding fluid system thus displaying similar biochemical attributes. Twenty samples of cerebro-spinal fluids were examined. Fifteen were from patients with various types of tumors in various location of the Central Nervous System. Five were from patients with unrelated diseases. Eleven or 74% of those from tumor patients were found to be positive when simultaneous detection assays were done on their core structures. None of the control was positive. The [3H]DNA synthesized from core structures hybridized readily to polysomal RNAs from a solid tumor. Particles from them were found to have a density of 1.867 g/ml sucrose gradient.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence for viral-like characteristics in cerebrospinal fluids of brain tumor patients. Previous work done in this laboratory has shown that human Central Nervous System tumors possess attributes in common with those found in RNA tumor viruses. Because of the intimate physical relationship between the circulating cerebro-spinal fluid and the Central Nervous System, particles derived from tumors in this system may very well be shedded into the surrounding fluid system thus displaying similar biochemical attributes. Twenty samples of cerebro-spinal fluids were examined. Fifteen were from patients with various types of tumors in various location of the Central Nervous System. Five were from patients with unrelated diseases. Eleven or 74% of those from tumor patients were found to be positive when simultaneous detection assays were done on their core structures. None of the control was positive. The [3H]DNA synthesized from core structures hybridized readily to polysomal RNAs from a solid tumor. Particles from them were found to have a density of 1.867 g/ml sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 66975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2334", "title": "Properties of cell lines established from transitional cell cancers of the human urinary tract.", "content": "Characterization studies have been carried out on eight cell lines (253J, 192B, 639V, 647V, 486P, 575A,743E, and 751G) established from transitional cell cancers of the human urinary tract. Although subtle morphological differences exist among individual lines, each has an epithelial morphology and exhibits multilayering. The doubling times for the cells range from 20 to 56 hr, and at least a 1-to-3 split can be achieved when they are subcultured every 4th day. Karyotypic analysis revealed a hyperdiploid stemline for each cell line, and presence of a Y chromosome was confirmed by Q banding in five of the lines. The tumorigenic nature of the cell lines was demonstrated by their production of tumors in hamsters and confirmed by colony formation in agar. The transitional cell cancer lines were shown to be free of Mycoplasma, and their glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mobility patterns and their Karyotypes prove that they are not HeLa cells.", "contents": "Properties of cell lines established from transitional cell cancers of the human urinary tract. Characterization studies have been carried out on eight cell lines (253J, 192B, 639V, 647V, 486P, 575A,743E, and 751G) established from transitional cell cancers of the human urinary tract. Although subtle morphological differences exist among individual lines, each has an epithelial morphology and exhibits multilayering. The doubling times for the cells range from 20 to 56 hr, and at least a 1-to-3 split can be achieved when they are subcultured every 4th day. Karyotypic analysis revealed a hyperdiploid stemline for each cell line, and presence of a Y chromosome was confirmed by Q banding in five of the lines. The tumorigenic nature of the cell lines was demonstrated by their production of tumors in hamsters and confirmed by colony formation in agar. The transitional cell cancer lines were shown to be free of Mycoplasma, and their glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mobility patterns and their Karyotypes prove that they are not HeLa cells.", "PMID": 66978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2335", "title": "Isolation and identification of human lung tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Three human lung tumor-associated antigens (TAA's) have been identified in soluble and membrane-solubilized extracts of human squamous cell lung carcinoma with the use of antisera raised in rabbits. The antigens were identified and partially characterized by means of an agarose adsorption technique. These antigens, termed lung TAA's 1,2, and 3, are all soluble in 50% ammonium sulfate, are antigenically distinct, and do not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen or alpha-fetoprotein. Lung TAA's 1 and 2 are oncofetal antigens demonstrable in soluble extracts from 24-week-old but not from 26-week-old fetal lungs. Rabbit antibodies to these lung TAA's were not adsorbed by types A, B, and O human red blood cells, serum proteins as well as soluble or insoluble lung preparations. Of several commercial antisera to human proteins, none cross-reacted with lung TTA 1, but anti-human liver ferritin cross-reacted with lung TAA 2, and anti-human lactoferrin cross-reacted with lung TAA 3. Lung TAA 1 was partially adsorbed and cross-reacted with certain normal serum or plasma preparations used and appears to be a normal serum protein in Cohn Fraction IV-4. Lung TAA 2 and 3 appear only in lung tumor-soluble extracts, whereas the lung TAA 1 was demonstrable in soluble extracts of breast, colon, cervical and head and neck carcinoma. All may be tumor markers of value in immunodiagnosis.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of human lung tumor-associated antigens. Three human lung tumor-associated antigens (TAA's) have been identified in soluble and membrane-solubilized extracts of human squamous cell lung carcinoma with the use of antisera raised in rabbits. The antigens were identified and partially characterized by means of an agarose adsorption technique. These antigens, termed lung TAA's 1,2, and 3, are all soluble in 50% ammonium sulfate, are antigenically distinct, and do not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen or alpha-fetoprotein. Lung TAA's 1 and 2 are oncofetal antigens demonstrable in soluble extracts from 24-week-old but not from 26-week-old fetal lungs. Rabbit antibodies to these lung TAA's were not adsorbed by types A, B, and O human red blood cells, serum proteins as well as soluble or insoluble lung preparations. Of several commercial antisera to human proteins, none cross-reacted with lung TTA 1, but anti-human liver ferritin cross-reacted with lung TAA 2, and anti-human lactoferrin cross-reacted with lung TAA 3. Lung TAA 1 was partially adsorbed and cross-reacted with certain normal serum or plasma preparations used and appears to be a normal serum protein in Cohn Fraction IV-4. Lung TAA 2 and 3 appear only in lung tumor-soluble extracts, whereas the lung TAA 1 was demonstrable in soluble extracts of breast, colon, cervical and head and neck carcinoma. All may be tumor markers of value in immunodiagnosis.", "PMID": 66979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2336", "title": "Effect of bleomycin on the synthesis and function of RNA.", "content": "Bleomycin inhibits cellular RNA synthesis and the inhibition is nonspecific. The ratio of polyadenylate- [poly(A)] containing RNA to non-poly(A)-containing RNA in the drug-treated human lymphocytic cells, line Wil2, was the same as that in untreated cells. Poly(A) RNA isolated from untreated cells was used as a template for reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary DNA, which was then used as a probe to assay the sequence diversity of poly(A)RNA's from treated and untreated cells. It was found that essentially all of the poly(A) RNA's in the untreated cells were also present in the treated cells. The effect of bleomycin on the biological activity of messenger RNA (mRNA) was tested with globin mRNA in a wheat germ embryo translation system. Although bleomycin inhibited protein synthesis at high concentrations, the inhibition was not due to a modification of mRNA. This was evidenced by the fact that no decrease in the ability of mRNA to function in the test system was found when globin mRNA was pretreated with high concentrations of bleomycin followed by removal of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of bleomycin on the synthesis and function of RNA. Bleomycin inhibits cellular RNA synthesis and the inhibition is nonspecific. The ratio of polyadenylate- [poly(A)] containing RNA to non-poly(A)-containing RNA in the drug-treated human lymphocytic cells, line Wil2, was the same as that in untreated cells. Poly(A) RNA isolated from untreated cells was used as a template for reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary DNA, which was then used as a probe to assay the sequence diversity of poly(A)RNA's from treated and untreated cells. It was found that essentially all of the poly(A) RNA's in the untreated cells were also present in the treated cells. The effect of bleomycin on the biological activity of messenger RNA (mRNA) was tested with globin mRNA in a wheat germ embryo translation system. Although bleomycin inhibited protein synthesis at high concentrations, the inhibition was not due to a modification of mRNA. This was evidenced by the fact that no decrease in the ability of mRNA to function in the test system was found when globin mRNA was pretreated with high concentrations of bleomycin followed by removal of the drug.", "PMID": 66980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2337", "title": "Inhibition of the lethality of bleomycin A5 in L-cells by hirudonine.", "content": "The lethality of several individual bleomycin derivatives, i.e., the spermidine derivative (A5), The dimethyl sulfonium aminopropyl derivative (A2), and the agmatine derivative (B2), was compared on mouse fibroblasts. The spermidine derivative, bleomycin A5, was the most toxic, producing more than a 2-log drop in clonability in 50 hr at 20 microng/ml. 6-Azauridine, a relatively nonlethal inhibitor of RNA synthesis and cell multiplication, produced a 60% decrease of adenine incorporation into nucleic acids without inhibiting the lethal action of A5. This result differed from the effects of inhibition of RNA synthesis on the lethality of A5 in Escherichia coli. Hirudonine (1,8-diamidino-spermidine) markedly and specifically inhibited the lethal effects of A5 in L-cells but not in E. coli. However, hirudonine did not affect the toxicity of A2 and B2, separately or together, as it did in the mixture used clinically. Nor did arcaine (diamindinoputrescine) reduce the lethality of the agmatine (monoamidinoputrescine) derivative, B2.", "contents": "Inhibition of the lethality of bleomycin A5 in L-cells by hirudonine. The lethality of several individual bleomycin derivatives, i.e., the spermidine derivative (A5), The dimethyl sulfonium aminopropyl derivative (A2), and the agmatine derivative (B2), was compared on mouse fibroblasts. The spermidine derivative, bleomycin A5, was the most toxic, producing more than a 2-log drop in clonability in 50 hr at 20 microng/ml. 6-Azauridine, a relatively nonlethal inhibitor of RNA synthesis and cell multiplication, produced a 60% decrease of adenine incorporation into nucleic acids without inhibiting the lethal action of A5. This result differed from the effects of inhibition of RNA synthesis on the lethality of A5 in Escherichia coli. Hirudonine (1,8-diamidino-spermidine) markedly and specifically inhibited the lethal effects of A5 in L-cells but not in E. coli. However, hirudonine did not affect the toxicity of A2 and B2, separately or together, as it did in the mixture used clinically. Nor did arcaine (diamindinoputrescine) reduce the lethality of the agmatine (monoamidinoputrescine) derivative, B2.", "PMID": 66981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2338", "title": "In vitro stimulation and inhibition of tumor cell growth mediated by different lymphoid cell populations.", "content": "Spleen, lymph node and thymus cells from normal C57BL/6 mice or mice given injections 6 to 20 days previously with syngeneic methylocholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (B6MCA) cells were tested for their ability to mediate growth stimulation and/or inhibition of B6MCA cells in vitro. At an effector cell to tumor cell ratio of 10:1,, nucleated spleen cells from mice bearing the tumor for 6 days enhanced tumor cell growth. Neither lymph node nor thymus cells from tumor-bearing mice were stimulatory. Tumor cell growth was inhibited by either spleen or lymph node cells only when a ratio of 1000:1 was exceeded. Thymocytes, however, were inhibitory at a ratio of 100:1,. Lymphoid cells from normal mice were not stimulatory at low ratios or inhibitory at any ratio tested. Both stimulatory and inhibitory activities disappeared by Day 20. Filtration of sensitized spleen cells through a glass wool column did not remove stimulatory or inhibitory activities. Subsequent passage through a nylon wool column resulted in a loss of stimulation, but not inhibition, of tumor cell growth. Stimulatory activity was completely abrogated by treatment with either anti-theta or rabbit anti-mouse gamma-globulin serum. A 1:1 mixture of spleen cells treated with either antisera did not restore stimulation. Spleen cells from T-cell- or B-cell-deficient mice bearing the tumor for 6 days were also not stimulatory. The results suggest that immunostimulation of tumor growth in vitro is mediated by a lymphoid cell that is distinct from the cytotoxic effector cell.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation and inhibition of tumor cell growth mediated by different lymphoid cell populations. Spleen, lymph node and thymus cells from normal C57BL/6 mice or mice given injections 6 to 20 days previously with syngeneic methylocholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (B6MCA) cells were tested for their ability to mediate growth stimulation and/or inhibition of B6MCA cells in vitro. At an effector cell to tumor cell ratio of 10:1,, nucleated spleen cells from mice bearing the tumor for 6 days enhanced tumor cell growth. Neither lymph node nor thymus cells from tumor-bearing mice were stimulatory. Tumor cell growth was inhibited by either spleen or lymph node cells only when a ratio of 1000:1 was exceeded. Thymocytes, however, were inhibitory at a ratio of 100:1,. Lymphoid cells from normal mice were not stimulatory at low ratios or inhibitory at any ratio tested. Both stimulatory and inhibitory activities disappeared by Day 20. Filtration of sensitized spleen cells through a glass wool column did not remove stimulatory or inhibitory activities. Subsequent passage through a nylon wool column resulted in a loss of stimulation, but not inhibition, of tumor cell growth. Stimulatory activity was completely abrogated by treatment with either anti-theta or rabbit anti-mouse gamma-globulin serum. A 1:1 mixture of spleen cells treated with either antisera did not restore stimulation. Spleen cells from T-cell- or B-cell-deficient mice bearing the tumor for 6 days were also not stimulatory. The results suggest that immunostimulation of tumor growth in vitro is mediated by a lymphoid cell that is distinct from the cytotoxic effector cell.", "PMID": 66982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2339", "title": "Inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of bovine leukemia virus by antibody in sera from leukemic cattle and immunological characterization of the enzyme.", "content": "Sera from some leukemic cattle contain an antibody that inhibits the reverse transcriptase activity of the bovine leukemia virus. The antibody is not directed against the synthetic template or the major internal and envelope viral antigens. The antibody failed to inhibit the DNA polymerases of the murine leukemia virus, simian sarcoma-associated virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, or Escherichia coli. Conversely, the bovine leukemia virus enzyme was not inhibited by antibody against the reverse transcriptases of other C-type viruses. These findings agree with previous results showing that the major internal bovine leukemia virus protein lacks the known interspecies- and intraspecies-specific antigenic determinants indentified in the homologous proteins of other oncornaviruses.", "contents": "Inhibition of the reverse transcriptase of bovine leukemia virus by antibody in sera from leukemic cattle and immunological characterization of the enzyme. Sera from some leukemic cattle contain an antibody that inhibits the reverse transcriptase activity of the bovine leukemia virus. The antibody is not directed against the synthetic template or the major internal and envelope viral antigens. The antibody failed to inhibit the DNA polymerases of the murine leukemia virus, simian sarcoma-associated virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, or Escherichia coli. Conversely, the bovine leukemia virus enzyme was not inhibited by antibody against the reverse transcriptases of other C-type viruses. These findings agree with previous results showing that the major internal bovine leukemia virus protein lacks the known interspecies- and intraspecies-specific antigenic determinants indentified in the homologous proteins of other oncornaviruses.", "PMID": 66983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2340", "title": "In vitro cytotoxic and biochemical effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.", "content": "The in vitro effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) on cytotoxicity and macromolecular synthesis in A(T1)C1-3 hamster fibrosarcoma cells was investigated. The in vitro concentrations that produce 50% cell kill for 5-aza-CdR were about 1.0 and 0.01 microng/ml for a 2- and 24-hr exposure, respectively. 5-aza-CdR inhibited the growth of the fibrosarcoma cells by 40% at a concentration of 0.05 microng/ml. Deoxycytidine, but not cytidine, was a potent antagonist of the cytotoxicity produced by 5-aza-CdR. At cytotoxic concentrations 5-aza-CdR did not appear to inhibit DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis during a 1-hr incubation as measured by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine, uridine,, or leucine into acid-insoluble material. At a concentration of 10 microng/ml, 5-aza-CdR stimulated the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA by more than 50%. These results indicate that 5-aza-CdR is a very potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells in vitro at concentrations that do not inhibit macromolecular synthesis.", "contents": "In vitro cytotoxic and biochemical effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. The in vitro effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) on cytotoxicity and macromolecular synthesis in A(T1)C1-3 hamster fibrosarcoma cells was investigated. The in vitro concentrations that produce 50% cell kill for 5-aza-CdR were about 1.0 and 0.01 microng/ml for a 2- and 24-hr exposure, respectively. 5-aza-CdR inhibited the growth of the fibrosarcoma cells by 40% at a concentration of 0.05 microng/ml. Deoxycytidine, but not cytidine, was a potent antagonist of the cytotoxicity produced by 5-aza-CdR. At cytotoxic concentrations 5-aza-CdR did not appear to inhibit DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis during a 1-hr incubation as measured by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine, uridine,, or leucine into acid-insoluble material. At a concentration of 10 microng/ml, 5-aza-CdR stimulated the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA by more than 50%. These results indicate that 5-aza-CdR is a very potent cytotoxic agent to tumor cells in vitro at concentrations that do not inhibit macromolecular synthesis.", "PMID": 66984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2341", "title": "Increased primary cell-mediated immunity in culture subsequent to adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice.", "content": "Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater complement-independent cellular cytotoxic immune response during culture with allogeneic tumor cells than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A temporal and drug dose dependence of this effect was demonstrated. The changes in spleen cell population occurring in the donor mice consequent to drug treatment were evident in the nylon woll-adherent fraction of the spleen cells. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of specific progenitor or accessory cells in the spleen is increased consequent to drug treatment.", "contents": "Increased primary cell-mediated immunity in culture subsequent to adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice. Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater complement-independent cellular cytotoxic immune response during culture with allogeneic tumor cells than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A temporal and drug dose dependence of this effect was demonstrated. The changes in spleen cell population occurring in the donor mice consequent to drug treatment were evident in the nylon woll-adherent fraction of the spleen cells. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of specific progenitor or accessory cells in the spleen is increased consequent to drug treatment.", "PMID": 66985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2342", "title": "Reactivity of human brain antiserum with neuroblastoma cells and nonreactivity with thymocytes and lymphoblasts.", "content": "Brain-associated antigens have been detected on human and mouse thymocytes. Also, murine neuroblasts and brain cells have common antigens. In this study we compared the reactivity of rabbit anti-human brain (HB) serum with neoplastic neuroblasts and normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. The binding of HB antiserum to viable cells was assessed by immunofluorescence and an indirect radiolabeled antibody assay. HB antiserum reacted with greater than 80% of neuroblasts derived from two human cell lines and five children with neuroblastoma, but with less than 1% of human thymocytes, bone marrow lymphoid cells, and lymphocytic leukemia cells. HB antiserum also reacted with 5 to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Absorption with neuroblasts did not alt-r this reactivity. Rabbit antisera raised against normal human thymocytes and leukemic T-cells specifically bound to thymocytes but did not bind to neuroblasts. The reactivity of anti-HB serum against SK-N-SH neuroblasts was removed by absorption with HB, but not with human kidney or liver, or mouse and guinea pig brain. We conclude that human neuroblastoma cells possess cell-surface antigens that are present on HB. These antigens appear to be species specific and are not present on normal or malignant thymic cells. Conversely, thymus-associated antigens are not expressed on neuroblasts.", "contents": "Reactivity of human brain antiserum with neuroblastoma cells and nonreactivity with thymocytes and lymphoblasts. Brain-associated antigens have been detected on human and mouse thymocytes. Also, murine neuroblasts and brain cells have common antigens. In this study we compared the reactivity of rabbit anti-human brain (HB) serum with neoplastic neuroblasts and normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. The binding of HB antiserum to viable cells was assessed by immunofluorescence and an indirect radiolabeled antibody assay. HB antiserum reacted with greater than 80% of neuroblasts derived from two human cell lines and five children with neuroblastoma, but with less than 1% of human thymocytes, bone marrow lymphoid cells, and lymphocytic leukemia cells. HB antiserum also reacted with 5 to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Absorption with neuroblasts did not alt-r this reactivity. Rabbit antisera raised against normal human thymocytes and leukemic T-cells specifically bound to thymocytes but did not bind to neuroblasts. The reactivity of anti-HB serum against SK-N-SH neuroblasts was removed by absorption with HB, but not with human kidney or liver, or mouse and guinea pig brain. We conclude that human neuroblastoma cells possess cell-surface antigens that are present on HB. These antigens appear to be species specific and are not present on normal or malignant thymic cells. Conversely, thymus-associated antigens are not expressed on neuroblasts.", "PMID": 66986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2343", "title": "Macrophage processing of antigen for induction of tumor immunity.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated, that, after in vitro incubation of antigen with macrophages, the \"processed\" antigen preferentially induces cell-mediated immunity. To investigate this phenomenon with tumor antigens, mycobacteria-stimulated macrophages were incubated with irradiated syngeneic EMT6 tumor cells for varying lengths of time and injected into normal mice. On subsequent challenge with EMT6, there was a significant increase in protection in mice immunized with macrophage-processed tumor antigen over control animals. Mineral oil-stimulated macrophages were also capable of processing irradiated EMT6, but macrophages induced by thioglycollate or proteose peptone were not. Freeze-thawed mycobacteria-stimulated macrophages were nearly as effective as viable macrophages in processing tumor antigen, but heat-treated macrophages lost this capacity. The immunity generated was specific and could be passively transferred by immune cells but not by immune serum. The results indicate that incubation of tumor antigen with appropriately activated macrophages leads to the enhanced induction of immunity to the tumor. Macrophage enzymes may degrade tumor antigens to fragments with few antigenic determinants that preferentially induce cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Macrophage processing of antigen for induction of tumor immunity. Previous studies have indicated, that, after in vitro incubation of antigen with macrophages, the \"processed\" antigen preferentially induces cell-mediated immunity. To investigate this phenomenon with tumor antigens, mycobacteria-stimulated macrophages were incubated with irradiated syngeneic EMT6 tumor cells for varying lengths of time and injected into normal mice. On subsequent challenge with EMT6, there was a significant increase in protection in mice immunized with macrophage-processed tumor antigen over control animals. Mineral oil-stimulated macrophages were also capable of processing irradiated EMT6, but macrophages induced by thioglycollate or proteose peptone were not. Freeze-thawed mycobacteria-stimulated macrophages were nearly as effective as viable macrophages in processing tumor antigen, but heat-treated macrophages lost this capacity. The immunity generated was specific and could be passively transferred by immune cells but not by immune serum. The results indicate that incubation of tumor antigen with appropriately activated macrophages leads to the enhanced induction of immunity to the tumor. Macrophage enzymes may degrade tumor antigens to fragments with few antigenic determinants that preferentially induce cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 66987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2344", "title": "The clinical and physiological implications of hepatoma B12-binding proteins.", "content": "A serum B12-binding protein with increased sialic acid content (termed hepatoma B12-binding protein) that causes elevations of serum B12 and unsaturated B12-binding capacity has been found in some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma). We now report another patient with hepatoma with initial near-normal, unsaturated B12-binding capacity that increased 400-fold as the disease progressed and then fell 50% with response to chemotherapy. A perfusate of the tumor in the liver had 5 times more B12-binding protein than did the serum and was immunologically the same as the serum hepatoma B12-binding protein isolated from previous cases. A cell line derived from hepatoma produced significant amounts of B12-binding protein similar to hepatoma B12-binding protein, whereas cell lines from normal liver and other neoplasia did not. The hepatoma sera, perfusate, and media from the hepatoma cell line contained elevated sialyltransferase activity. These data suggest that some hepatomas produce increased hypersialylated B12-binding protein that is cleared slowly from the plasma and accumulates there as hepatoma B12-binding protein.", "contents": "The clinical and physiological implications of hepatoma B12-binding proteins. A serum B12-binding protein with increased sialic acid content (termed hepatoma B12-binding protein) that causes elevations of serum B12 and unsaturated B12-binding capacity has been found in some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma). We now report another patient with hepatoma with initial near-normal, unsaturated B12-binding capacity that increased 400-fold as the disease progressed and then fell 50% with response to chemotherapy. A perfusate of the tumor in the liver had 5 times more B12-binding protein than did the serum and was immunologically the same as the serum hepatoma B12-binding protein isolated from previous cases. A cell line derived from hepatoma produced significant amounts of B12-binding protein similar to hepatoma B12-binding protein, whereas cell lines from normal liver and other neoplasia did not. The hepatoma sera, perfusate, and media from the hepatoma cell line contained elevated sialyltransferase activity. These data suggest that some hepatomas produce increased hypersialylated B12-binding protein that is cleared slowly from the plasma and accumulates there as hepatoma B12-binding protein.", "PMID": 66988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2345", "title": "Effects of bleomycin on the epidermal content of growth-regulatory substances (chalones).", "content": "Hairless male mice were given 2 mg Bleomycin i.p. on two successive days. At different time intervals from 1 to 10 days after the last Bleomycin injection, groups of animals were killed and water extracts of hemogenized skin were made. These extracts, supposed to contain the epidermal G1 and G2 chalones, were injected into female hairless mice, and their growth inhibitory potency determined by two methods. 5 mg of lyophilized crude skin extract were injected i.p. together with Colcemid, and the animals killed 4 hr later. The number of Colcemid-arrested mitoses was determined, and was considered to be a measure of the G2 inhibitor present in the skin extracts. 10 mg of the same extracts were injected i.p., and these animals also got 3H-TdR i.p. 12 hr later, and were killed after a subsequent 30 min. The epidermal LI was determined, and was considered to be a measure of the epidermal G1 factor in the skin extracts. The results obtained were compared to the effect of Bleomycin alone and to the effects of skin extracts from non-Bleomycin-treated animals. The results show that Bleomycin provoked slight alterations in the growth-inhibitory potency of the G1 chalone, whereas significant effects were seen in the G2 chalone, There was an increased amount of growth-inhibiting factors on days 2 and 3, and on days 8-10. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the most probable hypothesis is that Bleomycin, in addition to its known inhibition by accumulation of cells with high growth inhibitory potency. An initial, additional direct effect of Bleomycin on the chalone system cammot be excluded.", "contents": "Effects of bleomycin on the epidermal content of growth-regulatory substances (chalones). Hairless male mice were given 2 mg Bleomycin i.p. on two successive days. At different time intervals from 1 to 10 days after the last Bleomycin injection, groups of animals were killed and water extracts of hemogenized skin were made. These extracts, supposed to contain the epidermal G1 and G2 chalones, were injected into female hairless mice, and their growth inhibitory potency determined by two methods. 5 mg of lyophilized crude skin extract were injected i.p. together with Colcemid, and the animals killed 4 hr later. The number of Colcemid-arrested mitoses was determined, and was considered to be a measure of the G2 inhibitor present in the skin extracts. 10 mg of the same extracts were injected i.p., and these animals also got 3H-TdR i.p. 12 hr later, and were killed after a subsequent 30 min. The epidermal LI was determined, and was considered to be a measure of the epidermal G1 factor in the skin extracts. The results obtained were compared to the effect of Bleomycin alone and to the effects of skin extracts from non-Bleomycin-treated animals. The results show that Bleomycin provoked slight alterations in the growth-inhibitory potency of the G1 chalone, whereas significant effects were seen in the G2 chalone, There was an increased amount of growth-inhibiting factors on days 2 and 3, and on days 8-10. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the most probable hypothesis is that Bleomycin, in addition to its known inhibition by accumulation of cells with high growth inhibitory potency. An initial, additional direct effect of Bleomycin on the chalone system cammot be excluded.", "PMID": 66992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2346", "title": "[Solubility of the neurosecretory products of Crepidula fornicata Phil., a prosobranch mullusk].", "content": "Study of solubility of neurosecretory products in Crepidula fornicata shows that the presence of ethanol in the fixative is incompatible with good fixation. This character permits the choice of a more effective extraction technique. An experimental study in organ culture shows that the action of differentiation of brain appears in the extract obtained by this method.", "contents": "[Solubility of the neurosecretory products of Crepidula fornicata Phil., a prosobranch mullusk]. Study of solubility of neurosecretory products in Crepidula fornicata shows that the presence of ethanol in the fixative is incompatible with good fixation. This character permits the choice of a more effective extraction technique. An experimental study in organ culture shows that the action of differentiation of brain appears in the extract obtained by this method.", "PMID": 66994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2347", "title": "[The neurosecretory cells of the cerebral ganglia and the nerve chain in the isopod crustacean Asellus aquaticus L. Cyclic variations in the beta type cells as a function of reproduction].", "content": "Asellus aquaticus L. cerebral ganglions and nervous cord contain seven types of neurosecretory cells; two of these are similar to Malacostraca beta and alpha cells. Female beta cells are the seat of cyclic acidophil variations which are connected to ovocyte growing; this acidophil secretion is superimposed on the basophil constant secretion in male and female beta pericaryons.", "contents": "[The neurosecretory cells of the cerebral ganglia and the nerve chain in the isopod crustacean Asellus aquaticus L. Cyclic variations in the beta type cells as a function of reproduction]. Asellus aquaticus L. cerebral ganglions and nervous cord contain seven types of neurosecretory cells; two of these are similar to Malacostraca beta and alpha cells. Female beta cells are the seat of cyclic acidophil variations which are connected to ovocyte growing; this acidophil secretion is superimposed on the basophil constant secretion in male and female beta pericaryons.", "PMID": 66995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2348", "title": "[Stimulation by isoprinosine of the antiviral effect of interferon].", "content": "With a single dose of interferon, isoprinosine greatly enhances the antiviral protection of Mice against the lethal effect of encephalomyocarditis virus (100 LD 50).", "contents": "[Stimulation by isoprinosine of the antiviral effect of interferon]. With a single dose of interferon, isoprinosine greatly enhances the antiviral protection of Mice against the lethal effect of encephalomyocarditis virus (100 LD 50).", "PMID": 66996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2349", "title": "[Isolation, from anti-dinitrophenyl sera taken at the beginning of immunization, of a protein combining with the hapten and which is not related to immunoglobulins].", "content": "A protein, not antigenically related to the immunoglobulins, has been isolated by affinity chromatography from the serum of rabbits immunized with dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin. Its concentration in the serum reaches maximum during the first three days which follow the injection. On \"Sephadex G-200\", it is eluted after the ribonuclease. Its electrophoretic mobility is slower than that of the IgG.", "contents": "[Isolation, from anti-dinitrophenyl sera taken at the beginning of immunization, of a protein combining with the hapten and which is not related to immunoglobulins]. A protein, not antigenically related to the immunoglobulins, has been isolated by affinity chromatography from the serum of rabbits immunized with dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin. Its concentration in the serum reaches maximum during the first three days which follow the injection. On \"Sephadex G-200\", it is eluted after the ribonuclease. Its electrophoretic mobility is slower than that of the IgG.", "PMID": 66997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2350", "title": "Improved staining characteristics of serum lipids after halogenation and esterification of thin-layer chromatograms.", "content": "We describe a procedure for treatment of thin-layer chromatographic serum lipid patterns so that they may be stained by dyes for evaluation by densitometry. After development of the chromatogram [Clin. Chem. 18, 384 (1972)] the plates are dried and sprayed with butyryl chloride. This esterifies the free cholesterol. After drying, the plate is treated with iodine monobromide, to add iodline to the double bonds. The triacylglycerols (triglycerides), cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, and phospholipids are now all in the form of esters with no unsaturated double bonds. The free fatty acids are also now saturated. The chromatogram is now stained with basic fuchsine in acetate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 5.0). Excess stain is removed with a buffered solution of guanidine hydrochloride. Erythrosine B may also be used. With basic fuchsine the background will be a uniform pink. With erythrosine B the background is white, but the stain tends to be washed out of the free fatty acids. The chromatograms are evaluated by densitometry, with use of a 540-nm filter for basic fuchsine and a 520-nm filter for erythrosine B. The stained chromatograms and densitometric scans accurately represent the relative concentration of the various lipid fractions as compared to that of an internal standard, and correlate with the nature of the disease being explored.", "contents": "Improved staining characteristics of serum lipids after halogenation and esterification of thin-layer chromatograms. We describe a procedure for treatment of thin-layer chromatographic serum lipid patterns so that they may be stained by dyes for evaluation by densitometry. After development of the chromatogram [Clin. Chem. 18, 384 (1972)] the plates are dried and sprayed with butyryl chloride. This esterifies the free cholesterol. After drying, the plate is treated with iodine monobromide, to add iodline to the double bonds. The triacylglycerols (triglycerides), cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, and phospholipids are now all in the form of esters with no unsaturated double bonds. The free fatty acids are also now saturated. The chromatogram is now stained with basic fuchsine in acetate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 5.0). Excess stain is removed with a buffered solution of guanidine hydrochloride. Erythrosine B may also be used. With basic fuchsine the background will be a uniform pink. With erythrosine B the background is white, but the stain tends to be washed out of the free fatty acids. The chromatograms are evaluated by densitometry, with use of a 540-nm filter for basic fuchsine and a 520-nm filter for erythrosine B. The stained chromatograms and densitometric scans accurately represent the relative concentration of the various lipid fractions as compared to that of an internal standard, and correlate with the nature of the disease being explored.", "PMID": 66998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2351", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Meckel syndrome: alpha-feto protein and beta-trace protein in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Meckel syndrome was diagnosed prenatally by alpha-feto protein and beta-trace protein determinations in amniotic fluid. No central nervous system anomalies were detected in the affected fetus, who presented with large polycystic kidneys and polydactyly. An excessive synthesis of these fetal proteins by the dysplastic kidneys is suggested, allowing for the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidneys in families at risk for this disease. The present family emphasized the importance of amniocentesis in pregnancies at risk for Meckel syndrome, regardless of the presence of a defect in neural tube closure.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Meckel syndrome: alpha-feto protein and beta-trace protein in amniotic fluid. Meckel syndrome was diagnosed prenatally by alpha-feto protein and beta-trace protein determinations in amniotic fluid. No central nervous system anomalies were detected in the affected fetus, who presented with large polycystic kidneys and polydactyly. An excessive synthesis of these fetal proteins by the dysplastic kidneys is suggested, allowing for the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidneys in families at risk for this disease. The present family emphasized the importance of amniocentesis in pregnancies at risk for Meckel syndrome, regardless of the presence of a defect in neural tube closure.", "PMID": 66999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2352", "title": "Cytological assessment of climacteric patients.", "content": "The cytohormonal method using the upper lateral vaginal wall is an inexpensive, rapid, painless, effective and simple technique for measuring hormone effect in the human. With proper safeguards, one can evaluate the proliferative effect of oestrogens. The astute experienced clinician can use this test as one of several parameters to study the menopause and some of its related metabolic and neoplastic conditions. The cytohormonal proliferated condition (KI) cannot, and should not, be used as the only criterion for diagnosis and therapy. The presence of cells showing low levels of proliferation would be a valid measure of oestrogen lack and clinical need. This evaluation of the low end of the proliferation scale (low intermediate and parabasal cells) would more likely be useful and certainly more consistent with cytohormonal reality.", "contents": "Cytological assessment of climacteric patients. The cytohormonal method using the upper lateral vaginal wall is an inexpensive, rapid, painless, effective and simple technique for measuring hormone effect in the human. With proper safeguards, one can evaluate the proliferative effect of oestrogens. The astute experienced clinician can use this test as one of several parameters to study the menopause and some of its related metabolic and neoplastic conditions. The cytohormonal proliferated condition (KI) cannot, and should not, be used as the only criterion for diagnosis and therapy. The presence of cells showing low levels of proliferation would be a valid measure of oestrogen lack and clinical need. This evaluation of the low end of the proliferation scale (low intermediate and parabasal cells) would more likely be useful and certainly more consistent with cytohormonal reality.", "PMID": 67000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2353", "title": "Protein clearances in chronic renal failure: a contribution to the pathophysiology of tubular dysfunction.", "content": "Glomerular selectivity is still conserved in chronic renal failure (CRF), although it is poor when compared with non-CRF. In addition, clearances per unit nephron of 15 plasma proteins (Cprot./Ccr X 100) are markedly elevated in CRF. This reflects an effect of osmotic diuresis on tubular reabsorption of proteins, which may partially account for the tubular dysfunction shown by the augmented excretion of the low molecular proteins, such as lysozyme and insulin. Besides this, there exists certainly tubular damage, since tubuloglomerular protein ratio (Clysozyme/Ctransferrin) rises with the progress of glomerular injury.", "contents": "Protein clearances in chronic renal failure: a contribution to the pathophysiology of tubular dysfunction. Glomerular selectivity is still conserved in chronic renal failure (CRF), although it is poor when compared with non-CRF. In addition, clearances per unit nephron of 15 plasma proteins (Cprot./Ccr X 100) are markedly elevated in CRF. This reflects an effect of osmotic diuresis on tubular reabsorption of proteins, which may partially account for the tubular dysfunction shown by the augmented excretion of the low molecular proteins, such as lysozyme and insulin. Besides this, there exists certainly tubular damage, since tubuloglomerular protein ratio (Clysozyme/Ctransferrin) rises with the progress of glomerular injury.", "PMID": 67008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2354", "title": "A systematic approach to the bedside differentiation of cardiac murmurs and abnormal sounds.", "content": "Fortified by knowledge gained from cardiac catheterization studies, a more precise physiologic approach to cardiac auscultation has evolved in recent years. This system involves observing changes in the characteristics of murmurs and abnormal sounds during respiration, the Valsalva maneuver, exercise, changes in posture, after pharmacologic agents and during arrhythmias, These techniques will aid in the accurate identification of the origin of the murmur or abnormal sound but do not necessarily indicate the presence or severity of cardiac disease. The auscultatory results must be interpreted in the light of the complete clinical evaluation, which may include the ECG, chest x-ray and echocardiogram. Thus, the careful physiologic approach to the physical examination represents a powerful noninvasive tool that, when combined with other noninvasive studies, can accurately diagnose cardiac disease in many patients without the necessity for cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "A systematic approach to the bedside differentiation of cardiac murmurs and abnormal sounds. Fortified by knowledge gained from cardiac catheterization studies, a more precise physiologic approach to cardiac auscultation has evolved in recent years. This system involves observing changes in the characteristics of murmurs and abnormal sounds during respiration, the Valsalva maneuver, exercise, changes in posture, after pharmacologic agents and during arrhythmias, These techniques will aid in the accurate identification of the origin of the murmur or abnormal sound but do not necessarily indicate the presence or severity of cardiac disease. The auscultatory results must be interpreted in the light of the complete clinical evaluation, which may include the ECG, chest x-ray and echocardiogram. Thus, the careful physiologic approach to the physical examination represents a powerful noninvasive tool that, when combined with other noninvasive studies, can accurately diagnose cardiac disease in many patients without the necessity for cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 67009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2355", "title": "The effect of cations on C-band formation in human chromosomes.", "content": "A number of salt solutions were tested for their ability to replace 2 X SSC in the production of C-bands with the so-called CT technique. Those containing monovalent cations, except for the ones with Ag+ ions, were capable of inducing C-bands in Ba(OH)2-pretreated human chromosomes. Cesium cations were the most effective in this respect. In contrast to the effect of the monovalent cations studied, di- or polyvalent cations (and Ag+ cations) were incapable of producing C-bands, but appeared to stabilize the Ba(OH)2-induced reverse-banding pattern, This stabilizing effect was obtainable with relatively low cation concentrations and persisted even when C-band-producing cations were present at the same time. The experiments clearly show that the cations present during salt incubations, generally used in the CT- and several other banding methods, can exert a pronounced influence on chromosome behavior.", "contents": "The effect of cations on C-band formation in human chromosomes. A number of salt solutions were tested for their ability to replace 2 X SSC in the production of C-bands with the so-called CT technique. Those containing monovalent cations, except for the ones with Ag+ ions, were capable of inducing C-bands in Ba(OH)2-pretreated human chromosomes. Cesium cations were the most effective in this respect. In contrast to the effect of the monovalent cations studied, di- or polyvalent cations (and Ag+ cations) were incapable of producing C-bands, but appeared to stabilize the Ba(OH)2-induced reverse-banding pattern, This stabilizing effect was obtainable with relatively low cation concentrations and persisted even when C-band-producing cations were present at the same time. The experiments clearly show that the cations present during salt incubations, generally used in the CT- and several other banding methods, can exert a pronounced influence on chromosome behavior.", "PMID": 67010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2356", "title": "Studies on sex chromosomes of four hamster species: Cricetus cricetus, Cricetulus griseus, Mesocricetus auratus, and Phodopus sungorus.", "content": "In this paper, we present an analysis of the sex chromosomes of four hamster species after application of different staining techniques. The mitotic X chromosomes show a striking similarity in G-banding pattern but rather great differences in their C-banding patterns. A presumably homologous euchromatic segment that exhibits two distinct G-bands appears in the X chromosome of each species. The Y chromosome of Cricetus cricetus is in contrast to those of the other species, because it reveals a relatively well-differentiated G- and C-banding pattern. In meiotic metaphase I, interstitial chiasmata can be found in the sex bivalents of Cricetus cricetus and Cricetulus griseus, whereas the gonosomes of Mesocricetus auratus and Phodopus sungorus sungorus are terminally associated. The regions that are involved in pairing or association are always heterochromatic.", "contents": "Studies on sex chromosomes of four hamster species: Cricetus cricetus, Cricetulus griseus, Mesocricetus auratus, and Phodopus sungorus. In this paper, we present an analysis of the sex chromosomes of four hamster species after application of different staining techniques. The mitotic X chromosomes show a striking similarity in G-banding pattern but rather great differences in their C-banding patterns. A presumably homologous euchromatic segment that exhibits two distinct G-bands appears in the X chromosome of each species. The Y chromosome of Cricetus cricetus is in contrast to those of the other species, because it reveals a relatively well-differentiated G- and C-banding pattern. In meiotic metaphase I, interstitial chiasmata can be found in the sex bivalents of Cricetus cricetus and Cricetulus griseus, whereas the gonosomes of Mesocricetus auratus and Phodopus sungorus sungorus are terminally associated. The regions that are involved in pairing or association are always heterochromatic.", "PMID": 67011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2357", "title": "Optical Studies of the interaction of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole with DNA and metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "The optical absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) with DNA and chromosomes were studied. There is a decrease in extinction coefficient and chift in the absorption spectra to a higher wavelength when the dye binds to DNA. The fluorescence of DAPI is enhanced by both A-T and G-C base-pairs. The enhancement by A-T rich is significantly greater than by G-C rich DNA. The chromosomes and the constrictions of human chromosomes 1 and 16; these regions are known to contain A-T rich DNA and show dull fluorescence when treated with quinacrine. This dye may be useful for identifying A-T rich region in chromosomes. The fluorescence of DAPI bound to polynucleotides or chromosomes is partially quenched by the introduction of BrdU. This suppression of dye fluorescence allows optical detection of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome region containing DNA with an unequal distribution of thymidine between polynucleotide chains after BrdU incorporation.", "contents": "Optical Studies of the interaction of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole with DNA and metaphase chromosomes. The optical absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) with DNA and chromosomes were studied. There is a decrease in extinction coefficient and chift in the absorption spectra to a higher wavelength when the dye binds to DNA. The fluorescence of DAPI is enhanced by both A-T and G-C base-pairs. The enhancement by A-T rich is significantly greater than by G-C rich DNA. The chromosomes and the constrictions of human chromosomes 1 and 16; these regions are known to contain A-T rich DNA and show dull fluorescence when treated with quinacrine. This dye may be useful for identifying A-T rich region in chromosomes. The fluorescence of DAPI bound to polynucleotides or chromosomes is partially quenched by the introduction of BrdU. This suppression of dye fluorescence allows optical detection of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome region containing DNA with an unequal distribution of thymidine between polynucleotide chains after BrdU incorporation.", "PMID": 67012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2358", "title": "Selective staining of Y chromosomal loops in Drosophila hydei, D. neohydei, and D. eohydei.", "content": "Modified Giemsa procedures have been developed which elicit differential and highly selective staining of individual Y chromosomal lampbruch loops in spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei, D. NEOHYDEI, AND D. eohydei. In all three species the Y loop pair known as the \"clubs\" stains a brilliant dark red with Giemsa at pH 10. With the same treatment other loop pairs either remain unstained, e.g. the \"threads\", or show a differentiation between light blue and pink staining material, e.g. \"pseudonucleolus\" and \"cones\" in D. hydei and D. eohydei. With eosin at pH 2.8 the \"threads\" in D. hydei can be stained intensely, as well as one matrical component of th \"pseudonucleolus\". Pretreatment with RNase or TCA removes all stainability from the Y loops with Giemsa at Ph 10. TCA treatment enhances eosin staining at pH 2.8. These and other variations of Giemsa may be utilized to establish homologies between Y loops in different species. The molecular basis of the staining reactions remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Selective staining of Y chromosomal loops in Drosophila hydei, D. neohydei, and D. eohydei. Modified Giemsa procedures have been developed which elicit differential and highly selective staining of individual Y chromosomal lampbruch loops in spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei, D. NEOHYDEI, AND D. eohydei. In all three species the Y loop pair known as the \"clubs\" stains a brilliant dark red with Giemsa at pH 10. With the same treatment other loop pairs either remain unstained, e.g. the \"threads\", or show a differentiation between light blue and pink staining material, e.g. \"pseudonucleolus\" and \"cones\" in D. hydei and D. eohydei. With eosin at pH 2.8 the \"threads\" in D. hydei can be stained intensely, as well as one matrical component of th \"pseudonucleolus\". Pretreatment with RNase or TCA removes all stainability from the Y loops with Giemsa at Ph 10. TCA treatment enhances eosin staining at pH 2.8. These and other variations of Giemsa may be utilized to establish homologies between Y loops in different species. The molecular basis of the staining reactions remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 67013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2359", "title": "[Treatment of inoperable oesophageal malignancies with a thermal probe (author's transl)].", "content": "In inoperable stenosing tumours of the oesophagus the problem arises of maintaining oral food intake. As malignant cells are more cold-sensitive than normal cells oesophageal tumours may be \"cold-coagulated\" with special probes. Preliminary results with this treatment in 28 patients are reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of inoperable oesophageal malignancies with a thermal probe (author's transl)]. In inoperable stenosing tumours of the oesophagus the problem arises of maintaining oral food intake. As malignant cells are more cold-sensitive than normal cells oesophageal tumours may be \"cold-coagulated\" with special probes. Preliminary results with this treatment in 28 patients are reported.", "PMID": 67017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2360", "title": "Maturation of evoked potentials and visual preference in 6-45-day-old infants: effects of check size, visual acuity, and refractive error.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and the percentage time fixated (PTF) were investigated in response to checkerboard light flashes in 10 human infaed as a function of the size of check in the evoking stimulus (diffuse light, 11, 22, 45, 90 and 180 min of arc), the refractive lens strength the checkerboards were viewed through (-6 to +6 diopters), and the age of the infants (6-26 or 27-45 days). Check size significantly influenced VEP amplitude in infants as young as 6 days. The 11' checks evoked greater responses that diffuse light suggesting a visual acuity of better than 20/220. Only the 27--45-day-olds behaviorally discriminated the checks, PTF  indicating an acuity of 20/120. Evoked potential refraction with spherical lention between VEP amplitude and check size measured from different VEP components at different ages indicated the function contained two modes or components. The first mode was inverted \"U-shaped\" and was obtained in response to check sizes less than 45'. It was primarily due to changes in amplitude of the early VEP components (less than 210 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was poorly correlated with the behavioral PTF measure. It was proposed that this mode reflected subcortical activity. The second mode was a linear increase in amplitude as check size was increased from 45' to 180'. It was primarily due to changes in the amplitude of late VEP components (240--400 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was highly correlated with the percentage time the infants fixated the various check sizes. It was proposed that this mode reflected cortical activity. Age selectively influenced the late VEP components and the PTF behavioral measure, these measures being influenced by check size only in the 27--45-day-old infants. This change in responsivity of late VEP components and the transition from passive to more active and discriminating visual preference, suggest the onset of increased cortical function between 28 and 45 days of age.", "contents": "Maturation of evoked potentials and visual preference in 6-45-day-old infants: effects of check size, visual acuity, and refractive error. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and the percentage time fixated (PTF) were investigated in response to checkerboard light flashes in 10 human infaed as a function of the size of check in the evoking stimulus (diffuse light, 11, 22, 45, 90 and 180 min of arc), the refractive lens strength the checkerboards were viewed through (-6 to +6 diopters), and the age of the infants (6-26 or 27-45 days). Check size significantly influenced VEP amplitude in infants as young as 6 days. The 11' checks evoked greater responses that diffuse light suggesting a visual acuity of better than 20/220. Only the 27--45-day-olds behaviorally discriminated the checks, PTF  indicating an acuity of 20/120. Evoked potential refraction with spherical lention between VEP amplitude and check size measured from different VEP components at different ages indicated the function contained two modes or components. The first mode was inverted \"U-shaped\" and was obtained in response to check sizes less than 45'. It was primarily due to changes in amplitude of the early VEP components (less than 210 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was poorly correlated with the behavioral PTF measure. It was proposed that this mode reflected subcortical activity. The second mode was a linear increase in amplitude as check size was increased from 45' to 180'. It was primarily due to changes in the amplitude of late VEP components (240--400 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was highly correlated with the percentage time the infants fixated the various check sizes. It was proposed that this mode reflected cortical activity. Age selectively influenced the late VEP components and the PTF behavioral measure, these measures being influenced by check size only in the 27--45-day-old infants. This change in responsivity of late VEP components and the transition from passive to more active and discriminating visual preference, suggest the onset of increased cortical function between 28 and 45 days of age.", "PMID": 67021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2361", "title": "Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. I. Electroencephalographic features.", "content": "Surface and depth recordings were made in 21 cats with generalized, parenteral penicillin induced epileptiform activity often assuming spike-wave forms, to obtain information on the structural substrate of \"spontaneous\" spike-wave rhythms. Recordings were made from neocortex, medial and lateral thalamus, hippocampus and brainstem reticular formation. Epileptiform activity first appeared in cortex and subsequently projected to depth structures. Occasionally, focal discharges could be seen in subcortical structures, but these generally did not spread to cortex. No consistent \"pacemaker\" was identified in cortex or depth. Bilateral applications of penicillin to cortex produced synchronous spike-wave bursts. In contrast, ventriculocisternal perfusion of penicillin solutions yielded synchronous cortical potentials which differed clearly in morphology and frequency from parenterally induced spike-wave bursts. During generalized activity, transcortical, intrahemispheric lesions interfered with ipsilateral synchrony. After transcortical section, projection of localized cortical bursts to thalamus did not necessarily result in \"recruitment\" of diffuse cortical regions into epileptiform activity. These results emphasize the importance of cortical circuitry and corticocortical connections in the genesis and synchronization of spike-wave rhythms.", "contents": "Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. I. Electroencephalographic features. Surface and depth recordings were made in 21 cats with generalized, parenteral penicillin induced epileptiform activity often assuming spike-wave forms, to obtain information on the structural substrate of \"spontaneous\" spike-wave rhythms. Recordings were made from neocortex, medial and lateral thalamus, hippocampus and brainstem reticular formation. Epileptiform activity first appeared in cortex and subsequently projected to depth structures. Occasionally, focal discharges could be seen in subcortical structures, but these generally did not spread to cortex. No consistent \"pacemaker\" was identified in cortex or depth. Bilateral applications of penicillin to cortex produced synchronous spike-wave bursts. In contrast, ventriculocisternal perfusion of penicillin solutions yielded synchronous cortical potentials which differed clearly in morphology and frequency from parenterally induced spike-wave bursts. During generalized activity, transcortical, intrahemispheric lesions interfered with ipsilateral synchrony. After transcortical section, projection of localized cortical bursts to thalamus did not necessarily result in \"recruitment\" of diffuse cortical regions into epileptiform activity. These results emphasize the importance of cortical circuitry and corticocortical connections in the genesis and synchronization of spike-wave rhythms.", "PMID": 67022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2362", "title": "Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. II. Cellular features.", "content": "Epileptiform potentials, consisting of spontaneous, generalized bursts frequently assuming a 3/sec spike-wave form and tonic clonic electrographic seizures were produced in 32 lightly anesthetized cats by parenteral injections of penicillin. The activity of 83 identified pyramidal tract cells and 207 cortical non-pyramidal tract cells was correlated with the surface EEG. The majority of both cell types generated depolarizations and action potentials with the EEG spike. Hyperpolarizations, during which cells were inhibited, followed the depolarizations. The depolarizations responded to injected current as if they were generated by excitatory synapses; and hyperpolarizations to injected current and chloride ions as if generated by proximal inhibitory synapses. Attempts to identify a class of neurons firing during the surface-negative wave (presumed inhibitory interneurons) were unsuccessful. Forty-two units were recorded during tonic-clonic seizures. Intracellular records disclosed tonic oscillations of membrane potential, phased bursting with \"depolarization shifts\", abortive action potentials and post-ictal hyperpolarizations. Cell somata often depolarized to the point of inactivation, but axons continued to fire at high rates. These results emphasize the role of EPSP-IPSP sequences in the generation of spike-wave rhythms.", "contents": "Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. II. Cellular features. Epileptiform potentials, consisting of spontaneous, generalized bursts frequently assuming a 3/sec spike-wave form and tonic clonic electrographic seizures were produced in 32 lightly anesthetized cats by parenteral injections of penicillin. The activity of 83 identified pyramidal tract cells and 207 cortical non-pyramidal tract cells was correlated with the surface EEG. The majority of both cell types generated depolarizations and action potentials with the EEG spike. Hyperpolarizations, during which cells were inhibited, followed the depolarizations. The depolarizations responded to injected current as if they were generated by excitatory synapses; and hyperpolarizations to injected current and chloride ions as if generated by proximal inhibitory synapses. Attempts to identify a class of neurons firing during the surface-negative wave (presumed inhibitory interneurons) were unsuccessful. Forty-two units were recorded during tonic-clonic seizures. Intracellular records disclosed tonic oscillations of membrane potential, phased bursting with \"depolarization shifts\", abortive action potentials and post-ictal hyperpolarizations. Cell somata often depolarized to the point of inactivation, but axons continued to fire at high rates. These results emphasize the role of EPSP-IPSP sequences in the generation of spike-wave rhythms.", "PMID": 67023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2363", "title": "Pathophysiology of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat: the role of cortical and subcortical structures. I. Systemic application of penicillin.", "content": "The mechanism of precipitation of generalized epileptiform discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy, a model of human generalized corticoreticular ('centrencephalic') epilepsy, was studied in acute and chronic experiments in cats with implanted skull and intracerebral electrodes. Single shock and low frequency repetitive stimulation of subcortical sites from which prior to penicillin administration spindle activity and recruiting responses could be elicited, readily triggered epileptiform discharges in the same animals after penicillin. These structures comprised the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, the neostriatum, and some posterior thalamic association nuclei (Pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior). Subcortical and cortical structures which prior to penicillin elicited neither spindle activity nor recruiting responses were significantly less effective in  triggering generalized epileptic bursts after penicillin injection. The probability with which such bursts were elicited from these structures was still, however, in many instances above chance level. It is concluded that the generalized epileptiform discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy can be triggered from a large number of brain sites, but most reliably so from subcortical nuclei involved in spindle generation and recruiting responses. The experimental evidence presented still does not allow one to determine whether epileptic alteration of neuronal function in this form of epilepsy primarily resides in cortical or subcortical nerve cells or in both.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat: the role of cortical and subcortical structures. I. Systemic application of penicillin. The mechanism of precipitation of generalized epileptiform discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy, a model of human generalized corticoreticular ('centrencephalic') epilepsy, was studied in acute and chronic experiments in cats with implanted skull and intracerebral electrodes. Single shock and low frequency repetitive stimulation of subcortical sites from which prior to penicillin administration spindle activity and recruiting responses could be elicited, readily triggered epileptiform discharges in the same animals after penicillin. These structures comprised the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei, the neostriatum, and some posterior thalamic association nuclei (Pulvinar and nucleus lateralis posterior). Subcortical and cortical structures which prior to penicillin elicited neither spindle activity nor recruiting responses were significantly less effective in  triggering generalized epileptic bursts after penicillin injection. The probability with which such bursts were elicited from these structures was still, however, in many instances above chance level. It is concluded that the generalized epileptiform discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy can be triggered from a large number of brain sites, but most reliably so from subcortical nuclei involved in spindle generation and recruiting responses. The experimental evidence presented still does not allow one to determine whether epileptic alteration of neuronal function in this form of epilepsy primarily resides in cortical or subcortical nerve cells or in both.", "PMID": 67024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2364", "title": "Sources of frequency following responses (FFR) in man.", "content": "In order to study the sources and pathways which are responsible for the frequency following response (FFR), records were made in control subjects and in patients with special types of lesion and response. It has already been shown that the FFR in normal subjects to tone bursts with single onset phases is made up of a short latency cochlear microphonic potential (CM) and a longer latency neural component (neural FFR). No neural FFR could be recorded in patients with upper brain-stem lesions (absence of click-evoked responses from the inferior colliculus along with clinical signs of such a lesion). Their FFR was exclusively a cochlear microphonic potential, thus demonstrating that the neural FFR with a latency of 6 msec is generated in the region of the inferior colliculus. Also in subjects with large post-auricular muscle (PAM) responses, the PAM can contribute to the FFR, with a latency of 10 msec. In patients with high-tone hearing loss due to acoustic trauma, no CM could be recorded while a neural FFR with a latency of 6 msec was present. This indicates that the CM recorded by this technique may be generated in the basal turn. It also demonstrates that the pathway of the neural FFR begins in the apical turn of the cochlea.", "contents": "Sources of frequency following responses (FFR) in man. In order to study the sources and pathways which are responsible for the frequency following response (FFR), records were made in control subjects and in patients with special types of lesion and response. It has already been shown that the FFR in normal subjects to tone bursts with single onset phases is made up of a short latency cochlear microphonic potential (CM) and a longer latency neural component (neural FFR). No neural FFR could be recorded in patients with upper brain-stem lesions (absence of click-evoked responses from the inferior colliculus along with clinical signs of such a lesion). Their FFR was exclusively a cochlear microphonic potential, thus demonstrating that the neural FFR with a latency of 6 msec is generated in the region of the inferior colliculus. Also in subjects with large post-auricular muscle (PAM) responses, the PAM can contribute to the FFR, with a latency of 10 msec. In patients with high-tone hearing loss due to acoustic trauma, no CM could be recorded while a neural FFR with a latency of 6 msec was present. This indicates that the CM recorded by this technique may be generated in the basal turn. It also demonstrates that the pathway of the neural FFR begins in the apical turn of the cochlea.", "PMID": 67025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2365", "title": "Electroencephalographic changes in the dominant hemisphere during memorizing and reasoning.", "content": "The EEG was recorded with bipolar technique in ten normal subjects in the frontal, temporal and occipital regions of the dominant hemisphere in four situations: (1) during an auditory memory test, (2) during 'auditory rest' (listening to white noise), (3) during a visual reasoning test and (4) during 'visual rest' (watching a black dot on a white screen). Computer analysis of the EEG was made by (a) an on-line automatic EEG analyser yielding measures of mean power, mean frequency and frequency spread (complexity) and (b) an off-line period-amplitude (P-A) analysis, which gave per cent activity time and mean voltage in 21 frequency bands. As compared to auditory rest the auditory memory test gave an amplitude increase frontally in the alpha, theta, and delta bands. During the visual reasoning test there was in addition an amplitude increase in the alpha band in the temporal region. During the auditory test a tendency to a decrease of the alpha activity was seen in all three regions but this decrease occurred only occipitally during the visual test. The two types of mental activity thus induced two patterns of regional EEG changes. These showed principal similarities to regional cerebral blood flow patterns which have been recorded during visual and auditory tests of about the same types as those used in the present study.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic changes in the dominant hemisphere during memorizing and reasoning. The EEG was recorded with bipolar technique in ten normal subjects in the frontal, temporal and occipital regions of the dominant hemisphere in four situations: (1) during an auditory memory test, (2) during 'auditory rest' (listening to white noise), (3) during a visual reasoning test and (4) during 'visual rest' (watching a black dot on a white screen). Computer analysis of the EEG was made by (a) an on-line automatic EEG analyser yielding measures of mean power, mean frequency and frequency spread (complexity) and (b) an off-line period-amplitude (P-A) analysis, which gave per cent activity time and mean voltage in 21 frequency bands. As compared to auditory rest the auditory memory test gave an amplitude increase frontally in the alpha, theta, and delta bands. During the visual reasoning test there was in addition an amplitude increase in the alpha band in the temporal region. During the auditory test a tendency to a decrease of the alpha activity was seen in all three regions but this decrease occurred only occipitally during the visual test. The two types of mental activity thus induced two patterns of regional EEG changes. These showed principal similarities to regional cerebral blood flow patterns which have been recorded during visual and auditory tests of about the same types as those used in the present study.", "PMID": 67026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2366", "title": "The action of lithium carbonate on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of lithium carbonate on manic-depressive psychosis is now universally recognized. In view of this positive action on the cyclic endogenous manifestations, it was interesting to investigate the possible effects of lithium on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. Polygraphic recording from three adults cats was carried out during 24 h periods before, and on different days after, beginning treatment with lithium carbonate. With low doses (30 and 50 mg/kg/day), important morphological changes were observed 5 days later while a new balance of the sleep-waking stages occurred. The EEG of each stage was characterized by slowing and amplitude increase of the different frequencies. The rhythms which appeared in long runs during quiet wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS) in the somaethetic cortex (mu rhythm) and the visual areas (alpha rhythm) were increased, slowed and almost continuously present. From the quantitative point of view, the percentage of time of deep slow wave sleep (DSWS) was increased from 38% to 55%. Conversely, the waking and PS times were both reduced, the latter from 18% to 10%. In contrast with human data, the mean duration of PS episodes was unchanged. Furthermore, lithium induced a slight dissociation between EEG activity and waking behaviour. With toxic dose (90 mg/kg/day) all the above changes were again observed, but more conspicuously. During wakefulness and SWS, bursts of generalized paroxysmal events appeared, in frequent association with a myoclonic jerk. SP became atypical and its percentage of time was drastically reduced.", "contents": "The action of lithium carbonate on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. The therapeutic effect of lithium carbonate on manic-depressive psychosis is now universally recognized. In view of this positive action on the cyclic endogenous manifestations, it was interesting to investigate the possible effects of lithium on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. Polygraphic recording from three adults cats was carried out during 24 h periods before, and on different days after, beginning treatment with lithium carbonate. With low doses (30 and 50 mg/kg/day), important morphological changes were observed 5 days later while a new balance of the sleep-waking stages occurred. The EEG of each stage was characterized by slowing and amplitude increase of the different frequencies. The rhythms which appeared in long runs during quiet wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS) in the somaethetic cortex (mu rhythm) and the visual areas (alpha rhythm) were increased, slowed and almost continuously present. From the quantitative point of view, the percentage of time of deep slow wave sleep (DSWS) was increased from 38% to 55%. Conversely, the waking and PS times were both reduced, the latter from 18% to 10%. In contrast with human data, the mean duration of PS episodes was unchanged. Furthermore, lithium induced a slight dissociation between EEG activity and waking behaviour. With toxic dose (90 mg/kg/day) all the above changes were again observed, but more conspicuously. During wakefulness and SWS, bursts of generalized paroxysmal events appeared, in frequent association with a myoclonic jerk. SP became atypical and its percentage of time was drastically reduced.", "PMID": 67027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2367", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in children. A rheoencephalographic study of the modifications induced by reading.", "content": "Cerebral impedance changes (F changes) indicating cerebral blood flow were studied in 17 children aged 6-11 years and in 10 normal adults. At rest, large values were found in children, who never exhibited the 'hyperfrontality' pattern of the adults. Reading induced an F increase in both the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres, in contrast with a larger increase in the dominant hemisphere in adults. A spatial test was designed in adults which triggered a larger increase in the non-dominant hemisphere.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in children. A rheoencephalographic study of the modifications induced by reading. Cerebral impedance changes (F changes) indicating cerebral blood flow were studied in 17 children aged 6-11 years and in 10 normal adults. At rest, large values were found in children, who never exhibited the 'hyperfrontality' pattern of the adults. Reading induced an F increase in both the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres, in contrast with a larger increase in the dominant hemisphere in adults. A spatial test was designed in adults which triggered a larger increase in the non-dominant hemisphere.", "PMID": 67028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2368", "title": "Reversible profound depression of cerebral electrical activity in hyperthermia.", "content": "Transient major reduction of EEG activity in an hyperpyrexic patient (rectal temperature 42.5 degrees C) and transient isoelectric ECoG during accidental hyperthermia (rectal temperature 41.8 degrees C) in a Rhesus monkey are reported. Since recovery of electrocortical activity occurred in both instance this implies that in hyperthermia, as well as in hypothermia, an isoelectric EEG may not indicate irreversible brain damage.", "contents": "Reversible profound depression of cerebral electrical activity in hyperthermia. Transient major reduction of EEG activity in an hyperpyrexic patient (rectal temperature 42.5 degrees C) and transient isoelectric ECoG during accidental hyperthermia (rectal temperature 41.8 degrees C) in a Rhesus monkey are reported. Since recovery of electrocortical activity occurred in both instance this implies that in hyperthermia, as well as in hypothermia, an isoelectric EEG may not indicate irreversible brain damage.", "PMID": 67029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2369", "title": "Effects of selective attention on the late components of evoked potentials in man.", "content": "Vertex and specific evoked potentials to visual and cutaneous stimuli were recorded in 6 subjects. The delivery of roughly equal numbers of flashes and shocks was paced by the subjects themselves. They also had to choose which stimulus they would be given next; 9 times out of 10 the stimulus matched the subject's expectation and stimuli from the unexpected modality were given randomly 1 time out of 10 on the average. No task was required after the stimulus occurrence. Cortical evoked potentials (CEPs) to unexpected stimuli were averaged and compared with CEPs the major difference consisted in large N2 and P3 waves in response to unexpected stimuli; no difference was observed in the amplitude of the N1 wave. In specific CEPs unexpected stimuli also elicited N2 and P3 waves; in addition N1 showed a slight tendency to be higher in CEPs to unexpected stimuli,", "contents": "Effects of selective attention on the late components of evoked potentials in man. Vertex and specific evoked potentials to visual and cutaneous stimuli were recorded in 6 subjects. The delivery of roughly equal numbers of flashes and shocks was paced by the subjects themselves. They also had to choose which stimulus they would be given next; 9 times out of 10 the stimulus matched the subject's expectation and stimuli from the unexpected modality were given randomly 1 time out of 10 on the average. No task was required after the stimulus occurrence. Cortical evoked potentials (CEPs) to unexpected stimuli were averaged and compared with CEPs the major difference consisted in large N2 and P3 waves in response to unexpected stimuli; no difference was observed in the amplitude of the N1 wave. In specific CEPs unexpected stimuli also elicited N2 and P3 waves; in addition N1 showed a slight tendency to be higher in CEPs to unexpected stimuli,", "PMID": 67030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2370", "title": "VEP and AEP variability: interlaboratory vs. intralaboratory and intersession vs. intrasession variability.", "content": "The VEP and AEP of a normal adult were recorded at single sessions in five laboratories that used different instrumentation. The results were compared with VEP and AEP data recorded at eight weekly testing sessions at one of the labs. The interlaboratory standard deviation was found to be over twice as large as the intralaboratory standard deviation measured over an eight week period. Intrasession EP variability was significantly less than intersession variability.", "contents": "VEP and AEP variability: interlaboratory vs. intralaboratory and intersession vs. intrasession variability. The VEP and AEP of a normal adult were recorded at single sessions in five laboratories that used different instrumentation. The results were compared with VEP and AEP data recorded at eight weekly testing sessions at one of the labs. The interlaboratory standard deviation was found to be over twice as large as the intralaboratory standard deviation measured over an eight week period. Intrasession EP variability was significantly less than intersession variability.", "PMID": 67031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2371", "title": "Sequential discharges of phasic waves in the pontine oculomotor system during paradoxical sleep in chronic mesencephalic and decorticate cats.", "content": "The temporal organization of sequences of phasic activity (PGO) in the pontine oculomotor system during paradoxical sleep was compared in normal cats, in \"mesencephalic\" preparations, and in completely decorticated animals. After both types of operation, PGO discharges lost their random character, becoming grouped in bursts separated by long intervals. These observations suggest that the cerebral cortex is involved in the regulation of patterns of PGO sequences.", "contents": "Sequential discharges of phasic waves in the pontine oculomotor system during paradoxical sleep in chronic mesencephalic and decorticate cats. The temporal organization of sequences of phasic activity (PGO) in the pontine oculomotor system during paradoxical sleep was compared in normal cats, in \"mesencephalic\" preparations, and in completely decorticated animals. After both types of operation, PGO discharges lost their random character, becoming grouped in bursts separated by long intervals. These observations suggest that the cerebral cortex is involved in the regulation of patterns of PGO sequences.", "PMID": 67032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2372", "title": "General-purpose timer from transistor logic to auxiliary equipment.", "content": "This paper describes a low-cost circuit for the control and timing of auxiliary experimental equipment by a variety of signals from 5 V, integrated-circuit logic. The circuit is designed for variable timing and switching up to 240 AC V at 3 A, with two independent timing parameters, delay and duration, in response to positive-going or to negative-going logic signal transitions.", "contents": "General-purpose timer from transistor logic to auxiliary equipment. This paper describes a low-cost circuit for the control and timing of auxiliary experimental equipment by a variety of signals from 5 V, integrated-circuit logic. The circuit is designed for variable timing and switching up to 240 AC V at 3 A, with two independent timing parameters, delay and duration, in response to positive-going or to negative-going logic signal transitions.", "PMID": 67033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2373", "title": "Identification of beta-cells in dissociated rat pancreatic cell suspensions.", "content": "beta-Cells may be demonstrated in pancreas sections as well as in monolayer cultures. Until now, however, it has been impossible to differentiate quickly among individual cell types in freshly dissociated cell suspensions prepared for pancreatic monolayer cultures. Rapid identification of endocrine cells within the total cell population can be achieved by means of vital staining with neutral red. Moreover, the direct observation of unfixed and unstained cell suspensions under dark-field illumination allows an immediate identification of granulated beta-cells.", "contents": "Identification of beta-cells in dissociated rat pancreatic cell suspensions. beta-Cells may be demonstrated in pancreas sections as well as in monolayer cultures. Until now, however, it has been impossible to differentiate quickly among individual cell types in freshly dissociated cell suspensions prepared for pancreatic monolayer cultures. Rapid identification of endocrine cells within the total cell population can be achieved by means of vital staining with neutral red. Moreover, the direct observation of unfixed and unstained cell suspensions under dark-field illumination allows an immediate identification of granulated beta-cells.", "PMID": 67034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2374", "title": "Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of different peripheric parameters of thyroid function.", "content": "Diagnostic value of a scope of peripheric parameters of thyroid function was assessed in an unselected group of untreated patients with suspected thyroid disorder, further in untraeted selected patients (without cardiac involvement) and in treated patients. Comparison of relative values  of individual tests was performed, based on relation to plasma thyroid hormone level represented by PBI. It was found that: 1. The diagnostic value of heart rate, plasma cholesterol level, B. M. R. and Hegglin's sign (T-2s interval) is of a very limited degree. 2. The diagnostic accuracy of AJT, Q-Kd interval and PEP was found to be of considerable interest even in unselected patients. Values of IRVD and D indices found for these tests are comparable and allow the immediate estimation of thyroid function in bedside diagnosis. 3. The diagnostic value of PEP could be enhanced by exclusion of patients with suspected or proved cardiac disorder or myocardial failure; this may be useful for physiologic studies. 4. While heart rate is profoundly and inconsistently influenced by beta-blockade, AJT is influenced to a minimal degree only and Q-Kd and PEP are uniformly shifted to higher values, allowing thus diagnostic evaluation during this form of treatment also. 5. As Q-Kd is considerably age-and height-dependent, AJT and PEP are believed to be the most suitable test for immediated clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of different peripheric parameters of thyroid function. Diagnostic value of a scope of peripheric parameters of thyroid function was assessed in an unselected group of untreated patients with suspected thyroid disorder, further in untraeted selected patients (without cardiac involvement) and in treated patients. Comparison of relative values  of individual tests was performed, based on relation to plasma thyroid hormone level represented by PBI. It was found that: 1. The diagnostic value of heart rate, plasma cholesterol level, B. M. R. and Hegglin's sign (T-2s interval) is of a very limited degree. 2. The diagnostic accuracy of AJT, Q-Kd interval and PEP was found to be of considerable interest even in unselected patients. Values of IRVD and D indices found for these tests are comparable and allow the immediate estimation of thyroid function in bedside diagnosis. 3. The diagnostic value of PEP could be enhanced by exclusion of patients with suspected or proved cardiac disorder or myocardial failure; this may be useful for physiologic studies. 4. While heart rate is profoundly and inconsistently influenced by beta-blockade, AJT is influenced to a minimal degree only and Q-Kd and PEP are uniformly shifted to higher values, allowing thus diagnostic evaluation during this form of treatment also. 5. As Q-Kd is considerably age-and height-dependent, AJT and PEP are believed to be the most suitable test for immediated clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 67035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2375", "title": "An investigation of mistranslation in vivo induced by streptomycin by an examination of the susceptibility of abnormal proteins to degradation.", "content": "Proteolysis rates in vivo were measured in Escherichia coli cultures during treatment with dihydrostreptomycin and under various other conditions. Dihydrostreptomycin treatment caused an increase in the proteolysis rate, compared to untreated controls. The proteolytic system in vivo responsible for the elevated proteolysis in the early stages of dihydrostreptomycin treatment, or that during canavanine and puromycin treatment, were not inhibited by addition of phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride. This agent did inhibit proteolysis rates in cultures whose growth was inhibited by starvation, or had been completely stopped by dihydrostreptomycin. It seems, therefore, that the extremely high proteolysis rates in cultures at this stage of dihydrostreptomycin treatment were due to the action of two protease systems: the one concerned with the breakdown of abnormal proteins, and the other concerned with normal protein turnover and active during a non-specific decline of growth. The proteolytic rate at complete growth inhibition brought about by dihydrostreptomycin was intermediate between those induced by canavanine and puromycin at the same stage of treatment. This indicated a similar hierarchy in the extent and nature of abnormality in the proteins synthesized under these conditions. The relationship between the abnormality of proteins induced by dihydrostreptomycin and the importance of this in the antibiotic mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "An investigation of mistranslation in vivo induced by streptomycin by an examination of the susceptibility of abnormal proteins to degradation. Proteolysis rates in vivo were measured in Escherichia coli cultures during treatment with dihydrostreptomycin and under various other conditions. Dihydrostreptomycin treatment caused an increase in the proteolysis rate, compared to untreated controls. The proteolytic system in vivo responsible for the elevated proteolysis in the early stages of dihydrostreptomycin treatment, or that during canavanine and puromycin treatment, were not inhibited by addition of phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride. This agent did inhibit proteolysis rates in cultures whose growth was inhibited by starvation, or had been completely stopped by dihydrostreptomycin. It seems, therefore, that the extremely high proteolysis rates in cultures at this stage of dihydrostreptomycin treatment were due to the action of two protease systems: the one concerned with the breakdown of abnormal proteins, and the other concerned with normal protein turnover and active during a non-specific decline of growth. The proteolytic rate at complete growth inhibition brought about by dihydrostreptomycin was intermediate between those induced by canavanine and puromycin at the same stage of treatment. This indicated a similar hierarchy in the extent and nature of abnormality in the proteins synthesized under these conditions. The relationship between the abnormality of proteins induced by dihydrostreptomycin and the importance of this in the antibiotic mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 67037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2376", "title": "Aberrant CSF protein fractions found by electrofocusing in multiple sclerosis. A study of 26 cases with clinically verified or probable multiple sclerosis and 2 cases with optic neuritis.", "content": "The CSF gamma-globulin patterns found by electrofocusing in multiple sclerosis can be classified into five (a-e) mean patterns, where the individual bands lie very close together. However, in some patients with verified or probable multiple sclerosis conspicuous bands are found. The electrofocusing patterns from 28 such cases were compared with those reported by Kjellin and Vesterberg and with 20 cases of verified multiple sclerosis collected by chance. Differences were found with regard to the frequency of the different mean patterns, the occurrence of a double fraction in region '5', a single fraction in region '7' and a highly alkaline fraction. The electrofocusing findings have been compared with the clinical data of the 28 patients. There seems to be some correlation between the patterns of conspicuous bands and the duration and course of the disorder as well as probable sites of the CNS lesions. No indication was found, that either a high CSF gamma-globulin value and/or in a high degree of barrier damage was a prerequisite for the occurrence of conspicuous bands in the CSF gamma-globulin region. The aberrant electrofocusing patterns might be genetically determined or caused by some unusual agents (possible viral) or autoimmune reactions, modified by other than gentically divergent factors.", "contents": "Aberrant CSF protein fractions found by electrofocusing in multiple sclerosis. A study of 26 cases with clinically verified or probable multiple sclerosis and 2 cases with optic neuritis. The CSF gamma-globulin patterns found by electrofocusing in multiple sclerosis can be classified into five (a-e) mean patterns, where the individual bands lie very close together. However, in some patients with verified or probable multiple sclerosis conspicuous bands are found. The electrofocusing patterns from 28 such cases were compared with those reported by Kjellin and Vesterberg and with 20 cases of verified multiple sclerosis collected by chance. Differences were found with regard to the frequency of the different mean patterns, the occurrence of a double fraction in region '5', a single fraction in region '7' and a highly alkaline fraction. The electrofocusing findings have been compared with the clinical data of the 28 patients. There seems to be some correlation between the patterns of conspicuous bands and the duration and course of the disorder as well as probable sites of the CNS lesions. No indication was found, that either a high CSF gamma-globulin value and/or in a high degree of barrier damage was a prerequisite for the occurrence of conspicuous bands in the CSF gamma-globulin region. The aberrant electrofocusing patterns might be genetically determined or caused by some unusual agents (possible viral) or autoimmune reactions, modified by other than gentically divergent factors.", "PMID": 67038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2377", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: a clinico-biological study of 100 cases in Spain.", "content": "A study was carried out on 100 cases with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Several clinical and analytical factors were considered and correlated. Special attention was paid to data obtained from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrophoresis. The degree of severity of the disease does not affect the selective evaluation frequency of gamma-globulin or its average values. A greater frequency of definite gamma-globulin increase is observed in patients with a stationary development than in those a progressive development although, in both instances, the average values of gamma-globulin do not show any significant difference. There is no correlation between the CSF data and the presumed clinical site of the lesion. Those patients with a single lesion have a lower incidence of pathological data in CSF than those with multiple lesions. A higher proportion of pathological results is seen in CSF of patients with a chronic evolution from the onset than in chronic-intermittent cases. The cases studied during a relapse show a marked decrease in the frequency of definite gamma-globulin increase and paretic colloidal curves. This group of patients gives lower average values of gamma-globulin, total protein and cells, than those patients examined out of relapse. These results are in agreement with recent immunopathological observations.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: a clinico-biological study of 100 cases in Spain. A study was carried out on 100 cases with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Several clinical and analytical factors were considered and correlated. Special attention was paid to data obtained from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrophoresis. The degree of severity of the disease does not affect the selective evaluation frequency of gamma-globulin or its average values. A greater frequency of definite gamma-globulin increase is observed in patients with a stationary development than in those a progressive development although, in both instances, the average values of gamma-globulin do not show any significant difference. There is no correlation between the CSF data and the presumed clinical site of the lesion. Those patients with a single lesion have a lower incidence of pathological data in CSF than those with multiple lesions. A higher proportion of pathological results is seen in CSF of patients with a chronic evolution from the onset than in chronic-intermittent cases. The cases studied during a relapse show a marked decrease in the frequency of definite gamma-globulin increase and paretic colloidal curves. This group of patients gives lower average values of gamma-globulin, total protein and cells, than those patients examined out of relapse. These results are in agreement with recent immunopathological observations.", "PMID": 67039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2378", "title": "An immunofluorescent study of alpha-fetoprotein. II. Its significance in some nonhepatoma patients.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein was investigated in nonhepatoma patients, whose definitive diagnoses had been confirmed at surgery. Its changes in serum level and localization in tissues were reported and the possible etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases were discussed with an emphasis on morphological observation.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent study of alpha-fetoprotein. II. Its significance in some nonhepatoma patients. alpha-Fetoprotein was investigated in nonhepatoma patients, whose definitive diagnoses had been confirmed at surgery. Its changes in serum level and localization in tissues were reported and the possible etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases were discussed with an emphasis on morphological observation.", "PMID": 67040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2379", "title": "Influence of physiological saline, dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch, degraded gelatin, and fat emulsion solutions on screen filtration pressure.", "content": "The effect of 0.9% NaCl solution, dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch, degraded gelatin and fat emulsion on Hb, Hct, platelet count and screen filtration pressure has been studied in the rabbit. Dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch and degraded gelatin caused hemodilution and decreased platelet count. Screen filtration pressure increased after infusion of degraded gelatin and tended to decrease after dextran 70 and hydroxyethyl starch. 0.9% NaCl and fat emulsion caused less pronounced changes. Intraportal infusion of 7 ml/kg body weight of the same solutions gave results which at present are difficult to interpret.", "contents": "Influence of physiological saline, dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch, degraded gelatin, and fat emulsion solutions on screen filtration pressure. The effect of 0.9% NaCl solution, dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch, degraded gelatin and fat emulsion on Hb, Hct, platelet count and screen filtration pressure has been studied in the rabbit. Dextran 70, hydroxyethyl starch and degraded gelatin caused hemodilution and decreased platelet count. Screen filtration pressure increased after infusion of degraded gelatin and tended to decrease after dextran 70 and hydroxyethyl starch. 0.9% NaCl and fat emulsion caused less pronounced changes. Intraportal infusion of 7 ml/kg body weight of the same solutions gave results which at present are difficult to interpret.", "PMID": 67041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2380", "title": "Colchicine inhibits stimulated release of gastric histamine but not activation of histidine decarboxylase.", "content": "In the rat, gastric mucosal histamine is mobilized and histidine decarboxylase activated by treatment with insulin or pentagastrin. Colchicine pretreatment prevented the histamine release without preventing the enzyme activation. The results suggest a) that histamine release and histidine decarboxylase activation are independent events, and b) that microtubules are involved in the release of histamine.", "contents": "Colchicine inhibits stimulated release of gastric histamine but not activation of histidine decarboxylase. In the rat, gastric mucosal histamine is mobilized and histidine decarboxylase activated by treatment with insulin or pentagastrin. Colchicine pretreatment prevented the histamine release without preventing the enzyme activation. The results suggest a) that histamine release and histidine decarboxylase activation are independent events, and b) that microtubules are involved in the release of histamine.", "PMID": 67049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2381", "title": "Gamma globulins in the mice vaginal fluids: cyclic and experimental variations.", "content": "The study of the gamma globulins in the vaginal fluids reveals that the lowest values were found in mice at estrus and in castrated mice 8 days after the estrogen treatment. We suggest that the variation of gamma globulins in the vaginal fluids is influenced both under physiological and experimental conditions by estrogens.", "contents": "Gamma globulins in the mice vaginal fluids: cyclic and experimental variations. The study of the gamma globulins in the vaginal fluids reveals that the lowest values were found in mice at estrus and in castrated mice 8 days after the estrogen treatment. We suggest that the variation of gamma globulins in the vaginal fluids is influenced both under physiological and experimental conditions by estrogens.", "PMID": 67050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2382", "title": "A simple system for inspection of microelectrophoretic patterns.", "content": "An inexpensive device for inspection of electrophoretic patterns on microgels is described. A common slide frame is modified in order to hold inside microgels immersed in liquid, so that the gels may then be projected on paper screens. The electrophoretic patterns may be drawn on the basis of the gel images. Staff-meeting presentation of microelectrophoretic patterns seems to be another application of the system.", "contents": "A simple system for inspection of microelectrophoretic patterns. An inexpensive device for inspection of electrophoretic patterns on microgels is described. A common slide frame is modified in order to hold inside microgels immersed in liquid, so that the gels may then be projected on paper screens. The electrophoretic patterns may be drawn on the basis of the gel images. Staff-meeting presentation of microelectrophoretic patterns seems to be another application of the system.", "PMID": 67051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2383", "title": "[Characteristics of the cardiotropic effect of gutimine].", "content": "Experiments proved gutimine capable of intensify the collateral coronary circulation, intraventricular pressure and the rate of its accretion (dp/dt), the excitability and permeability of the heart, as well as to raise the cardiac contractility in dogs during an acute period of myocardial ischemia. In rats with pituitrin-isadrine induced cardiopathy the drug drastically depressed the permeability of the histohematogenous barriers of the myocardium and lengthened somewhat the life span of the animals. Parallel with is rising doses gutimine depressed the excitability threshold of the frog's heart \"in situ\" in a test with a liminal current producing extrasystole.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the cardiotropic effect of gutimine]. Experiments proved gutimine capable of intensify the collateral coronary circulation, intraventricular pressure and the rate of its accretion (dp/dt), the excitability and permeability of the heart, as well as to raise the cardiac contractility in dogs during an acute period of myocardial ischemia. In rats with pituitrin-isadrine induced cardiopathy the drug drastically depressed the permeability of the histohematogenous barriers of the myocardium and lengthened somewhat the life span of the animals. Parallel with is rising doses gutimine depressed the excitability threshold of the frog's heart \"in situ\" in a test with a liminal current producing extrasystole.", "PMID": 67052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2384", "title": "[Effect of lanthanum sulfate on cardiac activity and blood supply].", "content": "In concentration of 1:50 000, 1:25 000 and 1:1000 lanthanum sulphate is shown to reduce and in that of 1:100 -- to increase the amount of perfusion fluid from the vessels of an isolated and arrested rabbit heart. In doses of 20--40 mg/kg introduced intravenously it tended to increase the coronary circulation rate, this being attended by an insignificant fall of the arterial pressure. In these doses the compound did not change significantly the heart rate, but prevented the development of pituitrin-induced cardiac disorders in rabbits.", "contents": "[Effect of lanthanum sulfate on cardiac activity and blood supply]. In concentration of 1:50 000, 1:25 000 and 1:1000 lanthanum sulphate is shown to reduce and in that of 1:100 -- to increase the amount of perfusion fluid from the vessels of an isolated and arrested rabbit heart. In doses of 20--40 mg/kg introduced intravenously it tended to increase the coronary circulation rate, this being attended by an insignificant fall of the arterial pressure. In these doses the compound did not change significantly the heart rate, but prevented the development of pituitrin-induced cardiac disorders in rabbits.", "PMID": 67054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2385", "title": "HL-A antigens in pustular psoriasis.", "content": "HL-A typing was performed on 97 patients with pustular psoriasis. HLA-B27 was found increased for the combined three subgroups: localized psoriasis of palms and soles, acrodermatitis continua and generalized pustular psoriasis, who were associated with a high incidence of arthritis. These subgroups have this in common with Reiter's disease indicating a link between the entities. In persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis an increased incidence of HLA-Bw35 was found. HLA-B13, HLA-B17 and HLA-Bw37 which are found markedly increased in psoriasis vulgaris were in acrodermatitis continua, generalized pustular psoriasis and persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis either absent or not increased as compared with the control population. 7 of 30 patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles had one of these antigens. Our findings confirm that psoriasis vulgaris and pustular psoriasis as such, seem to be different aetiological entities. Some patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles may be true psoriatics which besides their psoriasis have a tendency to develop a pustular reaction in their palms and soles similar to persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in pustular psoriasis. HL-A typing was performed on 97 patients with pustular psoriasis. HLA-B27 was found increased for the combined three subgroups: localized psoriasis of palms and soles, acrodermatitis continua and generalized pustular psoriasis, who were associated with a high incidence of arthritis. These subgroups have this in common with Reiter's disease indicating a link between the entities. In persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis an increased incidence of HLA-Bw35 was found. HLA-B13, HLA-B17 and HLA-Bw37 which are found markedly increased in psoriasis vulgaris were in acrodermatitis continua, generalized pustular psoriasis and persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis either absent or not increased as compared with the control population. 7 of 30 patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles had one of these antigens. Our findings confirm that psoriasis vulgaris and pustular psoriasis as such, seem to be different aetiological entities. Some patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles may be true psoriatics which besides their psoriasis have a tendency to develop a pustular reaction in their palms and soles similar to persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis.", "PMID": 67058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2386", "title": "The use of alpha fetoprotein in prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "Maternal or blood levels of alpha fetal protein are elevated in the presence of certain fetal anomalies, particularly those of the neural tube in which protein from the cerebrospinal fluid may leak into the amniotic fluid. Since this is a nonspecific elevation, other diseases are potentially screened for by this determination. Alpha fetal protein levels should be measured on any amniotic fluid samples obtained during the middle trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "The use of alpha fetoprotein in prenatal diagnosis. Maternal or blood levels of alpha fetal protein are elevated in the presence of certain fetal anomalies, particularly those of the neural tube in which protein from the cerebrospinal fluid may leak into the amniotic fluid. Since this is a nonspecific elevation, other diseases are potentially screened for by this determination. Alpha fetal protein levels should be measured on any amniotic fluid samples obtained during the middle trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 67059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2387", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in relation to clinical course and alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen was determined in sera of 122 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma seen in Japan, using both the counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. It was positive in 49.2% of the patients with RIA, but the level of antigen in serum was relatively low since positivity rate by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was only 10.7%, The degree of antigenemia as assessed from the count relative to the cut-off value in RIA, was increased during the clinical course in 75% of the patients. The antigen tended to rise in concentration when the tumor grew at a rapid rate, when damage to liver parenchyma was extensive, or in patients receiving chemotherapy. There was also a tendency for less frequent positive antigen tests in patients with higher alpha-fetoprotein levels. Illustrative cases are presented with discussion on the possible explanation for the change in the degree of antigenemia.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in relation to clinical course and alpha-fetoprotein. Hepatitis B surface antigen was determined in sera of 122 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma seen in Japan, using both the counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. It was positive in 49.2% of the patients with RIA, but the level of antigen in serum was relatively low since positivity rate by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was only 10.7%, The degree of antigenemia as assessed from the count relative to the cut-off value in RIA, was increased during the clinical course in 75% of the patients. The antigen tended to rise in concentration when the tumor grew at a rapid rate, when damage to liver parenchyma was extensive, or in patients receiving chemotherapy. There was also a tendency for less frequent positive antigen tests in patients with higher alpha-fetoprotein levels. Illustrative cases are presented with discussion on the possible explanation for the change in the degree of antigenemia.", "PMID": 67061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2388", "title": "Whipple's disease with minimal intestinal involvement.", "content": "An uncharacteristic case of Whipple's disease is reported, in which, although overt intestinal involvement was absent, and there was only a patchy histological lesion, the diagnosis was confirmed by electron-microscopic examination of peroral intestinal biopsies.", "contents": "Whipple's disease with minimal intestinal involvement. An uncharacteristic case of Whipple's disease is reported, in which, although overt intestinal involvement was absent, and there was only a patchy histological lesion, the diagnosis was confirmed by electron-microscopic examination of peroral intestinal biopsies.", "PMID": 67067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2389", "title": "Feulgen staining of rat liver fixed in different fixatives.", "content": "In the present study rat liver pieces fixed in 1) 10 per cent buffered neutral formalin, 2) 4 per cent glutaraldehyde, 3) Heidenhain's-Susa fixative and 4) Flemming's fluid, and following hydrolysis in 1-0 N HC1 at 60degreesC for varying time periods have been stained with the UV Feulgen procedure. The results of this study reveal that following hydrolysis for different time periods the tissue material fixed in formalin show the same staining pattern as those fixed in glutaraldehyde. The material fixed in Heidenhain's-Susa displays an intense Feulgen staining after two different times of hydrolysis, and that fixed in Flemming's fluid shows particular staining intensity for a prolonged time period thus indicating better preservation of DNA than in the materials fixed in the other three fixtatives.", "contents": "Feulgen staining of rat liver fixed in different fixatives. In the present study rat liver pieces fixed in 1) 10 per cent buffered neutral formalin, 2) 4 per cent glutaraldehyde, 3) Heidenhain's-Susa fixative and 4) Flemming's fluid, and following hydrolysis in 1-0 N HC1 at 60degreesC for varying time periods have been stained with the UV Feulgen procedure. The results of this study reveal that following hydrolysis for different time periods the tissue material fixed in formalin show the same staining pattern as those fixed in glutaraldehyde. The material fixed in Heidenhain's-Susa displays an intense Feulgen staining after two different times of hydrolysis, and that fixed in Flemming's fluid shows particular staining intensity for a prolonged time period thus indicating better preservation of DNA than in the materials fixed in the other three fixtatives.", "PMID": 67068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2390", "title": "Immunoperoxidase: a sensitive immunohistochemical technique as a \"special stain\" in the diagnostic pathology laboratory.", "content": "The present communication is a brief review of the origins, theory, and applications of a relatively new immunohistochemical technique that can be performed on routinely fixed, paraffin embedded tissues in which visualization by bright field light microscopy is feasible and which thus can be readily adapted to routine diagnostic work. The chief concern of this presentation is the practical diagnostic application of the immunoperoxidase technique, a method whose reputation as a sensitive investigative tool is well established.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase: a sensitive immunohistochemical technique as a \"special stain\" in the diagnostic pathology laboratory. The present communication is a brief review of the origins, theory, and applications of a relatively new immunohistochemical technique that can be performed on routinely fixed, paraffin embedded tissues in which visualization by bright field light microscopy is feasible and which thus can be readily adapted to routine diagnostic work. The chief concern of this presentation is the practical diagnostic application of the immunoperoxidase technique, a method whose reputation as a sensitive investigative tool is well established.", "PMID": 67071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2391", "title": "Immunopathology of skeletal muscle. The value of direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of connective tissue disease.", "content": "Whitaker and Engel in 1972 first described immunoglobulin deposition in muscle biopsy specimens in connective tissue disorders. In order to confirm and extend their observations and in the hope of identifying features that may differentiate skeletal muscle involvement in connective tissue diseases from other neuromuscular diseases, a series of 80 muscle biopsy specimens were examined using direct immunofluorescence. Three distinctive direct immunofluorescence patterns consisting of vascular, sarcolemma-basement membrane, and fiber staining were identified in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from 35 patients, 31 of whom had a connective tissue disease. A vascular staining pattern showing a granular deposition of immunoglobulin or complement was seen in 15 patients, all of whom had a connective tissue disease. Routine stains generally did not reveal vessel abnormalities. A sarcolemma-basement membrane staining pattern was demonstrated around the sarcoplasmic membrane in 29 cases. Twenty-six of these patients had a connective tissue disease. There was no correlation with inflammation, fiber necrosis, or degree of connective tissue replacement. Fibers staining for immunoglobulin or complement, seen in 14 cases, generally occurred in morphologically normal fibers. Thirteen of these patients had a connective tissue disease. Since the pathologic change in muscle in the collagen vascular diseases often consists of the nonspecific findings of focal fiber necrosis frequently without inflammatory infiltrates, direct immunofluorescence may be useful in the diagnosis and classification of muscle diseases in the collagen vascular disorders. Furthermore, the findings of immunoglobulin deposition either within vessels or within individual muscle fibers suggest that immunological mechanisms may be responsible for muscular abnormalities in the connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Immunopathology of skeletal muscle. The value of direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of connective tissue disease. Whitaker and Engel in 1972 first described immunoglobulin deposition in muscle biopsy specimens in connective tissue disorders. In order to confirm and extend their observations and in the hope of identifying features that may differentiate skeletal muscle involvement in connective tissue diseases from other neuromuscular diseases, a series of 80 muscle biopsy specimens were examined using direct immunofluorescence. Three distinctive direct immunofluorescence patterns consisting of vascular, sarcolemma-basement membrane, and fiber staining were identified in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from 35 patients, 31 of whom had a connective tissue disease. A vascular staining pattern showing a granular deposition of immunoglobulin or complement was seen in 15 patients, all of whom had a connective tissue disease. Routine stains generally did not reveal vessel abnormalities. A sarcolemma-basement membrane staining pattern was demonstrated around the sarcoplasmic membrane in 29 cases. Twenty-six of these patients had a connective tissue disease. There was no correlation with inflammation, fiber necrosis, or degree of connective tissue replacement. Fibers staining for immunoglobulin or complement, seen in 14 cases, generally occurred in morphologically normal fibers. Thirteen of these patients had a connective tissue disease. Since the pathologic change in muscle in the collagen vascular diseases often consists of the nonspecific findings of focal fiber necrosis frequently without inflammatory infiltrates, direct immunofluorescence may be useful in the diagnosis and classification of muscle diseases in the collagen vascular disorders. Furthermore, the findings of immunoglobulin deposition either within vessels or within individual muscle fibers suggest that immunological mechanisms may be responsible for muscular abnormalities in the connective tissue diseases.", "PMID": 67072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2392", "title": "N-band polymorphism of human acrocentric chromosomes and its relevance to satellite association.", "content": "With the aid of Q- and N-banding techniques we investigated the relationship between the length of satellite stalks, the appearance of N-bands and the frequency of satellite association of individual acrocentric chromosomes in the cells of seven individuals, including one male with a satellited and small Y-chromosomes. The appearance of N-bands, seemed to be a constant and characteristic property of individual acrocentric chromosomes, independent of the status of concentration of the chromosomes at metaphase. The homolog with longer satellite stalks had larger N-bands and participated in satellite association at a higher frequency than the one with shorter stalks. It appeared that N-bands were present along the whole length of the satellite stalk, the size of which could possibly reflect the amount of rDNA present in the nucleolar organizers in human chromosomes.", "contents": "N-band polymorphism of human acrocentric chromosomes and its relevance to satellite association. With the aid of Q- and N-banding techniques we investigated the relationship between the length of satellite stalks, the appearance of N-bands and the frequency of satellite association of individual acrocentric chromosomes in the cells of seven individuals, including one male with a satellited and small Y-chromosomes. The appearance of N-bands, seemed to be a constant and characteristic property of individual acrocentric chromosomes, independent of the status of concentration of the chromosomes at metaphase. The homolog with longer satellite stalks had larger N-bands and participated in satellite association at a higher frequency than the one with shorter stalks. It appeared that N-bands were present along the whole length of the satellite stalk, the size of which could possibly reflect the amount of rDNA present in the nucleolar organizers in human chromosomes.", "PMID": 67073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2393", "title": "Banding and spiralization of human metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "A new technique is described which produces spiralization of human metaphase chromosomes. The important feature is heat followed by trypsin treatment. By varying conditions, it is possible to produce bands, spirals and intermediate stages. This provides a new approach to the understanding of banding and chromosome structure.", "contents": "Banding and spiralization of human metaphase chromosomes. A new technique is described which produces spiralization of human metaphase chromosomes. The important feature is heat followed by trypsin treatment. By varying conditions, it is possible to produce bands, spirals and intermediate stages. This provides a new approach to the understanding of banding and chromosome structure.", "PMID": 67074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2394", "title": "DIPI and DAPI: fluorescence banding with only negliglible fading.", "content": "DIPI and DAPI produce distinct fluorescent bands in human chromosomes similar to quinacrine banding patterns. Additionally, the AT rich secondary constrictions in the chromosomes Nos. 1, 9 and 16 are brightly fluorescent. On the other hand the brilliantly fluorescent regions after staining with quinacrine mustard in the chromosomes Nos. 3 and 4, satellites and some other regions in the acrocentric chromosomes are less striking. The distal part of the Y, however, is clearly discernible. Thus DIPI and DAPI seem to be strictly AT specific fluorochromes like Hoechst 33258. In interphase nuclei the Y chromosome can be identified. However, quinacrines are superior for Y-body analysis in buccal, hair cell and sperm smears. BrdU labeled chromatids show reduced fluorescence intensity. The difference, however, is less apparent than after staining with Hoechst 33 258. DAPI and especially DIPI are highly resistant to UV-irradiation; there is almost no fading within 30 min when using DIPI. Moreover, fluorescence intensity is stronger than in quinicrines. When photographing, exposure times may be reduced to about one quarter compared to quinacrine mustard.", "contents": "DIPI and DAPI: fluorescence banding with only negliglible fading. DIPI and DAPI produce distinct fluorescent bands in human chromosomes similar to quinacrine banding patterns. Additionally, the AT rich secondary constrictions in the chromosomes Nos. 1, 9 and 16 are brightly fluorescent. On the other hand the brilliantly fluorescent regions after staining with quinacrine mustard in the chromosomes Nos. 3 and 4, satellites and some other regions in the acrocentric chromosomes are less striking. The distal part of the Y, however, is clearly discernible. Thus DIPI and DAPI seem to be strictly AT specific fluorochromes like Hoechst 33258. In interphase nuclei the Y chromosome can be identified. However, quinacrines are superior for Y-body analysis in buccal, hair cell and sperm smears. BrdU labeled chromatids show reduced fluorescence intensity. The difference, however, is less apparent than after staining with Hoechst 33 258. DAPI and especially DIPI are highly resistant to UV-irradiation; there is almost no fading within 30 min when using DIPI. Moreover, fluorescence intensity is stronger than in quinicrines. When photographing, exposure times may be reduced to about one quarter compared to quinacrine mustard.", "PMID": 67075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2395", "title": "Fluorescent C bands of human chromosomes with 33 258 Hoechst stain.", "content": "Air-dried preparations of human metaphase chromosomes normally exhibit a Q band fluorescence pattern with 33 258 Hoechst stain while the C band regions of 1,9,16, and most acrocentric short arms appear dull. If these stained and mounted slides are stored at room temperature in the dark for several days, a spontaneous change from C-negative to C-positive band some times occurs. We postulate that the pH of the buffered saline mounting medium during storage of the slides causes the C band shift since the results can be duplicated experimentally by lowering the pH of the mounting buffer from 5.5 to 4.0.", "contents": "Fluorescent C bands of human chromosomes with 33 258 Hoechst stain. Air-dried preparations of human metaphase chromosomes normally exhibit a Q band fluorescence pattern with 33 258 Hoechst stain while the C band regions of 1,9,16, and most acrocentric short arms appear dull. If these stained and mounted slides are stored at room temperature in the dark for several days, a spontaneous change from C-negative to C-positive band some times occurs. We postulate that the pH of the buffered saline mounting medium during storage of the slides causes the C band shift since the results can be duplicated experimentally by lowering the pH of the mounting buffer from 5.5 to 4.0.", "PMID": 67076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2396", "title": "Mithramycin and DIPI: a pair of fluorochromes specific for GC-and AT-rich DNA respectively.", "content": "The AT specificity of the fluorochromes DIPI and DAPI and the GC specificity of mithramycin are evidenced by observations in human, mouse, and bovine chromosomes. DIPI and DAPI produce a pattern similar to Hoechst 33258 in all three species, whereas mithramycin results in a reverse pattern. The AT-rich centromeric heterochromatin in mouse is brilliantly stained by DIPI or DAPI and remains nearly invisible after mithramycin staining. In the GC-rich centromeric heterochromatin of cattle the opposite behavior is observed.", "contents": "Mithramycin and DIPI: a pair of fluorochromes specific for GC-and AT-rich DNA respectively. The AT specificity of the fluorochromes DIPI and DAPI and the GC specificity of mithramycin are evidenced by observations in human, mouse, and bovine chromosomes. DIPI and DAPI produce a pattern similar to Hoechst 33258 in all three species, whereas mithramycin results in a reverse pattern. The AT-rich centromeric heterochromatin in mouse is brilliantly stained by DIPI or DAPI and remains nearly invisible after mithramycin staining. In the GC-rich centromeric heterochromatin of cattle the opposite behavior is observed.", "PMID": 67077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2397", "title": "A, B, D cells and a fourth cell type in long-term cultures of fetal rat pancreas.", "content": "Whole pancreases from fetal rats of 13 days and 18 days gestation were explanted onto rayon grids and grown in organ culture. Cultures were fixed in Bouin's fluid, sectioned and stained with the fluorescent antibody techniques for glucagon and insulin, aldehyde fuchsin for B cells, pseudoisocyanin for D cells and a silver technique for the fourth cell type. The 13-day explants were fixed after 10 days in culture. A, B and D and the fourth cell type were seen, indicating that precursors of all four endocrine cell types must be present in the fetal pancreas shortly after the formation of the pancreatic bud (11 days). Further, the presence of these four cell types in the walls of tubules in these cultures indicates the tubules as the site of origin of all the endocrine tissue. The 18-day explants were collected every other day of culture from 2 to 30 days in a long-term experiment. A number of large islets with well granulated B cells was still present after 30 days of culture. The relative abundance of cell types at different stages was estimated as follows: 18-day fetal controls, A greater than B=4 greater than D; after 2 to 10 days in culture, B greater than A greater than or equal to D; after 18 to 30 days in culture, B greater than D greater than A greater than 4.", "contents": "A, B, D cells and a fourth cell type in long-term cultures of fetal rat pancreas. Whole pancreases from fetal rats of 13 days and 18 days gestation were explanted onto rayon grids and grown in organ culture. Cultures were fixed in Bouin's fluid, sectioned and stained with the fluorescent antibody techniques for glucagon and insulin, aldehyde fuchsin for B cells, pseudoisocyanin for D cells and a silver technique for the fourth cell type. The 13-day explants were fixed after 10 days in culture. A, B and D and the fourth cell type were seen, indicating that precursors of all four endocrine cell types must be present in the fetal pancreas shortly after the formation of the pancreatic bud (11 days). Further, the presence of these four cell types in the walls of tubules in these cultures indicates the tubules as the site of origin of all the endocrine tissue. The 18-day explants were collected every other day of culture from 2 to 30 days in a long-term experiment. A number of large islets with well granulated B cells was still present after 30 days of culture. The relative abundance of cell types at different stages was estimated as follows: 18-day fetal controls, A greater than B=4 greater than D; after 2 to 10 days in culture, B greater than A greater than or equal to D; after 18 to 30 days in culture, B greater than D greater than A greater than 4.", "PMID": 67078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2398", "title": "A unique property of fetal bovine serum: high levels of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides.", "content": "Fetal bovine serum has been reported to delay or inhibit \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in vitro as compared with all other sera tested. The present results indicate that fetal bovine serum is also unique in containing high levels of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides (3 to 7 microng glutathione as mixed disulfide per ml serum). The level of mixed disulfide appears to vary in accordance with the period of gestation of the fetal calves used to prepare the serum, decreasing below detectable levels (less than 0.2 microng per ml) with near-term fetal calves. Calf, adult bovine, fetal horse, and swine sera did not contain detectable levels of this type of mixed disulfide.", "contents": "A unique property of fetal bovine serum: high levels of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides. Fetal bovine serum has been reported to delay or inhibit \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation in vitro as compared with all other sera tested. The present results indicate that fetal bovine serum is also unique in containing high levels of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides (3 to 7 microng glutathione as mixed disulfide per ml serum). The level of mixed disulfide appears to vary in accordance with the period of gestation of the fetal calves used to prepare the serum, decreasing below detectable levels (less than 0.2 microng per ml) with near-term fetal calves. Calf, adult bovine, fetal horse, and swine sera did not contain detectable levels of this type of mixed disulfide.", "PMID": 67079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2399", "title": "Associative control of the immune response to cell surface antigens.", "content": "The immune response to cell surface antigens is regulated by the activity of helper and suppressor cells, probably of TH and possibly of TCS types. For this to operate, recognition must take place of two or more antigenic determinants, which may be carried on the same (intramoblecular help) or different (intermolecular, intrastructural help) molecules. Regulation of this type has been shown to operate in the response to the murine allo-antigens H-2K, H-2D, Thy-1, and H-minors.", "contents": "Associative control of the immune response to cell surface antigens. The immune response to cell surface antigens is regulated by the activity of helper and suppressor cells, probably of TH and possibly of TCS types. For this to operate, recognition must take place of two or more antigenic determinants, which may be carried on the same (intramoblecular help) or different (intermolecular, intrastructural help) molecules. Regulation of this type has been shown to operate in the response to the murine allo-antigens H-2K, H-2D, Thy-1, and H-minors.", "PMID": 67082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2400", "title": "Neutralization of Salmonella toxin-induced elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells by cholera antitoxin.", "content": "A partially purified preparation of the delayed skin permeability factor from Salmonella typhimurium caused Chinese hamster ovary cells to elongate. The elongation effect and the skin test activity were blocked by monospecific rabbit antisera against cholera toxin and against the B fragment of cholera toxin,", "contents": "Neutralization of Salmonella toxin-induced elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells by cholera antitoxin. A partially purified preparation of the delayed skin permeability factor from Salmonella typhimurium caused Chinese hamster ovary cells to elongate. The elongation effect and the skin test activity were blocked by monospecific rabbit antisera against cholera toxin and against the B fragment of cholera toxin,", "PMID": 67084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2401", "title": "Effectiveness of parenteral and oral typhoid vaccination in mice challenged with a Salmonella typhi-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid.", "content": "Live Salmonella typhi administered intraperitoneally, acetone-killed S. typhi administered intraperitoneally, and live S. typhi given orally, with their effectiveness decreasing in that order, protected Swiss white mice against death from challenge with a virulent Salmonella typhimurium hybrid expressing S. typhi antigens.", "contents": "Effectiveness of parenteral and oral typhoid vaccination in mice challenged with a Salmonella typhi-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid. Live Salmonella typhi administered intraperitoneally, acetone-killed S. typhi administered intraperitoneally, and live S. typhi given orally, with their effectiveness decreasing in that order, protected Swiss white mice against death from challenge with a virulent Salmonella typhimurium hybrid expressing S. typhi antigens.", "PMID": 67085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2402", "title": "Immunological properties of ampicillin polymers.", "content": "The immunologic effects of ampicillin polymers were studied in mice and rabbits. Polymerized ampicillin--in contrast to monomers--had a suppressive effect on the antibody response to penicilloylated proteins. Unfractionated ampicillin polymer, and high molecular weight fractions were found to have an immunogenic effect in mice, when tested by a haemolytic plaque assay. The immunogenic effect of variously sized polymers did not correspond to their antigenic activity as reflected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments.", "contents": "Immunological properties of ampicillin polymers. The immunologic effects of ampicillin polymers were studied in mice and rabbits. Polymerized ampicillin--in contrast to monomers--had a suppressive effect on the antibody response to penicilloylated proteins. Unfractionated ampicillin polymer, and high molecular weight fractions were found to have an immunogenic effect in mice, when tested by a haemolytic plaque assay. The immunogenic effect of variously sized polymers did not correspond to their antigenic activity as reflected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments.", "PMID": 67086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2403", "title": "Optimal antibody-receptor ratio in anaphylactic-sensitization.", "content": "The antigen-induced release of histamine from guinea pig and monkey lung fragments sensitized in vitro with hyperimmune rabbit antibody and human reaginic serum, respectively, was studied. When the amounts of whole antiserum, gamma-globulin fraction, or purified antibody were increased over the optimum in passive anaphylactic sensitization, the subsequent histamine release was reduced in spite of the fact that proportionately greater amounts of antigen were added to the system. The observed inhibition by higher antibody concentrations might be due to a reduction in cell-stimulating capacity of the antigen-antibody-receptor complex caused by inappropriate ratios among any of these three components.", "contents": "Optimal antibody-receptor ratio in anaphylactic-sensitization. The antigen-induced release of histamine from guinea pig and monkey lung fragments sensitized in vitro with hyperimmune rabbit antibody and human reaginic serum, respectively, was studied. When the amounts of whole antiserum, gamma-globulin fraction, or purified antibody were increased over the optimum in passive anaphylactic sensitization, the subsequent histamine release was reduced in spite of the fact that proportionately greater amounts of antigen were added to the system. The observed inhibition by higher antibody concentrations might be due to a reduction in cell-stimulating capacity of the antigen-antibody-receptor complex caused by inappropriate ratios among any of these three components.", "PMID": 67087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2404", "title": "Detoxified hymenoptera venoms: preliminary studies of in vitro cytotoxicity and antigenicity of Apis mellifera 'venomoid'.", "content": "The preparation of detoxified venom (venomoid) of Apis mellifera is described. The venomoid obtained by formaldehyde detoxification retained significant antigenicity. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition studies indicated a loss of the affinity of the venomoid for the venom-specific human IgE antibody. In rabbits the venomoid was capable of producing precipitating antibodies which cross-reacted with the original venom. Cytotoxic activity of venomoid as measured by nonimmunological histamine release and hemolytic activity with human cells was not detectable in vitro. Further studies seem warranted for the establishment of a venomoid as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in the management of the hypersensitivity reactions to venom.", "contents": "Detoxified hymenoptera venoms: preliminary studies of in vitro cytotoxicity and antigenicity of Apis mellifera 'venomoid'. The preparation of detoxified venom (venomoid) of Apis mellifera is described. The venomoid obtained by formaldehyde detoxification retained significant antigenicity. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition studies indicated a loss of the affinity of the venomoid for the venom-specific human IgE antibody. In rabbits the venomoid was capable of producing precipitating antibodies which cross-reacted with the original venom. Cytotoxic activity of venomoid as measured by nonimmunological histamine release and hemolytic activity with human cells was not detectable in vitro. Further studies seem warranted for the establishment of a venomoid as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in the management of the hypersensitivity reactions to venom.", "PMID": 67088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2405", "title": "C3 and C5-cleaving properdin enzymes formed on zymosan incubated with human serum: the decay and the regeneration of the enzymes.", "content": "Incubation os zymosan (Z) with normal human serum led to the formation of ZXhu, which had the abilities to cleave C3 and C5. Kinetic studies on ZXhu formation revealed that the amount of inactivated C5 by ZXhu, when expressed in site-forming unit (SFU), was much greater than that of inactivated C3. When ZXhu having limited C3 and C5-cleaving was incubated at 37 degrees C it decayed with a first order reaction completely in 120 min. At any stage of decay of ZXhu, the activities could be restored by the addition of both B and D, but not by the addition of B or D alone. Not D but B could be bound to the completely decayed ZXhu, and activation of bound B by D led to the regeneration of ZXhu.", "contents": "C3 and C5-cleaving properdin enzymes formed on zymosan incubated with human serum: the decay and the regeneration of the enzymes. Incubation os zymosan (Z) with normal human serum led to the formation of ZXhu, which had the abilities to cleave C3 and C5. Kinetic studies on ZXhu formation revealed that the amount of inactivated C5 by ZXhu, when expressed in site-forming unit (SFU), was much greater than that of inactivated C3. When ZXhu having limited C3 and C5-cleaving was incubated at 37 degrees C it decayed with a first order reaction completely in 120 min. At any stage of decay of ZXhu, the activities could be restored by the addition of both B and D, but not by the addition of B or D alone. Not D but B could be bound to the completely decayed ZXhu, and activation of bound B by D led to the regeneration of ZXhu.", "PMID": 67089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2406", "title": "Characterization of the in vitro cytotoxic assay of immune lymphoid cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).", "content": "Complement, antilymphocyte globulin, antiencephalitogenic antigen serum, actinomycin D and mitomycin C inhibited the cytotoxicty against syngenic fibroblasts of spleen cells more than lymph node cells. The results strongly suggest that the immune cell populations in EAE in the spleen andlymph nodes are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different. Cytotoxicity was dependent upon the number of immnue cells in the test. There was evidence of antigenic competition between encephalitogenic antigen and Myocobacterium tuberculosis in the induction of EAE.", "contents": "Characterization of the in vitro cytotoxic assay of immune lymphoid cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Complement, antilymphocyte globulin, antiencephalitogenic antigen serum, actinomycin D and mitomycin C inhibited the cytotoxicty against syngenic fibroblasts of spleen cells more than lymph node cells. The results strongly suggest that the immune cell populations in EAE in the spleen andlymph nodes are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different. Cytotoxicity was dependent upon the number of immnue cells in the test. There was evidence of antigenic competition between encephalitogenic antigen and Myocobacterium tuberculosis in the induction of EAE.", "PMID": 67090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2407", "title": "Failure of the putative IgE pentapeptide to compete with IgE for receptors on basophils and masts cells.", "content": "We have examined the claim that a pentapeptide resembling a portion of epsilon-chain of IgE can inhibit allergic reactions by competing with IgE for basophil-mast cell IgE receptors. Four laboratories with expertise in different areas collaborated. The following was found. (1) There was no evidence, by autoradiography, that the pentapeptide could block IgE fixation to basophils or displace IgE from these cells. (2) There was no evidence, by histamine release studies that the pentapeptide could block basophil sensitization or remove IgE from actively sensitized cells. The pentapeptide, also, did not impair antigen-induced histamine release. (3) There was no evidence that the pentapeptide could block the skin test response in Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner testing with the antigen injected intradermally or orally administered. Neither the correct pentapeptide sequence from the epsilon-chain nor the Fc\" fragment of IgE impaired the P-K test. In each series of experiments, IgE myeloma protein, as a positive control, blocked the allergic response. The failure of the pentapeptide to block these reactions was observed at molar ratios of pentapeptide/IgE of 10(6) to 10(7). Our results, therefore, provide no evidence for competition between the pentapeptide and IgE. Even if there should be some weak affinity between the pentapeptide and IgE receptors on basophils or mast cells this would, by virtue of quantitative considerations, be of no clinical relevance.", "contents": "Failure of the putative IgE pentapeptide to compete with IgE for receptors on basophils and masts cells. We have examined the claim that a pentapeptide resembling a portion of epsilon-chain of IgE can inhibit allergic reactions by competing with IgE for basophil-mast cell IgE receptors. Four laboratories with expertise in different areas collaborated. The following was found. (1) There was no evidence, by autoradiography, that the pentapeptide could block IgE fixation to basophils or displace IgE from these cells. (2) There was no evidence, by histamine release studies that the pentapeptide could block basophil sensitization or remove IgE from actively sensitized cells. The pentapeptide, also, did not impair antigen-induced histamine release. (3) There was no evidence that the pentapeptide could block the skin test response in Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner testing with the antigen injected intradermally or orally administered. Neither the correct pentapeptide sequence from the epsilon-chain nor the Fc\" fragment of IgE impaired the P-K test. In each series of experiments, IgE myeloma protein, as a positive control, blocked the allergic response. The failure of the pentapeptide to block these reactions was observed at molar ratios of pentapeptide/IgE of 10(6) to 10(7). Our results, therefore, provide no evidence for competition between the pentapeptide and IgE. Even if there should be some weak affinity between the pentapeptide and IgE receptors on basophils or mast cells this would, by virtue of quantitative considerations, be of no clinical relevance.", "PMID": 67091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2408", "title": "Comparison of human stratum corneum, callus and psoriatic scales by means of serological methods.", "content": "Homogenated stratum coreum, callus and psoriatic scales were extracted with (1) phenol water (PW) and (2) the combined use of trypsin digestion and phenol water extraction (TPW). The serological properties of the various preparations obtained were compared, using indirect haemagglutination, absorption and inhibition tests. The PW and TPW water phases contained two different antigens which were common to all three tissues. In addition, the periodate-treated TPW water phase of stratum corneum contained an erythrocyte-sensitizing antigenic determinant. This, however, cross-reacted with the untreated and periodate-treated preparation of psoriatic scales, whereas callus lacked the determinant present after treatment with periodate. Apparently callus and psoriatic scales lacked some components present in stratum corneum, but determinants specific for callus or psoriatic scales were not detected.", "contents": "Comparison of human stratum corneum, callus and psoriatic scales by means of serological methods. Homogenated stratum coreum, callus and psoriatic scales were extracted with (1) phenol water (PW) and (2) the combined use of trypsin digestion and phenol water extraction (TPW). The serological properties of the various preparations obtained were compared, using indirect haemagglutination, absorption and inhibition tests. The PW and TPW water phases contained two different antigens which were common to all three tissues. In addition, the periodate-treated TPW water phase of stratum corneum contained an erythrocyte-sensitizing antigenic determinant. This, however, cross-reacted with the untreated and periodate-treated preparation of psoriatic scales, whereas callus lacked the determinant present after treatment with periodate. Apparently callus and psoriatic scales lacked some components present in stratum corneum, but determinants specific for callus or psoriatic scales were not detected.", "PMID": 67092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2409", "title": "Failure of increased intracranial pressure to affect rapid axonal transport at the optic nerve head.", "content": "In owl monkeys, elevation of intracranial pressure to 500 mm. saline for 4 to 7 hours failed to cause an accumulation at the optic nerve head of protein carried by rapid axonal transport. This suggests that the block of rapid transport observed by others during papilledema may be the result of axon swelling, not its cause. Alternatively, more than 8 hours may be required for intracranial pressure to show an effect, only the slow transport may be affected initially, or other factors than simple hydrostatic pressure may be operative in papilledema. In addition, the elevated intracranial pressure did not prevent the block of axonal transport at the lamina cribrosa produced by elevated intraocular pressure, even though the elevated intracranial pressure reduced the pressure gradient to which the axon is subjected as it crosses the lamina cribrosa. Perhaps the block produced by intraocular pressure is not due to a simple mechanical or hydrostatic mechanism.", "contents": "Failure of increased intracranial pressure to affect rapid axonal transport at the optic nerve head. In owl monkeys, elevation of intracranial pressure to 500 mm. saline for 4 to 7 hours failed to cause an accumulation at the optic nerve head of protein carried by rapid axonal transport. This suggests that the block of rapid transport observed by others during papilledema may be the result of axon swelling, not its cause. Alternatively, more than 8 hours may be required for intracranial pressure to show an effect, only the slow transport may be affected initially, or other factors than simple hydrostatic pressure may be operative in papilledema. In addition, the elevated intracranial pressure did not prevent the block of axonal transport at the lamina cribrosa produced by elevated intraocular pressure, even though the elevated intracranial pressure reduced the pressure gradient to which the axon is subjected as it crosses the lamina cribrosa. Perhaps the block produced by intraocular pressure is not due to a simple mechanical or hydrostatic mechanism.", "PMID": 67095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2410", "title": "Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport during acute ocular hypertension in the monkey.", "content": "Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport have been studied in the optic nerve heads of 37 Macaca fascicularis eyes with normal or elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) produced by cannulation of the anterior chamber. Orthograde transport was labeled by 3H-amino acids injected intravitreally and incorporated into retinal ganglion cell proteins. Retrograde transport was studied in the same eyes by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or both optic tracts and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN). Both tracers accumulated in the lamina scleralis (LS) of eyes maintained at pressures of 25 to 150 mm. Hg for 12 to 28 hours (pressure in normal controls = 10 to 14 mm. Hg) but the HRP technique was markedly more sensitive. The degree of retrograde transport obstruction in the LS appeared to be directly proportional to both the height and the duration of elevated IOP. In one experiment, the blockades of orthograde and retrograde transport induced at 50 mm. Hg were demonstrated to be reversible. Serial reconstructions of radioautographs and peroxidase-reacted sections of the optic nerve heads demonstrated that the orthograde and retrograde transport obstructions were coincidental anatomically by light microscopy in the LS and occurred most prominently in the temporal quadrants of the nerve head. These transport obstructions occurred at moderate elevations of IOP (25 TO 50 mm. Hg) despite (1) elevated arterial PO2 levels during inhalation of 100 percent oxygen and (2) intact nerve head capillary circulation, as demonstrated by perfusion with nucleated avian erythrocytes.", "contents": "Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport during acute ocular hypertension in the monkey. Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport have been studied in the optic nerve heads of 37 Macaca fascicularis eyes with normal or elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) produced by cannulation of the anterior chamber. Orthograde transport was labeled by 3H-amino acids injected intravitreally and incorporated into retinal ganglion cell proteins. Retrograde transport was studied in the same eyes by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into one or both optic tracts and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN). Both tracers accumulated in the lamina scleralis (LS) of eyes maintained at pressures of 25 to 150 mm. Hg for 12 to 28 hours (pressure in normal controls = 10 to 14 mm. Hg) but the HRP technique was markedly more sensitive. The degree of retrograde transport obstruction in the LS appeared to be directly proportional to both the height and the duration of elevated IOP. In one experiment, the blockades of orthograde and retrograde transport induced at 50 mm. Hg were demonstrated to be reversible. Serial reconstructions of radioautographs and peroxidase-reacted sections of the optic nerve heads demonstrated that the orthograde and retrograde transport obstructions were coincidental anatomically by light microscopy in the LS and occurred most prominently in the temporal quadrants of the nerve head. These transport obstructions occurred at moderate elevations of IOP (25 TO 50 mm. Hg) despite (1) elevated arterial PO2 levels during inhalation of 100 percent oxygen and (2) intact nerve head capillary circulation, as demonstrated by perfusion with nucleated avian erythrocytes.", "PMID": 67096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2411", "title": "An animal model for the growth of human tumor cell lines.", "content": "Newborn rats were thymectomized at less than 24 hr of age and received antilymphocyte serum and heterologous human tumor cells. This model allows the growth of large primary tumors with a high metastatic percentage. This model may be applicable to the study of a wide variety of genitourinary tumors.", "contents": "An animal model for the growth of human tumor cell lines. Newborn rats were thymectomized at less than 24 hr of age and received antilymphocyte serum and heterologous human tumor cells. This model allows the growth of large primary tumors with a high metastatic percentage. This model may be applicable to the study of a wide variety of genitourinary tumors.", "PMID": 67097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2412", "title": "Bladder wall tension in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Two hundred forty-three synchronous urinary flow and intravesical pressure recordings were carried out on 51 men all of whom were over 50 years of age. They consisted of 12 normal subjects and 39 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy in various stages of bladder outlet obstruction. Bladder wall tension was determined from each pressure and flow recording. Bladder wall tension at the commencement of micturition was found to be of value for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction attributable to benign prostatic hypertrophy. A technique for direct recording of bladder wall tension is desirable.", "contents": "Bladder wall tension in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Two hundred forty-three synchronous urinary flow and intravesical pressure recordings were carried out on 51 men all of whom were over 50 years of age. They consisted of 12 normal subjects and 39 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy in various stages of bladder outlet obstruction. Bladder wall tension was determined from each pressure and flow recording. Bladder wall tension at the commencement of micturition was found to be of value for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction attributable to benign prostatic hypertrophy. A technique for direct recording of bladder wall tension is desirable.", "PMID": 67098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2413", "title": "An immunofluorescence technique with counterstain on fixed cells for the detection of antibodies to human herpesviruses; antibody patterns in patients with Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test on fixed cells with Evans' blue counterstain is described for all four human herpesviruses, i.e., herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Comparison with immunodiffusion (ID) for HSV-2 and with ID and complement fixation (CF) for VZV and CMV demonstrated the specificity and high sensitivity of the IF test. Also introduced is a modification of the anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test for EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), permitting simultaneous titration of antibodies to this nuclear antigen and of the anti-nuclear factor (ANF). Seroepidemiological studies of these viruses in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in the Netherlands revealed the following pattern: (1) in nodular sclerosing (NS) HD there is a 4-fold (significant) elevation in antibody titer to EBV-VAC, but no elevation to EBV-EA and EBNA; (2) in mixed cellularity (MC) HD a 10-fold (significant) elevation to both EBV-VCA and EA, but no elevation to EBNA is found compared to the control groups. These patterns in NS and MC HD are different from the pattern in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) which manifests elevations in antibody titers to EBV-VCA and EA as well as to EBNA. Antibody titers to HSV, VZV and CMV are not significantly elevated in either HD or NPC.", "contents": "An immunofluorescence technique with counterstain on fixed cells for the detection of antibodies to human herpesviruses; antibody patterns in patients with Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test on fixed cells with Evans' blue counterstain is described for all four human herpesviruses, i.e., herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Comparison with immunodiffusion (ID) for HSV-2 and with ID and complement fixation (CF) for VZV and CMV demonstrated the specificity and high sensitivity of the IF test. Also introduced is a modification of the anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test for EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), permitting simultaneous titration of antibodies to this nuclear antigen and of the anti-nuclear factor (ANF). Seroepidemiological studies of these viruses in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in the Netherlands revealed the following pattern: (1) in nodular sclerosing (NS) HD there is a 4-fold (significant) elevation in antibody titer to EBV-VAC, but no elevation to EBV-EA and EBNA; (2) in mixed cellularity (MC) HD a 10-fold (significant) elevation to both EBV-VCA and EA, but no elevation to EBNA is found compared to the control groups. These patterns in NS and MC HD are different from the pattern in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) which manifests elevations in antibody titers to EBV-VCA and EA as well as to EBNA. Antibody titers to HSV, VZV and CMV are not significantly elevated in either HD or NPC.", "PMID": 67099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2414", "title": "Mixed infection with two tobamoviruses: the formation of particles containing the coat protein messenger RNAs of either virus.", "content": "Plants mixedly infected with the U2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus (T2MV) and sunnhemp mosaic virus (SHMV) and grown at 35 degrees, yield particles of the same modal lengths (300 and 40 nm) as those found in plants singly infected with SHMV, but not in plants infected with T2MV, which yield only the long particles. At least some of the particles produced in mixedly infected plants contain coat proteins of both viruses. When RNAs from these particles are translated in vitro the coat proteins of both viruses are produced, although when a mixture of RNAs from particles of SHMV and T2MV, grown separately, are translated in vitro only SHMV protein is produced. These and other results suggest that the short particles produced in mixedly infected plants contain both coat protein messengers.", "contents": "Mixed infection with two tobamoviruses: the formation of particles containing the coat protein messenger RNAs of either virus. Plants mixedly infected with the U2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus (T2MV) and sunnhemp mosaic virus (SHMV) and grown at 35 degrees, yield particles of the same modal lengths (300 and 40 nm) as those found in plants singly infected with SHMV, but not in plants infected with T2MV, which yield only the long particles. At least some of the particles produced in mixedly infected plants contain coat proteins of both viruses. When RNAs from these particles are translated in vitro the coat proteins of both viruses are produced, although when a mixture of RNAs from particles of SHMV and T2MV, grown separately, are translated in vitro only SHMV protein is produced. These and other results suggest that the short particles produced in mixedly infected plants contain both coat protein messengers.", "PMID": 67100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2415", "title": "Characterization of two new serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus.", "content": "Two new virus isolates, one from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) and the other from a northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were partially characterized. Their physicochemical characteristics were similar to those of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV). The virion morphology was in both instances typically calicivirus. On the basis of this and the serum cross-neutralization testing, these isolates were classed as two new types of SMSV and were designated serotypes SMSV-4 and SMSV-5.", "contents": "Characterization of two new serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus. Two new virus isolates, one from a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus) and the other from a northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were partially characterized. Their physicochemical characteristics were similar to those of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV). The virion morphology was in both instances typically calicivirus. On the basis of this and the serum cross-neutralization testing, these isolates were classed as two new types of SMSV and were designated serotypes SMSV-4 and SMSV-5.", "PMID": 67101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2416", "title": "Biological and immunological studies on two substrains, c-1 and c-3, derived from the Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese encephalitis virus.", "content": "A comparative analysis was performed on two substrains, c-1 and c-3, derived from the Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. The infectivity of the two substrains was inactivated at similar rates by treatment with Tween 80 and Tween 20 but not by treatment with Tween 60. However, hemagglutinating activity as measured at pH 6.8 of the c-3 substrain treated with Tween 80 was more labile than that of the c-1 substrain treated with Tween 80. Also, the immunogenicity (neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies) was different between the two substrains in sensitivity to low pH (6.8) and to Tween 80. With the c-1 substrain a combination of these treatments reduced the immunogenicity, but each treatment applied singly did not materially reduce it. The immunogenicity of the c-3 substrain was reduced by single as well as combined applications of the two treatments. Evidence was obtained which suggested that the part of the antigen sensitive to these treatments was strain-specific, whereas the resistant antigen was common among the Japanese encephalitis-St. Louis encephalitis complex members.", "contents": "Biological and immunological studies on two substrains, c-1 and c-3, derived from the Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. A comparative analysis was performed on two substrains, c-1 and c-3, derived from the Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. The infectivity of the two substrains was inactivated at similar rates by treatment with Tween 80 and Tween 20 but not by treatment with Tween 60. However, hemagglutinating activity as measured at pH 6.8 of the c-3 substrain treated with Tween 80 was more labile than that of the c-1 substrain treated with Tween 80. Also, the immunogenicity (neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies) was different between the two substrains in sensitivity to low pH (6.8) and to Tween 80. With the c-1 substrain a combination of these treatments reduced the immunogenicity, but each treatment applied singly did not materially reduce it. The immunogenicity of the c-3 substrain was reduced by single as well as combined applications of the two treatments. Evidence was obtained which suggested that the part of the antigen sensitive to these treatments was strain-specific, whereas the resistant antigen was common among the Japanese encephalitis-St. Louis encephalitis complex members.", "PMID": 67102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2417", "title": "Isolation and assay of rabies serogroup viruses in CER cells.", "content": "Infection of CER cell cultures with field strains of rabies virus, ranging from 0 to 5 mouse brain passages, was detected by immunoflurescence within 2-4 days after infection. A fluorescent focus assay for measuring infectivity of seven rabies serogroup viruses was rapid and reproducible. Rabies field strians and other rabies serogroup viruses also induced cytopathic effect, usually on initial passage. The hemadsorption-negative (HAD-) plaque test in BSC-1 cells was successfully applied to laboratory-adapted rabies strains. HAD- test attempts were unsuccessful with CER cells and with field isolates of rabies virus in both cell lines. CER cells are heteroploid and are antigenically related to BHK-21 cells by fluorsecent antibody tests.", "contents": "Isolation and assay of rabies serogroup viruses in CER cells. Infection of CER cell cultures with field strains of rabies virus, ranging from 0 to 5 mouse brain passages, was detected by immunoflurescence within 2-4 days after infection. A fluorescent focus assay for measuring infectivity of seven rabies serogroup viruses was rapid and reproducible. Rabies field strians and other rabies serogroup viruses also induced cytopathic effect, usually on initial passage. The hemadsorption-negative (HAD-) plaque test in BSC-1 cells was successfully applied to laboratory-adapted rabies strains. HAD- test attempts were unsuccessful with CER cells and with field isolates of rabies virus in both cell lines. CER cells are heteroploid and are antigenically related to BHK-21 cells by fluorsecent antibody tests.", "PMID": 67104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2418", "title": "Physicochemical characterization of two serologically unrelated equine rhinoviruses.", "content": "The physicochemical properties of two serologically distinct equine rhinoviruses have been examined. Each virus sedimented at approximately 160S but co-centrifugation of the two viruses in a sucrose gradient revealed a small difference in their sedimentation coefficients. The two viruses also have different buoyant densities in cesium chloride. The equine rhinovirus type 1 equilibrated as a sharp peak at 1.45 g/ml whereas the type 2 virus equilibrated as a heterogeneous band with a peak at 1.44 g/ml but ranging in density from 1.41 to 1.45 g/ml. The relative sedimentation coefficients of the two virus RNAs were 35S for rhinovirus 1 and 37S for rhinovirus 2. A limited number of base composition analyses also showed differences between the two virus RNAs. The polypeptide profile of each serotype in polyacrylamide gels was generally similar to those of other picornaviruses but the two serotypes could be distinguished readily from each other.", "contents": "Physicochemical characterization of two serologically unrelated equine rhinoviruses. The physicochemical properties of two serologically distinct equine rhinoviruses have been examined. Each virus sedimented at approximately 160S but co-centrifugation of the two viruses in a sucrose gradient revealed a small difference in their sedimentation coefficients. The two viruses also have different buoyant densities in cesium chloride. The equine rhinovirus type 1 equilibrated as a sharp peak at 1.45 g/ml whereas the type 2 virus equilibrated as a heterogeneous band with a peak at 1.44 g/ml but ranging in density from 1.41 to 1.45 g/ml. The relative sedimentation coefficients of the two virus RNAs were 35S for rhinovirus 1 and 37S for rhinovirus 2. A limited number of base composition analyses also showed differences between the two virus RNAs. The polypeptide profile of each serotype in polyacrylamide gels was generally similar to those of other picornaviruses but the two serotypes could be distinguished readily from each other.", "PMID": 67105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2419", "title": "Specificity of the Tumor-specific transplantation antigen induced by JC virus, a human polyomavirus.", "content": "The specificity of the tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) induced by JC virus was investigated by cross protection tests in weanling hamsters. Hamsters immunized with JC virus, BK virus, or SV40 were challenged 5 weeks later with known numbers of JC virus- or SV40-induced hamster tumor cells. Both the JC virus-immune and the SV40-immune hamsters showed resistance to challenge with homologous but not heterologous tumor cells, and the BK virus-immune hamsters were not resistant to either heterologous tumor cell. The TSTA induced by JC virus did not cross-react with that induced by SV40.", "contents": "Specificity of the Tumor-specific transplantation antigen induced by JC virus, a human polyomavirus. The specificity of the tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) induced by JC virus was investigated by cross protection tests in weanling hamsters. Hamsters immunized with JC virus, BK virus, or SV40 were challenged 5 weeks later with known numbers of JC virus- or SV40-induced hamster tumor cells. Both the JC virus-immune and the SV40-immune hamsters showed resistance to challenge with homologous but not heterologous tumor cells, and the BK virus-immune hamsters were not resistant to either heterologous tumor cell. The TSTA induced by JC virus did not cross-react with that induced by SV40.", "PMID": 67106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2420", "title": "Homogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Acholeplasma.", "content": "Five methods were employed to determine the heterogeneity or homogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from four acholeplasmal species, Acholeplasma axanthum, A. granularum, A. laidlawii, and A. modicum. A axanthum lipopolysaccharide behaved as a single component in all tests. A. granularum exhibited two components of identical composition and antigenic specificity. A. modicum lipopolysaccharide behaved as three components in two tests, but all three were similar in composition and identical serologically. The separable components of lipopolysaccharides from A. granularum and A. modicum probably represent size differences only. A. laidlwii lipopolysaccharide contained two distinct components by all methods. One was identified as the previously reported amino sugar polymer, whereas the other was a lipopolysaccharide containing both neutral and amino sugars.", "contents": "Homogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Acholeplasma. Five methods were employed to determine the heterogeneity or homogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from four acholeplasmal species, Acholeplasma axanthum, A. granularum, A. laidlawii, and A. modicum. A axanthum lipopolysaccharide behaved as a single component in all tests. A. granularum exhibited two components of identical composition and antigenic specificity. A. modicum lipopolysaccharide behaved as three components in two tests, but all three were similar in composition and identical serologically. The separable components of lipopolysaccharides from A. granularum and A. modicum probably represent size differences only. A. laidlwii lipopolysaccharide contained two distinct components by all methods. One was identified as the previously reported amino sugar polymer, whereas the other was a lipopolysaccharide containing both neutral and amino sugars.", "PMID": 67111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2421", "title": "Regulation of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase synthesis in Escherichia coli: increased enzyme synthesis as a result of inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in Escherichia coli by chemical inhibitors or by shifting cultures of temperature-sensitive elongation (dnaE and dnaB) or initiation (dnaA) mutants to nonpermissive conditions led to greatly increased synthesis of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, which catalyzes the first reaction unique to the pathway leading to DNA replication. In contrast to the Gudas and Pardee proposed model for control of the synthesis of DNA repair enzymes, in which both DNA inhibition and DNA degradation are involved, DNA synthesis inhibition in recA, recB, recC, or lex strains results in increased synthesis of ribonucleotide reductase, which suggests that DNA degradation is not required. We propose that inhibition of DNA synthesis causes a cell to accumulate an unknown compound that stimulates the initiation of a new round of DNA replication, and that this same signal is used to induce ribonucleotide reductase synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase synthesis in Escherichia coli: increased enzyme synthesis as a result of inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in Escherichia coli by chemical inhibitors or by shifting cultures of temperature-sensitive elongation (dnaE and dnaB) or initiation (dnaA) mutants to nonpermissive conditions led to greatly increased synthesis of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, which catalyzes the first reaction unique to the pathway leading to DNA replication. In contrast to the Gudas and Pardee proposed model for control of the synthesis of DNA repair enzymes, in which both DNA inhibition and DNA degradation are involved, DNA synthesis inhibition in recA, recB, recC, or lex strains results in increased synthesis of ribonucleotide reductase, which suggests that DNA degradation is not required. We propose that inhibition of DNA synthesis causes a cell to accumulate an unknown compound that stimulates the initiation of a new round of DNA replication, and that this same signal is used to induce ribonucleotide reductase synthesis.", "PMID": 67110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2422", "title": "Inhibition of germ tube formation in Neurospora.", "content": "Phenethyl alcohol, m-cresol, and related compounds cause inhibition of germ tube formation in conidia of Neurospora crassa. Conidia continue to swell and form large spherical cells that are capable of multiple germ tube formation upon removal of inhibitor.", "contents": "Inhibition of germ tube formation in Neurospora. Phenethyl alcohol, m-cresol, and related compounds cause inhibition of germ tube formation in conidia of Neurospora crassa. Conidia continue to swell and form large spherical cells that are capable of multiple germ tube formation upon removal of inhibitor.", "PMID": 67112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2423", "title": "Isolation of chicken hemoglobin mRNA and synthesis of complementary DNA.", "content": "Chicken globin mRNA has been purified and partially characterized. Globin-specific sequences are found primarily as 9 S RNA, but also are found with ribosomal RNA, preferentially the 28 S moiety. The chicken globin mRNA preparation has been translated in the wheat germ and Krebs ascites cell-free systems. The products have been identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis as the alpha- and beta-globin polypeptides. The globin mRNA is resolved into two asymmetric peaks by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The minor rapidly migrating peak consists primarily of alpha message while the major slowly migrating peak contains a mixture of alpha and beta messages. The synthesis of cDNA has been optimized and the products analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The products consist primarily of full copy transcripts that can be resolved into three discrete species.", "contents": "Isolation of chicken hemoglobin mRNA and synthesis of complementary DNA. Chicken globin mRNA has been purified and partially characterized. Globin-specific sequences are found primarily as 9 S RNA, but also are found with ribosomal RNA, preferentially the 28 S moiety. The chicken globin mRNA preparation has been translated in the wheat germ and Krebs ascites cell-free systems. The products have been identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis as the alpha- and beta-globin polypeptides. The globin mRNA is resolved into two asymmetric peaks by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The minor rapidly migrating peak consists primarily of alpha message while the major slowly migrating peak contains a mixture of alpha and beta messages. The synthesis of cDNA has been optimized and the products analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The products consist primarily of full copy transcripts that can be resolved into three discrete species.", "PMID": 67113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2424", "title": "Genetic regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds in mice. Co-segregation with aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(alpha)pyrene) hydroxylase induction.", "content": "Induction of hepatic 4-methylumbelliferone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) by polycyclic aromatic compounds, such as 3-methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone, occurs in C57BL/6N, A/J, PL/J, C3HeB/FeJ, and BALB/cJ but not in DBA/2N, AU/SsJ, AKR/J, or RF/J inbred strains of mice. This pattern of five responsive and five nonresponsive mouse strains parallels that of the Ah locus, which controls the induction of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[alpha]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2). Induction of the transferase is maximal in C57BL/6N mice with 200 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene/kg body weight; no induction occurs in nonresponsive DBA/2N mice even at a dose of 400 mg/kg. The rise of inducible transferase activity lags 1 or more days behind the rise of inducible hydroxylase activity and peaks 5 days after a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene. In offspring from the appropriate backcrosses and intercross between C57BL/6N and DBA/2N parent strains, the genetic expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible transferase activity is inherited as an additive (co-dominant) trait. This expression differs distinctly from that of the inducible hydroxylase activity, which is inherited almost exclusively as a single autosomal dominant trait in these same animals. The more potent inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces the transferase more than 3-fold in C57BL/6N mice and less than 2-fold in DBA/2N mice, whereas the hydroxylase is induced equally (about 8-fold) in both strains. A dose of 3-methylcholanthrene given 3 days after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, at a time when hydroxylase induction in both strains is very high, does not enhance the rise in inducible transferase activity seen in C57BL/6N or DBA/2N mice which have received 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alone. These data indicate that (a) the inducibility of two metabolically coordinated membrane-bound enzyme activities may be regulated by a single genetic locus, and (b) although the hydroxylase can be fully induced in the nonresponsive DBA/2N strain by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin prior to 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene, presumably present in the liver, are incapable of inducing further the transferase activity. The difference in sensitivity between 3-methylcholanthrene and the more potent inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for both the hydroxylase and the transferase activities suggests the possibility of a common receptor in regulating both enzyme induction processes.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds in mice. Co-segregation with aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(alpha)pyrene) hydroxylase induction. Induction of hepatic 4-methylumbelliferone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) by polycyclic aromatic compounds, such as 3-methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone, occurs in C57BL/6N, A/J, PL/J, C3HeB/FeJ, and BALB/cJ but not in DBA/2N, AU/SsJ, AKR/J, or RF/J inbred strains of mice. This pattern of five responsive and five nonresponsive mouse strains parallels that of the Ah locus, which controls the induction of aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[alpha]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2). Induction of the transferase is maximal in C57BL/6N mice with 200 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene/kg body weight; no induction occurs in nonresponsive DBA/2N mice even at a dose of 400 mg/kg. The rise of inducible transferase activity lags 1 or more days behind the rise of inducible hydroxylase activity and peaks 5 days after a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene. In offspring from the appropriate backcrosses and intercross between C57BL/6N and DBA/2N parent strains, the genetic expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible transferase activity is inherited as an additive (co-dominant) trait. This expression differs distinctly from that of the inducible hydroxylase activity, which is inherited almost exclusively as a single autosomal dominant trait in these same animals. The more potent inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces the transferase more than 3-fold in C57BL/6N mice and less than 2-fold in DBA/2N mice, whereas the hydroxylase is induced equally (about 8-fold) in both strains. A dose of 3-methylcholanthrene given 3 days after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, at a time when hydroxylase induction in both strains is very high, does not enhance the rise in inducible transferase activity seen in C57BL/6N or DBA/2N mice which have received 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alone. These data indicate that (a) the inducibility of two metabolically coordinated membrane-bound enzyme activities may be regulated by a single genetic locus, and (b) although the hydroxylase can be fully induced in the nonresponsive DBA/2N strain by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin prior to 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene treatment, metabolites of the 3-methylcholanthrene, presumably present in the liver, are incapable of inducing further the transferase activity. The difference in sensitivity between 3-methylcholanthrene and the more potent inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for both the hydroxylase and the transferase activities suggests the possibility of a common receptor in regulating both enzyme induction processes.", "PMID": 67114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2425", "title": "The restoration of the articular surfaces overlying Replamineform porous biomaterials.", "content": "Replamineform porous implants (4 mm X 4 mm diameter) were placed into full-thickness cartilage and bone defects of the weight-bearing surface of the lateral femoral condyles of adult male white rabbits. These were analyzed at 1 day, 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months for 1) ingrowth of tissue within the implants and 2) restoration of the articular surface overlying them. Appropriate unfilled, but similar, control defects were also studied. Mineralized bone was seen within the substance of both the TiO2 and hydroxyapatite implants at 1 week; this extremely rapid response was present in every specimen studied and was not seen with alphaAl2O3 or control animals. With the passage of time, maturation of this bone ingrowth occurred so that by 3 months, they were all incorporated into the surrounding bone. Only the hydroxyapatite implants showed consistent regenerative healing of hyaline articular cartilage from the margins of the defects with the passage of time; this occurred whenever the subchondral bone adjacent to the defect proliferated in a \"creeping\" fashion over the articular aspect of the implant, and the undamaged cartilage then followed it. Fibrocartilage, and not hyaline cartilage, formed the articular surface over the TiO2 and alphaAl2O3 implants and in the controls.", "contents": "The restoration of the articular surfaces overlying Replamineform porous biomaterials. Replamineform porous implants (4 mm X 4 mm diameter) were placed into full-thickness cartilage and bone defects of the weight-bearing surface of the lateral femoral condyles of adult male white rabbits. These were analyzed at 1 day, 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months for 1) ingrowth of tissue within the implants and 2) restoration of the articular surface overlying them. Appropriate unfilled, but similar, control defects were also studied. Mineralized bone was seen within the substance of both the TiO2 and hydroxyapatite implants at 1 week; this extremely rapid response was present in every specimen studied and was not seen with alphaAl2O3 or control animals. With the passage of time, maturation of this bone ingrowth occurred so that by 3 months, they were all incorporated into the surrounding bone. Only the hydroxyapatite implants showed consistent regenerative healing of hyaline articular cartilage from the margins of the defects with the passage of time; this occurred whenever the subchondral bone adjacent to the defect proliferated in a \"creeping\" fashion over the articular aspect of the implant, and the undamaged cartilage then followed it. Fibrocartilage, and not hyaline cartilage, formed the articular surface over the TiO2 and alphaAl2O3 implants and in the controls.", "PMID": 67115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2426", "title": "Supramolecular structure of polymorphic collagen fibrils.", "content": "Reconstituted cartilage collagen fibrils with an oblique banding pattern or with two types of symmetrical patterns, and reconstituted rattail tendon fibrils with a third type of symmetrical pattern were examined by electron microscopy and found to consist of narrow subfibrils having native-type cross-striations. Analysis of the four types of patterns by a graphic method of specific band matching revealed the orientation and axial relation of individual subfibrils and their component molecules. In fibrils with an oblique pattern, subfibrils have the same orientation and a regular 100A axial displacement. Observations on staining characteristics, folded fibrils, and transverse sections of embedded fibrils suggest that the obliquely banded fibrils are ribbonlike or layered structures. In the three types of fibrils with a symmetrical pattern, adjacent subfibrils are oppositely oriented and aligned within a 119-A segment of the 670-A major period. Considered together, the observations suggest that interaction sites on the surface of subfibrils (and perhaps on the surface of native collagen fibrils) occur in various patterns that are manifested accouding to the nature of the environment during fibril formation, and that such patterns can be mapped on the surface of subfibrils by noting the arrangement of subfibrils in polymorphic forms.", "contents": "Supramolecular structure of polymorphic collagen fibrils. Reconstituted cartilage collagen fibrils with an oblique banding pattern or with two types of symmetrical patterns, and reconstituted rattail tendon fibrils with a third type of symmetrical pattern were examined by electron microscopy and found to consist of narrow subfibrils having native-type cross-striations. Analysis of the four types of patterns by a graphic method of specific band matching revealed the orientation and axial relation of individual subfibrils and their component molecules. In fibrils with an oblique pattern, subfibrils have the same orientation and a regular 100A axial displacement. Observations on staining characteristics, folded fibrils, and transverse sections of embedded fibrils suggest that the obliquely banded fibrils are ribbonlike or layered structures. In the three types of fibrils with a symmetrical pattern, adjacent subfibrils are oppositely oriented and aligned within a 119-A segment of the 670-A major period. Considered together, the observations suggest that interaction sites on the surface of subfibrils (and perhaps on the surface of native collagen fibrils) occur in various patterns that are manifested accouding to the nature of the environment during fibril formation, and that such patterns can be mapped on the surface of subfibrils by noting the arrangement of subfibrils in polymorphic forms.", "PMID": 67116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2427", "title": "Defects in the cartilaginous growth plates of brachymorphic mice.", "content": "Homozygous brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are characterized by disproportionately short stature. Newborn bm/bm epiphyseal cartilages are shorter than normal although the cells in the different zones of growth are relatively well organized. The extracellular matrix reacts poorly with stains specific for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The ultrastructural appearance of the cartilage matrix indicates normal collagen fibrils; however, proteoglycan aggregate granules are smaller than normal and are present in reduced numbers, particularly in the columnar and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. In addition, a prominent network of fine filaments, which are extractable in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, are present in the bm/bm cartilage matrix. These findings suggest that a defect affecting the proteoglycan component of cartilage occurs in bm/bm mice.", "contents": "Defects in the cartilaginous growth plates of brachymorphic mice. Homozygous brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are characterized by disproportionately short stature. Newborn bm/bm epiphyseal cartilages are shorter than normal although the cells in the different zones of growth are relatively well organized. The extracellular matrix reacts poorly with stains specific for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The ultrastructural appearance of the cartilage matrix indicates normal collagen fibrils; however, proteoglycan aggregate granules are smaller than normal and are present in reduced numbers, particularly in the columnar and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. In addition, a prominent network of fine filaments, which are extractable in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, are present in the bm/bm cartilage matrix. These findings suggest that a defect affecting the proteoglycan component of cartilage occurs in bm/bm mice.", "PMID": 67117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2428", "title": "Patterns of DNA synthesis during pollen embryogenesis in henbane.", "content": "Continued DNA synthesis in the generative cell nucleus, followed by mitosis and cytokinesis, results in the formation of pollen embryoids in cultured anthers of H. niger. In contrast, the nucleus of the vegetative cell undergoes no DNA synthesis after it is cut off, or synthesizes DNA only during a limited number of cell cycles. DNA synthetic patterns in the generative and vegetative cell nuclei confirm the ontogeny of embryoids described in this plant.", "contents": "Patterns of DNA synthesis during pollen embryogenesis in henbane. Continued DNA synthesis in the generative cell nucleus, followed by mitosis and cytokinesis, results in the formation of pollen embryoids in cultured anthers of H. niger. In contrast, the nucleus of the vegetative cell undergoes no DNA synthesis after it is cut off, or synthesizes DNA only during a limited number of cell cycles. DNA synthetic patterns in the generative and vegetative cell nuclei confirm the ontogeny of embryoids described in this plant.", "PMID": 67118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2429", "title": "Microfluorometric analysis of cellular DNA following incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cellular DNA has a differential effect on the cell-associated fluorescence of several DNA-specific dyes. After cells were treated with BrdU, flow microfluorometry was used to study the relative increase or decrease influorescence of stained cells. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into CHO cells increased the fluorescence of mithramycin-, olivomycin-, or chromomycin-stained cells, decreased that of propidium iodide-stained cells, and had little, if any, effect on the fluorescence of acriflavine Feulgen-stained cells. Changes in relative fluorescence of cell associated dyes are due to changes in the amounts of dye bound to cells with BrdU-substituted DNA. Colorimetric and absorbance measurement of DNA content showed that BrdU does not alter the diploid DNA content of CHO cells; however, BrdU induces perturbations in the distribution of cells about the cell cycle which cause an increase in average DNA content.", "contents": "Microfluorometric analysis of cellular DNA following incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cellular DNA has a differential effect on the cell-associated fluorescence of several DNA-specific dyes. After cells were treated with BrdU, flow microfluorometry was used to study the relative increase or decrease influorescence of stained cells. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into CHO cells increased the fluorescence of mithramycin-, olivomycin-, or chromomycin-stained cells, decreased that of propidium iodide-stained cells, and had little, if any, effect on the fluorescence of acriflavine Feulgen-stained cells. Changes in relative fluorescence of cell associated dyes are due to changes in the amounts of dye bound to cells with BrdU-substituted DNA. Colorimetric and absorbance measurement of DNA content showed that BrdU does not alter the diploid DNA content of CHO cells; however, BrdU induces perturbations in the distribution of cells about the cell cycle which cause an increase in average DNA content.", "PMID": 67119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2430", "title": "Rapid purification of an RNA tumor virus and proteins by high-performance steric exclusion chromatography on porous glass bead columns.", "content": "High-performance steric exclusion chromatography on a 1250-A pore size polyethylene glycol-treated glass bead column was used to purify avian myeloblastosis virus and hamster melanoma virus from plasma protein and tissue culture media. The purified hamster melanoma virus was still infectious and the avian myeloblastosis virus-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase showed a 1100-fold purification of the virus from one column treatment. Electron microscopy of the purified virus showed intact particles, with surface projections evident. The time required for column purification of the virus was 5 min.", "contents": "Rapid purification of an RNA tumor virus and proteins by high-performance steric exclusion chromatography on porous glass bead columns. High-performance steric exclusion chromatography on a 1250-A pore size polyethylene glycol-treated glass bead column was used to purify avian myeloblastosis virus and hamster melanoma virus from plasma protein and tissue culture media. The purified hamster melanoma virus was still infectious and the avian myeloblastosis virus-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase showed a 1100-fold purification of the virus from one column treatment. Electron microscopy of the purified virus showed intact particles, with surface projections evident. The time required for column purification of the virus was 5 min.", "PMID": 67120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2431", "title": "[The quantitative detection of estrogens and antithyroid drugs by thin-layer and high performance thin-layer chromatography in animal tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were developed for the determination of estrogens and antithyroid drugs in extracts of animal tissues. TLC proved to be suitable for quantities in the range of 200-2000 ng, with a detection limit of 50-200 ng, HPTLC in the range of 10-200 ng, showing calibration curves of good linearity even in extracts. By HPTLC better detection limits, better separation and faster ascending could be achieved than by TLC.", "contents": "[The quantitative detection of estrogens and antithyroid drugs by thin-layer and high performance thin-layer chromatography in animal tissue (author's transl)]. Methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were developed for the determination of estrogens and antithyroid drugs in extracts of animal tissues. TLC proved to be suitable for quantities in the range of 200-2000 ng, with a detection limit of 50-200 ng, HPTLC in the range of 10-200 ng, showing calibration curves of good linearity even in extracts. By HPTLC better detection limits, better separation and faster ascending could be achieved than by TLC.", "PMID": 67121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2432", "title": "Gram stain evaluation of the quality of sputum specimens for mycobacterial culture.", "content": "A group of 34 mycobacteria, consisting of 25 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nine strains of three other species, was isolated from 400 expectorated sputum specimens submitted on 148 patients from county-wide sources. Eight strains (24% of the total) were isolated from specimens evaluated by Gram stain to be oropharyngeal fluids. The remaining 26 strains were isolated from ungradable specimens and those primarily of lower respiratory origin. It was concluded that the random examination of sputum by Gram stain to determine the specimen's quality for mycobacterial isolation is not necessary.", "contents": "Gram stain evaluation of the quality of sputum specimens for mycobacterial culture. A group of 34 mycobacteria, consisting of 25 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nine strains of three other species, was isolated from 400 expectorated sputum specimens submitted on 148 patients from county-wide sources. Eight strains (24% of the total) were isolated from specimens evaluated by Gram stain to be oropharyngeal fluids. The remaining 26 strains were isolated from ungradable specimens and those primarily of lower respiratory origin. It was concluded that the random examination of sputum by Gram stain to determine the specimen's quality for mycobacterial isolation is not necessary.", "PMID": 67123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2433", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate whether counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) would facilitate the rapid, etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis when used in parallel with other routine methods in a medical bacteriological laboratory. Of 3,674 consecutive specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) received at the Department of Diagnostic Bacteriology, Statens Seruminstitu, 283 specimens (each representing one patient) were selected for examination by CIE on the basis of the following criteria: bacteria or pleocytosis or both by microscopy or positive culture or both. CIE was performed with antisera to Neisseria meningitidis (groups A, B and C), Streptococcus pneumoniae (omni-serum and pools A to 1), and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Antigen was detected in 57% (72/126) of specimens in which cultures revealed these three kinds of microorganisms in CSF and in 12% (17/139) of the culture-negative specimens. CSF specimens from 21 patients with bacterial meningitis caused by other species were all negative in CIE, except four, three of which contained Escherichia coli antigen reacting with antiserum to N. meningitidis group B and one E. coli antigen reacting with antiserum to H. influenzae type b. Specific diagnosis was achieved in 60% (170/283) of the specimens studied and could be extablished within 1 h in 85% (145/170) by the combined results of microscopy and CIE. Ten specimens, nine of which showed a reaction with antiserum to N. meningitidis group A, were positive by CIE only.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) would facilitate the rapid, etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis when used in parallel with other routine methods in a medical bacteriological laboratory. Of 3,674 consecutive specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) received at the Department of Diagnostic Bacteriology, Statens Seruminstitu, 283 specimens (each representing one patient) were selected for examination by CIE on the basis of the following criteria: bacteria or pleocytosis or both by microscopy or positive culture or both. CIE was performed with antisera to Neisseria meningitidis (groups A, B and C), Streptococcus pneumoniae (omni-serum and pools A to 1), and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Antigen was detected in 57% (72/126) of specimens in which cultures revealed these three kinds of microorganisms in CSF and in 12% (17/139) of the culture-negative specimens. CSF specimens from 21 patients with bacterial meningitis caused by other species were all negative in CIE, except four, three of which contained Escherichia coli antigen reacting with antiserum to N. meningitidis group B and one E. coli antigen reacting with antiserum to H. influenzae type b. Specific diagnosis was achieved in 60% (170/283) of the specimens studied and could be extablished within 1 h in 85% (145/170) by the combined results of microscopy and CIE. Ten specimens, nine of which showed a reaction with antiserum to N. meningitidis group A, were positive by CIE only.", "PMID": 67124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2434", "title": "Sucrose-negative variants of Candida tropicalis.", "content": "Four cultures of a Candida sp. that lacked alpha-glucosidase activity were isolated from clinical specimens. Physiological, morphological, and serological characterizations of the yeasts and deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation studies supported their classification as a variant of C. tropicalis.", "contents": "Sucrose-negative variants of Candida tropicalis. Four cultures of a Candida sp. that lacked alpha-glucosidase activity were isolated from clinical specimens. Physiological, morphological, and serological characterizations of the yeasts and deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation studies supported their classification as a variant of C. tropicalis.", "PMID": 67125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2435", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of radiation therapy ports.", "content": "Radiation therapy is useful in the palliative treatment of large, unresectable abdominal and pelvic malignancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of B mode ultrasound scanning as an adjunct in radiation treatment planning of these patients. Fifty-one patients with large abdominal or pelvic masses had radiation therapy ports established using findings from surgery, radiographs, and physical examination. All the patients then had B mode ultrasound examinations. The position of the therapy ports was marked on the echogram. Thirty-one of the 51 patients studied (61%) had evidence of extension of tumor beyond the therapy ports. This was often due to \"iceberging\", i.e. when the deep portion of the tumor was considerably larger than the palpable margins of the superficial portion. B mode ultrasound scanning is a valuable adjunct in planning palliative radiation therapy of patients with large, unresectable, abdominal and pelvic malignancies.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of radiation therapy ports. Radiation therapy is useful in the palliative treatment of large, unresectable abdominal and pelvic malignancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of B mode ultrasound scanning as an adjunct in radiation treatment planning of these patients. Fifty-one patients with large abdominal or pelvic masses had radiation therapy ports established using findings from surgery, radiographs, and physical examination. All the patients then had B mode ultrasound examinations. The position of the therapy ports was marked on the echogram. Thirty-one of the 51 patients studied (61%) had evidence of extension of tumor beyond the therapy ports. This was often due to \"iceberging\", i.e. when the deep portion of the tumor was considerably larger than the palpable margins of the superficial portion. B mode ultrasound scanning is a valuable adjunct in planning palliative radiation therapy of patients with large, unresectable, abdominal and pelvic malignancies.", "PMID": 67126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2436", "title": "A comparison of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity in detecting changes in plasma proteins.", "content": "The Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity were compared in 114 patients and their correlations with total and differential plasma protein fractions were analysed. There is a linear correlation between these two screening tests. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained between the plasma viscosity and fibrinogen and alpha and gamma globulins than with the ESR. Albumin affected the two tests in opposite directions. The ESR was falsely increased by a fall in haemoglobulin even within two standard deviations from the mean. Both tests gave an appreciable number of incorrect values--the plasma viscosity in 21 cases and the ESR in 33. The cause for these is discussed. It is concluded that the plasma viscosity is the more sensitive and reliable measure of changes in acute phase protein reactants and more useful for monitoring clinical progress.", "contents": "A comparison of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity in detecting changes in plasma proteins. The Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity were compared in 114 patients and their correlations with total and differential plasma protein fractions were analysed. There is a linear correlation between these two screening tests. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained between the plasma viscosity and fibrinogen and alpha and gamma globulins than with the ESR. Albumin affected the two tests in opposite directions. The ESR was falsely increased by a fall in haemoglobulin even within two standard deviations from the mean. Both tests gave an appreciable number of incorrect values--the plasma viscosity in 21 cases and the ESR in 33. The cause for these is discussed. It is concluded that the plasma viscosity is the more sensitive and reliable measure of changes in acute phase protein reactants and more useful for monitoring clinical progress.", "PMID": 67127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2437", "title": "Cyclic AMP in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens.", "content": "Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and cellular distribution were studied in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens. Although the mean levels of cAMP around developing teeth were similar in all the tissue samples, there were marked differences in cAMP stainability of tissues apical and occlusal to the erupting teeth.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations and cellular distribution were studied in dental and periodontal tissues during tooth eruption in kittens. Although the mean levels of cAMP around developing teeth were similar in all the tissue samples, there were marked differences in cAMP stainability of tissues apical and occlusal to the erupting teeth.", "PMID": 67130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2438", "title": "Self-instruction in dentistry: a critique.", "content": "Recent activity and interest in self-instruction and programmed self-instruction emerged from studies which demonstrated the central importance of learner response with prompt consequences. Self-instructional procedures in formal education, e.g., teaching machines, were initially designed to be an improvement over conventional show-and-tell instruction in the arrangement of systematic student response, prompt consequences, and student self-pacing. A minority of self-instructional procedures in dentistry reflect that intent. The evidence discussed suggests that dental education may be the worse for that omission. Suggestions for the improvement of self-instructional in dentistry are presented.", "contents": "Self-instruction in dentistry: a critique. Recent activity and interest in self-instruction and programmed self-instruction emerged from studies which demonstrated the central importance of learner response with prompt consequences. Self-instructional procedures in formal education, e.g., teaching machines, were initially designed to be an improvement over conventional show-and-tell instruction in the arrangement of systematic student response, prompt consequences, and student self-pacing. A minority of self-instructional procedures in dentistry reflect that intent. The evidence discussed suggests that dental education may be the worse for that omission. Suggestions for the improvement of self-instructional in dentistry are presented.", "PMID": 67131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2439", "title": "A comparison of the analgesic effect of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain.", "content": "The relative analgesic potency of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection was evaluated in a double-blind, twin-crossover comparison of graded single doses in 136 patients with postoperative pain. The time-effect curves of the two routes of administration differed substantially; rectal resulted in lower and more delayed peak analgesia and a longer duration of action than intramuscular administration. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), rectal oxymorphone was 1/10 as potent as the intramuscular form; in peak effect, it was only 1/16 to 1/20 as potent. However, because intramuscular oxymorphone is nine to ten times as potent as intramuscular morphine, 5 to 10 mg oxymorphone by suppository provides analgesia comparable to that provided by the usually used doses of parenteral narcotics. Rectal oxymorphone produced no more, and perhaps somewhat fewer, side effects than doses of intramuscular oxymorphone producing equivalent total analgesic effect. None of the patients objected to the rectal route of analgesic administration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of well-controlled analgesic assays employing the double-dummy technique to compare suppositoreis with oral or parenteral analgesic dosage forms. Our observations also suggest that the rectal route is an acceptable and practical way of administering potent analgesics and is probably being underutilized by physicians in the control of moderate to severe pain.", "contents": "A comparison of the analgesic effect of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain. The relative analgesic potency of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection was evaluated in a double-blind, twin-crossover comparison of graded single doses in 136 patients with postoperative pain. The time-effect curves of the two routes of administration differed substantially; rectal resulted in lower and more delayed peak analgesia and a longer duration of action than intramuscular administration. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), rectal oxymorphone was 1/10 as potent as the intramuscular form; in peak effect, it was only 1/16 to 1/20 as potent. However, because intramuscular oxymorphone is nine to ten times as potent as intramuscular morphine, 5 to 10 mg oxymorphone by suppository provides analgesia comparable to that provided by the usually used doses of parenteral narcotics. Rectal oxymorphone produced no more, and perhaps somewhat fewer, side effects than doses of intramuscular oxymorphone producing equivalent total analgesic effect. None of the patients objected to the rectal route of analgesic administration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of well-controlled analgesic assays employing the double-dummy technique to compare suppositoreis with oral or parenteral analgesic dosage forms. Our observations also suggest that the rectal route is an acceptable and practical way of administering potent analgesics and is probably being underutilized by physicians in the control of moderate to severe pain.", "PMID": 67128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2440", "title": "Rapid chemical dehydration of biologic samples for scanning electron microscopy using 2,2-dimethoxypropane.", "content": "Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) has been used as a rapid chemical dehydrating agent en route to plastic embedding and ulthrathin sectioning for conventional electron miscroscopy (J Histochem Cytochem 23:107, 1975). We have used DMP to dehydrate biologic specimens prior to critical point drying and metal coating for scanning electron microscopy. There is no difference in either the gross architecture or the fine surface structure of mouse small intestine and trachea, rat trachea and kidney, and cultured fibroblasts, between samples dehydrated in DMP for 5 min to 30 days and those conventionally dehydrated in ethanol or acetone. DMP dehydration is advantageous in speed, economy and apparent completeness.", "contents": "Rapid chemical dehydration of biologic samples for scanning electron microscopy using 2,2-dimethoxypropane. Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) has been used as a rapid chemical dehydrating agent en route to plastic embedding and ulthrathin sectioning for conventional electron miscroscopy (J Histochem Cytochem 23:107, 1975). We have used DMP to dehydrate biologic specimens prior to critical point drying and metal coating for scanning electron microscopy. There is no difference in either the gross architecture or the fine surface structure of mouse small intestine and trachea, rat trachea and kidney, and cultured fibroblasts, between samples dehydrated in DMP for 5 min to 30 days and those conventionally dehydrated in ethanol or acetone. DMP dehydration is advantageous in speed, economy and apparent completeness.", "PMID": 67137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2441", "title": "Scanning Feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou destained preparations.", "content": "Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou destained specimens revealed a differential loss in Feulgen reactivity among human buccal and cervical smears, cultured embryonic lung fibroblasts and invasive cervical carcinoma cells. Loss in Feulgen reactivity in Papanicolaou destained fibroblasts and polyploid nuclei of malignant lesions was observed to result in underestimates of relative Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid and nuclear area values using scanning integrating microdensitometry. Thus, Papanicolaou stained preparations may not be suitable for deoxyribonucleic acid quantification of high ploidy lesions since distributional absorption error is unpredictably influenced by such factors as ploidy level, nuclear size, chromatin dispersion and differential aldehyde loss during destaining. Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou stained preparations can be useful for differentiating benign from malignant lesions if extent of aneuploidy (as reflected in abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid frequency distribution profile) is used as a diagnostic indicator.", "contents": "Scanning Feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou destained preparations. Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou destained specimens revealed a differential loss in Feulgen reactivity among human buccal and cervical smears, cultured embryonic lung fibroblasts and invasive cervical carcinoma cells. Loss in Feulgen reactivity in Papanicolaou destained fibroblasts and polyploid nuclei of malignant lesions was observed to result in underestimates of relative Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid and nuclear area values using scanning integrating microdensitometry. Thus, Papanicolaou stained preparations may not be suitable for deoxyribonucleic acid quantification of high ploidy lesions since distributional absorption error is unpredictably influenced by such factors as ploidy level, nuclear size, chromatin dispersion and differential aldehyde loss during destaining. Feulgen deoxyribonucleic acid cytophotometry of Papanicolaou stained preparations can be useful for differentiating benign from malignant lesions if extent of aneuploidy (as reflected in abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid frequency distribution profile) is used as a diagnostic indicator.", "PMID": 67138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2442", "title": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. IV. Serum protein pattern during primary infection.", "content": "Serum protein of Swiss albino mice infected with Ancylostoma caninum larvae, were analysed electrophoretically. Twenty mice were infected with a dose of 1000 larvae and the alterations in serum protein during an infection period of 30 days were recorded and compared with uninfected controls. The result showed a significant decrease in albumin and gamma globulin with an increase in beta globulin. There were no significant changes in the alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins. The total globulins increased and A/G ratio decreased. These changes appeared to be remarkable on the 9th day after infection.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. IV. Serum protein pattern during primary infection. Serum protein of Swiss albino mice infected with Ancylostoma caninum larvae, were analysed electrophoretically. Twenty mice were infected with a dose of 1000 larvae and the alterations in serum protein during an infection period of 30 days were recorded and compared with uninfected controls. The result showed a significant decrease in albumin and gamma globulin with an increase in beta globulin. There were no significant changes in the alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins. The total globulins increased and A/G ratio decreased. These changes appeared to be remarkable on the 9th day after infection.", "PMID": 67139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2443", "title": "Tumor growth and antibodies after RSV-challenge in normal chickens and in chickens congenitally infected with avian leukosis virus.", "content": "Normal chickens and chickens congenitally infected with an avian leukosis virus (ALV) of antigenic subgroup A were challenged with strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) of two different antigenic subgroups (B and C) and tumor induction and growth as well as humoral antibody to viral envelope antigen (VEA) and tumor-specific surface antigen (TSSA) were measured. There was no effect of congenital ALV infection on RSV tumor incidence or latent period but the growth rate and size of the tumors were much higher in congenitally infected birds as compared to controls. Whereas most tumors in the RSV-challenged normal birds regressed, tumors in ALV-infected birds grew progressively. There were no striking differences in the number of birds in either group in the incidence of anti-TSSA or anti-VEA antibodies nor did the presence of either type of antibody reflect the tumor status of the host.", "contents": "Tumor growth and antibodies after RSV-challenge in normal chickens and in chickens congenitally infected with avian leukosis virus. Normal chickens and chickens congenitally infected with an avian leukosis virus (ALV) of antigenic subgroup A were challenged with strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) of two different antigenic subgroups (B and C) and tumor induction and growth as well as humoral antibody to viral envelope antigen (VEA) and tumor-specific surface antigen (TSSA) were measured. There was no effect of congenital ALV infection on RSV tumor incidence or latent period but the growth rate and size of the tumors were much higher in congenitally infected birds as compared to controls. Whereas most tumors in the RSV-challenged normal birds regressed, tumors in ALV-infected birds grew progressively. There were no striking differences in the number of birds in either group in the incidence of anti-TSSA or anti-VEA antibodies nor did the presence of either type of antibody reflect the tumor status of the host.", "PMID": 67140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2444", "title": "Systemic expression of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity.", "content": "Guinea pigs primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) with several soluble proteins or with sheep erythrocytes developed a systemic, delayed-onset, maculopapular rash when challenged parenterally with specific antigen. The rash was most readily induced 5 to 7 days after immunization, at a time when local CBH skin test reactivity was also optimal. Miscroscopically, the rash resembled local CBH skin test reactions, being comprised of a papillary dermal infiltrate of basophils and lymphocytes and a striking dilatation and compaction of superficial venules. In addition to the systemic rash, animals expressing systemic CBH (SCBH) exhibited a striking eosinophilia at 24 hr which gave way to basophilia at 48 hr. Focal collections of eosinophils, and of smaller numbers of basophils, were found in the lungs and spleen; both eosinophils and basophils infiltrated the medulla of the thymus. Thus, basophil-rich infiltrations are favored in the skin even after systemic challenge with antigen and occur only to a much smaller extent in other organs where eosinophils may predominate. These differences in the response of various organs to challenge with parenteral antigen suggest that as yet unidentified local factors play a determinative role in regulating the inflammatory response. The pathogenesis of SCBH is not yet established, but it shares many of the properties of local CBH: histology, carrier specificity, development early after sensitization in the absence of detectable antibodies. Passive transfer has not been accomplished with serum alone but has been achieved irregularly with cells plus serum. SCBH may serve as a useful model for several disease states in man characterized by a systemic rash and eosinophilia, including certain types of drug reaction.", "contents": "Systemic expression of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. Guinea pigs primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) with several soluble proteins or with sheep erythrocytes developed a systemic, delayed-onset, maculopapular rash when challenged parenterally with specific antigen. The rash was most readily induced 5 to 7 days after immunization, at a time when local CBH skin test reactivity was also optimal. Miscroscopically, the rash resembled local CBH skin test reactions, being comprised of a papillary dermal infiltrate of basophils and lymphocytes and a striking dilatation and compaction of superficial venules. In addition to the systemic rash, animals expressing systemic CBH (SCBH) exhibited a striking eosinophilia at 24 hr which gave way to basophilia at 48 hr. Focal collections of eosinophils, and of smaller numbers of basophils, were found in the lungs and spleen; both eosinophils and basophils infiltrated the medulla of the thymus. Thus, basophil-rich infiltrations are favored in the skin even after systemic challenge with antigen and occur only to a much smaller extent in other organs where eosinophils may predominate. These differences in the response of various organs to challenge with parenteral antigen suggest that as yet unidentified local factors play a determinative role in regulating the inflammatory response. The pathogenesis of SCBH is not yet established, but it shares many of the properties of local CBH: histology, carrier specificity, development early after sensitization in the absence of detectable antibodies. Passive transfer has not been accomplished with serum alone but has been achieved irregularly with cells plus serum. SCBH may serve as a useful model for several disease states in man characterized by a systemic rash and eosinophilia, including certain types of drug reaction.", "PMID": 67141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2445", "title": "Cross-reacting antigens in chemically induced sarcomas are fetal determinants.", "content": "Serologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated among three MCA-induced sarcomas in C57BL/6N female mice (MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12) with a microcytotoxicity assay. Serum from mice bearing MCA-3 tumor was cytotoxic to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 tumor cells at a titer of 1:8. Sequential absorptions of this serum with syngeneic embryo cells completely eliminate cytotoxicity against MCA-2 cells without affecting the cytotoxic titer against MCA-3 cells. Serum hyperimmune to the MCA-3 tumor reacted with MCA-3, MCA-2, and MCA-12 tumors. Absorption of this serum with embryo cells eliminated cytotoxicity against MCA-2 and MCA-12 cells, but was incapable of lowering the titer against MCA-3 cells below 1:40. Similarly, serum hyperimmune to MCA-2 tumor was lytic to MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12 before absorption, but was lytic only to MCA-2 cells after absorption with sygeneic embryo cells. Thus, the in vitro cross-reactivity between MCA-induced sarcomas is due to a common fetal antigen(s), which is distinct from the individual tumor-specific antigens of each tumor. Since these tumors do not exhibit cross-reactivity in in vivo challenge experiments, it appears that this fetal antigen is not responsible for in vivo immune protection.", "contents": "Cross-reacting antigens in chemically induced sarcomas are fetal determinants. Serologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated among three MCA-induced sarcomas in C57BL/6N female mice (MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12) with a microcytotoxicity assay. Serum from mice bearing MCA-3 tumor was cytotoxic to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 tumor cells at a titer of 1:8. Sequential absorptions of this serum with syngeneic embryo cells completely eliminate cytotoxicity against MCA-2 cells without affecting the cytotoxic titer against MCA-3 cells. Serum hyperimmune to the MCA-3 tumor reacted with MCA-3, MCA-2, and MCA-12 tumors. Absorption of this serum with embryo cells eliminated cytotoxicity against MCA-2 and MCA-12 cells, but was incapable of lowering the titer against MCA-3 cells below 1:40. Similarly, serum hyperimmune to MCA-2 tumor was lytic to MCA-2, MCA-3, and MCA-12 before absorption, but was lytic only to MCA-2 cells after absorption with sygeneic embryo cells. Thus, the in vitro cross-reactivity between MCA-induced sarcomas is due to a common fetal antigen(s), which is distinct from the individual tumor-specific antigens of each tumor. Since these tumors do not exhibit cross-reactivity in in vivo challenge experiments, it appears that this fetal antigen is not responsible for in vivo immune protection.", "PMID": 67142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2446", "title": "Age-related changes in T cell function.", "content": "A comparison was made of the abilities of carrier (BGG)-primed T cell populations from young (4-month old), middle-aged (14- and 19-month old) and old (31- and 34-month old) mice to collaborate with hapten (DNP)-primed B cells from young mice in a cell-transfer system. The plaque-forming cell responses to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were measured by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. The DNP-specific antibody-forming cell responses of old T cell/young B cell combinations were significantly lower than those of young T cell/young B cell combinations, both in the number of T cells needed for peak response and in the size of that response. These data indicate that the primed T cell populations of old mice are deficient by a factor of 6 in their ability to initiate B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "Age-related changes in T cell function. A comparison was made of the abilities of carrier (BGG)-primed T cell populations from young (4-month old), middle-aged (14- and 19-month old) and old (31- and 34-month old) mice to collaborate with hapten (DNP)-primed B cells from young mice in a cell-transfer system. The plaque-forming cell responses to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were measured by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. The DNP-specific antibody-forming cell responses of old T cell/young B cell combinations were significantly lower than those of young T cell/young B cell combinations, both in the number of T cells needed for peak response and in the size of that response. These data indicate that the primed T cell populations of old mice are deficient by a factor of 6 in their ability to initiate B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-forming cells.", "PMID": 67143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2447", "title": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. II. SAMM 368--a plasmacytoma secreting IgG2b-kappa and IgA-kappa immunoglobulins which do not share idiotypic determinants.", "content": "SAMM 368 is a BALB/c plasmacytoma which secretes IgG2b-kappa and IgA-kappa paraproteins. Immunofluorescence studies of ascites cells from the tumor with purified, heavy chain class-specific antiglobulins demonstrate that single cells contain both IgG2 and IgA heavy chains. Idiotypic antisera prepared in mice and rabbits indicate that the two paraproteins produced by the tumor do not share idiotypic determinants. Analysis of the purified paraproteins for allotype markers showed that SAMM 368 IgA bears the BALB/c A12,13,14 determinants. SAMM 368 IgG2b does not carry any detectable allotypic determinants in spite of the fact that heterologous antisera identify the paraprotein as IgG2b.", "contents": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. II. SAMM 368--a plasmacytoma secreting IgG2b-kappa and IgA-kappa immunoglobulins which do not share idiotypic determinants. SAMM 368 is a BALB/c plasmacytoma which secretes IgG2b-kappa and IgA-kappa paraproteins. Immunofluorescence studies of ascites cells from the tumor with purified, heavy chain class-specific antiglobulins demonstrate that single cells contain both IgG2 and IgA heavy chains. Idiotypic antisera prepared in mice and rabbits indicate that the two paraproteins produced by the tumor do not share idiotypic determinants. Analysis of the purified paraproteins for allotype markers showed that SAMM 368 IgA bears the BALB/c A12,13,14 determinants. SAMM 368 IgG2b does not carry any detectable allotypic determinants in spite of the fact that heterologous antisera identify the paraprotein as IgG2b.", "PMID": 67144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2448", "title": "In vitro induction of polyclonal killer T cells with 2-mercaptoethanol and the essential role of macrophages in this process.", "content": "Killer T cells against allogeneic and syngeneic tumor cells were generated in vitro by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to the murine spleen cell culture in the absence of any antigenic stimulation. The maximum activity of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) induced with 2-ME was observed on day 4 of culture and the induction of CMC was completely inhibited by the addition of inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea, or cytosin arabinoside. CMC induced with 2-ME was specifically inhibited by the addition of unlabeled target cells to the 51Cr-release assay system. These results indicated that killer T cells were generated in the presence of 2-ME as a result of nonspecific polyclonal activation of precursors into cytotoxic effector cells and that they recognized target cells with antigen-specific recognition receptors. Spleen cells deprived of adherent cells showed impaired induction of CMC with 2-ME. The addition of peritoneal exudate macrophages to splenic T cells restored this response. The result indicated that macrophages were essential for the induction of CMC with 2-ME. The possibility that the function of macrophages was mediated by soluble factor(s) released from macrophages was demonstrated by the separate culture of splenic T cells and macrophages in double-chambered, Marbrook-type vessels and by the addition of supernatants from macrophage cultures to splenic T cells. 2-ME and soluble factor(s) released from macrophages seemed to be required for the activation of precursors into killer cells.", "contents": "In vitro induction of polyclonal killer T cells with 2-mercaptoethanol and the essential role of macrophages in this process. Killer T cells against allogeneic and syngeneic tumor cells were generated in vitro by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to the murine spleen cell culture in the absence of any antigenic stimulation. The maximum activity of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) induced with 2-ME was observed on day 4 of culture and the induction of CMC was completely inhibited by the addition of inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea, or cytosin arabinoside. CMC induced with 2-ME was specifically inhibited by the addition of unlabeled target cells to the 51Cr-release assay system. These results indicated that killer T cells were generated in the presence of 2-ME as a result of nonspecific polyclonal activation of precursors into cytotoxic effector cells and that they recognized target cells with antigen-specific recognition receptors. Spleen cells deprived of adherent cells showed impaired induction of CMC with 2-ME. The addition of peritoneal exudate macrophages to splenic T cells restored this response. The result indicated that macrophages were essential for the induction of CMC with 2-ME. The possibility that the function of macrophages was mediated by soluble factor(s) released from macrophages was demonstrated by the separate culture of splenic T cells and macrophages in double-chambered, Marbrook-type vessels and by the addition of supernatants from macrophage cultures to splenic T cells. 2-ME and soluble factor(s) released from macrophages seemed to be required for the activation of precursors into killer cells.", "PMID": 67145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2449", "title": "Histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF): effect on migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production and proliferation.", "content": "Histamine added in vitro to cultures of sensitized lymphocytes suppresses antigen-induced production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and proliferation by these cells. Recent studies have suggested that lymphocytes bearing histamine type-2 receptors play a regulatory role in these in vitro responses. The present studies were undertaken to determine if suppressor function by cells having histamine receptors was mediated through a soluble product. It was found that lymph node cells from nonimmune or immune strain 2 guinea pigs elaborate a nondialyzable factor into the culture supernatant when incubated with 10(-3) to 10(-5) M histamine (histamine-induced suppressor factor of HSF). HSF, when cocultured with sensitized lymphocytes, suppressed their MIF and proliferative responses to antigen. HSF was made by lymphocytes but not macrophages. Its production could be blocked by an H2 receptor antagonist (burimamide) but not an H1 receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of HSF was reversible as lymphocytes washed free of the factor after 24 hr and recultured with fresh medium and antigen were able to produce MIF. Gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 chromatography indicated that HSF had an approximate m.w. of 23,000 to 40,000. These results suggest that the release of histamine at the sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, possibly by generating HSF activity, may play a regulatory role in the subsequent development of cellular-immune reactions at the same site.", "contents": "Histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF): effect on migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production and proliferation. Histamine added in vitro to cultures of sensitized lymphocytes suppresses antigen-induced production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and proliferation by these cells. Recent studies have suggested that lymphocytes bearing histamine type-2 receptors play a regulatory role in these in vitro responses. The present studies were undertaken to determine if suppressor function by cells having histamine receptors was mediated through a soluble product. It was found that lymph node cells from nonimmune or immune strain 2 guinea pigs elaborate a nondialyzable factor into the culture supernatant when incubated with 10(-3) to 10(-5) M histamine (histamine-induced suppressor factor of HSF). HSF, when cocultured with sensitized lymphocytes, suppressed their MIF and proliferative responses to antigen. HSF was made by lymphocytes but not macrophages. Its production could be blocked by an H2 receptor antagonist (burimamide) but not an H1 receptor antagonist (chlorpheniramine). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of HSF was reversible as lymphocytes washed free of the factor after 24 hr and recultured with fresh medium and antigen were able to produce MIF. Gel filtration by Sephadex G-100 chromatography indicated that HSF had an approximate m.w. of 23,000 to 40,000. These results suggest that the release of histamine at the sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, possibly by generating HSF activity, may play a regulatory role in the subsequent development of cellular-immune reactions at the same site.", "PMID": 67146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2450", "title": "Specificity of rat xenogeneic cell-mediated cytolysis for the products of the K and D loci of the mouse H-2 complex.", "content": "Lewis rat lymph node (LN) cells, when cultured with irradiated mouse spleen cells, develop cytotoxic effectors that were shown to be specific for the sensitizing mouse strain. Alloantisera directed to the products of the K and D loci of the target inhibited cytolysis whereas an antiserum to the I region gene products did not inhibit cytolysis even though LPS-induced spleen blasts were used as targets. Thus, it appears that even when effector cells from another species are generated to mouse spleen cells, the gene products of the K and D loci continue to play a predominant role.", "contents": "Specificity of rat xenogeneic cell-mediated cytolysis for the products of the K and D loci of the mouse H-2 complex. Lewis rat lymph node (LN) cells, when cultured with irradiated mouse spleen cells, develop cytotoxic effectors that were shown to be specific for the sensitizing mouse strain. Alloantisera directed to the products of the K and D loci of the target inhibited cytolysis whereas an antiserum to the I region gene products did not inhibit cytolysis even though LPS-induced spleen blasts were used as targets. Thus, it appears that even when effector cells from another species are generated to mouse spleen cells, the gene products of the K and D loci continue to play a predominant role.", "PMID": 67147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2451", "title": "The class of surface immunoglobulin on virgin and memory B lymphocytes.", "content": "The class of surface immunoglobulin receptors for antigen on B cell precursors of different classes of antibody-forming cells was determined by utilizing a technique of class-specific antigen suicide. Spleen cells are first treated with a class-specific antiserum under conditions that result in the stripping of that class from the cell surface. The cells are then permitted to bind a highly radioactive trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated protein, which leads to lethal irradiation of all TNP-specific B cells except those whose TNP receptors had been removed by the class-specific stripping of surface immunoglobulin. In this way, the class of antibody-forming cells resulting from TNP stimulation of B cells with different classes of surface immunoglobulin can be examined. It was found that the virgin B cell precursors of IgM-producing cells are two types: cells bearing IgM receptors only and those bearing both IgM and IgD receptors. All virgin B cells that gave rise to IgG1 antibody-forming cells had both IgM and IgD on their surfaces, demonstrating that an antigen-dependent switch from IgM and IgD to IgG1 production is a common feature of B cell maturation. In contrast, memory B cell precursors of IgG1 antibody-forming cells had predominantly IgG1 as their surface antigen receptor. The implications of these findings on current models of B cell maturation are analyzed.", "contents": "The class of surface immunoglobulin on virgin and memory B lymphocytes. The class of surface immunoglobulin receptors for antigen on B cell precursors of different classes of antibody-forming cells was determined by utilizing a technique of class-specific antigen suicide. Spleen cells are first treated with a class-specific antiserum under conditions that result in the stripping of that class from the cell surface. The cells are then permitted to bind a highly radioactive trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated protein, which leads to lethal irradiation of all TNP-specific B cells except those whose TNP receptors had been removed by the class-specific stripping of surface immunoglobulin. In this way, the class of antibody-forming cells resulting from TNP stimulation of B cells with different classes of surface immunoglobulin can be examined. It was found that the virgin B cell precursors of IgM-producing cells are two types: cells bearing IgM receptors only and those bearing both IgM and IgD receptors. All virgin B cells that gave rise to IgG1 antibody-forming cells had both IgM and IgD on their surfaces, demonstrating that an antigen-dependent switch from IgM and IgD to IgG1 production is a common feature of B cell maturation. In contrast, memory B cell precursors of IgG1 antibody-forming cells had predominantly IgG1 as their surface antigen receptor. The implications of these findings on current models of B cell maturation are analyzed.", "PMID": 67148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2452", "title": "Variability of the lytic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human sera.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of human sera for Neisseria gonorhoeae was studied. Sera were obtained from a group of patients with gonococcal infections who had acute urethritis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, disseminated gonococcal infection, or who were asymptomatic carriers. The homologous and heterologous strains were tested with these sera. The development of serum bactericidal antibodies was not a universal event. With few exceptions, the susceptibility of a particular strain to human antibody and complement appeared to be largely independent of the particular person from whom the serum was obtained and was due instead to antigenic properties intrinsic to each individual strain. Lipopolysaccharide appeared to be the predominant antigen against which bactericidal antibodies were directed. The principal bactericidal antibody class was IgM. Blocking antibodies were not found to account for the lack of lytic activity. A correlation of bactericidal antibodies with protection from developing gonococcal infection could not be demonstrated in three pateints.", "contents": "Variability of the lytic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to human sera. The bactericidal activity of human sera for Neisseria gonorhoeae was studied. Sera were obtained from a group of patients with gonococcal infections who had acute urethritis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, disseminated gonococcal infection, or who were asymptomatic carriers. The homologous and heterologous strains were tested with these sera. The development of serum bactericidal antibodies was not a universal event. With few exceptions, the susceptibility of a particular strain to human antibody and complement appeared to be largely independent of the particular person from whom the serum was obtained and was due instead to antigenic properties intrinsic to each individual strain. Lipopolysaccharide appeared to be the predominant antigen against which bactericidal antibodies were directed. The principal bactericidal antibody class was IgM. Blocking antibodies were not found to account for the lack of lytic activity. A correlation of bactericidal antibodies with protection from developing gonococcal infection could not be demonstrated in three pateints.", "PMID": 67149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2453", "title": "Modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated function by structural differences of two physically distinct fractions of Escherichia coli K235 LPS.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), extracted from Escherichia coli K235 by the butanol water technique, was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography into high m.w. (LPS I) and low m.w. (LPS II) fractions. These two forms of LPS were characterized by different densities and chemical compositions. Chemical analysis provided evidence for greater amounts of lipid A and Lipd A-associated protein (LAP) per unit weight associated with LPS II. The biologic activity of the two LPS preparations was compared over a spectrum of different parameters. LPS II was shown to be a more potent mitogen and toxin than LPS I, whereas the two preparations were demonstrated to be of equal activity as polyclonal B cell activators, immunogens, and adjuvants. A modulatory role for the polysaccharide component of the LPS molecule is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated function by structural differences of two physically distinct fractions of Escherichia coli K235 LPS. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), extracted from Escherichia coli K235 by the butanol water technique, was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography into high m.w. (LPS I) and low m.w. (LPS II) fractions. These two forms of LPS were characterized by different densities and chemical compositions. Chemical analysis provided evidence for greater amounts of lipid A and Lipd A-associated protein (LAP) per unit weight associated with LPS II. The biologic activity of the two LPS preparations was compared over a spectrum of different parameters. LPS II was shown to be a more potent mitogen and toxin than LPS I, whereas the two preparations were demonstrated to be of equal activity as polyclonal B cell activators, immunogens, and adjuvants. A modulatory role for the polysaccharide component of the LPS molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 67150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2454", "title": "Immunologic tolerance to HGG in mice. I. Suppression of the HGG response in normal mice with spleen cells or a spleen cell lysate from tolerant mice.", "content": "Adoptive transfer of spleen cells or spleen cell lysates from mice tolerant to human-gamma-globulin (HGG) specifically suppressed the response of normal syngeneic recipients to HGG. The suppressive activity could be transferred for over 100 days after tolerance induction. The suppression induced by both spleen cells and spleen cell lysate was found to be specific as evidenced by a normal response to a challenge with turkey-gamma-globulin or goat erythrocytes. The activity of the suppressive lysate could be removed by passing the material through an HGG immunoadsorbent column but not by passing it through an anti-HGG column or a BSA column. These results indicated that the factor had antigen specificity and was probably not antigen-antibody complexes. That this suppression was not due to a shifting of the kinetics of the antibody response has also been demonstrated. The antigen-specific suppressor factor in the tolerant spleen cell lysates was a protein with a m.w. of approximately 45,000 daltons. The kinetics of the appearance of both suppressor cells and suppressor factor were consistent with a mechanism of active suppression functioning in the maintenance of tolerance to HGG.", "contents": "Immunologic tolerance to HGG in mice. I. Suppression of the HGG response in normal mice with spleen cells or a spleen cell lysate from tolerant mice. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells or spleen cell lysates from mice tolerant to human-gamma-globulin (HGG) specifically suppressed the response of normal syngeneic recipients to HGG. The suppressive activity could be transferred for over 100 days after tolerance induction. The suppression induced by both spleen cells and spleen cell lysate was found to be specific as evidenced by a normal response to a challenge with turkey-gamma-globulin or goat erythrocytes. The activity of the suppressive lysate could be removed by passing the material through an HGG immunoadsorbent column but not by passing it through an anti-HGG column or a BSA column. These results indicated that the factor had antigen specificity and was probably not antigen-antibody complexes. That this suppression was not due to a shifting of the kinetics of the antibody response has also been demonstrated. The antigen-specific suppressor factor in the tolerant spleen cell lysates was a protein with a m.w. of approximately 45,000 daltons. The kinetics of the appearance of both suppressor cells and suppressor factor were consistent with a mechanism of active suppression functioning in the maintenance of tolerance to HGG.", "PMID": 67151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2455", "title": "Temperature dependence of antigen-specific rosette formation by lymphocytes from immunised mice.", "content": "Spleen cell suspensions from mice undergoing a secondary response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) contained about one tenth as many specific antigen-binding, rosette-forming cells (RFC) when they had been washed at 37 degrees C instead of 4 degrees C before rosetting. This difference was correlated with the presence of IgG anti-SRBC antibody in the serum, and the 37 degrees C washings of immunised spleen cells could passively allergise non-immune spleen cells at 4 degrees C for specific rosette formation which was inhibitable by anti-mouse F(ab)2 serum. The RFC from actively immunised mice were lymphocytes and not macrophages by morphological and cytochemical criteria. It is suggested that the 37 degrees C-labile RFC are lymphocytes to which IgG antibodies bind in the cold. These data indicate that in the use of antigen-binding cell assays to monitor immunological responses, it is necessary to wash lymphocytes at 37 degrees C before testing.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of antigen-specific rosette formation by lymphocytes from immunised mice. Spleen cell suspensions from mice undergoing a secondary response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) contained about one tenth as many specific antigen-binding, rosette-forming cells (RFC) when they had been washed at 37 degrees C instead of 4 degrees C before rosetting. This difference was correlated with the presence of IgG anti-SRBC antibody in the serum, and the 37 degrees C washings of immunised spleen cells could passively allergise non-immune spleen cells at 4 degrees C for specific rosette formation which was inhibitable by anti-mouse F(ab)2 serum. The RFC from actively immunised mice were lymphocytes and not macrophages by morphological and cytochemical criteria. It is suggested that the 37 degrees C-labile RFC are lymphocytes to which IgG antibodies bind in the cold. These data indicate that in the use of antigen-binding cell assays to monitor immunological responses, it is necessary to wash lymphocytes at 37 degrees C before testing.", "PMID": 67152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2456", "title": "Studies on H-2 specificities on mouse tumour cells by a new microradioassay.", "content": "Seven mouse tumour cell lines of different aetiology and origin were tested for the expression of surface alloantigens using twenty-four well defined H-2 alloantisera and anti-Thy 1.2. We used a new radioassay that involves antibody-complement treatment of the tumour target cells followed by postlabeling the surviving tumour cells with 14C-thymidine. With a relatively high frequency the anti-H-2 sera were reacting differently with the tumour cells than with respective syngeneic lymphoid cells. Thirty-six anomalous reactions out of 129 investigated were detected. Absorbtion experiments performed with H-2 antigen positive or negative lymphoid cells revealed a striking similarity between these extra-specificities and H-2 specificities of foreign haplotypes. The results are discussed in relation to the biological importance of the extra-specificities, both with regard to origin (derepression) and function (transplantation antigen properties).", "contents": "Studies on H-2 specificities on mouse tumour cells by a new microradioassay. Seven mouse tumour cell lines of different aetiology and origin were tested for the expression of surface alloantigens using twenty-four well defined H-2 alloantisera and anti-Thy 1.2. We used a new radioassay that involves antibody-complement treatment of the tumour target cells followed by postlabeling the surviving tumour cells with 14C-thymidine. With a relatively high frequency the anti-H-2 sera were reacting differently with the tumour cells than with respective syngeneic lymphoid cells. Thirty-six anomalous reactions out of 129 investigated were detected. Absorbtion experiments performed with H-2 antigen positive or negative lymphoid cells revealed a striking similarity between these extra-specificities and H-2 specificities of foreign haplotypes. The results are discussed in relation to the biological importance of the extra-specificities, both with regard to origin (derepression) and function (transplantation antigen properties).", "PMID": 67153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2457", "title": "Molecular relationship between H-2 and ML antigens on leukaemia L-1210/v cells.", "content": "The molecular relationship between H-2 antigens and mammary leukaemia (ML) antigen at the surface of leukaemic L-1210/v cells was studied by the 'lyso-strip' method. Molecules carrying the private specificities of the H-2d haplotype are independent entities in the membrane of the L-1210/v leukaemic cells and are not linked to molecules carrying the 'ML' antigen.", "contents": "Molecular relationship between H-2 and ML antigens on leukaemia L-1210/v cells. The molecular relationship between H-2 antigens and mammary leukaemia (ML) antigen at the surface of leukaemic L-1210/v cells was studied by the 'lyso-strip' method. Molecules carrying the private specificities of the H-2d haplotype are independent entities in the membrane of the L-1210/v leukaemic cells and are not linked to molecules carrying the 'ML' antigen.", "PMID": 67154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2458", "title": "Experimental production of rabbit anti-guinea-pig epidermal cell sera. Comparison to pemphigus antibodies.", "content": "Anti-epidermal cell sera (AES) were obtained by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed, viable guinea-pig epidermal cells followed by absorption with guinea-pig red blood cells, spleen and thymus cells, and liver powders. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence demonstrated that AES were towards cell surface antigen specific for stratified squamous epithelia of guinea pigs, and cross reacted with the corresponding tissues of humans and monkeys. Immunofluorescence revealed that AES reacted with Hassall's corpuscles and surrounding epithelial cells of the guinea-pig thympus which seemed to share common antigens with the epidermis; AES gave no reaction with other organs. While antigens reactive with pemphigus antibodies (PA) were demonstrated by membrane immunofluorescence to be present on the epidermal cell surface, PA showed no cytotoxicity to guinea-pig and human epidermal cells. Re-treatment of isolated epidermal cells with trypsin showed that antigens ractive with PA were more susceptible to the enzyme than those reactive with AES. These findings suggest that the cell surface antigens binding AES are different from the antigens which bind PA.", "contents": "Experimental production of rabbit anti-guinea-pig epidermal cell sera. Comparison to pemphigus antibodies. Anti-epidermal cell sera (AES) were obtained by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed, viable guinea-pig epidermal cells followed by absorption with guinea-pig red blood cells, spleen and thymus cells, and liver powders. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence demonstrated that AES were towards cell surface antigen specific for stratified squamous epithelia of guinea pigs, and cross reacted with the corresponding tissues of humans and monkeys. Immunofluorescence revealed that AES reacted with Hassall's corpuscles and surrounding epithelial cells of the guinea-pig thympus which seemed to share common antigens with the epidermis; AES gave no reaction with other organs. While antigens reactive with pemphigus antibodies (PA) were demonstrated by membrane immunofluorescence to be present on the epidermal cell surface, PA showed no cytotoxicity to guinea-pig and human epidermal cells. Re-treatment of isolated epidermal cells with trypsin showed that antigens ractive with PA were more susceptible to the enzyme than those reactive with AES. These findings suggest that the cell surface antigens binding AES are different from the antigens which bind PA.", "PMID": 67155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2459", "title": "Developmental changes in the protein profile of cornifying lingual epithelium.", "content": "Epithelia from the tongue dorsum of 14- to 21-day embryos, 21-day embryos, 3-week-old, and adult rats were separated from their connective tissues by incubation in balanced salt solution containing EDTA. Aliquots from total extracts of these tissues were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Scans of gels stained with fast green (FG) revealed more than 20 peaks. Ten major peaks ranging from apparent molecular weights (MW) of 120,000 to 14,000 daltons comprised about 70% of the total protein on each gel. This report focuses primarily on two pairs of peaks, arbitrarily numbered 2 and 3 (MWs 71,000 and 69,000) and 9 and 10 (MWs 17,500 and 14,000). Peaks 9 and 10 predominated in the 15-day embryos where they comprised about 30% of the total protein. As development proceeded, there was a gradual shift in the protein profile in favor of peaks 2 and 3 until on the 20th day the relative amounts of these peaks reached a maximum and peaks 9 and 10 decreased in relative amounts. The protein profile on the 20th fetal day resembled that of the 3-week-old rats and the adults. The rise in the relative amounts of peaks 2 and 3 coincided with the morphologic appearance of large numbers of tonofilaments and the onset of cornification. When the gel was stained by a procedure specific for sulfhydryl groups, peaks 9 and 10 were especially reactive after the 18th day; plainmetric analysis revealed that these had twice the relative affinity for this stain than for FG whereas other peaks had equal or less affinity. The incorporation of [3H]cystine into peaks 9 and 10 was relatively greater than into the other proteins.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the protein profile of cornifying lingual epithelium. Epithelia from the tongue dorsum of 14- to 21-day embryos, 21-day embryos, 3-week-old, and adult rats were separated from their connective tissues by incubation in balanced salt solution containing EDTA. Aliquots from total extracts of these tissues were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Scans of gels stained with fast green (FG) revealed more than 20 peaks. Ten major peaks ranging from apparent molecular weights (MW) of 120,000 to 14,000 daltons comprised about 70% of the total protein on each gel. This report focuses primarily on two pairs of peaks, arbitrarily numbered 2 and 3 (MWs 71,000 and 69,000) and 9 and 10 (MWs 17,500 and 14,000). Peaks 9 and 10 predominated in the 15-day embryos where they comprised about 30% of the total protein. As development proceeded, there was a gradual shift in the protein profile in favor of peaks 2 and 3 until on the 20th day the relative amounts of these peaks reached a maximum and peaks 9 and 10 decreased in relative amounts. The protein profile on the 20th fetal day resembled that of the 3-week-old rats and the adults. The rise in the relative amounts of peaks 2 and 3 coincided with the morphologic appearance of large numbers of tonofilaments and the onset of cornification. When the gel was stained by a procedure specific for sulfhydryl groups, peaks 9 and 10 were especially reactive after the 18th day; plainmetric analysis revealed that these had twice the relative affinity for this stain than for FG whereas other peaks had equal or less affinity. The incorporation of [3H]cystine into peaks 9 and 10 was relatively greater than into the other proteins.", "PMID": 67156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2460", "title": "Gamma benzene hexachloride in guinea-pig brain after topical application.", "content": "Blood and brain levels of gamma benzene hexachloride had been measured following topical application in guinea pigs. Levels increased with number of application, and the concentration in brain was at least 10 times greater than in blood.", "contents": "Gamma benzene hexachloride in guinea-pig brain after topical application. Blood and brain levels of gamma benzene hexachloride had been measured following topical application in guinea pigs. Levels increased with number of application, and the concentration in brain was at least 10 times greater than in blood.", "PMID": 67157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2461", "title": "Immunochemical analyses of a major antigen of Mycobacterium szulgai.", "content": "Unheated culture filtrate of Mycobacterium szulgai and a homologous goat antiserum were prepared. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis demonstrated a dominant anodal antigen in the culture filtrate. By the use of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, a fraction designated MSP, which was rich in this anodal antigen, was recovered. The major antigen of MSP was demonstrated to have partial identity with reference mycobacterial antigen 6, and evidence was obtained for separate shared and specific antigenic determinants. MSP was found to be a potent, delayed skin-test antigen of considerable specificity when used in sensitized guinea pigs. Arthus reactions were also observed and were not specific.", "contents": "Immunochemical analyses of a major antigen of Mycobacterium szulgai. Unheated culture filtrate of Mycobacterium szulgai and a homologous goat antiserum were prepared. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis demonstrated a dominant anodal antigen in the culture filtrate. By the use of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, a fraction designated MSP, which was rich in this anodal antigen, was recovered. The major antigen of MSP was demonstrated to have partial identity with reference mycobacterial antigen 6, and evidence was obtained for separate shared and specific antigenic determinants. MSP was found to be a potent, delayed skin-test antigen of considerable specificity when used in sensitized guinea pigs. Arthus reactions were also observed and were not specific.", "PMID": 67158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2462", "title": "Effect of combinations of penicillin and aminoglycosides on Streptococcus faecalis: a comparative study of seven aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, sisomicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and butirosin were determined for 58 clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis, 28 of which were recovered from cultures of blood samples from patients with endocarditis. The IC50 of streptomycin was less than 100 microng/ml for 42 strains, 192-10,000 microng/ml for eight, and larger than or equal to 10,000 micron/ml for eight. One isolate that was highly resistant to streptomycin was also highly resistant to kanamycin and butirosin. Extraordinarily high resistance to the other aminoglycosides was not observed. The bactericidal effects of combinations of penicillin and aminoglycosides were studied in 20 strains of S. faecalis that represented different levels of resistance to streptomycin. Significant enhancement of the effect of the combination of penicillin and streptomycin was found only in strains with an IC50 of smaller than or equal to 190 microng/ml. Combinations of penicillin and sisomicin, gentamicin, or tobramycin were effective even against strains that were highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin.", "contents": "Effect of combinations of penicillin and aminoglycosides on Streptococcus faecalis: a comparative study of seven aminoglycoside antibiotics. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, sisomicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and butirosin were determined for 58 clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis, 28 of which were recovered from cultures of blood samples from patients with endocarditis. The IC50 of streptomycin was less than 100 microng/ml for 42 strains, 192-10,000 microng/ml for eight, and larger than or equal to 10,000 micron/ml for eight. One isolate that was highly resistant to streptomycin was also highly resistant to kanamycin and butirosin. Extraordinarily high resistance to the other aminoglycosides was not observed. The bactericidal effects of combinations of penicillin and aminoglycosides were studied in 20 strains of S. faecalis that represented different levels of resistance to streptomycin. Significant enhancement of the effect of the combination of penicillin and streptomycin was found only in strains with an IC50 of smaller than or equal to 190 microng/ml. Combinations of penicillin and sisomicin, gentamicin, or tobramycin were effective even against strains that were highly resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin.", "PMID": 67159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2463", "title": "Plasma cell antigens in human multiple myeloma.", "content": "Tumor-specific antigens capable of eliciting a response from autologous lymphocytes have been described in mouse plasmacytoma systems. This paper presents evidence of similar antigens in human myeloma. Myeloma plasma cells isolated from the bone marrow of 27 patients stimulated autologous and allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from myeloma patients in mixed leukocyte culture. Plasma cells isolated fromt  the bone marrow of normal patients or patients with benign plasmacytosis failed to stimulate PBL in mixed leukocyte culture. Similar results were found in passive cytotoxicity assays with the use of chinken red blood cells (CRBC) coated with 3M KC1 plasma cell extracts from myeloma patients. PBL from myeloma patients caused 30 to 80 percent chromium-51 release from tanned chromium-labeled plasma cell extract-coated CRBC targets, whereas PBL from normal patients or patients with benign plasmacytosis caused only 10 to 25 percent chromium-51 release. This study indicates the presence of material resembling tumor-specific antigens on human myeloma plasma cells. Immune response to suce antigens is elicited in autologous and allogeneic myeloma patients.", "contents": "Plasma cell antigens in human multiple myeloma. Tumor-specific antigens capable of eliciting a response from autologous lymphocytes have been described in mouse plasmacytoma systems. This paper presents evidence of similar antigens in human myeloma. Myeloma plasma cells isolated from the bone marrow of 27 patients stimulated autologous and allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from myeloma patients in mixed leukocyte culture. Plasma cells isolated fromt  the bone marrow of normal patients or patients with benign plasmacytosis failed to stimulate PBL in mixed leukocyte culture. Similar results were found in passive cytotoxicity assays with the use of chinken red blood cells (CRBC) coated with 3M KC1 plasma cell extracts from myeloma patients. PBL from myeloma patients caused 30 to 80 percent chromium-51 release from tanned chromium-labeled plasma cell extract-coated CRBC targets, whereas PBL from normal patients or patients with benign plasmacytosis caused only 10 to 25 percent chromium-51 release. This study indicates the presence of material resembling tumor-specific antigens on human myeloma plasma cells. Immune response to suce antigens is elicited in autologous and allogeneic myeloma patients.", "PMID": 67161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2464", "title": "Plasma levels of human chorionic somatomammotrophin, progesterone, unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol, and alpha-foetoprotein in patients with hydatidiform moles.", "content": "Human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS), progesterone, and unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol were measured in the plasma of 13 patients with intact hydatidiform moles from week 9 to 19 of pregnancy and in 89 normal women from week 5 to 20 of pregnancy. Plasma alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) was also measured in 9 out of 13 patients and in 23 of the normal women from week 13 to 20 of pregnancy. All the compounds were measured by radioimmunoassay. The plasma HCS concentration in 35 samples from 13 patients with hydatidiform moles ranged from 10 to 910 ng/ml; this was lower than that in normal pregnancy of corresponding duration in eight patients; within the normal range in four patients and high in one patient. The plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 17-5 to 79-2 ng/ml; it was higher than that in normal pregnancy in eight patients and within the normal range in five patients. The plasma unconjugated oestradiol concentration ranged from 1-82 to 8-10 ng/ml; it was higher than normal in six patients and within the normal range in seven patients. The plasma unconjugated oestriol concentration ranged from 0-168 to 1-37 ng/ml, the levels at 15-19 weeks of gestation being significantly lower than those in normal pregnancy at this time (P less than 0-005). Plasma AFP was not detectable in the nine patients (less than 10 ng/ml) whereas it ranged from 10 to 80 ng/ml in 18 out of 23 women in week 13-20 of normal pregnancy. The present results suggest that both plasma oestriol and AFP could be helpful in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole at about 12-14 weeks though diagnosis could not be made with absolute certainty.", "contents": "Plasma levels of human chorionic somatomammotrophin, progesterone, unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol, and alpha-foetoprotein in patients with hydatidiform moles. Human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS), progesterone, and unconjugated oestradiol and oestriol were measured in the plasma of 13 patients with intact hydatidiform moles from week 9 to 19 of pregnancy and in 89 normal women from week 5 to 20 of pregnancy. Plasma alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) was also measured in 9 out of 13 patients and in 23 of the normal women from week 13 to 20 of pregnancy. All the compounds were measured by radioimmunoassay. The plasma HCS concentration in 35 samples from 13 patients with hydatidiform moles ranged from 10 to 910 ng/ml; this was lower than that in normal pregnancy of corresponding duration in eight patients; within the normal range in four patients and high in one patient. The plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 17-5 to 79-2 ng/ml; it was higher than that in normal pregnancy in eight patients and within the normal range in five patients. The plasma unconjugated oestradiol concentration ranged from 1-82 to 8-10 ng/ml; it was higher than normal in six patients and within the normal range in seven patients. The plasma unconjugated oestriol concentration ranged from 0-168 to 1-37 ng/ml, the levels at 15-19 weeks of gestation being significantly lower than those in normal pregnancy at this time (P less than 0-005). Plasma AFP was not detectable in the nine patients (less than 10 ng/ml) whereas it ranged from 10 to 80 ng/ml in 18 out of 23 women in week 13-20 of normal pregnancy. The present results suggest that both plasma oestriol and AFP could be helpful in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole at about 12-14 weeks though diagnosis could not be made with absolute certainty.", "PMID": 67163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2465", "title": "Ia antigenic specificities are oligosaccharide in nature: hapten-inhibition studies.", "content": "We have previously reported that the Ia specificities, coded for by the I region within the H-2 complex, appear to consist predominantly of carbohydrate. This conclusion was reached by examining low molecular weight Ia-bearing oligosacharides isolated from mouse serum. We now report hapten-inhibition studies which indicate that the binding of both allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-Ia antibodies to the Ia glycoproteins found predominantly on B lymphocytes can be specifically inhibited by certain free sugars. Both inhibition assays revealed that the specificity for the following Ia antigens resides predominantly in the following sugars: (a) Ia.1: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or related sugars; (b) Ia.3: alpha-D-galactose and related sugars; (c) Ia.7: L-fucose;  and (d) Ia.15: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It seems likely that these sugars are found at the terminal nonreducing ends of the carbohydrate portion of the Ia-bearing glycoproteins present in the lymphocyte membrane. In contrast, several public and private H-2 antigenic specificities did not appear to be sugar defined. These studies imply that at least some of the Ia genes from both the I-A and I-C subregions of the I region code for glycosyl transferases which modify oligosaccharide structure and impart specificity to the Ia antigens by alteration of their terminal sugar residues.", "contents": "Ia antigenic specificities are oligosaccharide in nature: hapten-inhibition studies. We have previously reported that the Ia specificities, coded for by the I region within the H-2 complex, appear to consist predominantly of carbohydrate. This conclusion was reached by examining low molecular weight Ia-bearing oligosacharides isolated from mouse serum. We now report hapten-inhibition studies which indicate that the binding of both allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-Ia antibodies to the Ia glycoproteins found predominantly on B lymphocytes can be specifically inhibited by certain free sugars. Both inhibition assays revealed that the specificity for the following Ia antigens resides predominantly in the following sugars: (a) Ia.1: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or related sugars; (b) Ia.3: alpha-D-galactose and related sugars; (c) Ia.7: L-fucose;  and (d) Ia.15: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It seems likely that these sugars are found at the terminal nonreducing ends of the carbohydrate portion of the Ia-bearing glycoproteins present in the lymphocyte membrane. In contrast, several public and private H-2 antigenic specificities did not appear to be sugar defined. These studies imply that at least some of the Ia genes from both the I-A and I-C subregions of the I region code for glycosyl transferases which modify oligosaccharide structure and impart specificity to the Ia antigens by alteration of their terminal sugar residues.", "PMID": 67165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2466", "title": "Immune mechanisms in leukemia role of the Ia antigens.", "content": "We have shown that the selective removal of cells possessing Ia determinants coded by the I-A, I-B, and I-J regions of the H-2 gene complex completely abrogates the protective capacity of nylon-wool-purified T lymphocytes against leukemic challenge. This suggests that the Ia antigen bearing T cells play an important role in tumor immunity.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms in leukemia role of the Ia antigens. We have shown that the selective removal of cells possessing Ia determinants coded by the I-A, I-B, and I-J regions of the H-2 gene complex completely abrogates the protective capacity of nylon-wool-purified T lymphocytes against leukemic challenge. This suggests that the Ia antigen bearing T cells play an important role in tumor immunity.", "PMID": 67166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2467", "title": "The capsule of the gonococcus.", "content": "16 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were subjected to several established techniques for capsule demonstration by light microscopy. In all strains examined, encapsulation of the gonococcus was demonstrated. Although the capsules were somewhat more easily seen in strains recently isolated from clinical material, organisms that had been passaged for several years also were encapsulated as were all the colony types within these strains. The gonococcal capsule is easily disrupted by mechanical forces.", "contents": "The capsule of the gonococcus. 16 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were subjected to several established techniques for capsule demonstration by light microscopy. In all strains examined, encapsulation of the gonococcus was demonstrated. Although the capsules were somewhat more easily seen in strains recently isolated from clinical material, organisms that had been passaged for several years also were encapsulated as were all the colony types within these strains. The gonococcal capsule is easily disrupted by mechanical forces.", "PMID": 67167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2468", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea pigs IV. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "The in vitro T-cell proliferation induced by penicilloylated bovine IgG (BPO-BGG) in sensitized strain 2 guinea pigs could be specifically blocked by the serum of guinea pig (*305) which had been repeatedly immunized with BPO-BGG over a period of 9 mo. The antibodies which appeared in the serum of this animal (*305) were functionally similar to the strain 2 anti-idiotypic antibodies (a strain 2 BPO-BGG) raised by immunizing strain 2 guinea pigs with immuno-adsorbent column-purified BPO-BGG. Animal *305 had no detectable antibodies to BPO-BGG and failed to give a delayed hypersensitivity skin response when challenged with BPO-BGG.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea pigs IV. Specific inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies. The in vitro T-cell proliferation induced by penicilloylated bovine IgG (BPO-BGG) in sensitized strain 2 guinea pigs could be specifically blocked by the serum of guinea pig (*305) which had been repeatedly immunized with BPO-BGG over a period of 9 mo. The antibodies which appeared in the serum of this animal (*305) were functionally similar to the strain 2 anti-idiotypic antibodies (a strain 2 BPO-BGG) raised by immunizing strain 2 guinea pigs with immuno-adsorbent column-purified BPO-BGG. Animal *305 had no detectable antibodies to BPO-BGG and failed to give a delayed hypersensitivity skin response when challenged with BPO-BGG.", "PMID": 67168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2469", "title": "T-T interactions in the induction of suppressor and helper T cells: analysis of membrane phenotype of precursor and amplifier cells.", "content": "The Ly and Ia phenotypes of T lymphocytes involved in the in vitro generation of helper and suppressor cells were identified. The precursors of both cells are found in adult thymectomized spleen. Helper precursors are Ly-1+2-3-Ia-, while suppressor precursors are Ly-1-2+3+Ia-, although the suppressor effector is Ia+. In both cases a second 'amplifier' cell is required for differentiation of precursors to occur. This cell is found in anti-lymphocyte serum-treated spleen and has the phenotype Ly-1+2+3+Ia-.", "contents": "T-T interactions in the induction of suppressor and helper T cells: analysis of membrane phenotype of precursor and amplifier cells. The Ly and Ia phenotypes of T lymphocytes involved in the in vitro generation of helper and suppressor cells were identified. The precursors of both cells are found in adult thymectomized spleen. Helper precursors are Ly-1+2-3-Ia-, while suppressor precursors are Ly-1-2+3+Ia-, although the suppressor effector is Ia+. In both cases a second 'amplifier' cell is required for differentiation of precursors to occur. This cell is found in anti-lymphocyte serum-treated spleen and has the phenotype Ly-1+2+3+Ia-.", "PMID": 67169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2470", "title": "Genetic control of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in the mouse.", "content": "To approach the genetic mechanism that turns off the synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) after birth, we assumed that a change in this mechanism might affect the low basal level of AFP that can be detected in the adult organism. The concentration of AFP was therefore determined for serum from adult mice of 27 different inbred strains. With one exception, this basal level was between 34 and 173 ng/ml, which is about 10(5)-fold less than the serum concentration at birth. In one strain, BALB/c/J, the AFP level was found to be considerably increased; it was about 10-fold higher than in other strains at 9-10 wk of age. Two other substrains of BALF/c mice showed normally low AFP levels. Kinetic studies show that the rate with which AFP disappears from serum after birth is reduced in BALB/c/J mice as compared to other strains. The increased AFP level of BALB/c/J mice appears to be due to an increased rate of synthesis of AFP, since the rate of catabolism of AFP was found to be normal in these mice. Genetic analysis was performed by crossing BALB/c/J mice with mice having an ordinary AFP level, followed by determination of AFP levels in mice of the F1 and F2 generations as well as in back-cross mice. The results clearly indicate that the increased AFP level in BALB/c/J mice is controlled by a single recessive Mendelian gene, which has been named Raf (for regulation of alphafetoprotein). The Raf gene could be directly involved in the regulation of AFP synthesis, but it may also control AFP levels only indirectly, e.g., by regulating the synthesis of a hormone that controls AFP synthesis.", "contents": "Genetic control of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in the mouse. To approach the genetic mechanism that turns off the synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) after birth, we assumed that a change in this mechanism might affect the low basal level of AFP that can be detected in the adult organism. The concentration of AFP was therefore determined for serum from adult mice of 27 different inbred strains. With one exception, this basal level was between 34 and 173 ng/ml, which is about 10(5)-fold less than the serum concentration at birth. In one strain, BALB/c/J, the AFP level was found to be considerably increased; it was about 10-fold higher than in other strains at 9-10 wk of age. Two other substrains of BALF/c mice showed normally low AFP levels. Kinetic studies show that the rate with which AFP disappears from serum after birth is reduced in BALB/c/J mice as compared to other strains. The increased AFP level of BALB/c/J mice appears to be due to an increased rate of synthesis of AFP, since the rate of catabolism of AFP was found to be normal in these mice. Genetic analysis was performed by crossing BALB/c/J mice with mice having an ordinary AFP level, followed by determination of AFP levels in mice of the F1 and F2 generations as well as in back-cross mice. The results clearly indicate that the increased AFP level in BALB/c/J mice is controlled by a single recessive Mendelian gene, which has been named Raf (for regulation of alphafetoprotein). The Raf gene could be directly involved in the regulation of AFP synthesis, but it may also control AFP levels only indirectly, e.g., by regulating the synthesis of a hormone that controls AFP synthesis.", "PMID": 67170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2471", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) III. Immunochemical properties of the GAT-specific suppressive factor.", "content": "The GAT-specific suppressor T-cell factor (GAT-TsF) extracted from lymphoid cells from GAT-primed, nonresponder DBA/1 mice has been partially characterized. It is a protein that has affinity for GAT and determinants encoded by the I region of the H-2 complex. On the basis of specificity and avidity, GAT-TsF resembles anti-GAT-MBSA antibodies produced by DBA/1 mice in spite of the fact that it is too small to be classical antibody and has no constant-region determinants of heavy or light chains. Further, GAT or a fragment of GAT is associated with the GAT-TsF. GAT-TsF has been partially purified from the crude extract by absorption to GAT-Sepharose and elution with 0.4 to 0.6 KCl. GAT-TsF purified on the basis of its affinity for GAT bears I-region determinants but not detectable GAT or GAT fragment.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) III. Immunochemical properties of the GAT-specific suppressive factor. The GAT-specific suppressor T-cell factor (GAT-TsF) extracted from lymphoid cells from GAT-primed, nonresponder DBA/1 mice has been partially characterized. It is a protein that has affinity for GAT and determinants encoded by the I region of the H-2 complex. On the basis of specificity and avidity, GAT-TsF resembles anti-GAT-MBSA antibodies produced by DBA/1 mice in spite of the fact that it is too small to be classical antibody and has no constant-region determinants of heavy or light chains. Further, GAT or a fragment of GAT is associated with the GAT-TsF. GAT-TsF has been partially purified from the crude extract by absorption to GAT-Sepharose and elution with 0.4 to 0.6 KCl. GAT-TsF purified on the basis of its affinity for GAT bears I-region determinants but not detectable GAT or GAT fragment.", "PMID": 67171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2472", "title": "The monoclonal anti-phosphorylcholine antibody response in several murine strains: genetic implications of a diverse repertoire.", "content": "The idiotypic identification of monoclonal antibodies has been used to define and enumerate clonotypes within the murine repertoire of B cells specific for phosphorylcholine (PC). The response in the BALB/c strain is dominated by a single antibody specificity which is identical to TEPC 15 protein; however, antibody without the TEPC 15 idiotype appears heterogeneous by idiotypic cross-reactivity and hapten inhibition of binding to antigen. Dissection of the PC-specific repertoire in the AKR, A/He, and C3H strains has indicated that some monoclonal antibodies share binding-site idiotypic determinants with TEPC 15, although these clones represent a minority of the precursor cells. In addition to providing insights into the heterogeneity and expression of the murine B-cell repertoire, these studies emphasize structural relationships between PC-specific clonotypes. Within the BALB/c strain, some antibodies share combining-site-related idiotypic specificities with TEPC 15, but differ in other variable region determinants. Among allotypically distinct strains, there exists a remarkable similarity of variable region determinants in at least a minority of antibodies.", "contents": "The monoclonal anti-phosphorylcholine antibody response in several murine strains: genetic implications of a diverse repertoire. The idiotypic identification of monoclonal antibodies has been used to define and enumerate clonotypes within the murine repertoire of B cells specific for phosphorylcholine (PC). The response in the BALB/c strain is dominated by a single antibody specificity which is identical to TEPC 15 protein; however, antibody without the TEPC 15 idiotype appears heterogeneous by idiotypic cross-reactivity and hapten inhibition of binding to antigen. Dissection of the PC-specific repertoire in the AKR, A/He, and C3H strains has indicated that some monoclonal antibodies share binding-site idiotypic determinants with TEPC 15, although these clones represent a minority of the precursor cells. In addition to providing insights into the heterogeneity and expression of the murine B-cell repertoire, these studies emphasize structural relationships between PC-specific clonotypes. Within the BALB/c strain, some antibodies share combining-site-related idiotypic specificities with TEPC 15, but differ in other variable region determinants. Among allotypically distinct strains, there exists a remarkable similarity of variable region determinants in at least a minority of antibodies.", "PMID": 67172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2473", "title": "Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: role of interferon.", "content": "Human leukocytes maintained in culture are induced to release histamine when exposed to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE. Leukocyte cultures incubated with virus (i.e. HSV-1, Influenza A, and Adeno-1) but not exposed to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE fail to release histamine. If, however, leukocyte cultures are first exposed to virus and then to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE, significant enhancement of histamine release occurs. Both infectious and inactivated virus enhance histamine release and the degree of enhancement is related to the concentration of virus and the length of the incubation. Tissue culture fluid harvested 8 h after exposure of leukocytes to virus contains a soluble factor which is capable of enhancing histamine release when added to fresh leukocyte cultures. This factor has all the properties of interferon including species specificity and cannot be dissociated from the antiviral activity of interferon. Moreover, both known inducers of interferon (poly I:poly C) and standard preparations of interferon are capable of enhancing histamine release. The enhancement of histamine release by interferon represents a new biological role for interferon.", "contents": "Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: role of interferon. Human leukocytes maintained in culture are induced to release histamine when exposed to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE. Leukocyte cultures incubated with virus (i.e. HSV-1, Influenza A, and Adeno-1) but not exposed to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE fail to release histamine. If, however, leukocyte cultures are first exposed to virus and then to ragweed antigen E or anti-IgE, significant enhancement of histamine release occurs. Both infectious and inactivated virus enhance histamine release and the degree of enhancement is related to the concentration of virus and the length of the incubation. Tissue culture fluid harvested 8 h after exposure of leukocytes to virus contains a soluble factor which is capable of enhancing histamine release when added to fresh leukocyte cultures. This factor has all the properties of interferon including species specificity and cannot be dissociated from the antiviral activity of interferon. Moreover, both known inducers of interferon (poly I:poly C) and standard preparations of interferon are capable of enhancing histamine release. The enhancement of histamine release by interferon represents a new biological role for interferon.", "PMID": 67173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2474", "title": "The inheritance of antibody V regions in the rabbit: linkage of an H-chain-specific idiotype to immunoglobulin allotypes.", "content": "Anti-idiotype antibodies specific for the H chain of an homogeneous antistreptococcal antibody (4135 Ab) were prepared by injection of recombinant molecules consisting of the H chains from 4135 Ab and L chains isolated from the injected rabbit. The antibodies prepared in this fashion (anti-HId) were specific for the VH region of 4135 Ab. Using this preparation in an inhibition of binding assay, sera from rabbits related and unrelated to 4135 were screened  for the presence of the 4135 HId. It was found that about 45% of the related rabbits, when immunized with streptococcal Group C vaccine, produced antibodies with a cross-reactive idiotype, while less than 10% of similarly immunized unrelated rabbits produced molecules bearing HId. The expression of HId was linked to the a3 allotype present in the H chain allogroup J. Antibody molecules bearing the HId determinant were isolated from heterozygous (a1a3 and a2a3) rabbits and shown to express the a3 allotype. One rabbit lacking the a3 allotype produced significant amounts of antibodies expressing HId. These antibodies were found to express both VH and CH  allo-types characteristic of the J allogroup, although neither allotype was found in a preimmune IgG sample from this rabbit.", "contents": "The inheritance of antibody V regions in the rabbit: linkage of an H-chain-specific idiotype to immunoglobulin allotypes. Anti-idiotype antibodies specific for the H chain of an homogeneous antistreptococcal antibody (4135 Ab) were prepared by injection of recombinant molecules consisting of the H chains from 4135 Ab and L chains isolated from the injected rabbit. The antibodies prepared in this fashion (anti-HId) were specific for the VH region of 4135 Ab. Using this preparation in an inhibition of binding assay, sera from rabbits related and unrelated to 4135 were screened  for the presence of the 4135 HId. It was found that about 45% of the related rabbits, when immunized with streptococcal Group C vaccine, produced antibodies with a cross-reactive idiotype, while less than 10% of similarly immunized unrelated rabbits produced molecules bearing HId. The expression of HId was linked to the a3 allotype present in the H chain allogroup J. Antibody molecules bearing the HId determinant were isolated from heterozygous (a1a3 and a2a3) rabbits and shown to express the a3 allotype. One rabbit lacking the a3 allotype produced significant amounts of antibodies expressing HId. These antibodies were found to express both VH and CH  allo-types characteristic of the J allogroup, although neither allotype was found in a preimmune IgG sample from this rabbit.", "PMID": 67174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2475", "title": "Differences in the mechanism of tolerance to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin when induced in normal adult mice or in reconstituted irradiated mice: dependence of the mechanism of tolerance on the structural organization of the lymphoid system.", "content": "Tolerance can be induced in adult mice by a single intravenous injection of 0.5 mg dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin. The cellular mechanism of the unresponsive state is different depending upon whether the tolerance is induced in normal intact adult mice or in reconstituted, irradiated mice. The tolerant state induced in intact mice is characterized by a high avidity of the residual antibody-forming cells in partially tolerant animals and a prompt reversibility on cell transfer. The overall properties of this unresponsive state are consistent with the hypothesis that it is mediated by the production of small amounts of high affinity antibody in response to the tolerance-inducing injection of antigen. In contrast, the unresponsiveness induced in reconstituted, irradiated mice by the same procedure was characterized by a low avidity of the residual antibody-forming cells in partially tolerant animals and stability on transfer of spleen cells from unresponsive into irradiated recipients. No suppressor cell activity was detected and mixed cell transfer studies were consitent with the view that this unresponsive state represented a B-lymphocyte clonal deletion. The presence or absence of T lymphocytes in the population of cells used for reconstituting the irradiated recipients did not effect the ease of tolernace induction or the cellular mechanism of the tolerant state which was produced. If irradiated mice reconstituted with B and T lymphocytes were rested for 2 wk before tolerance induction then a reversible \"high affinity\"-type tolerance is obtained such as is typical of normal intact animals. Restorationof a \"normal\" response to the tolerance-inducing injection of antigen is dependent upon the presence of thymus cells in the population of cells used for reconstitution. It is suggested that the structural integrity of the lymphoid tissue is critical in determining whether B cell will be rendered tolerant after exposure to antigen in vivo.", "contents": "Differences in the mechanism of tolerance to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin when induced in normal adult mice or in reconstituted irradiated mice: dependence of the mechanism of tolerance on the structural organization of the lymphoid system. Tolerance can be induced in adult mice by a single intravenous injection of 0.5 mg dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin. The cellular mechanism of the unresponsive state is different depending upon whether the tolerance is induced in normal intact adult mice or in reconstituted, irradiated mice. The tolerant state induced in intact mice is characterized by a high avidity of the residual antibody-forming cells in partially tolerant animals and a prompt reversibility on cell transfer. The overall properties of this unresponsive state are consistent with the hypothesis that it is mediated by the production of small amounts of high affinity antibody in response to the tolerance-inducing injection of antigen. In contrast, the unresponsiveness induced in reconstituted, irradiated mice by the same procedure was characterized by a low avidity of the residual antibody-forming cells in partially tolerant animals and stability on transfer of spleen cells from unresponsive into irradiated recipients. No suppressor cell activity was detected and mixed cell transfer studies were consitent with the view that this unresponsive state represented a B-lymphocyte clonal deletion. The presence or absence of T lymphocytes in the population of cells used for reconstituting the irradiated recipients did not effect the ease of tolernace induction or the cellular mechanism of the tolerant state which was produced. If irradiated mice reconstituted with B and T lymphocytes were rested for 2 wk before tolerance induction then a reversible \"high affinity\"-type tolerance is obtained such as is typical of normal intact animals. Restorationof a \"normal\" response to the tolerance-inducing injection of antigen is dependent upon the presence of thymus cells in the population of cells used for reconstitution. It is suggested that the structural integrity of the lymphoid tissue is critical in determining whether B cell will be rendered tolerant after exposure to antigen in vivo.", "PMID": 67175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2476", "title": "The release of an endogenous pyrogen from guinea pig leukocytes in vitro: a new model for investigating the role of lymphocytes in fevers induced by antigen in hosts with delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Guinea pig periotoneal exudate (PE) cells incubated overnight in vitro with heat-killed Staphylococci released an endogenous pyrogen (EP) that could be assayed by intravenous injection in rabbits. The febrile responses were linearly related to the dosage of EP over an eightfold range. PE cells derived from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to bovine gamma globulin (BGG), also released EP when incubated with antigen in vitro. This reaction was specific and did not occur withe PE cells from normal or complete Freund's adjuvant-sensitized guinea pigs. Studies indicated that monos and/or polymorphonuclear leukocytes rather than lymphocytes were the source of EP. However, when incubated with BGG and sufficient dosages of BGG-sensitized lymphocytes, normal PE cells released EP over a 42 h period. These results suggest that antigen stimulates specifically sensitized lymphocytes to release an agent (perhaps a lymphokine) that activates phagocytic cells to release EP. This model offers unique advantages for investigating in vitro the role of the lymphocyte in antigen-induced fever in DH as well as the relationship of this lymphocyte-induced activity to other known biologic activities mediated by antigen stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "The release of an endogenous pyrogen from guinea pig leukocytes in vitro: a new model for investigating the role of lymphocytes in fevers induced by antigen in hosts with delayed hypersensitivity. Guinea pig periotoneal exudate (PE) cells incubated overnight in vitro with heat-killed Staphylococci released an endogenous pyrogen (EP) that could be assayed by intravenous injection in rabbits. The febrile responses were linearly related to the dosage of EP over an eightfold range. PE cells derived from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to bovine gamma globulin (BGG), also released EP when incubated with antigen in vitro. This reaction was specific and did not occur withe PE cells from normal or complete Freund's adjuvant-sensitized guinea pigs. Studies indicated that monos and/or polymorphonuclear leukocytes rather than lymphocytes were the source of EP. However, when incubated with BGG and sufficient dosages of BGG-sensitized lymphocytes, normal PE cells released EP over a 42 h period. These results suggest that antigen stimulates specifically sensitized lymphocytes to release an agent (perhaps a lymphokine) that activates phagocytic cells to release EP. This model offers unique advantages for investigating in vitro the role of the lymphocyte in antigen-induced fever in DH as well as the relationship of this lymphocyte-induced activity to other known biologic activities mediated by antigen stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 67176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2477", "title": "H-2 restriction of cell-mediated immunity to an intracellular bacterium: effector T cells are specific for Listeria antigen in association with H-21 region-coded self-markers.", "content": "The protective activity of anti-Listeria-immune T cells assayed in an adoptive transfer system in H-2 restricted. As shown in the present studies, the demonstration of the restriction is directly dependent on the dose and the relative protective activity of spleen cells. In addition, some H-2-unrestricted protection is conferred predominantly by other than immunoglobulin-negative spleen cells. Thus, the activity of Listeria-immune T cells appears to be 'absolutely' restricted and is in this respect comparable to in vivo T-cell-mediated anti-viral protection. The predominant genetic region of H-2 coding for the structures which are mainly involved in this restriction in T-cell immunity to this prototype intracellular bacterium is the I region. The specificity of Listeria-immune T cells is determined by the H-2 haplotype of the donor. Thus, F1 hybrids seem to possess at least two separable sets of T cells, each specific for one parental haplotype. As is true in the virus model, the results cannot distinguish between an altered-self or a dual recognition model of T-cell recognition to explain H-2 restriction. They are, however, compatible with the idea and I-coded cell surface structures may serve as receptors for cell-specific differentiation signals, which trigger direct or lymphokin-mediated activation of macrophages to manifest increased bactericidal capacity. The interesting parallels in self-marker recognition of T cells in the virus and intracellular bacterium systems, respectively, appear to be reasonably explained by the different types of signals transmitted by T cells to various target cells via the distinctly different self-markers employed (i.e., K or D vs I).", "contents": "H-2 restriction of cell-mediated immunity to an intracellular bacterium: effector T cells are specific for Listeria antigen in association with H-21 region-coded self-markers. The protective activity of anti-Listeria-immune T cells assayed in an adoptive transfer system in H-2 restricted. As shown in the present studies, the demonstration of the restriction is directly dependent on the dose and the relative protective activity of spleen cells. In addition, some H-2-unrestricted protection is conferred predominantly by other than immunoglobulin-negative spleen cells. Thus, the activity of Listeria-immune T cells appears to be 'absolutely' restricted and is in this respect comparable to in vivo T-cell-mediated anti-viral protection. The predominant genetic region of H-2 coding for the structures which are mainly involved in this restriction in T-cell immunity to this prototype intracellular bacterium is the I region. The specificity of Listeria-immune T cells is determined by the H-2 haplotype of the donor. Thus, F1 hybrids seem to possess at least two separable sets of T cells, each specific for one parental haplotype. As is true in the virus model, the results cannot distinguish between an altered-self or a dual recognition model of T-cell recognition to explain H-2 restriction. They are, however, compatible with the idea and I-coded cell surface structures may serve as receptors for cell-specific differentiation signals, which trigger direct or lymphokin-mediated activation of macrophages to manifest increased bactericidal capacity. The interesting parallels in self-marker recognition of T cells in the virus and intracellular bacterium systems, respectively, appear to be reasonably explained by the different types of signals transmitted by T cells to various target cells via the distinctly different self-markers employed (i.e., K or D vs I).", "PMID": 67177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2478", "title": "In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells as a probe for the study of B-cell diversification.", "content": "The susceptibility to in vitro tolerance induction has been implicated as a characteristic of B cells early in their development, since DNP-reactive B cells are tolerizable only during the first days after birth, and 25% of adult bone marrow cells are tolerizable. In the present study, a modification of the in vitro splenic focus technique was utilized to determine if PC-specific B cells, by virtue of their late expression (approximately 1 wk post-parturition), also display susceptibility to tolerance induction. The results demonstrate that at 7-10 days after birth, when over 90% of the DNP-specific splenic B cells are resistant to tolerance induction, the majority of PC-specific B cells are tolerizable. These results re-emphasize tolerance susceptibility as a characteristic of developing clones, confirm the late acquisition of PC-specific B cells, and support the contention that the acquisition of the specificity repertoire is a highly ordered, specifically predetermined process which is independent of antigen-driven events.", "contents": "In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells as a probe for the study of B-cell diversification. The susceptibility to in vitro tolerance induction has been implicated as a characteristic of B cells early in their development, since DNP-reactive B cells are tolerizable only during the first days after birth, and 25% of adult bone marrow cells are tolerizable. In the present study, a modification of the in vitro splenic focus technique was utilized to determine if PC-specific B cells, by virtue of their late expression (approximately 1 wk post-parturition), also display susceptibility to tolerance induction. The results demonstrate that at 7-10 days after birth, when over 90% of the DNP-specific splenic B cells are resistant to tolerance induction, the majority of PC-specific B cells are tolerizable. These results re-emphasize tolerance susceptibility as a characteristic of developing clones, confirm the late acquisition of PC-specific B cells, and support the contention that the acquisition of the specificity repertoire is a highly ordered, specifically predetermined process which is independent of antigen-driven events.", "PMID": 67178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2479", "title": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for I region determinants do not require interactions with H-2K or D gene products.", "content": "Gene products coded for by the major hisocompatibility complex (MHC) can serve as target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1). A variety of test systems are available which have yielded information consistently reinforcing the importance of this complex of genes in the generation and effector phases of the cytotoxic immune response. Originally, it was shown that allogeneically-induced CTL had specificity primarily for the products of the K and D loci of the mouse H-2 complex (2). More recently this has also been found to be the case for xenogeneic immunizations (3,4). Additional examples of T cell-mediated lysis have been reported involving viral-infected or chemically- modified syngeneic stimulating and target cells in which homology at H-2K or H-2D was required between the responding and target cells for appreciable lysis to occur (5-7). Moreover, CTL specific for minor histocompatability antigens are able to lyse only target cells bearing these membrane antigens and sharing a common H-2K or H2-D gene product with the effector (8,9). Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the requirement for H-2 identity between effector and targets in these systems. CTL may recognize new antigenic determinants created by the interaction of the modifier with syngeneic K and D gene products. Alternately, a dual recognition system my exist, requiring an antigen-specific receptor as well as a second receptor with specificity for homologous H-2K or H-2D determinants (5). Neither model can be excluded at this time. The I region also contains genes coding for histocompatibility loci since animals differing at the I-A or I-C regions of the H-2 complex reject skin grafts (10-12), though less rapidly than mice differing at the H-2K or H-2D regions, Also CTL can be generated to I region determinants but less efficiently than CTL specific for H-2K or H-2D gene products (12-14). The question can therefore be raised, whether the I region minor histocompatibility loci function independently from the H-2K or H-2D loci or whether I region-specific cytolysis requires the participation of H-2K or H-2D gene products of the target cell. This communication illustrates the generation of CTL showing specificity for I region determinants in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Further, we demonstrate by genetic analysis and byt eh use of speficit alloantisera that CTL directed to Ia determinants (a) do not see these antigens as modifications of H-2K or H-2D gene products but as independent gene products coded for by the I region, and (b) they do not require interaction with target cells bearing the same H-2K or H-2D gene product as the effect CTL.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for I region determinants do not require interactions with H-2K or D gene products. Gene products coded for by the major hisocompatibility complex (MHC) can serve as target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1). A variety of test systems are available which have yielded information consistently reinforcing the importance of this complex of genes in the generation and effector phases of the cytotoxic immune response. Originally, it was shown that allogeneically-induced CTL had specificity primarily for the products of the K and D loci of the mouse H-2 complex (2). More recently this has also been found to be the case for xenogeneic immunizations (3,4). Additional examples of T cell-mediated lysis have been reported involving viral-infected or chemically- modified syngeneic stimulating and target cells in which homology at H-2K or H-2D was required between the responding and target cells for appreciable lysis to occur (5-7). Moreover, CTL specific for minor histocompatability antigens are able to lyse only target cells bearing these membrane antigens and sharing a common H-2K or H2-D gene product with the effector (8,9). Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the requirement for H-2 identity between effector and targets in these systems. CTL may recognize new antigenic determinants created by the interaction of the modifier with syngeneic K and D gene products. Alternately, a dual recognition system my exist, requiring an antigen-specific receptor as well as a second receptor with specificity for homologous H-2K or H-2D determinants (5). Neither model can be excluded at this time. The I region also contains genes coding for histocompatibility loci since animals differing at the I-A or I-C regions of the H-2 complex reject skin grafts (10-12), though less rapidly than mice differing at the H-2K or H-2D regions, Also CTL can be generated to I region determinants but less efficiently than CTL specific for H-2K or H-2D gene products (12-14). The question can therefore be raised, whether the I region minor histocompatibility loci function independently from the H-2K or H-2D loci or whether I region-specific cytolysis requires the participation of H-2K or H-2D gene products of the target cell. This communication illustrates the generation of CTL showing specificity for I region determinants in primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Further, we demonstrate by genetic analysis and byt eh use of speficit alloantisera that CTL directed to Ia determinants (a) do not see these antigens as modifications of H-2K or H-2D gene products but as independent gene products coded for by the I region, and (b) they do not require interaction with target cells bearing the same H-2K or H-2D gene product as the effect CTL.", "PMID": 67179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2480", "title": "Evidence for the dissimilarity of acrosin and pancreatic trypsin as revealed by a sensitive immunoassay.", "content": "Common antigenic determinants between two species of pancreatic trypsin and twelve species of acrosin were studied using a highly sensitive, enzyme-linked immunoassay. No common antigenic determinants between trypsin and acrosin could be detected.", "contents": "Evidence for the dissimilarity of acrosin and pancreatic trypsin as revealed by a sensitive immunoassay. Common antigenic determinants between two species of pancreatic trypsin and twelve species of acrosin were studied using a highly sensitive, enzyme-linked immunoassay. No common antigenic determinants between trypsin and acrosin could be detected.", "PMID": 67180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2481", "title": "Characterization of three antigenic particles of swine vesicular disease virus.", "content": "Three distinct particles were isolated from cell culture harvests of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) by sucrose and CsCl gradient centrifugation. Virions (148S), RNA-free empty capsids (81S), and a third particle (49S) also free of RNA showed immune reactivity with SVDV antiserum. The 81S and 49S particles had polypeptides typical of naturally occurring empty capsids. Injection of purified antigens into guinea pigs produced antisera which distinguished empty capsids from virions on immunodiffusion; the 49S antigen appeared similar to virions. Antisera produced to freshly prepared virus antigen grown in brains of baby mice distinguished SVDV from the serologically related Coxsackie B-5 virus but did not distinguish the individual S particle antigens. Partly purified virus preparations degraded to empty capsids when incubated in guinea pig serum. The possible origin of empty capsids and 49S particles and their relationship to antigenicity of virus preparations are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of three antigenic particles of swine vesicular disease virus. Three distinct particles were isolated from cell culture harvests of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) by sucrose and CsCl gradient centrifugation. Virions (148S), RNA-free empty capsids (81S), and a third particle (49S) also free of RNA showed immune reactivity with SVDV antiserum. The 81S and 49S particles had polypeptides typical of naturally occurring empty capsids. Injection of purified antigens into guinea pigs produced antisera which distinguished empty capsids from virions on immunodiffusion; the 49S antigen appeared similar to virions. Antisera produced to freshly prepared virus antigen grown in brains of baby mice distinguished SVDV from the serologically related Coxsackie B-5 virus but did not distinguish the individual S particle antigens. Partly purified virus preparations degraded to empty capsids when incubated in guinea pig serum. The possible origin of empty capsids and 49S particles and their relationship to antigenicity of virus preparations are discussed.", "PMID": 67181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2482", "title": "Characterization of human papovavirus RFV: comparison with SV40 and BKV.", "content": "Human papovavirus, RFV, isolated from urine of a renal transplant patient was compared with two strains of SV40 and with the prototype human papovavirus, BKV. Neutralization tests showed that RFV and BKV are indistinguishable, while large-plaque (LP) and small-plaque(SP) isolates of SV40 gave a low but significant level of cross-reaction with rabbit or human antisera against RFV. DNA reassociation saturation tests using 125I-labelled RFV DNA show that BKV has 88% homology, and SP-SV40 has 29% homology to RFV. We conclude that RFV and BKV are nearly, if not totally, identical and are not SV40 variants.", "contents": "Characterization of human papovavirus RFV: comparison with SV40 and BKV. Human papovavirus, RFV, isolated from urine of a renal transplant patient was compared with two strains of SV40 and with the prototype human papovavirus, BKV. Neutralization tests showed that RFV and BKV are indistinguishable, while large-plaque (LP) and small-plaque(SP) isolates of SV40 gave a low but significant level of cross-reaction with rabbit or human antisera against RFV. DNA reassociation saturation tests using 125I-labelled RFV DNA show that BKV has 88% homology, and SP-SV40 has 29% homology to RFV. We conclude that RFV and BKV are nearly, if not totally, identical and are not SV40 variants.", "PMID": 67183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2483", "title": "Fast axonal transport: effect of antimitotic drugs and inhibitors of energy metabolism on the rate and amount of transported protein in frog sciatic nerves.", "content": "Mitosis inhibitors, drugs affecting the energy metabolism, heavy water, and ouabain were used to partially inhibit fast axonal transport in frog sciatic nerves. Effects on the rate and on the amount of pulse labeled protein could be separated. The pulse of labeled protein, released after a cold-block, rapidly reached a maximum height which indicated that the transport system was saturated in the nerve segment occupied by the pulse. Both the rate and the amount were reduced by the mitosis inhibitors colchicine, vinblastine, and griseofulvin. Colchicine had a differential effect and reduced the rate of material migrating in the advancing front of the pulse less than the rate of that moving in the peak. Preincubation at low temperature potentiated the effects of colchicine. Two inhibitors of energy metabolism, NaCN and IAA, reduced the amount of labeled material in the pulse. The slope of the pulse was markedly reduced and multiple peaks appeared. The distance covered by the migrating pulse was largely unaffected, but some retardation of late components might have occurred. In contrast, 2.4-DNP reduced the rate without any effects on the amount of migrating material. Heavy water uniformly reduced the rate of the migrating pulse, whereas the main effect of ouabain was a diminished amount and multiple peaks as with NaCN and IAA. All drugs were tested for their effects on the electrical activity of sciatic nerves. The compound action potential was not affected by the mitosis inhibitors and heavy water, but was depressed by the inhibitors of energy metabolism and abolished by ouabain. The results indicate that the effects of various transport inhibitory drugs can be differentiated if both the rate and the amount are considered.", "contents": "Fast axonal transport: effect of antimitotic drugs and inhibitors of energy metabolism on the rate and amount of transported protein in frog sciatic nerves. Mitosis inhibitors, drugs affecting the energy metabolism, heavy water, and ouabain were used to partially inhibit fast axonal transport in frog sciatic nerves. Effects on the rate and on the amount of pulse labeled protein could be separated. The pulse of labeled protein, released after a cold-block, rapidly reached a maximum height which indicated that the transport system was saturated in the nerve segment occupied by the pulse. Both the rate and the amount were reduced by the mitosis inhibitors colchicine, vinblastine, and griseofulvin. Colchicine had a differential effect and reduced the rate of material migrating in the advancing front of the pulse less than the rate of that moving in the peak. Preincubation at low temperature potentiated the effects of colchicine. Two inhibitors of energy metabolism, NaCN and IAA, reduced the amount of labeled material in the pulse. The slope of the pulse was markedly reduced and multiple peaks appeared. The distance covered by the migrating pulse was largely unaffected, but some retardation of late components might have occurred. In contrast, 2.4-DNP reduced the rate without any effects on the amount of migrating material. Heavy water uniformly reduced the rate of the migrating pulse, whereas the main effect of ouabain was a diminished amount and multiple peaks as with NaCN and IAA. All drugs were tested for their effects on the electrical activity of sciatic nerves. The compound action potential was not affected by the mitosis inhibitors and heavy water, but was depressed by the inhibitors of energy metabolism and abolished by ouabain. The results indicate that the effects of various transport inhibitory drugs can be differentiated if both the rate and the amount are considered.", "PMID": 67184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2484", "title": "Lead neuropathy. 1) Morphometry, nerve conduction, and choline acetyltransferase transport: new finding of endoneurial edema associated with segmental demyelination.", "content": "Morphometric and pathologic studies along the length of the peripheral nervous system were obtained in groups of rats fed 4% lead carbonate for 3 and 6 months and in match-fed controls. The number and diameter histograms of L6 cytons of spinal ganglia and of myelinated fibers of proximal and distal portions of peroneal and sural nerve were not significantly different from the control groups. On the other hand, segmental demyelination occurred approximately as frequently in proximal as in distal parts of nerves. At 3 months approximately 1/3 of teased myelinated fibers showed changes of segmental demyelination (Condition C), or of remyelination after segmental demyelination (Condition F) or of both segmental demyelination and of remyelination (Condition D), while at 6 months more than 4/5ths of fibers showed these changes. As expected, regression lines of axonal area on number of lamellae of myelin, were less steep in nerves of rats fed on lead for 6 months as compared to controls. Axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase in lead neuropathy did not differ from that in control rats. As expected from the studies of others, conduction velocity of myelinated fibers of caudal nerve were low. A new finding was the often quite striking increase of transverse fascicular area of peripheral nerves. This was due to edema which appeared to develop at about the time of onset os segmental demyelination. Although the edema may be an epiphenomenon, it could be an important observation bearing on the development of lead neuropathy. It would be important to know next whether or not the blood nerve barrier is altered in lead neuropathy.", "contents": "Lead neuropathy. 1) Morphometry, nerve conduction, and choline acetyltransferase transport: new finding of endoneurial edema associated with segmental demyelination. Morphometric and pathologic studies along the length of the peripheral nervous system were obtained in groups of rats fed 4% lead carbonate for 3 and 6 months and in match-fed controls. The number and diameter histograms of L6 cytons of spinal ganglia and of myelinated fibers of proximal and distal portions of peroneal and sural nerve were not significantly different from the control groups. On the other hand, segmental demyelination occurred approximately as frequently in proximal as in distal parts of nerves. At 3 months approximately 1/3 of teased myelinated fibers showed changes of segmental demyelination (Condition C), or of remyelination after segmental demyelination (Condition F) or of both segmental demyelination and of remyelination (Condition D), while at 6 months more than 4/5ths of fibers showed these changes. As expected, regression lines of axonal area on number of lamellae of myelin, were less steep in nerves of rats fed on lead for 6 months as compared to controls. Axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase in lead neuropathy did not differ from that in control rats. As expected from the studies of others, conduction velocity of myelinated fibers of caudal nerve were low. A new finding was the often quite striking increase of transverse fascicular area of peripheral nerves. This was due to edema which appeared to develop at about the time of onset os segmental demyelination. Although the edema may be an epiphenomenon, it could be an important observation bearing on the development of lead neuropathy. It would be important to know next whether or not the blood nerve barrier is altered in lead neuropathy.", "PMID": 67186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2485", "title": "Electrophysiological investigations in a case of cephalic tetanus.", "content": "In a case of cephalic tetanus the amplitudes and the latencies of the compound action potentials recorded from the facial muscles after stimulation of the facial nerve at the mastoid were not significantly different on the two sides. With repetitive stimulation at 30/sec a pathological facilitation was observed on both sides. The blink reflex bilaterally had normal latencies but the amplitudes of the reflex potentials were always significantly lower on the paretic side. It is concluded that facial palsy in cephalic tetanus is mainly due to a functional block of conduction in the course of the peripheral nerve whereas the disturbance of neuromuscular transmission probably has little importance in these cases.", "contents": "Electrophysiological investigations in a case of cephalic tetanus. In a case of cephalic tetanus the amplitudes and the latencies of the compound action potentials recorded from the facial muscles after stimulation of the facial nerve at the mastoid were not significantly different on the two sides. With repetitive stimulation at 30/sec a pathological facilitation was observed on both sides. The blink reflex bilaterally had normal latencies but the amplitudes of the reflex potentials were always significantly lower on the paretic side. It is concluded that facial palsy in cephalic tetanus is mainly due to a functional block of conduction in the course of the peripheral nerve whereas the disturbance of neuromuscular transmission probably has little importance in these cases.", "PMID": 67188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2486", "title": "The regional curare test in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "30 subjects without disturbance of neuromuscular transmission and 18 patients with myasthenia gravis were used in conducting the regional curare test. The adductor pollicis and the hypothenar muscles were studied with the 3/sec stimulation test. With three different dosages of curare one could find no reliable border between \"normal\" and \"pathological\". In the patients with myasthenia no definite relation could be found between the findings with the regional curare test and the clinical picture. The curare concentration reaching the muscle is probably quite variable from case to case as regards diffusion and volume in the tissue. The 3/sec stimulation test with registration from the deltoid muscle, and in certain cases the systemic curare test, appear more suitable than the regional curare test for routine diagnosis as well as indication for thymectomy. But for cases of ocular myasthenia showing no further weakness by the systemic curare test, the regional curare test can be put to use. The advantage lies in the higher concentration of curare which can thereby be brought to the muscle. The precautionary measures should be similar to those taken with the systemic curare test.", "contents": "The regional curare test in myasthenia gravis. 30 subjects without disturbance of neuromuscular transmission and 18 patients with myasthenia gravis were used in conducting the regional curare test. The adductor pollicis and the hypothenar muscles were studied with the 3/sec stimulation test. With three different dosages of curare one could find no reliable border between \"normal\" and \"pathological\". In the patients with myasthenia no definite relation could be found between the findings with the regional curare test and the clinical picture. The curare concentration reaching the muscle is probably quite variable from case to case as regards diffusion and volume in the tissue. The 3/sec stimulation test with registration from the deltoid muscle, and in certain cases the systemic curare test, appear more suitable than the regional curare test for routine diagnosis as well as indication for thymectomy. But for cases of ocular myasthenia showing no further weakness by the systemic curare test, the regional curare test can be put to use. The advantage lies in the higher concentration of curare which can thereby be brought to the muscle. The precautionary measures should be similar to those taken with the systemic curare test.", "PMID": 67189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2487", "title": "Electromyogram and nerve conduction in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.", "content": "Diminished activity of uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase in the liver and other tissues may be regarded to be the primary genetic deficiency of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Increased production and renal excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) und porphobilinogen (PBG) are secondary phenomena. The neuropsychiatric symptomatology of AIP consists of neuropathy, vegetative crises and exogenous psychoses. In this study electromyographic and neurographic investigations were performed on 20 persons with AIP. 16 patients had experienced attacks of AIP, 10 of them including neuropathy. 4 persons showed the biochemical findings of AIP but had not yet had symptoms. In cases with persistent pareses following porphyric neuropathy denervation signs or sequelae were still present. In patients without clinical symptoms and in latent cases there were normal or borderline findings. Motor nerve conduction velocity was mostly decreased in combination with denervation signs and in a range that indicated a primarily axonal nerve lesion and consequent myelin damage rather than primary demyelinization. The mean motor conduction velocity of n. tibialis was somewhat lower in patients with porphyric crises without neuropathy than in latent cases without any clinical crises. The differences were not significant in other nerves. The findings are discussed under consideration of the electrodiagnostic results of other investigations and of neuropathological and clinical data.", "contents": "Electromyogram and nerve conduction in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Diminished activity of uroporphyrinogen I-synthetase in the liver and other tissues may be regarded to be the primary genetic deficiency of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Increased production and renal excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) und porphobilinogen (PBG) are secondary phenomena. The neuropsychiatric symptomatology of AIP consists of neuropathy, vegetative crises and exogenous psychoses. In this study electromyographic and neurographic investigations were performed on 20 persons with AIP. 16 patients had experienced attacks of AIP, 10 of them including neuropathy. 4 persons showed the biochemical findings of AIP but had not yet had symptoms. In cases with persistent pareses following porphyric neuropathy denervation signs or sequelae were still present. In patients without clinical symptoms and in latent cases there were normal or borderline findings. Motor nerve conduction velocity was mostly decreased in combination with denervation signs and in a range that indicated a primarily axonal nerve lesion and consequent myelin damage rather than primary demyelinization. The mean motor conduction velocity of n. tibialis was somewhat lower in patients with porphyric crises without neuropathy than in latent cases without any clinical crises. The differences were not significant in other nerves. The findings are discussed under consideration of the electrodiagnostic results of other investigations and of neuropathological and clinical data.", "PMID": 67190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2488", "title": "Retrograde changes in motor and sensory conduction velocity after nerve injury.", "content": "Nerve section is followed by a reduction of motor and sensory conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the injured nerve. This reduction of velocity is associated with retrograde changes in fiber size. If reinnervation does not occur within the next 1 1/2--2 years, retrograde degeneration of nerve fibers results, and the amplitude of the evoked nerve potential in the proximal segment of the injured nerve decreases. This retrograde degeneration is probably significant in view of the poor results frequently obtained after nerve transplantation which is carried out too late.", "contents": "Retrograde changes in motor and sensory conduction velocity after nerve injury. Nerve section is followed by a reduction of motor and sensory conduction velocity in the proximal segment of the injured nerve. This reduction of velocity is associated with retrograde changes in fiber size. If reinnervation does not occur within the next 1 1/2--2 years, retrograde degeneration of nerve fibers results, and the amplitude of the evoked nerve potential in the proximal segment of the injured nerve decreases. This retrograde degeneration is probably significant in view of the poor results frequently obtained after nerve transplantation which is carried out too late.", "PMID": 67191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2489", "title": "[Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery and Guillain-Barr\u00e9-syndrome during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the 8th month of her second pregnancy a young woman fell ill with polyradiculitis. She suddenly died because of a massive abdominal hemorrhage, the cause of which remained obscure. Autopsy revealed typical morphological findings of polyradiculoneuritis and a dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery and the recurrent artery of Heubner. The importance of elastic tissue degneration in intracranial dissecting aneurysms is stressed and similar reports in the literature are referred.", "contents": "[Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery and Guillain-Barr\u00e9-syndrome during pregnancy (author's transl)]. In the 8th month of her second pregnancy a young woman fell ill with polyradiculitis. She suddenly died because of a massive abdominal hemorrhage, the cause of which remained obscure. Autopsy revealed typical morphological findings of polyradiculoneuritis and a dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery and the recurrent artery of Heubner. The importance of elastic tissue degneration in intracranial dissecting aneurysms is stressed and similar reports in the literature are referred.", "PMID": 67193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2490", "title": "Geography in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Both mortality and morbidity data indicate quite clearly that multiple sclerosis is a geographically-related disease, and thus MS can be thought of as an acquired environmental (exogenous) illness. High frequency parts of the world for MS are Europe between 65 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude, northern United States and southern Canada, New Zealand, and southern Australia. These regions are bounded by medium frequency MS regions: in Europe to the north, east, and south; in America for southern U.S.; and the remainder of Australia. Latin America, Asia and Africa are essentially of low frequency from present data. Latitude is not a sufficient criterion: at 40 degrees north latitude, MS is high in America, medium in Europe, and low in Asia. All high and medium risk areas therefore are in Europe or European colonies; thus MS is the white man's burden spread from western Europe. Within the U.S., MS is less common among Negroes, Japanese, and possibly Amerindians than in whites regardless of geography. Migration studies among risk areas indicate that migrants keep much of the risk of their birthplace, but also that overall the risk is decreased by high-to-low migration, and probably increased by low-to-high. For the former, it seems that adolescence is the age critical for retention of birthplace risk. Some preliminary data on a possible epidemic of MS are also presented. All the epidemiologic information would be most easily explained if MS were an infectious (viral) illness with prolonged latency. The proof of this though must come from the laboratory.", "contents": "Geography in multiple sclerosis. Both mortality and morbidity data indicate quite clearly that multiple sclerosis is a geographically-related disease, and thus MS can be thought of as an acquired environmental (exogenous) illness. High frequency parts of the world for MS are Europe between 65 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude, northern United States and southern Canada, New Zealand, and southern Australia. These regions are bounded by medium frequency MS regions: in Europe to the north, east, and south; in America for southern U.S.; and the remainder of Australia. Latin America, Asia and Africa are essentially of low frequency from present data. Latitude is not a sufficient criterion: at 40 degrees north latitude, MS is high in America, medium in Europe, and low in Asia. All high and medium risk areas therefore are in Europe or European colonies; thus MS is the white man's burden spread from western Europe. Within the U.S., MS is less common among Negroes, Japanese, and possibly Amerindians than in whites regardless of geography. Migration studies among risk areas indicate that migrants keep much of the risk of their birthplace, but also that overall the risk is decreased by high-to-low migration, and probably increased by low-to-high. For the former, it seems that adolescence is the age critical for retention of birthplace risk. Some preliminary data on a possible epidemic of MS are also presented. All the epidemiologic information would be most easily explained if MS were an infectious (viral) illness with prolonged latency. The proof of this though must come from the laboratory.", "PMID": 67196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2491", "title": "Biochemical findings in multiple sclerosis IV. Isoelectric focusing of the CSF gamma globulins in multiple sclerosis (262 cases) and other neurological diseases (272 cases).", "content": "Despite enormous efforts to find a specific laboratory test for multiple sclerosis, agar gel electrophoresis of the CSF proteins has remained the next to the best one. This study presents evidence that thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing of the CSF gamma globulins is by far superior for this purpose. In effect, about 91% of the 262 multiple sclerosis patients studied had oligoclonal fractions present in the very alkaline region of the pH gradient. Of the same group of patients only 65% did show pathological results when studied by agar gel electrophoresis. Of the 272 CSF samples from patients suffering from other neurological diseases, only about 7% showed the presence of oligoclonal bands in the same region of the pH gradient, when submitted to isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Biochemical findings in multiple sclerosis IV. Isoelectric focusing of the CSF gamma globulins in multiple sclerosis (262 cases) and other neurological diseases (272 cases). Despite enormous efforts to find a specific laboratory test for multiple sclerosis, agar gel electrophoresis of the CSF proteins has remained the next to the best one. This study presents evidence that thin layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing of the CSF gamma globulins is by far superior for this purpose. In effect, about 91% of the 262 multiple sclerosis patients studied had oligoclonal fractions present in the very alkaline region of the pH gradient. Of the same group of patients only 65% did show pathological results when studied by agar gel electrophoresis. Of the 272 CSF samples from patients suffering from other neurological diseases, only about 7% showed the presence of oligoclonal bands in the same region of the pH gradient, when submitted to isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 67197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2492", "title": "Periodic synchronous and stereotyped myoclonus with postanoxic coma.", "content": "5 patients with cerebral anoxia of various etiology had postanoxic coma with the syndrome of periodic synchronous and sterotyped myoclonus first mentioned by Lance and Adams. These authors observed action myoclonus as a sequel to this syndrome which is rarely survived. Most reports have dealt mainly with its bad prognostic significance. Although the localization of action myoclonus has much been discussed, and is still controversial, little attention has been paid to the possible localizing significance of its acute precursor syndrome. Most patients with this type of myoclonus (all in our series) present a lower pontine/upper oblongata syndrome. The distribution patterns of the jerks are constant, do not represent topographic but functional relationships showing innervation patterns which are presumably integrated in the vestibular system and upper oblongata reticular formation. Interval histograms show that the jerks, unlike those in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, are not repeated at regular intervals. Several rhythms might be intermingled, or a rhythmic (physiological?) pacemaker could be modified by proprioception of the jerks. The latter possibility is supported by the observation that EEG discharges in one patient became rhythmic when the jerks ceased. The only other instance of rhythmicity was in a very special observation of continuous seesaw alternations of slow jerks of m. levator palpebrae sup., and tonic contractions of m. corrugator glabellae. Rhythmicity in this case had a 1:2 relation to heart rate indicating the nucleus tractus solitarii region as a possible site of origin of the impulses. Our observations indicate an upper oblongata origin for this type of myoclonus. Autopsies in 3 of our cases revealed widespread severe anoxic damage but nothing to add to the pathological localization.", "contents": "Periodic synchronous and stereotyped myoclonus with postanoxic coma. 5 patients with cerebral anoxia of various etiology had postanoxic coma with the syndrome of periodic synchronous and sterotyped myoclonus first mentioned by Lance and Adams. These authors observed action myoclonus as a sequel to this syndrome which is rarely survived. Most reports have dealt mainly with its bad prognostic significance. Although the localization of action myoclonus has much been discussed, and is still controversial, little attention has been paid to the possible localizing significance of its acute precursor syndrome. Most patients with this type of myoclonus (all in our series) present a lower pontine/upper oblongata syndrome. The distribution patterns of the jerks are constant, do not represent topographic but functional relationships showing innervation patterns which are presumably integrated in the vestibular system and upper oblongata reticular formation. Interval histograms show that the jerks, unlike those in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, are not repeated at regular intervals. Several rhythms might be intermingled, or a rhythmic (physiological?) pacemaker could be modified by proprioception of the jerks. The latter possibility is supported by the observation that EEG discharges in one patient became rhythmic when the jerks ceased. The only other instance of rhythmicity was in a very special observation of continuous seesaw alternations of slow jerks of m. levator palpebrae sup., and tonic contractions of m. corrugator glabellae. Rhythmicity in this case had a 1:2 relation to heart rate indicating the nucleus tractus solitarii region as a possible site of origin of the impulses. Our observations indicate an upper oblongata origin for this type of myoclonus. Autopsies in 3 of our cases revealed widespread severe anoxic damage but nothing to add to the pathological localization.", "PMID": 67198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2493", "title": "Two cases of giant intracerebral aneurysm simulating neoplasm on ct scan; one with coexistent chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "Two cases of giant intracerebral aneurysm are presented. Both exhibit increased absorption values in a circumferential configuration peripherally after the administration of contrast material. In addition, one case demonstrates a coexistent contralateral chronic subdural hematoma. No previous example of intracranial aneurysm exhibiting this configuration on computed tomography has been described in the literature. The operative, computed tomographic, radionuclide and angiographic findings are described and the differential diagnosis discussed.", "contents": "Two cases of giant intracerebral aneurysm simulating neoplasm on ct scan; one with coexistent chronic subdural hematoma. Two cases of giant intracerebral aneurysm are presented. Both exhibit increased absorption values in a circumferential configuration peripherally after the administration of contrast material. In addition, one case demonstrates a coexistent contralateral chronic subdural hematoma. No previous example of intracranial aneurysm exhibiting this configuration on computed tomography has been described in the literature. The operative, computed tomographic, radionuclide and angiographic findings are described and the differential diagnosis discussed.", "PMID": 67199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2494", "title": "[The \"off-on\" phenomenon during treatment of parkinson's disease with levodopa (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluctuation in daily performance of Parkinson patients on long-term L-dopa therapy is known as the so called \"off-on\" phenomenon. Cotzias et al. found that a low protein diet is able to control this phenomenon in patients taking L-dopa alone but not in those receiving a combination of L-dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The author's hypothesis was based on the competition between the alimentary aminoacids and L-dopa for transport to the brain ganglia. In our attempt to prove the findings of Cotzias group we tested the influence of a low protein diet on 23 Parkinson patients manifesting the \"off-on\" phenomenon. All had been pretreated with L-dopa for 5--8 years and taking dopa DI for a minimum of 3 years. The protein intake was limited to 25 g/day (which is less than 0.5 g/kg body weight) for 1--4 months. In 6 cases there was a marked improvment with reduction of the \"off-on\" effect, and in one it disappeared completely. A distinct improvment of general capability was seen in the other 5 cases, and an objective improvment of the symptoms was noted, except during the \"off\" period. No response could be observed in the remaining 12 cases. All cases with hyperkinesia showed an augmentation of this symptom during the use of the diet. The diet restriction was not found to be correlated with age, stage, duration of illness or duration of dopa treatment. The possible mechanism of the \"off-on\" phenomenon and some suggestions to influence it, are presented.", "contents": "[The \"off-on\" phenomenon during treatment of parkinson's disease with levodopa (author's transl)]. The fluctuation in daily performance of Parkinson patients on long-term L-dopa therapy is known as the so called \"off-on\" phenomenon. Cotzias et al. found that a low protein diet is able to control this phenomenon in patients taking L-dopa alone but not in those receiving a combination of L-dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The author's hypothesis was based on the competition between the alimentary aminoacids and L-dopa for transport to the brain ganglia. In our attempt to prove the findings of Cotzias group we tested the influence of a low protein diet on 23 Parkinson patients manifesting the \"off-on\" phenomenon. All had been pretreated with L-dopa for 5--8 years and taking dopa DI for a minimum of 3 years. The protein intake was limited to 25 g/day (which is less than 0.5 g/kg body weight) for 1--4 months. In 6 cases there was a marked improvment with reduction of the \"off-on\" effect, and in one it disappeared completely. A distinct improvment of general capability was seen in the other 5 cases, and an objective improvment of the symptoms was noted, except during the \"off\" period. No response could be observed in the remaining 12 cases. All cases with hyperkinesia showed an augmentation of this symptom during the use of the diet. The diet restriction was not found to be correlated with age, stage, duration of illness or duration of dopa treatment. The possible mechanism of the \"off-on\" phenomenon and some suggestions to influence it, are presented.", "PMID": 67200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2495", "title": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation follwing spinal cord transection. Part 2. Electron microscopic observations.", "content": "The authors report their findings by electron microscopy after microsurgical subpial spinal cord transection in dogs. After cord transection, conspicuous myelin microcysts are formed in a background of otherwise intact cord tisue at a distance of 1 to 2 mm from the cut end of the cord, both proximal and distal to the transection, Seen through the electron microscope, the microcysts iss a myelin sac distended by fluid under pressure, containing a swollen axon filled with excessive axoplasmic organelles; that is, a terminal club. Later the microcysts and terminal clubs rupture. The large spaces within the microcysts are opened to heretofore small extracellular spaces and the spinal cord tissues are destroyed. Thus, microcysts are precursors of large cavitites seen at the ends of transcreted cord stumps. The formation of microcysts and their subsequent rupture, which leads to cord cavitation, is interpreted as an inherent response of cord tissue to injury, and the result of an abortive attempt at cord regeneration.", "contents": "The mechanism of spinal cord cavitation follwing spinal cord transection. Part 2. Electron microscopic observations. The authors report their findings by electron microscopy after microsurgical subpial spinal cord transection in dogs. After cord transection, conspicuous myelin microcysts are formed in a background of otherwise intact cord tisue at a distance of 1 to 2 mm from the cut end of the cord, both proximal and distal to the transection, Seen through the electron microscope, the microcysts iss a myelin sac distended by fluid under pressure, containing a swollen axon filled with excessive axoplasmic organelles; that is, a terminal club. Later the microcysts and terminal clubs rupture. The large spaces within the microcysts are opened to heretofore small extracellular spaces and the spinal cord tissues are destroyed. Thus, microcysts are precursors of large cavitites seen at the ends of transcreted cord stumps. The formation of microcysts and their subsequent rupture, which leads to cord cavitation, is interpreted as an inherent response of cord tissue to injury, and the result of an abortive attempt at cord regeneration.", "PMID": 67203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2496", "title": "Developmental effects of prolonged pregnancy and the postmaturity syndrome.", "content": "The development of 40 postterm, postmature infants was compared to that of 40 normal control infants during the first year of life. The postterm, postmature infants had more prenatal complications and received lower Brazelton interaction and motor scores at birth. At four months they scored lower on the Denver developmental scale and were rated \"difficult\" babies by their mothers. At eight months their Bayley motor scores were equivalent to those of the control infants, but their mental scores were lower. At this time their mothers reported a higher incidence of illnesses and of feeding and sleep disturbances.", "contents": "Developmental effects of prolonged pregnancy and the postmaturity syndrome. The development of 40 postterm, postmature infants was compared to that of 40 normal control infants during the first year of life. The postterm, postmature infants had more prenatal complications and received lower Brazelton interaction and motor scores at birth. At four months they scored lower on the Denver developmental scale and were rated \"difficult\" babies by their mothers. At eight months their Bayley motor scores were equivalent to those of the control infants, but their mental scores were lower. At this time their mothers reported a higher incidence of illnesses and of feeding and sleep disturbances.", "PMID": 67204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2497", "title": "Permeability studies on taenid metacestodes: I. Uptake of proteins by larval stages of Taenia taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, and Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "Host immunoglobulins of several different classes were detected within the bladder fluids of Taenia taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, and Echinococcus granulosus. Radioiodinated proteins were taken up in vitro by larvae of both T. taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps and were shown to retain their physicochemical and antigenic characteristics. Rates of uptake were similar in the 2 species and were not related to the molecular weight of the proteins. Immunoglobulins were taken up both in vitro and in vivo by larvae of T. taeniaeformis. Absorbed immunoglobulins were shown to retain both antigen binding capacity and biologic functions associated with the Fc portion of the molecules. Not all cysts of E. granulosus contained detectable host proteins. Uptake of 125I occurred when hydatid cysts were exposed to labeled proteins in vitro, but it appeared that rapid degradation of the labeled carrier led to the appearance of dialysable fragments. This may be attributable to proteolysis within the bladder fluid. We conclude that taeniid metacestodes are capable of absorbing a variety of proteins, and that these macromolecules can retain their structural and functional integrity following transport. This absorptive capacity accounts for the presence of host serum components within bladder fluids.", "contents": "Permeability studies on taenid metacestodes: I. Uptake of proteins by larval stages of Taenia taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, and Echinococcus granulosus. Host immunoglobulins of several different classes were detected within the bladder fluids of Taenia taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, and Echinococcus granulosus. Radioiodinated proteins were taken up in vitro by larvae of both T. taeniaeformis and T. crassiceps and were shown to retain their physicochemical and antigenic characteristics. Rates of uptake were similar in the 2 species and were not related to the molecular weight of the proteins. Immunoglobulins were taken up both in vitro and in vivo by larvae of T. taeniaeformis. Absorbed immunoglobulins were shown to retain both antigen binding capacity and biologic functions associated with the Fc portion of the molecules. Not all cysts of E. granulosus contained detectable host proteins. Uptake of 125I occurred when hydatid cysts were exposed to labeled proteins in vitro, but it appeared that rapid degradation of the labeled carrier led to the appearance of dialysable fragments. This may be attributable to proteolysis within the bladder fluid. We conclude that taeniid metacestodes are capable of absorbing a variety of proteins, and that these macromolecules can retain their structural and functional integrity following transport. This absorptive capacity accounts for the presence of host serum components within bladder fluids.", "PMID": 67206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2498", "title": "Dissociation of changes in enzymatic and immunoreactive rat serum dopamine bets-hydroxylase during growth and development.", "content": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in the serum, heart and salivary glands of Sprague-Dawley rats from 1 day after birth to 90 days of age. Serum DBH activity in blood from newborn animals was 90 units, approximately 4.5 times higher than in blood from 60- to 90-day-old rats. The serum enzyme activity increased to 130 units at 15 days of age and then decreased rapidly to adult levels (20 units). This decrease was not due to changes in levels of circulating inhibitors or activators of the enzyme. Four different inbred strains of rats also demonstrated a striking decrease in serum DBH activity between 15 and 60 days of age. Cardiac DBH in Sprague-Dawley rats increased approximately 5-fold from birth to 15 days of age, but failed to decrease thereafter. Salivary gland DBH activity also increased with maturation and failed to decrease. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were no different in blood samples obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats 15 and 60 days of age. This finding makes it less likely that the decrease in serum DBH activity with maturation represents a decrease in the functional activity of sympathetic nerve terminals. Antibodies against DBH were used to measure immunoreactive DBH protein in serum from rats 15 and 60 days of age. These studies demonstrated a significantly higher enzymatic activity per unit of immunoreactive protein in blood from young rats than in blood from animals 60 days of age. The ratios of enzymatic activity to immunoreactive protein as measured by the quantity of antibody necessary to precipitate 50% of the endogenous serum DBH activity (AD50) were 21.18 +/- 1.04 and 3.83 +/- 0.40 (mean +/- S.E.M.) for blood from animals 15 and 60 days of age, respectively. Among the possible explanations for this observation are included a greater quantity of enzymatically inactive but immunoreactive DBH in blood of adult animals as compared with the blood of young rats, or the existence of a different form of serum DBH in blood of young animals.", "contents": "Dissociation of changes in enzymatic and immunoreactive rat serum dopamine bets-hydroxylase during growth and development. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in the serum, heart and salivary glands of Sprague-Dawley rats from 1 day after birth to 90 days of age. Serum DBH activity in blood from newborn animals was 90 units, approximately 4.5 times higher than in blood from 60- to 90-day-old rats. The serum enzyme activity increased to 130 units at 15 days of age and then decreased rapidly to adult levels (20 units). This decrease was not due to changes in levels of circulating inhibitors or activators of the enzyme. Four different inbred strains of rats also demonstrated a striking decrease in serum DBH activity between 15 and 60 days of age. Cardiac DBH in Sprague-Dawley rats increased approximately 5-fold from birth to 15 days of age, but failed to decrease thereafter. Salivary gland DBH activity also increased with maturation and failed to decrease. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were no different in blood samples obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats 15 and 60 days of age. This finding makes it less likely that the decrease in serum DBH activity with maturation represents a decrease in the functional activity of sympathetic nerve terminals. Antibodies against DBH were used to measure immunoreactive DBH protein in serum from rats 15 and 60 days of age. These studies demonstrated a significantly higher enzymatic activity per unit of immunoreactive protein in blood from young rats than in blood from animals 60 days of age. The ratios of enzymatic activity to immunoreactive protein as measured by the quantity of antibody necessary to precipitate 50% of the endogenous serum DBH activity (AD50) were 21.18 +/- 1.04 and 3.83 +/- 0.40 (mean +/- S.E.M.) for blood from animals 15 and 60 days of age, respectively. Among the possible explanations for this observation are included a greater quantity of enzymatically inactive but immunoreactive DBH in blood of adult animals as compared with the blood of young rats, or the existence of a different form of serum DBH in blood of young animals.", "PMID": 67207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2499", "title": "Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured melanoma cells in the sera of melanoma patients.", "content": "By means of the complement-dependent microcytotoxicity test, cytotoxic antibodies to melanoma cells in long-term culture were detected in 34 of 90 sera from melanoma patients. The incidence of cytotoxic antibodies in melanoma patients was significantly greater than in subjects free of malignant disease but not significantly greater than in patients with other types of cancer. The sera were cytolytic to melanoma cells only in conjunction with rabbit complement, and they reacted with the pabel of melanoma cells in a distinct fashion. No association was found between presence of cytotoxic antibodies and the occurrence of metastasis.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured melanoma cells in the sera of melanoma patients. By means of the complement-dependent microcytotoxicity test, cytotoxic antibodies to melanoma cells in long-term culture were detected in 34 of 90 sera from melanoma patients. The incidence of cytotoxic antibodies in melanoma patients was significantly greater than in subjects free of malignant disease but not significantly greater than in patients with other types of cancer. The sera were cytolytic to melanoma cells only in conjunction with rabbit complement, and they reacted with the pabel of melanoma cells in a distinct fashion. No association was found between presence of cytotoxic antibodies and the occurrence of metastasis.", "PMID": 67208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2500", "title": "Lysis of human normal and sarcoma cells in tissue culture by normal human serum: implications for experiments in human tumor immunology.", "content": "Sera from 8 of 9 patients with osteogenic sarcoma equally lysed autologous tissue-cultured cells of both skin and osteosarcoma in the presence of complement. Of 155 normal human sera tested, 103 (66%) lysed allogeneic normal ksin in tissue culture. These antibodies appeared more prevalent in younger (96% in ages 11-20 yr) than older (33% in ages 41-50 yr) humans. The presence of these \"natural\" antibodies against normal and malignant cells growing in tissue culture was possibly directed against components adsorbed to the cells during tissue culture or to \"new\" cell-surface antigens expressed by these cells grown in tissue culture. These non-tumor-related neoantigens on normal and malignant cells in tissue culture represented a potential source of confusion in studies of the serologic response of humans to tumors.", "contents": "Lysis of human normal and sarcoma cells in tissue culture by normal human serum: implications for experiments in human tumor immunology. Sera from 8 of 9 patients with osteogenic sarcoma equally lysed autologous tissue-cultured cells of both skin and osteosarcoma in the presence of complement. Of 155 normal human sera tested, 103 (66%) lysed allogeneic normal ksin in tissue culture. These antibodies appeared more prevalent in younger (96% in ages 11-20 yr) than older (33% in ages 41-50 yr) humans. The presence of these \"natural\" antibodies against normal and malignant cells growing in tissue culture was possibly directed against components adsorbed to the cells during tissue culture or to \"new\" cell-surface antigens expressed by these cells grown in tissue culture. These non-tumor-related neoantigens on normal and malignant cells in tissue culture represented a potential source of confusion in studies of the serologic response of humans to tumors.", "PMID": 67209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2501", "title": "Characterization of immune responses to spontaneous hamster lymphomas.", "content": "Tumor resistance could be induced against the transplantation of cell lines derived from spontaneous lymphomas that occurred in the third of three lymphoma epizootics in a hamster colony. Immunization of normal hamsters with irradiated lymphoma cells promoted resistance to homologous lymphoma challenge and prevented the development of spontaneous lymphomas when immunized hamsters were exposed to the contaminated colony. This immunity could be transferred in an adoptive transfer assay. Resistance to direct challenge was not extended to simian virus 40(SV40)-induced sarcomas carrying SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen nor to herpesvirus-induced carcinoma cells, indicating specificity. The nature of the antigen(s) involved was discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of immune responses to spontaneous hamster lymphomas. Tumor resistance could be induced against the transplantation of cell lines derived from spontaneous lymphomas that occurred in the third of three lymphoma epizootics in a hamster colony. Immunization of normal hamsters with irradiated lymphoma cells promoted resistance to homologous lymphoma challenge and prevented the development of spontaneous lymphomas when immunized hamsters were exposed to the contaminated colony. This immunity could be transferred in an adoptive transfer assay. Resistance to direct challenge was not extended to simian virus 40(SV40)-induced sarcomas carrying SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen nor to herpesvirus-induced carcinoma cells, indicating specificity. The nature of the antigen(s) involved was discussed.", "PMID": 67210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2502", "title": "Serologic identification of multiple tumor-associated antigens on murine sarcomas.", "content": "The humoral immune response to two transplanted chemically induced murine sarcomas (MCA-2 and MCA-3) was studied in C57BL/6N mice. These tumors were immunogenic as evidenced by tumor amputation and rechallenge experiments, and no cross-reactivity between them was observed in in vivo challenge experiments. Utilizing a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay, we detected antibody to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 in the sera of animals bearing MCA-3 as well as after tumor removal. The sera of animals hyperimmunized to MCA-3 (MCA-3HI) was also cytotoxic in high titer to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 (50% cytotoxicity titers of 1:80 and 1:320, respectively). Sequential absorptions of sera from animals bearing MCA-3 and MCA-3HI sera with fresh MCA-2 cells completely removed activity against MCA-2 but retained reactivity to MCA-3. Sequential absorptions with fresh MCA-3 cells produced stepwise reductions of activity against both tumors, whereas absorption with normal cells produced no loss of activity against either tumor. Thus both specific and cross-reactive antigens were expressed on the surfaces of MCA-3 cells. Only the specific tumor antigen appeared to be involved in in vivo protection against tumor challenge.", "contents": "Serologic identification of multiple tumor-associated antigens on murine sarcomas. The humoral immune response to two transplanted chemically induced murine sarcomas (MCA-2 and MCA-3) was studied in C57BL/6N mice. These tumors were immunogenic as evidenced by tumor amputation and rechallenge experiments, and no cross-reactivity between them was observed in in vivo challenge experiments. Utilizing a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay, we detected antibody to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 in the sera of animals bearing MCA-3 as well as after tumor removal. The sera of animals hyperimmunized to MCA-3 (MCA-3HI) was also cytotoxic in high titer to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 (50% cytotoxicity titers of 1:80 and 1:320, respectively). Sequential absorptions of sera from animals bearing MCA-3 and MCA-3HI sera with fresh MCA-2 cells completely removed activity against MCA-2 but retained reactivity to MCA-3. Sequential absorptions with fresh MCA-3 cells produced stepwise reductions of activity against both tumors, whereas absorption with normal cells produced no loss of activity against either tumor. Thus both specific and cross-reactive antigens were expressed on the surfaces of MCA-3 cells. Only the specific tumor antigen appeared to be involved in in vivo protection against tumor challenge.", "PMID": 67211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2503", "title": "Effect of camptothecin and adriamycin on bleomycin-induced tritiated thymidine triphosphate incorporation in a rat nuclear system.", "content": "We investigated the effect of camptothecin and adriamycin on [3H]TTP incorporation and bleomycin-stimulated [3H]TTP incorporation in host liver and hepatoma nuclei of rats. Camptothecin neither stimulated nor inhibited incorporation in the regular nuclear incorporating system. Bleomycin stimulated incorporation to a much greater extent in host liver nuclei and slow-growing hepatomas than it did in the fast-growing hepatoma 7777. Addition of camptothecin to bleomycin stimulated incorporation of [3H]TTP even further. This camptothecin stimulation was slightly greater in hepatoma nuclei than it was in host liver nuclei. Adriamycin inhibited [3H]TTP incorporation in the regular system as well as the bleomycin-induced incorporation. Hepatoma nuclei were more sensitive to this inhibition than were host liver nuclei. Sucrose density gradients indicated that camptothecin caused DNA strand scissions in addition to those produced by bleomycin. Camptothecin alone produced some single-strand but no double-strand scissions. The action of bleomycin was dependent on sulfhydryl-reducing agents. Camptothecin could partially substitute for this requirement. Adriamycin did not produce DNA breaks as determined by neutral or alkaline sucrose density gradients. Despite complete inhibition of bleomycin-induced [3H]TTP incorporation, adriamycin did not prevent bleomycin-induced DNA breaks. The inhibitory effect of adriamycin might have been on the repair system.", "contents": "Effect of camptothecin and adriamycin on bleomycin-induced tritiated thymidine triphosphate incorporation in a rat nuclear system. We investigated the effect of camptothecin and adriamycin on [3H]TTP incorporation and bleomycin-stimulated [3H]TTP incorporation in host liver and hepatoma nuclei of rats. Camptothecin neither stimulated nor inhibited incorporation in the regular nuclear incorporating system. Bleomycin stimulated incorporation to a much greater extent in host liver nuclei and slow-growing hepatomas than it did in the fast-growing hepatoma 7777. Addition of camptothecin to bleomycin stimulated incorporation of [3H]TTP even further. This camptothecin stimulation was slightly greater in hepatoma nuclei than it was in host liver nuclei. Adriamycin inhibited [3H]TTP incorporation in the regular system as well as the bleomycin-induced incorporation. Hepatoma nuclei were more sensitive to this inhibition than were host liver nuclei. Sucrose density gradients indicated that camptothecin caused DNA strand scissions in addition to those produced by bleomycin. Camptothecin alone produced some single-strand but no double-strand scissions. The action of bleomycin was dependent on sulfhydryl-reducing agents. Camptothecin could partially substitute for this requirement. Adriamycin did not produce DNA breaks as determined by neutral or alkaline sucrose density gradients. Despite complete inhibition of bleomycin-induced [3H]TTP incorporation, adriamycin did not prevent bleomycin-induced DNA breaks. The inhibitory effect of adriamycin might have been on the repair system.", "PMID": 67212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2504", "title": "Antigenic changes of DBA/2J mastocytoma cells when grown in the BALB/c mouse.", "content": "A 10-day growth period of the DBA/2J strain-specific P815-X2 mastocytoma in the BALB/c mouse altered the antigenicity of the tumor cell surface. The in vivo-modified mastocytoma cells differed from mastocytoma cells grown in the original DBA/2J mice in suspectibility to lysis by immune peritoneal exudate cells, in vitro antigenic recognition by cytotoxic T-cells, and immunizing capacity in allogeneic C57BL/6 mice. Propagation of the altered tumor cells in the original host or maintenance in tissue culture for 40 hours restored complete susceptibility to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Antigenic changes of DBA/2J mastocytoma cells when grown in the BALB/c mouse. A 10-day growth period of the DBA/2J strain-specific P815-X2 mastocytoma in the BALB/c mouse altered the antigenicity of the tumor cell surface. The in vivo-modified mastocytoma cells differed from mastocytoma cells grown in the original DBA/2J mice in suspectibility to lysis by immune peritoneal exudate cells, in vitro antigenic recognition by cytotoxic T-cells, and immunizing capacity in allogeneic C57BL/6 mice. Propagation of the altered tumor cells in the original host or maintenance in tissue culture for 40 hours restored complete susceptibility to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 67213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2505", "title": "Expression of Mason-Pfizer and simian type C viruses in the presence of 5-iododeoxyuridine and dexamethasone.", "content": "Production of infectious Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) was enhanced after treatment of the CMMT cell line with 2.5 x 10(-5) M dexamethasone phosphate (DXM). The reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and infectivity titers of treated culture fluids were enhanced by five- and tenfold, respectively. Along with stimulation of M-PMV synthesis, a simian type C virus (SCV) was also detected by electron microscopic and RT analyses. The SCV was serologically related to the endogenous baboon type C virus. 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) also activated the SCV in the CMMT cell line while significantly inhibiting the production of infectious M-PMV. The activation of endogenous SCV by IUDR or DXM was transitory, since removal of these compounds from the growth medium resulted in the disappearance of SCV buds and the related RT activity; however, low levels of specific viral structural proteins continued to be synthesized intracellularly. Similarly, the enhancement of M-PMV production seen with DXM was lost when the treated cells were subcultured for 2 weeks in the absence of the hormone.", "contents": "Expression of Mason-Pfizer and simian type C viruses in the presence of 5-iododeoxyuridine and dexamethasone. Production of infectious Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) was enhanced after treatment of the CMMT cell line with 2.5 x 10(-5) M dexamethasone phosphate (DXM). The reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and infectivity titers of treated culture fluids were enhanced by five- and tenfold, respectively. Along with stimulation of M-PMV synthesis, a simian type C virus (SCV) was also detected by electron microscopic and RT analyses. The SCV was serologically related to the endogenous baboon type C virus. 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) also activated the SCV in the CMMT cell line while significantly inhibiting the production of infectious M-PMV. The activation of endogenous SCV by IUDR or DXM was transitory, since removal of these compounds from the growth medium resulted in the disappearance of SCV buds and the related RT activity; however, low levels of specific viral structural proteins continued to be synthesized intracellularly. Similarly, the enhancement of M-PMV production seen with DXM was lost when the treated cells were subcultured for 2 weeks in the absence of the hormone.", "PMID": 67214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2506", "title": "Yolk sac carcinoma grown from rat egg cylinders.", "content": "Eight-day rat egg cylinders transplanted in toto under the kidney capsules of adult histocompatible recipients gave rise to small nodules composed of parietal yolk sac cells surrounded by Reichert's membrane-like material. These yolk sac cells could grow and give rise to malignant, transplantable tumors identical to mouse yolk sac carcinomas derived from teratocarcinoma. The sera of rats with yolk sac tumors contained elevated concentrations of alpha1 fetoprotein.", "contents": "Yolk sac carcinoma grown from rat egg cylinders. Eight-day rat egg cylinders transplanted in toto under the kidney capsules of adult histocompatible recipients gave rise to small nodules composed of parietal yolk sac cells surrounded by Reichert's membrane-like material. These yolk sac cells could grow and give rise to malignant, transplantable tumors identical to mouse yolk sac carcinomas derived from teratocarcinoma. The sera of rats with yolk sac tumors contained elevated concentrations of alpha1 fetoprotein.", "PMID": 67215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2507", "title": "[Prostatic adenomectomy with forced diuresis considerations based upon 100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of forced diuresis by furosedium after adenomectomy is an effective method which decreases the postoperative complications of such surgery (haemorrhage, infection, etc.) and reduces the time of hospitalisation.", "contents": "[Prostatic adenomectomy with forced diuresis considerations based upon 100 cases (author's transl)]. The method of forced diuresis by furosedium after adenomectomy is an effective method which decreases the postoperative complications of such surgery (haemorrhage, infection, etc.) and reduces the time of hospitalisation.", "PMID": 67216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2508", "title": "New procedure for the direct analysis of in vitro reverse transcription of Rous sarcoma virus RNA.", "content": "Based on the observation that in vitro transcription of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase renders the RNA PROGRESSIVELY MORE SENSITIVE TO Escherichia coli RNase H digestion, a new procedure for the in situ analysis of this process has been developed. In vitro transcription products of 32P-labeled RSV RNA are first treated with RNase H, the resistant fraction is then digested to completion with RNase T1, and the oligonucleotides are analyzed by a fingerprint technique. By using the established order of these oligonucleotides along the RNA molecule, a comparison of the yields of each oligonucleotide, before and after transcription, allows qualitative and quantitative in situ analyses of the transcription process. Using this new procedure, we find that upon transcription of purified RSV RNA, DNA synthesis occurs mainly at three sites, one near the 5' end and two near the center of the subunit RNA molecule, and that most of these RNA molecules are competent templates for limited transcription at these specific sites. We also show that purified RSV 70S RNA contains a low-molecular-weight DNA hybridized to a nucleotide sequence near the center of the subunit molecule. Furthermore , we find that the low-molecular-weight nucleic acid fraction extracted from purified RSV virions contains DNA that can hybridize to RSV 70S RNA and that the virion DNA in such hybrids can function as a primer for an extensive in vitro reverse transcription.", "contents": "New procedure for the direct analysis of in vitro reverse transcription of Rous sarcoma virus RNA. Based on the observation that in vitro transcription of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase renders the RNA PROGRESSIVELY MORE SENSITIVE TO Escherichia coli RNase H digestion, a new procedure for the in situ analysis of this process has been developed. In vitro transcription products of 32P-labeled RSV RNA are first treated with RNase H, the resistant fraction is then digested to completion with RNase T1, and the oligonucleotides are analyzed by a fingerprint technique. By using the established order of these oligonucleotides along the RNA molecule, a comparison of the yields of each oligonucleotide, before and after transcription, allows qualitative and quantitative in situ analyses of the transcription process. Using this new procedure, we find that upon transcription of purified RSV RNA, DNA synthesis occurs mainly at three sites, one near the 5' end and two near the center of the subunit RNA molecule, and that most of these RNA molecules are competent templates for limited transcription at these specific sites. We also show that purified RSV 70S RNA contains a low-molecular-weight DNA hybridized to a nucleotide sequence near the center of the subunit molecule. Furthermore , we find that the low-molecular-weight nucleic acid fraction extracted from purified RSV virions contains DNA that can hybridize to RSV 70S RNA and that the virion DNA in such hybrids can function as a primer for an extensive in vitro reverse transcription.", "PMID": 67218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2509", "title": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with equine infectious anemia virus.", "content": "Equine infectious anemia (EIAV) is shown to have an associated RNA-instructed DNA polymerase similar in its cofactor requirements and reaction conditions to the RNA tumor virus DNA polymerases. Demonstrating this DNA polymerase activity requires a critical concentration of a nonionic detergent, all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and a divalent metal ion. The reaction is sensitive to RNase, and a substantial fraction of the FNA synthesized is complementary to viral RNA. The detection of a complex of tritium-labeled polymerase product DNA-template RNA, which sedimented at 60S to 70S, provided evidence that EIAV contains high-molecular-weight RNA. These results, obtained with both virus propagated in cell culture and virus from the serum of an experimentally infected horse, indicate that EIAV may properly be considered a member of the family Retroviridae. They may also be pertinent to the mechanism(s) of viral persistence and periodic recrudescence of disease in chronically infected horses.", "contents": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with equine infectious anemia virus. Equine infectious anemia (EIAV) is shown to have an associated RNA-instructed DNA polymerase similar in its cofactor requirements and reaction conditions to the RNA tumor virus DNA polymerases. Demonstrating this DNA polymerase activity requires a critical concentration of a nonionic detergent, all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and a divalent metal ion. The reaction is sensitive to RNase, and a substantial fraction of the FNA synthesized is complementary to viral RNA. The detection of a complex of tritium-labeled polymerase product DNA-template RNA, which sedimented at 60S to 70S, provided evidence that EIAV contains high-molecular-weight RNA. These results, obtained with both virus propagated in cell culture and virus from the serum of an experimentally infected horse, indicate that EIAV may properly be considered a member of the family Retroviridae. They may also be pertinent to the mechanism(s) of viral persistence and periodic recrudescence of disease in chronically infected horses.", "PMID": 67219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2510", "title": "Antigens of Pichinde virus I. Relationship of soluble antigens derived from infected BHK-21 cells to the structural components of the virion.", "content": "Antigens detected by the complement-fixation (CF) test were prepared from BHK-21 cells infected with Pichinde virus. The preparations contained two antigens demonstrable by immunodiffusion. The antigen present in abundance was heat stable, Pronase resistant, and had a molecular weight of 20,000 to 30,000 as estimated by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified antigen demonstrated two low-molecular-weight polypeptides. An identical antigenic determinant was found by disrupting purified virus with Nonidet P-40; however, none of the viral polypeptides co-migrated with the polypeptides derived from purified CF antigen. Pronase digestion of disrupted virus did not alter antigenicity but degraded the viral peptides to sizes similar to those associated with the major CF antigen. These observations suggest that the major CF antigen of Pichnide virus is a cleavage product of the structural proteins of the virus.", "contents": "Antigens of Pichinde virus I. Relationship of soluble antigens derived from infected BHK-21 cells to the structural components of the virion. Antigens detected by the complement-fixation (CF) test were prepared from BHK-21 cells infected with Pichinde virus. The preparations contained two antigens demonstrable by immunodiffusion. The antigen present in abundance was heat stable, Pronase resistant, and had a molecular weight of 20,000 to 30,000 as estimated by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified antigen demonstrated two low-molecular-weight polypeptides. An identical antigenic determinant was found by disrupting purified virus with Nonidet P-40; however, none of the viral polypeptides co-migrated with the polypeptides derived from purified CF antigen. Pronase digestion of disrupted virus did not alter antigenicity but degraded the viral peptides to sizes similar to those associated with the major CF antigen. These observations suggest that the major CF antigen of Pichnide virus is a cleavage product of the structural proteins of the virus.", "PMID": 67220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2511", "title": "RNase H and RNA-directed DNA polymerase: associated enzymatic activities of murine mammary tumor virus.", "content": "The RNA-directed DNA polymerase of murine mammary tumor virus, a type B RNA tumor virus, was purified sequentially through DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose (step gradient), and phosphocellulose (linear salt gradient) chromatography followed by glycerol sedimentation centrifugation. During all stages of purification, coincident peaks of RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, templated by polyribocytidylate-oligodeoxyguanidylate, and RNase H digestion of [3H]polyriboadenylate-polydeoxythymidylate were observed, and both enzymatic activities displayed a cation preference for magnesium. Under conditions that removed adventitiously associated nucleases, RNase H activity was found to co-purify with polymerase. The specificity of this nuclease was assayed with various prepared substrates, which indicated that the polymerase-associated RNase H activity was directed only against the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid. It is highly probable that RNase H (RNA-DNA hybrid: ribonucleotide-hydrolase, EC 3.1.4..34) and RNA-directed DNA polymerase of type B viruses are associated enzymatic activities analogous to those observed for avian and mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses.", "contents": "RNase H and RNA-directed DNA polymerase: associated enzymatic activities of murine mammary tumor virus. The RNA-directed DNA polymerase of murine mammary tumor virus, a type B RNA tumor virus, was purified sequentially through DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose (step gradient), and phosphocellulose (linear salt gradient) chromatography followed by glycerol sedimentation centrifugation. During all stages of purification, coincident peaks of RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, templated by polyribocytidylate-oligodeoxyguanidylate, and RNase H digestion of [3H]polyriboadenylate-polydeoxythymidylate were observed, and both enzymatic activities displayed a cation preference for magnesium. Under conditions that removed adventitiously associated nucleases, RNase H activity was found to co-purify with polymerase. The specificity of this nuclease was assayed with various prepared substrates, which indicated that the polymerase-associated RNase H activity was directed only against the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid. It is highly probable that RNase H (RNA-DNA hybrid: ribonucleotide-hydrolase, EC 3.1.4..34) and RNA-directed DNA polymerase of type B viruses are associated enzymatic activities analogous to those observed for avian and mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses.", "PMID": 67221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2512", "title": "Specific inhibition of DNA polymerase-associated RNase H by DNA.", "content": "The RNase H activity associated with several RNA-directed DNA polymerases is inhibited by the addition of DNA, in contrast to RNase H activity from enzymes devoid of polymerizing activity. Kinetic investigations of the inhibitory effect of DNA, using purified Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase as a test enzyme, revealed that the addition of DNA to an ongoing RNase H reaction causes an immediate cessation of RNase H activity. Concomitant initiation of DNA synthesis by inhibitory DNA can occur, provided that appropriate substrate and primer is available. Thus, in addition to providing a simple test for the distinction between polymerase-associated and polymerase-independent RNase H activity, this study strongly supports the concepts that (i) RNase H activity expressed by several mammalian oncoviral reverse transcriptases is an integral part of that molecule, and (ii) that the catalytic site of RNase H activity is also involuved in template-primer binding.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of DNA polymerase-associated RNase H by DNA. The RNase H activity associated with several RNA-directed DNA polymerases is inhibited by the addition of DNA, in contrast to RNase H activity from enzymes devoid of polymerizing activity. Kinetic investigations of the inhibitory effect of DNA, using purified Rauscher leukemia virus DNA polymerase as a test enzyme, revealed that the addition of DNA to an ongoing RNase H reaction causes an immediate cessation of RNase H activity. Concomitant initiation of DNA synthesis by inhibitory DNA can occur, provided that appropriate substrate and primer is available. Thus, in addition to providing a simple test for the distinction between polymerase-associated and polymerase-independent RNase H activity, this study strongly supports the concepts that (i) RNase H activity expressed by several mammalian oncoviral reverse transcriptases is an integral part of that molecule, and (ii) that the catalytic site of RNase H activity is also involuved in template-primer binding.", "PMID": 67222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2513", "title": "Viral proteins expressed on the surface of murine leukemia cells.", "content": "Leukemic cells of AKR mice contain as constituents of their membranes the murine leukemia virus envelope protein gp70 and the precursor polyprotein of the viral internal (core) structural proteins. Both gp70 and the core polyprotein are represented on the cell surface as glycoproteins, as evidenced by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into their structure and the binding of these proteins to lectins. The glycosylated core polyprotein exists in at least two serologically distinguishable forms: the 95,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30, p12, and p10, whereas the 85,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30 and p12, but not p10. Additional heterogeneity in these cell surface polyproteins has been observed wtih leukemias induced by exogenous leukemia viruses. Spontaneous leukemia cells of AKR mice invariably express gp70 and the core polyprotein on their cell surface; normal thymocytes of young AKR mice express gp70, but not the core polyprotein on their surface.", "contents": "Viral proteins expressed on the surface of murine leukemia cells. Leukemic cells of AKR mice contain as constituents of their membranes the murine leukemia virus envelope protein gp70 and the precursor polyprotein of the viral internal (core) structural proteins. Both gp70 and the core polyprotein are represented on the cell surface as glycoproteins, as evidenced by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into their structure and the binding of these proteins to lectins. The glycosylated core polyprotein exists in at least two serologically distinguishable forms: the 95,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30, p12, and p10, whereas the 85,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30 and p12, but not p10. Additional heterogeneity in these cell surface polyproteins has been observed wtih leukemias induced by exogenous leukemia viruses. Spontaneous leukemia cells of AKR mice invariably express gp70 and the core polyprotein on their cell surface; normal thymocytes of young AKR mice express gp70, but not the core polyprotein on their surface.", "PMID": 67223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2514", "title": "In vitro transcription of theavian oncornavirus genome by the RNA-directed DNA polymerase: analysis of DNA transcripts synthesized in reconstructed enzymatic reactions.", "content": "We have analyzed the DNA products synthesized in vitro in reconstructed reactions containing purified avian oncornavirus genome RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The results of these studies indicate that: (i) the initial DNA product synthesized on either 70S RNA or reconstituted 35S RNA-tRNAtrp template - primer complexes in the presence of low concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphates consists of several discrete size classes, none of which exceed 200 nucleotides in length; (ii) large DNA transcripts (about 2,000 nucleotides) can be synthesized on both 70S RNA and the 35S RNA - tRNAtrp complex by increasing the deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentration; and (iii) DNA synthesized by detergent-disrupted virus is considerably longer than DNA synthesized in reconstructed reactions.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of theavian oncornavirus genome by the RNA-directed DNA polymerase: analysis of DNA transcripts synthesized in reconstructed enzymatic reactions. We have analyzed the DNA products synthesized in vitro in reconstructed reactions containing purified avian oncornavirus genome RNA and RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The results of these studies indicate that: (i) the initial DNA product synthesized on either 70S RNA or reconstituted 35S RNA-tRNAtrp template - primer complexes in the presence of low concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphates consists of several discrete size classes, none of which exceed 200 nucleotides in length; (ii) large DNA transcripts (about 2,000 nucleotides) can be synthesized on both 70S RNA and the 35S RNA - tRNAtrp complex by increasing the deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentration; and (iii) DNA synthesized by detergent-disrupted virus is considerably longer than DNA synthesized in reconstructed reactions.", "PMID": 67224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2515", "title": "The diagnosis of bladder tumors by concentration of epithelial cells in the urine and by the help of the fluorescence property of tetracycline.", "content": "Positive results were obtained in epithelial concentrations when tetracycline was given to 50 patients with bladder tumors. The diagnosis of bladder tumors with epithelial concentration is especially helpful in patients with hematuria and pyuria. With this technique many epithelial cells radiate a bright yellow fluorescence.", "contents": "The diagnosis of bladder tumors by concentration of epithelial cells in the urine and by the help of the fluorescence property of tetracycline. Positive results were obtained in epithelial concentrations when tetracycline was given to 50 patients with bladder tumors. The diagnosis of bladder tumors with epithelial concentration is especially helpful in patients with hematuria and pyuria. With this technique many epithelial cells radiate a bright yellow fluorescence.", "PMID": 67225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2516", "title": "Some endocrine aspects of the thymus gland.", "content": "In studies of the mouse thymus, lymphocyte mitoses are seen to be most frequent in the thymus cortex. There is evidence from thymic grafts that a hypothetical factor, thymopoietin, may stimulate mitosis of thymic lymphocytes. It is a factor which is postulated to act in conjunction with the PAS-positive mesenchymal reticular cells and epithelial reticular cells of the cortex. The thymus medulla is necessary for the integrity of thymic grafts, and may also elaborate a secretion for maintaining the cellular functions of the gland. Thymectomy has been used as a gauge for judging normal thymic function and results, in the mouse, in lymphopenia, degeneration of spleen and lymph nodes, delayed rejection of skin allografts, reduced ability of spleen cells to mount the graft versus host reaction, and reduced primary immune response to certain antigens. Correction of these deficiencies offers a means of evaluating various thymic extracts and grafts. Lymphocytosis-stimulating hormone (LSH) is known to maintain the peripheral lymphoid organs and cause lymphocytosis in the thymectomized animal. Diffusion chamber studies of thymic grafts also show restored lymphoid tissue by a cell-free factor (CIF). These two factors may be the same and probably represent the basis of the highly purified lymphocyte-stimulating proteins, LSHr and LSHh, which restore the L/P ratio in thymectomized animals and may stimulate lymphopoiesis in spleen and lymph nodes. LSHr, unlike LSHh, increases the total lymphocyte count. LSHr has been found to increase the humoral antibody response in neonatal mice both by the PFC technique and by direct hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Homeostatic thymic hormone (HTH) is a thymic extract of small molecular weight and contains nucleic acid. In the thymectomized guinea pig it has been found to maintain normal levels of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes, to restore antibody titers to typhoid H antigen and to restore the toxic allergic reaction. Thymic humoral factor (THF) is of smaller molecular weight (less than 1,000) and probably is not a protein. It also enhances lymphoid proliferation in neonatally thymectomized mice. There is evidence that THF participates in humoral antibody formation because it stimulates PFC formation from neonatally thymectomized mice after inoculation with sheep erythrocytes. Its effects on cell-mediated immunity are seen from findings that injection of THF restores the ability of thymectomized mice to reject skin allografts. THF enables spleen cells from thymectomized or neonatal animals to mount the graft versus host reaction, and causes maturation of bone marrow cells and spleen or lymph node cells so that they can participate in the graft versus host reaction. It has been reported to stimulate lymphocytes to kill isogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Thymosin is protein extracted from the thymus. It has been found to alleviate leukopenia slightly and provide some improvement in lymphoid histology in thymectomized mice...", "contents": "Some endocrine aspects of the thymus gland. In studies of the mouse thymus, lymphocyte mitoses are seen to be most frequent in the thymus cortex. There is evidence from thymic grafts that a hypothetical factor, thymopoietin, may stimulate mitosis of thymic lymphocytes. It is a factor which is postulated to act in conjunction with the PAS-positive mesenchymal reticular cells and epithelial reticular cells of the cortex. The thymus medulla is necessary for the integrity of thymic grafts, and may also elaborate a secretion for maintaining the cellular functions of the gland. Thymectomy has been used as a gauge for judging normal thymic function and results, in the mouse, in lymphopenia, degeneration of spleen and lymph nodes, delayed rejection of skin allografts, reduced ability of spleen cells to mount the graft versus host reaction, and reduced primary immune response to certain antigens. Correction of these deficiencies offers a means of evaluating various thymic extracts and grafts. Lymphocytosis-stimulating hormone (LSH) is known to maintain the peripheral lymphoid organs and cause lymphocytosis in the thymectomized animal. Diffusion chamber studies of thymic grafts also show restored lymphoid tissue by a cell-free factor (CIF). These two factors may be the same and probably represent the basis of the highly purified lymphocyte-stimulating proteins, LSHr and LSHh, which restore the L/P ratio in thymectomized animals and may stimulate lymphopoiesis in spleen and lymph nodes. LSHr, unlike LSHh, increases the total lymphocyte count. LSHr has been found to increase the humoral antibody response in neonatal mice both by the PFC technique and by direct hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Homeostatic thymic hormone (HTH) is a thymic extract of small molecular weight and contains nucleic acid. In the thymectomized guinea pig it has been found to maintain normal levels of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes, to restore antibody titers to typhoid H antigen and to restore the toxic allergic reaction. Thymic humoral factor (THF) is of smaller molecular weight (less than 1,000) and probably is not a protein. It also enhances lymphoid proliferation in neonatally thymectomized mice. There is evidence that THF participates in humoral antibody formation because it stimulates PFC formation from neonatally thymectomized mice after inoculation with sheep erythrocytes. Its effects on cell-mediated immunity are seen from findings that injection of THF restores the ability of thymectomized mice to reject skin allografts. THF enables spleen cells from thymectomized or neonatal animals to mount the graft versus host reaction, and causes maturation of bone marrow cells and spleen or lymph node cells so that they can participate in the graft versus host reaction. It has been reported to stimulate lymphocytes to kill isogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Thymosin is protein extracted from the thymus. It has been found to alleviate leukopenia slightly and provide some improvement in lymphoid histology in thymectomized mice...", "PMID": 67231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2517", "title": "[Comparison of antiarrhythmic and chronotropic effect of obsidan and isoptine in extrasystole].", "content": "The rhythmographic technique was used to study the antiarrthythmic and chromotropic effect of intravenous injections of 10 mg of Obsidan (105 patients), of 10 mg of Isoptine (105 patients), and of oral administrations of 120 mg/day of Obsidan (160 patients) and Isoptine (128 patients). All patients demonstrated persistent extrasystole of different genesis against the background of the sinus rhythm. With intravenous injections the antiarrhythmic effect of Obsidan at rest did not differ from that of Isoptine. Under physical exercises Obsidan tended to display a more powerful negative bathmotropic effect. With the oral route of administration Obsidan was more effective both at rest, and under exercises. It produced a distinct negative chromotropic effect, while Isoptine displayed a biphasic effect. The results of automatic detection of the classes of the antiarrhythmic effect of Obsidan as judged by the dynamics of the sinus rhythm characteristics permit to suggest the possibility of using the later for an individual selection of the therapeutic means for extrasystole.", "contents": "[Comparison of antiarrhythmic and chronotropic effect of obsidan and isoptine in extrasystole]. The rhythmographic technique was used to study the antiarrthythmic and chromotropic effect of intravenous injections of 10 mg of Obsidan (105 patients), of 10 mg of Isoptine (105 patients), and of oral administrations of 120 mg/day of Obsidan (160 patients) and Isoptine (128 patients). All patients demonstrated persistent extrasystole of different genesis against the background of the sinus rhythm. With intravenous injections the antiarrhythmic effect of Obsidan at rest did not differ from that of Isoptine. Under physical exercises Obsidan tended to display a more powerful negative bathmotropic effect. With the oral route of administration Obsidan was more effective both at rest, and under exercises. It produced a distinct negative chromotropic effect, while Isoptine displayed a biphasic effect. The results of automatic detection of the classes of the antiarrhythmic effect of Obsidan as judged by the dynamics of the sinus rhythm characteristics permit to suggest the possibility of using the later for an individual selection of the therapeutic means for extrasystole.", "PMID": 67234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2518", "title": "[Incidence and characteristics of cardiac rhythm disorders after myocardial infarct].", "content": "In the course of 1 year 130 patients were examined who had survived myocardial infarction and were alive 2 months after the onset of the disease and were included into the Myocardial Infarction Registry. After 2,3,6,9 and 12 months ECG of various duration was recorded. The prolongation of ECG recording permits to give a more precise characteristics of the incidence and nature of the rhythm disorders observed in chronic ischaemic heart disease patients. Repeated heart rhythm examinations at rest during 1 hour, or during physical exercises (bicycle test) permitted to reveal rhythm disorders in 72.2--66.7% of the patients, and among them ventricular extrasystole in 62.6--66.7% of those examined, respectively. The appearance of ventricular extrasystoles correlates with the state of the patients surviving myocardial infarction A higher incidence of ventricular extrasystoles is observed in pateints with distinct tecg changes, with angina pectoris and elevated blood pressure (larger than or equal to140/90mm Hg).", "contents": "[Incidence and characteristics of cardiac rhythm disorders after myocardial infarct]. In the course of 1 year 130 patients were examined who had survived myocardial infarction and were alive 2 months after the onset of the disease and were included into the Myocardial Infarction Registry. After 2,3,6,9 and 12 months ECG of various duration was recorded. The prolongation of ECG recording permits to give a more precise characteristics of the incidence and nature of the rhythm disorders observed in chronic ischaemic heart disease patients. Repeated heart rhythm examinations at rest during 1 hour, or during physical exercises (bicycle test) permitted to reveal rhythm disorders in 72.2--66.7% of the patients, and among them ventricular extrasystole in 62.6--66.7% of those examined, respectively. The appearance of ventricular extrasystoles correlates with the state of the patients surviving myocardial infarction A higher incidence of ventricular extrasystoles is observed in pateints with distinct tecg changes, with angina pectoris and elevated blood pressure (larger than or equal to140/90mm Hg).", "PMID": 67235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2519", "title": "[Myocardial infarct repair in the light of clinico-biochemical and morphological studies].", "content": "To develop intravital criteria of the reperative processes following myocardial infarction, clinical, biochemical and morphological parallels were traced in 62 patients dying of myocardial infarction after different periods following the onset of the disease. It was demonstrated that a set of laboratory techniques (examinations of haptoglobin, chloridesoluble mucoprotein, of heterogeneity of mucoprotein, v2-macroglobulin) helps in the evaluation of the severity of the inflammatory and macrophagel reactions in the paranecrotic zone. A useful intravital sign of the formation of a postinfarction scar is provided by the examination of collagen metabolites--oxyproline bound with collagen-like plasma protein and free serum oxyproline and urine excretion of total oxyproline. The obtained data can be used for the development of a rehabilitation programme, differentiated therapy in various groups of patients.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct repair in the light of clinico-biochemical and morphological studies]. To develop intravital criteria of the reperative processes following myocardial infarction, clinical, biochemical and morphological parallels were traced in 62 patients dying of myocardial infarction after different periods following the onset of the disease. It was demonstrated that a set of laboratory techniques (examinations of haptoglobin, chloridesoluble mucoprotein, of heterogeneity of mucoprotein, v2-macroglobulin) helps in the evaluation of the severity of the inflammatory and macrophagel reactions in the paranecrotic zone. A useful intravital sign of the formation of a postinfarction scar is provided by the examination of collagen metabolites--oxyproline bound with collagen-like plasma protein and free serum oxyproline and urine excretion of total oxyproline. The obtained data can be used for the development of a rehabilitation programme, differentiated therapy in various groups of patients.", "PMID": 67236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2520", "title": "[Localization of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the walls of arteriosclerotic coronary arteries].", "content": "Immunofluorescent analysis was used to study the topography of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the wall of human coronary arteries in cases of atherosclerosis. The dynamics of protein fractions deposits is not uniform in the process of the formation of the disease. Along with the progress of atherosclerosis, the infiltration of proteins, lipoproteins and lipids is increasing. A regular combination of beta-lipoproteins and gamma-globulin localizations was established. The role of the examined components in the wall of the coronary arteries and their participation in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is discussed.", "contents": "[Localization of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the walls of arteriosclerotic coronary arteries]. Immunofluorescent analysis was used to study the topography of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the wall of human coronary arteries in cases of atherosclerosis. The dynamics of protein fractions deposits is not uniform in the process of the formation of the disease. Along with the progress of atherosclerosis, the infiltration of proteins, lipoproteins and lipids is increasing. A regular combination of beta-lipoproteins and gamma-globulin localizations was established. The role of the examined components in the wall of the coronary arteries and their participation in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is discussed.", "PMID": 67237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2521", "title": "[Indices of lipid metabolism, thyroid gland and adrenal cortical function in prolonged stress of the central nervous system in chronic stimulation of the adrenals].", "content": "The experiments were conducted in 14 male rabbits dynamically on the 5th, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 60th and 80th day of the central nervous system tension or at rest, including the studies of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins content), the function of the thyroid gland (protein bound iodine content) and the function of the adrenal cortex (11-OCS content). Such lasting stimulation of the adrenal cortex was found to be accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, elevated 11-OCS level and lack of thyroid function changes. A lasting tension of the central nervous system against the background of chronic stimulation of the adrenals delays the development of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, reduces the function of the thyroid gland, and increases the function of the adrenal cortex. The observed shifts in the lipid metabolism may be of atherogenic importance. The obtained data may be useful for the study of the pathogenesis of hormonal shifts in atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Indices of lipid metabolism, thyroid gland and adrenal cortical function in prolonged stress of the central nervous system in chronic stimulation of the adrenals]. The experiments were conducted in 14 male rabbits dynamically on the 5th, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 60th and 80th day of the central nervous system tension or at rest, including the studies of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins content), the function of the thyroid gland (protein bound iodine content) and the function of the adrenal cortex (11-OCS content). Such lasting stimulation of the adrenal cortex was found to be accompanied by hypercholesterolemia, hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, elevated 11-OCS level and lack of thyroid function changes. A lasting tension of the central nervous system against the background of chronic stimulation of the adrenals delays the development of hypercholesterolemia and hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, reduces the function of the thyroid gland, and increases the function of the adrenal cortex. The observed shifts in the lipid metabolism may be of atherogenic importance. The obtained data may be useful for the study of the pathogenesis of hormonal shifts in atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 67238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2522", "title": "[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "A continuous (for 24 hours) ECG recording on a magnetic tape with its subsequent decodification on a special analyser was performed in 31 patients with acute myocardial infarction during the 1st day of the onset of the disease in order to reveal an accelerated idioventricular rhythm and ventricular tachycardia. An accelerated idioventricular rhythm was found to occur within the 1st and early during the 2nd day of the disease in 29% of the patients. The importance of some factors, that of the sinus rhythm rate in particular, was studied with reference to the development of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm. The causes of its development are discussed, as well as those of its disappearance, interrelationship with ventricular tachycardia, and the prognostic importance of the accelerated idioventricular rhythm recorded throughout a 3-month observation and its place in the differential diagnosis in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in acute myocardial infarct]. A continuous (for 24 hours) ECG recording on a magnetic tape with its subsequent decodification on a special analyser was performed in 31 patients with acute myocardial infarction during the 1st day of the onset of the disease in order to reveal an accelerated idioventricular rhythm and ventricular tachycardia. An accelerated idioventricular rhythm was found to occur within the 1st and early during the 2nd day of the disease in 29% of the patients. The importance of some factors, that of the sinus rhythm rate in particular, was studied with reference to the development of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm. The causes of its development are discussed, as well as those of its disappearance, interrelationship with ventricular tachycardia, and the prognostic importance of the accelerated idioventricular rhythm recorded throughout a 3-month observation and its place in the differential diagnosis in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 67239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2523", "title": "A communication system for the severely dysarthric speaker with an intact language system.", "content": "Two severely dysarthric speakers who had previously spelled entire messages on an alphabet board were taught a system in which they pointed to the first letter of each word as they spoke. Rate and intelligibility of speech produced with (aided) and without (unaided) the communication system were judged by observers who viewed videotaped samples. The rate of aided and unaided speech was markedly faster than spelling the entire message. Aided speech was slower but more intelligible than unaided speech. Further analysis revealed that intelligibility was influenced by at least two factors: (1) rate and (2) information provided by the identification of the first letter of each word. For one speaker both factors contributed to increased intelligibility, while for the other speaker only initial letter information appeared to influence intelligibility.", "contents": "A communication system for the severely dysarthric speaker with an intact language system. Two severely dysarthric speakers who had previously spelled entire messages on an alphabet board were taught a system in which they pointed to the first letter of each word as they spoke. Rate and intelligibility of speech produced with (aided) and without (unaided) the communication system were judged by observers who viewed videotaped samples. The rate of aided and unaided speech was markedly faster than spelling the entire message. Aided speech was slower but more intelligible than unaided speech. Further analysis revealed that intelligibility was influenced by at least two factors: (1) rate and (2) information provided by the identification of the first letter of each word. For one speaker both factors contributed to increased intelligibility, while for the other speaker only initial letter information appeared to influence intelligibility.", "PMID": 67278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2524", "title": "A relative change index in evaluating alcoholism treatment outcome.", "content": "A technique for computing a relative change index for evaluating an alcoholic's progress is presented and contrasted with less satisfactory methods of comparing data from patient intake and follow-up interviews. Applicability of the index to other treatment groups is discussed.", "contents": "A relative change index in evaluating alcoholism treatment outcome. A technique for computing a relative change index for evaluating an alcoholic's progress is presented and contrasted with less satisfactory methods of comparing data from patient intake and follow-up interviews. Applicability of the index to other treatment groups is discussed.", "PMID": 67279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2525", "title": "1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin: a new pharmacological approach to the management of haemophilia and von Willebrands' diseases.", "content": "1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (D.D.A.V.P.) infusion causes a marked increase in factor-VIII (antihaemophilic-factor)-related properties in patients with moderate and mild haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease (vWd). The possibility was therefore evaluated that such an autologous factor-VII response might be haemostatically effective, allowing patients to undergo surgery without plasma concentrates. 0.3 microng/kg of D.D.A.V.P. given before dental surgery and repeated in the early postoperative period was followed by a two to three fold rise in factor-VIII coagulant activity (VII C.A.) in four patients with moderate and mild haemophilia. In two, there was no abnormal bleeding after dental extraction, whereas plasma concentrates were necessary to control oozing from the sockets in the remaining two patients. A higher D.D.A.V.P. dosage (0.4-0.5 microng/kg) in patients with higherstarting VII C.A. (9% or more) was followed by a more marked response (four to six fold). VII C.A. levels up to 100% of average normal were achieved and dental extraction and major surgery (such as cholecystectomy, thoracotomy, and two tonsillectomies) were carried out successfullly in six patients with mild haemophilis and in two with vWd. The mean half-life of autologous VII C.A. was 9.4 h (range 7.5-11.6). Plasma and urine osmolality showed no consistent variation after drug administration. Thus D.D.A.V.P. appears a promision pharmacological alternative to plasma concentrates in the management of some patients with haemophilis and vWd.", "contents": "1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin: a new pharmacological approach to the management of haemophilia and von Willebrands' diseases. 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (D.D.A.V.P.) infusion causes a marked increase in factor-VIII (antihaemophilic-factor)-related properties in patients with moderate and mild haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease (vWd). The possibility was therefore evaluated that such an autologous factor-VII response might be haemostatically effective, allowing patients to undergo surgery without plasma concentrates. 0.3 microng/kg of D.D.A.V.P. given before dental surgery and repeated in the early postoperative period was followed by a two to three fold rise in factor-VIII coagulant activity (VII C.A.) in four patients with moderate and mild haemophilia. In two, there was no abnormal bleeding after dental extraction, whereas plasma concentrates were necessary to control oozing from the sockets in the remaining two patients. A higher D.D.A.V.P. dosage (0.4-0.5 microng/kg) in patients with higherstarting VII C.A. (9% or more) was followed by a more marked response (four to six fold). VII C.A. levels up to 100% of average normal were achieved and dental extraction and major surgery (such as cholecystectomy, thoracotomy, and two tonsillectomies) were carried out successfullly in six patients with mild haemophilis and in two with vWd. The mean half-life of autologous VII C.A. was 9.4 h (range 7.5-11.6). Plasma and urine osmolality showed no consistent variation after drug administration. Thus D.D.A.V.P. appears a promision pharmacological alternative to plasma concentrates in the management of some patients with haemophilis and vWd.", "PMID": 67283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2526", "title": "Ultrasonography in the management of haemophilia.", "content": "Ultrasonography was used to demonstrate retroperitioneal haemorrhages and intramuscular haematoma in three patients with antibodies to factor VIII and one with von Willebrand's disease in whom major bleeding episodes occurred. Scans were useful in demonstrating the presence, location, size and regression of haemorrhages.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the management of haemophilia. Ultrasonography was used to demonstrate retroperitioneal haemorrhages and intramuscular haematoma in three patients with antibodies to factor VIII and one with von Willebrand's disease in whom major bleeding episodes occurred. Scans were useful in demonstrating the presence, location, size and regression of haemorrhages.", "PMID": 67284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2527", "title": "Influence of previous blood-transfusion on incidence of pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The incidence of pre-eclampsia in 125 primigravidas who had previously received blood-transfusions was significantly less than in a matched series of controls--i.e., 12.8% compared with 23.2%. This suggests that immunological factors may be involved in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Influence of previous blood-transfusion on incidence of pre-eclampsia. The incidence of pre-eclampsia in 125 primigravidas who had previously received blood-transfusions was significantly less than in a matched series of controls--i.e., 12.8% compared with 23.2%. This suggests that immunological factors may be involved in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 67285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2528", "title": "Clonal priming of human lymphocytes: Specificity and cross-reactivity of cellular immune reactions.", "content": "Clonal priming in response to chemical and microbial antigens which defines the specificity of cellular immune reactions, was demonstrated by culture techniques. Human leucocyte cultures stimulated with specific antigens typically show peak levels of D.N.A. synthesis after 5 to 7 days in culture. Such primary leucocyte cultures were incubated for 10-20 days, then the cells were gently centrifuged and resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640 with 20% plasma. These secondary or primed cultures typically showed less than 1000 c.p.m. after 48 hours. However, if the original antigenic stimulant was added, specific accelerated responses were seen by 48 hours in the secondary cultures. Lymphocyte clones in these sceondary cultures primed with dinitrophenylated (D.N.P.) antigens (from subjects sensitised to dinitrochlorobenzene) showed enhanced D.N.A. sythesis in response to the same dinitrophenylated antigens and showed varible accelerated responses to related chemically modified antigens. However, D.N.P.-activated clones in these secondary cultures did not show enhanced responses to microbial antigens even though the lymphocytes had been highly responsive to tetanus toxoid and other microbial antigens in primary cultures. The specificity of this clonal activation was further demonstrated by the enhanced response of secondary cultures of tetanus-toxoid-activated clones to tetanus toxoid but not to dinitrophenylated antigens. The abiltty to detect specificity and cross-reactivity of cellular immune reaction has broad implications for investigations of cellular immunity as well as many potential applications in the diagnosis and understanding the patogenesis of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in which cellular immune discrimination may be involved.", "contents": "Clonal priming of human lymphocytes: Specificity and cross-reactivity of cellular immune reactions. Clonal priming in response to chemical and microbial antigens which defines the specificity of cellular immune reactions, was demonstrated by culture techniques. Human leucocyte cultures stimulated with specific antigens typically show peak levels of D.N.A. synthesis after 5 to 7 days in culture. Such primary leucocyte cultures were incubated for 10-20 days, then the cells were gently centrifuged and resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640 with 20% plasma. These secondary or primed cultures typically showed less than 1000 c.p.m. after 48 hours. However, if the original antigenic stimulant was added, specific accelerated responses were seen by 48 hours in the secondary cultures. Lymphocyte clones in these sceondary cultures primed with dinitrophenylated (D.N.P.) antigens (from subjects sensitised to dinitrochlorobenzene) showed enhanced D.N.A. sythesis in response to the same dinitrophenylated antigens and showed varible accelerated responses to related chemically modified antigens. However, D.N.P.-activated clones in these secondary cultures did not show enhanced responses to microbial antigens even though the lymphocytes had been highly responsive to tetanus toxoid and other microbial antigens in primary cultures. The specificity of this clonal activation was further demonstrated by the enhanced response of secondary cultures of tetanus-toxoid-activated clones to tetanus toxoid but not to dinitrophenylated antigens. The abiltty to detect specificity and cross-reactivity of cellular immune reaction has broad implications for investigations of cellular immunity as well as many potential applications in the diagnosis and understanding the patogenesis of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases in which cellular immune discrimination may be involved.", "PMID": 67286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2529", "title": "Aspects of coma after severe head injury.", "content": "Features of coma during the first week after sever head injury  were analysed in 700 patients. Coma is best defined as inability to obey commands, to speak, or to open the eyes. If eye opening is omitted from the definition then some less severly affected patients will be included in the early stages, the duration of coma will be overestimated, and in the later stages the distiction between coma and other unresponsive states may be blurred. Other features which correlate with responsiveness (as judged by motor response, speech, and eye opening) are pupil reactions and eye movements; respiratory abnormalities are less common and less closely related to other aspects of severity. A rigorous fefinition of coma is necessary for valid commparisons between individual patients and between different series of patients with head injury. This is essential for the assessment of alternative management regimens and for establishing predictive criteria.", "contents": "Aspects of coma after severe head injury. Features of coma during the first week after sever head injury  were analysed in 700 patients. Coma is best defined as inability to obey commands, to speak, or to open the eyes. If eye opening is omitted from the definition then some less severly affected patients will be included in the early stages, the duration of coma will be overestimated, and in the later stages the distiction between coma and other unresponsive states may be blurred. Other features which correlate with responsiveness (as judged by motor response, speech, and eye opening) are pupil reactions and eye movements; respiratory abnormalities are less common and less closely related to other aspects of severity. A rigorous fefinition of coma is necessary for valid commparisons between individual patients and between different series of patients with head injury. This is essential for the assessment of alternative management regimens and for establishing predictive criteria.", "PMID": 67287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2530", "title": "Serum thyroglobulin and recurrent thyroid cancer.", "content": "Many thyroid malignancies are sufficiently differentiated to produce thyroglobulin both in situ and in perpipheral blood. Since patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for malegnancy should not have normally circulating thyroglobulin, their serum thyroglobulin may provide a simple and specific tumour marker for recurrent disease. Of 30 such athyroid patients who were studied, all of the 20 patients who were disease-free ten years  after thyroidectomy had minimal (less than15 ng/ml) serum-thyroglobulin levels while all of 10 patients with recurrences had raised levels (greater than 90 ng/ml). Controls ranged from 0 to 60 ng/ml. This assay should prove valuable in following patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for recurrent thyroid malignancy.", "contents": "Serum thyroglobulin and recurrent thyroid cancer. Many thyroid malignancies are sufficiently differentiated to produce thyroglobulin both in situ and in perpipheral blood. Since patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for malegnancy should not have normally circulating thyroglobulin, their serum thyroglobulin may provide a simple and specific tumour marker for recurrent disease. Of 30 such athyroid patients who were studied, all of the 20 patients who were disease-free ten years  after thyroidectomy had minimal (less than15 ng/ml) serum-thyroglobulin levels while all of 10 patients with recurrences had raised levels (greater than 90 ng/ml). Controls ranged from 0 to 60 ng/ml. This assay should prove valuable in following patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for recurrent thyroid malignancy.", "PMID": 67288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2531", "title": "Coxsackie virus infection in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Of 38 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction 10 had serologial evidence of recent Coxsackie B virus infection.", "contents": "Coxsackie virus infection in acute myocardial infarction. Of 38 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction 10 had serologial evidence of recent Coxsackie B virus infection.", "PMID": 67289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2532", "title": "Effect of feeding habit on weight in infancy.", "content": "A population study of 758 infants born at the same hospital showed that weight at the ages of six week and six months was not significantly related to breast or bottle feeding, the early introduction of solids, or the sodium content of bottle feeds. Weight at six weeks was related to the volume and energy content of the feeds which were examined in those bobies that were bottle-fed alone. Although analysis of a single feed showed that mothers mixed feeds incorrectly, there was no evidence that mixing of overstrength feeds leads to obesity.", "contents": "Effect of feeding habit on weight in infancy. A population study of 758 infants born at the same hospital showed that weight at the ages of six week and six months was not significantly related to breast or bottle feeding, the early introduction of solids, or the sodium content of bottle feeds. Weight at six weeks was related to the volume and energy content of the feeds which were examined in those bobies that were bottle-fed alone. Although analysis of a single feed showed that mothers mixed feeds incorrectly, there was no evidence that mixing of overstrength feeds leads to obesity.", "PMID": 67296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2533", "title": "Fatal dextropropoxyphene poisoning in Northern Ireland. Review of 30 cases.", "content": "Data from 30 fatal cases of dextropropoxphene poisoning occurring in Northern Ireland over three years have been studied. All the victims had ingested more than therapeutic amounts, and many had also taken alcohol or other drugs. Most of the deaths were probably suicides. Death occurred very rapidly suggesting that the narcotic effects of dextropropoxyphene predominated, and this may explain the scarcity of clinical reports, It is suggested that many doctors are unaware of the danger of dextropropoxyphene in overdosage and that the problem of dextropropoxyphene poisoning in the United Kingdom has not been fully appreciated. This supposition, if correct, highlights the absence of a satisfactory early-warning system for serious drug effects including death.", "contents": "Fatal dextropropoxyphene poisoning in Northern Ireland. Review of 30 cases. Data from 30 fatal cases of dextropropoxphene poisoning occurring in Northern Ireland over three years have been studied. All the victims had ingested more than therapeutic amounts, and many had also taken alcohol or other drugs. Most of the deaths were probably suicides. Death occurred very rapidly suggesting that the narcotic effects of dextropropoxyphene predominated, and this may explain the scarcity of clinical reports, It is suggested that many doctors are unaware of the danger of dextropropoxyphene in overdosage and that the problem of dextropropoxyphene poisoning in the United Kingdom has not been fully appreciated. This supposition, if correct, highlights the absence of a satisfactory early-warning system for serious drug effects including death.", "PMID": 67297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2534", "title": "Aetiology of acute epididymitis.", "content": "24 patients with acute epididymitis were examined and underwent urethral and urine cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, herpes-simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus, and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. The results suggest that in young men the sexually transmitted organisms which cause urethritis (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and possibly U. urealyticum) may also lead to acute epididymitis, whereas in older men coliforms and Pseudomonas are the predominant causes of epididymitis.", "contents": "Aetiology of acute epididymitis. 24 patients with acute epididymitis were examined and underwent urethral and urine cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, herpes-simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus, and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. The results suggest that in young men the sexually transmitted organisms which cause urethritis (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and possibly U. urealyticum) may also lead to acute epididymitis, whereas in older men coliforms and Pseudomonas are the predominant causes of epididymitis.", "PMID": 67333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2535", "title": "Platelet activation in acute cerebral ischaemia. Serial measurements of platelet function in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Circulating platelet aggregates formed in vivo were serially measured, and platelet-aggregation thresholds were determined in vitro in 82 patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. The percentage of aggregated platelets was increased in 53 patients with completed stroke (30.9% +/- 2.0) and in 29 patients with transient ischaemic attacks (34.1% +/- 2.3), all studied within 10 days of the acute event. These values were higher (P less than 0.001) than levels of aggregated platelets in 30 patients with non-vascular neurological disease (16.8% +/- 2.3). The percentage of aggregated platelets returned to normal 10 days to 6 wk after acute cerebral ischaemia. Aspirin and dipyridamole did not affect either the increase in or subsequent normalisation of circulating-platelet-aggregate levels in these patients. Platelet-aggregation sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate and adrenaline was also increased in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia, but this abnormally resolved during convalescence. Platelet activation is abnormal in acute cerebral ischaemia but usually returns to normal with or without anti-platelet therapy. This activation of platelets may contribute to the clinical manifestations of occlusive vascular disease.", "contents": "Platelet activation in acute cerebral ischaemia. Serial measurements of platelet function in cerebrovascular disease. Circulating platelet aggregates formed in vivo were serially measured, and platelet-aggregation thresholds were determined in vitro in 82 patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. The percentage of aggregated platelets was increased in 53 patients with completed stroke (30.9% +/- 2.0) and in 29 patients with transient ischaemic attacks (34.1% +/- 2.3), all studied within 10 days of the acute event. These values were higher (P less than 0.001) than levels of aggregated platelets in 30 patients with non-vascular neurological disease (16.8% +/- 2.3). The percentage of aggregated platelets returned to normal 10 days to 6 wk after acute cerebral ischaemia. Aspirin and dipyridamole did not affect either the increase in or subsequent normalisation of circulating-platelet-aggregate levels in these patients. Platelet-aggregation sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate and adrenaline was also increased in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia, but this abnormally resolved during convalescence. Platelet activation is abnormal in acute cerebral ischaemia but usually returns to normal with or without anti-platelet therapy. This activation of platelets may contribute to the clinical manifestations of occlusive vascular disease.", "PMID": 67334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2536", "title": "Antiarrhythmic action of lignocaine in early myocardial infarction. Plasma levels after combined intramuscular and intravenous administration.", "content": "In an attempt to find a regimen suitable for pre-hospital prevention of arrhythmias following myocardial infarction, the antiarrhythmic and pharmacokinetic effects of combining intravenous and intramuscular lignocaine have been studied. In nine patients with acute myocardial infarction, 100 mg of lignocaine was administered intravenously and 300 mg into the deltoid muscle. The antiarrhythmic effect was observed by continuous tape monitoring of the patients' rhythm before and after treatment. Plasma levels above 2 microng/ml were achieved within 1 min and maintained for 1 h in all patients; in seven this level was maintained for 2 h. A marked reduction in the occurrence of ventricular ectopic beats was observed in the first 15 min after treatment and was maintained for 90 min, but a significant effect was still present at 3 h. No serious side-effects were noted.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic action of lignocaine in early myocardial infarction. Plasma levels after combined intramuscular and intravenous administration. In an attempt to find a regimen suitable for pre-hospital prevention of arrhythmias following myocardial infarction, the antiarrhythmic and pharmacokinetic effects of combining intravenous and intramuscular lignocaine have been studied. In nine patients with acute myocardial infarction, 100 mg of lignocaine was administered intravenously and 300 mg into the deltoid muscle. The antiarrhythmic effect was observed by continuous tape monitoring of the patients' rhythm before and after treatment. Plasma levels above 2 microng/ml were achieved within 1 min and maintained for 1 h in all patients; in seven this level was maintained for 2 h. A marked reduction in the occurrence of ventricular ectopic beats was observed in the first 15 min after treatment and was maintained for 90 min, but a significant effect was still present at 3 h. No serious side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 67335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2537", "title": "Serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentrations in adolescent boys.", "content": "In March, 1976, vitamin-D status was investigated in 256 thirteen-year-old school boys of Asian, West Indian, andEuropean origin in Birmingham. Serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25-OHD3) concentrations in 78% of the 124 Asian boys resembled those found in rickets and osteomalacia. Serum-25-OHD3 concentrations were also low in a few West Indian and European children. Dietary intake of vitamin D and exposure to sunlight were similar in each group. Serum-parathormone concentrations were increased in many children with low serum-25-OHD3. Reinvestigation in October, 1976, of a group of children whose serum-25-OHD, concentration had been less than 8 microng/l in March, 1976, showed pronounced improvement in all, but some still had concentrations which indicated a possible deficiency. It is suggested that the high frequency of vitamin-D deficiency in Asian adolescents would be much reduced if 1 mg of vitamin D3 was given orally each school term during adolescence.", "contents": "Serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentrations in adolescent boys. In March, 1976, vitamin-D status was investigated in 256 thirteen-year-old school boys of Asian, West Indian, andEuropean origin in Birmingham. Serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25-OHD3) concentrations in 78% of the 124 Asian boys resembled those found in rickets and osteomalacia. Serum-25-OHD3 concentrations were also low in a few West Indian and European children. Dietary intake of vitamin D and exposure to sunlight were similar in each group. Serum-parathormone concentrations were increased in many children with low serum-25-OHD3. Reinvestigation in October, 1976, of a group of children whose serum-25-OHD, concentration had been less than 8 microng/l in March, 1976, showed pronounced improvement in all, but some still had concentrations which indicated a possible deficiency. It is suggested that the high frequency of vitamin-D deficiency in Asian adolescents would be much reduced if 1 mg of vitamin D3 was given orally each school term during adolescence.", "PMID": 67336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2538", "title": "Ocular involvement in leukaemia. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with treated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acquired visual symptoms believed to be caused by ocular infiltration by malignant cells. All three patients had other evidence of systemic disease including bone-marrow involvement at the time. One patient had a previous history of meningeal leukaemia and none had received \"prophylactic\" cranial irradiation. The ophthalmoscopic appearances were similar in each case and were thought to have been caused by obstruction of axoplasmic flow associated with infiltration of the optic nerve by neoplastic cells. The three patients were treated by local irradiation and two also received intrathecal chemotherapy. Response to treatment was variable but the use of radiotherapy combined with intrathecal cytoxic drugs is probably the best available approach.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in leukaemia. Report of three cases. Three patients with treated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acquired visual symptoms believed to be caused by ocular infiltration by malignant cells. All three patients had other evidence of systemic disease including bone-marrow involvement at the time. One patient had a previous history of meningeal leukaemia and none had received \"prophylactic\" cranial irradiation. The ophthalmoscopic appearances were similar in each case and were thought to have been caused by obstruction of axoplasmic flow associated with infiltration of the optic nerve by neoplastic cells. The three patients were treated by local irradiation and two also received intrathecal chemotherapy. Response to treatment was variable but the use of radiotherapy combined with intrathecal cytoxic drugs is probably the best available approach.", "PMID": 67337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2539", "title": "A controlled trial of D-penicillamine therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "D-penicillamine, 900 mg daily, was used in a randomised controlled trial for treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 19 patients received D-penicillamine and 13 received placebo. The two groups were similar in age, duration of illness, liver function tests, and liver histology. Before entry into the trial liver-copper concentration was raised in 25 of the 27 patients in whom it was measured. After three months patients taking D-penicillamine showed a significant reduction in serum-aspartate-transaminase concentrations compared with the placebo group, and this reduction seemed to be sustained. In the 4 patients on D-penicillamine for a year, a second liver biopsy showed that mean liver-copper concentration fell from 310 +/- 128 (S.E.M.) to 84 +/- 36 microng/g dry liver, compared with a reduction from 511 +/- 169 to 454 +/- 128 in the 7 patients in the placebo group in whom serial liver-copper measurements were available. Liver histology demonstrated a comparative improvement in cholestasis in patients on penicillamine, but the degree of inflammation, necrosis, and the histological stage of disease remained similar in both groups. In 5 of the 19 patients in the D-penicillamine group the drug was discontinued because of side-effects. D-penicillamine seems to be a promising treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. It may produce its effect by reducing liver-copper concentration.", "contents": "A controlled trial of D-penicillamine therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis. D-penicillamine, 900 mg daily, was used in a randomised controlled trial for treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 19 patients received D-penicillamine and 13 received placebo. The two groups were similar in age, duration of illness, liver function tests, and liver histology. Before entry into the trial liver-copper concentration was raised in 25 of the 27 patients in whom it was measured. After three months patients taking D-penicillamine showed a significant reduction in serum-aspartate-transaminase concentrations compared with the placebo group, and this reduction seemed to be sustained. In the 4 patients on D-penicillamine for a year, a second liver biopsy showed that mean liver-copper concentration fell from 310 +/- 128 (S.E.M.) to 84 +/- 36 microng/g dry liver, compared with a reduction from 511 +/- 169 to 454 +/- 128 in the 7 patients in the placebo group in whom serial liver-copper measurements were available. Liver histology demonstrated a comparative improvement in cholestasis in patients on penicillamine, but the degree of inflammation, necrosis, and the histological stage of disease remained similar in both groups. In 5 of the 19 patients in the D-penicillamine group the drug was discontinued because of side-effects. D-penicillamine seems to be a promising treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. It may produce its effect by reducing liver-copper concentration.", "PMID": 67338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2540", "title": "Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement.", "content": "During 1975 twenty-six bereaved spouses took part in a detailed prospective investigation of the effects of severe stress on the immune system. T and B cell numbers and function, and hormone concentrations were studied approximately 2 weeks after bereavement and 6 weeks thereafter. The response to phytohaemagglutinin was significantly depressed in the bereaved group on the second occasion, as was the response to concanavalin A at 6 weeks. There was no difference in T and B cell numbers, protein concentrations, the presence of autoantibodies and delayed hypersensitivity, and in cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone assays between the bereaved group and the controls. This is the first time severe psychological stress has been shown to produce a measurable abnormality in immune function which is not obviously caused by hormonal changes.", "contents": "Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. During 1975 twenty-six bereaved spouses took part in a detailed prospective investigation of the effects of severe stress on the immune system. T and B cell numbers and function, and hormone concentrations were studied approximately 2 weeks after bereavement and 6 weeks thereafter. The response to phytohaemagglutinin was significantly depressed in the bereaved group on the second occasion, as was the response to concanavalin A at 6 weeks. There was no difference in T and B cell numbers, protein concentrations, the presence of autoantibodies and delayed hypersensitivity, and in cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone assays between the bereaved group and the controls. This is the first time severe psychological stress has been shown to produce a measurable abnormality in immune function which is not obviously caused by hormonal changes.", "PMID": 67339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2541", "title": "Day-case surgery for hernias and haemorrhoids. A clinical, social, and economic evaluation.", "content": "Patients with inguinal hernia or haemorrhoids were randomly allocated to an experimental group expected to stay in hospital for only eight hours after surgery or a control group scheduled for discharge on the fifth or sixth day. There was no difference in clinical outcome between the two groups of hernia patients. However, complications were twice as common in haemorrhoid day-patients as in long-stay haemorhoid patients. The standard postoperative regimen for haemorrhoids has since been changed and the change has been accompanied by a fall in the complication-rate. Day-case surgery appears to have similar social effects on the patient and his family as traditional hospital care. There was no significant difference in either the additional expenditure incurred or patients' perceptions of the disruption associated with their operation and convalescence. In the hospital under study, day-case surgery was saving between 20 pounds and 29 pounds per patient. However, this conclusion should not be extrapolated to the N.H.S. as a whole without taking into account the use to which the resources released by day-case surgery will be put.", "contents": "Day-case surgery for hernias and haemorrhoids. A clinical, social, and economic evaluation. Patients with inguinal hernia or haemorrhoids were randomly allocated to an experimental group expected to stay in hospital for only eight hours after surgery or a control group scheduled for discharge on the fifth or sixth day. There was no difference in clinical outcome between the two groups of hernia patients. However, complications were twice as common in haemorrhoid day-patients as in long-stay haemorhoid patients. The standard postoperative regimen for haemorrhoids has since been changed and the change has been accompanied by a fall in the complication-rate. Day-case surgery appears to have similar social effects on the patient and his family as traditional hospital care. There was no significant difference in either the additional expenditure incurred or patients' perceptions of the disruption associated with their operation and convalescence. In the hospital under study, day-case surgery was saving between 20 pounds and 29 pounds per patient. However, this conclusion should not be extrapolated to the N.H.S. as a whole without taking into account the use to which the resources released by day-case surgery will be put.", "PMID": 67348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2542", "title": "Short-stay surgery for inguinal hernia. Clinical outcome of the Shouldice operation.", "content": "In 1970 a general surgical team on Teesside adopted the Shouldice operation for inguinal hernia together with a policy of short-stay surgery. Careful follow-up has established that repairs using the suture material of choice--stainless-steel wire--have an estimated 6-year recurrence-rate of 0.8%, statistically indistinguishable from that achieved by the highly specialised Shouldice Clinic. However, the recurrence-rate 2 years after suturing with an alternative polyester-based material is estimated at 8.1%--a figure much more in keeping with rates reported by general surgeons using traditional methods.", "contents": "Short-stay surgery for inguinal hernia. Clinical outcome of the Shouldice operation. In 1970 a general surgical team on Teesside adopted the Shouldice operation for inguinal hernia together with a policy of short-stay surgery. Careful follow-up has established that repairs using the suture material of choice--stainless-steel wire--have an estimated 6-year recurrence-rate of 0.8%, statistically indistinguishable from that achieved by the highly specialised Shouldice Clinic. However, the recurrence-rate 2 years after suturing with an alternative polyester-based material is estimated at 8.1%--a figure much more in keeping with rates reported by general surgeons using traditional methods.", "PMID": 67349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2543", "title": "Morphology of rapidly adhering amniotic-fluid cells as an aid to the diagnosis of neural-tube defects.", "content": "In 20 amniotic-fluid samples taken in the second trimester from pregnancies in which the fetus had a neural-tube defect, the proportion of the total viable cell which adhered to glass surfaces after 20 hours in culture ranged from 9 to 100%. In 92 normal amniotic fluids this proportion was less than 6%. Furthermore, the morphology of the rapidly adhering cells was characteristic in spina bifida (8 cases) and anencephaly (12 cases) and distinct from the epithelioid-like cell seen in normal amniotic fluids, including many which were grossly blood-stained. A sample of amniotic fluid from fetal exomphalos and one from a pregnancy in which the placenta had been repeatedly traversed during amniocentesis had proportions of adherent cells in the pathological range, but the morphologies were very different from those seen in neural-tube defects. It is suggested that the techniques described here will be useful adjuncts to amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein determination in the early diagnosis of fetal abnormality, particularly in blood-stained samples.", "contents": "Morphology of rapidly adhering amniotic-fluid cells as an aid to the diagnosis of neural-tube defects. In 20 amniotic-fluid samples taken in the second trimester from pregnancies in which the fetus had a neural-tube defect, the proportion of the total viable cell which adhered to glass surfaces after 20 hours in culture ranged from 9 to 100%. In 92 normal amniotic fluids this proportion was less than 6%. Furthermore, the morphology of the rapidly adhering cells was characteristic in spina bifida (8 cases) and anencephaly (12 cases) and distinct from the epithelioid-like cell seen in normal amniotic fluids, including many which were grossly blood-stained. A sample of amniotic fluid from fetal exomphalos and one from a pregnancy in which the placenta had been repeatedly traversed during amniocentesis had proportions of adherent cells in the pathological range, but the morphologies were very different from those seen in neural-tube defects. It is suggested that the techniques described here will be useful adjuncts to amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein determination in the early diagnosis of fetal abnormality, particularly in blood-stained samples.", "PMID": 67384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2544", "title": "Importance of abnormal glucose tolerance (hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia) in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia.", "content": "In a series of 794 patients who had glucose tolerance tests done before the onset of pre-eclampsia, both hypoglycaemia (less than 5th percentile) and hyperglycaemia (P less than 95th percentile) had a significant association with early-onset severe pre-eclampsia ( less than 0.05). In the total series of 794 patients, hypoglycaemia had a significant association with low oestriol excretion (p less than 0.01), fetal growth retardation (p less than 0-05), low Apgar score (p less than 0.05), and perinatal mortality (p less than 0.05). These data indicate that, in patients with pre-eclampsia, hypoglycaemia is directly related to the cause of perinatal death.", "contents": "Importance of abnormal glucose tolerance (hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia) in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia. In a series of 794 patients who had glucose tolerance tests done before the onset of pre-eclampsia, both hypoglycaemia (less than 5th percentile) and hyperglycaemia (P less than 95th percentile) had a significant association with early-onset severe pre-eclampsia ( less than 0.05). In the total series of 794 patients, hypoglycaemia had a significant association with low oestriol excretion (p less than 0.01), fetal growth retardation (p less than 0-05), low Apgar score (p less than 0.05), and perinatal mortality (p less than 0.05). These data indicate that, in patients with pre-eclampsia, hypoglycaemia is directly related to the cause of perinatal death.", "PMID": 67385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2545", "title": "Kidney transplantatability across a positive cross-match. Cross-match assays and distribution of B lymphocytes in donor tissues.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in peripheral blood, abdominal lymph-nodes, and spleens from renal allograft donors. Percentages of B lymphocytes were low in peripheral blood (mean +/- S.E., 10-0 +/- 1-0%), variable in lymph-nodes (28-8 +/- 3-8), and high in spleens (41-4 +/- 2-1). Microlym-phocytotoxicity cross-match assays in which sera with B-cell-specific antibody were used were invariably negative with peripheral-blood lymphocytes but positive with lymph-node or spleen preparations. Four renal allografts were transplanted when the standard cross-match was positive with spleen or lymph-node but negative with blood. No hyperacute or accelerated rejection was observed. Potential recipients are often denied allografts because of a positive cross-match with either lymph-node or splenic preparations, and this could be avoided in some cases if cross-matches were performed on peripheral blood or B-lymphocyte-depleted splenic or lymph-node preparations. These results accord with those of other workers who found that B-cell pre-sensitisation is not a contraindication to transplantation.", "contents": "Kidney transplantatability across a positive cross-match. Cross-match assays and distribution of B lymphocytes in donor tissues. Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in peripheral blood, abdominal lymph-nodes, and spleens from renal allograft donors. Percentages of B lymphocytes were low in peripheral blood (mean +/- S.E., 10-0 +/- 1-0%), variable in lymph-nodes (28-8 +/- 3-8), and high in spleens (41-4 +/- 2-1). Microlym-phocytotoxicity cross-match assays in which sera with B-cell-specific antibody were used were invariably negative with peripheral-blood lymphocytes but positive with lymph-node or spleen preparations. Four renal allografts were transplanted when the standard cross-match was positive with spleen or lymph-node but negative with blood. No hyperacute or accelerated rejection was observed. Potential recipients are often denied allografts because of a positive cross-match with either lymph-node or splenic preparations, and this could be avoided in some cases if cross-matches were performed on peripheral blood or B-lymphocyte-depleted splenic or lymph-node preparations. These results accord with those of other workers who found that B-cell pre-sensitisation is not a contraindication to transplantation.", "PMID": 67386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2546", "title": "Secretin-induced histamine release in duodenal-ulcer patients.", "content": "Because a majority of duodenal-ulcer patients responded locally to intradermal secretin, skin samples from 7 patients with duodenal ulceration and 6 patients with goitre or cholelithiasis were incubated with \"tris\" buffer alone and with tris buffer containing 20 C.U./ml synthetic secretin or 100 microng/ml compound 48/80. Skin from duodenal-ulcer patients released significantly more histamine than did that of controls (p less 0-01). Histological examination of skin samples from these patients showed that the number of histamine-containing mast-cells averaged 5-7 per field and dropped to 1-2 per field after incubation with secretin. It is concluded that in a certain type of duodenal ulceration intradermal secretin releases histamine from mast-cells and thus induces a local anaphylactic reaction. This might prove suitable for preclinical ulcer diagnosis and/or for detection of patients at risk of acquiring that disease.", "contents": "Secretin-induced histamine release in duodenal-ulcer patients. Because a majority of duodenal-ulcer patients responded locally to intradermal secretin, skin samples from 7 patients with duodenal ulceration and 6 patients with goitre or cholelithiasis were incubated with \"tris\" buffer alone and with tris buffer containing 20 C.U./ml synthetic secretin or 100 microng/ml compound 48/80. Skin from duodenal-ulcer patients released significantly more histamine than did that of controls (p less 0-01). Histological examination of skin samples from these patients showed that the number of histamine-containing mast-cells averaged 5-7 per field and dropped to 1-2 per field after incubation with secretin. It is concluded that in a certain type of duodenal ulceration intradermal secretin releases histamine from mast-cells and thus induces a local anaphylactic reaction. This might prove suitable for preclinical ulcer diagnosis and/or for detection of patients at risk of acquiring that disease.", "PMID": 67387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2547", "title": "On the cause of raised serum-amylase in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "7 of 13 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis had raised serum-amylase concentrations. Isoenzymes analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that salivary-type amylases and not pancreatic-type amylases were responsible for the rise in 6 or the 7 cases. This demonstrates that the pancreas is usually not the origin of the increase in serum-amylase. Since salivary-type amylases are widely distributed in glandular epithelium, it is suggested that hyperamylasaemia in diabetic ketoacidosis is most often caused by systemic derangement of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "On the cause of raised serum-amylase in diabetic ketoacidosis. 7 of 13 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis had raised serum-amylase concentrations. Isoenzymes analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that salivary-type amylases and not pancreatic-type amylases were responsible for the rise in 6 or the 7 cases. This demonstrates that the pancreas is usually not the origin of the increase in serum-amylase. Since salivary-type amylases are widely distributed in glandular epithelium, it is suggested that hyperamylasaemia in diabetic ketoacidosis is most often caused by systemic derangement of carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 67388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2548", "title": "Does Gilbert's disease exist?", "content": "18 454 men and 5471 women attending a screening centre had serum-bilirubin concentrations measured. 2.0% of men and 0.6% of women had concentrations of 25 micronmol/1 (1-5 MG/DL) or above. Both sexes showed skewed distributions for bilirubin concentration, but analysis of the data showed no evidence of bimodality for either sex. This suggests that people who are now diagnosed as having Gilbert's disease may constitute upper end of the normal range rather than a disease state. The term \"constitutional hyperbilirubinaemia\" is preferable, and its use can be coupled with reassurance to the patient that the condition causes no symptoms.", "contents": "Does Gilbert's disease exist? 18 454 men and 5471 women attending a screening centre had serum-bilirubin concentrations measured. 2.0% of men and 0.6% of women had concentrations of 25 micronmol/1 (1-5 MG/DL) or above. Both sexes showed skewed distributions for bilirubin concentration, but analysis of the data showed no evidence of bimodality for either sex. This suggests that people who are now diagnosed as having Gilbert's disease may constitute upper end of the normal range rather than a disease state. The term \"constitutional hyperbilirubinaemia\" is preferable, and its use can be coupled with reassurance to the patient that the condition causes no symptoms.", "PMID": 67389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2549", "title": "Raised urinary fibrin-degradation products, complement, and IgG during an influenza-like illness.", "content": "Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C3. The study was carried out when influenza A was prevalent in the community. However, a wide range of serological investigations revealed no evidence for influenza A or other viruses. The infection may have been caused by other viruses which produce upper-respiratory-tract infections and which are not readily diagnosed by serology. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. A larger normal population should be investigated during a virus epidemic.", "contents": "Raised urinary fibrin-degradation products, complement, and IgG during an influenza-like illness. Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C3. The study was carried out when influenza A was prevalent in the community. However, a wide range of serological investigations revealed no evidence for influenza A or other viruses. The infection may have been caused by other viruses which produce upper-respiratory-tract infections and which are not readily diagnosed by serology. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. A larger normal population should be investigated during a virus epidemic.", "PMID": 67390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2550", "title": "Schizophrenia as a prostaglandin deficiency disease.", "content": "Evidence that schizophrenia may be a prostaglandin deficiency disease comes from three main sources: (1) all effective antischizophrenic drugs stimulate prolactin secretion and prolactin is a potent stimulator of prostaglandin synthesis; (2) schizophrenics are resistant to pain and inflammation and are free of rheumatoid arthritis and there is increasing evidence that prostaglandins play important roles in pain, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis; (3) high doses of drugs recently shown to be prostaglandin antagonists cause schizophrenia-like syndromes. The hypothesis is not necessarily inconsistent with current transmitter theories of schizophrenia since prostaglandins modify transmitter secretion and action. It does indicate radically new approaches to investigation, treatment, and drug design not suggested by the transmitter concepts.", "contents": "Schizophrenia as a prostaglandin deficiency disease. Evidence that schizophrenia may be a prostaglandin deficiency disease comes from three main sources: (1) all effective antischizophrenic drugs stimulate prolactin secretion and prolactin is a potent stimulator of prostaglandin synthesis; (2) schizophrenics are resistant to pain and inflammation and are free of rheumatoid arthritis and there is increasing evidence that prostaglandins play important roles in pain, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis; (3) high doses of drugs recently shown to be prostaglandin antagonists cause schizophrenia-like syndromes. The hypothesis is not necessarily inconsistent with current transmitter theories of schizophrenia since prostaglandins modify transmitter secretion and action. It does indicate radically new approaches to investigation, treatment, and drug design not suggested by the transmitter concepts.", "PMID": 67391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2551", "title": "Juvenile diabetics growing up.", "content": "Investigation of the present state of 45 diabetic children diagnosed in South Warwickshire between 1950 and 1965 disclosed an unexpectedly high mortality and morbidity in this group.", "contents": "Juvenile diabetics growing up. Investigation of the present state of 45 diabetic children diagnosed in South Warwickshire between 1950 and 1965 disclosed an unexpectedly high mortality and morbidity in this group.", "PMID": 67398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2552", "title": "The Troms\u00f8 heart-study. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart-disease: a prospective case-control study.", "content": "The relationship of future clinical coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) to the plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-cholesterol concentration has been examined in a 2-year case-control follow-up study of 6595 men aged 20-49 years living in the municipality of Troms\u00f8, Norway. Measurements were also made of the cholesterol concentration in lower-density (i.e., density less than 1-603 g/ml) lipoproteins, plasma-triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood-pressures, relative body-weight, and cigarette consumption. Discriminant-function analysis showed that coronary risk was inversely related to H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration and directly related to density less than 1-063 cholesterol. These relationships were independent of each other and of the other measured variables, which showed no significant differences between the cases and controls. H.D.L. cholesterol made a three-fold greater contribution to the prediction of future C.H.D. than did density less than 1-063 cholesterol in this cohort of young men. These findings support the proposal that a low H.D.L. concentration is a common antecedent of clinical C.H.D. and is important in accelerating the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "The Troms\u00f8 heart-study. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart-disease: a prospective case-control study. The relationship of future clinical coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) to the plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-cholesterol concentration has been examined in a 2-year case-control follow-up study of 6595 men aged 20-49 years living in the municipality of Troms\u00f8, Norway. Measurements were also made of the cholesterol concentration in lower-density (i.e., density less than 1-603 g/ml) lipoproteins, plasma-triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood-pressures, relative body-weight, and cigarette consumption. Discriminant-function analysis showed that coronary risk was inversely related to H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration and directly related to density less than 1-063 cholesterol. These relationships were independent of each other and of the other measured variables, which showed no significant differences between the cases and controls. H.D.L. cholesterol made a three-fold greater contribution to the prediction of future C.H.D. than did density less than 1-063 cholesterol in this cohort of young men. These findings support the proposal that a low H.D.L. concentration is a common antecedent of clinical C.H.D. and is important in accelerating the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 67464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2553", "title": "High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and other serum lipids in a New Zealand biracial adolescent sample. The Wairoa College survey.", "content": "Among New Zealand adolescents, Maoris have lower serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and higher serum triglyceride levels than non-Maoris. Boys have lower high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels than girls. Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels do not show sex/race differences. These findings are reflected in an excess of hyperlipidaemia type IV in Maori girls. There may be a relation between these lipid distributions and the excess Maori mortality, especially among females, from ischaemic heart-disease.", "contents": "High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and other serum lipids in a New Zealand biracial adolescent sample. The Wairoa College survey. Among New Zealand adolescents, Maoris have lower serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and higher serum triglyceride levels than non-Maoris. Boys have lower high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels than girls. Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels do not show sex/race differences. These findings are reflected in an excess of hyperlipidaemia type IV in Maori girls. There may be a relation between these lipid distributions and the excess Maori mortality, especially among females, from ischaemic heart-disease.", "PMID": 67465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2554", "title": "Changes in haemostatic system after application of a tourniquet.", "content": "In 35 patients undergoing routine orthopaedic operations in which occlusive tourniquets were used there was a pronounced rise in fibrinolytic activity in the systemic circulation which lasted for at least 15 minutes after the release of the tourniquet; this response was seen after operations on both arms and legs. In contrast there was no increase in fibrinolytic activity in the systemic circulation associated with venous occlusion. Neither the application of a tourniquet nor venous occlusion resulted in changes in factors V or VIII, fibrinogen, or platelet-count. The application of a completely occlusive tourniquet might be a simple form of prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis and would avoid the disadvantages of using heparin.", "contents": "Changes in haemostatic system after application of a tourniquet. In 35 patients undergoing routine orthopaedic operations in which occlusive tourniquets were used there was a pronounced rise in fibrinolytic activity in the systemic circulation which lasted for at least 15 minutes after the release of the tourniquet; this response was seen after operations on both arms and legs. In contrast there was no increase in fibrinolytic activity in the systemic circulation associated with venous occlusion. Neither the application of a tourniquet nor venous occlusion resulted in changes in factors V or VIII, fibrinogen, or platelet-count. The application of a completely occlusive tourniquet might be a simple form of prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis and would avoid the disadvantages of using heparin.", "PMID": 67466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2555", "title": "Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Morphine has powerful actions on brain and gut. Peptides with opiate-like actions (endorphins, enkephalins) are known to be normal constituents of the brain and now enkephalin-like immunoreactivity has been shown in the gut. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was present in all areas of the gut with particularly high concentration in the antrum and significant amounts in the upper small intestine. Immunocytochemistry on 1 micronm serial sections revealed enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in numerous cells of the antral mucosa, in a few cells of the duodenal mucosa and pancreas, and in the myenteric plexus of the gallbladder, cystic ducts, bileduct, and other areas of the lower intestine. Gastrointestinal physiology appears to be partly regulated by locally acting hormones and enkephalin may be one of these. The established effects of morphine on the alimentary tract provide a clue to the possible physiological role of enkephalin.", "contents": "Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human gastrointestinal tract. Morphine has powerful actions on brain and gut. Peptides with opiate-like actions (endorphins, enkephalins) are known to be normal constituents of the brain and now enkephalin-like immunoreactivity has been shown in the gut. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was present in all areas of the gut with particularly high concentration in the antrum and significant amounts in the upper small intestine. Immunocytochemistry on 1 micronm serial sections revealed enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in numerous cells of the antral mucosa, in a few cells of the duodenal mucosa and pancreas, and in the myenteric plexus of the gallbladder, cystic ducts, bileduct, and other areas of the lower intestine. Gastrointestinal physiology appears to be partly regulated by locally acting hormones and enkephalin may be one of these. The established effects of morphine on the alimentary tract provide a clue to the possible physiological role of enkephalin.", "PMID": 67467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2556", "title": "Intrathecal antitetanus serum (horse) in the treatment of tetanus.", "content": "In a two-year study of 322 conservatively treated, consecutive cases of tetanus in a rural hospital (all over twelve months old), intrathecal administration of 200 units of antitetanus serum (A.T.S.) (horse) reduced the overall mortality of 4-5% (5/110) compared with 14-5% (16/111) in the control series. 200 units intrathecal A.T.S. (horse) gave better results than 1500 units A.T.S. (horse). The results with lumbar and cisternal administration did not differ. It is suggested that tetanus is a polysystemic condition requiring polysystemic therapy. A regimen in which intrathecal A.T.S. is given as an adjunct to low-dosage systemic A.T.S., high levels of systemic betamethasone and diazepam, and careful nursing gave results which compare favourably with those of centres with more elaborate equipment and specialised staff.", "contents": "Intrathecal antitetanus serum (horse) in the treatment of tetanus. In a two-year study of 322 conservatively treated, consecutive cases of tetanus in a rural hospital (all over twelve months old), intrathecal administration of 200 units of antitetanus serum (A.T.S.) (horse) reduced the overall mortality of 4-5% (5/110) compared with 14-5% (16/111) in the control series. 200 units intrathecal A.T.S. (horse) gave better results than 1500 units A.T.S. (horse). The results with lumbar and cisternal administration did not differ. It is suggested that tetanus is a polysystemic condition requiring polysystemic therapy. A regimen in which intrathecal A.T.S. is given as an adjunct to low-dosage systemic A.T.S., high levels of systemic betamethasone and diazepam, and careful nursing gave results which compare favourably with those of centres with more elaborate equipment and specialised staff.", "PMID": 67468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2557", "title": "Effect of dose, time, and ascorbate on iron excretion after subcutaneous desferrioxamine.", "content": "The effect of 12 and 24 h continuous subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine (D.F.) on urinary iron excretion was compared in 13 patients with beta-thalassaemia major and 1 with congenital sideroblastic anaemia, all of whom were receiving regular blood-transfusions. 750 mg D.F. given over a 12 h period, gave a mean total (30 h) iron excretion of 17-5 mg, which was not statistically different from the mean iron excretion of 21-5 mg when the same dose was delivered over 24 h. 1500 mg D.F. gave a mean urinary iron excretion of 28-1 mg with a 12 h infusion, which was significantly less than the mean iron excretion of 39-6 mg with 24 h infusion. The 1500 mg dose gave a significant increase in iron excretion compared with the 750 mg dose when given by either 12 h or 24 h infusion. 7 of 8 patients, given D.F. over a 12 h period, had increased iron excretion when the dose was increased from 750 to 2000 mg. When the dose was increased to 4000 mg, however, the effect on iron excretion was variable. On the other hand, ascorbic-acid therapy was invariably associated with increased iron excretion after subcutaneous D.F. In twelve studies at different dose levels of D.F., ascorbate therapy was associated with increased iron excretion ranging from 24 to 245%. It is concluded that in most patients with transfusional iron overload subcutaneous D.F over a 12 h period, at a dose ranging from 2 to 4 g daily with ascorbic-acid saturation, is at present the most satisfactory method of removing excess iron.", "contents": "Effect of dose, time, and ascorbate on iron excretion after subcutaneous desferrioxamine. The effect of 12 and 24 h continuous subcutaneous infusion of desferrioxamine (D.F.) on urinary iron excretion was compared in 13 patients with beta-thalassaemia major and 1 with congenital sideroblastic anaemia, all of whom were receiving regular blood-transfusions. 750 mg D.F. given over a 12 h period, gave a mean total (30 h) iron excretion of 17-5 mg, which was not statistically different from the mean iron excretion of 21-5 mg when the same dose was delivered over 24 h. 1500 mg D.F. gave a mean urinary iron excretion of 28-1 mg with a 12 h infusion, which was significantly less than the mean iron excretion of 39-6 mg with 24 h infusion. The 1500 mg dose gave a significant increase in iron excretion compared with the 750 mg dose when given by either 12 h or 24 h infusion. 7 of 8 patients, given D.F. over a 12 h period, had increased iron excretion when the dose was increased from 750 to 2000 mg. When the dose was increased to 4000 mg, however, the effect on iron excretion was variable. On the other hand, ascorbic-acid therapy was invariably associated with increased iron excretion after subcutaneous D.F. In twelve studies at different dose levels of D.F., ascorbate therapy was associated with increased iron excretion ranging from 24 to 245%. It is concluded that in most patients with transfusional iron overload subcutaneous D.F over a 12 h period, at a dose ranging from 2 to 4 g daily with ascorbic-acid saturation, is at present the most satisfactory method of removing excess iron.", "PMID": 67469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2558", "title": "Seasonal variation in serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D in the elderly in Britain.", "content": "In a group of thirty-six non-housebound normal people aged 70 to 88 years living independently in their homes, mean serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D (+/- 1 S.D.) was 8-62 +/- 3-08 ng/ml in midwinter and had risen to 14-13 +/- 4-90 ng/ml the following September. These values were lower and the seasonal variation was less than previously found in healthy young British adults.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D in the elderly in Britain. In a group of thirty-six non-housebound normal people aged 70 to 88 years living independently in their homes, mean serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D (+/- 1 S.D.) was 8-62 +/- 3-08 ng/ml in midwinter and had risen to 14-13 +/- 4-90 ng/ml the following September. These values were lower and the seasonal variation was less than previously found in healthy young British adults.", "PMID": 67470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2559", "title": "A possible association between house pets and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "29 patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) from families in New Jersey believed to have more than 1 member with this disease and 29 controls matched for age, sex, neighbourhood, and socio-economic status were questioned about their ownership of pets. No difference in ownership of cats or dogs was found. Exposure to small indoor pets (cats or dogs), however, was significantly higher in the M.S. group (P less than 0-001). Exposure to small indoor pets was particularly striking during the ten years before onset of initial symptoms of M.S. when the M.S. group was compared to the control group (P less than 0.01). 33 of 49 M.S. patients in these families had a cat or dog in the house within one year before onset of the first neurological symptom. 3 families had more than 1 member in whom initial symptoms of M.S. developed in the same year despite wide age ranges. These results suggest that exposure to house pets may sometimes be associated with subsequent M.S. Our findings should be interpreted with caution until they are confirmed by others.", "contents": "A possible association between house pets and multiple sclerosis. 29 patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.) from families in New Jersey believed to have more than 1 member with this disease and 29 controls matched for age, sex, neighbourhood, and socio-economic status were questioned about their ownership of pets. No difference in ownership of cats or dogs was found. Exposure to small indoor pets (cats or dogs), however, was significantly higher in the M.S. group (P less than 0-001). Exposure to small indoor pets was particularly striking during the ten years before onset of initial symptoms of M.S. when the M.S. group was compared to the control group (P less than 0.01). 33 of 49 M.S. patients in these families had a cat or dog in the house within one year before onset of the first neurological symptom. 3 families had more than 1 member in whom initial symptoms of M.S. developed in the same year despite wide age ranges. These results suggest that exposure to house pets may sometimes be associated with subsequent M.S. Our findings should be interpreted with caution until they are confirmed by others.", "PMID": 67471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2560", "title": "Mortality, morbidity, and resource allocation.", "content": "The correlation between age and sex standardised mortality-rates, and morbidity-rates from the General Household Survey (G.H.S.) similarly standarised, were examined for the 10 standard statistical regions for 1972 and 1973 combined. The correlations between mortality and acute sickness and between mortality and bed sickness were not significant. A significant correlation was found between mortality and chronic sickness, but not between mortality and work or school absence due to illness or injury in males. It is concluded that, on present evidence, there is some doubt whether mortality can be considered to be a valid indicator of morbidity in a population. Serious consideration should therefore be given to the removal of standarised mortality ratios (S.M.R.S.) from the formula for the distribution of revenue as recommended by the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP).", "contents": "Mortality, morbidity, and resource allocation. The correlation between age and sex standardised mortality-rates, and morbidity-rates from the General Household Survey (G.H.S.) similarly standarised, were examined for the 10 standard statistical regions for 1972 and 1973 combined. The correlations between mortality and acute sickness and between mortality and bed sickness were not significant. A significant correlation was found between mortality and chronic sickness, but not between mortality and work or school absence due to illness or injury in males. It is concluded that, on present evidence, there is some doubt whether mortality can be considered to be a valid indicator of morbidity in a population. Serious consideration should therefore be given to the removal of standarised mortality ratios (S.M.R.S.) from the formula for the distribution of revenue as recommended by the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP).", "PMID": 67480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2561", "title": "Diagnosis of alcohol ingestion in mild head injuries.", "content": "42 per cent of a consecutive series of patients with mild head injuries with concussion were found to have positive blood-alcohol tests. There were errors in the clinical diagnosis of alcohol ingestion among patients with both positive and negative blood-alcohols. Medicolegal questions have so dominated the problems of diagnosing alcohol ingestion as to prevent doctors considering its clinical importance. The value of a laboratory test giving an immediate reading is emphasised.", "contents": "Diagnosis of alcohol ingestion in mild head injuries. 42 per cent of a consecutive series of patients with mild head injuries with concussion were found to have positive blood-alcohol tests. There were errors in the clinical diagnosis of alcohol ingestion among patients with both positive and negative blood-alcohols. Medicolegal questions have so dominated the problems of diagnosing alcohol ingestion as to prevent doctors considering its clinical importance. The value of a laboratory test giving an immediate reading is emphasised.", "PMID": 67483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2562", "title": "Seasonal variation of cardiac failure in northern Nigeria.", "content": "The number of patients with cardiac failure admitted to hospital in Zaria, Nigeria, month by month during 1972-75 differed highly significantly between the cooler dry months and the hot wet months. The reasons are uncertain, but seasonal changes in blood-pressure and the effects of heat on the circulation and of humidity on the efficiency of sweating may be responsible.", "contents": "Seasonal variation of cardiac failure in northern Nigeria. The number of patients with cardiac failure admitted to hospital in Zaria, Nigeria, month by month during 1972-75 differed highly significantly between the cooler dry months and the hot wet months. The reasons are uncertain, but seasonal changes in blood-pressure and the effects of heat on the circulation and of humidity on the efficiency of sweating may be responsible.", "PMID": 67484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2563", "title": "Clinical and pathogenic significance of pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents.", "content": "20 out of 179 diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents (O.H.A.) within 3 mo of diagnosis had pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies (ICAb) in their sera at diagnosis or later. 13 of these 20, compared with only 14 of the remaining 159, subsequently required insulin at a mean follow-up of 2 yr 10 mo and 4 yr 11 mo, respectively (p less than 10(-7)). 5 of the 7 ICAb-positive diabetics still continuing on O.H.A. therapy after a mean follow-up of 4 yr 6 mo required maximum or near-maximum combined oral therapy, while only 34 of the 145 ICAb-negative diabetics continuing on O.H.A. did so at a mean follow-up of 5 yr 4 mo (p less than 0.02). In addition, 81 diabetics treated initially with diet for a mean time of 4 yr 7 mo before going on to O.H.A. therapy were studied. All were ICAb-negative when tested at a mean interval of 6 yr 10 mo from diagnosis. By the end of the mean follow-up period of 10 yr 3 mo, 27 were on combined oral therapy and 3 had been transferred to insulin treatment. ICAb-positive diabetics on O.H.A. had a high prevalence of a personal history of organ-specific autoimmune disease, thyrogastric antibodies, a family history of insulin-dependent diabetes and possibly of HLA-B8 comparable to that in insulin-dependent diabetes and higher than that expected in a control population or in diabetics controlled by diet alone. We believe that ICAb-positive diabetes controlled by O.H.A. is an earlier stage in the same disease process (type-I diabetes) that culminates in insulin-dependency.", "contents": "Clinical and pathogenic significance of pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents. 20 out of 179 diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents (O.H.A.) within 3 mo of diagnosis had pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies (ICAb) in their sera at diagnosis or later. 13 of these 20, compared with only 14 of the remaining 159, subsequently required insulin at a mean follow-up of 2 yr 10 mo and 4 yr 11 mo, respectively (p less than 10(-7)). 5 of the 7 ICAb-positive diabetics still continuing on O.H.A. therapy after a mean follow-up of 4 yr 6 mo required maximum or near-maximum combined oral therapy, while only 34 of the 145 ICAb-negative diabetics continuing on O.H.A. did so at a mean follow-up of 5 yr 4 mo (p less than 0.02). In addition, 81 diabetics treated initially with diet for a mean time of 4 yr 7 mo before going on to O.H.A. therapy were studied. All were ICAb-negative when tested at a mean interval of 6 yr 10 mo from diagnosis. By the end of the mean follow-up period of 10 yr 3 mo, 27 were on combined oral therapy and 3 had been transferred to insulin treatment. ICAb-positive diabetics on O.H.A. had a high prevalence of a personal history of organ-specific autoimmune disease, thyrogastric antibodies, a family history of insulin-dependent diabetes and possibly of HLA-B8 comparable to that in insulin-dependent diabetes and higher than that expected in a control population or in diabetics controlled by diet alone. We believe that ICAb-positive diabetes controlled by O.H.A. is an earlier stage in the same disease process (type-I diabetes) that culminates in insulin-dependency.", "PMID": 67485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2564", "title": "Triiodothyronine, T.S.H., and prolactin in obese women.", "content": "Basal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin and their response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone are normal in obese women. Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine are also normal and do not correlate with body-weight in healthy non-dieting women. After jejunoileal bypass, serum-triio-dothyronine levels fall, and this fall appears to depend more on the reduction in calorie intake after the operation than on the reduction in body-weight per se.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine, T.S.H., and prolactin in obese women. Basal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin and their response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone are normal in obese women. Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine are also normal and do not correlate with body-weight in healthy non-dieting women. After jejunoileal bypass, serum-triio-dothyronine levels fall, and this fall appears to depend more on the reduction in calorie intake after the operation than on the reduction in body-weight per se.", "PMID": 67486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2565", "title": "Isolation of amyloid P component (protein AP) from normal serum as a calcium-dependent binding protein.", "content": "The P component of amyloid (protein AP, pentagonal unit) has been isolated from normal serum by using its hitherto undescribed calcium-dependent affinity for agarose. The presence of P component in all forms of amyloid may be due to this calcium-dependent binding to certain polyanions.", "contents": "Isolation of amyloid P component (protein AP) from normal serum as a calcium-dependent binding protein. The P component of amyloid (protein AP, pentagonal unit) has been isolated from normal serum by using its hitherto undescribed calcium-dependent affinity for agarose. The presence of P component in all forms of amyloid may be due to this calcium-dependent binding to certain polyanions.", "PMID": 67487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2566", "title": "Alpha-beta thalassaemia.", "content": "In a Greek Cypriot family in which genes for both alpha and beta thalassaemias were expressed, haematological and biosynthetic investigations indicated that one family member was homozygous for beta thalassaemia and had alpha-thalassaemia1 trait. The concurrent inheritance of an alpha-thalassaemia gene in the beta-thalassaemia homozygote seemed to have modified his degree of chain imbalance and to have reduced the clinical severity of the disease.", "contents": "Alpha-beta thalassaemia. In a Greek Cypriot family in which genes for both alpha and beta thalassaemias were expressed, haematological and biosynthetic investigations indicated that one family member was homozygous for beta thalassaemia and had alpha-thalassaemia1 trait. The concurrent inheritance of an alpha-thalassaemia gene in the beta-thalassaemia homozygote seemed to have modified his degree of chain imbalance and to have reduced the clinical severity of the disease.", "PMID": 67488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2567", "title": "Migraine and the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The prodromal (cerebral) symptoms of migraine are associated with a fall in cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.). The suggestion that various circulating vasoactive agents might be the cause of this fall in C.B.F. ignores the contradictory findings that the cerebral vascular bed is normally unresponsive to such agents; but if the blood-barrier is disrupted, systemically administered monoamines and prostaglandins elicit pronounced changes in cerebral-tissue perfusion and metabolism. A defect in the blood-brain barrier of migraine patients (particularly those in whom an item of diet may trigger an attack) would make the cerebral circulation vulnerable to variations in circulating levels of vasoactive substances. Alternatively, the barrier could be intact in non-dietary patients, but release of monoamines or prostaglandins from the brain itself could account for the observed changes in the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Migraine and the blood-brain barrier. The prodromal (cerebral) symptoms of migraine are associated with a fall in cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.). The suggestion that various circulating vasoactive agents might be the cause of this fall in C.B.F. ignores the contradictory findings that the cerebral vascular bed is normally unresponsive to such agents; but if the blood-barrier is disrupted, systemically administered monoamines and prostaglandins elicit pronounced changes in cerebral-tissue perfusion and metabolism. A defect in the blood-brain barrier of migraine patients (particularly those in whom an item of diet may trigger an attack) would make the cerebral circulation vulnerable to variations in circulating levels of vasoactive substances. Alternatively, the barrier could be intact in non-dietary patients, but release of monoamines or prostaglandins from the brain itself could account for the observed changes in the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 67489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2568", "title": "Hospital outbreak of clostridium perfringens food-poisoning.", "content": "An outbreak of Clostridium perfringens (C.welchii) food-poisoning affected a third of the patients in a large hospital, and one frail patient died. C.perfringens type A, serotype 1, was isolated from 46 (61 per cent) of 76 patients examined and from food, and a new serotype (61) was isolated from 16. The attack-rate among patients who ate a minced-ham dish was 78 per cent. The cooking and storage of this mince was faulty: cuts of meat were much too large, they were kept at room temperature too long before refrigeration, and after cooking they were put into mincers used also for raw meat. C.perfringens type A, serotype 1, was isolated from meat scraps in a mincer. Final reheating was inadequate to destroy even vegetative bacteria, and multiplication may have occurred during slow distribution to the wards. Outbreaks of C.perfringens fool-poisoning are common in hospitals, and some underlying problems are discussed. A plea is made for the Food Hygiene Regulations to apply to National Health Service premises and for simple but effective reforms in institutional catering management.", "contents": "Hospital outbreak of clostridium perfringens food-poisoning. An outbreak of Clostridium perfringens (C.welchii) food-poisoning affected a third of the patients in a large hospital, and one frail patient died. C.perfringens type A, serotype 1, was isolated from 46 (61 per cent) of 76 patients examined and from food, and a new serotype (61) was isolated from 16. The attack-rate among patients who ate a minced-ham dish was 78 per cent. The cooking and storage of this mince was faulty: cuts of meat were much too large, they were kept at room temperature too long before refrigeration, and after cooking they were put into mincers used also for raw meat. C.perfringens type A, serotype 1, was isolated from meat scraps in a mincer. Final reheating was inadequate to destroy even vegetative bacteria, and multiplication may have occurred during slow distribution to the wards. Outbreaks of C.perfringens fool-poisoning are common in hospitals, and some underlying problems are discussed. A plea is made for the Food Hygiene Regulations to apply to National Health Service premises and for simple but effective reforms in institutional catering management.", "PMID": 67498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2569", "title": "[Carcinoma of the anus - clinical signs and symptoms, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Case reports are given of 37 patients treated between 1964 and 1976 because of carcinoma of the anus, and clinical signs and symptoms, therapy and prognosis are discussed. Most of the patients were 50-70 years old, women being more often afficted then men. Often the carcinoma was misdiagnosed as a benign disease. Hemorrhage and pain were the presenting symptoms in most of the case. Therapy depends upon the localization and the stage of the tumor. Carcinoma localizad distally of the linea dentata were excised locally; infiltrating carcinomas received radiotherapy postoperatively. Abdominal amputation of the rectum was performed if the linea dentata or regional lymph-nodes were involved. Bilateral dissection of inguinal lymph-nodes was performed only if inguinal metastases were suspected. No patients surviving 5 years were observed in the group with lymph-node metastases. On the contrary all patients survived, if carcinoma was localized distally to the linea dentata and had been excised locally. Recurrent malignancy was found only in 3 of these cases. On the basis of these findings it can be concluded that local excision is the therapy of choice in selected cases.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the anus - clinical signs and symptoms, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)]. Case reports are given of 37 patients treated between 1964 and 1976 because of carcinoma of the anus, and clinical signs and symptoms, therapy and prognosis are discussed. Most of the patients were 50-70 years old, women being more often afficted then men. Often the carcinoma was misdiagnosed as a benign disease. Hemorrhage and pain were the presenting symptoms in most of the case. Therapy depends upon the localization and the stage of the tumor. Carcinoma localizad distally of the linea dentata were excised locally; infiltrating carcinomas received radiotherapy postoperatively. Abdominal amputation of the rectum was performed if the linea dentata or regional lymph-nodes were involved. Bilateral dissection of inguinal lymph-nodes was performed only if inguinal metastases were suspected. No patients surviving 5 years were observed in the group with lymph-node metastases. On the contrary all patients survived, if carcinoma was localized distally to the linea dentata and had been excised locally. Recurrent malignancy was found only in 3 of these cases. On the basis of these findings it can be concluded that local excision is the therapy of choice in selected cases.", "PMID": 67537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2570", "title": "Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone: basic and clinical aspects.", "content": "Thyroid hormone formation requires the coincident presence of peroxidase, H2O2, iodide, and acceptor protein at one anatomic locus in the cell. The peroxidase enzyme appears to be a protoporphyrin lX containing heme protein, with binding sites for both iodide and tyrosine. It is probable that both iodide and tyrosine are oxidized to free radical forms which unite to form iodotyrosine. The peroxidase is also involved through an uncertain mechanism in iodotyrosine coupling and probably in oxidation of sulfhydryl bonds in thyroglobulin. H2O2 may be supplied by microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase or NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. Other possible intracellular H2OI generating systems include monoamine oxidase and xanthine oxidase. The usual acceptor for iodide is thyroglobulin, which is currently believed to be iodinated within  apical secretory vesicles at the cell border just prior to liberation into the colloid, or possibly after liberation into the colloid. Other soluble an insoluble proteins are also iodinated within the gland. The peroxidase is present in numerous cellular structures, but iodination activity occurs primarily, if not only, at the apical cell border. The controls of iodination are imperfectly known. Thyrotrophin modulation of iodide uptake, H2O2 generation, thyroglobulin synthesis, and peroxidase enzyme level obviously are the main regulations. Many of these actions are thought to involve mediation of adenyl cyclase and subsequent activation of intracellular phosphokinases. Antithyroid drugs of the thiocarbamide group are competitive inhibitors of iodination under some circumstances, but if much iodide is present, they react with the oxidized iodine intermediate and are irreversibly inactivated themselves. Clinical problems involving defective peroxidase function are among the most frequent hereditary defects of thyroid hormone formation. Recognized abnormalities include deficient peroxidase, abnormality in binding of the peroxidase apoprotein to its prosthetic group, and other less well-identified abnormalities in peroxidase structure and function. Peroxidase is typically elevated in thyroid tissue from patients with hyperthyroidism sometimes deficient in cold thyroid nodules, and frequently diminished in tissue from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone: basic and clinical aspects. Thyroid hormone formation requires the coincident presence of peroxidase, H2O2, iodide, and acceptor protein at one anatomic locus in the cell. The peroxidase enzyme appears to be a protoporphyrin lX containing heme protein, with binding sites for both iodide and tyrosine. It is probable that both iodide and tyrosine are oxidized to free radical forms which unite to form iodotyrosine. The peroxidase is also involved through an uncertain mechanism in iodotyrosine coupling and probably in oxidation of sulfhydryl bonds in thyroglobulin. H2O2 may be supplied by microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase or NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. Other possible intracellular H2OI generating systems include monoamine oxidase and xanthine oxidase. The usual acceptor for iodide is thyroglobulin, which is currently believed to be iodinated within  apical secretory vesicles at the cell border just prior to liberation into the colloid, or possibly after liberation into the colloid. Other soluble an insoluble proteins are also iodinated within the gland. The peroxidase is present in numerous cellular structures, but iodination activity occurs primarily, if not only, at the apical cell border. The controls of iodination are imperfectly known. Thyrotrophin modulation of iodide uptake, H2O2 generation, thyroglobulin synthesis, and peroxidase enzyme level obviously are the main regulations. Many of these actions are thought to involve mediation of adenyl cyclase and subsequent activation of intracellular phosphokinases. Antithyroid drugs of the thiocarbamide group are competitive inhibitors of iodination under some circumstances, but if much iodide is present, they react with the oxidized iodine intermediate and are irreversibly inactivated themselves. Clinical problems involving defective peroxidase function are among the most frequent hereditary defects of thyroid hormone formation. Recognized abnormalities include deficient peroxidase, abnormality in binding of the peroxidase apoprotein to its prosthetic group, and other less well-identified abnormalities in peroxidase structure and function. Peroxidase is typically elevated in thyroid tissue from patients with hyperthyroidism sometimes deficient in cold thyroid nodules, and frequently diminished in tissue from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "PMID": 67547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2571", "title": "Identification of lipids for intestinal absorption studies in resin-embedded tissue.", "content": "The use of the dye p-phenylene diamine according to Korneliussen is described for the identification of lipids in tissues embedded in resins.", "contents": "Identification of lipids for intestinal absorption studies in resin-embedded tissue. The use of the dye p-phenylene diamine according to Korneliussen is described for the identification of lipids in tissues embedded in resins.", "PMID": 67548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2572", "title": "Modification of Cunningham's method for the detection of proteases in tissue sections.", "content": "A modification of Cunningham's method to show the protease activity in fresh tissue sections on gelatin film is proposed. The diazotization of the gelatin film in two successive baths of Fast blue B salt sharply increases the colour intensity of the film, improving the contrast between the intact zones and the enzymatic lysis zones of the substrate. The various washings of the stained film have been simplified. After incubation, the histological staining of the sections by solid nuclear red is an improvement over the much more tricky Feulgen reaction, combined with PAS, used by Cunningham.", "contents": "Modification of Cunningham's method for the detection of proteases in tissue sections. A modification of Cunningham's method to show the protease activity in fresh tissue sections on gelatin film is proposed. The diazotization of the gelatin film in two successive baths of Fast blue B salt sharply increases the colour intensity of the film, improving the contrast between the intact zones and the enzymatic lysis zones of the substrate. The various washings of the stained film have been simplified. After incubation, the histological staining of the sections by solid nuclear red is an improvement over the much more tricky Feulgen reaction, combined with PAS, used by Cunningham.", "PMID": 67549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2573", "title": "Methylene blue-azure B-eosin as a substitute for May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains.", "content": "The Romanowsky-type stain of Marshall et al. [J. clin. Pathol. 28, 920--923 (1975)] is described. It possesses several advantages over the widely used May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains. These include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time and reproducibility of results.", "contents": "Methylene blue-azure B-eosin as a substitute for May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains. The Romanowsky-type stain of Marshall et al. [J. clin. Pathol. 28, 920--923 (1975)] is described. It possesses several advantages over the widely used May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains. These include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time and reproducibility of results.", "PMID": 67550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2574", "title": "The development of a computer assisted instruction and assessment system in pharmacology.", "content": "We describe the construction of a computer based system for instruction and assessment in pharmacology, utilizing a large bank of multiple choice questions. Items were collected from many sources, edited and coded for student suitability, topic, taxonomy and difficulty and text references. Students reserve a time during the day, specify the type of test desired and questions are presented randomly from the subset satisfying their criteria. Answers are scored after each question and a summary given at the end of every test; details on item performance are recorded automatically. The biggest hurdle in implementation was the assembly, review, classification and editing of items, while the programming was relatively straight-forward. A number of modifications had to be made to the initial plans and changes will undoubtedly continue with further experience. When fully operational the system will possess a  number of advantages including: elimination of test preparation, editing and marking; facilitated item review opportunities; increased objectivity, feedback, flexibility and descreased anxiety in students.", "contents": "The development of a computer assisted instruction and assessment system in pharmacology. We describe the construction of a computer based system for instruction and assessment in pharmacology, utilizing a large bank of multiple choice questions. Items were collected from many sources, edited and coded for student suitability, topic, taxonomy and difficulty and text references. Students reserve a time during the day, specify the type of test desired and questions are presented randomly from the subset satisfying their criteria. Answers are scored after each question and a summary given at the end of every test; details on item performance are recorded automatically. The biggest hurdle in implementation was the assembly, review, classification and editing of items, while the programming was relatively straight-forward. A number of modifications had to be made to the initial plans and changes will undoubtedly continue with further experience. When fully operational the system will possess a  number of advantages including: elimination of test preparation, editing and marking; facilitated item review opportunities; increased objectivity, feedback, flexibility and descreased anxiety in students.", "PMID": 67552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2575", "title": "Communication in medicine: a study of how family doctors obtain information on recent advances in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.", "content": "The results of a questionnaire on how 131 family doctors in Glasgow and the West of Scotland obtain information regarding recent advances in rheumatology are described. The results show that medical journals and formal lectures and symposia are still popular. Tape/slide and television presentations were not considered of much value.", "contents": "Communication in medicine: a study of how family doctors obtain information on recent advances in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The results of a questionnaire on how 131 family doctors in Glasgow and the West of Scotland obtain information regarding recent advances in rheumatology are described. The results show that medical journals and formal lectures and symposia are still popular. Tape/slide and television presentations were not considered of much value.", "PMID": 67553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2576", "title": "[Relationship between culture and conditions, the qualitative composition of a culture of Bacillus brevis and its formation of gramicidin C].", "content": "Qualitative composition of the population of Bacillus brevis was found to depend on growth conditions. Under optimum aeration conditions for growth of the culture and biosynthesis of gramicidin C, the population was polymorphous and contained cells and spores of different age. No spores and prospores were found in the culture in conditions of weak and strong aeration. The population consisted only of young, intensively coloured cells with homogeneous or weakly differentiated content in conditions of strong aeration. Cells with the differentiated protoplasm containing large, distinctly seen vacuoles were found in conditions of weak aeration. Gramicidin C was synthesized by young cells with basophilic homogeneous or weakly differentiated protoplasm.", "contents": "[Relationship between culture and conditions, the qualitative composition of a culture of Bacillus brevis and its formation of gramicidin C]. Qualitative composition of the population of Bacillus brevis was found to depend on growth conditions. Under optimum aeration conditions for growth of the culture and biosynthesis of gramicidin C, the population was polymorphous and contained cells and spores of different age. No spores and prospores were found in the culture in conditions of weak and strong aeration. The population consisted only of young, intensively coloured cells with homogeneous or weakly differentiated content in conditions of strong aeration. Cells with the differentiated protoplasm containing large, distinctly seen vacuoles were found in conditions of weak aeration. Gramicidin C was synthesized by young cells with basophilic homogeneous or weakly differentiated protoplasm.", "PMID": 67551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2577", "title": "[Changes in the X-ray picture in Sudeckdistrophy after treatment with interferent current (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment with interferent current has been applied to 150 patients having Sudeck dystrophy (in 133 cases developed after bone fractures,in 12 cases after distortion and luxation and in 5 cases after phlegmon etc.). It has been established that the normalization of the X-ray in Sudeck distrophy of the first degree takes about 30 days, in the second degree it goes in parallel with the clinical recovery and in the third degree it takes two to four months at an average. A great advantage of the interferent current treatment is that it can be applied as a dispensary treatment in delayed callus-formation and metal osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Changes in the X-ray picture in Sudeckdistrophy after treatment with interferent current (author's transl)]. Treatment with interferent current has been applied to 150 patients having Sudeck dystrophy (in 133 cases developed after bone fractures,in 12 cases after distortion and luxation and in 5 cases after phlegmon etc.). It has been established that the normalization of the X-ray in Sudeck distrophy of the first degree takes about 30 days, in the second degree it goes in parallel with the clinical recovery and in the third degree it takes two to four months at an average. A great advantage of the interferent current treatment is that it can be applied as a dispensary treatment in delayed callus-formation and metal osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 67556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2578", "title": "Effect of acute disease and ACTH on serum zinc proteins.", "content": "The effect of acute disease and ACTH infusion on serum zinc proteins was studied in serums from 156 healthy and diseased subjects. The mean (+/-2 S.D.) zinc content of 20 normal serums was 96 +/- 20 microng per 100 ml. In 87 serums from acutely ill patients the zinc ranged from 92 to 40 microng per 100 ml. The mean values for nearly all categories of disease studied were lower than normal (P is less than 0.001). Chromatography of normal serum on Sephadex G-100 separates two protein fractions, I and II, containing 37.8+/-8.8 and 76+/-10 microng of zinc per 100 ml, respectively. In serum from diseased patients the zinc in fraction I is unaltered whereas that in fraction II decreases to 29.8+/-7.5 microng per 100 ml (P is less than 0.001). ACTH administration reduces secrum zinc from 10 to 60 microng per 100 ml, the decrements being due to changes in the zinc content of fraction II. Thus, ACTH may have an important role in the reduction of zinc content associated with pathologic states.", "contents": "Effect of acute disease and ACTH on serum zinc proteins. The effect of acute disease and ACTH infusion on serum zinc proteins was studied in serums from 156 healthy and diseased subjects. The mean (+/-2 S.D.) zinc content of 20 normal serums was 96 +/- 20 microng per 100 ml. In 87 serums from acutely ill patients the zinc ranged from 92 to 40 microng per 100 ml. The mean values for nearly all categories of disease studied were lower than normal (P is less than 0.001). Chromatography of normal serum on Sephadex G-100 separates two protein fractions, I and II, containing 37.8+/-8.8 and 76+/-10 microng of zinc per 100 ml, respectively. In serum from diseased patients the zinc in fraction I is unaltered whereas that in fraction II decreases to 29.8+/-7.5 microng per 100 ml (P is less than 0.001). ACTH administration reduces secrum zinc from 10 to 60 microng per 100 ml, the decrements being due to changes in the zinc content of fraction II. Thus, ACTH may have an important role in the reduction of zinc content associated with pathologic states.", "PMID": 67559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2579", "title": "[Contamination of the environment with hexachlorobenzene].", "content": "The causes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contamination of the environment are of complex nature. Besides the microbial metabolism of lindane to HCB, the pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (wood impregnation), the chlorine treatment of lignin-containing lyes and possible contaminations with active agents which are industrially synthetized from polychlorbenzenes must be regarded as causes being in part still hypothetical.", "contents": "[Contamination of the environment with hexachlorobenzene]. The causes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contamination of the environment are of complex nature. Besides the microbial metabolism of lindane to HCB, the pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (wood impregnation), the chlorine treatment of lignin-containing lyes and possible contaminations with active agents which are industrially synthetized from polychlorbenzenes must be regarded as causes being in part still hypothetical.", "PMID": 67560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2580", "title": "Recent studies on the assessment of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.", "content": "Experiments employing two new methods for the in vitro assessment of cell-mediated immunity against neoplastic target cells are indicated. Both methods offer the advantage of rapid and quantifiable determination of very early events in cell-cell confrontations. One technique measures the incorporation of precursors of proteins, RNA, and DNA synthesis by neoplastic cells incubated with effector cells during the first hours of contact. It was found that exposure of BALB/c plasmacytoma (PCT) cells to splenocytes from PCT-sensitized donors failed to bring about inactivation of the target cells or their release of 51Cr during several hours of interaction. However, inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation was almost instantaneous and pronounced. This observation suggests that cytostatic events may transpire in cell-cell interactions in the absence, or before the onset, of lethal changes. The second method assays the specific adherence of 51Cr-labeled lymphoid cells from Rous sarcoma (RS)-bearing chickens to RS target cells. This immunoadherence test revealed perferential, specific reactivity in autochthonous as compared with allogeneic interactions, which indicated recognition of individual-specific tumor-associated antigens against a background of strongly expressed group antigenicities.", "contents": "Recent studies on the assessment of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Experiments employing two new methods for the in vitro assessment of cell-mediated immunity against neoplastic target cells are indicated. Both methods offer the advantage of rapid and quantifiable determination of very early events in cell-cell confrontations. One technique measures the incorporation of precursors of proteins, RNA, and DNA synthesis by neoplastic cells incubated with effector cells during the first hours of contact. It was found that exposure of BALB/c plasmacytoma (PCT) cells to splenocytes from PCT-sensitized donors failed to bring about inactivation of the target cells or their release of 51Cr during several hours of interaction. However, inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation was almost instantaneous and pronounced. This observation suggests that cytostatic events may transpire in cell-cell interactions in the absence, or before the onset, of lethal changes. The second method assays the specific adherence of 51Cr-labeled lymphoid cells from Rous sarcoma (RS)-bearing chickens to RS target cells. This immunoadherence test revealed perferential, specific reactivity in autochthonous as compared with allogeneic interactions, which indicated recognition of individual-specific tumor-associated antigens against a background of strongly expressed group antigenicities.", "PMID": 67561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2581", "title": "[Subdural hematoma and anticoagulant therapy].", "content": "The authors report a series of 22 cases of subdural hematomas in patients submitted to anticoagulant therapy. A review of the literature finds 150 cases. Subdural hematomas occurs in about one third of the patients presenting hemorrhage of central nervous system related to anticoagulant therapy. Among subdural hematomas of any cause, the possible role of a previous anticoagulant therapy is stressed in 4,8 to 14% of cases. In most cases, long term anticoagulants were indicated for arterial or heart (ischemic) lesions (16/22 cases). In 6 cases, anticoagulants were indicated for prevention or treatment of pulmonary embolies. In 18 cases, anticoagulant drug is from the group of dicoumarol or phenylindanedione. In 3 cases, the only anticoagulant given to patient was heparin. Pathogenic study suggests that hypocoagulability might not always be the only factor of bleeding: high blood pressure, other drugs and head trauma (10 cases) are often associated. Clinical features, in our series, are similar to those encountered in cases of subdural hematoma of any cause. According to the existence of a cranial injury and to the chronology of anticoagulant therapy, the authors divide their 22 patients into 3 groups. The use of protamin sulfate or human plasma fraction PPSB provides in few minutes a normal coagulability. Neurosurgical treatment in all our cases evacuated in 11 patients a chronic subdural hematoma, in 2 cases an acute, and in 9 cases a subacute hematoma. Results were fair in 19 patients with no sequelae. 3 patients died during the immediate post-operative period. The authors conclude by stressing several preventive measures.", "contents": "[Subdural hematoma and anticoagulant therapy]. The authors report a series of 22 cases of subdural hematomas in patients submitted to anticoagulant therapy. A review of the literature finds 150 cases. Subdural hematomas occurs in about one third of the patients presenting hemorrhage of central nervous system related to anticoagulant therapy. Among subdural hematomas of any cause, the possible role of a previous anticoagulant therapy is stressed in 4,8 to 14% of cases. In most cases, long term anticoagulants were indicated for arterial or heart (ischemic) lesions (16/22 cases). In 6 cases, anticoagulants were indicated for prevention or treatment of pulmonary embolies. In 18 cases, anticoagulant drug is from the group of dicoumarol or phenylindanedione. In 3 cases, the only anticoagulant given to patient was heparin. Pathogenic study suggests that hypocoagulability might not always be the only factor of bleeding: high blood pressure, other drugs and head trauma (10 cases) are often associated. Clinical features, in our series, are similar to those encountered in cases of subdural hematoma of any cause. According to the existence of a cranial injury and to the chronology of anticoagulant therapy, the authors divide their 22 patients into 3 groups. The use of protamin sulfate or human plasma fraction PPSB provides in few minutes a normal coagulability. Neurosurgical treatment in all our cases evacuated in 11 patients a chronic subdural hematoma, in 2 cases an acute, and in 9 cases a subacute hematoma. Results were fair in 19 patients with no sequelae. 3 patients died during the immediate post-operative period. The authors conclude by stressing several preventive measures.", "PMID": 67569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2582", "title": "[Aseptic meningitis after isotope cisternography. 2 Cases].", "content": "In these two patients, as in 13 others described in the literature, a typical meningitic syndrome with excitement, confusion and a fever of 104degrees F (40degrees C) appeared 4-6 hours following the intra-thecal injection. Subsequent lumbar puncture usually reveals a cloudy C.S.F. under increased pressure. The polymorphs and proteins are increased but the glucose remains normal. There are no bacteria either on direct examination or after culture. All the patients receive antibiotics. After a course of three days, the symptoms and the fever have disappeared and the C.S.F. became normal. Bacterial contamination can be ruled out. The relative roles of iodine, radio-acitivity itself, albumine and of the radio-active element which are only used for this radiotracer are discussed. The tracer contains neither stabilizer nor pH buffer. One must presume that the syndrome is due to a direct toxic action rather than to an immunological or allergic reaction. Furthermore, it is of interest that similar reactions, without infection, are seen after spinal anaesthesia and intra-thecal injection of such differing substances such as iodine contrast media, gamma globulins, other isotopes or toxic substances (Lysol) (111In-DTPA).", "contents": "[Aseptic meningitis after isotope cisternography. 2 Cases]. In these two patients, as in 13 others described in the literature, a typical meningitic syndrome with excitement, confusion and a fever of 104degrees F (40degrees C) appeared 4-6 hours following the intra-thecal injection. Subsequent lumbar puncture usually reveals a cloudy C.S.F. under increased pressure. The polymorphs and proteins are increased but the glucose remains normal. There are no bacteria either on direct examination or after culture. All the patients receive antibiotics. After a course of three days, the symptoms and the fever have disappeared and the C.S.F. became normal. Bacterial contamination can be ruled out. The relative roles of iodine, radio-acitivity itself, albumine and of the radio-active element which are only used for this radiotracer are discussed. The tracer contains neither stabilizer nor pH buffer. One must presume that the syndrome is due to a direct toxic action rather than to an immunological or allergic reaction. Furthermore, it is of interest that similar reactions, without infection, are seen after spinal anaesthesia and intra-thecal injection of such differing substances such as iodine contrast media, gamma globulins, other isotopes or toxic substances (Lysol) (111In-DTPA).", "PMID": 67570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2583", "title": "[Bronchial reactivity in asthma. Immunopharmacological data].", "content": "Some aspects of bronchomotricity in bronchial asthma, with special emphasis on pharmacological and immunological data, are presented. Personal results on beta-adrenergic blockade and stimulation on simultaneous administration of histamine and beta-blocking and stimulating drugs and on the correlation between immunological factors as immunoglobulin IgE concentration, histamine binding power and alpha-1-antitrypsine deficiency and bronchial asthma are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Bronchial reactivity in asthma. Immunopharmacological data]. Some aspects of bronchomotricity in bronchial asthma, with special emphasis on pharmacological and immunological data, are presented. Personal results on beta-adrenergic blockade and stimulation on simultaneous administration of histamine and beta-blocking and stimulating drugs and on the correlation between immunological factors as immunoglobulin IgE concentration, histamine binding power and alpha-1-antitrypsine deficiency and bronchial asthma are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 67582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2584", "title": "Response to experimental implantation of autologous iris tissue and to iris injuries.", "content": "Autoimmune disease has been suspected in some cases of human uveitis. The initiating event has been thought to be injury and/or infection. To investigate the effect of injury on the uvea and on the immune apparatus rabbits and guinea pigs were subjected to various repeated iris insults, including implantation of autologous iris tissue into the anterior chamber of the contralateral eye. Of the procedures employed only iridectomy and insertion of iris produced some anterior chamber clouding, which was only slightly increased on repetition of the procedure; 76% of these animals failed to produce circulating CF antibodies. No local CF antibodies in the anterior chamber fluid nor increases in fluorescent antibodes in sections of the eyes could be detected. None of the animals tested developed skin hypersensitivity to homologous uveal antigen. None of the other traumatic procedures, which included repeated insertions of plastic into the anterior chamber, produced uveitis manifested clinically or by histological examination, circulating or local humoral antibodies, nor increases in fluorescent antibodies in the tissues of the eye. Introduction of antiuveal antibody into the anterior chamber also failed to produce uveitis. It can be concluded from these experiments that simple, repeated injury to the iris is not sufficient to elicit an autoimmune response under the conditions tested.", "contents": "Response to experimental implantation of autologous iris tissue and to iris injuries. Autoimmune disease has been suspected in some cases of human uveitis. The initiating event has been thought to be injury and/or infection. To investigate the effect of injury on the uvea and on the immune apparatus rabbits and guinea pigs were subjected to various repeated iris insults, including implantation of autologous iris tissue into the anterior chamber of the contralateral eye. Of the procedures employed only iridectomy and insertion of iris produced some anterior chamber clouding, which was only slightly increased on repetition of the procedure; 76% of these animals failed to produce circulating CF antibodies. No local CF antibodies in the anterior chamber fluid nor increases in fluorescent antibodes in sections of the eyes could be detected. None of the animals tested developed skin hypersensitivity to homologous uveal antigen. None of the other traumatic procedures, which included repeated insertions of plastic into the anterior chamber, produced uveitis manifested clinically or by histological examination, circulating or local humoral antibodies, nor increases in fluorescent antibodies in the tissues of the eye. Introduction of antiuveal antibody into the anterior chamber also failed to produce uveitis. It can be concluded from these experiments that simple, repeated injury to the iris is not sufficient to elicit an autoimmune response under the conditions tested.", "PMID": 67585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2585", "title": "Serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in lung cancer.", "content": "In untreated patients with inoperable lung cancer, serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin were found significantly increased in comparison to patients with non malignant diseases of the lung, alpha2-macroglobulin levels were unchanged in both groups of patients. There was also no difference in alpha2-macroglobulins in cancer patients reacting with DNCB and in non-reactors. Thus alpha2-macroglobulin levels do not seem to correlate with the immunestatus of cancer patients. Proteinase inhibitors are involved in a variety of biological processes including blood, clotting, digestion, and sperm capacitation. alpha1-antitrypsin, a alpha-globulin with a molecular weight of about 60,000 has been found to be decreased in patients' serum under several pathological conditions. A clear correlation exists between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and hereditary pulmonary emphysema (1, 2), respiratory distress syndrome (3), and juvenile cirrhoses of the liver (4). Elevated serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have also been found in some cancer cases. Thirty years ago a cancer test was developed on the basis of differences in the antiproteolytic activity in cancer patients' sera and in patients with other non-neoplastic diseases (5, 6). Several authors have tried to confirm these early data regarding specifity and sensitivity with respect to a screening test for cancer (7, 8). Methods of these authors were based mainly on enzyme substrate inhibition assays by addition of the patients' sera. Recently a commercially available test, based on immune-precipitation according to Mancini (9), has been developed (Behring-Werke, Partigen). By using this standardized method for determinating alpha1-antitrypsin, Harris et al. have recently demonstrated that patients with inoperable lung cancer have significantly elevated levels of this antiprotease in their sera (10), in comparison to patients with non malignant diseases of the lung. alpha2-macroglobulin is a serum protein with a molecular weight of 800,000 and with known antiprotease activity and can therefore bind trypsin, plasmin, elastase, and collagenase and it is known that alpha2-macroglobulin decreases with increasing of age. Changes of alpha-macroglobulin have also been observed in several pathological conditions (11). James et al. 4ave found decreases in serum of myeloma patients (12). An association between the development and function of lymphocytes and alpha2-macroglobulin has been suggested by several authors (13, 14). This alpha2-globulin has also been demonstrated on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes (15) and there is evidence that it is synthesized by lymphocytes (16). The purpose of the present study was to determine serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels in patients with inoperable lung cancer and to determine whether there is also an inverse correlation to alpha2-macroglobulin. It was further attempted to correlate alpha2-macroglobulin with general immunological parameters, as it is known that patients with lung cancer show a decreased general immune-reactivity (17).", "contents": "Serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in lung cancer. In untreated patients with inoperable lung cancer, serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin were found significantly increased in comparison to patients with non malignant diseases of the lung, alpha2-macroglobulin levels were unchanged in both groups of patients. There was also no difference in alpha2-macroglobulins in cancer patients reacting with DNCB and in non-reactors. Thus alpha2-macroglobulin levels do not seem to correlate with the immunestatus of cancer patients. Proteinase inhibitors are involved in a variety of biological processes including blood, clotting, digestion, and sperm capacitation. alpha1-antitrypsin, a alpha-globulin with a molecular weight of about 60,000 has been found to be decreased in patients' serum under several pathological conditions. A clear correlation exists between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and hereditary pulmonary emphysema (1, 2), respiratory distress syndrome (3), and juvenile cirrhoses of the liver (4). Elevated serum levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have also been found in some cancer cases. Thirty years ago a cancer test was developed on the basis of differences in the antiproteolytic activity in cancer patients' sera and in patients with other non-neoplastic diseases (5, 6). Several authors have tried to confirm these early data regarding specifity and sensitivity with respect to a screening test for cancer (7, 8). Methods of these authors were based mainly on enzyme substrate inhibition assays by addition of the patients' sera. Recently a commercially available test, based on immune-precipitation according to Mancini (9), has been developed (Behring-Werke, Partigen). By using this standardized method for determinating alpha1-antitrypsin, Harris et al. have recently demonstrated that patients with inoperable lung cancer have significantly elevated levels of this antiprotease in their sera (10), in comparison to patients with non malignant diseases of the lung. alpha2-macroglobulin is a serum protein with a molecular weight of 800,000 and with known antiprotease activity and can therefore bind trypsin, plasmin, elastase, and collagenase and it is known that alpha2-macroglobulin decreases with increasing of age. Changes of alpha-macroglobulin have also been observed in several pathological conditions (11). James et al. 4ave found decreases in serum of myeloma patients (12). An association between the development and function of lymphocytes and alpha2-macroglobulin has been suggested by several authors (13, 14). This alpha2-globulin has also been demonstrated on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes (15) and there is evidence that it is synthesized by lymphocytes (16). The purpose of the present study was to determine serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels in patients with inoperable lung cancer and to determine whether there is also an inverse correlation to alpha2-macroglobulin. It was further attempted to correlate alpha2-macroglobulin with general immunological parameters, as it is known that patients with lung cancer show a decreased general immune-reactivity (17).", "PMID": 67586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2586", "title": "[Morphological diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii].", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can only be diagnosed once the microorganism is demonstrated. The authors review and illustrate various staining technics, and discuss for each of them specific advantages. All samples must by systematically examined both by phase contrast microscopy and by light microscopy after Gomori-Grocott and Gram-Weigert stains. This morphological study is completed by ultrastructural photographs.", "contents": "[Morphological diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii]. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can only be diagnosed once the microorganism is demonstrated. The authors review and illustrate various staining technics, and discuss for each of them specific advantages. All samples must by systematically examined both by phase contrast microscopy and by light microscopy after Gomori-Grocott and Gram-Weigert stains. This morphological study is completed by ultrastructural photographs.", "PMID": 67587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2587", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in the liver cells in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "The demonstration of hepatitis B antigen in the liver cells in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues by Shikata's orcein staining method affords an opportunity to conduct retrospective studies on necrospy materials. Such a study in Singapore showed orcein-positive liver cells in 22 out of 52 (42.3%) and 37 out of 50 (74.0%) cases of cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma respectively, while only 5 out of 113 (4.4%) 'normal' livers gave positive results. There is a significant difference in the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in orcein-positive and orcein-negative cirrhotic livers (28 out of 50, 10 out of 40 respectively). These results suggest a possible aetiological relationship between hepatitis B antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in the liver cells in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The demonstration of hepatitis B antigen in the liver cells in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues by Shikata's orcein staining method affords an opportunity to conduct retrospective studies on necrospy materials. Such a study in Singapore showed orcein-positive liver cells in 22 out of 52 (42.3%) and 37 out of 50 (74.0%) cases of cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma respectively, while only 5 out of 113 (4.4%) 'normal' livers gave positive results. There is a significant difference in the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in orcein-positive and orcein-negative cirrhotic livers (28 out of 50, 10 out of 40 respectively). These results suggest a possible aetiological relationship between hepatitis B antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 67588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2588", "title": "Identification of different size motoneurons labeled by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Three main groups of motoneurons of different size have been labeled in adult cats by using the method for retrograde axonal transport following injection of horseradish peroxidase in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. In particular small, medium-size and large neurons which probably correspond respectively to gamma, small alpha and large alpha motoneurons innervating the calf muscles, have been identified and the corresponding area measured.", "contents": "Identification of different size motoneurons labeled by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Three main groups of motoneurons of different size have been labeled in adult cats by using the method for retrograde axonal transport following injection of horseradish peroxidase in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. In particular small, medium-size and large neurons which probably correspond respectively to gamma, small alpha and large alpha motoneurons innervating the calf muscles, have been identified and the corresponding area measured.", "PMID": 67590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2589", "title": "[Treatment of Paget's disease with salmon thyrocalcitonin. Cooperative double-blind study].", "content": "Forty six patients suffering from Paget's disease in acute exacerbation were treated for three months with 80 u/day of synthetic salmon thyrocalcitonin. A control group of 36 patients received a placebo. A marked improvement in pain was seen in 60% of the treated patients and 15% of the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Functional impairment, when present, was also far more markedly decreased in the treated group (p less than 0.01). In comparison with the control group, the fall in hydroxyprolinuria and alkaline phosphatase levels was highly significant (p less than 0.001). This treatment is active against not only symptoms and signs, but also the biological criteria of activity of the disease. The side-effects of treatment consist above all of hot flashes (35% of cases) and nausea (24%). In only one case was it necessary to stop treatment because of intractable diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Treatment of Paget's disease with salmon thyrocalcitonin. Cooperative double-blind study]. Forty six patients suffering from Paget's disease in acute exacerbation were treated for three months with 80 u/day of synthetic salmon thyrocalcitonin. A control group of 36 patients received a placebo. A marked improvement in pain was seen in 60% of the treated patients and 15% of the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Functional impairment, when present, was also far more markedly decreased in the treated group (p less than 0.01). In comparison with the control group, the fall in hydroxyprolinuria and alkaline phosphatase levels was highly significant (p less than 0.001). This treatment is active against not only symptoms and signs, but also the biological criteria of activity of the disease. The side-effects of treatment consist above all of hot flashes (35% of cases) and nausea (24%). In only one case was it necessary to stop treatment because of intractable diarrhoea.", "PMID": 67592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2590", "title": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome.", "content": "Transcription of DNA from the RNA genome of avian sarcoma virus by RNA-directed DNA polymerase in vitro initiates on a primer (tRNATrp) located near the 5'-terminus of the viral genome. One of the major products of transcription is a single-stranded DNA chain complementary to a sequence of 101 nucleotides immediately distal to the site of initiation of DNA synthesis. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this transcribed chain for the Prague strain of avian sarcoma virus, a partial sequence of the transcribed chain for the Bratislava 77 strain of avian sarcoma virus, and the sequence of a DNA transcript that is shorter than the transcribed single-stranded chain. Our data define the location of tRNATrp on the genome of avian sarcoma virus and provide the sequence of 119 nucleotides at the 5'-terminus of the genome. Portions of this sequence may be involved in the binding of RNA-directed DNA polymerase, the initiation of translation from viral messenger RNA, the extension of RNA-directed DNA synthesis from the 5'- to the 3'-terminus of viral RNA, and the integration of viral DNA into the host genome.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome. Transcription of DNA from the RNA genome of avian sarcoma virus by RNA-directed DNA polymerase in vitro initiates on a primer (tRNATrp) located near the 5'-terminus of the viral genome. One of the major products of transcription is a single-stranded DNA chain complementary to a sequence of 101 nucleotides immediately distal to the site of initiation of DNA synthesis. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this transcribed chain for the Prague strain of avian sarcoma virus, a partial sequence of the transcribed chain for the Bratislava 77 strain of avian sarcoma virus, and the sequence of a DNA transcript that is shorter than the transcribed single-stranded chain. Our data define the location of tRNATrp on the genome of avian sarcoma virus and provide the sequence of 119 nucleotides at the 5'-terminus of the genome. Portions of this sequence may be involved in the binding of RNA-directed DNA polymerase, the initiation of translation from viral messenger RNA, the extension of RNA-directed DNA synthesis from the 5'- to the 3'-terminus of viral RNA, and the integration of viral DNA into the host genome.", "PMID": 67601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2591", "title": "Biological function of gramicidin: selective inhibition of RNA polymerase.", "content": "This paper describes a novel biochemical effect of gramicidin, a class of peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation. Gramicidin inhibits RNA synthesis by purified RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6) by interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. This effect seems to involve the destabilization of the \"open\" RNA polymerase-DNA complex, a mode of action consistent with the control of promoter selection. Selectivity in the inhibition of RNA synthesis by gramicidin is observed when transcription is partially blocked by low levels of actinomycin D. Since the inhibition of RNA synthesis by gramicidin is obtained in a highly purified system devoid of membranes, it must be distinct from the ionophoretic activity of the antibiotic. It is possible that this new mode of action reflects the function of gramicidin during bacterial sporulation.", "contents": "Biological function of gramicidin: selective inhibition of RNA polymerase. This paper describes a novel biochemical effect of gramicidin, a class of peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation. Gramicidin inhibits RNA synthesis by purified RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.6) by interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. This effect seems to involve the destabilization of the \"open\" RNA polymerase-DNA complex, a mode of action consistent with the control of promoter selection. Selectivity in the inhibition of RNA synthesis by gramicidin is observed when transcription is partially blocked by low levels of actinomycin D. Since the inhibition of RNA synthesis by gramicidin is obtained in a highly purified system devoid of membranes, it must be distinct from the ionophoretic activity of the antibiotic. It is possible that this new mode of action reflects the function of gramicidin during bacterial sporulation.", "PMID": 67602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2592", "title": "Identification of a purified complement-fixing antigen as the Epstein-Barr-virus determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) by its binding to metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "A soluble complement-fixing antigen carried by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human cells has been previously extracted from cell nuclei and purified by DNA-cellulose chromatography [Luka, J., Siegert, W. & Klein, G. (1977) J. Virol., in press]. On addition of this antigen to methanol/acetic acid-fixed metaphase chrmosomes, followed by exposure to human sera containing antibodies against the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), brilliant positive staining was obtained by anti-complement immunofluorescence. There was no staining after exposure to EBV-negative sera. Moreover, a nuclear protein fraction, prepared from an EBV-negative cell line in an analogous fashion, failed to induce the staining reaction. These data identify the soluble purified antigen as the EBV-determined nuclear antigen. The purified antigen has a molecular weight of 174,000 +/- 15,000, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration experiments. In neutral buffers containing 0.5-1.0 M NaCl, the antigen dissociates into a form of approximately one-half the original molecular weight with retained complement-fixing activity. This \"monomer\" has a molecular weight of 98,000 +/- 8,000.", "contents": "Identification of a purified complement-fixing antigen as the Epstein-Barr-virus determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) by its binding to metaphase chromosomes. A soluble complement-fixing antigen carried by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human cells has been previously extracted from cell nuclei and purified by DNA-cellulose chromatography [Luka, J., Siegert, W. & Klein, G. (1977) J. Virol., in press]. On addition of this antigen to methanol/acetic acid-fixed metaphase chrmosomes, followed by exposure to human sera containing antibodies against the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), brilliant positive staining was obtained by anti-complement immunofluorescence. There was no staining after exposure to EBV-negative sera. Moreover, a nuclear protein fraction, prepared from an EBV-negative cell line in an analogous fashion, failed to induce the staining reaction. These data identify the soluble purified antigen as the EBV-determined nuclear antigen. The purified antigen has a molecular weight of 174,000 +/- 15,000, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration experiments. In neutral buffers containing 0.5-1.0 M NaCl, the antigen dissociates into a form of approximately one-half the original molecular weight with retained complement-fixing activity. This \"monomer\" has a molecular weight of 98,000 +/- 8,000.", "PMID": 67603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2593", "title": "Cell separation using fluorescence emission anisotropy.", "content": "The emission anisotropy of selected fluorescent probes which interact with cells and their membranes is a sensitive parameter for studying the structural changes associated with different functional states. Such measurements can now be made on individual living cells at rates of up to 103 per second and the cells separated on the basis of the anisotropy function alone or combined with other physical signals using a multiparameter automated computer-controlled cell separator (MACCS). Thus, selection can be on the basis of simple or complex algorithms reflecting the size, macromolecular content, and rotational mobility of cellular components or liganded reporter molecules. Cells isolated in this manner are sterile, viable, and can be used for outgrowth or biochemical studies related to dynamic changes occurring during differentiation or malignant transformation.", "contents": "Cell separation using fluorescence emission anisotropy. The emission anisotropy of selected fluorescent probes which interact with cells and their membranes is a sensitive parameter for studying the structural changes associated with different functional states. Such measurements can now be made on individual living cells at rates of up to 103 per second and the cells separated on the basis of the anisotropy function alone or combined with other physical signals using a multiparameter automated computer-controlled cell separator (MACCS). Thus, selection can be on the basis of simple or complex algorithms reflecting the size, macromolecular content, and rotational mobility of cellular components or liganded reporter molecules. Cells isolated in this manner are sterile, viable, and can be used for outgrowth or biochemical studies related to dynamic changes occurring during differentiation or malignant transformation.", "PMID": 67607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2594", "title": "[Considerations about the physiopathological and clinical significance of the oligclonal serum pattern (author's transl)].", "content": "The fortuitous report of the change of serum electrophoretic pattern from the oligoclonal to the monoclonal type in a patient  with Hodgkin's disease has been the starting point for some considerations about the physiopathological and clinical significance of the oligoclonal serum pattern. The AA. carry out a critical review of the ordinary electrophoretic methods, underlining some problems related to a good visualization of the oligoclonal serum pattern.", "contents": "[Considerations about the physiopathological and clinical significance of the oligclonal serum pattern (author's transl)]. The fortuitous report of the change of serum electrophoretic pattern from the oligoclonal to the monoclonal type in a patient  with Hodgkin's disease has been the starting point for some considerations about the physiopathological and clinical significance of the oligoclonal serum pattern. The AA. carry out a critical review of the ordinary electrophoretic methods, underlining some problems related to a good visualization of the oligoclonal serum pattern.", "PMID": 67611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2595", "title": "Digitalis arrhythmias: role of oscillatory afterpotentials.", "content": "Digitalis-induced OAP provide a mechanism of automaticity that may be responsible for many arrhythmias induced by cardiac glycosides. In response to digitalis, OAP occur in tissues of the specialized conducting systems of both ventricles and atria and, under the influence of tension, occasionally in ventricular myocardium. Digitalis, in toxic doses, suppresses \"normal\" pacemaker activity possibly in part by enhancing overdrive suppression. In contrast to \"normal\" pacemaker activity, OAP exhibit, both in magnitude and rate of depolarization, postpacing acceleration. This plus the coupled nature of OAP are important characteristics in the generation of complex arrhythmias by OAP. Conduction disturbances may also be related to OAP. At early stages of intoxication OAP may speed conduction of superimposed beats relative to earlier or later beats. More advanced stages of intoxication are associated with conduction block. The occurrence of digitalis-induced OAP is promoted by high concentrations of calcium, low concentrations of potassium, and moderate stretch. OAP can be suppressed by high concentrations of potassium, reduction of extracellular calcium, and exposure to antiarrhythmic agents including diphenylhydantoin, verapamil, and aprindine. The effectiveness of the latter two agents may be related to ability to block transmembrane calcium currents. Digitalis-induced OAP in atrial tissue can be abolished by acetylcholine. A transmembrane current possibly but not necessarily carried by calcium appears to underly the occurrence of OAP. This current demonstrates kinetic properties different from those of the slow inward current associated with the plateau of the cardiac action potential. Calcium is intimately involved in the mechanism causing OAP and may be responsible for aftercontractions observed in conjunction with OAP. Aftercontractions greatly affect contractility and may be responsible at least in part for some of the inotropic actions of digitalis. Thus the occurrence of OAP may be linked to the inotropic actions of digitalis. Digitalis-induced OAP provide a mechanism of automaticity with characteristics paralleling automatic behavior observed in intact animals intoxicated with digitalis. The relative importance of OAP in the genesis of clinically important arrhythmias awaits further investigation.", "contents": "Digitalis arrhythmias: role of oscillatory afterpotentials. Digitalis-induced OAP provide a mechanism of automaticity that may be responsible for many arrhythmias induced by cardiac glycosides. In response to digitalis, OAP occur in tissues of the specialized conducting systems of both ventricles and atria and, under the influence of tension, occasionally in ventricular myocardium. Digitalis, in toxic doses, suppresses \"normal\" pacemaker activity possibly in part by enhancing overdrive suppression. In contrast to \"normal\" pacemaker activity, OAP exhibit, both in magnitude and rate of depolarization, postpacing acceleration. This plus the coupled nature of OAP are important characteristics in the generation of complex arrhythmias by OAP. Conduction disturbances may also be related to OAP. At early stages of intoxication OAP may speed conduction of superimposed beats relative to earlier or later beats. More advanced stages of intoxication are associated with conduction block. The occurrence of digitalis-induced OAP is promoted by high concentrations of calcium, low concentrations of potassium, and moderate stretch. OAP can be suppressed by high concentrations of potassium, reduction of extracellular calcium, and exposure to antiarrhythmic agents including diphenylhydantoin, verapamil, and aprindine. The effectiveness of the latter two agents may be related to ability to block transmembrane calcium currents. Digitalis-induced OAP in atrial tissue can be abolished by acetylcholine. A transmembrane current possibly but not necessarily carried by calcium appears to underly the occurrence of OAP. This current demonstrates kinetic properties different from those of the slow inward current associated with the plateau of the cardiac action potential. Calcium is intimately involved in the mechanism causing OAP and may be responsible for aftercontractions observed in conjunction with OAP. Aftercontractions greatly affect contractility and may be responsible at least in part for some of the inotropic actions of digitalis. Thus the occurrence of OAP may be linked to the inotropic actions of digitalis. Digitalis-induced OAP provide a mechanism of automaticity with characteristics paralleling automatic behavior observed in intact animals intoxicated with digitalis. The relative importance of OAP in the genesis of clinically important arrhythmias awaits further investigation.", "PMID": 67613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2596", "title": "[Spatial morphology of the mitochondria of the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney].", "content": "A new histological technique of block staining based on the use of a double lead and copper citrate is described in order to observe thick sections (0.5-1.5 micron) with a transmission electron microscope. With this technique, a network of mitochondrial with many morphological communications was seen in the epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the rat nephron. A new schematic view of the proximal and distal tubular cell is presented to illustrate the communications of the chondriome, which could become more or less accentuated following the functional status of the cell.", "contents": "[Spatial morphology of the mitochondria of the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney]. A new histological technique of block staining based on the use of a double lead and copper citrate is described in order to observe thick sections (0.5-1.5 micron) with a transmission electron microscope. With this technique, a network of mitochondrial with many morphological communications was seen in the epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the rat nephron. A new schematic view of the proximal and distal tubular cell is presented to illustrate the communications of the chondriome, which could become more or less accentuated following the functional status of the cell.", "PMID": 67619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2597", "title": "[Kilovolt-megavolt irradiation techniques for malignant tumors. Characteristics, indication and limits (author's transl)].", "content": "For curative effects of irradiation tumour doses of 5000 to 7000 rd are needed. They can be achieved in depth-therapy with conventional kilo-volt techniques only in carcinoma of the larynx and - via additional gamma rays - in radium-X-ray irradiation of the cervix. For all other indications mega-volt techniques are needed. If properly used, their side-effects are less. The kilo-volt technique for malignant tumors remains for palliative indications. Training will have to be undertaken in centres equipped for all types of therapy.", "contents": "[Kilovolt-megavolt irradiation techniques for malignant tumors. Characteristics, indication and limits (author's transl)]. For curative effects of irradiation tumour doses of 5000 to 7000 rd are needed. They can be achieved in depth-therapy with conventional kilo-volt techniques only in carcinoma of the larynx and - via additional gamma rays - in radium-X-ray irradiation of the cervix. For all other indications mega-volt techniques are needed. If properly used, their side-effects are less. The kilo-volt technique for malignant tumors remains for palliative indications. Training will have to be undertaken in centres equipped for all types of therapy.", "PMID": 67628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2598", "title": "[Chemotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapy results in bronchogenic carcinoma remain unchanged since the establishment of thoracic surgery. Prognosis depends on the two main  factors: histological type and extension of disease at the time of diagnosis. Both factors are mutually dependent. Small cell carcinoma of the bronchus represents a special entity with its early hematogenous spread and the poorest prognosis of all bronchogenic carcinomas. The tumor is highly sensitive to radioor chemotherapy. A marked prolongatoion of medium survival time can be obtained by combination chemotherapy. This is usually accompained by an obvious improvement in the patient's general condition. In certain cases results can be further improved by irradiation of the primary tumor and the mediastinum. Prophylactic cranial irradiation is often indicated because of the frequent cerebral metastases. Results of chemotherapy are much less impressive in adenoor squamous-cell carcinomas of the bronchus. Such therapy can only be recommended for the exceptional case. Pilliative radiotherapy should be used freely. Till now, adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery has only proven its value in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. Therapy results in bronchogenic carcinoma remain unchanged since the establishment of thoracic surgery. Prognosis depends on the two main  factors: histological type and extension of disease at the time of diagnosis. Both factors are mutually dependent. Small cell carcinoma of the bronchus represents a special entity with its early hematogenous spread and the poorest prognosis of all bronchogenic carcinomas. The tumor is highly sensitive to radioor chemotherapy. A marked prolongatoion of medium survival time can be obtained by combination chemotherapy. This is usually accompained by an obvious improvement in the patient's general condition. In certain cases results can be further improved by irradiation of the primary tumor and the mediastinum. Prophylactic cranial irradiation is often indicated because of the frequent cerebral metastases. Results of chemotherapy are much less impressive in adenoor squamous-cell carcinomas of the bronchus. Such therapy can only be recommended for the exceptional case. Pilliative radiotherapy should be used freely. Till now, adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery has only proven its value in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 67629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2599", "title": "A rapid alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A simple, reliable and inexpensive alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay is described, in which polyethylene-glycol (PEG) is used as a precipitating agent of antibody-bound AFP. The concentrations of AFP found in amniotic fluid, newborn and maternal sera are in agreement with those reported by others. This assay fulfills the requirements of a screening test for fetal abnormalities and other clinical applications.", "contents": "A rapid alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay. A simple, reliable and inexpensive alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay is described, in which polyethylene-glycol (PEG) is used as a precipitating agent of antibody-bound AFP. The concentrations of AFP found in amniotic fluid, newborn and maternal sera are in agreement with those reported by others. This assay fulfills the requirements of a screening test for fetal abnormalities and other clinical applications.", "PMID": 67626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2600", "title": "Department of medicine - rheumatology service rheumatic diseases study group.", "content": "Human heavy chain diseases offer an opportunity to examine the molecular events taking place in cells which produce naturally occurring structural variants of a well-studied complex protein. Extensive structural analyses have been carried out on many of these proteins and have revealed the existence of certain characteristic features. Current studies are beginning to elucidate the molecular biology underlying these structural features.", "contents": "Department of medicine - rheumatology service rheumatic diseases study group. Human heavy chain diseases offer an opportunity to examine the molecular events taking place in cells which produce naturally occurring structural variants of a well-studied complex protein. Extensive structural analyses have been carried out on many of these proteins and have revealed the existence of certain characteristic features. Current studies are beginning to elucidate the molecular biology underlying these structural features.", "PMID": 67625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2601", "title": "Splenectomy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "In a retrospective study it was endeavoured to evaluate the effects of splenectomy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) characterised by splenomegaly. The material comprises 42 patients subjected to the operation in the course of the past 20 years. In the majority the spleen weighed more than 1000 g. The main indication for splenectomy was anaemia, while in 9 cases it was thrombocytopenia and in 14 cases hypercatabolism. Splenectomy is followed by a pronounced increase in the venous haemoglobin level and platelet count to higher values which have been recorded for up to 3 years after the procedure. In cases where data were available, there has been weight gain and a falling basal metabolic rate. Splenectomy is effective especially in cases predominated exclusively by splenomegaly, but even in cases with marked extrasplenic manifestations, splenectomy often greatly reduces the need for prednisone and cytostatics. Increasing hepatomegaly and lymphomas were not more common after splenectomy than in a control series, and the incidence of infections was not increased after the operation. For comparison, 37 non-splenectomised patients with splenomegaly were assessed. X-radiation of the spleen seems to be insufficient, since usually it has to be repeated. Splenomegaly does not decrease spontaneously and rarely after treatment with prednisone/cytostatics. The findings indicate that splenectomy of patients with CLL and increasing splenomegaly should be performed more often and presumably also earlier than recommended in the literature.", "contents": "Splenectomy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In a retrospective study it was endeavoured to evaluate the effects of splenectomy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) characterised by splenomegaly. The material comprises 42 patients subjected to the operation in the course of the past 20 years. In the majority the spleen weighed more than 1000 g. The main indication for splenectomy was anaemia, while in 9 cases it was thrombocytopenia and in 14 cases hypercatabolism. Splenectomy is followed by a pronounced increase in the venous haemoglobin level and platelet count to higher values which have been recorded for up to 3 years after the procedure. In cases where data were available, there has been weight gain and a falling basal metabolic rate. Splenectomy is effective especially in cases predominated exclusively by splenomegaly, but even in cases with marked extrasplenic manifestations, splenectomy often greatly reduces the need for prednisone and cytostatics. Increasing hepatomegaly and lymphomas were not more common after splenectomy than in a control series, and the incidence of infections was not increased after the operation. For comparison, 37 non-splenectomised patients with splenomegaly were assessed. X-radiation of the spleen seems to be insufficient, since usually it has to be repeated. Splenomegaly does not decrease spontaneously and rarely after treatment with prednisone/cytostatics. The findings indicate that splenectomy of patients with CLL and increasing splenomegaly should be performed more often and presumably also earlier than recommended in the literature.", "PMID": 67631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2602", "title": "Quantitation of beta2-microglobulin and HLA on the surface of human cells. I. T and B lymphocytes and lymphoblasts.", "content": "Relative amounts of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and of HLA specificities were analysed on the surface of resting unfractionated peripheral human lymphocytes, enriched B and T cells, and on in-vivo- and in-vitro-stimulated lymphoblasts. Single-cell cytofluorometry and a very sensitive radioimmunoassay were used to determine as closely as possible the absolute amounts of membrane-bound beta2m/HLA antigens. B and T \"resting\" and \"stimulated\" lymphoid cells express very similar numbers of beta2m and HLA antigenic determinants, respectively, per unit of surface area when compared with each group, although beta2m was found to exist in two- to three-fold excess of HLA.", "contents": "Quantitation of beta2-microglobulin and HLA on the surface of human cells. I. T and B lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. Relative amounts of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and of HLA specificities were analysed on the surface of resting unfractionated peripheral human lymphocytes, enriched B and T cells, and on in-vivo- and in-vitro-stimulated lymphoblasts. Single-cell cytofluorometry and a very sensitive radioimmunoassay were used to determine as closely as possible the absolute amounts of membrane-bound beta2m/HLA antigens. B and T \"resting\" and \"stimulated\" lymphoid cells express very similar numbers of beta2m and HLA antigenic determinants, respectively, per unit of surface area when compared with each group, although beta2m was found to exist in two- to three-fold excess of HLA.", "PMID": 67632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2603", "title": "Quantitation of beta2-microglobulin and HLA on the surface of human cells. II. In vitro cell lines and their hybrids.", "content": "Beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) participates as an integral part in molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type. Absence of beta2m makes the residual heavy MHC chain largely inactive as antigen. Striking reductions in the density per unit surface area of beta2m in seven out of nine malignant lymphoid tumour lines in comparison with normal lymphocytes or \"immortalized\" Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed lymphoblastoid lines were found is this study. This would seemingly represent a specific reduction in the ability of the malignant cells to express actively produced beta2m, since their HLA antigenic determinants were not reduced to the same extent and no indications were obtained suggesting that free beta2m could transfer from one cell to another. However, that beta2m is important in conveying serological specificities of MHC type to cells was shown by fusion of beta2m-negative and beta2m-positive cells, yielding hybrid cells with synergistically increased numbers of detectable, HLA-related determinants. Whether the reduction of beta2m on malignant versus nonmalignant lymphoid cells bears any relevance as to emergence of the malignant clones and resistance to possible anti-tumour reactions would now be an issue for study.", "contents": "Quantitation of beta2-microglobulin and HLA on the surface of human cells. II. In vitro cell lines and their hybrids. Beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) participates as an integral part in molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type. Absence of beta2m makes the residual heavy MHC chain largely inactive as antigen. Striking reductions in the density per unit surface area of beta2m in seven out of nine malignant lymphoid tumour lines in comparison with normal lymphocytes or \"immortalized\" Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed lymphoblastoid lines were found is this study. This would seemingly represent a specific reduction in the ability of the malignant cells to express actively produced beta2m, since their HLA antigenic determinants were not reduced to the same extent and no indications were obtained suggesting that free beta2m could transfer from one cell to another. However, that beta2m is important in conveying serological specificities of MHC type to cells was shown by fusion of beta2m-negative and beta2m-positive cells, yielding hybrid cells with synergistically increased numbers of detectable, HLA-related determinants. Whether the reduction of beta2m on malignant versus nonmalignant lymphoid cells bears any relevance as to emergence of the malignant clones and resistance to possible anti-tumour reactions would now be an issue for study.", "PMID": 67633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2604", "title": "Mitogenic properties of Fab and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin for human lymphocytes.", "content": "Bivalent F(ab')2 fragments and monovalent Fab fragments of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin (anti-beta2m) stimulated DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. Mitogenicity of anti-beta2m antibodies can therefore be ascribed to the antigen-binding site and not to the Fc portion of the molecule. The mitogenic response to F(ab')2, and sometimes Fab, fragments of anti-beta2m IgG was comparable to that obtained with original IgG antibodies when tested at the same protein concentration. Since Fab monomers of anti-beta2m can cause lymphocyte activation, 'cross-linking' of hypothetical beta2-microblobulin-containing lymphocyte receptors does not seem necessary for activation. F(ab')2, as well as Fab, fragments of anti-beta2m blocked the cytotoxic effect of anti-beta2m IgG, showing that the fragments did indeed react with beta2-microblobulin on the cell surface. F(ab')2 dimers, but not Fab monomers, of anti-beta2m were capable of inhibiting the cytotoxic effect of an anti-HLA-A2 antiserum. The mitogenic activity of both anti-beta2m IgG and Fab monomers of such antibodies disappeared after absorption with highly purified beta2-microblobulin. The mitogenic effect of anti-beta2m IgG was inhibited to a minor extent by exposure of cells to high concentrations of pooled multispecific anti-HLA antibodies. This effect was probably nonspecific.", "contents": "Mitogenic properties of Fab and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin for human lymphocytes. Bivalent F(ab')2 fragments and monovalent Fab fragments of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin (anti-beta2m) stimulated DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. Mitogenicity of anti-beta2m antibodies can therefore be ascribed to the antigen-binding site and not to the Fc portion of the molecule. The mitogenic response to F(ab')2, and sometimes Fab, fragments of anti-beta2m IgG was comparable to that obtained with original IgG antibodies when tested at the same protein concentration. Since Fab monomers of anti-beta2m can cause lymphocyte activation, 'cross-linking' of hypothetical beta2-microblobulin-containing lymphocyte receptors does not seem necessary for activation. F(ab')2, as well as Fab, fragments of anti-beta2m blocked the cytotoxic effect of anti-beta2m IgG, showing that the fragments did indeed react with beta2-microblobulin on the cell surface. F(ab')2 dimers, but not Fab monomers, of anti-beta2m were capable of inhibiting the cytotoxic effect of an anti-HLA-A2 antiserum. The mitogenic activity of both anti-beta2m IgG and Fab monomers of such antibodies disappeared after absorption with highly purified beta2-microblobulin. The mitogenic effect of anti-beta2m IgG was inhibited to a minor extent by exposure of cells to high concentrations of pooled multispecific anti-HLA antibodies. This effect was probably nonspecific.", "PMID": 67634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2605", "title": "Production of BALB/c anti-idiotypic antibodies against the BALB/c myeloma protein 315 does not require an intact ligand-binding site.", "content": "To determine whether the ligand-binding site of the BALB/c myeloma protein 315 is essential for the anti-idiotypic response in syngeneic animals, 17 BALB/c mice were immunized with M315 that had been affinity-labeled with bromo-acetyl-DNP-L-lysine (BADL). Essentially all the active sites of M315 were blocked by the affinity label. Fourteen mice produced antibodies that reacted with an idiotypic determinant localized in the Fv fragment of M315, but this idiotype was not part of the DNP-lysine-binding site, and it was absent from L315 and H315 chains. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with nonaffinity-labeled M315, to determine whether the same idiotype was recognized with this immunogen. All animals in the group that received the most prolonged immunization produced antibodies that could be divided in two populations: about 75% were directed against the site-associated idiotype, and the rest reacted with the nonsite idiotype. The other group produced antibodies exclusively specific for the site. Thus, the site-associated idiotype of M315 is not essential for the antibody response of BALB/c mice against M315, and M315 carries at least two different idiotypes that can be recognized by B cells of syngeneic animals.", "contents": "Production of BALB/c anti-idiotypic antibodies against the BALB/c myeloma protein 315 does not require an intact ligand-binding site. To determine whether the ligand-binding site of the BALB/c myeloma protein 315 is essential for the anti-idiotypic response in syngeneic animals, 17 BALB/c mice were immunized with M315 that had been affinity-labeled with bromo-acetyl-DNP-L-lysine (BADL). Essentially all the active sites of M315 were blocked by the affinity label. Fourteen mice produced antibodies that reacted with an idiotypic determinant localized in the Fv fragment of M315, but this idiotype was not part of the DNP-lysine-binding site, and it was absent from L315 and H315 chains. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with nonaffinity-labeled M315, to determine whether the same idiotype was recognized with this immunogen. All animals in the group that received the most prolonged immunization produced antibodies that could be divided in two populations: about 75% were directed against the site-associated idiotype, and the rest reacted with the nonsite idiotype. The other group produced antibodies exclusively specific for the site. Thus, the site-associated idiotype of M315 is not essential for the antibody response of BALB/c mice against M315, and M315 carries at least two different idiotypes that can be recognized by B cells of syngeneic animals.", "PMID": 67635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2606", "title": "Identification in human placentae of antigenic activity related to the amyloid serum protein SAA.", "content": "Antigenic activity related to the amyloid serum protein SAA was observed in indirect immunofluorescence studies on human placental tissue. Positive staining with anti-SAA antisera was localized to the cytoplasm of cells scattered within the mesenchymal stroma, thought to be fibroblasts, and to foetal stem vessel endothelium and some individual fibrillar structures in villous stroma and perivascular tissue. This immunofluorescent staining was specifically inhibited by protein SAA. In contrast, no immunofluorescent staining was achieved using antisera to the amyloid protein AA. Absorption and immunodiffusion studies have further suggested that anti-SAA antisera may recognize in human placentae only a very limited number of the antigenic determinants present in protein SAA but not in the smaller protein AA. The results support previous observations that protein SAA-like antigenic material can be found in normal human tissue.", "contents": "Identification in human placentae of antigenic activity related to the amyloid serum protein SAA. Antigenic activity related to the amyloid serum protein SAA was observed in indirect immunofluorescence studies on human placental tissue. Positive staining with anti-SAA antisera was localized to the cytoplasm of cells scattered within the mesenchymal stroma, thought to be fibroblasts, and to foetal stem vessel endothelium and some individual fibrillar structures in villous stroma and perivascular tissue. This immunofluorescent staining was specifically inhibited by protein SAA. In contrast, no immunofluorescent staining was achieved using antisera to the amyloid protein AA. Absorption and immunodiffusion studies have further suggested that anti-SAA antisera may recognize in human placentae only a very limited number of the antigenic determinants present in protein SAA but not in the smaller protein AA. The results support previous observations that protein SAA-like antigenic material can be found in normal human tissue.", "PMID": 67636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2607", "title": "Maladjusted children and the school health services. Development of a screening test for routine use.", "content": "Maladjustment, with social and mental dysfunction, is one of the most prevalent health problems threatening children in many countries. A method for the early identificantion of maladjusted schoolchildren is described and evaluated. The method involves the completion of a questionnaire for each child by the teacher and the calculation of a test score based on a set of weighting factors assigned to each question. The factors are determined by discriminant analysis. For a proper evaluation of the method an independent clinical assessment of maladjustment among 524 school children was performed, making calculations of specificity and sensitivity possible.", "contents": "Maladjusted children and the school health services. Development of a screening test for routine use. Maladjustment, with social and mental dysfunction, is one of the most prevalent health problems threatening children in many countries. A method for the early identificantion of maladjusted schoolchildren is described and evaluated. The method involves the completion of a questionnaire for each child by the teacher and the calculation of a test score based on a set of weighting factors assigned to each question. The factors are determined by discriminant analysis. For a proper evaluation of the method an independent clinical assessment of maladjustment among 524 school children was performed, making calculations of specificity and sensitivity possible.", "PMID": 67637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2608", "title": "[Effect of combined chemotherapy on the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease: retrospective study of 74 cases from 1959-1973].", "content": "In this retrospective study the effect of combined chemotherapy on survival of patients with Hodgkin's disease is investigated. Among 125 cases observed between 1959 and 1973, the survival, response rate and duration of remission of patients treated with single drugs are compared with the same parameters in those treated by polychemotherapy. Further, since the combined treatment schedule was introduced in our group in 1969, survival of patients treated before and after this date is likewise compared. 35% of patients in the single drug group survived for more than 2 years, against 69% in the polychemotherapy group. At 3-year survival, the corresponding values were 12% and 61% respectively. For patients treated before 1969, survival of 2 and 3 years represents 45% and 22%. For patients treated from 1969 to 1973, the corresponding values are 61% and 51%. Rates of complete response are 20% for single drug treatments and 70% for combined treatments. Analysis of the results suggests that these differences correspond to the therapeutic superiority of combined chemotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and not to major discrepancies in prognostic factors among the patient groups compared.", "contents": "[Effect of combined chemotherapy on the prognosis of Hodgkin's disease: retrospective study of 74 cases from 1959-1973]. In this retrospective study the effect of combined chemotherapy on survival of patients with Hodgkin's disease is investigated. Among 125 cases observed between 1959 and 1973, the survival, response rate and duration of remission of patients treated with single drugs are compared with the same parameters in those treated by polychemotherapy. Further, since the combined treatment schedule was introduced in our group in 1969, survival of patients treated before and after this date is likewise compared. 35% of patients in the single drug group survived for more than 2 years, against 69% in the polychemotherapy group. At 3-year survival, the corresponding values were 12% and 61% respectively. For patients treated before 1969, survival of 2 and 3 years represents 45% and 22%. For patients treated from 1969 to 1973, the corresponding values are 61% and 51%. Rates of complete response are 20% for single drug treatments and 70% for combined treatments. Analysis of the results suggests that these differences correspond to the therapeutic superiority of combined chemotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and not to major discrepancies in prognostic factors among the patient groups compared.", "PMID": 67638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2609", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: chemical synthesis of disease-inducing determinant.", "content": "Two amino acid sequences from the same regions of guinea pig and bovine myelin basic protein which induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats were synthesized. The sequences of these two regions may be defined by residues 69 to 84 of the bovine basic protein. The encephalitogenic sequence from guinea pig basic protein (peptide S49), H-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gin-Arg-Pro-Gin-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, is a much more potent encephalitogen than that of H-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH (peptide S8) found in the bovine protein. The primary structures of the two determinants are similar; however, a Gly-His deletion from the guinea pig sequence is noted. Study of the encephalitogenicity of peptide S49, peptide S8, and the parent proteins suggests that the difference in the encephalitogenic potency of the parent proteins in Lewis rats is due to a natural modification in the primary structure of their respective encephalitogenic determinants.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: chemical synthesis of disease-inducing determinant. Two amino acid sequences from the same regions of guinea pig and bovine myelin basic protein which induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats were synthesized. The sequences of these two regions may be defined by residues 69 to 84 of the bovine basic protein. The encephalitogenic sequence from guinea pig basic protein (peptide S49), H-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gin-Arg-Pro-Gin-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, is a much more potent encephalitogen than that of H-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH (peptide S8) found in the bovine protein. The primary structures of the two determinants are similar; however, a Gly-His deletion from the guinea pig sequence is noted. Study of the encephalitogenicity of peptide S49, peptide S8, and the parent proteins suggests that the difference in the encephalitogenic potency of the parent proteins in Lewis rats is due to a natural modification in the primary structure of their respective encephalitogenic determinants.", "PMID": 67639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2610", "title": "Use of a programmed, self-instructional text to teach psychiatry to freshman medical students.", "content": "A self-instructional learning system including a text, videotape cassettes, and a test book was used as the core of freshmen psychiatry at the Texas Tech University School of Medicine. The 52 hours previously taken up by lectures were used for small group discussions and exploring the doctor-patient relationship. Three fourths of the 43 students polled found the text to be adequate and easy to use and more useful than lectures, handouts, and small group discussions.", "contents": "Use of a programmed, self-instructional text to teach psychiatry to freshman medical students. A self-instructional learning system including a text, videotape cassettes, and a test book was used as the core of freshmen psychiatry at the Texas Tech University School of Medicine. The 52 hours previously taken up by lectures were used for small group discussions and exploring the doctor-patient relationship. Three fourths of the 43 students polled found the text to be adequate and easy to use and more useful than lectures, handouts, and small group discussions.", "PMID": 67641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2611", "title": "Brain tumors of mixed tissue origin: staining procedures to distinguish glial from connective tissue.", "content": "Described is a unique mixed intracerebral tumor composed of schwannoma, piloid astrocytoma, and angiomatous malformation. Review of conventional staining methods for distinguishing glial from connective tissue fibrils reveals that Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) method is less specific than is generally recognized. Knowledge of these pitfalls, combined with use of hematoxylin and eosin stains, and reticulum impregnations are currently most useful in making the distinction by light microscopy. Criteria for malignancy of schwannoma and other mesenchymal tumors should be based on number of mitotic figures and invasiveness rather than on pleomorphiam of cells. Prior knowledge of the location of the tumor may lead to diagnosing some schwannomas as other types of tumor.", "contents": "Brain tumors of mixed tissue origin: staining procedures to distinguish glial from connective tissue. Described is a unique mixed intracerebral tumor composed of schwannoma, piloid astrocytoma, and angiomatous malformation. Review of conventional staining methods for distinguishing glial from connective tissue fibrils reveals that Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) method is less specific than is generally recognized. Knowledge of these pitfalls, combined with use of hematoxylin and eosin stains, and reticulum impregnations are currently most useful in making the distinction by light microscopy. Criteria for malignancy of schwannoma and other mesenchymal tumors should be based on number of mitotic figures and invasiveness rather than on pleomorphiam of cells. Prior knowledge of the location of the tumor may lead to diagnosing some schwannomas as other types of tumor.", "PMID": 67642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2612", "title": "Evaluation of the Gravlee Jet Washer using combined cell block/cytologic interpretations.", "content": "Two hundred patients at high risk for endometrial adenocarcinoma were screened using the Gravlee Jet Washer. Tissue obtained from the first 100 patients was processed by cell block technic alone; tissue from the second 100 patients was processed by cell block plus direct smear and Nucleopore filtration stained by the Papanicolaou method. All patients had histologic diagnosis by fractional curettage. Six of 12 patients with a tissue diagnosis of carcinoma were missed by the jet washer using the cell block technic alone. In the second 100 patients, no cases of cancer were missed using both cell block and cytologic technics. Technic and application of the jet washer in screening for endometrial carcinoma are discussed. We conclude that the Gravlee Jet Washer is a safe, effective screening tool which frequently may replace diagnostic curettage; however, if abnormal bleeding persists, curettage must be done.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Gravlee Jet Washer using combined cell block/cytologic interpretations. Two hundred patients at high risk for endometrial adenocarcinoma were screened using the Gravlee Jet Washer. Tissue obtained from the first 100 patients was processed by cell block technic alone; tissue from the second 100 patients was processed by cell block plus direct smear and Nucleopore filtration stained by the Papanicolaou method. All patients had histologic diagnosis by fractional curettage. Six of 12 patients with a tissue diagnosis of carcinoma were missed by the jet washer using the cell block technic alone. In the second 100 patients, no cases of cancer were missed using both cell block and cytologic technics. Technic and application of the jet washer in screening for endometrial carcinoma are discussed. We conclude that the Gravlee Jet Washer is a safe, effective screening tool which frequently may replace diagnostic curettage; however, if abnormal bleeding persists, curettage must be done.", "PMID": 67643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2613", "title": "Tuberculosis in Indonesia: recent studies on detection and drug susceptibility of mycobacteria in Jakarta.", "content": "Sputum specimens from more than 1000 Indonesian tuberculosis suspects were examined by bacteriologic culture, and by bright field and fluorescence microscopy. Two hundred twenty had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and of these 68% were positive by fluorescence microscopy. Agreement between culture, both negative and positive, and fluorescence microscopy was 87%. Sensitivity to antituberculous drugs was performed in 209 isolates. Significant resistance to isoniazid, para-amino salicylic acid, and streptomycin was found i.e. 65 (31%), 19 (19%), 54 (26%), respectively. Fluorescence microscopy was a useful method for rapid microscopic confirmation of tuberculosis and was especially valuable in detecting difficult-to-culture organisms.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in Indonesia: recent studies on detection and drug susceptibility of mycobacteria in Jakarta. Sputum specimens from more than 1000 Indonesian tuberculosis suspects were examined by bacteriologic culture, and by bright field and fluorescence microscopy. Two hundred twenty had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and of these 68% were positive by fluorescence microscopy. Agreement between culture, both negative and positive, and fluorescence microscopy was 87%. Sensitivity to antituberculous drugs was performed in 209 isolates. Significant resistance to isoniazid, para-amino salicylic acid, and streptomycin was found i.e. 65 (31%), 19 (19%), 54 (26%), respectively. Fluorescence microscopy was a useful method for rapid microscopic confirmation of tuberculosis and was especially valuable in detecting difficult-to-culture organisms.", "PMID": 67646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2614", "title": "Laboratory insecticide susceptibility tests against Mansonia larvae.", "content": "Insecticides Abate, DDT, Dowco-214, Dursban, fenitrothion, fenthion, gamma-HCH, and malathion were tested against the field collected fourth instars larvae of Mansonia from Penang Island, Malaysia. The larvae appeared to be highly susceptible to Dursban and Abate with LC50 values of 1.54 and 1.92 parts per billion respectively. Other chemicals, in decreasing degree of effectiveness, were gamma-HCH, fenthion, P,P'-DDT, Dowco-214, fenithrothion and malathion. The potential use of these chemicals in Mansonia control was discussed. A simple method for collecting and testing Mansonia larvae was also described.", "contents": "Laboratory insecticide susceptibility tests against Mansonia larvae. Insecticides Abate, DDT, Dowco-214, Dursban, fenitrothion, fenthion, gamma-HCH, and malathion were tested against the field collected fourth instars larvae of Mansonia from Penang Island, Malaysia. The larvae appeared to be highly susceptible to Dursban and Abate with LC50 values of 1.54 and 1.92 parts per billion respectively. Other chemicals, in decreasing degree of effectiveness, were gamma-HCH, fenthion, P,P'-DDT, Dowco-214, fenithrothion and malathion. The potential use of these chemicals in Mansonia control was discussed. A simple method for collecting and testing Mansonia larvae was also described.", "PMID": 67647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2615", "title": "Drug control of common symptoms in the terminally ill patient.", "content": "St Christophers' Hospice near London is now internationally known as a special centre for the care of terminally ill patients. In these cases, the relief of symptoms is paramount, and prominent among those symptoms is pain. Such pain can almost always be relieved without euphoria or lessening of consciousness. More than 60% of patients admitted to St Christopher's complain of pain, and the scheme of management outlined below results in substantial or complete relief of pain in all of them. Addiction does not occur when control of the patient's pain is part of the pattern of total care. The author considers management of pain of varying severity, together with associated symptoms such as vomiting, anorexia, dry mouth and hiccup, dyspnoea, cough, anxiety and depression, insomnia, constipation and diarrhoea.", "contents": "Drug control of common symptoms in the terminally ill patient. St Christophers' Hospice near London is now internationally known as a special centre for the care of terminally ill patients. In these cases, the relief of symptoms is paramount, and prominent among those symptoms is pain. Such pain can almost always be relieved without euphoria or lessening of consciousness. More than 60% of patients admitted to St Christopher's complain of pain, and the scheme of management outlined below results in substantial or complete relief of pain in all of them. Addiction does not occur when control of the patient's pain is part of the pattern of total care. The author considers management of pain of varying severity, together with associated symptoms such as vomiting, anorexia, dry mouth and hiccup, dyspnoea, cough, anxiety and depression, insomnia, constipation and diarrhoea.", "PMID": 67649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2616", "title": "Duration of symptoms and prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The symptomatic history in 335 instances of carcinoma of the colon and rectum was compared with the long term survival of the patients. The patients were divided into four groups according to the duration of symptoms recorded on admission to the hospital. There was a significantly higher incidence of resections for cure in those who had symptoms for less than five months' duration, but the long term survival of patients was not significantly related to the duration of symptoms. The pathologic findings suggested that patients presenting early had more virulent or biologically active tumors, and the onset of symptoms in these patients more frequently included complaints of abdominal pain and multiple symptoms. It appears that the prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is largely determined by the biologic behavior of the primary tumor rather than by the length of the symptomatic illness, and it also appears that the earlier diagnosis of symptomatic patients may result in comparatively small gains in the survival rate.", "contents": "Duration of symptoms and prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. The symptomatic history in 335 instances of carcinoma of the colon and rectum was compared with the long term survival of the patients. The patients were divided into four groups according to the duration of symptoms recorded on admission to the hospital. There was a significantly higher incidence of resections for cure in those who had symptoms for less than five months' duration, but the long term survival of patients was not significantly related to the duration of symptoms. The pathologic findings suggested that patients presenting early had more virulent or biologically active tumors, and the onset of symptoms in these patients more frequently included complaints of abdominal pain and multiple symptoms. It appears that the prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is largely determined by the biologic behavior of the primary tumor rather than by the length of the symptomatic illness, and it also appears that the earlier diagnosis of symptomatic patients may result in comparatively small gains in the survival rate.", "PMID": 67650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2617", "title": "A comparison of HLA data of the North American black with African black and North American caucasoid populations.", "content": "For purposes of genetic comparison, the available HLA data on United States and African Black, together with United States Caucasoid populations, are summarized. Antigen frequencies and pairwise linkage disequilibria are presented for the HLA-A, -B and -C loci in Black populations typed for the 1975 Histocompatibility Testing Workshop. The Black population samples comprise 356 North American Blacks and 411 African Blacks of whom 222 were Bantu. These are compared with a sample of 503 American Caucasoids. All significant linkage disequilibria between the A and B loci found in North American Blacks were also present in the North American Caucasoids. Between the B and C loci, Bw35 and Cw4 were in strong linkage disequilibrium in all groups. Significantly stron association between the A and C loci (Aw28 with Cw3) were observed only in the African Blacks. There were unique disequilibria both in the American Caucasoids and African Blacks. Although the frequencies of many antigens in U.S. Blacks lie between those in Africans and U.S. Caucasoids, there are exceptions such as Aw33, Bw35, Cw4.", "contents": "A comparison of HLA data of the North American black with African black and North American caucasoid populations. For purposes of genetic comparison, the available HLA data on United States and African Black, together with United States Caucasoid populations, are summarized. Antigen frequencies and pairwise linkage disequilibria are presented for the HLA-A, -B and -C loci in Black populations typed for the 1975 Histocompatibility Testing Workshop. The Black population samples comprise 356 North American Blacks and 411 African Blacks of whom 222 were Bantu. These are compared with a sample of 503 American Caucasoids. All significant linkage disequilibria between the A and B loci found in North American Blacks were also present in the North American Caucasoids. Between the B and C loci, Bw35 and Cw4 were in strong linkage disequilibrium in all groups. Significantly stron association between the A and C loci (Aw28 with Cw3) were observed only in the African Blacks. There were unique disequilibria both in the American Caucasoids and African Blacks. Although the frequencies of many antigens in U.S. Blacks lie between those in Africans and U.S. Caucasoids, there are exceptions such as Aw33, Bw35, Cw4.", "PMID": 67653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2618", "title": "Serological identification of five HLA-D associated (Ia-like) determinants.", "content": "Five antisera raised within HLA-A and -B compatible, HLA-D disparate combinations were reactive in a modified NIH microcytotoxicity test with B lymphocytes, but not with T lymphocytes from the immunizing donor, as well as with B lymphocytes from most or all donors sharing his immunizing HLA-D phenotype. Four antisera recognized structures closely associated with the HLA-D determinants Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and LD 108. One serum had a broad reactivity pattern including Dw3, Dw6 and some unknown specificity(ies). In population and family studies, these B lymphocyte antigens behaved as if they were governed by one genetic locus in the B-D region of the HLA complex. We conclude that the antisera produced by this method recognize Ia-like antigens identical to or very closely associated with the HLA-D determinants.", "contents": "Serological identification of five HLA-D associated (Ia-like) determinants. Five antisera raised within HLA-A and -B compatible, HLA-D disparate combinations were reactive in a modified NIH microcytotoxicity test with B lymphocytes, but not with T lymphocytes from the immunizing donor, as well as with B lymphocytes from most or all donors sharing his immunizing HLA-D phenotype. Four antisera recognized structures closely associated with the HLA-D determinants Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and LD 108. One serum had a broad reactivity pattern including Dw3, Dw6 and some unknown specificity(ies). In population and family studies, these B lymphocyte antigens behaved as if they were governed by one genetic locus in the B-D region of the HLA complex. We conclude that the antisera produced by this method recognize Ia-like antigens identical to or very closely associated with the HLA-D determinants.", "PMID": 67654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2619", "title": "Decreased utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides in rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.", "content": "Administration of alpha-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) to rats decreased the utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of liver cytidine nucleotides. The specific radioactivities of uridine components of the acid-soluble pool and rRNA increased during the first hours of treatment with the drug. Later on the specific radioactivities of uridine nucleotides remained unchanged, while those of cytidine components decreased gradually. Administration of hydrocortisone increased the incorporation of labelled orotic acid into rRNA cytidylic acid.", "contents": "Decreased utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides in rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. Administration of alpha-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) to rats decreased the utilization of [2-14C]orotic acid for the synthesis of liver cytidine nucleotides. The specific radioactivities of uridine components of the acid-soluble pool and rRNA increased during the first hours of treatment with the drug. Later on the specific radioactivities of uridine nucleotides remained unchanged, while those of cytidine components decreased gradually. Administration of hydrocortisone increased the incorporation of labelled orotic acid into rRNA cytidylic acid.", "PMID": 67662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2620", "title": "Carcinogenicity study of lindane in the mouse.", "content": "Linadane (gamma-BHC) was investigated for its possible carcinogenic effect on 500 mice (250 males, 250 females) of the Chbi: NMRI (SPF) strain in a study lasting 80 weeks. A substance-related production of tumours was not evident at the dosage levels employed (12.5, 25 and 50 ppm). The tumours found corresponded in type and frequency to those occurring spontaneously in this strain. Electron-microscopical examination of livers, carried our at the same time, provided no evidence of Lindane-induced fine structural hepatocellular alterations.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity study of lindane in the mouse. Linadane (gamma-BHC) was investigated for its possible carcinogenic effect on 500 mice (250 males, 250 females) of the Chbi: NMRI (SPF) strain in a study lasting 80 weeks. A substance-related production of tumours was not evident at the dosage levels employed (12.5, 25 and 50 ppm). The tumours found corresponded in type and frequency to those occurring spontaneously in this strain. Electron-microscopical examination of livers, carried our at the same time, provided no evidence of Lindane-induced fine structural hepatocellular alterations.", "PMID": 67663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2621", "title": "The analysis of some commercial dyes and Romamowsky stains by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to quantitate batch variations in commericial samples of thiazine dyes, thiazine eosinates, and Romanowsky-type blood stains. It has been observed that all the dyes and eosinates examined, only methylene blue chloride and thionin were reasonably free of their methylated, demethylated, or oxidized homologs. Large variations in composition were observed between most of the samples of each type examined. In several instances the labeled compound was a minority species. In one instance a dye was apparently mislabeled. Large compositional variation was found between various batches of Wright and Giemsa stains, whereas significant differences between the thiazine composition of these two stain types were minor. Very little compositional variation was observed between the lots of LARC stain examined. The thiazine composition of Ames stain was similar for the three lots examined. Ames stain, however, was found to contain several components of unknown composition which have been linked to degradation products formed when stains are aged in methanolic solution.", "contents": "The analysis of some commercial dyes and Romamowsky stains by high-performance liquid chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to quantitate batch variations in commericial samples of thiazine dyes, thiazine eosinates, and Romanowsky-type blood stains. It has been observed that all the dyes and eosinates examined, only methylene blue chloride and thionin were reasonably free of their methylated, demethylated, or oxidized homologs. Large variations in composition were observed between most of the samples of each type examined. In several instances the labeled compound was a minority species. In one instance a dye was apparently mislabeled. Large compositional variation was found between various batches of Wright and Giemsa stains, whereas significant differences between the thiazine composition of these two stain types were minor. Very little compositional variation was observed between the lots of LARC stain examined. The thiazine composition of Ames stain was similar for the three lots examined. Ames stain, however, was found to contain several components of unknown composition which have been linked to degradation products formed when stains are aged in methanolic solution.", "PMID": 67664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2622", "title": "Staining of muscle tissue for quantitative studies and automated morphometry.", "content": "Seventy-six staining tests were carried out of paraffin sections of human and animal muscle to find a suitable staining method for quantitative morphometry of muscle fibers. The results were evaluated under the light microscope, on black and white photomicrographs and on an image analysing computer, the Quantimet 720.A brilliant scarlet-phosphotungstic acid-tartrazine method is described and recommended for automated morphometry after additional testing on 140 sections of developing human muscle using the Quantiment 720.", "contents": "Staining of muscle tissue for quantitative studies and automated morphometry. Seventy-six staining tests were carried out of paraffin sections of human and animal muscle to find a suitable staining method for quantitative morphometry of muscle fibers. The results were evaluated under the light microscope, on black and white photomicrographs and on an image analysing computer, the Quantimet 720.A brilliant scarlet-phosphotungstic acid-tartrazine method is described and recommended for automated morphometry after additional testing on 140 sections of developing human muscle using the Quantiment 720.", "PMID": 67666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2623", "title": "The degradation of Romanowsky-type blood stains in methanol.", "content": "The oxidative demethylation of Romanowsky-type stains in methanol has been examined quantitatively with respect to its effect upon the staining of blood smears. Spectral changes in bound dye, observed through two color filters, have been measured for the nuclei and cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils and monocytes utilizing the LARC automated differential analyzer. Stain decomposition in methanol results in a large loss in staining intensity with little change in color. The loss in intensity has been correlated with the observed spectral changes in the degraded stain. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of degraded stain samples has shown the products of methanolic degradation to be different from those obtained in aqueous polychroming reactions. To maintain a stain of defined thiazine dye composition and thus defined staining properties, refrigeration is recommended.", "contents": "The degradation of Romanowsky-type blood stains in methanol. The oxidative demethylation of Romanowsky-type stains in methanol has been examined quantitatively with respect to its effect upon the staining of blood smears. Spectral changes in bound dye, observed through two color filters, have been measured for the nuclei and cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils and monocytes utilizing the LARC automated differential analyzer. Stain decomposition in methanol results in a large loss in staining intensity with little change in color. The loss in intensity has been correlated with the observed spectral changes in the degraded stain. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of degraded stain samples has shown the products of methanolic degradation to be different from those obtained in aqueous polychroming reactions. To maintain a stain of defined thiazine dye composition and thus defined staining properties, refrigeration is recommended.", "PMID": 67667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2624", "title": "A naphthol yellow S and erythrosin B staining procedure for use in studies of the acrosome reaction of rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Rabbit spermatozoa suspended in Krebs-Ringer-phosphate containing 0.25% glucose were smeared on polylysine-coated slides and dried in air at room temperature for 30 min at room temperature, blotted, rinsed in 1.0% aqueous acetic acid for 10-15 sec, drained and stained for 7 min in a mixture of equal parts of aqueous naphthol yellow S and erythrosin B (final concentration of each dye 0.1% w/v) at pH 4.6-5.0 (pH adjusted with acetic acid). Stained slides were well rinsed in distilled water adjusted to pH 4.6-5.0 with acetic acid, blotted, allowed to dry completely, rinsed in xylene and mounted in synthetic resin. Acrosomal caps were stained cherry-red (apical ridge) to pink (dorsal and ventral aspects); postnuclear caps stained pale pink; nuclei were either unstained or stained a very faint yellowish-pink. The mid-piece and flagellum were stained different shades of pink. The procedure is simple, rapid, and gives highly reproducible results. When present, acrosomes are easily detected regardless of the density of the smear.", "contents": "A naphthol yellow S and erythrosin B staining procedure for use in studies of the acrosome reaction of rabbit spermatozoa. Rabbit spermatozoa suspended in Krebs-Ringer-phosphate containing 0.25% glucose were smeared on polylysine-coated slides and dried in air at room temperature for 30 min at room temperature, blotted, rinsed in 1.0% aqueous acetic acid for 10-15 sec, drained and stained for 7 min in a mixture of equal parts of aqueous naphthol yellow S and erythrosin B (final concentration of each dye 0.1% w/v) at pH 4.6-5.0 (pH adjusted with acetic acid). Stained slides were well rinsed in distilled water adjusted to pH 4.6-5.0 with acetic acid, blotted, allowed to dry completely, rinsed in xylene and mounted in synthetic resin. Acrosomal caps were stained cherry-red (apical ridge) to pink (dorsal and ventral aspects); postnuclear caps stained pale pink; nuclei were either unstained or stained a very faint yellowish-pink. The mid-piece and flagellum were stained different shades of pink. The procedure is simple, rapid, and gives highly reproducible results. When present, acrosomes are easily detected regardless of the density of the smear.", "PMID": 67668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2625", "title": "Joint report of the first workshop of the LD typing study group.", "content": "In the first workshop of the American LD Typing Study Group, six exchanged typing cells were used by all participants. Several other homozygous typing cells were included in individual experiments by the participating laboratories. The data obtained from LD typing of 142 individuals, among whom were members of 33 families, were submitted for joint analysis by computer. Several typing cells appeared to recognize new HLA-D specificities. Their typing reactions were clearly discernible in the computer analysis of the results using the 25th percentile stabilization method. The next phase of this work will consist of an expanded study of the families included in the present report.", "contents": "Joint report of the first workshop of the LD typing study group. In the first workshop of the American LD Typing Study Group, six exchanged typing cells were used by all participants. Several other homozygous typing cells were included in individual experiments by the participating laboratories. The data obtained from LD typing of 142 individuals, among whom were members of 33 families, were submitted for joint analysis by computer. Several typing cells appeared to recognize new HLA-D specificities. Their typing reactions were clearly discernible in the computer analysis of the results using the 25th percentile stabilization method. The next phase of this work will consist of an expanded study of the families included in the present report.", "PMID": 67672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2626", "title": "Typing by compatibility in mixed lymphocyte culture using LD-homozygous typing cells.", "content": "Groups of determinants that produce strong MLC stimulation can be recognized by the use of LD-homozygous typing cells. The importance of these antigens of the main histocompatibility region resides in their involvement in the immune response to thymus-dependent antigens, their role in transplant rejection, and predisposition to disease. Eight specificities are at present recognized, but others are known to exist and can be defined using new typing cells developed in individual laboratories. A collaborative project to study the genetics of the MLC determinants has been initiated by several American investigators.", "contents": "Typing by compatibility in mixed lymphocyte culture using LD-homozygous typing cells. Groups of determinants that produce strong MLC stimulation can be recognized by the use of LD-homozygous typing cells. The importance of these antigens of the main histocompatibility region resides in their involvement in the immune response to thymus-dependent antigens, their role in transplant rejection, and predisposition to disease. Eight specificities are at present recognized, but others are known to exist and can be defined using new typing cells developed in individual laboratories. A collaborative project to study the genetics of the MLC determinants has been initiated by several American investigators.", "PMID": 67683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2627", "title": "Complete HLA and Bf typing in families. I. Analysis of MLC responses and LD typing.", "content": "A triple normalization protocol for the analysis of MLC responses was evaluated using data obtained in more than 1700 triplicate reactions between the members of 17 families. The results show the method to be consistent with immunogenetic expectations. Typing responses to HTC, however, may have values identical with those of some weak one-haplotype responses and often can only be resolved by segregationanalysis.", "contents": "Complete HLA and Bf typing in families. I. Analysis of MLC responses and LD typing. A triple normalization protocol for the analysis of MLC responses was evaluated using data obtained in more than 1700 triplicate reactions between the members of 17 families. The results show the method to be consistent with immunogenetic expectations. Typing responses to HTC, however, may have values identical with those of some weak one-haplotype responses and often can only be resolved by segregationanalysis.", "PMID": 67684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2628", "title": "[Strain related differences in the immunodiagnosis of malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "In infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax antibody titers were found to differ in relation to strains. Various strains of both Plasmodium species used as antigens showed differences in their sensitivity in reactions with one patient serum. In P. vivax infections it is supposed that some antibody titer differences are caused by antigen variations.", "contents": "[Strain related differences in the immunodiagnosis of malaria (author's transl)]. In infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax antibody titers were found to differ in relation to strains. Various strains of both Plasmodium species used as antigens showed differences in their sensitivity in reactions with one patient serum. In P. vivax infections it is supposed that some antibody titer differences are caused by antigen variations.", "PMID": 67686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2629", "title": "[TNM-system orientated radiological therapy in prostatic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification of prostatic cancer according to the TNM-system in contrast to the older staging systems results in a change in radiological therapy planing. The radiological techniques for the classification of N (lymphnodes) and M (metastases) are explained. Together with T (local tumore growth) these categories define the outline for the radiological therapy. The different radiation techniques are explained.", "contents": "[TNM-system orientated radiological therapy in prostatic carcinoma (author's transl)]. The classification of prostatic cancer according to the TNM-system in contrast to the older staging systems results in a change in radiological therapy planing. The radiological techniques for the classification of N (lymphnodes) and M (metastases) are explained. Together with T (local tumore growth) these categories define the outline for the radiological therapy. The different radiation techniques are explained.", "PMID": 67692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2630", "title": "Polichemotherapy of advanced head and neck malignancies.", "content": "The favorable results obtained by other authors with polichemotherapy encouraged us to employ therapeutic scheme using a combination of 4 drugs. Treatment envolved the administration of 300 mg/mz cyclophosphamide, 350 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil, 10 mg/mw2 methotrexate i.v. on alternate days 6-8 times, and 15 mg bleomycin on alternate days until a total dose of 150-200 mg is reached. Thirty-five out of 37 patients treated with this protocol (30 previously treated and 5 not) qualified for analysis; the site of the neoplasm, mostly squamous cell carcinoma, was different; for the most part it was in the larynx (18/35) and the oral cavity (10/35). Complete remission was achieved in 9/35 patients (25.7%), varying from 5 to 33 months (median 22); partial remission was achieved in 15/35 cases (42.8%), varying from 1 to 14 months (median 3); and there was no success in 11/35 cases (31.5%). Overall, a total remission greater than 50% was observed in 24/35 patients (68.5%). The most serious side effects both ascribed to BLM were observed in the central nervous system (increasing drowsiness and coma) and the lung. This study has shown that in the ultra head and neck malignancies medical treatment can achieve satisfactory results.", "contents": "Polichemotherapy of advanced head and neck malignancies. The favorable results obtained by other authors with polichemotherapy encouraged us to employ therapeutic scheme using a combination of 4 drugs. Treatment envolved the administration of 300 mg/mz cyclophosphamide, 350 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil, 10 mg/mw2 methotrexate i.v. on alternate days 6-8 times, and 15 mg bleomycin on alternate days until a total dose of 150-200 mg is reached. Thirty-five out of 37 patients treated with this protocol (30 previously treated and 5 not) qualified for analysis; the site of the neoplasm, mostly squamous cell carcinoma, was different; for the most part it was in the larynx (18/35) and the oral cavity (10/35). Complete remission was achieved in 9/35 patients (25.7%), varying from 5 to 33 months (median 22); partial remission was achieved in 15/35 cases (42.8%), varying from 1 to 14 months (median 3); and there was no success in 11/35 cases (31.5%). Overall, a total remission greater than 50% was observed in 24/35 patients (68.5%). The most serious side effects both ascribed to BLM were observed in the central nervous system (increasing drowsiness and coma) and the lung. This study has shown that in the ultra head and neck malignancies medical treatment can achieve satisfactory results.", "PMID": 67688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2631", "title": "[Aspects of the operative treatment of prostatic adenoma].", "content": "The authors have gained minimum blood losses when suturing with provisional catgut ligature through the urinary bladder bottom between interureteral fold and internal urethral orifice yet before dessection of adenoma surgical capsule and tumor enucleation. Depending on the functional state of the upper urinary tract, the bladder tonus and adenoma size, the method of postoperative drainage of the urinary bladder is selected: cystostomy, microirrigation, active suction, etc.", "contents": "[Aspects of the operative treatment of prostatic adenoma]. The authors have gained minimum blood losses when suturing with provisional catgut ligature through the urinary bladder bottom between interureteral fold and internal urethral orifice yet before dessection of adenoma surgical capsule and tumor enucleation. Depending on the functional state of the upper urinary tract, the bladder tonus and adenoma size, the method of postoperative drainage of the urinary bladder is selected: cystostomy, microirrigation, active suction, etc.", "PMID": 67695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2632", "title": "[Demonstration of the Bovid herpesvirus 2 in cell cultures with the aid of fluorescent antibodies].", "content": "Used was the immunofluorescence method employing fluorescinisothiocyanate-labeled antibodies against Bovid herpesvirus 2. The localisation and the dynamics of the virus antigen were followed up in cell cultures of calf kidney epithelium. Results showed that there was a specific cytoplastic-nuclear fluorescence in the infected cells. The dynamics of the virus multiplication revealed the presence of a specific antigen by about the 6th hour following the infection of the cells. Discussed is the problem of using the immunofluorescence technique in the differentiation of herpes mammillitis from the rest vesicular diseases of the cow's udder that are similar to one another by clinical picture.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the Bovid herpesvirus 2 in cell cultures with the aid of fluorescent antibodies]. Used was the immunofluorescence method employing fluorescinisothiocyanate-labeled antibodies against Bovid herpesvirus 2. The localisation and the dynamics of the virus antigen were followed up in cell cultures of calf kidney epithelium. Results showed that there was a specific cytoplastic-nuclear fluorescence in the infected cells. The dynamics of the virus multiplication revealed the presence of a specific antigen by about the 6th hour following the infection of the cells. Discussed is the problem of using the immunofluorescence technique in the differentiation of herpes mammillitis from the rest vesicular diseases of the cow's udder that are similar to one another by clinical picture.", "PMID": 67697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2633", "title": "[Changes in the serum proteins in suppurative surgical infection in cattle].", "content": "Studied were the serum proteins of 3 cattle with a spontaneous suppurative surgery infection and 10 cattle with an experimental infection of the same character. It was found that in such cases there is a rise in the total protein, the alpha and gamma globulins, and a drop in the albumin and the beta-globulins. The experimental suppurative infection caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes produces changes of a higher degree in the protein spectrum than the experimental infection caused by Str. pyogenes. In cases in which the general status of the organism is more strongly involved in the infection process the changes in the protein fractions are more strongly expressed.", "contents": "[Changes in the serum proteins in suppurative surgical infection in cattle]. Studied were the serum proteins of 3 cattle with a spontaneous suppurative surgery infection and 10 cattle with an experimental infection of the same character. It was found that in such cases there is a rise in the total protein, the alpha and gamma globulins, and a drop in the albumin and the beta-globulins. The experimental suppurative infection caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes produces changes of a higher degree in the protein spectrum than the experimental infection caused by Str. pyogenes. In cases in which the general status of the organism is more strongly involved in the infection process the changes in the protein fractions are more strongly expressed.", "PMID": 67698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2634", "title": "Ultrastructure of alcoholic hyalin and fate of the affected hepatocytes.", "content": "In liver biopsy specimens, foci of satellitosis, i.e., foci of alcoholic hyalin containing hepatocytes surrounded by accumulated leukocytes, were studied by means of electron-microscopic investigation. Within satellitosis hepatocytes, the same morphologic variants of alcoholic hyalin were observed as formerly described in nonsatellitosis liver cells: (1) clusters of randomly oriented smooth filaments of homogenous electron density, (2) bundles of filaments aligned in parallel arrays and exhibiting irregular densities and indistinct boundaries, and (3) masses of a strongly osmiophilic amorphous material, presumably lipidic in nature. The individual hyalin body was composed of one, two, or all three components in varying proportions; an uptake by cytosegresomes was never observed. The leukocytes of satellitosis foci, mostly polymorphonuclear ones without obvious alterations, had close contact to the central hepatocytes, and sometimes covered large holes in the hepatocellular plasma membrane. In other cases, hepatocytes and neutrophils were both destroyed and the hyalin bodies were found unaltered within the sinusoids. It is suggested that alcoholic hyalin represents an inert proteinaceous storage material, deposited at the site of synthesis which in the course of time becomes superimposed by a lipid component. In cases of alcohol-induced hepatocellular lesions, those hepatocytes which produce hyalin bodies may have a special metabolic sensitivity to alcohol which on the one hand may result in hyalin synthesis and accumulation and on the other hand may, under special conditions, lead to plasma membrane destruction with secondary satellitosis formation.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of alcoholic hyalin and fate of the affected hepatocytes. In liver biopsy specimens, foci of satellitosis, i.e., foci of alcoholic hyalin containing hepatocytes surrounded by accumulated leukocytes, were studied by means of electron-microscopic investigation. Within satellitosis hepatocytes, the same morphologic variants of alcoholic hyalin were observed as formerly described in nonsatellitosis liver cells: (1) clusters of randomly oriented smooth filaments of homogenous electron density, (2) bundles of filaments aligned in parallel arrays and exhibiting irregular densities and indistinct boundaries, and (3) masses of a strongly osmiophilic amorphous material, presumably lipidic in nature. The individual hyalin body was composed of one, two, or all three components in varying proportions; an uptake by cytosegresomes was never observed. The leukocytes of satellitosis foci, mostly polymorphonuclear ones without obvious alterations, had close contact to the central hepatocytes, and sometimes covered large holes in the hepatocellular plasma membrane. In other cases, hepatocytes and neutrophils were both destroyed and the hyalin bodies were found unaltered within the sinusoids. It is suggested that alcoholic hyalin represents an inert proteinaceous storage material, deposited at the site of synthesis which in the course of time becomes superimposed by a lipid component. In cases of alcohol-induced hepatocellular lesions, those hepatocytes which produce hyalin bodies may have a special metabolic sensitivity to alcohol which on the one hand may result in hyalin synthesis and accumulation and on the other hand may, under special conditions, lead to plasma membrane destruction with secondary satellitosis formation.", "PMID": 67700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2635", "title": "[Form and content of iodine-containing components of blood in liver pathology].", "content": "In dynamics of development of toxic heptatitis and cirrhosis the alterations in functionality of thyroid glands were accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes of separate iodine-containing components in blood.", "contents": "[Form and content of iodine-containing components of blood in liver pathology]. In dynamics of development of toxic heptatitis and cirrhosis the alterations in functionality of thyroid glands were accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes of separate iodine-containing components in blood.", "PMID": 67708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2636", "title": "Serial infusion effects of hydroxyethyl starch on ESR, blood typing and crossmatching and serum amylase levels.", "content": "Eight normal healthy volunteers underwent a series of three plasmaphereses, prior to the infusion of 250, 500, and 750 ml hydroxyethyl starch (HES), respectively, in order to ascertain the effect of this agent on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood typing and crossmatching, and serum amylase levels. The bolus injection of either 500 or 750 ml HES produced a significant increase in the ESR, which was sustained over a 5-hour period. Rouleaux formation was observed to be dose related and only observed following administration of greater than 500 ml (575 mg/dl whole blood concentration). The rouleaux formation was, however, easily dispersed by the addition of saline. Blood typing and crossmatching studies were normal, but caution must be taken in regard to false positives when the estimated blood concentration of HES exceeds 575 mg/dl. a-Amylase activity corrected for hemodilution was not significantly altered immediately following infusion of HES in these reported amounts. Recommendation of a new method of HES administration during centrifugal leucapheresis is discussed.", "contents": "Serial infusion effects of hydroxyethyl starch on ESR, blood typing and crossmatching and serum amylase levels. Eight normal healthy volunteers underwent a series of three plasmaphereses, prior to the infusion of 250, 500, and 750 ml hydroxyethyl starch (HES), respectively, in order to ascertain the effect of this agent on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood typing and crossmatching, and serum amylase levels. The bolus injection of either 500 or 750 ml HES produced a significant increase in the ESR, which was sustained over a 5-hour period. Rouleaux formation was observed to be dose related and only observed following administration of greater than 500 ml (575 mg/dl whole blood concentration). The rouleaux formation was, however, easily dispersed by the addition of saline. Blood typing and crossmatching studies were normal, but caution must be taken in regard to false positives when the estimated blood concentration of HES exceeds 575 mg/dl. a-Amylase activity corrected for hemodilution was not significantly altered immediately following infusion of HES in these reported amounts. Recommendation of a new method of HES administration during centrifugal leucapheresis is discussed.", "PMID": 67712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2637", "title": "[Use of proteins, covalently bound to agar gel, for specific sorption in electrophoresis].", "content": "A method is developed for electrophoretic fractionation of serum proteins in agar gel with simultaneous specific sorption of gamma-globulin fraction, migrating during the electrophoresis through specific immunosorbents incorporated into agar gel. The reaction was carried out in a special apparatus designed for the electrophoresis in two perpendicular directions. The sorbent was separated from impurities by passing the current in the first direction. The unspecific sorbent did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of migrating proteins, but the specific sorbents immobilized completely both antibodies and antigens. The antibodies were shown to bind repeatedly to the immunoglobulins, which had been linked to the sorbent. The method facilitated distinctly the estimation of antigens and antibodies in complicated mixtures. By analogy with affinity chromatography a term \"affinity electrophoresis\" was used for designation of the method described.", "contents": "[Use of proteins, covalently bound to agar gel, for specific sorption in electrophoresis]. A method is developed for electrophoretic fractionation of serum proteins in agar gel with simultaneous specific sorption of gamma-globulin fraction, migrating during the electrophoresis through specific immunosorbents incorporated into agar gel. The reaction was carried out in a special apparatus designed for the electrophoresis in two perpendicular directions. The sorbent was separated from impurities by passing the current in the first direction. The unspecific sorbent did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of migrating proteins, but the specific sorbents immobilized completely both antibodies and antigens. The antibodies were shown to bind repeatedly to the immunoglobulins, which had been linked to the sorbent. The method facilitated distinctly the estimation of antigens and antibodies in complicated mixtures. By analogy with affinity chromatography a term \"affinity electrophoresis\" was used for designation of the method described.", "PMID": 67710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2638", "title": "Development of an intravenous gamma-globulin with Fc activities. I. Preparation and characterization of S-sulfonated human gamma-globulin.", "content": "S-sulfonated gamma-globulin (S-GG) was prepared by treating gamma-globulin with sulfite and tetrathionate ions. About four interchain disulfide bonds were selectively cleaved to give S-sulfonate groups. Although the above treatment strongly suppresses anticomplementary activity and nonspecific skin reactivity, the resulting S-GG retains high antibody activity. Furthermore, S-GG was found to maintain satisfactory levels for prolonged periods in vivo. The physicochemical and antigenic analyses of S-GG suggest that the S-sulfonation induces structural modification only at restricted sites.", "contents": "Development of an intravenous gamma-globulin with Fc activities. I. Preparation and characterization of S-sulfonated human gamma-globulin. S-sulfonated gamma-globulin (S-GG) was prepared by treating gamma-globulin with sulfite and tetrathionate ions. About four interchain disulfide bonds were selectively cleaved to give S-sulfonate groups. Although the above treatment strongly suppresses anticomplementary activity and nonspecific skin reactivity, the resulting S-GG retains high antibody activity. Furthermore, S-GG was found to maintain satisfactory levels for prolonged periods in vivo. The physicochemical and antigenic analyses of S-GG suggest that the S-sulfonation induces structural modification only at restricted sites.", "PMID": 67713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2639", "title": "[Immunochemical analysis of toxic protein fractions of burned skin].", "content": "As a result of hyperimmunization of rabbits with a preparation of toxic protein fractions from burned rat skin an antiserum, containing specific \"antiburn\" antibodies, was obtained. The antiserum cross-reacted in the precipitation reaction with proteins from normal skin and with macroglobulin fraction of normal blood serum. Purification and estimation of the antibodies specificity were carried out by means of immunoabsorbents, synthesized on the basis of CNBr-Sepharose 4B. The toxin from burned skin was shown to possess both the specific antigenic determinants and those common for the normal properties of skin and serum.", "contents": "[Immunochemical analysis of toxic protein fractions of burned skin]. As a result of hyperimmunization of rabbits with a preparation of toxic protein fractions from burned rat skin an antiserum, containing specific \"antiburn\" antibodies, was obtained. The antiserum cross-reacted in the precipitation reaction with proteins from normal skin and with macroglobulin fraction of normal blood serum. Purification and estimation of the antibodies specificity were carried out by means of immunoabsorbents, synthesized on the basis of CNBr-Sepharose 4B. The toxin from burned skin was shown to possess both the specific antigenic determinants and those common for the normal properties of skin and serum.", "PMID": 67709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2640", "title": "Development of an intravenous gamma-globulin with Fc activities. II. Reconversion of S-sulfonated human gamma-globulin into the original gamma-globulin.", "content": "The reconversion of S-sulfonated antitetanus gamma-globulin (S-GG) into the original gamma-globulin was studied. S-sulfonate groups in S-GG could be converted into disulfide bonds in vitro. The conversion restored the greater part of both complement-fixing and skin-sensitizing activities. S-GG administered intravenously formed interchain disulfide bonds again in vivo, which was accompanied by restoration of the C-dependent passive hemolytic activity. Intravenous injection of S-GG did not cause a significant decrease in serum complement level.", "contents": "Development of an intravenous gamma-globulin with Fc activities. II. Reconversion of S-sulfonated human gamma-globulin into the original gamma-globulin. The reconversion of S-sulfonated antitetanus gamma-globulin (S-GG) into the original gamma-globulin was studied. S-sulfonate groups in S-GG could be converted into disulfide bonds in vitro. The conversion restored the greater part of both complement-fixing and skin-sensitizing activities. S-GG administered intravenously formed interchain disulfide bonds again in vivo, which was accompanied by restoration of the C-dependent passive hemolytic activity. Intravenous injection of S-GG did not cause a significant decrease in serum complement level.", "PMID": 67714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2641", "title": "[Cation preferences of the DNA-polymerases in plasma from patients with leukaemia or breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The reverse transcriptase in plasma from leukaemic patients perfers the divalent cation Mn++ to Mg++ in the polymerase assay. The reverse is true for the enzyme from plasma of patients with breast cancer. This cation preference is analogous to the cation preference found in B- and C-type RNA-tumour viruses.", "contents": "[Cation preferences of the DNA-polymerases in plasma from patients with leukaemia or breast cancer (author's transl)]. The reverse transcriptase in plasma from leukaemic patients perfers the divalent cation Mn++ to Mg++ in the polymerase assay. The reverse is true for the enzyme from plasma of patients with breast cancer. This cation preference is analogous to the cation preference found in B- and C-type RNA-tumour viruses.", "PMID": 67719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2642", "title": "[Analysis of the antigenic properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975].", "content": "The etiology of influenza epidemic of 1974-1975 in the USSR was studied. The influenza viruses isolated from patients in the period of the 1974-1975 epidemic were tested in the hemagglutination-inhibition, neuraminidase activity-inhibition, immunoadsorption and biological neutralization tests. The majority of the strains tested were shown to be similar to the new antigenic variant A/Port Chalmers/1/73. It means that the strains of A/Port Chalmers/1/73 variant occurred epidemically in this region only in the winter of 1974-1975. The greatest differences between the new isolates and previously circulating strains of A/England/42/72 variant were observed in biologic neutralization tests.", "contents": "[Analysis of the antigenic properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975]. The etiology of influenza epidemic of 1974-1975 in the USSR was studied. The influenza viruses isolated from patients in the period of the 1974-1975 epidemic were tested in the hemagglutination-inhibition, neuraminidase activity-inhibition, immunoadsorption and biological neutralization tests. The majority of the strains tested were shown to be similar to the new antigenic variant A/Port Chalmers/1/73. It means that the strains of A/Port Chalmers/1/73 variant occurred epidemically in this region only in the winter of 1974-1975. The greatest differences between the new isolates and previously circulating strains of A/England/42/72 variant were observed in biologic neutralization tests.", "PMID": 67716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2643", "title": "[The effect of bleomycin, ICRF 159 and of simultaneous X-ray application on CHO-fibroblasts].", "content": "The cell damage of the cytostatics Bleomycin and ICRF 159 were studied experimentally by the use of the following parameters: colony survival, colony-size-spectrometry and multiplicity of CHO-Fibroblasts. Series of increasing drug concentrations and simultaneous irradiation with 200 rds were measured. In the above mentioned tests an additive and no potentiating effect of damage by the cytostatics in combination with irradiation of 200 rds was found. Compared with Bleomycin, ICRF 159 showed a higher degree of damage to CHO-Fibroblasts.", "contents": "[The effect of bleomycin, ICRF 159 and of simultaneous X-ray application on CHO-fibroblasts]. The cell damage of the cytostatics Bleomycin and ICRF 159 were studied experimentally by the use of the following parameters: colony survival, colony-size-spectrometry and multiplicity of CHO-Fibroblasts. Series of increasing drug concentrations and simultaneous irradiation with 200 rds were measured. In the above mentioned tests an additive and no potentiating effect of damage by the cytostatics in combination with irradiation of 200 rds was found. Compared with Bleomycin, ICRF 159 showed a higher degree of damage to CHO-Fibroblasts.", "PMID": 67723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2644", "title": "What does the symptom \"palpitation\" mean? - Correlation between symptoms and the presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the ambulatory Ecg.", "content": "The correlation between palpitations and arrhythmias was examined using 319 long term Ecgs of 167 patients. Furthermore, we attempted to determine the shortest possible recording time permitting the correct diagnosis of an arrhythmia and ST-segment changes. 31 arrhythmias (9.7%) were correctly identified by our patients; On the other hand, while there were 20 palpitations (39%) that could not be related to an arrhythmia we recorded 39 instances in which these same patients missed an arrhythmia. Tachycardias and multiple ventricular extrasystoles were most likely identified. Most of the rhythm disturbances (89%) appeared during the first 12 hours and all of the ST-segment changes eventually seen (100%) occurred until the end of 8 hours of recording. This study shows that ths symptom \"palpitation\" is a poor indicator of underlying rhythm disturbances. In the documentation of arrhythmias and/or ischemic ST-segment changes 8 to 12 hours of recording should usually be sufficient.", "contents": "What does the symptom \"palpitation\" mean? - Correlation between symptoms and the presence of cardiac arrhythmias in the ambulatory Ecg. The correlation between palpitations and arrhythmias was examined using 319 long term Ecgs of 167 patients. Furthermore, we attempted to determine the shortest possible recording time permitting the correct diagnosis of an arrhythmia and ST-segment changes. 31 arrhythmias (9.7%) were correctly identified by our patients; On the other hand, while there were 20 palpitations (39%) that could not be related to an arrhythmia we recorded 39 instances in which these same patients missed an arrhythmia. Tachycardias and multiple ventricular extrasystoles were most likely identified. Most of the rhythm disturbances (89%) appeared during the first 12 hours and all of the ST-segment changes eventually seen (100%) occurred until the end of 8 hours of recording. This study shows that ths symptom \"palpitation\" is a poor indicator of underlying rhythm disturbances. In the documentation of arrhythmias and/or ischemic ST-segment changes 8 to 12 hours of recording should usually be sufficient.", "PMID": 67724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2645", "title": "[The effect of ethanol and antabus-antabus-alcohol-reaction on histamin and mast cell. Contents of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol--orally given in concentrations from 1 to 4 g/kg body-weight--leads to a reduction of mast cells in the guinea pig lung. At the same time a minor decrease of histamine concentration was observed. The incompatibility reaction with alcohol after disulfiram intake (DAR) shows an additional degranulation oft mast cells of the lungs and decrease of histamine-content. So far, there seems little difference between the influence of disulfiram alone and the DAR. Besides thrombocytes and basophile leucocytes, the mast cells of the lung are responsible for the release of histamine and serotonine during higher alcohol concentrations and alcohol-disulfiram-reactions. We think that the intolerance phenomena of humans after alcohol--f.e. in form of flush-reaction--is at least partly related to the concomitant influence oft mast cell-substances.", "contents": "[The effect of ethanol and antabus-antabus-alcohol-reaction on histamin and mast cell. Contents of the lung (author's transl)]. Alcohol--orally given in concentrations from 1 to 4 g/kg body-weight--leads to a reduction of mast cells in the guinea pig lung. At the same time a minor decrease of histamine concentration was observed. The incompatibility reaction with alcohol after disulfiram intake (DAR) shows an additional degranulation oft mast cells of the lungs and decrease of histamine-content. So far, there seems little difference between the influence of disulfiram alone and the DAR. Besides thrombocytes and basophile leucocytes, the mast cells of the lung are responsible for the release of histamine and serotonine during higher alcohol concentrations and alcohol-disulfiram-reactions. We think that the intolerance phenomena of humans after alcohol--f.e. in form of flush-reaction--is at least partly related to the concomitant influence oft mast cell-substances.", "PMID": 67725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2646", "title": "[Determination of alpha1-fetoprotein in bloodstains by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acete (author's transl)].", "content": "The distinction of foetal from adult blood stains prepared from 219 cord blood samples was possible, without exception, up to eight months by means of alpha1-fetoprotein precipitation, carried out by immuno-electrophoresis on cellulose acetate (Biotest) instead of agar gel, as described by Patzelt, Geserick and Lignitz. The material carrying the blood stains (glass, wood, paper and linen) did not influence the results.", "contents": "[Determination of alpha1-fetoprotein in bloodstains by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acete (author's transl)]. The distinction of foetal from adult blood stains prepared from 219 cord blood samples was possible, without exception, up to eight months by means of alpha1-fetoprotein precipitation, carried out by immuno-electrophoresis on cellulose acetate (Biotest) instead of agar gel, as described by Patzelt, Geserick and Lignitz. The material carrying the blood stains (glass, wood, paper and linen) did not influence the results.", "PMID": 67726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2647", "title": "[Relationship between the virulence of a culture and the presence of common (non-type-specific) antigens in strains of group A streptococcus of different types].", "content": "In studying common (nontypespecific) antigens sensitivity to trypsin there was shown their wide distribution among the cultures of streptococcus, group A, belonging to different types and containing M-proteins. The antigen No. 1, identical to one of the antigens of the thermostable fraction was found in the cultures, irrespective of the degree of their virulence. The antigen No. 2 was characteristic of only virulent cultures obtained after the increase of the virulence and forming matt-form colonies. Both of the antigens were referred to the category of R-antigens. The presence of the nonspecific antigens in the hydrochloric extracts should be taken into consideration in typing streptococci of group A and determination of M-antigens.", "contents": "[Relationship between the virulence of a culture and the presence of common (non-type-specific) antigens in strains of group A streptococcus of different types]. In studying common (nontypespecific) antigens sensitivity to trypsin there was shown their wide distribution among the cultures of streptococcus, group A, belonging to different types and containing M-proteins. The antigen No. 1, identical to one of the antigens of the thermostable fraction was found in the cultures, irrespective of the degree of their virulence. The antigen No. 2 was characteristic of only virulent cultures obtained after the increase of the virulence and forming matt-form colonies. Both of the antigens were referred to the category of R-antigens. The presence of the nonspecific antigens in the hydrochloric extracts should be taken into consideration in typing streptococci of group A and determination of M-antigens.", "PMID": 67728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2648", "title": "[Effect of partial modification of serum albumin on its conformation and complex-forming activity].", "content": "In using a series of the succinic anhydride concentration the authors obtained preparations of succinylated albumin with a different degree of modification. The effect of succinylation on the immunochemical and some physico-chemical properties of albumin were investigated; depending on the concentration of the modifying reagent preparations of succinylated albumin proved to differ by the antigenic properties, electrophoretic mobility in agar gel and the complex-forming activity in interaction with rivanol. Conditions of partial modification permitting to increase the complex-forming properties of albumin 3-fold with the minimal changes in its structure were determined.", "contents": "[Effect of partial modification of serum albumin on its conformation and complex-forming activity]. In using a series of the succinic anhydride concentration the authors obtained preparations of succinylated albumin with a different degree of modification. The effect of succinylation on the immunochemical and some physico-chemical properties of albumin were investigated; depending on the concentration of the modifying reagent preparations of succinylated albumin proved to differ by the antigenic properties, electrophoretic mobility in agar gel and the complex-forming activity in interaction with rivanol. Conditions of partial modification permitting to increase the complex-forming properties of albumin 3-fold with the minimal changes in its structure were determined.", "PMID": 67730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2649", "title": "[Simultaneous transvesical prostatectomy and reconstructive surgery of inguinoscrotal hernia].", "content": "In the surgical treatment of the hypertrophy of the prostata we use few operative methods. Some of them are older than 80 years. Mainly we use modify Harris--Hryntschak technics. Still 1889 Bassini made known operative method for onquinoscrotal hernia which has been with some modifications used up to this day. Bacause of the very low mortality and a pour local complication in last 5 years, if there is in the same time hypertrophy of the prostata and hernia, we combined open transvesical prostatectomy with a plastic of onquinoscrotal hernia. The authors give own operative technic, its advantage and the review on own casuistic.", "contents": "[Simultaneous transvesical prostatectomy and reconstructive surgery of inguinoscrotal hernia]. In the surgical treatment of the hypertrophy of the prostata we use few operative methods. Some of them are older than 80 years. Mainly we use modify Harris--Hryntschak technics. Still 1889 Bassini made known operative method for onquinoscrotal hernia which has been with some modifications used up to this day. Bacause of the very low mortality and a pour local complication in last 5 years, if there is in the same time hypertrophy of the prostata and hernia, we combined open transvesical prostatectomy with a plastic of onquinoscrotal hernia. The authors give own operative technic, its advantage and the review on own casuistic.", "PMID": 67732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2650", "title": "[Ankylosis in the lower limb in ankylosing spondylitis].", "content": "Synostosing ankylosis of lower limb joints was investigated radiologically and clinically in approximately 2000 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosis was found in 8 hip joints and in 4 of the joints of the foot skeleton. Most commonly the initial picture of these diseases is that of an arthritis (sometimes specifically misinterpreted as such) years and decades before the manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis appears. The ossifying potential of the disease can apparently manifest itself early in limited areas. The radiological morphology with destruction and reconstruction is found mainly as the well known vertebral changes. Immobilization can at the most be regarded as a favourable factor in a predominantly immunological-inflammatory patho-mechanism. Additional local abnormalities of the vascular or enzymatic systems of the joints can be assumed.", "contents": "[Ankylosis in the lower limb in ankylosing spondylitis]. Synostosing ankylosis of lower limb joints was investigated radiologically and clinically in approximately 2000 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosis was found in 8 hip joints and in 4 of the joints of the foot skeleton. Most commonly the initial picture of these diseases is that of an arthritis (sometimes specifically misinterpreted as such) years and decades before the manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis appears. The ossifying potential of the disease can apparently manifest itself early in limited areas. The radiological morphology with destruction and reconstruction is found mainly as the well known vertebral changes. Immobilization can at the most be regarded as a favourable factor in a predominantly immunological-inflammatory patho-mechanism. Additional local abnormalities of the vascular or enzymatic systems of the joints can be assumed.", "PMID": 67727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2651", "title": "Studies on a case of suppurative thyroiditis.", "content": "A patient with suppurative thyroiditis due to infection with Escherichia coli is described. Serial studies of thyroid function were performed. Before the abscess was drained there was no uptake of radio-iodine by the thyroid and there was some spillage of iodinated compounds from the gland. Post-operatively circulating thyroid hormone concentrations declined but were restored at four weeks. Thyroid uptake of radio-iodine was re-established two weeks after operation but there was little secretion of thyroxine at this time. Four weeks after operation the uptake of radio-iodine was greater than normal and thyroxine was being secreted. These changes in thyroid function were not associated with any significant rise in the plasma thyrotrophin concentration.", "contents": "Studies on a case of suppurative thyroiditis. A patient with suppurative thyroiditis due to infection with Escherichia coli is described. Serial studies of thyroid function were performed. Before the abscess was drained there was no uptake of radio-iodine by the thyroid and there was some spillage of iodinated compounds from the gland. Post-operatively circulating thyroid hormone concentrations declined but were restored at four weeks. Thyroid uptake of radio-iodine was re-established two weeks after operation but there was little secretion of thyroxine at this time. Four weeks after operation the uptake of radio-iodine was greater than normal and thyroxine was being secreted. These changes in thyroid function were not associated with any significant rise in the plasma thyrotrophin concentration.", "PMID": 67736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2652", "title": "A simple stain for nerve fibres.", "content": "A modification of Wilson's crystal violet staining for renin granules is able to show both centra and peripheral nerve fibres on paraffin sections with reproducible results. Fixation, pH and temperature are critical. This stain is considered to demonstrate nerve fibres on account of its capacity to combine with proteolipids.", "contents": "A simple stain for nerve fibres. A modification of Wilson's crystal violet staining for renin granules is able to show both centra and peripheral nerve fibres on paraffin sections with reproducible results. Fixation, pH and temperature are critical. This stain is considered to demonstrate nerve fibres on account of its capacity to combine with proteolipids.", "PMID": 67737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2653", "title": "Histochemical methods for proteins in tissues submitted to decalcification. A histophotometric study.", "content": "4 histochemical methods for demonstration of protein acid groups: Nihydrin-Schiff, Millon, DDD and DMAB-nitrite were applied in sections of rat pancreas fixed in the following fixatives: 10% formalin, 10% formalin in saline, ZENKER and GENDRE, and treated with the following decalcifying solutions: 5% nitric acid, 5% trichloroacetic acid, 33% formic acid, 5% EDTA pH=7.0 JENKINS, GREEP and citrate buffer pH=4.5. The colour intensity of each reaction was measured photometrically over the zymogen granules region of the acinar cells, using a Zeiss histophotometer, and compared with controls, i.e., fixed tissue which have not been treated with decalcifying solutions. The results have shown that for each method there is more than one combination fixative-decalcifying solution which gives results similar to those of the control.", "contents": "Histochemical methods for proteins in tissues submitted to decalcification. A histophotometric study. 4 histochemical methods for demonstration of protein acid groups: Nihydrin-Schiff, Millon, DDD and DMAB-nitrite were applied in sections of rat pancreas fixed in the following fixatives: 10% formalin, 10% formalin in saline, ZENKER and GENDRE, and treated with the following decalcifying solutions: 5% nitric acid, 5% trichloroacetic acid, 33% formic acid, 5% EDTA pH=7.0 JENKINS, GREEP and citrate buffer pH=4.5. The colour intensity of each reaction was measured photometrically over the zymogen granules region of the acinar cells, using a Zeiss histophotometer, and compared with controls, i.e., fixed tissue which have not been treated with decalcifying solutions. The results have shown that for each method there is more than one combination fixative-decalcifying solution which gives results similar to those of the control.", "PMID": 67738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2654", "title": "Osmotic effects on neutrophil segmentation. An in vitro phenomenon.", "content": "Segementation of the nucleus is an important morphologic characteristic of mature neutrophils and is a useful parameter for their identification in various body fluids. From our studies, we have demonstrated that when mature neutrophils are placed in low specific gravity urine, cellular enlargement and a loss of nuclear segmentation occur, resulting in inaccurate identification. Both cytotechnologists and investigators involved in neutrophil research should be aware of the effects of tonicity on morphologic characteristics.", "contents": "Osmotic effects on neutrophil segmentation. An in vitro phenomenon. Segementation of the nucleus is an important morphologic characteristic of mature neutrophils and is a useful parameter for their identification in various body fluids. From our studies, we have demonstrated that when mature neutrophils are placed in low specific gravity urine, cellular enlargement and a loss of nuclear segmentation occur, resulting in inaccurate identification. Both cytotechnologists and investigators involved in neutrophil research should be aware of the effects of tonicity on morphologic characteristics.", "PMID": 67735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2655", "title": "Morphological and functional aspects of the arrangement of connective tissue and muscle fibres in the tail of the Mexican axolotl, Siredon mexicanum (Shaw) (Amphibia, Urodela).", "content": "In the lateral musculature of the axolotl tail a multipennate arrangement of muscle fibres is found in the 3rd postanal myomere and all following myomeres. This arrangement appears in larval stages as soon as the myomeres concerned are fully differentiated. Within a myomere a uniform degree of contraction of the muscle fibres may be achieved either by helical arrangement as seen in Teleosts, by diminishing fibre length in medial direction or by a combination of both phenomena. The relation between muscle fibre length and angle of insertion in the myomeres showing pennate arrangement is approximated by the Benninghoff and Roll-h\u00e4user equation but the values recorded deviated systematically from the values calculated. In the rather slender tail of the axolotl the transition from the helical or parallel fibre system into the pennate arrangement will be in favour of the development of relatively strong bending moments in the region concerned while a reasonable uniformity of the rate of contraction is maintained.", "contents": "Morphological and functional aspects of the arrangement of connective tissue and muscle fibres in the tail of the Mexican axolotl, Siredon mexicanum (Shaw) (Amphibia, Urodela). In the lateral musculature of the axolotl tail a multipennate arrangement of muscle fibres is found in the 3rd postanal myomere and all following myomeres. This arrangement appears in larval stages as soon as the myomeres concerned are fully differentiated. Within a myomere a uniform degree of contraction of the muscle fibres may be achieved either by helical arrangement as seen in Teleosts, by diminishing fibre length in medial direction or by a combination of both phenomena. The relation between muscle fibre length and angle of insertion in the myomeres showing pennate arrangement is approximated by the Benninghoff and Roll-h\u00e4user equation but the values recorded deviated systematically from the values calculated. In the rather slender tail of the axolotl the transition from the helical or parallel fibre system into the pennate arrangement will be in favour of the development of relatively strong bending moments in the region concerned while a reasonable uniformity of the rate of contraction is maintained.", "PMID": 67739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2656", "title": "Lupus erythematosus cells in pleural fluid cytologic diagnosis in two patients.", "content": "Lupus erythematosus (LE) cells were demonstrated inpleural fluids from two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They were observed in preparations stained with the Giemsa and the Papanicolaou stains. The finding of LE cells in serous fluid has rarely been reported. Our results suggest that it is imporant to search for LE cells in serous fluid in patients in whom the diagnosis of SLE has not been established.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus cells in pleural fluid cytologic diagnosis in two patients. Lupus erythematosus (LE) cells were demonstrated inpleural fluids from two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They were observed in preparations stained with the Giemsa and the Papanicolaou stains. The finding of LE cells in serous fluid has rarely been reported. Our results suggest that it is imporant to search for LE cells in serous fluid in patients in whom the diagnosis of SLE has not been established.", "PMID": 67734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2657", "title": "Mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. A histochemical study.", "content": "A histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia is reported in this paper. The histochemical techniques used were the following: PAS, colloidal iron, toluidine blue (pH 5.4 and 3.5), thionine (pH 5.4 and 3.5) and alcian blue 8GX (pH 1 and 2.5). Some histological stains were used also. Two types of neurons could be observed in spinal cord sections stained with colloidal iron techniques. In some neuron a border line of mucosubstances could be seen. In the dorsal root ganglia, different patterns of Nissl bodies distribution in neurons were described. This different distribution of Nissl bodies is associated with different metachromatic colorations of neurons. By using the colloidal iron method, two types of neurons were also revealed in the dorsal root ganglia: some neurons are of a yellow, small-sized and star-shaped type and others are of a light green, larger and round-shaped type. Mucosubstances in the endoneurium and perineurium of nerve fibers, in the Ranvier nodules and in the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures were observed. The possibility that the functional rhythm in some cases might be responsible for the difference in coloration between the dorsal root ganglia neurons is suggested.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. A histochemical study. A histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia is reported in this paper. The histochemical techniques used were the following: PAS, colloidal iron, toluidine blue (pH 5.4 and 3.5), thionine (pH 5.4 and 3.5) and alcian blue 8GX (pH 1 and 2.5). Some histological stains were used also. Two types of neurons could be observed in spinal cord sections stained with colloidal iron techniques. In some neuron a border line of mucosubstances could be seen. In the dorsal root ganglia, different patterns of Nissl bodies distribution in neurons were described. This different distribution of Nissl bodies is associated with different metachromatic colorations of neurons. By using the colloidal iron method, two types of neurons were also revealed in the dorsal root ganglia: some neurons are of a yellow, small-sized and star-shaped type and others are of a light green, larger and round-shaped type. Mucosubstances in the endoneurium and perineurium of nerve fibers, in the Ranvier nodules and in the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures were observed. The possibility that the functional rhythm in some cases might be responsible for the difference in coloration between the dorsal root ganglia neurons is suggested.", "PMID": 67740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2658", "title": "Appearance of free histones within nuclei of differentiating cells in the developing rat embryo.", "content": "Having applied the picric acid-bromphenol blue (BPB) and the phosphomolybdic acid-benzidine (PMA-B) methods--the first method detecting the total histone content, the second one only free histones--we have found that cell nuclei of the rat embryos permanently contain histones, nevertheless, in such a pattern that the free histone appears only at a well-defined stage of embryogenesis. Strong PMA-B reaction is observable in the nuclei of some mesenchymal cells and in the reorganizing somites' cell nuclei of the 13-day-old embryo as well as in the hemopoietic elements of the 15- and 17-day old embryos' liver. Within nuclei of the red blood cells of the 13-day-old embryo an extremely intense reaction is seen which then disappears till the 15th day, while the BPB reaction shows a gradual intensification up to the neonatal age. The experiments support the former model of one of the authors for a histone-nonhistone control of ontogenesis.", "contents": "Appearance of free histones within nuclei of differentiating cells in the developing rat embryo. Having applied the picric acid-bromphenol blue (BPB) and the phosphomolybdic acid-benzidine (PMA-B) methods--the first method detecting the total histone content, the second one only free histones--we have found that cell nuclei of the rat embryos permanently contain histones, nevertheless, in such a pattern that the free histone appears only at a well-defined stage of embryogenesis. Strong PMA-B reaction is observable in the nuclei of some mesenchymal cells and in the reorganizing somites' cell nuclei of the 13-day-old embryo as well as in the hemopoietic elements of the 15- and 17-day old embryos' liver. Within nuclei of the red blood cells of the 13-day-old embryo an extremely intense reaction is seen which then disappears till the 15th day, while the BPB reaction shows a gradual intensification up to the neonatal age. The experiments support the former model of one of the authors for a histone-nonhistone control of ontogenesis.", "PMID": 67741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2659", "title": "Susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in two strains of rats and their hybrids.", "content": "Lewis and PVG strains of rats and their F1-hybrids were challenged with guinea-pig or bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to produce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The Lewis and F1-rats were also challenged with guinea-pig EP in FCA with a fivefold lower concentration of Mycobacterium butyricum. Data are presented concerning clinical signs and histological changes of EAE showing an intermediate position of susceptibility to EAE for the F1-hybrids compared to the parental strains. The findings are discussed in relation to the mode of inheritance of susceptibility to EAE. Among rats immunized with bovine encephalitogenic protein in FCA a weak activity was registered; this was difficult to evaluate, as it could be an effect of FCA only.", "contents": "Susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in two strains of rats and their hybrids. Lewis and PVG strains of rats and their F1-hybrids were challenged with guinea-pig or bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to produce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The Lewis and F1-rats were also challenged with guinea-pig EP in FCA with a fivefold lower concentration of Mycobacterium butyricum. Data are presented concerning clinical signs and histological changes of EAE showing an intermediate position of susceptibility to EAE for the F1-hybrids compared to the parental strains. The findings are discussed in relation to the mode of inheritance of susceptibility to EAE. Among rats immunized with bovine encephalitogenic protein in FCA a weak activity was registered; this was difficult to evaluate, as it could be an effect of FCA only.", "PMID": 67742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2660", "title": "Occurrence of genital herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus infections in pregnancy.", "content": "A total of 244 pregnant women, 172 in the first and 72 in the third trimester, were screened for genital herpes simplex (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections using virus isolation, cytological examination and serological studies. In addition, immuno-fluorescence staining of exfoliated cervical cells was used for the detection of HSV infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) could not be isolated and no characteristic HSV altered cells were found in cytological (PAPA) smears. Cytomegalovirus was isolated four times but PAPA smears obtained from these patients were also normal. In 34 (14%) patients HSV antiserum detected immunofluorescence positive exfoliated cervical cells. Overall, 14% of patients had HSV-2 antibodies and 71% CMV antibodies. No differences between the first or third trimesters in these respects were noted.", "contents": "Occurrence of genital herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus infections in pregnancy. A total of 244 pregnant women, 172 in the first and 72 in the third trimester, were screened for genital herpes simplex (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections using virus isolation, cytological examination and serological studies. In addition, immuno-fluorescence staining of exfoliated cervical cells was used for the detection of HSV infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) could not be isolated and no characteristic HSV altered cells were found in cytological (PAPA) smears. Cytomegalovirus was isolated four times but PAPA smears obtained from these patients were also normal. In 34 (14%) patients HSV antiserum detected immunofluorescence positive exfoliated cervical cells. Overall, 14% of patients had HSV-2 antibodies and 71% CMV antibodies. No differences between the first or third trimesters in these respects were noted.", "PMID": 67744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2661", "title": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in mice. I, Physicochemical and biological properties of preferential antigens for inducing delayed hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Variously modified protein antigens were tested by footpad assay to clarify the effect of these medications in producing delayed hypersensitivity in mice. The most potent antigen examined was carboxyl-methylated serum albumins. These antigens were highly basic proteins and hydrophobic compared with native serum proteins. They stimulate humoral antibody response in mice poorly, and remain at the subcutaneous injection site much longer than native serum albumins. In vitro tests of susceptibility of thymus and spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages to the antigens revealed that methylated serum albumins possessed the stimulatory activity to the latter and were toxic to the former. As for macrophage, fluorescein-labelled methylated serum albumin showed an affinity to their membrane and were phagocytosed, but FITC-BSA did not show any affinity to the macrophages. These biological activities to tissue or cells may be contributable to render methylated serum albumins to induce and elicit delayed hypersensitivity preferentially in mice.", "contents": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in mice. I, Physicochemical and biological properties of preferential antigens for inducing delayed hypersensitivity in mice. Variously modified protein antigens were tested by footpad assay to clarify the effect of these medications in producing delayed hypersensitivity in mice. The most potent antigen examined was carboxyl-methylated serum albumins. These antigens were highly basic proteins and hydrophobic compared with native serum proteins. They stimulate humoral antibody response in mice poorly, and remain at the subcutaneous injection site much longer than native serum albumins. In vitro tests of susceptibility of thymus and spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages to the antigens revealed that methylated serum albumins possessed the stimulatory activity to the latter and were toxic to the former. As for macrophage, fluorescein-labelled methylated serum albumin showed an affinity to their membrane and were phagocytosed, but FITC-BSA did not show any affinity to the macrophages. These biological activities to tissue or cells may be contributable to render methylated serum albumins to induce and elicit delayed hypersensitivity preferentially in mice.", "PMID": 67745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2662", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Relative prevalence of antibodies in serum against cathodic and anodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens determined by immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "content": "Sera from 119 patients with cystic fibrosis were examined for precipitating antibodies against anodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The presence of precipitins against cathodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens was investigated by means of classical immunoelectrophoresis. Thirty-six per cent of the sera contained precipitins against both anodic and cathodic antigens, 20% contained only precipitins against anodic antigens, none contained only precipitins against cathodic antigens, and 44% had no demonstrable P. aeurginosa precipitins. The amount of extra information obtained by combining the results of classical immunoelectrophoresis with the results of crossed immunoelectrophoresis was small.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Relative prevalence of antibodies in serum against cathodic and anodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens determined by immunoelectrophoretic methods. Sera from 119 patients with cystic fibrosis were examined for precipitating antibodies against anodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The presence of precipitins against cathodic migrating P. aeruginosa antigens was investigated by means of classical immunoelectrophoresis. Thirty-six per cent of the sera contained precipitins against both anodic and cathodic antigens, 20% contained only precipitins against anodic antigens, none contained only precipitins against cathodic antigens, and 44% had no demonstrable P. aeurginosa precipitins. The amount of extra information obtained by combining the results of classical immunoelectrophoresis with the results of crossed immunoelectrophoresis was small.", "PMID": 67746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2663", "title": "Electron microscope studies on the relationship between mitochondria and inclusion body in spheroid alveolar epithelial cell after vital staining with acidic and basic dyes.", "content": "Electron microscope observations were conducted on the relationship between mitochondria and inclusion body in mice spheroid alveolar epithelial cells after injection of trypan blue, an acidic dye and Alcian blue 8GS, a basic dye, by vital staining procedures. When both dyes were injected, the mitochondria of the spheroid alveolar epithelial cell became degenerated; however, in injection of only trypan blue, the cristae showed an increase in electron density. In injection on only Alcian blue 8GS, the cristae showed negative contrast. In most cases the trypan blue particles did not enter into mitochondria, whereas particles of Alcian blue 8GS sometimes entered into the mitochondria. When trypan blue particles entered mitochondria, deposits were not evident in the inclusion body, whereas when Alcian blue particles entered mitochondria deposits were seen in the inclusion body. In both of these cases only a few inclusion bodies were formed so that only traces or no inclusion bodies with vacuolar appearance were observed. From these findings it is suggested that mitochondria maybe convert to inclusion bodies.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies on the relationship between mitochondria and inclusion body in spheroid alveolar epithelial cell after vital staining with acidic and basic dyes. Electron microscope observations were conducted on the relationship between mitochondria and inclusion body in mice spheroid alveolar epithelial cells after injection of trypan blue, an acidic dye and Alcian blue 8GS, a basic dye, by vital staining procedures. When both dyes were injected, the mitochondria of the spheroid alveolar epithelial cell became degenerated; however, in injection of only trypan blue, the cristae showed an increase in electron density. In injection on only Alcian blue 8GS, the cristae showed negative contrast. In most cases the trypan blue particles did not enter into mitochondria, whereas particles of Alcian blue 8GS sometimes entered into the mitochondria. When trypan blue particles entered mitochondria, deposits were not evident in the inclusion body, whereas when Alcian blue particles entered mitochondria deposits were seen in the inclusion body. In both of these cases only a few inclusion bodies were formed so that only traces or no inclusion bodies with vacuolar appearance were observed. From these findings it is suggested that mitochondria maybe convert to inclusion bodies.", "PMID": 67747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2664", "title": "[Remarks on the modifications of cell wall during the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen (author's transl)].", "content": "Evolution of cell wall during sporulation was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and by immunological techniques. Experiments were done simultaneously with a strain a/alpha able to sporulate and a strain alpha/alpha unable to sporulate. Under such conditions it was possible to clarify whether the changes observed were related to the sporulation or to the culture conditions. Cell wall structure modifications during sporulation were not obvious morphologically but have been revealed by immunological methods. During vegetative growth, antigenic sites of strains a/alpha and alpha/alpha were different. During incubation in the sporulation medium, antigenic structure of the cell wall was modified. Some antigenic sites seem to be specific of sporulation.", "contents": "[Remarks on the modifications of cell wall during the sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen (author's transl)]. Evolution of cell wall during sporulation was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and by immunological techniques. Experiments were done simultaneously with a strain a/alpha able to sporulate and a strain alpha/alpha unable to sporulate. Under such conditions it was possible to clarify whether the changes observed were related to the sporulation or to the culture conditions. Cell wall structure modifications during sporulation were not obvious morphologically but have been revealed by immunological methods. During vegetative growth, antigenic sites of strains a/alpha and alpha/alpha were different. During incubation in the sporulation medium, antigenic structure of the cell wall was modified. Some antigenic sites seem to be specific of sporulation.", "PMID": 67748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2665", "title": "The influence of some herbicides on selected groups of microorganisms in loess and sandy soils. II. The effect of nitrification.", "content": "Studies on the effect of herbicides on nitrification in field and laboratory conditions have shown that steady use of these substances in the same field does not exert a significant effect on this process in the soil. The herbicides caused only shortlasting disturbances. Nitrification usually returned to a relative equilibrium in several days after the herbicide application.", "contents": "The influence of some herbicides on selected groups of microorganisms in loess and sandy soils. II. The effect of nitrification. Studies on the effect of herbicides on nitrification in field and laboratory conditions have shown that steady use of these substances in the same field does not exert a significant effect on this process in the soil. The herbicides caused only shortlasting disturbances. Nitrification usually returned to a relative equilibrium in several days after the herbicide application.", "PMID": 67749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2666", "title": "On the combined action of drugs on the lambda prophage induction in Escherichia coli K12 cells.", "content": "The capability of methotrexate, jododeoxyuridine and 5-fluorouracil to induce lambda prophage was compared when given alone or in combination. All these drugs were found to cause inducing conditions in Escherichia coli K12(lambda) cells. Combined action of jododeoxyuridine and methotrexate resulted in a pronounced increase in the number of free phages compared with that resulting the treatment either with methotrexate of jododeoxyuridine alone. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil caused inactivation of plaque forming ability in cells induced with methotrexate.", "contents": "On the combined action of drugs on the lambda prophage induction in Escherichia coli K12 cells. The capability of methotrexate, jododeoxyuridine and 5-fluorouracil to induce lambda prophage was compared when given alone or in combination. All these drugs were found to cause inducing conditions in Escherichia coli K12(lambda) cells. Combined action of jododeoxyuridine and methotrexate resulted in a pronounced increase in the number of free phages compared with that resulting the treatment either with methotrexate of jododeoxyuridine alone. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil caused inactivation of plaque forming ability in cells induced with methotrexate.", "PMID": 67750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2667", "title": "Effect of X rays on virus production and DNA synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells.", "content": "The effect of X rays on the process of type 10 adenovirus infection in HeLa cells was tested. CPE development and virus infections titer were lower in the irradiated cells, while CF titer remained unchanged. The rate of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was higher in the infected cells and radiosensitivity of the process was higher in the infected cells compared with uninfected controls.", "contents": "Effect of X rays on virus production and DNA synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells. The effect of X rays on the process of type 10 adenovirus infection in HeLa cells was tested. CPE development and virus infections titer were lower in the irradiated cells, while CF titer remained unchanged. The rate of DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was higher in the infected cells and radiosensitivity of the process was higher in the infected cells compared with uninfected controls.", "PMID": 67751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2668", "title": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XVII. Further evidence for single-stranded regions in recipient DNA during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The secondary structure of recipient DNA mated with Hfr strain was investigated by CsCl density gradient fractionation. After 45 min of HfrH64 X 3h-f-ab1157 mating one-fourth of the radioactive recipient DNA was recovered as a single-strand but only after shearing of cell lysates prior to centrifugation. This heavier than native DNA fraction of radioactive material (obtained after the first centrifugation) was degraded by single-strand specific nuclease S from Aspergillus oryzae. These findings thus confirm the authors' earlier results suggesting that in the course of mating are generated local single-stranded regions in recipient DNA.", "contents": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XVII. Further evidence for single-stranded regions in recipient DNA during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12. The secondary structure of recipient DNA mated with Hfr strain was investigated by CsCl density gradient fractionation. After 45 min of HfrH64 X 3h-f-ab1157 mating one-fourth of the radioactive recipient DNA was recovered as a single-strand but only after shearing of cell lysates prior to centrifugation. This heavier than native DNA fraction of radioactive material (obtained after the first centrifugation) was degraded by single-strand specific nuclease S from Aspergillus oryzae. These findings thus confirm the authors' earlier results suggesting that in the course of mating are generated local single-stranded regions in recipient DNA.", "PMID": 67752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2669", "title": "Effect of X rays on protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells.", "content": "Ionizing radiation exerts a deteriorating effect on the rate of protein and RNA synthesis in HeLa cells. This effect is higher in cells infected with adenovirus, thus pointing to a higher radiosensitivity of viral syntheses compared with the cellular ones.", "contents": "Effect of X rays on protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells. Ionizing radiation exerts a deteriorating effect on the rate of protein and RNA synthesis in HeLa cells. This effect is higher in cells infected with adenovirus, thus pointing to a higher radiosensitivity of viral syntheses compared with the cellular ones.", "PMID": 67753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2670", "title": "Effect of various culturing conditions of Acholeplasma laidlawii on the yield and properties of the cells and cell membrane.", "content": "Acholeplasma laidlawii strain B cell cultured in complex medium have an optimal temperature of growth at 31 degrees. Maximal growth at this temperature is 80% higher than at 37 degrees. By stirring of the culture, the yield of the cell mass of 4 liter-cultures increases by 200%. With these modifications the yield of cell membranes increases 3--4 times with respect to that of static culturing at 37 degrees. Membranes obtained from better aerated cultures have a lower flavin and carotenoid content. Membranes obtained from agitated cultures show a higher content of the more insoluble membrane-core proteins. It is suggested that these proteins play a role in membrane and cell adhesiveness.", "contents": "Effect of various culturing conditions of Acholeplasma laidlawii on the yield and properties of the cells and cell membrane. Acholeplasma laidlawii strain B cell cultured in complex medium have an optimal temperature of growth at 31 degrees. Maximal growth at this temperature is 80% higher than at 37 degrees. By stirring of the culture, the yield of the cell mass of 4 liter-cultures increases by 200%. With these modifications the yield of cell membranes increases 3--4 times with respect to that of static culturing at 37 degrees. Membranes obtained from better aerated cultures have a lower flavin and carotenoid content. Membranes obtained from agitated cultures show a higher content of the more insoluble membrane-core proteins. It is suggested that these proteins play a role in membrane and cell adhesiveness.", "PMID": 67754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2671", "title": "Formylation and acetylation of 4-chloroaniline by a Streptomyces sp.", "content": "4-Chloroaniline was metabolized in a liquid growth medium by a Streptomyces sp. which was isolated from soil. After 60 gours of incubation the aniline had disappeared and several metabolites could be detected by thin layer chromatographic analysis. 4-Chloroformylaniline and 4-chloroacetanilide were identified as products. The formation of a formylanilide by the actinomycete indicates a new mechanism of microbial aniline transformation.", "contents": "Formylation and acetylation of 4-chloroaniline by a Streptomyces sp. 4-Chloroaniline was metabolized in a liquid growth medium by a Streptomyces sp. which was isolated from soil. After 60 gours of incubation the aniline had disappeared and several metabolites could be detected by thin layer chromatographic analysis. 4-Chloroformylaniline and 4-chloroacetanilide were identified as products. The formation of a formylanilide by the actinomycete indicates a new mechanism of microbial aniline transformation.", "PMID": 67755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2672", "title": "Aspartate aminotransferase of Pediococcus cerevisiae.", "content": "A five-step procedure is described for preparing highly purified aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC.2.6.1.1) from cell-freee enzyme extracts of Pediococcus cerevisiae. An overall purification of 130-fold was achieved. Some of P. cerevisiae aspartate aminotransferase properties were studied, i.s. pH optimum (7.8--8.0), optimum of temperature (37 degrees), Michaelis constans for 4 enzyme substrates and substrate specificity of enzyme. The enzyme is very thermolabile. During purification the enzyme was stabilizated by 2-oxoglutarate. The highly purified preparation was stored in the solution containing ammonium sulphate. The obtained aspartate aminotransferase preparation was free of alanine and aromatic amino acids aminotransferase activites and did not reveal malate dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Aspartate aminotransferase of Pediococcus cerevisiae. A five-step procedure is described for preparing highly purified aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC.2.6.1.1) from cell-freee enzyme extracts of Pediococcus cerevisiae. An overall purification of 130-fold was achieved. Some of P. cerevisiae aspartate aminotransferase properties were studied, i.s. pH optimum (7.8--8.0), optimum of temperature (37 degrees), Michaelis constans for 4 enzyme substrates and substrate specificity of enzyme. The enzyme is very thermolabile. During purification the enzyme was stabilizated by 2-oxoglutarate. The highly purified preparation was stored in the solution containing ammonium sulphate. The obtained aspartate aminotransferase preparation was free of alanine and aromatic amino acids aminotransferase activites and did not reveal malate dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 67756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2673", "title": "Studies on the purification of wastes from the nitrogen fertilizer industry by intensive algal cultures. IV. growth of Chlorella vulgaris in wastes with high nitrogen content in continuous and intermittent light.", "content": "The growth and utilization of nitrogen by intensive Chlorella vulgaris in wastes from production of urea, containing 1300 mg NH4+-N and 4000 mg urea-N/1, was investigated. In these conditions only Chlorella vulgaris AA strain, adapted to high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, was able to grow. The elimination of nitrogen by continuous cultures was 750 mg urea-N/1 with 5-day flow rate. A considerable part of the urea was hydrolized by urease bacteria and removed in the form of NH3. The effect of intermittent light on the growth of algae was also studied. The better growth than in continuous light, was obtained with alternate one hour periods of light and darkness. Good results were also obtained with the use of 12 hour light and 12 hour darkness.", "contents": "Studies on the purification of wastes from the nitrogen fertilizer industry by intensive algal cultures. IV. growth of Chlorella vulgaris in wastes with high nitrogen content in continuous and intermittent light. The growth and utilization of nitrogen by intensive Chlorella vulgaris in wastes from production of urea, containing 1300 mg NH4+-N and 4000 mg urea-N/1, was investigated. In these conditions only Chlorella vulgaris AA strain, adapted to high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, was able to grow. The elimination of nitrogen by continuous cultures was 750 mg urea-N/1 with 5-day flow rate. A considerable part of the urea was hydrolized by urease bacteria and removed in the form of NH3. The effect of intermittent light on the growth of algae was also studied. The better growth than in continuous light, was obtained with alternate one hour periods of light and darkness. Good results were also obtained with the use of 12 hour light and 12 hour darkness.", "PMID": 67757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2674", "title": "Transfer of R1drd19 plasmid from Escherichia coli J53 to Rhizobium trifolii by conjugation.", "content": "Rldrd19 plasmid was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli J53 to Rhizobium trifolii T24, T26 and 24XSM strains with frequency 10(-3) to 10(-5). The R. trifolii exconjugants carrying Rldrd19 were in turn able to transfer the R factor by conjugation to other R. trifolii strains. Rldrd19 was maintained stably in R. trifolii. R. trifolii 24XSM, T26 and 14M were also found to harbor an endogenous plasmid (molecular weight 5.5 megadaltons) with undetermined as yet properties. Ridrd19 could be stably maintained in the same cell together with the endogenous plasmid.", "contents": "Transfer of R1drd19 plasmid from Escherichia coli J53 to Rhizobium trifolii by conjugation. Rldrd19 plasmid was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli J53 to Rhizobium trifolii T24, T26 and 24XSM strains with frequency 10(-3) to 10(-5). The R. trifolii exconjugants carrying Rldrd19 were in turn able to transfer the R factor by conjugation to other R. trifolii strains. Rldrd19 was maintained stably in R. trifolii. R. trifolii 24XSM, T26 and 14M were also found to harbor an endogenous plasmid (molecular weight 5.5 megadaltons) with undetermined as yet properties. Ridrd19 could be stably maintained in the same cell together with the endogenous plasmid.", "PMID": 67758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2675", "title": "Dehydrogenase activity in the bottom sediments of three lakes.", "content": "Dehydrogenase activity was studied in the sediments of three lakes of the I\u0142awa Lakeland (Jeziorak, Ma\u0142y Jeziorak and Jasne) with reference to the type of lake, the season of the year, the situation of the sediments, pH and temperature. The highest activity was found in the sediments of the eutrophic lake Jeziorak sampled during the summer from places in the vicinity of a village. The lowest activity was exhibited by sediments sampled in the autumn in the lakes Jasne and Ma\u0142y Jeziorak. No correlation was found between dehydrogenase activity and the number of bacteria in the sediments. The highest dehydrogenase activity was found at 20 degrees and pH 7.0 and 8.0--8.25.", "contents": "Dehydrogenase activity in the bottom sediments of three lakes. Dehydrogenase activity was studied in the sediments of three lakes of the I\u0142awa Lakeland (Jeziorak, Ma\u0142y Jeziorak and Jasne) with reference to the type of lake, the season of the year, the situation of the sediments, pH and temperature. The highest activity was found in the sediments of the eutrophic lake Jeziorak sampled during the summer from places in the vicinity of a village. The lowest activity was exhibited by sediments sampled in the autumn in the lakes Jasne and Ma\u0142y Jeziorak. No correlation was found between dehydrogenase activity and the number of bacteria in the sediments. The highest dehydrogenase activity was found at 20 degrees and pH 7.0 and 8.0--8.25.", "PMID": 67759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2676", "title": "Kinetics of pair formation during cell cycle of Hfr and F in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Pair formation ability in mating mixture of synchronized Hfr or F- culture and asynchronous culture of appropriate partner was studied. The obtained results allow to conclude that the pair formation ability of F- cells is stable over the whole cell cycle whereas in Hfr cells is it subject to cyclic changes with maximum in the first half of the cycle.", "contents": "Kinetics of pair formation during cell cycle of Hfr and F in Escherichia coli K-12. Pair formation ability in mating mixture of synchronized Hfr or F- culture and asynchronous culture of appropriate partner was studied. The obtained results allow to conclude that the pair formation ability of F- cells is stable over the whole cell cycle whereas in Hfr cells is it subject to cyclic changes with maximum in the first half of the cycle.", "PMID": 67760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2677", "title": "Dependence of efficiency of DNA transfer and recombinat formation on cell cycle of Hfr in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The efficiency of DNA transfer during the Hfr cell cycle, studied with the use of 3H-thymidine, is the highest in the first half of the cycle. The efficiency of recombinant formation in the Hfr cell cycle demonstrates a similar periodicity only when the ratio of 1 Hfr cell to 8 or more F- cells in mating mixture is maintained. The absence of such changes in the number of recombinants during the cell cycle of a donor with relative excess of Hfr cells seems to be caused by limitation of the number of recombinants by the competent recipent cell fraction.", "contents": "Dependence of efficiency of DNA transfer and recombinat formation on cell cycle of Hfr in Escherichia coli K-12. The efficiency of DNA transfer during the Hfr cell cycle, studied with the use of 3H-thymidine, is the highest in the first half of the cycle. The efficiency of recombinant formation in the Hfr cell cycle demonstrates a similar periodicity only when the ratio of 1 Hfr cell to 8 or more F- cells in mating mixture is maintained. The absence of such changes in the number of recombinants during the cell cycle of a donor with relative excess of Hfr cells seems to be caused by limitation of the number of recombinants by the competent recipent cell fraction.", "PMID": 67761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2678", "title": "Degradation of transforming and transfecting DNA by the restriction endonucleases of type I and type II isolated from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The restriction endonucleases of type I and II from Haemophilus influenzae were studied for their activity on transforming and transfecting DNA. Type I restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae Rf, which requires adenosine 5'-triphosphate, reduced the size of unmodified bacterial DNA from 66x106 daltons to approximately 18x106 daltons and did not attack modified DNA. The action of this enzyme gives only a low level of inactivation of single and linked markers in the transforming DNA. In contrast the HP1c1 phage DNA was drastically inactivated by this enzyme. The endoR.Hind III degrades the ummodified bacterial DNA but the segments generated by this enzyme are still capable of being integrated in transformation. The enzyme has no activity on HP1c1 phage DNA.", "contents": "Degradation of transforming and transfecting DNA by the restriction endonucleases of type I and type II isolated from Haemophilus influenzae. The restriction endonucleases of type I and II from Haemophilus influenzae were studied for their activity on transforming and transfecting DNA. Type I restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae Rf, which requires adenosine 5'-triphosphate, reduced the size of unmodified bacterial DNA from 66x106 daltons to approximately 18x106 daltons and did not attack modified DNA. The action of this enzyme gives only a low level of inactivation of single and linked markers in the transforming DNA. In contrast the HP1c1 phage DNA was drastically inactivated by this enzyme. The endoR.Hind III degrades the ummodified bacterial DNA but the segments generated by this enzyme are still capable of being integrated in transformation. The enzyme has no activity on HP1c1 phage DNA.", "PMID": 67762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2679", "title": "Biosynthesis of alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. I. Regulation of alpha-amylase activity.", "content": "Streptomyces olivaceus 142 produces amylase in the logarithmic phase of growth of the culture. The synthesis of the enzyme is induced by maltose and starch. In the case of maltose the synthesis is induced by a contaminating compound, probably being a higher than maltose polymer of glucose. The synthesis of amylase is negatively controlled by catabolic repression. The level of the activity of the enzyme depends not only on the biosynthesis but also on it proteolytic degradation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. I. Regulation of alpha-amylase activity. Streptomyces olivaceus 142 produces amylase in the logarithmic phase of growth of the culture. The synthesis of the enzyme is induced by maltose and starch. In the case of maltose the synthesis is induced by a contaminating compound, probably being a higher than maltose polymer of glucose. The synthesis of amylase is negatively controlled by catabolic repression. The level of the activity of the enzyme depends not only on the biosynthesis but also on it proteolytic degradation.", "PMID": 67763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2680", "title": "Biosynthesis of alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. II. Biosynthesis of protease.", "content": "Streptomyces olivaceus 142 produces proteolytic enzymes de novo, mainly in the stationary phase of growth. The highest activity of the enzymes was observed in media containing maltose or fructose. In media supplemented with glucose, glycerol or starch the activity was lower. The synthesis of proteases is subject to catabolic repression. The proteolytic activity is reduced by phosphate buffer.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. II. Biosynthesis of protease. Streptomyces olivaceus 142 produces proteolytic enzymes de novo, mainly in the stationary phase of growth. The highest activity of the enzymes was observed in media containing maltose or fructose. In media supplemented with glucose, glycerol or starch the activity was lower. The synthesis of proteases is subject to catabolic repression. The proteolytic activity is reduced by phosphate buffer.", "PMID": 67764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2681", "title": "Biosynthesis of a alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. III. Some aspects of alpha-amylase induction.", "content": "The induction of alpha-amylase in Streptomyces olivaceus 142 depends on the phase of growth of culture and the nature of the carbon sources upon which the cells were grown prior to exposure to inducer. The most susceptible to induction are cells from the initial hours of growth and glycerol -- grown cells. Reduction in the susceptibility of cells to alpha-amylase induction is probably a result of catabolic repression.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of a alpha-amylase and protease by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. III. Some aspects of alpha-amylase induction. The induction of alpha-amylase in Streptomyces olivaceus 142 depends on the phase of growth of culture and the nature of the carbon sources upon which the cells were grown prior to exposure to inducer. The most susceptible to induction are cells from the initial hours of growth and glycerol -- grown cells. Reduction in the susceptibility of cells to alpha-amylase induction is probably a result of catabolic repression.", "PMID": 67765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2682", "title": "Hemoproteid peroxidase from Inonotus radiatus.", "content": "The exoperoxidase from Inonotus radiatus was first identified as hemoproteid enzyme. The purified peroxidase Ia and IIa contained 1.09% 1.15% of hematin, respectively. It is established that oxidation products of phenolic compounds form stable complex with these two fungal peroxidases.", "contents": "Hemoproteid peroxidase from Inonotus radiatus. The exoperoxidase from Inonotus radiatus was first identified as hemoproteid enzyme. The purified peroxidase Ia and IIa contained 1.09% 1.15% of hematin, respectively. It is established that oxidation products of phenolic compounds form stable complex with these two fungal peroxidases.", "PMID": 67766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2683", "title": "Properties ofChlorella vulgaris strain adapted to high concentration of ammonium nitrogen.", "content": "Chlorella vulgaris is very sensitive to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen. In medium containing 0.33 g NH4-N/1 its growth is inhibited by 50%. Prolonged incubation of the strain in media inhibiting any increase in cell number enabled the isolation of a strain with enhanced tolerance to high ammonium nitrogen concentration. The strain has been designated Chlorella vulgaris/AA. The concentration of nitrogen inhibiting the growth of the strain by 50% was 195 g NH4-N/1. The acquired character proved stable. The isolated strain also demonstrated increased tolerance to high concentration of urea nitrogen. Chl. vulgaris/AA cells were larger than the cells of the parental strain.", "contents": "Properties ofChlorella vulgaris strain adapted to high concentration of ammonium nitrogen. Chlorella vulgaris is very sensitive to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen. In medium containing 0.33 g NH4-N/1 its growth is inhibited by 50%. Prolonged incubation of the strain in media inhibiting any increase in cell number enabled the isolation of a strain with enhanced tolerance to high ammonium nitrogen concentration. The strain has been designated Chlorella vulgaris/AA. The concentration of nitrogen inhibiting the growth of the strain by 50% was 195 g NH4-N/1. The acquired character proved stable. The isolated strain also demonstrated increased tolerance to high concentration of urea nitrogen. Chl. vulgaris/AA cells were larger than the cells of the parental strain.", "PMID": 67767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2684", "title": "Determination of the number of active saprophytic aquatic bacteria by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters.", "content": "The number of bacteria in the hypolimnion waters of Lake Mikp\u0142ajski was examined by direct count on membrane filters, by the agar plate method and by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters, as previously proposed by the author. The agar plate method recovered only 20--25% of the bacteria found by direct method. On the other hand, semi-continuous culture on membrane filters allowed the recovery of about 90% of the total count. At the same time it differentiated between active, microcolony forming cells (about 70%) and inactive single cells (about 20% of the total count).", "contents": "Determination of the number of active saprophytic aquatic bacteria by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters. The number of bacteria in the hypolimnion waters of Lake Mikp\u0142ajski was examined by direct count on membrane filters, by the agar plate method and by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters, as previously proposed by the author. The agar plate method recovered only 20--25% of the bacteria found by direct method. On the other hand, semi-continuous culture on membrane filters allowed the recovery of about 90% of the total count. At the same time it differentiated between active, microcolony forming cells (about 70%) and inactive single cells (about 20% of the total count).", "PMID": 67768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2685", "title": "Influence of nitrogen supply on host and multiplication of cucumber mosaic virus.", "content": "The effect of several concentrations of nitrogen (0, 21, 70, 210, 420 and 630 ppm) on the growth and multiplication of cucumber mosaic virus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Barshati) grown in sand culture was studied. The effect of nitrogen nutrition on the concentration of virus appeared to be directly related to vegetative growth of the host. 420 ppm level yielding the best growth also showed the highest virus concentration and total nitrogen percentage at 30th day of infection.", "contents": "Influence of nitrogen supply on host and multiplication of cucumber mosaic virus. The effect of several concentrations of nitrogen (0, 21, 70, 210, 420 and 630 ppm) on the growth and multiplication of cucumber mosaic virus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Barshati) grown in sand culture was studied. The effect of nitrogen nutrition on the concentration of virus appeared to be directly related to vegetative growth of the host. 420 ppm level yielding the best growth also showed the highest virus concentration and total nitrogen percentage at 30th day of infection.", "PMID": 67769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2686", "title": "Development of some groups of microorganisms in liquid cattle manure and farmyard manure during their fermentation.", "content": "The development of meso- and thermophilic microorganisms proceeded more strongly in the examined farmyard manure than in the liquid cattle manure. The most vigorous proliferation of mesophilic bacteria and fungi was found in both dungs during the first weeks of fermentation. Relatively greater numbers of mesophilic actinomycetes were noticed in the later experimental period. Compared to mesophilic microoganisms, thermophilic ones were less numerous and quantitatively changeable in the tested dungs. In contrast to the farmyard manure, in the liqued dung thermophilic actinomycetes did not occur at all. After 3 monts of the experiment the Coliform titre decreased to 101 in the liquid manure, but to 104 in the farmyard manure.", "contents": "Development of some groups of microorganisms in liquid cattle manure and farmyard manure during their fermentation. The development of meso- and thermophilic microorganisms proceeded more strongly in the examined farmyard manure than in the liquid cattle manure. The most vigorous proliferation of mesophilic bacteria and fungi was found in both dungs during the first weeks of fermentation. Relatively greater numbers of mesophilic actinomycetes were noticed in the later experimental period. Compared to mesophilic microoganisms, thermophilic ones were less numerous and quantitatively changeable in the tested dungs. In contrast to the farmyard manure, in the liqued dung thermophilic actinomycetes did not occur at all. After 3 monts of the experiment the Coliform titre decreased to 101 in the liquid manure, but to 104 in the farmyard manure.", "PMID": 67770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2687", "title": "Isolation and study of functional mast cells from lung and mesentery of the guinea pig.", "content": "A method is described for the dissociation of guinea pig lung and mesentery into their component cells. The method comprises incubation of the tissues with the enzyme pronase in Ca++- and Mg++-free saline followed by mechanical dispersion and yields on average 3-8% free mast cells. These cells are morphologically intact and viable. They retain an active sensitization or can be passively sensitized. The levels of cAMP and cGMP in the whole cell suspension respond to catecholamine, histamine or cholinergic stimulation in a way similar to that observed in the corresponding undispersed tissue. Although the separation of guinea pig mast cells from other cells proved to be more difficult than the purification of rat mast cells, an inrichment of greater than 50% has been achieved. The mast cells isolated by this method proliferate in vitro and have been cultured successfully for several months.", "contents": "Isolation and study of functional mast cells from lung and mesentery of the guinea pig. A method is described for the dissociation of guinea pig lung and mesentery into their component cells. The method comprises incubation of the tissues with the enzyme pronase in Ca++- and Mg++-free saline followed by mechanical dispersion and yields on average 3-8% free mast cells. These cells are morphologically intact and viable. They retain an active sensitization or can be passively sensitized. The levels of cAMP and cGMP in the whole cell suspension respond to catecholamine, histamine or cholinergic stimulation in a way similar to that observed in the corresponding undispersed tissue. Although the separation of guinea pig mast cells from other cells proved to be more difficult than the purification of rat mast cells, an inrichment of greater than 50% has been achieved. The mast cells isolated by this method proliferate in vitro and have been cultured successfully for several months.", "PMID": 67782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2688", "title": "The modulation of histamine release by alpha-adrenoceptors: evidences in murine neoplastic mast cells.", "content": "Murine neoplastic mast cells which have been loaded with exogenous labelled histamine, released 14C-histamine when exposed to increasing concentrations of phenylephrine and noradrenaline. Adrenaline was only slightly effective, while isoprenaline and dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP were fully inactive. The release of histamine evoked by alpha-adrenergic agonists was antagonized by phentolamine, and left unchanged by practolol and cocaine. It is concluded that alpha-adrenoceptors may be valuable in evoking histamine release by murine neoplastic mast cells.", "contents": "The modulation of histamine release by alpha-adrenoceptors: evidences in murine neoplastic mast cells. Murine neoplastic mast cells which have been loaded with exogenous labelled histamine, released 14C-histamine when exposed to increasing concentrations of phenylephrine and noradrenaline. Adrenaline was only slightly effective, while isoprenaline and dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP were fully inactive. The release of histamine evoked by alpha-adrenergic agonists was antagonized by phentolamine, and left unchanged by practolol and cocaine. It is concluded that alpha-adrenoceptors may be valuable in evoking histamine release by murine neoplastic mast cells.", "PMID": 67783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2689", "title": "Histamine release in dogs by Cremophor E1 and its derivatives: oxethylated oleic acid is the most effective constituent.", "content": "Several preparations of Cremophor E1, several of other non-ionic detergents and several components of Cremophor E1 were tested for their histamine-releasing capacity in dogs. Lutensol AP 10 and a derivative of 1,2-propylenglycol were ineffective, but showed excellent properties as detergents. Thus the histamine-releasing capacity was not necessarily combined with the tenside effect of the surfactants. Oleic acid found in Tween 80 as well as in Cremophor E1 seems to be the most effective constituent, but the alcohol seems also to be important for the histamine-releasing capacity. The development of a non-toxic solubilizer for lipophilic drugs seems of considerable clinical interest.", "contents": "Histamine release in dogs by Cremophor E1 and its derivatives: oxethylated oleic acid is the most effective constituent. Several preparations of Cremophor E1, several of other non-ionic detergents and several components of Cremophor E1 were tested for their histamine-releasing capacity in dogs. Lutensol AP 10 and a derivative of 1,2-propylenglycol were ineffective, but showed excellent properties as detergents. Thus the histamine-releasing capacity was not necessarily combined with the tenside effect of the surfactants. Oleic acid found in Tween 80 as well as in Cremophor E1 seems to be the most effective constituent, but the alcohol seems also to be important for the histamine-releasing capacity. The development of a non-toxic solubilizer for lipophilic drugs seems of considerable clinical interest.", "PMID": 67784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2690", "title": "Diamine oxidase activity and histamine release in dogs following acute mesenteric artery occlusion.", "content": "Following superior mesenteric artery occlusion and revascularization in dogs all animals died in a circulatory collapse state. However, pretreatment by aminoguanidine, the strong and specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, accelerated the circulatory break-down significantly and increased the venous plasma histamine concentrattions up to levels which also in normal dogs are effective in the circulatory system. Furthermore, the haematocrit increased significantly more in the aminoguanidine-treated animals than in the dogs treated by saline. No changes in plasma diamine oxidase activity were observed in saline-treated animals during intestinal ischemia and following revascularization. In aminoguanidine-treated animals no enzymic activity could be measured. The results were interpreted by a protective role of intestinal diamine oxidase in intestinal ischemia. Enhancement of the enzymic activity in patients, for instance by heparin, may be helpful in mesenteric infarction disease.", "contents": "Diamine oxidase activity and histamine release in dogs following acute mesenteric artery occlusion. Following superior mesenteric artery occlusion and revascularization in dogs all animals died in a circulatory collapse state. However, pretreatment by aminoguanidine, the strong and specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase, accelerated the circulatory break-down significantly and increased the venous plasma histamine concentrattions up to levels which also in normal dogs are effective in the circulatory system. Furthermore, the haematocrit increased significantly more in the aminoguanidine-treated animals than in the dogs treated by saline. No changes in plasma diamine oxidase activity were observed in saline-treated animals during intestinal ischemia and following revascularization. In aminoguanidine-treated animals no enzymic activity could be measured. The results were interpreted by a protective role of intestinal diamine oxidase in intestinal ischemia. Enhancement of the enzymic activity in patients, for instance by heparin, may be helpful in mesenteric infarction disease.", "PMID": 67785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2691", "title": "Comparisons of antigenic types of Trypanosoma (T)brucei strains transmitted by Glossina m. morsitans.", "content": "A modified infection and maintenance procedure for the cyclical transmission of T. (T.) brucei in Glossina m. morsitans is described which produced high mature infection rates in the flies. Freshly extruded metacyclic forms and bloodstream forms were serologically typed, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the neutralization infectivity test (NIT). Metacyclic forms of a certain strain and its cloned derivative were antigenically homogenous and of the same antigenic type, whereas metacyclics of different strains were antigenically different. Antigenic variation had occurred in bloodstream forms of mice harvested 36 h after the infectious bite.", "contents": "Comparisons of antigenic types of Trypanosoma (T)brucei strains transmitted by Glossina m. morsitans. A modified infection and maintenance procedure for the cyclical transmission of T. (T.) brucei in Glossina m. morsitans is described which produced high mature infection rates in the flies. Freshly extruded metacyclic forms and bloodstream forms were serologically typed, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the neutralization infectivity test (NIT). Metacyclic forms of a certain strain and its cloned derivative were antigenically homogenous and of the same antigenic type, whereas metacyclics of different strains were antigenically different. Antigenic variation had occurred in bloodstream forms of mice harvested 36 h after the infectious bite.", "PMID": 67786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2692", "title": "Studies on antigenic variation of cyclically transmitted Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "Antigenic variants of T. congolense transmitted by G. m. morsitans through normal and X-irradiated mice were investigated by means of the neutralization test and IFAT. Clones of a cyclically passaged derivative strain were isolated from irradiated and normal mice. The IFAT revealed cross immunofluorescent reactions between most of the stabilates, whereas only the two clones obtained from irradiated mice were totally neutralized by their homologous antisera. These two antisera showed no cross neutralizing activity. The results indicate a possible antigenic heterogeneity of the extruded metacyclic forms.", "contents": "Studies on antigenic variation of cyclically transmitted Trypanosoma congolense. Antigenic variants of T. congolense transmitted by G. m. morsitans through normal and X-irradiated mice were investigated by means of the neutralization test and IFAT. Clones of a cyclically passaged derivative strain were isolated from irradiated and normal mice. The IFAT revealed cross immunofluorescent reactions between most of the stabilates, whereas only the two clones obtained from irradiated mice were totally neutralized by their homologous antisera. These two antisera showed no cross neutralizing activity. The results indicate a possible antigenic heterogeneity of the extruded metacyclic forms.", "PMID": 67787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2693", "title": "\"What's wrong with my baby?\".", "content": "The birth of a child with any developmental disability is an occasion of marked trauma to parents. Early, honest and frank counseling is imperative, and the family physician can play a unique role in this counseling process. When the physician is not knowledgeable in a paretcular case, he or she should seek expert help and fully utilize available community services.", "contents": "\"What's wrong with my baby?\". The birth of a child with any developmental disability is an occasion of marked trauma to parents. Early, honest and frank counseling is imperative, and the family physician can play a unique role in this counseling process. When the physician is not knowledgeable in a paretcular case, he or she should seek expert help and fully utilize available community services.", "PMID": 67790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2694", "title": "Ventricular premature beats and anatomically defined coronary heart disease.", "content": "Ambulatory 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring was performed in 124 patients before cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. Ventricular premature beats were demonstrated in 83% of all patients. Ectopic activity persisted for at least 3 of the 24 hours in 75% of the 84 patients with coronary heart disease, 61% of 28 with other heart disease and in 24% of 12 normal subjects. The prevalence and grade of ventricular premature beats were increased in the 57 patients with multivessel disease compared with values in the 27 patients with one vessel disease (P less than 0.01). Findings in the latter group did not differ from those of normal subjects. The presence of elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of asynergy was associated with increased ventricular ectopy. Of 15 patients having both asynergy and elevated left ventricular end=diastolic pressure (more than 19 mm Hg), 40% had paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia and 67% had coupled beats; these findings were present in 6 and 12%, respectively, of the 34 patients without asynergy or pressure abnormality (P less than 0.005). Repeat monitoring performed in 65 patients demonstrated greater reproducibility of advanced grades of ventricular premature beats among those with the most severe lesions. For the individual patient the prevalence and grade of ventricular ectopy may not always correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease or degree of left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "Ventricular premature beats and anatomically defined coronary heart disease. Ambulatory 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring was performed in 124 patients before cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. Ventricular premature beats were demonstrated in 83% of all patients. Ectopic activity persisted for at least 3 of the 24 hours in 75% of the 84 patients with coronary heart disease, 61% of 28 with other heart disease and in 24% of 12 normal subjects. The prevalence and grade of ventricular premature beats were increased in the 57 patients with multivessel disease compared with values in the 27 patients with one vessel disease (P less than 0.01). Findings in the latter group did not differ from those of normal subjects. The presence of elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of asynergy was associated with increased ventricular ectopy. Of 15 patients having both asynergy and elevated left ventricular end=diastolic pressure (more than 19 mm Hg), 40% had paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia and 67% had coupled beats; these findings were present in 6 and 12%, respectively, of the 34 patients without asynergy or pressure abnormality (P less than 0.005). Repeat monitoring performed in 65 patients demonstrated greater reproducibility of advanced grades of ventricular premature beats among those with the most severe lesions. For the individual patient the prevalence and grade of ventricular ectopy may not always correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease or degree of left ventricular dysfunction.", "PMID": 67791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2695", "title": "Clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the early posthospital phase of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the posthospital phase of myocardial infarction was studied in 272 patients aged 65 years or less who were followed up for 1 year after the infarction. Ventricular ectopic beats, identified in 6 hour electrocardiographic tape recordings, obtained before hospital discharge (study 1) and 5 months after discharge (study 2) increased in frequency and complexity in the 5 month interval. Ventricular ectopic beats at a rate of 20 or more per hour recorded before discharge were associated with complex ventricular ectopic patterns in the same 6 hour recording and with frequent (20 or more per hour), early cycle and bigeminal patterns in recordings mad 5 months later. Analysis with log-linear modeling indicated that the occurrence of complex ventricular ectopic beats at follow-up examination was associated with the concomitant use of antiarrhythmic agents,but not with use of digitalis, propranolol or tranquilizers. A ventricular ectopic beat frequency of 20 or more per hour at discharge was associated with increased (P less than 0.05) cardiac mortality in the initial 0 to 4 months after discharge but not in the subsequent 8 months; ectopic beats recorded in the 5 month follow-up study were not associated with increased cardiac mortality in the subsequent 5 to 12 months. The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats is discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the early posthospital phase of myocardial infarction. The clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the posthospital phase of myocardial infarction was studied in 272 patients aged 65 years or less who were followed up for 1 year after the infarction. Ventricular ectopic beats, identified in 6 hour electrocardiographic tape recordings, obtained before hospital discharge (study 1) and 5 months after discharge (study 2) increased in frequency and complexity in the 5 month interval. Ventricular ectopic beats at a rate of 20 or more per hour recorded before discharge were associated with complex ventricular ectopic patterns in the same 6 hour recording and with frequent (20 or more per hour), early cycle and bigeminal patterns in recordings mad 5 months later. Analysis with log-linear modeling indicated that the occurrence of complex ventricular ectopic beats at follow-up examination was associated with the concomitant use of antiarrhythmic agents,but not with use of digitalis, propranolol or tranquilizers. A ventricular ectopic beat frequency of 20 or more per hour at discharge was associated with increased (P less than 0.05) cardiac mortality in the initial 0 to 4 months after discharge but not in the subsequent 8 months; ectopic beats recorded in the 5 month follow-up study were not associated with increased cardiac mortality in the subsequent 5 to 12 months. The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats is discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 67792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2696", "title": "Ventricular septal motion and left ventriclular dimensions during abnormal ventricular activation.", "content": "To determine the effect of abnormal ventricular activation on ventricular septal motion, left ventricular endocardial motion and left ventricular dimensions, 12 patients with normal motion were studied with echocardiography during incremental pacing of the right ventricular apex, outflow and inflow regions. Three types of abnormal ventricular septal motion were seen: The type I pattern was characterized by an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by another posterior systolic motion that lasted throughout ejection, both of which were associated with septal thickening. In the type II pattern an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion was followed by an anterior ejection motion; the latter was not accompanied by septal thickening. The type III pattern consisted of an early preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by a mid and late systolic posterior motion: the latter motion extended through diastole. During right ventricular apical pacing, 8 of 11 patients showed a type 1 pattern, 1 a type II pattern and 2 a normal septal motion. During right ventricular outflow pacing,seven of nine patients showed a type II pattern, one a type III pattern and one a type I pattern. During right ventricular inflow pacing, eight of nine patients showed a type II pattern and one a type III pattern. At faster pacing rates patterns of types I and III changed to a type II pattern (five patients). End-diastolic dimensions decreased significantly during incremental right ventricular pacing when compared with those during sinus rhythm. End-systolic dimensions decreased significantly only during right ventricular apical and outflow pacing at maximal rates. In the seven patients who had pacing from all three sites, the decrease in left ventricular dimensions did not significantly differ when the three pacing sites were compared. These findings suggest that (1) abnormal ventricular septal motion during right ventricular pacing (induced left bundle branch block patterns) is dependent on the sequence of ventricular activation; (2) ventricular septal motion during right ventricular outflow and inflow pacing is similar to that seen in spontaneous left bundle branch block, whereas the pattern of septal motion during right ventricular apical pacing is different from that of spontaneous left bundle branch block; and (3) changes in left ventricular dimension are dependent on ventricular pacing rate but independent of pacing site.", "contents": "Ventricular septal motion and left ventriclular dimensions during abnormal ventricular activation. To determine the effect of abnormal ventricular activation on ventricular septal motion, left ventricular endocardial motion and left ventricular dimensions, 12 patients with normal motion were studied with echocardiography during incremental pacing of the right ventricular apex, outflow and inflow regions. Three types of abnormal ventricular septal motion were seen: The type I pattern was characterized by an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by another posterior systolic motion that lasted throughout ejection, both of which were associated with septal thickening. In the type II pattern an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion was followed by an anterior ejection motion; the latter was not accompanied by septal thickening. The type III pattern consisted of an early preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by a mid and late systolic posterior motion: the latter motion extended through diastole. During right ventricular apical pacing, 8 of 11 patients showed a type 1 pattern, 1 a type II pattern and 2 a normal septal motion. During right ventricular outflow pacing,seven of nine patients showed a type II pattern, one a type III pattern and one a type I pattern. During right ventricular inflow pacing, eight of nine patients showed a type II pattern and one a type III pattern. At faster pacing rates patterns of types I and III changed to a type II pattern (five patients). End-diastolic dimensions decreased significantly during incremental right ventricular pacing when compared with those during sinus rhythm. End-systolic dimensions decreased significantly only during right ventricular apical and outflow pacing at maximal rates. In the seven patients who had pacing from all three sites, the decrease in left ventricular dimensions did not significantly differ when the three pacing sites were compared. These findings suggest that (1) abnormal ventricular septal motion during right ventricular pacing (induced left bundle branch block patterns) is dependent on the sequence of ventricular activation; (2) ventricular septal motion during right ventricular outflow and inflow pacing is similar to that seen in spontaneous left bundle branch block, whereas the pattern of septal motion during right ventricular apical pacing is different from that of spontaneous left bundle branch block; and (3) changes in left ventricular dimension are dependent on ventricular pacing rate but independent of pacing site.", "PMID": 67793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2697", "title": "Aortic origin of innocent murmurs.", "content": "Intraarterial sound was measured just distal to the aortic and pulmonary valves of 10 subjects with no apparent valve disease. Six patients had no audible murmur; four had grade 1 to 2 innocent murmurs. At rest, during normal sinus rhythm, the intensity of intraarterial sound was greater above the aortic than above the pulmonary valve (0.41+/-0.14 versus 0.02+/-0.01 ergs/sec per cm2 [mean+/-standard error of the mean]) (P less than 0.02). In all patients with an audible murmur, the murmur was of greater amplitude within the aorta than within the pulmonary artery. The two patients with a grade 1 murmur had a murmur near the aortic valve and no murmur near the pulmonary valve. To examine the effects of increased flow, the six patients with inaudible murmurs were studied during the first beat immediately after a premature ventricular contraction. The intensity of intraarterial sound after premature contractions in these six patients was 1.41+/-0.38 ergs/sec per cm2 above the aortic valve and 0.10+/-0.04 above the pulmonary valve (P less than 0.01). The intensity of murmurs in the aorta during postextrasystolic beats was in the range that occurs with grade 1 to 2 murmurs, whereas murmurs within the pulmonary artery were in the range of inaudible murmurs. Comparable observations were made in dogs in which instantaneous flow was also measured. These observations suggest that innocent murmurs are produced at the aortic rather than the pulmonary valve, possibly because of the greater compliance of the pulmonary artery, which may have a damping effect upon turbulence.", "contents": "Aortic origin of innocent murmurs. Intraarterial sound was measured just distal to the aortic and pulmonary valves of 10 subjects with no apparent valve disease. Six patients had no audible murmur; four had grade 1 to 2 innocent murmurs. At rest, during normal sinus rhythm, the intensity of intraarterial sound was greater above the aortic than above the pulmonary valve (0.41+/-0.14 versus 0.02+/-0.01 ergs/sec per cm2 [mean+/-standard error of the mean]) (P less than 0.02). In all patients with an audible murmur, the murmur was of greater amplitude within the aorta than within the pulmonary artery. The two patients with a grade 1 murmur had a murmur near the aortic valve and no murmur near the pulmonary valve. To examine the effects of increased flow, the six patients with inaudible murmurs were studied during the first beat immediately after a premature ventricular contraction. The intensity of intraarterial sound after premature contractions in these six patients was 1.41+/-0.38 ergs/sec per cm2 above the aortic valve and 0.10+/-0.04 above the pulmonary valve (P less than 0.01). The intensity of murmurs in the aorta during postextrasystolic beats was in the range that occurs with grade 1 to 2 murmurs, whereas murmurs within the pulmonary artery were in the range of inaudible murmurs. Comparable observations were made in dogs in which instantaneous flow was also measured. These observations suggest that innocent murmurs are produced at the aortic rather than the pulmonary valve, possibly because of the greater compliance of the pulmonary artery, which may have a damping effect upon turbulence.", "PMID": 67794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2698", "title": "Automatic real time arrhythmia monitoring in the intensive coronary care unit.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out to evaluate accuracy of a real time computer system for arrhythmia monitoring in a coronary care unit. QRS complexes in 57 continuously recorded 30 minute electrocardiographic rhythm strips from 30 patients were classified by the computer. Blinded interpretation of each beat was made by a cardiologist. A total of 146,638 QRS complexes were classified during the monitoring period of 1,710 minutes. The accuracy rate of computer detection was 99.94%. During this period 67 artifacts were identified as beats. The computer correctly identified 5,467 of 5,729 ventricular premature beats (accuracy of detection rate 95.46%). The incidence rate of false positive diagnosis of beats other than ventricular ectopic beats was 0.1%. The rate of computer accuracy in detecting ventricular premature beats was 93.33% in two patients with atrial fibrillation. In individual patients, computer interpretation did not deviate from the cardiologist's interpretation by more than 1 beat/min. The rate of computer accuracy in detecting supraventricular premature beats was lower (82.45%). The distinctly improved accuracy of computer monitoring of ventricular arrhythmia in a coronary care unit reported is the result of a new algorithm. This approach combines major elements of cross correlation of QRS signals as well as grouping of complexes into families. Normal and abnormal templates are stored and newly detected QRS complexes are matched. The program appears to be sufficiently accurate to warrant further applications.", "contents": "Automatic real time arrhythmia monitoring in the intensive coronary care unit. A prospective study was carried out to evaluate accuracy of a real time computer system for arrhythmia monitoring in a coronary care unit. QRS complexes in 57 continuously recorded 30 minute electrocardiographic rhythm strips from 30 patients were classified by the computer. Blinded interpretation of each beat was made by a cardiologist. A total of 146,638 QRS complexes were classified during the monitoring period of 1,710 minutes. The accuracy rate of computer detection was 99.94%. During this period 67 artifacts were identified as beats. The computer correctly identified 5,467 of 5,729 ventricular premature beats (accuracy of detection rate 95.46%). The incidence rate of false positive diagnosis of beats other than ventricular ectopic beats was 0.1%. The rate of computer accuracy in detecting ventricular premature beats was 93.33% in two patients with atrial fibrillation. In individual patients, computer interpretation did not deviate from the cardiologist's interpretation by more than 1 beat/min. The rate of computer accuracy in detecting supraventricular premature beats was lower (82.45%). The distinctly improved accuracy of computer monitoring of ventricular arrhythmia in a coronary care unit reported is the result of a new algorithm. This approach combines major elements of cross correlation of QRS signals as well as grouping of complexes into families. Normal and abnormal templates are stored and newly detected QRS complexes are matched. The program appears to be sufficiently accurate to warrant further applications.", "PMID": 67795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2699", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle: clinical spectrum and prognosis.", "content": "Patients with double outlet right ventricle can be separated into four distinct groups. In the largest (Group III), patients have a subaortic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis and clinically resemble patients with tetralogy of Fallot. In the next largest group (Group I), patients have a subpulmonry ventricular septal defect and no pulmonary stenosis and clinically resemble children with D-transposition of the great arteries and a ventricular septal defect. These patients have a high rate of coarctation of the aorta leading to early congestive heart failure, and their overall prognosis is poor. In the next largest group (Group II), patients have a subaortic ventricular septal defect and no pulmonary stenosis. Their presentation is similar to that of children with a large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. In the smallest group (Group IV), the ventricular septal defect is uncommitted. Survivors in this group also clinically resemble children with a large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. When present, coarctation of the aorta and severe mitral valve abnormalities greatly influence the prognosis in double outlet right ventricle. Although the prevalence of associated cardiac abnormalities is large, asplenia, polysplenia, chromosomal abnormalities and other congenital noncardiac abnormalities occur in only 12.5% of patients with double outlet right ventricle.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle: clinical spectrum and prognosis. Patients with double outlet right ventricle can be separated into four distinct groups. In the largest (Group III), patients have a subaortic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis and clinically resemble patients with tetralogy of Fallot. In the next largest group (Group I), patients have a subpulmonry ventricular septal defect and no pulmonary stenosis and clinically resemble children with D-transposition of the great arteries and a ventricular septal defect. These patients have a high rate of coarctation of the aorta leading to early congestive heart failure, and their overall prognosis is poor. In the next largest group (Group II), patients have a subaortic ventricular septal defect and no pulmonary stenosis. Their presentation is similar to that of children with a large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. In the smallest group (Group IV), the ventricular septal defect is uncommitted. Survivors in this group also clinically resemble children with a large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. When present, coarctation of the aorta and severe mitral valve abnormalities greatly influence the prognosis in double outlet right ventricle. Although the prevalence of associated cardiac abnormalities is large, asplenia, polysplenia, chromosomal abnormalities and other congenital noncardiac abnormalities occur in only 12.5% of patients with double outlet right ventricle.", "PMID": 67796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2700", "title": "Pulmonary vascular disease after systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operations.", "content": "More than 1,100 patients underwent a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operation at the Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, from 1946 to 1974. Of these patients, 294 were studied to assess the presence of pulmonary vascular disease and the time of its occurrence after surgery. They were selected either because lung tissue was available for histologic grading of pulmonary vascular disease (114 patients) or because hemodynamic studies were performed after the shunt operation (180 patients). The shunts, all patent at the time of the study, ranged in duration from 1 month to 23 years. After a subclavan-pulmonary arterial shunt (75 patients) there was little evidence of advatients) pulmonary vascular disease in either histologic C2 of 25 patients) or hemodynamic (1 of 50 patients) studies. After an aortic-pulmonary arterial shunt (44 Waterston, 175 Potts) there was small likelikhood of advanced pulmonary vascular disease with a shunt duration of less than 5 years (1 of 35 histologic, 0 of 27 hemodynamic studies). With a shunt duration of more than 5 years the incidence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease increased significantly (15 of 54 histologic, 17 of 103 hemodynamic studies). A mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg or greater strongly suggests the presence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease. When a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt has provided effective palliation with decreased pulmonary pressure there is small likelihood that advanced pulmonary vascular disease will develop, even with a long shunt duration of 20 to 25 years.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular disease after systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operations. More than 1,100 patients underwent a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operation at the Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, from 1946 to 1974. Of these patients, 294 were studied to assess the presence of pulmonary vascular disease and the time of its occurrence after surgery. They were selected either because lung tissue was available for histologic grading of pulmonary vascular disease (114 patients) or because hemodynamic studies were performed after the shunt operation (180 patients). The shunts, all patent at the time of the study, ranged in duration from 1 month to 23 years. After a subclavan-pulmonary arterial shunt (75 patients) there was little evidence of advatients) pulmonary vascular disease in either histologic C2 of 25 patients) or hemodynamic (1 of 50 patients) studies. After an aortic-pulmonary arterial shunt (44 Waterston, 175 Potts) there was small likelikhood of advanced pulmonary vascular disease with a shunt duration of less than 5 years (1 of 35 histologic, 0 of 27 hemodynamic studies). With a shunt duration of more than 5 years the incidence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease increased significantly (15 of 54 histologic, 17 of 103 hemodynamic studies). A mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg or greater strongly suggests the presence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease. When a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt has provided effective palliation with decreased pulmonary pressure there is small likelihood that advanced pulmonary vascular disease will develop, even with a long shunt duration of 20 to 25 years.", "PMID": 67797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2701", "title": "Pulmonary vascular disease in complete atrioventricular canal defect.", "content": "The incidence and time of occurrence of pulmonary vascular disease were studied in 67 children with the complete form of atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect. Advanced pulmonary vascular disease begins to develop during the first year of life, with intimal fibrosis (grade 3 cahnges) noted between age 6 months to 1 year. Vascular dilatation with plexiform lesions (grade 4 changes) can be found by age 1 year. These changes can be found in some patients in spite of hemodynamic findings usually considered to indicate lesser degrees of vascular disease. After age 2 years advanced pulmonary vascular disease is commonly found and may persist after surgical correction of the defects. A similar rapid progression of pulmonary vascular disease was noted in 40 children who had a large ventricular septal defect without A-V canal in whom systemic pressure was transmitted directly to the pulmonary vascular bed. Thirty-six of the 67 children had trisomy-21. No difference was noted in the speed of progression of pulmonary vascular disease between these children and those without trisomy 21. Palliative or corrective surgery should be performed in these patients by age 1 year to prevent development of advanced pulmonary vascular disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular disease in complete atrioventricular canal defect. The incidence and time of occurrence of pulmonary vascular disease were studied in 67 children with the complete form of atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect. Advanced pulmonary vascular disease begins to develop during the first year of life, with intimal fibrosis (grade 3 cahnges) noted between age 6 months to 1 year. Vascular dilatation with plexiform lesions (grade 4 changes) can be found by age 1 year. These changes can be found in some patients in spite of hemodynamic findings usually considered to indicate lesser degrees of vascular disease. After age 2 years advanced pulmonary vascular disease is commonly found and may persist after surgical correction of the defects. A similar rapid progression of pulmonary vascular disease was noted in 40 children who had a large ventricular septal defect without A-V canal in whom systemic pressure was transmitted directly to the pulmonary vascular bed. Thirty-six of the 67 children had trisomy-21. No difference was noted in the speed of progression of pulmonary vascular disease between these children and those without trisomy 21. Palliative or corrective surgery should be performed in these patients by age 1 year to prevent development of advanced pulmonary vascular disease.", "PMID": 67798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2702", "title": "Unstable angina: comparison of medical and surgical management.", "content": "Medical versus surgical treatment of unstable angina was compared in a prospective nonrandomized study of 118 patients. Acute transient ST-T wave changes were present during chest pain in all patients. Acute infarction was excluded by serial electrocardiograms and enzyme studies. All patients admitted to the coronary care unit from 1970 to 1975 who fulfilled the entry criteria were included in the study. The starting point for data evaluation was 5 days after hospital admission. Characteristics at entry were similar in 66 medically treated patients and 52 patients who had coronary bypass vein graft surgery. During a mean follow-up period of 23 months in 66 medically treated patients with unstable angina the incidence rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 17% and the total mortality rate 21 percent compared with respective rates of 19% and 5.8% in 52 surgically treated patients. In the surgical group 8 patients (15%) had a perioperative infarction and only 2 (4%) had a late infarction; one patient (2%) died at operation. Symptomatic improvement was observed more frequently in the surgically treated group. Sixty percent of surgically treated patients were free of angina compared with 21% of medically treated patients. Eight medically treated patients (12%) required late surgical treatment for persistent severe angina despite optimal medical management.", "contents": "Unstable angina: comparison of medical and surgical management. Medical versus surgical treatment of unstable angina was compared in a prospective nonrandomized study of 118 patients. Acute transient ST-T wave changes were present during chest pain in all patients. Acute infarction was excluded by serial electrocardiograms and enzyme studies. All patients admitted to the coronary care unit from 1970 to 1975 who fulfilled the entry criteria were included in the study. The starting point for data evaluation was 5 days after hospital admission. Characteristics at entry were similar in 66 medically treated patients and 52 patients who had coronary bypass vein graft surgery. During a mean follow-up period of 23 months in 66 medically treated patients with unstable angina the incidence rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 17% and the total mortality rate 21 percent compared with respective rates of 19% and 5.8% in 52 surgically treated patients. In the surgical group 8 patients (15%) had a perioperative infarction and only 2 (4%) had a late infarction; one patient (2%) died at operation. Symptomatic improvement was observed more frequently in the surgically treated group. Sixty percent of surgically treated patients were free of angina compared with 21% of medically treated patients. Eight medically treated patients (12%) required late surgical treatment for persistent severe angina despite optimal medical management.", "PMID": 67799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2703", "title": "Treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation with aprindine.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, or both, were treated with aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent. It was found that: (1) no patient had a recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after aprindine therapy was begun, except as a terminal event subsequent to the development of acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock or refractory congestive heart failure; (2) 6 patients experienced ventricular tachycardia after the loading dose, but with continued aprindine therapy the ventricular tachycardia was suppressed in 3 of these 6 patients, and a fourth patient was asymptomatic during brief paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia; (3) in 2 patients, aprindine was ineffective and was discontinued; (4) electrical cardioversion was not required in any patient receiving aprindine; (5) premature ventricular extrasystoles were decreased in 18 of the 23 patients treated with aprindine; (6) aprindine was discontinued in 1 patient because of intolerable side effects, although ventricular arrhythmias were suppressed in this patient; and (7) 5 patients died from acute myocardial infarction or severe heart failure while receiving aprindine.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation with aprindine. Twenty-three patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, or both, were treated with aprindine, a new antiarrhythmic agent. It was found that: (1) no patient had a recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after aprindine therapy was begun, except as a terminal event subsequent to the development of acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock or refractory congestive heart failure; (2) 6 patients experienced ventricular tachycardia after the loading dose, but with continued aprindine therapy the ventricular tachycardia was suppressed in 3 of these 6 patients, and a fourth patient was asymptomatic during brief paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia; (3) in 2 patients, aprindine was ineffective and was discontinued; (4) electrical cardioversion was not required in any patient receiving aprindine; (5) premature ventricular extrasystoles were decreased in 18 of the 23 patients treated with aprindine; (6) aprindine was discontinued in 1 patient because of intolerable side effects, although ventricular arrhythmias were suppressed in this patient; and (7) 5 patients died from acute myocardial infarction or severe heart failure while receiving aprindine.", "PMID": 67800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2704", "title": "Absorption from the peritoneal cavity: SEM study of the mesothelium covering the peritoneal surface of the muscular portion of the diaphragm.", "content": "Colored tracers, injected intraperitoneally in mice, are taken up by diaphragmatic lymphatics, outlining their large, terminal cisterns, the so-called lacunae. The lacunae occur exclusively on the muscular portion of the diaphragm. The mesothelium covering non-lacunar and lacunar areas of the muscular portion was examined with the SEM. Mesothelial cells overlying non-lacunar areas are extremely flat, and their boundaries are indistinct. Mesothelial cells overlying lacunae protrude towards the lumen of the peritoneal cavity and have distinct outlines. There are openings or stomata, 4-12 micron in diameter, between them. Some of the stomata overlie a deep pit; others overlie a shallower pit in which the surface of another cell can be seen beneath the opening. It seems likely that the bulk of the fluid draining from the peritoneal cavity passes through these stomata into underlying lymphatic lacunae.", "contents": "Absorption from the peritoneal cavity: SEM study of the mesothelium covering the peritoneal surface of the muscular portion of the diaphragm. Colored tracers, injected intraperitoneally in mice, are taken up by diaphragmatic lymphatics, outlining their large, terminal cisterns, the so-called lacunae. The lacunae occur exclusively on the muscular portion of the diaphragm. The mesothelium covering non-lacunar and lacunar areas of the muscular portion was examined with the SEM. Mesothelial cells overlying non-lacunar areas are extremely flat, and their boundaries are indistinct. Mesothelial cells overlying lacunae protrude towards the lumen of the peritoneal cavity and have distinct outlines. There are openings or stomata, 4-12 micron in diameter, between them. Some of the stomata overlie a deep pit; others overlie a shallower pit in which the surface of another cell can be seen beneath the opening. It seems likely that the bulk of the fluid draining from the peritoneal cavity passes through these stomata into underlying lymphatic lacunae.", "PMID": 67801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2705", "title": "A histochemical study of aldehyde fuchsin-positive material and \"high-esterase cells\" in the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "The pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil consists of a superficial gland, stalk and deep pineal. The deep pineal differentiates postnatally. Histochemical studies of the superficial pineal gland indicate that it may be involved in the secretion of protein. Presumptive secretory material visualized by aldehyde fuchsin (AF) and chrome hematoxylin was observed along the course of blood vessels and among the pinealocytes. The distribution and texture of the AF-positive material was distinctive. It did not correspond to the pattern and texture of material stained with PAS, Sudan Black or acid orcein. Staining with AF was markedly reduced after incubation with trypsin, indicating that the AF-positive material is at least partially protein. The amount of stainable material increased with age. The AF-positive material was observed in what appeared to be interstitial or glial cells and processes, and in the processes of perivascular cells. Cells and fibrous processes with high non-specific esterase activity (\"high-esterase cells\") were observed among the pinealocytes and along the course of blood vessels. The distribution of the \"high-esterase cells\" and the morphology and texture of their esterase-containing processes were remarkably similar to the morphology and distribution of the material that stained with AF. It may be that the \"high-esterase cells\" contain AF-positive material. The \"high-esterase cells\" hydrolyzed both alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate. The pinealocytes hydrolyzed only alpha-naphthyl acetate. The \"high-esterase cells\" appear to form a distinct class of cells within the superficial pineal gland. They are tentatively identified as a type of glial cell.", "contents": "A histochemical study of aldehyde fuchsin-positive material and \"high-esterase cells\" in the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil. The pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil consists of a superficial gland, stalk and deep pineal. The deep pineal differentiates postnatally. Histochemical studies of the superficial pineal gland indicate that it may be involved in the secretion of protein. Presumptive secretory material visualized by aldehyde fuchsin (AF) and chrome hematoxylin was observed along the course of blood vessels and among the pinealocytes. The distribution and texture of the AF-positive material was distinctive. It did not correspond to the pattern and texture of material stained with PAS, Sudan Black or acid orcein. Staining with AF was markedly reduced after incubation with trypsin, indicating that the AF-positive material is at least partially protein. The amount of stainable material increased with age. The AF-positive material was observed in what appeared to be interstitial or glial cells and processes, and in the processes of perivascular cells. Cells and fibrous processes with high non-specific esterase activity (\"high-esterase cells\") were observed among the pinealocytes and along the course of blood vessels. The distribution of the \"high-esterase cells\" and the morphology and texture of their esterase-containing processes were remarkably similar to the morphology and distribution of the material that stained with AF. It may be that the \"high-esterase cells\" contain AF-positive material. The \"high-esterase cells\" hydrolyzed both alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate. The pinealocytes hydrolyzed only alpha-naphthyl acetate. The \"high-esterase cells\" appear to form a distinct class of cells within the superficial pineal gland. They are tentatively identified as a type of glial cell.", "PMID": 67802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2706", "title": "Esterase reactions in acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "Specific and nonspecific esterase reactions of bone marrow cells from 14 patients with untreated acute myelomonocytic leukemia and six patients with acute histiomonocytic leukemia were examined. The technic for esterase determination permitted simultaneous visualization of both esterases on the same glass coverslip containing the marrow cells. In cases of acute histiomonocytic leukemia, monocytes, monocytoid hemohistioblasts and undifferentiated blasts stained intensely positive for nonspecific esterase, using alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate. No evidence of specific esterase activity using naphthol ASD-chloroacetate as the substrate and fast blue BBN as the dye coupler was apparent in these cells. In all of the cases of acute myelomonocytic leukemia, both specific and nonspecific esterases were visualized within monocytes, monocytoid cells, and granulocytic cells that had monocytoid-type nuclei. Nonspecific esterase activity was not observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cases of myelomonocytic leukemia. The results support a current viewpoint that acute myelomonocytic leukemia may be a variant of acute myeloblastic leukemia, and that cytochemically, many of the leukemic cells in myelomonocytic leukemia share properties of both granulocytes and monocytes.", "contents": "Esterase reactions in acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Specific and nonspecific esterase reactions of bone marrow cells from 14 patients with untreated acute myelomonocytic leukemia and six patients with acute histiomonocytic leukemia were examined. The technic for esterase determination permitted simultaneous visualization of both esterases on the same glass coverslip containing the marrow cells. In cases of acute histiomonocytic leukemia, monocytes, monocytoid hemohistioblasts and undifferentiated blasts stained intensely positive for nonspecific esterase, using alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate. No evidence of specific esterase activity using naphthol ASD-chloroacetate as the substrate and fast blue BBN as the dye coupler was apparent in these cells. In all of the cases of acute myelomonocytic leukemia, both specific and nonspecific esterases were visualized within monocytes, monocytoid cells, and granulocytic cells that had monocytoid-type nuclei. Nonspecific esterase activity was not observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cases of myelomonocytic leukemia. The results support a current viewpoint that acute myelomonocytic leukemia may be a variant of acute myeloblastic leukemia, and that cytochemically, many of the leukemic cells in myelomonocytic leukemia share properties of both granulocytes and monocytes.", "PMID": 67804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2707", "title": "Development and evaluation of an individualized patient education program about digoxin.", "content": "A study was undertaken to (1) develop an individualized audiovisual patient education program about digoxin and congestive heart failure, and (2) ascertain whether a patient who received the education program from a pharmacist would demonstrate a significantly greater gain in knowledge about digoxin and congestive heart failure than a traditionally-educated patient. The education program consisted of a slide/tape audiovisual presentation which was reinforced by the pharmacist presenting the program at the patient's bedside. Each patient was randomly assigned to either the study group or control group of patients. A 27-question pretest was given to both the control and study groups of patients to determine their baseline knowledge of congestive heart failure and digoxin therapy. Only the study group of patients received the individualized education program. All patients were then given a posttest to determine the degree of learning that took place during their hospital stay. The patients who received the individualized digoxin education program from a pharmacist demonstrated a significantly greater gain in knowledge about digoxin and congestive heart failure than traditionally-educated patients. It is suggested that hospital pharmacists should deliver an individualized education program to patients taking digoxin during their hospital stay.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of an individualized patient education program about digoxin. A study was undertaken to (1) develop an individualized audiovisual patient education program about digoxin and congestive heart failure, and (2) ascertain whether a patient who received the education program from a pharmacist would demonstrate a significantly greater gain in knowledge about digoxin and congestive heart failure than a traditionally-educated patient. The education program consisted of a slide/tape audiovisual presentation which was reinforced by the pharmacist presenting the program at the patient's bedside. Each patient was randomly assigned to either the study group or control group of patients. A 27-question pretest was given to both the control and study groups of patients to determine their baseline knowledge of congestive heart failure and digoxin therapy. Only the study group of patients received the individualized education program. All patients were then given a posttest to determine the degree of learning that took place during their hospital stay. The patients who received the individualized digoxin education program from a pharmacist demonstrated a significantly greater gain in knowledge about digoxin and congestive heart failure than traditionally-educated patients. It is suggested that hospital pharmacists should deliver an individualized education program to patients taking digoxin during their hospital stay.", "PMID": 67805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2708", "title": "Cytogenetic nomenclature.", "content": "The advantage of a standardized nomenclature is apparent in any discipline. A standardized method for designating carbon molecules in steroid chemistry facilitates communication in endocrinology; consistent staging methods permit comparison of data in oncology. Likewise, a standardized method for designating cytogenetic data facilitates communications in genetics. Therefore, investigators should adhere to the official recommendations summarized in this report.", "contents": "Cytogenetic nomenclature. The advantage of a standardized nomenclature is apparent in any discipline. A standardized method for designating carbon molecules in steroid chemistry facilitates communication in endocrinology; consistent staging methods permit comparison of data in oncology. Likewise, a standardized method for designating cytogenetic data facilitates communications in genetics. Therefore, investigators should adhere to the official recommendations summarized in this report.", "PMID": 67806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2709", "title": "Amniotic fluid fibrinogen degradation products in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "Elevated levels of fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) have been detected in second-trimester amniotic fluid in association with open neural tube defects (NTD'S) in the fetus. The FDP assay has been proposed for the prenatal diagnosis of NTD's and in this paper is compared with the established use of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay. FDP and AFP levels were measured in 132 amniotic fluid samples, including 20 NTD cases. The false negative and false positive rates for the FDP assay are high compared with the AFP assay, but it may be of value as an adjunct assay to reduce the over-all false positive rate.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid fibrinogen degradation products in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Elevated levels of fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) have been detected in second-trimester amniotic fluid in association with open neural tube defects (NTD'S) in the fetus. The FDP assay has been proposed for the prenatal diagnosis of NTD's and in this paper is compared with the established use of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay. FDP and AFP levels were measured in 132 amniotic fluid samples, including 20 NTD cases. The false negative and false positive rates for the FDP assay are high compared with the AFP assay, but it may be of value as an adjunct assay to reduce the over-all false positive rate.", "PMID": 67808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2710", "title": "Palliative resections in the treatment of primary colorectal cancer.", "content": "Seventy-eight patients underwent palliative resections for adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. The operative mortality was 6.4 per cent. The high morbidity rate of 43.5 per cent, mostly attributable to errors in operative technic and sepsis, could  not be related to the extent of tumor spread. In fifty-nine patients long-term follow-up revealed a mean survival time of 12.4 months and a median of 9.1 months. Thirty-eight patients (64.4 per cent) survived six months, twenty patients (33.8 per cent) one year,  seven patients two years, and one patient five years. Patients with only local extension of disease had the most favorable duration of survival. Hepatic or peritoneal involvement alone did not preclude long-term survival, but with the two combined the outlook was less favorable. There is a small group of patients with extensive metastatic disease who will not benefit from resection. Otherwise, adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum with local or distant metastases should be resected when feasible.", "contents": "Palliative resections in the treatment of primary colorectal cancer. Seventy-eight patients underwent palliative resections for adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. The operative mortality was 6.4 per cent. The high morbidity rate of 43.5 per cent, mostly attributable to errors in operative technic and sepsis, could  not be related to the extent of tumor spread. In fifty-nine patients long-term follow-up revealed a mean survival time of 12.4 months and a median of 9.1 months. Thirty-eight patients (64.4 per cent) survived six months, twenty patients (33.8 per cent) one year,  seven patients two years, and one patient five years. Patients with only local extension of disease had the most favorable duration of survival. Hepatic or peritoneal involvement alone did not preclude long-term survival, but with the two combined the outlook was less favorable. There is a small group of patients with extensive metastatic disease who will not benefit from resection. Otherwise, adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum with local or distant metastases should be resected when feasible.", "PMID": 67809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2711", "title": "[The queen technic for ant control. I. The effect of tepa on laboratory colonies of the pharaoh ant].", "content": "The present paper discussed at the example of Tepa [Tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide] in which manner the control of pharaoh's ant in the sense of the \"queen technique\" with chemosterilants is possible; which points of view must be considered and which condition an acceptable substance should be fulfilled. The application of Tepa is ralized according to various techniques (e.g. dipping, baiting, tarsal contact), in the course of which the baiting technique is preferred. The influence of different concentrations in various baits on the brood, workers and queens are described. In baits with 1% of the substance a permanent sterilization could be achieved. In combination with other population depressing factors (larval and worker mortality) resulted in eradication of the colonies. The action extended also to the larvae of the sexuals, so that the queenless colonies failed in the production of new queens and males. Histological investigations showed in the females at higher concentrations distinct pathological alterations (pycnosis, vacuolizations, proliferation in the follicles epithelium); whereas the spermatogenesis in the males is decreased but not entirely suppressed. At lower concentrations only the fertility but not the fecundity was influenced. A handing-over of recessive lethal mutations to the progeny does not take place. The practical points of view for the use of chemosterilants in the control of pharaoh's ant are discussed. Whereas the low biological stability of Tepa does not exclude an introduction in the practice, the high mutagenic activity prevents an application in the field.", "contents": "[The queen technic for ant control. I. The effect of tepa on laboratory colonies of the pharaoh ant]. The present paper discussed at the example of Tepa [Tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide] in which manner the control of pharaoh's ant in the sense of the \"queen technique\" with chemosterilants is possible; which points of view must be considered and which condition an acceptable substance should be fulfilled. The application of Tepa is ralized according to various techniques (e.g. dipping, baiting, tarsal contact), in the course of which the baiting technique is preferred. The influence of different concentrations in various baits on the brood, workers and queens are described. In baits with 1% of the substance a permanent sterilization could be achieved. In combination with other population depressing factors (larval and worker mortality) resulted in eradication of the colonies. The action extended also to the larvae of the sexuals, so that the queenless colonies failed in the production of new queens and males. Histological investigations showed in the females at higher concentrations distinct pathological alterations (pycnosis, vacuolizations, proliferation in the follicles epithelium); whereas the spermatogenesis in the males is decreased but not entirely suppressed. At lower concentrations only the fertility but not the fecundity was influenced. A handing-over of recessive lethal mutations to the progeny does not take place. The practical points of view for the use of chemosterilants in the control of pharaoh's ant are discussed. Whereas the low biological stability of Tepa does not exclude an introduction in the practice, the high mutagenic activity prevents an application in the field.", "PMID": 67812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2712", "title": "[Studies of the time of effectiveness and the characterization of compounds in insecticide tests with Aedes aegypti].", "content": "The contact-toxicity of 5 insecticides (2 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 2 organophosphate compounds 1 P-substance) are tested against Aedes aegypti L (adults). Because of the relationship between dosage (quantity of application) and time of effectiveness of a compound, we are able to design a specific curve of time-efficacy of each insecticide at graded intervals (= increasing dilutions). This curve may be characteristic of different pure compounds--possibly in connection with other features. The time measurement as a quantitative response was chosen according to the directions of Finney 1952 (mean time to response--dosage). The simple statistical analysis was possible after continuous observation until response-metameter as criterion for time of bioassay = time of exposure. Transformation into complete records (Finney) in feasible with a long period of observation, corresponding response-metameter, extreme values etc. This was found to be the only way to obtain a statistical analysis without complications, and only a few parameters in this model. For statistical evaluation of the differences of the mean reaction times for each dilution of DDT, gamma-BHC, Methylparathion and Trichlorofon the U-test according to Mann & Whitney has been applied. Percentages of 'inactivity' at each dilution are added (decreasing from D7). --The curve of time--efficacy is described, and the possibilities of characterization and indentification of the compounds discussed. General features of ET 50 values and mean reaction times are pointed out, and also the relation of time to response (= exposure time) and dosage, expressed by a simple hyperbolic equation (Haber's formula). The uptake of insecticides by \"self-dosine\" of insects (as practised in this bioassay) is the closest approximation to natural conditions, but the real dose is unknown [and will depend on the physiological condition of the insects]. Some values with Aedes aegypti (whole activity of the pure compound of each test object labelled with radioactive Trichlorfon) are added (exposure on 1 per cent deposite of insecticide).", "contents": "[Studies of the time of effectiveness and the characterization of compounds in insecticide tests with Aedes aegypti]. The contact-toxicity of 5 insecticides (2 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 2 organophosphate compounds 1 P-substance) are tested against Aedes aegypti L (adults). Because of the relationship between dosage (quantity of application) and time of effectiveness of a compound, we are able to design a specific curve of time-efficacy of each insecticide at graded intervals (= increasing dilutions). This curve may be characteristic of different pure compounds--possibly in connection with other features. The time measurement as a quantitative response was chosen according to the directions of Finney 1952 (mean time to response--dosage). The simple statistical analysis was possible after continuous observation until response-metameter as criterion for time of bioassay = time of exposure. Transformation into complete records (Finney) in feasible with a long period of observation, corresponding response-metameter, extreme values etc. This was found to be the only way to obtain a statistical analysis without complications, and only a few parameters in this model. For statistical evaluation of the differences of the mean reaction times for each dilution of DDT, gamma-BHC, Methylparathion and Trichlorofon the U-test according to Mann & Whitney has been applied. Percentages of 'inactivity' at each dilution are added (decreasing from D7). --The curve of time--efficacy is described, and the possibilities of characterization and indentification of the compounds discussed. General features of ET 50 values and mean reaction times are pointed out, and also the relation of time to response (= exposure time) and dosage, expressed by a simple hyperbolic equation (Haber's formula). The uptake of insecticides by \"self-dosine\" of insects (as practised in this bioassay) is the closest approximation to natural conditions, but the real dose is unknown [and will depend on the physiological condition of the insects]. Some values with Aedes aegypti (whole activity of the pure compound of each test object labelled with radioactive Trichlorfon) are added (exposure on 1 per cent deposite of insecticide).", "PMID": 67813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2713", "title": "[Determination of the frequency of Y-chromatin positive spermatozoa in relation to the parameters of spermiograms].", "content": "The percentage of y chromatin positive spermatozoa had been determined using the fluorescence microsopce technique. After staining procedure with Atebrin we counted 44.1 (+/- 3.9)% y poistive sperms, after staining with Quinacrine mustard the amount was 48,4 (+/- 4,3)%. With statistical methods we examined the correlation of the percentage y sperms to the single parameters of the semen analysis. So the sperm count, the motility, morphology, pH and fructose of seminal plasma had been compared with their influence upon the X-Y relationship of spermatozoa. In conclusion of our results there was no considerable variability in the X-Y sperm ratio by the different parameters of the semen analysis.", "contents": "[Determination of the frequency of Y-chromatin positive spermatozoa in relation to the parameters of spermiograms]. The percentage of y chromatin positive spermatozoa had been determined using the fluorescence microsopce technique. After staining procedure with Atebrin we counted 44.1 (+/- 3.9)% y poistive sperms, after staining with Quinacrine mustard the amount was 48,4 (+/- 4,3)%. With statistical methods we examined the correlation of the percentage y sperms to the single parameters of the semen analysis. So the sperm count, the motility, morphology, pH and fructose of seminal plasma had been compared with their influence upon the X-Y relationship of spermatozoa. In conclusion of our results there was no considerable variability in the X-Y sperm ratio by the different parameters of the semen analysis.", "PMID": 67810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2714", "title": "Transvesical prostatic adenomectomy: a modification of Lower, Harris, and Hryntschak techniques.", "content": "A review of 226 transvesical prostatic adenomectomies performed by a modification of Hryntschak's technique over a 13-year span is presented. The technique incorporates closure of the vesical neck with transverse sutures of 2-0 plain catgut around a plastic Foley catheter and primary closure of the cystotomy following routine adenoma enucleation. Hemostatic suturing of the posterior vesical neck before placement of the transverse vesical neck sutures is routinely omitted. The results have been uniformly good with low incidence of mortality and morbidity. The average operative blood loss was 761 ml and postoperative bleeding was minimal. This technique is safe, simple and requires an acceptable operating time.", "contents": "Transvesical prostatic adenomectomy: a modification of Lower, Harris, and Hryntschak techniques. A review of 226 transvesical prostatic adenomectomies performed by a modification of Hryntschak's technique over a 13-year span is presented. The technique incorporates closure of the vesical neck with transverse sutures of 2-0 plain catgut around a plastic Foley catheter and primary closure of the cystotomy following routine adenoma enucleation. Hemostatic suturing of the posterior vesical neck before placement of the transverse vesical neck sutures is routinely omitted. The results have been uniformly good with low incidence of mortality and morbidity. The average operative blood loss was 761 ml and postoperative bleeding was minimal. This technique is safe, simple and requires an acceptable operating time.", "PMID": 67815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2715", "title": "Hydrodynamic radii versus molecular weights in clearance studies of urine and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The protein permeabilities of the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier and the blood-urine barrier are compared. In both instances the permeation rates of proteins can be better correlated to hydrodynamic radii than to molecular weights. The decreasing clearance rates of ceruloplasmin, IgG, and IgA reflect the hydrodynamic heterogeneity of these proteins, which have similar weights. The IgM clearance rate appears too high, possibly owing to monomer IgM, other IgM fragments, selective transport, or active immunity, so its inclusion is not recommended in clearance studies.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic radii versus molecular weights in clearance studies of urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The protein permeabilities of the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier and the blood-urine barrier are compared. In both instances the permeation rates of proteins can be better correlated to hydrodynamic radii than to molecular weights. The decreasing clearance rates of ceruloplasmin, IgG, and IgA reflect the hydrodynamic heterogeneity of these proteins, which have similar weights. The IgM clearance rate appears too high, possibly owing to monomer IgM, other IgM fragments, selective transport, or active immunity, so its inclusion is not recommended in clearance studies.", "PMID": 67819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2716", "title": "Structure and function of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "AFP is one of several oncofetal proteins synthesized in large amounts by the fetus. Although synthesis drops markedly shortly after birth, small amounts of AFP continue to be produced in the adult. The function of AFP is unknown, but recent studies suggest the possibility that it may have immunoregulatory properties and/or may influence cell proliferation and growth. The high affinity of AFP for estrogen could have important biological functions, although the significance of this binding has not yet been clearly defined. Elevated levels of AFP are seen in a variety of clinical situations, including pregnancy; hepatic disorders, especially chronic hepatitis; and various malignancies, particularly hepatomas, teratomas, and those of primitive gut origin. It is also produced in murine GVH reactions and in lymphomas, both in mice and humans. In human and murine lymphomas, and murine GVH reactions, the presence of AFP-positive cells and immune suppression are highly correlated, but the role of these in the pathogenesis of the diseases is as yet unclear. It appears, however, that AFP may be produced locally in lymphoid tissues involved in GVH and lymphomatous disease without elevations in serum AFP levels. It is speculated that the local production of AFP in these situations may result from blastogenesis of lymphoid cells directed against foreign tumor or viral antigens. AFP could promote the development of tumors either by suppressing immune surveillance and/or immunity to oncogenic viruses, although this is speculative. Finally, the AFP elevations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid are valuable diagnostically in the detection of fetal abnormalities, particularly neural-tube defects.", "contents": "Structure and function of alpha-fetoprotein. AFP is one of several oncofetal proteins synthesized in large amounts by the fetus. Although synthesis drops markedly shortly after birth, small amounts of AFP continue to be produced in the adult. The function of AFP is unknown, but recent studies suggest the possibility that it may have immunoregulatory properties and/or may influence cell proliferation and growth. The high affinity of AFP for estrogen could have important biological functions, although the significance of this binding has not yet been clearly defined. Elevated levels of AFP are seen in a variety of clinical situations, including pregnancy; hepatic disorders, especially chronic hepatitis; and various malignancies, particularly hepatomas, teratomas, and those of primitive gut origin. It is also produced in murine GVH reactions and in lymphomas, both in mice and humans. In human and murine lymphomas, and murine GVH reactions, the presence of AFP-positive cells and immune suppression are highly correlated, but the role of these in the pathogenesis of the diseases is as yet unclear. It appears, however, that AFP may be produced locally in lymphoid tissues involved in GVH and lymphomatous disease without elevations in serum AFP levels. It is speculated that the local production of AFP in these situations may result from blastogenesis of lymphoid cells directed against foreign tumor or viral antigens. AFP could promote the development of tumors either by suppressing immune surveillance and/or immunity to oncogenic viruses, although this is speculative. Finally, the AFP elevations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid are valuable diagnostically in the detection of fetal abnormalities, particularly neural-tube defects.", "PMID": 67821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2717", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease syndrome.", "content": "Fifteen patients with epidermal nuclear staining on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin and high titer serum antibody to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) had diffuse nonscarring and focal alopecia, abnormal pigmentation, swollen hands with sclerodactyly, and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) as the most common dermatologic features. Direct immunofluorescence of normal, unexposed skin revealed a particulate ('speckled') epidermal nuclear staining pattern in all 15 patients and subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits in 5. Ribonucleoprotein antibodies in high titer are associated with this characteristic type of epidermal nuclear staining. These findings provide easily detectable markers for a less aggressive subset of LE characterized by distinctive clinical and laboratory features consistent with mixed connective tissue disease.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease syndrome. Fifteen patients with epidermal nuclear staining on direct immunofluorescence of normal skin and high titer serum antibody to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) had diffuse nonscarring and focal alopecia, abnormal pigmentation, swollen hands with sclerodactyly, and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) as the most common dermatologic features. Direct immunofluorescence of normal, unexposed skin revealed a particulate ('speckled') epidermal nuclear staining pattern in all 15 patients and subepidermal immunoglobulin deposits in 5. Ribonucleoprotein antibodies in high titer are associated with this characteristic type of epidermal nuclear staining. These findings provide easily detectable markers for a less aggressive subset of LE characterized by distinctive clinical and laboratory features consistent with mixed connective tissue disease.", "PMID": 67824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2718", "title": "The assessment of operability of esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "The extremely poor outlook for patients with esophageal cancer necessitates careful definition of the extent of disease prior to the selection of treatment. Evaluation of regional lymph node involvement may avoid excessive morbidity and identify favorable candidates for aggressive excisional therapy. The role of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus was examined in 30 consecutive candidates for esophageal resection at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The prognostic value of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid value in assessing mediastinal extension of carcinoma of the upper thoracic and midthoracic esophagus.", "contents": "The assessment of operability of esophageal carcinoma. The extremely poor outlook for patients with esophageal cancer necessitates careful definition of the extent of disease prior to the selection of treatment. Evaluation of regional lymph node involvement may avoid excessive morbidity and identify favorable candidates for aggressive excisional therapy. The role of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus was examined in 30 consecutive candidates for esophageal resection at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The prognostic value of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid value in assessing mediastinal extension of carcinoma of the upper thoracic and midthoracic esophagus.", "PMID": 67826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2719", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: experience with a philosophy for palliation.", "content": "The preliminary results of a new therapeutic approach to carcinoma of the esophagus were reported in 1972. The primary objective of treatment should be palliation, with cure an important but secondary goal. Lesions in the upper third of the esophagus are treated by irradiation unless there is severe obstruction or tracheal involvement, in which case colon bypass is carried out. Limited resection and esophagogastrostomy is performed through a right thoractomy and midline laparotomy for middle-third lesions and through a left thoracotomy for lower-third carcinomas. Since 1969, 85 patients have been evaluated, of whom 65 (76%) have been treated according to the new protocol. Thirteen patients with upper-third carcinomas were treated primarily by radiation therapy and 6 by colon bypass. Resection was performed in 45 of the 46 patients with middle- and lower-third lesions. There were 5 operative deaths (9.8%). The quality and duration of palliation have been far superior to that achieved by previous methods of treatment and, perhaps surprisingly, survival rates have improved.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: experience with a philosophy for palliation. The preliminary results of a new therapeutic approach to carcinoma of the esophagus were reported in 1972. The primary objective of treatment should be palliation, with cure an important but secondary goal. Lesions in the upper third of the esophagus are treated by irradiation unless there is severe obstruction or tracheal involvement, in which case colon bypass is carried out. Limited resection and esophagogastrostomy is performed through a right thoractomy and midline laparotomy for middle-third lesions and through a left thoracotomy for lower-third carcinomas. Since 1969, 85 patients have been evaluated, of whom 65 (76%) have been treated according to the new protocol. Thirteen patients with upper-third carcinomas were treated primarily by radiation therapy and 6 by colon bypass. Resection was performed in 45 of the 46 patients with middle- and lower-third lesions. There were 5 operative deaths (9.8%). The quality and duration of palliation have been far superior to that achieved by previous methods of treatment and, perhaps surprisingly, survival rates have improved.", "PMID": 67827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2720", "title": "Demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans in a stained bone marrow specimen.", "content": "Disseminated cryptococcosis is seen with increased frequency in patients with malignant hematologic disease. Usually the diagnosis rests on spinal fluid studies, and little attention has been paid to the direct examination of a bone marrow specimen. A febrile woman with an advanced histiocytic lymphoma was intensively treated with antineoplastic agents; the antemortem diagnosis of cryptococcosis was suspected from direct examination of the bone marrow and was subsequently confirmed by culture. Visualization of fungi in special stained bone marrow specimens could be useful in the initial examination of febrile patients with neoplastic diseases and/or compromised host defenses, and would permit early institution of specific therapy.", "contents": "Demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans in a stained bone marrow specimen. Disseminated cryptococcosis is seen with increased frequency in patients with malignant hematologic disease. Usually the diagnosis rests on spinal fluid studies, and little attention has been paid to the direct examination of a bone marrow specimen. A febrile woman with an advanced histiocytic lymphoma was intensively treated with antineoplastic agents; the antemortem diagnosis of cryptococcosis was suspected from direct examination of the bone marrow and was subsequently confirmed by culture. Visualization of fungi in special stained bone marrow specimens could be useful in the initial examination of febrile patients with neoplastic diseases and/or compromised host defenses, and would permit early institution of specific therapy.", "PMID": 67828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2721", "title": "Cytochemical methods for copper. Semiquantitative screening procedure for identification of abnormal copper levels in liver.", "content": "Three previously described histochemical methods for the localization of copper were examined for applicability in the semiquantitative evaluation copper levels in human tissue. Liver tissue obtained at autopsy was stained using dimethylaminobenzylidene rhodanine, rubeanic acid, and diethyldithiocarbamate procedures. The effects of method and time of fixation, staining, incubation time, and variations in procedures were evaluated. Copper levels in tissues examined were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Each staining method was evaluated for sensitivity, reproducibility, and linearity. The rhodanine method was found to produce the most reproducible results, and a linear relationship between microscopical evaluation of the stain and actual tissue copper levels was observed. It was concluded that the rhodanine copper method is applicable for the semi-quantitative evaluation of tissue copper and provides a satisfactory screening method for the identification of abnormal tissue copper levels.", "contents": "Cytochemical methods for copper. Semiquantitative screening procedure for identification of abnormal copper levels in liver. Three previously described histochemical methods for the localization of copper were examined for applicability in the semiquantitative evaluation copper levels in human tissue. Liver tissue obtained at autopsy was stained using dimethylaminobenzylidene rhodanine, rubeanic acid, and diethyldithiocarbamate procedures. The effects of method and time of fixation, staining, incubation time, and variations in procedures were evaluated. Copper levels in tissues examined were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Each staining method was evaluated for sensitivity, reproducibility, and linearity. The rhodanine method was found to produce the most reproducible results, and a linear relationship between microscopical evaluation of the stain and actual tissue copper levels was observed. It was concluded that the rhodanine copper method is applicable for the semi-quantitative evaluation of tissue copper and provides a satisfactory screening method for the identification of abnormal tissue copper levels.", "PMID": 67829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2722", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma with metastasis. Review of literature.", "content": "Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer, accounting for 65% to 75% of all malignant skin tumors. Metastic BCC is very rare--only 109 documented cases have been reported to date. The mean time of survival after metastasis has been reported to be ten months. No effective therapeutic modality is known for its treatment. We are reporting a case of metastatic BCC in which we have found deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. Postmortem studies showed a co-existing squamous cell carcinoma in thelungs, brain, liver, and spleen. The most unusual finding in the postmortem study was evidence of juxtaposition of BCC and epidermoid carcinoma with distinct histologic dimorphism. We speculate that a combination of immunodeficiency and stromal independence is needed for metastases in BCC.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma with metastasis. Review of literature. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer, accounting for 65% to 75% of all malignant skin tumors. Metastic BCC is very rare--only 109 documented cases have been reported to date. The mean time of survival after metastasis has been reported to be ten months. No effective therapeutic modality is known for its treatment. We are reporting a case of metastatic BCC in which we have found deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. Postmortem studies showed a co-existing squamous cell carcinoma in thelungs, brain, liver, and spleen. The most unusual finding in the postmortem study was evidence of juxtaposition of BCC and epidermoid carcinoma with distinct histologic dimorphism. We speculate that a combination of immunodeficiency and stromal independence is needed for metastases in BCC.", "PMID": 67830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2723", "title": "Relaxation techniques in treatment of chronic pain.", "content": "Four spinal cord injured patients with complaints of chronic pain were treated with muscle relaxation and cognitive alteration of attentiveness to pain. The patients reported pain below the level of the spinal lesion; relaxation procedures were directed to muscle groups above and below the level of lesion. Indices of improvement are the patient's subjective report and the staff observations of behavior during the rehabilitation program. Subjective reports were primarily of less pain and improved mood. Staff observations included better program attendance and improved mood. The implications of this approach for rehabilitation and its relationship to psychological theories of pain are discussed.", "contents": "Relaxation techniques in treatment of chronic pain. Four spinal cord injured patients with complaints of chronic pain were treated with muscle relaxation and cognitive alteration of attentiveness to pain. The patients reported pain below the level of the spinal lesion; relaxation procedures were directed to muscle groups above and below the level of lesion. Indices of improvement are the patient's subjective report and the staff observations of behavior during the rehabilitation program. Subjective reports were primarily of less pain and improved mood. Staff observations included better program attendance and improved mood. The implications of this approach for rehabilitation and its relationship to psychological theories of pain are discussed.", "PMID": 67831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2724", "title": "[Incorporation of tritiated amino acids into the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex following phenamine stimulation].", "content": "The method of electronoscopic autoradiography has revealed an increased biosynthesis of protein by neuronal and glial cells of the motor cortex of rats under phenamine stimulation. The increased level of incorporation of labelled precursors in the molecular layer of the cortex is likely to be associated with increased accumulation of newly synthetized protein in axo-dendritic synapses due to stimulation of the rapid component of the axonal transport of macromolecules. At the same time, participation of the autonomic protein-synthetizing system in the biosynthesis of synaptic proteins is not excluded. The labelled products were found to localize in the field of the thorn apparatus in processes of the \"structural-functional\" adaptation of synaptic entrances (A. A. Manina, 1972).", "contents": "[Incorporation of tritiated amino acids into the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex following phenamine stimulation]. The method of electronoscopic autoradiography has revealed an increased biosynthesis of protein by neuronal and glial cells of the motor cortex of rats under phenamine stimulation. The increased level of incorporation of labelled precursors in the molecular layer of the cortex is likely to be associated with increased accumulation of newly synthetized protein in axo-dendritic synapses due to stimulation of the rapid component of the axonal transport of macromolecules. At the same time, participation of the autonomic protein-synthetizing system in the biosynthesis of synaptic proteins is not excluded. The labelled products were found to localize in the field of the thorn apparatus in processes of the \"structural-functional\" adaptation of synaptic entrances (A. A. Manina, 1972).", "PMID": 67834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2725", "title": "[Demonstration of the argyrophil cells of the major glands in autopsy material].", "content": "A possibility of identifying endocrine argyrophil cells of the fundic glands of man by the method of impregnation with argentum after Grimelius in sectional material was studied. The cells detected by this method were found to be enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the autopsy material were not retained. Morphotopographic characteristics of ECL-cells in sectional material and bioptic specimens of the gastric mucosa were identical. One of the manifestations of post-mortem changes was adhesion of specific argyrophil granules contained in ECL-cells.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the argyrophil cells of the major glands in autopsy material]. A possibility of identifying endocrine argyrophil cells of the fundic glands of man by the method of impregnation with argentum after Grimelius in sectional material was studied. The cells detected by this method were found to be enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the autopsy material were not retained. Morphotopographic characteristics of ECL-cells in sectional material and bioptic specimens of the gastric mucosa were identical. One of the manifestations of post-mortem changes was adhesion of specific argyrophil granules contained in ECL-cells.", "PMID": 67835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2726", "title": "\"Failure to thrive\" due to pontine glioma.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with a five-year history of diencephalic syndrome was found to have a pontine astrocytoma. We review case reports of five similar children with diencephalic syndrome secondary to posterior fossa tumors. We also describe the clinical features, investigative procedures, and therapy of these tumors. These cases emphasize the minimal neurological findings that may be associated with brain stem gliomas and the need for consideration of these tumors in the syndromes of \"failure to thrive,\" anorexia nervosa, and the diencephalic syndrome of infancy.", "contents": "\"Failure to thrive\" due to pontine glioma. A 14-year-old boy with a five-year history of diencephalic syndrome was found to have a pontine astrocytoma. We review case reports of five similar children with diencephalic syndrome secondary to posterior fossa tumors. We also describe the clinical features, investigative procedures, and therapy of these tumors. These cases emphasize the minimal neurological findings that may be associated with brain stem gliomas and the need for consideration of these tumors in the syndromes of \"failure to thrive,\" anorexia nervosa, and the diencephalic syndrome of infancy.", "PMID": 67836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2727", "title": "Increased ocular and systemic responsiveness to epinephrine in primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Sixteen patients with primary open-angle gaucoma (POAG) were matched as to age, sex, and race with an equal number of patients with secondary glaucoma. Although initial intraocular pressures were comparable, treatment with topical epinephrine hydrochloride, decreased intraocular pressure more than 5 mm Hg in 14 (88%) of the 16 patients with POAG but in only five (31%) of the 16 patients with secondary glaucoma (p less than .005). Eleven (69%) of the 16 patients with POAG demonstrated premature ventricular contractions during tonography as opposed to three (19%) of the 16 patients with secondary glaucoma (p less than .025). These findings suggested greater ocular as well as cardiac responsiveness to epinephrine in patients with POAG.", "contents": "Increased ocular and systemic responsiveness to epinephrine in primary open-angle glaucoma. Sixteen patients with primary open-angle gaucoma (POAG) were matched as to age, sex, and race with an equal number of patients with secondary glaucoma. Although initial intraocular pressures were comparable, treatment with topical epinephrine hydrochloride, decreased intraocular pressure more than 5 mm Hg in 14 (88%) of the 16 patients with POAG but in only five (31%) of the 16 patients with secondary glaucoma (p less than .005). Eleven (69%) of the 16 patients with POAG demonstrated premature ventricular contractions during tonography as opposed to three (19%) of the 16 patients with secondary glaucoma (p less than .025). These findings suggested greater ocular as well as cardiac responsiveness to epinephrine in patients with POAG.", "PMID": 67837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2728", "title": "Urological problems in aged patients.", "content": "The major urological problems encountered in geriatric patients are bladder neck obstruction, due to hyperplasia or carcinoma of the prostate in men, and urinary infection and chronic urethro-trigonitis (the urethral syndrome) in women. Senile incontinence is common to both sexes.", "contents": "Urological problems in aged patients. The major urological problems encountered in geriatric patients are bladder neck obstruction, due to hyperplasia or carcinoma of the prostate in men, and urinary infection and chronic urethro-trigonitis (the urethral syndrome) in women. Senile incontinence is common to both sexes.", "PMID": 67838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2729", "title": "[Modified impregnation method for staining apical dendrite and spine (modified Golgi's method)].", "content": "A silver impregnation method for the demonstration of apical dendrites and spines in materials long preserved in folmalin is reported. This method is a modified version of Golgi's Silver method and consists of the following procedures: The formalin-fixed tissue blocks were incubated in a solution containing 3% potassium bichromate (150 ml), 96% ethyl alcohol (50 ml), and concentrated acetic acid (50 ml) for 24 hrs. at 37 degrees C, and 4 more days at room temperature after changing the solution twice. The tissue blocks were then kept for 5 days at room temperature in a 5% potassium bichromate solution. After making a thorough rinsing for one day in tap water and three washings in distilled water, the blocks were impregnated for 1/2 to 1 hr. in a 0.5% AgNO3 solution, for a further 4 days at room temperature in a 1% AgNO3 solution, washed three times briefly in distilled water and again impregnated for 4 to 5 days in a 2% AgNO3 solution. Following a thorough rinsing in distilled water the tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and 50 to 100 micron sections were prepared.", "contents": "[Modified impregnation method for staining apical dendrite and spine (modified Golgi's method)]. A silver impregnation method for the demonstration of apical dendrites and spines in materials long preserved in folmalin is reported. This method is a modified version of Golgi's Silver method and consists of the following procedures: The formalin-fixed tissue blocks were incubated in a solution containing 3% potassium bichromate (150 ml), 96% ethyl alcohol (50 ml), and concentrated acetic acid (50 ml) for 24 hrs. at 37 degrees C, and 4 more days at room temperature after changing the solution twice. The tissue blocks were then kept for 5 days at room temperature in a 5% potassium bichromate solution. After making a thorough rinsing for one day in tap water and three washings in distilled water, the blocks were impregnated for 1/2 to 1 hr. in a 0.5% AgNO3 solution, for a further 4 days at room temperature in a 1% AgNO3 solution, washed three times briefly in distilled water and again impregnated for 4 to 5 days in a 2% AgNO3 solution. Following a thorough rinsing in distilled water the tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and 50 to 100 micron sections were prepared.", "PMID": 67848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2730", "title": "The quatenary structure of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase studied by electron microscopy.", "content": "Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.2) was studied by negative staining in the electron microscope. The best resolution was obtained with uranyl oxalate (pH 6.0) as negative stain. Electron micrographs confirm the idea of the dimeric structure of the enzyme. A rough model of cytochrome oxidase was constructed based on different projections of the molecule seen in the electron micrographs. In this model the subunits are identical and sterically equivalent.", "contents": "The quatenary structure of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase studied by electron microscopy. Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.2) was studied by negative staining in the electron microscope. The best resolution was obtained with uranyl oxalate (pH 6.0) as negative stain. Electron micrographs confirm the idea of the dimeric structure of the enzyme. A rough model of cytochrome oxidase was constructed based on different projections of the molecule seen in the electron micrographs. In this model the subunits are identical and sterically equivalent.", "PMID": 67849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2731", "title": "Characteristics of tryptophan binding in the serum of the newborn rat.", "content": "During the very first period of postnatal life, tryptophan is almost entirely free in the serum of rats. This situation is in sharp contrast with the well-known ability of serum albumin to bind the essential amino acid in the adult. Three main factors accounted for the relative lack of binding during the early postnatal life when compared to the adult: (1) the lower concentration of serum albumin, the binding protein; (2) the inhibition of binding by nonesterified fatty acids, which were at a high level in the serum of young rats until weaning, and (3) the decreased number of available binding sites for tryptophan on the defatted serum albimin, whereas the apparent association constant of tryptophan binding to serum albumin was similar in newborn and adult. Since immunological characterization of newborn and adult serum albumins did not reveal a specific fetal serum albumin, we suggest that discrete changes at the association site for tryptophan are sufficient to induce large alteration in the binding capacity of the protein. In contrast to the situation observed in adult rats, serotonin synthesis in the brain of newborn animals is therefore not dependent on the equilibrium between bound and free tryptophan in serum.", "contents": "Characteristics of tryptophan binding in the serum of the newborn rat. During the very first period of postnatal life, tryptophan is almost entirely free in the serum of rats. This situation is in sharp contrast with the well-known ability of serum albumin to bind the essential amino acid in the adult. Three main factors accounted for the relative lack of binding during the early postnatal life when compared to the adult: (1) the lower concentration of serum albumin, the binding protein; (2) the inhibition of binding by nonesterified fatty acids, which were at a high level in the serum of young rats until weaning, and (3) the decreased number of available binding sites for tryptophan on the defatted serum albimin, whereas the apparent association constant of tryptophan binding to serum albumin was similar in newborn and adult. Since immunological characterization of newborn and adult serum albumins did not reveal a specific fetal serum albumin, we suggest that discrete changes at the association site for tryptophan are sufficient to induce large alteration in the binding capacity of the protein. In contrast to the situation observed in adult rats, serotonin synthesis in the brain of newborn animals is therefore not dependent on the equilibrium between bound and free tryptophan in serum.", "PMID": 67850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2732", "title": "[Preparation of paraffin sections for the immunofluorescent analysis of antigens of differing chemical nature].", "content": "The author suggests a technique for preparation of paraffine sections from tissues fixed with acetone permitting to detect antigens of various chemical nature, including alpha-fetoprotein, antigens of mouse leukemia viruses, alcohol-soluble antigens of hepatocyte membranes, and some phospholipids.", "contents": "[Preparation of paraffin sections for the immunofluorescent analysis of antigens of differing chemical nature]. The author suggests a technique for preparation of paraffine sections from tissues fixed with acetone permitting to detect antigens of various chemical nature, including alpha-fetoprotein, antigens of mouse leukemia viruses, alcohol-soluble antigens of hepatocyte membranes, and some phospholipids.", "PMID": 67860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2733", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of  the midbrain reticular formation on the hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system].", "content": "The role of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei in the transmission of the influences of the mesencephalic reticular formation upon the thyroid hormone secretion was studied. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation in anesthetized cats was followed by the excitation of the thyroid hormoone secretion: the content of the blood protein-bound iodine was increased. This effect was eliminated after the bilateral coagulation of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei. These findings confirmed the hypothesis on the leading role of the posterior hypothalamic nuclpeus in the stimulation of the hormone secretion.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of  the midbrain reticular formation on the hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system]. The role of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei in the transmission of the influences of the mesencephalic reticular formation upon the thyroid hormone secretion was studied. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation in anesthetized cats was followed by the excitation of the thyroid hormoone secretion: the content of the blood protein-bound iodine was increased. This effect was eliminated after the bilateral coagulation of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei. These findings confirmed the hypothesis on the leading role of the posterior hypothalamic nuclpeus in the stimulation of the hormone secretion.", "PMID": 67861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2734", "title": "[Iodine metabolism in the thyroid gland in chronic uranium poisoning].", "content": "The exchange of radioactive and stable iodine was studied for 21 days after the I131 injection in the thyroid gland and the blood of rats against the background of chronic uranium intoxication. The latter was accompanied by a decrease in the number of iodine-transport loci of the gland, as well as of the value of the intrathyroid iodine pool and of the stable iodine concentration in the thyroid tissue. The compensatory reaction of the thyroid gland was expressed in the increase of its mass and the rate of the thyroid metabolism as well.", "contents": "[Iodine metabolism in the thyroid gland in chronic uranium poisoning]. The exchange of radioactive and stable iodine was studied for 21 days after the I131 injection in the thyroid gland and the blood of rats against the background of chronic uranium intoxication. The latter was accompanied by a decrease in the number of iodine-transport loci of the gland, as well as of the value of the intrathyroid iodine pool and of the stable iodine concentration in the thyroid tissue. The compensatory reaction of the thyroid gland was expressed in the increase of its mass and the rate of the thyroid metabolism as well.", "PMID": 67862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2735", "title": "[Study of the action of phytohemagglutinin on continuous human cells].", "content": "A study was made of the agglutinating and growth-stimulating properties of phitohemaagglutinin (PHA) preparations in experiments on continuous human cells (clone line HeLa k-41 and CaVe). PHA and PHA gamma-globulin fraction possessed poor hemagglutination properties against human erythrocytes of A, B and O groups, but expressed marked cytoagglutination properties against HeLa k-41 and CaVe cells. With high PHA doses (100 and 500 microng/ml) proliferation and mitotic indx of the culture cells was lower and the percentage of dead cells and the agglutinin titre in the preparations was greater (1 : 256). With lower PHA doses (5 and 25 microng/ml) the growth was much stronger and the percentage of dead cells lower. The agglutinin titre in the preparations decreased to 1 : 16-1 : 32. PHA gamma-globulin fraction produced the strongest  growth-stimulating action with the least amount of dead cells. However, the agglutinin titre in the preparations remained high (1 : 128). A conclusion was drawn that the action of PHA preparations stimulating and inhibiting the growth of continuous human cells proved to be directly connected with the agglutinin content in the preparations, since gamma-globulin PHA fraction expressed the greatest cytoagglutinating and growth-stimulating action.", "contents": "[Study of the action of phytohemagglutinin on continuous human cells]. A study was made of the agglutinating and growth-stimulating properties of phitohemaagglutinin (PHA) preparations in experiments on continuous human cells (clone line HeLa k-41 and CaVe). PHA and PHA gamma-globulin fraction possessed poor hemagglutination properties against human erythrocytes of A, B and O groups, but expressed marked cytoagglutination properties against HeLa k-41 and CaVe cells. With high PHA doses (100 and 500 microng/ml) proliferation and mitotic indx of the culture cells was lower and the percentage of dead cells and the agglutinin titre in the preparations was greater (1 : 256). With lower PHA doses (5 and 25 microng/ml) the growth was much stronger and the percentage of dead cells lower. The agglutinin titre in the preparations decreased to 1 : 16-1 : 32. PHA gamma-globulin fraction produced the strongest  growth-stimulating action with the least amount of dead cells. However, the agglutinin titre in the preparations remained high (1 : 128). A conclusion was drawn that the action of PHA preparations stimulating and inhibiting the growth of continuous human cells proved to be directly connected with the agglutinin content in the preparations, since gamma-globulin PHA fraction expressed the greatest cytoagglutinating and growth-stimulating action.", "PMID": 67863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2736", "title": "[Cultivation of embryonic mouse liver epithelium].", "content": "Mouse embryo liver epithelial cells maintained in vitro were connected with each other by highly permeable cell-to-cell contacts, synthesized alpha-fetoprotein and possessed the property of contact inhibition of phagocytosis. Methods of cultivation of these cells are presented in this paper.", "contents": "[Cultivation of embryonic mouse liver epithelium]. Mouse embryo liver epithelial cells maintained in vitro were connected with each other by highly permeable cell-to-cell contacts, synthesized alpha-fetoprotein and possessed the property of contact inhibition of phagocytosis. Methods of cultivation of these cells are presented in this paper.", "PMID": 67864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2737", "title": "Relationship of contact activation cofactor (CAC) procoagulant activity to kininogen.", "content": "Contact activation cofactor (CAC) facilitates the interaction of factors XI and XII. Patients lacking CAC have a coagulation defect and are deficient in high molecular weight kininogen. The coincidence of these two defects suggests that a single protein may be responsible for both physiologic functions. Immunologic and activity studies have been made on isolated CAC to clarify the relationship between CAC and kininogen. CAC forms a single precipitin line with anti-human kininogen, and antikininogen neutralizes CAC activity. CAC and high molecular weight kininogen show a reaction of identity on immunodiffusion against rabbit anti-CAC. Anti-CAC forms two precipitin lines with normal plasma which can be identified as high and low molecular weight kininogen. Monospecific immunoabsorbed anti-CAC forms a single precipitin line with plasma high molecular weight kininogen and neutralizes CAC activity. Cleavage of kinin fragment from CAC by insoluble trypsin or kalikrein does not proportionally reduce procoagulant activity. CAC neutralized by anti-CAC can release kinins on exposure to trypsin or kallikrein. The results support the conclusions that CAC procoagulant activity is a function of high molecular weight kininogen, that antigenic determinants unique to high molecular weight kininogen are shared by the CAC portion of the molecule, and that the clotting reactions may occur at a site removed from the kinin peptide.", "contents": "Relationship of contact activation cofactor (CAC) procoagulant activity to kininogen. Contact activation cofactor (CAC) facilitates the interaction of factors XI and XII. Patients lacking CAC have a coagulation defect and are deficient in high molecular weight kininogen. The coincidence of these two defects suggests that a single protein may be responsible for both physiologic functions. Immunologic and activity studies have been made on isolated CAC to clarify the relationship between CAC and kininogen. CAC forms a single precipitin line with anti-human kininogen, and antikininogen neutralizes CAC activity. CAC and high molecular weight kininogen show a reaction of identity on immunodiffusion against rabbit anti-CAC. Anti-CAC forms two precipitin lines with normal plasma which can be identified as high and low molecular weight kininogen. Monospecific immunoabsorbed anti-CAC forms a single precipitin line with plasma high molecular weight kininogen and neutralizes CAC activity. Cleavage of kinin fragment from CAC by insoluble trypsin or kalikrein does not proportionally reduce procoagulant activity. CAC neutralized by anti-CAC can release kinins on exposure to trypsin or kallikrein. The results support the conclusions that CAC procoagulant activity is a function of high molecular weight kininogen, that antigenic determinants unique to high molecular weight kininogen are shared by the CAC portion of the molecule, and that the clotting reactions may occur at a site removed from the kinin peptide.", "PMID": 67865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2738", "title": "Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth and infant development.", "content": "The results of a food supplementation study conducted in four chronically malnourished rural villages in Guatemala were analyzed to determine possible effects on the study children's early mental and physical development. One of two food supplements, atole and fresco, were given to pregnant and lactating mothers and the infants born to them up to three years of age. The level of supplement received was noted and the subsequent course of the children's development observed. Food supplementation of pregnant mothers was found to correlate with higher weights of their babies at birth. No other major maternal variables--home diet, body height and/or weight, morbidity, obstetric characteristics, or socioeconomic status--could account for this association. At 36 months of age the children who had received a large amount of food supplementation showed a far lower prevalence of growth retardation than did those who received smaller quantities. Again, this correlation could not be attributed to any other major maternal variables. In regard to mental development, food supplementation was found to correlate with better performance in psychological tests beginning at six months of age. At 36 months the correlations were significant in five different tests. The results of this analysis have wide-ranging implications for public health. Given the recognized association between low birthweight and infant mortality, they point especially to the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in programs aimed at reducing this serious problem.", "contents": "Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth and infant development. The results of a food supplementation study conducted in four chronically malnourished rural villages in Guatemala were analyzed to determine possible effects on the study children's early mental and physical development. One of two food supplements, atole and fresco, were given to pregnant and lactating mothers and the infants born to them up to three years of age. The level of supplement received was noted and the subsequent course of the children's development observed. Food supplementation of pregnant mothers was found to correlate with higher weights of their babies at birth. No other major maternal variables--home diet, body height and/or weight, morbidity, obstetric characteristics, or socioeconomic status--could account for this association. At 36 months of age the children who had received a large amount of food supplementation showed a far lower prevalence of growth retardation than did those who received smaller quantities. Again, this correlation could not be attributed to any other major maternal variables. In regard to mental development, food supplementation was found to correlate with better performance in psychological tests beginning at six months of age. At 36 months the correlations were significant in five different tests. The results of this analysis have wide-ranging implications for public health. Given the recognized association between low birthweight and infant mortality, they point especially to the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in programs aimed at reducing this serious problem.", "PMID": 67867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2739", "title": "The nurse's role in immediate postoperative care.", "content": "From the time that a patient leaves the care of the anaesthetist after an operation until he wakes in the ward his physiological state should be continuously and expertly supervised. Postoperative nurses are provided only when the operating theatre has a recovery room. A survey among consultants and nurses in one region showed that many surgical units did not have recovery rooms and that inexperienced ward nurses were often sent to collect patients. The survey showed that most nurses were competent to care for unconscious patients so long as an emergency did not arise. In many hospitals the facilities for the safe nursing of postoperative patients were totally inadequate. The very least that is needed is good communications with the anaesthetist, adequate lighting, and a source of oxygen and suction. Because of the shortage of nurses likely to have to care for postanaesthetic patients early on and to train them accordingly. Nevertheless, recovery nurses, whose sole responsibility is to care for a patient until be has recovered from anaesthesia, should be appointed for all busy surgical units.", "contents": "The nurse's role in immediate postoperative care. From the time that a patient leaves the care of the anaesthetist after an operation until he wakes in the ward his physiological state should be continuously and expertly supervised. Postoperative nurses are provided only when the operating theatre has a recovery room. A survey among consultants and nurses in one region showed that many surgical units did not have recovery rooms and that inexperienced ward nurses were often sent to collect patients. The survey showed that most nurses were competent to care for unconscious patients so long as an emergency did not arise. In many hospitals the facilities for the safe nursing of postoperative patients were totally inadequate. The very least that is needed is good communications with the anaesthetist, adequate lighting, and a source of oxygen and suction. Because of the shortage of nurses likely to have to care for postanaesthetic patients early on and to train them accordingly. Nevertheless, recovery nurses, whose sole responsibility is to care for a patient until be has recovered from anaesthesia, should be appointed for all busy surgical units.", "PMID": 67869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2740", "title": "Detection and measurement of fetomaternal haemorrhage: serum alpha-fetoprotein and the Kleihauer technique.", "content": "A raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was taken as an indicator of fetomaternal haemorrhage due to amniocentesis and was used to calculate the volume of the fetal bleed. The alpha-fetoprotein concentration seemed to be a more sensitive and reliable indicator than the established Kleihauer technique and may have further applications in antenatal testing.", "contents": "Detection and measurement of fetomaternal haemorrhage: serum alpha-fetoprotein and the Kleihauer technique. A raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was taken as an indicator of fetomaternal haemorrhage due to amniocentesis and was used to calculate the volume of the fetal bleed. The alpha-fetoprotein concentration seemed to be a more sensitive and reliable indicator than the established Kleihauer technique and may have further applications in antenatal testing.", "PMID": 67873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2741", "title": "Retrograde axonal transport of 125I-tetanus toxin as a tool for tracing fiber connections in the central nervous system; connections of the rostral part of the rat neostriatum.", "content": "After previous studies had shown that 125I-tetanus toxin is taken up with high efficiency by all (adrenergic, sensory and motor)peripheral nerve terminals and that it is transported retrogradely by intraaxonal transport to the corresponding cell bodies, the present experiments were designed to investigate whether 125I-tetanus toxin could be used as a tool for retrograde tracing of fiber connections in the central nervous system and how the results obtained compared with other available retrograde tracing methods. Three to 12 h after injection of 125I-tetanus toxin into the rostral part of the nucleus caudatus of the rat, heavily labeled nerve cells were found in the substantia nigra zona compacta, in Forel field H2 and parts of the zona incerta, and in specific thalamic intralaminar nuclei (nucleus medialis pars lateralis and nucleus parafascicularis). Moderately labeled neurons were observed in the nucleus ventralis thalami and its dorsomedial part, in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and in the frontal, cingular and occipital cortex. Besides the labeling by retrograde transport, orthograde transport of radioactivity occurred in a striatonigral system. The high sensitivity and reliability of this method, even after injection of very small amounts of protein in a very small volume, represent important advantages over most of the commonly used tracing methods.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal transport of 125I-tetanus toxin as a tool for tracing fiber connections in the central nervous system; connections of the rostral part of the rat neostriatum. After previous studies had shown that 125I-tetanus toxin is taken up with high efficiency by all (adrenergic, sensory and motor)peripheral nerve terminals and that it is transported retrogradely by intraaxonal transport to the corresponding cell bodies, the present experiments were designed to investigate whether 125I-tetanus toxin could be used as a tool for retrograde tracing of fiber connections in the central nervous system and how the results obtained compared with other available retrograde tracing methods. Three to 12 h after injection of 125I-tetanus toxin into the rostral part of the nucleus caudatus of the rat, heavily labeled nerve cells were found in the substantia nigra zona compacta, in Forel field H2 and parts of the zona incerta, and in specific thalamic intralaminar nuclei (nucleus medialis pars lateralis and nucleus parafascicularis). Moderately labeled neurons were observed in the nucleus ventralis thalami and its dorsomedial part, in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and in the frontal, cingular and occipital cortex. Besides the labeling by retrograde transport, orthograde transport of radioactivity occurred in a striatonigral system. The high sensitivity and reliability of this method, even after injection of very small amounts of protein in a very small volume, represent important advantages over most of the commonly used tracing methods.", "PMID": 67875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2742", "title": "Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. I. Axonal transport in central noradrenaline neurons.", "content": "Axonal transport of protein and metabolites of L-[3H(G)]3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([3H]DOPA) was studied in the central noradrenaline neurons of the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus and was correlated with regional alterations of noradrenaline content following destruction of the nucleus. Unilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus produce a partial depletion of noradrenaline in the ipsilateral hypothalamus and telencephalon, indicating that these neurons project widely to the ipsilateral forebrain. Twenty-four to 48 h following local injections of 50 micronCi [3H]proline, locus coeruleus neurons take up labeled material and transport it, presumably as protein, to ipsilateral structures in the midbrain, diencephalon and telencephalon including the neocortex. Similarly 8 h after injection of 25 micronCi [3H]DOPA into the locus coeruleus, transport of material including catecholamines occurs to ipsilateral diencephalon and telencephalon. Axonal transport of proteins to telencephalic structures is greatly diminished by selective lesions of catecholamine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and following destruction of the medial forebrain bundle. These results provide further support for the view that noradrenaline neurons of the locus coeruleus nucleus project widely within the neuraxis to ipsilateral structures of the brain stem, diencephalon and telencephalon, including all cortical areas. In addition, evidence is presented for a contralateral projection with a similar distribution. The rate of axonal transport of labeled protein and metabolites of [3H]DOPA including [3H]catecholamines in central noradrenaline neurons is estimated to be 3-4 mm/h and is accordingly similar to that reported for noradrenaline neurons of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. I. Axonal transport in central noradrenaline neurons. Axonal transport of protein and metabolites of L-[3H(G)]3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([3H]DOPA) was studied in the central noradrenaline neurons of the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus and was correlated with regional alterations of noradrenaline content following destruction of the nucleus. Unilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus produce a partial depletion of noradrenaline in the ipsilateral hypothalamus and telencephalon, indicating that these neurons project widely to the ipsilateral forebrain. Twenty-four to 48 h following local injections of 50 micronCi [3H]proline, locus coeruleus neurons take up labeled material and transport it, presumably as protein, to ipsilateral structures in the midbrain, diencephalon and telencephalon including the neocortex. Similarly 8 h after injection of 25 micronCi [3H]DOPA into the locus coeruleus, transport of material including catecholamines occurs to ipsilateral diencephalon and telencephalon. Axonal transport of proteins to telencephalic structures is greatly diminished by selective lesions of catecholamine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and following destruction of the medial forebrain bundle. These results provide further support for the view that noradrenaline neurons of the locus coeruleus nucleus project widely within the neuraxis to ipsilateral structures of the brain stem, diencephalon and telencephalon, including all cortical areas. In addition, evidence is presented for a contralateral projection with a similar distribution. The rate of axonal transport of labeled protein and metabolites of [3H]DOPA including [3H]catecholamines in central noradrenaline neurons is estimated to be 3-4 mm/h and is accordingly similar to that reported for noradrenaline neurons of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 67877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2743", "title": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on circulating thyroid hormones in dogs administered insulin].", "content": "In the blood of intact dogs, insulin increases the labelled thyroid hormones (PBI) by about 30% and doubles the T3 level. In athyreotic insulin-administered dogs, the circulating T4 and T3 remain at more or less unvarying values, the plasma disappearance slope of radiothyroxine is not altered. Such data suggest that without the thyroid gland, insulin has no action on the level of the blood thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on circulating thyroid hormones in dogs administered insulin]. In the blood of intact dogs, insulin increases the labelled thyroid hormones (PBI) by about 30% and doubles the T3 level. In athyreotic insulin-administered dogs, the circulating T4 and T3 remain at more or less unvarying values, the plasma disappearance slope of radiothyroxine is not altered. Such data suggest that without the thyroid gland, insulin has no action on the level of the blood thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 67881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2744", "title": "Dimorphic nucleolar organizer regions in the frog Rana blairi.", "content": "The nucleolar organizer-specific staining procedure, ammoniacal silver (Ag-AS), has been used to study the distribution and size of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in chromosomes of the frog Rana blairi (Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown). The somatic metaphase karyotype of this frog is similar to that of other frogs of the Rana pipiens species complex, numerically (2n=26) and morphologically. Secondary constrictions are detectable in untreated Giemsa-stained metaphase preparations as achromatic gaps in the long arms of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes (no. 10). These constrictions are the only regions which are deeply stained with the Ag-AS method and are thus identified as the nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs). In each of the three individuals, the Ag-NORs as visualized on the homologues are of unequal length.", "contents": "Dimorphic nucleolar organizer regions in the frog Rana blairi. The nucleolar organizer-specific staining procedure, ammoniacal silver (Ag-AS), has been used to study the distribution and size of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in chromosomes of the frog Rana blairi (Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown). The somatic metaphase karyotype of this frog is similar to that of other frogs of the Rana pipiens species complex, numerically (2n=26) and morphologically. Secondary constrictions are detectable in untreated Giemsa-stained metaphase preparations as achromatic gaps in the long arms of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes (no. 10). These constrictions are the only regions which are deeply stained with the Ag-AS method and are thus identified as the nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs). In each of the three individuals, the Ag-NORs as visualized on the homologues are of unequal length.", "PMID": 67882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2745", "title": "Use of reduced silver staining to show loss of connections in aged rat brain.", "content": "A variation of the Fink-Heimer reduced silver technique was used to show the extent of axonal degeneration in the brains of aged rats. Degeneration product was extensive throughout the white matter of the old brains, being most dense in the optic tract, but substantial in fornix, corpus callosum, cingulum, and anterior commissure. There was selective impregnation of hippocampal strata, suggesting that there may be differential atrophy of connections as a function of age.", "contents": "Use of reduced silver staining to show loss of connections in aged rat brain. A variation of the Fink-Heimer reduced silver technique was used to show the extent of axonal degeneration in the brains of aged rats. Degeneration product was extensive throughout the white matter of the old brains, being most dense in the optic tract, but substantial in fornix, corpus callosum, cingulum, and anterior commissure. There was selective impregnation of hippocampal strata, suggesting that there may be differential atrophy of connections as a function of age.", "PMID": 67878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2746", "title": "Comparative studies of the cytostatic action and metabolism of 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine.", "content": "5,6-Dihydro-5-azacytidine hydrochloride, a chemically stable, soluble analog of 5-azacytidine, has cytostatic activity against mouse leukemic L1210 cells grown in culture, but concentrations on the order of 10 micronM, 10-fold higher, than the parent drug, are necessary to inhibit cell growth. The addition of either cytidine or uridine protected against growth inhibition by 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine, whereas thymidine potentiated the cytostatic action of both drugs. Deoxycytidine also enhanced the action of 5-azacytidine but had no effect with the reduced analog. Cell suspensions of L1210 cells were able to phosphorylate 5-azacytidine and, to a lesser extent, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine. In cell-free extracts in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, both drugs were converted to nucleotides but at less than 5% the rate of cytidine. As a substrate for mouse kidney cytidine deaminase, the apparent Km value for 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine (33 micronM) is of the same order of magnitude as that for cytidine (37 micronM) but less than that for 5-azacytidine (2.1 X 10(3) micronM). The Vm for deamination of the reduced analog is one-tenth that for 5-azacytidine. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine, a potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase, is more effective in blocking deamination of 5-azacytidine than 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the cytostatic action and metabolism of 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine. 5,6-Dihydro-5-azacytidine hydrochloride, a chemically stable, soluble analog of 5-azacytidine, has cytostatic activity against mouse leukemic L1210 cells grown in culture, but concentrations on the order of 10 micronM, 10-fold higher, than the parent drug, are necessary to inhibit cell growth. The addition of either cytidine or uridine protected against growth inhibition by 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine, whereas thymidine potentiated the cytostatic action of both drugs. Deoxycytidine also enhanced the action of 5-azacytidine but had no effect with the reduced analog. Cell suspensions of L1210 cells were able to phosphorylate 5-azacytidine and, to a lesser extent, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine. In cell-free extracts in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, both drugs were converted to nucleotides but at less than 5% the rate of cytidine. As a substrate for mouse kidney cytidine deaminase, the apparent Km value for 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine (33 micronM) is of the same order of magnitude as that for cytidine (37 micronM) but less than that for 5-azacytidine (2.1 X 10(3) micronM). The Vm for deamination of the reduced analog is one-tenth that for 5-azacytidine. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine, a potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase, is more effective in blocking deamination of 5-azacytidine than 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine.", "PMID": 67884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2747", "title": "An evaluation of leukocyte adherence inhibition in the immunodiagnosis of colorectal cancer.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition technique was used to assess cell-mediated immunoreactivity and serum-blocking factors related to adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. In the group of 48 patients with confirmed tumors of this type, 36 of 38 had reactive leukocytes and 46 of 47 had serum-blocking factors. Patients whose tumors had been removed surgically, with no sign of recurrence, retained their leukocyte activity for up to 3.5 years in 6 of 6 cases, but only a small proportion (7 of 30) retained blocking factors. In 67 controls (who were patients with nonmalignant gastrointestinal disorders, patients with gastrointestinal tumors other than colorectal adenocarcinoma, patients with other cancers, or healthy volunteers), negative reactions were obtained, with diverticular disease the only prominent exception. The leukocyte adherence inhibition test appeared to be highly sensitive and specific. Application to the immunodiagnosis of colorectal cancer thus seems to be warranted.", "contents": "An evaluation of leukocyte adherence inhibition in the immunodiagnosis of colorectal cancer. The leukocyte adherence inhibition technique was used to assess cell-mediated immunoreactivity and serum-blocking factors related to adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. In the group of 48 patients with confirmed tumors of this type, 36 of 38 had reactive leukocytes and 46 of 47 had serum-blocking factors. Patients whose tumors had been removed surgically, with no sign of recurrence, retained their leukocyte activity for up to 3.5 years in 6 of 6 cases, but only a small proportion (7 of 30) retained blocking factors. In 67 controls (who were patients with nonmalignant gastrointestinal disorders, patients with gastrointestinal tumors other than colorectal adenocarcinoma, patients with other cancers, or healthy volunteers), negative reactions were obtained, with diverticular disease the only prominent exception. The leukocyte adherence inhibition test appeared to be highly sensitive and specific. Application to the immunodiagnosis of colorectal cancer thus seems to be warranted.", "PMID": 67885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2748", "title": "Abrogation of resistance to feline oncornavirus disease by immunization with killed feline leukemia virus.", "content": "Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free cats were immunized with a combined vaccine composed of killed feline leukemia virus and killed feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen-containing tumor cells. Immunization induced feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody titers ranging from 1:32 to 1:256 but did not elicit detectable virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Kittens immunized with tumor cells alone developed higher feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody titers (ranging from 1:512 to 1:2048) than those given the combined vaccine. All kittens were challenged with virulent Dynder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus at 12 weeks of age. Seventy-five % of the kittens vaccinated with combined vaccine and 67% of unvaccinated control kittens developed progressive fibrosarcomas after challenge. By contrast, none of the kittens vaccinated with killed tumor cells alone developed progressive fibrosarcomas after challenge. The combined vaccine did not, however, inhibit the induction of feline leukemia virus viremia.", "contents": "Abrogation of resistance to feline oncornavirus disease by immunization with killed feline leukemia virus. Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free cats were immunized with a combined vaccine composed of killed feline leukemia virus and killed feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen-containing tumor cells. Immunization induced feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody titers ranging from 1:32 to 1:256 but did not elicit detectable virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Kittens immunized with tumor cells alone developed higher feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody titers (ranging from 1:512 to 1:2048) than those given the combined vaccine. All kittens were challenged with virulent Dynder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus at 12 weeks of age. Seventy-five % of the kittens vaccinated with combined vaccine and 67% of unvaccinated control kittens developed progressive fibrosarcomas after challenge. By contrast, none of the kittens vaccinated with killed tumor cells alone developed progressive fibrosarcomas after challenge. The combined vaccine did not, however, inhibit the induction of feline leukemia virus viremia.", "PMID": 67886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2749", "title": "Induction of morphological transformation in mouse C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cells and chromosomal damage in hamster A(T1)C1-3 cells by cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Various cancer chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antibiotics or natural products were studied for their ability to produce morphological transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse cell line and chromosomal damage in the A(T1)C1-3 hamster cell line following a 24-hr exposure of each agent at different concentrations. Those drugs that were known to be carcinogenic in vivo also produced morphological transformation and chromosomal damage, whereas those agents that have not been shown to be carcinogenic in vivo produced neither transformation nor chromosomal lesions. The concentrations used for these studies were in general similar to those actually reached in the plasma of patients treated with these same drugs for malignant, as well as certain nonmalignant, conditions.", "contents": "Induction of morphological transformation in mouse C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cells and chromosomal damage in hamster A(T1)C1-3 cells by cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Various cancer chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and antibiotics or natural products were studied for their ability to produce morphological transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse cell line and chromosomal damage in the A(T1)C1-3 hamster cell line following a 24-hr exposure of each agent at different concentrations. Those drugs that were known to be carcinogenic in vivo also produced morphological transformation and chromosomal damage, whereas those agents that have not been shown to be carcinogenic in vivo produced neither transformation nor chromosomal lesions. The concentrations used for these studies were in general similar to those actually reached in the plasma of patients treated with these same drugs for malignant, as well as certain nonmalignant, conditions.", "PMID": 67887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2750", "title": "A collaborative clinical study of carcinoembryonic antigen in Japan.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen with utilization of the so-called sandwich method was established and used for clinical investigation. A collaborative study was made through the cooperation of 34 institutions in Japan, and serum samples from about 400 normal adults, 500 patients with benign diseases, and 1500 cancer patients were assayed. About 90% of the normal adults showed carcinoembryonic antigen levels of under 2.5 ng/ml. The benign disease group showed somewhat higher levels than did the normal group, and the cancer group had levels significantly higher than those of the benign group. The levels were strikingly high in cases of advanced cancer with metastases. The specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen and its antiserum is discussed.", "contents": "A collaborative clinical study of carcinoembryonic antigen in Japan. A radioimmunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen with utilization of the so-called sandwich method was established and used for clinical investigation. A collaborative study was made through the cooperation of 34 institutions in Japan, and serum samples from about 400 normal adults, 500 patients with benign diseases, and 1500 cancer patients were assayed. About 90% of the normal adults showed carcinoembryonic antigen levels of under 2.5 ng/ml. The benign disease group showed somewhat higher levels than did the normal group, and the cancer group had levels significantly higher than those of the benign group. The levels were strikingly high in cases of advanced cancer with metastases. The specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen and its antiserum is discussed.", "PMID": 67888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2751", "title": "Recovery of cells from induced, potentially lethal damage.", "content": "The recovery of mammalian cells after a variety of treatments is, in part, governed by the cells' ability to deal with repairable, but potentially lethal, lessions. Kinetics of such recovery show a T1/2 of 10-20 hours after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and 1.5-2.5 hours after X-irradiation. Recovery after exposure to mechlorethamine and bleomycin (BLM) is similar to X-ray recovery; after methylmethane sulfonate, recovery has components similar to X-ray and UV recovery. The sequential treatments of cells with 43 degrees C hyperthermia and X-rays (or reverse order) modify both the immediate survival after treatments as well as the subsequent recovery kinetics. Very similar results are found after BLM and hyperthermia treatments, suggesting strongly that after exposure to that drug a real repair system is operative. However, although recovery after X-irradiation is similar in vitro and in vivo, after BLM the site of treatment and of recovery strongly influences the magnitude and kinetics of recovery.", "contents": "Recovery of cells from induced, potentially lethal damage. The recovery of mammalian cells after a variety of treatments is, in part, governed by the cells' ability to deal with repairable, but potentially lethal, lessions. Kinetics of such recovery show a T1/2 of 10-20 hours after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and 1.5-2.5 hours after X-irradiation. Recovery after exposure to mechlorethamine and bleomycin (BLM) is similar to X-ray recovery; after methylmethane sulfonate, recovery has components similar to X-ray and UV recovery. The sequential treatments of cells with 43 degrees C hyperthermia and X-rays (or reverse order) modify both the immediate survival after treatments as well as the subsequent recovery kinetics. Very similar results are found after BLM and hyperthermia treatments, suggesting strongly that after exposure to that drug a real repair system is operative. However, although recovery after X-irradiation is similar in vitro and in vivo, after BLM the site of treatment and of recovery strongly influences the magnitude and kinetics of recovery.", "PMID": 67891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2752", "title": "Physical-chemical characterization of living cells by laser-flow microfluorometry.", "content": "A rapid method for the laser-flow microfluorometry determination of nucleic-acid content per cell is presented. A frequency distribution of fluorescence is obtained from suspensions of living cells treated with ethidium bromide directly in their own medium (or calcium-magnesium-free Hanks' balanced solution). For a fixed number of cells, a frequency distribution of fluorescence is obtained as a function of the amount of ethidium bromide progressively added to the suspension until staturation. At any ratio of added dye per unit of DNA, histograms generated from cells stained with this method give results similar to those generated after fixation and staining by the Feulgen technique, both in terms of cell-cycle phases and ploidy-level determination. The present technique requires a minimal amount of material, is instantaneous, and is conducted directly on living cells. Furthermore, dye concentration-dependence studies of mean fluorescence per cell allow determination of association constant and binding process (primary and secondary) between the intact cell and ethidium bromide. Cells which have the same amount of DNA but vary in the amount of RNA and/or chromatin conformation (like G0 and G1) can then be distinguished.", "contents": "Physical-chemical characterization of living cells by laser-flow microfluorometry. A rapid method for the laser-flow microfluorometry determination of nucleic-acid content per cell is presented. A frequency distribution of fluorescence is obtained from suspensions of living cells treated with ethidium bromide directly in their own medium (or calcium-magnesium-free Hanks' balanced solution). For a fixed number of cells, a frequency distribution of fluorescence is obtained as a function of the amount of ethidium bromide progressively added to the suspension until staturation. At any ratio of added dye per unit of DNA, histograms generated from cells stained with this method give results similar to those generated after fixation and staining by the Feulgen technique, both in terms of cell-cycle phases and ploidy-level determination. The present technique requires a minimal amount of material, is instantaneous, and is conducted directly on living cells. Furthermore, dye concentration-dependence studies of mean fluorescence per cell allow determination of association constant and binding process (primary and secondary) between the intact cell and ethidium bromide. Cells which have the same amount of DNA but vary in the amount of RNA and/or chromatin conformation (like G0 and G1) can then be distinguished.", "PMID": 67892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2753", "title": "Complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region of rabbit beta-globin mRNA.", "content": "The 5' noncoding region sequence of rabbit beta-globin mRNA has been determined. This region is 53 nucleotides long, not including the A-U-G initiator sequence or m7Gppp \"cap\" structure. 32P-labeled DNA complementary to the 5' noncoding region was synthesized using reverse transcriptase with the synthetic deoxyoctanucleotide d(G-C-A-C-C-A-T-T) as a \"primer\". The cDNA produced was then sequenced using a modification of the gel-sequencing technique previously developed for DNA sequencing (G.G. Brownlee and E.M. Cartwright, manuscript in preparation). The sequence obtained was checked by depurination and nearest-neighbor analysis. The known sequence at the 3' end of rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA cannot base-pair extensively with the 5' noncoding region of beta-globin mRNA; however, it does form 6 base pairs around the initiation codon.", "contents": "Complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region of rabbit beta-globin mRNA. The 5' noncoding region sequence of rabbit beta-globin mRNA has been determined. This region is 53 nucleotides long, not including the A-U-G initiator sequence or m7Gppp \"cap\" structure. 32P-labeled DNA complementary to the 5' noncoding region was synthesized using reverse transcriptase with the synthetic deoxyoctanucleotide d(G-C-A-C-C-A-T-T) as a \"primer\". The cDNA produced was then sequenced using a modification of the gel-sequencing technique previously developed for DNA sequencing (G.G. Brownlee and E.M. Cartwright, manuscript in preparation). The sequence obtained was checked by depurination and nearest-neighbor analysis. The known sequence at the 3' end of rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA cannot base-pair extensively with the 5' noncoding region of beta-globin mRNA; however, it does form 6 base pairs around the initiation codon.", "PMID": 67896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2754", "title": "Phase II study of 5-azacytidine in solid tumors.", "content": "A phase II study utilizing 5-azacytidine in the treatment of patients with solid tumors was carried out by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG-7208). Of 214 patients entered in the study 191 were eligible and 167 were evaluable. While initially they received 225 mg/m2 iv on Days 1--5 every 3 weeks because of toxicity the dose was subsequently reduced to 175mg/m2 and later to 150 mg/m2. Five partial regressions, 2.6% of the eligible patients and 3% of the evaluable patients, lasting from 28 to 77 days were observed. Sixteen patients 8.4% of the eligible patients and 9.6% of the evaluable patients, had no significant change in their disease for 39--255 days. The major toxicities were myelosuppressive and gastrointestinal with 13 deaths attributable to drug toxicity: 11 due to sepsis and two due to cerebral hemorrhage. 5-Azacytidine induced few favorable responses; those that did occur usually were of poor quality and short duration and were associated with significant toxicity.", "contents": "Phase II study of 5-azacytidine in solid tumors. A phase II study utilizing 5-azacytidine in the treatment of patients with solid tumors was carried out by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG-7208). Of 214 patients entered in the study 191 were eligible and 167 were evaluable. While initially they received 225 mg/m2 iv on Days 1--5 every 3 weeks because of toxicity the dose was subsequently reduced to 175mg/m2 and later to 150 mg/m2. Five partial regressions, 2.6% of the eligible patients and 3% of the evaluable patients, lasting from 28 to 77 days were observed. Sixteen patients 8.4% of the eligible patients and 9.6% of the evaluable patients, had no significant change in their disease for 39--255 days. The major toxicities were myelosuppressive and gastrointestinal with 13 deaths attributable to drug toxicity: 11 due to sepsis and two due to cerebral hemorrhage. 5-Azacytidine induced few favorable responses; those that did occur usually were of poor quality and short duration and were associated with significant toxicity.", "PMID": 67893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2755", "title": "Phase II study of 5-azacytidine in solid tumors.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-seven patients were evaluated after therapy with 5-azacytidine using a dose of 1.6 mg/kg/day X 10 days followed by a maintenance regimen. One hundred and forty-eight of the patients received the drug by rapid iv infusion and 29 received the drug daily by and infusion that lasted between 18 and 24 hours. Hematologic toxicity was significant but transient in both groups. Nausea was severe using the rapid iv infusion and minimal with the slow infusion. Antitumor effect was seen in 17% of the evaluable patients with carcinoma of the breast and 21% of the patients with malignant lymphomas. Occasional responses were seen with a variety of other solid tumors. The responses were transient, and clinically, resistance to 5-azacytidine appeared to develop quite rapidly. No clear-cut difference was seen in response rates or duration of response between the two groups of patients. Cross resistance to other anticancer agents was not noted. It is believed that the drug is only of minimal value as a single agent in solid tumors using either of the methods of administration described.", "contents": "Phase II study of 5-azacytidine in solid tumors. One hundred and seventy-seven patients were evaluated after therapy with 5-azacytidine using a dose of 1.6 mg/kg/day X 10 days followed by a maintenance regimen. One hundred and forty-eight of the patients received the drug by rapid iv infusion and 29 received the drug daily by and infusion that lasted between 18 and 24 hours. Hematologic toxicity was significant but transient in both groups. Nausea was severe using the rapid iv infusion and minimal with the slow infusion. Antitumor effect was seen in 17% of the evaluable patients with carcinoma of the breast and 21% of the patients with malignant lymphomas. Occasional responses were seen with a variety of other solid tumors. The responses were transient, and clinically, resistance to 5-azacytidine appeared to develop quite rapidly. No clear-cut difference was seen in response rates or duration of response between the two groups of patients. Cross resistance to other anticancer agents was not noted. It is believed that the drug is only of minimal value as a single agent in solid tumors using either of the methods of administration described.", "PMID": 67894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2756", "title": "Complete 3' noncoding region sequences of rabbit and human beta-globin messenger RNAs.", "content": "The 3' noncoding regions of rabbit and human beta-globin mRNAs, 95 and 134 nucleotides in length, have been sequenced. Furthermore, these and previous studies (Baralle, 1977; Proudfoot, 1976a, 1976b) have established about one half of the 589 nucleotide sequence of rabbit beta-globin mRNA, including all of the noncoding region. These sequence studies took advantage of the plus and minus gel-sequencing procedure originally described by Sanger and Coulson (1975) and recently adapted by G.G. Brownlee and E.M. Cartwright (manuscript in preparation). The human and rabbit 3' noncoding region sequences are extensively homologous, except that the human sequence has an addition of 39 nucleotides as compared with rabbit. This extra sequence may have arisen by gene duplication.", "contents": "Complete 3' noncoding region sequences of rabbit and human beta-globin messenger RNAs. The 3' noncoding regions of rabbit and human beta-globin mRNAs, 95 and 134 nucleotides in length, have been sequenced. Furthermore, these and previous studies (Baralle, 1977; Proudfoot, 1976a, 1976b) have established about one half of the 589 nucleotide sequence of rabbit beta-globin mRNA, including all of the noncoding region. These sequence studies took advantage of the plus and minus gel-sequencing procedure originally described by Sanger and Coulson (1975) and recently adapted by G.G. Brownlee and E.M. Cartwright (manuscript in preparation). The human and rabbit 3' noncoding region sequences are extensively homologous, except that the human sequence has an addition of 39 nucleotides as compared with rabbit. This extra sequence may have arisen by gene duplication.", "PMID": 67897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2757", "title": "Evolutionary relationships between gag gene-coded proteins of murine and primate endogenous type C RNA viruses.", "content": "Several low molecular weight proteins of endogenous type C viruses of the RD114/baboon group are compared with the gag gene translational products of endogenous type C viruses of murine origin. The p10 proteins of each virus group are shown to be immunologically and biochemically related, while the p12 proteins of RD114/baboon viruses are demonstrated to share antigenic determinants with murine viral p15. Moreover, highly type-specific phosphoproteins, p15 of RD114/baboon viruses and p12 of murine viruses, are shown to possess very similar biochemical properties. These findings, along with previous studies indicating immunologic cross-reactivity between their major internal antigens, p30, demonstrate that each of the gag gene-coded proteins of murine type C viruses has a analogue in viruses of the RD114/baboon group. The immunologic and biochemical relatedness of their gag gene translational products supports the concept of a common progenitor in the evolution of these endogenous viruses.", "contents": "Evolutionary relationships between gag gene-coded proteins of murine and primate endogenous type C RNA viruses. Several low molecular weight proteins of endogenous type C viruses of the RD114/baboon group are compared with the gag gene translational products of endogenous type C viruses of murine origin. The p10 proteins of each virus group are shown to be immunologically and biochemically related, while the p12 proteins of RD114/baboon viruses are demonstrated to share antigenic determinants with murine viral p15. Moreover, highly type-specific phosphoproteins, p15 of RD114/baboon viruses and p12 of murine viruses, are shown to possess very similar biochemical properties. These findings, along with previous studies indicating immunologic cross-reactivity between their major internal antigens, p30, demonstrate that each of the gag gene-coded proteins of murine type C viruses has a analogue in viruses of the RD114/baboon group. The immunologic and biochemical relatedness of their gag gene translational products supports the concept of a common progenitor in the evolution of these endogenous viruses.", "PMID": 67898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2758", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma: experience with 106 patients.", "content": "A phase II study was conducted with three different combinations of cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin (COMB) in 106 patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma of all histologies. The response rates were 27.3% for COMB I (six of 22 patients), 18.2% for COMB II (eight of 44 patients), and 7.5% for vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin (three of 40 patients). Complete responses were seen only in the small cell carcinoma group. Duration of remission and overall survival were of significance for the small cell group, whereas survival for the other histologic types comparing responders to nonresponders was of no statistical significance. Toxicity was significant and included nausea and vomiting, neuropathy, and myelosuppression. These drug combinations were disappointing and only in small cell carcinoma was meaningful antitumor activity seen.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma: experience with 106 patients. A phase II study was conducted with three different combinations of cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin (COMB) in 106 patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma of all histologies. The response rates were 27.3% for COMB I (six of 22 patients), 18.2% for COMB II (eight of 44 patients), and 7.5% for vincristine, methyl-CCNU, and bleomycin (three of 40 patients). Complete responses were seen only in the small cell carcinoma group. Duration of remission and overall survival were of significance for the small cell group, whereas survival for the other histologic types comparing responders to nonresponders was of no statistical significance. Toxicity was significant and included nausea and vomiting, neuropathy, and myelosuppression. These drug combinations were disappointing and only in small cell carcinoma was meaningful antitumor activity seen.", "PMID": 67895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2759", "title": "Basophil histamine release in patients with hay fever. Results compared with specific IgE and total IgE during immunotherapy.", "content": "Histamine release from leucocytes was demonstrated in grass pollen hay fever patients on in vitro challenge with extract of Pleum pratense (timothy). No release was found in persons without a history of grass pollen allergy. During preseasonal hyposensitization the following tendencies were found in cell sensitivity to allergen as well as in specific IgE antibody level of serum: an initial increase at the beginning of the therapy followed by a decrease during the pollen season. This is in contrast to untreated hay fever patients in whom an increase or no change at all of cell sensitivity and specific IgE was observed in the pollen season. Immunotherapy, therefore, can prevent such an increase in the pollen season. The mechanism might be due to a depression of the IgE production. In untreated as well as in treated patients the cell sensitivity was found to be significantly correlated to the grass specific IgE determined by RAST but not to the total serum level of IgE estimated by RIST. It seems likely that the sensitivity would be useful for evaluating the degree of allergy in grass pollen hay fever patients treated or not treated with immunotherapy.", "contents": "Basophil histamine release in patients with hay fever. Results compared with specific IgE and total IgE during immunotherapy. Histamine release from leucocytes was demonstrated in grass pollen hay fever patients on in vitro challenge with extract of Pleum pratense (timothy). No release was found in persons without a history of grass pollen allergy. During preseasonal hyposensitization the following tendencies were found in cell sensitivity to allergen as well as in specific IgE antibody level of serum: an initial increase at the beginning of the therapy followed by a decrease during the pollen season. This is in contrast to untreated hay fever patients in whom an increase or no change at all of cell sensitivity and specific IgE was observed in the pollen season. Immunotherapy, therefore, can prevent such an increase in the pollen season. The mechanism might be due to a depression of the IgE production. In untreated as well as in treated patients the cell sensitivity was found to be significantly correlated to the grass specific IgE determined by RAST but not to the total serum level of IgE estimated by RIST. It seems likely that the sensitivity would be useful for evaluating the degree of allergy in grass pollen hay fever patients treated or not treated with immunotherapy.", "PMID": 67913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2760", "title": "Fc receptors on human blood B lymphocytes.", "content": "The frequency of Fc-receptor positive B lymphocytes in human blood was investigated. Under the conditions used heat-aggregated gammaglobulin binding and EA(ox)-rosette formation labelled the same lymphocyte populations. Using various techniques, double marking and cell separations the proportion of Fc-receptor positive cells within the surface Ig carrying population was estimated to be between 11-8 and 36-2%. The proportion of SIg carrying cells within the population forming EA-rosettes was between 11 and 26-4%. This represents extreme values due to known technical circumstances.", "contents": "Fc receptors on human blood B lymphocytes. The frequency of Fc-receptor positive B lymphocytes in human blood was investigated. Under the conditions used heat-aggregated gammaglobulin binding and EA(ox)-rosette formation labelled the same lymphocyte populations. Using various techniques, double marking and cell separations the proportion of Fc-receptor positive cells within the surface Ig carrying population was estimated to be between 11-8 and 36-2%. The proportion of SIg carrying cells within the population forming EA-rosettes was between 11 and 26-4%. This represents extreme values due to known technical circumstances.", "PMID": 67914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2761", "title": "A new index for measuring extrinsic stain in clinical trials.", "content": "A staining index has been proposed which is simple to use clinically and yet is sensitive enough to detect small changes in staining levels between different groups. Accurate scale drawings from An atlas of tooth form were reproduced. Outlines of the labial and lingual surfaces of all eight incisor teeth were enlarged to scale (magnification X 4) and each tooth face divided into 4-mm squares. All areas of extrinsic stain were drawn by the examiner on the grid system. This method has been tested in three clinical trials and the reproducibility investigated. In 161 duplicate examinations a total of 1,830 stained squares were scored by one examiner, compared with 1,853 squares by the second examiner; the reproducibility ratio was 0.155 and the coefficient of correlation was 0.956. The method proved sufficiently sensitive to record differences in staining levels in groups using two dentifrices; one was a normal commercial product with an abrasivity against dentin approximately two-thirds that of the other paste. The proposed Extrinsic Stain Index provides data which can be analyzed by appling parametric or nonparametric tests.", "contents": "A new index for measuring extrinsic stain in clinical trials. A staining index has been proposed which is simple to use clinically and yet is sensitive enough to detect small changes in staining levels between different groups. Accurate scale drawings from An atlas of tooth form were reproduced. Outlines of the labial and lingual surfaces of all eight incisor teeth were enlarged to scale (magnification X 4) and each tooth face divided into 4-mm squares. All areas of extrinsic stain were drawn by the examiner on the grid system. This method has been tested in three clinical trials and the reproducibility investigated. In 161 duplicate examinations a total of 1,830 stained squares were scored by one examiner, compared with 1,853 squares by the second examiner; the reproducibility ratio was 0.155 and the coefficient of correlation was 0.956. The method proved sufficiently sensitive to record differences in staining levels in groups using two dentifrices; one was a normal commercial product with an abrasivity against dentin approximately two-thirds that of the other paste. The proposed Extrinsic Stain Index provides data which can be analyzed by appling parametric or nonparametric tests.", "PMID": 67918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2762", "title": "Interaction in vitro between myocardial cells and autologous lymphocytes and sera from patients with rheumatic carditis.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of antimyocardial antibodies and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatic carditis on autologous myocardial cells was investigated. Although sera obtained after open-heart surgery from seven out of eight patients with rheumatic carditis were bound to cultures of autologous myocardial cells, they were not cytotoxic. Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained both before and after surgery from one of these eight patients aggregated around and underwent blast transformation when exposed to autologous myocardial cells in vitro, but not after exposure to autologous skin fibroblasts. Only the postoperative leukocytes from another of these eight patients aggregated around autologous myocardial cells in vitro; however, these lymphocytes were also not cytotoxic to autologous myocardium. To investigate the effect of antimyocardial antibodies on myocardial function, antimyocardial antibodies were added to the culture medium of pulsating cultures of mouse myocardial explants. Although antimyocardial antibody from 27 patients with chronic rheumatic carditis and seven postcardiotomy patients had no effect on the pulsation of the mouse myocardial cultures, serum gamma-globulin from a patient suffering from acute rheumatic fever with myocardial involvement first accelerated and then gradually stopped the pulsation of mouse myocardial explants.", "contents": "Interaction in vitro between myocardial cells and autologous lymphocytes and sera from patients with rheumatic carditis. The cytotoxicity of antimyocardial antibodies and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatic carditis on autologous myocardial cells was investigated. Although sera obtained after open-heart surgery from seven out of eight patients with rheumatic carditis were bound to cultures of autologous myocardial cells, they were not cytotoxic. Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained both before and after surgery from one of these eight patients aggregated around and underwent blast transformation when exposed to autologous myocardial cells in vitro, but not after exposure to autologous skin fibroblasts. Only the postoperative leukocytes from another of these eight patients aggregated around autologous myocardial cells in vitro; however, these lymphocytes were also not cytotoxic to autologous myocardium. To investigate the effect of antimyocardial antibodies on myocardial function, antimyocardial antibodies were added to the culture medium of pulsating cultures of mouse myocardial explants. Although antimyocardial antibody from 27 patients with chronic rheumatic carditis and seven postcardiotomy patients had no effect on the pulsation of the mouse myocardial cultures, serum gamma-globulin from a patient suffering from acute rheumatic fever with myocardial involvement first accelerated and then gradually stopped the pulsation of mouse myocardial explants.", "PMID": 67921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2763", "title": "Wenckebach (type 1) behavior of ventricular reentry.", "content": "Electrocardiographic excerpts from three patients demonstrate bigeminy, concealed bigeminy, trigeminy, concealed trigeminy, and Wenckebach's pattern of variation in the coupling interval from sinus beat to ventricular ectopic beat. These diverse manifestations of ventricular ectopy support the hypothesis that reentry in man reflects conduction of an initial impulse, with delay, to cause the coupled reentrant beat.", "contents": "Wenckebach (type 1) behavior of ventricular reentry. Electrocardiographic excerpts from three patients demonstrate bigeminy, concealed bigeminy, trigeminy, concealed trigeminy, and Wenckebach's pattern of variation in the coupling interval from sinus beat to ventricular ectopic beat. These diverse manifestations of ventricular ectopy support the hypothesis that reentry in man reflects conduction of an initial impulse, with delay, to cause the coupled reentrant beat.", "PMID": 67922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2764", "title": "Computer interpreted fetal electroencephalogram: sharp wave detection and classification of infants for one year neurological outcome.", "content": "The presence of visually discernible sharp waves (SWs) in the fetal electroencephalogram (FEEG) has been found to be associated with abnormal neurological infant outcome, but no method of programmed SW detection for FEEG was available. In order to develop an algorithm for SW detection, the first and second derivatives for visually identified SWs and non-SWs were examined and five random variables chosen for discriminant function analysis (DFA). The resulting equation, incorporated into program logic along with logic for artifact rejection, produced classifications from 85% to 89% consistent with visual identifications, suggesting that the number of SWs/epoch (NSW) corresponds with visually identified SWs. In addition, in 61 cases using a threshold for NSW derived by DFA, computer recognized SWs were found to be significantly related to the overall visual interpretation of the tracings (P less than 0.005). Finally, NSW alone produced correct classification of 65.5% of infants for 1 year neurological outcome. The overall consistency was increased to as high as 80% using additional FEEG and neonatal data. These findings imply that some forms of brain damage are present before birth and can be detected during labor using FEEG.", "contents": "Computer interpreted fetal electroencephalogram: sharp wave detection and classification of infants for one year neurological outcome. The presence of visually discernible sharp waves (SWs) in the fetal electroencephalogram (FEEG) has been found to be associated with abnormal neurological infant outcome, but no method of programmed SW detection for FEEG was available. In order to develop an algorithm for SW detection, the first and second derivatives for visually identified SWs and non-SWs were examined and five random variables chosen for discriminant function analysis (DFA). The resulting equation, incorporated into program logic along with logic for artifact rejection, produced classifications from 85% to 89% consistent with visual identifications, suggesting that the number of SWs/epoch (NSW) corresponds with visually identified SWs. In addition, in 61 cases using a threshold for NSW derived by DFA, computer recognized SWs were found to be significantly related to the overall visual interpretation of the tracings (P less than 0.005). Finally, NSW alone produced correct classification of 65.5% of infants for 1 year neurological outcome. The overall consistency was increased to as high as 80% using additional FEEG and neonatal data. These findings imply that some forms of brain damage are present before birth and can be detected during labor using FEEG.", "PMID": 67925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2765", "title": "[Temporal organization of sleep stages in man].", "content": "By fitting orthogonal polynomials to the cumulated occurrences of sleep stages, it is possible to describe in a simple form their general trend, i.e. their temporal evolution, in the absence of cyclic ultradian variations. Thus, stages 1, 2 and 3 can be described by a cubic function, REM stage by a parabolic one, while total sleep itself is linear. The fittings can be performed on a general average or on individual data, allowing completion of the subject's clinical description. The first derivative of the general trends gives the instantaneous trend, which has the form of a probability, that of the occurrence of a given stage at a given moment of the night. The study of normal sleep with this technique reveals new aspects of its evolution as a function of time, and makes it possible to propose and test hypotheses on the reciprocal relations between stages.", "contents": "[Temporal organization of sleep stages in man]. By fitting orthogonal polynomials to the cumulated occurrences of sleep stages, it is possible to describe in a simple form their general trend, i.e. their temporal evolution, in the absence of cyclic ultradian variations. Thus, stages 1, 2 and 3 can be described by a cubic function, REM stage by a parabolic one, while total sleep itself is linear. The fittings can be performed on a general average or on individual data, allowing completion of the subject's clinical description. The first derivative of the general trends gives the instantaneous trend, which has the form of a probability, that of the occurrence of a given stage at a given moment of the night. The study of normal sleep with this technique reveals new aspects of its evolution as a function of time, and makes it possible to propose and test hypotheses on the reciprocal relations between stages.", "PMID": 67926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2766", "title": "Epileptic seizures and abnormal electroencephalographic findings in hydrocephalus and their relation to the shunting procedures.", "content": "A total of 92 patients with hydrocephalus were studied. The incidence of seizures was significantly greater in the \"shunted\" group (18.2% in the \"non-shunted\" and 65.4% in the \"shunted\" group). All of the shunted patients who had seizures developed them after the placement of the shunt. Left sided focal motor seizures were the commonest focal seizures in the patients with right sided shunts. There was a higher incidence of abnormal EEG tracings in the \"shunt\" group (47% of the \"non-shunt\" patients and 95% of the \"shunt\" group). All types of focal EEG abnormalities, but particularly the slow wave foci, were seen more frequently over the hemisphere which had the shunt, and in more than half these localized to the neighborhood of the shunt itself. It is suggested that the shunt, which may act as a foreign body, may be responsible, at least in part, for these findings.", "contents": "Epileptic seizures and abnormal electroencephalographic findings in hydrocephalus and their relation to the shunting procedures. A total of 92 patients with hydrocephalus were studied. The incidence of seizures was significantly greater in the \"shunted\" group (18.2% in the \"non-shunted\" and 65.4% in the \"shunted\" group). All of the shunted patients who had seizures developed them after the placement of the shunt. Left sided focal motor seizures were the commonest focal seizures in the patients with right sided shunts. There was a higher incidence of abnormal EEG tracings in the \"shunt\" group (47% of the \"non-shunt\" patients and 95% of the \"shunt\" group). All types of focal EEG abnormalities, but particularly the slow wave foci, were seen more frequently over the hemisphere which had the shunt, and in more than half these localized to the neighborhood of the shunt itself. It is suggested that the shunt, which may act as a foreign body, may be responsible, at least in part, for these findings.", "PMID": 67927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2767", "title": "Individual variations in response of human REM sleep to amitriptyline and haloperidol.", "content": "The effect of amitriptyline and haloperidol on REM sleep was investigated in healthy human adults, with special attention to individual variations in these drugs' effects. In addition, an investigation was made of the rebound elevation of REM sleep occurring on the following night of partial differential REM deprivation (PDRD), again with emphasis being placed on individual variations in that effect. The administration of amitriptyline in a single oral dose of 25 mg was followed by an inhibition of REM sleep in all subjects. The per cent decrease in REM sleep was found to have a significant negative correlation with the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD in individual subjects. The amount of REM sleep during the recovery night following the night of amitriptyline medication tended to correlate with the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD in individual subjects. Haloperidol in a single oral dose of 1.5 mg caused REM sleep to augment in some subjects but inhibit in others. A significant correlation was noted to exist between drug-induced change in REM sleep and the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD.", "contents": "Individual variations in response of human REM sleep to amitriptyline and haloperidol. The effect of amitriptyline and haloperidol on REM sleep was investigated in healthy human adults, with special attention to individual variations in these drugs' effects. In addition, an investigation was made of the rebound elevation of REM sleep occurring on the following night of partial differential REM deprivation (PDRD), again with emphasis being placed on individual variations in that effect. The administration of amitriptyline in a single oral dose of 25 mg was followed by an inhibition of REM sleep in all subjects. The per cent decrease in REM sleep was found to have a significant negative correlation with the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD in individual subjects. The amount of REM sleep during the recovery night following the night of amitriptyline medication tended to correlate with the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD in individual subjects. Haloperidol in a single oral dose of 1.5 mg caused REM sleep to augment in some subjects but inhibit in others. A significant correlation was noted to exist between drug-induced change in REM sleep and the per cent increase in REM sleep following PDRD.", "PMID": 67928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2768", "title": "[Comparative study of somatic and visual projections on the cerebral cortex of the normal adult rat, the rat enucleated at birth, and the young rat].", "content": "A comparative study of somatic and visual projections on the cerebral cortex of the adult of the normal rat or of the rat enucleated at birth, and of the young rat. This study was first designed to examine the developmental features of somate, sensory and visual projections to the rat cerebral cortex, together with their alteration as a consequence of early sensory deafferentation. We were led to a reevaluation of these projectins in the normal adult rat. This study specifically shows that topical projections exist, for both the somatic and the visual system. However, projections that are highly convergent in nature are present over most of the superolateral aspect of the cerebral cortex and we were unable to demonstrate any simple change resulting from early visual deafferentation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of somatic and visual projections on the cerebral cortex of the normal adult rat, the rat enucleated at birth, and the young rat]. A comparative study of somatic and visual projections on the cerebral cortex of the adult of the normal rat or of the rat enucleated at birth, and of the young rat. This study was first designed to examine the developmental features of somate, sensory and visual projections to the rat cerebral cortex, together with their alteration as a consequence of early sensory deafferentation. We were led to a reevaluation of these projectins in the normal adult rat. This study specifically shows that topical projections exist, for both the somatic and the visual system. However, projections that are highly convergent in nature are present over most of the superolateral aspect of the cerebral cortex and we were unable to demonstrate any simple change resulting from early visual deafferentation.", "PMID": 67930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2769", "title": "Transcallosally evoked potentials and the EEG in the decerebrate dog: actions of tryptaminergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic agonists.", "content": "The midpontine decerebrate dog, immobilized with gallamine, was used to determine the changes in the transcallosally evoked potential (TEP) produced by intravenous infusions of various drugs. A total of 50 TEPs, recorded from the g. ectolateralis, was computer analyzed before, during and after administration of the drugs. Changes in the TEP were also correlated with changes in the EEG recorded from the g. ectolateralis. The EEG was analyzed by inspection and amplitude integration (electrogenesis). LSD (30 microng/kg) significantly depressed the TEP, and the effect persisted for at least 80 min. DMT (1 mg/kg) caused a significant and reversible increase in the amplitude of the TEP. LSD and DMT reduced the alpha activity of the EEG and enhanced the amplitude of the low-frequency waves. DMT produced a significant and LSD a marginal increase in electrogenesis. Tryptamine (10 and 20 mg/kg), mescaline (6 mg/kg), methoxamine (0.88 mg/kg) and apomorphine (5 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the TEP or EEG. These results suggest that depression of the TEP is not related to spinal reflex facilitation in the dog or hallucinogenic activity in man.", "contents": "Transcallosally evoked potentials and the EEG in the decerebrate dog: actions of tryptaminergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic agonists. The midpontine decerebrate dog, immobilized with gallamine, was used to determine the changes in the transcallosally evoked potential (TEP) produced by intravenous infusions of various drugs. A total of 50 TEPs, recorded from the g. ectolateralis, was computer analyzed before, during and after administration of the drugs. Changes in the TEP were also correlated with changes in the EEG recorded from the g. ectolateralis. The EEG was analyzed by inspection and amplitude integration (electrogenesis). LSD (30 microng/kg) significantly depressed the TEP, and the effect persisted for at least 80 min. DMT (1 mg/kg) caused a significant and reversible increase in the amplitude of the TEP. LSD and DMT reduced the alpha activity of the EEG and enhanced the amplitude of the low-frequency waves. DMT produced a significant and LSD a marginal increase in electrogenesis. Tryptamine (10 and 20 mg/kg), mescaline (6 mg/kg), methoxamine (0.88 mg/kg) and apomorphine (5 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the TEP or EEG. These results suggest that depression of the TEP is not related to spinal reflex facilitation in the dog or hallucinogenic activity in man.", "PMID": 67932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2770", "title": "Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG.", "content": "Changes in the background EEG activity occurring at the same time as visual and auditory evoked potentials, as well as during the interstimulus interval in a CNV paradigm were analysed in human subjects, using serial power measurements of overlapping EEG segments. The analysis was focused on the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band (RAAB power). A decrease in RAAB power occurring during these event-related phenomena was indicative of desynchronization. Phasic, i.e. short lasting, localised desynchronization was present during sensory stimulation, and also preceding the imperative signal and motor response (motor preactivation) in the CNV paradigm.", "contents": "Event-related cortical desynchronization detected by power measurements of scalp EEG. Changes in the background EEG activity occurring at the same time as visual and auditory evoked potentials, as well as during the interstimulus interval in a CNV paradigm were analysed in human subjects, using serial power measurements of overlapping EEG segments. The analysis was focused on the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band (RAAB power). A decrease in RAAB power occurring during these event-related phenomena was indicative of desynchronization. Phasic, i.e. short lasting, localised desynchronization was present during sensory stimulation, and also preceding the imperative signal and motor response (motor preactivation) in the CNV paradigm.", "PMID": 67933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2771", "title": "[Radial nerve potential at the wrist of man].", "content": "Radial nerve potential was studied at the level of the wrist in 13 normal subjects. Simultaneous recording at the level of the median nerve potentials and of a block of its conduction showed that median activity spreads to the area of recording of radial potentials. However, the radial latency is shorter so that potentials of each nerve can be distinguished. This technique could be applied in current practice.", "contents": "[Radial nerve potential at the wrist of man]. Radial nerve potential was studied at the level of the wrist in 13 normal subjects. Simultaneous recording at the level of the median nerve potentials and of a block of its conduction showed that median activity spreads to the area of recording of radial potentials. However, the radial latency is shorter so that potentials of each nerve can be distinguished. This technique could be applied in current practice.", "PMID": 67934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2772", "title": "Computer analysis of the electroencephalographic activity of the Caiman olfactory bulb.", "content": "Bipolar EEG records of olfactory activity of Caiman sclerops were computer analyzed and the derived power spectral density functions (PSD) were statistically compared by the method of Bendat and Piersol (1971) and Fails and Verlander (1977). These recordings included surface and underwater episodes. The Caiman olfactory EEG may legitimately be divided into four types of activity: a spindle form of high amplitude and long duration (1-3 sec), a spindle of lower amplitude, short duration (less than 1 sec) and significantly lower power generation irregular surface background activity, and an irregular underwater activity. PSD analysis showed a great deal of moment-to-moment variability in both quantity of power generated and the frequency regions containing significant power generation during surface background activity. A statistical comparison of surface background and underwater background activity also showed significant differences.", "contents": "Computer analysis of the electroencephalographic activity of the Caiman olfactory bulb. Bipolar EEG records of olfactory activity of Caiman sclerops were computer analyzed and the derived power spectral density functions (PSD) were statistically compared by the method of Bendat and Piersol (1971) and Fails and Verlander (1977). These recordings included surface and underwater episodes. The Caiman olfactory EEG may legitimately be divided into four types of activity: a spindle form of high amplitude and long duration (1-3 sec), a spindle of lower amplitude, short duration (less than 1 sec) and significantly lower power generation irregular surface background activity, and an irregular underwater activity. PSD analysis showed a great deal of moment-to-moment variability in both quantity of power generated and the frequency regions containing significant power generation during surface background activity. A statistical comparison of surface background and underwater background activity also showed significant differences.", "PMID": 67935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2773", "title": "Statistical detection of individual evoked responses: an evaluation of Woody's adaptive filter.", "content": "The practical performance of the adaptive filter developed by Woody (1967) and Harris and Woody (1969) is assessed in terms of its ability to distinguish evoked responses from the background EEG. It is concluded that selection of good initial template, in this case the Averaged ER, renders iterations beyond the first doubtful validity in the majority of subjects. It is stressed that where iterations are pursued care should be taken over the choice of a suitable statistic to index the process. Finally, given the efficacy of the cavariance function in detecting the grosser features of ER morphology in individual responses, a single trial approach to the analysis of ERs is recommended.", "contents": "Statistical detection of individual evoked responses: an evaluation of Woody's adaptive filter. The practical performance of the adaptive filter developed by Woody (1967) and Harris and Woody (1969) is assessed in terms of its ability to distinguish evoked responses from the background EEG. It is concluded that selection of good initial template, in this case the Averaged ER, renders iterations beyond the first doubtful validity in the majority of subjects. It is stressed that where iterations are pursued care should be taken over the choice of a suitable statistic to index the process. Finally, given the efficacy of the cavariance function in detecting the grosser features of ER morphology in individual responses, a single trial approach to the analysis of ERs is recommended.", "PMID": 67936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2774", "title": "Microelectrode tip in five seconds. A new simple, rapid, inexpensive method.", "content": "A method using a oxyacetylene torch flame is described; it makes it possible to obtain easily and rapidly, without skill or special equipment, a tungsten micro-electrode tip in a very few seconds.", "contents": "Microelectrode tip in five seconds. A new simple, rapid, inexpensive method. A method using a oxyacetylene torch flame is described; it makes it possible to obtain easily and rapidly, without skill or special equipment, a tungsten micro-electrode tip in a very few seconds.", "PMID": 67937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2775", "title": "Sequential frequency analysis: a method to quantify event related EEG changes.", "content": "A hybrid method of frequency analysis is described by means of which EEG changes related to stimulus-response tasks have been studied. Frequency analysis was carried out using a bank of 20 analog filters by means of which quantitative spectral data were obtained as a function of time. Storing, averaging and statistical analysis of these time-varying spectral data were performed, using a general purpose computer (PDP 11-20). The method proved to be useful for analysis of the non-stationary properties of EEG changes related to certain behavioural events.", "contents": "Sequential frequency analysis: a method to quantify event related EEG changes. A hybrid method of frequency analysis is described by means of which EEG changes related to stimulus-response tasks have been studied. Frequency analysis was carried out using a bank of 20 analog filters by means of which quantitative spectral data were obtained as a function of time. Storing, averaging and statistical analysis of these time-varying spectral data were performed, using a general purpose computer (PDP 11-20). The method proved to be useful for analysis of the non-stationary properties of EEG changes related to certain behavioural events.", "PMID": 67938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2776", "title": "[General trends of sleep stages studied by applying orthogonal polynomials].", "content": "In an attempt to describe in a dynamic way the evolution of sleep stages or of total sleep as a function of time, we applied to the totality of stages a method of fitting by orthogonal polynomials. With some precautions, the proposed method is of very general application, in man as in animals. It permits description of the evolution of a sleep stage throughout the night by a simple analytical function; further it allows comparisons and statistical treatment separately for each characteristic of this evolution (level, slope and curvature). Finally, the calculations can be done on a general average of a series of measurements or on individual data.", "contents": "[General trends of sleep stages studied by applying orthogonal polynomials]. In an attempt to describe in a dynamic way the evolution of sleep stages or of total sleep as a function of time, we applied to the totality of stages a method of fitting by orthogonal polynomials. With some precautions, the proposed method is of very general application, in man as in animals. It permits description of the evolution of a sleep stage throughout the night by a simple analytical function; further it allows comparisons and statistical treatment separately for each characteristic of this evolution (level, slope and curvature). Finally, the calculations can be done on a general average of a series of measurements or on individual data.", "PMID": 67939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2777", "title": "Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in cytosols of normal and hypertrophic human prostates, and influence of estrogens and anti-androgens on the binding.", "content": "Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein was observed in cytosols of the normal and hypertrophic human prostates. Association constant for dihydrotestosterone of cytosol of the normal prostate differed slightly from that of the hypertrophic prostate. However, maximum binding capacity was almost identical in these tissues. No distinct correlation was detected between proportion of glandular constituent and binding characteristics (Ka and maximum binding capacity) in the hypertrophic prostates. Influence of some steroids on the binding with dihydrotesterone was examined. Testosterone, estradiol-17beta, estriol, cyproterone acetate and SK & F 7690 inhibited the binding competitively. However, Sch 13521 did not exhibit any influence on the binding.", "contents": "Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in cytosols of normal and hypertrophic human prostates, and influence of estrogens and anti-androgens on the binding. Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein was observed in cytosols of the normal and hypertrophic human prostates. Association constant for dihydrotestosterone of cytosol of the normal prostate differed slightly from that of the hypertrophic prostate. However, maximum binding capacity was almost identical in these tissues. No distinct correlation was detected between proportion of glandular constituent and binding characteristics (Ka and maximum binding capacity) in the hypertrophic prostates. Influence of some steroids on the binding with dihydrotesterone was examined. Testosterone, estradiol-17beta, estriol, cyproterone acetate and SK & F 7690 inhibited the binding competitively. However, Sch 13521 did not exhibit any influence on the binding.", "PMID": 67940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2778", "title": "On the dye spraying method in colonofiberscopy.", "content": "Dye spraying method was applied in colonofiberscopy; 111 cases of normal colonic mucosa and 26 cases of ulcerative colitis were examined by this method. Using indigocarmine in this method, we could recognize the fine mucosal changes more easily and clearly and get better information for differential diagnosis. Furthermore, the degree of staining of the mucosa by methylene blue, one of the ultra vital staining dye, is different according to the stage of the inflammatory process of colonic mucosa itself in ulcerative colitis. Namely the stainability of the colonic mucosa is corresponding to the healing process of the disease.", "contents": "On the dye spraying method in colonofiberscopy. Dye spraying method was applied in colonofiberscopy; 111 cases of normal colonic mucosa and 26 cases of ulcerative colitis were examined by this method. Using indigocarmine in this method, we could recognize the fine mucosal changes more easily and clearly and get better information for differential diagnosis. Furthermore, the degree of staining of the mucosa by methylene blue, one of the ultra vital staining dye, is different according to the stage of the inflammatory process of colonic mucosa itself in ulcerative colitis. Namely the stainability of the colonic mucosa is corresponding to the healing process of the disease.", "PMID": 67941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2779", "title": "Positioning of a plastic prosthesis under fiberendoscopic control in the palliative treatment of cardio-esophageal cancer.", "content": "A method is described for non surgical peroral positioning of a plastic prosthesis under visual control in patients with obstructing cardio-esophageal malignancy or with pulmonary-esophageal fistula. The ACMI-F7 small calibre endoscope is well suited for guiding the prosthesis mainly because of easy maneuvrability and sufficient sturdiness to withstand substantial pushing force.", "contents": "Positioning of a plastic prosthesis under fiberendoscopic control in the palliative treatment of cardio-esophageal cancer. A method is described for non surgical peroral positioning of a plastic prosthesis under visual control in patients with obstructing cardio-esophageal malignancy or with pulmonary-esophageal fistula. The ACMI-F7 small calibre endoscope is well suited for guiding the prosthesis mainly because of easy maneuvrability and sufficient sturdiness to withstand substantial pushing force.", "PMID": 67942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2780", "title": "An improved cold punch resectoscope.", "content": "The introduction of an improved cold punch resectoscope is reported. The advantages of cold punch resection of the prostate over electroresection are described. Improvements of other direct vision urethro-cystoscopes are mentioned.", "contents": "An improved cold punch resectoscope. The introduction of an improved cold punch resectoscope is reported. The advantages of cold punch resection of the prostate over electroresection are described. Improvements of other direct vision urethro-cystoscopes are mentioned.", "PMID": 67943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2781", "title": "Recent advances in investigations of toxicity of automotive exhaust.", "content": "The influence of auto exhaust on man's health is difficult to gauge considering the intricacy of human environmental urban stresses and particularly of other air polluting (industrial, domestic) emissions. Epidemiological surveys made in road tunnel employees and in traffic officers have not demonstrated specific effects and have often been complicated by cigarette smoking as a factor. Long-term animal experiments run mostly on small rodents give evidence of little effect of the pathological actions of dilutions such as those encountered in high polluted cities. However the acute toxicity of gasoline exhaust emission is well known and mostly due to carbon monoxide. Considering the different types of cycles and operating conditions of vehicles (gasoline and diesel), auto exhaust gases constitute no more a chemical entity than they show, a definite toxicity. A great number of substances that they contain (nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, antiknock additives, heavy metals, possible catalysts are highly toxic as shown by in vivo and in vitro (mutagenic) tests. Interactions of the components are for the moment ignored or poorly understood. Besides, the evolution of the physicochemical properties and natures of the auto exhaust emission in the gaseous biotope of man under determined conditions of ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, and hygrometry provoke the formation of secondary products such as oxidants and ozone. Several experiments show clearly that irradiation increases the toxicity of auto exhaust significantly. For these reasons, geographical, meteorological, and chronological (circadian and seasonal) factors should be taken into consideration, especially with regard to emission standards.", "contents": "Recent advances in investigations of toxicity of automotive exhaust. The influence of auto exhaust on man's health is difficult to gauge considering the intricacy of human environmental urban stresses and particularly of other air polluting (industrial, domestic) emissions. Epidemiological surveys made in road tunnel employees and in traffic officers have not demonstrated specific effects and have often been complicated by cigarette smoking as a factor. Long-term animal experiments run mostly on small rodents give evidence of little effect of the pathological actions of dilutions such as those encountered in high polluted cities. However the acute toxicity of gasoline exhaust emission is well known and mostly due to carbon monoxide. Considering the different types of cycles and operating conditions of vehicles (gasoline and diesel), auto exhaust gases constitute no more a chemical entity than they show, a definite toxicity. A great number of substances that they contain (nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, antiknock additives, heavy metals, possible catalysts are highly toxic as shown by in vivo and in vitro (mutagenic) tests. Interactions of the components are for the moment ignored or poorly understood. Besides, the evolution of the physicochemical properties and natures of the auto exhaust emission in the gaseous biotope of man under determined conditions of ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, and hygrometry provoke the formation of secondary products such as oxidants and ozone. Several experiments show clearly that irradiation increases the toxicity of auto exhaust significantly. For these reasons, geographical, meteorological, and chronological (circadian and seasonal) factors should be taken into consideration, especially with regard to emission standards.", "PMID": 67944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2782", "title": "Studies on the synovia in healthy horses with particular reference to the protein composition.", "content": "Synovial fluid and blood were collected from 18 clinically healthy brood mares in resting conidition. The following parameters were analysed: total leucocytes, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, albumin, total globulin, albumin/globulin ratio and electrophoretic protein picture. The serum/synovia ratios were calculated for all parameters. It was considered to be of greater diagnostic value to compare these serum/synovia ratios rather than to look at the individual concentrations in synovia. The results obtained did not materially differ from those in the existing literature. In addition, this study confirmed that small protein molecules could more easily penetrate the synovial membrane than high-molecular proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the synovia in healthy horses with particular reference to the protein composition. Synovial fluid and blood were collected from 18 clinically healthy brood mares in resting conidition. The following parameters were analysed: total leucocytes, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, albumin, total globulin, albumin/globulin ratio and electrophoretic protein picture. The serum/synovia ratios were calculated for all parameters. It was considered to be of greater diagnostic value to compare these serum/synovia ratios rather than to look at the individual concentrations in synovia. The results obtained did not materially differ from those in the existing literature. In addition, this study confirmed that small protein molecules could more easily penetrate the synovial membrane than high-molecular proteins.", "PMID": 67947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2783", "title": "Kinetics of 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone metabolism in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Effect of cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The response of 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone to the administration of cyproterone acetate (CA) over a period of 5 days was investigated. Both tracers were injected intravenously in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Blood was withdrawn for up to 5 h. Benign prostatic hypertrophy tissue was obtained by transurethral resection. Nine patients served as controls. Eleven patients received 300 mg CA intramuscularly. Cyproterone acetate suppressed testosterone and FSH, but not LH. 3H-testosterone was cleared more rapidly from plasma in the patients given CA presumably due to increased metabolism in the liver. 3H-dihydrotestosterone, however, remained virtually uninfluenced. Moreover, CA did not significantly alter the 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone uptake and metabolism within prostatic tissue.", "contents": "Kinetics of 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone metabolism in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Effect of cyproterone acetate. The response of 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone to the administration of cyproterone acetate (CA) over a period of 5 days was investigated. Both tracers were injected intravenously in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Blood was withdrawn for up to 5 h. Benign prostatic hypertrophy tissue was obtained by transurethral resection. Nine patients served as controls. Eleven patients received 300 mg CA intramuscularly. Cyproterone acetate suppressed testosterone and FSH, but not LH. 3H-testosterone was cleared more rapidly from plasma in the patients given CA presumably due to increased metabolism in the liver. 3H-dihydrotestosterone, however, remained virtually uninfluenced. Moreover, CA did not significantly alter the 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone uptake and metabolism within prostatic tissue.", "PMID": 67948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2784", "title": "Stereology, a new quantitative morphological approach to study prostatic function and disease.", "content": "Although a considerable amount of quantitative biochemical data of the prostatic gland is available the current morphological information is restricted up to now to descriptive findings. Stereology is the application of mathematical axioms and allows one to quantitate three-dimensional structures from the measurement of two-dimensional cross sections thereof. The stereological techniques provide values for volumes, surfaces and number of tissue and glandular cellular components found within the prostatic gland. Four examples are presented to illustrate how quantitative morphology can be applied to study prostatic function and disease. A stereological model, which provides information on the structure of the prostatic gland is shown for the rat prostate (ventral lobe). The model consists of morphologically defined space and membrane components of the prostatic gland and the glandular cell. The alteration, induced in the glandular cells of the ventral lobe of the rat prostate by administration of a synthetic progestine (ethinyl-norgestrienone) were studied by stereological methods. An attempt was made to quantify the morphological aspects of both, the epithelial and stromal components of the normal human prostate (3rd decade of life) and of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In comparing the stereological data of the glandular prostatic cell in the normal human prostate with that in benign prostatic hyperplasia, a diminished secretory activity of the glandular cell in benign prostatic hyperplasia is indicated. A high volume density of the fibromuscular tissue, as well as an activation of the smooth muscle cell in the fibromuscular tissue is observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Stereology, a new quantitative morphological approach to study prostatic function and disease. Although a considerable amount of quantitative biochemical data of the prostatic gland is available the current morphological information is restricted up to now to descriptive findings. Stereology is the application of mathematical axioms and allows one to quantitate three-dimensional structures from the measurement of two-dimensional cross sections thereof. The stereological techniques provide values for volumes, surfaces and number of tissue and glandular cellular components found within the prostatic gland. Four examples are presented to illustrate how quantitative morphology can be applied to study prostatic function and disease. A stereological model, which provides information on the structure of the prostatic gland is shown for the rat prostate (ventral lobe). The model consists of morphologically defined space and membrane components of the prostatic gland and the glandular cell. The alteration, induced in the glandular cells of the ventral lobe of the rat prostate by administration of a synthetic progestine (ethinyl-norgestrienone) were studied by stereological methods. An attempt was made to quantify the morphological aspects of both, the epithelial and stromal components of the normal human prostate (3rd decade of life) and of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In comparing the stereological data of the glandular prostatic cell in the normal human prostate with that in benign prostatic hyperplasia, a diminished secretory activity of the glandular cell in benign prostatic hyperplasia is indicated. A high volume density of the fibromuscular tissue, as well as an activation of the smooth muscle cell in the fibromuscular tissue is observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 67949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2785", "title": "Spontaneous, augmentable cell-mediated cytotoxicity with limited target cell specificity in human blood.", "content": "Nonadherent and nonphagocytic lymphoid cells from human peripheral blood became strongly cytotoxic against 51Cr-labeled chicken red blood cells and cells from an established human myeloma cell line when subjected to repeated cycles of washing in phosphate buffered saline or treated with trypsin or lecithinase. Prior to augmentation the effector cells pass nylon wool columns that remove practically all surface IgG-positive cells, but after augmentation they are retained in such columns. Augmentation does not make them phagocytic or adherent to plastic surfaces. Incubation at 37 degrees C of augmented cells prior to addition on the target cells restores the original nonaggressive state. Morphologically the cells making contact with the target cells are small or intermediate-sized mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous, augmentable cell-mediated cytotoxicity with limited target cell specificity in human blood. Nonadherent and nonphagocytic lymphoid cells from human peripheral blood became strongly cytotoxic against 51Cr-labeled chicken red blood cells and cells from an established human myeloma cell line when subjected to repeated cycles of washing in phosphate buffered saline or treated with trypsin or lecithinase. Prior to augmentation the effector cells pass nylon wool columns that remove practically all surface IgG-positive cells, but after augmentation they are retained in such columns. Augmentation does not make them phagocytic or adherent to plastic surfaces. Incubation at 37 degrees C of augmented cells prior to addition on the target cells restores the original nonaggressive state. Morphologically the cells making contact with the target cells are small or intermediate-sized mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 67951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2786", "title": "Analysis of the antigenic structure of the thymocyte surface membrane by heterologous anti-thymocyte serum.", "content": "The surface membrane of rat thymocytes and lymph node cells was analyzed by comparing the capability of different rat cell types and of solubilized and chromatographically separated rat thymocyte membrane fractions to absorb cytotoxic antibodies on rat thymocytes and lymph node cells from a heterologous anti-rat thymocyte serum. The experiments described cause distinct antigenic specificities of the thymocyte membrane to be brought into relationship to structures of defined physio-chemical properties, and thus are an approach of a thymocyte cell surface mapping in antigenic as well as in molecular terms. Futhermore, the data presented allow conclusions on the distribution pattern of single antigenic determinants on different cells or tissues used as absorbents and target cells.", "contents": "Analysis of the antigenic structure of the thymocyte surface membrane by heterologous anti-thymocyte serum. The surface membrane of rat thymocytes and lymph node cells was analyzed by comparing the capability of different rat cell types and of solubilized and chromatographically separated rat thymocyte membrane fractions to absorb cytotoxic antibodies on rat thymocytes and lymph node cells from a heterologous anti-rat thymocyte serum. The experiments described cause distinct antigenic specificities of the thymocyte membrane to be brought into relationship to structures of defined physio-chemical properties, and thus are an approach of a thymocyte cell surface mapping in antigenic as well as in molecular terms. Futhermore, the data presented allow conclusions on the distribution pattern of single antigenic determinants on different cells or tissues used as absorbents and target cells.", "PMID": 67952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2787", "title": "The induction of specific resistance in F1 hybrid rats to local graft-vs.-host reactions: nature of the eliciting cell.", "content": "A specific state of resistance to local graft-vs.-host (GVH) reactions can be induced in F1 hybrid rats, derived from Ag-B incompatible matings, as a consequence of inoculation with low numbers of parental strain lymphocytes. The magnitude of GVH resistance is markedly and directly dependent upon the number of parental strain lymphocytes used in the pretreatment regimen. The relevant constituents of the resistance-inducing parental cell population are thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes possessing immunologic competence for host alloantigens. B cells, themselves incapable of inducing GVH resistance, adversely effect the induction or display of this effect by T cells.", "contents": "The induction of specific resistance in F1 hybrid rats to local graft-vs.-host reactions: nature of the eliciting cell. A specific state of resistance to local graft-vs.-host (GVH) reactions can be induced in F1 hybrid rats, derived from Ag-B incompatible matings, as a consequence of inoculation with low numbers of parental strain lymphocytes. The magnitude of GVH resistance is markedly and directly dependent upon the number of parental strain lymphocytes used in the pretreatment regimen. The relevant constituents of the resistance-inducing parental cell population are thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes possessing immunologic competence for host alloantigens. B cells, themselves incapable of inducing GVH resistance, adversely effect the induction or display of this effect by T cells.", "PMID": 67953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2788", "title": "Nonspecific genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness in the mouse.", "content": "Four lines of mice were produced by selective breeding for quantitative agglutinin responsiveness to flagellar (f) or somatic (s) antigens (Ags) of Salmonellae: high (H) or low (L) responder lines to fAg and H and L responder lines to sAg. The Salmonellae contained both f and sAgs, the Ag used to perform the selection was the Selection Ag and the other was the Associated Ag. The selective breeding produced a progressive interline separation with an equivalent effect for both Ags. After 15 generations (F15) the level of agglutinin response was about 60 times higher in H than in L responders. About 50% of the phenotypic variation of the character investigated is determined by a group of immune response genes, the rest is due to environmental factors. The nonspecific effect of this group of immune response genes was investigated by measuring the responses to three independent antigens: Sheep erythrocytes (SE), dinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG (DNP-HGG) and bovine IgG (BGG). The selection for fAg response produced an equivalent modification in the respnsiveness to the Associated Ag (97%) and to BGG (130%). This nonspecific effect was smaller for responsiveness to SE and DNP-HGG, 58% and 41% of the Selection Ag response, respectively. The selection for sAg response produced a nonspecific modification of responsiveness of 94% for the Associated Ag of 74% for BGG and 63% for DNP-HGG. An important exception concerned SE to which an equal antibody response is produced in high and low lines of sAg selection.", "contents": "Nonspecific genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness in the mouse. Four lines of mice were produced by selective breeding for quantitative agglutinin responsiveness to flagellar (f) or somatic (s) antigens (Ags) of Salmonellae: high (H) or low (L) responder lines to fAg and H and L responder lines to sAg. The Salmonellae contained both f and sAgs, the Ag used to perform the selection was the Selection Ag and the other was the Associated Ag. The selective breeding produced a progressive interline separation with an equivalent effect for both Ags. After 15 generations (F15) the level of agglutinin response was about 60 times higher in H than in L responders. About 50% of the phenotypic variation of the character investigated is determined by a group of immune response genes, the rest is due to environmental factors. The nonspecific effect of this group of immune response genes was investigated by measuring the responses to three independent antigens: Sheep erythrocytes (SE), dinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG (DNP-HGG) and bovine IgG (BGG). The selection for fAg response produced an equivalent modification in the respnsiveness to the Associated Ag (97%) and to BGG (130%). This nonspecific effect was smaller for responsiveness to SE and DNP-HGG, 58% and 41% of the Selection Ag response, respectively. The selection for sAg response produced a nonspecific modification of responsiveness of 94% for the Associated Ag of 74% for BGG and 63% for DNP-HGG. An important exception concerned SE to which an equal antibody response is produced in high and low lines of sAg selection.", "PMID": 67954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2789", "title": "A heterophile carbohydrate moiety common to mammalian IgM and erythrocytes detected by chicken IgM antibody.", "content": "Sequential treatment of chicken lymphocytes with normal sheep serum (NSS), chicken antiserum against sheep erythrocytes (SE) and formaldehyde results in rosette formation with SE. The identity of reactive components and the mechanism of rosette formation has been elucidated. The binding activity of NSS to chicken lymphocytes was ascribed to \"natural\" IgM anti-species antibodies. Subsequently, chicken IgM anti-SE antibody reacted with sheep IgM bound to the lymphocyte surface, and, following formaldehyde fixation, rosettes were formed by the addition of SE. The reaction of chicken anti-SE antibody was competitively inhibited with a hog blood group substance suggesting that it had binding specificity for a carbohydrate moiety which is shared by sheep IgM and SE. This specificity represented only a fraction of the bulk of chicken IgM anti-SE antibodies and was not manifested by antibodies of the IgG class. The analysis by the above-described \"sandwich rosette assay\" was extended to chicken antisera against horse, rat and mouse red cells and to normal sera from these species. Cross-matching of chicken antisera, with the normal sera and red cells from the tested species revealed a distinct pattern of cross-reactivities. These results imply that the saccharide epitope which is shared by IgM and red cells has a wide distribution between various mammalian species and may be classified as a new system of heterophile antigens.", "contents": "A heterophile carbohydrate moiety common to mammalian IgM and erythrocytes detected by chicken IgM antibody. Sequential treatment of chicken lymphocytes with normal sheep serum (NSS), chicken antiserum against sheep erythrocytes (SE) and formaldehyde results in rosette formation with SE. The identity of reactive components and the mechanism of rosette formation has been elucidated. The binding activity of NSS to chicken lymphocytes was ascribed to \"natural\" IgM anti-species antibodies. Subsequently, chicken IgM anti-SE antibody reacted with sheep IgM bound to the lymphocyte surface, and, following formaldehyde fixation, rosettes were formed by the addition of SE. The reaction of chicken anti-SE antibody was competitively inhibited with a hog blood group substance suggesting that it had binding specificity for a carbohydrate moiety which is shared by sheep IgM and SE. This specificity represented only a fraction of the bulk of chicken IgM anti-SE antibodies and was not manifested by antibodies of the IgG class. The analysis by the above-described \"sandwich rosette assay\" was extended to chicken antisera against horse, rat and mouse red cells and to normal sera from these species. Cross-matching of chicken antisera, with the normal sera and red cells from the tested species revealed a distinct pattern of cross-reactivities. These results imply that the saccharide epitope which is shared by IgM and red cells has a wide distribution between various mammalian species and may be classified as a new system of heterophile antigens.", "PMID": 67955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2790", "title": "Experimental allergic neuritis induced by a basic neuritogenic protein (P1L) of human peripheral nerve origin.", "content": "Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the peripheral nervous system, without involvement of the central nervous system, was produced in laboratory animals by the injection of a basic neuritogenic protein, P1L, purified from human peripheral nerves. The animals manifested a positive skin test with P1L, and their lymphocytes were found to be transformed in vitro in the presence of this protein several days before the appearance of the clinical signs. Passive transfer of the disease was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized  with P1L protein. EAN, the experimental model for the human disease Guillaain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, was shown to be a transient disease and could be suppressed by the administration of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Experimental allergic neuritis induced by a basic neuritogenic protein (P1L) of human peripheral nerve origin. Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the peripheral nervous system, without involvement of the central nervous system, was produced in laboratory animals by the injection of a basic neuritogenic protein, P1L, purified from human peripheral nerves. The animals manifested a positive skin test with P1L, and their lymphocytes were found to be transformed in vitro in the presence of this protein several days before the appearance of the clinical signs. Passive transfer of the disease was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized  with P1L protein. EAN, the experimental model for the human disease Guillaain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, was shown to be a transient disease and could be suppressed by the administration of hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 67956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2791", "title": "Immunofluorescent detection of differentiation alloantigens (CA1) in the chicken.", "content": "Lymphoid cell surface alloantigens were detected by a triple-layer immunofluorescence technique. An antiserum raised against B locus-incompatible lymphoid cells also reacted with previously undefined differentiation antigens (CA1) which segregated between B locus homozygous (B14/B14) chickens of the same strain as the antiserum donor. CA1-positive chickens reacted with the antiserum by agglutination of red cells and staining of all peripheral lymphocytes and thymocytes but not bursal cells. Cross-absorption experiments have demonstrated that antigens expressed by red cells, T cells (both thymic and peripheral) and B cells (peripheral only) respectively, were of distinct specificity.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent detection of differentiation alloantigens (CA1) in the chicken. Lymphoid cell surface alloantigens were detected by a triple-layer immunofluorescence technique. An antiserum raised against B locus-incompatible lymphoid cells also reacted with previously undefined differentiation antigens (CA1) which segregated between B locus homozygous (B14/B14) chickens of the same strain as the antiserum donor. CA1-positive chickens reacted with the antiserum by agglutination of red cells and staining of all peripheral lymphocytes and thymocytes but not bursal cells. Cross-absorption experiments have demonstrated that antigens expressed by red cells, T cells (both thymic and peripheral) and B cells (peripheral only) respectively, were of distinct specificity.", "PMID": 67957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2792", "title": "Orientation of Giemsa C-bands in interphase cells of Allium cepa L.", "content": "Orientation of Giemsa C-bands in Allium cepa was studied in both mitotic and interphase cells. It has been shown that telophase orientation of the chromosome is maintained throughout the interphase and early phophase. It has been assumed that this non-random orientation is due to anchorage of the telomeres with the nuclear membrane. Contrary to earlier observations, 2 by 2 pairing of the telomers could not be traced to this species.", "contents": "Orientation of Giemsa C-bands in interphase cells of Allium cepa L. Orientation of Giemsa C-bands in Allium cepa was studied in both mitotic and interphase cells. It has been shown that telophase orientation of the chromosome is maintained throughout the interphase and early phophase. It has been assumed that this non-random orientation is due to anchorage of the telomeres with the nuclear membrane. Contrary to earlier observations, 2 by 2 pairing of the telomers could not be traced to this species.", "PMID": 67962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2793", "title": "[Toxic action of lindane. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in the lysosome system in cultured hepatocytes].", "content": "Lindane, in contact with cultured foetal chicken liver cells over a period of 40 hours, has a biphasic action on the lysosomal system of the cells. For the concentrations between 1 micronM and 25 micronM not affecting the cellular growth, the decrease of the acid phosphatase activity and the absence of any reaction in the Golgi saccules might indicate a reduction in the synthesis of the lysosomal enzyme. For the concentrations above 25 micronM slowing down cellular growth, acid phosphatase activity is partialrogeneous content and an increase in the relative acid phosphatase activity in the soluble extralysosomal fraction, for doses over 150 micronM, might indicate the development of the phenomenon of autophagocytosis.", "contents": "[Toxic action of lindane. Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in the lysosome system in cultured hepatocytes]. Lindane, in contact with cultured foetal chicken liver cells over a period of 40 hours, has a biphasic action on the lysosomal system of the cells. For the concentrations between 1 micronM and 25 micronM not affecting the cellular growth, the decrease of the acid phosphatase activity and the absence of any reaction in the Golgi saccules might indicate a reduction in the synthesis of the lysosomal enzyme. For the concentrations above 25 micronM slowing down cellular growth, acid phosphatase activity is partialrogeneous content and an increase in the relative acid phosphatase activity in the soluble extralysosomal fraction, for doses over 150 micronM, might indicate the development of the phenomenon of autophagocytosis.", "PMID": 67958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2794", "title": "Zinc biochemistry in normal and neoplastic growth processes.", "content": "Zinc is essential for the growth of all species. Growth arrest results from its deficiency and presumably reflects important roles for this metal at critical points of metabolism. Studies of zinc metalloenzymes show that zinc serves as a coenzyme to more than 80 enzymes, among which are the reverse transcriptases which cause leukemia in many species. Its role in nucleic acid metabolism is emphasized.", "contents": "Zinc biochemistry in normal and neoplastic growth processes. Zinc is essential for the growth of all species. Growth arrest results from its deficiency and presumably reflects important roles for this metal at critical points of metabolism. Studies of zinc metalloenzymes show that zinc serves as a coenzyme to more than 80 enzymes, among which are the reverse transcriptases which cause leukemia in many species. Its role in nucleic acid metabolism is emphasized.", "PMID": 67966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2795", "title": "Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue.", "content": "Some physiologic aspects of the mobilization and fate of free fatty acids are reviewed. The molecular mechanism of the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue is then discussed. Recent evidence established that hormone-sensitive lipase, concerned with fat mobilization, is both functionally and immunochemically distinct from lipoprotein lipase, concerned with uptake of plasma triglycerides. Lipoprotein lipase activity is not altered by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The latter enzyme enhances not only triglyceride hydrolase but also monoglyceride, diglyceride and cholesterol ester hydrolase activities in chicken adipose tissue. Finally, it is shown that the activation of all four acyl hydrolases is reversible, the deactivation being magnesium-dependent. Protein phosphatase fractions from heart and liver active against phosphorylase a can reversibly deactivate adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase, implying a low degree of substrate specificity for lipase phosphatase.", "contents": "Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue. Some physiologic aspects of the mobilization and fate of free fatty acids are reviewed. The molecular mechanism of the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue is then discussed. Recent evidence established that hormone-sensitive lipase, concerned with fat mobilization, is both functionally and immunochemically distinct from lipoprotein lipase, concerned with uptake of plasma triglycerides. Lipoprotein lipase activity is not altered by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The latter enzyme enhances not only triglyceride hydrolase but also monoglyceride, diglyceride and cholesterol ester hydrolase activities in chicken adipose tissue. Finally, it is shown that the activation of all four acyl hydrolases is reversible, the deactivation being magnesium-dependent. Protein phosphatase fractions from heart and liver active against phosphorylase a can reversibly deactivate adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase, implying a low degree of substrate specificity for lipase phosphatase.", "PMID": 67971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2796", "title": "The use of psychotropic drugs in other painful conditions.", "content": "Many studies have suggested that psychotropic drugs may be valuable in the managment of chronic painful conditions and of the pain due to neoplastic disease. An opiate-sparing effect has been postulated. Most of the studies are, unfortunately, uncontrolled. The question arises as to whether psychotropic drugs, in addition to allaying anxiety and depression, alter pain threshold or the appreciation of pain.", "contents": "The use of psychotropic drugs in other painful conditions. Many studies have suggested that psychotropic drugs may be valuable in the managment of chronic painful conditions and of the pain due to neoplastic disease. An opiate-sparing effect has been postulated. Most of the studies are, unfortunately, uncontrolled. The question arises as to whether psychotropic drugs, in addition to allaying anxiety and depression, alter pain threshold or the appreciation of pain.", "PMID": 67974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2797", "title": "The measurement of pain in terminal carcinoma.", "content": "1. A method is described for comparing narcotic analgesics and adjuvants in patients with terminal cancer. 2. A randomized controlled trial of orally administered diamorphine and morphine is reported to illustrate the method. 3. It is concluded that there is no over-all clinical difference between diamorphine and morphine when administered by mouth every four hours at individually optimized doses in association with cocaine and a phenothiazine. 4. The validity, reliability and sensitivity of the method are discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of pain in terminal carcinoma. 1. A method is described for comparing narcotic analgesics and adjuvants in patients with terminal cancer. 2. A randomized controlled trial of orally administered diamorphine and morphine is reported to illustrate the method. 3. It is concluded that there is no over-all clinical difference between diamorphine and morphine when administered by mouth every four hours at individually optimized doses in association with cocaine and a phenothiazine. 4. The validity, reliability and sensitivity of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 67975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2798", "title": "Simultaneous use of bleomycin and radiotherapy in malignant tumours of the head and neck.", "content": "Twenty cases originally diagnosed as epidermoid carcinoma were observed with a view to determining whether a combination of radiation and intravenous bleomycin promoted regression of the tumours and if so what effect this had on survival. Signs of local toxicity with this combination were also looked for. Five cases yielded what was considered to be an excellent response, nine cases gave a good response and six cases had a poor response. It is recommended that future studies be carried out in epidermoid carcinoma with this combination of radiotherapy and bleomycin.", "contents": "Simultaneous use of bleomycin and radiotherapy in malignant tumours of the head and neck. Twenty cases originally diagnosed as epidermoid carcinoma were observed with a view to determining whether a combination of radiation and intravenous bleomycin promoted regression of the tumours and if so what effect this had on survival. Signs of local toxicity with this combination were also looked for. Five cases yielded what was considered to be an excellent response, nine cases gave a good response and six cases had a poor response. It is recommended that future studies be carried out in epidermoid carcinoma with this combination of radiotherapy and bleomycin.", "PMID": 67976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2799", "title": "HLA-A1, B8-phenotype association and HBs antigenemia evolution in 440 hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "HBs antigen (HBsAg) has been followed up every month in 440 hemodialyzed patients, typed for 26 HLA alleles of the A and B loci. An abnormally high rate of the HL-A-A1, B8 association (18.6%) was found in the group of patients able to eliminate HBsAg, when compared with the normal French population (5.05%, p less than 10(-4), and with the group of patients unable to eliminate HBsAg (7.0%,  less than 0.01). Chronic aggressive hepatitis was only found in the latter. This high frequency of the HLA-A1, B8 association has also been found in patients with seronegative active chronic hepatitis and suggests that this phenotype might be associated with high immune response against HBsAg.", "contents": "HLA-A1, B8-phenotype association and HBs antigenemia evolution in 440 hemodialyzed patients. HBs antigen (HBsAg) has been followed up every month in 440 hemodialyzed patients, typed for 26 HLA alleles of the A and B loci. An abnormally high rate of the HL-A-A1, B8 association (18.6%) was found in the group of patients able to eliminate HBsAg, when compared with the normal French population (5.05%, p less than 10(-4), and with the group of patients unable to eliminate HBsAg (7.0%,  less than 0.01). Chronic aggressive hepatitis was only found in the latter. This high frequency of the HLA-A1, B8 association has also been found in patients with seronegative active chronic hepatitis and suggests that this phenotype might be associated with high immune response against HBsAg.", "PMID": 67978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2800", "title": "Etiopathogenetic studies in a patient with Whipple's disease.", "content": "A patient is presented with Whipple's disease. Before treatment, Haemophilus influenzae type e, sensitive to tetracycline was cultured from multiple small intestinal biopsies. This isolated micro-organism was structurally similar to the one observed in the tissue. All further culture experiments during and after treatment proved negative except for one biopsy from which a tetracycline-resistant H. influenzae type-e mutant was isolated. The immunological disturbances, mainly characterized by cutaneous anergy, in absence of major humoral or in vitro lymphocytic impairment, regressed during treatment together with clinical remission of the disease. These findings are considered in favour of the secondary nature of the immunological abnormalities.", "contents": "Etiopathogenetic studies in a patient with Whipple's disease. A patient is presented with Whipple's disease. Before treatment, Haemophilus influenzae type e, sensitive to tetracycline was cultured from multiple small intestinal biopsies. This isolated micro-organism was structurally similar to the one observed in the tissue. All further culture experiments during and after treatment proved negative except for one biopsy from which a tetracycline-resistant H. influenzae type-e mutant was isolated. The immunological disturbances, mainly characterized by cutaneous anergy, in absence of major humoral or in vitro lymphocytic impairment, regressed during treatment together with clinical remission of the disease. These findings are considered in favour of the secondary nature of the immunological abnormalities.", "PMID": 67979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2801", "title": "A case report of primary hepatic carcinoma with prolonged HB virus infection and mono-clonal gammopathy.", "content": "A case of alpha-feto protein (AFP) positive hepatic cell carcinoma has been presented in which the appearance of a mono-clonal gammopathy can be explained by persistent infection with HB virus (HBV). The patient, a fifty year old male, developed acute jaundice with hepatitis in July, 1952, and died of an hepatic cell carcinoma in December, 1973. The interest of this case lies in the fact that during the seven months prior to be patient's demise, a mono-clonal gammopathy of IgG (L type), together with positive titeres for HBs Ag (adr) and AFP, was demonstrated.", "contents": "A case report of primary hepatic carcinoma with prolonged HB virus infection and mono-clonal gammopathy. A case of alpha-feto protein (AFP) positive hepatic cell carcinoma has been presented in which the appearance of a mono-clonal gammopathy can be explained by persistent infection with HB virus (HBV). The patient, a fifty year old male, developed acute jaundice with hepatitis in July, 1952, and died of an hepatic cell carcinoma in December, 1973. The interest of this case lies in the fact that during the seven months prior to be patient's demise, a mono-clonal gammopathy of IgG (L type), together with positive titeres for HBs Ag (adr) and AFP, was demonstrated.", "PMID": 67980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2802", "title": "Clinicopathological studies of minute hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of 20 cases, including 4 with hepatic resection.", "content": "Sixteen necropsies and 4 cases of hepatic resection in which the liver had a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 4.5 cm, or a few tumor nodules smaller than 3.5 cm, have been analyzed. Clinically, these patients presented with signs and symptoms compatible with cirrhosis and, of the 16 autopsy cases only 2 had been diagnosed correctly. In all but 4 cases, the noncancerous parenchyma showed advanced cirrhosis of the mixed type, with irregularly sized multilobular nodules and thin strands of stroma, different from typical alcoholic cirrhosis. The primary lesion was grossly encapsulated in the majority, suggesting a slow, expanding growth. Histologically, most primaries were relatively well differentiated. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was generally low, and it served as the major diagnostic clue in only 5 cases. In patients with mildly abnormal alpha-fetoprotein levels, continuous monitoring seems important in order to detect a steady rise, the first warning for tumor growth.", "contents": "Clinicopathological studies of minute hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of 20 cases, including 4 with hepatic resection. Sixteen necropsies and 4 cases of hepatic resection in which the liver had a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 4.5 cm, or a few tumor nodules smaller than 3.5 cm, have been analyzed. Clinically, these patients presented with signs and symptoms compatible with cirrhosis and, of the 16 autopsy cases only 2 had been diagnosed correctly. In all but 4 cases, the noncancerous parenchyma showed advanced cirrhosis of the mixed type, with irregularly sized multilobular nodules and thin strands of stroma, different from typical alcoholic cirrhosis. The primary lesion was grossly encapsulated in the majority, suggesting a slow, expanding growth. Histologically, most primaries were relatively well differentiated. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was generally low, and it served as the major diagnostic clue in only 5 cases. In patients with mildly abnormal alpha-fetoprotein levels, continuous monitoring seems important in order to detect a steady rise, the first warning for tumor growth.", "PMID": 67981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2803", "title": "Amidolytic assay of thrombin bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in plasma.", "content": "A method for the determination in plasma of alpha2-macroglogulin-bound thrombin is described. Alpha2-Macroglobulin-bound thrombin is precipitated from plasma by 13% polyethyleneglycol, and its amidolytic activity is assayed by using the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S 2160). After thrombin addition to plasma, only about 1.7% of the added thrombin activity was recovered in the alpha2-macro-globulin precipitate. It is suggested that the contribution of alpha2-macroglobulin to anti-thrombin activity of normal plasma is of little relevance.", "contents": "Amidolytic assay of thrombin bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in plasma. A method for the determination in plasma of alpha2-macroglogulin-bound thrombin is described. Alpha2-Macroglobulin-bound thrombin is precipitated from plasma by 13% polyethyleneglycol, and its amidolytic activity is assayed by using the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S 2160). After thrombin addition to plasma, only about 1.7% of the added thrombin activity was recovered in the alpha2-macro-globulin precipitate. It is suggested that the contribution of alpha2-macroglobulin to anti-thrombin activity of normal plasma is of little relevance.", "PMID": 67984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2804", "title": "[Pathomorphology of the human prostate gland].", "content": "The pathologic processes of the adult human prostatic gland, which consist of regressive and atrophic changes as well as of benign hyperplastic, metaplastic, dysplastic and carcinomatous proliferations, are analysed by light and electron microscopy. The examinations give rise to a new concept of the morphogenesis of each separate lesion. The results show the importance of the prostatic basal cell for the development of the special benign and malignant proliferations of the glandular epithelium. The histologically defined different alterations in the human prostatic gland are the results of the various differentiation possibilities of the basal cell.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of the human prostate gland]. The pathologic processes of the adult human prostatic gland, which consist of regressive and atrophic changes as well as of benign hyperplastic, metaplastic, dysplastic and carcinomatous proliferations, are analysed by light and electron microscopy. The examinations give rise to a new concept of the morphogenesis of each separate lesion. The results show the importance of the prostatic basal cell for the development of the special benign and malignant proliferations of the glandular epithelium. The histologically defined different alterations in the human prostatic gland are the results of the various differentiation possibilities of the basal cell.", "PMID": 67985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2805", "title": "The epidemiology of influenza.", "content": "Although unpredictable, influenza outbreaks are known to occur in three patterns: pandemics every 30 to 40 years, with high excess mortality; epidemics much more frequently, with lower excess mortality; and usually mild sporadic outbreaks. The possibility of a swine-flu pandemic this winter, resembling that of 1918-20, is the result of a unique deviation in the epidemiology of this fascinating disease.", "contents": "The epidemiology of influenza. Although unpredictable, influenza outbreaks are known to occur in three patterns: pandemics every 30 to 40 years, with high excess mortality; epidemics much more frequently, with lower excess mortality; and usually mild sporadic outbreaks. The possibility of a swine-flu pandemic this winter, resembling that of 1918-20, is the result of a unique deviation in the epidemiology of this fascinating disease.", "PMID": 67988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2806", "title": "Encephalitogenic regions for the Lewis rat within the myelin basic protein.", "content": "The sequence, phe lys asn ile val thr pro arg thr pro pro pro ser gln gly lys gly arg gly leu ser ser arg phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln isolated from the peptic digestion of guinea pig myelin basicprotein is able to produce EAE in Lewis rats. The synthetic peptide phe lys phe gly gly arg asp ser arg, an analog of residues 154-162, is encephalitogenic in Lewis rats when B. pertussis is used as the adjuvant.", "contents": "Encephalitogenic regions for the Lewis rat within the myelin basic protein. The sequence, phe lys asn ile val thr pro arg thr pro pro pro ser gln gly lys gly arg gly leu ser ser arg phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln isolated from the peptic digestion of guinea pig myelin basicprotein is able to produce EAE in Lewis rats. The synthetic peptide phe lys phe gly gly arg asp ser arg, an analog of residues 154-162, is encephalitogenic in Lewis rats when B. pertussis is used as the adjuvant.", "PMID": 67992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2807", "title": "Further definition of the encephalitogenic region for guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect on encephalitogenicity of using a serinyl substitution for the glutaminyl group in the peptide ser arg phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln arg is reported. We conclude from these results that the function of the glutaminyl residue is assisting this peptide to produce allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs is as a hydrogen donor-receptor.", "contents": "Further definition of the encephalitogenic region for guinea pigs. The effect on encephalitogenicity of using a serinyl substitution for the glutaminyl group in the peptide ser arg phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln arg is reported. We conclude from these results that the function of the glutaminyl residue is assisting this peptide to produce allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs is as a hydrogen donor-receptor.", "PMID": 67993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2808", "title": "In vitro tolerance induction to a thymus-dependent antigen with BALB/c and C57BL/6 lymph node cells: effect of tolerogen concentration and duration of exposure.", "content": "Further studies on tolerance induction in vitro to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in nonadherent BALB/c lymph node cells showed that it was dependent upon both the dose of tolerogen and the time of exposure. Nearly complete tolerance was achieved at a dose of 1.0 mg/ml and an incubation time of 12-18 hours. When C57BL/6 strain was used for comparison with the BALB/c strain because of its relative ease to become tolerant after in vivo injection of tolerogen, the rate of tolerance induction of its nonadherent lymph node cells was not different from that of BALB/c cells. Thus, in the absence of other host factors, the acquisition of tolerance by lymphocytes is gradual and may reflect the time required for a cell to reach a susceptible phase of the cell cycle and/or the activation of suppressor cells.", "contents": "In vitro tolerance induction to a thymus-dependent antigen with BALB/c and C57BL/6 lymph node cells: effect of tolerogen concentration and duration of exposure. Further studies on tolerance induction in vitro to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in nonadherent BALB/c lymph node cells showed that it was dependent upon both the dose of tolerogen and the time of exposure. Nearly complete tolerance was achieved at a dose of 1.0 mg/ml and an incubation time of 12-18 hours. When C57BL/6 strain was used for comparison with the BALB/c strain because of its relative ease to become tolerant after in vivo injection of tolerogen, the rate of tolerance induction of its nonadherent lymph node cells was not different from that of BALB/c cells. Thus, in the absence of other host factors, the acquisition of tolerance by lymphocytes is gradual and may reflect the time required for a cell to reach a susceptible phase of the cell cycle and/or the activation of suppressor cells.", "PMID": 67994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2809", "title": "Histamine release from human leucocytes. A serum factor necessary for the induction of histamine release and desensitization by protein A.", "content": "The ability of human leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment is lost when the cells are washed repeatedly. It is, however, possible to restore the sensitivity to protein A treatment by incubating the leucocytes in serum. Treatment of the cells with purified IgG does not restore the activity. The material responsible for the resensitization is eluted both in the second and the third protein peak when serum is chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, indicating the possible existence of several active factors. Material with low immunoglobulin content, but with retained capacity to resensitize leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment, was obtained by repeated chromatography of peak III material on the Sephadex G-200 column. Furthermore, material from the second and third peaks from Sephadex G-200 deprived of their IgG by passage through a protein A Sepharose or a DEAE-cellulose column had the same capacity to resensitize the leucocytes as unseparated material. When serum was separated by Pevikon block electrophoresis, most of the activity was detected in the alpha and beta regions but only little in the gamma region. The serum fractionations indicate that neither IgG nor the other immunoglobulins are the factor(s) responsible for resensitizing the leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment. Beside being necessary for protein A-induced histamine release, the factor (or factors) is also essential for protein A-induced desensitization of human leucocytes.", "contents": "Histamine release from human leucocytes. A serum factor necessary for the induction of histamine release and desensitization by protein A. The ability of human leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment is lost when the cells are washed repeatedly. It is, however, possible to restore the sensitivity to protein A treatment by incubating the leucocytes in serum. Treatment of the cells with purified IgG does not restore the activity. The material responsible for the resensitization is eluted both in the second and the third protein peak when serum is chromatographed on Sephadex G-200, indicating the possible existence of several active factors. Material with low immunoglobulin content, but with retained capacity to resensitize leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment, was obtained by repeated chromatography of peak III material on the Sephadex G-200 column. Furthermore, material from the second and third peaks from Sephadex G-200 deprived of their IgG by passage through a protein A Sepharose or a DEAE-cellulose column had the same capacity to resensitize the leucocytes as unseparated material. When serum was separated by Pevikon block electrophoresis, most of the activity was detected in the alpha and beta regions but only little in the gamma region. The serum fractionations indicate that neither IgG nor the other immunoglobulins are the factor(s) responsible for resensitizing the leucocytes to release histamine on protein A treatment. Beside being necessary for protein A-induced histamine release, the factor (or factors) is also essential for protein A-induced desensitization of human leucocytes.", "PMID": 67995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2810", "title": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. I. Response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.", "content": "Acute Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria infections of CBA mice were accompanied by a reduced capacity to give an antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII). The depression of response initiated by acute malaria persisted for several weeks after recovery from clinical infection. During chronic infection, and at the peak of acute parasitaemia, virtually no response to SIII was detected. A substance which crossreacted serologically with SIII was found in blood cells of infected mice. The results suggest that antigen-specific, as well as non-specific, factors may contribute to the depression of the response to this antigen.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. I. Response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Acute Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria infections of CBA mice were accompanied by a reduced capacity to give an antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII). The depression of response initiated by acute malaria persisted for several weeks after recovery from clinical infection. During chronic infection, and at the peak of acute parasitaemia, virtually no response to SIII was detected. A substance which crossreacted serologically with SIII was found in blood cells of infected mice. The results suggest that antigen-specific, as well as non-specific, factors may contribute to the depression of the response to this antigen.", "PMID": 67996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2811", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. IV. Ultrastructural labelling of A and B group allotypic determinants.", "content": "Equal numbers of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) label for either a- or b-group immunoglobulin allotypes using a modification of the mixed antiglobulin reaction of Coombs adapted for electron microscopy. This technique which employs immunoferritin markers is consistently more sensitive than other methods used for labelling surface Ig on lymphocytes. Although approximately 75 per cent of PBLs label for either a- or b-group allotypes, the number of immunoferritin grains on the cell surface after labelling for b group allotypes is nearly twice as great as that observed after labelling for a group allotypes. We conclude that essentially all Ig-bearing blood lymphocytes of the rabbit express both heavy chains (a allotypes) and light chains (b allotypes) on their surface membranes, but that light chain allotypic determinants are more accessible or exposed than the heavy chain (Fd) allotypic determinants.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. IV. Ultrastructural labelling of A and B group allotypic determinants. Equal numbers of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) label for either a- or b-group immunoglobulin allotypes using a modification of the mixed antiglobulin reaction of Coombs adapted for electron microscopy. This technique which employs immunoferritin markers is consistently more sensitive than other methods used for labelling surface Ig on lymphocytes. Although approximately 75 per cent of PBLs label for either a- or b-group allotypes, the number of immunoferritin grains on the cell surface after labelling for b group allotypes is nearly twice as great as that observed after labelling for a group allotypes. We conclude that essentially all Ig-bearing blood lymphocytes of the rabbit express both heavy chains (a allotypes) and light chains (b allotypes) on their surface membranes, but that light chain allotypic determinants are more accessible or exposed than the heavy chain (Fd) allotypic determinants.", "PMID": 67997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2812", "title": "Evidence for the presence of choleragen receptor on the thymocyte-brain antigen molecule of mice.", "content": "CBA thymocytes were subjected to cocapping experiments using AThy-1.2 and choleragen. The finding that both structures showed a common ligant-induced redistribution implies that choleragen receptors of the cell membrane are associated with the thymocyte-brain molecule. Furthermore, it was found that the thymocyte-brain antigenic determinants on the thymocyte were not blocked by prior choleragen treatment. This suggests a spatial distance between these structures on the molecule.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of choleragen receptor on the thymocyte-brain antigen molecule of mice. CBA thymocytes were subjected to cocapping experiments using AThy-1.2 and choleragen. The finding that both structures showed a common ligant-induced redistribution implies that choleragen receptors of the cell membrane are associated with the thymocyte-brain molecule. Furthermore, it was found that the thymocyte-brain antigenic determinants on the thymocyte were not blocked by prior choleragen treatment. This suggests a spatial distance between these structures on the molecule.", "PMID": 67998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2813", "title": "Cellular mechanisms of the resistance to the induction of immunological tolerance.", "content": "Tolerance inducibility was examined in various strains of mice by injecting aggregate-free HGG, followed by challenge with aggregated HGG plus LPS and by assessing spleen PFC numbers. Marked differences were shown between C57BL/6 and DDD mice. The antibody response to HGG was totally suppressed in C57BL/6 mice injected with 0-1 to 1 mg of aggregate-free HGG whereas little suppresssion was observed in DDD mice. Cellular mechanisms of the resistance to tolerance induction in DDD mice were explored. On the injection of 1 mg of aggregate-free HGG, spleen cells were only partially tolerized (at minimum, 21 per cent of control level on 5th day) and thymus cells were suppressed to 40 per cent of the normal responsiveness. No suppression was observed in bone marrow cells. Macrophages do not seem to play a decisive role in the resistance to tolerance induction in DDD mice as the injection of biofiltered HGG or the pretreatment with carrageenan did not ease the resistance. From these data, it was suspected that the resistance to tolerance induction to HGG in DDD mice might be due to the raised threshold of T cells for tolerance.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms of the resistance to the induction of immunological tolerance. Tolerance inducibility was examined in various strains of mice by injecting aggregate-free HGG, followed by challenge with aggregated HGG plus LPS and by assessing spleen PFC numbers. Marked differences were shown between C57BL/6 and DDD mice. The antibody response to HGG was totally suppressed in C57BL/6 mice injected with 0-1 to 1 mg of aggregate-free HGG whereas little suppresssion was observed in DDD mice. Cellular mechanisms of the resistance to tolerance induction in DDD mice were explored. On the injection of 1 mg of aggregate-free HGG, spleen cells were only partially tolerized (at minimum, 21 per cent of control level on 5th day) and thymus cells were suppressed to 40 per cent of the normal responsiveness. No suppression was observed in bone marrow cells. Macrophages do not seem to play a decisive role in the resistance to tolerance induction in DDD mice as the injection of biofiltered HGG or the pretreatment with carrageenan did not ease the resistance. From these data, it was suspected that the resistance to tolerance induction to HGG in DDD mice might be due to the raised threshold of T cells for tolerance.", "PMID": 67999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2814", "title": "Comparative study of three methods for detecting avian leukosis viruses.", "content": "This investigation was designed to compare detection limits for avian leukosis viruses after infection of chicken fibroblasts with decimal dilutions of Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1). At 5, 9, 14, and 19 days postinfection, cells were examined for group-specific (gs) antigens by microtiter complement-fixation (CF) tests for avian leukosis viruses and by radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the major gs antigen having a molecular weight of 27,000 (p27). Culture fluids, collected at the same time periods, were also assayed for reverse transcriptase activities. We found that minimally infected cultures expressed virus proteins within 9 days postinfection regardless of method used. Although p27 RIA was consistently more sensitive than CF or reverse transcriptase assays, sensitivity was only two- to fivefold greater when concentrated suspensions of RAV-0, RAV-1, and RAV-2 were compared. In terms of infectious units, the lowest detectable virus titer was 6 X 10(3) infectious units as determined by RIA end point dilutions. However, our results led us to conclude that when concentrated cell extracts are tested with hamster antiserum, CF is adequate for detecting infection.", "contents": "Comparative study of three methods for detecting avian leukosis viruses. This investigation was designed to compare detection limits for avian leukosis viruses after infection of chicken fibroblasts with decimal dilutions of Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1). At 5, 9, 14, and 19 days postinfection, cells were examined for group-specific (gs) antigens by microtiter complement-fixation (CF) tests for avian leukosis viruses and by radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the major gs antigen having a molecular weight of 27,000 (p27). Culture fluids, collected at the same time periods, were also assayed for reverse transcriptase activities. We found that minimally infected cultures expressed virus proteins within 9 days postinfection regardless of method used. Although p27 RIA was consistently more sensitive than CF or reverse transcriptase assays, sensitivity was only two- to fivefold greater when concentrated suspensions of RAV-0, RAV-1, and RAV-2 were compared. In terms of infectious units, the lowest detectable virus titer was 6 X 10(3) infectious units as determined by RIA end point dilutions. However, our results led us to conclude that when concentrated cell extracts are tested with hamster antiserum, CF is adequate for detecting infection.", "PMID": 68003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2815", "title": "Common antigen of Mycobacterium leprae, M. lepraemurium, M. avium, and M. fortuitum in comparative studies using two different types of antisera.", "content": "No. 21 mycobacterial antigens of Mycobacterium lepraemurium, M. avium, M. fortuitum, and M. leprae were compared in crossed immunoelectrophoresis using two different antibody sources, a serum pool from lepromatous leprosy patients (LSII) and a rabbit anti-M. smegmatis antiserum. M. lepraemurium, like M. avium, was found to contain the 21 A and 21 C determinants. M. fortuitum contained in addition a new type of determinant, 21 D.M. leprae antigen no. 21 carried the A as well as the B dertminants, the latter found so far only in the leprosy bacillus. The separate taxonomic position of M. leprae, suggested by earlier studies of the no. 21 antigen, is further supported by the present results, which also demonstrate the potential use of submolecular heterogeneity for such investigations.", "contents": "Common antigen of Mycobacterium leprae, M. lepraemurium, M. avium, and M. fortuitum in comparative studies using two different types of antisera. No. 21 mycobacterial antigens of Mycobacterium lepraemurium, M. avium, M. fortuitum, and M. leprae were compared in crossed immunoelectrophoresis using two different antibody sources, a serum pool from lepromatous leprosy patients (LSII) and a rabbit anti-M. smegmatis antiserum. M. lepraemurium, like M. avium, was found to contain the 21 A and 21 C determinants. M. fortuitum contained in addition a new type of determinant, 21 D.M. leprae antigen no. 21 carried the A as well as the B dertminants, the latter found so far only in the leprosy bacillus. The separate taxonomic position of M. leprae, suggested by earlier studies of the no. 21 antigen, is further supported by the present results, which also demonstrate the potential use of submolecular heterogeneity for such investigations.", "PMID": 68004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2816", "title": "Induction of rat homocytotropic antibody against streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and specific neutralization of the antibody by low molecular weight component of SK-SD.", "content": "Homocytotrophic antibodies (HCA) were produced in rats by primary injection of streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) after the antigen was absorbed on alminum hydroxide gel. The properties of rat SK-SD-specific HCA were qualitatively similar to SK-SD skin-sensitizing antibodies found in sera of human beings, namely, homocytotropic activity (48 h homologous PCA reaction), heat lability at 56 degrees C, and inactivation by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol followed by alkylation with iodoacetamide. In neutralization tests, D-SK-SD, a low molecular hapten-like substance contained in SK-SD preparation, absorbed the antibody against ND-SK-SD antigen-specifically. The neutralizing activity mostly resided in fraction 1 of D-SK-SD separated through DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion-exchange column, opposing the inhibitory activity of fraction 3 on lymphocyte transformation. The possible implication of these findings in the immunological treatment of streptococcal disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of rat homocytotropic antibody against streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and specific neutralization of the antibody by low molecular weight component of SK-SD. Homocytotrophic antibodies (HCA) were produced in rats by primary injection of streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) after the antigen was absorbed on alminum hydroxide gel. The properties of rat SK-SD-specific HCA were qualitatively similar to SK-SD skin-sensitizing antibodies found in sera of human beings, namely, homocytotropic activity (48 h homologous PCA reaction), heat lability at 56 degrees C, and inactivation by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol followed by alkylation with iodoacetamide. In neutralization tests, D-SK-SD, a low molecular hapten-like substance contained in SK-SD preparation, absorbed the antibody against ND-SK-SD antigen-specifically. The neutralizing activity mostly resided in fraction 1 of D-SK-SD separated through DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion-exchange column, opposing the inhibitory activity of fraction 3 on lymphocyte transformation. The possible implication of these findings in the immunological treatment of streptococcal disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 68005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2817", "title": "Modulation of antigen-induced histamine release from bovine granulocytes by several anti-allergic agents.", "content": "Sensitised bovine granulocytes release histamine when exposed to antigen. Several anti-allergic agents, some previously shown to be active in cattle, were tested to investigate their modulation of this histamine release process. Diethylcarbamazine citrate potentiated release at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. Sodium meclofenamate and PR-D-92-EA were potent inhibitors. Acetylsalicylic acid and ICI 74,917 inhibited at high concentrations. Disodium cromoglycate was relatively ineffective, although it potentiated histamine release at low concentrations.", "contents": "Modulation of antigen-induced histamine release from bovine granulocytes by several anti-allergic agents. Sensitised bovine granulocytes release histamine when exposed to antigen. Several anti-allergic agents, some previously shown to be active in cattle, were tested to investigate their modulation of this histamine release process. Diethylcarbamazine citrate potentiated release at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. Sodium meclofenamate and PR-D-92-EA were potent inhibitors. Acetylsalicylic acid and ICI 74,917 inhibited at high concentrations. Disodium cromoglycate was relatively ineffective, although it potentiated histamine release at low concentrations.", "PMID": 68006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2818", "title": "Release of histamine and formation of prostaglandins in human lung tissue and rat mast cells.", "content": "Release of histamine and prostaglandins (PGs) from human lung tissue and rat mast cells was investigated. Passively sensitized lung fragments released PGE, PGF2alpha and the 15-ketodihydro metabolites into the media with time alone. Antigen challenge liberated 20% tissue histamine and there was a twofold increase in PGs. Twice as much PGF2alpha as PGE was found. beta-Adrenergic agonists inhibited the anaphylactic release of mediators and this action was blocked by propranolol. Both PGF2alpha and PGE were consistently found in the mast cell media, demonstrating that mast cells can synthesize PGs. Anaphylaxis induced a marked liberation of histamine but not of PGs. The results indicate that the release of histamine may precede the major release of PGs and suggest that the bulk of PGs may derive from cells in the proximity of the mast cells.", "contents": "Release of histamine and formation of prostaglandins in human lung tissue and rat mast cells. Release of histamine and prostaglandins (PGs) from human lung tissue and rat mast cells was investigated. Passively sensitized lung fragments released PGE, PGF2alpha and the 15-ketodihydro metabolites into the media with time alone. Antigen challenge liberated 20% tissue histamine and there was a twofold increase in PGs. Twice as much PGF2alpha as PGE was found. beta-Adrenergic agonists inhibited the anaphylactic release of mediators and this action was blocked by propranolol. Both PGF2alpha and PGE were consistently found in the mast cell media, demonstrating that mast cells can synthesize PGs. Anaphylaxis induced a marked liberation of histamine but not of PGs. The results indicate that the release of histamine may precede the major release of PGs and suggest that the bulk of PGs may derive from cells in the proximity of the mast cells.", "PMID": 68007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2819", "title": "Subcellular localization of monoamine oxidase in bovine thalamus tissue using immunoferritin conjugates.", "content": "A combination of discontinuous sucrose gradient analysis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis was used to isolate one of the multiple forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from bovine thalamus. This substance (the principle form and the most anodic of the five MAO forms observed) was used as a basis for an immunoferritin-electron microscope approach to determine the subcellular localization of MAO in thalamus. This form of MAO, as well as antigenically related forms, was found to reside mainly on the outer mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the action of SDS on solubilization and interconversion of MAO forms was studied and found to be dependent on the concentration and time of reaction of SDS with thalamus tissue.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of monoamine oxidase in bovine thalamus tissue using immunoferritin conjugates. A combination of discontinuous sucrose gradient analysis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis was used to isolate one of the multiple forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from bovine thalamus. This substance (the principle form and the most anodic of the five MAO forms observed) was used as a basis for an immunoferritin-electron microscope approach to determine the subcellular localization of MAO in thalamus. This form of MAO, as well as antigenically related forms, was found to reside mainly on the outer mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the action of SDS on solubilization and interconversion of MAO forms was studied and found to be dependent on the concentration and time of reaction of SDS with thalamus tissue.", "PMID": 68008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2820", "title": "The value of an assessment of erythema and increase in thickness of the skin reaction for a full appreciation of the nature of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig.", "content": "Delayed type skin reactions in guinea pigs have been assessed by measuring three parameters: increase in skin thickness, diameter of erythema and intensity of erythema. Some groups of animals were immunized with different protein antigens in Freund's complete adjuvant with or without cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreatment; others received a single high dose of antigen intravenously at the time of immunization. The results emphasize the importance of measuring all three parameters for several days after skin testing. The intensity or erythema was found to be an especially useful parameter for assessing CY-induced modification of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions. The increase in skin thickness, which can be measured objectively, was also valuable as both immediate and DH reactions are characterized by induration. The diameter of erythema could only be measured accurately for a short time after skin testing. Furthermore, the effects of intravenous antigen and CY pretreatment were not reflected by that parameter.", "contents": "The value of an assessment of erythema and increase in thickness of the skin reaction for a full appreciation of the nature of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. Delayed type skin reactions in guinea pigs have been assessed by measuring three parameters: increase in skin thickness, diameter of erythema and intensity of erythema. Some groups of animals were immunized with different protein antigens in Freund's complete adjuvant with or without cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreatment; others received a single high dose of antigen intravenously at the time of immunization. The results emphasize the importance of measuring all three parameters for several days after skin testing. The intensity or erythema was found to be an especially useful parameter for assessing CY-induced modification of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions. The increase in skin thickness, which can be measured objectively, was also valuable as both immediate and DH reactions are characterized by induration. The diameter of erythema could only be measured accurately for a short time after skin testing. Furthermore, the effects of intravenous antigen and CY pretreatment were not reflected by that parameter.", "PMID": 68009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2821", "title": "Inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release by beta-adrenergic stimulants in vivo.", "content": "IgE-mediated histamine release was studied using the method of passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA) in the rat. Some beta-adrenergic stimulants markedly inhibited this reaction in vivo, the order of potency (ED50 microng/kg i.v.) of agents tested being fenoterol (6), salbutamol (40) and isoproterenol (94). Higher activity against the simultaneously measured dye extravasation suggested a dual effect of the drugs on both the cellular (inhibition of histamine release) and the vascular level. The order of potency in modifying vascular injury was, however, reversed, isoproterenol and not fenoterol being relatively more active here, as could be shown by further experiments. Inhibition of histamine release is discussed with respect to (a) methodical requirements and (b) the suggestion that beta2-receptor stimulants (fenoterol, salbutamol) are more selective than isoproterenol.", "contents": "Inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release by beta-adrenergic stimulants in vivo. IgE-mediated histamine release was studied using the method of passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA) in the rat. Some beta-adrenergic stimulants markedly inhibited this reaction in vivo, the order of potency (ED50 microng/kg i.v.) of agents tested being fenoterol (6), salbutamol (40) and isoproterenol (94). Higher activity against the simultaneously measured dye extravasation suggested a dual effect of the drugs on both the cellular (inhibition of histamine release) and the vascular level. The order of potency in modifying vascular injury was, however, reversed, isoproterenol and not fenoterol being relatively more active here, as could be shown by further experiments. Inhibition of histamine release is discussed with respect to (a) methodical requirements and (b) the suggestion that beta2-receptor stimulants (fenoterol, salbutamol) are more selective than isoproterenol.", "PMID": 68010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2822", "title": "Comparison of murine delayed hypersensitivity reactions elicited with particle-associated versus soluble human gamma-globulin.", "content": "Footpad reactions elicited in DHS mice using human gamma-globulin (HGG)-coated polystyrene latex particles and soluble HGG (sHGG) were compared. Both the magnitude and the persistence of DHS lesions produced by HGG-latex were considerably greater; at 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge, the level of reactivity induced by HGG-latex was 24, 41 and 71% higher, respectively, than those elicited with sHGG. Early nonspecific swelling following injection of HGG-latex in footpads of normal mice was negligible by 24 h, whereas Arthus-responsive animals did not return to control levels until 48 h. The possible advantages and limitations of using particle-associated protein to elicit DHS reactions are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of murine delayed hypersensitivity reactions elicited with particle-associated versus soluble human gamma-globulin. Footpad reactions elicited in DHS mice using human gamma-globulin (HGG)-coated polystyrene latex particles and soluble HGG (sHGG) were compared. Both the magnitude and the persistence of DHS lesions produced by HGG-latex were considerably greater; at 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge, the level of reactivity induced by HGG-latex was 24, 41 and 71% higher, respectively, than those elicited with sHGG. Early nonspecific swelling following injection of HGG-latex in footpads of normal mice was negligible by 24 h, whereas Arthus-responsive animals did not return to control levels until 48 h. The possible advantages and limitations of using particle-associated protein to elicit DHS reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 68011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2823", "title": "Suppressor T cell product, which depresses the passive transfer of contact sensitivity, shares epitope(s) with the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Specific suppressor T cell product appears in the supernatant of cultures of lymph node cells of mice injected with picryl sulphonic acid and then painted with picryl chloride. It is detected by its ability to depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells incubated in it. This communication shows that the product can be absorbed by antisera prepared against the major histocompatibility locus but not by antisera prepared against mouse immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Suppressor T cell product, which depresses the passive transfer of contact sensitivity, shares epitope(s) with the major histocompatibility complex. Specific suppressor T cell product appears in the supernatant of cultures of lymph node cells of mice injected with picryl sulphonic acid and then painted with picryl chloride. It is detected by its ability to depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells incubated in it. This communication shows that the product can be absorbed by antisera prepared against the major histocompatibility locus but not by antisera prepared against mouse immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 68012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2824", "title": "Characterization of EBV-genome negative \"null\" and \"T\" cell lines derived from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "Sixty-two explants from peripheral blood, bone marrow and cerebral fluid of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were cultivated for at least 8 weeks. Although lymphatic cells persisted up to 16 weeks in tissue culture, no proliferation was observed in 54 cultures. From the remaining cultures, eight permanently growing cell lines were obtained. Five of these were EBNA (Epstein-Barr virus-specific nuclear antigen)-positive. Three, however, were ENBA-negative and lacked Epstein-Barr virus genomes. Two cell lines (KM-3 and SH-2) expressed neither B nor T cell characteristics. One line (JM) expressed T cell characteristics and complement receptors. The growing lymphatic cells represented leukemic cells, since the pattern of cytochemical staining and that of membrane receptors of lymphoblasts from the same donor prior to cultivation were identical. All leukemic cell lines were derived from patients in relapse. In contrast, no proliferation of leukemic cells occurred in explains from patients revealing the first manifestation of the disease. These results suggest enhanced growth potential of lymphoblasts resisting antileukemic therapy.", "contents": "Characterization of EBV-genome negative \"null\" and \"T\" cell lines derived from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Sixty-two explants from peripheral blood, bone marrow and cerebral fluid of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were cultivated for at least 8 weeks. Although lymphatic cells persisted up to 16 weeks in tissue culture, no proliferation was observed in 54 cultures. From the remaining cultures, eight permanently growing cell lines were obtained. Five of these were EBNA (Epstein-Barr virus-specific nuclear antigen)-positive. Three, however, were ENBA-negative and lacked Epstein-Barr virus genomes. Two cell lines (KM-3 and SH-2) expressed neither B nor T cell characteristics. One line (JM) expressed T cell characteristics and complement receptors. The growing lymphatic cells represented leukemic cells, since the pattern of cytochemical staining and that of membrane receptors of lymphoblasts from the same donor prior to cultivation were identical. All leukemic cell lines were derived from patients in relapse. In contrast, no proliferation of leukemic cells occurred in explains from patients revealing the first manifestation of the disease. These results suggest enhanced growth potential of lymphoblasts resisting antileukemic therapy.", "PMID": 68013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2825", "title": "A comparative study of the localization of CEA and NCA2 in cancerous and normal gastrointestinal tissues.", "content": "The histological localization of CEA in gastrointestinal tissues was re-evaluated after absorption of anti-CEA antiserum with NCA2, another normal antigen cross-reacting with CEA. This absorbed antiserum showed clearly the presence of CEA in colonic tumors and some non-cancerous colonic mucosae, obtained even from non-cancerous patients. In contrast, some of the gastric adenocarcinomas we studied were strained very weakly by absorbed anti-CEA antiserum, although non-absorbed antiserum (or serum absorbed with NCA alone) labelled them strongly. The same difference in reactivity between both antisera was observed in intestinal metaplasia. The localization of NCA2 was studied with a specific antiserum, previously absorbed with CEA and NCA. NCA2 was found to be a noromal cytoplasmic and mucus-associated antigen of gastrointestinal tissues. It was present also in fetal stomach and colon. Sections of gastric and colonic tumors as well as intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosae always reacted brilliantly with absorbed anti-NCA2 antiserum.", "contents": "A comparative study of the localization of CEA and NCA2 in cancerous and normal gastrointestinal tissues. The histological localization of CEA in gastrointestinal tissues was re-evaluated after absorption of anti-CEA antiserum with NCA2, another normal antigen cross-reacting with CEA. This absorbed antiserum showed clearly the presence of CEA in colonic tumors and some non-cancerous colonic mucosae, obtained even from non-cancerous patients. In contrast, some of the gastric adenocarcinomas we studied were strained very weakly by absorbed anti-CEA antiserum, although non-absorbed antiserum (or serum absorbed with NCA alone) labelled them strongly. The same difference in reactivity between both antisera was observed in intestinal metaplasia. The localization of NCA2 was studied with a specific antiserum, previously absorbed with CEA and NCA. NCA2 was found to be a noromal cytoplasmic and mucus-associated antigen of gastrointestinal tissues. It was present also in fetal stomach and colon. Sections of gastric and colonic tumors as well as intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosae always reacted brilliantly with absorbed anti-NCA2 antiserum.", "PMID": 68014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2826", "title": "Detection of SV40 T antigen with labelled antibodies: radioimmunoassay and autoradiography.", "content": "SV40 T antigen, partially purified from SV80, a human cell line, has been used to develop a sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay. In this assay SV40 T antigen was immobilized on microtiter plates, reacted with hamster anti-SV40 T antibody and subsequently with 14C-labelled anti-hamster IgG. The test detected approximately 20 ng of partially purified SV40 T antigen and is rapid and more convenient than the complement fixing reaction. An immunoautoradiographic method which permits the determination of the cellular localization of SV40 T antigen and which is possibly more sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence method is also described.", "contents": "Detection of SV40 T antigen with labelled antibodies: radioimmunoassay and autoradiography. SV40 T antigen, partially purified from SV80, a human cell line, has been used to develop a sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay. In this assay SV40 T antigen was immobilized on microtiter plates, reacted with hamster anti-SV40 T antibody and subsequently with 14C-labelled anti-hamster IgG. The test detected approximately 20 ng of partially purified SV40 T antigen and is rapid and more convenient than the complement fixing reaction. An immunoautoradiographic method which permits the determination of the cellular localization of SV40 T antigen and which is possibly more sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence method is also described.", "PMID": 68015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2827", "title": "Cellular and humoral anti-tumor immune responsiveness in chickens bearing tumors induced by avian sarcoma virus.", "content": "A systematic comparison was undertaken of the respective abilities of normal chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)- transformed CEF cells, avian Rous sarcoma (RS) tumor cells and murine RS cells to serve as targets and antigen donors in various assays for the detection of cellular and humoral anti-tumor immunity in chickens bearing tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus. As measured by a cytotoxicity procedure, avian and murine RS cells were more susceptible to the killing effects of sensitized lymphocytes than were transformed CEF which in turn were more reactive than normal CEF. In contrast, sera from tumor-bearing animals were able to stain by indirect immunofluorescence only the avian RS and transformed CEF cell types. Extracts of both transformed CEF cells and avian RS cells but not normal CEF were equally effective as inhibitors of migration of peritoneal exudate cells derived from tumor-bearing animals. Transformed CEF were found to produce far higher quantities of transforming virus progeny than avian RS cells, although the latter were apparently albe to synthesize defective viral particles. These data indicate the significant variations which may occur under experimental conditions, depending on the types of assays and target cells employed.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral anti-tumor immune responsiveness in chickens bearing tumors induced by avian sarcoma virus. A systematic comparison was undertaken of the respective abilities of normal chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)- transformed CEF cells, avian Rous sarcoma (RS) tumor cells and murine RS cells to serve as targets and antigen donors in various assays for the detection of cellular and humoral anti-tumor immunity in chickens bearing tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus. As measured by a cytotoxicity procedure, avian and murine RS cells were more susceptible to the killing effects of sensitized lymphocytes than were transformed CEF which in turn were more reactive than normal CEF. In contrast, sera from tumor-bearing animals were able to stain by indirect immunofluorescence only the avian RS and transformed CEF cell types. Extracts of both transformed CEF cells and avian RS cells but not normal CEF were equally effective as inhibitors of migration of peritoneal exudate cells derived from tumor-bearing animals. Transformed CEF were found to produce far higher quantities of transforming virus progeny than avian RS cells, although the latter were apparently albe to synthesize defective viral particles. These data indicate the significant variations which may occur under experimental conditions, depending on the types of assays and target cells employed.", "PMID": 68016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2828", "title": "Immunogenicity of solubilized tumor antigen extracted from P1798 murine lymphoma cells or isolated from tumor-bearer ascites fluid and reactivity with anti-thy-1.2 antiserum.", "content": "Solubilized antigen was prepared from P1798 lymphoma cells by sonication, 3 M KCI extraction, or isolated from the ascites fluid of syngeneic tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Antigen was detected and quantitated by its ability to block activity of anti-P1798 serum raised in syngeneic mice, as assayed by cytotoxic and indirect immunofluorescence tests. It was established that the reaction was immunologically specific as the P1798 antigen did not inhibit the binding to L1210 lymphoma cells of antisera raised against L1210 in syngeneic DBA/2 or allogeneic BALB/c mice. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with different subcellular fractions of sonicated antigen or with ascites fluid resulted in protection against a live P1798 challenge with results comparable to those obtained using iodoacetamide-modified tumor cells. Solubilized antigen prepared by each of the three methods eluted from a Bio-Gel A5m agarose column exclusively in an early peak that had a molecular weight estimated to be greater than 2 X 10(6). This column-fractionated antigen was shown to cross-react with antiserum raised against Thy-1.2 antigen, which is present on P1798 cells. The purified P1798 antigen sedimented at 200,000 g and was shown to protect syngeneic mice in immunoprophylactic tests.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of solubilized tumor antigen extracted from P1798 murine lymphoma cells or isolated from tumor-bearer ascites fluid and reactivity with anti-thy-1.2 antiserum. Solubilized antigen was prepared from P1798 lymphoma cells by sonication, 3 M KCI extraction, or isolated from the ascites fluid of syngeneic tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Antigen was detected and quantitated by its ability to block activity of anti-P1798 serum raised in syngeneic mice, as assayed by cytotoxic and indirect immunofluorescence tests. It was established that the reaction was immunologically specific as the P1798 antigen did not inhibit the binding to L1210 lymphoma cells of antisera raised against L1210 in syngeneic DBA/2 or allogeneic BALB/c mice. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with different subcellular fractions of sonicated antigen or with ascites fluid resulted in protection against a live P1798 challenge with results comparable to those obtained using iodoacetamide-modified tumor cells. Solubilized antigen prepared by each of the three methods eluted from a Bio-Gel A5m agarose column exclusively in an early peak that had a molecular weight estimated to be greater than 2 X 10(6). This column-fractionated antigen was shown to cross-react with antiserum raised against Thy-1.2 antigen, which is present on P1798 cells. The purified P1798 antigen sedimented at 200,000 g and was shown to protect syngeneic mice in immunoprophylactic tests.", "PMID": 68017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2829", "title": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. I. Passive transfer of immunity by sera from tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "DBA/2 mice bearing a syngeneic mammary adenocarcioma T1699 produced high levels of tumor-specific antibody, detected by indirect immunofluorescence and subsequently identified as the IgG2a subclass. Tumor-bearer sera passively administered to normal recipients protected the animals from subsequent challenge with T1699 tumor cells butnot from challenge with a non-cross-reacting syngeneic tumor, SaD2 fibrosarcoma. Administration of sera prior to tumor challenge was found to be more effective than treatment after the challenge. The protective effect of sera appeared to parallel both antibody titers and appearance of concomitant immunity; however, sera absorbed with T1699 cells, with the indirect fluorescent antibody titers reduced more than 100-fold, conferred an almost identical level of protection. Immune suppression of serum recipients before serum transfer abolished the effect, suggesting that protection depended on a cellular immune response by the host in addition to the possible protective effect(s) of humoral antibody.", "contents": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma. I. Passive transfer of immunity by sera from tumor-bearing mice. DBA/2 mice bearing a syngeneic mammary adenocarcioma T1699 produced high levels of tumor-specific antibody, detected by indirect immunofluorescence and subsequently identified as the IgG2a subclass. Tumor-bearer sera passively administered to normal recipients protected the animals from subsequent challenge with T1699 tumor cells butnot from challenge with a non-cross-reacting syngeneic tumor, SaD2 fibrosarcoma. Administration of sera prior to tumor challenge was found to be more effective than treatment after the challenge. The protective effect of sera appeared to parallel both antibody titers and appearance of concomitant immunity; however, sera absorbed with T1699 cells, with the indirect fluorescent antibody titers reduced more than 100-fold, conferred an almost identical level of protection. Immune suppression of serum recipients before serum transfer abolished the effect, suggesting that protection depended on a cellular immune response by the host in addition to the possible protective effect(s) of humoral antibody.", "PMID": 68018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2830", "title": "1-naphthyl acetate esterases in fluids and tissues of jaw cysts.", "content": "The activity and electrophoretic mobility of 1-naphthyl acetate esterases in cystic fluids and cystic tissues of ameloblastomas, follicular and apical cysts were examined. The cystic fluids showed lower activities than sera but had very similar patterns on the electrophoretogram. The activity levels of the three kinds of cystic fluids were not statistically significantly different. The fluid esterases may have originated from serum but they were not produced by the cystic lining tissue. Ameloblastoma tissues showed the highest activity per wet weight and per mg protein of the three kinds of cyst lesions (P less than 0.05). On the electrophoretogram, the esterase-I activity constituted 41% of the total activity in ameloblastomas, whereas in follicular cysts and apical cysts the esterase-I activity constituted 32% and 24% of the total activity, respectively.", "contents": "1-naphthyl acetate esterases in fluids and tissues of jaw cysts. The activity and electrophoretic mobility of 1-naphthyl acetate esterases in cystic fluids and cystic tissues of ameloblastomas, follicular and apical cysts were examined. The cystic fluids showed lower activities than sera but had very similar patterns on the electrophoretogram. The activity levels of the three kinds of cystic fluids were not statistically significantly different. The fluid esterases may have originated from serum but they were not produced by the cystic lining tissue. Ameloblastoma tissues showed the highest activity per wet weight and per mg protein of the three kinds of cyst lesions (P less than 0.05). On the electrophoretogram, the esterase-I activity constituted 41% of the total activity in ameloblastomas, whereas in follicular cysts and apical cysts the esterase-I activity constituted 32% and 24% of the total activity, respectively.", "PMID": 68020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2831", "title": "Electron microscopy of cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "The proteoglycans of cartilage are complex molecules in which chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate chains are covalently linked to a protein core, forming a polydisperse population of proteoglycan monomers. By interaction with hyaluronic acid and link proteins, the monomers form large macromolecular complexes. In vivo the proteoglycans mainly occur in such aggregates. In the electron microsope, the cartilaginous matrix can be seen to be made up of thin collagen fibrils and polygonal granules about 10-50 nm in diameter Addition of the polyvalent cationic dye Ruthenium Red to glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixatives yields a dense selective staining of the matrix granules. Following a short digestion of cartilage slices with either of the chondroitin sulphate-degrading enzymes hyaluronidase and chondroitinase or with the proteolytic enzyme papain, the matrix granules were few in number or completely absent and the proteoglycan content, measured as hexosamine, decreased by up to 90%. Similarly, extraction of the cartilage with 4 M guanidine-HCl removed all matrix granules and most of the proteoglycans. From these findings, it can be concluded that the matrix granules represent proteoglycans, most probably in aggregate form, and that Ruthenium Red staining may be used to study the distribution of these macromolecules in thin sections. As a complement to chemical studies on proteoglycan structure, it is also possible to observe and measure individual molecules in the electron microscope after spreading them into a monomolecular layer with cytochrome c. This technique has been applied in investigations on proteoglycans isolated from bovine nasal cartilage and other hyaline cartilages. The molecules in the monomer fractions appeared as an extended central core filament to which about 25--30 side-chain filaments were attached at various intervals. The core filament, averaging about 300 nm in length, was interpreted as representing the polysaccharide binding part of the protein core and the side-chain filaments, averaging about 45 nm in length, as representing the clusters of chondroitin sulphate chains. Statistical treatment of the collected data indicated that no distinct subpopulations existed within the monomer fractions. The electron microscopic results correlated well with chemical data for the corresponding fractions and together with recent observations on various aggregate fractions strongly support present concepts of proteoglycan structure.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of cartilage proteoglycans. The proteoglycans of cartilage are complex molecules in which chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate chains are covalently linked to a protein core, forming a polydisperse population of proteoglycan monomers. By interaction with hyaluronic acid and link proteins, the monomers form large macromolecular complexes. In vivo the proteoglycans mainly occur in such aggregates. In the electron microsope, the cartilaginous matrix can be seen to be made up of thin collagen fibrils and polygonal granules about 10-50 nm in diameter Addition of the polyvalent cationic dye Ruthenium Red to glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixatives yields a dense selective staining of the matrix granules. Following a short digestion of cartilage slices with either of the chondroitin sulphate-degrading enzymes hyaluronidase and chondroitinase or with the proteolytic enzyme papain, the matrix granules were few in number or completely absent and the proteoglycan content, measured as hexosamine, decreased by up to 90%. Similarly, extraction of the cartilage with 4 M guanidine-HCl removed all matrix granules and most of the proteoglycans. From these findings, it can be concluded that the matrix granules represent proteoglycans, most probably in aggregate form, and that Ruthenium Red staining may be used to study the distribution of these macromolecules in thin sections. As a complement to chemical studies on proteoglycan structure, it is also possible to observe and measure individual molecules in the electron microscope after spreading them into a monomolecular layer with cytochrome c. This technique has been applied in investigations on proteoglycans isolated from bovine nasal cartilage and other hyaline cartilages. The molecules in the monomer fractions appeared as an extended central core filament to which about 25--30 side-chain filaments were attached at various intervals. The core filament, averaging about 300 nm in length, was interpreted as representing the polysaccharide binding part of the protein core and the side-chain filaments, averaging about 45 nm in length, as representing the clusters of chondroitin sulphate chains. Statistical treatment of the collected data indicated that no distinct subpopulations existed within the monomer fractions. The electron microscopic results correlated well with chemical data for the corresponding fractions and together with recent observations on various aggregate fractions strongly support present concepts of proteoglycan structure.", "PMID": 68024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2832", "title": "Polyacrylamide films as a tool for investigating qualitative and quanitative aspects of the staining of glycosaminoglycans with basic dyes.", "content": "With the introduction of model films of polyacrylamide gel into which purified glycosaminogly cans (GAGs) have been 'incorporated', the direct recording of metachromatic spectra with virtually no interference of the corresponding orthochromatic peaks has become possible. Because this model system yields situations comparable to those of stained sections under the microscope, it is well suited for investigating qualitative and quantitative aspects of histochemical staining procedures. Previous model experiments have shown that under aqueous conditions only minor differences can be observed between the metachromatic peaks of different GAGs complexed with a suitable dye (e.g. Toluidine Blue O, Thionin, Safranin O, Cresyl Violet, Cystal Violet). In non-aqueous media, such as glycerol and ethylene glycol, the complexes with Toluidine Blue O revealed a special pattern for heparin, having a metachromatic peak (517 nm) about 30 nm lower than that of all other GAGs. This observation has formed the basis of a method for the qualitative microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in situ which was worked out by combining model film experiments with microspectrophotometric data obtained from rat mast cells. Since only a limited number of cells in necessary for obtaining reliable data with this method, the presence of heparin in the cytoplasmic granules of normal human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes could thus be proved directly. Alcian Blue 8GX, another basic dye frequently use in GAG histochemistry, has also been investigated with polyacrylamide films. In contrast to the metachromatic dyes, the rate of staining with Alcian Blue depends to a large extent on the rate of penetration of the dye into the model films. The rate of penetration is also a phenomenon of great importance for dye binding in situ, where complex basic protein molecules may form a barrier for the Alcian Blue molecules. The model film studies performed so far have yielded conditions that provide maximal staining (up to an optimal level) and a linear relationship betweeen the concentration of GAG and the AB binding. The presence of basic protein, electrostatically bound to the GAG, was not found to influence either the rate of staining or the maximal amount of dye binding.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide films as a tool for investigating qualitative and quanitative aspects of the staining of glycosaminoglycans with basic dyes. With the introduction of model films of polyacrylamide gel into which purified glycosaminogly cans (GAGs) have been 'incorporated', the direct recording of metachromatic spectra with virtually no interference of the corresponding orthochromatic peaks has become possible. Because this model system yields situations comparable to those of stained sections under the microscope, it is well suited for investigating qualitative and quantitative aspects of histochemical staining procedures. Previous model experiments have shown that under aqueous conditions only minor differences can be observed between the metachromatic peaks of different GAGs complexed with a suitable dye (e.g. Toluidine Blue O, Thionin, Safranin O, Cresyl Violet, Cystal Violet). In non-aqueous media, such as glycerol and ethylene glycol, the complexes with Toluidine Blue O revealed a special pattern for heparin, having a metachromatic peak (517 nm) about 30 nm lower than that of all other GAGs. This observation has formed the basis of a method for the qualitative microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in situ which was worked out by combining model film experiments with microspectrophotometric data obtained from rat mast cells. Since only a limited number of cells in necessary for obtaining reliable data with this method, the presence of heparin in the cytoplasmic granules of normal human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes could thus be proved directly. Alcian Blue 8GX, another basic dye frequently use in GAG histochemistry, has also been investigated with polyacrylamide films. In contrast to the metachromatic dyes, the rate of staining with Alcian Blue depends to a large extent on the rate of penetration of the dye into the model films. The rate of penetration is also a phenomenon of great importance for dye binding in situ, where complex basic protein molecules may form a barrier for the Alcian Blue molecules. The model film studies performed so far have yielded conditions that provide maximal staining (up to an optimal level) and a linear relationship betweeen the concentration of GAG and the AB binding. The presence of basic protein, electrostatically bound to the GAG, was not found to influence either the rate of staining or the maximal amount of dye binding.", "PMID": 68025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2833", "title": "The Haematoxylin-basic Fuchsin-picric acid staining reaction as a test of myocardial viability in resuscitated and preserved hearts.", "content": "In the field of the transplantation of organs, there is a great need for an in vitro test of viability which would confirm that the organ was capable of performing its normal in vivo functions. Such a test should ideally be simple, rapid and reproducible. Preliminary studies using the Haematoxylin-Basic Fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining reaction to assess myocardial ischaemia in resuscitated and preserved hearts would suggest that this test meets many of the requirements of a viablility assay. The test has been employed in hearts which have been in a state of anoxic arrest for 30 min and then resuscitated and preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation. The 'positive' response after 30 min anoxic arrest reverts to a 'negative' response after 2 h myocardial perfusion. In hearts which have been preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation with no interim period of anoxic arrest the HBFP stain response remains 'negative' throughout, confirming satisfactory myocardial perfusion.", "contents": "The Haematoxylin-basic Fuchsin-picric acid staining reaction as a test of myocardial viability in resuscitated and preserved hearts. In the field of the transplantation of organs, there is a great need for an in vitro test of viability which would confirm that the organ was capable of performing its normal in vivo functions. Such a test should ideally be simple, rapid and reproducible. Preliminary studies using the Haematoxylin-Basic Fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining reaction to assess myocardial ischaemia in resuscitated and preserved hearts would suggest that this test meets many of the requirements of a viablility assay. The test has been employed in hearts which have been in a state of anoxic arrest for 30 min and then resuscitated and preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation. The 'positive' response after 30 min anoxic arrest reverts to a 'negative' response after 2 h myocardial perfusion. In hearts which have been preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation with no interim period of anoxic arrest the HBFP stain response remains 'negative' throughout, confirming satisfactory myocardial perfusion.", "PMID": 68026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2834", "title": "Histochemical localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testes of chicken-pheasant hybrids.", "content": "Histochemical studies on the activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) in the testes of adult chicken-pheasant hybrids and domestic fowl of similar age were carried out using dehydroepiandrosterone as the substrate. The reaction for 3beta-HSD was positive in the interstitial tissue and negative within seminiferous tubules of domestic fowl. In chicken-pheasant hybrids, a strong positive reaction for 3 beta-HSD was observed in the interstital tissue and within the seminferous tubules suggesting that, in hybrid testes, both Leydig cells and cells of seminiferous tubules may be capable of steroid biosynthesis. Since the plasma testosterone levels in these birds were found to be extremely low, it is hypothesized that either the chicken-pheasant hybrids do not release testosterone in sufficient amounts in the circulation or the type of steroid produced by the 3 beta HSD-positive cells may be different from testosterone that is required for the maintenance of normal fertility and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testes of chicken-pheasant hybrids. Histochemical studies on the activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) in the testes of adult chicken-pheasant hybrids and domestic fowl of similar age were carried out using dehydroepiandrosterone as the substrate. The reaction for 3beta-HSD was positive in the interstitial tissue and negative within seminiferous tubules of domestic fowl. In chicken-pheasant hybrids, a strong positive reaction for 3 beta-HSD was observed in the interstital tissue and within the seminferous tubules suggesting that, in hybrid testes, both Leydig cells and cells of seminiferous tubules may be capable of steroid biosynthesis. Since the plasma testosterone levels in these birds were found to be extremely low, it is hypothesized that either the chicken-pheasant hybrids do not release testosterone in sufficient amounts in the circulation or the type of steroid produced by the 3 beta HSD-positive cells may be different from testosterone that is required for the maintenance of normal fertility and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.", "PMID": 68027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2835", "title": "The effect of sodium chloride on the extraction of DNA fragments during Feulgen acid hydrolysis.", "content": "Feulgen acid hydrolysis was performed on ascites tumour cells labelled with radioactive DNA-precursors. The development of fragments of apurinic acid and the extraction of purines were studied by monitoring the variations in the extraction rate during the hydrolysis when sodium chloride was either present or absent from the hydrolysis solution. The changes in the rate of extraction of purines and the alterations in the initial retardation of the apurinic acid extracting process followed approximately the same pattern. The extractability of apurinic acid fragments during hydrolysis in 0.3 M HCl was found to be a maximum when the sodium chloride concentration was about 1 M. Sudden exchange experiments, in which acid was substituted for sodium chloride after various times of hydrolysis, revealed a successive shortening of the extractable fragments during the low acid concentration hydrolysis. The results strengthen the view that, during hydrolysis, apurinic acid is lost from the cells through a reaction whose form is determined, first, by an initial retardation of the depolymerization, second, by the maximum length at which fragments developed through the depolymerization become soluble and are lost by diffusion, and last, at low acid concentrations, by a mechanism whose influence is equivalent to the presence of bonds between the fragments and an unextractable stable structure.", "contents": "The effect of sodium chloride on the extraction of DNA fragments during Feulgen acid hydrolysis. Feulgen acid hydrolysis was performed on ascites tumour cells labelled with radioactive DNA-precursors. The development of fragments of apurinic acid and the extraction of purines were studied by monitoring the variations in the extraction rate during the hydrolysis when sodium chloride was either present or absent from the hydrolysis solution. The changes in the rate of extraction of purines and the alterations in the initial retardation of the apurinic acid extracting process followed approximately the same pattern. The extractability of apurinic acid fragments during hydrolysis in 0.3 M HCl was found to be a maximum when the sodium chloride concentration was about 1 M. Sudden exchange experiments, in which acid was substituted for sodium chloride after various times of hydrolysis, revealed a successive shortening of the extractable fragments during the low acid concentration hydrolysis. The results strengthen the view that, during hydrolysis, apurinic acid is lost from the cells through a reaction whose form is determined, first, by an initial retardation of the depolymerization, second, by the maximum length at which fragments developed through the depolymerization become soluble and are lost by diffusion, and last, at low acid concentrations, by a mechanism whose influence is equivalent to the presence of bonds between the fragments and an unextractable stable structure.", "PMID": 68028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2836", "title": "Permanganate fixation demonstrates the monoamine-containing granular vesicles in the SIF cells but not in the adrenal medulla or mast cells.", "content": "Three types of monoamine-storing cells were fixed with permanganates and analyzed ultrastructurally. The SIF cells contained the typical granulated vesicles characteristic of monoamines. On the other hand, both the catecholamine-storing cells in the adrenal medulla and the mast cells were devoid of a dense core in their monoamine vesicles. This is surprising, since permanganate is considered a reliable means of demonstrating monoamines at the fine structural level. The significance of this finding is discussed against the close relationship between SIF cells and cells of the adrenal medulla. Because permanganate as a fixative is widely used in monoamine fine structural cytochemistry, the present findings undoubtedly need further clarification.", "contents": "Permanganate fixation demonstrates the monoamine-containing granular vesicles in the SIF cells but not in the adrenal medulla or mast cells. Three types of monoamine-storing cells were fixed with permanganates and analyzed ultrastructurally. The SIF cells contained the typical granulated vesicles characteristic of monoamines. On the other hand, both the catecholamine-storing cells in the adrenal medulla and the mast cells were devoid of a dense core in their monoamine vesicles. This is surprising, since permanganate is considered a reliable means of demonstrating monoamines at the fine structural level. The significance of this finding is discussed against the close relationship between SIF cells and cells of the adrenal medulla. Because permanganate as a fixative is widely used in monoamine fine structural cytochemistry, the present findings undoubtedly need further clarification.", "PMID": 68030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2837", "title": "Age-related changes in chromatin of liver cell nuclei of different ploidity.", "content": "A comparison of the Feulgen hydrolysis curves and the chromatin compactness of the liver cell nuclei of young and old rats was made. It was found that the rate of DNA depurination and chromatin compactness are higher in the liver cell nuclei of old rats, both in di-and tetraploidal cells. The effect of fixation upon the course of the hydrolysis curves is discussed.", "contents": "Age-related changes in chromatin of liver cell nuclei of different ploidity. A comparison of the Feulgen hydrolysis curves and the chromatin compactness of the liver cell nuclei of young and old rats was made. It was found that the rate of DNA depurination and chromatin compactness are higher in the liver cell nuclei of old rats, both in di-and tetraploidal cells. The effect of fixation upon the course of the hydrolysis curves is discussed.", "PMID": 68031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2838", "title": "Oxygen-dependent inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase in Bacillus brevis.", "content": "Incorporation of L-[14C]ornithine into gramicidin S by crude, unfractionated lysozyme extracts of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 was shown to represent the activity of the gramicidin synthetase complex. Frozen-thawed cells were the source of active extracts, but when cells were shaken in air at 37 degrees C, they rapidly lost activity in a first-order reaction with a half-life of 13 min. Protease inhibitors and inhibitors of energy metabolism had no effect on the inactivation process in frozen-thawed cells. Stabilization was achieved when the cells were shaken in nitrogen or helium instead of air. The addition of dithiothreitol produced a moderate degree of stabilization. The L-ornithine- and D-phenylalanine-activating activities of the gramicidin S synthetase complex were also lost during aeration of the cells. Crude cell-free extracts also lost activity when they were shaken in oxygen, but, in this case, inactivation was slower (half-life of 80 min). Nitrogen also stabilized these cell-free extracts.", "contents": "Oxygen-dependent inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase in Bacillus brevis. Incorporation of L-[14C]ornithine into gramicidin S by crude, unfractionated lysozyme extracts of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 was shown to represent the activity of the gramicidin synthetase complex. Frozen-thawed cells were the source of active extracts, but when cells were shaken in air at 37 degrees C, they rapidly lost activity in a first-order reaction with a half-life of 13 min. Protease inhibitors and inhibitors of energy metabolism had no effect on the inactivation process in frozen-thawed cells. Stabilization was achieved when the cells were shaken in nitrogen or helium instead of air. The addition of dithiothreitol produced a moderate degree of stabilization. The L-ornithine- and D-phenylalanine-activating activities of the gramicidin S synthetase complex were also lost during aeration of the cells. Crude cell-free extracts also lost activity when they were shaken in oxygen, but, in this case, inactivation was slower (half-life of 80 min). Nitrogen also stabilized these cell-free extracts.", "PMID": 68033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2839", "title": "Blood group activity of human sucrase from intestinal metaplasia.", "content": "Sucrases were purified from human small intestine and from areas of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach mucosa surrounding stomach cancers. The kinetic constants and pH activity profiles of enzyme preparations from the two sources were similar. No blood group activity of sucrase was detectable in preparations from three cases of intestinal metaplasia, but preparations from two other cases showed activity like that of the small intestine. These results indicate that sucrase from areas of intestinal metaplasia has similar enzymatic properties to those of enzyme from the small intestine, but that the antigenic sugar moiety of the enzyme associated with blood group activity varies.", "contents": "Blood group activity of human sucrase from intestinal metaplasia. Sucrases were purified from human small intestine and from areas of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach mucosa surrounding stomach cancers. The kinetic constants and pH activity profiles of enzyme preparations from the two sources were similar. No blood group activity of sucrase was detectable in preparations from three cases of intestinal metaplasia, but preparations from two other cases showed activity like that of the small intestine. These results indicate that sucrase from areas of intestinal metaplasia has similar enzymatic properties to those of enzyme from the small intestine, but that the antigenic sugar moiety of the enzyme associated with blood group activity varies.", "PMID": 68034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2840", "title": "Rabbit globin mRNA: analysis of T1 RNAse digestion fragments.", "content": "Rabbit globin complementary DNA made with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was used as a template for in vitro synthesis of 32P-labeled RNA and deoxysubstituted RNA. The sequences of the nucleotides in most of the fragments resulting from combined ribonuclease T1 and alkaline phosphatase digestion have been determined. In addition, the 3' nearest neighbor was determined for several fragments resulting from digestion with T1 ribonuclease. The utility of the deoxysubstitution technique was demonstrated by the ease with which the sequences of pyrimidine-rich fragments could be determined. Many sequences thus determined were long enough to fit uniquely with the alpha- or beta-globin amino acid sequences. The positions of these fits were found to be clustered, leading us to believe that only certain regions of the complementary DNA are transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Other unique characteristics of RNA synthesis from a complementary DNA template include a high yield of free poly(A) and the fact that one must use low rather than high salt buffers to obtain transcripts of high molecular weight.", "contents": "Rabbit globin mRNA: analysis of T1 RNAse digestion fragments. Rabbit globin complementary DNA made with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was used as a template for in vitro synthesis of 32P-labeled RNA and deoxysubstituted RNA. The sequences of the nucleotides in most of the fragments resulting from combined ribonuclease T1 and alkaline phosphatase digestion have been determined. In addition, the 3' nearest neighbor was determined for several fragments resulting from digestion with T1 ribonuclease. The utility of the deoxysubstitution technique was demonstrated by the ease with which the sequences of pyrimidine-rich fragments could be determined. Many sequences thus determined were long enough to fit uniquely with the alpha- or beta-globin amino acid sequences. The positions of these fits were found to be clustered, leading us to believe that only certain regions of the complementary DNA are transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Other unique characteristics of RNA synthesis from a complementary DNA template include a high yield of free poly(A) and the fact that one must use low rather than high salt buffers to obtain transcripts of high molecular weight.", "PMID": 68035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2841", "title": "Methods for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in paraffin sections of liver: a guideline for their use.", "content": "Methods for the localisation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in paraffin sections of the liver include the detection of ground-glass hepatocytes and the use of Shikata's orcein stain, and of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent techniques. A comparative study of the different methods on 20 livers shows the orcein stain to be the method of choice for routine use. The Shikata stain is not only specific but is relatively inexpensive, easily performed, and stains out distinct cytoplasmic inclusions even in stored formalin-fixed livers, old paraffin blocks, and autolysed livers. Since HBsAg is irregularly distributed in the liver, adequate sampling is necessary to prevent false negative; when sufficient tissue is available at least five blocks should be examined before a case is labelled as HBsAg-negative.", "contents": "Methods for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in paraffin sections of liver: a guideline for their use. Methods for the localisation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in paraffin sections of the liver include the detection of ground-glass hepatocytes and the use of Shikata's orcein stain, and of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent techniques. A comparative study of the different methods on 20 livers shows the orcein stain to be the method of choice for routine use. The Shikata stain is not only specific but is relatively inexpensive, easily performed, and stains out distinct cytoplasmic inclusions even in stored formalin-fixed livers, old paraffin blocks, and autolysed livers. Since HBsAg is irregularly distributed in the liver, adequate sampling is necessary to prevent false negative; when sufficient tissue is available at least five blocks should be examined before a case is labelled as HBsAg-negative.", "PMID": 68037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2842", "title": "Retinal projections in the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus.", "content": "Retinal projections were examined in the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus using Fink-Heimer material and autoradiography. We found six regions in the brain which receive retinal projections. These are (1) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (2) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the lateral posterior nucleus (4) the pretectum (5) the superior colliculus, and (6) the accessory optic system. We did not examine the hypothalamus. The accessory optic system and the lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other four regions receive a bilateral retinal projection. There is extensive binocular overlap in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On the side contralateral to an eye injection of 3H leucine our autoradiographs show four contralateral layers which fill most of the nucleus. Three of these layers, 3, 4 and 5, also receive input from the opsilateral eye. Layer 1 which lies adjacent to the optic tract receives only contralateral retinal input. Layer 2 receives a direct retinal input only from the ipsilateral eye. The ipsilateral projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus forms a fairly continuous patch which is not divided into separate layers. The ipsilateral retinal input is located in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The ventral quarter of the nucleus only receives a contralateral retinal input and therefore represents the monocular part of the visual field.", "contents": "Retinal projections in the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus. Retinal projections were examined in the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus using Fink-Heimer material and autoradiography. We found six regions in the brain which receive retinal projections. These are (1) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (2) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the lateral posterior nucleus (4) the pretectum (5) the superior colliculus, and (6) the accessory optic system. We did not examine the hypothalamus. The accessory optic system and the lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other four regions receive a bilateral retinal projection. There is extensive binocular overlap in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On the side contralateral to an eye injection of 3H leucine our autoradiographs show four contralateral layers which fill most of the nucleus. Three of these layers, 3, 4 and 5, also receive input from the opsilateral eye. Layer 1 which lies adjacent to the optic tract receives only contralateral retinal input. Layer 2 receives a direct retinal input only from the ipsilateral eye. The ipsilateral projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus forms a fairly continuous patch which is not divided into separate layers. The ipsilateral retinal input is located in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The ventral quarter of the nucleus only receives a contralateral retinal input and therefore represents the monocular part of the visual field.", "PMID": 68042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2843", "title": "Effect of potassium isobutyrate on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum by calves.", "content": "Calves received either colostrum with 2.83 meq potassium isobutyrate per gram of gamma-globulin or colostrum with distilled water within 1 h after birth. Blood samples were taken at intervals during the first 72 h for determination of concentrations of gamma-globulin, immunoglobulin IgG and IgM. Calves fed colostrum with distilled water attained higher concentrations in serum of total gamma-globulin, immunolgobulin IgG and IgM. Holstein calves were more efficient than Ayrshire calves in absorbing total gamma-globulin, but differences between breeds were not significant for specific immunoglobulins. Efficiency of gamma-globulin absorption within 24 h was 35.7% for control calves and 24.7% for calves fed colostrum plus potassium isobutyrate. Potassium isobutyrate had a depressing effect on absorption of immunoglobulins by calves.", "contents": "Effect of potassium isobutyrate on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum by calves. Calves received either colostrum with 2.83 meq potassium isobutyrate per gram of gamma-globulin or colostrum with distilled water within 1 h after birth. Blood samples were taken at intervals during the first 72 h for determination of concentrations of gamma-globulin, immunoglobulin IgG and IgM. Calves fed colostrum with distilled water attained higher concentrations in serum of total gamma-globulin, immunolgobulin IgG and IgM. Holstein calves were more efficient than Ayrshire calves in absorbing total gamma-globulin, but differences between breeds were not significant for specific immunoglobulins. Efficiency of gamma-globulin absorption within 24 h was 35.7% for control calves and 24.7% for calves fed colostrum plus potassium isobutyrate. Potassium isobutyrate had a depressing effect on absorption of immunoglobulins by calves.", "PMID": 68043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2844", "title": "The role of ragweed pollen in autumnal asthma.", "content": "Thirty-nine ragweed-allergic seasonal asthmatics were studied from 1972 to 1974. After quantitative skin tests, antigen E-induced leukocyte histamine release, quantitative inhalation bronchial challenge with ragweed extract to determine PD35 (provocation dose of allergen causing 35% decrease in specific airways conductance), and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) determinations were done, patients were paired based on PD35 values and randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups, receiving either aqueous ragweed extract or placebo prior to the 1973 ragweed season. Treated patients received a mean cumulative dose of extract equivalent to 11.7 microng antigen E (4,180 protein nitrogen units [PNU]). Twenty-nine patients were followed through the ragweed season with daily symptom diaries and biweekly physician examinations. Severity of disease was not predictable by PD35 data, skin tests, leukocyte histamine release, or radioallergosorbent test (RAST) values. Although all patients were ragweed-allergic by objective tests, only 13/29 had asthma symptoms correlating with ragweed counts. Mold spore counts were related significantly to symptoms in some patients. Asthma and hay fever symptoms correlated significantly in 24/29 patients. This dose of immunotherapy caused no significant difference to be found in asthma or hay fever symptoms in treated versus placebo patients for the 1973 reporting period as determined by physician evaluations or daily symptom diaries. No patients showed significant improvement in PD35 values after treatment in 1973. Similar findings were obtained for a smaller group of patients followed through the 1974 ragweed season who received a mean dose of 31.2 microng antigen E (11,140 PNU). The failure of these patients to show a response to immunotherapy could be due to a combination of the relatively low dose of ragweed extract and their sensitivity to other allergens.", "contents": "The role of ragweed pollen in autumnal asthma. Thirty-nine ragweed-allergic seasonal asthmatics were studied from 1972 to 1974. After quantitative skin tests, antigen E-induced leukocyte histamine release, quantitative inhalation bronchial challenge with ragweed extract to determine PD35 (provocation dose of allergen causing 35% decrease in specific airways conductance), and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) determinations were done, patients were paired based on PD35 values and randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups, receiving either aqueous ragweed extract or placebo prior to the 1973 ragweed season. Treated patients received a mean cumulative dose of extract equivalent to 11.7 microng antigen E (4,180 protein nitrogen units [PNU]). Twenty-nine patients were followed through the ragweed season with daily symptom diaries and biweekly physician examinations. Severity of disease was not predictable by PD35 data, skin tests, leukocyte histamine release, or radioallergosorbent test (RAST) values. Although all patients were ragweed-allergic by objective tests, only 13/29 had asthma symptoms correlating with ragweed counts. Mold spore counts were related significantly to symptoms in some patients. Asthma and hay fever symptoms correlated significantly in 24/29 patients. This dose of immunotherapy caused no significant difference to be found in asthma or hay fever symptoms in treated versus placebo patients for the 1973 reporting period as determined by physician evaluations or daily symptom diaries. No patients showed significant improvement in PD35 values after treatment in 1973. Similar findings were obtained for a smaller group of patients followed through the 1974 ragweed season who received a mean dose of 31.2 microng antigen E (11,140 PNU). The failure of these patients to show a response to immunotherapy could be due to a combination of the relatively low dose of ragweed extract and their sensitivity to other allergens.", "PMID": 68044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2845", "title": "Pitting stain with soft contact lenses--Hydrocurve thin series.", "content": "A survey of 85 of our patients (170 eyes) wearing relatively steep based curved Hydrocurve thin series hydrophilic lenses, shows that 32 percent of the eyes fit demonstrate a particular type of corneal staining (21 percent light, 6 percent moderate, and 5 percent heavy). We have designated this corneal epithelial staining as Pitting Stain. It occurs as concentrated, superficial, punctate staining that may coalesce and deepen into branching patterns with a whitish pitting appearance.", "contents": "Pitting stain with soft contact lenses--Hydrocurve thin series. A survey of 85 of our patients (170 eyes) wearing relatively steep based curved Hydrocurve thin series hydrophilic lenses, shows that 32 percent of the eyes fit demonstrate a particular type of corneal staining (21 percent light, 6 percent moderate, and 5 percent heavy). We have designated this corneal epithelial staining as Pitting Stain. It occurs as concentrated, superficial, punctate staining that may coalesce and deepen into branching patterns with a whitish pitting appearance.", "PMID": 68046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2846", "title": "Incidence of central edema and peripheral staining as a function of contact lens fitting philosophy.", "content": "A study of three hundred and fifty-two patients (700 eyes) was undertaken to determine the relationship (if any) between abnormal corneal physiology and methods of fitting hard contact lenses. This was divided into two categories of slit-lamp findings, i.e., central edema or central corneal clouding (ccc), and peripheral (3/9) staining. The categories of lens fitting methods were broken down into (a) alignment, (b) steep and (c) flat. The results and relationships are reported.", "contents": "Incidence of central edema and peripheral staining as a function of contact lens fitting philosophy. A study of three hundred and fifty-two patients (700 eyes) was undertaken to determine the relationship (if any) between abnormal corneal physiology and methods of fitting hard contact lenses. This was divided into two categories of slit-lamp findings, i.e., central edema or central corneal clouding (ccc), and peripheral (3/9) staining. The categories of lens fitting methods were broken down into (a) alignment, (b) steep and (c) flat. The results and relationships are reported.", "PMID": 68047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2847", "title": "Commercial horseradish peroxidase degrades myelin encephalitogenic protein during coupling for immunohistochemical studies.", "content": "Conjugates of myelin encephalitogenic basic protein (EP) and commercial horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been used for immunohistochemical demonstrations of anti-EP antibody in animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. We performed gel electrophoresis studies on EP-HRP conjugates prepared with glutaraldehyde and on mixtures of EP and HRP incubated without glutaraldehyde. The results show that under conditions of one-and two-step coupling HRP causes rapid loss of the native EP band, apparently due to EP degradation. The EP-HRP mixtures are not encephalitogenic in rabbits, or encephalitogenic activity is lost during processing. The immunohistochemical reactivity of conjugates, however, signals some preservation of antibody-combining sites. The mechanism of the HRP effect on EP is unknown. The possibilities of a contaminating proteinase or direct peroxidatic attack are suggested. Until this action of HRP can be overcome, the effect of coupling procedures on the biological activities of EP will be difficult to assess, and EP-HRP conjugates cannot be expected to reveal sites that may bind encephalitogenic portions of the EP molecule.", "contents": "Commercial horseradish peroxidase degrades myelin encephalitogenic protein during coupling for immunohistochemical studies. Conjugates of myelin encephalitogenic basic protein (EP) and commercial horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been used for immunohistochemical demonstrations of anti-EP antibody in animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. We performed gel electrophoresis studies on EP-HRP conjugates prepared with glutaraldehyde and on mixtures of EP and HRP incubated without glutaraldehyde. The results show that under conditions of one-and two-step coupling HRP causes rapid loss of the native EP band, apparently due to EP degradation. The EP-HRP mixtures are not encephalitogenic in rabbits, or encephalitogenic activity is lost during processing. The immunohistochemical reactivity of conjugates, however, signals some preservation of antibody-combining sites. The mechanism of the HRP effect on EP is unknown. The possibilities of a contaminating proteinase or direct peroxidatic attack are suggested. Until this action of HRP can be overcome, the effect of coupling procedures on the biological activities of EP will be difficult to assess, and EP-HRP conjugates cannot be expected to reveal sites that may bind encephalitogenic portions of the EP molecule.", "PMID": 68067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2848", "title": "An improved acriflavine-Feulgen method.", "content": "The acriflavine-Feulgen method for the histochemical demonstration of deoxyribonucleic acid was modified by staining hydrolyzed cells with 0.01% acriflavine dissolved in 90% ethanol. This method offered the following advantages: (a) it simplified the preparation of the acriflavine-Feulgen reagent; (b) it left the cytoplasm essentially unstained while staining the nuclei bright green in hydrolyzed cells and left the cytoplasm and nuclei essentially unstained in unhydrolyzed cells; (c) it eliminated poorly defined reagents from the staining solutions. Because of these staining properties, this technique may be especially useful in the quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleic acid by cytofluorometry.", "contents": "An improved acriflavine-Feulgen method. The acriflavine-Feulgen method for the histochemical demonstration of deoxyribonucleic acid was modified by staining hydrolyzed cells with 0.01% acriflavine dissolved in 90% ethanol. This method offered the following advantages: (a) it simplified the preparation of the acriflavine-Feulgen reagent; (b) it left the cytoplasm essentially unstained while staining the nuclei bright green in hydrolyzed cells and left the cytoplasm and nuclei essentially unstained in unhydrolyzed cells; (c) it eliminated poorly defined reagents from the staining solutions. Because of these staining properties, this technique may be especially useful in the quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleic acid by cytofluorometry.", "PMID": 68068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2849", "title": "Further evidence in support of cell-surface-associated deoxyribonucleic acid in tumor cells: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Ascites sarcoma-180 cells, when stained with platinum-pyrimidine complexes as the sole electron dense stain, show distinct dense patches to granular appearance on the surface of the plasma membrane which has been suggested to be attributable to deoxyribonucleic acid. Swiss Webster mice, 4-5 weeks of age, weighing 24-26 g with 4 X 10(6) ascites sarcoma-180 cells when injected with 3 X 7.0 micronC of tritiated thymidine on day 5 of the tumor implant, show specific labeling on the plasma membrane surface. The photopositive silver grain distribution in both the light and electron microscope autoradiograms when followed from the nucleus outwards show a distinct peak over the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The quantity and origin and role of this surface-associated deoxyribonucleic acid is not clear.", "contents": "Further evidence in support of cell-surface-associated deoxyribonucleic acid in tumor cells: an autoradiographic study. Ascites sarcoma-180 cells, when stained with platinum-pyrimidine complexes as the sole electron dense stain, show distinct dense patches to granular appearance on the surface of the plasma membrane which has been suggested to be attributable to deoxyribonucleic acid. Swiss Webster mice, 4-5 weeks of age, weighing 24-26 g with 4 X 10(6) ascites sarcoma-180 cells when injected with 3 X 7.0 micronC of tritiated thymidine on day 5 of the tumor implant, show specific labeling on the plasma membrane surface. The photopositive silver grain distribution in both the light and electron microscope autoradiograms when followed from the nucleus outwards show a distinct peak over the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The quantity and origin and role of this surface-associated deoxyribonucleic acid is not clear.", "PMID": 68069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2850", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in cultured cells. II. Cycloheximide-treated embryo muscle.", "content": "The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) of cultured chick embryo muscle fibers that remains after the cells have been treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was examined with cytochemical stains and the electron microscope. AChE activity that decreased rapidly after addition of the inhibitor was associated with enzyme within the cells, and AChE activity that was relatively insensitive to the inhibitor was associated with AChE outside of the cells. The results support the view that there are at least two fractions of AChE in developing muscle fibers, one intracellular and labile, the other extracelullar and stable.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in cultured cells. II. Cycloheximide-treated embryo muscle. The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) of cultured chick embryo muscle fibers that remains after the cells have been treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was examined with cytochemical stains and the electron microscope. AChE activity that decreased rapidly after addition of the inhibitor was associated with enzyme within the cells, and AChE activity that was relatively insensitive to the inhibitor was associated with AChE outside of the cells. The results support the view that there are at least two fractions of AChE in developing muscle fibers, one intracellular and labile, the other extracelullar and stable.", "PMID": 68070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2851", "title": "Neutralization kinetics studies with type SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains.", "content": "A comparison of homologous and heterologous rates of neutralization demonstrated that antigenic relationships of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains could be differentiated quantitatively by the kinetics of neutralization method described previously (Rwysed this way gave R values which were similar to those obtained with other neutralization test methods but which were generally smaller than those obtained with complement fixation test results. It was demonstrated that there were wide differences between the vaccine strains tested as demonstrated by R value relationships. An examination of r values, however, demonstrated that antisera to the Moz 1/70 strain were highly reactive with most of the virus strains from Central and Southern Africa. The selection of FMD virus strains with a wide serological range for vaccine production is discussed.", "contents": "Neutralization kinetics studies with type SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains. A comparison of homologous and heterologous rates of neutralization demonstrated that antigenic relationships of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains could be differentiated quantitatively by the kinetics of neutralization method described previously (Rwysed this way gave R values which were similar to those obtained with other neutralization test methods but which were generally smaller than those obtained with complement fixation test results. It was demonstrated that there were wide differences between the vaccine strains tested as demonstrated by R value relationships. An examination of r values, however, demonstrated that antisera to the Moz 1/70 strain were highly reactive with most of the virus strains from Central and Southern Africa. The selection of FMD virus strains with a wide serological range for vaccine production is discussed.", "PMID": 68071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2852", "title": "Specific restoration of delayed hypersensitivity by lymphoid tissue extracts.", "content": "Mice lose demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to DNFB, picryl chloride, or sheep red blood cells. Reconstitution of immune responsiveness can be accomplished by administration of cell-free lysates of spleens from mice with active DH to structurally related, but not to unrelated antigens. Peritoneal exudate cell lysates from mice with active DNFB-DH also restore DH to this antigen. Sera from sensitized mice, and sera and lymphoid tissue extracts from unsensitized mice are without activity. The restorative property of splenic lysates from DNFB-sensitized mice is unstable at 56 degrees C, not sedimented at 90,000 X G and inactivated by trypsin or magnesium ions. The presence of unexpressed, restorable DH may provide a biologic basis for the so called \"transfer factor\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Specific restoration of delayed hypersensitivity by lymphoid tissue extracts. Mice lose demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to DNFB, picryl chloride, or sheep red blood cells. Reconstitution of immune responsiveness can be accomplished by administration of cell-free lysates of spleens from mice with active DH to structurally related, but not to unrelated antigens. Peritoneal exudate cell lysates from mice with active DNFB-DH also restore DH to this antigen. Sera from sensitized mice, and sera and lymphoid tissue extracts from unsensitized mice are without activity. The restorative property of splenic lysates from DNFB-sensitized mice is unstable at 56 degrees C, not sedimented at 90,000 X G and inactivated by trypsin or magnesium ions. The presence of unexpressed, restorable DH may provide a biologic basis for the so called \"transfer factor\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 68074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2853", "title": "Specificity and structural analysis of a guinea pig transfer factor-like activity.", "content": "A transfer factor-like activity was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of immune guinea pig leukocyte lysates. This isolated material leads to antigen-dependent migration inhibition and thymidine uptake by nonimmune lymphoid cells. Tests of the \"transfer factor\" from guinea pigs immunized to either ovalbumin or bovine gamma-globulin demonstrated the donor specificity of the in vitro activity. The activity is susceptible to heat (56 degrees C), alkali (0.5 M sodium hydroxide), pronase, and phosphodiesterase. The pronase susceptibility is blocked by traysylol, a protease inhibitor; the phosphodiesterase susceptibility is not bocked by traysylol. The guinea pig factor was purified further by alkaline phosphatase treatment. Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The final product, active in vitro, represents about 0.03% of the cellular material absorbing 260 nm light, and contains polymerized amines and phosphate. Gel electrophoresis of the fluram-reactive components suggests a limited heterogeneity of the DEAE-cellulose-purified material. These data are consistent with the active \"transfer factor\" molecule including both peptide and phosphate-containing components.", "contents": "Specificity and structural analysis of a guinea pig transfer factor-like activity. A transfer factor-like activity was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of immune guinea pig leukocyte lysates. This isolated material leads to antigen-dependent migration inhibition and thymidine uptake by nonimmune lymphoid cells. Tests of the \"transfer factor\" from guinea pigs immunized to either ovalbumin or bovine gamma-globulin demonstrated the donor specificity of the in vitro activity. The activity is susceptible to heat (56 degrees C), alkali (0.5 M sodium hydroxide), pronase, and phosphodiesterase. The pronase susceptibility is blocked by traysylol, a protease inhibitor; the phosphodiesterase susceptibility is not bocked by traysylol. The guinea pig factor was purified further by alkaline phosphatase treatment. Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The final product, active in vitro, represents about 0.03% of the cellular material absorbing 260 nm light, and contains polymerized amines and phosphate. Gel electrophoresis of the fluram-reactive components suggests a limited heterogeneity of the DEAE-cellulose-purified material. These data are consistent with the active \"transfer factor\" molecule including both peptide and phosphate-containing components.", "PMID": 68075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2854", "title": "A spontaneously occurring complex of beta2-microglobulin and a fragment of gamma-chain of IgG: isolation from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia and characterization.", "content": "A complex of a fragment of gamma-chain of IgG and beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) was isolated from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. The approximate m.w. of the gamma-fragment was 19,000 and this gamma-fragment was found to be associated with beta2M noncovalently. The complex could be dissociated in 7.5% (v/v) n-propanol which suggests an important role of hydrophobic bonds in the association of the gamma-fragment and beta2M. The beta2M did not bind monoclonal IgG from this patient. Several anti-beta2M antisera tested which had been prepared with free beta2M did not react with the beta2M associated with the gamma-fragment, but reacted with the free beta2M obtained by the dissociation of the complex.", "contents": "A spontaneously occurring complex of beta2-microglobulin and a fragment of gamma-chain of IgG: isolation from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia and characterization. A complex of a fragment of gamma-chain of IgG and beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) was isolated from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. The approximate m.w. of the gamma-fragment was 19,000 and this gamma-fragment was found to be associated with beta2M noncovalently. The complex could be dissociated in 7.5% (v/v) n-propanol which suggests an important role of hydrophobic bonds in the association of the gamma-fragment and beta2M. The beta2M did not bind monoclonal IgG from this patient. Several anti-beta2M antisera tested which had been prepared with free beta2M did not react with the beta2M associated with the gamma-fragment, but reacted with the free beta2M obtained by the dissociation of the complex.", "PMID": 68076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2855", "title": "Induction of guinea pig antibody responses in vitro.", "content": "Guinea pig spleen cells cultured together with peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) were found to generate large numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro in response to hapten-protein antigens. Neither cell type cultured alone yielded appreciable responses. Strain 13 or F1 (Strain 2 X Strain 13) lymphocytes, but not those from strain 2 animals, are able to respond to the genetically controlled antigen, DNP-guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Antisera directed against responder (strain 13) parent Ia antigens selectively blocked the generation of AFC by F1 (strain 2 X strain 13) spleen-PEL mixtures in response to DNP-GPA. Both allogeneic (strain 2) and syngeneic macrophages functioned equally well in presentation of DNP-GPA to strain 13 lymphocytes.", "contents": "Induction of guinea pig antibody responses in vitro. Guinea pig spleen cells cultured together with peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) were found to generate large numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro in response to hapten-protein antigens. Neither cell type cultured alone yielded appreciable responses. Strain 13 or F1 (Strain 2 X Strain 13) lymphocytes, but not those from strain 2 animals, are able to respond to the genetically controlled antigen, DNP-guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Antisera directed against responder (strain 13) parent Ia antigens selectively blocked the generation of AFC by F1 (strain 2 X strain 13) spleen-PEL mixtures in response to DNP-GPA. Both allogeneic (strain 2) and syngeneic macrophages functioned equally well in presentation of DNP-GPA to strain 13 lymphocytes.", "PMID": 68078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2856", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). I. Production, characterization, and lack of H-2 restriction for activity in recipient strain.", "content": "The random synthetic copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) fails to elicit a GT-specific antibody response in all inbred strains of mice tested. Preimmunization with GT specifically inhibits a GT-MBSA response in certain H2d,k,s, but not other, H-2a,b,q, nonresponder mice. This unresponsiveness is mediated by GT-specific suppressor T cells. Extracts prepared from lymphoid cells of GT-primed suppressor haplotype mice inhibit the development of primary GT-specific antibody responses to GT-MBSA in normal syngeneic mice. Nonsuppressor haplotype mice do not produce GT-specific suppressor factor. The GT-suppressive extract has affinity for antigen and a m.w. of less than 50,000 daltons, thus, resembling antigen-specific immunosuppressive factors already described. However, the GT-suppressive extract does not appear to have H-2 restrictions since it works across allogeneic barriers. Evidence is presented that two genes are required for factor-mediated suppression.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). I. Production, characterization, and lack of H-2 restriction for activity in recipient strain. The random synthetic copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) fails to elicit a GT-specific antibody response in all inbred strains of mice tested. Preimmunization with GT specifically inhibits a GT-MBSA response in certain H2d,k,s, but not other, H-2a,b,q, nonresponder mice. This unresponsiveness is mediated by GT-specific suppressor T cells. Extracts prepared from lymphoid cells of GT-primed suppressor haplotype mice inhibit the development of primary GT-specific antibody responses to GT-MBSA in normal syngeneic mice. Nonsuppressor haplotype mice do not produce GT-specific suppressor factor. The GT-suppressive extract has affinity for antigen and a m.w. of less than 50,000 daltons, thus, resembling antigen-specific immunosuppressive factors already described. However, the GT-suppressive extract does not appear to have H-2 restrictions since it works across allogeneic barriers. Evidence is presented that two genes are required for factor-mediated suppression.", "PMID": 68079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2857", "title": "Suppressor cells in tolerance to HGG: kinetics and cross-suppression in high dose tolerance--absence in low dose tolerance.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice made tolerant with high doses of human gamma-globulin (HGG) specifically suppress the immune response of normal, syngeneic, spleen cells. These suppressor cells were found to be cross-reactive in that they would suppress the immune response of normal spleen cells to bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) as well as to HGG. In contrast, suppressor cells could not be demonstrated in spleens of mice made tolerant with low doses of HGG (i.e., T-cell tolerance), nor could they be found in high dose tolerant mice following a second injection of DHGG at a time when the initial suppressor activity had waned. The role of suppressor cells in the induction, maintenance, and loss of tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in tolerance to HGG: kinetics and cross-suppression in high dose tolerance--absence in low dose tolerance. Spleen cells from mice made tolerant with high doses of human gamma-globulin (HGG) specifically suppress the immune response of normal, syngeneic, spleen cells. These suppressor cells were found to be cross-reactive in that they would suppress the immune response of normal spleen cells to bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) as well as to HGG. In contrast, suppressor cells could not be demonstrated in spleens of mice made tolerant with low doses of HGG (i.e., T-cell tolerance), nor could they be found in high dose tolerant mice following a second injection of DHGG at a time when the initial suppressor activity had waned. The role of suppressor cells in the induction, maintenance, and loss of tolerance is discussed.", "PMID": 68080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2858", "title": "Multiple polysaccharide antigens of group B streptococcus, type Ia: emphasis on a sialic acid type-specific polysaccharide.", "content": "Group B streptococci, type Ia (strain 090/14/4), were subjected to sequential extraction procedures and the various extracts were fractionated by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel-filtration. Three major antigens were isolated: the conventional group-specific and type-specific carbohydrates and an acidic polysaccharide consisting of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. Immunochemical data suggest that the acidic antigen, with the exception of the immunodominant sialic acid, is structurally similar to the conventional pH 2.0 extracted type-specific antigen. Removal of the terminal sialic acid residues from the acidic antigen by mild acid hydrolysis resulted in a residual polymer which was chemically and immunologically analogous to the type-specific carbohydrate. Precipitin analysis focused attention to the cross-reactivity between thia acidic antigen and anti-types Ib, Ic, and III sera.", "contents": "Multiple polysaccharide antigens of group B streptococcus, type Ia: emphasis on a sialic acid type-specific polysaccharide. Group B streptococci, type Ia (strain 090/14/4), were subjected to sequential extraction procedures and the various extracts were fractionated by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel-filtration. Three major antigens were isolated: the conventional group-specific and type-specific carbohydrates and an acidic polysaccharide consisting of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. Immunochemical data suggest that the acidic antigen, with the exception of the immunodominant sialic acid, is structurally similar to the conventional pH 2.0 extracted type-specific antigen. Removal of the terminal sialic acid residues from the acidic antigen by mild acid hydrolysis resulted in a residual polymer which was chemically and immunologically analogous to the type-specific carbohydrate. Precipitin analysis focused attention to the cross-reactivity between thia acidic antigen and anti-types Ib, Ic, and III sera.", "PMID": 68081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2859", "title": "Antigenic studies of a VH fragment: demonstration of three sets of antigens, idiotypic, VH subgroup, and VH framework-specific antigens.", "content": "The antigenic properties of the VH region of immunoglobulin heavy chains were studied by means of a fragment corresponding to the variable part of the heavy chain of an IgG3 myeloma protein (KUP) and an antiserum made against this fragment. By hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunofluorescence techniques, it was shown that the anti-VH antiserum detected three sets of antigens in the VH region, namely idiotypic antigens, VH subgroup-specific antigens, and VH domain-(framework) specific antigens. The VH fragment inhibited in a VHII subgroup-specific hemagglutination inhibition test system. The VH fragment was thus antigenically similar to the tvh region found in the intact molecules and the light chains were not needed to express the VH subgroup antigens or the VH framework antigens.", "contents": "Antigenic studies of a VH fragment: demonstration of three sets of antigens, idiotypic, VH subgroup, and VH framework-specific antigens. The antigenic properties of the VH region of immunoglobulin heavy chains were studied by means of a fragment corresponding to the variable part of the heavy chain of an IgG3 myeloma protein (KUP) and an antiserum made against this fragment. By hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunofluorescence techniques, it was shown that the anti-VH antiserum detected three sets of antigens in the VH region, namely idiotypic antigens, VH subgroup-specific antigens, and VH domain-(framework) specific antigens. The VH fragment inhibited in a VHII subgroup-specific hemagglutination inhibition test system. The VH fragment was thus antigenically similar to the tvh region found in the intact molecules and the light chains were not needed to express the VH subgroup antigens or the VH framework antigens.", "PMID": 68084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2860", "title": "Similar cell surface antigens on hamster cells transformed by different papovaviruses.", "content": "Transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were tested for surface antigens by an immunocytoadhesion method. The cells were sensitized with rabbit antisera to cell clones transformed by polyoma or by BK virus and then rosetted with erythrocytes coated with antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin. These antisera detected common antigens on BHK cells transformed by either of three papovaviruses, polyoma, BK, or SV40, but apparently not on normal BHK cells.", "contents": "Similar cell surface antigens on hamster cells transformed by different papovaviruses. Transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were tested for surface antigens by an immunocytoadhesion method. The cells were sensitized with rabbit antisera to cell clones transformed by polyoma or by BK virus and then rosetted with erythrocytes coated with antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin. These antisera detected common antigens on BHK cells transformed by either of three papovaviruses, polyoma, BK, or SV40, but apparently not on normal BHK cells.", "PMID": 68085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2861", "title": "In vitro induction of cell-mediated immunity to murine leukemia cells. II. cytotoxic activity in vitro and tumor-neutralizing capacity in vivo of anti-leukemia cytotoxic lymphocytes generated in macrocultures.", "content": "The main findings of the present study are: (a) highly reactive cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) against syngeneic and allogeneic murine leukemia cells were generated in vitro in macro 'one-way' mixed leukocyte-tumor cultures (MLTC). Cultures set up in large tissue culture flasks contained up to 400 X 10(6) normal spleen cells (responder cells) and 20--40 X (10(6) mitomycin C-treated leukemia cells (stimulator cells). Successful sensitization in macrocultures was greatly dependent upon the responder cell density and the responder/stimulator cell ratio. Cytotoxic activity, as measured by the 51Cr-release assay, peaked on day 5--7. (b) Sensitized 'memory' lymphocytes produced in primary MLTC could be restimulated with the original tumor cells to give a more rapid and stronger secondary cytotoxic response. (c) lymphocytes sensitized to allogeneic leukemia cells reacted equally well with sensitizing leukemia cells and with the corresponding normal lymphoid target cells, whereas lymphocytes sensitized to syngeneic leukemia cells did not react with the homologous normal lymphocytes. (d) Cryopreserved normal splenocytes and leukemia cells were as efficient as fresh cells in generating allogeneic and syngeneic CTL. (e) Using a Winn-type tumor neutralization assay, it was shown that both allogeneic and syngeneic splenocytes sensitized in vitro to EL4 leukemia (of C57BL/6 mice) and to YAC leukemia (of A mice) were capable of preventing tumor growth in the syngeneic host, whereas cultured normal splenocytes frequently showed a tumor-enhancing effect. Long-term survivors, remaining after inoculation of leukemia cells and sensitized lymphocytes, also became resistant to a tumor challenge that was up to 10,000 greater than the minimum lethal dose.", "contents": "In vitro induction of cell-mediated immunity to murine leukemia cells. II. cytotoxic activity in vitro and tumor-neutralizing capacity in vivo of anti-leukemia cytotoxic lymphocytes generated in macrocultures. The main findings of the present study are: (a) highly reactive cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) against syngeneic and allogeneic murine leukemia cells were generated in vitro in macro 'one-way' mixed leukocyte-tumor cultures (MLTC). Cultures set up in large tissue culture flasks contained up to 400 X 10(6) normal spleen cells (responder cells) and 20--40 X (10(6) mitomycin C-treated leukemia cells (stimulator cells). Successful sensitization in macrocultures was greatly dependent upon the responder cell density and the responder/stimulator cell ratio. Cytotoxic activity, as measured by the 51Cr-release assay, peaked on day 5--7. (b) Sensitized 'memory' lymphocytes produced in primary MLTC could be restimulated with the original tumor cells to give a more rapid and stronger secondary cytotoxic response. (c) lymphocytes sensitized to allogeneic leukemia cells reacted equally well with sensitizing leukemia cells and with the corresponding normal lymphoid target cells, whereas lymphocytes sensitized to syngeneic leukemia cells did not react with the homologous normal lymphocytes. (d) Cryopreserved normal splenocytes and leukemia cells were as efficient as fresh cells in generating allogeneic and syngeneic CTL. (e) Using a Winn-type tumor neutralization assay, it was shown that both allogeneic and syngeneic splenocytes sensitized in vitro to EL4 leukemia (of C57BL/6 mice) and to YAC leukemia (of A mice) were capable of preventing tumor growth in the syngeneic host, whereas cultured normal splenocytes frequently showed a tumor-enhancing effect. Long-term survivors, remaining after inoculation of leukemia cells and sensitized lymphocytes, also became resistant to a tumor challenge that was up to 10,000 greater than the minimum lethal dose.", "PMID": 68086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2862", "title": "Detection by immunofluorescence of common antigenic determinants in unrelated gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Various gram-negative bacteria were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. The acid-treated bacteria exhibited strong cross-reactivity with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antiserum to the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota. Hydrolyzed bacteria showed considerably stronger fluorescence than heat-treated bacteria. It is assumed that acid hydrolysis uncovers shared glycolipid determinants that are responsible for cross-reactivity. Isolated homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides were allowed to react with antibody to S. minnesota Re insolublized by covalent binding to aminohexyl Sepharose 4B. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes were visualized by exposure to the fluorescent antiserum. This treatment allows the demonstration of glycolipid structures of intact lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Detection by immunofluorescence of common antigenic determinants in unrelated gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides. Various gram-negative bacteria were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. The acid-treated bacteria exhibited strong cross-reactivity with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antiserum to the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota. Hydrolyzed bacteria showed considerably stronger fluorescence than heat-treated bacteria. It is assumed that acid hydrolysis uncovers shared glycolipid determinants that are responsible for cross-reactivity. Isolated homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides were allowed to react with antibody to S. minnesota Re insolublized by covalent binding to aminohexyl Sepharose 4B. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes were visualized by exposure to the fluorescent antiserum. This treatment allows the demonstration of glycolipid structures of intact lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 68087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2863", "title": "Correlation of e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particles in chronic benign and chronic active type B hepatitis infections.", "content": "The e determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) was found in 23 of 42 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Presence of e antigen was associated with increases in DNA polymerase activity and in the number of circulating Dane particles. In the group with detectable e antigen, the average DNA polymerase activity was 367+/-78 counts per minute (cpm; mean+/-standard error [SE]), and the average number of Dane particles counted in electron micrographs was 4.4% of the total HBS Ag. In contrast, e antigen-negative patients had an average DNA polymerase activity of 40+/-6.9 cpm (P less than 0.1) and an average Dane particle count equal to 0.6% of the HBS Ag. The e antigen was detected in 68% of patients who were HBS Ag carriers or had persistent viral hepatitis and 40% of those with chronic active type B hepatitis. Thus, the presence of e antigen correlated with both the chronicity and presence of infectious HBV. However, it did not correlate with the type or severity of liver disease after HBV infection, since e antigen was present in both chronic benign and chronic aggressive hepatitis B infections.", "contents": "Correlation of e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particles in chronic benign and chronic active type B hepatitis infections. The e determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) was found in 23 of 42 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Presence of e antigen was associated with increases in DNA polymerase activity and in the number of circulating Dane particles. In the group with detectable e antigen, the average DNA polymerase activity was 367+/-78 counts per minute (cpm; mean+/-standard error [SE]), and the average number of Dane particles counted in electron micrographs was 4.4% of the total HBS Ag. In contrast, e antigen-negative patients had an average DNA polymerase activity of 40+/-6.9 cpm (P less than 0.1) and an average Dane particle count equal to 0.6% of the HBS Ag. The e antigen was detected in 68% of patients who were HBS Ag carriers or had persistent viral hepatitis and 40% of those with chronic active type B hepatitis. Thus, the presence of e antigen correlated with both the chronicity and presence of infectious HBV. However, it did not correlate with the type or severity of liver disease after HBV infection, since e antigen was present in both chronic benign and chronic aggressive hepatitis B infections.", "PMID": 68088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2864", "title": "Immunologic studies in pneumococcal disease.", "content": "Many patients die from pneumococcal disease despite the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Immunologic studies including detection, typing, and quantitation of serum pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), quantitation of PCP antibody by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and quantitation of serum complement components C3, C4, and C3PA and serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA by the radial immunodiffusion technique of Mancini were performed with the sera of 18 patients. Five patients died (group I), and 13 survived (group II) pneumococcal infection. Both groups were comparable in age, underlying disease, and leukopenia on admission. All patients of group I and 10 of 13 (77%) of group II patients were bacteremic. Two patients in each group had an extrapulmonary focus infection. PCP antigen was detected in the sera of all group I and nine of 13 group II patients. PCP antigen levels were larger than or equal to 15 microng/ml in four of five group I and two of 13 group II patients (p = 0.022). Levels of antibody to PCP exceeded 100 ng/ml of antibody nitrogen (AbN) in 10 of 12 group II and one of five group I patients (p = 0.027) during the course of illness. All group I patients and three of 12 group II patients had decreased levels of one or more complement components on admission (p less than 0.01). One or more complement components remained decreased until death in four group I patients but returned to normal or elevated levels in all group II patients. No difference in serum immunoglobulin concentrations were found.", "contents": "Immunologic studies in pneumococcal disease. Many patients die from pneumococcal disease despite the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Immunologic studies including detection, typing, and quantitation of serum pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), quantitation of PCP antibody by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and quantitation of serum complement components C3, C4, and C3PA and serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA by the radial immunodiffusion technique of Mancini were performed with the sera of 18 patients. Five patients died (group I), and 13 survived (group II) pneumococcal infection. Both groups were comparable in age, underlying disease, and leukopenia on admission. All patients of group I and 10 of 13 (77%) of group II patients were bacteremic. Two patients in each group had an extrapulmonary focus infection. PCP antigen was detected in the sera of all group I and nine of 13 group II patients. PCP antigen levels were larger than or equal to 15 microng/ml in four of five group I and two of 13 group II patients (p = 0.022). Levels of antibody to PCP exceeded 100 ng/ml of antibody nitrogen (AbN) in 10 of 12 group II and one of five group I patients (p = 0.027) during the course of illness. All group I patients and three of 12 group II patients had decreased levels of one or more complement components on admission (p less than 0.01). One or more complement components remained decreased until death in four group I patients but returned to normal or elevated levels in all group II patients. No difference in serum immunoglobulin concentrations were found.", "PMID": 68089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2865", "title": "Catabolism of rat beta2-microglobulin in the rat.", "content": "Highly purified rat beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) as well as cytochrome c and lysozyme were radiolabeled and their catabolism studied in the rat. More than 90 percent of these low molecular weight proteins were removed from the serum within an hour and excreted into the urine by 24 hours. Except for the kidney in which the concentration of these protein is ten- to twentyfold greater than in the serum, there is little evidence that rat tissues are concentrating these proteins. The stomach was found to concentrate radioiodine. The catabolism of rat beta2m differed from that of cytochrome c and lysozyme in that the kidney contained twice as much labeled rat beta2m. In addition, the rat excretes 10 to 15 percent of the injected rat beta2m but only 1 to 5 percent of the cytochrome c or lysozyme. These studies established a basis for turnover studies of beta2m complexed with other cell membrane proteins, for example, HL-A or H-2 peptides.", "contents": "Catabolism of rat beta2-microglobulin in the rat. Highly purified rat beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) as well as cytochrome c and lysozyme were radiolabeled and their catabolism studied in the rat. More than 90 percent of these low molecular weight proteins were removed from the serum within an hour and excreted into the urine by 24 hours. Except for the kidney in which the concentration of these protein is ten- to twentyfold greater than in the serum, there is little evidence that rat tissues are concentrating these proteins. The stomach was found to concentrate radioiodine. The catabolism of rat beta2m differed from that of cytochrome c and lysozyme in that the kidney contained twice as much labeled rat beta2m. In addition, the rat excretes 10 to 15 percent of the injected rat beta2m but only 1 to 5 percent of the cytochrome c or lysozyme. These studies established a basis for turnover studies of beta2m complexed with other cell membrane proteins, for example, HL-A or H-2 peptides.", "PMID": 68090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2866", "title": "Two-site assay of bovine parathyroid hormone.", "content": "A two-site assay has been developed for bovine PTH. This technique involves reaction of the antigen with two antibody molecules with the purpose of increasing specificity. In paratice the hormone was extracted form plasma samples on to plastic tubes coated with antibody specific for PTH (1-34). Uptake was then measured using 125I-labelled antibodies specific for PTH (53-84). In this way a sensitive assay was obtained for PTH (1-84) which did not recognize molecular fragments. This technique was used in conjunction with immunoradiometric assays specific for either NH2-terminal (1-34) or CO2H-terminal (53-84) molecular fragments to study the clearance of infused PTH in the cow. Preliminary results support the hypothesis that the intact molecule is rapidly degraded in the peripheral circulation with the preferential disappearance of an NH2-terminal fragment. Studies on endogenous secretion during calcium and EDTA infusions indicated that there was little intact hormone present at the times when CO2H-terminal immunoreactivity was readily measured.", "contents": "Two-site assay of bovine parathyroid hormone. A two-site assay has been developed for bovine PTH. This technique involves reaction of the antigen with two antibody molecules with the purpose of increasing specificity. In paratice the hormone was extracted form plasma samples on to plastic tubes coated with antibody specific for PTH (1-34). Uptake was then measured using 125I-labelled antibodies specific for PTH (53-84). In this way a sensitive assay was obtained for PTH (1-84) which did not recognize molecular fragments. This technique was used in conjunction with immunoradiometric assays specific for either NH2-terminal (1-34) or CO2H-terminal (53-84) molecular fragments to study the clearance of infused PTH in the cow. Preliminary results support the hypothesis that the intact molecule is rapidly degraded in the peripheral circulation with the preferential disappearance of an NH2-terminal fragment. Studies on endogenous secretion during calcium and EDTA infusions indicated that there was little intact hormone present at the times when CO2H-terminal immunoreactivity was readily measured.", "PMID": 68092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2867", "title": "Tissue culture studies in Hodgkin's disease: Morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic properties of cultures derived from splenic tumors.", "content": "Monolayer and suspension cell cultures prepared from Hodgkin's disease tumors in the spleen were examined microscopically and by cytogenetics, tested for lymphocyte and monocyte cell surface properties, and assayed for enzymes by histochemical and spectrophotometric techniques. Hodgkin's disease monolayer cultures were composed of rapidly proliferating round and polygonal cells that were capable of propagation in vitro for an indefinite period of time. Abnormal aneuploid chromosomes were found in short-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers that had been passaged 16-20 times, and in established cell lines carried in culture longer than 3 yr and passaged more than 200 times. Cells fromHodgkin's disease monolayers contained lysozyme (muramidase), fluoride-resistant alpha naphthol acetate esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and chymotrypsin-like activity. The monolayers did not exhibit specific cell surface markers or phagocytosis. Suspension cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease monolayers were composed of cells with aneuploid karyotypes and similar enzymes. The Hodgkin's disease suspension culture cells had surface receptors for complement and IgGFc, lacked surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, and did not form Erosettes, react with an antithymocyte serum, nor exhibit phagocytosis. Normal monolayer culture cells, derived from adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus, were composed of spindle cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that could be carried for only a finite period of time in vitro. Normal cultured cells contained similar esterases and phosphatases, but were devoid of lysozyme and chymotrypsin-like activity. The morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic findings indicate that our Hodgkin's disease monolayer and suspension cultures are composed of cells with many properties suggesting an origin from monocytes (macrophages) rather than lymphocytes or fibroblasts. The presence of aneuploid karyotypes is consistent with a neoplastic origin and derivation from a malignant cell of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Tissue culture studies in Hodgkin's disease: Morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic properties of cultures derived from splenic tumors. Monolayer and suspension cell cultures prepared from Hodgkin's disease tumors in the spleen were examined microscopically and by cytogenetics, tested for lymphocyte and monocyte cell surface properties, and assayed for enzymes by histochemical and spectrophotometric techniques. Hodgkin's disease monolayer cultures were composed of rapidly proliferating round and polygonal cells that were capable of propagation in vitro for an indefinite period of time. Abnormal aneuploid chromosomes were found in short-term Hodgkin's disease monolayers that had been passaged 16-20 times, and in established cell lines carried in culture longer than 3 yr and passaged more than 200 times. Cells fromHodgkin's disease monolayers contained lysozyme (muramidase), fluoride-resistant alpha naphthol acetate esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and chymotrypsin-like activity. The monolayers did not exhibit specific cell surface markers or phagocytosis. Suspension cultures derived from Hodgkin's disease monolayers were composed of cells with aneuploid karyotypes and similar enzymes. The Hodgkin's disease suspension culture cells had surface receptors for complement and IgGFc, lacked surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, and did not form Erosettes, react with an antithymocyte serum, nor exhibit phagocytosis. Normal monolayer culture cells, derived from adult spleen and human fetal spleen and thymus, were composed of spindle cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that could be carried for only a finite period of time in vitro. Normal cultured cells contained similar esterases and phosphatases, but were devoid of lysozyme and chymotrypsin-like activity. The morphologic, cytogenetic, cell surface, and enzymatic findings indicate that our Hodgkin's disease monolayer and suspension cultures are composed of cells with many properties suggesting an origin from monocytes (macrophages) rather than lymphocytes or fibroblasts. The presence of aneuploid karyotypes is consistent with a neoplastic origin and derivation from a malignant cell of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 68093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2868", "title": "Mutation in a new H-2-associated histocompatibility gene closely linked to H-2D.", "content": "Sequential precipitations of soluble BALB/c antigen with antisera detecting private and public H-2 specificities indicated three distinct classes of molecules of 45,000 mol wt. However, only two of these classes of molecules were detectable in antigen from the loss mutant, BALB/c-H-2db. The class of molecules, detectable in the wild-type strain but missing in the mutant, does not bear private specificities but does react with an antiserum detecting H-2 public specificities. Absorption in mutant mice of the antiserum to public specificities, left antibodies specific for the antigen detectable in BALB/c but not BALB/c-H-2db. Genetic mapping studies using this specific antiserum indicated that the antigenic loss of this mutant is in a gene which maps in or close to the H-2D region, separable from the H-2K, S, G, Qa-2, and Tla regions.", "contents": "Mutation in a new H-2-associated histocompatibility gene closely linked to H-2D. Sequential precipitations of soluble BALB/c antigen with antisera detecting private and public H-2 specificities indicated three distinct classes of molecules of 45,000 mol wt. However, only two of these classes of molecules were detectable in antigen from the loss mutant, BALB/c-H-2db. The class of molecules, detectable in the wild-type strain but missing in the mutant, does not bear private specificities but does react with an antiserum detecting H-2 public specificities. Absorption in mutant mice of the antiserum to public specificities, left antibodies specific for the antigen detectable in BALB/c but not BALB/c-H-2db. Genetic mapping studies using this specific antiserum indicated that the antigenic loss of this mutant is in a gene which maps in or close to the H-2D region, separable from the H-2K, S, G, Qa-2, and Tla regions.", "PMID": 68094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2869", "title": "Cultured human monocytes synthesize and secrete alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "alpha2-Macroglobulin levels in the supernates of cultures of different subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. Unfractionated mononuclear leukocytes produced greater amounts of the macroglobulin (4.0 vs. 0.8 ng/10(6) cells) than did subpopulations enriched in T or B+T lymphocytes, by passage through nylon wool or cotton wool columns, respectively. Still higher concentrations of alpha2-macroglobulin (40 ng/10(6) cells) were measured in the supernates of glass-adherent mononuclear leukocyte cultures. These results suggest that cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage are mainly, if not exclusively, responsible for the appearance of alpha2- macroglobulin in the supernate of human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. The de novo synthesis and release of alpha2-macroglobulin by cultured monocytes was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of radioactivity from supernates of 32S-methionine-labeled glass-adherent cells. Antiserum against purified alpha2-macroglobulin was used in both Ouchterlony double diffusion and double antibody precipitation tests. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates showed that most of the radioactivity comigrated with authentic alpha2-macroglobulin subunit at about 160,000 daltons.", "contents": "Cultured human monocytes synthesize and secrete alpha2-macroglobulin. alpha2-Macroglobulin levels in the supernates of cultures of different subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. Unfractionated mononuclear leukocytes produced greater amounts of the macroglobulin (4.0 vs. 0.8 ng/10(6) cells) than did subpopulations enriched in T or B+T lymphocytes, by passage through nylon wool or cotton wool columns, respectively. Still higher concentrations of alpha2-macroglobulin (40 ng/10(6) cells) were measured in the supernates of glass-adherent mononuclear leukocyte cultures. These results suggest that cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage are mainly, if not exclusively, responsible for the appearance of alpha2- macroglobulin in the supernate of human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. The de novo synthesis and release of alpha2-macroglobulin by cultured monocytes was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of radioactivity from supernates of 32S-methionine-labeled glass-adherent cells. Antiserum against purified alpha2-macroglobulin was used in both Ouchterlony double diffusion and double antibody precipitation tests. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates showed that most of the radioactivity comigrated with authentic alpha2-macroglobulin subunit at about 160,000 daltons.", "PMID": 68095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2870", "title": "Evaluation of audiovisual teaching materials in family practice: a report of review activities 1974-1976.", "content": "Recent years have seen increasing interest in the use of audiovisual teaching materials throughout medical education. There is good evidence that different individuals learn best in different ways according to their particular learning styles, personalities, and learning needs. Audiovisual materials can provide flexible approaches to meet varied learning needs and facilitate self-instruction. In the past, there has been no systematic method of identification and evaluation of audiovisual teaching materials relevant to family practice. This paper describes the experience of a review process which was initiated three years ago. A complete list is presented of audiovisual teaching materials which have been reviewed for family practice and future directions of the review process are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of audiovisual teaching materials in family practice: a report of review activities 1974-1976. Recent years have seen increasing interest in the use of audiovisual teaching materials throughout medical education. There is good evidence that different individuals learn best in different ways according to their particular learning styles, personalities, and learning needs. Audiovisual materials can provide flexible approaches to meet varied learning needs and facilitate self-instruction. In the past, there has been no systematic method of identification and evaluation of audiovisual teaching materials relevant to family practice. This paper describes the experience of a review process which was initiated three years ago. A complete list is presented of audiovisual teaching materials which have been reviewed for family practice and future directions of the review process are discussed.", "PMID": 68096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2871", "title": "Polyneuropathy in hypothyroidism. Clinical and nerve biopsy study of 4 cases.", "content": "Clinical and sural nerve biopsy findings are described in four hypothyroid patients with manifestations of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed distal sensory inpairment, complaints of burning  and lancinating extremity pains, ataxia and a decrease of deep tendon reflexes with total ankle jerk loss. In one patient, signs of the peripheral neuropathy comprised the leading symptomatology of the underlying metabolic disorder. Light and electron microscopic investigations of the sural nerve biopsies revealed a marked reduction of myelinated fibers, affecting mainly the large myelinated axons. The histograms showed a pathological unimodal spectrum of myelinated fiber diameters. Dystrophic and degenerative changes in axons of all fiber classes and the presence of clusters of thinly myelinated small fibers suggest that neuroaxonal degeneration and incomplete regeneration may represent the major pathogenetic mechanism of the neuropathy in these hypothyroid patients.", "contents": "Polyneuropathy in hypothyroidism. Clinical and nerve biopsy study of 4 cases. Clinical and sural nerve biopsy findings are described in four hypothyroid patients with manifestations of a diffuse peripheral neuropathy. Clinical examination revealed distal sensory inpairment, complaints of burning  and lancinating extremity pains, ataxia and a decrease of deep tendon reflexes with total ankle jerk loss. In one patient, signs of the peripheral neuropathy comprised the leading symptomatology of the underlying metabolic disorder. Light and electron microscopic investigations of the sural nerve biopsies revealed a marked reduction of myelinated fibers, affecting mainly the large myelinated axons. The histograms showed a pathological unimodal spectrum of myelinated fiber diameters. Dystrophic and degenerative changes in axons of all fiber classes and the presence of clusters of thinly myelinated small fibers suggest that neuroaxonal degeneration and incomplete regeneration may represent the major pathogenetic mechanism of the neuropathy in these hypothyroid patients.", "PMID": 68102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2872", "title": "[The frequency of rapid eye movements and blinks as an activation indicator (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrooculographic (EOG) records were studied in 10 neurological patients with disturbances of activation according to clinical assessment and in 12 normal subjects. Rapid horizontal eye movements (saccades) and movements of the eyelids (blinks) were measured. It was concluded that the frequency distribution of blinks and saccades indicates activation deficits in a sensitive and reliable way. The continuous decrease of activation from orthological to pathological states could be shown by counting the frequencies of blinks and saccades. The relationship between the two variables is interpreted with regard to its functional significance.", "contents": "[The frequency of rapid eye movements and blinks as an activation indicator (author's transl)]. Electrooculographic (EOG) records were studied in 10 neurological patients with disturbances of activation according to clinical assessment and in 12 normal subjects. Rapid horizontal eye movements (saccades) and movements of the eyelids (blinks) were measured. It was concluded that the frequency distribution of blinks and saccades indicates activation deficits in a sensitive and reliable way. The continuous decrease of activation from orthological to pathological states could be shown by counting the frequencies of blinks and saccades. The relationship between the two variables is interpreted with regard to its functional significance.", "PMID": 68103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2873", "title": "A psychometric evaluation of the acute tremulous state.", "content": "The acute alcohol withdrawal state (tremulous state), with mainly vegetative symptoms and without evident loss of conciousness or confusion, was evaluated as to functional psychopathological disturbances aiming to present a complete and objective record of the clinical findings and to establish a control of the course and drug treatment. We tried to meet the inherent inability to cooperate by using proven and also new test devices (flicker fusion, simple reaction time on light and tone, reaction on multiple serial stimuli, visual motor coordination, tachistoscopic perception and memory test, test of concentration and sustained performance with simple arithmetical calculation by analogy with the Pauli test) to circumvent the difficulties arising when patients have to answer long questionnaires. The tests enabled a measurement of the disturbances as objective as possible and proved to have a discriminating sensitivity for different functions. The correlations between the results were found to be similar for alcoholics and controls. tthe degree of the established functional cerebral and cerebellar defects which was revealed was more severe than expected in this mild stage of withdrawal.", "contents": "A psychometric evaluation of the acute tremulous state. The acute alcohol withdrawal state (tremulous state), with mainly vegetative symptoms and without evident loss of conciousness or confusion, was evaluated as to functional psychopathological disturbances aiming to present a complete and objective record of the clinical findings and to establish a control of the course and drug treatment. We tried to meet the inherent inability to cooperate by using proven and also new test devices (flicker fusion, simple reaction time on light and tone, reaction on multiple serial stimuli, visual motor coordination, tachistoscopic perception and memory test, test of concentration and sustained performance with simple arithmetical calculation by analogy with the Pauli test) to circumvent the difficulties arising when patients have to answer long questionnaires. The tests enabled a measurement of the disturbances as objective as possible and proved to have a discriminating sensitivity for different functions. The correlations between the results were found to be similar for alcoholics and controls. tthe degree of the established functional cerebral and cerebellar defects which was revealed was more severe than expected in this mild stage of withdrawal.", "PMID": 68104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2874", "title": "Electrolyte changes and acid base balance after alcohol withdrawal, with special reference to rum fits and magnesium depletion.", "content": "70 chronic alcoholics in the withdrawal state, 45 with convulsions and 25 controls without convulsive seizures, were tested with respect to electrolyte changes and acid base balance in serum or blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It was of special interest to note that there was a partial independence between magnesium levels in serum and CSF. Thus the serum level has only a limited liability as to magnesium depletion suggested to be responsible for seizure precipitation. In the seizure group a slightly but significantly lower magnesium, potassium and calcium in CSF and a significant decrease of potassium and calcium in serum were revealed. In the nonzeizure controls a similar decrease of magnesium in serum and potassium in CSF was observed while serum potassium and calcium in CSF and serum remained in low normal range. In both groups there was a prominent respiratory alkalosis. The role of magnesium depression for seizure precipitation is discussed with respect to the concomitant changes of other electrolytes and acid base disturbances.", "contents": "Electrolyte changes and acid base balance after alcohol withdrawal, with special reference to rum fits and magnesium depletion. 70 chronic alcoholics in the withdrawal state, 45 with convulsions and 25 controls without convulsive seizures, were tested with respect to electrolyte changes and acid base balance in serum or blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It was of special interest to note that there was a partial independence between magnesium levels in serum and CSF. Thus the serum level has only a limited liability as to magnesium depletion suggested to be responsible for seizure precipitation. In the seizure group a slightly but significantly lower magnesium, potassium and calcium in CSF and a significant decrease of potassium and calcium in serum were revealed. In the nonzeizure controls a similar decrease of magnesium in serum and potassium in CSF was observed while serum potassium and calcium in CSF and serum remained in low normal range. In both groups there was a prominent respiratory alkalosis. The role of magnesium depression for seizure precipitation is discussed with respect to the concomitant changes of other electrolytes and acid base disturbances.", "PMID": 68105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2875", "title": "[The pathogenetic importance of the affection and of the therapy of MS-patients' teeth in comparison to those of epileptics (author's transl)].", "content": "51 MS-patients between 18 and 50 years and an equally old control group of 51 epileptics were dentally and roentgenologically investigated. Especially the fillings of amalgam were observed. This quantitative registration showed a prevailing of 18.5% among the epileptics without statistical significance. On the other hand MS patients suffered more frequently from carious teeth. Both groups are extremely unsufficiently provided with prosthesis. 85% of all MS-patients and 71.4% of all epileptics showed progressive paradontopathics. Only 4 of 40 epileptics treated with hydantoins produced a hyperplasia of their gingivas. In view of odontogenic foci the clinical and the roentgenological results could not reveal any differences between the both groups of patients. Only granulomas of the teeth were more frequent among the MS-patients. Baasch's theory of the amalgam-etiology of MS is discussed and rejected because of lack of evidence. The problem of the focus therory is generally and specially discussed, too, as a possibility causing MS. But a connection between focus and MS is not sure in spite of striking investigations. As a general result conclusions should be drawn from the bad conditions of the MS patients' teeth with regard to a better dental providing.", "contents": "[The pathogenetic importance of the affection and of the therapy of MS-patients' teeth in comparison to those of epileptics (author's transl)]. 51 MS-patients between 18 and 50 years and an equally old control group of 51 epileptics were dentally and roentgenologically investigated. Especially the fillings of amalgam were observed. This quantitative registration showed a prevailing of 18.5% among the epileptics without statistical significance. On the other hand MS patients suffered more frequently from carious teeth. Both groups are extremely unsufficiently provided with prosthesis. 85% of all MS-patients and 71.4% of all epileptics showed progressive paradontopathics. Only 4 of 40 epileptics treated with hydantoins produced a hyperplasia of their gingivas. In view of odontogenic foci the clinical and the roentgenological results could not reveal any differences between the both groups of patients. Only granulomas of the teeth were more frequent among the MS-patients. Baasch's theory of the amalgam-etiology of MS is discussed and rejected because of lack of evidence. The problem of the focus therory is generally and specially discussed, too, as a possibility causing MS. But a connection between focus and MS is not sure in spite of striking investigations. As a general result conclusions should be drawn from the bad conditions of the MS patients' teeth with regard to a better dental providing.", "PMID": 68106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2876", "title": "Regeneration of cauda equina fibres after transsection and end-to-end suture. Light and electron microscopic study in the pig.", "content": "The regeneration of nerve fibres in pigs was studied three months after transection and end-to-end suture of the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots L5 and S1. Although no detailed quantitative analysis was performed, it was clearly evident that regeneration in motor roots is significantly more efficacious than in sensory roots. Probably as a reaction to Wallerian  degeneration, an increase of histiocytes, fibroblasts and collagen fibrils, as well as a thickening of the sheaths was observed in the transected and sutured roots. Heterotopic glial bundles were found in the regenerated dorsal roots.", "contents": "Regeneration of cauda equina fibres after transsection and end-to-end suture. Light and electron microscopic study in the pig. The regeneration of nerve fibres in pigs was studied three months after transection and end-to-end suture of the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots L5 and S1. Although no detailed quantitative analysis was performed, it was clearly evident that regeneration in motor roots is significantly more efficacious than in sensory roots. Probably as a reaction to Wallerian  degeneration, an increase of histiocytes, fibroblasts and collagen fibrils, as well as a thickening of the sheaths was observed in the transected and sutured roots. Heterotopic glial bundles were found in the regenerated dorsal roots.", "PMID": 68109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2877", "title": "Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy from a patient with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.", "content": "A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly. Electron microscopical examination of the muscle biopsy, obtained five months after the onset of the disease, revealed severe degenerative changes of the presynaptic nerve endings and some unique paracrystalline inclusions in the sole plate region. The latter may represent the morphological expression of the toxic agent which is held responsible for the subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy from a patient with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly. Electron microscopical examination of the muscle biopsy, obtained five months after the onset of the disease, revealed severe degenerative changes of the presynaptic nerve endings and some unique paracrystalline inclusions in the sole plate region. The latter may represent the morphological expression of the toxic agent which is held responsible for the subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.", "PMID": 68110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2878", "title": "Anterior commissurotomy for intractable pain.", "content": "Anterior commissurotomy for the relief of intractable lower half and midline pain has been found to be a very satisfactory procedure in a small group of severely incapacitated patients. The presumed anatomic rationale for undertaking the procedure has not been confirmed by postoperative sensory examinations. Alternative explanations for its effectiveness remain conjectural. The operative procedure is described.", "contents": "Anterior commissurotomy for intractable pain. Anterior commissurotomy for the relief of intractable lower half and midline pain has been found to be a very satisfactory procedure in a small group of severely incapacitated patients. The presumed anatomic rationale for undertaking the procedure has not been confirmed by postoperative sensory examinations. Alternative explanations for its effectiveness remain conjectural. The operative procedure is described.", "PMID": 68111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2879", "title": "Autoimmune disease antigens.", "content": "The first step towards understanding the cellular interaction which results in autoimmune disease is to determine what triggers the recognition between a specific autoimmune antigen determinant and the cellular receptor. In this review, we have focused on the antigen inducing experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) because the antigen has been characterized and a relatively large body of information on its biological activities has been accumulated. Clearly, a specific allergic encephalitis-producing determinant is present and is represented on a relatively small portion of the molecule. The determinant induces a wide variety of biological reactivities, some of which are classed as cellular mediated. An attempt is made to dissect activities such as blast transformation (BT), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and EAE and to relate them to the structural requirements which the determinants possess. The complexities which arise indicate that subpopulations of cells with different receptor activities may respond selectively and that recognition of the receptor is produced by an EAE determinant consisting of three amino acids in a specific linear sequence. Furthermore, under experimental circumstances the EAE activity can be dissociated from the other activities (BT, MIF, DTH), indicating that while these tests are used generally to follow various human autoimmune disease activities, they may represent the reaction of a broad spectrum of cells.", "contents": "Autoimmune disease antigens. The first step towards understanding the cellular interaction which results in autoimmune disease is to determine what triggers the recognition between a specific autoimmune antigen determinant and the cellular receptor. In this review, we have focused on the antigen inducing experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) because the antigen has been characterized and a relatively large body of information on its biological activities has been accumulated. Clearly, a specific allergic encephalitis-producing determinant is present and is represented on a relatively small portion of the molecule. The determinant induces a wide variety of biological reactivities, some of which are classed as cellular mediated. An attempt is made to dissect activities such as blast transformation (BT), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and EAE and to relate them to the structural requirements which the determinants possess. The complexities which arise indicate that subpopulations of cells with different receptor activities may respond selectively and that recognition of the receptor is produced by an EAE determinant consisting of three amino acids in a specific linear sequence. Furthermore, under experimental circumstances the EAE activity can be dissociated from the other activities (BT, MIF, DTH), indicating that while these tests are used generally to follow various human autoimmune disease activities, they may represent the reaction of a broad spectrum of cells.", "PMID": 68112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2880", "title": "Changes in serum and plasma proteins and in IgG and IgM antibodies in calves experimentally infected with sarcocystis from dogs.", "content": "Fifteen calves were used in three experiments to determine changes in serum and plasma proteins and IgG and IgM levels after oral inoculation with Sarcocystis sporocysts from dogs. Total serum or plasma protein levels in inoculated calves decreased during the acute phase of infection (4 to 5 weeks after inoculation) and then increased and became greater than the levels of control calves 7 to 8 weeks after inoculation. The initial decrease in total protein reflected reduced serum albumin and the subsequent increase reflected increased immunoglobulin levels. Immunoglobulin levels increased in both IgM and IgG fractions. Specific antibody activity against Sarcocystis antigen was 6 to 9 times greater in the IgM than in the IgC fraction 5 weeks after inoculation, but IgG activity became approximately 17 to 27 times greater than IgM activity 10 to 13 weeks after inoculation.", "contents": "Changes in serum and plasma proteins and in IgG and IgM antibodies in calves experimentally infected with sarcocystis from dogs. Fifteen calves were used in three experiments to determine changes in serum and plasma proteins and IgG and IgM levels after oral inoculation with Sarcocystis sporocysts from dogs. Total serum or plasma protein levels in inoculated calves decreased during the acute phase of infection (4 to 5 weeks after inoculation) and then increased and became greater than the levels of control calves 7 to 8 weeks after inoculation. The initial decrease in total protein reflected reduced serum albumin and the subsequent increase reflected increased immunoglobulin levels. Immunoglobulin levels increased in both IgM and IgG fractions. Specific antibody activity against Sarcocystis antigen was 6 to 9 times greater in the IgM than in the IgC fraction 5 weeks after inoculation, but IgG activity became approximately 17 to 27 times greater than IgM activity 10 to 13 weeks after inoculation.", "PMID": 68113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2881", "title": "Further observations on the specificity of antigen 5 of Echinococcus granulosus.", "content": "The presence of IgE antibodies to antigen 5 of Echinococcus granulosus was detected by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis in the sera of two of six patients infected with E. multilocularis. Sera from three of these patients gave a precipitin band in gel diffusion tests identical to that produced by a monospecific rabbit anti-E. granulosus antigen 5 serum, when tested against whole hydatid fluid. Sera from 19 individuals infected with Fasciola hepatica, 20 with Schistosoma mansoni, and 5 with with Taenia saginata showed no detectable antibodies against antigen 5 of E. granulosus, The monospecific rabbit anti-E. granulosus antigen 5 serum did not react in immunodiffusion with homologous antigen when absorbed with either 4 mg/ml of whole hydatid fluid or with 200 mg/ml of a soluble E. multilocularis extract. Absorption of the monospecific antiserum with crude antigens of either F. hepatica, Onchocerca volvulus, S. mansoni, or T. saginata did not abolish the reaction with antigen 5. It appears, therefore, that antigen 5 can no longer be considered specific for E. granulosus, but is also present in E. multilocularis. In the light of this observation, some reevaluation of immunodiagnostic tests in hydatid disease will be necessary.", "contents": "Further observations on the specificity of antigen 5 of Echinococcus granulosus. The presence of IgE antibodies to antigen 5 of Echinococcus granulosus was detected by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis in the sera of two of six patients infected with E. multilocularis. Sera from three of these patients gave a precipitin band in gel diffusion tests identical to that produced by a monospecific rabbit anti-E. granulosus antigen 5 serum, when tested against whole hydatid fluid. Sera from 19 individuals infected with Fasciola hepatica, 20 with Schistosoma mansoni, and 5 with with Taenia saginata showed no detectable antibodies against antigen 5 of E. granulosus, The monospecific rabbit anti-E. granulosus antigen 5 serum did not react in immunodiffusion with homologous antigen when absorbed with either 4 mg/ml of whole hydatid fluid or with 200 mg/ml of a soluble E. multilocularis extract. Absorption of the monospecific antiserum with crude antigens of either F. hepatica, Onchocerca volvulus, S. mansoni, or T. saginata did not abolish the reaction with antigen 5. It appears, therefore, that antigen 5 can no longer be considered specific for E. granulosus, but is also present in E. multilocularis. In the light of this observation, some reevaluation of immunodiagnostic tests in hydatid disease will be necessary.", "PMID": 68114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2882", "title": "Keys to the genera of chiggers of the western hemisphere (acarina: trombiculidae).", "content": "Synotpic keys to the 87 genera of chiggers in the Western Hemisphere (Nearctic and Neotropical regions) as well as illustrations to the terminology employed, are presented.", "contents": "Keys to the genera of chiggers of the western hemisphere (acarina: trombiculidae). Synotpic keys to the 87 genera of chiggers in the Western Hemisphere (Nearctic and Neotropical regions) as well as illustrations to the terminology employed, are presented.", "PMID": 68115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2883", "title": "Surface characterization of temporary restorations: guidelines for quality ceramics.", "content": "A technique was presented that enables a dentist to characterize a temporary restoration and its duplicate with external surface stains. This adjusted duplicate and an accompanying zone-diagrammed laboratory work authorization order will provide the dental laboratory technician with accurate information for making a porcelain restoration with esthetic acceptability.", "contents": "Surface characterization of temporary restorations: guidelines for quality ceramics. A technique was presented that enables a dentist to characterize a temporary restoration and its duplicate with external surface stains. This adjusted duplicate and an accompanying zone-diagrammed laboratory work authorization order will provide the dental laboratory technician with accurate information for making a porcelain restoration with esthetic acceptability.", "PMID": 68116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2884", "title": "Tumor-associated antigen levels (carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and alpha-fetoprotein) antedating the diagnosis of cancer in the Framingham study.", "content": "Determinations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were done by use of frozen serum samples antedating the diagnosis of cancer for 9 pancreatic and 8 gastric carcinoma patients from the Framingham Heart Study. The longest intervals for elevated antigens before cancer diagnosis were 10 months for CEA and 26 months for HCG. (The single elevated AFP was found in a sample 10 days before clinical diagnosis.) Samples from 31 controls matched with the cancer subjects by age, sex, vital capacity, and smoking status showed over 20% \"false\" positive CEA elevations (all smokers with low vital capacities) and over 20% borderline false positive HCG elevations in postmenopausal females. Although 10-26 months' lead time could infer some potential for use of these tumor-associated antigens to help detect malignant neoplasms at an earlier stage, a serious problem of frequent false positives prevents CEA and HCG levels from being useful as cancer-screening tests at this time.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigen levels (carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and alpha-fetoprotein) antedating the diagnosis of cancer in the Framingham study. Determinations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were done by use of frozen serum samples antedating the diagnosis of cancer for 9 pancreatic and 8 gastric carcinoma patients from the Framingham Heart Study. The longest intervals for elevated antigens before cancer diagnosis were 10 months for CEA and 26 months for HCG. (The single elevated AFP was found in a sample 10 days before clinical diagnosis.) Samples from 31 controls matched with the cancer subjects by age, sex, vital capacity, and smoking status showed over 20% \"false\" positive CEA elevations (all smokers with low vital capacities) and over 20% borderline false positive HCG elevations in postmenopausal females. Although 10-26 months' lead time could infer some potential for use of these tumor-associated antigens to help detect malignant neoplasms at an earlier stage, a serious problem of frequent false positives prevents CEA and HCG levels from being useful as cancer-screening tests at this time.", "PMID": 68118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2885", "title": "Forecasting the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma by the use of risk factors: studies in West Africa.", "content": "An association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) has been found in several studies in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere. In this paper we considered the interrelations between several events related to HBV infection, which include the presence of: 1) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 2) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), 3) antibody to the surface antigen (anti-HBs), 4) chronic liver disease, 5) elevated alpha-fetoprotein, and 6) PHC. With the use of preliminary epidemiologic data, risk factors related to these events were calculated. We suggested that the interactions between these events and HBV infection in parents be used to estimate the risk of PHC for an individual in this environment.", "contents": "Forecasting the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma by the use of risk factors: studies in West Africa. An association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) has been found in several studies in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere. In this paper we considered the interrelations between several events related to HBV infection, which include the presence of: 1) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 2) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), 3) antibody to the surface antigen (anti-HBs), 4) chronic liver disease, 5) elevated alpha-fetoprotein, and 6) PHC. With the use of preliminary epidemiologic data, risk factors related to these events were calculated. We suggested that the interactions between these events and HBV infection in parents be used to estimate the risk of PHC for an individual in this environment.", "PMID": 68119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2886", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxic response to cells bearing Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen in chickens infected with Marek's disease virus.", "content": "In a microcytotoxicity test in which 51Cr-labeled cells of a Marek's disease (MD) lymphoblastoid line (MSB-1 line) were used, cell-mediated cytotoxicity of spleen cell suspensions prepared from chickens inoculated with MD virus was demonstrated. This cytotoxic response, presumably directed against MD tumor-associated surface antigen, was detectable briefly after virus infection and paralleled the appearance of early lymphoproliferative lesions characteristic of MD.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxic response to cells bearing Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen in chickens infected with Marek's disease virus. In a microcytotoxicity test in which 51Cr-labeled cells of a Marek's disease (MD) lymphoblastoid line (MSB-1 line) were used, cell-mediated cytotoxicity of spleen cell suspensions prepared from chickens inoculated with MD virus was demonstrated. This cytotoxic response, presumably directed against MD tumor-associated surface antigen, was detectable briefly after virus infection and paralleled the appearance of early lymphoproliferative lesions characteristic of MD.", "PMID": 68120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2887", "title": "Testing of pesticide toxicity in tissue culture.", "content": "The effect of pesticides on cell growth and on the cell layer was examined. The pesticides under study had a similar toxicity for the cell suspension and for the cell layer. Vital staining of the cells allowed a more sensitive determination of the cytotoxic concentrations than did the studies on cell morphology without staining. No correlation was found between the cytotoxic concentrations and LD50 values of mammals. The results were compared with those of earlier experiments on rats in which methods of general toxicology and neurotoxicology were applied. Of the eight compounds tested, in six the tissue culture method proved even more sensitive than did the functional neurotoxicological tests. It is suggested that the in vitro method with cultured cells should be used to complement in vivo functional toxicological procedures.", "contents": "Testing of pesticide toxicity in tissue culture. The effect of pesticides on cell growth and on the cell layer was examined. The pesticides under study had a similar toxicity for the cell suspension and for the cell layer. Vital staining of the cells allowed a more sensitive determination of the cytotoxic concentrations than did the studies on cell morphology without staining. No correlation was found between the cytotoxic concentrations and LD50 values of mammals. The results were compared with those of earlier experiments on rats in which methods of general toxicology and neurotoxicology were applied. Of the eight compounds tested, in six the tissue culture method proved even more sensitive than did the functional neurotoxicological tests. It is suggested that the in vitro method with cultured cells should be used to complement in vivo functional toxicological procedures.", "PMID": 68121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2888", "title": "Characterization of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase found in association with murine intracytoplasmic A-particles.", "content": "An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was found to be associated with intracytoplasmic A-particles from DBA/2 mouse leukemia cells. The enzyme activity was detected after disrupting the purified particles with 2 M NaCl-20 mM dithiothreitol. The presence of a divalent cation and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates was essential for this enzyme activity. The enzyme had a clear preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Cesium sulfate isopycnic gradient centrifugation of the DNA product synthesized in the actinomycin D-containing reaction revealed the presence of DNA-RNA hybrid. Furthermore, the purified DNA product was found to hybridize with RNA isolated from A-particles. These observations strongly indicate that the endogenous A-particle RNA serves as the template for the DNA polymerase.", "contents": "Characterization of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase found in association with murine intracytoplasmic A-particles. An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was found to be associated with intracytoplasmic A-particles from DBA/2 mouse leukemia cells. The enzyme activity was detected after disrupting the purified particles with 2 M NaCl-20 mM dithiothreitol. The presence of a divalent cation and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates was essential for this enzyme activity. The enzyme had a clear preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Cesium sulfate isopycnic gradient centrifugation of the DNA product synthesized in the actinomycin D-containing reaction revealed the presence of DNA-RNA hybrid. Furthermore, the purified DNA product was found to hybridize with RNA isolated from A-particles. These observations strongly indicate that the endogenous A-particle RNA serves as the template for the DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 68124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2889", "title": "Assay of noninfectious fragments of DNA of avian leukosis virus-infected cells by marker rescue.", "content": "A marker rescue assay of noninfectious fragments of avian leukosis virus DNAs is describe. DNA fragments were prepared either by sonication of EcoRI-digestion of DNAs of chicken cells infected with wild-type Rous sarcoma virus, with a nontransforming avian leukosis virus, and with a mutant of Rous sarcoma virus temperature sensitive for transformation. Recipient cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts were treated with noninfectious DNA fragments and infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus defective in DNA polymerase or in an internal virion structural protein. Wild-type progeny viruses which replicated at the nonpermissive temperature were isolated. Some of the wild-type progeny acquired both the wild-type DNA polymerase and the subgroup specificity of the Rous sarcona virus strain used for preparation of sonicated or EcoRI-digested DNA fragments. Therefore the genetic markers for DNA polymerase and envelope were linked and appeared to be located on the same EcoRi fragment of the DNA of Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells.", "contents": "Assay of noninfectious fragments of DNA of avian leukosis virus-infected cells by marker rescue. A marker rescue assay of noninfectious fragments of avian leukosis virus DNAs is describe. DNA fragments were prepared either by sonication of EcoRI-digestion of DNAs of chicken cells infected with wild-type Rous sarcoma virus, with a nontransforming avian leukosis virus, and with a mutant of Rous sarcoma virus temperature sensitive for transformation. Recipient cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts were treated with noninfectious DNA fragments and infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus defective in DNA polymerase or in an internal virion structural protein. Wild-type progeny viruses which replicated at the nonpermissive temperature were isolated. Some of the wild-type progeny acquired both the wild-type DNA polymerase and the subgroup specificity of the Rous sarcona virus strain used for preparation of sonicated or EcoRI-digested DNA fragments. Therefore the genetic markers for DNA polymerase and envelope were linked and appeared to be located on the same EcoRi fragment of the DNA of Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells.", "PMID": 68125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2890", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for mammalian type C viral reverse transcriptase.", "content": "Radioimmunological techniques were applied to the analysis of reverse transcriptase of mammalian type C RNA viruses. The polymerase of Rauscher mouse leukemia virus was purified by ion exchange and sequential affinity chromatography. Radioimmunoassays that utilized the viral enzyme as a probe detected as little as 1 ng of purified polymerase. No cross-reactivity could be demonstrated between the reverse transcriptase and other known virus-coded proteins. By comparing the immunological reactivity of the purified enzyme with the reactivity of detergent-disrupted virions, Rauscher mouse leukemia virus was shown to contain the antigenic equivalent of 40 molecules of reverse transcriptase. In a homologous competition immunoassay, the Rauscher viral enzyme demonstrated type-specific antigenic determinants, which distinguish it from other mouse type C viral polymerases. In a broadly reactive interspecies immunoassay, the reverse transcriptases of a number of mammalian type C viruses were cross-reactive, indicating their shared antigenic determinants. Various treatments that inhibit or inactivated DNA polymerase activity had little or no effect on the immunological properties of the enzyme. Thus, radioimmunoassays should be useful in the search for type C viral reverse transcriptase as a marker of subviral expression.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for mammalian type C viral reverse transcriptase. Radioimmunological techniques were applied to the analysis of reverse transcriptase of mammalian type C RNA viruses. The polymerase of Rauscher mouse leukemia virus was purified by ion exchange and sequential affinity chromatography. Radioimmunoassays that utilized the viral enzyme as a probe detected as little as 1 ng of purified polymerase. No cross-reactivity could be demonstrated between the reverse transcriptase and other known virus-coded proteins. By comparing the immunological reactivity of the purified enzyme with the reactivity of detergent-disrupted virions, Rauscher mouse leukemia virus was shown to contain the antigenic equivalent of 40 molecules of reverse transcriptase. In a homologous competition immunoassay, the Rauscher viral enzyme demonstrated type-specific antigenic determinants, which distinguish it from other mouse type C viral polymerases. In a broadly reactive interspecies immunoassay, the reverse transcriptases of a number of mammalian type C viruses were cross-reactive, indicating their shared antigenic determinants. Various treatments that inhibit or inactivated DNA polymerase activity had little or no effect on the immunological properties of the enzyme. Thus, radioimmunoassays should be useful in the search for type C viral reverse transcriptase as a marker of subviral expression.", "PMID": 68126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2891", "title": "Immunofluorescence study of the adenovirus type 2 single-stranded DNA binding protein in infected and transformed cells.", "content": "High-titer monospecific antiserum against highly purified adenovirus 2 (Ad2) single-stranded DNA binding protein (DBP) was used to study, by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), the synthesis of DBP in Ad2-infected human cells and adenovirus-transformed rat, hamster, and human cell lines. In infected cells the synthesis of DBP was first detected in the cytoplasm at 2 to 4 h postinfection and reached a maximum intensity at 6 h postinfection. At this time DBP began to accumulate in the nucleus, where it reached maximum intensity at about 14 h postinfection. The cytoplasmic IF was diffuse, whereas nuclear IF appeared as dots that coalesced into large globules as infection progressed. In cells treated with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine to inhibit viral DNA synthesis, strong nuclear IF was observed in the form of dots, but the large fluorescent globules were not observed. The Ad2 (oncogenic group C) anti-DBP serum reacted very strongly by IF with Ad5 (group C)-infected, to a lesser extent with Ad7 and Ad11 (group B)-infected, and weakly with Ad12 and Ad18 (group A)-infected KB cells (treated with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine). These results may indicate that Ad2 DBP is closely related immunologically to DBPs induced early after infection by adenovirus serotypes in oncogenic group C, moderately related to DBPs of serotypes in oncogenic group B, and perhaps distantly related to DBPs of serotypes in oncogenic group A. The following adenovirus-transformed cell lines were examined for DBP synthesis by IF with the Ad2 anti-DBP serum: six rat cell lines (T2C4, F17, 8662, 8638, 8617, and F161) transformed by Ad2 virus, three hamster cell lines transformed by Ad2 virus (Ad2HT1) and Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid virus (ND1HK1 and ND4HK4), and one rat (5RK) and one human (293-31) cell line transformed by transfection with Ad5 DNA. T2C4 and 8662 appeared weakly positive, whereas Ad2HT1 and ND4HK1 were strongly positive. The other transformed cell lines did not produce DBP detectable by IF. Thus, some but not all transformed cell lines produce DBP, which indicates that DBP is not required for maintenance of cell transformation and that transformed cells can express \"nontransforming\" viral genes as protein.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study of the adenovirus type 2 single-stranded DNA binding protein in infected and transformed cells. High-titer monospecific antiserum against highly purified adenovirus 2 (Ad2) single-stranded DNA binding protein (DBP) was used to study, by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), the synthesis of DBP in Ad2-infected human cells and adenovirus-transformed rat, hamster, and human cell lines. In infected cells the synthesis of DBP was first detected in the cytoplasm at 2 to 4 h postinfection and reached a maximum intensity at 6 h postinfection. At this time DBP began to accumulate in the nucleus, where it reached maximum intensity at about 14 h postinfection. The cytoplasmic IF was diffuse, whereas nuclear IF appeared as dots that coalesced into large globules as infection progressed. In cells treated with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine to inhibit viral DNA synthesis, strong nuclear IF was observed in the form of dots, but the large fluorescent globules were not observed. The Ad2 (oncogenic group C) anti-DBP serum reacted very strongly by IF with Ad5 (group C)-infected, to a lesser extent with Ad7 and Ad11 (group B)-infected, and weakly with Ad12 and Ad18 (group A)-infected KB cells (treated with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine). These results may indicate that Ad2 DBP is closely related immunologically to DBPs induced early after infection by adenovirus serotypes in oncogenic group C, moderately related to DBPs of serotypes in oncogenic group B, and perhaps distantly related to DBPs of serotypes in oncogenic group A. The following adenovirus-transformed cell lines were examined for DBP synthesis by IF with the Ad2 anti-DBP serum: six rat cell lines (T2C4, F17, 8662, 8638, 8617, and F161) transformed by Ad2 virus, three hamster cell lines transformed by Ad2 virus (Ad2HT1) and Ad2-simian virus 40 hybrid virus (ND1HK1 and ND4HK4), and one rat (5RK) and one human (293-31) cell line transformed by transfection with Ad5 DNA. T2C4 and 8662 appeared weakly positive, whereas Ad2HT1 and ND4HK1 were strongly positive. The other transformed cell lines did not produce DBP detectable by IF. Thus, some but not all transformed cell lines produce DBP, which indicates that DBP is not required for maintenance of cell transformation and that transformed cells can express \"nontransforming\" viral genes as protein.", "PMID": 68127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2892", "title": "Ultrastrutural studies of vascular and muscular changes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs.", "content": "Disorganization of muscle structures such as fragmentation of myofilaments with a loss of contrast in the Z bands, swelling of mitochondria and glycogenic infiltration, was seen in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs. Vacuolar degeneration of external and internal endothelial cell membranes with accompanying dystrophic changes of the surrounding muscle and lack of collagen formation were consistent findings. Chondroblasts showed a marked dissolution of the matrix vesicle and a lack of hyaline droplets.", "contents": "Ultrastrutural studies of vascular and muscular changes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs. Disorganization of muscle structures such as fragmentation of myofilaments with a loss of contrast in the Z bands, swelling of mitochondria and glycogenic infiltration, was seen in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs. Vacuolar degeneration of external and internal endothelial cell membranes with accompanying dystrophic changes of the surrounding muscle and lack of collagen formation were consistent findings. Chondroblasts showed a marked dissolution of the matrix vesicle and a lack of hyaline droplets.", "PMID": 68132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2893", "title": "Rabies virus infection in mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "As part of an inquiry into factors that determine the virulence of fixed rabies virus, mouse neuroblastoma cells were infected in  culture with high virulence and low virulence strains of Flury HEP virus. Low virulence virus infection differed from high virulence virus infection in (1) its more rapid production of progeny virus in the early cycles of virus infection as shown by the number of extracellular virus particles and the infectivity of the supernatant fluid; (2) its earlier development of viral antigens on the cell surface; and (3) its earlier and more severe morphologic alteration of the cell surface. Where applicable, the differences were corroborated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the infected cells using the critical point drying technique on whole cells. The number of cells susceptible to complement-dependent immunolysis was almost proportional to the number of cells that were surface antigen-positive regardless of the strain of the virus used. Implications of the difference in the kinetics of virus production and of the development of surface antigens between low and high virulence strains are discussed.", "contents": "Rabies virus infection in mouse neuroblastoma cells. As part of an inquiry into factors that determine the virulence of fixed rabies virus, mouse neuroblastoma cells were infected in  culture with high virulence and low virulence strains of Flury HEP virus. Low virulence virus infection differed from high virulence virus infection in (1) its more rapid production of progeny virus in the early cycles of virus infection as shown by the number of extracellular virus particles and the infectivity of the supernatant fluid; (2) its earlier development of viral antigens on the cell surface; and (3) its earlier and more severe morphologic alteration of the cell surface. Where applicable, the differences were corroborated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the infected cells using the critical point drying technique on whole cells. The number of cells susceptible to complement-dependent immunolysis was almost proportional to the number of cells that were surface antigen-positive regardless of the strain of the virus used. Implications of the difference in the kinetics of virus production and of the development of surface antigens between low and high virulence strains are discussed.", "PMID": 68172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2894", "title": "Quantitative change of serum protein and immunoglobulin in patients with solid cancers.", "content": "There are many quantitative changes of serum protein and immunoglobulin fractions in patients with cancer of various sites, excluding those with leukemic and lymphoproliferative disorders. The commonest change in serum proteins of patients with neoplastic disease is a reduction in albumin concentration and elevation of alpha globulins, especially alpha-2 fraction. Immunoglobulins (IgG, A,M) are a heterogenous group of proteins contained in the gamma, beta, and alpha-2 electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins. The IgG was found to be significantly increased in patients with cancer of the skin and lung, but decreased in patients with cancer of the prostate and breast. Serum IgM was reported to be elevated in patients with sarcoma, melanoma, brain tumors, but decreased in patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Serum IgA was found to be elevated in patients with cancer of epithelial secretory organs, such as skin, breast, head and neck, lung, gut, prostate, and uterine cervix. Whether these findings reflect specific changes of the humoral arm of tumor-host interaction remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Quantitative change of serum protein and immunoglobulin in patients with solid cancers. There are many quantitative changes of serum protein and immunoglobulin fractions in patients with cancer of various sites, excluding those with leukemic and lymphoproliferative disorders. The commonest change in serum proteins of patients with neoplastic disease is a reduction in albumin concentration and elevation of alpha globulins, especially alpha-2 fraction. Immunoglobulins (IgG, A,M) are a heterogenous group of proteins contained in the gamma, beta, and alpha-2 electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins. The IgG was found to be significantly increased in patients with cancer of the skin and lung, but decreased in patients with cancer of the prostate and breast. Serum IgM was reported to be elevated in patients with sarcoma, melanoma, brain tumors, but decreased in patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Serum IgA was found to be elevated in patients with cancer of epithelial secretory organs, such as skin, breast, head and neck, lung, gut, prostate, and uterine cervix. Whether these findings reflect specific changes of the humoral arm of tumor-host interaction remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 68175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2895", "title": "The pattern of food and mortality in Belgium.", "content": "Belgians have been gradually shifting from a low ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fat in their food to a higher one with lower total fat and cholesterol. This has occurred predominantly in the north, where the most obvious change is a decrease in butter consumption and an increase in margarine consumption. The northerners have a four to five times smaller intake of butter than the southerners and nearly double the intake of margarine. Evidence gathered over the past ten years reveals in the north a decreasing serum-cholesterol and in the south a significantly higher serum-cholesterol, associated with higher coronary morbidity and mortality. Life expectancy of males in the north is 2-4 years higher at birth and 2-2 years higher at the age of 30. It is concluded that the food habits of a population can be changed, with great benefit.", "contents": "The pattern of food and mortality in Belgium. Belgians have been gradually shifting from a low ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fat in their food to a higher one with lower total fat and cholesterol. This has occurred predominantly in the north, where the most obvious change is a decrease in butter consumption and an increase in margarine consumption. The northerners have a four to five times smaller intake of butter than the southerners and nearly double the intake of margarine. Evidence gathered over the past ten years reveals in the north a decreasing serum-cholesterol and in the south a significantly higher serum-cholesterol, associated with higher coronary morbidity and mortality. Life expectancy of males in the north is 2-4 years higher at birth and 2-2 years higher at the age of 30. It is concluded that the food habits of a population can be changed, with great benefit.", "PMID": 68179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2896", "title": "Radionuclide cystography in the investigation of vesicoureteric reflux in children.", "content": "50 children with urinary-tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux were investigated by direct radionuclide cystography (R.N.C.). Recent micturating cystourethrograms (M.C.U.) were used as controls. In 37 patients the results of both tests corresponded, 9 patients were M.C.U. positive only, and 4 were R.N.C. positive only. R.N.C. is associated with a considerably lower radiation dose than M.C.U.S. and intravenous urograms, it provides an accurate measurement of residual urine, and is simple to apply with equipment which is readily available. R.N.C. is a useful investigation in the diagnosis and management of reflux and a valuable complement to standard radiographic methods.", "contents": "Radionuclide cystography in the investigation of vesicoureteric reflux in children. 50 children with urinary-tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux were investigated by direct radionuclide cystography (R.N.C.). Recent micturating cystourethrograms (M.C.U.) were used as controls. In 37 patients the results of both tests corresponded, 9 patients were M.C.U. positive only, and 4 were R.N.C. positive only. R.N.C. is associated with a considerably lower radiation dose than M.C.U.S. and intravenous urograms, it provides an accurate measurement of residual urine, and is simple to apply with equipment which is readily available. R.N.C. is a useful investigation in the diagnosis and management of reflux and a valuable complement to standard radiographic methods.", "PMID": 68180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2897", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of IgM, IgG, and IgA Brucella antibodies.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) has been devised to measure the serum antibody against Brucella abortus in each of the immunoglobulin classes IgM, IgG, and IgA. This test was applied to 46 sera from individuals with various clinical types of brucellosis, and the results were compared with the results of conventional direct and indirect agglutination and complement-fixation tests. The R.I.A. provided a highly sensitive primary-type assay which avoided the difficulties with blocking or non-agglutinating antibody, and thus has many advantages in the diagnosis of acute and chronic stages of brucella infection in man. The R.I.A. was successful in detection of antibody in many instances in which conventional serological tests were negative, and such antibody could (if IgM) be associated with acute or (if IgG or IgA) with chronic cases of brucellosis. One case in which B. abortus was isolated by blood culture but which failed to yield antibody by conventional tests, nevertheless showed substantial levels of IgM and IgG antibody by R.I.A. In other cases the R.I.A. test helped to eliminate the diagnosis of brucellosis by revealing absent or low antibody levels.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of IgM, IgG, and IgA Brucella antibodies. A radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) has been devised to measure the serum antibody against Brucella abortus in each of the immunoglobulin classes IgM, IgG, and IgA. This test was applied to 46 sera from individuals with various clinical types of brucellosis, and the results were compared with the results of conventional direct and indirect agglutination and complement-fixation tests. The R.I.A. provided a highly sensitive primary-type assay which avoided the difficulties with blocking or non-agglutinating antibody, and thus has many advantages in the diagnosis of acute and chronic stages of brucella infection in man. The R.I.A. was successful in detection of antibody in many instances in which conventional serological tests were negative, and such antibody could (if IgM) be associated with acute or (if IgG or IgA) with chronic cases of brucellosis. One case in which B. abortus was isolated by blood culture but which failed to yield antibody by conventional tests, nevertheless showed substantial levels of IgM and IgG antibody by R.I.A. In other cases the R.I.A. test helped to eliminate the diagnosis of brucellosis by revealing absent or low antibody levels.", "PMID": 68181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2898", "title": "Plasma-noradrenaline in essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma-noradrenaline (P.N.A.) has been determined in normotensive controls and in patients with essential hypertension while resting and after postural stimulation. A linear relationship was found between age and P.N.A. in normotensives during recumbency and in the upright posture. This relationship did not occur in the hypertensives and was due to raised P.N.A. levels in many younger patients. On standing, ten out of thirty-four patients under the age of 50 years with essential hypertension had significantly greater P.N.A. than the age-matched controls. No differences were found, however, between controls and patients in the older age-group. It is proposed that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by postural challenge provides a means for identifying a subgroup of younger patients with essential hypertension in whom sympathetic overactivity may play an important rule.", "contents": "Plasma-noradrenaline in essential hypertension. Plasma-noradrenaline (P.N.A.) has been determined in normotensive controls and in patients with essential hypertension while resting and after postural stimulation. A linear relationship was found between age and P.N.A. in normotensives during recumbency and in the upright posture. This relationship did not occur in the hypertensives and was due to raised P.N.A. levels in many younger patients. On standing, ten out of thirty-four patients under the age of 50 years with essential hypertension had significantly greater P.N.A. than the age-matched controls. No differences were found, however, between controls and patients in the older age-group. It is proposed that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by postural challenge provides a means for identifying a subgroup of younger patients with essential hypertension in whom sympathetic overactivity may play an important rule.", "PMID": 68182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2899", "title": "Burn excision by a caron-dioxide laser.", "content": "When the 'Sharplan' 50 W carbon-dioxide laser was used for burn excision, blood-loss was reduced compared with that experienced during scalpel excision. This advantage was more than offset, however, by the increased operating-time and increased physical effort required to maintain a firm, prolonged pull on the burned tissue during excision. A more powerful laser might overcome these disadvantages.", "contents": "Burn excision by a caron-dioxide laser. When the 'Sharplan' 50 W carbon-dioxide laser was used for burn excision, blood-loss was reduced compared with that experienced during scalpel excision. This advantage was more than offset, however, by the increased operating-time and increased physical effort required to maintain a firm, prolonged pull on the burned tissue during excision. A more powerful laser might overcome these disadvantages.", "PMID": 68183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2900", "title": "Treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "A retrospective review of outcome was undertaken in forty-two patients with ulcerative colitis and twenty patients with Crohn's disease who were treated for haemorrhoids and the inflammatory bowel disease between 1935 and 1975. Both surgical and conservative treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with ulcerative colitis had low complication-rates (4 complications after 58 courses of treatment). In Crohn's disease the complication-rate was high (11 complications after 26 courses of treatment). One of the forty-two patients with ulcerative colitis and six of the twenty with Crohn's disease required rectal excision for complications apparently dating from the treatment of haemorrhoids. These results suggest that treatment of symptomatic haemorrhoids is usually safe in patients with ulcerative colitis but is contraindicated in those with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A retrospective review of outcome was undertaken in forty-two patients with ulcerative colitis and twenty patients with Crohn's disease who were treated for haemorrhoids and the inflammatory bowel disease between 1935 and 1975. Both surgical and conservative treatment of haemorrhoids in patients with ulcerative colitis had low complication-rates (4 complications after 58 courses of treatment). In Crohn's disease the complication-rate was high (11 complications after 26 courses of treatment). One of the forty-two patients with ulcerative colitis and six of the twenty with Crohn's disease required rectal excision for complications apparently dating from the treatment of haemorrhoids. These results suggest that treatment of symptomatic haemorrhoids is usually safe in patients with ulcerative colitis but is contraindicated in those with Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 68184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2901", "title": "Prepatency of giardiasis.", "content": "Recently acquired giardiasis was suspected in 199 patients because of typical symptoms following a trip to a known endemic area. In 130 cases giardiasis was confirmed by stool examination, although most of the samples obtained less than 3 wk after probable infection were negative for Giardia lamblia. Prepatency was documented in 35 patients who, after one or more negative stool examinations, started to excrete Giardia. The median prepatent period was 14 days, and in most cases the prepatent period was less than 3 wk. The median incubation time of giardiasis was 8 days, and in two-thirds of the cases the symptoms had continued for over a week before the parasite became detectable in faeces. A practical conclusion was that, in suspected cases of giardiasis with negative stool findings during the first 3 wk after possible exposure to Giardia, examination of repeated faecal samples is still effective in confirming the diagnosis.", "contents": "Prepatency of giardiasis. Recently acquired giardiasis was suspected in 199 patients because of typical symptoms following a trip to a known endemic area. In 130 cases giardiasis was confirmed by stool examination, although most of the samples obtained less than 3 wk after probable infection were negative for Giardia lamblia. Prepatency was documented in 35 patients who, after one or more negative stool examinations, started to excrete Giardia. The median prepatent period was 14 days, and in most cases the prepatent period was less than 3 wk. The median incubation time of giardiasis was 8 days, and in two-thirds of the cases the symptoms had continued for over a week before the parasite became detectable in faeces. A practical conclusion was that, in suspected cases of giardiasis with negative stool findings during the first 3 wk after possible exposure to Giardia, examination of repeated faecal samples is still effective in confirming the diagnosis.", "PMID": 68190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2902", "title": "Recovery of Paramyxovirus from the jejunum of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Paramyxovirus, presumably measles, has been recovered by cocultivation or cell-fusion techniques from jejunal biopsy specimens of 6 consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis. Virus has been identified by immunofluorescence of antigen in infected HEp-2 and BSC-1 cells, by electron microscopy, and by haemagglutination of rhesus-monkey erythrocytes.", "contents": "Recovery of Paramyxovirus from the jejunum of patients with multiple sclerosis. Paramyxovirus, presumably measles, has been recovered by cocultivation or cell-fusion techniques from jejunal biopsy specimens of 6 consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis. Virus has been identified by immunofluorescence of antigen in infected HEp-2 and BSC-1 cells, by electron microscopy, and by haemagglutination of rhesus-monkey erythrocytes.", "PMID": 68221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2903", "title": "Jejunal immunopathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Identification of viral antigens by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Jejunal mucosa from 7 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A.L.S.), 20 newly reported patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.), and 35 control patients without either disease was studied by immunofluorescence. An immune reaction was present in all A.L.S. specimens and consisted of altered ratios of immunoglobulin-labelled cells in the lamina propria, complement-labelled cells in the same location, and, in some, immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the epithelial basement membrane. Poliovirus antigen was detected in 4 cases, and in 1 of the these cases measles antigen was also present. A fifth specimen showed large amounts of herpesvirus antigen. In 2 cases studied at necropsy, both viral infection and immunological change was confined to the proximal jejunum. Measles antigen was identified in every case of M.S., and in biopsy specimens from 16 of the 20 M.S. patients immunological reactions similar to those seen in A.L.S. were present. With 2 exceptions, the controls did not show these changes in the jejunal mucosa. The exceptions were a patient with Friedreich's ataxia, who had an increase of IgG-labelled cells and some complement-bearing cells in the lamina propria, and a patient diagnosed as having non-tropical sprue, in whom large quantities of herpes antigen were seen.", "contents": "Jejunal immunopathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Identification of viral antigens by immunofluorescence. Jejunal mucosa from 7 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A.L.S.), 20 newly reported patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.), and 35 control patients without either disease was studied by immunofluorescence. An immune reaction was present in all A.L.S. specimens and consisted of altered ratios of immunoglobulin-labelled cells in the lamina propria, complement-labelled cells in the same location, and, in some, immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the epithelial basement membrane. Poliovirus antigen was detected in 4 cases, and in 1 of the these cases measles antigen was also present. A fifth specimen showed large amounts of herpesvirus antigen. In 2 cases studied at necropsy, both viral infection and immunological change was confined to the proximal jejunum. Measles antigen was identified in every case of M.S., and in biopsy specimens from 16 of the 20 M.S. patients immunological reactions similar to those seen in A.L.S. were present. With 2 exceptions, the controls did not show these changes in the jejunal mucosa. The exceptions were a patient with Friedreich's ataxia, who had an increase of IgG-labelled cells and some complement-bearing cells in the lamina propria, and a patient diagnosed as having non-tropical sprue, in whom large quantities of herpes antigen were seen.", "PMID": 68222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2904", "title": "Different B lymphocyte alloantigens associated with multiple sclerosis in Arabs and North Europeans.", "content": "The frequencies of HLA and B-lymphocyte alloantigens were investigated in 32 Arab patients with clinically definite or early probable multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and compared with those found in 43 healthy Arab controls. A significant association was found between M.S. and the B-lymphocyte alloantigen, BT 102; this contrasts with previous findings of an association between the B-lymphocyte alloantigen BT 101 and M.S. in North Europeans. It is suggested that this difference is due to the involvement of different environmental agents, possibly viruses, in the pathogenesis of M.S. in these populations.", "contents": "Different B lymphocyte alloantigens associated with multiple sclerosis in Arabs and North Europeans. The frequencies of HLA and B-lymphocyte alloantigens were investigated in 32 Arab patients with clinically definite or early probable multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and compared with those found in 43 healthy Arab controls. A significant association was found between M.S. and the B-lymphocyte alloantigen, BT 102; this contrasts with previous findings of an association between the B-lymphocyte alloantigen BT 101 and M.S. in North Europeans. It is suggested that this difference is due to the involvement of different environmental agents, possibly viruses, in the pathogenesis of M.S. in these populations.", "PMID": 68223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2905", "title": "Post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis with painless thyroiditis.", "content": "5 patients presented with transient thyrotoxicosis and painless thyroiditis in the post-partum period. Thyrotoxicosis developed within 1-6 months of delivery. All had small non-tender goitres. Initially, all patients had elevated values for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) uptake, and triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay (T3[R.I.A.]). Radioactive-iodine uptake (R.A.I.U.) was suppressed in all. In all patients, thyrotoxicosis resolved within 4 months; subsequent transient hypothyroidism occurred in 4, 1 developing permanent myxoedema. 2 had persistently elevated thyroid-antibody titres and needle-biopsy findings compatible with chronic thyroiditis. 1 became permanently hypothyroid. The other 3 patients had serial clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of painless subacute thyroiditis. Serial thyrotrophin-releasing-hormone (T.R.H.) stimulation tests are also reported. The importance of the low R.A.I.U. in recognising painless thyroiditis is emphasised. Since the disorder is self-limited, conservative therapy should be given.", "contents": "Post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis with painless thyroiditis. 5 patients presented with transient thyrotoxicosis and painless thyroiditis in the post-partum period. Thyrotoxicosis developed within 1-6 months of delivery. All had small non-tender goitres. Initially, all patients had elevated values for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) uptake, and triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay (T3[R.I.A.]). Radioactive-iodine uptake (R.A.I.U.) was suppressed in all. In all patients, thyrotoxicosis resolved within 4 months; subsequent transient hypothyroidism occurred in 4, 1 developing permanent myxoedema. 2 had persistently elevated thyroid-antibody titres and needle-biopsy findings compatible with chronic thyroiditis. 1 became permanently hypothyroid. The other 3 patients had serial clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of painless subacute thyroiditis. Serial thyrotrophin-releasing-hormone (T.R.H.) stimulation tests are also reported. The importance of the low R.A.I.U. in recognising painless thyroiditis is emphasised. Since the disorder is self-limited, conservative therapy should be given.", "PMID": 68224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2906", "title": "Subcuticular suturing after appendicectomy.", "content": "The results of using interrupted nylon skin sutures or subcuticular polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) sutures after appendicectomy were compared in a prospective controlled trial in 127 patients. Wound infections were significantly more common when subcuticular skin closure was used.", "contents": "Subcuticular suturing after appendicectomy. The results of using interrupted nylon skin sutures or subcuticular polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) sutures after appendicectomy were compared in a prospective controlled trial in 127 patients. Wound infections were significantly more common when subcuticular skin closure was used.", "PMID": 68225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2907", "title": "Complications of cancer immunotherapy with levamisole.", "content": "In a group of 69 patients receiving levamisole the drug had to be discontinued in 15 (21-7%) because of intolerable but reversible side-effects including gastrointestinal upset, \"flu-like\" syndrome, central nervous system disturbances, and skin rash. Reversible agranulocytosis with life-threatening sepsis occurred in a patient receiving levamisole immunotherapy for colonic carcinoma. Neutrophils and platelets were both severely affected. Levamisole-dependent leucoagglutinins appeared with circulating immune complexes during the acute phase of the illness, suggesting an immune drug reaction.", "contents": "Complications of cancer immunotherapy with levamisole. In a group of 69 patients receiving levamisole the drug had to be discontinued in 15 (21-7%) because of intolerable but reversible side-effects including gastrointestinal upset, \"flu-like\" syndrome, central nervous system disturbances, and skin rash. Reversible agranulocytosis with life-threatening sepsis occurred in a patient receiving levamisole immunotherapy for colonic carcinoma. Neutrophils and platelets were both severely affected. Levamisole-dependent leucoagglutinins appeared with circulating immune complexes during the acute phase of the illness, suggesting an immune drug reaction.", "PMID": 68226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2908", "title": "Relief of Sudeck's atrophy by regional intravenous guanethidine.", "content": "17 consecutive cases of Sudeck's atrophy were treated with intravenous regional guanethidine. Results were encouraging, especially in the arm.", "contents": "Relief of Sudeck's atrophy by regional intravenous guanethidine. 17 consecutive cases of Sudeck's atrophy were treated with intravenous regional guanethidine. Results were encouraging, especially in the arm.", "PMID": 68227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2909", "title": "Haemorrhagic complications of heparin therapy.", "content": "In a prospective trial 76 patients with venous thromboembolism have received intermittent constant-dosage heparin or continuously infused heparin with laboratory control. Frequencies of bleeding were similar in both groups. 32% of all patients bled, 13% severely. Retroperitoneal haemorrhage occurred in 5 patients. Major spontaneous bleeding was commoner in older patients and minor spontaneous bleeding in women. Bleeding was uncommon during the first 2 days of treatment, and its daily frequency was relatively constant thereafter. 21% of surgical wounds and 7% of arterial and venous puncture sites bled. These preliminary results illustrate the hazards of heparin therapy and suggest that bleeding complications are more closely related to duration of therapy, age, sex, and surgical trauma than to method of administration.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic complications of heparin therapy. In a prospective trial 76 patients with venous thromboembolism have received intermittent constant-dosage heparin or continuously infused heparin with laboratory control. Frequencies of bleeding were similar in both groups. 32% of all patients bled, 13% severely. Retroperitoneal haemorrhage occurred in 5 patients. Major spontaneous bleeding was commoner in older patients and minor spontaneous bleeding in women. Bleeding was uncommon during the first 2 days of treatment, and its daily frequency was relatively constant thereafter. 21% of surgical wounds and 7% of arterial and venous puncture sites bled. These preliminary results illustrate the hazards of heparin therapy and suggest that bleeding complications are more closely related to duration of therapy, age, sex, and surgical trauma than to method of administration.", "PMID": 68228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2910", "title": "Oral contraceptives and hepatitis. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center.", "content": "History of oral-contraceptive use was compared between 68 women with a hospital-discharge diagnosis of acute hepatitis and 1142 women who had been admitted for other reasons to the same hospitals during the same period. The risk of admission to hospital for hepatitis for users of oral contraceptives was estimated to be 3-3 times that for non-users (95% confidence interval, 1-8--6-3). This overall association was almost entirely attributable to a strong association among women under 25 years of age. Among users of oral contraceptives, duration of use tended to be shorter for hepatitis patients than for controls.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and hepatitis. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. History of oral-contraceptive use was compared between 68 women with a hospital-discharge diagnosis of acute hepatitis and 1142 women who had been admitted for other reasons to the same hospitals during the same period. The risk of admission to hospital for hepatitis for users of oral contraceptives was estimated to be 3-3 times that for non-users (95% confidence interval, 1-8--6-3). This overall association was almost entirely attributable to a strong association among women under 25 years of age. Among users of oral contraceptives, duration of use tended to be shorter for hepatitis patients than for controls.", "PMID": 68236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2911", "title": "A prospective, randomised study of endoscopy and radiology in acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding.", "content": "318 patients admitted to hospital with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding were entered into a prospective randomised comparison of investigation by either endoscopy or radiology. Although the diagnostic yield was higher in the endoscopy group than the radiology group, there was no difference between the two groups in management or survival, and the accuracy of the findings as judged independently at operation and/or necropsy was also similar in the two groups. These findings case doubt on the need to provide emergency endoscopic facilities for the investigation of patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding where radiological services are already adequate.", "contents": "A prospective, randomised study of endoscopy and radiology in acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding. 318 patients admitted to hospital with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding were entered into a prospective randomised comparison of investigation by either endoscopy or radiology. Although the diagnostic yield was higher in the endoscopy group than the radiology group, there was no difference between the two groups in management or survival, and the accuracy of the findings as judged independently at operation and/or necropsy was also similar in the two groups. These findings case doubt on the need to provide emergency endoscopic facilities for the investigation of patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding where radiological services are already adequate.", "PMID": 68272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2912", "title": "Isolation of reovirus-like agents from patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "220 nm filtrates of intestinal resections from 6 of 10 patients with Crohn's disease produced a cytopathic effect in WI-38 tissue-culture monolayers, whereas controls had no effect. Characterisation of the virus responsible has been completed in 3 of the 6 positive isolates and indicates that it is an R.N.A. virus, 55-60 nm in diameter, heat, ether, and acid stable, and antigenically related to Nebraska calf-diarrhoea virus. It therefore belongs to the Reoviridae family.", "contents": "Isolation of reovirus-like agents from patients with Crohn's disease. 220 nm filtrates of intestinal resections from 6 of 10 patients with Crohn's disease produced a cytopathic effect in WI-38 tissue-culture monolayers, whereas controls had no effect. Characterisation of the virus responsible has been completed in 3 of the 6 positive isolates and indicates that it is an R.N.A. virus, 55-60 nm in diameter, heat, ether, and acid stable, and antigenically related to Nebraska calf-diarrhoea virus. It therefore belongs to the Reoviridae family.", "PMID": 68273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2913", "title": "Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension. Changes in blood-pressure and plasma and urinary noradrenaline.", "content": "Treatment was interrupted abruptly in 6 hypertensive patients receiving clonidine 0-45-5-4 mg daily. Blood-pressure rose to pretreatment levels within 24-48 h of withdrawal and was accompanied by insomnia, headache, flushing, sweating, and apprehension. These symptoms began 18-20 h after the last dose of clonidine. Plasma-noradrenaline levels and urinary catecholamine excretion increased 24-72 h after withdrawal of clonidine. The subjective symptoms were most prominent in patients on higher doses (greater than 1 mg/day) and in those who had previously been receiving treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. One patient on a very low daily dose (0-15 mg) of clonidine had no symptoms and no significant changes in blood-pressure or catecholamine production after drug withdrawal.", "contents": "Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension. Changes in blood-pressure and plasma and urinary noradrenaline. Treatment was interrupted abruptly in 6 hypertensive patients receiving clonidine 0-45-5-4 mg daily. Blood-pressure rose to pretreatment levels within 24-48 h of withdrawal and was accompanied by insomnia, headache, flushing, sweating, and apprehension. These symptoms began 18-20 h after the last dose of clonidine. Plasma-noradrenaline levels and urinary catecholamine excretion increased 24-72 h after withdrawal of clonidine. The subjective symptoms were most prominent in patients on higher doses (greater than 1 mg/day) and in those who had previously been receiving treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. One patient on a very low daily dose (0-15 mg) of clonidine had no symptoms and no significant changes in blood-pressure or catecholamine production after drug withdrawal.", "PMID": 68274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2914", "title": "Ovarian function in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.", "content": "Plasma oestradiol-plus-oestron (E2 + E1), follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.), luteinising hormone (L.H.), androstenedione (A2), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (D.S.) were measured in 33 breast-cancer patients before and after adjuvant chemotherapy. Before treatment the plasma E2 + E1, A2, and D.S. levels were significantly higher and the L.H. and F.S.H. lower in the 16 premenopausal patients than in the 17 postmenopausal patients. After 6 mo of adjuvant chemotherapy the premenopausal patients, 11 of whom had become amenorrhoeic, showed striking reductions in plasma E2 + E1 and A2 and elevations in plasma L.H. and F.S.H. Further changes were evident after 12 mo of treatment. Plasma-A2 fell after chemotherapy in the postmenopausal group; the other hormones were unchanged. The beneficial effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer may result, in part, from suppression of ovarian function.", "contents": "Ovarian function in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Plasma oestradiol-plus-oestron (E2 + E1), follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.), luteinising hormone (L.H.), androstenedione (A2), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (D.S.) were measured in 33 breast-cancer patients before and after adjuvant chemotherapy. Before treatment the plasma E2 + E1, A2, and D.S. levels were significantly higher and the L.H. and F.S.H. lower in the 16 premenopausal patients than in the 17 postmenopausal patients. After 6 mo of adjuvant chemotherapy the premenopausal patients, 11 of whom had become amenorrhoeic, showed striking reductions in plasma E2 + E1 and A2 and elevations in plasma L.H. and F.S.H. Further changes were evident after 12 mo of treatment. Plasma-A2 fell after chemotherapy in the postmenopausal group; the other hormones were unchanged. The beneficial effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer may result, in part, from suppression of ovarian function.", "PMID": 68275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2915", "title": "Type-III Hyperlipoproteinaemia (\"remnant removal disease\"). Insight into the pathogenetic mechanism.", "content": "The metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) was studied in a patient with type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia. After injection of radioiodinated V.L.D.L. from a donor with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia (in a type-IV pattern), clearance of radioactivity from the apoprotein-B moiety of V.L.D.L. was slow and appearance in low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.) was delayed, suggesting defective catabolism of V.L.D.L. in type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Despite a 60% increase in the rate of V.L.D.L. production, therapy with oestrogen (ethinyloestradiol 1 microng/kg/day) resulted in a decrease in plasma-lipid concentrations, normalisation of lipoprotein composition, and correction of the defect in V.L.D.L. catabolism with increased conversion to L.D.L. Thus, in type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia, the primary defect seems to be impaired catabolism of V.L.D.L., which is corrected with oestrogen therapy.", "contents": "Type-III Hyperlipoproteinaemia (\"remnant removal disease\"). Insight into the pathogenetic mechanism. The metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) was studied in a patient with type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia. After injection of radioiodinated V.L.D.L. from a donor with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia (in a type-IV pattern), clearance of radioactivity from the apoprotein-B moiety of V.L.D.L. was slow and appearance in low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.) was delayed, suggesting defective catabolism of V.L.D.L. in type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Despite a 60% increase in the rate of V.L.D.L. production, therapy with oestrogen (ethinyloestradiol 1 microng/kg/day) resulted in a decrease in plasma-lipid concentrations, normalisation of lipoprotein composition, and correction of the defect in V.L.D.L. catabolism with increased conversion to L.D.L. Thus, in type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia, the primary defect seems to be impaired catabolism of V.L.D.L., which is corrected with oestrogen therapy.", "PMID": 68276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2916", "title": "Dialysis anaemia caused by subacute zinc toxicity.", "content": "Nine out of ten patients dialysed in a satellite dialysis unit became severely anaemic over a 2-month period. The onset of anaemia coincided with the installation of a new galvanised-iron water softener in the dialysate water-supply system. An activated carbon filter was installed and haemoglobin levels returned towards previous values. Two patients on home dialysis showed similar falls in haemoglobin after the installation of galvanised iron piping in their dialysate water-supply systems; these problems also resolved after carbon filtration of the dialysis water. It is suggested that elution of zinc from galvanised iron can cause anaemia in dialysis patients. Carbon filtration removes of 95-99% of the zinc eluted.", "contents": "Dialysis anaemia caused by subacute zinc toxicity. Nine out of ten patients dialysed in a satellite dialysis unit became severely anaemic over a 2-month period. The onset of anaemia coincided with the installation of a new galvanised-iron water softener in the dialysate water-supply system. An activated carbon filter was installed and haemoglobin levels returned towards previous values. Two patients on home dialysis showed similar falls in haemoglobin after the installation of galvanised iron piping in their dialysate water-supply systems; these problems also resolved after carbon filtration of the dialysis water. It is suggested that elution of zinc from galvanised iron can cause anaemia in dialysis patients. Carbon filtration removes of 95-99% of the zinc eluted.", "PMID": 68277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2917", "title": "Value of thyroid-stimulating-antibody determinations in predicting short-term thyrotoxic relapse in Graves' disease.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease received a 6-month course of antithyroid drugs. Sixteen patients relapsed within 6 months of the withdrawal of antithyroid therapy. All patients with high levels of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) at the time of drug withdrawal relapsed within 2 months of discontinuing the antithyroid treatment while all patients with low or undetectable TSAb activity at the time of drug withdrawal remained in remission. It was not possible to predict the disease course in patients who had intermediate levels of TSAb when antithyroid therapy was stopped.", "contents": "Value of thyroid-stimulating-antibody determinations in predicting short-term thyrotoxic relapse in Graves' disease. Thirty consecutive patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease received a 6-month course of antithyroid drugs. Sixteen patients relapsed within 6 months of the withdrawal of antithyroid therapy. All patients with high levels of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) at the time of drug withdrawal relapsed within 2 months of discontinuing the antithyroid treatment while all patients with low or undetectable TSAb activity at the time of drug withdrawal remained in remission. It was not possible to predict the disease course in patients who had intermediate levels of TSAb when antithyroid therapy was stopped.", "PMID": 68278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2918", "title": "Clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection in women.", "content": "The medical records of 278 women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae during a 6-month period were reviewed. These represented 75% of the infections in women at Boston City Hospital during this time. Women who presented to the venereal-disease clinic because they had had contact with an infected man and women who were found to be infected during routine examinations in the obstetrics-and-gynaecology clinic were usually free of symptoms or had non-specific symptoms such as vaginal discharge. However, these women accounted for only 108 (39%) of the 278 infections. Most of the infections were in women who presented to the emergency-care areas of the hospital with symptomatic gonococcal infections. At least 86 (31%) of the 278 infections were in women who had pelvic inflammatory disease. These data indicate that the clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection varies according to where the patients are seen and that the widely held concept that most gonococcal infections in women are asymptomatic may be erroneous.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection in women. The medical records of 278 women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae during a 6-month period were reviewed. These represented 75% of the infections in women at Boston City Hospital during this time. Women who presented to the venereal-disease clinic because they had had contact with an infected man and women who were found to be infected during routine examinations in the obstetrics-and-gynaecology clinic were usually free of symptoms or had non-specific symptoms such as vaginal discharge. However, these women accounted for only 108 (39%) of the 278 infections. Most of the infections were in women who presented to the emergency-care areas of the hospital with symptomatic gonococcal infections. At least 86 (31%) of the 278 infections were in women who had pelvic inflammatory disease. These data indicate that the clinical spectrum of gonococcal infection varies according to where the patients are seen and that the widely held concept that most gonococcal infections in women are asymptomatic may be erroneous.", "PMID": 68279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2919", "title": "Community education for cardiovascular health.", "content": "To determine whether community health education can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, a field experiment was conducted in three northern California towns. In two of these communities there were extensive mass-media campaigns over a 2-year period, and in one of these, face-to-face counselling was also provided for a small subset of high-risk people. The third community served as a control. People from each community were interviewed and examined before the campaigns began and one and two years afterwards to assess knowledge and behaviour related to cardiovascular disease (e.g., diet and smoking) and also to measure physiological indicators of risk (e.g., blood-pressure, relative weight, and plasma-cholesterol). In the control community the risk of cardiovascular disease increased over the two years but in the treatment communities there was a substantial and sustained decrease in risk. In the community in which there was some face-to-face counselling the initial improvement was greater and health education was more successful in reducing cigarette smoking, but at the end of the second year the decrease in risk was similar in both treatment communities. These results strongly suggest that mass-media education campaigns directed at entire communities may be very effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Community education for cardiovascular health. To determine whether community health education can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, a field experiment was conducted in three northern California towns. In two of these communities there were extensive mass-media campaigns over a 2-year period, and in one of these, face-to-face counselling was also provided for a small subset of high-risk people. The third community served as a control. People from each community were interviewed and examined before the campaigns began and one and two years afterwards to assess knowledge and behaviour related to cardiovascular disease (e.g., diet and smoking) and also to measure physiological indicators of risk (e.g., blood-pressure, relative weight, and plasma-cholesterol). In the control community the risk of cardiovascular disease increased over the two years but in the treatment communities there was a substantial and sustained decrease in risk. In the community in which there was some face-to-face counselling the initial improvement was greater and health education was more successful in reducing cigarette smoking, but at the end of the second year the decrease in risk was similar in both treatment communities. These results strongly suggest that mass-media education campaigns directed at entire communities may be very effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 68285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2920", "title": "Impact of new diagnostic methods on the differential diagnosis and treatment of secondary amenorrhoea.", "content": "The development of homologous prolactin assays, multiple pituitary stimulation, tomography, and computerised axial tomography permit more detailed investigation of patients with secondary amenorrhoea than was formerly possible. 39% of 90 patients with secondary amenorrhoea had hyperprolactinaemia. 10 patients (11% of total) had pituitary tumours. 8 of these women had galactorrhoea (27% of those with galactorrhoea). For patients with hyperprolactinaemia but no tumour, bromocriptine is the treatment of first choice rather than clomiphene or human gonadotrophins. The best treatment for patients with detectable tumour is controversial, particularly when the tumour is confined to the sella turcica. Whether or not these tumors are true neoplasms remains to be determined. Clinically, a history of secondary anemorrhoea with or without galactorrhoea following withdrawal of oral contraceptives remains the commonest presenting syndrome.", "contents": "Impact of new diagnostic methods on the differential diagnosis and treatment of secondary amenorrhoea. The development of homologous prolactin assays, multiple pituitary stimulation, tomography, and computerised axial tomography permit more detailed investigation of patients with secondary amenorrhoea than was formerly possible. 39% of 90 patients with secondary amenorrhoea had hyperprolactinaemia. 10 patients (11% of total) had pituitary tumours. 8 of these women had galactorrhoea (27% of those with galactorrhoea). For patients with hyperprolactinaemia but no tumour, bromocriptine is the treatment of first choice rather than clomiphene or human gonadotrophins. The best treatment for patients with detectable tumour is controversial, particularly when the tumour is confined to the sella turcica. Whether or not these tumors are true neoplasms remains to be determined. Clinically, a history of secondary anemorrhoea with or without galactorrhoea following withdrawal of oral contraceptives remains the commonest presenting syndrome.", "PMID": 68286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2921", "title": "Is duodenitis a dyspeptic myth?", "content": "In 502 fibreoptic oesophagogastroduodenoscopies performed over 30 months, 14 cases (2.8%) of symptomatic duodenitis without an associated duodenal ulcer were diagnosed. Follow up (1 to 3-5 years) including repeat endoscopy and double-contrast barium meal showed that duodenal ulcers later developed in 6 patients. All have undergone surgery. A further 2 patients continued to complain of dyspepsis, and repeat endoscopy showed duodenitis, confirmed by conventional light microscopy (haematoxylin and eosin). The remaining patients are symptom-free. Repeat endoscopy and histological examination were either normal or showed mild inflammation of the duodenal mucosa. These findings suggest that duodenitis can cause symptoms and may be part of the pathophysiological spectrum of duodenal ulceration rather than a separate disease. It may represent both the production and healing phases of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Is duodenitis a dyspeptic myth? In 502 fibreoptic oesophagogastroduodenoscopies performed over 30 months, 14 cases (2.8%) of symptomatic duodenitis without an associated duodenal ulcer were diagnosed. Follow up (1 to 3-5 years) including repeat endoscopy and double-contrast barium meal showed that duodenal ulcers later developed in 6 patients. All have undergone surgery. A further 2 patients continued to complain of dyspepsis, and repeat endoscopy showed duodenitis, confirmed by conventional light microscopy (haematoxylin and eosin). The remaining patients are symptom-free. Repeat endoscopy and histological examination were either normal or showed mild inflammation of the duodenal mucosa. These findings suggest that duodenitis can cause symptoms and may be part of the pathophysiological spectrum of duodenal ulceration rather than a separate disease. It may represent both the production and healing phases of duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 68287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2922", "title": "Jaw wiring in treatment of obesity.", "content": "17 patients with severe (median percentage above ideal weight 100%) and resistant obesity underwent jaw wiring. There were no major complications and patients tolerated the procedure and subsequent minor inconveniences. All patients lost weight at a rate (median 25-3 kg in six months) comparable with that of intestinal bypass surgery and one achieved and maintained her ideal weight. Two-thirds of the patients, however, regained some weight after the wires were removed. Jaw wiring is a simple effective procedure which can be carried out in most hospitals, and has a place in an integrated approach to obesity.", "contents": "Jaw wiring in treatment of obesity. 17 patients with severe (median percentage above ideal weight 100%) and resistant obesity underwent jaw wiring. There were no major complications and patients tolerated the procedure and subsequent minor inconveniences. All patients lost weight at a rate (median 25-3 kg in six months) comparable with that of intestinal bypass surgery and one achieved and maintained her ideal weight. Two-thirds of the patients, however, regained some weight after the wires were removed. Jaw wiring is a simple effective procedure which can be carried out in most hospitals, and has a place in an integrated approach to obesity.", "PMID": 68326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2923", "title": "Survival after cardiac arrest in hospital.", "content": "A 10-year experience of cardiac arrests in a district general hospital is reviewed. 1063 arrests in the general areas of the hospital were studied, excluding the coronary and intensive care units. In 718 (67-5%) initial resuscitation was unsuccessful; in 252 (23-7%) the patient died later in hospital, 93 patients (8-7%) were discharged alive. After discharge from hospital there was a progressive annual mortality of about 7% for the first five years, but thereafter no patient died. Significant incapacity after discharge was also unusual. The probability of successful resuscitation was greater in patients with primary cardiac disease (11-8% survival), drug overdose (22-2% survival), or undergoing anaesthesia (20-0% survival). The success-rate was significantly greater in the accident and emergency department (7-9%) than on the wards (2-1%), but this difference was due entirely to the more successful resuscitation of patients with myocardial infarction in the accident and emergency department. Within each diagnostic category the survival-rate was independent of the age of the patient. Prolonged survival after resuscitation but ending in death before discharge was unusual.", "contents": "Survival after cardiac arrest in hospital. A 10-year experience of cardiac arrests in a district general hospital is reviewed. 1063 arrests in the general areas of the hospital were studied, excluding the coronary and intensive care units. In 718 (67-5%) initial resuscitation was unsuccessful; in 252 (23-7%) the patient died later in hospital, 93 patients (8-7%) were discharged alive. After discharge from hospital there was a progressive annual mortality of about 7% for the first five years, but thereafter no patient died. Significant incapacity after discharge was also unusual. The probability of successful resuscitation was greater in patients with primary cardiac disease (11-8% survival), drug overdose (22-2% survival), or undergoing anaesthesia (20-0% survival). The success-rate was significantly greater in the accident and emergency department (7-9%) than on the wards (2-1%), but this difference was due entirely to the more successful resuscitation of patients with myocardial infarction in the accident and emergency department. Within each diagnostic category the survival-rate was independent of the age of the patient. Prolonged survival after resuscitation but ending in death before discharge was unusual.", "PMID": 68327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2924", "title": "Stimulation of growth of connective tissue by low-molecular-weight constituents from rapidly growing tissues.", "content": "The effect of low-molecular-weight cell constituents from regenerating liver and granulation tissue on the growth of the connective tissue during skin wound healing has been investigated. Repeated injections (intravenous or subcutaneous) of these compounds greatly accelerated the growth of connective tissue by stimulation of both fibroblast proliferation and collagen biogenesis and thus promoted wound healing. These results suggest that the low-molecular-weight cell constituents from dividing cells contain internal factor(s) capable of committing resting cells to D.N.A. synthesis and division or of accelerating D.N.A. synthesis in committed cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of growth of connective tissue by low-molecular-weight constituents from rapidly growing tissues. The effect of low-molecular-weight cell constituents from regenerating liver and granulation tissue on the growth of the connective tissue during skin wound healing has been investigated. Repeated injections (intravenous or subcutaneous) of these compounds greatly accelerated the growth of connective tissue by stimulation of both fibroblast proliferation and collagen biogenesis and thus promoted wound healing. These results suggest that the low-molecular-weight cell constituents from dividing cells contain internal factor(s) capable of committing resting cells to D.N.A. synthesis and division or of accelerating D.N.A. synthesis in committed cells.", "PMID": 68328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2925", "title": "Sperm/cervical-mucus crossed hostility testing and antisperm antibodies in the husband.", "content": "The behaviour of sperms has been investigated in preovulatory cervical mucus in 44 infertile couples. In 22 couples, immobilising and agglutinating autoantibodies were detected in the husband's sera in high titres. In 10 couples, antisperm antibodies were detected in the husbands by indirect immunofluorescent testing. In 12 couples, no evidence of antisperm antibodies was found in either husbands or wives. The results obtained with husband and wife were compared with the behaviour of the husband's sperms in cervical mucus from fertile donors, and with the behaviour of sperms from fertile donors in the wives' mucus. This crossed hostility test indicated that high tires of immobilising and agglutinating antisperm antibodies in the husband effectively prevented the sperms from penetrating the cervical mucus, even though the sperms appeared normal on seminal analysis. Antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence did not have this effect. Poor penetration was also observed with low sperm motility or poor cervical mucus. It is concluded that this test, taken with the postcoital test, could provide a useful screen for immunological causes of infertility and an accurate test for the clinical relevance of antisperm antibody tests.", "contents": "Sperm/cervical-mucus crossed hostility testing and antisperm antibodies in the husband. The behaviour of sperms has been investigated in preovulatory cervical mucus in 44 infertile couples. In 22 couples, immobilising and agglutinating autoantibodies were detected in the husband's sera in high titres. In 10 couples, antisperm antibodies were detected in the husbands by indirect immunofluorescent testing. In 12 couples, no evidence of antisperm antibodies was found in either husbands or wives. The results obtained with husband and wife were compared with the behaviour of the husband's sperms in cervical mucus from fertile donors, and with the behaviour of sperms from fertile donors in the wives' mucus. This crossed hostility test indicated that high tires of immobilising and agglutinating antisperm antibodies in the husband effectively prevented the sperms from penetrating the cervical mucus, even though the sperms appeared normal on seminal analysis. Antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence did not have this effect. Poor penetration was also observed with low sperm motility or poor cervical mucus. It is concluded that this test, taken with the postcoital test, could provide a useful screen for immunological causes of infertility and an accurate test for the clinical relevance of antisperm antibody tests.", "PMID": 68329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2926", "title": "An in-vitro study of acidosis, platelet function, and perinatal cerebral intraventricular haemorrhage.", "content": "Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate was studied in umbilical-vein blood from 24 term infants. The pH of platelet-rich plasma was experimentally reduced by adding increasing concentrations of lactic acid or by exposure to carbon dioxide. Aggregation was significantly impaired by acidosis and there was a significant positive correlation between falling pH and impaired platelet aggregation in both experiments. Impaired platelet aggregation secondary to acidosis may be a factor in perinatal intracerebral haemorrhage.", "contents": "An in-vitro study of acidosis, platelet function, and perinatal cerebral intraventricular haemorrhage. Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate was studied in umbilical-vein blood from 24 term infants. The pH of platelet-rich plasma was experimentally reduced by adding increasing concentrations of lactic acid or by exposure to carbon dioxide. Aggregation was significantly impaired by acidosis and there was a significant positive correlation between falling pH and impaired platelet aggregation in both experiments. Impaired platelet aggregation secondary to acidosis may be a factor in perinatal intracerebral haemorrhage.", "PMID": 68330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2927", "title": "Ethambutol plus isoniazid compared with rifampicin plus isoniazid in antituberculosis continuation treatment.", "content": "Patients with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis were treated initially for an average of three and a half months with isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol and then a total of one year's treatment was completed with either rifampicin plus isoniazid (R+I) or with ethambutol plus isoniazid (E+I). 63 patients in each continuation group were followed up for at least one year, and no relapses occurred. Continuation treatment with E+I was as effective and acceptable as that with R+I and was much less costly.", "contents": "Ethambutol plus isoniazid compared with rifampicin plus isoniazid in antituberculosis continuation treatment. Patients with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis were treated initially for an average of three and a half months with isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol and then a total of one year's treatment was completed with either rifampicin plus isoniazid (R+I) or with ethambutol plus isoniazid (E+I). 63 patients in each continuation group were followed up for at least one year, and no relapses occurred. Continuation treatment with E+I was as effective and acceptable as that with R+I and was much less costly.", "PMID": 68331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2928", "title": "A new syndrome characterised by absence of eosinophils and basophils.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient constantly lacking eosinophil and basophil leucocytes in bone-marrow, blood, expectorates, and skin exudate are reported. He had repeated infections, asthma, haemolytic anaemia, vasomotor rhinitis, alopecia totalis, widespread scabies, and an extensive growth of warts. His IgA and IgE are low and this may account for some of the clinical features. When his plasma and serum were added in vitro the buffy coat of blood from other subjects, degranulation of eosinophils was seen within two hours. An immunological destruction of eosinophils and basophils is the most plausible explanation for their absence.", "contents": "A new syndrome characterised by absence of eosinophils and basophils. The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient constantly lacking eosinophil and basophil leucocytes in bone-marrow, blood, expectorates, and skin exudate are reported. He had repeated infections, asthma, haemolytic anaemia, vasomotor rhinitis, alopecia totalis, widespread scabies, and an extensive growth of warts. His IgA and IgE are low and this may account for some of the clinical features. When his plasma and serum were added in vitro the buffy coat of blood from other subjects, degranulation of eosinophils was seen within two hours. An immunological destruction of eosinophils and basophils is the most plausible explanation for their absence.", "PMID": 68332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2929", "title": "Intraosseous fluid administration in emergencies.", "content": "15 patients who needed prompt administration of fluids and in whom cannulation of a vein proved difficult were given various solutions and drugs by the intraosseous route. The results of this therapy were rewarding and no serious complications were attributed to the procedure.", "contents": "Intraosseous fluid administration in emergencies. 15 patients who needed prompt administration of fluids and in whom cannulation of a vein proved difficult were given various solutions and drugs by the intraosseous route. The results of this therapy were rewarding and no serious complications were attributed to the procedure.", "PMID": 68333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2930", "title": "Venepuncture nerve injuries.", "content": "6 patients seen in a blood-transfusion centre had painful peripheral-nerve injuries after venepuncture in the antecubital fossa. The nerves injured were the median nerve and the medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of the forearm in the antecubital fossa. The frequency of this injury was approximately 1/25 000 venepunctures. 3 patients were treated with carbamazepine, which relieved their pain. Although all patients recovered, early recognition of this complication of venepuncture is important, since successful treatment may obviate prolonged disabling symptoms and future litigation.", "contents": "Venepuncture nerve injuries. 6 patients seen in a blood-transfusion centre had painful peripheral-nerve injuries after venepuncture in the antecubital fossa. The nerves injured were the median nerve and the medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of the forearm in the antecubital fossa. The frequency of this injury was approximately 1/25 000 venepunctures. 3 patients were treated with carbamazepine, which relieved their pain. Although all patients recovered, early recognition of this complication of venepuncture is important, since successful treatment may obviate prolonged disabling symptoms and future litigation.", "PMID": 68334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2931", "title": "The great circulatory paradox.", "content": "A review of the relationship between infarction and arterial obstruction in four major vascular territories--brain, gut, leg, and heart--shows that infarction without demonstrable arterial stenosis is common in the brain and gut though rare in the heart and leg. The converse--arterial occlusion without infarction--is common in all four territories. Three factors are recognised as important causes of infarction without demonstrable arterial stenosis--embolism (with rapid disintegration of the clot), spasm, and acute circulatory failure. The importance of cerebral embolism and coronary spasm has only recently been established. An appreciation of the role of factors other than atheroma in the aetiology of infarction is essential for rational prevention and treatment.", "contents": "The great circulatory paradox. A review of the relationship between infarction and arterial obstruction in four major vascular territories--brain, gut, leg, and heart--shows that infarction without demonstrable arterial stenosis is common in the brain and gut though rare in the heart and leg. The converse--arterial occlusion without infarction--is common in all four territories. Three factors are recognised as important causes of infarction without demonstrable arterial stenosis--embolism (with rapid disintegration of the clot), spasm, and acute circulatory failure. The importance of cerebral embolism and coronary spasm has only recently been established. An appreciation of the role of factors other than atheroma in the aetiology of infarction is essential for rational prevention and treatment.", "PMID": 68342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2932", "title": "Intravenous urography in the management of acute retention.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the frequency of requests for an intravenous urogram (I.V.P.) in men with acute retention of urine showed that this investigation was performed in 82%. In no instance, however, did the urographic findings influence the decision to operate or the type of operation performed. The introduction of a specialised urological service did not reduce the number of I.V.P.s requested because most referrals to the urologist were made after the I.V.P. Patients who had an I.V.P. waited on average 8 days from admission to operation compared with 3-5 days for those who did not. We conclude that no purpose is served by a routine I.V.P. in every male patient admitted to hospital with acute retention of urine.", "contents": "Intravenous urography in the management of acute retention. A retrospective analysis of the frequency of requests for an intravenous urogram (I.V.P.) in men with acute retention of urine showed that this investigation was performed in 82%. In no instance, however, did the urographic findings influence the decision to operate or the type of operation performed. The introduction of a specialised urological service did not reduce the number of I.V.P.s requested because most referrals to the urologist were made after the I.V.P. Patients who had an I.V.P. waited on average 8 days from admission to operation compared with 3-5 days for those who did not. We conclude that no purpose is served by a routine I.V.P. in every male patient admitted to hospital with acute retention of urine.", "PMID": 68343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2933", "title": "Outbreaks of salmonella food-poisoning over a period of eight years from a common source.", "content": "In an outbreak of turkey-borne food-poisoning lasting 8 years there were 185 cases and 1 death. 10 incidents were traced to one breeding establishment. The investigation of the outbreak revealed the advantage of close medicoveterinary collaboration.", "contents": "Outbreaks of salmonella food-poisoning over a period of eight years from a common source. In an outbreak of turkey-borne food-poisoning lasting 8 years there were 185 cases and 1 death. 10 incidents were traced to one breeding establishment. The investigation of the outbreak revealed the advantage of close medicoveterinary collaboration.", "PMID": 68344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2934", "title": "Predicting the development of pregnancy-associated hypertension. The place of standardised blood-pressure measurement.", "content": "82 initially normotensive pregnant women with no known history of renal disease were seen at monthly intervals from 16 weeks' amenorrhoea onwards, and their blood-pressure (B.P.) was measured sitting and lying on their left side. 15 developed hypertension (B.P. greater than 135/85 mm Hg lying on the left side) in late pregnancy. When these women were compared with the 67 who remained normotensive throughout, their B.P.s were found to be significantly higher even in early pregnancy, although individual patients were not always separable in this way. When B.P. measured in this rigidly standardised manner was compared with routine antenatal clinic values, it was apparent that the latter did not detect the difference between the two groups. Women who develop hypertension in the third trimester of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) may represent a separate group from entirely normal pregnant women from the beginning of pregnancy.", "contents": "Predicting the development of pregnancy-associated hypertension. The place of standardised blood-pressure measurement. 82 initially normotensive pregnant women with no known history of renal disease were seen at monthly intervals from 16 weeks' amenorrhoea onwards, and their blood-pressure (B.P.) was measured sitting and lying on their left side. 15 developed hypertension (B.P. greater than 135/85 mm Hg lying on the left side) in late pregnancy. When these women were compared with the 67 who remained normotensive throughout, their B.P.s were found to be significantly higher even in early pregnancy, although individual patients were not always separable in this way. When B.P. measured in this rigidly standardised manner was compared with routine antenatal clinic values, it was apparent that the latter did not detect the difference between the two groups. Women who develop hypertension in the third trimester of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) may represent a separate group from entirely normal pregnant women from the beginning of pregnancy.", "PMID": 68380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2935", "title": "Two-stage operation for anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries with intact interventricular septum.", "content": "To allow redevelopment of the posterior ventricle in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and intact interventricular septum, at the age of 4 weeks the pulmonary artery was banded, an aortopulmonary shunt was fashioned proximal to the band, and atrial septectomy was performed. Peak systolic posterior ventricular pressure immediately rose to systemic level (70 mm Hg.) During the next 4 months the pressure drifted back to 55 mm Hg but rose to 72 mm Hg after angiography without a rise in end-diastolic pressure. When the child was six months old anatomical correction of the transposition was successfully performed, the aorta, pulmonary, and coronary arteries being reattached to the appropriate ventricles. Debanding was performed at the same time. For the first 48 hours after operation phenoxybenzamine was given to reduce overload. At 6-month follow-up the child remained symptomless and was not on any cardiac drugs; left-ventricular function was good. This two-stage technique should widen the application of anatomical correction from a small selected group with additional defects to include most patients with transposition of the great arteries.", "contents": "Two-stage operation for anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries with intact interventricular septum. To allow redevelopment of the posterior ventricle in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and intact interventricular septum, at the age of 4 weeks the pulmonary artery was banded, an aortopulmonary shunt was fashioned proximal to the band, and atrial septectomy was performed. Peak systolic posterior ventricular pressure immediately rose to systemic level (70 mm Hg.) During the next 4 months the pressure drifted back to 55 mm Hg but rose to 72 mm Hg after angiography without a rise in end-diastolic pressure. When the child was six months old anatomical correction of the transposition was successfully performed, the aorta, pulmonary, and coronary arteries being reattached to the appropriate ventricles. Debanding was performed at the same time. For the first 48 hours after operation phenoxybenzamine was given to reduce overload. At 6-month follow-up the child remained symptomless and was not on any cardiac drugs; left-ventricular function was good. This two-stage technique should widen the application of anatomical correction from a small selected group with additional defects to include most patients with transposition of the great arteries.", "PMID": 68381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2936", "title": "Electrical bone-growth stimulation in an experimental model of delayed union.", "content": "An experimental model has been devised for the consistent production of delayed bone healing of the tibia in adult dogs. A double-blind trial, with bias eliminated, was used to evaluate the use of a commercially available direct-current bone-growth stimulator with this model. The stimulator produced a statistically significant acceleration of bone healing at four weeks in the experimental model. Osteogenesis was normal, and no dysplastic, inflammatory, or neoplastic changes were found. This research has shown that electrical stimulation of bone is safe and augments bone formation. The bone-growth stimulator unit remains on trial, but in future it may alter the management of many difficult orthopaedic problems.", "contents": "Electrical bone-growth stimulation in an experimental model of delayed union. An experimental model has been devised for the consistent production of delayed bone healing of the tibia in adult dogs. A double-blind trial, with bias eliminated, was used to evaluate the use of a commercially available direct-current bone-growth stimulator with this model. The stimulator produced a statistically significant acceleration of bone healing at four weeks in the experimental model. Osteogenesis was normal, and no dysplastic, inflammatory, or neoplastic changes were found. This research has shown that electrical stimulation of bone is safe and augments bone formation. The bone-growth stimulator unit remains on trial, but in future it may alter the management of many difficult orthopaedic problems.", "PMID": 68382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2937", "title": "Longer term effects of live influenza vaccine in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.", "content": "WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine or placebo was given to patients with chronic bronchitis in a double-blind study. The twenty-one vaccinated and twenty-three placebo-treated patients made daily self-assessments of the severity of symptoms of cough, breathlessness, tightness, wheeze, and sputum production in the following 20 weeks. Symptom scores in the first 2 weeks after vaccination or treatment with placebo were used to calculate a baseline range for each patient. Comparison of symptoms in the two groups in the baseline period showed that symptoms were more often reported by vaccinated than by placebo-treated patients but the differences were not statistically significant. One patient who responded serologically to vaccination had a moderately severe influenzal illness starting on the day after vaccination. Comparison of symptom scores during the 18-week surveillance period with baseline values showed that symptoms of breathlessness, tightness, wheeze and cough were significantly more common in vaccinated than in placebo-treated patients and that antibiotic usage was more common in the vaccinated group.", "contents": "Longer term effects of live influenza vaccine in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine or placebo was given to patients with chronic bronchitis in a double-blind study. The twenty-one vaccinated and twenty-three placebo-treated patients made daily self-assessments of the severity of symptoms of cough, breathlessness, tightness, wheeze, and sputum production in the following 20 weeks. Symptom scores in the first 2 weeks after vaccination or treatment with placebo were used to calculate a baseline range for each patient. Comparison of symptoms in the two groups in the baseline period showed that symptoms were more often reported by vaccinated than by placebo-treated patients but the differences were not statistically significant. One patient who responded serologically to vaccination had a moderately severe influenzal illness starting on the day after vaccination. Comparison of symptom scores during the 18-week surveillance period with baseline values showed that symptoms of breathlessness, tightness, wheeze and cough were significantly more common in vaccinated than in placebo-treated patients and that antibiotic usage was more common in the vaccinated group.", "PMID": 68383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2938", "title": "Malignant brain tumours associated with adenylate kinase in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Adenylate-kinase activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) from 35 healthy control subjects and 11 patients with brain tumours, of which 9 were malignant and 2 benign. No adenylate kinase could be detected in C.S.F. from the controls or from the patients with benign brain tumours. The enzyme was consistently found in C.S.F. from patients with malignant brain tumours.", "contents": "Malignant brain tumours associated with adenylate kinase in cerebrospinal fluid. Adenylate-kinase activity was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) from 35 healthy control subjects and 11 patients with brain tumours, of which 9 were malignant and 2 benign. No adenylate kinase could be detected in C.S.F. from the controls or from the patients with benign brain tumours. The enzyme was consistently found in C.S.F. from patients with malignant brain tumours.", "PMID": 68384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2939", "title": "Lunchtime gin and tonic a cause of reactive hypoglycaemia.", "content": "10 healthy young subjects drank, on three separate occasions, the equivalent of three gin and tonics containing 50 g alcohol and 60 g sucrose, gin and \"Slimline\" tonic containing 50 g alcohol and 0.5 g sucrose, or tonic alone containing 60 g sucrose. Their behaviour, symptoms, blood-glucose, and plasma-insulin were monitored for 5 hours. Both of the alcohol-containing drinks caused mild-to-moderate inebriation, but gin and slimline tonic had no significant effect on either blood-glucose or plasma-insulin levels. Gin and tonic provoked a greater insulinaemia and more profound reactive hypoglycaemic response than tonic alone, and in 3 of the subjects this was associated with the appearance of neuroglycopenic symptoms. Alcohol-mediated reactive hypoglycaemia may contribute significantly to motor-car accidents in the late afternoon at a time when blood-alcohol levels have fallen below the legal limit.", "contents": "Lunchtime gin and tonic a cause of reactive hypoglycaemia. 10 healthy young subjects drank, on three separate occasions, the equivalent of three gin and tonics containing 50 g alcohol and 60 g sucrose, gin and \"Slimline\" tonic containing 50 g alcohol and 0.5 g sucrose, or tonic alone containing 60 g sucrose. Their behaviour, symptoms, blood-glucose, and plasma-insulin were monitored for 5 hours. Both of the alcohol-containing drinks caused mild-to-moderate inebriation, but gin and slimline tonic had no significant effect on either blood-glucose or plasma-insulin levels. Gin and tonic provoked a greater insulinaemia and more profound reactive hypoglycaemic response than tonic alone, and in 3 of the subjects this was associated with the appearance of neuroglycopenic symptoms. Alcohol-mediated reactive hypoglycaemia may contribute significantly to motor-car accidents in the late afternoon at a time when blood-alcohol levels have fallen below the legal limit.", "PMID": 68385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2940", "title": "Renal transplantation and a positive serological cross-match.", "content": "A renal transplant involving a recipient with a positive serological cross-match against donor lymphocytes generally results in hyperacute rejection of the graft. 13 cadaveric renal transplants were performed in recipients with a known positive serologic cross-match against donor B lymphocytes. 12 of these serological cross-matches were positive against donor blood, node, or spleen lymphocytes, but the reactivity was directed against donor B lymphocytes only. 3 transplants failed, 2 because of rejection and 1 because of renal-artery thrombosis. 10 transplants are functioning, 6 to 42 weeks after the operation. Of these 10 successful grafts, 3 had no acute rejection episodes, while 7 had an early acute rejection episode which responded to treatment. Histologically, the grafts showed a cellular rejection, similar to that in enhanced renal allografts in the rat. It is possible to transplant a kidney in a high-risk patient with a positive B lymphocyte cross-match with a low risk of failure. In addition active enhancement of the graft might sometimes occur.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and a positive serological cross-match. A renal transplant involving a recipient with a positive serological cross-match against donor lymphocytes generally results in hyperacute rejection of the graft. 13 cadaveric renal transplants were performed in recipients with a known positive serologic cross-match against donor B lymphocytes. 12 of these serological cross-matches were positive against donor blood, node, or spleen lymphocytes, but the reactivity was directed against donor B lymphocytes only. 3 transplants failed, 2 because of rejection and 1 because of renal-artery thrombosis. 10 transplants are functioning, 6 to 42 weeks after the operation. Of these 10 successful grafts, 3 had no acute rejection episodes, while 7 had an early acute rejection episode which responded to treatment. Histologically, the grafts showed a cellular rejection, similar to that in enhanced renal allografts in the rat. It is possible to transplant a kidney in a high-risk patient with a positive B lymphocyte cross-match with a low risk of failure. In addition active enhancement of the graft might sometimes occur.", "PMID": 68386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2941", "title": "Fluoridation of water and cancer mortality in the U.S.A.", "content": "Authoritative statements that fluoridation of public water supplies is not associated with any increase in cancer have been challenged on the basis of data which, it is claimed, show that cancer mortality in the United States rose more sharply in cities with fluoridated water than in those without. However, during the period of study (1950-70) the population structures of these cities changed substantially. When account is taken of age, sex, and ethnic group the ratio between observed cancer mortality and expected cancer mortality fell slightly in the cities with fluoridated water and did not change in the non-fluoridated cities.", "contents": "Fluoridation of water and cancer mortality in the U.S.A. Authoritative statements that fluoridation of public water supplies is not associated with any increase in cancer have been challenged on the basis of data which, it is claimed, show that cancer mortality in the United States rose more sharply in cities with fluoridated water than in those without. However, during the period of study (1950-70) the population structures of these cities changed substantially. When account is taken of age, sex, and ethnic group the ratio between observed cancer mortality and expected cancer mortality fell slightly in the cities with fluoridated water and did not change in the non-fluoridated cities.", "PMID": 68395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2942", "title": "[Concept and first experiences of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "From the principle of an adjuvant chemotherapy evolved a concept of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinomas. Even according to the latest international publications there are no such studies until now (Clarysse, Kenis, and Math\u00e9; Recent Results in Cancer Research, Vol. 53, p. 400; Springer, Berlin 1976). Without reducing or shifting the proved indications of curative operation or radiation we used in our clinic in the last years as an adjuvant different cytostatics applicating intra-arterial perfusions or synchronized radio-chemotherapy or polychemotherapy. Among the 200 patients treated hitherto the patients with oropharynx carcinomas conform at present the biggest collective group (intraarterial methotrexat perfusion). Now for the first time after more than two years of observation of 36 patients the efficacy of this treatment can be inferred from the survival rate respectively estimated for the period ahead. Comparing to other surveys it can be confirmed at present that for the total of all tumor stages the 2-year-survival-rate of our patients is 72% against 47% before whereas the survival-rate within the 5-year period can be estimated at 55% to 30%. On the other hand it turned out that 50% of the patients on radio-surgical therapy died after 1.7 years. After the application of adjuvant chemotherapy including operation and radio-therapy the death rate probably will be reached after 6-7 years.", "contents": "[Concept and first experiences of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinoma (author's transl)]. From the principle of an adjuvant chemotherapy evolved a concept of an oncologic therapy of head and neck carcinomas. Even according to the latest international publications there are no such studies until now (Clarysse, Kenis, and Math\u00e9; Recent Results in Cancer Research, Vol. 53, p. 400; Springer, Berlin 1976). Without reducing or shifting the proved indications of curative operation or radiation we used in our clinic in the last years as an adjuvant different cytostatics applicating intra-arterial perfusions or synchronized radio-chemotherapy or polychemotherapy. Among the 200 patients treated hitherto the patients with oropharynx carcinomas conform at present the biggest collective group (intraarterial methotrexat perfusion). Now for the first time after more than two years of observation of 36 patients the efficacy of this treatment can be inferred from the survival rate respectively estimated for the period ahead. Comparing to other surveys it can be confirmed at present that for the total of all tumor stages the 2-year-survival-rate of our patients is 72% against 47% before whereas the survival-rate within the 5-year period can be estimated at 55% to 30%. On the other hand it turned out that 50% of the patients on radio-surgical therapy died after 1.7 years. After the application of adjuvant chemotherapy including operation and radio-therapy the death rate probably will be reached after 6-7 years.", "PMID": 68425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2943", "title": "[Morphological changes in rats during short-term chronic poisoning with Karbafos].", "content": "The animals were exposed to the shortened chronic poisoning with \"Karbafos\" in doses 20, 70, 250, and 850 ppm adminstered in fodder during 13 weeks. After the end of experiment, the animals were killed and their organs weighed. In the collected specimens, prepared histologically, were found the increase of the kidney mass and many nonspecific pathomorphotic changes. The pulmonary edema, parenchymatous degeneration in heart, kidneys and liver are--according to the authors--directly connected with \"Karbafos\" action. The intensification of changes was bound with the size of applied dose of preparation. The investigations allowed to fix the highest tolerance dose of \"Karbafos\" amounting to 20 ppm.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in rats during short-term chronic poisoning with Karbafos]. The animals were exposed to the shortened chronic poisoning with \"Karbafos\" in doses 20, 70, 250, and 850 ppm adminstered in fodder during 13 weeks. After the end of experiment, the animals were killed and their organs weighed. In the collected specimens, prepared histologically, were found the increase of the kidney mass and many nonspecific pathomorphotic changes. The pulmonary edema, parenchymatous degeneration in heart, kidneys and liver are--according to the authors--directly connected with \"Karbafos\" action. The intensification of changes was bound with the size of applied dose of preparation. The investigations allowed to fix the highest tolerance dose of \"Karbafos\" amounting to 20 ppm.", "PMID": 68426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2944", "title": "Staining mycobacteria with periodic acid-carbol-pararosanilin: principle and practice of the method.", "content": "Mycobacteria may be acid-fast, non-acid-fast or even chromophobic in staining under different conditions. The pretreatments with oxidants including periodic acid increase effectually the acid-fastness of acid-fast bacilli. This is caused by additional free carboxyl groups resulting from non-acid-fast wax in the cell walls by demethylation with oxidants. Only by prolonged periodic oxidation the aldehyde groups formed as oxidation products of 1-amino-2-hydroxy groups in the cells can be demonstrated with carbol-fuchsin stain. This reaction is most probably attributable to the formation of Schiff's bases between fuchsin and aldehydes. Since pararosanilin is the active molecule in the diphenamine reaction, periodic acid (10%, 24 hours) followed by carbol-pararosanilin stain is a most sensitive and selective method to demonstrate mycobacteria including chromophobic forms.", "contents": "Staining mycobacteria with periodic acid-carbol-pararosanilin: principle and practice of the method. Mycobacteria may be acid-fast, non-acid-fast or even chromophobic in staining under different conditions. The pretreatments with oxidants including periodic acid increase effectually the acid-fastness of acid-fast bacilli. This is caused by additional free carboxyl groups resulting from non-acid-fast wax in the cell walls by demethylation with oxidants. Only by prolonged periodic oxidation the aldehyde groups formed as oxidation products of 1-amino-2-hydroxy groups in the cells can be demonstrated with carbol-fuchsin stain. This reaction is most probably attributable to the formation of Schiff's bases between fuchsin and aldehydes. Since pararosanilin is the active molecule in the diphenamine reaction, periodic acid (10%, 24 hours) followed by carbol-pararosanilin stain is a most sensitive and selective method to demonstrate mycobacteria including chromophobic forms.", "PMID": 68427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2945", "title": "Absorption of lead and carbon monoxide in Sydney traffic policemen.", "content": "Examination of traffic policemen in Sydney showed that those exposed to motor vehicle emissions had blood lead levels within normal limits but marginally higher than those unexposed. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels depended only on cigarette smoking and were unrelated to exposure to motor vehicle emmissions.", "contents": "Absorption of lead and carbon monoxide in Sydney traffic policemen. Examination of traffic policemen in Sydney showed that those exposed to motor vehicle emissions had blood lead levels within normal limits but marginally higher than those unexposed. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels depended only on cigarette smoking and were unrelated to exposure to motor vehicle emmissions.", "PMID": 68428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2946", "title": "The child with recurrent infections.", "content": "This review of the child with recurrent infection is taken from the point of view of an immunologist who investigates these patients. The interrelations of many of the parts of the immune defences have been described as well as the principles of the likely results of defects in major areas of the immune organization. An attempt has been made to answer the difficult question of who should be investigated, so that a large number of normal patients will not be investigated, but on the other hand the diagnosis of treatable conditions is not delayed. The management of the various immune defects has been summarized.", "contents": "The child with recurrent infections. This review of the child with recurrent infection is taken from the point of view of an immunologist who investigates these patients. The interrelations of many of the parts of the immune defences have been described as well as the principles of the likely results of defects in major areas of the immune organization. An attempt has been made to answer the difficult question of who should be investigated, so that a large number of normal patients will not be investigated, but on the other hand the diagnosis of treatable conditions is not delayed. The management of the various immune defects has been summarized.", "PMID": 68429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2947", "title": "[TRH-test in hyperthyreoidism. Investigations of the TRH stimulated TSH-secretion in anti-thyroid drug treated primary hyperthyreoidism and in experimentally induced hyperthyreoidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Determinations in 11 patients with anti-thyroid drug therapy of hyperthyreoidism showed, that a pronounced lag period exist between normalisation of thyroid hormone level and TRH responsiveness. The lag period range between 5 and 27 weeks. During this time it is not necessary to give simultaneously thyroid hormones in antithyroid drug therapy to compensate hyperresponsiveness of TSH. - Investigations in 12 volunteers with experimental hyperthyreoidism induced by administration of thyroxine suggest a longterm suppression of the hypophysis to be the cause of the lag period of TSH-secretion. There are some similarities to the ACTH-suppression in therapy with corticosteroids and to the so-called \"syndrome of oversuppression\" in long lasting treatment with contraceptive drugs.", "contents": "[TRH-test in hyperthyreoidism. Investigations of the TRH stimulated TSH-secretion in anti-thyroid drug treated primary hyperthyreoidism and in experimentally induced hyperthyreoidism (author's transl)]. Determinations in 11 patients with anti-thyroid drug therapy of hyperthyreoidism showed, that a pronounced lag period exist between normalisation of thyroid hormone level and TRH responsiveness. The lag period range between 5 and 27 weeks. During this time it is not necessary to give simultaneously thyroid hormones in antithyroid drug therapy to compensate hyperresponsiveness of TSH. - Investigations in 12 volunteers with experimental hyperthyreoidism induced by administration of thyroxine suggest a longterm suppression of the hypophysis to be the cause of the lag period of TSH-secretion. There are some similarities to the ACTH-suppression in therapy with corticosteroids and to the so-called \"syndrome of oversuppression\" in long lasting treatment with contraceptive drugs.", "PMID": 68430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2948", "title": "Accessibility of proteins in 50S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli to antibodies: an ultracentrifugation study.", "content": "The accessibility of each of the proteins on the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli was investigated by establishing whether immunoglobulins (IgG), specific for each of the 34 proteins from the 50S subunit, were able to bind to the 50S subunit. The main criterion for accessibility was the formation of specific antibody-50S subunit complexes that could be detected by means of analytical ultracentrifugation. The proteins fell into two main groups. Immunoglobulins against proteins L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7/L12, L8, L9, L10, L11, L14, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19, L20, L21, L22, L23, L25, L26, L27 and L30 gave large amounts of complex (20-100%) and, therefore, these proteins were considered to be accessible on the surface of the 50S ribosomal subunit. The antibodies against the remaining proteins L13, L24, L28, L29 and L31 to L34 produced small amounts of complexes (10-20%). Since their effects were unequivocably stronger than those obtained with IgG's from sera of non-immunized animals, the results indicate that these proteins are probably also accessible. Nonetheless, from the ultracentrifugation studies alone definite conclusions about the exposure of the latter group of proteins could not be drawn.", "contents": "Accessibility of proteins in 50S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli to antibodies: an ultracentrifugation study. The accessibility of each of the proteins on the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli was investigated by establishing whether immunoglobulins (IgG), specific for each of the 34 proteins from the 50S subunit, were able to bind to the 50S subunit. The main criterion for accessibility was the formation of specific antibody-50S subunit complexes that could be detected by means of analytical ultracentrifugation. The proteins fell into two main groups. Immunoglobulins against proteins L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7/L12, L8, L9, L10, L11, L14, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19, L20, L21, L22, L23, L25, L26, L27 and L30 gave large amounts of complex (20-100%) and, therefore, these proteins were considered to be accessible on the surface of the 50S ribosomal subunit. The antibodies against the remaining proteins L13, L24, L28, L29 and L31 to L34 produced small amounts of complexes (10-20%). Since their effects were unequivocably stronger than those obtained with IgG's from sera of non-immunized animals, the results indicate that these proteins are probably also accessible. Nonetheless, from the ultracentrifugation studies alone definite conclusions about the exposure of the latter group of proteins could not be drawn.", "PMID": 68433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2949", "title": "The use of yeast cultures for the detection of environmental mutagens using a fluctuation test.", "content": "A microbial fluctuation test, modified for the detection of environmental mutagens has been evaluated using a number of strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Auxotrophic diploid cultures of yeast which produce prototrophic colonies by both mitotic gene conversion and mutation have been extensively utilized for the detection and evaluation of chemicals showing genetic activity. A number of the yeast strains utilized were shown to be suitable for use in the fluctuation test although the time scales of the experiments were considerably extended (up to 16 days) compared to those involving bacteria. The yeast strains respond to doses of mutagens at least a 100-fold lower than that required in a conventional short exposure treat and plate experiment. In experiments involving the induction of mitotic gene conversion at the tryptophan-5 and histidine-4 loci in the fluctuation test significant increases in prototrophic cells were produced in the presence of the insecticide Lindex (0.05 microng/ml), the preservative Thiomersal (0.0001 microng/ml), a mahogany hair dye (0.01 microng/ml), the herbicide Paraquat (0.02 microng/ml) and the alkylating agent ethyl methane sulphonate (0.1 microng/ml). The results demonstrate that the fluctuation test provides an extremely sensitive assay for the detection of chemicals which show genetic activity in yeast at non-toxic concentrations.", "contents": "The use of yeast cultures for the detection of environmental mutagens using a fluctuation test. A microbial fluctuation test, modified for the detection of environmental mutagens has been evaluated using a number of strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Auxotrophic diploid cultures of yeast which produce prototrophic colonies by both mitotic gene conversion and mutation have been extensively utilized for the detection and evaluation of chemicals showing genetic activity. A number of the yeast strains utilized were shown to be suitable for use in the fluctuation test although the time scales of the experiments were considerably extended (up to 16 days) compared to those involving bacteria. The yeast strains respond to doses of mutagens at least a 100-fold lower than that required in a conventional short exposure treat and plate experiment. In experiments involving the induction of mitotic gene conversion at the tryptophan-5 and histidine-4 loci in the fluctuation test significant increases in prototrophic cells were produced in the presence of the insecticide Lindex (0.05 microng/ml), the preservative Thiomersal (0.0001 microng/ml), a mahogany hair dye (0.01 microng/ml), the herbicide Paraquat (0.02 microng/ml) and the alkylating agent ethyl methane sulphonate (0.1 microng/ml). The results demonstrate that the fluctuation test provides an extremely sensitive assay for the detection of chemicals which show genetic activity in yeast at non-toxic concentrations.", "PMID": 68435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2950", "title": "Bleomycin (NSC-125066) therapy of responsive solid tumors.", "content": "110 patients with far advanced head and neck squamous or testicular carcinoma were treated with bleomycin given by intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection according to a randomized assignment. While responses were observed more frequently in patients treated by the intramuscular route, no superiority can be attributed clearly to intramuscular therapy. Responses were seen in 6.2% of head and neck squamous carcinoma patients (5/81; i.m. 3/38, 8%; i.v. 2/41, 5%) while 14% of testicular tumors responded (4/29; i.m. 4/13, 29%; i.v. 0/16, 0%). Toxicity was, in general, manageable.", "contents": "Bleomycin (NSC-125066) therapy of responsive solid tumors. 110 patients with far advanced head and neck squamous or testicular carcinoma were treated with bleomycin given by intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection according to a randomized assignment. While responses were observed more frequently in patients treated by the intramuscular route, no superiority can be attributed clearly to intramuscular therapy. Responses were seen in 6.2% of head and neck squamous carcinoma patients (5/81; i.m. 3/38, 8%; i.v. 2/41, 5%) while 14% of testicular tumors responded (4/29; i.m. 4/13, 29%; i.v. 0/16, 0%). Toxicity was, in general, manageable.", "PMID": 68454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2951", "title": "Child automobile restraints: evaluation of health education.", "content": "An experimental design was used to test the effectiveness of three modalities of instruction in pediatricians' offices. Parents in the experimental and control groups were asked if their children wore a car seat restraint on the way to the office. The parents in the experimental group were encouraged to have their children use restraints via one of the following methods: a pamphlet alone; a pamphlet and verbal instruction by the pediatrician; or a pamphlet, verbal instruction, and a brief slide-tape show. The parents were contacted by telephone, mail, or in person two weeks later and asked if their child used a restraint on their last car trip. There were no statistically significant changes in behavior in any of the gourps. Although the group that received all forms of instruction had the highest mean score, the greatest increase occurred with the control group.", "contents": "Child automobile restraints: evaluation of health education. An experimental design was used to test the effectiveness of three modalities of instruction in pediatricians' offices. Parents in the experimental and control groups were asked if their children wore a car seat restraint on the way to the office. The parents in the experimental group were encouraged to have their children use restraints via one of the following methods: a pamphlet alone; a pamphlet and verbal instruction by the pediatrician; or a pamphlet, verbal instruction, and a brief slide-tape show. The parents were contacted by telephone, mail, or in person two weeks later and asked if their child used a restraint on their last car trip. There were no statistically significant changes in behavior in any of the gourps. Although the group that received all forms of instruction had the highest mean score, the greatest increase occurred with the control group.", "PMID": 68458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2952", "title": "Can we identify a group of children at age 2 who are at high risk for the development of behavior or emotional problems in kindergarten and first grade?", "content": "A group of 198 children were followed from age 2 through first grade to see how consistent their behavior was across time and across settings. Measures of child behavior in the home were obtained when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Classroom behavior was ascertained when the children were in nursery school, kindergarten, and first grade. Correlations between early home and school behavior patterns were all quite low. Only when home and school measures were made close to the same point in time did relationships reach even a moderate level. Behavior within the same setting was more consistent over time than behavior across settings but even here relationships were not strong enough to be clinically useful for making predictions about individual children. It is concluded that early behavior in the home, as measured by these methods and for this population, is not be itself sufficiently predictive of later home or school behavior to warrant identifying the child or his family as being at \"high risk\" for future problems. Pediatrics 59.971-981, 1977, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SCREENING, BEHAVIOR, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, HIGH RISK.", "contents": "Can we identify a group of children at age 2 who are at high risk for the development of behavior or emotional problems in kindergarten and first grade? A group of 198 children were followed from age 2 through first grade to see how consistent their behavior was across time and across settings. Measures of child behavior in the home were obtained when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Classroom behavior was ascertained when the children were in nursery school, kindergarten, and first grade. Correlations between early home and school behavior patterns were all quite low. Only when home and school measures were made close to the same point in time did relationships reach even a moderate level. Behavior within the same setting was more consistent over time than behavior across settings but even here relationships were not strong enough to be clinically useful for making predictions about individual children. It is concluded that early behavior in the home, as measured by these methods and for this population, is not be itself sufficiently predictive of later home or school behavior to warrant identifying the child or his family as being at \"high risk\" for future problems. Pediatrics 59.971-981, 1977, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SCREENING, BEHAVIOR, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, HIGH RISK.", "PMID": 68460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2953", "title": "DNA-polymerase inhibitors. Rifamycin derivatives.", "content": "Ten new derivatives of the antibiotic rifamycin with variable side chains at position 3 were synthesized. The inhibitory activity of these derivatives against DNA-polymerases isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus, E. coli and calf thymus were studied at various conditions. 3-(2,4,6-trinitrophenylhydrazone-(methyl) rifamycin SV is a strong inhibitor for all the polymerases tested and belongs to the C class inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 3-(monoallylhydrazone-(methyl) rifamycin SV possesses a selective action on polymerases: at 0.1 mg/ml concentration it almost completely inhibits the reverse transcriptase and less than half of the bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. A drug is found which strongly inhibits the DNA-polymerases from E. coli and calf thymus and weakly the viral enzyme. The inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase is independent of the choice of template-primer; it could be overcome by the addition of excess enzyme but not of excess template-primer; the inhibition could be completely reversed by dilution of the drug-enzyme mixture. From Lineweaver-Burk analysis, the inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to the template-primer and, thus the drugs bind to the site different from the active site for the template-primer. From protective action of the template-primer and other data it might be suggested that the rifamycin derivatives act at an early step(s) in DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase. The obtained data are in agreement with the results for other derivatives of rifamycin SV described in literature.", "contents": "DNA-polymerase inhibitors. Rifamycin derivatives. Ten new derivatives of the antibiotic rifamycin with variable side chains at position 3 were synthesized. The inhibitory activity of these derivatives against DNA-polymerases isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus, E. coli and calf thymus were studied at various conditions. 3-(2,4,6-trinitrophenylhydrazone-(methyl) rifamycin SV is a strong inhibitor for all the polymerases tested and belongs to the C class inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 3-(monoallylhydrazone-(methyl) rifamycin SV possesses a selective action on polymerases: at 0.1 mg/ml concentration it almost completely inhibits the reverse transcriptase and less than half of the bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. A drug is found which strongly inhibits the DNA-polymerases from E. coli and calf thymus and weakly the viral enzyme. The inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase is independent of the choice of template-primer; it could be overcome by the addition of excess enzyme but not of excess template-primer; the inhibition could be completely reversed by dilution of the drug-enzyme mixture. From Lineweaver-Burk analysis, the inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to the template-primer and, thus the drugs bind to the site different from the active site for the template-primer. From protective action of the template-primer and other data it might be suggested that the rifamycin derivatives act at an early step(s) in DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase. The obtained data are in agreement with the results for other derivatives of rifamycin SV described in literature.", "PMID": 68462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2954", "title": "Introduction of antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into 4-thiouridine, N3-(3-L-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine and tRNA-Phe from E. coli.", "content": "The introduction of antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into the rare ribonucleosides 4-thiouridine (1a), and N3-(3-L-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine (2) as well as into tRNA-Phe from E. coli has been investigated. Alkylation of 1a with omega-bromo-2,4-dinitroacetophenone (3b) gives S-(2,4-dinitrophenacyl)-4-thiouridine (5A). Applying the reaction to the 5'-monophosphate of 1a, 5b is formed, but this product decomposes at pH 7. However, acylation of 2 with 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (4b) leads to N3-[3-carboxy-3-L-(2,4-dinitrobenzamido)propyl]uridine (6) which is stable in aqueous solution. The latter reaction was used for the introduction of an antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residue into tRNA-Phe from E. coli. The modified tRNA-Phe was isolated and by degradation of the molecule with RNase T2 and alkaline phosphatase the nucleoside derivative 6 was obtained and found to be identical with the synthetic product.", "contents": "Introduction of antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into 4-thiouridine, N3-(3-L-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine and tRNA-Phe from E. coli. The introduction of antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into the rare ribonucleosides 4-thiouridine (1a), and N3-(3-L-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine (2) as well as into tRNA-Phe from E. coli has been investigated. Alkylation of 1a with omega-bromo-2,4-dinitroacetophenone (3b) gives S-(2,4-dinitrophenacyl)-4-thiouridine (5A). Applying the reaction to the 5'-monophosphate of 1a, 5b is formed, but this product decomposes at pH 7. However, acylation of 2 with 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (4b) leads to N3-[3-carboxy-3-L-(2,4-dinitrobenzamido)propyl]uridine (6) which is stable in aqueous solution. The latter reaction was used for the introduction of an antigenic determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residue into tRNA-Phe from E. coli. The modified tRNA-Phe was isolated and by degradation of the molecule with RNase T2 and alkaline phosphatase the nucleoside derivative 6 was obtained and found to be identical with the synthetic product.", "PMID": 68463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2955", "title": "Oligo(dG)12-18 aggregates result in non-homogeneity of oligo(dG)12-18.poly(C) type primer-template.", "content": "Studies on the absorption spectra of equimolar solutions of oligo(dG)12-18 and poly(C), poly(Cm) or poly(Ce) showed that only 13%, 3% and 3% of base pairs, repectively, form complexes. Upon centrifugation of oligo(dG)12-18 with a molar excess of poly(C) of poly(Cm) in an analytical and a preparative centrifuge, it was found that only a part of oligodeoxynucleotide sediments with the polynucleotide, i.e. more rapidly than oligo(dG)12-18, poly(C) or poly(Cm). Products of binding of oligo(dG)12-18 with poly(C), poly(Cm) or poly (Ce) direct the synthesis of poly (dG) by AMV reverse transcriptas in accordance with the reported characteristics of these primer-templates, as well as of the enzyme. These observations suggest that the solutions of oligo(dG)12-18 with (polyC) or its analogues, commonly used as primer-templates of RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerases, contain a polynucleotide, to which oligo(dG)12-18 aggregates are bound through a few nucleotides chains shorter than 12-18 residues. These chains of oligo(dG)12-18 containing the 3'-OH ends are capable of of initiating the reaction with DNA POLYMERASES.", "contents": "Oligo(dG)12-18 aggregates result in non-homogeneity of oligo(dG)12-18.poly(C) type primer-template. Studies on the absorption spectra of equimolar solutions of oligo(dG)12-18 and poly(C), poly(Cm) or poly(Ce) showed that only 13%, 3% and 3% of base pairs, repectively, form complexes. Upon centrifugation of oligo(dG)12-18 with a molar excess of poly(C) of poly(Cm) in an analytical and a preparative centrifuge, it was found that only a part of oligodeoxynucleotide sediments with the polynucleotide, i.e. more rapidly than oligo(dG)12-18, poly(C) or poly(Cm). Products of binding of oligo(dG)12-18 with poly(C), poly(Cm) or poly (Ce) direct the synthesis of poly (dG) by AMV reverse transcriptas in accordance with the reported characteristics of these primer-templates, as well as of the enzyme. These observations suggest that the solutions of oligo(dG)12-18 with (polyC) or its analogues, commonly used as primer-templates of RNA- and DNA-directed DNA polymerases, contain a polynucleotide, to which oligo(dG)12-18 aggregates are bound through a few nucleotides chains shorter than 12-18 residues. These chains of oligo(dG)12-18 containing the 3'-OH ends are capable of of initiating the reaction with DNA POLYMERASES.", "PMID": 68464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2956", "title": "A theory for the displacement of proteins and viruses with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The displacement action of polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights may be linked to the ability of the polymers to form coiled particles in solution. From conclusions drawn from their sedimentating properties in centrifugal fields the polyethylene glycols of low molecular weights, as expected, are less randomly coiled than those of higher molecular weight. It is suggested that protein molecules have the ability to diffuse into the coils of the polyethylene glycol from which they are excluded when the random coiling increases with increasing polymer concentration. From considerations based on the interaction of the polymer filament with the displaced particle the distribution of the substance between the coils and the intermolecular spaces may be predicted semi-quantitatively.", "contents": "A theory for the displacement of proteins and viruses with polyethylene glycol. The displacement action of polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights may be linked to the ability of the polymers to form coiled particles in solution. From conclusions drawn from their sedimentating properties in centrifugal fields the polyethylene glycols of low molecular weights, as expected, are less randomly coiled than those of higher molecular weight. It is suggested that protein molecules have the ability to diffuse into the coils of the polyethylene glycol from which they are excluded when the random coiling increases with increasing polymer concentration. From considerations based on the interaction of the polymer filament with the displaced particle the distribution of the substance between the coils and the intermolecular spaces may be predicted semi-quantitatively.", "PMID": 68470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2957", "title": "Fallibilities, fragments, and frames: contemplation on 25 years of research in medical--surgical nursing.", "content": "A critique of articles on medical-surgical nursing which appeared in NURSING RESEARCH during the past 25 years discusses problems reflected in the reports and raises questions regarding the future of literature of the specialty field.", "contents": "Fallibilities, fragments, and frames: contemplation on 25 years of research in medical--surgical nursing. A critique of articles on medical-surgical nursing which appeared in NURSING RESEARCH during the past 25 years discusses problems reflected in the reports and raises questions regarding the future of literature of the specialty field.", "PMID": 68465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2958", "title": "tRNATrp (bovine) binding to the reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus and function as a heterologous primer.", "content": "The primary structures for tTNATrp (bovine) and primer tRNATrp (avian) show only minor differences in nucleotide sequence. The heterologous tRNATrp (bovine) appears to have properties similar to the tRNATrp (avian) in its ability to bind the alphabeta from of RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase of avian myeloblastosis virus. A stable enzyme-tRNA complex has been isolated by gel filtration. In addition, tRNATrp (bovine) can hydridize to the avian viral 35S RNA and act as a primer for transcription of the RNA. tRNATrp (bovine) can be obtained in larger amounts than the avian primer and can be used to study the interactions between the primer and the viral enzyme.", "contents": "tRNATrp (bovine) binding to the reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus and function as a heterologous primer. The primary structures for tTNATrp (bovine) and primer tRNATrp (avian) show only minor differences in nucleotide sequence. The heterologous tRNATrp (bovine) appears to have properties similar to the tRNATrp (avian) in its ability to bind the alphabeta from of RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase of avian myeloblastosis virus. A stable enzyme-tRNA complex has been isolated by gel filtration. In addition, tRNATrp (bovine) can hydridize to the avian viral 35S RNA and act as a primer for transcription of the RNA. tRNATrp (bovine) can be obtained in larger amounts than the avian primer and can be used to study the interactions between the primer and the viral enzyme.", "PMID": 68471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2959", "title": "Terminal redundancy and the origin of replication of Rous sarcoma virus RNA.", "content": "In vitro synthesis of Rous sarcoma virus DNA by the virion endogenous DNA polymerase activity is initiated on a tRNAtrp primer located near the 5' end of the genome. A major product of such synthesis is a piece of DNA 101 nucleotides long (strong stop DNA) which can be isolated covalently bound to the tRNA primer. Here we show that the strong stop DNA is complementary to the extreme 5' end of the genome. We also show that the 5' and 3' termini of the Rous sarcoma virus genome, excluding the cap and the poly(A), have the identical sequence. We propose that the function of this sequence is to facilitate elongation from the 3' end of DNA chains initiated elsewhere on the virus genome.", "contents": "Terminal redundancy and the origin of replication of Rous sarcoma virus RNA. In vitro synthesis of Rous sarcoma virus DNA by the virion endogenous DNA polymerase activity is initiated on a tRNAtrp primer located near the 5' end of the genome. A major product of such synthesis is a piece of DNA 101 nucleotides long (strong stop DNA) which can be isolated covalently bound to the tRNA primer. Here we show that the strong stop DNA is complementary to the extreme 5' end of the genome. We also show that the 5' and 3' termini of the Rous sarcoma virus genome, excluding the cap and the poly(A), have the identical sequence. We propose that the function of this sequence is to facilitate elongation from the 3' end of DNA chains initiated elsewhere on the virus genome.", "PMID": 68472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2960", "title": "Binding to idiotypic determinants of large proportions of thymus-derived lymphocytes in idiotypically suppressed mice.", "content": "All A/J mice immunized with a conjugate of p-azophenylarsonate groups to keyhole limpet hemocyanin produce antibodies against azophenylarsonate, some of which share a crossreactive idiotype. The appearance of the idiotype can be suppressed, without reducing the response against azophenylarsonate, by injecting rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies prior to immunization. We have now observed that mice suppressed in this way, or by adoptive transfer of leukocytes from other suppressed mice, and then immunized with the hemocyanin-azophenylarsonate conjugate, possess high proportions (up to 14%) of lymphocytes that form rosettes with A/J erythrocytes coated with Fab fragments possessing the idiotype. Idiotypic specificity was demonstrated by various experiments. Most of all of the rosette-forming lymphocytes appear to be thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Treatment of T cells with trypsin eliminated the capacity to form rosettes, which was restored on standing overnight in medium. Thus, the receptors are synthesized by the cells and are not passively adsorbed. Treatment of mice with anti-idiotypic antiserum without antigenic stimulation did not elicit substantial numbers of rosette-forming cells. The requirement for antigen suggests that antigen-idiotype complexes may be a stimulatory agent. A prolonged rest period after immunization of suppressed mice was required for the induction of high percentages of rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation provides a convenient method for studying factors that induce the formation of idiotype-specific T cells.", "contents": "Binding to idiotypic determinants of large proportions of thymus-derived lymphocytes in idiotypically suppressed mice. All A/J mice immunized with a conjugate of p-azophenylarsonate groups to keyhole limpet hemocyanin produce antibodies against azophenylarsonate, some of which share a crossreactive idiotype. The appearance of the idiotype can be suppressed, without reducing the response against azophenylarsonate, by injecting rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies prior to immunization. We have now observed that mice suppressed in this way, or by adoptive transfer of leukocytes from other suppressed mice, and then immunized with the hemocyanin-azophenylarsonate conjugate, possess high proportions (up to 14%) of lymphocytes that form rosettes with A/J erythrocytes coated with Fab fragments possessing the idiotype. Idiotypic specificity was demonstrated by various experiments. Most of all of the rosette-forming lymphocytes appear to be thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Treatment of T cells with trypsin eliminated the capacity to form rosettes, which was restored on standing overnight in medium. Thus, the receptors are synthesized by the cells and are not passively adsorbed. Treatment of mice with anti-idiotypic antiserum without antigenic stimulation did not elicit substantial numbers of rosette-forming cells. The requirement for antigen suggests that antigen-idiotype complexes may be a stimulatory agent. A prolonged rest period after immunization of suppressed mice was required for the induction of high percentages of rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation provides a convenient method for studying factors that induce the formation of idiotype-specific T cells.", "PMID": 68473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2961", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes: specific sensitization by antigens associated with allogeneic macrophages.", "content": "Alloreactive guinea pig thymus-derived (T) cells generated in vitro were rendered unresponsive to allogeneic macrophages by treatment with bromodeoxyuridine and light. The remaining T cells were subsequently primed and rechallenged in tissue culture with trinitrophenyl (Tnp)-modified syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages. By this procedure we found that the remaining T cells primed with Tnp-modified allogeneic macrophages could be restimulated only with Tnp-modified allogeneic, not syngeneic, macrophages. Similarily, if the remaining T cells were primed with Tnp-modified syngeneic macrophages, they could be restimulated only by Tnp-modified syngeneic, and not by allogeneic, macrophages. In contrast, no T cell sensitization with Tnp-modified syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages occurred if the alloreactive T cells were treated with light alone, suggesting that an uninhibited mixed leukocyte reaction causes nonspecific suppression of antigen-specific T cell priming. These results indicate that the genetic restriction of T cell-macrophage interactions is imposed by the type of macrophage used for initial sensitization rather than by a requirement for self-recognition through cellular interaction structures.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes: specific sensitization by antigens associated with allogeneic macrophages. Alloreactive guinea pig thymus-derived (T) cells generated in vitro were rendered unresponsive to allogeneic macrophages by treatment with bromodeoxyuridine and light. The remaining T cells were subsequently primed and rechallenged in tissue culture with trinitrophenyl (Tnp)-modified syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages. By this procedure we found that the remaining T cells primed with Tnp-modified allogeneic macrophages could be restimulated only with Tnp-modified allogeneic, not syngeneic, macrophages. Similarily, if the remaining T cells were primed with Tnp-modified syngeneic macrophages, they could be restimulated only by Tnp-modified syngeneic, and not by allogeneic, macrophages. In contrast, no T cell sensitization with Tnp-modified syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages occurred if the alloreactive T cells were treated with light alone, suggesting that an uninhibited mixed leukocyte reaction causes nonspecific suppression of antigen-specific T cell priming. These results indicate that the genetic restriction of T cell-macrophage interactions is imposed by the type of macrophage used for initial sensitization rather than by a requirement for self-recognition through cellular interaction structures.", "PMID": 68474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2962", "title": "Antigenic relatedness of the DNA polymerase of human breast cancer particles to the enzyme of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "We have previously reported [(Ohno, T., Sweet, R.W., Hu, R., DeJak, D. & Spiegelman, S. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 764-768)] on the purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase from human breast cancer particles. Its preference for certain synthetic templates and its ability to use a viral RNA to fashion a faithful DNA transcript identify it as a reverse transcriptase similar to that found in the mouse mammary tumor virus and in the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). We report here that the human breast cancer enzyme crossreacts immunologically with the reverse transcriptase of MPMV. The crossreactivity was shown both by inhibition of enzyme activity and by complex formation between purified enzyme and isolated IgG against MPMV polymerase. No such interactions were observed with other oncornavirus reverse transcriptases of avian, murine, feline, or simian origin. Further, the IgG failed to neutralize the reverse transcriptases from human mesenchymal neoplasias (leukemias and lymphomas) or the activities of normal cellular DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, gamma).", "contents": "Antigenic relatedness of the DNA polymerase of human breast cancer particles to the enzyme of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. We have previously reported [(Ohno, T., Sweet, R.W., Hu, R., DeJak, D. & Spiegelman, S. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 764-768)] on the purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase from human breast cancer particles. Its preference for certain synthetic templates and its ability to use a viral RNA to fashion a faithful DNA transcript identify it as a reverse transcriptase similar to that found in the mouse mammary tumor virus and in the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). We report here that the human breast cancer enzyme crossreacts immunologically with the reverse transcriptase of MPMV. The crossreactivity was shown both by inhibition of enzyme activity and by complex formation between purified enzyme and isolated IgG against MPMV polymerase. No such interactions were observed with other oncornavirus reverse transcriptases of avian, murine, feline, or simian origin. Further, the IgG failed to neutralize the reverse transcriptases from human mesenchymal neoplasias (leukemias and lymphomas) or the activities of normal cellular DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, gamma).", "PMID": 68475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2963", "title": "[Surgery of therapy-resistant pain due to peripheral nerve injury].", "content": "1. The forms of peripherally triggered or localized pains are differentiated: Local pain of a neuromatous character, propagated pain, sympathalgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and combined forms. 2. Surgical operations are performed locally, to the spinal cord, brain, and sympathicus, as well as by neurostimulation on all levels. 3. The areas of indication differ according to the localization of pain and its probable cause. 4. Serving the prevention of pain after peripheral nerve injuries are the particular topical treatment of a fresh injury, psychic guidance, specific aftercare and physiotherapy, elimination of pension payment problems, and optimum reintegration into normal working life]", "contents": "[Surgery of therapy-resistant pain due to peripheral nerve injury]. 1. The forms of peripherally triggered or localized pains are differentiated: Local pain of a neuromatous character, propagated pain, sympathalgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and combined forms. 2. Surgical operations are performed locally, to the spinal cord, brain, and sympathicus, as well as by neurostimulation on all levels. 3. The areas of indication differ according to the localization of pain and its probable cause. 4. Serving the prevention of pain after peripheral nerve injuries are the particular topical treatment of a fresh injury, psychic guidance, specific aftercare and physiotherapy, elimination of pension payment problems, and optimum reintegration into normal working life]", "PMID": 68483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2964", "title": "Chemotherapy in testicular tumors.", "content": "Surprisingly good clinical results are obtained by means of the so-called synchronized treatment with vincristine or bleomycin or adriamycin combined with Ifosfamid when cell-kinetic conditioning factors are taken into consideration. The results could neither be obtained with monotherapy nor by the aid of various combined therapies. Of 22 patients affected by metastasizing malignant testicular tumors a complete remission could be achieved in 14 continuing up to a period of 18 months. Six patients died. The answer to what extent these therapeutic results will be confirmed over a longer observation period, has, however, to be put off until a later date.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in testicular tumors. Surprisingly good clinical results are obtained by means of the so-called synchronized treatment with vincristine or bleomycin or adriamycin combined with Ifosfamid when cell-kinetic conditioning factors are taken into consideration. The results could neither be obtained with monotherapy nor by the aid of various combined therapies. Of 22 patients affected by metastasizing malignant testicular tumors a complete remission could be achieved in 14 continuing up to a period of 18 months. Six patients died. The answer to what extent these therapeutic results will be confirmed over a longer observation period, has, however, to be put off until a later date.", "PMID": 68529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2965", "title": "Palliative cryotherapy in inoperable prostate carcinoma.", "content": "Cryotherapy was applied by us as a palliative in 91 cases of carcinoma of the prostate. 1. Disobstruction was achieved in 87% of patients. 2. Results proved stable over time. 3. Operating mortality, survival curve, number of deaths, etc. was not statistically different in patients treated with cryotherapy compared with patients undergoing other treatments. 4. Precutions are required to combat infection of cryotherapy patients in the first few weeks. We feel authorized to pursue cryotherapy in the future exploiting all its immunologic possibilities.", "contents": "Palliative cryotherapy in inoperable prostate carcinoma. Cryotherapy was applied by us as a palliative in 91 cases of carcinoma of the prostate. 1. Disobstruction was achieved in 87% of patients. 2. Results proved stable over time. 3. Operating mortality, survival curve, number of deaths, etc. was not statistically different in patients treated with cryotherapy compared with patients undergoing other treatments. 4. Precutions are required to combat infection of cryotherapy patients in the first few weeks. We feel authorized to pursue cryotherapy in the future exploiting all its immunologic possibilities.", "PMID": 68532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2966", "title": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy.", "content": "This paper describes a patient with typical post-traumatic Sudeck's atrophy of the right foot, who subsequently developed an atraumatic, painful osteoporosis of the left foot and right knee. It is suggested that cases of 'migrating osteolysis' and 'transient osteoporosis' of the lower limbs be grouped with classical Sudeck's atrophy as a reflex sympathetic dystrophy; Theories of pathogenesis have been reviewed and a possible theory of causation in atraumatic cases is presented.", "contents": "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. This paper describes a patient with typical post-traumatic Sudeck's atrophy of the right foot, who subsequently developed an atraumatic, painful osteoporosis of the left foot and right knee. It is suggested that cases of 'migrating osteolysis' and 'transient osteoporosis' of the lower limbs be grouped with classical Sudeck's atrophy as a reflex sympathetic dystrophy; Theories of pathogenesis have been reviewed and a possible theory of causation in atraumatic cases is presented.", "PMID": 68535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2967", "title": "[Immunopathological circumstances in the structure of complications appearing after smallpox vaccination].", "content": "Investigations were carried out concerning the dynamics of antivaccinal antibodies and the structure of serum proteins in relation to the clinical manifestations following upon smallpox vaccination. In general, immunity is not apparently influenced by postvaccinal complications may be associated with immunoprotein perturbations, manifested by an increase in the alpha2-globulin fraction and, inconstantly, in the gamma-globulin fraction. Immunoelectrophoretic determinations revealed a relatively constant IgM and IgG deficiency. Postvaccinal dysglobulinemia may accompany various clinical forms, suggesting a temporary deficient immunological response. In one case of agammaglobulinemia, revaccination produced a deep vaccinal ulcer, with extensive necrosis (giant necrotic vaccinia). In order to decipher the substrate of the reaction in the clinical forms with distal manifestations or generalized vaccinia, skin biopsies were performed. The lesional vasculoallergic substrate of the skin lesions does not exclude the local aggression of the vaccinal virus, which was isolated by viral determinations.", "contents": "[Immunopathological circumstances in the structure of complications appearing after smallpox vaccination]. Investigations were carried out concerning the dynamics of antivaccinal antibodies and the structure of serum proteins in relation to the clinical manifestations following upon smallpox vaccination. In general, immunity is not apparently influenced by postvaccinal complications may be associated with immunoprotein perturbations, manifested by an increase in the alpha2-globulin fraction and, inconstantly, in the gamma-globulin fraction. Immunoelectrophoretic determinations revealed a relatively constant IgM and IgG deficiency. Postvaccinal dysglobulinemia may accompany various clinical forms, suggesting a temporary deficient immunological response. In one case of agammaglobulinemia, revaccination produced a deep vaccinal ulcer, with extensive necrosis (giant necrotic vaccinia). In order to decipher the substrate of the reaction in the clinical forms with distal manifestations or generalized vaccinia, skin biopsies were performed. The lesional vasculoallergic substrate of the skin lesions does not exclude the local aggression of the vaccinal virus, which was isolated by viral determinations.", "PMID": 68534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2968", "title": "Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes (status of the minimal hypothesis).", "content": "Data of recent studies based upon three approaches to the problem of the T cell receptor for antigen, namely, use of \"anti-receptor\" (= anti-idiotype) antibodies, utilization of antisera made against circulating antibodies in association with physiochemical characterization procedures, and phylogenetic investigations, support the conclusion that this recognition molecule is an immunoglobulin, but that it represents as isotype distinct from usual circulating antibodies and B cell surface IgM- and IgD-like molecules.", "contents": "Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes (status of the minimal hypothesis). Data of recent studies based upon three approaches to the problem of the T cell receptor for antigen, namely, use of \"anti-receptor\" (= anti-idiotype) antibodies, utilization of antisera made against circulating antibodies in association with physiochemical characterization procedures, and phylogenetic investigations, support the conclusion that this recognition molecule is an immunoglobulin, but that it represents as isotype distinct from usual circulating antibodies and B cell surface IgM- and IgD-like molecules.", "PMID": 68536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2969", "title": "Phosphatases and bone growth.", "content": "By mapping the distribution of resorptive and appositional surfaces in rat skull bones with the help of in vivo staining with alizarin red S. it has been possible to study the connection between patterns of bone growth and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity on bone surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase activity obviously bears no specific relation to appositional and resorptive surfaces as all surfaces react strongly. Acid phosphatase activity, in contrast, is most marked at sites of resorption.", "contents": "Phosphatases and bone growth. By mapping the distribution of resorptive and appositional surfaces in rat skull bones with the help of in vivo staining with alizarin red S. it has been possible to study the connection between patterns of bone growth and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity on bone surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase activity obviously bears no specific relation to appositional and resorptive surfaces as all surfaces react strongly. Acid phosphatase activity, in contrast, is most marked at sites of resorption.", "PMID": 68542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2970", "title": "Actual aspects of cold agglutination.", "content": "Cold agglutinins (CA) can be directed against antigens of the I/i system and the Pr complex. In addition, anti-Gd CA have been recently described. The CA immunoglobulins, serological specificities and the antigen immunochemistry are reviewed. CA permitted studies on interrelations between antibody structures and specificities. The significance of subgroup preferences and cross-idiotypic specificities is discussed. Interrelations between CA specificities and certain virus infections are pointed out, and recent results obtained from studies using CA as indicators for membrane alterations of other than red cells are reviewed.", "contents": "Actual aspects of cold agglutination. Cold agglutinins (CA) can be directed against antigens of the I/i system and the Pr complex. In addition, anti-Gd CA have been recently described. The CA immunoglobulins, serological specificities and the antigen immunochemistry are reviewed. CA permitted studies on interrelations between antibody structures and specificities. The significance of subgroup preferences and cross-idiotypic specificities is discussed. Interrelations between CA specificities and certain virus infections are pointed out, and recent results obtained from studies using CA as indicators for membrane alterations of other than red cells are reviewed.", "PMID": 68537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2971", "title": "Distribution of some hydrocarbons in ambient air near Delft and the influence on the formation of secondary air pollutants.", "content": "The relative concentrations of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere may provide information concerning their origin. It appears that the hydrocarbon composition measured in Delft (The Netherlands) is entirely different for northern and southern wind directions. This points to different sources. The most important sources for this area are natural gas leaks, traffic, and (petrochemical) industries. It appears that the relative potential of the precursor mix to form peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and ozone is also different for both wind directions.", "contents": "Distribution of some hydrocarbons in ambient air near Delft and the influence on the formation of secondary air pollutants. The relative concentrations of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere may provide information concerning their origin. It appears that the hydrocarbon composition measured in Delft (The Netherlands) is entirely different for northern and southern wind directions. This points to different sources. The most important sources for this area are natural gas leaks, traffic, and (petrochemical) industries. It appears that the relative potential of the precursor mix to form peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and ozone is also different for both wind directions.", "PMID": 68543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2972", "title": "Immunological reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes in kidney transplant patients.", "content": "The in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens (PHA, PWM) and specific antigens (PPD, LPS, histocompatibility antigens), as well as their capacity to form spontaneous SRBC rosettes, was evaluated in 24 renal transplant patients; of these, 13 were studied both before and after kidney graft. The results of our tests, compared to the range of values obtained from healthy controls, show that continuous immunosuppressive therapy does not significantly depress the in vitro mitotic potentiality of lymphocytes in spite of greatly reduced levels of circulating T cells. The in vitro escape of lymphocytes from the action of immunosuppressive drugs frustrated the aim of calibrating the immunodepressive therapy for each patient. A better understanding of the immunosuppression in an individual will perhaps be obtained from a more prolonged observation of the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity in a larger number of patients.", "contents": "Immunological reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes in kidney transplant patients. The in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens (PHA, PWM) and specific antigens (PPD, LPS, histocompatibility antigens), as well as their capacity to form spontaneous SRBC rosettes, was evaluated in 24 renal transplant patients; of these, 13 were studied both before and after kidney graft. The results of our tests, compared to the range of values obtained from healthy controls, show that continuous immunosuppressive therapy does not significantly depress the in vitro mitotic potentiality of lymphocytes in spite of greatly reduced levels of circulating T cells. The in vitro escape of lymphocytes from the action of immunosuppressive drugs frustrated the aim of calibrating the immunodepressive therapy for each patient. A better understanding of the immunosuppression in an individual will perhaps be obtained from a more prolonged observation of the in vitro lymphocyte reactivity in a larger number of patients.", "PMID": 68538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2973", "title": "Evaluation of 125I-DNA for detecting anti-DNA antibodies in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 125I-DNA preparation for the detection of human anti-DNA antibodies (ADA) was evaluated as a diagnostic test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A normal range of 0-25 U/ml was established. Serum ADA level greater than 110 U/ml were diagnostic in clinically active SLE and levels greater than 45 U/ml were found in 75% of patients with inactive disease. This value was significantly greater than that found in rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease caused by non-immune mechanisms, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and a miscellaneous group of disorders comprising connective tissue diseases, auto-immune disorders and chronic active hepatitis. Anti-nuclear factor (ANF) titres greater than 1/160 and LE cells were found in 85% of these patients. In inactive disease the ADA levels ranged between 25 and 98 U/ml, ANF titres varied from 1/40 to 1/640, and LE cells were detected in only 20% of the cases. In 3 patients investigated during the course of the disease, the ADA levels correlated best with clinical improvement. Two patients with apparent active lupus nephritis showed intermediate ADA levels, which were probably caused by antigen-antibody formation and immune complex deposition in the kidneys.", "contents": "Evaluation of 125I-DNA for detecting anti-DNA antibodies in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. A 125I-DNA preparation for the detection of human anti-DNA antibodies (ADA) was evaluated as a diagnostic test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A normal range of 0-25 U/ml was established. Serum ADA level greater than 110 U/ml were diagnostic in clinically active SLE and levels greater than 45 U/ml were found in 75% of patients with inactive disease. This value was significantly greater than that found in rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease caused by non-immune mechanisms, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and a miscellaneous group of disorders comprising connective tissue diseases, auto-immune disorders and chronic active hepatitis. Anti-nuclear factor (ANF) titres greater than 1/160 and LE cells were found in 85% of these patients. In inactive disease the ADA levels ranged between 25 and 98 U/ml, ANF titres varied from 1/40 to 1/640, and LE cells were detected in only 20% of the cases. In 3 patients investigated during the course of the disease, the ADA levels correlated best with clinical improvement. Two patients with apparent active lupus nephritis showed intermediate ADA levels, which were probably caused by antigen-antibody formation and immune complex deposition in the kidneys.", "PMID": 68546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2974", "title": "Rheumatoid factor in non-rheumatoid black patients.", "content": "A total of 301 Black patients without rheumatic diseases was studied to estimate the prevalence and causes of positive rheumatoid factor. The latex slide test was positive in 25% of patients and 21% had a 'diagnostic' titre of 80 or more. A significant relationship between gamma-globulin levels and rheumatoid factor positivity was demonstrated. IgG appeared to be the most important in determining this relationship. The most common ailments among sero-positive patients were cirrhosis and tuberculosis.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor in non-rheumatoid black patients. A total of 301 Black patients without rheumatic diseases was studied to estimate the prevalence and causes of positive rheumatoid factor. The latex slide test was positive in 25% of patients and 21% had a 'diagnostic' titre of 80 or more. A significant relationship between gamma-globulin levels and rheumatoid factor positivity was demonstrated. IgG appeared to be the most important in determining this relationship. The most common ailments among sero-positive patients were cirrhosis and tuberculosis.", "PMID": 68547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2975", "title": "Fluorescence analysis of late DNA replication in human metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Thymidine incorporated as a terminal pulse into chromosomes otherwise substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by associated bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. The location of metaphase chromosome regions identified by this method as last to complete DNA synthesis is consistent with the results of autoradiographic analyses with tritiated thymidine. The very late-replicating regions correspond to a subset of those which appear as bands after chromosomes are stained by quinacrine or modified Giemsa techniques. The high resolution of the 33258 Hoechst fluorescence pattern within individual cells is especially useful for revealing variations in the order of terminal replication. Both homolog asynchrony and fluctuations in the distribution of bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence within chromosomes from different cells are apparent and localized to individual bands. The results are consistent with the possibility that these bands constitute units of chromosome replication as well as structure.", "contents": "Fluorescence analysis of late DNA replication in human metaphase chromosomes. Thymidine incorporated as a terminal pulse into chromosomes otherwise substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine can be detected by associated bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. The location of metaphase chromosome regions identified by this method as last to complete DNA synthesis is consistent with the results of autoradiographic analyses with tritiated thymidine. The very late-replicating regions correspond to a subset of those which appear as bands after chromosomes are stained by quinacrine or modified Giemsa techniques. The high resolution of the 33258 Hoechst fluorescence pattern within individual cells is especially useful for revealing variations in the order of terminal replication. Both homolog asynchrony and fluctuations in the distribution of bright 33258 Hoechst fluorescence within chromosomes from different cells are apparent and localized to individual bands. The results are consistent with the possibility that these bands constitute units of chromosome replication as well as structure.", "PMID": 68549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2976", "title": "Gastric bypass of upper oesophageal carcinoma: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which an oesophagogastric bypass was constructed in the neck for palliation of an unresectable carcinoma of the oesophagus at the level of the aortic arch.", "contents": "Gastric bypass of upper oesophageal carcinoma: a case report. A case is presented in which an oesophagogastric bypass was constructed in the neck for palliation of an unresectable carcinoma of the oesophagus at the level of the aortic arch.", "PMID": 68554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2977", "title": "Drusen of the optic disc.", "content": "Although optic disc drusen have been of interest to ophthalmologists for more than 100 years, their etiology and many aspects of their relationship to other clinical conditions remain obscure. They have been clinically observed in 0.3% of the population, although autopsy studies suggest an incidence of 2%. Drusen are seldom accompanied by visual symptoms; however, decreased vision and visual field changes may occur. The historical and epidemiological aspects of drusen are reviewed; clinical and histological features, as well as special diagnostic techniques (ultrasonography and fluorescein angiography) are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Drusen of the optic disc. Although optic disc drusen have been of interest to ophthalmologists for more than 100 years, their etiology and many aspects of their relationship to other clinical conditions remain obscure. They have been clinically observed in 0.3% of the population, although autopsy studies suggest an incidence of 2%. Drusen are seldom accompanied by visual symptoms; however, decreased vision and visual field changes may occur. The historical and epidemiological aspects of drusen are reviewed; clinical and histological features, as well as special diagnostic techniques (ultrasonography and fluorescein angiography) are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 68551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2978", "title": "Preparation and antigenic properties of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-11-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-BSA conjugate.", "content": "The C-11 (O-carboxymethyl) oxime derivative of 5-alphadihydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT) has been prepared. Due to steric hindrance at C-11, a novel two step procedure was used to introduce the (O-carboxymethyl) oxime at this position. Condensation of this oxime to bovine serum albumin afforded a conjugate which produced anti-5alphaDHT sera inoculated rabbits. Apart from a 30% cross reaction with testosterone, the antisera was reasonably specific for 5alphaDHT.", "contents": "Preparation and antigenic properties of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-11-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-BSA conjugate. The C-11 (O-carboxymethyl) oxime derivative of 5-alphadihydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT) has been prepared. Due to steric hindrance at C-11, a novel two step procedure was used to introduce the (O-carboxymethyl) oxime at this position. Condensation of this oxime to bovine serum albumin afforded a conjugate which produced anti-5alphaDHT sera inoculated rabbits. Apart from a 30% cross reaction with testosterone, the antisera was reasonably specific for 5alphaDHT.", "PMID": 68557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2979", "title": "Quantitative serological analysis of a rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum and preliminary biochemical characterisation of the major antigen recognised.", "content": "Rabbit antisera to rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were examined by absorption analysis with quantitative radioimmunoassays to determine the tissue distribution of the antigens recognised and the amount of antibody against different specificities. Seven of eight sera were remarkably specific for leucocytes and one serum was analysed in detail. In this serum about 70 per cent of the antibody was leucocyte specific and most was against determinants on thymocytes, bone marrow cells, peripheral lymphocytes, and macrophages. This specificity is referred to as the leucocyte-common antigen. Smaller amounts of antibody were specific for antigens on peripheral lymphocytes but not thymocytes, and this could be subdivided into two antigens, one present on bone marrow cells and the other not. For preliminary biochemical analysis of the leucocyte-common antigen, thymocyte membrane was solubilized in deoxycholate. The homogeneity and apparent size of the antigen was determined by gel filtration and zone sedimentation on sucrose gradients. The activity behaved as a single component with the following hydrodynamic properties: sedimentation coefficient, 5.9S; partial specific volume, 0.71 ml/g; and Stokes radius, 7.5 nm. The molecular weight (including any bound deoxycholate) was calculated to be 172,000 and the frictional ratio 2.05. All activity bound to a lentil lectin affinity column and was eluted by methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, suggesting that the antigen is a glycoprotein.", "contents": "Quantitative serological analysis of a rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum and preliminary biochemical characterisation of the major antigen recognised. Rabbit antisera to rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were examined by absorption analysis with quantitative radioimmunoassays to determine the tissue distribution of the antigens recognised and the amount of antibody against different specificities. Seven of eight sera were remarkably specific for leucocytes and one serum was analysed in detail. In this serum about 70 per cent of the antibody was leucocyte specific and most was against determinants on thymocytes, bone marrow cells, peripheral lymphocytes, and macrophages. This specificity is referred to as the leucocyte-common antigen. Smaller amounts of antibody were specific for antigens on peripheral lymphocytes but not thymocytes, and this could be subdivided into two antigens, one present on bone marrow cells and the other not. For preliminary biochemical analysis of the leucocyte-common antigen, thymocyte membrane was solubilized in deoxycholate. The homogeneity and apparent size of the antigen was determined by gel filtration and zone sedimentation on sucrose gradients. The activity behaved as a single component with the following hydrodynamic properties: sedimentation coefficient, 5.9S; partial specific volume, 0.71 ml/g; and Stokes radius, 7.5 nm. The molecular weight (including any bound deoxycholate) was calculated to be 172,000 and the frictional ratio 2.05. All activity bound to a lentil lectin affinity column and was eluted by methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, suggesting that the antigen is a glycoprotein.", "PMID": 68560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2980", "title": "Separate Ia-like determinants in human lymphocytes and macrophages.", "content": "Some human alloantisera cytotoxic for B-lymphocyte preparations lost their reactivity when the number of contaminating monocytes was decreased by treatment with carbonyl iron. Such sera were found to react with the corresponding monocyte preparations isolated by adherence to Petri dishes. Macrophage antibodies were present in 38% of random sera from multiparous women and in 70% of sera from kidney transplant recipients. They could not be absorbed with B-lymphocyte preparations, thus suggesting that determinants expressed in macrophages were not present in B lymphocytes. Macrophages stimulate in mixed lymphocyte culture and participate in immune reactions. It is possible that alloantigens of macrophages, as observed in the present experiments, are products of genes associated with these histocompatibility-controlled functions.", "contents": "Separate Ia-like determinants in human lymphocytes and macrophages. Some human alloantisera cytotoxic for B-lymphocyte preparations lost their reactivity when the number of contaminating monocytes was decreased by treatment with carbonyl iron. Such sera were found to react with the corresponding monocyte preparations isolated by adherence to Petri dishes. Macrophage antibodies were present in 38% of random sera from multiparous women and in 70% of sera from kidney transplant recipients. They could not be absorbed with B-lymphocyte preparations, thus suggesting that determinants expressed in macrophages were not present in B lymphocytes. Macrophages stimulate in mixed lymphocyte culture and participate in immune reactions. It is possible that alloantigens of macrophages, as observed in the present experiments, are products of genes associated with these histocompatibility-controlled functions.", "PMID": 68567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2981", "title": "Close association between Fc receptor and HLA-D-associated (Ia-like) determinants on human lymphoid cells.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of HLA antisera on Fc receptors of human lymphoid FcRFC and K cells was investigated. Antisera recognizing determinants of the HLA-A, -B, and -C series had no effect on FcRFC, while specific inhibition was observed with an antiserum reacting with determinants closely associated to HLA-DW2. This inhibitory effect was also demonstrated by the Fab' fragments. Specific inhibition of K cells was observed with all HLA antisera, but this effect was lost in the Fab' fragments. We concluded that the Fc receptor of FcRFC may be closely associated with products of the HLA-D region. This is analogous to the association between the Fc receptor and the Ia antigens on murine splenic B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Close association between Fc receptor and HLA-D-associated (Ia-like) determinants on human lymphoid cells. The inhibitory effect of HLA antisera on Fc receptors of human lymphoid FcRFC and K cells was investigated. Antisera recognizing determinants of the HLA-A, -B, and -C series had no effect on FcRFC, while specific inhibition was observed with an antiserum reacting with determinants closely associated to HLA-DW2. This inhibitory effect was also demonstrated by the Fab' fragments. Specific inhibition of K cells was observed with all HLA antisera, but this effect was lost in the Fab' fragments. We concluded that the Fc receptor of FcRFC may be closely associated with products of the HLA-D region. This is analogous to the association between the Fc receptor and the Ia antigens on murine splenic B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 68569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2982", "title": "HLA-D-locus determinants detected by sperm-lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Twenty-seven sperm from 17 donors were tested against a random panel of sperm donors' lymphocytes and others and used to identify HTC-defined HLA-D determinants as well new SLC-defined determinants including DW Fes 5; the latter was confirmed as a new D-locus specificity by family studies.", "contents": "HLA-D-locus determinants detected by sperm-lymphocyte culture. Twenty-seven sperm from 17 donors were tested against a random panel of sperm donors' lymphocytes and others and used to identify HTC-defined HLA-D determinants as well new SLC-defined determinants including DW Fes 5; the latter was confirmed as a new D-locus specificity by family studies.", "PMID": 68573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2983", "title": "Simplification of B-cell antisera of the Merrit system with platelets and lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Human sera with anti-HLA and anti-Merrit B-cell reactivities were absorbed with different volumes of a pool of packed outdated human platelets obtained from 237 donors. After absorption, each serum was tested against a panel of CLL cells and normal unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes that had given positive reactions with the same serum prior to absorption. The optimal platelet volume for complete absorption of anti-HLA and full preservation of anti-Merrit B-cell activities in these sera was found to be 1/10 to 1/5 of the volume of serum. Higher volumes of packed platelets, especially over 1/1, in most instances reduced anti-B-cell activity \"nonspecifically.\" Among the platelet absorbed sera, those showing no HLA and strong anti-Merrit B-cell cytotoxicity were used for cross-absorption studies with cultured human lymphoid cell lines. Multi-specific anti-Merrit sera could be simplified by this method. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines represent a valuable resource, since large volumes of cells may be needed for absorption and simplification of human sera containing allogeneic B-lymphocyte antibodies.", "contents": "Simplification of B-cell antisera of the Merrit system with platelets and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Human sera with anti-HLA and anti-Merrit B-cell reactivities were absorbed with different volumes of a pool of packed outdated human platelets obtained from 237 donors. After absorption, each serum was tested against a panel of CLL cells and normal unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes that had given positive reactions with the same serum prior to absorption. The optimal platelet volume for complete absorption of anti-HLA and full preservation of anti-Merrit B-cell activities in these sera was found to be 1/10 to 1/5 of the volume of serum. Higher volumes of packed platelets, especially over 1/1, in most instances reduced anti-B-cell activity \"nonspecifically.\" Among the platelet absorbed sera, those showing no HLA and strong anti-Merrit B-cell cytotoxicity were used for cross-absorption studies with cultured human lymphoid cell lines. Multi-specific anti-Merrit sera could be simplified by this method. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines represent a valuable resource, since large volumes of cells may be needed for absorption and simplification of human sera containing allogeneic B-lymphocyte antibodies.", "PMID": 68582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2984", "title": "The role of B-lymphocyte antigens in MLC stimulation.", "content": "A total of 950 MLC combinations were set up out of which 259 were classified as low MLC response. An attempt was made to predict which of the combinations would give low response by matching the B-lymphocyte specificities and the HLA-A and -B antigens. A statistically significant prediction of a low response was noted for the B-lymphocyte specificities as well as for HLA-A and -B antigens. The fraction of the low response, which was correctly found, was, however, greater with the B-cell specificities than the HLA-A and -B locus antigens. It is concluded that the B-lymphocyte specificities may be either identical or closely linked to the DW specificities. To what extent they are associated with the strong transplantation antigens of man remains to be determined.", "contents": "The role of B-lymphocyte antigens in MLC stimulation. A total of 950 MLC combinations were set up out of which 259 were classified as low MLC response. An attempt was made to predict which of the combinations would give low response by matching the B-lymphocyte specificities and the HLA-A and -B antigens. A statistically significant prediction of a low response was noted for the B-lymphocyte specificities as well as for HLA-A and -B antigens. The fraction of the low response, which was correctly found, was, however, greater with the B-cell specificities than the HLA-A and -B locus antigens. It is concluded that the B-lymphocyte specificities may be either identical or closely linked to the DW specificities. To what extent they are associated with the strong transplantation antigens of man remains to be determined.", "PMID": 68585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2985", "title": "HLA typing and primary cadaver graft survival.", "content": "Analysis of 463 consecutive primary cadaver renal transplants showed no influence of HLA match grade on renal allograft survival. Additional categorization according to HLA match grade and degree of presensitization again showed no correlation between match grade and graft survival. Mismatches and matches of specific antigens, cross-reacting groups of antigens, and effect of matching at both locus A and B were also evaluated. There was no significant effect on graft survival except when mismatches against donor A2 and cross-reacting group A2, A28 occurred. A trend toward better graft survival was suggested in recipients matched for A9 and cross-reacting group A9, Aw 23, Aw 24. Although HLA match grade did not influence ultimate graft survival, HLA typing remains important, especially to avoid mismatch against donor A2 antigen. In addition, subsequent detection of new specificities, particularly in other than the A and B loci, may provide significance in the future.", "contents": "HLA typing and primary cadaver graft survival. Analysis of 463 consecutive primary cadaver renal transplants showed no influence of HLA match grade on renal allograft survival. Additional categorization according to HLA match grade and degree of presensitization again showed no correlation between match grade and graft survival. Mismatches and matches of specific antigens, cross-reacting groups of antigens, and effect of matching at both locus A and B were also evaluated. There was no significant effect on graft survival except when mismatches against donor A2 and cross-reacting group A2, A28 occurred. A trend toward better graft survival was suggested in recipients matched for A9 and cross-reacting group A9, Aw 23, Aw 24. Although HLA match grade did not influence ultimate graft survival, HLA typing remains important, especially to avoid mismatch against donor A2 antigen. In addition, subsequent detection of new specificities, particularly in other than the A and B loci, may provide significance in the future.", "PMID": 68586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2986", "title": "Antigenic specificities detected on papainized human granulocytes by microgranulocytotoxicity.", "content": "A reliable and routine identification of human granulocyte antigens is possible with an improved microgranulocytotoxicity assay. Freshly isolated, papainized granulocytes, an extended incubation period, and alcohol to prevent the adherence of cells are important factors enhancing cellular reactivity. Absorption studies indicate an absence of B-lymphocyte alloantigens on granulocytes. Five tentative granulocyte specificities were defined with granulocytotoxic non-HLA alloantisera. Sib-pair studies suggest the independent chromosomal segregation of the granulocyte and HLA antigen systems.", "contents": "Antigenic specificities detected on papainized human granulocytes by microgranulocytotoxicity. A reliable and routine identification of human granulocyte antigens is possible with an improved microgranulocytotoxicity assay. Freshly isolated, papainized granulocytes, an extended incubation period, and alcohol to prevent the adherence of cells are important factors enhancing cellular reactivity. Absorption studies indicate an absence of B-lymphocyte alloantigens on granulocytes. Five tentative granulocyte specificities were defined with granulocytotoxic non-HLA alloantisera. Sib-pair studies suggest the independent chromosomal segregation of the granulocyte and HLA antigen systems.", "PMID": 68596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2987", "title": "Allograft-infiltrating killer cells.", "content": "The allograft is infiltrated by several classes of killer cells carrying the relevant idiotypic receptor for alloantigen and being specifically cytotoxic to cells carrying the graft antigens.", "contents": "Allograft-infiltrating killer cells. The allograft is infiltrated by several classes of killer cells carrying the relevant idiotypic receptor for alloantigen and being specifically cytotoxic to cells carrying the graft antigens.", "PMID": 68599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2988", "title": "In vitro correlates of rejection. I. Suppressive effect and specificity in mixed lymphocyte interaction of alloantiserum producing hyperacute rejection.", "content": "A hyperimmune antiserum from WfBN F1 hybrid rats primed to hyperacutely reject LBN F1 cardiac allografts has been studied. A large volume of antiserum will cause allograft rejection in less than 1 day. In the in vitro MLI, concentrations of this antiserum as low as 0.05% are markedly suppressive. This suppression is dose-dependent and immunizing-strain-specific at concentrations less than 1%. The suppressive activity is in the globulin fraction. After in vivo absorption, donor-strain specificity is clearly shown, with some cross-reactivity with third-party ACI strain. Moderate suppression of the rat MLI was seen with some normal rat sera, and augmentation of the MLI was seen in some experiments when very dilute concentrations of hyperimmune serum were used. Since suppression or augmentation of the MLI can occur as a function of antiserum dose and presumably antibody concentration, single measurements of MLI blocking factors may be misleading, and MLI suppression is not necessarily a correlate of allograft enhancement.", "contents": "In vitro correlates of rejection. I. Suppressive effect and specificity in mixed lymphocyte interaction of alloantiserum producing hyperacute rejection. A hyperimmune antiserum from WfBN F1 hybrid rats primed to hyperacutely reject LBN F1 cardiac allografts has been studied. A large volume of antiserum will cause allograft rejection in less than 1 day. In the in vitro MLI, concentrations of this antiserum as low as 0.05% are markedly suppressive. This suppression is dose-dependent and immunizing-strain-specific at concentrations less than 1%. The suppressive activity is in the globulin fraction. After in vivo absorption, donor-strain specificity is clearly shown, with some cross-reactivity with third-party ACI strain. Moderate suppression of the rat MLI was seen with some normal rat sera, and augmentation of the MLI was seen in some experiments when very dilute concentrations of hyperimmune serum were used. Since suppression or augmentation of the MLI can occur as a function of antiserum dose and presumably antibody concentration, single measurements of MLI blocking factors may be misleading, and MLI suppression is not necessarily a correlate of allograft enhancement.", "PMID": 68601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2989", "title": "Suppression of specific MLC responsiveness during skin allograft rejection in rats.", "content": "During the effector phase of allograft rejection a specific MLC unresponsiveness of PBL has been observed in skin-grafted rats. This unresponsiveness is caused by a suppressive effect that is dependent on a cooperative interaction between macrophages and alloantigen-activated T cells. The interaction is mediated by a soluble factor released from the alloantigen-activated T cells on exposure to the specific antigen. The suppression itself is nonspecific.", "contents": "Suppression of specific MLC responsiveness during skin allograft rejection in rats. During the effector phase of allograft rejection a specific MLC unresponsiveness of PBL has been observed in skin-grafted rats. This unresponsiveness is caused by a suppressive effect that is dependent on a cooperative interaction between macrophages and alloantigen-activated T cells. The interaction is mediated by a soluble factor released from the alloantigen-activated T cells on exposure to the specific antigen. The suppression itself is nonspecific.", "PMID": 68602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2990", "title": "[Effect of various antimicrotubular drugs on the osmotic water flow through the wall of frog's urinary bladder].", "content": "The action of antimicrotubular drugs (colchicine, vinblastine and copper) on the osmotic water flow through the wall of the urinary bladder of Rana temporaria has been studied. The osmotic gradient was made by five- or tenfold dilution of the internal Ringer solution. The water flow was estimated gravimetrically. The water flow was induced by pituitrin (50 milliunits/ml), cyclic AMP (cAMP, 0.5-10(-3) M) and nystatine (3.5-10(-5) M). Pituitrin and cAMP and all the antimicrotubular drugs were added from the serosal surface of the bladder. Nystatine was introduced with the help of a fixed polyethylene tube. Preincubation with colchicine lasted 4 hours and that with vinblastine and copper (CuSO4), 1 hour. The drug concentrations varied between 10(-5)--10(-4) M. All the drugs studied showed a significant inhibitory effect toward pituitrin. The action of cAMP on the water flow was seen inhibited in the presence of colchicine and copper. The nystatine induced water flow was supressed by copper, colchicine being in this case inactive. A conclusion is drawn that the inhibition of cAMP formation does not cause a decreased pituitrine effect in the presence of antimicrotubular drugs. It has been assumed that the microtubules may be involved in the directed water flow within the cell.", "contents": "[Effect of various antimicrotubular drugs on the osmotic water flow through the wall of frog's urinary bladder]. The action of antimicrotubular drugs (colchicine, vinblastine and copper) on the osmotic water flow through the wall of the urinary bladder of Rana temporaria has been studied. The osmotic gradient was made by five- or tenfold dilution of the internal Ringer solution. The water flow was estimated gravimetrically. The water flow was induced by pituitrin (50 milliunits/ml), cyclic AMP (cAMP, 0.5-10(-3) M) and nystatine (3.5-10(-5) M). Pituitrin and cAMP and all the antimicrotubular drugs were added from the serosal surface of the bladder. Nystatine was introduced with the help of a fixed polyethylene tube. Preincubation with colchicine lasted 4 hours and that with vinblastine and copper (CuSO4), 1 hour. The drug concentrations varied between 10(-5)--10(-4) M. All the drugs studied showed a significant inhibitory effect toward pituitrin. The action of cAMP on the water flow was seen inhibited in the presence of colchicine and copper. The nystatine induced water flow was supressed by copper, colchicine being in this case inactive. A conclusion is drawn that the inhibition of cAMP formation does not cause a decreased pituitrine effect in the presence of antimicrotubular drugs. It has been assumed that the microtubules may be involved in the directed water flow within the cell.", "PMID": 68609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2991", "title": "[C- and Q-chromatin of the experimentally condensed human interphase chromosomes].", "content": "Condensed interphase chromosomes of the cultured human lymphocytes obtained by the fusion of interphase and metaphase cells were studied using C- and Q-bands techniques. The appearance and localization of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks on condensed chromosomes at G1-period were the same as on the metaphase ones. These characters were used for a group and individual identification of some chromosomes condensed at G1-period and for a study of the association of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks in the interphase nuclei. The fluorescent analysis of the chromosomes condensed at G1-period detected some bright fluorescent blocks of the constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "[C- and Q-chromatin of the experimentally condensed human interphase chromosomes]. Condensed interphase chromosomes of the cultured human lymphocytes obtained by the fusion of interphase and metaphase cells were studied using C- and Q-bands techniques. The appearance and localization of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks on condensed chromosomes at G1-period were the same as on the metaphase ones. These characters were used for a group and individual identification of some chromosomes condensed at G1-period and for a study of the association of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks in the interphase nuclei. The fluorescent analysis of the chromosomes condensed at G1-period detected some bright fluorescent blocks of the constitutive heterochromatin.", "PMID": 68610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2992", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometric analysis of various color reactions for acid and basis proteins in nerve tissue cells].", "content": "Polyvinyl formal films soaked with various concentrations of proteins as well as Carnoy-fixed paraffin sections of rat brain were stained with various colour reactions for acidic and basic proteins. Sufficient specificity, reproductivity, sensitivity and applicability for cytospectrophotometric determinations have been shown for the staining of acidic proteins with Toluidine blue 0 (pH 9.0) or with Fast green FCF (pH 2.6), and for the staining of basic proteins with Alcian blue (pH 10.0), or with Fast green FCF (pH 8.2). Importance of cytophotometric analysis of individual protein fractions is outlined for the functional cytochemistry of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometric analysis of various color reactions for acid and basis proteins in nerve tissue cells]. Polyvinyl formal films soaked with various concentrations of proteins as well as Carnoy-fixed paraffin sections of rat brain were stained with various colour reactions for acidic and basic proteins. Sufficient specificity, reproductivity, sensitivity and applicability for cytospectrophotometric determinations have been shown for the staining of acidic proteins with Toluidine blue 0 (pH 9.0) or with Fast green FCF (pH 2.6), and for the staining of basic proteins with Alcian blue (pH 10.0), or with Fast green FCF (pH 8.2). Importance of cytophotometric analysis of individual protein fractions is outlined for the functional cytochemistry of the nervous system.", "PMID": 68611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2993", "title": "Cross-resistance in M. tuberculosis to kanamycin, capreomycin and viomycin.", "content": "Drug resistant mutants to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, capreomycin, and rifampicin were isolated from four strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mutants isolated from each parent were then tested for evidence of development of cross-resistance to other drugs. There was no cross-resistance between either streptomycin or rifampicin and any of the other drugs. Complete cross-resistance between viomycin and capreomycin was found. Cross-resistance between kanamycin and capreomycin, and kanamycin and viomycin was variable. A review of the medical histories of 27 patients with kanamycin-resistant tubercle bacilli indicated that cross-resistance with capreomycin and viomycin occurs, but is unpredictable. Because of this variability in cross-resistance and the fact that kanamycin is a more toxic drug than capreomycin, it is suggested that capreomycin be used in the first retreatment regimen for tuberculosis when streptomycin resistance has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Cross-resistance in M. tuberculosis to kanamycin, capreomycin and viomycin. Drug resistant mutants to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, capreomycin, and rifampicin were isolated from four strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mutants isolated from each parent were then tested for evidence of development of cross-resistance to other drugs. There was no cross-resistance between either streptomycin or rifampicin and any of the other drugs. Complete cross-resistance between viomycin and capreomycin was found. Cross-resistance between kanamycin and capreomycin, and kanamycin and viomycin was variable. A review of the medical histories of 27 patients with kanamycin-resistant tubercle bacilli indicated that cross-resistance with capreomycin and viomycin occurs, but is unpredictable. Because of this variability in cross-resistance and the fact that kanamycin is a more toxic drug than capreomycin, it is suggested that capreomycin be used in the first retreatment regimen for tuberculosis when streptomycin resistance has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 68613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2994", "title": "[Ability of blood protein, typical of normal growth, to activate glycolysis and inhibit the Pasteur reaction].", "content": "Formation of lactic acid by the extracts from the healthy rabbit muscles was studied as affected by the sera of embryos, newborn rabbits and pregnant female rabbits. The blood sera and beta-globulin isolated from them are established to activate anaerobic glycolysis and inhibit the Pasteur reaction. It is shown that protein typical of normal growth, belonging to beta-globulins and circulating in blood of the embryos, newborn rabbits from the first to the fifteenth day of development is \"responsible\" for this phenomena. Correlation is found between the precipitation test for detecting this protein and its biological effect on glycolysis and the Pasteur reaction.", "contents": "[Ability of blood protein, typical of normal growth, to activate glycolysis and inhibit the Pasteur reaction]. Formation of lactic acid by the extracts from the healthy rabbit muscles was studied as affected by the sera of embryos, newborn rabbits and pregnant female rabbits. The blood sera and beta-globulin isolated from them are established to activate anaerobic glycolysis and inhibit the Pasteur reaction. It is shown that protein typical of normal growth, belonging to beta-globulins and circulating in blood of the embryos, newborn rabbits from the first to the fifteenth day of development is \"responsible\" for this phenomena. Correlation is found between the precipitation test for detecting this protein and its biological effect on glycolysis and the Pasteur reaction.", "PMID": 68614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2995", "title": "[Distribution of antibodies to DNA in the tissues of rats with sarcoma-45].", "content": "Distribution of a label was studied in nuclear fraction and in tissues of rats with transplanted sarcoma 45 within a day after an administration of immune and nonimmune 131I-gamma-globulins. When gamma-globulins, containing antibodies to one-stranded DNA, were administered the more intensive accumulation of the label was observed in nuclei of malignant tissue as compared with other tissues (liver, heart, thymus and muscles). The diffuse distribution of the label was found if nonimmune gamma-globulins were used. The phenomenon was apparently related to the active penetration of labelled antibodies to the replicating matrix and binding of them with one-stranded DNA sites. The suggestion is discussed that the effect of accumulation of immune gamma-globulin in proliferating tissue might be used for depression of the proliferative process.", "contents": "[Distribution of antibodies to DNA in the tissues of rats with sarcoma-45]. Distribution of a label was studied in nuclear fraction and in tissues of rats with transplanted sarcoma 45 within a day after an administration of immune and nonimmune 131I-gamma-globulins. When gamma-globulins, containing antibodies to one-stranded DNA, were administered the more intensive accumulation of the label was observed in nuclei of malignant tissue as compared with other tissues (liver, heart, thymus and muscles). The diffuse distribution of the label was found if nonimmune gamma-globulins were used. The phenomenon was apparently related to the active penetration of labelled antibodies to the replicating matrix and binding of them with one-stranded DNA sites. The suggestion is discussed that the effect of accumulation of immune gamma-globulin in proliferating tissue might be used for depression of the proliferative process.", "PMID": 68622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2996", "title": "[Use of synthetic steroids, inhibitors of microsomal enzymes, for retention of hexenal in the body and for prolongation of hexenal anesthesia under experimental conditions].", "content": "17alpha-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and its acetate derivative inhibited the activity of rat liver microsomal enzymes. The inhibitory effect of steroids was not accompanied by induction of the enzyme synthesis, which was characteristic for the other known inhibitors of mixed function oxydases (SKF 525-A, DPEA, MPDK). These properties of the steroids suggested their use for prolongation of the effect of drugs, which are inactivated by microsomal enzymes. The suggestion was tested using hexobarbital as an example. The transformation of hexobarbital in vitro by the rat liver microsomal enzymes was completely inhibited by the equimolar amount of the steroid acetate. Treatment of rats with the steroid acetate almost doubled the life-time of the hexobarbital in rat blood and resulted in the 1.5-fold increase of the sleeping time. The most effective dose of the steroid acetate was 5 mg per 100 g of body weight, the drug being injected 15 min before hexobarbital administration.", "contents": "[Use of synthetic steroids, inhibitors of microsomal enzymes, for retention of hexenal in the body and for prolongation of hexenal anesthesia under experimental conditions]. 17alpha-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and its acetate derivative inhibited the activity of rat liver microsomal enzymes. The inhibitory effect of steroids was not accompanied by induction of the enzyme synthesis, which was characteristic for the other known inhibitors of mixed function oxydases (SKF 525-A, DPEA, MPDK). These properties of the steroids suggested their use for prolongation of the effect of drugs, which are inactivated by microsomal enzymes. The suggestion was tested using hexobarbital as an example. The transformation of hexobarbital in vitro by the rat liver microsomal enzymes was completely inhibited by the equimolar amount of the steroid acetate. Treatment of rats with the steroid acetate almost doubled the life-time of the hexobarbital in rat blood and resulted in the 1.5-fold increase of the sleeping time. The most effective dose of the steroid acetate was 5 mg per 100 g of body weight, the drug being injected 15 min before hexobarbital administration.", "PMID": 68623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2997", "title": "[Clinical significance and problems of technique in the immunochemical determination of the third complement component C 3 (beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein) (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunochemical determination of the third complement (C) component C 3 as beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein has found extensive use in the clinical evaluation of immunopathological conditions. C 3 changes are associated with inborn C defects and acquired diseases. In the latter case, diminished C3 levels are of the greatest practical relevance. Reduced C 3 values are not necessarily due to \"classical\" antibody-mediated C activation, as in immune-complex diseases, but may be caused also by \"alternative\" pathway activation and decreased C 3 synthesis. In addition, important technique factors have to be considered in the evaluation of immunochemically-determined C 3 values. Since the antigenic pattern of C 3 changes during in vitro ageing, not only the state of conversion of C 3 in the sample and in the reference serum (standard), but above all, the specificity of the anti-C 3-serum plays an important role in critically influencing the total error of the method. In order to avoid this error C 3 can be determined as beta 1 C protein using a beta 1 C standard which is, however, not easily available. On the other hand, beta 1 A quantitation causes less problems since standard sera usually contain C 3 as beta 1 A portein. However, an incubation period of 7 days at + 37 degrees C is necessary for complete C 3 conversion. This undesirable time delay has not yet been satisfactorily overcome by in vitro acceleration of C 3 conversion using different substances.", "contents": "[Clinical significance and problems of technique in the immunochemical determination of the third complement component C 3 (beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein) (author's transl)]. Immunochemical determination of the third complement (C) component C 3 as beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein has found extensive use in the clinical evaluation of immunopathological conditions. C 3 changes are associated with inborn C defects and acquired diseases. In the latter case, diminished C3 levels are of the greatest practical relevance. Reduced C 3 values are not necessarily due to \"classical\" antibody-mediated C activation, as in immune-complex diseases, but may be caused also by \"alternative\" pathway activation and decreased C 3 synthesis. In addition, important technique factors have to be considered in the evaluation of immunochemically-determined C 3 values. Since the antigenic pattern of C 3 changes during in vitro ageing, not only the state of conversion of C 3 in the sample and in the reference serum (standard), but above all, the specificity of the anti-C 3-serum plays an important role in critically influencing the total error of the method. In order to avoid this error C 3 can be determined as beta 1 C protein using a beta 1 C standard which is, however, not easily available. On the other hand, beta 1 A quantitation causes less problems since standard sera usually contain C 3 as beta 1 A portein. However, an incubation period of 7 days at + 37 degrees C is necessary for complete C 3 conversion. This undesirable time delay has not yet been satisfactorily overcome by in vitro acceleration of C 3 conversion using different substances.", "PMID": 68627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2998", "title": "[Disorders of blood coagulatiion during haemoperfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Charcoal haemoperfusion of patient may cause a fall in thrombocyte and fibrinogen levels. The possible cause of these changes in haemostasis was investigated by means of five haemoperfusion devices which were filled with 2000 ml ACD fresh blood and perfused for three hours. A continous reduction in the thrombocytes and the plasma coagulation proteins resulted, while the ethanol test and the level of fibrin degradation products stayed within normal levels. These results indicate the adsorption of thrombocytes and protein on to the surface of the charcoal haemoperfusion device. An activation of the coagulation system (i. e. disseminated intravasal coagulation, fibrinolysis) appears unlikely.", "contents": "[Disorders of blood coagulatiion during haemoperfusion (author's transl)]. Charcoal haemoperfusion of patient may cause a fall in thrombocyte and fibrinogen levels. The possible cause of these changes in haemostasis was investigated by means of five haemoperfusion devices which were filled with 2000 ml ACD fresh blood and perfused for three hours. A continous reduction in the thrombocytes and the plasma coagulation proteins resulted, while the ethanol test and the level of fibrin degradation products stayed within normal levels. These results indicate the adsorption of thrombocytes and protein on to the surface of the charcoal haemoperfusion device. An activation of the coagulation system (i. e. disseminated intravasal coagulation, fibrinolysis) appears unlikely.", "PMID": 68628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_2999", "title": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on the antitrypsin activity of blood serum in the postoperative period].", "content": "An antitryptic activity and effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin, administered parenterally, on the activity were studied in blood serum of patients, subjected to surgical operations. The antitryptic activity and content of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins were shown to increase in blood serum of patients within 5 days of the postoperative period. Intramuscular administration of the proteolytic enzymes within 5 days decreased the anti-tryptic activity and content of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins in blood serum.", "contents": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on the antitrypsin activity of blood serum in the postoperative period]. An antitryptic activity and effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin, administered parenterally, on the activity were studied in blood serum of patients, subjected to surgical operations. The antitryptic activity and content of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins were shown to increase in blood serum of patients within 5 days of the postoperative period. Intramuscular administration of the proteolytic enzymes within 5 days decreased the anti-tryptic activity and content of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins in blood serum.", "PMID": 68624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3000", "title": "[Recurrent herpes simplex. The situation in the United States].", "content": "At present, there is no drug marketed in the United States for the treatment of herpes simplex, except for idoxuridine for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. The recent enthusiasm for the use of heterocyclice fluorescent dyes in conjunction with exposure to light (photodynamic inactivation) has diminished, and the efficacy of all available topical measures is being questioned. Of the numerous antiviral drugs being investigated, the following seem to show promise: idoxuridine, adenin arabinoside, trifluorothymidine, phosphonoacetic acid, and ribavirin. There are no vaccines available. Measures to stimulate immune response concern the use of levamisole hydrochloride, Interferon, Inosiplex and Transfer factor. Only adenine arabinoside will be available in the near future, and then only to serious life threatening infections. The marketing of other medications is several years in the future.", "contents": "[Recurrent herpes simplex. The situation in the United States]. At present, there is no drug marketed in the United States for the treatment of herpes simplex, except for idoxuridine for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. The recent enthusiasm for the use of heterocyclice fluorescent dyes in conjunction with exposure to light (photodynamic inactivation) has diminished, and the efficacy of all available topical measures is being questioned. Of the numerous antiviral drugs being investigated, the following seem to show promise: idoxuridine, adenin arabinoside, trifluorothymidine, phosphonoacetic acid, and ribavirin. There are no vaccines available. Measures to stimulate immune response concern the use of levamisole hydrochloride, Interferon, Inosiplex and Transfer factor. Only adenine arabinoside will be available in the near future, and then only to serious life threatening infections. The marketing of other medications is several years in the future.", "PMID": 68631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3001", "title": "[Technic of transvesical suprapubic adenomectomy for the control of hemorrhage and urinary infection].", "content": "The advantages of our method: 1. By omission of the urethral catheter the infection is nearly completely avoided. 2. It guarantees a good haemostasis. 3. It reduces the intraoperative and later complications of adenectomy (infection and anaemia). 4. It facilitates the postoperative treatment. 5. One avoids urethritis and strictures caused by the urethral catheter. 6. It shortens the postoperative period of rest. 7. One economises medicaments (antibiotically, antianaemically). 8. The possible break of the catgut thread at its removal is of no danger, as it is resorbed.", "contents": "[Technic of transvesical suprapubic adenomectomy for the control of hemorrhage and urinary infection]. The advantages of our method: 1. By omission of the urethral catheter the infection is nearly completely avoided. 2. It guarantees a good haemostasis. 3. It reduces the intraoperative and later complications of adenectomy (infection and anaemia). 4. It facilitates the postoperative treatment. 5. One avoids urethritis and strictures caused by the urethral catheter. 6. It shortens the postoperative period of rest. 7. One economises medicaments (antibiotically, antianaemically). 8. The possible break of the catgut thread at its removal is of no danger, as it is resorbed.", "PMID": 68637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3002", "title": "[Complications and risks of abdominal diseases in old surgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "732 patients older than 70 years suffering from abdominal diseases were studied regarding postoperative complications and mortality. The rate of complications in connection with surgical procedures corresponds to that of younger patients. But complication depending on organs and organ systems impaired by age and pre-existing diseases were found in higher percentage.", "contents": "[Complications and risks of abdominal diseases in old surgical patients (author's transl)]. 732 patients older than 70 years suffering from abdominal diseases were studied regarding postoperative complications and mortality. The rate of complications in connection with surgical procedures corresponds to that of younger patients. But complication depending on organs and organ systems impaired by age and pre-existing diseases were found in higher percentage.", "PMID": 68638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3003", "title": "[Legal abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy at the University Hospital for Women in Novi Sad (1960-1975)].", "content": "The authors present the results of their own observations and investigations of legal abortions until the 12th week in the University Department of Gynaecologigy and Obstetrics of Novi Sad for the period 1960 to 1975. The analysis discusses success, failures and complications in 83,121 legal and 23,321 cases of other abortions registered in the Department in the mentioned period. In particular, injuries of the uterus at these interventions, haemorrhage after and during abortion and distinctly low mortality at legal abortions--1 case or 0.0012% are discussed.", "contents": "[Legal abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy at the University Hospital for Women in Novi Sad (1960-1975)]. The authors present the results of their own observations and investigations of legal abortions until the 12th week in the University Department of Gynaecologigy and Obstetrics of Novi Sad for the period 1960 to 1975. The analysis discusses success, failures and complications in 83,121 legal and 23,321 cases of other abortions registered in the Department in the mentioned period. In particular, injuries of the uterus at these interventions, haemorrhage after and during abortion and distinctly low mortality at legal abortions--1 case or 0.0012% are discussed.", "PMID": 68639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3004", "title": "[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the cervix uteri].", "content": "Among 147 re-examined carcinomas of the uterine cervix from the years 1970 till 1975 eight mucoepidermoid carcinomas were found and described. Furthermore we report on one case of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma in situ. The mucous substances are dyed with PAS and the Alcianblue-PAS reaction. A detailed definition of \"minimal mucous appearance\" is worked out in order to classify a carcinoma as a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. An increase in the mucous producing tendency of squamous cell carcinomas as well as in the number of mucoepidermoid carcinomas during the last two years is stressed.", "contents": "[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the cervix uteri]. Among 147 re-examined carcinomas of the uterine cervix from the years 1970 till 1975 eight mucoepidermoid carcinomas were found and described. Furthermore we report on one case of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma in situ. The mucous substances are dyed with PAS and the Alcianblue-PAS reaction. A detailed definition of \"minimal mucous appearance\" is worked out in order to classify a carcinoma as a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. An increase in the mucous producing tendency of squamous cell carcinomas as well as in the number of mucoepidermoid carcinomas during the last two years is stressed.", "PMID": 68640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3005", "title": "The arrangement of lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane of Yersinia enterocolitica: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "One the cell surface of smooth of Yersinia enterocolitica 75 (Ye 75 S), and electron-lucent layer was identified in thin sections after incubation with Ye 75 S-antiserum. It is adjacent to the \"double track\" of the outer membrane. This layer does not appear on the analogously treated rough mutant (Ye 75 R), whose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) does not contain O-specific polysaccharides. It could be shown that this layer is formed by the O-specific side chains of LPS, which are unstained by routine methods. As the side chains of LPS obviosly make it difficult to visualize the LPS-strands in the outer membrane of rough strands was investigated. On Ye 75 R, the LPS-strands could be demonstrated only after treatment of cells with polymyxin B. After short time of exposure, the LPS appeared as contigous strand-like structures (diameter roughly 60 A) on the cell surface of cells which were negatively stained or dried by the critical-point-method. After prolonging polymyxin B treatment, \"blebs\" or \"protrusions\" appeared on the surface of Ye 75 cells, which were in negatively stained preparations and in thin sections identified as partly loosened LPS. The demonstration of LPS-strands in untreated cells was possible only on a \"deep rough\" mutant (Ye 161-45 a R), whose LPS contains only glucosamine and KDO besides lipid A. It is suggested that the LPS form a layer of contiguous strands (mid-to-distance 62 +/- 3 A) on the surface of negatively stained cells. According to this view, on the Ye 75 S, the O-specific side chains extend from this layer into the medium.", "contents": "The arrangement of lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane of Yersinia enterocolitica: an electron microscopic study. One the cell surface of smooth of Yersinia enterocolitica 75 (Ye 75 S), and electron-lucent layer was identified in thin sections after incubation with Ye 75 S-antiserum. It is adjacent to the \"double track\" of the outer membrane. This layer does not appear on the analogously treated rough mutant (Ye 75 R), whose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) does not contain O-specific polysaccharides. It could be shown that this layer is formed by the O-specific side chains of LPS, which are unstained by routine methods. As the side chains of LPS obviosly make it difficult to visualize the LPS-strands in the outer membrane of rough strands was investigated. On Ye 75 R, the LPS-strands could be demonstrated only after treatment of cells with polymyxin B. After short time of exposure, the LPS appeared as contigous strand-like structures (diameter roughly 60 A) on the cell surface of cells which were negatively stained or dried by the critical-point-method. After prolonging polymyxin B treatment, \"blebs\" or \"protrusions\" appeared on the surface of Ye 75 cells, which were in negatively stained preparations and in thin sections identified as partly loosened LPS. The demonstration of LPS-strands in untreated cells was possible only on a \"deep rough\" mutant (Ye 161-45 a R), whose LPS contains only glucosamine and KDO besides lipid A. It is suggested that the LPS form a layer of contiguous strands (mid-to-distance 62 +/- 3 A) on the surface of negatively stained cells. According to this view, on the Ye 75 S, the O-specific side chains extend from this layer into the medium.", "PMID": 68641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3006", "title": "[Study of genetic control of synthesis of type III and 6th group-specific antigens of Flexner shigellae].", "content": "As revealed in experiments of interspecific and intraspecific crosses, the determinant responsible for the group-specific 6, as well as controling the synthesis of type III antigens of Sh. flexneri were localized near the lac-pro markers on the chromosome. In intraspecies crosses of bacteria of y variant with the donor Sh. flexneri 3c strain the percentage of linking of lac+a6+ was 32, and of lac+aIII+ --24. Genetic confirmation of the dependence of the function of the a6 (defined as att6) determinant on the presence of an antigenic complex 3,4 and of the association of the serological detection of the antigen III on the gene a6 was presented. On the basis of the data of Gemski et al it can be supposed that the determinant of the a6 served as the site of attachment of a specific converting phage.", "contents": "[Study of genetic control of synthesis of type III and 6th group-specific antigens of Flexner shigellae]. As revealed in experiments of interspecific and intraspecific crosses, the determinant responsible for the group-specific 6, as well as controling the synthesis of type III antigens of Sh. flexneri were localized near the lac-pro markers on the chromosome. In intraspecies crosses of bacteria of y variant with the donor Sh. flexneri 3c strain the percentage of linking of lac+a6+ was 32, and of lac+aIII+ --24. Genetic confirmation of the dependence of the function of the a6 (defined as att6) determinant on the presence of an antigenic complex 3,4 and of the association of the serological detection of the antigen III on the gene a6 was presented. On the basis of the data of Gemski et al it can be supposed that the determinant of the a6 served as the site of attachment of a specific converting phage.", "PMID": 68643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3007", "title": "[Natriuretic component of the osmoregulating reflex during postnatal dog ontogenesis].", "content": "In experiments on puppies ageing from 3 days up to 8 months, as well as on adult dogs, studies have been made of mechanisms of excretion of water and sodium during the increase of osmotic concentration in the blood circulation of the liver and spleen. It was found that in contrast to adult dogs, in which the osmotic shift decreases diuresis and increases sodium excretion, the decrease of diuresis in 1-month puppies is accompanied by a decrease of sodium excretion. Two-component osmoregulatory reaction is developed only to the 2nd month of life. Pituitrin P, injected intravenously, evoked the same reactions which were observed in osmoregulatory reflexes at various stages of ontogenesis. Studies on papillary-cortical osmotic and sodium gradients implies that kidney reactions to osmotic shifts are realized via neurohypophysial hormones; maturation of mechanisms realizing the osmotic papillary-cortical gradient takes place previously to those which realize sodium concentration gradient.", "contents": "[Natriuretic component of the osmoregulating reflex during postnatal dog ontogenesis]. In experiments on puppies ageing from 3 days up to 8 months, as well as on adult dogs, studies have been made of mechanisms of excretion of water and sodium during the increase of osmotic concentration in the blood circulation of the liver and spleen. It was found that in contrast to adult dogs, in which the osmotic shift decreases diuresis and increases sodium excretion, the decrease of diuresis in 1-month puppies is accompanied by a decrease of sodium excretion. Two-component osmoregulatory reaction is developed only to the 2nd month of life. Pituitrin P, injected intravenously, evoked the same reactions which were observed in osmoregulatory reflexes at various stages of ontogenesis. Studies on papillary-cortical osmotic and sodium gradients implies that kidney reactions to osmotic shifts are realized via neurohypophysial hormones; maturation of mechanisms realizing the osmotic papillary-cortical gradient takes place previously to those which realize sodium concentration gradient.", "PMID": 68642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3008", "title": "Sporadic non-toxic goitre. A long-term follow-up of 36 patients.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with non-toxic goitre were reviewed after a mean period of 13 years. Initially 19 patients were iodine deficient (Group I) and 17 had normal plasma inorganic iodine (Group II). In general the iodine deficient patients had larger goitres, developed more complications (26% became hyperthyroid, hypothyroid or required partial thyroidectomy), and required more treatment. There were marked changes in thyroid function tests. In both groups thyroid uptake fell and PII rose though the final PII remained significantly lower in Group I patients. Thyroid and renal iodide clearance fell significantly in Group I patients only. In both groups the final mean total serum T3 levels were abnormally elevated whereas the mean PBI levels did not change significantly during the period of study and the final mean total T4 concentrations were noraml. All goitres became smaller and there were no complications in patients whose goitre became impalpable. No cases of malignancy and no postoperative recurrences of goitre were observed. It is suggested that the incidence of complications in those patients who persist with palpable goitres is sufficent to merit follow-up of this group.", "contents": "Sporadic non-toxic goitre. A long-term follow-up of 36 patients. Thirty-six patients with non-toxic goitre were reviewed after a mean period of 13 years. Initially 19 patients were iodine deficient (Group I) and 17 had normal plasma inorganic iodine (Group II). In general the iodine deficient patients had larger goitres, developed more complications (26% became hyperthyroid, hypothyroid or required partial thyroidectomy), and required more treatment. There were marked changes in thyroid function tests. In both groups thyroid uptake fell and PII rose though the final PII remained significantly lower in Group I patients. Thyroid and renal iodide clearance fell significantly in Group I patients only. In both groups the final mean total serum T3 levels were abnormally elevated whereas the mean PBI levels did not change significantly during the period of study and the final mean total T4 concentrations were noraml. All goitres became smaller and there were no complications in patients whose goitre became impalpable. No cases of malignancy and no postoperative recurrences of goitre were observed. It is suggested that the incidence of complications in those patients who persist with palpable goitres is sufficent to merit follow-up of this group.", "PMID": 68654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3009", "title": "Modified method of C banding using barium hydroxide.", "content": "A modified centromeric heterochromatin banding technique using barium hydroxide octahydrate is described. The relationship between slide maturity and time of denaturation by barium-hydroxide is discussed.", "contents": "Modified method of C banding using barium hydroxide. A modified centromeric heterochromatin banding technique using barium hydroxide octahydrate is described. The relationship between slide maturity and time of denaturation by barium-hydroxide is discussed.", "PMID": 68655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3010", "title": "Ultrastructural, optical and volume changes in brain mitochondria during gramicidin-induced ion uptake.", "content": "Gramicidin-induced swelling of rat brain mitochondria was followed spectrophotometrically with a parallel analysis of changes in the ultrastructure, volume and eccentricity ratio of the mitochondria. Under the effect of gramicidin the expansion of the inner compartment occurs with an overall increase in volume. Mitochondria tend to be rounded although not entirely spherical in shape. The reversal of swelling with respiratory inhibitor (KCN, rotenone) results in a shrinkage of the inner compartment and is not accompanied by a proportional reduction of the outer compartment. Mitochondria fail to regain their original shape. It can be concluded that in the course of energy-dependent swelling the ability to contract might be retained, whereas other factors controlling the shape of the mitochondrion are irreversibly affected.", "contents": "Ultrastructural, optical and volume changes in brain mitochondria during gramicidin-induced ion uptake. Gramicidin-induced swelling of rat brain mitochondria was followed spectrophotometrically with a parallel analysis of changes in the ultrastructure, volume and eccentricity ratio of the mitochondria. Under the effect of gramicidin the expansion of the inner compartment occurs with an overall increase in volume. Mitochondria tend to be rounded although not entirely spherical in shape. The reversal of swelling with respiratory inhibitor (KCN, rotenone) results in a shrinkage of the inner compartment and is not accompanied by a proportional reduction of the outer compartment. Mitochondria fail to regain their original shape. It can be concluded that in the course of energy-dependent swelling the ability to contract might be retained, whereas other factors controlling the shape of the mitochondrion are irreversibly affected.", "PMID": 68656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3011", "title": "General health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish country. V. A strategy for improving the effectiveness and the cost efficiency of the psychological screening program.", "content": "Data presented in a previous paper pointed to the necessity for improving the overall sensitivity of the psychological screening program. The present report indicates possibilities for such an improvement without changing the screening methods. A comparison of the primary data of the true positives, the false positives and all the negatives (non-referred) revealed the necessity of more stringent referral criteria. It is predicted that the systematic application these criteria would result in an increase in the rate of true positives form 2.8 to 4.8% of the screened population. In addition a strategy aiming at a reduction of the costs without deteriorating the effectiveness and based on a differential application of the various elements of the screening program is presented.", "contents": "General health screening of four-year-olds in a Swedish country. V. A strategy for improving the effectiveness and the cost efficiency of the psychological screening program. Data presented in a previous paper pointed to the necessity for improving the overall sensitivity of the psychological screening program. The present report indicates possibilities for such an improvement without changing the screening methods. A comparison of the primary data of the true positives, the false positives and all the negatives (non-referred) revealed the necessity of more stringent referral criteria. It is predicted that the systematic application these criteria would result in an increase in the rate of true positives form 2.8 to 4.8% of the screened population. In addition a strategy aiming at a reduction of the costs without deteriorating the effectiveness and based on a differential application of the various elements of the screening program is presented.", "PMID": 68657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3012", "title": "Recent observations on the structure and composition of elastin.", "content": "The ultrastructural organization of elastin has been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens coupled with optical diffraction analyses. Purified elastin results from a composite assembly of interwoven branched and twisted thread-like entities of decreasing diameter. The ultimate filamentous component is a rope-like structure each with an overall diameter of 3.5-4.0 nm consisting of paired filaments of indefinite length each 1.5 nm in width and periodically linked longitudinally at a varying distance of 3.5 to 4.5 nm depending on the degree of stretch.", "contents": "Recent observations on the structure and composition of elastin. The ultrastructural organization of elastin has been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens coupled with optical diffraction analyses. Purified elastin results from a composite assembly of interwoven branched and twisted thread-like entities of decreasing diameter. The ultimate filamentous component is a rope-like structure each with an overall diameter of 3.5-4.0 nm consisting of paired filaments of indefinite length each 1.5 nm in width and periodically linked longitudinally at a varying distance of 3.5 to 4.5 nm depending on the degree of stretch.", "PMID": 68660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3013", "title": "Elastase-like enzymes in aortas and human breast carcinomas: quantitative variations with age and pathology.", "content": "Two neutral proteases have been isolated from aortas and human breast tumors. The aortic elastase-like enzyme has been further purified. The details of this purification procedure will be given and some of the properties of the purified enzyme (susceptibility to various kinds of substrates, degree of inhibition of serum inhibitors, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin). This elastinolytic activity of the aorta increased with age and with the degree of atherosclerosis. Both parameters seem to act independently and in a cumulative fashion. Elastinolytic activity has been demonstrated in extracts of human breast carcinomas and is exponentially related to the age of the patient. There exists a parallel neosynthesis of elastin which increased also with the age of the patient. Some characteristics of the polymeric elastin isolated from the tumor tissue will be given. The possible role of this neutral protease present in human aortas and human breast carcinomas will be discussed.", "contents": "Elastase-like enzymes in aortas and human breast carcinomas: quantitative variations with age and pathology. Two neutral proteases have been isolated from aortas and human breast tumors. The aortic elastase-like enzyme has been further purified. The details of this purification procedure will be given and some of the properties of the purified enzyme (susceptibility to various kinds of substrates, degree of inhibition of serum inhibitors, alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin). This elastinolytic activity of the aorta increased with age and with the degree of atherosclerosis. Both parameters seem to act independently and in a cumulative fashion. Elastinolytic activity has been demonstrated in extracts of human breast carcinomas and is exponentially related to the age of the patient. There exists a parallel neosynthesis of elastin which increased also with the age of the patient. Some characteristics of the polymeric elastin isolated from the tumor tissue will be given. The possible role of this neutral protease present in human aortas and human breast carcinomas will be discussed.", "PMID": 68661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3014", "title": "The elastic system fibers.", "content": "Using the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation it was possible to clearly visualize, with reproducible results, the elastic fiber amorphous material because of its density. The microfibrillar component was also evidenced with a good performance. With this technique the ultrastructural patterns of the oxytalan and elaunin fibers were also demonstrated. The oxytalan fibers appeared as a bundle of microfibrils similar to elastic microfibrils without amorphous material. The elaunin fibers presented a dispersed amorphous material intermingled among the microfibrils. It was suggested by ultrastructural evidences that oxytalan and elaunin fibers may represent interruption in successive phases in the development of the elastic fibers.", "contents": "The elastic system fibers. Using the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation it was possible to clearly visualize, with reproducible results, the elastic fiber amorphous material because of its density. The microfibrillar component was also evidenced with a good performance. With this technique the ultrastructural patterns of the oxytalan and elaunin fibers were also demonstrated. The oxytalan fibers appeared as a bundle of microfibrils similar to elastic microfibrils without amorphous material. The elaunin fibers presented a dispersed amorphous material intermingled among the microfibrils. It was suggested by ultrastructural evidences that oxytalan and elaunin fibers may represent interruption in successive phases in the development of the elastic fibers.", "PMID": 68662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3015", "title": "The existence of inhibited lysyl oxidase and the presence of multiple forms.", "content": "Considerable difficulty in puriying tissue lysyl oxidase has been previously encountered and the cause of this difficulty has now been ascertained. For these studies, we have used blood plasma lysyl oxidase as a model system. Blood plasma has been shown to contain considerable lysyl oxidase activity. The enzyme exists in a partially or completely inhibited state. Homogeneous preparations of the enzyme from the blood have been obtained by two different methods. Method A yields one form of lysyl oxidase while Method B yields three forms of the enzyme. The methods for the purification of the enzyme and some properties of the enzyme and preliminary data on the lysyl oxidase inhibitor will be discussed.", "contents": "The existence of inhibited lysyl oxidase and the presence of multiple forms. Considerable difficulty in puriying tissue lysyl oxidase has been previously encountered and the cause of this difficulty has now been ascertained. For these studies, we have used blood plasma lysyl oxidase as a model system. Blood plasma has been shown to contain considerable lysyl oxidase activity. The enzyme exists in a partially or completely inhibited state. Homogeneous preparations of the enzyme from the blood have been obtained by two different methods. Method A yields one form of lysyl oxidase while Method B yields three forms of the enzyme. The methods for the purification of the enzyme and some properties of the enzyme and preliminary data on the lysyl oxidase inhibitor will be discussed.", "PMID": 68666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3016", "title": "[Diagnosis and habilitation of hard of hearing-children in the region of Magdeburg/GDR (author's transl)].", "content": "Need of an early diagnosis and an early habilitation of hard of hearing-children is stressed. The authors are working with pupils from the school for deaf children of Halberstadt and from the school for hard of hearing-children of Magdeburg. Genetic counseling has to be integrated in the complex program of habilitation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and habilitation of hard of hearing-children in the region of Magdeburg/GDR (author's transl)]. Need of an early diagnosis and an early habilitation of hard of hearing-children is stressed. The authors are working with pupils from the school for deaf children of Halberstadt and from the school for hard of hearing-children of Magdeburg. Genetic counseling has to be integrated in the complex program of habilitation.", "PMID": 68667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3017", "title": "Selection of La Crosse virus variants by sentinel squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks (Tamius striatus).", "content": "Comparisons of La Crosse (LAC) virus strains, obtained from sentinel squirrels and chipmunks, were made using three viral markers: plaque size on Vero cells, virulence in 8 days old laboratory mice, and antigenic characteristics as measured by the plaque reduction neutralization test. All strains were in their first suckling mouse brain passage. The mean plaque size of viruses isolated from squirrels was slightly larger than the mean plaque size of viruses isolated from chipmunks. There were no differences in virulence and antigenic characteristics of LAC strains isolated from chipmunks compared to those from squirrels. However, significant differences in these characteristics between individual virus strains did occur, irrespective of the vertebrate species from which the strain was isolated. First suckling mouse brain passage of viremic blood apparently selected for a smaller mean plaque size than was present in the blood. These results indicate that the squirrel and chipmunk were not rapidly selecting for greatly divergent subpopulations of the three measured markers in nature. There were some indications, however, that even one suckling mouse brain passage of field LAC virus apparently decreased mean plaque size.", "contents": "Selection of La Crosse virus variants by sentinel squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks (Tamius striatus). Comparisons of La Crosse (LAC) virus strains, obtained from sentinel squirrels and chipmunks, were made using three viral markers: plaque size on Vero cells, virulence in 8 days old laboratory mice, and antigenic characteristics as measured by the plaque reduction neutralization test. All strains were in their first suckling mouse brain passage. The mean plaque size of viruses isolated from squirrels was slightly larger than the mean plaque size of viruses isolated from chipmunks. There were no differences in virulence and antigenic characteristics of LAC strains isolated from chipmunks compared to those from squirrels. However, significant differences in these characteristics between individual virus strains did occur, irrespective of the vertebrate species from which the strain was isolated. First suckling mouse brain passage of viremic blood apparently selected for a smaller mean plaque size than was present in the blood. These results indicate that the squirrel and chipmunk were not rapidly selecting for greatly divergent subpopulations of the three measured markers in nature. There were some indications, however, that even one suckling mouse brain passage of field LAC virus apparently decreased mean plaque size.", "PMID": 68669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3018", "title": "Ascending aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis for cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "The course and prognosis of 208 patients with an ascending aorta to pulmonary artery anastomosis is reviewed. Mortality rate during, or within one month, of surgery was 24 per cent (50/208) and late mortality rate, prior to repair, was 10 per cent (21/208). An additional 5 per cent (10/208) died during subsequent intracardiac repair. Congestive heart failure developed in 25 per cent (53/208), pulmonary artery hypertension in 17 per cent (12/72), and pulmonary vascular obstruction in 6 per cent (4/72). An increase in orifice size of the stoma with time was documented in eight patients. Additional subsequent palliative surgery was required in 22 per cent (45/208). Mortality rate was directly related to age at operation and was highest in neonates less than one week of age. In infants with tetralogy of Fallot, a preliminary comparison of mortality rate between palliative surgery and primary repair clearly suggests that the latter is the preferred method of treatment.", "contents": "Ascending aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis for cyanotic congenital heart disease. The course and prognosis of 208 patients with an ascending aorta to pulmonary artery anastomosis is reviewed. Mortality rate during, or within one month, of surgery was 24 per cent (50/208) and late mortality rate, prior to repair, was 10 per cent (21/208). An additional 5 per cent (10/208) died during subsequent intracardiac repair. Congestive heart failure developed in 25 per cent (53/208), pulmonary artery hypertension in 17 per cent (12/72), and pulmonary vascular obstruction in 6 per cent (4/72). An increase in orifice size of the stoma with time was documented in eight patients. Additional subsequent palliative surgery was required in 22 per cent (45/208). Mortality rate was directly related to age at operation and was highest in neonates less than one week of age. In infants with tetralogy of Fallot, a preliminary comparison of mortality rate between palliative surgery and primary repair clearly suggests that the latter is the preferred method of treatment.", "PMID": 68671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3019", "title": "Health effects of exposure to automobile exhaust--V. exposure of toll booth operators to automobile exhaust.", "content": "The exposures of automobile toll booth collectors in the Boston area to selected air contaminants were monitored during the four seasons from 1972 to 1974. The highest carbon monoxide concentrations were found at the in-city toll booths and the highest lead levels at the surburban booths. Biological monitoring for carbon monoxide and lead exposure were closely related to airborne contaminant levels. The study supports the need for environmental control for toll booths located at busy highway and tunnels.", "contents": "Health effects of exposure to automobile exhaust--V. exposure of toll booth operators to automobile exhaust. The exposures of automobile toll booth collectors in the Boston area to selected air contaminants were monitored during the four seasons from 1972 to 1974. The highest carbon monoxide concentrations were found at the in-city toll booths and the highest lead levels at the surburban booths. Biological monitoring for carbon monoxide and lead exposure were closely related to airborne contaminant levels. The study supports the need for environmental control for toll booths located at busy highway and tunnels.", "PMID": 68672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3020", "title": "The effect of heterologous antisera on embryonic development. XIII. Lack of effect of antisera to alpha fetoprotein.", "content": "This investigation was carried out to determine whether heterologous antisera to alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are embryotoxic to developing rat embryos. Homogeneous rat AFP was isolated and antisera directed against this glycoprotein were produced in rabbits, horse and goat. The effect of the antisera on embryonic development was examined by injecting the antisera intraperitoneally into pregnant rats on the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth days of gestation. The results demonstrated that there was no evidence of increased incidence of fetal abnormalities in 472 surviving fetuses of 42 injected rats. There was no evidence of increase embryonic death or retardation of intrauterine growth following administration of the antisera on the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth days of gestation. The localization of the injected antisera was examined by the indirect immunofluorescent method. The results showed that the heterologous AFP antibodies localized specifically in the visceral yolk sac placenta. No antibody localization was observed in the embryo proper or the chorioallantoic placenta. It is speculated that the localization of AFP antibodies in the visceral yolk sac does not interfere with the embryotrophic function of the visceral yolk sac placenta.", "contents": "The effect of heterologous antisera on embryonic development. XIII. Lack of effect of antisera to alpha fetoprotein. This investigation was carried out to determine whether heterologous antisera to alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are embryotoxic to developing rat embryos. Homogeneous rat AFP was isolated and antisera directed against this glycoprotein were produced in rabbits, horse and goat. The effect of the antisera on embryonic development was examined by injecting the antisera intraperitoneally into pregnant rats on the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth days of gestation. The results demonstrated that there was no evidence of increased incidence of fetal abnormalities in 472 surviving fetuses of 42 injected rats. There was no evidence of increase embryonic death or retardation of intrauterine growth following administration of the antisera on the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth days of gestation. The localization of the injected antisera was examined by the indirect immunofluorescent method. The results showed that the heterologous AFP antibodies localized specifically in the visceral yolk sac placenta. No antibody localization was observed in the embryo proper or the chorioallantoic placenta. It is speculated that the localization of AFP antibodies in the visceral yolk sac does not interfere with the embryotrophic function of the visceral yolk sac placenta.", "PMID": 68673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3021", "title": "The surface characteristics of the plasma membrane of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "Regional differentiation of the plasma membrane and related structures of the exocrine pancreas has been studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Fixation with an osmium tetroxide-silver acetate solution produced abundant fine precipitates on the luminal and basal surface of the centroacinar but not the acinar cells. Staining with dialyzed iron (DI) revealed the heaviest concentration of anionic sites on the luminal plasma membrane of the acinar cells, including the surface of both the intercellular canaliculi and the main lumen. The reactive sites on the apical acinar plasmalemma appeared to consist of discrete globules. DI-reactivity of the lateral basal membranes was most prominent in the centroacinar cells and essentially absent in the acinar cells but was weak relative to that of the acinar-cell apical plasmalemma. The lamina lucida of the basement membrane of the duct stained with DI, but that of basement membrane under acinar cells did not. Sialidase digestion prior to DI staining abolished the staining of plasma membranes. These results indicate that duct epithelial cells, including most prominently the centroacinar cells, are chiefly responsible for electrolyte and fluid transport.", "contents": "The surface characteristics of the plasma membrane of the exocrine pancreas. Regional differentiation of the plasma membrane and related structures of the exocrine pancreas has been studied ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Fixation with an osmium tetroxide-silver acetate solution produced abundant fine precipitates on the luminal and basal surface of the centroacinar but not the acinar cells. Staining with dialyzed iron (DI) revealed the heaviest concentration of anionic sites on the luminal plasma membrane of the acinar cells, including the surface of both the intercellular canaliculi and the main lumen. The reactive sites on the apical acinar plasmalemma appeared to consist of discrete globules. DI-reactivity of the lateral basal membranes was most prominent in the centroacinar cells and essentially absent in the acinar cells but was weak relative to that of the acinar-cell apical plasmalemma. The lamina lucida of the basement membrane of the duct stained with DI, but that of basement membrane under acinar cells did not. Sialidase digestion prior to DI staining abolished the staining of plasma membranes. These results indicate that duct epithelial cells, including most prominently the centroacinar cells, are chiefly responsible for electrolyte and fluid transport.", "PMID": 68674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3022", "title": "Chemical and immunological properties of a protein hydrolysate formula.", "content": "Clinical observation suggested that a protein hydrolysate formula designed to serve as an oral elemental diet was capable of producing untoward reactions in some children with malabsorption syndromes caused by cow milk protein allergy. An immunological study of the antigenicity of this hydrolysate was undertaken. Although it is claimed that the hydrolysate is produced from casein, it was shown that it produced, after injection into animals, precipitating antibodies against at least three of the whey proteins. Analysis of the molecular weight of this hydrolysate showed it to contain a polypeptide fraction with molecular weight above 3,850.", "contents": "Chemical and immunological properties of a protein hydrolysate formula. Clinical observation suggested that a protein hydrolysate formula designed to serve as an oral elemental diet was capable of producing untoward reactions in some children with malabsorption syndromes caused by cow milk protein allergy. An immunological study of the antigenicity of this hydrolysate was undertaken. Although it is claimed that the hydrolysate is produced from casein, it was shown that it produced, after injection into animals, precipitating antibodies against at least three of the whey proteins. Analysis of the molecular weight of this hydrolysate showed it to contain a polypeptide fraction with molecular weight above 3,850.", "PMID": 68675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3023", "title": "Chloramphenicol binding to normal and kwashiorkor sera.", "content": "The binding of chloramphenicol to normal and kwashiorkor sera was investigated in vitro. Chloramphenicol is predominantly albumin bound, although a significant degree of binding to the other major protein fractions occurs. From the clinical view point, a decreased degree of binding of kwashiorkor serum (+/-5%) is not of significance.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol binding to normal and kwashiorkor sera. The binding of chloramphenicol to normal and kwashiorkor sera was investigated in vitro. Chloramphenicol is predominantly albumin bound, although a significant degree of binding to the other major protein fractions occurs. From the clinical view point, a decreased degree of binding of kwashiorkor serum (+/-5%) is not of significance.", "PMID": 68676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3024", "title": "The changing incidence of association of hepatitis B with hepatocellular carcinoma in California.", "content": "Two hundred seventy-nine patients who died of hepatocellular carcinoma were autopsied at Los Angeles County--USC Medical Center and the John Wesley--USC Liver Unit from 1949 through 1974, and tissues from 168 of these cases were available for staining for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Twenty-one per cent of the livers had stainable HBSAg. There were prominent increases both in total numbers of hepatic cancers and in the percentages that were HBSAg-positive beginning about 1970, but the numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas arising in noncirrhotic livers also increased. From 1969 to 1974, 73% of those who had hepatocellular carcinomas arising to nonalcoholic but cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive. Racial differences in the incidences of cirrhosis, the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas associated with HBSAg were found. The incidences of cirrhosis were: Caucasian 11%; Mexican 12.2%; Negro 5.7:; Oriental 10%. Hepatocellular carcinomas arose in 3.2% of Caucasians who had cirrhosis; 3.6% of Mexicans; 8.3% of Negroes; 47% or Orientals. Ten per cent of Caucasians who had hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive; 25% of Negroes; 12% of Mexicans; 47% of Orientals.", "contents": "The changing incidence of association of hepatitis B with hepatocellular carcinoma in California. Two hundred seventy-nine patients who died of hepatocellular carcinoma were autopsied at Los Angeles County--USC Medical Center and the John Wesley--USC Liver Unit from 1949 through 1974, and tissues from 168 of these cases were available for staining for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Twenty-one per cent of the livers had stainable HBSAg. There were prominent increases both in total numbers of hepatic cancers and in the percentages that were HBSAg-positive beginning about 1970, but the numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas arising in noncirrhotic livers also increased. From 1969 to 1974, 73% of those who had hepatocellular carcinomas arising to nonalcoholic but cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive. Racial differences in the incidences of cirrhosis, the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas associated with HBSAg were found. The incidences of cirrhosis were: Caucasian 11%; Mexican 12.2%; Negro 5.7:; Oriental 10%. Hepatocellular carcinomas arose in 3.2% of Caucasians who had cirrhosis; 3.6% of Mexicans; 8.3% of Negroes; 47% or Orientals. Ten per cent of Caucasians who had hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive; 25% of Negroes; 12% of Mexicans; 47% of Orientals.", "PMID": 68678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3025", "title": "Stem cell (immunoblastic) lymphoma. A variant of B lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "From a histologic review of cases coded as Hodgkin's disease and reticulum cell sarcoma, 12 cases were selected as examples of stem cell lymphoma in which the preponderant cell has characteristics of the B immunoblast. Clinically, these lesions affect the elderly (average age 57.3 years), disseminate early, and, with a few exceptions, progress rapidly to a fatal termination. Morphologically, the neoplastic stem cells, which have pyroninophilic cytoplasm, form diffuse infiltrates with an admixture of acidophilic cells. As a regional variation, the pattern in these lesions overlaps histologically with that seen in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The overlap in patterns is presumptive evidence that the angioimmunoblastic pattern at times may be a precursory expression of the stem cell lymphoma. On the basis of morphologic features, these tumors are interpreted as a variant of B cell lymphomas.", "contents": "Stem cell (immunoblastic) lymphoma. A variant of B lymphocytic lymphoma. From a histologic review of cases coded as Hodgkin's disease and reticulum cell sarcoma, 12 cases were selected as examples of stem cell lymphoma in which the preponderant cell has characteristics of the B immunoblast. Clinically, these lesions affect the elderly (average age 57.3 years), disseminate early, and, with a few exceptions, progress rapidly to a fatal termination. Morphologically, the neoplastic stem cells, which have pyroninophilic cytoplasm, form diffuse infiltrates with an admixture of acidophilic cells. As a regional variation, the pattern in these lesions overlaps histologically with that seen in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. The overlap in patterns is presumptive evidence that the angioimmunoblastic pattern at times may be a precursory expression of the stem cell lymphoma. On the basis of morphologic features, these tumors are interpreted as a variant of B cell lymphomas.", "PMID": 68679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3026", "title": "Stainable iron in aspirated and needle-biopsy specimens of marrow: a source of error.", "content": "Marrow iron was assessed in needle biopsy sections and in simultaneously obtained aspirated smears and aspirated clot sections from 251 patients. Significantly different amounts of stainable iron were observed in needle biopsy sections and aspirated smears in 15% of the specimens. The usual difference consisted of significantly less stainable iron in needle biopsy sections as compared to the aspirated smears (13%). Of clinical importance was the finding of absent stainable iron in 8% of the needle biopsy sections, in contrast to the definite deposits observed in the corresponding aspirated smear. Of similar interest was the observation that 6% of the needle biopsy sections had significantly less stainable iron than corresponding hemosiderotic smears. The amounts of stainable iron in needle biopsy sections were similar to the amounts observed in the corresponding aspirated clot sections. Evaluation of marrow iron using needle biopsy sections as well as aspirated clot sections differs from results observed in aspirated smears and could be a source of significant error in the assessment of iron stores.", "contents": "Stainable iron in aspirated and needle-biopsy specimens of marrow: a source of error. Marrow iron was assessed in needle biopsy sections and in simultaneously obtained aspirated smears and aspirated clot sections from 251 patients. Significantly different amounts of stainable iron were observed in needle biopsy sections and aspirated smears in 15% of the specimens. The usual difference consisted of significantly less stainable iron in needle biopsy sections as compared to the aspirated smears (13%). Of clinical importance was the finding of absent stainable iron in 8% of the needle biopsy sections, in contrast to the definite deposits observed in the corresponding aspirated smear. Of similar interest was the observation that 6% of the needle biopsy sections had significantly less stainable iron than corresponding hemosiderotic smears. The amounts of stainable iron in needle biopsy sections were similar to the amounts observed in the corresponding aspirated clot sections. Evaluation of marrow iron using needle biopsy sections as well as aspirated clot sections differs from results observed in aspirated smears and could be a source of significant error in the assessment of iron stores.", "PMID": 68681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3027", "title": "Origin of ciliated alveolar epithelial cells in bleomycin-induced lung injury.", "content": "Bleomycin is known to induce diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and epithelial metaplasia. The reaction of the alveolar epithelium following a single intravenous or multiple intraperitoneal injections of bleomycin to mice is now examined in a combined morphologic and cytodynamic study. Necrosis of Type 1 cells was observed, followed by proliferation of Type 2 cells, a common reparative process. The proliferated cells transformed to a variety of epithelial forms, including ciliated cells and cells with morphologic features intermediate between alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium. No evidence of cell injury or increased cell division was found in the bronchial epithelium. It is concluded that the metaplastic ciliated epithelial cells are produced by an abnormal reparative process in the alveolar epithelium. The results suggest that, whereas the \"resting\" Type 2 cell is not vulnerable to bleomycin, in the postmitotic phase the drug may modify the synthetic mechanisms of cellular differentiation and thereby induce metaplasia.", "contents": "Origin of ciliated alveolar epithelial cells in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Bleomycin is known to induce diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and epithelial metaplasia. The reaction of the alveolar epithelium following a single intravenous or multiple intraperitoneal injections of bleomycin to mice is now examined in a combined morphologic and cytodynamic study. Necrosis of Type 1 cells was observed, followed by proliferation of Type 2 cells, a common reparative process. The proliferated cells transformed to a variety of epithelial forms, including ciliated cells and cells with morphologic features intermediate between alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium. No evidence of cell injury or increased cell division was found in the bronchial epithelium. It is concluded that the metaplastic ciliated epithelial cells are produced by an abnormal reparative process in the alveolar epithelium. The results suggest that, whereas the \"resting\" Type 2 cell is not vulnerable to bleomycin, in the postmitotic phase the drug may modify the synthetic mechanisms of cellular differentiation and thereby induce metaplasia.", "PMID": 68683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3028", "title": "Histomorphological and histochemical study of mucosa of fallopian tube of ageing goat.", "content": "The mucosa of infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus of fallopian tubes from 24 female goats aged from 2 months 24 days to 5 years 2 months and 18 days have been studied. The transition of mucosal folds, the lining epithelium and its cell types from Infundibulum towards uterine end, and changes in relation to the age and phases of estrous cycle have been reported. The most striking findings were: a) in goat the fallopian tube like that of sheep was lined chiefly by nonciliated type of cells in infundibulum, whereas the ciliated cells increased caudally, almost all being nonsecretory type in the isthmus; b) the presence of smooth muscle cells as identified with Gomori's one step trichrome stain was observed in the goat fallopian tube in case of mucosal folds specifically at the sites of branchings which anastomose with the adjacent ones; c) the PAS positive secretory material was found to be associated with glycogen acid mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins as demonstrated by Best's carmine, Alcian blue-PAS and Bismark brown reactions, respectively.", "contents": "Histomorphological and histochemical study of mucosa of fallopian tube of ageing goat. The mucosa of infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus of fallopian tubes from 24 female goats aged from 2 months 24 days to 5 years 2 months and 18 days have been studied. The transition of mucosal folds, the lining epithelium and its cell types from Infundibulum towards uterine end, and changes in relation to the age and phases of estrous cycle have been reported. The most striking findings were: a) in goat the fallopian tube like that of sheep was lined chiefly by nonciliated type of cells in infundibulum, whereas the ciliated cells increased caudally, almost all being nonsecretory type in the isthmus; b) the presence of smooth muscle cells as identified with Gomori's one step trichrome stain was observed in the goat fallopian tube in case of mucosal folds specifically at the sites of branchings which anastomose with the adjacent ones; c) the PAS positive secretory material was found to be associated with glycogen acid mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins as demonstrated by Best's carmine, Alcian blue-PAS and Bismark brown reactions, respectively.", "PMID": 68689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3029", "title": "Sulfide silver architectonics of rat, cat, and guinea pig spinal cord. A light microscopic study with Timm's method for demonstration of heavy metals.", "content": "The distribution of heavy metals in the spinal cord of the cat, rat, and guinea pig has been studied histochemically with Timm's sulfide silver method. There was considerable variation in the degree of staining of the neuropil. The dorsal horn showed a laminar staining pattern corresponding to the cytoarchitectonic lamination. Lamina I in the cat and guinea pig was light. Lamina II in all three species was heavily stained. In the rat and guinea pig it could be subdivided in a ventral and a dorsal layer, and moreover in the rat a darkly staining borderzone abutting on lamina III was present. Lamina III, characterized by heterogeneous staining, also appeared dark, although less obvious in the guinea pig. In the ventral horn the coarser stained particles in lamina IX contrasted with the surrounding lamina. Cell staining varied between different cell groups, and within single cell populations. In the cat thoracic cord the cells in nucleus intermedio-lateralis (IL) and nucleus intercalatus (IC) stained very weakly. In Clarke's column and in the motoneuron area cells, uniform in Nissl preparations, could be seen different after Timm staining. The results are discussed in relation to other histochemical patterns, cytoarchitectonics, and terminal fields of afferents. Considerable correlation of the Timm pattern to these data was found.", "contents": "Sulfide silver architectonics of rat, cat, and guinea pig spinal cord. A light microscopic study with Timm's method for demonstration of heavy metals. The distribution of heavy metals in the spinal cord of the cat, rat, and guinea pig has been studied histochemically with Timm's sulfide silver method. There was considerable variation in the degree of staining of the neuropil. The dorsal horn showed a laminar staining pattern corresponding to the cytoarchitectonic lamination. Lamina I in the cat and guinea pig was light. Lamina II in all three species was heavily stained. In the rat and guinea pig it could be subdivided in a ventral and a dorsal layer, and moreover in the rat a darkly staining borderzone abutting on lamina III was present. Lamina III, characterized by heterogeneous staining, also appeared dark, although less obvious in the guinea pig. In the ventral horn the coarser stained particles in lamina IX contrasted with the surrounding lamina. Cell staining varied between different cell groups, and within single cell populations. In the cat thoracic cord the cells in nucleus intermedio-lateralis (IL) and nucleus intercalatus (IC) stained very weakly. In Clarke's column and in the motoneuron area cells, uniform in Nissl preparations, could be seen different after Timm staining. The results are discussed in relation to other histochemical patterns, cytoarchitectonics, and terminal fields of afferents. Considerable correlation of the Timm pattern to these data was found.", "PMID": 68690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3030", "title": "The natural history of allergic disease in children.", "content": "Optimal care of allergic children requires certain knowledge on the part of parents, primary physicians and allergists. One needs to be familiar with not only the mechanisms of allergic disease, the factors which may potentiate or \"turn on\" allergic symptoms in children of allergic families, but also the natural history of the commonest allergic syndromes in infancy and children. If a physician is thus prepared he can be of significant help in the prevention, amelioration and prognostication of the future course of allergic disease in children.", "contents": "The natural history of allergic disease in children. Optimal care of allergic children requires certain knowledge on the part of parents, primary physicians and allergists. One needs to be familiar with not only the mechanisms of allergic disease, the factors which may potentiate or \"turn on\" allergic symptoms in children of allergic families, but also the natural history of the commonest allergic syndromes in infancy and children. If a physician is thus prepared he can be of significant help in the prevention, amelioration and prognostication of the future course of allergic disease in children.", "PMID": 68692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3031", "title": "Renal tubular dysfunction in Minamata disease. Detection of renal tubular antigen and beta-2-microglobin in the urine.", "content": "\"Minamata disease\" was found among the residents along Minamata bay contaminated with the effluent from an industrial plant using mercury. The patients were suffering from various neurologic disorders primarily due to organic mercury poisoning. Evidence is described of renal tubular dysfunction associated with this disease by the immunochemical demonstration or renal tubular epithelial antigen and beta-2-microglobulin in the urine. Nineteen patients with Minamata disease and 35 diseased and healthy control subjects were examined. The contents of urinary renal tubular epithelial antigen and beta-2-microglobulin, and the ratios of these proteins to albumin in individuals with Minamata disease were significantly different from the levels in healthy control subjects (P less than 0.05) were identical to those found in patients with tubular and the values, proteinuria. These results indicate that Minamata disease is associated with renal tubular dysfunction, and also suggest that these procedures would be useful for screening the nephrotoxicity in the environmental exposure of heavy metals.", "contents": "Renal tubular dysfunction in Minamata disease. Detection of renal tubular antigen and beta-2-microglobin in the urine. \"Minamata disease\" was found among the residents along Minamata bay contaminated with the effluent from an industrial plant using mercury. The patients were suffering from various neurologic disorders primarily due to organic mercury poisoning. Evidence is described of renal tubular dysfunction associated with this disease by the immunochemical demonstration or renal tubular epithelial antigen and beta-2-microglobulin in the urine. Nineteen patients with Minamata disease and 35 diseased and healthy control subjects were examined. The contents of urinary renal tubular epithelial antigen and beta-2-microglobulin, and the ratios of these proteins to albumin in individuals with Minamata disease were significantly different from the levels in healthy control subjects (P less than 0.05) were identical to those found in patients with tubular and the values, proteinuria. These results indicate that Minamata disease is associated with renal tubular dysfunction, and also suggest that these procedures would be useful for screening the nephrotoxicity in the environmental exposure of heavy metals.", "PMID": 68693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3032", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to mouse tumors: some recent findings.", "content": "Lymphocyte mediated immune reactions play a major role in the immunological defense against antigenic tumor cells. Serum factors (antigens, antigen-antibody complexes) can thwart these reactions, perhaps by interfering with a lymphocyte \"activation\" process. Blocking factors can be eluted from lymphoid cells harvested from tumor-bearing animals. One way of increasing cell-mediated reactivity to tumor antigens appears to be to sensitize (or \"activate\") lymphocytes against tumor antigens in vitro. Another way may be to inoculate animals with sera containing lymphocyte-dependent and unblocking antibodies. Preliminary evidence is presented that inoculation of such sera from rabbits immunized with mouse embryonie cells and extensively absorbed may delay the appearance of primary, methyleholanthrene-induced sarcomas in BALB/c mice; the mechanisms responsible for this delay remain unknown.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to mouse tumors: some recent findings. Lymphocyte mediated immune reactions play a major role in the immunological defense against antigenic tumor cells. Serum factors (antigens, antigen-antibody complexes) can thwart these reactions, perhaps by interfering with a lymphocyte \"activation\" process. Blocking factors can be eluted from lymphoid cells harvested from tumor-bearing animals. One way of increasing cell-mediated reactivity to tumor antigens appears to be to sensitize (or \"activate\") lymphocytes against tumor antigens in vitro. Another way may be to inoculate animals with sera containing lymphocyte-dependent and unblocking antibodies. Preliminary evidence is presented that inoculation of such sera from rabbits immunized with mouse embryonie cells and extensively absorbed may delay the appearance of primary, methyleholanthrene-induced sarcomas in BALB/c mice; the mechanisms responsible for this delay remain unknown.", "PMID": 68697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3033", "title": "Experimental cancer immunotherapy: modification of tumor cells to increase immunogenicity.", "content": "Firmly established transplantable C3H/HeJ mammary carcinomas can be inhibited by host challenge with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)-treated tumor cells. The effect is totally immunospecific, even VCN-treated tumors bearing shared mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen cannot induce the regression. Thus, VCN is capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the private, unique-unshared tumor antigens on mammary carcinomas; VCN is incapable of increasing the immunogenicity of the shared MTV-associated tumor antigen even in syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ MTV-free mice. The immunoregressive effect of VCN-treated tumor cells can be augmented by subtotal or total surgical excision of large transplantable tumors. Spontaneous mammary tumors in retired breeder C3H/HeJ female mice can be made to regress by two immunological maneuvers: (1) repeated intratumor injections of VCN and/or BCG; and (2) total excision and immunotherapy with VCN-treated autochthonous mammary tumor cells. The use of VCN-treated transplantable mammary tumor cells sharing the MTV-associated antigen was not better than excision alone. The evidence supports the idea that active specific immunotherapy of spontaneous tumors with VCN-altered tumor cells may require the use of autochthonous cells.", "contents": "Experimental cancer immunotherapy: modification of tumor cells to increase immunogenicity. Firmly established transplantable C3H/HeJ mammary carcinomas can be inhibited by host challenge with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)-treated tumor cells. The effect is totally immunospecific, even VCN-treated tumors bearing shared mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen cannot induce the regression. Thus, VCN is capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the private, unique-unshared tumor antigens on mammary carcinomas; VCN is incapable of increasing the immunogenicity of the shared MTV-associated tumor antigen even in syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ MTV-free mice. The immunoregressive effect of VCN-treated tumor cells can be augmented by subtotal or total surgical excision of large transplantable tumors. Spontaneous mammary tumors in retired breeder C3H/HeJ female mice can be made to regress by two immunological maneuvers: (1) repeated intratumor injections of VCN and/or BCG; and (2) total excision and immunotherapy with VCN-treated autochthonous mammary tumor cells. The use of VCN-treated transplantable mammary tumor cells sharing the MTV-associated antigen was not better than excision alone. The evidence supports the idea that active specific immunotherapy of spontaneous tumors with VCN-altered tumor cells may require the use of autochthonous cells.", "PMID": 68699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3034", "title": "Discussion paper: effect of supernatants from long-term lymphoid cell lines on metastatic cutaneous tumors following local injection.", "content": "A fraction with lymphokine properties was isolated from supernatant medium of the continuous cultured human lymphoblast cell line, 1788. Culture medium containing 2% human serum was used for cell growth in order to minimize antigenicity of supernatant fractions isolated from the medium. The culture medium was passed through an Amicon XM-100 membrane, concentrated over a PM-10 membrane, lyophilized, and reconstituted to a final concentration of approximately 40:1. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that the active fraction contained skin reactive factor (when injected intradermally into guinea pigs and humans), lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor, and macrophage activation factor. This same preparation, when injected intralesionally into cutaneous tumors, induced an inflammatory reaction followed by tumor regression. The fraction confined between membranes of pore size 10,000-100,000 daltons was active in promoting tumor regression, while the fraction less than 10,000 daltons was inactive. Patients with skin lesions from metastatic carcinoma of the breast and other malignancies were studied, and 16 out of 30 treated lesions were judged to have undergone either complete or greater than 50% regression. Of these, 8 were biopsied before and after lymphokine injection, and 6 out of 9 were negative for tumor cells. Additional studies in vitro with material fractionated on Sephadex G-200 indicated that the macrophage-activating component binds to alpha-2 macroglobulin in the culture medium.", "contents": "Discussion paper: effect of supernatants from long-term lymphoid cell lines on metastatic cutaneous tumors following local injection. A fraction with lymphokine properties was isolated from supernatant medium of the continuous cultured human lymphoblast cell line, 1788. Culture medium containing 2% human serum was used for cell growth in order to minimize antigenicity of supernatant fractions isolated from the medium. The culture medium was passed through an Amicon XM-100 membrane, concentrated over a PM-10 membrane, lyophilized, and reconstituted to a final concentration of approximately 40:1. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that the active fraction contained skin reactive factor (when injected intradermally into guinea pigs and humans), lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor, and macrophage activation factor. This same preparation, when injected intralesionally into cutaneous tumors, induced an inflammatory reaction followed by tumor regression. The fraction confined between membranes of pore size 10,000-100,000 daltons was active in promoting tumor regression, while the fraction less than 10,000 daltons was inactive. Patients with skin lesions from metastatic carcinoma of the breast and other malignancies were studied, and 16 out of 30 treated lesions were judged to have undergone either complete or greater than 50% regression. Of these, 8 were biopsied before and after lymphokine injection, and 6 out of 9 were negative for tumor cells. Additional studies in vitro with material fractionated on Sephadex G-200 indicated that the macrophage-activating component binds to alpha-2 macroglobulin in the culture medium.", "PMID": 68700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3035", "title": "A system of rhinomanometry in the clinical evaluation of nasal decongestants.", "content": "The utility of an anterior rhinomanometric method for the assessment of decongestant drug activity is illustrated with representative clinical data. Controlled studies employing topical nasal spray, nasal inhaler, and oral syrup formulations were conducted under single- or double-blind conditions in patients with allergic or coryzal rhinitis. The method provided an objective means to distinguish active from placebo (vehicle) treatments and to discriminate differences in decongestant activity between two active formulations. Furthermore, objectively determined increases in nasal patency paralleled the patients' subject-ve perception of improved airflow. In conclusion, this rhinomanometric methodology provided objective confirmation of drug activity with orally-administered, inhaled, and topically-applied decongestant drug formulations.", "contents": "A system of rhinomanometry in the clinical evaluation of nasal decongestants. The utility of an anterior rhinomanometric method for the assessment of decongestant drug activity is illustrated with representative clinical data. Controlled studies employing topical nasal spray, nasal inhaler, and oral syrup formulations were conducted under single- or double-blind conditions in patients with allergic or coryzal rhinitis. The method provided an objective means to distinguish active from placebo (vehicle) treatments and to discriminate differences in decongestant activity between two active formulations. Furthermore, objectively determined increases in nasal patency paralleled the patients' subject-ve perception of improved airflow. In conclusion, this rhinomanometric methodology provided objective confirmation of drug activity with orally-administered, inhaled, and topically-applied decongestant drug formulations.", "PMID": 68703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3036", "title": "Experiments for producing specific immunological tolerance by intrauterinely administered immunocompetent human cells.", "content": "As a consequence of living human leukocytes administered intrauterinely on the 16th day of pregnancy, it was not possible to study the litter since it fell victim to cannibalism immediately after delivery. After the administration of sonically disintegrate leukocyte antigen healthy newborns were dropped. Living human leukocytes administered before the age of 2 day to mice treated in this way, produced no GVH reaction ascertainable with loss of weight but a considerable number of deaths occurred in comparison to the control. Further possibilities of studying the anti-human anti-thymocyte serum by means of cell chimeras are discussed.", "contents": "Experiments for producing specific immunological tolerance by intrauterinely administered immunocompetent human cells. As a consequence of living human leukocytes administered intrauterinely on the 16th day of pregnancy, it was not possible to study the litter since it fell victim to cannibalism immediately after delivery. After the administration of sonically disintegrate leukocyte antigen healthy newborns were dropped. Living human leukocytes administered before the age of 2 day to mice treated in this way, produced no GVH reaction ascertainable with loss of weight but a considerable number of deaths occurred in comparison to the control. Further possibilities of studying the anti-human anti-thymocyte serum by means of cell chimeras are discussed.", "PMID": 68707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3037", "title": "The steering function of T cells in expression of the antibody repertoire directed against multideterminant protein antigen.", "content": "Limitation in the T-cell repertoire has the consequence of reducing the heterogeneity of antibody production. This has been demonstrated in three different systems, in which the T-cell restriction was imposed (1) by tolerance, (2) by peptide priming (3) by natural scarcity. Therefore, expressed repertoires may represent only a portion of the genetically prescribed V regions.", "contents": "The steering function of T cells in expression of the antibody repertoire directed against multideterminant protein antigen. Limitation in the T-cell repertoire has the consequence of reducing the heterogeneity of antibody production. This has been demonstrated in three different systems, in which the T-cell restriction was imposed (1) by tolerance, (2) by peptide priming (3) by natural scarcity. Therefore, expressed repertoires may represent only a portion of the genetically prescribed V regions.", "PMID": 68705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3038", "title": "Structural and physiological characteristics of some sheathed bacteria.", "content": "The fine structure and growth of two gram-negative and two gram-positive strains of sheathed bacteria, isolated from activated sludge, have been studied. Their anatomy is quite different from Sphaerotilus natans. The cells are rectangular, tightly joined together, non-motile and enclosed by a sheath which is thin in the gram-negative strains and rather electron-dense in the two larger gram positive strains. The four strains grow slowly and form pink filamentous flocs in liquid media.", "contents": "Structural and physiological characteristics of some sheathed bacteria. The fine structure and growth of two gram-negative and two gram-positive strains of sheathed bacteria, isolated from activated sludge, have been studied. Their anatomy is quite different from Sphaerotilus natans. The cells are rectangular, tightly joined together, non-motile and enclosed by a sheath which is thin in the gram-negative strains and rather electron-dense in the two larger gram positive strains. The four strains grow slowly and form pink filamentous flocs in liquid media.", "PMID": 68709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3039", "title": "A critical examination of the numerology of antigen-binding cells: evidence for multiple receptor specificities on single cells.", "content": "The data available from other laboratories as well as our own on the frequency of cells recognizing major histocompatibility antigens or conventional protein and hapten antigens is critically evaluated. The frequency of specific binding for a large number of antigens is sufficiently high to support the idea that at least part of the antigen-binding cell population must have multiple specificities. Our results suggest that these multiple specific cells result from single cells synthesizing and displaying as many as 50-100 species of receptor, each at a frequency of 10(4) per cell. A model involving gene expansion of constant-region genes is suggested and some auxilliary evidence consistent with such C-gene expansion is presented.", "contents": "A critical examination of the numerology of antigen-binding cells: evidence for multiple receptor specificities on single cells. The data available from other laboratories as well as our own on the frequency of cells recognizing major histocompatibility antigens or conventional protein and hapten antigens is critically evaluated. The frequency of specific binding for a large number of antigens is sufficiently high to support the idea that at least part of the antigen-binding cell population must have multiple specificities. Our results suggest that these multiple specific cells result from single cells synthesizing and displaying as many as 50-100 species of receptor, each at a frequency of 10(4) per cell. A model involving gene expansion of constant-region genes is suggested and some auxilliary evidence consistent with such C-gene expansion is presented.", "PMID": 68706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3040", "title": "Antigenicity of bdellovibrios.", "content": "Antigenic relationships between 12 locally isolated bdellovibrios and 3 established reference strains (109D, 6-5-S, and UKi2) were investigated. Antigenicity of the strains was examined by use of the micro-complement fixation test, the serum and complement bactericidal test, and the immunodiffusion test. Antisera were prepared against one of the local strains (MS7) and against one of the established reference strains (UKi2). The complement fixation titers suggest a close relationship among all strains. Immunodiffusion tests produced lines of identity between the homologous strain MS7 and all other strains. It is suggested on the basis of these results that bdellovibrio may possess a common antigen.", "contents": "Antigenicity of bdellovibrios. Antigenic relationships between 12 locally isolated bdellovibrios and 3 established reference strains (109D, 6-5-S, and UKi2) were investigated. Antigenicity of the strains was examined by use of the micro-complement fixation test, the serum and complement bactericidal test, and the immunodiffusion test. Antisera were prepared against one of the local strains (MS7) and against one of the established reference strains (UKi2). The complement fixation titers suggest a close relationship among all strains. Immunodiffusion tests produced lines of identity between the homologous strain MS7 and all other strains. It is suggested on the basis of these results that bdellovibrio may possess a common antigen.", "PMID": 68711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3041", "title": "A non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation in the rat stomach.", "content": "The inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was studied in three isolated preparations of the rat stomach. Bethanidine and guanethidine in doses sufficient to block adrenergic neurotransmission reduced but never abolished the inhibitory response to field stimulation of the rat stomach strip. In similar concentration of these drugs, the response to vagus nerve stimulation was diminished; higher doses of blocking agent abolished this response. Relaxation to both field and vagus nerve stimulation could be evoked in stoamchs removed from rats which had received sufficient reserpine to deplte tissue stores of noradrenaline. The response to vagus nerve stimulation was abolished by each of three known ganglion blocking agents. These results show that the rat stomach contains a non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation which is probably the final stage in a vagal pathway.", "contents": "A non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation in the rat stomach. The inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was studied in three isolated preparations of the rat stomach. Bethanidine and guanethidine in doses sufficient to block adrenergic neurotransmission reduced but never abolished the inhibitory response to field stimulation of the rat stomach strip. In similar concentration of these drugs, the response to vagus nerve stimulation was diminished; higher doses of blocking agent abolished this response. Relaxation to both field and vagus nerve stimulation could be evoked in stoamchs removed from rats which had received sufficient reserpine to deplte tissue stores of noradrenaline. The response to vagus nerve stimulation was abolished by each of three known ganglion blocking agents. These results show that the rat stomach contains a non-adrenergic inhibitory innervation which is probably the final stage in a vagal pathway.", "PMID": 68712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3042", "title": "Effect in vitro of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid on the synthesis of mevalonate and its precursors.", "content": "Addition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (free HMG) to supernatant-microsomal preparation decreased the synthesis of acetoacetate, HMG-CoA and mevalonolactone by 12%, 33% and 75%, respectively, from [2-14C] acetate. Free HMG also inhibited the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the microsomes. It is concluded that HMG,  apart from inhibiting the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterogenesis) also interferes with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to HMG-CoA.", "contents": "Effect in vitro of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid on the synthesis of mevalonate and its precursors. Addition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (free HMG) to supernatant-microsomal preparation decreased the synthesis of acetoacetate, HMG-CoA and mevalonolactone by 12%, 33% and 75%, respectively, from [2-14C] acetate. Free HMG also inhibited the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the microsomes. It is concluded that HMG,  apart from inhibiting the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterogenesis) also interferes with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to HMG-CoA.", "PMID": 68713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3043", "title": "Hepatic origin of hyperammonemia induced by shock in normal rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to see whether instability in blood ammonia levels frequently observed in the anaesthesized rat could be explained by variations in blood pressure. In normal Wistar rats, anaesthesized with sodium pentobarbital, a bleeding of 1 ml/100 g body weigth produced in a few minutes a significant decrease in blood pressure and a significant increase in arterial blood ammonia level. With the blood pressure normalization following the blood reinfusion this hyperammonemia decreased but reappeared at high levels after a second and a third bleeding. The shock produced by an occlusion of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins gave similar results. The arterial hyperammonemia induced by shock did not result from muscle or renal ammonia production but is related to impaired hepatic uptake of portal ammonia. These results indicate that in the rat the blood pressure stability is a necessary precondition in any experiment on ammonia metabolism.", "contents": "Hepatic origin of hyperammonemia induced by shock in normal rats. This study was undertaken in order to see whether instability in blood ammonia levels frequently observed in the anaesthesized rat could be explained by variations in blood pressure. In normal Wistar rats, anaesthesized with sodium pentobarbital, a bleeding of 1 ml/100 g body weigth produced in a few minutes a significant decrease in blood pressure and a significant increase in arterial blood ammonia level. With the blood pressure normalization following the blood reinfusion this hyperammonemia decreased but reappeared at high levels after a second and a third bleeding. The shock produced by an occlusion of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins gave similar results. The arterial hyperammonemia induced by shock did not result from muscle or renal ammonia production but is related to impaired hepatic uptake of portal ammonia. These results indicate that in the rat the blood pressure stability is a necessary precondition in any experiment on ammonia metabolism.", "PMID": 68714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3044", "title": "A correlation between the effects of calcium on intercellular adhesion and electrostatic repulsion between cells.", "content": "Calcium ions enchance the mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from suspension cultures in which growth is density inhibited. No significant effect of calcium is observed on the mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells from fast growing suspension cultures. Agglutinative titration of the cells using poly-L-lysine, mol. wt 15000, shows that calcium ions reduce the strength of the repulsive forces on density inhibited HeLa cells. The agglutination curve of the nonrepulsive fast growing HeLa cells is not significantly modified by the addition of calcium. The results support the conclusion that the effect of calcium on the mutual adhesiveness of density inhibited cells is due to a weakening of the repulsive forces on these cells.", "contents": "A correlation between the effects of calcium on intercellular adhesion and electrostatic repulsion between cells. Calcium ions enchance the mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells harvested from suspension cultures in which growth is density inhibited. No significant effect of calcium is observed on the mutual adhesiveness of HeLa cells from fast growing suspension cultures. Agglutinative titration of the cells using poly-L-lysine, mol. wt 15000, shows that calcium ions reduce the strength of the repulsive forces on density inhibited HeLa cells. The agglutination curve of the nonrepulsive fast growing HeLa cells is not significantly modified by the addition of calcium. The results support the conclusion that the effect of calcium on the mutual adhesiveness of density inhibited cells is due to a weakening of the repulsive forces on these cells.", "PMID": 68716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3045", "title": "[Oniscoidea hemocyanins. Effect of pH on dissociation and structural data].", "content": "The pH has an influence on the molecular dissociation of the Oniscoidea hemocyanins. The dissociation electrophoretic patterns are characteristic for the species investigated. This method allows to confirm the systematic evolution and the adaptative possibilities of terrestrial Isopods. The hemocyanins of Oniscoidea are similar to those of Decapoda having a structure of comparable molecular weight protomers.", "contents": "[Oniscoidea hemocyanins. Effect of pH on dissociation and structural data]. The pH has an influence on the molecular dissociation of the Oniscoidea hemocyanins. The dissociation electrophoretic patterns are characteristic for the species investigated. This method allows to confirm the systematic evolution and the adaptative possibilities of terrestrial Isopods. The hemocyanins of Oniscoidea are similar to those of Decapoda having a structure of comparable molecular weight protomers.", "PMID": 68717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3046", "title": "Effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on the glucose metabolism of cultured human varicose saphenous veins.", "content": "The flavonoid O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside appears to have a slight inhibitory action upon the oxidative metabolism and lactate production of culured human varicose saphenous veins. The possibility that exogenous glucose would be utilized in other metabolic pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside on the glucose metabolism of cultured human varicose saphenous veins. The flavonoid O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside appears to have a slight inhibitory action upon the oxidative metabolism and lactate production of culured human varicose saphenous veins. The possibility that exogenous glucose would be utilized in other metabolic pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 68718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3047", "title": "Temperature regulation in a hypometabolic primate, the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang).", "content": "Six slow loris were exposed to air temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Rectal temperature was stable (mean, 34.8 degrees C) at air temperatures between 17 degrees C and 31 degrees C; at higher air temperatures, the animals became hyperthermic. Oxygen consumption was minimal at air temperatures of 31.4-36.6 degrees C; the mean value (0.250 ml O2 g-1 h-1) was only 36% of the expected level for a eutherian Mammal. The slow loris increased its heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able to dissipate their entire metabolic heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able the combined thermal conductance of the tissues and haircoat was 73% of the predicted values. It was concluded that, in spite of its low metabolic rate, the slow loris had effective responses to moderate cold, and that, in addition, it was well adapted to a hot climate.", "contents": "Temperature regulation in a hypometabolic primate, the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Six slow loris were exposed to air temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Rectal temperature was stable (mean, 34.8 degrees C) at air temperatures between 17 degrees C and 31 degrees C; at higher air temperatures, the animals became hyperthermic. Oxygen consumption was minimal at air temperatures of 31.4-36.6 degrees C; the mean value (0.250 ml O2 g-1 h-1) was only 36% of the expected level for a eutherian Mammal. The slow loris increased its heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able to dissipate their entire metabolic heat production at lower air temperatures. Thermal polypnea occurred in response to heat, and some of the animals were able the combined thermal conductance of the tissues and haircoat was 73% of the predicted values. It was concluded that, in spite of its low metabolic rate, the slow loris had effective responses to moderate cold, and that, in addition, it was well adapted to a hot climate.", "PMID": 68719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3048", "title": "Interaction between vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia (anaesthetized rabbit).", "content": "In rabbits anaesthetized with ethyl-carbamate, stimulation of chemoreceptors afferents was allowed by transient hypercapnia, before and after vagal blockade by DC current. In these relatively fast breathing animals, the transient hypercapnia produced light changes of inspiratory tidal volume (VI), inspiratory (TI) and expiratory durations (TE). Despite the identity of transient hypercapnia, it ensued that: (1) the higher the spontaneous VI and the lower the respiratory frequency (fR), the greater their respective changes (deltaVI and deltafR) during the ventilatory response; (2) after vagal blockade, greater changes in VI, TI, TE and mean inspiratory flow rate (VI/TI) occurred than in control state, while the relation between deltafR and fR was more significant than in control state. Respective roles played by vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in the ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia are discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia (anaesthetized rabbit). In rabbits anaesthetized with ethyl-carbamate, stimulation of chemoreceptors afferents was allowed by transient hypercapnia, before and after vagal blockade by DC current. In these relatively fast breathing animals, the transient hypercapnia produced light changes of inspiratory tidal volume (VI), inspiratory (TI) and expiratory durations (TE). Despite the identity of transient hypercapnia, it ensued that: (1) the higher the spontaneous VI and the lower the respiratory frequency (fR), the greater their respective changes (deltaVI and deltafR) during the ventilatory response; (2) after vagal blockade, greater changes in VI, TI, TE and mean inspiratory flow rate (VI/TI) occurred than in control state, while the relation between deltafR and fR was more significant than in control state. Respective roles played by vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in the ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia are discussed.", "PMID": 68758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3049", "title": "[Estimation of regional circulation in rats: results obtained by using 15 and 50 micron diameter microspheres and rubidium].", "content": "Radioactive microspheres, 15 or 50 micron in diameter, were used to estimate the distrubtion of cardiac output and the degree of shunting of microspheres through the systemic and pulmonary circulations in anaesthetized rats. Extraction of 15 micron spheres by the pulmonary capillaries was nearly 100% and the amounts of microspheres per gram of lung tissue were not significantly different in the various lobes of lung. After injection into the left ventricle, the proportion of microspheres shunted to the lungs was almost identical using 15 or 50 micron spheres. Similar results were observed after injection into the internal of external carotid artery. The distribution of cardiac output showed a significant difference between 15 and 50 micron spheres, the proportion of 50 micron spheres found in the stomach being higher, which suggests the existence in this organ of arteriovenous shunts larger than 15 micron. The rubidium method yielded higher fractions of cardiac output in the liver (hepatic artery), lung and skin whereas the microspheres distribution to the heart, spleen and digestive tract exceeded that of rubidium. The origins of these differences are discussed.", "contents": "[Estimation of regional circulation in rats: results obtained by using 15 and 50 micron diameter microspheres and rubidium]. Radioactive microspheres, 15 or 50 micron in diameter, were used to estimate the distrubtion of cardiac output and the degree of shunting of microspheres through the systemic and pulmonary circulations in anaesthetized rats. Extraction of 15 micron spheres by the pulmonary capillaries was nearly 100% and the amounts of microspheres per gram of lung tissue were not significantly different in the various lobes of lung. After injection into the left ventricle, the proportion of microspheres shunted to the lungs was almost identical using 15 or 50 micron spheres. Similar results were observed after injection into the internal of external carotid artery. The distribution of cardiac output showed a significant difference between 15 and 50 micron spheres, the proportion of 50 micron spheres found in the stomach being higher, which suggests the existence in this organ of arteriovenous shunts larger than 15 micron. The rubidium method yielded higher fractions of cardiac output in the liver (hepatic artery), lung and skin whereas the microspheres distribution to the heart, spleen and digestive tract exceeded that of rubidium. The origins of these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 68759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3050", "title": "[Morpholigic and physiologic repercussions of partial removal of brown adipose tissue in rats acclimated to different temperatures].", "content": "Rats were chronically acclimated to 28 degrees C or 5 degrees C or submitted to daily variations of ambiant temperature. Ten or thirty days after removal of about 40% of the total brown adipose tissue (whole interscapular and 25% of abdominal tissues), the weight of the different pads of brown adipose tissue, thyroid and adrenals were determined. In all the groups, there was a large decrease of brown adipose tissue weight for the first ten days due to the shock following the operation. Then, the brown adipose tissue weight was restaured and, only in constant cold accliclimated rats, compensative hypertrophies of axillary and thoracic brown adipose tissue were found. Adrenals weight was significantly increased after the operation; in the two groups of cold acclimated rats, that increase was still significant one month later. However, the corticosterone production rate was not increased. These results are discussed in relation to the physiolocical role of brown adipose tissue in cold acclimated animals.", "contents": "[Morpholigic and physiologic repercussions of partial removal of brown adipose tissue in rats acclimated to different temperatures]. Rats were chronically acclimated to 28 degrees C or 5 degrees C or submitted to daily variations of ambiant temperature. Ten or thirty days after removal of about 40% of the total brown adipose tissue (whole interscapular and 25% of abdominal tissues), the weight of the different pads of brown adipose tissue, thyroid and adrenals were determined. In all the groups, there was a large decrease of brown adipose tissue weight for the first ten days due to the shock following the operation. Then, the brown adipose tissue weight was restaured and, only in constant cold accliclimated rats, compensative hypertrophies of axillary and thoracic brown adipose tissue were found. Adrenals weight was significantly increased after the operation; in the two groups of cold acclimated rats, that increase was still significant one month later. However, the corticosterone production rate was not increased. These results are discussed in relation to the physiolocical role of brown adipose tissue in cold acclimated animals.", "PMID": 68760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3051", "title": "[Incorporation of plasma radiophosphate into the inorganic, organic acid-soluble and phospholipid phosphate fractions of the normal rabbit sciatic nerve and during Wallerian degeneration].", "content": "Inorganic phosphate exchanges between plasma and sciatic nerve have been measured in the rabbit using a 32PO4 tracer technique. Inorganic phosphate is taken up at the rate of 0.13 microng per hour and per 100 mg fresh weight. Incorporation of plasma radiophosphate is markedly increased into the inorganic and organic acid soluble phosphate fractions of the distal part of the sectioned sciatic nerve. This increase is already signficant within one hour after surgical division, spreading at least 3 cm distally within 6 hours. This high level of incorporation persists until the 29th day of degeneration. These results favour the hypothesis that the axonal continuity maintains the metabolic activity of the Schwann cells at an inframaximal level. We confirm the rapid decrease in total phospholipid concentration in the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration as well as the marked increase in their specific activity. We show however that this increase in specific activity is due partly to the increased specific activities of the precursors (organic acid soluble phosphates), partly to the disappearance of a metabolically insert pool (myelin phospholipids). The Schwann cells of the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration do not have a more active phospholipid metabolism than their normal counterparts.", "contents": "[Incorporation of plasma radiophosphate into the inorganic, organic acid-soluble and phospholipid phosphate fractions of the normal rabbit sciatic nerve and during Wallerian degeneration]. Inorganic phosphate exchanges between plasma and sciatic nerve have been measured in the rabbit using a 32PO4 tracer technique. Inorganic phosphate is taken up at the rate of 0.13 microng per hour and per 100 mg fresh weight. Incorporation of plasma radiophosphate is markedly increased into the inorganic and organic acid soluble phosphate fractions of the distal part of the sectioned sciatic nerve. This increase is already signficant within one hour after surgical division, spreading at least 3 cm distally within 6 hours. This high level of incorporation persists until the 29th day of degeneration. These results favour the hypothesis that the axonal continuity maintains the metabolic activity of the Schwann cells at an inframaximal level. We confirm the rapid decrease in total phospholipid concentration in the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration as well as the marked increase in their specific activity. We show however that this increase in specific activity is due partly to the increased specific activities of the precursors (organic acid soluble phosphates), partly to the disappearance of a metabolically insert pool (myelin phospholipids). The Schwann cells of the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration do not have a more active phospholipid metabolism than their normal counterparts.", "PMID": 68761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3052", "title": "Role of rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the glycerol pathway to L-lactate in homogenates.", "content": "14C-Distribution in the C3-chain of L-lactate after incubation of various 14-C-labelled prescursors ([1-14C] and [3-14C] glycerol; [3-14C] glyceraldehyde and glycerid acid; D- and L-[3-14C] serine; [1-14C] fructose and [6-14C] glucose) with homogenate showed that (1) most of the glycerol is metabolized to L-lactate via D-glyceraldehyde; the remainder may possibly form L-lactate via dihydroxyacetone; (2) a part of D-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceric acid may produce glycerol before L-lactate is formed; (3) D and L-serine do not form measurable amounts of L-lactate via D-glyceric acid; (4) rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase (E.N.1.1.1.1) does not contribute to conversion to L-lactate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from fructose nor of D-glyceraldehyde phosphate from glucose.", "contents": "Role of rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the glycerol pathway to L-lactate in homogenates. 14C-Distribution in the C3-chain of L-lactate after incubation of various 14-C-labelled prescursors ([1-14C] and [3-14C] glycerol; [3-14C] glyceraldehyde and glycerid acid; D- and L-[3-14C] serine; [1-14C] fructose and [6-14C] glucose) with homogenate showed that (1) most of the glycerol is metabolized to L-lactate via D-glyceraldehyde; the remainder may possibly form L-lactate via dihydroxyacetone; (2) a part of D-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceric acid may produce glycerol before L-lactate is formed; (3) D and L-serine do not form measurable amounts of L-lactate via D-glyceric acid; (4) rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase (E.N.1.1.1.1) does not contribute to conversion to L-lactate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from fructose nor of D-glyceraldehyde phosphate from glucose.", "PMID": 68762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3053", "title": "[Volumetric and cytologic investigations of cytolysis of ascites tumor cells provoked by triton X-100 (author's transl)].", "content": "Concentration-effectivity curves of Triton X-100 activity on ascitic cells of mouse leukemia 1210 and Zajdela-Hepatoma in rats have been plotted by electronic determination of cell numbers, indicating only one part of cytolysis which follows a sudden decrease of cell volumes. A better characterization of the whole cytolysis can be realised by volumetricall particle counter analysis. It first displays an increase in cell volumes for several concentrations in connection with microscopically observed increase in cells staining relatively weak by eosin. Staining and swelling nearly simultaneosly reach their maximum. Furthermore a sudden diminution of the cells follows with a shift of cell volumes distribution curves to the left, determined by particle counter depending on temperature, e. g. a strong delay at 0 degrees C.", "contents": "[Volumetric and cytologic investigations of cytolysis of ascites tumor cells provoked by triton X-100 (author's transl)]. Concentration-effectivity curves of Triton X-100 activity on ascitic cells of mouse leukemia 1210 and Zajdela-Hepatoma in rats have been plotted by electronic determination of cell numbers, indicating only one part of cytolysis which follows a sudden decrease of cell volumes. A better characterization of the whole cytolysis can be realised by volumetricall particle counter analysis. It first displays an increase in cell volumes for several concentrations in connection with microscopically observed increase in cells staining relatively weak by eosin. Staining and swelling nearly simultaneosly reach their maximum. Furthermore a sudden diminution of the cells follows with a shift of cell volumes distribution curves to the left, determined by particle counter depending on temperature, e. g. a strong delay at 0 degrees C.", "PMID": 68763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3054", "title": "Viruses isolated from bats in Japan.", "content": "Virus isolation has been attempted from the blood, spleen, liver and kidneys of bats. Nine viruses (1.1 per cent) have been isolated so far from 838 bats collected in different places in Japan. Two of the isolates (TOK-1350 and TOK-1362) were isolated from Vespertilio supernas collected in Fukushima Prefecture. They killed suckling mice within 3-5 days after intracerebral inoculation. The remaining seven isolates were all filtrable through Millipore filters (0.22 micron) and were pathogenic for suckling mice but not adults. One of seven strains (KY-5) was ether resistant and another (TOK-292) was partially ether resistant and both were resistant to sodium deoxycholate (SDC); another (KY-663) was partially resistant to SDC. The sucrose acetone (SA) antigen of each new isolate did not show haemagglutination (HA) with goose red cells, even after protamine or ultrasonic treatment. Complement fixing (CF) activity was found in four of the seven strains. Both TOK-949 and VS-820 were collected at the same place and probably have the same CF activity. The remaining five strains are apparently different. Both YF-17D and Rio Bravo gave high HI titre with antisera against KY-5, TOK-949, TOK-1280, VS-820 and VeJ-822. They thus seemed to be flaviviruses although they were distinct from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains. From 1 to 10 per cent of bat sera contained antibody against JEV.", "contents": "Viruses isolated from bats in Japan. Virus isolation has been attempted from the blood, spleen, liver and kidneys of bats. Nine viruses (1.1 per cent) have been isolated so far from 838 bats collected in different places in Japan. Two of the isolates (TOK-1350 and TOK-1362) were isolated from Vespertilio supernas collected in Fukushima Prefecture. They killed suckling mice within 3-5 days after intracerebral inoculation. The remaining seven isolates were all filtrable through Millipore filters (0.22 micron) and were pathogenic for suckling mice but not adults. One of seven strains (KY-5) was ether resistant and another (TOK-292) was partially ether resistant and both were resistant to sodium deoxycholate (SDC); another (KY-663) was partially resistant to SDC. The sucrose acetone (SA) antigen of each new isolate did not show haemagglutination (HA) with goose red cells, even after protamine or ultrasonic treatment. Complement fixing (CF) activity was found in four of the seven strains. Both TOK-949 and VS-820 were collected at the same place and probably have the same CF activity. The remaining five strains are apparently different. Both YF-17D and Rio Bravo gave high HI titre with antisera against KY-5, TOK-949, TOK-1280, VS-820 and VeJ-822. They thus seemed to be flaviviruses although they were distinct from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains. From 1 to 10 per cent of bat sera contained antibody against JEV.", "PMID": 68764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3055", "title": "Serological relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization.", "content": "Human, piglet, mouse, foal, lamb, calf and rabbit rotaviruses all infected, but could not readily be subcultured in LLC MK2 cells. Cells infected with mouse and calf rotaviruses reacted by indirect immunofluorescence (FA) with convalescent serum from children, piglets, mice, foals, lambs, calves or rabbits, taken after rotavirus infection. Human, calf, piglet, mouse and foal rotaviruses reacted with human, calf, mouse, foal and lamb convalescent serum by complement fixation (CF). It was not possible to distinguish between different rotaviruses by CF or FA. Neutralization tests, however, detected species-specific rotavirus antigens. Any virus was neutralized by a much higher dilution of homologous species convalescent serum than by any heterologous serum. With the exception of the mouse virus there was very little cross reaction. However, in sera with a very high neutralizing titre for the homologous virus the titre was proportionately raised against heterologous virus. It is, therefore, now possible to type to species an unknown rotavirus by a neutralization test in LLC MK2 cells using convalescent serum from each species.", "contents": "Serological relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization. Human, piglet, mouse, foal, lamb, calf and rabbit rotaviruses all infected, but could not readily be subcultured in LLC MK2 cells. Cells infected with mouse and calf rotaviruses reacted by indirect immunofluorescence (FA) with convalescent serum from children, piglets, mice, foals, lambs, calves or rabbits, taken after rotavirus infection. Human, calf, piglet, mouse and foal rotaviruses reacted with human, calf, mouse, foal and lamb convalescent serum by complement fixation (CF). It was not possible to distinguish between different rotaviruses by CF or FA. Neutralization tests, however, detected species-specific rotavirus antigens. Any virus was neutralized by a much higher dilution of homologous species convalescent serum than by any heterologous serum. With the exception of the mouse virus there was very little cross reaction. However, in sera with a very high neutralizing titre for the homologous virus the titre was proportionately raised against heterologous virus. It is, therefore, now possible to type to species an unknown rotavirus by a neutralization test in LLC MK2 cells using convalescent serum from each species.", "PMID": 68765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3056", "title": "Preparation-conditioned changes of the antigenicity of influenza virus neuraminidases.", "content": "The influenza virus strains A/Sing/1/57 (H2N2), A/Bel/42 (H0N1) and A/Bel/42 (HO)-A/Sing/1/57 (N2) were treated with bromelain under reducing conditions and with reducing agent alone, and the antigenicity of the neuraminidase (NA) of intact virus and of the split products was tested comparatively. It was found that the antigenicity of NA was influenced quantitatively and qualitatively by the preparation procedure. Antineuraminidase (AN) antibodies obtained after vaccination of guinea pigs with intact virus and with split products differed in their cross-reactivity with heterologous neuraminidases. In several cases, the quantity of AN antibody formation depended on the hemagglutinin (HA) dose present in the vaccines. The N2 NA on the recombinant virus was significantly more sensitive to treatment with reducing agent than was the N2 NA on the parent virus. AN antibodies directed against N2 NA on the recombinant differed qualitatively from that directed against N2 NA of parent virus. The results warrant the conclusion that the antigenicity of isolated NA or of NA on recombinant virus can differ from that of the NA on intact homologous virus and that such alterations could influence the determination of antigenic relationship between neuraminidases.", "contents": "Preparation-conditioned changes of the antigenicity of influenza virus neuraminidases. The influenza virus strains A/Sing/1/57 (H2N2), A/Bel/42 (H0N1) and A/Bel/42 (HO)-A/Sing/1/57 (N2) were treated with bromelain under reducing conditions and with reducing agent alone, and the antigenicity of the neuraminidase (NA) of intact virus and of the split products was tested comparatively. It was found that the antigenicity of NA was influenced quantitatively and qualitatively by the preparation procedure. Antineuraminidase (AN) antibodies obtained after vaccination of guinea pigs with intact virus and with split products differed in their cross-reactivity with heterologous neuraminidases. In several cases, the quantity of AN antibody formation depended on the hemagglutinin (HA) dose present in the vaccines. The N2 NA on the recombinant virus was significantly more sensitive to treatment with reducing agent than was the N2 NA on the parent virus. AN antibodies directed against N2 NA on the recombinant differed qualitatively from that directed against N2 NA of parent virus. The results warrant the conclusion that the antigenicity of isolated NA or of NA on recombinant virus can differ from that of the NA on intact homologous virus and that such alterations could influence the determination of antigenic relationship between neuraminidases.", "PMID": 68766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3057", "title": "[Study of the innervation of blood vessels of the digestive organs by fluorescence microscopy].", "content": "The blood vessels of the samll intestine and the gallbladder were shown to possess a great amount of adrenergic nerve fibres which, when penetrating the thickness of the wall of the above organs, become thinner and the distributed between the tissue structures of the organs as the thinnest monoaxonal network. The method of Falck--Hillarp--Krokhina was used. Among the vessel nerves there are perivascular nerves accompanying the vessels along their total legnth, juxtavascular and intramural nervous bundles of the sumpathetic nature detected by the fluorescent-microscopy method. Large arteries are disposed in a considerably thicker network of specifically fluorescing fibres than veins and small arteries.", "contents": "[Study of the innervation of blood vessels of the digestive organs by fluorescence microscopy]. The blood vessels of the samll intestine and the gallbladder were shown to possess a great amount of adrenergic nerve fibres which, when penetrating the thickness of the wall of the above organs, become thinner and the distributed between the tissue structures of the organs as the thinnest monoaxonal network. The method of Falck--Hillarp--Krokhina was used. Among the vessel nerves there are perivascular nerves accompanying the vessels along their total legnth, juxtavascular and intramural nervous bundles of the sumpathetic nature detected by the fluorescent-microscopy method. Large arteries are disposed in a considerably thicker network of specifically fluorescing fibres than veins and small arteries.", "PMID": 68767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3058", "title": "[Hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections of cat's brain].", "content": "Under study were the afferent connections of the cat's amygdala nuclei with the hypothalamus (Nauta's method) in parallel with studying geometrical parameters of the afferent fibre endings in these nuclei by the Golgi method. It has been shown that the medial hypothalamus gives the beginning to a small amount of fibres running to the medial group of the amygdala nuclei; dissipated solitary fibres run to the large- and small-cellular parts of the basal nucleus. A considerable amount of fibres run from the lateral hypothalamus to the amygdala, mainly to the medial group of its nuclei and the anterior amygdalar area, only solitary fibres were followed in the basal nuclei. We failed to observe degenerated fibres from the medial preoptical area to the amygdale. The geometry of branches of these fibre systems in the amygdala nuclei was established: they all terminate as a compact but rarely branching brush.", "contents": "[Hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections of cat's brain]. Under study were the afferent connections of the cat's amygdala nuclei with the hypothalamus (Nauta's method) in parallel with studying geometrical parameters of the afferent fibre endings in these nuclei by the Golgi method. It has been shown that the medial hypothalamus gives the beginning to a small amount of fibres running to the medial group of the amygdala nuclei; dissipated solitary fibres run to the large- and small-cellular parts of the basal nucleus. A considerable amount of fibres run from the lateral hypothalamus to the amygdala, mainly to the medial group of its nuclei and the anterior amygdalar area, only solitary fibres were followed in the basal nuclei. We failed to observe degenerated fibres from the medial preoptical area to the amygdale. The geometry of branches of these fibre systems in the amygdala nuclei was established: they all terminate as a compact but rarely branching brush.", "PMID": 68768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3059", "title": "[Staining of the sections with mixtures of gallocyanin with picrofuchsin and eosin].", "content": "Instead of two-stage staining with hematoxylin-eosin and hallocyanin-picrofuchsin a technique for simultaneous staining in mixtures of hallocyanin and eosin or picrofuchsin is suggested. The stains-cocktails are well preserved for 4-5 weeks and may be used repeatedly.", "contents": "[Staining of the sections with mixtures of gallocyanin with picrofuchsin and eosin]. Instead of two-stage staining with hematoxylin-eosin and hallocyanin-picrofuchsin a technique for simultaneous staining in mixtures of hallocyanin and eosin or picrofuchsin is suggested. The stains-cocktails are well preserved for 4-5 weeks and may be used repeatedly.", "PMID": 68770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3060", "title": "Community education about cancer.", "content": "Telling people what they should do to guard against cancer does not necessarily produce the desired changes in attitude and behaviour. It is necessary to take account of the factors that obstruct these changes. Fear of cancer induces some people to employ psychological defences that might relieve their anxiety, but divert them from medical care. General practitioners can either \"turn on\" or \"turn off\" the community education process by the stance they adopt towards the recommendations made in educational programmes. Failur to sensitively appraise the patient's motives and feeling when seeking advice about a publicized cancer \"warning sign\" can both hurt the patient deter him from developing habits of early reporting. Preventive programmes of cervical cytology, instruction in breast self-examination and smoking advice can quite readily be initiated in general practice. The various media of communication in cancer education should be carefully selected and targeted. Since doctors are generally accepted as experts on health matters, their apparent undue pessimism about cancer prognosis is unfortunate. On the other hand, their low smoking rate sets a helathy example for patients to follow.", "contents": "Community education about cancer. Telling people what they should do to guard against cancer does not necessarily produce the desired changes in attitude and behaviour. It is necessary to take account of the factors that obstruct these changes. Fear of cancer induces some people to employ psychological defences that might relieve their anxiety, but divert them from medical care. General practitioners can either \"turn on\" or \"turn off\" the community education process by the stance they adopt towards the recommendations made in educational programmes. Failur to sensitively appraise the patient's motives and feeling when seeking advice about a publicized cancer \"warning sign\" can both hurt the patient deter him from developing habits of early reporting. Preventive programmes of cervical cytology, instruction in breast self-examination and smoking advice can quite readily be initiated in general practice. The various media of communication in cancer education should be carefully selected and targeted. Since doctors are generally accepted as experts on health matters, their apparent undue pessimism about cancer prognosis is unfortunate. On the other hand, their low smoking rate sets a helathy example for patients to follow.", "PMID": 68773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3061", "title": "Nature of the stimulation of biogenesis of cholesterol in the liver by noradrenaline.", "content": "1. Administration of noradrenaline increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into hepatic sterols and the activity of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. 2. The stimulation was observed at short time-intervals with a maximum at 4h and was progressive with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline. 3. Protein synthesis de novo was a necessary factor for the effect. 4. The stimulatory effect was not mediated through the adrenergic receptors, but appears to involve a direct action of the hormone within the hepatocyte.", "contents": "Nature of the stimulation of biogenesis of cholesterol in the liver by noradrenaline. 1. Administration of noradrenaline increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into hepatic sterols and the activity of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. 2. The stimulation was observed at short time-intervals with a maximum at 4h and was progressive with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline. 3. Protein synthesis de novo was a necessary factor for the effect. 4. The stimulatory effect was not mediated through the adrenergic receptors, but appears to involve a direct action of the hormone within the hepatocyte.", "PMID": 68775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3062", "title": "Preliminary characterization of two thymus-dependent xenoantigens from mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Preliminary characterization of two mouse thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte xenoantigens, T25 and T200, which are selectively labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of T-cells, is described. Both molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins. Fractionation of membrane vesicles prepared from BW5147 lymphoma cells by sedimentation through sucrose density gradients show that antigens T25 and T200 are in fractions enriched with plasma membrane. Moreover antigen T200 is partially degraded when viable cells are treated briefly with low concentrations of trypsin. Both molecules are efficiently solubilized in buffers containing sodium deoxycholate or Nonidet P-40, as measured by failure to sediment at 100000g for 60min. However, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B showed the presence of aggregated material in Nonidet P-40 extracts which was not found in deoxycholate-solubilized membranes. After solubilization in detergent, antigens T25 and T200 bind to, and may be specifically eluted from, columns of pea lectin--Sepharose or concanavalin A--Sepharose. Both molecules are heterogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. As judged by its binding to columns of pea lectin, at least part of the heterogeneity of mouse thymocyte antigen T25 resides in its carbohydrate moiety.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of two thymus-dependent xenoantigens from mouse lymphocytes. Preliminary characterization of two mouse thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte xenoantigens, T25 and T200, which are selectively labelled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination of T-cells, is described. Both molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins. Fractionation of membrane vesicles prepared from BW5147 lymphoma cells by sedimentation through sucrose density gradients show that antigens T25 and T200 are in fractions enriched with plasma membrane. Moreover antigen T200 is partially degraded when viable cells are treated briefly with low concentrations of trypsin. Both molecules are efficiently solubilized in buffers containing sodium deoxycholate or Nonidet P-40, as measured by failure to sediment at 100000g for 60min. However, gel filtration on Sepharose 6B showed the presence of aggregated material in Nonidet P-40 extracts which was not found in deoxycholate-solubilized membranes. After solubilization in detergent, antigens T25 and T200 bind to, and may be specifically eluted from, columns of pea lectin--Sepharose or concanavalin A--Sepharose. Both molecules are heterogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. As judged by its binding to columns of pea lectin, at least part of the heterogeneity of mouse thymocyte antigen T25 resides in its carbohydrate moiety.", "PMID": 68776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3063", "title": "Monocyte-reactive antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Cold-reactive antibodies cytotoxic for peripheral monocytes from more than half of normal donors were found in the sera of 2 of 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 1 of 26 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and they were absent in 25 normal sera. In contrast, lymphocytotoxic activity for T or B lymphocytes was found in over half of the lupus sera. The antibodies to monocytes were primarily IgM and exhibited varying specificities. Some of the antibodies were directed against antigenic determinants common to monocytes, T and B cells, or against determinants shared between monocytes and one lymphocyte type. One serum possessed a high titer of antibodies that were specific for monocytes. The clinical significance of antimonocyte antibodies remains to be established.", "contents": "Monocyte-reactive antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cold-reactive antibodies cytotoxic for peripheral monocytes from more than half of normal donors were found in the sera of 2 of 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 1 of 26 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and they were absent in 25 normal sera. In contrast, lymphocytotoxic activity for T or B lymphocytes was found in over half of the lupus sera. The antibodies to monocytes were primarily IgM and exhibited varying specificities. Some of the antibodies were directed against antigenic determinants common to monocytes, T and B cells, or against determinants shared between monocytes and one lymphocyte type. One serum possessed a high titer of antibodies that were specific for monocytes. The clinical significance of antimonocyte antibodies remains to be established.", "PMID": 68777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3064", "title": "Cathepsin D agglutinators in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Increased CDA titers in serum and synovial fluid of patients with seropositive RA.", "content": "The incidence and titer of cathepsin D agglutinators (CDA) were significantly higher in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera than in the sera of healthy blood donors or of patients with other rheumatic diseases, including seronegative RA. A significant elevation was also found in synovial fluid (SF) samples from seropositive RA patients. CDA in the SF tended to be increased when compared with the corresponding serum. The levels of CDA correlated positively with those of rheumatoid factors (RF) when the latter were determined with IgG anti-CD Ripley-coated erythrocytes, but not when they were determined by the Waaler-Rose or latex tests. The increased CDA titers do not seem to be the result of significant amounts of IgM agglutinators or of the presence of IgM-RF. These findings suggest the existence of a link between the formation of RF and CDA, but the nature of this link cannot be fully explained.", "contents": "Cathepsin D agglutinators in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Increased CDA titers in serum and synovial fluid of patients with seropositive RA. The incidence and titer of cathepsin D agglutinators (CDA) were significantly higher in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera than in the sera of healthy blood donors or of patients with other rheumatic diseases, including seronegative RA. A significant elevation was also found in synovial fluid (SF) samples from seropositive RA patients. CDA in the SF tended to be increased when compared with the corresponding serum. The levels of CDA correlated positively with those of rheumatoid factors (RF) when the latter were determined with IgG anti-CD Ripley-coated erythrocytes, but not when they were determined by the Waaler-Rose or latex tests. The increased CDA titers do not seem to be the result of significant amounts of IgM agglutinators or of the presence of IgM-RF. These findings suggest the existence of a link between the formation of RF and CDA, but the nature of this link cannot be fully explained.", "PMID": 68778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3065", "title": "[Textile pest control in textile stores with a combination preparation of methoxycholor and chlorpyrifos [0,0-diethyl-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-monothiophosphate]].", "content": "The effect on man of a mixture of methoxyclorine and 0,0-diethyl-(o8k8l-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-monothiophosphate (chlorpyrifos) used for textile pest control in poorly ventilated textile storages were examined under realistic test conditions. The chronical exposure of the test persons to chlorpyrifos, although originally thought to be of a negligible order, surprisingly resulted in an approximately 40% inhibition of the serum chlinesterase (ChE) without any significant spontaneous recovery of the ChE activity in three out of four test subjects during the test period. On the contrary, the activity of the acetylcholinesterase of the erythrocytes (AChE), after a temporary insignificant decrease, was found to be considerable increased for the duration of the test. As a result of these examinations it is recommended not to use insecticides containing alkylphosphates for textile pest control in poorly ventilated reeom if an exposure of man during the desorption phase cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Textile pest control in textile stores with a combination preparation of methoxycholor and chlorpyrifos [0,0-diethyl-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-monothiophosphate]]. The effect on man of a mixture of methoxyclorine and 0,0-diethyl-(o8k8l-trichloro-2-pyridyl)-monothiophosphate (chlorpyrifos) used for textile pest control in poorly ventilated textile storages were examined under realistic test conditions. The chronical exposure of the test persons to chlorpyrifos, although originally thought to be of a negligible order, surprisingly resulted in an approximately 40% inhibition of the serum chlinesterase (ChE) without any significant spontaneous recovery of the ChE activity in three out of four test subjects during the test period. On the contrary, the activity of the acetylcholinesterase of the erythrocytes (AChE), after a temporary insignificant decrease, was found to be considerable increased for the duration of the test. As a result of these examinations it is recommended not to use insecticides containing alkylphosphates for textile pest control in poorly ventilated reeom if an exposure of man during the desorption phase cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 68779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3066", "title": "Effect of temperature and caffeine on the interval-strength relationship of mammalian ventricular myocardium.", "content": "In isolated cat heart papillary muscle electrically driven at the basic rate of 30 per min the effect of change in temperature (37 degrees C vs. 30 degrees C) and caffeine upon post-extrasystolic potentiation (PEP) phenomenon was studied. At 30 degrees C the basic tension developed by the regular contraction increased an average of (s +/- sm) 23 +/- 5.2% as compared to 37 degrees C. Furthermore at 30 degrees C, the curve relating the magnitude of PEP to the interval (msec) between regular and premature stimulus was significantly shifted upwards and to the right as compared to the curve obtained at 37 degrees C. The time persistence effect of PEP or at 30 degrees C. In fact, up to 5 min the corrected curve relating percentage increase of the first potentiated contraction with predetermined intervening rest period (pause) was significantly shifted upwards at the lower temperature. Caffeine (2.7 and 5.4 mM/l at 37 degrees C) produced a significant increase (s +/- sm) + 51.5 +/- 6.8% of the basic tension developed by the regular contractions as compared to the control period in the same muscles. However, caffeine decreased significantly both the relative magnitude (%) and the time persistence (corrected values) of PEP appearing on the first contraction after a predetermined interveinin pause. In control experiments in the same muscles caffeine decreased the tension developed by the first contraction following any equivalent pause during rhythmic stimulation. This relative decrease in tension of the first contraction reached a greater significance as the pause was lengthened to the limits of the rested state contraction (5 min). The results are discussed regarding the excitation-contraction coupling and calcium inactivation as the main mechanisms for positive inotropic effect during PEP. The effect of lowering the temperature could be related to the lengthening of the active state, slowing of Ca++ inactivation mechanism and/or greater stiffness of the serial elastic element. The effect of caffeine is probably related to an increase of the intracellular Ca displacement to the contractile site.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and caffeine on the interval-strength relationship of mammalian ventricular myocardium. In isolated cat heart papillary muscle electrically driven at the basic rate of 30 per min the effect of change in temperature (37 degrees C vs. 30 degrees C) and caffeine upon post-extrasystolic potentiation (PEP) phenomenon was studied. At 30 degrees C the basic tension developed by the regular contraction increased an average of (s +/- sm) 23 +/- 5.2% as compared to 37 degrees C. Furthermore at 30 degrees C, the curve relating the magnitude of PEP to the interval (msec) between regular and premature stimulus was significantly shifted upwards and to the right as compared to the curve obtained at 37 degrees C. The time persistence effect of PEP or at 30 degrees C. In fact, up to 5 min the corrected curve relating percentage increase of the first potentiated contraction with predetermined intervening rest period (pause) was significantly shifted upwards at the lower temperature. Caffeine (2.7 and 5.4 mM/l at 37 degrees C) produced a significant increase (s +/- sm) + 51.5 +/- 6.8% of the basic tension developed by the regular contractions as compared to the control period in the same muscles. However, caffeine decreased significantly both the relative magnitude (%) and the time persistence (corrected values) of PEP appearing on the first contraction after a predetermined interveinin pause. In control experiments in the same muscles caffeine decreased the tension developed by the first contraction following any equivalent pause during rhythmic stimulation. This relative decrease in tension of the first contraction reached a greater significance as the pause was lengthened to the limits of the rested state contraction (5 min). The results are discussed regarding the excitation-contraction coupling and calcium inactivation as the main mechanisms for positive inotropic effect during PEP. The effect of lowering the temperature could be related to the lengthening of the active state, slowing of Ca++ inactivation mechanism and/or greater stiffness of the serial elastic element. The effect of caffeine is probably related to an increase of the intracellular Ca displacement to the contractile site.", "PMID": 68780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3067", "title": "[Alcoholic hyaline-like bodies in nerve cells of the caudate nuclei in various diseases of children].", "content": "Intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies were noticed in nerve cells of the caudate nuclei of the infantile diseases: Leigh's encephalomyelopathy (12-year-old, male), Wilson's disease (14-year-old, male), Morquio's disease (12-year-old, male), pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration (19-year-old, male) and Schilder's disease (15-year-old, male). The hyeline bodies were noticed as linear, striate, dendritic or antler-like in form and stained pink or red with hematoxylin-eosin, orange or red with tmasson trichrome, and dark blue or purple with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. The characteristics of the neuronal inclusions have much resemblance to the \"alcoholic hyaline-like bodies\" which were described by K. Kojima in the caudate nuclei of alcoholics. The results may indicate that the presence of the hyaline bodies in the caudate nucleus is not pathognomonic for alcoholic intoxication, but may suggest the presence of a certain common metabolic disorder among the described diseases.", "contents": "[Alcoholic hyaline-like bodies in nerve cells of the caudate nuclei in various diseases of children]. Intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies were noticed in nerve cells of the caudate nuclei of the infantile diseases: Leigh's encephalomyelopathy (12-year-old, male), Wilson's disease (14-year-old, male), Morquio's disease (12-year-old, male), pseudoulegyric type of hepatocerebral degeneration (19-year-old, male) and Schilder's disease (15-year-old, male). The hyeline bodies were noticed as linear, striate, dendritic or antler-like in form and stained pink or red with hematoxylin-eosin, orange or red with tmasson trichrome, and dark blue or purple with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. The characteristics of the neuronal inclusions have much resemblance to the \"alcoholic hyaline-like bodies\" which were described by K. Kojima in the caudate nuclei of alcoholics. The results may indicate that the presence of the hyaline bodies in the caudate nucleus is not pathognomonic for alcoholic intoxication, but may suggest the presence of a certain common metabolic disorder among the described diseases.", "PMID": 68781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3068", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of bleomycin in plasma and urine.", "content": "Antibodies to bleomycin were raised by immunization of sheep and rabbits with bleomycin-albumin conjugates. The combination of a high-titre, high-avidity sheep antiserum and iodinated bleomycin produced a radioimmunoassay sensitive to 8 ng of bleomycin per ml of plasma or urine. Untreated specimens (100 microliter) of plasma or urine could be added directly to the assay tubes. The antiseerum was specific for bleomycin and showed no cross-reaction with other anticancer agents used in combination chemotherapy. Over a concentration range of 20-100 ng/ml, recovery of bleomycin from plasma was 110% and from urine, 93%. Repeated assay of plasma samples showed a decrease in bleomycin levels unless the samples were kept at 4 degrees C or below. Assay of bleomycin levels in plasma and urine from patients under treatment with bleomycin showed similarities with results reported using a microbiological assay. The radioimmunoassay offers a more reliable, rapid and sensitive method for the measurement of bleomycin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of bleomycin in plasma and urine. Antibodies to bleomycin were raised by immunization of sheep and rabbits with bleomycin-albumin conjugates. The combination of a high-titre, high-avidity sheep antiserum and iodinated bleomycin produced a radioimmunoassay sensitive to 8 ng of bleomycin per ml of plasma or urine. Untreated specimens (100 microliter) of plasma or urine could be added directly to the assay tubes. The antiseerum was specific for bleomycin and showed no cross-reaction with other anticancer agents used in combination chemotherapy. Over a concentration range of 20-100 ng/ml, recovery of bleomycin from plasma was 110% and from urine, 93%. Repeated assay of plasma samples showed a decrease in bleomycin levels unless the samples were kept at 4 degrees C or below. Assay of bleomycin levels in plasma and urine from patients under treatment with bleomycin showed similarities with results reported using a microbiological assay. The radioimmunoassay offers a more reliable, rapid and sensitive method for the measurement of bleomycin.", "PMID": 68783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3069", "title": "Lymphocyte sensitization in childhood solid tumours and lymphoblastic leukaemia, measured by electrophoretic mobility test.", "content": "A modified electrophoretic mobility (EM) test was performed in 150 children to examine their lymphocyte sensitization to myelin basic protein (encephalitogenic factor). Measurements in the cytopherometer were facilitated by using devitalized sheep erythrocytes as indicator particles instead of macrophages. A significant decrease in EM was found in 29/30 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in 67/75 children with solid tumours, thus giving a false negative rate in malignant disease of 9/105=8-6%, as compared to 6 false positives among 45 children with non-malignant disorders; 5 of the later \"false/positive\" 6 patients had autoimmune disease. Results of the EM test in the children with leukaemia were compared with those in 9 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 2 with Hodgkin's disease at different stages, but no striking change was seen between different diseases, or after cessation of long-term immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Percentage of \"slowing\" ranged from 4 to 30%. These results indicate that patients with lymphoid malignancies still have lymphocytes which had been sensitized by a common antigen of the malignant cell clone at the beginning of the disease. The EM test, furthermore, could serve as an additional diagnostic aid in differentiating benign from malignant masses in the abdomen, extremities or intracranial disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte sensitization in childhood solid tumours and lymphoblastic leukaemia, measured by electrophoretic mobility test. A modified electrophoretic mobility (EM) test was performed in 150 children to examine their lymphocyte sensitization to myelin basic protein (encephalitogenic factor). Measurements in the cytopherometer were facilitated by using devitalized sheep erythrocytes as indicator particles instead of macrophages. A significant decrease in EM was found in 29/30 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in 67/75 children with solid tumours, thus giving a false negative rate in malignant disease of 9/105=8-6%, as compared to 6 false positives among 45 children with non-malignant disorders; 5 of the later \"false/positive\" 6 patients had autoimmune disease. Results of the EM test in the children with leukaemia were compared with those in 9 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 2 with Hodgkin's disease at different stages, but no striking change was seen between different diseases, or after cessation of long-term immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Percentage of \"slowing\" ranged from 4 to 30%. These results indicate that patients with lymphoid malignancies still have lymphocytes which had been sensitized by a common antigen of the malignant cell clone at the beginning of the disease. The EM test, furthermore, could serve as an additional diagnostic aid in differentiating benign from malignant masses in the abdomen, extremities or intracranial disease.", "PMID": 68784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3070", "title": "Relationship between Escherichia coli endotoxin toxicity and the immunization status of normal adult guinea-pigs.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide extracts of E. coli (endotoxins) were toxic to normal adult guinea-pigs, yet no evidence was found of serological reactivity to endotoxins or of \"immediate\" dermal reactivity in vivo. In contrast, testing of the serum of experimentally immunized animals provided evidence of precipitins, agglutinins and haemolysins. It is concluded that endotoxin exerts toxic effects in the absence of significant antibody production. This suggests that endotoxin toxicity is independent of immune processes not involving cell-mediated responses.", "contents": "Relationship between Escherichia coli endotoxin toxicity and the immunization status of normal adult guinea-pigs. Lipopolysaccharide extracts of E. coli (endotoxins) were toxic to normal adult guinea-pigs, yet no evidence was found of serological reactivity to endotoxins or of \"immediate\" dermal reactivity in vivo. In contrast, testing of the serum of experimentally immunized animals provided evidence of precipitins, agglutinins and haemolysins. It is concluded that endotoxin exerts toxic effects in the absence of significant antibody production. This suggests that endotoxin toxicity is independent of immune processes not involving cell-mediated responses.", "PMID": 68785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3071", "title": "[Mechanisms and ways of regulation of lipoic acid penetration into biological structures].", "content": "Experimental evidence of the penetration of low doses (100--120 mkM) of lipoic acid (LA) into cells and mitochondria by means of transport systems, involving proteins was obtained. The functioning of those systems is regulated by hormones, is dependent of redox states, is disturbed in the presence of energy metabolism inhibitors and is stimulated by repeated injections of LA. The penetration of LA into erythrocytes is facilitated by a concentration gradient K+ and Na+ and the high activity of transport ATPases. In case of high (over 120 mkM) content of lipoate in the incubation medium, its penetration into the cells and mitochondria occurs largely due to ordinary diffusion. Such penetration of LA predominantly occurs also under conditions of transversely directed gravitational overloading (6g). The rate of LA penetration into the biological structures of the organism is regulated by complicated and efficient mechanisms, involving hormonal control of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Mechanisms and ways of regulation of lipoic acid penetration into biological structures]. Experimental evidence of the penetration of low doses (100--120 mkM) of lipoic acid (LA) into cells and mitochondria by means of transport systems, involving proteins was obtained. The functioning of those systems is regulated by hormones, is dependent of redox states, is disturbed in the presence of energy metabolism inhibitors and is stimulated by repeated injections of LA. The penetration of LA into erythrocytes is facilitated by a concentration gradient K+ and Na+ and the high activity of transport ATPases. In case of high (over 120 mkM) content of lipoate in the incubation medium, its penetration into the cells and mitochondria occurs largely due to ordinary diffusion. Such penetration of LA predominantly occurs also under conditions of transversely directed gravitational overloading (6g). The rate of LA penetration into the biological structures of the organism is regulated by complicated and efficient mechanisms, involving hormonal control of protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 68786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3072", "title": "Static and dynamic imaging with indium-III labelled Bleomycin in the localization of squamous cell neoplasia.", "content": "Fifty two cases of squamous cell carcinoma were studied using indium-111 labelled Bleomycin. The overall accuracy of localization by static imaging alone was 80%. Detection of lung and gynaecological tumours was most consistent, while oesophageal tumours were the most commonly missed. Imaging within a few hours of administration of the radiopharmaceutical was found to be as effective as imaging at the recommended time of at least 24 hours. Inflammatory lesions giving false positive scans could be differentiated from tumour tissue by the technique of dynamic imaging. Maximum activity occurred in tumour tissue on average ten minutes after the peak for normal tissue. This difference was used to improve the detection of known tumours to 90%.", "contents": "Static and dynamic imaging with indium-III labelled Bleomycin in the localization of squamous cell neoplasia. Fifty two cases of squamous cell carcinoma were studied using indium-111 labelled Bleomycin. The overall accuracy of localization by static imaging alone was 80%. Detection of lung and gynaecological tumours was most consistent, while oesophageal tumours were the most commonly missed. Imaging within a few hours of administration of the radiopharmaceutical was found to be as effective as imaging at the recommended time of at least 24 hours. Inflammatory lesions giving false positive scans could be differentiated from tumour tissue by the technique of dynamic imaging. Maximum activity occurred in tumour tissue on average ten minutes after the peak for normal tissue. This difference was used to improve the detection of known tumours to 90%.", "PMID": 68793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3073", "title": "Carcinoma of the male breast: A review of 200 cases.", "content": "Two hundred cases of male breast carcinoma were treated at the Christie Hospital, Manchester, between 1942 and 1971. The survival rate of the group following curative treatment is presented; the response to palliative treatment is also discussed. The survival rate was particularly good for stage I cases, with 79 per cent surviving for 5 years and 56-3 per cent surviving for 10 years. However, the later stages did less well, particularly when compared with female patients of the same age and stage. With such a rare disease it would be of help to centralize the treatment of these patients as much as possible.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the male breast: A review of 200 cases. Two hundred cases of male breast carcinoma were treated at the Christie Hospital, Manchester, between 1942 and 1971. The survival rate of the group following curative treatment is presented; the response to palliative treatment is also discussed. The survival rate was particularly good for stage I cases, with 79 per cent surviving for 5 years and 56-3 per cent surviving for 10 years. However, the later stages did less well, particularly when compared with female patients of the same age and stage. With such a rare disease it would be of help to centralize the treatment of these patients as much as possible.", "PMID": 68794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3074", "title": "Inhibition of the rapid movement of optically detectable axonal particles colchicine and vinblastine.", "content": "The rapid saltatory motion of intra-axonal particles detected by dark-field microscopy in myelinated axons isolated from sciatic nerves of adult Xenopus laevis was inhibited by colchicine or vinblastine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 0.1 mM. Both the predominant somatopetal transport and the somatofugal transport of these round particles were inhibited. The reduction in numbers of moving particles was apparent first in the juxtanodal portions of the isolated axons within about 1 h. No particles could be detected moving by 3-5 h after application of the colchicine or vinblastine. During the phase of partial inhibition, those particles that were still progressing along the axon did so at apparently normal velocities while they were in motion, but remained stationary increasingly frequently and for progressively longer periods. Colchicine or vinblastine at a concentration of less than or equal to 10 micronM caused no observable inhibition within 4 h of application. Colchicine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 10 mM caused local accumulation of round particles, and vinblastine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 2.5 mM caused fragmentation of rod-shaped organelles, believed to be mitochondria. Electron microscopy of nerve fibers treated with 5 mM colchicine showed a progressive loss of microtubules from the axoplasm, such that approximately 70% of the microtubules had disappeared after 4h.", "contents": "Inhibition of the rapid movement of optically detectable axonal particles colchicine and vinblastine. The rapid saltatory motion of intra-axonal particles detected by dark-field microscopy in myelinated axons isolated from sciatic nerves of adult Xenopus laevis was inhibited by colchicine or vinblastine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 0.1 mM. Both the predominant somatopetal transport and the somatofugal transport of these round particles were inhibited. The reduction in numbers of moving particles was apparent first in the juxtanodal portions of the isolated axons within about 1 h. No particles could be detected moving by 3-5 h after application of the colchicine or vinblastine. During the phase of partial inhibition, those particles that were still progressing along the axon did so at apparently normal velocities while they were in motion, but remained stationary increasingly frequently and for progressively longer periods. Colchicine or vinblastine at a concentration of less than or equal to 10 micronM caused no observable inhibition within 4 h of application. Colchicine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 10 mM caused local accumulation of round particles, and vinblastine at a concentration of larger than or equal to 2.5 mM caused fragmentation of rod-shaped organelles, believed to be mitochondria. Electron microscopy of nerve fibers treated with 5 mM colchicine showed a progressive loss of microtubules from the axoplasm, such that approximately 70% of the microtubules had disappeared after 4h.", "PMID": 68800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3075", "title": "A comparison of immunochemical methods for the detection of antibodies to myelin encephalitogenic protein.", "content": "The antibody titer to myelin encephalitogenic protein in rabbits and rats has been comparatively studied by double antibody radioimmunoassay, quantitative microcomplement fixation, and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. In general, these immunochemical tests quantitatively paralleled one another but minor differences were sometimes present. The desirability of using a combination of these methods in assesing the antibody response to myelin encephalitogenic protein is emphasized.", "contents": "A comparison of immunochemical methods for the detection of antibodies to myelin encephalitogenic protein. The antibody titer to myelin encephalitogenic protein in rabbits and rats has been comparatively studied by double antibody radioimmunoassay, quantitative microcomplement fixation, and radioimmunoelectrophoresis. In general, these immunochemical tests quantitatively paralleled one another but minor differences were sometimes present. The desirability of using a combination of these methods in assesing the antibody response to myelin encephalitogenic protein is emphasized.", "PMID": 68802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3076", "title": "Axonal transport and axonal processing of low molecular weight proteins from the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia.", "content": "Axonal transport of proteins in nerves of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was observed after a 2 h incubation of the ganglion in tritiated amino acids. The transported proteins migrate as a series of discrete peaks, all apparently moving at a rate of 3 mm/h. This process is sensitive to both colchicine and vinblastine, the former agent reducing the amount of transported material without affecting the transport rate. The molecular weight distribution of the transported proteins, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), is basically unchanged for up to 20 h after labeling. Low molecular weight species (less than or equal to 18,000 daltons) make up 10-20% of the transported protein and appear to be enriched in leucine. These proteins undergo proteolytic cleavage during transport, eventually reaching a molecular weight of 3000 daltons or lower. It is suggested that these data reflect the axonal transport and processing of neurosecretory peptides synthesized by identifiable neurons of the ganglion.", "contents": "Axonal transport and axonal processing of low molecular weight proteins from the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Axonal transport of proteins in nerves of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was observed after a 2 h incubation of the ganglion in tritiated amino acids. The transported proteins migrate as a series of discrete peaks, all apparently moving at a rate of 3 mm/h. This process is sensitive to both colchicine and vinblastine, the former agent reducing the amount of transported material without affecting the transport rate. The molecular weight distribution of the transported proteins, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), is basically unchanged for up to 20 h after labeling. Low molecular weight species (less than or equal to 18,000 daltons) make up 10-20% of the transported protein and appear to be enriched in leucine. These proteins undergo proteolytic cleavage during transport, eventually reaching a molecular weight of 3000 daltons or lower. It is suggested that these data reflect the axonal transport and processing of neurosecretory peptides synthesized by identifiable neurons of the ganglion.", "PMID": 68805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3077", "title": "Use of sepharose-conjugated BCG antibodies for the purification of tuberculin-active components.", "content": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) antibodies conjugated with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B led to the isolation of tuberculin-active components from the protoplasmic materials of BCG. From these results; it is concluded that most of the tuberculin-active components (sensitins) have mycobacterial antigenic properties.", "contents": "Use of sepharose-conjugated BCG antibodies for the purification of tuberculin-active components. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) antibodies conjugated with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B led to the isolation of tuberculin-active components from the protoplasmic materials of BCG. From these results; it is concluded that most of the tuberculin-active components (sensitins) have mycobacterial antigenic properties.", "PMID": 68806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3078", "title": "Pretreatment of hamster cells with phenethyl alcohol alters cell surface glycoproteins and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus growth.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in the presence of phenethyl alcohol exhibit obvious changes in cell surface galactose and galactosamine glycoproteins as determined by the galactose-oxidase[3H]borohydride technique and SDS gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated with phenethyl alcohol (drug was removed before infection) were not as effective as hosts for vesicular stomatitis virus as untreated cultures. A minimum pretreatment time with 0.1% phenethyl alcohol of about 8 h was required before a reduction in virus growth was observed. It is proposed that phenethyl alcohol pretreatment as outlined in this report leads to a modification of the host cellular membrane resulting in the inhibition of virus replication.", "contents": "Pretreatment of hamster cells with phenethyl alcohol alters cell surface glycoproteins and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus growth. Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in the presence of phenethyl alcohol exhibit obvious changes in cell surface galactose and galactosamine glycoproteins as determined by the galactose-oxidase[3H]borohydride technique and SDS gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated with phenethyl alcohol (drug was removed before infection) were not as effective as hosts for vesicular stomatitis virus as untreated cultures. A minimum pretreatment time with 0.1% phenethyl alcohol of about 8 h was required before a reduction in virus growth was observed. It is proposed that phenethyl alcohol pretreatment as outlined in this report leads to a modification of the host cellular membrane resulting in the inhibition of virus replication.", "PMID": 68807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3079", "title": "Cell cycle phase recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage.", "content": "Mammalian cells treated during mitosis with the anticancer drug bleomycin cannot recover from potentially lethal damage. G1- and S-phase cells treated in a similar manner can recover. In synchronized G1- and S-phase cells, and in asynchronous and nondividing populations, the final survival values of recovered cells have always been found to be greater than 0.2. These data suggest that a certain fixed amount of recovery can occur, regardless of the degree of initial bleomycin-induced damage. The mechanism of this particular phenomenon is unknown.", "contents": "Cell cycle phase recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage. Mammalian cells treated during mitosis with the anticancer drug bleomycin cannot recover from potentially lethal damage. G1- and S-phase cells treated in a similar manner can recover. In synchronized G1- and S-phase cells, and in asynchronous and nondividing populations, the final survival values of recovered cells have always been found to be greater than 0.2. These data suggest that a certain fixed amount of recovery can occur, regardless of the degree of initial bleomycin-induced damage. The mechanism of this particular phenomenon is unknown.", "PMID": 68809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3080", "title": "Chromosome analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma 7777 and correlation with alpha-fetoprotein production.", "content": "The Morris hepatocellular carcinoma 7777 is productive of extraordinarily high levels of the oncofetal protein, alpha-fetoprotein. Its chromosome composition was examined in detail since it represents the only near-diploid tumor of such productivity and has been reported to demonstrate a single unusual chromosomal alteration. The major finding is the presence of a submetacentric marker chromosome, composed of a No. 7 chromosome and a short arm that demonstrated a poorly defined banding pattern on Giemsa staining. This marker is unique to 7777 and is of particular interest in view of recent reports of an association between such unbanded chromosome arms and supraproduction of cell products.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma 7777 and correlation with alpha-fetoprotein production. The Morris hepatocellular carcinoma 7777 is productive of extraordinarily high levels of the oncofetal protein, alpha-fetoprotein. Its chromosome composition was examined in detail since it represents the only near-diploid tumor of such productivity and has been reported to demonstrate a single unusual chromosomal alteration. The major finding is the presence of a submetacentric marker chromosome, composed of a No. 7 chromosome and a short arm that demonstrated a poorly defined banding pattern on Giemsa staining. This marker is unique to 7777 and is of particular interest in view of recent reports of an association between such unbanded chromosome arms and supraproduction of cell products.", "PMID": 68810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3081", "title": "Immunological assay of double-helical segments in RNA fractions of different molecular size extracted from acute myeloid leukemia blast cells.", "content": "Whole-cell RNA, extracted from acute myeloid leukemia blast cells, was fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. The proportion of double-helical segments present in each fraction was then determined by a quantitative microcomplement fixation assay that specifically measures double-helical RNA. Sizable amounts of double-helical segments were detected in all fractions of cellular RNA corresponding to S values higher than approximately 20. In all cell populations examined the highest proportion of double-helical segments was found in RNA fractions sedimenting faster then the 45 S ribosomal precursors RNA, i.e., in  fractions including only heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "contents": "Immunological assay of double-helical segments in RNA fractions of different molecular size extracted from acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. Whole-cell RNA, extracted from acute myeloid leukemia blast cells, was fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. The proportion of double-helical segments present in each fraction was then determined by a quantitative microcomplement fixation assay that specifically measures double-helical RNA. Sizable amounts of double-helical segments were detected in all fractions of cellular RNA corresponding to S values higher than approximately 20. In all cell populations examined the highest proportion of double-helical segments was found in RNA fractions sedimenting faster then the 45 S ribosomal precursors RNA, i.e., in  fractions including only heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "PMID": 68812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3082", "title": "Characterization of mouse mammary tumor viruses propagated in heterologous cells.", "content": "Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) from three different strains of mice have been used to establish productive infections in feline and mink cell lines. The virions that are released by these cells compete completely in a radioimmunoassay for the major virion surface glycoprotein of MMTV (gp52), thus demonstrating that antigenic determinants of gp52 are viral coded. Competitive molecular hybridization studies have shown that the 60 to 70 S RNA's of MMTV's propagated in feline cells contain all the nucleic acid sequences found in 60 to 70 S RNA from MMTV synthesized by murine cells. The virion buoyant densities in sucrose and cesium chloride, virion sedimentation coefficient, divalent cation requirement of the virion DNA polymerase, and morphology of MMTV's synthesized in heterologous cells are similar to those of MMTV's grown in murine cells. Cultures of MMTV-infected feline cells have continuously released between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram of virus per 10(7) cells (75-sq cm flask) per day during the 60-week observation period. No detectable feline or murine type C viruses were produced by these cultures.", "contents": "Characterization of mouse mammary tumor viruses propagated in heterologous cells. Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) from three different strains of mice have been used to establish productive infections in feline and mink cell lines. The virions that are released by these cells compete completely in a radioimmunoassay for the major virion surface glycoprotein of MMTV (gp52), thus demonstrating that antigenic determinants of gp52 are viral coded. Competitive molecular hybridization studies have shown that the 60 to 70 S RNA's of MMTV's propagated in feline cells contain all the nucleic acid sequences found in 60 to 70 S RNA from MMTV synthesized by murine cells. The virion buoyant densities in sucrose and cesium chloride, virion sedimentation coefficient, divalent cation requirement of the virion DNA polymerase, and morphology of MMTV's synthesized in heterologous cells are similar to those of MMTV's grown in murine cells. Cultures of MMTV-infected feline cells have continuously released between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram of virus per 10(7) cells (75-sq cm flask) per day during the 60-week observation period. No detectable feline or murine type C viruses were produced by these cultures.", "PMID": 68813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3083", "title": "RNA tumor virus-like activities in human prostate: possible novel pharmacologic approaches.", "content": "The cytoplasmic extracts of human prostatic tissues yield two classes of \"particles\" when centrifuged to equilibrium in a sucrose density gradient, one class banding at a density of 1.15-1.18 g/cm3 (\"high density particles\") and another at a density of 1.07-1.14 g/cm3 (\"low density particles\"). Both bands display endogenous DNA polymerase activity which is largely resistant to actinomycin D inhibition. The endogenous DNA products synthesized by high density particles give some indication of high molecular weight RNA:DNA complexes. The tissue extracts from normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate behave similarly in these assays. In addition, explant cultures of hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate either release, or can be induced to release, particles by treatment with bromodeoxyuridine. These particles band at a density of 1.15-1.18 g/cm3 in a sucrose density gradient and possess RNA and associated DNA polymerase activity which utilizes poly(A):oligo(dT). Our results suggest that human prostatic tissues may contain functions analogous in some ways to those of known RNA tumor viruses of other species.", "contents": "RNA tumor virus-like activities in human prostate: possible novel pharmacologic approaches. The cytoplasmic extracts of human prostatic tissues yield two classes of \"particles\" when centrifuged to equilibrium in a sucrose density gradient, one class banding at a density of 1.15-1.18 g/cm3 (\"high density particles\") and another at a density of 1.07-1.14 g/cm3 (\"low density particles\"). Both bands display endogenous DNA polymerase activity which is largely resistant to actinomycin D inhibition. The endogenous DNA products synthesized by high density particles give some indication of high molecular weight RNA:DNA complexes. The tissue extracts from normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate behave similarly in these assays. In addition, explant cultures of hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate either release, or can be induced to release, particles by treatment with bromodeoxyuridine. These particles band at a density of 1.15-1.18 g/cm3 in a sucrose density gradient and possess RNA and associated DNA polymerase activity which utilizes poly(A):oligo(dT). Our results suggest that human prostatic tissues may contain functions analogous in some ways to those of known RNA tumor viruses of other species.", "PMID": 68816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3084", "title": "Role of oncornaviruses in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The existence of oncornavirus genetic information in human prostatic tissue was studied by assaying tissue extracts for products of viral gene expression (ie, the p30 antigen). Tissue samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatic carcinoma (CaP) were assayed by the competetive radioimmunoassay. The competing antigens used were p30 proteins derived from the simian sarcoma virus type-1 (SSV-1) and the Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV). Of the 40 extracts tested, three of 20 extracts from BPH patients and one of 20 from CaP patients competed with the SSV-1 p30 antigen and only one of ten extracts from BPH patients competed with the RLV p30 antigen. The significance of these findings has yet to be established.", "contents": "Role of oncornaviruses in carcinoma of the prostate. The existence of oncornavirus genetic information in human prostatic tissue was studied by assaying tissue extracts for products of viral gene expression (ie, the p30 antigen). Tissue samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatic carcinoma (CaP) were assayed by the competetive radioimmunoassay. The competing antigens used were p30 proteins derived from the simian sarcoma virus type-1 (SSV-1) and the Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV). Of the 40 extracts tested, three of 20 extracts from BPH patients and one of 20 from CaP patients competed with the SSV-1 p30 antigen and only one of ten extracts from BPH patients competed with the RLV p30 antigen. The significance of these findings has yet to be established.", "PMID": 68818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3085", "title": "Search for oncogenic viruses in human prostate cancer.", "content": "Electron microscopic, immunologic, and biochemical methods have been used in an attempt to detect and characterize oncornaviruses in human prostatic carcinoma (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in prostates of mice of high and low mammary cancer or leukemia strains. Ultrastructural examination of 37 PCa and nine BPH specimens has revealed the presence of particles resembling type C virus in five cases of PCa and one of BPH, and also two different types of intracisternal virus-like particles in seven other cases of PCa. Type B virus particles have been observed in prostate of old mice of high mammary cancer strains, while type C virus particles have been found in the prostates of most mice of all the ten strains examined. Immunofluorescence tests with sera from patients with PCa and BPH and with cells derived in vitro from PCa have shown that sera of patients with PCa contained antibodies directed mainly against Forssman-like and tumor-related antigens. In immunofluorescence tests of antisera to major proteins of oncornaviruses with cells of PCa and BPH tissues grown in vitro, positive reactions have been obtained with antisera to p30 protein of murine, feline, and simian type C viruses. Fixed immunofluorescence (FIF) tests of sera of PCa (38%) and BPH (25%) and of some normal donors (27%) gave positive cytoplasmic reaction with mouse prostate cells infected with Soehner-Dmochowski murine sarcoma virus (SD-MSV). Immunoferritin tests of 11 sera positive by FIF gave ferritin labeling of type C virus particles in the SD-MSV-infected mouse prostate cells...", "contents": "Search for oncogenic viruses in human prostate cancer. Electron microscopic, immunologic, and biochemical methods have been used in an attempt to detect and characterize oncornaviruses in human prostatic carcinoma (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in prostates of mice of high and low mammary cancer or leukemia strains. Ultrastructural examination of 37 PCa and nine BPH specimens has revealed the presence of particles resembling type C virus in five cases of PCa and one of BPH, and also two different types of intracisternal virus-like particles in seven other cases of PCa. Type B virus particles have been observed in prostate of old mice of high mammary cancer strains, while type C virus particles have been found in the prostates of most mice of all the ten strains examined. Immunofluorescence tests with sera from patients with PCa and BPH and with cells derived in vitro from PCa have shown that sera of patients with PCa contained antibodies directed mainly against Forssman-like and tumor-related antigens. In immunofluorescence tests of antisera to major proteins of oncornaviruses with cells of PCa and BPH tissues grown in vitro, positive reactions have been obtained with antisera to p30 protein of murine, feline, and simian type C viruses. Fixed immunofluorescence (FIF) tests of sera of PCa (38%) and BPH (25%) and of some normal donors (27%) gave positive cytoplasmic reaction with mouse prostate cells infected with Soehner-Dmochowski murine sarcoma virus (SD-MSV). Immunoferritin tests of 11 sera positive by FIF gave ferritin labeling of type C virus particles in the SD-MSV-infected mouse prostate cells...", "PMID": 68817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3086", "title": "Morphologic and immunologic studies of human prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Benign and malignant prostatic tissue was removed in surgery and partitioned for (a) ultrastructural study, (b) tissue culture, and (c) (c) immunochemical study. Fourteen malignant and 18 benign prostatic cancer specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the presence of viruses or virus-like particles. Viruses could not be identified with assurity in thin sections. Acinar cells of normal, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and neoplastic prostate tissue were examined in the scanning electron microscope and TEM and found to be extremely heterogenous in their surface morphologies. Three major types of surface morphologies were present: microvillous, ruffled, and bare. All three types of cells were present in normal, BPH, and neoplastic acini. A collagenase procedure was utilized to remove the stromal cells from glandular structures prior to in vitro cultivation. Partially purified extracts from 71 human urothelial tumors and 75 human urothelial nontumor tissues were used as competing antigens in competition radioimmunoassay in an effort to detect the presence of one of the structural components of type-C ribonucleic acid viruses, the p30 core protein. The urothelial tumors tested included 42 BPH specimens and 18 prostatic carcinoma specimens. Thirty-eight percent of the prostatic carcinoma tissues and 48% of the BPH tissues demonstrated the presence of a protein antigenically similar to the p30 core protein of an oncogenic RNA virus.", "contents": "Morphologic and immunologic studies of human prostatic carcinoma. Benign and malignant prostatic tissue was removed in surgery and partitioned for (a) ultrastructural study, (b) tissue culture, and (c) (c) immunochemical study. Fourteen malignant and 18 benign prostatic cancer specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the presence of viruses or virus-like particles. Viruses could not be identified with assurity in thin sections. Acinar cells of normal, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and neoplastic prostate tissue were examined in the scanning electron microscope and TEM and found to be extremely heterogenous in their surface morphologies. Three major types of surface morphologies were present: microvillous, ruffled, and bare. All three types of cells were present in normal, BPH, and neoplastic acini. A collagenase procedure was utilized to remove the stromal cells from glandular structures prior to in vitro cultivation. Partially purified extracts from 71 human urothelial tumors and 75 human urothelial nontumor tissues were used as competing antigens in competition radioimmunoassay in an effort to detect the presence of one of the structural components of type-C ribonucleic acid viruses, the p30 core protein. The urothelial tumors tested included 42 BPH specimens and 18 prostatic carcinoma specimens. Thirty-eight percent of the prostatic carcinoma tissues and 48% of the BPH tissues demonstrated the presence of a protein antigenically similar to the p30 core protein of an oncogenic RNA virus.", "PMID": 68819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3087", "title": "Cytomegalovirus and cancer of the prostate: in vitro transformation of human cells.", "content": "Urogenital tissue specimens were maintained in culture for 2 years. Epithelioid growth was enhanced with use of collagenase digestion rather than trypsinization. Twenty of 34 prostate cancer cell cultures survived more than ten in vitro passages, during which time four of 20 demonstrated epithelioid morphology. One epithelioid line (T-157) survived 32 in vitro passages. The cells demonstrated lack of contact inhibition in culture, were slightly positive in acid phosphatase tests, and reacted positively with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-immune sera in indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. These cells, which were proven to be of human male origin, failed to yield infectious virus and could be re-isolated from a nodule induced by the cells when injected sc into weanling athymic nude mice. The serum of the patient from which the tumor cells were derived demonstrated high CMV antibody titers and reacted with the virus-specific membrane and intracellular antigens of CMV-transformed human cells in IF tests. A CMV strain isolated from one of the normal prostate cell cultures established an in vitro long-term persistent infection of human embryo lung cells which resulted in the development of two transformed cell lines. The transformed cells possessed CMV antigenic markers and induced non-differentiated tumors when transplanted into athymic nude mice. The results constitute further evidence of the transforming capacity of CMV, and suggest that the virus may be oncogenic in its natural (human) host.", "contents": "Cytomegalovirus and cancer of the prostate: in vitro transformation of human cells. Urogenital tissue specimens were maintained in culture for 2 years. Epithelioid growth was enhanced with use of collagenase digestion rather than trypsinization. Twenty of 34 prostate cancer cell cultures survived more than ten in vitro passages, during which time four of 20 demonstrated epithelioid morphology. One epithelioid line (T-157) survived 32 in vitro passages. The cells demonstrated lack of contact inhibition in culture, were slightly positive in acid phosphatase tests, and reacted positively with cytomegalovirus (CMV)-immune sera in indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests. These cells, which were proven to be of human male origin, failed to yield infectious virus and could be re-isolated from a nodule induced by the cells when injected sc into weanling athymic nude mice. The serum of the patient from which the tumor cells were derived demonstrated high CMV antibody titers and reacted with the virus-specific membrane and intracellular antigens of CMV-transformed human cells in IF tests. A CMV strain isolated from one of the normal prostate cell cultures established an in vitro long-term persistent infection of human embryo lung cells which resulted in the development of two transformed cell lines. The transformed cells possessed CMV antigenic markers and induced non-differentiated tumors when transplanted into athymic nude mice. The results constitute further evidence of the transforming capacity of CMV, and suggest that the virus may be oncogenic in its natural (human) host.", "PMID": 68820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3088", "title": "Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: expanded sampling.", "content": "From comparisons of prostatic cancer patients with matched control patients for selected risk variables, patients are characterized by three main trends: (a) delayed sexual drive and development, (b) early repression of sexuality, and (c) premature cessation of sexuality. Excessive numbers of patients reported occupational exposure to fertilizers and auto exhaust fumes. Diets of the patients were higher in animal fats. No differences were found between both groups for frequencies of multiple marriages or sex partners, nor for stressful effects from selected events early or late in life. Trends for circumcision and other variables are presented. The data suggest that early differences are hormonally conditioned, support a provisional endogenous rationale for initiation of prostatic cancer, and oppose a hypothesis favoring transmissible oncogenic agents. If results continue to hold up with increased sampling, limitation upon sexual activity at any time of life may increase risk.", "contents": "Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: expanded sampling. From comparisons of prostatic cancer patients with matched control patients for selected risk variables, patients are characterized by three main trends: (a) delayed sexual drive and development, (b) early repression of sexuality, and (c) premature cessation of sexuality. Excessive numbers of patients reported occupational exposure to fertilizers and auto exhaust fumes. Diets of the patients were higher in animal fats. No differences were found between both groups for frequencies of multiple marriages or sex partners, nor for stressful effects from selected events early or late in life. Trends for circumcision and other variables are presented. The data suggest that early differences are hormonally conditioned, support a provisional endogenous rationale for initiation of prostatic cancer, and oppose a hypothesis favoring transmissible oncogenic agents. If results continue to hold up with increased sampling, limitation upon sexual activity at any time of life may increase risk.", "PMID": 68821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3089", "title": "Immunochemical studies of prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Immunologic specificity of the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and the kinetics of the PAP-anti-PAP antibody interactions were studied in detail. Antigenic identity of electrophoretic isozymes of PAP was established in this study. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay, radioimmunoassay, and immunofluorescence technique were developed to detect PAP and PAP-synthesizing cells. These techniques were applied to the determination of serum PAP levels and to the identification of metastatic prostate cancer cells in biopsies.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of prostatic acid phosphatase. Immunologic specificity of the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and the kinetics of the PAP-anti-PAP antibody interactions were studied in detail. Antigenic identity of electrophoretic isozymes of PAP was established in this study. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay, radioimmunoassay, and immunofluorescence technique were developed to detect PAP and PAP-synthesizing cells. These techniques were applied to the determination of serum PAP levels and to the identification of metastatic prostate cancer cells in biopsies.", "PMID": 68823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3090", "title": "Analysis of prostatic fluid in prostatic disease.", "content": "The current studies of expressed prostatic fluid tend to confirm our previous reported pilot observations of a shift in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes to a predominance of LDHV in patients with prostatic malignancy. They also suggest a decrease in concentration of acid phosphatase and an increase in concentration of protein in the presence of carcinoma of the prostate. These observations suggest a diffuse metabolic alteration of the prostate in the presence of prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Analysis of prostatic fluid in prostatic disease. The current studies of expressed prostatic fluid tend to confirm our previous reported pilot observations of a shift in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes to a predominance of LDHV in patients with prostatic malignancy. They also suggest a decrease in concentration of acid phosphatase and an increase in concentration of protein in the presence of carcinoma of the prostate. These observations suggest a diffuse metabolic alteration of the prostate in the presence of prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 68824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3091", "title": "Enzyme markers in human prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "In an effort to develop a sensitive and specific method for detecting human prostatic cancer at early stages, we have studied the isoenzyme patterns of acid phosphatase in patients' sera as well as in benign hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissues using isoelectric focusing techniques. At least eight acid phosphatase isoenzymes at pI 4.1-5.5 could be observed. The sera with highly elevated acid phosphatase activity generally contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-5.0. The purified acid phosphatase isolated from benign hypertrophic and malignant prostatic tissues showed no qualitative difference in isoenzyme patterns although quantitative variations were observed. Malignant tissue contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-4.8. Patients' sera were found to contain isoenzymes of prostate origin. We have also investigated serum ribonuclease (RNase) activity in patients with prostatic cancer. The serum RNase activity of patients was significantly elevated. No significant correlation was observed between serum acid phosphatase and RNase activity. In some instances, where acid phosphatase activity was in the normal range, RNase activity was elevated. These data suggest that simultaneous measurements of RNase and acid phosphatase activities may be of value in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. The purified RNase has been isolated from human prostatic tissue and its immunologic properties are being studied.", "contents": "Enzyme markers in human prostatic carcinoma. In an effort to develop a sensitive and specific method for detecting human prostatic cancer at early stages, we have studied the isoenzyme patterns of acid phosphatase in patients' sera as well as in benign hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissues using isoelectric focusing techniques. At least eight acid phosphatase isoenzymes at pI 4.1-5.5 could be observed. The sera with highly elevated acid phosphatase activity generally contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-5.0. The purified acid phosphatase isolated from benign hypertrophic and malignant prostatic tissues showed no qualitative difference in isoenzyme patterns although quantitative variations were observed. Malignant tissue contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-4.8. Patients' sera were found to contain isoenzymes of prostate origin. We have also investigated serum ribonuclease (RNase) activity in patients with prostatic cancer. The serum RNase activity of patients was significantly elevated. No significant correlation was observed between serum acid phosphatase and RNase activity. In some instances, where acid phosphatase activity was in the normal range, RNase activity was elevated. These data suggest that simultaneous measurements of RNase and acid phosphatase activities may be of value in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. The purified RNase has been isolated from human prostatic tissue and its immunologic properties are being studied.", "PMID": 68822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3092", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of prostatic cancer.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy is applied to the study of 3-dimensional surface and organization of a normal prostate gland and of samples of prostatic disease, including five cases of benign hyperplasia and 15 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma of different degrees of differentiation. The study provided further evidence regarding the nature and origin of prostatic cancer at a cytologic level and indicated alternate pathways to the neoplastic spread within the prostate gland.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of prostatic cancer. Scanning electron microscopy is applied to the study of 3-dimensional surface and organization of a normal prostate gland and of samples of prostatic disease, including five cases of benign hyperplasia and 15 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma of different degrees of differentiation. The study provided further evidence regarding the nature and origin of prostatic cancer at a cytologic level and indicated alternate pathways to the neoplastic spread within the prostate gland.", "PMID": 68826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3093", "title": "Immunochemotherapy in 34 cases of oat cell carcinoma of the lung with 19 complete responses.", "content": "Thirty-four previously untreated patients with oat cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with a myelotoxic combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, CCNU, and Corynebacterium parvum (regimen A) every 4 weeks, interspersed with a non-myelotoxic combination including bleomycin, vincristine, dehydroemetine, and Corynebacterium parvum (regimen B) weekly the other 3 weeks or when hematologic toxicity prohibited administration of regimen A. Hematologic toxicity was frequent but was never a serious problem except in two cases of profound leukopenia in which fatal supervening infection occurred. Nineteen patients in this series (56%) showed a complete response lasting from 4+ to 65+ months. Eight of these patients are still alive with a followup of 6+ to 65+ months. Nine patients (26%) showed a partial response (greater than 50%) lasting 1-10+ months. Only one patient in this group is surviving (10+ months). The overall response rate was thus 82%. It is concluded from this study that only a complete response has any significant effect on survival, the benefit of a partial response over no response being only slight. The results achieved are compared to those of available series in the literature and from this comparison strategic deductions for the treatment of oat cell carcinoma of the lung are made.", "contents": "Immunochemotherapy in 34 cases of oat cell carcinoma of the lung with 19 complete responses. Thirty-four previously untreated patients with oat cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with a myelotoxic combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, CCNU, and Corynebacterium parvum (regimen A) every 4 weeks, interspersed with a non-myelotoxic combination including bleomycin, vincristine, dehydroemetine, and Corynebacterium parvum (regimen B) weekly the other 3 weeks or when hematologic toxicity prohibited administration of regimen A. Hematologic toxicity was frequent but was never a serious problem except in two cases of profound leukopenia in which fatal supervening infection occurred. Nineteen patients in this series (56%) showed a complete response lasting from 4+ to 65+ months. Eight of these patients are still alive with a followup of 6+ to 65+ months. Nine patients (26%) showed a partial response (greater than 50%) lasting 1-10+ months. Only one patient in this group is surviving (10+ months). The overall response rate was thus 82%. It is concluded from this study that only a complete response has any significant effect on survival, the benefit of a partial response over no response being only slight. The results achieved are compared to those of available series in the literature and from this comparison strategic deductions for the treatment of oat cell carcinoma of the lung are made.", "PMID": 68827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3094", "title": "Phase I-II evaluation of cyclocytidine.", "content": "A phase I-II study of cyclocytidine was conducted in 102 patients, 96 of whom had metastatic solid tumors and six of whom had acute leukemia. The drug was administered in 5- or 10-day courses of single daily iv or sc injections of 100-675 mg/m2 day. Two complete and six partial responses were observed in 64 solid tumor patients evaluable for response, 52 of whom had malignant melanoma or adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin. The median duration of the responses was 6 months. An additional seven patients achieved stabilization of their disease for greater than or equal to 2 months. No responses occurred in six patients with acute leukemia. Side effects included nausea and vomiting, postural hypotension, and parotid pain, occurring in approximatley one third of patients receiving greater than 200 mg/m2/day. No myelosuppression was observed in six patients receiving 5-day courses of 100-200 mg/m2/day. Myelosuppressive toxicity became increasingly severe with doses greater than 200 mg/m2/day x 10, related at least in part to prior chemotherapy exposure including the nitrosoureas.", "contents": "Phase I-II evaluation of cyclocytidine. A phase I-II study of cyclocytidine was conducted in 102 patients, 96 of whom had metastatic solid tumors and six of whom had acute leukemia. The drug was administered in 5- or 10-day courses of single daily iv or sc injections of 100-675 mg/m2 day. Two complete and six partial responses were observed in 64 solid tumor patients evaluable for response, 52 of whom had malignant melanoma or adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin. The median duration of the responses was 6 months. An additional seven patients achieved stabilization of their disease for greater than or equal to 2 months. No responses occurred in six patients with acute leukemia. Side effects included nausea and vomiting, postural hypotension, and parotid pain, occurring in approximatley one third of patients receiving greater than 200 mg/m2/day. No myelosuppression was observed in six patients receiving 5-day courses of 100-200 mg/m2/day. Myelosuppressive toxicity became increasingly severe with doses greater than 200 mg/m2/day x 10, related at least in part to prior chemotherapy exposure including the nitrosoureas.", "PMID": 68828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3095", "title": "Tumor-specific immunity in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Twenty patients were skin tested with solubilized components of autologous prostatic adenocarcinoma or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Four of ten patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate exhibited tumor-specific cutaneous responsiveness to solubilized autologous tumor-specific antigens (TSA). One responding patient also responded to solubilized allogeneic TSA. A single patient bearing prostatic carcinoma responded only to solubilized components of allogeneic BPH. Nine of ten patients with BPH exhibited no response to solubilized components of autologous BPH. The patient responding to the extract of autologous BPH, however, also had clinical stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These observations suggest host responsiveness to TSA of prostatic carcinoma. Possible clinical significance and mechanisms to explain the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immunity in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Twenty patients were skin tested with solubilized components of autologous prostatic adenocarcinoma or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Four of ten patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate exhibited tumor-specific cutaneous responsiveness to solubilized autologous tumor-specific antigens (TSA). One responding patient also responded to solubilized allogeneic TSA. A single patient bearing prostatic carcinoma responded only to solubilized components of allogeneic BPH. Nine of ten patients with BPH exhibited no response to solubilized components of autologous BPH. The patient responding to the extract of autologous BPH, however, also had clinical stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These observations suggest host responsiveness to TSA of prostatic carcinoma. Possible clinical significance and mechanisms to explain the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 68825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3096", "title": "Effect of pepsin pretreatment on pulse-cytophotometric DNA histograms.", "content": "Samples of mitotic L-cells were investigated after different preparation and staining procedures using the technique of pulse-cytophotometry. It is shown that most mitotic cells which should appear in the second peak of the DNA histogram are disintegrated or separated into halves by pepsin pretreatment. Hence, the designation 'G2 + M' for the second peak is not correct for this preparative method. This should be taken into account in cell kinetic investigations performed after pepsin pretreatment.", "contents": "Effect of pepsin pretreatment on pulse-cytophotometric DNA histograms. Samples of mitotic L-cells were investigated after different preparation and staining procedures using the technique of pulse-cytophotometry. It is shown that most mitotic cells which should appear in the second peak of the DNA histogram are disintegrated or separated into halves by pepsin pretreatment. Hence, the designation 'G2 + M' for the second peak is not correct for this preparative method. This should be taken into account in cell kinetic investigations performed after pepsin pretreatment.", "PMID": 68832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3097", "title": "The  formation of free axonal sprouts from a dorsal root ganglion-nerve preparation maintained in organotypic culture, and the effects of demecolcine.", "content": "Nerve-ganglion preparations from rat dorsal spinal nerve roots were maintained in organotypic culture for 20 h. Free axonal sprouts formed at the cut tips. Clear and dense-core vesicles, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum accumulated in the axons for a distance of 500  micronm behind the cut, as has previously been described in dorsal roots sectioned in vivo. Sprouting did not occur in dorsal roots maintained in culture without their ganglia attached. Sprouting was also prevented by demecolcine (3 x 10(7) M) which reduced the number of microtubules in non-myelinated, small myelinated and large myelinated axons to respectively 45, 30 and 20% of control values. The sprouts contained several types of vesicle including small clear vesicles, large and small dense-core vesicles and flattened vesicles. The possible relevance of the vesicles to transmitter mechanisms in these neurones is discussed.", "contents": "The  formation of free axonal sprouts from a dorsal root ganglion-nerve preparation maintained in organotypic culture, and the effects of demecolcine. Nerve-ganglion preparations from rat dorsal spinal nerve roots were maintained in organotypic culture for 20 h. Free axonal sprouts formed at the cut tips. Clear and dense-core vesicles, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum accumulated in the axons for a distance of 500  micronm behind the cut, as has previously been described in dorsal roots sectioned in vivo. Sprouting did not occur in dorsal roots maintained in culture without their ganglia attached. Sprouting was also prevented by demecolcine (3 x 10(7) M) which reduced the number of microtubules in non-myelinated, small myelinated and large myelinated axons to respectively 45, 30 and 20% of control values. The sprouts contained several types of vesicle including small clear vesicles, large and small dense-core vesicles and flattened vesicles. The possible relevance of the vesicles to transmitter mechanisms in these neurones is discussed.", "PMID": 68833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3098", "title": "Microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary of the rat.", "content": "The microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary were studied using different electron microscopical techniques. Tannic acid staining indicated that the microtubules had a 13 protofilament substructure similar to that described for microtubules from other tissues and organisms; the dimensions of the microtubules were also similar to that previously reported. Albumen pretreatment clearly showed the microtubules running across axonal swellings, but not continuing across the nerve endings. The only organelles showing possible association with the microtubules were small vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, no association between hormone granules and microtubules could be seen.", "contents": "Microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary of the rat. The microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary were studied using different electron microscopical techniques. Tannic acid staining indicated that the microtubules had a 13 protofilament substructure similar to that described for microtubules from other tissues and organisms; the dimensions of the microtubules were also similar to that previously reported. Albumen pretreatment clearly showed the microtubules running across axonal swellings, but not continuing across the nerve endings. The only organelles showing possible association with the microtubules were small vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, no association between hormone granules and microtubules could be seen.", "PMID": 68834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3099", "title": "Localization and synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in the chicken.", "content": "The localization and sites of synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in chick embryos throughout development have been investigated using the combined techniques of immunofluorescence microscopy and tissue culture in the presence of radiolabelled amino acids, followed by immunoautoradiographic analysis. Alpha-fetoprotein is present in a range of embryonic tissues and especially concentrated in the yolk sac, liver and connective tissue. Analysis of culture fluids revealed that the yolk sac is the major site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis with smaller, but significant quantities being produced by the liver. These results are discussed in relation to mammalian alpha-fetoprotein, and the merits of the chick embryo for studies on the biological function of AFP are considered.", "contents": "Localization and synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in the chicken. The localization and sites of synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in chick embryos throughout development have been investigated using the combined techniques of immunofluorescence microscopy and tissue culture in the presence of radiolabelled amino acids, followed by immunoautoradiographic analysis. Alpha-fetoprotein is present in a range of embryonic tissues and especially concentrated in the yolk sac, liver and connective tissue. Analysis of culture fluids revealed that the yolk sac is the major site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis with smaller, but significant quantities being produced by the liver. These results are discussed in relation to mammalian alpha-fetoprotein, and the merits of the chick embryo for studies on the biological function of AFP are considered.", "PMID": 68835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3100", "title": "Antigens of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Three antigenic preparations were obtained from a non-capsulated strain of Haemophilus influenzae by ultrasonic disintegration, hot phenol extraction and from a fluid culture. They were designated H. influenzae cytoplasmic antigen (H(1-5); H. influenzae cell wall antigen (HCW); and H. influenzae culture filtrate antigen (HCF). Studies showed that H(1-5) antigen contained heat stable and heat labile components. The heat stable fraction stained positively for polysaccharide, had a positive limulus lysate test and there was immunological cross-reactivity between this and heat stable fractions of HCW and HCF. Limulus lysate assay indicated the presence of endotoxin in HCW and HCF preparations. Heat stable as well as heat labile antigens of H. influenzae should be given consideration in future studies regarding the pathogenicity of this organism in the lower respiratory tree. The specificity of the heat stable antigen of H. influenzae needs to be determined.", "contents": "Antigens of Haemophilus influenzae. Three antigenic preparations were obtained from a non-capsulated strain of Haemophilus influenzae by ultrasonic disintegration, hot phenol extraction and from a fluid culture. They were designated H. influenzae cytoplasmic antigen (H(1-5); H. influenzae cell wall antigen (HCW); and H. influenzae culture filtrate antigen (HCF). Studies showed that H(1-5) antigen contained heat stable and heat labile components. The heat stable fraction stained positively for polysaccharide, had a positive limulus lysate test and there was immunological cross-reactivity between this and heat stable fractions of HCW and HCF. Limulus lysate assay indicated the presence of endotoxin in HCW and HCF preparations. Heat stable as well as heat labile antigens of H. influenzae should be given consideration in future studies regarding the pathogenicity of this organism in the lower respiratory tree. The specificity of the heat stable antigen of H. influenzae needs to be determined.", "PMID": 68839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3101", "title": "Characterization of human beta2-microglobulin by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "b2-Microglobulin (B2M) isolated from the urine of normal subjects and patients with cadaveric renal transplantation, showed 2 homologues by isoelectric focusing, one with a pI 5.3, the other with a pI 5.7. These proteins show identical molecular weights by dextran gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunogenic reactivity demonstrates partial identity using antiserum to human B2M from 2 different sources.", "contents": "Characterization of human beta2-microglobulin by isoelectric focusing. b2-Microglobulin (B2M) isolated from the urine of normal subjects and patients with cadaveric renal transplantation, showed 2 homologues by isoelectric focusing, one with a pI 5.3, the other with a pI 5.7. These proteins show identical molecular weights by dextran gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The immunogenic reactivity demonstrates partial identity using antiserum to human B2M from 2 different sources.", "PMID": 68840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3102", "title": "Combined therapy of oral cancer bleomycin and radiation: a clinical trial.", "content": "A concurrent randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate a combination of Bleomycin and radiation as against radiation only in the treatment of advanced oral cancer has been conducted at the Cancer Institute, Madras, since 1971. All T3 and T4 previously untreated oral squamous cell carcinomas with N0, N1 and N2 regional nodes, or N3 nodes confined to the submandibular region, without systemic metastases or gross infiltration of the temporal and infratemporal fossa producing total trismus, and in decent general health were eligible for the trial. Patients with gross active pulmonary tuberculosis were excluded, as were recurrent carcinomas. Age, external fungation of growth or radiological bone invasion were no bar. Randomisation was done by the sealed envelope technique. The study group received concurrent fractionated cobalt 60 teletherapy using two opposing fields and 10-15 mg of Intra-arterial or Intravenous Bleomycin. The controls received fractionated cobalt teletherapy and i.v. or i.m. distilled water on the same protocol as the Bleomycin cases. All cases were evaluated double blind 8 weeks after the end of radiation therapy, and were classified as 'favourable response' or 'failure'. The criterion of 'favourable response' was 'total clinical healing of the tumour within the volume of irradiation with no subsequent recurrence within that volume, whatever the length of follow up'. Anything else was reported as a failure. A long term follow up of 3 years is also available. 136 cases have completed the trial. The favourable response in the study group was 77% as against 20.9% in the control group. The differential response is statistically significant. The present study is the fourth in the series of combined therapeutic trials conducted in advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma since 1958. (Krishnamurthi and Shanta, 1963, 1965, 1967 and 1971). A concurrent randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate the combination of Bleomycin and radiation as against radiation only in treatment of advanced oral cancer has been conducted at the Cancer Institute, Madras since 1971.", "contents": "Combined therapy of oral cancer bleomycin and radiation: a clinical trial. A concurrent randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate a combination of Bleomycin and radiation as against radiation only in the treatment of advanced oral cancer has been conducted at the Cancer Institute, Madras, since 1971. All T3 and T4 previously untreated oral squamous cell carcinomas with N0, N1 and N2 regional nodes, or N3 nodes confined to the submandibular region, without systemic metastases or gross infiltration of the temporal and infratemporal fossa producing total trismus, and in decent general health were eligible for the trial. Patients with gross active pulmonary tuberculosis were excluded, as were recurrent carcinomas. Age, external fungation of growth or radiological bone invasion were no bar. Randomisation was done by the sealed envelope technique. The study group received concurrent fractionated cobalt 60 teletherapy using two opposing fields and 10-15 mg of Intra-arterial or Intravenous Bleomycin. The controls received fractionated cobalt teletherapy and i.v. or i.m. distilled water on the same protocol as the Bleomycin cases. All cases were evaluated double blind 8 weeks after the end of radiation therapy, and were classified as 'favourable response' or 'failure'. The criterion of 'favourable response' was 'total clinical healing of the tumour within the volume of irradiation with no subsequent recurrence within that volume, whatever the length of follow up'. Anything else was reported as a failure. A long term follow up of 3 years is also available. 136 cases have completed the trial. The favourable response in the study group was 77% as against 20.9% in the control group. The differential response is statistically significant. The present study is the fourth in the series of combined therapeutic trials conducted in advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma since 1958. (Krishnamurthi and Shanta, 1963, 1965, 1967 and 1971). A concurrent randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate the combination of Bleomycin and radiation as against radiation only in treatment of advanced oral cancer has been conducted at the Cancer Institute, Madras since 1971.", "PMID": 68844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3103", "title": "Japanese medicine in Manchuria: the South Manchuria Medical College.", "content": "During the eleven years of its existence as Namman Igakudo, the school graduated 421 physicians; after it was upgraded to a university-level school in 1922, there were, 1,181 graduates until the college closed as a Japanese institution in 1946. There were over 500 graduates from the second-level, Igaku Semmon-bu, between 1929 and 1946. The graduated of the school became leaders of Japanese-sponsored programs in medicine and public health in Manchuria. Others returned to the home islands as practitioners; those who wished to enter academic medicine usually turned in time to Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine. The S.M.M.C. played a unique role in medical research in Japan. Further, it became one of the leading medical schools in China.", "contents": "Japanese medicine in Manchuria: the South Manchuria Medical College. During the eleven years of its existence as Namman Igakudo, the school graduated 421 physicians; after it was upgraded to a university-level school in 1922, there were, 1,181 graduates until the college closed as a Japanese institution in 1946. There were over 500 graduates from the second-level, Igaku Semmon-bu, between 1929 and 1946. The graduated of the school became leaders of Japanese-sponsored programs in medicine and public health in Manchuria. Others returned to the home islands as practitioners; those who wished to enter academic medicine usually turned in time to Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine. The S.M.M.C. played a unique role in medical research in Japan. Further, it became one of the leading medical schools in China.", "PMID": 68847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3104", "title": "Collagenase and its natural inhibitors in relation to the rheumatoid joint.", "content": "This report attempts to summarize our present knowledge of rheumatoid synovial collagenase and its natural serum inhibitors, beta1-anticollagenase and alpha2-macroglobulin, in relation to cartilage collagen resorption in the rheumatoid joint. Immunolocalization of collagenase across the cartilage/pannus junction is described, and in the light of the finding of the specific, small molecular weight beta1-anticollagenase we propose a model of cartilage erosion based on the interaction between collagenase and its natural inhibitors.", "contents": "Collagenase and its natural inhibitors in relation to the rheumatoid joint. This report attempts to summarize our present knowledge of rheumatoid synovial collagenase and its natural serum inhibitors, beta1-anticollagenase and alpha2-macroglobulin, in relation to cartilage collagen resorption in the rheumatoid joint. Immunolocalization of collagenase across the cartilage/pannus junction is described, and in the light of the finding of the specific, small molecular weight beta1-anticollagenase we propose a model of cartilage erosion based on the interaction between collagenase and its natural inhibitors.", "PMID": 68852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3105", "title": "Reciprocal impulses in patients with extrasystolia.", "content": "In 300 patients with extrasystolia and 36 patients with parasystolia a systematic search for reciprocal impulses was conducted with the aid of oesophageal ECG leads. Within 10-min periods, reciprocal impulses were detected in 13 patients (3.9 per cent). Reciprocal impulses occurred in extrasystolias of both functional and organic origin. Exercise contributes to the appearance of postextrasystolic reciprocal impulses. After intravenous injection of 10 mg Obsidan (propranolol hydrochloride) the phenomenon was less marked; in two patients, Obsidan oral medication (40 mg three times daily) led to the disappearance of reciprocal supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia elicited by ventricular extrasystolia.", "contents": "Reciprocal impulses in patients with extrasystolia. In 300 patients with extrasystolia and 36 patients with parasystolia a systematic search for reciprocal impulses was conducted with the aid of oesophageal ECG leads. Within 10-min periods, reciprocal impulses were detected in 13 patients (3.9 per cent). Reciprocal impulses occurred in extrasystolias of both functional and organic origin. Exercise contributes to the appearance of postextrasystolic reciprocal impulses. After intravenous injection of 10 mg Obsidan (propranolol hydrochloride) the phenomenon was less marked; in two patients, Obsidan oral medication (40 mg three times daily) led to the disappearance of reciprocal supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia elicited by ventricular extrasystolia.", "PMID": 68855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3106", "title": "Distribution of F-bodies, heterochromatin, and nucleolar organizers in the genome of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi.", "content": "Due to the very limited amount of knowledge available on the cytochemistry and architecture of fish chromosomes, an extensive banding study was carried out on chromosomes of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Through the use of fluorescent staining, C-banding, and silver staining, the chromosomes were characterized, and an idiogram was constructed showing the location of C-band heterochromatin, F-bodies, and the nucleolar-organizer regions. G-banding was attempted but was unsuccessful. Results of fluorescent staining with 33258 Hoechst and quinacrine HC1 raised some interesting questions concerning the cytochemistry of U. limi chromosomes, as well as the specificity of these stains.", "contents": "Distribution of F-bodies, heterochromatin, and nucleolar organizers in the genome of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Due to the very limited amount of knowledge available on the cytochemistry and architecture of fish chromosomes, an extensive banding study was carried out on chromosomes of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Through the use of fluorescent staining, C-banding, and silver staining, the chromosomes were characterized, and an idiogram was constructed showing the location of C-band heterochromatin, F-bodies, and the nucleolar-organizer regions. G-banding was attempted but was unsuccessful. Results of fluorescent staining with 33258 Hoechst and quinacrine HC1 raised some interesting questions concerning the cytochemistry of U. limi chromosomes, as well as the specificity of these stains.", "PMID": 68856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3107", "title": "Infant day care as a treatment intervention: a follow-up comparison study.", "content": "Three-year-old children who had been in an infant day care treatment program were compared with matched normal children who were entering regular day care for the first time at age 3, to evaluate the effects of early day care intervention. All children were assessed on general pathology, play, socialization, and separation variables in arrival, play, and mealtime situations and were naturalistically observed in the day centers. No significant differences between groups were found on any of the variables within situations or across situations, supporting the hypothesis that the treatment intervention supported major positive emotional developments and that the early separations were not detrimental in effect. Significant differences between the two groups on clusters of variables suggest patterns in coping and disturbance style specific to the control group and significantly different from the day care group.", "contents": "Infant day care as a treatment intervention: a follow-up comparison study. Three-year-old children who had been in an infant day care treatment program were compared with matched normal children who were entering regular day care for the first time at age 3, to evaluate the effects of early day care intervention. All children were assessed on general pathology, play, socialization, and separation variables in arrival, play, and mealtime situations and were naturalistically observed in the day centers. No significant differences between groups were found on any of the variables within situations or across situations, supporting the hypothesis that the treatment intervention supported major positive emotional developments and that the early separations were not detrimental in effect. Significant differences between the two groups on clusters of variables suggest patterns in coping and disturbance style specific to the control group and significantly different from the day care group.", "PMID": 68857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3108", "title": "Patterns of silver staining of human chromosomes.", "content": "The chromosomes of twenty individuals with normal karyotypes were studied to determine the patterns of staining with the Ag--AS technique. These patterns were shown to be variable from one individual to another, but characteristic and constant within each individual. In addition, one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was studied, and shown to have an Ag--AS staining pattern that was distinctly different from that of normal subjects.", "contents": "Patterns of silver staining of human chromosomes. The chromosomes of twenty individuals with normal karyotypes were studied to determine the patterns of staining with the Ag--AS technique. These patterns were shown to be variable from one individual to another, but characteristic and constant within each individual. In addition, one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was studied, and shown to have an Ag--AS staining pattern that was distinctly different from that of normal subjects.", "PMID": 68858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3109", "title": "[Short- and long-term prognosis of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction who had a cardiac arrest without shock 42 (52.5%) were resuscitated in a cardiological intensive care unit. Twenty-six were finally discharged from hospital. After an average of four years, 21 patients were still alive. Prognosis of primary ventricular fibrillation, the most frequent cause of circulatory arrest (51) was more favourable than that of primary asystole (23 patients). The younger the patient the better the prognosis: the average age of the 21 who survived for several years was 12 years less than those who had died. Follow-up examination indicated that 13 had signs of heart failure. Ventricular extrasystoles were demonstrated by ECG in 11. Eight had depressive episodes. It is likely that a further decrease in death-rate can be achieved only if the interval between onset of infarction and admission to an intensive care unit can be shortened.", "contents": "[Short- and long-term prognosis of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Of 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction who had a cardiac arrest without shock 42 (52.5%) were resuscitated in a cardiological intensive care unit. Twenty-six were finally discharged from hospital. After an average of four years, 21 patients were still alive. Prognosis of primary ventricular fibrillation, the most frequent cause of circulatory arrest (51) was more favourable than that of primary asystole (23 patients). The younger the patient the better the prognosis: the average age of the 21 who survived for several years was 12 years less than those who had died. Follow-up examination indicated that 13 had signs of heart failure. Ventricular extrasystoles were demonstrated by ECG in 11. Eight had depressive episodes. It is likely that a further decrease in death-rate can be achieved only if the interval between onset of infarction and admission to an intensive care unit can be shortened.", "PMID": 68861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3110", "title": "[False diagnosis of \"osteoporosis\" in diffuse multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Multiple myeloma is very frequently diagnosed too late. In ten patients in whom the diagnosis was ultimately made in the course of one year, the early symptom of back or skeletal pain was at first most frequently misdiagnosed as osteoporosis and so treated. Such symptoms as loss of weight, increased sedimentation rate and increase in gamma-globulins should have led to further tests, for example sternal puncture, radiological survey of the entire skeleton, and immuno-electrophoresis.", "contents": "[False diagnosis of \"osteoporosis\" in diffuse multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. Multiple myeloma is very frequently diagnosed too late. In ten patients in whom the diagnosis was ultimately made in the course of one year, the early symptom of back or skeletal pain was at first most frequently misdiagnosed as osteoporosis and so treated. Such symptoms as loss of weight, increased sedimentation rate and increase in gamma-globulins should have led to further tests, for example sternal puncture, radiological survey of the entire skeleton, and immuno-electrophoresis.", "PMID": 68862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3111", "title": "Automatic detection and localization of epileptic foci.", "content": "A new method of automatic EEG analysis (ASD or automatic non-stationarity detection) derived from a parametric EEG model (autoregressive filter model) and based on inverse filtering, has been applied to scalp and subdural EEGs of epileptic patients. By this method it was possible to detect the occurrence of transient non-stationarities such as paroxysmal patterns of activity (spikes, spike-and-waves) characteristic of inter-ictal EEGs. The ASD has been implemented in a general purpose digital computer. The method allows: (a) statistical evaluation of paroxysmal patterns; (b) multi-channel analysis, where the interrelationships of different derivations are quantified and displayed by means of a clinically useful spatial map. The application of the ASD method to scalp and subdural EEGs, simultaneously recorded, has revealed that a number of transient non-stationarities detected in the scalp by the program yet not by visual inspection, coincide with clear paroxysmal patterns in subdural derivations. In this way conventional definitions of characteristic paroxysmal patterns at the scalp are put in question. Identical conclusions regarding the localization of an epileptogenic zone in 4 patients were obtained either using the conventional methods of recording electro-clinical seizures in EEGs of long duration or applying the ASD method to short EEG epochs (100 sec long, at most).", "contents": "Automatic detection and localization of epileptic foci. A new method of automatic EEG analysis (ASD or automatic non-stationarity detection) derived from a parametric EEG model (autoregressive filter model) and based on inverse filtering, has been applied to scalp and subdural EEGs of epileptic patients. By this method it was possible to detect the occurrence of transient non-stationarities such as paroxysmal patterns of activity (spikes, spike-and-waves) characteristic of inter-ictal EEGs. The ASD has been implemented in a general purpose digital computer. The method allows: (a) statistical evaluation of paroxysmal patterns; (b) multi-channel analysis, where the interrelationships of different derivations are quantified and displayed by means of a clinically useful spatial map. The application of the ASD method to scalp and subdural EEGs, simultaneously recorded, has revealed that a number of transient non-stationarities detected in the scalp by the program yet not by visual inspection, coincide with clear paroxysmal patterns in subdural derivations. In this way conventional definitions of characteristic paroxysmal patterns at the scalp are put in question. Identical conclusions regarding the localization of an epileptogenic zone in 4 patients were obtained either using the conventional methods of recording electro-clinical seizures in EEGs of long duration or applying the ASD method to short EEG epochs (100 sec long, at most).", "PMID": 68864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3112", "title": "Automated analysis of sleep in the rat.", "content": "The four sleep states of the rat were identified by an on-line or a rapid off-line method of automated analysis of the ECoG and EMG.", "contents": "Automated analysis of sleep in the rat. The four sleep states of the rat were identified by an on-line or a rapid off-line method of automated analysis of the ECoG and EMG.", "PMID": 68865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3113", "title": "On the volume conduction in human skeletal muscle: in situ measurements.", "content": "Volume conduction was studied in situ in human skeletal muscle, using a \"single fibre multielectrode\". The multielectrode was inserted perpendicular to the fibre axis, and the same single fibre action potential was recorded consecutively from 4 neighbouring leading-off surfaces. The transfer functions of 10 sections of muscle tissue lying between pairs of neighbouring electrodes were calculated from the Fourier transform of the input and output, i.e. the action potential recorded by the two neighbouring leading-off surfaces. The transfer function had one dominant pole, and was therefore modelled by a section of lumped RC elements The average gain factor and average time constant calculated from the transfer function for a muscle tissue section of 76 mu length were 0.55 and 69 musec, respectively. The radial attenuation of the different sinusoidal components of the extracellular action potential was calculated, and was found to be greater than previously reported in the literature, particularly for the slow frequency components. As an explanation of these findings, the possibility of a greater anisotropy of the muscle tissue than previously reported is discussed.", "contents": "On the volume conduction in human skeletal muscle: in situ measurements. Volume conduction was studied in situ in human skeletal muscle, using a \"single fibre multielectrode\". The multielectrode was inserted perpendicular to the fibre axis, and the same single fibre action potential was recorded consecutively from 4 neighbouring leading-off surfaces. The transfer functions of 10 sections of muscle tissue lying between pairs of neighbouring electrodes were calculated from the Fourier transform of the input and output, i.e. the action potential recorded by the two neighbouring leading-off surfaces. The transfer function had one dominant pole, and was therefore modelled by a section of lumped RC elements The average gain factor and average time constant calculated from the transfer function for a muscle tissue section of 76 mu length were 0.55 and 69 musec, respectively. The radial attenuation of the different sinusoidal components of the extracellular action potential was calculated, and was found to be greater than previously reported in the literature, particularly for the slow frequency components. As an explanation of these findings, the possibility of a greater anisotropy of the muscle tissue than previously reported is discussed.", "PMID": 68866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3114", "title": "EEG power spectral changes secondary to L-DOPA treatment in parkinsonian patients: a pilot study.", "content": "Clinical EEG evaluation and power spectral analysis were performed on 12 parkinsonian patients before and during L-DOPA treatment. The EEG evaluation did not disclose any significant effects of L-DOPA treatment. Spectral analysis disclosed normal interlobar and interhemispheric power differences and an increase in delta and slow-theta power in the right temporal as compared to the right occipital lobe before L-DOPA treatment was initiated. L-DOPA treatment significantly increased alpha power in both occipital lobes, decreased theta power in the right temporal lobe, accentuated power differences in the theta and alpha bands between temporal and occipital lobes and attenuated beta power differences in those areas. This work is intended as a pilot study in the quantitative EEG evaluation of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA treatment.", "contents": "EEG power spectral changes secondary to L-DOPA treatment in parkinsonian patients: a pilot study. Clinical EEG evaluation and power spectral analysis were performed on 12 parkinsonian patients before and during L-DOPA treatment. The EEG evaluation did not disclose any significant effects of L-DOPA treatment. Spectral analysis disclosed normal interlobar and interhemispheric power differences and an increase in delta and slow-theta power in the right temporal as compared to the right occipital lobe before L-DOPA treatment was initiated. L-DOPA treatment significantly increased alpha power in both occipital lobes, decreased theta power in the right temporal lobe, accentuated power differences in the theta and alpha bands between temporal and occipital lobes and attenuated beta power differences in those areas. This work is intended as a pilot study in the quantitative EEG evaluation of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA treatment.", "PMID": 68867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3115", "title": "Increased upper airway resistance to breathing during sleep in the cat.", "content": "At  the onset of sleep, upper airway resistance shifted to higher levels which were maintained throughout sleep. With each inspiration, there was a decrease in upper airway resistance. These respiratory changes in resistance were smaller in wakefulness (on low baseline resistances) than those in nonrapid eye movement sleep (on high baseline resistances). In rapid eye movement sleep, modulations with inspiration were diminished and were intermittently absent, and baseline resistance was high.", "contents": "Increased upper airway resistance to breathing during sleep in the cat. At  the onset of sleep, upper airway resistance shifted to higher levels which were maintained throughout sleep. With each inspiration, there was a decrease in upper airway resistance. These respiratory changes in resistance were smaller in wakefulness (on low baseline resistances) than those in nonrapid eye movement sleep (on high baseline resistances). In rapid eye movement sleep, modulations with inspiration were diminished and were intermittently absent, and baseline resistance was high.", "PMID": 68868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3116", "title": "Computer rejection of EEG artifact. II. Contamination by drowsiness.", "content": "As part of an effort to automatically measure a background EEG baseline against which changes due to therapy or experimental manipulations may be measured, algorithms to detect EEG patterns associated with drowsiness have been developed and objectively evaluated. The decision of drowsiness is tentatively based upon changes in simple signal features, including increased ratios of both delta-band to alpha-band and theta-band to alpha-band spectral intensity as compared to thresholds automatically determined from a waking calibration period. Several heuristic criteria are then required to reach a final decision. Thirty-one normal and abnormal, 3-minute, 8-channel clinical EEG recordings containing drowsiness were scored by 5 expert scorers. Out of a total of 106 events labeled drowsy by at least one judge, 85 were found by a consensus of 3 or more of the 5 experts. On the 20 recordings not used for training the decision thresholds (testing data set), the system found 84% for the 85 episodes found by the consensus, and 89% of the 62 episodes found by all 5 scorers. Only one event was found by the system which was not found by any scorer, or which did not border on a consensus-defined episode of drowsiness. This performance is adequate to justify inclusion of these algorithms into a previously described real time EEG analysis system, ADI-EEG, allowing integration of the decisions of the separate subsystems for detection of artifact, sharp transients and drowsiness.", "contents": "Computer rejection of EEG artifact. II. Contamination by drowsiness. As part of an effort to automatically measure a background EEG baseline against which changes due to therapy or experimental manipulations may be measured, algorithms to detect EEG patterns associated with drowsiness have been developed and objectively evaluated. The decision of drowsiness is tentatively based upon changes in simple signal features, including increased ratios of both delta-band to alpha-band and theta-band to alpha-band spectral intensity as compared to thresholds automatically determined from a waking calibration period. Several heuristic criteria are then required to reach a final decision. Thirty-one normal and abnormal, 3-minute, 8-channel clinical EEG recordings containing drowsiness were scored by 5 expert scorers. Out of a total of 106 events labeled drowsy by at least one judge, 85 were found by a consensus of 3 or more of the 5 experts. On the 20 recordings not used for training the decision thresholds (testing data set), the system found 84% for the 85 episodes found by the consensus, and 89% of the 62 episodes found by all 5 scorers. Only one event was found by the system which was not found by any scorer, or which did not border on a consensus-defined episode of drowsiness. This performance is adequate to justify inclusion of these algorithms into a previously described real time EEG analysis system, ADI-EEG, allowing integration of the decisions of the separate subsystems for detection of artifact, sharp transients and drowsiness.", "PMID": 68870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3117", "title": "Evoked potentials and brain maturation in hyperactive and normal children.", "content": "Auditory evoked cortical potentials in 39 hyperactive children in the age range of 72--144 months and 39 age sex matched normal control children were studied. The importance of careful control of age when studying evoked cortical potentials in hyperactive children is illustrated. Evidence is presented for two independent evoked potential components (P1--N1 and P2--N2) both of which show abnormal changes with maturation in hyperactive children. It is suggested that changes in these two evoked potential components may reflect abnormal development of two quasi-independent neural substrates in the hyperactive child. The 77% successful classification by means of discriminant function analyses (utilizing two evoked potential components) suggests potential usefulness of this objective laboratory measure as an aid to the diagnostic classification of hyperactive children.", "contents": "Evoked potentials and brain maturation in hyperactive and normal children. Auditory evoked cortical potentials in 39 hyperactive children in the age range of 72--144 months and 39 age sex matched normal control children were studied. The importance of careful control of age when studying evoked cortical potentials in hyperactive children is illustrated. Evidence is presented for two independent evoked potential components (P1--N1 and P2--N2) both of which show abnormal changes with maturation in hyperactive children. It is suggested that changes in these two evoked potential components may reflect abnormal development of two quasi-independent neural substrates in the hyperactive child. The 77% successful classification by means of discriminant function analyses (utilizing two evoked potential components) suggests potential usefulness of this objective laboratory measure as an aid to the diagnostic classification of hyperactive children.", "PMID": 68871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3118", "title": "Volume conduction and EEG measurements within the brain: a quantitative approach to the influence of electrical spread on the linear relationship of activity measured at different locations.", "content": "When recording referentially brain field potentials with several electrodes at relatively small tip separations, a linear relationship between the simultaneously recorded signals may arise solely as a result of volume conduction (electrical spread). A method is described to quantify the linear relationship due to electrical spread in a situation with independent neuronal sources. In rat under urethane anaesthesia, records were made during theta activity in the hippocampus with two electrodes against a reference with electrode tip separations between 0--3 mm. Frequency analysis of EEG epochs and computation of coherence were carried out. As an estimate of linear relationship between the recorded signals due to electrical spread the mean value of coherence (cohm) of a frequency band outside the range containing most power of theta rhythm was calculated. The results show a fairly constant decay of cohm at increasing electrode separation, reaching a value of 0.1 at a distance varying between 0.8--1.4 mm. This means that neurones at a distance of 0.4--0.7 mm from a recording electrode make a contribution of -25 dB to a recorded signal of 0 dB. The results of a simple model of volume conduction producing linear relationship between two recorded signals are in good agreement with the experimental results. The influence of linear relationship of the activity of neurones on volume conduction properties and on coherence is discussed.", "contents": "Volume conduction and EEG measurements within the brain: a quantitative approach to the influence of electrical spread on the linear relationship of activity measured at different locations. When recording referentially brain field potentials with several electrodes at relatively small tip separations, a linear relationship between the simultaneously recorded signals may arise solely as a result of volume conduction (electrical spread). A method is described to quantify the linear relationship due to electrical spread in a situation with independent neuronal sources. In rat under urethane anaesthesia, records were made during theta activity in the hippocampus with two electrodes against a reference with electrode tip separations between 0--3 mm. Frequency analysis of EEG epochs and computation of coherence were carried out. As an estimate of linear relationship between the recorded signals due to electrical spread the mean value of coherence (cohm) of a frequency band outside the range containing most power of theta rhythm was calculated. The results show a fairly constant decay of cohm at increasing electrode separation, reaching a value of 0.1 at a distance varying between 0.8--1.4 mm. This means that neurones at a distance of 0.4--0.7 mm from a recording electrode make a contribution of -25 dB to a recorded signal of 0 dB. The results of a simple model of volume conduction producing linear relationship between two recorded signals are in good agreement with the experimental results. The influence of linear relationship of the activity of neurones on volume conduction properties and on coherence is discussed.", "PMID": 68872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3119", "title": "Relationship between amplitude of pattern displacement and visual evoked potentials.", "content": "Thirteen subjects looked at a 7 mm2 black and white checkerboard which was displaced through 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and full pattern displacement. One hundred and twenty eight averages were taken for each displacement and the peak to peak amplitude of the visual evoked potential was measured. This showed a linear relationship between pattern displacement and size of the evoked potential. Latency was unaffected for 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 displacement but was significantly longer for the full pattern stimulation.", "contents": "Relationship between amplitude of pattern displacement and visual evoked potentials. Thirteen subjects looked at a 7 mm2 black and white checkerboard which was displaced through 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and full pattern displacement. One hundred and twenty eight averages were taken for each displacement and the peak to peak amplitude of the visual evoked potential was measured. This showed a linear relationship between pattern displacement and size of the evoked potential. Latency was unaffected for 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 displacement but was significantly longer for the full pattern stimulation.", "PMID": 68875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3120", "title": "The effects of phencyclidine on visually evoked potentials of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Phenyclidine (Sernylan) was given intramuscularly to 12 rhesus monkeys and electroencephalograms and visually evoked potentials to photic stimulation were recorded. Phencyclidine has profound effects upon VEP's, particularly a marked enhancement of positive components maximal around 100 msec after stimulus presentation. Most likely these effects are related to the level of surgical anesthesia, Stage III, phase I. A correlation was suggested between the increased amplitude of VEP's and the psychotic clinical manifestations of visual perceptual distortions. Physicians and investigators should be aware of the striking effects of this compound, now widely used as a street drug \"angel's mist\" of \"angel's dust\", on neurophysiological functions.", "contents": "The effects of phencyclidine on visually evoked potentials of rhesus monkeys. Phenyclidine (Sernylan) was given intramuscularly to 12 rhesus monkeys and electroencephalograms and visually evoked potentials to photic stimulation were recorded. Phencyclidine has profound effects upon VEP's, particularly a marked enhancement of positive components maximal around 100 msec after stimulus presentation. Most likely these effects are related to the level of surgical anesthesia, Stage III, phase I. A correlation was suggested between the increased amplitude of VEP's and the psychotic clinical manifestations of visual perceptual distortions. Physicians and investigators should be aware of the striking effects of this compound, now widely used as a street drug \"angel's mist\" of \"angel's dust\", on neurophysiological functions.", "PMID": 68877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3121", "title": "Hemispheric differences in the auditory evoked response.", "content": "The separation of the 80-250 msec portion of the AER to click stimulation into N1P2, produced by large areas of cortex, and the T complex, probably produced by secondary auditory cortex, was recently described (Wolpaw and Penry 1975). The present study investigated the ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric differences in N1P2 and T complex latencies and amplitudes. One msec clicks at 60 dB above threshold were presented at 4.7 sec intervals monaurally to 32 normal adults and binaurally to 13 of the 32. AERs were recorded from vertex and temporal referred to a balanced non-cephalic reference electrode. For monaural stimulation, N1P2 and T complex amplitudes were significantly greater and T complex latency was significantly less over the contralateral and right hemispheres. The ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric amplitude differences were significanlty greater for the T complex than for N1P2. Binaural results, which provided in additional measure of right vs. left hemispheric differences, were in agreement with the monaural findings. The results are consistent with neurophysiologic and behavioral findings in regard to ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric differences and support the hypothesis that the T complex is produced by secondary auditory cortex.", "contents": "Hemispheric differences in the auditory evoked response. The separation of the 80-250 msec portion of the AER to click stimulation into N1P2, produced by large areas of cortex, and the T complex, probably produced by secondary auditory cortex, was recently described (Wolpaw and Penry 1975). The present study investigated the ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric differences in N1P2 and T complex latencies and amplitudes. One msec clicks at 60 dB above threshold were presented at 4.7 sec intervals monaurally to 32 normal adults and binaurally to 13 of the 32. AERs were recorded from vertex and temporal referred to a balanced non-cephalic reference electrode. For monaural stimulation, N1P2 and T complex amplitudes were significantly greater and T complex latency was significantly less over the contralateral and right hemispheres. The ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric amplitude differences were significanlty greater for the T complex than for N1P2. Binaural results, which provided in additional measure of right vs. left hemispheric differences, were in agreement with the monaural findings. The results are consistent with neurophysiologic and behavioral findings in regard to ipsilateral vs. contralateral and right vs. left hemispheric differences and support the hypothesis that the T complex is produced by secondary auditory cortex.", "PMID": 68878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3122", "title": "Estimation by radioimmunoassay of VH determinants (Aa1) associated with rabbit T lymphocytes.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay with specificity for the a1 allotype determinant of rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains was used for the quantitation of VH in detergent extracts of lymph node cells from a1a1/b4b4 rabbits. B cell-derived Ig in the same extracts was estimated with a radioimmunoassay specific for L-chain. About 2 X 10(5) molecules/cell was found by both assays when assuming a molecular weight of 1.5 X 10(5) dalton. Extracts prepared from lymphocytes depleted of B cells (surface Ig+ cells) were also found to contain corresponding amounts of a1 and L-chain, with values varying from about 10(3) to 10(4) molecules/cellmthe estimates were not influenced by the presence of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes. Supernatants, obtained after keeping the lymphocytes in culture for 16 h, were analyzed by the same methods. Again, matching amounts of a1 and L-chain were found in supernatants from nonfractionated as well as from B cell-depleted populations. The results obtained indicate that T cells do not carry or produce an excess of a1 compared to L-chain, as would have been expected if the T cell antigen receptor carried the same variable region as the Ig heavy chain while being otherwise composed of nonimmunoglobulin-like structures.", "contents": "Estimation by radioimmunoassay of VH determinants (Aa1) associated with rabbit T lymphocytes. A radioimmunoassay with specificity for the a1 allotype determinant of rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains was used for the quantitation of VH in detergent extracts of lymph node cells from a1a1/b4b4 rabbits. B cell-derived Ig in the same extracts was estimated with a radioimmunoassay specific for L-chain. About 2 X 10(5) molecules/cell was found by both assays when assuming a molecular weight of 1.5 X 10(5) dalton. Extracts prepared from lymphocytes depleted of B cells (surface Ig+ cells) were also found to contain corresponding amounts of a1 and L-chain, with values varying from about 10(3) to 10(4) molecules/cellmthe estimates were not influenced by the presence of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes. Supernatants, obtained after keeping the lymphocytes in culture for 16 h, were analyzed by the same methods. Again, matching amounts of a1 and L-chain were found in supernatants from nonfractionated as well as from B cell-depleted populations. The results obtained indicate that T cells do not carry or produce an excess of a1 compared to L-chain, as would have been expected if the T cell antigen receptor carried the same variable region as the Ig heavy chain while being otherwise composed of nonimmunoglobulin-like structures.", "PMID": 68882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3123", "title": "Mechanism of target cell lysis of cytolytic T lymphocytes. I. Characterization of specific lymphocyte-target cell conjugates separated by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Differential velocity sedimentation was applied for separating alloimmune T lymphocytes bound to target cells (TC) from free lymphocytes. Maximal size differences between lymphocytes and TC were achieved a) by isolating the fraction of small peritoneal lymphocytes (SPL) from an alloimmune peritoneal cell population, and b) by selecting large tumor cells as TC. Under the conditions used, most of the conjugates formed at room temperature consisted of one SPL bound to one TC, and adequate separation of bound from free SPL could be achieved within less than 5 min. Functional studies of the conjugate-enriched fractions showed that a minimum of 60% of TC-bound SPL were indeed cytolytic. Conjugate-depleted fractions, however, were still lytic, suggesting that not all effector cells formed stable conjugates at room temperature. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that binding between SPL and TC was achieved through interpenetrating membrane projections and was characterized by point and broad zone contacts. When lysis was allowed to proceed, prominent changes of the TC membrane morphology, including loss of microvillous projections, appearance of localized blebs, pseudopod-like projections, and membrane defects were documented.", "contents": "Mechanism of target cell lysis of cytolytic T lymphocytes. I. Characterization of specific lymphocyte-target cell conjugates separated by velocity sedimentation. Differential velocity sedimentation was applied for separating alloimmune T lymphocytes bound to target cells (TC) from free lymphocytes. Maximal size differences between lymphocytes and TC were achieved a) by isolating the fraction of small peritoneal lymphocytes (SPL) from an alloimmune peritoneal cell population, and b) by selecting large tumor cells as TC. Under the conditions used, most of the conjugates formed at room temperature consisted of one SPL bound to one TC, and adequate separation of bound from free SPL could be achieved within less than 5 min. Functional studies of the conjugate-enriched fractions showed that a minimum of 60% of TC-bound SPL were indeed cytolytic. Conjugate-depleted fractions, however, were still lytic, suggesting that not all effector cells formed stable conjugates at room temperature. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that binding between SPL and TC was achieved through interpenetrating membrane projections and was characterized by point and broad zone contacts. When lysis was allowed to proceed, prominent changes of the TC membrane morphology, including loss of microvillous projections, appearance of localized blebs, pseudopod-like projections, and membrane defects were documented.", "PMID": 68883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3124", "title": "VH and L-chain allotype determinants of rabbit IgG and IgA estimated by a semi-automatic, modified Farr-type radioimmunoassay;.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for rabbit immunoglobulin allotypes has been developed. Separation of antibody-bound and free antigen was accomplished by salt precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by collection and wash on glass fiber filters by means of a semi-automatic cell harvester. The efficiency of the collection was increased by the addition of nonionic detergent which was salted out together with the precipitated reagents. The presentation of the a 1 allotype, located in the VH region, was found to be different on IgG and IgA molecules.", "contents": "VH and L-chain allotype determinants of rabbit IgG and IgA estimated by a semi-automatic, modified Farr-type radioimmunoassay;. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for rabbit immunoglobulin allotypes has been developed. Separation of antibody-bound and free antigen was accomplished by salt precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by collection and wash on glass fiber filters by means of a semi-automatic cell harvester. The efficiency of the collection was increased by the addition of nonionic detergent which was salted out together with the precipitated reagents. The presentation of the a 1 allotype, located in the VH region, was found to be different on IgG and IgA molecules.", "PMID": 68886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3125", "title": "Induction and characterization of \"autologous\" anti-isiotypic antibodies.", "content": "Upon immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC), conventional BALB/c mice produce anti-PC antibodies bearing predominantly the idiotype characteristic of the BALB/c PC-binding myeloma protein TEPC 15 (T15). To investigate whether BALB/c mice are able to produce antibodies to the autologous T15 idiotype, conventional (T15-positive) and neonatally suppressed (T15-negative) BALB/c mice were immunized with purcific for the T15 idiotype. However, anti-T15 antibodies were more readily induced in neonatally suppressed mice which in turn produced higher anti-T15 titers than conventional mice. Such \"autologous\" anti-T15 antibodies are able to (a) change the idiotypic pattern of the anti-PC response of conventional BALB/c mice in situ and, (b) inhibit the induction of an anti-PC response in vitro by spleen cells from T15-positive but not T15-negative BALB/mice. Thus, BALB/c mice are capable of producing anti-T15 antibodies upon immunization with an isologous myeloma protein which bears the autologous T15 isiotype. We suggest that isiotypes should not be strictly considered as \"self-antigens\" since the dramatic increase in their concentration, subsequent to antigen stimulation, might confer upon them immunogenic properties not shared by self-antigens.", "contents": "Induction and characterization of \"autologous\" anti-isiotypic antibodies. Upon immunization with phosphorylcholine (PC), conventional BALB/c mice produce anti-PC antibodies bearing predominantly the idiotype characteristic of the BALB/c PC-binding myeloma protein TEPC 15 (T15). To investigate whether BALB/c mice are able to produce antibodies to the autologous T15 idiotype, conventional (T15-positive) and neonatally suppressed (T15-negative) BALB/c mice were immunized with purcific for the T15 idiotype. However, anti-T15 antibodies were more readily induced in neonatally suppressed mice which in turn produced higher anti-T15 titers than conventional mice. Such \"autologous\" anti-T15 antibodies are able to (a) change the idiotypic pattern of the anti-PC response of conventional BALB/c mice in situ and, (b) inhibit the induction of an anti-PC response in vitro by spleen cells from T15-positive but not T15-negative BALB/mice. Thus, BALB/c mice are capable of producing anti-T15 antibodies upon immunization with an isologous myeloma protein which bears the autologous T15 isiotype. We suggest that isiotypes should not be strictly considered as \"self-antigens\" since the dramatic increase in their concentration, subsequent to antigen stimulation, might confer upon them immunogenic properties not shared by self-antigens.", "PMID": 68887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3126", "title": "Antigen recognition by T cells activated in the mixed lymphocyte reaction: specific binding of allogeneic cell material after removal of surface-bound antigen by trypsin.", "content": "T cell blasts activated in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) carry on their surface stimulator alloantigens which can be removed by treatment of the blasts with trypsin. After overnight incubation in trypsin-free medium, the treated cells exhibit specific alloantigen binding ability: they bind much more effectively cellular material, either obtained from the corresponding MLR supernatant or released by nitrogen cavitation from fresh cells from the stimulating strain, than that from an unrelated H-2 different strain. Trypsin-treated cells which have been incubated in the presence of low concentrations of puromycin are unable to bind stimulator cell fragments.", "contents": "Antigen recognition by T cells activated in the mixed lymphocyte reaction: specific binding of allogeneic cell material after removal of surface-bound antigen by trypsin. T cell blasts activated in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) carry on their surface stimulator alloantigens which can be removed by treatment of the blasts with trypsin. After overnight incubation in trypsin-free medium, the treated cells exhibit specific alloantigen binding ability: they bind much more effectively cellular material, either obtained from the corresponding MLR supernatant or released by nitrogen cavitation from fresh cells from the stimulating strain, than that from an unrelated H-2 different strain. Trypsin-treated cells which have been incubated in the presence of low concentrations of puromycin are unable to bind stimulator cell fragments.", "PMID": 68888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3127", "title": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. III. Antigen-specific suppression by supernatants of suppressor cells.", "content": "Antigen-specific suppressor T cells induced in vitro release, after a further period of culture in vitro with antigen factors into the supernatant which have suppressor activity. These suppressor factors (SF) have the same antigen specificity as the suppressor cells (SC). SF only works on the early phase of thymus-dependent responses in cultures. SF inhibits thymusdependent IgM, but not thymus-independent IgM responses in vitro. SF is is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, and inactivated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. The release of SF from SC is dependent on the presence of antigen and metabolically active cells.", "contents": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. III. Antigen-specific suppression by supernatants of suppressor cells. Antigen-specific suppressor T cells induced in vitro release, after a further period of culture in vitro with antigen factors into the supernatant which have suppressor activity. These suppressor factors (SF) have the same antigen specificity as the suppressor cells (SC). SF only works on the early phase of thymus-dependent responses in cultures. SF inhibits thymusdependent IgM, but not thymus-independent IgM responses in vitro. SF is is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, and inactivated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. The release of SF from SC is dependent on the presence of antigen and metabolically active cells.", "PMID": 68889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3128", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin, its receptor and mechanism of action.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a glycoprotein hormone consisting of two noncovalently bonded subunits, alpha and beta. The hormone can be dissociated and reassociated. Whereas the individual subunits do not show any receptor binding activity, the reconstituted molecule is almost fully active. The amino acid and carbohydrate sequences in hCG-alpha and hCG-beta are described. There are in all seven carbohydrate units, four complex asparagine-linked and three serine-linked short oligosaccharide chains. The sequential removal of monosaccharides from the carbohydrate moiety of the hormone results in derivatives that bind to the cell surface receptors but inhibit the hCG-induced accumulation of cAMP. The derivatives, however, still are able to produce steroidogenesis maximally. The data raise the possibility of other mediator(s) of the hormone action in addition to cAMP. The hCG/LH (luteinizing hormone) receptor has been labeled by the incorporation of N-acetyl-D-1-[14C] glucosamine and also by the selective incorporation of 125I or 131I. Using 131I-labeled bovine corpus luteal plasma membranes, a method for the purification of the receptor to homogeneity has been developed. The purified receptor has properties similar to the membrane-bound receptor. Availability of the purified receptor offers newer approaches to the study of molecular mechanisms of polypeptide hormone action.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin, its receptor and mechanism of action. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a glycoprotein hormone consisting of two noncovalently bonded subunits, alpha and beta. The hormone can be dissociated and reassociated. Whereas the individual subunits do not show any receptor binding activity, the reconstituted molecule is almost fully active. The amino acid and carbohydrate sequences in hCG-alpha and hCG-beta are described. There are in all seven carbohydrate units, four complex asparagine-linked and three serine-linked short oligosaccharide chains. The sequential removal of monosaccharides from the carbohydrate moiety of the hormone results in derivatives that bind to the cell surface receptors but inhibit the hCG-induced accumulation of cAMP. The derivatives, however, still are able to produce steroidogenesis maximally. The data raise the possibility of other mediator(s) of the hormone action in addition to cAMP. The hCG/LH (luteinizing hormone) receptor has been labeled by the incorporation of N-acetyl-D-1-[14C] glucosamine and also by the selective incorporation of 125I or 131I. Using 131I-labeled bovine corpus luteal plasma membranes, a method for the purification of the receptor to homogeneity has been developed. The purified receptor has properties similar to the membrane-bound receptor. Availability of the purified receptor offers newer approaches to the study of molecular mechanisms of polypeptide hormone action.", "PMID": 68892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3129", "title": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas under the effect of different doses of hexachlorocyclohexane].", "content": "Experiments conducted on albino rats poisoned with different doses of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH) demonstrated that large doses of this compound (1/3 DL50) following their single introduction were capable of inhibiting the secretion of the amylase, lipase, and proteases of the pancreas. Of a prolonged action of relatively small doses of HCCH (1/20 and 1/50 DL50) is characteristic an initial inhibition and subsequent stimulation of the exosecretory function of the pancreas. A definite inverse relation between the amount of the introduced HCCH dose and the duration of the pancreatic inhibition period was noted.", "contents": "[Exocrine function of the pancreas under the effect of different doses of hexachlorocyclohexane]. Experiments conducted on albino rats poisoned with different doses of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH) demonstrated that large doses of this compound (1/3 DL50) following their single introduction were capable of inhibiting the secretion of the amylase, lipase, and proteases of the pancreas. Of a prolonged action of relatively small doses of HCCH (1/20 and 1/50 DL50) is characteristic an initial inhibition and subsequent stimulation of the exosecretory function of the pancreas. A definite inverse relation between the amount of the introduced HCCH dose and the duration of the pancreatic inhibition period was noted.", "PMID": 68890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3130", "title": "[Paralysis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand].", "content": "Palliative treatment of intrinsic muscle paralysis aims at correcting the claw deformity and improving prehension. This treatment will vary according to whether the claw can be actively corrected or not, if M. P. hyperextension is blocked. In the first category it suffices to maintain M. P. joint flexion either by capsulodesis or tenodesis so that the long extensors can extend the interphalangeal joints. Tendon transfers are useful only to reinforce the flexion force of the fingers if there is an associated long flexor tendon paralysis. These transfers should be fixed to the proximal part of the proximal phalanx. If the claw is not actively correctable, associated cutaneous, tendinous or joint lesions must co-exist and these will demand priority treatment. Tendon transfers, if possible, aim to extend the distal phalanges and should be fixed distally on the extensor expansion, knowing however that this carries the risk of swan neck deformity.", "contents": "[Paralysis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand]. Palliative treatment of intrinsic muscle paralysis aims at correcting the claw deformity and improving prehension. This treatment will vary according to whether the claw can be actively corrected or not, if M. P. hyperextension is blocked. In the first category it suffices to maintain M. P. joint flexion either by capsulodesis or tenodesis so that the long extensors can extend the interphalangeal joints. Tendon transfers are useful only to reinforce the flexion force of the fingers if there is an associated long flexor tendon paralysis. These transfers should be fixed to the proximal part of the proximal phalanx. If the claw is not actively correctable, associated cutaneous, tendinous or joint lesions must co-exist and these will demand priority treatment. Tendon transfers, if possible, aim to extend the distal phalanges and should be fixed distally on the extensor expansion, knowing however that this carries the risk of swan neck deformity.", "PMID": 68899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3131", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic examinations of benign and malignant cells and tissues during therapeutic interventions in gynecology].", "content": "The alteration of the proliferation activity of different tissues of the female genital tract was studied with the histo-autoradiographic method. Tissue samples from 1. the normal endometrium before and under treatment with the sequential oral contraceptive Ovanon, 2. carcinomas of the vulva before and under treatment with Bleomycin, 3. cervical carcinomas stage I-III before and under Co 60-radiation, and fluid material of cystic ovarian tumors and effusions before and under treatment with alkylating agents were incubated in 3H-thymidine. Morphologic and histo-autoradiographic alterations were observed during all investigations. It was demonstrated that the histo-autoradiographic method 1. gives informations about the proliferation activity of tissues of the female genital tract, 2. quantifies the success of treatment, 3. and allows prognosis about therapeutic results, as it was shown in the case of radiation sensitivity of cervix carcinomas.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic examinations of benign and malignant cells and tissues during therapeutic interventions in gynecology]. The alteration of the proliferation activity of different tissues of the female genital tract was studied with the histo-autoradiographic method. Tissue samples from 1. the normal endometrium before and under treatment with the sequential oral contraceptive Ovanon, 2. carcinomas of the vulva before and under treatment with Bleomycin, 3. cervical carcinomas stage I-III before and under Co 60-radiation, and fluid material of cystic ovarian tumors and effusions before and under treatment with alkylating agents were incubated in 3H-thymidine. Morphologic and histo-autoradiographic alterations were observed during all investigations. It was demonstrated that the histo-autoradiographic method 1. gives informations about the proliferation activity of tissues of the female genital tract, 2. quantifies the success of treatment, 3. and allows prognosis about therapeutic results, as it was shown in the case of radiation sensitivity of cervix carcinomas.", "PMID": 68902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3132", "title": "Immunologic tolerance and immunopathology.", "content": "Immune tolerance has an antigen-directed specificity analogous to that of immune responsiveness. Studies have shown the direction of response-immunization or tolerization-is often dependent on the physical form and the dose of antigen, and that the two major lymphocyte classes, B cells and T cells, have different tolerance requirements. The critical relationships of these findings to autoimmunity are explored.", "contents": "Immunologic tolerance and immunopathology. Immune tolerance has an antigen-directed specificity analogous to that of immune responsiveness. Studies have shown the direction of response-immunization or tolerization-is often dependent on the physical form and the dose of antigen, and that the two major lymphocyte classes, B cells and T cells, have different tolerance requirements. The critical relationships of these findings to autoimmunity are explored.", "PMID": 68904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3133", "title": "Carcinogenic action of polycyclic hydrocarbons in animals and in man.", "content": "Basic data on the carcinogenic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in animals and in man are presented, mainly from the author's own experience. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a powerful carcinogenic agent widely spread in the human environment, can be considered an indicator of PAH. Quantitative spectral-fluorescent methods developed by the author and his co-workers were used to study the circulation of BaP in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil, plants, animals and humans. Accumulation and degradation of PAH, as well as the background level of BaP, in the environment are described. The results were used as a basis for establishing health standards and other preventive measures against cancer.", "contents": "Carcinogenic action of polycyclic hydrocarbons in animals and in man. Basic data on the carcinogenic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in animals and in man are presented, mainly from the author's own experience. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a powerful carcinogenic agent widely spread in the human environment, can be considered an indicator of PAH. Quantitative spectral-fluorescent methods developed by the author and his co-workers were used to study the circulation of BaP in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil, plants, animals and humans. Accumulation and degradation of PAH, as well as the background level of BaP, in the environment are described. The results were used as a basis for establishing health standards and other preventive measures against cancer.", "PMID": 68905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3134", "title": "Analysis of automobile exhaust condensates.", "content": "1. On the basis of figures for the production of PAH during the Europa drive cycle by 100 passenger cars and those for the consumption of petrol in the Federal Republic of Germany, an annual emission of 1,850 kg benzo[a]pyrene from petrol engine vehicles has been calculated. 2. The carcinogenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene accounts for only 9% of the total activity of exhaust condensates. 3. The amounts of other known carcinogenic PAH, such as benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene are shown in Table 2. (table: see text). Assuming that there is no significant promoting or hyper-additive effect, it can be estimated that these six known carcinogenic PAH contribute about 10-15% of the total carcinogenicity. 4. Six unknown PAH were found: cyclopenteno[cd]pyrene (mol wt 226), methylenebenzo[a]pyrene (mol 264), methylenebenzo[e]pyrene (mol wt 264), methylenebenzo[ghi]perylene (mol wt 288), PAH mol wt 300A and PAH mol wt 300B. It is reasonable to assume that these unknown PAH account for the predominant part of the carcinogenic effect. Biological tests with these pure substances are being undertaken by Drs Pott, Pfeiffer and Habs. 5. It has been shown that almost all of the carcinogenic effect of automobile exhaust condensates is due to PAH. To support this claim, the carcinogenic effects of the exhaust condensate should be compared with those of a mixture of the known and unknwon PAH in the same proportions as are found in the exhaust condensate. The gas chromatogram of such a mixture is shown in Figure 6.", "contents": "Analysis of automobile exhaust condensates. 1. On the basis of figures for the production of PAH during the Europa drive cycle by 100 passenger cars and those for the consumption of petrol in the Federal Republic of Germany, an annual emission of 1,850 kg benzo[a]pyrene from petrol engine vehicles has been calculated. 2. The carcinogenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene accounts for only 9% of the total activity of exhaust condensates. 3. The amounts of other known carcinogenic PAH, such as benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene are shown in Table 2. (table: see text). Assuming that there is no significant promoting or hyper-additive effect, it can be estimated that these six known carcinogenic PAH contribute about 10-15% of the total carcinogenicity. 4. Six unknown PAH were found: cyclopenteno[cd]pyrene (mol wt 226), methylenebenzo[a]pyrene (mol 264), methylenebenzo[e]pyrene (mol wt 264), methylenebenzo[ghi]perylene (mol wt 288), PAH mol wt 300A and PAH mol wt 300B. It is reasonable to assume that these unknown PAH account for the predominant part of the carcinogenic effect. Biological tests with these pure substances are being undertaken by Drs Pott, Pfeiffer and Habs. 5. It has been shown that almost all of the carcinogenic effect of automobile exhaust condensates is due to PAH. To support this claim, the carcinogenic effects of the exhaust condensate should be compared with those of a mixture of the known and unknwon PAH in the same proportions as are found in the exhaust condensate. The gas chromatogram of such a mixture is shown in Figure 6.", "PMID": 68906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3135", "title": "Experimental results with percutaneous applications of automobile exhaust condensates in mice.", "content": "The induction of squamous-cell carcinoma and papillomas in mice after 80 weeks' skin painting with different doses of automobile exhaust condensates and their fractions is described. The results demonstrate that the carcinogenic activity of the condensate resides in its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. Benzo[a]pyrene accounts for approximately 9% of the activity of the condensate. The sebaceous gland suppression test, used as a screening method, is predictive of carcinogenicity and is positive for those condensate subfractions which contain carcinogenic PAH.", "contents": "Experimental results with percutaneous applications of automobile exhaust condensates in mice. The induction of squamous-cell carcinoma and papillomas in mice after 80 weeks' skin painting with different doses of automobile exhaust condensates and their fractions is described. The results demonstrate that the carcinogenic activity of the condensate resides in its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. Benzo[a]pyrene accounts for approximately 9% of the activity of the condensate. The sebaceous gland suppression test, used as a screening method, is predictive of carcinogenicity and is positive for those condensate subfractions which contain carcinogenic PAH.", "PMID": 68908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3136", "title": "Syncarcinogenic action of polycyclic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas condensates.", "content": "The carcinogenic action of the hydrocarbon mixture predominantly found in condensates of automobile exhaust gas can be attributed almost exclusively, on the basis of the results presented here, to a group of substances (PAH) with an insignificant weight proportion. It was not possible to demonstrate an inhibitory action of most of the weak-to-inactive hydrocarbons; on the contrary, an additive effect of the two types could be observed. At very high doses (almost 10 times higher than the highest doses selected in the rest of the trial) the group of substances which were supposed to be non-carcinogenic also proved to be biologically effective. Subsequent individual studies on the same animal strain should clarify whether this action is to be attributed to one or two representatives of this group, e.g., benzo[e]pyrene or chrysene.", "contents": "Syncarcinogenic action of polycyclic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas condensates. The carcinogenic action of the hydrocarbon mixture predominantly found in condensates of automobile exhaust gas can be attributed almost exclusively, on the basis of the results presented here, to a group of substances (PAH) with an insignificant weight proportion. It was not possible to demonstrate an inhibitory action of most of the weak-to-inactive hydrocarbons; on the contrary, an additive effect of the two types could be observed. At very high doses (almost 10 times higher than the highest doses selected in the rest of the trial) the group of substances which were supposed to be non-carcinogenic also proved to be biologically effective. Subsequent individual studies on the same animal strain should clarify whether this action is to be attributed to one or two representatives of this group, e.g., benzo[e]pyrene or chrysene.", "PMID": 68909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3137", "title": "Oncogenic interaction of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice.", "content": "To evaluate possible interactions between PAH occurring in automobile exhaust condensates with regard to their tumour forming potency, the following experiments were performed. Six different doses of benzo[a]pyrene (3-100 microgram) and of dibenzo]a,h]anthracene (2-75 microgram) and mixtures thereof were tested subcutaneously on female NMRI mice. In addition, mixtures of 10 non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons were applied: benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene. Mixtures of all 12 PAH were also applied. The proportion of PAH in all mixtures used was the same as in automobile exhaust condensates; benzo[a]pyrene was used as reference substance. The most important results were as follows: 1. Small doses of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene have a greater tumour promoting effect than do comparable doses of benzo[a]pyrene. Increased doses increase the effect of benzo[a]pyrene more than that of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. 2. The mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene is 1.4 time more active than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone. 3. The mixture of all PAH has a lower efficacy than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone, amounting to only 0.03 that of dibenzanthracene; however, the activity of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene within the mixture of the 12 PAH increases by a factor of 3.1. 4. The activity of a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene depends to about 40% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; and that of 12 PAH to 30% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone or to 80% on a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene.", "contents": "Oncogenic interaction of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice. To evaluate possible interactions between PAH occurring in automobile exhaust condensates with regard to their tumour forming potency, the following experiments were performed. Six different doses of benzo[a]pyrene (3-100 microgram) and of dibenzo]a,h]anthracene (2-75 microgram) and mixtures thereof were tested subcutaneously on female NMRI mice. In addition, mixtures of 10 non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons were applied: benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene. Mixtures of all 12 PAH were also applied. The proportion of PAH in all mixtures used was the same as in automobile exhaust condensates; benzo[a]pyrene was used as reference substance. The most important results were as follows: 1. Small doses of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene have a greater tumour promoting effect than do comparable doses of benzo[a]pyrene. Increased doses increase the effect of benzo[a]pyrene more than that of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. 2. The mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene is 1.4 time more active than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone. 3. The mixture of all PAH has a lower efficacy than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone, amounting to only 0.03 that of dibenzanthracene; however, the activity of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene within the mixture of the 12 PAH increases by a factor of 3.1. 4. The activity of a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene depends to about 40% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; and that of 12 PAH to 30% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone or to 80% on a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene.", "PMID": 68911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3138", "title": "Tumours in mice after subcutaneous injection of automobile exhaust condensates.", "content": "Automobile exhaust condensate (AEC), either mixed with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or suspended or dissolved in tricaprylin, was injected subcutaneously into NMRI mice in a series of experiments. The addition of AEC decreased the incidence of tumours which developed with 30, 90 and 270 microgram BaP. Reduction of tumour incidence was proportional to the amount of AEC added. With an injection of 10 microgram BaP, the latent period was greatly increased when AEC was added, but the occurrence of tumours was the same. Components of AEC appear to inactivate BaP, at least temporarily. In further experiments AEC and nine fractions thereof were injected subcutaneously into mice. The fraction comprising only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) induced the highest incidence of tumours. In contrast, when it was administered in combination with other fractions the PAH fraction was less active. Application of the products of further fractionation of PAH showed that polycyclic compounds with seven or more rings can also induce tumours in this model.", "contents": "Tumours in mice after subcutaneous injection of automobile exhaust condensates. Automobile exhaust condensate (AEC), either mixed with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or suspended or dissolved in tricaprylin, was injected subcutaneously into NMRI mice in a series of experiments. The addition of AEC decreased the incidence of tumours which developed with 30, 90 and 270 microgram BaP. Reduction of tumour incidence was proportional to the amount of AEC added. With an injection of 10 microgram BaP, the latent period was greatly increased when AEC was added, but the occurrence of tumours was the same. Components of AEC appear to inactivate BaP, at least temporarily. In further experiments AEC and nine fractions thereof were injected subcutaneously into mice. The fraction comprising only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) induced the highest incidence of tumours. In contrast, when it was administered in combination with other fractions the PAH fraction was less active. Application of the products of further fractionation of PAH showed that polycyclic compounds with seven or more rings can also induce tumours in this model.", "PMID": 68912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3139", "title": "The establishment of two cell lines from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae).", "content": "The history and characteristics of two cells lines developed from primary explants of pupal tissue from the insect, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), are described. One cell line, IPLB-SF 21, was developed with hemolymph-supplemented medium and has been maintained continuously on the medium. The second cell line, IPLB-SF-1254, was developed with a medium containing a combination of vertebrate sera plus hemolymph and was adapted to hemolyphn-free medium at the 6th passage. The IPLB-SF-21 cell line has a population doubling time of 26 to 30 hr; the doubling time of the IPLB-SF-1254 line is 36 hr. The chromosomal morphology and distribution was typical of other lepidopteran cell lines. Serological studies showed that both cell lines have at least one antigen which also is common is tissue antigens from pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda.", "contents": "The establishment of two cell lines from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The history and characteristics of two cells lines developed from primary explants of pupal tissue from the insect, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), are described. One cell line, IPLB-SF 21, was developed with hemolymph-supplemented medium and has been maintained continuously on the medium. The second cell line, IPLB-SF-1254, was developed with a medium containing a combination of vertebrate sera plus hemolymph and was adapted to hemolyphn-free medium at the 6th passage. The IPLB-SF-21 cell line has a population doubling time of 26 to 30 hr; the doubling time of the IPLB-SF-1254 line is 36 hr. The chromosomal morphology and distribution was typical of other lepidopteran cell lines. Serological studies showed that both cell lines have at least one antigen which also is common is tissue antigens from pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda.", "PMID": 68913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3140", "title": "Ovine cells: their long-term cultivation and susceptibility to visna virus.", "content": "Sheep choroid plexus (SCP) cells have been subcultured more than 120 times and have undergone over 300 cell generations. These fibroblastic-appearing SCP II-B cells contain ovine-specific antigens, have an absolute plating efficiency of 23 to 28% and are as susceptible to visna virus infection and virus-induced cytopathology as their low passage level counterparts. Cultures of low, relatively high and high passage level SCP cells produced equivalent amounts of visna virus at similar rates when infected with equal amounts of visna virus. The passage level of the SCP II-B cells, their elapsed number of cell generations, their possession of ovine-specific antigens and their full susceptibility to visna virus allow these cells to be considered an established line of sheep cells.", "contents": "Ovine cells: their long-term cultivation and susceptibility to visna virus. Sheep choroid plexus (SCP) cells have been subcultured more than 120 times and have undergone over 300 cell generations. These fibroblastic-appearing SCP II-B cells contain ovine-specific antigens, have an absolute plating efficiency of 23 to 28% and are as susceptible to visna virus infection and virus-induced cytopathology as their low passage level counterparts. Cultures of low, relatively high and high passage level SCP cells produced equivalent amounts of visna virus at similar rates when infected with equal amounts of visna virus. The passage level of the SCP II-B cells, their elapsed number of cell generations, their possession of ovine-specific antigens and their full susceptibility to visna virus allow these cells to be considered an established line of sheep cells.", "PMID": 68914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3141", "title": "Variable region (Fv) determinants on mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Antisera have been raised to the Fv fragment derived from a mouse alpha/lambda myeloma. These had different reactivities for Fv and mouse immunoglobulin and two of them appeared to detect v region framework determinants on normal mouse immunoglobulins. A large proportion of mouse lymphocytes were shown to have Fv determinants on the surface which was part of the B-lymphocyte antigen receptor. Most of the reacting cells were B lymphocytes. Fv determinants were not detected on the majority of T lymphocytes including cells with known T-helper cell activity. It is concluded that in mice, T cells do not express immunoglobulin v region framework determinants on their surface.", "contents": "Variable region (Fv) determinants on mouse lymphocytes. Antisera have been raised to the Fv fragment derived from a mouse alpha/lambda myeloma. These had different reactivities for Fv and mouse immunoglobulin and two of them appeared to detect v region framework determinants on normal mouse immunoglobulins. A large proportion of mouse lymphocytes were shown to have Fv determinants on the surface which was part of the B-lymphocyte antigen receptor. Most of the reacting cells were B lymphocytes. Fv determinants were not detected on the majority of T lymphocytes including cells with known T-helper cell activity. It is concluded that in mice, T cells do not express immunoglobulin v region framework determinants on their surface.", "PMID": 68917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3142", "title": "The effects of chemical modification on the antigenicity of human and rabbit immunoglobulin G.", "content": "In order to characterize the precise structure within human and rabbit IgG molecules against which 'general' rheumatoid factors are directed, an immunochemical comparison has been made of the effects of the selective substitution of specific amino acid side-chains on various types of antigenicity exhibited by human and rabbit IgG. The epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues have been substituted by citraconylation and carbamylation; whilst tyrosine residues have been substituted by nitration with tetranitromethane. In this manner, evidence has been obtained which indicates that the autoantigenic determinants of human IgG are structurally distinct from species-specific ones and from certain Fc-located allotypic markers (Gm(a) and Gm(x)). It is also concluded that lysine residues are probably not involved in the site of IgG reactivity with 'general' rheumatoid factors, in contrast to tyrosine residues which appear to be implicated in the activity of human but not rabbit IgG.", "contents": "The effects of chemical modification on the antigenicity of human and rabbit immunoglobulin G. In order to characterize the precise structure within human and rabbit IgG molecules against which 'general' rheumatoid factors are directed, an immunochemical comparison has been made of the effects of the selective substitution of specific amino acid side-chains on various types of antigenicity exhibited by human and rabbit IgG. The epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues have been substituted by citraconylation and carbamylation; whilst tyrosine residues have been substituted by nitration with tetranitromethane. In this manner, evidence has been obtained which indicates that the autoantigenic determinants of human IgG are structurally distinct from species-specific ones and from certain Fc-located allotypic markers (Gm(a) and Gm(x)). It is also concluded that lysine residues are probably not involved in the site of IgG reactivity with 'general' rheumatoid factors, in contrast to tyrosine residues which appear to be implicated in the activity of human but not rabbit IgG.", "PMID": 68918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3143", "title": "Production and specificity of antibodies against the aminoterminal region in type III collagen.", "content": "A cross-linked fragment (peptide T1X) with a molecular weight of 13,000 could be isolated from a tryptic digest of insoluble type III collagen of calf skin. Peptide T1X was conjugated on to bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde and used for immunization of rabbits. The antisera reacted in passive haemagglutination and radioimmune assay with peptide T1X, type III collagen and its constituent alpha1(III) chain. Little or no reaction was observed with type I collagen and alpha1(I) chain. While rabbit antisera to neutral salt-soluble type III Collagen also showed a strong binding for 125I-labelled peptide T1X much less reaction was observed with antisera to type I collagen. The antigenicity of type III collagen was largely destroyed by pepsin treatment suggesting that it resided in non-helical segments. A fragment of peptide T1X produced by digestion with collagenase retained antigenic activity. The data indicated that the aminoterminal region of type III collagen contains strong antigenic determinants located in a non-helical sequence of about sixteen amino acids. Antibodies to these antigenic determinants were purified and rendered specific for type III collagen by immunoadsorption. The antibodies stained in indirect immunofluorescence tests particularly those regions in various connective tissues which are rich in reticulin fibres. Different staining patterns were observed with antibodies to type I collagen.", "contents": "Production and specificity of antibodies against the aminoterminal region in type III collagen. A cross-linked fragment (peptide T1X) with a molecular weight of 13,000 could be isolated from a tryptic digest of insoluble type III collagen of calf skin. Peptide T1X was conjugated on to bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde and used for immunization of rabbits. The antisera reacted in passive haemagglutination and radioimmune assay with peptide T1X, type III collagen and its constituent alpha1(III) chain. Little or no reaction was observed with type I collagen and alpha1(I) chain. While rabbit antisera to neutral salt-soluble type III Collagen also showed a strong binding for 125I-labelled peptide T1X much less reaction was observed with antisera to type I collagen. The antigenicity of type III collagen was largely destroyed by pepsin treatment suggesting that it resided in non-helical segments. A fragment of peptide T1X produced by digestion with collagenase retained antigenic activity. The data indicated that the aminoterminal region of type III collagen contains strong antigenic determinants located in a non-helical sequence of about sixteen amino acids. Antibodies to these antigenic determinants were purified and rendered specific for type III collagen by immunoadsorption. The antibodies stained in indirect immunofluorescence tests particularly those regions in various connective tissues which are rich in reticulin fibres. Different staining patterns were observed with antibodies to type I collagen.", "PMID": 68919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3144", "title": "Non-precipitating guinea-pig antibodies as products of limited recognition of antigenic sites on the ovalbumin molecule.", "content": "The non-precipitating guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, produced by administration of an excessive dose of hen ovalbumin (OA), were capable of forming only certain soluble complexes having molar ratios of antibody to antigen lower than 1-5:1, which were lower than the minimum ratio of 2-5:1 shown by anti-OA antibodies precipitable with OA. This unusual property of the non-precipitating antibodies was caused by a limited number of antibody molecules capable of binding to one OA molecule simultaneously, since the maximum number of their Fab' fragments binding to one OA molecule was only three and markedly less than the number (7-8) of Fab' fragments of the precipitating IgG1 and IgG2 anti-OA antibodies binding to one OA molecule. These results demonstrate that the non-precipitating IgG1 and IgG2 anti-OA antibodies are those reacting with some particular antigenic sites on OA, a number of the antigenic sites too few to permit insoluble lattice formation.", "contents": "Non-precipitating guinea-pig antibodies as products of limited recognition of antigenic sites on the ovalbumin molecule. The non-precipitating guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, produced by administration of an excessive dose of hen ovalbumin (OA), were capable of forming only certain soluble complexes having molar ratios of antibody to antigen lower than 1-5:1, which were lower than the minimum ratio of 2-5:1 shown by anti-OA antibodies precipitable with OA. This unusual property of the non-precipitating antibodies was caused by a limited number of antibody molecules capable of binding to one OA molecule simultaneously, since the maximum number of their Fab' fragments binding to one OA molecule was only three and markedly less than the number (7-8) of Fab' fragments of the precipitating IgG1 and IgG2 anti-OA antibodies binding to one OA molecule. These results demonstrate that the non-precipitating IgG1 and IgG2 anti-OA antibodies are those reacting with some particular antigenic sites on OA, a number of the antigenic sites too few to permit insoluble lattice formation.", "PMID": 68920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3145", "title": "Studies on the quantitative relationship between specific antigen recognition and manifestation in delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Delayed skin reactions or peritoneal cell migration inhibition were elicited in guinea-pigs or rats with egg albumin, diphtheria toxoid, or tuberculin-purified protein derivative either separately or with various combinations of two antigens. When the skin reactions or migration inhibition with the component antigens alone were relatively strong, the corresponding combination elicited weaker reactions than calculated assuming that the antigens would add upon each other independently, i.e. the non-specific phase was limiting the manifestation. When the reactivity to both components was undetectable or very weak, the combination elicited stronger reactions than calculated, implying synergism of antigen recognition. The combinations of two weakly positive or intermediate reactivities were close to the calculated values in both the diameter of erythema, skin thickness and migration percentage. These results may help in assessing the biological significance of findings in delayed hypersensitivity: even minor differences in strong manifestations may mean great differences in terms of specific lymphocytes, while marginal changes of antigen recognition may lead to apparently great changes of manifestation, when very weak reactivities are measured.", "contents": "Studies on the quantitative relationship between specific antigen recognition and manifestation in delayed hypersensitivity. Delayed skin reactions or peritoneal cell migration inhibition were elicited in guinea-pigs or rats with egg albumin, diphtheria toxoid, or tuberculin-purified protein derivative either separately or with various combinations of two antigens. When the skin reactions or migration inhibition with the component antigens alone were relatively strong, the corresponding combination elicited weaker reactions than calculated assuming that the antigens would add upon each other independently, i.e. the non-specific phase was limiting the manifestation. When the reactivity to both components was undetectable or very weak, the combination elicited stronger reactions than calculated, implying synergism of antigen recognition. The combinations of two weakly positive or intermediate reactivities were close to the calculated values in both the diameter of erythema, skin thickness and migration percentage. These results may help in assessing the biological significance of findings in delayed hypersensitivity: even minor differences in strong manifestations may mean great differences in terms of specific lymphocytes, while marginal changes of antigen recognition may lead to apparently great changes of manifestation, when very weak reactivities are measured.", "PMID": 68921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3146", "title": "The effect of anti-eosinophil serum on skin histamine replenishment following passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Depletion of eosinophils by an antieosinophil serum resulted in the inhibition of histamine reaccumulation into guinea-pig skin sites following IgG1-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. This suggests that eosinophils may have a regulatory role in the repair mechanism which follows immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "The effect of anti-eosinophil serum on skin histamine replenishment following passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig. Depletion of eosinophils by an antieosinophil serum resulted in the inhibition of histamine reaccumulation into guinea-pig skin sites following IgG1-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. This suggests that eosinophils may have a regulatory role in the repair mechanism which follows immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 68922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3147", "title": "The immune response to oxidized ferredoxin. I. Specificity of the response to the amino terminal determinant.", "content": "Several synthetic peptide analogues of the amino terminal antigenic determinant (ala-tyr-lysile-ala-asp-ser) of oxidized ferredoxin (O-Fd) were tested for their ability to inhibit the complement fixation reaction between O-Fd and homologous rabbit antiserum, and to inhibit the migration of spleen cells from guinea-pigs immunized to O-Fd or to a conjugate of the amino terminal heptapeptide (N7) and bovine serum albumin (N7-BSA). The results of the migration inhibition assay suggest that the tetrapeptide and longer peptides of the native sequence were all recognized and stimulated the production of migration inhibition factor. Peptides modified at the aspartic residue were partially active while the serine modified peptide was not. Modification at the amino end of the heptapeptide had no effect on migration inhibition. As specificity controls, it was shown that the N7-BSA conjugate inhibited migration in O-Fd immunized animals, while O-Fd inhibited migration in N7-BSA immunized animals. The hexa-, hepta-, aspartic-deleted and serine-modified peptides were able to inhibit the complement fixation reaction with O-Fd and specific rabbit antiserum. Inhibition found with the serine-modified peptide and the lack of inhibition with the amino-modified peptide or the di-, tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides indicates the determinant recognized by the rabbit antibodies is either larger or is located nearer the middle of the heptapeptide than the determinant which induced the production of MIF.", "contents": "The immune response to oxidized ferredoxin. I. Specificity of the response to the amino terminal determinant. Several synthetic peptide analogues of the amino terminal antigenic determinant (ala-tyr-lysile-ala-asp-ser) of oxidized ferredoxin (O-Fd) were tested for their ability to inhibit the complement fixation reaction between O-Fd and homologous rabbit antiserum, and to inhibit the migration of spleen cells from guinea-pigs immunized to O-Fd or to a conjugate of the amino terminal heptapeptide (N7) and bovine serum albumin (N7-BSA). The results of the migration inhibition assay suggest that the tetrapeptide and longer peptides of the native sequence were all recognized and stimulated the production of migration inhibition factor. Peptides modified at the aspartic residue were partially active while the serine modified peptide was not. Modification at the amino end of the heptapeptide had no effect on migration inhibition. As specificity controls, it was shown that the N7-BSA conjugate inhibited migration in O-Fd immunized animals, while O-Fd inhibited migration in N7-BSA immunized animals. The hexa-, hepta-, aspartic-deleted and serine-modified peptides were able to inhibit the complement fixation reaction with O-Fd and specific rabbit antiserum. Inhibition found with the serine-modified peptide and the lack of inhibition with the amino-modified peptide or the di-, tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides indicates the determinant recognized by the rabbit antibodies is either larger or is located nearer the middle of the heptapeptide than the determinant which induced the production of MIF.", "PMID": 68923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3148", "title": "Detection and molecular characterization of the thymus-brain antigen in human brain.", "content": "Anti-human brain sera were found to contain antibodies reacting with determinants present on murine thymocyte plasma membranes. This determinant is borne by the thymocyte-brain antigen of mouse thymocytes. The non species-specific determinant of the thymocyte-brain system is detectable on the thymocyte-brain antigen of human and mouse brain in comparable amounts. In contrast to these findings, the allogenic Thy-1 and the species-specific determinant of this system were only found on the thymocyte-brain antigen of mouse brain but not on the corresponding antigen of human brain. The molecular weight, Stokes radius and diffusion coefficient of the thymocyte-brain antigen of human and mouse brain are in good accordance with the data estimated for the corresponding antigen of murine thymocytes.", "contents": "Detection and molecular characterization of the thymus-brain antigen in human brain. Anti-human brain sera were found to contain antibodies reacting with determinants present on murine thymocyte plasma membranes. This determinant is borne by the thymocyte-brain antigen of mouse thymocytes. The non species-specific determinant of the thymocyte-brain system is detectable on the thymocyte-brain antigen of human and mouse brain in comparable amounts. In contrast to these findings, the allogenic Thy-1 and the species-specific determinant of this system were only found on the thymocyte-brain antigen of mouse brain but not on the corresponding antigen of human brain. The molecular weight, Stokes radius and diffusion coefficient of the thymocyte-brain antigen of human and mouse brain are in good accordance with the data estimated for the corresponding antigen of murine thymocytes.", "PMID": 68924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3149", "title": "Concanavalin A induced histamine release from human basophils in vitro.", "content": "The site of interaction for concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced histamine release from human basophils was studied in vitro. Blocking the epsilon one determinant (D leads to 1) of IgE with high concentrations of monomer (Fab) anti-Depsilon1 does not significantly inhibit the quantity of histamine released by suboptimum concentrations of Fc specific anti-IgE. This indicates that the monomer anti-Depsilon1 does not have the capacity to sterically hinder the bridging of all of the determinants in the Cepsilon3 and Cepsilon4 domains (Fc'-epsilon-region) of IgE. The monomer anti-Depsilon1 does effectively inhibit release induced by suboptimum concentrations of Con-A. The data indicate that for suboptimum concentrations, Con-A activation is IgE mediated and takes place in the proximity of Depsilon1 and not at the membrane receptor for IgE.", "contents": "Concanavalin A induced histamine release from human basophils in vitro. The site of interaction for concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced histamine release from human basophils was studied in vitro. Blocking the epsilon one determinant (D leads to 1) of IgE with high concentrations of monomer (Fab) anti-Depsilon1 does not significantly inhibit the quantity of histamine released by suboptimum concentrations of Fc specific anti-IgE. This indicates that the monomer anti-Depsilon1 does not have the capacity to sterically hinder the bridging of all of the determinants in the Cepsilon3 and Cepsilon4 domains (Fc'-epsilon-region) of IgE. The monomer anti-Depsilon1 does effectively inhibit release induced by suboptimum concentrations of Con-A. The data indicate that for suboptimum concentrations, Con-A activation is IgE mediated and takes place in the proximity of Depsilon1 and not at the membrane receptor for IgE.", "PMID": 68925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3150", "title": "Immune response against two epitopes on the same thymus-independent polysaccharide carrier. 1. Role of epitope density in carrier-dependent immunity and tolerance.", "content": "Immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of two epitopes (alpha 1-6 and FITC) on the same dextran B 512 carrier were investigated. The following conclusions were made: (1) Both epitopes were thymus-independent and immunogenic and tolerogenic as well. (2) The marked dose differences between the two epitopes with regard to tolerance induction were found to be a consequence of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the responding B cells as well as the epitope density employed for detecting the PFC in a predictable way. (3) The alpha 1-6 response, in contrast to the anti-FITC response, was homogeneous and of low affinity and the number of precursor B cells was low. (4) Different mouse strains were found to be high-, low- or non-responders to alpha 1-6, but all the strains tested responded to the FITC epitope coupled to dextran. (5) Dextran and FITC-dextran were polyclonal B cell activators in the strains tested, irrespective of their ability to respond to the alpha 1-6 epitope. The findings indicate that epitope density and mol. wt of the immunogen as well as Ig receptor affinity for the epitope on the B cells are variables which markedly influence the binding of the immunogen to the specific B cells and therefore affect the delivery of the non-specific triggering signal.", "contents": "Immune response against two epitopes on the same thymus-independent polysaccharide carrier. 1. Role of epitope density in carrier-dependent immunity and tolerance. Immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of two epitopes (alpha 1-6 and FITC) on the same dextran B 512 carrier were investigated. The following conclusions were made: (1) Both epitopes were thymus-independent and immunogenic and tolerogenic as well. (2) The marked dose differences between the two epitopes with regard to tolerance induction were found to be a consequence of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the responding B cells as well as the epitope density employed for detecting the PFC in a predictable way. (3) The alpha 1-6 response, in contrast to the anti-FITC response, was homogeneous and of low affinity and the number of precursor B cells was low. (4) Different mouse strains were found to be high-, low- or non-responders to alpha 1-6, but all the strains tested responded to the FITC epitope coupled to dextran. (5) Dextran and FITC-dextran were polyclonal B cell activators in the strains tested, irrespective of their ability to respond to the alpha 1-6 epitope. The findings indicate that epitope density and mol. wt of the immunogen as well as Ig receptor affinity for the epitope on the B cells are variables which markedly influence the binding of the immunogen to the specific B cells and therefore affect the delivery of the non-specific triggering signal.", "PMID": 68926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3151", "title": "Differences in the maturation of the immune response of A- and A+ rabbits. Good and poor responders respectively for the A antigen.", "content": "The amount, avidity and specificity of anti-A antibodies produced by rabbits having the A substance in their secretions (A+) and rabbits lacking this antigen (A-), were studied with a series of antigens chemically related to the A substance. Both A- and A+ rabbits produced specific anti-A antibodies but the amount, maturation of avidity and specificity of these antibodies was completely different. These results suggest that the difference between the immune response of A+ and A- animals is not based on a genetically determined inability of A+ rabbits to recognize the self antigen, but rather on differences in the regulatory mechanism(s) controlling the maturation process of the anti-A response.", "contents": "Differences in the maturation of the immune response of A- and A+ rabbits. Good and poor responders respectively for the A antigen. The amount, avidity and specificity of anti-A antibodies produced by rabbits having the A substance in their secretions (A+) and rabbits lacking this antigen (A-), were studied with a series of antigens chemically related to the A substance. Both A- and A+ rabbits produced specific anti-A antibodies but the amount, maturation of avidity and specificity of these antibodies was completely different. These results suggest that the difference between the immune response of A+ and A- animals is not based on a genetically determined inability of A+ rabbits to recognize the self antigen, but rather on differences in the regulatory mechanism(s) controlling the maturation process of the anti-A response.", "PMID": 68927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3152", "title": "Differentiation of several isolates of Peptococcus magnus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Uniform sonicated suspensions of three clinical isolates of Peptococcus magnus that were morphologically, chromatographically, and biochemically identical were used to produce hyperimmune antisera in rabbits. Similar hyperimmune serum was prepared to a single strain of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. When these antisera and antigens were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the three isolates of Peptococcus magnus were immunologically distinct. None of the antisera to Peptococcus magnus formed precipitin lines with Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.", "contents": "Differentiation of several isolates of Peptococcus magnus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Uniform sonicated suspensions of three clinical isolates of Peptococcus magnus that were morphologically, chromatographically, and biochemically identical were used to produce hyperimmune antisera in rabbits. Similar hyperimmune serum was prepared to a single strain of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. When these antisera and antigens were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, the three isolates of Peptococcus magnus were immunologically distinct. None of the antisera to Peptococcus magnus formed precipitin lines with Peptostreptococcus anaerobius.", "PMID": 68929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3153", "title": "Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor.", "content": "Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG). These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods. Reactivity could be demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously. Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease. A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.", "contents": "Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor. Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG). These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods. Reactivity could be demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously. Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease. A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.", "PMID": 68930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3154", "title": "Incidence of exotoxin production by Pseudomonas species.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A has been shown to catalyze the transfer of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide onto elongation factor 2, resulting in the inhibition of mammalian protein synthesis. The enzymatic activity (ADP-ribosyl [ADPR]-transferase) is thought to account for the toxicity of exotoxin A. The distribution of the expression of exotoxin A within Pseudomonas species was examined. Laboratory strains as well as clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. The production of exotoxin A was determined by assaying for ADPR-transferase activity in dialyzed frozen (-20 degrees C) and thawed cell-free supernatants from 22-h cultures or in 10-fold-concentrated supernatants. In addition, toxin production was detected immunologically using a modified Elek test. Exotoxin A production was detected in approximately 90% of the 111 isolates of P. aeruginosa. In contrast, none of the other species of Pseudomonas examined produced exotoxin A detectable by either ADPR-transferase activity or immunological reactivity.", "contents": "Incidence of exotoxin production by Pseudomonas species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A has been shown to catalyze the transfer of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide onto elongation factor 2, resulting in the inhibition of mammalian protein synthesis. The enzymatic activity (ADP-ribosyl [ADPR]-transferase) is thought to account for the toxicity of exotoxin A. The distribution of the expression of exotoxin A within Pseudomonas species was examined. Laboratory strains as well as clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. The production of exotoxin A was determined by assaying for ADPR-transferase activity in dialyzed frozen (-20 degrees C) and thawed cell-free supernatants from 22-h cultures or in 10-fold-concentrated supernatants. In addition, toxin production was detected immunologically using a modified Elek test. Exotoxin A production was detected in approximately 90% of the 111 isolates of P. aeruginosa. In contrast, none of the other species of Pseudomonas examined produced exotoxin A detectable by either ADPR-transferase activity or immunological reactivity.", "PMID": 68931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3155", "title": "Antigenic relationships among thiol-activated cytolysins.", "content": "Cereolysin, streptolysin O, and perfringolysin O formed precipitin lines that completely fused when reacted with horse antitetanolysin by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and formed precipitin lines that showed either partial or complete fusion when diffused against horse antistreptolysin O or antiperfringolysin  O.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships among thiol-activated cytolysins. Cereolysin, streptolysin O, and perfringolysin O formed precipitin lines that completely fused when reacted with horse antitetanolysin by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and formed precipitin lines that showed either partial or complete fusion when diffused against horse antistreptolysin O or antiperfringolysin  O.", "PMID": 68932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3156", "title": "Resistance to tolerance induction and age-dependent cellular changes in SJL mice.", "content": "SJL mice became resistant to tolerance induction between the 2nd and 6th week of life. The effect on tolerance induction of radioresistant accessory (A) cells does not depend on the age of the donor, i.e. is the same whether the A-cell donor is 3 or 12 weeks old. In the thymectomized recipient, reconstituted with spleen cells of 12-week-old donors, resistance to tolerance is greater than in the corresponding intact animal. Resistance to tolerance is due to a change in the T cells, occurs at a different rate in the T cells of thymus and spleen, and my be due to change in the relative proportion of different T-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Resistance to tolerance induction and age-dependent cellular changes in SJL mice. SJL mice became resistant to tolerance induction between the 2nd and 6th week of life. The effect on tolerance induction of radioresistant accessory (A) cells does not depend on the age of the donor, i.e. is the same whether the A-cell donor is 3 or 12 weeks old. In the thymectomized recipient, reconstituted with spleen cells of 12-week-old donors, resistance to tolerance is greater than in the corresponding intact animal. Resistance to tolerance is due to a change in the T cells, occurs at a different rate in the T cells of thymus and spleen, and my be due to change in the relative proportion of different T-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 68934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3157", "title": "Further characterization of alkaline phosphatases of human kidney and urine.", "content": "Human kidney alkaline phosphatase (AP) react with antisera to liver and intestinal AP. The respective kidney enzymes are designated as KLi and KI. Comparison with liver AP showed that KLi was salted out at the same ammonium sulfate concentration (66%) as the liver enzyme; KLi was antigenically identical with liver AP; the electrophoretic mobility of KLi was that of a gamma-globulin whereas liver AP was an alpha2-globulin. the liver enzyme was lighter (130,000 daltons) than KLi (150,000 daltons). KI and intestinal AP shared most properties: antigenically they were indistinguishable; both contained two components one of which was 80,000 daltons, the other was heavier (120,000 daltons for KI, 130,000 daltons for intestinal AP). Urinary AP consisted only of the lighter component (80,000 dalton). Methods for partial separation of the three kidney APs are given.", "contents": "Further characterization of alkaline phosphatases of human kidney and urine. Human kidney alkaline phosphatase (AP) react with antisera to liver and intestinal AP. The respective kidney enzymes are designated as KLi and KI. Comparison with liver AP showed that KLi was salted out at the same ammonium sulfate concentration (66%) as the liver enzyme; KLi was antigenically identical with liver AP; the electrophoretic mobility of KLi was that of a gamma-globulin whereas liver AP was an alpha2-globulin. the liver enzyme was lighter (130,000 daltons) than KLi (150,000 daltons). KI and intestinal AP shared most properties: antigenically they were indistinguishable; both contained two components one of which was 80,000 daltons, the other was heavier (120,000 daltons for KI, 130,000 daltons for intestinal AP). Urinary AP consisted only of the lighter component (80,000 dalton). Methods for partial separation of the three kidney APs are given.", "PMID": 68935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3158", "title": "Effect of lung tissue on the inhibitory actions of isoprenaline, theophylline, disodium cromoglycate and PGE1 on antigen-induced mast cell degranulation.", "content": "Isoprenaline, disodium cromoglycate and PGE1 poorly inhibit antigen-induced degranulation of sensitised rat peritoneal mast cells, but in the presence of chopped rat lung their inhibitory activities were markedly enhanced. The chopped lung preparation had no effect on degranulation in the absence of an inhibitor and did not enhance the weak inhibitory potency of theophylline. Lung tissue suspensions pretreated with isoprenaline released a factor into the supernatant which enhanced the action of isoprenaline on peritoneal mast cells. The activity of this supernatant factor was destroyed by boiling for 5 min. Supernatant fluid from untreated lung tissue did not itself reduced antigen-induced degranulation or enhance the inhibitory potency of isoprenaline.", "contents": "Effect of lung tissue on the inhibitory actions of isoprenaline, theophylline, disodium cromoglycate and PGE1 on antigen-induced mast cell degranulation. Isoprenaline, disodium cromoglycate and PGE1 poorly inhibit antigen-induced degranulation of sensitised rat peritoneal mast cells, but in the presence of chopped rat lung their inhibitory activities were markedly enhanced. The chopped lung preparation had no effect on degranulation in the absence of an inhibitor and did not enhance the weak inhibitory potency of theophylline. Lung tissue suspensions pretreated with isoprenaline released a factor into the supernatant which enhanced the action of isoprenaline on peritoneal mast cells. The activity of this supernatant factor was destroyed by boiling for 5 min. Supernatant fluid from untreated lung tissue did not itself reduced antigen-induced degranulation or enhance the inhibitory potency of isoprenaline.", "PMID": 68936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3159", "title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and alphafoetoprotein (AFP) in sera of patients with germ-cell neoplasms: value as tumour markers in patients with endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour).", "content": "Serum alphafoetoprotein (AFP) and serum alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) were determined in 24 patients with germ-cell neoplasms of the gonads and extragonadal sites and in two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In the majority of the patients serial determinations were performed. All seven patients with testicular seminoma and four patients without evidence of active disease had normal levels of serum AAT and AFP. The remaining 13 patients with germ-cell neoplasms had tumours containing endodermal sinus tumour (yolk-sac tumour) elemetns. All these 13 patients had elevated levels of serum AFP and the levels were high or very high in most cases. Nine of these 13 patients had raised serum AAT, although the elevation above normal levels was only slight in a number of cases. When serial determinations were performed serum AAT levels frequently followed the pattern of serum AFP levels, but the AAT levels were frequently within normal limits and therefore the interpretation of the results was difficult, and much less reliable as compared with those for serum AFP. The elevation of serum AAT levels following the recurrence of the tumour was found to occur much later and was much less marked than elevation of serum AFP, which occurred early, showed a large rise and was a reliable marker of tumour recurrence in patients with germ-cell neoplasms containing endodermal sinus tumour elements. It is therefore considered that, although there is good evidence that serum AAT is produced by endodermal sinus tumour elements, serum AAT is not a useful monitor of disease activity in these patients, especially when compared with serum AFP, the value of which is well recognized. Serum AAT may be a useful tumour marker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and this aspect should be investigated further.", "contents": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and alphafoetoprotein (AFP) in sera of patients with germ-cell neoplasms: value as tumour markers in patients with endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour). Serum alphafoetoprotein (AFP) and serum alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) were determined in 24 patients with germ-cell neoplasms of the gonads and extragonadal sites and in two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In the majority of the patients serial determinations were performed. All seven patients with testicular seminoma and four patients without evidence of active disease had normal levels of serum AAT and AFP. The remaining 13 patients with germ-cell neoplasms had tumours containing endodermal sinus tumour (yolk-sac tumour) elemetns. All these 13 patients had elevated levels of serum AFP and the levels were high or very high in most cases. Nine of these 13 patients had raised serum AAT, although the elevation above normal levels was only slight in a number of cases. When serial determinations were performed serum AAT levels frequently followed the pattern of serum AFP levels, but the AAT levels were frequently within normal limits and therefore the interpretation of the results was difficult, and much less reliable as compared with those for serum AFP. The elevation of serum AAT levels following the recurrence of the tumour was found to occur much later and was much less marked than elevation of serum AFP, which occurred early, showed a large rise and was a reliable marker of tumour recurrence in patients with germ-cell neoplasms containing endodermal sinus tumour elements. It is therefore considered that, although there is good evidence that serum AAT is produced by endodermal sinus tumour elements, serum AAT is not a useful monitor of disease activity in these patients, especially when compared with serum AFP, the value of which is well recognized. Serum AAT may be a useful tumour marker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and this aspect should be investigated further.", "PMID": 68937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3160", "title": "Immunologic aspects of leprosy with special reference to the circulating antispermatozoal antibodies.", "content": "Macroscopic sperm agglutination in gelatin, sperm immobilization and tanned red cell hemagglutination tests could detect antispermatozoal antibodies respectively in 41%, 37%, and 23% sera of 35 leprosy patients, including 5 female cases. Interestingly, all of the above tests were positive in one serum from a female patient with borderline leprosy. Sperm antibodies were detected in both lepromatous and tuberculoid forms of leprosy by the above three technics and no significant difference was observed in their incidences among the two groups of patients. A three dimensional correlation was observed in 57% of 42 tests performed with 14 sera. Head-to head type of agglutination was the predominant feature of spermagglutination observed in the sera of these patients. In the control group, only 1 of 50 normal fertile male showed a positive spermagglutination test. Not one in this group showed positive sperm immobilization and tanned red cell hemagglutination tests. Antihuman globulin consumption test, presumably a very sensitive test, was also employed to demonstrate sperm-specific antibodies in the sera of these leprosy patients. These antibodies were adsorbed on the surface of the normal donor's spermatozoa when the latter were incubated with the patients sera. Antispermatozoal antibody could be demonstrated by this sensitive technic in the sera of two female patients. Moreover, antihuman globulin was consumed more intensely by the antispermatozoal antibodies present in the sera in the lepromatous than in the tuberculoid and borderline leprosy groups.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of leprosy with special reference to the circulating antispermatozoal antibodies. Macroscopic sperm agglutination in gelatin, sperm immobilization and tanned red cell hemagglutination tests could detect antispermatozoal antibodies respectively in 41%, 37%, and 23% sera of 35 leprosy patients, including 5 female cases. Interestingly, all of the above tests were positive in one serum from a female patient with borderline leprosy. Sperm antibodies were detected in both lepromatous and tuberculoid forms of leprosy by the above three technics and no significant difference was observed in their incidences among the two groups of patients. A three dimensional correlation was observed in 57% of 42 tests performed with 14 sera. Head-to head type of agglutination was the predominant feature of spermagglutination observed in the sera of these patients. In the control group, only 1 of 50 normal fertile male showed a positive spermagglutination test. Not one in this group showed positive sperm immobilization and tanned red cell hemagglutination tests. Antihuman globulin consumption test, presumably a very sensitive test, was also employed to demonstrate sperm-specific antibodies in the sera of these leprosy patients. These antibodies were adsorbed on the surface of the normal donor's spermatozoa when the latter were incubated with the patients sera. Antispermatozoal antibody could be demonstrated by this sensitive technic in the sera of two female patients. Moreover, antihuman globulin was consumed more intensely by the antispermatozoal antibodies present in the sera in the lepromatous than in the tuberculoid and borderline leprosy groups.", "PMID": 68938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3161", "title": "Distribution of axonal transport blockade by acute intraocular pressure elevation in the primate optic nerve head.", "content": "We studied the degree of axonal transport blockade in various areas of the optic nerve head with acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in 19 squirrel monkey eyes. When IOP was raised to 20 to 50 mm. Hg for 7 hr., mild axonal transport blockade occurred in each area of the disk, most prominently in nerve fiber bundles of the superior pole. With 7 hr. IOP elevations between 50 and 90 mm. Hg, a somewhat greater degree of transport blockade occurred throughout the nerve head, although again the superior and inferior poles were somewhat more affected. The distribution of short-term transport blockade over the entire nerve head corresponds to the diffuse damage of acute glaucoma, but the pattern hints at the preference for damage near the poles of the disk seen in chronic glaucoma. However, before these results can be fully evaluated, further information is needed on axonal pathways through the optic nerve head and on the relationship between transport obstruction and ganglion cell death.", "contents": "Distribution of axonal transport blockade by acute intraocular pressure elevation in the primate optic nerve head. We studied the degree of axonal transport blockade in various areas of the optic nerve head with acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in 19 squirrel monkey eyes. When IOP was raised to 20 to 50 mm. Hg for 7 hr., mild axonal transport blockade occurred in each area of the disk, most prominently in nerve fiber bundles of the superior pole. With 7 hr. IOP elevations between 50 and 90 mm. Hg, a somewhat greater degree of transport blockade occurred throughout the nerve head, although again the superior and inferior poles were somewhat more affected. The distribution of short-term transport blockade over the entire nerve head corresponds to the diffuse damage of acute glaucoma, but the pattern hints at the preference for damage near the poles of the disk seen in chronic glaucoma. However, before these results can be fully evaluated, further information is needed on axonal pathways through the optic nerve head and on the relationship between transport obstruction and ganglion cell death.", "PMID": 68942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3162", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and some other serum proteins in testicular tumors.", "content": "Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein were determined in 33 patients with testicular germ cell tumors and were normal in 11 patients with seminoma and in one patient with matured teratoma; high levels were observed in 19 of 21 patients with embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, or a mixed type of these germ cell tumors. Tissues from the testicular germ cell tumors were cultivated with 14C-labeled leucine. After incubation, the culture media were subjected to immunoelectrophoretic and autoradiographic analyses. The results were: (i) Radioactive alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, transferrin, and alpha1-globulin appeared in the culture media of embryonal carcinomas obtained from two infants. (ii) Radioactive albumin and alpha1-globulin appeared in the culture media of a mixed type tumor metastasized from testis to retroperitoneal region. (iii) No such radioactive proteins appeared in the culture media of primary seminomas.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and some other serum proteins in testicular tumors. Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein were determined in 33 patients with testicular germ cell tumors and were normal in 11 patients with seminoma and in one patient with matured teratoma; high levels were observed in 19 of 21 patients with embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, or a mixed type of these germ cell tumors. Tissues from the testicular germ cell tumors were cultivated with 14C-labeled leucine. After incubation, the culture media were subjected to immunoelectrophoretic and autoradiographic analyses. The results were: (i) Radioactive alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, transferrin, and alpha1-globulin appeared in the culture media of embryonal carcinomas obtained from two infants. (ii) Radioactive albumin and alpha1-globulin appeared in the culture media of a mixed type tumor metastasized from testis to retroperitoneal region. (iii) No such radioactive proteins appeared in the culture media of primary seminomas.", "PMID": 68943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3163", "title": "A modified allochrome procedure for demonstrating mycobacteria in tissue sections.", "content": "A modified allochrome staining procedure is presented as being the most reliable and sensitive method for demonstrating mycobacteria in tissue sections. The technic is as follows: Deparaffinize formalin fixed sections, oxidize in 10% periodic acid for 24 hours, differentiate in 1% HCl-70% ethanol, stain in Weigert's iron hematoxylin nuclear stain, and counterstain in picro-methyl glue. Mycobacteria stained brilliant red in contrast with the allochrome-stained background tissues, and apparently otherwise chromophobic bacilli are demonstrated.", "contents": "A modified allochrome procedure for demonstrating mycobacteria in tissue sections. A modified allochrome staining procedure is presented as being the most reliable and sensitive method for demonstrating mycobacteria in tissue sections. The technic is as follows: Deparaffinize formalin fixed sections, oxidize in 10% periodic acid for 24 hours, differentiate in 1% HCl-70% ethanol, stain in Weigert's iron hematoxylin nuclear stain, and counterstain in picro-methyl glue. Mycobacteria stained brilliant red in contrast with the allochrome-stained background tissues, and apparently otherwise chromophobic bacilli are demonstrated.", "PMID": 68940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3164", "title": "Hormone response of benign hyperplastic prostate tissue in organ culture.", "content": "Glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens from 10 patients were culutured for 4 days in media containing either insulin alone, insulin plus estradiol, insulin plus testosterone, insulin plus human placental lactogen, insulin plus human placental lactogen plus testosterone, or insulin plus human growth hormone plus testosterone. Growth of the specimens was defined by pulsing 3H-thymidine on day 3, terminating on day 4, and determination of acid-insoluble radioactivity by scintillation counting. The response of each specimen was related to its base line response to insulin media. Six of nine specimens were stimulated 80 per cent or more by insulin plus placental lactogen plus testosterone, but only one of seven was stimulated by insulin plus testosterone. Four of 10 were stimulated by insulin plus estradiol. Histologic and autoradiographic results indicated that all growth occurred in the epithelium.", "contents": "Hormone response of benign hyperplastic prostate tissue in organ culture. Glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens from 10 patients were culutured for 4 days in media containing either insulin alone, insulin plus estradiol, insulin plus testosterone, insulin plus human placental lactogen, insulin plus human placental lactogen plus testosterone, or insulin plus human growth hormone plus testosterone. Growth of the specimens was defined by pulsing 3H-thymidine on day 3, terminating on day 4, and determination of acid-insoluble radioactivity by scintillation counting. The response of each specimen was related to its base line response to insulin media. Six of nine specimens were stimulated 80 per cent or more by insulin plus placental lactogen plus testosterone, but only one of seven was stimulated by insulin plus testosterone. Four of 10 were stimulated by insulin plus estradiol. Histologic and autoradiographic results indicated that all growth occurred in the epithelium.", "PMID": 68944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3165", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies of a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "An animal model to investigate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma has been further studied. This model is based on a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma whose growth follows Gompertzian kinetics, relates to tumor RNA and DNA content, and also correlates with the rate of tumor DNA synthesis. This model in the current study was also evaluated for the ability of various therapeutic agents to inhibit tumor DNA synthesis. Such tests may be valuable for the preclinical screening of potentially useful drugs and may provide insight into fundamental aspects of tumor control. In this study, CCNU, BCNU, and adriamycin were potent inhibitors of tumor DNA synthesis whereas cytosine arabinoside, bleomycin, and cyclophosphamide were not. These observations were confirmed by autoradiography and correlated with other experimental end points of tumor therapy such as tumor weight and animal survival. This preclinical screening model is an effective and helpful means whereby new drugs and drug combinations can be tested for potential use in human renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies of a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma. An animal model to investigate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma has been further studied. This model is based on a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma whose growth follows Gompertzian kinetics, relates to tumor RNA and DNA content, and also correlates with the rate of tumor DNA synthesis. This model in the current study was also evaluated for the ability of various therapeutic agents to inhibit tumor DNA synthesis. Such tests may be valuable for the preclinical screening of potentially useful drugs and may provide insight into fundamental aspects of tumor control. In this study, CCNU, BCNU, and adriamycin were potent inhibitors of tumor DNA synthesis whereas cytosine arabinoside, bleomycin, and cyclophosphamide were not. These observations were confirmed by autoradiography and correlated with other experimental end points of tumor therapy such as tumor weight and animal survival. This preclinical screening model is an effective and helpful means whereby new drugs and drug combinations can be tested for potential use in human renal cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 68945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3166", "title": "Weight, stroma to gland ratio, and mitotic activity of the human hyperplastic prostate.", "content": "The growth of the hyperplastic prostate of 12 patients was studied with an in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling method. The prostates were weighed and the stroma to gland ratio was analyzed. The mitotic activity of the glandular epithelium averaged 0.36 per cent (+/- 0.06 SE). No mitotic activity was found in the stromal tissue. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the prostate and the labeling Index of the glandular epithelium. Thus, the prostatic hyperplasia of these patients appeared to be purely glandular in form. The stroma to gland ratio was 70 to 80 per cent. It was found that most of the glandular follicles were mitotically quiescent, and that the mitotic activity was concentrated in a few of the follices. The results indicate that the growth of the hyperplastic prostate is caused both by the mitotic activity (hyperplasia) of the glandular epithelium and by the stromal hypertrophy. Thus, in vitro assay of the mitotic activity of the prostatic biopsies can be used for the estimation of the weight of the hyperplastic prostate. The possible role of the stroma in regulation of the mitotic activity of the glandular epithelium has been discussed.", "contents": "Weight, stroma to gland ratio, and mitotic activity of the human hyperplastic prostate. The growth of the hyperplastic prostate of 12 patients was studied with an in vitro 3H-thymidine labeling method. The prostates were weighed and the stroma to gland ratio was analyzed. The mitotic activity of the glandular epithelium averaged 0.36 per cent (+/- 0.06 SE). No mitotic activity was found in the stromal tissue. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the prostate and the labeling Index of the glandular epithelium. Thus, the prostatic hyperplasia of these patients appeared to be purely glandular in form. The stroma to gland ratio was 70 to 80 per cent. It was found that most of the glandular follicles were mitotically quiescent, and that the mitotic activity was concentrated in a few of the follices. The results indicate that the growth of the hyperplastic prostate is caused both by the mitotic activity (hyperplasia) of the glandular epithelium and by the stromal hypertrophy. Thus, in vitro assay of the mitotic activity of the prostatic biopsies can be used for the estimation of the weight of the hyperplastic prostate. The possible role of the stroma in regulation of the mitotic activity of the glandular epithelium has been discussed.", "PMID": 68946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3167", "title": "[Contagious ecthyma with virus demonstration in a negative staining method].", "content": "The diagnosis of contagious ecthyma was presumed by history and clinical appearance in a 33-year-old farmer. In electron miscroscopical preparations viral particles were found by the negative staining method. It is proposed to use this method for rapid diagnosis of suspected cases. In old lesions it is more difficult to demonstrate viral particles than in fresh lesions. Differential diagnosis and the position of Orf-virus in the system of viruses are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Contagious ecthyma with virus demonstration in a negative staining method]. The diagnosis of contagious ecthyma was presumed by history and clinical appearance in a 33-year-old farmer. In electron miscroscopical preparations viral particles were found by the negative staining method. It is proposed to use this method for rapid diagnosis of suspected cases. In old lesions it is more difficult to demonstrate viral particles than in fresh lesions. Differential diagnosis and the position of Orf-virus in the system of viruses are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 68947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3168", "title": "Standardization of the post-irradiation method to eliminate primary fluorescence in cytofluorometry.", "content": "Thorough irradiation of specimen with the strong excitation light after fluorescent Feulgen staining destroys the primary fluorescence in the background with stabilization of specific fluorescence of pararosaniline (post-irradiation method). An apparatus to perform effective post-irradiation was developed and irradiation condition for DNA cytofluorometry on a pararosaniline Feulgen stained smear was standardized. After 10 h irradiation on this condition, the primary fluorescente in the background is almost completely cleared away. Proportionality between amount of fluorescence and DNA content is perfectly preserved and standard deviation in each class of ploidy becomes to be less than 5% of the mean DNA value. The standardized post-irradiation enables us to obtain reproducibly the same values of fluorescence on Feulgen stained nuclei of the same cell population in different smears even if the staining conditions in Schiff's solution might be different to some extent.", "contents": "Standardization of the post-irradiation method to eliminate primary fluorescence in cytofluorometry. Thorough irradiation of specimen with the strong excitation light after fluorescent Feulgen staining destroys the primary fluorescence in the background with stabilization of specific fluorescence of pararosaniline (post-irradiation method). An apparatus to perform effective post-irradiation was developed and irradiation condition for DNA cytofluorometry on a pararosaniline Feulgen stained smear was standardized. After 10 h irradiation on this condition, the primary fluorescente in the background is almost completely cleared away. Proportionality between amount of fluorescence and DNA content is perfectly preserved and standard deviation in each class of ploidy becomes to be less than 5% of the mean DNA value. The standardized post-irradiation enables us to obtain reproducibly the same values of fluorescence on Feulgen stained nuclei of the same cell population in different smears even if the staining conditions in Schiff's solution might be different to some extent.", "PMID": 68949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3169", "title": "Model system studies of staining procedures for lysine and arginine residues.", "content": "Using polyacrylamide films containg poly-lysine, polyarginine and DNA as test models, a variety of reportedly specific staining procedures have been examine. Contrary to published observations, mixtures of fast green and eosin Y show no specific staining of either lysine or arginine. Both amino-acids bind eosin from the mixture more strongly than fast green. Arginine apparently has a greater affinity for this eosin than has lysine which contradicts previous reports that lysine will be stained by eosin arginine will stain with fast green, if proteins containing both amino-acids are stained with dye mixture. In films containing lysine and/or arginine picric acid is shown to bind specifically to the arginine. The picric acidarginine complex resists disruption in 0.004 M borate buffer which is a solvent used for subsequent staining of lysine residues with bromophenol blue. Picric acid may also be used as a hydrolysant and substitute for hydrocholoric acid in a Feulgen-like procedure which stains DNA to the same level as the classiclal hydrochloric acid based procedure while also staining arginine present.", "contents": "Model system studies of staining procedures for lysine and arginine residues. Using polyacrylamide films containg poly-lysine, polyarginine and DNA as test models, a variety of reportedly specific staining procedures have been examine. Contrary to published observations, mixtures of fast green and eosin Y show no specific staining of either lysine or arginine. Both amino-acids bind eosin from the mixture more strongly than fast green. Arginine apparently has a greater affinity for this eosin than has lysine which contradicts previous reports that lysine will be stained by eosin arginine will stain with fast green, if proteins containing both amino-acids are stained with dye mixture. In films containing lysine and/or arginine picric acid is shown to bind specifically to the arginine. The picric acidarginine complex resists disruption in 0.004 M borate buffer which is a solvent used for subsequent staining of lysine residues with bromophenol blue. Picric acid may also be used as a hydrolysant and substitute for hydrocholoric acid in a Feulgen-like procedure which stains DNA to the same level as the classiclal hydrochloric acid based procedure while also staining arginine present.", "PMID": 68950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3170", "title": "Electrocardiographic interpretation of thiobarbiturate-induced dysrhthymias in dogs.", "content": "The cardiac dysrhythmia occuring most commonly during intravenous administration of thiamylal sodium is ventricular bigeminy (ventricular premature depolarization coupled to the preceding sinus beat). Electrocardiographic tracings obtained during thiamylal-induced dyshythmias must be interpreted accurately if an accurate prognosis is to be give. Ventricular bigeminy seemed to originate in the ventricle, distal to the bundle of His. When ventricular premature depolarization was late in diastole, occuring simultaneiously with the next sinus-conducted impulse, a fusion beat resulted. The resultant ventricular bigeminy appeared as: (1) alternating ventricular premature dipolarizations, (2) an electrical alternans, and (3) alternating preexcitation syndrome. This dysrhythmia was associated with palpable alternating strong and weak frmoral arterial pulse. The likelihood that ventricular dysrhythmias will be caused by thiamylal is closely related to dose, concentration, and rate of administration. In a 23-month period, clinical occurrence of ventricular bigeminy during induction of anesthesia with thiamylal was approximately 4%.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic interpretation of thiobarbiturate-induced dysrhthymias in dogs. The cardiac dysrhythmia occuring most commonly during intravenous administration of thiamylal sodium is ventricular bigeminy (ventricular premature depolarization coupled to the preceding sinus beat). Electrocardiographic tracings obtained during thiamylal-induced dyshythmias must be interpreted accurately if an accurate prognosis is to be give. Ventricular bigeminy seemed to originate in the ventricle, distal to the bundle of His. When ventricular premature depolarization was late in diastole, occuring simultaneiously with the next sinus-conducted impulse, a fusion beat resulted. The resultant ventricular bigeminy appeared as: (1) alternating ventricular premature dipolarizations, (2) an electrical alternans, and (3) alternating preexcitation syndrome. This dysrhythmia was associated with palpable alternating strong and weak frmoral arterial pulse. The likelihood that ventricular dysrhythmias will be caused by thiamylal is closely related to dose, concentration, and rate of administration. In a 23-month period, clinical occurrence of ventricular bigeminy during induction of anesthesia with thiamylal was approximately 4%.", "PMID": 68951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3171", "title": "Training autistic children to urinate in the toilet through operant conditioning techniques.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of operant conditioning techniques to toilet train children in an autism ward of a hospital for developmentally disturbed children. Five profoundly retarded males with clear clinical manifestations of autism were selected as subjects. Records of the urination behavior of these subjects were kept during a baseline period and throughout the application of procedures. Appropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by positive reinforcers, such as candy, verbal praise, and physical affection. Inappropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by negative reinforces, verbal as well as physical. The results of this study show that operant conditioning techniques can be used to change the urination behavior of profoundly retarded autistic children even where other methods have failed. Factors requiring further investigation for their possible impact on the effectiveness of these procedures in toilet training autistic children are also discussed.", "contents": "Training autistic children to urinate in the toilet through operant conditioning techniques. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of operant conditioning techniques to toilet train children in an autism ward of a hospital for developmentally disturbed children. Five profoundly retarded males with clear clinical manifestations of autism were selected as subjects. Records of the urination behavior of these subjects were kept during a baseline period and throughout the application of procedures. Appropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by positive reinforcers, such as candy, verbal praise, and physical affection. Inappropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by negative reinforces, verbal as well as physical. The results of this study show that operant conditioning techniques can be used to change the urination behavior of profoundly retarded autistic children even where other methods have failed. Factors requiring further investigation for their possible impact on the effectiveness of these procedures in toilet training autistic children are also discussed.", "PMID": 68952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3172", "title": "Genetic basis of Vi antigen expression in Salmonella paratyphi C.", "content": "Analysis of hybrids formed in a cross between a Salmonella paratyphi C Hfr and an S. typhimurium recipient indicated that the structural genetic determinants of the S. paratyphi C Vi antigen are located closely adjacent to the mel determinant, between this marker and purA. A similar location was indicated for the structural genetic determinants of the S. typhi Vi antigen (the viaB locus) by the results of a mating in which a hybrid S. typhimurium Hfr bearing the S. typhi viaB determinants was used to transfer these genes to an S. typhimurium recipient. Mating experiments with a Vi-antigen-expressing S. typhi Hfr and an S. typhimurium hybrid recipient expressing the Vi antigen of S. paratyphi C yielded no recombinants in which loss of Vi antigen expression occurred, indicating that the chromosomal locus occupied by the genetic determinants of the S. paratyphi C Vi antigen is the same one at which, in S. typhi, the viaB genes reside. Introduction of a mutant S. typhi viaA gene into an S. typhimurium hybrid expressing the Vi antigen, as the consequence of prior receipt of the S. paratyphi C viaB determinants, resulted in that hybrid's loss of Vi antigen expression, demonstrating that the viaA determinant plays a role in Vi antigen expression in S. paratyphi C, as well as in S. typhi. Although the percentages of coinheritance of the viaB and mel determinants in the mating experiments suggested that their linkage is sufficiently close to allow cotransduction by P22, attempts to accomplish this with lysates prepared on S. typhimurium hybrids expressing either S. typhi or S. paratyphi C viaB determinants were not successful.", "contents": "Genetic basis of Vi antigen expression in Salmonella paratyphi C. Analysis of hybrids formed in a cross between a Salmonella paratyphi C Hfr and an S. typhimurium recipient indicated that the structural genetic determinants of the S. paratyphi C Vi antigen are located closely adjacent to the mel determinant, between this marker and purA. A similar location was indicated for the structural genetic determinants of the S. typhi Vi antigen (the viaB locus) by the results of a mating in which a hybrid S. typhimurium Hfr bearing the S. typhi viaB determinants was used to transfer these genes to an S. typhimurium recipient. Mating experiments with a Vi-antigen-expressing S. typhi Hfr and an S. typhimurium hybrid recipient expressing the Vi antigen of S. paratyphi C yielded no recombinants in which loss of Vi antigen expression occurred, indicating that the chromosomal locus occupied by the genetic determinants of the S. paratyphi C Vi antigen is the same one at which, in S. typhi, the viaB genes reside. Introduction of a mutant S. typhi viaA gene into an S. typhimurium hybrid expressing the Vi antigen, as the consequence of prior receipt of the S. paratyphi C viaB determinants, resulted in that hybrid's loss of Vi antigen expression, demonstrating that the viaA determinant plays a role in Vi antigen expression in S. paratyphi C, as well as in S. typhi. Although the percentages of coinheritance of the viaB and mel determinants in the mating experiments suggested that their linkage is sufficiently close to allow cotransduction by P22, attempts to accomplish this with lysates prepared on S. typhimurium hybrids expressing either S. typhi or S. paratyphi C viaB determinants were not successful.", "PMID": 68953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3173", "title": "Color key in projection graphics.", "content": "The authors describe a philosophical approach to projection graphics, and a cookbook procedural approach to the use of the 3M Color Key process, with variations on recommended methods. The philosophy is Mr. Goldenberg's, the recipes Mr. Ross's.", "contents": "Color key in projection graphics. The authors describe a philosophical approach to projection graphics, and a cookbook procedural approach to the use of the 3M Color Key process, with variations on recommended methods. The philosophy is Mr. Goldenberg's, the recipes Mr. Ross's.", "PMID": 68954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3174", "title": "Detergent solubilization, purification, and separation of specificities of HLA antigens from a cultured human lymphoblastoid line, RPMI 4265.", "content": "HLA antigens have been purified to homogeneity after detergent solubilization from RPMI 4265, a human lymphoblastoid line. The inhibition of cytotoxicity assay for HLA antigen was modified, using preincubation with bovine serum albumin of antigen samples containing detergent to prevent lysis of target cells by detergent. Solubilization was tested with many types of detergents. A polyethyleneglycol oleyl ether nonionic detergent mixture, Brij 99:Brij 97 (2:1) was selected for solubilization, since it selectively solubilized HLA antigens, had a low absorbance at 280 nm and was uncharded. HLA antigens were then purified by Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography and Bio-Gel A-5m filtration. The antigen specifity HLA-A2 was separated from specificities HLA-B7,12 by isoelectric focusing. Purified HLA antigens contained a subunit of Mr=44,000 with NH2-terminal glycine, and a subunit of Mr=12,000, beta2-microglobulin, with NH2-terminal isoleucine.", "contents": "Detergent solubilization, purification, and separation of specificities of HLA antigens from a cultured human lymphoblastoid line, RPMI 4265. HLA antigens have been purified to homogeneity after detergent solubilization from RPMI 4265, a human lymphoblastoid line. The inhibition of cytotoxicity assay for HLA antigen was modified, using preincubation with bovine serum albumin of antigen samples containing detergent to prevent lysis of target cells by detergent. Solubilization was tested with many types of detergents. A polyethyleneglycol oleyl ether nonionic detergent mixture, Brij 99:Brij 97 (2:1) was selected for solubilization, since it selectively solubilized HLA antigens, had a low absorbance at 280 nm and was uncharded. HLA antigens were then purified by Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography and Bio-Gel A-5m filtration. The antigen specifity HLA-A2 was separated from specificities HLA-B7,12 by isoelectric focusing. Purified HLA antigens contained a subunit of Mr=44,000 with NH2-terminal glycine, and a subunit of Mr=12,000, beta2-microglobulin, with NH2-terminal isoleucine.", "PMID": 68955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3175", "title": "Five alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds.", "content": "The alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin previously purified from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds (Hayes, C.H., and Goldstein, I.J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1904) is shown to consist of five isolectins separable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5. The isolectins are tetrameric structures composed of various combinations of two different glycoprotein subunits designated A and B. The A and B subunits appear to be immunochemically indistinguishable against rabbit antisera prepared from the isolectin mixture. The A subunit contains no methionine, whereas the B subunit contains 1 residue. The subunits migrate differently on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and, although each subunit contains 1 residue of cysteine, they react differently toward 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The carbohydrate binding specificity of the two subunits differs significantly: the A subunit exhibits a primary specificity for alpha-D-GalNAcp but also reacts with alpha-D-Galp units, whereas the B subunit shows a sharp specificity toward alpha-D-Galp residues. The differences in carbohydrate binding specificity were exploited in separating the isolectins. B. simplicifolia I isolectins (A4) and (A3B) were purified on a Bio-Gel melibionate column, and (A2B2), (AB3), and (B4) were separated on a column of insolubilized blood group A substance.", "contents": "Five alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding isolectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds. The alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin previously purified from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds (Hayes, C.H., and Goldstein, I.J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 1904) is shown to consist of five isolectins separable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5. The isolectins are tetrameric structures composed of various combinations of two different glycoprotein subunits designated A and B. The A and B subunits appear to be immunochemically indistinguishable against rabbit antisera prepared from the isolectin mixture. The A subunit contains no methionine, whereas the B subunit contains 1 residue. The subunits migrate differently on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and, although each subunit contains 1 residue of cysteine, they react differently toward 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The carbohydrate binding specificity of the two subunits differs significantly: the A subunit exhibits a primary specificity for alpha-D-GalNAcp but also reacts with alpha-D-Galp units, whereas the B subunit shows a sharp specificity toward alpha-D-Galp residues. The differences in carbohydrate binding specificity were exploited in separating the isolectins. B. simplicifolia I isolectins (A4) and (A3B) were purified on a Bio-Gel melibionate column, and (A2B2), (AB3), and (B4) were separated on a column of insolubilized blood group A substance.", "PMID": 68957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3176", "title": "Human beta-globin messenger RNA. III. Nucleotide sequences derived from complementary DNA.", "content": "Sequences of human beta-globin mRNA were determined by analysis of complementary DNA. beta-mRNA was transcribed into double-stranded cDNA by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA was cut by restriction endonucleases and the fragments were terminally labeled by means of polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. After purification, fragments were degraded by snake venom phosphodiesterase. Alternatively single-stranded [32P]cDNA was prepared by transcription in the presence of [alpha-32P]dCTP and actinomycin D; the product was digested by endonuclease IV and degraded by snake venom phosphodiesterase. cDNA tracts obtained by both labeling methods enabled us to construct a sequence for the translated and 3'-terminal untranslated regions of human beta-mRNA.", "contents": "Human beta-globin messenger RNA. III. Nucleotide sequences derived from complementary DNA. Sequences of human beta-globin mRNA were determined by analysis of complementary DNA. beta-mRNA was transcribed into double-stranded cDNA by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA was cut by restriction endonucleases and the fragments were terminally labeled by means of polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. After purification, fragments were degraded by snake venom phosphodiesterase. Alternatively single-stranded [32P]cDNA was prepared by transcription in the presence of [alpha-32P]dCTP and actinomycin D; the product was digested by endonuclease IV and degraded by snake venom phosphodiesterase. cDNA tracts obtained by both labeling methods enabled us to construct a sequence for the translated and 3'-terminal untranslated regions of human beta-mRNA.", "PMID": 68958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3177", "title": "Immunological and biochemical studies of collagen type transition during in vitro chrondrogenesis of chick limb mesodermal cells.", "content": "This work describes an approach to monitor chondrogenesis of stage-24 chick limb mesodermal cells in vitro by analyzing the onset of type II collagen synthesis with carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay. This procedure allowed specific and quantitative determination of chondrocytes in the presence of fibroblasts and myoblasts, both of which synthesize type I collagen. Chondrogenesis was studied in high-density cell preparations on tissue culture plastic dishes and on agar base. It was found that stage-24 limb mesenchymal cells initially synthesized only type I collagen. With the onset of chondrogenesis, a gradual transition to type II collagen synthesis was observed. In cell aggregates formed over agar, type II collagen synthesis started after 1 day in culture and reached levels of 80-90 percent of the total collagen synthesis at 6-8 days. At that time, the cells in the center of the aggregates had acquired the typical chondrocyte phenotype and stained only with type II collagen antibodies, whereas the peripheral cells had developed into a \"perichondrium\" and stained with type I and type II collagen antibodies. On plastic dishes plated with 5 X 10(6) cells per 35mm dish, cartilage nodules developed after 4-6 days, but the type II collagen synthesis only reached levels of 10-20 percent of the total collagen. The majority of the cells differentiated into fibroblasts and myoblasts and synthesized type I collagen. These studies demonstrate that analysis of cell specific types of collagen provides a useful method for detailing the specific events in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro.", "contents": "Immunological and biochemical studies of collagen type transition during in vitro chrondrogenesis of chick limb mesodermal cells. This work describes an approach to monitor chondrogenesis of stage-24 chick limb mesodermal cells in vitro by analyzing the onset of type II collagen synthesis with carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay. This procedure allowed specific and quantitative determination of chondrocytes in the presence of fibroblasts and myoblasts, both of which synthesize type I collagen. Chondrogenesis was studied in high-density cell preparations on tissue culture plastic dishes and on agar base. It was found that stage-24 limb mesenchymal cells initially synthesized only type I collagen. With the onset of chondrogenesis, a gradual transition to type II collagen synthesis was observed. In cell aggregates formed over agar, type II collagen synthesis started after 1 day in culture and reached levels of 80-90 percent of the total collagen synthesis at 6-8 days. At that time, the cells in the center of the aggregates had acquired the typical chondrocyte phenotype and stained only with type II collagen antibodies, whereas the peripheral cells had developed into a \"perichondrium\" and stained with type I and type II collagen antibodies. On plastic dishes plated with 5 X 10(6) cells per 35mm dish, cartilage nodules developed after 4-6 days, but the type II collagen synthesis only reached levels of 10-20 percent of the total collagen. The majority of the cells differentiated into fibroblasts and myoblasts and synthesized type I collagen. These studies demonstrate that analysis of cell specific types of collagen provides a useful method for detailing the specific events in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro.", "PMID": 68959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3178", "title": "Immunological and ultrastructural studies of neurofilaments isolated from rat peripheral nerve.", "content": "Neurofilaments were isolated from desheathed and minced segments of rat peripheral nerve by osmotic shock into 0.01 M Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7.2. Freshly isolated neurofilaments were observed to undergo disassembly by progressive fragmentation upon exposure of dilute tissue extracts to this buffer. Low- and high-speed centrifugations of these tissue extracts separated membranous and particulate constituents and produced a progressive enrichment of 68,000-dalton polypeptide band in successive supernates, as determined by analyses of soluble proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The final high-speed supernatant fractions (S3) of nerve extracts, which were predominantly composed of 68,000-dalton polypeptide, were used to raise a specific experimental antisera in rabbits. Utilizing techniques of immune electron microscopy, experimental rabbit antisear was shown to contain antibodies against neurofilaments. Intact neurofilaments isolated from rat nerves and attached to carbon-coated grids became decorated when exposed to experimental rabbit antisera or purified gamma globulin (IgG) derivatives. The decoration of neurofilaments closely resembled the IgG coating seen in immune electron microscopy. Antibody absorption techniques were used to identify the biochemical constituency of neurofilamentous antigenic determinants. The decoration of neurofilament by experimental IgG was not altered by additions of tubulin or bovine serum albumin, but was prevented by additions of S3 fractions as well as the 68,000-dalton polypeptide of this fraction which was eluted and recovered from polyacrylamide gels. These findings are indicative that a 68,000-dalton polypeptide is a constituent subunit of rat peripheral nerve neurofilaments.", "contents": "Immunological and ultrastructural studies of neurofilaments isolated from rat peripheral nerve. Neurofilaments were isolated from desheathed and minced segments of rat peripheral nerve by osmotic shock into 0.01 M Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7.2. Freshly isolated neurofilaments were observed to undergo disassembly by progressive fragmentation upon exposure of dilute tissue extracts to this buffer. Low- and high-speed centrifugations of these tissue extracts separated membranous and particulate constituents and produced a progressive enrichment of 68,000-dalton polypeptide band in successive supernates, as determined by analyses of soluble proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The final high-speed supernatant fractions (S3) of nerve extracts, which were predominantly composed of 68,000-dalton polypeptide, were used to raise a specific experimental antisera in rabbits. Utilizing techniques of immune electron microscopy, experimental rabbit antisear was shown to contain antibodies against neurofilaments. Intact neurofilaments isolated from rat nerves and attached to carbon-coated grids became decorated when exposed to experimental rabbit antisera or purified gamma globulin (IgG) derivatives. The decoration of neurofilaments closely resembled the IgG coating seen in immune electron microscopy. Antibody absorption techniques were used to identify the biochemical constituency of neurofilamentous antigenic determinants. The decoration of neurofilament by experimental IgG was not altered by additions of tubulin or bovine serum albumin, but was prevented by additions of S3 fractions as well as the 68,000-dalton polypeptide of this fraction which was eluted and recovered from polyacrylamide gels. These findings are indicative that a 68,000-dalton polypeptide is a constituent subunit of rat peripheral nerve neurofilaments.", "PMID": 68960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3179", "title": "Temporal expression of membrane antigens during mouse spermatogenesis.", "content": "The temporal expression of cell surface antigens during mammalian spermatogenesis has been investigated using isolated populations of mouse germ cells. Spermatogenic cells at advanced stages of differentiation, including pachytene primary spermatocytes, round spermatids, and residual bodies of Regaud and mature spermatozoa, contain common antigenic membrane components which are not detected before the pachytene stage of the first meiotic prophase. These surface constituents are not detected on isolated populations of primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene primary spermatocytes, or leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocytes. These results have been demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, by complement-mediated cytotoxicity, and by quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors on the plasma membrane of all cell populations examined. The cell surface antigens detected on germ cells are not found on mouse thymocytes, erythrocytes, or peripheral blood lymphocytes as determined by immunofluorescence and by cytotoxicity assays. Furthermore, absorption of antisera with kidney and liver tissue does not reduce the reactivity of the antibody preparations with spermatogenic cells, indicating that these antigenic determinants are specific to germ cells. This represents the first direct evidence for the ordered temporal appearance of plasma membrane antigens specific to particular classes of mouse spermatogenic cells. It appears that at late meiotic prophase, coincident with the production of pachytene primary spermatocytes, a variety of new components are inserted into the surface membranes of developing germ cells. The further identification and biochemical characterization of these constituents should facilitate an understanding of mammalian spermatogenesis at the molecular level.", "contents": "Temporal expression of membrane antigens during mouse spermatogenesis. The temporal expression of cell surface antigens during mammalian spermatogenesis has been investigated using isolated populations of mouse germ cells. Spermatogenic cells at advanced stages of differentiation, including pachytene primary spermatocytes, round spermatids, and residual bodies of Regaud and mature spermatozoa, contain common antigenic membrane components which are not detected before the pachytene stage of the first meiotic prophase. These surface constituents are not detected on isolated populations of primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, preleptotene primary spermatocytes, or leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocytes. These results have been demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, by complement-mediated cytotoxicity, and by quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors on the plasma membrane of all cell populations examined. The cell surface antigens detected on germ cells are not found on mouse thymocytes, erythrocytes, or peripheral blood lymphocytes as determined by immunofluorescence and by cytotoxicity assays. Furthermore, absorption of antisera with kidney and liver tissue does not reduce the reactivity of the antibody preparations with spermatogenic cells, indicating that these antigenic determinants are specific to germ cells. This represents the first direct evidence for the ordered temporal appearance of plasma membrane antigens specific to particular classes of mouse spermatogenic cells. It appears that at late meiotic prophase, coincident with the production of pachytene primary spermatocytes, a variety of new components are inserted into the surface membranes of developing germ cells. The further identification and biochemical characterization of these constituents should facilitate an understanding of mammalian spermatogenesis at the molecular level.", "PMID": 68961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3180", "title": "The behavior of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in fibrinolytic states.", "content": "Human plasma alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in fibrinolytic states was studied using immunochemical methods and radioiodinated plasminogen. The concentration and activity of plasma alpha2-plasmin inhibitor decreased when urokinase was added to plasma in vitro or infused intravenously in man. The decrease was associated with the appearance of plasmin-alpha2-plasmin inhibitor complex which subsequently disappeared from the circulation in a short time. A decrease of other major inhibitors, such as alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, was not observed when the amount of urokinase added or infused was relatively small, and conversion of plasminogen to plasmin was not extensive. The formation of plasmin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex was observed only when plasma plasminogen was activated with a larger amount of urokinase, and after most of the alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was consumed by forming complexes with plasmin. The formation of plasmin-alpha1-antitrypsin complex was not observed even in the highly activated plasma unless exogenous plasmin was added to the plasma. alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor was the only inhibitor of which the concentration in plasma was significantly decreased in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis among the major plasmin inhibitors in plasma. The most reactive inhibitor for regulating plasma fibrinolysis very likely is alpha2-plasmin inhibitor.", "contents": "The behavior of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in fibrinolytic states. Human plasma alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in fibrinolytic states was studied using immunochemical methods and radioiodinated plasminogen. The concentration and activity of plasma alpha2-plasmin inhibitor decreased when urokinase was added to plasma in vitro or infused intravenously in man. The decrease was associated with the appearance of plasmin-alpha2-plasmin inhibitor complex which subsequently disappeared from the circulation in a short time. A decrease of other major inhibitors, such as alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, was not observed when the amount of urokinase added or infused was relatively small, and conversion of plasminogen to plasmin was not extensive. The formation of plasmin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex was observed only when plasma plasminogen was activated with a larger amount of urokinase, and after most of the alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was consumed by forming complexes with plasmin. The formation of plasmin-alpha1-antitrypsin complex was not observed even in the highly activated plasma unless exogenous plasmin was added to the plasma. alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor was the only inhibitor of which the concentration in plasma was significantly decreased in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis among the major plasmin inhibitors in plasma. The most reactive inhibitor for regulating plasma fibrinolysis very likely is alpha2-plasmin inhibitor.", "PMID": 68962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3181", "title": "Trimellitic anhydride-induced airway syndromes: clinical and immunologic studies.", "content": "This report describes a spectrum of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a biologically reactive chemical used in the plastics industry. Fourteen workers who had worked on a unit which synthesized TMA were evaluated by clinical and immunologic methods. Respiratory syndromes induced by TMA inhalation included asthma and rhinitis of the immediate type, late onset asthma with systemic symptoms, and airway irritation. TMA was shown to couple rapidly to human serum albumin, forming an immunoreactive hapten-protein complex. The workers' immunologic reactivity to this complex could be quantitated and correlated with the three respiratory syndromes. The asthma-rhinitis syndrome was mediated by IgE antibody specific for the TMA hapten. The syndrome of late onset asthma with systemic symptomes was accompanied by elevated levels of TMA-specific IgG antibody. Rheumatoid factor in high titer was found in one worker with IgE-mediated asthma and in two workers with asthma of late onset. Lymphocyte reactivity of TMA-HSA was demonstrated in three workers representative of the three clinical syndromes. Leukocyte histamine release was demonstrated to TMA-HSA in one worker with high levels of IgE antibody specific for TMA-HSA who had severe symptoms of acute rhinitis and asthma.", "contents": "Trimellitic anhydride-induced airway syndromes: clinical and immunologic studies. This report describes a spectrum of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a biologically reactive chemical used in the plastics industry. Fourteen workers who had worked on a unit which synthesized TMA were evaluated by clinical and immunologic methods. Respiratory syndromes induced by TMA inhalation included asthma and rhinitis of the immediate type, late onset asthma with systemic symptoms, and airway irritation. TMA was shown to couple rapidly to human serum albumin, forming an immunoreactive hapten-protein complex. The workers' immunologic reactivity to this complex could be quantitated and correlated with the three respiratory syndromes. The asthma-rhinitis syndrome was mediated by IgE antibody specific for the TMA hapten. The syndrome of late onset asthma with systemic symptomes was accompanied by elevated levels of TMA-specific IgG antibody. Rheumatoid factor in high titer was found in one worker with IgE-mediated asthma and in two workers with asthma of late onset. Lymphocyte reactivity of TMA-HSA was demonstrated in three workers representative of the three clinical syndromes. Leukocyte histamine release was demonstrated to TMA-HSA in one worker with high levels of IgE antibody specific for TMA-HSA who had severe symptoms of acute rhinitis and asthma.", "PMID": 68964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3182", "title": "Conditions affecting the immunosuppressive properties of human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "The hypothesis that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is immunosuppressive in vitro was tested with immunoabsorbent purified human cord AFP in human lymphocyte cultures. Albumins were purified identically from cord plasma and pooled adult plasma. No preparations were suppressive in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures. Both AFP and human cord albumin (HCA) produced 50% suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte cultures at 50 to 100 microgram/ml final concentrations, whereas adult and commercial albumins were not suppressive. When AFP was eluted from the immunoabsorbent column in 0.15 M NaCl rather than the conventional 0.5 M NaCl, activity was greatly diminished or lost, but could be restored by dialysis against 0.5 M KCl. Previously, inactive lots of HCA also demonstrated the same phenomenon. It appears, therefore, that the immunosuppressive activity of AFP (and albumin) may depend both on its source and the procedure by which it is isolated. Whether analogous conditions occur in vivo is unknown at this time.", "contents": "Conditions affecting the immunosuppressive properties of human alpha-fetoprotein. The hypothesis that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is immunosuppressive in vitro was tested with immunoabsorbent purified human cord AFP in human lymphocyte cultures. Albumins were purified identically from cord plasma and pooled adult plasma. No preparations were suppressive in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures. Both AFP and human cord albumin (HCA) produced 50% suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte cultures at 50 to 100 microgram/ml final concentrations, whereas adult and commercial albumins were not suppressive. When AFP was eluted from the immunoabsorbent column in 0.15 M NaCl rather than the conventional 0.5 M NaCl, activity was greatly diminished or lost, but could be restored by dialysis against 0.5 M KCl. Previously, inactive lots of HCA also demonstrated the same phenomenon. It appears, therefore, that the immunosuppressive activity of AFP (and albumin) may depend both on its source and the procedure by which it is isolated. Whether analogous conditions occur in vivo is unknown at this time.", "PMID": 68967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3183", "title": "Precipitation of radiolabeled antigen-antibody complexes with protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The feasibility of using protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus to measure antibodies in sera from several mammalian species was studied. A variety of unrelated radiolabeled antigens were tested, including components of bovine serum, DNA, and bacterial and tumor-associated extracts. The use of S. aureus was found to be a reliable way to detect and measure the primary interactions between many of the antigens and antibodies tested. Results were equivalent under many circumstances to those obtained with the ammonium sulfate and heterologous anti-immunoglobulin methoods. However, some of the limitations noted were that certain antigens bound directly to S. aureus and that all classes of human immunoglobulins tested, in particular IgG3 and IgA1, were not precipitated by S. aureus. If these limitations are taken into consideration, the use of S. aureus can be of value in studying immunochemical reactions with other antigens.", "contents": "Precipitation of radiolabeled antigen-antibody complexes with protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus. The feasibility of using protein A-containing Staphylococcus aureus to measure antibodies in sera from several mammalian species was studied. A variety of unrelated radiolabeled antigens were tested, including components of bovine serum, DNA, and bacterial and tumor-associated extracts. The use of S. aureus was found to be a reliable way to detect and measure the primary interactions between many of the antigens and antibodies tested. Results were equivalent under many circumstances to those obtained with the ammonium sulfate and heterologous anti-immunoglobulin methoods. However, some of the limitations noted were that certain antigens bound directly to S. aureus and that all classes of human immunoglobulins tested, in particular IgG3 and IgA1, were not precipitated by S. aureus. If these limitations are taken into consideration, the use of S. aureus can be of value in studying immunochemical reactions with other antigens.", "PMID": 68969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3184", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. IV. Inhibition of antigen-specific T cell proliferation by antibodies to stimulator macrophage Ia antigens.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that nonimmune guinea pig T lymphocytes could be specifically sensitized with TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages after eliminating the alloreactive T cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and light treatment. This procedure allowed the unique opportunity to use anti-Ia sera directed against the Ia antigens of only the stimulator macrophages or responder T cells to determine against which cell type anti-Ia would block TNP-specific stimulation. It was found that the TNP-specific DNA synthetic response of BUdR and light-treated T cells stimulated with TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages was totally eliminated by anti-Ia sera directed solely against the allogeneic stimulator macrophage. In contrast, anti-Ia sera directed only against the responder T cells had no effect on their response to TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages. These findings indicate that macrophage Ia antigens are required for efficient T cell-macrophage interactions and raise the possibility that T cell Ia antigens may not be required for collaboration with macrophages. This latter possibility was substantiated by experiments in which we show that treating T cells with anti-Ia sera and complement to remove the Ia-positive cells either before or after priming, or both, had no effect on their ability to be primed and restimulated with TNP-modified macrophages.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. IV. Inhibition of antigen-specific T cell proliferation by antibodies to stimulator macrophage Ia antigens. We have previously demonstrated that nonimmune guinea pig T lymphocytes could be specifically sensitized with TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages after eliminating the alloreactive T cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and light treatment. This procedure allowed the unique opportunity to use anti-Ia sera directed against the Ia antigens of only the stimulator macrophages or responder T cells to determine against which cell type anti-Ia would block TNP-specific stimulation. It was found that the TNP-specific DNA synthetic response of BUdR and light-treated T cells stimulated with TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages was totally eliminated by anti-Ia sera directed solely against the allogeneic stimulator macrophage. In contrast, anti-Ia sera directed only against the responder T cells had no effect on their response to TNP-modified allogeneic macrophages. These findings indicate that macrophage Ia antigens are required for efficient T cell-macrophage interactions and raise the possibility that T cell Ia antigens may not be required for collaboration with macrophages. This latter possibility was substantiated by experiments in which we show that treating T cells with anti-Ia sera and complement to remove the Ia-positive cells either before or after priming, or both, had no effect on their ability to be primed and restimulated with TNP-modified macrophages.", "PMID": 68970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3185", "title": "Enhancement of weak mixed lymphocyte-type reactions by hydrophilic polymers.", "content": "Two hydrophilic polymers, dextran and polyethylene glycol, were found to enhance in vitro MLR-type reactions which are weak or nonexistent in normal culture media. BALB/c and C57BL/6 thymocytes were cultured for 4 days in Eagle's MEM + 10% FCS, with or without the x-irradiated lymphomas LSTRA AND EL-4, respectively. By thymidine incorporation no stimulation was observed with EL-4 in plain culture whereas occasionally a very small stimulation was observed with LSTRA. Four percent dextran (w/v, m.w. greater than or equal to 40,000) improves stimulation (E/C) by about 2-fold. The effect of polyethyleneglycol m.w. 6,000 (PEG-6) is much more pronounced. At the optimal concentration of 4 to 5%, PEG-6 causes an increase of 5- to 20-fold in the stimulation index. The PEG-6 effect can also be observed microscopically by the appearance of numerous blasts clustered around the tumour cells. PEG-6 by itself has little effect on  thymocytes in the absence of tumor cells. In the case of one-way allogeneic MLR under suboptimal ratios, dextrans (m.w. greater than or equal to 40,000) enhance the reaction dramatically. We speculate that these effects are occurring via a change in the solvent (such as solvent exclusion) in a way which enhances immunologic interactions under conditions which are tolerable to cells in vitro.", "contents": "Enhancement of weak mixed lymphocyte-type reactions by hydrophilic polymers. Two hydrophilic polymers, dextran and polyethylene glycol, were found to enhance in vitro MLR-type reactions which are weak or nonexistent in normal culture media. BALB/c and C57BL/6 thymocytes were cultured for 4 days in Eagle's MEM + 10% FCS, with or without the x-irradiated lymphomas LSTRA AND EL-4, respectively. By thymidine incorporation no stimulation was observed with EL-4 in plain culture whereas occasionally a very small stimulation was observed with LSTRA. Four percent dextran (w/v, m.w. greater than or equal to 40,000) improves stimulation (E/C) by about 2-fold. The effect of polyethyleneglycol m.w. 6,000 (PEG-6) is much more pronounced. At the optimal concentration of 4 to 5%, PEG-6 causes an increase of 5- to 20-fold in the stimulation index. The PEG-6 effect can also be observed microscopically by the appearance of numerous blasts clustered around the tumour cells. PEG-6 by itself has little effect on  thymocytes in the absence of tumor cells. In the case of one-way allogeneic MLR under suboptimal ratios, dextrans (m.w. greater than or equal to 40,000) enhance the reaction dramatically. We speculate that these effects are occurring via a change in the solvent (such as solvent exclusion) in a way which enhances immunologic interactions under conditions which are tolerable to cells in vitro.", "PMID": 68971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3186", "title": "Immune suppression with supraoptimal doses of antigen in contact sensitivity. I. Demonstration of suppressor cells and their sensitivity to cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Immunologic suppression was induced in a mouse model of contact sensitization to DNFB by using supraoptimal doses of antigen. In these studies, in vivo measurement of ear swelling as an indication of immunologic responsiveness correlated well with measurement of in vitro antigen-induced cell proliferation. This unresponsiveness was specific, since supraoptimal doses of DNFB did not interfere with the development of contact sensitivity to another contactant, oxazolone. The decrease in responsiveness is a form of active suppression, as lymphoid cells from supraoptimally sensitized donors transferred suppression to normal recipients. Furthermore, pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) reversed the suppression seen in supraoptimally sensitized animals but had no effect on the optimal sensitization regimen. These results indicate that supraoptimal doses of contactants can activate suppressor cells and that precursors of these cells are sensitive to Cy. Such suppressors regenerate within 7 to 14 days after Cy treatment. The ability of Cy pretreatment to affect supraoptimal sensitization without affecting optimal sensitization confirms other reports indicating that the observed results of Cy treatment depend critically upon the dose of antigen used.", "contents": "Immune suppression with supraoptimal doses of antigen in contact sensitivity. I. Demonstration of suppressor cells and their sensitivity to cyclophosphamide. Immunologic suppression was induced in a mouse model of contact sensitization to DNFB by using supraoptimal doses of antigen. In these studies, in vivo measurement of ear swelling as an indication of immunologic responsiveness correlated well with measurement of in vitro antigen-induced cell proliferation. This unresponsiveness was specific, since supraoptimal doses of DNFB did not interfere with the development of contact sensitivity to another contactant, oxazolone. The decrease in responsiveness is a form of active suppression, as lymphoid cells from supraoptimally sensitized donors transferred suppression to normal recipients. Furthermore, pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) reversed the suppression seen in supraoptimally sensitized animals but had no effect on the optimal sensitization regimen. These results indicate that supraoptimal doses of contactants can activate suppressor cells and that precursors of these cells are sensitive to Cy. Such suppressors regenerate within 7 to 14 days after Cy treatment. The ability of Cy pretreatment to affect supraoptimal sensitization without affecting optimal sensitization confirms other reports indicating that the observed results of Cy treatment depend critically upon the dose of antigen used.", "PMID": 68972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3187", "title": "Immunologic tolerance to heterologous immunoglobulin: its relation to in vitro filtration by macrophages.", "content": "The cellular and molecular basis for the difference in ability of BCG to induce tolerance in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice has been examined by in vitro biofiltration. It was found that incubation with the adherent cells from BALB/c but not DBA/2 spleens could remove the material from BGG which inhibited tolerance induction in BALB/c mice. This material was shown to represent only a trace component in BGG, was present in only certain commercial batches of BGG, and was apparently unrelated to the presence of aggregates or endotoxin.", "contents": "Immunologic tolerance to heterologous immunoglobulin: its relation to in vitro filtration by macrophages. The cellular and molecular basis for the difference in ability of BCG to induce tolerance in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice has been examined by in vitro biofiltration. It was found that incubation with the adherent cells from BALB/c but not DBA/2 spleens could remove the material from BGG which inhibited tolerance induction in BALB/c mice. This material was shown to represent only a trace component in BGG, was present in only certain commercial batches of BGG, and was apparently unrelated to the presence of aggregates or endotoxin.", "PMID": 68973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3188", "title": "Evaluation of radioimmunoprecipitation for the detection of bovine leukemia virus infection in domestic cattle.", "content": "The potential application of a recently developed radioimmunoprecipitation test for antibody directed against the major structural protein of bovine leukemia virus was evaluated for use in detection of BLV-infection in domestic cattle. This technique was found to be considerably more sensitive than serologic procedures currently being utilized for this purpose. Radioimmunoprecipitation was also shown to have distinct advantages as compared to hematologic criteria, such as specified by Bendixen's index, for identification of BLV-infected animals. By the use of radioimmunoprecipitation, high levels of antibody to BLV were demonstrated in sera of animals with confirmed adult lymphosarcoma, but not in animals with a less common sporadic form of the disease which occurs in calves.", "contents": "Evaluation of radioimmunoprecipitation for the detection of bovine leukemia virus infection in domestic cattle. The potential application of a recently developed radioimmunoprecipitation test for antibody directed against the major structural protein of bovine leukemia virus was evaluated for use in detection of BLV-infection in domestic cattle. This technique was found to be considerably more sensitive than serologic procedures currently being utilized for this purpose. Radioimmunoprecipitation was also shown to have distinct advantages as compared to hematologic criteria, such as specified by Bendixen's index, for identification of BLV-infected animals. By the use of radioimmunoprecipitation, high levels of antibody to BLV were demonstrated in sera of animals with confirmed adult lymphosarcoma, but not in animals with a less common sporadic form of the disease which occurs in calves.", "PMID": 68975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3189", "title": "Neonatally induced tolerance to HGG: duration in B cells and absence of specific suppressor cells.", "content": "A specific, long lasting, tolerant state to human gamma-globulin (HCG) was established in neonatal A/J mice. These suckling mice received the tolerogen in the colostrum of their mother who had been injected with DHGG. The tolerant state could not be accounted for by \"factors\" other than HGG in the colostrum. The duration of this tolerance in the intact animal and in the B cell population was 16 to 18 weeks. Naturally occuring nonspecific suppressor cells were evident but specific suppressor cells could not be demonstrated. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of the induction of tolerance to self.", "contents": "Neonatally induced tolerance to HGG: duration in B cells and absence of specific suppressor cells. A specific, long lasting, tolerant state to human gamma-globulin (HCG) was established in neonatal A/J mice. These suckling mice received the tolerogen in the colostrum of their mother who had been injected with DHGG. The tolerant state could not be accounted for by \"factors\" other than HGG in the colostrum. The duration of this tolerance in the intact animal and in the B cell population was 16 to 18 weeks. Naturally occuring nonspecific suppressor cells were evident but specific suppressor cells could not be demonstrated. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of the induction of tolerance to self.", "PMID": 68976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3190", "title": "Enhancement of the DNA synthetic response of antigen-primed lymph node cells by splenic promoter cells: characterization of the splenic promoter cells.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized in the footpad with diphtheria toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant. At various times after immunization, cells harvested from the spleen, the draining (immune) and the opposing (control) lymph nodes (LN) were assayed for their proliferative response to incorporate tritiated thymidine upon exposure to the priming antigen. Although the immune LN cells responded by a substantial incorporation of thymidine, cells from the control LN and the spleen either did not respond or responded feebly. An enhancement in the response of the immune LN cells was observed when they were cultured in the presence of nonresponsive spleen cells. Pretreatment of spleen cells with mitomycin C did not abolish the enhancement. This suggests that the target cells which respond to the antigen are derived from the immune LN whereas the promoter cells which enhance the response are present in the spleen. The removal of adhering cells by glass wool columns and of Ig-bearing cells by anti-Ig immunoabsorbent columns from the spleen did not reduce the enhancing capacity of the nonadhering cells. Conversely, the killing of splenic T cells by specific heterologous antiserum directed against rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen abolished the enhancement. Thus, the promoter cell which facilitates the enhancement has been characterized as a nonadherent, splenic T cell.", "contents": "Enhancement of the DNA synthetic response of antigen-primed lymph node cells by splenic promoter cells: characterization of the splenic promoter cells. Rabbits were immunized in the footpad with diphtheria toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant. At various times after immunization, cells harvested from the spleen, the draining (immune) and the opposing (control) lymph nodes (LN) were assayed for their proliferative response to incorporate tritiated thymidine upon exposure to the priming antigen. Although the immune LN cells responded by a substantial incorporation of thymidine, cells from the control LN and the spleen either did not respond or responded feebly. An enhancement in the response of the immune LN cells was observed when they were cultured in the presence of nonresponsive spleen cells. Pretreatment of spleen cells with mitomycin C did not abolish the enhancement. This suggests that the target cells which respond to the antigen are derived from the immune LN whereas the promoter cells which enhance the response are present in the spleen. The removal of adhering cells by glass wool columns and of Ig-bearing cells by anti-Ig immunoabsorbent columns from the spleen did not reduce the enhancing capacity of the nonadhering cells. Conversely, the killing of splenic T cells by specific heterologous antiserum directed against rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen abolished the enhancement. Thus, the promoter cell which facilitates the enhancement has been characterized as a nonadherent, splenic T cell.", "PMID": 68977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3191", "title": "Effects of alpha-fetoprotein on murine immune responses. II. Studies on rats.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo experiments failed to identify a consistent \"immunosuppressive\" or \"immunoregulatory\" role for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the rat. Both normal and AFP-rich sera inhibited Con A, PHA, and MLR proliferation responses of lymphocyte cultures in vitro equally well, in spite of up to 100,000-fold differences in AFP concentration. AFP-rich sera also had no effect on the antibody response of the rat in vivo. Purified AFP from amniotic fluid inhibited the PHA response at concentrations of 100 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml. Purified albumin was also inhibitory, but at 1 log higher concentration. Purified AFP from tumor sera was not inhibitory at 100 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml for Con A, PHA, or MLR reactions and only inhibited PHA stimulation at medium concentrations greater than 1000 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml. The role of AFP as an immunosuppressive agent, particularly in reference to survival of mammalian fetuses, should be reconsidered.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-fetoprotein on murine immune responses. II. Studies on rats. In vitro and in vivo experiments failed to identify a consistent \"immunosuppressive\" or \"immunoregulatory\" role for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the rat. Both normal and AFP-rich sera inhibited Con A, PHA, and MLR proliferation responses of lymphocyte cultures in vitro equally well, in spite of up to 100,000-fold differences in AFP concentration. AFP-rich sera also had no effect on the antibody response of the rat in vivo. Purified AFP from amniotic fluid inhibited the PHA response at concentrations of 100 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml. Purified albumin was also inhibitory, but at 1 log higher concentration. Purified AFP from tumor sera was not inhibitory at 100 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml for Con A, PHA, or MLR reactions and only inhibited PHA stimulation at medium concentrations greater than 1000 in chemical contexts is converted to microgram/ml. The role of AFP as an immunosuppressive agent, particularly in reference to survival of mammalian fetuses, should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 68979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3192", "title": "Isolation of specific antibody under conditions of low ionic strength.", "content": "Specific rabbit and goat antibodies to tobacco mosaic virus, bovine serum albumin and human gamma globulin have been isolated by acid dissociation from the antigen in the absence of salt. Maximum recovery of 96-100% of active antibody occurred at pH 2.8-2.9. The amount of antibody recovered within any given pH range was highly reproducible. The average antibody affinity was found to be correlated with the pth of dissociation and to decrease exponentially with the length of exposure to acid conditions.", "contents": "Isolation of specific antibody under conditions of low ionic strength. Specific rabbit and goat antibodies to tobacco mosaic virus, bovine serum albumin and human gamma globulin have been isolated by acid dissociation from the antigen in the absence of salt. Maximum recovery of 96-100% of active antibody occurred at pH 2.8-2.9. The amount of antibody recovered within any given pH range was highly reproducible. The average antibody affinity was found to be correlated with the pth of dissociation and to decrease exponentially with the length of exposure to acid conditions.", "PMID": 68980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3193", "title": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. VI: analysis of specificity of immune response by cellular competitive inhibition: limitations and advantages of the technique.", "content": "The cellular competitive inhibition 51Cr-release assay makes two distinct contributions to the in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity. It allows target cells which are not amenable to isotopic labelling to be investigated for their antigenic specificity, and it provides a means, complementary to the direct cytotoxicity assay, of estimating qualitative and quantitative differences in antigen expression on intact normal and neoplastic cells. Various parameters of a micro-51Cr-release inhibition assay have been studied, and it was found that the assay conditions markedly influenced both the sensitivity and specificity. It is concluded that optimal assay conditions for specificity include: 1) moderate levels of lysis on the linear part of the CL/T titration curve, 2) avoidance of prolonged assay times, and 3) low ratios of blocker to target cells. When tumor cells with large cell volumes are used as competitive inhibitor (blocker) cells, non-specific blocking will occur; limits have been defined for this particular micro-inhibition assay which, in general, exclude these effects.", "contents": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. VI: analysis of specificity of immune response by cellular competitive inhibition: limitations and advantages of the technique. The cellular competitive inhibition 51Cr-release assay makes two distinct contributions to the in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity. It allows target cells which are not amenable to isotopic labelling to be investigated for their antigenic specificity, and it provides a means, complementary to the direct cytotoxicity assay, of estimating qualitative and quantitative differences in antigen expression on intact normal and neoplastic cells. Various parameters of a micro-51Cr-release inhibition assay have been studied, and it was found that the assay conditions markedly influenced both the sensitivity and specificity. It is concluded that optimal assay conditions for specificity include: 1) moderate levels of lysis on the linear part of the CL/T titration curve, 2) avoidance of prolonged assay times, and 3) low ratios of blocker to target cells. When tumor cells with large cell volumes are used as competitive inhibitor (blocker) cells, non-specific blocking will occur; limits have been defined for this particular micro-inhibition assay which, in general, exclude these effects.", "PMID": 68981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3194", "title": "The Merkel cell system and a comparison between it and the neurosecretory or APUD cell system.", "content": "The Merkel cell, a neural crest migrant to the skin, possesses a characteristic intranuclear rodlet, cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules, and horn projections and is usually associated with nerve terminations. It is also associated with all types of known organizations of sensory nerve endings in the skin and possesses characteristic enzyme reactions in relation to the ending. The Merkel cell is found in the skin and the oral mucous membranes, and similar cells are observed in the taste buds and pulmonary tissue. A comparison between the Merkel cell and the APUD cell system of polypeptide hormone and amine-producing cells reveals many structural and chemical similarities.", "contents": "The Merkel cell system and a comparison between it and the neurosecretory or APUD cell system. The Merkel cell, a neural crest migrant to the skin, possesses a characteristic intranuclear rodlet, cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules, and horn projections and is usually associated with nerve terminations. It is also associated with all types of known organizations of sensory nerve endings in the skin and possesses characteristic enzyme reactions in relation to the ending. The Merkel cell is found in the skin and the oral mucous membranes, and similar cells are observed in the taste buds and pulmonary tissue. A comparison between the Merkel cell and the APUD cell system of polypeptide hormone and amine-producing cells reveals many structural and chemical similarities.", "PMID": 68982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3195", "title": "The influence of oestradiol on the metabolism of androgens by human prostatic tissue.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by human benign hyperplastic prostates and prostatic carcinomas have been measured in organ culture. DHT was a major metabolite of both testosterone and androstenedione in the benign tissue and the androstanediols were the principal metabolites of DHT. Over half the carcinomas produced less DHT from testosterone than the benign hyperplastic prostates, and carcinomas from the oldest patients showed an enhancement of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenation. There was no relationship between these differences in metabolism and the degree of differentiation of the carcinomas. Oestradiol decreased the production of DHT from both testosterone and androstenedione and, at low androgen concentrations, increased the production of androstanediols from testosterone, androstenedione and DHT. Uptake of DHT, but not of the other two androgens, was stimulated by oestradiol.", "contents": "The influence of oestradiol on the metabolism of androgens by human prostatic tissue. The uptake and metabolism of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by human benign hyperplastic prostates and prostatic carcinomas have been measured in organ culture. DHT was a major metabolite of both testosterone and androstenedione in the benign tissue and the androstanediols were the principal metabolites of DHT. Over half the carcinomas produced less DHT from testosterone than the benign hyperplastic prostates, and carcinomas from the oldest patients showed an enhancement of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenation. There was no relationship between these differences in metabolism and the degree of differentiation of the carcinomas. Oestradiol decreased the production of DHT from both testosterone and androstenedione and, at low androgen concentrations, increased the production of androstanediols from testosterone, androstenedione and DHT. Uptake of DHT, but not of the other two androgens, was stimulated by oestradiol.", "PMID": 68984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3196", "title": "Biochemical investigations of separated epithelium and stroma from benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue.", "content": "Using arginase and hydroxyproline as biochemical markers, the yields and homogeneity of separated epithelial and stromal tissues from surgically removed benign hyperplastic prostate glands have been assessed. On the basis of these markers, about 30% of epithelial and 95% of stromal tissues were recovered. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate sulphatase activity was found predominantly in the epithelium, whereas testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity was predominantly in the stroma.", "contents": "Biochemical investigations of separated epithelium and stroma from benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Using arginase and hydroxyproline as biochemical markers, the yields and homogeneity of separated epithelial and stromal tissues from surgically removed benign hyperplastic prostate glands have been assessed. On the basis of these markers, about 30% of epithelial and 95% of stromal tissues were recovered. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate sulphatase activity was found predominantly in the epithelium, whereas testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity was predominantly in the stroma.", "PMID": 68985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3197", "title": "Carrier-directed anti-hapten responses by B-cell subsets.", "content": "The capacity of the trinitrophenyl (TNP) haptenic group, coupled to a series of chemically dissimilar carriers, to cross-stimulate putative T- dependent and T-independent murine B-cell subpepulations was determined by using an in vitro limiting dilution technique to generate primary IgM responses. It was found that TNP-Ficoll and TNP-dextran, two T- independent antigens with little or no polyclonal mitogenicity, stimulate the same population of anti-TNP precursors, which is distinct from the precursor population activated by TNP-bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a T-independent polyclonal mitogen, or TNP-horse erythrocytes (HRBC), a T-dependent antigen. On the other hand, TNP-LPS and TNP-HRBC activate the same precursor population, indicating that LPS can substitute for the T- cell signal in T-dependent B-cell responses, whereas nonmitogenic T- independent antigens cannot. However, the cumulative evidence from this and other laboratories strongly indicates that LPS and T-dependent antigens activate B cells by different mechanisms. Of particular interest, LPS is incapable of activating B cells responsive to weakly- or nonmitogenic T-independent antigens. Based on clonal burst size, T-dependent antigens are capable of inducing greater antigen-specific B-cell proliferation than T-independent antigens. However, TNP conjugates of Ficoll and dextran, which are relatively poor inducers of polyclonal B-cell activation, induced larger anti-TNP clones than did TNP-LPS, a strong polyclonal mitogen. The findings reinforce the evidence favoring existence of multiple B- cell subpopulations with distinctive activation pathways. They also strengthen the proposition that a given B-cell subset can be activated by more than one mechanism.", "contents": "Carrier-directed anti-hapten responses by B-cell subsets. The capacity of the trinitrophenyl (TNP) haptenic group, coupled to a series of chemically dissimilar carriers, to cross-stimulate putative T- dependent and T-independent murine B-cell subpepulations was determined by using an in vitro limiting dilution technique to generate primary IgM responses. It was found that TNP-Ficoll and TNP-dextran, two T- independent antigens with little or no polyclonal mitogenicity, stimulate the same population of anti-TNP precursors, which is distinct from the precursor population activated by TNP-bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a T-independent polyclonal mitogen, or TNP-horse erythrocytes (HRBC), a T-dependent antigen. On the other hand, TNP-LPS and TNP-HRBC activate the same precursor population, indicating that LPS can substitute for the T- cell signal in T-dependent B-cell responses, whereas nonmitogenic T- independent antigens cannot. However, the cumulative evidence from this and other laboratories strongly indicates that LPS and T-dependent antigens activate B cells by different mechanisms. Of particular interest, LPS is incapable of activating B cells responsive to weakly- or nonmitogenic T-independent antigens. Based on clonal burst size, T-dependent antigens are capable of inducing greater antigen-specific B-cell proliferation than T-independent antigens. However, TNP conjugates of Ficoll and dextran, which are relatively poor inducers of polyclonal B-cell activation, induced larger anti-TNP clones than did TNP-LPS, a strong polyclonal mitogen. The findings reinforce the evidence favoring existence of multiple B- cell subpopulations with distinctive activation pathways. They also strengthen the proposition that a given B-cell subset can be activated by more than one mechanism.", "PMID": 68986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3198", "title": "B-cell tolerance. III. Effect of papain-mediated cleavage of cell surface IgD on tolerance susceptibility of murine B cells.", "content": "Under defined conditions, papain removes IgD from cells while leaving IgM, H-2, Ia, Lyb-2, and complement receptor intact. The effect of such treatment with papain on the induction of tolerance in murine splenic B cells was determined in an in vitro system. Treatment of the cells with papain has no effect on subsequent antibody responsiveness presumably because surface receptors regenerate before and during incubation with immunogen. Removal of increasing amounts of IgD results in increasing susceptibility of thymus-dependent responsive cells to tolerance induction. The tolerance susceptibility of thymus-independent responsive cells, which we have previously suggested are immature cells that bear only IgM, is unaffected by cleavage of IgD. If cells are incubated for 24 h after treatment with papain, cell surface IgD and tolerance resistance return. These results indicate that a surface molecule affects susceptibility of B cells to induction of tolerance and suggest that this molecule may be IgD.", "contents": "B-cell tolerance. III. Effect of papain-mediated cleavage of cell surface IgD on tolerance susceptibility of murine B cells. Under defined conditions, papain removes IgD from cells while leaving IgM, H-2, Ia, Lyb-2, and complement receptor intact. The effect of such treatment with papain on the induction of tolerance in murine splenic B cells was determined in an in vitro system. Treatment of the cells with papain has no effect on subsequent antibody responsiveness presumably because surface receptors regenerate before and during incubation with immunogen. Removal of increasing amounts of IgD results in increasing susceptibility of thymus-dependent responsive cells to tolerance induction. The tolerance susceptibility of thymus-independent responsive cells, which we have previously suggested are immature cells that bear only IgM, is unaffected by cleavage of IgD. If cells are incubated for 24 h after treatment with papain, cell surface IgD and tolerance resistance return. These results indicate that a surface molecule affects susceptibility of B cells to induction of tolerance and suggest that this molecule may be IgD.", "PMID": 68987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3199", "title": "Properties of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL/J mice. V. Nature of reticulum cell sarcoma surface antigen which induces proliferation of normal SJL/J T cells.", "content": "The results of studies on the reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) tumors of SJL/J mice presented here, indicate that spontaneous tumors, which arise in older mice, also possess the capacity to induce the vigorous proliferative response in syngenetic T lymphocytes that are characteristic of the transplantable RCS lines. Analysis of cell surface antigens revealed the presence of Ia determinats on gradient-purified transplantable RCS tumor cells; however, these cells did not express Thy 1.2, nIg, or, any of the viral proteins that were tested for by specific antisera. Pretreatment of RCS cells with anti-Ia sera and complement-deleted cells that were stimulatory for syngenetic T lymphocytes, and addition of anti-Ia sera directly to cultures blocked the proliferative response at the stimulator (RCS) cell level. Lymph node cells from H-2(8) strains other than SJL/J, including A.SW and B10.S also gave proliferative responses to RCS cells, although lower in magnitude. A requirement on the part of responding cells for identity with RCS cells at the Ir region was indicated by the finding that A.TH but not A.TL lymph node cells responded to RCS. It is concluded that RCS cells stimulate Ir-region identical T cells (without evidence of presensitization) through a modification in the expression of Ia antigens on the surface of the tumor cells.", "contents": "Properties of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL/J mice. V. Nature of reticulum cell sarcoma surface antigen which induces proliferation of normal SJL/J T cells. The results of studies on the reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) tumors of SJL/J mice presented here, indicate that spontaneous tumors, which arise in older mice, also possess the capacity to induce the vigorous proliferative response in syngenetic T lymphocytes that are characteristic of the transplantable RCS lines. Analysis of cell surface antigens revealed the presence of Ia determinats on gradient-purified transplantable RCS tumor cells; however, these cells did not express Thy 1.2, nIg, or, any of the viral proteins that were tested for by specific antisera. Pretreatment of RCS cells with anti-Ia sera and complement-deleted cells that were stimulatory for syngenetic T lymphocytes, and addition of anti-Ia sera directly to cultures blocked the proliferative response at the stimulator (RCS) cell level. Lymph node cells from H-2(8) strains other than SJL/J, including A.SW and B10.S also gave proliferative responses to RCS cells, although lower in magnitude. A requirement on the part of responding cells for identity with RCS cells at the Ir region was indicated by the finding that A.TH but not A.TL lymph node cells responded to RCS. It is concluded that RCS cells stimulate Ir-region identical T cells (without evidence of presensitization) through a modification in the expression of Ia antigens on the surface of the tumor cells.", "PMID": 68988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3200", "title": "Human histocompatibility determinants and virus antigens: effect of measles virus infection on HLA expression.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigens on the surface of human lymphoblastoid cells were quantified by a microadsorption technique. During the course of measles virus infection, no quantitative or qualitations in surface HLA antigens were observed. In contrast, infection with poliovirus type 1 or vesicular stomatitis virus, or treatment with puromycin (50 microgram/ml) resulted in a significant decrease in surface HLA. These experiments suggest that an inhibition of host protein synthesis rather than the insertion of virus-specificied antigens into the membrane results in a net decrease in amounts of this cell surface antigen. The HLA antigens also appear to be both functionally and structurally distinct from measles virus surface antigens. Pretreatment of cells with HLA-directed antibody did not prevent the infection of these cells by measles virus, thus HLA antigens appear unrelated to the measles virus receptor site on the plasma membrane. Electron microscopic studies revealed that measles virus maturation occurs at membrane sites devoid of demonstrable HLA. Furthermore, HLA antigens could not be detected on the surfaces of mature infectious virions.", "contents": "Human histocompatibility determinants and virus antigens: effect of measles virus infection on HLA expression. Histocompatibility antigens on the surface of human lymphoblastoid cells were quantified by a microadsorption technique. During the course of measles virus infection, no quantitative or qualitations in surface HLA antigens were observed. In contrast, infection with poliovirus type 1 or vesicular stomatitis virus, or treatment with puromycin (50 microgram/ml) resulted in a significant decrease in surface HLA. These experiments suggest that an inhibition of host protein synthesis rather than the insertion of virus-specificied antigens into the membrane results in a net decrease in amounts of this cell surface antigen. The HLA antigens also appear to be both functionally and structurally distinct from measles virus surface antigens. Pretreatment of cells with HLA-directed antibody did not prevent the infection of these cells by measles virus, thus HLA antigens appear unrelated to the measles virus receptor site on the plasma membrane. Electron microscopic studies revealed that measles virus maturation occurs at membrane sites devoid of demonstrable HLA. Furthermore, HLA antigens could not be detected on the surfaces of mature infectious virions.", "PMID": 68989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3201", "title": "B-lymphocytes activation by the Fc region of IgG.", "content": "Strong stimulation of DNA synthesis (up to 150-fold) and blast transformation can be induced in mouse spleen cells by Fc fragments of human IgG. The mitogenic response is optimal on day 5 of culture and is dependent on the concentration of Fc fragments with a sedimentation rate of 3-5S. Intact IgG is also stimulatory, but only when modified by heat aggregation, and produces only a 10-fold increase in [3H]thymidine uptake. The stimulation by aggregated IgG is dependent on the Fc portion, since aggregated (or soluble) Fab or F(ab')2 fragments are inactive. The results show that the response is T-cell independent and that it is a function of nylon wool adherent, surface Ig-positive, Fc receptor-bearing B lymphocytes. Fc fragments do not induce plaque-forming cells to human IgG in normal mouse spleen cell cultures, but rather trigger polyclonal antibody synthesis (anti-goat erythrocytes, anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl). It is postulated that the Fc region of antibodies plays a role in the regulation of the humoral immune response by triggering clonal expansion of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "B-lymphocytes activation by the Fc region of IgG. Strong stimulation of DNA synthesis (up to 150-fold) and blast transformation can be induced in mouse spleen cells by Fc fragments of human IgG. The mitogenic response is optimal on day 5 of culture and is dependent on the concentration of Fc fragments with a sedimentation rate of 3-5S. Intact IgG is also stimulatory, but only when modified by heat aggregation, and produces only a 10-fold increase in [3H]thymidine uptake. The stimulation by aggregated IgG is dependent on the Fc portion, since aggregated (or soluble) Fab or F(ab')2 fragments are inactive. The results show that the response is T-cell independent and that it is a function of nylon wool adherent, surface Ig-positive, Fc receptor-bearing B lymphocytes. Fc fragments do not induce plaque-forming cells to human IgG in normal mouse spleen cell cultures, but rather trigger polyclonal antibody synthesis (anti-goat erythrocytes, anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl). It is postulated that the Fc region of antibodies plays a role in the regulation of the humoral immune response by triggering clonal expansion of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 68990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3202", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) II. Presence of I-J determinants on the GT-suppressive factor.", "content": "The responses to the synthetic antigens, L-glutamic acid(60)-L- alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT) and L-glutamic acid(50)-L-tyrosine(50) (GT) are controlled by genes in the I region of the mouse H-2 complex (1-3). Preimmunization of the mice bearing the H-2(p,q,s) nonresponder haplotypes with GAT stimulates the development of suppressor T cells that inhibit in vivo or in vitro antibody responses to GAT complexed to the immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA) (4). The copolymer GT is not immunogenic in any inbred mouse strain tested, and has a suppressive effect on the antibody responses to GT-MBSA in mouse strains bearing the H-2(d,f,k,s) haplotypes; suppressor T cells have been demonstrated to be responsible for specific GT suppression (3). We have obtained specific suppressive extracts from thymus and spleen cells of GAT-or GT-primed suppressor strains (5,6). The specific suppressive T-cell factors in the active extracts have been characterized (6,7) and appear similar to the carrier-specific suppressor factor described by Tada and Taniguchi (8). These products belong to a family of newly identified molecules coded for by the I region of the H-2 complex with affinity for antigen and helper (9,10) or suppressive (5-8) regulatory activity on the immune response. Recently, Tada et al. have reported that the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific suppressor factor is coded for by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex (11). We now demonstrate also that a GT-specific suppressor factor extracted from the spleens and thymuses of B10.BR (H-2(k)) mice bears determinants controlled by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) II. Presence of I-J determinants on the GT-suppressive factor. The responses to the synthetic antigens, L-glutamic acid(60)-L- alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT) and L-glutamic acid(50)-L-tyrosine(50) (GT) are controlled by genes in the I region of the mouse H-2 complex (1-3). Preimmunization of the mice bearing the H-2(p,q,s) nonresponder haplotypes with GAT stimulates the development of suppressor T cells that inhibit in vivo or in vitro antibody responses to GAT complexed to the immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA) (4). The copolymer GT is not immunogenic in any inbred mouse strain tested, and has a suppressive effect on the antibody responses to GT-MBSA in mouse strains bearing the H-2(d,f,k,s) haplotypes; suppressor T cells have been demonstrated to be responsible for specific GT suppression (3). We have obtained specific suppressive extracts from thymus and spleen cells of GAT-or GT-primed suppressor strains (5,6). The specific suppressive T-cell factors in the active extracts have been characterized (6,7) and appear similar to the carrier-specific suppressor factor described by Tada and Taniguchi (8). These products belong to a family of newly identified molecules coded for by the I region of the H-2 complex with affinity for antigen and helper (9,10) or suppressive (5-8) regulatory activity on the immune response. Recently, Tada et al. have reported that the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-specific suppressor factor is coded for by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex (11). We now demonstrate also that a GT-specific suppressor factor extracted from the spleens and thymuses of B10.BR (H-2(k)) mice bears determinants controlled by the I-J subregion of the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 68991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3203", "title": "The I-J subregion codes for determinats on suppressor factor(s) which limit the contact sensitivity response to picryl chloride.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune reactivity (CMI) of mice to contact chemicals such as picryl chloride (PCI) is influenced by thymus-derived suppressor T lymphocytes (1,2). The development of these suppressor T lymphocytes is stimulated by the intravenous administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Zembala and Asherson have further demonstrated that a specific suppressor factor(s) can be detected in the supernates of cultured suppressor T cells. This factor suppresses the transfer of contact sensitivity (CS) to PCl (1,2). In experiments reported elsewhere (3), we have shown that the PCl suppressor supernates of Zembala and Asherson can also suppress the development of contact sensitivity to PCl. The immunochemical analysis of suppressor factor (SF) operative in the CS response to PCl has revealed many similar properties (3) to other suppressive moieties functioning to limit the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to dinitrophenylated-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) as well as the strict antigen specificity of each respective suppressive factor, suggested that there might be a common origin of these substances. Indeed, in each case these respective factors were found to bear determinants controlled by the H-2 gene complex (4,5). Recently, in selected systems, the I-J subregion has been found to code for the Ia determinants present on suppressor cells (6) and suppressor factors (4,5). In accord with these findings, we report that antigen-specific SF which limit the CS response to PCl bear I-J determinants, implying that analogous suppressive regulatory mechanisms in CMI as well as antibody responses may be determined by genes of one subregion of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "The I-J subregion codes for determinats on suppressor factor(s) which limit the contact sensitivity response to picryl chloride. The cell-mediated immune reactivity (CMI) of mice to contact chemicals such as picryl chloride (PCI) is influenced by thymus-derived suppressor T lymphocytes (1,2). The development of these suppressor T lymphocytes is stimulated by the intravenous administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Zembala and Asherson have further demonstrated that a specific suppressor factor(s) can be detected in the supernates of cultured suppressor T cells. This factor suppresses the transfer of contact sensitivity (CS) to PCl (1,2). In experiments reported elsewhere (3), we have shown that the PCl suppressor supernates of Zembala and Asherson can also suppress the development of contact sensitivity to PCl. The immunochemical analysis of suppressor factor (SF) operative in the CS response to PCl has revealed many similar properties (3) to other suppressive moieties functioning to limit the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to dinitrophenylated-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) as well as the strict antigen specificity of each respective suppressive factor, suggested that there might be a common origin of these substances. Indeed, in each case these respective factors were found to bear determinants controlled by the H-2 gene complex (4,5). Recently, in selected systems, the I-J subregion has been found to code for the Ia determinants present on suppressor cells (6) and suppressor factors (4,5). In accord with these findings, we report that antigen-specific SF which limit the CS response to PCl bear I-J determinants, implying that analogous suppressive regulatory mechanisms in CMI as well as antibody responses may be determined by genes of one subregion of the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 68992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3204", "title": "Induction of immunological tolerance requires that the B cells can respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating properties of the thymus-independent antigens.", "content": "Mice were rendered specifically tolerant to the fluorescein isothiocyanatedextran (FITC) epitope by injection of FITC-dextran B512. Their spleen cells were removed at various times and cultivated in vitro with different polyclonal B-cell activators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative of tuberculin, and native dextran. LPS caused the appearance of high affinity anti-FITC plaque-forming cells to an equal extent with cells from untreated and tolerant animals, whereas native dextran failed to activate cells from tolerant mice, although it was a potent activator of normal cells. It was concluded that tolerance induction only affects those B cells that could respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating properties of the tolerogen, but not other B cells having an identical set of Ig receptors directed against the tolerogen.", "contents": "Induction of immunological tolerance requires that the B cells can respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating properties of the thymus-independent antigens. Mice were rendered specifically tolerant to the fluorescein isothiocyanatedextran (FITC) epitope by injection of FITC-dextran B512. Their spleen cells were removed at various times and cultivated in vitro with different polyclonal B-cell activators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative of tuberculin, and native dextran. LPS caused the appearance of high affinity anti-FITC plaque-forming cells to an equal extent with cells from untreated and tolerant animals, whereas native dextran failed to activate cells from tolerant mice, although it was a potent activator of normal cells. It was concluded that tolerance induction only affects those B cells that could respond to the polyclonal B-cell-activating properties of the tolerogen, but not other B cells having an identical set of Ig receptors directed against the tolerogen.", "PMID": 68993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3205", "title": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. I. Detection and characterization of hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity in mice immunized with hapten-isologous protein conjugate.", "content": "Helper and suppressor T-cell activities were detected simultaneously in the spleen cells of mice immunized with para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gammaglobulin (MGG). Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific B cells were raised by immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as the indicator B-cell population. The helper and suppressor T-cell activities were determined after adoptively transferring spleen cells from PAB-MGG- primed donors and DNP-KLH-primed donors into X-irradiated recipients. Stimulation of these recipients with DNP-MGG-PAB detected helper T-cell activity, which was measured in terms of increased anti-DNP antibody responses of DNP-KLH-primed cells over these responses in the presence of unprimed cells. On the other hand, when DNP-KLH-primed cells were stimulated with DNP-KLH-PAB in the presence of PAB-MGG-primed cells, anti-DNP antibody responses were substantially lower than in unprimed normal cells. This suppressor cell population was (a) hapten-reactive, (b) present in B-cell-depleted spleen cells, (c) Thy-1 positive, (d) detectable earlier than the helper T-cell activities after priming (e) more radiosensitive than helper cells, and (f) found in the spleen but not the lymph nodes in contrast to helper T cells. These data indicate that these suppressor T cells are distinct from the helper T cells. PAB-reactive T cells clearly suppressed the antibody response by inhibiting KLH-reactive helper T-cell functions. The hapten-reactive T-lymphocyte system described here should be useful for analyzing and manipulating the immune response and for studying regulatory interactions of helper and suppressor T cells in the induction of antibody responses.", "contents": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. I. Detection and characterization of hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity in mice immunized with hapten-isologous protein conjugate. Helper and suppressor T-cell activities were detected simultaneously in the spleen cells of mice immunized with para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gammaglobulin (MGG). Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific B cells were raised by immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as the indicator B-cell population. The helper and suppressor T-cell activities were determined after adoptively transferring spleen cells from PAB-MGG- primed donors and DNP-KLH-primed donors into X-irradiated recipients. Stimulation of these recipients with DNP-MGG-PAB detected helper T-cell activity, which was measured in terms of increased anti-DNP antibody responses of DNP-KLH-primed cells over these responses in the presence of unprimed cells. On the other hand, when DNP-KLH-primed cells were stimulated with DNP-KLH-PAB in the presence of PAB-MGG-primed cells, anti-DNP antibody responses were substantially lower than in unprimed normal cells. This suppressor cell population was (a) hapten-reactive, (b) present in B-cell-depleted spleen cells, (c) Thy-1 positive, (d) detectable earlier than the helper T-cell activities after priming (e) more radiosensitive than helper cells, and (f) found in the spleen but not the lymph nodes in contrast to helper T cells. These data indicate that these suppressor T cells are distinct from the helper T cells. PAB-reactive T cells clearly suppressed the antibody response by inhibiting KLH-reactive helper T-cell functions. The hapten-reactive T-lymphocyte system described here should be useful for analyzing and manipulating the immune response and for studying regulatory interactions of helper and suppressor T cells in the induction of antibody responses.", "PMID": 68994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3206", "title": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. II. Selective inactivation of hapten-reactive suppressor T cells by hapten-nonimmunogenic copolymers of D-amino acids, and its application to the study of suppressor T-cell effect on helper T-cell development.", "content": "An experimental condition was established in vivo for selectively eliminating hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity generated in mice primed with a para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gamma globulin (MGG)-conjugate and treated with PAB-nonimmunogenic copolymer of D-amino acids (D- glutamic acid and D-lysine; D-GL). The elimination of suppressor T-cell activity with PAB-D-GL treatment from the mixed populations of hapten- reactive suppressor and helper T cells substantially increased apparent helper T-cell activity. Moreover, the inhibition of PAB-reactive suppressor T-cell generation by the pretreatment with PAB-D-GL before the PAB-MGG-priming increased the development of PAB-reactive helper T-cell activity. The analysis of hapten-specificity of helper T cells revealed that the reactivity of helper cells developed in the absence of suppressor T cells was more specific for primed PAB-determinants and their cross-reactivities to structurally related determinants such as meta-azobenzoate (MAB) significantly decreased, as compared with the helper T-cell population developed in the presence of suppressor T lymphocytes. In addition, those helper T cells generated in the absence of suppressor T cells were highly susceptible to tolerogenesis by PAB-D- GL. Similarly, the elimination of suppressor T lymphocytes also enhanced helper T-cell activity in a polyclonal fashion in the T-T cell interactions between benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-reactive T cells and PAB- reactive T cells after immunization of mice with BPO-MGG-PAB. Thus inhibition of BPO-reactive suppressor T-cell development by the BPO-v-GL- pretreatment resulted in augmented generation of PAB-reactive helper T cells with higher susceptibility of tolerogenesis to PAB-D-GL. Thus, these results support the notion that suppressor T cells eventually suppress helper T-cell activity and indicate that the function of suppressor T cells related to helper T-cell development is to inhibit the increase in the specificity and apparent affinity of helper T cells in the primary immune response. The hapten-reactive suppressor and helper T lymphocytes are considered as a model system of T cells that regulate the immune response, and the potential applicability of this system to manipulating various T cell-mediated immune responses is discussed in this context.", "contents": "Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. II. Selective inactivation of hapten-reactive suppressor T cells by hapten-nonimmunogenic copolymers of D-amino acids, and its application to the study of suppressor T-cell effect on helper T-cell development. An experimental condition was established in vivo for selectively eliminating hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity generated in mice primed with a para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gamma globulin (MGG)-conjugate and treated with PAB-nonimmunogenic copolymer of D-amino acids (D- glutamic acid and D-lysine; D-GL). The elimination of suppressor T-cell activity with PAB-D-GL treatment from the mixed populations of hapten- reactive suppressor and helper T cells substantially increased apparent helper T-cell activity. Moreover, the inhibition of PAB-reactive suppressor T-cell generation by the pretreatment with PAB-D-GL before the PAB-MGG-priming increased the development of PAB-reactive helper T-cell activity. The analysis of hapten-specificity of helper T cells revealed that the reactivity of helper cells developed in the absence of suppressor T cells was more specific for primed PAB-determinants and their cross-reactivities to structurally related determinants such as meta-azobenzoate (MAB) significantly decreased, as compared with the helper T-cell population developed in the presence of suppressor T lymphocytes. In addition, those helper T cells generated in the absence of suppressor T cells were highly susceptible to tolerogenesis by PAB-D- GL. Similarly, the elimination of suppressor T lymphocytes also enhanced helper T-cell activity in a polyclonal fashion in the T-T cell interactions between benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-reactive T cells and PAB- reactive T cells after immunization of mice with BPO-MGG-PAB. Thus inhibition of BPO-reactive suppressor T-cell development by the BPO-v-GL- pretreatment resulted in augmented generation of PAB-reactive helper T cells with higher susceptibility of tolerogenesis to PAB-D-GL. Thus, these results support the notion that suppressor T cells eventually suppress helper T-cell activity and indicate that the function of suppressor T cells related to helper T-cell development is to inhibit the increase in the specificity and apparent affinity of helper T cells in the primary immune response. The hapten-reactive suppressor and helper T lymphocytes are considered as a model system of T cells that regulate the immune response, and the potential applicability of this system to manipulating various T cell-mediated immune responses is discussed in this context.", "PMID": 68995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3207", "title": "Molecular internalization of a region of myelin basic protein.", "content": "The conformation of myelin encephalitogenic or basic protein (BP) was investigated with a double-antibody radioimmunoassay by studying the reaction of BP or its fragments with antibodies produced in two rabbits against peptide 43-88 linked to rabbit serum albumin. Both antisera reacted well with peptide 43-88 but showed little or no reaction with BP. Absorption of these antisera with a BP-immunoadsorbent did not remove the antibody activity against peptide 43-88. Within the region of peptide 43- 88 it was shown that peptides 68-88 and 79-88 gave an equivalent or better reaction than peptide 43-88, whereas peptides 43-67 and 64-73 had very little reactivity. In the BP fragments containing region 43-88, peptide 1-88 showed the best reactivity, peptide 20-166 showed minimal reactivity, while peptide 1-115 showed none. These data document the internal position of at least a portion of peptide 43-88 and all of residues 79-88 in the BP molecule. The much greater reactivity of peptide 1-88 as compared to peptide 1-115 suggests that the region or a portion of the region of BP containing residues 89- 115 participates in the conformational alignment of BP restricting access to peptide 79-88. After absorption with BP, neither of the antisera prepared to peptide 43-88 reacted with PNS myelin in fixed tissue sections but continued to react with CNS myelin in similarly treated sections. The present findings demonstrate the need to consider the role of shielded antigenic determinants in the investigation of antigens or of immune responses.", "contents": "Molecular internalization of a region of myelin basic protein. The conformation of myelin encephalitogenic or basic protein (BP) was investigated with a double-antibody radioimmunoassay by studying the reaction of BP or its fragments with antibodies produced in two rabbits against peptide 43-88 linked to rabbit serum albumin. Both antisera reacted well with peptide 43-88 but showed little or no reaction with BP. Absorption of these antisera with a BP-immunoadsorbent did not remove the antibody activity against peptide 43-88. Within the region of peptide 43- 88 it was shown that peptides 68-88 and 79-88 gave an equivalent or better reaction than peptide 43-88, whereas peptides 43-67 and 64-73 had very little reactivity. In the BP fragments containing region 43-88, peptide 1-88 showed the best reactivity, peptide 20-166 showed minimal reactivity, while peptide 1-115 showed none. These data document the internal position of at least a portion of peptide 43-88 and all of residues 79-88 in the BP molecule. The much greater reactivity of peptide 1-88 as compared to peptide 1-115 suggests that the region or a portion of the region of BP containing residues 89- 115 participates in the conformational alignment of BP restricting access to peptide 79-88. After absorption with BP, neither of the antisera prepared to peptide 43-88 reacted with PNS myelin in fixed tissue sections but continued to react with CNS myelin in similarly treated sections. The present findings demonstrate the need to consider the role of shielded antigenic determinants in the investigation of antigens or of immune responses.", "PMID": 68996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3208", "title": "Direct visualization of T lymphocytes bearing Ia antigens controlled by the I-J subregion.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that I-J-subregion-controlled Ia antigens are only expressed on a small subpopulation of peripheral T lymphocytes which includes the suppressor T cells of antibody responses (6). This subpopulation of T cells cannot be detected by conventional dye-exclusion cytotoxicity tests. A sensitive rosetting procedure therefore was developed for detecting the binding of anti-Ia antibodies to T lymphocytes. This assay system, unlike the complement lysis technique, has a low background and since it represents a direct binding assay could detect noncomplement-fixing antibodies in the antisera. Anti-Ia sera were absorbed with B cells and using the rosetting procedure in genetic mapping studies the remaining antibodies were found to be directed against I-J-subregion-controlled determinants. These determinants were shown to be highly haplotype specific for H-2(k) and H-2(s) and appeared to be exclusively expressed on Ly-l.l(-), Ly2.1(+), T lymphocytes, at least some of which were suppressor T cells. Lymphoid organs differed in their content of anti-I-J-reactive cells, the hierarchy being spleen, lymph node more than thymus, bone marrow. In contrast, on a T-cell basis, a high proportion (35 percent) of the T cells in bone marrow reacted with anti-I-J antibodies, a substantial proportion (13 percent) of T cells from spleen were reactive, whereas the lymph node and thymus T-cell populations contained only a small proportion of positive cells (1-4 percent).", "contents": "Direct visualization of T lymphocytes bearing Ia antigens controlled by the I-J subregion. Previous studies have demonstrated that I-J-subregion-controlled Ia antigens are only expressed on a small subpopulation of peripheral T lymphocytes which includes the suppressor T cells of antibody responses (6). This subpopulation of T cells cannot be detected by conventional dye-exclusion cytotoxicity tests. A sensitive rosetting procedure therefore was developed for detecting the binding of anti-Ia antibodies to T lymphocytes. This assay system, unlike the complement lysis technique, has a low background and since it represents a direct binding assay could detect noncomplement-fixing antibodies in the antisera. Anti-Ia sera were absorbed with B cells and using the rosetting procedure in genetic mapping studies the remaining antibodies were found to be directed against I-J-subregion-controlled determinants. These determinants were shown to be highly haplotype specific for H-2(k) and H-2(s) and appeared to be exclusively expressed on Ly-l.l(-), Ly2.1(+), T lymphocytes, at least some of which were suppressor T cells. Lymphoid organs differed in their content of anti-I-J-reactive cells, the hierarchy being spleen, lymph node more than thymus, bone marrow. In contrast, on a T-cell basis, a high proportion (35 percent) of the T cells in bone marrow reacted with anti-I-J antibodies, a substantial proportion (13 percent) of T cells from spleen were reactive, whereas the lymph node and thymus T-cell populations contained only a small proportion of positive cells (1-4 percent).", "PMID": 68997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3209", "title": "A suppressor T cell in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Lymphocytes from an HLA-B7 DW2 homozygous multiparous woman, J.H., failed to respond in the mixed lymphocyte reaction to lymphocytes from her DW1 homozygous husband, W.H., and certain other homozygous typing cells. J.H. lymphocytes could suppress the response of HLA matched responders to W.H. This effect was shown to be radiosensitive and due to a T cell. The suppressor cell showed antigen specificity.", "contents": "A suppressor T cell in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction. Lymphocytes from an HLA-B7 DW2 homozygous multiparous woman, J.H., failed to respond in the mixed lymphocyte reaction to lymphocytes from her DW1 homozygous husband, W.H., and certain other homozygous typing cells. J.H. lymphocytes could suppress the response of HLA matched responders to W.H. This effect was shown to be radiosensitive and due to a T cell. The suppressor cell showed antigen specificity.", "PMID": 68998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3210", "title": "Sharing of Ia antigens between species. I. Detection of Ia specificities shared by rats and mice.", "content": "A mouse anti-rat xenogeneic antiserum, B10.D2 anti-BN, has been found to react with a subpopulation of lymphoid cells of certain mouse strains. The corresponding alloantiserum, B10.D2 anti-B10.BR, reacted in analogous fashion with lymphoid cells of BN rats. In the case of the cross-reaction on mouse cells, mapping studies indicated that at least part of the reactivity was with the product of gene(s) determined by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Chemical isolation studies with radiolabeled cell surface preparations indicated that the antigens detected in both mouse and rat had mol wt characteristic of Ia antigens (35,000 and 28,000 dalton molecules). Testing of fractionated spleen cell populations revealed that the cross-reactive antigens were expressed predominatly on B cells, but that a subpopulation of T cells were also reactive. Wider strain and species distribution studies are in progress to determine the extent of such Ia cross-reactions between species and to further assess the practical and theoretical importance of such cross-reactions.", "contents": "Sharing of Ia antigens between species. I. Detection of Ia specificities shared by rats and mice. A mouse anti-rat xenogeneic antiserum, B10.D2 anti-BN, has been found to react with a subpopulation of lymphoid cells of certain mouse strains. The corresponding alloantiserum, B10.D2 anti-B10.BR, reacted in analogous fashion with lymphoid cells of BN rats. In the case of the cross-reaction on mouse cells, mapping studies indicated that at least part of the reactivity was with the product of gene(s) determined by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Chemical isolation studies with radiolabeled cell surface preparations indicated that the antigens detected in both mouse and rat had mol wt characteristic of Ia antigens (35,000 and 28,000 dalton molecules). Testing of fractionated spleen cell populations revealed that the cross-reactive antigens were expressed predominatly on B cells, but that a subpopulation of T cells were also reactive. Wider strain and species distribution studies are in progress to determine the extent of such Ia cross-reactions between species and to further assess the practical and theoretical importance of such cross-reactions.", "PMID": 68999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3211", "title": "The specific antigen-binding cell populations of individual fetal mouse spleens: repertoire composition, size, and genetic control.", "content": "In order to analyze the genetic and physiological basis of controls affecting the generation of the repertoire of antigen-binding cells in fetal mice, we have measured the numbers of spleen cells specific for each of four antigens as a function of the total numbers of nucleated and Ig-bearing cells in inbred, hybrid, and random bred fetuses. For each of the two inbred strains BALB/c and CBA/J, the proportion of nucleated cells specific for a given antigen was the same for all individuals of the strain at the 18th day of gestation. The proportion did vary from antigen to antigen, however, and for each antigen the proportion of specific cells observed in CBA/J fetuses was approximately four times that observed in BALB/c fetuses. This difference appeared to be due to a difference between the two strains in the relative size of the repertoire of antigen-binding spleen cells at this stage of development, inasmuch as the frequency of Ig-bearing spleen cells in CBA/J fetuses was likewise approximately four times that observed in BALB/c fetuses. In random bred Swiss-L fetal mice at the 18th day of gestation, the proportion of cells specific for a given antigen varied significantly from one individual to the next. The ratio of proportions of the two antigens observed was constant from individual to individual, however, and this constant ratio differed significantly from the ratio observed for the same two antigens in fetal BALB/c and CBA/J inbred mice. These data suggest that the ontogeny of the repertoire of antigen-binding cells in fetal mice is subject to at least two independent sets of controls, one affecting the relative size of the repertoire in the spleen, and the other affecting the distribution of antigen-binding specificities within that repertoire. Analysis of repertoire size and composition in the spleens of hybrid fetuses confirmed the observation that the two parameters are controlled independently, and suggested further that the control of repertoire size in these fetuses is due to the action of one or a few closely-linked autosomal Mendelian genes. These data are consistent with models for the origin of antibody diversity in which the genes coding for the full repertoire of antibodies are generated somatically from a small number of germ-line genes early in development and in the absence of any strong positive or negative selection with respect to antigenic specificity.", "contents": "The specific antigen-binding cell populations of individual fetal mouse spleens: repertoire composition, size, and genetic control. In order to analyze the genetic and physiological basis of controls affecting the generation of the repertoire of antigen-binding cells in fetal mice, we have measured the numbers of spleen cells specific for each of four antigens as a function of the total numbers of nucleated and Ig-bearing cells in inbred, hybrid, and random bred fetuses. For each of the two inbred strains BALB/c and CBA/J, the proportion of nucleated cells specific for a given antigen was the same for all individuals of the strain at the 18th day of gestation. The proportion did vary from antigen to antigen, however, and for each antigen the proportion of specific cells observed in CBA/J fetuses was approximately four times that observed in BALB/c fetuses. This difference appeared to be due to a difference between the two strains in the relative size of the repertoire of antigen-binding spleen cells at this stage of development, inasmuch as the frequency of Ig-bearing spleen cells in CBA/J fetuses was likewise approximately four times that observed in BALB/c fetuses. In random bred Swiss-L fetal mice at the 18th day of gestation, the proportion of cells specific for a given antigen varied significantly from one individual to the next. The ratio of proportions of the two antigens observed was constant from individual to individual, however, and this constant ratio differed significantly from the ratio observed for the same two antigens in fetal BALB/c and CBA/J inbred mice. These data suggest that the ontogeny of the repertoire of antigen-binding cells in fetal mice is subject to at least two independent sets of controls, one affecting the relative size of the repertoire in the spleen, and the other affecting the distribution of antigen-binding specificities within that repertoire. Analysis of repertoire size and composition in the spleens of hybrid fetuses confirmed the observation that the two parameters are controlled independently, and suggested further that the control of repertoire size in these fetuses is due to the action of one or a few closely-linked autosomal Mendelian genes. These data are consistent with models for the origin of antibody diversity in which the genes coding for the full repertoire of antibodies are generated somatically from a small number of germ-line genes early in development and in the absence of any strong positive or negative selection with respect to antigenic specificity.", "PMID": 69000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3212", "title": "Evolution of an idiotypic determinant: anti-Val.", "content": "An antibody population which reacts only with human sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) and not with normal human hemoglobin, has been isolated from goat, sheep, and guinea pig antisera. These antibody populations termed anti-Val (Val), isolated from an individual goat (no. 6) and sheep (no. 26) have been used to elicit anti-idiotypic responses in rabbits. These anti-idiotypic sera were used to study the idiotypic cross-reactions between the goat and sheep anti-Val. Strong cross-reactions were present using either Ra anti-goat anti-Val or Ra anti-sheep anti-Val. Guinea pig anti-Val did not cross-react with these anti-idiotypic sera. Binding of HbS to the anti-Val of the goat and sheep could be blocked by the anti-idiotypic sera, but the binding of HbS to the guinea pig anti-Val could not. These data demonstrate idiotypic cross-reactivity between two closely related species.", "contents": "Evolution of an idiotypic determinant: anti-Val. An antibody population which reacts only with human sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) and not with normal human hemoglobin, has been isolated from goat, sheep, and guinea pig antisera. These antibody populations termed anti-Val (Val), isolated from an individual goat (no. 6) and sheep (no. 26) have been used to elicit anti-idiotypic responses in rabbits. These anti-idiotypic sera were used to study the idiotypic cross-reactions between the goat and sheep anti-Val. Strong cross-reactions were present using either Ra anti-goat anti-Val or Ra anti-sheep anti-Val. Guinea pig anti-Val did not cross-react with these anti-idiotypic sera. Binding of HbS to the anti-Val of the goat and sheep could be blocked by the anti-idiotypic sera, but the binding of HbS to the guinea pig anti-Val could not. These data demonstrate idiotypic cross-reactivity between two closely related species.", "PMID": 69001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3213", "title": "Enrichment of antigen-specific B lymphocytes by the direct removal of B cells not bearing specificity for the antigen.", "content": "Antigen-specific B cells (ASC) were purified from other B cells by prior incubation with specific antigen followed by rosetting with erythrocytes conjugated with anti-mouse Ig and sedimenting on Ficoll-Isopaque. This procedure allowed the removal of most of the B cells, while those speicifc for the antigen used in incubation were retained. Relative to the B-cell content, ASC were enriched 64- to 132-fold. The method is highly specific in that B cells primed to two different antigens, turkey gamma globulin and sheep erythrocytes, could be separated from each other. The advantages of this indirect purification procedure over purification procedures which obtain ASC directly are the simplicity of obtaining the ASC and the ability of the ASC of respond to antigen without the addition of other cells.", "contents": "Enrichment of antigen-specific B lymphocytes by the direct removal of B cells not bearing specificity for the antigen. Antigen-specific B cells (ASC) were purified from other B cells by prior incubation with specific antigen followed by rosetting with erythrocytes conjugated with anti-mouse Ig and sedimenting on Ficoll-Isopaque. This procedure allowed the removal of most of the B cells, while those speicifc for the antigen used in incubation were retained. Relative to the B-cell content, ASC were enriched 64- to 132-fold. The method is highly specific in that B cells primed to two different antigens, turkey gamma globulin and sheep erythrocytes, could be separated from each other. The advantages of this indirect purification procedure over purification procedures which obtain ASC directly are the simplicity of obtaining the ASC and the ability of the ASC of respond to antigen without the addition of other cells.", "PMID": 69002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3214", "title": "In vitro generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Secondary allogeneic mixed tumor lymphocyte culture of normal murine spleen cells.", "content": "In vivo or in vitro immunity to murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia cells which do not effectively produce virus, has been difficult to demonstrate. Because immunizations with allogeneic murine leukemia cells have been used to confer syngeneic tumor immunity to virus- producing cells, we attempted to generate lymphocytes, cytotoxic to syngeneic nonproducer leukemia cells, by stimulating normal murine spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells in mixed tumor lymphocyte culture (MTLC) reactions in vitro. Secondary allogeneic MTLC of normal C57BL/6 or DBA/2 spleen cells effectively produced syngeneic tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Target cells lysed in lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis (LMC) assays, included both Friend and Rauscher virus- induced syngeneic murine leukemia cells and chemically-induced hematopoietic tumor cells. Syngeneic tumor cells were lysed regardless of whether they produced infectious MuLV or expressed viral antigens gp-71, p-30, or p-12 at the cell surface. Syngeneic normal cells (thymus, lymph node, or Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells) used as targets in LMC assays were uneffected by lymphocytes harvested from secondary allogeneic MTLC. Several other in vitro culture treatments including secondary syngeneic MTLC and repetitive mixed lymphocyte culture stimulations were incapable of generating tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Based upon these results, we propose that secondary MTLC stimulation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells selects for the proliferation of two subpopulations of antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. The population capable of effecting syngeneic tumor cell lysis is directed against tumor-associated cell surface antigens which may be distinct from viral structural proteins or glycoproteins. The growth of these tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes may be enhanced by a soluble allogeneic effect factor produced by the proliferation of the second subpopulation of lymphocytes generated in repetitive allogeneic MTLC, namely those lymphocytes with specificities directed against differing histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "In vitro generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Secondary allogeneic mixed tumor lymphocyte culture of normal murine spleen cells. In vivo or in vitro immunity to murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia cells which do not effectively produce virus, has been difficult to demonstrate. Because immunizations with allogeneic murine leukemia cells have been used to confer syngeneic tumor immunity to virus- producing cells, we attempted to generate lymphocytes, cytotoxic to syngeneic nonproducer leukemia cells, by stimulating normal murine spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells in mixed tumor lymphocyte culture (MTLC) reactions in vitro. Secondary allogeneic MTLC of normal C57BL/6 or DBA/2 spleen cells effectively produced syngeneic tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Target cells lysed in lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis (LMC) assays, included both Friend and Rauscher virus- induced syngeneic murine leukemia cells and chemically-induced hematopoietic tumor cells. Syngeneic tumor cells were lysed regardless of whether they produced infectious MuLV or expressed viral antigens gp-71, p-30, or p-12 at the cell surface. Syngeneic normal cells (thymus, lymph node, or Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells) used as targets in LMC assays were uneffected by lymphocytes harvested from secondary allogeneic MTLC. Several other in vitro culture treatments including secondary syngeneic MTLC and repetitive mixed lymphocyte culture stimulations were incapable of generating tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Based upon these results, we propose that secondary MTLC stimulation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells selects for the proliferation of two subpopulations of antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. The population capable of effecting syngeneic tumor cell lysis is directed against tumor-associated cell surface antigens which may be distinct from viral structural proteins or glycoproteins. The growth of these tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes may be enhanced by a soluble allogeneic effect factor produced by the proliferation of the second subpopulation of lymphocytes generated in repetitive allogeneic MTLC, namely those lymphocytes with specificities directed against differing histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 69003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3215", "title": "The guinea pig I region. I. A structural and genetic analysis.", "content": "The Ia antigens of the guinea pig have been shown to play a central role in the regulation of the immune response. We have previously partially characterized the chemical structure of these antigens. In this communication, we further characterize the structure of the five Ia antigens already described, as well as two new Ia antigens. Evidence is presented which shows that these seven Ia antigens can be organized into three distinct groups, each with a characteristic structure. The Ia.2 determinant of strain 2 and the Ia.3 and Ia.5 determinants of strain 13 animals are found on molecules composed of a 25,000 dalton chain and a 33,000 dalton chain in noncovalent association, or else are individually expressed on nonlinked 33,000 and 25,000 dalton molecules. The Ia.4 and Ia.5 determinants of strain 2 and the Ia.7 determinant of strain 13 are borne on 58,000 dalton molecules in which two chains are linked by disulfide bonds. The Ia.1 and Ia.6 determinants of strain 13 are found on a molecule of 26,000-27,000 daltons. Ia.6 of strain 2 has yet to be definitively assigned. Furthermore, in strain 13 animals the Ia.3 and Ia.5 determinants are borne on the same molecule, as are the Ia.1 and Ia.6 determinants. In strain 2 animals, the Ia.4 and Ia.5 determinants are found on the same molecule. On the basis of chemical structure, we have divided the guinea pig I region into three subregions. The accompanying paper presents evidence of associations between particular Ia genes and Ir genes.", "contents": "The guinea pig I region. I. A structural and genetic analysis. The Ia antigens of the guinea pig have been shown to play a central role in the regulation of the immune response. We have previously partially characterized the chemical structure of these antigens. In this communication, we further characterize the structure of the five Ia antigens already described, as well as two new Ia antigens. Evidence is presented which shows that these seven Ia antigens can be organized into three distinct groups, each with a characteristic structure. The Ia.2 determinant of strain 2 and the Ia.3 and Ia.5 determinants of strain 13 animals are found on molecules composed of a 25,000 dalton chain and a 33,000 dalton chain in noncovalent association, or else are individually expressed on nonlinked 33,000 and 25,000 dalton molecules. The Ia.4 and Ia.5 determinants of strain 2 and the Ia.7 determinant of strain 13 are borne on 58,000 dalton molecules in which two chains are linked by disulfide bonds. The Ia.1 and Ia.6 determinants of strain 13 are found on a molecule of 26,000-27,000 daltons. Ia.6 of strain 2 has yet to be definitively assigned. Furthermore, in strain 13 animals the Ia.3 and Ia.5 determinants are borne on the same molecule, as are the Ia.1 and Ia.6 determinants. In strain 2 animals, the Ia.4 and Ia.5 determinants are found on the same molecule. On the basis of chemical structure, we have divided the guinea pig I region into three subregions. The accompanying paper presents evidence of associations between particular Ia genes and Ir genes.", "PMID": 69004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3216", "title": "The guinea pig I region. II. Functional analysis.", "content": "We have examined whether an association exists between specific Ia antigen genes and Ir genes which are encoded within the same haplotype. Functionally monospecific sera to the Ia antigens of the guinea pig MHC were selective in their ability to inhibit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and we were thus able to demonstrate an association between individual Ia specificities and specific Ir genes. The results of these studies in inbred animals were confirmed by examining the association of Ir genes and Ia antigens in the outbred guinea pig population. Of great interest was the observation that antisera made against cross-reactive Ia antigens of strains lacking specific Ir genes would still inhibit immune responses of strains possessing the Ir gene, if the Ir gene was associated with that Ia antigen in the responder strain.", "contents": "The guinea pig I region. II. Functional analysis. We have examined whether an association exists between specific Ia antigen genes and Ir genes which are encoded within the same haplotype. Functionally monospecific sera to the Ia antigens of the guinea pig MHC were selective in their ability to inhibit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and we were thus able to demonstrate an association between individual Ia specificities and specific Ir genes. The results of these studies in inbred animals were confirmed by examining the association of Ir genes and Ia antigens in the outbred guinea pig population. Of great interest was the observation that antisera made against cross-reactive Ia antigens of strains lacking specific Ir genes would still inhibit immune responses of strains possessing the Ir gene, if the Ir gene was associated with that Ia antigen in the responder strain.", "PMID": 69005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3217", "title": "Cytotoxic T cells distinguish between trinitrophenyl- and dinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells.", "content": "Spleen cells sensitized against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified stimulator cells displayed a cytotoxic effect against syngeneic TNP-modified but not dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified target cells. The same finding was observed in the opposite direction; that is, effector cells sensitized against DNP-modified stimulator cells did not cross kill TNP-modified targets. The specificity of the anti-TNP effector cells was confirmed in a cold target competition assay. Presensitization in vivo with hapten-modified cells followed by rechallenge and testing in vitro did not alter the specificity of the response between the haptens. These data indicate that the receptor(s) on the cytotoxic T cell can distinguish between two closely related haptenic molecules.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cells distinguish between trinitrophenyl- and dinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. Spleen cells sensitized against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified stimulator cells displayed a cytotoxic effect against syngeneic TNP-modified but not dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified target cells. The same finding was observed in the opposite direction; that is, effector cells sensitized against DNP-modified stimulator cells did not cross kill TNP-modified targets. The specificity of the anti-TNP effector cells was confirmed in a cold target competition assay. Presensitization in vivo with hapten-modified cells followed by rechallenge and testing in vitro did not alter the specificity of the response between the haptens. These data indicate that the receptor(s) on the cytotoxic T cell can distinguish between two closely related haptenic molecules.", "PMID": 69006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3218", "title": "Selective response to H-Y antigen by F1 female mice sensitized to F1 male cells.", "content": "T-cell mediated cytotoxic responses to H-Y antigen require co-recognition of H-Y and H-2 gene products. F1 mael stimulating cells and target cells express H-Y antigen in association with both parental H-2 haplotypes. However, F1 females primed in vivo and challenged in vitro with F1 male cells lyse male target cells of F1 and only one parental H-2 haplotype. Thus, (CBA X B10)F1 females sensitized to (CBA X B10)F1 male cells lyse (CBA X B10)F1 and CBA but not B10 male target cells, and (BALB/c X B10)F1 females sensitized to (BALB/c X B10)F1 male cells will lyse (BALB/c X B10)F1 and B10 but not BALB/c male target cells. It is suggested that this may represent an effect of immune response or suppressor genes mapping in the major histocompatibility gene complex which regulate responsiveness to H-Y antigen.", "contents": "Selective response to H-Y antigen by F1 female mice sensitized to F1 male cells. T-cell mediated cytotoxic responses to H-Y antigen require co-recognition of H-Y and H-2 gene products. F1 mael stimulating cells and target cells express H-Y antigen in association with both parental H-2 haplotypes. However, F1 females primed in vivo and challenged in vitro with F1 male cells lyse male target cells of F1 and only one parental H-2 haplotype. Thus, (CBA X B10)F1 females sensitized to (CBA X B10)F1 male cells lyse (CBA X B10)F1 and CBA but not B10 male target cells, and (BALB/c X B10)F1 females sensitized to (BALB/c X B10)F1 male cells will lyse (BALB/c X B10)F1 and B10 but not BALB/c male target cells. It is suggested that this may represent an effect of immune response or suppressor genes mapping in the major histocompatibility gene complex which regulate responsiveness to H-Y antigen.", "PMID": 69007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3219", "title": "Induction of virus-specific modifications recognized by cytotoxic T cells is not altered by prior substitution of target cells with trinitrophenol.", "content": "Cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes generated after interaction with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-substituted or virus-infected cells only lyse H-2 compatible target cells modified with the component used to immunize (TNP or virus). Prior saturation of TNP-reactive sites inhibits neither the infectivity of influenza A viruses, nor the capacity of infected cells to develop antigenic changes recognized by influenza-immune T cells. The two antigens are distinct entities on the cell membrane and do not obviously compete to form interactions with H-2 molecules.", "contents": "Induction of virus-specific modifications recognized by cytotoxic T cells is not altered by prior substitution of target cells with trinitrophenol. Cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes generated after interaction with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-substituted or virus-infected cells only lyse H-2 compatible target cells modified with the component used to immunize (TNP or virus). Prior saturation of TNP-reactive sites inhibits neither the infectivity of influenza A viruses, nor the capacity of infected cells to develop antigenic changes recognized by influenza-immune T cells. The two antigens are distinct entities on the cell membrane and do not obviously compete to form interactions with H-2 molecules.", "PMID": 69008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3220", "title": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced against allogeneic I-region determinants react with Ia molecules on trinitrophenyl-conjugated syngeneic target cells.", "content": "The major histocompatibility complex codes for determinants which are recognized by and serve as targets for cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1). Antigens coded for by the K and D loci of the H-2 complex can activate xenogeneic or allogeneic CTL (2,3). In addition, the H-2K or H-2D gene products function as those molecules against which syngeneic CTL responses specific for chemical, viral, and minor H antigens are directed (4-8). It has recently been shown that Ia determinants can also serve as target antigens for distinct but weaker CTL responses (9-13). Those clones which recognize Ia antigens see them independently of K- or D- coded antigens as shown in genetic studies and by antisera-blocking experiments (12,13). We have proposed that the existence of clones of CTL specific for I-region-coded determinants is not fortuitous; rather these clones specifically recognize Ia determinants and may have an immunoregulatory role. These CTL may affect those immune functions which are at least partially dependent on or controlled by I-region-coded molecules. Two predictions can be made and tested concerning the role of Ia determinants in cytolytic systems and the role, if any, of I-region- specific CTL in regulating the immune response: (a) that if as we and others have shown, certain Ia specificities can serve as a third series of major histocompatibility antigens, then Ia antigens should be susceptible to the same types of antigenic modifications as H-2K- or H-2D-coded structures and thus serve as targets for CTL directed against modified-self in selected systems; and (b) that allogeneically induced I-region-specific CTL should demonstrate cross-reactivity with targets bearing modified syngeneic I-region-coded determinants. Data will be present which demonstrates that trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic I-region determinants can serve as targets for CTL induced by allogeneic Ia antigens.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced against allogeneic I-region determinants react with Ia molecules on trinitrophenyl-conjugated syngeneic target cells. The major histocompatibility complex codes for determinants which are recognized by and serve as targets for cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1). Antigens coded for by the K and D loci of the H-2 complex can activate xenogeneic or allogeneic CTL (2,3). In addition, the H-2K or H-2D gene products function as those molecules against which syngeneic CTL responses specific for chemical, viral, and minor H antigens are directed (4-8). It has recently been shown that Ia determinants can also serve as target antigens for distinct but weaker CTL responses (9-13). Those clones which recognize Ia antigens see them independently of K- or D- coded antigens as shown in genetic studies and by antisera-blocking experiments (12,13). We have proposed that the existence of clones of CTL specific for I-region-coded determinants is not fortuitous; rather these clones specifically recognize Ia determinants and may have an immunoregulatory role. These CTL may affect those immune functions which are at least partially dependent on or controlled by I-region-coded molecules. Two predictions can be made and tested concerning the role of Ia determinants in cytolytic systems and the role, if any, of I-region- specific CTL in regulating the immune response: (a) that if as we and others have shown, certain Ia specificities can serve as a third series of major histocompatibility antigens, then Ia antigens should be susceptible to the same types of antigenic modifications as H-2K- or H-2D-coded structures and thus serve as targets for CTL directed against modified-self in selected systems; and (b) that allogeneically induced I-region-specific CTL should demonstrate cross-reactivity with targets bearing modified syngeneic I-region-coded determinants. Data will be present which demonstrates that trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic I-region determinants can serve as targets for CTL induced by allogeneic Ia antigens.", "PMID": 69009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3221", "title": "Drug risks in pregnancy revisited.", "content": "In the important interface of assuring safe care for the pregnant mother and her developing child that falls to the family physician, current knowledge of drug risks in pregnancy is essential. A recent survey showed that an average of 4.5 drugs are taken throughout the pregnancy. Eighty percent are self-prescribed, and a positive correlation was shown between the incidence of congenital anomalies and drug intake. Numerous recent reports of previously unrecognized fetal complications of commonly prescribed and self-used drugs and heightened public awareness makes it imperative that family physicians know the risk principles of major drug groups and be able to recognize drug-induced symptoms and signs in the older infant as well as in the infant.", "contents": "Drug risks in pregnancy revisited. In the important interface of assuring safe care for the pregnant mother and her developing child that falls to the family physician, current knowledge of drug risks in pregnancy is essential. A recent survey showed that an average of 4.5 drugs are taken throughout the pregnancy. Eighty percent are self-prescribed, and a positive correlation was shown between the incidence of congenital anomalies and drug intake. Numerous recent reports of previously unrecognized fetal complications of commonly prescribed and self-used drugs and heightened public awareness makes it imperative that family physicians know the risk principles of major drug groups and be able to recognize drug-induced symptoms and signs in the older infant as well as in the infant.", "PMID": 69010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3222", "title": "Distinction between envelope antigens of murine xenotropic and ecotropic type C viruses by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The indirect ferritin-labelled antibody technique was used to determine the reactivity of an antiserum prepared against the NZB xenotropic virus with three murine xenotropic viruses, a feline xenotropic virus and a murine ecotropic virus. The envelope antigens of the xenotropic type C viruses isolated from the NZB, NIH Swiss and C57L mice were tagged with ferritin. The feline RD114 virus was not. Gross murine leukaemia virus was tagged, but only at high serum concentrations. The cross-reactivity titre of Gross virus to anti-NZB serum was removed by a serum dilution which was still reactive to xenotropic viruses. This difference in reactivity titres between a xenotropic and an ecotropic virus was sufficient to distinguish one from the other in doubly infected cultures. Specific tagging of membrances of cells infected by xenotropic virus was also observed.", "contents": "Distinction between envelope antigens of murine xenotropic and ecotropic type C viruses by immunoelectron microscopy. The indirect ferritin-labelled antibody technique was used to determine the reactivity of an antiserum prepared against the NZB xenotropic virus with three murine xenotropic viruses, a feline xenotropic virus and a murine ecotropic virus. The envelope antigens of the xenotropic type C viruses isolated from the NZB, NIH Swiss and C57L mice were tagged with ferritin. The feline RD114 virus was not. Gross murine leukaemia virus was tagged, but only at high serum concentrations. The cross-reactivity titre of Gross virus to anti-NZB serum was removed by a serum dilution which was still reactive to xenotropic viruses. This difference in reactivity titres between a xenotropic and an ecotropic virus was sufficient to distinguish one from the other in doubly infected cultures. Specific tagging of membrances of cells infected by xenotropic virus was also observed.", "PMID": 69013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3223", "title": "Biological properties of human leukocyte interferon components.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon, purified approximately 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on immobilized anti-interferon globulins and SDS-Sephadex filtration, was resolved into one major and one minor component by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. These components were indistinguishable in their capacity to protect bovine, porcine and murine cells, and the antiviral activities of both were equally susceptible to reduction by beta-mercaptoethanol. They were neutralized to the same degree of rabbit anti-leukocyte interferon but were not neutralized by rabbit antifibroblast interferon serum. Mice immunized with either component developed antibodies to both but failed to form antibodies against human fibroblast interferon. Our present evidence indicates that the two components posses at most only minor structural and antigenic dissimilarities.", "contents": "Biological properties of human leukocyte interferon components. Human leukocyte interferon, purified approximately 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on immobilized anti-interferon globulins and SDS-Sephadex filtration, was resolved into one major and one minor component by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. These components were indistinguishable in their capacity to protect bovine, porcine and murine cells, and the antiviral activities of both were equally susceptible to reduction by beta-mercaptoethanol. They were neutralized to the same degree of rabbit anti-leukocyte interferon but were not neutralized by rabbit antifibroblast interferon serum. Mice immunized with either component developed antibodies to both but failed to form antibodies against human fibroblast interferon. Our present evidence indicates that the two components posses at most only minor structural and antigenic dissimilarities.", "PMID": 69014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3224", "title": "A histofluorescence study of events accompanying accumulation and migration of norepinephrine within locally cooled nerves.", "content": "Glyoxylic acid was used to induce fluorescence in sections of rabbit sciatic nerve. In fresh nerves treated with this agent there were scattered finely beaded axons with a weak blue-green fluorescence. During local cooling, blue-green fluorescence accumulated steadily at the proximal boundary of the cooled region but never at its distal boundary. This accumulation gave rise to dilated axons that often swelled into brilliantly fluorescent balloon-like structures up to 10 microgram in diameter. Axonal fluorescence was probably specific for norepinephrine, being enhanced by inhibition of the metabolism and diminished by inhibition of the synthesis or storage of this neurotransmitter. After local cooling of nerves for 1.5 hr, specific fluorescence was confined within 0.8 mm of the cooled region. Rewarming led to rapid removal of fluorescence from the cooled region and to disappearance of most of the balloon-like swellings. Simultaneously, rewarming caused brightly fluorescent fibers that were neither dilated nor swollen to appear in distal regions of nerve. As this wave of fluorescence migrated distally with increasing duration of rewarming, it was spread over increasingly broad regions of nerve, which suggests that axonal transport of norepinephrine may invole some kind of dispersive process.", "contents": "A histofluorescence study of events accompanying accumulation and migration of norepinephrine within locally cooled nerves. Glyoxylic acid was used to induce fluorescence in sections of rabbit sciatic nerve. In fresh nerves treated with this agent there were scattered finely beaded axons with a weak blue-green fluorescence. During local cooling, blue-green fluorescence accumulated steadily at the proximal boundary of the cooled region but never at its distal boundary. This accumulation gave rise to dilated axons that often swelled into brilliantly fluorescent balloon-like structures up to 10 microgram in diameter. Axonal fluorescence was probably specific for norepinephrine, being enhanced by inhibition of the metabolism and diminished by inhibition of the synthesis or storage of this neurotransmitter. After local cooling of nerves for 1.5 hr, specific fluorescence was confined within 0.8 mm of the cooled region. Rewarming led to rapid removal of fluorescence from the cooled region and to disappearance of most of the balloon-like swellings. Simultaneously, rewarming caused brightly fluorescent fibers that were neither dilated nor swollen to appear in distal regions of nerve. As this wave of fluorescence migrated distally with increasing duration of rewarming, it was spread over increasingly broad regions of nerve, which suggests that axonal transport of norepinephrine may invole some kind of dispersive process.", "PMID": 69016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3225", "title": "Focal chemotherapy of brain tumours using semipermeable membranes.", "content": "Semipermeable silastic rubber membranes can be used to diffuse focally a variety of chemicals including antitumour drugs. Of the eight drugs tested, in vitro tests showed the best diffusion with dactinomycin, mithramycin, and oncovin, and the poorest diffusion with bleomycin, fluorouracil, and thiotepa. Biological testing was performed with mithramycin, dactinomycin, and oncovin using tissue cultures of human glioblastoma and subcutaneous implants of mouse ependymoblastoma. All three drugs caused rapid tissue culture cell death with direct injection, and impeded tumour growth when given intraperitoneally. Dactinomycin by silastic diffusion proved more effective than mithramycin against tissue cultures, but neither drug had a significant effect against local tumours treated with implanted drug capsules. Silastic diffusion of oncovin reduced tumour sizes significantly ipsilateral to the implant, compared to contralateral implants and to untreated controls.", "contents": "Focal chemotherapy of brain tumours using semipermeable membranes. Semipermeable silastic rubber membranes can be used to diffuse focally a variety of chemicals including antitumour drugs. Of the eight drugs tested, in vitro tests showed the best diffusion with dactinomycin, mithramycin, and oncovin, and the poorest diffusion with bleomycin, fluorouracil, and thiotepa. Biological testing was performed with mithramycin, dactinomycin, and oncovin using tissue cultures of human glioblastoma and subcutaneous implants of mouse ependymoblastoma. All three drugs caused rapid tissue culture cell death with direct injection, and impeded tumour growth when given intraperitoneally. Dactinomycin by silastic diffusion proved more effective than mithramycin against tissue cultures, but neither drug had a significant effect against local tumours treated with implanted drug capsules. Silastic diffusion of oncovin reduced tumour sizes significantly ipsilateral to the implant, compared to contralateral implants and to untreated controls.", "PMID": 69017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3226", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: sensitization of a myelin basic protein fragment (peptide T) encephalitogenic to primates. A preliminary report.", "content": "Myelin basic A1 protein is the sole antigen of the central nervous system capable of inducing experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE), but sensitization with peptide fragments of the molecule may also induce disease. Using the macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay we have compared sensitization to portions of the molecule active in inducing EAE in monkeys with results obtained concomitantly using the intact protein. Cellular sensitization to human myelin A1 protein, peptide L (residues 1-116), peptide T (residues 117-170), and petide Y (residues 154-170) was studied using the Thor-Rocklin MIF assay system. Lymphocytes of 10 normal subjects, 10 multiple sclerosis patients 0-3 weeks after onset, 10 4 weeks to 3 months after and 10 6 months or longer after onset of an acute exacerbation were assayed. Results of the investigation reveal evidence of cellular sensitization to myelin basic protein encephalitogenic peptide T occurring during attacks of multiple sclerosis. Peptide L, relatively nonencephalitogenic to primates, failed to induce a significant lymphocyte response, whereas peptide Y which is encephalitogenic gave irregular results.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: sensitization of a myelin basic protein fragment (peptide T) encephalitogenic to primates. A preliminary report. Myelin basic A1 protein is the sole antigen of the central nervous system capable of inducing experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE), but sensitization with peptide fragments of the molecule may also induce disease. Using the macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay we have compared sensitization to portions of the molecule active in inducing EAE in monkeys with results obtained concomitantly using the intact protein. Cellular sensitization to human myelin A1 protein, peptide L (residues 1-116), peptide T (residues 117-170), and petide Y (residues 154-170) was studied using the Thor-Rocklin MIF assay system. Lymphocytes of 10 normal subjects, 10 multiple sclerosis patients 0-3 weeks after onset, 10 4 weeks to 3 months after and 10 6 months or longer after onset of an acute exacerbation were assayed. Results of the investigation reveal evidence of cellular sensitization to myelin basic protein encephalitogenic peptide T occurring during attacks of multiple sclerosis. Peptide L, relatively nonencephalitogenic to primates, failed to induce a significant lymphocyte response, whereas peptide Y which is encephalitogenic gave irregular results.", "PMID": 69018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3227", "title": "Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor: histochemical properties of homogeneous acellular substances in the tumor.", "content": "Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is characterized by the presence of homogeneous, acellular, eosinophilic, and calcifying substances. The histochemical properties of homogeneous acellular substances are compared to enamel matrix in the human developing teeth. Homogeneous amorphous material in the CEOT is not amyloid histochemically; the composition of materials are compared to the proteins of enamel matrix. The findings of CEOT from the Japanese literature are introduced clinically and radiographically.", "contents": "Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor: histochemical properties of homogeneous acellular substances in the tumor. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is characterized by the presence of homogeneous, acellular, eosinophilic, and calcifying substances. The histochemical properties of homogeneous acellular substances are compared to enamel matrix in the human developing teeth. Homogeneous amorphous material in the CEOT is not amyloid histochemically; the composition of materials are compared to the proteins of enamel matrix. The findings of CEOT from the Japanese literature are introduced clinically and radiographically.", "PMID": 69019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3228", "title": "Vascular changes in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats: hyaline and fibrinoid degeneration.", "content": "The arterial changes designated as \"hyalinosis\" in the vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats were studied using light- and electron-microscopy. Such changes were classified into three types, hyaline, fibrinoid and atypical fibrinoid degeneration. Hyaline material consisted mainly of excessive lamellar thickening of the basement membrane synthesised by endothelial and smooth muscle cells and associated with cellular debris and electron-dense particles. Acid mucopolysaccharides were found to be one of the components of the hyaline material. The nature of fibrinoid material was primarily fibrin derived from polymerised fibrinogen which has permeated through the injured endothelial cell layer. Atypical fibrinoid material consisted of granular and fibrillar substances derived from blood plasma. In some cases, all three changes were encountered in the same artery.", "contents": "Vascular changes in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats: hyaline and fibrinoid degeneration. The arterial changes designated as \"hyalinosis\" in the vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats were studied using light- and electron-microscopy. Such changes were classified into three types, hyaline, fibrinoid and atypical fibrinoid degeneration. Hyaline material consisted mainly of excessive lamellar thickening of the basement membrane synthesised by endothelial and smooth muscle cells and associated with cellular debris and electron-dense particles. Acid mucopolysaccharides were found to be one of the components of the hyaline material. The nature of fibrinoid material was primarily fibrin derived from polymerised fibrinogen which has permeated through the injured endothelial cell layer. Atypical fibrinoid material consisted of granular and fibrillar substances derived from blood plasma. In some cases, all three changes were encountered in the same artery.", "PMID": 69020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3229", "title": "Alpha1-fetoprotein in neonatal hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "It has been suggested that the quantitative estimation of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein may help in distinguishing the neonatal hepatitis syndrome from biliary atresia. We measured the serum AFP concentration in 52 neonates and infants with various hepatobiliary disorders, including neonatal hepatitis syndrome (group I), biliary atresia (group II), and other hepatopathies such as choledochal cyst (group III). The mean serum AFP concentration in patients with neonatal hepatitis was significantly greater than the mean concentration in the other two groups. There was no significant difference between the mean serum AFP concentrations in patients with biliary atresia and in group III patients. Patient age was noted to be an important factor: Serum AFP levels greater than 35 microgram/ml in infants one to four months of age suggpst the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis syndrome. Serum AFP levels below 10 microgram/ml in infants less than four months of age suggest the diagnosis of biliary atresia or hepatopathies other than neonatal hepatitis. However, the variable and significant overlapping of serum AFP values between 10 and 35 microgram/ml limit the diagnostic value of this test.", "contents": "Alpha1-fetoprotein in neonatal hepatobiliary disease. It has been suggested that the quantitative estimation of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein may help in distinguishing the neonatal hepatitis syndrome from biliary atresia. We measured the serum AFP concentration in 52 neonates and infants with various hepatobiliary disorders, including neonatal hepatitis syndrome (group I), biliary atresia (group II), and other hepatopathies such as choledochal cyst (group III). The mean serum AFP concentration in patients with neonatal hepatitis was significantly greater than the mean concentration in the other two groups. There was no significant difference between the mean serum AFP concentrations in patients with biliary atresia and in group III patients. Patient age was noted to be an important factor: Serum AFP levels greater than 35 microgram/ml in infants one to four months of age suggpst the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis syndrome. Serum AFP levels below 10 microgram/ml in infants less than four months of age suggest the diagnosis of biliary atresia or hepatopathies other than neonatal hepatitis. However, the variable and significant overlapping of serum AFP values between 10 and 35 microgram/ml limit the diagnostic value of this test.", "PMID": 69021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3230", "title": "Antithyroid drug therapy for toxic diffuse goiter (Graves disease): thirty years experience in children and adolescents.", "content": "Since 1946 104 children and adolescents with toxic diffuse goiter have been treated. Sixty-seven were treated with a thioamide for more than 12 months. Remission occurred in 61%. Twenty-five patients had a 12-hour perchlorate discharge test to determine the least frequent dose schedule required for disease control: 68% could be controlled on a single daily dose and an additional 25% on an every 12-hour schedule. A one-hour radioiodine uptake on combined therapy and change in thyroid gland size during treatment were found to be highly correlated with the presence of a spontaneous remission. Thirty-six patients have been treated by subtotal thyroidectomy. To date 65% have developed permanent hypothyroidism. In the author's opinion, thoamides are the treatment of choice for the majority of children and adolescents.", "contents": "Antithyroid drug therapy for toxic diffuse goiter (Graves disease): thirty years experience in children and adolescents. Since 1946 104 children and adolescents with toxic diffuse goiter have been treated. Sixty-seven were treated with a thioamide for more than 12 months. Remission occurred in 61%. Twenty-five patients had a 12-hour perchlorate discharge test to determine the least frequent dose schedule required for disease control: 68% could be controlled on a single daily dose and an additional 25% on an every 12-hour schedule. A one-hour radioiodine uptake on combined therapy and change in thyroid gland size during treatment were found to be highly correlated with the presence of a spontaneous remission. Thirty-six patients have been treated by subtotal thyroidectomy. To date 65% have developed permanent hypothyroidism. In the author's opinion, thoamides are the treatment of choice for the majority of children and adolescents.", "PMID": 69022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3231", "title": "Antimicrobial action of compound 48/80 against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.", "content": "Compound 48/80 inhibited the growth of protozoa, bacteria, and fungi but had no effect on the multiplication of viruses. All susceptible organisms were inhibited by 10 microgram/ml of crude compound 48/80, and some were inhibited by as little as 0.1 microgram/ml. Against Tetrahymena pyriformis, this drug was seven times more potent than quinine. Separation of compound 48/80 into different fractions indicated that some antimicrobial activity could be separated from the histamine-liberating activity. It was found that compound 48/80 is not surface active at 500 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Antimicrobial action of compound 48/80 against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. Compound 48/80 inhibited the growth of protozoa, bacteria, and fungi but had no effect on the multiplication of viruses. All susceptible organisms were inhibited by 10 microgram/ml of crude compound 48/80, and some were inhibited by as little as 0.1 microgram/ml. Against Tetrahymena pyriformis, this drug was seven times more potent than quinine. Separation of compound 48/80 into different fractions indicated that some antimicrobial activity could be separated from the histamine-liberating activity. It was found that compound 48/80 is not surface active at 500 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 69023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3232", "title": "In search of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs: new leads from a mouse model.", "content": "Nine of 25 carefully selected compounds (from a stock of more than 200 000 chemical species amassed principally as a result of testing against other parasitic diseases) were found to have significant suppressive activity against the parasites in the blood of a Trypanosoma cruzi mouse model. Eight of these compounds evaluated in this model had suppressive activity equal to or greater than the reference compound, nifurtimox. For the first time, suppressive activity against T. cruzi is reported for a 7-aminoquinoline, a phosphonium salt, and TAC pamoate; The biological model is believed to be able to serve as a means of identifying other new \"leads* in seeking drugs broadly effective against T=ruzi infections in man.", "contents": "In search of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drugs: new leads from a mouse model. Nine of 25 carefully selected compounds (from a stock of more than 200 000 chemical species amassed principally as a result of testing against other parasitic diseases) were found to have significant suppressive activity against the parasites in the blood of a Trypanosoma cruzi mouse model. Eight of these compounds evaluated in this model had suppressive activity equal to or greater than the reference compound, nifurtimox. For the first time, suppressive activity against T. cruzi is reported for a 7-aminoquinoline, a phosphonium salt, and TAC pamoate; The biological model is believed to be able to serve as a means of identifying other new \"leads* in seeking drugs broadly effective against T=ruzi infections in man.", "PMID": 69024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3233", "title": "Conformational analogues of antihypertensive agents related to guanethidine.", "content": "In an effort to clarify the conformational requirements, if any, of agents producing adrenergic neuronal blockade through mechanisms similar to guanethidine, the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 15 analogues of cinnamylguanidine are described. These analogues represent derivatives in which the distance between the center of the ring system and the guanidinium nitrogen atom varies from 3.9 to 6.2 A. While conformational relationships could not be defined in this study, three analogues (3, 4, and 5) were apparently more potent than guanethidine in the in vitro assay employed.", "contents": "Conformational analogues of antihypertensive agents related to guanethidine. In an effort to clarify the conformational requirements, if any, of agents producing adrenergic neuronal blockade through mechanisms similar to guanethidine, the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 15 analogues of cinnamylguanidine are described. These analogues represent derivatives in which the distance between the center of the ring system and the guanidinium nitrogen atom varies from 3.9 to 6.2 A. While conformational relationships could not be defined in this study, three analogues (3, 4, and 5) were apparently more potent than guanethidine in the in vitro assay employed.", "PMID": 69025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3234", "title": "Diastereoisomeric N-tetrahydrofurfurylnoroxymorphones with opioid agonist--antagonist properties.", "content": "The two diastereoisomeric N-tetrahydrofurfurylnoroxymorphones and their hydrochlorides 1a and 1b have been prepared and studied pharmacologically; The N-(R)-tetrahydrofurfuryl derivative 1a proved to be an opioid agonist--antagonist and the N-(S)-tetrahydrofurfuryl derivative 1b a pure antagonist. As an analgesic, 1a is 25 times more potent than morphine, but it does not show morphine-like side effects in mice. In withdrawn morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys, 1a only partially suppresses abstinence. Its therapeutic ratio is exceptionally favorable compared with those of morphine and pentazocine. As antagonists, 1a and 1b have comparable potencies of 0.25 and 0.20 of that of nalorphine, respectively, in vivo. In vitro, however, 1a is 28 times (guinea pig ileum) or 6.5 times (mouse vas deferens) more potent than 1b. The antagonist properties of 1a and 1b were not anticipated according to known structure--activity relationships.", "contents": "Diastereoisomeric N-tetrahydrofurfurylnoroxymorphones with opioid agonist--antagonist properties. The two diastereoisomeric N-tetrahydrofurfurylnoroxymorphones and their hydrochlorides 1a and 1b have been prepared and studied pharmacologically; The N-(R)-tetrahydrofurfuryl derivative 1a proved to be an opioid agonist--antagonist and the N-(S)-tetrahydrofurfuryl derivative 1b a pure antagonist. As an analgesic, 1a is 25 times more potent than morphine, but it does not show morphine-like side effects in mice. In withdrawn morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys, 1a only partially suppresses abstinence. Its therapeutic ratio is exceptionally favorable compared with those of morphine and pentazocine. As antagonists, 1a and 1b have comparable potencies of 0.25 and 0.20 of that of nalorphine, respectively, in vivo. In vitro, however, 1a is 28 times (guinea pig ileum) or 6.5 times (mouse vas deferens) more potent than 1b. The antagonist properties of 1a and 1b were not anticipated according to known structure--activity relationships.", "PMID": 69027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3235", "title": "Chemotherapy of murine ovarian carcinoma by methotrexate-antibody conjugates.", "content": "Antibodies with specificity for an experimental ovarian carcinoma were coupled to methotrexate by two procedures. Water-soluble carbodiimide gave effective coupling, but a large proportion of the conjugate was rendered insoluble, presumably due to alteration or aggregation of the antibodies. A modification of the mixed anhydride procedure gave rise to products which were completely soluble and allowed a high degree of coupling to be achieved. In vivo testing of the conjugates revealed a significant increase in survival time in treated mice when compared to a variety of control groups; these included groups receiving antiserum or drug alone, mixtures of the two, and conjugates of normal gamma-globulin with methotrexate. Our results provide added support for the concept that tumor-associated antibodies coupled to cytotoxic agents are more effective than single agents or noncoupled mixtures of agents.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of murine ovarian carcinoma by methotrexate-antibody conjugates. Antibodies with specificity for an experimental ovarian carcinoma were coupled to methotrexate by two procedures. Water-soluble carbodiimide gave effective coupling, but a large proportion of the conjugate was rendered insoluble, presumably due to alteration or aggregation of the antibodies. A modification of the mixed anhydride procedure gave rise to products which were completely soluble and allowed a high degree of coupling to be achieved. In vivo testing of the conjugates revealed a significant increase in survival time in treated mice when compared to a variety of control groups; these included groups receiving antiserum or drug alone, mixtures of the two, and conjugates of normal gamma-globulin with methotrexate. Our results provide added support for the concept that tumor-associated antibodies coupled to cytotoxic agents are more effective than single agents or noncoupled mixtures of agents.", "PMID": 69028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3236", "title": "Staining reticulin in beef dorsal lymph nodes for electron microscopy.", "content": "Reticulin has been classically identified by virtue of its argyrophilia, as observed by light microscopy. The similiarity between reticulin and collagen has been a matter for considerable discussion. This paper describes the application of a silver-staining procedure which demonstrates the fine structure of these fibres when studied by electron microscopy, giving a direct indication of the morphological identity of the argyrophilic structures, i.e. reticulin, with collagen. Beef lymph node tissue was used for this study.", "contents": "Staining reticulin in beef dorsal lymph nodes for electron microscopy. Reticulin has been classically identified by virtue of its argyrophilia, as observed by light microscopy. The similiarity between reticulin and collagen has been a matter for considerable discussion. This paper describes the application of a silver-staining procedure which demonstrates the fine structure of these fibres when studied by electron microscopy, giving a direct indication of the morphological identity of the argyrophilic structures, i.e. reticulin, with collagen. Beef lymph node tissue was used for this study.", "PMID": 69030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3237", "title": "Effect of specific immunotherapy with preimmunization against alpha-fetoprotein on a mouse transplantable hepatoma.", "content": "Antibodies to autologous alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were produced in mice by immunization with rat AFP. C57L/J mice with or without such antibodies were inoculated sc or ip with controlled numbers of cells of the syngeneic, AFP-producing, BW 7756 hepatoma. There was a linear relationship between circulating AFP and tumor mass, with elevated AFP being detectable earlier than the tumor. The AFP levels of the immunized mice were generally lower than those of control mice, and tumors could be detected before elevated concentrations of AFP appeared in the circulation. An extensive series of transplantations with varying protocols for immunization did not protect against tumor and did not affect the rate of tumor growth.", "contents": "Effect of specific immunotherapy with preimmunization against alpha-fetoprotein on a mouse transplantable hepatoma. Antibodies to autologous alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were produced in mice by immunization with rat AFP. C57L/J mice with or without such antibodies were inoculated sc or ip with controlled numbers of cells of the syngeneic, AFP-producing, BW 7756 hepatoma. There was a linear relationship between circulating AFP and tumor mass, with elevated AFP being detectable earlier than the tumor. The AFP levels of the immunized mice were generally lower than those of control mice, and tumors could be detected before elevated concentrations of AFP appeared in the circulation. An extensive series of transplantations with varying protocols for immunization did not protect against tumor and did not affect the rate of tumor growth.", "PMID": 69032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3238", "title": "Rapid grain and cell counting for cell kinetic studies.", "content": "A commercially available bacterial colony counter has been adapted for the counting of radioautographic grains over individual cells in smears and for the counting of cells in histologic sections. For radioautographic grains, the correlation coefficients between counts obtained visually by 2 observers and between counts obtained visually and with the use of the instrument were similar (r=0.999 and r=0.998, respectively). The instrument counts were obtained more rapidly than the visual counts and were associated with less observer fatigue. Even though the performance of the instrument in counting cells in mouse bone marrow sections was less accurate than that in counting radioautographic grains, a good estimation of marrow cell number was obtained (r=0.968). Data on bone marrow cellularity were obtained far more rapidly than those with semiquantitative methods.", "contents": "Rapid grain and cell counting for cell kinetic studies. A commercially available bacterial colony counter has been adapted for the counting of radioautographic grains over individual cells in smears and for the counting of cells in histologic sections. For radioautographic grains, the correlation coefficients between counts obtained visually by 2 observers and between counts obtained visually and with the use of the instrument were similar (r=0.999 and r=0.998, respectively). The instrument counts were obtained more rapidly than the visual counts and were associated with less observer fatigue. Even though the performance of the instrument in counting cells in mouse bone marrow sections was less accurate than that in counting radioautographic grains, a good estimation of marrow cell number was obtained (r=0.968). Data on bone marrow cellularity were obtained far more rapidly than those with semiquantitative methods.", "PMID": 69033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3239", "title": "Effect of busulfan on oncornavirus-like activity in platelets and chromosomes in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.", "content": "The effect of busulfan therapy on the activity of oncornavirus-like particles and chromosome patterns in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia was studied. Three patients had pretreatment platelet counts greater than 1 million/microliter, abnormal bone marrow karyotypes, and electron microscopic and biochemical evidence of oncornavirus. The results demonstrated that in all 3 patients virus-like particles and reverse transcriptase-like activity could no longer be found in the platelets within 2-4 weeks after the initiation of busulfan treatment. The platelet count was still elevated at this point for each patient, although the count returned to normal levels within 2-3 weeks after virus-like activity was no longer detectable. The chromosome patterns, characterized by aneuploidy (30-50%) before treatment, improved after therapy.", "contents": "Effect of busulfan on oncornavirus-like activity in platelets and chromosomes in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. The effect of busulfan therapy on the activity of oncornavirus-like particles and chromosome patterns in patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia was studied. Three patients had pretreatment platelet counts greater than 1 million/microliter, abnormal bone marrow karyotypes, and electron microscopic and biochemical evidence of oncornavirus. The results demonstrated that in all 3 patients virus-like particles and reverse transcriptase-like activity could no longer be found in the platelets within 2-4 weeks after the initiation of busulfan treatment. The platelet count was still elevated at this point for each patient, although the count returned to normal levels within 2-3 weeks after virus-like activity was no longer detectable. The chromosome patterns, characterized by aneuploidy (30-50%) before treatment, improved after therapy.", "PMID": 69034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3240", "title": "Specificities in human cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated through selective reactions detected by direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and by inhibition of cytotoxicity through competition. Assuming that target cells reacting alike in direct cytotoxicity shared common antigens, we classified 10 target cells into three groups by target antigens: TA (target antigen) 1, 2, and 3. Partial confirmation of the three groups was achieved in the cross-competition assay. The distinction of TA 1 as a group was clear but some cross-reactivity existed between TA 2 and TA 3 cells.", "contents": "Specificities in human cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated through selective reactions detected by direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and by inhibition of cytotoxicity through competition. Assuming that target cells reacting alike in direct cytotoxicity shared common antigens, we classified 10 target cells into three groups by target antigens: TA (target antigen) 1, 2, and 3. Partial confirmation of the three groups was achieved in the cross-competition assay. The distinction of TA 1 as a group was clear but some cross-reactivity existed between TA 2 and TA 3 cells.", "PMID": 69035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3241", "title": "Relationship between leukemia antigens and stimulation in mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "Leukemia cells from 13 of 27 patients stimulated lymphocytes of their HLA-identical siblings in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Stimulation correlated with high background uptake of tritiated thymidine and high percentages of cells that stained with fluorescein-conjugated polyvalent goat antiserum against human immunoglobulin. Results were similar to those reported with fractionated autologous lymphocyte subpopulations in normal individuals. Investigation of leukemia-specific stimulation in MLC is therefore problematic.", "contents": "Relationship between leukemia antigens and stimulation in mixed leukocyte culture. Leukemia cells from 13 of 27 patients stimulated lymphocytes of their HLA-identical siblings in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Stimulation correlated with high background uptake of tritiated thymidine and high percentages of cells that stained with fluorescein-conjugated polyvalent goat antiserum against human immunoglobulin. Results were similar to those reported with fractionated autologous lymphocyte subpopulations in normal individuals. Investigation of leukemia-specific stimulation in MLC is therefore problematic.", "PMID": 69037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3242", "title": "Antigenic characterization of flavivirus structural proteins separated by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Isoelectrofocusing of nonionic-detergent-disrupted flaviviruses separated the envelope glycoprotein of 53,000 to 58,000 daltons and the nucleocapsid protein of 14,000 daltons. The envelope protein and nucleocapsid protein were isolated at isoelectric points of pI 7.8 and 10.3, respectively. The antigenic determinants of St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue virus envelope and nucleocapsid proteins were examined by solid-phase competition radioimmunoassay. By the appropriate selection of antiserum and competing proteins, it was possible to distinguish type-specific, complex-reactive and flavivirus group-reactive antigenic determinants. The envelope glycoproteins of St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue viruses were found to contain each of these three classes of antigenic determinants. Most of the determinants on the envelope protein were type specific, some were complex reactive, and a small fraction were flavivirus group reactive. The nucleocapsid protein contained only flavivirus group-reactive antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Antigenic characterization of flavivirus structural proteins separated by isoelectric focusing. Isoelectrofocusing of nonionic-detergent-disrupted flaviviruses separated the envelope glycoprotein of 53,000 to 58,000 daltons and the nucleocapsid protein of 14,000 daltons. The envelope protein and nucleocapsid protein were isolated at isoelectric points of pI 7.8 and 10.3, respectively. The antigenic determinants of St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue virus envelope and nucleocapsid proteins were examined by solid-phase competition radioimmunoassay. By the appropriate selection of antiserum and competing proteins, it was possible to distinguish type-specific, complex-reactive and flavivirus group-reactive antigenic determinants. The envelope glycoproteins of St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue viruses were found to contain each of these three classes of antigenic determinants. Most of the determinants on the envelope protein were type specific, some were complex reactive, and a small fraction were flavivirus group reactive. The nucleocapsid protein contained only flavivirus group-reactive antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 69040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3243", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human prostatic fluid: an aid in recognition of malignancy?", "content": "A total of 1,435 specimens of prostatic fluid were collected from 1,076 patients by rectal massage. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the fluid were separated by acrylamide disk electrophoresis and the ratio of lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 was used as the parameter for the test. There were significant differences in the ratio among patients with a normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma. The mean values of lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 ratios were 0.48 +/- 0.09, 1.36 +/- 0.17 and 5.21 +/- 0.79, respectively. Of 30 patients with histological evidence of prostatic carcinoma 25 (85 per cent) had a ratio greater than 2 in the prostatic fluid. On the other hand the ratio was less than 2 in 50 of 57 men (88 per cent) with a  histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia devoid of inflammation. When prostatic fluid contained white blood cells a positive correlation was observed between the ratio and the number of white blood cells per microscopic field (r equals 0.289, p less than 0.001). The results indicate that a lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 ratio exceeding 2 in the prostatic fluid in the absence of inflammation should be regarded as an indication of high risk of the presence of carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human prostatic fluid: an aid in recognition of malignancy? A total of 1,435 specimens of prostatic fluid were collected from 1,076 patients by rectal massage. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the fluid were separated by acrylamide disk electrophoresis and the ratio of lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 was used as the parameter for the test. There were significant differences in the ratio among patients with a normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma. The mean values of lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 ratios were 0.48 +/- 0.09, 1.36 +/- 0.17 and 5.21 +/- 0.79, respectively. Of 30 patients with histological evidence of prostatic carcinoma 25 (85 per cent) had a ratio greater than 2 in the prostatic fluid. On the other hand the ratio was less than 2 in 50 of 57 men (88 per cent) with a  histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia devoid of inflammation. When prostatic fluid contained white blood cells a positive correlation was observed between the ratio and the number of white blood cells per microscopic field (r equals 0.289, p less than 0.001). The results indicate that a lactic dehydrogenase-5/lactic dehydrogenase-1 ratio exceeding 2 in the prostatic fluid in the absence of inflammation should be regarded as an indication of high risk of the presence of carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 69042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3244", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein gp69/71 and degradation fragments from Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Analysis of the proteins of Rauscher murine oncornavirus by immunoprecipitation showed that antiserum to the purified envelope glycoprotein of approximately 69,000 and 71,000 daltons (gp69/71) reacted as well with a number of other components of several murine oncornaviruses of approximately 45,000, 32,000, and 15,000 daltons. Polypeptides of similar size were also produced by limited proteolysis of purified gp69/71; these degradation fragments were shown to contain carbohydrate by the incorporation of (3)H from sodium boro[(3)H]hydride after neuraminidase and galactose oxidase treatment. Each of these glycoproteins was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was analyzed by tryptic peptide mapping. The major virion components of 69,000 and 71,000 daltons were nearly identical, as were the primary degradation fragments. Analysis of the immunological properties of the glycoproteins showed that the 71,000-, 69,000-, and 32,000-dalton glycoproteins behaved similarly with respect to type and group-specific antigenic determinants. In contrast, the 45,000-dalton glycoprotein lacked detectable interspecies and some of the group-specific reactivity. Components of about 45,000 and 32,000 daltons isolated directly from virions were also identified as constituents of the major envelope glycoprotein by immune precipitation and tryptic peptide mapping. These results indicate that all of the examined virion glycoproteins of approximately 71,000, 69,000, 45,000, and 32,000 daltons are derived from the same viral gene and that these lower-molecular-weight glycoproteins can readily be produced from the major envelope glycoprotein.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein gp69/71 and degradation fragments from Rauscher leukemia virus. Analysis of the proteins of Rauscher murine oncornavirus by immunoprecipitation showed that antiserum to the purified envelope glycoprotein of approximately 69,000 and 71,000 daltons (gp69/71) reacted as well with a number of other components of several murine oncornaviruses of approximately 45,000, 32,000, and 15,000 daltons. Polypeptides of similar size were also produced by limited proteolysis of purified gp69/71; these degradation fragments were shown to contain carbohydrate by the incorporation of (3)H from sodium boro[(3)H]hydride after neuraminidase and galactose oxidase treatment. Each of these glycoproteins was isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was analyzed by tryptic peptide mapping. The major virion components of 69,000 and 71,000 daltons were nearly identical, as were the primary degradation fragments. Analysis of the immunological properties of the glycoproteins showed that the 71,000-, 69,000-, and 32,000-dalton glycoproteins behaved similarly with respect to type and group-specific antigenic determinants. In contrast, the 45,000-dalton glycoprotein lacked detectable interspecies and some of the group-specific reactivity. Components of about 45,000 and 32,000 daltons isolated directly from virions were also identified as constituents of the major envelope glycoprotein by immune precipitation and tryptic peptide mapping. These results indicate that all of the examined virion glycoproteins of approximately 71,000, 69,000, 45,000, and 32,000 daltons are derived from the same viral gene and that these lower-molecular-weight glycoproteins can readily be produced from the major envelope glycoprotein.", "PMID": 69041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3245", "title": "Intranuclear microtubules in lung mast cells of guinea pigs in anaphylactic shock.", "content": "Intranuclear microtubules were found in lung mast cells during anaphylactic shock following ovalbumin challenge of guinea pigs passively sensitized with homocytotropic antibodies. Simultaneously, such cells showed mitochondrial swelling with a clear matrix and partially disrupted cristae. Although a decreased number of mast cell granules generally accompanied these observations, the degree of degranulation and the morphologic appearance of the granules are less reliable criteria to indicate the immediate participation of a cell in the anaphylactic phenomenon. The cells that presented intranuclear microtubules were mainly found in the vicinity of the bronchiolar smooth muscle. The distribution of cations has been investigated in these tissues with a combined oxalate-pyroantimonate method. Whereas in controls the reaction product is located mainly in the nucleus and the mitochondria of mast cells, these sites become almost completely devoid of precipitate during the anaphylactic reaction. A hypothetical link between histamine release, intracellular distribution of cations, possibly calcium, and the appearance of intranuclear microtubules in mast cells is proposed.", "contents": "Intranuclear microtubules in lung mast cells of guinea pigs in anaphylactic shock. Intranuclear microtubules were found in lung mast cells during anaphylactic shock following ovalbumin challenge of guinea pigs passively sensitized with homocytotropic antibodies. Simultaneously, such cells showed mitochondrial swelling with a clear matrix and partially disrupted cristae. Although a decreased number of mast cell granules generally accompanied these observations, the degree of degranulation and the morphologic appearance of the granules are less reliable criteria to indicate the immediate participation of a cell in the anaphylactic phenomenon. The cells that presented intranuclear microtubules were mainly found in the vicinity of the bronchiolar smooth muscle. The distribution of cations has been investigated in these tissues with a combined oxalate-pyroantimonate method. Whereas in controls the reaction product is located mainly in the nucleus and the mitochondria of mast cells, these sites become almost completely devoid of precipitate during the anaphylactic reaction. A hypothetical link between histamine release, intracellular distribution of cations, possibly calcium, and the appearance of intranuclear microtubules in mast cells is proposed.", "PMID": 69052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3246", "title": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurement in antenatal screening for anencephaly and spina bifida in early pregnancy. Report of U.K. collaborative study on alpha-fetoprotein in relation to neural-tube defects.", "content": "Nineteen centres collaborated in a study to determine the efficiency of maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) measurement as a method of screening for neural-tube defects (N.T.D.S.) between 10 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. Data were collected on 18 684 singleton pregnancies and 163 twin pregnancies without fetal N.T.D.s, and on 301 singleton pregnancies with fetal N.T.D.s (146 with anencephaly, 142 with spina bifida, and 13 with encephalocele). The best time for detecting open spina bifida by measuring maternal serum-A.F.P. is at 16-18 weeks of pregnancy. In clinical practice, serum-A.F.P. cut-off levels expressed as multiples of the normal median may be more convenient to use than percentiles because they are easier to derive and more stable. Also, the proportion of affected pregnancies with serum-A.F.P. levels exceeding a given multiple of the median is unlikely to vary significantly from centre to centre or over time. In contrast, the proportion of unaffected pregnancies with A.F.P. levels exceeding a given multiple of the normal median will vary depending on the precision with which serum-A.F.P. and gestation are measured. At 16-18 weeks of pregnancy 88% of cases of anencephaly, 79% of cases of open spina bifida, and 3% of unaffected singleton pregnancies had A.F.P. levels equal to or greater than 2-5 times the median for unaffected singleton pregnancies. At this gestation age the numbers of unaffected pregnancies with A.F.P. levels above 2-5 times the normal median can be reduced by about a third if women with borderline A.F.P. levels are retested, although this would not greatly change the detection-rate of affected pregnancies. In the United Kingdom as a whole, women with serum-A.F.P. levels above 2-5 times the normal median at 16-18 weeks of gestation will have an approximately 1-in-20 chance of having a fetus with open spina bifida; the risk of having any N.T.D. will be approximately 1 in 10. The results of this study indicate that screening pregnant women by measuring the concentration of A.F.P. in their serum is an effective method of selecting women for ultrasonography and amniocentesis so that N.T.D.s can be diagnosed in utero.", "contents": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurement in antenatal screening for anencephaly and spina bifida in early pregnancy. Report of U.K. collaborative study on alpha-fetoprotein in relation to neural-tube defects. Nineteen centres collaborated in a study to determine the efficiency of maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) measurement as a method of screening for neural-tube defects (N.T.D.S.) between 10 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. Data were collected on 18 684 singleton pregnancies and 163 twin pregnancies without fetal N.T.D.s, and on 301 singleton pregnancies with fetal N.T.D.s (146 with anencephaly, 142 with spina bifida, and 13 with encephalocele). The best time for detecting open spina bifida by measuring maternal serum-A.F.P. is at 16-18 weeks of pregnancy. In clinical practice, serum-A.F.P. cut-off levels expressed as multiples of the normal median may be more convenient to use than percentiles because they are easier to derive and more stable. Also, the proportion of affected pregnancies with serum-A.F.P. levels exceeding a given multiple of the median is unlikely to vary significantly from centre to centre or over time. In contrast, the proportion of unaffected pregnancies with A.F.P. levels exceeding a given multiple of the normal median will vary depending on the precision with which serum-A.F.P. and gestation are measured. At 16-18 weeks of pregnancy 88% of cases of anencephaly, 79% of cases of open spina bifida, and 3% of unaffected singleton pregnancies had A.F.P. levels equal to or greater than 2-5 times the median for unaffected singleton pregnancies. At this gestation age the numbers of unaffected pregnancies with A.F.P. levels above 2-5 times the normal median can be reduced by about a third if women with borderline A.F.P. levels are retested, although this would not greatly change the detection-rate of affected pregnancies. In the United Kingdom as a whole, women with serum-A.F.P. levels above 2-5 times the normal median at 16-18 weeks of gestation will have an approximately 1-in-20 chance of having a fetus with open spina bifida; the risk of having any N.T.D. will be approximately 1 in 10. The results of this study indicate that screening pregnant women by measuring the concentration of A.F.P. in their serum is an effective method of selecting women for ultrasonography and amniocentesis so that N.T.D.s can be diagnosed in utero.", "PMID": 69055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3247", "title": "Evaluation of a sucrose/electrolyte solution for oral rehydration in acute infantile diarrhoea.", "content": "An oral sucrose/electrolyte solution brought about complete hydration in 19 out of 20 consecutive children with a median age of 1 year with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea (1 child did not respond and needed intravenous therapy). Vomiting, abdominal distension, and appearance of sugar in the stools during oral hydration did not interfere with its success. A satisfactory response was shown by weight gain (mean +/- S.E. = 9-2 +/- 0-6%), restoration of plasma-bicarbonate to normal levels, falls in the haematocrit values and in the plasma specific gravity, and complete clinical recovery. Disaccharidases in jejunal mucosal biopsy specimens in the acute phase showed reduced lactase in 75% and reduced sucrase in 18%; maltase levels were adequate. Except for the child who did not respond, all showed a satisfactory rise of blood-sugar after sucrose and glucose tolerance tests. Sucrose is cheap and easily obtained; its use instead of glucose in electrolyte solutions would be a considerable gain.", "contents": "Evaluation of a sucrose/electrolyte solution for oral rehydration in acute infantile diarrhoea. An oral sucrose/electrolyte solution brought about complete hydration in 19 out of 20 consecutive children with a median age of 1 year with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea (1 child did not respond and needed intravenous therapy). Vomiting, abdominal distension, and appearance of sugar in the stools during oral hydration did not interfere with its success. A satisfactory response was shown by weight gain (mean +/- S.E. = 9-2 +/- 0-6%), restoration of plasma-bicarbonate to normal levels, falls in the haematocrit values and in the plasma specific gravity, and complete clinical recovery. Disaccharidases in jejunal mucosal biopsy specimens in the acute phase showed reduced lactase in 75% and reduced sucrase in 18%; maltase levels were adequate. Except for the child who did not respond, all showed a satisfactory rise of blood-sugar after sucrose and glucose tolerance tests. Sucrose is cheap and easily obtained; its use instead of glucose in electrolyte solutions would be a considerable gain.", "PMID": 69056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3248", "title": "Merozoite vaccination of douroucouli monkeys against falciparum malaria.", "content": "Erythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum (Gambia) were isolated from cultures of schizont-infected human red cells on CF 11 cellulose columns. Douroucouli monkeys vaccinated with such preparations stored in liquid nitrogen and then emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (F.C.A.), were resistant to successive challenges with West African (Lagos) and East African (Uganda Palto-Alto) strains of P. falciparum. The induced immunity is specific since vaccination with P. knowlesi merozoites in F.C.A. does not modify the course of P. falciparum infections in douroucouli monkeys.", "contents": "Merozoite vaccination of douroucouli monkeys against falciparum malaria. Erythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum (Gambia) were isolated from cultures of schizont-infected human red cells on CF 11 cellulose columns. Douroucouli monkeys vaccinated with such preparations stored in liquid nitrogen and then emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (F.C.A.), were resistant to successive challenges with West African (Lagos) and East African (Uganda Palto-Alto) strains of P. falciparum. The induced immunity is specific since vaccination with P. knowlesi merozoites in F.C.A. does not modify the course of P. falciparum infections in douroucouli monkeys.", "PMID": 69057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3249", "title": "Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Reduction of adult respiratory mortality in a New Guinea Highlands community.", "content": "A double-blind controlled trial of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was carried out in 11 958 adults at Tari in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Pneumococcal infection, confirmed by blood-culture and lung aspirate, was less in the vaccinated group by 84%. Mortality from pneumonia was less by 44%.", "contents": "Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Reduction of adult respiratory mortality in a New Guinea Highlands community. A double-blind controlled trial of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was carried out in 11 958 adults at Tari in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Pneumococcal infection, confirmed by blood-culture and lung aspirate, was less in the vaccinated group by 84%. Mortality from pneumonia was less by 44%.", "PMID": 69058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3250", "title": "Comparison of oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D, and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "Circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were measured during short-term and long-term oral treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), 25-H.C.C.) or with vitamin D in over 200 subjects over a period of 5 years. Ten times more vitamin D than 25-OHD3 was required to produce equivalent plasma-25-OHD concentrations. Plasma-25-OHD was a power function of dosage with both compounds. These data indirectly measure the superior therapeutic potency of 25-OHD3, show that dose-response relations with both compounds may be useful in diagnosis, and indicate that there are pronounced constraints on 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. Together with the effects of ultraviolet light, now shown to be equivalent to oral vitamin D in doses of 8000-10 000 I.U. daily, these constraints may protect against vitamin-D deficiency in winter.", "contents": "Comparison of oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D, and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were measured during short-term and long-term oral treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), 25-H.C.C.) or with vitamin D in over 200 subjects over a period of 5 years. Ten times more vitamin D than 25-OHD3 was required to produce equivalent plasma-25-OHD concentrations. Plasma-25-OHD was a power function of dosage with both compounds. These data indirectly measure the superior therapeutic potency of 25-OHD3, show that dose-response relations with both compounds may be useful in diagnosis, and indicate that there are pronounced constraints on 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. Together with the effects of ultraviolet light, now shown to be equivalent to oral vitamin D in doses of 8000-10 000 I.U. daily, these constraints may protect against vitamin-D deficiency in winter.", "PMID": 69059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3251", "title": "Prophylactic antimicrobial drug therapy at five London teaching hospitals. A report by the Study Group on the Use of Antimicrobial Drugs.", "content": "We report some findings of a survey of antimicrobial prophylaxis in 5 London teaching hospitals. It is practised predominantly in surgical patients, both before and after operations, penicillins being by far the commonest drugs. Striking differences were found, particularly in the duration of treatment in different hospitals in the same specialty, and also between consultants in the same hospital. The findings raise important questions that need to be answered by clinical trials.", "contents": "Prophylactic antimicrobial drug therapy at five London teaching hospitals. A report by the Study Group on the Use of Antimicrobial Drugs. We report some findings of a survey of antimicrobial prophylaxis in 5 London teaching hospitals. It is practised predominantly in surgical patients, both before and after operations, penicillins being by far the commonest drugs. Striking differences were found, particularly in the duration of treatment in different hospitals in the same specialty, and also between consultants in the same hospital. The findings raise important questions that need to be answered by clinical trials.", "PMID": 69065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3252", "title": "Relation between smoking and age of natural menopause. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center.", "content": "The relation of cigarette smoking to natural menopause has been evaluated in two independent sets of data. In both, at each age from 44 to 53 years, more current smokers were post-menopausal compared to \"never\" smokers. In the first set of data the age-standardised proportions of women who were postmenopausal were 35, 36, 43, and 49%, respectively, for never smokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers of 1/2 and greater than or equal to 1 pack per day. The corresponding proportions for the second set were 53, 59, 60 and 65%.", "contents": "Relation between smoking and age of natural menopause. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. The relation of cigarette smoking to natural menopause has been evaluated in two independent sets of data. In both, at each age from 44 to 53 years, more current smokers were post-menopausal compared to \"never\" smokers. In the first set of data the age-standardised proportions of women who were postmenopausal were 35, 36, 43, and 49%, respectively, for never smokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers of 1/2 and greater than or equal to 1 pack per day. The corresponding proportions for the second set were 53, 59, 60 and 65%.", "PMID": 69066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3253", "title": "Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure by polyacrylonitrile-membrane haemodialysis.", "content": "24 patients with fulminant hepatic failure who had deteriorated to grade-IV coma were treated by repeated periods of haemodialysis with a polyacrylonitrile membrane. 9 patients fully recovered consciousness, and 8 (33%) survived to leave hospitals. These results are to be compared with those of conservative management alone (15% survival in 53 cases) and those obtained initially with charcoal haemo-perfusion (38%). Of the 16 treatment failures, cerebral oedema was found at necropsy in 13 (18%). Whether this would have been less of problem if treatment had been started earlier in the course of the illness remains to be determined.", "contents": "Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure by polyacrylonitrile-membrane haemodialysis. 24 patients with fulminant hepatic failure who had deteriorated to grade-IV coma were treated by repeated periods of haemodialysis with a polyacrylonitrile membrane. 9 patients fully recovered consciousness, and 8 (33%) survived to leave hospitals. These results are to be compared with those of conservative management alone (15% survival in 53 cases) and those obtained initially with charcoal haemo-perfusion (38%). Of the 16 treatment failures, cerebral oedema was found at necropsy in 13 (18%). Whether this would have been less of problem if treatment had been started earlier in the course of the illness remains to be determined.", "PMID": 69100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3254", "title": "Altered plasma-lipids associated with oral contraceptive or oestrogen consumption. The Lipid Research Clinic Program.", "content": "Mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured in White female users and non-users of oral contraceptives and oestrogens in 10 diverse, demographically defined North American populations. About 50% of the younger women (20-24 years old) were taking oral contraceptives. In these women mean triglyceride concentrations were up to 48% higher and mean cholesterol concentrations were about 5% higher than in non-users. The 95% percentile of the total lipid distribution among non-users was used to define hyperlipidaemia. In young women on oral contraceptives hypercholesterolaemia was up to three times more common and hypertriglyceridaemia was up to five times more common than in non-users. 37% of older women (50-54 years) (presumably intramenopausal and postmenopausal) were hormone users, and in this group there were small, inconsistent alterations in plasma-triglyceride and a modest but consistent reduction in mean cholesterol concentration.", "contents": "Altered plasma-lipids associated with oral contraceptive or oestrogen consumption. The Lipid Research Clinic Program. Mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured in White female users and non-users of oral contraceptives and oestrogens in 10 diverse, demographically defined North American populations. About 50% of the younger women (20-24 years old) were taking oral contraceptives. In these women mean triglyceride concentrations were up to 48% higher and mean cholesterol concentrations were about 5% higher than in non-users. The 95% percentile of the total lipid distribution among non-users was used to define hyperlipidaemia. In young women on oral contraceptives hypercholesterolaemia was up to three times more common and hypertriglyceridaemia was up to five times more common than in non-users. 37% of older women (50-54 years) (presumably intramenopausal and postmenopausal) were hormone users, and in this group there were small, inconsistent alterations in plasma-triglyceride and a modest but consistent reduction in mean cholesterol concentration.", "PMID": 69101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3255", "title": "Predictive classification of human breast carcinomas based on lactalbumin synthesis.", "content": "The milk protein lactalbumin was found in the cytosol fraction of 20 of 53 human breast carcinomas. Oestrogen receptor (E.R) was detected in 36 of the tumours. The presence of lactalbumin was closely associated with the presence of E.R.; in tumours containing both, there was a positive linear correlation between concentrations of lactalbumin and E.R. Synthesis of lactalbumin by a mammary carcinoma seems to indicate an intact oestrogen receptor mechanism and may therefore be useful in identifying tumours responsive to endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Predictive classification of human breast carcinomas based on lactalbumin synthesis. The milk protein lactalbumin was found in the cytosol fraction of 20 of 53 human breast carcinomas. Oestrogen receptor (E.R) was detected in 36 of the tumours. The presence of lactalbumin was closely associated with the presence of E.R.; in tumours containing both, there was a positive linear correlation between concentrations of lactalbumin and E.R. Synthesis of lactalbumin by a mammary carcinoma seems to indicate an intact oestrogen receptor mechanism and may therefore be useful in identifying tumours responsive to endocrine therapy.", "PMID": 69102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3256", "title": "Patterns of sexually transmitted enteric diseases in a city.", "content": "In the past three years cases of shigellosis, amoebiasis, and viral hepatitis A and B have increased fourfold to tenfold in San Francisco. These diseases were most common in people who had adopted \"alternative life-styles\", especially in young men, In many cases there was a history of frequent orogenital and oral-anal sexual contact between men with no common source. Despite energetic public-health measures and intensive efforts by physicians treating these cases, the increase has not yet been brought under control. Other cities may experience similar difficulties with sexual transmission of enteric diseases.20", "contents": "Patterns of sexually transmitted enteric diseases in a city. In the past three years cases of shigellosis, amoebiasis, and viral hepatitis A and B have increased fourfold to tenfold in San Francisco. These diseases were most common in people who had adopted \"alternative life-styles\", especially in young men, In many cases there was a history of frequent orogenital and oral-anal sexual contact between men with no common source. Despite energetic public-health measures and intensive efforts by physicians treating these cases, the increase has not yet been brought under control. Other cities may experience similar difficulties with sexual transmission of enteric diseases.20", "PMID": 69111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3257", "title": "Prophylactic systemic antibiotics in colorectal surgery.", "content": "The prophylactic value of gentamicin combined with either lincomycin or metronidazole in 52 patients undergoing colorectal surgery was investigated. The results confirmed the value of this practice. In a control group, the sepsis-rate was 48% with 1 death attributable to sepsis, compared with a sepsis-rate of 4% in the treated group. The combination of gentamicin and lincomycin was effective against sepsis but pseudomembranous colitis developed in 2 of the 14 patients treated with this combination of drugs. Lincomycin was discontinued, and when metronidazole was substituted the results were equally good and there were no toxic side-effects.", "contents": "Prophylactic systemic antibiotics in colorectal surgery. The prophylactic value of gentamicin combined with either lincomycin or metronidazole in 52 patients undergoing colorectal surgery was investigated. The results confirmed the value of this practice. In a control group, the sepsis-rate was 48% with 1 death attributable to sepsis, compared with a sepsis-rate of 4% in the treated group. The combination of gentamicin and lincomycin was effective against sepsis but pseudomembranous colitis developed in 2 of the 14 patients treated with this combination of drugs. Lincomycin was discontinued, and when metronidazole was substituted the results were equally good and there were no toxic side-effects.", "PMID": 69126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3258", "title": "Intravenous glucose, aminoacids, and fat in the postoperative period. A controlled evaluation of each substrate.", "content": "The metabolic effects of hypocaloric (2-51 MJ), equicalorific quantities of intravenous glucose, crystalline aminoacids, and soyabean emulsion were comapred with those of fasting in 4 groups of male patients (closely matched for age, weight, and fat-free mass) on the day of vagotomy and pylorplasty and on the fast 3 postoperative day. Patients given glucose alone excreted less nitrogen than the fasting patients but nitrogen sparing was greatest in the group given aminoacids alone. There was no evidence of any nitrogen sparing when intravenous fat was the source of energy. There was no difference in blood glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin concentrations among the groups. Ketone-body concentrations rose in the fasting and fat-fed groups but remained low in the groups who received glucose or aminoacids. This study indicates that, in the short term, the increased preservation of protein achieved by the infusion of aminoacids compared with that produced by the traditional infusion of glucose does not warrant the extra cost involved.", "contents": "Intravenous glucose, aminoacids, and fat in the postoperative period. A controlled evaluation of each substrate. The metabolic effects of hypocaloric (2-51 MJ), equicalorific quantities of intravenous glucose, crystalline aminoacids, and soyabean emulsion were comapred with those of fasting in 4 groups of male patients (closely matched for age, weight, and fat-free mass) on the day of vagotomy and pylorplasty and on the fast 3 postoperative day. Patients given glucose alone excreted less nitrogen than the fasting patients but nitrogen sparing was greatest in the group given aminoacids alone. There was no evidence of any nitrogen sparing when intravenous fat was the source of energy. There was no difference in blood glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin concentrations among the groups. Ketone-body concentrations rose in the fasting and fat-fed groups but remained low in the groups who received glucose or aminoacids. This study indicates that, in the short term, the increased preservation of protein achieved by the infusion of aminoacids compared with that produced by the traditional infusion of glucose does not warrant the extra cost involved.", "PMID": 69143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3259", "title": "Difficult labour as a cause of communicating syringomyelia.", "content": "Although some causes of communicating syringomyelia are known most cases of the disease can only be described as idiopathic. The results of a questionnaire suggest a high incidence of difficult labour in the mothers of syringomyelia patients. A high proportion of patients had forceps deliveries, and a high proportion were the first born in their families. Because the validity of taking a birth history at the age of presentation (mean age 40 y, S.D. 14 for this sample) might be questioned, patients admitted with other disorders (mean age 40 y, S.D. 16) were used as a control group. These patients matched the syringomyelia patients in social class and place of birth. It seems likely that birth trauma may be a cause of tonsillar descent through the foramen magnum (ectopia) and of arachnoiditis; both conditions are often present. Once the tonsils become engaged in the foramen magnum, difference between the cranial and spinal pressure may, over the course of several years, cause the tonsils to descend further, thus leading to communicating syringomyelia. Over half these patients have a history of difficult labour and it is possible that birth injury may be a factor even where birth is regarded as normal.", "contents": "Difficult labour as a cause of communicating syringomyelia. Although some causes of communicating syringomyelia are known most cases of the disease can only be described as idiopathic. The results of a questionnaire suggest a high incidence of difficult labour in the mothers of syringomyelia patients. A high proportion of patients had forceps deliveries, and a high proportion were the first born in their families. Because the validity of taking a birth history at the age of presentation (mean age 40 y, S.D. 14 for this sample) might be questioned, patients admitted with other disorders (mean age 40 y, S.D. 16) were used as a control group. These patients matched the syringomyelia patients in social class and place of birth. It seems likely that birth trauma may be a cause of tonsillar descent through the foramen magnum (ectopia) and of arachnoiditis; both conditions are often present. Once the tonsils become engaged in the foramen magnum, difference between the cranial and spinal pressure may, over the course of several years, cause the tonsils to descend further, thus leading to communicating syringomyelia. Over half these patients have a history of difficult labour and it is possible that birth injury may be a factor even where birth is regarded as normal.", "PMID": 69144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3260", "title": "Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when serum-thyroxine alone is raised.", "content": "31 patients admitted to hospital with different non-thyroidal intercurrent diseases were found to have raised total serum-thyroxine (T4) and free T4 together with normal serum-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. At admission none was clinically hyperthyroid. Patients were assigned to 3 groups according to clinical course and the laboratory findings. In the first group (14 patients) classic hyperthyroidism developed after recovery from the intercurrent disease. 11 out of these 14 patients had recently received iodine-containing preparations. In a second group (11 patients) the initially raised serum-T4 rapidly returned to normal with recovery from the non-thyroidal disease. In a third group (6 patients) serum-T4 concentrations remained raised well after recovery from intercurrent disease. In this group, there were 2 cases of transient iodine-induced (Jod-Basedow) hyperthyroidism in which raised serum-T4 returned spontaneously to normal after several months as iodine was eliminated. These results indicate that increase in serum-T4 with normal serum-T3 in patients with intercurrent systemic disease is not always the result of hyperthyroidism and in many cases probably reflects changes in peripheral metabolism of T4. It is suggested that careful clinical follow-up is needed in patients with raised serum-T4 and normal serum-T3 for the early detection and treatment of classic hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when serum-thyroxine alone is raised. 31 patients admitted to hospital with different non-thyroidal intercurrent diseases were found to have raised total serum-thyroxine (T4) and free T4 together with normal serum-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. At admission none was clinically hyperthyroid. Patients were assigned to 3 groups according to clinical course and the laboratory findings. In the first group (14 patients) classic hyperthyroidism developed after recovery from the intercurrent disease. 11 out of these 14 patients had recently received iodine-containing preparations. In a second group (11 patients) the initially raised serum-T4 rapidly returned to normal with recovery from the non-thyroidal disease. In a third group (6 patients) serum-T4 concentrations remained raised well after recovery from intercurrent disease. In this group, there were 2 cases of transient iodine-induced (Jod-Basedow) hyperthyroidism in which raised serum-T4 returned spontaneously to normal after several months as iodine was eliminated. These results indicate that increase in serum-T4 with normal serum-T3 in patients with intercurrent systemic disease is not always the result of hyperthyroidism and in many cases probably reflects changes in peripheral metabolism of T4. It is suggested that careful clinical follow-up is needed in patients with raised serum-T4 and normal serum-T3 for the early detection and treatment of classic hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 69145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3261", "title": "Effect of insulin antibodies on free and total plasma-insulin.", "content": "Insulin administration often causes the development of insulin antibodies. Plasma insulin-binding capacity was assessed and free and total plasma insulin were measured in 96 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Patients with the highest insulin binding capacity not only had the highest total insulin but also had the lowest free insulin. It is concluded that bound insulin is not unavailable to cells, that sufficient dissociation can occur for this insulin source to make a sizeable contribution to insulin delivery to the cell receptors, and that this can happen at a very low free insulin concentration.", "contents": "Effect of insulin antibodies on free and total plasma-insulin. Insulin administration often causes the development of insulin antibodies. Plasma insulin-binding capacity was assessed and free and total plasma insulin were measured in 96 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Patients with the highest insulin binding capacity not only had the highest total insulin but also had the lowest free insulin. It is concluded that bound insulin is not unavailable to cells, that sufficient dissociation can occur for this insulin source to make a sizeable contribution to insulin delivery to the cell receptors, and that this can happen at a very low free insulin concentration.", "PMID": 69146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3262", "title": "Contacts between young patients with Hodgkin's disease. A case-control study.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) may be transmitted from person to person, a case-control study was conducted among 87 of the 97 H.D. patients diagnosed under the age of 40 years in the period 1962-71, resident at the time of diagnosis in a defined area around Oxford. For each of the 87 H.D. patients a matched control patient was selected with a diagnosis other than that of a chronic or malignant disease. H.D. patients and controls were interviewed to determine their places of schooling and work and attempts were made to link pairs of patients who had attended the same school or work place at the same time. The findings do not support the hypothesis that H.D. patients may pass on the disease to others. Among the H.D. patients, links between 40 pairs were established, compared with 40-75 links expected, based upon the experience of all 174 persons studied. The only finding which was statistically significant (p approximately 0-04) arose when H.D. patients were considered to be \"susceptible\" from 10 to 5 years before diagnosis and \"infective\" from diagnosis to 2 years after diagnosis: 7 pairs of links were found against 2-75 expected. However, since 7 postulated periods of susceptibility and 9 postulated periods of infectivity were examined, this one \"statistically significant\" finding might easily have arisen by chance.", "contents": "Contacts between young patients with Hodgkin's disease. A case-control study. To investigate the possibility that Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) may be transmitted from person to person, a case-control study was conducted among 87 of the 97 H.D. patients diagnosed under the age of 40 years in the period 1962-71, resident at the time of diagnosis in a defined area around Oxford. For each of the 87 H.D. patients a matched control patient was selected with a diagnosis other than that of a chronic or malignant disease. H.D. patients and controls were interviewed to determine their places of schooling and work and attempts were made to link pairs of patients who had attended the same school or work place at the same time. The findings do not support the hypothesis that H.D. patients may pass on the disease to others. Among the H.D. patients, links between 40 pairs were established, compared with 40-75 links expected, based upon the experience of all 174 persons studied. The only finding which was statistically significant (p approximately 0-04) arose when H.D. patients were considered to be \"susceptible\" from 10 to 5 years before diagnosis and \"infective\" from diagnosis to 2 years after diagnosis: 7 pairs of links were found against 2-75 expected. However, since 7 postulated periods of susceptibility and 9 postulated periods of infectivity were examined, this one \"statistically significant\" finding might easily have arisen by chance.", "PMID": 69147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3263", "title": "Acute pontine syndromes following head injury.", "content": "Patients in the early stage of severe head injuries occasionally present with a clinical picture analogous to that in vascular or neoplastic pontine lesions and they can be identified by careful clinical examination and by repeated electroencephalography (E.E.G.). The commonest features in these cases were preservation of consciousness, constriction of the pupils, disturbances of reflex ocular motility, severe pyramidal deficits, decerebrate rigidity, myoclonic manifestations, irregular breathing, and cranial nerve palsies. An E.E.G. tracing similar to the normal pattern was a common finding. These observations suggest that pontine syndromes may be directly produceg a non-reacting, but conscious, patient for one who is deeply comatose.", "contents": "Acute pontine syndromes following head injury. Patients in the early stage of severe head injuries occasionally present with a clinical picture analogous to that in vascular or neoplastic pontine lesions and they can be identified by careful clinical examination and by repeated electroencephalography (E.E.G.). The commonest features in these cases were preservation of consciousness, constriction of the pupils, disturbances of reflex ocular motility, severe pyramidal deficits, decerebrate rigidity, myoclonic manifestations, irregular breathing, and cranial nerve palsies. An E.E.G. tracing similar to the normal pattern was a common finding. These observations suggest that pontine syndromes may be directly produceg a non-reacting, but conscious, patient for one who is deeply comatose.", "PMID": 69148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3264", "title": "Subclinical ergotism.", "content": "The systolic blood-pressure at the ankle and the first toe was measured in 30 patients, mean age 42, who had taken ergotamine regularly for more than a year. With one exception, the patients had no symptoms or signs of arterial insufficiency in the limbs, but all had low-normal or abnormal foot systolic blood-pressures. In a group of 13 patients who stopped taking ergotamine the distal pressures rose significantly and from the ninth day were normal.", "contents": "Subclinical ergotism. The systolic blood-pressure at the ankle and the first toe was measured in 30 patients, mean age 42, who had taken ergotamine regularly for more than a year. With one exception, the patients had no symptoms or signs of arterial insufficiency in the limbs, but all had low-normal or abnormal foot systolic blood-pressures. In a group of 13 patients who stopped taking ergotamine the distal pressures rose significantly and from the ninth day were normal.", "PMID": 69149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3265", "title": "Diagnostic importance of changes in circulating concentrations of immunoreactive trypsin.", "content": "A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) has been developed which makes possible the determination of serum or plasma trypsin concentrations despite the presence of trypsin inhibitors, which have invaldiated previously available enzymatic techniques. The assay was most precise at about 300 microng trypsin standard Ag5 per litre of serum, a value comparable with the mean in 76 healthy volunteers (273 microng/1) and in 20 hospital patients with non-pancreatic disease (266 microng/1). Markedly raised concentrations (970-6500 microng/1) were found in all 14 patients with acute pancreatitis and in 8 patients with chronic renal failure (580-1360 microng/1). Abnormal concentrations were found in 11 of 16 patients (69%) with pancreatic cancer (8 high, 3 low) and in 15 of 23 patients (65%) with chronic pancreatitis (3 high, 12 low). Patients with jaundice had normal or marginally lower than normal concentrations unless pancreatic disease or common-duct gallstones were present.", "contents": "Diagnostic importance of changes in circulating concentrations of immunoreactive trypsin. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) has been developed which makes possible the determination of serum or plasma trypsin concentrations despite the presence of trypsin inhibitors, which have invaldiated previously available enzymatic techniques. The assay was most precise at about 300 microng trypsin standard Ag5 per litre of serum, a value comparable with the mean in 76 healthy volunteers (273 microng/1) and in 20 hospital patients with non-pancreatic disease (266 microng/1). Markedly raised concentrations (970-6500 microng/1) were found in all 14 patients with acute pancreatitis and in 8 patients with chronic renal failure (580-1360 microng/1). Abnormal concentrations were found in 11 of 16 patients (69%) with pancreatic cancer (8 high, 3 low) and in 15 of 23 patients (65%) with chronic pancreatitis (3 high, 12 low). Patients with jaundice had normal or marginally lower than normal concentrations unless pancreatic disease or common-duct gallstones were present.", "PMID": 69150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3266", "title": "Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels.", "content": "Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline, brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations. In man consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of treating tardive dyskinesia. We found that oral lecithin is considerably more effective in raising human serum-choline levels than an equivalent quantity of choline chloride. 30 minutes after ingestion of choline chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-choline levels rose by 86% and returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly raised for 12 hours. Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability of choline, its precursor in the blood.", "contents": "Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Consumption of choline by rats sequentially increases serum-choline, brain-choline, and brain-acetylcholine concentrations. In man consumption of choline increases in levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid; its administration is an effective way of treating tardive dyskinesia. We found that oral lecithin is considerably more effective in raising human serum-choline levels than an equivalent quantity of choline chloride. 30 minutes after ingestion of choline chloride (2-3 g free base), serum-choline levels rose by 86% and returned to normal values within 4 hours; 1 hour after lecithin ingestion, these levels rose by 265% and remained significantly raised for 12 hours. Lecithin may therefore be the method of choice for accelerating acetylcholine synthesis by increasing the availability of choline, its precursor in the blood.", "PMID": 69151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3267", "title": "Leukaemia in benzene workers.", "content": "Workers occupationally exposed to benzene in 1940-49 were followed for vital status up to 1975. In comparison with two control populations, a significant (P less than 0-002) excess of leukaemia was observed. A five-old excessive risk of all leukaemias and a ten-fold excess of deaths from myeloid and monocytic leukaemias combined are demonstrated in the study population compared with controls. These figures under-estimate the true leukaemia risk to benzene-exposed workers, because follow-up is only 75% complete and the untraced 25% of the study population were all regarded, in the statistical analysis, as being alive at the end of the study period. The environment of the workers in the study population was not contaminated with solvents other than benzene, and existing records indicate that the benzene levels themselves were generally below the limits recommended at the time of their measurement.", "contents": "Leukaemia in benzene workers. Workers occupationally exposed to benzene in 1940-49 were followed for vital status up to 1975. In comparison with two control populations, a significant (P less than 0-002) excess of leukaemia was observed. A five-old excessive risk of all leukaemias and a ten-fold excess of deaths from myeloid and monocytic leukaemias combined are demonstrated in the study population compared with controls. These figures under-estimate the true leukaemia risk to benzene-exposed workers, because follow-up is only 75% complete and the untraced 25% of the study population were all regarded, in the statistical analysis, as being alive at the end of the study period. The environment of the workers in the study population was not contaminated with solvents other than benzene, and existing records indicate that the benzene levels themselves were generally below the limits recommended at the time of their measurement.", "PMID": 69157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3268", "title": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen in head and neck cancer. Final report of first controlled clinical trial.", "content": "We report the results of a prospective controlled trial of the effect of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant in radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Patients were allocated randomly to treatment in oxygen or air. The radiotherapy in both groups was identical in planning, dose, and fractionation--i.e., 3500 rads in 10 fractions in 3 weeks. There was no difference in the survival rate between the two groups. However, significantly better local tumour control was seen in the hyperbaric-oxygen group, particularly in smaller lesions; there was significantly greater need for salvage surgery in the air group. Radiation effects on normal tissue appeared somewhat greater in the oxygen series, especially on laryngeal cartilage.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen in head and neck cancer. Final report of first controlled clinical trial. We report the results of a prospective controlled trial of the effect of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant in radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Patients were allocated randomly to treatment in oxygen or air. The radiotherapy in both groups was identical in planning, dose, and fractionation--i.e., 3500 rads in 10 fractions in 3 weeks. There was no difference in the survival rate between the two groups. However, significantly better local tumour control was seen in the hyperbaric-oxygen group, particularly in smaller lesions; there was significantly greater need for salvage surgery in the air group. Radiation effects on normal tissue appeared somewhat greater in the oxygen series, especially on laryngeal cartilage.", "PMID": 69191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3269", "title": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen in head and neck cancer. Interim report of second clinical trial.", "content": "A controlled clinical trial is in progress to assess the value of hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer. An established dose-fractionation schedule in hyperbaric oxygen is being compared with a widely used conventional schedule in air. Survival and local recurrence-free rates are significantly higher in the oxygen group, and the effects on normal tissue are similar in both groups. These findings suggest a genuine therapeutic advantage. There was a distinct improvement in the results of treating advanced laryngeal carcinoma, where there was a high survival rate, without resort to laryngectomy.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen in head and neck cancer. Interim report of second clinical trial. A controlled clinical trial is in progress to assess the value of hyperbaric oxygen and radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer. An established dose-fractionation schedule in hyperbaric oxygen is being compared with a widely used conventional schedule in air. Survival and local recurrence-free rates are significantly higher in the oxygen group, and the effects on normal tissue are similar in both groups. These findings suggest a genuine therapeutic advantage. There was a distinct improvement in the results of treating advanced laryngeal carcinoma, where there was a high survival rate, without resort to laryngectomy.", "PMID": 69192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3270", "title": "25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) nephrotic syndrome (N.S.) without renal insufficiency (urinary protein excretion greater than 3-5 g/24 h/1-73 m2; glomerular filtration-rate greater than 80 ml/min/1-73 m2). Serum-25-OHD levels were low in patients with N.S. (mean 19 nmol/1, range 4-41 nmol/1), compared with a normal range of 25-200 nmol/1. Serum-concentrations of Gc-globulin--the binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites (D.B.P.)--were significantly (P less than 0-001) lower in patients with N.S. (mean 340 mg/1, range 190-480 mg/1) than in non-proteinuric controls (mean 440 mg/1, range 376-510 mg/1, measured by radial immunodiffusion). In contrast to non-proteinuric urine, urine of all N.S. patients contained a large amount of 25-OHD-binding capacity; D.B.P. could be detected in all N.S. urines after concentration. Scatchard analysis of the urine demonstrated the presence of a low-affinity and a high-affinity binding protein (tentatively identified as albumin and D.B.P.). These results suggest an acquired deficiency of circulating 25-OHD in N.S. secondary to urinary loss of protein-bound 25-OHD. The biological relevance of the low 25-OHD levels is unknown. There was no clinical evidence of osteomalacia (X-ray, serum-alkaline-phosphatase); however, slightly elevated serum-parathyroid-hormone (P.T.H.) levels would be compatible with borderline vitamin-D depletion.", "contents": "25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in nephrotic syndrome. Serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25-OHD) nephrotic syndrome (N.S.) without renal insufficiency (urinary protein excretion greater than 3-5 g/24 h/1-73 m2; glomerular filtration-rate greater than 80 ml/min/1-73 m2). Serum-25-OHD levels were low in patients with N.S. (mean 19 nmol/1, range 4-41 nmol/1), compared with a normal range of 25-200 nmol/1. Serum-concentrations of Gc-globulin--the binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites (D.B.P.)--were significantly (P less than 0-001) lower in patients with N.S. (mean 340 mg/1, range 190-480 mg/1) than in non-proteinuric controls (mean 440 mg/1, range 376-510 mg/1, measured by radial immunodiffusion). In contrast to non-proteinuric urine, urine of all N.S. patients contained a large amount of 25-OHD-binding capacity; D.B.P. could be detected in all N.S. urines after concentration. Scatchard analysis of the urine demonstrated the presence of a low-affinity and a high-affinity binding protein (tentatively identified as albumin and D.B.P.). These results suggest an acquired deficiency of circulating 25-OHD in N.S. secondary to urinary loss of protein-bound 25-OHD. The biological relevance of the low 25-OHD levels is unknown. There was no clinical evidence of osteomalacia (X-ray, serum-alkaline-phosphatase); however, slightly elevated serum-parathyroid-hormone (P.T.H.) levels would be compatible with borderline vitamin-D depletion.", "PMID": 69193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3271", "title": "Effect of periodic deworming on nutritional status of ascaris-infested preschool children receiving supplementary food.", "content": "The weight for age of 154 undernourished preschool children in an ascaris-infested community receiving supplementary food was monitored for a year. 74 children were given tetramisole every 4 months, while 80 controls were given placebo. The prevalence of ascaris (roundworm) infection and the severity of protein-energy malnutrition were the same in the two groups at the onset of the study. Stool-positive rates for ascariasis came down significantly in the experimental group during the year, but eradication of the worm was not possible owing to constant re-exposure. Nutritional status remained unaltered in the controls but improved strikingly in the treated children 8 and 12 months after the start of the study. Periodic deworming should form a part of the supplementary feeding programme if malnutrition is associated with ascariasis in the community.", "contents": "Effect of periodic deworming on nutritional status of ascaris-infested preschool children receiving supplementary food. The weight for age of 154 undernourished preschool children in an ascaris-infested community receiving supplementary food was monitored for a year. 74 children were given tetramisole every 4 months, while 80 controls were given placebo. The prevalence of ascaris (roundworm) infection and the severity of protein-energy malnutrition were the same in the two groups at the onset of the study. Stool-positive rates for ascariasis came down significantly in the experimental group during the year, but eradication of the worm was not possible owing to constant re-exposure. Nutritional status remained unaltered in the controls but improved strikingly in the treated children 8 and 12 months after the start of the study. Periodic deworming should form a part of the supplementary feeding programme if malnutrition is associated with ascariasis in the community.", "PMID": 69194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3272", "title": "Bowel transit-time and stool weight in populations with different colon-cancer risks.", "content": "It has been suggested that the risk of cancer, polyposis, and diverticulosis of the large bowel increases with bowel transit-time. Hence, Japanese inhabitants of Hawaii, in whom the risk of these diseases is high, would be expected to have longer transit-times than Japanese in Japan, in whom such risks are low. However, bowel transit-times were similar in Japanese groups. Stools from the Hawaii Japanese did weight significantly less than the specimens from Japan, and this factor may be indirectly related to the risk of colorectal cancer, polyposis, or diverticulosis in the Japanese.", "contents": "Bowel transit-time and stool weight in populations with different colon-cancer risks. It has been suggested that the risk of cancer, polyposis, and diverticulosis of the large bowel increases with bowel transit-time. Hence, Japanese inhabitants of Hawaii, in whom the risk of these diseases is high, would be expected to have longer transit-times than Japanese in Japan, in whom such risks are low. However, bowel transit-times were similar in Japanese groups. Stools from the Hawaii Japanese did weight significantly less than the specimens from Japan, and this factor may be indirectly related to the risk of colorectal cancer, polyposis, or diverticulosis in the Japanese.", "PMID": 69195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3273", "title": "Liver dysfunction in hypertension.", "content": "Liver-function tests measured routinely in hypertensive patients attending the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic were abnormal in 15-8% of men and 6-2% of women. The patients studied appeared to be representative of the whole clinic population. Liver dysfunction was related to alcohol consumption, heavy body-weight, male sex, young age, and higher diastolic blood-pressure. It is suggested that alcohol and obesity were the principal causal factors and that fatty infiltration of the liver was the probable pathology. Liver dysfunction was unrelated to treatment. Alcohol use was found to be heavy in 12% of male patients attending the clinic, and this was probably an underestimate. The possibility that alcohol abuse may have a causal role in hypertension needs further study.", "contents": "Liver dysfunction in hypertension. Liver-function tests measured routinely in hypertensive patients attending the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic were abnormal in 15-8% of men and 6-2% of women. The patients studied appeared to be representative of the whole clinic population. Liver dysfunction was related to alcohol consumption, heavy body-weight, male sex, young age, and higher diastolic blood-pressure. It is suggested that alcohol and obesity were the principal causal factors and that fatty infiltration of the liver was the probable pathology. Liver dysfunction was unrelated to treatment. Alcohol use was found to be heavy in 12% of male patients attending the clinic, and this was probably an underestimate. The possibility that alcohol abuse may have a causal role in hypertension needs further study.", "PMID": 69196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3274", "title": "Alcohol and hypertension.", "content": "Liver-function data were compared in 158 unselected hypertensives and 105 normotensives aged 45-64 years. Serum concentrations of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T.) were higher, and more often raised, in the hypertensive patients. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were similar in both groups. In hypertensive patients aminotransferase concentrations tended to be higher in those with increased alcohol intake.", "contents": "Alcohol and hypertension. Liver-function data were compared in 158 unselected hypertensives and 105 normotensives aged 45-64 years. Serum concentrations of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T.) were higher, and more often raised, in the hypertensive patients. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were similar in both groups. In hypertensive patients aminotransferase concentrations tended to be higher in those with increased alcohol intake.", "PMID": 69197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3275", "title": "Treatment of Gaucher's disease with liposome-entrapped glucocerebroside: beta-glucosidase.", "content": "An adult with Gaucher's disease was injected with liposomes containing human glucocerebroside: beta-glucosidase. After 13 months of treatment the lower border of the right hepatic lobe and moved up 3 cm, and the left lobe had shrunk. Reduction in the size of the liver was associated with relief of pressure symptoms in the left lower abdomen. Scans obtained after the injection of radiolabelled liposomes suggested improvement in function of the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Treatment of Gaucher's disease with liposome-entrapped glucocerebroside: beta-glucosidase. An adult with Gaucher's disease was injected with liposomes containing human glucocerebroside: beta-glucosidase. After 13 months of treatment the lower border of the right hepatic lobe and moved up 3 cm, and the left lobe had shrunk. Reduction in the size of the liver was associated with relief of pressure symptoms in the left lower abdomen. Scans obtained after the injection of radiolabelled liposomes suggested improvement in function of the reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 69198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3276", "title": "Unilateral breast-feeding and breast cancer.", "content": "Women of fishing villages in Hong Kong by custom breast-feed with only the right breast. The hypothesis that the unsuckled breast may have an altered risk of cancer development was investigated. Records of the radiotherapy divisions in Hong Kong between 1958 and 1975 were searched, and breast-cancer patients were interviewed for a detailed history of lactation. The overall left/right ratio of cancer in the breasts of 2372 women with unilateral breast carcinoma was 0-97, indicating that breast cancer was equally distributed between the two sides. Of 73 patients with a history of exclusively one-sided breast-feeding, 27 of 34 patients aged 55 or over (79-4%) and 19 of 39 patients under age 55 (48-7%) had a carcinoma in the unsuckled breast. Comparisons of patients who had nursed unilaterally with nulliparous patients and with patients who had borne children but had not breast-fed indicated a highly significant increased risk of cancer in the unsuckled breast. No statistically significant differences in laterality of breast cancer were found in 52 patients who had for convenience nursed to a greater extent from one side than the other. This study indicates that in post-menopausal women who have breast-fed unilaterally, the risk of cancer is significantly higher in the unsuckled breast and that breast-feeding may help to protect the suckled breast against cancer.", "contents": "Unilateral breast-feeding and breast cancer. Women of fishing villages in Hong Kong by custom breast-feed with only the right breast. The hypothesis that the unsuckled breast may have an altered risk of cancer development was investigated. Records of the radiotherapy divisions in Hong Kong between 1958 and 1975 were searched, and breast-cancer patients were interviewed for a detailed history of lactation. The overall left/right ratio of cancer in the breasts of 2372 women with unilateral breast carcinoma was 0-97, indicating that breast cancer was equally distributed between the two sides. Of 73 patients with a history of exclusively one-sided breast-feeding, 27 of 34 patients aged 55 or over (79-4%) and 19 of 39 patients under age 55 (48-7%) had a carcinoma in the unsuckled breast. Comparisons of patients who had nursed unilaterally with nulliparous patients and with patients who had borne children but had not breast-fed indicated a highly significant increased risk of cancer in the unsuckled breast. No statistically significant differences in laterality of breast cancer were found in 52 patients who had for convenience nursed to a greater extent from one side than the other. This study indicates that in post-menopausal women who have breast-fed unilaterally, the risk of cancer is significantly higher in the unsuckled breast and that breast-feeding may help to protect the suckled breast against cancer.", "PMID": 69205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3277", "title": "Splenectomy and subsequent mortality in veterans of the 1939-45 war.", "content": "A long-term follow-up of 740 American servicemen splenectomised because of trauma during the 1939-45 war showed a significant excess mortality from pneumonia and ischaemic heart-disease. Mortality from cirrhosis was also increased, but not significantly. The findings confirm that the risk of fatal infections is increased by asplenia; however, the risk of cancer was not increased, as it is in some other immunodeficiency states. Post-splenectomy thrombocytosis and hypercoagulability may account for the increased risk of fatal myocardial ischaemia in this group.", "contents": "Splenectomy and subsequent mortality in veterans of the 1939-45 war. A long-term follow-up of 740 American servicemen splenectomised because of trauma during the 1939-45 war showed a significant excess mortality from pneumonia and ischaemic heart-disease. Mortality from cirrhosis was also increased, but not significantly. The findings confirm that the risk of fatal infections is increased by asplenia; however, the risk of cancer was not increased, as it is in some other immunodeficiency states. Post-splenectomy thrombocytosis and hypercoagulability may account for the increased risk of fatal myocardial ischaemia in this group.", "PMID": 69206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3278", "title": "An unusual outbreak of food-poisoning associated with meals-on-wheels.", "content": "An outbreak of food-poisoning after a meals-on-wheels lunch affected 49 persons, 1 of whom died. Bacillus cereus serotype 10 and Bacillus licheniformis were isolated in large numbers from many of the patients including the deceased and from the remains of the meal. Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) serotype 68, which was isolated from many of the patients and the deceased but not from the food, may also have been responsible. Food kept warm during distribution can produce an ideal environment for bacterial multiplication and similar outbreaks may occur again.", "contents": "An unusual outbreak of food-poisoning associated with meals-on-wheels. An outbreak of food-poisoning after a meals-on-wheels lunch affected 49 persons, 1 of whom died. Bacillus cereus serotype 10 and Bacillus licheniformis were isolated in large numbers from many of the patients including the deceased and from the remains of the meal. Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) serotype 68, which was isolated from many of the patients and the deceased but not from the food, may also have been responsible. Food kept warm during distribution can produce an ideal environment for bacterial multiplication and similar outbreaks may occur again.", "PMID": 69207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3279", "title": "[The histological reaction of cialit preserved hyaline and elastic cartilage implanted to replace partially bony wall of the guinea-pig bulla (author's transl)].", "content": "Cialit preserved cartilage was used to fill defects of the bulla of porpoises and the histological healing was studied. Hyaline and elastic cartilage are showing an integration without reactions. The cartilage is resorbed consecutively by the recipient and substituted by bone. Whereas the hyaline cartilage shows a complete bony substitute and a small enlargement we can registrate that the elastic cartilage often shows a resorptive tendency with replacement of connective tissue and loss of the shape. The histological results are corresponding to the clinical results when using preserved cartilage in middle ear surgery for restoring the posterior wall.", "contents": "[The histological reaction of cialit preserved hyaline and elastic cartilage implanted to replace partially bony wall of the guinea-pig bulla (author's transl)]. Cialit preserved cartilage was used to fill defects of the bulla of porpoises and the histological healing was studied. Hyaline and elastic cartilage are showing an integration without reactions. The cartilage is resorbed consecutively by the recipient and substituted by bone. Whereas the hyaline cartilage shows a complete bony substitute and a small enlargement we can registrate that the elastic cartilage often shows a resorptive tendency with replacement of connective tissue and loss of the shape. The histological results are corresponding to the clinical results when using preserved cartilage in middle ear surgery for restoring the posterior wall.", "PMID": 69242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3280", "title": "[Bleomycin in the intratumoral treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas in the oto-rhino-laryngological region (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas infiltration therapy with Bleomycin was used either peritumorally or intratumorally. In no case a chirurgical or radiological therapy could be used. The applied doses varied between 120 mg and 555 mg. With this cytostatic infiltration therapy a measurable reduction of the tumor could be achieved in all patients, in 2 patients a total and in 3 patients a partial remission could be observed. The general conditions, as well as the intake of food were improved. A further advantage was the relief of pain with this therapy.", "contents": "[Bleomycin in the intratumoral treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas in the oto-rhino-laryngological region (author's transl)]. In 16 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas infiltration therapy with Bleomycin was used either peritumorally or intratumorally. In no case a chirurgical or radiological therapy could be used. The applied doses varied between 120 mg and 555 mg. With this cytostatic infiltration therapy a measurable reduction of the tumor could be achieved in all patients, in 2 patients a total and in 3 patients a partial remission could be observed. The general conditions, as well as the intake of food were improved. A further advantage was the relief of pain with this therapy.", "PMID": 69243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3281", "title": "The serological specificities of Salmonella typhi antigens.", "content": "Sera prepared with two different strains of Salmonella typhi were analysed against all the soluble antigens isolated from S. typhi 0901, S. typhi Ty2 and S. typhi Vi. Agar-gel diffusion against individual sera showed that, in all the sera, antibodies were induced against somatic antigens and free proteins. Absorptions of the sera with polysaccharides, split from the somatic antigens, removed the antibodies induced against the polysaccharide and its proteinic carrier in most of the somatic antigens of S. typhi 0901. The antibodies left in the absorbed sera reacted against the proteinic moieties of more complex somatic antigens of S. typhi and against free proteins from all the analysed strains. Only the absorption with proteins removed all the precipitating antibodies from the sera. Moreover, in incomplete absorptions with proteins, the first antibodies removed are the antipolysaccharides, since antibodies are never induced against the haptenic polysaccharide but against somatic conjugates; in these the proteinic moiety eventually varies with every batch of bacteria. The sera exhausted of precipitins still agglutinate the bacteria, thus confirming the assumption that agglutinins and precipitins may be different antibodies.", "contents": "The serological specificities of Salmonella typhi antigens. Sera prepared with two different strains of Salmonella typhi were analysed against all the soluble antigens isolated from S. typhi 0901, S. typhi Ty2 and S. typhi Vi. Agar-gel diffusion against individual sera showed that, in all the sera, antibodies were induced against somatic antigens and free proteins. Absorptions of the sera with polysaccharides, split from the somatic antigens, removed the antibodies induced against the polysaccharide and its proteinic carrier in most of the somatic antigens of S. typhi 0901. The antibodies left in the absorbed sera reacted against the proteinic moieties of more complex somatic antigens of S. typhi and against free proteins from all the analysed strains. Only the absorption with proteins removed all the precipitating antibodies from the sera. Moreover, in incomplete absorptions with proteins, the first antibodies removed are the antipolysaccharides, since antibodies are never induced against the haptenic polysaccharide but against somatic conjugates; in these the proteinic moiety eventually varies with every batch of bacteria. The sera exhausted of precipitins still agglutinate the bacteria, thus confirming the assumption that agglutinins and precipitins may be different antibodies.", "PMID": 69247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3282", "title": "Effect of various reagents on the susceptibility of target cells to the cytotoxicity of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT).", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) was increased when the target cells were treated with the following metabolic inhibitors: puromycin, actinomycin D, NaN3, NaF, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, whereas calf serum, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, colchicine, and vinblastin inhibited GLT-cytotoxicity. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, exhibited the most potent enhancing effect on GLT-cytotoxicity. It seems likely that there are certain cellular metabolic processes depending on cellular protein synthesis which antagonize GLT-cytotoxicity. Taking advantage of this effect of puromycin, a time-saving assay method for GLT-cytotoxicity was developed.", "contents": "Effect of various reagents on the susceptibility of target cells to the cytotoxicity of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT). The cytotoxic activity of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) was increased when the target cells were treated with the following metabolic inhibitors: puromycin, actinomycin D, NaN3, NaF, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, whereas calf serum, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, colchicine, and vinblastin inhibited GLT-cytotoxicity. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, exhibited the most potent enhancing effect on GLT-cytotoxicity. It seems likely that there are certain cellular metabolic processes depending on cellular protein synthesis which antagonize GLT-cytotoxicity. Taking advantage of this effect of puromycin, a time-saving assay method for GLT-cytotoxicity was developed.", "PMID": 69249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3283", "title": "Rapid identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria isolated from clinical infections.", "content": "A total of 834 bacterial strains isolated from urine were subjected to rapid biochemical and serological identification and rapid antimicrobial sensitivity testing using Autobac 1. For enterobacteria (742 strains) six tests (acetoin-, beta-galactosidase-, hydrogensulphide-, indole-, ornithin-decarboxylase-and urease-production) correctly identified to genus or species level more than 99% of the strains within four hours. Staphylococci and streptococci (92 strains) were identified with full accuracy within two hours using a rapid deoxyribonuclease assay and immunoelectroosmophoresis and coagglutination. The overall accuracy for the automated antibiotic susceptibility testing using Autobac was 93% as compared to the standard plate diffusion method. In terms of rapidity for 91% of the bacterial strains the susceptibility testing was completed within four hours. After five hours 99% of the strains were analysed. Our data indicate that rapid and automated assays can be accurate and furnish the physician with adequate data within 24 hours after receipt of a urinary specimen.", "contents": "Rapid identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria isolated from clinical infections. A total of 834 bacterial strains isolated from urine were subjected to rapid biochemical and serological identification and rapid antimicrobial sensitivity testing using Autobac 1. For enterobacteria (742 strains) six tests (acetoin-, beta-galactosidase-, hydrogensulphide-, indole-, ornithin-decarboxylase-and urease-production) correctly identified to genus or species level more than 99% of the strains within four hours. Staphylococci and streptococci (92 strains) were identified with full accuracy within two hours using a rapid deoxyribonuclease assay and immunoelectroosmophoresis and coagglutination. The overall accuracy for the automated antibiotic susceptibility testing using Autobac was 93% as compared to the standard plate diffusion method. In terms of rapidity for 91% of the bacterial strains the susceptibility testing was completed within four hours. After five hours 99% of the strains were analysed. Our data indicate that rapid and automated assays can be accurate and furnish the physician with adequate data within 24 hours after receipt of a urinary specimen.", "PMID": 69255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3284", "title": "[Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas--diagnosis, surgical indications and results (author's transl)].", "content": "89 cases of pancreatic or periampullary carcinoma were analysed and the following problems discussed: 1. \"early\" diagnosis is at present impossible--not even with E.R.C.P. or angiography, although these provide valuable information for planning the operation. 2. Indication for operation: a curative resection was possible in only 20% of cases. The apparent advantages of total pancreatectomy as against the conventional Whipple operation (increased radicality and reduced post-op. complications) have not yet paid off in terms of improved long-term survival. 3. in 46 pancreato-duodenectomies (for carcinoma as well as complicated chronic pancreatitis) the operative and hospital mortality was 4.3%.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas--diagnosis, surgical indications and results (author's transl)]. 89 cases of pancreatic or periampullary carcinoma were analysed and the following problems discussed: 1. \"early\" diagnosis is at present impossible--not even with E.R.C.P. or angiography, although these provide valuable information for planning the operation. 2. Indication for operation: a curative resection was possible in only 20% of cases. The apparent advantages of total pancreatectomy as against the conventional Whipple operation (increased radicality and reduced post-op. complications) have not yet paid off in terms of improved long-term survival. 3. in 46 pancreato-duodenectomies (for carcinoma as well as complicated chronic pancreatitis) the operative and hospital mortality was 4.3%.", "PMID": 69265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3285", "title": "[Possibilities for operative therapy of carcinoma of the large intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumors of the colon and rectum belong to the most frequent malignant diseases in the German Federal Republic. Only operative therapy ensures an optimal rate of success. In metastasizing and advanced local tumors, additional chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be taken into consideration. Also, preoperative radiotherapy may improve the chances of a cure in rectal carcinoma. An exact classification of the tumor is essential for a reliable prognosis. The Dukes tumor classification, still frequently used today, is inadequate for clinical application. Since the UICC has withdrawn the proposed classification for tumors of the colon and rectum, the Heidelberg proposed classification is presented, which is based on the degree of infiltration of the primary tumor and on the degree of metastatic dissemination.", "contents": "[Possibilities for operative therapy of carcinoma of the large intestine (author's transl)]. Tumors of the colon and rectum belong to the most frequent malignant diseases in the German Federal Republic. Only operative therapy ensures an optimal rate of success. In metastasizing and advanced local tumors, additional chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be taken into consideration. Also, preoperative radiotherapy may improve the chances of a cure in rectal carcinoma. An exact classification of the tumor is essential for a reliable prognosis. The Dukes tumor classification, still frequently used today, is inadequate for clinical application. Since the UICC has withdrawn the proposed classification for tumors of the colon and rectum, the Heidelberg proposed classification is presented, which is based on the degree of infiltration of the primary tumor and on the degree of metastatic dissemination.", "PMID": 69266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3286", "title": "[The pathogenesis of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence. Part II: Hemostasiological checks during the course in selected patient groups (author's transl)].", "content": "By reference to clinically established risk factors, patients with an increased tendency to disturbances of wound healing were selected and investigated hemostasiologically in a prospective study. Abdominal wound dehiscence occurred postoperatively in 12 of the 28 patients selected clinically as being endangered. In all collectives the Factor XIII concentration fell postoperatively and remained low in the patients with a wound rupture, whereas it rose significantly in patients with undisturbed wound healing. Connections between hemostasis and wound healing are discussed.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence. Part II: Hemostasiological checks during the course in selected patient groups (author's transl)]. By reference to clinically established risk factors, patients with an increased tendency to disturbances of wound healing were selected and investigated hemostasiologically in a prospective study. Abdominal wound dehiscence occurred postoperatively in 12 of the 28 patients selected clinically as being endangered. In all collectives the Factor XIII concentration fell postoperatively and remained low in the patients with a wound rupture, whereas it rose significantly in patients with undisturbed wound healing. Connections between hemostasis and wound healing are discussed.", "PMID": 69267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3287", "title": "Mutagenic and lethal effects of alpha-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV185-14C for reversion studies was used to investigate the genetic activity of alpha-benzene hexachloride dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene. The results indicate that none of the three compounds was genetically active when yeast cells were treated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in the absence of metabolic conversion. However, in the presence of the 9000 g supernatant of mice liver homogenate, NADP, glucose-6-phosphate, phosphate buffer (PH 7.4), MgCl2, KCl, the components which were used for the metabolic conversion, trichloroethylene porved to be a powerful mutagen. It increases the frequency of homoserine, histidine and lysine revertants over those of the control levels. Trichloroethylene appears to induce frameshift as well as base substitution mutations.", "contents": "Mutagenic and lethal effects of alpha-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV185-14C for reversion studies was used to investigate the genetic activity of alpha-benzene hexachloride dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene. The results indicate that none of the three compounds was genetically active when yeast cells were treated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in the absence of metabolic conversion. However, in the presence of the 9000 g supernatant of mice liver homogenate, NADP, glucose-6-phosphate, phosphate buffer (PH 7.4), MgCl2, KCl, the components which were used for the metabolic conversion, trichloroethylene porved to be a powerful mutagen. It increases the frequency of homoserine, histidine and lysine revertants over those of the control levels. Trichloroethylene appears to induce frameshift as well as base substitution mutations.", "PMID": 69268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3288", "title": "Short-term antithyroid drug therapy for the thyrotoxicosis of Graves's disease.", "content": "We investigated whether thyrotoxic patients treated with short-term antithyroid therapy would achieve prolonged remissions. Thirty-one previously untreated and nine previously treated patients with thyrotoxic Graves's disease received a single daily dose of methimazole or propylthiouracil. The drug was stopped at, or shortly after, the time they became euthyroid. Twelve of the 31 previously untreated patients remained in remission for 29 +/- 3.5 months (mean +/- S.E.) after treatment for 4.5 +/- 0.3 months. Four of the nine previously treated have remained in remission of 13.0 +/- 2.1 months after treatment for 3.0 +/- 0.3 months. Of various possibilities analyzed, only a small goiter at the onset of therapy and tri-iodothyronine toxicosis were significantly favorable prognostic indicators that a remission would be maintained. The lasting remission rate is as good when antithyroid drugs are stopped as soon as the patient is euthyroid as when they are continued for one year or more.", "contents": "Short-term antithyroid drug therapy for the thyrotoxicosis of Graves's disease. We investigated whether thyrotoxic patients treated with short-term antithyroid therapy would achieve prolonged remissions. Thirty-one previously untreated and nine previously treated patients with thyrotoxic Graves's disease received a single daily dose of methimazole or propylthiouracil. The drug was stopped at, or shortly after, the time they became euthyroid. Twelve of the 31 previously untreated patients remained in remission for 29 +/- 3.5 months (mean +/- S.E.) after treatment for 4.5 +/- 0.3 months. Four of the nine previously treated have remained in remission of 13.0 +/- 2.1 months after treatment for 3.0 +/- 0.3 months. Of various possibilities analyzed, only a small goiter at the onset of therapy and tri-iodothyronine toxicosis were significantly favorable prognostic indicators that a remission would be maintained. The lasting remission rate is as good when antithyroid drugs are stopped as soon as the patient is euthyroid as when they are continued for one year or more.", "PMID": 69269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3289", "title": "Clonidine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. The role of central postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.", "content": "The alpha-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, causes sedation in normal rats. The present study demonstrates that clonidine evokes strong locomotor stimulation in rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine plus reserpine. Similar, but less intensive hyperactivity is observed in rats given clonidine after combined pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine plus p-chlorophenylalanine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or with reserpine plus low doses of yohimbine. The aplha-adrenolytic drugs, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and aceperone, as well as high doses of yohimbine, antagonise the clonidine-induced locomotor stimulation; in contrast, the dopamine receptor blocking agents, pimozide and spiroperiodol, exert no antagonistic effect. The results indicate that in the brain of normal animals, clonidine predominantly activates presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic neurones and thereby induces sedation. After destruction of the noradrenergic fibres by 6-hydroxydopamine plus reserpine, activation of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors prevails so that hyperactivity results.", "contents": "Clonidine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. The role of central postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. The alpha-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, causes sedation in normal rats. The present study demonstrates that clonidine evokes strong locomotor stimulation in rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine plus reserpine. Similar, but less intensive hyperactivity is observed in rats given clonidine after combined pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine plus p-chlorophenylalanine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or with reserpine plus low doses of yohimbine. The aplha-adrenolytic drugs, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and aceperone, as well as high doses of yohimbine, antagonise the clonidine-induced locomotor stimulation; in contrast, the dopamine receptor blocking agents, pimozide and spiroperiodol, exert no antagonistic effect. The results indicate that in the brain of normal animals, clonidine predominantly activates presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic neurones and thereby induces sedation. After destruction of the noradrenergic fibres by 6-hydroxydopamine plus reserpine, activation of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors prevails so that hyperactivity results.", "PMID": 69273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3290", "title": "Mechanism of action of neurohypophyseal hormones on sodium excretion and diuresis.", "content": "Administration of pituitrin, vasopressin, and oxytocin to rats during spontaneous micturition increases diuresis and sodium excretion by reducing tubular reabsorption. In adrenalectomized rats these preparations have no diuretic effect and increased sodium excretion is observed only after administration of vasopressin. After hypophysectomy the diuretic effect of the preparations disappears but they still increase sodium excretion. It is postulated that the diuretic effect of the neurohypophyseal hormones is connected with activation of the pituitary-adrenal system, whereas some additional mechanism is involved in their effect on sodium excretion.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of neurohypophyseal hormones on sodium excretion and diuresis. Administration of pituitrin, vasopressin, and oxytocin to rats during spontaneous micturition increases diuresis and sodium excretion by reducing tubular reabsorption. In adrenalectomized rats these preparations have no diuretic effect and increased sodium excretion is observed only after administration of vasopressin. After hypophysectomy the diuretic effect of the preparations disappears but they still increase sodium excretion. It is postulated that the diuretic effect of the neurohypophyseal hormones is connected with activation of the pituitary-adrenal system, whereas some additional mechanism is involved in their effect on sodium excretion.", "PMID": 69276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3291", "title": "[Cellular bases of immunological recognition. The precursors of antigen-binding T- and B-lymphocytes and the patterns of their maturation].", "content": "The peculiarities of carefully studied immunoglobulin receptors of the specialized clones of B-lymphocytes are described. These latter are precursors of antibody-forming cells but play only a limited role in the recognition of foreign antigens which is realized by T-lymphocytes. The differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes from the single precursor, a bone marrow stem hemopoietic cell, proceeds in the bone marrow itself, thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs in several discrete stages. At each of these stages the cells have definite properties and, in some cases, may be separated one from another. The modern data are given concerning the properties of cells at every stage of antigen-independent differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes which proceeds during embryonic and postnatal development, its alternative pathways, factors of regulation, role of local microenvironment and possibilities of modelling in vitro.", "contents": "[Cellular bases of immunological recognition. The precursors of antigen-binding T- and B-lymphocytes and the patterns of their maturation]. The peculiarities of carefully studied immunoglobulin receptors of the specialized clones of B-lymphocytes are described. These latter are precursors of antibody-forming cells but play only a limited role in the recognition of foreign antigens which is realized by T-lymphocytes. The differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes from the single precursor, a bone marrow stem hemopoietic cell, proceeds in the bone marrow itself, thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs in several discrete stages. At each of these stages the cells have definite properties and, in some cases, may be separated one from another. The modern data are given concerning the properties of cells at every stage of antigen-independent differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes which proceeds during embryonic and postnatal development, its alternative pathways, factors of regulation, role of local microenvironment and possibilities of modelling in vitro.", "PMID": 69281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3292", "title": "[Immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein in the postnatal ontogeny of mice with a varying sensitivity to liver carcinogens].", "content": "The ontogenesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied in the C57BL, CC57BR, C3H/He, A/He and DD mice during the first 4 weeks of life. The AFP hepatocytes were determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining of liver cells isolated with sodium tetraphenyl borate; the content of AFP in blood was determined by the method of rado immunodiffusion. The methods utilized allowed to obtain the quantitative characteristics of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood. In the newborn mice over 90% hepatocytes contain AFP, the intensity of luminescence being heterogenous. The number of bright-liminescent cells equals to 50% during the first day of life rapidly decreases and none of them are found by 9--11 days. The number of average- and weak-luminescent hepatocytes does not decrease during the first 10 days, but then gradually decreases and none of them are found by 23 days in the CC57BR and by 27 days in the DD and A/He mice. A comparison of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood has shown that the bright-luminescent hepatocytes are the main producent of this protein in the early postnatal ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein in the postnatal ontogeny of mice with a varying sensitivity to liver carcinogens]. The ontogenesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied in the C57BL, CC57BR, C3H/He, A/He and DD mice during the first 4 weeks of life. The AFP hepatocytes were determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining of liver cells isolated with sodium tetraphenyl borate; the content of AFP in blood was determined by the method of rado immunodiffusion. The methods utilized allowed to obtain the quantitative characteristics of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood. In the newborn mice over 90% hepatocytes contain AFP, the intensity of luminescence being heterogenous. The number of bright-liminescent cells equals to 50% during the first day of life rapidly decreases and none of them are found by 9--11 days. The number of average- and weak-luminescent hepatocytes does not decrease during the first 10 days, but then gradually decreases and none of them are found by 23 days in the CC57BR and by 27 days in the DD and A/He mice. A comparison of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood has shown that the bright-luminescent hepatocytes are the main producent of this protein in the early postnatal ontogenesis.", "PMID": 69282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3293", "title": "Fine particles of cotton dust influence histamine release.", "content": "Cotton dust particle distribution in respiratory airways was measured to determine if specific size particles of the heterogeneous dust are concentrated as a function of airway diameter. Previously reported work indicated that the fine particles are responsible for the decrement in pulmonary function which occurs subsequent to cotton dust inhalation. After recovery, particles were sized and counted microscopically. Significant increases in fine particles (5-7 mu) were found in all airways of exposed animals as compared with controls. These particles become more concentrated as the airway diameter decreased. Histamine determinations were made in mice lungs after the animals were exposed to cotton dust for various periods of time to see if such treatment could be correlated with elevations in the concentrations of this biogenic amine. Lung histamine increased as exposure time to cotton dust increased. It is concluded that the lung histamine release occurring after cotton dust inhalation is related to some property of the fine particles of the heterogeneous dust.", "contents": "Fine particles of cotton dust influence histamine release. Cotton dust particle distribution in respiratory airways was measured to determine if specific size particles of the heterogeneous dust are concentrated as a function of airway diameter. Previously reported work indicated that the fine particles are responsible for the decrement in pulmonary function which occurs subsequent to cotton dust inhalation. After recovery, particles were sized and counted microscopically. Significant increases in fine particles (5-7 mu) were found in all airways of exposed animals as compared with controls. These particles become more concentrated as the airway diameter decreased. Histamine determinations were made in mice lungs after the animals were exposed to cotton dust for various periods of time to see if such treatment could be correlated with elevations in the concentrations of this biogenic amine. Lung histamine increased as exposure time to cotton dust increased. It is concluded that the lung histamine release occurring after cotton dust inhalation is related to some property of the fine particles of the heterogeneous dust.", "PMID": 69279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3294", "title": "Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications.", "content": "Trigger points associated with myofascial and visceral pains often lie within the areas of referred pain but many are located at a distance from them. Furthermore, brief, intense stimulation of trigger points frequently produces prolonged relief of pain. These properties of trigger points--their widespread distribution and the pain relief produced by stimulating them--resemble those of acupuncture points for the relief of pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between trigger points and acupuncture points for pain on the basis of two criteria: spatial distribution and the associated pain pattern. A remarkably high degree (71%) of correspondence was found. This close correlation suggests that trigger points and acupuncture points for pain, though discovered independently and labeled differently, represent the same phenomenon and can be explained in terms of the same underlying neural mechanisms. The mechanisms that play a role in the genesis of trigger points and possible underlying neural processes are discussed.", "contents": "Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications. Trigger points associated with myofascial and visceral pains often lie within the areas of referred pain but many are located at a distance from them. Furthermore, brief, intense stimulation of trigger points frequently produces prolonged relief of pain. These properties of trigger points--their widespread distribution and the pain relief produced by stimulating them--resemble those of acupuncture points for the relief of pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between trigger points and acupuncture points for pain on the basis of two criteria: spatial distribution and the associated pain pattern. A remarkably high degree (71%) of correspondence was found. This close correlation suggests that trigger points and acupuncture points for pain, though discovered independently and labeled differently, represent the same phenomenon and can be explained in terms of the same underlying neural mechanisms. The mechanisms that play a role in the genesis of trigger points and possible underlying neural processes are discussed.", "PMID": 69288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3295", "title": "Acupuncture and chronic pain mechanisms: the moderating effects of affect, personality, and stress on response to treatment.", "content": "The present study, part of a larger project investigating neurophysiological and psychosocial factors affecting response to acupuncture for chronic pain, compares responders and non-responders to acupuncture on a series of variables assessing personality, affect and stress. Subjects were 40 patients with pain beneath the waist level longer than 6 months duration selected from the roles of the Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic. Responders, defined as 50% or more reduction in pain estimate for greater than two weeks, were found to be less depressed, less passive and overly conventional, have shorter duration of pain, endorse less frequent exposure to stressors, and have less serious non pain-related illnesses. The findings are viewed as linking the intractability of pain states with psychosocial factors which may interfere with response to somatic modes of therapy or which may interfere via alterations of tonic neurohumoral factors. The study also in seen as supporting the importance of considering psychological variables in evaluating patients for pain treatment strategies and suggests inclusion of such variables in investigating response to other modalities of treatment for chronic pain.", "contents": "Acupuncture and chronic pain mechanisms: the moderating effects of affect, personality, and stress on response to treatment. The present study, part of a larger project investigating neurophysiological and psychosocial factors affecting response to acupuncture for chronic pain, compares responders and non-responders to acupuncture on a series of variables assessing personality, affect and stress. Subjects were 40 patients with pain beneath the waist level longer than 6 months duration selected from the roles of the Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic. Responders, defined as 50% or more reduction in pain estimate for greater than two weeks, were found to be less depressed, less passive and overly conventional, have shorter duration of pain, endorse less frequent exposure to stressors, and have less serious non pain-related illnesses. The findings are viewed as linking the intractability of pain states with psychosocial factors which may interfere with response to somatic modes of therapy or which may interfere via alterations of tonic neurohumoral factors. The study also in seen as supporting the importance of considering psychological variables in evaluating patients for pain treatment strategies and suggests inclusion of such variables in investigating response to other modalities of treatment for chronic pain.", "PMID": 69289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3296", "title": "Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer: diamorphine or morphine?", "content": "A controlled trial of diamorphine (diacetylmorphine, heroin) and morphine is reported in which the two drugs were administered regularly by mouth in individually determined effective analgesic doses. Elixirs contained cocaine hydrochloride 10 mg/dose; other drugs were prescribed when indicated clinically. 699 patients entered the trial and, of these, 146 crossed from diamorphine to morphine, or vice versa, after about two weeks using an oral potency ratio of 1.5/1 determined in a pilot trial. Additional medication and survival were closely similar in both treatment groups. In the female crossover patients, no difference was noted in relation either to pain or the other symptoms evaluated. On the other hand, male crossover patients experienced more pain, and were more depressed, while receiving diamorphine. In these, the potency ratio of diamorphine to morphine appeared to be less than 1.5/1. If this is allowed for, then the difference in mood is probably not significant. Compared with male patients, fewer females required a dose of 10 mg or more, but more were prescribed an anxiolytic. The ability to do without a 2 a.m. dose appeared to be related more to the size of the dose than to gender or treatment. It is concluded that, provided allowance is made for the difference in potency, morphine is a satisfactory substitute for orally administered diamorphine. However, when injections are necessary, the greater solubility of its hydrochloride gives diamorphine an important practical advantage over morphine, especially when large doses are required.", "contents": "Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer: diamorphine or morphine? A controlled trial of diamorphine (diacetylmorphine, heroin) and morphine is reported in which the two drugs were administered regularly by mouth in individually determined effective analgesic doses. Elixirs contained cocaine hydrochloride 10 mg/dose; other drugs were prescribed when indicated clinically. 699 patients entered the trial and, of these, 146 crossed from diamorphine to morphine, or vice versa, after about two weeks using an oral potency ratio of 1.5/1 determined in a pilot trial. Additional medication and survival were closely similar in both treatment groups. In the female crossover patients, no difference was noted in relation either to pain or the other symptoms evaluated. On the other hand, male crossover patients experienced more pain, and were more depressed, while receiving diamorphine. In these, the potency ratio of diamorphine to morphine appeared to be less than 1.5/1. If this is allowed for, then the difference in mood is probably not significant. Compared with male patients, fewer females required a dose of 10 mg or more, but more were prescribed an anxiolytic. The ability to do without a 2 a.m. dose appeared to be related more to the size of the dose than to gender or treatment. It is concluded that, provided allowance is made for the difference in potency, morphine is a satisfactory substitute for orally administered diamorphine. However, when injections are necessary, the greater solubility of its hydrochloride gives diamorphine an important practical advantage over morphine, especially when large doses are required.", "PMID": 69290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3297", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the lipoprotein substance Pg (author's transl)].", "content": "Site Pg is an antigenic determinant which is present on the surface of serum lipoproteins and reacts with an antilpoprotein myelomatous immunoglobulin, the IgA, Ger. Firstly site Pg is extracted from LDL with the major part of lipids, by an ether-methanol mixture at 6 p. 100. Then the organic substrate obtained is evaporated under vacuum and dissolved in saline before being submitted to an extraction by ehter only. Under these conditions, site Pg remains in the aqueous phase. A polyacrylamide gel filtration on Biogel P2 allows then to separate the substance which reacts with IgA Ger. anti-Pg, from the aqueous phase. The identification of site Pg allowed us to recognize the presence of galactose, phosphorus and choline, and to evaluate its molecular weight of about 330. The reactivity of site Pg with IgA anti-Pg was measured by inhibition of passive hemagglutination and fluorescence quenching. The association constant of site Pg with the whole IgA Ger. or with its Fab fragment could thus be calculated (1.6 10(5) M-1 with the whole IgA; 2.3 10(5) M-1 with the Fab fragment). We showed also that if phosphorylcholine plays an immunodominant role, the presence of sugar seems necessary, since the association constant of the whole IgA Ger. with site Pg is higher than that of IgA Ger. with phosphorylcholine alone.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the lipoprotein substance Pg (author's transl)]. Site Pg is an antigenic determinant which is present on the surface of serum lipoproteins and reacts with an antilpoprotein myelomatous immunoglobulin, the IgA, Ger. Firstly site Pg is extracted from LDL with the major part of lipids, by an ether-methanol mixture at 6 p. 100. Then the organic substrate obtained is evaporated under vacuum and dissolved in saline before being submitted to an extraction by ehter only. Under these conditions, site Pg remains in the aqueous phase. A polyacrylamide gel filtration on Biogel P2 allows then to separate the substance which reacts with IgA Ger. anti-Pg, from the aqueous phase. The identification of site Pg allowed us to recognize the presence of galactose, phosphorus and choline, and to evaluate its molecular weight of about 330. The reactivity of site Pg with IgA anti-Pg was measured by inhibition of passive hemagglutination and fluorescence quenching. The association constant of site Pg with the whole IgA Ger. or with its Fab fragment could thus be calculated (1.6 10(5) M-1 with the whole IgA; 2.3 10(5) M-1 with the Fab fragment). We showed also that if phosphorylcholine plays an immunodominant role, the presence of sugar seems necessary, since the association constant of the whole IgA Ger. with site Pg is higher than that of IgA Ger. with phosphorylcholine alone.", "PMID": 69291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3298", "title": "An experimental evaluation of staining techniques for the detection of early ischaemic injury to the myocardium.", "content": "A series of experimental infarcts of the posterior papillary muscle of the canine heart was used to assess the value of 6 special stains in the histological detection of early myocardial infarction. The infarcts were of 5-720 min duration and were compared not only with normal control myocardium but also with normal myocardium autolyzed for similar periods of time. All tissue was stained with H & E, PAS, PAS-diastase, PTAH, Masson's trichrome, Connor's modification of the acid fuchsin method, Puchtler's PAS-navy blue, and Lie's haematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid. The zone of severely altered myofibres which separated normal from ischaemic tissue in infarcts aged 2 or more hours was demonstrated by all but PAS. Normal, border, and ischaemic zones of heart muscle were clearly differentiated only by PTAH and PAS-navy blue. PAS distinguished normal from glycogen-depleted ischaemic myocardium after only 40-60 min, but this change was also seen in autolyzed tissue.", "contents": "An experimental evaluation of staining techniques for the detection of early ischaemic injury to the myocardium. A series of experimental infarcts of the posterior papillary muscle of the canine heart was used to assess the value of 6 special stains in the histological detection of early myocardial infarction. The infarcts were of 5-720 min duration and were compared not only with normal control myocardium but also with normal myocardium autolyzed for similar periods of time. All tissue was stained with H & E, PAS, PAS-diastase, PTAH, Masson's trichrome, Connor's modification of the acid fuchsin method, Puchtler's PAS-navy blue, and Lie's haematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid. The zone of severely altered myofibres which separated normal from ischaemic tissue in infarcts aged 2 or more hours was demonstrated by all but PAS. Normal, border, and ischaemic zones of heart muscle were clearly differentiated only by PTAH and PAS-navy blue. PAS distinguished normal from glycogen-depleted ischaemic myocardium after only 40-60 min, but this change was also seen in autolyzed tissue.", "PMID": 69292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3299", "title": "Prognostic importance of ventricular extrasystoles in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in 233 patients in a prospective study of patients with acute myocardial infarction. In over 95% of patients antiarrhythmic therapy was not given until the onset of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or persistent idioventricular  rhythm. There was a mortality of 18% during the patients' stay in hospital. The most important features of ventricular ectopic activity, which preceded these severe ventricular arrhythmias in the first 48 hr, were multiformity, variation of coupling intervals of larger or equal to 0-1 sec, the R-on-T phenomenon, double ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular bigeminy. The number of a single ventricular extrasystoles per minute was related to the probability of these severe ventricular arrhythmias but to a lesser degree. It was found that if all the patients with the first two prognostic features that if all the patients with the first two prognostic features were removed, the number of single ventricular extrasystoles was not of significant import and the other features were less important. Three-quarters of the severe arrhythmias occurred in the first 24 hr and during this period 60% were preceded by either multiform ventricular extrasystoles or extrasystoles with variable coupling. The importance of these findings in relation to prophylactic therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Prognostic importance of ventricular extrasystoles in acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in 233 patients in a prospective study of patients with acute myocardial infarction. In over 95% of patients antiarrhythmic therapy was not given until the onset of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or persistent idioventricular  rhythm. There was a mortality of 18% during the patients' stay in hospital. The most important features of ventricular ectopic activity, which preceded these severe ventricular arrhythmias in the first 48 hr, were multiformity, variation of coupling intervals of larger or equal to 0-1 sec, the R-on-T phenomenon, double ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular bigeminy. The number of a single ventricular extrasystoles per minute was related to the probability of these severe ventricular arrhythmias but to a lesser degree. It was found that if all the patients with the first two prognostic features that if all the patients with the first two prognostic features were removed, the number of single ventricular extrasystoles was not of significant import and the other features were less important. Three-quarters of the severe arrhythmias occurred in the first 24 hr and during this period 60% were preceded by either multiform ventricular extrasystoles or extrasystoles with variable coupling. The importance of these findings in relation to prophylactic therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 69296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3300", "title": "[Antithyroid activity of various newly synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivatives].", "content": "Experiments were performed on rats. It was revealed that three newly-synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivative (1,3-thiazandithion-2,4, 1,3-thiazanthion-2-on-4-thiosemicarbazone-4, and 1,3-thiazandion-2,4) possessed and antithyroidal action in doses equal to 15% of LD50; in the two former preparations it was accompanied by an goiterogenic effect. 1,3-thiazandion-2,4 had the most antithyroidal action and relatively weak goiterogenic effect.", "contents": "[Antithyroid activity of various newly synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivatives]. Experiments were performed on rats. It was revealed that three newly-synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivative (1,3-thiazandithion-2,4, 1,3-thiazanthion-2-on-4-thiosemicarbazone-4, and 1,3-thiazandion-2,4) possessed and antithyroidal action in doses equal to 15% of LD50; in the two former preparations it was accompanied by an goiterogenic effect. 1,3-thiazandion-2,4 had the most antithyroidal action and relatively weak goiterogenic effect.", "PMID": 69301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3301", "title": "Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders.", "content": "In the immediate post-operative period after moderate surgical procedures, 1 litre of a colloid solution or saline was given intravenously. The plasma volume expansion after infusion of dextran 70 (Macrodex), hydroxyethylstarch (Volex), polygelatin (Haemaccel), albumin and saline was found to be between 790 and 180 ml. The most efficent plasma expander was dextran, followed by hydroxyethylstarch. Polygelatin and saline did not give full restitution, although twice the calculated loss was infused. Total plasma protein concentration was lowered in all groups in proportion to the dilution, except for the patients given albumin, in whom the concentration of total protein increased. Calculation of the total circulating protein mass showed no decrease during the period immediately after the infusion. This investigation has demonstrated that the most efficient plasma volume expander is dextran but that hydroxyethylstarch offers an almost equal alternative in terms of volume expansion. Dextran, however, exerts an advantageous effect on the microcirculation. As the metabolic pathways of hydroxyethylstarch have not yet been further explored, dextran is preferred when using artificial colloids. Judged by its secondary effects alone, including the influence on plasma protein patterns, albumin seems to be the compound of choice. Polygelatin and saline are not efficient expanders when hypovolaemia is to be corrected rapidly.", "contents": "Plasma volume changes after infusion of various plasma expanders. In the immediate post-operative period after moderate surgical procedures, 1 litre of a colloid solution or saline was given intravenously. The plasma volume expansion after infusion of dextran 70 (Macrodex), hydroxyethylstarch (Volex), polygelatin (Haemaccel), albumin and saline was found to be between 790 and 180 ml. The most efficent plasma expander was dextran, followed by hydroxyethylstarch. Polygelatin and saline did not give full restitution, although twice the calculated loss was infused. Total plasma protein concentration was lowered in all groups in proportion to the dilution, except for the patients given albumin, in whom the concentration of total protein increased. Calculation of the total circulating protein mass showed no decrease during the period immediately after the infusion. This investigation has demonstrated that the most efficient plasma volume expander is dextran but that hydroxyethylstarch offers an almost equal alternative in terms of volume expansion. Dextran, however, exerts an advantageous effect on the microcirculation. As the metabolic pathways of hydroxyethylstarch have not yet been further explored, dextran is preferred when using artificial colloids. Judged by its secondary effects alone, including the influence on plasma protein patterns, albumin seems to be the compound of choice. Polygelatin and saline are not efficient expanders when hypovolaemia is to be corrected rapidly.", "PMID": 69313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3302", "title": "Circulation of H+ and K+ across the plasma membrane is not obligatory for bacterial growth.", "content": "Streptococcus faecalis grows normally in the presence of gramicidin and other ionophores under conditions such that there is no gradient of pH or of electrical potential across the plasma membrane and that currents of H+, K+, and Na+ are short-circuited. Growth requires a rich medium, a slightly alkaline pH, and a high concentration of external K+. The proton circulation maintains the cytoplasmic pH and pools of ions and other metabolites but is not obligatory for biosynthetic functions including DNA replication, cell division, or assembly of the structural framework of the cell.", "contents": "Circulation of H+ and K+ across the plasma membrane is not obligatory for bacterial growth. Streptococcus faecalis grows normally in the presence of gramicidin and other ionophores under conditions such that there is no gradient of pH or of electrical potential across the plasma membrane and that currents of H+, K+, and Na+ are short-circuited. Growth requires a rich medium, a slightly alkaline pH, and a high concentration of external K+. The proton circulation maintains the cytoplasmic pH and pools of ions and other metabolites but is not obligatory for biosynthetic functions including DNA replication, cell division, or assembly of the structural framework of the cell.", "PMID": 69317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3303", "title": "[Combination therapy of the undifferentiated supratentorial astrocytoma. Review of current possibilities of treatment].", "content": "A review is presented of the results published in the most important recent literature on the treatment of high grade supratentorial astrocytoma by surgery, surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery and radiotherapy. The results of the different modalities are compared, the treatments of proven significance are described and future possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Combination therapy of the undifferentiated supratentorial astrocytoma. Review of current possibilities of treatment]. A review is presented of the results published in the most important recent literature on the treatment of high grade supratentorial astrocytoma by surgery, surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery and radiotherapy. The results of the different modalities are compared, the treatments of proven significance are described and future possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 69316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3304", "title": "Kepone-induced scoliosis and its histological consequences in fish.", "content": "Scoliosis in fish is caused by several diverse agents that possibly act on the central nervous system, neuromuscular junctions, or ionic metabolism. The organochlorine pesticide Kepone induces scoliosis in the sheepshead minnow. Some effects associated with Kepone-induced scoliosis in these fish are disruption of myotomal patterns, inter- and intramuscular hemorrhage, fractured centra of vertebrae, and death. The histological syndrome of Kepone poisoning in fish and the clinical syndrome in humans suggest that the nervous system is a primary target for Kepone and that scoliosis is a secondary effect of Kepone poisoning in fish.", "contents": "Kepone-induced scoliosis and its histological consequences in fish. Scoliosis in fish is caused by several diverse agents that possibly act on the central nervous system, neuromuscular junctions, or ionic metabolism. The organochlorine pesticide Kepone induces scoliosis in the sheepshead minnow. Some effects associated with Kepone-induced scoliosis in these fish are disruption of myotomal patterns, inter- and intramuscular hemorrhage, fractured centra of vertebrae, and death. The histological syndrome of Kepone poisoning in fish and the clinical syndrome in humans suggest that the nervous system is a primary target for Kepone and that scoliosis is a secondary effect of Kepone poisoning in fish.", "PMID": 69318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3305", "title": "Frequency of HLA antigens in chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigen (HLA) phenotypes of 34 patients with Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were evaluated for association with HLA antigens. Two control populations were compared to the CML patients: 142 normal volunteer platelet donors, and 160 normal donors of granulocyte transfusions. HLA typing was done by lymphocyte microcytotoxicity tests for nine antigens on sublocus A and 15 antigens on sublocus B. HLA-B7 and HLA-B12 were decreased in CML patients compared to both platelet and granulocyte donors. There was increased frequency of HLA-A3 in patients (41%) as compared to controls (25% and 33%); HLA-B5 - patients = 20%; controls 8% and 6%; and HLA-BW17 - patients = 17%; controls = 6% and 3% (P = 0.01). Median survival was 24+ months and independent of HLA. HLA-B5 and HLA-BW17 were significantly increased in patients with CML compared to two normal control populations. No increase in HLA-B8 was seen. Decreased frequency of HLA-B7 and B12 was noted. The significance of these differences is being evaluated.", "contents": "Frequency of HLA antigens in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Histocompatibility antigen (HLA) phenotypes of 34 patients with Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were evaluated for association with HLA antigens. Two control populations were compared to the CML patients: 142 normal volunteer platelet donors, and 160 normal donors of granulocyte transfusions. HLA typing was done by lymphocyte microcytotoxicity tests for nine antigens on sublocus A and 15 antigens on sublocus B. HLA-B7 and HLA-B12 were decreased in CML patients compared to both platelet and granulocyte donors. There was increased frequency of HLA-A3 in patients (41%) as compared to controls (25% and 33%); HLA-B5 - patients = 20%; controls 8% and 6%; and HLA-BW17 - patients = 17%; controls = 6% and 3% (P = 0.01). Median survival was 24+ months and independent of HLA. HLA-B5 and HLA-BW17 were significantly increased in patients with CML compared to two normal control populations. No increase in HLA-B8 was seen. Decreased frequency of HLA-B7 and B12 was noted. The significance of these differences is being evaluated.", "PMID": 69321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3306", "title": "Leukemia and prostatism.", "content": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is relatively rare. Needle biopsy is indicated to determine the possible benefits of radiation therapy as compared to surgery. Although overall mortality is high, transurethral resection (TUR) is well tolerated and may be undertaken without undue concern. An additional case is reported.", "contents": "Leukemia and prostatism. Benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is relatively rare. Needle biopsy is indicated to determine the possible benefits of radiation therapy as compared to surgery. Although overall mortality is high, transurethral resection (TUR) is well tolerated and may be undertaken without undue concern. An additional case is reported.", "PMID": 69322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3307", "title": "The present status of cytochemistry in the diagnosis of haematological malignancy.", "content": "Newer concepts in the application of cytochemistry to the diagnosis of haematological malignancies are discussed. The underlying physiological principles and location of the various enzymes are indicated. Older stains, once thought to be diagnostic, have been shown to be nonspecific. Newer, more accurate stains are now available.", "contents": "The present status of cytochemistry in the diagnosis of haematological malignancy. Newer concepts in the application of cytochemistry to the diagnosis of haematological malignancies are discussed. The underlying physiological principles and location of the various enzymes are indicated. Older stains, once thought to be diagnostic, have been shown to be nonspecific. Newer, more accurate stains are now available.", "PMID": 69324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3308", "title": "Human gene mapping using an X/autosome translocation.", "content": "Human fibroblasts containing a translocation between the X chromosome and chromosome 15 were fused with the 6-thioguanine-resistant mouse cell line, IR. Resulting hybrids, selected in HAT medium, retained the X/15 chromosome. Hybrids which were counterselected in 6-thioguanine lost this chromosome. The X-linked markers glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and the non-X-linked markers pyruvate kinase (PKM2) mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI), N-acetyl hexosaminidase A (HEXA) and beta2-microglubulin (beta2-m) all segregated in concordance with the X/15 translocation chromosome. The latter markers have been assigned to chromosome 15. Selection against the X/15 chromosome was done using antihuman beta2-m serum. Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the N-acetyl hexosaminidases A and B in these hybrids were performed.", "contents": "Human gene mapping using an X/autosome translocation. Human fibroblasts containing a translocation between the X chromosome and chromosome 15 were fused with the 6-thioguanine-resistant mouse cell line, IR. Resulting hybrids, selected in HAT medium, retained the X/15 chromosome. Hybrids which were counterselected in 6-thioguanine lost this chromosome. The X-linked markers glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and the non-X-linked markers pyruvate kinase (PKM2) mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI), N-acetyl hexosaminidase A (HEXA) and beta2-microglubulin (beta2-m) all segregated in concordance with the X/15 translocation chromosome. The latter markers have been assigned to chromosome 15. Selection against the X/15 chromosome was done using antihuman beta2-m serum. Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the N-acetyl hexosaminidases A and B in these hybrids were performed.", "PMID": 69325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3309", "title": "beta2-microglobulin locus on human chromosome 15.", "content": "We have developed an autoradiographic/electrophoretic assay capable of distinguishing mouse and human beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) in spent culture media. The method is applicable to mouse and human lines and to hybrid cell lines made from them. With this technique, mouse/human hybrid cell lines were tested for the presence of human beta2m. Isozyme and karyotype analyses were also carried out with the hybrids. The combined results of these studies show that the structural gene for human beta2m is on the long arm of chromosome 15.", "contents": "beta2-microglobulin locus on human chromosome 15. We have developed an autoradiographic/electrophoretic assay capable of distinguishing mouse and human beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) in spent culture media. The method is applicable to mouse and human lines and to hybrid cell lines made from them. With this technique, mouse/human hybrid cell lines were tested for the presence of human beta2m. Isozyme and karyotype analyses were also carried out with the hybrids. The combined results of these studies show that the structural gene for human beta2m is on the long arm of chromosome 15.", "PMID": 69326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3310", "title": "33258 Hoechst enhancement of the photosensitivity of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted cells.", "content": "Cells that have incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into their DNA become extremely sensitive to photoinduced killing after treatment with the dye, 33258 Hoechst. Under appropriate conditions the dye increases the efficiency of killing by a factor of approximately 10(4). This enhanced photosensitivity suggests that the combination of BrdU, dye, and light can be used to select conditional lethal mutants.", "contents": "33258 Hoechst enhancement of the photosensitivity of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted cells. Cells that have incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into their DNA become extremely sensitive to photoinduced killing after treatment with the dye, 33258 Hoechst. Under appropriate conditions the dye increases the efficiency of killing by a factor of approximately 10(4). This enhanced photosensitivity suggests that the combination of BrdU, dye, and light can be used to select conditional lethal mutants.", "PMID": 69327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3311", "title": "Clinical management of metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "The physician treating the patient with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer has a number of available therapeutic options. Various clinical and laboratory factors play a role in the decision process for the choice of the initial and subsequent treatments for such patients. The strategies for palliative therapy are reviewed along with estimates of potential benefits of the various modalities.", "contents": "Clinical management of metastatic breast cancer. The physician treating the patient with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer has a number of available therapeutic options. Various clinical and laboratory factors play a role in the decision process for the choice of the initial and subsequent treatments for such patients. The strategies for palliative therapy are reviewed along with estimates of potential benefits of the various modalities.", "PMID": 69328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3312", "title": "Polygenic control of mixed lymphocyte reaction in dogs.", "content": "The genetics of the MLR of the dog are studied using LD typing cells. The four new homozygous reference cells described bring the total number of defined LD specificities in this species to 11. In families, LD specificities generally segregate en block with the SD specificities of the DLA complex. The recombination frequency between the SD and LD loci is provisionally estimated to be 0.007. A slight but significant stimulation between two SD identical LD typed siblings could not be explained on the basis of a single recombination between the SD loci and one LD locus and therefore suggested the existence of an additional LD system. Unrelated SD different individuals with two different LD determinants in common frequently stimulate each other in MLR, but low responses are also encountered. The results described are compatible with a hypothesis of two segregant series of alleles for the genetic control of the MLR and linkage disequilibrium between certain alleles of these series. More conclusive evidence of the validity of this hypothesis and further knowledge of other factors which determine the response in the MLR are required before a reliable estimate of the importance of LD structures in histocompatibility can be made.", "contents": "Polygenic control of mixed lymphocyte reaction in dogs. The genetics of the MLR of the dog are studied using LD typing cells. The four new homozygous reference cells described bring the total number of defined LD specificities in this species to 11. In families, LD specificities generally segregate en block with the SD specificities of the DLA complex. The recombination frequency between the SD and LD loci is provisionally estimated to be 0.007. A slight but significant stimulation between two SD identical LD typed siblings could not be explained on the basis of a single recombination between the SD loci and one LD locus and therefore suggested the existence of an additional LD system. Unrelated SD different individuals with two different LD determinants in common frequently stimulate each other in MLR, but low responses are also encountered. The results described are compatible with a hypothesis of two segregant series of alleles for the genetic control of the MLR and linkage disequilibrium between certain alleles of these series. More conclusive evidence of the validity of this hypothesis and further knowledge of other factors which determine the response in the MLR are required before a reliable estimate of the importance of LD structures in histocompatibility can be made.", "PMID": 69333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3313", "title": "T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens shared by humans and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (anti-HTLA) was used to investigate the relationship between differentiation antigens of human (HTLA) and Macaca lymphocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes sensitive to anti-HTLA is the same in both species, with thymocytes having a higher concentration of HTLA than more mature T-lymphocytes. Macaca bone marrow cells acquire phenotypic properties of T-lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of calf thymic factors. Our data suggest that phylogenetic distinctions between various T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens may be utilized to provide antisera of narrow specificity.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens shared by humans and rhesus monkeys. Anti-human T-lymphocyte serum (anti-HTLA) was used to investigate the relationship between differentiation antigens of human (HTLA) and Macaca lymphocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes sensitive to anti-HTLA is the same in both species, with thymocytes having a higher concentration of HTLA than more mature T-lymphocytes. Macaca bone marrow cells acquire phenotypic properties of T-lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of calf thymic factors. Our data suggest that phylogenetic distinctions between various T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens may be utilized to provide antisera of narrow specificity.", "PMID": 69334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3314", "title": "Expression of HLA-B12 on platelets, on lymphocytes and in serum: a quantitative study.", "content": "Expression of the antigen HLA-B12 on platelets, on lymphocytes and in serum of normal subjects was studied using several quantitative techniques. HLA-B12 was found to be expressed on platelets from each of 25 heterozygous HLA-B12-positive donors in amounts varying about 35-fold from weakest to strongest. Expression of B12 on platelets was enhanced in the presence of the first locus antigen A11, but decreased in the presence of A2, A3, and Aw28. The antigen was expressed in equal strength on lymphocytes sampled from the same donor population. Serum content of B12 assayed in five subjects was found to be roughly proportional to the expression of that antigen on platelets. Expression of B12 on platelets is under genetic control but the precise mechanism of inheritance has not yet been defined. The applicability of these findings to transfusion of single donor platelets to alloimmunized patients is under investigation.", "contents": "Expression of HLA-B12 on platelets, on lymphocytes and in serum: a quantitative study. Expression of the antigen HLA-B12 on platelets, on lymphocytes and in serum of normal subjects was studied using several quantitative techniques. HLA-B12 was found to be expressed on platelets from each of 25 heterozygous HLA-B12-positive donors in amounts varying about 35-fold from weakest to strongest. Expression of B12 on platelets was enhanced in the presence of the first locus antigen A11, but decreased in the presence of A2, A3, and Aw28. The antigen was expressed in equal strength on lymphocytes sampled from the same donor population. Serum content of B12 assayed in five subjects was found to be roughly proportional to the expression of that antigen on platelets. Expression of B12 on platelets is under genetic control but the precise mechanism of inheritance has not yet been defined. The applicability of these findings to transfusion of single donor platelets to alloimmunized patients is under investigation.", "PMID": 69335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3315", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of the periodic acid-Schiff histochemical reaction for glycogen using infrared spectroscopy and model chemical compounds.", "content": "It has been proposed in the literature that Schiffs reagent reacts with aldehydes to form one of the following types of compounds: alkylsulfonic acids, N-sulfinic acid derivatives, or Schiff bases. Model compounds whose structures are consistent with those proposed in the literature have been synthesized and subjected to infrared analysis. Also, actual products of Schiff reagent reactions with various aldehydes have been isolated and examined using infrared spectroscopy. Comparison of the spectra of the model compounds with those of Schiff-aldehyde reaction products yielded the following conclusions: 1. The reaction of simple organic aldehydes with Schiff's reagent produces an alkylsulfonate-type reaction product. 2. The reaction of periodate-oxidized glycogen with Schiff's reagent probably involves the formation of an alklsulfonate-type compound. 3. The product of the Schiff-aldehyde reaction exists as neither an N-sulfinic acid nor a Schiff base derivative of the fuchsin molecule.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of the periodic acid-Schiff histochemical reaction for glycogen using infrared spectroscopy and model chemical compounds. It has been proposed in the literature that Schiffs reagent reacts with aldehydes to form one of the following types of compounds: alkylsulfonic acids, N-sulfinic acid derivatives, or Schiff bases. Model compounds whose structures are consistent with those proposed in the literature have been synthesized and subjected to infrared analysis. Also, actual products of Schiff reagent reactions with various aldehydes have been isolated and examined using infrared spectroscopy. Comparison of the spectra of the model compounds with those of Schiff-aldehyde reaction products yielded the following conclusions: 1. The reaction of simple organic aldehydes with Schiff's reagent produces an alkylsulfonate-type reaction product. 2. The reaction of periodate-oxidized glycogen with Schiff's reagent probably involves the formation of an alklsulfonate-type compound. 3. The product of the Schiff-aldehyde reaction exists as neither an N-sulfinic acid nor a Schiff base derivative of the fuchsin molecule.", "PMID": 69339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3316", "title": "A silver impregnation method for nervous tissue suitable for routine use with mounted sections.", "content": "A simple, reliable silver impregnation method for nervous tissue is described for tissues fixed in various fixatives including formalin, Bouin, and Susa. Sections are impregnated in a solution containing 1 g Protargol, 2 ml of a 1% Cu(NO3)2 solution, 2 ml of a 1% AgNO3 solution, and 2-4 drops 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Sections are impregnated 2-5 days at 37 C and thereafter reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction, dehydration and mounting. This method has been found to be very reliable and selective.", "contents": "A silver impregnation method for nervous tissue suitable for routine use with mounted sections. A simple, reliable silver impregnation method for nervous tissue is described for tissues fixed in various fixatives including formalin, Bouin, and Susa. Sections are impregnated in a solution containing 1 g Protargol, 2 ml of a 1% Cu(NO3)2 solution, 2 ml of a 1% AgNO3 solution, and 2-4 drops 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Sections are impregnated 2-5 days at 37 C and thereafter reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction, dehydration and mounting. This method has been found to be very reliable and selective.", "PMID": 69340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3317", "title": "Phase-partition fixation and staining of Drosophila eggs.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of alcohol-acetic acid-formalin or glutaraldehyde-acrolein were shaken with heptane and heptane phase used for fixation. Phase-partition fixation is akin to fixation with vapor. The organic solvent, immiscible with water, penetrates hydrophobic membranes and carries the fixative in contact with water phase of the tissue. Only the fixative enters the tissue, without changing the ionic and water-soluble substance concentrations in the tissue. The quality of this fixation for optical or electron microscopy was as good as that of any conventional fixation method. Staining with basic fuchsin after 2 N HCl hydrolysis gave brilliant staining of nuclei, more intense than that with Feulgen reagent, while cytoplasm remained nearly colorless. Fixing and staining procedures for Drosophila eggs are given.", "contents": "Phase-partition fixation and staining of Drosophila eggs. Aqueous solutions of alcohol-acetic acid-formalin or glutaraldehyde-acrolein were shaken with heptane and heptane phase used for fixation. Phase-partition fixation is akin to fixation with vapor. The organic solvent, immiscible with water, penetrates hydrophobic membranes and carries the fixative in contact with water phase of the tissue. Only the fixative enters the tissue, without changing the ionic and water-soluble substance concentrations in the tissue. The quality of this fixation for optical or electron microscopy was as good as that of any conventional fixation method. Staining with basic fuchsin after 2 N HCl hydrolysis gave brilliant staining of nuclei, more intense than that with Feulgen reagent, while cytoplasm remained nearly colorless. Fixing and staining procedures for Drosophila eggs are given.", "PMID": 69341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3318", "title": "Triple staining of normal and degenerating nervous tissue.", "content": "A method of counterstaining sections impregnated according to a previously reported modification of the Glees silver impregnation is described. The basis for this counterstain is the Kl\u00fcver-Barrera luxol fast blue technique. The results are illustrated and the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Triple staining of normal and degenerating nervous tissue. A method of counterstaining sections impregnated according to a previously reported modification of the Glees silver impregnation is described. The basis for this counterstain is the Kl\u00fcver-Barrera luxol fast blue technique. The results are illustrated and the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 69342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3319", "title": "[Chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The type of therapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) depends on the state of the disease and on histological classification. As in Hodgkin's lymphoma radiotherapy is indicated with localized disease, whereas chemotherapy is given in disseminated cases. In contrast to Hodgkin's lymphoma chemotherapy is indicated earlier (already in most stage II cases), since dissemination may occur outside the typical lymph node areas. Division of NHLs according to higher or lower degree of malignancy is possible histologically on the basis of the Kiel classification as well as of the Rappaport classification. Low-grade malignant lymphomas are treated best with conventional doses of an alkylating agent. An intensive combined chemotherapy is not indicated. Because of the tendency to early and frequent relapses a cyclic maintenance therapy with an alkylating agent is incidated. High-grade malignant lymphomas have to be treated with agressive combination chemotherapy in order to get the patient into complete remission with the possibility for a long relapse-free interval. Up to now there is no indication that any of the published chemotherapy combinations is definitely superior to the others. It is most important to apply the therapy consequently for at least six months. The value of a maintenance therapy is not yet proven.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)]. The type of therapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) depends on the state of the disease and on histological classification. As in Hodgkin's lymphoma radiotherapy is indicated with localized disease, whereas chemotherapy is given in disseminated cases. In contrast to Hodgkin's lymphoma chemotherapy is indicated earlier (already in most stage II cases), since dissemination may occur outside the typical lymph node areas. Division of NHLs according to higher or lower degree of malignancy is possible histologically on the basis of the Kiel classification as well as of the Rappaport classification. Low-grade malignant lymphomas are treated best with conventional doses of an alkylating agent. An intensive combined chemotherapy is not indicated. Because of the tendency to early and frequent relapses a cyclic maintenance therapy with an alkylating agent is incidated. High-grade malignant lymphomas have to be treated with agressive combination chemotherapy in order to get the patient into complete remission with the possibility for a long relapse-free interval. Up to now there is no indication that any of the published chemotherapy combinations is definitely superior to the others. It is most important to apply the therapy consequently for at least six months. The value of a maintenance therapy is not yet proven.", "PMID": 69343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3320", "title": "[Localization diagnostics of malignant tumors using radioactive bleomycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Total-body scintigraphy with 111In-labeled bleomycin was performed in 66 patients with malignant solid tumors and systemic diseases of the lymphatic pathways (Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). In 38 (58%) of 66 cases positive information was correct. In 12 (18%) of 66, scintigraphic information was correctly negative. With 16 out of 66 (24%), false positive or false negative informations were obtained.", "contents": "[Localization diagnostics of malignant tumors using radioactive bleomycin (author's transl)]. Total-body scintigraphy with 111In-labeled bleomycin was performed in 66 patients with malignant solid tumors and systemic diseases of the lymphatic pathways (Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). In 38 (58%) of 66 cases positive information was correct. In 12 (18%) of 66, scintigraphic information was correctly negative. With 16 out of 66 (24%), false positive or false negative informations were obtained.", "PMID": 69344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3321", "title": "Tuberculosis in Tanzania: a follow-up of a national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors.", "content": "A total of 1873 patients admitted to a random sampling survey in 15 of the 61 administrative districts in Tanzania in 1969 has been followed up at 1 year or later. The random sample included districts with a long-established tuberculosis service (A districts), those with a service of recent inception (B districts), and those with no specialized tuberculosis service (C districts). The main follow-up concerns 1607 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 693 had a positive culture at the initial survey, 557 a negative culture and 357 had not produced a specimen. At 1 year or later 12% of the 1607 patients were lost from observation, 10% were alive but with no specimen or no result, 60% were culture-negative, 5% were culture-positive, and 12% were known to be dead. The proportion of patients known to be dead was similar in the 3 types of service, but the proportion lost from observation was highest in the B districts, 24% compared with 7% in the A and 10% in the C districts. Most of the losses occurred early, 73% within the first 3 months. Of the 693 patients with positive culture initially 9% were culture-positive at 1 year, as were 1% of the 557 culture-negative initially. The estimated proportion culture-negative at 1 year for the patients culture-positive initially was highest in the A districts, 78%, and very similar in the B and C districts, 66% and 67%, respectively. The policies of therapy were studied in 1459 patients; 86% were treated in hospital initially for a mean duration of 63 days. The standard regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone and isoniazid was prescribed in 78% of the patients initially, the proportions being 93% in the A, 48% in the B and 81% in the C districts. The proportion of patients who received or collected supplies of medicament for the full 12 months was only 35%, the proportions being 40% in the A, 20% in the B and 39% in the C districts.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in Tanzania: a follow-up of a national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors. A total of 1873 patients admitted to a random sampling survey in 15 of the 61 administrative districts in Tanzania in 1969 has been followed up at 1 year or later. The random sample included districts with a long-established tuberculosis service (A districts), those with a service of recent inception (B districts), and those with no specialized tuberculosis service (C districts). The main follow-up concerns 1607 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 693 had a positive culture at the initial survey, 557 a negative culture and 357 had not produced a specimen. At 1 year or later 12% of the 1607 patients were lost from observation, 10% were alive but with no specimen or no result, 60% were culture-negative, 5% were culture-positive, and 12% were known to be dead. The proportion of patients known to be dead was similar in the 3 types of service, but the proportion lost from observation was highest in the B districts, 24% compared with 7% in the A and 10% in the C districts. Most of the losses occurred early, 73% within the first 3 months. Of the 693 patients with positive culture initially 9% were culture-positive at 1 year, as were 1% of the 557 culture-negative initially. The estimated proportion culture-negative at 1 year for the patients culture-positive initially was highest in the A districts, 78%, and very similar in the B and C districts, 66% and 67%, respectively. The policies of therapy were studied in 1459 patients; 86% were treated in hospital initially for a mean duration of 63 days. The standard regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone and isoniazid was prescribed in 78% of the patients initially, the proportions being 93% in the A, 48% in the B and 81% in the C districts. The proportion of patients who received or collected supplies of medicament for the full 12 months was only 35%, the proportions being 40% in the A, 20% in the B and 39% in the C districts.", "PMID": 69347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3322", "title": "Kodirex for high resolution electron microscopy.", "content": "Measurement of the important performance parameters shows that Kodak Kodirex film is more suitable than conventional ones for dark-field transmission electron microscopy of molecules at very high mignification. Results are cited for 120 kV; but the relation ship is valid up to 3 MV.", "contents": "Kodirex for high resolution electron microscopy. Measurement of the important performance parameters shows that Kodak Kodirex film is more suitable than conventional ones for dark-field transmission electron microscopy of molecules at very high mignification. Results are cited for 120 kV; but the relation ship is valid up to 3 MV.", "PMID": 69350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3323", "title": "Radioimmunoassays of ethinyl-norgestrienone (R-2323) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and their clinical applicability.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for 2 synthetic progestins (Ethinyl-norgestrienone, R 2323 and medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA) are demonstrated. 10 patients aged 31 to 72 years were treated with ethinyl-norgestrienone with different schedules and 3 men suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with medroxygesterone acetate. Plasma levels of testosterone, LH, FSH were monitored before, during and after treatment.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays of ethinyl-norgestrienone (R-2323) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and their clinical applicability. Radioimmunoassays for 2 synthetic progestins (Ethinyl-norgestrienone, R 2323 and medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA) are demonstrated. 10 patients aged 31 to 72 years were treated with ethinyl-norgestrienone with different schedules and 3 men suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with medroxygesterone acetate. Plasma levels of testosterone, LH, FSH were monitored before, during and after treatment.", "PMID": 69351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3324", "title": "[Indication for the surgical treatment of bladder tumors (based on 10-year statistics)].", "content": "On the basis of statistics collected over ten years, indications for the surgical treatment of bladder tumors are arrived at. The scopes of the individual surgical approaches, such as transurethral resection and partial and total cystectomy, are discussed. If the preoperative diagnosis indicates a carcinoma that has infiltrated the musculature, it would be disastrous to let the most favorable time for cure slip by while treating with palliative measures a carcinoma that otherwise could have been definitively cured. On no account should a cystectomy represent the last, desperate attempt at therapy when all other measures have failed.", "contents": "[Indication for the surgical treatment of bladder tumors (based on 10-year statistics)]. On the basis of statistics collected over ten years, indications for the surgical treatment of bladder tumors are arrived at. The scopes of the individual surgical approaches, such as transurethral resection and partial and total cystectomy, are discussed. If the preoperative diagnosis indicates a carcinoma that has infiltrated the musculature, it would be disastrous to let the most favorable time for cure slip by while treating with palliative measures a carcinoma that otherwise could have been definitively cured. On no account should a cystectomy represent the last, desperate attempt at therapy when all other measures have failed.", "PMID": 69352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3325", "title": "High-resolution metal replication of macromolecules.", "content": "By adjustment of various parameters affecting crystallite size in thin metal replica films used for contrasting biological macromolecules for electron microscopy, improvements in the level of image information retrieved are demonstrated. Mass thickness, replica metal type, substrate temperature and composition are found to be important determinants of replica quality and conditions are discussed and tabulated for optimizing these. Typical correction curves for replicas are given for platinum and tungsten, from which approximate true dimensions may be calculated from measurements of unknown replicas. Deviation of evaporant sources from ideality are quantitated for both heated filament and electron gun sources. Metal replicas exposed to 80 kV electron beams long enough receive 10(6)e/nm2 show no observable changes other than those attributable to contamination as a function of time after the first few seconds. A variety of artifacts occasionally produced in replicas are discussed in relation to image interpretation.", "contents": "High-resolution metal replication of macromolecules. By adjustment of various parameters affecting crystallite size in thin metal replica films used for contrasting biological macromolecules for electron microscopy, improvements in the level of image information retrieved are demonstrated. Mass thickness, replica metal type, substrate temperature and composition are found to be important determinants of replica quality and conditions are discussed and tabulated for optimizing these. Typical correction curves for replicas are given for platinum and tungsten, from which approximate true dimensions may be calculated from measurements of unknown replicas. Deviation of evaporant sources from ideality are quantitated for both heated filament and electron gun sources. Metal replicas exposed to 80 kV electron beams long enough receive 10(6)e/nm2 show no observable changes other than those attributable to contamination as a function of time after the first few seconds. A variety of artifacts occasionally produced in replicas are discussed in relation to image interpretation.", "PMID": 69349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3326", "title": "[Bladder carcinoma: therapeutic concept of the Urology Department of the University Hospital, Mainz].", "content": "A therapeutic concept based on tumor staging and grading is presented: T0N0M0 - urine cytology positive - cystoscopy every 3 months. Transitional cell carcinoma (90%): T(iS)N0M0 - carcinoma in situ - cystoscopic biopsy every 3 months. Cystectomy with commencing tumor infiltration. T1N0M0 (80% of all bladder tumors): T1N0M0G0 - TUR; cystoscopy every 3 months. T1N0M0G1-3 - TUR; control-TUR 6 weeks later with systematic biopsy. G3 with tumor recurrence - cystectomy. T2N0/N1M0; G1-2 - TUR; local chemotherapy (adriamycin). G3 - cystectomy; high voltage treatment in inoperable patients. T4NxMx - symptomatic-palliative therapy: TUR, urinary diversion. Squamous cell carcinoma (2-5%): as transitional cell carcinoma; with high voltage therapy adjuvant chemotherapy using bleomycine. Adenocarcinoma (2-3%): as transitional cell carcinoma; cystectomy including part of the anterior abdominal wall and umbilicus. Immunostaging (assessment of the immunocompetence) should be part of the diagnostic procedures and follow-up examination.", "contents": "[Bladder carcinoma: therapeutic concept of the Urology Department of the University Hospital, Mainz]. A therapeutic concept based on tumor staging and grading is presented: T0N0M0 - urine cytology positive - cystoscopy every 3 months. Transitional cell carcinoma (90%): T(iS)N0M0 - carcinoma in situ - cystoscopic biopsy every 3 months. Cystectomy with commencing tumor infiltration. T1N0M0 (80% of all bladder tumors): T1N0M0G0 - TUR; cystoscopy every 3 months. T1N0M0G1-3 - TUR; control-TUR 6 weeks later with systematic biopsy. G3 with tumor recurrence - cystectomy. T2N0/N1M0; G1-2 - TUR; local chemotherapy (adriamycin). G3 - cystectomy; high voltage treatment in inoperable patients. T4NxMx - symptomatic-palliative therapy: TUR, urinary diversion. Squamous cell carcinoma (2-5%): as transitional cell carcinoma; with high voltage therapy adjuvant chemotherapy using bleomycine. Adenocarcinoma (2-3%): as transitional cell carcinoma; cystectomy including part of the anterior abdominal wall and umbilicus. Immunostaging (assessment of the immunocompetence) should be part of the diagnostic procedures and follow-up examination.", "PMID": 69353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3327", "title": "[Treatment of cancer of the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic procedures for bladder cancer as practiced at the Department of Urology, University of Vienna Medical School, are presented. Transurethral resection is preferred over in comparison to open surgery. The surgical procedures are always followed by postoperative radiotherapy. The possibility of hemostasis in inoperable carcinomas by bilateral intravasal occlusion of the iliac arteries is emphasized.", "contents": "[Treatment of cancer of the bladder (author's transl)]. Therapeutic procedures for bladder cancer as practiced at the Department of Urology, University of Vienna Medical School, are presented. Transurethral resection is preferred over in comparison to open surgery. The surgical procedures are always followed by postoperative radiotherapy. The possibility of hemostasis in inoperable carcinomas by bilateral intravasal occlusion of the iliac arteries is emphasized.", "PMID": 69354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3328", "title": "[Control of therapy for hyperthyroidism. Comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo methods].", "content": "55 patients with treated hyperthyroidism (thyreostatics) underwent a T3 suppression test and a TRH stimulation test. 60% of the patients had a positive and 40% a negative T3 suppression test. While patients with a positive T3 suppression test always showed a positive TRH test, the behaviour of the TRH test in negative suppression test was different (68.2% positive, 31.8% negative). These discrepant findings are to be explained from the establishment of different phases of regulation. In negative TRH test the concentrations of hormones were significantly higher. Increased basal TSH values are an expression of an overtreatment with thyreostatics. In positive suppression test and TRH test after a therapy lasting at least one year the medication can be stopped. In negative suppression test, however, the therapy should be changed. The TRH test allows only evidence about the quality of the regulation of therapy. Finally it can be established that the two tests on account of their different working points in the regulatory system are necessary and not changeable between each other.", "contents": "[Control of therapy for hyperthyroidism. Comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo methods]. 55 patients with treated hyperthyroidism (thyreostatics) underwent a T3 suppression test and a TRH stimulation test. 60% of the patients had a positive and 40% a negative T3 suppression test. While patients with a positive T3 suppression test always showed a positive TRH test, the behaviour of the TRH test in negative suppression test was different (68.2% positive, 31.8% negative). These discrepant findings are to be explained from the establishment of different phases of regulation. In negative TRH test the concentrations of hormones were significantly higher. Increased basal TSH values are an expression of an overtreatment with thyreostatics. In positive suppression test and TRH test after a therapy lasting at least one year the medication can be stopped. In negative suppression test, however, the therapy should be changed. The TRH test allows only evidence about the quality of the regulation of therapy. Finally it can be established that the two tests on account of their different working points in the regulatory system are necessary and not changeable between each other.", "PMID": 69363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3329", "title": "[Arthropathies in intestinal diseases].", "content": "Together with gastroenterologists rheumatologists describe diagnostically significant disturbances of the supporting apparatus and the locomotor system which frequently occur in ulcerous colitis, enterocolitis regionalis Crohn, Whipple's disease and non-tropical sprue. Important conclusion for the diagnostic approach supplement the description.", "contents": "[Arthropathies in intestinal diseases]. Together with gastroenterologists rheumatologists describe diagnostically significant disturbances of the supporting apparatus and the locomotor system which frequently occur in ulcerous colitis, enterocolitis regionalis Crohn, Whipple's disease and non-tropical sprue. Important conclusion for the diagnostic approach supplement the description.", "PMID": 69364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3330", "title": "[Umbilical cord AFP values in twins (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the umbilical cord in twins was determined via radioimmunological analysis and compared with the values obtained in single births. Since a close correlation exists between AFP content and gestation age, this method can be used to estimate maturity. The mean concentration of AFP was significantly higher in the umbilical blood of fraturnal twins than in that of identical twins. Genetic factors could play a role here.", "contents": "[Umbilical cord AFP values in twins (author's transl)]. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the umbilical cord in twins was determined via radioimmunological analysis and compared with the values obtained in single births. Since a close correlation exists between AFP content and gestation age, this method can be used to estimate maturity. The mean concentration of AFP was significantly higher in the umbilical blood of fraturnal twins than in that of identical twins. Genetic factors could play a role here.", "PMID": 69365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3331", "title": "[Alphafetoprotein in serum of pregnant women. A new assay and practical aspects in prenatal screening for fetal neural tube malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new radioimmunoassay for alphafetoprotein was tested with 440 sera for it's suitability in the screening of pregnant women for fetal neural tube malformations. The test was reliable and it's execution simple and little time consuming. The test allowed to establish the normal range during pregnancy as well as to detect typical deviations from normal in cases of abortion and anencephaly. Results of mothers with diabetes or elevated transaminase activities were in the normal range. The practicability and acceptable cost of such a test render now possible, and at the same time urgent, a regional screening of women from the 15 th to the 18th week of pregnancy. Only in this way, the detection rate of fetal neural tube malformations can be measured and the usefulness of a general screening of all pregnant women can be evaluated.", "contents": "[Alphafetoprotein in serum of pregnant women. A new assay and practical aspects in prenatal screening for fetal neural tube malformations (author's transl)]. A new radioimmunoassay for alphafetoprotein was tested with 440 sera for it's suitability in the screening of pregnant women for fetal neural tube malformations. The test was reliable and it's execution simple and little time consuming. The test allowed to establish the normal range during pregnancy as well as to detect typical deviations from normal in cases of abortion and anencephaly. Results of mothers with diabetes or elevated transaminase activities were in the normal range. The practicability and acceptable cost of such a test render now possible, and at the same time urgent, a regional screening of women from the 15 th to the 18th week of pregnancy. Only in this way, the detection rate of fetal neural tube malformations can be measured and the usefulness of a general screening of all pregnant women can be evaluated.", "PMID": 69366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3332", "title": "[To the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues with capillary chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure for determinting chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues by gaschromatography with capillary columns in feeds is described. With the capillary column (OV 61) used a good resolution of all tested 15 pesticides was possible. Recovery and reproducibility were checked, detection limits are given.", "contents": "[To the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues with capillary chromatography (author's transl)]. A procedure for determinting chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues by gaschromatography with capillary columns in feeds is described. With the capillary column (OV 61) used a good resolution of all tested 15 pesticides was possible. Recovery and reproducibility were checked, detection limits are given.", "PMID": 69368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3333", "title": "[Medical check-up concerning cancer of the prostate. 1st report of experiences, results and documentation of findings].", "content": "It is reported on 1,790 medical check-ups concerning cancer of the prostate gland. We found 8 carcinomata = 4.47%. Apart from this 16 adenomata to be operated with adequate disturbances of the micturition were established. The documentation of the findings of medical check-ups by means of a reference on the basis of perforated cards is described and it is referred to the necessity of a systematic documentation of findings.", "contents": "[Medical check-up concerning cancer of the prostate. 1st report of experiences, results and documentation of findings]. It is reported on 1,790 medical check-ups concerning cancer of the prostate gland. We found 8 carcinomata = 4.47%. Apart from this 16 adenomata to be operated with adequate disturbances of the micturition were established. The documentation of the findings of medical check-ups by means of a reference on the basis of perforated cards is described and it is referred to the necessity of a systematic documentation of findings.", "PMID": 69370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3334", "title": "[Value of cryogenic surgery in the therapeutic plan for prostatic adenoma].", "content": "The methodical and instrumental development in urology has led to the fact that nowadays only in 25% of the patients with prostatic adenoma an \"open\" adenomectoy of the prostate is performed. The cryosurgery is exclusively reserved to high risk patients who at present, however, increasingly also undergo a transurethral resection. The advantages of the transurethral electroresection compared with the cryosurgery of the prostatic adenoma are discussed and confirmed with the help of the own cases. Advanced cerebral sclerosis means contraindication for every operative procedure in adenoma. Nowadays in the high risk patient a transurethral resection should be performed by the best and most experienced urologist.", "contents": "[Value of cryogenic surgery in the therapeutic plan for prostatic adenoma]. The methodical and instrumental development in urology has led to the fact that nowadays only in 25% of the patients with prostatic adenoma an \"open\" adenomectoy of the prostate is performed. The cryosurgery is exclusively reserved to high risk patients who at present, however, increasingly also undergo a transurethral resection. The advantages of the transurethral electroresection compared with the cryosurgery of the prostatic adenoma are discussed and confirmed with the help of the own cases. Advanced cerebral sclerosis means contraindication for every operative procedure in adenoma. Nowadays in the high risk patient a transurethral resection should be performed by the best and most experienced urologist.", "PMID": 69371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3335", "title": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. I. Tentative hypothesis for the induction of antigen-specific suppression by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates].", "content": "The most important mechanisms for the specific depression of immune reactions--immuno-tolerance, enhancement, transfer of antibodies, drug induced tolerance, immunological suicide, application of antibody-toxin-complexes--are discussed with regard to their possible application in the clinical practice. A tentative hypothesis for induction of antigen specific suppression is proposed, basing on the use of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC). Antigen binding lymphocytes are supposed to bind the AIC and to pick them up through endocytosis. After breakdown of the AIC in the lymphoid cells the free immunosuppressive agent can become effective causing damage to the specific cell clones.", "contents": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. I. Tentative hypothesis for the induction of antigen-specific suppression by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates]. The most important mechanisms for the specific depression of immune reactions--immuno-tolerance, enhancement, transfer of antibodies, drug induced tolerance, immunological suicide, application of antibody-toxin-complexes--are discussed with regard to their possible application in the clinical practice. A tentative hypothesis for induction of antigen specific suppression is proposed, basing on the use of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC). Antigen binding lymphocytes are supposed to bind the AIC and to pick them up through endocytosis. After breakdown of the AIC in the lymphoid cells the free immunosuppressive agent can become effective causing damage to the specific cell clones.", "PMID": 69372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3336", "title": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. II. Immunogenicity of antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates].", "content": "The maintenance of specific immunogenicity of carrier proteins is a necessary condition for the successful use of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC) for an antigen specific suppression of the immune response. The experimental results indicate that, in spite of the binding of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and toluyl (T) to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA), the carrier specific immunogenicity is not significantly altered. The intradermal application of 6-MP-BGG and T-BGG emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant in guinea pigs results, in all cases, in a well detectable anti BGG hemagglutination and precipitation titer. This kind of immunization leads also to a formation of anti 6-mercaptopurine and anti new antigen determinants (NAD's) antibodies.", "contents": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. II. Immunogenicity of antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates]. The maintenance of specific immunogenicity of carrier proteins is a necessary condition for the successful use of antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC) for an antigen specific suppression of the immune response. The experimental results indicate that, in spite of the binding of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and toluyl (T) to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA), the carrier specific immunogenicity is not significantly altered. The intradermal application of 6-MP-BGG and T-BGG emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant in guinea pigs results, in all cases, in a well detectable anti BGG hemagglutination and precipitation titer. This kind of immunization leads also to a formation of anti 6-mercaptopurine and anti new antigen determinants (NAD's) antibodies.", "PMID": 69373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3337", "title": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates. III. Physiocochemical, antigenic and functional properties of 6-mercaptopurine coupled carrier proteins].", "content": "6-mercaptopurine (MP) conjugates of bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA) with increasing numbers of MP-groups per protein molecule were prepared and some physicochemical and antigenic properties studied. The electrophoretic mobility increased proportionally to the degree of substitution. In the same manner the formation of high molecular weight aggregates increased. A loss of BGG and HSA specific determinants was observed too. The physicochemical and antigenic properties of these antigen-suppressive agent-conjugates with low and medium coupling degree (to MP26-BGG and MP20-HSA) were similar to the unmodified antigens. The affinity of rabbit anti-DNP-antibodies decreased from K0 = 1,4 - 10(6) M-1 of the unmodified antibodies to 6,5 - 10(5), 3,6 - 10(5) and 3,4 - 10(5) M-1 of the antibodies conjugated with 15, 21 and 29 MP-groups per antibody molecule. The precipitation capacity of the MP-conjugated antibodies decreased to 89, 85 and 61% for the same coupling ratios. These results suggest that the upper limit of the coupling ratio of the antibodies is 20 to 1.", "contents": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates. III. Physiocochemical, antigenic and functional properties of 6-mercaptopurine coupled carrier proteins]. 6-mercaptopurine (MP) conjugates of bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA) with increasing numbers of MP-groups per protein molecule were prepared and some physicochemical and antigenic properties studied. The electrophoretic mobility increased proportionally to the degree of substitution. In the same manner the formation of high molecular weight aggregates increased. A loss of BGG and HSA specific determinants was observed too. The physicochemical and antigenic properties of these antigen-suppressive agent-conjugates with low and medium coupling degree (to MP26-BGG and MP20-HSA) were similar to the unmodified antigens. The affinity of rabbit anti-DNP-antibodies decreased from K0 = 1,4 - 10(6) M-1 of the unmodified antibodies to 6,5 - 10(5), 3,6 - 10(5) and 3,4 - 10(5) M-1 of the antibodies conjugated with 15, 21 and 29 MP-groups per antibody molecule. The precipitation capacity of the MP-conjugated antibodies decreased to 89, 85 and 61% for the same coupling ratios. These results suggest that the upper limit of the coupling ratio of the antibodies is 20 to 1.", "PMID": 69374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3338", "title": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. IV. Studies on the specific suppression of humoral immune response in guinea pigs by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates].", "content": "Bovine gamma globulin (BGG) antigens were modified by the binding of 6-mercaptopurine and toluyl residues, and their influence on the humoral immune response in guinea pigs was investigated. The antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC) were different, depending on the method used for their preparation and the number of coupled residues per one molecule of BGG. Conjugates denoted as MPI-n-BGG were prepared by special chemical binding of corresponding thioisocyanates. MPII-n-BGG were synthetized by acetylation, and MPIII-n-BGG conjugates, by reductive alkylation. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with MPIII-19-BGG, MPII-16-BGG resulted in a stimulatory effect on the subsequent humoral immune response induced by BGG application. A significant suppressive influence was detectable if the animals had been pretreated with MPII-6-BGG and MPI-26-BGG. MPI-13-BGG and MPI-36-BGG had no effect on the later induced anti-BGG antibody formation. The immune response against a second antigen (human serum albumin) was not influenced by this kind of pretreatment of the animals. Therefore it seems justified to conclude that both stimulatory and suppressive effects seen here were antigen specific and that both the method for chemical modification and the number of coupled 6-MP residues are very important for their effectivity.", "contents": "[Modification of the immune reaction by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates. IV. Studies on the specific suppression of humoral immune response in guinea pigs by antigen-immunosuppressive-agent conjugates]. Bovine gamma globulin (BGG) antigens were modified by the binding of 6-mercaptopurine and toluyl residues, and their influence on the humoral immune response in guinea pigs was investigated. The antigen-immunosuppressive agent-conjugates (AIC) were different, depending on the method used for their preparation and the number of coupled residues per one molecule of BGG. Conjugates denoted as MPI-n-BGG were prepared by special chemical binding of corresponding thioisocyanates. MPII-n-BGG were synthetized by acetylation, and MPIII-n-BGG conjugates, by reductive alkylation. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with MPIII-19-BGG, MPII-16-BGG resulted in a stimulatory effect on the subsequent humoral immune response induced by BGG application. A significant suppressive influence was detectable if the animals had been pretreated with MPII-6-BGG and MPI-26-BGG. MPI-13-BGG and MPI-36-BGG had no effect on the later induced anti-BGG antibody formation. The immune response against a second antigen (human serum albumin) was not influenced by this kind of pretreatment of the animals. Therefore it seems justified to conclude that both stimulatory and suppressive effects seen here were antigen specific and that both the method for chemical modification and the number of coupled 6-MP residues are very important for their effectivity.", "PMID": 69375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3339", "title": "[Studies on the significance of antigen in the 6-mercapopurine-influenced humoral antibody response in guinea pigs].", "content": "The mechanism of suppression of humoral immune response to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP23-BGG), human serum albumin (HSA), and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied in guinea pigs. Following the intradermal application of the antigens emulsified in complete (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) each test animal was given 6-MP, 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days. This treatment resulted in a significant suppression of the anti BGG and anti SRBC agglutinating and complement binding antibody production. The latter was only significantly suppressed if the TNP-SRBC were applied together with CFA and not if TNP-SRBC were given in IFA. The anti DNP and anti HSA antibody formation was not influenced.", "contents": "[Studies on the significance of antigen in the 6-mercapopurine-influenced humoral antibody response in guinea pigs]. The mechanism of suppression of humoral immune response to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP23-BGG), human serum albumin (HSA), and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied in guinea pigs. Following the intradermal application of the antigens emulsified in complete (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) each test animal was given 6-MP, 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days. This treatment resulted in a significant suppression of the anti BGG and anti SRBC agglutinating and complement binding antibody production. The latter was only significantly suppressed if the TNP-SRBC were applied together with CFA and not if TNP-SRBC were given in IFA. The anti DNP and anti HSA antibody formation was not influenced.", "PMID": 69376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3340", "title": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in intracytoplasmic type-a particles of mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic type-A particles isolated from mouse mammary tumors and purified by repeated gradient centrifugations exhibit both endogenous and exogenous (template-stimulated) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. The enzyme has a preference for magnesium ions.", "contents": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in intracytoplasmic type-a particles of mouse mammary tumors. Intracytoplasmic type-A particles isolated from mouse mammary tumors and purified by repeated gradient centrifugations exhibit both endogenous and exogenous (template-stimulated) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. The enzyme has a preference for magnesium ions.", "PMID": 69377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3341", "title": "[Studies on the immunologic specificity of the macrophage-electrophoresis mobility test in mice with syngeneic and allogeneic transplants of mammary carcinoma].", "content": "The study was performed to answer the question as to whether the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test (MEM-test) is suitable to detect allogeneic and syngeneic lymphocyte sensitization in the murine mammary tumour host system. Lymph node cells of both CBAf and XVII/Bln mice injected with allogeneic or syngeneic mammary tumour cells reacted specifically to hypertonic KCl extracts from allogeneic or syngeneic mammary tumours. Lymph node cells of nontreated control mice did not react at all. The MEM results reflect lymphocyte sensitizations which are specific with respect to the claim of transplantation and tumour immunology in the system employed.", "contents": "[Studies on the immunologic specificity of the macrophage-electrophoresis mobility test in mice with syngeneic and allogeneic transplants of mammary carcinoma]. The study was performed to answer the question as to whether the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test (MEM-test) is suitable to detect allogeneic and syngeneic lymphocyte sensitization in the murine mammary tumour host system. Lymph node cells of both CBAf and XVII/Bln mice injected with allogeneic or syngeneic mammary tumour cells reacted specifically to hypertonic KCl extracts from allogeneic or syngeneic mammary tumours. Lymph node cells of nontreated control mice did not react at all. The MEM results reflect lymphocyte sensitizations which are specific with respect to the claim of transplantation and tumour immunology in the system employed.", "PMID": 69378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3342", "title": "[Evaluation of the efficacy of anti-arrhythmic drugs using a computer].", "content": "To palliate the deficiencies of the oscilloscopic monitoring of arrhythmias, an automatic system has been developed. It has been used during more than one year time in the Coronary Unit for supervision of patients and for study of the pharmacological effects of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the efficacy of anti-arrhythmic drugs using a computer]. To palliate the deficiencies of the oscilloscopic monitoring of arrhythmias, an automatic system has been developed. It has been used during more than one year time in the Coronary Unit for supervision of patients and for study of the pharmacological effects of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "PMID": 69379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3343", "title": "[Choice of surgical procedure in the treatment of stomach cancer].", "content": "There are two demands that have to be satisfied in the treatment of gastric carcinoma: 1) eliminate the tumor radically and 2) to maintain the physiological function of the digestive tract. Out of radical methods this is enabled by subtotal and total gastric resections of Billoroth I type. Especially satisfying among the subtotal resections are Billroth I as modified by Shoemaker, Billroth I -- Kirschner (superior and inferior tubular resection) and V\u00f6lcker, while among the total resections we find Bigham, Longmire and Tomoda I very promising. When dealing with incurable gastric carcinoma palliative methods as gastroenteroanastomosis, recestions and fistulae are used.", "contents": "[Choice of surgical procedure in the treatment of stomach cancer]. There are two demands that have to be satisfied in the treatment of gastric carcinoma: 1) eliminate the tumor radically and 2) to maintain the physiological function of the digestive tract. Out of radical methods this is enabled by subtotal and total gastric resections of Billoroth I type. Especially satisfying among the subtotal resections are Billroth I as modified by Shoemaker, Billroth I -- Kirschner (superior and inferior tubular resection) and V\u00f6lcker, while among the total resections we find Bigham, Longmire and Tomoda I very promising. When dealing with incurable gastric carcinoma palliative methods as gastroenteroanastomosis, recestions and fistulae are used.", "PMID": 69380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3344", "title": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Uptake at mouse neuromuscular junctions following systemic injection.", "content": "Eye muscles were examined histochemically for the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity after intravenous injections of large doses of this tracer protein. HRP had penetrated through the blood vessels and diffused into the areas of motor end plates, where it outlined axon terminals at the synaptic clefts. HRP was incorporated into pinocytotic vesicles in the axons from where an intraaxonal transport in the retrograde direction to the nerve cell bodies in the brainstem followed. Accumulation of HRP in perikarya of motor neurons can therefore be the result of a physiological process of pinocytosis at the axon terminals. In this way exogenous macromolecules in the blood can by-pass the blood-brain barrier and reach the lower motor neurons in the CNS.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Uptake at mouse neuromuscular junctions following systemic injection. Eye muscles were examined histochemically for the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity after intravenous injections of large doses of this tracer protein. HRP had penetrated through the blood vessels and diffused into the areas of motor end plates, where it outlined axon terminals at the synaptic clefts. HRP was incorporated into pinocytotic vesicles in the axons from where an intraaxonal transport in the retrograde direction to the nerve cell bodies in the brainstem followed. Accumulation of HRP in perikarya of motor neurons can therefore be the result of a physiological process of pinocytosis at the axon terminals. In this way exogenous macromolecules in the blood can by-pass the blood-brain barrier and reach the lower motor neurons in the CNS.", "PMID": 69382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3345", "title": "Repair in arterial tissue. The role of endothelium in the permeability of a healing intimal surface. Vital staining with Evans blue and silver-staining of the aortic intima after a single dilatation trauma.", "content": "The role of the endothelium as a factor determining the permeability of a healing aortic intima after a severe mechanical lesion in the rabbit was studied by vital staining with Evans blue, by surface light microscopy after silver-staining, fluorescence microscopy and by other methods. Endothelium to develop from pre-existing endothelium in the mouths of intercostal arteries and at the borders of the lesion, remained unstained by vital staining, whereas denuded surfaces as well as pseudo-endothelium, probably derived from smooth muscle cells in the neointima, were intensely coloured. There was a general tendency towards a decreasing permeability of the aortic wall throughout an experimental period of 6 months. The determinant factor in the decreasing permeability was the presence of genuine endothelium, but changes in the endothelium, probably in the form of differentiation of intercellular junctions and changes in the connective tissue in the deeper layers, seemed to be additional factors which influenced the permeability.", "contents": "Repair in arterial tissue. The role of endothelium in the permeability of a healing intimal surface. Vital staining with Evans blue and silver-staining of the aortic intima after a single dilatation trauma. The role of the endothelium as a factor determining the permeability of a healing aortic intima after a severe mechanical lesion in the rabbit was studied by vital staining with Evans blue, by surface light microscopy after silver-staining, fluorescence microscopy and by other methods. Endothelium to develop from pre-existing endothelium in the mouths of intercostal arteries and at the borders of the lesion, remained unstained by vital staining, whereas denuded surfaces as well as pseudo-endothelium, probably derived from smooth muscle cells in the neointima, were intensely coloured. There was a general tendency towards a decreasing permeability of the aortic wall throughout an experimental period of 6 months. The determinant factor in the decreasing permeability was the presence of genuine endothelium, but changes in the endothelium, probably in the form of differentiation of intercellular junctions and changes in the connective tissue in the deeper layers, seemed to be additional factors which influenced the permeability.", "PMID": 69383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3346", "title": "Spontaneous mammary carcinoma in C57BL and C3H mice: a histochemical study.", "content": "The mucosubstances in a series of 12 mammary carcinomas arising in C57BL mice were compared with those in tumours in nine C3H mice and with normal \"resting\" and lactating glands. A strain difference rather than a difference according to tumour type was found. The epithelial elements in the C57BL tumours contained mainly sialomucin with a little neutral mucosubstance and sulphomucin was present in some. Sulphated mucopolysaccharide was prominent in the stroma of these tumours. The C3H mice tumours contained no sulphomucin, less sialomucin but more neutral mucosubstance. The mucosubstances were studied in serial transplants of four tumours. An acid to neutral mucosubstance change with dedifferentiation of the tumour has been observed and found to be similar to a series of changes previously observed in a group of human gastrointestinal tumours.", "contents": "Spontaneous mammary carcinoma in C57BL and C3H mice: a histochemical study. The mucosubstances in a series of 12 mammary carcinomas arising in C57BL mice were compared with those in tumours in nine C3H mice and with normal \"resting\" and lactating glands. A strain difference rather than a difference according to tumour type was found. The epithelial elements in the C57BL tumours contained mainly sialomucin with a little neutral mucosubstance and sulphomucin was present in some. Sulphated mucopolysaccharide was prominent in the stroma of these tumours. The C3H mice tumours contained no sulphomucin, less sialomucin but more neutral mucosubstance. The mucosubstances were studied in serial transplants of four tumours. An acid to neutral mucosubstance change with dedifferentiation of the tumour has been observed and found to be similar to a series of changes previously observed in a group of human gastrointestinal tumours.", "PMID": 69384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3347", "title": "Glutaraldehyde fixation for electron microscopy of needle biopsies from human livers.", "content": "A study including light- and electron microscopy of needle biopsies from normal and fatty human livers fixed by immersion into glutaraldehyde is presented. Four zones which can be detected by light microscopy of toluidine blue stained sections are found: zone 1, the outer one is presumably mechanically damaged. Zone 2 is usually considered to be the most well-preserved region, whereas zones 3 and 4 present increasing swelling of mitochondria, a progressive condensation of microbodies and an increasingly pronounced vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The alterations observed in zone 3 and 4 are of types which might simulate pathological changes. An increasing irregularity of the outline of the nuclei and a greater accumulation of chromatin along the nuclear membrane is also observed in these two zones. The perimembraneous cytoplasmic ground substance appears to be more dense and the intercellular spaces to be less distinct in the deeper zones in which the path of diffusion of the fixative is long. As regards the penetration into the tissue of glutaraldehyde, normal and steatotic livers were not found to differ. Fixation at 0 degrees C was found to be less effective than fixation at 22 degrees C.", "contents": "Glutaraldehyde fixation for electron microscopy of needle biopsies from human livers. A study including light- and electron microscopy of needle biopsies from normal and fatty human livers fixed by immersion into glutaraldehyde is presented. Four zones which can be detected by light microscopy of toluidine blue stained sections are found: zone 1, the outer one is presumably mechanically damaged. Zone 2 is usually considered to be the most well-preserved region, whereas zones 3 and 4 present increasing swelling of mitochondria, a progressive condensation of microbodies and an increasingly pronounced vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The alterations observed in zone 3 and 4 are of types which might simulate pathological changes. An increasing irregularity of the outline of the nuclei and a greater accumulation of chromatin along the nuclear membrane is also observed in these two zones. The perimembraneous cytoplasmic ground substance appears to be more dense and the intercellular spaces to be less distinct in the deeper zones in which the path of diffusion of the fixative is long. As regards the penetration into the tissue of glutaraldehyde, normal and steatotic livers were not found to differ. Fixation at 0 degrees C was found to be less effective than fixation at 22 degrees C.", "PMID": 69385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3348", "title": "Alcoholic hyalin, microfilaments and microtubules in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "The alcoholic hyalin which is composed of light and dark occasionally swollen and conglomerating filaments, is found to be surrounded by proliferated RER, hypertrophied Golgi apparatus and mitochondria containing enlarged matrical granules. Besides, microfilaments and some microtubules are seen in relation to the hyaline bodies. In biopsies where hyaline bodies are scarce, hepatocytes without alcoholic hyalin present similar changes and the Golgi apparatus is seen to contain very low density lipoprotein-like particles. These ultrastructural changes are suggested to be related to an early stage in the development of alcoholic hyalin. The abundance of microfilaments indicates an increased motility of the hepatocytes, possibly as a part of the regenerative processes. It can hardly be precluded that microfilaments disintegrate and accumulate in the alcoholic hyaline mass.", "contents": "Alcoholic hyalin, microfilaments and microtubules in alcoholic hepatitis. The alcoholic hyalin which is composed of light and dark occasionally swollen and conglomerating filaments, is found to be surrounded by proliferated RER, hypertrophied Golgi apparatus and mitochondria containing enlarged matrical granules. Besides, microfilaments and some microtubules are seen in relation to the hyaline bodies. In biopsies where hyaline bodies are scarce, hepatocytes without alcoholic hyalin present similar changes and the Golgi apparatus is seen to contain very low density lipoprotein-like particles. These ultrastructural changes are suggested to be related to an early stage in the development of alcoholic hyalin. The abundance of microfilaments indicates an increased motility of the hepatocytes, possibly as a part of the regenerative processes. It can hardly be precluded that microfilaments disintegrate and accumulate in the alcoholic hyaline mass.", "PMID": 69386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3349", "title": "Peripheral immunofluorescence of hepatocytes. Relation to smooth muscle antibodies and bile canaliculi.", "content": "By means of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, a peripheral fluorescence reaction with hepatocytes was found, surrounding the entire cell, with sera from patients with cancer and acute hepatitis and from normal blood donors. It was proved that this reaction was not related to bile canaliculi, contrary to bile canaliculi antibody demonstrated previously from patients with chronic active liver disease. By using fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgG, the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was produced to a more or less pronounced degree with almost all sera studied. The reaction seems not to be directed against contractile proteins on the liver cell membrane as only a minor part of these sera had also IgG smooth-muscle antibody, and anti actomyosin antibody obtained by affinity chromatografy did not react with the hepatocyte. When applying fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgM the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was observed in one fourth of the patients with acute hepatitis and only sera which contained also IgM smooth-muscle antibody.", "contents": "Peripheral immunofluorescence of hepatocytes. Relation to smooth muscle antibodies and bile canaliculi. By means of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, a peripheral fluorescence reaction with hepatocytes was found, surrounding the entire cell, with sera from patients with cancer and acute hepatitis and from normal blood donors. It was proved that this reaction was not related to bile canaliculi, contrary to bile canaliculi antibody demonstrated previously from patients with chronic active liver disease. By using fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgG, the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was produced to a more or less pronounced degree with almost all sera studied. The reaction seems not to be directed against contractile proteins on the liver cell membrane as only a minor part of these sera had also IgG smooth-muscle antibody, and anti actomyosin antibody obtained by affinity chromatografy did not react with the hepatocyte. When applying fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgM the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was observed in one fourth of the patients with acute hepatitis and only sera which contained also IgM smooth-muscle antibody.", "PMID": 69387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3350", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to guinea pig and bovine basic proteins of myelin in Lewis and PVG rats and their hybrids.", "content": "The in vitro cell-mediated immune response of rat lymph node cells (LNC) to guinea pig and bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) has been studied with a LNC transformation test. LNC were obtained from either Lewis, PVG, or F1 (Lewis x PVG) rats 28 days after challenge with guinea pig or bovine EP in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) of different mycobacterium content. No differences between the strains or their hybrids in LNC response could be shown if stimulated with sensitizing EP, despite the great differences in capacity for disease development in those animals. Nor did a fivefold lowering of the amount of mycobacterium content in FCA, when guinea pig EP was used at challenge, lessen the in vitro response, although this reduces the disease development. Sensitization with guinea pig EP causes an in vitro cross-reactivity to bovine EP and the reciprocal cross-reactivity probably also exists. In rabbits, this cross-reactivity in both directions was clear-cut. LNC from Lewis rats challenged with guinea pig EP in FAC, with the higher amount of mycobacterium, showed in vitro responses to tested peptides of this EP; the amino acid sequences of these were: 1-42, 43-88, 89-169, and HNB-89-169 (89-169 blocked at the tryptophan-residue by hydroxynitrobenzylation).", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to guinea pig and bovine basic proteins of myelin in Lewis and PVG rats and their hybrids. The in vitro cell-mediated immune response of rat lymph node cells (LNC) to guinea pig and bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) has been studied with a LNC transformation test. LNC were obtained from either Lewis, PVG, or F1 (Lewis x PVG) rats 28 days after challenge with guinea pig or bovine EP in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) of different mycobacterium content. No differences between the strains or their hybrids in LNC response could be shown if stimulated with sensitizing EP, despite the great differences in capacity for disease development in those animals. Nor did a fivefold lowering of the amount of mycobacterium content in FCA, when guinea pig EP was used at challenge, lessen the in vitro response, although this reduces the disease development. Sensitization with guinea pig EP causes an in vitro cross-reactivity to bovine EP and the reciprocal cross-reactivity probably also exists. In rabbits, this cross-reactivity in both directions was clear-cut. LNC from Lewis rats challenged with guinea pig EP in FAC, with the higher amount of mycobacterium, showed in vitro responses to tested peptides of this EP; the amino acid sequences of these were: 1-42, 43-88, 89-169, and HNB-89-169 (89-169 blocked at the tryptophan-residue by hydroxynitrobenzylation).", "PMID": 69388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3351", "title": "[Age-dependence of the cellular immune reaction in childhood. 2. Studies on children with acute lymphatic leukemias].", "content": "Results of studies made using the lymphocyte transformation test for leukemic children showed that an evaluation of cellular immunoreactions subsequent to the administration of szecific and nonspecific antigens as well as in the mixed culture is inadequate to recognize the characteristics of age-specific changes. A comparison of the rates of transformation in healthy children with those of leukemic children showed that age-specific characteristics are superseded by disease-specific changes.", "contents": "[Age-dependence of the cellular immune reaction in childhood. 2. Studies on children with acute lymphatic leukemias]. Results of studies made using the lymphocyte transformation test for leukemic children showed that an evaluation of cellular immunoreactions subsequent to the administration of szecific and nonspecific antigens as well as in the mixed culture is inadequate to recognize the characteristics of age-specific changes. A comparison of the rates of transformation in healthy children with those of leukemic children showed that age-specific characteristics are superseded by disease-specific changes.", "PMID": 69391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3352", "title": "[The influence of 6-mercaptopurine on the humoral immune response in guinea pig. 2. The influence on formation of complement binding antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectivity of treatment with 10 mg 6-mercaptopurine/kg/day--beginning on the day of antigen injection and continuing for seven days--on the synthesis of complement binding antibodies is very different. The formation of gamma-2-antibodies against BGG was nearly complete suppressed, an influence on the anti-DNP-gamma-2-antibody formation was not detectable and the antibody formation against HSA was enhanced. The results suggest that the kind of antigen is very important for the immunosuppressive activity of 6-mercaptopurine in guinea pigs.", "contents": "[The influence of 6-mercaptopurine on the humoral immune response in guinea pig. 2. The influence on formation of complement binding antibodies (author's transl)]. The effectivity of treatment with 10 mg 6-mercaptopurine/kg/day--beginning on the day of antigen injection and continuing for seven days--on the synthesis of complement binding antibodies is very different. The formation of gamma-2-antibodies against BGG was nearly complete suppressed, an influence on the anti-DNP-gamma-2-antibody formation was not detectable and the antibody formation against HSA was enhanced. The results suggest that the kind of antigen is very important for the immunosuppressive activity of 6-mercaptopurine in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 69392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3353", "title": "[Conjugation of bovine gammaglobulin to L-asparaginase (E. coli) (author's transl)].", "content": "Bovine gammaglobulin-L-asparaginase conjugates were prepared with an enzymic activity of about 30 IU/mg. Glutardialdehyde was used as bifunctional reagent for the cross-linking in an optimal concentration of 0.16 mg/10 mg protein. The both components were found in the conjugates in a ratio of 1:1.5. The recovery was about 25% of the initial protein amounts. The antigenic specificity of the globulin component decreased up to 60%, the enzymic activity also up to 60% by the conjugation.", "contents": "[Conjugation of bovine gammaglobulin to L-asparaginase (E. coli) (author's transl)]. Bovine gammaglobulin-L-asparaginase conjugates were prepared with an enzymic activity of about 30 IU/mg. Glutardialdehyde was used as bifunctional reagent for the cross-linking in an optimal concentration of 0.16 mg/10 mg protein. The both components were found in the conjugates in a ratio of 1:1.5. The recovery was about 25% of the initial protein amounts. The antigenic specificity of the globulin component decreased up to 60%, the enzymic activity also up to 60% by the conjugation.", "PMID": 69393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3354", "title": "[Effect of L-asparaginase on humoral immune response against protein antigens in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The immune response of CBA-mice against alum adsorbed BGG is depressed by daily injections of 20, 40 and 80 I.U. of asparaginase (Crasnitin) from the first day before to the second day after immunisation. After a period of 14 or 21 days the antibody levels slowly rises again. The early IgM-response is not altered. Pretreatment of the animals with BGG-asparaginase conjugate has not any influence on the immune reaction. The conjugate is because its high molecular weight more immunogenic than the BGG and the enzyme allone respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of L-asparaginase on humoral immune response against protein antigens in mice (author's transl)]. The immune response of CBA-mice against alum adsorbed BGG is depressed by daily injections of 20, 40 and 80 I.U. of asparaginase (Crasnitin) from the first day before to the second day after immunisation. After a period of 14 or 21 days the antibody levels slowly rises again. The early IgM-response is not altered. Pretreatment of the animals with BGG-asparaginase conjugate has not any influence on the immune reaction. The conjugate is because its high molecular weight more immunogenic than the BGG and the enzyme allone respectively.", "PMID": 69394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3355", "title": "The synthesis of bradykinin-azoprotein and its effectivity.", "content": "Some authors succeded in binding the bradykinin in form of a haptene by an azo-bridge to the human gammaglobulin as a vehicle. In this way, the bradykinin has been supplemented to a complete antigen. The bradykinin as a strongly vasoactive substance causes--after a local intradermal injection--an intensive circumscribed increase of the permeability of the capillaries. If such animals receive an intravenous or intracardiac injection of a 1% Evans blue solution, there is a strong blue colouring in the place where the bradykinin has been applied. The guinea pigs and the rabbits which had been immunized by bradykinin-azo-protein showed a significant decrease in the local accumulation of the Evans blue-solution,, which must be attributed to the immunologic neutralization of the intradermally injected bradykinin by an anti-bradykinin-antibody. The intradermally injected bradykinin is neutralized by the bradykinin-antibody. The intravenous or intracardiac injection of bradykinin causes a strong bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. In those animals which have been pretreated with bradykinin-azo-protein, either there was no asthmatic dyspnoea at all or a decrease of the bronchial reaction would be found. This result very probably is also caused by the production and the activity of anti-bradykinin antibodies.", "contents": "The synthesis of bradykinin-azoprotein and its effectivity. Some authors succeded in binding the bradykinin in form of a haptene by an azo-bridge to the human gammaglobulin as a vehicle. In this way, the bradykinin has been supplemented to a complete antigen. The bradykinin as a strongly vasoactive substance causes--after a local intradermal injection--an intensive circumscribed increase of the permeability of the capillaries. If such animals receive an intravenous or intracardiac injection of a 1% Evans blue solution, there is a strong blue colouring in the place where the bradykinin has been applied. The guinea pigs and the rabbits which had been immunized by bradykinin-azo-protein showed a significant decrease in the local accumulation of the Evans blue-solution,, which must be attributed to the immunologic neutralization of the intradermally injected bradykinin by an anti-bradykinin-antibody. The intradermally injected bradykinin is neutralized by the bradykinin-antibody. The intravenous or intracardiac injection of bradykinin causes a strong bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. In those animals which have been pretreated with bradykinin-azo-protein, either there was no asthmatic dyspnoea at all or a decrease of the bronchial reaction would be found. This result very probably is also caused by the production and the activity of anti-bradykinin antibodies.", "PMID": 69390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3356", "title": "[The influence of 6-mercaptopurine on the humoral immune response in guinea pig. 1. The importance of antigen and adjuvans (author's transl)].", "content": "Following an intradermal immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP23-BGG), human serum albumin (HSA) and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) emulsified in complete or in incomplete Freund's adjuvans the effectivity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the formation of specific antibodies was investigated. By application of 10 mg 6-MP/kf/day--in guinea pigs a significant depression of antibody formation against BGG could be demonstrated if treatment is started on the day of antigen injection and continued for seven days. The production of anti-SRBC agglutinating antibodies was only suppressed if the antigen was injected together with complete Freund's adjuvans. The anti-DNP and anti-HSA antibody formation was not influenced by this kind of immunosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "[The influence of 6-mercaptopurine on the humoral immune response in guinea pig. 1. The importance of antigen and adjuvans (author's transl)]. Following an intradermal immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP23-BGG), human serum albumin (HSA) and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) emulsified in complete or in incomplete Freund's adjuvans the effectivity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the formation of specific antibodies was investigated. By application of 10 mg 6-MP/kf/day--in guinea pigs a significant depression of antibody formation against BGG could be demonstrated if treatment is started on the day of antigen injection and continued for seven days. The production of anti-SRBC agglutinating antibodies was only suppressed if the antigen was injected together with complete Freund's adjuvans. The anti-DNP and anti-HSA antibody formation was not influenced by this kind of immunosuppressive treatment.", "PMID": 69395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3357", "title": "[The macrophage disappearance reaction in guinea pigs sensitized with bovine gamma globulin or human scrum albumin (author's transl)].", "content": "The macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR) is a suitable test for detection of cell mediated immunity against bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA) in guinea pigs. The MDR is a technical simple, good manipulable, and quantifiable test. The optimal test conditions for the antigens BGC and HSA are the following: Peritoneal exudat cells (PEC) were stimulated with paraffin oil. On the 5th day after receiving oil the animals were injected with 80 microgram BGG or 30 microgram HSA i.p. 5 hours later the PEC were harvested and counted. With the MDR it is possible to detect differences with respect to degree of cell-mediated immunity. Supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes produces the MDR too.", "contents": "[The macrophage disappearance reaction in guinea pigs sensitized with bovine gamma globulin or human scrum albumin (author's transl)]. The macrophage disappearance reaction (MDR) is a suitable test for detection of cell mediated immunity against bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and human serum albumin (HSA) in guinea pigs. The MDR is a technical simple, good manipulable, and quantifiable test. The optimal test conditions for the antigens BGC and HSA are the following: Peritoneal exudat cells (PEC) were stimulated with paraffin oil. On the 5th day after receiving oil the animals were injected with 80 microgram BGG or 30 microgram HSA i.p. 5 hours later the PEC were harvested and counted. With the MDR it is possible to detect differences with respect to degree of cell-mediated immunity. Supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes produces the MDR too.", "PMID": 69396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3358", "title": "A delineation of performance criteria for the differentiation of leukocytes.", "content": "Performance criteria for manual differential leukocyte counting are tentatively set following analysis of the CAP interlaboratory survey programs in hematology. It is evident that intermediate levels of discrimination of five normal leukocyte types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) can be achieved by almost all laboratories. The most sophisticated level (differentiating band from segmented neutrophils and reactive from normal lymphocytes) is still somewhat controversial. Sampling and other variables when doing 100-cell differential counts at the intermediate level of discrimination are quite predictable, and CAP Survey results closely parallel the predicted results when uniform wedge of centrifuged smears stained in an acceptable manner are used. Automated differential counters should be expected to perform at a level of discrimination at least as good as that of human examiners.", "contents": "A delineation of performance criteria for the differentiation of leukocytes. Performance criteria for manual differential leukocyte counting are tentatively set following analysis of the CAP interlaboratory survey programs in hematology. It is evident that intermediate levels of discrimination of five normal leukocyte types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) can be achieved by almost all laboratories. The most sophisticated level (differentiating band from segmented neutrophils and reactive from normal lymphocytes) is still somewhat controversial. Sampling and other variables when doing 100-cell differential counts at the intermediate level of discrimination are quite predictable, and CAP Survey results closely parallel the predicted results when uniform wedge of centrifuged smears stained in an acceptable manner are used. Automated differential counters should be expected to perform at a level of discrimination at least as good as that of human examiners.", "PMID": 69398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3359", "title": "Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Rhodesian African.", "content": "We have carried out a prospective survey of 28 primary liver carcinomas over one year. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the commonest malignancy seen in Rhodesian blacks, which results in a high index of suspicion and accounts for the 96.4% positive diagnosis before death in this study. The age distribution was evenly spread through adult life with no definite peak incidence. Some were young and without evidence of chronic liver disease, but many had the stigmata of established hepatic disease. This contrasts with the common assertion that in areas of high incidence for primary liver cancer those affected are mainly young and lack signs of chronic liver disease. The commonest presenting symptoms were abdominal pain and swelling and weight loss. Hepatomegaly, often tender and nodular, was present in all but one. The incidence of alpha-feto protein, 46.5%, is low compared with other countries where primary liver cancer is common. Hepatitis B antigen was absent in all 28, suggesting that there is no association between the persistence of the antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Rhodesia. Liver function tests, although abnormal, were never diagnostic of primary liver cancer. We have confirmed the association of high alcohol consumption and cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Rhodesian African. We have carried out a prospective survey of 28 primary liver carcinomas over one year. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the commonest malignancy seen in Rhodesian blacks, which results in a high index of suspicion and accounts for the 96.4% positive diagnosis before death in this study. The age distribution was evenly spread through adult life with no definite peak incidence. Some were young and without evidence of chronic liver disease, but many had the stigmata of established hepatic disease. This contrasts with the common assertion that in areas of high incidence for primary liver cancer those affected are mainly young and lack signs of chronic liver disease. The commonest presenting symptoms were abdominal pain and swelling and weight loss. Hepatomegaly, often tender and nodular, was present in all but one. The incidence of alpha-feto protein, 46.5%, is low compared with other countries where primary liver cancer is common. Hepatitis B antigen was absent in all 28, suggesting that there is no association between the persistence of the antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Rhodesia. Liver function tests, although abnormal, were never diagnostic of primary liver cancer. We have confirmed the association of high alcohol consumption and cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 69399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3360", "title": "Serum protein polymorphisms in four populations of Afghanistan.", "content": "Gene frequencies of the serum proteins third component of complement (C3) transferrin (Tf), haptoglobin (Hp), group specific component (Gc), serum cholinesterase (E1), alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi), beta2-glycoprotein I (Bg), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in the Tajiks, Pushtoons, Hazaras, and Usbeks in Afghanistan were reported. Rare variants were observed in the C3, Tf, and Pi systems.", "contents": "Serum protein polymorphisms in four populations of Afghanistan. Gene frequencies of the serum proteins third component of complement (C3) transferrin (Tf), haptoglobin (Hp), group specific component (Gc), serum cholinesterase (E1), alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi), beta2-glycoprotein I (Bg), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in the Tajiks, Pushtoons, Hazaras, and Usbeks in Afghanistan were reported. Rare variants were observed in the C3, Tf, and Pi systems.", "PMID": 69400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3361", "title": "Modifications of the Goldner and Gomori one-step trichrome stains for plastic-embedded thin sections of bone.", "content": "Modifications of the trichrome stains by Goldner and Gomori are described. They provide two reliable methods for identifying osteoid seams, bone cells, and other structures in bone embedded in plastic. Trichrome stains for paraffin-embedded soft tissue are not compatible with plastic-embedded bone. These modifications work well with most of the plastic embedding media in routine use.", "contents": "Modifications of the Goldner and Gomori one-step trichrome stains for plastic-embedded thin sections of bone. Modifications of the trichrome stains by Goldner and Gomori are described. They provide two reliable methods for identifying osteoid seams, bone cells, and other structures in bone embedded in plastic. Trichrome stains for paraffin-embedded soft tissue are not compatible with plastic-embedded bone. These modifications work well with most of the plastic embedding media in routine use.", "PMID": 69401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3362", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen: advancement in knowledge quickens. (A review).", "content": "For many years viral hepatitis and its causative agent have been an enigma to investigators. In the last decade there has been such an increase of information on the subject that it challenges one's ability to keep abreast of the advancement in knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to bring into focus some of the latest developments with regard to viral hepatitis B and its causative agent.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen: advancement in knowledge quickens. (A review). For many years viral hepatitis and its causative agent have been an enigma to investigators. In the last decade there has been such an increase of information on the subject that it challenges one's ability to keep abreast of the advancement in knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to bring into focus some of the latest developments with regard to viral hepatitis B and its causative agent.", "PMID": 69402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3363", "title": "Studies of the antigens involved in an immunologic renal tubular lesion in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits injected with nonglomerular components of rabbit kidney incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant develop a lesion characterized a) extensive interstitial fibrosis, tubular degenerative changes, and sparse focal lymphocytic infiltrates; b) the deposition of IgG and C3 in a granular pattern along the basement membranes of proximal convoluted tubules; and c) functional tubular defects if the lesions are severe. The antibodies were eluted from kidneys with such lesions and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. It was shown that these fluorescein-labeled eluates reacted with the corresponding antigens in the tubular deposits and also with the antigens present in the brush border and/or cytoplasm of the proximal tubules. The antigens are found in proximal tubules of the kidney but not in brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, bowel, muscles, or urine. They appear to be soluble but may also be present in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Studies of the antigens involved in an immunologic renal tubular lesion in rabbits. Rabbits injected with nonglomerular components of rabbit kidney incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant develop a lesion characterized a) extensive interstitial fibrosis, tubular degenerative changes, and sparse focal lymphocytic infiltrates; b) the deposition of IgG and C3 in a granular pattern along the basement membranes of proximal convoluted tubules; and c) functional tubular defects if the lesions are severe. The antibodies were eluted from kidneys with such lesions and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. It was shown that these fluorescein-labeled eluates reacted with the corresponding antigens in the tubular deposits and also with the antigens present in the brush border and/or cytoplasm of the proximal tubules. The antigens are found in proximal tubules of the kidney but not in brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, bowel, muscles, or urine. They appear to be soluble but may also be present in the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 69404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3364", "title": "[Bone biopsy of the iliac crest. Technics of embedding in methacrylate and quantitative readings. Results of 2 years' experience].", "content": "The authors report their experience with a method for the study of undecalcified bone embedded in a compound of methacrylate allowing various types of staining procedures. They review the methods of semi-quantitative study of the bone activity and point out their interest in diffuse involvement of the skeleton.", "contents": "[Bone biopsy of the iliac crest. Technics of embedding in methacrylate and quantitative readings. Results of 2 years' experience]. The authors report their experience with a method for the study of undecalcified bone embedded in a compound of methacrylate allowing various types of staining procedures. They review the methods of semi-quantitative study of the bone activity and point out their interest in diffuse involvement of the skeleton.", "PMID": 69408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3365", "title": "Isolation of a herpesvirus from the cell culture of a malignant melanoma of a ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).", "content": "A subcutaneous neoplastic mass in a 13-lined ground squirrel which metastasized to regional lymph nodes and lung was studied. Histopathologically, the tumor architecture and cellular morphology were compatible with that of a malignant amelanotic melanoma. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic tissue was composed of oval cells, spindle-shaped cells, and spindle-shaped cells with electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. Virus particles were not seen in these cells. Cell cultures from neoplastic tissue grew in complete monolayers and on initial passages contained a few herpesvirus particles. Secondary monolayer cell culture, when exposed to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine or made into several serial subculture passages, caused the appearance of cytopathic effect and the demonstration of many virus particles. The ground squirrel agent, because it contained DNA, was sensitive to chloroform treated and had herpesvirus characteristics on electron microscopy, was considered a herpesvirus. The buoyant density of the virus was 1.298 g/cm3 and the diameter of the enveloped virus particles was 146 nm. This ground squirrel herpesvirus was antigenically distinct from other known herpesviruses.", "contents": "Isolation of a herpesvirus from the cell culture of a malignant melanoma of a ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). A subcutaneous neoplastic mass in a 13-lined ground squirrel which metastasized to regional lymph nodes and lung was studied. Histopathologically, the tumor architecture and cellular morphology were compatible with that of a malignant amelanotic melanoma. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic tissue was composed of oval cells, spindle-shaped cells, and spindle-shaped cells with electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. Virus particles were not seen in these cells. Cell cultures from neoplastic tissue grew in complete monolayers and on initial passages contained a few herpesvirus particles. Secondary monolayer cell culture, when exposed to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine or made into several serial subculture passages, caused the appearance of cytopathic effect and the demonstration of many virus particles. The ground squirrel agent, because it contained DNA, was sensitive to chloroform treated and had herpesvirus characteristics on electron microscopy, was considered a herpesvirus. The buoyant density of the virus was 1.298 g/cm3 and the diameter of the enveloped virus particles was 146 nm. This ground squirrel herpesvirus was antigenically distinct from other known herpesviruses.", "PMID": 69409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3366", "title": "Results at 5 years of a controlled comparison of a 6-month and a standard 18-month regimen of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The relapse rate up to 5 years after the start of chemotherapy with a 6-month regimen of daily streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin has been compared with the rate for a standard 18-month regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for 2 months, followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for 16 months daily. There were 5 bacteriologic relapses in 145 patients on the 6-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years after admission compared with 3 in 125 patients on the 18-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years.", "contents": "Results at 5 years of a controlled comparison of a 6-month and a standard 18-month regimen of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. The relapse rate up to 5 years after the start of chemotherapy with a 6-month regimen of daily streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin has been compared with the rate for a standard 18-month regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for 2 months, followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for 16 months daily. There were 5 bacteriologic relapses in 145 patients on the 6-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years after admission compared with 3 in 125 patients on the 18-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years.", "PMID": 69411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3367", "title": "[Pharmacologic complications of the unequal reactivity of constituent elements of the myocardium to the parasympathetic system].", "content": "Pharmacological consequences of the unequal reactivity of the myocardial different parts to parasympathic system. The effects of acetylcholine on the various levels of cardiac automatism are studied on open chest dogs with extracorporeal circulation. This drug depresses the sinus node, and more specially the atrio-ventricular node (AV node), but does not alter the His bundle and the Purkinje fibers activity. The sensitivity of the intra-cardiac conduction to acetylcholine also depends upon the considered level of conduction: measured with a bipolar electrode situated upon the His bundle, this one is lowered electively in the atrio-ventricular part. So, the A, V. node can be considered as the elective place of action of acetylcholine on the double point of view of automatism and conduction. Drugs modifying the vagal tonus see their action altered, either in a plus way (antiarrhythmic agents), either in a minus way (cardiac glycosides, halogenated hydrocarbons).", "contents": "[Pharmacologic complications of the unequal reactivity of constituent elements of the myocardium to the parasympathetic system]. Pharmacological consequences of the unequal reactivity of the myocardial different parts to parasympathic system. The effects of acetylcholine on the various levels of cardiac automatism are studied on open chest dogs with extracorporeal circulation. This drug depresses the sinus node, and more specially the atrio-ventricular node (AV node), but does not alter the His bundle and the Purkinje fibers activity. The sensitivity of the intra-cardiac conduction to acetylcholine also depends upon the considered level of conduction: measured with a bipolar electrode situated upon the His bundle, this one is lowered electively in the atrio-ventricular part. So, the A, V. node can be considered as the elective place of action of acetylcholine on the double point of view of automatism and conduction. Drugs modifying the vagal tonus see their action altered, either in a plus way (antiarrhythmic agents), either in a minus way (cardiac glycosides, halogenated hydrocarbons).", "PMID": 69406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3368", "title": "[Histochemical diagnosis in pediatric rectal suction biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "Between March 1972 and Dec. 1974 532 rectal suction biopsies were obtained from 238 children and histochemical processed. Slight haemorrhage was observed in three. Indications were :1) Group A, 185 suspected aganglionism (AChE. and DPNH) activities were studied). 2) Group B, 7 Neurolipidoses (Red-oil-o) and 3) Group C, Post-operative control in 10 aganglionic patients (AChE, DPNH). Aganglionism was confirmed in 60 cases (25.2%) of Group A [AChE (+), DPNH (-)] although there were five false negatives (8.3%). Lipidosis was confirmed in one case of Group B. Four patients in Group C were AChE and DPNH (+). Results are discussed, and this technique recommended taking in mind its minimal morbidity, simplicity and good results.", "contents": "[Histochemical diagnosis in pediatric rectal suction biopsies (author's transl)]. Between March 1972 and Dec. 1974 532 rectal suction biopsies were obtained from 238 children and histochemical processed. Slight haemorrhage was observed in three. Indications were :1) Group A, 185 suspected aganglionism (AChE. and DPNH) activities were studied). 2) Group B, 7 Neurolipidoses (Red-oil-o) and 3) Group C, Post-operative control in 10 aganglionic patients (AChE, DPNH). Aganglionism was confirmed in 60 cases (25.2%) of Group A [AChE (+), DPNH (-)] although there were five false negatives (8.3%). Lipidosis was confirmed in one case of Group B. Four patients in Group C were AChE and DPNH (+). Results are discussed, and this technique recommended taking in mind its minimal morbidity, simplicity and good results.", "PMID": 69412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3369", "title": "[Immunofluorescence study of hyaline membranes and problems involved (author's transl)].", "content": "Lung tissues from died premature babies were studied by means of the fluorescein technic, using anti-IgG, anti-IgM, anti-fr. C-3 of the complement and anti-fibrinogen. It is shown that fibrinogen, IgG and C-3 fr. of the complement are present in the hyaline membrane. In view of these findings, and upon the available data on the subject and current research, the role of the complement in the production of hyaline membrane is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence study of hyaline membranes and problems involved (author's transl)]. Lung tissues from died premature babies were studied by means of the fluorescein technic, using anti-IgG, anti-IgM, anti-fr. C-3 of the complement and anti-fibrinogen. It is shown that fibrinogen, IgG and C-3 fr. of the complement are present in the hyaline membrane. In view of these findings, and upon the available data on the subject and current research, the role of the complement in the production of hyaline membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 69413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3370", "title": "Anaplasia rediviva.", "content": "Anaplasia refers to the apparent retrogression toward an embryonic state that occurs in some human and animal tumors, the consequence, presumably, of a derepression of genes that would normally have been switched off in the course of development. The fetal substances newly formed in tumors are identified immunologically and are therefore referred to as \"antigens.\" Some such antigens, for example, carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein, and blood-group precursor substances have great promise diagnostically but play no known part in resistance to malignant growth. The reawakened fetal antigens that are of special interest and importance are those that are capable of arousing cell-mediated immunity and thus may contribute to antitumor immunity. Modern research, therefore, rehabilitates an etiologc notion earlier thought to have been discredited.", "contents": "Anaplasia rediviva. Anaplasia refers to the apparent retrogression toward an embryonic state that occurs in some human and animal tumors, the consequence, presumably, of a derepression of genes that would normally have been switched off in the course of development. The fetal substances newly formed in tumors are identified immunologically and are therefore referred to as \"antigens.\" Some such antigens, for example, carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein, and blood-group precursor substances have great promise diagnostically but play no known part in resistance to malignant growth. The reawakened fetal antigens that are of special interest and importance are those that are capable of arousing cell-mediated immunity and thus may contribute to antitumor immunity. Modern research, therefore, rehabilitates an etiologc notion earlier thought to have been discredited.", "PMID": 69414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3371", "title": "[The consumer in the face of change].", "content": "The study on consumer behaviour done by the nutrition department of INSERM shows that there are opposing attitudes towards Change. Among the factors unfavorable to change are: reluctance to changing old habits, nostalgia for the past, suspicion towards industrially prepared foods, fear of food pollution, love for the art of good cooking. Among the factors favoring change are: the higher standard of living, the desire to save time, the change in the way of thinking about foods, the evolution of cooking practices, as well as a need for variety and quality. Man looks for change more for his own pleasure than by necessity. They can be positive pleasure such as: -- Sensory values (taste, zest, variety). -- Coenesthesic values (feeling of well-being, euphory). -- Emotional values (means of communication a gift). -- Symbolic values (prestige, personnalization, creativity, distraction). However there are also negative pleasures. That is all factors which decrease the effort or the work load such as: -- Health values (harmlessness, safety, maintaining attention). Practical values related to convenience (time saving, ease of storage). The favorizing these positive or negative pleasures will lead to change. The consumer will accept things which give a maximum of pleasure for the least effort. He will also accept something which by its taste, prestige, convenience and safety contributes to a better life.", "contents": "[The consumer in the face of change]. The study on consumer behaviour done by the nutrition department of INSERM shows that there are opposing attitudes towards Change. Among the factors unfavorable to change are: reluctance to changing old habits, nostalgia for the past, suspicion towards industrially prepared foods, fear of food pollution, love for the art of good cooking. Among the factors favoring change are: the higher standard of living, the desire to save time, the change in the way of thinking about foods, the evolution of cooking practices, as well as a need for variety and quality. Man looks for change more for his own pleasure than by necessity. They can be positive pleasure such as: -- Sensory values (taste, zest, variety). -- Coenesthesic values (feeling of well-being, euphory). -- Emotional values (means of communication a gift). -- Symbolic values (prestige, personnalization, creativity, distraction). However there are also negative pleasures. That is all factors which decrease the effort or the work load such as: -- Health values (harmlessness, safety, maintaining attention). Practical values related to convenience (time saving, ease of storage). The favorizing these positive or negative pleasures will lead to change. The consumer will accept things which give a maximum of pleasure for the least effort. He will also accept something which by its taste, prestige, convenience and safety contributes to a better life.", "PMID": 69416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3372", "title": "Novel actinomycins formed by biosynthetic incorporation of cis- and trans-4-methylproline.", "content": "Streptomyces parvulus (Streptomyces parvullus) normally produces actinomycin D; in the presence of cis-4-methylproline, this species synthesizes two additional actinomycins, designated K(1c) and K(2c), in which one and two proline sites, respectively, are occupied by cis-4-methylproline. Analogously, actinomycins K(1t) and K(2t) are formed in the presence of trans-4-methylproline. Both mixtures were separated chromatographically, and the four novel actinomycins were obtained in crystalline form. Their biological activities were compared with that of actinomycin D in respect to inhibition of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis and antimicrobial potency. In all cases examined, the order of activity D > K(1t) > K(1c) > K(2t) > K(2c) was observed, and the same sequence prevailed in a spectroscopic measure of their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. In addition, proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that the replacement of proline by cis-4-methylproline alters the conformation of the antibiotic molecule.", "contents": "Novel actinomycins formed by biosynthetic incorporation of cis- and trans-4-methylproline. Streptomyces parvulus (Streptomyces parvullus) normally produces actinomycin D; in the presence of cis-4-methylproline, this species synthesizes two additional actinomycins, designated K(1c) and K(2c), in which one and two proline sites, respectively, are occupied by cis-4-methylproline. Analogously, actinomycins K(1t) and K(2t) are formed in the presence of trans-4-methylproline. Both mixtures were separated chromatographically, and the four novel actinomycins were obtained in crystalline form. Their biological activities were compared with that of actinomycin D in respect to inhibition of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis and antimicrobial potency. In all cases examined, the order of activity D > K(1t) > K(1c) > K(2t) > K(2c) was observed, and the same sequence prevailed in a spectroscopic measure of their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. In addition, proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that the replacement of proline by cis-4-methylproline alters the conformation of the antibiotic molecule.", "PMID": 69418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3373", "title": "Identification of intermediates formed during the degradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes by Clostridium sphenoides.", "content": "Washed cell suspensions of Clostridium sphenoides degraded the alpha-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane via delta-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene and the gamma-isomer via gamma-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene. Both intermediates were further metabolized to unknown substances. The tetrachlorocyclohexene intermediates were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Identification of intermediates formed during the degradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes by Clostridium sphenoides. Washed cell suspensions of Clostridium sphenoides degraded the alpha-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane via delta-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene and the gamma-isomer via gamma-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene. Both intermediates were further metabolized to unknown substances. The tetrachlorocyclohexene intermediates were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 69419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3374", "title": "Congenital sensory neuropathy: report of an atypical case.", "content": "An otherwise normal 11-year-old boy had reately reduced acral pain and temperature sensation with associated trophic damage. The disorder was present at birth, and there was no family history of similar problems. The patient also exhibited complete anhidrosis. The case may an \"overlap\" between what has been termed as hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) type 2 and type 4.", "contents": "Congenital sensory neuropathy: report of an atypical case. An otherwise normal 11-year-old boy had reately reduced acral pain and temperature sensation with associated trophic damage. The disorder was present at birth, and there was no family history of similar problems. The patient also exhibited complete anhidrosis. The case may an \"overlap\" between what has been termed as hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) type 2 and type 4.", "PMID": 69422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3375", "title": "Demonstration of bilateral claustro-cortical connections in the cat with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The claustrum of the cat was studied to determine the extent of its projection to the cerebral cortex. Neurons in the bilateral dorsal claustrum are labeled by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injection sites of different neocortical areas with preponderance to the ipsilateral side. It is revealed that the dorsal claustrum projects to almost entire regions of the bilateral neocortex and that distribution of labeled neurons in the bilateral claustrum has topographical correspondence, rostro-caudal as well as dorso-ventral, with regard to the sites of injections in the neocortex. No neurons in the ventral claustrum are labeled.", "contents": "Demonstration of bilateral claustro-cortical connections in the cat with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The claustrum of the cat was studied to determine the extent of its projection to the cerebral cortex. Neurons in the bilateral dorsal claustrum are labeled by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injection sites of different neocortical areas with preponderance to the ipsilateral side. It is revealed that the dorsal claustrum projects to almost entire regions of the bilateral neocortex and that distribution of labeled neurons in the bilateral claustrum has topographical correspondence, rostro-caudal as well as dorso-ventral, with regard to the sites of injections in the neocortex. No neurons in the ventral claustrum are labeled.", "PMID": 69423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3376", "title": "Modified tannin-osmium conductive staining method for non-coated scanning electron microscope specimens. Its application to microdissection scanning electron microscopy of the spleen.", "content": "Supplement of guanidine hydrochloride to the original tannic acid solution of MURAKAMI (1973) eliminated, without debilitating the conductivity effect, the vexatious treatment with different amino-acids and sucrose in the previous method (MURAKAMI, 1974). The procedures and advantages of this simplified modification are described using human spleen samples; attempt was made to elucidate the structure of arterial terminals by dissecting the specimens under the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Modified tannin-osmium conductive staining method for non-coated scanning electron microscope specimens. Its application to microdissection scanning electron microscopy of the spleen. Supplement of guanidine hydrochloride to the original tannic acid solution of MURAKAMI (1973) eliminated, without debilitating the conductivity effect, the vexatious treatment with different amino-acids and sucrose in the previous method (MURAKAMI, 1974). The procedures and advantages of this simplified modification are described using human spleen samples; attempt was made to elucidate the structure of arterial terminals by dissecting the specimens under the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 69424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3377", "title": "Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population: a 5-year retrospective study.", "content": "From 1969 through 1973, 68 (12.5%) of 540 rehabilitation inpatients  with hemiplegia were diagnosed as having shoulder-hand syndrome. Care was used to distinguish these patients from those with other shoulder pathologic conditions and pain syndromes. Patients were evaluated with respect to side of hemiplegia, dates of onset of hemiplegia and of pain, age, sex, handedness, sensory losses, associated medical diseases and treatment response. All patients became pain-free within three weeks with a therapeutic regimen of low doses of steroids orally, passive range of motion to pain tolerance, use of a hemiplegia sling and the application of physical modalities for symptomatic relief. Losses of range of motion in the affected extremity responded less well to treatment. No complications or side effects attributable to steroids were observed. The full syndrome recurred in six patients, all of whom responded to a second course of treatment.", "contents": "Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population: a 5-year retrospective study. From 1969 through 1973, 68 (12.5%) of 540 rehabilitation inpatients  with hemiplegia were diagnosed as having shoulder-hand syndrome. Care was used to distinguish these patients from those with other shoulder pathologic conditions and pain syndromes. Patients were evaluated with respect to side of hemiplegia, dates of onset of hemiplegia and of pain, age, sex, handedness, sensory losses, associated medical diseases and treatment response. All patients became pain-free within three weeks with a therapeutic regimen of low doses of steroids orally, passive range of motion to pain tolerance, use of a hemiplegia sling and the application of physical modalities for symptomatic relief. Losses of range of motion in the affected extremity responded less well to treatment. No complications or side effects attributable to steroids were observed. The full syndrome recurred in six patients, all of whom responded to a second course of treatment.", "PMID": 69426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3378", "title": "[A protective hearing aid (author's transl)].", "content": "A device consisting of a hearing protector headset and a modified hearing aid is used as a protective hearing aid for normal hearing subjects. Understanding of sufficiently redundant speech is remarkably improved, especially for noise level of about 20 dB above speech level. Tests have been made with the \"Freiburger Zahlentest\" and amplified \"party noise\" up to noise levels of 105 dBSPL. As an example: the above mentioned device enables the wearer to understand speech of 85 dB with 105 dB loud speech similar background noise while still the ears are charged with no more than 90 dB at all. Application for hyperacusis and recruitment patients is discussed.", "contents": "[A protective hearing aid (author's transl)]. A device consisting of a hearing protector headset and a modified hearing aid is used as a protective hearing aid for normal hearing subjects. Understanding of sufficiently redundant speech is remarkably improved, especially for noise level of about 20 dB above speech level. Tests have been made with the \"Freiburger Zahlentest\" and amplified \"party noise\" up to noise levels of 105 dBSPL. As an example: the above mentioned device enables the wearer to understand speech of 85 dB with 105 dB loud speech similar background noise while still the ears are charged with no more than 90 dB at all. Application for hyperacusis and recruitment patients is discussed.", "PMID": 69427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3379", "title": "Transperineal intraprostatic injection treatment of benign prostatic enlargement.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with benign prostatic enlargement were treated by transperineal intrasprostatic injections composed of phenol 2%, glacial acetic acid 2%, and glycerine 4%, in distilled water. A success rate of 56.41% was achieved, which is much less than that previously reported. Complications were negligible. Follow-up for two years was satisfactory. The patients in whom injection therapy failed could still be treated by any standard operative treatment. Why this mode of treatment was successful in some cases and not in others is not clear.", "contents": "Transperineal intraprostatic injection treatment of benign prostatic enlargement. Thirty-nine patients with benign prostatic enlargement were treated by transperineal intrasprostatic injections composed of phenol 2%, glacial acetic acid 2%, and glycerine 4%, in distilled water. A success rate of 56.41% was achieved, which is much less than that previously reported. Complications were negligible. Follow-up for two years was satisfactory. The patients in whom injection therapy failed could still be treated by any standard operative treatment. Why this mode of treatment was successful in some cases and not in others is not clear.", "PMID": 69430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3380", "title": "Chromosomal characteristics of six cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines originating from Marek's disease lymphomas.", "content": "Cytogenetic observations were made on 6 cell lines (MOB-1, MOB-2, MOB-3, MSB-1, HPRS Line 1, HPRS Line2) originating from Marek's disease lymphomas and 2 clones (1104-B, 1104-X-5) of a cell line established from an avian lymphoid leukosis tumor. The modal chromosome number was within the diploid range in all the lines except HPRS Line 1 and HPRS Line 2, both of which had a mode at about 60. Karyotypes were grossly abnormal in 4 cell lines: trisomy for No. 1 in MOB-2; the heteromorphic No. 1 pair in MSB-1, and marker chromosomes derived from rearrangements involving No. 3 or No. 5 and unidentified elements in HPRS Lines 1 and 2. The MOB-1 line which had been characterized by cells with an apparently normal karyotype was completely taken over by cells with a heteromorphic No. 1 pair morphologically similar to the one found in MSB-1 by the 95th day of continuous growth in vitro. BUdR-acridine orange differential staining technique revealed, however, different banding patterns in these abnormal chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosomal characteristics of six cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines originating from Marek's disease lymphomas. Cytogenetic observations were made on 6 cell lines (MOB-1, MOB-2, MOB-3, MSB-1, HPRS Line 1, HPRS Line2) originating from Marek's disease lymphomas and 2 clones (1104-B, 1104-X-5) of a cell line established from an avian lymphoid leukosis tumor. The modal chromosome number was within the diploid range in all the lines except HPRS Line 1 and HPRS Line 2, both of which had a mode at about 60. Karyotypes were grossly abnormal in 4 cell lines: trisomy for No. 1 in MOB-2; the heteromorphic No. 1 pair in MSB-1, and marker chromosomes derived from rearrangements involving No. 3 or No. 5 and unidentified elements in HPRS Lines 1 and 2. The MOB-1 line which had been characterized by cells with an apparently normal karyotype was completely taken over by cells with a heteromorphic No. 1 pair morphologically similar to the one found in MSB-1 by the 95th day of continuous growth in vitro. BUdR-acridine orange differential staining technique revealed, however, different banding patterns in these abnormal chromosomes.", "PMID": 69431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3381", "title": "Studies on the mode of oestrogenic inhibition of hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin and its corresponding messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver.", "content": "1. The possible mechanism of the oestrogenic inhibition of the androgen-dependent synthesis of alpha2u-globulin in rat liver was explored by a correlative study of the amounts of alpha2u-globulin, its corresponding mRNA and circulating testosterone in oestrogen-treated male rats. 2. Daily treatments of mature male rats with oestradiol-17beta (10 microgram/100g body wt.) decreased and ultimately stopped the hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin as determined by both hepatic and urinary concentrations of the protein. The oestrogen-mediated decrease in the hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin was correlated with a decrease in the mRNA for this protein. 3. Withdrawal of oestrogen resulted in the recovery of alpha2u-globulin synthesis and an increase in mRNA for alpha2u-globulin. 4. At higher doses of oestradiol-17beta (50 microgram/100g body wt.), synthesis of alpha2u-globulin was totally suppressed. In addition, this treatment resulted in an extended period of androgen-insensitivity during which treatment with androgens induced synthesis of neither alpha2u-globulin nor its corresponding mtrna. 5. it is concluded that the oestrogenic inhibition of alpha2u-globulin synthesis is mediated by an oestrogen-dependent decrease in the hepatic content of translatable mRNA for alpha2u-globulin.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of oestrogenic inhibition of hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin and its corresponding messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver. 1. The possible mechanism of the oestrogenic inhibition of the androgen-dependent synthesis of alpha2u-globulin in rat liver was explored by a correlative study of the amounts of alpha2u-globulin, its corresponding mRNA and circulating testosterone in oestrogen-treated male rats. 2. Daily treatments of mature male rats with oestradiol-17beta (10 microgram/100g body wt.) decreased and ultimately stopped the hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin as determined by both hepatic and urinary concentrations of the protein. The oestrogen-mediated decrease in the hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin was correlated with a decrease in the mRNA for this protein. 3. Withdrawal of oestrogen resulted in the recovery of alpha2u-globulin synthesis and an increase in mRNA for alpha2u-globulin. 4. At higher doses of oestradiol-17beta (50 microgram/100g body wt.), synthesis of alpha2u-globulin was totally suppressed. In addition, this treatment resulted in an extended period of androgen-insensitivity during which treatment with androgens induced synthesis of neither alpha2u-globulin nor its corresponding mtrna. 5. it is concluded that the oestrogenic inhibition of alpha2u-globulin synthesis is mediated by an oestrogen-dependent decrease in the hepatic content of translatable mRNA for alpha2u-globulin.", "PMID": 69432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3382", "title": "Serological analysis of cellular and viral DNA polymerases by an antiserum to DNA polymerase gamma of human lymphoblasts.", "content": "An antiserum has been prepared against a highly purified DNA polymerase gamma from NC37 cells, a normal human lymphoblast cell line. The antiserum does not possess enzyme neutralizing activity, but does bind specifically to DNA polymerase gamma. When tested in a double antibody immunoprecipitation assay, the antibody does not cross-react with DNA polymerases alpha or beta, purified from NC37 cells, or with reverse transcriptases of avian, murine, or primate RNA tumor viruses. Antisera prepared against purified reverse transcriptases similarly do not recognize DNA polymerase gamma, either in an enzyme neutralization assay or in the more sensitive double antibody immunoprecipitation assay. The availability of an antiserum to DNA polymerase gamma will allow the further characterization of enzyme activities isolated from cellular material and suspected of being related to viral reverse ttranscriptases. In those cases where such activities do not immunologically resemble known viral DNA polymerases, the anti-DNA polymerase gamma will help determine the viral or cellular nature of the unknown activity.", "contents": "Serological analysis of cellular and viral DNA polymerases by an antiserum to DNA polymerase gamma of human lymphoblasts. An antiserum has been prepared against a highly purified DNA polymerase gamma from NC37 cells, a normal human lymphoblast cell line. The antiserum does not possess enzyme neutralizing activity, but does bind specifically to DNA polymerase gamma. When tested in a double antibody immunoprecipitation assay, the antibody does not cross-react with DNA polymerases alpha or beta, purified from NC37 cells, or with reverse transcriptases of avian, murine, or primate RNA tumor viruses. Antisera prepared against purified reverse transcriptases similarly do not recognize DNA polymerase gamma, either in an enzyme neutralization assay or in the more sensitive double antibody immunoprecipitation assay. The availability of an antiserum to DNA polymerase gamma will allow the further characterization of enzyme activities isolated from cellular material and suspected of being related to viral reverse ttranscriptases. In those cases where such activities do not immunologically resemble known viral DNA polymerases, the anti-DNA polymerase gamma will help determine the viral or cellular nature of the unknown activity.", "PMID": 69438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3383", "title": "Flash-induced 515 nm absorbance change in chloroplasts with various granum contents.", "content": "The 515 nm absorbance change was studied in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize, which contain different amounts of grana. The amplitude of the 515 nm signal (induced by 3 micro seconds flashes repeated at 4 s intervals) has shown a correlation with the granum content of the samples. However, upon addition of N-methylphenazonium methosulphate the 515 nm signal became independent of the amount of grana: in agranal thylakoids a large pool of silent Photosystem I was activated and, as a result, the amplitude of the 515 nm signal of agranal chloroplasts increased to the level exhibited by granal chloroplasts. These data show that the 515 nm absorbance change is not limited to small closed vesicles like grana, but in the presence of suitable electron donors single lamellae of bundle sheath chloroplasts can also be active.", "contents": "Flash-induced 515 nm absorbance change in chloroplasts with various granum contents. The 515 nm absorbance change was studied in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize, which contain different amounts of grana. The amplitude of the 515 nm signal (induced by 3 micro seconds flashes repeated at 4 s intervals) has shown a correlation with the granum content of the samples. However, upon addition of N-methylphenazonium methosulphate the 515 nm signal became independent of the amount of grana: in agranal thylakoids a large pool of silent Photosystem I was activated and, as a result, the amplitude of the 515 nm signal of agranal chloroplasts increased to the level exhibited by granal chloroplasts. These data show that the 515 nm absorbance change is not limited to small closed vesicles like grana, but in the presence of suitable electron donors single lamellae of bundle sheath chloroplasts can also be active.", "PMID": 69439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3384", "title": "Localization of the basic protein and lipophilin in the myelin membrane with a non-penetrating reagent.", "content": "The localization of proteins in myelin was studied by the use of a non-penetrating reagent. Tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-ditritiostilbene disulfonic acid was used to label the isolated myelin membrane. The membrane was labelled, the basic protein and the hydrophobic protein, lipophilin, were isolated. After 10 min of exposure to the reagent, the specific activity of lipophilin was found to be 10 times greater than that of the basic protein. Water shock did not alter the specific activities. However, sonication increased the specific activity of lipophilin but not that of basic protein. When the isolated proteins were labelled with 3H-labelled 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-ditritiostilbene disulfonic acid, the specific activity of the basic protein was 10 times that of lipophilin. We concluded that the low specific activity of basic protein isolated from the labelled membrane was due to the inaccessible position of this protein in the membrane bilayer.", "contents": "Localization of the basic protein and lipophilin in the myelin membrane with a non-penetrating reagent. The localization of proteins in myelin was studied by the use of a non-penetrating reagent. Tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-ditritiostilbene disulfonic acid was used to label the isolated myelin membrane. The membrane was labelled, the basic protein and the hydrophobic protein, lipophilin, were isolated. After 10 min of exposure to the reagent, the specific activity of lipophilin was found to be 10 times greater than that of the basic protein. Water shock did not alter the specific activities. However, sonication increased the specific activity of lipophilin but not that of basic protein. When the isolated proteins were labelled with 3H-labelled 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-ditritiostilbene disulfonic acid, the specific activity of the basic protein was 10 times that of lipophilin. We concluded that the low specific activity of basic protein isolated from the labelled membrane was due to the inaccessible position of this protein in the membrane bilayer.", "PMID": 69440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3385", "title": "Enhancement of opiate binding by various molecular forms of phosphatidylserine and inhibition by other unsaturated lipids.", "content": "A study was undertaken on the possible involvement of phospholipids on stereospecific opiate binding to a rat brain membrane fraction comprised mainly of synaptic membranes. The addition of acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine, phosphoinositides, and phosphatidic acid significantly enhanced opiate binding. With the exception of phosphatidylserine, when the acidic phospholipids contained a polyunsaturated acyl group, they were actually inhibitory, along with neutral phospholipids derived from brain. Both the C18:0, C18:1 form (derived from myelin) and the C18:0, C22:6 form of phosphatidylserine (derived from synaptic membranes) produced as much as a 45% enhancement in opiate binding. Unsaturated fatty acids were highly inhibitory, the degree of inhibition being related to the degree of unsaturation. Both phospholipase A and C were inhibitory; and the inhibitory effect of A could not be prevented by albumin or overcome with the addition of phosphatidylserine. With the use of the cross-linking agent, dinitrodifluorobenzene, it could be demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine of synaptic membranes appeared to be preferentially associated with membrane protein. The enhancement of opiate binding by phosphatidylserine diminished with increasing degree of cross-linking.", "contents": "Enhancement of opiate binding by various molecular forms of phosphatidylserine and inhibition by other unsaturated lipids. A study was undertaken on the possible involvement of phospholipids on stereospecific opiate binding to a rat brain membrane fraction comprised mainly of synaptic membranes. The addition of acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine, phosphoinositides, and phosphatidic acid significantly enhanced opiate binding. With the exception of phosphatidylserine, when the acidic phospholipids contained a polyunsaturated acyl group, they were actually inhibitory, along with neutral phospholipids derived from brain. Both the C18:0, C18:1 form (derived from myelin) and the C18:0, C22:6 form of phosphatidylserine (derived from synaptic membranes) produced as much as a 45% enhancement in opiate binding. Unsaturated fatty acids were highly inhibitory, the degree of inhibition being related to the degree of unsaturation. Both phospholipase A and C were inhibitory; and the inhibitory effect of A could not be prevented by albumin or overcome with the addition of phosphatidylserine. With the use of the cross-linking agent, dinitrodifluorobenzene, it could be demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine of synaptic membranes appeared to be preferentially associated with membrane protein. The enhancement of opiate binding by phosphatidylserine diminished with increasing degree of cross-linking.", "PMID": 69441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3386", "title": "The effect of phenethyl alcohol on in vitro DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of phenethyl alcohol on DNA synthesis was examined using several in vitro systems of Escherichia coli H560; i.e., ether-treated cells, membrane fractions and folded chromosomes fortified with DNA polymerase. In all systems, the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides was much reduced for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells compared with the non-treated cells. The total activity of DNA polymerases in polA1 cells (mostly DNA polymerase II) was not impaired for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells and the reduction of the rate of DNA synthesis in vitro was ascribed to the reduction of the chromosomal template activity which was related to trypsin sensitive protein components. The analysis of chromosomes from the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells revealed the remarkable reduction of a protein component of molecular weight approx. 58 000 in contrast with a protein component of molecular weight approx. 30 000.", "contents": "The effect of phenethyl alcohol on in vitro DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. The effect of phenethyl alcohol on DNA synthesis was examined using several in vitro systems of Escherichia coli H560; i.e., ether-treated cells, membrane fractions and folded chromosomes fortified with DNA polymerase. In all systems, the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides was much reduced for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells compared with the non-treated cells. The total activity of DNA polymerases in polA1 cells (mostly DNA polymerase II) was not impaired for the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells and the reduction of the rate of DNA synthesis in vitro was ascribed to the reduction of the chromosomal template activity which was related to trypsin sensitive protein components. The analysis of chromosomes from the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells revealed the remarkable reduction of a protein component of molecular weight approx. 58 000 in contrast with a protein component of molecular weight approx. 30 000.", "PMID": 69442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3387", "title": "The peptide antibiotic gramicidin D. A specific reactivator of tyrocidine-inhibited transcription.", "content": "The sporulating bacterial strain Bacillus brevis (ATCC 8185) produces two types of peptide antibiotics, the linear gramicidins and the cyclic tyrocidines. Their effects on transcription in vitro were studied: 1. RNA synthesis catalized by RNA polymerase and DNA as template, both from B. brevis cells, is inhibited by the addition of gramicidin maximally to 50% as compared to controls without gramicidin. This inhibition is dependent on the concentration of gramicidin as well as on that of RNA polymerase. 2. Transcription of DNA is also inhibited by tyrocidine. This inhibition is partially compensated by the addition of gramicidin. Here, the action of gramicidin is again dependent on its concentration and on that of RNA polymerase. 3. This counteraction of gramicidin occurs only with RNA polymerase from B. brevis. Enzyme preparations of other origin are additively inhibited by gramicidin when previously inhibited by tyrocidine. The specific action pattern of gramicidin and tyrocidine in connection with the B. brevis RNA polymerase supports the notion that the two peptide antibiotics may be involved in a gene regulatory mechanism during sporogenesis.", "contents": "The peptide antibiotic gramicidin D. A specific reactivator of tyrocidine-inhibited transcription. The sporulating bacterial strain Bacillus brevis (ATCC 8185) produces two types of peptide antibiotics, the linear gramicidins and the cyclic tyrocidines. Their effects on transcription in vitro were studied: 1. RNA synthesis catalized by RNA polymerase and DNA as template, both from B. brevis cells, is inhibited by the addition of gramicidin maximally to 50% as compared to controls without gramicidin. This inhibition is dependent on the concentration of gramicidin as well as on that of RNA polymerase. 2. Transcription of DNA is also inhibited by tyrocidine. This inhibition is partially compensated by the addition of gramicidin. Here, the action of gramicidin is again dependent on its concentration and on that of RNA polymerase. 3. This counteraction of gramicidin occurs only with RNA polymerase from B. brevis. Enzyme preparations of other origin are additively inhibited by gramicidin when previously inhibited by tyrocidine. The specific action pattern of gramicidin and tyrocidine in connection with the B. brevis RNA polymerase supports the notion that the two peptide antibiotics may be involved in a gene regulatory mechanism during sporogenesis.", "PMID": 69443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3388", "title": "Characterization of a chemotactic and cytotoxic proteinase from human skin.", "content": "A proteinase (EC 3.4.-.-) active at physiological pH has been isolated from human skin utilizing gel filtration and affinity chromatography techniques. The proteinase has a molecular weight of approx. 28 000 and it is inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C-1 inactivatory, soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. 2njection of 1 ng of purified proteinase into rabbit skin induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cutis. Inhibition of enzyme activity with diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibits the chemotactic effect. Addition of 0.2 microgram/ml of purified proteinase to fibroblast cultures kills the cells within minutes. This proteinase may play a significant role in modulating the inflammatory response after cellular injury.", "contents": "Characterization of a chemotactic and cytotoxic proteinase from human skin. A proteinase (EC 3.4.-.-) active at physiological pH has been isolated from human skin utilizing gel filtration and affinity chromatography techniques. The proteinase has a molecular weight of approx. 28 000 and it is inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C-1 inactivatory, soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. 2njection of 1 ng of purified proteinase into rabbit skin induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cutis. Inhibition of enzyme activity with diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibits the chemotactic effect. Addition of 0.2 microgram/ml of purified proteinase to fibroblast cultures kills the cells within minutes. This proteinase may play a significant role in modulating the inflammatory response after cellular injury.", "PMID": 69444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3389", "title": "Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase activities of rat adrenal and their relationship.", "content": "Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase of rat adrenal were 58-69% recovered in the 100 000 X g supernatant fraction. Activatable triacylglycerol lipase activity was differentiated from the activity of acid lipase and lipoprotein lipase also found in this fraction. Cholesterol esterase was activated 39.7 +/- 13.6% (S.D.) and triacylglycerol lipase 11.9 +/- 2.9% in a reaction dependent on ATP, cyclic AMP, and protein kinase. The two activities were shown by differential inhibition by an organophosphate, and by partial separation on salting out, to be largely due to separate enzymes. The two enzymes bound tightly to substrate emulsions with quantitatively similar distribution between competing emulsions, suggesting concerted binding. Coinciding gel filtration patterns reinforced, The hypothesis of a lipase complex. Cholesterol esterase comprised a major component of higher apparent Km for substrate and molecular weight 3-10(5)-6-10(5) by gel filtration and a minor component of lower apparent Km and heterogeneous molecular weight above 1 million, which was found mostly in complex and lipid.", "contents": "Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase activities of rat adrenal and their relationship. Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase of rat adrenal were 58-69% recovered in the 100 000 X g supernatant fraction. Activatable triacylglycerol lipase activity was differentiated from the activity of acid lipase and lipoprotein lipase also found in this fraction. Cholesterol esterase was activated 39.7 +/- 13.6% (S.D.) and triacylglycerol lipase 11.9 +/- 2.9% in a reaction dependent on ATP, cyclic AMP, and protein kinase. The two activities were shown by differential inhibition by an organophosphate, and by partial separation on salting out, to be largely due to separate enzymes. The two enzymes bound tightly to substrate emulsions with quantitatively similar distribution between competing emulsions, suggesting concerted binding. Coinciding gel filtration patterns reinforced, The hypothesis of a lipase complex. Cholesterol esterase comprised a major component of higher apparent Km for substrate and molecular weight 3-10(5)-6-10(5) by gel filtration and a minor component of lower apparent Km and heterogeneous molecular weight above 1 million, which was found mostly in complex and lipid.", "PMID": 69445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3390", "title": "Evidence suggesting the presence of common antigenic determinant between dynein and tubulin.", "content": "The present experiments showed that the guinea pig antiserum prepared against the main polypeptides of 14 S dynein from Tetrahymena cilia reacted with sea urchin sperm flagellar dynein and with bovine brain high molecular weight protein to give rise to a precipitin line confluent with that formed between the antiserum and Tetrahymena dynein. Furthermore, it was found that this antiserum also reacted with tubulins from Tetrahymena cilia, sea urchin sperm flagella and bovine brain to give rise to the confluent precipitin line. Among muscle proteins, only actin preparation from rabbit skeletal muscle reacted with the anti-Tetrahymena dynein serum, whereas neither rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin nor chicken skeletal muscle troponin reacted with the antiserum. These results suggest that dynein and tubulin and probably actin share an antigenic determinant regardless of different protein species and of different animal species. The common antigenic determinant was detected only when the proteins denatured with urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate/beta-mercaptoethanol/N-ethylmaleimide were used, but it was not detected at all when the native proteins were used. This implies that a certain common antigenic determinant which is involved in the precipitin line formation exists in the primary structures of dyneins and tubulins and probably actin, and is hidden inside the tertiary structures of the native protein molecules.", "contents": "Evidence suggesting the presence of common antigenic determinant between dynein and tubulin. The present experiments showed that the guinea pig antiserum prepared against the main polypeptides of 14 S dynein from Tetrahymena cilia reacted with sea urchin sperm flagellar dynein and with bovine brain high molecular weight protein to give rise to a precipitin line confluent with that formed between the antiserum and Tetrahymena dynein. Furthermore, it was found that this antiserum also reacted with tubulins from Tetrahymena cilia, sea urchin sperm flagella and bovine brain to give rise to the confluent precipitin line. Among muscle proteins, only actin preparation from rabbit skeletal muscle reacted with the anti-Tetrahymena dynein serum, whereas neither rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin nor chicken skeletal muscle troponin reacted with the antiserum. These results suggest that dynein and tubulin and probably actin share an antigenic determinant regardless of different protein species and of different animal species. The common antigenic determinant was detected only when the proteins denatured with urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate/beta-mercaptoethanol/N-ethylmaleimide were used, but it was not detected at all when the native proteins were used. This implies that a certain common antigenic determinant which is involved in the precipitin line formation exists in the primary structures of dyneins and tubulins and probably actin, and is hidden inside the tertiary structures of the native protein molecules.", "PMID": 69447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3391", "title": "Immunochemical purification and characterization of ovine alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Ovine alpha-fetoprotein was successfully isolated from fetal sheep serum by using rabbit anti-ovine alpha-fetoprotein linked to an agarose immunoadsorbent column. Antibody used in this affinity chromatography column was produced by immunizing a rabbit with highly purified alpha-fetoprotein-antibody complex to yield a monospecific antiserum to ovine alpha-fetoprotein. Following affinity chromatography, alpha-fetoprotein was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis ultimately yielding a 105-fold purification. The purified alpha-fetoprotein was homogeneous on analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Ovine alpha-fetoprotein was found to be immunochemically related to human alpha-fetoprotein and to exhibit a molecular weight and amino acid composition similar to other mammalian alpha-fetoproteins.", "contents": "Immunochemical purification and characterization of ovine alpha-fetoprotein. Ovine alpha-fetoprotein was successfully isolated from fetal sheep serum by using rabbit anti-ovine alpha-fetoprotein linked to an agarose immunoadsorbent column. Antibody used in this affinity chromatography column was produced by immunizing a rabbit with highly purified alpha-fetoprotein-antibody complex to yield a monospecific antiserum to ovine alpha-fetoprotein. Following affinity chromatography, alpha-fetoprotein was further purified by preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis ultimately yielding a 105-fold purification. The purified alpha-fetoprotein was homogeneous on analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Ovine alpha-fetoprotein was found to be immunochemically related to human alpha-fetoprotein and to exhibit a molecular weight and amino acid composition similar to other mammalian alpha-fetoproteins.", "PMID": 69448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3392", "title": "Subunit structure of human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-MG) with respect to its interaction with trypsin.", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a recently prepared alpha 2-macroglobulin solution showed only the polypeptide chains of 190,000 molecular weight. Reduction-alkylation of this preparation followed by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column in 5.2 M guanidine hydrochloride was unable to separate a fraction of 83,000 molecular weight as previously described. Nevertheless, after incubation of a mixture alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin during 45 minutes at 37 degrees C, approximately 60 per cent of the preparation were converted in a component with 83,000 molecular weight as detected in SDS polyacrylamide gel. That component was isolated on Sephadex G-200 in guanidine hydrochloride and corresponds to the subunit, fraction II. According to the results of the present work together with those of previous studies, it can be assumed that alpha 2-MG is a 780,000 molecular weight protein (19S) formed of two half-molecules of equal weight (11-12S). The half-molecule contains two polypeptide chains of 180,000-190,000 molecular weight, each of them having, in its middle, a specific region particularly susceptible to attack by proteases.", "contents": "Subunit structure of human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-MG) with respect to its interaction with trypsin. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a recently prepared alpha 2-macroglobulin solution showed only the polypeptide chains of 190,000 molecular weight. Reduction-alkylation of this preparation followed by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column in 5.2 M guanidine hydrochloride was unable to separate a fraction of 83,000 molecular weight as previously described. Nevertheless, after incubation of a mixture alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin during 45 minutes at 37 degrees C, approximately 60 per cent of the preparation were converted in a component with 83,000 molecular weight as detected in SDS polyacrylamide gel. That component was isolated on Sephadex G-200 in guanidine hydrochloride and corresponds to the subunit, fraction II. According to the results of the present work together with those of previous studies, it can be assumed that alpha 2-MG is a 780,000 molecular weight protein (19S) formed of two half-molecules of equal weight (11-12S). The half-molecule contains two polypeptide chains of 180,000-190,000 molecular weight, each of them having, in its middle, a specific region particularly susceptible to attack by proteases.", "PMID": 69451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3393", "title": "Objective identification of cell cycle phases and subphases by automated image analysis.", "content": "Frequency distributions of integrated optical density, perimeter, projection, area, form factor, average optical density, and mean dispersion path of nuclear images of Feulgen-stained HeLa S3 cells were obtained by automated image analysis at the base threshold of 0.04 OD. The mean values and standard deviations of these geometric parameters were then computed versus increasing values of threshold (0.08--0.32 OD). There is clear evidence of differential chromatin dispersion and convolution during the cycle of synchronized HeLa S3 cells at different times after selective mitotic detachment. The combination of average OD, form factor, and mean dispersion path at base threshold with the threshold dependence of nuclear morphometric parameters permits objective identification of cell cycle phases and their subphases, by characterizing variations in chromatin geometry within and between phases, regardless of whether DNA content remains constant (early G1, middle G1, late G1), varies only slightly (late G1-early S or late S-G2 transitions), or varies significantly (early S-middle S).", "contents": "Objective identification of cell cycle phases and subphases by automated image analysis. Frequency distributions of integrated optical density, perimeter, projection, area, form factor, average optical density, and mean dispersion path of nuclear images of Feulgen-stained HeLa S3 cells were obtained by automated image analysis at the base threshold of 0.04 OD. The mean values and standard deviations of these geometric parameters were then computed versus increasing values of threshold (0.08--0.32 OD). There is clear evidence of differential chromatin dispersion and convolution during the cycle of synchronized HeLa S3 cells at different times after selective mitotic detachment. The combination of average OD, form factor, and mean dispersion path at base threshold with the threshold dependence of nuclear morphometric parameters permits objective identification of cell cycle phases and their subphases, by characterizing variations in chromatin geometry within and between phases, regardless of whether DNA content remains constant (early G1, middle G1, late G1), varies only slightly (late G1-early S or late S-G2 transitions), or varies significantly (early S-middle S).", "PMID": 69453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3394", "title": "[Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin human embryo hepatocytes].", "content": "Population aspects of specific secreted proteins (alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin) were analyzed in the cultured human embryo hepatocytes (6 to 12 weeks' gestation). A method based on local hemolysis in gel of sheep erythrocytes conjugated with antibodies specific of proteins in question. The great majority of individual hepatocytes synthesized both proteins.", "contents": "[Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin human embryo hepatocytes]. Population aspects of specific secreted proteins (alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin) were analyzed in the cultured human embryo hepatocytes (6 to 12 weeks' gestation). A method based on local hemolysis in gel of sheep erythrocytes conjugated with antibodies specific of proteins in question. The great majority of individual hepatocytes synthesized both proteins.", "PMID": 69454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3395", "title": "[Possibilities of the quantitative structural analysis of prostate biopsies].", "content": "Stereological methods allow the determination of volumes, surfaces or number of tissue and/or cell compartments. The quantitative data on human biopsy specimens of the prostate suggest a diminution of the secretory activity of the glandular cells, while the smooth muscle cells are activated: the relative volumes of the Golgi areas and the rough endoplasmic reticulum are increased. Stereology will be a valuable tool for objective search on hormonal dependence of the glandular as well as the smooth muscular cells. Therein, the role of the smooth muscle cells in benigh prostatic hyperplasia should be focused.", "contents": "[Possibilities of the quantitative structural analysis of prostate biopsies]. Stereological methods allow the determination of volumes, surfaces or number of tissue and/or cell compartments. The quantitative data on human biopsy specimens of the prostate suggest a diminution of the secretory activity of the glandular cells, while the smooth muscle cells are activated: the relative volumes of the Golgi areas and the rough endoplasmic reticulum are increased. Stereology will be a valuable tool for objective search on hormonal dependence of the glandular as well as the smooth muscular cells. Therein, the role of the smooth muscle cells in benigh prostatic hyperplasia should be focused.", "PMID": 69463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3396", "title": "Effect of temperature on rate of goldfish optic nerve regeneration: a radioautographic and behavioral study.", "content": "Optic nerve regeneration was examined in goldfish radioautographically, as well as by a variety of behavioral measures of visual function. The rate of regeneration was markedly enhanced by increasing temperature above the ambient level (20 degrees C). The earliest functional indication of recovery was the appearance of an autonomic response to a change in illumination, then the ability to localize food visually and at a still later time, an optomotor response. Even the early behavioral indications of return of function appeared some time after there was radioautographic evidence that the tectum had been reinnervated.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on rate of goldfish optic nerve regeneration: a radioautographic and behavioral study. Optic nerve regeneration was examined in goldfish radioautographically, as well as by a variety of behavioral measures of visual function. The rate of regeneration was markedly enhanced by increasing temperature above the ambient level (20 degrees C). The earliest functional indication of recovery was the appearance of an autonomic response to a change in illumination, then the ability to localize food visually and at a still later time, an optomotor response. Even the early behavioral indications of return of function appeared some time after there was radioautographic evidence that the tectum had been reinnervated.", "PMID": 69465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3397", "title": "Bilateral tectal innervation by regenerating optic nerve fibers in goldfish: a radioautographic, electrophysiological and behavioral study.", "content": "Following unilateral enucleation and optic nerve crush in goldfish, the remaining nerve regenerates and innervates both optic tecta. Approximately 5% of the nerve fibers reach the ipsilateral optic tectum (IOT) via the ipsilateral tract at the chiasma. Comparable debris in both tracts was not sufficient to result in an IOT projection since when both nerves were crushed simultaneously the usual pattern was seen, i.e., each nerve innervated a contralateral optic tectum (COT). When the arrival of one nerve at the chiasma was delayed by staggering the nerve crushes, the nerve that first arrived at the chiasma partially innervated the Iot. In most instances the entire IOT was innervated, however, the stratigraphic distribution of fibers in the various tectal lamina was atypical. Electrophysiological analysis indicated that fibers from each area of the retina innervated the IOT visuotopically. The COT was ablated in order to determine whether the IOT projection could mediate behavior. All fish failed to respond to changes in illumination as measured by respiration and failed to swim with or against the stripes in an optomotor drum. Thus, the IOT input, possibly because of its sparseness, could not be shown to be behaviorally functional.", "contents": "Bilateral tectal innervation by regenerating optic nerve fibers in goldfish: a radioautographic, electrophysiological and behavioral study. Following unilateral enucleation and optic nerve crush in goldfish, the remaining nerve regenerates and innervates both optic tecta. Approximately 5% of the nerve fibers reach the ipsilateral optic tectum (IOT) via the ipsilateral tract at the chiasma. Comparable debris in both tracts was not sufficient to result in an IOT projection since when both nerves were crushed simultaneously the usual pattern was seen, i.e., each nerve innervated a contralateral optic tectum (COT). When the arrival of one nerve at the chiasma was delayed by staggering the nerve crushes, the nerve that first arrived at the chiasma partially innervated the Iot. In most instances the entire IOT was innervated, however, the stratigraphic distribution of fibers in the various tectal lamina was atypical. Electrophysiological analysis indicated that fibers from each area of the retina innervated the IOT visuotopically. The COT was ablated in order to determine whether the IOT projection could mediate behavior. All fish failed to respond to changes in illumination as measured by respiration and failed to swim with or against the stripes in an optomotor drum. Thus, the IOT input, possibly because of its sparseness, could not be shown to be behaviorally functional.", "PMID": 69466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3398", "title": "The metabolism of nerve terminal glycoproteins in the rat brain.", "content": "The fate of [3H]fucose in subcellular fractions has been followed for a period of three weeks after intraventricular injection in the rat brain. Isolated synaptosomal membranes were examined by gel electrophoresis. Seven fucosyl glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 123,000 to 31,000 were detected by scintillation counting of transversely sliced gels and their specific activities determined. The half-lives of 6 of the membrane glycoproteins fell within the range 11-22 days. The smallest glycoprotein showed anomalous behaviour; its radioactivity did not fall significantly over the period of study. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of fast axonal transport.", "contents": "The metabolism of nerve terminal glycoproteins in the rat brain. The fate of [3H]fucose in subcellular fractions has been followed for a period of three weeks after intraventricular injection in the rat brain. Isolated synaptosomal membranes were examined by gel electrophoresis. Seven fucosyl glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 123,000 to 31,000 were detected by scintillation counting of transversely sliced gels and their specific activities determined. The half-lives of 6 of the membrane glycoproteins fell within the range 11-22 days. The smallest glycoprotein showed anomalous behaviour; its radioactivity did not fall significantly over the period of study. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts of fast axonal transport.", "PMID": 69473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3399", "title": "Identification of cells of origin of tectopontine fibers in the cat superior colliculus: an experimental study with the horseradish peroxidase method.", "content": "The pontine projections from the superior colliculus in the cat have been studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus, where the tectopontine fibers terminate, a fair number of labeled cells are found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Relatively few of the labeled cells are of medium size (25-40 micron in diameter), more than 80% are small (10-25 micron), but no large cells are labeled. The cell bodies giving rise to tectopontine fibers are distributed in tectal layers deeper than the optic stratum (including this), with only a few in the deeper portion of the superficial gray layer. There are only few labelled cells in the relatively large lateral portion of the intermediate and deep gray layers were the largest neurons (more than 40 micron) are located. Most of these presumably belong to the tectoreticular and the tectospinal projections. The tectal neurons, distributed in various collicular layers, are supposed to receive different kinds of information from other parts of the central nervous system, e.g. from the retina, the cerebral cortex, the brain stem reticular formation, the spinal cord etc. The dorsolateral pontine nucleus appears to have a particular function in the integration of the input from the superior colliculus with those from other sources, especially from the inferior colliculus and the auditory cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Identification of cells of origin of tectopontine fibers in the cat superior colliculus: an experimental study with the horseradish peroxidase method. The pontine projections from the superior colliculus in the cat have been studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of HRP in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus, where the tectopontine fibers terminate, a fair number of labeled cells are found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Relatively few of the labeled cells are of medium size (25-40 micron in diameter), more than 80% are small (10-25 micron), but no large cells are labeled. The cell bodies giving rise to tectopontine fibers are distributed in tectal layers deeper than the optic stratum (including this), with only a few in the deeper portion of the superficial gray layer. There are only few labelled cells in the relatively large lateral portion of the intermediate and deep gray layers were the largest neurons (more than 40 micron) are located. Most of these presumably belong to the tectoreticular and the tectospinal projections. The tectal neurons, distributed in various collicular layers, are supposed to receive different kinds of information from other parts of the central nervous system, e.g. from the retina, the cerebral cortex, the brain stem reticular formation, the spinal cord etc. The dorsolateral pontine nucleus appears to have a particular function in the integration of the input from the superior colliculus with those from other sources, especially from the inferior colliculus and the auditory cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 69477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3400", "title": "A methodology for the production of carbohydrate-specific antibody.", "content": "8-Methoxycarbonyloctyl glycosides are recommended as precursors for the preparation of artificial antigens that possess strongly immunodominant carbohydrate antigenic determinants. The preparation and immunochemical properties of a selected number of these antigens are reported to demonstrate the high levels of hapten-specific antibodies that are normally achieved using standard immunization schedules. The method, based on glycoside synthesis, promises to make available a wide spectrum of well defined antigens and the homologous antibodies.", "contents": "A methodology for the production of carbohydrate-specific antibody. 8-Methoxycarbonyloctyl glycosides are recommended as precursors for the preparation of artificial antigens that possess strongly immunodominant carbohydrate antigenic determinants. The preparation and immunochemical properties of a selected number of these antigens are reported to demonstrate the high levels of hapten-specific antibodies that are normally achieved using standard immunization schedules. The method, based on glycoside synthesis, promises to make available a wide spectrum of well defined antigens and the homologous antibodies.", "PMID": 69478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3401", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein production and erythropoiesis in cell cultures of human fetal liver.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein and the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin were measured simultaneously in short-term cultures of human fetal liver cells to correlate the relationship of alpha-fetoprotein to erythroid cell function. Both synthetic processes decreased exponentially during the first 5 days of culture. The use of media supplemented with different batches of fetal calf serum and porcine portal vein serum indicated that the optimal conditions for the production of alpha-fetoprotein were different from those required for the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin. Moreover, the alpha-fetoprotein-producing cells could be separated from erythroid cells after velocity sedimentation in Ficoll gradients. Although it is well known that erythropoiesis and alpha-fetoprotein production occur simultaneously during ontogenesis, alpha-fetoprotein itself (0.01-100 micron g/ml) did not stimulate heme synthesis in liver erythroid cells. Erythropoietin did not stimulate alpha-fetoprotein production. It is concluded that there is no cause-effect relationship between alpha-fetoprotein production and erythroid cell fuction in human fetal liver cells and that the two processes occur independently in different cell types.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein production and erythropoiesis in cell cultures of human fetal liver. alpha-Fetoprotein and the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin were measured simultaneously in short-term cultures of human fetal liver cells to correlate the relationship of alpha-fetoprotein to erythroid cell function. Both synthetic processes decreased exponentially during the first 5 days of culture. The use of media supplemented with different batches of fetal calf serum and porcine portal vein serum indicated that the optimal conditions for the production of alpha-fetoprotein were different from those required for the synthesis of heme associated with hemoglobin. Moreover, the alpha-fetoprotein-producing cells could be separated from erythroid cells after velocity sedimentation in Ficoll gradients. Although it is well known that erythropoiesis and alpha-fetoprotein production occur simultaneously during ontogenesis, alpha-fetoprotein itself (0.01-100 micron g/ml) did not stimulate heme synthesis in liver erythroid cells. Erythropoietin did not stimulate alpha-fetoprotein production. It is concluded that there is no cause-effect relationship between alpha-fetoprotein production and erythroid cell fuction in human fetal liver cells and that the two processes occur independently in different cell types.", "PMID": 69479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3402", "title": "Production of slow alpha2-globulin in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Slow alpha2-globulin (salpha2G), a high molecular weight glycoprotein, appears as a component of rat serum in a wide variety of both physiologic and pathologic conditions, including pregnancy; it is also present in the neonate. In the present study, the protein was detectable in serum after 6 to 10 days, and was present at moderate levels on day 13, and thereafter through the rest of pregnancy. From immunofluorescent localization and 14C-labelled amino acid incorporation studies, salpha2G was found to be localized in uterine and placental tissues and to be synthesized by these tissues as early as day 6 of gestation. Production continued throughout pregnancy. Synthesis in the liver of the pregnant rat began at day 17 of gestation, which is in contrast with the observation in pathologic conditions that liver synthesis is an initial source of the serum protein; substantial fetal liver synthesis was occurring at day 21 of gestation, and the amount in fetal serum was four times greater than that in maternal serum at that time. It is likely that the fetal liver produces salpha2G as soon as it begins to function.", "contents": "Production of slow alpha2-globulin in the pregnant rat. Slow alpha2-globulin (salpha2G), a high molecular weight glycoprotein, appears as a component of rat serum in a wide variety of both physiologic and pathologic conditions, including pregnancy; it is also present in the neonate. In the present study, the protein was detectable in serum after 6 to 10 days, and was present at moderate levels on day 13, and thereafter through the rest of pregnancy. From immunofluorescent localization and 14C-labelled amino acid incorporation studies, salpha2G was found to be localized in uterine and placental tissues and to be synthesized by these tissues as early as day 6 of gestation. Production continued throughout pregnancy. Synthesis in the liver of the pregnant rat began at day 17 of gestation, which is in contrast with the observation in pathologic conditions that liver synthesis is an initial source of the serum protein; substantial fetal liver synthesis was occurring at day 21 of gestation, and the amount in fetal serum was four times greater than that in maternal serum at that time. It is likely that the fetal liver produces salpha2G as soon as it begins to function.", "PMID": 69480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3403", "title": "Myocardial infarction size: measurement and modification.", "content": "The majority of in-hospital deaths from acute myocardial infarction occur as a result of the \"power failure\" syndrome (severe congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock), which results from extensive loss of myocardium. The death of myocardial cells is sequential over many hours. Surrounding the central zone of necrosis in an acute myocardial infarction is a zone of ischemic myocardium whose fate might be altered by interventions during the early phase of the infarction. ST-segment mapping, serial measurement of the serum concentration of creatine phosphokinase and myocardial imaging by means of radionuclides are being developed for the noninvasive assessment of infarct size in animals and humans. A number of interventions appear to limit infarct size in animals. There have been relatively few studies in humans to date, but preliminary results suggest that infarct size might be limited by certain interventions. The research has provided important practical benefits in terms of understanding the course of acute myocardial infarction and the potential effects of conventional therapies. For the present, interventions designed to limit infarct size remain in the realm of clinical research; routine clinical use would be inappropriate.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction size: measurement and modification. The majority of in-hospital deaths from acute myocardial infarction occur as a result of the \"power failure\" syndrome (severe congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock), which results from extensive loss of myocardium. The death of myocardial cells is sequential over many hours. Surrounding the central zone of necrosis in an acute myocardial infarction is a zone of ischemic myocardium whose fate might be altered by interventions during the early phase of the infarction. ST-segment mapping, serial measurement of the serum concentration of creatine phosphokinase and myocardial imaging by means of radionuclides are being developed for the noninvasive assessment of infarct size in animals and humans. A number of interventions appear to limit infarct size in animals. There have been relatively few studies in humans to date, but preliminary results suggest that infarct size might be limited by certain interventions. The research has provided important practical benefits in terms of understanding the course of acute myocardial infarction and the potential effects of conventional therapies. For the present, interventions designed to limit infarct size remain in the realm of clinical research; routine clinical use would be inappropriate.", "PMID": 69481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3404", "title": "Pulmonary tumorigenesis in Syrian golden hamsters after intratracheal instillations with automobile exhaust condensate.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally instilled once every two weeks for life with automobile exhaust condensate (AEC) at two dose levels. The condensate was prepared from the most common German passenger car driven in the Europa-Test cycle (simulated city driving) and contained 340 microgram/g benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). Despite the very low total dose of B(a)P received, all animals of both dosage groups developed multiple pulmonary adenomas. Electron microscopy revealed these tumors to resemble B(a)P induced pulmonary adenomas in their ultrastructure. Numerous condensate-laden macrophages in tumor and peripheral lung tissues indicated that little of the instilled condensate had been removed from the airways through mucociliary action.", "contents": "Pulmonary tumorigenesis in Syrian golden hamsters after intratracheal instillations with automobile exhaust condensate. Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally instilled once every two weeks for life with automobile exhaust condensate (AEC) at two dose levels. The condensate was prepared from the most common German passenger car driven in the Europa-Test cycle (simulated city driving) and contained 340 microgram/g benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). Despite the very low total dose of B(a)P received, all animals of both dosage groups developed multiple pulmonary adenomas. Electron microscopy revealed these tumors to resemble B(a)P induced pulmonary adenomas in their ultrastructure. Numerous condensate-laden macrophages in tumor and peripheral lung tissues indicated that little of the instilled condensate had been removed from the airways through mucociliary action.", "PMID": 69482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3405", "title": "Expression of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens on tumor cells and normal cells from patients with melanoma.", "content": "The expression of HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin (beta2-mu) on cultured melanoma cells originated from 11 patients has been quantitated and compared with that on fibroblasts and cultured human lymphoid cells originated from the same patients. No qualitative or quantitative difference was detected with the exception of one melanoma line. HLA antigens were also quantitated in sera from melanoma patients: two sera reacted with anti-HLA-B7 antibodies although this specificity was not expressed on lymphocytes from whom the sera were obtained. A technique to quantitate HLA antigens on cells developed in the course of this study is described.", "contents": "Expression of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens on tumor cells and normal cells from patients with melanoma. The expression of HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin (beta2-mu) on cultured melanoma cells originated from 11 patients has been quantitated and compared with that on fibroblasts and cultured human lymphoid cells originated from the same patients. No qualitative or quantitative difference was detected with the exception of one melanoma line. HLA antigens were also quantitated in sera from melanoma patients: two sera reacted with anti-HLA-B7 antibodies although this specificity was not expressed on lymphocytes from whom the sera were obtained. A technique to quantitate HLA antigens on cells developed in the course of this study is described.", "PMID": 69483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3406", "title": "Eosinophilic meningitis complicating Hodgkin's disease. A report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of eosinophilic meningitis as a complication of Hodgkin's disease is reported. Intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate and whole brain radiation therapy were effective in clearing the cerebrospinal abnormalities, pathologic evidence of meningeal disease, and the clinical manifestations. The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis and therapy of lymphomatous meningitis are discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophilic meningitis complicating Hodgkin's disease. A report of a case and review of the literature. A case of eosinophilic meningitis as a complication of Hodgkin's disease is reported. Intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate and whole brain radiation therapy were effective in clearing the cerebrospinal abnormalities, pathologic evidence of meningeal disease, and the clinical manifestations. The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis and therapy of lymphomatous meningitis are discussed.", "PMID": 69484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3407", "title": "Detection of circulating tumor antigens.", "content": "A wide variety of malignancies have associated tumor antigens. Two which have proven useful in the clinical detection and management of cancer are alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These materials have been determined both by radioimmunoassay and by a newer technique employing enzymes to replace radioisotopea as markers. The interpretation of these immune assay results and the factors governing the shape of the standard curve are discussed. The advantages of 57Co over 22Na as a volume marker in radioimmunoassay are presented.", "contents": "Detection of circulating tumor antigens. A wide variety of malignancies have associated tumor antigens. Two which have proven useful in the clinical detection and management of cancer are alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These materials have been determined both by radioimmunoassay and by a newer technique employing enzymes to replace radioisotopea as markers. The interpretation of these immune assay results and the factors governing the shape of the standard curve are discussed. The advantages of 57Co over 22Na as a volume marker in radioimmunoassay are presented.", "PMID": 69486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3408", "title": "Recent advances in cancer diagnosis with nuclear medicine techniques.", "content": "Recent progress in cancer detection in nuclear medicine has been significant and encouraging. Three main trends are responsible. First, techniques of imaging have improved, often in conjunction with the development of new and better imaging devices. Secondly, new radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated. Finally, interaction with other imaging modalities has started. In general, this yields complementary information further refining the diagnostic process.", "contents": "Recent advances in cancer diagnosis with nuclear medicine techniques. Recent progress in cancer detection in nuclear medicine has been significant and encouraging. Three main trends are responsible. First, techniques of imaging have improved, often in conjunction with the development of new and better imaging devices. Secondly, new radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated. Finally, interaction with other imaging modalities has started. In general, this yields complementary information further refining the diagnostic process.", "PMID": 69487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3409", "title": "Suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin and by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin-like peptides from cancer patients.", "content": "The suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human immunoregulatory alpha-globulin (IRA), by a peptide fraction derived from IRA, and by IRA-like peptides from the serum of cancer patients was studied in a syngeneic murine tumor-host system. Splenic lymphocytes from tumor-immunized mice were cytotoxic specific tumor cells in vitro as measured by the [125]-iododeoxyuridine release microcytotoxicity assay. However, this effect was significantly depressed if 1.25 to 5 mg of IRA per ml were added to the cultures. Pooled lyophilized normal human serum protein was inactive. IRA peptide and IRA-like peptide fractions from cancer patients were also highly suppressive of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at much lower concentrations (0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml). Control human serum peptide, which failed to inhibit the induction of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in sheep erythrocyte-injected mice, had no effect on cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IRA and IRA-like peptide fractions were not cytotoxic to the effector lymphocytes or to the target cells at the concentrations used.", "contents": "Suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin and by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin-like peptides from cancer patients. The suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human immunoregulatory alpha-globulin (IRA), by a peptide fraction derived from IRA, and by IRA-like peptides from the serum of cancer patients was studied in a syngeneic murine tumor-host system. Splenic lymphocytes from tumor-immunized mice were cytotoxic specific tumor cells in vitro as measured by the [125]-iododeoxyuridine release microcytotoxicity assay. However, this effect was significantly depressed if 1.25 to 5 mg of IRA per ml were added to the cultures. Pooled lyophilized normal human serum protein was inactive. IRA peptide and IRA-like peptide fractions from cancer patients were also highly suppressive of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at much lower concentrations (0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml). Control human serum peptide, which failed to inhibit the induction of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in sheep erythrocyte-injected mice, had no effect on cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IRA and IRA-like peptide fractions were not cytotoxic to the effector lymphocytes or to the target cells at the concentrations used.", "PMID": 69489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3410", "title": "Evidence for common and distinct determinants of colon carcinoembryonic antigen, colon carcinoma antigen-III, and molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen activity isolated from breast and ovarian cancer.", "content": "This study was designed to answer the question, do molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity from colon, breast, and ovarian cancer differ? Extracts of two breast and three ovarian cancers with CEA activity were compared to three colon cancer CEA preparations and to the related antigen, colon carcinoma antigen-III, in terms of lectin- and antiserum-binding properties. With the use of Farr-type radioimmunoassays with the lectins, concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, the iodinated colon CEA and CEA-like preparations from breast and ovarian cancer all showed distinctly different patterns of binding. Specificity of binding was confirmed by inhibition studies with the relevant monosaccharides. Similarly, with antisera prepared against colon CEA, colon carcinoma antigen-III, or breast CEA, it was shown that, although all preparations shared some antigens, unique antigenic determinants were also present on all preparations. These data are consistent with the concept of a series of closely related CEA and CEA-like molecules with distinct characteristics for each tissue source of CEA.", "contents": "Evidence for common and distinct determinants of colon carcinoembryonic antigen, colon carcinoma antigen-III, and molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen activity isolated from breast and ovarian cancer. This study was designed to answer the question, do molecules with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity from colon, breast, and ovarian cancer differ? Extracts of two breast and three ovarian cancers with CEA activity were compared to three colon cancer CEA preparations and to the related antigen, colon carcinoma antigen-III, in terms of lectin- and antiserum-binding properties. With the use of Farr-type radioimmunoassays with the lectins, concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, the iodinated colon CEA and CEA-like preparations from breast and ovarian cancer all showed distinctly different patterns of binding. Specificity of binding was confirmed by inhibition studies with the relevant monosaccharides. Similarly, with antisera prepared against colon CEA, colon carcinoma antigen-III, or breast CEA, it was shown that, although all preparations shared some antigens, unique antigenic determinants were also present on all preparations. These data are consistent with the concept of a series of closely related CEA and CEA-like molecules with distinct characteristics for each tissue source of CEA.", "PMID": 69490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3411", "title": "Antigenic differences among osteogenic sarcoma tumor cells taken from different locations in human tumors.", "content": "Sections were taken from the center, midzone, and margin of four human osteogenic sarcomas and one fibrosarcoma. Single-cell suspensions of tumors were examined in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with autologous or homologous anti-osteogenic sarcoma antisera as the intermediate reactant and fluorescein-labeled anti-human IgG as the final reactant. Cells were stained under conditions in which the fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to the density of the tumor-associated antigen on these cells. The density of tumor-associated antigen on cells from the center of the five tumor masses was low; cells from the midzone had intermediate levels of tumor antigen density, and cells at the margin had the highest levels. Similar preparations stained with polyspecific anti-HLA antisera did not demonstrate such a gradient. Since osteogenic sarcomas grow outward from the center, with the outer margin populated by the youngest cells, these results suggest that the oldest cells in the tumor bear the least tumor antigen, and the youngest tumor cells have the most. This is not compatible with theories which postulate that the immune system modulates the growth of a tumor so that only the least antigenic cells are allowed to grow. Alternative mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic differences among osteogenic sarcoma tumor cells taken from different locations in human tumors. Sections were taken from the center, midzone, and margin of four human osteogenic sarcomas and one fibrosarcoma. Single-cell suspensions of tumors were examined in an indirect immunofluorescence assay with autologous or homologous anti-osteogenic sarcoma antisera as the intermediate reactant and fluorescein-labeled anti-human IgG as the final reactant. Cells were stained under conditions in which the fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to the density of the tumor-associated antigen on these cells. The density of tumor-associated antigen on cells from the center of the five tumor masses was low; cells from the midzone had intermediate levels of tumor antigen density, and cells at the margin had the highest levels. Similar preparations stained with polyspecific anti-HLA antisera did not demonstrate such a gradient. Since osteogenic sarcomas grow outward from the center, with the outer margin populated by the youngest cells, these results suggest that the oldest cells in the tumor bear the least tumor antigen, and the youngest tumor cells have the most. This is not compatible with theories which postulate that the immune system modulates the growth of a tumor so that only the least antigenic cells are allowed to grow. Alternative mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 69491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3412", "title": "Presence of DNA polymerase in lymphosarcoma in northern pike (Esox lucius).", "content": "Northern poke lymphosarcoma DNA polymerase was partially purified from particulate fractions banding at 1.15 to 1.16 g/ml from homogenates prepared from frozen necropsies of tumor-bearing pike. The enzyme behaves as a typical reverse transcriptase, in that it prefers ribotemplates to deoxytemplates. The isoelectric point (pl 5.5) is similar to that of avian myeloblastosis virus polymerase. The pike enzyme elutes from a phosphocellulose column at 0.22 M potassium phosphate, the same as avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. The enzyme activity is inhibited by pyran, a specific inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. The most striking difference between the pike lymphoma polymerase and the other viral DNA polymerases tested is the low maximum temperature of 20 degrees, compared to 30 degrees for Rauscher leukemia virus polymerase and 38 degrees for avian myeloblastosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus.", "contents": "Presence of DNA polymerase in lymphosarcoma in northern pike (Esox lucius). Northern poke lymphosarcoma DNA polymerase was partially purified from particulate fractions banding at 1.15 to 1.16 g/ml from homogenates prepared from frozen necropsies of tumor-bearing pike. The enzyme behaves as a typical reverse transcriptase, in that it prefers ribotemplates to deoxytemplates. The isoelectric point (pl 5.5) is similar to that of avian myeloblastosis virus polymerase. The pike enzyme elutes from a phosphocellulose column at 0.22 M potassium phosphate, the same as avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. The enzyme activity is inhibited by pyran, a specific inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. The most striking difference between the pike lymphoma polymerase and the other viral DNA polymerases tested is the low maximum temperature of 20 degrees, compared to 30 degrees for Rauscher leukemia virus polymerase and 38 degrees for avian myeloblastosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus.", "PMID": 69492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3413", "title": "Biological and biochemical properties of Nonidet P40-solubilized and partially purified tumor-specific antigens of the transplantation type from plasma membranes of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma.", "content": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) was solubilized from cell membranes of sarcoma Meth-A with non-ionic detergent Nonidet P40. Soluble TSTA was partially characterized by chromatographic separation and electrophoresis. The antigen responsible for tumor rejection activity had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 daltons in the presence of detergent and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin. TSTA was well separated from mouse histocompatibility antigen H-2 by a sequence of procedures, including gel filtration, lectin affinity chromatography, column electrophoresis, and rechromatography on agarose, showed only three major bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. TSTA was specific for sarcoma Meth-A.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical properties of Nonidet P40-solubilized and partially purified tumor-specific antigens of the transplantation type from plasma membranes of a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) was solubilized from cell membranes of sarcoma Meth-A with non-ionic detergent Nonidet P40. Soluble TSTA was partially characterized by chromatographic separation and electrophoresis. The antigen responsible for tumor rejection activity had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 daltons in the presence of detergent and an electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulin. TSTA was well separated from mouse histocompatibility antigen H-2 by a sequence of procedures, including gel filtration, lectin affinity chromatography, column electrophoresis, and rechromatography on agarose, showed only three major bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. TSTA was specific for sarcoma Meth-A.", "PMID": 69494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3414", "title": "Dextran derivatives in single and combination chemotherapy against transplantable mouse ascites and solid tumors.", "content": "Dextran, a typical homopolysaccharide without antitumor activity, was modified by palmitoylation and/or phosphorylation to yield three derivatives: palmitoyldextran phosphate, dextran phosphate, and palmitoyldextran. Of these compounds, only palmitoyldextran phosphate showed growth-inhibitory activity against Ehrlich solid tumor in mice. In combination therapy with mitomycin C, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil, palmitoyldextran phosphate manifested strong synergistic effects against both Sarcoma 180 ascites and L1210 leukemic tumors. The compound is not directly cytocidal against Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor, but it appears to act via activation of peritoneal macrophage. The antitumor activity of palmitoyldextran phosphate apparently is mainly due to immunological host-mediated mechanisms.", "contents": "Dextran derivatives in single and combination chemotherapy against transplantable mouse ascites and solid tumors. Dextran, a typical homopolysaccharide without antitumor activity, was modified by palmitoylation and/or phosphorylation to yield three derivatives: palmitoyldextran phosphate, dextran phosphate, and palmitoyldextran. Of these compounds, only palmitoyldextran phosphate showed growth-inhibitory activity against Ehrlich solid tumor in mice. In combination therapy with mitomycin C, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil, palmitoyldextran phosphate manifested strong synergistic effects against both Sarcoma 180 ascites and L1210 leukemic tumors. The compound is not directly cytocidal against Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor, but it appears to act via activation of peritoneal macrophage. The antitumor activity of palmitoyldextran phosphate apparently is mainly due to immunological host-mediated mechanisms.", "PMID": 69495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3415", "title": "[Effectiveness of intranasal immunization with Myxovirus influenzae neuraminidase in mice].", "content": "An intranasal immunization with a A/PR8/34-isolated NA, protected mice as well as the whole virus and A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus against a subsequent infection with mice-adaptated A/PR8/34 strain.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of intranasal immunization with Myxovirus influenzae neuraminidase in mice]. An intranasal immunization with a A/PR8/34-isolated NA, protected mice as well as the whole virus and A/Hong Kong/1/68 virus against a subsequent infection with mice-adaptated A/PR8/34 strain.", "PMID": 69501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3416", "title": "[Antigenic activity of lobster (Homarus vulgaris) arginine kinase and its cyanogen bromide fragments].", "content": "The antigenic saturation of lobster arginine kinase (38 000 daltons) by its specific antibodies has been studied. It was found that seven antigenic binding sites are simultaneously reactive on the surface of the enzyme in the presence of a large excess of antibodies or of their Fab fragments. After cyanogen bromide cleavage, the antigenic reactivity is distributed on several fragments of various sizes.", "contents": "[Antigenic activity of lobster (Homarus vulgaris) arginine kinase and its cyanogen bromide fragments]. The antigenic saturation of lobster arginine kinase (38 000 daltons) by its specific antibodies has been studied. It was found that seven antigenic binding sites are simultaneously reactive on the surface of the enzyme in the presence of a large excess of antibodies or of their Fab fragments. After cyanogen bromide cleavage, the antigenic reactivity is distributed on several fragments of various sizes.", "PMID": 69502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3417", "title": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 4. Mechanism of action of lidocaine.", "content": "The effect of lidocaine on re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) was studied in dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery; direct recordings were made of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone (IZ). Lidocaine in a therapeutic dose consistently prolonged refractoriness of potentially RP(s) in the IZ and produced a higher degree of conduction block at a constant heart rate. Conduction in the adjacent normal zone was not affected. The impairment of conduction induced by lidocaine in the RP was directly related to its ability to abolish re-entrant ventricular beats and tachycardia. Gradual slowing of conduction in the RP consistently developed before abolition: lengthening of coupling of extrasystolic beats in surface leads and gradual slowing of ventricular tachycardia rate occurred. The termination of re-entry was characteristically associated with complete block in the RP. A \"selectivity hypothesis\" for the antiarrhythmic action of lidocaine is proposed.", "contents": "Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 4. Mechanism of action of lidocaine. The effect of lidocaine on re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) was studied in dogs 3-7 days following ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery; direct recordings were made of the re-entrant pathway (RP) from the epicardial surface of the infarction zone (IZ). Lidocaine in a therapeutic dose consistently prolonged refractoriness of potentially RP(s) in the IZ and produced a higher degree of conduction block at a constant heart rate. Conduction in the adjacent normal zone was not affected. The impairment of conduction induced by lidocaine in the RP was directly related to its ability to abolish re-entrant ventricular beats and tachycardia. Gradual slowing of conduction in the RP consistently developed before abolition: lengthening of coupling of extrasystolic beats in surface leads and gradual slowing of ventricular tachycardia rate occurred. The termination of re-entry was characteristically associated with complete block in the RP. A \"selectivity hypothesis\" for the antiarrhythmic action of lidocaine is proposed.", "PMID": 69503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3418", "title": "Sinoatrial pacemaker shift following atrial stimulation in man.", "content": "Indirect evidence of a sinoatrial pacemaker shift after programmed atrial stimulation in man is presented. Following electrically induced beats, time intervals and postextrasystolic morphology of atrial electrogram and P waves were scrutinized in 30 catheterization studies. Applying premature atrial stimulation, a decrease of the interval between the last basic atrial depolarization and the stimulus-produced atrial excitation (curtailed cycle) below a critical interval was followed by a sinoatrial pacemaker shift in three cases. This electrophysiologic event consisted of a concomitant change in shape of high right atrial electrogram and an increase of atrial cycle length. Simultaneous alteration of P waves could be detected in 2/3 patients. Assuming that the pacemaker shift indicates the arrival of ectopic activation in the sinus node, capture of the sinus node by the premature beat could be distinguished from failure to capture. Thus, pacemaker shift can be used for estimating sinoatrial conduction time in addition to present methods using measurement of postextrasystolic atrial intervals. The changes described could be seen both before and after atropine administration. Tracings of a pacemaker shift after cessation of rapid atrial pacing are also presented. In summary, we found a sinoatrial pacemaker shift underlying sinus node response to ectopic atrial activation in man, a phenomenon which contributes to our understanding of indirect assessment of sinoatrial conduction time by the premature stimulation technique.", "contents": "Sinoatrial pacemaker shift following atrial stimulation in man. Indirect evidence of a sinoatrial pacemaker shift after programmed atrial stimulation in man is presented. Following electrically induced beats, time intervals and postextrasystolic morphology of atrial electrogram and P waves were scrutinized in 30 catheterization studies. Applying premature atrial stimulation, a decrease of the interval between the last basic atrial depolarization and the stimulus-produced atrial excitation (curtailed cycle) below a critical interval was followed by a sinoatrial pacemaker shift in three cases. This electrophysiologic event consisted of a concomitant change in shape of high right atrial electrogram and an increase of atrial cycle length. Simultaneous alteration of P waves could be detected in 2/3 patients. Assuming that the pacemaker shift indicates the arrival of ectopic activation in the sinus node, capture of the sinus node by the premature beat could be distinguished from failure to capture. Thus, pacemaker shift can be used for estimating sinoatrial conduction time in addition to present methods using measurement of postextrasystolic atrial intervals. The changes described could be seen both before and after atropine administration. Tracings of a pacemaker shift after cessation of rapid atrial pacing are also presented. In summary, we found a sinoatrial pacemaker shift underlying sinus node response to ectopic atrial activation in man, a phenomenon which contributes to our understanding of indirect assessment of sinoatrial conduction time by the premature stimulation technique.", "PMID": 69504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3419", "title": "The effect of left atrial-to-aortic assistance on infarct size.", "content": "Left atrial-to-aortic (La-A) assistance is effective in supporting the failing circulation. This study evaluated its effect in salvaging ischemic myocardium in both large and small infarct models. In a control group, good correlation was shown between measurements of infarct size by ST-segment mapping at 20 minutes, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining at 5 hours, and the distribution of radioactive microspheres (P less than 0.01). A servo controlled assist pump was used which controlled pump speed according to the left atrial pressure. This allowed greater degrees of bypass for prolonged periods with reduced risk of air embolism. La-A assistance reduced systolic left ventricular pressure, and reduced the pressure time index (P less than 0.05). La-A assistance did not reduce infarct size measured by ST-segment mapping in a large infarct model when instituted before occlusion or 20 minutes after occlusion. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, however, showed less severe and homogenous damage in the assisted group as compared to controls. Electron microscopy confirmed the patchy nature of the ischemia. In a small infarct model, La-A assistance reduced nST from 6.3 +/- 0.8 to 3.8 +/- 1.5 and ST from 4.9 +/- 0.6 to 2.7 +/- 0.9 (P less than 0.05). The endocardial to epicardial ratio in the ischemic area fell from 0.69 +/- 0.05 to 0.43 +/- 0.05 in the control group (P less than 0.05) and a similar fall occurred in the assisted groups. La-A assistance is thus effective in reducing myocardial ischemia in a small infarct model, but appears to be less effective in a large infarct model.", "contents": "The effect of left atrial-to-aortic assistance on infarct size. Left atrial-to-aortic (La-A) assistance is effective in supporting the failing circulation. This study evaluated its effect in salvaging ischemic myocardium in both large and small infarct models. In a control group, good correlation was shown between measurements of infarct size by ST-segment mapping at 20 minutes, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining at 5 hours, and the distribution of radioactive microspheres (P less than 0.01). A servo controlled assist pump was used which controlled pump speed according to the left atrial pressure. This allowed greater degrees of bypass for prolonged periods with reduced risk of air embolism. La-A assistance reduced systolic left ventricular pressure, and reduced the pressure time index (P less than 0.05). La-A assistance did not reduce infarct size measured by ST-segment mapping in a large infarct model when instituted before occlusion or 20 minutes after occlusion. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, however, showed less severe and homogenous damage in the assisted group as compared to controls. Electron microscopy confirmed the patchy nature of the ischemia. In a small infarct model, La-A assistance reduced nST from 6.3 +/- 0.8 to 3.8 +/- 1.5 and ST from 4.9 +/- 0.6 to 2.7 +/- 0.9 (P less than 0.05). The endocardial to epicardial ratio in the ischemic area fell from 0.69 +/- 0.05 to 0.43 +/- 0.05 in the control group (P less than 0.05) and a similar fall occurred in the assisted groups. La-A assistance is thus effective in reducing myocardial ischemia in a small infarct model, but appears to be less effective in a large infarct model.", "PMID": 69505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3420", "title": "Serum UDP-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in diabetics with microangiopathy.", "content": "1. Levels of serum UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in 117 unselected diabetics were compared with those in 60 non-diabetic healthy controls. 2. Enzyme activity (mean +/- 2 S.D.) of control sera was found to be 90.2 +/- 21.5 etamoles/ml/hr at 37 degrees. In 30 of the 117 diabetic sera (26%) enzyme activity was elevated (greater than mean + 2 S.D. of the controls). Sixteen of 19 (84%) patients with retinopathy, 16 of 26 (62%) patients with peripheral vasculopathy and 13 of 26 (50%) patients with neuropathy had higher levels of serum enzyme. When serum enzyme levels of groups of diabetics with retinopathy, peripheral vasculopathy and neuropathy were compared with the enzyme level in all diabetics, there was a significant difference with p values of 0.001, 0.05 and 0.05 respectively.", "contents": "Serum UDP-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in diabetics with microangiopathy. 1. Levels of serum UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in 117 unselected diabetics were compared with those in 60 non-diabetic healthy controls. 2. Enzyme activity (mean +/- 2 S.D.) of control sera was found to be 90.2 +/- 21.5 etamoles/ml/hr at 37 degrees. In 30 of the 117 diabetic sera (26%) enzyme activity was elevated (greater than mean + 2 S.D. of the controls). Sixteen of 19 (84%) patients with retinopathy, 16 of 26 (62%) patients with peripheral vasculopathy and 13 of 26 (50%) patients with neuropathy had higher levels of serum enzyme. When serum enzyme levels of groups of diabetics with retinopathy, peripheral vasculopathy and neuropathy were compared with the enzyme level in all diabetics, there was a significant difference with p values of 0.001, 0.05 and 0.05 respectively.", "PMID": 69506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3421", "title": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in controls and cancer patients.", "content": "Serum beta2-microglobulin levels have been measured in 210 cancer and control patients to assess the significance of this investigation in cancer patients. Subjects studied included patients with breast and gastrointestinal cancer, corresponding control patients in both categories, and healthy volunteers. The composition of these groups allowed an assessment of the relative importance of changes related to cancer, benign disease, age and sex. A significant rise in serum beta2-microglobulin levels with advancing age was demonstrated in the control subjects. Mean levels were also consistently higher in females than in males in each patient group. After statistical correction for these age and sex effects, mean values remained significantly higher in each of the various cancer groups than in their controls. Patients with more advanced breast cancer had higher levels than those with 'early' disease, as did patients with stomach cancer compared to those with colo-rectal cancer. One possible interpretation is that levels increase with increasing tumour bulk, and therefore the estimation of serum beta2-microglobulin may be useful as one of a battery of tests in the management of cancer patients.", "contents": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in controls and cancer patients. Serum beta2-microglobulin levels have been measured in 210 cancer and control patients to assess the significance of this investigation in cancer patients. Subjects studied included patients with breast and gastrointestinal cancer, corresponding control patients in both categories, and healthy volunteers. The composition of these groups allowed an assessment of the relative importance of changes related to cancer, benign disease, age and sex. A significant rise in serum beta2-microglobulin levels with advancing age was demonstrated in the control subjects. Mean levels were also consistently higher in females than in males in each patient group. After statistical correction for these age and sex effects, mean values remained significantly higher in each of the various cancer groups than in their controls. Patients with more advanced breast cancer had higher levels than those with 'early' disease, as did patients with stomach cancer compared to those with colo-rectal cancer. One possible interpretation is that levels increase with increasing tumour bulk, and therefore the estimation of serum beta2-microglobulin may be useful as one of a battery of tests in the management of cancer patients.", "PMID": 69507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3422", "title": "[Production of interferon and alpha 2-macroglobulin involvement in immune response during human viral hepatitis A (author's transl)].", "content": "In viral hepatitis A, we could distinguish between monophasic and polyphasic forms. Monophasic and polyphasic hepatitis A induce the production of plasma interferon. Interferon level, elevated as early as the first days following the appearance of clinical signs, decreases and reaches a minimum value on the seventh day. A new rise of interferon is characterized by a maximum level on the twelfth day and a minimum level on the thirtieth. Beyond the first month we could still detect the presence of interferon. In the two forms of hepatitis, a complement system is activated both by classical and alternate pathways. IgM levels increase early, IgA levels remain unchanged. On the other hand, IgG levels, only slightly elevated in monophasic hepatitis A, are highly increased in polyphasic hepatitis A beyond the first month. Alpha 2-macroglobulin reaches levels above normal during convalescence in monophasic hepatitis A; on the contrary, in polyphasic hepatitis A, alpha 2-macroglobulin levles are above normal as early as the thirty first days of illness and remain above normal for several months. Elevated levels in alpha 2-macroglobulin may inhibit cellular immunity which is accountable for immunological injury of virus infected hepatocytes. We wonder whether this earlier increase in alpha 2-macroglobulin is responsible for the lasting character of viral infection observed in polyphasic hepatitis A.", "contents": "[Production of interferon and alpha 2-macroglobulin involvement in immune response during human viral hepatitis A (author's transl)]. In viral hepatitis A, we could distinguish between monophasic and polyphasic forms. Monophasic and polyphasic hepatitis A induce the production of plasma interferon. Interferon level, elevated as early as the first days following the appearance of clinical signs, decreases and reaches a minimum value on the seventh day. A new rise of interferon is characterized by a maximum level on the twelfth day and a minimum level on the thirtieth. Beyond the first month we could still detect the presence of interferon. In the two forms of hepatitis, a complement system is activated both by classical and alternate pathways. IgM levels increase early, IgA levels remain unchanged. On the other hand, IgG levels, only slightly elevated in monophasic hepatitis A, are highly increased in polyphasic hepatitis A beyond the first month. Alpha 2-macroglobulin reaches levels above normal during convalescence in monophasic hepatitis A; on the contrary, in polyphasic hepatitis A, alpha 2-macroglobulin levles are above normal as early as the thirty first days of illness and remain above normal for several months. Elevated levels in alpha 2-macroglobulin may inhibit cellular immunity which is accountable for immunological injury of virus infected hepatocytes. We wonder whether this earlier increase in alpha 2-macroglobulin is responsible for the lasting character of viral infection observed in polyphasic hepatitis A.", "PMID": 69508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3423", "title": "The determination of serum immunoglobulin concentrations on the basis of their light-chain antigenic properties.", "content": "A method for the measurement of light-chain determined immunoglobulin concentrations (Ig-type  kappa and Ig-type lambda) in serum is described. The method is based on the principle of radial immunodiffusion. The results obtained after calibration with standarized human serum and with isolated Bence-Jones protein are closely correlated. The values for Ig-type kappa, Ig-type lambda and the kappa/lambda ratio from sera with normal concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM are presented and some problems of calibration discussed.", "contents": "The determination of serum immunoglobulin concentrations on the basis of their light-chain antigenic properties. A method for the measurement of light-chain determined immunoglobulin concentrations (Ig-type  kappa and Ig-type lambda) in serum is described. The method is based on the principle of radial immunodiffusion. The results obtained after calibration with standarized human serum and with isolated Bence-Jones protein are closely correlated. The values for Ig-type kappa, Ig-type lambda and the kappa/lambda ratio from sera with normal concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM are presented and some problems of calibration discussed.", "PMID": 69509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3424", "title": "Abnormal breakdown of alpha2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The complex of trypsin with purified alpha2-macroglobulin from normals and patients with cystic fibrosis was studied. The formed complex failed to reveal any proteolytic activity toward a high molecular weight substrate whereas the esterolytic activity towards a low molecular weight substrate was retained. This esterolytic activity was resistant to inhibition by a high molecular weight inhibitor. During iincubation at 38 degrees C the complex with normal alpha2-macroglobulin was slowly inhibited by the high molecular weight inhibitor and regained activity with the high molecular weight substrate. This phenomenon was not obtained when the alpha2-macroglobulin from cystic fibrosis was examined. These data suggest that the gradual conversion of normal alpha2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex into an alpha2-macroglobulin fragment-trypsin complex is deficient in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Abnormal breakdown of alpha2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex in cystic fibrosis. The complex of trypsin with purified alpha2-macroglobulin from normals and patients with cystic fibrosis was studied. The formed complex failed to reveal any proteolytic activity toward a high molecular weight substrate whereas the esterolytic activity towards a low molecular weight substrate was retained. This esterolytic activity was resistant to inhibition by a high molecular weight inhibitor. During iincubation at 38 degrees C the complex with normal alpha2-macroglobulin was slowly inhibited by the high molecular weight inhibitor and regained activity with the high molecular weight substrate. This phenomenon was not obtained when the alpha2-macroglobulin from cystic fibrosis was examined. These data suggest that the gradual conversion of normal alpha2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex into an alpha2-macroglobulin fragment-trypsin complex is deficient in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 69510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3425", "title": "Kinetics of the inactivation of human and bovine trypsins and chymotrypsins by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and of their reactivation by alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The time dependency of inactivation of human cationic trypsin and chymotrypsin II and of bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin by human serum has been investigated. Since the molar concentration of serum alpha1-proteinase inhibitor is much higher than that of other inhibitors, this time dependence could be used to calculate the rate constants kass for the association of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor with the four proteases. The association process was found to be second order, with kass ranging from 1 x10(4) s-1 (human trypsin) to 2.6 x 10(6) s-1 (bovine chymotrypsin). The human proteases react much more slowly with human alpha1-proteinase inhibitor than the bovine ones. But, whatever the species, chymotrypsin is inhibited more quickly than trypsin. Addition of alpha2-macroblobulin to the inactive complexes resulted in a time-dependent regeneration of enzymic activity due to the formation of alpha2-macroglobulin-protease complexes. The reactivation (i.e. dissociation) process was first order and extremely slow: the half-life of the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor-proteinase complexes ranged from 8 days (bovine chymotrypsin) to 9 months (human chymotrypsin). The human proteases formed the most stable complexes with alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. The pathological implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of the inactivation of human and bovine trypsins and chymotrypsins by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and of their reactivation by alpha2-macroglobulin. The time dependency of inactivation of human cationic trypsin and chymotrypsin II and of bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin by human serum has been investigated. Since the molar concentration of serum alpha1-proteinase inhibitor is much higher than that of other inhibitors, this time dependence could be used to calculate the rate constants kass for the association of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor with the four proteases. The association process was found to be second order, with kass ranging from 1 x10(4) s-1 (human trypsin) to 2.6 x 10(6) s-1 (bovine chymotrypsin). The human proteases react much more slowly with human alpha1-proteinase inhibitor than the bovine ones. But, whatever the species, chymotrypsin is inhibited more quickly than trypsin. Addition of alpha2-macroblobulin to the inactive complexes resulted in a time-dependent regeneration of enzymic activity due to the formation of alpha2-macroglobulin-protease complexes. The reactivation (i.e. dissociation) process was first order and extremely slow: the half-life of the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor-proteinase complexes ranged from 8 days (bovine chymotrypsin) to 9 months (human chymotrypsin). The human proteases formed the most stable complexes with alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. The pathological implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 69511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3426", "title": "Ag-staining of nucleolus organizer regions of chromosomes after A-,C-, G-, or R-banding procedures.", "content": "Metaphase chromosome preparations were made from leukocyte cultures of normal individuals. The cells were fixed in methanol:acetic acid (3:1 v/v), then dropped on cold, wet slides which were air-dried before storage at 4 degrees C. The slides were stained to identify the chromosomes by one of the following procedures: (1) Quinacrine. Slides were stained for 10 min in quinacrine mustard solution, rinsed in running tap water for 2 min, and mounted in Tris-maleat buffer, pH 5.6.", "contents": "Ag-staining of nucleolus organizer regions of chromosomes after A-,C-, G-, or R-banding procedures. Metaphase chromosome preparations were made from leukocyte cultures of normal individuals. The cells were fixed in methanol:acetic acid (3:1 v/v), then dropped on cold, wet slides which were air-dried before storage at 4 degrees C. The slides were stained to identify the chromosomes by one of the following procedures: (1) Quinacrine. Slides were stained for 10 min in quinacrine mustard solution, rinsed in running tap water for 2 min, and mounted in Tris-maleat buffer, pH 5.6.", "PMID": 69519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3427", "title": "Q- and C-bands in the metaphase chromosomes of Drosophila nasutoides.", "content": "The large heterochromatic chromosome of Drosophila nasutoides reveals distinctive C- and Q-bands. The regions which are negative in C-banding appear positive in Q-banding. The isochromosomic nature of this chromosome and the locality of the satellite DNAs in this chromosome are discussed with respect to these banding patterns.", "contents": "Q- and C-bands in the metaphase chromosomes of Drosophila nasutoides. The large heterochromatic chromosome of Drosophila nasutoides reveals distinctive C- and Q-bands. The regions which are negative in C-banding appear positive in Q-banding. The isochromosomic nature of this chromosome and the locality of the satellite DNAs in this chromosome are discussed with respect to these banding patterns.", "PMID": 69520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3428", "title": "The effectiveness of post-detoxication referrals: effects on later detoxication admissions, drunkenness and criminality.", "content": "This study concerned the effectiveness of post-detoxication referrals to a variety of treatment facilities. The purpose was to discover (i) the proportion of men accepting referrals who actually arrived, (ii) the differences in outcome for patients attending an out-patient clinic, a halfway house, and a long-stay farm, (iii) the differences in outcomes for patients treated in one of the above facilities compared with those for similar patients not receiving treatment. In all, 114 male detoxication admissions were included. However, only 60% arrived, even when firm referrals were made. Those arriving and not arriving did not differ in social or demographic characteristics, nor did those who were referred to the various treatment facilities. However, the referral group had more detoxication admissions in the post-detoxication period. There were no post-treatment overall differences between all treated and untreated patients in detoxication admissions, arrests for drunkenness or criminal convictions. Refusals were more often successes than the treated or untreated groups but this was due to their better prognosis at intake. In general, the data provide little cause for optimism about the value of post-detoxication referrals.", "contents": "The effectiveness of post-detoxication referrals: effects on later detoxication admissions, drunkenness and criminality. This study concerned the effectiveness of post-detoxication referrals to a variety of treatment facilities. The purpose was to discover (i) the proportion of men accepting referrals who actually arrived, (ii) the differences in outcome for patients attending an out-patient clinic, a halfway house, and a long-stay farm, (iii) the differences in outcomes for patients treated in one of the above facilities compared with those for similar patients not receiving treatment. In all, 114 male detoxication admissions were included. However, only 60% arrived, even when firm referrals were made. Those arriving and not arriving did not differ in social or demographic characteristics, nor did those who were referred to the various treatment facilities. However, the referral group had more detoxication admissions in the post-detoxication period. There were no post-treatment overall differences between all treated and untreated patients in detoxication admissions, arrests for drunkenness or criminal convictions. Refusals were more often successes than the treated or untreated groups but this was due to their better prognosis at intake. In general, the data provide little cause for optimism about the value of post-detoxication referrals.", "PMID": 69522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3429", "title": "[Thiamine, riboflavine and pyridoxine supply in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests on 50 chronic alcoholics demonstrated that there was a reduced supply of thiamine (measured with the transketolase activation test) and riboflavine (glutathione reductase test) compared with results obtained in 1152 healthy controls. A high risk of thiamine deficiency was present in 45.4% of male and 50% of female alcoholics; risk of riboflavine deficiency was 11.1% and 16.7%, respectively. Corresponding results in the normal controls were 2% for thiamine and 0.4% for riboflavine deficiency. There was a significant relationship between enzymatic values of thiamine deficiency, on the one hand, and anaemia, abnormal liver functions (bilirubin, gamma-globulin) and low diastolic arterial pressure, on the other. Enzymatic riboflavine values also correlated with haemoglobin content, so that it is assumed that the anaemia is associated with the reduced thiamine or riboflavine supply. Enzymatic determination of pyridoxine with the GOT activation test would seem to be influenced by alcohol or by metabolic processes induced by it and is therefore not suitable in the presence of chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "[Thiamine, riboflavine and pyridoxine supply in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)]. Tests on 50 chronic alcoholics demonstrated that there was a reduced supply of thiamine (measured with the transketolase activation test) and riboflavine (glutathione reductase test) compared with results obtained in 1152 healthy controls. A high risk of thiamine deficiency was present in 45.4% of male and 50% of female alcoholics; risk of riboflavine deficiency was 11.1% and 16.7%, respectively. Corresponding results in the normal controls were 2% for thiamine and 0.4% for riboflavine deficiency. There was a significant relationship between enzymatic values of thiamine deficiency, on the one hand, and anaemia, abnormal liver functions (bilirubin, gamma-globulin) and low diastolic arterial pressure, on the other. Enzymatic riboflavine values also correlated with haemoglobin content, so that it is assumed that the anaemia is associated with the reduced thiamine or riboflavine supply. Enzymatic determination of pyridoxine with the GOT activation test would seem to be influenced by alcohol or by metabolic processes induced by it and is therefore not suitable in the presence of chronic alcoholism.", "PMID": 69523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3430", "title": "Early evoked potentials in patients with acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Using clicks with varying interstimulus intervals and coherent tone-bursts, early components of the auditory evoked potential (brain stem responses) were studied in four patients with confirmed acoustic neuroma. Abnormalities in responses appeared with shorter interstimulus intervals and with tone-bursts delivered monaurally to the involved ear; bilateral alterations occurred in one patient with brain stem displacement. The results indicate that BSR can provide a stable, independent, noninvasive measure of auditory nerve function useful in the early detection of acoustic neuroma. The results contribute to the understanding of the so-called human FFR.", "contents": "Early evoked potentials in patients with acoustic neuroma. Using clicks with varying interstimulus intervals and coherent tone-bursts, early components of the auditory evoked potential (brain stem responses) were studied in four patients with confirmed acoustic neuroma. Abnormalities in responses appeared with shorter interstimulus intervals and with tone-bursts delivered monaurally to the involved ear; bilateral alterations occurred in one patient with brain stem displacement. The results indicate that BSR can provide a stable, independent, noninvasive measure of auditory nerve function useful in the early detection of acoustic neuroma. The results contribute to the understanding of the so-called human FFR.", "PMID": 69526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3431", "title": "[Somatosensory evoked potentials and Hoffmann reflex in acute spinal cord lesions; physiopathological and prognostic aspects].", "content": "Twenty-four patients with recent and acute spinal cord lesions were examined. The somatosensory cerebral evoked potential (SEP) following stimulation of the peroneus communis nerve tested spinal conduction, whereas the H reflex showed spinal excitability belowe the lesion. After complete spinal cord section, the SEP was always abolished and the H reflex was absent in most cases tested in the first 24 hours. Into other patients, the recruitment curve and the recovery cycle of the H reflex displayed some abnormalities which progressively disappeared. With partial lesions, SEP could occasionally be altered. Some abnormalities of the H reflex recovery cycle, of the same type as those seen in the late stage of complete sections, were also observed. These data give nre information on the physiopathology of spinal shock; they lead to the distinction of several evolutionary stages after acute spinal lesions and also have prognostic disgnificance.", "contents": "[Somatosensory evoked potentials and Hoffmann reflex in acute spinal cord lesions; physiopathological and prognostic aspects]. Twenty-four patients with recent and acute spinal cord lesions were examined. The somatosensory cerebral evoked potential (SEP) following stimulation of the peroneus communis nerve tested spinal conduction, whereas the H reflex showed spinal excitability belowe the lesion. After complete spinal cord section, the SEP was always abolished and the H reflex was absent in most cases tested in the first 24 hours. Into other patients, the recruitment curve and the recovery cycle of the H reflex displayed some abnormalities which progressively disappeared. With partial lesions, SEP could occasionally be altered. Some abnormalities of the H reflex recovery cycle, of the same type as those seen in the late stage of complete sections, were also observed. These data give nre information on the physiopathology of spinal shock; they lead to the distinction of several evolutionary stages after acute spinal lesions and also have prognostic disgnificance.", "PMID": 69527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3432", "title": "Cerebral cortical isolation in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.", "content": "Three patients with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD, Seitelberger's disease) studied between ages 2 and 5 years, with the characteristic electroencephalographic pattern of high-voltage, fast (16-24 c/sec) rhythms and absence of reactivity on eye-opening or closure (Radermecker and Dumon-Radermecker 1972), also showed no changes in response to intermittent photic stimulation and absence of evoked potentials to flashes, clicks or median nerve stimuli. Although some theta rhythms and delta activity appeared during drowsiness and sleep, the fast rhythms persisted as the dominant feature. There were no central transients or K-complexes. When the patients cried, with hyperventilation, and also during breath-holding spells, slow rhythms appeared and the fast rhythm was reduced. These findings are interpreted as evidence of cerebral cortex isolation, the fast rhythm representing the spontaneous (\"idling\") activity of the cortex largely disconnected from subcortical or remote cortical influences by the slowly progressive, selective degeneration of axons, characteristic of the pathology of INAD, but the cortex remains responsive to chemical influences. These electrophysiological features become established furing the third year of age, prior EEGs being normal and later ones showing paroxysmal and other abnormal features in addition to the fast rhythm.", "contents": "Cerebral cortical isolation in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Three patients with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD, Seitelberger's disease) studied between ages 2 and 5 years, with the characteristic electroencephalographic pattern of high-voltage, fast (16-24 c/sec) rhythms and absence of reactivity on eye-opening or closure (Radermecker and Dumon-Radermecker 1972), also showed no changes in response to intermittent photic stimulation and absence of evoked potentials to flashes, clicks or median nerve stimuli. Although some theta rhythms and delta activity appeared during drowsiness and sleep, the fast rhythms persisted as the dominant feature. There were no central transients or K-complexes. When the patients cried, with hyperventilation, and also during breath-holding spells, slow rhythms appeared and the fast rhythm was reduced. These findings are interpreted as evidence of cerebral cortex isolation, the fast rhythm representing the spontaneous (\"idling\") activity of the cortex largely disconnected from subcortical or remote cortical influences by the slowly progressive, selective degeneration of axons, characteristic of the pathology of INAD, but the cortex remains responsive to chemical influences. These electrophysiological features become established furing the third year of age, prior EEGs being normal and later ones showing paroxysmal and other abnormal features in addition to the fast rhythm.", "PMID": 69528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3433", "title": "Sleep patterns in mental retardation: Down's syndrome.", "content": "EEG and eye movements during two consecutive nights were recorded in 21 \"normal\" and 21 Down's subjects of both sexes in the 14-24-year age range. Records of most Down's subjects were characterized by longer total sleep time, lack of waking alpha, frequent awakening and movement epochs and fewer spindle bursts. Significantly longer \"awake\" and stage 4 percentages, but less stage 2, were found in the Down's group. They also had longer REM latency, and lower eye movement density based on number of eye movements. Density based on integrated eye activity correlated positively with IQ in the Down's subjects. Spectrum analysis for EEG frequencies from 1 to 20 c/sec showed significantly greater power in the Down's group below 9 and above 12 c/sec, but no difference in the alpha range. The greater power at low frequencies was more pronounced in \"awake\", stage 1 and REM.", "contents": "Sleep patterns in mental retardation: Down's syndrome. EEG and eye movements during two consecutive nights were recorded in 21 \"normal\" and 21 Down's subjects of both sexes in the 14-24-year age range. Records of most Down's subjects were characterized by longer total sleep time, lack of waking alpha, frequent awakening and movement epochs and fewer spindle bursts. Significantly longer \"awake\" and stage 4 percentages, but less stage 2, were found in the Down's group. They also had longer REM latency, and lower eye movement density based on number of eye movements. Density based on integrated eye activity correlated positively with IQ in the Down's subjects. Spectrum analysis for EEG frequencies from 1 to 20 c/sec showed significantly greater power in the Down's group below 9 and above 12 c/sec, but no difference in the alpha range. The greater power at low frequencies was more pronounced in \"awake\", stage 1 and REM.", "PMID": 69529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3434", "title": "Visually evoked potentials from occipital and precentral cortex in visually deprived humans.", "content": "The visually evoked potential (VEP) was recorded from the scalp overlying precentral and occipital cortex in three monocularly deprived humans. The subjects had defects of the globe from birth that effectively created a condition of diffuse light rearing in one eye. In subject, BER, a 19-year-old with a recently removed congenital cataract, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was reduced by 53% compared with the response evoked from the good eye. In subject GUZ, age 20 with a congenital cataract, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was actually larger by 20% than was the response evoked from the good eye. For UTZ, age 5 with whitish cellular debri in the anterior vitreous of the eye, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was only 4% smaller than the response evoked from his good eye. In all three subjects, the precentral response evoked from the deprived eye was reduced in amplitude compared with the precentral response evoked from the good eye. In terms of relative effect of the deprivation upon the VEP from the two recording sites, the precentral VEP was altered to a greater extent than was the occipital VEP. These findings indicate that diffuse light rearing can affect the pathways projecting to precentral cortex independently of the specific visual pathways.", "contents": "Visually evoked potentials from occipital and precentral cortex in visually deprived humans. The visually evoked potential (VEP) was recorded from the scalp overlying precentral and occipital cortex in three monocularly deprived humans. The subjects had defects of the globe from birth that effectively created a condition of diffuse light rearing in one eye. In subject, BER, a 19-year-old with a recently removed congenital cataract, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was reduced by 53% compared with the response evoked from the good eye. In subject GUZ, age 20 with a congenital cataract, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was actually larger by 20% than was the response evoked from the good eye. For UTZ, age 5 with whitish cellular debri in the anterior vitreous of the eye, the occipital response evoked from the deprived eye was only 4% smaller than the response evoked from his good eye. In all three subjects, the precentral response evoked from the deprived eye was reduced in amplitude compared with the precentral response evoked from the good eye. In terms of relative effect of the deprivation upon the VEP from the two recording sites, the precentral VEP was altered to a greater extent than was the occipital VEP. These findings indicate that diffuse light rearing can affect the pathways projecting to precentral cortex independently of the specific visual pathways.", "PMID": 69531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3435", "title": "Ontogeny of delta activity during human sleep.", "content": "The study describes the ontogenetic and time-related changes in peak amplitude, frequency, and incidence of delta waves of twenty-five normal subjects between the ages of 3 and 79 years of age. All slow waves greater then 5 muV in magnitude and between 0.5 and 3.0 c/sec were analyzed for the first 6 h of the night's sleep. In this study increasing age was accompanied by decreases in average peak amplitude of delta waves over 5 muV, slowing of delta frequencies, and decreases in incidence of waves greater than 20 muV. Across 2-h epochs of the night there were tendencies for the average peak amplitude of delta waves to decrease, for the average frequency for a given amplitude range to decrease, and for the incidence of low-amplitude delta waves to increase and high-amplitude waves to decrease. The incidence of waves greater than 5 muV remained constant across ages and epochs. Frontal channel delta waves exhibited an age-group difference whereas no such difference was apparent for central channel delta activity, suggesting that the frontal channel may possess advantages over the central because of greater sensitivity to age related changes.", "contents": "Ontogeny of delta activity during human sleep. The study describes the ontogenetic and time-related changes in peak amplitude, frequency, and incidence of delta waves of twenty-five normal subjects between the ages of 3 and 79 years of age. All slow waves greater then 5 muV in magnitude and between 0.5 and 3.0 c/sec were analyzed for the first 6 h of the night's sleep. In this study increasing age was accompanied by decreases in average peak amplitude of delta waves over 5 muV, slowing of delta frequencies, and decreases in incidence of waves greater than 20 muV. Across 2-h epochs of the night there were tendencies for the average peak amplitude of delta waves to decrease, for the average frequency for a given amplitude range to decrease, and for the incidence of low-amplitude delta waves to increase and high-amplitude waves to decrease. The incidence of waves greater than 5 muV remained constant across ages and epochs. Frontal channel delta waves exhibited an age-group difference whereas no such difference was apparent for central channel delta activity, suggesting that the frontal channel may possess advantages over the central because of greater sensitivity to age related changes.", "PMID": 69533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3436", "title": "Effects of cooling on guinea pig olfactory cortex maintained in vitro.", "content": "Electric activities from brain slices of guinea pig olfactory cortex were studied during gradual cooling without a temperature gradient. At normal temperature the potential evoked by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract consists of an initial spike (IS), a negative (N), and a positive (P) potentials. The IS potential has been considered to be presynaptic in origin and the latter two postsynaptic. During cooling from 37 to 15 degrees C, the amplitude of both the IS and the N potentials increased to attain the maximum value (10-36% increase) at about 32 degrees C, then decreased gradually and disappeared at around 15 degrees C. On the other hand, the durations of the IS and the N potentials were prolonged gradually on cooling from 37 to 17 degrees C. Most of the olfactory cortical neurons responded with one or two firings to the tract stimulation. The firing numbers increased on cooling down to about 32 degrees C and declined on further cooling, which corresponds with the behavior of the N potential. All these effects were reversible on rewarming. Augmentation of the N potential might depend primarily on the increase in amplitude of the IS potential and secondarily on the increase of amount of liberated transmitter substance and/or the delayed inactivation process of the transmitter action.", "contents": "Effects of cooling on guinea pig olfactory cortex maintained in vitro. Electric activities from brain slices of guinea pig olfactory cortex were studied during gradual cooling without a temperature gradient. At normal temperature the potential evoked by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract consists of an initial spike (IS), a negative (N), and a positive (P) potentials. The IS potential has been considered to be presynaptic in origin and the latter two postsynaptic. During cooling from 37 to 15 degrees C, the amplitude of both the IS and the N potentials increased to attain the maximum value (10-36% increase) at about 32 degrees C, then decreased gradually and disappeared at around 15 degrees C. On the other hand, the durations of the IS and the N potentials were prolonged gradually on cooling from 37 to 17 degrees C. Most of the olfactory cortical neurons responded with one or two firings to the tract stimulation. The firing numbers increased on cooling down to about 32 degrees C and declined on further cooling, which corresponds with the behavior of the N potential. All these effects were reversible on rewarming. Augmentation of the N potential might depend primarily on the increase in amplitude of the IS potential and secondarily on the increase of amount of liberated transmitter substance and/or the delayed inactivation process of the transmitter action.", "PMID": 69534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3437", "title": "Duration of paradoxical sleep episodes. A quantitative and pattern analysis of reticular multi-unit activity in the cat.", "content": "This study was aimed at the possible relationships between the level of brain activation in PS and the duration of episodes. Multi-unit activities from 16 recording sites in the mesencephalic and pontine structures were quantitatively evaluated in five cats and the influence of electrode localization and episode duration on the average patterns of integrated discharges was statistically investigated. The analyses emphasized the slow time course of the early increments in reticular activity and its culmination at a plateau level in the later part of PS phases. Differences in mean amplitude of this plateau were related to the anatomical localization of electrodes but no distinction could be made between reticular areas with respect to the temporal features of activation patterns. Synchronization of phasic bursts was consistently observed between simultaneously recorded structures and this, along with the time course of early increments in SW was consistent with the notion that mesencephalic reticular activity is controlled by leading influences from the pons. No basic differences in the temporal development of reticular activation in PS were found in relation to the duration of episodes.", "contents": "Duration of paradoxical sleep episodes. A quantitative and pattern analysis of reticular multi-unit activity in the cat. This study was aimed at the possible relationships between the level of brain activation in PS and the duration of episodes. Multi-unit activities from 16 recording sites in the mesencephalic and pontine structures were quantitatively evaluated in five cats and the influence of electrode localization and episode duration on the average patterns of integrated discharges was statistically investigated. The analyses emphasized the slow time course of the early increments in reticular activity and its culmination at a plateau level in the later part of PS phases. Differences in mean amplitude of this plateau were related to the anatomical localization of electrodes but no distinction could be made between reticular areas with respect to the temporal features of activation patterns. Synchronization of phasic bursts was consistently observed between simultaneously recorded structures and this, along with the time course of early increments in SW was consistent with the notion that mesencephalic reticular activity is controlled by leading influences from the pons. No basic differences in the temporal development of reticular activation in PS were found in relation to the duration of episodes.", "PMID": 69536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3438", "title": "Sleep patterns in the \"locked-in\" syndrome.", "content": "Sleep patterns in two chronically \"locked-in\" patients were studied. The first patient had sleep activity similar to other quadriparetic patients with reduced physical activity. The second patient experienced no REM sleep and only short bursts of non-REM sleep. Clinical evidence suggested extension of his lesion dorsally into the pontine tegmentum. This correlates well with experimental evidence indicating that structures in the tegmental area are essential for normal sleep.", "contents": "Sleep patterns in the \"locked-in\" syndrome. Sleep patterns in two chronically \"locked-in\" patients were studied. The first patient had sleep activity similar to other quadriparetic patients with reduced physical activity. The second patient experienced no REM sleep and only short bursts of non-REM sleep. Clinical evidence suggested extension of his lesion dorsally into the pontine tegmentum. This correlates well with experimental evidence indicating that structures in the tegmental area are essential for normal sleep.", "PMID": 69537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3439", "title": "[Schizophrenia: association of the paranoid form and antigens HLA-A9 and B5].", "content": "30 unrelated Schizophrenic patients (15 Hebephrenic and 15 Parano\u00efd forms) were Typed for 14 A and 16 B Specificities by microlymphocytotoxicity. We note: 10 (5H + 5P) HLA--A1 (33.3 % / controls 23.4 %) 5 (2H + 3P) HLA--A3 (16.6 % / controls 26.2 %) 6 (5H + 1P) HLA--B8, 0 HLA--B27, 0 HLA BW16 and more specially: 10 (3H + 7P) HLA--A9 (23 + 24) 8 (2H + 6P) HLA--B5 These two last antigens are more often found in the Parano\u00efd patients of whom 46.6% are A9 Tcontrols: 24 %) and 40 % are B5 (controls 13.2 %. The Pc values are not significant in these too short seria but the strongly increased frequencies of A9 and B5 in the Parano\u00efd group seem to open a new biological aspect in the nosographic distinction of the Schizophrenia and so confirm previous results of C. L. CAZZULLO et al.", "contents": "[Schizophrenia: association of the paranoid form and antigens HLA-A9 and B5]. 30 unrelated Schizophrenic patients (15 Hebephrenic and 15 Parano\u00efd forms) were Typed for 14 A and 16 B Specificities by microlymphocytotoxicity. We note: 10 (5H + 5P) HLA--A1 (33.3 % / controls 23.4 %) 5 (2H + 3P) HLA--A3 (16.6 % / controls 26.2 %) 6 (5H + 1P) HLA--B8, 0 HLA--B27, 0 HLA BW16 and more specially: 10 (3H + 7P) HLA--A9 (23 + 24) 8 (2H + 6P) HLA--B5 These two last antigens are more often found in the Parano\u00efd patients of whom 46.6% are A9 Tcontrols: 24 %) and 40 % are B5 (controls 13.2 %. The Pc values are not significant in these too short seria but the strongly increased frequencies of A9 and B5 in the Parano\u00efd group seem to open a new biological aspect in the nosographic distinction of the Schizophrenia and so confirm previous results of C. L. CAZZULLO et al.", "PMID": 69538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3440", "title": "Serological studies with the ficin-antificin system.", "content": "Rabbit antisera prepared against ficin reacted with it in a series of serologic tests. Upon immunodiffusion analysis, ficin was found to consist of at least nine antigenic components. Ficin will adsorb spontaneously to erythrocytes which can be used in passive hemagglutination tests. The enzymatic activity of ficin was not abolished by antificin sera.", "contents": "Serological studies with the ficin-antificin system. Rabbit antisera prepared against ficin reacted with it in a series of serologic tests. Upon immunodiffusion analysis, ficin was found to consist of at least nine antigenic components. Ficin will adsorb spontaneously to erythrocytes which can be used in passive hemagglutination tests. The enzymatic activity of ficin was not abolished by antificin sera.", "PMID": 69542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3441", "title": "Evidence for selective axon-terminal uptake and retrograde transport of label in cortico- and rubrospinal systems after injection of 3H-proline.", "content": "In tracing the macaque's ascending spinal connections by anterograde axonal flow, perikaryal labelling was also observed within the n. ruber pars magnocellularis as well as in the sensorimotor cortex. While neuropil labelling was demonstrated after single injections of leucine or proline, labelling of perikarya was only evident following proline injections. Perikaryal labelling is most likely to be due to uptake of label by axons and/or axons terminals within the injection field and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of radioactive compound to the parent cell bodies. Advantages and disadvantages of the uptake of label by axon terminals are discussed in relation to the use of 3H-proline for tracing neuronal connections. The selectively of this event and its relationship to the suggested inhibitory functional role of proline and its metabolites is not clear and needs further investigation.", "contents": "Evidence for selective axon-terminal uptake and retrograde transport of label in cortico- and rubrospinal systems after injection of 3H-proline. In tracing the macaque's ascending spinal connections by anterograde axonal flow, perikaryal labelling was also observed within the n. ruber pars magnocellularis as well as in the sensorimotor cortex. While neuropil labelling was demonstrated after single injections of leucine or proline, labelling of perikarya was only evident following proline injections. Perikaryal labelling is most likely to be due to uptake of label by axons and/or axons terminals within the injection field and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of radioactive compound to the parent cell bodies. Advantages and disadvantages of the uptake of label by axon terminals are discussed in relation to the use of 3H-proline for tracing neuronal connections. The selectively of this event and its relationship to the suggested inhibitory functional role of proline and its metabolites is not clear and needs further investigation.", "PMID": 69545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3442", "title": "The effects of monocular deprivation on different neuronal classes in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat.", "content": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify two populations of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat. HRP was injected into area 17 and 18 separately in the same animals, and the neuronal somata giving rise to thalamo-cortical axons, identified by the presence of granular HRP reaction product within them, were measured. The mean size of LGN neurones labelled by injections in area 17 (\"17-relay\" cells) was less than of neurones filled from area 18 (\"18-rely\" cells). Similar separate injections into area 17 and 18 of monocularly deprived kittens also showed that in non-deprived LGN laminae 17-relay cells were, on average, smaller than 18-relay cells. In deprived laminae, 17-relay cells were some 20% smaller than in non-deprived laminae, but deprived 18-relay cells were 50-60% smaller than normal, being on average, actually smaller than deprived 17-relay cells. We conclude that the population of large LGN neurones projecting to area 18 is more severely affected by monocular deprivation than the smaller neurones projecting to area 17, and discuss the relationship of the morphological results to physiologically defined X and Y cells in the LGN.", "contents": "The effects of monocular deprivation on different neuronal classes in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify two populations of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat. HRP was injected into area 17 and 18 separately in the same animals, and the neuronal somata giving rise to thalamo-cortical axons, identified by the presence of granular HRP reaction product within them, were measured. The mean size of LGN neurones labelled by injections in area 17 (\"17-relay\" cells) was less than of neurones filled from area 18 (\"18-rely\" cells). Similar separate injections into area 17 and 18 of monocularly deprived kittens also showed that in non-deprived LGN laminae 17-relay cells were, on average, smaller than 18-relay cells. In deprived laminae, 17-relay cells were some 20% smaller than in non-deprived laminae, but deprived 18-relay cells were 50-60% smaller than normal, being on average, actually smaller than deprived 17-relay cells. We conclude that the population of large LGN neurones projecting to area 18 is more severely affected by monocular deprivation than the smaller neurones projecting to area 17, and discuss the relationship of the morphological results to physiologically defined X and Y cells in the LGN.", "PMID": 69546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3443", "title": "[Relationship between the endocochlear potential and metabolism in the vascular stria of the inner ear].", "content": "Effects of dihydrostreptomycin, etacrine acid and ATPh on the endocochlear potential in guinea-pigs depended on the dosage and means of administration. Dihydrostreptomycin suppressed the potential only when perfusing the perilymphatic space or being microinjected into the endolymphatic duct. I. v. administration of etacrine acid suppressed the potential with its following partial restoration. I.v. administration of ATPh in large doses suppressed the potential for a short period but did not prevent the ototoxic effect of etacrine acid. ATPh in small doses did not suppress the potential but exerted the protective effect.", "contents": "[Relationship between the endocochlear potential and metabolism in the vascular stria of the inner ear]. Effects of dihydrostreptomycin, etacrine acid and ATPh on the endocochlear potential in guinea-pigs depended on the dosage and means of administration. Dihydrostreptomycin suppressed the potential only when perfusing the perilymphatic space or being microinjected into the endolymphatic duct. I. v. administration of etacrine acid suppressed the potential with its following partial restoration. I.v. administration of ATPh in large doses suppressed the potential for a short period but did not prevent the ototoxic effect of etacrine acid. ATPh in small doses did not suppress the potential but exerted the protective effect.", "PMID": 69557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3444", "title": "A syndrome of functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and sterility in a male with elevated serum estradiol.", "content": "A 36-year-old male complaining of impotence was examined. He was a genotypic male. Phenotypically, he exhibited signs of long-standing estrogen excess, such as feminine body build, gynecomastia, and varicose veins. His testes were soft and borderline small, and his prostate was small and soft. However, he had a normal-sized penis, normal male hair distribution, normal sense of smell, and normal intelligence. The laboratory data were compatible with mild hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were consistently elevated. The patient had azoospermia and a decreased semen volume. Inappropriately low levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responded normally to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and clomiphene citrate. Levels of both testosterone (T) and E2 increased dramatically after prolonged clomiphene medication and in response to human chorionic gonadotropin. There was no change in either T or E2 levels in response to manipulations of the pituitary-adrenal axis. It is concluded that the elevated E2 level was responsible for suppression of gonadotropins which, in turn, caused mild hypogonadism and sterility in this patient. According to the stimulation tests, the source of the elevated E2 levels was testicular.", "contents": "A syndrome of functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and sterility in a male with elevated serum estradiol. A 36-year-old male complaining of impotence was examined. He was a genotypic male. Phenotypically, he exhibited signs of long-standing estrogen excess, such as feminine body build, gynecomastia, and varicose veins. His testes were soft and borderline small, and his prostate was small and soft. However, he had a normal-sized penis, normal male hair distribution, normal sense of smell, and normal intelligence. The laboratory data were compatible with mild hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were consistently elevated. The patient had azoospermia and a decreased semen volume. Inappropriately low levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responded normally to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and clomiphene citrate. Levels of both testosterone (T) and E2 increased dramatically after prolonged clomiphene medication and in response to human chorionic gonadotropin. There was no change in either T or E2 levels in response to manipulations of the pituitary-adrenal axis. It is concluded that the elevated E2 level was responsible for suppression of gonadotropins which, in turn, caused mild hypogonadism and sterility in this patient. According to the stimulation tests, the source of the elevated E2 levels was testicular.", "PMID": 69556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3445", "title": "[Abdominal pregnancy: hormon concentrations during the postpartal period with placenta remaining intra-abdominal (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported of an abdominal pregnancy at term. The placenta was left in situ because of the high risk of intraabdominal bleedings. Thereby it was possible to measure hormon concentrations of the fetoplacental unit without the fetal compartment. Within 10 days after delivery we determined the plasma levels of estradiol-17 beta, estriol, progesterone, HCS, alpha1fetoprotein, and the excretion of the total estrogens in the urines. There was near the same decrease of hormon concentrations in the post partal time comparable with that of a normal pregnancy. Only the HCS concentrations didn't change in the first 9 days after delivery.", "contents": "[Abdominal pregnancy: hormon concentrations during the postpartal period with placenta remaining intra-abdominal (author's transl)]. It is reported of an abdominal pregnancy at term. The placenta was left in situ because of the high risk of intraabdominal bleedings. Thereby it was possible to measure hormon concentrations of the fetoplacental unit without the fetal compartment. Within 10 days after delivery we determined the plasma levels of estradiol-17 beta, estriol, progesterone, HCS, alpha1fetoprotein, and the excretion of the total estrogens in the urines. There was near the same decrease of hormon concentrations in the post partal time comparable with that of a normal pregnancy. Only the HCS concentrations didn't change in the first 9 days after delivery.", "PMID": 69561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3446", "title": "Nucleolus organizers in Mus musculus subspecies and in the RAG mouse cell line.", "content": "Silver staining has been used to detect active nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's). By this criterion six mouse chromosomes, numbers 12, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, can have an NOR. The number and distribution of chromosomes with NOR's vary among inbred strains of Mus musculus musculus (C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ and C3H/StCpr1BR) and in M. musculus molossinus. In a musculus X molassinus F1 hybrid, nucleolus organizers from each parent are silver stained.--Chromosomes which have NOR's in diploid cells also show them in tetraploid cells and in established cell lines. The BALB/cJ strain shows Ag-staining of NOR's on chromosomes 12, 15, 18 and occasionally 16. In the RAG cell line, which was derived from BALB/c, active NOR's are seen on 12, 15 and 18, even after these chromosomes have undergone structural rearrangements in the cell line. Some correlation exists between the amount of Ag-stain and the size of a secondary construction region, with a large amount of Ag-stain present on a chromosome which has a prominent secondary constriction. There is no correlation between the amount of Ag-stain and the presence or absence of C-band material.", "contents": "Nucleolus organizers in Mus musculus subspecies and in the RAG mouse cell line. Silver staining has been used to detect active nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's). By this criterion six mouse chromosomes, numbers 12, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, can have an NOR. The number and distribution of chromosomes with NOR's vary among inbred strains of Mus musculus musculus (C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ and C3H/StCpr1BR) and in M. musculus molossinus. In a musculus X molassinus F1 hybrid, nucleolus organizers from each parent are silver stained.--Chromosomes which have NOR's in diploid cells also show them in tetraploid cells and in established cell lines. The BALB/cJ strain shows Ag-staining of NOR's on chromosomes 12, 15, 18 and occasionally 16. In the RAG cell line, which was derived from BALB/c, active NOR's are seen on 12, 15 and 18, even after these chromosomes have undergone structural rearrangements in the cell line. Some correlation exists between the amount of Ag-stain and the size of a secondary construction region, with a large amount of Ag-stain present on a chromosome which has a prominent secondary constriction. There is no correlation between the amount of Ag-stain and the presence or absence of C-band material.", "PMID": 69563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3447", "title": "[Review: hemorrhagic diathesis resulting from acute exposure to ionizing radiation].", "content": "The symptoms of the acute radiopathy are chiefly characterized by a severe blood coagulation disorder. The main results and problems of research work on this haemorrhagic diathesis are shortly reviewed.", "contents": "[Review: hemorrhagic diathesis resulting from acute exposure to ionizing radiation]. The symptoms of the acute radiopathy are chiefly characterized by a severe blood coagulation disorder. The main results and problems of research work on this haemorrhagic diathesis are shortly reviewed.", "PMID": 69565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3448", "title": "[A case of Osler-Rendu disease with simultaneous thrombopenia and a factor VIII inhibitor].", "content": "Long-term determinations of haemostasis factors in a case of Osler's telangiectasia revealed the temporarily simultaneous existance of periods of thrombocytopenia, a decrease of prothrombine and a reduction of the fibrinogen and plasminogen level. These findings considered as signs of consumption coagulopathy coincided with an increased bleeding tendency of the patient. The correlation existing between the clinical symptoms and the observed disorders of coagulation may possibly be explained by the appearance of an intravascular coagulation during the late period of the haemorrhagic diathesis, which could be proved by the simultaneous increase of fibrinogen degradation products. Moreover, the patient's plasma was capable of strongly inhibiting factor VIII of a normal plasma. The possible influence of plasmatic disorders of coagulation which are caused by secondary reasons on the clinical picture of a haemorrhagic diathesis primarily based on vascular conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[A case of Osler-Rendu disease with simultaneous thrombopenia and a factor VIII inhibitor]. Long-term determinations of haemostasis factors in a case of Osler's telangiectasia revealed the temporarily simultaneous existance of periods of thrombocytopenia, a decrease of prothrombine and a reduction of the fibrinogen and plasminogen level. These findings considered as signs of consumption coagulopathy coincided with an increased bleeding tendency of the patient. The correlation existing between the clinical symptoms and the observed disorders of coagulation may possibly be explained by the appearance of an intravascular coagulation during the late period of the haemorrhagic diathesis, which could be proved by the simultaneous increase of fibrinogen degradation products. Moreover, the patient's plasma was capable of strongly inhibiting factor VIII of a normal plasma. The possible influence of plasmatic disorders of coagulation which are caused by secondary reasons on the clinical picture of a haemorrhagic diathesis primarily based on vascular conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 69566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3449", "title": "[Precision control of a single step determination of blood coagulation factor VIII in the plasma].", "content": "The findings of a precision control are reported for a one-stage determination of the factor VIII activity in the plasma for a period of 6 months. The storage property of the reagents was achieved by storing them in fluid nitrogen. Coefficients of variation under 55 were achieved at controlling the normal range as well as the pathological one. Thus the precision of this method may be compared with that of clinicochemical examinations.", "contents": "[Precision control of a single step determination of blood coagulation factor VIII in the plasma]. The findings of a precision control are reported for a one-stage determination of the factor VIII activity in the plasma for a period of 6 months. The storage property of the reagents was achieved by storing them in fluid nitrogen. Coefficients of variation under 55 were achieved at controlling the normal range as well as the pathological one. Thus the precision of this method may be compared with that of clinicochemical examinations.", "PMID": 69567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3450", "title": "[Leukocyte lysozymes in various forms of leukemia].", "content": "The amount of lysozyme in the leukocytes of 47 patients with different forms of leukaemia and 6 healthy persons was investigated. The lysozyme determination was carried out in the lysate of isolated leukocytes obtained after freezing and thawing it seven times. The results expressed in microgram per 10(6) cells were compared with the simultaneously determined lysozyme concentration of serum and urine. A substantial reduction of the lysozyme amount as compared with the normal value (3.1 microgram/10(6) cells) was determined in the leukocytes of patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukaemia, acute lymphatic leukaemia and the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Different amounts of lysozyme ranging from extremely low ones to strongly elevated ones were found in leukocytes taken from patients with acute myeloblastic and chronic monocytic leukaemia. In many cases there was a lack of correlation between the lysozyme content of leukocytes on the one hand and that of serum and urine on the other hand. Possible causes underlying this lack of correlation are discussed.", "contents": "[Leukocyte lysozymes in various forms of leukemia]. The amount of lysozyme in the leukocytes of 47 patients with different forms of leukaemia and 6 healthy persons was investigated. The lysozyme determination was carried out in the lysate of isolated leukocytes obtained after freezing and thawing it seven times. The results expressed in microgram per 10(6) cells were compared with the simultaneously determined lysozyme concentration of serum and urine. A substantial reduction of the lysozyme amount as compared with the normal value (3.1 microgram/10(6) cells) was determined in the leukocytes of patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukaemia, acute lymphatic leukaemia and the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Different amounts of lysozyme ranging from extremely low ones to strongly elevated ones were found in leukocytes taken from patients with acute myeloblastic and chronic monocytic leukaemia. In many cases there was a lack of correlation between the lysozyme content of leukocytes on the one hand and that of serum and urine on the other hand. Possible causes underlying this lack of correlation are discussed.", "PMID": 69568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3451", "title": "Heat-ethanol isolated serum albumin: discussion.", "content": "Albumin isolated by the Hagen/M\u00fcnster heat-ethanol method is a remarkably stable solution of high purity and clinical compatibility. The simplicity of this method makes it a model fractionation procedure for the small transfusion service. Immunization studies carried out by us are compared with previous accounts of a \"new\" antigen occuring in plasma protein solution produced by partial heat denaturation. Clinical compatibility of cold-ethanol and heat-ethanol fractionated albumin solutions are also shortly discussed.", "contents": "Heat-ethanol isolated serum albumin: discussion. Albumin isolated by the Hagen/M\u00fcnster heat-ethanol method is a remarkably stable solution of high purity and clinical compatibility. The simplicity of this method makes it a model fractionation procedure for the small transfusion service. Immunization studies carried out by us are compared with previous accounts of a \"new\" antigen occuring in plasma protein solution produced by partial heat denaturation. Clinical compatibility of cold-ethanol and heat-ethanol fractionated albumin solutions are also shortly discussed.", "PMID": 69569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3452", "title": "Anti-HBbrno: a new CIEP hepatitis B marker, more sensitive than HBsAg radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the new HBbrnoAg-Anti-HGbrno system association with the HBsAg. The association is displayed particularly in a prevalence of Ausria detectable HBsAg carriers among the anti-HBbrno carriers, suggesting the anti-HBbrno to be a marker of contact with hepatitis B or, possibly, an indicator of co-existing HBsAg antigenaemia, not detectable by radioimmunoassay. Identity of HBbrnoAg with HBsAg/a, d, y, w, is ruled out, the identity with the other HBV associated antigenic specificities remaining questionable.", "contents": "Anti-HBbrno: a new CIEP hepatitis B marker, more sensitive than HBsAg radioimmunoassay. Evidence is presented for the new HBbrnoAg-Anti-HGbrno system association with the HBsAg. The association is displayed particularly in a prevalence of Ausria detectable HBsAg carriers among the anti-HBbrno carriers, suggesting the anti-HBbrno to be a marker of contact with hepatitis B or, possibly, an indicator of co-existing HBsAg antigenaemia, not detectable by radioimmunoassay. Identity of HBbrnoAg with HBsAg/a, d, y, w, is ruled out, the identity with the other HBV associated antigenic specificities remaining questionable.", "PMID": 69570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3453", "title": "Juvenile pernicious anemia associated with intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and immune deficiency state. Report of a case.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl with humoral immune deficiency state was observed, in whom pernicious anemia developed one year before her death. The patient died after a very severe diarrheal attack and respiratory tract infection. The necropsy revealed intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The immunological evaluation showed depressed IgG and IgM concentration with lack of IgA, however in the patient's blood there were found B lymphocytes containing IgA immunoglobulin. On the effect of crude gastric antigen the patient's lymphocytes showed M.I.F. release, although there were no circulating autoantibodies.", "contents": "Juvenile pernicious anemia associated with intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and immune deficiency state. Report of a case. A 17-year-old girl with humoral immune deficiency state was observed, in whom pernicious anemia developed one year before her death. The patient died after a very severe diarrheal attack and respiratory tract infection. The necropsy revealed intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The immunological evaluation showed depressed IgG and IgM concentration with lack of IgA, however in the patient's blood there were found B lymphocytes containing IgA immunoglobulin. On the effect of crude gastric antigen the patient's lymphocytes showed M.I.F. release, although there were no circulating autoantibodies.", "PMID": 69572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3454", "title": "[Correlation of clinical and anatomical findings in childhood meningitis].", "content": "Clinical and anatomical findings of 76 prophylactically not irradiated children with acute leukaemia were compared. In the group of 17 children (22%) with clinically manifest symptoms of CNS involvement in the course of the illness leukaemic infiltrates were identified in the CNS at the autopsy and during histopathological examinations even in 70% in spite of clinical healing and normalization of the cerebrospinal fluid finding. In children who had either no clinical symptoms of CNS leukaemia (42 children) or only terminal symptoms in the last 24 hours of their life (17 children) leukaemic infiltrations were found in 25.4% of the cases. Non-myeloid types showed 44.5% of histopathological changes, myeloid types 22.7%. Clinical main symptoms and anatomical findings were correlated to the corresponding groups of patients and typical illustrations were added.", "contents": "[Correlation of clinical and anatomical findings in childhood meningitis]. Clinical and anatomical findings of 76 prophylactically not irradiated children with acute leukaemia were compared. In the group of 17 children (22%) with clinically manifest symptoms of CNS involvement in the course of the illness leukaemic infiltrates were identified in the CNS at the autopsy and during histopathological examinations even in 70% in spite of clinical healing and normalization of the cerebrospinal fluid finding. In children who had either no clinical symptoms of CNS leukaemia (42 children) or only terminal symptoms in the last 24 hours of their life (17 children) leukaemic infiltrations were found in 25.4% of the cases. Non-myeloid types showed 44.5% of histopathological changes, myeloid types 22.7%. Clinical main symptoms and anatomical findings were correlated to the corresponding groups of patients and typical illustrations were added.", "PMID": 69573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3455", "title": "[Clinical trial with long-term therapy of generalized plasmacytoma].", "content": "The authors report on findings in long-term therapy made by means of a combination of cyclophosphamide as attack dosis (partially also with polychemotherapy--COP, COPP-scheme) and double plasmapheresis. Since 1967 33 patients have been treated in this way. A group (6 patients) only received cyclophosphamide in a attack therapy of 15...25 mg/5g per body weight; a second group of 14 patients received the same dosis in combination with a double plasmapheresis. The third group of 13 patients in an advanced stage of the illness was treated polychemotherapeutically according to various schemes (COP-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone; COPP with Natulan) likewise in combination with double plasmapheresis. The observations made for 4 years in the two groups first mentioned showed favourable results in the second group with an average survival time of 35 months. In the third group only experiences of two years can be reported and thus a final answer cannot be given. However, it can already be stated that a clinical success requires the cytostatic therapy to be continued for a long time in combination with plasmapheresis.", "contents": "[Clinical trial with long-term therapy of generalized plasmacytoma]. The authors report on findings in long-term therapy made by means of a combination of cyclophosphamide as attack dosis (partially also with polychemotherapy--COP, COPP-scheme) and double plasmapheresis. Since 1967 33 patients have been treated in this way. A group (6 patients) only received cyclophosphamide in a attack therapy of 15...25 mg/5g per body weight; a second group of 14 patients received the same dosis in combination with a double plasmapheresis. The third group of 13 patients in an advanced stage of the illness was treated polychemotherapeutically according to various schemes (COP-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone; COPP with Natulan) likewise in combination with double plasmapheresis. The observations made for 4 years in the two groups first mentioned showed favourable results in the second group with an average survival time of 35 months. In the third group only experiences of two years can be reported and thus a final answer cannot be given. However, it can already be stated that a clinical success requires the cytostatic therapy to be continued for a long time in combination with plasmapheresis.", "PMID": 69574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3456", "title": "[The suppressive effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on the formation of anti-ALG antibodies].", "content": "The quantitative follow-up of precipitin formation against IgG aids in investigating the question whether ALG when applied to the organism tends to suppress the immune reaction against ALG. Rabbits locally immunized with pig anti-rabbit ALG were repeatedly treated i.v. with the same ALG, and to control groups normal pig IgG and NaCl saline was administered. It was found that antilymphocytic antibodies greatly suppressed the precipitation formation against IgG molecules. In the later stages of application this effect became more pronounced, evidently due to the specific suppression induced by long-term administration of relatively high doses of antigen. A possible improvement in the prevention of precipitin formation in ALG treated patients, i.e. substitution of currently applied tolerogenic dose of normal IgG by a similar dose of ALG is suggested.", "contents": "[The suppressive effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on the formation of anti-ALG antibodies]. The quantitative follow-up of precipitin formation against IgG aids in investigating the question whether ALG when applied to the organism tends to suppress the immune reaction against ALG. Rabbits locally immunized with pig anti-rabbit ALG were repeatedly treated i.v. with the same ALG, and to control groups normal pig IgG and NaCl saline was administered. It was found that antilymphocytic antibodies greatly suppressed the precipitation formation against IgG molecules. In the later stages of application this effect became more pronounced, evidently due to the specific suppression induced by long-term administration of relatively high doses of antigen. A possible improvement in the prevention of precipitin formation in ALG treated patients, i.e. substitution of currently applied tolerogenic dose of normal IgG by a similar dose of ALG is suggested.", "PMID": 69575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3457", "title": "Haematological studies in relation to environmental temperature and different periods of breeding cycle in an air breathing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis.", "content": "Investigations were made on different haematological parameters in H. fossilis at two environmental temperature (18 degrees C and 32.5 degrees C) and different periods of breeding cycles. The RBC counts 302.0-10(4)/mm3), WBC counts (10.6-10(4)/mm3), Hb concentration (19.0g%), haematocrit (36.0%), M.C.H.C. (57.7%), total blood volumes (0.966 ml) and per cent blood volumes (1.542%) gave significantly high values but M.C.V. (119.2 micrometer3) and erythrocyte surfaces (52.96 micrometer2) gave low values at higher temperature (32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) and during breeding period (G.S.I. = 10.4 +/- 0.52 g). The higher values obtained for different haematological parameters during breeding period at high temperature may be probably related to greater physical activity and higher metabolic activity at the time of reproduction.", "contents": "Haematological studies in relation to environmental temperature and different periods of breeding cycle in an air breathing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Investigations were made on different haematological parameters in H. fossilis at two environmental temperature (18 degrees C and 32.5 degrees C) and different periods of breeding cycles. The RBC counts 302.0-10(4)/mm3), WBC counts (10.6-10(4)/mm3), Hb concentration (19.0g%), haematocrit (36.0%), M.C.H.C. (57.7%), total blood volumes (0.966 ml) and per cent blood volumes (1.542%) gave significantly high values but M.C.V. (119.2 micrometer3) and erythrocyte surfaces (52.96 micrometer2) gave low values at higher temperature (32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) and during breeding period (G.S.I. = 10.4 +/- 0.52 g). The higher values obtained for different haematological parameters during breeding period at high temperature may be probably related to greater physical activity and higher metabolic activity at the time of reproduction.", "PMID": 69576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3458", "title": "Some aspects of haematology of an Indian grass snake Natrix stolata in relation to sex and size.", "content": "Studies have been made on the erythrocyte counts per mm3 of blood, total differential leucocyte counts per mm3 of blood, concentration of haemoglobin per 100 ml of blood, haematocrit values and nucleocytoplasmic ratio in a common Indian grass snake, Natrix stolata, in relation to body weight of both the sexes in the same month of the year (during breeding phase). Logarithmic transformations have been used in case of erythrocyte counts and haemoglobin concentrations. From log/log calculation it seems that the correlation between body weight and erythrocyte is more prounounced in females than in males. The concentration of haemoglobin shows a very high degree of correlation in both the sexes. The haematocrit values show a clear trend of increase with increasing body weight in both the sexes. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio does not show much variation in different weight groups whereas in females the variation is well marked in different weight groups and the size of erythrocyte also becomes larger in higher weight groups. In both the sexes the leucocyte counts have been found that along with the increase in body weights, the number of leucocyte increases in juveniles but in adults the leucocyte number decreases with the increasing body weights.", "contents": "Some aspects of haematology of an Indian grass snake Natrix stolata in relation to sex and size. Studies have been made on the erythrocyte counts per mm3 of blood, total differential leucocyte counts per mm3 of blood, concentration of haemoglobin per 100 ml of blood, haematocrit values and nucleocytoplasmic ratio in a common Indian grass snake, Natrix stolata, in relation to body weight of both the sexes in the same month of the year (during breeding phase). Logarithmic transformations have been used in case of erythrocyte counts and haemoglobin concentrations. From log/log calculation it seems that the correlation between body weight and erythrocyte is more prounounced in females than in males. The concentration of haemoglobin shows a very high degree of correlation in both the sexes. The haematocrit values show a clear trend of increase with increasing body weight in both the sexes. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio does not show much variation in different weight groups whereas in females the variation is well marked in different weight groups and the size of erythrocyte also becomes larger in higher weight groups. In both the sexes the leucocyte counts have been found that along with the increase in body weights, the number of leucocyte increases in juveniles but in adults the leucocyte number decreases with the increasing body weights.", "PMID": 69577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3459", "title": "[Agglutination of the red blood cells after experimental glycolytic alteration].", "content": "The present findings proved Alcian Blue as hemagglutinin suitable for the specific demonstration of negatively charged sites of the cell surface. Erythrocytes with reduced surface charge because of previous trypsination or desialization exhibited decreased Alcian Blue agglutination. On the other hand, Alcian Blue agglutinates more intensely red blood cells with a high surface charge (reticulocytes). Findings with A antiserum or the lectins prepared from Lens culinaris and Helix pomatia indicate a masking of glycolipidic group A receptors by glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane. Effects of enzymatic degradation (neuraminidase, trpysin, pronase) combined with incubation in NaF-medium for the deprivation of ATP could be explained by a rearrangement of receptors resulting in altered agglutinability of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Agglutination of the red blood cells after experimental glycolytic alteration]. The present findings proved Alcian Blue as hemagglutinin suitable for the specific demonstration of negatively charged sites of the cell surface. Erythrocytes with reduced surface charge because of previous trypsination or desialization exhibited decreased Alcian Blue agglutination. On the other hand, Alcian Blue agglutinates more intensely red blood cells with a high surface charge (reticulocytes). Findings with A antiserum or the lectins prepared from Lens culinaris and Helix pomatia indicate a masking of glycolipidic group A receptors by glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane. Effects of enzymatic degradation (neuraminidase, trpysin, pronase) combined with incubation in NaF-medium for the deprivation of ATP could be explained by a rearrangement of receptors resulting in altered agglutinability of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 69578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3460", "title": "[Alcian blue induced mixed cell agglutination--short communication].", "content": "Because of its specific affinity to negatively charged sites of the cell surface, alcian blue is suitable to effect mixed cell agglutination between human erythrocytes and peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs. This effect could be inhibited by adding heparin molecules which were negatively charged as well.", "contents": "[Alcian blue induced mixed cell agglutination--short communication]. Because of its specific affinity to negatively charged sites of the cell surface, alcian blue is suitable to effect mixed cell agglutination between human erythrocytes and peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs. This effect could be inhibited by adding heparin molecules which were negatively charged as well.", "PMID": 69579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3461", "title": "[A test system for the measurement of cellular RNA-synthesis in the human bone marrow].", "content": "A test for the cellular RNA-synthesis (incorporation of 3H-uridine in the RNA) of human bone marrow has been standardized with respect to the time of incorporation, the number of cells and the concentration of 3H-uridine. The following parameters were estimated for 500 microleter standard assay and 100 microleter aliquots for the determination of the radioactivity: time of incubation 80 min, number of nucleated cells 8 - 10(5), concentration of 3H-uridine 8,3 - 10(-6) M. Actinomycin D inhibits the RNA-synthesis to 90% in a concentration of 1.2 - 10(2) microgram/ml. The test appears generally applicable for the determination of the vitality of bone marrow after cryopreservation, the testing of cryoprotectants and haematotoxic substances and the control of the reaction of the bone marrow during chemical- or irradiation treatment of tumors.", "contents": "[A test system for the measurement of cellular RNA-synthesis in the human bone marrow]. A test for the cellular RNA-synthesis (incorporation of 3H-uridine in the RNA) of human bone marrow has been standardized with respect to the time of incorporation, the number of cells and the concentration of 3H-uridine. The following parameters were estimated for 500 microleter standard assay and 100 microleter aliquots for the determination of the radioactivity: time of incubation 80 min, number of nucleated cells 8 - 10(5), concentration of 3H-uridine 8,3 - 10(-6) M. Actinomycin D inhibits the RNA-synthesis to 90% in a concentration of 1.2 - 10(2) microgram/ml. The test appears generally applicable for the determination of the vitality of bone marrow after cryopreservation, the testing of cryoprotectants and haematotoxic substances and the control of the reaction of the bone marrow during chemical- or irradiation treatment of tumors.", "PMID": 69581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3462", "title": "Activity of beta-glucuronidase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer of the larynx.", "content": "In 20 untreated male patients with cancer of the larynx, aged 35 to 55 years, the significant increase in the absolute count of beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was examined by means of the cytochemical method of Hayashi et al. (1964). The increase was due to an elevated absolute count of lymphocytes exhibiting the granular-diffuse and the diffuse enzymatic reaction; no significant changes were observed with regard to lymphocytes with the granular type of reaction. The authors discuss the significance of their observations for the evaluation of lymphocyte immune response against tumour specific antigens in patients with cancer of the larynx.", "contents": "Activity of beta-glucuronidase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer of the larynx. In 20 untreated male patients with cancer of the larynx, aged 35 to 55 years, the significant increase in the absolute count of beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was examined by means of the cytochemical method of Hayashi et al. (1964). The increase was due to an elevated absolute count of lymphocytes exhibiting the granular-diffuse and the diffuse enzymatic reaction; no significant changes were observed with regard to lymphocytes with the granular type of reaction. The authors discuss the significance of their observations for the evaluation of lymphocyte immune response against tumour specific antigens in patients with cancer of the larynx.", "PMID": 69582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3463", "title": "Intracellular enzymatic response of lymphocytes and neutrophils in patients with cancer of the larynx.", "content": "In 20 men, aged 35 to 55 years, with untreated cancer of the larynx activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase (AP), beta-glucuronidase (GR) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was determined cytochemically in peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils by means of Barka and Anderson, Hayashi et al. and Hayashi's method, respectively; the results obtained were compared with those in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. Total count of GR-positive lymphocytes was higher in the patients than in normal persons. Total counts of AP-, GR-, and GS-positive lymphocytes with not disrupted enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within the cell cytoplasm were significantly lower and total counts of cells exhibiting the disruption of lysosomal granules and the diffuse type of cytochemical reaction were significantly higher in the patients when compared with the control group. The response of neutrophils consisted of a significant elevation in numbers of AP-, and GS-positive cells; overall score of enzyme activity studied in neutrophils was not altered in the patients. The authors disucss the significance of their observations in the light of data on participation of lymphocytic and neutrophilic lysosomal apparatus in the immunological response against tumour specific antigen in patients with cancer.", "contents": "Intracellular enzymatic response of lymphocytes and neutrophils in patients with cancer of the larynx. In 20 men, aged 35 to 55 years, with untreated cancer of the larynx activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase (AP), beta-glucuronidase (GR) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was determined cytochemically in peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils by means of Barka and Anderson, Hayashi et al. and Hayashi's method, respectively; the results obtained were compared with those in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. Total count of GR-positive lymphocytes was higher in the patients than in normal persons. Total counts of AP-, GR-, and GS-positive lymphocytes with not disrupted enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within the cell cytoplasm were significantly lower and total counts of cells exhibiting the disruption of lysosomal granules and the diffuse type of cytochemical reaction were significantly higher in the patients when compared with the control group. The response of neutrophils consisted of a significant elevation in numbers of AP-, and GS-positive cells; overall score of enzyme activity studied in neutrophils was not altered in the patients. The authors disucss the significance of their observations in the light of data on participation of lymphocytic and neutrophilic lysosomal apparatus in the immunological response against tumour specific antigen in patients with cancer.", "PMID": 69583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3464", "title": "A peculiar lymph node anti-carcinoma reaction.", "content": "A case of a laryngeal extensive carcinoma determining a severe obstruction is reported, where the development of a monstrous adenopathy is followed by the regression of the initial tumour until complete laryngoscopical disappearance, as well as of obstructive and general symptoms. Cytological and histological examinations of the above-mentioned lymph node demonstrated (besides metastatic cells) a peculiar cellular reaction, similar to rhinoscleroma, which represented an original anti-carcinoma defensive mode. The medical importance of this very rare case is discussed and the probable immune origin of this reactive cellular complex is explained by analogy with \"Hodgkinom\", where granuloma are the immune response of the body against Sternberg-Reed cell.", "contents": "A peculiar lymph node anti-carcinoma reaction. A case of a laryngeal extensive carcinoma determining a severe obstruction is reported, where the development of a monstrous adenopathy is followed by the regression of the initial tumour until complete laryngoscopical disappearance, as well as of obstructive and general symptoms. Cytological and histological examinations of the above-mentioned lymph node demonstrated (besides metastatic cells) a peculiar cellular reaction, similar to rhinoscleroma, which represented an original anti-carcinoma defensive mode. The medical importance of this very rare case is discussed and the probable immune origin of this reactive cellular complex is explained by analogy with \"Hodgkinom\", where granuloma are the immune response of the body against Sternberg-Reed cell.", "PMID": 69584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3465", "title": "[The use of sterile nursing in hematology].", "content": "By means of own experiences gathered in the treatment of 18 patients in Life Island the problems and limits of this therapy method are represented. Microbiological findings are described in detail and commented. Sterile care is an essential part of an effective therapy of haemoblastoses, malignant lymphoma, and some solid tumours, particularly in the aplastic phase.", "contents": "[The use of sterile nursing in hematology]. By means of own experiences gathered in the treatment of 18 patients in Life Island the problems and limits of this therapy method are represented. Microbiological findings are described in detail and commented. Sterile care is an essential part of an effective therapy of haemoblastoses, malignant lymphoma, and some solid tumours, particularly in the aplastic phase.", "PMID": 69585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3466", "title": "[Studies on the manufacture of hematological and cytological specimens using the centrifugation technic].", "content": "Centrifugal preparation (Cp) represents a method of creating haematological parameters which, in addition to a qualitative improvement of representing single cells, is suitable to produce reproducible haematological smear preparations. In qualitative and quantitative respect centrifugal preparations will reflect the intravasal conditions better than the common blood smear technique. Further advantages are the concentration of cellular elements and in connection with it the opportunity of finding cells rarely present. With a small amount of work centrifugal preparations enable counting values to be established as well as cytological and cytochemical findings from the venous blood to be obtained. As a result of the test it turned out that the common glass slides cannot be replaced by plastic foils ones without certain disadvantages appearing. First investigations of attempting to represent cells in culture medium as well as analyzing liquors and processing other biological liquids with the help of the centrifugal preparation technique brought unsatisfactory results. Centrifugal preparation provides the possibility of performing pre-programmed haematological examinations beginning with blood collection and ending up in the evaluation by a computer.", "contents": "[Studies on the manufacture of hematological and cytological specimens using the centrifugation technic]. Centrifugal preparation (Cp) represents a method of creating haematological parameters which, in addition to a qualitative improvement of representing single cells, is suitable to produce reproducible haematological smear preparations. In qualitative and quantitative respect centrifugal preparations will reflect the intravasal conditions better than the common blood smear technique. Further advantages are the concentration of cellular elements and in connection with it the opportunity of finding cells rarely present. With a small amount of work centrifugal preparations enable counting values to be established as well as cytological and cytochemical findings from the venous blood to be obtained. As a result of the test it turned out that the common glass slides cannot be replaced by plastic foils ones without certain disadvantages appearing. First investigations of attempting to represent cells in culture medium as well as analyzing liquors and processing other biological liquids with the help of the centrifugal preparation technique brought unsatisfactory results. Centrifugal preparation provides the possibility of performing pre-programmed haematological examinations beginning with blood collection and ending up in the evaluation by a computer.", "PMID": 69586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3467", "title": "The transient HLA antigenic loss dependent on hormonal state of organism in a healthy woman.", "content": "In a healthy 44-year-old female blood donor with HLA phenotype HLA-A 2, A 10/B 7, BW 15 repeatedly the transient loss of HLA antigens was proved during the menstrual period and supposed ovulation. Within the interval between menstruation and ovulation the antigens could reliably be proved. The results support the view that in women hormonal effects may influence the HLA antigenic expressivity. The significance of this observation for reliable typing of HLA antigens in women is discussed.", "contents": "The transient HLA antigenic loss dependent on hormonal state of organism in a healthy woman. In a healthy 44-year-old female blood donor with HLA phenotype HLA-A 2, A 10/B 7, BW 15 repeatedly the transient loss of HLA antigens was proved during the menstrual period and supposed ovulation. Within the interval between menstruation and ovulation the antigens could reliably be proved. The results support the view that in women hormonal effects may influence the HLA antigenic expressivity. The significance of this observation for reliable typing of HLA antigens in women is discussed.", "PMID": 69587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3468", "title": "[Anemia in chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "On the basis of general haematological, clinicochemical, cytomorphological, cytochemical and nuclearmedical investigations the anaemia of chronic haemodialysis can be considered as a renal anaemia modified by a permanent dialysis. It is less characterized by lack of erythropoietin, but more by a strong lack of iron, moderate haemolysis and slight deficiency of folic acid. After gradual diagnostics the substitution treatment with iron is absolutely necessary, medication of folic acid should be attempted. A permanent therapy with 80-120 mg of iron weekly administered parenterally can be successfully performed and 10-15 mg of folic acid daily, which will markedly lower the rate of transfusion.", "contents": "[Anemia in chronic hemodialysis]. On the basis of general haematological, clinicochemical, cytomorphological, cytochemical and nuclearmedical investigations the anaemia of chronic haemodialysis can be considered as a renal anaemia modified by a permanent dialysis. It is less characterized by lack of erythropoietin, but more by a strong lack of iron, moderate haemolysis and slight deficiency of folic acid. After gradual diagnostics the substitution treatment with iron is absolutely necessary, medication of folic acid should be attempted. A permanent therapy with 80-120 mg of iron weekly administered parenterally can be successfully performed and 10-15 mg of folic acid daily, which will markedly lower the rate of transfusion.", "PMID": 69588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3469", "title": "[The possibility of use of amidinated human erythrocytes as agglutinin adsorbents in hemagglutination tests].", "content": "This study is concerned with the agglutinability of amidinated human erythrocytes. Amidinated erythrocytes behave like an immuno-adsorbent. Following the adsorption of an agglutinin, amidinated erythrocytes agglutinate specifically with native red blood cells or with native eukaryotic cells, if the glycocalyx of these native cells is provided with the respective agglutinin receptor groupings.", "contents": "[The possibility of use of amidinated human erythrocytes as agglutinin adsorbents in hemagglutination tests]. This study is concerned with the agglutinability of amidinated human erythrocytes. Amidinated erythrocytes behave like an immuno-adsorbent. Following the adsorption of an agglutinin, amidinated erythrocytes agglutinate specifically with native red blood cells or with native eukaryotic cells, if the glycocalyx of these native cells is provided with the respective agglutinin receptor groupings.", "PMID": 69589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3470", "title": "[Hemagglutination with Gal-N-Ac receptors in the hepatocyte membrane].", "content": "By means of mixed agglutination of isolated rat hepatocytes with human group A or rat erythrocytes, both of them were previously trypsinized and sialolyzed, respectively, a hepatocytic N-acetylgalactosamine-receptor was demonstrated. Gal-N-ac specifically inhibits this agglutination. Following oxidation with periodic acid red blood cells no more agglutinate with rat hepatocytes. This agglutination is not related to proteins adsorbed to hepatocytes. The agglutinability of erythrocytes and hepatocytes may bear some relevance to the elimination of old red blood cells.", "contents": "[Hemagglutination with Gal-N-Ac receptors in the hepatocyte membrane]. By means of mixed agglutination of isolated rat hepatocytes with human group A or rat erythrocytes, both of them were previously trypsinized and sialolyzed, respectively, a hepatocytic N-acetylgalactosamine-receptor was demonstrated. Gal-N-ac specifically inhibits this agglutination. Following oxidation with periodic acid red blood cells no more agglutinate with rat hepatocytes. This agglutination is not related to proteins adsorbed to hepatocytes. The agglutinability of erythrocytes and hepatocytes may bear some relevance to the elimination of old red blood cells.", "PMID": 69590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3471", "title": "Three cases of hemoglobin O Arab.", "content": "Three new cases of Hb 0 Arab in two families are reported from districts of Bulgaria, where a carrier state  of this abnormal hemoglobin has not been established so far. One of the propositi is a double heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar/beta(0)-thalassemia. His father is a simple heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar with clear-cut cytomorphological stigmata, indicating hemoglobinosis. The second propositus, according to clinical and laboratory data is also a double heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar and beta(0)-thalassemia. The carriers investigated are of Bulgarian nationality. Their territorial origin supportsthe thesis that the gene mutation for Hb 0 Arab most probably has taken place out of the present boundaries of Bulgaria.", "contents": "Three cases of hemoglobin O Arab. Three new cases of Hb 0 Arab in two families are reported from districts of Bulgaria, where a carrier state  of this abnormal hemoglobin has not been established so far. One of the propositi is a double heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar/beta(0)-thalassemia. His father is a simple heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar with clear-cut cytomorphological stigmata, indicating hemoglobinosis. The second propositus, according to clinical and laboratory data is also a double heterozygote for Hb 0 Ar and beta(0)-thalassemia. The carriers investigated are of Bulgarian nationality. Their territorial origin supportsthe thesis that the gene mutation for Hb 0 Arab most probably has taken place out of the present boundaries of Bulgaria.", "PMID": 69591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3472", "title": "[A-like specificity in Tn-activated erythrocytes of blood group B].", "content": "A Tn-polyagglutinability was observed in a 35 years old female patient with metrorrhagia. The A-like specificity of Tn-activated erythrocytes found simultaneously is especially significant, because this patient belonged to the blood group B, up till now, however, A-like findings have been described only for blood group O.", "contents": "[A-like specificity in Tn-activated erythrocytes of blood group B]. A Tn-polyagglutinability was observed in a 35 years old female patient with metrorrhagia. The A-like specificity of Tn-activated erythrocytes found simultaneously is especially significant, because this patient belonged to the blood group B, up till now, however, A-like findings have been described only for blood group O.", "PMID": 69592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3473", "title": "Glass activation-induced decrease or disappearance of normotest-thrombotest discrepancy in congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex.", "content": "Exposure of plasma to glass for 60 minutes will cause a sharp, progressive shortening of Thrombotest clotting times in all congenital disorders of the prothrombin complex. On the other hand Normotest clotting times will change only slightly or moderately after the same glass activation. Consequently the Normotest-Thrombotest percentile discrepancy, quite marked at zero time, became progressively smaller. This behaviour is similar to that observed in a group of coumarin treated patients. These studies indicate that the Normotest/Thrombotest discrepancy does not allow any differentiation to be made between congenital coagulation disorders and coumarin induced defect. This is consistent with the non-specificity of the phenomenon.", "contents": "Glass activation-induced decrease or disappearance of normotest-thrombotest discrepancy in congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex. Exposure of plasma to glass for 60 minutes will cause a sharp, progressive shortening of Thrombotest clotting times in all congenital disorders of the prothrombin complex. On the other hand Normotest clotting times will change only slightly or moderately after the same glass activation. Consequently the Normotest-Thrombotest percentile discrepancy, quite marked at zero time, became progressively smaller. This behaviour is similar to that observed in a group of coumarin treated patients. These studies indicate that the Normotest/Thrombotest discrepancy does not allow any differentiation to be made between congenital coagulation disorders and coumarin induced defect. This is consistent with the non-specificity of the phenomenon.", "PMID": 69593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3474", "title": "[Prestenotic narrowing in the upper urinary tract (author's tract)].", "content": "While prestenotic dilatation in the upper urinary tract is considered as a characteristic radiological feature, earlier narrowing due to compensating hypertrophy of the musculature is either ignored or misinterpreted. Several examples of prestenotic narrowing are demonstrated and their significance in radiological diagnosis is stressed. This raises the question whether the narrowing of the ureters, seen in cases of bladder neck obstruction, particularly with prostatic hypertrophy, can be explained by a similar physiopathological response. This question can only be answered by performing pressure measurements during the course of radiological examination; the results would, however, be of doubtful value since the introduction of the ureteric catheter would lead to an additional unphysiological state.", "contents": "[Prestenotic narrowing in the upper urinary tract (author's tract)]. While prestenotic dilatation in the upper urinary tract is considered as a characteristic radiological feature, earlier narrowing due to compensating hypertrophy of the musculature is either ignored or misinterpreted. Several examples of prestenotic narrowing are demonstrated and their significance in radiological diagnosis is stressed. This raises the question whether the narrowing of the ureters, seen in cases of bladder neck obstruction, particularly with prostatic hypertrophy, can be explained by a similar physiopathological response. This question can only be answered by performing pressure measurements during the course of radiological examination; the results would, however, be of doubtful value since the introduction of the ureteric catheter would lead to an additional unphysiological state.", "PMID": 69594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3475", "title": "[Controlled study on the efficacy of external treatment in surface-near thrombophlebitis].", "content": "The efficacy of an organo-heparinoid ointment (Hirudoid 40,000) compared with a placebo ointment was tested in a double blind trial on 40 patients with post-operative infusion thrombophlebitis. It was possible to provide objective data by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test for accelerated regression of thrombi following treatment with organo-heparinoid. The differences found between the 2 treatment groups were statistically significant. The clinical results conformed largely to the measured data. Especially pain and swelling were favourably affected by treatment with the active compound. 1 case of local allergic reaction to organo-heparinoid was observed. No further side-effects were seen.", "contents": "[Controlled study on the efficacy of external treatment in surface-near thrombophlebitis]. The efficacy of an organo-heparinoid ointment (Hirudoid 40,000) compared with a placebo ointment was tested in a double blind trial on 40 patients with post-operative infusion thrombophlebitis. It was possible to provide objective data by means of the 125I-fibrinogen test for accelerated regression of thrombi following treatment with organo-heparinoid. The differences found between the 2 treatment groups were statistically significant. The clinical results conformed largely to the measured data. Especially pain and swelling were favourably affected by treatment with the active compound. 1 case of local allergic reaction to organo-heparinoid was observed. No further side-effects were seen.", "PMID": 69596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3476", "title": "Comparative binding specificity of methyltrienolone in human and rat prostate.", "content": "The binding of methyltrienolone (R 1881) in crude human hyperplastic prostate cytosol was determined by a charcoal assay. Maximum binding was observed after 2-3 h of incubation at 0 degrees C. This binding decreased steadily thereafter and reached 41% of the 2-hour values after 96 h of incubation. In human hyperplastic prostate, the binding of 3H-R 1881 was competed by low concentrations of R 1881, R 5020 and progesterone and by high concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT. In the rat prostate, on the other hand, this binding was competed by low concentrations of DHT and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT and only by high concentrations of progesterone and R 5020. The apparent association constant (Ka) of R 1881 was determined in three human prostates and found to be 0.2-0.4 X 10(9) liters/mol; the number of binding sites ranged from 101 to 158 fmol per mg of protein. These findings constitute further evidence for the existence of relatively large amounts of a progesterone-binding component in human hyperplastic prostate.", "contents": "Comparative binding specificity of methyltrienolone in human and rat prostate. The binding of methyltrienolone (R 1881) in crude human hyperplastic prostate cytosol was determined by a charcoal assay. Maximum binding was observed after 2-3 h of incubation at 0 degrees C. This binding decreased steadily thereafter and reached 41% of the 2-hour values after 96 h of incubation. In human hyperplastic prostate, the binding of 3H-R 1881 was competed by low concentrations of R 1881, R 5020 and progesterone and by high concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT. In the rat prostate, on the other hand, this binding was competed by low concentrations of DHT and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT and only by high concentrations of progesterone and R 5020. The apparent association constant (Ka) of R 1881 was determined in three human prostates and found to be 0.2-0.4 X 10(9) liters/mol; the number of binding sites ranged from 101 to 158 fmol per mg of protein. These findings constitute further evidence for the existence of relatively large amounts of a progesterone-binding component in human hyperplastic prostate.", "PMID": 69599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3477", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of an unknown, leucine-rich 3.1-S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum (author's transl)].", "content": "This article describes the isolation and characterization of a previously unknown, leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum. The starting material was Supernatant II, which is a byproduct in the large-scale preparation of albumin and gamma-globulin by the ethacridine lactate/ammonium sulfate procedure. The purified protein is homogenous both in carrier-free and molecular-sieve electrophoresis. Its electrophoretic mobility indicates that it belongs to the alpha2-globulins. Isoelectric focussing splits it into 4 bands with isoelectric points between 3.8 and 4.1. In the ultracentrifuge it sediments in a single band at 3.1S. The molecular weight determined by equilibrium sedimentation is 49 600 +/- 4 000. Subunits were not detected. Chemical analysis reveals it to be a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 23%. The amino acid content is unusual in that the leucine content is almost 17%, i.e. about every fifth amino acid is a leucine. The average concentration of the leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein in human serum was determined by a quantitative immunological method as 2.1 mg per 100 ml. The protein is not related to any of the previously known well characterized serum proteins.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of an unknown, leucine-rich 3.1-S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum (author's transl)]. This article describes the isolation and characterization of a previously unknown, leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum. The starting material was Supernatant II, which is a byproduct in the large-scale preparation of albumin and gamma-globulin by the ethacridine lactate/ammonium sulfate procedure. The purified protein is homogenous both in carrier-free and molecular-sieve electrophoresis. Its electrophoretic mobility indicates that it belongs to the alpha2-globulins. Isoelectric focussing splits it into 4 bands with isoelectric points between 3.8 and 4.1. In the ultracentrifuge it sediments in a single band at 3.1S. The molecular weight determined by equilibrium sedimentation is 49 600 +/- 4 000. Subunits were not detected. Chemical analysis reveals it to be a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 23%. The amino acid content is unusual in that the leucine content is almost 17%, i.e. about every fifth amino acid is a leucine. The average concentration of the leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein in human serum was determined by a quantitative immunological method as 2.1 mg per 100 ml. The protein is not related to any of the previously known well characterized serum proteins.", "PMID": 69600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3478", "title": "Localization chromatid breaks in Fanconi's anemia, using three consecutive stains.", "content": "The location of 339 break points was analyzed in three patients with Fanconi's anemia, using three consecutive stains: ordinary Giemsa, Q-banding, and R-banding. Almost all the breaks seem to take place in the Q bands, using R-banding, and in the R bands, using Q-banding. A very important artifact, varying according to the method used, is thus demonstrated. In fact, the breaks take place in the interbands, between R and Q bands. The breaks were also localized in relation to sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), seen after BUDR treatment. There is a clear excess of breaks at place of SCE (29%). This may indicate a possible correlation between breaks and SCEs.", "contents": "Localization chromatid breaks in Fanconi's anemia, using three consecutive stains. The location of 339 break points was analyzed in three patients with Fanconi's anemia, using three consecutive stains: ordinary Giemsa, Q-banding, and R-banding. Almost all the breaks seem to take place in the Q bands, using R-banding, and in the R bands, using Q-banding. A very important artifact, varying according to the method used, is thus demonstrated. In fact, the breaks take place in the interbands, between R and Q bands. The breaks were also localized in relation to sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), seen after BUDR treatment. There is a clear excess of breaks at place of SCE (29%). This may indicate a possible correlation between breaks and SCEs.", "PMID": 69603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3479", "title": "Frequency of Ag-stained nucleolus organizer regions in the acrocentric chromosomes of man.", "content": "The Ag-stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding of cultured lymphocytes in 51 karyotypically normal persons (31 males and 20 females). A consistent pattern of Ag-positive NORs was found in each individual. Ninety percent of individuals have a model number of 8--10 Ag-positive NORs per cell. The frequency of Ag-positive NORs is similar in all five acrocentrics. A statistically nonsignificant lower frequency is found in chromosome 22. Ag-negative NORs on both homologues were found in four cases. The observed frequency distribution of individuals with homozygous NOR-positive, heterozygous, and homozygous negative acrocentric chromosomes was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg law in all five pairs of the acrocentric chromosomes as well as in total. No sex difference was observed on our material.", "contents": "Frequency of Ag-stained nucleolus organizer regions in the acrocentric chromosomes of man. The Ag-stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding of cultured lymphocytes in 51 karyotypically normal persons (31 males and 20 females). A consistent pattern of Ag-positive NORs was found in each individual. Ninety percent of individuals have a model number of 8--10 Ag-positive NORs per cell. The frequency of Ag-positive NORs is similar in all five acrocentrics. A statistically nonsignificant lower frequency is found in chromosome 22. Ag-negative NORs on both homologues were found in four cases. The observed frequency distribution of individuals with homozygous NOR-positive, heterozygous, and homozygous negative acrocentric chromosomes was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg law in all five pairs of the acrocentric chromosomes as well as in total. No sex difference was observed on our material.", "PMID": 69604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3480", "title": "Combined silver staining of the nucleolus organizing regions and Giemsa banding in human chromosomes.", "content": "A combination of the silver-staining method of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) with a Giemsa-banding method is described. This double staining allows a rapid identification of the NOR-bearing chromosomes.", "contents": "Combined silver staining of the nucleolus organizing regions and Giemsa banding in human chromosomes. A combination of the silver-staining method of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) with a Giemsa-banding method is described. This double staining allows a rapid identification of the NOR-bearing chromosomes.", "PMID": 69605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3481", "title": "Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis: a single determinant.", "content": "HEAE cannot be induced in either guinea pigs using 10(10) or 20x10(10) organisms of B. pertussis or in rabbits using 4x10(10) organisms of B. pertussis and basic protein from the following species: guinea pig, Lewis rat, human, bovine, porcine, monkey and rabbit. The only encephalitogenic region for Lewis rats which also produces HEAE in Lewis rats is not encephalitogenic in either rabbits or guinea pigs. Therefore it seems highly probably that there is only one HEAE determinant for all species which are able to express HEAE.", "contents": "Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis: a single determinant. HEAE cannot be induced in either guinea pigs using 10(10) or 20x10(10) organisms of B. pertussis or in rabbits using 4x10(10) organisms of B. pertussis and basic protein from the following species: guinea pig, Lewis rat, human, bovine, porcine, monkey and rabbit. The only encephalitogenic region for Lewis rats which also produces HEAE in Lewis rats is not encephalitogenic in either rabbits or guinea pigs. Therefore it seems highly probably that there is only one HEAE determinant for all species which are able to express HEAE.", "PMID": 69608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3482", "title": "Tolerance induction as an index of age-related changes.", "content": "Tolerance to rabbit gamma globulin RGG) can be induced in newborn or three week old mice of all strains tested. In six week old SJL or NZB mice there is marked resistance against tolerance induction to RGG. This resistance increases with increasing age and is completed by the age of 12 weeks. Resistance to tolerance can be observed in 3 week old SJL animals when human IgG3 but not when human IgG1 or RGG is employed as tolerogen. Using IgG3, resistance to tolerance induction can be demonstrated in 28-34 week old A/J, C57BL/6J and DBA1/J mice. Thus resistance to tolerance induction seems to be a concomitant of aging; SJL and NZB differ from other strains only by the age at which this change is apparent. By the 6th week of age, SJL and NZB mice develop marked resistance to tolerance induction with RGG, and so do hybrids between these two strains; there is no complementation with respect to resistance against tolerance induction. Aggregate-freed iodinated rabbit gamma globulin (125I-RGG) but not mouse immunoglobulin is eliminated much more rapidly from the body of normal 6 week old SJL and NZB mice than from the body of hybrids. Complementation in the hybrids might occur and prevent a response to small quantities of aggregate-freed RGG.", "contents": "Tolerance induction as an index of age-related changes. Tolerance to rabbit gamma globulin RGG) can be induced in newborn or three week old mice of all strains tested. In six week old SJL or NZB mice there is marked resistance against tolerance induction to RGG. This resistance increases with increasing age and is completed by the age of 12 weeks. Resistance to tolerance can be observed in 3 week old SJL animals when human IgG3 but not when human IgG1 or RGG is employed as tolerogen. Using IgG3, resistance to tolerance induction can be demonstrated in 28-34 week old A/J, C57BL/6J and DBA1/J mice. Thus resistance to tolerance induction seems to be a concomitant of aging; SJL and NZB differ from other strains only by the age at which this change is apparent. By the 6th week of age, SJL and NZB mice develop marked resistance to tolerance induction with RGG, and so do hybrids between these two strains; there is no complementation with respect to resistance against tolerance induction. Aggregate-freed iodinated rabbit gamma globulin (125I-RGG) but not mouse immunoglobulin is eliminated much more rapidly from the body of normal 6 week old SJL and NZB mice than from the body of hybrids. Complementation in the hybrids might occur and prevent a response to small quantities of aggregate-freed RGG.", "PMID": 69609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3483", "title": "Arming of macrophages with lymphocytes from mice immunized with tumor tissue.", "content": "C57BL/6 macrophages are rendered specifically cytotoxic (\"armed\") by incubation with spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice sensitized in vivo with allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma cells. Data are presented which suggest that the cytotoxic activity of the macrophages is not due to the adherence of sensitized lymphocytes. The results indicate that it is the T-lymphocyte which is primarily involved in arming. Furthermore it is the cytotoxic and not the proliferating T-cell which is responsible for arming.", "contents": "Arming of macrophages with lymphocytes from mice immunized with tumor tissue. C57BL/6 macrophages are rendered specifically cytotoxic (\"armed\") by incubation with spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice sensitized in vivo with allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma cells. Data are presented which suggest that the cytotoxic activity of the macrophages is not due to the adherence of sensitized lymphocytes. The results indicate that it is the T-lymphocyte which is primarily involved in arming. Furthermore it is the cytotoxic and not the proliferating T-cell which is responsible for arming.", "PMID": 69610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3484", "title": "Studies of sperm antigenicity. 6. In vivo and in vitro cellular reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized with fractions of guinea pig spermatozoa.", "content": "Normal guinea pig spermatozoa cells were homogenized by a French pressure cell. Three soluble and three insoluble fractions were obtained by ultrascentrifugation and (emulsified in CFA) were used for guinea pig sensitization. The following were observed: 1) all fractions were immunogenic except one; 2) in vivo and in vitro delayed hypersensitivity was elicited in animals immunized with these fractions; 3) two distinctive histopathologic lesions were observed in the testes of sensitized animals: lesions of orchitis type developed in animals injected with some fractions. Other fractions induced lesions of aspermatogenic type. These results correlated well with delayed hypersensitivity results obtained by in vivo and in vitro tests. Although some other spermatozoal fractions did not cause severe changes in the testes. The lack of sperm accumulation in the epididymis was obvious.", "contents": "Studies of sperm antigenicity. 6. In vivo and in vitro cellular reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized with fractions of guinea pig spermatozoa. Normal guinea pig spermatozoa cells were homogenized by a French pressure cell. Three soluble and three insoluble fractions were obtained by ultrascentrifugation and (emulsified in CFA) were used for guinea pig sensitization. The following were observed: 1) all fractions were immunogenic except one; 2) in vivo and in vitro delayed hypersensitivity was elicited in animals immunized with these fractions; 3) two distinctive histopathologic lesions were observed in the testes of sensitized animals: lesions of orchitis type developed in animals injected with some fractions. Other fractions induced lesions of aspermatogenic type. These results correlated well with delayed hypersensitivity results obtained by in vivo and in vitro tests. Although some other spermatozoal fractions did not cause severe changes in the testes. The lack of sperm accumulation in the epididymis was obvious.", "PMID": 69611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3485", "title": "Antigenicity of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: existence of two distinct antigenic determinants in a flagellum.", "content": "Cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus treated with Formalin agglutinated with anti-lateral flagella antiserum. On the basis of agglutination tests, antigens of lateral flagella were divided into three groups. HL1, HL2, and HL3. However, in gel diffusion tests, flagellins prepared from strains belonging to different groups showed a common antigenicity. It is assumed that these results are due to the existence of two distinct antigenic determinants in the lateral flagella. One of them exists on the surfaces of the flagella and is responsible for H-agglutination, and the other exists inside the flagella and is exposed when the flagella are solubilized to flagellin monomers.", "contents": "Antigenicity of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: existence of two distinct antigenic determinants in a flagellum. Cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus treated with Formalin agglutinated with anti-lateral flagella antiserum. On the basis of agglutination tests, antigens of lateral flagella were divided into three groups. HL1, HL2, and HL3. However, in gel diffusion tests, flagellins prepared from strains belonging to different groups showed a common antigenicity. It is assumed that these results are due to the existence of two distinct antigenic determinants in the lateral flagella. One of them exists on the surfaces of the flagella and is responsible for H-agglutination, and the other exists inside the flagella and is exposed when the flagella are solubilized to flagellin monomers.", "PMID": 69612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3486", "title": "Immunization with R mutants of Salmonella minnesota. II. Serological response to lipid A and the lipopolysaccharide of Re mutants.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with Salmonella minnesota Re mutant bacilli or lipid A, and the serological responses were compared. Re lipopolysaccharide and lipid A were found to possess distinct antigenic determinants as measured by hemagglutination, hemolysis, and precipitin techniques. Lipid A preparations from several enterobacterial and non-enterobacterial species were shown to cross-react in agar gel precipitation reactions. In contrast, preparations from bacilli that do not contain glucosamine as an integral part of their lipid A structure did not demonstrate cross-reactivity with enterobacterial lipid A. Antibody to smooth heterologous bacilli present in some antisera prepared against Re bacilli or lipid A was directed specifically against the smooth lipopolysaccharide and not against the Re or lipid A determinants, demonstrating a nonspecific mitogenic response. Precipitation and immunofluorescence tests indicated that the Re determinant was available on smooth bacilli for reactions with specific antisera but that the lipid A determinant was not.", "contents": "Immunization with R mutants of Salmonella minnesota. II. Serological response to lipid A and the lipopolysaccharide of Re mutants. Rabbits were immunized with Salmonella minnesota Re mutant bacilli or lipid A, and the serological responses were compared. Re lipopolysaccharide and lipid A were found to possess distinct antigenic determinants as measured by hemagglutination, hemolysis, and precipitin techniques. Lipid A preparations from several enterobacterial and non-enterobacterial species were shown to cross-react in agar gel precipitation reactions. In contrast, preparations from bacilli that do not contain glucosamine as an integral part of their lipid A structure did not demonstrate cross-reactivity with enterobacterial lipid A. Antibody to smooth heterologous bacilli present in some antisera prepared against Re bacilli or lipid A was directed specifically against the smooth lipopolysaccharide and not against the Re or lipid A determinants, demonstrating a nonspecific mitogenic response. Precipitation and immunofluorescence tests indicated that the Re determinant was available on smooth bacilli for reactions with specific antisera but that the lipid A determinant was not.", "PMID": 69613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3487", "title": "Surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. V. Ultrastructural distribution of b4 allotypic determinants of thymus, lymph node and bone marrow lymphocytes.", "content": "An indirect immunoferritin-labeling technique is used to localize cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypic determinants on rabbit lymph node, bone marrow and thymus lymphocytes. 47% of the lymph node cells, 62% of bone marrow small lymphocytes and less than 1% of thymic lymphocytes, are positive for surface Ig. Two Ig-positive lymph node lymphocyte populations which differ in fine structure are identified but both cell types express similar amounts of surface Ig (7,000-28,000 Ig molecules per cell). Bone marrow small lymphocytes make up only 9% of the total cell population and express less surface Ig (ca. 3,000-12,000 molecules Ig per cell) than most Ig-bearre described and both are essentially negative for surface Ig using this labeling technique.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. V. Ultrastructural distribution of b4 allotypic determinants of thymus, lymph node and bone marrow lymphocytes. An indirect immunoferritin-labeling technique is used to localize cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypic determinants on rabbit lymph node, bone marrow and thymus lymphocytes. 47% of the lymph node cells, 62% of bone marrow small lymphocytes and less than 1% of thymic lymphocytes, are positive for surface Ig. Two Ig-positive lymph node lymphocyte populations which differ in fine structure are identified but both cell types express similar amounts of surface Ig (7,000-28,000 Ig molecules per cell). Bone marrow small lymphocytes make up only 9% of the total cell population and express less surface Ig (ca. 3,000-12,000 molecules Ig per cell) than most Ig-bearre described and both are essentially negative for surface Ig using this labeling technique.", "PMID": 69614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3488", "title": "Further studies on passive peritoneal anaphylaxis in the rat.", "content": "Four compounds with H1 anti-histamine activity and four adrenoceptor stimulants, each given to rats prior to passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA), inhibited extravasation of serum proteins into the peritoneal fluid at doses which had no effect on histamine release. In contrast, aminophylline and some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibited extravasation only at doses which inhibited histamine releases they showed a similar type of avtivity to that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and a nitroindanedione (BRL 10833), although they were much less potent. Predosing with DSCG reduced the potency of subsequent doses of DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin, but not of aminophylline or phenylbutazone, and therefore DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin may share a common pathway to produce activity. In the rat PPA system, no evidence was found for histamine 'feedback' inhibition of histamine release.", "contents": "Further studies on passive peritoneal anaphylaxis in the rat. Four compounds with H1 anti-histamine activity and four adrenoceptor stimulants, each given to rats prior to passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA), inhibited extravasation of serum proteins into the peritoneal fluid at doses which had no effect on histamine release. In contrast, aminophylline and some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibited extravasation only at doses which inhibited histamine releases they showed a similar type of avtivity to that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and a nitroindanedione (BRL 10833), although they were much less potent. Predosing with DSCG reduced the potency of subsequent doses of DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin, but not of aminophylline or phenylbutazone, and therefore DSCG, BRL 10833 and indomethacin may share a common pathway to produce activity. In the rat PPA system, no evidence was found for histamine 'feedback' inhibition of histamine release.", "PMID": 69615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3489", "title": "Studies of the nature of extracellular components of rat seminiferous tubular wall. II. Immunological characterization of basement membrane antigen.", "content": "An antiserum was obtained in rabbits using as antigen a preparation rich in basement membranes isolated from normal rat testis. By passive hemagglutination test a titer of 1/20,000 was obtained when the antiserum was reacted with the specific antigen; no cross reactions were detected with other fractions extracted from the germinal cells of rat testis. A weak cross reaction was obtained when the antiserum was reacted with collagen extracted from rat testis. Moreover, the antiserum cross reacted with other isolated basement membranes such as glomerular basement membrane of rat kidney and sheep lens capsule. By the indirect immunofluorescent technique the localization of the antigen antibody reaction was detected at the seminiferous tubular wall and vessels. No reaction was observed in other structures of the testis except for a faint reaction at the interstitial collagen fibers. Both, serological and immunohistochemical techniques demonstrated: (1) the existence of common antigenic determinants among basement membranes of different organs of the rat, (2) a partial immunological identity among basement membranes of different species.", "contents": "Studies of the nature of extracellular components of rat seminiferous tubular wall. II. Immunological characterization of basement membrane antigen. An antiserum was obtained in rabbits using as antigen a preparation rich in basement membranes isolated from normal rat testis. By passive hemagglutination test a titer of 1/20,000 was obtained when the antiserum was reacted with the specific antigen; no cross reactions were detected with other fractions extracted from the germinal cells of rat testis. A weak cross reaction was obtained when the antiserum was reacted with collagen extracted from rat testis. Moreover, the antiserum cross reacted with other isolated basement membranes such as glomerular basement membrane of rat kidney and sheep lens capsule. By the indirect immunofluorescent technique the localization of the antigen antibody reaction was detected at the seminiferous tubular wall and vessels. No reaction was observed in other structures of the testis except for a faint reaction at the interstitial collagen fibers. Both, serological and immunohistochemical techniques demonstrated: (1) the existence of common antigenic determinants among basement membranes of different organs of the rat, (2) a partial immunological identity among basement membranes of different species.", "PMID": 69616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3490", "title": "[Mechanism of mediators in human skin. Pharmacoanalysis and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "Under physiological and pathological conditions, the skin is influenced by tissue hormones (biogenic amines, kinines, prostaglandines), neuro-hormones (acetylcholine, catecholamines) and by proteins as complement. The combination of neurological stimulation with a series of self-propagating metabolic changes, shows new aspects of tissue reaction. Histamine triggers a serie of mediators as kinines and prostaglandines. Due to their influence on mediators and their effects on regulatory mechanisms the cyclic nucleotides can serve as model substances for the development of therapeutic processes for dermatological as well as for other disorders. The influence on mediator-systems by topical treatment and proven permeability of such substances is of extreme importance for the future development of local dermatological therapy.", "contents": "[Mechanism of mediators in human skin. Pharmacoanalysis and therapeutic aspects]. Under physiological and pathological conditions, the skin is influenced by tissue hormones (biogenic amines, kinines, prostaglandines), neuro-hormones (acetylcholine, catecholamines) and by proteins as complement. The combination of neurological stimulation with a series of self-propagating metabolic changes, shows new aspects of tissue reaction. Histamine triggers a serie of mediators as kinines and prostaglandines. Due to their influence on mediators and their effects on regulatory mechanisms the cyclic nucleotides can serve as model substances for the development of therapeutic processes for dermatological as well as for other disorders. The influence on mediator-systems by topical treatment and proven permeability of such substances is of extreme importance for the future development of local dermatological therapy.", "PMID": 69617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3491", "title": "Demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets by means of the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.", "content": "The glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been investigated in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixed tissues by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrozide-silver proteinate method (PA-TCH-SP). The PA-TCH-SP method involves the staining of intracytoplasmic glycogens more densely than the routine lead citrate method. Glycogen having a mean particle diameter of 21.1 nm has been shown localizing in the matrix of mature megakaryocytes, while that of glycogen in the platelets was 26.2 nm. The staining pattern of the glycogen in blood platelets was classified into three groups according to staining intensity. It is found that the PA-TCH-SP method is a very suitable one for the demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen from the viewpoints of reaction specificity, reproducibility, fineness of reaction products, sufficiency of electron density, and experimental cost. This method is also a very useful one for differentiating intracytoplasmic glycogens and ribosomes.", "contents": "Demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets by means of the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method. The glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been investigated in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixed tissues by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrozide-silver proteinate method (PA-TCH-SP). The PA-TCH-SP method involves the staining of intracytoplasmic glycogens more densely than the routine lead citrate method. Glycogen having a mean particle diameter of 21.1 nm has been shown localizing in the matrix of mature megakaryocytes, while that of glycogen in the platelets was 26.2 nm. The staining pattern of the glycogen in blood platelets was classified into three groups according to staining intensity. It is found that the PA-TCH-SP method is a very suitable one for the demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen from the viewpoints of reaction specificity, reproducibility, fineness of reaction products, sufficiency of electron density, and experimental cost. This method is also a very useful one for differentiating intracytoplasmic glycogens and ribosomes.", "PMID": 69618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3492", "title": "Mouse epidermal growth factor: light and electron microscopical localisation by immunocytochemical staining.", "content": "Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) has been localised by immuno-staining to granules of the convoluted duct cells of the submaxillary glands of mice. Improved techniques of freeze drying and formaldehyde vapour fixation have resulted in a light microscopical localisation sharper than was achieved by previous methods. EGF has also been identified by electron immunocytochemistry using the unlabelled antibody enzyme method. EGF is present in greater quantities in male mice than in female mice but in pregnant females the level of EGF in the submaxillary gland is equal to that of the male. It declines gradually during the three weeks of lactation. In view of the chemical similarity between mouse EGF and human Urogastrone these improved methods of identification may be useful in the localisation of the human substance.", "contents": "Mouse epidermal growth factor: light and electron microscopical localisation by immunocytochemical staining. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) has been localised by immuno-staining to granules of the convoluted duct cells of the submaxillary glands of mice. Improved techniques of freeze drying and formaldehyde vapour fixation have resulted in a light microscopical localisation sharper than was achieved by previous methods. EGF has also been identified by electron immunocytochemistry using the unlabelled antibody enzyme method. EGF is present in greater quantities in male mice than in female mice but in pregnant females the level of EGF in the submaxillary gland is equal to that of the male. It declines gradually during the three weeks of lactation. In view of the chemical similarity between mouse EGF and human Urogastrone these improved methods of identification may be useful in the localisation of the human substance.", "PMID": 69619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3493", "title": "Silver staining the caveolae intracellularis of smooth muscle.", "content": "Bodian silver staining of guinea-pig Taenia coli produces a regular distribution of silver at the periphery of the smooth muscle cells. Electron microscopic analysis of this precipitate revealed that the membrane of the caveolae intracellularis was the only structure at the periphery of the cells that consistently exhibited a high affinity for silver. Thus, this staining method demonstrates that caveolae are distributed over most of the cell surface in an orderly pattern.", "contents": "Silver staining the caveolae intracellularis of smooth muscle. Bodian silver staining of guinea-pig Taenia coli produces a regular distribution of silver at the periphery of the smooth muscle cells. Electron microscopic analysis of this precipitate revealed that the membrane of the caveolae intracellularis was the only structure at the periphery of the cells that consistently exhibited a high affinity for silver. Thus, this staining method demonstrates that caveolae are distributed over most of the cell surface in an orderly pattern.", "PMID": 69622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3494", "title": "Chemistry of bleomycin. XVIII. carbon-13 NMR studies.", "content": "During chemical studies of bleomycin, many fragments and derivatives have been isolated and characterized. The 13C-NMR spectra of these compounds were taken and analyzed for structural information, and the complete assignment of the spectra was achieved. The 13C-chemical shift map thus obtained contains information about the structure and conformation and will be useful for studies on the chemistry and biology of bleomycin and related compounds.", "contents": "Chemistry of bleomycin. XVIII. carbon-13 NMR studies. During chemical studies of bleomycin, many fragments and derivatives have been isolated and characterized. The 13C-NMR spectra of these compounds were taken and analyzed for structural information, and the complete assignment of the spectra was achieved. The 13C-chemical shift map thus obtained contains information about the structure and conformation and will be useful for studies on the chemistry and biology of bleomycin and related compounds.", "PMID": 69623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3495", "title": "Biochemical studies on an acidophilic, thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus acidocaldarius: isolation of bacteria, intracellular pH, and stabilities of biopolymers.", "content": "Acidophilic, thermophilic bacteria were isolated from Japanese acidic hot springs. They were spore-forming rods, identified as Bacillus acidocaldarius. DNA extracted from these acido-thermophiles showed no abnormality in chemical structure; it was instantly denatured and gradually decomposed giving rise to apurinic acid in a hot acid environment milder than the optimal conditions for the growth of the acido-thermophiles. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase extracted from B. acidocaldarius was not active at pH 5 or less, and was resistant to heat at neutral but not acid pH. The intracellular pH was computed to be neutral by using dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione. When uncouplers or inhibitors of respiration were added to the cells suspended in hot acid solution, the estimated pH was not changed and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cells was not denatured. These results suggest that the cytoplasm of B. acidocaldarius is a hot neutral environment, and that a pH gradient across the cell envelope can be maintained even when oxidative phosphorylation or respiration is inhibited.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on an acidophilic, thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus acidocaldarius: isolation of bacteria, intracellular pH, and stabilities of biopolymers. Acidophilic, thermophilic bacteria were isolated from Japanese acidic hot springs. They were spore-forming rods, identified as Bacillus acidocaldarius. DNA extracted from these acido-thermophiles showed no abnormality in chemical structure; it was instantly denatured and gradually decomposed giving rise to apurinic acid in a hot acid environment milder than the optimal conditions for the growth of the acido-thermophiles. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase extracted from B. acidocaldarius was not active at pH 5 or less, and was resistant to heat at neutral but not acid pH. The intracellular pH was computed to be neutral by using dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione. When uncouplers or inhibitors of respiration were added to the cells suspended in hot acid solution, the estimated pH was not changed and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cells was not denatured. These results suggest that the cytoplasm of B. acidocaldarius is a hot neutral environment, and that a pH gradient across the cell envelope can be maintained even when oxidative phosphorylation or respiration is inhibited.", "PMID": 69626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3496", "title": "Effect of Rauscher leukemia virus-specific proteins on reverse transcriptase. Binding between reverse transcriptase and p30.", "content": "The reverse transcriptase was purified to homogeneity from Rauscher leukemia virus by sequential column chromatography on phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose. The purified enzyme, a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000, interacts with major internal protein p30 of the same virus. The reverse transcriptase - p30 complex stimulated [3H]TMP incorporation into (dT)12 - (rA)n 2- to 3-fold compared to that observed with the purified enzyme alone. Monospecific antiserum made against either p30 or reverse transcriptase precipitated the entire complex. The sedimentation rate of the reverse transcriptase - p30 complex is approximately 12 S as estimated by glycerol gradient centrifugation, and the molecular weight is approximately 400,000 by chromatography on a Sepharose 6B column. The complex dissociates into its original components when treated with 0.8 M KCl.", "contents": "Effect of Rauscher leukemia virus-specific proteins on reverse transcriptase. Binding between reverse transcriptase and p30. The reverse transcriptase was purified to homogeneity from Rauscher leukemia virus by sequential column chromatography on phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose. The purified enzyme, a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000, interacts with major internal protein p30 of the same virus. The reverse transcriptase - p30 complex stimulated [3H]TMP incorporation into (dT)12 - (rA)n 2- to 3-fold compared to that observed with the purified enzyme alone. Monospecific antiserum made against either p30 or reverse transcriptase precipitated the entire complex. The sedimentation rate of the reverse transcriptase - p30 complex is approximately 12 S as estimated by glycerol gradient centrifugation, and the molecular weight is approximately 400,000 by chromatography on a Sepharose 6B column. The complex dissociates into its original components when treated with 0.8 M KCl.", "PMID": 69627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3497", "title": "Selective radioactive labeling of cell surface sialoglycoproteins by periodate-tritiated borohydride.", "content": "Low concentrations of sodium metaperiodate induce specific oxidative cleavage of sialic acids between carbon 7 and carbon 8 or carbon 8 and carbon 9. The aldehydes formed can easily be reduced with NaB3H4 to tritiated 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid or 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino-2-octulosonic acid. At 0 degrees, the periodate anion penetrates the cell plasma membrane very slowly and only externally exposed sialic acids are oxidized. This was shown by (a) limited labeling of the sialoglycoproteins in a preparation of inside-out erythrocyte vesicles; (b) trapping 14C-labeled fetuin within resealed erythrocyte ghosts; fetuin was then poorly labeled, whereas the erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins were highly labeled; (c) comparison of labeled glycoproteins of mouse lymphoid cells before and after treatment with neuraminidase. This simple method of specifically introducing a radioactive label into cell surface sialic acids is useful in the study of cell surface sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.", "contents": "Selective radioactive labeling of cell surface sialoglycoproteins by periodate-tritiated borohydride. Low concentrations of sodium metaperiodate induce specific oxidative cleavage of sialic acids between carbon 7 and carbon 8 or carbon 8 and carbon 9. The aldehydes formed can easily be reduced with NaB3H4 to tritiated 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid or 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino-2-octulosonic acid. At 0 degrees, the periodate anion penetrates the cell plasma membrane very slowly and only externally exposed sialic acids are oxidized. This was shown by (a) limited labeling of the sialoglycoproteins in a preparation of inside-out erythrocyte vesicles; (b) trapping 14C-labeled fetuin within resealed erythrocyte ghosts; fetuin was then poorly labeled, whereas the erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins were highly labeled; (c) comparison of labeled glycoproteins of mouse lymphoid cells before and after treatment with neuraminidase. This simple method of specifically introducing a radioactive label into cell surface sialic acids is useful in the study of cell surface sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.", "PMID": 69628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3498", "title": "Antigenic similarity of heat-labile enterotoxins from diverse strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "With use of the rabbit intestinal loop model, heat-labile enterotoxins from 21 Escherichia coli strains isolated from a wide spectrum of patients with diarrheal diseases were all neutralized to high titer by two antisera prepared against enterotoxins of either E. coli or Vibrio cholerae. These findings suggest marked immunological similarity among heat-labile enterotoxins from a heterogenous group of E. coli.", "contents": "Antigenic similarity of heat-labile enterotoxins from diverse strains of Escherichia coli. With use of the rabbit intestinal loop model, heat-labile enterotoxins from 21 Escherichia coli strains isolated from a wide spectrum of patients with diarrheal diseases were all neutralized to high titer by two antisera prepared against enterotoxins of either E. coli or Vibrio cholerae. These findings suggest marked immunological similarity among heat-labile enterotoxins from a heterogenous group of E. coli.", "PMID": 69630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3499", "title": "Purification of equine infectious anemia virus antigen by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Affinity chromatography was performed to obtain highly purified antigen from equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. After crude antigen was concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation of culture fluids from equine dermal cells persistently infected with EIA virus, and after the virus was disrupted with ether, it was added to a column of cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B to which EIA-specific antibody had been conjugated. The antigen was effectively released from the column with 5M MgCl2 and proved to be highly purified. Passive hemagglutination tests on sera from EAI infections were carried out, using the purified antigen. Results indicated that the passive hemagglutination test with the antigen was a specific laboratory test with high sensitivity for EIA infection.", "contents": "Purification of equine infectious anemia virus antigen by affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography was performed to obtain highly purified antigen from equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. After crude antigen was concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation of culture fluids from equine dermal cells persistently infected with EIA virus, and after the virus was disrupted with ether, it was added to a column of cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B to which EIA-specific antibody had been conjugated. The antigen was effectively released from the column with 5M MgCl2 and proved to be highly purified. Passive hemagglutination tests on sera from EAI infections were carried out, using the purified antigen. Results indicated that the passive hemagglutination test with the antigen was a specific laboratory test with high sensitivity for EIA infection.", "PMID": 69631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3500", "title": "Plaque assay and cloning of scrub typhus rickettsiae in irradiated L-929 cells.", "content": "It was demonstrated that gamma-irradiated L-929 cells support plaque formation by three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and representative species of the spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Sensitivity of the plaque assay for detection of viable scrub typhus rickettsiae was similar to that achieved with intraperitoneal inoculation of random-bred mice. The concentration of irradiated cells and the temperature and length of incubation were all found to affect plaque size. A technique combining terminal dilution and plaque purification was used to obtain clones of three strains of scrub typhus rickettsiae.", "contents": "Plaque assay and cloning of scrub typhus rickettsiae in irradiated L-929 cells. It was demonstrated that gamma-irradiated L-929 cells support plaque formation by three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and representative species of the spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Sensitivity of the plaque assay for detection of viable scrub typhus rickettsiae was similar to that achieved with intraperitoneal inoculation of random-bred mice. The concentration of irradiated cells and the temperature and length of incubation were all found to affect plaque size. A technique combining terminal dilution and plaque purification was used to obtain clones of three strains of scrub typhus rickettsiae.", "PMID": 69632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3501", "title": "HBsAg and HBcAg in the livers of asymptomatic hepatitis B antigen carriers.", "content": "Asymptomatic blood donors with persistent HBs antigenaemia have a variety of histological lesions in the liver, and serial biopsies indicate that, in some, these lesions may progress. The immunoperoxidase technique was found to be a sensitive method for the histological demonstration of HBsAg and HBcAg. Livers showing minor histological changes contained more HBsAg than those with active lesions and there appears to be an inverse relationship between the amount of HBsAg in the liver and the severity of the histological damage. In the carriers who had more than one biopsy, the presence of stainable HBsAg, irrespective of the initial histological diagnosis, was associated with a greater likelihood of progression of the histological lesion. HBcAg was found only in the hepatocyte nuclei of carriers with chronic aggressive and chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "HBsAg and HBcAg in the livers of asymptomatic hepatitis B antigen carriers. Asymptomatic blood donors with persistent HBs antigenaemia have a variety of histological lesions in the liver, and serial biopsies indicate that, in some, these lesions may progress. The immunoperoxidase technique was found to be a sensitive method for the histological demonstration of HBsAg and HBcAg. Livers showing minor histological changes contained more HBsAg than those with active lesions and there appears to be an inverse relationship between the amount of HBsAg in the liver and the severity of the histological damage. In the carriers who had more than one biopsy, the presence of stainable HBsAg, irrespective of the initial histological diagnosis, was associated with a greater likelihood of progression of the histological lesion. HBcAg was found only in the hepatocyte nuclei of carriers with chronic aggressive and chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 69633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3502", "title": "The many faces of food--as seen through the eyes of the artist.", "content": "Artists through the ages have displayed an interest in food, not only for its nourishing value but also for its aesthetic nature. Consequently, the art world has endowed the field of nutrition with a colorful record of the artistic merits and heritage of food. In this article, the author explores some of the food lore depicted in various famous paintings. Such insights should be rewarding to anyone who enjoys pictorial art as an avocation--and especially to those whose vocation involves food. As knowledge of food and eating customs increases, so also does the appreciation for the theme of a painting, the intent of the artist, and the culture that nourished both his palate and palette.", "contents": "The many faces of food--as seen through the eyes of the artist. Artists through the ages have displayed an interest in food, not only for its nourishing value but also for its aesthetic nature. Consequently, the art world has endowed the field of nutrition with a colorful record of the artistic merits and heritage of food. In this article, the author explores some of the food lore depicted in various famous paintings. Such insights should be rewarding to anyone who enjoys pictorial art as an avocation--and especially to those whose vocation involves food. As knowledge of food and eating customs increases, so also does the appreciation for the theme of a painting, the intent of the artist, and the culture that nourished both his palate and palette.", "PMID": 69637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3503", "title": "Relative cumulation of beta-BHC in ecological and biological system.", "content": "During 1971-1974 a study was undertaken to analyze 1234 samples of different elements of food chain from three regions of Slovakia in order to obtain information on ecological relations of the dynamics of residues of four isomers of BHC compared with p,p-DDT and DDE. In contrast to most literature data, a higher relative cumulation of beta-BHC in animal food products compared to the other isomers was noted. The observed relations between the individual BHC isomers were verified in a model feeding experiment on poultry. Dynamics of the transfer of the BHC isomers between fodder, meat, liver, and eggs were studied in broilers and laying hens. All results of the model feeding experiment confirmed the conclusions of the ecological studies concerning beta-, gamma-, and -delta -BHC. The persistence of the alpha-BHC was not confirmed in this manner.", "contents": "Relative cumulation of beta-BHC in ecological and biological system. During 1971-1974 a study was undertaken to analyze 1234 samples of different elements of food chain from three regions of Slovakia in order to obtain information on ecological relations of the dynamics of residues of four isomers of BHC compared with p,p-DDT and DDE. In contrast to most literature data, a higher relative cumulation of beta-BHC in animal food products compared to the other isomers was noted. The observed relations between the individual BHC isomers were verified in a model feeding experiment on poultry. Dynamics of the transfer of the BHC isomers between fodder, meat, liver, and eggs were studied in broilers and laying hens. All results of the model feeding experiment confirmed the conclusions of the ecological studies concerning beta-, gamma-, and -delta -BHC. The persistence of the alpha-BHC was not confirmed in this manner.", "PMID": 69639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3504", "title": "[Alpha-fetoproteins in maternal serum. Radioimmunologic determination in current obstetrical practice. Analysis of 669 determinations].", "content": "The analysis of 669 levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoproteins carried out using a radio-immunological technique with double antibodies has enabled a diagram of normal values to be established on the one hand has shown up certain modifications of levels when different pathological conditions arise in pregnancy on the other hand. Raised levels were found in: intra-uterine fetal death. In some cases the rise preceded death, in twin pregnancies. Low levels were found in: severe pre-eclamptic pregnancies, in low intra-uterine fetal growth after the 32nd week, in threatened premature labour. Finally, the levels of AFP in the maternal serum were found to be normal in two cases where there were neural tube malformations. The existence of variations in the levels of AFP in maternal serum in a variety of pathological features suggests that these levels could be used as a new parameter in the biochemical monitoring of the fetus.", "contents": "[Alpha-fetoproteins in maternal serum. Radioimmunologic determination in current obstetrical practice. Analysis of 669 determinations]. The analysis of 669 levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoproteins carried out using a radio-immunological technique with double antibodies has enabled a diagram of normal values to be established on the one hand has shown up certain modifications of levels when different pathological conditions arise in pregnancy on the other hand. Raised levels were found in: intra-uterine fetal death. In some cases the rise preceded death, in twin pregnancies. Low levels were found in: severe pre-eclamptic pregnancies, in low intra-uterine fetal growth after the 32nd week, in threatened premature labour. Finally, the levels of AFP in the maternal serum were found to be normal in two cases where there were neural tube malformations. The existence of variations in the levels of AFP in maternal serum in a variety of pathological features suggests that these levels could be used as a new parameter in the biochemical monitoring of the fetus.", "PMID": 69640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3505", "title": "Ultrastructural immunoenzymatic study of alpha-fetoprotein-producing cells in the human fetal liver.", "content": "Cells producing alpha-fetoprotein in human fetal liver have been studied with specific horseradish peroxidase labeled immunoglobulins. Under light microscopy, the alpha-fetoprotein is strictly localized in the cytoplasm of certain hepatocytes, distributed randomly in the hepatic lobule. Ultrastructural examination of thesame cells shows that the alpha-fetoprotein is present within the cytoplasm. Ultrastructural differences are described in hepatocytes according to whether or not the cell is producing alpha-fetoprotein at the time of sampling. These observations lead to the hypothesis that alpha-fetoprotein may correspond to a particular functional state of the hepatocyte in human fetal liver.", "contents": "Ultrastructural immunoenzymatic study of alpha-fetoprotein-producing cells in the human fetal liver. Cells producing alpha-fetoprotein in human fetal liver have been studied with specific horseradish peroxidase labeled immunoglobulins. Under light microscopy, the alpha-fetoprotein is strictly localized in the cytoplasm of certain hepatocytes, distributed randomly in the hepatic lobule. Ultrastructural examination of thesame cells shows that the alpha-fetoprotein is present within the cytoplasm. Ultrastructural differences are described in hepatocytes according to whether or not the cell is producing alpha-fetoprotein at the time of sampling. These observations lead to the hypothesis that alpha-fetoprotein may correspond to a particular functional state of the hepatocyte in human fetal liver.", "PMID": 69654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3506", "title": "Effects of primary antiserum dilution on staining of \"antigenrich\" tissues with the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique.", "content": "The effect of primary antiserum dilution on staining results with the peroxidase antiperoxidase method were investigated using frozen sections of perfused rat cerebellum and optic nerve. Results comparable to formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue were attainable only when low antiserum concentrations were used. Optimal staining of antigen rich tissue, such as frozen sections, with the peroxidase antiperoxidase method required low antiserum concentrations apparently to minimize the binding of both antigen-binding fragments of the bridging antibody to the tissue bound antiserum. It appears that low antiserum concentration insures that sufficient bridge antibody molecules will be only singly bound and thus free to attach the peroxidase antiperoxidase complex.", "contents": "Effects of primary antiserum dilution on staining of \"antigenrich\" tissues with the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. The effect of primary antiserum dilution on staining results with the peroxidase antiperoxidase method were investigated using frozen sections of perfused rat cerebellum and optic nerve. Results comparable to formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue were attainable only when low antiserum concentrations were used. Optimal staining of antigen rich tissue, such as frozen sections, with the peroxidase antiperoxidase method required low antiserum concentrations apparently to minimize the binding of both antigen-binding fragments of the bridging antibody to the tissue bound antiserum. It appears that low antiserum concentration insures that sufficient bridge antibody molecules will be only singly bound and thus free to attach the peroxidase antiperoxidase complex.", "PMID": 69655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3507", "title": "Specificity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein for astroglia.", "content": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) is the main constituent of glial filaments and the close similarity of GFA and neurofilament protein has been recently reported. However, the immunofluorescence staining of peripheral nerve which may be observed with GFA antisera is not due to cross-reaction between GFA and neurofilament protein. Staining of peripheral axons was also observed with control sera obtained by injecting the rabbits with nonimmunogenic GFA preparations isolated with the same procedure. Immune GFA antisera and control sera reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts of sciatic nerve. However, the precipitin line formed with peripheral nerve crossed the line against GFA protein, thus indicating nonidentity between the two antigens. Buffer extract of sciatic nerves that had been incubated with spinal cord reacted by immunodiffusion with GFA antisera, thus indicating that redistribution of GFA occurred under these conditions.", "contents": "Specificity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein for astroglia. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) is the main constituent of glial filaments and the close similarity of GFA and neurofilament protein has been recently reported. However, the immunofluorescence staining of peripheral nerve which may be observed with GFA antisera is not due to cross-reaction between GFA and neurofilament protein. Staining of peripheral axons was also observed with control sera obtained by injecting the rabbits with nonimmunogenic GFA preparations isolated with the same procedure. Immune GFA antisera and control sera reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts of sciatic nerve. However, the precipitin line formed with peripheral nerve crossed the line against GFA protein, thus indicating nonidentity between the two antigens. Buffer extract of sciatic nerves that had been incubated with spinal cord reacted by immunodiffusion with GFA antisera, thus indicating that redistribution of GFA occurred under these conditions.", "PMID": 69656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3508", "title": "Staining of rickettsial antigens for microagglutination reaction.", "content": "Staining of antigens of R. prowazeki, R. canada and R. conori with hematoxylin-Harris for use in MAR was developed. Optimal results were obtained when rickettsial antigens were stained at 4 degrees C for 18 hours. Comparison of MAR with CFR has shown that MAR using stained rickettsial antigens is specific and as sensitive as CFR.", "contents": "Staining of rickettsial antigens for microagglutination reaction. Staining of antigens of R. prowazeki, R. canada and R. conori with hematoxylin-Harris for use in MAR was developed. Optimal results were obtained when rickettsial antigens were stained at 4 degrees C for 18 hours. Comparison of MAR with CFR has shown that MAR using stained rickettsial antigens is specific and as sensitive as CFR.", "PMID": 69657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3509", "title": "Comparison of microscopic positivity in smears from sputa stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen in different modifications.", "content": "Some basic factors influencing the detection of microscopic positivity in the sputa of patients with tuberculosis of the lungs, stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen in various modifications, were studied in 9 laboratories in 5 different countries (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Mongolia, German Democratic Republic and Poland). Each laboratory prepared 200 coded slides from 50 suspect-positive sputa. The slides were stained using four different methods and despatched, without examination, to the next laboratory in the series. A total of 1 800 slides from 450 sputa were thus evaluated and each smear was successively examined by 8 different readers. The study has shown that the result of direct microscopy depends primarily on the individual qualities and attentiveness of the workers evaluating the slides while the remaining factors are less important. Mechanical homogenization of sputa before making the smear, carried out by shaking the sputum with glass beads, had a significant effect on the number of detected mycobacteria while homogenization using soda lye did not influence the positivity in any direction. The detection of mycobacteria after hot staining was significantly higher than after a 2-hour action of carbolfuchsin without heating. Additional staining with picric acid or malachite green had no effect on the amount of bacteria detected and the method of examination (in one line or meander-like on selected spots) was found to be completely unimportant.", "contents": "Comparison of microscopic positivity in smears from sputa stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen in different modifications. Some basic factors influencing the detection of microscopic positivity in the sputa of patients with tuberculosis of the lungs, stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen in various modifications, were studied in 9 laboratories in 5 different countries (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Mongolia, German Democratic Republic and Poland). Each laboratory prepared 200 coded slides from 50 suspect-positive sputa. The slides were stained using four different methods and despatched, without examination, to the next laboratory in the series. A total of 1 800 slides from 450 sputa were thus evaluated and each smear was successively examined by 8 different readers. The study has shown that the result of direct microscopy depends primarily on the individual qualities and attentiveness of the workers evaluating the slides while the remaining factors are less important. Mechanical homogenization of sputa before making the smear, carried out by shaking the sputum with glass beads, had a significant effect on the number of detected mycobacteria while homogenization using soda lye did not influence the positivity in any direction. The detection of mycobacteria after hot staining was significantly higher than after a 2-hour action of carbolfuchsin without heating. Additional staining with picric acid or malachite green had no effect on the amount of bacteria detected and the method of examination (in one line or meander-like on selected spots) was found to be completely unimportant.", "PMID": 69658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3510", "title": "Distribution of the thy-1 antigen in cellular and subcellular fractions of adult mouse brain.", "content": "By using a cytotoxicity inhibition assay employing AKR anti-C3H thymocyte antiserum, we have determined the degree of expression of the thy-1 antigen in fractions of adult mouse brain. As expressed as cytotoxicity inhibitory capacity per mg protein with C3H whole brain arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0, the following values were found: C3H cerebral cortex, 5.8; C3H cerebral cortex synaptosomes, 2.5: C3H whole brain myelin, 0.65; C3H cerebral cortex neurons, 0.16; and C3H cerebral cortex mitochondria 0.10. Neither C1300 neuroblastoma cells nor any AKR neural fraction had detectable levels of thy-1. The findings indicate that the thy-1 antigen is found mainly in mouse cerebral cortex and in synaptosomal fractions, whereas myelin fractions contain lower but perhaps significant amounts of thy-1. Cerebral cortex neurons, isolated by a method requiring a 90-min mild trypsinization at 37 degrees C, did not display significant amounts of the thy-1 antigen. These results lend themselves to further study in the area of differentiation and development of central nervous system components and in the area of central nervous system immunopathology.", "contents": "Distribution of the thy-1 antigen in cellular and subcellular fractions of adult mouse brain. By using a cytotoxicity inhibition assay employing AKR anti-C3H thymocyte antiserum, we have determined the degree of expression of the thy-1 antigen in fractions of adult mouse brain. As expressed as cytotoxicity inhibitory capacity per mg protein with C3H whole brain arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0, the following values were found: C3H cerebral cortex, 5.8; C3H cerebral cortex synaptosomes, 2.5: C3H whole brain myelin, 0.65; C3H cerebral cortex neurons, 0.16; and C3H cerebral cortex mitochondria 0.10. Neither C1300 neuroblastoma cells nor any AKR neural fraction had detectable levels of thy-1. The findings indicate that the thy-1 antigen is found mainly in mouse cerebral cortex and in synaptosomal fractions, whereas myelin fractions contain lower but perhaps significant amounts of thy-1. Cerebral cortex neurons, isolated by a method requiring a 90-min mild trypsinization at 37 degrees C, did not display significant amounts of the thy-1 antigen. These results lend themselves to further study in the area of differentiation and development of central nervous system components and in the area of central nervous system immunopathology.", "PMID": 69659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3511", "title": "A carbohydrate-containing antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi and its detection in the circulation of infected mice.", "content": "A polysaccharide-containing fraction has been prepared from the water-soluble material of a phenol-water extract of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Sera from rabbits immunized with this material have been used to detect trypanosome-derived polysaccharide in plasma of mice acutely infected with this parasite. The polysaccharide nature of the circulating antigen is suggested by its heat stability, resistance to proteinase and nucleases, and destruction by sodium metaperiodate, as well as by its periodic acid-Schiff staining and precipitation with concanavalin A. The antigen appears to be present in different strains of the parasite and in different stages in the life cycle of the parasite.", "contents": "A carbohydrate-containing antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi and its detection in the circulation of infected mice. A polysaccharide-containing fraction has been prepared from the water-soluble material of a phenol-water extract of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Sera from rabbits immunized with this material have been used to detect trypanosome-derived polysaccharide in plasma of mice acutely infected with this parasite. The polysaccharide nature of the circulating antigen is suggested by its heat stability, resistance to proteinase and nucleases, and destruction by sodium metaperiodate, as well as by its periodic acid-Schiff staining and precipitation with concanavalin A. The antigen appears to be present in different strains of the parasite and in different stages in the life cycle of the parasite.", "PMID": 69661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3512", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation by human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP); HAFP monomers and multimers and a resistant lymphocyte subpopulation.", "content": "We have previously shown that human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) inhibits the response in vitro of human lymphocytes to a variety of mitogenic stimuli. In this report we present evidence that HAFP preparations containing dimeric and trimeric forms are no more inhibitory than HAFP monomeric isolates. HAFP isolates of low inhibitory potency cannot impede the capacity of high-potency HAFP to inhibit lymphocyte transformation. Since lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens or anti-human thymocyte antiserum cannot be totally suppressed by increasing doses of HAFP, we conclude that human lymphocyte preparations contain a population of lymphocytes resistant to the inhibitory action of HAFP.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation by human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP); HAFP monomers and multimers and a resistant lymphocyte subpopulation. We have previously shown that human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) inhibits the response in vitro of human lymphocytes to a variety of mitogenic stimuli. In this report we present evidence that HAFP preparations containing dimeric and trimeric forms are no more inhibitory than HAFP monomeric isolates. HAFP isolates of low inhibitory potency cannot impede the capacity of high-potency HAFP to inhibit lymphocyte transformation. Since lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens or anti-human thymocyte antiserum cannot be totally suppressed by increasing doses of HAFP, we conclude that human lymphocyte preparations contain a population of lymphocytes resistant to the inhibitory action of HAFP.", "PMID": 69662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3513", "title": "The Tla locus: a new allele and antigenic specificity.", "content": "Four of 23 H-2 alloantisera screened for anti-TL activity contained such activity. One of these alloantisera, D-35, defined a new TL specificity, TL.5, and a new Tla allele, Tlad. TL.5 has all the characteristics of a TL antigen and has a different strain distribution than previously known ones. This new complexity at the Tla locus and the previous finding of other serologically defined genes in the Tla region indicate that this genetic region cannot be ignored in analyzing antisera produced in strains made congenic for the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "The Tla locus: a new allele and antigenic specificity. Four of 23 H-2 alloantisera screened for anti-TL activity contained such activity. One of these alloantisera, D-35, defined a new TL specificity, TL.5, and a new Tla allele, Tlad. TL.5 has all the characteristics of a TL antigen and has a different strain distribution than previously known ones. This new complexity at the Tla locus and the previous finding of other serologically defined genes in the Tla region indicate that this genetic region cannot be ignored in analyzing antisera produced in strains made congenic for the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 69663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3514", "title": "Humoral immunostimulation. VII. Sialic acid masks antigenic sites on an antibody-selected bariant cell line.", "content": "Variant cell lines (LC1, LC2) obtained by growth of mouse L cells (L) in cytostimulatory and cytotoxic doses, respectively, of rabbit anti-L cell antiserum AL) were found previously to be altered in many ways relative to the parent cell line. A major change was the reduction of those surface membrane antigens that AL recognizes. These cell variants have now been found to have increased membrane sialic acid relative to L. Treatment of intact variant cells with neuraminidase (50 units/ml, 37 degrees C, 1 hr) greatly restored the susceptibility of LC1 to lysis with AL. In the presence of 1/100 dilution of AL and 5% complement the viability indices (1.00 = no cell kill) of untreated and neuraminidase-treated cells were respectively: L 0.10 and 0.03 and LC1 0.91 and 0.40. Neuraminidase-treated LC2 cells retained their resistance to AL. Parallel studies with 125I-ALIgG showed increased binding to neuraminidase-treated LC1 relative to native LC1. These findings suggest that the altered membrane sialic acid content affects the immunologic behavior of this cell variant by masking the original cell surface antibody-binding sites. This represents a possible mechanism for tumors to escape immunologic control.", "contents": "Humoral immunostimulation. VII. Sialic acid masks antigenic sites on an antibody-selected bariant cell line. Variant cell lines (LC1, LC2) obtained by growth of mouse L cells (L) in cytostimulatory and cytotoxic doses, respectively, of rabbit anti-L cell antiserum AL) were found previously to be altered in many ways relative to the parent cell line. A major change was the reduction of those surface membrane antigens that AL recognizes. These cell variants have now been found to have increased membrane sialic acid relative to L. Treatment of intact variant cells with neuraminidase (50 units/ml, 37 degrees C, 1 hr) greatly restored the susceptibility of LC1 to lysis with AL. In the presence of 1/100 dilution of AL and 5% complement the viability indices (1.00 = no cell kill) of untreated and neuraminidase-treated cells were respectively: L 0.10 and 0.03 and LC1 0.91 and 0.40. Neuraminidase-treated LC2 cells retained their resistance to AL. Parallel studies with 125I-ALIgG showed increased binding to neuraminidase-treated LC1 relative to native LC1. These findings suggest that the altered membrane sialic acid content affects the immunologic behavior of this cell variant by masking the original cell surface antibody-binding sites. This represents a possible mechanism for tumors to escape immunologic control.", "PMID": 69664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3515", "title": "Colonic tumor membrane-associated glycoprotein: isolation of antigenically-active peptides after chemical cleavage.", "content": "A membrane-associated glycoprotein fraction, referred to a CEA-M was isolated from human colonic tumor tissue by sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction of membrane fragments followed by wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography, Bio-Gel A-1.5 gel filtration and preparative slab gel electrophoresis. With a m.w. of approximately 200,000, isoelectric point of about 4.2 and carbohydrate:protein ratio of 2:1, this glycoprotein has physiocochemical and antigenic similarities to carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA. Immunochemical studies have shown that antiserum developed for this glycoprotein possesses relative specificity for human colonic carcinomas. Chemical cleavage of this glycoprotein by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid resulted in three major Coomassie Blue and two periodic acid Schiff stainable fragments (one of which stains with both). It was found that one of the glycopeptides, labeled as TA, isolated by affinity and covalent chromatography, contained 77% carbohydrates and possessed antigenic determinants recognized by at least 70% of the antibody population raised against the total glycoprotein fraction; purified antibodies to this region of the molecule seem promising for the development of a specific assay for gastrointestinal tumors.", "contents": "Colonic tumor membrane-associated glycoprotein: isolation of antigenically-active peptides after chemical cleavage. A membrane-associated glycoprotein fraction, referred to a CEA-M was isolated from human colonic tumor tissue by sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction of membrane fragments followed by wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography, Bio-Gel A-1.5 gel filtration and preparative slab gel electrophoresis. With a m.w. of approximately 200,000, isoelectric point of about 4.2 and carbohydrate:protein ratio of 2:1, this glycoprotein has physiocochemical and antigenic similarities to carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA. Immunochemical studies have shown that antiserum developed for this glycoprotein possesses relative specificity for human colonic carcinomas. Chemical cleavage of this glycoprotein by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid resulted in three major Coomassie Blue and two periodic acid Schiff stainable fragments (one of which stains with both). It was found that one of the glycopeptides, labeled as TA, isolated by affinity and covalent chromatography, contained 77% carbohydrates and possessed antigenic determinants recognized by at least 70% of the antibody population raised against the total glycoprotein fraction; purified antibodies to this region of the molecule seem promising for the development of a specific assay for gastrointestinal tumors.", "PMID": 69665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3516", "title": "Expression and function of I region determinants on immunocompetent cells. I. Selective expression of I-C region determinants on immune cells.", "content": "We have examined the cytotoxic activity of anti-Iak serum and complement on various immune functions of BALB/c (H-2d) cells. Since the cytotoxic action of this antiserum on H-2d cells defines specificity Ia.7, an I-C region product, we have looked at the selective expression of this antigen. We have mainly used the in vitro anti-Lac2 response to study the cells involved in the induction and regulation of antibody. The data presented here show that Ia.7 is present on both IgM and IgG precursor B cells and in lesser amounts on plaque-forming cells. The antiserum also recognizes with less efficiency a product on specific T suppressor cells, which is possibly coded for by the adjacent I-J subregion. Both fluorescence and functional tests indicate the absence of Ia.7 on macrophages. It is also lacking on T helper cells. When we tested the antiserum on the in vitro cytotoxic responses to alloantigens, we found that neither T effector cells nor their precursors were affected.", "contents": "Expression and function of I region determinants on immunocompetent cells. I. Selective expression of I-C region determinants on immune cells. We have examined the cytotoxic activity of anti-Iak serum and complement on various immune functions of BALB/c (H-2d) cells. Since the cytotoxic action of this antiserum on H-2d cells defines specificity Ia.7, an I-C region product, we have looked at the selective expression of this antigen. We have mainly used the in vitro anti-Lac2 response to study the cells involved in the induction and regulation of antibody. The data presented here show that Ia.7 is present on both IgM and IgG precursor B cells and in lesser amounts on plaque-forming cells. The antiserum also recognizes with less efficiency a product on specific T suppressor cells, which is possibly coded for by the adjacent I-J subregion. Both fluorescence and functional tests indicate the absence of Ia.7 on macrophages. It is also lacking on T helper cells. When we tested the antiserum on the in vitro cytotoxic responses to alloantigens, we found that neither T effector cells nor their precursors were affected.", "PMID": 69666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3517", "title": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigens. III. Characterization of thymic suppressor factor(s) produced by tumor-bearing hosts.", "content": "Immunosuppressor T cells (IST),6 capable of inhibiting the rejection of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (S1509a) in A/Jax mice immune to this tumor, produced soluble factors with similar suppressive activity. The immunosuppressive factor(s) (ISF) has been shown to be immunologically specific, as demonstrated by the complete loss of suppressive activity after absorption with S1509a cells, but not with cells of an unrelated syngeneic tumor. From its behavior on gel filtration, the size of ISF was deduced to be less than 70,000 daltons. The ISF was not removed by passage through a rabbit anti-mouse F(ab')2 reverse immunosorbent and, hence, it was concluded that ISF was not likely to be an immunoglobulin. The (immunosuppressive) activity of ISF was destroyed by treatment with Pronase, but not with RNase. The ISF was found to share the antigenic determinant(s) of the product(s) of the K end of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Moreover, antibodies to ISF were induced by immunization with ISF-tumor cell complexes. Thus, IST and their factor(s) appear to play an important role in the regulation of the immune response to tumor antigens.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigens. III. Characterization of thymic suppressor factor(s) produced by tumor-bearing hosts. Immunosuppressor T cells (IST),6 capable of inhibiting the rejection of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (S1509a) in A/Jax mice immune to this tumor, produced soluble factors with similar suppressive activity. The immunosuppressive factor(s) (ISF) has been shown to be immunologically specific, as demonstrated by the complete loss of suppressive activity after absorption with S1509a cells, but not with cells of an unrelated syngeneic tumor. From its behavior on gel filtration, the size of ISF was deduced to be less than 70,000 daltons. The ISF was not removed by passage through a rabbit anti-mouse F(ab')2 reverse immunosorbent and, hence, it was concluded that ISF was not likely to be an immunoglobulin. The (immunosuppressive) activity of ISF was destroyed by treatment with Pronase, but not with RNase. The ISF was found to share the antigenic determinant(s) of the product(s) of the K end of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Moreover, antibodies to ISF were induced by immunization with ISF-tumor cell complexes. Thus, IST and their factor(s) appear to play an important role in the regulation of the immune response to tumor antigens.", "PMID": 69667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3518", "title": "Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. VII. Conversion of T1 cells to T2 cells by antigen.", "content": "The T1 subpopulation of peripheral T cells was defined in mice by its short half life, insensitivity to anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) in vivo, and slow kinetics of response to antigen. The T2 subpopulation was defined by its long life time, elimination by ATS in vivo, and rapid response to antigen. Mice containing only T1-type T cells were constructed by adult thymectomy (ATx) followed immediately by the elimination of T2 cells by ATS treatment. Immunization of these mice with SRBC led to the production of memory helper cells in the T2 subpopulation. This process depended on the presence of T1 cells and for the most part required SRBC immunization, although a few SRBC-specific T2 cells reappeared in the mice in the absence of antigen. We conclude that T1 cells can give rise to T2 cells in an antigen-driven step and that the two populations correspond to virgin and memory T cells, respectively.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. VII. Conversion of T1 cells to T2 cells by antigen. The T1 subpopulation of peripheral T cells was defined in mice by its short half life, insensitivity to anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) in vivo, and slow kinetics of response to antigen. The T2 subpopulation was defined by its long life time, elimination by ATS in vivo, and rapid response to antigen. Mice containing only T1-type T cells were constructed by adult thymectomy (ATx) followed immediately by the elimination of T2 cells by ATS treatment. Immunization of these mice with SRBC led to the production of memory helper cells in the T2 subpopulation. This process depended on the presence of T1 cells and for the most part required SRBC immunization, although a few SRBC-specific T2 cells reappeared in the mice in the absence of antigen. We conclude that T1 cells can give rise to T2 cells in an antigen-driven step and that the two populations correspond to virgin and memory T cells, respectively.", "PMID": 69668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3519", "title": "Pilot studies on recombinant cold-adapted live type A and B influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "Recombinant live attenuated type A and B influenza virus vaccines derived from standardized cold-adapted parent strains were given singly and in combination to volunteers. The vaccine viruses were well tolerated, functioned as good antigens, and failed to spread to intimate household contacts. Thirty-nine isolates that were recovered after a single passage in humans appeared genetically stable. The results of histopathologic studies in ferrets encourage development of an animal model for attenuation of the virus.", "contents": "Pilot studies on recombinant cold-adapted live type A and B influenza virus vaccines. Recombinant live attenuated type A and B influenza virus vaccines derived from standardized cold-adapted parent strains were given singly and in combination to volunteers. The vaccine viruses were well tolerated, functioned as good antigens, and failed to spread to intimate household contacts. Thirty-nine isolates that were recovered after a single passage in humans appeared genetically stable. The results of histopathologic studies in ferrets encourage development of an animal model for attenuation of the virus.", "PMID": 69670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3520", "title": "Microgranulocytotoxicity.", "content": "The microcytotoxicity assay technique has been extensively refined to permit the use of granulocytes as target cells in an effort to identify neutrophil-specific antigens. Virtually every aspect of the test required revision to obtain clear, reproducible results.  The most radical modification was the adoption of double-fluorescent vital staining to detect cytotoxicity. The reactions detected with this new assay did not correlate with defined human histocompatibility systems (e.g., HLA, ABH, NA, NB, NC), nor were the target antigens detected on lymphocytes or platelets. Cytotoxicity was highly specific and was produced by the immunoglobulin fraction of alloantisera only in the presence of complement, thus implicating an antigen-antibody phenomenon rather than variable viability of the ephemeral PMN's in vitro. These specificities may have an impact on some aspects of human transplantation (especially of bone marrow) as well as playing a role in some febrile transfusion reactions. Of perhaps greater import is the suggested role of the antigens in immunoneutropenias and therefore in the response of myelosuppressed patients to adjunctive leukocyte transfusion therapy.", "contents": "Microgranulocytotoxicity. The microcytotoxicity assay technique has been extensively refined to permit the use of granulocytes as target cells in an effort to identify neutrophil-specific antigens. Virtually every aspect of the test required revision to obtain clear, reproducible results.  The most radical modification was the adoption of double-fluorescent vital staining to detect cytotoxicity. The reactions detected with this new assay did not correlate with defined human histocompatibility systems (e.g., HLA, ABH, NA, NB, NC), nor were the target antigens detected on lymphocytes or platelets. Cytotoxicity was highly specific and was produced by the immunoglobulin fraction of alloantisera only in the presence of complement, thus implicating an antigen-antibody phenomenon rather than variable viability of the ephemeral PMN's in vitro. These specificities may have an impact on some aspects of human transplantation (especially of bone marrow) as well as playing a role in some febrile transfusion reactions. Of perhaps greater import is the suggested role of the antigens in immunoneutropenias and therefore in the response of myelosuppressed patients to adjunctive leukocyte transfusion therapy.", "PMID": 69671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3521", "title": "The use of immunoabsorbents for the purification of mycobacterial antigens.", "content": "Affinity chromatography using immunoabsorbents prepared from goat antisera has been applied to the purificaton of antigens from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The optimum conditions for the preparation and use of these immunoabsorbents have been determined. Urea has been studied as an eluant, and it has been found that antigen can be eluted with 4M urea at pH 9 with satisfactory yields, minimal loss of antigenicity, and minimal disruption of the immunoabsorbent.", "contents": "The use of immunoabsorbents for the purification of mycobacterial antigens. Affinity chromatography using immunoabsorbents prepared from goat antisera has been applied to the purificaton of antigens from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The optimum conditions for the preparation and use of these immunoabsorbents have been determined. Urea has been studied as an eluant, and it has been found that antigen can be eluted with 4M urea at pH 9 with satisfactory yields, minimal loss of antigenicity, and minimal disruption of the immunoabsorbent.", "PMID": 69672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3522", "title": "Superadditive cytostatic effects after combined administration of vincristine, bleomycin and methotrexate to Yoshida sarcoma.", "content": "Vincristine, bleomycin and methotrexate are three cytostatic drugs which are particularly effective in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck region. As their dose-limiting side effects differ from one another, it appeared reasonable to combine them. To examine in vitro whether this combination increases cytostatic activity, the three drugs were administered to Yoshida sarcoma. It could be demonstrated that the growth inhibition activity and the cell disturbance activity were much higher with combination therapy than with single drug therapy. From this, it follows that beneficial results in the treatment of head and neck carcinomas can be expected.", "contents": "Superadditive cytostatic effects after combined administration of vincristine, bleomycin and methotrexate to Yoshida sarcoma. Vincristine, bleomycin and methotrexate are three cytostatic drugs which are particularly effective in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck region. As their dose-limiting side effects differ from one another, it appeared reasonable to combine them. To examine in vitro whether this combination increases cytostatic activity, the three drugs were administered to Yoshida sarcoma. It could be demonstrated that the growth inhibition activity and the cell disturbance activity were much higher with combination therapy than with single drug therapy. From this, it follows that beneficial results in the treatment of head and neck carcinomas can be expected.", "PMID": 69673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3523", "title": "A subvariant of concealed bigeminy.", "content": "A subvariant of the \"even variant\" of concealed bigeminy was studied in two patients. The typical pattern consisted of two types of sequences of conducted sinus beats between extrasystoles. One pattern was bigeminal, i.e., alternating sinus beats and extrasystoles. Between bigeminal sequences were intervals in which there were more than one conducted sinus beat between extrasystoles. In such longer sequences, the numbers of sinus beats were almost invariably even. In the bigeminal sequences, the coupling intervals progressively diminished for each successive extrasystole in the sequence. The proposed explanation for the subvariant was based on a reentry loop in which there were three sites of block: proximal, intermediate, and distal. Block was postulated to take place at the proximal site after those extrasystoles with the shortest coupling intervals, at the intermediate site after odd-numbered conducted sinus beats in the non-bigeminal sequences, and at the distal site (\"concealment\") after the even-numbered sinus beats in these longer sequences.", "contents": "A subvariant of concealed bigeminy. A subvariant of the \"even variant\" of concealed bigeminy was studied in two patients. The typical pattern consisted of two types of sequences of conducted sinus beats between extrasystoles. One pattern was bigeminal, i.e., alternating sinus beats and extrasystoles. Between bigeminal sequences were intervals in which there were more than one conducted sinus beat between extrasystoles. In such longer sequences, the numbers of sinus beats were almost invariably even. In the bigeminal sequences, the coupling intervals progressively diminished for each successive extrasystole in the sequence. The proposed explanation for the subvariant was based on a reentry loop in which there were three sites of block: proximal, intermediate, and distal. Block was postulated to take place at the proximal site after those extrasystoles with the shortest coupling intervals, at the intermediate site after odd-numbered conducted sinus beats in the non-bigeminal sequences, and at the distal site (\"concealment\") after the even-numbered sinus beats in these longer sequences.", "PMID": 69674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3524", "title": "Spontaneous gap phenomenon in atrioventricular conduction produced by His bundle extrasystoles.", "content": "A gap in atrioventricular conduction is a zone within the cardiac cycle during which premature impulses are blocked in the conduction system, while impulses of greater or lesser prematurity are conducted. This has previously been produced only by atrial or ventricular stimulation techniques. This report demonstrates a spontaneous gap produced by His extrasystoles.", "contents": "Spontaneous gap phenomenon in atrioventricular conduction produced by His bundle extrasystoles. A gap in atrioventricular conduction is a zone within the cardiac cycle during which premature impulses are blocked in the conduction system, while impulses of greater or lesser prematurity are conducted. This has previously been produced only by atrial or ventricular stimulation techniques. This report demonstrates a spontaneous gap produced by His extrasystoles.", "PMID": 69675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3525", "title": "Distribution of immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of Xenopus laevis splenic lymphocytes.", "content": "The distribution of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants on Xenopus laevis splenic lymphocytes after combination with divalent rabbit anti-Ig coupled to ferritin was studied. The electron micrographs showed the presence of immune complexes in 67% of lymphocytes treated at 0 degrees C-4 degrees C. The complexes were located all around the membrane and uniformly distributed in a random fashion. The variation of ferritin grain counts on cell sections is such, that the existence of two major subclasses of Ig-positive cells may be suggested. Raising the temperature produced a rapid interiorization of the complexes in vesicles without any previous aggregation to form a \"cap\" having occurred.", "contents": "Distribution of immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of Xenopus laevis splenic lymphocytes. The distribution of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants on Xenopus laevis splenic lymphocytes after combination with divalent rabbit anti-Ig coupled to ferritin was studied. The electron micrographs showed the presence of immune complexes in 67% of lymphocytes treated at 0 degrees C-4 degrees C. The complexes were located all around the membrane and uniformly distributed in a random fashion. The variation of ferritin grain counts on cell sections is such, that the existence of two major subclasses of Ig-positive cells may be suggested. Raising the temperature produced a rapid interiorization of the complexes in vesicles without any previous aggregation to form a \"cap\" having occurred.", "PMID": 69676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3526", "title": "Cell generation and type C virus expression in the human embryonic cell strain HEL-12.", "content": "The spontaneous expression of a type C virus in a diploid strain of human embryonic lung fibroblast-like cells (HEL-12) was examined during serial culture. Virus antigen expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescenc with antisera to disrupted simian sarcoma virus and the 28000 mol. wt. internal antigen of the endogenous cat virus RD-114. Virus production was examined by reverse transcriptase assays of culture fluids. Virus antigens were not detected for 25 days after frozen, primary HEL-12 cells were reinstated in culture. The cells expressed virus antigens but did not release virus particles between 25 and 80 days. Spontaneous virus release and maximal antigen expression occurred in cells grown for 80 to 120 days. Virus particles were not detected after 120 days although virus antigens persisted until the experiment was terminated. The HEL-12 virus was infectious for cell cultures of human, rhesus monkey, dog and rabbit cells. The proportion of SiSV-like and RD-114-like antigenic components of HEL-12 virus were altered by passage through heterologous cells suggesting heterogeneity of the HEL-12 virus population.", "contents": "Cell generation and type C virus expression in the human embryonic cell strain HEL-12. The spontaneous expression of a type C virus in a diploid strain of human embryonic lung fibroblast-like cells (HEL-12) was examined during serial culture. Virus antigen expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescenc with antisera to disrupted simian sarcoma virus and the 28000 mol. wt. internal antigen of the endogenous cat virus RD-114. Virus production was examined by reverse transcriptase assays of culture fluids. Virus antigens were not detected for 25 days after frozen, primary HEL-12 cells were reinstated in culture. The cells expressed virus antigens but did not release virus particles between 25 and 80 days. Spontaneous virus release and maximal antigen expression occurred in cells grown for 80 to 120 days. Virus particles were not detected after 120 days although virus antigens persisted until the experiment was terminated. The HEL-12 virus was infectious for cell cultures of human, rhesus monkey, dog and rabbit cells. The proportion of SiSV-like and RD-114-like antigenic components of HEL-12 virus were altered by passage through heterologous cells suggesting heterogeneity of the HEL-12 virus population.", "PMID": 69677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3527", "title": "Oligoclonal gamma-globulin banding of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Comparison of the electrophoretic pattern with that in multiple sclerosis and congenital infections.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 8 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. In comparison with normal controls and children with different neurological diseases (including infections, tumours and degenerative diseases) the quantitative evaluation of the pherograms by an analog computer revealed an extreme change of the gamma-globulin profile. All cases showed 6-7 abnormal subfractions consisting of 2-4 tall, markedly protruding spikes and several small intermediate fractions. The oligoclonal gamma-globulin contributed 20.1-42.5% to total protein. This particular gamma-globulin profile seems to be highly indicative of the diagnosis of SSPE. It can be distinguished from the oligoclonal pattern in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and congenital infections. The CSF protein profile of 13 patients with MS was different from that in SSPE in that it showed 1-5 monoclonal gamma-fractions in every case with none or only one peak protuding more markedly. The percentage of all subfractions amounted to 4.5-23.8% of total protein. As in MS, the aspect of oligoclonality in 9 children with congenital infections (cytomegalic inclusion body disease, toxoplasmosis and rubella) was quite variable, as again 1-5 abnormal subfractions were detected. Their relative concentrations, on the whole ranging from 0.6-12% of total protein, was considerably lower than in SSPE.", "contents": "Oligoclonal gamma-globulin banding of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Comparison of the electrophoretic pattern with that in multiple sclerosis and congenital infections. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 8 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. In comparison with normal controls and children with different neurological diseases (including infections, tumours and degenerative diseases) the quantitative evaluation of the pherograms by an analog computer revealed an extreme change of the gamma-globulin profile. All cases showed 6-7 abnormal subfractions consisting of 2-4 tall, markedly protruding spikes and several small intermediate fractions. The oligoclonal gamma-globulin contributed 20.1-42.5% to total protein. This particular gamma-globulin profile seems to be highly indicative of the diagnosis of SSPE. It can be distinguished from the oligoclonal pattern in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and congenital infections. The CSF protein profile of 13 patients with MS was different from that in SSPE in that it showed 1-5 monoclonal gamma-fractions in every case with none or only one peak protuding more markedly. The percentage of all subfractions amounted to 4.5-23.8% of total protein. As in MS, the aspect of oligoclonality in 9 children with congenital infections (cytomegalic inclusion body disease, toxoplasmosis and rubella) was quite variable, as again 1-5 abnormal subfractions were detected. Their relative concentrations, on the whole ranging from 0.6-12% of total protein, was considerably lower than in SSPE.", "PMID": 69683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3528", "title": "Maturation and anaplasia in neuronal tumors of the peripheral nervous system; with observations on the glial-like tissues in the ganglioneuroblastoma.", "content": "Six cases of peripheral ganglioneuroblastoma are described and analyzed; in general these contained neuroblasts, mature ganglion cells and cells of intermediate degrees of maturity. Portions of the tumor resembled the glial tissues of the central nervous system, but this is spurious, no glial cells or fibers being present. Such tissues contained cells of intermediate maturity, immature axons which characteristically stain poorly with silver stains for axons, and a paucity of connective tissue fibers. These tumors exhibit a tendency for continued maturation with decreased malignancy, and for anaplastic change with increased malignancy. These opposing tendencies make it difficult to predict the outcome with complete certainty, except possibly in those cases in which maturation is complete. Schwann cells are present in those tissues which have matured to form neurons with axonal processes. The Schwann cells are probably reactive, not neoplastic. The presence of Schwann cells in such mature tissues is most readily explained on the assumption that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character, and have been formed by differentiation of multipotential primitive reticular cells in response to the formation of axons by the maturing neurons.", "contents": "Maturation and anaplasia in neuronal tumors of the peripheral nervous system; with observations on the glial-like tissues in the ganglioneuroblastoma. Six cases of peripheral ganglioneuroblastoma are described and analyzed; in general these contained neuroblasts, mature ganglion cells and cells of intermediate degrees of maturity. Portions of the tumor resembled the glial tissues of the central nervous system, but this is spurious, no glial cells or fibers being present. Such tissues contained cells of intermediate maturity, immature axons which characteristically stain poorly with silver stains for axons, and a paucity of connective tissue fibers. These tumors exhibit a tendency for continued maturation with decreased malignancy, and for anaplastic change with increased malignancy. These opposing tendencies make it difficult to predict the outcome with complete certainty, except possibly in those cases in which maturation is complete. Schwann cells are present in those tissues which have matured to form neurons with axonal processes. The Schwann cells are probably reactive, not neoplastic. The presence of Schwann cells in such mature tissues is most readily explained on the assumption that Schwann cells are mesenchymal in character, and have been formed by differentiation of multipotential primitive reticular cells in response to the formation of axons by the maturing neurons.", "PMID": 69684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3529", "title": "Focal lesions of muscle in peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Lesions in skeletal muscle resulting from ischemia caused by peripheral vascular disease in two patients were essentially identical to the early muscle lesions of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and carriers of that disease, as well as to the early muscle lesions of experimental animals with aorta ligations plus a small dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The one similarity is harmonious with, although does not necessarily advance, the ischemia hypothesis of DMD, and the other supports the ischemia mechanism proposed in the animal model.", "contents": "Focal lesions of muscle in peripheral vascular disease. Lesions in skeletal muscle resulting from ischemia caused by peripheral vascular disease in two patients were essentially identical to the early muscle lesions of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and carriers of that disease, as well as to the early muscle lesions of experimental animals with aorta ligations plus a small dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The one similarity is harmonious with, although does not necessarily advance, the ischemia hypothesis of DMD, and the other supports the ischemia mechanism proposed in the animal model.", "PMID": 69685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3530", "title": "Persistently abnormal brain scintigraphy after cerebral infarction.", "content": "The current literature indicates nuclear brain images typically return to normal within two to three months following an episode of cerebral infarction. In this report, two patients are described who demonstrated no significant change in their brain scan abnormalities 11 and 17 months following their strokes. Computed tomography confirmed the clinical impression that the persistent brain scan abnormalities were due to cerebral infarction rather than to neoplastic process.", "contents": "Persistently abnormal brain scintigraphy after cerebral infarction. The current literature indicates nuclear brain images typically return to normal within two to three months following an episode of cerebral infarction. In this report, two patients are described who demonstrated no significant change in their brain scan abnormalities 11 and 17 months following their strokes. Computed tomography confirmed the clinical impression that the persistent brain scan abnormalities were due to cerebral infarction rather than to neoplastic process.", "PMID": 69686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3531", "title": "Correlation between the clinical picture, the EEG and cerebral blood flow after partial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in man.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of global and regional cerebral blood flow were performed in 18 patients 1 to 3 days after the onset of symptoms of acute cerebral ischemia due to partial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and were repeated 21 days thereafter. The first rCBF measurement revealed either an extensive ischemic focus or an ischemic focus with simultaneous reduction of the global blood flow within the corresponding hemisphere in all patients. The later measurements indicated no change in blood flow in the ischemic focus in any case, but there was a slight increase of global cerebral blood flow in 1/3 of the cases. The measurements of cerebral blood flow were correlated with the neurological, psychopathological and EEG findings and in spite of an unaltered cerebral blood circulation, all patients showed a distinct clinical imrovement. Various hypotheses for the return of neurological functions in patients with persistent cerebral ischemia are discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between the clinical picture, the EEG and cerebral blood flow after partial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in man. Quantitative measurements of global and regional cerebral blood flow were performed in 18 patients 1 to 3 days after the onset of symptoms of acute cerebral ischemia due to partial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and were repeated 21 days thereafter. The first rCBF measurement revealed either an extensive ischemic focus or an ischemic focus with simultaneous reduction of the global blood flow within the corresponding hemisphere in all patients. The later measurements indicated no change in blood flow in the ischemic focus in any case, but there was a slight increase of global cerebral blood flow in 1/3 of the cases. The measurements of cerebral blood flow were correlated with the neurological, psychopathological and EEG findings and in spite of an unaltered cerebral blood circulation, all patients showed a distinct clinical imrovement. Various hypotheses for the return of neurological functions in patients with persistent cerebral ischemia are discussed.", "PMID": 69688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3532", "title": "[The management of urinary and fecal incontinence due to a neurinoma of the cauda equina with an electrode implanted in the pelvic muscles (Caldwell) (author's transl)].", "content": "A woman, aged 49, had a complete sensory and motor deficit of the S2-5 segments with urinary and fecal incontinence due to a neurinoma of the cauda. A Caldwell electrode was implanted surgically into the muscles of the pelvic floor in April 1974. The patient was observed for 2 years thereafter and had an excellent result. The medical and technical problems of treating urinary and fecal incontinence due to a lower motor neuron lesion of S2-5 can be handled satisfactorily with an implanted electrode.", "contents": "[The management of urinary and fecal incontinence due to a neurinoma of the cauda equina with an electrode implanted in the pelvic muscles (Caldwell) (author's transl)]. A woman, aged 49, had a complete sensory and motor deficit of the S2-5 segments with urinary and fecal incontinence due to a neurinoma of the cauda. A Caldwell electrode was implanted surgically into the muscles of the pelvic floor in April 1974. The patient was observed for 2 years thereafter and had an excellent result. The medical and technical problems of treating urinary and fecal incontinence due to a lower motor neuron lesion of S2-5 can be handled satisfactorily with an implanted electrode.", "PMID": 69689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3533", "title": "A morphological and chemical study of calcification of the pineal gland.", "content": "A general scheme of analysis for the investigation of minute calcification is presented. After low temperature ashing, the samples are subjected to chemical, structural and morphological study, using atomic absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Details about the calcification of the human pineal gland are given. The content of trace elements is very high, but within the limits found in other biological apatites. It is concluded that calcification of the pineal is a more general occurence than has been realized.", "contents": "A morphological and chemical study of calcification of the pineal gland. A general scheme of analysis for the investigation of minute calcification is presented. After low temperature ashing, the samples are subjected to chemical, structural and morphological study, using atomic absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Details about the calcification of the human pineal gland are given. The content of trace elements is very high, but within the limits found in other biological apatites. It is concluded that calcification of the pineal is a more general occurence than has been realized.", "PMID": 69690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3534", "title": "The oxytalan fiber system in the mandibular periodontal ligament of the lathyritic mouse.", "content": "Experimental lathyrism was produced in young albino mice with a diet containing 50% sweet pea seed (Lathyrus odoratus). After 7 days on the lathyritic diet, sections of themandibular molar and incisor periodontal ligaments, when oxidized and treated with aldehyde fuchsin, demonstrated enhanced staining of the oxytalan fibers and numerous vessels. At this time aldehyde fuchsin or orcein also revealed marked pathological changes in the periodntal ligament of all molars. When athyrism was prolonged for 12 weeks, both the molar and incisor oxytalan systems were still readily identifiable although the molar periodontal ligament continued to be serverely affected by lathyrism. The oxytalan fibers retained their characteristic tooth-vascular association in all of the lathyritic mice. Oxytalan fibers of the lathyritic and control animals showed similar reactions to enzyme digestion with beta-glucuronidase, elastase, and pepsin. However, gingival elastic fibers reacted in a different way from oxytalan fibers with beta-glucuronidase and elastase treatment. These findings indicate that in the lathyritic mouse the oxytalan fiber system of functioning teeth possesses a high degree of permanence and is metabolically distinct from collagen and elastic fibers.", "contents": "The oxytalan fiber system in the mandibular periodontal ligament of the lathyritic mouse. Experimental lathyrism was produced in young albino mice with a diet containing 50% sweet pea seed (Lathyrus odoratus). After 7 days on the lathyritic diet, sections of themandibular molar and incisor periodontal ligaments, when oxidized and treated with aldehyde fuchsin, demonstrated enhanced staining of the oxytalan fibers and numerous vessels. At this time aldehyde fuchsin or orcein also revealed marked pathological changes in the periodntal ligament of all molars. When athyrism was prolonged for 12 weeks, both the molar and incisor oxytalan systems were still readily identifiable although the molar periodontal ligament continued to be serverely affected by lathyrism. The oxytalan fibers retained their characteristic tooth-vascular association in all of the lathyritic mice. Oxytalan fibers of the lathyritic and control animals showed similar reactions to enzyme digestion with beta-glucuronidase, elastase, and pepsin. However, gingival elastic fibers reacted in a different way from oxytalan fibers with beta-glucuronidase and elastase treatment. These findings indicate that in the lathyritic mouse the oxytalan fiber system of functioning teeth possesses a high degree of permanence and is metabolically distinct from collagen and elastic fibers.", "PMID": 69701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3535", "title": "Evaluation of an electronic device for gingival fluid quantitation.", "content": "A number of factors which might affect the readings of the HAR-600 GCFM were studied: 1. The readings were higher when the filter paper strips were placed between the fron halves of the upper and lower counterparts than when they were placed between the rear halves. No differences in readings were observed when the strips were placed in the middle, the left, or the right areas of the counterparts. 2. The higher the fluid viscosity the lower the reading. Salt water (0.9% NaCl) gave a lower reading than deionized water. 3. Increased room temperature or relative humidity led to higher readings, especially when the fluid volume exceeded 0.2 microliter. 4. More reading time was required for high viscosity fluid, low temperature, and high relative humidity. The HAR-600 GCFM readings and the lengths of ninhydrin-stained areas were compared. Both methods were able to reflect the amounts of serum absorbed.", "contents": "Evaluation of an electronic device for gingival fluid quantitation. A number of factors which might affect the readings of the HAR-600 GCFM were studied: 1. The readings were higher when the filter paper strips were placed between the fron halves of the upper and lower counterparts than when they were placed between the rear halves. No differences in readings were observed when the strips were placed in the middle, the left, or the right areas of the counterparts. 2. The higher the fluid viscosity the lower the reading. Salt water (0.9% NaCl) gave a lower reading than deionized water. 3. Increased room temperature or relative humidity led to higher readings, especially when the fluid volume exceeded 0.2 microliter. 4. More reading time was required for high viscosity fluid, low temperature, and high relative humidity. The HAR-600 GCFM readings and the lengths of ninhydrin-stained areas were compared. Both methods were able to reflect the amounts of serum absorbed.", "PMID": 69703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3536", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXIV: Effect of treatment with phenobarbital on serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol in rats.", "content": "Rats were treated with the enzyme inducer phenobarbital to determine if it would affect the serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol, possibly by changing the rate of formation or elimination of endogenous inhibitor(s). Daily administration of phenobarbital, 75 mg/kg, for 4 days increased relative liver size (a concomitant of enzyme induction) but had no apparent effect on the serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXIV: Effect of treatment with phenobarbital on serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol in rats. Rats were treated with the enzyme inducer phenobarbital to determine if it would affect the serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol, possibly by changing the rate of formation or elimination of endogenous inhibitor(s). Daily administration of phenobarbital, 75 mg/kg, for 4 days increased relative liver size (a concomitant of enzyme induction) but had no apparent effect on the serum protein binding of warfarin and dicumarol.", "PMID": 69705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3537", "title": "Effects of innervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells.", "content": "1. Myotomal muscle cells from embryos of Xenopus laevis were cultured as a monolayer either alone or together with neural tube cells from the same embryos. 2. Spontaneous twitching and contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of neural perikarya were observed only in nerve-contacted muscle cells, and could be abolished by curare or alpha-bungarotoxin. 3. Within 2 days in culture muscle cells not contacted by nerve developed one or more discrete patches of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors as revealed by staining with fluorescent conjugates of alpha-bungarotoxin. Similar patches were also seen when staining was carried out after paraformaldehyde fixation, suggesting that they were not induced by the dyetoxin conjugate. 4. Radioautography after labelling with [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin revealed patches with grain densities approximately twenty-five-old greater than over the remainder of the cell. 5. Fluorescent stain on innervated cells was restricted to the path of nerve-muscle contact and sometimes extended for greater lengths than the largest patches seen on non-contacted muscle cells. 6. Similar long bands of stain associated with nerve--muscle contacts were observed when cultures were grown in high concentrations of curare and carbachol which prevented spontaneous twitching. They were also seen in cultures in which the addition of neural tube cells was delayed for 2-3 days. 7. It is concluded that innervation caused receptors to accumulate at sites of nerve-muscle contact and that this process can operate independently of muscle activity.", "contents": "Effects of innervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells. 1. Myotomal muscle cells from embryos of Xenopus laevis were cultured as a monolayer either alone or together with neural tube cells from the same embryos. 2. Spontaneous twitching and contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of neural perikarya were observed only in nerve-contacted muscle cells, and could be abolished by curare or alpha-bungarotoxin. 3. Within 2 days in culture muscle cells not contacted by nerve developed one or more discrete patches of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors as revealed by staining with fluorescent conjugates of alpha-bungarotoxin. Similar patches were also seen when staining was carried out after paraformaldehyde fixation, suggesting that they were not induced by the dyetoxin conjugate. 4. Radioautography after labelling with [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin revealed patches with grain densities approximately twenty-five-old greater than over the remainder of the cell. 5. Fluorescent stain on innervated cells was restricted to the path of nerve-muscle contact and sometimes extended for greater lengths than the largest patches seen on non-contacted muscle cells. 6. Similar long bands of stain associated with nerve--muscle contacts were observed when cultures were grown in high concentrations of curare and carbachol which prevented spontaneous twitching. They were also seen in cultures in which the addition of neural tube cells was delayed for 2-3 days. 7. It is concluded that innervation caused receptors to accumulate at sites of nerve-muscle contact and that this process can operate independently of muscle activity.", "PMID": 69706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3538", "title": "Nerve-induced and spontaneous redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells.", "content": "1. Theree-day-old cultures of myotomal muscle, obtained from embryos of Xenopus laevis, were stained with fluorescent conjugates of alpha-bungarotoxin and maintained in native toxin in order to ensure that ACh receptors subsequently inserted into the sarcolemma would not be stained. Neural tube cells were then added to the cultures. 2. When cultures were exmained 1-3 days later fluorescent stain was found to be associated with sites of nerve-muscle contact. In some cases the stain along the path of contact extended for greater distances than the patches of stain seen on non-contacted muscle cells. 3. The development of new areas of fluorescent stain at sites of nerve-muscle contact was confirmed by making successive observations on the same muscle cells over a period of a day. 4. Similar experiments on muscle cells not contacted by nerve revealed the formation of new receptor patches, usually in areas of cell growth. 5. The majority of fluorescent pathes on non-contacted muscle cells did not undergo changes in size or shape over the course of 1-2 days. However some examples of enlargement, shrinkage and disappearance were observed. 6. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that ACh receptors aggregate within the sarcolemma, spontaneously as well as in response to innervation. In the latter case extrajunctional receptors accumulate at the site of nerve contact thereby contributing to the development of high receptor density in the subneural muscle membrane. This process of receptors redistribution occurs in the absence of synaptic or contractile activity. 7. Possible mechanisms involved in the redistribution of ACh receptors are discussed in relation to those which appear to modulate ligand-induced changes in the distribution of lectin and immunoglobulin receptors.", "contents": "Nerve-induced and spontaneous redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cultured muscle cells. 1. Theree-day-old cultures of myotomal muscle, obtained from embryos of Xenopus laevis, were stained with fluorescent conjugates of alpha-bungarotoxin and maintained in native toxin in order to ensure that ACh receptors subsequently inserted into the sarcolemma would not be stained. Neural tube cells were then added to the cultures. 2. When cultures were exmained 1-3 days later fluorescent stain was found to be associated with sites of nerve-muscle contact. In some cases the stain along the path of contact extended for greater distances than the patches of stain seen on non-contacted muscle cells. 3. The development of new areas of fluorescent stain at sites of nerve-muscle contact was confirmed by making successive observations on the same muscle cells over a period of a day. 4. Similar experiments on muscle cells not contacted by nerve revealed the formation of new receptor patches, usually in areas of cell growth. 5. The majority of fluorescent pathes on non-contacted muscle cells did not undergo changes in size or shape over the course of 1-2 days. However some examples of enlargement, shrinkage and disappearance were observed. 6. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that ACh receptors aggregate within the sarcolemma, spontaneously as well as in response to innervation. In the latter case extrajunctional receptors accumulate at the site of nerve contact thereby contributing to the development of high receptor density in the subneural muscle membrane. This process of receptors redistribution occurs in the absence of synaptic or contractile activity. 7. Possible mechanisms involved in the redistribution of ACh receptors are discussed in relation to those which appear to modulate ligand-induced changes in the distribution of lectin and immunoglobulin receptors.", "PMID": 69707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3539", "title": "Transient osteoporosis of the hip.", "content": "Osteoporosis in a painful hip is usually a sign of inflammation or tumor. There exists, however, a self-limited clinical entity that presents with pain in the hip and where the only roentgenological manifestation is osteoporosis. Eight patients with this disease are described: five men and three women, ranging in age from 29 to 50 years. In four patients, the onset of disease was related to sprain, pregnancy, or delivery. Laboratory analyses and the clinical course of the disease excluded inflammation or a neoplasm as the cause. All patients fully recovered with 12 month, with no sequelae. The etiology of the disease remains unknown.", "contents": "Transient osteoporosis of the hip. Osteoporosis in a painful hip is usually a sign of inflammation or tumor. There exists, however, a self-limited clinical entity that presents with pain in the hip and where the only roentgenological manifestation is osteoporosis. Eight patients with this disease are described: five men and three women, ranging in age from 29 to 50 years. In four patients, the onset of disease was related to sprain, pregnancy, or delivery. Laboratory analyses and the clinical course of the disease excluded inflammation or a neoplasm as the cause. All patients fully recovered with 12 month, with no sequelae. The etiology of the disease remains unknown.", "PMID": 69711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3540", "title": "Stereoscopic anatomy: evaluation of a new teaching system in human gross anatomy.", "content": "Traditionally, human gross anatomy teaching has revolved around anatomical dissection. Unfortunately, during the last decade a number of medical schools have experienced a decrease in the number of hours allotted to gross anatomy instruction compounded by a shortage of anatomical donors. This, in turn, has served to increase the difficulties of providing students with truly effective anatomical instruction. To help overcome this problem, a stereoscopic slide-based auto-instructional program has been developed as a substitute for dissection. Evaluation data suggest that this program, while having minor limitations in terms of anatomical orientation, does provide a viable alternative to dissection.", "contents": "Stereoscopic anatomy: evaluation of a new teaching system in human gross anatomy. Traditionally, human gross anatomy teaching has revolved around anatomical dissection. Unfortunately, during the last decade a number of medical schools have experienced a decrease in the number of hours allotted to gross anatomy instruction compounded by a shortage of anatomical donors. This, in turn, has served to increase the difficulties of providing students with truly effective anatomical instruction. To help overcome this problem, a stereoscopic slide-based auto-instructional program has been developed as a substitute for dissection. Evaluation data suggest that this program, while having minor limitations in terms of anatomical orientation, does provide a viable alternative to dissection.", "PMID": 69712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3541", "title": "Stereospecific opiate binding in human erythrocyte membranes and changes in heroin addicts.", "content": "Stereospecific opiate binding has been demonstrated in human erythrocyte membranes, having a Kd of 9-10(-9) M. In most respects the binding characteristics resemble those of synaptic membranes. These included the correlation of binding affinity and pharmacological potency of opiates; competition by naloxone; inhibition by Ca2+ and Na+; and sensitivity to phospholipases and trypsin. A comparison of stereospecific opiate binding in control human subjects and heroin addicts revealed a 43% increase in the addict group.", "contents": "Stereospecific opiate binding in human erythrocyte membranes and changes in heroin addicts. Stereospecific opiate binding has been demonstrated in human erythrocyte membranes, having a Kd of 9-10(-9) M. In most respects the binding characteristics resemble those of synaptic membranes. These included the correlation of binding affinity and pharmacological potency of opiates; competition by naloxone; inhibition by Ca2+ and Na+; and sensitivity to phospholipases and trypsin. A comparison of stereospecific opiate binding in control human subjects and heroin addicts revealed a 43% increase in the addict group.", "PMID": 69716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3542", "title": "Distribution and expression in mammals of genes ralated to an endogenous type C RNA virus of Odocoileus hemionus.", "content": "An endogenous type C virus recently isolated from the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was used as a molecular probe to study the distribution of virus-related nucleotide sequences in cellular DNAs of mammalian species. By DNA-DNA hybridization, the most extensive homology was demonstrated between the viral complementary DNA and cellular DNA isolated from Odocoileus species. DNAs of representatives of other genera within the same family, Cervidae, were partially related to the virus, consistent with the phylogenetic relationship of these species to Odocoileus. O. hemionus viral sequences were also detected within cellular DNAs of members of a more distantly related artiodactyl family, Bovidae. These findings suggest the genetic transmission of type C viral genes within cervids and bovids for a period of at least 25 to 30 million years. There was no detectable nucleotide sequence homology between O. hemionus virus and representatives of other major groups of mammalian type C viruses. These results indicate that despite the known antigenic relatedness of mammalian type C viruses, the O. hemionus virus has diverged sufficiently to be considered the prototype of a separate group. By radioimmunological techniques, it was possible to detect and partially purify, from normal tissues of cervid species, antigens related to the major structural protein of the O. hemionus virus. The present findings, that O. hemionus virus has been genetically transmitted for millions of years and yet has maintained the ability to be expressed as infectious virus, argue for positive evolutionary selective pressures for the maintenance of type C viral genes.", "contents": "Distribution and expression in mammals of genes ralated to an endogenous type C RNA virus of Odocoileus hemionus. An endogenous type C virus recently isolated from the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was used as a molecular probe to study the distribution of virus-related nucleotide sequences in cellular DNAs of mammalian species. By DNA-DNA hybridization, the most extensive homology was demonstrated between the viral complementary DNA and cellular DNA isolated from Odocoileus species. DNAs of representatives of other genera within the same family, Cervidae, were partially related to the virus, consistent with the phylogenetic relationship of these species to Odocoileus. O. hemionus viral sequences were also detected within cellular DNAs of members of a more distantly related artiodactyl family, Bovidae. These findings suggest the genetic transmission of type C viral genes within cervids and bovids for a period of at least 25 to 30 million years. There was no detectable nucleotide sequence homology between O. hemionus virus and representatives of other major groups of mammalian type C viruses. These results indicate that despite the known antigenic relatedness of mammalian type C viruses, the O. hemionus virus has diverged sufficiently to be considered the prototype of a separate group. By radioimmunological techniques, it was possible to detect and partially purify, from normal tissues of cervid species, antigens related to the major structural protein of the O. hemionus virus. The present findings, that O. hemionus virus has been genetically transmitted for millions of years and yet has maintained the ability to be expressed as infectious virus, argue for positive evolutionary selective pressures for the maintenance of type C viral genes.", "PMID": 69718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3543", "title": "Proteins of Rous-associated virus type 61: polypeptide stoichiometry and evidence that glycoprotein gp35 is not a cleavage product of gp85.", "content": "The two glycoproteins, gp85 and gp35, of Rous-associated virus type 61 (RAV-61), were isolated from radiolabeled virions by gel electrophoresis and digested with trypsin. The chromatographic profile of the gp35 digest revealed no peaks in common with that of gp85; therefore, the smaller glycoprotein is not a cleavage product of gp85. The stoichiometry of radiolabeled RAV-61 proteins was studied by quantitative gel filtration and gel electrophoresis. Among the 11 polypeptides identified were 4 minor ones, including the beta(p91) and alpha(p64) chains of reverse transcriptase and two unidentified chains, p76 and p35; the latter two were unmasked by removing the virions' surface glycoproteins with a protease, bromelain. Virions contained some 15 to 30 molecules of reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "Proteins of Rous-associated virus type 61: polypeptide stoichiometry and evidence that glycoprotein gp35 is not a cleavage product of gp85. The two glycoproteins, gp85 and gp35, of Rous-associated virus type 61 (RAV-61), were isolated from radiolabeled virions by gel electrophoresis and digested with trypsin. The chromatographic profile of the gp35 digest revealed no peaks in common with that of gp85; therefore, the smaller glycoprotein is not a cleavage product of gp85. The stoichiometry of radiolabeled RAV-61 proteins was studied by quantitative gel filtration and gel electrophoresis. Among the 11 polypeptides identified were 4 minor ones, including the beta(p91) and alpha(p64) chains of reverse transcriptase and two unidentified chains, p76 and p35; the latter two were unmasked by removing the virions' surface glycoproteins with a protease, bromelain. Virions contained some 15 to 30 molecules of reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 69719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3544", "title": "DNA polymerase activities in growing cells infected with simian virus 40.", "content": "Growing CV1 cells were infected with simian virus 40 (SV40), and the levels of DNA polymerases-alpha, -beta, and -gamma were analyzed in the cytoplasm, nuclear Triton wash, and nucleus. In the cytoplasmic fraction, the amount of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-polymerase remained unaltered after SV40 infection. The activity of DNA polymerase-alpha increased five- to sixfold in the nuclear Triton wash and threefold in the nuclei and then remained enhanced only inside the nuclei. That of DNA polymerases-beta and gamma increased mostly in the nuclei after infection. These results suggest that DNA polymerase-alpha could be the major enzyme involved in SV40 DNA replication.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activities in growing cells infected with simian virus 40. Growing CV1 cells were infected with simian virus 40 (SV40), and the levels of DNA polymerases-alpha, -beta, and -gamma were analyzed in the cytoplasm, nuclear Triton wash, and nucleus. In the cytoplasmic fraction, the amount of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-polymerase remained unaltered after SV40 infection. The activity of DNA polymerase-alpha increased five- to sixfold in the nuclear Triton wash and threefold in the nuclei and then remained enhanced only inside the nuclei. That of DNA polymerases-beta and gamma increased mostly in the nuclei after infection. These results suggest that DNA polymerase-alpha could be the major enzyme involved in SV40 DNA replication.", "PMID": 69720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3545", "title": "Phosphorylation and nucleic acid binding properties of m1 Moloney murine sarcoma virus-specific pP60gag.", "content": "The pP60gag polyprotein of the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of m1 Moloney murine sarcoma virus [m1MSV(FeLV)] was previously shown to be MSV specific and to contain murine p30 and smaller structural polypeptides. This protein was detected in m1MSV-transformed cells, and in pulse-chase studies it was found to be stable. In this study virion P60 was shown to contain murine pp12, to be phosphorylated, and to bind to nucleic acids. 32P-labeled m1MSV[FeLV) was fractionated by guanidine agarose chromatography and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Both P60 and pp12 were found to be the major phosphoproteins, phosphorylated in both serine and threonine residues. Virion P60 bound preferentially to single-stranded DNA and RNA in a competition filter binding assay, using 125I-labeled single-stranded calf thymus DNA and various unlabeled nucleic acids. Similar phosphorylation and DNA binding properties were demonstrated for cellular P60. Thus, immunoprecipitation of cellular extracts showed that P60 was phosphorylated in both producer and nonproducer transformed cells, indicating that phosphorylation occurs independently of virus assembly. Moreover, P60 from cytoplasmic extracts was retained on single-stranded DNA-Sepharose columns, demonstrating that cellular P60 binds to DNA.", "contents": "Phosphorylation and nucleic acid binding properties of m1 Moloney murine sarcoma virus-specific pP60gag. The pP60gag polyprotein of the feline leukemia virus pseudotype of m1 Moloney murine sarcoma virus [m1MSV(FeLV)] was previously shown to be MSV specific and to contain murine p30 and smaller structural polypeptides. This protein was detected in m1MSV-transformed cells, and in pulse-chase studies it was found to be stable. In this study virion P60 was shown to contain murine pp12, to be phosphorylated, and to bind to nucleic acids. 32P-labeled m1MSV[FeLV) was fractionated by guanidine agarose chromatography and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Both P60 and pp12 were found to be the major phosphoproteins, phosphorylated in both serine and threonine residues. Virion P60 bound preferentially to single-stranded DNA and RNA in a competition filter binding assay, using 125I-labeled single-stranded calf thymus DNA and various unlabeled nucleic acids. Similar phosphorylation and DNA binding properties were demonstrated for cellular P60. Thus, immunoprecipitation of cellular extracts showed that P60 was phosphorylated in both producer and nonproducer transformed cells, indicating that phosphorylation occurs independently of virus assembly. Moreover, P60 from cytoplasmic extracts was retained on single-stranded DNA-Sepharose columns, demonstrating that cellular P60 binds to DNA.", "PMID": 69721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3546", "title": "In vitro transcription of the avian oncornavirus genome by the RNA-directed DNA polymerase: effect of actinomycin D on the extent of transcription.", "content": "The minus-strand component of double-stranded DNA synthesized by the avian oncornavirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase in vitro represents as much of the nucleotide sequences of the viral genome as single-stranded DNA synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D. Since actinomycin D inhibits doublestranded DNA formation, we propose that the principal effect of the drug on RNA-directed DNA synthesis is the reduction in synthesis of plus-strand DNA, thereby allowing single-stranded minus-strand DNA to accumulate. This effect, rather than increasing the extent of genome transcription, is responsible for the more uniform nature of the DNA transcripts synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of the avian oncornavirus genome by the RNA-directed DNA polymerase: effect of actinomycin D on the extent of transcription. The minus-strand component of double-stranded DNA synthesized by the avian oncornavirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase in vitro represents as much of the nucleotide sequences of the viral genome as single-stranded DNA synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D. Since actinomycin D inhibits doublestranded DNA formation, we propose that the principal effect of the drug on RNA-directed DNA synthesis is the reduction in synthesis of plus-strand DNA, thereby allowing single-stranded minus-strand DNA to accumulate. This effect, rather than increasing the extent of genome transcription, is responsible for the more uniform nature of the DNA transcripts synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D.", "PMID": 69722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3547", "title": "Expression of endogenous retroviral genes in leukemic guinea pig cells.", "content": "The expression of guinea pig retrovirus (5-bromodeoxyuridine[BUdR]-induced GPV) was studied in guinea pig L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by use of molecular hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. It was found that L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts, leukemic spleen, and BUdR-induced virus-producing cells contain virus-specific RNA: 0.05% (800 to 960 copies per cell), 0.02% (360 copies per cell), and 0.3% (5,120 copies per cell), respectively. Adult normal liver and spleen, on the other hand, contain less than 0.2 copy of viral RNA per cell. Both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts contained 14S, 22S, 35S, and 70S RNA species of total and cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA as determined by sucrose velocity gradient analysis and hybridization of sucrose gradient fractions to cDNA. Virus-specific mRNA was identified in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by the criterion that it cosedimented with purified polyribosomes in a sucrose gradient and that it changed to a lower sedimentation value if polyribosomes were disaggregated with EDTA prior to centrifugation. Virus-specific mRNA obtained from either the polyribosome region of purified polyribosomes or the released messenger region of EDTA-disaggregated purified polyribosomes consisted of 14S, 20S, and 35S species in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts. Hybridization of cDNA to the RNA of L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and BUdR-induced cells was essentially complete. Additionally, leukemic lymphoblast RNA could displace 95% of the hybridization of BUdR-induced GPV 70S RNA to guinea pig DNA. The midpoints of thermal denaturation of hybrids formed between GPV cDNA and the RNA of either L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts or the 70S RNA of BUdR-induced GPV were both 89 degrees C in 2x concentrated 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate. These results show that BUdR-induced GPV genes are essentially completely expressed in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and that virus-specific mRNA is present, although fewer copies of RNA are present in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts than in BUdR-induced cells.", "contents": "Expression of endogenous retroviral genes in leukemic guinea pig cells. The expression of guinea pig retrovirus (5-bromodeoxyuridine[BUdR]-induced GPV) was studied in guinea pig L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by use of molecular hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. It was found that L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts, leukemic spleen, and BUdR-induced virus-producing cells contain virus-specific RNA: 0.05% (800 to 960 copies per cell), 0.02% (360 copies per cell), and 0.3% (5,120 copies per cell), respectively. Adult normal liver and spleen, on the other hand, contain less than 0.2 copy of viral RNA per cell. Both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts contained 14S, 22S, 35S, and 70S RNA species of total and cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA as determined by sucrose velocity gradient analysis and hybridization of sucrose gradient fractions to cDNA. Virus-specific mRNA was identified in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts by the criterion that it cosedimented with purified polyribosomes in a sucrose gradient and that it changed to a lower sedimentation value if polyribosomes were disaggregated with EDTA prior to centrifugation. Virus-specific mRNA obtained from either the polyribosome region of purified polyribosomes or the released messenger region of EDTA-disaggregated purified polyribosomes consisted of 14S, 20S, and 35S species in both BUdR-induced cells and L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts. Hybridization of cDNA to the RNA of L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and BUdR-induced cells was essentially complete. Additionally, leukemic lymphoblast RNA could displace 95% of the hybridization of BUdR-induced GPV 70S RNA to guinea pig DNA. The midpoints of thermal denaturation of hybrids formed between GPV cDNA and the RNA of either L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts or the 70S RNA of BUdR-induced GPV were both 89 degrees C in 2x concentrated 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate. These results show that BUdR-induced GPV genes are essentially completely expressed in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts and that virus-specific mRNA is present, although fewer copies of RNA are present in L(2)C leukemic lymphoblasts than in BUdR-induced cells.", "PMID": 69723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3548", "title": "Squirrel monkey retrovirus: an endogenous virus of a new world primate.", "content": "Squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) was isolated by cocultivation of squirrel monkey lung cells with canine cells. 3H-labeled 60-70S SMRV RNA, isolated from virus grown in canine cells, hybridized to the same extent and to the same Cot1/2 value to the DNA of all tissues of all squirrel monkeys tested; Cot1/2 values show that SMRV proviral sequences are present in the low repetitive range. No SMRV proviral sequences were detected in tissues from a variety of other New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, or apes. Murine, feline, bovine, and canine cells also contain no detectable SMRV proviral sequences. Competitive molecular hybridization studies revealed no detectable sequence homology between the 60-70S RNAs of SMRV and Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV). The virion-associated DNA polymerase of SMRV is similar to that of MPV in that it has a molecular weight of approximately 80,000 and prefers magnesium as a divalent cation using oligo(dG)-poly(rC) as primer-template. The virion-associated DNA polymerase of SMRV can be clearly distinguished from those of MPV and the mouse mammary tumor viruses, however, by its preference for manganese as a divalent cation in the presence of high salt.", "contents": "Squirrel monkey retrovirus: an endogenous virus of a new world primate. Squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) was isolated by cocultivation of squirrel monkey lung cells with canine cells. 3H-labeled 60-70S SMRV RNA, isolated from virus grown in canine cells, hybridized to the same extent and to the same Cot1/2 value to the DNA of all tissues of all squirrel monkeys tested; Cot1/2 values show that SMRV proviral sequences are present in the low repetitive range. No SMRV proviral sequences were detected in tissues from a variety of other New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, or apes. Murine, feline, bovine, and canine cells also contain no detectable SMRV proviral sequences. Competitive molecular hybridization studies revealed no detectable sequence homology between the 60-70S RNAs of SMRV and Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV). The virion-associated DNA polymerase of SMRV is similar to that of MPV in that it has a molecular weight of approximately 80,000 and prefers magnesium as a divalent cation using oligo(dG)-poly(rC) as primer-template. The virion-associated DNA polymerase of SMRV can be clearly distinguished from those of MPV and the mouse mammary tumor viruses, however, by its preference for manganese as a divalent cation in the presence of high salt.", "PMID": 69724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3549", "title": "Characterization of molecular species carrying gross cell surface antigen.", "content": "The Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA), associated with expression of endogenous Gross-type murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) in tissues of mice, is defined by the cytotoxic reaction of a C57BL/6 antiserum, anti-AKR spontaneous leukemia K36, with cells of the Gross virus-induced C57BL/6 leukemia, Emale symbolG2. Sequential lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of Emale symbolG2 cells, Nonidet P-40 lysis, precipitation with anti-K36 serum, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified molecules with properties of polyproteins encoded by the gag region of the viral genome. These cell surface species could also be labeled by in vitro culturing of Emale symbolG2 with radioactive glucosamine. The viral specificity of these molecules and their participation in the GCSA typing system were established as follows. (i) Absorption of anti-K36 serum with GCSA(+), but not GCSA(-), leukemias led to a marked decrease in precipitation of these proteins. (ii) The same Emale symbolG2 cell surface proteins were also precipitated by antisera against the MuLV virion proteins p30 and p15. (iii) Anti-K36 was shown to possess antibodies against Gross virus p30 and p15. (iv) \"Clearing\" the Emale symbolG2 lysate of molecules reactive with anti-p30 or anti-p15 sera removed molecules reactive with anti-K36 serum. (v) Absorption of anti-K36 serum with disrupted G-MuLV virions or with Gross p30 or p15 removed GCSA cytotoxic antibodies; partial absorption was achieved with disrupted Rauscher-MuLV (R-MuLV) or with R-MuLV p30, and no absorption was found with R-MuLV p15. These data show that Emale symbolG2 cells express, on their surfaces, MuLV core polyproteins that apparently can be glycosylated and on which the determinants of GCSA are located.", "contents": "Characterization of molecular species carrying gross cell surface antigen. The Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA), associated with expression of endogenous Gross-type murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) in tissues of mice, is defined by the cytotoxic reaction of a C57BL/6 antiserum, anti-AKR spontaneous leukemia K36, with cells of the Gross virus-induced C57BL/6 leukemia, Emale symbolG2. Sequential lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of Emale symbolG2 cells, Nonidet P-40 lysis, precipitation with anti-K36 serum, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified molecules with properties of polyproteins encoded by the gag region of the viral genome. These cell surface species could also be labeled by in vitro culturing of Emale symbolG2 with radioactive glucosamine. The viral specificity of these molecules and their participation in the GCSA typing system were established as follows. (i) Absorption of anti-K36 serum with GCSA(+), but not GCSA(-), leukemias led to a marked decrease in precipitation of these proteins. (ii) The same Emale symbolG2 cell surface proteins were also precipitated by antisera against the MuLV virion proteins p30 and p15. (iii) Anti-K36 was shown to possess antibodies against Gross virus p30 and p15. (iv) \"Clearing\" the Emale symbolG2 lysate of molecules reactive with anti-p30 or anti-p15 sera removed molecules reactive with anti-K36 serum. (v) Absorption of anti-K36 serum with disrupted G-MuLV virions or with Gross p30 or p15 removed GCSA cytotoxic antibodies; partial absorption was achieved with disrupted Rauscher-MuLV (R-MuLV) or with R-MuLV p30, and no absorption was found with R-MuLV p15. These data show that Emale symbolG2 cells express, on their surfaces, MuLV core polyproteins that apparently can be glycosylated and on which the determinants of GCSA are located.", "PMID": 69725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3550", "title": "Identification of the Gross cell surface antigen associated with murine leukemia virus-infected cells.", "content": "The Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA) is produced by cells that are either exogenously infected with murine leukemia virus (MuLV) or are expressing endogenous MuLV genomes. In immune precipitation assays, GCSA was resolved into two serologically distinct 85,000- and 95,000-dalton viral proteins. These antigenic components are glycosylated forms of the polyprotein precursors of the MuLV internal structural proteins.", "contents": "Identification of the Gross cell surface antigen associated with murine leukemia virus-infected cells. The Gross cell surface antigen (GCSA) is produced by cells that are either exogenously infected with murine leukemia virus (MuLV) or are expressing endogenous MuLV genomes. In immune precipitation assays, GCSA was resolved into two serologically distinct 85,000- and 95,000-dalton viral proteins. These antigenic components are glycosylated forms of the polyprotein precursors of the MuLV internal structural proteins.", "PMID": 69726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3551", "title": "Structure of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA and nature of the endogenous DNA polymerase reaction.", "content": "The circular DNA of hepatitis B Dane particles, which serves as the primer/template for an endogenous DNA polymerase, was analyzed by electrophoresis before and after a polymerase reaction and after digestion by restriction endonuclease or single-strand-specific endonuclease S1. The unreacted molecules extracted from the particles were electrophoretically heterogeneous, and treatment with S1 nuclease produced double-stranded linear DNA ranging in length from 1,700 to 2,800 base pairs (bp). After an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction, two discrete species of DNA molecules were found: a circular form and a linear form 3,200 bp long. The reaction resulted in a population of molecules with an elongated and more homogeneous double-stranded region. These results suggest that the circular molecules in Dane particles have single-stranded regions of varying lengths that are made double stranded during the DNA polymerase reaction. The endogenous DNA polymerase was found to initiate apparently at random in a region spanning more than a third of the molecule. Analysis of restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of the fully elongated DNA revealed that although the molecules were of a uniform length, they were somewhat heterogeneous in sequence. The sum of the sizes of the 10 major endonuclease Hae III-generated fragments, detected by ethidium bromide, was 3,880 bp. Two additional fragments (B and G) detected by autoradiography after an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction with (32)P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates made the total 4,910 bp.", "contents": "Structure of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA and nature of the endogenous DNA polymerase reaction. The circular DNA of hepatitis B Dane particles, which serves as the primer/template for an endogenous DNA polymerase, was analyzed by electrophoresis before and after a polymerase reaction and after digestion by restriction endonuclease or single-strand-specific endonuclease S1. The unreacted molecules extracted from the particles were electrophoretically heterogeneous, and treatment with S1 nuclease produced double-stranded linear DNA ranging in length from 1,700 to 2,800 base pairs (bp). After an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction, two discrete species of DNA molecules were found: a circular form and a linear form 3,200 bp long. The reaction resulted in a population of molecules with an elongated and more homogeneous double-stranded region. These results suggest that the circular molecules in Dane particles have single-stranded regions of varying lengths that are made double stranded during the DNA polymerase reaction. The endogenous DNA polymerase was found to initiate apparently at random in a region spanning more than a third of the molecule. Analysis of restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of the fully elongated DNA revealed that although the molecules were of a uniform length, they were somewhat heterogeneous in sequence. The sum of the sizes of the 10 major endonuclease Hae III-generated fragments, detected by ethidium bromide, was 3,880 bp. Two additional fragments (B and G) detected by autoradiography after an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction with (32)P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates made the total 4,910 bp.", "PMID": 69727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3552", "title": "Characterization of a retravirus isolated from squirrel monkeys.", "content": "A new retravirus (SMRV) isolated from a squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, has an Mg2+-dependen reverse transcriptase and a buoyant density of 1.17 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.21 g/cm3 in cesium chloride, similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The polypeptide patter of SMRV as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was distinct from the reported polypeptide patterns of known retraviruses. Four major polypeptides of molecular weights 40,000, 20,000, 14,000 and 8,000 were resolved in virus propagated in human, mink, and canine cells. In A204 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, a protein of 73,000 daltons (gp73) represented the major viral glycoprotein as determined by [3H]glucosamine labeling. Additional proteins were also observed, but their presence depended on the cell type in which the virus was propagated. In both species-and interspecies-specific assays, no antigenic relatedness was observed between SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, baboon endogenous virus (BaLV), woolly monkey virus (SSV-1), murine leukemia virus, endogenous feline type C virus (RD-114), bovine leukemia virus, and equine infectious anemia virus. These findings indicate that SMRV represents a new retravirus and the first isolate from a New World monkey.", "contents": "Characterization of a retravirus isolated from squirrel monkeys. A new retravirus (SMRV) isolated from a squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, has an Mg2+-dependen reverse transcriptase and a buoyant density of 1.17 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.21 g/cm3 in cesium chloride, similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The polypeptide patter of SMRV as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was distinct from the reported polypeptide patterns of known retraviruses. Four major polypeptides of molecular weights 40,000, 20,000, 14,000 and 8,000 were resolved in virus propagated in human, mink, and canine cells. In A204 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, a protein of 73,000 daltons (gp73) represented the major viral glycoprotein as determined by [3H]glucosamine labeling. Additional proteins were also observed, but their presence depended on the cell type in which the virus was propagated. In both species-and interspecies-specific assays, no antigenic relatedness was observed between SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, baboon endogenous virus (BaLV), woolly monkey virus (SSV-1), murine leukemia virus, endogenous feline type C virus (RD-114), bovine leukemia virus, and equine infectious anemia virus. These findings indicate that SMRV represents a new retravirus and the first isolate from a New World monkey.", "PMID": 69728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3553", "title": "Two species of type C viral core polyprotein on AKR mouse leukemia cells.", "content": "Two species of glycosylated type C viral core polyprotein were identified on the surface of AKR spontaneous leukemia cells. One of these cell surface polyproteins was shown by immunoprecipitation to have antigenic determinants of murine leukemia virus p30, p15, p12, and p10; the other had murine leukemia virus p30, p15, and p12, but not p10, determinants. Both species were also expressed on thymocytes from 6-month-old, preleukemic AKR mice.", "contents": "Two species of type C viral core polyprotein on AKR mouse leukemia cells. Two species of glycosylated type C viral core polyprotein were identified on the surface of AKR spontaneous leukemia cells. One of these cell surface polyproteins was shown by immunoprecipitation to have antigenic determinants of murine leukemia virus p30, p15, p12, and p10; the other had murine leukemia virus p30, p15, and p12, but not p10, determinants. Both species were also expressed on thymocytes from 6-month-old, preleukemic AKR mice.", "PMID": 69729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3554", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein of bovine leukemia virus.", "content": "The major envelope glycoprotein of bovine leukemia virus was isolated by lectin-bound Sepharose and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. This protein was shown to have a molecular weight of about 41,000 and to lack detectable immunological cross-reactivity with glycoproteins of other oncornaviruses. Sera obtained from 100% of cattle examined with clinically diagnosed lymphosarcoma contained high-titered antibody to 125I-labeled bovine leukemia virus glycoprotein, whereas sera from animals in a disease-free herd were antibody negative.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein of bovine leukemia virus. The major envelope glycoprotein of bovine leukemia virus was isolated by lectin-bound Sepharose and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. This protein was shown to have a molecular weight of about 41,000 and to lack detectable immunological cross-reactivity with glycoproteins of other oncornaviruses. Sera obtained from 100% of cattle examined with clinically diagnosed lymphosarcoma contained high-titered antibody to 125I-labeled bovine leukemia virus glycoprotein, whereas sera from animals in a disease-free herd were antibody negative.", "PMID": 69730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3555", "title": "[Long-term ECG recording and cardiac rhythm disorders in patients with different conditions of the coronary arteries (according to the angiographic data)].", "content": "The results of long-term continuous ECG recording during 24 hours in 50 patients are presented. A comparison of these data with the results of a clinical examination and selective coronary angiography has revealed that patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease and distinct atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries have rhythm disorders twice as often as those free from ischaemic heart disease. The employment of the method of long-term continuous ECG recording during normal patients' activity will permit to evaluate the effect of different factors on the development of cardiac rhythm disorders.", "contents": "[Long-term ECG recording and cardiac rhythm disorders in patients with different conditions of the coronary arteries (according to the angiographic data)]. The results of long-term continuous ECG recording during 24 hours in 50 patients are presented. A comparison of these data with the results of a clinical examination and selective coronary angiography has revealed that patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease and distinct atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries have rhythm disorders twice as often as those free from ischaemic heart disease. The employment of the method of long-term continuous ECG recording during normal patients' activity will permit to evaluate the effect of different factors on the development of cardiac rhythm disorders.", "PMID": 69739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3556", "title": "[Various aspects of individualization of drug therapy of extrasystole].", "content": "The clinical experience of drug therapy of 673 patients with extrasystole of different genesis has demonstrated that the nature of the underlying pathology and the topical characteristics of the extrasystole produce a comparatively moderate effect upon the antiarrhythmic action of Novocainamide, Chinidine, Obsidan, Isoptine, Bellataminal. Of certain importance in this context is the determination of the degree of prematurity of the extrasystole, their stability, as well as the periodic structure of the sinus rhythm as shown by the rhythmogram.", "contents": "[Various aspects of individualization of drug therapy of extrasystole]. The clinical experience of drug therapy of 673 patients with extrasystole of different genesis has demonstrated that the nature of the underlying pathology and the topical characteristics of the extrasystole produce a comparatively moderate effect upon the antiarrhythmic action of Novocainamide, Chinidine, Obsidan, Isoptine, Bellataminal. Of certain importance in this context is the determination of the degree of prematurity of the extrasystole, their stability, as well as the periodic structure of the sinus rhythm as shown by the rhythmogram.", "PMID": 69740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3557", "title": "[Parasystolic arrhythmias].", "content": "The observation was conducted in 24 patients with parasystolic arrhythmias, 13 of them having parasystolic extrasystoles, and 11--paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal parasystolic tachycardia. Ventricular parasystole was found in 21 patients, atrial--in 3, atrioventricular--in 2; three patients had double parasystole with two ectopic centers. In the majority of patients their parasystole took a persistent, but relatively benign course, however one patient with ventricular parasystolic tachycardia persisting for many years had repeated ventricular fibrillations. For the treatment of supraventricular parasystolic arrhythmias beta-adrenergic receptors blocking agents, Isoptine, cardiac glycosides were used; in ventricular parasystole the more effective drugs are Lidocain, Novocainamid, Ajmalin.", "contents": "[Parasystolic arrhythmias]. The observation was conducted in 24 patients with parasystolic arrhythmias, 13 of them having parasystolic extrasystoles, and 11--paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal parasystolic tachycardia. Ventricular parasystole was found in 21 patients, atrial--in 3, atrioventricular--in 2; three patients had double parasystole with two ectopic centers. In the majority of patients their parasystole took a persistent, but relatively benign course, however one patient with ventricular parasystolic tachycardia persisting for many years had repeated ventricular fibrillations. For the treatment of supraventricular parasystolic arrhythmias beta-adrenergic receptors blocking agents, Isoptine, cardiac glycosides were used; in ventricular parasystole the more effective drugs are Lidocain, Novocainamid, Ajmalin.", "PMID": 69741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3558", "title": "[Postextrasystolic depression of sinus rhythm during electroimpulse therapy of auricular fibrillation].", "content": "In 95 patients treated by electroimpulse techniques for their cardiac fibrillation the incidence and diagnostic importance of postextrasystolic depression of the sinus rhythm were studied. Two groups of patients were singled out for a comparative study of the value of different prognostic criteria of the stability of the restored sinus rhythm: group 1--53 patients with unsatisfactory results of treatment (the sinus rhythm was preserved for not more than 1 month), and group 2--21 patients with good late results (the sinus rhythm persisted for over 6 months). A study of the distribution of the incidence of different prognostic signs in either of these groups showed that their prognostic value may be presented in the following succession: presence of intraventricular conductivity, severity of cardiac insufficiency, frequent postconversion extrasystoles, history of cardiac fibrillation of over 3 years, presence of a postextrasystolic depression of the sinus rhythm.", "contents": "[Postextrasystolic depression of sinus rhythm during electroimpulse therapy of auricular fibrillation]. In 95 patients treated by electroimpulse techniques for their cardiac fibrillation the incidence and diagnostic importance of postextrasystolic depression of the sinus rhythm were studied. Two groups of patients were singled out for a comparative study of the value of different prognostic criteria of the stability of the restored sinus rhythm: group 1--53 patients with unsatisfactory results of treatment (the sinus rhythm was preserved for not more than 1 month), and group 2--21 patients with good late results (the sinus rhythm persisted for over 6 months). A study of the distribution of the incidence of different prognostic signs in either of these groups showed that their prognostic value may be presented in the following succession: presence of intraventricular conductivity, severity of cardiac insufficiency, frequent postconversion extrasystoles, history of cardiac fibrillation of over 3 years, presence of a postextrasystolic depression of the sinus rhythm.", "PMID": 69742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3559", "title": "[Study of the effectiveness of cordaron in different types of arrhythmia].", "content": "The employment of Cordaron (Amidaron) in 50 patients with different arrhythmias proved effective in 86% of the cases. Cordaron was most effective in the treatment and prevention of paroxysmal tachycardia, ventricular extrasystole, paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation. It decreases the pulse rate and moderately decreases the arterial pressure without imparing the patients' state. The drug has practically no toxic effect, is well tolerated, convenient for administration and dosage. Cardiovascular insufficiency is no contraindication for its prescription. Carefulness is needed in prescribing Cordaron to patients with atrioventricular conductivity disorders.", "contents": "[Study of the effectiveness of cordaron in different types of arrhythmia]. The employment of Cordaron (Amidaron) in 50 patients with different arrhythmias proved effective in 86% of the cases. Cordaron was most effective in the treatment and prevention of paroxysmal tachycardia, ventricular extrasystole, paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation. It decreases the pulse rate and moderately decreases the arterial pressure without imparing the patients' state. The drug has practically no toxic effect, is well tolerated, convenient for administration and dosage. Cardiovascular insufficiency is no contraindication for its prescription. Carefulness is needed in prescribing Cordaron to patients with atrioventricular conductivity disorders.", "PMID": 69743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3560", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats].", "content": "Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), aged 10 weeks, and rats with renovascular hypertension (25-30 weeks) demonstrated, in contrast to the controls, a different pattern of erythrocytes staining with paraldehyde-fuchsin used in histochemistry for demonstrating glycoproteids. The erythrocytes were found to respond to intravenous glucose injections by changing the optic density. The erythrocytes response of SHR differs from the normals, but no difference was revealed in rats with renovascular hypertension. The authors suggest that the changes in the tinctorial properties of the erythrocytes with reference to paraldehyde-fuchsin indirectly reflect the state of the insulin receptors of the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometric study of glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats]. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), aged 10 weeks, and rats with renovascular hypertension (25-30 weeks) demonstrated, in contrast to the controls, a different pattern of erythrocytes staining with paraldehyde-fuchsin used in histochemistry for demonstrating glycoproteids. The erythrocytes were found to respond to intravenous glucose injections by changing the optic density. The erythrocytes response of SHR differs from the normals, but no difference was revealed in rats with renovascular hypertension. The authors suggest that the changes in the tinctorial properties of the erythrocytes with reference to paraldehyde-fuchsin indirectly reflect the state of the insulin receptors of the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 69744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3561", "title": "[Effect of total fasting on serum protein concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of total fasting restricted to three weeks, haptoglobin, transferrin and beta1A-globin showed a marked, continuous decline. The complement was finally distinctly below the reference range. Macroglobulins and coeruloplasmin rised until the tenth day and decreased thereafter. IgG globulin remained essentially unchanged while immunoglobulins gammaA and gammaM showed an increase. On account of the considerable fluctuations observed in the protein fractions fasting in this form at least beyond a period of 21 days does not seem justified.", "contents": "[Effect of total fasting on serum protein concentrations (author's transl)]. During a period of total fasting restricted to three weeks, haptoglobin, transferrin and beta1A-globin showed a marked, continuous decline. The complement was finally distinctly below the reference range. Macroglobulins and coeruloplasmin rised until the tenth day and decreased thereafter. IgG globulin remained essentially unchanged while immunoglobulins gammaA and gammaM showed an increase. On account of the considerable fluctuations observed in the protein fractions fasting in this form at least beyond a period of 21 days does not seem justified.", "PMID": 69745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3562", "title": "Differentiation of plasma and myeloma cells of man. Combined planimetric and cytophotometric studies.", "content": "Plasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow of 3 patients with myeloma and plasma cells in the bone marrow of a 6-year-old boy with an infectious disease were assessed cytophotometrically, first after Giemsaand second after Feulgen staining. The cell and nuclear surface and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio were determined from the number of measuring points. The nuclear DNA content of individual cells was registered and the distribution of DNA within the nucleus was assessed by the distributional error. Both the mean nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and the distributional error of myeloma cells varied from patient to patient but could not be used to differentiate between normal plasma cells and myeloma cells. It was not possible either to differentiate these cell types by multiplying the mean nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio with the mean distributional error of the nuclear DNA. A strong correlation between cell and cytoplasmic surface area was observed both in normal plasma cells and in myeloma cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of plasma and myeloma cells of man. Combined planimetric and cytophotometric studies. Plasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow of 3 patients with myeloma and plasma cells in the bone marrow of a 6-year-old boy with an infectious disease were assessed cytophotometrically, first after Giemsaand second after Feulgen staining. The cell and nuclear surface and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio were determined from the number of measuring points. The nuclear DNA content of individual cells was registered and the distribution of DNA within the nucleus was assessed by the distributional error. Both the mean nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and the distributional error of myeloma cells varied from patient to patient but could not be used to differentiate between normal plasma cells and myeloma cells. It was not possible either to differentiate these cell types by multiplying the mean nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio with the mean distributional error of the nuclear DNA. A strong correlation between cell and cytoplasmic surface area was observed both in normal plasma cells and in myeloma cells.", "PMID": 69746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3563", "title": "[Fluorescent test of mycoplasma colonies by agar diffusion technique (author's transl)].", "content": "An agar diffusion test to directly stain mycoplasma colonies using a new fluorochrome 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indol (DAPI) is described. Next to a colony in question a well is punched into the agar and filled with DAPI. 30 min later the colonies in the diffusion zone show a light yellow - light green fluorescence. Due to the high affinity of DAPI to DNA it is easily possible to distinguish between granular mycoplasma colonies and unspecific substances e.g. proteins and lipids from clinical material.", "contents": "[Fluorescent test of mycoplasma colonies by agar diffusion technique (author's transl)]. An agar diffusion test to directly stain mycoplasma colonies using a new fluorochrome 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indol (DAPI) is described. Next to a colony in question a well is punched into the agar and filled with DAPI. 30 min later the colonies in the diffusion zone show a light yellow - light green fluorescence. Due to the high affinity of DAPI to DNA it is easily possible to distinguish between granular mycoplasma colonies and unspecific substances e.g. proteins and lipids from clinical material.", "PMID": 69747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3564", "title": "The symbolism of drinking; a culture-historical approach.", "content": "The historical symbolic connections between alcoholic beverages and blood, milk and water are discussed, with the conclusion that alcoholic beverages were often symbolically interchangable with these life-giving substances. Many cultures thus saw drinking as a positive and reinforcing part of their societies, rather than solely in a negative or tension-reducing aspect.", "contents": "The symbolism of drinking; a culture-historical approach. The historical symbolic connections between alcoholic beverages and blood, milk and water are discussed, with the conclusion that alcoholic beverages were often symbolically interchangable with these life-giving substances. Many cultures thus saw drinking as a positive and reinforcing part of their societies, rather than solely in a negative or tension-reducing aspect.", "PMID": 69773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3565", "title": "The detoxication of alcoholics-aspects of myth, magic or malpractice.", "content": "Disadvantages of nonmedical detoxication centers are discussed.", "contents": "The detoxication of alcoholics-aspects of myth, magic or malpractice. Disadvantages of nonmedical detoxication centers are discussed.", "PMID": 69774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3566", "title": "Malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava and its palliation: report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma are presented in which the signs and symptoms were disabling. Palliation was achieved by placing a 10 mm. Dacron prosthetic bypass graft between the left innominate vein and the right atrial appendage, resulting in prompt relief. All patients were given warfarin for anticoagulation and subsequently deep x-ray therapy and diuretics were added. There was no operative or hospital death or morbidity. Two of the patients died of distant metastases at 14 and 6 months, respectively, postoperatively. The other two are alive and well at 11 and 5 months after the operation. Venous obstruction has not recurred to date in any of the four patients. A relevant review of the literature has been made.", "contents": "Malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava and its palliation: report of four cases. Four cases of obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma are presented in which the signs and symptoms were disabling. Palliation was achieved by placing a 10 mm. Dacron prosthetic bypass graft between the left innominate vein and the right atrial appendage, resulting in prompt relief. All patients were given warfarin for anticoagulation and subsequently deep x-ray therapy and diuretics were added. There was no operative or hospital death or morbidity. Two of the patients died of distant metastases at 14 and 6 months, respectively, postoperatively. The other two are alive and well at 11 and 5 months after the operation. Venous obstruction has not recurred to date in any of the four patients. A relevant review of the literature has been made.", "PMID": 69775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3567", "title": "Aspiration biopsy cytology.", "content": "After the presentation of the technique of the aspiration biopsy and the mode of preparation and staining of the smears, the author discusses the usefulness and limitations of this procedure in the diagnosis of benign and malignant lymph node lesions. Studies on blastocytic transformation in short-term tissue cultures in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin have indicated that the cells are unimpaired by the needling and/or the negative pressure used in the aspiration. Since the patient experiences little discomfort from fine needle biopsy, the aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes can also be used for sampling cell material in clinical research. The problem of dissemination of tumor cells via the needle track or efferent lymph or blood vessels is also discussed. The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of malignant tumors does not appear to involve a risk of tumor spread.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy cytology. After the presentation of the technique of the aspiration biopsy and the mode of preparation and staining of the smears, the author discusses the usefulness and limitations of this procedure in the diagnosis of benign and malignant lymph node lesions. Studies on blastocytic transformation in short-term tissue cultures in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin have indicated that the cells are unimpaired by the needling and/or the negative pressure used in the aspiration. Since the patient experiences little discomfort from fine needle biopsy, the aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes can also be used for sampling cell material in clinical research. The problem of dissemination of tumor cells via the needle track or efferent lymph or blood vessels is also discussed. The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of malignant tumors does not appear to involve a risk of tumor spread.", "PMID": 69776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3568", "title": "Alcohol and blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study.", "content": "Data from five study populations participating in the Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping Study indicate strong relations between reported alcohol consumption and blood-lipids. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level in all populations (r from 0-16 to 0-30), the lipid level appearing to be a graded response even over the low levels of alcohol consumption reported. Less strong but consistently negative correlations were found with low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma-triglycerides showed a modest positive correlation with alcohol. The five populations were those of the Albany, Evans County, Framingham, Honolulu, and San Francisco Studies.", "contents": "Alcohol and blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. Data from five study populations participating in the Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping Study indicate strong relations between reported alcohol consumption and blood-lipids. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level in all populations (r from 0-16 to 0-30), the lipid level appearing to be a graded response even over the low levels of alcohol consumption reported. Less strong but consistently negative correlations were found with low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma-triglycerides showed a modest positive correlation with alcohol. The five populations were those of the Albany, Evans County, Framingham, Honolulu, and San Francisco Studies.", "PMID": 69778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3569", "title": "Asymptomatic autoimmune thyroiditis and coronary heart-disease. Cross-sectional and prospective studies.", "content": "Cross sectional and prospective surveys of thyroid autoimmunity have been performed in two cohorts of men, 280 living in west Finland and 269 in east Finland. In both populations, aged 50 to 69 years at the first survey, risk factors for coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) were common. The incidence of C.H.D. was shown to be related to the presence of thyroid antibodies. The results of the cross-sectional studies were not conclusive. The five-year follow-up study emphasised that in both areas asymptomatic thyroid autoimmunity, independently of other known risk factors, was a predictor of subsequent development of C.H.D. The importance of asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid-itis as a risk factor for C.H.D. increases with age.", "contents": "Asymptomatic autoimmune thyroiditis and coronary heart-disease. Cross-sectional and prospective studies. Cross sectional and prospective surveys of thyroid autoimmunity have been performed in two cohorts of men, 280 living in west Finland and 269 in east Finland. In both populations, aged 50 to 69 years at the first survey, risk factors for coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) were common. The incidence of C.H.D. was shown to be related to the presence of thyroid antibodies. The results of the cross-sectional studies were not conclusive. The five-year follow-up study emphasised that in both areas asymptomatic thyroid autoimmunity, independently of other known risk factors, was a predictor of subsequent development of C.H.D. The importance of asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid-itis as a risk factor for C.H.D. increases with age.", "PMID": 69779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3570", "title": "Prolonged maintained remissions of adult acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Maintenance chemotherapy consisting of weekly oral 6-thioguanine and intramuscular cytosine arabinoside was administered to 24 adult patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in complete remission. The median duration of complete remission was 16-5 months, with 9 patients (38%) still in their first remission after 18--56 months. 33% of the patients have been in continuous remission for over 2 yr, 21% for over 3 yr, and 12-5% for over 4 yr. Median survival so far is 22-5 months. This maintenance regimen is well tolerated, is easily administered on an outpatient basis, and produces substantial numbers of long-term remissions.", "contents": "Prolonged maintained remissions of adult acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. Maintenance chemotherapy consisting of weekly oral 6-thioguanine and intramuscular cytosine arabinoside was administered to 24 adult patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in complete remission. The median duration of complete remission was 16-5 months, with 9 patients (38%) still in their first remission after 18--56 months. 33% of the patients have been in continuous remission for over 2 yr, 21% for over 3 yr, and 12-5% for over 4 yr. Median survival so far is 22-5 months. This maintenance regimen is well tolerated, is easily administered on an outpatient basis, and produces substantial numbers of long-term remissions.", "PMID": 69780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3571", "title": "Structural properties of double-stranded helical poly (gamma-benzyl-D-L-glutamate) in solution. Comparison with some solution properties of linear gramicidin.", "content": "The double-stranded helical conformations of alternating PBD-LG found in the solid state have been studied in infrared, circular dichroism, and NMR techniques in solution in methylene chloride, chloroform dioxane, and collidine. The infrared and CD properties of the solutions, transconformations between single- and double-stranded helices and transconformations within the family of double helices, support the hypothesis that the conformation in solution is the same as that found after evaporation of the solvent, namely the pi pi DL 7.2, pI pI DL 9.0, and pi pi DL 10.8 helices, depending on the solvent. An attempt to identify the conformation of linear gramicidin is made on the basis of the CD spectra and the infrared frequencies conformation relationship established for PBD-LG. However, owing to the great number of different conformations observed for the antibiotic, no firm conclusion can yet be drawn, except for the probable existence of the double antiparallel helical structure.", "contents": "Structural properties of double-stranded helical poly (gamma-benzyl-D-L-glutamate) in solution. Comparison with some solution properties of linear gramicidin. The double-stranded helical conformations of alternating PBD-LG found in the solid state have been studied in infrared, circular dichroism, and NMR techniques in solution in methylene chloride, chloroform dioxane, and collidine. The infrared and CD properties of the solutions, transconformations between single- and double-stranded helices and transconformations within the family of double helices, support the hypothesis that the conformation in solution is the same as that found after evaporation of the solvent, namely the pi pi DL 7.2, pI pI DL 9.0, and pi pi DL 10.8 helices, depending on the solvent. An attempt to identify the conformation of linear gramicidin is made on the basis of the CD spectra and the infrared frequencies conformation relationship established for PBD-LG. However, owing to the great number of different conformations observed for the antibiotic, no firm conclusion can yet be drawn, except for the probable existence of the double antiparallel helical structure.", "PMID": 69777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3572", "title": "Cerebral blood-flow in polycythaemia.", "content": "Cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.) has been measured in 16 patients with polycythaemia of differing severity. The mean C.B.F. was 37-9 ml/100 g/min, which is significantly below the normal level of 69-1 (S.D. 9-3) ml/100 g/min (P less than 0-001). C.B.F. measurement was repeated after venesection in 15 of the patients. Lowering the haematocrit from a mean of 0-536 to a mean of 0-455 was associated with a 73% increase in mean C.B.F. (P less than 0-001) and a 30% reduction in whole-blood viscosity. Low C.B.F. was found at haematocrit levels between 0-46 and 0-52. Haematocrit levels that are currently acceptable in the management of polycythaemia may therefore be too high.", "contents": "Cerebral blood-flow in polycythaemia. Cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.) has been measured in 16 patients with polycythaemia of differing severity. The mean C.B.F. was 37-9 ml/100 g/min, which is significantly below the normal level of 69-1 (S.D. 9-3) ml/100 g/min (P less than 0-001). C.B.F. measurement was repeated after venesection in 15 of the patients. Lowering the haematocrit from a mean of 0-536 to a mean of 0-455 was associated with a 73% increase in mean C.B.F. (P less than 0-001) and a 30% reduction in whole-blood viscosity. Low C.B.F. was found at haematocrit levels between 0-46 and 0-52. Haematocrit levels that are currently acceptable in the management of polycythaemia may therefore be too high.", "PMID": 69781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3573", "title": "Antibody-drug synergism: An assessment of specific passive immunotherapy in bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Patients with bronchial carcinoma who had had radical resection of the primary tumour were treated with a combination of drugs and tumour-specific immunoglobulin (antibody-drug synergism, A.D.S.). The antisera were raised in goats by immunisation with tumour cells from patients, and given to those patients after absorption to remove antibody against normal human tissues. 32 patients received A.D.S. treatment and 37 patients received chemotherapy only. Although the differences are not statistically significant there have been 22 recurrences including 15 deaths in the chemotherapy group and 8 recurrences including 6 deaths in the A.D.S group. There was only one clinically significant reaction to heterologous immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Antibody-drug synergism: An assessment of specific passive immunotherapy in bronchial carcinoma. Patients with bronchial carcinoma who had had radical resection of the primary tumour were treated with a combination of drugs and tumour-specific immunoglobulin (antibody-drug synergism, A.D.S.). The antisera were raised in goats by immunisation with tumour cells from patients, and given to those patients after absorption to remove antibody against normal human tissues. 32 patients received A.D.S. treatment and 37 patients received chemotherapy only. Although the differences are not statistically significant there have been 22 recurrences including 15 deaths in the chemotherapy group and 8 recurrences including 6 deaths in the A.D.S group. There was only one clinically significant reaction to heterologous immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 69782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3574", "title": "Inhibition of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin release by somatostatin.", "content": "To determine the effect of somatostatin on cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (C.C.K.) release, serum-C.C.K. concentrations were measured in normal volunteers after intraduodenal olive oil, with and without a simultaneous intravenous infusion of somatostatin. After instillation of the olive oil there was a rapid rise in serum-C.C.K. (integrated response 19 682+/-5632 pg min ml-1). This rise was completely abolished by somatostatin (integrated response -373+/-330 pg min ml-1, P less than 0-005) and rebound hyper-secretion was seen after the infusion had been stopped. These findings indicate that somatostatin may be involved in regulating C.C.K. release after meals, and suggest a possible explanation for the profound steatorrhoea seen in a patient with a somatostatin-producing tumour.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin release by somatostatin. To determine the effect of somatostatin on cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (C.C.K.) release, serum-C.C.K. concentrations were measured in normal volunteers after intraduodenal olive oil, with and without a simultaneous intravenous infusion of somatostatin. After instillation of the olive oil there was a rapid rise in serum-C.C.K. (integrated response 19 682+/-5632 pg min ml-1). This rise was completely abolished by somatostatin (integrated response -373+/-330 pg min ml-1, P less than 0-005) and rebound hyper-secretion was seen after the infusion had been stopped. These findings indicate that somatostatin may be involved in regulating C.C.K. release after meals, and suggest a possible explanation for the profound steatorrhoea seen in a patient with a somatostatin-producing tumour.", "PMID": 69783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3575", "title": "Nuclear oestrogen receptors and treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "In an attempt to improve the predictive value of oestrogen-receptor measurements in breast-tumour biopsy specimens, oestrogen receptor was measured at both cytoplasmic and nuclear levels. Although 33% of patients had receptors at both levels, another 17% had cytoplasmic but no nuclear receptors. Theoretically, this latter group would not be expected to respond to hormone therapy. 7% had nuclear but not cytoplasmic receptors. The six-month follow-up data for the group of patients with receptors at both cytoplasmic and nuclear levels suggests qualitatively that this group has a good chance of responding favourably to hormone therapy. Much larger numbers must be accumulated before quantitative conclusions can be reached.", "contents": "Nuclear oestrogen receptors and treatment of breast cancer. In an attempt to improve the predictive value of oestrogen-receptor measurements in breast-tumour biopsy specimens, oestrogen receptor was measured at both cytoplasmic and nuclear levels. Although 33% of patients had receptors at both levels, another 17% had cytoplasmic but no nuclear receptors. Theoretically, this latter group would not be expected to respond to hormone therapy. 7% had nuclear but not cytoplasmic receptors. The six-month follow-up data for the group of patients with receptors at both cytoplasmic and nuclear levels suggests qualitatively that this group has a good chance of responding favourably to hormone therapy. Much larger numbers must be accumulated before quantitative conclusions can be reached.", "PMID": 69784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3576", "title": "Chloride-transport stimulatory factor in urine of chronically sodium-chloride loaded man.", "content": "Urinary extracts (in methylene dichloride) of subjects on high sodium-chloride (NaCl) intake produce net Cl- efflux (active transport) in isolated short-circuited frog skin. Activity is not found in the urine of NaCl-deprived normal subjects or NaCl-loaded subjects with adrenal insufficiency. These findings suggest that presence of an adrenocortical steriod which participates in adaptation to high salt intake. We describe here a lipid-soluble factor extracted from urine of chronically salt-loaded subjects which stimulates active Cl- transport in isolated frog skin. Our findings indicate that the factor is of adrenal origin and that it induces active ion transport in the direction opposite to that stimulated by the adrenal hormone, aldosterone. Aldosterone produces NaCl conservation in states of salt deprivation. We expect this new factor to produce NaCl excretion in states of excess salt ingestion.", "contents": "Chloride-transport stimulatory factor in urine of chronically sodium-chloride loaded man. Urinary extracts (in methylene dichloride) of subjects on high sodium-chloride (NaCl) intake produce net Cl- efflux (active transport) in isolated short-circuited frog skin. Activity is not found in the urine of NaCl-deprived normal subjects or NaCl-loaded subjects with adrenal insufficiency. These findings suggest that presence of an adrenocortical steriod which participates in adaptation to high salt intake. We describe here a lipid-soluble factor extracted from urine of chronically salt-loaded subjects which stimulates active Cl- transport in isolated frog skin. Our findings indicate that the factor is of adrenal origin and that it induces active ion transport in the direction opposite to that stimulated by the adrenal hormone, aldosterone. Aldosterone produces NaCl conservation in states of salt deprivation. We expect this new factor to produce NaCl excretion in states of excess salt ingestion.", "PMID": 69785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3577", "title": "Spectrum of thyroid function in patient's remaining in remission after antithyroid drug therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in 110 patients who were in remission for a period of 7-6 +/- 0-6 years (mean +/- S.E.) (range 0-25--25 years) after the withdrawal of antithyroid drug therapy for thyrotoxicosis. On the basis of clinical examination and on the results of thyroid-function tests, the following group of patients were identified: (I) euthyroid with normal plasma-total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, but an absent or subnormal response of plasma-thyrotrophin (T.S.H.) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) (16%); (II) euthyroid with normal concentrations of plasma total T4 and T3 and a normal plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (59%); (III) euthyroid with normal concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones and a normal basal plasma-T.S.H., but an exaggerated plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (13%); (IV) euthyroid with normal plasma total T4 and T3 concentrations, but a raised basal plasma-T.S.H. concentration and an exaggerated plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (6%); (V) hypothyroid (6%). Although the need for short-term follow-up to identify those patients treated with antithyroid drugs who will relapse is well recognised, 16% of all patients in remission for longer than 4 years (10-8 +/- 0-7 years) in the present study showed some degree of thyroid failure. Evidence of hypothyroidism was associated with an increased frequency of thyroid microsomal antibodies. If the morbidity of the late development of hypothyroidism is to be avoided, patients who have been treated with antithyroid drugs should have long-term follow-up, as do patients treated surgically or with radioiodine.", "contents": "Spectrum of thyroid function in patient's remaining in remission after antithyroid drug therapy for thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid function was assessed in 110 patients who were in remission for a period of 7-6 +/- 0-6 years (mean +/- S.E.) (range 0-25--25 years) after the withdrawal of antithyroid drug therapy for thyrotoxicosis. On the basis of clinical examination and on the results of thyroid-function tests, the following group of patients were identified: (I) euthyroid with normal plasma-total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, but an absent or subnormal response of plasma-thyrotrophin (T.S.H.) to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) (16%); (II) euthyroid with normal concentrations of plasma total T4 and T3 and a normal plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (59%); (III) euthyroid with normal concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones and a normal basal plasma-T.S.H., but an exaggerated plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (13%); (IV) euthyroid with normal plasma total T4 and T3 concentrations, but a raised basal plasma-T.S.H. concentration and an exaggerated plasma-T.S.H. response to T.R.H. (6%); (V) hypothyroid (6%). Although the need for short-term follow-up to identify those patients treated with antithyroid drugs who will relapse is well recognised, 16% of all patients in remission for longer than 4 years (10-8 +/- 0-7 years) in the present study showed some degree of thyroid failure. Evidence of hypothyroidism was associated with an increased frequency of thyroid microsomal antibodies. If the morbidity of the late development of hypothyroidism is to be avoided, patients who have been treated with antithyroid drugs should have long-term follow-up, as do patients treated surgically or with radioiodine.", "PMID": 69792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3578", "title": "Disease-surveillance and decision-making after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake.", "content": "In the first 3 weeks after the 1976 earthquake in Guatemala a system for collecting, analysing, and disseminating information of medical importance was instituted in the disaster area. Data on cases of selected diseases, number of available hospital beds, and medical supplies were collected, and reported epidemics were investigated. The system functioned well despite the limited numbers of trained personnel. Collection and analysis were quick enough for data to be used immediately in decision-making. No epidemics of communicable diseases were observed in the affected area. The number of dog bites in Guatemala City increased but no cases of rabies were reported. The success of the surveillance system in Guatemala suggests that immediate use of epidemiological methods should be an integral part of disaster relief.", "contents": "Disease-surveillance and decision-making after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake. In the first 3 weeks after the 1976 earthquake in Guatemala a system for collecting, analysing, and disseminating information of medical importance was instituted in the disaster area. Data on cases of selected diseases, number of available hospital beds, and medical supplies were collected, and reported epidemics were investigated. The system functioned well despite the limited numbers of trained personnel. Collection and analysis were quick enough for data to be used immediately in decision-making. No epidemics of communicable diseases were observed in the affected area. The number of dog bites in Guatemala City increased but no cases of rabies were reported. The success of the surveillance system in Guatemala suggests that immediate use of epidemiological methods should be an integral part of disaster relief.", "PMID": 69793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3579", "title": "Dietary fibre, transit-time, faecal bacteria, steroids, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer Intestinal Microecology Group.", "content": "A comparison of dietary intake and faecal characteristics in population samples from two areas of Denmark and Finland with 4-fold variation in colon-cancer incidence suggests that the aetiology of colon cancer may be multifactorial and is not associated in a simple manner with dietary fat, neutral steroids, acid steroids, or their bacterial metabolites. However, meat consumption was greater in the high-incidence areas. Higher intakes of dietary fibre and milk in the low-incidence area suggest a possible protective effect, unrelated to mouth-anus transit-time. Further careful dietary and metabolic studies are needed to clarify the relationships between possible carcinogenic and protective effects of diet.", "contents": "Dietary fibre, transit-time, faecal bacteria, steroids, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer Intestinal Microecology Group. A comparison of dietary intake and faecal characteristics in population samples from two areas of Denmark and Finland with 4-fold variation in colon-cancer incidence suggests that the aetiology of colon cancer may be multifactorial and is not associated in a simple manner with dietary fat, neutral steroids, acid steroids, or their bacterial metabolites. However, meat consumption was greater in the high-incidence areas. Higher intakes of dietary fibre and milk in the low-incidence area suggest a possible protective effect, unrelated to mouth-anus transit-time. Further careful dietary and metabolic studies are needed to clarify the relationships between possible carcinogenic and protective effects of diet.", "PMID": 69826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3580", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia and antihypertensive effect of bromocriptine in essential hypertension. Identification of abnormal central dopamine control.", "content": "Plasma-prolactin concentration was up to four times higher in male patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive controls. Oral administration of bromocriptine, a dopaminergic agonist, suppressed plasma-prolactin and lowered arterial pressure. It is proposed that in the hypertensive patients the raised prolactin levels reflect a defect in central dopamine control which is normalised by bromocriptine. The antihypertensive effect of bromocriptine suggests that the dopaminergic system is involved in blood-pressure regulation and that reduced central dopaminergic activity may be a factor in the maintenance of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia and antihypertensive effect of bromocriptine in essential hypertension. Identification of abnormal central dopamine control. Plasma-prolactin concentration was up to four times higher in male patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive controls. Oral administration of bromocriptine, a dopaminergic agonist, suppressed plasma-prolactin and lowered arterial pressure. It is proposed that in the hypertensive patients the raised prolactin levels reflect a defect in central dopamine control which is normalised by bromocriptine. The antihypertensive effect of bromocriptine suggests that the dopaminergic system is involved in blood-pressure regulation and that reduced central dopaminergic activity may be a factor in the maintenance of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 69827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3581", "title": "Levamisole-induced immunostimulation in spondylarthropathies.", "content": "The term \"seronegative spondylarthritis\" (S.S.A.) has been assigned to rheumatic disorders with closely related clinical features, defined by seronegativity and HLA-B27 phenotype. Its pathogenesis may be linked with a genetically controlled defective immune response. Therefore, 37 men with S.S.A. were treated with levamisole (150 mg/day, 3 days/wk) to stimulate the immune reactions. In a randomised controlled crossover study these patients also received a placebo; each period ran for 12 wk. Symptomatic therapy was continued through the entire 6 mo. Serious side-effects led to withdrawal of the active drug in 9 patients. Clinical response was measured in terms of a cumulative joint index, spondylometry, morning stiffness, and a pain scale. Treatment with levamisole resulted in a significant improvement in these parameters. Radiological evidence of sacroiliitis was present in 48.6% before and after levamisole, and joint scanning with 99Tc-pyrophosphate also revealed no progress in the disease. After levamisole treatment, IgM levels fell significantly (P less than 0-014). Likewise, the previously high percentage of antibodies with weak cytotoxic activity against lymphocytes was reduced after levamisole (P less than 0-049), and an increased rate of leucocyte-migration inhibition (L.M.I) was found in the levamisole-treated group. Thus, the immunostimulating properties of levamisole may interfere with defective immunoregulation in S.S.A. and, by improving the clinical conditions, lead to a change in the course of this disease.", "contents": "Levamisole-induced immunostimulation in spondylarthropathies. The term \"seronegative spondylarthritis\" (S.S.A.) has been assigned to rheumatic disorders with closely related clinical features, defined by seronegativity and HLA-B27 phenotype. Its pathogenesis may be linked with a genetically controlled defective immune response. Therefore, 37 men with S.S.A. were treated with levamisole (150 mg/day, 3 days/wk) to stimulate the immune reactions. In a randomised controlled crossover study these patients also received a placebo; each period ran for 12 wk. Symptomatic therapy was continued through the entire 6 mo. Serious side-effects led to withdrawal of the active drug in 9 patients. Clinical response was measured in terms of a cumulative joint index, spondylometry, morning stiffness, and a pain scale. Treatment with levamisole resulted in a significant improvement in these parameters. Radiological evidence of sacroiliitis was present in 48.6% before and after levamisole, and joint scanning with 99Tc-pyrophosphate also revealed no progress in the disease. After levamisole treatment, IgM levels fell significantly (P less than 0-014). Likewise, the previously high percentage of antibodies with weak cytotoxic activity against lymphocytes was reduced after levamisole (P less than 0-049), and an increased rate of leucocyte-migration inhibition (L.M.I) was found in the levamisole-treated group. Thus, the immunostimulating properties of levamisole may interfere with defective immunoregulation in S.S.A. and, by improving the clinical conditions, lead to a change in the course of this disease.", "PMID": 69828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3582", "title": "Hepatitis-B virus in bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus) from Senegal.", "content": "Bedbugs of the species Cimex hemipterus (F) were collected on four separate occasions from the bedding in the huts of village dwellers in Senegal, West Africa. Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBSAg) was detected in unengorged nymph and adult bedbugs in each of the first three collections. 3 of 28 such specimens were HBSAg(+) in the first collection and 3 of 17 specimens were positive in the second collection. In the third, 6 of 9 were HBSAg(+) when the bed occupant was known to be HBSAg(+). 2 of these 6 positive insects did not contain human serum proteins. Bedbugs in the fourth collection were captured and kept alive without a blood meal for 30 days. 3 of 89 of these samples were HBSAg(+). These are the highest field infection-rates of hepatitis-B virus reported in any insect species. The bedbug must be considered a potential vector of hepatitis-B virus.", "contents": "Hepatitis-B virus in bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus) from Senegal. Bedbugs of the species Cimex hemipterus (F) were collected on four separate occasions from the bedding in the huts of village dwellers in Senegal, West Africa. Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBSAg) was detected in unengorged nymph and adult bedbugs in each of the first three collections. 3 of 28 such specimens were HBSAg(+) in the first collection and 3 of 17 specimens were positive in the second collection. In the third, 6 of 9 were HBSAg(+) when the bed occupant was known to be HBSAg(+). 2 of these 6 positive insects did not contain human serum proteins. Bedbugs in the fourth collection were captured and kept alive without a blood meal for 30 days. 3 of 89 of these samples were HBSAg(+). These are the highest field infection-rates of hepatitis-B virus reported in any insect species. The bedbug must be considered a potential vector of hepatitis-B virus.", "PMID": 69829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3583", "title": "Cerebral atrophy. An immunological disorder?", "content": "Patients with cerebral atrophy of unknown origin, patients with nuclear forms of schizophrenia or neurosis, and normal subjects were skin-tested with human brain and liver proteins. The frequency of positive delayed skin-sensitivity reactions to brain proteins was significantly higher in the cerebral-atrophy group than in other groups, thus suggesting a correlation between cerebral atrophy and cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Cerebral atrophy. An immunological disorder? Patients with cerebral atrophy of unknown origin, patients with nuclear forms of schizophrenia or neurosis, and normal subjects were skin-tested with human brain and liver proteins. The frequency of positive delayed skin-sensitivity reactions to brain proteins was significantly higher in the cerebral-atrophy group than in other groups, thus suggesting a correlation between cerebral atrophy and cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 69830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3584", "title": "Effect of triac on the developing heart.", "content": "Triac (diethanolamine salt of triiodothyroacetic acid) was administered by intramuscular injection to 12 pregnant female rats. These were divided into a control group and three other groups, each receiving different doses of triac. The effect of triac on the hearts of their offspring was studied morphologically. Histological examination showed evidence of only mild hypertrophy, but ultrastructurally, disarray of myocardial fibrils and other changes similar to those observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were found in the litter of the group receiving the highest dose. It is suggested that thyroid function should be studied in patients with obscure cardiac disease.", "contents": "Effect of triac on the developing heart. Triac (diethanolamine salt of triiodothyroacetic acid) was administered by intramuscular injection to 12 pregnant female rats. These were divided into a control group and three other groups, each receiving different doses of triac. The effect of triac on the hearts of their offspring was studied morphologically. Histological examination showed evidence of only mild hypertrophy, but ultrastructurally, disarray of myocardial fibrils and other changes similar to those observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were found in the litter of the group receiving the highest dose. It is suggested that thyroid function should be studied in patients with obscure cardiac disease.", "PMID": 69831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3585", "title": "Activation of IgE regulatory mechanisms by transmucosal absorption of antigen.", "content": "The development of immediate hypersensitivities depends essentially on the production of IgE antibodies--usually to common environmental antigens. It has been suggested that atopic individuals produce IgE antibodies as a result of overstimulation with antigen and that this occurs through IgA deficiency which by default allows the absorption via the mucosae of abnormally large amounts of antigen. However, work with laboratory animals indicates a mechanism which is the antithesis of the overstimulation concept: that quantities of antigen sufficiently large to activate IgE immunoregulatory mechanisms, particularly suppressor T cells, are normally absorbed across the mucosae and that, where other conditions for the activation of these cells are appropriate, inhibition rather than stimulation of IgE responses results. In this way allergies arise through a defect of one or more components of the immunoregulatory mechanism. The fact that atopic individuals do not become allergic to all ubiquitous antigens and that they may be hyposensitised is evidence that the defect is relative rather than absolute.", "contents": "Activation of IgE regulatory mechanisms by transmucosal absorption of antigen. The development of immediate hypersensitivities depends essentially on the production of IgE antibodies--usually to common environmental antigens. It has been suggested that atopic individuals produce IgE antibodies as a result of overstimulation with antigen and that this occurs through IgA deficiency which by default allows the absorption via the mucosae of abnormally large amounts of antigen. However, work with laboratory animals indicates a mechanism which is the antithesis of the overstimulation concept: that quantities of antigen sufficiently large to activate IgE immunoregulatory mechanisms, particularly suppressor T cells, are normally absorbed across the mucosae and that, where other conditions for the activation of these cells are appropriate, inhibition rather than stimulation of IgE responses results. In this way allergies arise through a defect of one or more components of the immunoregulatory mechanism. The fact that atopic individuals do not become allergic to all ubiquitous antigens and that they may be hyposensitised is evidence that the defect is relative rather than absolute.", "PMID": 69832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3586", "title": "Gastroenteritis: a continuing problem of child health in Britain.", "content": "A paediatric gastroenteritis unit had 608 admissions over 2 years. The children admitted were mostly under 6 months of age, had often been in hospital previously and were, as a group, underweight for their age. Severe biochemical disturbances, early complications, and death were significantly related and were almost entirely confined to the children under 6 months of age. There were 8 deaths (1-3%), 5 (0-8%) of which were associated with serious underlying disorders. Late complications related to food intolerance were found in 3%. Young infants with gastroenteritis are best cared for in units experienced in the management of acute metabolic disturbances in such patients, though highly specialised renal and gastrointestinal services are not essential. These units should provide continuing paediatric supervision.", "contents": "Gastroenteritis: a continuing problem of child health in Britain. A paediatric gastroenteritis unit had 608 admissions over 2 years. The children admitted were mostly under 6 months of age, had often been in hospital previously and were, as a group, underweight for their age. Severe biochemical disturbances, early complications, and death were significantly related and were almost entirely confined to the children under 6 months of age. There were 8 deaths (1-3%), 5 (0-8%) of which were associated with serious underlying disorders. Late complications related to food intolerance were found in 3%. Young infants with gastroenteritis are best cared for in units experienced in the management of acute metabolic disturbances in such patients, though highly specialised renal and gastrointestinal services are not essential. These units should provide continuing paediatric supervision.", "PMID": 69840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3587", "title": "Suicide prevention by the Samaritans. A controlled study of effectiveness.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that Samaritan services prevent suicide, the trends in suicide-rates of county boroughs with Samaritan services have been compared with trends in matched control boroughs without Samarian services. The suicide-rate for both groups of boroughs has decreased progressively and to the same extent. This finding is not consistent with suggestions that Samaritan services prevent suicide.", "contents": "Suicide prevention by the Samaritans. A controlled study of effectiveness. To test the hypothesis that Samaritan services prevent suicide, the trends in suicide-rates of county boroughs with Samaritan services have been compared with trends in matched control boroughs without Samarian services. The suicide-rate for both groups of boroughs has decreased progressively and to the same extent. This finding is not consistent with suggestions that Samaritan services prevent suicide.", "PMID": 69841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3588", "title": "Liver damage from long-term methyltestosterone.", "content": "Of 60 patients (42 female transsexuals and 18 impotent males) receiving long-term therapy with methyltestosterone 50 mg three times a day, 19 had abnormal liver-function tests and 33 out of 52 had abnormal liver scans, particularly those who had been treated for more than a year. Liver biopsy specimens showed accumulation of hepatocytes in the liver cords and within the walls of centrilobular veins, and early peliosis hepatis. One patient had a hepatic adenoma. Of the androgens, only 17alpha-alkylated steroids seem to be implicated in the development of cholestatic jaundice, peliosis hepatis, and liver tumours.", "contents": "Liver damage from long-term methyltestosterone. Of 60 patients (42 female transsexuals and 18 impotent males) receiving long-term therapy with methyltestosterone 50 mg three times a day, 19 had abnormal liver-function tests and 33 out of 52 had abnormal liver scans, particularly those who had been treated for more than a year. Liver biopsy specimens showed accumulation of hepatocytes in the liver cords and within the walls of centrilobular veins, and early peliosis hepatis. One patient had a hepatic adenoma. Of the androgens, only 17alpha-alkylated steroids seem to be implicated in the development of cholestatic jaundice, peliosis hepatis, and liver tumours.", "PMID": 69876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3589", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis in human stools. The results of the assay can be read either with a simple colorimeter or the naked eye. Investigations with 143 samples from children with gastroenteritis and 75 samples from children with other illnesses showed that the ELISA was as sensitive as electron microscopy or radioimmunoassay for detection of this agent. In addition, the ELISA was simple to perform and, when read visually, did not require sophisticated technical equipment. These advantages make it suitable for field work.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis in human stools. The results of the assay can be read either with a simple colorimeter or the naked eye. Investigations with 143 samples from children with gastroenteritis and 75 samples from children with other illnesses showed that the ELISA was as sensitive as electron microscopy or radioimmunoassay for detection of this agent. In addition, the ELISA was simple to perform and, when read visually, did not require sophisticated technical equipment. These advantages make it suitable for field work.", "PMID": 69877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3590", "title": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurements as an early indicator of low birth-weight.", "content": "In a prospective trial of 4224 pregnancies, 103 women had serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) above 2-3 times the median value for their stage of gestation. 10-7% of these delivered infants with birth-weights less than 2-5 kg. This was significantly greater than the rate of 4-2% for low-birth-weight infants in the general population. At higher multiples of the median serum-A.F.P. value the proportion of pregnancies leading to low-birth-weight infants was even greater. It is suggested that early identification of pregnancies with high risk of premature delivery may be an important corollary of maternal serum A.F.P. screening.", "contents": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurements as an early indicator of low birth-weight. In a prospective trial of 4224 pregnancies, 103 women had serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) above 2-3 times the median value for their stage of gestation. 10-7% of these delivered infants with birth-weights less than 2-5 kg. This was significantly greater than the rate of 4-2% for low-birth-weight infants in the general population. At higher multiples of the median serum-A.F.P. value the proportion of pregnancies leading to low-birth-weight infants was even greater. It is suggested that early identification of pregnancies with high risk of premature delivery may be an important corollary of maternal serum A.F.P. screening.", "PMID": 69878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3591", "title": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein and low birth-weight.", "content": "High maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) concentrations in the first half of pregnancy were associated with prematurity and high perinatal mortality. 94 singleton pregnancies without neural-tube defects but with A.F.P. levels equal to or greater than three times the normal median resulted in the birth of infants weighing, on average, 357 g less than controls (P less than 0-001). The mean head circumference of the infants was also smaller than that of the controls. The 1 stillbirth and 3 neonatal deaths yielded a mortality-rate more than three and a half times that for singleton births without neural-tube defects at the same hospital in the years 1974-76. The results suggest that some pregnant women who will deliver low-birth-weight infants at high risk of perinatal death may be identified by means of serum-A.F.P. measurement early in pregnancy.", "contents": "Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein and low birth-weight. High maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) concentrations in the first half of pregnancy were associated with prematurity and high perinatal mortality. 94 singleton pregnancies without neural-tube defects but with A.F.P. levels equal to or greater than three times the normal median resulted in the birth of infants weighing, on average, 357 g less than controls (P less than 0-001). The mean head circumference of the infants was also smaller than that of the controls. The 1 stillbirth and 3 neonatal deaths yielded a mortality-rate more than three and a half times that for singleton births without neural-tube defects at the same hospital in the years 1974-76. The results suggest that some pregnant women who will deliver low-birth-weight infants at high risk of perinatal death may be identified by means of serum-A.F.P. measurement early in pregnancy.", "PMID": 69879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3592", "title": "Hepatic injury in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the frequency of liver injury in adult coeliac disease (A.C.D.) the case records of 74 consecutive patients were examined. In 13 cases histological sections of the liver were available and in 5 of these there were signs of reactive hepatitis. Histological signs of distinct hepatic injury with cirrhosis and/or chronic active hepatitis were found in 7 other patients. In 5 of these serum-IgA was normal, whereas 16 out of 20 control patients with liver cirrhosis not associated with A.C.D. had raised serum-IgA. Serum-aspartate-aminotransferase and serum-alanine-aminotransferase were determined in 53 patients; 29 had raised concentrations. In 19 patients serum-aminotransferases were repeatedly determined before and during the dietary regimen and there was a significant reduction in enzyme concentrations during treatment. The median concentration of serum-alkaline-phosphatase was also reduced during treatment but not significantly. The histological evidence of liver injury in 16% and the abnormal liver-function tests in 39% of the patients indicate that hepatic injury is common in A.C.D. Since liver-function tests or liver biopsy specimens were available for only about two-thirds of the patients, liver damage in A.C.D. may be more common than indicated by these results. The effect of a gluten-free diet on aminotransferase concentrations indicates that the liver injury may be reversible and suggests that in some A.C.D. patients progressive liver damage may be prevented by suitable treatment. Since A.C.D. is not always recognised, the diagnosis should be considered in patients with liver disease of unknown aetiology.", "contents": "Hepatic injury in adult coeliac disease. In an attempt to determine the frequency of liver injury in adult coeliac disease (A.C.D.) the case records of 74 consecutive patients were examined. In 13 cases histological sections of the liver were available and in 5 of these there were signs of reactive hepatitis. Histological signs of distinct hepatic injury with cirrhosis and/or chronic active hepatitis were found in 7 other patients. In 5 of these serum-IgA was normal, whereas 16 out of 20 control patients with liver cirrhosis not associated with A.C.D. had raised serum-IgA. Serum-aspartate-aminotransferase and serum-alanine-aminotransferase were determined in 53 patients; 29 had raised concentrations. In 19 patients serum-aminotransferases were repeatedly determined before and during the dietary regimen and there was a significant reduction in enzyme concentrations during treatment. The median concentration of serum-alkaline-phosphatase was also reduced during treatment but not significantly. The histological evidence of liver injury in 16% and the abnormal liver-function tests in 39% of the patients indicate that hepatic injury is common in A.C.D. Since liver-function tests or liver biopsy specimens were available for only about two-thirds of the patients, liver damage in A.C.D. may be more common than indicated by these results. The effect of a gluten-free diet on aminotransferase concentrations indicates that the liver injury may be reversible and suggests that in some A.C.D. patients progressive liver damage may be prevented by suitable treatment. Since A.C.D. is not always recognised, the diagnosis should be considered in patients with liver disease of unknown aetiology.", "PMID": 69880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3593", "title": "Immediate post-placental insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Insertion of one of three types of intrauterine contraceptive device--the Lem, copper 7, and 'Progestasert' system--was carried out in 274 obstetric patients. These devices were all inserted within 20 min of delivery of the placenta and membranes, with a special 25 cm inserter. The expulsion-rate was low (less than 7%), and there were no uterine perforations. There was no difference in puerperal morbidity between these patients and a matched control group, and no cases of pelvic sepsis developed.", "contents": "Immediate post-placental insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Insertion of one of three types of intrauterine contraceptive device--the Lem, copper 7, and 'Progestasert' system--was carried out in 274 obstetric patients. These devices were all inserted within 20 min of delivery of the placenta and membranes, with a special 25 cm inserter. The expulsion-rate was low (less than 7%), and there were no uterine perforations. There was no difference in puerperal morbidity between these patients and a matched control group, and no cases of pelvic sepsis developed.", "PMID": 69881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3594", "title": "Elevation of plasma-prolactin by monoamine-oxidase inhibitors.", "content": "Plasma-prolactin levels doubled in depressive patients treated with the monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, clorgyline and pargyline. The absence of significant changes in plasma-cortisol in the same patients suggests that the increases in prolactin are not attributable to non-specific effects of stress.", "contents": "Elevation of plasma-prolactin by monoamine-oxidase inhibitors. Plasma-prolactin levels doubled in depressive patients treated with the monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, clorgyline and pargyline. The absence of significant changes in plasma-cortisol in the same patients suggests that the increases in prolactin are not attributable to non-specific effects of stress.", "PMID": 69882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3595", "title": "Pituitary secretes to brain. Experiments in sheep.", "content": "Because vascular casts of the pituitary demonstrated that there are a few venous connections from the adenohypophysis to the juxtaposed cavernous sinus, it was predicted that some portal vessels must carry blood from the adenohypophysis back to the neurohypophysis. Physiological studies confirmed this prediction and verified earlier observations that blood-flow within the neurohypophysis can be towards the median eminence. In the present study, increased concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone were found in blood sampled from intracranial vessels (internal carotid artery and sagittal sinus). It was concluded that the neurohypophyseal capillary bed not only receives trophic hormones produced in the adenohypophysis but, under certain physiological circumstances, delivers those hormones directly to the brain.", "contents": "Pituitary secretes to brain. Experiments in sheep. Because vascular casts of the pituitary demonstrated that there are a few venous connections from the adenohypophysis to the juxtaposed cavernous sinus, it was predicted that some portal vessels must carry blood from the adenohypophysis back to the neurohypophysis. Physiological studies confirmed this prediction and verified earlier observations that blood-flow within the neurohypophysis can be towards the median eminence. In the present study, increased concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone were found in blood sampled from intracranial vessels (internal carotid artery and sagittal sinus). It was concluded that the neurohypophyseal capillary bed not only receives trophic hormones produced in the adenohypophysis but, under certain physiological circumstances, delivers those hormones directly to the brain.", "PMID": 69883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3596", "title": "Child-resistant packaging and accidental child poisoning.", "content": "From Jan. 1, 1976, all children's aspirin and paracetamol preparations were required to be presented either in child-resistant containers or in dark-tinted unit packaging. In two areas hospital admissions of children under 5 years for accidental ingestion of aspirin were monitored from 1974 to 1976 to assess the effectiveness of this measure. There was a highly significant fall in admissions for accidental salicylate poisoning (129 in 1975 to 48 in 1976, P less than 0-001). Admissions fell throughout 1976 as old stocks were used up. Further analysis of cases in one area suggests that the fall in admissions from accidental salicylate poisoning was due to the packaging of one preparation of junior aspirin in child-resistant containers.", "contents": "Child-resistant packaging and accidental child poisoning. From Jan. 1, 1976, all children's aspirin and paracetamol preparations were required to be presented either in child-resistant containers or in dark-tinted unit packaging. In two areas hospital admissions of children under 5 years for accidental ingestion of aspirin were monitored from 1974 to 1976 to assess the effectiveness of this measure. There was a highly significant fall in admissions for accidental salicylate poisoning (129 in 1975 to 48 in 1976, P less than 0-001). Admissions fell throughout 1976 as old stocks were used up. Further analysis of cases in one area suggests that the fall in admissions from accidental salicylate poisoning was due to the packaging of one preparation of junior aspirin in child-resistant containers.", "PMID": 69891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3597", "title": "Strokes: A complication of mitral-leaflet prolapse?", "content": "During a prospective trial of platelet-inhibiting drugs in patients with transient ischaemic attacks (T.I.A.s), 14 patients had serious neurological dysfunction and normal cerebral angiograms. The patients (mean age 37 years) had neurological episodes over a period of 1-4 years consisting of acute non-progressive strokes with residual symptoms. In 3 patients, the two cerebral hemispheres were involved on different occasions. Cerebral angiograms showed no significant atheromatous disease in the intracranial or extracranial vessels. 3 patients had mid-systolic clicks, 5 had systolic murmurs, and 2 patients had both a click and a murmur. Holter electrocardiographic monitoring revealed atrial, junctional, or ventricular extrasystoles (5 patients), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (3), and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (1). Left ventricular angiography confirmed mitral-leaflet prolapse in all the patients. The focal nature of the T.I.A.s suggests an embolic event, the embolus arising from the abnormal mitral valve. In a patient not included in this series, a small antemortem left atrial thrombus was found at necropsy.", "contents": "Strokes: A complication of mitral-leaflet prolapse? During a prospective trial of platelet-inhibiting drugs in patients with transient ischaemic attacks (T.I.A.s), 14 patients had serious neurological dysfunction and normal cerebral angiograms. The patients (mean age 37 years) had neurological episodes over a period of 1-4 years consisting of acute non-progressive strokes with residual symptoms. In 3 patients, the two cerebral hemispheres were involved on different occasions. Cerebral angiograms showed no significant atheromatous disease in the intracranial or extracranial vessels. 3 patients had mid-systolic clicks, 5 had systolic murmurs, and 2 patients had both a click and a murmur. Holter electrocardiographic monitoring revealed atrial, junctional, or ventricular extrasystoles (5 patients), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (3), and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (1). Left ventricular angiography confirmed mitral-leaflet prolapse in all the patients. The focal nature of the T.I.A.s suggests an embolic event, the embolus arising from the abnormal mitral valve. In a patient not included in this series, a small antemortem left atrial thrombus was found at necropsy.", "PMID": 69931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3598", "title": "Factors affecting the outcome of cadaver renal transplantation in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "content": "In an analysis of a series of 186 consecutive first cadaver renal transplants in Newcastle upon Tyne, the most significant finding was the improved graft survival in patients who received pre-transplant blood-transfusion. This apparent benefit was not dependent on the number of units of blood received nor on the interval between transfusion and transplantation. A significant advantage was also shown when there was identity between donor and recipient at the HLA-B locus. This advantage outweighs any disadvantage resulting from the extra time required to transfer kidneys from one centre to another and indeed cold-ischaemia times up to 18 hours did not adversely affect graft survival. It is suggested that the present national distribution of cadaver kidneys in the U.K. is fully justified, but preference should be given to B-locus identity in determining selection.", "contents": "Factors affecting the outcome of cadaver renal transplantation in Newcastle upon Tyne. In an analysis of a series of 186 consecutive first cadaver renal transplants in Newcastle upon Tyne, the most significant finding was the improved graft survival in patients who received pre-transplant blood-transfusion. This apparent benefit was not dependent on the number of units of blood received nor on the interval between transfusion and transplantation. A significant advantage was also shown when there was identity between donor and recipient at the HLA-B locus. This advantage outweighs any disadvantage resulting from the extra time required to transfer kidneys from one centre to another and indeed cold-ischaemia times up to 18 hours did not adversely affect graft survival. It is suggested that the present national distribution of cadaver kidneys in the U.K. is fully justified, but preference should be given to B-locus identity in determining selection.", "PMID": 69932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3599", "title": "Detection of acute myocardial infarction by radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase MB.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (myocardial isoenzyme) has been developed based on an antibody to the B subunit. The antibody cross-reacts with MB but exhibits no cross-reactivity with MM C.K. even when present in 20 000 molar excess over MB C.K. unlabelled MB but not MM (up to 85 000 mI.U./ml) competitively displaces precipitable counts. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay accurately detects MB in a concentration of 0-01 mI.U./ml. Plasma MB C.K. in 100 healthy controls averaged 1 mI.U./ml+/-0-6 (S.D.), similar to results in 20 patients with chest pain without infarction. In contrast, in 50 patients with myocardial infarction MB C.K. values averaged 97+/-30 mI.U./ml. When hourly blood-samples from 10 of these patients admitted within an hour of chest pain were analysed by R.I.A., a 100% increase in MB was detectable within four hours of the onset of chest pain, generally before total C.K. exceeded the normal range. Development of an R.I.A. suitable for assay of an isoenzyme in plasma provides a specific and sensitivity assay of MB C.K., facilitating analysis of multiple samples and early detection of myocardial infarction. It may also serve as a prototype for radio-immunoassay of multiple forms of other enzymes of clinical importance.", "contents": "Detection of acute myocardial infarction by radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase MB. A radioimmunoassay for the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (myocardial isoenzyme) has been developed based on an antibody to the B subunit. The antibody cross-reacts with MB but exhibits no cross-reactivity with MM C.K. even when present in 20 000 molar excess over MB C.K. unlabelled MB but not MM (up to 85 000 mI.U./ml) competitively displaces precipitable counts. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay accurately detects MB in a concentration of 0-01 mI.U./ml. Plasma MB C.K. in 100 healthy controls averaged 1 mI.U./ml+/-0-6 (S.D.), similar to results in 20 patients with chest pain without infarction. In contrast, in 50 patients with myocardial infarction MB C.K. values averaged 97+/-30 mI.U./ml. When hourly blood-samples from 10 of these patients admitted within an hour of chest pain were analysed by R.I.A., a 100% increase in MB was detectable within four hours of the onset of chest pain, generally before total C.K. exceeded the normal range. Development of an R.I.A. suitable for assay of an isoenzyme in plasma provides a specific and sensitivity assay of MB C.K., facilitating analysis of multiple samples and early detection of myocardial infarction. It may also serve as a prototype for radio-immunoassay of multiple forms of other enzymes of clinical importance.", "PMID": 69933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3600", "title": "Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in workers in chemical laboratories and a rotoprinting factory and in children of women laboratory workers.", "content": "Cultured lymphocytes from 73 workers in chemical laboratories and the printing industry were found to have a significantly increased frequency of chromatid and isochromatid breaks, in comparison with 49 control subjects (42 adults and 7 children). An increase of the same magnitude was also found in 14 children, aged 4 days--11 yr, of 11 women laboratory workers who had worked during pregnancy. A significant correlation between age and frequency of chromosome aberrations was noted for both the exposed and control children but not for the adults. The frequency of sister-chromomatid exchange was significantly increased in 12 technicians working in laboratories performing hormone analysis. 4 children of 2 female technicians working during pregnancy also had a significnatly increased frequency of sister-chromatid exchange. The cause and biological significance of these findings are not yet known.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in workers in chemical laboratories and a rotoprinting factory and in children of women laboratory workers. Cultured lymphocytes from 73 workers in chemical laboratories and the printing industry were found to have a significantly increased frequency of chromatid and isochromatid breaks, in comparison with 49 control subjects (42 adults and 7 children). An increase of the same magnitude was also found in 14 children, aged 4 days--11 yr, of 11 women laboratory workers who had worked during pregnancy. A significant correlation between age and frequency of chromosome aberrations was noted for both the exposed and control children but not for the adults. The frequency of sister-chromomatid exchange was significantly increased in 12 technicians working in laboratories performing hormone analysis. 4 children of 2 female technicians working during pregnancy also had a significnatly increased frequency of sister-chromatid exchange. The cause and biological significance of these findings are not yet known.", "PMID": 69934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3601", "title": "Familial studies of type-I and type-II idiopathic diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A study of 296 diabetics demonstrated an association between the type of diabetes in the propositi and their first-degree relatives (aged 40 to 89 yr), the type of diabetes being defined as insulin-dependent (type I) or insulin-independent (type II). This association was significant at the 1% level and was still maintained when only the propositi in whom the diabetes was diagnosed at the age of 30 years or later were considered. The findings also suggest that there is a greater genetic independence between these two types than was previously supposed and that the disease should be subdivided into type according to the treatment needed rather than by the age of onset.", "contents": "Familial studies of type-I and type-II idiopathic diabetes mellitus. A study of 296 diabetics demonstrated an association between the type of diabetes in the propositi and their first-degree relatives (aged 40 to 89 yr), the type of diabetes being defined as insulin-dependent (type I) or insulin-independent (type II). This association was significant at the 1% level and was still maintained when only the propositi in whom the diabetes was diagnosed at the age of 30 years or later were considered. The findings also suggest that there is a greater genetic independence between these two types than was previously supposed and that the disease should be subdivided into type according to the treatment needed rather than by the age of onset.", "PMID": 69935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3602", "title": "Plasma renin and angiotensin II in acute renal failure.", "content": "The role of raised plasma renin and angiotensin-II concentrations in the development of acute renal failure in man was examined in patients in shock from various causes and in patients in whom hypotension was used to promote haemostasis. Ten of the thirteen patients in shock had raised angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral blood and acute renal failure manifested by oliguria, increasing serum-creatinine, a urine osmolality of less than 400 mos-mol/kg and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio of less than 1-5. Although patients who were hypotensive for periods of 1 h 45 min to 4 h to promote haemostasis during surgery had similarly raised plasma-renin activity and angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral venous blood, they did not have acute renal failure. It is concluded that high plasma-angiotensin-II concentrations do not explain the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in patients in shock.", "contents": "Plasma renin and angiotensin II in acute renal failure. The role of raised plasma renin and angiotensin-II concentrations in the development of acute renal failure in man was examined in patients in shock from various causes and in patients in whom hypotension was used to promote haemostasis. Ten of the thirteen patients in shock had raised angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral blood and acute renal failure manifested by oliguria, increasing serum-creatinine, a urine osmolality of less than 400 mos-mol/kg and a urine/plasma osmolality ratio of less than 1-5. Although patients who were hypotensive for periods of 1 h 45 min to 4 h to promote haemostasis during surgery had similarly raised plasma-renin activity and angiotensin-II concentrations in peripheral venous blood, they did not have acute renal failure. It is concluded that high plasma-angiotensin-II concentrations do not explain the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in patients in shock.", "PMID": 69936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3603", "title": "A membrane-bound enzyme in rabbit aorta capable of inhibiting adenosine-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "A membrane-bound enzyme that is capable of inhibiting adenosine-diphosphate (A.D.P.)-induced platelet aggregation has been found in rabbit aorta. This inhibition is caused by degradation of A.D.P. to products (adenosine monophosphate and adenosine) which can also inhibit aggregation. The enzyme could be important in regulating haemostasis and thrombosis.", "contents": "A membrane-bound enzyme in rabbit aorta capable of inhibiting adenosine-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. A membrane-bound enzyme that is capable of inhibiting adenosine-diphosphate (A.D.P.)-induced platelet aggregation has been found in rabbit aorta. This inhibition is caused by degradation of A.D.P. to products (adenosine monophosphate and adenosine) which can also inhibit aggregation. The enzyme could be important in regulating haemostasis and thrombosis.", "PMID": 69937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3604", "title": "Topical thrombin and control of wound haematoma.", "content": "The frequency of wound haematoma was investigated in 45 prophylactically heparinised patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Thrombin was applied locally to the wound in 15 patients, and in these patients wound haematoma was significantly less common than in the controls.", "contents": "Topical thrombin and control of wound haematoma. The frequency of wound haematoma was investigated in 45 prophylactically heparinised patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Thrombin was applied locally to the wound in 15 patients, and in these patients wound haematoma was significantly less common than in the controls.", "PMID": 69938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3605", "title": "A new factor that may control collagen resorption.", "content": "Specific collagenases responsible for the initial enzymic step leading to degradation of the collagen fibrils of connective tissues have been found in both latent and active forms. The most important factor controlling the local activity of collagenase extracellularly may be an inhibitor that is synthesised by connective tissues, and it is proposed that latent enzymes are all enzyme-inhibitor complexes.", "contents": "A new factor that may control collagen resorption. Specific collagenases responsible for the initial enzymic step leading to degradation of the collagen fibrils of connective tissues have been found in both latent and active forms. The most important factor controlling the local activity of collagenase extracellularly may be an inhibitor that is synthesised by connective tissues, and it is proposed that latent enzymes are all enzyme-inhibitor complexes.", "PMID": 69939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3606", "title": "Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuse.", "content": "Some patients consistently produce false stories and fabricate evidence, so causing themselves needless hospital investigations and operations. Here are described parents who, by falsification, caused their children innumerable harmful hospital procedures--a sort of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.", "contents": "Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuse. Some patients consistently produce false stories and fabricate evidence, so causing themselves needless hospital investigations and operations. Here are described parents who, by falsification, caused their children innumerable harmful hospital procedures--a sort of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.", "PMID": 69945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3607", "title": "Difficulties in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Evaluation of antibiotic pretreatment and causes of admission to hospital.", "content": "In 104 patients with bacterial meningitis admitted to departments of general medicine, the diagnosis before admission and the effect of previous antibiotic treatment were studied. Antibiotic therapy begun before admission in 30 patients did not affect the ability to make a bacteriological diagnosis. The duration of illness before admission was longer in the treated than in the untreated group. About 50% of the patients were admitted with diagnoses other than meningitis, although half these patients had distinct meningeal signs on arrival at hospital. In the whole series, 76% had meningeal signs on arrival. On the other hand, 95% of 108 patients with lymphocytic meningitis were admitted with a diagnosis of meningitis. The only significant clinical finding in the wrongly diagnosed group was a temperature higher than 40 degrees C on admission to hospital. The diagnosis before admission was not related to the treatment given. The findings illustrate the difficulties of diagnosing bacterial meningitis in the home.", "contents": "Difficulties in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Evaluation of antibiotic pretreatment and causes of admission to hospital. In 104 patients with bacterial meningitis admitted to departments of general medicine, the diagnosis before admission and the effect of previous antibiotic treatment were studied. Antibiotic therapy begun before admission in 30 patients did not affect the ability to make a bacteriological diagnosis. The duration of illness before admission was longer in the treated than in the untreated group. About 50% of the patients were admitted with diagnoses other than meningitis, although half these patients had distinct meningeal signs on arrival at hospital. In the whole series, 76% had meningeal signs on arrival. On the other hand, 95% of 108 patients with lymphocytic meningitis were admitted with a diagnosis of meningitis. The only significant clinical finding in the wrongly diagnosed group was a temperature higher than 40 degrees C on admission to hospital. The diagnosis before admission was not related to the treatment given. The findings illustrate the difficulties of diagnosing bacterial meningitis in the home.", "PMID": 69946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3608", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis. Aspects of the pathophysiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Three aspects of the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis are discussed: 1. the initiating mechanisms, 2. the mechanisms of the fat necrosis, 3. the processes leading to shock phenomena. It is pointed out that the intraglandular activation of the precursors for both lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes seems to be essential for the initiating mechanisms of the disease. The role of the hormone dependent lipolytic enzyme of the fat tissue is discussed in relation to the occurrence of extrapancreatic fat necrosis. The role of the vaso-active compounds, such as plasma kinins and histamine for the occurrence of shock during acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis is pointed out.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis. Aspects of the pathophysiology (author's transl)]. Three aspects of the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis are discussed: 1. the initiating mechanisms, 2. the mechanisms of the fat necrosis, 3. the processes leading to shock phenomena. It is pointed out that the intraglandular activation of the precursors for both lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes seems to be essential for the initiating mechanisms of the disease. The role of the hormone dependent lipolytic enzyme of the fat tissue is discussed in relation to the occurrence of extrapancreatic fat necrosis. The role of the vaso-active compounds, such as plasma kinins and histamine for the occurrence of shock during acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis is pointed out.", "PMID": 69982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3609", "title": "Inhibition of oxidation by peroxidase of human serum proteins.", "content": "The oxidation of essential serum proteins, albumin and gamma globulin, by the enzyme peroxidase can be partially inhibited by compounds, such as EDTA and 2,4-pentanedione, that complex with the iron ion in peroxidase. The importance of such inhibition lies in the circumstance that the oxidations in question might be a possible causative factor in tissue aging.", "contents": "Inhibition of oxidation by peroxidase of human serum proteins. The oxidation of essential serum proteins, albumin and gamma globulin, by the enzyme peroxidase can be partially inhibited by compounds, such as EDTA and 2,4-pentanedione, that complex with the iron ion in peroxidase. The importance of such inhibition lies in the circumstance that the oxidations in question might be a possible causative factor in tissue aging.", "PMID": 69989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3610", "title": "Increase of serum very low density lipoproteins in rats after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.", "content": "After enteral administration of 200 mg/kg alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) female Wistar rats develop a hyperlipemia. 48 h after administration of alpha-HCH, serum triglycerides are increased by 300%, whereas both serum cholesterol and serum total phospholipids only increase by about 45%. Serum free fatty acids are not significantly altered. Fractionation of the serum lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation shows that the hyperlipemia is due to a fivefold increase in serum very low density lipoproteins. Hepatic triglyceride secretion, calculated after i.v. injection of Triton WR 1339, is increased in animals pretreated wtih alpha-HCH. Corresponding to this observation, drugs known to diminish the triglyceride secretion of the liver, such as actinomycin D, cycloheximide; glucagon, orotic acid, CFT 1201, and CFT 1042 reduce the alpha-HCH-induced hyperlipemia. We concluded from the results that hyperlipoproteinemia after alpha-HCH is due to an increased hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion. At the same time, the blood sugar level was decreased in fasting animals after treatment with alpha-HCH. Earlier experiments suggest that this effect is due to a decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver.", "contents": "Increase of serum very low density lipoproteins in rats after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. After enteral administration of 200 mg/kg alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) female Wistar rats develop a hyperlipemia. 48 h after administration of alpha-HCH, serum triglycerides are increased by 300%, whereas both serum cholesterol and serum total phospholipids only increase by about 45%. Serum free fatty acids are not significantly altered. Fractionation of the serum lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation shows that the hyperlipemia is due to a fivefold increase in serum very low density lipoproteins. Hepatic triglyceride secretion, calculated after i.v. injection of Triton WR 1339, is increased in animals pretreated wtih alpha-HCH. Corresponding to this observation, drugs known to diminish the triglyceride secretion of the liver, such as actinomycin D, cycloheximide; glucagon, orotic acid, CFT 1201, and CFT 1042 reduce the alpha-HCH-induced hyperlipemia. We concluded from the results that hyperlipoproteinemia after alpha-HCH is due to an increased hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion. At the same time, the blood sugar level was decreased in fasting animals after treatment with alpha-HCH. Earlier experiments suggest that this effect is due to a decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver.", "PMID": 69995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3611", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on the stimulation of liver growth by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, phenobarbital, and partial hepatectomy in the rat.", "content": "alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) or phenobarbital (PB) elicit growth and cell multiplication in rat liver. In hypophysectomized rats, alpha-HCH and PB induce an increase in liver mass, but no increase in liver DNA. Hypophysectomy without additional treatment results in a decrease of liver size and RNA, while the DNA content remains unchanged, thereby leading to a relative DNA surplus. 1/3-hepatectomy in hypophysectomized animals leads to a small increase of hepatic DNA only; after 2/3-hepatectomy 75-80% of the original liver DNA are restored. In rats with intact hypophysis losses of liver DNA are known to be restored completely. The findings suggest that the relative DNA surplus in hypophysectomized rats prevents the stimulation of DNA synthesis by weak growth stimuli such as alpha-HCH, PB, and 1/3-hepatectomy. If the relative DNA surplus is eliminated by partial hepatectomy, the inducers do produce DNA multiplication. It is concluded that the induction of liver growth and cell multiplication by alpha-HCH and PB does not require the presence of the hypophysis or one of its hormones.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on the stimulation of liver growth by alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, phenobarbital, and partial hepatectomy in the rat. alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) or phenobarbital (PB) elicit growth and cell multiplication in rat liver. In hypophysectomized rats, alpha-HCH and PB induce an increase in liver mass, but no increase in liver DNA. Hypophysectomy without additional treatment results in a decrease of liver size and RNA, while the DNA content remains unchanged, thereby leading to a relative DNA surplus. 1/3-hepatectomy in hypophysectomized animals leads to a small increase of hepatic DNA only; after 2/3-hepatectomy 75-80% of the original liver DNA are restored. In rats with intact hypophysis losses of liver DNA are known to be restored completely. The findings suggest that the relative DNA surplus in hypophysectomized rats prevents the stimulation of DNA synthesis by weak growth stimuli such as alpha-HCH, PB, and 1/3-hepatectomy. If the relative DNA surplus is eliminated by partial hepatectomy, the inducers do produce DNA multiplication. It is concluded that the induction of liver growth and cell multiplication by alpha-HCH and PB does not require the presence of the hypophysis or one of its hormones.", "PMID": 69996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3612", "title": "[Pulmonary fibrosis due to bleomycin].", "content": "Being little myelotoxic, Bleomycin (BLM) is more and more used in association with other anti-neoplastic drugs; its pulmonary toxicity is not to be overlooked and here is a recall of the risks of pulmonary fibrosis during treatment by BLM. This review is based on a personal experience of 45 cases, of which 6 were cases of respiratory insufficiency. It derived also from a study of the literature which expressed the frequency of respiratory accidents in figures varying from 2 to 94% according to the criteria of tolerance used by the authors. BLM toxicity for the pulmonary tract being important some precautions should be taken in its use: specially supervising aged patients or those with a pastpathological respiratory story; it should particularly concern the functional side, using CO ductance to trace the first signs of toxicity A total dose of 450 mg should not be exceeded.", "contents": "[Pulmonary fibrosis due to bleomycin]. Being little myelotoxic, Bleomycin (BLM) is more and more used in association with other anti-neoplastic drugs; its pulmonary toxicity is not to be overlooked and here is a recall of the risks of pulmonary fibrosis during treatment by BLM. This review is based on a personal experience of 45 cases, of which 6 were cases of respiratory insufficiency. It derived also from a study of the literature which expressed the frequency of respiratory accidents in figures varying from 2 to 94% according to the criteria of tolerance used by the authors. BLM toxicity for the pulmonary tract being important some precautions should be taken in its use: specially supervising aged patients or those with a pastpathological respiratory story; it should particularly concern the functional side, using CO ductance to trace the first signs of toxicity A total dose of 450 mg should not be exceeded.", "PMID": 70032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3613", "title": "[Severe acute pancreatitis; course and response to intensive therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of severe pancreatitis and deep shock are reviewed. In the first case measures to relieve the shock state were unsuccessful. Laparatomy was, therefore, performed and revealed acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis with diffuse purulent peritonitis. After insertion of a drain and irrigation of the abdominal cavity the incision was closed. Twice-daily lavage of the pancreatic fistula via a drain was continued until, after 5 months, the fistula healed spontaneously. In the second case intensive therapy succeeded after 9 days in controlling the acute stage of the disease. Conservative treatment was continued for 6 weeks and the patient was then discharged from hospital. He was re-admitted 3 weeks later because of suspicious clinical and biochemical signs of obstructive jaundice. Laparatomy disclosed inflammatory stenosis of the distal portion of the common bile duct and Vater's papilla and also a pancreatic pseudocyst the size of a child's head. The latter was removed and a drain was inserted. There were no postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Severe acute pancreatitis; course and response to intensive therapy (author's transl)]. Two cases of severe pancreatitis and deep shock are reviewed. In the first case measures to relieve the shock state were unsuccessful. Laparatomy was, therefore, performed and revealed acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis with diffuse purulent peritonitis. After insertion of a drain and irrigation of the abdominal cavity the incision was closed. Twice-daily lavage of the pancreatic fistula via a drain was continued until, after 5 months, the fistula healed spontaneously. In the second case intensive therapy succeeded after 9 days in controlling the acute stage of the disease. Conservative treatment was continued for 6 weeks and the patient was then discharged from hospital. He was re-admitted 3 weeks later because of suspicious clinical and biochemical signs of obstructive jaundice. Laparatomy disclosed inflammatory stenosis of the distal portion of the common bile duct and Vater's papilla and also a pancreatic pseudocyst the size of a child's head. The latter was removed and a drain was inserted. There were no postoperative complications.", "PMID": 70034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3614", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein is not a component of the estradiol receptor of the rat uterus.", "content": "In high-salt medium, cytosol from immature rat uteri displays two main high-affinity estradiol-binding peaks after ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The two components are the estradiol receptor which has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5 S, and the alpha-fetoprotein which sediments at 4.5 S. The dissociation rate constants (k-1) of plasma alpha-fetoprotein-estradiol complexes measured at 0 degrees in the absence or presence of 0.4 M KCl were found to be 7 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5) sec-1, respectively. The half-time of dissociation of these hormone-plasma protein complexes is 100-200 times more rapid than that of the  estradiol-receptor complexes. These data led to the use of two \"differential dissociation\" methods for the measurement of the hormone-binding protein complexes. In a high-salt cytosol, the charcoal technique measured selectively the receptor binding sites; the hydroxylapatite technique measured the sum of the alpha-fetoprotein plus receptor binding sites. Under these conditions, binding specificity studies provided evidence that alpha-fetoprotein is not a subunit of the receptor. This was confirmed by binding specificity studies in high-salt medium of the receptor separated from alpha-fetoprotein by ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein is not a component of the estradiol receptor of the rat uterus. In high-salt medium, cytosol from immature rat uteri displays two main high-affinity estradiol-binding peaks after ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The two components are the estradiol receptor which has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5 S, and the alpha-fetoprotein which sediments at 4.5 S. The dissociation rate constants (k-1) of plasma alpha-fetoprotein-estradiol complexes measured at 0 degrees in the absence or presence of 0.4 M KCl were found to be 7 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5) sec-1, respectively. The half-time of dissociation of these hormone-plasma protein complexes is 100-200 times more rapid than that of the  estradiol-receptor complexes. These data led to the use of two \"differential dissociation\" methods for the measurement of the hormone-binding protein complexes. In a high-salt cytosol, the charcoal technique measured selectively the receptor binding sites; the hydroxylapatite technique measured the sum of the alpha-fetoprotein plus receptor binding sites. Under these conditions, binding specificity studies provided evidence that alpha-fetoprotein is not a subunit of the receptor. This was confirmed by binding specificity studies in high-salt medium of the receptor separated from alpha-fetoprotein by ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 70036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3615", "title": "Terminally repeated sequences in the avian sarcoma virus RNA genome.", "content": "The initiation of DNA synthesis in vitro by RNA-directed DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) of avian oncornaviruses requires a tRNAtrp primer molecule located close to the 5' end of the viral RNA genome. DNA transcripts, 100 nucleotides in length, initiated on the tRNAtrp primer molecule contain nucleotide sequences complementary to a large (25 nucleotides) RNase T1 oligonucleotide, T-13, located at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus RNA genome. tRNAtrp-initiated DNA transcripts with a length of about 70 nucleotides contain substantially fewer nucleotide sequences complementary to this 5'-terminal oligonucleotide, suggesting that the tRNAtrp primer associated with the avian sarcoma virus RNA is located approximately 100 nucleotides from the 5' end of the RNA. In addition, we present evidence to demonstrate that DNA transcribed from avian sarcoma virus RNA sequences located at the 3' end, immediately adjacent to the poly(A), contains nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the 5'-terminal T1 oligonucleotide T-13. These data indicate that the 5' end of the viral genome contains nucleotide sequences that are repeated at the 3' end of the genome. We conclude that the avian oncornavirus RNA genome is terminally redundant.", "contents": "Terminally repeated sequences in the avian sarcoma virus RNA genome. The initiation of DNA synthesis in vitro by RNA-directed DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) of avian oncornaviruses requires a tRNAtrp primer molecule located close to the 5' end of the viral RNA genome. DNA transcripts, 100 nucleotides in length, initiated on the tRNAtrp primer molecule contain nucleotide sequences complementary to a large (25 nucleotides) RNase T1 oligonucleotide, T-13, located at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus RNA genome. tRNAtrp-initiated DNA transcripts with a length of about 70 nucleotides contain substantially fewer nucleotide sequences complementary to this 5'-terminal oligonucleotide, suggesting that the tRNAtrp primer associated with the avian sarcoma virus RNA is located approximately 100 nucleotides from the 5' end of the RNA. In addition, we present evidence to demonstrate that DNA transcribed from avian sarcoma virus RNA sequences located at the 3' end, immediately adjacent to the poly(A), contains nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the 5'-terminal T1 oligonucleotide T-13. These data indicate that the 5' end of the viral genome contains nucleotide sequences that are repeated at the 3' end of the genome. We conclude that the avian oncornavirus RNA genome is terminally redundant.", "PMID": 70037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3616", "title": "Structure of the gramicidin A channel: discrimination between the piL,D and the beta helix by electrical measurements with lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Measurements with different chemically modified gramicidins in lipid bilayer membranes were used to discriminate between the dimeric pi(L,D) helix proposed by Urry and the dimeric parallel or antiparallel helices proposed by Veatch and Blout. Evidence for the pi(L,D) helix was obtained on the basis of the different actions of a negatively charged O-pyromellitylgramicidin and a negatively charged N-pyromellityldesformylgramicidin on lipid bilayer membranes. O-Pyromellitylgramicidin forms ionic channels in lipid membranes when it is applied to both sides of the membrane. In contrast to unmodified gramicidin, O-pyromellitylgramicidin is inactive when it is applied only to one side of the membrane. N-Pyromellityldesformylgramicidin does not form ionic channels in lipid bilayer membranes whether it is applied to one or both sides of the membrane. These results support the view that the gramicidin channel is formed by two pi(L,D) helices. Dimer formation by head-to-head association of two pi(L,D) helices needs six intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which are located at the formyl end of the molecule and which occur deep within the lipid membrane. In the head-to-head associated pi(L,D) helix the absence of the formyl group leads to an inactivation of the peptide, whereas in a parallel or antiparallel double-stranded helix the absence of the formyl group should have only minor effects.", "contents": "Structure of the gramicidin A channel: discrimination between the piL,D and the beta helix by electrical measurements with lipid bilayer membranes. Measurements with different chemically modified gramicidins in lipid bilayer membranes were used to discriminate between the dimeric pi(L,D) helix proposed by Urry and the dimeric parallel or antiparallel helices proposed by Veatch and Blout. Evidence for the pi(L,D) helix was obtained on the basis of the different actions of a negatively charged O-pyromellitylgramicidin and a negatively charged N-pyromellityldesformylgramicidin on lipid bilayer membranes. O-Pyromellitylgramicidin forms ionic channels in lipid membranes when it is applied to both sides of the membrane. In contrast to unmodified gramicidin, O-pyromellitylgramicidin is inactive when it is applied only to one side of the membrane. N-Pyromellityldesformylgramicidin does not form ionic channels in lipid bilayer membranes whether it is applied to one or both sides of the membrane. These results support the view that the gramicidin channel is formed by two pi(L,D) helices. Dimer formation by head-to-head association of two pi(L,D) helices needs six intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which are located at the formyl end of the molecule and which occur deep within the lipid membrane. In the head-to-head associated pi(L,D) helix the absence of the formyl group leads to an inactivation of the peptide, whereas in a parallel or antiparallel double-stranded helix the absence of the formyl group should have only minor effects.", "PMID": 70038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3617", "title": "Isolation of a type C RNA virus from an established human histiocytic lymphoma cell line.", "content": "A type C RNA virus has been detected in the culture fluids of the SU-DHL-1 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line previously established in this laboratory. In electron micrographs, the virus closely resembled other typical mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses in size and morphology. Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated in particles (densities of 1.15 and 1.22 g/ml) in the microsomal cytoplasmic fraction and in pellets of culture fluids. The enzyme is partially inhibited by antibodies to the RNA-dependent DNA polymerases of simian sarcoma virus and RD-114 virus but not by antibody to the polymerase of murine leukemia virus, suggesting some degree of relatedness to type C viruses of subhuman primate origin. Typical syncytial microplaques were induced when SU-DHL-1 cells were cocultivated with rat XC cells. Although no focus formation was noted in similarly cocultivated mouse UC1-B cell cultures, the numbers of foci induced in rat embryo fibroblasts by murine sarcoma virus were significantly increased by coinfection with the virus from SU-DHL-1 cell culture fluids. No other evidence of infectivity, inducibility, or capacity for helper rescue of defective murine sarcoma virus genomes has been detected to date in cocultivation studies with a spectrum of fibroblastic and other nonlymphoid indicator cell lines of human and other species of origin.", "contents": "Isolation of a type C RNA virus from an established human histiocytic lymphoma cell line. A type C RNA virus has been detected in the culture fluids of the SU-DHL-1 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line previously established in this laboratory. In electron micrographs, the virus closely resembled other typical mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses in size and morphology. Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated in particles (densities of 1.15 and 1.22 g/ml) in the microsomal cytoplasmic fraction and in pellets of culture fluids. The enzyme is partially inhibited by antibodies to the RNA-dependent DNA polymerases of simian sarcoma virus and RD-114 virus but not by antibody to the polymerase of murine leukemia virus, suggesting some degree of relatedness to type C viruses of subhuman primate origin. Typical syncytial microplaques were induced when SU-DHL-1 cells were cocultivated with rat XC cells. Although no focus formation was noted in similarly cocultivated mouse UC1-B cell cultures, the numbers of foci induced in rat embryo fibroblasts by murine sarcoma virus were significantly increased by coinfection with the virus from SU-DHL-1 cell culture fluids. No other evidence of infectivity, inducibility, or capacity for helper rescue of defective murine sarcoma virus genomes has been detected to date in cocultivation studies with a spectrum of fibroblastic and other nonlymphoid indicator cell lines of human and other species of origin.", "PMID": 70039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3618", "title": "A defense of the use of metaphor in analytic theory formation.", "content": "This study of psychoanalytic theory formation is based on the epistemology of Cassirer and Langer. It postulates the need of all sciences to operate with symbols of various levels of abstractions, including, in a very prominent way, metaphors. There is not just one scientific method. The current wave of criticism against psychoanalytic theory from within and without, and especially of its use of metaphor in theory formation, is based on a philosophy of radical empiricism which cannot do justice to the science of psychoanalysis.", "contents": "A defense of the use of metaphor in analytic theory formation. This study of psychoanalytic theory formation is based on the epistemology of Cassirer and Langer. It postulates the need of all sciences to operate with symbols of various levels of abstractions, including, in a very prominent way, metaphors. There is not just one scientific method. The current wave of criticism against psychoanalytic theory from within and without, and especially of its use of metaphor in theory formation, is based on a philosophy of radical empiricism which cannot do justice to the science of psychoanalysis.", "PMID": 70041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3619", "title": "[Benign and malignant tumors of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the prostate and benign prostatic adenoma are discussed. In prostatic adenoma the treatment of choice is either open surgery or transurethral resection. Conservative medical treatment has not been successful. The decision between radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal treatment in prostatic carcinoma depends on the staging results of the disease including-if necessary-diagnostic lymphadenectomy.", "contents": "[Benign and malignant tumors of the prostate (author's transl)]. Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the prostate and benign prostatic adenoma are discussed. In prostatic adenoma the treatment of choice is either open surgery or transurethral resection. Conservative medical treatment has not been successful. The decision between radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal treatment in prostatic carcinoma depends on the staging results of the disease including-if necessary-diagnostic lymphadenectomy.", "PMID": 70043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3620", "title": "[Prostatic gland arteriography. Vascular supply, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adenoma and carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular supply and architecture of the prostate are studied by 100 arteriographic surveys of the pelvis. The prostatic arterial supply can be differentiated in urethral and capsular branches. In a further group of 38 patients with prostate gland disease selective bilateral arteriographies of the internal iliac arteries were performed. In 18 patients with the clinical diagnosis of prostatic adenoma, arteriography detected a carcinoma of the prostate gland. These diagnoses were proven by microscopy. In 10 patients with clinically suspected carcinoma, 5 were diagnosed by arteriography as malignant and also confirmed microscopically. The predominant angiographic criteria of prostatic carcinoma are irregular spotted stain of the involved parenchyma, hypervascularity of the urethral vascular branches, and pathological vessels.", "contents": "[Prostatic gland arteriography. Vascular supply, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adenoma and carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. Vascular supply and architecture of the prostate are studied by 100 arteriographic surveys of the pelvis. The prostatic arterial supply can be differentiated in urethral and capsular branches. In a further group of 38 patients with prostate gland disease selective bilateral arteriographies of the internal iliac arteries were performed. In 18 patients with the clinical diagnosis of prostatic adenoma, arteriography detected a carcinoma of the prostate gland. These diagnoses were proven by microscopy. In 10 patients with clinically suspected carcinoma, 5 were diagnosed by arteriography as malignant and also confirmed microscopically. The predominant angiographic criteria of prostatic carcinoma are irregular spotted stain of the involved parenchyma, hypervascularity of the urethral vascular branches, and pathological vessels.", "PMID": 70044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3621", "title": "Evidence for two series of B-cell antigens in man and their comparison with HLA-D.", "content": "Population and family studies of five sera with antibodies against B-cell determinants show an excellent fit of some of them with the HLA-D determinants, suggesting that the HLA-D determinants themselves or closely linked structures can be recognized by serology. One serum, Ag, might be coded for by a locus different from HLA-D, which could be located between HLA-A and -B. A two-color fluorescence test to detect B-cell antigens was used and found to save time and reagents and to give very good results.", "contents": "Evidence for two series of B-cell antigens in man and their comparison with HLA-D. Population and family studies of five sera with antibodies against B-cell determinants show an excellent fit of some of them with the HLA-D determinants, suggesting that the HLA-D determinants themselves or closely linked structures can be recognized by serology. One serum, Ag, might be coded for by a locus different from HLA-D, which could be located between HLA-A and -B. A two-color fluorescence test to detect B-cell antigens was used and found to save time and reagents and to give very good results.", "PMID": 70054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3622", "title": "Detection and quantitation of human Ia-type antigens with iodinated protein A and specific purification of antibodies against Ia-type alloantigens.", "content": "Antibodies directed against specific human Ia-type antigens can easily be detected and quantitated by an improved radioimmunoassay using iodinated protein A bound to a specific antibody-Ia-antigen complex on the surface of freshly drawn peripheral human leukocytes, cultured human cell lines, or lymphoid cells fixed with glutardialdehyde or formaldehyde. The same principle can also be used for the detection of Ia alloantigens on human lymphocytes when testing them with specific antisera known to contain antibodies against transplantation antigens. These anti-Ia-alloantigen antibodies had been purified by a two-step procedure involving ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.3 and the specific absorption on formaldehyde-fixed Ia-alloantigen-carrying homozygous cell lines, followed by elution of these antibodies with isotonic citrate buffer at pH 3.0. In this way an about 90-fold purification could be achieved. After such a purification the highly enriched antibody fraction still reacted selectively with one specificity of the Ia antigen system.", "contents": "Detection and quantitation of human Ia-type antigens with iodinated protein A and specific purification of antibodies against Ia-type alloantigens. Antibodies directed against specific human Ia-type antigens can easily be detected and quantitated by an improved radioimmunoassay using iodinated protein A bound to a specific antibody-Ia-antigen complex on the surface of freshly drawn peripheral human leukocytes, cultured human cell lines, or lymphoid cells fixed with glutardialdehyde or formaldehyde. The same principle can also be used for the detection of Ia alloantigens on human lymphocytes when testing them with specific antisera known to contain antibodies against transplantation antigens. These anti-Ia-alloantigen antibodies had been purified by a two-step procedure involving ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 6.3 and the specific absorption on formaldehyde-fixed Ia-alloantigen-carrying homozygous cell lines, followed by elution of these antibodies with isotonic citrate buffer at pH 3.0. In this way an about 90-fold purification could be achieved. After such a purification the highly enriched antibody fraction still reacted selectively with one specificity of the Ia antigen system.", "PMID": 70055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3623", "title": "New groups and segregant series among B-cell alloantigens of the Merrit system. A study of leukemia cells, peripheral B cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "On the basis of reactions with a chronic lymphatic leukemia cell panel, evidence for 6 new specificities of the Merrit B-cell alloantigenic system in man is presented, bringing the number of provisionally defined specificities to 19. These can be roughly divided into two segregant series. The system is well represented on both homozygous and heterozygous B-type lymphoblastoid cell lines. In the cell lines some specificities show a suggestive but inexact correlation with HLA-D locus factors. This correlation is represented also on peripheral blood B cells, on the non-T variety of acute lymphatic leukemia cells, and on acute myeloid leukemia cells. Although great similarities exist, each of the cell populations may manifest differences other than or in addition to mere differences in B-cell antigen frequencies.", "contents": "New groups and segregant series among B-cell alloantigens of the Merrit system. A study of leukemia cells, peripheral B cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. On the basis of reactions with a chronic lymphatic leukemia cell panel, evidence for 6 new specificities of the Merrit B-cell alloantigenic system in man is presented, bringing the number of provisionally defined specificities to 19. These can be roughly divided into two segregant series. The system is well represented on both homozygous and heterozygous B-type lymphoblastoid cell lines. In the cell lines some specificities show a suggestive but inexact correlation with HLA-D locus factors. This correlation is represented also on peripheral blood B cells, on the non-T variety of acute lymphatic leukemia cells, and on acute myeloid leukemia cells. Although great similarities exist, each of the cell populations may manifest differences other than or in addition to mere differences in B-cell antigen frequencies.", "PMID": 70056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3624", "title": "The study of human Aa-like specificities using antibody eluates from human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Five sera from multiparous women were absorbed and eluted from the Daudi cell line devoid of HLA antigens. These eluates recognized a specificity, Ly-Lil, of the Ly-Li system. Further absorption of one eluate in Bjab or Raji cell line subdivided this specificity. Family studies showed that the five eluates from the Daudi cell line segregate into two distinct groups.", "contents": "The study of human Aa-like specificities using antibody eluates from human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Five sera from multiparous women were absorbed and eluted from the Daudi cell line devoid of HLA antigens. These eluates recognized a specificity, Ly-Lil, of the Ly-Li system. Further absorption of one eluate in Bjab or Raji cell line subdivided this specificity. Family studies showed that the five eluates from the Daudi cell line segregate into two distinct groups.", "PMID": 70057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3625", "title": "Relation between HLA-DW and the b-lymphocyte specificities.", "content": "Homozygous DW typing cells were tested for six B-lymphocyte specificities. All four of the second locus specificities of B lymphocytes were strongly associated with the DW specificities. DW1 typing cells were B group 6, DW2 were B4, DW3 were B5, and LD107 were B3. The first B-cell locus antigens 1 and 2 tended to be uniform within the DW groups. From an analysis of the typing responses of a panel of cells to the homozygous typing cells, it has become apparent that the first B-locus specificity present on the homozygous typing cells also plays a role in determining whether a typing response is obtained or not. Thus, the DW3 typing cells were themselves B2 and B5, and cells having B2-B5 were most frequently nonreactive to DW3 in mixed lymphocyte culture. Homozygous typing cells therefore mainly detect the second B-cell locus antigens and, to a lesser degree, the first locus specificities. Stated another way, homozygous typing cells do not define a single specificity, but rather the presence of two B-lymphocyte specificities, even though their responses often reflect matching of only the second B-locus specificity.", "contents": "Relation between HLA-DW and the b-lymphocyte specificities. Homozygous DW typing cells were tested for six B-lymphocyte specificities. All four of the second locus specificities of B lymphocytes were strongly associated with the DW specificities. DW1 typing cells were B group 6, DW2 were B4, DW3 were B5, and LD107 were B3. The first B-cell locus antigens 1 and 2 tended to be uniform within the DW groups. From an analysis of the typing responses of a panel of cells to the homozygous typing cells, it has become apparent that the first B-locus specificity present on the homozygous typing cells also plays a role in determining whether a typing response is obtained or not. Thus, the DW3 typing cells were themselves B2 and B5, and cells having B2-B5 were most frequently nonreactive to DW3 in mixed lymphocyte culture. Homozygous typing cells therefore mainly detect the second B-cell locus antigens and, to a lesser degree, the first locus specificities. Stated another way, homozygous typing cells do not define a single specificity, but rather the presence of two B-lymphocyte specificities, even though their responses often reflect matching of only the second B-locus specificity.", "PMID": 70058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3626", "title": "Human Ia-like antigens associated with HLA-d.", "content": "Antisera raised with HLA-A- and -B-compatible, HLA-D-disparate combinations were cytotoxic to B lymphocytes from the immunizing donor's HLA-D phenotype. Four antisera recognized structures closely associated with the HLA-D determinants Dw2, Dw3, Dw4, and LD 108. One antiserum had a broad reactivity pattern, including Dw3, Dw6, and some unknown specificity(ies). In population and family studies these B-lymphocyte antigens behaved as if they were governed by one genetic locus in the B-D region of the HLA complex. Furthermore, the antisera were cytotoxic to a minor concavalin-A-reactive T-cell subpopulation. The antisera had previously been shown to inhibit the stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and to be capable of inhibiting the Fc receptor in the EA rosette assay. We conclude that the antisera produced by this method recognize Ia-like antigens closely associated with the HLA-D determinants.", "contents": "Human Ia-like antigens associated with HLA-d. Antisera raised with HLA-A- and -B-compatible, HLA-D-disparate combinations were cytotoxic to B lymphocytes from the immunizing donor's HLA-D phenotype. Four antisera recognized structures closely associated with the HLA-D determinants Dw2, Dw3, Dw4, and LD 108. One antiserum had a broad reactivity pattern, including Dw3, Dw6, and some unknown specificity(ies). In population and family studies these B-lymphocyte antigens behaved as if they were governed by one genetic locus in the B-D region of the HLA complex. Furthermore, the antisera were cytotoxic to a minor concavalin-A-reactive T-cell subpopulation. The antisera had previously been shown to inhibit the stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and to be capable of inhibiting the Fc receptor in the EA rosette assay. We conclude that the antisera produced by this method recognize Ia-like antigens closely associated with the HLA-D determinants.", "PMID": 70059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3627", "title": "B- and T-cell-specific alloantigens in man.", "content": "Screening for B-cell-specific antibodies in unabsorbed pregnancy sera preselected for weak reactivity in regular HLA-A, -B, and -C screening yielded a relatively high proportion (35/81) of B-cell-specific antibodies. Most B-cell-specific antibodies react broadly, showing inclusion phenomena suggesting 'cross-reactivity' analogous to that observed in HLA-A and -B serology. In control experiments with T-cell-enriched suspensions three antisera reacted with T cells and not with B cells. These antisera are highly associated with HLA-A2 in the unrelated population and segregate with HLA haplotypes in families and with HLA-A in a family with HLA-A, B recombination, Thus it appears that the human equivalents of Ia antigens may include--in analogy to the murine Ia antigens--B cell- as well as T-cell-specific alloantigens.", "contents": "B- and T-cell-specific alloantigens in man. Screening for B-cell-specific antibodies in unabsorbed pregnancy sera preselected for weak reactivity in regular HLA-A, -B, and -C screening yielded a relatively high proportion (35/81) of B-cell-specific antibodies. Most B-cell-specific antibodies react broadly, showing inclusion phenomena suggesting 'cross-reactivity' analogous to that observed in HLA-A and -B serology. In control experiments with T-cell-enriched suspensions three antisera reacted with T cells and not with B cells. These antisera are highly associated with HLA-A2 in the unrelated population and segregate with HLA haplotypes in families and with HLA-A in a family with HLA-A, B recombination, Thus it appears that the human equivalents of Ia antigens may include--in analogy to the murine Ia antigens--B cell- as well as T-cell-specific alloantigens.", "PMID": 70060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3628", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antisera on human B and T cells.", "content": "Anti-H-2 and anti-Ia alloimmune mouse antisera were tested by the microcytotoxicity test on human peripheral blood B- and T-cell preparations. Anti-H-2 antisera react by a higher titer and/or cytotoxicity scoring grade on B cels than on T cells. Anti-Ia antisera react practically only with B cells. It was assumed that anti-H-2 antisera contain two components. One component reacts specifically with certain HLA-A- or -B-locus antigens or other closley linked gene products. The other component reacts predominantly or only with B-cell determinants; the specificity of the latter component has not yet been studied in sufficient detail.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of anti-H-2 and anti-Ia antisera on human B and T cells. Anti-H-2 and anti-Ia alloimmune mouse antisera were tested by the microcytotoxicity test on human peripheral blood B- and T-cell preparations. Anti-H-2 antisera react by a higher titer and/or cytotoxicity scoring grade on B cels than on T cells. Anti-Ia antisera react practically only with B cells. It was assumed that anti-H-2 antisera contain two components. One component reacts specifically with certain HLA-A- or -B-locus antigens or other closley linked gene products. The other component reacts predominantly or only with B-cell determinants; the specificity of the latter component has not yet been studied in sufficient detail.", "PMID": 70061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3629", "title": "Cellular distrubtion, purification, and molecular nature of human Ia antigens.", "content": "Human Ia antigens were extensively purified (1390-fold increase in specific activity) in 32% yield from BRI 8 cells, a lymphoblastoid B-cell line. Purification was monitored by using allogeneic antisera arising by foetal-maternal stimulation. The product, a glycoprotein fraction, contained the Ia antigens, the HLA-A and -B antigens, and a glycoprotein of unknown function. The glycoprotein fraction was composed of four glycosylated polypeptides with molecular weights of 43,000, 39,000, 33,000, and 28,000, and beta2-microglobulin; no polypeptide was linked to another by disulphide bridges. The A and B antigens only were absorbed by antibody against beta2-microglobulin. The Ia antigens comprised one each of the 33,000 and 28,000 molecular weight glycosylated polypeptides noncovalently linked together. Thus, only these chains were absorbed by xenogeneic anti-Ia antisera and were cross-linked by dimethyl-3-3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride. The dimeric molecule bound deoxycholate (0.26 g/g of protein) and, when solubilized in deoxycholate, has a molecular weight of 77,000. The Ia allo- and xeno-antigenic activities were labile to heating and proteolysis and are probably determined by the polypeptide structure. Xenogeneic specific anti-Ia antisera were raised in rabbits and mice by immunizing with the glycoprotein fraction. These antisera reacted with B lymphocytes and monocytes but not T lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Their Fab fragments blocked the cytotoxicity of the allogeneic antisera for B lymphocytes and were potent inhibitors of the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "contents": "Cellular distrubtion, purification, and molecular nature of human Ia antigens. Human Ia antigens were extensively purified (1390-fold increase in specific activity) in 32% yield from BRI 8 cells, a lymphoblastoid B-cell line. Purification was monitored by using allogeneic antisera arising by foetal-maternal stimulation. The product, a glycoprotein fraction, contained the Ia antigens, the HLA-A and -B antigens, and a glycoprotein of unknown function. The glycoprotein fraction was composed of four glycosylated polypeptides with molecular weights of 43,000, 39,000, 33,000, and 28,000, and beta2-microglobulin; no polypeptide was linked to another by disulphide bridges. The A and B antigens only were absorbed by antibody against beta2-microglobulin. The Ia antigens comprised one each of the 33,000 and 28,000 molecular weight glycosylated polypeptides noncovalently linked together. Thus, only these chains were absorbed by xenogeneic anti-Ia antisera and were cross-linked by dimethyl-3-3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride. The dimeric molecule bound deoxycholate (0.26 g/g of protein) and, when solubilized in deoxycholate, has a molecular weight of 77,000. The Ia allo- and xeno-antigenic activities were labile to heating and proteolysis and are probably determined by the polypeptide structure. Xenogeneic specific anti-Ia antisera were raised in rabbits and mice by immunizing with the glycoprotein fraction. These antisera reacted with B lymphocytes and monocytes but not T lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Their Fab fragments blocked the cytotoxicity of the allogeneic antisera for B lymphocytes and were potent inhibitors of the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "PMID": 70062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3630", "title": "Typing an unrelated panel with PLT cells: association with DW clusters.", "content": "Primed LD typing (PLT) cells prepared in one Laboratory (Madison) were shipped in the frozen state and tested in T\u00fcbingen on a separate panel that had been typed with homozygous typing cells. Those PLT cells that had been grouped, on the basis of their reaction with test cells of the Madison panel, as defining an HLA PL antigen showed identical or nearly identical patterns of reactivity with the T\u00fcbingen panel. Clear association between certain PL antigens and DW clusters as defined with homozygous typing cells could be demonstrated. Of particular interest may be combinations of certain PLT reactions with D-locus-typed cells, where the primed cells do not react as expected from the target's HLA-D type.", "contents": "Typing an unrelated panel with PLT cells: association with DW clusters. Primed LD typing (PLT) cells prepared in one Laboratory (Madison) were shipped in the frozen state and tested in T\u00fcbingen on a separate panel that had been typed with homozygous typing cells. Those PLT cells that had been grouped, on the basis of their reaction with test cells of the Madison panel, as defining an HLA PL antigen showed identical or nearly identical patterns of reactivity with the T\u00fcbingen panel. Clear association between certain PL antigens and DW clusters as defined with homozygous typing cells could be demonstrated. Of particular interest may be combinations of certain PLT reactions with D-locus-typed cells, where the primed cells do not react as expected from the target's HLA-D type.", "PMID": 70063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3631", "title": "Relationship between Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens: analysis with a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "This paper describes the successful use of 125I-labeled CgG aggregate to detect Ia-type alloantibodies in pregnancy sera. The blockade of aggregate uptake of a variety of normal mononuclear and leukemic cell types by anti-Ia alloantibodies is analyzed. Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens are clearly two distinct moleculr entities. The association between Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens on a quantitative level seems to depend on a ligand-binding mechanism to control their interaction rather than the presence of a topographical molecular tandem arrangement.", "contents": "Relationship between Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens: analysis with a sensitive radioimmunoassay. This paper describes the successful use of 125I-labeled CgG aggregate to detect Ia-type alloantibodies in pregnancy sera. The blockade of aggregate uptake of a variety of normal mononuclear and leukemic cell types by anti-Ia alloantibodies is analyzed. Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens are clearly two distinct moleculr entities. The association between Fc receptors and Ia alloantigens on a quantitative level seems to depend on a ligand-binding mechanism to control their interaction rather than the presence of a topographical molecular tandem arrangement.", "PMID": 70064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3632", "title": "Primed LD typing: reagent preparation and definition of the HLA-D-region antigens.", "content": "Primed LD typing cells were prepared against single HLA haplotypes within families and used to type a random panel of 48 individuals. PLT cells could be grouped on the basis of highly correlated responses with the panel test cells; the 21 different PLT cells could be used to define 6 different PL antigens. One of these, PL 3, was split by the responses of two of the 21 PLT cells which measured an antigen called PL 3.1.", "contents": "Primed LD typing: reagent preparation and definition of the HLA-D-region antigens. Primed LD typing cells were prepared against single HLA haplotypes within families and used to type a random panel of 48 individuals. PLT cells could be grouped on the basis of highly correlated responses with the panel test cells; the 21 different PLT cells could be used to define 6 different PL antigens. One of these, PL 3, was split by the responses of two of the 21 PLT cells which measured an antigen called PL 3.1.", "PMID": 70065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3633", "title": "Response of primed LD typing cells to homozygous typing cells.", "content": "At least two different methods using cellular responses have been described for defining the determinants of the HLA-D region: typing with HLA-D homozygous cells and primed LD typing. Primed LD typing cells were generated in one-haplotype-different combinations and grouped on the basis of two or more cells appearing to define the same HLA-D-region-determined PL antigen. Such cells were restimulated with homozygous typing cells for several of the presently known HLA DW clusters. A very strong correlation was noted: PLT cells defining the antigen PL1 were restimulated with homozygous typing cells for DW3, those PLT cells defining the antigen PL2 were restimulated by homozygous typing cells for DW2, and those defining PL5  were restimulated by homozygous typing cells for DW1.", "contents": "Response of primed LD typing cells to homozygous typing cells. At least two different methods using cellular responses have been described for defining the determinants of the HLA-D region: typing with HLA-D homozygous cells and primed LD typing. Primed LD typing cells were generated in one-haplotype-different combinations and grouped on the basis of two or more cells appearing to define the same HLA-D-region-determined PL antigen. Such cells were restimulated with homozygous typing cells for several of the presently known HLA DW clusters. A very strong correlation was noted: PLT cells defining the antigen PL1 were restimulated with homozygous typing cells for DW3, those PLT cells defining the antigen PL2 were restimulated by homozygous typing cells for DW2, and those defining PL5  were restimulated by homozygous typing cells for DW1.", "PMID": 70066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3634", "title": "Detection of HLA-D clusters using primed LD typing.", "content": "Using a set of 17 primed LD typing (PLT) cells tested on a panel of 35 unrelated cells, we showed that certain groups of PLT cells tended to detect similar unrelated cells. The PLT cells were grouped into seven clusters and these tended to correlate with the seven HLA-D specificities represented on the panel, as determined by HTC testing. These data suggest that the antigens that cause restimulation in PLT are similar to those HLA-D antigens detected by the homozygous typing cell (HTC) test or, alternatively but more unlikely, that the two typing methods are detecting genes in close linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-D region.", "contents": "Detection of HLA-D clusters using primed LD typing. Using a set of 17 primed LD typing (PLT) cells tested on a panel of 35 unrelated cells, we showed that certain groups of PLT cells tended to detect similar unrelated cells. The PLT cells were grouped into seven clusters and these tended to correlate with the seven HLA-D specificities represented on the panel, as determined by HTC testing. These data suggest that the antigens that cause restimulation in PLT are similar to those HLA-D antigens detected by the homozygous typing cell (HTC) test or, alternatively but more unlikely, that the two typing methods are detecting genes in close linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-D region.", "PMID": 70067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3635", "title": "Cellology of HLA. I. The apparent homogeneity of HLA-D.", "content": "We have demonstrated that there is a similarity in the distribution of restimulation responses of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) cells raised between related and unrelated individuals, thus leading to the suggestion that HLA-D is a homogeneous determinant. It is proposed that within HLA a hitherto unrecognized heterogeneous structure may exist that is closely associated with HLA-D and which may give rise to intermediate reactions in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions and PLT.", "contents": "Cellology of HLA. I. The apparent homogeneity of HLA-D. We have demonstrated that there is a similarity in the distribution of restimulation responses of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) cells raised between related and unrelated individuals, thus leading to the suggestion that HLA-D is a homogeneous determinant. It is proposed that within HLA a hitherto unrecognized heterogeneous structure may exist that is closely associated with HLA-D and which may give rise to intermediate reactions in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions and PLT.", "PMID": 70068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3636", "title": "Lack of restimulation by non-HLA antigens in primed lymphocyte typing.", "content": "We have studied the role of non-HLA antigens in restimulation of PLT cells by the following protocols. Responder cells were sensitized to cells from family members differing by one HLA haplotype. The PLT cells were restimulated by family members HLA- or HLA-D-identical to the responder. In none of these cases did we find significant restimulation, indicating that it is unlikely that there is a restimulatory non-HLA locus with even two alleles (p less than 0.05) of equal frequency. Other protocols we have used are consistent with this interpretation. This indicates that antigens determined by genes segregating independently of HLA do not play a major role in the PLT restimulation.", "contents": "Lack of restimulation by non-HLA antigens in primed lymphocyte typing. We have studied the role of non-HLA antigens in restimulation of PLT cells by the following protocols. Responder cells were sensitized to cells from family members differing by one HLA haplotype. The PLT cells were restimulated by family members HLA- or HLA-D-identical to the responder. In none of these cases did we find significant restimulation, indicating that it is unlikely that there is a restimulatory non-HLA locus with even two alleles (p less than 0.05) of equal frequency. Other protocols we have used are consistent with this interpretation. This indicates that antigens determined by genes segregating independently of HLA do not play a major role in the PLT restimulation.", "PMID": 70069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3637", "title": "Detection by three cellular immunological techniques of the antigenic determinants of the Ly-Li system, expressed on human B lymphocytes.", "content": "A clear correlation was observed between the presence of an Ia-like antigenic B-cell system Ly-Li, detected serologically, and three cellular immunological techniques: [1] mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) inhibition by an anti-Li antiserum; [2] level of restimulation of anti-Ly-Li in-vitro-primed lymphocytes; and [3] detection of HLA-D alleles by homozygous typing cells. These results suggested that the allelic products detected serologically may be identical to those detected by the first two techniques, namely MLR inhibition and in-vitro-primed lymphocyte typing, and, possibly, HLA-D typing using homozygous typing cells, although the correlation was repeatedly found to be less clear for the last technique.", "contents": "Detection by three cellular immunological techniques of the antigenic determinants of the Ly-Li system, expressed on human B lymphocytes. A clear correlation was observed between the presence of an Ia-like antigenic B-cell system Ly-Li, detected serologically, and three cellular immunological techniques: [1] mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) inhibition by an anti-Li antiserum; [2] level of restimulation of anti-Ly-Li in-vitro-primed lymphocytes; and [3] detection of HLA-D alleles by homozygous typing cells. These results suggested that the allelic products detected serologically may be identical to those detected by the first two techniques, namely MLR inhibition and in-vitro-primed lymphocyte typing, and, possibly, HLA-D typing using homozygous typing cells, although the correlation was repeatedly found to be less clear for the last technique.", "PMID": 70070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3638", "title": "Selection of haploid spermatozoa and its application to HLA-D typing.", "content": "The expression of HLA-A, -B, and -D determinants on the surface of spermatozoa is haploid. Using cytotoxicity and appropriate HLA antisera and complement, we were able to select haploid spermatozoa. The surviving sperms behaved similarly to homozygous lymphoid cells when cultured in mixed sperm lymphocyte culture (SLC). This method is being applied to define new HLA-D specificities, to improve typing and matching for bone marrow transplantation and kidney transplantation and to study their association with various diseases.", "contents": "Selection of haploid spermatozoa and its application to HLA-D typing. The expression of HLA-A, -B, and -D determinants on the surface of spermatozoa is haploid. Using cytotoxicity and appropriate HLA antisera and complement, we were able to select haploid spermatozoa. The surviving sperms behaved similarly to homozygous lymphoid cells when cultured in mixed sperm lymphocyte culture (SLC). This method is being applied to define new HLA-D specificities, to improve typing and matching for bone marrow transplantation and kidney transplantation and to study their association with various diseases.", "PMID": 70071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3639", "title": "Population data on two new HLA-D determinants, EI and RE.", "content": "Homozygous typing cells (HTC) for two new HLA-D determinants, EI and RE, defined by family studies, are described. The HLA-D typing experiments among more than 300 unrelated individuals showed phenotype frequencies of 0.045 for EI and 0.098 for RE. Since the tested population was also typed for its HLA-A and -B alleles, linkage disequilibrium parameters could be calculated: HLA-D type EI was statistically significantly associated with HLA-B13 and Bw17, HLA-D type RE with HLA-Bw40. These data support the working hypothesis that both EI and RE are new alleles of the HLA-D series.", "contents": "Population data on two new HLA-D determinants, EI and RE. Homozygous typing cells (HTC) for two new HLA-D determinants, EI and RE, defined by family studies, are described. The HLA-D typing experiments among more than 300 unrelated individuals showed phenotype frequencies of 0.045 for EI and 0.098 for RE. Since the tested population was also typed for its HLA-A and -B alleles, linkage disequilibrium parameters could be calculated: HLA-D type EI was statistically significantly associated with HLA-B13 and Bw17, HLA-D type RE with HLA-Bw40. These data support the working hypothesis that both EI and RE are new alleles of the HLA-D series.", "PMID": 70072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3640", "title": "MLC and CML studies in the family of a pair of HLA haploidentical chimeric twins.", "content": "A pair of dizygotic twins of opposite sex were incidentally found to be erythrocyte chimeras. The chimerism was found to include the lymphocyte population as well, since the twins differed for the maternal while sharing one paternal HLA haplotype. In addition to lymphocytes carrying antigens controlled by the inherited maternal haplotype, each of the twins had a small fraction--about 15%--of lymphocytes of the other twin's type. Both twins are healthy and have normal children. Investigations of the family by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) tests showed that the two haplotypes by which the twins differed carried different HLA-D determinants; even so the lymphocytes of each twin were completely nonresponsive in MLC and CML to those of the other twin. No 'blocking' factors could be demonstrated in the serum of the twins. These results support Burnet's theory of clonal selection in fetal life.", "contents": "MLC and CML studies in the family of a pair of HLA haploidentical chimeric twins. A pair of dizygotic twins of opposite sex were incidentally found to be erythrocyte chimeras. The chimerism was found to include the lymphocyte population as well, since the twins differed for the maternal while sharing one paternal HLA haplotype. In addition to lymphocytes carrying antigens controlled by the inherited maternal haplotype, each of the twins had a small fraction--about 15%--of lymphocytes of the other twin's type. Both twins are healthy and have normal children. Investigations of the family by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) tests showed that the two haplotypes by which the twins differed carried different HLA-D determinants; even so the lymphocytes of each twin were completely nonresponsive in MLC and CML to those of the other twin. No 'blocking' factors could be demonstrated in the serum of the twins. These results support Burnet's theory of clonal selection in fetal life.", "PMID": 70073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3641", "title": "Apparent lack of gene dosage effect in the PLT assay.", "content": "In this paper the results of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) tests are reported which show the response to HLA-D-specific stimulator and to unrelated cells. The aim was to find out the sensitivity of the PLT method for evaluating not only qualitative HLA-D-region differences but also gene dosage effects. In addition, the primed cells were restimulated with cells from HLA-D-homozygous individuals mutually negative with the specific stimulator in the usual 5-day primary mixed lymphocyte culture incubation. No gene dosage effect in PLT experiments could be observed.", "contents": "Apparent lack of gene dosage effect in the PLT assay. In this paper the results of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) tests are reported which show the response to HLA-D-specific stimulator and to unrelated cells. The aim was to find out the sensitivity of the PLT method for evaluating not only qualitative HLA-D-region differences but also gene dosage effects. In addition, the primed cells were restimulated with cells from HLA-D-homozygous individuals mutually negative with the specific stimulator in the usual 5-day primary mixed lymphocyte culture incubation. No gene dosage effect in PLT experiments could be observed.", "PMID": 70074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3642", "title": "HLA variants of cultured human lymphoid cells: evidence for mutational origin and estimation of mutation rate.", "content": "Variants of a diploid lymphoid cell line that show a loss of HLA-B27 antigen occur randomly in time and independently of exposure to the alloantiserum used for their isolation. From these and previous findings of variant stability, inducibility by mutagens, and the absence of linked variation, we colclude that most HLA variants arise by mutation. The mutation rate for HLA-B27 loss is 8 x 10(-7) per cell per generation.", "contents": "HLA variants of cultured human lymphoid cells: evidence for mutational origin and estimation of mutation rate. Variants of a diploid lymphoid cell line that show a loss of HLA-B27 antigen occur randomly in time and independently of exposure to the alloantiserum used for their isolation. From these and previous findings of variant stability, inducibility by mutagens, and the absence of linked variation, we colclude that most HLA variants arise by mutation. The mutation rate for HLA-B27 loss is 8 x 10(-7) per cell per generation.", "PMID": 70075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3643", "title": "Autoantibodies to zona pellucida: a possible cause for infertility in women.", "content": "Human and pig ovaries were tested by agar gel diffusion and found to contain several cross-reacting (common) antigens. At least one common antigen was located in the zona pellucida as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Serum samples from 22 infertile women were tested on pig eggs by immunofluorescence, and six of these samples produced strong and nine produced moderate reactions with the zona pellucida. The autoantibodies may be responsible for infertility in these women.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to zona pellucida: a possible cause for infertility in women. Human and pig ovaries were tested by agar gel diffusion and found to contain several cross-reacting (common) antigens. At least one common antigen was located in the zona pellucida as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Serum samples from 22 infertile women were tested on pig eggs by immunofluorescence, and six of these samples produced strong and nine produced moderate reactions with the zona pellucida. The autoantibodies may be responsible for infertility in these women.", "PMID": 70076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3644", "title": "Role of simple mastectomy in treating patients with breast cancer.", "content": "From 1945 to 1971, 473 patients had simple mastectomies as the primary treatment for their breast cancer (421 had either a simple mastectomy alone [26%], a simple mastectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy [64%], or preoperative irradiation followed by simple mastectomy [10%]). More than one half of these patients were \"inoperable\" by standard surgical criteria. The local recurrence rate was 24%, which compares favorably with the reported 48% local recurrence rate for \"inoperable\" patients treated by radical mastectomy. These recurrences were on the chest wall in two thirds of the patients and in the regional lymph nodes of the other third. No statistical differences in survival or recurrence rate could be correlated with the site of the primary cancers in the breasts or among the three treatment groups.", "contents": "Role of simple mastectomy in treating patients with breast cancer. From 1945 to 1971, 473 patients had simple mastectomies as the primary treatment for their breast cancer (421 had either a simple mastectomy alone [26%], a simple mastectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy [64%], or preoperative irradiation followed by simple mastectomy [10%]). More than one half of these patients were \"inoperable\" by standard surgical criteria. The local recurrence rate was 24%, which compares favorably with the reported 48% local recurrence rate for \"inoperable\" patients treated by radical mastectomy. These recurrences were on the chest wall in two thirds of the patients and in the regional lymph nodes of the other third. No statistical differences in survival or recurrence rate could be correlated with the site of the primary cancers in the breasts or among the three treatment groups.", "PMID": 70077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3645", "title": "Evaluation of DursbanR and Dowco 214 as mosquito larvicides in rice-fields.", "content": "Emulsifiable concentrates of DursbanR (chlorpyrifos) and Dowco 214 (chlorpyrifos-methyl) were tested as mosquito larvicides using Hudson knapsack sprayers on small plots of rice-fields on Penang Island. The mosquitoes found in these rice-fields are predominantly Anopheles campestris and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. At dosages of 14, 28 and 56 gm hectare-1, Dursban is effective in maintaining the rice-fields free of Anopheles larvae for at least 2, 3 and 7 days respectively. Dowco 214 at 56 gm hectare-1 is able to keep the fields free of all mosquito larvae for at least 2 days.", "contents": "Evaluation of DursbanR and Dowco 214 as mosquito larvicides in rice-fields. Emulsifiable concentrates of DursbanR (chlorpyrifos) and Dowco 214 (chlorpyrifos-methyl) were tested as mosquito larvicides using Hudson knapsack sprayers on small plots of rice-fields on Penang Island. The mosquitoes found in these rice-fields are predominantly Anopheles campestris and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. At dosages of 14, 28 and 56 gm hectare-1, Dursban is effective in maintaining the rice-fields free of Anopheles larvae for at least 2, 3 and 7 days respectively. Dowco 214 at 56 gm hectare-1 is able to keep the fields free of all mosquito larvae for at least 2 days.", "PMID": 70078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3646", "title": "Elevated CSF gamma globulins with cerebral \"glioma.\".", "content": "A patient with a six-year history of seizures and a shorter  history of a progressive hemiparesis, had a glioma. A partial frontal lobectomy was performed. The cerebrospinal fluid, 38 days post-operatively, prior to irradiation, had an increase in gamma globulins. Following cranial irradiation the CSF gamma globulin level returned to normal and the hemiparesis disappeared. The significance of these CSF changes is discussed.", "contents": "Elevated CSF gamma globulins with cerebral \"glioma.\". A patient with a six-year history of seizures and a shorter  history of a progressive hemiparesis, had a glioma. A partial frontal lobectomy was performed. The cerebrospinal fluid, 38 days post-operatively, prior to irradiation, had an increase in gamma globulins. Following cranial irradiation the CSF gamma globulin level returned to normal and the hemiparesis disappeared. The significance of these CSF changes is discussed.", "PMID": 70079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3647", "title": "Effects of thrombin, chymotrypsin and aggregated gamma-globulins on the proteins of the human platelet membrane.", "content": "Analysis of platelet membrane proteins and glycoproteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out before and after treatment with thrombin. Extended incubation with thrombin  (in the presence of EDTA or adenosine, which inhibit aggregation) produced extensive changes in the bands observed. With incubation times of a few minutes however, the changes were restricted to a glycopeptide, GP IV (approx. 90,000 Daltons) and one or two polypeptides of low molecular weight, in particular polypeptide 16 (approx. 23,000 Daltons). At 0--3 degrees C only polypeptide 16 was still hydrolyzed. Chymotrypsin, which does not activate platelets, attacked glycopeptides I, II, III but no changes were apparent in GP IV and polypeptide 16. When chymotrypsin-treated platelets were further incubated with thrombin, only GP IV and one to two low molecular weight polypeptides, especially polypeptide 16, were affected. As polypeptide 16 appears to be an integral membrane component it is possible that it, either by itself or in combination with GP IV, represents the primary thrombin substrate involved in platelet activation. Aggregated IgG, which also activates platelets, does not modify the membrane glycoproteins but does change the low molecular weight region in particular band 16.", "contents": "Effects of thrombin, chymotrypsin and aggregated gamma-globulins on the proteins of the human platelet membrane. Analysis of platelet membrane proteins and glycoproteins by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out before and after treatment with thrombin. Extended incubation with thrombin  (in the presence of EDTA or adenosine, which inhibit aggregation) produced extensive changes in the bands observed. With incubation times of a few minutes however, the changes were restricted to a glycopeptide, GP IV (approx. 90,000 Daltons) and one or two polypeptides of low molecular weight, in particular polypeptide 16 (approx. 23,000 Daltons). At 0--3 degrees C only polypeptide 16 was still hydrolyzed. Chymotrypsin, which does not activate platelets, attacked glycopeptides I, II, III but no changes were apparent in GP IV and polypeptide 16. When chymotrypsin-treated platelets were further incubated with thrombin, only GP IV and one to two low molecular weight polypeptides, especially polypeptide 16, were affected. As polypeptide 16 appears to be an integral membrane component it is possible that it, either by itself or in combination with GP IV, represents the primary thrombin substrate involved in platelet activation. Aggregated IgG, which also activates platelets, does not modify the membrane glycoproteins but does change the low molecular weight region in particular band 16.", "PMID": 70080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3648", "title": "The influence of chlormadinone acetate treatment on the concentration of some steroids in the blood, on the ovarian activity, and on the sexual behaviour of the mare.", "content": "The effect of orally administered chlormadinone acetate (CAP), 10 mg daily for a period of 16 days, was investigated in the case of four mares with an irregular oestrous pattern accompanied by low ovarian activity (group 1), four mares which did not show oestrous symptoms at all and which had also low ovarian activity (group 2), and two ovariectomized and two ovario-hysterectomized mares (group 3). In all mares of group 1 and in the two ovariectomized mares of group 3 oestrus symptoms became apparent during treatment. Two mares of group 2 came into heat 8 and 11 days after the cessation of treatment. The two other mares of group 2 and the ovario-hysterectomized mares of group 3 showed no oestrous symptoms at all. In all except the two ovario-hysterectomized mares the progesterone concentration was found to increase in the peripheral blood from less than 1 ng/ml up to at least 4-6 ng/ml. In the mares which came into oestrus this progesterone increase occurred about three days before symptoms of heat became apparent. It is assumed that the uterus played an important role in the increase of the progesterone concentration in the blood during or after CAP treatment. A similar rise of the progesterone level was also found in the ovariectomized mares, indicating that this progesterone did not originate in the ovaries.", "contents": "The influence of chlormadinone acetate treatment on the concentration of some steroids in the blood, on the ovarian activity, and on the sexual behaviour of the mare. The effect of orally administered chlormadinone acetate (CAP), 10 mg daily for a period of 16 days, was investigated in the case of four mares with an irregular oestrous pattern accompanied by low ovarian activity (group 1), four mares which did not show oestrous symptoms at all and which had also low ovarian activity (group 2), and two ovariectomized and two ovario-hysterectomized mares (group 3). In all mares of group 1 and in the two ovariectomized mares of group 3 oestrus symptoms became apparent during treatment. Two mares of group 2 came into heat 8 and 11 days after the cessation of treatment. The two other mares of group 2 and the ovario-hysterectomized mares of group 3 showed no oestrous symptoms at all. In all except the two ovario-hysterectomized mares the progesterone concentration was found to increase in the peripheral blood from less than 1 ng/ml up to at least 4-6 ng/ml. In the mares which came into oestrus this progesterone increase occurred about three days before symptoms of heat became apparent. It is assumed that the uterus played an important role in the increase of the progesterone concentration in the blood during or after CAP treatment. A similar rise of the progesterone level was also found in the ovariectomized mares, indicating that this progesterone did not originate in the ovaries.", "PMID": 70082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3649", "title": "Reduction of error rates in the microlymphocytotoxicity test.", "content": "The overall error rate of the microlymphocytotoxicity test has been reduced from 1.08% in 1971 to approximately 0.35%, based on comparisons of 882 replicate test pairs (different bleedings) and on family studies, with 0.11% attributable to \"reading\" errors. This reduction was attributed to automation for lymphocyte adding, better incubation temperature control, better technical preparation of cells and stronger, more monospecific sera. Three types of errors contribute to the overall error rate: random, sera-related (affected by strength and specificity), and lymphocyte-related (possible B-cell reactivity and donor/lymphocyte physiological condition). Strongly skewed error distributions, which seem to be lymphocyte-related, occurred in less than 4% of the test pairs.", "contents": "Reduction of error rates in the microlymphocytotoxicity test. The overall error rate of the microlymphocytotoxicity test has been reduced from 1.08% in 1971 to approximately 0.35%, based on comparisons of 882 replicate test pairs (different bleedings) and on family studies, with 0.11% attributable to \"reading\" errors. This reduction was attributed to automation for lymphocyte adding, better incubation temperature control, better technical preparation of cells and stronger, more monospecific sera. Three types of errors contribute to the overall error rate: random, sera-related (affected by strength and specificity), and lymphocyte-related (possible B-cell reactivity and donor/lymphocyte physiological condition). Strongly skewed error distributions, which seem to be lymphocyte-related, occurred in less than 4% of the test pairs.", "PMID": 70083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3650", "title": "HLA-D antigens in the Japanese population.", "content": "A Japanese population was typed for HLA-D antigens for the first time using HLA-D homozygous typing cells Dw1 through Dw4 and the homozygous cells LD HO and LD AH, newly found in the Japanese population. Dw3 was absent from the Japanese population which also lacks B8. Dw1, Dw2 and Dw4 were found in this population, but these did not show significant linkage disequilibria with any alleles of the B or C loci. LD HO and LD AH were common in Japanese but absent in Caucasians. LD HO was found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with Bw35. LD AH showed significant association with Bw22J.", "contents": "HLA-D antigens in the Japanese population. A Japanese population was typed for HLA-D antigens for the first time using HLA-D homozygous typing cells Dw1 through Dw4 and the homozygous cells LD HO and LD AH, newly found in the Japanese population. Dw3 was absent from the Japanese population which also lacks B8. Dw1, Dw2 and Dw4 were found in this population, but these did not show significant linkage disequilibria with any alleles of the B or C loci. LD HO and LD AH were common in Japanese but absent in Caucasians. LD HO was found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with Bw35. LD AH showed significant association with Bw22J.", "PMID": 70084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3651", "title": "Characteristic differences in inhibitory effects of oligodeoxyribonucleotides from DNA on human systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) sera and rabbit anti-DNA sera.", "content": "The difference in the antigenic determinant size of DNA for sera from patients with SLE and rabbit anti-DNA sera were investigated. Haptenic inhibition studies were carried out by measuring the inhibition of [3H]DNA-antibody binding by three different types of oligonucleotides which were prepared from formic acid-diphenylamine digests, hydrazinolyzed digests and pancreatic DNase digests, respectively. Oligonucleotides from DNase I digests showed potent inhibitory activity with both SLE sera and rabbit sera. However, the inhibitory activities of purine and pyrimidine oligonucleotides were more potent for SLE sera than for rabbit anti-DNA sera. The determinant size estimated for rabbit sera was in the range of tetra-to heptanucleotide, while in SLE sera it was in the range of di-and trinucleotide.", "contents": "Characteristic differences in inhibitory effects of oligodeoxyribonucleotides from DNA on human systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) sera and rabbit anti-DNA sera. The difference in the antigenic determinant size of DNA for sera from patients with SLE and rabbit anti-DNA sera were investigated. Haptenic inhibition studies were carried out by measuring the inhibition of [3H]DNA-antibody binding by three different types of oligonucleotides which were prepared from formic acid-diphenylamine digests, hydrazinolyzed digests and pancreatic DNase digests, respectively. Oligonucleotides from DNase I digests showed potent inhibitory activity with both SLE sera and rabbit sera. However, the inhibitory activities of purine and pyrimidine oligonucleotides were more potent for SLE sera than for rabbit anti-DNA sera. The determinant size estimated for rabbit sera was in the range of tetra-to heptanucleotide, while in SLE sera it was in the range of di-and trinucleotide.", "PMID": 70086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3652", "title": "Chemical stabilization of Golgi silver chromate impregnations.", "content": "Blocks of neural tissue were processed by a modified Golgi-Kopsch procedure and by the rapid Golgi method. Following the impregnation, the blocks were embedded in celloidin, sectioned at 100 micrometer, and collected in 70% alcohol. The sections were then processed as follows: 1) rinsed in distilled water; 2) substituted with 0.4M sodium bromide for five minutes; 3) reduced in Kodak D-19 developer; and 4) treated in 0.5M sodium thiosulfate. The silver chromate deposits within the impregnated cells are converted successively to silver bromide and to reduced silver by this procedure. Sections so treated resist decomposition of the Golgi impregnation, and they may be counterstained with conventional aqueous cresyl violet to demonstrate the cytoarchitecture of the Golgi-impregnated tissue.", "contents": "Chemical stabilization of Golgi silver chromate impregnations. Blocks of neural tissue were processed by a modified Golgi-Kopsch procedure and by the rapid Golgi method. Following the impregnation, the blocks were embedded in celloidin, sectioned at 100 micrometer, and collected in 70% alcohol. The sections were then processed as follows: 1) rinsed in distilled water; 2) substituted with 0.4M sodium bromide for five minutes; 3) reduced in Kodak D-19 developer; and 4) treated in 0.5M sodium thiosulfate. The silver chromate deposits within the impregnated cells are converted successively to silver bromide and to reduced silver by this procedure. Sections so treated resist decomposition of the Golgi impregnation, and they may be counterstained with conventional aqueous cresyl violet to demonstrate the cytoarchitecture of the Golgi-impregnated tissue.", "PMID": 70087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3653", "title": "Influence of mounting media on the fading of basic aniline dyes in epoxy embedded tissues.", "content": "A simple cytophotometric technique is used to quantitate stain fading of basic aniline dye-stained epoxy-embedded tissues mounted in six different commonly used mountants. Significant fading was detected with all six mountants, although rates varied. The lowest rate of fading was observed with immersion oil and the highest rate of fading with Canada balsam. No significant differences in fading rates of four synthetic mounting preparations were observed.", "contents": "Influence of mounting media on the fading of basic aniline dyes in epoxy embedded tissues. A simple cytophotometric technique is used to quantitate stain fading of basic aniline dye-stained epoxy-embedded tissues mounted in six different commonly used mountants. Significant fading was detected with all six mountants, although rates varied. The lowest rate of fading was observed with immersion oil and the highest rate of fading with Canada balsam. No significant differences in fading rates of four synthetic mounting preparations were observed.", "PMID": 70088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3654", "title": "Avidin binds to condensed chromatin.", "content": "The protein avidin has been conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and then used to treat cells and chromosome preparations. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that this protein is bound by areas of the specimen containing condensed chromatin.", "contents": "Avidin binds to condensed chromatin. The protein avidin has been conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and then used to treat cells and chromosome preparations. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that this protein is bound by areas of the specimen containing condensed chromatin.", "PMID": 70089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3655", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of beta2-microglobulin in the human kidney.", "content": "Using antisera to human beta2-microglobulin and an immunofluorescent technique, beta2-microglobulin was found to be localized along tubular and glomerular basement membranes of renal bipsies studied. Since beta2-microglobulin is a subunit of HLA preparations, it may also serve as an indirect marker for the presence of HLA antigens in these structures.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of beta2-microglobulin in the human kidney. Using antisera to human beta2-microglobulin and an immunofluorescent technique, beta2-microglobulin was found to be localized along tubular and glomerular basement membranes of renal bipsies studied. Since beta2-microglobulin is a subunit of HLA preparations, it may also serve as an indirect marker for the presence of HLA antigens in these structures.", "PMID": 70090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3656", "title": "[Increase of the concentration of effector T-lymphocytes specific to antigens H2. 1. Elution of T-lymphocytes from the allogeneic target cells].", "content": "The technique of elution by pronase of murine lymph node cells adherent to relevant allogeneic target cells has been developed for enrichment of effectory T cell population. A fraction was obtained of killer cells possessing cytotoxic activity which exceeds that of the initial immune lymphocyte population by a factor of 6--8 as judged by the number of lymphocytes required for a 50% cytotoxic effect. The gain in CE is fairly reproducible in different H-2 systems and under various lymphocyte-target incubation conditions.", "contents": "[Increase of the concentration of effector T-lymphocytes specific to antigens H2. 1. Elution of T-lymphocytes from the allogeneic target cells]. The technique of elution by pronase of murine lymph node cells adherent to relevant allogeneic target cells has been developed for enrichment of effectory T cell population. A fraction was obtained of killer cells possessing cytotoxic activity which exceeds that of the initial immune lymphocyte population by a factor of 6--8 as judged by the number of lymphocytes required for a 50% cytotoxic effect. The gain in CE is fairly reproducible in different H-2 systems and under various lymphocyte-target incubation conditions.", "PMID": 70094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3657", "title": "[Antigenic structure of the plasma membranes of mouse liver cells. III. Lipid haptens].", "content": "The total glycolipids, gangliosides, neutral lipids and some individual lipids of these fractions were isolated from the whole lipid extract of the mouse liver cell suspension. The antigenic activity of the isolated lipids was studied with the complement fixation test using the rabbit antisera against the liver cell ghosts. Active lipids were: glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, cardiolipin and fraction containing polar glyco- and phospholipid mixture. The cardiolipins isolated from animal cells of some species differed in their antigenic activity. With the immunofluorescence method, the absorbtion of antighost sera by lipid haptens resulted in a decreased fluorescence of plasma membranes of cells in the liver sections. This fact may evidence for the membrane localization of the studied haptens.", "contents": "[Antigenic structure of the plasma membranes of mouse liver cells. III. Lipid haptens]. The total glycolipids, gangliosides, neutral lipids and some individual lipids of these fractions were isolated from the whole lipid extract of the mouse liver cell suspension. The antigenic activity of the isolated lipids was studied with the complement fixation test using the rabbit antisera against the liver cell ghosts. Active lipids were: glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, cardiolipin and fraction containing polar glyco- and phospholipid mixture. The cardiolipins isolated from animal cells of some species differed in their antigenic activity. With the immunofluorescence method, the absorbtion of antighost sera by lipid haptens resulted in a decreased fluorescence of plasma membranes of cells in the liver sections. This fact may evidence for the membrane localization of the studied haptens.", "PMID": 70096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3658", "title": "[Problem of the infertility of hybrids of the muscovy (Cairina moschata L.) and the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)].", "content": "Analysis of blood serum proteins electrophoretic spectra for perching and domestic ducks resulted in revealing interspecific differences of prealbumin and transferrin types showing incomplete identity of loci in analogous sites of some homologous chromosomes in the hybridizants. This confirms the genetic nature of sterility in this crossing combination hybrids whose blood serum proteins electrophoretic spectrum displays a complex hybrid phenotype.", "contents": "[Problem of the infertility of hybrids of the muscovy (Cairina moschata L.) and the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)]. Analysis of blood serum proteins electrophoretic spectra for perching and domestic ducks resulted in revealing interspecific differences of prealbumin and transferrin types showing incomplete identity of loci in analogous sites of some homologous chromosomes in the hybridizants. This confirms the genetic nature of sterility in this crossing combination hybrids whose blood serum proteins electrophoretic spectrum displays a complex hybrid phenotype.", "PMID": 70093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3659", "title": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer VI. Reduction of the suppressive (\"blocking\"?) properties of serum on in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness following cryosurgery.", "content": "Preliminary studies of sera from prostatic cancer patients have indicated a reduction in the presence of suppressive ('blocking'?) properties of in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness induced by a non-specific mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin) in association with a decrease in the level of alpha2-globulin and favourable clinical response following cryosurgery. The origin of the immunosuppression factor(s) migrating on electrophoresis in the alpha2-globulin fraction of serum remains to be identified. Earlier demonstration of suppression of leucocyte migration by factors elaborated from tumour cells and recent observations of the suppression of lymphocytic reactivity by seminal plasma and coaguloprostatic fluid suggest that suppression and reduction or abrogation of the suppressive properties of serum following cryosurgical destruction of tumour may be attributed to a reduction in soluble prostatic tumour-associated antigen shed into the circlation by previously viable tumour. Such antigen while not at a sufficient concentration to engender an immunologic response in the aging and tumour-burdened host, may, however, have been sufficient to pre-empt the effector limb of cell-mediated responsiveness contributing to the observed suppression of lymphocytic reactivity. Cryosurgery, resulting in necrosis and cell death with depletion of the primary source of antigen might thereby have permitted a previously overwhelmed host to respond, viz., the favourable clinical response observed.", "contents": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer VI. Reduction of the suppressive (\"blocking\"?) properties of serum on in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness following cryosurgery. Preliminary studies of sera from prostatic cancer patients have indicated a reduction in the presence of suppressive ('blocking'?) properties of in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness induced by a non-specific mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin) in association with a decrease in the level of alpha2-globulin and favourable clinical response following cryosurgery. The origin of the immunosuppression factor(s) migrating on electrophoresis in the alpha2-globulin fraction of serum remains to be identified. Earlier demonstration of suppression of leucocyte migration by factors elaborated from tumour cells and recent observations of the suppression of lymphocytic reactivity by seminal plasma and coaguloprostatic fluid suggest that suppression and reduction or abrogation of the suppressive properties of serum following cryosurgical destruction of tumour may be attributed to a reduction in soluble prostatic tumour-associated antigen shed into the circlation by previously viable tumour. Such antigen while not at a sufficient concentration to engender an immunologic response in the aging and tumour-burdened host, may, however, have been sufficient to pre-empt the effector limb of cell-mediated responsiveness contributing to the observed suppression of lymphocytic reactivity. Cryosurgery, resulting in necrosis and cell death with depletion of the primary source of antigen might thereby have permitted a previously overwhelmed host to respond, viz., the favourable clinical response observed.", "PMID": 70099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3660", "title": "Cytochrome staining of leukocytes in urine sediment. Assessment of inflammatory state.", "content": "Urinary sediments with significant pyuria were supravitally stained to assess the inflammatory state. Clinic patients showed a significant correlation between acute urinary infection, inflammation, and the predominance of live polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Post-transurethral prostatic resection patients demonstrated to show a predominance of live polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which may be clinically usefull in a more careful selection before relying fully on bacteriologic cultures.", "contents": "Cytochrome staining of leukocytes in urine sediment. Assessment of inflammatory state. Urinary sediments with significant pyuria were supravitally stained to assess the inflammatory state. Clinic patients showed a significant correlation between acute urinary infection, inflammation, and the predominance of live polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Post-transurethral prostatic resection patients demonstrated to show a predominance of live polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which may be clinically usefull in a more careful selection before relying fully on bacteriologic cultures.", "PMID": 70100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3661", "title": "[Effect of blood serum proteins of healthy, newborn and carcinomatous rabbits on oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria].", "content": "Oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria in healthy rabbits and those suffering from cancer was studied as affected by blood sera and beta-globulin of newborn rabbits, pregnant female rabbits, healthy and carcinomatous rabbits. Respiration of myocardium mitochondria in healthy rabbits is inhibited under the effect of sera and beta-globulin of newborn rabbits and pregnant female rabbits. But the mentioned additives produce an opposite effect on oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria in the rabbit suffering from cancer as compared to myocardium mitochondria in the healthy rabbit. The difference in the protein action on oxygen uptake is levelled in the animals of different groups for mitochondria destructed under the effect of temperature and supersound.", "contents": "[Effect of blood serum proteins of healthy, newborn and carcinomatous rabbits on oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria]. Oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria in healthy rabbits and those suffering from cancer was studied as affected by blood sera and beta-globulin of newborn rabbits, pregnant female rabbits, healthy and carcinomatous rabbits. Respiration of myocardium mitochondria in healthy rabbits is inhibited under the effect of sera and beta-globulin of newborn rabbits and pregnant female rabbits. But the mentioned additives produce an opposite effect on oxygen uptake by myocardium mitochondria in the rabbit suffering from cancer as compared to myocardium mitochondria in the healthy rabbit. The difference in the protein action on oxygen uptake is levelled in the animals of different groups for mitochondria destructed under the effect of temperature and supersound.", "PMID": 70097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3662", "title": "[Intensity renewal of skin and serum soluble proteins in rats with vitamin A deficiency].", "content": "Intensity of skin and blood serum soluble proteins renewal under conditions of vitamin A deficiency in animal organism was studied with application of the label incorporation into the electrophoretic fractions of proteins 1,3 and 24 h after administration of 14C-lysine. Metabolism of collagen proteins, amino acid composition of skin soluble proteins, content of free amino acids and nucleic acid in skin were also examined. With vitamin A deficiency the intensity of 14C-lysine incorporation into the globulin fractions of serum proteins is 2-4 times as high and into the corresponding fractions of skin proteins is 3-5 times as low as in the control. Metabolism of gamma-globulins and collagen proteins of skin under conditions of vitamin A deficiency is found to be slow. The content of DNA and RNA in skin of the avitaminous animals is reliably 17 and 23% lower, respectively. In the skin extracts obtained by means of 0.15 M NaCl the content of free amino acids with vitamin A deficiency increases. No significant changes are found in the amino acid composition of skin proteins soluble in 0.15 M NaCl, with the exception for a 20% decrease in the content of cystine together with cystein.", "contents": "[Intensity renewal of skin and serum soluble proteins in rats with vitamin A deficiency]. Intensity of skin and blood serum soluble proteins renewal under conditions of vitamin A deficiency in animal organism was studied with application of the label incorporation into the electrophoretic fractions of proteins 1,3 and 24 h after administration of 14C-lysine. Metabolism of collagen proteins, amino acid composition of skin soluble proteins, content of free amino acids and nucleic acid in skin were also examined. With vitamin A deficiency the intensity of 14C-lysine incorporation into the globulin fractions of serum proteins is 2-4 times as high and into the corresponding fractions of skin proteins is 3-5 times as low as in the control. Metabolism of gamma-globulins and collagen proteins of skin under conditions of vitamin A deficiency is found to be slow. The content of DNA and RNA in skin of the avitaminous animals is reliably 17 and 23% lower, respectively. In the skin extracts obtained by means of 0.15 M NaCl the content of free amino acids with vitamin A deficiency increases. No significant changes are found in the amino acid composition of skin proteins soluble in 0.15 M NaCl, with the exception for a 20% decrease in the content of cystine together with cystein.", "PMID": 70098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3663", "title": "A simple economical way to make Diazochrome slides (\"blue slides\") using a regular roentgen ray view box.", "content": "A simplified method of making the so-called blue slide (Diazochrome slide) is described. Our method consists of five steps: (1) copying the original material with Kodalith film, (2) developing the Kodalith film, (3) exposing the Diazochrome film, in contact, emulsion to emulsion, with the Kodalith negative on the regular chest roentgen ray view box, (4) developing the Diazochrome film in the ammonia jar, and (5) mounting the finished film. A suggested exposure time for the Kodalith negative is one second at f/8 to f/11. A suggested exposure time for Diazochrome film is one hour, and development time for Diazochrome film is five minutes. One should, however, establish his own best exposure time of these films for his own setup. Our method is relatively simple, fast, economical, and convenient.", "contents": "A simple economical way to make Diazochrome slides (\"blue slides\") using a regular roentgen ray view box. A simplified method of making the so-called blue slide (Diazochrome slide) is described. Our method consists of five steps: (1) copying the original material with Kodalith film, (2) developing the Kodalith film, (3) exposing the Diazochrome film, in contact, emulsion to emulsion, with the Kodalith negative on the regular chest roentgen ray view box, (4) developing the Diazochrome film in the ammonia jar, and (5) mounting the finished film. A suggested exposure time for the Kodalith negative is one second at f/8 to f/11. A suggested exposure time for Diazochrome film is one hour, and development time for Diazochrome film is five minutes. One should, however, establish his own best exposure time of these films for his own setup. Our method is relatively simple, fast, economical, and convenient.", "PMID": 70103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3664", "title": "[Evolution of hepatocyte population in the process of chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "By means of two different markers of differentiation, using immunofluorescene method, the authors have characterized changes in the population of hepatic cells 1-8 weeks following the start of 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene or 2-acetyl-aminofluorene action. Alpha-fetoprotein served as a marker of embryonic hepatocyte differentiation; while ligandin-as a marker of high-differentiated mature hepatocytes. The toxic effect of the carcinogens on hepatic stem cells was accompanied with a decrease of ligandin content in centrilobular hepatocytes. Among newly proliferating elements \"oval\" cells, cells of bile tract epithelium and most of basophilic hepatocyte-like cells fail to contain either alpha-fetoprotein or ligandin. Small groups of basophilic hepatocyte-like cells would contein alpha-fetoprotein. In cells of high cylinder-shaped epithelium of intestinal type ligandin was found, but alpha-fetoprotein was not found. The latter was absent in oxyphilous hepatocytes of hyperplastic nodules. In terms of ligandin content three types of morphologically identical nodules were differentiated; a) ones not containing this protein, b) ones containing it in amounts common to normal mature hepatocyte, and c) hyperdifferentiated nodules containing abnormally high concentrations of ligandin. Within one nodule cell all cells were identical in ligandin content. Thus, it is shown that at early stages of chemical carcinogenesis there occure in the liver multiple foci of differentiation of various kind. These intensive processes are assumed to be essential for tumor evolution in the tissue.", "contents": "[Evolution of hepatocyte population in the process of chemical carcinogenesis]. By means of two different markers of differentiation, using immunofluorescene method, the authors have characterized changes in the population of hepatic cells 1-8 weeks following the start of 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene or 2-acetyl-aminofluorene action. Alpha-fetoprotein served as a marker of embryonic hepatocyte differentiation; while ligandin-as a marker of high-differentiated mature hepatocytes. The toxic effect of the carcinogens on hepatic stem cells was accompanied with a decrease of ligandin content in centrilobular hepatocytes. Among newly proliferating elements \"oval\" cells, cells of bile tract epithelium and most of basophilic hepatocyte-like cells fail to contain either alpha-fetoprotein or ligandin. Small groups of basophilic hepatocyte-like cells would contein alpha-fetoprotein. In cells of high cylinder-shaped epithelium of intestinal type ligandin was found, but alpha-fetoprotein was not found. The latter was absent in oxyphilous hepatocytes of hyperplastic nodules. In terms of ligandin content three types of morphologically identical nodules were differentiated; a) ones not containing this protein, b) ones containing it in amounts common to normal mature hepatocyte, and c) hyperdifferentiated nodules containing abnormally high concentrations of ligandin. Within one nodule cell all cells were identical in ligandin content. Thus, it is shown that at early stages of chemical carcinogenesis there occure in the liver multiple foci of differentiation of various kind. These intensive processes are assumed to be essential for tumor evolution in the tissue.", "PMID": 70112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3665", "title": "[Binding of glucocorticoids by a transcortin-like protein in the cytoplasmic fraction of rat myocardium].", "content": "Myocardial cytosol of adult adrenalectomized rats bound specifically 3H-corticosterone and 3H-hydrocortisone and did not bind the synthetic 9alpha-fluoroglucocorticoid (dexamethasone) in vitro at 0-4 degrees. The specific binding of dexamethasone was not also found in the cytosol of neonatal rats. Heating of myocardial cytosol of adrenalectomized rats within 10 min at 60 degrees led to the complete loss of the glucocorticoid-binding activity. Treatment of the cytosol within the same period but at the temperature lower than 55 degrees did not affect its binding capacity. 3H-corticosterone-cytoreceptor complex was precipitated by ammonium sulphate at 40-60% of saturation. The complex was eluted from a column of Sephadex G-150 by solutions with both low (0.015 M KCl) and high (0.4 M KCl) ionic strength as the alone peak. This fraction corresponded by molecular weight to the transcortin complex. The data obtained and the results of our previous investigations suggest that myocardial glucocorticoid-binding cytoplasmic protein is related to transcortin-like cytoreceptors.", "contents": "[Binding of glucocorticoids by a transcortin-like protein in the cytoplasmic fraction of rat myocardium]. Myocardial cytosol of adult adrenalectomized rats bound specifically 3H-corticosterone and 3H-hydrocortisone and did not bind the synthetic 9alpha-fluoroglucocorticoid (dexamethasone) in vitro at 0-4 degrees. The specific binding of dexamethasone was not also found in the cytosol of neonatal rats. Heating of myocardial cytosol of adrenalectomized rats within 10 min at 60 degrees led to the complete loss of the glucocorticoid-binding activity. Treatment of the cytosol within the same period but at the temperature lower than 55 degrees did not affect its binding capacity. 3H-corticosterone-cytoreceptor complex was precipitated by ammonium sulphate at 40-60% of saturation. The complex was eluted from a column of Sephadex G-150 by solutions with both low (0.015 M KCl) and high (0.4 M KCl) ionic strength as the alone peak. This fraction corresponded by molecular weight to the transcortin complex. The data obtained and the results of our previous investigations suggest that myocardial glucocorticoid-binding cytoplasmic protein is related to transcortin-like cytoreceptors.", "PMID": 70108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3666", "title": "[Physicochemical characteristics of a specific beta 1-globulin in the blood serum of pregnant women].", "content": "Some physico-chemical properties of beta1-globulin (BGG) (the protein specific for pregnancy) were estimated. BGG was shown to be glycoprotein, possessing the antigenic individuality. The heterogeneity of the protein studied was observed in salt fractionation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography and isoelectrofocusing; this demonstrates the existence of various BGG fractions.", "contents": "[Physicochemical characteristics of a specific beta 1-globulin in the blood serum of pregnant women]. Some physico-chemical properties of beta1-globulin (BGG) (the protein specific for pregnancy) were estimated. BGG was shown to be glycoprotein, possessing the antigenic individuality. The heterogeneity of the protein studied was observed in salt fractionation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography and isoelectrofocusing; this demonstrates the existence of various BGG fractions.", "PMID": 70109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3667", "title": "[Synthesis, physico-chemical and antigenic properties of the conjugated antigens of xanthine- and theophylline proteins].", "content": "Conjugated antigens of xanthine- and theophylline-protein were synthesized by the reaction of diazosalts of 8-aminoxanthine and 8-aminotheophylline with bovine serum albumin. UV-spectra of the synthesized preparations were studied and content of xanthine and theophylline, covalently bound with the substances, was estimated. Immunization of animals with the conjugates was found to cause the occurrence of antibodies in blood serum, which bound specifically various derivatives of purine.", "contents": "[Synthesis, physico-chemical and antigenic properties of the conjugated antigens of xanthine- and theophylline proteins]. Conjugated antigens of xanthine- and theophylline-protein were synthesized by the reaction of diazosalts of 8-aminoxanthine and 8-aminotheophylline with bovine serum albumin. UV-spectra of the synthesized preparations were studied and content of xanthine and theophylline, covalently bound with the substances, was estimated. Immunization of animals with the conjugates was found to cause the occurrence of antibodies in blood serum, which bound specifically various derivatives of purine.", "PMID": 70110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3668", "title": "[State of the kinin system and level of serum proteinase inhibitors in latent nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome of different etiology].", "content": "Main components of kinin system, the arginine-esterase activity and proteinase inhibitors were estimated in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome of various etiology (glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematous) and also in patients with latent nephritis and in healthy donors. Content of all the kinin system components (kallikreinogen, kininogen and kininase 1) proved to be increased in all the forms of nephropathy studied. Free kallikrein was found in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome as distinct from healthy persons and patients with latent nephritis. The arginine-esterase activity, which shows the level of trypsin-like proteinases, was altered dissimilarly, depending on the nephrotic syndrome etiology: it was maximally increased in nephrotic syndrome of amyloid genesis and decreased in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. High content of kallikrein and kininase I with simultaneous decrease in kininogen was typical for patients with severe form of nephrotic syndrome. Impairment of kidney in nephrotic syndrome was also characterized by an increase in alpha1-antitrypsin and in the total antitryptic activity, which reached the maximal value in nephrotic syndrome of the I degree and decreased at the II degree of the disease. In nephrotic syndrome content of alpha2-macroglobulin was maximally increased at the II degree of nephrotic syndrome and decreased in severe form of the disease. The primary alteration in content of proteinase inhibitors and high level of kinin system components were assumed to determine the conditions for activation of kinin system in blood serum and to impair the nephrotic syndrome pathogenesis, which was complicated by systemic manifestations. High content of kinin system components was apparently determined by the increased synthesis in liver tissue in response to inflammation and massive proteinuria; kininase I and alpha2-macrolgobulin, as proteins with high molecular weight, were likely to be selectively retained in blood circulation when the capillary penetration was increased.", "contents": "[State of the kinin system and level of serum proteinase inhibitors in latent nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome of different etiology]. Main components of kinin system, the arginine-esterase activity and proteinase inhibitors were estimated in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome of various etiology (glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematous) and also in patients with latent nephritis and in healthy donors. Content of all the kinin system components (kallikreinogen, kininogen and kininase 1) proved to be increased in all the forms of nephropathy studied. Free kallikrein was found in blood serum of patients with nephrotic syndrome as distinct from healthy persons and patients with latent nephritis. The arginine-esterase activity, which shows the level of trypsin-like proteinases, was altered dissimilarly, depending on the nephrotic syndrome etiology: it was maximally increased in nephrotic syndrome of amyloid genesis and decreased in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. High content of kallikrein and kininase I with simultaneous decrease in kininogen was typical for patients with severe form of nephrotic syndrome. Impairment of kidney in nephrotic syndrome was also characterized by an increase in alpha1-antitrypsin and in the total antitryptic activity, which reached the maximal value in nephrotic syndrome of the I degree and decreased at the II degree of the disease. In nephrotic syndrome content of alpha2-macroglobulin was maximally increased at the II degree of nephrotic syndrome and decreased in severe form of the disease. The primary alteration in content of proteinase inhibitors and high level of kinin system components were assumed to determine the conditions for activation of kinin system in blood serum and to impair the nephrotic syndrome pathogenesis, which was complicated by systemic manifestations. High content of kinin system components was apparently determined by the increased synthesis in liver tissue in response to inflammation and massive proteinuria; kininase I and alpha2-macrolgobulin, as proteins with high molecular weight, were likely to be selectively retained in blood circulation when the capillary penetration was increased.", "PMID": 70111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3669", "title": "[Mechanism of effect and clinical use of antiandrogens].", "content": "It is reported on the possibilities of the application of anti-androgenics, especially of cyproterone acetate. The indication extends to hirsutism, sexual deviations, growth disturbances in pubertas praecox as well as diseases of the prostate. Particularly strong standard are to be applied in the treatment of fertile women, as there exists the danger of an intrauterine feminisation of male foetuses, when a pregnancy was not absolutely excluded. Side-effects and results of animal experiments are mentioned. The therapeutic mechanism of the anti-androgenics can be explained with the help of a concurrency mechanism at the androgen receptor or acceptor.", "contents": "[Mechanism of effect and clinical use of antiandrogens]. It is reported on the possibilities of the application of anti-androgenics, especially of cyproterone acetate. The indication extends to hirsutism, sexual deviations, growth disturbances in pubertas praecox as well as diseases of the prostate. Particularly strong standard are to be applied in the treatment of fertile women, as there exists the danger of an intrauterine feminisation of male foetuses, when a pregnancy was not absolutely excluded. Side-effects and results of animal experiments are mentioned. The therapeutic mechanism of the anti-androgenics can be explained with the help of a concurrency mechanism at the androgen receptor or acceptor.", "PMID": 70117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3670", "title": "A fluorescence phase contrast study of the interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and lysosomes in living cells.", "content": "Lysosomes of peritoneal macrophages, selectively pinpointed by aminoacridine-induced fluorescence, do not fuse with vacuoles containing viable Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.", "contents": "A fluorescence phase contrast study of the interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and lysosomes in living cells. Lysosomes of peritoneal macrophages, selectively pinpointed by aminoacridine-induced fluorescence, do not fuse with vacuoles containing viable Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.", "PMID": 70118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3671", "title": "[The influence of loss of blood and alcohol intoxication on early vital wound reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of loss of blood and alcohol intoxication on wound reactions in the first 12 hours after incisions into the skin of the back of guinea pigs was examined. As the most important result we found differences in the cellular and zymohistochemical reactions: while begin and progression of the dermal leucocytosis were not influenced, the parallel running activation of different structure bound enzymes was significantly delayed and decreased. Considering the first result and the haematogenous origin of the leucocytes there is reason to believe that in the hierarchy of the biological control circuit-at least in guinea pigs-the local reflex hyperaemia of the wound area certainly is primary to the dermal vasoconstriction during collapse. The animals with haemorrhagic shock showed a retardation in the liberation of histamine and serotonin. This decrease of the local mediators of the stromae dissociation is considered the reason of the impaired initial enzyme activities in the mesenchymal tissue.", "contents": "[The influence of loss of blood and alcohol intoxication on early vital wound reactions (author's transl)]. The influence of loss of blood and alcohol intoxication on wound reactions in the first 12 hours after incisions into the skin of the back of guinea pigs was examined. As the most important result we found differences in the cellular and zymohistochemical reactions: while begin and progression of the dermal leucocytosis were not influenced, the parallel running activation of different structure bound enzymes was significantly delayed and decreased. Considering the first result and the haematogenous origin of the leucocytes there is reason to believe that in the hierarchy of the biological control circuit-at least in guinea pigs-the local reflex hyperaemia of the wound area certainly is primary to the dermal vasoconstriction during collapse. The animals with haemorrhagic shock showed a retardation in the liberation of histamine and serotonin. This decrease of the local mediators of the stromae dissociation is considered the reason of the impaired initial enzyme activities in the mesenchymal tissue.", "PMID": 70128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3672", "title": "[Distribution of blood in the kidney by death from exsanguination (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of blood in the human kidney in acute and protracted exsanguination has been examined by staining sections (30-50micro) with benzidine. After bleeding to death within a few minutes arteries, aterioles, glomeruli, and the capillary network in the renal cortex are empty. In protracted bleeding to death glomeruli are filled with blood, the vessels of renal cortex are empty except for some little arteries and some vasa afferentia. It may be possible to utilige the intrarenal blood distribution to reach an opinion as to the duration of the fatal hemorrhage and even to distinguish single or multiple episodes of hemorrhaging during the course of fatal exsanguination.", "contents": "[Distribution of blood in the kidney by death from exsanguination (author's transl)]. The distribution of blood in the human kidney in acute and protracted exsanguination has been examined by staining sections (30-50micro) with benzidine. After bleeding to death within a few minutes arteries, aterioles, glomeruli, and the capillary network in the renal cortex are empty. In protracted bleeding to death glomeruli are filled with blood, the vessels of renal cortex are empty except for some little arteries and some vasa afferentia. It may be possible to utilige the intrarenal blood distribution to reach an opinion as to the duration of the fatal hemorrhage and even to distinguish single or multiple episodes of hemorrhaging during the course of fatal exsanguination.", "PMID": 70129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3673", "title": "Investigation on the carcinogen burden by air pollution in man. XV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas--an inventory.", "content": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH) emitted by two different vehicles were separated by gas chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry after enrichment from exhaust gas condensate. Gasoline was investigated also using this technique. The quantities of PAH with boiling points higher than 338 degrees C contained in the exhaust gas were compared to those present in the fuel. About 150 different PAH have been characterized by mass spectrometry, 75 of these were identified by means of comparison with authentic samples. Six compounds of the PAH-group consisting of 4-7 rings, which are suspected of possessing carcinogenic activity, are described here for the first time. Structures of these hitherto unidentified PAH are proposed by means of MS and UV spectral informations (11H-cyclopenta(qrs)benzo(e)-pyrene, 10H-cyclopenta(mno)benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)cyclopenta(pqr)perylene, cyclopentenopyrene). According to the different PAH-profiles of the fuel and of the exhaust gas, it is concluded that the main part of the PAH emitted is produced de novo during the combustion in the engine and furthermore that the PAH contained in the fuel are combusted for the most part.", "contents": "Investigation on the carcinogen burden by air pollution in man. XV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas--an inventory. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH) emitted by two different vehicles were separated by gas chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry after enrichment from exhaust gas condensate. Gasoline was investigated also using this technique. The quantities of PAH with boiling points higher than 338 degrees C contained in the exhaust gas were compared to those present in the fuel. About 150 different PAH have been characterized by mass spectrometry, 75 of these were identified by means of comparison with authentic samples. Six compounds of the PAH-group consisting of 4-7 rings, which are suspected of possessing carcinogenic activity, are described here for the first time. Structures of these hitherto unidentified PAH are proposed by means of MS and UV spectral informations (11H-cyclopenta(qrs)benzo(e)-pyrene, 10H-cyclopenta(mno)benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)cyclopenta(pqr)perylene, cyclopentenopyrene). According to the different PAH-profiles of the fuel and of the exhaust gas, it is concluded that the main part of the PAH emitted is produced de novo during the combustion in the engine and furthermore that the PAH contained in the fuel are combusted for the most part.", "PMID": 70130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3674", "title": "Effect of fuel composition on the emission of phenols in the exhaust gas from a European car.", "content": "The emission of phenols from a European car working with leaded and unleaded fuels with different percentage of aromatics has been considered. Fuels having the same aromatic content, but with a different composition of aromatic fraction, have also been taken into account. The results obtained showed that the emission of phenols increases with the increase of the aromatic content of fuel and also when unleaded instead of leaded fuels are used. The type of aromatic present in fuels was found to be important in forming the amount of both total and individual phenols emitted in the exhaust gas and in determining the number of phenolic compounds formed during combustion, although the phenol and isomer cresols were produced by combustion of all the fuels tested. The quantitative determination of individual phenols has been carried out on the benzene extract of the aqueous condensate and of the particulate matter of exhaust gas by the NaOH-extraction-GC-chromatographic method.", "contents": "Effect of fuel composition on the emission of phenols in the exhaust gas from a European car. The emission of phenols from a European car working with leaded and unleaded fuels with different percentage of aromatics has been considered. Fuels having the same aromatic content, but with a different composition of aromatic fraction, have also been taken into account. The results obtained showed that the emission of phenols increases with the increase of the aromatic content of fuel and also when unleaded instead of leaded fuels are used. The type of aromatic present in fuels was found to be important in forming the amount of both total and individual phenols emitted in the exhaust gas and in determining the number of phenolic compounds formed during combustion, although the phenol and isomer cresols were produced by combustion of all the fuels tested. The quantitative determination of individual phenols has been carried out on the benzene extract of the aqueous condensate and of the particulate matter of exhaust gas by the NaOH-extraction-GC-chromatographic method.", "PMID": 70131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3675", "title": "A new post-staining fixation technique for Acridine Orange.", "content": "A technique for Acridine Orange staining of cells for automated flow analysis involving post-staining fixation with Millonig's glutaraldehyde buffer is presented. Preliminary data indicate that with this protocol there is decreased background fluorescence and increased signal to noise ration in flow. In addition, stained cells may be stored for several months without alteration in cellular morphology or fluorescence characteristics. Finally, nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence do not appear to vary significantly with respect to cell concentration or distribution on a slide or filter when cells are stained according to the glutaraldehyde protocol.", "contents": "A new post-staining fixation technique for Acridine Orange. A technique for Acridine Orange staining of cells for automated flow analysis involving post-staining fixation with Millonig's glutaraldehyde buffer is presented. Preliminary data indicate that with this protocol there is decreased background fluorescence and increased signal to noise ration in flow. In addition, stained cells may be stored for several months without alteration in cellular morphology or fluorescence characteristics. Finally, nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence do not appear to vary significantly with respect to cell concentration or distribution on a slide or filter when cells are stained according to the glutaraldehyde protocol.", "PMID": 70142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3676", "title": "B and T cell markers of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphoid cells in patients with paraproteinaemia.", "content": "Studies have been carried out on B and T cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood from patients with paraproteinaemia. The peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma showed a significant increase of B cells, mainly lymphoid cells bearing immunoglobulins corresponding to the paraproteins, while in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy only a slight increase of B cells and a moderate decrease of T cells have been found. As to the bone marrow, the B cell population was significantly raised in patients with multiple myeloma, but it remained unchanged in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. Our findings may offer a new possibility to distinguish between these two diseases and provide further data to their pathogenesis.", "contents": "B and T cell markers of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphoid cells in patients with paraproteinaemia. Studies have been carried out on B and T cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood from patients with paraproteinaemia. The peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma showed a significant increase of B cells, mainly lymphoid cells bearing immunoglobulins corresponding to the paraproteins, while in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy only a slight increase of B cells and a moderate decrease of T cells have been found. As to the bone marrow, the B cell population was significantly raised in patients with multiple myeloma, but it remained unchanged in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. Our findings may offer a new possibility to distinguish between these two diseases and provide further data to their pathogenesis.", "PMID": 70148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3677", "title": "Treatment of chronic active hepatitis with either prednisolone or corticotrophin: a controlled trial.", "content": "A total of 54 patients hospitalized for chronic active hepatitis were randomly treated, 29 with prednisolone (maintenance dose 15 mg/day) and 25 with depot synthetic corticotrophin (maintenance dose 1 mg/week, i.m.) and were followed up for 6 to 24 months or longer. In this series, young males predominated, the incidence of serum HBsAg positivity approached 80% in both treatment and no patient had initial evidence of cirrhosis or had autoimmune associated diseases. With either drug SGOT levels showed a decrease during the initial 12 months of therapy (p less than 0.05); initial jaundice, when present, had disappeared by the 3rd month of treatment. With both treatments globulins and gamma-globulins decreased significantly after 12 to 24 months of therapy. Serum HBsAg persisted in all but two cases. Serum liver biopsies showed the following evolutions of histological activity: 12 cases (22%) improved to the \"inactive phase\" (8 with prednisolone and 4 with corticotrophin); 19 (35%) improved to a lesser extent (8 with prednisolone and 11 with corticotrophin); 17 (32%) remained unchanged (11 with prednisolone and 6 with corticotrophin); 6 (11%) worsened (2 with prednisolone and 4 with corticotrophin). Morphological features of cirrhosis appearently developed in 15 patients (8 treated with prednisolone and 7 with corticotrophin) of whom 7 achieved improvement of histological aggressiveness concurrently. Differences between treatments were not significant. Side effects suggesting drug discontinuation occurred only in 6 cases.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic active hepatitis with either prednisolone or corticotrophin: a controlled trial. A total of 54 patients hospitalized for chronic active hepatitis were randomly treated, 29 with prednisolone (maintenance dose 15 mg/day) and 25 with depot synthetic corticotrophin (maintenance dose 1 mg/week, i.m.) and were followed up for 6 to 24 months or longer. In this series, young males predominated, the incidence of serum HBsAg positivity approached 80% in both treatment and no patient had initial evidence of cirrhosis or had autoimmune associated diseases. With either drug SGOT levels showed a decrease during the initial 12 months of therapy (p less than 0.05); initial jaundice, when present, had disappeared by the 3rd month of treatment. With both treatments globulins and gamma-globulins decreased significantly after 12 to 24 months of therapy. Serum HBsAg persisted in all but two cases. Serum liver biopsies showed the following evolutions of histological activity: 12 cases (22%) improved to the \"inactive phase\" (8 with prednisolone and 4 with corticotrophin); 19 (35%) improved to a lesser extent (8 with prednisolone and 11 with corticotrophin); 17 (32%) remained unchanged (11 with prednisolone and 6 with corticotrophin); 6 (11%) worsened (2 with prednisolone and 4 with corticotrophin). Morphological features of cirrhosis appearently developed in 15 patients (8 treated with prednisolone and 7 with corticotrophin) of whom 7 achieved improvement of histological aggressiveness concurrently. Differences between treatments were not significant. Side effects suggesting drug discontinuation occurred only in 6 cases.", "PMID": 70149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3678", "title": "[Alpha fetoproteins in serum of a patients with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Presence of alfa-fetoprotein was found in serum of patient in whom primary hepatoma was suspected. The post-mortem microscopical examination did not confirm the clinical diagnosis ut showed changes typical for Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoproteins in serum of a patients with Hodgkin's disease]. Presence of alfa-fetoprotein was found in serum of patient in whom primary hepatoma was suspected. The post-mortem microscopical examination did not confirm the clinical diagnosis ut showed changes typical for Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 70150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3679", "title": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. V. A light microscopical and histochemical study of S1 dorsal rootlets in developing kittens.", "content": "The postnatal development of the transitional region (TR) i.e. the proximal free part of a spinal rootlet that contains both PNS and CNS tissue, was studied light-microscopically in semi-thin sections and after histochemical staining according to the Marchi and OTAN methods for the demonstration of degenerating myelin and according to the Gomori method for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity. In the newborn kitten the PNS tissue extended well up to the spinal cord surface and the rootlets lacked a transitional region. The CNS tissue entered the root during the second postnatal week, and a trasitional region was fully established at the beginning of the second month. The degree of myelination in the group of large fibres differed on the two sides of the PNS-CNS borderline: well myelinated PNS fibres were transformed into poorly myelinated or apparently unmyelinated CNS-fibres. PNS and CNS myelin sheaths of large fibres appeared to be of equal thickness in the 4 week old kitten. During the first postnatal month large amounts of Marchi positive material and a high acid phosphatase activity occurred in complex paranodes and very short internodes in the PNS compartment just distally to the PNS-CNS borderline. In the adult cat Marchi positive bodies were numerous in the CNS compartment just proximally to the PNS-CNS borderline. The results are discussed against previous studies on focal demyelination as found during the normal development of the feline peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. V. A light microscopical and histochemical study of S1 dorsal rootlets in developing kittens. The postnatal development of the transitional region (TR) i.e. the proximal free part of a spinal rootlet that contains both PNS and CNS tissue, was studied light-microscopically in semi-thin sections and after histochemical staining according to the Marchi and OTAN methods for the demonstration of degenerating myelin and according to the Gomori method for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity. In the newborn kitten the PNS tissue extended well up to the spinal cord surface and the rootlets lacked a transitional region. The CNS tissue entered the root during the second postnatal week, and a trasitional region was fully established at the beginning of the second month. The degree of myelination in the group of large fibres differed on the two sides of the PNS-CNS borderline: well myelinated PNS fibres were transformed into poorly myelinated or apparently unmyelinated CNS-fibres. PNS and CNS myelin sheaths of large fibres appeared to be of equal thickness in the 4 week old kitten. During the first postnatal month large amounts of Marchi positive material and a high acid phosphatase activity occurred in complex paranodes and very short internodes in the PNS compartment just distally to the PNS-CNS borderline. In the adult cat Marchi positive bodies were numerous in the CNS compartment just proximally to the PNS-CNS borderline. The results are discussed against previous studies on focal demyelination as found during the normal development of the feline peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 70155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3680", "title": "Histopathologic findings in surgical specimens of endolymphatic sac in Meniere's disease.", "content": "Two types of abnormality in the endolymphatic sac acquired at shunt surgery are presented. One was deep brown pigmentation in the subepithelial connective tissue. The pigment did not react to Prussian blue, thus ruling out hemosiderin. The other, in seven out of eight specimens, was the perisaccular fibrosis. The fibrotic foci in four cases were assumed, from the findings under ordinary illumination and polarized light microscopy, to be reorganized scar tissue.", "contents": "Histopathologic findings in surgical specimens of endolymphatic sac in Meniere's disease. Two types of abnormality in the endolymphatic sac acquired at shunt surgery are presented. One was deep brown pigmentation in the subepithelial connective tissue. The pigment did not react to Prussian blue, thus ruling out hemosiderin. The other, in seven out of eight specimens, was the perisaccular fibrosis. The fibrotic foci in four cases were assumed, from the findings under ordinary illumination and polarized light microscopy, to be reorganized scar tissue.", "PMID": 70154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3681", "title": "Klinefelter syndrome in the aged.", "content": "Three cases of Klinefelter syndrome diagnosed late in life are reported with the clinical and post-mortem findings. The diagnosis was suspected owing to the absence of testes and the presence of associated varied clinical features. The urinary follicle-stimulating hormone levels were not elevated and were very low in two of the cases. Bronchopneumonia, ascending pyelonephritis and cystitis were the main causes of death but there were varied pathological findings in the prostate of benign hyperplasia, carcinoma and prepubertal gland. Marked atherosclerosis of the aorta and the lower-limb vessels were present but the coronary systems were little affected. It is suggested that, because of the presence of two X chromosomes and the absence of testes, this condition may give a female pattern of longevity, many examples being overlooked in old age on account of inadequate clinical examination. Some support for this hypothesis will be found if its incidence in the aged is shown to be greater than in the young.", "contents": "Klinefelter syndrome in the aged. Three cases of Klinefelter syndrome diagnosed late in life are reported with the clinical and post-mortem findings. The diagnosis was suspected owing to the absence of testes and the presence of associated varied clinical features. The urinary follicle-stimulating hormone levels were not elevated and were very low in two of the cases. Bronchopneumonia, ascending pyelonephritis and cystitis were the main causes of death but there were varied pathological findings in the prostate of benign hyperplasia, carcinoma and prepubertal gland. Marked atherosclerosis of the aorta and the lower-limb vessels were present but the coronary systems were little affected. It is suggested that, because of the presence of two X chromosomes and the absence of testes, this condition may give a female pattern of longevity, many examples being overlooked in old age on account of inadequate clinical examination. Some support for this hypothesis will be found if its incidence in the aged is shown to be greater than in the young.", "PMID": 70164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3682", "title": "His bundle electrocardiography in manifest and concealed right bundle branch extrasystoles.", "content": "His bundle electrocardiography was helpful in the diagnosis of impulse formation in the right bundle branch. Ten patients with narrow QRS complexes had ectopic beats with an \"incomplete\" left bundle branch pattern and almost simultaneous activation of His bundle and ventricles. Both QRS morphology and H- - V intervals depended on the more proximal or distal location of the ectopic focus. In four patients with \"complete\" right bundle branch block the morphology of ectopic ventricular complexes and H- - V intervals also depeneded on the presence or absence of retrograde block and differential degrees of forward and/or retrograde conduction delays. Nine patients with \"complete\" right bundle branch block and four with \"complete\" left bundle branch block had premature beats which could have originated in the proximal right bundle branch, proximal left bundle branch, or distal His bundle. In one patient with \"complete\" left bundle branch block, \"concealed\" His bundle depolarizations (probably originating in an ectopic focus located in the right bundle branch) produced pseudo Type II (Mobitz) A-V block. Although lidocaine appeared to have been more effective in patients with bundle branch block than in those with narrow QRS complexes, further studies are necessary to corroborate this impression.", "contents": "His bundle electrocardiography in manifest and concealed right bundle branch extrasystoles. His bundle electrocardiography was helpful in the diagnosis of impulse formation in the right bundle branch. Ten patients with narrow QRS complexes had ectopic beats with an \"incomplete\" left bundle branch pattern and almost simultaneous activation of His bundle and ventricles. Both QRS morphology and H- - V intervals depended on the more proximal or distal location of the ectopic focus. In four patients with \"complete\" right bundle branch block the morphology of ectopic ventricular complexes and H- - V intervals also depeneded on the presence or absence of retrograde block and differential degrees of forward and/or retrograde conduction delays. Nine patients with \"complete\" right bundle branch block and four with \"complete\" left bundle branch block had premature beats which could have originated in the proximal right bundle branch, proximal left bundle branch, or distal His bundle. In one patient with \"complete\" left bundle branch block, \"concealed\" His bundle depolarizations (probably originating in an ectopic focus located in the right bundle branch) produced pseudo Type II (Mobitz) A-V block. Although lidocaine appeared to have been more effective in patients with bundle branch block than in those with narrow QRS complexes, further studies are necessary to corroborate this impression.", "PMID": 70165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3683", "title": "Percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration of the lung. Diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.", "content": "Percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration was performed on 228 occasions to obtain lung specimens from 202 patients with suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. In 121 patients the diagnosis was established by identifying P carinii organisms in lung aspirates. Six patients whose aspirates did not contain P carinii were found to have the organism at autopsy. Findings from toluidine blue O and Gomori methenamine silver nitrate stains were equally satisfactory for detecting P carinii, but the percentage of specific diagnosis was higher when specimens were stained with both. Pneumothorax that required a thoracotomy tube occurred in 39 patients. Other infectious agents, either bacteria or fungi, were found in only four patients. Percutaneous pulmonary needle aspiration--when performed under fluoroscopic guidance--is a rapid and effective method for the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonitis.", "contents": "Percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration of the lung. Diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration was performed on 228 occasions to obtain lung specimens from 202 patients with suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. In 121 patients the diagnosis was established by identifying P carinii organisms in lung aspirates. Six patients whose aspirates did not contain P carinii were found to have the organism at autopsy. Findings from toluidine blue O and Gomori methenamine silver nitrate stains were equally satisfactory for detecting P carinii, but the percentage of specific diagnosis was higher when specimens were stained with both. Pneumothorax that required a thoracotomy tube occurred in 39 patients. Other infectious agents, either bacteria or fungi, were found in only four patients. Percutaneous pulmonary needle aspiration--when performed under fluoroscopic guidance--is a rapid and effective method for the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonitis.", "PMID": 70167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3684", "title": "Cytochemical \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" eosinophils in acute leukemias.", "content": "Eosinophilic leukocytes may accompany a great variety of disorders and different types of acute leukemias. The most striking morphologic feature of eosinophils is their specific granules, but morphology alone often is insufficient to differentiate normal from abnormal eosinophils. Cytochemically, the eosinophils were considered \"normal\" when they did not contain alkaline phosphatase, chloroacetate esterase, toluidine blue metachromasia, Astra blue positivity, and specific PAS-positive granules, but did have peroxidase and cyanide-resistant peroxidase activities, Sudan black positivity and moderate naphthol-AS esterase or alpha-naphthyl esterase and acid phosphatase positivities. In seven cases of acute leukemias (two acute myeloblastic and five myelomonocytic), in contrast with their normal behaviour, the eosinophils show \"abnormal\" cytochemical positivities consisting of chloroesterase activity, PAS and Astra blue positivities of the specific granules, toluidine blue metachromasia, and cyanide-resistant peroxidase of a few specific granules. Cytochemical investigations may provide additional criteria for evaluating the abnormality of the eosinophilic cell in leukemias.", "contents": "Cytochemical \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" eosinophils in acute leukemias. Eosinophilic leukocytes may accompany a great variety of disorders and different types of acute leukemias. The most striking morphologic feature of eosinophils is their specific granules, but morphology alone often is insufficient to differentiate normal from abnormal eosinophils. Cytochemically, the eosinophils were considered \"normal\" when they did not contain alkaline phosphatase, chloroacetate esterase, toluidine blue metachromasia, Astra blue positivity, and specific PAS-positive granules, but did have peroxidase and cyanide-resistant peroxidase activities, Sudan black positivity and moderate naphthol-AS esterase or alpha-naphthyl esterase and acid phosphatase positivities. In seven cases of acute leukemias (two acute myeloblastic and five myelomonocytic), in contrast with their normal behaviour, the eosinophils show \"abnormal\" cytochemical positivities consisting of chloroesterase activity, PAS and Astra blue positivities of the specific granules, toluidine blue metachromasia, and cyanide-resistant peroxidase of a few specific granules. Cytochemical investigations may provide additional criteria for evaluating the abnormality of the eosinophilic cell in leukemias.", "PMID": 70168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3685", "title": "Prognostic factors for advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma following treatment with combination chemotherapy.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy can dramatically improve the survival of those patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who enter complete remission. The age, sex, stage, constitutional symptoms, sites of disease and tumor mass of 56 consecutive patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were analyzed as prognostic factors. Twenty-four patients received cytoxan, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (C-MOPP) and 32 patients received bleomycin, adriamycin, cytoxan, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). In 26 of 56 (46 per cent) a complete remission was achieved, in 21 of 56 (38 per cent) a partial remission and in nine of 56 (16 per cent) no response. Median survival with a complete remission was not reached at three years with 82 per cent still alive, but was significantly greater than with a partial remission (7.6 months median) or no response (3.2 months median). Survival of those with a partial remission and no response did not differ statistically. Stage IV disease, bone marrow involvement, gastrointestinal involvement and a tumor mass greater than 10 cm in diameter in a single location were all poor prognostic factors. No other analyzed factor significantly affected survival in this study. Complete response rates and survival curves for patients treated with C-MOPP were similar to those treated with BACOP.", "contents": "Prognostic factors for advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma following treatment with combination chemotherapy. Combination chemotherapy can dramatically improve the survival of those patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who enter complete remission. The age, sex, stage, constitutional symptoms, sites of disease and tumor mass of 56 consecutive patients with advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were analyzed as prognostic factors. Twenty-four patients received cytoxan, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone (C-MOPP) and 32 patients received bleomycin, adriamycin, cytoxan, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). In 26 of 56 (46 per cent) a complete remission was achieved, in 21 of 56 (38 per cent) a partial remission and in nine of 56 (16 per cent) no response. Median survival with a complete remission was not reached at three years with 82 per cent still alive, but was significantly greater than with a partial remission (7.6 months median) or no response (3.2 months median). Survival of those with a partial remission and no response did not differ statistically. Stage IV disease, bone marrow involvement, gastrointestinal involvement and a tumor mass greater than 10 cm in diameter in a single location were all poor prognostic factors. No other analyzed factor significantly affected survival in this study. Complete response rates and survival curves for patients treated with C-MOPP were similar to those treated with BACOP.", "PMID": 70170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3686", "title": "Designing instructional media for severely retarded adolescents: a theoretical approach to trait-treatment interaction research.", "content": "Moderately and severely retarded adolescents (N=70) individually viewed a cartoon, a live action film, and a pixilation film in color or black and white. A distractor method was used to measure frequency and duration of eye movement to visual stimuli. Content of visual stimuli was controlled, presentation of a distractor randomized, and all eye movement monitored to the nearest second. Black and white visual presentations had greater attentional value than color presentations and use of real human beings appeared to be more salient as an attention-holding technique than was use of animated characters. Implications of the results for use with severely retarded adolescents were discussed.", "contents": "Designing instructional media for severely retarded adolescents: a theoretical approach to trait-treatment interaction research. Moderately and severely retarded adolescents (N=70) individually viewed a cartoon, a live action film, and a pixilation film in color or black and white. A distractor method was used to measure frequency and duration of eye movement to visual stimuli. Content of visual stimuli was controlled, presentation of a distractor randomized, and all eye movement monitored to the nearest second. Black and white visual presentations had greater attentional value than color presentations and use of real human beings appeared to be more salient as an attention-holding technique than was use of animated characters. Implications of the results for use with severely retarded adolescents were discussed.", "PMID": 70171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3687", "title": "Isolation from human serum of an inactivator of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "By a series of chromatographic procedures involving precipitation by salt, gel filtration, anionic exchange, and hydroxyapatite elution, a protein--termed the lipopolysaccharide inactivator (LPS-I)--has been isolated from normal human serum. As a result of treatment of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by LPS-I, the treated LPS loses its toxicity for mice and reactivity in the Limulus assay and appears to be irreversibly disaggregated. The inactivation of the LPS by the purified LPS-I is temperature and time dependent and is not blocked by the addition of irreversible inhibitors of serine esterases. The LPS inactivator migrates as an alpha-globulin in whole serum and has a sedimentation velocity of approximately 4.5S. Characteristics of the inactivated LPS are briefly described using internally labeled LPS.", "contents": "Isolation from human serum of an inactivator of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. By a series of chromatographic procedures involving precipitation by salt, gel filtration, anionic exchange, and hydroxyapatite elution, a protein--termed the lipopolysaccharide inactivator (LPS-I)--has been isolated from normal human serum. As a result of treatment of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by LPS-I, the treated LPS loses its toxicity for mice and reactivity in the Limulus assay and appears to be irreversibly disaggregated. The inactivation of the LPS by the purified LPS-I is temperature and time dependent and is not blocked by the addition of irreversible inhibitors of serine esterases. The LPS inactivator migrates as an alpha-globulin in whole serum and has a sedimentation velocity of approximately 4.5S. Characteristics of the inactivated LPS are briefly described using internally labeled LPS.", "PMID": 70173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3688", "title": "The mast cell and eosinophil in nasal secretion.", "content": "With an improvement of Hansel staining it became possible to identify mast cells, eosinophils and other cells in nasal smears. By this improved method 87% of children and 95% of adult patients who visited our allergy clinic proved to have mast cells in their nasal smears.", "contents": "The mast cell and eosinophil in nasal secretion. With an improvement of Hansel staining it became possible to identify mast cells, eosinophils and other cells in nasal smears. By this improved method 87% of children and 95% of adult patients who visited our allergy clinic proved to have mast cells in their nasal smears.", "PMID": 70180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3689", "title": "Acid phosphatases of the rat epididymis. II. Biochemical characteristics, subcellular distribution and histochemical localization.", "content": "After separation of three epididymal acid phosphatases their biochemical properties were differently studied. With appropriate substrate and inhibitor selection the distribution of the enzymes in different segments as well as the subcellular fractions of the rat epididymis was also demonstrated. The same biochemical differences were also utilized in the histochemical localization of the enzymes. It was found that Enzyme I had a pH-optimum at 5.0, a molecular weight of 97 000 and Km-constant of 0.901 mM. It was highly sensitive to tartrate and fluoride and it was localized in lysosomes as well as in the epididymal spermatozoa. Enzyme II had an optimum at pH 5.7, a molecular weight of 67 000 and Km-constant of 0.806 mM. It was also inhibited by fluoride but more resistant to tartrate. Its subcellular site was also particulate, but it was also found in the epididymal fluid. Enzyme III had an optimum at pH 5.2, a molecular weight of 135 000 and Km-constant of 0.685 m. It was resistant to low concentrations of fluoride and tartrate but sensitive to heavy metal ions. The enzyme was soluble and it behaved incoherently in thermal inactivation. All enzymes revealed the highest activity in the thin middle segments of the epididymis. Histochemical naphthol substrates gave a diffuse reaction in the epididymal epithelial cells. With the lead salt methods glycerophosphates and p-nitrophenylphosphate gave somewhat different results depending on their specificity as substrates for the epididymal enzymes. Both substrates gave a strong reaction supranuclearly in the Golgi area of the chief cells. This activity was inhibited by tartrate and was most probably due to Enzyme I. The epididymal corpus and cauda showed additionally a very strong apical activity in the chief cells with p-nitrophenylphosphate. This activity was resitant to tartrate but sensitive to fluoride. It was concluded that this enzyme represents Enzyme II activity. Similar activity was also found in the dissolving \"holocrine\" cells of the corpus and the cauda. The activity of the soluble Enzyme III could not be revealed with the present methods and the spermatozoa in the tubular lumina remained unstained.", "contents": "Acid phosphatases of the rat epididymis. II. Biochemical characteristics, subcellular distribution and histochemical localization. After separation of three epididymal acid phosphatases their biochemical properties were differently studied. With appropriate substrate and inhibitor selection the distribution of the enzymes in different segments as well as the subcellular fractions of the rat epididymis was also demonstrated. The same biochemical differences were also utilized in the histochemical localization of the enzymes. It was found that Enzyme I had a pH-optimum at 5.0, a molecular weight of 97 000 and Km-constant of 0.901 mM. It was highly sensitive to tartrate and fluoride and it was localized in lysosomes as well as in the epididymal spermatozoa. Enzyme II had an optimum at pH 5.7, a molecular weight of 67 000 and Km-constant of 0.806 mM. It was also inhibited by fluoride but more resistant to tartrate. Its subcellular site was also particulate, but it was also found in the epididymal fluid. Enzyme III had an optimum at pH 5.2, a molecular weight of 135 000 and Km-constant of 0.685 m. It was resistant to low concentrations of fluoride and tartrate but sensitive to heavy metal ions. The enzyme was soluble and it behaved incoherently in thermal inactivation. All enzymes revealed the highest activity in the thin middle segments of the epididymis. Histochemical naphthol substrates gave a diffuse reaction in the epididymal epithelial cells. With the lead salt methods glycerophosphates and p-nitrophenylphosphate gave somewhat different results depending on their specificity as substrates for the epididymal enzymes. Both substrates gave a strong reaction supranuclearly in the Golgi area of the chief cells. This activity was inhibited by tartrate and was most probably due to Enzyme I. The epididymal corpus and cauda showed additionally a very strong apical activity in the chief cells with p-nitrophenylphosphate. This activity was resitant to tartrate but sensitive to fluoride. It was concluded that this enzyme represents Enzyme II activity. Similar activity was also found in the dissolving \"holocrine\" cells of the corpus and the cauda. The activity of the soluble Enzyme III could not be revealed with the present methods and the spermatozoa in the tubular lumina remained unstained.", "PMID": 70177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3690", "title": "Analysis of serum proteins, using agarose electrophoresis in normal dogs and in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "The electrophoretic pattern of 130 serum samples from clinically normal dogs was evaluated, using agarose as the supporting matrix. The relative mobility of each globulin fraction in relationship to the mobility of albumin was determined in 70 dogs, and nomenclature based on the mobilities (Rf values) was proposed. Biuret protein determinations were done, and relative and absolute values of each serum protein fraction were determined. Changes in the fractions of serum proteins were evaluated in regard to sex and age of the dogs and the presence of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis, as determined by modified Knott tests.", "contents": "Analysis of serum proteins, using agarose electrophoresis in normal dogs and in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The electrophoretic pattern of 130 serum samples from clinically normal dogs was evaluated, using agarose as the supporting matrix. The relative mobility of each globulin fraction in relationship to the mobility of albumin was determined in 70 dogs, and nomenclature based on the mobilities (Rf values) was proposed. Biuret protein determinations were done, and relative and absolute values of each serum protein fraction were determined. Changes in the fractions of serum proteins were evaluated in regard to sex and age of the dogs and the presence of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis, as determined by modified Knott tests.", "PMID": 70182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3691", "title": "Analysis of serum proteins and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal horses, using agarose electrophoresis.", "content": "Using agarose as a supporting matrix, electrophoresis was conducted on 50 serum samples and 20 cerebrospinal fluid samples from clinically normal horses (n = 50) of various ages and breeds. The technique was shown to be reliable. A positive correlation between age and gamma-globulin concentration was found in young horses. Features of the electrophoretograms of serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples are discussed, and a nomenclature based on Rf values is proposed.", "contents": "Analysis of serum proteins and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal horses, using agarose electrophoresis. Using agarose as a supporting matrix, electrophoresis was conducted on 50 serum samples and 20 cerebrospinal fluid samples from clinically normal horses (n = 50) of various ages and breeds. The technique was shown to be reliable. A positive correlation between age and gamma-globulin concentration was found in young horses. Features of the electrophoretograms of serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples are discussed, and a nomenclature based on Rf values is proposed.", "PMID": 70183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3692", "title": "[Processes of spore formation and gramicidin C formation by Bacillus brevis var. G.B].", "content": "Correlation between gramidicin C biosynthesis and sporulation in the process of Bac. brevis var. G.B. cultivation under various aeration conditions was studied. It was shown that biosynthesis of gramicidin C was characteristic of the young cells and its level was the highest during the culture active growth. The time of the sporulating forms appearance depended on the aeration rate which defined the quantitative composition of the population during  the phase of the culture active growth and the stationary phase. Under the optimal aeration conditions the spore formation started during the phase of the culture active growth after some decrease in the maximum level of the cell productivity with respect to the antibiotic. When the aeration rate was increased the spore formation was shifted to later periods of the culture development, i.e. the stationary phase and the phase of the cell autolysis, the gap between the highest levels of gramicidin C buosynthesis and the beginning of sporulation being increased. Under certain aeration conditions the spore formation was not observed, while gramicidin C was synthesized. A conclusion has been made that there is no correlation between gramacidine C biosynthesis and sporualtion in Bacillus brevis var. G.B.", "contents": "[Processes of spore formation and gramicidin C formation by Bacillus brevis var. G.B]. Correlation between gramidicin C biosynthesis and sporulation in the process of Bac. brevis var. G.B. cultivation under various aeration conditions was studied. It was shown that biosynthesis of gramicidin C was characteristic of the young cells and its level was the highest during the culture active growth. The time of the sporulating forms appearance depended on the aeration rate which defined the quantitative composition of the population during  the phase of the culture active growth and the stationary phase. Under the optimal aeration conditions the spore formation started during the phase of the culture active growth after some decrease in the maximum level of the cell productivity with respect to the antibiotic. When the aeration rate was increased the spore formation was shifted to later periods of the culture development, i.e. the stationary phase and the phase of the cell autolysis, the gap between the highest levels of gramicidin C buosynthesis and the beginning of sporulation being increased. Under certain aeration conditions the spore formation was not observed, while gramicidin C was synthesized. A conclusion has been made that there is no correlation between gramacidine C biosynthesis and sporualtion in Bacillus brevis var. G.B.", "PMID": 70191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3693", "title": "[Source of valine for protein V biosynthesis in a producer of actinomycin C].", "content": "The specific activity of 14C-valine in valyl-tRNA formed during incubation of the actinomycin C-producing organism with 14C-valine was constant and lower than that of the whole cell pool. The constancy of the valyl-tRNA was indicative of the presence of a separate compartment for the valine pool used for protein biosynthesis. A lower specific activity of valine in valyl-tRNA as compared to that of the whole cell pool may be indicative of a low rate of valine metabolism in such separate compartment with exogenic 14-valine or a higher concentration of free valine in it as compared to the specific activity of this amino acid at average per cell.", "contents": "[Source of valine for protein V biosynthesis in a producer of actinomycin C]. The specific activity of 14C-valine in valyl-tRNA formed during incubation of the actinomycin C-producing organism with 14C-valine was constant and lower than that of the whole cell pool. The constancy of the valyl-tRNA was indicative of the presence of a separate compartment for the valine pool used for protein biosynthesis. A lower specific activity of valine in valyl-tRNA as compared to that of the whole cell pool may be indicative of a low rate of valine metabolism in such separate compartment with exogenic 14-valine or a higher concentration of free valine in it as compared to the specific activity of this amino acid at average per cell.", "PMID": 70192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3694", "title": "The direct radioimmunoassay technique for the determination of human alpha1-fetoprotein.", "content": "The direct radioimmunoassay procedure for the detection of human alpha-fetoprotein is described. The technique requires 20 microliter of sample for a single estimation and includes ammonium sulfate precipitation. The whole assay can be completed in 18 hours. AFP concentrations ranging from 2 ng/m1 to 500 ng/m1 can be quantified with reproducibility sufficient for clinical as well as experimental purposes.", "contents": "The direct radioimmunoassay technique for the determination of human alpha1-fetoprotein. The direct radioimmunoassay procedure for the detection of human alpha-fetoprotein is described. The technique requires 20 microliter of sample for a single estimation and includes ammonium sulfate precipitation. The whole assay can be completed in 18 hours. AFP concentrations ranging from 2 ng/m1 to 500 ng/m1 can be quantified with reproducibility sufficient for clinical as well as experimental purposes.", "PMID": 70195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3695", "title": "Alpha-globulin-like antigens in bacteria.", "content": "Seventy-two strains of bacteria of the families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were investigated for antigens resembling Gm (1), Gm (2) and Inv (1) human immunoglobulin group factors. Antigens similar to these factors were encountered in some strains of the genus Bacillus. Staph. epidermidis strains had antigenic structures resembling Gm (1) and Inv (1) factors, and strains of Enterobacteriaceae structures resembling Gm (2) and Inv (1). Occurrence among various species of bacteria of antigens resembling human gamma-globulin group factors suggests immunization by bacterial infection as one of the causes of presence of anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in human beings.", "contents": "Alpha-globulin-like antigens in bacteria. Seventy-two strains of bacteria of the families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were investigated for antigens resembling Gm (1), Gm (2) and Inv (1) human immunoglobulin group factors. Antigens similar to these factors were encountered in some strains of the genus Bacillus. Staph. epidermidis strains had antigenic structures resembling Gm (1) and Inv (1) factors, and strains of Enterobacteriaceae structures resembling Gm (2) and Inv (1). Occurrence among various species of bacteria of antigens resembling human gamma-globulin group factors suggests immunization by bacterial infection as one of the causes of presence of anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in human beings.", "PMID": 70196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3696", "title": "Preparation of anti-cea and anti-goat gamma-globulin sera for radioimmunologic assay of carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Goats were immunized with purified carcinoembryonic antigen, and the suitability of the antisera for clinical assays of carcinoembryonic antigen was characterized. Reactivity of equine sera to goat gamma-globulin as a precipitating factor in the radioimmunologic double antibody technique was also evaluated.", "contents": "Preparation of anti-cea and anti-goat gamma-globulin sera for radioimmunologic assay of carcinoembryonic antigen. Goats were immunized with purified carcinoembryonic antigen, and the suitability of the antisera for clinical assays of carcinoembryonic antigen was characterized. Reactivity of equine sera to goat gamma-globulin as a precipitating factor in the radioimmunologic double antibody technique was also evaluated.", "PMID": 70197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3697", "title": "Cell culture studies with a cytopathic bovine rotavirus.", "content": "The growth characteristics in MDBK cells of a calf rotavirus isolated in Northern Ireland are described. Of a range of cell cultures tested, the virus grew in secondary bovine kidney and MDBK cells, but consistently produced a CPE only in MDBK cells. The CPE consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolation, development of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, and degeneration and detachment of cells from the monolayer. The onset of CPE was more rapid and its effects more severe in rolled cultures than stationary cultures. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the rotavirus was antigenically unrelated to avian and mammalian reoviruses. There was no significant difference in virus growth over the pH range 6.5 to 8.4.", "contents": "Cell culture studies with a cytopathic bovine rotavirus. The growth characteristics in MDBK cells of a calf rotavirus isolated in Northern Ireland are described. Of a range of cell cultures tested, the virus grew in secondary bovine kidney and MDBK cells, but consistently produced a CPE only in MDBK cells. The CPE consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolation, development of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, and degeneration and detachment of cells from the monolayer. The onset of CPE was more rapid and its effects more severe in rolled cultures than stationary cultures. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the rotavirus was antigenically unrelated to avian and mammalian reoviruses. There was no significant difference in virus growth over the pH range 6.5 to 8.4.", "PMID": 70198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3698", "title": "Isolation of a phage lytic for several Brucella species following propagation of Tbilisi phage in the presence of mitomycin C.", "content": "A new brucella-phage, designated D, was isolated from a batch of Tbilisi phage grown on Brucella abortus strain 544 in the presence of mitomycin C. Although resembling Tbilisi phage in morphology, it differed in its host range, adsorption properties, chemical stability and antigenic specificity.", "contents": "Isolation of a phage lytic for several Brucella species following propagation of Tbilisi phage in the presence of mitomycin C. A new brucella-phage, designated D, was isolated from a batch of Tbilisi phage grown on Brucella abortus strain 544 in the presence of mitomycin C. Although resembling Tbilisi phage in morphology, it differed in its host range, adsorption properties, chemical stability and antigenic specificity.", "PMID": 70199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3699", "title": "Axoplasmic transport in ocular hypotony and papilledema in the monkey.", "content": "Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport were studied in optic nerve heads of seven hypotensive Macaca fascicularis eyes. Orthograde transport was studied by radioautography after intravitreal radioisotope injections. Retrograde transport was studied in the same eyes by horseradish peroxidase injection into the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei or optic tracts. Three eyes had developed marked papilledema before injections. Orthograde axoplasmic transport was blocked in swollen axons of the optic disc anterior to Bruch membrane and in the lamina scleralis. Retrograde transport was blocked in axons within the lamina scleralis along the posterior edges of transverse scleral beams and in axons in the choroidal portion of the nerve head posterior to Bruch membrane. These results support the general concept that axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head is sensitive to alterations in intraocular pressure, either increases or decreases. The edges of Bruch membrane and the openings in the lamina scleralis may constrict axon bundles in ocular hypotony.", "contents": "Axoplasmic transport in ocular hypotony and papilledema in the monkey. Orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport were studied in optic nerve heads of seven hypotensive Macaca fascicularis eyes. Orthograde transport was studied by radioautography after intravitreal radioisotope injections. Retrograde transport was studied in the same eyes by horseradish peroxidase injection into the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei or optic tracts. Three eyes had developed marked papilledema before injections. Orthograde axoplasmic transport was blocked in swollen axons of the optic disc anterior to Bruch membrane and in the lamina scleralis. Retrograde transport was blocked in axons within the lamina scleralis along the posterior edges of transverse scleral beams and in axons in the choroidal portion of the nerve head posterior to Bruch membrane. These results support the general concept that axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head is sensitive to alterations in intraocular pressure, either increases or decreases. The edges of Bruch membrane and the openings in the lamina scleralis may constrict axon bundles in ocular hypotony.", "PMID": 70200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3700", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. IV. Axoplasmic transport in experimental papilledema.", "content": "Tritiated leucine was injected intravitreously into the eyes of rhesus monkeys that had developed papilledema secondary to implantation of intracranial balloons. Autoradiographic studies of the optic nerve head showed that six hours after intravitreous injection of the isotope the fast component of axoplasmic transport accumulated in the regions of the lamina choroidalis and lamina scleralis. The slow component arrived at the optic nerve head two to four days after injection, and the swollen axons of the entire optic nerve head were filled with radioactive isotopes. Twelve days after injection of isotope, the axons in the optic nerve head were still diffusely labeled. Disturbance of axoplasmic transport was one of the primary events resulting in swelling of axons in papilledema. The pattern of axoplasmic disturbances in papilledema secondary to raised intracranial pressure was similar to that observed in papilledema secondary to ocular hypotony or increased intraocular pressure. Ocular hypotony, raised intracranial pressure, and increased intraocular pressure appear to share a final common pathway. All these conditions apparently converge into this final common pathway of disturbance of axoplasmic transport to give rise to papilledema.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. IV. Axoplasmic transport in experimental papilledema. Tritiated leucine was injected intravitreously into the eyes of rhesus monkeys that had developed papilledema secondary to implantation of intracranial balloons. Autoradiographic studies of the optic nerve head showed that six hours after intravitreous injection of the isotope the fast component of axoplasmic transport accumulated in the regions of the lamina choroidalis and lamina scleralis. The slow component arrived at the optic nerve head two to four days after injection, and the swollen axons of the entire optic nerve head were filled with radioactive isotopes. Twelve days after injection of isotope, the axons in the optic nerve head were still diffusely labeled. Disturbance of axoplasmic transport was one of the primary events resulting in swelling of axons in papilledema. The pattern of axoplasmic disturbances in papilledema secondary to raised intracranial pressure was similar to that observed in papilledema secondary to ocular hypotony or increased intraocular pressure. Ocular hypotony, raised intracranial pressure, and increased intraocular pressure appear to share a final common pathway. All these conditions apparently converge into this final common pathway of disturbance of axoplasmic transport to give rise to papilledema.", "PMID": 70201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3701", "title": "Combined effects of bleomycin and X-rays on DNA synthesis in asynchronous Ehrlich ascites cells in suspension.", "content": "Separate and combined effects of bleomycin and X-rays on rates of uptake of [14C]thymidine into Ehrlich ascites cells were assessed for extracellular drug concentrations of 12 micron (20 microgram/ml) and radiation doses of 2-5 krad. Rates of DNA synthesis were followed by monitoring the activity of the acid-insoluble portion of the asynchronous culture. The 14C activity of the acid-soluble pool was assessed in determining the rate of passage of 14C-TdR across the cell membrane. The results reveal that whilst the effects of each agent on TdR uptake rates are markedly different, they both inhibit DNA synthesis. Combined studies with both agents, 2-5 krad X-rays plus 20 microgram/ml bleomycin before, simultaneously or after exposure to X-rays, produced additive or less than additive effects on rates of incorporation of TdR into DNA. However, when the drug dose is split 2 X 10 microgram/ml before and after exposure to 2-5 krad X-rays, a synergistic effect on inhibition of DNA synthesis is observed.", "contents": "Combined effects of bleomycin and X-rays on DNA synthesis in asynchronous Ehrlich ascites cells in suspension. Separate and combined effects of bleomycin and X-rays on rates of uptake of [14C]thymidine into Ehrlich ascites cells were assessed for extracellular drug concentrations of 12 micron (20 microgram/ml) and radiation doses of 2-5 krad. Rates of DNA synthesis were followed by monitoring the activity of the acid-insoluble portion of the asynchronous culture. The 14C activity of the acid-soluble pool was assessed in determining the rate of passage of 14C-TdR across the cell membrane. The results reveal that whilst the effects of each agent on TdR uptake rates are markedly different, they both inhibit DNA synthesis. Combined studies with both agents, 2-5 krad X-rays plus 20 microgram/ml bleomycin before, simultaneously or after exposure to X-rays, produced additive or less than additive effects on rates of incorporation of TdR into DNA. However, when the drug dose is split 2 X 10 microgram/ml before and after exposure to 2-5 krad X-rays, a synergistic effect on inhibition of DNA synthesis is observed.", "PMID": 70209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3702", "title": "The Duffy blood group determinants: their role in the susceptibility of human and animal erythrocytes to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.", "content": "Duffy blood group negative erythrocytes from blacks are refractory to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites in vitro, and blacks with this genotype are resistant to infection by P. vivax in vivo. In order to evaluate in a direct manner the role of Duffy blood group determinants in invasion by P. knowlesi merozoites, we studied erythrocytes from three rare non-black Duffy negative individuals, Fy(a-b-), in whom the Duffy negative phenotype probably represents a mutation and not the introduction of the black Fy gene. These cells were resistant to invasion by P. knowlesi in vitro indicating that resistance to invasion is mediated by the FyFy genotype and not another closely linked factor. The erythrocyte receptors for invasion, however, may not be the Fya or Fyb Duffy antigens themselves, or at least not restricted to these determinants, since refractory Duffy negative human erythrocytes were invaded after treatment with trypsin or neuraminidase although these enzyme-treated cells still lacked Fy a and Fy b determinants. Furthermore, new world monkey erythrocytes and chymotrypsinized chimpanzee and kra monkey erythrocytes were invaded, although there was no serologic evidence of Fya or Fyb determinants on these cells.", "contents": "The Duffy blood group determinants: their role in the susceptibility of human and animal erythrocytes to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Duffy blood group negative erythrocytes from blacks are refractory to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites in vitro, and blacks with this genotype are resistant to infection by P. vivax in vivo. In order to evaluate in a direct manner the role of Duffy blood group determinants in invasion by P. knowlesi merozoites, we studied erythrocytes from three rare non-black Duffy negative individuals, Fy(a-b-), in whom the Duffy negative phenotype probably represents a mutation and not the introduction of the black Fy gene. These cells were resistant to invasion by P. knowlesi in vitro indicating that resistance to invasion is mediated by the FyFy genotype and not another closely linked factor. The erythrocyte receptors for invasion, however, may not be the Fya or Fyb Duffy antigens themselves, or at least not restricted to these determinants, since refractory Duffy negative human erythrocytes were invaded after treatment with trypsin or neuraminidase although these enzyme-treated cells still lacked Fy a and Fy b determinants. Furthermore, new world monkey erythrocytes and chymotrypsinized chimpanzee and kra monkey erythrocytes were invaded, although there was no serologic evidence of Fya or Fyb determinants on these cells.", "PMID": 70210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3703", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and spontaneous abortion.", "content": "The relationship between spontaneous abortion and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels was investigated between 9 and 25 weeks of pregnancy. Seven out of 126 (5-6 per cent) women who had spontaneous abortions had raised maternal serum AFP levels at their antenatal booking visit compared to 4 out of 247 (1-6 per cent) control patients who were delivered of single liveborn infants, a statistically significant differences. The raised AFP concentrations were, however, associated with spontaneous abortion only if the serum samples had been taken immediately before, or at sometime after the abortion was first clinically suspected. This suggests that high levels do not predict the development of abortion in women who have not already threatened to abort. It is therefore unlikely that women who have not already threatened to abort. Therefore, when maternal serum AFP levels are used to screen for fetal neural tube defects, women referred for a diagnostic amniocentesis on account of a high level are unlikely to have been selected on the basis of a tendency to abort.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and spontaneous abortion. The relationship between spontaneous abortion and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels was investigated between 9 and 25 weeks of pregnancy. Seven out of 126 (5-6 per cent) women who had spontaneous abortions had raised maternal serum AFP levels at their antenatal booking visit compared to 4 out of 247 (1-6 per cent) control patients who were delivered of single liveborn infants, a statistically significant differences. The raised AFP concentrations were, however, associated with spontaneous abortion only if the serum samples had been taken immediately before, or at sometime after the abortion was first clinically suspected. This suggests that high levels do not predict the development of abortion in women who have not already threatened to abort. It is therefore unlikely that women who have not already threatened to abort. Therefore, when maternal serum AFP levels are used to screen for fetal neural tube defects, women referred for a diagnostic amniocentesis on account of a high level are unlikely to have been selected on the basis of a tendency to abort.", "PMID": 70212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3704", "title": "Screening for fetal neural tube defects by maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein determination.", "content": "A total of 5539 consecutive pregnant patients at three maternity units in the City and Hackney District of London were screened for fetal neural tube defect by measurement of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Only 25-7% of women booked at 16 to 22 weeks, the optimum time for this screening test; 54-1% booked before 16 weeks and 20-2% after 22 weeks. Of the women tested before 23 weeks, 300 had elevated levels of AFP in plasma and 14 of them had fetuses with abnormalities known to cause a rise in AFP levels (12 fetuses had a neural tube defect and 2 had alimentary tract abnormalities). Of women examined before 23 weeks, half of those with twin pregnancies had elevated levels of plasma AFP as did 16-7% of those who ultimately had a spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Screening for fetal neural tube defects by maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein determination. A total of 5539 consecutive pregnant patients at three maternity units in the City and Hackney District of London were screened for fetal neural tube defect by measurement of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Only 25-7% of women booked at 16 to 22 weeks, the optimum time for this screening test; 54-1% booked before 16 weeks and 20-2% after 22 weeks. Of the women tested before 23 weeks, 300 had elevated levels of AFP in plasma and 14 of them had fetuses with abnormalities known to cause a rise in AFP levels (12 fetuses had a neural tube defect and 2 had alimentary tract abnormalities). Of women examined before 23 weeks, half of those with twin pregnancies had elevated levels of plasma AFP as did 16-7% of those who ultimately had a spontaneous abortion.", "PMID": 70213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3705", "title": "Evaluation of measurement of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein levels as a screening test for fetal neural tube defects.", "content": "Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were estimated on 1844 consecutive patients at the time of their first hospital antenatal visits. There were 28 pregnancies with an 'abnormal' outcome: 19 patients had twins, 3 had an anencephalic fetus, and 6 a fetus with a spina bifida (4 of these had an open neural tube defect). Evaluation of maternal plasma AFP levels as a screening test for neural tube defects at 15 to 19 weeks gestation indicated a sensitivity of 50% taking the 'cut-off' point as the 95th centile of the plasma AFP levels in pregnancy with a normal outcome.", "contents": "Evaluation of measurement of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein levels as a screening test for fetal neural tube defects. Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were estimated on 1844 consecutive patients at the time of their first hospital antenatal visits. There were 28 pregnancies with an 'abnormal' outcome: 19 patients had twins, 3 had an anencephalic fetus, and 6 a fetus with a spina bifida (4 of these had an open neural tube defect). Evaluation of maternal plasma AFP levels as a screening test for neural tube defects at 15 to 19 weeks gestation indicated a sensitivity of 50% taking the 'cut-off' point as the 95th centile of the plasma AFP levels in pregnancy with a normal outcome.", "PMID": 70214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3706", "title": "Omphalocoele and raised alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum. Case report.", "content": "We describe a pregnant patient with raised serum AFP levels. The infant had multiple congenital abnormalities which included an omphalocoele.", "contents": "Omphalocoele and raised alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum. Case report. We describe a pregnant patient with raised serum AFP levels. The infant had multiple congenital abnormalities which included an omphalocoele.", "PMID": 70215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3707", "title": "Serum proteinase inhibitors and other serum proteins in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "1. The concentrations of serum protein albumin, prealbumin and transferrin were determined in twenty-eight cases of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with infection, together with the levels of serum proteinase inhibitors (PI), alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), alpha1-antichymotrypsin (Ach), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI). 2. Albumin, prealbumin and transferrin concentrations, as well as the levels of PI, IalphaI and alpha2M were found to be lower in cases of PEM associated with infection than the corresponding values for a group of healthy Thai preschool children and a group of newborn Thai children, but despite starvation AT and Ach values generally were increased. 3. The results provide support for the hypothesis that PI, especially AT and Ach might limit the synthesis of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin in PEM associated with infection, via the inhibition of the mobilization of body's own protein.", "contents": "Serum proteinase inhibitors and other serum proteins in protein-energy malnutrition. 1. The concentrations of serum protein albumin, prealbumin and transferrin were determined in twenty-eight cases of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with infection, together with the levels of serum proteinase inhibitors (PI), alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), alpha1-antichymotrypsin (Ach), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI). 2. Albumin, prealbumin and transferrin concentrations, as well as the levels of PI, IalphaI and alpha2M were found to be lower in cases of PEM associated with infection than the corresponding values for a group of healthy Thai preschool children and a group of newborn Thai children, but despite starvation AT and Ach values generally were increased. 3. The results provide support for the hypothesis that PI, especially AT and Ach might limit the synthesis of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin in PEM associated with infection, via the inhibition of the mobilization of body's own protein.", "PMID": 70217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3708", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonances study of bleomycin in aqueous solution. Assignment of resonances.", "content": "The 1H NMR spectrum of the glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycin has been examined in D2O solution (Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, 270 MHZ) and in H2O solution (correlation nuclear magnetic resonance, 250 MHZ). Resonances have been assigned to specific hydrogens of the two most abundant congeners, bleomycin-A2 (BLM-A2) and bleomycin-B2 (BLM-B2), on the basis of (1) homonuclear spin decoupling, (2) comparison of the spectra of BLM-A2, BLM-B2, fragments of these antibiotics, and the related antibiotic phleomycin, and (3) the pH dependence of chemical shifts. Resonance assignments are presented for all the CH protons of BLM-A2 and BLM-B2 except for the saccharide groups, for which only the anomeric proton assignments are given. All of the NH protons have been identified with specific resonances except for the two primary amide groups, which yield four well-resolved peaks, whose specific assignment was not attempted. This study serves as a basis for future investigations of the conformation of bleomycin and its interaction with metals and nucleic acids.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonances study of bleomycin in aqueous solution. Assignment of resonances. The 1H NMR spectrum of the glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycin has been examined in D2O solution (Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, 270 MHZ) and in H2O solution (correlation nuclear magnetic resonance, 250 MHZ). Resonances have been assigned to specific hydrogens of the two most abundant congeners, bleomycin-A2 (BLM-A2) and bleomycin-B2 (BLM-B2), on the basis of (1) homonuclear spin decoupling, (2) comparison of the spectra of BLM-A2, BLM-B2, fragments of these antibiotics, and the related antibiotic phleomycin, and (3) the pH dependence of chemical shifts. Resonance assignments are presented for all the CH protons of BLM-A2 and BLM-B2 except for the saccharide groups, for which only the anomeric proton assignments are given. All of the NH protons have been identified with specific resonances except for the two primary amide groups, which yield four well-resolved peaks, whose specific assignment was not attempted. This study serves as a basis for future investigations of the conformation of bleomycin and its interaction with metals and nucleic acids.", "PMID": 70218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3709", "title": "Bleomycin-DNA interactions: fluorescence and proton magnetic resonance studies.", "content": "The interaction of bleomycin A2 with DNA has been examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and proton magnetic resonance techniques. Fluorescence bands observed at 353 and 405 nm in the spectrum of bleomycin were assigned to the bithiazole and 4-aminopyrimidine rings, respectively. Quenching of bithiazole fluorescence by DNA was used to determine apparent equilibrium constants for the complex which, in 2.5 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, pH 8.4, are 1.2 X 10(5) M-1 for bleomycin and 1.4 X 10(5) M-1 for tripeptide S, a partial acid hydrolysis product of the antibiotic. Uner these conditions, one molecule of bleomycin binds for every five to six base pairs in DNA. In the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of bleomycin, resonances emanating from the bithiazole rings and dimethylsulfonium groups are preferentially broadened and reduced in intensity in the presence of DNA, suggesting that these moieties bind most tightly to the polymer.", "contents": "Bleomycin-DNA interactions: fluorescence and proton magnetic resonance studies. The interaction of bleomycin A2 with DNA has been examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and proton magnetic resonance techniques. Fluorescence bands observed at 353 and 405 nm in the spectrum of bleomycin were assigned to the bithiazole and 4-aminopyrimidine rings, respectively. Quenching of bithiazole fluorescence by DNA was used to determine apparent equilibrium constants for the complex which, in 2.5 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, pH 8.4, are 1.2 X 10(5) M-1 for bleomycin and 1.4 X 10(5) M-1 for tripeptide S, a partial acid hydrolysis product of the antibiotic. Uner these conditions, one molecule of bleomycin binds for every five to six base pairs in DNA. In the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of bleomycin, resonances emanating from the bithiazole rings and dimethylsulfonium groups are preferentially broadened and reduced in intensity in the presence of DNA, suggesting that these moieties bind most tightly to the polymer.", "PMID": 70220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3710", "title": "Quercetin: a novel inhibitor of Ca2+ influx and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "The effect of the transport ATPase inhibitor, quercetin on histamine secretion from antigen sensitized mast cells was examined. At micromolar concentrations, quercetin had an immediate inhibitory effect on histamine secretion mediated by antigen, concanavalin A and ATP but it had little effect on release induced by the ionophores A23187 and X537A. Quercetin exerts its effect after the binding of the releasing ligands and the distinction between its effect on ligand induced and A23187 induced secretion suggests that it affects the normal path of Ca2+ entry into the cell. The inhibitory effects of quercetin were compared with those of the structurally related anti-allergic drugs cromoglycate and AH7725.", "contents": "Quercetin: a novel inhibitor of Ca2+ influx and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. The effect of the transport ATPase inhibitor, quercetin on histamine secretion from antigen sensitized mast cells was examined. At micromolar concentrations, quercetin had an immediate inhibitory effect on histamine secretion mediated by antigen, concanavalin A and ATP but it had little effect on release induced by the ionophores A23187 and X537A. Quercetin exerts its effect after the binding of the releasing ligands and the distinction between its effect on ligand induced and A23187 induced secretion suggests that it affects the normal path of Ca2+ entry into the cell. The inhibitory effects of quercetin were compared with those of the structurally related anti-allergic drugs cromoglycate and AH7725.", "PMID": 70222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3711", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the subunits of rabbit-intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex.", "content": "Purified sucrase-isomaltase complex sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48 - dextrin 6-alpha-glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) solubilized by papain from rabbit intestine was dissociated by citraconylation into its subunits, sucrase and isomaltase, which were then isolated in a form active immunologically as well as enzymatically by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and gel-filtration on Bio-gel P-300. Antibodies against the purified complex inhibited isomaltase but not sucrase and formed precipitation lines, crossing each other, with isolated sucrase and isomaltase, showing that the two enzymes differ in antigenicity from each other. By absorbing the antibodies with isolated sucrase and isomaltase, antibodies specific for isomaltase and sucrase, respectively, were obtained. Like the original antibodies, both of the specific antibodies quantitatively agglutinated microvillous vesicles. Sucrase was inhibited by neither of the antibodies. In contrast, isomaltase was greatly inhibited by the isomaltase-specific antibodies, but not by the sucrase-specific ones.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the subunits of rabbit-intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex. Purified sucrase-isomaltase complex sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48 - dextrin 6-alpha-glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.10) solubilized by papain from rabbit intestine was dissociated by citraconylation into its subunits, sucrase and isomaltase, which were then isolated in a form active immunologically as well as enzymatically by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and gel-filtration on Bio-gel P-300. Antibodies against the purified complex inhibited isomaltase but not sucrase and formed precipitation lines, crossing each other, with isolated sucrase and isomaltase, showing that the two enzymes differ in antigenicity from each other. By absorbing the antibodies with isolated sucrase and isomaltase, antibodies specific for isomaltase and sucrase, respectively, were obtained. Like the original antibodies, both of the specific antibodies quantitatively agglutinated microvillous vesicles. Sucrase was inhibited by neither of the antibodies. In contrast, isomaltase was greatly inhibited by the isomaltase-specific antibodies, but not by the sucrase-specific ones.", "PMID": 70224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3712", "title": "New formamidase having substrate specificity for o-formylaminoacetophenone in pig liver.", "content": "The supernatant (13 000 x g, 20 min) of pig liver homogenate was filtered with Sephadex G-200 and formamidase (aryl-formylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.9)activity in each fraction was measured. When formylkynurenine was used as substrate, two peaks of formamidase activity were observed but, with formylaminoacetophenone as substrate, only one peak was observed. Formamidase in the lower molecular weight fraction is known as kynurenine formamidase (FA I), formamidase found here in the higher molecular weight fraction has not been previously reported. This form, designated FA II has been purified about 160-fold from pig liver. The formamidase obtained has substrate specificity for o-formylaminoacetophenone only and could not hydrolyze formylkynurenine. The optimal pH was 8.5 and the Km for o-formylaminoacetophenone was 1.66-10(-3) M. This formamidase was considered to be a new enzyme and was different from FA I in molecular weight and substrate specificity. This new formamidase was present in pig, rabbit and guinea pig liver and not present in rat or mouse liver.", "contents": "New formamidase having substrate specificity for o-formylaminoacetophenone in pig liver. The supernatant (13 000 x g, 20 min) of pig liver homogenate was filtered with Sephadex G-200 and formamidase (aryl-formylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.9)activity in each fraction was measured. When formylkynurenine was used as substrate, two peaks of formamidase activity were observed but, with formylaminoacetophenone as substrate, only one peak was observed. Formamidase in the lower molecular weight fraction is known as kynurenine formamidase (FA I), formamidase found here in the higher molecular weight fraction has not been previously reported. This form, designated FA II has been purified about 160-fold from pig liver. The formamidase obtained has substrate specificity for o-formylaminoacetophenone only and could not hydrolyze formylkynurenine. The optimal pH was 8.5 and the Km for o-formylaminoacetophenone was 1.66-10(-3) M. This formamidase was considered to be a new enzyme and was different from FA I in molecular weight and substrate specificity. This new formamidase was present in pig, rabbit and guinea pig liver and not present in rat or mouse liver.", "PMID": 70225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3713", "title": "Two Escherichia coli fructose-6-phosphate kinases. Preparative purification, oligomeric structure and immunological studies.", "content": "Two isoenzymes of fructose-6-phosphate kinase (ATP: D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) are present in Escherichia coli K12. One isoenzyme is allosterically inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate and activated by nucleoside diphosphates, and is a tetramer composed of four subunits of molecular weight 35 000. A simple method for the purification of this enzyme is reported. Equilibrium dialysis indicates that there are four ATP sites and four GDP sites per tetramer. The second isoenzyme is present in low quantity in wild type bacteria. This enzyme is devoid of allosteric properties. A complete method of purification is described. Determination of its molecular weight under native and denaturing conditions indicates that this protein is a dimer composed of two subunits of molecular weight 36 000. Antisera have been produced against both isoenzymes. The antiserum against one isoenzyme does not cross-react with the other. Discrepancies between our results and those of other workers are discussed.", "contents": "Two Escherichia coli fructose-6-phosphate kinases. Preparative purification, oligomeric structure and immunological studies. Two isoenzymes of fructose-6-phosphate kinase (ATP: D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) are present in Escherichia coli K12. One isoenzyme is allosterically inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate and activated by nucleoside diphosphates, and is a tetramer composed of four subunits of molecular weight 35 000. A simple method for the purification of this enzyme is reported. Equilibrium dialysis indicates that there are four ATP sites and four GDP sites per tetramer. The second isoenzyme is present in low quantity in wild type bacteria. This enzyme is devoid of allosteric properties. A complete method of purification is described. Determination of its molecular weight under native and denaturing conditions indicates that this protein is a dimer composed of two subunits of molecular weight 36 000. Antisera have been produced against both isoenzymes. The antiserum against one isoenzyme does not cross-react with the other. Discrepancies between our results and those of other workers are discussed.", "PMID": 70226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3714", "title": "Rat alpha-fetoprotein heterogeneity. Comparative chemical study of the two electrophoretic variants and their Ricinus lectin-binding properties.", "content": "Two electrophoretic forms of rat alpha-fetoprotein were purified using immunosorbent chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Some of their respective chemical properties and their affinity for the Ricinus communis lectin (RCAI) were compared. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated a slight difference in molecular 74 000 for the slow alpha-fetoprotein (AFPA) and 72000 for the fat alpha-fetoprotein (AFPB). no significant difference in amino acid composition between AFPA and AFPB was found. A residue of valine was identified at the C-germinal end of both alpha-fetoproteins. The analysis of the CNRr-cleavage products reveals slight differences between AFPS and AFPB. The slow moving alpha-fetoprotein could be further fractionated on RCAI-sepharose column in two components, AFPA1 and AFPA2 differing by their sialic acid content.", "contents": "Rat alpha-fetoprotein heterogeneity. Comparative chemical study of the two electrophoretic variants and their Ricinus lectin-binding properties. Two electrophoretic forms of rat alpha-fetoprotein were purified using immunosorbent chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Some of their respective chemical properties and their affinity for the Ricinus communis lectin (RCAI) were compared. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated a slight difference in molecular 74 000 for the slow alpha-fetoprotein (AFPA) and 72000 for the fat alpha-fetoprotein (AFPB). no significant difference in amino acid composition between AFPA and AFPB was found. A residue of valine was identified at the C-germinal end of both alpha-fetoproteins. The analysis of the CNRr-cleavage products reveals slight differences between AFPS and AFPB. The slow moving alpha-fetoprotein could be further fractionated on RCAI-sepharose column in two components, AFPA1 and AFPA2 differing by their sialic acid content.", "PMID": 70227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3715", "title": "Studies on human alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization of monomeric and polymeric forms and amino-terminal sequence analysis.", "content": "Human alpha-fetoprotein has been isolated from the serum and ascitic fluid of a patient with hepatoma by a combination of immunoadsorbent column chromatography and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. Human alpha-fetoprotein is a sialylated glycoprotein with an estimated molecular weight of 67 500, composed of a single-chain polypeptide of approximately 580 amino acid residues and 3.6% carbohydrate. It is a negatively charged protein with an acid isoelectric point (pH 4.57). In addition to the monomeric form of alpha-fetoprotein, we have identified human alpha-fetoprotein polymers, including dimeric and trimeric forms, which dissociate to the monomer only upon exposure to disulfide-reducing reagents, implying that their formation is dependent upon intermolecular disulfide bonds. These polymers are found in human alpha-fetoprotein isolated by isoelectric focusing in both the major (pI 4.57) and minor (pI 5.2) alpha-fetoprotein fractions. The first 17 residues of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the hepatoma-derived human alpha-fetoprotein have been identified. Fetal alpha-fetoprotein is indistinguishable from hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein by several criteria, including immunoelectrophoresis, acryalmide gel electrophoresis, and proclivity for dimerization.", "contents": "Studies on human alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization of monomeric and polymeric forms and amino-terminal sequence analysis. Human alpha-fetoprotein has been isolated from the serum and ascitic fluid of a patient with hepatoma by a combination of immunoadsorbent column chromatography and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. Human alpha-fetoprotein is a sialylated glycoprotein with an estimated molecular weight of 67 500, composed of a single-chain polypeptide of approximately 580 amino acid residues and 3.6% carbohydrate. It is a negatively charged protein with an acid isoelectric point (pH 4.57). In addition to the monomeric form of alpha-fetoprotein, we have identified human alpha-fetoprotein polymers, including dimeric and trimeric forms, which dissociate to the monomer only upon exposure to disulfide-reducing reagents, implying that their formation is dependent upon intermolecular disulfide bonds. These polymers are found in human alpha-fetoprotein isolated by isoelectric focusing in both the major (pI 4.57) and minor (pI 5.2) alpha-fetoprotein fractions. The first 17 residues of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the hepatoma-derived human alpha-fetoprotein have been identified. Fetal alpha-fetoprotein is indistinguishable from hepatoma alpha-fetoprotein by several criteria, including immunoelectrophoresis, acryalmide gel electrophoresis, and proclivity for dimerization.", "PMID": 70228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3716", "title": "Monosialoganglioside liposome-entrapped enzyme uptake by hepatic cells.", "content": "Monosialoganglioside liposomes are rapidly taken up by the liver as compared to dicetylphosphate, phosphatidic acid or neutral liposomes. Asialoganglioside GM 1 liposomes are taken up with the same avidity as ganglioside GM 1 liposomes. Competition experiments with asialofetuin suggest that this uptake is mediated by specific recognition of the terminal galactose residues of the glyco-lipid liposomes by the receptor present on the plasma membrane of the parenchymal cells of liver. Thus liposomes containing glycolipids with terminal beta-galactosyl residues should provide an approach for specifically directing biologically active molecules to liver parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Monosialoganglioside liposome-entrapped enzyme uptake by hepatic cells. Monosialoganglioside liposomes are rapidly taken up by the liver as compared to dicetylphosphate, phosphatidic acid or neutral liposomes. Asialoganglioside GM 1 liposomes are taken up with the same avidity as ganglioside GM 1 liposomes. Competition experiments with asialofetuin suggest that this uptake is mediated by specific recognition of the terminal galactose residues of the glyco-lipid liposomes by the receptor present on the plasma membrane of the parenchymal cells of liver. Thus liposomes containing glycolipids with terminal beta-galactosyl residues should provide an approach for specifically directing biologically active molecules to liver parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 70229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3717", "title": "Uptake and degradation of 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "125I-Labelled asialo-fetuin was taken up by isolated rat hepatocytes by a saturable process. Half maximum uptake was seen at about 3 - 10(-8) M asialo-fetuin. Non-parenchymal liver cells did not take up asialo-fetuin in vitro. Rate of uptake of asialo-fetuin exceeded rate of degradation at all concentrations of asialo-fetuin tested. Asialo-fetuin consequently accumulated in the cells until the extracellular supply was exhausted. Asialo-fetuin degradation could be studied without concurrent uptake by incubating cells, previously exposed to asialo-fetuin, in asialo-fetuin-free medium. Degradation, as evidenced by increase in acid-soluble radioactivity, was inhibited by NH4Cl and chloroquine. The change with time in the intracellular distribution pattern of radioactivity in cells that had been exposed to 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin for 10 min was examined by means of differential centrifugation. Initially, the radioactivity was found mostly in the microsomal fraction. 60 min after the exposure to labelled protein, the distribution pattern of radioactivity resembled that of the lysosomal enzyme beta-acetylglucosaminidase. The possibility that asialo-fetuin digestion takes place in lysosomes is discussed.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes. 125I-Labelled asialo-fetuin was taken up by isolated rat hepatocytes by a saturable process. Half maximum uptake was seen at about 3 - 10(-8) M asialo-fetuin. Non-parenchymal liver cells did not take up asialo-fetuin in vitro. Rate of uptake of asialo-fetuin exceeded rate of degradation at all concentrations of asialo-fetuin tested. Asialo-fetuin consequently accumulated in the cells until the extracellular supply was exhausted. Asialo-fetuin degradation could be studied without concurrent uptake by incubating cells, previously exposed to asialo-fetuin, in asialo-fetuin-free medium. Degradation, as evidenced by increase in acid-soluble radioactivity, was inhibited by NH4Cl and chloroquine. The change with time in the intracellular distribution pattern of radioactivity in cells that had been exposed to 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin for 10 min was examined by means of differential centrifugation. Initially, the radioactivity was found mostly in the microsomal fraction. 60 min after the exposure to labelled protein, the distribution pattern of radioactivity resembled that of the lysosomal enzyme beta-acetylglucosaminidase. The possibility that asialo-fetuin digestion takes place in lysosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 70230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3718", "title": "[Substrate specificity and some properties of free and immobilized animal alpha-L-fucosidase].", "content": "The effect of a partially purified preparation of pig kidney alpha-L-fucosidase on some glycoproteins--human and rabbit gamma-globulin, glycoprotein from sheep submaxillary gland and ceruloplasmin--was studied. It was shown that the action of the enzyme of the glycoproteins was not accompanied by a release of fucose. A comparative study of the properties of free and concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B-bound alpha-L-fucosidase was done. The experimental data is indicative of difference in the pH-dependenced and thermostability of these two enzyme forms. It was found that bound alpha-L-fucosidase, similar to the free form, did not split off fucose from the native blood group substances. The data of isoelectric fucosing of alpha-L-fucosidase suggests the existence of enzyme polymorphism.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity and some properties of free and immobilized animal alpha-L-fucosidase]. The effect of a partially purified preparation of pig kidney alpha-L-fucosidase on some glycoproteins--human and rabbit gamma-globulin, glycoprotein from sheep submaxillary gland and ceruloplasmin--was studied. It was shown that the action of the enzyme of the glycoproteins was not accompanied by a release of fucose. A comparative study of the properties of free and concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B-bound alpha-L-fucosidase was done. The experimental data is indicative of difference in the pH-dependenced and thermostability of these two enzyme forms. It was found that bound alpha-L-fucosidase, similar to the free form, did not split off fucose from the native blood group substances. The data of isoelectric fucosing of alpha-L-fucosidase suggests the existence of enzyme polymorphism.", "PMID": 70233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3719", "title": "Immunochemical study on serum proteins in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Forty one patients with systemic sclerosis were studied after separation into three groups according to Barnett's classification. A multi-dimensional statistical analysis eight serum proteins revealed a difference between control patients and patients with type I and type II scleroderma. Type I scleroderma was characterised by a rise in alpha 2 macroglobulin and in the C4 fraction of complement, whilst in type II scleroderma all the proteins studied were raised, with the exception of CO complement, which was normal, and transferrin which was markedly decreased.", "contents": "Immunochemical study on serum proteins in systemic sclerosis. Forty one patients with systemic sclerosis were studied after separation into three groups according to Barnett's classification. A multi-dimensional statistical analysis eight serum proteins revealed a difference between control patients and patients with type I and type II scleroderma. Type I scleroderma was characterised by a rise in alpha 2 macroglobulin and in the C4 fraction of complement, whilst in type II scleroderma all the proteins studied were raised, with the exception of CO complement, which was normal, and transferrin which was markedly decreased.", "PMID": 70234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3720", "title": "Lymphoid cells of the normal man intestinal mucosa possessing both kappa and lambda light chain specifities.", "content": "The presence of lymphoid cells possessing both kappa and lambda specificities has been observed in the intestinal mucosa of normal subjects. The variability in the number of such cells in different sections of the same sample and in different subjects seems to be a characteristic of this cell population and may reflect the high activity of the immune system in the gut.", "contents": "Lymphoid cells of the normal man intestinal mucosa possessing both kappa and lambda light chain specifities. The presence of lymphoid cells possessing both kappa and lambda specificities has been observed in the intestinal mucosa of normal subjects. The variability in the number of such cells in different sections of the same sample and in different subjects seems to be a characteristic of this cell population and may reflect the high activity of the immune system in the gut.", "PMID": 70235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3721", "title": "alpha-fetoprotein in rats treated with anti-thymocytic serum.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein was detected by immunodiffusion in rats treated with anti-thymocytic serum. Augmented synthesis of AFP is related to compensatory hyperplasia of liver cells secondary to a state of hypoproteinemia in the proteinuric nephritic animals. The nephritis was produced by the anti-basement membrane antibodies present in the thymocytic antiserum.", "contents": "alpha-fetoprotein in rats treated with anti-thymocytic serum. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was detected by immunodiffusion in rats treated with anti-thymocytic serum. Augmented synthesis of AFP is related to compensatory hyperplasia of liver cells secondary to a state of hypoproteinemia in the proteinuric nephritic animals. The nephritis was produced by the anti-basement membrane antibodies present in the thymocytic antiserum.", "PMID": 70236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3722", "title": "[Comparative immunochemical analysis of specific beta globulins of the \"pregnancy zone\" of the humans and other mammals].", "content": "By means of the immunodiffusion method it was shown that human pregnancy-specific beta-globulin, as well as analogous beta-globulins in the pregnancy serum of mammal animals (rat, guinea-pig) had an individual antigenic structure. During pregnancy the blood serum of the allied species (rat, mouse) contained immunologically similar beta-globulins which apparently were synthesized in the placenta.", "contents": "[Comparative immunochemical analysis of specific beta globulins of the \"pregnancy zone\" of the humans and other mammals]. By means of the immunodiffusion method it was shown that human pregnancy-specific beta-globulin, as well as analogous beta-globulins in the pregnancy serum of mammal animals (rat, guinea-pig) had an individual antigenic structure. During pregnancy the blood serum of the allied species (rat, mouse) contained immunologically similar beta-globulins which apparently were synthesized in the placenta.", "PMID": 70237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3723", "title": "[Macrophage migration inhibition by T-cells in rats after overcoming natural tolerance to alpha fetoprotein].", "content": "Cellular immunity to alpha-fetoprein (AFP) was studied in rats by the macrophage migration  inhibition (MMI) test after breakage of tolerance to homologous AFP of rat (RAFP). A single injection of cross-reacting AFP of mouse (MAFP) has induced the capacity of peritoneal exudate cells of rats to react in the MMI test to both MAFP and RAFP. The second injection of MAFP results in reduction of the MMI reaction to both antigens and the appearance of stimulation in the macrophage migration together with further elevation of antibody titer to MAFP and RAFP. The fractionation of rat peritoneal cells has shown the T-cell nature of MMI reaction to both MAFP and RAFP.", "contents": "[Macrophage migration inhibition by T-cells in rats after overcoming natural tolerance to alpha fetoprotein]. Cellular immunity to alpha-fetoprein (AFP) was studied in rats by the macrophage migration  inhibition (MMI) test after breakage of tolerance to homologous AFP of rat (RAFP). A single injection of cross-reacting AFP of mouse (MAFP) has induced the capacity of peritoneal exudate cells of rats to react in the MMI test to both MAFP and RAFP. The second injection of MAFP results in reduction of the MMI reaction to both antigens and the appearance of stimulation in the macrophage migration together with further elevation of antibody titer to MAFP and RAFP. The fractionation of rat peritoneal cells has shown the T-cell nature of MMI reaction to both MAFP and RAFP.", "PMID": 70238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3724", "title": "[Synthesis and localization of alpha fetoprotein in liver regeneration in mice].", "content": "Typical mature hepatocytes constituting not over several per cent of the total amount of preserved hepatocytes served as the principal site of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) localization in the liver of mice regenerating after the CCl4 poisoning or partial hepatectomy. Morphologically they failed to differ from the principal mass of hepatocytes and retained an antigen of the bile capillaries on the surface. A change id to the dynamics of the AFP level in the animal serum. Apparently in regeneration of the mouse liver the principal AFP production was realized by mature hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Synthesis and localization of alpha fetoprotein in liver regeneration in mice]. Typical mature hepatocytes constituting not over several per cent of the total amount of preserved hepatocytes served as the principal site of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) localization in the liver of mice regenerating after the CCl4 poisoning or partial hepatectomy. Morphologically they failed to differ from the principal mass of hepatocytes and retained an antigen of the bile capillaries on the surface. A change id to the dynamics of the AFP level in the animal serum. Apparently in regeneration of the mouse liver the principal AFP production was realized by mature hepatocytes.", "PMID": 70239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3725", "title": "[Dependence of the cytogenetic effect on TEPA concentration in human lymphocyte culture].", "content": "The authors studied the cytogenetic action of TEPA (tris/2-methyl-1-azyridinyl) on the human lymphocyte culture. It was shown that the increase of the mutagen concentration from 0.125 to 16.0 microgram/ml the cytogenetic effect for the portion of the aberrant metaphases rose from 6.0 to 61.0%, and for the total number of ruptures - from 7.96 to 116.3. A method of finding the least effective concentration of the substance under study in comparison with control is suggested; for  TEPA it constitutes 0.120 microgram/ml. The percentage of chromatide ruptures remained constant in using different TEPA concentration and constitutes 51.72%. Cell distribution of chromosome ruptures is satisfactorily described by geometrical distribution.", "contents": "[Dependence of the cytogenetic effect on TEPA concentration in human lymphocyte culture]. The authors studied the cytogenetic action of TEPA (tris/2-methyl-1-azyridinyl) on the human lymphocyte culture. It was shown that the increase of the mutagen concentration from 0.125 to 16.0 microgram/ml the cytogenetic effect for the portion of the aberrant metaphases rose from 6.0 to 61.0%, and for the total number of ruptures - from 7.96 to 116.3. A method of finding the least effective concentration of the substance under study in comparison with control is suggested; for  TEPA it constitutes 0.120 microgram/ml. The percentage of chromatide ruptures remained constant in using different TEPA concentration and constitutes 51.72%. Cell distribution of chromosome ruptures is satisfactorily described by geometrical distribution.", "PMID": 70240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3726", "title": "[Sequential staining for G- and C-banding of chromosomes in the analysis of the morphology of the short arms of human acrocentric chromosomes].", "content": "Sequential staining for G- and C-banding of acrocentric chromosomes of 8 persons showed that the large heterochromatin region occurred more frequently in chromosome 15 than in chromosomes 13 and 14, and in chromosome 22 more frequently than in chromosome 21. There proved to be no correlation between the size of the heterochromatic region and the short arm of the acrocentric chromosomes. The frequency of occurrence of the satellites in the 8 persons was approximately the same for all the acricentric pairs. The C-banded satellite region of the homologous chromosomes is often heteromorphic.", "contents": "[Sequential staining for G- and C-banding of chromosomes in the analysis of the morphology of the short arms of human acrocentric chromosomes]. Sequential staining for G- and C-banding of acrocentric chromosomes of 8 persons showed that the large heterochromatin region occurred more frequently in chromosome 15 than in chromosomes 13 and 14, and in chromosome 22 more frequently than in chromosome 21. There proved to be no correlation between the size of the heterochromatic region and the short arm of the acrocentric chromosomes. The frequency of occurrence of the satellites in the 8 persons was approximately the same for all the acricentric pairs. The C-banded satellite region of the homologous chromosomes is often heteromorphic.", "PMID": 70241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3727", "title": "[DNA content in the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum spontaneously infected with Kilham virus].", "content": "The DNA content in the cerebellum Purkinje cells of rats naturally contaminated with the Kilham virus and in the animals, in which no infection was observed, was determined cytospectrophotometrically on the Feulgen-stained preparations. The incidence of the cells with hyperdiploid nuclei was shown to be equal in the groups compared. It was concluded that the nonmultiple increase of the DNA content in the Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum was apparently unrelated to the virus infection.", "contents": "[DNA content in the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum spontaneously infected with Kilham virus]. The DNA content in the cerebellum Purkinje cells of rats naturally contaminated with the Kilham virus and in the animals, in which no infection was observed, was determined cytospectrophotometrically on the Feulgen-stained preparations. The incidence of the cells with hyperdiploid nuclei was shown to be equal in the groups compared. It was concluded that the nonmultiple increase of the DNA content in the Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum was apparently unrelated to the virus infection.", "PMID": 70242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3728", "title": "[Highly sensitive electroimmunodiffusion method of detecting antigens on cellulose acetate film].", "content": "A highly sensitive electro-immunodiffusion test suggested by the authors for antigen detection on cellulose-acetate films consists of three stages: antigen concentration in a discontinuous buffer system on cellulose-acetate films; antigen detection on the same films by immunodiffusion using standard test system; to detect the precipitation bands the washed films are stained with protein dyes in case the reaction takes place in the zone of vision, or subject to further treatment by means of \"plating\" the precipitates with antiglobulin antibody or by radioautography. The method permits one to reveal the nanogram levels of alfa-fetoprotein and it may be applied for detection of antigens with different molecular weights and electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "[Highly sensitive electroimmunodiffusion method of detecting antigens on cellulose acetate film]. A highly sensitive electro-immunodiffusion test suggested by the authors for antigen detection on cellulose-acetate films consists of three stages: antigen concentration in a discontinuous buffer system on cellulose-acetate films; antigen detection on the same films by immunodiffusion using standard test system; to detect the precipitation bands the washed films are stained with protein dyes in case the reaction takes place in the zone of vision, or subject to further treatment by means of \"plating\" the precipitates with antiglobulin antibody or by radioautography. The method permits one to reveal the nanogram levels of alfa-fetoprotein and it may be applied for detection of antigens with different molecular weights and electrophoretic mobility.", "PMID": 70243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3729", "title": "[Radioimmunoelectrophoretic determination of alpha-fetoprotein. Standard inhibition curves].", "content": "The author suggests an express method of radioimmunological determination of murine and human alpha-fetoprotein with the use of electrophoretic separation of immune-bound and free antigen. The method is comparatively simple, it permits to analyze up to 50 samples in the course of 5 hours. Behaviour of the antibody-antigen system in drawing the standard inhibition curves was analyzed. Inhibition of the antibody-antigen reaction in the zone of low and great concentrations was revealed. The effect described requires further study.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoelectrophoretic determination of alpha-fetoprotein. Standard inhibition curves]. The author suggests an express method of radioimmunological determination of murine and human alpha-fetoprotein with the use of electrophoretic separation of immune-bound and free antigen. The method is comparatively simple, it permits to analyze up to 50 samples in the course of 5 hours. Behaviour of the antibody-antigen system in drawing the standard inhibition curves was analyzed. Inhibition of the antibody-antigen reaction in the zone of low and great concentrations was revealed. The effect described requires further study.", "PMID": 70244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3730", "title": "[Properdin and the protein composition of lymph and blood following resuscitation].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on dogs that the terminal blood letting with the subsequent reanimation by intrabone autoblood force pumping caused regular redistribution of proteins between blood, lymph, and tissues. Properdine and alpha-globulin retention in interstitium not eliminable by reanimation measures, and also stress secretion of gamma-globulins from the lymph nodes was noted.", "contents": "[Properdin and the protein composition of lymph and blood following resuscitation]. It was shown in experiments on dogs that the terminal blood letting with the subsequent reanimation by intrabone autoblood force pumping caused regular redistribution of proteins between blood, lymph, and tissues. Properdine and alpha-globulin retention in interstitium not eliminable by reanimation measures, and also stress secretion of gamma-globulins from the lymph nodes was noted.", "PMID": 70245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3731", "title": "[Conduct of Bacillus subtilis transformation in mice under conditions of immunologic suppression of exogenous DNAase 1 activity].", "content": "Bacillus subtilis transformation was conducted in the abdominal cavity of mice. The frequency of transformation was considerable decreased when bovine DNA-ase 1 (3-- 5microgram) was injected intraperitoneally to these animals. Immune rabbit gamma-globulins containing antibodies to bovine DNA-ase 1 inhibited in vivo the activity of DNA-ase 1, protected transforming DNA from the hydrolyzing effect of this enzyme. This model can be utilized in search for ways to preserve DNA injected into the animal organism for the purpose of genetical engineering.", "contents": "[Conduct of Bacillus subtilis transformation in mice under conditions of immunologic suppression of exogenous DNAase 1 activity]. Bacillus subtilis transformation was conducted in the abdominal cavity of mice. The frequency of transformation was considerable decreased when bovine DNA-ase 1 (3-- 5microgram) was injected intraperitoneally to these animals. Immune rabbit gamma-globulins containing antibodies to bovine DNA-ase 1 inhibited in vivo the activity of DNA-ase 1, protected transforming DNA from the hydrolyzing effect of this enzyme. This model can be utilized in search for ways to preserve DNA injected into the animal organism for the purpose of genetical engineering.", "PMID": 70246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3732", "title": "[Detection of antigens of endogenous viruses of the C-type during mouse development].", "content": "Embryos of the 12th-20th day of gestation, newborn and adult AKR and BALB/c mice were investigated for the presence of mouse C-type virus major structural p30 protein (gs-1) and Gross leukemia virus  type-specific antigen AGLV) by means of radioimmunodiffusion with test systems. The p30 protein was distinctly determined from the 12th day of intrauterine development in both mouse lines; it persisted in the embryo tissues until birth and was detectable also in the AKR and BALB/c mouse tissues from the first days of postnatal development and during the whole life. AGLV was not revealed in BALB/c and AKR embryos and in adult BALB/c mice; however it was found in the AKR newborn mice since the 1st-2nd day after birth. Basing on these data a conclusion was drawn that p30 protein and AGLV were expressed independently according to the radioimmuno-diffusion method sensitivity.", "contents": "[Detection of antigens of endogenous viruses of the C-type during mouse development]. Embryos of the 12th-20th day of gestation, newborn and adult AKR and BALB/c mice were investigated for the presence of mouse C-type virus major structural p30 protein (gs-1) and Gross leukemia virus  type-specific antigen AGLV) by means of radioimmunodiffusion with test systems. The p30 protein was distinctly determined from the 12th day of intrauterine development in both mouse lines; it persisted in the embryo tissues until birth and was detectable also in the AKR and BALB/c mouse tissues from the first days of postnatal development and during the whole life. AGLV was not revealed in BALB/c and AKR embryos and in adult BALB/c mice; however it was found in the AKR newborn mice since the 1st-2nd day after birth. Basing on these data a conclusion was drawn that p30 protein and AGLV were expressed independently according to the radioimmuno-diffusion method sensitivity.", "PMID": 70247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3733", "title": "[Histamine-liberating action of MCD-peptide from bee venom].", "content": "Histamine release (HR) from the isolated rat mast cells induced by MCD-peptide, mellitin (from the Apis mellifica venom) and compound 48/80 was studied. The dose-response curve, the latent period and temperature dependence of HR induced by MCD-peptide were similar to those of HR induced by compound 48/80. The HR induced by MCD-peptide proved to be an energy-dependent process that was independent of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate.", "contents": "[Histamine-liberating action of MCD-peptide from bee venom]. Histamine release (HR) from the isolated rat mast cells induced by MCD-peptide, mellitin (from the Apis mellifica venom) and compound 48/80 was studied. The dose-response curve, the latent period and temperature dependence of HR induced by MCD-peptide were similar to those of HR induced by compound 48/80. The HR induced by MCD-peptide proved to be an energy-dependent process that was independent of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate.", "PMID": 70248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3734", "title": "[Dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein concentration in mice of different genotypes during the neonatal period].", "content": "A comparative assay of the alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) level in mice of various genotypes (CBA, C3H, C57BL/Se/Sn, BALB/c, CC57W, AKR and nude--nu/nu) was conducted in the course of 3 weeks of postnatal period. The concentration of alpha-FP reached the following levels: the first day 2(-10)-2(-9); the 5th day 2(-8); the 8th day 2(-7); the 15th day 2(-4); on the 22nd day the level was zero. Nude mice which showed the alpha-FP concentration of 2(-2) on the 15th day were an exception. A conclusion was drawn that the alpha-FP synthesis was based not on the athymia of nude mice per se, but upon other unknown factors.", "contents": "[Dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein concentration in mice of different genotypes during the neonatal period]. A comparative assay of the alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) level in mice of various genotypes (CBA, C3H, C57BL/Se/Sn, BALB/c, CC57W, AKR and nude--nu/nu) was conducted in the course of 3 weeks of postnatal period. The concentration of alpha-FP reached the following levels: the first day 2(-10)-2(-9); the 5th day 2(-8); the 8th day 2(-7); the 15th day 2(-4); on the 22nd day the level was zero. Nude mice which showed the alpha-FP concentration of 2(-2) on the 15th day were an exception. A conclusion was drawn that the alpha-FP synthesis was based not on the athymia of nude mice per se, but upon other unknown factors.", "PMID": 70249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3735", "title": "[Characteristics of hepatocytes containing alpha-fetoprotein in regenerating mouse liver].", "content": "Induction of the synthesis of the embryo-specific protein--alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) was revealed in the SWR mice of different age after one or several CCl4 treatments. The alpha-FP level elevation was the greatest in mice aged under one month. Morphologically in the liver regenerating after CCl4 poisoning the alpha-FP-containing hepatocytes failed to differ from the principal mass of cells, i.e. in the small cells of young animals and in the large hepatocytes of high ploidy in mice repeatedly poisoned with CCl4. The only feature specific for the alpha-FP-containing hepatocytes in the liver regenerating after CCl4 poisoning was their preponderant localization in the region adjacent to necrosis. Analgous localization of the alpha-FP-containing cells was found in the liver of mice poisoned with two other hepatotoxins--paracetamol and allyl alcohol.", "contents": "[Characteristics of hepatocytes containing alpha-fetoprotein in regenerating mouse liver]. Induction of the synthesis of the embryo-specific protein--alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) was revealed in the SWR mice of different age after one or several CCl4 treatments. The alpha-FP level elevation was the greatest in mice aged under one month. Morphologically in the liver regenerating after CCl4 poisoning the alpha-FP-containing hepatocytes failed to differ from the principal mass of cells, i.e. in the small cells of young animals and in the large hepatocytes of high ploidy in mice repeatedly poisoned with CCl4. The only feature specific for the alpha-FP-containing hepatocytes in the liver regenerating after CCl4 poisoning was their preponderant localization in the region adjacent to necrosis. Analgous localization of the alpha-FP-containing cells was found in the liver of mice poisoned with two other hepatotoxins--paracetamol and allyl alcohol.", "PMID": 70250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3736", "title": "Effects of pesticide seed treatments on Rhizobium japonicum and its symbiotic relationship with soybean.", "content": "Seventeen Rhizobium japonicum cultures isolated from soybean nodules induced formation of nodules on taproots of soybean plants. All isolates reduced acetylene to ethylene to different extents in vitro. Paper disc assay indicated that two insecticides, lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and a fungicide, thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) individually or in combination caused significant inhibition of the growth of R. japonicum No. 16. The effects of insecticide-fungicide seed treatments on the nitrogenase activity of soybean plants in nitrogen-fixing capacity, weights of leaves, stems, and nodules were determined. Thiram, singly or in combination with lindane and/or chlorpyrifos, significantly delayed growth of the plants and affected the activity of nitrogenase in the fixation of nitrogen 3 weeks after treatments. No drastic effect of any of the pesticide treatments on soybean plant growth was observed after 8 weeks.", "contents": "Effects of pesticide seed treatments on Rhizobium japonicum and its symbiotic relationship with soybean. Seventeen Rhizobium japonicum cultures isolated from soybean nodules induced formation of nodules on taproots of soybean plants. All isolates reduced acetylene to ethylene to different extents in vitro. Paper disc assay indicated that two insecticides, lindane (gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and a fungicide, thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) individually or in combination caused significant inhibition of the growth of R. japonicum No. 16. The effects of insecticide-fungicide seed treatments on the nitrogenase activity of soybean plants in nitrogen-fixing capacity, weights of leaves, stems, and nodules were determined. Thiram, singly or in combination with lindane and/or chlorpyrifos, significantly delayed growth of the plants and affected the activity of nitrogenase in the fixation of nitrogen 3 weeks after treatments. No drastic effect of any of the pesticide treatments on soybean plant growth was observed after 8 weeks.", "PMID": 70252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3737", "title": "Effects of guanethidine on histamine release during reflex vasodilatation in the dog.", "content": "1 The effects of guanethidine pretreatment on the release of [14C]-histamine during the reflex vasodilatation induced in the atropinized gracilis muscle by rapid intravenous administration of noradrenaline, were studied in dogs. 2 After guanethidine treatment the haemodynamic reflex response was completely abolished and no appreciable modification of [14C]-histamine release from the gracilis muscle following intravenous noradrenaline was observed. 3 These results suggest the hypothesis that the withdrawal of the sympathetic discharge represents the mechanism of histamine release during the reflex vasodilatation. Therefore, guanethidine would suppress both the passive and the histaminergic component of the baroreceptor reflex through the abolition of the sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Effects of guanethidine on histamine release during reflex vasodilatation in the dog. 1 The effects of guanethidine pretreatment on the release of [14C]-histamine during the reflex vasodilatation induced in the atropinized gracilis muscle by rapid intravenous administration of noradrenaline, were studied in dogs. 2 After guanethidine treatment the haemodynamic reflex response was completely abolished and no appreciable modification of [14C]-histamine release from the gracilis muscle following intravenous noradrenaline was observed. 3 These results suggest the hypothesis that the withdrawal of the sympathetic discharge represents the mechanism of histamine release during the reflex vasodilatation. Therefore, guanethidine would suppress both the passive and the histaminergic component of the baroreceptor reflex through the abolition of the sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 70253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3738", "title": "Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-one patients with carcinoma of the upper thoracic oesophagus were intubated perorally using a Procter-Livingstone tube. The mortality was 16-6 per cent but, in the patients who survived, the palliation achieved, as judged by improved swallowing, was considered satisfactory. Factors influencing the success of intubation are also considered.", "contents": "Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. One hundred and eighty-one patients with carcinoma of the upper thoracic oesophagus were intubated perorally using a Procter-Livingstone tube. The mortality was 16-6 per cent but, in the patients who survived, the palliation achieved, as judged by improved swallowing, was considered satisfactory. Factors influencing the success of intubation are also considered.", "PMID": 70254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3739", "title": "Axonal transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins in noradrenergic neurons in the rat brain.", "content": "The transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins has been investigated in the noradrenergic pathway from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the hypothalamus in the rat brain by use of local injection of L-[6-3H]fucose into the LC. Two discrete waves of 3H-glycoprotein pass through the hypothalamus in a caudorostral direction traveling at 4 mm/h (96 mm/day) and 2 mm/h (48 mm/day) respectively. Both waves appear to originate from the LC at approximately 2 h after the injection of [3H]fucose, a time when incorporation into glycoprotein has not yet peaked in the LC. Lesioning the LC-hypothalamic pathway with 6-OHDA, but not carrier solution, blocks both waves of 3H-glycoprotein demonstrating that transport occurs exclusively in the catecholamine axons within the pathway. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography combined with 6-OHDA lesions demonstrates clear differences in the character of 3H-glycoproteins in the two waves undergoing transport. The relative lack of labelling of hypothalamic glycoproteins in the interval before and after these waves suggests that relatively few rapidly transported glycoproteins contribute to the non-terminal axon membrane and are probably primarily transported to the nerve terminal. No evidence for slow axoplasmic transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins is found.", "contents": "Axonal transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins in noradrenergic neurons in the rat brain. The transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins has been investigated in the noradrenergic pathway from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the hypothalamus in the rat brain by use of local injection of L-[6-3H]fucose into the LC. Two discrete waves of 3H-glycoprotein pass through the hypothalamus in a caudorostral direction traveling at 4 mm/h (96 mm/day) and 2 mm/h (48 mm/day) respectively. Both waves appear to originate from the LC at approximately 2 h after the injection of [3H]fucose, a time when incorporation into glycoprotein has not yet peaked in the LC. Lesioning the LC-hypothalamic pathway with 6-OHDA, but not carrier solution, blocks both waves of 3H-glycoprotein demonstrating that transport occurs exclusively in the catecholamine axons within the pathway. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography combined with 6-OHDA lesions demonstrates clear differences in the character of 3H-glycoproteins in the two waves undergoing transport. The relative lack of labelling of hypothalamic glycoproteins in the interval before and after these waves suggests that relatively few rapidly transported glycoproteins contribute to the non-terminal axon membrane and are probably primarily transported to the nerve terminal. No evidence for slow axoplasmic transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins is found.", "PMID": 70255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3740", "title": "Axonal transport of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in normal and regenerating goldfish optic nerves.", "content": "Radopactove putrescine, spermidine or spermine was injected into the right eye of normal goldfish and fish in which both optic nerves had been crushed 18 days earlier. Fish were sacrificed 0.25-21 days after injection. Trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble material was extracted from the right retina and both tecta and assayed for radioactivity (significant differences between left and right tecta suggesting axonal transport). The nature of the radioactivity in the TCA-soluble fraction was determined on an amino acid analyzer. Results indicate that putrescine is not axonally transported in intact goldfish optic nerves, but that during regeneration of the optic nerve large amounts of putrescine are axonally transported at rates similar to the fast component of protein transport. Spermidine appears to be axonally transported both in intact optic nerves and in regenerating optic nerves, and at an intermediate rate of transport; the amount of spermidine transported is significantly increased during regeneration. Spermine is also axonally transported in intact and regenerating nerves, at a rate similar to the rapid rate of protein transport. The amount of spermine transported appears to be slightly less in regenerating than in intact nerves during early stages of regeneration, but increases during later stages of nerve regeneration. The results suggest that putrescine and spermidine may be preferentially transported during nerve regeneration, while spermine and spermidine are transported extensively in intact nerves.", "contents": "Axonal transport of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in normal and regenerating goldfish optic nerves. Radopactove putrescine, spermidine or spermine was injected into the right eye of normal goldfish and fish in which both optic nerves had been crushed 18 days earlier. Fish were sacrificed 0.25-21 days after injection. Trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble material was extracted from the right retina and both tecta and assayed for radioactivity (significant differences between left and right tecta suggesting axonal transport). The nature of the radioactivity in the TCA-soluble fraction was determined on an amino acid analyzer. Results indicate that putrescine is not axonally transported in intact goldfish optic nerves, but that during regeneration of the optic nerve large amounts of putrescine are axonally transported at rates similar to the fast component of protein transport. Spermidine appears to be axonally transported both in intact optic nerves and in regenerating optic nerves, and at an intermediate rate of transport; the amount of spermidine transported is significantly increased during regeneration. Spermine is also axonally transported in intact and regenerating nerves, at a rate similar to the rapid rate of protein transport. The amount of spermine transported appears to be slightly less in regenerating than in intact nerves during early stages of regeneration, but increases during later stages of nerve regeneration. The results suggest that putrescine and spermidine may be preferentially transported during nerve regeneration, while spermine and spermidine are transported extensively in intact nerves.", "PMID": 70256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3741", "title": "Evidence for direct synaptic interconnections between cat spinal alpha-motoneurons via the recurrent axon collaterals: a morphological study using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "By using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into cat triceps surae alpha-motoneurons we have been able to trace the motor axons as well as the recurrent motor axon collaterals with their synaptic terminals both with the light and electron microscope. In addition to the expected projection to the 'Renshaw cell area', the triceps surae motor axon collaterals were frequently found to terminate within the motor nuclei, where at least some of the terminals made direct synaptic contact with triceps surae alpha-motoneurons.", "contents": "Evidence for direct synaptic interconnections between cat spinal alpha-motoneurons via the recurrent axon collaterals: a morphological study using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. By using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into cat triceps surae alpha-motoneurons we have been able to trace the motor axons as well as the recurrent motor axon collaterals with their synaptic terminals both with the light and electron microscope. In addition to the expected projection to the 'Renshaw cell area', the triceps surae motor axon collaterals were frequently found to terminate within the motor nuclei, where at least some of the terminals made direct synaptic contact with triceps surae alpha-motoneurons.", "PMID": 70258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3742", "title": "Role of gangliosides in the uptake and retrograde axonal transport of cholera and tetanus toxin as compared to nerve growth factor and wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "Previous investigations have shown that tetanus toxin is transported retrogradely in all peripheral neurons whereas the transport of NGF is confined to adrenergic and sensory neurons. Other macromolecules with molecular weights and general physiochemical properties similar to NGF and tetanus toxin (e.g., cytochrome C, insulin, horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin) are not transported to a detectable extent if injected in comparable molar concentrations. For tetanus toxin, which is transported in all peripheral neurons, it has be assumed that it's retrograde transport depends on properties common to all neurons. In view of the relatively high ganglioside content of the neurons and the high affinity of tetanus toxin for the trisialoganglioside GT1, we studied the influence of gangliosides on the retrograde transport of tetanus toxin as compared to NGF. We included into the study cholera toxin which is known to have a high affinity for the monosialoganglioside GM1 and wheat germ agglutinatinin, a lectin with specific affinity for glycoproteins with N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Both cholera toxin and wheat germ agglutinin were transported efficiently in all peripheral neurons. Preincubation of 125I-cholera toxin with monosialoganglioside GM1 completely blocked its retrograde axonal transport. The transport of NGF and wheat germ agglutinin was affected neither by various purified gangliosides nor by a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides. The transport of tetanus toxin was only reduced by 50% both by the trisialoganglioside GT1 and the bovine ganglioside mixture.", "contents": "Role of gangliosides in the uptake and retrograde axonal transport of cholera and tetanus toxin as compared to nerve growth factor and wheat germ agglutinin. Previous investigations have shown that tetanus toxin is transported retrogradely in all peripheral neurons whereas the transport of NGF is confined to adrenergic and sensory neurons. Other macromolecules with molecular weights and general physiochemical properties similar to NGF and tetanus toxin (e.g., cytochrome C, insulin, horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin) are not transported to a detectable extent if injected in comparable molar concentrations. For tetanus toxin, which is transported in all peripheral neurons, it has be assumed that it's retrograde transport depends on properties common to all neurons. In view of the relatively high ganglioside content of the neurons and the high affinity of tetanus toxin for the trisialoganglioside GT1, we studied the influence of gangliosides on the retrograde transport of tetanus toxin as compared to NGF. We included into the study cholera toxin which is known to have a high affinity for the monosialoganglioside GM1 and wheat germ agglutinatinin, a lectin with specific affinity for glycoproteins with N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Both cholera toxin and wheat germ agglutinin were transported efficiently in all peripheral neurons. Preincubation of 125I-cholera toxin with monosialoganglioside GM1 completely blocked its retrograde axonal transport. The transport of NGF and wheat germ agglutinin was affected neither by various purified gangliosides nor by a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides. The transport of tetanus toxin was only reduced by 50% both by the trisialoganglioside GT1 and the bovine ganglioside mixture.", "PMID": 70259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3743", "title": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase for determining motor projection patterns to the developing limb in Xenopus.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into developing limb buds of Xenopus laevis tadpoles is carried by retrograde axonal transport to the somata of motoneurones in the ventral horn. Small injection of 10% HRP were found to remain well localised to specified sites in the limb bud. Two types of labelled cells were found: diffusely labelled and granular labelled. Diffusely labelled cells result from axonal damage in the presence of HRP. Granular labelled cells result only from uptake of HRP from the region of the axon endings. No gradular uptake was found from axon shafts. It is concluded that the distribution of granular labelled cells accurately reflects the region of the ventral horn projecting to the site of injection in the limb.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase for determining motor projection patterns to the developing limb in Xenopus. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into developing limb buds of Xenopus laevis tadpoles is carried by retrograde axonal transport to the somata of motoneurones in the ventral horn. Small injection of 10% HRP were found to remain well localised to specified sites in the limb bud. Two types of labelled cells were found: diffusely labelled and granular labelled. Diffusely labelled cells result from axonal damage in the presence of HRP. Granular labelled cells result only from uptake of HRP from the region of the axon endings. No gradular uptake was found from axon shafts. It is concluded that the distribution of granular labelled cells accurately reflects the region of the ventral horn projecting to the site of injection in the limb.", "PMID": 70260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3744", "title": "The effect of the retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor on the morphology of adrenergic neurones.", "content": "An injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) into one eye of neonatal rats results in an increase in the tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. This effect was seen maximally after the intraocular injection of a depot preparation of NGF linked to cellulose. The sympathetic neurones that innervate the eye can be identified by autoradiography after the retrograde axonal transport of either NGF or tetanus toxin labelled with [125I]iodine. It was only those cells having their terminals in the vicinity of the depot preparation. This demonstrates that NGF transported from the periphery to the cell bodies is effectively retained within the transporting cell and is not released to act on extracellular receptors within the ganglion. It is suggested that this specificity of action for NGF reaching the ganglion in this fashion is important during normal development in determining the survival of adrenergic neurones.", "contents": "The effect of the retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor on the morphology of adrenergic neurones. An injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) into one eye of neonatal rats results in an increase in the tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. This effect was seen maximally after the intraocular injection of a depot preparation of NGF linked to cellulose. The sympathetic neurones that innervate the eye can be identified by autoradiography after the retrograde axonal transport of either NGF or tetanus toxin labelled with [125I]iodine. It was only those cells having their terminals in the vicinity of the depot preparation. This demonstrates that NGF transported from the periphery to the cell bodies is effectively retained within the transporting cell and is not released to act on extracellular receptors within the ganglion. It is suggested that this specificity of action for NGF reaching the ganglion in this fashion is important during normal development in determining the survival of adrenergic neurones.", "PMID": 70261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3745", "title": "[Immunologic properties of various cell fractions of a wild strain and a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen].", "content": "Some fractions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall have been prepared by the action of Helix pomatia juice on intact cells. Immunosera were obtained by injecting rabbits with these fractions. Immunofluorescence reactions, obtained with these sera, show that some fractions of mannopeptides when extracted from a \"smooth-colony\" mutant strain, have lost antigenic determinants.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties of various cell fractions of a wild strain and a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen]. Some fractions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall have been prepared by the action of Helix pomatia juice on intact cells. Immunosera were obtained by injecting rabbits with these fractions. Immunofluorescence reactions, obtained with these sera, show that some fractions of mannopeptides when extracted from a \"smooth-colony\" mutant strain, have lost antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 70263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3746", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: a new proposal for the evaluation of treatment.", "content": "An 8-year study of the records of 127 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus revealed that the data necessary to make an evaluation of various methods of palliative treatment frequently were not recorded on the charts. Therefore, it was not possible to recommend one particular paliative treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus. The authors believe that a prospective study is required to evaluate objectively the various modes of treatment for this disease. They propose a grading system with numbered values, so that future studies can be made more objective: in addition such a system would allow comparison of series from different treatment centres.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: a new proposal for the evaluation of treatment. An 8-year study of the records of 127 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus revealed that the data necessary to make an evaluation of various methods of palliative treatment frequently were not recorded on the charts. Therefore, it was not possible to recommend one particular paliative treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus. The authors believe that a prospective study is required to evaluate objectively the various modes of treatment for this disease. They propose a grading system with numbered values, so that future studies can be made more objective: in addition such a system would allow comparison of series from different treatment centres.", "PMID": 70264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3747", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels after hepatic artery ligation and postoperative chemotherapy: correlation with clinical status in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and positive serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were treated by hepatic artery legation and postoperative chemotherapy. Three patterns of clinical response were discerned. First, a marked decrease in AFP levels was found in five patients following the treatment. Three of these patients are alive, all with lowered or normal serum AFP levels at 20, 22, and 60 weeks after operation. Second, two patients displayed only a transient decrease in AFP levels followed by a gradual increase. Third, there was a continuous increase in AFP levels in one patient who showed no clinical improvement. The serum AFP levels in each case appeared to correlate with the prognosis of these patients. Thus, serial measurements of AFP levels may provide an index to assess the clinical result of hepatic artery ligation in patients affected with hepatoma.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels after hepatic artery ligation and postoperative chemotherapy: correlation with clinical status in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and positive serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were treated by hepatic artery legation and postoperative chemotherapy. Three patterns of clinical response were discerned. First, a marked decrease in AFP levels was found in five patients following the treatment. Three of these patients are alive, all with lowered or normal serum AFP levels at 20, 22, and 60 weeks after operation. Second, two patients displayed only a transient decrease in AFP levels followed by a gradual increase. Third, there was a continuous increase in AFP levels in one patient who showed no clinical improvement. The serum AFP levels in each case appeared to correlate with the prognosis of these patients. Thus, serial measurements of AFP levels may provide an index to assess the clinical result of hepatic artery ligation in patients affected with hepatoma.", "PMID": 70265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3748", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of germ cell tumors of the testis with vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D and medroxyprogesterone acetate.", "content": "Forty-three patients with disseminated germ cell cancer were treated with a combination of vincristine, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-D, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. All the 43 patients were considered evaluable for response. Thirty-one patients (72%) achieved a complete or partial remission and 14 (32.5%) achieved a complete remission. The patients who attained an objective response obtained a significant prolongation of life compared with the nonresponders (median survival 55 vs. 23 weeks). Responses were seen in all histologic categories and most frequently in patients with metastases confined to the lungs. The major side effects were leukopenia and stomatitis. There were no deaths related to toxicity of the chemotherapy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of germ cell tumors of the testis with vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Forty-three patients with disseminated germ cell cancer were treated with a combination of vincristine, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-D, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. All the 43 patients were considered evaluable for response. Thirty-one patients (72%) achieved a complete or partial remission and 14 (32.5%) achieved a complete remission. The patients who attained an objective response obtained a significant prolongation of life compared with the nonresponders (median survival 55 vs. 23 weeks). Responses were seen in all histologic categories and most frequently in patients with metastases confined to the lungs. The major side effects were leukopenia and stomatitis. There were no deaths related to toxicity of the chemotherapy.", "PMID": 70266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3749", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "The serum alphafetoprotein level (AFP) was studies in 125 histologically verified cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 66 other malignancies, 74 cases of cirrhosis of the liver, 60 of chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 of chronic persistent hepatitis, 16 of subacute hepatitis, 36 of acute viral hepatitis, and 13 healthy hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used in all cases. AFP greater than 10 ng-ml appeared in 90% of the cases, and was above 400 ng/ml in 69%. In 80% of those above 400 ng/ml, AFP could also be demonstrated by immunodiffusion. The AFP level in hepatocellular carcinoma was discovered to decline as the age increased. It also appeared to be related to the tumor cell type; the relatively immature cell type was more frequently associated with a higher AFP level. The presence of HBsAg did not influence the AFP level. Although the AFP  in other malignancies and liver diseases ranged abnormally from 14 to 69%, the level did not exceed 400 ng/ml as in our cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (except in one case). Thus, this figure provides a diagnostic serum level of AFP for the identification of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. The serum alphafetoprotein level (AFP) was studies in 125 histologically verified cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 66 other malignancies, 74 cases of cirrhosis of the liver, 60 of chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 of chronic persistent hepatitis, 16 of subacute hepatitis, 36 of acute viral hepatitis, and 13 healthy hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used in all cases. AFP greater than 10 ng-ml appeared in 90% of the cases, and was above 400 ng/ml in 69%. In 80% of those above 400 ng/ml, AFP could also be demonstrated by immunodiffusion. The AFP level in hepatocellular carcinoma was discovered to decline as the age increased. It also appeared to be related to the tumor cell type; the relatively immature cell type was more frequently associated with a higher AFP level. The presence of HBsAg did not influence the AFP level. Although the AFP  in other malignancies and liver diseases ranged abnormally from 14 to 69%, the level did not exceed 400 ng/ml as in our cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (except in one case). Thus, this figure provides a diagnostic serum level of AFP for the identification of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 70268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3750", "title": "Induction of hepatomas secreting large amounts of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Hepatomas secreting large amounts of alpha-fetoprotein were induced in Fischer rats by the continuous feeding of 0.06% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the 59 hepatoma-bearing rats ranged from 92--3260 microgram/ml (mean, 972 microgram/ml; median, 830 microgram/ml) at the time of primary tumor transplantation.", "contents": "Induction of hepatomas secreting large amounts of alpha-fetoprotein. Hepatomas secreting large amounts of alpha-fetoprotein were induced in Fischer rats by the continuous feeding of 0.06% 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the 59 hepatoma-bearing rats ranged from 92--3260 microgram/ml (mean, 972 microgram/ml; median, 830 microgram/ml) at the time of primary tumor transplantation.", "PMID": 70269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3751", "title": "Analysis of the interpolation phenomenon in man evaluated by premature atrial stimulation.", "content": "After early premature atrial stimulations, returning cycles shorter than the basic cycle were observed in 25 patients. In 4 of them sinus echoes were seen to occur after premature atrial stimulation coupling intervals shorter than those able to induce completely interpolated beats. Such a sequence is unexpected if we suggest a sino-atrial entrance block for explaining the interpolation phenomenon. An alternative explanation can be postulated assuming that all these early premature beats are sinus node re-entries and that the completely interpolated beat is only a sinus re-entry fortuitously occurring at an appropriate interval.", "contents": "Analysis of the interpolation phenomenon in man evaluated by premature atrial stimulation. After early premature atrial stimulations, returning cycles shorter than the basic cycle were observed in 25 patients. In 4 of them sinus echoes were seen to occur after premature atrial stimulation coupling intervals shorter than those able to induce completely interpolated beats. Such a sequence is unexpected if we suggest a sino-atrial entrance block for explaining the interpolation phenomenon. An alternative explanation can be postulated assuming that all these early premature beats are sinus node re-entries and that the completely interpolated beat is only a sinus re-entry fortuitously occurring at an appropriate interval.", "PMID": 70275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3752", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal third of rabbit alpha-globin messenger RNA: comparison with human alpha-globin messenger RNA.", "content": "Rabbit and human alpha-globin complementary DNA was synthesized using the primer (dT10)dGdCdC hybridized to globin mRNA with reverse transcriptase, and sequenced using the plus and minus gel sequencing procedure (Sanger and Coulson, 1975; Brownlee and Cartwright, 1977). The complete 3' noncoding region, 89 nucleotides in length, and one third of the coding region of rabbit alpha-globin mRNA have thus been sequenced. These data are compared with the near complete 3' noncoding region sequence of human alpha-globin mRNA obtained in these and previous studies. The two mRNAs are approximately 80% homologous in their 3' noncoding regions, except that the human sequence has an insert of 24 nucleotides. A very similar insert in sequence has been described in human beta-globin mRNA (Proudfoot, 1977).", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal third of rabbit alpha-globin messenger RNA: comparison with human alpha-globin messenger RNA. Rabbit and human alpha-globin complementary DNA was synthesized using the primer (dT10)dGdCdC hybridized to globin mRNA with reverse transcriptase, and sequenced using the plus and minus gel sequencing procedure (Sanger and Coulson, 1975; Brownlee and Cartwright, 1977). The complete 3' noncoding region, 89 nucleotides in length, and one third of the coding region of rabbit alpha-globin mRNA have thus been sequenced. These data are compared with the near complete 3' noncoding region sequence of human alpha-globin mRNA obtained in these and previous studies. The two mRNAs are approximately 80% homologous in their 3' noncoding regions, except that the human sequence has an insert of 24 nucleotides. A very similar insert in sequence has been described in human beta-globin mRNA (Proudfoot, 1977).", "PMID": 70277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3753", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis, on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis--ultrastructural and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Observations with the light and electron microscopes showed that a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis which is a rifampicin derivative, had a toxic effect on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis. It induced mitochondrial damage in all observed cells and marked alteration of the ultrastructure of nucleus of the pachytene oocyte. Light autoradiography showed that AF/ABDP cis caused wide variation in nuclear labelling with [3H] thymidine from one pachytene oocyte to another. Somatic cells were more uniformly labelled. These results are discussed in relation to the interpretation experiments upon eucaryote cells in which this drug is used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis, on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis--ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. Observations with the light and electron microscopes showed that a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis which is a rifampicin derivative, had a toxic effect on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis. It induced mitochondrial damage in all observed cells and marked alteration of the ultrastructure of nucleus of the pachytene oocyte. Light autoradiography showed that AF/ABDP cis caused wide variation in nuclear labelling with [3H] thymidine from one pachytene oocyte to another. Somatic cells were more uniformly labelled. These results are discussed in relation to the interpretation experiments upon eucaryote cells in which this drug is used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor.", "PMID": 70278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3754", "title": "[Long-term results of prolonged dicoumarol anticoagulant therapy in 327 peipheral arteriopathic subjects].", "content": "327 patients with peripheral arteriopathy were treated solely with protracted dicoumarol anticoagulant therapy. The indication for such therapy was applied not only in patients in whom the high risk and poor run-off contraindicated revascularisation operations, but also in those in good general conditions at the 2nd or 3rd stage with iliac and femoral thromboses. Two-thirds of the arteriopathics observed were given the anticoagulant treatment for more than two years, with a maximum of eight years. Clinical evolution of the disease is discussed in relation to the treated patients' age and stage, while emphasis is given to the very low incidence of complications and contraindications, despite the long period of treatment.", "contents": "[Long-term results of prolonged dicoumarol anticoagulant therapy in 327 peipheral arteriopathic subjects]. 327 patients with peripheral arteriopathy were treated solely with protracted dicoumarol anticoagulant therapy. The indication for such therapy was applied not only in patients in whom the high risk and poor run-off contraindicated revascularisation operations, but also in those in good general conditions at the 2nd or 3rd stage with iliac and femoral thromboses. Two-thirds of the arteriopathics observed were given the anticoagulant treatment for more than two years, with a maximum of eight years. Clinical evolution of the disease is discussed in relation to the treated patients' age and stage, while emphasis is given to the very low incidence of complications and contraindications, despite the long period of treatment.", "PMID": 70280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3755", "title": "[Projections of bulbar reticular nuclei and raphe nuclei to lobules VI and VII of cat cerebellar cortex].", "content": "Injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis (in the Cat). Serial frontal sections of the brain stem reveal that the lateral and paramedian nuclei were essentially projected onto lobule VI, and the projections from the raphe nuclei onto lobule VII.", "contents": "[Projections of bulbar reticular nuclei and raphe nuclei to lobules VI and VII of cat cerebellar cortex]. Injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis (in the Cat). Serial frontal sections of the brain stem reveal that the lateral and paramedian nuclei were essentially projected onto lobule VI, and the projections from the raphe nuclei onto lobule VII.", "PMID": 70281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3756", "title": "The role of gamma-globulin in composition of macroamylase.", "content": "A macroamylase complex has been artificially generated by combining purified pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase solutions with physiological amounts of human gamma-globulin. This complex was only partially dissociable at pH 3.5. Salivary alpha-amylase was shown to have higher binding affinity to gamma-globulin than the pancreatic alpha-amylase. Small amounts of macroamylase complex were also formed after the addition of purified salivary or pancreatic alpha-amylase to normal serum. This effect was more distinct when salivary alpha-amylase was added. Electrophoretic examination of serum proteins from subjects with macroamylasemia showed a significant increase of gamma-globulin fraction. Seromucoid of these subjects was also above normal range. Electrophoresis of serum glycoproteins yielded raised values of the fraction moving with gamma-globulin.", "contents": "The role of gamma-globulin in composition of macroamylase. A macroamylase complex has been artificially generated by combining purified pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase solutions with physiological amounts of human gamma-globulin. This complex was only partially dissociable at pH 3.5. Salivary alpha-amylase was shown to have higher binding affinity to gamma-globulin than the pancreatic alpha-amylase. Small amounts of macroamylase complex were also formed after the addition of purified salivary or pancreatic alpha-amylase to normal serum. This effect was more distinct when salivary alpha-amylase was added. Electrophoretic examination of serum proteins from subjects with macroamylasemia showed a significant increase of gamma-globulin fraction. Seromucoid of these subjects was also above normal range. Electrophoresis of serum glycoproteins yielded raised values of the fraction moving with gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 70282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3757", "title": "Effects of albumin and other proteins during assay of amylase activity.", "content": "Addition of albumin, gamma-globulin, alpha-casein or submaxillary mucin to the assay system for chromogenic measurement of human or rat amylase with blue starch increased the amylase activity, albumin having the most effect. These proteins seemed to increase the activity by protecting amylase from inactivation. Amylase activity was higher in urine samples showing proteinuria than in urine samples without detectable protein. It is concluded that amylase assay is more reliable when a final concentration of albumin of 1 mg per ml is added at the dilution step and at the incubation step.", "contents": "Effects of albumin and other proteins during assay of amylase activity. Addition of albumin, gamma-globulin, alpha-casein or submaxillary mucin to the assay system for chromogenic measurement of human or rat amylase with blue starch increased the amylase activity, albumin having the most effect. These proteins seemed to increase the activity by protecting amylase from inactivation. Amylase activity was higher in urine samples showing proteinuria than in urine samples without detectable protein. It is concluded that amylase assay is more reliable when a final concentration of albumin of 1 mg per ml is added at the dilution step and at the incubation step.", "PMID": 70283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3758", "title": "Electroradioimmunoassay: a sensitive method for the quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "A sensitive technique, electroradioimmunoassay has been adapted for the estimation of alpha1-fetoprotein in normal adult human plasma and serum. Commercially available antisera were used and a 10-fold increase in sensitivity was obtained in comparison with two conventional radioimmunoassays. Plasma alpha 1-fetoprotein levels of 2.6 +/- 1.2 microgram/1 (mean and standard deviation) were found in a normal population as compared with levels of 4.1 +/- 2.6 microgram/l in a group of 49 patients with alcoholic liver disease.", "contents": "Electroradioimmunoassay: a sensitive method for the quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein. A sensitive technique, electroradioimmunoassay has been adapted for the estimation of alpha1-fetoprotein in normal adult human plasma and serum. Commercially available antisera were used and a 10-fold increase in sensitivity was obtained in comparison with two conventional radioimmunoassays. Plasma alpha 1-fetoprotein levels of 2.6 +/- 1.2 microgram/1 (mean and standard deviation) were found in a normal population as compared with levels of 4.1 +/- 2.6 microgram/l in a group of 49 patients with alcoholic liver disease.", "PMID": 70284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3759", "title": "Cord serum levels of IgM, IgA, and alpha-fetoprotein and their interrelationships.", "content": "IgM, IgA, and AFP concentrations were determined in a group of 30 umbilical cord sera chosen at random from the cord sera sampled over a period of one year. Because low levels were expected, use was made of sensitive techniques, which were standardized on the basis of international reference preparations. Geometric mean levels were 5.58 mg/l for IgA, 142 mg/l for IgM and 53.6 mg/l for AFP. Statistical analysis of the distinct IgM, IgA, and AFP levels showed no significant correlation with either birth weight or birth length. The difference between the sexes in the levels of these proteins was not significant either. The difference between the IgA concentration in sera from children of primipara and those of multipara mothers was significant. Moreover, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the IgA and AFP levels. The results are discussed in relation to current knowledge about the ontogeny of humoral immunity in man and a possible biological function of AFP in ontogeny.", "contents": "Cord serum levels of IgM, IgA, and alpha-fetoprotein and their interrelationships. IgM, IgA, and AFP concentrations were determined in a group of 30 umbilical cord sera chosen at random from the cord sera sampled over a period of one year. Because low levels were expected, use was made of sensitive techniques, which were standardized on the basis of international reference preparations. Geometric mean levels were 5.58 mg/l for IgA, 142 mg/l for IgM and 53.6 mg/l for AFP. Statistical analysis of the distinct IgM, IgA, and AFP levels showed no significant correlation with either birth weight or birth length. The difference between the sexes in the levels of these proteins was not significant either. The difference between the IgA concentration in sera from children of primipara and those of multipara mothers was significant. Moreover, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the IgA and AFP levels. The results are discussed in relation to current knowledge about the ontogeny of humoral immunity in man and a possible biological function of AFP in ontogeny.", "PMID": 70285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3760", "title": "Methods for semi micro or automated determination of thrombin, antithrombin, and heparin cofactor using he substrate, H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-p-nitroanilide-2HCl.", "content": "Methods for the measurement of thrombin and plasma antithrombin, by end point determination at a semi micro level and also by rate assay measurement in a fully automated system have been devised using the thrombin specific chromogenic substrate, H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-p-nitroanilide. Preliminary defibrination of plasma is avoided in both methods. The semi micro method has been correlated with antitrhombin measured in plasma of postoperative patients by established clotting and immunological assays. The automated method has been found to be highly reproducible and to have less scatter than the other procedures.", "contents": "Methods for semi micro or automated determination of thrombin, antithrombin, and heparin cofactor using he substrate, H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-p-nitroanilide-2HCl. Methods for the measurement of thrombin and plasma antithrombin, by end point determination at a semi micro level and also by rate assay measurement in a fully automated system have been devised using the thrombin specific chromogenic substrate, H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-p-nitroanilide. Preliminary defibrination of plasma is avoided in both methods. The semi micro method has been correlated with antitrhombin measured in plasma of postoperative patients by established clotting and immunological assays. The automated method has been found to be highly reproducible and to have less scatter than the other procedures.", "PMID": 70286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3761", "title": "Serum FSH, LH and prolactin in normal males and patients with prostatic diseases.", "content": "Serum FSH, LH and prolactin were measured in fifty-eight normal males between 30 and 80 years of age. At the same time similar estimations were performed on samples taken from 232 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and twenty-six patients with prostatic carcinoma. The three groups were compared with respect to age, and it was observed that significant rises related to age occurred in the serum levels of FSH, LH and prolactin in normal men after the sixth decade. The patient groups did not differ significantly from each other, or from the normal age-matched population in respect to prolactin and FSH levels. Serum LH in both the carcinoma and BPH patient groups, however, differed significantly from the controls, and remained at the level associated with younger normal males. It is suggested that testosterone metabolites from the prostate exert a negative feedback on pituitary LH secretion.", "contents": "Serum FSH, LH and prolactin in normal males and patients with prostatic diseases. Serum FSH, LH and prolactin were measured in fifty-eight normal males between 30 and 80 years of age. At the same time similar estimations were performed on samples taken from 232 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and twenty-six patients with prostatic carcinoma. The three groups were compared with respect to age, and it was observed that significant rises related to age occurred in the serum levels of FSH, LH and prolactin in normal men after the sixth decade. The patient groups did not differ significantly from each other, or from the normal age-matched population in respect to prolactin and FSH levels. Serum LH in both the carcinoma and BPH patient groups, however, differed significantly from the controls, and remained at the level associated with younger normal males. It is suggested that testosterone metabolites from the prostate exert a negative feedback on pituitary LH secretion.", "PMID": 70287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3762", "title": "Determination of cryoglobulins as lipoprotein-autoantibody immune complexes and antigenic determinants against antilipoprotein autoantibody.", "content": "Serum IgG-antilipoprotein-autoantibody activity (at 4 degrees C) of a plane xanthoma patient was shown by double-immunodiffusion method. Cryoglobulins in the serum were dissociated to polyclonal IgG and alpha- and beta-lipoproteins by acidification and were reconstructed by neutralization. IgG fraction of the cryoglobulins precipitated with lipoproteins. The cryoglobulins were thus demonstrated to be immune complexes of polyclonal IgG-antilipoprotein-autoantibody and both alpha- and beta-lipoproteins. A part of the lipoprotein-autoantibody immune complexes was not cryoprecipitable. Antigenic determinants for the autoantibody existed in the lipid moieties of lipoproteins, in contrast to the apoproteins which determined the specificity to heteroimmune antilipoprotein antibody. The presence of more than nine different antigenic determinants against the autoantibody indicated that lipoproteins were immunologically heterogeneous depending upon the lipid moieties. Lipoproteins reactive with the autoantibody varied quantitatively in normal individuals and were not detected in a primary hyper-beta-lipoproteinaemia patient and in a primary biliary liver cirrhosis patient with much lipoprotein-X. The absence of antigenicity in the two patients' sera is most likely caused by abnormal lipid moieties of lipoproteins.", "contents": "Determination of cryoglobulins as lipoprotein-autoantibody immune complexes and antigenic determinants against antilipoprotein autoantibody. Serum IgG-antilipoprotein-autoantibody activity (at 4 degrees C) of a plane xanthoma patient was shown by double-immunodiffusion method. Cryoglobulins in the serum were dissociated to polyclonal IgG and alpha- and beta-lipoproteins by acidification and were reconstructed by neutralization. IgG fraction of the cryoglobulins precipitated with lipoproteins. The cryoglobulins were thus demonstrated to be immune complexes of polyclonal IgG-antilipoprotein-autoantibody and both alpha- and beta-lipoproteins. A part of the lipoprotein-autoantibody immune complexes was not cryoprecipitable. Antigenic determinants for the autoantibody existed in the lipid moieties of lipoproteins, in contrast to the apoproteins which determined the specificity to heteroimmune antilipoprotein antibody. The presence of more than nine different antigenic determinants against the autoantibody indicated that lipoproteins were immunologically heterogeneous depending upon the lipid moieties. Lipoproteins reactive with the autoantibody varied quantitatively in normal individuals and were not detected in a primary hyper-beta-lipoproteinaemia patient and in a primary biliary liver cirrhosis patient with much lipoprotein-X. The absence of antigenicity in the two patients' sera is most likely caused by abnormal lipid moieties of lipoproteins.", "PMID": 70290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3763", "title": "Identification of pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin on the surface of peripheral blood leucocyte populations.", "content": "Pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM) was identified on the surface membranes of human peripheral blood leucocytes by immunofluorescent staining. Subjects having a high serum-level of the glycoprotein (pregnant and contraceptive steroid-treated women) were shown to possess a significantly greater proportion of PAM-positive cells than those (normal males) with a low concentration. However, no correlation was found between the serum values and the percentage of PAM-associated leucocytes. Studies employing purified leucocyte-types and the simultaneous detection of PAM and lymphocyte surface markers indicated that only subpopulations of T lymphocytes (23%) and monocytes (40%) were associated with this serum protein.", "contents": "Identification of pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin on the surface of peripheral blood leucocyte populations. Pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM) was identified on the surface membranes of human peripheral blood leucocytes by immunofluorescent staining. Subjects having a high serum-level of the glycoprotein (pregnant and contraceptive steroid-treated women) were shown to possess a significantly greater proportion of PAM-positive cells than those (normal males) with a low concentration. However, no correlation was found between the serum values and the percentage of PAM-associated leucocytes. Studies employing purified leucocyte-types and the simultaneous detection of PAM and lymphocyte surface markers indicated that only subpopulations of T lymphocytes (23%) and monocytes (40%) were associated with this serum protein.", "PMID": 70291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3764", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens. III. Reactivity in sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma in relation to tumour development.", "content": "Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) determined antigens and for antibodies directed against various EBV-specific antigens. No correlation was found between EBV serology and ADCC in sera selected for high or low titres against the membrane antigens (MA) or in consecutive sera from three patients with isolated late tumour recurrences. Furthermore, no correlation was found between ADCC and tumour development.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens. III. Reactivity in sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma in relation to tumour development. Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) determined antigens and for antibodies directed against various EBV-specific antigens. No correlation was found between EBV serology and ADCC in sera selected for high or low titres against the membrane antigens (MA) or in consecutive sera from three patients with isolated late tumour recurrences. Furthermore, no correlation was found between ADCC and tumour development.", "PMID": 70292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3765", "title": "Potentiation of experimental allergic thyroiditis in rats adipectomized at birth.", "content": "The effect of neonatal extirpation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (adipectomy) on the development of experimental allergic thyroiditis in 8-week-old inbred Lewis rats was studied. The incidence and intensity of disease were much higher, and delayed skin reactions significantly stronger, in adipectomized rats than in control sham-adipectomized rats.", "contents": "Potentiation of experimental allergic thyroiditis in rats adipectomized at birth. The effect of neonatal extirpation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (adipectomy) on the development of experimental allergic thyroiditis in 8-week-old inbred Lewis rats was studied. The incidence and intensity of disease were much higher, and delayed skin reactions significantly stronger, in adipectomized rats than in control sham-adipectomized rats.", "PMID": 70293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3766", "title": "Cytomegalovirus-directed lymphocyte reactivity in healthy adults tested by a CMV-induced lymphocyte transformation test.", "content": "A cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced lymphocyte tranformation test (LTT) performed as a microtechnique assay is described. Investigations were done in a group of twenty-five healthy adults with normal lymphocyte reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and previously encountered antigens. Lymphocyte reactivity was established in CMV-seropositive persons using heat-inactivated cell-free CMV strain AD 169 in an optimal stimulating dose of 10(1-5) TCID 50. Positive CMV-LTT results were shown to be induced by purified inactivated CMV. Most persons (twelve out of seventeen) with antibodies against CMV-induced late or virus-structure antigens (LA) showed positive (stimulation index greater than 2-0) CMV-LTT results. Magnitude of CMV-LTT responses was positively related to the CMV-LA Ab titres (P less than 0-01). All persons (six) with antibodies against CMV early or non-structural antigens showed positive CMV-LTT results and highest stimulation rates were found in this group. Generally CMV-seronegative persons were non-responsive. Only in one case (LA Ab titre 10) a borderline positive response (stimulation index 2-3) was seen. The CMV-LTT was shown to have virus-specific properties because it was not related to simultaneously performed LTTs with Epstein-Barr virus and Herpes simplex virus in the same persons. It is concluded that CMV-LTTs are useful virus-specific in vitro techniques for the study of CMV-directed lymphocyte reactivity. Its possible relationship to other cell-mediated immunity tests and its practical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Cytomegalovirus-directed lymphocyte reactivity in healthy adults tested by a CMV-induced lymphocyte transformation test. A cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced lymphocyte tranformation test (LTT) performed as a microtechnique assay is described. Investigations were done in a group of twenty-five healthy adults with normal lymphocyte reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and previously encountered antigens. Lymphocyte reactivity was established in CMV-seropositive persons using heat-inactivated cell-free CMV strain AD 169 in an optimal stimulating dose of 10(1-5) TCID 50. Positive CMV-LTT results were shown to be induced by purified inactivated CMV. Most persons (twelve out of seventeen) with antibodies against CMV-induced late or virus-structure antigens (LA) showed positive (stimulation index greater than 2-0) CMV-LTT results. Magnitude of CMV-LTT responses was positively related to the CMV-LA Ab titres (P less than 0-01). All persons (six) with antibodies against CMV early or non-structural antigens showed positive CMV-LTT results and highest stimulation rates were found in this group. Generally CMV-seronegative persons were non-responsive. Only in one case (LA Ab titre 10) a borderline positive response (stimulation index 2-3) was seen. The CMV-LTT was shown to have virus-specific properties because it was not related to simultaneously performed LTTs with Epstein-Barr virus and Herpes simplex virus in the same persons. It is concluded that CMV-LTTs are useful virus-specific in vitro techniques for the study of CMV-directed lymphocyte reactivity. Its possible relationship to other cell-mediated immunity tests and its practical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 70294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3767", "title": "Monoclonal IgG3-kappa and IgG1-lambda proteins with different idiotypic determinants present in a single patient.", "content": "Two monoclonal proteins belonging to IgG3-kappa and IgG1-lambda subclasses were detected in a single patient. Immunochemical analysis revealed that the idiotypic determinants of the two proteins were different. Examination of bone marrow by an immunofluorescence technique indicated that these two proteins were produced in different cells, although both kappa and lambda chains were present in a minute proportion of the cells. J chain was present in all cells that produced IgG.", "contents": "Monoclonal IgG3-kappa and IgG1-lambda proteins with different idiotypic determinants present in a single patient. Two monoclonal proteins belonging to IgG3-kappa and IgG1-lambda subclasses were detected in a single patient. Immunochemical analysis revealed that the idiotypic determinants of the two proteins were different. Examination of bone marrow by an immunofluorescence technique indicated that these two proteins were produced in different cells, although both kappa and lambda chains were present in a minute proportion of the cells. J chain was present in all cells that produced IgG.", "PMID": 70295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3768", "title": "Immune responses of BALB/c mice to the idiotype of T15 and of other myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin: implications for an immune network and antibody multispecificity.", "content": "Normal adult BALB/c mice are virtually unresponsive to the idiotype of myeloma protein T15 when immunized with purified T15. However, antibodies to the T15 idiotype can be elicited by T15 in BALB/c mice that are reared in a germ-free environment or injected as newborns with an alloantiserum to the idiotype. Some germ-free and neonatally suppressed mice also produce helper cells (presumably T helpers) that enhance B-cell production of anti-DNP antibodies in response to DNP-T15. Taken together with previous studies, the present results mean that so far there are no exceptions to the rule that BALB/c mice have B and T cells that can respond to idiotypes of myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin. There appears to be a reciprocal relation between the natural prevalence of an immunoglobulin's idiotype and its immunogenicity in isologous individuals. The findings support proposals for an immune network of idiotypes and anti-idiotypes. Besides binding one or more extrinsic antigens, it is likely that each immunoglobulin also binds the idiotype of some other immunoglobulin. An immune network therefore implies multispecificity of antibodies.", "contents": "Immune responses of BALB/c mice to the idiotype of T15 and of other myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin: implications for an immune network and antibody multispecificity. Normal adult BALB/c mice are virtually unresponsive to the idiotype of myeloma protein T15 when immunized with purified T15. However, antibodies to the T15 idiotype can be elicited by T15 in BALB/c mice that are reared in a germ-free environment or injected as newborns with an alloantiserum to the idiotype. Some germ-free and neonatally suppressed mice also produce helper cells (presumably T helpers) that enhance B-cell production of anti-DNP antibodies in response to DNP-T15. Taken together with previous studies, the present results mean that so far there are no exceptions to the rule that BALB/c mice have B and T cells that can respond to idiotypes of myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin. There appears to be a reciprocal relation between the natural prevalence of an immunoglobulin's idiotype and its immunogenicity in isologous individuals. The findings support proposals for an immune network of idiotypes and anti-idiotypes. Besides binding one or more extrinsic antigens, it is likely that each immunoglobulin also binds the idiotype of some other immunoglobulin. An immune network therefore implies multispecificity of antibodies.", "PMID": 70307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3769", "title": "Has small-scale audio-visual dental health education a viable future?", "content": "The achievement of an adequate oral hygiene status in large groups of people remains an unfulfilled objective of the dental profession. In this study an attempt was made to motivate 180 pregnant women by showing them a tape-slide program. The subjects were randomly allocated into four statistically equal experimental groups. Two examiners, who were calibrated before commencement of the survey, measured Gingival and Plaque Indices of each subject and a questionnaire was used to assess the educational potential of the tape-slide sequence over a period of 4 weeks. There was a 100% incidence of gingivitis in the study population. Those women who viewed the tape-slide program in addition to being dentally examined, achieved the greatest reduction in their GI and retained the most information. The tape-slide sequence alone did not initiate a satisfactory degree of behavioral change; similar studies have also had discouraging results and it would appear that individual attention and motivation is the only sure way to date of achieving adequate personal plaque control.", "contents": "Has small-scale audio-visual dental health education a viable future? The achievement of an adequate oral hygiene status in large groups of people remains an unfulfilled objective of the dental profession. In this study an attempt was made to motivate 180 pregnant women by showing them a tape-slide program. The subjects were randomly allocated into four statistically equal experimental groups. Two examiners, who were calibrated before commencement of the survey, measured Gingival and Plaque Indices of each subject and a questionnaire was used to assess the educational potential of the tape-slide sequence over a period of 4 weeks. There was a 100% incidence of gingivitis in the study population. Those women who viewed the tape-slide program in addition to being dentally examined, achieved the greatest reduction in their GI and retained the most information. The tape-slide sequence alone did not initiate a satisfactory degree of behavioral change; similar studies have also had discouraging results and it would appear that individual attention and motivation is the only sure way to date of achieving adequate personal plaque control.", "PMID": 70320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3770", "title": "Contact urticarial skin responses to cinnamaldehyde.", "content": "A patient suffering from an eczema of the right hand showed after routine patch testing an immediate urticarial reaction to cinnamaldehyde. The same reaction could be noted in three out of eight control persons. Laboratory investigations revealed cinnamaldehyde to have a histamine liberating effect, a fact not previously mentioned in reports on untoward reactions to this compound.", "contents": "Contact urticarial skin responses to cinnamaldehyde. A patient suffering from an eczema of the right hand showed after routine patch testing an immediate urticarial reaction to cinnamaldehyde. The same reaction could be noted in three out of eight control persons. Laboratory investigations revealed cinnamaldehyde to have a histamine liberating effect, a fact not previously mentioned in reports on untoward reactions to this compound.", "PMID": 70321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3771", "title": "The antigenicity of soluble porcine elastins: I. Measurement of antibody by a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with either porcine tropoelastin, lung alpha-elastin, or aortic alpha-elastin resulted in the production of antibodies against the respective antigens. The assay of antibody activity with a radioimmunoassay indicated a high degree of cross reactivity between these three soluble elastin preparations. Through the use of competitive protein binding experiments it was possible to detect antigen-specific differences between tropoelastin and the two alpha-elastins. No antigenic differences were observed between lung or aortic alpha-elastin by any of the assay procedures uded in this investigation. Absorption of the various antisera with either insolubilized tropoelastin, lung elastin or aortic elastin allowed the preparation of non-crossreactive antibodies and provided further evidence for the antigenic differences between tropoelastin and the soluble alpha-elastins. The implications of the findings, as they relate to our current understanding of the molecular and structural arrangement of elastin and the elastin precursor, are discussed.", "contents": "The antigenicity of soluble porcine elastins: I. Measurement of antibody by a radioimmunoassay. Immunization of rabbits with either porcine tropoelastin, lung alpha-elastin, or aortic alpha-elastin resulted in the production of antibodies against the respective antigens. The assay of antibody activity with a radioimmunoassay indicated a high degree of cross reactivity between these three soluble elastin preparations. Through the use of competitive protein binding experiments it was possible to detect antigen-specific differences between tropoelastin and the two alpha-elastins. No antigenic differences were observed between lung or aortic alpha-elastin by any of the assay procedures uded in this investigation. Absorption of the various antisera with either insolubilized tropoelastin, lung elastin or aortic elastin allowed the preparation of non-crossreactive antibodies and provided further evidence for the antigenic differences between tropoelastin and the soluble alpha-elastins. The implications of the findings, as they relate to our current understanding of the molecular and structural arrangement of elastin and the elastin precursor, are discussed.", "PMID": 70322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3772", "title": "Hoechst 33258 banding of Drosophila nasutoides metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Hoechst 33258 banding of D. nasutoides metaphase chromosomes is described and compared with Q and C bands. The C band positive regions of the euchromatic autosomes, the X and the Y fluoresce brightly, as is typical of Drosophila and other species. The fluorescence pattern of the large heterochromatic chromosome is atypical, however. Contrary to the observations on other species, the C negative bands of the large heterochromatic chromosome are brightly fluorescent with both Hoechst 33258 and quinacrine. Based on differences in the various banding patterns, four classes of heterochromatin are described in the large heterochromatic chromosome and it is suggested that each class may correspond to an AT-rich DNA satellite.", "contents": "Hoechst 33258 banding of Drosophila nasutoides metaphase chromosomes. Hoechst 33258 banding of D. nasutoides metaphase chromosomes is described and compared with Q and C bands. The C band positive regions of the euchromatic autosomes, the X and the Y fluoresce brightly, as is typical of Drosophila and other species. The fluorescence pattern of the large heterochromatic chromosome is atypical, however. Contrary to the observations on other species, the C negative bands of the large heterochromatic chromosome are brightly fluorescent with both Hoechst 33258 and quinacrine. Based on differences in the various banding patterns, four classes of heterochromatin are described in the large heterochromatic chromosome and it is suggested that each class may correspond to an AT-rich DNA satellite.", "PMID": 70324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3773", "title": "Visualization of ribosomal gene activity: silver stains proteins associated with rRNA transcribed from oocyte chromosomes.", "content": "Cricket oocyte chromosomes were stained with silver at pachytene when certain chromosome regions are active in rDNA amplification and rRNA transcription. The silver preferentially stained the known locations of 18S + 28S ribosomal cistrons. Cytochemical tests revealed that the silver binds neither to the rDNA nor transcribed rRNA, but rather to proteins which rapidly associate with the freshly-transcribed rRNA. As rRNA transcription proceeds, the quantity of silver stainable proteins progressively increases. The silver procedure can be used to visualize gene activity at the rDNA sites with conventional light microscopy.", "contents": "Visualization of ribosomal gene activity: silver stains proteins associated with rRNA transcribed from oocyte chromosomes. Cricket oocyte chromosomes were stained with silver at pachytene when certain chromosome regions are active in rDNA amplification and rRNA transcription. The silver preferentially stained the known locations of 18S + 28S ribosomal cistrons. Cytochemical tests revealed that the silver binds neither to the rDNA nor transcribed rRNA, but rather to proteins which rapidly associate with the freshly-transcribed rRNA. As rRNA transcription proceeds, the quantity of silver stainable proteins progressively increases. The silver procedure can be used to visualize gene activity at the rDNA sites with conventional light microscopy.", "PMID": 70325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3774", "title": "[Pre-stained slides for differential blood counts (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for differential blood counts using pre-stained slides showed it to be suitable for routine use. To differentiate white blood cells the same experience was needed as for conventional stainings. Normal and abnormal blood pictures can be reliably distinguished. The particular advantage of the method is in the simple preparation of the smear and in avoiding the need for time-consuming staining.", "contents": "[Pre-stained slides for differential blood counts (author's transl)]. A new method for differential blood counts using pre-stained slides showed it to be suitable for routine use. To differentiate white blood cells the same experience was needed as for conventional stainings. Normal and abnormal blood pictures can be reliably distinguished. The particular advantage of the method is in the simple preparation of the smear and in avoiding the need for time-consuming staining.", "PMID": 70328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3775", "title": "Autoradiographic and tissue distribution studies on a nitrovinylfuran derivative (SQ 18506 14C) in S. mansoni infected mice.", "content": "Autoradiographic and tissue distribution studies of SQ 18506 14C were carried out on 13 Swiss albino mice. Infection was done by I.P. route with 50 to 60 cercaria of S. mansoni (puerto Rican strain) per animal. The safe single i.v. dose of a solution containing one mg of SQ 18506 dissolved in 0.06 ml dimethylsulfoxide was 0.003 ml/g b.w. of mice. Schistosome autoradiograms were clearly demonstrated one day after that dose injected in each mouse 50 days post-infection. However, hepatic autoradiograms were visible 14 days after 2 doses of our drug to each infected mouse. The higher the concentration of SQ 18506 14C in the culture medium the darker were the schistosomes in the autoradiograms and the greater their total d.p.m/mg. Tissue distribution studies after 2 1/2 doses of our drug/mouse revealed that schistosome total d.p.m/mg dry-weight was 50 times more than that of its liver. The latter d.p.m/g wet-weight was slightly higher than that of one ml of mouse blood.", "contents": "Autoradiographic and tissue distribution studies on a nitrovinylfuran derivative (SQ 18506 14C) in S. mansoni infected mice. Autoradiographic and tissue distribution studies of SQ 18506 14C were carried out on 13 Swiss albino mice. Infection was done by I.P. route with 50 to 60 cercaria of S. mansoni (puerto Rican strain) per animal. The safe single i.v. dose of a solution containing one mg of SQ 18506 dissolved in 0.06 ml dimethylsulfoxide was 0.003 ml/g b.w. of mice. Schistosome autoradiograms were clearly demonstrated one day after that dose injected in each mouse 50 days post-infection. However, hepatic autoradiograms were visible 14 days after 2 doses of our drug to each infected mouse. The higher the concentration of SQ 18506 14C in the culture medium the darker were the schistosomes in the autoradiograms and the greater their total d.p.m/mg. Tissue distribution studies after 2 1/2 doses of our drug/mouse revealed that schistosome total d.p.m/mg dry-weight was 50 times more than that of its liver. The latter d.p.m/g wet-weight was slightly higher than that of one ml of mouse blood.", "PMID": 70329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3776", "title": "Biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone and normorphine in the mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, and monkey.", "content": "Biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone and normorphine was studied in several mammalian species. Free and total dihydromophinone, morphine, and normorphine in the urine were determined, as propionyl derivatives, with a gas-chromatographic technique. Dihydromorphinone was detected as a morphine metabolite in the acid-hydrolyzed urine of all species studied except the dog and morphine-dependent man. Normorphine in both free and conjugated forms was detected in the urine of all species studied. The degree of biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone in the guinea pig did not change during chronic administration of morphine sulfate, 25 mg/kg, daily for 28 days. The small amounts of dihydromorphinone and normorphine produced as metabolites make it unlikely that they play any significant role in the modification of the pharmacologic effects of morphine.", "contents": "Biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone and normorphine in the mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, and monkey. Biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone and normorphine was studied in several mammalian species. Free and total dihydromophinone, morphine, and normorphine in the urine were determined, as propionyl derivatives, with a gas-chromatographic technique. Dihydromorphinone was detected as a morphine metabolite in the acid-hydrolyzed urine of all species studied except the dog and morphine-dependent man. Normorphine in both free and conjugated forms was detected in the urine of all species studied. The degree of biotransformation of morphine to dihydromorphinone in the guinea pig did not change during chronic administration of morphine sulfate, 25 mg/kg, daily for 28 days. The small amounts of dihydromorphinone and normorphine produced as metabolites make it unlikely that they play any significant role in the modification of the pharmacologic effects of morphine.", "PMID": 70327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3777", "title": "Immunogenic contaminants in mouse nerve-growth factor.", "content": "Experiments are described that confirm the presence of gamma-globulin in standard preparations of mouse nerve growth factor (7-S complex and beta subunit) and show that antibodies to this protein are present in horse antisera to the growth factor. These antibodies may be partially removed by adsorption with soluble antigen and totally removed by affinity chromatography on columns of insolubilised antigen. These procedures do not affect the potency of the antiserum in vitro or in vivo. Contaminating globulin may be removed from samples of the isolated beta subunit by gel filtration to give an immunochemically pure preparation which will permit more meaningful studies on nerve growth factor and its antiserum.", "contents": "Immunogenic contaminants in mouse nerve-growth factor. Experiments are described that confirm the presence of gamma-globulin in standard preparations of mouse nerve growth factor (7-S complex and beta subunit) and show that antibodies to this protein are present in horse antisera to the growth factor. These antibodies may be partially removed by adsorption with soluble antigen and totally removed by affinity chromatography on columns of insolubilised antigen. These procedures do not affect the potency of the antiserum in vitro or in vivo. Contaminating globulin may be removed from samples of the isolated beta subunit by gel filtration to give an immunochemically pure preparation which will permit more meaningful studies on nerve growth factor and its antiserum.", "PMID": 70351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3778", "title": "Single-drug chemotherapy of bladder cancer with adriamycin, VM-26 or bleomycin. A phase II multicentric, co-operative study.", "content": "Single-drug chemotherapy was employed in a multicentric co-operative trial. Adriamycin was given to 18 patients, VM-26 to 30 and Bleomycin to 33. Almost all patients were suffering from a T3 or T4 bladder cancer with known metastases in almost 40% of cases. The vast majority of patients had already received previous treatment either chemotherapy, surgery of irradiation. Complete regression was obtained in 5% of cases; partial objective regression in 11.1% of patients treated with Adriamycin, 26.6% with VM-26 and 33.3% with Bleomycin. The results were uniformly better when high dosages of drug were employed. No clear-cut superiority of one drug over the others can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Single-drug chemotherapy of bladder cancer with adriamycin, VM-26 or bleomycin. A phase II multicentric, co-operative study. Single-drug chemotherapy was employed in a multicentric co-operative trial. Adriamycin was given to 18 patients, VM-26 to 30 and Bleomycin to 33. Almost all patients were suffering from a T3 or T4 bladder cancer with known metastases in almost 40% of cases. The vast majority of patients had already received previous treatment either chemotherapy, surgery of irradiation. Complete regression was obtained in 5% of cases; partial objective regression in 11.1% of patients treated with Adriamycin, 26.6% with VM-26 and 33.3% with Bleomycin. The results were uniformly better when high dosages of drug were employed. No clear-cut superiority of one drug over the others can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 70352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3779", "title": "Sequential analysis of supraventricular arrhythmias and its value in the differentiation of irregular rhythms.", "content": "Distinctive electrocardiographic patterns for atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm, and atrial extrasystoles and sinus arrhythmia were found by analysing the sequential distribution of cycle lengths. Sequential analysis demonstrated similarities between those arrhythmias, accounting for confusion between them, but it could also be used to demonstrate important differences. Utilizing information from both the frequency distribution and the sequential distribution of cycle lengths has improved the accuracy of computer identification of 20-sec arrhythmia recordings from 58.4 to 70.5%, when all supraventricular arrhythmias recorded on acute medical admissions were considered. It is suggested that such information will improve arrhythmia identification based on P wave analysis. From this analysis a classification of irregular rhythms has been proposed. An irregular rhythm may or may not be totally irregular. If there is lack of sequential dependency an arrhythmia should be described as nonperiodic. If there are distinct cycle lengths which are most frequent, the rhythm may be described as modal and there may thus be bimodal or trimodal rhythms which are irregular. Sinus rhythm with atrial extrasystoles may show a combination of these features. This can be described as a bimodal nonperiodic rhythm. If there is neither sequential dependency nor distinct modality the rhythm may be described as an irregular nonperiodic rhythm, e.g. some examples of atrial fibrillation. Sinus arrhythmia is an irregular periodic rhythm.", "contents": "Sequential analysis of supraventricular arrhythmias and its value in the differentiation of irregular rhythms. Distinctive electrocardiographic patterns for atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm, and atrial extrasystoles and sinus arrhythmia were found by analysing the sequential distribution of cycle lengths. Sequential analysis demonstrated similarities between those arrhythmias, accounting for confusion between them, but it could also be used to demonstrate important differences. Utilizing information from both the frequency distribution and the sequential distribution of cycle lengths has improved the accuracy of computer identification of 20-sec arrhythmia recordings from 58.4 to 70.5%, when all supraventricular arrhythmias recorded on acute medical admissions were considered. It is suggested that such information will improve arrhythmia identification based on P wave analysis. From this analysis a classification of irregular rhythms has been proposed. An irregular rhythm may or may not be totally irregular. If there is lack of sequential dependency an arrhythmia should be described as nonperiodic. If there are distinct cycle lengths which are most frequent, the rhythm may be described as modal and there may thus be bimodal or trimodal rhythms which are irregular. Sinus rhythm with atrial extrasystoles may show a combination of these features. This can be described as a bimodal nonperiodic rhythm. If there is neither sequential dependency nor distinct modality the rhythm may be described as an irregular nonperiodic rhythm, e.g. some examples of atrial fibrillation. Sinus arrhythmia is an irregular periodic rhythm.", "PMID": 70353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3780", "title": "Macroamylasaemia after treatment with hydroxyethyl starch.", "content": "After infusion of 500 ml of 6% hydroxyethyl starch into fifty-four patients an increase of serum amylase was observed which in fifty-one cases exceeded the upper limit of normal (190 U/l). In most cases serum amylase reached twice the basal value. Renal function influenced the duration of the increase in serum amylase, but not the maximum increase (201+/-15 U/l; mean+/-SEM). In patients with advanced renal failure (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = 2-10 ml/min) serum amylase was still markedly elevated after 72 h (298+/-24 U/l; mean+/-SEM). In patients with normal renal function (GFR greater than 90 ml/min) serum amylase decreased to 183+/-40 U/l (mean+/-SEM) within 72 h without reaching basal values. After infusion of HES no changes were observed in serum lipase or in amylase or lipase activities in duodenal secretion. Amylase excretion in the urine decreased. The assumption of a macroamylasaemia caused by formation of an HES-amylase complex was confirmed by gel filtration. The elimination from plasma of this high molecular enzyme-substrate complex is slow and causes hyperamylasaemia. In no case was the macroamylasaemia associated with signs or symptoms. An awareness of this causal relationship seems to be important, to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of a pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Macroamylasaemia after treatment with hydroxyethyl starch. After infusion of 500 ml of 6% hydroxyethyl starch into fifty-four patients an increase of serum amylase was observed which in fifty-one cases exceeded the upper limit of normal (190 U/l). In most cases serum amylase reached twice the basal value. Renal function influenced the duration of the increase in serum amylase, but not the maximum increase (201+/-15 U/l; mean+/-SEM). In patients with advanced renal failure (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = 2-10 ml/min) serum amylase was still markedly elevated after 72 h (298+/-24 U/l; mean+/-SEM). In patients with normal renal function (GFR greater than 90 ml/min) serum amylase decreased to 183+/-40 U/l (mean+/-SEM) within 72 h without reaching basal values. After infusion of HES no changes were observed in serum lipase or in amylase or lipase activities in duodenal secretion. Amylase excretion in the urine decreased. The assumption of a macroamylasaemia caused by formation of an HES-amylase complex was confirmed by gel filtration. The elimination from plasma of this high molecular enzyme-substrate complex is slow and causes hyperamylasaemia. In no case was the macroamylasaemia associated with signs or symptoms. An awareness of this causal relationship seems to be important, to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of a pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 70354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3781", "title": "In vitro secondary mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). II. Interaction MLR determinants expressed by F1 cells.", "content": "T cells from strain A primed in vitro to (C57BL/6 x A/JF1 [(B6 x A)F1] cells respond better to restimulation by (B6 x A)F1 than by B6 or a 1:1 mixture of A and B6 cells. The increase in the response to F1 cells is specific and due to MLR determinants present on (B6 x A)F1 cells but not on either of the parental cell types. (B6 x A)F1 cells express more than one F1-specific MLR determinant, and this expression is dependent upon products of alleles of at least two loci within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Responsiveness to these F1-MLR determinants is apparently controlled by more than one locus within the MHC.", "contents": "In vitro secondary mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). II. Interaction MLR determinants expressed by F1 cells. T cells from strain A primed in vitro to (C57BL/6 x A/JF1 [(B6 x A)F1] cells respond better to restimulation by (B6 x A)F1 than by B6 or a 1:1 mixture of A and B6 cells. The increase in the response to F1 cells is specific and due to MLR determinants present on (B6 x A)F1 cells but not on either of the parental cell types. (B6 x A)F1 cells express more than one F1-specific MLR determinant, and this expression is dependent upon products of alleles of at least two loci within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Responsiveness to these F1-MLR determinants is apparently controlled by more than one locus within the MHC.", "PMID": 70357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3782", "title": "Transfer of idiotype suppression and idiotypes by leukocytes from ascitic fluids.", "content": "A procedure is described for producing ascites containing both high concentrations of antibodies and immunologically active leukocytes. In mice that were immunologically suppressed with respect to a cross-reactive idiotype, the ascitic cells were found to be very active in adoptively transferring the suppressed state to mildly irradiated, syngeneic recipients and simultaneously transferring the capacity to produce the \"private\" idiotype characteristic of the donor's anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. The participation of both T and B cells is therefore suggested. As few as 2 x 10(6) cells were sufficient for suppression and for inducing the production of the private idiotype in the recipient, in concentrations comparable to that of the donor mouse. A single donor can thus be used to colonize many recipients with the private idiotype, without sacrifice of the donor. The method should be useful in structural studies of antibodies of a given specificity with different idiotypes, and for investigations of the mechanism of idiotype suppression, as well as other studies in cellular immunology.", "contents": "Transfer of idiotype suppression and idiotypes by leukocytes from ascitic fluids. A procedure is described for producing ascites containing both high concentrations of antibodies and immunologically active leukocytes. In mice that were immunologically suppressed with respect to a cross-reactive idiotype, the ascitic cells were found to be very active in adoptively transferring the suppressed state to mildly irradiated, syngeneic recipients and simultaneously transferring the capacity to produce the \"private\" idiotype characteristic of the donor's anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies. The participation of both T and B cells is therefore suggested. As few as 2 x 10(6) cells were sufficient for suppression and for inducing the production of the private idiotype in the recipient, in concentrations comparable to that of the donor mouse. A single donor can thus be used to colonize many recipients with the private idiotype, without sacrifice of the donor. The method should be useful in structural studies of antibodies of a given specificity with different idiotypes, and for investigations of the mechanism of idiotype suppression, as well as other studies in cellular immunology.", "PMID": 70358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3783", "title": "In vitro studies on H-2-linked unresponsiveness to synthetic polypeptides. III. Production of an antigen-specific T helper cell factor to (T,G)-A--L.", "content": "The in vitro production, assay and partial characterization of an extremely potent antigen-specific T helper cell factor to poly-L-(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DL-Ala--poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-A--L] which may be an important physiological mediator of T cell function in vivo is described. The factor has an antigen-binding site, Ia and Ig-like determinants on the same molecular complex. The response to (T, G)-A--L is under H-2-linked Ir gene control, some but not all low responder haplotypes will produce the factor.", "contents": "In vitro studies on H-2-linked unresponsiveness to synthetic polypeptides. III. Production of an antigen-specific T helper cell factor to (T,G)-A--L. The in vitro production, assay and partial characterization of an extremely potent antigen-specific T helper cell factor to poly-L-(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DL-Ala--poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-A--L] which may be an important physiological mediator of T cell function in vivo is described. The factor has an antigen-binding site, Ia and Ig-like determinants on the same molecular complex. The response to (T, G)-A--L is under H-2-linked Ir gene control, some but not all low responder haplotypes will produce the factor.", "PMID": 70359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3784", "title": "Ia-bearing cells promote the concanavalin A mitogenic response of Ia-negative T cells.", "content": "Nylon wool column-purified T cell populations depleted of Ia-bearing cells do not respond to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). The response of this population can be restored by admixture of untreated nylon wool-nonadherent T cells. These promotor cells express Thy-1, are not sensitive to mitomycin C treatment and cannot be replaced with adherent spleen cells. Experiments using the T6 chromosome marker demonstrate that Ia-depleted populations respond to ConA only in the presence of the Ia-positive population.", "contents": "Ia-bearing cells promote the concanavalin A mitogenic response of Ia-negative T cells. Nylon wool column-purified T cell populations depleted of Ia-bearing cells do not respond to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). The response of this population can be restored by admixture of untreated nylon wool-nonadherent T cells. These promotor cells express Thy-1, are not sensitive to mitomycin C treatment and cannot be replaced with adherent spleen cells. Experiments using the T6 chromosome marker demonstrate that Ia-depleted populations respond to ConA only in the presence of the Ia-positive population.", "PMID": 70362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3785", "title": "Detection of bursa and thymus-specific alloantigens in the chicken.", "content": "CH strain chickens selected from the F2 progeny of a cross between CH (B10/10) and B14B (B14/14) strains carried bursa (BA) and thymus (TA)-specific alloantigens of B14B parental origin. The BA marker was present on 95% of bursal cells but only on 10% of splenic and blood B lymphocytes. The TA marker was expressed by 80% of thymus cells and weakly by 45% of splenic and 70% of blood T lymphocytes. The adopted immunological and genetic protocol offers a feasible approach towards detection of differentiation antigens in major histocompatibility complex-homozygous but 'minor' alloantigen-segregating populations.", "contents": "Detection of bursa and thymus-specific alloantigens in the chicken. CH strain chickens selected from the F2 progeny of a cross between CH (B10/10) and B14B (B14/14) strains carried bursa (BA) and thymus (TA)-specific alloantigens of B14B parental origin. The BA marker was present on 95% of bursal cells but only on 10% of splenic and blood B lymphocytes. The TA marker was expressed by 80% of thymus cells and weakly by 45% of splenic and 70% of blood T lymphocytes. The adopted immunological and genetic protocol offers a feasible approach towards detection of differentiation antigens in major histocompatibility complex-homozygous but 'minor' alloantigen-segregating populations.", "PMID": 70363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3786", "title": "Failure of T cells specific for strong histocompatibility antigens to cooperate with B cells for a humoral response.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) selected for reactivity to strong histocompatibility antigens over a period of one to twelve months in vitro were tested for their ability to cooperate  with bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) for a humoral response. If cultured with normal syngeneic or allogeneic spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as immunogen, inhibition of the anti-SRBC response was observed. Similarly, in T cell-free spleen cells the alloreactive T cells did not stimulate a humoral response, indicating that they cannot exert cooperative activity on B cells. Since it was possible that the alloreactive T cells may cooperate with B cells in a humoral response to immunogens carrying histocompatibility antigens, hapten-coupled tumor cells were also used as immunogen. Though it is demonstrated that the alloreactive T cells do recognize the tumor cell immunogen, no stimulation of the B cells for a humoral response against the tumor cell is observed. This result, as well as the finding that the antigenic requirements for T helper cell priming and cell proliferation of the alloreactive T cells are different, suggests that these alloreactive T cells and helper T cells belong to different T cell subsets.", "contents": "Failure of T cells specific for strong histocompatibility antigens to cooperate with B cells for a humoral response. Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) selected for reactivity to strong histocompatibility antigens over a period of one to twelve months in vitro were tested for their ability to cooperate  with bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) for a humoral response. If cultured with normal syngeneic or allogeneic spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as immunogen, inhibition of the anti-SRBC response was observed. Similarly, in T cell-free spleen cells the alloreactive T cells did not stimulate a humoral response, indicating that they cannot exert cooperative activity on B cells. Since it was possible that the alloreactive T cells may cooperate with B cells in a humoral response to immunogens carrying histocompatibility antigens, hapten-coupled tumor cells were also used as immunogen. Though it is demonstrated that the alloreactive T cells do recognize the tumor cell immunogen, no stimulation of the B cells for a humoral response against the tumor cell is observed. This result, as well as the finding that the antigenic requirements for T helper cell priming and cell proliferation of the alloreactive T cells are different, suggests that these alloreactive T cells and helper T cells belong to different T cell subsets.", "PMID": 70364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3787", "title": "Restriction in the immune response to flagellar proteins in inbred mice.", "content": "Anti-idiotypic sera prepared in both AL/N mice and rabbits identify specificities common to the IgA MOPC 467 myeloma protein and day-7 affinity-absorbed antibodies to Salmonella milwaukee polymerized flagellin (S. mil-POL) raised in BALB/c and C57BL/Ka mice. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of reduced and alkylated BALB/c anti-S. mil-POL gave a banding pattern of L and H-chains identical to MOPC 467. C57BL/Ka anti-S. mil-POL had a similar L-chain pattern but a different H-chain pattern. Both BALB/c and C57BL/Ka contain predominantly IgA. The IEF patterns in the two strains are consistent with a monoclonal response at day 7.", "contents": "Restriction in the immune response to flagellar proteins in inbred mice. Anti-idiotypic sera prepared in both AL/N mice and rabbits identify specificities common to the IgA MOPC 467 myeloma protein and day-7 affinity-absorbed antibodies to Salmonella milwaukee polymerized flagellin (S. mil-POL) raised in BALB/c and C57BL/Ka mice. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of reduced and alkylated BALB/c anti-S. mil-POL gave a banding pattern of L and H-chains identical to MOPC 467. C57BL/Ka anti-S. mil-POL had a similar L-chain pattern but a different H-chain pattern. Both BALB/c and C57BL/Ka contain predominantly IgA. The IEF patterns in the two strains are consistent with a monoclonal response at day 7.", "PMID": 70365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3788", "title": "The nature of prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lung in anaphylaxis.", "content": "The pulmonary inactivation of infused prostaglandin E2 by isolated perfused lungs of guinea pigs was inhibited with di-4 phloretin phosphate (DPP) without significantly altering the antigen-induced release of prostaglandin-like substances or histamine. Similar data were obtained when the lungs were perfused in a reverse direction. These results suggest that parent prostaglandins are not major constituents of the prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lungs during anaphylaxis.", "contents": "The nature of prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lung in anaphylaxis. The pulmonary inactivation of infused prostaglandin E2 by isolated perfused lungs of guinea pigs was inhibited with di-4 phloretin phosphate (DPP) without significantly altering the antigen-induced release of prostaglandin-like substances or histamine. Similar data were obtained when the lungs were perfused in a reverse direction. These results suggest that parent prostaglandins are not major constituents of the prostaglandin-like substances released from guinea-pig lungs during anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 70366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3789", "title": "Allergic reactions, cyclic AMP and histamine release.", "content": "Both isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline increased the level cyclic AMP in the mast cell. Theophylline reduced the allergic histamine release, whereas isobutylmethylxynthine caused a pronounced potentiation of the histamine release. This indicates that the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between the level of cyclic AMP in mast cells and histamine release is too simple.", "contents": "Allergic reactions, cyclic AMP and histamine release. Both isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline increased the level cyclic AMP in the mast cell. Theophylline reduced the allergic histamine release, whereas isobutylmethylxynthine caused a pronounced potentiation of the histamine release. This indicates that the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between the level of cyclic AMP in mast cells and histamine release is too simple.", "PMID": 70374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3790", "title": "Radiation-released histamine in the rhesus monkey as modified by mast-cell depletion and antihistamine.", "content": "4000 rads of mixed gamma neutron radiation administered to rhesus monkeys released a significant amount of histamine into their circulation. When the monkeys were treated with a mast-cell histamine depleter (compound 48/80) for 4 days and then irradiated, no increase in circulating histamine was seen. When 48/80 was give 20 min after irradiation, only a slight increase in histamine was seen, indicating that 4000 rads had released most of the mast-cell histamine.", "contents": "Radiation-released histamine in the rhesus monkey as modified by mast-cell depletion and antihistamine. 4000 rads of mixed gamma neutron radiation administered to rhesus monkeys released a significant amount of histamine into their circulation. When the monkeys were treated with a mast-cell histamine depleter (compound 48/80) for 4 days and then irradiated, no increase in circulating histamine was seen. When 48/80 was give 20 min after irradiation, only a slight increase in histamine was seen, indicating that 4000 rads had released most of the mast-cell histamine.", "PMID": 70375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3791", "title": "An electrophoretic investigation of the binding of 3-14C coumarin to rat serum proteins.", "content": "The binding of coumarin to serum proteins of the rat has been demonstrated. Of the total bound coumarin (37% of injected dose), 36% was bound to slow and fast oc1 globulins, 11% to the post albumins, 10% to globulin and 9% to albumin.", "contents": "An electrophoretic investigation of the binding of 3-14C coumarin to rat serum proteins. The binding of coumarin to serum proteins of the rat has been demonstrated. Of the total bound coumarin (37% of injected dose), 36% was bound to slow and fast oc1 globulins, 11% to the post albumins, 10% to globulin and 9% to albumin.", "PMID": 70376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3792", "title": "HLA antigens in diabetic children.", "content": "Ninety insulin-dependent diabetic children were HLA-typed in order to elucidate the role played by HLA complex-linked genes in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus of childhood. HLA-Aw30 and HLA-Bw35 were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the diabetic group as compared with controls. In relation to age at onset of diabetes, HLA-B8 was significantly increased in the 0-5-year group. By dividing the patients according to the season at onset of the disease, only HLA-Aw30 in the October-January group reached the level of significance.", "contents": "HLA antigens in diabetic children. Ninety insulin-dependent diabetic children were HLA-typed in order to elucidate the role played by HLA complex-linked genes in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus of childhood. HLA-Aw30 and HLA-Bw35 were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the diabetic group as compared with controls. In relation to age at onset of diabetes, HLA-B8 was significantly increased in the 0-5-year group. By dividing the patients according to the season at onset of the disease, only HLA-Aw30 in the October-January group reached the level of significance.", "PMID": 70386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3793", "title": "Early lesions and development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in man--association with hepatitis B viral infection.", "content": "It is well known that primary hepatocellular carcinoma could be derived from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in epidemiologic studies. However, it is still not clear what kinds of hepatocyte are premalignant cells. Recently we have focused on liver cell dysplasia as a possible premalignant cell, and showed localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the cytoplasma of these cells. Although the dysplastic cells were often seen in the liver of chronic active hepatitis, hepatitis B virus associated DNA polymerase activity was also significantly high in the sera from the patients with chronic active hepatitis. In this paper, we discuss the possible role of hepatitis B virus through hepatocarcinogenesis in human.", "contents": "Early lesions and development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in man--association with hepatitis B viral infection. It is well known that primary hepatocellular carcinoma could be derived from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in epidemiologic studies. However, it is still not clear what kinds of hepatocyte are premalignant cells. Recently we have focused on liver cell dysplasia as a possible premalignant cell, and showed localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the cytoplasma of these cells. Although the dysplastic cells were often seen in the liver of chronic active hepatitis, hepatitis B virus associated DNA polymerase activity was also significantly high in the sera from the patients with chronic active hepatitis. In this paper, we discuss the possible role of hepatitis B virus through hepatocarcinogenesis in human.", "PMID": 70387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3794", "title": "Argentaffin and argyrophil reactions of human gastrointestinal carcinoids.", "content": "Forty-five carcinoids from the gastrointestinal tract, classified on morphological grounds, were stained with an argentaffin technique (Masson-Hamperl, Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 266:509-548, 1927) and three argyrophil techniques (Grimelius, Acta Soc Med Upsal 73:243-276, 1968; Sevier-Munger, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24: 130-135, 1965; and Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman, Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 35:518-532, 1960). Most but not all carcinoids from the embryonal midgut were argentaffin, whereas most fore- and hindgut carcinoids were nonargentaffin. The argyrophil stain of Sevier-Munger stained all argentaffin tumors and in addition a few nonargentaffin foregut carcinoids. The Grimelius stain stained all and the Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman stained none of the tumors, irrespective of their location. In the argentaffin carcinoids the frequency of argyrophil cells exceeded that of argentaffin cells.", "contents": "Argentaffin and argyrophil reactions of human gastrointestinal carcinoids. Forty-five carcinoids from the gastrointestinal tract, classified on morphological grounds, were stained with an argentaffin technique (Masson-Hamperl, Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 266:509-548, 1927) and three argyrophil techniques (Grimelius, Acta Soc Med Upsal 73:243-276, 1968; Sevier-Munger, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 24: 130-135, 1965; and Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman, Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 35:518-532, 1960). Most but not all carcinoids from the embryonal midgut were argentaffin, whereas most fore- and hindgut carcinoids were nonargentaffin. The argyrophil stain of Sevier-Munger stained all argentaffin tumors and in addition a few nonargentaffin foregut carcinoids. The Grimelius stain stained all and the Hellerstr\u00f6m-Hellman stained none of the tumors, irrespective of their location. In the argentaffin carcinoids the frequency of argyrophil cells exceeded that of argentaffin cells.", "PMID": 70388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3795", "title": "Gastrin cell immunofluorescence in conventionally fixed and stained tissue sections.", "content": "We describe a method for visualizing gastrin cells by immunofluorescence that can be applied to tissues conventionally fixed and previously stained with hematoxylin and eosin. It results in a clear demonstration of surrounding structures. This technique permits the use of a broad of histological specimens for gastrin immunofluorescence and may also prove useful in the immunohistochemistry of other gastrointestinal endocrine cells.", "contents": "Gastrin cell immunofluorescence in conventionally fixed and stained tissue sections. We describe a method for visualizing gastrin cells by immunofluorescence that can be applied to tissues conventionally fixed and previously stained with hematoxylin and eosin. It results in a clear demonstration of surrounding structures. This technique permits the use of a broad of histological specimens for gastrin immunofluorescence and may also prove useful in the immunohistochemistry of other gastrointestinal endocrine cells.", "PMID": 70389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3796", "title": "Distribution of nuclei in macroconidia of Microsporum gypseum.", "content": "The distribution of nuclei in macroconidia was investigated in 20 strains of the dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum by fluorescence microscopy. The macroconidia were characterized by the right-left and the central-marginal symmetry indices. In 18 strains the significant majority of the nuclei were situated in the basal part of the macroconidium, the remaining 2 strains showed a more or less uniform distribution of nuclei. All strains had higher numbers of nuclei in the central part of the macroconidium as compared with the periphery.", "contents": "Distribution of nuclei in macroconidia of Microsporum gypseum. The distribution of nuclei in macroconidia was investigated in 20 strains of the dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum by fluorescence microscopy. The macroconidia were characterized by the right-left and the central-marginal symmetry indices. In 18 strains the significant majority of the nuclei were situated in the basal part of the macroconidium, the remaining 2 strains showed a more or less uniform distribution of nuclei. All strains had higher numbers of nuclei in the central part of the macroconidium as compared with the periphery.", "PMID": 70393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3797", "title": "Exclusion of the HLA locus from a large portion of the long arm of chromosome 6.", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in two infants with multiple congenital anomalies and in their healthy parents and one sibling. One infant had a deletion of a major portion of the long arm of chromosome 6. The other child had a translocation of a similar piece of chromosome 6 to the short arm of chromosome 3. The mother and the maternal grandmother showed this translocation in a balanced state. The HLA types of both children and their parents exclude the localization of the major histocompatibility locus from the deleted or translocated portion of the long arm of chromosome 6.", "contents": "Exclusion of the HLA locus from a large portion of the long arm of chromosome 6. HLA antigens were determined in two infants with multiple congenital anomalies and in their healthy parents and one sibling. One infant had a deletion of a major portion of the long arm of chromosome 6. The other child had a translocation of a similar piece of chromosome 6 to the short arm of chromosome 3. The mother and the maternal grandmother showed this translocation in a balanced state. The HLA types of both children and their parents exclude the localization of the major histocompatibility locus from the deleted or translocated portion of the long arm of chromosome 6.", "PMID": 70394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3798", "title": "Cellular requirements for the induction of cytotoxic T cells in vitro.", "content": "The stimulator and accessory cell requirements for the induction of cytotoxic T cell responses to alloantigens in vitro are reviewed. The ability of lymphocytes to stimulate was acquired early in development and was found to be a property of both Ig+ and Ig- cells. The presence of Fc receptors, complement receptors or Ia antigens on lymphocytes did not confer superior stimulator capacity. In contrast to lymphocytes mature macrophages were poor stimulators. When resting lymphocytes were used as a source of stimulator cells there was an additional requirement for an adherent accessory cell population for the induction of cytotoxic T cells. The accessory cell population functioned whether syngeneic or allogeneic with the responder and was required for the induction rather than the maintenance of the response. It was further characterized as an Ig+, theta, FcR+/-, CR +/-, Ia- cell which was not a mature macrophage. Accessory cells could be replaced to some extent by supernatants from spleen cell cultures. A model for T cell induction is proposed where only cells which produce unique inductive stimuli are able to function as stimulator cells. Stimulator cells are defined as those cells capable of stimulating cytotoxic T cell precursors directly and independently. Stimulator capacity is suggested to be a function of activated cells only, thus lymphocytes only stimulate following activation by accessory cells. Cells lacking innate stimulator capacity but exhibiting Ia antigens are suggested to stimulate via an alternative means.", "contents": "Cellular requirements for the induction of cytotoxic T cells in vitro. The stimulator and accessory cell requirements for the induction of cytotoxic T cell responses to alloantigens in vitro are reviewed. The ability of lymphocytes to stimulate was acquired early in development and was found to be a property of both Ig+ and Ig- cells. The presence of Fc receptors, complement receptors or Ia antigens on lymphocytes did not confer superior stimulator capacity. In contrast to lymphocytes mature macrophages were poor stimulators. When resting lymphocytes were used as a source of stimulator cells there was an additional requirement for an adherent accessory cell population for the induction of cytotoxic T cells. The accessory cell population functioned whether syngeneic or allogeneic with the responder and was required for the induction rather than the maintenance of the response. It was further characterized as an Ig+, theta, FcR+/-, CR +/-, Ia- cell which was not a mature macrophage. Accessory cells could be replaced to some extent by supernatants from spleen cell cultures. A model for T cell induction is proposed where only cells which produce unique inductive stimuli are able to function as stimulator cells. Stimulator cells are defined as those cells capable of stimulating cytotoxic T cell precursors directly and independently. Stimulator capacity is suggested to be a function of activated cells only, thus lymphocytes only stimulate following activation by accessory cells. Cells lacking innate stimulator capacity but exhibiting Ia antigens are suggested to stimulate via an alternative means.", "PMID": 70398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3799", "title": "Responsiveness to HY antigen Ir gene complementation and target cell specificity.", "content": "The H-2 restricted nature of the cytotoxic T cell responses to the HY antigen in mice has been reviewed, together with mapping data for the H-2 K and/or D association of responses to male cells of the following haplotypes: H-2b, H-2d, H-2k, H-2s. Ir gene complementation is implicated in the HY response of a number of F1 mice derived from non-responder parental haplotypes, and in one recombinant strain. Thus, at least two and possibly more Ir genes are involved in the anti-HY response, in addition to the K and/or D gene products with which HY is obligatorily associated, certainly at the target cell level.", "contents": "Responsiveness to HY antigen Ir gene complementation and target cell specificity. The H-2 restricted nature of the cytotoxic T cell responses to the HY antigen in mice has been reviewed, together with mapping data for the H-2 K and/or D association of responses to male cells of the following haplotypes: H-2b, H-2d, H-2k, H-2s. Ir gene complementation is implicated in the HY response of a number of F1 mice derived from non-responder parental haplotypes, and in one recombinant strain. Thus, at least two and possibly more Ir genes are involved in the anti-HY response, in addition to the K and/or D gene products with which HY is obligatorily associated, certainly at the target cell level.", "PMID": 70400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3800", "title": "[Hyperamylasemia following infusion of hydroxyethyl starch with different molecular weight distributions].", "content": "The infusion of hydroxyethyl-starch leads to hyperamylasemia due to the complex structural interrelation of the amylase molecules in the serum and the hydroxyethyl-starch molecules. The amylase clearance is reduced because glomerular filtration of the macromolecules thus formed is not possible. The extent of hyperamylasemia is dependent on the intravascular remission duration of the hydroxyethyl-starch preparation used. The question, whether and to what extent an enzyme induction in the liver also contributes to the observed hyperamylasemia, remains open.", "contents": "[Hyperamylasemia following infusion of hydroxyethyl starch with different molecular weight distributions]. The infusion of hydroxyethyl-starch leads to hyperamylasemia due to the complex structural interrelation of the amylase molecules in the serum and the hydroxyethyl-starch molecules. The amylase clearance is reduced because glomerular filtration of the macromolecules thus formed is not possible. The extent of hyperamylasemia is dependent on the intravascular remission duration of the hydroxyethyl-starch preparation used. The question, whether and to what extent an enzyme induction in the liver also contributes to the observed hyperamylasemia, remains open.", "PMID": 70402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3801", "title": "Deposition in the lung and uptake to blood of motor exhaust labelled with 203Pb.", "content": "Inhalation of airborne lead from automobile exhaust is a significant source of intake. In these experiments a radioactive isotope of lead was used to label tetraethyl lead consumed in petrol engines. The resulting aerosols were inhaled by human volunteers to determine the percentage deposition in the lung, the pattern of removal from the lung and the resulting levels in the blood and excreta. Deposition in lung was shown to depend on particle size, varying from 40% for fresh, highly diluted aerosols to 14% for mature, aggregated aerosols, at a breathing rate of 15 breaths per minute. For aggregated aerosols the influence of rate of breathing, tidal volume and reserve volume was investigated. Uptake from the lung was rapid (T 1/2=6.6 h) and virtually complete with little, if any, ciliary clearance. Fifty per cent of the labelled lead remained in the blood, the concentration peaking after 2 days and subsequently declining exponentially (T 1/2 = 16 d). Total excretion was of the order of 1% of the intake per day up to 15 days.", "contents": "Deposition in the lung and uptake to blood of motor exhaust labelled with 203Pb. Inhalation of airborne lead from automobile exhaust is a significant source of intake. In these experiments a radioactive isotope of lead was used to label tetraethyl lead consumed in petrol engines. The resulting aerosols were inhaled by human volunteers to determine the percentage deposition in the lung, the pattern of removal from the lung and the resulting levels in the blood and excreta. Deposition in lung was shown to depend on particle size, varying from 40% for fresh, highly diluted aerosols to 14% for mature, aggregated aerosols, at a breathing rate of 15 breaths per minute. For aggregated aerosols the influence of rate of breathing, tidal volume and reserve volume was investigated. Uptake from the lung was rapid (T 1/2=6.6 h) and virtually complete with little, if any, ciliary clearance. Fifty per cent of the labelled lead remained in the blood, the concentration peaking after 2 days and subsequently declining exponentially (T 1/2 = 16 d). Total excretion was of the order of 1% of the intake per day up to 15 days.", "PMID": 70403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3802", "title": "Adjuvanticity (immunity-inducing property) of cord factor in mice and rats.", "content": "Cord factor, a glycolipid in mycobacteria, was found to make a tolerogenic protein antigen immunogenic when injected 0 to 2 days before tolerogen injection in mice and rats. Cord factor was also found to increase phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system of mice, and the relationship between the immunity-inducing capacity and the phagocytic function is discussed.", "contents": "Adjuvanticity (immunity-inducing property) of cord factor in mice and rats. Cord factor, a glycolipid in mycobacteria, was found to make a tolerogenic protein antigen immunogenic when injected 0 to 2 days before tolerogen injection in mice and rats. Cord factor was also found to increase phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system of mice, and the relationship between the immunity-inducing capacity and the phagocytic function is discussed.", "PMID": 70404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3803", "title": "Immunological analysis of plasma membranes of a T-strain of mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum).", "content": "The cell membranes of a T-strain of mycoplasma, obtained by ultrasonic disruption, were as effective as whole organisms in eliciting metabolism-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies. The soluble fraction separated from cell membranes by centrifugation at 35,000 X g showed a minor ability to elicit an antibody response as measured by metabolism inhibition and complement fixation tests. After a further centrifugation at 100,000 X g, the immunogenic activity of the soluble fraction was completely lost. Immunogenic determinants in mycoplasma membranes could also be demonstrated by adsorption tests; cell membranes were more effective than soluble fractions in adsorbing antibody capacity from the immune sera against whole cells. It has been shown by further experiments that cell membranes have at least two major antigenic determinants, which differ either in chemical nature or in capacity to adsorb and evoke antibodies, characterized by different serological behaviors.", "contents": "Immunological analysis of plasma membranes of a T-strain of mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum). The cell membranes of a T-strain of mycoplasma, obtained by ultrasonic disruption, were as effective as whole organisms in eliciting metabolism-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies. The soluble fraction separated from cell membranes by centrifugation at 35,000 X g showed a minor ability to elicit an antibody response as measured by metabolism inhibition and complement fixation tests. After a further centrifugation at 100,000 X g, the immunogenic activity of the soluble fraction was completely lost. Immunogenic determinants in mycoplasma membranes could also be demonstrated by adsorption tests; cell membranes were more effective than soluble fractions in adsorbing antibody capacity from the immune sera against whole cells. It has been shown by further experiments that cell membranes have at least two major antigenic determinants, which differ either in chemical nature or in capacity to adsorb and evoke antibodies, characterized by different serological behaviors.", "PMID": 70405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3804", "title": "Synthesis and cleavage processing of oncornavirus proteins during interferon inhibition of virus particle release.", "content": "The effect of interferon on the rate of synthesis and the cleavage processing of viral proteins in mouse cells, chronically infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus, has been studied by immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized viral proteins from virus-infected cells pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine. Immuno-precipitated, labeled polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and then examined by autoradiography. Cleavage processing was studied in the same manner with cells that had been pulse-labeled and then incubated with non-radioactive media for a sufficient time to allow normal cleavage processing to occur. At a concentration that strongly inhibited the release of virus particles, interferon had no effect on the synthesis of proteins carrying antigenic determinants of the major core protein p30 or of the envelope glycoprotein gp69/71. Nor did it affect the post-translational cleavage processing of the precursors to these proteins. Similarly, interferon did not affect labeling or chasing of precursor protein carrying the p15 determinants; labeling of p15 itself could not be studied because it does not contain methionine.", "contents": "Synthesis and cleavage processing of oncornavirus proteins during interferon inhibition of virus particle release. The effect of interferon on the rate of synthesis and the cleavage processing of viral proteins in mouse cells, chronically infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus, has been studied by immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized viral proteins from virus-infected cells pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine. Immuno-precipitated, labeled polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and then examined by autoradiography. Cleavage processing was studied in the same manner with cells that had been pulse-labeled and then incubated with non-radioactive media for a sufficient time to allow normal cleavage processing to occur. At a concentration that strongly inhibited the release of virus particles, interferon had no effect on the synthesis of proteins carrying antigenic determinants of the major core protein p30 or of the envelope glycoprotein gp69/71. Nor did it affect the post-translational cleavage processing of the precursors to these proteins. Similarly, interferon did not affect labeling or chasing of precursor protein carrying the p15 determinants; labeling of p15 itself could not be studied because it does not contain methionine.", "PMID": 70406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3805", "title": "Quantitative granulocyte chemiluminescence in the rapid detection of impaired opsonization of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Previous work has demonstrated that 40% of clinically isolated Escherichia coli are resistant to in vitro killing by normal human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) due to ineffective opsonophagocytosis. Using these E. coli isolates, we have demonstrated the usefulness of measuring the chemiluminescence (CL) of granulocytes undergoing phagocytosis in detecting this impaired opsonization. CL correlated well with several other methods to assess PMN function including in vitro killing assays, postphagocytic O2 consumption, and morphological phagocytic indexes. Of the available methods to assess granulocyte function, CL is the most rapid and simple and would appear to be a potentially useful screening method to determine possible opsonic deficiencies of human PMNs and serum. Impaired opsonization to these resistant E. coli isolates was demonstrable in several different donors and could be reversed by type-specific rabbit antibody to the particular resistant isolate. Bacterial levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, enzymes which have been implicated as possible virulence factors in some microorganisms, did not correlate with resistance in these E. coli isolates. However, heat denaturation of these isolates reversed this resistance and would suggest heat-labile antigenic determinants present in E. coli as possible resistance factors.", "contents": "Quantitative granulocyte chemiluminescence in the rapid detection of impaired opsonization of Escherichia coli. Previous work has demonstrated that 40% of clinically isolated Escherichia coli are resistant to in vitro killing by normal human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) due to ineffective opsonophagocytosis. Using these E. coli isolates, we have demonstrated the usefulness of measuring the chemiluminescence (CL) of granulocytes undergoing phagocytosis in detecting this impaired opsonization. CL correlated well with several other methods to assess PMN function including in vitro killing assays, postphagocytic O2 consumption, and morphological phagocytic indexes. Of the available methods to assess granulocyte function, CL is the most rapid and simple and would appear to be a potentially useful screening method to determine possible opsonic deficiencies of human PMNs and serum. Impaired opsonization to these resistant E. coli isolates was demonstrable in several different donors and could be reversed by type-specific rabbit antibody to the particular resistant isolate. Bacterial levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, enzymes which have been implicated as possible virulence factors in some microorganisms, did not correlate with resistance in these E. coli isolates. However, heat denaturation of these isolates reversed this resistance and would suggest heat-labile antigenic determinants present in E. coli as possible resistance factors.", "PMID": 70407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3806", "title": "Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal T-1 antigen.", "content": "A method is described for the recovery of purified T-antigen from crude trypsin extracts of an avirulent strain of M-1 protein deficient, T-type 1 group A Streptococcus. The purified T-antigen was resistant to enzymatic degradation with trypsin and pepsin, formed a single precipitin line with standard T-1 antiserum, failed to react with antisera for teichoic acid, group A carbohydrate, and cross-reactive protein antigens, stimulated only a single precipitin system when rabbits were immunized, contained glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, and serine as the five most predominant amino acids, and consisted of subunit size isomers.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of group A streptococcal T-1 antigen. A method is described for the recovery of purified T-antigen from crude trypsin extracts of an avirulent strain of M-1 protein deficient, T-type 1 group A Streptococcus. The purified T-antigen was resistant to enzymatic degradation with trypsin and pepsin, formed a single precipitin line with standard T-1 antiserum, failed to react with antisera for teichoic acid, group A carbohydrate, and cross-reactive protein antigens, stimulated only a single precipitin system when rabbits were immunized, contained glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, and serine as the five most predominant amino acids, and consisted of subunit size isomers.", "PMID": 70408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3807", "title": "Susceptibility of murine transfer factor to dimerized ribonuclease A.", "content": "Dialyzable transfer factor was prepared from the spleens of CF1 mice actively sensitized with killed Coccidioides immitis antigen. The transfer factor was administered to normal mice either intraperitoneally or into the hind footpads. The recipient mice were tested for reactivity to the coccidioides antigen and to Candida albicans antigen by means of the footpad swelling test. The transfer factor conferred antigen-specific reactivity upon normal recipient mice when given by the intraperitoneal and footpad routes. This capacity of the transfer factor was destroyed by in vitro pretreatment with dimerized ribonuclease A, an enzyme active against double-stranded, as well as single-stranded, ribonucleic acid. In contrast, monomeric ribonuclease A, which is active against only single-stranded ribonucleic acid under the conditions used here, was without effect upon the transfer factor. These data provide evidence that murine transfer factor contains ribonucleotides that are essential for immunological activity. In addition, the data are consistent with the hypothesis, advanced by others, that the ribonucleotides may be double-stranded or uniquely looped configurations.", "contents": "Susceptibility of murine transfer factor to dimerized ribonuclease A. Dialyzable transfer factor was prepared from the spleens of CF1 mice actively sensitized with killed Coccidioides immitis antigen. The transfer factor was administered to normal mice either intraperitoneally or into the hind footpads. The recipient mice were tested for reactivity to the coccidioides antigen and to Candida albicans antigen by means of the footpad swelling test. The transfer factor conferred antigen-specific reactivity upon normal recipient mice when given by the intraperitoneal and footpad routes. This capacity of the transfer factor was destroyed by in vitro pretreatment with dimerized ribonuclease A, an enzyme active against double-stranded, as well as single-stranded, ribonucleic acid. In contrast, monomeric ribonuclease A, which is active against only single-stranded ribonucleic acid under the conditions used here, was without effect upon the transfer factor. These data provide evidence that murine transfer factor contains ribonucleotides that are essential for immunological activity. In addition, the data are consistent with the hypothesis, advanced by others, that the ribonucleotides may be double-stranded or uniquely looped configurations.", "PMID": 70409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3808", "title": "Protective capacity of antibodies against Escherichia coli and K antigens.", "content": "Antibodies to Escherichia coli O and K antigens were raised in rabbits by repeated immunizations with whole, Formalin-killed and, later, liver bacteria. The serum antibody levels were determined with the ammonium sulfate precipitation technique after radioiodinating the antigens. The K antigens had to be conjugated to proteins before labeling. Such conjugations were performed using cyanogen bromide for the K1 antigen and bisdiazobenzidine for the K13 antigen. The protective capacities of the rabbit antisera were tested in intraperitoneally infected mice. The protective capacity of the antisera was expressed per ammonium sulfate precipitation titer. The results showed a significantly higher protective effect for the antibodies against the K1 and K13 antigens than for the antibodies against the O2 and O6 lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Protective capacity of antibodies against Escherichia coli and K antigens. Antibodies to Escherichia coli O and K antigens were raised in rabbits by repeated immunizations with whole, Formalin-killed and, later, liver bacteria. The serum antibody levels were determined with the ammonium sulfate precipitation technique after radioiodinating the antigens. The K antigens had to be conjugated to proteins before labeling. Such conjugations were performed using cyanogen bromide for the K1 antigen and bisdiazobenzidine for the K13 antigen. The protective capacities of the rabbit antisera were tested in intraperitoneally infected mice. The protective capacity of the antisera was expressed per ammonium sulfate precipitation titer. The results showed a significantly higher protective effect for the antibodies against the K1 and K13 antigens than for the antibodies against the O2 and O6 lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 70410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3809", "title": "Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the type-specific main antigens of leptospiras.", "content": "Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous type-specific main antigens. The result may indicate that the substance participating in the agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the type-specific main antigen.", "contents": "Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the type-specific main antigens of leptospiras. Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous type-specific main antigens. The result may indicate that the substance participating in the agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the type-specific main antigen.", "PMID": 70411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3810", "title": "Identification and solubilization of iodinated cell surface human melanoma associated antigens.", "content": "To identify soluble cell surface melanoma-associated antigens (MAA), human melanoma cells in culture were radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique and solubilized in non-ionic detergent (NP-40). Labelled MAA were identified by a quantitative double-antibody antigen binding assay and unrelated labelled macromolecules by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. Detergent solubilized 95% of the macromolecule-associated radioactivity. Approximately 8%, presumably MAA, was bound specifically by anti-melanoma serum. In contrast, anti-melanoma serum bound specifically only 0.5 to 1.5% of the acid precipitable radioactivity in control cells iodinated in a similar manner. Specificity was further studied by quantitative serum absorption. Two different melanoma lines were equally effective in inhibiting specific binding of iodinated melanoma lysate, whereas 50-100 times more normal fresh lymphocytes, liver and spleen cells, cultured HeLa or colon adenocarcinoma cells, and 8 times more cultured fetal cells were required to produce similar reductions in specific binding. These studies demonstrate that cell surface human melanoma antigens that differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively from those on normal or malignant allogeneic tissues can be solubilized and identified. These antigens are shared with other melanomas, and some are also present on fetal cells.", "contents": "Identification and solubilization of iodinated cell surface human melanoma associated antigens. To identify soluble cell surface melanoma-associated antigens (MAA), human melanoma cells in culture were radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique and solubilized in non-ionic detergent (NP-40). Labelled MAA were identified by a quantitative double-antibody antigen binding assay and unrelated labelled macromolecules by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. Detergent solubilized 95% of the macromolecule-associated radioactivity. Approximately 8%, presumably MAA, was bound specifically by anti-melanoma serum. In contrast, anti-melanoma serum bound specifically only 0.5 to 1.5% of the acid precipitable radioactivity in control cells iodinated in a similar manner. Specificity was further studied by quantitative serum absorption. Two different melanoma lines were equally effective in inhibiting specific binding of iodinated melanoma lysate, whereas 50-100 times more normal fresh lymphocytes, liver and spleen cells, cultured HeLa or colon adenocarcinoma cells, and 8 times more cultured fetal cells were required to produce similar reductions in specific binding. These studies demonstrate that cell surface human melanoma antigens that differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively from those on normal or malignant allogeneic tissues can be solubilized and identified. These antigens are shared with other melanomas, and some are also present on fetal cells.", "PMID": 70412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3811", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and cell surface antigens of two unique cell lines (NALM-1 and BALM-2) of human leukemic origin.", "content": "Two unique cell lines, NALM-1 and BALM-2 derived from lymphoblast-like cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia and rare B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, respectively, were compared with fresh parent cells from the patients and with a Philadelphia chromosome positive K-562 cell line previously established from a chronic myelogenous leukemia patient in blastic phase. NALM-1 resembled the parent cells in the presence of Philadelphia chromosome, non-T/non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia specific antigens and lack of T or B cell markers, whereas BALB-2, like the parent cells, had two chromosome markers and bore kappa, delta and mu immunoglobulins. NALM-1 lacked Epstein-Barr virus genome, whereas BALM-2 showed the presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome. K-562 cells lacked all the antigen markers examined. All cells had high DNA polymerase alpha activity and low DNA polymerase gamma activity. NALM-1, like the parent cells and unlike K-562 cells, had high terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of about 200 mu/mg DNA, whereas BALM-2, like its parent cells, had terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of 1-2 mu/mg DNA (1 u = 1 nmole Mn++-dGTP/h on dA12-18 initiator). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was characterized by its chromatographic and sedimentation behavior, thermal sensitivity and specific inhibition by streptolydigin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase antisera. These results indicate that NALM-1 and K-562 may represent different phenotypes of cells in CML blastic crisis. Moreover, NALM-1 and BALM-2 seem to have retained the characteristics of original leukemic cells from which they may have been derived.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and cell surface antigens of two unique cell lines (NALM-1 and BALM-2) of human leukemic origin. Two unique cell lines, NALM-1 and BALM-2 derived from lymphoblast-like cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia and rare B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, respectively, were compared with fresh parent cells from the patients and with a Philadelphia chromosome positive K-562 cell line previously established from a chronic myelogenous leukemia patient in blastic phase. NALM-1 resembled the parent cells in the presence of Philadelphia chromosome, non-T/non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia specific antigens and lack of T or B cell markers, whereas BALB-2, like the parent cells, had two chromosome markers and bore kappa, delta and mu immunoglobulins. NALM-1 lacked Epstein-Barr virus genome, whereas BALM-2 showed the presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome. K-562 cells lacked all the antigen markers examined. All cells had high DNA polymerase alpha activity and low DNA polymerase gamma activity. NALM-1, like the parent cells and unlike K-562 cells, had high terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of about 200 mu/mg DNA, whereas BALM-2, like its parent cells, had terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of 1-2 mu/mg DNA (1 u = 1 nmole Mn++-dGTP/h on dA12-18 initiator). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was characterized by its chromatographic and sedimentation behavior, thermal sensitivity and specific inhibition by streptolydigin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase antisera. These results indicate that NALM-1 and K-562 may represent different phenotypes of cells in CML blastic crisis. Moreover, NALM-1 and BALM-2 seem to have retained the characteristics of original leukemic cells from which they may have been derived.", "PMID": 70413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3812", "title": "Expression of alien H-2 specificities of a chemically induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The presence of alien histocompatibility antigens on the cell surface of the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c (H-2d) fibrosarcoma C-1, was investigated by serological and transplantation studied. Absorption experiments with monospecific alloantisera showed that C-1 cells expressed their original private (H-2.4 and 31) and public (H-2.3, 8, 28, and 35) specificities. C-1 cells were also able to absorb monospecific antisera directed to the private specificity H-2.23 of the H-2k haplotype, as well as antisera to the public specificities H-2.1, 5, 11 11 and 25 (H-2k and in part H-2q, H-2a and H-2b haplotypes), which are absent from H-2d normal cells. Conversely, other alien specificities (H-2.2, 17, 30, 32, and 33) were not detected on C-1 cells. The C-1 cells were also unable to absorb the activity of an anti-Ia serum (1-28) directed to 1a.1, 2 and 19 (lak) specificities. Transplantation studies showed that resistance against the challenge of C-1 cells could be induced in syngeneic BALB/c mice by preimmunization with normal tissues from C3Hf and AKR (H-2k), A (H-2a) and C57BL/6J (H-2b) strains (expressing all or some of the extra H-2 antigens of the tumor) whereas no protection was obtained with DBA/2 (H-2d) or with W/Fu rat tissues. The anti-tumor activity could be passively transferred by BALB/c lymphoid cells immune to normal C3Hf, AKR, A, and NIH (H-2q) tissues, but no protection was achieved with lymphoid cells immune to DBA/2 or to W/Fu normal rat tissues. These data indicate that foreign H-2 antigens are expressed on C-1 tumor and that they might function as tumor-associated transplantation antigen which was shown to be present and individually distinct on this sarcoma by appropriate in vivo tests.", "contents": "Expression of alien H-2 specificities of a chemically induced BALB/c fibrosarcoma. The presence of alien histocompatibility antigens on the cell surface of the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced BALB/c (H-2d) fibrosarcoma C-1, was investigated by serological and transplantation studied. Absorption experiments with monospecific alloantisera showed that C-1 cells expressed their original private (H-2.4 and 31) and public (H-2.3, 8, 28, and 35) specificities. C-1 cells were also able to absorb monospecific antisera directed to the private specificity H-2.23 of the H-2k haplotype, as well as antisera to the public specificities H-2.1, 5, 11 11 and 25 (H-2k and in part H-2q, H-2a and H-2b haplotypes), which are absent from H-2d normal cells. Conversely, other alien specificities (H-2.2, 17, 30, 32, and 33) were not detected on C-1 cells. The C-1 cells were also unable to absorb the activity of an anti-Ia serum (1-28) directed to 1a.1, 2 and 19 (lak) specificities. Transplantation studies showed that resistance against the challenge of C-1 cells could be induced in syngeneic BALB/c mice by preimmunization with normal tissues from C3Hf and AKR (H-2k), A (H-2a) and C57BL/6J (H-2b) strains (expressing all or some of the extra H-2 antigens of the tumor) whereas no protection was obtained with DBA/2 (H-2d) or with W/Fu rat tissues. The anti-tumor activity could be passively transferred by BALB/c lymphoid cells immune to normal C3Hf, AKR, A, and NIH (H-2q) tissues, but no protection was achieved with lymphoid cells immune to DBA/2 or to W/Fu normal rat tissues. These data indicate that foreign H-2 antigens are expressed on C-1 tumor and that they might function as tumor-associated transplantation antigen which was shown to be present and individually distinct on this sarcoma by appropriate in vivo tests.", "PMID": 70414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3813", "title": "Spontaneous and induced appearance of murine leukemia virus antigen containing cells in organ cultures of embryonic mouse thymus.", "content": "The potential of embryonic thymus organ cultures for studies on relations of endogenous MuLV, lymphoid cells and thymic microenvironment to lymphoma development were evaluated. Four main findings are reported. First, thymuses of 14-day-old CBA and AKR embryos could be maintained in organ cultures for at least 9 weeks with sustained production of lymphocytes. Lymphopoiesis in CBA and AKR thymuses were not grossly different. Secondly, an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique demonstrated spontaneous appearance of MuLV-antigen-containing cells in AKR, but not in CBA thymuses. Such spontaneous MuLV expression first occurred after 16 days of organ culture, thereafter infrequently and at random in individual thymus cultures. Thirdly, incubation of AKR and CBA thymuses in lymphoma extract containing AKR-type MuLV at initiation of organ cultures induced MuLV-antigen-containing cells. These were first detected after 7-14 days in culture, somewhat earlier and initially more frequently in AKR than in CBA thymuses. In the former, induction was accompanied by a clear reduction in the number of lymphocytes per thymus. Fourthly, iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) treatment of AKR thymuses on cultute day 0, 3 or 7 decreased the number of lymphocytes per thymus and induced appearance of MuLV-antigen containing cells, assayed 8-20 days later. The IdUrd effect was most marked on day 0, and decreased sucessively on days 3 and 7. IdUrd had a much slighter effect on CBA thymuses, causing a lower reduction in cell numbers and inducing few MuLV-antigen cells. These main results clearly demonstrate the potential usefulness of the organ culture system for studied on leukemogenesis. It may be directly applied to answer several questions raised by detailed findings in our study.", "contents": "Spontaneous and induced appearance of murine leukemia virus antigen containing cells in organ cultures of embryonic mouse thymus. The potential of embryonic thymus organ cultures for studies on relations of endogenous MuLV, lymphoid cells and thymic microenvironment to lymphoma development were evaluated. Four main findings are reported. First, thymuses of 14-day-old CBA and AKR embryos could be maintained in organ cultures for at least 9 weeks with sustained production of lymphocytes. Lymphopoiesis in CBA and AKR thymuses were not grossly different. Secondly, an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique demonstrated spontaneous appearance of MuLV-antigen-containing cells in AKR, but not in CBA thymuses. Such spontaneous MuLV expression first occurred after 16 days of organ culture, thereafter infrequently and at random in individual thymus cultures. Thirdly, incubation of AKR and CBA thymuses in lymphoma extract containing AKR-type MuLV at initiation of organ cultures induced MuLV-antigen-containing cells. These were first detected after 7-14 days in culture, somewhat earlier and initially more frequently in AKR than in CBA thymuses. In the former, induction was accompanied by a clear reduction in the number of lymphocytes per thymus. Fourthly, iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) treatment of AKR thymuses on cultute day 0, 3 or 7 decreased the number of lymphocytes per thymus and induced appearance of MuLV-antigen containing cells, assayed 8-20 days later. The IdUrd effect was most marked on day 0, and decreased sucessively on days 3 and 7. IdUrd had a much slighter effect on CBA thymuses, causing a lower reduction in cell numbers and inducing few MuLV-antigen cells. These main results clearly demonstrate the potential usefulness of the organ culture system for studied on leukemogenesis. It may be directly applied to answer several questions raised by detailed findings in our study.", "PMID": 70415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3814", "title": "Aggregation, dissociation and denaturation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) alpha-globulin in cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution.", "content": "The behaviour of the major protein of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) alpha-globulin has been studied in a cationic detergent, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution. Up to a critical detergent concentration the protein is precipitated from solution, above which redissolution of the protein is observed. Sedimentation velocity patterns indicate the presence of higher aggregates in the detergent concentration range 5 X 10(-5)--1 X 10(-3) M. These are considered to be the soluble precursors of the insoluble aggregates. Fluorescence measurements show that tryptophanyl groups of the protein which are in contact with the aqueous phase are perturbed by the detergent. The difference spectra of the protein in higher concentration of detergent indicate considerable red shift in the spectrum. Spectrophotometric titration of phenolic groups in 1 X 10(-2) M CTAB indicate that a conformational change in the protein has taken place.", "contents": "Aggregation, dissociation and denaturation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) alpha-globulin in cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution. The behaviour of the major protein of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) alpha-globulin has been studied in a cationic detergent, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution. Up to a critical detergent concentration the protein is precipitated from solution, above which redissolution of the protein is observed. Sedimentation velocity patterns indicate the presence of higher aggregates in the detergent concentration range 5 X 10(-5)--1 X 10(-3) M. These are considered to be the soluble precursors of the insoluble aggregates. Fluorescence measurements show that tryptophanyl groups of the protein which are in contact with the aqueous phase are perturbed by the detergent. The difference spectra of the protein in higher concentration of detergent indicate considerable red shift in the spectrum. Spectrophotometric titration of phenolic groups in 1 X 10(-2) M CTAB indicate that a conformational change in the protein has taken place.", "PMID": 70416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3815", "title": "Millin's retropubic prostatectomy. A clinical study.", "content": "On the basis of two series of retropubic Millin's prostatectomies (426 operations) the value of this method of approach is evaluated. The retropubic procedure seems to offer the best chance for a smooth postoperative course when an open operation is needed.", "contents": "Millin's retropubic prostatectomy. A clinical study. On the basis of two series of retropubic Millin's prostatectomies (426 operations) the value of this method of approach is evaluated. The retropubic procedure seems to offer the best chance for a smooth postoperative course when an open operation is needed.", "PMID": 70418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3816", "title": "Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate.", "content": "A series of 632 patients undergoing one or more transurethral resections of the prostate gland at Wesley Pavilion of Northwestern Memorial Hospital is presented. Group characteristics, associated illnesses, and complications are reviewed and compared to an equally sized group of patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection at the same hospital some twenty years earlier. This study has shown improvement in incidence of several complications, especially those related to infection and pyelonephritis, and urinary incontinence. Mortality rate has improved significantly and is likely due in great part to more comprehensive care of cardiovascular complications and control of infection. One can perhaps anticipate even further improvements in technique and results with the development of reliable fiberoptic instruments and improved lens systems which have been introduced to our institution since the period of time covered by this review.", "contents": "Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate. A series of 632 patients undergoing one or more transurethral resections of the prostate gland at Wesley Pavilion of Northwestern Memorial Hospital is presented. Group characteristics, associated illnesses, and complications are reviewed and compared to an equally sized group of patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection at the same hospital some twenty years earlier. This study has shown improvement in incidence of several complications, especially those related to infection and pyelonephritis, and urinary incontinence. Mortality rate has improved significantly and is likely due in great part to more comprehensive care of cardiovascular complications and control of infection. One can perhaps anticipate even further improvements in technique and results with the development of reliable fiberoptic instruments and improved lens systems which have been introduced to our institution since the period of time covered by this review.", "PMID": 70419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3817", "title": "[Electron microscopical rapid diagnosis of cutaneous viral diseases].", "content": "Electron microscopy by negative staining is a well-known, simple and quick diagnostic method to demonstrate virus particles. A method for routine work is described. The morphology of important viruses of the herpes and pox group is shown. In herpes simplex and zoster, the viruses can be detected in most cases from fresh vesicular fluid, whereas older erosions and crusts are not suitable. Viruses have been shown in all cases of chicken pox, vaccinia inoculata, molluscum contagiosum, and ecthyma contagiosum (orf).", "contents": "[Electron microscopical rapid diagnosis of cutaneous viral diseases]. Electron microscopy by negative staining is a well-known, simple and quick diagnostic method to demonstrate virus particles. A method for routine work is described. The morphology of important viruses of the herpes and pox group is shown. In herpes simplex and zoster, the viruses can be detected in most cases from fresh vesicular fluid, whereas older erosions and crusts are not suitable. Viruses have been shown in all cases of chicken pox, vaccinia inoculata, molluscum contagiosum, and ecthyma contagiosum (orf).", "PMID": 70421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3818", "title": "Modification of the acid elution technique for quantitation of fetal hemoglobin in individual erythrocytes.", "content": "A modification of the acid elution procedure for the demonstration of fetal hemoglobin in red cells using fast green stain is described. This technique not only permits improved visual estimation of the amount of fetal hemoglobin in red cells, but allows for the direct quantitation of fetal hemoglobin content of individual cells, using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. As an application of this method, the distribution of fetal hemoglobin in populations of red cells of individuals was determined. Distributions were examined in sickle cell anemia patients with different proportions of fetal hemoglobin.", "contents": "Modification of the acid elution technique for quantitation of fetal hemoglobin in individual erythrocytes. A modification of the acid elution procedure for the demonstration of fetal hemoglobin in red cells using fast green stain is described. This technique not only permits improved visual estimation of the amount of fetal hemoglobin in red cells, but allows for the direct quantitation of fetal hemoglobin content of individual cells, using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. As an application of this method, the distribution of fetal hemoglobin in populations of red cells of individuals was determined. Distributions were examined in sickle cell anemia patients with different proportions of fetal hemoglobin.", "PMID": 70422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3819", "title": "Antibody to the D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis does not cross-react with other penicillin-binding proteins.", "content": "The fact that antibody to d-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis does not cross-react with other penicillin-binding proteins suggests that these proteins are not precursors or multimers of the enzyme.", "contents": "Antibody to the D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis does not cross-react with other penicillin-binding proteins. The fact that antibody to d-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis does not cross-react with other penicillin-binding proteins suggests that these proteins are not precursors or multimers of the enzyme.", "PMID": 70424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3820", "title": "Characterization of antiserum directed against form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Antiserum directed against form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides showed no cross-reactivity towards the form I enzyme as evidenced by a lack of immunopreciptation. In addition, this antiserum failed to inhibit form I enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Characterization of antiserum directed against form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Antiserum directed against form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides showed no cross-reactivity towards the form I enzyme as evidenced by a lack of immunopreciptation. In addition, this antiserum failed to inhibit form I enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 70425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3821", "title": "Purification and properties of beta-lactamase from Proteus morganii.", "content": "The cephalosporin beta-lactamase was purified from a strain of Proteus morganii that showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and produced the enzyme constitutively. The purified enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 38,000 to 40,000 from gel filtration of Sephadex G-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, its isoelectric point being pH 7.2 No cysteine residue was found in its amino acid composition. The specific activity was 190 mumol/min per mg of the purified enzyme protein for the hydrolysis of cephaloridine, the optimal pH was about 8.5 and the optimal temperature was 50 degrees C. Antibodies against the purified beta-lactamase inhibited not only the enzyme activity of the purified preparation, but also the enzyme activity of all of the other strains of P. morganii so far tested, regardless of whether the modes of their production were inducible or constitutive. None of the beta-lactamases produced by beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strains of other species of Proteus was affected at all by the antibodies, thus showing that the purified cephalosporin beta-lactamase was of the species-specific type. The enzymological properties of the preparation have been compared with those of beta-lactamases derived from other gram-negative enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Purification and properties of beta-lactamase from Proteus morganii. The cephalosporin beta-lactamase was purified from a strain of Proteus morganii that showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and produced the enzyme constitutively. The purified enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 38,000 to 40,000 from gel filtration of Sephadex G-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, its isoelectric point being pH 7.2 No cysteine residue was found in its amino acid composition. The specific activity was 190 mumol/min per mg of the purified enzyme protein for the hydrolysis of cephaloridine, the optimal pH was about 8.5 and the optimal temperature was 50 degrees C. Antibodies against the purified beta-lactamase inhibited not only the enzyme activity of the purified preparation, but also the enzyme activity of all of the other strains of P. morganii so far tested, regardless of whether the modes of their production were inducible or constitutive. None of the beta-lactamases produced by beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strains of other species of Proteus was affected at all by the antibodies, thus showing that the purified cephalosporin beta-lactamase was of the species-specific type. The enzymological properties of the preparation have been compared with those of beta-lactamases derived from other gram-negative enteric bacteria.", "PMID": 70426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3822", "title": "Immunospecificity of non-histone chromosomal proteins in 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma (mouse).", "content": "Antibodies against non-histone chromosomal proteins for 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma (mouse) were prepared by immunization of rabbits. The immunoreactivity of this antigen was then compared with those of non-histone chromosomal proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor, normal mouse liver, and calf thymus by the method of quantitative microcomplement fixation. The non-histone chromosomal proteins of 98Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma, fractionated by hydroxylapatite chromatography, exhibited significant affinity for the antibodies. Similar proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor, normal mouse liver, or calf thymus were virtually inactive, indicating the tissue-specificity of 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma proteins.", "contents": "Immunospecificity of non-histone chromosomal proteins in 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma (mouse). Antibodies against non-histone chromosomal proteins for 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma (mouse) were prepared by immunization of rabbits. The immunoreactivity of this antigen was then compared with those of non-histone chromosomal proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor, normal mouse liver, and calf thymus by the method of quantitative microcomplement fixation. The non-histone chromosomal proteins of 98Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma, fractionated by hydroxylapatite chromatography, exhibited significant affinity for the antibodies. Similar proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor, normal mouse liver, or calf thymus were virtually inactive, indicating the tissue-specificity of 89Sr-induced osteogenic sarcoma proteins.", "PMID": 70427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3823", "title": "The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. Binding of viral and nonviral ribonucleic acids to the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the enzyme.", "content": "The extent of binding of various RNA species to the three forms of avian sarcoma virus B77 RNA-dependent DNA polymerase was determined using a sensitive nitrocellulose filter binding technique which was capable of detecting binding reactions with association constants as low as 3 X 10(6) liters X mole-1. All three enzyme forms, alphabeta, beta2, and alpha, bound to all single-stranded RNA species that were tested, including nonviral RNAs. 70 S viral RNA exhibited the highest association constant (about 10(11) liters X mole-1), and a population of virus-derived tRNA molecules from which tRNATrp had been removed, the lowest (about 3000 times lower). The affinity for other RNAs was roughly proportional to their size. The affinity of RNAs for the alphabeta enzyme form always exceeded that for the two others by a factor that depended on the particular RNA, never exceeded 6 and was sometimes as low as 1.2. The association constant of the alphabeta enzyme form with viral 70 S RNA was about 15-fold higher than that with viral 35 S RNA. 35 S RNA annealed to tRNATrp had an association constant that was only 2.5 times higher than that of 35 S RNA alone. This finding suggests that the tertiary structure of 70 S RNA plays a significant role in its affinity for B77 DNA polymerase.", "contents": "The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus B77. Binding of viral and nonviral ribonucleic acids to the alpha, beta2, and alphabeta forms of the enzyme. The extent of binding of various RNA species to the three forms of avian sarcoma virus B77 RNA-dependent DNA polymerase was determined using a sensitive nitrocellulose filter binding technique which was capable of detecting binding reactions with association constants as low as 3 X 10(6) liters X mole-1. All three enzyme forms, alphabeta, beta2, and alpha, bound to all single-stranded RNA species that were tested, including nonviral RNAs. 70 S viral RNA exhibited the highest association constant (about 10(11) liters X mole-1), and a population of virus-derived tRNA molecules from which tRNATrp had been removed, the lowest (about 3000 times lower). The affinity for other RNAs was roughly proportional to their size. The affinity of RNAs for the alphabeta enzyme form always exceeded that for the two others by a factor that depended on the particular RNA, never exceeded 6 and was sometimes as low as 1.2. The association constant of the alphabeta enzyme form with viral 70 S RNA was about 15-fold higher than that with viral 35 S RNA. 35 S RNA annealed to tRNATrp had an association constant that was only 2.5 times higher than that of 35 S RNA alone. This finding suggests that the tertiary structure of 70 S RNA plays a significant role in its affinity for B77 DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 70428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3824", "title": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. I. Toluidine blue and lanthanum staining.", "content": "Four developmental stages of Rana pipiens, R. pipiens female X R. catesbeiana female, and R. pipiens female X R. esculenta male embryos were fixed in standard electron microscopic fixatives with or without 1% lanthanum nitrate (LN) added. Embryos fixed without LN were embedded and sectioned at 0-5 micrometer and stained with toluidine blue. Embryos fixed with LN were embedded and sectioned at 70-80 nm and examined in the electron microscope. Both techiques show a dramatic increase in the amount of stainable material in the extracellular matrix during development. Blastula stage embryos have a small amount of material in the extracellular matrix. Early gastrulae have more stainable material than blastulae and this increased amount appears to be due to an accumulation of material in the marginal zone of the embryo, especially near the dorsal lip of the blastopore. Late gastrulae have large amounts  of stainable material in the extracellular spaces in almost all parts of the embryo. Interspecific arrested hybrid embryos do not show the same dramatic accumulation of stainable material in their extracellular matrices.", "contents": "Extracellular matrix synthesis in blastula and gastrula stages of normal and hybrid frog embryos. I. Toluidine blue and lanthanum staining. Four developmental stages of Rana pipiens, R. pipiens female X R. catesbeiana female, and R. pipiens female X R. esculenta male embryos were fixed in standard electron microscopic fixatives with or without 1% lanthanum nitrate (LN) added. Embryos fixed without LN were embedded and sectioned at 0-5 micrometer and stained with toluidine blue. Embryos fixed with LN were embedded and sectioned at 70-80 nm and examined in the electron microscope. Both techiques show a dramatic increase in the amount of stainable material in the extracellular matrix during development. Blastula stage embryos have a small amount of material in the extracellular matrix. Early gastrulae have more stainable material than blastulae and this increased amount appears to be due to an accumulation of material in the marginal zone of the embryo, especially near the dorsal lip of the blastopore. Late gastrulae have large amounts  of stainable material in the extracellular spaces in almost all parts of the embryo. Interspecific arrested hybrid embryos do not show the same dramatic accumulation of stainable material in their extracellular matrices.", "PMID": 70430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3825", "title": "Karyotypic analyses of parental and hybrid intraspecific mouse cells, A9/B82, by giemsa- and centromeric-banding.", "content": "Hybrids between A9 (HGPRT-) and B82 (TK-), mouse heteroploid fibroblast lines, were obtained through continuous cultivation and clonal selection; such hybrids showed marked segregation and by conventional stains displayed chromosome numbers and distribution similar to that of either parental type. Detailed analyses by Giemsa (G)- and centromeric-banding of these parental lines, and of 4 of the reduced hybrids, maintained in culture for up to 5 years, revealed the following points: (1) The distribution of the majority of individual chromosomal classes was similar for 3 of the hybrid cell lines. (2) Over two-thirds of the chromosomal arms in both the parental lines and hybrid lines were identical to normal mouse telocentric chromosomes. (3) For 2 of the hybrid lines, segregation was particularly marked with respect to those chromosomal arms whose G-banding patterns were identical to the wild-type genome; this indicated that segregation had occurred at the expense of redundant chromosomal material introduced by cell fusion. These banded studies demonstrated that segregation chiefly accounted for the sharp reduction in chromosome numbers while recombination accounted for the chromosome heterogeneity of the hybrid cells as compared to the parental genomes.", "contents": "Karyotypic analyses of parental and hybrid intraspecific mouse cells, A9/B82, by giemsa- and centromeric-banding. Hybrids between A9 (HGPRT-) and B82 (TK-), mouse heteroploid fibroblast lines, were obtained through continuous cultivation and clonal selection; such hybrids showed marked segregation and by conventional stains displayed chromosome numbers and distribution similar to that of either parental type. Detailed analyses by Giemsa (G)- and centromeric-banding of these parental lines, and of 4 of the reduced hybrids, maintained in culture for up to 5 years, revealed the following points: (1) The distribution of the majority of individual chromosomal classes was similar for 3 of the hybrid cell lines. (2) Over two-thirds of the chromosomal arms in both the parental lines and hybrid lines were identical to normal mouse telocentric chromosomes. (3) For 2 of the hybrid lines, segregation was particularly marked with respect to those chromosomal arms whose G-banding patterns were identical to the wild-type genome; this indicated that segregation had occurred at the expense of redundant chromosomal material introduced by cell fusion. These banded studies demonstrated that segregation chiefly accounted for the sharp reduction in chromosome numbers while recombination accounted for the chromosome heterogeneity of the hybrid cells as compared to the parental genomes.", "PMID": 70431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3826", "title": "Platelet membrane defects in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Evidence for decreased amounts of two major glycoproteins.", "content": "Platelets from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia have a distinct molecular alteration of the plasma membrane surface, namely decreased amounts of a major glycoprotein designated as IIb (apparent mol wt 142,000). To identify other possible surface defects of thrombasthenic platelets, we labeled the membrane polypeptides of normal and thrombasthenic platelets by two different techniques: lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and galactose oxidase oxidation, followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride. Labeling patterns were determined after the polypeptides were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Before the second dimension was run, platelet samples were incubated with a reducing agent, beta-mercapto-ethanol, to cleave the disulfide bonds of certain glycoproteins; the resulting changes in electrophoretic mobility permitted better resolution of individual molecules. Comparison of the labeled polypeptides of normal and thrombasthenic samples after reduction indicated decreased labeling of two major glycoproteins in thrombasthenic platelets: IIb and III (apparent mol wt 114,000). The relative proportions of radioactivity incorporated by these polypeptides were about 60 and 80% less than control values, respectively. With either Coomassie Blue or periodic acid-Schiff's reagent, glycoprotein III stained much less intensely in thrombasthenic compared to normal samples, indicating that the observed labeling deficit was caused by a decreased concentration of the molecule rather than steric inaccessibility on the membrane surface. Analysis of normal plasma membranes by affinity chromatography showed that glycoprotein IIb has receptors for lectin from Lens culinaris, the common lentil, whereas III does not. We conclude that a characteristic feature of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a decreased concentration of two discrete glycoproteins in the platelet plasma membrane.", "contents": "Platelet membrane defects in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Evidence for decreased amounts of two major glycoproteins. Platelets from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia have a distinct molecular alteration of the plasma membrane surface, namely decreased amounts of a major glycoprotein designated as IIb (apparent mol wt 142,000). To identify other possible surface defects of thrombasthenic platelets, we labeled the membrane polypeptides of normal and thrombasthenic platelets by two different techniques: lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and galactose oxidase oxidation, followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride. Labeling patterns were determined after the polypeptides were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Before the second dimension was run, platelet samples were incubated with a reducing agent, beta-mercapto-ethanol, to cleave the disulfide bonds of certain glycoproteins; the resulting changes in electrophoretic mobility permitted better resolution of individual molecules. Comparison of the labeled polypeptides of normal and thrombasthenic samples after reduction indicated decreased labeling of two major glycoproteins in thrombasthenic platelets: IIb and III (apparent mol wt 114,000). The relative proportions of radioactivity incorporated by these polypeptides were about 60 and 80% less than control values, respectively. With either Coomassie Blue or periodic acid-Schiff's reagent, glycoprotein III stained much less intensely in thrombasthenic compared to normal samples, indicating that the observed labeling deficit was caused by a decreased concentration of the molecule rather than steric inaccessibility on the membrane surface. Analysis of normal plasma membranes by affinity chromatography showed that glycoprotein IIb has receptors for lectin from Lens culinaris, the common lentil, whereas III does not. We conclude that a characteristic feature of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a decreased concentration of two discrete glycoproteins in the platelet plasma membrane.", "PMID": 70433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3827", "title": "Synthesis of factor VIII antigen by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes.", "content": "Immunoprecipitates containing guinea pig Factor VIII antigen were prepared from guinea pig plasma with a cross-reacting rabbit anti-human Factor VIII. Monospecific antisera to guinea pig Factor VIII antigen were produced in rabbits by using these washed immunoprecipitates as immunogens. The resulting antisera to guinea pig Factor VIII antigen detected Factor VIII antigen in guinea pig plasma and inhibited the von Willebrand factor activity in guinea pig plasma. This antibody also detected Factor VIII antigen in a solubilized protein mixture prepared from isolated cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. Cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes were labeled with radio-active leucine. By radioautography, 96.2% of the radio-activity was present in megakaryocytes. The radio-active Factor VIII antigen present in the solubilized cell protein mixture was isolated by immunoprecipitation and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes synthesize Factor VIII antigen which contains the same polypeptide subunit (mol wt 200,000) present in guinea pig plasma Factor VIII antigen.", "contents": "Synthesis of factor VIII antigen by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. Immunoprecipitates containing guinea pig Factor VIII antigen were prepared from guinea pig plasma with a cross-reacting rabbit anti-human Factor VIII. Monospecific antisera to guinea pig Factor VIII antigen were produced in rabbits by using these washed immunoprecipitates as immunogens. The resulting antisera to guinea pig Factor VIII antigen detected Factor VIII antigen in guinea pig plasma and inhibited the von Willebrand factor activity in guinea pig plasma. This antibody also detected Factor VIII antigen in a solubilized protein mixture prepared from isolated cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. Cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes were labeled with radio-active leucine. By radioautography, 96.2% of the radio-activity was present in megakaryocytes. The radio-active Factor VIII antigen present in the solubilized cell protein mixture was isolated by immunoprecipitation and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes synthesize Factor VIII antigen which contains the same polypeptide subunit (mol wt 200,000) present in guinea pig plasma Factor VIII antigen.", "PMID": 70434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3828", "title": "Demonstration of lipids in the pathologic granules in cementum and dentin in periodontal disease.", "content": "Granules can be demonstrated in dental cementum which has been exposed to the oral environment as a result of gingival retraction. In the present study frozen sections of decalcified, periodontally diseased teeth were stained by the Sudan black and Schultz-Hershberger methods, which indicated that the granules contained cholesterol or steroids. The lipid content of cementum suggests that the outer layer of cementum has been penetrated by exogeneous substances of bacterial or salivary origin.", "contents": "Demonstration of lipids in the pathologic granules in cementum and dentin in periodontal disease. Granules can be demonstrated in dental cementum which has been exposed to the oral environment as a result of gingival retraction. In the present study frozen sections of decalcified, periodontally diseased teeth were stained by the Sudan black and Schultz-Hershberger methods, which indicated that the granules contained cholesterol or steroids. The lipid content of cementum suggests that the outer layer of cementum has been penetrated by exogeneous substances of bacterial or salivary origin.", "PMID": 70435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3829", "title": "A high molecular weight allergenic fraction of honeybee venom.", "content": "Chromatography of honeybee venom on Sephadex G-150 super fine revealed a high molecular weight (HMW) fraction that elutes prior to hyaluronidase (HYAL) and comprises 2% to 4% of the venom weight. HMW appears to exist in polymeric form, and the polymer which is present in greatest concentration has an estimated molecular weight of 105,000 D. The 12% nitrogen content of HMW suggests it may not be all protein. HMW is antigenically and enzymatically distinct from HYAL and phospholipase A2 (PHOS A). The acid phosphatase activity known to be present in honeybee venom was found in the HMW fraction. Since it reacts by RAST with the sera of most individuals known to be sensitive to honeybee venom, and releases histamine from the peripheral leukocytes of such individuals, its role as an allergen is confirmed. Since individuals react to different degrees to HMW, HYAL, and PHOS A, there does not appear to be a single principal allergen in honeybee venom.", "contents": "A high molecular weight allergenic fraction of honeybee venom. Chromatography of honeybee venom on Sephadex G-150 super fine revealed a high molecular weight (HMW) fraction that elutes prior to hyaluronidase (HYAL) and comprises 2% to 4% of the venom weight. HMW appears to exist in polymeric form, and the polymer which is present in greatest concentration has an estimated molecular weight of 105,000 D. The 12% nitrogen content of HMW suggests it may not be all protein. HMW is antigenically and enzymatically distinct from HYAL and phospholipase A2 (PHOS A). The acid phosphatase activity known to be present in honeybee venom was found in the HMW fraction. Since it reacts by RAST with the sera of most individuals known to be sensitive to honeybee venom, and releases histamine from the peripheral leukocytes of such individuals, its role as an allergen is confirmed. Since individuals react to different degrees to HMW, HYAL, and PHOS A, there does not appear to be a single principal allergen in honeybee venom.", "PMID": 70436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3830", "title": "Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis. I. The role of cyclic GMP as a modulator of the immunologically induced secretory process.", "content": "A close relationship between increased concentrations of cyclic GMP in human lung tissue and the capacity for acetylcholine to enhance the immunologic secretion of histamine and SRS-A has been found. Acetylcholine (10(-7) to 10(-11) M) produced parallel increases in both cyclic GMP and the immunologic release of mediators; the muscarinic blocking agent atropine prevented both responses. The increase in cyclic GMP in human lung after acetylcholine stimulation was apparent within 30 sec, peaked by 120 sec, and abruptly returned to control levels thereafter. The ability of acetylcholine to enhance the antigen-stimulated secretion of mediators followed the same time-course. PGF2alpha (3.3 X 10(-4) M to 3.3 X 10(-7) M) increased the cyclic GMP content of human lung tissue in a dose-related fashion. Pretreatment of IgE-sensitized lung tissue with acetylsalicylic acid (10 microgram/ml) had no effect on baseline cyclic nucleotide levels, the capacity for antigen to induce mediator release, or the increase in cyclic GMP and facilitation of the immunologic release of mediators produced by acetylcholine.", "contents": "Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis. I. The role of cyclic GMP as a modulator of the immunologically induced secretory process. A close relationship between increased concentrations of cyclic GMP in human lung tissue and the capacity for acetylcholine to enhance the immunologic secretion of histamine and SRS-A has been found. Acetylcholine (10(-7) to 10(-11) M) produced parallel increases in both cyclic GMP and the immunologic release of mediators; the muscarinic blocking agent atropine prevented both responses. The increase in cyclic GMP in human lung after acetylcholine stimulation was apparent within 30 sec, peaked by 120 sec, and abruptly returned to control levels thereafter. The ability of acetylcholine to enhance the antigen-stimulated secretion of mediators followed the same time-course. PGF2alpha (3.3 X 10(-4) M to 3.3 X 10(-7) M) increased the cyclic GMP content of human lung tissue in a dose-related fashion. Pretreatment of IgE-sensitized lung tissue with acetylsalicylic acid (10 microgram/ml) had no effect on baseline cyclic nucleotide levels, the capacity for antigen to induce mediator release, or the increase in cyclic GMP and facilitation of the immunologic release of mediators produced by acetylcholine.", "PMID": 70437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3831", "title": "Monodispersal and deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of prostatic cell nuclei.", "content": "We collected prostatic glands from 50 unselected autopsies at the Pathology Institute and compared their histologic sections with cytologic preparations and with results of photometric measurements of isolated prostatic cells and isolated nuclei. The results obtained with single cell photometry and flow-through cytophotometry proved to be comparable with one another and with the results of the cytologic and histologic studies. With these methods of cytophotometry we could differentiate inflammatory conditions, microcarcinomas and frank carcinomas from normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue. We had difficulties, however, preparing adequate suspensions of cell nuclei from chronic fibrosing prostatitis. Our results indicate that it should be possible for diagnostic purposes to combine the technique of fine needle biopsy of the prostate with that of flow-through cytophotometry and to use the combined techniques for studying diseases of other organs.", "contents": "Monodispersal and deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of prostatic cell nuclei. We collected prostatic glands from 50 unselected autopsies at the Pathology Institute and compared their histologic sections with cytologic preparations and with results of photometric measurements of isolated prostatic cells and isolated nuclei. The results obtained with single cell photometry and flow-through cytophotometry proved to be comparable with one another and with the results of the cytologic and histologic studies. With these methods of cytophotometry we could differentiate inflammatory conditions, microcarcinomas and frank carcinomas from normal and hyperplastic prostatic tissue. We had difficulties, however, preparing adequate suspensions of cell nuclei from chronic fibrosing prostatitis. Our results indicate that it should be possible for diagnostic purposes to combine the technique of fine needle biopsy of the prostate with that of flow-through cytophotometry and to use the combined techniques for studying diseases of other organs.", "PMID": 70447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3832", "title": "Chromomycin A3 as a fluorescent probe for flow cytometry of human gynecologic samples.", "content": "Chemical, physical and optical properties of chromomycin A3 are examined so as to ascertain appropriate staining and analysis procedures for flow cytometry of human gynecologic samples. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of chromomycin A3-stained cervical cells are compared with those of chromomycin A3-stained deoxyribonucleic acid. Conditions for deoxyribonucleic acid-specific staining of cervical cells are presented, and staining specificity of cervical cells with chromomycin A3 is compared to that obtained with ethidium bromide, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258. Also presented is a brief review of two parameter flow cytometry as a prescreening procedure for detection of cervical neoplasia. Results of flow cytometry and cell sorting are interpreted based on the deoxyribonucleic acid-specificity of chromomycin A3 staining.", "contents": "Chromomycin A3 as a fluorescent probe for flow cytometry of human gynecologic samples. Chemical, physical and optical properties of chromomycin A3 are examined so as to ascertain appropriate staining and analysis procedures for flow cytometry of human gynecologic samples. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of chromomycin A3-stained cervical cells are compared with those of chromomycin A3-stained deoxyribonucleic acid. Conditions for deoxyribonucleic acid-specific staining of cervical cells are presented, and staining specificity of cervical cells with chromomycin A3 is compared to that obtained with ethidium bromide, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258. Also presented is a brief review of two parameter flow cytometry as a prescreening procedure for detection of cervical neoplasia. Results of flow cytometry and cell sorting are interpreted based on the deoxyribonucleic acid-specificity of chromomycin A3 staining.", "PMID": 70448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3833", "title": "Peculiarities of cytochemical properties of cancer cells as revealed by study of deoxyribonucleoprotein susceptibility to Feulgen hydrolysis.", "content": "Chromatin of human squamous carcinoma cells reacts more intensively to short (1-2 min) acid hydrolysis in the Feulgen reaction and is, after such treatment, more intensively stained by Schiff reagent than chromatin of normal cells of the same origin. To reveal this difference in chromatin properties the use of a fluorescence variant of the Feulgen reaction is necessary because nuclei-binding of Schiff reagent after such short hydrolysis is so weak that the amount of the stain bound by means of absorption technique is hardly possible. The use of increased sensitivity of cancer cells chromatin to acid hydrolysis for cancer cytodiagnosis is suggested, especially for the diagnosis of so called diploid cancers for which detection on the basis of deoxyribonucleic acid content determination is impossible.", "contents": "Peculiarities of cytochemical properties of cancer cells as revealed by study of deoxyribonucleoprotein susceptibility to Feulgen hydrolysis. Chromatin of human squamous carcinoma cells reacts more intensively to short (1-2 min) acid hydrolysis in the Feulgen reaction and is, after such treatment, more intensively stained by Schiff reagent than chromatin of normal cells of the same origin. To reveal this difference in chromatin properties the use of a fluorescence variant of the Feulgen reaction is necessary because nuclei-binding of Schiff reagent after such short hydrolysis is so weak that the amount of the stain bound by means of absorption technique is hardly possible. The use of increased sensitivity of cancer cells chromatin to acid hydrolysis for cancer cytodiagnosis is suggested, especially for the diagnosis of so called diploid cancers for which detection on the basis of deoxyribonucleic acid content determination is impossible.", "PMID": 70449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3834", "title": "Analysis and sorting of living cells according to deoxyribonucleic acid content.", "content": "The methods for measuring the deoxyribonucleic acid content of individual mammalian cells and sorting them on the basis of this parameter have until now required fixation or other treatment which renders the cells nonviable. Using a class of bis-benzimidazole dyes, Hoechst 33258 and 33342 and a multiparameter computer-controlled cell sorter, we have been able to stain and separate living cells in the G1, S, and G2+M phases of the cell cycle and to continue their growth in tissue culture with high retention of viability (greater than 90%) and no increase in heteroploidy. The quenching of the fluorescence of the bound dye by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into cellular deoxyribonucleic acid is being used with the flow system to detect and isolate mutants in deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism spectroscopically.", "contents": "Analysis and sorting of living cells according to deoxyribonucleic acid content. The methods for measuring the deoxyribonucleic acid content of individual mammalian cells and sorting them on the basis of this parameter have until now required fixation or other treatment which renders the cells nonviable. Using a class of bis-benzimidazole dyes, Hoechst 33258 and 33342 and a multiparameter computer-controlled cell sorter, we have been able to stain and separate living cells in the G1, S, and G2+M phases of the cell cycle and to continue their growth in tissue culture with high retention of viability (greater than 90%) and no increase in heteroploidy. The quenching of the fluorescence of the bound dye by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into cellular deoxyribonucleic acid is being used with the flow system to detect and isolate mutants in deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism spectroscopically.", "PMID": 70450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3835", "title": "Computer-assisted monocyte esterase assay by flow-cytophotometry.", "content": "A Wang model 2200 computer has been interfaced with the Bio/Physics Systems, Inc. model 6300 Cytograf and model 2100 Distribution Analyzer. Using a custom designed software program, in conjunction with an azo-dye technic for staining monocytes for nonspecific esterase activity, it has been possible to obtain rapid and reliable data concerning relative values for intracellular monocyte esterase activity. The method is based on measuring the axial light-loss voltage signal for each of one thousand stained monocytes. Individual stained monocytes were assigned to one of four groups (A, B, C, D), dependent upon the magnitude of the signal and were given different rating values (1, 2, 3, 4) according to their group designation. A \"score\" was derived for each blood sample by multiplying the percentage of cells (monocytes) in each group category by the appropriate factor and summing these values. The technic permits rapid objective assessment of intracellular nonspecific esterase activity in monocytes suspended in a mixed cell population. Both Gaussian and bi-modal patterns for monocyte esterase were observed. The latter suggests a dual monocyte population.", "contents": "Computer-assisted monocyte esterase assay by flow-cytophotometry. A Wang model 2200 computer has been interfaced with the Bio/Physics Systems, Inc. model 6300 Cytograf and model 2100 Distribution Analyzer. Using a custom designed software program, in conjunction with an azo-dye technic for staining monocytes for nonspecific esterase activity, it has been possible to obtain rapid and reliable data concerning relative values for intracellular monocyte esterase activity. The method is based on measuring the axial light-loss voltage signal for each of one thousand stained monocytes. Individual stained monocytes were assigned to one of four groups (A, B, C, D), dependent upon the magnitude of the signal and were given different rating values (1, 2, 3, 4) according to their group designation. A \"score\" was derived for each blood sample by multiplying the percentage of cells (monocytes) in each group category by the appropriate factor and summing these values. The technic permits rapid objective assessment of intracellular nonspecific esterase activity in monocytes suspended in a mixed cell population. Both Gaussian and bi-modal patterns for monocyte esterase were observed. The latter suggests a dual monocyte population.", "PMID": 70451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3836", "title": "Virometer: an optical instrument for visual observation, measurement and classification of free viruses.", "content": "An instrument based on fluorescence correlation spectrometry and total reflection fluorescence visually and photoelectrically detects and sizes viruses at moderate concentrations in biologic fluids in minutes. Viruses can be classified using their nucleic acid type and amount determined by new fluorescent staining and data handling techniques.", "contents": "Virometer: an optical instrument for visual observation, measurement and classification of free viruses. An instrument based on fluorescence correlation spectrometry and total reflection fluorescence visually and photoelectrically detects and sizes viruses at moderate concentrations in biologic fluids in minutes. Viruses can be classified using their nucleic acid type and amount determined by new fluorescent staining and data handling techniques.", "PMID": 70452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3837", "title": "Multiparameter geometric and densitometric analysis of the G0-G1 transition of WI-38 cells.", "content": "Automated image analyses were performed using Feulgen stained smears of WI-38 cells that were either confluent, or that had received a nutritional stimulus to proliferate 3 hr before collection. These experiments show that it is possible to observe changes in morphometric and densitometric parameters of nuclei that correlate with structural and functional differences in isolated chromatins from quiescent G0 and proliferation G1 cells that have been demonstrated by other means. Scatter plot analyses of the data indicated the presence of nuclear images from the stimulated G1 population that had the same deoxyribonucleic acid content as the confluent G0 cells, but had greater areas, perimeters and horizontal projections and smaller mean free paths, form factors, and average optical densities. Multiparameter cluster analysis permits, even minimally, an objective, model-independent identification of G0 from G1 cells that present an increased nuclear dispersion (i.e., lower average optical density) systematically accompanied by increased nuclear convolution (i.e., lower form factor), both compatible with the reported increase in available binding sites with respect to G0 cells.", "contents": "Multiparameter geometric and densitometric analysis of the G0-G1 transition of WI-38 cells. Automated image analyses were performed using Feulgen stained smears of WI-38 cells that were either confluent, or that had received a nutritional stimulus to proliferate 3 hr before collection. These experiments show that it is possible to observe changes in morphometric and densitometric parameters of nuclei that correlate with structural and functional differences in isolated chromatins from quiescent G0 and proliferation G1 cells that have been demonstrated by other means. Scatter plot analyses of the data indicated the presence of nuclear images from the stimulated G1 population that had the same deoxyribonucleic acid content as the confluent G0 cells, but had greater areas, perimeters and horizontal projections and smaller mean free paths, form factors, and average optical densities. Multiparameter cluster analysis permits, even minimally, an objective, model-independent identification of G0 from G1 cells that present an increased nuclear dispersion (i.e., lower average optical density) systematically accompanied by increased nuclear convolution (i.e., lower form factor), both compatible with the reported increase in available binding sites with respect to G0 cells.", "PMID": 70453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3838", "title": "Automatic measurement of sister chromatid exchange frequency.", "content": "An automatic system for detecting and counting sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes has been developed. Metaphase chromosomes from lymphocytes which had incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine for two replication cycles were treated with the dye 33258 Hoechst and photodegraded so that the sister chromatids exhibited differential Giemsa staining. A computer-controlled television-microscope system was used to acquire digitized metaphase spread images by direct scanning of microscope slides. Individual objects in the images were identified by a thresholding procedure. The probability that each object was a single, separate chromosome was estimated from size and shape measurements. An analysis of the spatial relationships of the dark-chromatid regions of each object yielded a set of possible exchange locations and estimated probabilities that such locations corresponded to sister chromatid exchanges. A normalized estimate of the sister chromatid exchange frequency was obtained by summing the joint probabilities that a location contained an exchange within a single, separate chromosome over the set of chromosomes from one or more cells and dividing by the expected value of the total chromosome area analyzed. Comparison with manual scoring of exchanges showed satisfactory agreement up to levels of approximately 30 sister chromatid exchanges/cell, or slightly more than twice control levels. The processing time for this automated sister chromatid exchange detection system was comparable to that of manual scoring.", "contents": "Automatic measurement of sister chromatid exchange frequency. An automatic system for detecting and counting sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes has been developed. Metaphase chromosomes from lymphocytes which had incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine for two replication cycles were treated with the dye 33258 Hoechst and photodegraded so that the sister chromatids exhibited differential Giemsa staining. A computer-controlled television-microscope system was used to acquire digitized metaphase spread images by direct scanning of microscope slides. Individual objects in the images were identified by a thresholding procedure. The probability that each object was a single, separate chromosome was estimated from size and shape measurements. An analysis of the spatial relationships of the dark-chromatid regions of each object yielded a set of possible exchange locations and estimated probabilities that such locations corresponded to sister chromatid exchanges. A normalized estimate of the sister chromatid exchange frequency was obtained by summing the joint probabilities that a location contained an exchange within a single, separate chromosome over the set of chromosomes from one or more cells and dividing by the expected value of the total chromosome area analyzed. Comparison with manual scoring of exchanges showed satisfactory agreement up to levels of approximately 30 sister chromatid exchanges/cell, or slightly more than twice control levels. The processing time for this automated sister chromatid exchange detection system was comparable to that of manual scoring.", "PMID": 70454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3839", "title": "Measurement of mammalian sperm deoxyribonucleic acid by flow cytometry. Problems and approaches.", "content": "Measurement of mammalian sperm deoxyribonucleic acid content is of importance in several areas of biomedical research. When measured in flow systems with orthogonal axes of illumination, flow and detection, an unexpected, distorted distribution consisting of a narrow peak with a lateral extension to the right is observed. Several lines of evidence lead to the conclusion that this effect is an optical-geometric artifact attributable to the flat shape and high index of refraction of mammalian sperm heads. This artifact disappears when an epiillumination flow system is used in which the optic axes for illumination and detection and the flow axis are all coincident. Other approaches also eliminate the artifact. The resulting coefficients of variation observed after acriflavine-Feulgen staining are 4-5%, short of the goal of 1.5% required to distinguish between human sperm bearing X and Y chromosomes and to develop a mutagen test system using mice.", "contents": "Measurement of mammalian sperm deoxyribonucleic acid by flow cytometry. Problems and approaches. Measurement of mammalian sperm deoxyribonucleic acid content is of importance in several areas of biomedical research. When measured in flow systems with orthogonal axes of illumination, flow and detection, an unexpected, distorted distribution consisting of a narrow peak with a lateral extension to the right is observed. Several lines of evidence lead to the conclusion that this effect is an optical-geometric artifact attributable to the flat shape and high index of refraction of mammalian sperm heads. This artifact disappears when an epiillumination flow system is used in which the optic axes for illumination and detection and the flow axis are all coincident. Other approaches also eliminate the artifact. The resulting coefficients of variation observed after acriflavine-Feulgen staining are 4-5%, short of the goal of 1.5% required to distinguish between human sperm bearing X and Y chromosomes and to develop a mutagen test system using mice.", "PMID": 70455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3840", "title": "Flow system fluorescence polarization measurements on fluorescein diacetate-stained EL4 cells.", "content": "We have adapted a multiparameter cell sorter to measure the distribution of fluorescence polarization in cell populations. Measurements carried out on EL4 cells show that the percent polarization of fluorescein fluorescence decreases with increasing fluorescence intensity. This inverse relationship between polarization and intensity is shown both within the cell population and by the average values of the two quantities during both the increase and decrease of fluorescence intensity. The quantitative relation between intensity and polarization is different in hypertonic than in isotonic media. These results suggest that polarization measurements carried out at a fixed time after incubation of cells with fluorescein diacetate, which is converted to fluorescein within the cells, may depend in part on the rate of fluorescein accumulation, and that agents that have been reported to change the polarization of fluorescein in living cells may do so by changing the kinetics of fluorescein accumulation.", "contents": "Flow system fluorescence polarization measurements on fluorescein diacetate-stained EL4 cells. We have adapted a multiparameter cell sorter to measure the distribution of fluorescence polarization in cell populations. Measurements carried out on EL4 cells show that the percent polarization of fluorescein fluorescence decreases with increasing fluorescence intensity. This inverse relationship between polarization and intensity is shown both within the cell population and by the average values of the two quantities during both the increase and decrease of fluorescence intensity. The quantitative relation between intensity and polarization is different in hypertonic than in isotonic media. These results suggest that polarization measurements carried out at a fixed time after incubation of cells with fluorescein diacetate, which is converted to fluorescein within the cells, may depend in part on the rate of fluorescein accumulation, and that agents that have been reported to change the polarization of fluorescein in living cells may do so by changing the kinetics of fluorescein accumulation.", "PMID": 70456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3841", "title": "Recognition of cells in mitosis by flow cytofluormetry.", "content": "Cells in mitosis may be distinguished from interphase cells based on difference in chromatin structure as revealed by two different methods of staining with acridine orange. In the first method, cells are heated and then stained at neutral pH; the difference in stainability between mitotic and interphase cells reflects the difference in the extent of deoxyribonucleic acid denatured by heat in these cells. At a given temperature the deoxyribonucleic acid of the mitotic cell appears to be more extensively denatured than that of the interphase cell. In the second method, cells are treated with buffer at pH 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) and then stained at pH 2.6 (2.3 to 2.9). The mechanisms involved in the differential stainability of interphase versus mitotic cells at that low pH are currently under investigation. In both methods, in addition to enumerating cells in mitosis, it is possible to quantitate cells in G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Recognition of cells in mitosis by flow cytofluormetry. Cells in mitosis may be distinguished from interphase cells based on difference in chromatin structure as revealed by two different methods of staining with acridine orange. In the first method, cells are heated and then stained at neutral pH; the difference in stainability between mitotic and interphase cells reflects the difference in the extent of deoxyribonucleic acid denatured by heat in these cells. At a given temperature the deoxyribonucleic acid of the mitotic cell appears to be more extensively denatured than that of the interphase cell. In the second method, cells are treated with buffer at pH 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) and then stained at pH 2.6 (2.3 to 2.9). The mechanisms involved in the differential stainability of interphase versus mitotic cells at that low pH are currently under investigation. In both methods, in addition to enumerating cells in mitosis, it is possible to quantitate cells in G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 70457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3842", "title": "Differential fluorochromasia of human lymphocytes as measured by flow cytometry.", "content": "Peripheral human lymphocytes reacted with fluorescein diacetate and analyzed by flow cytometry produced a bimodal fluorescence distribution that was shown to be attributable to the differential staining of T and B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were fractionated into rosetting (T cell) and nonrosetting (B cell) populations. Both subfractions were reacted with fluorescein diacetate and analyzed by flow cytometry. The rosetting fraction was more fluorescent than the nonrosetting fraction, and the analysis of an appropriate mixture of the subfractionated populations produced a fluorescence distribution very similar to that obtained with unfractionated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Differential fluorochromasia of human lymphocytes as measured by flow cytometry. Peripheral human lymphocytes reacted with fluorescein diacetate and analyzed by flow cytometry produced a bimodal fluorescence distribution that was shown to be attributable to the differential staining of T and B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were fractionated into rosetting (T cell) and nonrosetting (B cell) populations. Both subfractions were reacted with fluorescein diacetate and analyzed by flow cytometry. The rosetting fraction was more fluorescent than the nonrosetting fraction, and the analysis of an appropriate mixture of the subfractionated populations produced a fluorescence distribution very similar to that obtained with unfractionated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 70458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3843", "title": "Fluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; possibilities for interfacing bromodeoxyuridine dye techniques with flow fluorometry.", "content": "Fluorometric detection of the biosynthetic incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into deoxyribonucleic acid has permitted cytologic studies of chromosome structure, replication, and repair. Some of these phenomena, previously detected using BrdU-dye techniques on fixed microscopic preparations, should be particularly amenable to analogous experimentation in fluorescence flow systems. Problems involved in interfacing BrdU-dye methodology with flow fluorometry are discussed. The effects of certain chemical modifications of bisbenzimidazole dyes on their spectroscopic properties and potential use for detecting BrdU incorporation into unfixed cells are described. Data on the use and energy transfer characteristics of a pair of deoxyribonucleic acid-binding dyes (33258 Hoechst and ethidium bromide) capable of simultaneously providing information about BrdU substitution and total deoxyribonucleic acid content are presented.", "contents": "Fluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; possibilities for interfacing bromodeoxyuridine dye techniques with flow fluorometry. Fluorometric detection of the biosynthetic incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into deoxyribonucleic acid has permitted cytologic studies of chromosome structure, replication, and repair. Some of these phenomena, previously detected using BrdU-dye techniques on fixed microscopic preparations, should be particularly amenable to analogous experimentation in fluorescence flow systems. Problems involved in interfacing BrdU-dye methodology with flow fluorometry are discussed. The effects of certain chemical modifications of bisbenzimidazole dyes on their spectroscopic properties and potential use for detecting BrdU incorporation into unfixed cells are described. Data on the use and energy transfer characteristics of a pair of deoxyribonucleic acid-binding dyes (33258 Hoechst and ethidium bromide) capable of simultaneously providing information about BrdU substitution and total deoxyribonucleic acid content are presented.", "PMID": 70459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3844", "title": "Flow cytometric analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted cells stained with 33258 Hoechst.", "content": "This paper describes a flow-cytometric application of the quenching of fluorescence from 33258 Hoechst stained Chinese hamster ovary-line cells due to the incorporation of 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid. Cells were grown for 24 hr in medium containing BrdU in concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-4) M. For each concentration we measured the average fluorescence as determined by flow cytometry, the  extent of BrdU substitution and the effect of the BrdU on cell growth. We determined that a BrdU concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M resulted in sufficient substitution to quench the fluorescence from 33258 Hoechst by a factor of 4, allowing discrimination between cycling and noncycling cells. The extent of BrdU substitution after growth for 24 hr in this concentration of BrdU was 64%. These data indicate the feasibility of detecting deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in whole cells using the 33258 Hoechst-BrdU methodology.", "contents": "Flow cytometric analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted cells stained with 33258 Hoechst. This paper describes a flow-cytometric application of the quenching of fluorescence from 33258 Hoechst stained Chinese hamster ovary-line cells due to the incorporation of 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid. Cells were grown for 24 hr in medium containing BrdU in concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-4) M. For each concentration we measured the average fluorescence as determined by flow cytometry, the  extent of BrdU substitution and the effect of the BrdU on cell growth. We determined that a BrdU concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M resulted in sufficient substitution to quench the fluorescence from 33258 Hoechst by a factor of 4, allowing discrimination between cycling and noncycling cells. The extent of BrdU substitution after growth for 24 hr in this concentration of BrdU was 64%. These data indicate the feasibility of detecting deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in whole cells using the 33258 Hoechst-BrdU methodology.", "PMID": 70460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3845", "title": "The automation of cytochemical methods for automated cytophotometers.", "content": "The development of an automated differential white blood cell counter is reviewed. After the red cells have been lysed, the white cells are counted by staining and passing through an electro-optical chamber in liquid suspension, surrounded by a laminar, or sheath, stream. Staining procedures were made specific for each type of leukocyte, and separate channels were used for counting each type. Staining intensity and characteristics of the various types of blood cells are discussed. They relate to enzyme levels and the effect on differentiation and identification of the cells. Since reasons for some of the design features are not obvious, discussion of the relevant problems is included. Several applications that go beyond routine differential counting are described.", "contents": "The automation of cytochemical methods for automated cytophotometers. The development of an automated differential white blood cell counter is reviewed. After the red cells have been lysed, the white cells are counted by staining and passing through an electro-optical chamber in liquid suspension, surrounded by a laminar, or sheath, stream. Staining procedures were made specific for each type of leukocyte, and separate channels were used for counting each type. Staining intensity and characteristics of the various types of blood cells are discussed. They relate to enzyme levels and the effect on differentiation and identification of the cells. Since reasons for some of the design features are not obvious, discussion of the relevant problems is included. Several applications that go beyond routine differential counting are described.", "PMID": 70461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3846", "title": "Strategies for choosing a deoxyribonucleic acid stain for flow cytometry of metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Requirements for flow cytometry of metaphase chromosomes stained with three deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-specific fluorescent dyes--Hoechst 33258, Chromomycin A3, and ethidium bromide--are reviewed. Fluorescence properties of these three stains when bound to mitotic cells or to chromosomes in suspension are measured and compared with fluorescence properties when bound to DNA in solution. Conditions are given for high resolution flow cytometry of Chinese hamster chromosomes stained with each of the fluorophors, and histograms are presented that exhibit differences in relative peak position and area. Energy transfer fluorescence between two DNA stains is presented as a potentially useful new parameter for flow cytometry of chromosomes and is illustrated by fluorescence energy transfer from Chromomycin A3 to ethidium bromide when simultaneously bound to hamster mitotic cells.", "contents": "Strategies for choosing a deoxyribonucleic acid stain for flow cytometry of metaphase chromosomes. Requirements for flow cytometry of metaphase chromosomes stained with three deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-specific fluorescent dyes--Hoechst 33258, Chromomycin A3, and ethidium bromide--are reviewed. Fluorescence properties of these three stains when bound to mitotic cells or to chromosomes in suspension are measured and compared with fluorescence properties when bound to DNA in solution. Conditions are given for high resolution flow cytometry of Chinese hamster chromosomes stained with each of the fluorophors, and histograms are presented that exhibit differences in relative peak position and area. Energy transfer fluorescence between two DNA stains is presented as a potentially useful new parameter for flow cytometry of chromosomes and is illustrated by fluorescence energy transfer from Chromomycin A3 to ethidium bromide when simultaneously bound to hamster mitotic cells.", "PMID": 70463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3847", "title": "The application of cytochemistry to automation.", "content": "The application of cytochemical techniques for use with automated instruments introduces a variety of problems not encountered with traditional cytochemical stains prepared for human visualization. This is particularly true for flow-cytophotometers, which require that cells be stained in suspension, making it difficult to remove reagents once they are added to a staining mixture. It is much less a problem for pattern recognition instruments. The major difficulties relate to cell preparation, fixation, staining, controls and interpretation of instrumental data. The new cytochemical techniques or modifications of existing methods that are required for use with such instruments present a fresh challenge to cytochemists. The need for such methods is great and the rewards may be equivalent.", "contents": "The application of cytochemistry to automation. The application of cytochemical techniques for use with automated instruments introduces a variety of problems not encountered with traditional cytochemical stains prepared for human visualization. This is particularly true for flow-cytophotometers, which require that cells be stained in suspension, making it difficult to remove reagents once they are added to a staining mixture. It is much less a problem for pattern recognition instruments. The major difficulties relate to cell preparation, fixation, staining, controls and interpretation of instrumental data. The new cytochemical techniques or modifications of existing methods that are required for use with such instruments present a fresh challenge to cytochemists. The need for such methods is great and the rewards may be equivalent.", "PMID": 70465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3848", "title": "Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. I. Characterization of the antigen-induced in vitro T cell-dependent proliferative response with lymph node cells from primed mice.", "content": "An in vitro assay which measures antigen-induced proliferation of primed murine lymph node cells is described. The response is mediated by T eclls since it can be obtained by using nylon wool-passed lymphocytes (less than 1% Ig+ cells) and it can be abolished by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 and C. Furthermore, LN cells from nu/nu mice injected with antigen do not demonstrate antigen-induced proliferation in contrast to the response observed in euthymic littermate controls. Other relevant parameters of this proliferative assay include the observations that the response is highly antigen specific, can be seen as early as 4 days and as late as 60 days after in vivo priming, is restricted to the use of certain sets of LN when animals are injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail, and can be seen with LN cells from mice primed with antigen in either CFA or ICFA. The ease of the assay coupled with its specificity and quantitative dimensions provides a direct and simple method to evaluate processes involved in antigen-induced murine T lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. I. Characterization of the antigen-induced in vitro T cell-dependent proliferative response with lymph node cells from primed mice. An in vitro assay which measures antigen-induced proliferation of primed murine lymph node cells is described. The response is mediated by T eclls since it can be obtained by using nylon wool-passed lymphocytes (less than 1% Ig+ cells) and it can be abolished by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 and C. Furthermore, LN cells from nu/nu mice injected with antigen do not demonstrate antigen-induced proliferation in contrast to the response observed in euthymic littermate controls. Other relevant parameters of this proliferative assay include the observations that the response is highly antigen specific, can be seen as early as 4 days and as late as 60 days after in vivo priming, is restricted to the use of certain sets of LN when animals are injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail, and can be seen with LN cells from mice primed with antigen in either CFA or ICFA. The ease of the assay coupled with its specificity and quantitative dimensions provides a direct and simple method to evaluate processes involved in antigen-induced murine T lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 70468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3849", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against murine leukemia viral antigens: studies with human lymphoblastoid cell lines and human peripheral lymphocytes as effector cells comparing rabbit, goat, and mouse antisera.", "content": "A thymic lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a New Zealand Black mouse produces murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and was used as a target in model systems for the in vitro study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Several human lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated as potential effector cells. The most promising (Raji cells) bound to antibody-coated target cells but caused only modest levels of ADCC at 25:1 effector-to-target cell ratio with substantial lysis in the absence of antiserum. Human peripheral lymphocytes were active as effector cells in ADCC at a 5:1 ratio and produced no lysis in the absence of antibody. These cells were used to demonstrate that high dilutions of rabbit antisera to MuLV antigens p30, p15, p12, and p10 were capable of mediating lysis of MuLV-producing target cells but not of a virus-negative murine cell line. A murine antiserum to Thy 1.2 and three caprine antisera to MuLV antigens that were active in complement-mediated cytotoxicity functioned poorly in inducing ADCC; however, rabbit antisera to similar antigens were 16- to 512-fold more efficient in cell-mediated than in complement lysis. The inefficiency of goat antisera was not due to shedding of cell surface antigens or generation of blocking factors but rather to lack of lytic interaction of antibody-coated targets with the effector cells.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against murine leukemia viral antigens: studies with human lymphoblastoid cell lines and human peripheral lymphocytes as effector cells comparing rabbit, goat, and mouse antisera. A thymic lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a New Zealand Black mouse produces murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and was used as a target in model systems for the in vitro study of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Several human lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated as potential effector cells. The most promising (Raji cells) bound to antibody-coated target cells but caused only modest levels of ADCC at 25:1 effector-to-target cell ratio with substantial lysis in the absence of antiserum. Human peripheral lymphocytes were active as effector cells in ADCC at a 5:1 ratio and produced no lysis in the absence of antibody. These cells were used to demonstrate that high dilutions of rabbit antisera to MuLV antigens p30, p15, p12, and p10 were capable of mediating lysis of MuLV-producing target cells but not of a virus-negative murine cell line. A murine antiserum to Thy 1.2 and three caprine antisera to MuLV antigens that were active in complement-mediated cytotoxicity functioned poorly in inducing ADCC; however, rabbit antisera to similar antigens were 16- to 512-fold more efficient in cell-mediated than in complement lysis. The inefficiency of goat antisera was not due to shedding of cell surface antigens or generation of blocking factors but rather to lack of lytic interaction of antibody-coated targets with the effector cells.", "PMID": 70469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3850", "title": "The frequency of para-azophenylarsonate and dimethylaminonapthalene-sulfonyl-specific B cells in neonatal and adult BALB/c mice.", "content": "The limiting cell dilution splenic focus technique has been used to determine the frequency of p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) and 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonyl (Dansyl)-specific B cells in neonatal and adult mice. The adult frequencies for Ars and Dansyl in conventionally reared BALB/c mice are 1.5 +/- 0.3/10(5) B cells and 9.4 +/- 3.3/10(5) Bcells, respectively. Dansyl-specific precursor cells are present in high frequencies at birth and reach adult precursor frequency levels during the first week of life. This finding mirrors the ontogenetic development previously described fro dinitrophenyl (DNP) and trinitrophenyl (TNP), but contrasts with the results obtained fro fluorescein (FL) and phosphorylcholine (PC), for which precursors arise later in development. On the other hand, the kinetics of appearance of B cells specific for Ars is unique in that the precursor frequency appears to decrease during the first week of life. The data presented remain consistent with a highly ordered, rigorously predetermined acquisition of the specificity repertoire during ontogeny. By increasing the flexibility of the splenic focus technique to allow analysis of other, chemically diverse haptens, results have been obtained that confirm and extend observations made with DNP, TNP, FL, and PC.", "contents": "The frequency of para-azophenylarsonate and dimethylaminonapthalene-sulfonyl-specific B cells in neonatal and adult BALB/c mice. The limiting cell dilution splenic focus technique has been used to determine the frequency of p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) and 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-sulfonyl (Dansyl)-specific B cells in neonatal and adult mice. The adult frequencies for Ars and Dansyl in conventionally reared BALB/c mice are 1.5 +/- 0.3/10(5) B cells and 9.4 +/- 3.3/10(5) Bcells, respectively. Dansyl-specific precursor cells are present in high frequencies at birth and reach adult precursor frequency levels during the first week of life. This finding mirrors the ontogenetic development previously described fro dinitrophenyl (DNP) and trinitrophenyl (TNP), but contrasts with the results obtained fro fluorescein (FL) and phosphorylcholine (PC), for which precursors arise later in development. On the other hand, the kinetics of appearance of B cells specific for Ars is unique in that the precursor frequency appears to decrease during the first week of life. The data presented remain consistent with a highly ordered, rigorously predetermined acquisition of the specificity repertoire during ontogeny. By increasing the flexibility of the splenic focus technique to allow analysis of other, chemically diverse haptens, results have been obtained that confirm and extend observations made with DNP, TNP, FL, and PC.", "PMID": 70471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3851", "title": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs to the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Ala-Gly): studies with the oligomers of the polymers.", "content": "Synthetic known sequence polypeptides poly(Tyrosine-Glutamic acid-Alanine-Glycine) T-G-A-Gly), were found to be very immunogenic in responder inbred guinea pigs. Two and one-half micrograms were enough to elicit both humoral and cellular responses. Only the alpha-helical oligomers were immunogenic and were able to inhibit the homologous antigen-antibody reactions. The random polymers of comparable amino acid composition, i.e., poly(glutamic acid60alanine40) (GA), poly(glutamic acid50 tyrosin50) (GT), poly(glutamic acid60alanine30tyrosine10)(GAT10), did not inhibit. The antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n did not bind to the closely related known sequence polymer poly tyrosine-alanine-glutamic acid-glycine) (T-A-G-Gly)n or to the above random polymers. It is thus concluded that antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n are directed against conformational determinats.", "contents": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs to the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Ala-Gly): studies with the oligomers of the polymers. Synthetic known sequence polypeptides poly(Tyrosine-Glutamic acid-Alanine-Glycine) T-G-A-Gly), were found to be very immunogenic in responder inbred guinea pigs. Two and one-half micrograms were enough to elicit both humoral and cellular responses. Only the alpha-helical oligomers were immunogenic and were able to inhibit the homologous antigen-antibody reactions. The random polymers of comparable amino acid composition, i.e., poly(glutamic acid60alanine40) (GA), poly(glutamic acid50 tyrosin50) (GT), poly(glutamic acid60alanine30tyrosine10)(GAT10), did not inhibit. The antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n did not bind to the closely related known sequence polymer poly tyrosine-alanine-glutamic acid-glycine) (T-A-G-Gly)n or to the above random polymers. It is thus concluded that antibodies against (T-G-A-Gly)n are directed against conformational determinats.", "PMID": 70472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3852", "title": "The formation of active hybrid immunoglobulins from the heavy and light chains of beta(1, 6) D-galactan binding murine myeloma IgA's S10 and J539.", "content": "Murine myeloma immunoglobulin (IgA, K) J539, which shows enhanced tryptophanyl fluorescence on ligand binding, and S10, which shows reverse-sign changes in tryptophanyl fluorescence on ligand binding (RLIF, see below), have been reduced, alkylated, and dissociated into their light (L) and heavy (H) chains. Two hybrid recombinants, H10L539 and H539L10, have been prepared and the 7S material has been isolated by chromatography. The binding behavior of these recombinants was studied with a number of ligands. Both recombinants showed activity with beta(1 leads to 6) linked galactose ligands comparable to the native immunoglobulins. The ligand-induced fluorescence changes of the recombinants paralleled those of the heavy chain donor. For the recombinant H10L539, two different galactose-ligands caused fluorescence changes in opposite directions. It was quantitatively shown that binding of these ligands, nevertheless, took place in the same combining region. The idiotype of each recombinant resembled that of the heavy chain donor.", "contents": "The formation of active hybrid immunoglobulins from the heavy and light chains of beta(1, 6) D-galactan binding murine myeloma IgA's S10 and J539. Murine myeloma immunoglobulin (IgA, K) J539, which shows enhanced tryptophanyl fluorescence on ligand binding, and S10, which shows reverse-sign changes in tryptophanyl fluorescence on ligand binding (RLIF, see below), have been reduced, alkylated, and dissociated into their light (L) and heavy (H) chains. Two hybrid recombinants, H10L539 and H539L10, have been prepared and the 7S material has been isolated by chromatography. The binding behavior of these recombinants was studied with a number of ligands. Both recombinants showed activity with beta(1 leads to 6) linked galactose ligands comparable to the native immunoglobulins. The ligand-induced fluorescence changes of the recombinants paralleled those of the heavy chain donor. For the recombinant H10L539, two different galactose-ligands caused fluorescence changes in opposite directions. It was quantitatively shown that binding of these ligands, nevertheless, took place in the same combining region. The idiotype of each recombinant resembled that of the heavy chain donor.", "PMID": 70473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3853", "title": "Reduced severity of lesions in mink infected transplacentally with Aleutian disease virus.", "content": "Inoculation of mink late in the second trimester of pregnancy with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) produces a persistent infection in the offspring. When these mink were analyzed at 83 days of age and compared with adolescent mink infected for a similar length of time, the transplacentally infected mink show: 1) a marked reduction in plasmacytosis, immunoglobulin level and specific ADV antibody; 2) increased amounts of infectious ADV and numbers of cells containing viral antigen; 3) a marked reduction in immune complex glomerulonephritis and absence of immune complex arteritis; 4) free ADV antigen in the glomeruli; and 5) a striking accumulation of eosinophils in the tissues. The findings suggest that the degree of ADV expression is partially immunologically controlled.", "contents": "Reduced severity of lesions in mink infected transplacentally with Aleutian disease virus. Inoculation of mink late in the second trimester of pregnancy with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) produces a persistent infection in the offspring. When these mink were analyzed at 83 days of age and compared with adolescent mink infected for a similar length of time, the transplacentally infected mink show: 1) a marked reduction in plasmacytosis, immunoglobulin level and specific ADV antibody; 2) increased amounts of infectious ADV and numbers of cells containing viral antigen; 3) a marked reduction in immune complex glomerulonephritis and absence of immune complex arteritis; 4) free ADV antigen in the glomeruli; and 5) a striking accumulation of eosinophils in the tissues. The findings suggest that the degree of ADV expression is partially immunologically controlled.", "PMID": 70474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3854", "title": "Effects of C-reactive protein on platelet function. III. The role of cAMP, contractile elements, and prostaglandin metabolism in CRP-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation and secretion.", "content": "It was previously demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits platelet aggregation and release reactions, activation of platelet factor 3, and platelet-dependent clot retraction. Multiple considerations including selective inhibition of secondary wave aggregation suggested that CRP exerted its inhibitory effects by interfering with the release of endogenous ADP. In the present investigation, CRP was found by direct assay to inhibit the release of endogenous ADP and/or serotonin concomitant with inhibition of platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, and AHGG. CRP did not induce an increase in the basal level of platelet cAMP, suggesting independence of a direct effect upon this mediator system. Furthermore, CRP did not inhibit the aggregation and secretion induced by the antibiotic ionophore A23187, suggesting the absence of a direct effect upon the activation of platelet contractile elements. By contrast, CRP did inhibit both thrombin-induced release of malondialdehyde, a prostaglandin endoperoxide nonprostanoate endproduct, and platelet aggregation induced by the prostaglandin endoperoxide precursor arachidonic acid. These data, therefore, raise the possibility that CRP inhibits platelet reactivities by interfering with an aspect of porstaglandin metabolism, and that this occurs subsequent to the hydrolytic accumulation of arachidonic acid and prior to the movement of calcium from the platelet dense tubules. These studies support the concept that CRP serves to modulate platelet reactivities during acute inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Effects of C-reactive protein on platelet function. III. The role of cAMP, contractile elements, and prostaglandin metabolism in CRP-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation and secretion. It was previously demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits platelet aggregation and release reactions, activation of platelet factor 3, and platelet-dependent clot retraction. Multiple considerations including selective inhibition of secondary wave aggregation suggested that CRP exerted its inhibitory effects by interfering with the release of endogenous ADP. In the present investigation, CRP was found by direct assay to inhibit the release of endogenous ADP and/or serotonin concomitant with inhibition of platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, and AHGG. CRP did not induce an increase in the basal level of platelet cAMP, suggesting independence of a direct effect upon this mediator system. Furthermore, CRP did not inhibit the aggregation and secretion induced by the antibiotic ionophore A23187, suggesting the absence of a direct effect upon the activation of platelet contractile elements. By contrast, CRP did inhibit both thrombin-induced release of malondialdehyde, a prostaglandin endoperoxide nonprostanoate endproduct, and platelet aggregation induced by the prostaglandin endoperoxide precursor arachidonic acid. These data, therefore, raise the possibility that CRP inhibits platelet reactivities by interfering with an aspect of porstaglandin metabolism, and that this occurs subsequent to the hydrolytic accumulation of arachidonic acid and prior to the movement of calcium from the platelet dense tubules. These studies support the concept that CRP serves to modulate platelet reactivities during acute inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 70475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3855", "title": "Development of a hemolytic plaque assay for glutamic acid, lysine-containing polypeptides: demonstration that nonresponder mice produce antibodies to these peptides when conjugated to an immunogenic carrier.", "content": "Fowl gamma-globulin, when chemically conjugated to GLO or GL, functions as a T-dependent immunogenic carrier and stimulates anti-GLO and anti-GL antibody production in nonresponder mice. The conjugation procedure utilizes the Schiff base reaction. The anti-GL and anti-GLO responses were detected by hemagglutination and hemolytic plaque assays by using GL-coated erythrocytes. The coupling of GL to erythrocytes utilizes a novel procedure in which a palmitoyl derivative of GL is adsorbed onto red blood cells. The optimal conditions for preparing the palmitoyl derivative and for coupling to SRBC are presented. With the hemolytic plaque assay, we have verified that GLO responder animals make both IgM and IgG responses, whereas nonresponder mice fail to make either IgM or IgG plaque-forming cells.", "contents": "Development of a hemolytic plaque assay for glutamic acid, lysine-containing polypeptides: demonstration that nonresponder mice produce antibodies to these peptides when conjugated to an immunogenic carrier. Fowl gamma-globulin, when chemically conjugated to GLO or GL, functions as a T-dependent immunogenic carrier and stimulates anti-GLO and anti-GL antibody production in nonresponder mice. The conjugation procedure utilizes the Schiff base reaction. The anti-GL and anti-GLO responses were detected by hemagglutination and hemolytic plaque assays by using GL-coated erythrocytes. The coupling of GL to erythrocytes utilizes a novel procedure in which a palmitoyl derivative of GL is adsorbed onto red blood cells. The optimal conditions for preparing the palmitoyl derivative and for coupling to SRBC are presented. With the hemolytic plaque assay, we have verified that GLO responder animals make both IgM and IgG responses, whereas nonresponder mice fail to make either IgM or IgG plaque-forming cells.", "PMID": 70477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3856", "title": "The role of T cells in anti-herpes simplex virus immunity. I. Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "Mice infected with herpes simplex virus develop little or no cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. However, in lymph nodes (LN's) draining a local site infected with HSV, antigen-specific CTL precursors are sensitized, which upon transfer to in vitro culture conditions develop within 72 hr into effective CTL. The in vivo blockade of CTL differentiation can be overcome by cyclophosphamide, suggesting that a cyclophosphamide-sensitive mechanism blocks the in vivo generation of HSV-immune CTL. The cytolytic activity of HSV-immune CTL is H-2 restricted and antigen specific. Thus CTL sensitized toward HSV type 1 discriminate between syngeneic targets infected with either the immunologic HSV variant type 1 or type 2 (and vice versa). H-2-matched target cells exposed for 30 min to infectious HSV are lysed within 60 min of contact with CTL. Since HSV replication is believed to require more than 4 to 5 hr, the data suggest that either the expression of HSV-dependent \"early proteins\" takes place within 30 to 90 min or cell membrane-integrated HSV virion represents the target antigen of CTL.", "contents": "The role of T cells in anti-herpes simplex virus immunity. I. Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Mice infected with herpes simplex virus develop little or no cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. However, in lymph nodes (LN's) draining a local site infected with HSV, antigen-specific CTL precursors are sensitized, which upon transfer to in vitro culture conditions develop within 72 hr into effective CTL. The in vivo blockade of CTL differentiation can be overcome by cyclophosphamide, suggesting that a cyclophosphamide-sensitive mechanism blocks the in vivo generation of HSV-immune CTL. The cytolytic activity of HSV-immune CTL is H-2 restricted and antigen specific. Thus CTL sensitized toward HSV type 1 discriminate between syngeneic targets infected with either the immunologic HSV variant type 1 or type 2 (and vice versa). H-2-matched target cells exposed for 30 min to infectious HSV are lysed within 60 min of contact with CTL. Since HSV replication is believed to require more than 4 to 5 hr, the data suggest that either the expression of HSV-dependent \"early proteins\" takes place within 30 to 90 min or cell membrane-integrated HSV virion represents the target antigen of CTL.", "PMID": 70478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3857", "title": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. I. Primary sensitization of lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors expressed spontaneous cytotoxic activity against human diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. In the unfractionated state, they could not be further sensitized in vitro against these cell lines. By applying cell separation techniques before culture, subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained which could be sensitized in vitro and manifested cytotoxic activity against human histiocytic lymphoma cells. Three methods of separation were found effective: E rosette enrichment; elimination of Fc receptor positive cells; and removal of nylon wool adherent cells. Under these conditions, cross-reactive cytotoxicity was observed against non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines, but not against normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. I. Primary sensitization of lymphocyte subpopulations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors expressed spontaneous cytotoxic activity against human diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines. In the unfractionated state, they could not be further sensitized in vitro against these cell lines. By applying cell separation techniques before culture, subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained which could be sensitized in vitro and manifested cytotoxic activity against human histiocytic lymphoma cells. Three methods of separation were found effective: E rosette enrichment; elimination of Fc receptor positive cells; and removal of nylon wool adherent cells. Under these conditions, cross-reactive cytotoxicity was observed against non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines, but not against normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 70479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3858", "title": "Immune ascites in the guinea pig: specificity of cells and antibody in an induced peritoneal exudate.", "content": "Strain 2 guinea pigs, immunized with Lys10-Lys(Dnp) in CFA and repeatedly injected intraperitoneally with adjuvant, developed ascites. The fluid was harvested over 8 months in total amounts up to 2 liters per animal and contained substantial amounts of cells and antibody which reacted with the immunizing antigen and related peptides. The antibody was of the IgG and IgA classes and showed restricted heterogeneity. Among synthetic Dnp-oligopeptides, both the cells, studied by antigen-stimulated thymidine incorporation, and the purified antibody, studied by fluorescence quenching, demonstrated the same specificity for the immunizing antigen as has previously been noted in lymph node cells and in serum antibody. The technique offers a means for studying more cells and more antibody than has previously been possible from individual guinea pigs.", "contents": "Immune ascites in the guinea pig: specificity of cells and antibody in an induced peritoneal exudate. Strain 2 guinea pigs, immunized with Lys10-Lys(Dnp) in CFA and repeatedly injected intraperitoneally with adjuvant, developed ascites. The fluid was harvested over 8 months in total amounts up to 2 liters per animal and contained substantial amounts of cells and antibody which reacted with the immunizing antigen and related peptides. The antibody was of the IgG and IgA classes and showed restricted heterogeneity. Among synthetic Dnp-oligopeptides, both the cells, studied by antigen-stimulated thymidine incorporation, and the purified antibody, studied by fluorescence quenching, demonstrated the same specificity for the immunizing antigen as has previously been noted in lymph node cells and in serum antibody. The technique offers a means for studying more cells and more antibody than has previously been possible from individual guinea pigs.", "PMID": 70481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3859", "title": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. V. The complete amino acid sequence of the light chain variable regions of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the variable regions of light chains derived from anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype is reported. At least two and probably more than three distinct light chains are associated with this idiotypically characterized antibody. The antibodies have several differences in their \"framework\" structures but evidence is presented indicating that all three light chain hypervariable regions have a homogeneous sequence. The data are discussed in relation to the various theories of antibody diversity. In addition, the findings support the view that hypervariable regions, idiotypic determinants, and the antibody-combining site involve, to a large extent, the same molecular structures.", "contents": "Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities. V. The complete amino acid sequence of the light chain variable regions of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype. The complete amino acid sequence of the variable regions of light chains derived from anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype is reported. At least two and probably more than three distinct light chains are associated with this idiotypically characterized antibody. The antibodies have several differences in their \"framework\" structures but evidence is presented indicating that all three light chain hypervariable regions have a homogeneous sequence. The data are discussed in relation to the various theories of antibody diversity. In addition, the findings support the view that hypervariable regions, idiotypic determinants, and the antibody-combining site involve, to a large extent, the same molecular structures.", "PMID": 70482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3860", "title": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. III. Proposed nomenclature for the CS-1 gene alleles.", "content": "A survey of 47 inbred or partially inbred chicken lines derived from five sources in the United States and Europe revealed considerable genetic polymorphism in the structural gene (CS-1) responsible for the production of the predominant chicken 7S Ig heavy chain. A minimum of 10 alleles of the CS-1 gene were detected as unique combinations or phenogroups of CS-1 specificities. A system of nomenclature for CS-1 alleles was developed and six homozygous lines were designated as prototype lines. The remaining four CS-1 alleles occurred only in lines that were polymorphic for 7S Ig allotypic specificities.", "contents": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. III. Proposed nomenclature for the CS-1 gene alleles. A survey of 47 inbred or partially inbred chicken lines derived from five sources in the United States and Europe revealed considerable genetic polymorphism in the structural gene (CS-1) responsible for the production of the predominant chicken 7S Ig heavy chain. A minimum of 10 alleles of the CS-1 gene were detected as unique combinations or phenogroups of CS-1 specificities. A system of nomenclature for CS-1 alleles was developed and six homozygous lines were designated as prototype lines. The remaining four CS-1 alleles occurred only in lines that were polymorphic for 7S Ig allotypic specificities.", "PMID": 70483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3861", "title": "Immunosuppressive properties of a peptic fragment of BSA.", "content": "The immunogenic properties of a peptic fragment of BSA were investigated. BSA was subjected to limited proteolysis by pepsin and the resulting fragments were separated on DEAE cellulose. The fragment under consideration, Fraction Ia (m.w. 8000 to 10,000), did not precipitate with anti-BSA serum but did inhibi, the binding of specific antibody to labeled BSA, indicating the presence of determinants found on the native antigen. BDF1 mice immunized with Fraction Ia in A1 (OH)3 gel or in complete Freund's adjuvant produced no significant antibody response as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylited a (PCA) or by a modified Farr assay. The fragment elicited a PCA reaction in mouse skin sensitized with anti-BSA serum. Treatment of mice with single doses of Fraction Ia at various time intervals before immunization with BSA resulted in significant suppression of the formation of anti-BSA antibody. The conditions of suppresion of the IgE response by the peptic fragment were studied in greater detail. Evidence is presented that such suppression can be attributed to the presence of specific T suppressor cells in our system.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive properties of a peptic fragment of BSA. The immunogenic properties of a peptic fragment of BSA were investigated. BSA was subjected to limited proteolysis by pepsin and the resulting fragments were separated on DEAE cellulose. The fragment under consideration, Fraction Ia (m.w. 8000 to 10,000), did not precipitate with anti-BSA serum but did inhibi, the binding of specific antibody to labeled BSA, indicating the presence of determinants found on the native antigen. BDF1 mice immunized with Fraction Ia in A1 (OH)3 gel or in complete Freund's adjuvant produced no significant antibody response as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylited a (PCA) or by a modified Farr assay. The fragment elicited a PCA reaction in mouse skin sensitized with anti-BSA serum. Treatment of mice with single doses of Fraction Ia at various time intervals before immunization with BSA resulted in significant suppression of the formation of anti-BSA antibody. The conditions of suppresion of the IgE response by the peptic fragment were studied in greater detail. Evidence is presented that such suppression can be attributed to the presence of specific T suppressor cells in our system.", "PMID": 70485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3862", "title": "Immunoregulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: conditions for induction of suppressor cells and analysis of mechanism.", "content": "We determined requirements for the induction of immunoregulatory suppressor cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Pretreatment of rats with myelin basic protein (BP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) stimulates the proliferation of suppressor cells that localize in lymph nodes and spleen (but not thymus) and exert control over the development of clinical EAE. Dosage studies revealed that 3 X 10(7) suppressor cells can adoptively transfer suppression to syngeneic recipients. Transferred unresponsiveness wanes within 3 weeks, indicating that the suppressor cells are short-lived lymphocytes, although actively induced unresponsiveness persists for at least 8 weeks, probably as a result of continual proliferation under the influence of antigen. No evidence was obtained to suggest that antigen carry-over or blocking antibody production accounts for adoptive transfer of unresponsiveness. Suppressor cells apparently act at the inductive phase of the immune response since they had no inhibitory effect on adoptive transfer of disease by effector lymph node cells. Other mechanisms also may play a role in unresponsiveness to EAE, since rats pretreated i.v. with high dosages of soluble BP were temporarily rendered unresponsive, although suppressor cells could not be detected in these animals.", "contents": "Immunoregulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: conditions for induction of suppressor cells and analysis of mechanism. We determined requirements for the induction of immunoregulatory suppressor cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Pretreatment of rats with myelin basic protein (BP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) stimulates the proliferation of suppressor cells that localize in lymph nodes and spleen (but not thymus) and exert control over the development of clinical EAE. Dosage studies revealed that 3 X 10(7) suppressor cells can adoptively transfer suppression to syngeneic recipients. Transferred unresponsiveness wanes within 3 weeks, indicating that the suppressor cells are short-lived lymphocytes, although actively induced unresponsiveness persists for at least 8 weeks, probably as a result of continual proliferation under the influence of antigen. No evidence was obtained to suggest that antigen carry-over or blocking antibody production accounts for adoptive transfer of unresponsiveness. Suppressor cells apparently act at the inductive phase of the immune response since they had no inhibitory effect on adoptive transfer of disease by effector lymph node cells. Other mechanisms also may play a role in unresponsiveness to EAE, since rats pretreated i.v. with high dosages of soluble BP were temporarily rendered unresponsive, although suppressor cells could not be detected in these animals.", "PMID": 70489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3863", "title": "The demonstration of subtype (D or Y)-specific determinants on the surface of the presumed hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Dane particles isolated from the sera of HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers were reacted with monospecific antibodies to the d and y subtype-specific determinants of HBsAg/. Dane particles from HBsAg/ad expressed the d determinant on their surfaces and those from HBsAg/ay sera contained the y specificity. Both complete (DNA-P and HBcAg) and defective (HBcAg alone) Dane particles expressed the subtype-specific determinants.", "contents": "The demonstration of subtype (D or Y)-specific determinants on the surface of the presumed hepatitis B virus. Dane particles isolated from the sera of HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers were reacted with monospecific antibodies to the d and y subtype-specific determinants of HBsAg/. Dane particles from HBsAg/ad expressed the d determinant on their surfaces and those from HBsAg/ay sera contained the y specificity. Both complete (DNA-P and HBcAg) and defective (HBcAg alone) Dane particles expressed the subtype-specific determinants.", "PMID": 70490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3864", "title": "Studies on non-H-2 linked lymphocyte activating determinants. I. Description of the cell type bearing the Mls product.", "content": "The non-H-2 linked, lymphocyte activating determinants (LADs), which are coded by the minor (histocompatibility) lymphocyte stimulating locus (Mls), were detected on B lymphocytes, but not on immunoglobuin (Ig) negative or on theta positive T lymphocytes. These determinants, like the complement receptor and surface IgD, develop late in neonatal life. Thus, the Mls coded LADs mark a population of B lymphocytes which are not present in the spleens of newborn to 2-week-old mice. Studies of B lymphocytes derived from the spleens of adult mice indicated that the cells bear the Mls coded LADs have a high density of surface Ig and possess the complement receptor.", "contents": "Studies on non-H-2 linked lymphocyte activating determinants. I. Description of the cell type bearing the Mls product. The non-H-2 linked, lymphocyte activating determinants (LADs), which are coded by the minor (histocompatibility) lymphocyte stimulating locus (Mls), were detected on B lymphocytes, but not on immunoglobuin (Ig) negative or on theta positive T lymphocytes. These determinants, like the complement receptor and surface IgD, develop late in neonatal life. Thus, the Mls coded LADs mark a population of B lymphocytes which are not present in the spleens of newborn to 2-week-old mice. Studies of B lymphocytes derived from the spleens of adult mice indicated that the cells bear the Mls coded LADs have a high density of surface Ig and possess the complement receptor.", "PMID": 70491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3865", "title": "A polyvalent human gamma-globulin immune to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: passive protection of mice against lethal infection.", "content": "As a means to development of guidelines for therapeutic application to human disease, preparations of human polyvalent gamma-globulin immune to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PG) were studied in acute infections in mice. PG was highly effective in controlling lethal infections induced in mice by the major immunotypes of P. aeruginosa; greater than or equal to 10 microgram of of gamma-globulin per mouse protected against challenge with less than or equal to 10(6) 50% lethal doses of P. aeruginosa. PG was less than or equal to 57 times more effective than normal human gamma-globulin. The active antibody component is specific for each immunotype; it is of the IgG type and undoubltedly is directed against the O-antigen. PG was was not protective against challenge with Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae; a low degree of cross-protection was seen against Serratia marcescens. In a model infection involving mice in a terminal stage of advanced P. aeruginosa infection, human plasma immune to P. aeruginosa proved ineffective, but the gamma-globulin component showed moderate activity. The apparent irreversibility of this late-stage infection is not clearly ascribable to a toxin. It is postulated that the successful treatment of advanced P. aeruginosa infections in humans would require multiple therapeutic approaches, including passive immunization with a high-potency, specifically immune globulin.", "contents": "A polyvalent human gamma-globulin immune to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: passive protection of mice against lethal infection. As a means to development of guidelines for therapeutic application to human disease, preparations of human polyvalent gamma-globulin immune to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PG) were studied in acute infections in mice. PG was highly effective in controlling lethal infections induced in mice by the major immunotypes of P. aeruginosa; greater than or equal to 10 microgram of of gamma-globulin per mouse protected against challenge with less than or equal to 10(6) 50% lethal doses of P. aeruginosa. PG was less than or equal to 57 times more effective than normal human gamma-globulin. The active antibody component is specific for each immunotype; it is of the IgG type and undoubltedly is directed against the O-antigen. PG was was not protective against challenge with Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae; a low degree of cross-protection was seen against Serratia marcescens. In a model infection involving mice in a terminal stage of advanced P. aeruginosa infection, human plasma immune to P. aeruginosa proved ineffective, but the gamma-globulin component showed moderate activity. The apparent irreversibility of this late-stage infection is not clearly ascribable to a toxin. It is postulated that the successful treatment of advanced P. aeruginosa infections in humans would require multiple therapeutic approaches, including passive immunization with a high-potency, specifically immune globulin.", "PMID": 70492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3866", "title": "Immunological investigation of infants with septicemia or meningitis due to group B Streptococcus.", "content": "Purified polysaccharide from type III group B Streptococcus contains both a type III-specific determinant and another determinant that is common to strains of serotypes other than type III. The polysaccharide contains sialic acid, galactose, heptose, glucose, glucosamine, and mannose. Serum antibody to this antigen was measured by means of a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Sera from 36 (67.9%) of 53 women with healthy newoborns contained antibody, a prevalence significantly different from that in sera from 15 women (13.3%) whose neonates developed septicemia or meningitis due to type III group B Streptococcus. Complete concordance for presence or absence of anticapsular antibody in sera from 14 women at delivery and in their neonates' cord sera was demonstrated; this concordance indicates transplacental transfer of antibody. Sera from each of four adults with invasive infection who were studied during convalescence contained antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus. In contrast, antibody was absent from 10 infants who had recovered from bacteremia, septicemia, and/or meningitis due to type III group B Streptococcus.", "contents": "Immunological investigation of infants with septicemia or meningitis due to group B Streptococcus. Purified polysaccharide from type III group B Streptococcus contains both a type III-specific determinant and another determinant that is common to strains of serotypes other than type III. The polysaccharide contains sialic acid, galactose, heptose, glucose, glucosamine, and mannose. Serum antibody to this antigen was measured by means of a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Sera from 36 (67.9%) of 53 women with healthy newoborns contained antibody, a prevalence significantly different from that in sera from 15 women (13.3%) whose neonates developed septicemia or meningitis due to type III group B Streptococcus. Complete concordance for presence or absence of anticapsular antibody in sera from 14 women at delivery and in their neonates' cord sera was demonstrated; this concordance indicates transplacental transfer of antibody. Sera from each of four adults with invasive infection who were studied during convalescence contained antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus. In contrast, antibody was absent from 10 infants who had recovered from bacteremia, septicemia, and/or meningitis due to type III group B Streptococcus.", "PMID": 70493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3867", "title": "Antibody to influenza virus matrix protein detects a common antigen on the surface of cells infected with type A influenza viruses.", "content": "Antisera to the type-specific internal influenza virus matrix (M) protein of a type A influenza virus were produced in goats. In the presence of complement, anti-M serum was cytotoxic for target cells which were infected with a variety of serologically distinct type A influenza viruses, but did not react with type B influenza virus-infected cells. Absorption experiments indicated that anti-M serum detected a common antigen(s) on the surface of type A-infected cells. This serological cross-reactivity parallels the cross-reactivity observed for the cytotoxic T-cell response to type A viruses.", "contents": "Antibody to influenza virus matrix protein detects a common antigen on the surface of cells infected with type A influenza viruses. Antisera to the type-specific internal influenza virus matrix (M) protein of a type A influenza virus were produced in goats. In the presence of complement, anti-M serum was cytotoxic for target cells which were infected with a variety of serologically distinct type A influenza viruses, but did not react with type B influenza virus-infected cells. Absorption experiments indicated that anti-M serum detected a common antigen(s) on the surface of type A-infected cells. This serological cross-reactivity parallels the cross-reactivity observed for the cytotoxic T-cell response to type A viruses.", "PMID": 70496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3868", "title": "Antigen presentation in the murine T-lymphocyte proliferative response. I. Requirement for genetic identity at the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "A method is described for stimulating proliferation in primed populations of murine T lymphocytes using antigen bound to mitomycin-C-treated spleen cells. This form of antigen presentation appears to be an active process because heat-killed spleen cells are ineffective, and because genetic similarity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between the responder T cells and the presenting spleen cells is required for effective interactions. At all times examined, from day 3 to day 6 of the proliferative response, syngeneic spleen cells presented antigen better to peritoneal exudate T-lymphocyte-enriched cells (PETLES) than semisyngeneic F(1) spleen cells, which in turn could present antigen better than totally allogeneic spleen cells. Spleen cell mixing experiments demonstrated that these genetic restrictions were not the result of suppression by the ongoing mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) in the allogeneic and F(1) cases. Furthermore, incompatibility at the Mls locus generated a strong MLR but failed to prevent antigen presentation if the spleen cells and PETLES were compatible. Genetic mapping studies demonstrated that compatibility at only the I-A subregion of the MHC was sufficient for effective presentation of the antigen, dinitrophenylated ovalbumin. Compatibility at only the K region, or the K and D regions was not sufficient. These results support the concept that functional activation of primed, proliferating T lymphocytes requires the participation of gene products coded for by the I region of the MHC. This conclusion is consistent with a growing body of evidence which suggests that most T cells recognize antigen in association with MHC gene products.", "contents": "Antigen presentation in the murine T-lymphocyte proliferative response. I. Requirement for genetic identity at the major histocompatibility complex. A method is described for stimulating proliferation in primed populations of murine T lymphocytes using antigen bound to mitomycin-C-treated spleen cells. This form of antigen presentation appears to be an active process because heat-killed spleen cells are ineffective, and because genetic similarity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between the responder T cells and the presenting spleen cells is required for effective interactions. At all times examined, from day 3 to day 6 of the proliferative response, syngeneic spleen cells presented antigen better to peritoneal exudate T-lymphocyte-enriched cells (PETLES) than semisyngeneic F(1) spleen cells, which in turn could present antigen better than totally allogeneic spleen cells. Spleen cell mixing experiments demonstrated that these genetic restrictions were not the result of suppression by the ongoing mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) in the allogeneic and F(1) cases. Furthermore, incompatibility at the Mls locus generated a strong MLR but failed to prevent antigen presentation if the spleen cells and PETLES were compatible. Genetic mapping studies demonstrated that compatibility at only the I-A subregion of the MHC was sufficient for effective presentation of the antigen, dinitrophenylated ovalbumin. Compatibility at only the K region, or the K and D regions was not sufficient. These results support the concept that functional activation of primed, proliferating T lymphocytes requires the participation of gene products coded for by the I region of the MHC. This conclusion is consistent with a growing body of evidence which suggests that most T cells recognize antigen in association with MHC gene products.", "PMID": 70497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3869", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell response to Ectromelia virus-infected cells. Different H-2 requirements for triggering precursor T-cell induction or lysis by effector T cells defined by the BALB/c-H-2db mutation.", "content": "The T(c)-cell response to ectromelia virus infection was studied in BALB/c-H-2(db) mice which carry a loss mutation in the H-2D region that results in the absence from cell surfaces of a molecule (D') bearing certain public H-2 specificities. When infected, these mice showed a poor response of T(c) cells that recognize H-2D(d) plus virus-specific determinants on infected macrophage targets, but gave a normal response to H-2K d plus virus-specific antigens. However, their own infected macrophages do display wild-type antigenic patterns involving virus and H-2D(d) since they were killed as efficiently as wild-type (BALB/c,H- 2(d))-infected cells by T(c) cells specific only for H-2D(d) plus viral antigens. When tested in vitro, infected BALB/c-H-2(db) cells stimulated a poor T(c)-cell response to H-2D plus virus-specific antigens, but stimulated a normal response (in comparison with infected BALB/c macrophages) to H-2K(d) plus viral antigens. Uninfected BALB/c-H-2(db) cells stimulated a normal T(c)-cell response to minor H antigens or trinitrophenyl in association with H-2D(d), thus suggesting that the defective response to infection may reside in a failure of the relevant H-2D(d) antigens of mutant cells to physically associate with viral antigens. Close association of viral and H-2D-coded molecules was also suggested by ability of specific anti-H-2K or -H-2D to partially block T(c)-cell-mediated lysis of infected targets. These results were interpreted to mean that H-2Dd-dependent, virus- immune T(c) cells recognized an antigenic pattern consisting of virus- specific and H-2D(d) determinants with the latter borne on an H-2D molecule carrying serologically-defined H-2D(d) private specificities. A second H-2D(d)-coded molecule (D') was not required for recognition and lysis by activated T(c) cells, but was apparently necessary for efficient stimulation of precursor T(c) cells, perhaps by promoting appropriate physical association of viral and H-2D(d) molecules.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell response to Ectromelia virus-infected cells. Different H-2 requirements for triggering precursor T-cell induction or lysis by effector T cells defined by the BALB/c-H-2db mutation. The T(c)-cell response to ectromelia virus infection was studied in BALB/c-H-2(db) mice which carry a loss mutation in the H-2D region that results in the absence from cell surfaces of a molecule (D') bearing certain public H-2 specificities. When infected, these mice showed a poor response of T(c) cells that recognize H-2D(d) plus virus-specific determinants on infected macrophage targets, but gave a normal response to H-2K d plus virus-specific antigens. However, their own infected macrophages do display wild-type antigenic patterns involving virus and H-2D(d) since they were killed as efficiently as wild-type (BALB/c,H- 2(d))-infected cells by T(c) cells specific only for H-2D(d) plus viral antigens. When tested in vitro, infected BALB/c-H-2(db) cells stimulated a poor T(c)-cell response to H-2D plus virus-specific antigens, but stimulated a normal response (in comparison with infected BALB/c macrophages) to H-2K(d) plus viral antigens. Uninfected BALB/c-H-2(db) cells stimulated a normal T(c)-cell response to minor H antigens or trinitrophenyl in association with H-2D(d), thus suggesting that the defective response to infection may reside in a failure of the relevant H-2D(d) antigens of mutant cells to physically associate with viral antigens. Close association of viral and H-2D-coded molecules was also suggested by ability of specific anti-H-2K or -H-2D to partially block T(c)-cell-mediated lysis of infected targets. These results were interpreted to mean that H-2Dd-dependent, virus- immune T(c) cells recognized an antigenic pattern consisting of virus- specific and H-2D(d) determinants with the latter borne on an H-2D molecule carrying serologically-defined H-2D(d) private specificities. A second H-2D(d)-coded molecule (D') was not required for recognition and lysis by activated T(c) cells, but was apparently necessary for efficient stimulation of precursor T(c) cells, perhaps by promoting appropriate physical association of viral and H-2D(d) molecules.", "PMID": 70498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3870", "title": "Plasmin inhibitor interactions. The effectiveness of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in the presence of alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin were allowed to compete for the protease plasmin. The binding of the enzyme to these inhibitors was assessed by two different but comparable methods. The interactions were completed in 10 s of incubation, and transfer of plasmin from one inhibitor to the other did not occur. Almost as much plasmin was bound to alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in mixtures containing a large molar excess of alpha2-macroglobulin relative to plasmin or alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, as was bound in mixtures not containing alpha2-macroblobulin. These studies demonstrate directly the effectiveness of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in binding and inhibiting plasmin in the presence of alpha2-macroglobulin, and suggest that the alpha2-plasmin inhibitor may be the major circulating plasmin inhibitor.", "contents": "Plasmin inhibitor interactions. The effectiveness of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in the presence of alpha2-macroglobulin. alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin were allowed to compete for the protease plasmin. The binding of the enzyme to these inhibitors was assessed by two different but comparable methods. The interactions were completed in 10 s of incubation, and transfer of plasmin from one inhibitor to the other did not occur. Almost as much plasmin was bound to alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in mixtures containing a large molar excess of alpha2-macroglobulin relative to plasmin or alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, as was bound in mixtures not containing alpha2-macroblobulin. These studies demonstrate directly the effectiveness of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor in binding and inhibiting plasmin in the presence of alpha2-macroglobulin, and suggest that the alpha2-plasmin inhibitor may be the major circulating plasmin inhibitor.", "PMID": 70499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3871", "title": "Serological distinciton of heavy chain variable regions (VH subgroups) of mouse immunoglobulins. I. Common VH determinants on the heavy chains of mouse myeloma proteins having different binding sites.", "content": "16 of more than 100 mouse myeloma proteins, including 3 proteins of the IgG2a class and 13 of the IgA class, were shown to have a similar heavy chain variable region (VH) antigen(s) (U10-173). The proteins bearing these antigenic determinants (U10-173+ proteins) represented at least five different ligand-binding specificities. These findings, taken togeter with available sequence data for VH regions of U10-173+ proteins, have led us to conclude that U10-173 defines a small number of related VH subgroups. The ability to detect VH subgroups in mice by serological means, as has been done in humans also, promises new and useful kinds of VH markers for immunologic study.", "contents": "Serological distinciton of heavy chain variable regions (VH subgroups) of mouse immunoglobulins. I. Common VH determinants on the heavy chains of mouse myeloma proteins having different binding sites. 16 of more than 100 mouse myeloma proteins, including 3 proteins of the IgG2a class and 13 of the IgA class, were shown to have a similar heavy chain variable region (VH) antigen(s) (U10-173). The proteins bearing these antigenic determinants (U10-173+ proteins) represented at least five different ligand-binding specificities. These findings, taken togeter with available sequence data for VH regions of U10-173+ proteins, have led us to conclude that U10-173 defines a small number of related VH subgroups. The ability to detect VH subgroups in mice by serological means, as has been done in humans also, promises new and useful kinds of VH markers for immunologic study.", "PMID": 70500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3872", "title": "Specificity of cytotoxic effector cells directed against trinitrobenzene sulfonate-modified syngeneic cells. Failure to recognize cell surface-bound trinitrophenyl dextran.", "content": "Mouse splenic lymphocytes and lymphoid tumor cells were modified with the trinitrophenyl (TNP) group either by treatment with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) (which covalently modifies cell surface proteins) or with TNP stearoyl dextran (TSD) (which binds to the cell by noncovalent forces). These cell preparations were compared for their ability to: (a) sensitive syngeneic splenic lymphocytes leading to the generation of cytotoxic effector cells; (b) serve as lysable targets in a 4-h(51)Cr- release assay for effector cells generated in (a); and (c) act as blocking cells in the lysis of TNBS-medified targets lysed by TNP self effector cells generated in (a). In none of these three experimental systems did TSD-medified syngeneic spleen or H-2-matched tumor cells act either as a sensitizing immunogen or as a target antigen, despite the demonstration that quantitatively equivalent mounts of TNP were exposed on the cell surface in the TNBS- and TSD-modified cells. In contrast, TNBS-modified spleen cells sensitized syngeneic lymphocytes to generate effectors against TNBS-modified syageneic targets. Furthermore, TNBS- modified, H-2-matched cells served as specific lysable targets and as inhibiting cells for such effectors. These results indicate that the manner in which TNP is associated with the cell surface is important in the immunogenicity and antigenicity of hapten-modified syngeneic stimulating cells in generating H-2-associated cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reactions. These findings raise the possibility that a covalent or at least a stable linkage with cell surface proteins (possibly H-2- controlled products) is important for immunological function. Furthermore, these observations do not favor the dual receptor model for H-2-restricted syngeneic CML if it is assumed in such a model that one receptor is specific for the TNP moiety and the second for unmodified self major histocompatibility products.", "contents": "Specificity of cytotoxic effector cells directed against trinitrobenzene sulfonate-modified syngeneic cells. Failure to recognize cell surface-bound trinitrophenyl dextran. Mouse splenic lymphocytes and lymphoid tumor cells were modified with the trinitrophenyl (TNP) group either by treatment with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) (which covalently modifies cell surface proteins) or with TNP stearoyl dextran (TSD) (which binds to the cell by noncovalent forces). These cell preparations were compared for their ability to: (a) sensitive syngeneic splenic lymphocytes leading to the generation of cytotoxic effector cells; (b) serve as lysable targets in a 4-h(51)Cr- release assay for effector cells generated in (a); and (c) act as blocking cells in the lysis of TNBS-medified targets lysed by TNP self effector cells generated in (a). In none of these three experimental systems did TSD-medified syngeneic spleen or H-2-matched tumor cells act either as a sensitizing immunogen or as a target antigen, despite the demonstration that quantitatively equivalent mounts of TNP were exposed on the cell surface in the TNBS- and TSD-modified cells. In contrast, TNBS-modified spleen cells sensitized syngeneic lymphocytes to generate effectors against TNBS-modified syageneic targets. Furthermore, TNBS- modified, H-2-matched cells served as specific lysable targets and as inhibiting cells for such effectors. These results indicate that the manner in which TNP is associated with the cell surface is important in the immunogenicity and antigenicity of hapten-modified syngeneic stimulating cells in generating H-2-associated cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reactions. These findings raise the possibility that a covalent or at least a stable linkage with cell surface proteins (possibly H-2- controlled products) is important for immunological function. Furthermore, these observations do not favor the dual receptor model for H-2-restricted syngeneic CML if it is assumed in such a model that one receptor is specific for the TNP moiety and the second for unmodified self major histocompatibility products.", "PMID": 70501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3873", "title": "Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. II. Analysis of the antibody response to the multiple antigenic determinants of the M-protein molecule.", "content": "Purified streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent was used in an RIA and a solid-phase radiocompetitive inhibition assay to determine the nature of the immune response in both human beings and hyperimmunized rabbits to this complex antiphagocytic antigen. Results indicate that a type-specific response to an M antigen with the development of opsonic antibodies is the result of antibodies directed against the majority of the antigenic determinants of the molecule. Cross-reactions between certain M types on the other hand, are represented by antibodies directed against only a small percentage of these antigenic determinants. Results also suggest that avidity may play a role in the action of opsonic antibodies. However, the data indicate that factors besides avidity (i.e. sites bound by the antibodies) also seem essential for opsonization.", "contents": "Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. II. Analysis of the antibody response to the multiple antigenic determinants of the M-protein molecule. Purified streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent was used in an RIA and a solid-phase radiocompetitive inhibition assay to determine the nature of the immune response in both human beings and hyperimmunized rabbits to this complex antiphagocytic antigen. Results indicate that a type-specific response to an M antigen with the development of opsonic antibodies is the result of antibodies directed against the majority of the antigenic determinants of the molecule. Cross-reactions between certain M types on the other hand, are represented by antibodies directed against only a small percentage of these antigenic determinants. Results also suggest that avidity may play a role in the action of opsonic antibodies. However, the data indicate that factors besides avidity (i.e. sites bound by the antibodies) also seem essential for opsonization.", "PMID": 70502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3874", "title": "Active and passive cation transport and L antigen heterogeneity in low potassium sheep red cells: evidence against the concept of leak-pump interconversion.", "content": "Several lines of experimental evidence are presented suggesting that the L antigens in low potassium (LK) sheep red cells are associated with separate Na(+)K(+) pump flux is distinct from the action of anti-L(l) on K(+) leak flux, implying that K(+) leak transport sites may not be converted into active pumps by the L antiserum. Treatment of LK red cells with trypsin completely abolished both the stimulation of K(+) pump flux and the enhancement of the rate of ouabain binding brought about by anti- L. That this effect is due to a total destruction of the L(p) determinant associated with the LK pump was evident from the complete failure of anti-L(p) to bind to trypsinized LK red cells. The L(p) antigen can be effectively protected against the trypsin attack by prior incubation with anti-L, indicating that the sites for antibody binding and trypsin action may be closely adjacent at the structural level. Trypsin treatment, however, did not interfere with anti-L(l) reducing ouabain insensitive K(+) leak influx, nor did it prevent binding of anti-L(ly), the hemolytically active L antibody which is probably identical with anti-L(l). The functional independence of the L(p) and L(l) sites was documented by the observation that anti-L(l) still reduced K(+) leak influx in LK cells with experimentally induced high potassium concentrations, at which K(+) pump flux is fully suppressed, whether or not anti-L(p) was binding to the L(p) antigen associated with the LK pump.", "contents": "Active and passive cation transport and L antigen heterogeneity in low potassium sheep red cells: evidence against the concept of leak-pump interconversion. Several lines of experimental evidence are presented suggesting that the L antigens in low potassium (LK) sheep red cells are associated with separate Na(+)K(+) pump flux is distinct from the action of anti-L(l) on K(+) leak flux, implying that K(+) leak transport sites may not be converted into active pumps by the L antiserum. Treatment of LK red cells with trypsin completely abolished both the stimulation of K(+) pump flux and the enhancement of the rate of ouabain binding brought about by anti- L. That this effect is due to a total destruction of the L(p) determinant associated with the LK pump was evident from the complete failure of anti-L(p) to bind to trypsinized LK red cells. The L(p) antigen can be effectively protected against the trypsin attack by prior incubation with anti-L, indicating that the sites for antibody binding and trypsin action may be closely adjacent at the structural level. Trypsin treatment, however, did not interfere with anti-L(l) reducing ouabain insensitive K(+) leak influx, nor did it prevent binding of anti-L(ly), the hemolytically active L antibody which is probably identical with anti-L(l). The functional independence of the L(p) and L(l) sites was documented by the observation that anti-L(l) still reduced K(+) leak influx in LK cells with experimentally induced high potassium concentrations, at which K(+) pump flux is fully suppressed, whether or not anti-L(p) was binding to the L(p) antigen associated with the LK pump.", "PMID": 70503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3875", "title": "Purification and characterization of precipitating antigens from Theileria parva.", "content": "Precipitating antigens from Theileria parva have been partially purified. Two antigens from each of the schizont and piroplasm stages of the parasite were identified; the major antigens from the two stages shared the same specificity. The antigens showed considerable molecular heterogeneity, almost certainly a result of the preparative method, and they always contained large amounts of DNA. The piroplasm antigens were of parasite nuclear origin and the schizont antigens were probably of the same origin. The antigens were weakly antigenic, and the activity against them of humoral antibody from cattle immune to East Coast fever was low. These antigens do not appear to induce protection against East Coast fever.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of precipitating antigens from Theileria parva. Precipitating antigens from Theileria parva have been partially purified. Two antigens from each of the schizont and piroplasm stages of the parasite were identified; the major antigens from the two stages shared the same specificity. The antigens showed considerable molecular heterogeneity, almost certainly a result of the preparative method, and they always contained large amounts of DNA. The piroplasm antigens were of parasite nuclear origin and the schizont antigens were probably of the same origin. The antigens were weakly antigenic, and the activity against them of humoral antibody from cattle immune to East Coast fever was low. These antigens do not appear to induce protection against East Coast fever.", "PMID": 70504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3876", "title": "A comparative study of the 'rhodochrous' complex and related taxa by delayed-type skin reactions on guinea pigs and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Cell extracts prepared by ultrasonic disruption of 17 strains of the 'rhodochrous' complex and related taxa were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and for immunologic relatedness, by skin test reactions. Two organisms, Jensenia canicruria and Nocardia calcarea, gave similar gel patterns and skin test reactions, and are considered to be identical. Extracts of nocardia rubra showed a strong antigenic relationship with those of three Nocardia pellegrino organisms (N325, N324 and N420) previously assigned to the 'rhodochrous' complex. Two Gordona organisms appeared to be less antigenically related to the 'rhodochrous' complex. Extracts of three of four organisms designated Lspi (Rhodococcus coprophilus Rowbotham & Cross 1976) elicited skin test reactions similar to those of the 'rhodochrous' strains. One Lspi strain, N650, showed striking similarities to the 'rhodochrous' complex strain N420 (Nocardia pellegrino).", "contents": "A comparative study of the 'rhodochrous' complex and related taxa by delayed-type skin reactions on guinea pigs and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cell extracts prepared by ultrasonic disruption of 17 strains of the 'rhodochrous' complex and related taxa were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and for immunologic relatedness, by skin test reactions. Two organisms, Jensenia canicruria and Nocardia calcarea, gave similar gel patterns and skin test reactions, and are considered to be identical. Extracts of nocardia rubra showed a strong antigenic relationship with those of three Nocardia pellegrino organisms (N325, N324 and N420) previously assigned to the 'rhodochrous' complex. Two Gordona organisms appeared to be less antigenically related to the 'rhodochrous' complex. Extracts of three of four organisms designated Lspi (Rhodococcus coprophilus Rowbotham & Cross 1976) elicited skin test reactions similar to those of the 'rhodochrous' strains. One Lspi strain, N650, showed striking similarities to the 'rhodochrous' complex strain N420 (Nocardia pellegrino).", "PMID": 70505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3877", "title": "Production of antiserum to the reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "The reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) has been isolated and partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. Sera from rabbits immunized with the partially purified enzyme have been shown by microimmunodiffusion analysis to be immunologically specific for the M-PMV polymerase. The immune serum also specifically inhibits M-PMV polymerase activity and this inhibitory activity has been shown to reside in the IgG fraction of the serum. The application of these reagents to examining virus identity and investigating the possible viral aetiology of human breast cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Production of antiserum to the reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) has been isolated and partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. Sera from rabbits immunized with the partially purified enzyme have been shown by microimmunodiffusion analysis to be immunologically specific for the M-PMV polymerase. The immune serum also specifically inhibits M-PMV polymerase activity and this inhibitory activity has been shown to reside in the IgG fraction of the serum. The application of these reagents to examining virus identity and investigating the possible viral aetiology of human breast cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 70506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3878", "title": "Observations on the antigenic relationships between Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri.", "content": "The antigenic relationships between Epstein-Barr (EB) virus and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) have been investigated in comparative immunofluorescence, microimmunodiffusion and serum neutralization tests. No similarity was detected between the structural antigens of the two herpesviruses but the results of microimmunodiffusion tests showed that they shared a non-structural, virus-determined antigen. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to the importance of HVS and its monkey lymphoma as a model system of herpesvirus oncogenesis.", "contents": "Observations on the antigenic relationships between Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri. The antigenic relationships between Epstein-Barr (EB) virus and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) have been investigated in comparative immunofluorescence, microimmunodiffusion and serum neutralization tests. No similarity was detected between the structural antigens of the two herpesviruses but the results of microimmunodiffusion tests showed that they shared a non-structural, virus-determined antigen. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to the importance of HVS and its monkey lymphoma as a model system of herpesvirus oncogenesis.", "PMID": 70507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3879", "title": "Activation of an endogenous C-type RNA virus in rat embryo cells after transformation by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.", "content": "Reverse transcriptase activity was detected in the supernatants of rat embryo fibroblast cell cultures transformed by HSV types 1 and 2 at either the sub-optimal temperature of 20 degrees C or the supra-optimal temperature of 42 degrees C. Rat cells clones which had been transformed at 20 degrees C contained higher levels of C-type virus DNA polymerase than did cell clones which had been transformed at 42 degrees C. Syncytia formation typical for C-type RNA viruses occurred at passages higher than 24. The activation of endogenous C-type RNA viruses was independent of the virus and transformation method used.", "contents": "Activation of an endogenous C-type RNA virus in rat embryo cells after transformation by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Reverse transcriptase activity was detected in the supernatants of rat embryo fibroblast cell cultures transformed by HSV types 1 and 2 at either the sub-optimal temperature of 20 degrees C or the supra-optimal temperature of 42 degrees C. Rat cells clones which had been transformed at 20 degrees C contained higher levels of C-type virus DNA polymerase than did cell clones which had been transformed at 42 degrees C. Syncytia formation typical for C-type RNA viruses occurred at passages higher than 24. The activation of endogenous C-type RNA viruses was independent of the virus and transformation method used.", "PMID": 70508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3880", "title": "Similar polypeptide composition of fast-transported proteins in rat motor and sensory axons.", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to characterize labeled proteins transported in rat motor and sensory axons after application of 3H-leucine to the neuron cell bodies. Two types of experiments were performed: first, transported protein accumulating proximal to a ligature placed on the sciatic nerve was analyzed; second, the segment of sciatic nerve nearest to the \"wavecrest\" of transported protein travelling down the nerve was analyzed. In both cases, no significant differences in peak position or amplitude were found in gels containing labeled proteins from motor or sensory axons. This may mean that the majority of fast-transported protein is involved in an axonal function common to the two types of neuron.", "contents": "Similar polypeptide composition of fast-transported proteins in rat motor and sensory axons. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to characterize labeled proteins transported in rat motor and sensory axons after application of 3H-leucine to the neuron cell bodies. Two types of experiments were performed: first, transported protein accumulating proximal to a ligature placed on the sciatic nerve was analyzed; second, the segment of sciatic nerve nearest to the \"wavecrest\" of transported protein travelling down the nerve was analyzed. In both cases, no significant differences in peak position or amplitude were found in gels containing labeled proteins from motor or sensory axons. This may mean that the majority of fast-transported protein is involved in an axonal function common to the two types of neuron.", "PMID": 70509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3881", "title": "Characterization of proteins transported at different rates by axoplasmic flow in the dorsal root afferents of rats.", "content": "Proteins synthesized by soma located in L4 dorsal root ganglia and supplied to the axonal branches extending centrally in the dorsal root and peripherally towards the sciatic nerve were analyzed for radioactivity following injections of [3H] leucine into the L4 dorsal root ganglia. All proteins located in the dorsal root and sciatic nerve were analyzed by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis at various times post injection. The differences in radioactivity between the dorsal root and sciatic nerve proteins were mainly quantitative and not qualitative, with many proteins of various molecular weight ranges being transported into both segments. Generally, it appears that in both axonal branches the high molecular weight proteins are transported at the highest rate, medium weights slower and low molecular weight proteins slowest. More proteins of high and low molecular weights are transported into the dorsal root whereas more of those of medium molecular weight are transported towards the sciatic nerve.", "contents": "Characterization of proteins transported at different rates by axoplasmic flow in the dorsal root afferents of rats. Proteins synthesized by soma located in L4 dorsal root ganglia and supplied to the axonal branches extending centrally in the dorsal root and peripherally towards the sciatic nerve were analyzed for radioactivity following injections of [3H] leucine into the L4 dorsal root ganglia. All proteins located in the dorsal root and sciatic nerve were analyzed by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis at various times post injection. The differences in radioactivity between the dorsal root and sciatic nerve proteins were mainly quantitative and not qualitative, with many proteins of various molecular weight ranges being transported into both segments. Generally, it appears that in both axonal branches the high molecular weight proteins are transported at the highest rate, medium weights slower and low molecular weight proteins slowest. More proteins of high and low molecular weights are transported into the dorsal root whereas more of those of medium molecular weight are transported towards the sciatic nerve.", "PMID": 70510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3882", "title": "[Hypoplasia ponto-neocerebellaris (author's transl)].", "content": "In an otherwise healthy family three male infants fell ill with microcephaly, hypotonus of the muscles, non-specific hyperkineses, seizures, and rapid mental deterioration. In addition to microdysplasia in the cerebral cortex the main neuropathological findings were the separation of the dentate nucleus into many islets, an atypical band of the inferior olives, and deficiency of the pontocerebellar fibers in the basal part of the pons. The hypoplasia of the areas involved can be distinguished from the degenerative process in the d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence systematis\u00e9 optico-cochleo-dentel\u00e9 (Nyssen-van Bogaert).", "contents": "[Hypoplasia ponto-neocerebellaris (author's transl)]. In an otherwise healthy family three male infants fell ill with microcephaly, hypotonus of the muscles, non-specific hyperkineses, seizures, and rapid mental deterioration. In addition to microdysplasia in the cerebral cortex the main neuropathological findings were the separation of the dentate nucleus into many islets, an atypical band of the inferior olives, and deficiency of the pontocerebellar fibers in the basal part of the pons. The hypoplasia of the areas involved can be distinguished from the degenerative process in the d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence systematis\u00e9 optico-cochleo-dentel\u00e9 (Nyssen-van Bogaert).", "PMID": 70516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3883", "title": "Craniometaphysial dysplasia with leukoencephalopathy. A case report.", "content": "A case of craniometaphysial dysplasia with extensive degeneration of the cerebral white matter is presented. The cortex of the swollen part of the long bones was quite thin and there was striking trabecular atrophy. Both the vault and base of the skull showed marked thickening and sclerosis, leaving no interlaminal zone. It is probable that the diffuse degenerative change of the cerebral white matter with gliosis bears some resemblance to that produced by a circulatory disturbance of the great vein of Galen. Due to the narrowed foramen magnum, deformed atlase and axis, and the surrounding postoperative scar, the upper cervical cord was compressed, markedly atrophic and degenerated. Other segments of the cervical and thoracic cord displayed secondary wallerian degeneration and focal neurolytic lesions in the white matter. At the level of Th11 there was a pencil-like malacic lesion, suggesting an apparent interference of circulatory disturbance due possibly to the deformed vertebral column.", "contents": "Craniometaphysial dysplasia with leukoencephalopathy. A case report. A case of craniometaphysial dysplasia with extensive degeneration of the cerebral white matter is presented. The cortex of the swollen part of the long bones was quite thin and there was striking trabecular atrophy. Both the vault and base of the skull showed marked thickening and sclerosis, leaving no interlaminal zone. It is probable that the diffuse degenerative change of the cerebral white matter with gliosis bears some resemblance to that produced by a circulatory disturbance of the great vein of Galen. Due to the narrowed foramen magnum, deformed atlase and axis, and the surrounding postoperative scar, the upper cervical cord was compressed, markedly atrophic and degenerated. Other segments of the cervical and thoracic cord displayed secondary wallerian degeneration and focal neurolytic lesions in the white matter. At the level of Th11 there was a pencil-like malacic lesion, suggesting an apparent interference of circulatory disturbance due possibly to the deformed vertebral column.", "PMID": 70517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3884", "title": "Changes in nerve and muscle produced by long-term nerve ligation.", "content": "The long-term effects of constricting ligatures applied to the sciatic nerves of neonatal rats were examined. The nerves showed a decrease in diameter below the ligature but no accumulation of either SDH or AChE. The muscle innervated showed predominately high levels of SDH, mATPase, phosphorylase and glycogen. Following removal of the ligatures, the nerves were similar in size above and below the ligature, and the corresponding muscles showed an increased number of fibers with decreased SDH activity. Although mATPase, PAS and phosphorylase activities remained high, groups of lightly staining fibers were evident with the mATPase reaction. Long-term nerve ligation appears to produce changes in axonal size rather than in the fast component of axoplastic flow. Furthermore, the changes produced in muscle histochemistry by nerve ligation are closely related to changes in axonal size than to disturbances in flow.", "contents": "Changes in nerve and muscle produced by long-term nerve ligation. The long-term effects of constricting ligatures applied to the sciatic nerves of neonatal rats were examined. The nerves showed a decrease in diameter below the ligature but no accumulation of either SDH or AChE. The muscle innervated showed predominately high levels of SDH, mATPase, phosphorylase and glycogen. Following removal of the ligatures, the nerves were similar in size above and below the ligature, and the corresponding muscles showed an increased number of fibers with decreased SDH activity. Although mATPase, PAS and phosphorylase activities remained high, groups of lightly staining fibers were evident with the mATPase reaction. Long-term nerve ligation appears to produce changes in axonal size rather than in the fast component of axoplastic flow. Furthermore, the changes produced in muscle histochemistry by nerve ligation are closely related to changes in axonal size than to disturbances in flow.", "PMID": 70514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3885", "title": "Computed tomography for neurological intensive care patients. Report on one hundred CT examinations.", "content": "The first 100 computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the patients on the neurological intensive care ward are discussed and reported on the basis of selected typical findings. Characteristic patterns of the CT findings in determined cerebral diseases are explained. The possibility and necessity of CT observations of the development, of inflammatory and cerebrovascular processes in particular are emphasized. A comparison of our experience with CT and other neuroradiological methods, is made. The clinical diagnoses, including the respective number of cases and the pertinent CT findings, are presented in a Table.", "contents": "Computed tomography for neurological intensive care patients. Report on one hundred CT examinations. The first 100 computed tomographic (CT) examinations of the patients on the neurological intensive care ward are discussed and reported on the basis of selected typical findings. Characteristic patterns of the CT findings in determined cerebral diseases are explained. The possibility and necessity of CT observations of the development, of inflammatory and cerebrovascular processes in particular are emphasized. A comparison of our experience with CT and other neuroradiological methods, is made. The clinical diagnoses, including the respective number of cases and the pertinent CT findings, are presented in a Table.", "PMID": 70519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3886", "title": "An overhead projection aid for teaching the principle of occlusion.", "content": "A technique has been presented whereby models which can be animated are used to form a projected image on a screen and thereby demonstrate the principles of occlusion together with principles of articulators. The system can be used alone or in conjunction with clinical slides interjected at relevant places in the discussion. This technique has been found to be a very useful aid in the teaching of occlusion to both graduate and undergraduate students.", "contents": "An overhead projection aid for teaching the principle of occlusion. A technique has been presented whereby models which can be animated are used to form a projected image on a screen and thereby demonstrate the principles of occlusion together with principles of articulators. The system can be used alone or in conjunction with clinical slides interjected at relevant places in the discussion. This technique has been found to be a very useful aid in the teaching of occlusion to both graduate and undergraduate students.", "PMID": 70524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3887", "title": "True hepatic teratoma with high alpha fetoprotein in serum.", "content": "True hepatic teratoma is very rare, and only 23 cases including 7 in adults have been reported in the literature. In this report a case of true hepatic teratoma producing high alpha fetoprotein is presented.", "contents": "True hepatic teratoma with high alpha fetoprotein in serum. True hepatic teratoma is very rare, and only 23 cases including 7 in adults have been reported in the literature. In this report a case of true hepatic teratoma producing high alpha fetoprotein is presented.", "PMID": 70525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3888", "title": "Chelates of dicumarol I: Preparation and structure identification of magnesium chelate.", "content": "A magnesium chelate of dicumarol was prepared by reacting a suspension of dicumarol and magnesium oxide in 50% water-methanol. GLC, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses showed that this compound has a 2:1 ligand-metal stoichiometry with 2 moles of water associated with the complex. Although the chelate does not melt, two endothermic peaks at 205 and 274 degrees were observed in the thermogram, in contrast to a single endothermic peak corresponding to a melting point of 288 degrees for dicumarol. IR spectroscopy indicated that the magnesium is bonded between the carbonyl at C-2 and the oxygen at C-4' (or vice versa).", "contents": "Chelates of dicumarol I: Preparation and structure identification of magnesium chelate. A magnesium chelate of dicumarol was prepared by reacting a suspension of dicumarol and magnesium oxide in 50% water-methanol. GLC, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses showed that this compound has a 2:1 ligand-metal stoichiometry with 2 moles of water associated with the complex. Although the chelate does not melt, two endothermic peaks at 205 and 274 degrees were observed in the thermogram, in contrast to a single endothermic peak corresponding to a melting point of 288 degrees for dicumarol. IR spectroscopy indicated that the magnesium is bonded between the carbonyl at C-2 and the oxygen at C-4' (or vice versa).", "PMID": 70526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3889", "title": "Selective photometric determination of betamethasone benzoate and other 21-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "content": "Condensation of the glyoxal obtained by cupric acetate oxidation of 21-hydroxycorticosteroids with acetous phenylhydrazine reagent affords a near UV chromophore. All of the tested corticosteroids, including triamicinolone acetonide, which gives low color yields in the Porter-Silber reaction and its Lewbart-Mattox modification, gave similar absorption maxima (362-370 nm) and molar absorptivities (epsilon = 17,000-20,500). Since corticosteroid 21-esters and oxidation products do not undergo the reaction, the assay method based on it is stability indicating for betamethasone benzoate and the other test compounds. Procedures are described for the assay of two topical betamethasone benzoate preparations and hydrocortisone and prednisolone tablets; recovery and precision data are given.", "contents": "Selective photometric determination of betamethasone benzoate and other 21-hydroxycorticosteroids. Condensation of the glyoxal obtained by cupric acetate oxidation of 21-hydroxycorticosteroids with acetous phenylhydrazine reagent affords a near UV chromophore. All of the tested corticosteroids, including triamicinolone acetonide, which gives low color yields in the Porter-Silber reaction and its Lewbart-Mattox modification, gave similar absorption maxima (362-370 nm) and molar absorptivities (epsilon = 17,000-20,500). Since corticosteroid 21-esters and oxidation products do not undergo the reaction, the assay method based on it is stability indicating for betamethasone benzoate and the other test compounds. Procedures are described for the assay of two topical betamethasone benzoate preparations and hydrocortisone and prednisolone tablets; recovery and precision data are given.", "PMID": 70527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3890", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in abnormal pregnancies and during induced abortion.", "content": "Serial maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in patients with abnormal pregnancies and after saline-induced abortion. Results from patients presenting with mild or severe preeclampsia, fetal growth retardation and severe diabetes did not differ from the normal range. However, in patients with premature labor, the majority of AFP levels were significantly below the normal range, and peak AFP levels were achieved approximately one month earlier than normal. In patients whose pregnancies were terminated by abortion, the AFP levels exhibited a significant rise within a few hours after induction because of resorption of fetal elements into the maternal circulation.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in abnormal pregnancies and during induced abortion. Serial maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in patients with abnormal pregnancies and after saline-induced abortion. Results from patients presenting with mild or severe preeclampsia, fetal growth retardation and severe diabetes did not differ from the normal range. However, in patients with premature labor, the majority of AFP levels were significantly below the normal range, and peak AFP levels were achieved approximately one month earlier than normal. In patients whose pregnancies were terminated by abortion, the AFP levels exhibited a significant rise within a few hours after induction because of resorption of fetal elements into the maternal circulation.", "PMID": 70533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3891", "title": "Acridine orange-DNA complex in actinic keratosis.", "content": "Electron microscopy processing and staining of nuclei were used to localize reaction products of acridine orange staining in actinic keratosis of human skin. Electron-dense granules about 10-100 nm in diameter were seen exclusively in the euchromatin portion of the nucleus. Almost all tumor cells had granules (mean = 65; SD = 26). These granules were also occasionally observed in the dermal connective tissue cells in the lesion. However, the mean number of 10 granules seen in these cells was definitely less than that of tumor cells. Normal skin controls did not have granules except occasionally in the basal cells of the epidermis.", "contents": "Acridine orange-DNA complex in actinic keratosis. Electron microscopy processing and staining of nuclei were used to localize reaction products of acridine orange staining in actinic keratosis of human skin. Electron-dense granules about 10-100 nm in diameter were seen exclusively in the euchromatin portion of the nucleus. Almost all tumor cells had granules (mean = 65; SD = 26). These granules were also occasionally observed in the dermal connective tissue cells in the lesion. However, the mean number of 10 granules seen in these cells was definitely less than that of tumor cells. Normal skin controls did not have granules except occasionally in the basal cells of the epidermis.", "PMID": 70537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3892", "title": "Extensive in vitro transcription of rous sarcoma virus RNA by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and concurrent activation of the associated RNase H.", "content": "Conditions are described that promote the efficient reverse transcription of most of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA sequences by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase in vitro. A detailed analysis of the reverse transcription reaction was carried out using two procedures: in situ analysis of the RNA sequences transcribed and DNA-RNA annealing studies. Under optimal conditions, after 1 h of reaction, practically all RSV RNA sequences were transcribed with a frequency varying from 30 to 90%. The DNA product was at least 95% single stranded, had a chain length ranging from a few hundred up to 5,000 necleotide residues, half of it being larger than 1,000 residues, and, after hybridization at RNA excess, protected the entire RSV genome from RNase digestion, as monitored by the large T1 oligonucleotides of RSV RNA. Analysis of the product of a very short reaction time (5 min) showed that DNA synthesis occurs mainly at three sites, one near the 5' end and two near the center of the subunit RNA. This in in agreement with our previous analysis of a much less efficient reverse transcription reaction. Under optimal conditions of reverse transcription, we find now that the RNase H associated with the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase is active in degrading the RNA moiety of the RNA-DNA hybrids synthesized.", "contents": "Extensive in vitro transcription of rous sarcoma virus RNA by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and concurrent activation of the associated RNase H. Conditions are described that promote the efficient reverse transcription of most of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA sequences by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase in vitro. A detailed analysis of the reverse transcription reaction was carried out using two procedures: in situ analysis of the RNA sequences transcribed and DNA-RNA annealing studies. Under optimal conditions, after 1 h of reaction, practically all RSV RNA sequences were transcribed with a frequency varying from 30 to 90%. The DNA product was at least 95% single stranded, had a chain length ranging from a few hundred up to 5,000 necleotide residues, half of it being larger than 1,000 residues, and, after hybridization at RNA excess, protected the entire RSV genome from RNase digestion, as monitored by the large T1 oligonucleotides of RSV RNA. Analysis of the product of a very short reaction time (5 min) showed that DNA synthesis occurs mainly at three sites, one near the 5' end and two near the center of the subunit RNA. This in in agreement with our previous analysis of a much less efficient reverse transcription reaction. Under optimal conditions of reverse transcription, we find now that the RNase H associated with the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase is active in degrading the RNA moiety of the RNA-DNA hybrids synthesized.", "PMID": 70539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3893", "title": "Community-acquired Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus pneumonia.", "content": "Two patients had community-acquired Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus pneumonia. Both patients were alcoholic and one was cirrhotic. One patient died and the other received two weeks of gentamicin therapy and survived. Misinterpretation of the sputum Gram stain delayed diagnosis and institution of proper therapy in both cases. In addition to organisms sensitive to penicillins such as Neisseria or Haemophilus, Acinetobacter must be considered in the differential diagnosis of community-acquired Gram-negative coccobacillary pneumonia.", "contents": "Community-acquired Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus pneumonia. Two patients had community-acquired Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus pneumonia. Both patients were alcoholic and one was cirrhotic. One patient died and the other received two weeks of gentamicin therapy and survived. Misinterpretation of the sputum Gram stain delayed diagnosis and institution of proper therapy in both cases. In addition to organisms sensitive to penicillins such as Neisseria or Haemophilus, Acinetobacter must be considered in the differential diagnosis of community-acquired Gram-negative coccobacillary pneumonia.", "PMID": 70540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3894", "title": "Marrow iron.", "content": "Marrow aspirates stained with the Prussian blue reaction give a variety of patterns. Characteristic pictures are shown for megaloblastic anemia, infection, and subjects after injection of iron dextran. The appearance of iron in histiocytes in marrows stained with Wright's stain is differentiated from noniron deposits. A graph shows the relative distribution of iron in RBCs and storage in different clinical situations.", "contents": "Marrow iron. Marrow aspirates stained with the Prussian blue reaction give a variety of patterns. Characteristic pictures are shown for megaloblastic anemia, infection, and subjects after injection of iron dextran. The appearance of iron in histiocytes in marrows stained with Wright's stain is differentiated from noniron deposits. A graph shows the relative distribution of iron in RBCs and storage in different clinical situations.", "PMID": 70541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3895", "title": "[Study of low density lipoproteins in hyperlipoproteinemia by the method of double immunodiffusion].", "content": "By way of gel double immunodiffusion a certain heterogeneity of low density lipoproteins was observed to manifest itself in an additional band of immunoprecipitation. The incidence of this additional band does not exceed 1/3 of the cases of low density lipoproteins studies in normal individuals, while in those with ischaemic heart disease the additional band is found twice-thrice as often, the highest incidence being noted in patients with ischaemic heart disease and Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia (93% of cases). The revealed immunochemical heterogeneity of low density lipoproteins was shown to be not connected with the appearance of any new, additional antigen in their structure. Most probably it is attributable to the presence of lipoprotein particles with a quantitatively different protein and lipid composition, probably of intermediate lipoprotein metabolites in blood plasma, or conformation changes in the structure of low density lipoproteins.", "contents": "[Study of low density lipoproteins in hyperlipoproteinemia by the method of double immunodiffusion]. By way of gel double immunodiffusion a certain heterogeneity of low density lipoproteins was observed to manifest itself in an additional band of immunoprecipitation. The incidence of this additional band does not exceed 1/3 of the cases of low density lipoproteins studies in normal individuals, while in those with ischaemic heart disease the additional band is found twice-thrice as often, the highest incidence being noted in patients with ischaemic heart disease and Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia (93% of cases). The revealed immunochemical heterogeneity of low density lipoproteins was shown to be not connected with the appearance of any new, additional antigen in their structure. Most probably it is attributable to the presence of lipoprotein particles with a quantitatively different protein and lipid composition, probably of intermediate lipoprotein metabolites in blood plasma, or conformation changes in the structure of low density lipoproteins.", "PMID": 70544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3896", "title": "[Cellular immunity in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors made cellular immunological investigations with lacrymal and salivary gland antigens on 11 Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome patients. The changes following the immuno-suppressive treatment were observed by the blasttransformation of the lymphocytes and by the inhibition of the leuckocyte migration.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom (author's transl)]. The authors made cellular immunological investigations with lacrymal and salivary gland antigens on 11 Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome patients. The changes following the immuno-suppressive treatment were observed by the blasttransformation of the lymphocytes and by the inhibition of the leuckocyte migration.", "PMID": 70545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3897", "title": "[Alpha1-fetoprotein: physiology, pathology and diagnosis especially in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) is an alpha1-glycoprotein which can be found in high concentration during fetal development in many mammals, birds, sharks and, also, man. The alpha-fetoproteins of various species have similar physico-chemical properties and often common antigenic determinants. Differences of microheterogeneity depend on a different content of sialin-acid. During human fetal development the serum AFP concentration falls with increasing gestational age. 4-5 weeks after birth AFP can be detected usually in low serum concentrations. Using more sensitive immunulogic techniques e.g. radioimmunoassay there was shown that AFP is present in sera of normal adults in concentrations of 10-20 ng/ml. AFP serum concentrations rise physiologically during pregnancy up to 500-550 ng/ml. During fetal development liver, yolk sac and gastrointestinal tract are the major sites of synthesis. In primary liver cell carcinoma, hepatoblastoma and in teratoblastoma containing yolk sac tissue AFP synthesis rises in tumor cells; the AFP serum concentration increases above 2 microgram/ml. In patients with benign liver diseases e.g. virus hepatitis, a transient rise of AFP serum concentrations was seen. Moreover, increased levels of AFP were found in hereditary diseases e.g. congenital tyrosinemia, ataxia-telangiectasia and in the amniotic fluid in congenital nephrosis of Finnish type. AFP assay in serum is clinically important for the control of course and treatment of primary liver cell carcinoma and teratoblastoma. AFP assay in amniotic fluid is a method for the prenatal detection of neural tube defects and the fetal distress syndrome, especially.", "contents": "[Alpha1-fetoprotein: physiology, pathology and diagnosis especially in childhood (author's transl)]. Alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) is an alpha1-glycoprotein which can be found in high concentration during fetal development in many mammals, birds, sharks and, also, man. The alpha-fetoproteins of various species have similar physico-chemical properties and often common antigenic determinants. Differences of microheterogeneity depend on a different content of sialin-acid. During human fetal development the serum AFP concentration falls with increasing gestational age. 4-5 weeks after birth AFP can be detected usually in low serum concentrations. Using more sensitive immunulogic techniques e.g. radioimmunoassay there was shown that AFP is present in sera of normal adults in concentrations of 10-20 ng/ml. AFP serum concentrations rise physiologically during pregnancy up to 500-550 ng/ml. During fetal development liver, yolk sac and gastrointestinal tract are the major sites of synthesis. In primary liver cell carcinoma, hepatoblastoma and in teratoblastoma containing yolk sac tissue AFP synthesis rises in tumor cells; the AFP serum concentration increases above 2 microgram/ml. In patients with benign liver diseases e.g. virus hepatitis, a transient rise of AFP serum concentrations was seen. Moreover, increased levels of AFP were found in hereditary diseases e.g. congenital tyrosinemia, ataxia-telangiectasia and in the amniotic fluid in congenital nephrosis of Finnish type. AFP assay in serum is clinically important for the control of course and treatment of primary liver cell carcinoma and teratoblastoma. AFP assay in amniotic fluid is a method for the prenatal detection of neural tube defects and the fetal distress syndrome, especially.", "PMID": 70546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3898", "title": "[Serum concentrations of proteinase inhibitors, complement components and of acid alpha-1-glucoprotein in children with myocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined 4 panels of children and 40 control patients for their serum levels of the complement components C3, C4 and the C3 activator, the proteaseinhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and acid alpha-1-glycoprotein. Children of the group with active myocarditis revealed the consumption of the complement system, increased protease inhibitors and elevated acid alpha-1-glycoprotein. Group 2, children with the clinical diagnosis chronic myocarditis or status post myocarditis showed in six of seven cases low complement levels and elevated alsGP. 4 children showed increased A1AT and five increased A2MG. In the third panel: status post myocarditis, we estimated in five of eight patients complement activation, 4 children showed increased A2MG and alsGP and in 3 cases elevated A1AT levels were detected. Group 4 children revealed no complement consumption and showed no increased levels for the other proteins estimated, with the only exception of 1 case with increased alsGP. The children of the control group showed normal levels for the six proteins. By means of the examinations an inflammatory process can be detected, tissue injury can be indicated and the participation of the immune system can be shown.", "contents": "[Serum concentrations of proteinase inhibitors, complement components and of acid alpha-1-glucoprotein in children with myocarditis (author's transl)]. We examined 4 panels of children and 40 control patients for their serum levels of the complement components C3, C4 and the C3 activator, the proteaseinhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and acid alpha-1-glycoprotein. Children of the group with active myocarditis revealed the consumption of the complement system, increased protease inhibitors and elevated acid alpha-1-glycoprotein. Group 2, children with the clinical diagnosis chronic myocarditis or status post myocarditis showed in six of seven cases low complement levels and elevated alsGP. 4 children showed increased A1AT and five increased A2MG. In the third panel: status post myocarditis, we estimated in five of eight patients complement activation, 4 children showed increased A2MG and alsGP and in 3 cases elevated A1AT levels were detected. Group 4 children revealed no complement consumption and showed no increased levels for the other proteins estimated, with the only exception of 1 case with increased alsGP. The children of the control group showed normal levels for the six proteins. By means of the examinations an inflammatory process can be detected, tissue injury can be indicated and the participation of the immune system can be shown.", "PMID": 70547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3899", "title": "[Immunohistochemical and radioimmunological demonstration of alpha1-fetoprotein in nonmalignant changes of human gastric mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of alpha1-fetoprotein in nonmalignant changes of the gastric mucosa was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. The investigations were performed in tissue sections, cytological imprint preparations as well as in homogenized tissue samples (obtained by gastroscopy). alpha1-fetoprotein could be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in about 90% of the samples originating from the surroundings of gastric ulcer and the region of gastrojejunostomy after B II-resection. The RIA was positive in about 75% of the tissue samples, whereas from gastric juice only 40% of positive results could be obtained. No alpha1-fetoprotein-activity could be demonstrated in serum samples. These investigations indicate that alpha1-fetoprotein is not exclusively synthesized by embryonic or neoplastic tissues and also can be synthesized also by regenerating cell-systems. It may be supposed that this synthesis represents an unspecific answer to growth-stimulation.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical and radioimmunological demonstration of alpha1-fetoprotein in nonmalignant changes of human gastric mucosa (author's transl)]. The occurrence of alpha1-fetoprotein in nonmalignant changes of the gastric mucosa was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. The investigations were performed in tissue sections, cytological imprint preparations as well as in homogenized tissue samples (obtained by gastroscopy). alpha1-fetoprotein could be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in about 90% of the samples originating from the surroundings of gastric ulcer and the region of gastrojejunostomy after B II-resection. The RIA was positive in about 75% of the tissue samples, whereas from gastric juice only 40% of positive results could be obtained. No alpha1-fetoprotein-activity could be demonstrated in serum samples. These investigations indicate that alpha1-fetoprotein is not exclusively synthesized by embryonic or neoplastic tissues and also can be synthesized also by regenerating cell-systems. It may be supposed that this synthesis represents an unspecific answer to growth-stimulation.", "PMID": 70548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3900", "title": "Recent advances in microbiology in leprosy.", "content": "The recent advances in microbiology of leprosy are reviewed. Till now the leprosy bacillus had not been cultivated in laboratory media; the recent claims of success have not been confirmed. There has been a breakthrough in the experimental transmission of leprosy to experimental animals--the white mice, the immune depressed white mice, and the nine-banded armadillo. Apart from providing definite proof for the causative relationship of the bacillus discovered by Hansen and the disease leprosy, the experimental transmission to animals have considerably advances our knowledge about the disease. The mouse has provided a suitable model for screening of antileprosy drugs, detecting development of drug resistance, ascertaining viability of the bacilli and determining the genuineness of a supposed culture of the leprosy bacillus. The armadillo has provided a model for making basic studies of the disease as it occurs in man. Further, the generalised infection in armadillo has provided large amounts of leprosy bacilli for preparing standardised lepromin, for preparing a specific skin-testing antigen containing the active protein fraction of the bacillus, and a step towards the production of a vaccine against leprosy. It is interesting to note that the fact that the protein fraction of the bacillus was responsible for the positive lepromin reaction was discovered by Dharmendra far back in 1941.", "contents": "Recent advances in microbiology in leprosy. The recent advances in microbiology of leprosy are reviewed. Till now the leprosy bacillus had not been cultivated in laboratory media; the recent claims of success have not been confirmed. There has been a breakthrough in the experimental transmission of leprosy to experimental animals--the white mice, the immune depressed white mice, and the nine-banded armadillo. Apart from providing definite proof for the causative relationship of the bacillus discovered by Hansen and the disease leprosy, the experimental transmission to animals have considerably advances our knowledge about the disease. The mouse has provided a suitable model for screening of antileprosy drugs, detecting development of drug resistance, ascertaining viability of the bacilli and determining the genuineness of a supposed culture of the leprosy bacillus. The armadillo has provided a model for making basic studies of the disease as it occurs in man. Further, the generalised infection in armadillo has provided large amounts of leprosy bacilli for preparing standardised lepromin, for preparing a specific skin-testing antigen containing the active protein fraction of the bacillus, and a step towards the production of a vaccine against leprosy. It is interesting to note that the fact that the protein fraction of the bacillus was responsible for the positive lepromin reaction was discovered by Dharmendra far back in 1941.", "PMID": 70571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3901", "title": "The Student Response System. A 5-year Mayo Medical School Experience.", "content": "The Student Response System is a commercially available electronic communication system applicable to many teaching and testing situations. At rather short intervals during a programmed course, the instructor projects on a screen multiple-choice questions that the student should have learned to answer during one or two previous teaching steps. Correct and incorrect responses are indicated on a panel on the desk of the instructor. If students fail to give the correct answer, the teaching step is repeated. Recurrent incorrect answers indicate that explanations had been inappropriate or that test slides were poorly designed. Thus, the system allows the instructor to monitor his own performance. Students are kept alert and attention spans are prolonged; communication is increased and personal embarrassment is minimized. Only the instructor has access to the individual student's response. Most learning takes place in the classroom rather than during subsequent private study. This system is quite versatile and offers potential uses hitherto untested in medical education at all levels.", "contents": "The Student Response System. A 5-year Mayo Medical School Experience. The Student Response System is a commercially available electronic communication system applicable to many teaching and testing situations. At rather short intervals during a programmed course, the instructor projects on a screen multiple-choice questions that the student should have learned to answer during one or two previous teaching steps. Correct and incorrect responses are indicated on a panel on the desk of the instructor. If students fail to give the correct answer, the teaching step is repeated. Recurrent incorrect answers indicate that explanations had been inappropriate or that test slides were poorly designed. Thus, the system allows the instructor to monitor his own performance. Students are kept alert and attention spans are prolonged; communication is increased and personal embarrassment is minimized. Only the instructor has access to the individual student's response. Most learning takes place in the classroom rather than during subsequent private study. This system is quite versatile and offers potential uses hitherto untested in medical education at all levels.", "PMID": 70573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3902", "title": "Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by ursodeoxycholic acid.", "content": "44 patients with radiolucent gallstones in gallbladders visible on cholecystography were randomly alloted to three treatment groups: ursodeoxycholic acid (600 mg/day), ursodeoxycholic acid (150 mg/day), a placebo. At the end of six months' treatment, cholecystograms of all the patients were interpreted by radiologists who were not aware of the treatment. Dissolution of gallstones occurred in 8 (26%) of the 31 patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, but not in the placebo group. Ursodeoxycholic acid had no hepatotoxicity, as assessed by standard liver-function tests. These results indicate that ursodeoxycholic acid, the 7beta epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid, is effective in the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones.", "contents": "Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by ursodeoxycholic acid. 44 patients with radiolucent gallstones in gallbladders visible on cholecystography were randomly alloted to three treatment groups: ursodeoxycholic acid (600 mg/day), ursodeoxycholic acid (150 mg/day), a placebo. At the end of six months' treatment, cholecystograms of all the patients were interpreted by radiologists who were not aware of the treatment. Dissolution of gallstones occurred in 8 (26%) of the 31 patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, but not in the placebo group. Ursodeoxycholic acid had no hepatotoxicity, as assessed by standard liver-function tests. These results indicate that ursodeoxycholic acid, the 7beta epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid, is effective in the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones.", "PMID": 70585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3903", "title": "Fibrinolytic response to surgery. Labile and stable patterns and their relevance to post-operative deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity after elective abdominal surgery was studied in 53 middle-aged cancer-free patients. The pattern of their response demonstrated both stable and labile populations. In 10 of the 13 patients in whom fibrinolytic activity fell rapidly to below 5-6 units, deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) developed on the first postoperative day. This suggests that reduced fibrinolytic activity after operation is involved in the establishment of postoperative D.V.T. and that the incidence of early thrombosis could be reduced by enhancement of postoperative levels of fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic response to surgery. Labile and stable patterns and their relevance to post-operative deep venous thrombosis. Fibrinolytic activity after elective abdominal surgery was studied in 53 middle-aged cancer-free patients. The pattern of their response demonstrated both stable and labile populations. In 10 of the 13 patients in whom fibrinolytic activity fell rapidly to below 5-6 units, deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) developed on the first postoperative day. This suggests that reduced fibrinolytic activity after operation is involved in the establishment of postoperative D.V.T. and that the incidence of early thrombosis could be reduced by enhancement of postoperative levels of fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 70586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3904", "title": "Low levels of eosinophil cationic proteins in patients with asthma.", "content": "Arginine-rich cationic proteins are a major constituent of the granules of eosinophil leucocytes. In healthy individuals, serum levels of cationic proteins were correlated with blood eosinophil-counts. In asthma patients blood eosinophil-counts were raised but serum cationic-protein levels were lower than expected. Some patients with intrinsic asthma had very low cationic-protein levels despite high eosinophilia. A challenge test in one patient caused a striking decrease in serum cationic proteins but no change in eosinophil-count. Assays of serum \"eosinophil\" cationic proteins may be useful in the differentiation of atopic and intrinsic asthma and may throw light on pathogenesis.", "contents": "Low levels of eosinophil cationic proteins in patients with asthma. Arginine-rich cationic proteins are a major constituent of the granules of eosinophil leucocytes. In healthy individuals, serum levels of cationic proteins were correlated with blood eosinophil-counts. In asthma patients blood eosinophil-counts were raised but serum cationic-protein levels were lower than expected. Some patients with intrinsic asthma had very low cationic-protein levels despite high eosinophilia. A challenge test in one patient caused a striking decrease in serum cationic proteins but no change in eosinophil-count. Assays of serum \"eosinophil\" cationic proteins may be useful in the differentiation of atopic and intrinsic asthma and may throw light on pathogenesis.", "PMID": 70587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3905", "title": "beta-adrenergic agonist resistance in normal human airways.", "content": "The response to a beta2-agonist (salbutamol) was assessed by measuring specific airways conductance (sGaw) in healthy volunteers following increasing doses of inhaled or intravenous salbutamol. Regular inhaled salbutamol in doses exceeding 200 microgram four times a day produced a progressive loss of airways responsiveness to both inhaled and intravenous salbutamol (beta-agonist resistance). In salbutamol-resistant subjects full bronchodilator sensitivity was restored 3-5 h after intravenous hydrocortisone.", "contents": "beta-adrenergic agonist resistance in normal human airways. The response to a beta2-agonist (salbutamol) was assessed by measuring specific airways conductance (sGaw) in healthy volunteers following increasing doses of inhaled or intravenous salbutamol. Regular inhaled salbutamol in doses exceeding 200 microgram four times a day produced a progressive loss of airways responsiveness to both inhaled and intravenous salbutamol (beta-agonist resistance). In salbutamol-resistant subjects full bronchodilator sensitivity was restored 3-5 h after intravenous hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 70588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3906", "title": "Pattern of maternal F-cell production during pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal haemoglobin F production has been monitored in 11 normal pregnancies, with an immunofluorescent technique. In all cases there was a significant increase in the number of F-cells which reached a peak at 18-22 weeks' gestation. Comparison of the numbers of F-cells with the percentage haemoglobin F determined chemically indicated that the increase in maternal haemoglobin F synthesis results from an increased production of F-cells rather than from an increased synthesis of haemoglobin F by the F-cells. There was a highly significant increase in the number of F-cells in a pregnant beta-thalassaemia heterozygote.", "contents": "Pattern of maternal F-cell production during pregnancy. Maternal haemoglobin F production has been monitored in 11 normal pregnancies, with an immunofluorescent technique. In all cases there was a significant increase in the number of F-cells which reached a peak at 18-22 weeks' gestation. Comparison of the numbers of F-cells with the percentage haemoglobin F determined chemically indicated that the increase in maternal haemoglobin F synthesis results from an increased production of F-cells rather than from an increased synthesis of haemoglobin F by the F-cells. There was a highly significant increase in the number of F-cells in a pregnant beta-thalassaemia heterozygote.", "PMID": 70589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3907", "title": "Defective neutrophil migration in sarcoidosis.", "content": "A quantitative skin-window-chamber technique was used to study 13 patients with sarcoidosis. Neutrophil migration into the chambers in 24 hours was less than that in normal subjects. Chemotaxis of neutrophils in vitro was normal. Serum from patients with sarcoidosis inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis more than normal serum.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil migration in sarcoidosis. A quantitative skin-window-chamber technique was used to study 13 patients with sarcoidosis. Neutrophil migration into the chambers in 24 hours was less than that in normal subjects. Chemotaxis of neutrophils in vitro was normal. Serum from patients with sarcoidosis inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis more than normal serum.", "PMID": 70590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3908", "title": "Levamisole in the treatment of Crohn's disease.", "content": "In 8 patients with active uncomplicated Crohn's disease who were not receiving any specific therapy, a clinical remission was induced with an elemental diet, and then an attempt was made to maintain this remission with levamisole. This regimen resulted in excellent control of the disease. A drug-induced arthritis developed in two patients and resolved spontaneously. There were no other significant side-effects.", "contents": "Levamisole in the treatment of Crohn's disease. In 8 patients with active uncomplicated Crohn's disease who were not receiving any specific therapy, a clinical remission was induced with an elemental diet, and then an attempt was made to maintain this remission with levamisole. This regimen resulted in excellent control of the disease. A drug-induced arthritis developed in two patients and resolved spontaneously. There were no other significant side-effects.", "PMID": 70591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3909", "title": "Alanine inhibition of pyruvate kinase in gliomas and meningiomas. A diagnostic tool in surgery for gliomas?", "content": "In gliomas a shift was found in the composition of enzymes, manifested by abnormal inhibition of pyruvate kinase by alanine. This study demonstrates the appearance of the MII-type isoenzyme in various gliomas. This MII type is also found in meningiomas but not in normal brain tissue. The method of enzyme examination described may be valuable as a diagnostic aid in the surgery of gliomas.", "contents": "Alanine inhibition of pyruvate kinase in gliomas and meningiomas. A diagnostic tool in surgery for gliomas? In gliomas a shift was found in the composition of enzymes, manifested by abnormal inhibition of pyruvate kinase by alanine. This study demonstrates the appearance of the MII-type isoenzyme in various gliomas. This MII type is also found in meningiomas but not in normal brain tissue. The method of enzyme examination described may be valuable as a diagnostic aid in the surgery of gliomas.", "PMID": 70592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3910", "title": "Wheat fibre and irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled trial.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with irritable bowel syndrome entered a controlled trial of diets with a high or low wheat-fibre content. After 6 weeks on the high-wheat fibre regimen there was significant improvement in symptoms and an objective change in colonic motor activity. No such improvement occurred on the low-fibre regimen. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome should be encouraged to increase their daily intake of wheat fibre.", "contents": "Wheat fibre and irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled trial. Twenty-six patients with irritable bowel syndrome entered a controlled trial of diets with a high or low wheat-fibre content. After 6 weeks on the high-wheat fibre regimen there was significant improvement in symptoms and an objective change in colonic motor activity. No such improvement occurred on the low-fibre regimen. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome should be encouraged to increase their daily intake of wheat fibre.", "PMID": 70639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3911", "title": "Influence of sex on histocompatibility matching in renal transplantation.", "content": "Histocompatibility matching for the HLA-A and HLA-B loci specificities influenced the survival of cadaver kidney transplants in male recipients but not in female recipients. The correlation between HLA matching and transplant survival for a three-year follow-up period was highly significant for 3455 male recipients but not significant for 2007 female recipients. Since this effect was not dependent on the sex of the donor, a sex-associated histocompatibility antigen could not have been responsible. The reason why histocompatibility matching influences one sex and not the other is not known. The observation may have improtant practical consequences and may help to explain difficulties in establishing a strong correlation between HLA matching and cadaver transplant outcome.", "contents": "Influence of sex on histocompatibility matching in renal transplantation. Histocompatibility matching for the HLA-A and HLA-B loci specificities influenced the survival of cadaver kidney transplants in male recipients but not in female recipients. The correlation between HLA matching and transplant survival for a three-year follow-up period was highly significant for 3455 male recipients but not significant for 2007 female recipients. Since this effect was not dependent on the sex of the donor, a sex-associated histocompatibility antigen could not have been responsible. The reason why histocompatibility matching influences one sex and not the other is not known. The observation may have improtant practical consequences and may help to explain difficulties in establishing a strong correlation between HLA matching and cadaver transplant outcome.", "PMID": 70640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3912", "title": "Evidence for dopaminergic control of thyrotrophin secretion in man.", "content": "After administration of the dopamine-receptor-blocking drug, metoclopramide (10 mg orally), there is significant release of thyrotrophin (T.S.H.) in hypothyroid patients which is not evident in euthyroid subjects. This is not due to spontaneous fluctuation in basal T.S.H. levels, and it indicates inhibitory dopaminergic control of T.S.H. release in man. The lack of significant T.S.H. release in euthyroid subjects may be due to the inhibitory effects of normal circulating levels of T3 and T4 on T.S.H. release. The T.S.H. response in hypothyroidism is significantly correlated with both T3 and T4 levels, suggesting suppression of this inhibitory pathway in increasingly severe hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Evidence for dopaminergic control of thyrotrophin secretion in man. After administration of the dopamine-receptor-blocking drug, metoclopramide (10 mg orally), there is significant release of thyrotrophin (T.S.H.) in hypothyroid patients which is not evident in euthyroid subjects. This is not due to spontaneous fluctuation in basal T.S.H. levels, and it indicates inhibitory dopaminergic control of T.S.H. release in man. The lack of significant T.S.H. release in euthyroid subjects may be due to the inhibitory effects of normal circulating levels of T3 and T4 on T.S.H. release. The T.S.H. response in hypothyroidism is significantly correlated with both T3 and T4 levels, suggesting suppression of this inhibitory pathway in increasingly severe hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 70641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3913", "title": "Impaired prolactin release in Huntington's chorea. Evidence for dopaminergic excess.", "content": "Eight individuals with Huntington's chorea had low basal and impaired human prolactin responses to both chlorpromazine and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. These findings are compatible with enhanced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity in this disease. Two juvenile rigid patients with Huntington's chorea had excessive prolactin responses to chlorpromazine. Approximately half of the twenty-three potentially affected first-degree relatives of patients with Huntington's chorea had normal prolactin responses to chlorpromazine. However, twelve had significantly abnormal responses-seven in one direction, and five in the other. The predictive value of these findings in terms of presymptomatic diagnosis will be revealed by a longitudinal study. A biochemical method for the early recognition of the condition would have profound implications for genetic counselling.", "contents": "Impaired prolactin release in Huntington's chorea. Evidence for dopaminergic excess. Eight individuals with Huntington's chorea had low basal and impaired human prolactin responses to both chlorpromazine and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. These findings are compatible with enhanced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity in this disease. Two juvenile rigid patients with Huntington's chorea had excessive prolactin responses to chlorpromazine. Approximately half of the twenty-three potentially affected first-degree relatives of patients with Huntington's chorea had normal prolactin responses to chlorpromazine. However, twelve had significantly abnormal responses-seven in one direction, and five in the other. The predictive value of these findings in terms of presymptomatic diagnosis will be revealed by a longitudinal study. A biochemical method for the early recognition of the condition would have profound implications for genetic counselling.", "PMID": 70642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3914", "title": "Familial islet-cell adenomatosis.", "content": "Familial multiple adenoma of pancreatic beta-cells is described for the first time. The occurrence of diabetes mellitus in different members of the family raises the possibility of a common genetic origin for the multiple islet-cell adenomas and the diabetic trait. The evidence suggests that this gene is autosomal and dominant, that it is not linked with the HLA antigens, and that is causes an abnormal sensitivity of the beta-cells, which become hyperplastic or hypofunctional.", "contents": "Familial islet-cell adenomatosis. Familial multiple adenoma of pancreatic beta-cells is described for the first time. The occurrence of diabetes mellitus in different members of the family raises the possibility of a common genetic origin for the multiple islet-cell adenomas and the diabetic trait. The evidence suggests that this gene is autosomal and dominant, that it is not linked with the HLA antigens, and that is causes an abnormal sensitivity of the beta-cells, which become hyperplastic or hypofunctional.", "PMID": 70643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3915", "title": "Plasma-arginine-vasopressin response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.", "content": "Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia caused a threefold rise in plasma-arginine-vasopressin concentration (to 4-36 +/- 0-77 pmol/1) in ten subjects who had normal posterior-pituitary function. Plasma-arginine vasopressin reached a peak 30 min after injection of insulin. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin obtained with hypoglycaemia were similar to those achieved after overnight dehydration for 14-16 h. No rise in plasma-arginine-vasopressin was observed in three patients with cranial diabetes insipidus in whom severe hypoglycaemia developed after insulin infusion. It is suggested that the measurement of arginine vasopressin during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia may be a useful clinical test of posterior-pituitary function.", "contents": "Plasma-arginine-vasopressin response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia caused a threefold rise in plasma-arginine-vasopressin concentration (to 4-36 +/- 0-77 pmol/1) in ten subjects who had normal posterior-pituitary function. Plasma-arginine vasopressin reached a peak 30 min after injection of insulin. Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin obtained with hypoglycaemia were similar to those achieved after overnight dehydration for 14-16 h. No rise in plasma-arginine-vasopressin was observed in three patients with cranial diabetes insipidus in whom severe hypoglycaemia developed after insulin infusion. It is suggested that the measurement of arginine vasopressin during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia may be a useful clinical test of posterior-pituitary function.", "PMID": 70644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3916", "title": "Inhibiton of Fc-rosette formation by serum of patients with renal allograft rejection.", "content": "A test which measures the inhibition of Fc-rosette formation by the patient's serum was used in a group of 23 renal allograft recipients. All 13 serum samples obtained during acute rejection and 2 of 3 obtained during chronic rejection showed strong inhibitory activity, suggesting that the test is of value in confirming the presence of rejection. Its value as a predictive test remains to be established. Preliminary experiments suggest that both immune complexes and alloantibodies contribute to the observed inhibition of Fc-rosette formation.", "contents": "Inhibiton of Fc-rosette formation by serum of patients with renal allograft rejection. A test which measures the inhibition of Fc-rosette formation by the patient's serum was used in a group of 23 renal allograft recipients. All 13 serum samples obtained during acute rejection and 2 of 3 obtained during chronic rejection showed strong inhibitory activity, suggesting that the test is of value in confirming the presence of rejection. Its value as a predictive test remains to be established. Preliminary experiments suggest that both immune complexes and alloantibodies contribute to the observed inhibition of Fc-rosette formation.", "PMID": 70645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3917", "title": "Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine.", "content": "Fifteen patients with paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning were treated with intravenous N-acetylcystein (300 mg/kg given over 20 h). Mean admission and 4 h plasma-paracetamol concentrations were 262 and 369 microgram/ml, respectively. Liver-function tests remained normal or were only slightly disturbed in 11 of 12 patients treated within 10 h of paracetamol ingestion. Severe liver damage developed in the other patient and in the three in whom treatment was started more than 10 h after paracetamol ingestion. In contrast to cysteamine, N-acetylcysteine was very well tolerated and has the advantage of being available as a pharmaceutical preparation in a 20% sterile solution.", "contents": "Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Fifteen patients with paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning were treated with intravenous N-acetylcystein (300 mg/kg given over 20 h). Mean admission and 4 h plasma-paracetamol concentrations were 262 and 369 microgram/ml, respectively. Liver-function tests remained normal or were only slightly disturbed in 11 of 12 patients treated within 10 h of paracetamol ingestion. Severe liver damage developed in the other patient and in the three in whom treatment was started more than 10 h after paracetamol ingestion. In contrast to cysteamine, N-acetylcysteine was very well tolerated and has the advantage of being available as a pharmaceutical preparation in a 20% sterile solution.", "PMID": 70646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3918", "title": "Possible effects of growth hormone on development of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Growth hormone (G.H.) or a G.H.-dependent somatomedin may be involved in the process of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.). Growth hormone has a trophic effect on lymphoid tissue and also specific receptors on lymphocytes, most probably T cells. Hypophycess. Resting concentrations of G.H. and somatomedin activity are raised in some children with A.L.L. and may be reduced after remission is achieved. It is suggested that control of G.H. and/or somatomedin concentrations may be necessary for adequate treatment of some cases of A.L.L. in children.", "contents": "Possible effects of growth hormone on development of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Growth hormone (G.H.) or a G.H.-dependent somatomedin may be involved in the process of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.). Growth hormone has a trophic effect on lymphoid tissue and also specific receptors on lymphocytes, most probably T cells. Hypophycess. Resting concentrations of G.H. and somatomedin activity are raised in some children with A.L.L. and may be reduced after remission is achieved. It is suggested that control of G.H. and/or somatomedin concentrations may be necessary for adequate treatment of some cases of A.L.L. in children.", "PMID": 70647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3919", "title": "Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations?", "content": "This review of the need for 6-monthly dental checks was limited to persons aged 12 years and more, because there are no data on the rates of progression of diseases of the primary dentition. Dental caries in the permanent teeth is a very slow disease, and takes about 2 years to progress through the enamel. Persons having dental examinations at intervals longer than 6 months were not at a disadvantage. They did not have more severe dental caries or periodontal disease than those attending at intervals of 6 months. Neither was there any evidence that an interval of more than 6 months would affect the prognosis for orthodontic treatment. Oral malignancies are rare in British populations, and routine 6-monthly screening to detect oral malignancies is unreasonable.", "contents": "Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations? This review of the need for 6-monthly dental checks was limited to persons aged 12 years and more, because there are no data on the rates of progression of diseases of the primary dentition. Dental caries in the permanent teeth is a very slow disease, and takes about 2 years to progress through the enamel. Persons having dental examinations at intervals longer than 6 months were not at a disadvantage. They did not have more severe dental caries or periodontal disease than those attending at intervals of 6 months. Neither was there any evidence that an interval of more than 6 months would affect the prognosis for orthodontic treatment. Oral malignancies are rare in British populations, and routine 6-monthly screening to detect oral malignancies is unreasonable.", "PMID": 70653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3920", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes in a urological ward.", "content": "A gentamicin-resistant strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was isolated from the urine of 17 patients out of 237 admitted to a male urological ward between Jan. 21 and May 9, 1977. The factors most frequently associated with K. aerogenes in the urine were catheterisation and antibiotic therapy. Often the epidemic strain (type K16) was found not only in the patients' faeces but also on more remote skin sites such as hands, knees, groins, and the umbilicus. Resistance to gentamicin and many other antibiotics was R-factor mediated. Barrier nursing of colonised patients, stringent staff handwashing with chlorhexidine, and the use of disposable aprons seemed to contain the outbreak. Hand carriage was demonstrated in one nurse 62 days after she had left the ward.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes in a urological ward. A gentamicin-resistant strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was isolated from the urine of 17 patients out of 237 admitted to a male urological ward between Jan. 21 and May 9, 1977. The factors most frequently associated with K. aerogenes in the urine were catheterisation and antibiotic therapy. Often the epidemic strain (type K16) was found not only in the patients' faeces but also on more remote skin sites such as hands, knees, groins, and the umbilicus. Resistance to gentamicin and many other antibiotics was R-factor mediated. Barrier nursing of colonised patients, stringent staff handwashing with chlorhexidine, and the use of disposable aprons seemed to contain the outbreak. Hand carriage was demonstrated in one nurse 62 days after she had left the ward.", "PMID": 70654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3921", "title": "The metabolic homoeostatic role of muscle and its function as a store of protein.", "content": "Evidence is produced that the skeletal muscles of the body, which weigh 21 times as much as the liver, form a major store for protein and act as a great metabolic regulatory organ which helps to maintain acceptalbe levels of aminoacids and glucose in the circulation. This concept has relevance to various diseases.", "contents": "The metabolic homoeostatic role of muscle and its function as a store of protein. Evidence is produced that the skeletal muscles of the body, which weigh 21 times as much as the liver, form a major store for protein and act as a great metabolic regulatory organ which helps to maintain acceptalbe levels of aminoacids and glucose in the circulation. This concept has relevance to various diseases.", "PMID": 70655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3922", "title": "Autoantibody against B lymphocytes.", "content": "The sera of 20 out of 99 (20%) normal males and females were shown to have antibodies that kill their own B lymphocytes. The sera were specifically cytotoxic to B lymphocytes and not T lymphocytes. Allogeneic B lymphocytes were also killed by these autocytotoxins. Maximum killing of B lymphocytes occurred when the incubation temperature in serum was 5 degrees C and complement incubation temperature was 20 degrees C. Under these cold conditions, some sera reacted up to a dilution of 1/16. These results suggest that positive B-lymphocyte crossmatches found in kidney transplantation do not detect alloantibodies. Since the B-cell autoantibodies tend to appear at the time of immunisation, their role as autoregulators of the antibody response is an intriguing possibility.", "contents": "Autoantibody against B lymphocytes. The sera of 20 out of 99 (20%) normal males and females were shown to have antibodies that kill their own B lymphocytes. The sera were specifically cytotoxic to B lymphocytes and not T lymphocytes. Allogeneic B lymphocytes were also killed by these autocytotoxins. Maximum killing of B lymphocytes occurred when the incubation temperature in serum was 5 degrees C and complement incubation temperature was 20 degrees C. Under these cold conditions, some sera reacted up to a dilution of 1/16. These results suggest that positive B-lymphocyte crossmatches found in kidney transplantation do not detect alloantibodies. Since the B-cell autoantibodies tend to appear at the time of immunisation, their role as autoregulators of the antibody response is an intriguing possibility.", "PMID": 70684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3923", "title": "Mucosal changes in the gastric stump 20-25 years after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Out of 421 patients who had partial gastrectomy 20-25 years ago for gastric or duodenal ulcer, 108 were examined by endoscopy with multiple biopsy. In no case were the endoscopic appearances of the mucosae interpreted as malignant, though in 2 patients the clinical history suggest malignant disease. Histological examination revealed infiltrating carcinoma in 4 patients, 3 of whom had intramucosal carcinoma only. 3 further patients had severe dysplasia (carcinoma-in-situ). Only 1 patient had a near-normal mucosa close to the anastomosis; in the remainder the gastric remnant showed various degress of dysplasia, metaplasia, or chronic atrophic gastritis. In the patients with carcinoma only 28 (12%) of the 226 biopsy specimens revealed the malignant lesion. Patients who have had partial gastrectomy for benign lesions are at high risk of gastric-stump carcinoma. If, 20 years after operation, they have an endoscopy with multiple biopsy, stump carcinoma may be detected early when the prognosis after operation is probably good.", "contents": "Mucosal changes in the gastric stump 20-25 years after partial gastrectomy. Out of 421 patients who had partial gastrectomy 20-25 years ago for gastric or duodenal ulcer, 108 were examined by endoscopy with multiple biopsy. In no case were the endoscopic appearances of the mucosae interpreted as malignant, though in 2 patients the clinical history suggest malignant disease. Histological examination revealed infiltrating carcinoma in 4 patients, 3 of whom had intramucosal carcinoma only. 3 further patients had severe dysplasia (carcinoma-in-situ). Only 1 patient had a near-normal mucosa close to the anastomosis; in the remainder the gastric remnant showed various degress of dysplasia, metaplasia, or chronic atrophic gastritis. In the patients with carcinoma only 28 (12%) of the 226 biopsy specimens revealed the malignant lesion. Patients who have had partial gastrectomy for benign lesions are at high risk of gastric-stump carcinoma. If, 20 years after operation, they have an endoscopy with multiple biopsy, stump carcinoma may be detected early when the prognosis after operation is probably good.", "PMID": 70685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3924", "title": "Influence of lipid concentrations and age on transfer of plasma lipoprotein into human arterial intima.", "content": "Transfer of low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.2) from plasma to arterial intima was studied in 16 patients undergoing arterial surgery. Autologous labelled lipoprotein was used to demonstrate that L.D.L.2 enters the intima from plasma. Net flux of L.D.L.2 appeared to increase with age. Within each age-group the net flux of L.D.L.2 showed a pronounced positive correlation with plasma-L.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations. This may account in part for the association between hypercholesterolaemia and the development of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Influence of lipid concentrations and age on transfer of plasma lipoprotein into human arterial intima. Transfer of low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.2) from plasma to arterial intima was studied in 16 patients undergoing arterial surgery. Autologous labelled lipoprotein was used to demonstrate that L.D.L.2 enters the intima from plasma. Net flux of L.D.L.2 appeared to increase with age. Within each age-group the net flux of L.D.L.2 showed a pronounced positive correlation with plasma-L.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations. This may account in part for the association between hypercholesterolaemia and the development of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 70686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3925", "title": "Circulating thymic-hormone activity in congenital immunodeficiency.", "content": "Circulating thymic-hormone activity was assayed by measuring Thy 1-2 antigen induction on null lymphocytes from athymic mice incubated with human plasma or serum. Plasma from 19 normal children aged under 10 had inductive activity equivalent to 10-6-16-2 ng thymopoitin/ml. Plasma from 15 infants were severe combined immuno-deficiency, 2 of whom had appreciable immunoglobulin synthesis, and from 2 infants with DiGeorge syndrome had little or no inductive activity. Successful reconstitution with thymus or bone-marrow grafts and with red-cell infusions (if adenosine-deaminase deficiency is present) was followed by a rise in circulating thymic-hormone activity.", "contents": "Circulating thymic-hormone activity in congenital immunodeficiency. Circulating thymic-hormone activity was assayed by measuring Thy 1-2 antigen induction on null lymphocytes from athymic mice incubated with human plasma or serum. Plasma from 19 normal children aged under 10 had inductive activity equivalent to 10-6-16-2 ng thymopoitin/ml. Plasma from 15 infants were severe combined immuno-deficiency, 2 of whom had appreciable immunoglobulin synthesis, and from 2 infants with DiGeorge syndrome had little or no inductive activity. Successful reconstitution with thymus or bone-marrow grafts and with red-cell infusions (if adenosine-deaminase deficiency is present) was followed by a rise in circulating thymic-hormone activity.", "PMID": 70687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3926", "title": "Frequency of eye complaints and rashes among patients receiving practolol and propranolol.", "content": "Among 71 patients treated with practolol by general practitioners, eye complaints were recorded in the case-notes of 14 (20%) during treatment, compared with 4 (6%) during equal periods before the drug was prescribed. Half the patients with eye complaints also had a rash while receiving practolol. These findings, which were not due to greater numbers of attendances during treatment nor to awareness of the hazards of the drug, suggest that mild eye complaints were relatively common among patients treated with practolol. Among 246 patients treated with propranolol, the numbers with eye complaints before and during treatment were similar, although there was a significant excess of patients with both an eye complaint and a rash during treatment.", "contents": "Frequency of eye complaints and rashes among patients receiving practolol and propranolol. Among 71 patients treated with practolol by general practitioners, eye complaints were recorded in the case-notes of 14 (20%) during treatment, compared with 4 (6%) during equal periods before the drug was prescribed. Half the patients with eye complaints also had a rash while receiving practolol. These findings, which were not due to greater numbers of attendances during treatment nor to awareness of the hazards of the drug, suggest that mild eye complaints were relatively common among patients treated with practolol. Among 246 patients treated with propranolol, the numbers with eye complaints before and during treatment were similar, although there was a significant excess of patients with both an eye complaint and a rash during treatment.", "PMID": 70688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3927", "title": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in multiple-sclerosis plaques.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase method has been used to study the content of immunoglobulin-containing cells in 100 multiple sclerosis (M.S.) plaques and 100 adjacent areas of normally myelinated tissue obtained post mortem from ten patients with M.S. Immunoglobulin-containing cells were significantly more numerous in plaques than in non plaques and in recent plaques as compared with old plaques. More of the cells in plaques contained demonstrable light chain than heavy chain, and the kappa/lambda ratio was significantly higher in recent and moderately recent plaques than in normally myelinated tissue. 92% of the demonstrable heavy chain present in cells was IgG, 7-3% was IgA, and 0-7% IgM. It is suggested that each plaque in M.S. may be associated with local proliferation (a clone or small number of clones of immunoglobulin-producing cells, producing predominantly IgG heavy chains with kappa light chains, and occasionally with lambda light chains.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-containing cells in multiple-sclerosis plaques. An immunoperoxidase method has been used to study the content of immunoglobulin-containing cells in 100 multiple sclerosis (M.S.) plaques and 100 adjacent areas of normally myelinated tissue obtained post mortem from ten patients with M.S. Immunoglobulin-containing cells were significantly more numerous in plaques than in non plaques and in recent plaques as compared with old plaques. More of the cells in plaques contained demonstrable light chain than heavy chain, and the kappa/lambda ratio was significantly higher in recent and moderately recent plaques than in normally myelinated tissue. 92% of the demonstrable heavy chain present in cells was IgG, 7-3% was IgA, and 0-7% IgM. It is suggested that each plaque in M.S. may be associated with local proliferation (a clone or small number of clones of immunoglobulin-producing cells, producing predominantly IgG heavy chains with kappa light chains, and occasionally with lambda light chains.", "PMID": 70689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3928", "title": "Modified Makari skin test in follow-up of bladder-cancer patients.", "content": "123 patients who had been treated for carcinoma of the bladder and who were clinically recurrence-free at the time of their initial Makari skin test are being followed-up; 77 were negative and 46 positive. 48 of these patients have been followed-up so far, for 3-9 months, with cystoscopic review and repeat Makari testing; 75 have still to be followed-up. The high initial positive rate of 37% has been largely explained by the discovery of a recurrent tumour at the first cystoscopy after the test. The concordance between tumour status and repeat Makari testing indicates its ability to detect early recurrence.", "contents": "Modified Makari skin test in follow-up of bladder-cancer patients. 123 patients who had been treated for carcinoma of the bladder and who were clinically recurrence-free at the time of their initial Makari skin test are being followed-up; 77 were negative and 46 positive. 48 of these patients have been followed-up so far, for 3-9 months, with cystoscopic review and repeat Makari testing; 75 have still to be followed-up. The high initial positive rate of 37% has been largely explained by the discovery of a recurrent tumour at the first cystoscopy after the test. The concordance between tumour status and repeat Makari testing indicates its ability to detect early recurrence.", "PMID": 70690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3929", "title": "Breath-methane in patients with cancer of the large bowel.", "content": "In 30 patients with cancer of the large bowel, 24 (80%) had detectable levels of methane in their breath, compared with 25 (39%) of 64 patients with non-malignant large-bowel disease and 83 (40%) of 208 subjects without large-bowel disease. These findings suggest that there may be a difference in anaerobic intestinal flora between patients with cancer of the large bowel and those without the disease. This difference may antedate the development of the tumour or, alternatively, result from the tumour.", "contents": "Breath-methane in patients with cancer of the large bowel. In 30 patients with cancer of the large bowel, 24 (80%) had detectable levels of methane in their breath, compared with 25 (39%) of 64 patients with non-malignant large-bowel disease and 83 (40%) of 208 subjects without large-bowel disease. These findings suggest that there may be a difference in anaerobic intestinal flora between patients with cancer of the large bowel and those without the disease. This difference may antedate the development of the tumour or, alternatively, result from the tumour.", "PMID": 70691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3930", "title": "Hypercapnia during oxygen therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure. Hypothesis revisited.", "content": "A modification is proposed to the well-known hypothesis which explains the development of progressive carbon-dioxide retention in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure when they are given supplementary oxygen to breathe. It is suggested that, in these patients, increased production of lactic acid by the brain, due to profound hypoxia, leads to a central hypoxic drive to breathing which is absent in remission when the arterial oxygen tension is higher. Evidence from the literature in support of this modification is sought by comparing the respiratory response to oxygen of patients in an acute exacerbation of respiratory failure with the response of patients in a chronic stable state. Three patients are described in whom the response to oxygen during an acute infective episode was very different from their response when in remission.", "contents": "Hypercapnia during oxygen therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure. Hypothesis revisited. A modification is proposed to the well-known hypothesis which explains the development of progressive carbon-dioxide retention in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure when they are given supplementary oxygen to breathe. It is suggested that, in these patients, increased production of lactic acid by the brain, due to profound hypoxia, leads to a central hypoxic drive to breathing which is absent in remission when the arterial oxygen tension is higher. Evidence from the literature in support of this modification is sought by comparing the respiratory response to oxygen of patients in an acute exacerbation of respiratory failure with the response of patients in a chronic stable state. Three patients are described in whom the response to oxygen during an acute infective episode was very different from their response when in remission.", "PMID": 70692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3931", "title": "Sexual knowledge and attitudes of Southampton medical students.", "content": "A survey of three groups of medical students at the University of Southampton--each group being at a different stage in the course--was carried out in order to establish how far sexual attitudes and knowledge were influenced by the curriculum. Few changes in attitude were recorded, but knowledge of sexual matters was found to have increased in the students who had completed the third year of the course, compared with the level of knowledge assessed in those who were about to begin their course or who had completed the first year. As a result of the survey, some changes have been made in the undergraduate curriculum.", "contents": "Sexual knowledge and attitudes of Southampton medical students. A survey of three groups of medical students at the University of Southampton--each group being at a different stage in the course--was carried out in order to establish how far sexual attitudes and knowledge were influenced by the curriculum. Few changes in attitude were recorded, but knowledge of sexual matters was found to have increased in the students who had completed the third year of the course, compared with the level of knowledge assessed in those who were about to begin their course or who had completed the first year. As a result of the survey, some changes have been made in the undergraduate curriculum.", "PMID": 70698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3932", "title": "[Whipple's disease--a case of undiagnosed malabsorption with fatal outcome (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient is described who died from malnutrition due a rare but readily diagnosable malabsorption disorder for which effective therapy is available. \"Terminal carcinomatosis\" should not be diagnosed without histologic documentation; a treatable condition may be present instead.", "contents": "[Whipple's disease--a case of undiagnosed malabsorption with fatal outcome (author's transl)]. A patient is described who died from malnutrition due a rare but readily diagnosable malabsorption disorder for which effective therapy is available. \"Terminal carcinomatosis\" should not be diagnosed without histologic documentation; a treatable condition may be present instead.", "PMID": 70731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3933", "title": "[Active enhancement of canine liver allograft by pretreatment with polyspecific spleen alloantigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Because it is not possible to use donor specific antigens for the induction of immunological enhancement in cadaveric organtransplantation, attempts were made to use polyspecific antigens in the enhancement of orthotopic canine liver allotransplants. Of 34 mongrel recipients, 17 controls survived for 6.9 +/- 1.5 days. Six recipients (group 3) were given 750 mg/kg polyspecific, semisoluble antigen prepared from 20 spleens (PSEA 20) together with 10 mg/kg prednisolone on days 15, 8 and 1 before transplantation. The mean survival time of this group was 10.1 +/- 2.0 days (P less than 0.01 compared with the control group). Six other recipients (group 4) were treated similiarly, except that the antigen had been prepared from a pool of 70 spleens (PSEA 70). Survival was variable here: 3 survived for more than 3 weeks and the other 3 died on days 1, 7 and 8 post-operatively, with signs of accelerated rejection. Donors and recipients were not identical for LD determinants, but one donor recipient pair with near identity showed a higher degree of enhancement. The recipients displaying accelerated rejection had markedly higher lymphocytotoxic and haemagglutinating antibodies. Animals surviving for longer periods had low antibody titres. In addition, all recipients progressive rejection were found to show inhibition of leucocyte migration. After three antigen doses rosette-forming lymphocytes were present in increased numbers in peripheral blood, and remained unchanged thereafter.", "contents": "[Active enhancement of canine liver allograft by pretreatment with polyspecific spleen alloantigen (author's transl)]. Because it is not possible to use donor specific antigens for the induction of immunological enhancement in cadaveric organtransplantation, attempts were made to use polyspecific antigens in the enhancement of orthotopic canine liver allotransplants. Of 34 mongrel recipients, 17 controls survived for 6.9 +/- 1.5 days. Six recipients (group 3) were given 750 mg/kg polyspecific, semisoluble antigen prepared from 20 spleens (PSEA 20) together with 10 mg/kg prednisolone on days 15, 8 and 1 before transplantation. The mean survival time of this group was 10.1 +/- 2.0 days (P less than 0.01 compared with the control group). Six other recipients (group 4) were treated similiarly, except that the antigen had been prepared from a pool of 70 spleens (PSEA 70). Survival was variable here: 3 survived for more than 3 weeks and the other 3 died on days 1, 7 and 8 post-operatively, with signs of accelerated rejection. Donors and recipients were not identical for LD determinants, but one donor recipient pair with near identity showed a higher degree of enhancement. The recipients displaying accelerated rejection had markedly higher lymphocytotoxic and haemagglutinating antibodies. Animals surviving for longer periods had low antibody titres. In addition, all recipients progressive rejection were found to show inhibition of leucocyte migration. After three antigen doses rosette-forming lymphocytes were present in increased numbers in peripheral blood, and remained unchanged thereafter.", "PMID": 70730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3934", "title": "[Pathology of liver failure and hepatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver failure and hepatic coma present with various clinical and morphological counterparts. While fulminant viral hepatitis is the most common cause of acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis with vascular bypass most often is responsible for the hepatic coma in chronic diseases. Prognosis is mainly determined by the extent of liver cell necrosis and regeneration, provided extrahepatic complications do not cause death. Prognosis can best be judged by stereology of liver biopsies and determination of the alpha-fetoprotein.", "contents": "[Pathology of liver failure and hepatic coma (author's transl)]. Liver failure and hepatic coma present with various clinical and morphological counterparts. While fulminant viral hepatitis is the most common cause of acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis with vascular bypass most often is responsible for the hepatic coma in chronic diseases. Prognosis is mainly determined by the extent of liver cell necrosis and regeneration, provided extrahepatic complications do not cause death. Prognosis can best be judged by stereology of liver biopsies and determination of the alpha-fetoprotein.", "PMID": 70732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3935", "title": "Less common side effects of methyldopa.", "content": "A patient with methyldopa-induced hyperpyrexia who also developed positive antinuclear factors, LE cells and ocular disturbance is described. These side effects disappeared when the drug was withdrawn. The incidence of these side effects is reviewed. Methyldopa should be withdrawn when these side effects appear, as less troublesome antihypertensive drugs are now readily available.", "contents": "Less common side effects of methyldopa. A patient with methyldopa-induced hyperpyrexia who also developed positive antinuclear factors, LE cells and ocular disturbance is described. These side effects disappeared when the drug was withdrawn. The incidence of these side effects is reviewed. Methyldopa should be withdrawn when these side effects appear, as less troublesome antihypertensive drugs are now readily available.", "PMID": 70739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3936", "title": "Paediatric assessment centres in Great Britain: implications for Australia.", "content": "Assessment centres have become a prominent feature of paediatrics in the United Kingdom. Staffed by a developmental paediatrician and a team of medical and paramedical workers they are valuable for the diagnosis and coordination of management of handicapping conditions in childhood. Both local and regional assessment centres should be established. In the first instance these should be in conjunction with teaching children's hospitals in major cities in Australia.", "contents": "Paediatric assessment centres in Great Britain: implications for Australia. Assessment centres have become a prominent feature of paediatrics in the United Kingdom. Staffed by a developmental paediatrician and a team of medical and paramedical workers they are valuable for the diagnosis and coordination of management of handicapping conditions in childhood. Both local and regional assessment centres should be established. In the first instance these should be in conjunction with teaching children's hospitals in major cities in Australia.", "PMID": 70740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3937", "title": "Uses of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the nervous system.", "content": "Temporary percutaneous electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves and the spinal cord is a valuable screening technique. This approach will  provide a much higher success rate for identifying those patients suitable for a permanently implanted stimulation system. The system appears to be the treatment of choice for chronic, intractable pain caused by nerve injury. The author presents his surgical procedures for stimulation of peripheral nerve and spinal cord. A summary of clinical results is discussed.", "contents": "Uses of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the nervous system. Temporary percutaneous electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves and the spinal cord is a valuable screening technique. This approach will  provide a much higher success rate for identifying those patients suitable for a permanently implanted stimulation system. The system appears to be the treatment of choice for chronic, intractable pain caused by nerve injury. The author presents his surgical procedures for stimulation of peripheral nerve and spinal cord. A summary of clinical results is discussed.", "PMID": 70742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3938", "title": "Towards a unified theory for immunogenetic systems. Some selected properties of ABC- and AB-D reaction patterns generated by S3 and T3 universes.", "content": "The principles of a radically new unified theory and a unified but fundamentally theory-invariant classification system are described and exemplified for immunogenetic systems. The classification system permits a differentiation of immunogenetic systems into 15 qualitatively distinct classes with quantitative subsets when tested against two reagents. It can easily be expanded into a n-reagent taxonomy. The theory logically explains a set of selected and previously more or less \"unexplainable\" properties and their (even more unexplainable and probably previously unnoticed) associations in two main classes of immunogenetic systems, the ABC- and AB-D systems. The associated properties discussed are the presence (+) or absence (-) of: 1. antithetical alleles; 2. dosage effects; 3. inherited \"strong\" and \"weak\" antigens; 4. \"silent\" or \"amorphous\" genes. In ABC- systems, properties 1 and 2 are present while 3 and 4 are absent or extremely rare (i.e. 1+2+3-4-). In AB-D systems, properties 1 and 2 are absent while 3 and 4 are present (i.e. 1-2-3+4+). Through the design of hypothetical immunogenetic universes (HIU), these property associations are shown to be produced by the contemporary (simple-complex) framework-dependent transformations of experimental observables/matrix facts and not by any corresponding associated properties present in the input HIU in themselves.", "contents": "Towards a unified theory for immunogenetic systems. Some selected properties of ABC- and AB-D reaction patterns generated by S3 and T3 universes. The principles of a radically new unified theory and a unified but fundamentally theory-invariant classification system are described and exemplified for immunogenetic systems. The classification system permits a differentiation of immunogenetic systems into 15 qualitatively distinct classes with quantitative subsets when tested against two reagents. It can easily be expanded into a n-reagent taxonomy. The theory logically explains a set of selected and previously more or less \"unexplainable\" properties and their (even more unexplainable and probably previously unnoticed) associations in two main classes of immunogenetic systems, the ABC- and AB-D systems. The associated properties discussed are the presence (+) or absence (-) of: 1. antithetical alleles; 2. dosage effects; 3. inherited \"strong\" and \"weak\" antigens; 4. \"silent\" or \"amorphous\" genes. In ABC- systems, properties 1 and 2 are present while 3 and 4 are absent or extremely rare (i.e. 1+2+3-4-). In AB-D systems, properties 1 and 2 are absent while 3 and 4 are present (i.e. 1-2-3+4+). Through the design of hypothetical immunogenetic universes (HIU), these property associations are shown to be produced by the contemporary (simple-complex) framework-dependent transformations of experimental observables/matrix facts and not by any corresponding associated properties present in the input HIU in themselves.", "PMID": 70738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3939", "title": "[The effect of oral contraceptives on levels of thyroid hormone, blood coagulation and ceruloplasmin (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of various hormonal contraceptives on the thyroid hormone level, plasmatic and thrombocytic coagulation, cholesterol and ceruloplasmin levels and the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was investigaged by the changes produced by long term cyclic estrogen-gestagen therapy on the metabolism of the organism. The free thyroxine index and the total cholesterol were within the normal range. The thyroxine binding index at 44% was above the normal level and the mean value was significantly raised. The ceruloplasmin concentration in the serum was also significantly increased. Pointers to a general hypercoagulability could not be ascertained with a statistical significance.", "contents": "[The effect of oral contraceptives on levels of thyroid hormone, blood coagulation and ceruloplasmin (author's transl)]. The effect of various hormonal contraceptives on the thyroid hormone level, plasmatic and thrombocytic coagulation, cholesterol and ceruloplasmin levels and the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was investigaged by the changes produced by long term cyclic estrogen-gestagen therapy on the metabolism of the organism. The free thyroxine index and the total cholesterol were within the normal range. The thyroxine binding index at 44% was above the normal level and the mean value was significantly raised. The ceruloplasmin concentration in the serum was also significantly increased. Pointers to a general hypercoagulability could not be ascertained with a statistical significance.", "PMID": 70746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3940", "title": "[Incurable colorectal cancer. Possibilities and limits of differentiated therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The different palliative procedures in incurable colorectal cancer are critically reviewed. In regard to the progress in operative and non-operative management the aims and possibilities have to be newly defined. The alternative, colostomy or enteroanastomosis, is unable to satisfy higher demands. This also means a tendency to aggressive resection therapy in colonic and proximal rectal carcinoma as well as combined local surgical and radiological treatment in distal rectal cancer. In emergency cases the minimal intervention necessary has to be planned in preparation for a more radical effort later on. The role of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is still not precisely defined. In complications where surgical or radiological palliation is hopeless, the limited success of a combined therapy with 5-fluorouracil and MeCCNU seems justified.", "contents": "[Incurable colorectal cancer. Possibilities and limits of differentiated therapy (author's transl)]. The different palliative procedures in incurable colorectal cancer are critically reviewed. In regard to the progress in operative and non-operative management the aims and possibilities have to be newly defined. The alternative, colostomy or enteroanastomosis, is unable to satisfy higher demands. This also means a tendency to aggressive resection therapy in colonic and proximal rectal carcinoma as well as combined local surgical and radiological treatment in distal rectal cancer. In emergency cases the minimal intervention necessary has to be planned in preparation for a more radical effort later on. The role of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is still not precisely defined. In complications where surgical or radiological palliation is hopeless, the limited success of a combined therapy with 5-fluorouracil and MeCCNU seems justified.", "PMID": 70747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3941", "title": "In vitro immune responsiveness to vaccinea virus and HLA.", "content": "Because several lines of evidence suggest that HLA products might have an important function in the immune response to infectious agents, we studied the possible relation between immune response to vaccinia virus and HLA phenotype in 79 soldiers who received a primary vaccination. A low in vitro response to vaccinia virus was associated with HLA-Cw3 both in 49 subjects tested three to four weeks after vaccination (P less than 0.001) and in the remaining 30 subjects tested five to 11 weeks after vaccination (P = 0.035). Responses to unrelated antigens and phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes tested before, three to four weeks and five to 11 weeks after vaccination indicated that this association was specific for vaccinia virus and suggested that differences in immune response to vaccinia were reflected in temporarily altered immune responsiveness to unrelated antigens. Our results indicate that HLA-Cw3 or an HLA product associated with Cw3 is involved in the cellular immune response to vaccinia virus.", "contents": "In vitro immune responsiveness to vaccinea virus and HLA. Because several lines of evidence suggest that HLA products might have an important function in the immune response to infectious agents, we studied the possible relation between immune response to vaccinia virus and HLA phenotype in 79 soldiers who received a primary vaccination. A low in vitro response to vaccinia virus was associated with HLA-Cw3 both in 49 subjects tested three to four weeks after vaccination (P less than 0.001) and in the remaining 30 subjects tested five to 11 weeks after vaccination (P = 0.035). Responses to unrelated antigens and phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes tested before, three to four weeks and five to 11 weeks after vaccination indicated that this association was specific for vaccinia virus and suggested that differences in immune response to vaccinia were reflected in temporarily altered immune responsiveness to unrelated antigens. Our results indicate that HLA-Cw3 or an HLA product associated with Cw3 is involved in the cellular immune response to vaccinia virus.", "PMID": 70749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3942", "title": "Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction.", "content": "To assess the role of ventricular premature beats in influencing mortality of coronary patients, 1739 men with prior myocardial infarction were monitored for ectopic activity for one hour at a standard base-line examination, and followed for mortality for periods up to four years (average, 24.4 months). Analyses of survival taking into account other important prognostic variables establish that the presence of complex premature beats (R on T, runs of 2 or more, multiform or bigeminal premature beats) in the monitoring hour is associated with a risk of sudden coronary death three times that of the men free of complex ventricular premature beats. The corresponding risk of death from any cause is twice that of men without such complex beats in the hour. These arrhythmias make an independent contribution to increased risk of death that persists over the length of this observation period.", "contents": "Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction. To assess the role of ventricular premature beats in influencing mortality of coronary patients, 1739 men with prior myocardial infarction were monitored for ectopic activity for one hour at a standard base-line examination, and followed for mortality for periods up to four years (average, 24.4 months). Analyses of survival taking into account other important prognostic variables establish that the presence of complex premature beats (R on T, runs of 2 or more, multiform or bigeminal premature beats) in the monitoring hour is associated with a risk of sudden coronary death three times that of the men free of complex ventricular premature beats. The corresponding risk of death from any cause is twice that of men without such complex beats in the hour. These arrhythmias make an independent contribution to increased risk of death that persists over the length of this observation period.", "PMID": 70750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3943", "title": "DNA complementary to parathyroid mRNA directs synthesis of pre-proparathyroid hormone in a linked transcription-translation system.", "content": "DNA complementary in sequence to the messenger RNA for pre-proparathyroid hormone was synthesised using reverse transcriptase. In a linked transcription-translation system using RNA polymerase and cell-free extract from wheat germ, the DNA directed the synthesis of a protein identified as pre-proparathyroid hormone by N-terminal sequencing and by electrophoretic and immunologic criteria.", "contents": "DNA complementary to parathyroid mRNA directs synthesis of pre-proparathyroid hormone in a linked transcription-translation system. DNA complementary in sequence to the messenger RNA for pre-proparathyroid hormone was synthesised using reverse transcriptase. In a linked transcription-translation system using RNA polymerase and cell-free extract from wheat germ, the DNA directed the synthesis of a protein identified as pre-proparathyroid hormone by N-terminal sequencing and by electrophoretic and immunologic criteria.", "PMID": 70756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3944", "title": "Distribution of acridine orange-stained RNA in neuroblastoma cells during differentiation.", "content": "Vital staining of neuroblastoma cells with acridine orange produces a bright intracellular red-orange fluorescence most probably due to the occurrence of RNA. The distribution of this fluorescence depends on the state of morphological differentiation. The fluorescence is predominantly found in the perikaryon, the growth cones, and the endings of the processes of differentiated cells. This is of special interest in respect to the biochemistry of differentiation and the function of nerve cells. Comparative autoradiographical studies with 3H-uridine demonstrate that the newly synthesised RNA is transported into the endings of the cell processes.", "contents": "Distribution of acridine orange-stained RNA in neuroblastoma cells during differentiation. Vital staining of neuroblastoma cells with acridine orange produces a bright intracellular red-orange fluorescence most probably due to the occurrence of RNA. The distribution of this fluorescence depends on the state of morphological differentiation. The fluorescence is predominantly found in the perikaryon, the growth cones, and the endings of the processes of differentiated cells. This is of special interest in respect to the biochemistry of differentiation and the function of nerve cells. Comparative autoradiographical studies with 3H-uridine demonstrate that the newly synthesised RNA is transported into the endings of the cell processes.", "PMID": 70760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3945", "title": "A distinctive antigen present in liver carcinomas induced by 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "Hepatocellular carcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas induced in rat liver by the administration of 3'-methyl-p-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) were found to contain a carcinoma distinctive antigen by immunofluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. This carcinoma distinctive antigen does not appear to be alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or the preneoplastic antigen.", "contents": "A distinctive antigen present in liver carcinomas induced by 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Hepatocellular carcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas induced in rat liver by the administration of 3'-methyl-p-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) were found to contain a carcinoma distinctive antigen by immunofluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. This carcinoma distinctive antigen does not appear to be alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or the preneoplastic antigen.", "PMID": 70767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3946", "title": "Immunological studies of induced tumors of the rat submandibular gland.", "content": "The antigenic activity of rat submandibular gland carcinoma induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA) has been evaluated using rabbit antisera to normal submandibular gland extract and to extracts of the induced tumors. Extracts of all tumors and premalignant lesions show reduction in the concentration of several of the intrinsic antigens of the normal submandibular gland when they were evaluated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Although all the induced tumors, including those used for antisera preparation, are well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, a considerable variation is present in the antigenic pattern of each tumor. When antisera to several tumors, absorbed with rat serum and kidney extract, were used in studying extracts of all induced tumors, antigenic bands were observed. The number of these bands varies from three to five. All the induced carcinomas share the presence of two of these bands in the alpha and beta-globulin region, the remaining bands differ from one tumor to another.", "contents": "Immunological studies of induced tumors of the rat submandibular gland. The antigenic activity of rat submandibular gland carcinoma induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA) has been evaluated using rabbit antisera to normal submandibular gland extract and to extracts of the induced tumors. Extracts of all tumors and premalignant lesions show reduction in the concentration of several of the intrinsic antigens of the normal submandibular gland when they were evaluated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Although all the induced tumors, including those used for antisera preparation, are well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, a considerable variation is present in the antigenic pattern of each tumor. When antisera to several tumors, absorbed with rat serum and kidney extract, were used in studying extracts of all induced tumors, antigenic bands were observed. The number of these bands varies from three to five. All the induced carcinomas share the presence of two of these bands in the alpha and beta-globulin region, the remaining bands differ from one tumor to another.", "PMID": 70768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3947", "title": "The effect of several antitumor agents on 3H-TTP incorporation in host liver and hepatoma nuclei.", "content": "Six different tumor antibiotics have been investigated in a nuclear incorporating system for their ability to inhibit 3H-TTP incorporation. Both host liver nuclei and nuclei prepared from two different Morris hepatomas have been used in the investigation. Three of these anti-tumor agents inhibit 3H-TTP incorporation equally in host liver and hepatoma nuclei, two preferentially inhibit incorporation in hepatoma nuclei and one stimulates incorporation preferentially in host liver nuclei. The effects of these compounds on nuclear DNA has been analyzed on neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradients. The nuclear incorporation system appears to be useful as a screening test system for potential anti-tumor agents.", "contents": "The effect of several antitumor agents on 3H-TTP incorporation in host liver and hepatoma nuclei. Six different tumor antibiotics have been investigated in a nuclear incorporating system for their ability to inhibit 3H-TTP incorporation. Both host liver nuclei and nuclei prepared from two different Morris hepatomas have been used in the investigation. Three of these anti-tumor agents inhibit 3H-TTP incorporation equally in host liver and hepatoma nuclei, two preferentially inhibit incorporation in hepatoma nuclei and one stimulates incorporation preferentially in host liver nuclei. The effects of these compounds on nuclear DNA has been analyzed on neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradients. The nuclear incorporation system appears to be useful as a screening test system for potential anti-tumor agents.", "PMID": 70769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3948", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein in bladder carcinoma.", "content": "112 cases, of varying ages, which were diagnosed as having carcinoma of the bladder by cystoscopy and biopsy from the tumor, were investigated for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in the sera. 59 (52.6%) out of the total, showed positive results, and no false positive results occured. Radioimmunoassay was capable of increasing the positivity rate still further. All of the cases were proved by liver scan and laparotomy to be free of metastasis, but all had bilharziasis during childhood, in which there is no factor affecting the liver that is responsible for the release of AFP, as the only species of bilharziasis present in Iraq is that of hematobium.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein in bladder carcinoma. 112 cases, of varying ages, which were diagnosed as having carcinoma of the bladder by cystoscopy and biopsy from the tumor, were investigated for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in the sera. 59 (52.6%) out of the total, showed positive results, and no false positive results occured. Radioimmunoassay was capable of increasing the positivity rate still further. All of the cases were proved by liver scan and laparotomy to be free of metastasis, but all had bilharziasis during childhood, in which there is no factor affecting the liver that is responsible for the release of AFP, as the only species of bilharziasis present in Iraq is that of hematobium.", "PMID": 70770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3949", "title": "Immunodiagnostics of malignant diseases. II. The electrophoretic mobility test in the diagnosis of gynecological malignancies.", "content": "We applied the electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) to 117 patients. 49 patients suffered from gynecological malignant tumors of different types and eleven had a carcinoma in situ. 57 patients served as a control group, 26 of whom were clinically healthy volunteers and 31 had benign gynecological diseases. In the EMT all malignant cases had inhibition values of at least-5% or even more. All other tested persons, the so-called non-malignant or healthy cases, had an inhibition of less than -5% or even an acceleration of the tanned sheep erythrocytes stabilized with sulfosalicylic acid (ETS).", "contents": "Immunodiagnostics of malignant diseases. II. The electrophoretic mobility test in the diagnosis of gynecological malignancies. We applied the electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) to 117 patients. 49 patients suffered from gynecological malignant tumors of different types and eleven had a carcinoma in situ. 57 patients served as a control group, 26 of whom were clinically healthy volunteers and 31 had benign gynecological diseases. In the EMT all malignant cases had inhibition values of at least-5% or even more. All other tested persons, the so-called non-malignant or healthy cases, had an inhibition of less than -5% or even an acceleration of the tanned sheep erythrocytes stabilized with sulfosalicylic acid (ETS).", "PMID": 70771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3950", "title": "Collagenase activity in the human umbilical cord.", "content": "By means of a tissue culture assay the activity of the collagenolytic system of ten human umbilical cords was estimated. I found collagenolytic activity in the dimensions of about 10(-3) units of collagenase by comparing the tissue explants with known collagenase concentration on filter paper. EDTA, which is known to inhibit collagenases from human granulocytes, did not prevent the lysis. Normal human serum in a concentration of 1 mg/ml was found to inhibit the enzyme effect up to 36.34% (mean percentage of inhibition 29.67%). It is supposed that the rest of the activity is due to a tissue collagenolytic system. The whole activity was only by o-phenanthroline to be prevented. As a result can be said that the regression of the human umbilical cord is not primarily mumification but due to the activity of the collagenolytic enzyme system.", "contents": "Collagenase activity in the human umbilical cord. By means of a tissue culture assay the activity of the collagenolytic system of ten human umbilical cords was estimated. I found collagenolytic activity in the dimensions of about 10(-3) units of collagenase by comparing the tissue explants with known collagenase concentration on filter paper. EDTA, which is known to inhibit collagenases from human granulocytes, did not prevent the lysis. Normal human serum in a concentration of 1 mg/ml was found to inhibit the enzyme effect up to 36.34% (mean percentage of inhibition 29.67%). It is supposed that the rest of the activity is due to a tissue collagenolytic system. The whole activity was only by o-phenanthroline to be prevented. As a result can be said that the regression of the human umbilical cord is not primarily mumification but due to the activity of the collagenolytic enzyme system.", "PMID": 70772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3951", "title": "[Therapy of purulent meningitis with immunglobulins] (author's transl)].", "content": "The finding of 53% disturbances in synthesizing bacterial antibodies and 88% disturbances in opsonizing in children with purulent meningitis was the reason for therapy with immunglobulins. Intravenous Gammaglobulin (Gammavenin) was used in 26 children with purulent meningitis, 1 ml/kg/d through 3 days. The liquor cell count was in all patients 48 hours after starting of treatment 20% or less, there was no death, 2 children showed neurological defects.", "contents": "[Therapy of purulent meningitis with immunglobulins] (author's transl)]. The finding of 53% disturbances in synthesizing bacterial antibodies and 88% disturbances in opsonizing in children with purulent meningitis was the reason for therapy with immunglobulins. Intravenous Gammaglobulin (Gammavenin) was used in 26 children with purulent meningitis, 1 ml/kg/d through 3 days. The liquor cell count was in all patients 48 hours after starting of treatment 20% or less, there was no death, 2 children showed neurological defects.", "PMID": 70773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3952", "title": "Respiratory complications of primary hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "The primary hypogammaglobulinemias, with onset of acute and recurrent bacterial infections in infancy and early childhood, consist of a heterogeneous group of largely genetically determined antibody deficiency states including that congenital sex-linked form, Bruton's agammaglobulinemia. Patients with panhypogammaglobulinemia require continuous gamma globulin therapy; in spite of this, they continue to develop infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the form of otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheobranchitis, or pneumonia of a chronic and recurrent nature. The frequency and severity of these infections vary from patient to patient. These episodes all respond to antibiotic administration, often with a prolonged course. Many patients develop permanent pulmonary sequelae in the form of atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Most of these changes involve focal areas of the lower right middle and left lingular lobes. Occasionally, the patient may develop generalized bronchiectasis but without hilar lymphadenopathy. Management emphasizes early detection, early institution of gamma globulin treatment, and administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy at the earliest onset of infection. Good pulmonary toilet, nutritional care, emotional care, and a loving home environment are of utmost importance. These patients should be followed in a medical center with the joint effort of specialists in various disciplines.", "contents": "Respiratory complications of primary hypogammaglobulinemia. The primary hypogammaglobulinemias, with onset of acute and recurrent bacterial infections in infancy and early childhood, consist of a heterogeneous group of largely genetically determined antibody deficiency states including that congenital sex-linked form, Bruton's agammaglobulinemia. Patients with panhypogammaglobulinemia require continuous gamma globulin therapy; in spite of this, they continue to develop infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the form of otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheobranchitis, or pneumonia of a chronic and recurrent nature. The frequency and severity of these infections vary from patient to patient. These episodes all respond to antibiotic administration, often with a prolonged course. Many patients develop permanent pulmonary sequelae in the form of atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Most of these changes involve focal areas of the lower right middle and left lingular lobes. Occasionally, the patient may develop generalized bronchiectasis but without hilar lymphadenopathy. Management emphasizes early detection, early institution of gamma globulin treatment, and administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy at the earliest onset of infection. Good pulmonary toilet, nutritional care, emotional care, and a loving home environment are of utmost importance. These patients should be followed in a medical center with the joint effort of specialists in various disciplines.", "PMID": 70774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3953", "title": "Effect of specific teaching techniques on cognitive learning, transfer of learning, and affective behavior of nurses in an in-service education setting.", "content": "To test the effects of different teaching techniques on learning, transfer of learning, and affective behavior of nurses, three hypotheses were developed based on Gagne's Theory of Knowledge Acquisition, Ellis' Theory of Transfer of Learning, and Bloom's Theory of Affective Consequences of Knowledge. The hypotheses tested were that an experimental (E) group will learn, transfer, and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than control groups. Subjects were 131 staff nurses. The E group (N=36) was taught by means of filmstrip with discussion (FD). Control groups II, III, and IV (N=33, 31, and 31 subjects, respectively) were taught by means of lecture alone (L), lecture with discussion (LD), and filmstrip alone (F), respectively. The content taught was Engel's Theory of Grief and Mourning Process. Pre- and posttests were done to obtain measures on learning and transfer. Results showed that the E group transferred significantly more than the L group; in general, all groups showed significant increases in learning and transfer; film groups transferred significantly more than the lecture groups; subjects preferred LD and FD significantly more than F or L. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and staff.", "contents": "Effect of specific teaching techniques on cognitive learning, transfer of learning, and affective behavior of nurses in an in-service education setting. To test the effects of different teaching techniques on learning, transfer of learning, and affective behavior of nurses, three hypotheses were developed based on Gagne's Theory of Knowledge Acquisition, Ellis' Theory of Transfer of Learning, and Bloom's Theory of Affective Consequences of Knowledge. The hypotheses tested were that an experimental (E) group will learn, transfer, and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than control groups. Subjects were 131 staff nurses. The E group (N=36) was taught by means of filmstrip with discussion (FD). Control groups II, III, and IV (N=33, 31, and 31 subjects, respectively) were taught by means of lecture alone (L), lecture with discussion (LD), and filmstrip alone (F), respectively. The content taught was Engel's Theory of Grief and Mourning Process. Pre- and posttests were done to obtain measures on learning and transfer. Results showed that the E group transferred significantly more than the L group; in general, all groups showed significant increases in learning and transfer; film groups transferred significantly more than the lecture groups; subjects preferred LD and FD significantly more than F or L. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and staff.", "PMID": 70779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3954", "title": "Synthesis of full-length DNA copies of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA in high yields.", "content": "The synthesis of full-length complementary DNA copies of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA is described. The cDNA is estimated by electrophoresis in agarose-methylmercury gels to have a molecular weight of 2.6 X 10(6), equivalent in size to that of the RNA template. Most (60-70%) of the reaction product is the full-length material and yields correspond to 60-70% of the input RNA.", "contents": "Synthesis of full-length DNA copies of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA in high yields. The synthesis of full-length complementary DNA copies of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA is described. The cDNA is estimated by electrophoresis in agarose-methylmercury gels to have a molecular weight of 2.6 X 10(6), equivalent in size to that of the RNA template. Most (60-70%) of the reaction product is the full-length material and yields correspond to 60-70% of the input RNA.", "PMID": 70785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3955", "title": "Dimeric immunoglobulin E serves as a unit signal for mast cell degranulation.", "content": "Rat immunoglobulin E (IgE) was treated with a crosslinking reagent, dimethyl suberimidate, and fractionated by gel filtration into monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher polymers. The fractions retained substantial ability to bind specifically to mast cells. About one-third of the cell-bound dimers appeared to bind bivalently. The fractions were assayed in vivo by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, and for histamine or serotonin release in vitro using normal or tumor mouse mast cells. The monomers showed no activity, while the dimers and higher polymers gave excellent and approximately equivalent responses. We conclude that IgE that has been crosslinked to form dimers prior to the addition to mast cells can serve as a unit signal for triggering IgE-mediated exocytosis.", "contents": "Dimeric immunoglobulin E serves as a unit signal for mast cell degranulation. Rat immunoglobulin E (IgE) was treated with a crosslinking reagent, dimethyl suberimidate, and fractionated by gel filtration into monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher polymers. The fractions retained substantial ability to bind specifically to mast cells. About one-third of the cell-bound dimers appeared to bind bivalently. The fractions were assayed in vivo by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, and for histamine or serotonin release in vitro using normal or tumor mouse mast cells. The monomers showed no activity, while the dimers and higher polymers gave excellent and approximately equivalent responses. We conclude that IgE that has been crosslinked to form dimers prior to the addition to mast cells can serve as a unit signal for triggering IgE-mediated exocytosis.", "PMID": 70786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3956", "title": "Cleavage of C2 by C1s into the antigenically distinct fragments C2a and C2b: demonstration of binding of C2b to C4b.", "content": "The activation of complement component C2 by C1s is a major reaction step leading to the assembly of two related macromolecular enzymes in the classical complement pathway C3 convertase and C5 convertase. The present studies clearly document the smaller fragment, C2b, that results when human C2 reacts with C1s. We have identified and characterized C2b (34,000 daltons) as a single protein on disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. C2a (73,000 daltons), the larger fragment from this reaction, has a more acidic nature and C2b is more basic. These fragments can also be detected by their different antigenic determinants. When the C2-C4b complex is activated in the fluid phase by C1s and allowed to decay, it dissociates into C2a and the C2b-C4b complex. Furthermore, when C2 is bound to C4b-Sepharose and then reacted with C1s, only the C2a fragment is released from the solid phase C2-C4b-Sepharose into the fluid phase, and the C2b fragment remains noncovalently bound to C4b-Sepharose. These results suggest that the C2b portion of C2 contains a stable binding site for C4b and, after the decay release of C2a from this C3 convertase, the C2b fragment remains bound. Thus, the decay release of C2a may represent a temperature-dependent dissociation from C2b.", "contents": "Cleavage of C2 by C1s into the antigenically distinct fragments C2a and C2b: demonstration of binding of C2b to C4b. The activation of complement component C2 by C1s is a major reaction step leading to the assembly of two related macromolecular enzymes in the classical complement pathway C3 convertase and C5 convertase. The present studies clearly document the smaller fragment, C2b, that results when human C2 reacts with C1s. We have identified and characterized C2b (34,000 daltons) as a single protein on disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. C2a (73,000 daltons), the larger fragment from this reaction, has a more acidic nature and C2b is more basic. These fragments can also be detected by their different antigenic determinants. When the C2-C4b complex is activated in the fluid phase by C1s and allowed to decay, it dissociates into C2a and the C2b-C4b complex. Furthermore, when C2 is bound to C4b-Sepharose and then reacted with C1s, only the C2a fragment is released from the solid phase C2-C4b-Sepharose into the fluid phase, and the C2b fragment remains noncovalently bound to C4b-Sepharose. These results suggest that the C2b portion of C2 contains a stable binding site for C4b and, after the decay release of C2a from this C3 convertase, the C2b fragment remains bound. Thus, the decay release of C2a may represent a temperature-dependent dissociation from C2b.", "PMID": 70787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3957", "title": "Specificity studies on cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes reactive with influenza virus-infected cells: evidence for dual recognition of H-2 and viral hemagglutinin antigens.", "content": "Cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were readily detected in spleens of mice inoculated intranasally with mouse-adapted A/Port Chalmers (H3N2), A/England (H3N2), A/PR/8 (H0n1), and B/Hong Kong influenza viruses. T-cell-mediated lysis of H-2 compatible target cells infected with the strain of virus used to immunize the mice was considerably higher than lysis of either syngeneic cells infected with a different strain of influenza virus or allogeneic cells infected with the immunizing strain of influenza virus. The findings that cytotoxic lymphocytes can distinguish minor antigenic variants among influenza viruses and that lysis depends on H-2 histocompatibility between lymphocyte and target cell support the concept of dual recognition of visual and H-2 histocompatibility antigens in T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity.", "contents": "Specificity studies on cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes reactive with influenza virus-infected cells: evidence for dual recognition of H-2 and viral hemagglutinin antigens. Cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were readily detected in spleens of mice inoculated intranasally with mouse-adapted A/Port Chalmers (H3N2), A/England (H3N2), A/PR/8 (H0n1), and B/Hong Kong influenza viruses. T-cell-mediated lysis of H-2 compatible target cells infected with the strain of virus used to immunize the mice was considerably higher than lysis of either syngeneic cells infected with a different strain of influenza virus or allogeneic cells infected with the immunizing strain of influenza virus. The findings that cytotoxic lymphocytes can distinguish minor antigenic variants among influenza viruses and that lysis depends on H-2 histocompatibility between lymphocyte and target cell support the concept of dual recognition of visual and H-2 histocompatibility antigens in T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity.", "PMID": 70788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3958", "title": "[Bronchial carcinoma. Problems and treatment with special reference to radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to the recent literature, a representation of case-history, therapy and prognosis of bronchial carcinoma is made. Inhalation of tar products by smoking, as well as predominantly occupational dust are the important etiological factors for the increase in bronchial carcinoma. Because of the long occult progression of the disease the diagnosis based on clinical symptoms is made very late. Only a greater effort in organisation and diagnostics permits an early detection in high-risk groups. Therapeutic success has remained constant since the sixties. Up to now only the consequent pre-operative selection of patients has been significant for improvement of surgical results. Five-year cures are more frequent after lobectomy than after pneumonectomy. In radiation therapy, the use of high-voltage gamma rays in contrast to conventional deep radio-therapy, has not brought any significant improvement. An additional intensive and individual care and follow-up of patients is of vital importance. The optimal curative radiation dose is 6000 rad. Particularly pre-operative irradiation is important to prepare some inoperable patients for curative surgery. Postoperative radiation therapy is also valuable for doubtful radical surgery and after exploratory thoracotomy. Palliative radiation therapy results in rapid disappearance of symptoms; with generalized disease or in suspicion for formation of metastases, chemotherapy should be preferred. This is particularly true for anaplastic, small and large cell carcinomas, and their rapidly growing metastases. In those cases, combination of polychemotherapy may decrease the tumor size and increase the length of remission. The prognosis depends on microscopic tumor type, stage of the disease, and therapy. Abnormal excretion of steroids and immunological disturbances are prognostic at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "[Bronchial carcinoma. Problems and treatment with special reference to radiotherapy (author's transl)]. With reference to the recent literature, a representation of case-history, therapy and prognosis of bronchial carcinoma is made. Inhalation of tar products by smoking, as well as predominantly occupational dust are the important etiological factors for the increase in bronchial carcinoma. Because of the long occult progression of the disease the diagnosis based on clinical symptoms is made very late. Only a greater effort in organisation and diagnostics permits an early detection in high-risk groups. Therapeutic success has remained constant since the sixties. Up to now only the consequent pre-operative selection of patients has been significant for improvement of surgical results. Five-year cures are more frequent after lobectomy than after pneumonectomy. In radiation therapy, the use of high-voltage gamma rays in contrast to conventional deep radio-therapy, has not brought any significant improvement. An additional intensive and individual care and follow-up of patients is of vital importance. The optimal curative radiation dose is 6000 rad. Particularly pre-operative irradiation is important to prepare some inoperable patients for curative surgery. Postoperative radiation therapy is also valuable for doubtful radical surgery and after exploratory thoracotomy. Palliative radiation therapy results in rapid disappearance of symptoms; with generalized disease or in suspicion for formation of metastases, chemotherapy should be preferred. This is particularly true for anaplastic, small and large cell carcinomas, and their rapidly growing metastases. In those cases, combination of polychemotherapy may decrease the tumor size and increase the length of remission. The prognosis depends on microscopic tumor type, stage of the disease, and therapy. Abnormal excretion of steroids and immunological disturbances are prognostic at the time of diagnosis.", "PMID": 70793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3959", "title": "Variable effects of corticosteroid treatment of serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Corticosteroid administration on alternate days to five boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) lowered the high serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in three, caused no change in one, and increased these activities in one. These observations indicate that, as given, this therapy can partially normalize a major biochemical abnormality of this disease in some but not all patients with DMD.", "contents": "Variable effects of corticosteroid treatment of serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Corticosteroid administration on alternate days to five boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) lowered the high serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in three, caused no change in one, and increased these activities in one. These observations indicate that, as given, this therapy can partially normalize a major biochemical abnormality of this disease in some but not all patients with DMD.", "PMID": 70832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3960", "title": "Macrophage-dependent response of immune human T lymphocytes to PPD in vitro. Influence of HLA-D histocompatibility.", "content": "The proliferative response of immune human T lymphocytes to low concentrations of purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro was found to require the presence of macrophages. By coculturing different combinations of immune T lymphocytes and allogeneic macrophages with PPD in low concentration, optimal stimulation (that is, as efficient as the autologous combinations) was shown to require HLA-D identity between the macrophages and responding T cells. Identity for HLA-A and -B appeared to be of less or no importance. It is concluded that membrane structures encoded by HLA-D or closely linked loci are involved in the human macrophage/T-lymphocyte interaction in the proliferative response to PPD, much in the same way as the Ia antigens of rodents.", "contents": "Macrophage-dependent response of immune human T lymphocytes to PPD in vitro. Influence of HLA-D histocompatibility. The proliferative response of immune human T lymphocytes to low concentrations of purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro was found to require the presence of macrophages. By coculturing different combinations of immune T lymphocytes and allogeneic macrophages with PPD in low concentration, optimal stimulation (that is, as efficient as the autologous combinations) was shown to require HLA-D identity between the macrophages and responding T cells. Identity for HLA-A and -B appeared to be of less or no importance. It is concluded that membrane structures encoded by HLA-D or closely linked loci are involved in the human macrophage/T-lymphocyte interaction in the proliferative response to PPD, much in the same way as the Ia antigens of rodents.", "PMID": 70838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3961", "title": "Activation of human suppressor cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Lymphocytes transferred from 6-day-old human mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) inhibited the response to allogeneic cells of freshly taken lymphocytes autologous to the transferred MLC-responding cells. No specificity for this cell-dependent suppression could be determined. The inhibitory effects of the suppressing cells could be abrogated by moderate X-ray irradiation and significantly reduced by pretreating them with an anti-Ia-like antiserum and complement. The human suppressor cell responsible for the observed effects therefore appears to carry determinants equivalent to the murine Ia alloantigens.", "contents": "Activation of human suppressor cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Lymphocytes transferred from 6-day-old human mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) inhibited the response to allogeneic cells of freshly taken lymphocytes autologous to the transferred MLC-responding cells. No specificity for this cell-dependent suppression could be determined. The inhibitory effects of the suppressing cells could be abrogated by moderate X-ray irradiation and significantly reduced by pretreating them with an anti-Ia-like antiserum and complement. The human suppressor cell responsible for the observed effects therefore appears to carry determinants equivalent to the murine Ia alloantigens.", "PMID": 70839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3962", "title": "Immunoglobulin deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction zone in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis and temporal arteritis compared by serological testing including alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "In biopsies from normal-looking skin, immune complexes in the dermo-epidermal junction zone were found by a direct immunofluorescence technique in 14 of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in 6 of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but in none of 10 patients with temporal arteritis and 25 normal controls. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from all patients and high titres of IgG organ-nonspecific antinuclear factors with complement-fixing properties were found to be closely related to systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG granulocyte-specific antinuclear factors were related with rheumatoid arthritis, while high concentrations of plasma fibrinogen were characteristic of temporal arteritis. No significant increases or differences in blood values of alpha2-macroglobulin were found between the groups and no correlation was found with deposits in the skin.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction zone in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis and temporal arteritis compared by serological testing including alpha2-macroglobulin. In biopsies from normal-looking skin, immune complexes in the dermo-epidermal junction zone were found by a direct immunofluorescence technique in 14 of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in 6 of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but in none of 10 patients with temporal arteritis and 25 normal controls. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from all patients and high titres of IgG organ-nonspecific antinuclear factors with complement-fixing properties were found to be closely related to systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG granulocyte-specific antinuclear factors were related with rheumatoid arthritis, while high concentrations of plasma fibrinogen were characteristic of temporal arteritis. No significant increases or differences in blood values of alpha2-macroglobulin were found between the groups and no correlation was found with deposits in the skin.", "PMID": 70840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3963", "title": "Adjunctive therapy in treatment for head and neck cancer.", "content": "Improvement in tumor-free intervals and cure rates of patients with cancer of the head and neck will almost certainly come from utilization of more than one type of treatment in the same patient. For example, in treatment for formidable lesions this might take the form of a short course of preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery. Postoperative chemotherapy might then be employed in preoperative responders, with the addition of radiation according to the usual postoperative indications. Specific or nonspecific immunotherapy might be used on a long-term basis, preoperatively and postoperatively. In selected patients, utilization of multiple modalities early in a careful long-term plan may bring improvement over current results from employment of adjuvant measures only after recurrence or metastatic spread is clinically obvious.", "contents": "Adjunctive therapy in treatment for head and neck cancer. Improvement in tumor-free intervals and cure rates of patients with cancer of the head and neck will almost certainly come from utilization of more than one type of treatment in the same patient. For example, in treatment for formidable lesions this might take the form of a short course of preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery. Postoperative chemotherapy might then be employed in preoperative responders, with the addition of radiation according to the usual postoperative indications. Specific or nonspecific immunotherapy might be used on a long-term basis, preoperatively and postoperatively. In selected patients, utilization of multiple modalities early in a careful long-term plan may bring improvement over current results from employment of adjuvant measures only after recurrence or metastatic spread is clinically obvious.", "PMID": 70846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3964", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and albumin in experimentally-induced exencephaly in the rat.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein and albumin were quantified in the sera and amniotic fluids from control, Vitamin A-treated non-exencephalic and Vitamin A-treated exencephalic rat fetuses. Exencephaly was associated with amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations which were significantly elevated over those of Vitamin A-treated non-exencephalic and of untreated fetuses. Amniotic fluid albumin concentrations also were higher in the exencephalic fetuses than in the non-exencephalic fetuses. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and albumin concentrations were lower in the exencephalic than in the non-exencephalic fetuses. The results are cosistent with simple diffusion across a defective barrier as the cause of elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the presence of open neural tube defects. This experimental model of neural tube defects result in changes in amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein similar to those changes found in human amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the presence of neural tube defects.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and albumin in experimentally-induced exencephaly in the rat. Alpha-fetoprotein and albumin were quantified in the sera and amniotic fluids from control, Vitamin A-treated non-exencephalic and Vitamin A-treated exencephalic rat fetuses. Exencephaly was associated with amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations which were significantly elevated over those of Vitamin A-treated non-exencephalic and of untreated fetuses. Amniotic fluid albumin concentrations also were higher in the exencephalic fetuses than in the non-exencephalic fetuses. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and albumin concentrations were lower in the exencephalic than in the non-exencephalic fetuses. The results are cosistent with simple diffusion across a defective barrier as the cause of elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the presence of open neural tube defects. This experimental model of neural tube defects result in changes in amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein similar to those changes found in human amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in the presence of neural tube defects.", "PMID": 70849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3965", "title": "[Correlation of alpha-2 pregnancy associated glycoprotein with the clinical course of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha-2 pregnancy associated glycoprotein is a high molecular, carbohydrate containing plasma protein with unknown biological function. During clinical treatment of 25 patients with bronchial carcinoma alpha-2 PAG was measured by the electroimmuno-diffusion method according to Laurell. A good correlation was observed between alpha-2 PAG serum levels and the course of the disease in 21 patients. Patients whose course of disease could not be influenced therapeutically showed continously increasing levels of alpha-2 PAG; patients who responded to therapy, showed a significant decrease in alpha-2 PAG serum levels. These findings indicate that periodic determinations of serum alpha-2 PAG may be helpful for controlling the course of bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "[Correlation of alpha-2 pregnancy associated glycoprotein with the clinical course of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Alpha-2 pregnancy associated glycoprotein is a high molecular, carbohydrate containing plasma protein with unknown biological function. During clinical treatment of 25 patients with bronchial carcinoma alpha-2 PAG was measured by the electroimmuno-diffusion method according to Laurell. A good correlation was observed between alpha-2 PAG serum levels and the course of the disease in 21 patients. Patients whose course of disease could not be influenced therapeutically showed continously increasing levels of alpha-2 PAG; patients who responded to therapy, showed a significant decrease in alpha-2 PAG serum levels. These findings indicate that periodic determinations of serum alpha-2 PAG may be helpful for controlling the course of bronchial carcinoma.", "PMID": 70850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3966", "title": "Preliminary characterization of isoimmunogenic placental antigens in the rabbit.", "content": "By isoimmunization of adult virgin female rabbits with rabbit placental extracts we have demonstrated the production of humoral antibody against two antigens, Ag-1 and Ag-2. Neither antigen is a normal serum protein, nor are they allotype proteins. Ag-1 has an alpha-2 mobility and a molecular weights of about 400,000. Ag-2 exhibits a gamma mobility but was not characterized. The antibody activity directed to Ag-1 in immune sera was the complement-fixing IgG fraction. Direct fluorescence-labeled antibody technique revealed that Ag-1 is a ubiquitous intracellular antigen primarily localized in the nucleus. The fast-growing, SV-40 virus-transformed rabbit kidney cell line (TRK-1) expressed much higher levels of Ag-1 than the slow-growing, non-transformed normal rabbit kidney cell line (LLC-RK1). The possibility that elevation of Ag-1 production is associated with rapid cell proliferation is discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of isoimmunogenic placental antigens in the rabbit. By isoimmunization of adult virgin female rabbits with rabbit placental extracts we have demonstrated the production of humoral antibody against two antigens, Ag-1 and Ag-2. Neither antigen is a normal serum protein, nor are they allotype proteins. Ag-1 has an alpha-2 mobility and a molecular weights of about 400,000. Ag-2 exhibits a gamma mobility but was not characterized. The antibody activity directed to Ag-1 in immune sera was the complement-fixing IgG fraction. Direct fluorescence-labeled antibody technique revealed that Ag-1 is a ubiquitous intracellular antigen primarily localized in the nucleus. The fast-growing, SV-40 virus-transformed rabbit kidney cell line (TRK-1) expressed much higher levels of Ag-1 than the slow-growing, non-transformed normal rabbit kidney cell line (LLC-RK1). The possibility that elevation of Ag-1 production is associated with rapid cell proliferation is discussed.", "PMID": 70851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3967", "title": "Stimulation of T lymphocytes by autologous non-T lymphoid cells. Participation of HLA-D?", "content": "Non-T lymphoid cells were found to be able to stimulate autologous T cells in vitro. This \"autologous\" response was shown to be about 20% of the response to allogeneic unfractionated lymphocytes. The ability to induce autostimulation appeared to be a property of the Ig-positive lymphocyte fraction. Blocking experiments with allosera recognizing HLA-D-associated determinants suggested that the HLA-D determinants present on the stimulating cells might be involved in the stimulation of autologous T cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of T lymphocytes by autologous non-T lymphoid cells. Participation of HLA-D? Non-T lymphoid cells were found to be able to stimulate autologous T cells in vitro. This \"autologous\" response was shown to be about 20% of the response to allogeneic unfractionated lymphocytes. The ability to induce autostimulation appeared to be a property of the Ig-positive lymphocyte fraction. Blocking experiments with allosera recognizing HLA-D-associated determinants suggested that the HLA-D determinants present on the stimulating cells might be involved in the stimulation of autologous T cells.", "PMID": 70852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3968", "title": "An examination of HLA frequencies in three age groups.", "content": "The question as to whether the distribution of HLA antigens differs between old and young persons has been studied only in a few population groups. There are observations showing an increase of heterozygosity of the HLA system (Bender et al. 1973, Gerkins et al. 1974) which indicate an advantage of heterozygosity for survival, but other studies fail to confirm this finding )Albert et al. 1974, Mucurov\u00e1 et al. 1975, Bender et al. 1976). Since the present authors, in a study of HLA gene frequencies on five small Danish islands (Hansen et al. 1974) had found a tendency to a changed frequency of certain HLA types among the oldest persons, it was decided to examine this question by typing larger numbers of persons of different age groups.", "contents": "An examination of HLA frequencies in three age groups. The question as to whether the distribution of HLA antigens differs between old and young persons has been studied only in a few population groups. There are observations showing an increase of heterozygosity of the HLA system (Bender et al. 1973, Gerkins et al. 1974) which indicate an advantage of heterozygosity for survival, but other studies fail to confirm this finding )Albert et al. 1974, Mucurov\u00e1 et al. 1975, Bender et al. 1976). Since the present authors, in a study of HLA gene frequencies on five small Danish islands (Hansen et al. 1974) had found a tendency to a changed frequency of certain HLA types among the oldest persons, it was decided to examine this question by typing larger numbers of persons of different age groups.", "PMID": 70855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3969", "title": "Frozen-thawed mononuclear cells as a source of B lymphocytes for antibody screening.", "content": "B lymphocytes were isolated from fresh blood and frozen-thawed lymphocyte preparations from the same donors. A panel of 55 human antisera, previously found to react with human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in cytotoxicity assays, was screened against these B-cell preparations. There was essentially no difference in the reactions of B-cell antisera with fresh B lymphocytes when compared with frozen-thawed cells. The percentage recovery of B cells from the fresh and frozen preparations was not significantly different.", "contents": "Frozen-thawed mononuclear cells as a source of B lymphocytes for antibody screening. B lymphocytes were isolated from fresh blood and frozen-thawed lymphocyte preparations from the same donors. A panel of 55 human antisera, previously found to react with human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in cytotoxicity assays, was screened against these B-cell preparations. There was essentially no difference in the reactions of B-cell antisera with fresh B lymphocytes when compared with frozen-thawed cells. The percentage recovery of B cells from the fresh and frozen preparations was not significantly different.", "PMID": 70858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3970", "title": "HLA antigens and myxedema.", "content": "In 22 cases of myxedema 22 HLA-A and B antigens were typed. In six out of eight patients with a history of subacute thyroiditis Bw35 antigen was demonstrated, while in none of 14 patients free from this disease in anamnesis could this antigen be found. This difference is statistically significant, and suggests classifying of myxedema patients into two groups according to pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "HLA antigens and myxedema. In 22 cases of myxedema 22 HLA-A and B antigens were typed. In six out of eight patients with a history of subacute thyroiditis Bw35 antigen was demonstrated, while in none of 14 patients free from this disease in anamnesis could this antigen be found. This difference is statistically significant, and suggests classifying of myxedema patients into two groups according to pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 70859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3971", "title": "HLA antigens in essential hypertension. Relation to familiar disposition and serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "HLA-typing was performed in 149 patients with essential hypertension, 86 males and 63 females. In 66 patients with significantly elevated serum levels of immunoglobulins, HLA-B27 was increased to 18%, from 8% in the controls (P less than 0.007). This was not significant when correcting the P-value for the number of antigens analyzed, but confirms reports of an association of this antigen with serum levels of immunoglobulins. HLA-Bw15 was found to be increased two-fold in patients with a family history of hypertension (P corrected less than 0.05) and in patients with autoantibodies (not significant). This is discussed in relation to the increase of Bw15 in juvenile diabetes and in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, diseases in which vascular damage also occurs.", "contents": "HLA antigens in essential hypertension. Relation to familiar disposition and serum immunoglobulins. HLA-typing was performed in 149 patients with essential hypertension, 86 males and 63 females. In 66 patients with significantly elevated serum levels of immunoglobulins, HLA-B27 was increased to 18%, from 8% in the controls (P less than 0.007). This was not significant when correcting the P-value for the number of antigens analyzed, but confirms reports of an association of this antigen with serum levels of immunoglobulins. HLA-Bw15 was found to be increased two-fold in patients with a family history of hypertension (P corrected less than 0.05) and in patients with autoantibodies (not significant). This is discussed in relation to the increase of Bw15 in juvenile diabetes and in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, diseases in which vascular damage also occurs.", "PMID": 70861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3972", "title": "Soluble HLA antigens present in normal human serum.", "content": "HLA antigens have been detected in normal human serum by inhibition of monospecific HLA antisera in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. The antigens present in serum were the same as those found on the donor's lymphocytes. HLA-A9 was unique in that it was present in serum at inhibitory titers of 1:8 to 1:32 whereas the majority of A-and B-locus antigens were present at titers of 1:4 or less. Serum HLA-A9 antigens were found in the high density lipoprotein fraction with a molecular weight greater than 200,000. In the presence of detergent they have an apparent molecular weight of 86,000 which is reduced to 46,000 when treated with papain. These values are similar to those obtained for detergent-solubilized cellular HLA antigens.", "contents": "Soluble HLA antigens present in normal human serum. HLA antigens have been detected in normal human serum by inhibition of monospecific HLA antisera in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test. The antigens present in serum were the same as those found on the donor's lymphocytes. HLA-A9 was unique in that it was present in serum at inhibitory titers of 1:8 to 1:32 whereas the majority of A-and B-locus antigens were present at titers of 1:4 or less. Serum HLA-A9 antigens were found in the high density lipoprotein fraction with a molecular weight greater than 200,000. In the presence of detergent they have an apparent molecular weight of 86,000 which is reduced to 46,000 when treated with papain. These values are similar to those obtained for detergent-solubilized cellular HLA antigens.", "PMID": 70862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3973", "title": "HLA-D typing by homozygous typing cells. A statistical analysis of experimental and biological variation.", "content": "Several normalization procedures have been applied to single MLC-typing experiments in order to neutralize experimental variation and hence to secure assignment of HLA-D phenotypes. The present paper concerns a statistical description and isolation of experimental and biological factors in repeated MLC-typing experiments. The statistical model used gives a meaningful description of the variables in MLC as judged by its application to MLC-typing data of HLA-identical siblings. Subsequent testing of the model in an HLA-A, -B,-C and -D-genotyped family material provides evidence that the level of typing response to selected homozygous typing cells may be influenced by factors coded for by the homologous HLA-D region. It is, however, concluded that such evidence must be accepted with caution due to the (for the present statistical purpose) suboptimal design for the HLA-D typing experiments and hence the relative insensitivity of the method. A general method for locating erroneous triplicates is devised.", "contents": "HLA-D typing by homozygous typing cells. A statistical analysis of experimental and biological variation. Several normalization procedures have been applied to single MLC-typing experiments in order to neutralize experimental variation and hence to secure assignment of HLA-D phenotypes. The present paper concerns a statistical description and isolation of experimental and biological factors in repeated MLC-typing experiments. The statistical model used gives a meaningful description of the variables in MLC as judged by its application to MLC-typing data of HLA-identical siblings. Subsequent testing of the model in an HLA-A, -B,-C and -D-genotyped family material provides evidence that the level of typing response to selected homozygous typing cells may be influenced by factors coded for by the homologous HLA-D region. It is, however, concluded that such evidence must be accepted with caution due to the (for the present statistical purpose) suboptimal design for the HLA-D typing experiments and hence the relative insensitivity of the method. A general method for locating erroneous triplicates is devised.", "PMID": 70863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3974", "title": "Association between HLA determinants and complement receptors on human lymphocytes.", "content": "The relationship between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and functional receptors on the surface of human lymphocytes was studied. HLA antisera were tested for their effect on the formation of E-, EA-, and EAC'-rosettes by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Antisera to various HLA specificities inhibited the formation of EAC'-rosettes, but had no effect on the formation of E-rosettes. The formation of EA-rosettes was inhibited by HLA antisera only in part among the individuals tested. Anti beta2-microglobulin serum resembled HLA antisera in its effect on the formation of the various rosettes. HLA determinants and complement receptors are different entities on the cell surface since elimination of complement receptors by trypsin treatment does not seem to affect the expression of HLA antigens on the cell surface. It is suggested that EAC' receptors are located close to HLA determinants.", "contents": "Association between HLA determinants and complement receptors on human lymphocytes. The relationship between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and functional receptors on the surface of human lymphocytes was studied. HLA antisera were tested for their effect on the formation of E-, EA-, and EAC'-rosettes by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Antisera to various HLA specificities inhibited the formation of EAC'-rosettes, but had no effect on the formation of E-rosettes. The formation of EA-rosettes was inhibited by HLA antisera only in part among the individuals tested. Anti beta2-microglobulin serum resembled HLA antisera in its effect on the formation of the various rosettes. HLA determinants and complement receptors are different entities on the cell surface since elimination of complement receptors by trypsin treatment does not seem to affect the expression of HLA antigens on the cell surface. It is suggested that EAC' receptors are located close to HLA determinants.", "PMID": 70864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3975", "title": "Localization of reducing group activity in the structural protein ribbons of the egg capsule of the gastropod mollusc Buccinum undatum L.", "content": "Egg capsules of the gastropod molluse Buccinum undatum L. show a staining reaction with silver-methenamine reagent with prior treatment with periodate. The reactivity is specifically localized on the striated structural protein ribbons which form the capsule walls. The staining is in the region of ribbon most resistant to chemical degradation and where the constituent protein monomers are believed to overlap and be cross-linked. Since the proteins contain little cysteine it is likely that the staining originates in aldehyde groups. Staining is abolished by borohydride reduction. It is suggested that the aldehyde groups are a locus of stabilization and cross-linking since previous work has also shown association of an aldehyde secretion with hardening of the capsules.", "contents": "Localization of reducing group activity in the structural protein ribbons of the egg capsule of the gastropod mollusc Buccinum undatum L. Egg capsules of the gastropod molluse Buccinum undatum L. show a staining reaction with silver-methenamine reagent with prior treatment with periodate. The reactivity is specifically localized on the striated structural protein ribbons which form the capsule walls. The staining is in the region of ribbon most resistant to chemical degradation and where the constituent protein monomers are believed to overlap and be cross-linked. Since the proteins contain little cysteine it is likely that the staining originates in aldehyde groups. Staining is abolished by borohydride reduction. It is suggested that the aldehyde groups are a locus of stabilization and cross-linking since previous work has also shown association of an aldehyde secretion with hardening of the capsules.", "PMID": 70865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3976", "title": "[Combination therapy by bleomycin, methotrexate, and telecobalt irradiation in carcinoma of the oral cavity (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients with advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity (T3NxMo) were treated at the same time with the cytostatic drugs bleomycin and methotrexate as well as with a cobalt-60-irradiation. 14 of them are tumor free after an observation period of one half to two and a half years. Among them were 4 recurrences that had to be treated surgically. 1 patient is living with a residual tumor which cannot be further treated. 5 patients died of the tumor or of other causes. The survival rate, which is 80% after 1 year, is, as a tentative result, higher than could be attained by other therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Combination therapy by bleomycin, methotrexate, and telecobalt irradiation in carcinoma of the oral cavity (author's transl)]. 20 patients with advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity (T3NxMo) were treated at the same time with the cytostatic drugs bleomycin and methotrexate as well as with a cobalt-60-irradiation. 14 of them are tumor free after an observation period of one half to two and a half years. Among them were 4 recurrences that had to be treated surgically. 1 patient is living with a residual tumor which cannot be further treated. 5 patients died of the tumor or of other causes. The survival rate, which is 80% after 1 year, is, as a tentative result, higher than could be attained by other therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 70869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3977", "title": "[Radium treatment of primary vaginal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1951 and 1970, 263 cases with primary carcinoma of the vagina were observed at the Irradiation-Department of the Ist University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna. As method of choice the individual, fractioned and protracted Radium-R\u00f6ntgen-Telekoalt-therapy is recommended. Of the 263 primary vaginal carcinomas 112 (42,5%) were cured. During the time mentioned in this report, we did not have any primary mortality; 24 women, however, could only be subjected to a palliative therapy, 20 patients died from an intercurrent disease and 20 women succumbed to a second carcinoma. Conclusively, the authors present a survey about the results in vaginal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Radium treatment of primary vaginal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Between 1951 and 1970, 263 cases with primary carcinoma of the vagina were observed at the Irradiation-Department of the Ist University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna. As method of choice the individual, fractioned and protracted Radium-R\u00f6ntgen-Telekoalt-therapy is recommended. Of the 263 primary vaginal carcinomas 112 (42,5%) were cured. During the time mentioned in this report, we did not have any primary mortality; 24 women, however, could only be subjected to a palliative therapy, 20 patients died from an intercurrent disease and 20 women succumbed to a second carcinoma. Conclusively, the authors present a survey about the results in vaginal carcinoma.", "PMID": 70870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3978", "title": "Single dose palliative irradiation for bony metastasis.", "content": "315 patients with bony metastasis were given palliative radiation therapy for the control of pain; 69 of these patients received single high dose treatment and the remaining patients were treated by daily fractionation. No difference in the pain relief was observed in either method of irradiation. Morbidity was slightly more with single dose therapy, but was well tolerated. Rapid relief of pain, avoidance of exhausting and painful journey for daily treatment and saving of machine time in the busy radiotherapy department make single dose therapy a preferable modality in the management of bony metastasis.", "contents": "Single dose palliative irradiation for bony metastasis. 315 patients with bony metastasis were given palliative radiation therapy for the control of pain; 69 of these patients received single high dose treatment and the remaining patients were treated by daily fractionation. No difference in the pain relief was observed in either method of irradiation. Morbidity was slightly more with single dose therapy, but was well tolerated. Rapid relief of pain, avoidance of exhausting and painful journey for daily treatment and saving of machine time in the busy radiotherapy department make single dose therapy a preferable modality in the management of bony metastasis.", "PMID": 70871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3979", "title": "Antibody response to horse gamma-globulin in recipients of renal allografts: relationship with transplant crises and transplant survival.", "content": "Anti-antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) antibody response was measured every day during and after ALG treatment in 52 recipients of renal allografts. IgM antibodies became detectable in 37 patients, usually at day 8 and IgG antibodies appeared 3 days after the IgM in 21 of 37 cases. Of 30 transplant crises recorded between days 6 and 11, 20 coincided with the onset of the antibody response, and the incidence of crises during this period was higher among antibody producers than among nonproducers. In 31 patients a partial or total unresponsiveness to ALG could be achieved. Transplant survival at 3 months was better in this group than among good responders (P less than 0.01). Anti-ALG antibody response may then be usable as an early indication of individual differences in reactivity against transplant antigens.", "contents": "Antibody response to horse gamma-globulin in recipients of renal allografts: relationship with transplant crises and transplant survival. Anti-antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) antibody response was measured every day during and after ALG treatment in 52 recipients of renal allografts. IgM antibodies became detectable in 37 patients, usually at day 8 and IgG antibodies appeared 3 days after the IgM in 21 of 37 cases. Of 30 transplant crises recorded between days 6 and 11, 20 coincided with the onset of the antibody response, and the incidence of crises during this period was higher among antibody producers than among nonproducers. In 31 patients a partial or total unresponsiveness to ALG could be achieved. Transplant survival at 3 months was better in this group than among good responders (P less than 0.01). Anti-ALG antibody response may then be usable as an early indication of individual differences in reactivity against transplant antigens.", "PMID": 70872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3980", "title": "[Cytochemical study of different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Nucleic acids and proteins in endozoites].", "content": "Using the Feulgen technique in addition to the methyl green-pyronin and gallocyanin-chromalum staining, nucleic acids were detected in Toxoplasma gondii of strains SS-119 and RH DNA was revealed in the nuclei of both intracellular and free individuals examined on various days (2--6) after mouse inoculation. A high RNA content in the cytoplasm of endozoites is a most characteristic feature of this stage. However, no definite nucleolus has been demonstrated in the endozoite nucleus. Using the Fast green and Alcian blue techniques, resp., histones were detected in the endozoite nuclei whose locality corresponded to that of Feulgen-positive material. The Acrolein-Schiff method located aldehyde groups of protein in endozoites, the detected stuff being confined mainly to the nuclear and perinuclear areas of the parasite. Tannofilic protein seems to screen the endozoite body, no difference between nuclear and cytoplasmic staining being seen. Tryptophan and tyrosin were not detected in the endozoites of Toxoplasma. The results obtained on Toxoplasma endozoites are compared with the metabolic patterns seen in the host cells of the peritoneal exudate and with previous literature data.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Nucleic acids and proteins in endozoites]. Using the Feulgen technique in addition to the methyl green-pyronin and gallocyanin-chromalum staining, nucleic acids were detected in Toxoplasma gondii of strains SS-119 and RH DNA was revealed in the nuclei of both intracellular and free individuals examined on various days (2--6) after mouse inoculation. A high RNA content in the cytoplasm of endozoites is a most characteristic feature of this stage. However, no definite nucleolus has been demonstrated in the endozoite nucleus. Using the Fast green and Alcian blue techniques, resp., histones were detected in the endozoite nuclei whose locality corresponded to that of Feulgen-positive material. The Acrolein-Schiff method located aldehyde groups of protein in endozoites, the detected stuff being confined mainly to the nuclear and perinuclear areas of the parasite. Tannofilic protein seems to screen the endozoite body, no difference between nuclear and cytoplasmic staining being seen. Tryptophan and tyrosin were not detected in the endozoites of Toxoplasma. The results obtained on Toxoplasma endozoites are compared with the metabolic patterns seen in the host cells of the peritoneal exudate and with previous literature data.", "PMID": 70874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3981", "title": "[Radioimmunologic serum determinations of alpha-fetoprotein in patients with tumors of the testis (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AEP) serum levels were determined by a new radioimmunoassay (sensitivity about 5 ng/ml) in 47 patients with teratocarcinoma of the testis and in 58 cases with seminoma before operation and during the postoperative course of the disease. In 140 healthy adult persons normal AFP levels below 15 ng/ml were measured. Of 14 preoperative cases with teratocarcinoma, 12 (86%) showed pathologic AFP levels over 20 ng/ml up to 3875 ng/ml. Postoperatively, cases free of metastases developed normal AFP concentrations within 4 to 10 weeks, whereas cases with distant metastases retained constant or increasing pathologic levels following a clinical deterioration. Only in three postoperative cases were Ouchterlony-positive results (AFP sensitivity about 10 000 ng/ml) observed. In contrast, patients with seminoma showed normal AFP levels below 20 ng/ml pre- and postoperatively. According to the results, AFP radioimmunoassay is recommended as an important tool for the differentiation of teratocarcinoma from other tumors of the testis and as a useful parameter for the control of therapy and the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic serum determinations of alpha-fetoprotein in patients with tumors of the testis (author's transl)]. Alpha-fetoprotein (AEP) serum levels were determined by a new radioimmunoassay (sensitivity about 5 ng/ml) in 47 patients with teratocarcinoma of the testis and in 58 cases with seminoma before operation and during the postoperative course of the disease. In 140 healthy adult persons normal AFP levels below 15 ng/ml were measured. Of 14 preoperative cases with teratocarcinoma, 12 (86%) showed pathologic AFP levels over 20 ng/ml up to 3875 ng/ml. Postoperatively, cases free of metastases developed normal AFP concentrations within 4 to 10 weeks, whereas cases with distant metastases retained constant or increasing pathologic levels following a clinical deterioration. Only in three postoperative cases were Ouchterlony-positive results (AFP sensitivity about 10 000 ng/ml) observed. In contrast, patients with seminoma showed normal AFP levels below 20 ng/ml pre- and postoperatively. According to the results, AFP radioimmunoassay is recommended as an important tool for the differentiation of teratocarcinoma from other tumors of the testis and as a useful parameter for the control of therapy and the course of the disease.", "PMID": 70876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3982", "title": "Cochlear vascular changes in streptozotocin diabetes in chinchillas.", "content": "Chinchillas were made diabetic by streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection, and the cochlear blood vessels were studied using surface preparation techniques after 3, 6, and 12 months of established diabetes. The following findings were reported: (1) a decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity in the walls of cochlear capillaries after six months of established diabetes, (2) a generalized involvement of the cochlear microcirculation as evidenced by the decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity and by narrowing and irregularities of the capillary lumen, and (3) areas of complete capillary closure in the stria vascularis of the basal turn after 6 and 12 months of established diabetes.", "contents": "Cochlear vascular changes in streptozotocin diabetes in chinchillas. Chinchillas were made diabetic by streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection, and the cochlear blood vessels were studied using surface preparation techniques after 3, 6, and 12 months of established diabetes. The following findings were reported: (1) a decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity in the walls of cochlear capillaries after six months of established diabetes, (2) a generalized involvement of the cochlear microcirculation as evidenced by the decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity and by narrowing and irregularities of the capillary lumen, and (3) areas of complete capillary closure in the stria vascularis of the basal turn after 6 and 12 months of established diabetes.", "PMID": 70877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3983", "title": "Distribution of IgG subclasses in commercial and some experimental gamma-globulin preparations.", "content": "The IgG subclass distribution was determined in six commercial and in four experimental human gamma-globulin preparations. The concentrations of IgG subclasses were measured in a modified radiommunoassay using subclass-specific antisera. In commercial gamma-globulins, the distribution of the subclasses corresponded roughly to the distribution in normal human serum. A considerable enrichment of the IgG 4 was found in experimental lots prepared either from the ethanol fraction III or from the rivanol-precipitable IgG.", "contents": "Distribution of IgG subclasses in commercial and some experimental gamma-globulin preparations. The IgG subclass distribution was determined in six commercial and in four experimental human gamma-globulin preparations. The concentrations of IgG subclasses were measured in a modified radiommunoassay using subclass-specific antisera. In commercial gamma-globulins, the distribution of the subclasses corresponded roughly to the distribution in normal human serum. A considerable enrichment of the IgG 4 was found in experimental lots prepared either from the ethanol fraction III or from the rivanol-precipitable IgG.", "PMID": 70884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3984", "title": "Comparison of low-molecular-weight products following reaction of C3-C3b with C3b inactivator and with trypsin.", "content": "Substitution of trypsin for Konglutinogen-activating factor (KAF) in the procedure for cleaving C3d from C3-C3b substrate produced a relatively heterogeneous low-molecular-weight fraction (C3d-Tryp) which differed in a number of ways from the KAF-mediated cleavage product (C3d-KAF). The differences were demonstrable by agar and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 125I-labelling, content of immunoreactive 125I-labelled C3d, inhibition of anti-complement antiglobulin reagents and rabbit immunization. By comparison with C3d-KAF, the C3d in C3d-Tryp was more heterogeneous and exhibited a faster electrophoretic mobility in agar at pH 8.6. By contrast to C3d-KAF, C3d-Tryp contained protein carrying C3c antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Comparison of low-molecular-weight products following reaction of C3-C3b with C3b inactivator and with trypsin. Substitution of trypsin for Konglutinogen-activating factor (KAF) in the procedure for cleaving C3d from C3-C3b substrate produced a relatively heterogeneous low-molecular-weight fraction (C3d-Tryp) which differed in a number of ways from the KAF-mediated cleavage product (C3d-KAF). The differences were demonstrable by agar and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 125I-labelling, content of immunoreactive 125I-labelled C3d, inhibition of anti-complement antiglobulin reagents and rabbit immunization. By comparison with C3d-KAF, the C3d in C3d-Tryp was more heterogeneous and exhibited a faster electrophoretic mobility in agar at pH 8.6. By contrast to C3d-KAF, C3d-Tryp contained protein carrying C3c antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 70885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3985", "title": "[Clinical morphological and immunological characteristics of lupus nephropathy].", "content": "Analysis is carried out of the clinical, pathomorphological and immunological characteristic of lupus nephropathy in 62 patients, 56 females and 6 males. A series of new investigation methods were used for that purpose. An early tendency towards kidney involvement in the course of LED is established and in 22 of the patients (36%) the renal symptoms have been the first clinical manifestations of the basic illness. Lupus nephropathy progresses most often with a nephrosis syndrome (in 66.1% of the patients), rarely pure and not combined with hypertension and/or with renal insufficiency. The pathomorphological changes are rather multiform but in the majority of the cases almost all structural elements of glomerules and the rest of the renal tissue are affected. The clinical picture severity, histopathological changes and nephropathy evolution course were established to be distinctly dependent on the course acuteness of the basic morbid process. The importance of the detailed study of the clinico-morphological and immune characteristic of lupus nephropathy upon the timely diagnosis. Proper treatment and the prognosis assessment of the illness is stressed upon.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological and immunological characteristics of lupus nephropathy]. Analysis is carried out of the clinical, pathomorphological and immunological characteristic of lupus nephropathy in 62 patients, 56 females and 6 males. A series of new investigation methods were used for that purpose. An early tendency towards kidney involvement in the course of LED is established and in 22 of the patients (36%) the renal symptoms have been the first clinical manifestations of the basic illness. Lupus nephropathy progresses most often with a nephrosis syndrome (in 66.1% of the patients), rarely pure and not combined with hypertension and/or with renal insufficiency. The pathomorphological changes are rather multiform but in the majority of the cases almost all structural elements of glomerules and the rest of the renal tissue are affected. The clinical picture severity, histopathological changes and nephropathy evolution course were established to be distinctly dependent on the course acuteness of the basic morbid process. The importance of the detailed study of the clinico-morphological and immune characteristic of lupus nephropathy upon the timely diagnosis. Proper treatment and the prognosis assessment of the illness is stressed upon.", "PMID": 70887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3986", "title": "[Clinical observations on the use of high-dose methotrexate treatment in osteogenic sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Since January 1976 high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy has been used in the management of patients with osteogenic sarcoma at the Orthopaedic Department, University of Vienna. 7500 mg MTX/sqm body surface is administrated in a four-hour infusion with citrovorum factor rescue. This therapy is combined with dactinomycin, adriamycin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine in a multi-drug chemotherapeutic program as a prophylactic regimen after surgical treatment of the primary tumour, as well as in the management of metastases. So far, 12 patients have received a total of 46 infusions with HDMTX at montly intervals (6 patients already had widespread metastases). The use of several precautions such as adequate hydration 3 l/sqm body surface fluid), systematic alkalinization of the urine and regular control of the serum MTX level renders HDMTX therapy less hazardous. Five out of the 46 infusions were followed by mild toxic reactions consisting of mouth ulceration, fever and/or bone marrow depression. One out of the 6 patients with metastases and 5 out of the 6 patients receiving HDMTX as a prophylactic measure are without evidence of disease at present. In view of the short observation period, this report is limited to clinical observations only.", "contents": "[Clinical observations on the use of high-dose methotrexate treatment in osteogenic sarcoma (author's transl)]. Since January 1976 high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy has been used in the management of patients with osteogenic sarcoma at the Orthopaedic Department, University of Vienna. 7500 mg MTX/sqm body surface is administrated in a four-hour infusion with citrovorum factor rescue. This therapy is combined with dactinomycin, adriamycin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine in a multi-drug chemotherapeutic program as a prophylactic regimen after surgical treatment of the primary tumour, as well as in the management of metastases. So far, 12 patients have received a total of 46 infusions with HDMTX at montly intervals (6 patients already had widespread metastases). The use of several precautions such as adequate hydration 3 l/sqm body surface fluid), systematic alkalinization of the urine and regular control of the serum MTX level renders HDMTX therapy less hazardous. Five out of the 46 infusions were followed by mild toxic reactions consisting of mouth ulceration, fever and/or bone marrow depression. One out of the 6 patients with metastases and 5 out of the 6 patients receiving HDMTX as a prophylactic measure are without evidence of disease at present. In view of the short observation period, this report is limited to clinical observations only.", "PMID": 70889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3987", "title": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors. Forestomach and bladder cancer.", "content": "Acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (AMMN) induced only carcinomas of the forestomach in female Sprague-Dawley rats after an induction time of about 100 days when applied orally twice weekly in single doses (d) of 3.5 mg/kg body weight, Butyl-butanol-nitrosamine (BBN) selectively produced bladder tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats after about 280 days when given in daily oral single doses (d) of 10 mg/kg body weight. The reactions of a total of 520 rats with chemically induced tumors were tested using 4-drug combination chemotherapy with different equitoxic doses of Adriamycin (Adm), Methotrexate (Mtx), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Bleomycin (Blm). The influences of combined therapy on mean sruvival time, tumor weight, histology of tumors, and adverse side effects of therapy are herein described. The results showed to be tumorspecific. In addition, the comparability of experimental chemotherapy in autochthonous rat tumors to clinical experience is discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors. Forestomach and bladder cancer. Acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (AMMN) induced only carcinomas of the forestomach in female Sprague-Dawley rats after an induction time of about 100 days when applied orally twice weekly in single doses (d) of 3.5 mg/kg body weight, Butyl-butanol-nitrosamine (BBN) selectively produced bladder tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats after about 280 days when given in daily oral single doses (d) of 10 mg/kg body weight. The reactions of a total of 520 rats with chemically induced tumors were tested using 4-drug combination chemotherapy with different equitoxic doses of Adriamycin (Adm), Methotrexate (Mtx), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Bleomycin (Blm). The influences of combined therapy on mean sruvival time, tumor weight, histology of tumors, and adverse side effects of therapy are herein described. The results showed to be tumorspecific. In addition, the comparability of experimental chemotherapy in autochthonous rat tumors to clinical experience is discussed.", "PMID": 70891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3988", "title": "[Specificity of the human \"leukocytic virus of leukemia\"].", "content": "The evidence has been obtained indicating the presence of the antigen of leukocyte leukosis virus (LLV) in specimens from patients with leukosis. Immunofluorescence tests with rabbit immune serum to LLV revealed specific fluorescence of the cytoplasm of cells in 19 out of 32 bone marrow punctates and leukocytes in 10 out of 12 blood smears from patients with acute leukosis and chronic myeloleukosis. In these tests, the difference from analogous control materials (from donors, patients with polyarthritis, reticulosclerodermia, mveloma, etc. is highly statistically significant. By the CFT, antibody to LLV-infected cells were detected in 60.8% of patients with leukosis and 18.5% of donors. When examined by the gel precipitation test with the appropriate test-systems LLV antigen was found to contain no group-specific antigen of murine leukosis virus or antigen of oncornaviris D from HEp-2 continuous cell line.", "contents": "[Specificity of the human \"leukocytic virus of leukemia\"]. The evidence has been obtained indicating the presence of the antigen of leukocyte leukosis virus (LLV) in specimens from patients with leukosis. Immunofluorescence tests with rabbit immune serum to LLV revealed specific fluorescence of the cytoplasm of cells in 19 out of 32 bone marrow punctates and leukocytes in 10 out of 12 blood smears from patients with acute leukosis and chronic myeloleukosis. In these tests, the difference from analogous control materials (from donors, patients with polyarthritis, reticulosclerodermia, mveloma, etc. is highly statistically significant. By the CFT, antibody to LLV-infected cells were detected in 60.8% of patients with leukosis and 18.5% of donors. When examined by the gel precipitation test with the appropriate test-systems LLV antigen was found to contain no group-specific antigen of murine leukosis virus or antigen of oncornaviris D from HEp-2 continuous cell line.", "PMID": 70886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3989", "title": "[Determination of the pregnancy associated alpha-2-glycoprotein (PAG) in pregnant women with reference to the number of previous pregnancies].", "content": "By estimation of PAG level from 33 primipara, 20 second-para and 11 third-para it was investigated if there are a correlation between PAG concentration and the number of gravidity or the weight of newborn respectively. The PAG concentration was estimated by so called Laurell electrophoresis and expressed in mm precipitate column. The middle concentration of PAG disclose in primipara 24,7, in second-para 23,0 and in third-para 21,1 mm. The average weight of newborn was to found a contrary tendency. The difference of PAG level between primi- and third-para was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Determination of the pregnancy associated alpha-2-glycoprotein (PAG) in pregnant women with reference to the number of previous pregnancies]. By estimation of PAG level from 33 primipara, 20 second-para and 11 third-para it was investigated if there are a correlation between PAG concentration and the number of gravidity or the weight of newborn respectively. The PAG concentration was estimated by so called Laurell electrophoresis and expressed in mm precipitate column. The middle concentration of PAG disclose in primipara 24,7, in second-para 23,0 and in third-para 21,1 mm. The average weight of newborn was to found a contrary tendency. The difference of PAG level between primi- and third-para was statistically significant.", "PMID": 70906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3990", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects from the amniotic fluid. Report of experiences].", "content": "42 pregnancies were monitored by transabdominal amniocentesis followed by karyotyping. Biochemical assays of cultured amniotic fluid cells, 50 analysis of alpha1-fetoprotein and estimations of the number of y-bodies in the amniotic fluid cells was also made. One chromosomal aberration (47, XY, + 18) was found in 13 pregnancies tested because of advanced maternal age. In 6 pregnancies with a recurrence risk of Down's Syndrom, one fetus with abnormal karyotype (46, XY, 5p-) was detected.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects from the amniotic fluid. Report of experiences]. 42 pregnancies were monitored by transabdominal amniocentesis followed by karyotyping. Biochemical assays of cultured amniotic fluid cells, 50 analysis of alpha1-fetoprotein and estimations of the number of y-bodies in the amniotic fluid cells was also made. One chromosomal aberration (47, XY, + 18) was found in 13 pregnancies tested because of advanced maternal age. In 6 pregnancies with a recurrence risk of Down's Syndrom, one fetus with abnormal karyotype (46, XY, 5p-) was detected.", "PMID": 70907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3991", "title": "[On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "The immune sera for Torulopsis apicola, T. bovine, T. colliculosa, T. fructus, T. glabrata, T. haemulonii and T. kestoni agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated Torulopsis apicola, T. bovina, T. colliculosa, T. fructus, T. glabrata, T. haemulonii and T. kestoni. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S. cholerae-suis (6,7).", "contents": "[On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella (author's transl)]. The immune sera for Torulopsis apicola, T. bovine, T. colliculosa, T. fructus, T. glabrata, T. haemulonii and T. kestoni agglutinated Salmonella cholerae-suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae-suis agglutinated Torulopsis apicola, T. bovina, T. colliculosa, T. fructus, T. glabrata, T. haemulonii and T. kestoni. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S. cholerae-suis (6,7).", "PMID": 70908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3992", "title": "[Global program of smallpox eradication. 1. Smallpox in the world before acceptance of the program of its eradication by the World Health Organization].", "content": "Despite a considerable success in control smallpox in a number of countries reached as a result of vaccination the problem of eradication of this infection could not be solved without uniting the efforts of all the countries in the world. Guided by humanity principles the delegation of the USSR suggested in 1958 a program of smallpox eradication in the whole world. World smallpox morbidity is analyzed in this work.", "contents": "[Global program of smallpox eradication. 1. Smallpox in the world before acceptance of the program of its eradication by the World Health Organization]. Despite a considerable success in control smallpox in a number of countries reached as a result of vaccination the problem of eradication of this infection could not be solved without uniting the efforts of all the countries in the world. Guided by humanity principles the delegation of the USSR suggested in 1958 a program of smallpox eradication in the whole world. World smallpox morbidity is analyzed in this work.", "PMID": 70910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3993", "title": "[Sensitization to mites in house dust among children suffering bronchial asthma].", "content": "The results of studying allergy to domestic dust in 168 patients suffering from bronchial asthma are presented. The diagnosis was made by means of the domestic dust allergen (10000 PNU), fraction E extracted from the whole allergen by Berrens and Young's method, and with lyophilized extract from D. pteronussinus, farinae and Glycyphagus ticks isolated from domestic dust by Voohorst and Spieksma's method. In parallel, IgE was determined in the blood serum of the patients under study by the radio-allergo-sorbent test; IgG was also determined. Microticks proved to be not the only factor determining the activity of domestic dust. Results of diagnosis in vivo and in vitro were found to correlate. The authors believe that the activity of domestic dust allergen formed on account of the reactions of the Maillard's type, in which a significant role was played by the \"lysine-sugar) compounds.", "contents": "[Sensitization to mites in house dust among children suffering bronchial asthma]. The results of studying allergy to domestic dust in 168 patients suffering from bronchial asthma are presented. The diagnosis was made by means of the domestic dust allergen (10000 PNU), fraction E extracted from the whole allergen by Berrens and Young's method, and with lyophilized extract from D. pteronussinus, farinae and Glycyphagus ticks isolated from domestic dust by Voohorst and Spieksma's method. In parallel, IgE was determined in the blood serum of the patients under study by the radio-allergo-sorbent test; IgG was also determined. Microticks proved to be not the only factor determining the activity of domestic dust. Results of diagnosis in vivo and in vitro were found to correlate. The authors believe that the activity of domestic dust allergen formed on account of the reactions of the Maillard's type, in which a significant role was played by the \"lysine-sugar) compounds.", "PMID": 70911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3994", "title": "[Immunoglobulin FAB-fragments: specific activity and reactogenicity. III. Comparative study of the antigenic properties of anti-encephalitic gamma-globulin and FAB-fragments isolated from it].", "content": "Parenteral administration of antiencephalytic gamma-globulin and of the Fab-fragments, extracted from it, to rabbits stimulated the formation of specific antibodies. The maximal blood serum specific antibody level in rabbits reimmunized with Fab-fragments was much lower than that following the reimmunization of rabbits with gamma-globulin. Antibodies specific to gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments were concentrated in the gamma-globulin fraction of the immune sera and could be referred to the immunoglobulins of G class.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin FAB-fragments: specific activity and reactogenicity. III. Comparative study of the antigenic properties of anti-encephalitic gamma-globulin and FAB-fragments isolated from it]. Parenteral administration of antiencephalytic gamma-globulin and of the Fab-fragments, extracted from it, to rabbits stimulated the formation of specific antibodies. The maximal blood serum specific antibody level in rabbits reimmunized with Fab-fragments was much lower than that following the reimmunization of rabbits with gamma-globulin. Antibodies specific to gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments were concentrated in the gamma-globulin fraction of the immune sera and could be referred to the immunoglobulins of G class.", "PMID": 70912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3995", "title": "[Immunogenicity of isocomponents of the alpha-toxoid of Cl. oedematiens for mice of opposite reacting genotypes].", "content": "There was revealed molecular heterogeneity of the highly purified Cl. oedematiens alpha-toxoid. By the method of isoelectrical focussing alpha-toxoid was divided into isocomponents with the isoelectrical points of 5.33 +/- 0.02 and 4.91 +/- 0.08 with an equal specific activity and serological specificity. In studying the immunogenicity of alpha-toxoid and its isocomponents in experiments on mice of oppositely reacting genotypes it was shown that for mice of the low reacting strain (DBA/2) the the alpha-toxoid isocomponents possessed a much greater immunogenicity than the highly purified alpha-toxoid; under the same conditions the immunogenicity of the alpha-toxoid isocomponents for mice of the highly reacting strain (CBA) failed to differ from the immunogenicity of the highly purified alpha-toxoid.", "contents": "[Immunogenicity of isocomponents of the alpha-toxoid of Cl. oedematiens for mice of opposite reacting genotypes]. There was revealed molecular heterogeneity of the highly purified Cl. oedematiens alpha-toxoid. By the method of isoelectrical focussing alpha-toxoid was divided into isocomponents with the isoelectrical points of 5.33 +/- 0.02 and 4.91 +/- 0.08 with an equal specific activity and serological specificity. In studying the immunogenicity of alpha-toxoid and its isocomponents in experiments on mice of oppositely reacting genotypes it was shown that for mice of the low reacting strain (DBA/2) the the alpha-toxoid isocomponents possessed a much greater immunogenicity than the highly purified alpha-toxoid; under the same conditions the immunogenicity of the alpha-toxoid isocomponents for mice of the highly reacting strain (CBA) failed to differ from the immunogenicity of the highly purified alpha-toxoid.", "PMID": 70913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3996", "title": "[Immunologic study of R-mutants of S. minnesota and water-soluble antigens of S. typhimurium].", "content": "Protective properties of Ra- and Re-chemotypes of S. minnesota were studied in experiments on active and passive protection of albino mice from infection with a virulent S. typhimurium culture. Vaccines prepared from the Ra- and Re-mutants of S. minnesota were administered to the animals in the sum total dose of from 0.05 to 0.6 mg. Hyperimmune and normal rabbit sera were administered in doses of 0.3 and 0.5 ml. S. mineesota Ra- and Re-mutants in the doses tested proved to possess a weak protective activity: the level of the immunized mice nonspecific protection from the experimental salmonellosis failed to exceed the natural resistance level. Immunogenicity of Ra-mutant was markedly greater than the immunogenicity of Re-mutant. A marked protective activity against the experimental salmonellosis in mice was possessed by the antigenic complexes from the homologous strain only.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of R-mutants of S. minnesota and water-soluble antigens of S. typhimurium]. Protective properties of Ra- and Re-chemotypes of S. minnesota were studied in experiments on active and passive protection of albino mice from infection with a virulent S. typhimurium culture. Vaccines prepared from the Ra- and Re-mutants of S. minnesota were administered to the animals in the sum total dose of from 0.05 to 0.6 mg. Hyperimmune and normal rabbit sera were administered in doses of 0.3 and 0.5 ml. S. mineesota Ra- and Re-mutants in the doses tested proved to possess a weak protective activity: the level of the immunized mice nonspecific protection from the experimental salmonellosis failed to exceed the natural resistance level. Immunogenicity of Ra-mutant was markedly greater than the immunogenicity of Re-mutant. A marked protective activity against the experimental salmonellosis in mice was possessed by the antigenic complexes from the homologous strain only.", "PMID": 70915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3997", "title": "[Clinical picture and pathogenesis of the Refsum syndrome].", "content": "The author reports of 2 cases (sisters of 13 and 15 years old) with the Refsum syndrome. The disease had its onset at the age of 12 and 5 years with a progressive development and remissions. The clinical picture was characterized by a recurrent syndrome of polyradiculoneurites with a slight protein cellular dissociation in the CSF, an expressed sensitive ataxia with elements of cerebellar disorders, a drop in the acuity of sight, audition, intellectual level and a deformation of the talipes of the Friedreich type. In a single examination of fatty acids in the blood serum by the method of gas chromotography there were no data pointing to the existence of 3, 7, 11, 15-tetra metylhexadecone acids. On the basis of an immunological study the author discusses the role of autoimmune reactions in the pathogenesis of the diseases. A differential diagnosis was conducted between acanthocytosis and porphyria with recommendations in regard to treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and pathogenesis of the Refsum syndrome]. The author reports of 2 cases (sisters of 13 and 15 years old) with the Refsum syndrome. The disease had its onset at the age of 12 and 5 years with a progressive development and remissions. The clinical picture was characterized by a recurrent syndrome of polyradiculoneurites with a slight protein cellular dissociation in the CSF, an expressed sensitive ataxia with elements of cerebellar disorders, a drop in the acuity of sight, audition, intellectual level and a deformation of the talipes of the Friedreich type. In a single examination of fatty acids in the blood serum by the method of gas chromotography there were no data pointing to the existence of 3, 7, 11, 15-tetra metylhexadecone acids. On the basis of an immunological study the author discusses the role of autoimmune reactions in the pathogenesis of the diseases. A differential diagnosis was conducted between acanthocytosis and porphyria with recommendations in regard to treatment.", "PMID": 70917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3998", "title": "Neonatal sebaceous glands: fine structure of sebaceous and dendritic cells.", "content": "Ultrastructural features of sebaceous glands in newborns were examined in adnexal polyp lesions of neonatal skin. Material for electron microscopy was obtained from the nipple areola of 10 Japanese newborn babies of both sexes, less than 8 days of age. The cell organization of the neonatal sebaceous acini consisted of undifferentiated, differentiating, and mature sebaceous cells, and the sequence of sebaceous transformation seemed to be consistent with that described in the postnatal acini. The sheet of continuous basal lamina covering the sebaceous acini was neither distorted nor convoluted. This configuration in the basal lamina revealed no convincing evidence for physiological involution of the neonatal sebaceous cells were identified at the outer periphery of the sebaceous glnads. Melanocytes in symbiosis with the sebaceous acini in concurrent presence of Langerhans cells.", "contents": "Neonatal sebaceous glands: fine structure of sebaceous and dendritic cells. Ultrastructural features of sebaceous glands in newborns were examined in adnexal polyp lesions of neonatal skin. Material for electron microscopy was obtained from the nipple areola of 10 Japanese newborn babies of both sexes, less than 8 days of age. The cell organization of the neonatal sebaceous acini consisted of undifferentiated, differentiating, and mature sebaceous cells, and the sequence of sebaceous transformation seemed to be consistent with that described in the postnatal acini. The sheet of continuous basal lamina covering the sebaceous acini was neither distorted nor convoluted. This configuration in the basal lamina revealed no convincing evidence for physiological involution of the neonatal sebaceous cells were identified at the outer periphery of the sebaceous glnads. Melanocytes in symbiosis with the sebaceous acini in concurrent presence of Langerhans cells.", "PMID": 70918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_3999", "title": "New staining techniques for the Langerhans cell.", "content": "Three new techniques are described for staining the Langerhans cell in whole mounts of fresh human and guinea pig epidermis. These employ paraphenylenediamine, gold sodium thiomalate and cobalt chloride, respectively, and require appropriate epidermal separation with EDTA, ammonium thiocyanate or sodium bromide. Used in conjunction with a modified adenosine triphosphatase stain, these techniques provide greater capability for observing the Langerhans cell in disease states than can be achieved by any single stain. A combined stain with adenosine triphosphate and gold is also described.", "contents": "New staining techniques for the Langerhans cell. Three new techniques are described for staining the Langerhans cell in whole mounts of fresh human and guinea pig epidermis. These employ paraphenylenediamine, gold sodium thiomalate and cobalt chloride, respectively, and require appropriate epidermal separation with EDTA, ammonium thiocyanate or sodium bromide. Used in conjunction with a modified adenosine triphosphatase stain, these techniques provide greater capability for observing the Langerhans cell in disease states than can be achieved by any single stain. A combined stain with adenosine triphosphate and gold is also described.", "PMID": 70919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4000", "title": "A possible dysfunction of melanosome transfer in leprosy: an electron-microscopic study.", "content": "An E.M.  study was carried out to investigate whether Mycobacterium leprae occur intracellularly in epidermal melanocytes. As this could not be confirmed, the selective killing of melanocytes by cytotoxic lymphocytes could not explain the hypopigmentation in types of leprosy with a relative good immune response. There were indications that these hypopigmented lesions resulted from a disturbed transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Further research is in progress.", "contents": "A possible dysfunction of melanosome transfer in leprosy: an electron-microscopic study. An E.M.  study was carried out to investigate whether Mycobacterium leprae occur intracellularly in epidermal melanocytes. As this could not be confirmed, the selective killing of melanocytes by cytotoxic lymphocytes could not explain the hypopigmentation in types of leprosy with a relative good immune response. There were indications that these hypopigmented lesions resulted from a disturbed transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Further research is in progress.", "PMID": 70920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4001", "title": "Metabolism of 5-S-cyteinyldopa by O-methylation.", "content": "5-S-cysteinyldopa is metabolized by O-methylation on incubation with a liver extract and S-adenosyl methionine. O-methylated 5-S-cysteinyldopa isolated from melanoma urines by ion exchange and paper chromatography was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR.", "contents": "Metabolism of 5-S-cyteinyldopa by O-methylation. 5-S-cysteinyldopa is metabolized by O-methylation on incubation with a liver extract and S-adenosyl methionine. O-methylated 5-S-cysteinyldopa isolated from melanoma urines by ion exchange and paper chromatography was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR.", "PMID": 70921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4002", "title": "Intracellular distribution of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa in Harding-Passey melanoma.", "content": "The concentrations of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were determined in the various cell fractions of Harding-Passey melanomas. Dopa was present in larger amounts than was 5-S-cysteinyldopa in all cell fractions, but the dopa/5-S-cysteinyldopa ratio was lower in the soluble fraction and in the small-granule fraction than in the large-granule fraction. The soluble fraction contained the greatest amount of catechols. These findings are compatible with high tyrosinase activity not only in the melanosomes but also in the small-granule and soluble fractions.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa in Harding-Passey melanoma. The concentrations of dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were determined in the various cell fractions of Harding-Passey melanomas. Dopa was present in larger amounts than was 5-S-cysteinyldopa in all cell fractions, but the dopa/5-S-cysteinyldopa ratio was lower in the soluble fraction and in the small-granule fraction than in the large-granule fraction. The soluble fraction contained the greatest amount of catechols. These findings are compatible with high tyrosinase activity not only in the melanosomes but also in the small-granule and soluble fractions.", "PMID": 70922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4003", "title": "An in vivo study of cell-mediated immunity in human warts. Preliminary results.", "content": "Purified human papilloma virus (HPV) was used to study cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in patients with warts and in controls by means of the intradermal test (IDT). IDT was positive in 75% of patients with past history of warts, in 56% of patients presenting with warts, but in only 7% of controls. Immunofluorescent antibody levels were initially low and increased after injection of HPV antigen in all groups.", "contents": "An in vivo study of cell-mediated immunity in human warts. Preliminary results. Purified human papilloma virus (HPV) was used to study cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in patients with warts and in controls by means of the intradermal test (IDT). IDT was positive in 75% of patients with past history of warts, in 56% of patients presenting with warts, but in only 7% of controls. Immunofluorescent antibody levels were initially low and increased after injection of HPV antigen in all groups.", "PMID": 70923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4004", "title": "The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate.", "content": "A double-blind study was carried out to demonstrate the significance of chromate ingestion in the persistence of chromic chromate dermatitis. Each of 31 chromate-allergic patients was given one tablet containing 7.1 mg potassium dichromate, plus a placebo tablet. The dermatitis of 11 of the 31 patients flared after the ingestion of chromate, but not after placebo. 3 patients had equivocal reactions to both tablets; the dermatitis worsened in 2 patients following ingestion of the placebo but not after the chromate tablet. No statistically significant difference could be found between reactivity to chromate and eczema of dyshidrotic morphology. Nor was it possible to correlate the degree of patch test reactivity to the reaction following chromate ingestion. It is concluded that a low-chromate diet is of value in the management of patients with chronic chromate dermatitis.", "contents": "The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate. A double-blind study was carried out to demonstrate the significance of chromate ingestion in the persistence of chromic chromate dermatitis. Each of 31 chromate-allergic patients was given one tablet containing 7.1 mg potassium dichromate, plus a placebo tablet. The dermatitis of 11 of the 31 patients flared after the ingestion of chromate, but not after placebo. 3 patients had equivocal reactions to both tablets; the dermatitis worsened in 2 patients following ingestion of the placebo but not after the chromate tablet. No statistically significant difference could be found between reactivity to chromate and eczema of dyshidrotic morphology. Nor was it possible to correlate the degree of patch test reactivity to the reaction following chromate ingestion. It is concluded that a low-chromate diet is of value in the management of patients with chronic chromate dermatitis.", "PMID": 70924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4005", "title": "Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on chlorpromazine and related tricyclic drugs.", "content": "A large number of phenothiazines and chemically related tricyclic drugs have been studied with respect to their phototoxic potency. Two methods were used, an in vivo technique based on the inflammatory response of the mouse tail after systemic administration of the drug plus UVA irradiation, and an in vitro method based on growth inhibition of Candida albicans. Of 27 commercial tricyclic drugs tested in vivo, the most potent were chlorpromazine and two other chlorinated compounds, prochlorperazine and perphenazine. Tricyclic drugs lacking nitrogen, sulphur, or both in their ring system showed no activity. All compounds phototoxic in the mouse were so in the yeast test as well. Here, however, the thioxanthenes (lacking nitrogen) were also highly active.", "contents": "Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on chlorpromazine and related tricyclic drugs. A large number of phenothiazines and chemically related tricyclic drugs have been studied with respect to their phototoxic potency. Two methods were used, an in vivo technique based on the inflammatory response of the mouse tail after systemic administration of the drug plus UVA irradiation, and an in vitro method based on growth inhibition of Candida albicans. Of 27 commercial tricyclic drugs tested in vivo, the most potent were chlorpromazine and two other chlorinated compounds, prochlorperazine and perphenazine. Tricyclic drugs lacking nitrogen, sulphur, or both in their ring system showed no activity. All compounds phototoxic in the mouse were so in the yeast test as well. Here, however, the thioxanthenes (lacking nitrogen) were also highly active.", "PMID": 70925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4006", "title": "Elevated serum immunoglobulin levels in polymorphous light eruptions.", "content": "Elevated immunoglobulin levels were demonstrated in the sera of patients suffering from chronic polymorphous light eruptions. Compared with corresponding levels in a control population, the IgE levels were elevated very significantly, the IgM levels significantly, and the IgG levels almost significantly. Apart from the occurrence of a low grade positive Waaler-Rose test titre in 14% of the patients, serological abnormalities associated with so-called collagen diseases could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Elevated serum immunoglobulin levels in polymorphous light eruptions. Elevated immunoglobulin levels were demonstrated in the sera of patients suffering from chronic polymorphous light eruptions. Compared with corresponding levels in a control population, the IgE levels were elevated very significantly, the IgM levels significantly, and the IgG levels almost significantly. Apart from the occurrence of a low grade positive Waaler-Rose test titre in 14% of the patients, serological abnormalities associated with so-called collagen diseases could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 70926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4007", "title": "Deficient neutrophil function in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, thymoma and myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The case of a 68-year-old man who suffered the onset of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, thymoma, myasthenia gravis and a reversible neutrophil dysfunction during adult life is reported. All tests for humoral and cellular immunity proved normal. Thymectomy and the administration of transfer factor had no effect on the skin disease. Long-term oral administration of 5-fluorocytosine almost cleared the skin lesions; the neutrophil defect disappeared.", "contents": "Deficient neutrophil function in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, thymoma and myasthenia gravis. The case of a 68-year-old man who suffered the onset of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, thymoma, myasthenia gravis and a reversible neutrophil dysfunction during adult life is reported. All tests for humoral and cellular immunity proved normal. Thymectomy and the administration of transfer factor had no effect on the skin disease. Long-term oral administration of 5-fluorocytosine almost cleared the skin lesions; the neutrophil defect disappeared.", "PMID": 70927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4008", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma appearing in X-ray-treated mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Two patients with mycosis fungoides developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin on the neck. Upon verification by routine biopsy testing of material taken from a suppurating infiltrate of the neck, both patients were treated intermittently with X-rays. Both had developed the squamous cell carcinoma on a sun-exposed area. Patient 1 had been treated with Grenz-ray irradiation totalling 10 kilovolt (kV) 4400 rad. and Dermopan step IV (50 kV) 5200 rad.; while patient 2 recieved altogether: Grenz-rays 4600 rad., Dermopan step IV 400 rad., and soft X-rays (150 kV) 800 r. The latency period was, respectively, 3 and 10 years.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma appearing in X-ray-treated mycosis fungoides. Two patients with mycosis fungoides developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin on the neck. Upon verification by routine biopsy testing of material taken from a suppurating infiltrate of the neck, both patients were treated intermittently with X-rays. Both had developed the squamous cell carcinoma on a sun-exposed area. Patient 1 had been treated with Grenz-ray irradiation totalling 10 kilovolt (kV) 4400 rad. and Dermopan step IV (50 kV) 5200 rad.; while patient 2 recieved altogether: Grenz-rays 4600 rad., Dermopan step IV 400 rad., and soft X-rays (150 kV) 800 r. The latency period was, respectively, 3 and 10 years.", "PMID": 70928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4009", "title": "Comparative treatment of psoriasis with UV-light, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar plus UV-light.", "content": "Areas within psoriasis plaques have been treated with UV-light alone, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar (liquid carbonis detergens) plus UV-light, using the 313, 365 and 405 nm wavelength bands in various doses. With the 313 nm band, the same degree of healing was obtained with all three types of treatment. With the 365 nm band, no healing was achieved with UV-light alone, but healing did occur with UV-light when the skin was sensitized with trioxsalen. Coal tar itself has a certain healing effect on psoriasis but the effect is so markedly enhanced by light of the 365 nm band that the healing is comparable to that obtained with the 313 nm band. No healing was seen with light of the 405 nm band. The patients who were healed with the 313 nm band alone, also healed with trioxsalen or coal tar plus UV-light of the 365 nm band. With each method there is an individual optimal light dose of 1--2 MED that gives healing.", "contents": "Comparative treatment of psoriasis with UV-light, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar plus UV-light. Areas within psoriasis plaques have been treated with UV-light alone, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar (liquid carbonis detergens) plus UV-light, using the 313, 365 and 405 nm wavelength bands in various doses. With the 313 nm band, the same degree of healing was obtained with all three types of treatment. With the 365 nm band, no healing was achieved with UV-light alone, but healing did occur with UV-light when the skin was sensitized with trioxsalen. Coal tar itself has a certain healing effect on psoriasis but the effect is so markedly enhanced by light of the 365 nm band that the healing is comparable to that obtained with the 313 nm band. No healing was seen with light of the 405 nm band. The patients who were healed with the 313 nm band alone, also healed with trioxsalen or coal tar plus UV-light of the 365 nm band. With each method there is an individual optimal light dose of 1--2 MED that gives healing.", "PMID": 70929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4010", "title": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis with relevance to 8-methoxypsoralen plasma level and low intensity irradiation.", "content": "The 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plasma level was determined in 31 patients during treatment with PUVA (psoralen + UVA light). The UVA light source was of a low intensity type, giving only 2 mW/sec/cm2 and required an irradiation time of 30 minutes. The lesions of 19 patients healed completely. Following an oral dose regimen adjusted to the patient's weight, the 8-MOP values at 2 hours varied from 2 ng/ml to 167 ng/ml (mean 56 ng/ml). There was no clearcut relation between the 8-MOP plasma level and the clinical response but in 9 patients there was a prompt response to treatment when the dose of psoralen was increased by 10 mg. In 5 patients the 8-MOP plasma levels was determined hourly for the first 4 hours and showed a peak at 2 hours except in one patient with very low values who had a peak at 4 hours. The augmentation of pigmentation was measured by means of reflectometry on three univolved areas. Two peaks were observed--one during the first week and the other after 2--3 weeks of therapy.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis with relevance to 8-methoxypsoralen plasma level and low intensity irradiation. The 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plasma level was determined in 31 patients during treatment with PUVA (psoralen + UVA light). The UVA light source was of a low intensity type, giving only 2 mW/sec/cm2 and required an irradiation time of 30 minutes. The lesions of 19 patients healed completely. Following an oral dose regimen adjusted to the patient's weight, the 8-MOP values at 2 hours varied from 2 ng/ml to 167 ng/ml (mean 56 ng/ml). There was no clearcut relation between the 8-MOP plasma level and the clinical response but in 9 patients there was a prompt response to treatment when the dose of psoralen was increased by 10 mg. In 5 patients the 8-MOP plasma levels was determined hourly for the first 4 hours and showed a peak at 2 hours except in one patient with very low values who had a peak at 4 hours. The augmentation of pigmentation was measured by means of reflectometry on three univolved areas. Two peaks were observed--one during the first week and the other after 2--3 weeks of therapy.", "PMID": 70930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4011", "title": "Oral zinc sulphate therapy for acne vulgaris.", "content": "A double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed to evaluate the effect of oral zinc sulphate, 0.6 g daily, on acne vulgaris. Twenty patients received zinc sulphate tablets and 19 were given placebo tablets. Thirteen of the zinc group and 12 of the placebo group received their medication throughout a 12-week period, while the remaining patients were treated for 4 or 8 weeks. In all patients the numbers or papular and pustular acne lesions on the face and the back were significantly reduced, while larger infiltrates remained practically unaltered during the trial, which was performed from March through May 1975. No statistically significant difference in the improvement of the groups was demonstrable. Pretreatment serum zinc values, which were normal in all patients, rose significantly in the zinc group as well as in the control group, but the increase in the former was significantly higher. The negative therapeutical results might be attributable to the limited number of patients or related to the zinc dosage. Furthermore, the results might have been influenced by the unexplained rise in serum zinc values in the control group. A possible weak beneficial effect of zinc might also have been camouflaged by the seasonal variation in the severity of acne which was noted in this study.", "contents": "Oral zinc sulphate therapy for acne vulgaris. A double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed to evaluate the effect of oral zinc sulphate, 0.6 g daily, on acne vulgaris. Twenty patients received zinc sulphate tablets and 19 were given placebo tablets. Thirteen of the zinc group and 12 of the placebo group received their medication throughout a 12-week period, while the remaining patients were treated for 4 or 8 weeks. In all patients the numbers or papular and pustular acne lesions on the face and the back were significantly reduced, while larger infiltrates remained practically unaltered during the trial, which was performed from March through May 1975. No statistically significant difference in the improvement of the groups was demonstrable. Pretreatment serum zinc values, which were normal in all patients, rose significantly in the zinc group as well as in the control group, but the increase in the former was significantly higher. The negative therapeutical results might be attributable to the limited number of patients or related to the zinc dosage. Furthermore, the results might have been influenced by the unexplained rise in serum zinc values in the control group. A possible weak beneficial effect of zinc might also have been camouflaged by the seasonal variation in the severity of acne which was noted in this study.", "PMID": 70931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4012", "title": "Dextran polymer particles (Debrisan) in the treatment of penile ulcers.", "content": "Dextran polymer particles (dextranomer; Debrisan) was used in the treatment of 25 patients with non-venereal penile ulcers. In 14 cases the ulcers were caused by herpes infection, 3 patients had dequalinum-induced necrosis and in 8 cases the etiology of the ulceration was unknown. The ulcers healed in most cases during the first week of treatment, and in all cases within 4 weeks. An almost immediate relief of pain was reported by most of the patients.", "contents": "Dextran polymer particles (Debrisan) in the treatment of penile ulcers. Dextran polymer particles (dextranomer; Debrisan) was used in the treatment of 25 patients with non-venereal penile ulcers. In 14 cases the ulcers were caused by herpes infection, 3 patients had dequalinum-induced necrosis and in 8 cases the etiology of the ulceration was unknown. The ulcers healed in most cases during the first week of treatment, and in all cases within 4 weeks. An almost immediate relief of pain was reported by most of the patients.", "PMID": 70932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4013", "title": "Chronic dental fistule on the nose.", "content": "A case of chronic dental draining sinus on the dorsum of the nose is reported. The skin lesion, clinically simulating basal cell epithelioma, healed promptly after extraction and eradication of the periapical abscess of the right upper canine. The importance of considering this condition is emphasized in cases of chronic facial granulomatous or ulcerative lesions.", "contents": "Chronic dental fistule on the nose. A case of chronic dental draining sinus on the dorsum of the nose is reported. The skin lesion, clinically simulating basal cell epithelioma, healed promptly after extraction and eradication of the periapical abscess of the right upper canine. The importance of considering this condition is emphasized in cases of chronic facial granulomatous or ulcerative lesions.", "PMID": 70933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4014", "title": "Systemic sarcoidosis with necrobiosis lipoidica-like scalp lesions.", "content": "A 78-year-old woman is described, having systemic sarcoidosis for 15 years, involving the lungs, lymph nodes and the skin. Over the last 6 years she developed a progressive cicatricial alopecia with histologic changes of the granulomatous type of necrobiosis lipoidica surrounded by sarcoid granulomas.", "contents": "Systemic sarcoidosis with necrobiosis lipoidica-like scalp lesions. A 78-year-old woman is described, having systemic sarcoidosis for 15 years, involving the lungs, lymph nodes and the skin. Over the last 6 years she developed a progressive cicatricial alopecia with histologic changes of the granulomatous type of necrobiosis lipoidica surrounded by sarcoid granulomas.", "PMID": 70934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4015", "title": "Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) in chronic urticaria: a double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind study with tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) was carried out in 17 patients with chronic urticaria. All patients had slightly depressed C1-chronic esterase inhibitor value. No significant differences were found between TA and placebo treatment periods.", "contents": "Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) in chronic urticaria: a double-blind study. A double-blind study with tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) was carried out in 17 patients with chronic urticaria. All patients had slightly depressed C1-chronic esterase inhibitor value. No significant differences were found between TA and placebo treatment periods.", "PMID": 70935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4016", "title": "Treatment of alopecia areata with DNCB--an immunostimulation?", "content": "Ten patients with long-standing areate type alopecia totalis were sensitized with 1-chloro, 2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Following sensitization they were painted once weekly on a 40 X 20 mm area of the vertex with DNCB in acetone, in concentrations adjusted to the allergic response. After 7 weeks, growth of hair was seen in the painted area in 3 patients and after 8 weeks all over the scalp in 3 other patients.", "contents": "Treatment of alopecia areata with DNCB--an immunostimulation? Ten patients with long-standing areate type alopecia totalis were sensitized with 1-chloro, 2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Following sensitization they were painted once weekly on a 40 X 20 mm area of the vertex with DNCB in acetone, in concentrations adjusted to the allergic response. After 7 weeks, growth of hair was seen in the painted area in 3 patients and after 8 weeks all over the scalp in 3 other patients.", "PMID": 70936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4017", "title": "Multiple myeloma associated with Kaposi sarcoma.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma (MM) who developed Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is described. The KS appeared 18 months after the diagnosis of MM and 1 month after the treatment was changed from cyclophosphamide to melphalan. The treatment with melphalan was discontinued and the spread of the KS was arrested by irradiation and bleomycin. One month after the melphalan was restarted, the KS advanced. The patient died 28 months after the diagnosis of MM and 10 months after KS had developed. The association of KS and MM is discussed and the previously reported cases are reviewed. A possible connection between the treatment with melphalan and the development of KS is proposed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma associated with Kaposi sarcoma. A patient with multiple myeloma (MM) who developed Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is described. The KS appeared 18 months after the diagnosis of MM and 1 month after the treatment was changed from cyclophosphamide to melphalan. The treatment with melphalan was discontinued and the spread of the KS was arrested by irradiation and bleomycin. One month after the melphalan was restarted, the KS advanced. The patient died 28 months after the diagnosis of MM and 10 months after KS had developed. The association of KS and MM is discussed and the previously reported cases are reviewed. A possible connection between the treatment with melphalan and the development of KS is proposed.", "PMID": 70938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4018", "title": "Non-specificity of crystal violet staining for renin granules.", "content": "This study deals with the histochemical specificity of crystal violet staining. Histological dyes such as crystal violet (CI 42555), ethyl violet (CI 42600) and methyl violet (CI 42535) are regularly employed for the assessment of juxtaglomerular granulation (WILSON 1952; FRIEDBERG and REID 1966; MARIUZZI and NENCI 1966). WILSON's modification of BOWIE's procedure is the staining method most frequently used for demonstration of 'renin granules' in the juxtaglomerular cells (JC). It has been assumed that JC granularity parallels renin-induced hypertension (PITTS 1968).", "contents": "Non-specificity of crystal violet staining for renin granules. This study deals with the histochemical specificity of crystal violet staining. Histological dyes such as crystal violet (CI 42555), ethyl violet (CI 42600) and methyl violet (CI 42535) are regularly employed for the assessment of juxtaglomerular granulation (WILSON 1952; FRIEDBERG and REID 1966; MARIUZZI and NENCI 1966). WILSON's modification of BOWIE's procedure is the staining method most frequently used for demonstration of 'renin granules' in the juxtaglomerular cells (JC). It has been assumed that JC granularity parallels renin-induced hypertension (PITTS 1968).", "PMID": 70939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4019", "title": "Reversibility of lipofuscin accumulation caused by protein malnutrition in the motor cortex of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri scireus.", "content": "Lipofuscin pigment has been demonstrated histochemically in the motor cortex by the use of several histochemical and cytochemical methods in the healthy (maintained on a diet with 25% protein content) and protein malnourished (maintained on a diet with 2% protein content) adult animals. 4 animals in the latter category were rehabilitated over a period of 11 months and various histochemical techniques were repeated on the motor cortex of these animals. The healthy animals showed a somewhat uniform distribution of lipofuscin pigment in the neuronal perikarya with the perineuronal glia showing only slight occurrence of pigment bodies. The malnourished animals exhibited a significantly larger number of lipofuscin bodies in the neuronal as well as glial perikarya. The neurons, especially, showed aggregations of lipofuscin bodies characterized by a large increase in the activity of acid phosphatase and simple esterases. The rehabilitated animals, however, showed a decrease of lipofuscin pigment in the neuronal perikarya with a concomitant loss of lysosomal enzymes, while a significant increase of these bodies was observed in the perineuronal glial cells. It is evident that the formation of lipofuscin pigment gets accelerated under the extrinsic influence of dietary protein deprivation in the adult animals, but the process is reversed at least to some extent by halting the dietary deficiency or its correction by rehabilitation. The perineuronal glial cells appear to play a significant role in the removal of lipofuscin bodies from the neuronal perikarya. The significance of these observations has been discussed.", "contents": "Reversibility of lipofuscin accumulation caused by protein malnutrition in the motor cortex of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri scireus. Lipofuscin pigment has been demonstrated histochemically in the motor cortex by the use of several histochemical and cytochemical methods in the healthy (maintained on a diet with 25% protein content) and protein malnourished (maintained on a diet with 2% protein content) adult animals. 4 animals in the latter category were rehabilitated over a period of 11 months and various histochemical techniques were repeated on the motor cortex of these animals. The healthy animals showed a somewhat uniform distribution of lipofuscin pigment in the neuronal perikarya with the perineuronal glia showing only slight occurrence of pigment bodies. The malnourished animals exhibited a significantly larger number of lipofuscin bodies in the neuronal as well as glial perikarya. The neurons, especially, showed aggregations of lipofuscin bodies characterized by a large increase in the activity of acid phosphatase and simple esterases. The rehabilitated animals, however, showed a decrease of lipofuscin pigment in the neuronal perikarya with a concomitant loss of lysosomal enzymes, while a significant increase of these bodies was observed in the perineuronal glial cells. It is evident that the formation of lipofuscin pigment gets accelerated under the extrinsic influence of dietary protein deprivation in the adult animals, but the process is reversed at least to some extent by halting the dietary deficiency or its correction by rehabilitation. The perineuronal glial cells appear to play a significant role in the removal of lipofuscin bodies from the neuronal perikarya. The significance of these observations has been discussed.", "PMID": 70940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4020", "title": "Spectral characteristics of metachromatically stained cartilage: effects of enzymatic degradation and dehydration.", "content": "When a microspectrophotometer was used to study cartilage, stained metachromatically with Azure A and Safranin O, the following 3 points were made: 1. the absorption maximum of stained cartilage matrix is identical to that reported for solutions of these dyes containing chondroitin sulfate; 2. partial enzymatic degradation of the cartilage matrix has no effect on the position of the absorption peak (although the intensity is greatly diminished); 3. ethanolic dehydration shifts the absorption peak somewhat toward the orthochromatic position, and decreases the intensity of the stain.", "contents": "Spectral characteristics of metachromatically stained cartilage: effects of enzymatic degradation and dehydration. When a microspectrophotometer was used to study cartilage, stained metachromatically with Azure A and Safranin O, the following 3 points were made: 1. the absorption maximum of stained cartilage matrix is identical to that reported for solutions of these dyes containing chondroitin sulfate; 2. partial enzymatic degradation of the cartilage matrix has no effect on the position of the absorption peak (although the intensity is greatly diminished); 3. ethanolic dehydration shifts the absorption peak somewhat toward the orthochromatic position, and decreases the intensity of the stain.", "PMID": 70941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4021", "title": "[Histochemical studies on the content of plasmin in the normal and hyperplastic prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of plasmin is significantly reduced in the benign prostatic hypertrophy compared to the normal prostate. Histochemically plasmin is demonstrable by a combined incubation of substrate and inhibitor for plasmin. Plasmin is localized in the connective tissue and its function is to regulate the turnover of glycosaminoglycans. The fibrinolytic activity does not change significantly after prostatectomy because of the reduced content of plasmin in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies on the content of plasmin in the normal and hyperplastic prostate (author's transl)]. The content of plasmin is significantly reduced in the benign prostatic hypertrophy compared to the normal prostate. Histochemically plasmin is demonstrable by a combined incubation of substrate and inhibitor for plasmin. Plasmin is localized in the connective tissue and its function is to regulate the turnover of glycosaminoglycans. The fibrinolytic activity does not change significantly after prostatectomy because of the reduced content of plasmin in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "PMID": 70942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4022", "title": "Characterization of extract of dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Identification of allergens by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE).", "content": "An extract of mixed dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds (alsatian, boxer, collie, poodle, and long-haired and short-haired dachshund) was obtained by mild extraction, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Extract of hair and dandruff from the individual dog breeds was obtained in the same way, but the material was not freeze-dried. Examination and characterization of the mixed extract by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed a precipitation pattern composed of 25 antigens, some of which were mutually partially identical, and a high content of dog serum proteins was found. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the individual dog breeds were demonstrated. Partial identity of the antigens of the mixed extract with antigens of serum, antigens of extracts of hair and dandruff from cat, cow, horse and guinea pig, and antigens from extract of house dust was also observed. By means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, using sera from 21 patients who were RAST-positive to dog hair and dandruff extract, the specific IgE-binding to antigens of the mixed extract was examined. On the basis of these results major and minor allergens were identified. Dog albumin was found to be a very important major allergen, but alpha1-antitrypsin and gamma-globulin were also identified. Furthermore, four non-serum proteins were shown to be allergens. No breed-specific allergens could be identified in the extracts from the individual dog breeds.", "contents": "Characterization of extract of dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Identification of allergens by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). An extract of mixed dog hair and dandruff from six different dog breeds (alsatian, boxer, collie, poodle, and long-haired and short-haired dachshund) was obtained by mild extraction, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Extract of hair and dandruff from the individual dog breeds was obtained in the same way, but the material was not freeze-dried. Examination and characterization of the mixed extract by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed a precipitation pattern composed of 25 antigens, some of which were mutually partially identical, and a high content of dog serum proteins was found. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the individual dog breeds were demonstrated. Partial identity of the antigens of the mixed extract with antigens of serum, antigens of extracts of hair and dandruff from cat, cow, horse and guinea pig, and antigens from extract of house dust was also observed. By means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, using sera from 21 patients who were RAST-positive to dog hair and dandruff extract, the specific IgE-binding to antigens of the mixed extract was examined. On the basis of these results major and minor allergens were identified. Dog albumin was found to be a very important major allergen, but alpha1-antitrypsin and gamma-globulin were also identified. Furthermore, four non-serum proteins were shown to be allergens. No breed-specific allergens could be identified in the extracts from the individual dog breeds.", "PMID": 70943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4023", "title": "A simplified method for measuring basophil histamine release and blocking antibodies in hay fever patients. Basophil histamine content and cell preservation.", "content": "A simplified method for measuring basophil histamine release in grass pollen hay fever patients has been developed. Leukocytes were challenged in vitro with extracts of Phleum pratense (timothy) and the release of histamine was determined indirectly as the residual histamine in the cell sediment. Several steps to purify histamine thus became superfluous and histamine was directly conjugated with o-phthaldialdehyde to form a fluorophore. The simplified method showed a basophil histamine content which was in accordance with results obtained by more specific methods. No difference in basophil histamine content was found between normal and allergic persons. For the histamine liberation assay blood could be adequately preserved for transport for 48 h at room temperature by adding cell culture medium. Basophil histamine release technique allows evaluation of cell sensitivity for determination of the degree of allergy as well as the level of blocking antibodies.", "contents": "A simplified method for measuring basophil histamine release and blocking antibodies in hay fever patients. Basophil histamine content and cell preservation. A simplified method for measuring basophil histamine release in grass pollen hay fever patients has been developed. Leukocytes were challenged in vitro with extracts of Phleum pratense (timothy) and the release of histamine was determined indirectly as the residual histamine in the cell sediment. Several steps to purify histamine thus became superfluous and histamine was directly conjugated with o-phthaldialdehyde to form a fluorophore. The simplified method showed a basophil histamine content which was in accordance with results obtained by more specific methods. No difference in basophil histamine content was found between normal and allergic persons. For the histamine liberation assay blood could be adequately preserved for transport for 48 h at room temperature by adding cell culture medium. Basophil histamine release technique allows evaluation of cell sensitivity for determination of the degree of allergy as well as the level of blocking antibodies.", "PMID": 70944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4024", "title": "Cyclic AMP and allergic histamine release. Influence of methylxanthines on rat mast cells.", "content": "Both isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline increased the level of cyclic AMP in rat mast cells. Theophylline reduced the allergic histamine release, whereas isobutylmethylxanthine caused a pronounced potentiation of the histamine release. This indicates that the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between the level of cyclic AMP in mast cells and histamine release is inadequate.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP and allergic histamine release. Influence of methylxanthines on rat mast cells. Both isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline increased the level of cyclic AMP in rat mast cells. Theophylline reduced the allergic histamine release, whereas isobutylmethylxanthine caused a pronounced potentiation of the histamine release. This indicates that the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between the level of cyclic AMP in mast cells and histamine release is inadequate.", "PMID": 70945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4025", "title": "Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of oxatimide (R 35443). A novel potent anti-allergic drug in the treatment of hay fever.", "content": "The efficacy of the new anti-allergic compound oxatimide was tested in a double-blind study against a placebo during the pollen season of 1976 in 215 patients (4 1/2--69 years) with hay fever. Adult patients were instructed to take two tablets (= 20 mg) three times a day for 2 weeks, children received one tablet/10 kg of body weight daily; in addition, they were given a supply of diphenhydramine as a potential supplement. Twelve patients, six from either group, were excluded from the analysis. A significantly higher proportion of patients from the active drug group (n = 104) experienced no or only a few days of complaints, i.e. rhinitis and conjunctivitis, as well as asthma-like complaints, as compared with those of the control group (n = 99). Also, diphenhydramine consumption became significantly lower in the active drug group from the second day onwards, whereas a gradual increase and continuous need were seen in the greater part of the control group. One week of treatment appears sufficient to judge whether the individual patient benefits from the drug or not.", "contents": "Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of oxatimide (R 35443). A novel potent anti-allergic drug in the treatment of hay fever. The efficacy of the new anti-allergic compound oxatimide was tested in a double-blind study against a placebo during the pollen season of 1976 in 215 patients (4 1/2--69 years) with hay fever. Adult patients were instructed to take two tablets (= 20 mg) three times a day for 2 weeks, children received one tablet/10 kg of body weight daily; in addition, they were given a supply of diphenhydramine as a potential supplement. Twelve patients, six from either group, were excluded from the analysis. A significantly higher proportion of patients from the active drug group (n = 104) experienced no or only a few days of complaints, i.e. rhinitis and conjunctivitis, as well as asthma-like complaints, as compared with those of the control group (n = 99). Also, diphenhydramine consumption became significantly lower in the active drug group from the second day onwards, whereas a gradual increase and continuous need were seen in the greater part of the control group. One week of treatment appears sufficient to judge whether the individual patient benefits from the drug or not.", "PMID": 70947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4026", "title": "The nature of dendritic cells of the epidermis of the white guinea pig.", "content": "The melanocytes, the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar and the Langerhans' cells of the epidermis of the white guinea pig were found to be positive to Bielschowsky's silver and Gomori's acetylcholinesterase reactions. The melanocytes were full of Nissl substance. On these evidences, supported by other morphological and histochemical characteristics, the dendritic cells of the epidermis were considered to be nervous structures.", "contents": "The nature of dendritic cells of the epidermis of the white guinea pig. The melanocytes, the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar and the Langerhans' cells of the epidermis of the white guinea pig were found to be positive to Bielschowsky's silver and Gomori's acetylcholinesterase reactions. The melanocytes were full of Nissl substance. On these evidences, supported by other morphological and histochemical characteristics, the dendritic cells of the epidermis were considered to be nervous structures.", "PMID": 70948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4027", "title": "Distribution of epithelia and glands of the nasal septum mucosa in the rat.", "content": "A histotopographic study of the nasal septum mucosa in rats was made using semi-serial sections stained with PAS-hematoxylin, reconstructed in form of maps representing the structure in a sagittal plane. The stratified squamous, respiratory and olfactory epithelia and Masera's organ cover 14.8, 43.6, 41.6 and 1.8%, respectively, of the septal surface (117.1 mm2). In the vestibular region, only ducts of PAS-negative glands of the respiratory region are found, and below the septum there is the infraseptal gland with PAS-negative acini. In the respiratory region, PAS-negative acinous glands form two groups: the superior and the inferior one occupying 10.5 and 1.5%, respectively, of the septal area. PAS-positive acinous glands are in the inferior half of the respiratory region and in a small anteroinferior portion of the olfactory region. Besides goblet cells broadly distributed, the respiratory epithelium presents scattered intraepithelial PAS-positive glands which are concentrated in the anterior portion and close to the nasopharyngeal duct. In the olfactory region prevail Bowman's PAS-positive glands which are also present in the mucosa of Masera's organ, but are not seen in the olfactory mucosa of Jacobson's organ. In the latter, PAS-positive glands are found in the respiratory mucosa. Globular leukocytes, cells of connective tissue origin, are constantly infiltrating the superior regions of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, being more numerous in female rats.", "contents": "Distribution of epithelia and glands of the nasal septum mucosa in the rat. A histotopographic study of the nasal septum mucosa in rats was made using semi-serial sections stained with PAS-hematoxylin, reconstructed in form of maps representing the structure in a sagittal plane. The stratified squamous, respiratory and olfactory epithelia and Masera's organ cover 14.8, 43.6, 41.6 and 1.8%, respectively, of the septal surface (117.1 mm2). In the vestibular region, only ducts of PAS-negative glands of the respiratory region are found, and below the septum there is the infraseptal gland with PAS-negative acini. In the respiratory region, PAS-negative acinous glands form two groups: the superior and the inferior one occupying 10.5 and 1.5%, respectively, of the septal area. PAS-positive acinous glands are in the inferior half of the respiratory region and in a small anteroinferior portion of the olfactory region. Besides goblet cells broadly distributed, the respiratory epithelium presents scattered intraepithelial PAS-positive glands which are concentrated in the anterior portion and close to the nasopharyngeal duct. In the olfactory region prevail Bowman's PAS-positive glands which are also present in the mucosa of Masera's organ, but are not seen in the olfactory mucosa of Jacobson's organ. In the latter, PAS-positive glands are found in the respiratory mucosa. Globular leukocytes, cells of connective tissue origin, are constantly infiltrating the superior regions of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, being more numerous in female rats.", "PMID": 70949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4028", "title": "[Rio Hortega's silver impregnation technic of paraffin sections. First report].", "content": "Rio Hortega's silver impregnation techniques were meant and developed for frozen sections. They offer real advantages even if they are employed for impregnation of paraffin sections. The authors have tried to transform these methods, and the results have been excellent. Further communications will follow to describe the transformation of other methods and variants.", "contents": "[Rio Hortega's silver impregnation technic of paraffin sections. First report]. Rio Hortega's silver impregnation techniques were meant and developed for frozen sections. They offer real advantages even if they are employed for impregnation of paraffin sections. The authors have tried to transform these methods, and the results have been excellent. Further communications will follow to describe the transformation of other methods and variants.", "PMID": 70950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4029", "title": "Electron microscopic features of the resting microglia in the rabbit hippocampus, identified by silver carbonate staining.", "content": "Vibratome sections of hippocampus of adult rabbits were stained by a modified Hortega's silver-carbonate method. Impregnated materials were examined by electron microscopy to decide fine-structural characteristics of the resting microglia. Comparing their characteristics with those of macrophages, we came to the following conclusions: (1) Impregnated resting microglia in the hippocampus of adult rabbits can be identified as cells having distinct fine structures. (2) Resting microglia are morphologically different from macrophages or their precursor cells, and, therefore, seem not to be hematogenous cells sojourning in the normal brain parenchyma.", "contents": "Electron microscopic features of the resting microglia in the rabbit hippocampus, identified by silver carbonate staining. Vibratome sections of hippocampus of adult rabbits were stained by a modified Hortega's silver-carbonate method. Impregnated materials were examined by electron microscopy to decide fine-structural characteristics of the resting microglia. Comparing their characteristics with those of macrophages, we came to the following conclusions: (1) Impregnated resting microglia in the hippocampus of adult rabbits can be identified as cells having distinct fine structures. (2) Resting microglia are morphologically different from macrophages or their precursor cells, and, therefore, seem not to be hematogenous cells sojourning in the normal brain parenchyma.", "PMID": 70951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4030", "title": "Effects of zuclomiphene in combination with triparanol and ay-9944 on developing rat CNS morphology and biochemistry.", "content": "Developing rats were injected intraperitoneally twice weekly with a combination of three hypocholesterolemic agents: Zuclomiphene (formerly called trans-clomiphene; dosage, 30 mg/kg body weight), Triparanol (30 mg/kg body weight) and AY-9944 (3 mg/kg body weight). Treatment was initiated at 4 days of age. Biochemical and electron microscopic examination was conducted on animals sacrificed at 20 days of age. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were not seen in the CNS. Isolated edematous changes were seen in myelinated axons. Analysis of the sterol content of the brain and spinal cords of drug-treated animals indicated the presence of abnormal concentrations of five sterols, desmosterol, 5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol, zymosterol (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol), 7-dehydrocholesterol (cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) and 7-dehydrodesmosterol (cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol). Zymosterol and 5alpha-cholesta 7,24-dien-3beta-ol were minor constituents (5--7% and 1--1.5% of total sterol, respectively). The 7-dehydrosterols represented approximately one-half (44--52%) of the total CNS sterol.", "contents": "Effects of zuclomiphene in combination with triparanol and ay-9944 on developing rat CNS morphology and biochemistry. Developing rats were injected intraperitoneally twice weekly with a combination of three hypocholesterolemic agents: Zuclomiphene (formerly called trans-clomiphene; dosage, 30 mg/kg body weight), Triparanol (30 mg/kg body weight) and AY-9944 (3 mg/kg body weight). Treatment was initiated at 4 days of age. Biochemical and electron microscopic examination was conducted on animals sacrificed at 20 days of age. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were not seen in the CNS. Isolated edematous changes were seen in myelinated axons. Analysis of the sterol content of the brain and spinal cords of drug-treated animals indicated the presence of abnormal concentrations of five sterols, desmosterol, 5alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol, zymosterol (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol), 7-dehydrocholesterol (cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) and 7-dehydrodesmosterol (cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol). Zymosterol and 5alpha-cholesta 7,24-dien-3beta-ol were minor constituents (5--7% and 1--1.5% of total sterol, respectively). The 7-dehydrosterols represented approximately one-half (44--52%) of the total CNS sterol.", "PMID": 70952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4031", "title": "Combined staining of corneal endothelium by alizarine red and trypane blue.", "content": "Combined staining by alizarine red and trypane blue is an easy and reliable method for in vitro visualization of corneal endothelial nuclei, cellular borders and uncovered parts of the membrane of Descemet. A stained full thickness wet mount can be prepared in less than five min. The staining method and preliminary findings concerning endothelial morphology in the centre and in the periphery of normal corneas are presented.", "contents": "Combined staining of corneal endothelium by alizarine red and trypane blue. Combined staining by alizarine red and trypane blue is an easy and reliable method for in vitro visualization of corneal endothelial nuclei, cellular borders and uncovered parts of the membrane of Descemet. A stained full thickness wet mount can be prepared in less than five min. The staining method and preliminary findings concerning endothelial morphology in the centre and in the periphery of normal corneas are presented.", "PMID": 70953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4032", "title": "Nuclear DNA-content of parathyroid cells in adenomas, hyperplastic and normal glands.", "content": "Nuclear DNA-content in parathyroid cell imprints from adenomas, hyperplastic and normal glands was determined. Two principally different staining procedures were applied: paratoseaniline-Feulgen and ethidium-bromide staining. All nuclei, particularly with the ethidium-bromide method were registered as containing even multiples of the normal human diploid DNA-content. Normal and hyperplastic glands showed greater than or equal to 98 per cent diploid nuclei, the remaining fraction was tetraploid. In adenomas the frequency of diploid nuclei varied from 50-98 per cent; the remaining were predominantly tetraploid, but octaploid and higher even ploidity also occurred. A good correlation was found between nuclear DNA-content and nuclear diameter. The findings indicate that determination of nuclear DNA-content of parathyroid cells may be a valuable contribution in the differentiation between hyperplasia and adenoma.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA-content of parathyroid cells in adenomas, hyperplastic and normal glands. Nuclear DNA-content in parathyroid cell imprints from adenomas, hyperplastic and normal glands was determined. Two principally different staining procedures were applied: paratoseaniline-Feulgen and ethidium-bromide staining. All nuclei, particularly with the ethidium-bromide method were registered as containing even multiples of the normal human diploid DNA-content. Normal and hyperplastic glands showed greater than or equal to 98 per cent diploid nuclei, the remaining fraction was tetraploid. In adenomas the frequency of diploid nuclei varied from 50-98 per cent; the remaining were predominantly tetraploid, but octaploid and higher even ploidity also occurred. A good correlation was found between nuclear DNA-content and nuclear diameter. The findings indicate that determination of nuclear DNA-content of parathyroid cells may be a valuable contribution in the differentiation between hyperplasia and adenoma.", "PMID": 70956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4033", "title": "Differential staining of bacteria in clinical specimens using acridine orange buffered at low pH.", "content": "Optimal conditions for acridine orange staining of air dried and methanol fixed bacteria on glass slides were studied. The pH of the staining buffer did not influence the fluorescence of an S. aureus and an E. coli strain at dye concentrations of 25-50 mg per litre. 81 bacterial strains representing 15 different species were stained with acridine orange under standard conditions, all strains showing orange fluorescence. The pH of the buffer influenced markedly the staining patterns of human cells and tissue materials, as represented by smears of peripheral blood, buccal scrapings, urethral secretions and tracheal exudates. The fluorescence obtained ranged from low intensity green at low pH values to bright orange at neutral and alkaline pH. This variability indicated a possibility of designing conditions for a differential staining method for the detection of bacteria in clinical specimens. The differential staining effect with a low pH in the buffer was confirmed on smears of buccal scrapings, cerebrospinal fluid samples and urethral secretions, showing orange fluorescence of the bacteria present and green-to-yellow fluorescence of background material, cells and tissue debris.", "contents": "Differential staining of bacteria in clinical specimens using acridine orange buffered at low pH. Optimal conditions for acridine orange staining of air dried and methanol fixed bacteria on glass slides were studied. The pH of the staining buffer did not influence the fluorescence of an S. aureus and an E. coli strain at dye concentrations of 25-50 mg per litre. 81 bacterial strains representing 15 different species were stained with acridine orange under standard conditions, all strains showing orange fluorescence. The pH of the buffer influenced markedly the staining patterns of human cells and tissue materials, as represented by smears of peripheral blood, buccal scrapings, urethral secretions and tracheal exudates. The fluorescence obtained ranged from low intensity green at low pH values to bright orange at neutral and alkaline pH. This variability indicated a possibility of designing conditions for a differential staining method for the detection of bacteria in clinical specimens. The differential staining effect with a low pH in the buffer was confirmed on smears of buccal scrapings, cerebrospinal fluid samples and urethral secretions, showing orange fluorescence of the bacteria present and green-to-yellow fluorescence of background material, cells and tissue debris.", "PMID": 70957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4034", "title": "An in vitro assay for the quantitation of phagocytic cells of different anatomic origin.", "content": "The survival of peritoneal exudate macrophages after 3 to 10 days in culture was examined by measuring the numbers of phagocytes per culture. This was determined by letting the cultured cells phagocytize Latex particles. The number of Latex particle-containing cells was taken as a measure of the survival of phagocytes. It was found that one tenth of the cells judged by light microscopy as macrophage-like survived the culture period. Thus, the calculated plating factor of 9.3 was used to estimate the actual number of macrophages in suspensions of spleen, lymph node or thymus cells by culturing these cells and subsequently counting Latex particle-containing cells. In addition, the acridine orange technique was used to determine actual numbers of macrophages in freshly prepared cell suspensions of lymphoid organs. Latex studies on spleen and thymus cells gave results correlating well with data obtained by the acridine orange technique. By contrast, many more acridine orange positive cells than phagocytizing cells were found when lymph node cells were cultured.", "contents": "An in vitro assay for the quantitation of phagocytic cells of different anatomic origin. The survival of peritoneal exudate macrophages after 3 to 10 days in culture was examined by measuring the numbers of phagocytes per culture. This was determined by letting the cultured cells phagocytize Latex particles. The number of Latex particle-containing cells was taken as a measure of the survival of phagocytes. It was found that one tenth of the cells judged by light microscopy as macrophage-like survived the culture period. Thus, the calculated plating factor of 9.3 was used to estimate the actual number of macrophages in suspensions of spleen, lymph node or thymus cells by culturing these cells and subsequently counting Latex particle-containing cells. In addition, the acridine orange technique was used to determine actual numbers of macrophages in freshly prepared cell suspensions of lymphoid organs. Latex studies on spleen and thymus cells gave results correlating well with data obtained by the acridine orange technique. By contrast, many more acridine orange positive cells than phagocytizing cells were found when lymph node cells were cultured.", "PMID": 70958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4035", "title": "Glycogen in the cochlea during development.", "content": "A recently developed technique for demonstrating glycogen by electron microscopy was used to study its location at various stages of cochlear development. It appears first in dispersed form in most of the cells of the otocyst at the stage of the 14-day rat embryo. Glycogen clums were found in Reissner's membrane at 17 days and in the future pillar cells shortly afterwards. Near the time of birth, glycogen appeared in the stria vascularis. By a few days after birth, heavy deposits were evident in the stria but glycogen had faded from the pillar cells and Reissner's membrane. Ten days after birth glycogen is no longer apparent in any of the cells of the cochlear duct except the outer hair cells.", "contents": "Glycogen in the cochlea during development. A recently developed technique for demonstrating glycogen by electron microscopy was used to study its location at various stages of cochlear development. It appears first in dispersed form in most of the cells of the otocyst at the stage of the 14-day rat embryo. Glycogen clums were found in Reissner's membrane at 17 days and in the future pillar cells shortly afterwards. Near the time of birth, glycogen appeared in the stria vascularis. By a few days after birth, heavy deposits were evident in the stria but glycogen had faded from the pillar cells and Reissner's membrane. Ten days after birth glycogen is no longer apparent in any of the cells of the cochlear duct except the outer hair cells.", "PMID": 70954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4036", "title": "The use of homocarnosine as a spacer in indirect haemagglutination.", "content": "Homocarnosine (gamma-butyryl-L-histidine) was bound to erythrocytes through the action of glutaraldehyde in order to increase the number of available groups for diazotization on the surface of the cells. Diazotization was performed with tetrazotizized di-o-anisidine (TOD). TOD decomposed rapidly at an alkaline pH. The reagent was stabilized by the use of borate buffers. The presence of homocarnosine on erythrocytes enhanced the coupling of histidine by diazotization. TOD formed bonds of varying lability with alifatic amino and imino groups. This inhibited completely the formation of stable bonds with histidine and tyrosine. The relative amounts of stable bonds formed by TOD and human serum albumin and TOD and gamma-globulin varied inversely with the concentration of the proteins. The two proteins were used as model antigens and the presence of homocarnosine on the surface of the erythrocytes increased the sensitivity of the haemagglutination reaction by a factor of 4-8.", "contents": "The use of homocarnosine as a spacer in indirect haemagglutination. Homocarnosine (gamma-butyryl-L-histidine) was bound to erythrocytes through the action of glutaraldehyde in order to increase the number of available groups for diazotization on the surface of the cells. Diazotization was performed with tetrazotizized di-o-anisidine (TOD). TOD decomposed rapidly at an alkaline pH. The reagent was stabilized by the use of borate buffers. The presence of homocarnosine on erythrocytes enhanced the coupling of histidine by diazotization. TOD formed bonds of varying lability with alifatic amino and imino groups. This inhibited completely the formation of stable bonds with histidine and tyrosine. The relative amounts of stable bonds formed by TOD and human serum albumin and TOD and gamma-globulin varied inversely with the concentration of the proteins. The two proteins were used as model antigens and the presence of homocarnosine on the surface of the erythrocytes increased the sensitivity of the haemagglutination reaction by a factor of 4-8.", "PMID": 70959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4037", "title": "Pigmentation of the stria vascularis. The contribution of neural crest melanocytes.", "content": "Because all stages of melanogenesis (premelanosome, melanosome and melanin granules) were found in intermediate cells of the rat stria vascularis, they can be classified as melanocytes. The marginal and basal cells of these rat specimens contained no pigment. Early in development, the melanocytes or future intermediate cells are located beneath the strial basal lamina. They penetrate this lamina to insert themselves between marginal cells. Both the melanocytes and marginal cells are believed to participate actively in the tissue rearrangements which ultimately bring the two cell types into intimate structural relationship. The ingrowing melanocytes and the mature, pigmented, intermediate cells which they form are frequently associated with blood vessels. Pretreatment with Dopa to enhance the melanin content of early melanocytes did not enable us to identify their route of migration into the stria.", "contents": "Pigmentation of the stria vascularis. The contribution of neural crest melanocytes. Because all stages of melanogenesis (premelanosome, melanosome and melanin granules) were found in intermediate cells of the rat stria vascularis, they can be classified as melanocytes. The marginal and basal cells of these rat specimens contained no pigment. Early in development, the melanocytes or future intermediate cells are located beneath the strial basal lamina. They penetrate this lamina to insert themselves between marginal cells. Both the melanocytes and marginal cells are believed to participate actively in the tissue rearrangements which ultimately bring the two cell types into intimate structural relationship. The ingrowing melanocytes and the mature, pigmented, intermediate cells which they form are frequently associated with blood vessels. Pretreatment with Dopa to enhance the melanin content of early melanocytes did not enable us to identify their route of migration into the stria.", "PMID": 70955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4038", "title": "The urinary sediment in hydronephrosis.", "content": "Phase contrast microscopy has been used for examination of urinary sediments from 19 patients with hydronephrosis. Casts were seldom seen. A raised number of erythrocytes was seen only in association with catheter, calculi or diabetes. A raised number of leukocytes was seen in patients with bacteriuria. A striking observation was the finding of a great proportion (64%) of histiocyte-like cells in six out of 12 cases in whom a differential count was performed. The proportion of histiocyte-like cells was small (14%) in cases with bacteriuria or history of urinary tract infection.", "contents": "The urinary sediment in hydronephrosis. Phase contrast microscopy has been used for examination of urinary sediments from 19 patients with hydronephrosis. Casts were seldom seen. A raised number of erythrocytes was seen only in association with catheter, calculi or diabetes. A raised number of leukocytes was seen in patients with bacteriuria. A striking observation was the finding of a great proportion (64%) of histiocyte-like cells in six out of 12 cases in whom a differential count was performed. The proportion of histiocyte-like cells was small (14%) in cases with bacteriuria or history of urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 70964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4039", "title": "The clinical value of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin estimations during medical antithyroid treatment.", "content": "The relation between clinical status and serial determinations of serum T3, serum T4 and serum TSH has been evaluated in the early phase of medical antithyroid treatment in 12 unselected hyperthyroid patients, and in 19 patients who later during treatment accidentally developed low serum T4 values. Determination of both serum T3 and serum T4 was found necessary to avoid undertreatment. Two patients with signs of hypothyroidism in the early phase developed low serum T4, while serum T3 and serum TSH remained normal. In all of the 19 patients selected with low serum T4, serum T3 was normal. Serum TSH was elevated in 5 patients without hypothroid symptoms, while 2 developed hypothyroid symptoms in spite of normal serum TSH values. Our results suggest that serum T4 is a more sensitive parameter than both serum TSH and serum T3 in avoiding overtreatment during medical antithyroid treatment.", "contents": "The clinical value of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin estimations during medical antithyroid treatment. The relation between clinical status and serial determinations of serum T3, serum T4 and serum TSH has been evaluated in the early phase of medical antithyroid treatment in 12 unselected hyperthyroid patients, and in 19 patients who later during treatment accidentally developed low serum T4 values. Determination of both serum T3 and serum T4 was found necessary to avoid undertreatment. Two patients with signs of hypothyroidism in the early phase developed low serum T4, while serum T3 and serum TSH remained normal. In all of the 19 patients selected with low serum T4, serum T3 was normal. Serum TSH was elevated in 5 patients without hypothroid symptoms, while 2 developed hypothyroid symptoms in spite of normal serum TSH values. Our results suggest that serum T4 is a more sensitive parameter than both serum TSH and serum T3 in avoiding overtreatment during medical antithyroid treatment.", "PMID": 70965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4040", "title": "Correlation between streptomycin resistance and symbiotic properties of Rhizobium. I. Conversion of spheroplastizing, effective R. trifolii strain B1 to avirulent rods with changed phage and antibiotic patterns after mutation to high level of streptomycin resistance.", "content": "Rhizobium trifolii strain B1, which is infective and fixes nitrogen during symbiosis with clover plants, shows a peculiar property to undergo morphological change during growth, i.e. rods are changing into spheroplast-like forms. Moreover, it failed to grow at 38 degrees. It was found that mutation to high level of streptomycin resistance (above 1000 microgram per/ml) caused loss of this property. Further studies showed that simultaneously with the changes in streptomycin resistance other features of this strain were also changed: infectivity for clover plants, sensitivity to high temperature, phages and antibiotics. Mutation to low level of streptomycin resistance did not change the above mentioned features of the strain B1.", "contents": "Correlation between streptomycin resistance and symbiotic properties of Rhizobium. I. Conversion of spheroplastizing, effective R. trifolii strain B1 to avirulent rods with changed phage and antibiotic patterns after mutation to high level of streptomycin resistance. Rhizobium trifolii strain B1, which is infective and fixes nitrogen during symbiosis with clover plants, shows a peculiar property to undergo morphological change during growth, i.e. rods are changing into spheroplast-like forms. Moreover, it failed to grow at 38 degrees. It was found that mutation to high level of streptomycin resistance (above 1000 microgram per/ml) caused loss of this property. Further studies showed that simultaneously with the changes in streptomycin resistance other features of this strain were also changed: infectivity for clover plants, sensitivity to high temperature, phages and antibiotics. Mutation to low level of streptomycin resistance did not change the above mentioned features of the strain B1.", "PMID": 70967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4041", "title": "The transfer of bacterial biotin genes to Escherichia coli K-12 cells by transfection with lambda bio phage DNA.", "content": "The transfection of biotin genes to biotin negative Escherichia coli K-12 cells with donor DNA isolated from transducing lambda bio phages was examined. The transfection of the cells was performed in the presence of bovine serum albumin and sucrose (Osowiecki and Skali\u0144ska, 1974).", "contents": "The transfer of bacterial biotin genes to Escherichia coli K-12 cells by transfection with lambda bio phage DNA. The transfection of biotin genes to biotin negative Escherichia coli K-12 cells with donor DNA isolated from transducing lambda bio phages was examined. The transfection of the cells was performed in the presence of bovine serum albumin and sucrose (Osowiecki and Skali\u0144ska, 1974).", "PMID": 70968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4042", "title": "Fimbriae and haemagglutinating properties in Edwardsiella and Levinea.", "content": "Using the haemagglutinating procedure, the presence of fimbriae was revealed in all 34 Edwardsiella strains tested and in 3 Levinea strains out of 17 examined. The great majority of fimbriate Edwardsiella strains caused haemagglutination of MR type; only two strains of Edwardsiella and all fimbriate strains of Levinea brought about haemagglutination of MS type. All the strains exhibited a similar spectrum of haemagglutinating activity when they were tested against red cells of various animal species. Under the electron microscope MR fimbriae of Edwardsiella were found to be thicker than MS fimbriae (6.5 nm and 6.0 nm respectively). MS fimbriae of Levinea had 6.5 nm in diameter.", "contents": "Fimbriae and haemagglutinating properties in Edwardsiella and Levinea. Using the haemagglutinating procedure, the presence of fimbriae was revealed in all 34 Edwardsiella strains tested and in 3 Levinea strains out of 17 examined. The great majority of fimbriate Edwardsiella strains caused haemagglutination of MR type; only two strains of Edwardsiella and all fimbriate strains of Levinea brought about haemagglutination of MS type. All the strains exhibited a similar spectrum of haemagglutinating activity when they were tested against red cells of various animal species. Under the electron microscope MR fimbriae of Edwardsiella were found to be thicker than MS fimbriae (6.5 nm and 6.0 nm respectively). MS fimbriae of Levinea had 6.5 nm in diameter.", "PMID": 70969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4043", "title": "Synthesis of auxins from tryptophan and tryptophan-precursors by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus silvestris L.).", "content": "Fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine required tryptophan for auxin synthesis. More auxins were found in culture grown with pyrogallol than in those without this compound. The fungi studied produced also auxins from other than tryptophan compounds. Indole employed with serine was more suitable for the production of auxins than indole or anthranilic acid used separately. The active compounds showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.2--0.4 and 0.3--0.5 with the solvent system isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v).", "contents": "Synthesis of auxins from tryptophan and tryptophan-precursors by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus silvestris L.). Fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine required tryptophan for auxin synthesis. More auxins were found in culture grown with pyrogallol than in those without this compound. The fungi studied produced also auxins from other than tryptophan compounds. Indole employed with serine was more suitable for the production of auxins than indole or anthranilic acid used separately. The active compounds showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.2--0.4 and 0.3--0.5 with the solvent system isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v).", "PMID": 70970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4044", "title": "Mixed cultures of different yeasts species and yeasts with filamentous fungi in the SCP production. I. Production of single cell protein by mixed cultures Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the application of mixed cultures Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis in the SCP production. N-paraffin fraction of crude oil and individual n-alkanes C:7--C:17 and glucose were used as carbon sources. The cultures were grown on laboratory scale in shaking flasks and in a 7 1 fermentor. It was found that the mixed cultures gave about 18% higher yield of biomass than the individual cultures.", "contents": "Mixed cultures of different yeasts species and yeasts with filamentous fungi in the SCP production. I. Production of single cell protein by mixed cultures Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis. The aim of this study was to determine the application of mixed cultures Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis in the SCP production. N-paraffin fraction of crude oil and individual n-alkanes C:7--C:17 and glucose were used as carbon sources. The cultures were grown on laboratory scale in shaking flasks and in a 7 1 fermentor. It was found that the mixed cultures gave about 18% higher yield of biomass than the individual cultures.", "PMID": 70971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4045", "title": "Synthesis of cellulase by Fusarium sp. in different culture conditions.", "content": "The mechanism of the synthesis of cellulases by Fusarium sp. strain was studied. It was found that a significant role in determination of cellulases is played by the adsorption of these enzymes on cellulose. The aeration level of the culture media had a significant effect on the synthesis as well as on the enzymatic complexity of cellulases.", "contents": "Synthesis of cellulase by Fusarium sp. in different culture conditions. The mechanism of the synthesis of cellulases by Fusarium sp. strain was studied. It was found that a significant role in determination of cellulases is played by the adsorption of these enzymes on cellulose. The aeration level of the culture media had a significant effect on the synthesis as well as on the enzymatic complexity of cellulases.", "PMID": 70972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4046", "title": "Casein degradation and amino acid liberation in milk by two highly proteolytic strains of lactic acid bacteria.", "content": "Amongst 100 isolates of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus feacalis proved to be highly proteolytic as demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis and liberation of various amino acids. Both these organisms hydrolysed casein differently to produce different concentrations of amino acids.", "contents": "Casein degradation and amino acid liberation in milk by two highly proteolytic strains of lactic acid bacteria. Amongst 100 isolates of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus feacalis proved to be highly proteolytic as demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis and liberation of various amino acids. Both these organisms hydrolysed casein differently to produce different concentrations of amino acids.", "PMID": 70973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4047", "title": "Purification of Clostridium toxoids.", "content": "A two-step fractionation procedure was applied for purification and concentration of the individual Clostridium toxoids. The toxoids were precipitated with hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium sextametaphosphate, then antigenic fractions were separated from inactive contaminants by Sephadex G-75 filtration. Specific activity of the preparations thus obtained, as determined by Mancini radial immunodiffusion, was 150--565 binding units per mg of protein nitrogen for Clostridium perfringens toxoid, 204--352 binding units for Clostridium oedematiens toxoid and 26.6 -- 51.2 binding units for Clostridium septicum toxoid.", "contents": "Purification of Clostridium toxoids. A two-step fractionation procedure was applied for purification and concentration of the individual Clostridium toxoids. The toxoids were precipitated with hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium sextametaphosphate, then antigenic fractions were separated from inactive contaminants by Sephadex G-75 filtration. Specific activity of the preparations thus obtained, as determined by Mancini radial immunodiffusion, was 150--565 binding units per mg of protein nitrogen for Clostridium perfringens toxoid, 204--352 binding units for Clostridium oedematiens toxoid and 26.6 -- 51.2 binding units for Clostridium septicum toxoid.", "PMID": 70974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4048", "title": "Effect of boron and cadmium on nitrogen fixation in soil.", "content": "The influence of different doses of boron (100, 500 and 1000 ppm) and cadmium (50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) on the activity of nitrogen fixation in the sandy and alluvial soil has been studied. Almost all doses of boron stimulated this process except 1000 ppm of B added to the sandy soil. All the doses of cadmium also exerted a positive effect on the nitrogen fixation, but only during the first 3 months of the experiment, later (after 12 months) Cd decreased the activity of this process. The most marked effect to the examined elements was pronounced in the sandy soil.", "contents": "Effect of boron and cadmium on nitrogen fixation in soil. The influence of different doses of boron (100, 500 and 1000 ppm) and cadmium (50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) on the activity of nitrogen fixation in the sandy and alluvial soil has been studied. Almost all doses of boron stimulated this process except 1000 ppm of B added to the sandy soil. All the doses of cadmium also exerted a positive effect on the nitrogen fixation, but only during the first 3 months of the experiment, later (after 12 months) Cd decreased the activity of this process. The most marked effect to the examined elements was pronounced in the sandy soil.", "PMID": 70975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4049", "title": "Microorganisms as indices of environmental pollution by smelting industry.", "content": "The aim of the study was to prove suitability of some microbiological tests for determination of the degree of soil pollution by copper industry. The microbiological tests reveal sensitivity to metal compounds present in dusts emitted by smelters. The sensitivity of the selected strains to the dust present in the agar medium and soil has been determined and 30 strains, of which 50% reacted to the presence of 1--2 g of the dust in medium, were recommended for the tests. The tests showed accumulation of heavy metals contained in the dust mainly in the upper soil horizons and the highest pollution with the dust approximately 800 m away from the emitor in northeastern direction, which is the direction of prevailing winds of that area. The results obtained are in accordance with theoretical assumption as well as with the literature based on chemical analyses of polluted soil.", "contents": "Microorganisms as indices of environmental pollution by smelting industry. The aim of the study was to prove suitability of some microbiological tests for determination of the degree of soil pollution by copper industry. The microbiological tests reveal sensitivity to metal compounds present in dusts emitted by smelters. The sensitivity of the selected strains to the dust present in the agar medium and soil has been determined and 30 strains, of which 50% reacted to the presence of 1--2 g of the dust in medium, were recommended for the tests. The tests showed accumulation of heavy metals contained in the dust mainly in the upper soil horizons and the highest pollution with the dust approximately 800 m away from the emitor in northeastern direction, which is the direction of prevailing winds of that area. The results obtained are in accordance with theoretical assumption as well as with the literature based on chemical analyses of polluted soil.", "PMID": 70976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4050", "title": "Secretion and crinophagy in prolactin cells.", "content": "The mammotroph or prolactin-secreting cell, due to its distinctive fine structure, large granules, and sustained survival in vitro, has been a favorite object for studying mechanisms of pituitary secretion and its control. In this review the structural basis of prolactin secretion is summarized and the proposed sequence of intracellular events involved in prolactin secretion together with their site of loaction is outlined. The available evidence validating the various steps in prolactin secretion and their regulation is summarized. Finally, some of the unresolved problems remaining for the future are pinpointed.", "contents": "Secretion and crinophagy in prolactin cells. The mammotroph or prolactin-secreting cell, due to its distinctive fine structure, large granules, and sustained survival in vitro, has been a favorite object for studying mechanisms of pituitary secretion and its control. In this review the structural basis of prolactin secretion is summarized and the proposed sequence of intracellular events involved in prolactin secretion together with their site of loaction is outlined. The available evidence validating the various steps in prolactin secretion and their regulation is summarized. Finally, some of the unresolved problems remaining for the future are pinpointed.", "PMID": 70981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4051", "title": "Liberation of endogenous compounds by tolazoline.", "content": "The anomalous cardiac stimulation by tolazoline (2-benzyl-2-imidazoline), and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, appears to result from the release of histamine and catecholamines. These responses can be blocked by metiamide and propranolol, respectively. It is probably that tolazoline also releases acetylcholine from the guinea pig atria. The direct effect of tolazoline on chronotropic activity of atrial pairs after blockade appears to be depressant at high concentrations, and this decrease in rate, below control levels, is not blocked by atropine.", "contents": "Liberation of endogenous compounds by tolazoline. The anomalous cardiac stimulation by tolazoline (2-benzyl-2-imidazoline), and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, appears to result from the release of histamine and catecholamines. These responses can be blocked by metiamide and propranolol, respectively. It is probably that tolazoline also releases acetylcholine from the guinea pig atria. The direct effect of tolazoline on chronotropic activity of atrial pairs after blockade appears to be depressant at high concentrations, and this decrease in rate, below control levels, is not blocked by atropine.", "PMID": 70988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4052", "title": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and inhibitors of phosphodiestease on histamine release from isolated mast cells.", "content": "Differences in the histamine liberation from isolated rat mast cells after beta-adrenergic blocking drugs were demonstrated. In equimolar concentrations histamine release was induced by K\u00f6 1124, K\u00f6 1500, K\u00f6 1560, K\u00f6 1561 and propranolol. Alprenolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, and trimepranol significantly decreased thehistamine release induced by compound 48-80. The release of granules from cells was inhibited quantitatively more than the release of histamine. This enabled us to surmise the selective effect of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs on cell membranes of mast cells. The possible mechanisms of release reaction are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and inhibitors of phosphodiestease on histamine release from isolated mast cells. Differences in the histamine liberation from isolated rat mast cells after beta-adrenergic blocking drugs were demonstrated. In equimolar concentrations histamine release was induced by K\u00f6 1124, K\u00f6 1500, K\u00f6 1560, K\u00f6 1561 and propranolol. Alprenolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, and trimepranol significantly decreased thehistamine release induced by compound 48-80. The release of granules from cells was inhibited quantitatively more than the release of histamine. This enabled us to surmise the selective effect of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs on cell membranes of mast cells. The possible mechanisms of release reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 70989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4053", "title": "The place of 57Co-bleomycin scanning in the evaluation of tumors.", "content": "The clinical records and imaging studies of 140 patients who had 57Co-bleomycin scans were reviewed. In 53% of the patients with known tumor at the time of examination, all clinically demonstrable lesions picked up cobalt. The success rate was particularly high in carcinoma of the lung (15 of 17) and gastrointestinal tract (12 of 17). The major role of cobalt bleomycin seems to be as an early screening test for metastases in patients with carcinoma of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. The scan is most useful in demonstrating spread to the brain, liver, and adrenals.", "contents": "The place of 57Co-bleomycin scanning in the evaluation of tumors. The clinical records and imaging studies of 140 patients who had 57Co-bleomycin scans were reviewed. In 53% of the patients with known tumor at the time of examination, all clinically demonstrable lesions picked up cobalt. The success rate was particularly high in carcinoma of the lung (15 of 17) and gastrointestinal tract (12 of 17). The major role of cobalt bleomycin seems to be as an early screening test for metastases in patients with carcinoma of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. The scan is most useful in demonstrating spread to the brain, liver, and adrenals.", "PMID": 70990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4054", "title": "Epinephrine-enhanced renal angiography in renal mass lesions: is it worth performing?", "content": "In our experience, properly performed epinephrine-enhanced angiography is a useful technique to improve accuracy in the angiographic diagnosis of renal masses. This pharmacologic enhancement is helpful in establishing the benignity of some lesions, clearly establishing malignancy in those questionable by routine angiography, and actually detecting malignant lesions not seen at all on unenhanced angiograms. Six examples of these situations are illustrated. The basic principles and pitfalls in the performance of the technique as well as its limitations are discussed.", "contents": "Epinephrine-enhanced renal angiography in renal mass lesions: is it worth performing? In our experience, properly performed epinephrine-enhanced angiography is a useful technique to improve accuracy in the angiographic diagnosis of renal masses. This pharmacologic enhancement is helpful in establishing the benignity of some lesions, clearly establishing malignancy in those questionable by routine angiography, and actually detecting malignant lesions not seen at all on unenhanced angiograms. Six examples of these situations are illustrated. The basic principles and pitfalls in the performance of the technique as well as its limitations are discussed.", "PMID": 70991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4055", "title": "Use of the bone marrow imprint in the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (\"hairy cell leukemia\").", "content": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is a distinct entity, often misdiagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. The neoplastic cells have a specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme by which the diagnosis may be secured. Most individuals are leukopenic, and when, as in our case, rare or no circulating cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are found in the peripheral blood, an alternate site must be sought. Bone marrow aspirations often result in \"dry taps,\" however, and cryostat sections of the bone marrow biopsy necessary to demonstrate tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are involved and impractical to obtain for most laboratories. This report illustrates and recommends the simple technic of imprinting the core biopsy, which yields a satisfactory sample with which the specific cytochemical activity can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of the bone marrow imprint in the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (\"hairy cell leukemia\"). Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is a distinct entity, often misdiagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. The neoplastic cells have a specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme by which the diagnosis may be secured. Most individuals are leukopenic, and when, as in our case, rare or no circulating cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are found in the peripheral blood, an alternate site must be sought. Bone marrow aspirations often result in \"dry taps,\" however, and cryostat sections of the bone marrow biopsy necessary to demonstrate tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are involved and impractical to obtain for most laboratories. This report illustrates and recommends the simple technic of imprinting the core biopsy, which yields a satisfactory sample with which the specific cytochemical activity can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 70993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4056", "title": "Frequency of satellite association of human chromosomes is correlated with amount of Ag-staining of the nucleolus organizer region.", "content": "Methaphase chromosomes from karyotypically normal adult humans (three males, six females) and one male with a 13p - chromosome were stained by quinacrine and then by the Ag-AS silver staining method to reveal nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Each person had a characteristic number of Ag-stained chromosomes per cell, always fewer than 10. Determination of the mean Ag-size of each chromosome showed that each of the 10 individuals had a unique distribution of Ag-stain. Within each individual, there was some variation from cell to cell in the number of acrocentric chromosomes that were Ag-stained; this was not random, and the same chromosomes (those that had at most a small amount of Ag-stain) tended to be unstained in every cell. Satellite associations were scored on the same cells. Chromosomes that had no Ag-stain were involved in satellite association less than 20% as often as those that had some Ag-stain. Chromosomes that had a small amount of Ag-stain were involved in association about 50% as often as those that had a large amount of stain. Regression analysis of the 50 (of a total of 100) acrocentric chromosomes which could be individually identified by quinacrine markers showed that the frequency with which a chromosome was involved in satellite association was strongly correlated with the amount of Ag-stained material in the NOR.", "contents": "Frequency of satellite association of human chromosomes is correlated with amount of Ag-staining of the nucleolus organizer region. Methaphase chromosomes from karyotypically normal adult humans (three males, six females) and one male with a 13p - chromosome were stained by quinacrine and then by the Ag-AS silver staining method to reveal nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Each person had a characteristic number of Ag-stained chromosomes per cell, always fewer than 10. Determination of the mean Ag-size of each chromosome showed that each of the 10 individuals had a unique distribution of Ag-stain. Within each individual, there was some variation from cell to cell in the number of acrocentric chromosomes that were Ag-stained; this was not random, and the same chromosomes (those that had at most a small amount of Ag-stain) tended to be unstained in every cell. Satellite associations were scored on the same cells. Chromosomes that had no Ag-stain were involved in satellite association less than 20% as often as those that had some Ag-stain. Chromosomes that had a small amount of Ag-stain were involved in association about 50% as often as those that had a large amount of stain. Regression analysis of the 50 (of a total of 100) acrocentric chromosomes which could be individually identified by quinacrine markers showed that the frequency with which a chromosome was involved in satellite association was strongly correlated with the amount of Ag-stained material in the NOR.", "PMID": 70995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4057", "title": "Pseudo A-V block secondary to concealed junctional extrasystoles. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 23 year old woman, convalescing from a motorcycle accident was noted to have a complex arrhythmia. Short bursts of apparent ventricular tachycardia, sudden P-R delays, and Mobitz I and Mobitz II block were observed as well as frequent junctional premature systoles. Careful analysis revealed that the rhythm disturbances were caused entirely by manifest and concealed atrioventricular (A-V) junctional extrasystoles. This case meets the criteria for concealed junctional extrasystoles producing \"pseudo A-V block.\" Pertinent literature is reviewed, and the manifestations of variable antegrade and retrograde conduction of A-V junctional extrasystoles are discussed. Increased awareness of this unusual rhythm disturbance can prevent unnecessary pacemaker therapy for apparent A-V block.", "contents": "Pseudo A-V block secondary to concealed junctional extrasystoles. Case report and review of the literature. A 23 year old woman, convalescing from a motorcycle accident was noted to have a complex arrhythmia. Short bursts of apparent ventricular tachycardia, sudden P-R delays, and Mobitz I and Mobitz II block were observed as well as frequent junctional premature systoles. Careful analysis revealed that the rhythm disturbances were caused entirely by manifest and concealed atrioventricular (A-V) junctional extrasystoles. This case meets the criteria for concealed junctional extrasystoles producing \"pseudo A-V block.\" Pertinent literature is reviewed, and the manifestations of variable antegrade and retrograde conduction of A-V junctional extrasystoles are discussed. Increased awareness of this unusual rhythm disturbance can prevent unnecessary pacemaker therapy for apparent A-V block.", "PMID": 70996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4058", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the proximal third of the stomach. Pitfalls in surgical management.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the proximal third of the stomach is a florid tumor with a high propensity for esophageal extension limphagitic invasion, and hepatic dissemination. Treatment results in 117 consecutive cases indicate that cure rates may be improved by a closer attention to the esophageal margin of resection.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the proximal third of the stomach. Pitfalls in surgical management. Adenocarcinoma of the proximal third of the stomach is a florid tumor with a high propensity for esophageal extension limphagitic invasion, and hepatic dissemination. Treatment results in 117 consecutive cases indicate that cure rates may be improved by a closer attention to the esophageal margin of resection.", "PMID": 70997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4059", "title": "Carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Pancreatic carcinoma remains a difficult problem in surgery. High mortality and overall discouraging results of pancreaticoduodenectomy misled some physicians to believe that surgery is ineffective in management of pancreatic carcinoma. Patients with pancreatic carcinoma in two major hospitals from 1963 through 1976 were analyzed. Results of pancreaticoduodenctomies and palliative operations are reported.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pancreas. Pancreatic carcinoma remains a difficult problem in surgery. High mortality and overall discouraging results of pancreaticoduodenectomy misled some physicians to believe that surgery is ineffective in management of pancreatic carcinoma. Patients with pancreatic carcinoma in two major hospitals from 1963 through 1976 were analyzed. Results of pancreaticoduodenctomies and palliative operations are reported.", "PMID": 70998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4060", "title": "[The sexually depended influence of congenital vitia cordis for the physical development of children (author's transl)].", "content": "With anthropometrical methods were investigated 1000 children with congenital Vitium cordis. It was found that congenital Vitium cordis caused a retardation of physical and sexual development. It is particularly clear in the sexual period of maturity and the puberty. The retardation is quite stronger in the male as in the female children. The results are demonstrated in tables and graphs.", "contents": "[The sexually depended influence of congenital vitia cordis for the physical development of children (author's transl)]. With anthropometrical methods were investigated 1000 children with congenital Vitium cordis. It was found that congenital Vitium cordis caused a retardation of physical and sexual development. It is particularly clear in the sexual period of maturity and the puberty. The retardation is quite stronger in the male as in the female children. The results are demonstrated in tables and graphs.", "PMID": 71000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4061", "title": "Audiotape slide programmes: comparison of synchronised and manual use.", "content": "No difference in teaching effectiveness was found between the use of a series of audiotape slide programmes on clinical physics and measurement with synchronised and manual slide change. Over 93% of the lecture points could be immediately recalled in both instances and significantly different learning abilities among the students were detected. The trial also identified programmes with lower answer scores for possible upgrading. Comparison with a previous trial demonstrated the value of the revision and upgrading of materials. Anaesthetists found the teaching by the tape slide technique, in the format used, helpful and very acceptable. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of audiotape slide programmes with synchronised and manual slide change apparatus have been discussed.", "contents": "Audiotape slide programmes: comparison of synchronised and manual use. No difference in teaching effectiveness was found between the use of a series of audiotape slide programmes on clinical physics and measurement with synchronised and manual slide change. Over 93% of the lecture points could be immediately recalled in both instances and significantly different learning abilities among the students were detected. The trial also identified programmes with lower answer scores for possible upgrading. Comparison with a previous trial demonstrated the value of the revision and upgrading of materials. Anaesthetists found the teaching by the tape slide technique, in the format used, helpful and very acceptable. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of audiotape slide programmes with synchronised and manual slide change apparatus have been discussed.", "PMID": 70999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4062", "title": "Longitudinal study of workers employed in the manufacture of toluene-diisocyanate.", "content": "Workers at a toluene-diisocyanate manufacturing plant were studied longitudinally to determine the effects of the chemical on their health. Studies included health questionnaire, pulmonary function, environmental monitoring, and immunologic testing. Workers reporting increased lower respiratory symptoms were from the nonsmoker group. Environmental monitoring showed frequent excursions of toluene-diisocyanate concentrations above the threshold limiting value. There was poor correlation between area and personal exposure levels. No exposure-related decline of pulmonary function was demonstrable. Immunologic studies showed development of a positive skin test to a toluene-diisocyanate-human serum albumin conjugate by some persons and an increasing incidence of toluene-diisocyanate-specific IgE antibodies as measured by a radioallergosorbent test. Toluene-diisocyanate did not induce histamine release from leukocytes in vitro but did diminish the in vitro stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by isoproterenol. Most of the clinically sensitive persons demonstrated adverse bronchial response when challenged by inhalation of toluene-diisocyanate. This response was dose dependent in some persons. When challenged with Mecholyl, clinically sensitive persons showed greater reactivity of airways than nonsensitive persons.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of workers employed in the manufacture of toluene-diisocyanate. Workers at a toluene-diisocyanate manufacturing plant were studied longitudinally to determine the effects of the chemical on their health. Studies included health questionnaire, pulmonary function, environmental monitoring, and immunologic testing. Workers reporting increased lower respiratory symptoms were from the nonsmoker group. Environmental monitoring showed frequent excursions of toluene-diisocyanate concentrations above the threshold limiting value. There was poor correlation between area and personal exposure levels. No exposure-related decline of pulmonary function was demonstrable. Immunologic studies showed development of a positive skin test to a toluene-diisocyanate-human serum albumin conjugate by some persons and an increasing incidence of toluene-diisocyanate-specific IgE antibodies as measured by a radioallergosorbent test. Toluene-diisocyanate did not induce histamine release from leukocytes in vitro but did diminish the in vitro stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by isoproterenol. Most of the clinically sensitive persons demonstrated adverse bronchial response when challenged by inhalation of toluene-diisocyanate. This response was dose dependent in some persons. When challenged with Mecholyl, clinically sensitive persons showed greater reactivity of airways than nonsensitive persons.", "PMID": 71003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4063", "title": "[Different treatments used in a case of gangrene due to accidental intra-arterial injection of methylphenidate (rilatine)].", "content": "A case of self-administrated injection of a solution of m\u00e9thylph\u00e9nidate (Rilatine) into the brachial artery is described. Intensive treatment which was started within 12 hours including repeated stellate blocks, intraarterial and intravenous injections of vasodilators and hyperbaric oxygen leaded to limited loss of the tips of the fingers. The increase hasards of intraarterial injections of dissolved tablets in addicts enhance us to investigate further on earlier and more energetic treatment in these cases.", "contents": "[Different treatments used in a case of gangrene due to accidental intra-arterial injection of methylphenidate (rilatine)]. A case of self-administrated injection of a solution of m\u00e9thylph\u00e9nidate (Rilatine) into the brachial artery is described. Intensive treatment which was started within 12 hours including repeated stellate blocks, intraarterial and intravenous injections of vasodilators and hyperbaric oxygen leaded to limited loss of the tips of the fingers. The increase hasards of intraarterial injections of dissolved tablets in addicts enhance us to investigate further on earlier and more energetic treatment in these cases.", "PMID": 71001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4064", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer.", "content": "Fifty patients with disseminated testicular cancer were treated with a three-drug combination consisting of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Three patients were considered inevaluable due to early death. This chemotherapy regimen produced 74% complete and 26% partial remissions. Furthermore, five patients with partial remission became disease-free after surgical removal of residual disease, producing an overall 85% disease-free status. Toxicity, although significant during remission induction with cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin, was usually manageable, although there were two drug-related deaths during this period. Thirty-eight of these patients remain alive and 32 remain alive and disease-free at 6 + to 30 + months. We believe this regimen represents a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in disseminated testicular cancer. Fifty patients with disseminated testicular cancer were treated with a three-drug combination consisting of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Three patients were considered inevaluable due to early death. This chemotherapy regimen produced 74% complete and 26% partial remissions. Furthermore, five patients with partial remission became disease-free after surgical removal of residual disease, producing an overall 85% disease-free status. Toxicity, although significant during remission induction with cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin, was usually manageable, although there were two drug-related deaths during this period. Thirty-eight of these patients remain alive and 32 remain alive and disease-free at 6 + to 30 + months. We believe this regimen represents a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "PMID": 71004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4065", "title": "An evaluation of anticoagulation in glaucoma therapy.", "content": "It has been suggested that glaucomatous field loss may progress on the basis of ischemia of the optic nerve head alone after the intraocular pressure has been controlled. Bishydroxycoumarin (Dicumarol) has been reported to be of benefit in such situations. A review of 551 consecutive glaucoma records did not support this theory. Apparent progression of field loss at intraocular pressures of 20 mm Hg or less was either due to artifacts in field testing or to a pressure that was still too high. A pilot study suggested that bishydroxycoumarin was of no benefit in these situations.", "contents": "An evaluation of anticoagulation in glaucoma therapy. It has been suggested that glaucomatous field loss may progress on the basis of ischemia of the optic nerve head alone after the intraocular pressure has been controlled. Bishydroxycoumarin (Dicumarol) has been reported to be of benefit in such situations. A review of 551 consecutive glaucoma records did not support this theory. Apparent progression of field loss at intraocular pressures of 20 mm Hg or less was either due to artifacts in field testing or to a pressure that was still too high. A pilot study suggested that bishydroxycoumarin was of no benefit in these situations.", "PMID": 71007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4066", "title": "Relief of pain from pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Several methods for relieving pain from pancreatic cancer are described and the particular place of pancreaticojejunostomy is discussed.", "contents": "Relief of pain from pancreatic carcinoma. Several methods for relieving pain from pancreatic cancer are described and the particular place of pancreaticojejunostomy is discussed.", "PMID": 71008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4067", "title": "[Mechanism of metabolic and ionic germination of \"Bacillus licheniformis\" spores treated with hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)].", "content": "Spores of Bacillus licheniformis 109-2A0 lost their refractility and absorbancy at 640 nm in the presence of metabolizable molecules (L-alanine). The same occurred with spores treated with 4.4 mol/1 hydrogen peroxide, pH 2.0, at 65 degrees C, even after 5 min of treatment. In addition, these transformations could be promoted after 2 min of treatment by inorganic ions (KI). This possibility occurs following a kinetics of activation. Thermodynamic parameters showed this activation to be combined with a molecular re-organization. Loss of refractility or absorbancy, induced by L-ala or KI, was inhibited by inhibitors of membrane functions or of L-alanine dehydrogenase, enzyme of which a noticeable activity was demonstrated in treated spores. Only 10% of spore calcium leaked during the treatment. Therefore loss of refractility or absorbancy caused by molecules metabolizable or not seemed to correspond to a physiological germination. The first even of the metabolic, as well as or the ionic germination could well be a modification of the spore membrane proton-motive force.", "contents": "[Mechanism of metabolic and ionic germination of \"Bacillus licheniformis\" spores treated with hydrogen peroxide (author's transl)]. Spores of Bacillus licheniformis 109-2A0 lost their refractility and absorbancy at 640 nm in the presence of metabolizable molecules (L-alanine). The same occurred with spores treated with 4.4 mol/1 hydrogen peroxide, pH 2.0, at 65 degrees C, even after 5 min of treatment. In addition, these transformations could be promoted after 2 min of treatment by inorganic ions (KI). This possibility occurs following a kinetics of activation. Thermodynamic parameters showed this activation to be combined with a molecular re-organization. Loss of refractility or absorbancy, induced by L-ala or KI, was inhibited by inhibitors of membrane functions or of L-alanine dehydrogenase, enzyme of which a noticeable activity was demonstrated in treated spores. Only 10% of spore calcium leaked during the treatment. Therefore loss of refractility or absorbancy caused by molecules metabolizable or not seemed to correspond to a physiological germination. The first even of the metabolic, as well as or the ionic germination could well be a modification of the spore membrane proton-motive force.", "PMID": 71005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4068", "title": "[Hepatitis B virus and primary liver carcinoma: evidences for a filiation hepatitis B, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer].", "content": "Many arguments have been developed for a filiation hepatitis B, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (PLC). The hypothesis in favour of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) as an indirect agent of PLC was supported by epidemiological and anatomo-clinical data. The study of the serological markers of HBV has been performed in groups of Senegalese patients who were suffering from hepatitis B, cirrhosis or PLC and two control groups (blood donors and other cancers). The results concern the sequence leeding from hepatitis B to PLC.", "contents": "[Hepatitis B virus and primary liver carcinoma: evidences for a filiation hepatitis B, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer]. Many arguments have been developed for a filiation hepatitis B, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (PLC). The hypothesis in favour of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) as an indirect agent of PLC was supported by epidemiological and anatomo-clinical data. The study of the serological markers of HBV has been performed in groups of Senegalese patients who were suffering from hepatitis B, cirrhosis or PLC and two control groups (blood donors and other cancers). The results concern the sequence leeding from hepatitis B to PLC.", "PMID": 71006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4069", "title": "The autoimmune features of acute transverse myelopathy.", "content": "Lymphocytes from patients with acute transverse myelopathy (ATM) were shown to undergo a specific and significant transformation when cultured in vitro in the presence of either the central nervous myelin basic encephalitogenic protein (BE) or the peripheral nerve myelin P2 protein. A similar pattern of response was demonstrated in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and in acute myeloradiculitis. Lymphocytes from patients suffering from other autoimmune neurological disorders or other neurological diseases affecting the spinal cord showed no response to there immunologically related antigens, which have previously been found to have the capacity of inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, either alone or with experimental allergic neuritis, when injected into animals. The specific in vitro response to BE and P2 suggests that in vivo sensitization of lymphocytes to such self-antigens occurs in ATM and than a cell-mediated, probably postinfecious autoimmune mechanism may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "The autoimmune features of acute transverse myelopathy. Lymphocytes from patients with acute transverse myelopathy (ATM) were shown to undergo a specific and significant transformation when cultured in vitro in the presence of either the central nervous myelin basic encephalitogenic protein (BE) or the peripheral nerve myelin P2 protein. A similar pattern of response was demonstrated in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and in acute myeloradiculitis. Lymphocytes from patients suffering from other autoimmune neurological disorders or other neurological diseases affecting the spinal cord showed no response to there immunologically related antigens, which have previously been found to have the capacity of inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, either alone or with experimental allergic neuritis, when injected into animals. The specific in vitro response to BE and P2 suggests that in vivo sensitization of lymphocytes to such self-antigens occurs in ATM and than a cell-mediated, probably postinfecious autoimmune mechanism may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 71013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4070", "title": "Blood lead levels in San Diego policemen.", "content": "Blood lead levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 86 San Diego policemen to see if they would reflect the known high atmospheric lead levels in San Diego. The mean blood lead for the entire group was 27.0 microgram per dl, a level very similar to that found in the general population of other cities. Work exposure to heavy traffic, area of residence, work shift and smoking did not significantly influence blood lead. Thus, an ambient atmospheric lead load ranging from 2 to 5 microgram per cubic m does not demonstrably cause higher blood lead levels in persons exposed to such air. Surprisingly, the youngest group, 21 to 25 years, had the highest mean (32.2 microgram per dl) while the oldest, 46 to 55 years, had the lowest mean (20.9 microgram per dl), a difference statistically highly significant. However, length of work as a policeman per se did not influence blood lead levels. Exposure to other known high-risk factors (hobbies, ceramics, old dwellings) was associated with higher levels (mean 30.6 microgram per dl).", "contents": "Blood lead levels in San Diego policemen. Blood lead levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 86 San Diego policemen to see if they would reflect the known high atmospheric lead levels in San Diego. The mean blood lead for the entire group was 27.0 microgram per dl, a level very similar to that found in the general population of other cities. Work exposure to heavy traffic, area of residence, work shift and smoking did not significantly influence blood lead. Thus, an ambient atmospheric lead load ranging from 2 to 5 microgram per cubic m does not demonstrably cause higher blood lead levels in persons exposed to such air. Surprisingly, the youngest group, 21 to 25 years, had the highest mean (32.2 microgram per dl) while the oldest, 46 to 55 years, had the lowest mean (20.9 microgram per dl), a difference statistically highly significant. However, length of work as a policeman per se did not influence blood lead levels. Exposure to other known high-risk factors (hobbies, ceramics, old dwellings) was associated with higher levels (mean 30.6 microgram per dl).", "PMID": 71010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4071", "title": "[Enzyme-immunoassay of grass-pollen and mites antibodies in rabbit antisera on magnetic polyacrylamide agarose beads (author's transl)].", "content": "Complex antigens were coupled to polyacrylamide agarose beads which had been made magnetic with iron oxide. Those beads were then used in an enzyme-immunoassay for quantitation of specific antibodies to grass-pollen and mites in rabbit antisera. The results obtained by a direct or an inhibition technique proved the specificity of this assay towards homologous antigens. Moreover, cross-reactions between the various species of grass-pollen could be shown. One advantage of this simple method is that it may avoid use of radioactive compounds.", "contents": "[Enzyme-immunoassay of grass-pollen and mites antibodies in rabbit antisera on magnetic polyacrylamide agarose beads (author's transl)]. Complex antigens were coupled to polyacrylamide agarose beads which had been made magnetic with iron oxide. Those beads were then used in an enzyme-immunoassay for quantitation of specific antibodies to grass-pollen and mites in rabbit antisera. The results obtained by a direct or an inhibition technique proved the specificity of this assay towards homologous antigens. Moreover, cross-reactions between the various species of grass-pollen could be shown. One advantage of this simple method is that it may avoid use of radioactive compounds.", "PMID": 71011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4072", "title": "[An immunofluorescence study of the ontogenesis of mouse thyroid organ-specific antigens: relation to fate of foetal thyroid homografts in adult recipients (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the development of organ specific thyroid antigens in mice showed that these antigens make their appearance on the 17th day of gestation. This causes an increase in the specific antigenicity of the thyroid and coincides with the critical stages at which the fate of a homograft of embryonic thyroid is seen to change: embryonic thyroid tissue from 15-16 day embryo grafted on an adult recipient is accepted but if taken from a 17 day embryo it is rejected.", "contents": "[An immunofluorescence study of the ontogenesis of mouse thyroid organ-specific antigens: relation to fate of foetal thyroid homografts in adult recipients (author's transl)]. A study of the development of organ specific thyroid antigens in mice showed that these antigens make their appearance on the 17th day of gestation. This causes an increase in the specific antigenicity of the thyroid and coincides with the critical stages at which the fate of a homograft of embryonic thyroid is seen to change: embryonic thyroid tissue from 15-16 day embryo grafted on an adult recipient is accepted but if taken from a 17 day embryo it is rejected.", "PMID": 71012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4073", "title": "Dermal architecture and collagen type distribution.", "content": "The human dermis consists of two morphologically different layers. A loose meshwork of thin collagenous fibres is characteristic for the adventitial dermis with includes the papillary and the periadnexal dermis. Thick, coarse collagen bundles are the main feature of the reticular dermis. Two different collagens, type I and type III occur in the dermis as shown previously by biochemical analyses. Antibodies specific for type I collagen or type III collagen and their corresponding precursors were used in indirect immunofluorescence tests to localize the various collagens in frozen sections of normal adult skin. Whereas type I collagen is found in all dermal layers, the main part of type III collagen can be found within the adventitial dermis. Antibodies against the precursor of type I collagen stain only a bandlike region immediately beneath the epidermis. Antibodies against the precursor of type III collagen stain the same regions as antibodies against the helical part of type III collagen.", "contents": "Dermal architecture and collagen type distribution. The human dermis consists of two morphologically different layers. A loose meshwork of thin collagenous fibres is characteristic for the adventitial dermis with includes the papillary and the periadnexal dermis. Thick, coarse collagen bundles are the main feature of the reticular dermis. Two different collagens, type I and type III occur in the dermis as shown previously by biochemical analyses. Antibodies specific for type I collagen or type III collagen and their corresponding precursors were used in indirect immunofluorescence tests to localize the various collagens in frozen sections of normal adult skin. Whereas type I collagen is found in all dermal layers, the main part of type III collagen can be found within the adventitial dermis. Antibodies against the precursor of type I collagen stain only a bandlike region immediately beneath the epidermis. Antibodies against the precursor of type III collagen stain the same regions as antibodies against the helical part of type III collagen.", "PMID": 71020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4074", "title": "Residue content of beef feedlot manure after feeding diethylstilbestrol, chlortetracycline and Ronnel and the use of stirofos to reduce population of fly larvae in feedlot manure.", "content": "Two beef cattle feedlot experiments were conducted to determine the amount of certain agricultural chemicals that are likely to be found in both fresh and stored feedlot manure and to investigate fly control in this manure. In experiment 1, diethylstilbestrol (DES), chlortetracycline (CTC), and ronnel were used as feed additives. Fresh manure, stored manure, runoff water, manure weathered on pasture, and soil from pasture fertilized with manure were analyzed for these additives. Stirofos was added to fresh manure as a larvicide for fly control. In experiment 2, the residue aspects of DES and CTC were repeated. In this experiment, stirofos instead of ronnel was fed with DES and CTC. Sixty-eight percent of the DES fed to cattle appeared in fresh manure and 52% in manure stored for 12 weeks. Comparable percentage values were 17 and 11% for CTC and 13 and 3% for ronnel; somewhat less DES and CTC were found when a concentrate diet was fed. Detectable amounts of DES, ACT, and ronnel were not found in runoff water, weathered manure, or soil. Adding an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of stirofos directly to manure at a rate of approximately 45 ppm of wet manure completely controlled the larvae of house fly (Musca domestica L.) whereas feeding stirofos at a rate of 1.5 mg per kg of body weight daily reduced larval counts 82% in manure from forage-fed heifers and 63% in manure from concentrate-fed heifers. Stirofos was not detected in runoff water, weathered waste, or soil.", "contents": "Residue content of beef feedlot manure after feeding diethylstilbestrol, chlortetracycline and Ronnel and the use of stirofos to reduce population of fly larvae in feedlot manure. Two beef cattle feedlot experiments were conducted to determine the amount of certain agricultural chemicals that are likely to be found in both fresh and stored feedlot manure and to investigate fly control in this manure. In experiment 1, diethylstilbestrol (DES), chlortetracycline (CTC), and ronnel were used as feed additives. Fresh manure, stored manure, runoff water, manure weathered on pasture, and soil from pasture fertilized with manure were analyzed for these additives. Stirofos was added to fresh manure as a larvicide for fly control. In experiment 2, the residue aspects of DES and CTC were repeated. In this experiment, stirofos instead of ronnel was fed with DES and CTC. Sixty-eight percent of the DES fed to cattle appeared in fresh manure and 52% in manure stored for 12 weeks. Comparable percentage values were 17 and 11% for CTC and 13 and 3% for ronnel; somewhat less DES and CTC were found when a concentrate diet was fed. Detectable amounts of DES, ACT, and ronnel were not found in runoff water, weathered manure, or soil. Adding an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of stirofos directly to manure at a rate of approximately 45 ppm of wet manure completely controlled the larvae of house fly (Musca domestica L.) whereas feeding stirofos at a rate of 1.5 mg per kg of body weight daily reduced larval counts 82% in manure from forage-fed heifers and 63% in manure from concentrate-fed heifers. Stirofos was not detected in runoff water, weathered waste, or soil.", "PMID": 71021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4075", "title": "Electron capture gas chromatographic determination of Kepone residues in environmental samples.", "content": "The pollution of the environment with Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalen-2-one) by an industrial manufacturer of the pesticide resulted in the contamination of several terrestrial media, including biological life, near the entry of the insecticide into the ecosystem. The substrata investigated and for which residue methodology was developed included river sediment, soil, water, shellfish, and finfish. Rigorous extraction techniques utilizing the Soxhlet apparatus and the Polytron tissue homogenizer were required for complete removal of Kepone from the samples. Finfish tissue was the most difficult to analyze. For this type of substratum, a preliminary cleanup by gel permeation chromatography was required to remove most of the lipid material followed by a micro Florisil column elution to eliminate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB'S). Cleanup of shellfish and other environmental samples was accomplished with a micro Florisil column only. Electron capture gas chromatography was used to analyze the sample extracts. Recoveries of Kepone from fortified samples averaged 84% or greater.", "contents": "Electron capture gas chromatographic determination of Kepone residues in environmental samples. The pollution of the environment with Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalen-2-one) by an industrial manufacturer of the pesticide resulted in the contamination of several terrestrial media, including biological life, near the entry of the insecticide into the ecosystem. The substrata investigated and for which residue methodology was developed included river sediment, soil, water, shellfish, and finfish. Rigorous extraction techniques utilizing the Soxhlet apparatus and the Polytron tissue homogenizer were required for complete removal of Kepone from the samples. Finfish tissue was the most difficult to analyze. For this type of substratum, a preliminary cleanup by gel permeation chromatography was required to remove most of the lipid material followed by a micro Florisil column elution to eliminate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB'S). Cleanup of shellfish and other environmental samples was accomplished with a micro Florisil column only. Electron capture gas chromatography was used to analyze the sample extracts. Recoveries of Kepone from fortified samples averaged 84% or greater.", "PMID": 71022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4076", "title": "Toxicity and bioconcentration of BHC and lindane in selected estuarine animals.", "content": "Flow-through, 96-hr bioassays were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of technical BHC and lindane to several estuarine animals. Test animals and their respective 96-hr lindane LC50 values were: mysid (Mysidopsis bahia), 6.3 microgram/L; pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), 0.17 microgram/L; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), 4.4 microgram/L; sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 104 microgram/L; and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), 30.6 microgram/L. The 96-hr LC50 values for pink shrimp and pinfish exposed to BHC were 0.34 and 86.4 microgram/L, respectively. Two BHC bioconcentration studies were conducted with the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and pinfish. After 28 days exposure, oysters bioconcentrated an average of 218 X the BHC measured in exposure water, while pinfish bioconcentrated 130 X in their edible tissues and 617 X in offal. After one week in BHC-free sea water, no detectable residues were measured in oysters or pinfish.", "contents": "Toxicity and bioconcentration of BHC and lindane in selected estuarine animals. Flow-through, 96-hr bioassays were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of technical BHC and lindane to several estuarine animals. Test animals and their respective 96-hr lindane LC50 values were: mysid (Mysidopsis bahia), 6.3 microgram/L; pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), 0.17 microgram/L; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), 4.4 microgram/L; sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 104 microgram/L; and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), 30.6 microgram/L. The 96-hr LC50 values for pink shrimp and pinfish exposed to BHC were 0.34 and 86.4 microgram/L, respectively. Two BHC bioconcentration studies were conducted with the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and pinfish. After 28 days exposure, oysters bioconcentrated an average of 218 X the BHC measured in exposure water, while pinfish bioconcentrated 130 X in their edible tissues and 617 X in offal. After one week in BHC-free sea water, no detectable residues were measured in oysters or pinfish.", "PMID": 71023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4077", "title": "B lymphocyte alloantigens in the study of the genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In order to carry out tissue typing studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 116 sera from pregnant multiparous women were screened for cytotoxicity specific for B lymphocytes. It was possible to identify three sera (M55, M58, M87) which reacted specifically with B cells after absorption with platelets. Each appeared to have a different specificity which was presumed to correspond to an alloantigen marker on the lymphocyte surface. The frequency of these alloantigen markers on B lymphocytes was investigated in patients with classical or definite RA and in controls. One of these, M58, occurred in 32 out of 43 RA patients (74 - 4%) compared with 10 out of 37 controls (27%). This difference was highly significant (P less than 0 - 0005). The relative risk of developing RA is 7 - 85 times greater in those possessing alloantigen M58. The other two B cell alloantigens failed to show any association with RA. The association with M58 may indicate a significant genetic contribution to disease susceptibility in RA.", "contents": "B lymphocyte alloantigens in the study of the genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis. In order to carry out tissue typing studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 116 sera from pregnant multiparous women were screened for cytotoxicity specific for B lymphocytes. It was possible to identify three sera (M55, M58, M87) which reacted specifically with B cells after absorption with platelets. Each appeared to have a different specificity which was presumed to correspond to an alloantigen marker on the lymphocyte surface. The frequency of these alloantigen markers on B lymphocytes was investigated in patients with classical or definite RA and in controls. One of these, M58, occurred in 32 out of 43 RA patients (74 - 4%) compared with 10 out of 37 controls (27%). This difference was highly significant (P less than 0 - 0005). The relative risk of developing RA is 7 - 85 times greater in those possessing alloantigen M58. The other two B cell alloantigens failed to show any association with RA. The association with M58 may indicate a significant genetic contribution to disease susceptibility in RA.", "PMID": 71024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4078", "title": "Substrate requirements in vitro for the spontaneous motility of uterine strips from ovariectomized or natural estrus rats. Relationships with tissue levels of glycogen and triglycerides.", "content": "The influence of metabolic substrates (glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate) on the spontaneous motility of uterine strips isolated from estrus or spayed rats was explored. The effects of substrate omission on tissue glycogen and triglycerides in both hormonal conditions were also studied. The results indicate an important role of glycolysis for rat uterine motility. It would appear also that the better contractile performance of strips from ovariectomized animals might be related to their capacity to metabolize readily triglyceride energy stores.", "contents": "Substrate requirements in vitro for the spontaneous motility of uterine strips from ovariectomized or natural estrus rats. Relationships with tissue levels of glycogen and triglycerides. The influence of metabolic substrates (glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate) on the spontaneous motility of uterine strips isolated from estrus or spayed rats was explored. The effects of substrate omission on tissue glycogen and triglycerides in both hormonal conditions were also studied. The results indicate an important role of glycolysis for rat uterine motility. It would appear also that the better contractile performance of strips from ovariectomized animals might be related to their capacity to metabolize readily triglyceride energy stores.", "PMID": 71025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4079", "title": "Potentiation of ketamine effects on the spiking activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation.", "content": "In cats prepared for chronic recording of sleep, an investigation was made on the effects of an anaesthetic agent, ketamine [cl-581, 2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexamine HCl] and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on spiking activity recorded from lateral geniculate (LGN) nucleus. In normal cats most of the LGN spikes occurring during sleep are found in REM sleep. Follwoing injection of 10 mg/kg of ketamine a substantial increase of slow wave sleep (SWS) spikes occurred. While selective REM sleep deprivation had the same effects, combined influences of ketamine and REM-sleep deprivation led to a marked potentiation of their individual effects probably by simultaneous stimulation of the neurone system which determines the endogenous electrical activity of LGN cells.", "contents": "Potentiation of ketamine effects on the spiking activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation. In cats prepared for chronic recording of sleep, an investigation was made on the effects of an anaesthetic agent, ketamine [cl-581, 2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexamine HCl] and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on spiking activity recorded from lateral geniculate (LGN) nucleus. In normal cats most of the LGN spikes occurring during sleep are found in REM sleep. Follwoing injection of 10 mg/kg of ketamine a substantial increase of slow wave sleep (SWS) spikes occurred. While selective REM sleep deprivation had the same effects, combined influences of ketamine and REM-sleep deprivation led to a marked potentiation of their individual effects probably by simultaneous stimulation of the neurone system which determines the endogenous electrical activity of LGN cells.", "PMID": 71026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4080", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of wheat and barley cultivars by growth rate and body composition of larvae of Tenebrio molitor.", "content": "Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., Gembloux strain, race F, were reared on diets of 17 cultivars of wheat and 29 cultivars of barley, prepared for determination of digestible energy with mice, for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity. Values for percentage crude protein of tissues of larvae fed wheat cultivars were significantly and positively correlated with values for digestible energy as determined with mice. These values were not correlated for larvae fed barley cultivars; however, values for per cent dry matter content of larvae were significantly and positively correlated with values for digestible energy determined with mice. This apparent discrepancy is explained on the basis of the chemical constitution of barley and the availability of amino acids of barley to the larvae. Use of larvae of Tenebrio molitor to indicate the digestible energy of cereal grains is feasible, provided that the proper parameter is chosen. Nevertheless, use of this biological method seems more suitable for evaluation of protein quality and of amino acid availability than for a measure of digestible energy of feeds.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of wheat and barley cultivars by growth rate and body composition of larvae of Tenebrio molitor. Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., Gembloux strain, race F, were reared on diets of 17 cultivars of wheat and 29 cultivars of barley, prepared for determination of digestible energy with mice, for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity. Values for percentage crude protein of tissues of larvae fed wheat cultivars were significantly and positively correlated with values for digestible energy as determined with mice. These values were not correlated for larvae fed barley cultivars; however, values for per cent dry matter content of larvae were significantly and positively correlated with values for digestible energy determined with mice. This apparent discrepancy is explained on the basis of the chemical constitution of barley and the availability of amino acids of barley to the larvae. Use of larvae of Tenebrio molitor to indicate the digestible energy of cereal grains is feasible, provided that the proper parameter is chosen. Nevertheless, use of this biological method seems more suitable for evaluation of protein quality and of amino acid availability than for a measure of digestible energy of feeds.", "PMID": 71027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4081", "title": "[Kinetics of alpha phosphate turnover in the free nucleotides of isolated rabbit hearts during the incorporation of adenosine or uridine].", "content": "The isolated rabbit heart was perfused with tritium-labelled adenosine or uridine at constant concentration (respectively 10 and 2 micrometer) and specific activity. The transfer rates of the precursors into free nucleotides were obtained by calculating the uptake of isotope into the products. The rates of phosphorylation of the nucleotides were estimated by following the incorporation of 32PO4 3- into the alpha phosphate groups. The results obtained with the two isotopes show that the rate of labelling of the alpha phosphate groups is a good estimate of the turnover of nucleotides when the mechanism of synthesis involves phosphorylation of a riboside.", "contents": "[Kinetics of alpha phosphate turnover in the free nucleotides of isolated rabbit hearts during the incorporation of adenosine or uridine]. The isolated rabbit heart was perfused with tritium-labelled adenosine or uridine at constant concentration (respectively 10 and 2 micrometer) and specific activity. The transfer rates of the precursors into free nucleotides were obtained by calculating the uptake of isotope into the products. The rates of phosphorylation of the nucleotides were estimated by following the incorporation of 32PO4 3- into the alpha phosphate groups. The results obtained with the two isotopes show that the rate of labelling of the alpha phosphate groups is a good estimate of the turnover of nucleotides when the mechanism of synthesis involves phosphorylation of a riboside.", "PMID": 71028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4082", "title": "Nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the growth and survial of Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel (Coleoptera).", "content": "Recent investigations on the nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the survival and growth of Oryzaephilus mercator show that fructose, glucose, dextrin and glycogen are of high nutritive value, fructose being even better than natural control diet (wheat + 5% yeast). Maltose, soluble starch, mannitol and sorbitol, although support some growth, are not of as good nutritive value as control diet. All pentoses, sorbose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, potato starch, inulin and dulcitol are of no nutritive value.", "contents": "Nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the growth and survial of Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel (Coleoptera). Recent investigations on the nutritive role of different carbohydrates for the survival and growth of Oryzaephilus mercator show that fructose, glucose, dextrin and glycogen are of high nutritive value, fructose being even better than natural control diet (wheat + 5% yeast). Maltose, soluble starch, mannitol and sorbitol, although support some growth, are not of as good nutritive value as control diet. All pentoses, sorbose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, potato starch, inulin and dulcitol are of no nutritive value.", "PMID": 71029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4083", "title": "Biochemical heterogenity of the left ventricular myocardium: transmural and base-apex gradients on H.E.P. contents of the well oxygenated perfused dog heart.", "content": "An investigation into the contents (mumol/g w.w.) of the creatine phosphate (CP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of various myocardial regions was performed on the empty beating isolated blood perfused dog heart. Across the myocardial wall, CP concentration was higher in the outer portion (9.03 +/- 0.18) than in the inner portion (8.59 +/- 0.20) (P less than 0.05). In addition to this transmural gradient, a longitudinal gradient was found: tissue contents of both CP and ATP decrease significantly from the base (CP: 9.70 +/- 0.28, ATP: 5.84 +/- 0.20) to the apex (CP: 8.69 +/- 0.27, ATP: 5.57 +/- 0.17) (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively). The gradients of metabolites in the well oxygenated empty beating heart suggest that a permanent metabolic adaptation to less adequate regional O2 reserves is physiologically operating in the subendocardial layer and the apex region of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Biochemical heterogenity of the left ventricular myocardium: transmural and base-apex gradients on H.E.P. contents of the well oxygenated perfused dog heart. An investigation into the contents (mumol/g w.w.) of the creatine phosphate (CP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of various myocardial regions was performed on the empty beating isolated blood perfused dog heart. Across the myocardial wall, CP concentration was higher in the outer portion (9.03 +/- 0.18) than in the inner portion (8.59 +/- 0.20) (P less than 0.05). In addition to this transmural gradient, a longitudinal gradient was found: tissue contents of both CP and ATP decrease significantly from the base (CP: 9.70 +/- 0.28, ATP: 5.84 +/- 0.20) to the apex (CP: 8.69 +/- 0.27, ATP: 5.57 +/- 0.17) (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively). The gradients of metabolites in the well oxygenated empty beating heart suggest that a permanent metabolic adaptation to less adequate regional O2 reserves is physiologically operating in the subendocardial layer and the apex region of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 71030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4084", "title": "Cardiac norepinephrine output during carotid body stimulation.", "content": "In a series of 7 dogs, selective stimulation of the carotid body receptors by hypoxic blood produces an increase of coronary flow and greater release of norepinephrine from the heart; the increase of coronary flow is less marked and the release of norepinephrine is increased after vagotomy. Myocardial norepinephrine content is decreased by carotid body stimulation.", "contents": "Cardiac norepinephrine output during carotid body stimulation. In a series of 7 dogs, selective stimulation of the carotid body receptors by hypoxic blood produces an increase of coronary flow and greater release of norepinephrine from the heart; the increase of coronary flow is less marked and the release of norepinephrine is increased after vagotomy. Myocardial norepinephrine content is decreased by carotid body stimulation.", "PMID": 71031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4085", "title": "Distribution of radioactivity of tritiated prostaglandins E2 and A2 in rat tissues including a renal autoradiographic study.", "content": "Distribution of radioactivity in different tissues has been studied by liquid scintillation counting 60 sec after administration of [3H] PGE2 and [3H] PGA2 in the rat. In addition, renal autoradiographs were prepared 15 sec and 60 sec after tritiated PG administration. In some experiments, [3H] PGE2 was accompanied by a large dose of PGE2 (isotopic dilution). 60 sec after [3H] PGE2 administration, radioactivity concentrates principally in the kidney, followed by the liver and the lung. Within the kidney, radioactivity concentrated predominantly in the cortex. Isotopic dilution diminished radioactivity due to [3H] PGE2 in all regions of the kidney. Renal autoradiographs 15 sec after [3H] PGE2 administration showed cortical radioactivity to be higher in glomeruli than in tubules. After [3H] PGA2 radioactivity also concentrates in the kidney, liver and lung but to a lesser extent than after [3H] PGE2 and no glomerular concentration of radioactivity was found.", "contents": "Distribution of radioactivity of tritiated prostaglandins E2 and A2 in rat tissues including a renal autoradiographic study. Distribution of radioactivity in different tissues has been studied by liquid scintillation counting 60 sec after administration of [3H] PGE2 and [3H] PGA2 in the rat. In addition, renal autoradiographs were prepared 15 sec and 60 sec after tritiated PG administration. In some experiments, [3H] PGE2 was accompanied by a large dose of PGE2 (isotopic dilution). 60 sec after [3H] PGE2 administration, radioactivity concentrates principally in the kidney, followed by the liver and the lung. Within the kidney, radioactivity concentrated predominantly in the cortex. Isotopic dilution diminished radioactivity due to [3H] PGE2 in all regions of the kidney. Renal autoradiographs 15 sec after [3H] PGE2 administration showed cortical radioactivity to be higher in glomeruli than in tubules. After [3H] PGA2 radioactivity also concentrates in the kidney, liver and lung but to a lesser extent than after [3H] PGE2 and no glomerular concentration of radioactivity was found.", "PMID": 71032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4086", "title": "[Release of prostaglandins and their precursors by bradykinin].", "content": "Bradykinin induces a release of unsaturated fatty acids and of prostaglandins from the perfused rat lung. This release is inhibited by chloroquine, a phospholipase A inhibitor. Histamine has no stimulating effect on fatty acids production. It is suggested that prostaglandins release induced by bradykinin might depend on a phospholipase activation.", "contents": "[Release of prostaglandins and their precursors by bradykinin]. Bradykinin induces a release of unsaturated fatty acids and of prostaglandins from the perfused rat lung. This release is inhibited by chloroquine, a phospholipase A inhibitor. Histamine has no stimulating effect on fatty acids production. It is suggested that prostaglandins release induced by bradykinin might depend on a phospholipase activation.", "PMID": 71033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4087", "title": "[Relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and elevated concentrations of free fatty acids in plasma after an acute myocardial ischemia in dogs].", "content": "The influence, on the heart rhythm, of an acute myocardial ischemia produced by a coronary occlusion, is studied in ten opened chest dogs. After elevation of plasmatic free fatty acids, the consequence of a second occlusion on the cardiac rhythm is analysed. There is no significant correlation between the appearance of severe ventricular arrhythmias and high plasmatic levels of free fatty acids.", "contents": "[Relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and elevated concentrations of free fatty acids in plasma after an acute myocardial ischemia in dogs]. The influence, on the heart rhythm, of an acute myocardial ischemia produced by a coronary occlusion, is studied in ten opened chest dogs. After elevation of plasmatic free fatty acids, the consequence of a second occlusion on the cardiac rhythm is analysed. There is no significant correlation between the appearance of severe ventricular arrhythmias and high plasmatic levels of free fatty acids.", "PMID": 71034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4088", "title": "Effects of right atrial stretch on plasma renin activity.", "content": "In anaesthetized dog, right atrial stretch leads in the first five minutes to a decrease in plasma renin activity, when measured in inferior vena cava just above the renal veins. Bilateral cervical vagotomy increases plasma renin activity. After vagotomy, atrial stretch no longer has any effect on plasma renin activity. The results support the hypothesis of a control of renin secretion originating from atrial volume receptors.", "contents": "Effects of right atrial stretch on plasma renin activity. In anaesthetized dog, right atrial stretch leads in the first five minutes to a decrease in plasma renin activity, when measured in inferior vena cava just above the renal veins. Bilateral cervical vagotomy increases plasma renin activity. After vagotomy, atrial stretch no longer has any effect on plasma renin activity. The results support the hypothesis of a control of renin secretion originating from atrial volume receptors.", "PMID": 71035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4089", "title": "[Eccentric driving of a Rijlant's network (author's transl)].", "content": "As far as the central terminal does not interfere with the dipolar equivalent of the driving system, the zero isopotential line reaches the boundary of the network. Besides, if the emission level is at least five resistive layers \"away\" from the detection points, the proximity effects vanish. In these conditions the potential information available at the boundary becomes proper to be handled by the Gabor & Nelson's method. Calculating the location of the dipole leads to a fraction of the maximal \"dimension\" of the structure so that it directly expresses the eccentricity. The latter value may be compared with the corresponding one which is determined by the injection axis relative to the dodecahedral disposition of the connexions. From such quantitative comparisons, we conclude that an eccentricity simulating that of the heart in the thorax requires that the injection remains at least ten resistive layers \"away\" from the boundary if we want to view the generator through VCG leads which does not appreciably distort it.", "contents": "[Eccentric driving of a Rijlant's network (author's transl)]. As far as the central terminal does not interfere with the dipolar equivalent of the driving system, the zero isopotential line reaches the boundary of the network. Besides, if the emission level is at least five resistive layers \"away\" from the detection points, the proximity effects vanish. In these conditions the potential information available at the boundary becomes proper to be handled by the Gabor & Nelson's method. Calculating the location of the dipole leads to a fraction of the maximal \"dimension\" of the structure so that it directly expresses the eccentricity. The latter value may be compared with the corresponding one which is determined by the injection axis relative to the dodecahedral disposition of the connexions. From such quantitative comparisons, we conclude that an eccentricity simulating that of the heart in the thorax requires that the injection remains at least ten resistive layers \"away\" from the boundary if we want to view the generator through VCG leads which does not appreciably distort it.", "PMID": 71036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4090", "title": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein of foetal rabbit diaphragm: effect of insulin.", "content": "The incorporation of six L-amino acids into the protein  fraction of the diaphragm of foetal and neonatal rabbits has been measured. Insulin stimulates the incorporation of lysine from the 29th day and of glycine from the 31st day of gestation onwards. The incorporation of histidine, serine and threonine is only enhanced in the diaphragm of 16-20 hour-old rabbits; no effect of insulin on the incorporation of leucine has been shown for the period under study.", "contents": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein of foetal rabbit diaphragm: effect of insulin. The incorporation of six L-amino acids into the protein  fraction of the diaphragm of foetal and neonatal rabbits has been measured. Insulin stimulates the incorporation of lysine from the 29th day and of glycine from the 31st day of gestation onwards. The incorporation of histidine, serine and threonine is only enhanced in the diaphragm of 16-20 hour-old rabbits; no effect of insulin on the incorporation of leucine has been shown for the period under study.", "PMID": 71038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4091", "title": "Paradoxical sleep deprivation: effects on brain energy metabolism.", "content": "A study was made of brain nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in paradoxical sleep (PS)-deprived and recovery-sleeping rats. It was observed that PS deprivation of 24 h produced a fall in glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate in cerebral frontal lobes. After three hours of recovery sleep all values returned toward their predeprivational levels. In cerebellar hemispheres ATP was increased, while glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate were decreased. After three hours of recovery sleep, glucose 6-phosphate was increased and pyruvate decreased, indicating restoration of glycogen and creatine phosphate respectively.", "contents": "Paradoxical sleep deprivation: effects on brain energy metabolism. A study was made of brain nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in paradoxical sleep (PS)-deprived and recovery-sleeping rats. It was observed that PS deprivation of 24 h produced a fall in glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate in cerebral frontal lobes. After three hours of recovery sleep all values returned toward their predeprivational levels. In cerebellar hemispheres ATP was increased, while glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate were decreased. After three hours of recovery sleep, glucose 6-phosphate was increased and pyruvate decreased, indicating restoration of glycogen and creatine phosphate respectively.", "PMID": 71080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4092", "title": "Changes in enzyme levels in the testis and liver of the 13-lined ground squirrel (spermophilus tridecemlineatus) at the time of arousal from hibernation.", "content": "Male 13-lined ground squirrels induced to emerge from hibernation resumed feeding and gained weight. The weight gain was supported by increases in the levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, L-alanine aminotransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase in the liver. Maturation of the testis occurred in a period of about 16 days spanning the time of induced arousal. The testes of hibernating males were characterized by higher levels of L-alanine aminotransferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase than the testes of aroused males. Hexokinase, carnitine acetyltransferase and citrate synthase levels were similar in the testes of hibernating and aroused males. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was more active and L-alanine aminotransferase less active in ground squirrel sperm than in rat sperm.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme levels in the testis and liver of the 13-lined ground squirrel (spermophilus tridecemlineatus) at the time of arousal from hibernation. Male 13-lined ground squirrels induced to emerge from hibernation resumed feeding and gained weight. The weight gain was supported by increases in the levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, L-alanine aminotransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase in the liver. Maturation of the testis occurred in a period of about 16 days spanning the time of induced arousal. The testes of hibernating males were characterized by higher levels of L-alanine aminotransferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase than the testes of aroused males. Hexokinase, carnitine acetyltransferase and citrate synthase levels were similar in the testes of hibernating and aroused males. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was more active and L-alanine aminotransferase less active in ground squirrel sperm than in rat sperm.", "PMID": 71081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4093", "title": "Studies on electrical and mechanical activity in hypoxic papillary muscles of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The hypoxia-induced changes in transmembrane potentials and in force of contraction of isolated papillary muscles of the guinea-pig were studied. With different glucose concentrations in the hypoxic medium both the extent and the time course of the reduction in force of contraction and action potential duration could be modified. A time lag of 10 minutes was observed in the onset of action potential shortening. The membrane potential decreased only at advanced stages of hypoxia. Lack of glucose was tolerated for a considerable longer period of time when the preparations were mainly quiescent during hypoxia, although membrane depolarization could not be prevented. Memembrane depolarization was basent only if the mucles were completely unloaded when exposed to hypoxia. The dissociation of events during hypoxia is interpredted as evidence for compartmentalization of energy supply within the cells.", "contents": "Studies on electrical and mechanical activity in hypoxic papillary muscles of the guinea-pig. The hypoxia-induced changes in transmembrane potentials and in force of contraction of isolated papillary muscles of the guinea-pig were studied. With different glucose concentrations in the hypoxic medium both the extent and the time course of the reduction in force of contraction and action potential duration could be modified. A time lag of 10 minutes was observed in the onset of action potential shortening. The membrane potential decreased only at advanced stages of hypoxia. Lack of glucose was tolerated for a considerable longer period of time when the preparations were mainly quiescent during hypoxia, although membrane depolarization could not be prevented. Memembrane depolarization was basent only if the mucles were completely unloaded when exposed to hypoxia. The dissociation of events during hypoxia is interpredted as evidence for compartmentalization of energy supply within the cells.", "PMID": 71082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4094", "title": "[Microvilli membrane proteins from dog enterocytes].", "content": "Mcrovilli membranes have been isolated from dog jejunal and ileal enterocytes. Proteins were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after solubilization with sodium dodecylsulphate. The recovery of the membrane fraction with this purification method was found to be 22% and the specific activity of sucrase increases 19 folds in the membrane fraction. Microvilli membrane proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were seprated in 21 bands, most of them with a molecular weight higher than 70 000. Seven bands with molecular weight from 150 000 to more than 340 000, were found to be glycoproteins.", "contents": "[Microvilli membrane proteins from dog enterocytes]. Mcrovilli membranes have been isolated from dog jejunal and ileal enterocytes. Proteins were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after solubilization with sodium dodecylsulphate. The recovery of the membrane fraction with this purification method was found to be 22% and the specific activity of sucrase increases 19 folds in the membrane fraction. Microvilli membrane proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were seprated in 21 bands, most of them with a molecular weight higher than 70 000. Seven bands with molecular weight from 150 000 to more than 340 000, were found to be glycoproteins.", "PMID": 71083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4095", "title": "[In vivo incorporation of labeled palmitic and oleic acids into skeletal muscle lipids of normal and thyroidectomized rats during swimming].", "content": "The purpose of this work was to study the incorporation of [1-14C] palmitic and and [9,10(-3)H] oleic acids, after intravenous administration in the lipids of rat hind leg muscles. The animals were fasting or fed, at rest or swimming during 10 min before test, euthyroid or thyroidectomised. All these animals have been taking the same daily swimming training, during 15 days before the injection of labelled molecules. They were killed 10 min (+/-1)later. The lipidic muscle composition, the incorporation rate of labelled fatty acids in these lipids and the radioactivity distribution among the different lipids in the various cases have been determined. Moreover the plasmatic non-esterified acid radioactivity has been measured. These various values are affected by nutritional, hormonal state, and by physical activity of the animals. Particularly, it seems that supplementary energy spent during swimming test will be covered by the oxidation of different nutriments, according to the nutritional and hormonal state of animals.", "contents": "[In vivo incorporation of labeled palmitic and oleic acids into skeletal muscle lipids of normal and thyroidectomized rats during swimming]. The purpose of this work was to study the incorporation of [1-14C] palmitic and and [9,10(-3)H] oleic acids, after intravenous administration in the lipids of rat hind leg muscles. The animals were fasting or fed, at rest or swimming during 10 min before test, euthyroid or thyroidectomised. All these animals have been taking the same daily swimming training, during 15 days before the injection of labelled molecules. They were killed 10 min (+/-1)later. The lipidic muscle composition, the incorporation rate of labelled fatty acids in these lipids and the radioactivity distribution among the different lipids in the various cases have been determined. Moreover the plasmatic non-esterified acid radioactivity has been measured. These various values are affected by nutritional, hormonal state, and by physical activity of the animals. Particularly, it seems that supplementary energy spent during swimming test will be covered by the oxidation of different nutriments, according to the nutritional and hormonal state of animals.", "PMID": 71084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4096", "title": "New approach of the cardio-vascular depressive mechanism during lateral hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Paraventricular nucleus stimulation acts directly on the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in heart and arterioles, eliciting arterial hypotension and cardiac chronotropism and inotropism decrease. Efferent pathways follow sympathetic nervous fibres through the medulla and the thoraco-lumbar ganglionic chain. The role of the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in these depressive reactions is discussed.", "contents": "New approach of the cardio-vascular depressive mechanism during lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Paraventricular nucleus stimulation acts directly on the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in heart and arterioles, eliciting arterial hypotension and cardiac chronotropism and inotropism decrease. Efferent pathways follow sympathetic nervous fibres through the medulla and the thoraco-lumbar ganglionic chain. The role of the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in these depressive reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 71085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4097", "title": "The effects of palmitic acid on skeletal muscle mitochondria of cold and warm acclimated rats.", "content": "The effects of palmitic acid on skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from the hind limb muscle of cold and warm acclimated rats were studied. At higher concentrations of the fatty acid, a greater depression of both ADP/O and RCR (respiratory control ratio) was observed in the cold acclimated group. Initial ADP/O and RCC however, were higher in the cold acclimated group. The enhanced sensitivity of skeletal muscle mitochondria of the cold acclimated rat is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of palmitic acid on skeletal muscle mitochondria of cold and warm acclimated rats. The effects of palmitic acid on skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from the hind limb muscle of cold and warm acclimated rats were studied. At higher concentrations of the fatty acid, a greater depression of both ADP/O and RCR (respiratory control ratio) was observed in the cold acclimated group. Initial ADP/O and RCC however, were higher in the cold acclimated group. The enhanced sensitivity of skeletal muscle mitochondria of the cold acclimated rat is discussed.", "PMID": 71086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4098", "title": "Modifications of arterial pressure and plasma renin: their effects on the norepinephrine content of hypothalamus and medulla oblongata.", "content": "The effects of the bilateral nephrectomy and acute hypotension caused by the cava vein ligature on the norepinephrine (NE) concentration in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata and on the plasma renin activity were studied in male rats. NE increased and plasma renin activity decreased in hypothalamus in 24 h nephrectomized rats with or without the ligatures of the cava vein. NE also decreased in medulla of groups with the ligatures only. The mean arterial pressure, did not correlate with the NE or plasma renin activity levels. The modifications of the NE in the central nervous system showed an inverse relationship with plasma renin activity and this, could be due to changes in the NE uptake and/or release caused by the plasma renin activity alterations. NE modifications do not seem to be caused directly through reflex of the arterial pressure.", "contents": "Modifications of arterial pressure and plasma renin: their effects on the norepinephrine content of hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. The effects of the bilateral nephrectomy and acute hypotension caused by the cava vein ligature on the norepinephrine (NE) concentration in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata and on the plasma renin activity were studied in male rats. NE increased and plasma renin activity decreased in hypothalamus in 24 h nephrectomized rats with or without the ligatures of the cava vein. NE also decreased in medulla of groups with the ligatures only. The mean arterial pressure, did not correlate with the NE or plasma renin activity levels. The modifications of the NE in the central nervous system showed an inverse relationship with plasma renin activity and this, could be due to changes in the NE uptake and/or release caused by the plasma renin activity alterations. NE modifications do not seem to be caused directly through reflex of the arterial pressure.", "PMID": 71087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4099", "title": "Glutamate and glutamine in the brain of the neonatal rat during hypercapnia.", "content": "In order to study the influence of hypercapnia on the content of glutamate and glutamine in the developing brain, pregnant rats and their offspring were kept in CO2 rich (6-10%) atmosphere and the litters were killed at different ages between 4 and 28 days. In the hypercapnic rats the content of both amino acids in the brain increases with age with almost the same time course as in normocapnic rats. At any age the glutamate content is lower in the hypercapnic animals than in control rats, whereas the glutamine content, beyond the first 8 days of life is increased. Both effects are rapidly reversible on return to air breathing. Although the glutamate-glutamine system is in full development, the influence of hypercapnia can be compared to that observed in adult rats. Hypercapnia did not change the glutaminase and the glutamine synthetase activity of the brain.", "contents": "Glutamate and glutamine in the brain of the neonatal rat during hypercapnia. In order to study the influence of hypercapnia on the content of glutamate and glutamine in the developing brain, pregnant rats and their offspring were kept in CO2 rich (6-10%) atmosphere and the litters were killed at different ages between 4 and 28 days. In the hypercapnic rats the content of both amino acids in the brain increases with age with almost the same time course as in normocapnic rats. At any age the glutamate content is lower in the hypercapnic animals than in control rats, whereas the glutamine content, beyond the first 8 days of life is increased. Both effects are rapidly reversible on return to air breathing. Although the glutamate-glutamine system is in full development, the influence of hypercapnia can be compared to that observed in adult rats. Hypercapnia did not change the glutaminase and the glutamine synthetase activity of the brain.", "PMID": 71088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4100", "title": "Studies on the activities of an acid phosphomonoesterase and an alkaline pyrophosphatase during the growth of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "After an initial decrease, the specific activity of Physarum polycephalum acid phosphomonoesterase increases during the growth of the organism in an axenic medium. This increase is independent of the inorganic phosphate concentration in the culture medium. The specific activity of inorganic alkaline pyrophosphatase remains constant during the growth and is not modified by a high extracellular concentration of orthophosphate. During starvation in a non nutritive saline medium, the increase of acid phosphatase activity is immediate whereas pyrophosphatase activity remnins constant.", "contents": "Studies on the activities of an acid phosphomonoesterase and an alkaline pyrophosphatase during the growth of Physarum polycephalum. After an initial decrease, the specific activity of Physarum polycephalum acid phosphomonoesterase increases during the growth of the organism in an axenic medium. This increase is independent of the inorganic phosphate concentration in the culture medium. The specific activity of inorganic alkaline pyrophosphatase remains constant during the growth and is not modified by a high extracellular concentration of orthophosphate. During starvation in a non nutritive saline medium, the increase of acid phosphatase activity is immediate whereas pyrophosphatase activity remnins constant.", "PMID": 71089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4101", "title": "[Turnover of internal water during the intermoult cycle of Sphaeroma serratum (Crustacea, Isopoda)].", "content": "1. The relation between the wet weight and the tritiated water outflux could be expressed by the following equation: M = 5.67 W0.75 2. The diffusion water outflux undergoes variations along the molting cycle : stage C :320 microliter H2O/h/100 mg; D1: 459; D2 :477, E: 1900; A :1 551; B :544 microliter H2O/h/100 mg wet weight. 3. The internal water turnover rises sharply and heavily (lambda stage D2: 805%; lambda stage E :2621%) during the ecdysis of the back of the body. After ecdysis of the fore-part of the body it returns approximately toward the intermoult level within 5 or 6 days.", "contents": "[Turnover of internal water during the intermoult cycle of Sphaeroma serratum (Crustacea, Isopoda)]. 1. The relation between the wet weight and the tritiated water outflux could be expressed by the following equation: M = 5.67 W0.75 2. The diffusion water outflux undergoes variations along the molting cycle : stage C :320 microliter H2O/h/100 mg; D1: 459; D2 :477, E: 1900; A :1 551; B :544 microliter H2O/h/100 mg wet weight. 3. The internal water turnover rises sharply and heavily (lambda stage D2: 805%; lambda stage E :2621%) during the ecdysis of the back of the body. After ecdysis of the fore-part of the body it returns approximately toward the intermoult level within 5 or 6 days.", "PMID": 71092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4102", "title": "[Carcinine (beta-alanyl-histamine): rapid synthesis and action on vertebrate blood pressure].", "content": "1.-- Synthesis of carcinine was performed by direct condensation of beta-alanine with histamine (free base), in the presence of N-N'-dicyclocarbodiimide. The amine radical of beta-alanine was protected by the t-butoxycarbonyl radical. This fast and simple method yielded a perfectly pure crystalline product. 2.-- Carcinine had no influence upon heartbeat frequency nor on respiratory movements in rats. 3. -- Carcinine had a vasodepressive action upon Vertebrates. It was active at half the concentration of carnosine and at about a thousand times the concentration of histamine. It appeared that histamine lost a great extent of its activity when linked with beta-alanine.", "contents": "[Carcinine (beta-alanyl-histamine): rapid synthesis and action on vertebrate blood pressure]. 1.-- Synthesis of carcinine was performed by direct condensation of beta-alanine with histamine (free base), in the presence of N-N'-dicyclocarbodiimide. The amine radical of beta-alanine was protected by the t-butoxycarbonyl radical. This fast and simple method yielded a perfectly pure crystalline product. 2.-- Carcinine had no influence upon heartbeat frequency nor on respiratory movements in rats. 3. -- Carcinine had a vasodepressive action upon Vertebrates. It was active at half the concentration of carnosine and at about a thousand times the concentration of histamine. It appeared that histamine lost a great extent of its activity when linked with beta-alanine.", "PMID": 71093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4103", "title": "Explanation for constancy of intracellular chloride concentration with respect to membrane potential in guinea pig mammary gland.", "content": "1. The relative permeabilities for sodium, potassium and chloride in guinea pig mammary gland slices are determined by means of ion flux studies with radioisotopes. 2. Assuming that there are no significant electrogenic potential components, we calculate permeability ratios PNa/PK = 0.97 and Pc1/PK = 1.25. 3. Substitution of these values in the Goldman equation yields membrane potentials of--15 mV before and--13 mV after ouabain treatment. 4. This small change in membrane potential explains the absence of a significant change in chloride content upon ouabain application, which leads to large changes in intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations.", "contents": "Explanation for constancy of intracellular chloride concentration with respect to membrane potential in guinea pig mammary gland. 1. The relative permeabilities for sodium, potassium and chloride in guinea pig mammary gland slices are determined by means of ion flux studies with radioisotopes. 2. Assuming that there are no significant electrogenic potential components, we calculate permeability ratios PNa/PK = 0.97 and Pc1/PK = 1.25. 3. Substitution of these values in the Goldman equation yields membrane potentials of--15 mV before and--13 mV after ouabain treatment. 4. This small change in membrane potential explains the absence of a significant change in chloride content upon ouabain application, which leads to large changes in intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 71094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4104", "title": "[Effect of arginine administration on disturbances of hepatic glutamine metabolism during acute ammonia intoxication in the rat].", "content": "The present study is concerned with the effects of L-arginine hydrochloride administration on the disturbances of liver glutamine metabolism following acute ammonia intoxication in the rat. Our results show that arginine administration does not suppress the decrease in the hepatic glutamine level and the marked activation of liver glutaminase I induced by ammonia. These alterations do not therefore appear to be related to the limitation of ammonia detoxication through the urea cycle.", "contents": "[Effect of arginine administration on disturbances of hepatic glutamine metabolism during acute ammonia intoxication in the rat]. The present study is concerned with the effects of L-arginine hydrochloride administration on the disturbances of liver glutamine metabolism following acute ammonia intoxication in the rat. Our results show that arginine administration does not suppress the decrease in the hepatic glutamine level and the marked activation of liver glutaminase I induced by ammonia. These alterations do not therefore appear to be related to the limitation of ammonia detoxication through the urea cycle.", "PMID": 71095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4105", "title": "[Activation of arachidonic acid].", "content": "Intravenous injection of arachidonic acid induces cardiovascular and respiratory effects due to its transformation into prostaglandins, This activation could take place not only in the platelets but also in the vacular wall. Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid is not the main factor responsible of its cardiovascular actions.", "contents": "[Activation of arachidonic acid]. Intravenous injection of arachidonic acid induces cardiovascular and respiratory effects due to its transformation into prostaglandins, This activation could take place not only in the platelets but also in the vacular wall. Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid is not the main factor responsible of its cardiovascular actions.", "PMID": 71096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4106", "title": "[Arrhythmias and chronobiology].", "content": "The cyclical changes in biological events have seldom been studied by cardiologists. No complete systematic method of study has ever been applied to them. It is, however, certain that the circadian rhythms play a very important role in cardiac patients. This can be seen to be so in the arrhythmias. In a preliminary report, the authors give several examples of this concept; they have obtained their material by using a computerised magnetic tape recording of the electrocardiogram during a 24 hour period.", "contents": "[Arrhythmias and chronobiology]. The cyclical changes in biological events have seldom been studied by cardiologists. No complete systematic method of study has ever been applied to them. It is, however, certain that the circadian rhythms play a very important role in cardiac patients. This can be seen to be so in the arrhythmias. In a preliminary report, the authors give several examples of this concept; they have obtained their material by using a computerised magnetic tape recording of the electrocardiogram during a 24 hour period.", "PMID": 71127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4107", "title": "[Paroxysmal block in phase 4 of the bundle of His].", "content": "Five cases of chronic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block are reported, being unusual in the siting of the conduction defect within the trunk of the bundle of His, and in the \"paradoxical\" mode of onset of the block. The ventriculograms which were carried out, and the escapes, were of normal duration in four cases and the intracavitary recordings showed a double His potential in all patients. In one case, the block during phase 4 seemed to occur at the height of the trunkal Wenkebach periods, and in another it could be brought on by manipulation of the vagus. In all five cases, a favorable conduction zone could be calculated, the block to the P waves in phase 4 occuring in an arithmetical fashion after a critical lengthening of the PR interval. The return to sinus rhythm was always related to an escape (or to an electrically induced ventricular complex), but the explanation of the initial capture on electrophysiological grounds is obscure.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal block in phase 4 of the bundle of His]. Five cases of chronic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block are reported, being unusual in the siting of the conduction defect within the trunk of the bundle of His, and in the \"paradoxical\" mode of onset of the block. The ventriculograms which were carried out, and the escapes, were of normal duration in four cases and the intracavitary recordings showed a double His potential in all patients. In one case, the block during phase 4 seemed to occur at the height of the trunkal Wenkebach periods, and in another it could be brought on by manipulation of the vagus. In all five cases, a favorable conduction zone could be calculated, the block to the P waves in phase 4 occuring in an arithmetical fashion after a critical lengthening of the PR interval. The return to sinus rhythm was always related to an escape (or to an electrically induced ventricular complex), but the explanation of the initial capture on electrophysiological grounds is obscure.", "PMID": 71128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4108", "title": "[Studies on the virus demonstration in enzootic bovine leukosis using the revertase test].", "content": "This exogenic test for the detection of enzyme activities (revertase) is helpful in differentiating between leucocytes of leukaemic cattle, on the one hand, and those of intact animals, on the other. The mechanism of such identification is based on differences in enzyme activity in the presence of poly rA/oligo dT and poly dA/oligo dT. The best results were obtained from short-time cultured leucocytes which gave ten times higher margins of incorporation by comparison between intact and preleucotic cattle. The morphological findings obtained by electron microscopy confirmed the results by other authors and enlarged them by determination, for the first time, of RNA filaments and protein rings.", "contents": "[Studies on the virus demonstration in enzootic bovine leukosis using the revertase test]. This exogenic test for the detection of enzyme activities (revertase) is helpful in differentiating between leucocytes of leukaemic cattle, on the one hand, and those of intact animals, on the other. The mechanism of such identification is based on differences in enzyme activity in the presence of poly rA/oligo dT and poly dA/oligo dT. The best results were obtained from short-time cultured leucocytes which gave ten times higher margins of incorporation by comparison between intact and preleucotic cattle. The morphological findings obtained by electron microscopy confirmed the results by other authors and enlarged them by determination, for the first time, of RNA filaments and protein rings.", "PMID": 71129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4109", "title": "[Studies on the excretion of estrogen in cows following oral and percutaneous (pour-on) administration of chlormadinone acetate].", "content": "The oestrogen levels were assessed in 180 urine samples taken from 20 cows. The animals had received over 15 days 40 mg one-per-cent oily solution of chloromadinone acetate. The solution had been applied orally or by pour-on methods. The curves of oestrogen excretion were identical for both methods of application, both during and after completed administration. In other words, the effect obtainable from pour-on application is just as good as that obtainable from oral administration.", "contents": "[Studies on the excretion of estrogen in cows following oral and percutaneous (pour-on) administration of chlormadinone acetate]. The oestrogen levels were assessed in 180 urine samples taken from 20 cows. The animals had received over 15 days 40 mg one-per-cent oily solution of chloromadinone acetate. The solution had been applied orally or by pour-on methods. The curves of oestrogen excretion were identical for both methods of application, both during and after completed administration. In other words, the effect obtainable from pour-on application is just as good as that obtainable from oral administration.", "PMID": 71130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4110", "title": "[Method of combined detection of nerve fibers and blood vessels in nerve trunks].", "content": "A new method for investigation of neuro-vasal relationships in nerve conductors is proposed based on a combination of the fine injecting of their blood vessels and staining the nerve fibres. The vessels are injected with the chloroform emulsion of finely ground Paris blue (5-10 g per 100 g of solvent). Pieces of nerves 0,5 cm thick are fixed in 12% neutral formalin for 3 days, kept in a dark vessel in Weigert's mortant for 5 days, dehydrated and imbedded in paraffin. Thin slices 4-5 micronkm thick are stained in hematoxylin after N. N. Kulchitski, differentiated for 2-12 h in the mixture containing 1% solution of potassium ferricyanide and saturated solution of lithium carbonate (1:10) and after passing through alcohols of increasing concentration and xylene imbedded in balsam. In the preparations the fibres of different caliber are stained grey and the vessels are stained blue.", "contents": "[Method of combined detection of nerve fibers and blood vessels in nerve trunks]. A new method for investigation of neuro-vasal relationships in nerve conductors is proposed based on a combination of the fine injecting of their blood vessels and staining the nerve fibres. The vessels are injected with the chloroform emulsion of finely ground Paris blue (5-10 g per 100 g of solvent). Pieces of nerves 0,5 cm thick are fixed in 12% neutral formalin for 3 days, kept in a dark vessel in Weigert's mortant for 5 days, dehydrated and imbedded in paraffin. Thin slices 4-5 micronkm thick are stained in hematoxylin after N. N. Kulchitski, differentiated for 2-12 h in the mixture containing 1% solution of potassium ferricyanide and saturated solution of lithium carbonate (1:10) and after passing through alcohols of increasing concentration and xylene imbedded in balsam. In the preparations the fibres of different caliber are stained grey and the vessels are stained blue.", "PMID": 71133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4111", "title": "[Changes in the dendritic organization of the neurons of the isolated visual cortex of the cat].", "content": "The cortex of one hemisphere in cats was isolated according to M.M. Khananashwili method by means of surgical section of its projection fibres which connect it with subcortical structures. In five cats of means of Nissl's method the neuronal status of different cortical layers in the field 17 was studied during long postoperative terms (from 9 months up to 2 years). In 9 cats the neurons of the same field were impregnated after Golgi-Bubenett method and studied during the same postoperative terms. Cytological investigation in the majority of neurons did not reveal any pathologic changes during different postoperative terms up to one year. In two years, slight neuronal changes were noted presented in poor staining and vacuolization of cytoplasm. As a result of deafferentation performed shortening and thickness of dendritic branching was noted, as well as decrease in the number of thorns of large pyramids in layers III, IV, and V of the isolated cortex. Dendrites and thorns in small and medium-sized pyramids in layers II, III, IV, V, and VI were preserved to a great extent. It is possible to conclude, on the fact of thorns preserving in the major number of the neurons, that the neocortex possesses an enormous intracortical connective system that is responsible for the high degree of functional neuronal activity in the isolated cortex.", "contents": "[Changes in the dendritic organization of the neurons of the isolated visual cortex of the cat]. The cortex of one hemisphere in cats was isolated according to M.M. Khananashwili method by means of surgical section of its projection fibres which connect it with subcortical structures. In five cats of means of Nissl's method the neuronal status of different cortical layers in the field 17 was studied during long postoperative terms (from 9 months up to 2 years). In 9 cats the neurons of the same field were impregnated after Golgi-Bubenett method and studied during the same postoperative terms. Cytological investigation in the majority of neurons did not reveal any pathologic changes during different postoperative terms up to one year. In two years, slight neuronal changes were noted presented in poor staining and vacuolization of cytoplasm. As a result of deafferentation performed shortening and thickness of dendritic branching was noted, as well as decrease in the number of thorns of large pyramids in layers III, IV, and V of the isolated cortex. Dendrites and thorns in small and medium-sized pyramids in layers II, III, IV, V, and VI were preserved to a great extent. It is possible to conclude, on the fact of thorns preserving in the major number of the neurons, that the neocortex possesses an enormous intracortical connective system that is responsible for the high degree of functional neuronal activity in the isolated cortex.", "PMID": 71134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4112", "title": "[Projections of different areas of the putamen on tha thalamic nuclei].", "content": "In the work presented the projections of rostral and caudal areas of the putamen on the thalamic nuclei were studied. The analysis of the frontal serial sections from the cat brains impregnated according to the methods of Nauta-Gygax, Finck-Haimer, Wiitanen made it possible to state that all the areas of the putamen radiate a great number of axons to the lateral thalamic nuclei--ventro-anterior, ventro-lateral, lateral-posterior, and ventro-posterior-medial. Only the rostral area of the putamen sends a mass of fibres to the nuclei of the median thalamus--medial-dorsal, central, central-lateral and ventro-posterior-lateral. On the other hand, in the posterior thalamic nucleus a great number of axons only from caudal area of the putamen have their terminals.", "contents": "[Projections of different areas of the putamen on tha thalamic nuclei]. In the work presented the projections of rostral and caudal areas of the putamen on the thalamic nuclei were studied. The analysis of the frontal serial sections from the cat brains impregnated according to the methods of Nauta-Gygax, Finck-Haimer, Wiitanen made it possible to state that all the areas of the putamen radiate a great number of axons to the lateral thalamic nuclei--ventro-anterior, ventro-lateral, lateral-posterior, and ventro-posterior-medial. Only the rostral area of the putamen sends a mass of fibres to the nuclei of the median thalamus--medial-dorsal, central, central-lateral and ventro-posterior-lateral. On the other hand, in the posterior thalamic nucleus a great number of axons only from caudal area of the putamen have their terminals.", "PMID": 71135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4113", "title": "[Connections between the frontal and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex and the caudate nucleus in the cat].", "content": "In 10 cats with aseptically extirpated frontal and parietal areas of the brain cortex, efferent connections of the areas in question with the nucleus caudatus were experimentally studied by means of morphological methods. The preparations were stained according the methods of Nauta, Knuck, Finck-Haimer, and Kawamura-Niimi. The results of the investigations performed demonstrate a perfect topically organized caudal projection of the \"associative\" cortical areas. The frontal area is projected on the oral ventro-medial parts of the nucleus caudatus head, while the parietal area--on the central and lateral parts at the medial and more caudal levels.", "contents": "[Connections between the frontal and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex and the caudate nucleus in the cat]. In 10 cats with aseptically extirpated frontal and parietal areas of the brain cortex, efferent connections of the areas in question with the nucleus caudatus were experimentally studied by means of morphological methods. The preparations were stained according the methods of Nauta, Knuck, Finck-Haimer, and Kawamura-Niimi. The results of the investigations performed demonstrate a perfect topically organized caudal projection of the \"associative\" cortical areas. The frontal area is projected on the oral ventro-medial parts of the nucleus caudatus head, while the parietal area--on the central and lateral parts at the medial and more caudal levels.", "PMID": 71136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4114", "title": "[Staining with hematoxylin--basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) for detection of myocardial lesions of different etiology].", "content": "The article discusses advantages of the so-called fuchsinorrhagic method offered by Lie et al. in 1971. Areas of the necrotized muscle obtained at autopsy of 11 individuals who had died of myocardial infarction of various periods of duration, 12 biopsy specimens of the myocardium obtained during the operation for correction of congenital heart defects of the type of Fallot's tetrad and isolated defects of the septum with various periods of extracorporeal circulation and hearts of 35 male Wistar rats with a damaged myocardium (lesions being induced by intro-abdominal injection of noradrenalin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg), which were sacrified 6 hours following the exposure to noradrenalin, were studied. The method of staining with HBFP makes it possible to detect both ischemic and noncoronarogenic lesions of the myocardium; moreover, in this method erythrocytes, fibrin, and connective structures get also stained, which makes a complex study of morphology of the myocardium feasible.", "contents": "[Staining with hematoxylin--basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) for detection of myocardial lesions of different etiology]. The article discusses advantages of the so-called fuchsinorrhagic method offered by Lie et al. in 1971. Areas of the necrotized muscle obtained at autopsy of 11 individuals who had died of myocardial infarction of various periods of duration, 12 biopsy specimens of the myocardium obtained during the operation for correction of congenital heart defects of the type of Fallot's tetrad and isolated defects of the septum with various periods of extracorporeal circulation and hearts of 35 male Wistar rats with a damaged myocardium (lesions being induced by intro-abdominal injection of noradrenalin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg), which were sacrified 6 hours following the exposure to noradrenalin, were studied. The method of staining with HBFP makes it possible to detect both ischemic and noncoronarogenic lesions of the myocardium; moreover, in this method erythrocytes, fibrin, and connective structures get also stained, which makes a complex study of morphology of the myocardium feasible.", "PMID": 71137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4115", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V. Pathogenesis.", "content": "The pathogenesis of optic disc edema (ODE) in raised intracranial pressure is discussed in the light of recent observations on the subject. The findings indicate that ODE is a mechanical phenomenon. The raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) in the sheath of the optic nerve produces axoplasmic flow stasis in the optic nerve head. This results in swelling of the axons, which manifests as early ODE and secondarily produces the well-known optic disc and retinal vascular changes associated with ODE. The pathogenesis of ODE seen in different conditions without raised CSFP cannot be explained by any single mechanism in spite of the occurrence of axoplasmic flow stasis in most cases, because the stasis in different situations has different mechanisms.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. V. Pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of optic disc edema (ODE) in raised intracranial pressure is discussed in the light of recent observations on the subject. The findings indicate that ODE is a mechanical phenomenon. The raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) in the sheath of the optic nerve produces axoplasmic flow stasis in the optic nerve head. This results in swelling of the axons, which manifests as early ODE and secondarily produces the well-known optic disc and retinal vascular changes associated with ODE. The pathogenesis of ODE seen in different conditions without raised CSFP cannot be explained by any single mechanism in spite of the occurrence of axoplasmic flow stasis in most cases, because the stasis in different situations has different mechanisms.", "PMID": 71138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4116", "title": "High doses of subconjunctival corticosteroid and antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes.", "content": "After the intracorneal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma-globulin, the subconjunctival administration of a corticosteroid in either the ipsilateral or contralateral eye resulted in essentially the same changes: a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes and a reduction in the ocular inflammatory response.", "contents": "High doses of subconjunctival corticosteroid and antibody-forming cells in the eye and draining lymph nodes. After the intracorneal injection of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma-globulin, the subconjunctival administration of a corticosteroid in either the ipsilateral or contralateral eye resulted in essentially the same changes: a reduction in the number of antibody-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes and a reduction in the ocular inflammatory response.", "PMID": 71139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4117", "title": "Specificity or affinity of cytotoxic T cells for self H-2K determinants apparently does not change between primary and secondary responses to ectromelia virus infection.", "content": "Lysis of virus-infected target cells by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells occurs where donors of T cells and targets share either H-2K or H-2D genes. The effect of four H-2K mutations on virus-induced antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells from in vitro secondary response to infection was studied. B10.A(5R) cytotoxic T cells (which share the K end of H-2 with the mutant strains, except for the mutated gene(s)) efficiently killed virus-infected macrophage targets from mutant strains B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bg2, were less effective against B6-H-2bh and did not appear to be cytotoxic for B6.C-H-2ba target cells. Conversely, B6-H-Ibg1 and B6-H-2bg2 cytotoxic T cells were more effective in killing virus-infected B10.A(5R) macrophages than B6-H-2bh and B6.C-H-2ba cytotoxic cells respectively. In addition, B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bg2 cells appeared to be only slightly different from wild-type with respect to the interaction between virus-infected cells and T cells. The data obtained suggested that virus-induced antigenic patterns on infected B6.C-H-2ba (mutant) cells are more different antigenically from those on wild-type cells than are those on infected cells from the other mutants, B6-H-2bh, B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bh2. This agrees with previous data using primary cytotoxic T cells and thus suggests that no detectable change in the affinity or specificity of cytotoxic T cell receptors occurs between primary and secondary responses to infection. These findings are also discussed in relation to the exclusion of T cells with receptors for H-2K determinants that are common to the mutants and wild-type, from the response to virus-infected self cells.", "contents": "Specificity or affinity of cytotoxic T cells for self H-2K determinants apparently does not change between primary and secondary responses to ectromelia virus infection. Lysis of virus-infected target cells by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells occurs where donors of T cells and targets share either H-2K or H-2D genes. The effect of four H-2K mutations on virus-induced antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells from in vitro secondary response to infection was studied. B10.A(5R) cytotoxic T cells (which share the K end of H-2 with the mutant strains, except for the mutated gene(s)) efficiently killed virus-infected macrophage targets from mutant strains B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bg2, were less effective against B6-H-2bh and did not appear to be cytotoxic for B6.C-H-2ba target cells. Conversely, B6-H-Ibg1 and B6-H-2bg2 cytotoxic T cells were more effective in killing virus-infected B10.A(5R) macrophages than B6-H-2bh and B6.C-H-2ba cytotoxic cells respectively. In addition, B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bg2 cells appeared to be only slightly different from wild-type with respect to the interaction between virus-infected cells and T cells. The data obtained suggested that virus-induced antigenic patterns on infected B6.C-H-2ba (mutant) cells are more different antigenically from those on wild-type cells than are those on infected cells from the other mutants, B6-H-2bh, B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bh2. This agrees with previous data using primary cytotoxic T cells and thus suggests that no detectable change in the affinity or specificity of cytotoxic T cell receptors occurs between primary and secondary responses to infection. These findings are also discussed in relation to the exclusion of T cells with receptors for H-2K determinants that are common to the mutants and wild-type, from the response to virus-infected self cells.", "PMID": 71140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4118", "title": "Antigenically distinct strains of Ross River virus from north Queensland and coastal New South Wales.", "content": "Ross River virus strains recovered from north Queensland and the central coast of New South Wales can be clearly discriminated by the use of a short incubation haemagglutination inhibition test. Antigenic homology of strains within these regions and heterology between the regions seem unaffected by time, passage history, adaptation to laboratory mice and the nature of the original source material yielding the strains. It is concluded that the two antigenic types are enzootic to their respective regions and that they have evolved in isolation from a common ancestral virus. A short incubation complement fixation test was found to be more sensitive than the haemagglutination inhibition test in attempts to characterize the virus type inducing convalescent antibody in humans and horses.", "contents": "Antigenically distinct strains of Ross River virus from north Queensland and coastal New South Wales. Ross River virus strains recovered from north Queensland and the central coast of New South Wales can be clearly discriminated by the use of a short incubation haemagglutination inhibition test. Antigenic homology of strains within these regions and heterology between the regions seem unaffected by time, passage history, adaptation to laboratory mice and the nature of the original source material yielding the strains. It is concluded that the two antigenic types are enzootic to their respective regions and that they have evolved in isolation from a common ancestral virus. A short incubation complement fixation test was found to be more sensitive than the haemagglutination inhibition test in attempts to characterize the virus type inducing convalescent antibody in humans and horses.", "PMID": 71141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4119", "title": "The treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate of rats with 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (Sch 13521).", "content": "A study was carried out in 146 common rats to assess the effects of 4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (Sch 13521) on the hypertrophied prostate gland. The hypertrophy was induced in castrated, sexually immature males by s.c. implantation of a pill of testosterone-propionate. After 20 days of administration of Sch 13521 in oral doses of 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg, the dimensions and weight of the hypertrophied prostate gland were reduced by 1.5 to 2 times. After 2 months of administration of the preparation in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg a reduction of the hypertrophied prostate gland to the dimensions of the intact control was observed. Morphological studies confirmed the efficacy of the therapeutic action of Sch 13521.", "contents": "The treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate of rats with 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (Sch 13521). A study was carried out in 146 common rats to assess the effects of 4'-nitro-3'-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (Sch 13521) on the hypertrophied prostate gland. The hypertrophy was induced in castrated, sexually immature males by s.c. implantation of a pill of testosterone-propionate. After 20 days of administration of Sch 13521 in oral doses of 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg, the dimensions and weight of the hypertrophied prostate gland were reduced by 1.5 to 2 times. After 2 months of administration of the preparation in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg a reduction of the hypertrophied prostate gland to the dimensions of the intact control was observed. Morphological studies confirmed the efficacy of the therapeutic action of Sch 13521.", "PMID": 71154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4120", "title": "Collagenase at sites of cartilage erosion in the rheumatoid joint.", "content": "Immunolocalization studies of rheumatoid tissues employing specific synovial collagenase antibody have demonstrated immunoreactive enzyme at the cartilage/pannus junction. Collagenase was not detected in chondrocytes or the cartilage matrix remote from the resorbing front, and relatively little enzyme was observed in the hypertrophied synovial membrane itself. These observations directly support the idea that synovial collagenase participates in cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Collagenase at sites of cartilage erosion in the rheumatoid joint. Immunolocalization studies of rheumatoid tissues employing specific synovial collagenase antibody have demonstrated immunoreactive enzyme at the cartilage/pannus junction. Collagenase was not detected in chondrocytes or the cartilage matrix remote from the resorbing front, and relatively little enzyme was observed in the hypertrophied synovial membrane itself. These observations directly support the idea that synovial collagenase participates in cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 71152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4121", "title": "Aortic endothelial cell morphology observed in situ by scanning electron microscopy during atherogenesis in the rabbit.", "content": "The morphology of endothelial cells during the induction of atherosclerosis in the descending aortic arch of the hypercholesterol rabbit was studied in situ by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following silver staining, fixation at physiological pressure, and air-drying of specimens- The earliest deviations from normal endothelial morphology were observed 3 weeks after starting to feed a semi-synthetic diet containing 20% beef fat and 0.2% cholesterol. These were (1) the occurrence of brightly silver stained (argyrophilic) cells, (2) areas of irregularly shaped cells which were often larger and more weakly stained than normal cells and (3) increased incidence of stigmata and stomata associated with the irregular cells. After 6 weeks of hypercholesterolaemia, similar changes were present in the endothelium, but were often also associated with sub-endothelial swelling. These represented the first atherosclerotic lesions. Following 12, 20 and 24 weeks of hypercholesterolaemia, larger raised macroscopic lesions were observed which were always endothelialized. Endothelial morphology and lesion topography suggested that early fatty streaks were composed of numerous focal swellings. In addition to the abnormal endothelial morphology noted at 6 weeks, endothelial cells overlying more advanced lesions became rounded in outline.", "contents": "Aortic endothelial cell morphology observed in situ by scanning electron microscopy during atherogenesis in the rabbit. The morphology of endothelial cells during the induction of atherosclerosis in the descending aortic arch of the hypercholesterol rabbit was studied in situ by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following silver staining, fixation at physiological pressure, and air-drying of specimens- The earliest deviations from normal endothelial morphology were observed 3 weeks after starting to feed a semi-synthetic diet containing 20% beef fat and 0.2% cholesterol. These were (1) the occurrence of brightly silver stained (argyrophilic) cells, (2) areas of irregularly shaped cells which were often larger and more weakly stained than normal cells and (3) increased incidence of stigmata and stomata associated with the irregular cells. After 6 weeks of hypercholesterolaemia, similar changes were present in the endothelium, but were often also associated with sub-endothelial swelling. These represented the first atherosclerotic lesions. Following 12, 20 and 24 weeks of hypercholesterolaemia, larger raised macroscopic lesions were observed which were always endothelialized. Endothelial morphology and lesion topography suggested that early fatty streaks were composed of numerous focal swellings. In addition to the abnormal endothelial morphology noted at 6 weeks, endothelial cells overlying more advanced lesions became rounded in outline.", "PMID": 71155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4122", "title": "Cathepsin D agglutinators and neutral protease agglutinators in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Production of CDA and NPA by rheumatoid synovium and phagocytosis of CDA by synovial phagocytic cells.", "content": "Tissue culture methods demonstrated the production of agglutinators against the cathepsin D site in IgG (CDA) and a neutral protease site in IgG (NPA) by rheumatoid synovial tissue. Seven of 11 specimens from seropositive and 2 of 7 specimens from seronegative RA patients were positive for CDA, whereas 2 of 11 specimens from seropositive and 1 of 7 specimens from seronegative patients were positive for NPA. None of the 6 control specimens was positive for both types of agglutinators. Chromatography of two synovial tissue incubates showed that the CDA were of the IgG type. By the immunofluorescence technique, plasma cells containing CDA were demonstrated in rheumatoid synovial tissue and draining lymph nodes of rheumatoid joints. The staining for CDA in the synovium was different from the staining for pepsin agglutinators in adjacent sections. Phagolysosomes containing CDA were found in synovial exudate cells from rheumatoid patients as well as in phagocytosing lining cells and macrophages of the sublining layer of rheumatoid synovial tissue. These findings suggest that antibodies directed at hidden antigenic sites in IgG revealed by endogenous proteolysis take part in the immune reaction and in the inflammation of rheumatoid joints.", "contents": "Cathepsin D agglutinators and neutral protease agglutinators in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Production of CDA and NPA by rheumatoid synovium and phagocytosis of CDA by synovial phagocytic cells. Tissue culture methods demonstrated the production of agglutinators against the cathepsin D site in IgG (CDA) and a neutral protease site in IgG (NPA) by rheumatoid synovial tissue. Seven of 11 specimens from seropositive and 2 of 7 specimens from seronegative RA patients were positive for CDA, whereas 2 of 11 specimens from seropositive and 1 of 7 specimens from seronegative patients were positive for NPA. None of the 6 control specimens was positive for both types of agglutinators. Chromatography of two synovial tissue incubates showed that the CDA were of the IgG type. By the immunofluorescence technique, plasma cells containing CDA were demonstrated in rheumatoid synovial tissue and draining lymph nodes of rheumatoid joints. The staining for CDA in the synovium was different from the staining for pepsin agglutinators in adjacent sections. Phagolysosomes containing CDA were found in synovial exudate cells from rheumatoid patients as well as in phagocytosing lining cells and macrophages of the sublining layer of rheumatoid synovial tissue. These findings suggest that antibodies directed at hidden antigenic sites in IgG revealed by endogenous proteolysis take part in the immune reaction and in the inflammation of rheumatoid joints.", "PMID": 71153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4123", "title": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. Effect of phenethyl alcohol.", "content": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme located in the periplasmic region of Escherichia coli, was inhibited by phenethyl alcohol, an agent believed to alter the cell membrane structure. Studies to elucidate mechanism of this inhibition showed that while phenethyl alcohol arrested the incorporation of [3H]leucine into active alkaline phosphatase, it did allow substantial incorporation of the label into inactive monomer subunits of the enzyme. These results suggest that phenethyl alcohol may not interfere with the de novo synthesis of monomer subunits of the enzyme but arrest conversion of these into active dimer enzyme presumably by its primary action on the cell membrane structure.", "contents": "Induction of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. Effect of phenethyl alcohol. Induction of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme located in the periplasmic region of Escherichia coli, was inhibited by phenethyl alcohol, an agent believed to alter the cell membrane structure. Studies to elucidate mechanism of this inhibition showed that while phenethyl alcohol arrested the incorporation of [3H]leucine into active alkaline phosphatase, it did allow substantial incorporation of the label into inactive monomer subunits of the enzyme. These results suggest that phenethyl alcohol may not interfere with the de novo synthesis of monomer subunits of the enzyme but arrest conversion of these into active dimer enzyme presumably by its primary action on the cell membrane structure.", "PMID": 71163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4124", "title": "Immunological identification of complex proteins resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Immunological identification of an antigen resolved from a protein complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been attained. The identification is based on the formation of immunoprecipitin lines after the antigen diffuses laterally from acrylamide gel transverse slices into a surrounding agarose gel. This technique was designed for study of contractile and regulatory protein complexes of non-muscle cells where the scarcity of tissue precludes easy purification or high yield of muscle-like proteins. It complements double-gel immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoresis and its use may be extended to other protein complexes.", "contents": "Immunological identification of complex proteins resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Immunological identification of an antigen resolved from a protein complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been attained. The identification is based on the formation of immunoprecipitin lines after the antigen diffuses laterally from acrylamide gel transverse slices into a surrounding agarose gel. This technique was designed for study of contractile and regulatory protein complexes of non-muscle cells where the scarcity of tissue precludes easy purification or high yield of muscle-like proteins. It complements double-gel immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoresis and its use may be extended to other protein complexes.", "PMID": 71164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4125", "title": "Effect of heparin on the extent of inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor.", "content": "A heparin preparation obtained by gel chromatography is compared to unfractionated heparin with respect to the effects of heparin on the reaction between thrombin and heparin cofactor. Whereas both preparations enhance the rate of inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor, the extent of inhibition is decreased by the unfractionated, but not by the fractionated heparin. The decreased extent of inhibition is accounted for by residua of unreacted and undegraded heparin cofactor and thrombin, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate. However both heparin preparations enhance the rate of degradation by thrombin of the thrombin-heparin cofactor complex.", "contents": "Effect of heparin on the extent of inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor. A heparin preparation obtained by gel chromatography is compared to unfractionated heparin with respect to the effects of heparin on the reaction between thrombin and heparin cofactor. Whereas both preparations enhance the rate of inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor, the extent of inhibition is decreased by the unfractionated, but not by the fractionated heparin. The decreased extent of inhibition is accounted for by residua of unreacted and undegraded heparin cofactor and thrombin, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate. However both heparin preparations enhance the rate of degradation by thrombin of the thrombin-heparin cofactor complex.", "PMID": 71165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4126", "title": "Antibodies against protein antigenic sites that are identical in the homologous protein of the immunized animal. Autoreactivity in rabbits of antibodies to sperm-whale myoglobin.", "content": "Sequence comparisons between the antigenic sites of sperm-whale myoglobin and the corresponding regions in rabbit myoglobin indicate that rabbits make antibodies to regions of the sperm-whale myoglobin molecule which are identical to the corresponding regions in rabbit myoglobin. Rabbit myoglobin did not precipitate with antisera to sperm-whale myoglobin. However, it exhibited an extensive cross-reaction as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the precipitin reaction of sperm-whale myoglobin, and on an immunoadsorbent, bound a large amount of antibodies to sperm-whale myoglobin.", "contents": "Antibodies against protein antigenic sites that are identical in the homologous protein of the immunized animal. Autoreactivity in rabbits of antibodies to sperm-whale myoglobin. Sequence comparisons between the antigenic sites of sperm-whale myoglobin and the corresponding regions in rabbit myoglobin indicate that rabbits make antibodies to regions of the sperm-whale myoglobin molecule which are identical to the corresponding regions in rabbit myoglobin. Rabbit myoglobin did not precipitate with antisera to sperm-whale myoglobin. However, it exhibited an extensive cross-reaction as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the precipitin reaction of sperm-whale myoglobin, and on an immunoadsorbent, bound a large amount of antibodies to sperm-whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 71166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4127", "title": "Physicochemical studies of a branched polypeptide antigen: poly(L-Tyr,L-Glu)-poly(DL-Ala)--poly(L-Lys).", "content": "The synthesis of a branched polypeptide, poly(L-Tyr,L-Glu)-poly(DL-Ala)--poly(L-Lys), is described. Physicochemical investigations of the polymer by means of hydrogen-deuterium exchange, potentiometric titrations, and viscosity measurements indicate a non-ordered, flexible conformation in aqueous solution, depending on pH and salt concentration. A hysteresis phenomenon observed in the titrations is tentatively ascribed to interactions between the sidechains, and in accordance with observations from the infrared spectrum of the polymer it is suggested that rather slow conformational changes of the polymer molecules occur in aqueous solutions. The immunochemical implications of the physiochemical findings are discussed with special reference to the concept of sequential and conformational determinants.", "contents": "Physicochemical studies of a branched polypeptide antigen: poly(L-Tyr,L-Glu)-poly(DL-Ala)--poly(L-Lys). The synthesis of a branched polypeptide, poly(L-Tyr,L-Glu)-poly(DL-Ala)--poly(L-Lys), is described. Physicochemical investigations of the polymer by means of hydrogen-deuterium exchange, potentiometric titrations, and viscosity measurements indicate a non-ordered, flexible conformation in aqueous solution, depending on pH and salt concentration. A hysteresis phenomenon observed in the titrations is tentatively ascribed to interactions between the sidechains, and in accordance with observations from the infrared spectrum of the polymer it is suggested that rather slow conformational changes of the polymer molecules occur in aqueous solutions. The immunochemical implications of the physiochemical findings are discussed with special reference to the concept of sequential and conformational determinants.", "PMID": 71167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4128", "title": "First-neighbor specificities of actinomycin-DNA bindings by circular dichroism.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra of eleven double-stranded DNAs, five natural with known nearest neighbor frequencies and six synthetic polydimers and polytrimers, were measured from 210 to 310 nm in the absence and presence of increasing amounts of actinomycin up to saturation. Based on the fact that the circular dichroism of nucleic acids is a nearest-neighbor frequency-dependent property, matrix analysis of the problem revealed which neighbor sets were perturbed by actinomycin, presumably by intercalation of the planar moiety of the molecule. The intercalation sites can be separated into three families. The first-neighbor units GpC and CpG are very favorable binding sites for actinomycin. ApG, CpC, ApC, TpC, and TpG appear to be less attractive sites, while ApT, TpA, and ApA are unfavorable sites.", "contents": "First-neighbor specificities of actinomycin-DNA bindings by circular dichroism. The circular dichroism spectra of eleven double-stranded DNAs, five natural with known nearest neighbor frequencies and six synthetic polydimers and polytrimers, were measured from 210 to 310 nm in the absence and presence of increasing amounts of actinomycin up to saturation. Based on the fact that the circular dichroism of nucleic acids is a nearest-neighbor frequency-dependent property, matrix analysis of the problem revealed which neighbor sets were perturbed by actinomycin, presumably by intercalation of the planar moiety of the molecule. The intercalation sites can be separated into three families. The first-neighbor units GpC and CpG are very favorable binding sites for actinomycin. ApG, CpC, ApC, TpC, and TpG appear to be less attractive sites, while ApT, TpA, and ApA are unfavorable sites.", "PMID": 71168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4129", "title": "[Electroencephalographic effects of the intracentral administration of antibodies to brain-specific antigen S-100].", "content": "The EEG method with the assessment of the rhythm power on analogue computers was used to examine the effects of intracentral administration of antibodies to the brain-specific antigen S-100 (S-100 protein). Intracerebral injections of antibodies to S-100 protein caused an increase of the EEG basic rhythm power in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus and the mesenphalic reticular formation, with the subsequent development of epileptiform activity in these structures.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic effects of the intracentral administration of antibodies to brain-specific antigen S-100]. The EEG method with the assessment of the rhythm power on analogue computers was used to examine the effects of intracentral administration of antibodies to the brain-specific antigen S-100 (S-100 protein). Intracerebral injections of antibodies to S-100 protein caused an increase of the EEG basic rhythm power in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus and the mesenphalic reticular formation, with the subsequent development of epileptiform activity in these structures.", "PMID": 71169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4130", "title": "[Ability of FAB-fragments of normal rabbit and human gamma globulins to suppress human lymphocyte blast transformation induced by phytomitogens].", "content": "Monovalent and bivalent Fab-fragments of normal human or rabbit gamma-globulin suppressed blasttransformation of human lymphocytes induced by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Peptic F(ab)2-fragments from highly-purified rabbit anti-DNP antibody displayed suppressing activity similar to that of the fragments of normal gamma-globulin. Fab-fragments affected blasttransformation when added to lymphocytes either simultaneously with the PHA or 24 and 48h after the mitogen. The data obtained may indicate that the inhibiting of lymphocyte blasttransformation produced by the gamma-globulin fragments was not caused by their competing with mitogens for the receptors on the target-cell; the Fab-fragment activity was probably determined by the structures located outside the antibody active centre.", "contents": "[Ability of FAB-fragments of normal rabbit and human gamma globulins to suppress human lymphocyte blast transformation induced by phytomitogens]. Monovalent and bivalent Fab-fragments of normal human or rabbit gamma-globulin suppressed blasttransformation of human lymphocytes induced by phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Peptic F(ab)2-fragments from highly-purified rabbit anti-DNP antibody displayed suppressing activity similar to that of the fragments of normal gamma-globulin. Fab-fragments affected blasttransformation when added to lymphocytes either simultaneously with the PHA or 24 and 48h after the mitogen. The data obtained may indicate that the inhibiting of lymphocyte blasttransformation produced by the gamma-globulin fragments was not caused by their competing with mitogens for the receptors on the target-cell; the Fab-fragment activity was probably determined by the structures located outside the antibody active centre.", "PMID": 71170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4131", "title": "[Antigenic properties of genetic recombinants of serologically typed E. coli].", "content": "The conjugation between the typed strains of E. coli belonging to various serological groups and conjugation between typed and untyped E. coli strains were studied. Genetic determinant controlling the synthesis of the O100 antigen proved to be closely linked with histidine locus. Among recombinants obtained in crossing the typed E. coli strains there were such belonging to the serological type different from the serological types of donor and recipient cells.", "contents": "[Antigenic properties of genetic recombinants of serologically typed E. coli]. The conjugation between the typed strains of E. coli belonging to various serological groups and conjugation between typed and untyped E. coli strains were studied. Genetic determinant controlling the synthesis of the O100 antigen proved to be closely linked with histidine locus. Among recombinants obtained in crossing the typed E. coli strains there were such belonging to the serological type different from the serological types of donor and recipient cells.", "PMID": 71171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4132", "title": "[Experimental sensitizing activity of Neisseria perflava].", "content": "In experiments conducted on guinea pigs the sensitizing activity of Neisseria perflava isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients with infectious asthma was studied. A possibility of reproducing active skin anaphylaxis after Ovary and of the contraction-test of the tracheal-chain by the neisseria antigens was shown. Neisseria perflava was found to possess a greater sensitizing activity than Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae inhabiting the bronchi of patients with infectious asthma.", "contents": "[Experimental sensitizing activity of Neisseria perflava]. In experiments conducted on guinea pigs the sensitizing activity of Neisseria perflava isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients with infectious asthma was studied. A possibility of reproducing active skin anaphylaxis after Ovary and of the contraction-test of the tracheal-chain by the neisseria antigens was shown. Neisseria perflava was found to possess a greater sensitizing activity than Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae inhabiting the bronchi of patients with infectious asthma.", "PMID": 71172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4133", "title": "[Immunochemical identification of human kidney-specific alpha2-macroglobulin].", "content": "Renospecific alpha2-macroglobulin (RS) with molecular weight 2 000 000 was identified by methods of immunochemical analysis. The revealed antigen was not identical to alpha2H-globulin (ferritin), to reno-pancreatic alpha2-globulin, uromucoid and alpha 2-macroglobulin of blood serum. The RS alpha2-macroglobulin content in the tumour tissue of the kidney decreased as compared to that in the normal kidney, in 16 of 23 tumors it was not revealed. On the sensitivity level of the monospecific RS alpha2-macroglobulin test-system it was not demonstrated in the blood of healthy persons and in the blood and urine of nephrologic patients.", "contents": "[Immunochemical identification of human kidney-specific alpha2-macroglobulin]. Renospecific alpha2-macroglobulin (RS) with molecular weight 2 000 000 was identified by methods of immunochemical analysis. The revealed antigen was not identical to alpha2H-globulin (ferritin), to reno-pancreatic alpha2-globulin, uromucoid and alpha 2-macroglobulin of blood serum. The RS alpha2-macroglobulin content in the tumour tissue of the kidney decreased as compared to that in the normal kidney, in 16 of 23 tumors it was not revealed. On the sensitivity level of the monospecific RS alpha2-macroglobulin test-system it was not demonstrated in the blood of healthy persons and in the blood and urine of nephrologic patients.", "PMID": 71173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4134", "title": "[Genetic control of the content and avidity of antigen-binding B-lymphocytes in the mouse spleen].", "content": "The content (per 10 nucleated cells) and avidity curves of IgM positive B-lymphocytes forming rosettes with trinitrophenyl-sheep erythrocytes (TNP-RFC) were compared in two mouse lines (BALB/c C57BL/6), F1 hybrids (BALB /c X C57BL/6) and backcross hybrids (F1 X BALB/c, F1 X C57BL/6). Trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (TNP24BSA) and dinitrophenyl-bonvine serum albumin (DNP23BSA) and sulfanil-BSA (Sulf17-BSA) in different dilutions were used as inhibitors. BALB/c spleen contained by 60% more TNP-RFC than C576/6 spleen. F1 hybrids (F1 X BALB/c) contained on the average by 35% more TNP-RFC than (F1 X C57BL/6). Inhibition curves (avidity curves) were essentially different in the two mouse lines and F1 hybrids. A conclusion was drawn that the TNP-REC content and avidity were under a strong genetic control. Together with the assumption of random expression of V-genes (idiotype genes?) in the lymphocytes the above data suggest that the simplest mechanism of the genetic control could be a definitive ratio between the corresponding groups of V-genes.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the content and avidity of antigen-binding B-lymphocytes in the mouse spleen]. The content (per 10 nucleated cells) and avidity curves of IgM positive B-lymphocytes forming rosettes with trinitrophenyl-sheep erythrocytes (TNP-RFC) were compared in two mouse lines (BALB/c C57BL/6), F1 hybrids (BALB /c X C57BL/6) and backcross hybrids (F1 X BALB/c, F1 X C57BL/6). Trinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (TNP24BSA) and dinitrophenyl-bonvine serum albumin (DNP23BSA) and sulfanil-BSA (Sulf17-BSA) in different dilutions were used as inhibitors. BALB/c spleen contained by 60% more TNP-RFC than C576/6 spleen. F1 hybrids (F1 X BALB/c) contained on the average by 35% more TNP-RFC than (F1 X C57BL/6). Inhibition curves (avidity curves) were essentially different in the two mouse lines and F1 hybrids. A conclusion was drawn that the TNP-REC content and avidity were under a strong genetic control. Together with the assumption of random expression of V-genes (idiotype genes?) in the lymphocytes the above data suggest that the simplest mechanism of the genetic control could be a definitive ratio between the corresponding groups of V-genes.", "PMID": 71174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4135", "title": "[Intersatellite connections of the human acrocentric chromosomes that participate in associations].", "content": "Intersatellite connections between acrocentric chromosomes in associations were revealed by the method of thermal ammoniacal silver staining. The associations were allotted to the corresponding groups on the basis of the number of chromosomes. Distribution of D- and G-chromosomes in associations was studied on the basis of 714 associations from 500 metaphase plates of 10 normal individuals. The hypotheses of hypergeometric, binomial, Poisson, uniform and exponential distribution laws of D- and G-chromosomes in associations were rejected. The hypothesis of normal distribution was not rejected. The principal characteristics of normal distribution law were found. The distribution law of the number of D- and G-chromosomes in associations was written analytically; the central moments and other characteristics were presented.", "contents": "[Intersatellite connections of the human acrocentric chromosomes that participate in associations]. Intersatellite connections between acrocentric chromosomes in associations were revealed by the method of thermal ammoniacal silver staining. The associations were allotted to the corresponding groups on the basis of the number of chromosomes. Distribution of D- and G-chromosomes in associations was studied on the basis of 714 associations from 500 metaphase plates of 10 normal individuals. The hypotheses of hypergeometric, binomial, Poisson, uniform and exponential distribution laws of D- and G-chromosomes in associations were rejected. The hypothesis of normal distribution was not rejected. The principal characteristics of normal distribution law were found. The distribution law of the number of D- and G-chromosomes in associations was written analytically; the central moments and other characteristics were presented.", "PMID": 71175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4136", "title": "[Quantitative interrelationship between the parenchyma and the stroma of the rabbit myocardium in atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis].", "content": "The relative volume of myocardial fibers, connective tissue cells, capillaries, interstitial space and surface area of the myocardial fibers and capillaries per tissue volume unit of the myocardium were measured during diffuse cardiosclerosis under conditions of experimental atherosclerosis. A significant decrease in the relative volume of the myocardial fibers alone with a concomitant increase of the extracellular space of the stroma were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Quantitative interrelationship between the parenchyma and the stroma of the rabbit myocardium in atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis]. The relative volume of myocardial fibers, connective tissue cells, capillaries, interstitial space and surface area of the myocardial fibers and capillaries per tissue volume unit of the myocardium were measured during diffuse cardiosclerosis under conditions of experimental atherosclerosis. A significant decrease in the relative volume of the myocardial fibers alone with a concomitant increase of the extracellular space of the stroma were demonstrated.", "PMID": 71176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4137", "title": "Molecular  defect in platelets from patients with bernard-soulier syndrome.", "content": "An IgG antibody isolated from the serum of a patient with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome induced platelet agglutination in the platelet-rich plasma of 50 normal subjects regardless of their ABO, KOa, KOb, HLA, or PlA1 types. This antibody was nonreactive with platelets from three other Bernard-Saulier syndrome patients. Indirect immunoprecipitation tests using this serum (or purified IgG) and soluble membrane antigens labeled with 125I that had been extracted from normal platelets by the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 gave a single radioactive peak at 150,000 MW in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These findings strongly suggest that the antigenic determinant reacting with this antibody is absent from platelets of Bernard-Soulier syndrome patients and that the deficient molecule is of 150,000 MW. The role of this molecule in subendothelial adhesion and macromolecular-mediated aggregations is discussed.", "contents": "Molecular  defect in platelets from patients with bernard-soulier syndrome. An IgG antibody isolated from the serum of a patient with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome induced platelet agglutination in the platelet-rich plasma of 50 normal subjects regardless of their ABO, KOa, KOb, HLA, or PlA1 types. This antibody was nonreactive with platelets from three other Bernard-Saulier syndrome patients. Indirect immunoprecipitation tests using this serum (or purified IgG) and soluble membrane antigens labeled with 125I that had been extracted from normal platelets by the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 gave a single radioactive peak at 150,000 MW in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These findings strongly suggest that the antigenic determinant reacting with this antibody is absent from platelets of Bernard-Soulier syndrome patients and that the deficient molecule is of 150,000 MW. The role of this molecule in subendothelial adhesion and macromolecular-mediated aggregations is discussed.", "PMID": 71177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4138", "title": "Human studies following animal models of tumorigenesis by oncornaviruses.", "content": "Similarities have been observed for some time between oncornavirus-induced malignancies in laboratory animals and leukemias and solid tumors in man. Particles similar to type C oncornaviruses have been detected by electron microscopy both in cells or plasma from leukemia patients and in solid-tumor human malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphosarcomas, and sarcomas. Likewise, particles resembling type B oncornaviruses in shape and appearance have been found in human breast cancer. In neither case has the infectious nature of the particles been confirmed. However, DNA synthesized in vitro by the enzyme of murine mammary tumor virus was found to hybridize with polysomal RNA obtained from human mammary adenocarcinomas. The presence of RNA complementary to RNA from the Rauscher strain of murine leukemia virus has been observed in other human malignancies unrelated to breast cancer. It has also been found that cells of patients with myelogenous leukemia possess an oncornaviral-type reverse transcriptase that is distinguishable from other cell DNA polymerases and serologically related to the reverse transcriptase of primate oncornaviruses.", "contents": "Human studies following animal models of tumorigenesis by oncornaviruses. Similarities have been observed for some time between oncornavirus-induced malignancies in laboratory animals and leukemias and solid tumors in man. Particles similar to type C oncornaviruses have been detected by electron microscopy both in cells or plasma from leukemia patients and in solid-tumor human malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphosarcomas, and sarcomas. Likewise, particles resembling type B oncornaviruses in shape and appearance have been found in human breast cancer. In neither case has the infectious nature of the particles been confirmed. However, DNA synthesized in vitro by the enzyme of murine mammary tumor virus was found to hybridize with polysomal RNA obtained from human mammary adenocarcinomas. The presence of RNA complementary to RNA from the Rauscher strain of murine leukemia virus has been observed in other human malignancies unrelated to breast cancer. It has also been found that cells of patients with myelogenous leukemia possess an oncornaviral-type reverse transcriptase that is distinguishable from other cell DNA polymerases and serologically related to the reverse transcriptase of primate oncornaviruses.", "PMID": 71181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4139", "title": "Alterations of fast axoplasmic transport in experimental methyl n-butyl ketone neuropathy.", "content": "Methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) is known to produce a giant axonal neuropathy in man and experimental animals characterized pathologically by a gradual increase in the number of neurofilaments which become associated with focal areas of axonal swelling and thinning of the myelin sheath. Fast axoplasmic transport was studied in rats exposed to MBK. In 10 severely paralyzed rats exposed to MBK there was a significant impediment of fast axoplasmic transport following dorsal root ganglion injections (x +/- S.D. = 283.2 +/- 20.34 mm/day) compared to normal controls (417.6 +/- 23.78 mm/day). In rats undergoing injections into the ventral horn of the spinal cord there was a gradual impairment of the mean down flow rate for transport of [3H]leucine which correlated with the severity of the MBK induced neuropathy. Quantitative morphological determinations showed that the total number of neurotubules per unit cross-sectional myelin area and the number of neurotubules associated with mitochondria in swollen axons was unchanged from normal. The total number of mitochondria in randomly sampled axons varied significantly from controls but the absolute number of mitochondria associated with neurotubules was unchanged from normal. The results of these studies suggest that the impediment of fast axoplasmic transport may be related to the increased neurofilaments producing focal areas of axonal blockage.", "contents": "Alterations of fast axoplasmic transport in experimental methyl n-butyl ketone neuropathy. Methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) is known to produce a giant axonal neuropathy in man and experimental animals characterized pathologically by a gradual increase in the number of neurofilaments which become associated with focal areas of axonal swelling and thinning of the myelin sheath. Fast axoplasmic transport was studied in rats exposed to MBK. In 10 severely paralyzed rats exposed to MBK there was a significant impediment of fast axoplasmic transport following dorsal root ganglion injections (x +/- S.D. = 283.2 +/- 20.34 mm/day) compared to normal controls (417.6 +/- 23.78 mm/day). In rats undergoing injections into the ventral horn of the spinal cord there was a gradual impairment of the mean down flow rate for transport of [3H]leucine which correlated with the severity of the MBK induced neuropathy. Quantitative morphological determinations showed that the total number of neurotubules per unit cross-sectional myelin area and the number of neurotubules associated with mitochondria in swollen axons was unchanged from normal. The total number of mitochondria in randomly sampled axons varied significantly from controls but the absolute number of mitochondria associated with neurotubules was unchanged from normal. The results of these studies suggest that the impediment of fast axoplasmic transport may be related to the increased neurofilaments producing focal areas of axonal blockage.", "PMID": 71185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4140", "title": "[Teratogenic action of an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats].", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats are sensitive to the teratogenic action of AY 9944, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, but the dose of inhibitor necessary to induce the same rate of characteristic malformations is twice as large for Sprague-Dawley as for Wistar rats. This variation is probably related to differences in levels of blood cholesterol in the strains and demonstrates a relationship between teratogenicity and metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[Teratogenic action of an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats]. Sprague-Dawley rats are sensitive to the teratogenic action of AY 9944, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, but the dose of inhibitor necessary to induce the same rate of characteristic malformations is twice as large for Sprague-Dawley as for Wistar rats. This variation is probably related to differences in levels of blood cholesterol in the strains and demonstrates a relationship between teratogenicity and metabolic disturbances.", "PMID": 71186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4141", "title": "[Metabolism of alpha macroglobulins of rabbits: study of their half-life].", "content": "Rabbit alpha-1-M and alpha-2-M labelling was carried out in vitro with 131I and in vivo with 75-Seleno-methionine in order to determine the half-life of these proteins. alpha-2-M catabolism is faster than the alpha-1-M one. This result is the same when these proteins were obtained from a plasma of a rabbit exhibiting an inflammatory reaction though their half life was shorter.", "contents": "[Metabolism of alpha macroglobulins of rabbits: study of their half-life]. Rabbit alpha-1-M and alpha-2-M labelling was carried out in vitro with 131I and in vivo with 75-Seleno-methionine in order to determine the half-life of these proteins. alpha-2-M catabolism is faster than the alpha-1-M one. This result is the same when these proteins were obtained from a plasma of a rabbit exhibiting an inflammatory reaction though their half life was shorter.", "PMID": 71187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4142", "title": "[The vasomotor action of carragenine in rats].", "content": "In the rat, carrageenan injected intravenously lowers the systemic blood pressure. This activity depends on kininogen-kinin system activation, on prostaglandin release by these kinins and on mechanic pulmonary vascular blockade. Neither histamine nor 5-hydroxytryptamine releases are observed.", "contents": "[The vasomotor action of carragenine in rats]. In the rat, carrageenan injected intravenously lowers the systemic blood pressure. This activity depends on kininogen-kinin system activation, on prostaglandin release by these kinins and on mechanic pulmonary vascular blockade. Neither histamine nor 5-hydroxytryptamine releases are observed.", "PMID": 71188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4143", "title": "Hypocalcemic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the dairy cow.", "content": "The effect of the parenteral administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the blood calcium concentration in dairy cows was investigated. Gentamicin was tested in vitro in blood drawn from cows, dihydrostreptomycin was tested in nonlactating cows and neomycin was tested in postpartum cows. The total and bound calcium fractions were significantly reduced by all three antibiotics. No change occurred in the unbound calcium fractions. Caution is advised in the use of these drugs in postpartum cows, especially those with a history of milk fever.", "contents": "Hypocalcemic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the dairy cow. The effect of the parenteral administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the blood calcium concentration in dairy cows was investigated. Gentamicin was tested in vitro in blood drawn from cows, dihydrostreptomycin was tested in nonlactating cows and neomycin was tested in postpartum cows. The total and bound calcium fractions were significantly reduced by all three antibiotics. No change occurred in the unbound calcium fractions. Caution is advised in the use of these drugs in postpartum cows, especially those with a history of milk fever.", "PMID": 71189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4144", "title": "Isolation of enterotoxigenic Aeromonas from fish.", "content": "This paper reports two different enterotoxigenic classes of the genus Aeromonas isolated from fishes. Strains of A. sobria were isolated from healthy fishes only wheras strains of A. hydrophila were isolated from both healthy and moribund fishes. Aeromonas sobria and hydrophilia strains produced a cytotoxic factor and were highly proteolytic. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the A. sobria strains produced only one type of hemolysis on 5% blood agar, but 92% of the A. hydrophilia produced two types of hemolysis. Enterotoxigenicity of all strains was tested by the rabbit gut loop technique and the suckling mouse test. Most of those Aeromonads were enterotoxigenic. Enterotoxigenic strains appeared to produce two different enterotoxins which were antigenically related, but they seemed to have different mechanisms of action. Enterotoxins of Aeromonas were shown to be antigenically different from those of E. coli.", "contents": "Isolation of enterotoxigenic Aeromonas from fish. This paper reports two different enterotoxigenic classes of the genus Aeromonas isolated from fishes. Strains of A. sobria were isolated from healthy fishes only wheras strains of A. hydrophila were isolated from both healthy and moribund fishes. Aeromonas sobria and hydrophilia strains produced a cytotoxic factor and were highly proteolytic. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the A. sobria strains produced only one type of hemolysis on 5% blood agar, but 92% of the A. hydrophilia produced two types of hemolysis. Enterotoxigenicity of all strains was tested by the rabbit gut loop technique and the suckling mouse test. Most of those Aeromonads were enterotoxigenic. Enterotoxigenic strains appeared to produce two different enterotoxins which were antigenically related, but they seemed to have different mechanisms of action. Enterotoxins of Aeromonas were shown to be antigenically different from those of E. coli.", "PMID": 71190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4145", "title": "A rapid, simple method for staining bacterial flagella.", "content": "A simple modification of Gray's flagellar staining procedure is described. It can be used on air-dried smears or directly on wet mounts of motile bacteria. The stained bacterial flagella can be observed with phase-contrast or bright-field optics. No rigorous cleaning of slides, counterstains, or any washing procedures are required with the staining method, making it very suitable for routine examinations.", "contents": "A rapid, simple method for staining bacterial flagella. A simple modification of Gray's flagellar staining procedure is described. It can be used on air-dried smears or directly on wet mounts of motile bacteria. The stained bacterial flagella can be observed with phase-contrast or bright-field optics. No rigorous cleaning of slides, counterstains, or any washing procedures are required with the staining method, making it very suitable for routine examinations.", "PMID": 71191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4146", "title": "Freeze-fracture observations on the membranes and junctions in human prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "In human prostatic carcinomatous acini, the columnar cells possessed a loosely organized meshwork of ridges and grooves and many isolated, short, and disorganized strands of tight junctions, unlike those of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), where the tight junctional ridges and grooves were numerous and compact. Desmosomes were more irregular in size, shape and distribution in cancerous cells than in BPH. Our observation indicated that the junctional complexes were altered and defective in cancerous cells and probably facilitated migration of some acinar cells into the stroma. In addition, we have also shown that the membranes including the intramembranous particles of Golgi complexes, mitochondria, secretory granules and vacuoles, lipofuscin granules and nuclei, were essentially similar in cancerous and BPH columar cells.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture observations on the membranes and junctions in human prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy. In human prostatic carcinomatous acini, the columnar cells possessed a loosely organized meshwork of ridges and grooves and many isolated, short, and disorganized strands of tight junctions, unlike those of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), where the tight junctional ridges and grooves were numerous and compact. Desmosomes were more irregular in size, shape and distribution in cancerous cells than in BPH. Our observation indicated that the junctional complexes were altered and defective in cancerous cells and probably facilitated migration of some acinar cells into the stroma. In addition, we have also shown that the membranes including the intramembranous particles of Golgi complexes, mitochondria, secretory granules and vacuoles, lipofuscin granules and nuclei, were essentially similar in cancerous and BPH columar cells.", "PMID": 71192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4147", "title": "Radiation therapy of carcinoma of gallbladder and biliary tract.", "content": "Fourteen patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder of biliary tract were treated with radiation therapy. Some patients received definite palliative benefit and there were several long term survivors. Patients with bile duct carcinomas responded more often (50%) than did those with gallbladder carcinomas (20%). Only one patient was treated following total gross removal of the tumor, and he is a 6-year survivor. A plea is made for utilizing planned radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumors arising in the biliary tract.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of carcinoma of gallbladder and biliary tract. Fourteen patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder of biliary tract were treated with radiation therapy. Some patients received definite palliative benefit and there were several long term survivors. Patients with bile duct carcinomas responded more often (50%) than did those with gallbladder carcinomas (20%). Only one patient was treated following total gross removal of the tumor, and he is a 6-year survivor. A plea is made for utilizing planned radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumors arising in the biliary tract.", "PMID": 71193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4148", "title": "The prognostic value of acute phase reactants in patients with neuroblastoma.", "content": "As part of a more extensive study of the immune response in children with neuroblastoma, serum immunoglobulin and alpha-glycoprotein levels were measured in 58 patients. Twenty-nine children were studied at diagnosis, 18 at some time during the first 2 years of treatment, and 11 who were apparently cured after treatment had been completed. No correlation was found between the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM and the clinical status of the patient. The acute phase reactants (alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, C3 component of complement and orosomucoid) varied with the disease status. Twenty-seven of the 29 patients had elevated levels at the time of diagnosis. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin were the two proteins that most accurately reflection the clinical status; C3 component of complement was not infrequently normal when the disease was active; and orosomucoid was sometimes raised in patients apparently in remission. Serial measurement of alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin could provide a useful means of detecting early relapse in patients responding to treatment.", "contents": "The prognostic value of acute phase reactants in patients with neuroblastoma. As part of a more extensive study of the immune response in children with neuroblastoma, serum immunoglobulin and alpha-glycoprotein levels were measured in 58 patients. Twenty-nine children were studied at diagnosis, 18 at some time during the first 2 years of treatment, and 11 who were apparently cured after treatment had been completed. No correlation was found between the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM and the clinical status of the patient. The acute phase reactants (alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, C3 component of complement and orosomucoid) varied with the disease status. Twenty-seven of the 29 patients had elevated levels at the time of diagnosis. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin were the two proteins that most accurately reflection the clinical status; C3 component of complement was not infrequently normal when the disease was active; and orosomucoid was sometimes raised in patients apparently in remission. Serial measurement of alpha-1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin could provide a useful means of detecting early relapse in patients responding to treatment.", "PMID": 71194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4149", "title": "Multicentric dermal-type cylindromas of the parotid glands in a patient with florid turban tumor.", "content": "Dermal-type cylindromas of parotid glands in a patient with turban tumor, and various adnexal tumors, represent a rare diathesis, apparently not reported previously. A Caucasian man, born in 1916, had a scalpectomy for turban tumor in 1957. In 1957, 1960, and 1974, dermal type cylindromas were excised from portions of both parotid glands, developing from intercalated and striated ducts; they were considered benign, based on long term followup. Adrexal tumors included multiple dermal cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, eccrine spiradenomas, and Bowen's disease, and occurred on almost all skin surfaces. In November, 1976, a portion of a right parotidectomy included a 3.5 X 3-cm malignant tumor having the characteristics of an invasive poorly differentiated spindle cell epidermoid carcinoma, which showed no evidence of originating from a malignant basal cell tumor. Several encapsulated and developing benign basal cell tumors were included in the specimen. Dermal-type cyclindromas of the parotid gland are considered to be a variant of basal cell ademona, or monomorphic adenoma, basal cell type, since they consist of similar cell components, although of somewhat different arrangement and with prominent focal deposition of hyaline. Dermal-type cylindromas should be excised conservatively as they appear. They must be differentiated from adenoid cystic carcinoma, which is an infiltrating neoplasm and requires a radical surgical approach.", "contents": "Multicentric dermal-type cylindromas of the parotid glands in a patient with florid turban tumor. Dermal-type cylindromas of parotid glands in a patient with turban tumor, and various adnexal tumors, represent a rare diathesis, apparently not reported previously. A Caucasian man, born in 1916, had a scalpectomy for turban tumor in 1957. In 1957, 1960, and 1974, dermal type cylindromas were excised from portions of both parotid glands, developing from intercalated and striated ducts; they were considered benign, based on long term followup. Adrexal tumors included multiple dermal cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, eccrine spiradenomas, and Bowen's disease, and occurred on almost all skin surfaces. In November, 1976, a portion of a right parotidectomy included a 3.5 X 3-cm malignant tumor having the characteristics of an invasive poorly differentiated spindle cell epidermoid carcinoma, which showed no evidence of originating from a malignant basal cell tumor. Several encapsulated and developing benign basal cell tumors were included in the specimen. Dermal-type cyclindromas of the parotid gland are considered to be a variant of basal cell ademona, or monomorphic adenoma, basal cell type, since they consist of similar cell components, although of somewhat different arrangement and with prominent focal deposition of hyaline. Dermal-type cylindromas should be excised conservatively as they appear. They must be differentiated from adenoid cystic carcinoma, which is an infiltrating neoplasm and requires a radical surgical approach.", "PMID": 71195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4150", "title": "Lack of expression of type C hamster virus after neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed in vitro with benzo(a)pyrene were analyzed for the presence of type C viral components, including extra- and intracellular reverse transcriptase activity, intracellular type C hamster virus-related RNA, and cellular hamster virus group-specific antigen. No evidence could be obtained for the presence of any of these components, although they were easily detectable in hamster fibroblasts producing either B-34 virus (a hamster virus pseudotype of Harvey murine sarcoma virus which contains an excess of helper type C hamster virus) or Harvey virus itself. In addition, intracellular viral RNA could not be detected in normal hamster embryo fibroblasts, in hamster fibroblasts transformed with simian virus 40, or in newborn hamster kidney and liver. Thus the detectable expression of the indigenous hamster type C virus is not required to maintain the transformed phenotype of these cells.", "contents": "Lack of expression of type C hamster virus after neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts by benzo(a)pyrene. Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed in vitro with benzo(a)pyrene were analyzed for the presence of type C viral components, including extra- and intracellular reverse transcriptase activity, intracellular type C hamster virus-related RNA, and cellular hamster virus group-specific antigen. No evidence could be obtained for the presence of any of these components, although they were easily detectable in hamster fibroblasts producing either B-34 virus (a hamster virus pseudotype of Harvey murine sarcoma virus which contains an excess of helper type C hamster virus) or Harvey virus itself. In addition, intracellular viral RNA could not be detected in normal hamster embryo fibroblasts, in hamster fibroblasts transformed with simian virus 40, or in newborn hamster kidney and liver. Thus the detectable expression of the indigenous hamster type C virus is not required to maintain the transformed phenotype of these cells.", "PMID": 71196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4151", "title": "Recognition by human and rabbit sera of common antigens to leukemia blast cells, peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, and monocytes.", "content": "A human serum (obtained from a multiparous and multiple-transfused patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia) and a rabbit antiserum (obtained by immunization with papain extracts from a B-lymphoblastoid cell line) showed reactivity against antigenic specificities (different from HLA) expressed on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, unmarked lymphocytes, and monocytes. These antigenic determinants were expressed on myeloblasts and lymphoblasts from patients with acute leukemia (during the active phase of their disease) and on B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Purified peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, mitogen (phytohemagglutinin)-activated T-lymphocytes, and lymphoblasts (with T-cell characteristics) obtained from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or established lymphoblastoid cell lines lacked these antigenic specificities. Absorption experiments indicate that the antigen(s) detected on normal mononuclear cell populations, leukemia cells, and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines were either identical or highly cross-reactive.", "contents": "Recognition by human and rabbit sera of common antigens to leukemia blast cells, peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, and monocytes. A human serum (obtained from a multiparous and multiple-transfused patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia) and a rabbit antiserum (obtained by immunization with papain extracts from a B-lymphoblastoid cell line) showed reactivity against antigenic specificities (different from HLA) expressed on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, unmarked lymphocytes, and monocytes. These antigenic determinants were expressed on myeloblasts and lymphoblasts from patients with acute leukemia (during the active phase of their disease) and on B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Purified peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, mitogen (phytohemagglutinin)-activated T-lymphocytes, and lymphoblasts (with T-cell characteristics) obtained from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or established lymphoblastoid cell lines lacked these antigenic specificities. Absorption experiments indicate that the antigen(s) detected on normal mononuclear cell populations, leukemia cells, and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines were either identical or highly cross-reactive.", "PMID": 71197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4152", "title": "Comparative chemical structures of human alpha-fetoproteins from fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma.", "content": "Human alpha-fetoproteins were purified from umbilical cord serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma by affinity chromatography, and their chemical compositions and terminal sequences were compared. The amino acid compositions of these alpha-fetoproteins were similar and in good agreement with the values reported by other investigators. The COOH-terminal 5-amino acid sequence determined by carboxypeptidase digestion and the NH2-terminal 20-amino acid sequence determined by an automated sequence analyzer revealed that both alpha-fetoproteins had the same terminal sequences of amino acids. The sequence analysis showed that a part of each of the proteins lacked its NH2-terminal residues for one or three amino acids. A small difference in the carbohydrate composition of each alpha-fetoprotein was observed. It was concluded that alpha-fetoproteins from fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma had very similar structures.", "contents": "Comparative chemical structures of human alpha-fetoproteins from fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma. Human alpha-fetoproteins were purified from umbilical cord serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma by affinity chromatography, and their chemical compositions and terminal sequences were compared. The amino acid compositions of these alpha-fetoproteins were similar and in good agreement with the values reported by other investigators. The COOH-terminal 5-amino acid sequence determined by carboxypeptidase digestion and the NH2-terminal 20-amino acid sequence determined by an automated sequence analyzer revealed that both alpha-fetoproteins had the same terminal sequences of amino acids. The sequence analysis showed that a part of each of the proteins lacked its NH2-terminal residues for one or three amino acids. A small difference in the carbohydrate composition of each alpha-fetoprotein was observed. It was concluded that alpha-fetoproteins from fetal serum and from ascites fluid of a patient with hepatoma had very similar structures.", "PMID": 71198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4153", "title": "Incorporation of a potent antileukemic agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, into DNA of cells from leukemic mice.", "content": "5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg/kg increased the life-span of P388 leukemia-bearing BALB/c X DBA/2 F1 mice by 5 times and that of second generation lymphoma-bearing AKR mice by 2.5 times. Higher doses (total dose, 20 mg/kg) led to favorable results when administered in two portions on Days 4 and 5 after the s.c. inoculation of leukemic cells. The same total dose given on 5 consecutive days was toxic. The lethal dose that killed 50% of the animals was 190 mg/kg. The drug was also effective in L1210 leukemia. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited the phosphorylation of 2'-deoxycytidine in the acid-soluble pool of cells from leukemic AKR mice as well as its incorporation into DNA. In vitro the inhibition of the uptake of 2'-deoxycytidine into cells from leukemic mice by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine had a competitive character (Ki, 8 X 10(-5) M). Although 5-aza-2'-deoxy[4-14C]cytidine of low-specific activity was not detected in DNA isolated from the lives of leukemic mice, the same tritium-labeled drug of high-specific radioactivity was selectively localized in the nuclei of leukemic cells as revealed by autoradiography. The incorporation of [3H]-5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into DNA of cells from leukemic mice was confirmed by the chromatographic separation of DNA on a column of kieselguhr coated with methylated albumin.", "contents": "Incorporation of a potent antileukemic agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, into DNA of cells from leukemic mice. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg/kg increased the life-span of P388 leukemia-bearing BALB/c X DBA/2 F1 mice by 5 times and that of second generation lymphoma-bearing AKR mice by 2.5 times. Higher doses (total dose, 20 mg/kg) led to favorable results when administered in two portions on Days 4 and 5 after the s.c. inoculation of leukemic cells. The same total dose given on 5 consecutive days was toxic. The lethal dose that killed 50% of the animals was 190 mg/kg. The drug was also effective in L1210 leukemia. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited the phosphorylation of 2'-deoxycytidine in the acid-soluble pool of cells from leukemic AKR mice as well as its incorporation into DNA. In vitro the inhibition of the uptake of 2'-deoxycytidine into cells from leukemic mice by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine had a competitive character (Ki, 8 X 10(-5) M). Although 5-aza-2'-deoxy[4-14C]cytidine of low-specific activity was not detected in DNA isolated from the lives of leukemic mice, the same tritium-labeled drug of high-specific radioactivity was selectively localized in the nuclei of leukemic cells as revealed by autoradiography. The incorporation of [3H]-5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into DNA of cells from leukemic mice was confirmed by the chromatographic separation of DNA on a column of kieselguhr coated with methylated albumin.", "PMID": 71199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4154", "title": "Adsorption of messenger RNA of Novikoff hepatoma, normal liver, and regenerating liver on complementary DNA-cellulose affinity matrices.", "content": "Complementary DNA (cDNA)-oligodeoxythmidylate-celluloses were prepared from cDNA copies of polysomal messenger RNA (mRNA) of Novikoff hepatoma, normal rat liver, and regenerating rat liver. cDNA synthesis with reverse transcriptase was approximately 46% with respect to input mRNA with oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose primer. The cDNA's of normal liver, regenerating liver, and Novikoff hepatomas were used as affinity matrices for hybridization of different mRNA species. Under the conditions used, degradation of mRNA was not detected. After normalization for homologous hybridization efficiency, 53 and 65% of the Novikoff hepatoma mRNA bound to normal liver and regenerating liver cDNA's. Under these conditions an average of 82% of mRNA  of normal liver bound to regenerating liver cDNA, and 92% of regenerating liver mRNA bound to normal liver cDNA. The bound and unbound mRNA's were analyzed by translation in the wheat germ system; 2-D gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in the wheat germ system indicated that the cDNA affinity columns selectively adsorbed some mRNA species.", "contents": "Adsorption of messenger RNA of Novikoff hepatoma, normal liver, and regenerating liver on complementary DNA-cellulose affinity matrices. Complementary DNA (cDNA)-oligodeoxythmidylate-celluloses were prepared from cDNA copies of polysomal messenger RNA (mRNA) of Novikoff hepatoma, normal rat liver, and regenerating rat liver. cDNA synthesis with reverse transcriptase was approximately 46% with respect to input mRNA with oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose primer. The cDNA's of normal liver, regenerating liver, and Novikoff hepatomas were used as affinity matrices for hybridization of different mRNA species. Under the conditions used, degradation of mRNA was not detected. After normalization for homologous hybridization efficiency, 53 and 65% of the Novikoff hepatoma mRNA bound to normal liver and regenerating liver cDNA's. Under these conditions an average of 82% of mRNA  of normal liver bound to regenerating liver cDNA, and 92% of regenerating liver mRNA bound to normal liver cDNA. The bound and unbound mRNA's were analyzed by translation in the wheat germ system; 2-D gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in the wheat germ system indicated that the cDNA affinity columns selectively adsorbed some mRNA species.", "PMID": 71200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4155", "title": "Separation of leukemic cells into proliferative and quiescent subpopulations by centrifugal elutriation.", "content": "Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate human acute leukemia cells into proliferative and quiescent subpopulations. Ten bone marrow specimens and 5 peripheral blood specimens were subjected to centrifugal elutriations. From each patient, leukemic cell subpopulations were obtained for which the [3H]thymidine labeling index differed by 10- to 30-fold. In 6 of the marrow specimens and in 2 of the peripheral blood specimens, cell subpopulations were obtained for which the labeling index exceeded 20%. In 5 marrow specimens, subpopulations were obtained for which the labeling index exceeded 40%. Preliminary studies of the uptake of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine failed to show any correlation between drug uptake and the proliferative characteristics of the leukemic subpopulations.", "contents": "Separation of leukemic cells into proliferative and quiescent subpopulations by centrifugal elutriation. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate human acute leukemia cells into proliferative and quiescent subpopulations. Ten bone marrow specimens and 5 peripheral blood specimens were subjected to centrifugal elutriations. From each patient, leukemic cell subpopulations were obtained for which the [3H]thymidine labeling index differed by 10- to 30-fold. In 6 of the marrow specimens and in 2 of the peripheral blood specimens, cell subpopulations were obtained for which the labeling index exceeded 20%. In 5 marrow specimens, subpopulations were obtained for which the labeling index exceeded 40%. Preliminary studies of the uptake of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine failed to show any correlation between drug uptake and the proliferative characteristics of the leukemic subpopulations.", "PMID": 71201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4156", "title": "Demonstration of cross-reacting tumor rejection antigens in chemically induced respiratory tract carcinomas in rats.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine whether chemically induced rat respiratory tract carcinomas, which possess considerable immunogenicity, contain cross-reacting antigens. In vivo studies showed that effective cross-protection can be induced with four of the five respiratory tract cancers studied, suggesting that these tumors have common tumor rejection antigens. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with sera from tumor-immune hosts showed cross-reactivity among three of the carcinomas tested.", "contents": "Demonstration of cross-reacting tumor rejection antigens in chemically induced respiratory tract carcinomas in rats. Experiments were performed to determine whether chemically induced rat respiratory tract carcinomas, which possess considerable immunogenicity, contain cross-reacting antigens. In vivo studies showed that effective cross-protection can be induced with four of the five respiratory tract cancers studied, suggesting that these tumors have common tumor rejection antigens. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with sera from tumor-immune hosts showed cross-reactivity among three of the carcinomas tested.", "PMID": 71203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4157", "title": "Synergistic effects of the combination of cis-platinum diamminodichloride and 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine in transplanted mouse leukemias.", "content": "cis-Platinum diamminodichloride has been studied in combination with 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine on an every-4-day schedule in various lines of mouse leukemia. This combination is synergistic in leukemias L1210 and P388 and sublines made resistant to 5-fluorouracil or methotrexate. There is no cross-resistance between cis-platinum diamminodichloride and 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine, but the combination is no more effective against lines of leukemia made resistant to cis-platinum diamminodichloride or to 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine than either single active compound alone. Since these compounds have no cross-resistance, act by quite different mechanisms of action, and have different limiting toxicity, the combination is now being evaluated clinically.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of the combination of cis-platinum diamminodichloride and 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine in transplanted mouse leukemias. cis-Platinum diamminodichloride has been studied in combination with 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine on an every-4-day schedule in various lines of mouse leukemia. This combination is synergistic in leukemias L1210 and P388 and sublines made resistant to 5-fluorouracil or methotrexate. There is no cross-resistance between cis-platinum diamminodichloride and 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine, but the combination is no more effective against lines of leukemia made resistant to cis-platinum diamminodichloride or to 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine than either single active compound alone. Since these compounds have no cross-resistance, act by quite different mechanisms of action, and have different limiting toxicity, the combination is now being evaluated clinically.", "PMID": 71204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4158", "title": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years' experience in the Southwest Oncology Group.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) has completed five studies of high-dose intermittent combination chemotherapy for the management of advanced (stage III and IV) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving 1143 patients from May 1966 to September 1974. Lack of uniform histopathologic interpretation precludes precise analysis of these data. Although there has been little change in complete response duration over the years of this study, there has been an overall improvement in response rate and survival though there is no statistically significant improvement in the best overall survival when compared to the Stanford experience in stage III and IV disease (1960-71). The response rate and survival in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma have improved since the first study. There is definite evidence of a plateau in the survival curve beyond 2 years. The percentage of survival at which the plateau appears has increased over the years to 40% in the most recent studies, and the survival is suggestively better than the Stanford experience (P = 0.09). Over the years there has been a distinct improvement in response rate and survival of patients with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, although the best SWOG survival is no different than the Stanford experience (P = 0.36).", "contents": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years' experience in the Southwest Oncology Group. The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) has completed five studies of high-dose intermittent combination chemotherapy for the management of advanced (stage III and IV) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving 1143 patients from May 1966 to September 1974. Lack of uniform histopathologic interpretation precludes precise analysis of these data. Although there has been little change in complete response duration over the years of this study, there has been an overall improvement in response rate and survival though there is no statistically significant improvement in the best overall survival when compared to the Stanford experience in stage III and IV disease (1960-71). The response rate and survival in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma have improved since the first study. There is definite evidence of a plateau in the survival curve beyond 2 years. The percentage of survival at which the plateau appears has increased over the years to 40% in the most recent studies, and the survival is suggestively better than the Stanford experience (P = 0.09). Over the years there has been a distinct improvement in response rate and survival of patients with nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, although the best SWOG survival is no different than the Stanford experience (P = 0.36).", "PMID": 71206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4159", "title": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience.", "content": "The addition of prednisone to the two-drug combination of cyclophosphamide and vincristine increases the number of complete remissions (CR). Patients who had CRs in at least two of the studies, EST 0168 and EST 3472, lived significantly longer than those who had partial remissions. In EST 0168, the survival time correlated strongly with the nodal pattern and cell type, confirming results of Rosenberg and co-workers. EST 1472 confirmed the activity of BCNU in lymphocytic lymphomas; when both agents are combined with prednisone, the induction potential of BCNU is equal to that of cyclophosphamide. In the histiocytic lymphomas, BCNU added to CVP increases the percentage of CRs but it does so at the expense of considerable toxicity. EST 0871 demonstrated that low-dose bleomycin and hexamethylmelamine are active agents in lymphoma and should be combined with other effective combinations in an attempt to improve the CR rate. Finally, our current studies demonstrate that the failure rate in the diffuse or unfavorable lymphomas is higher than that in the more favorable nodular forms.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience. The addition of prednisone to the two-drug combination of cyclophosphamide and vincristine increases the number of complete remissions (CR). Patients who had CRs in at least two of the studies, EST 0168 and EST 3472, lived significantly longer than those who had partial remissions. In EST 0168, the survival time correlated strongly with the nodal pattern and cell type, confirming results of Rosenberg and co-workers. EST 1472 confirmed the activity of BCNU in lymphocytic lymphomas; when both agents are combined with prednisone, the induction potential of BCNU is equal to that of cyclophosphamide. In the histiocytic lymphomas, BCNU added to CVP increases the percentage of CRs but it does so at the expense of considerable toxicity. EST 0871 demonstrated that low-dose bleomycin and hexamethylmelamine are active agents in lymphoma and should be combined with other effective combinations in an attempt to improve the CR rate. Finally, our current studies demonstrate that the failure rate in the diffuse or unfavorable lymphomas is higher than that in the more favorable nodular forms.", "PMID": 71207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4160", "title": "Overview of four clinical studies of chemotherapy for stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B.", "content": "This paper presents an overview of four Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies in 1266 patients with stage III-IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The cases were analyzed across protocols; the major prognostic determinants were prior chemotherapy, age, and histology. The four studies proved that cyclophosphamide maintenance was superior to no maintenance even after prolonged intensive induction chemotherapy. Furthermore, the reinforcement program of monthly pulse doses of vincristine and prednisone, whose value was established in the treatment of acute leukemia, led to highly significant improvement in remission duration and survival. Other facets of the chemotherapy programs are still being subjected to analysis, but this report sets out some preliminary conclusions.", "contents": "Overview of four clinical studies of chemotherapy for stage III and IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. This paper presents an overview of four Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies in 1266 patients with stage III-IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The cases were analyzed across protocols; the major prognostic determinants were prior chemotherapy, age, and histology. The four studies proved that cyclophosphamide maintenance was superior to no maintenance even after prolonged intensive induction chemotherapy. Furthermore, the reinforcement program of monthly pulse doses of vincristine and prednisone, whose value was established in the treatment of acute leukemia, led to highly significant improvement in remission duration and survival. Other facets of the chemotherapy programs are still being subjected to analysis, but this report sets out some preliminary conclusions.", "PMID": 71208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4161", "title": "Non-cross-resistant combinations in stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Two triple-drug combinations (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone [CVP] and adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone [ABP]) were randomly tested in 57 consecutive patients with pathologic stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No statistical difference was observed in the incidence of complete remission (CR) (48% vs 50%), median duration of CR (10.5 vs 20.5 months), and survival. CR correlated positively with survival. After crossover for progression or relapse, no cross resistance was detected between the two combinations (CR plus PR = 40% for CVP and 50% for ABP). In a subsequent prospective study CVP and ABP were sequentially alternated in an attempt to improve the incidence and duration of CR. In the first 32 evaluable patients CR was produced in 50%. The findings are still preliminary.", "contents": "Non-cross-resistant combinations in stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Two triple-drug combinations (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone [CVP] and adriamycin, bleomycin, and prednisone [ABP]) were randomly tested in 57 consecutive patients with pathologic stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No statistical difference was observed in the incidence of complete remission (CR) (48% vs 50%), median duration of CR (10.5 vs 20.5 months), and survival. CR correlated positively with survival. After crossover for progression or relapse, no cross resistance was detected between the two combinations (CR plus PR = 40% for CVP and 50% for ABP). In a subsequent prospective study CVP and ABP were sequentially alternated in an attempt to improve the incidence and duration of CR. In the first 32 evaluable patients CR was produced in 50%. The findings are still preliminary.", "PMID": 71209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4162", "title": "Team approach to management of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: past and present.", "content": "A detailed review of our results of radiotherapy for stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been presented as background for our current multidisciplinary approach which uses multiple-agent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy for nodular and diffuse stage I, II, and III lymphomas of the poorly differnetiated lymphocytic, mixed, and histiocytic varieties. Optimum management is based on coordinated efforts of medicine, radiotherapy, pathology, diagnostic radiology, and surgery. In stage I, II, and III disease, routine staging procedures include lymphangiography, bilateral iliac crest needle biopsies of the bone marrow, and percutaneous needle biopsies of the liver. Staging laparotomy is considered essential to our present program for stage I, IE, II and IIE disease. In our opinion, staging laparotomy is not indicated in stage II or IIIE disease. Although very preliminary, results for these programs are encouraging. This paper presents the concept of team management and a specific plan for its implementation.", "contents": "Team approach to management of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: past and present. A detailed review of our results of radiotherapy for stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been presented as background for our current multidisciplinary approach which uses multiple-agent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy for nodular and diffuse stage I, II, and III lymphomas of the poorly differnetiated lymphocytic, mixed, and histiocytic varieties. Optimum management is based on coordinated efforts of medicine, radiotherapy, pathology, diagnostic radiology, and surgery. In stage I, II, and III disease, routine staging procedures include lymphangiography, bilateral iliac crest needle biopsies of the bone marrow, and percutaneous needle biopsies of the liver. Staging laparotomy is considered essential to our present program for stage I, IE, II and IIE disease. In our opinion, staging laparotomy is not indicated in stage II or IIIE disease. Although very preliminary, results for these programs are encouraging. This paper presents the concept of team management and a specific plan for its implementation.", "PMID": 71210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4163", "title": "[Detection of a minor stimulating product involved in secondary allogenic proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "In a family with a shared parental haplotype studied in MLR I and II we report that: 1) A secondary proliferation can be induced without a primary positive MLR; 2) In these conditions a minor determinant activating secondary proliferation is detected; 3) No significant association of this product with the available makers (HLA-A, B, C, D, Ly-Li) of the HLA region has been found so far; its localisation within or outside the MHC is under investigation.", "contents": "[Detection of a minor stimulating product involved in secondary allogenic proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro]. In a family with a shared parental haplotype studied in MLR I and II we report that: 1) A secondary proliferation can be induced without a primary positive MLR; 2) In these conditions a minor determinant activating secondary proliferation is detected; 3) No significant association of this product with the available makers (HLA-A, B, C, D, Ly-Li) of the HLA region has been found so far; its localisation within or outside the MHC is under investigation.", "PMID": 71219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4164", "title": "[Evidence of protein kinase activity in 2 murine oncornaviruses].", "content": "A protein kinase activity has been detected in two strains of murine Oncornaviruses, MSV/MLV and EFV. This activity phosphorylates not only endogenous viral proteins but also exogenous substrates (histones and phosvitin). The stimulation of enzyme activity by detergents along with the increase of specific activity in viruses treated with trypsin during purification suggest that the enzyme is located in the viral particle.", "contents": "[Evidence of protein kinase activity in 2 murine oncornaviruses]. A protein kinase activity has been detected in two strains of murine Oncornaviruses, MSV/MLV and EFV. This activity phosphorylates not only endogenous viral proteins but also exogenous substrates (histones and phosvitin). The stimulation of enzyme activity by detergents along with the increase of specific activity in viruses treated with trypsin during purification suggest that the enzyme is located in the viral particle.", "PMID": 71220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4165", "title": "The enlargement of small pulmonary arteries by preliminary palliative operations.", "content": "Four patients with tetralogy of Fallot, three of whom had congenital pulmonary atresia, were treated by initial palliative operations to enlarge left and right pulmonary arteries which were considered too small for complete repair. Two to four years later the right and left pulmonary arteries had enlarged sufficiently to allow complete repair.", "contents": "The enlargement of small pulmonary arteries by preliminary palliative operations. Four patients with tetralogy of Fallot, three of whom had congenital pulmonary atresia, were treated by initial palliative operations to enlarge left and right pulmonary arteries which were considered too small for complete repair. Two to four years later the right and left pulmonary arteries had enlarged sufficiently to allow complete repair.", "PMID": 71222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4166", "title": "Neurosurgical control of pain in the patient with cancer.", "content": "If properly evaluated, the majority of patients with intractable pain caused by visceral as well as somatic malignancy can obtain relief. Analgesics are of great value in some cases. They are especially indicated for patients who have conditions producing pain of short duration or for terminal patients. Radiotherapy may temporarily help most patients with intractable pain. Open or stereotactic surgical intervention and especially interruption of the ascending pain fibers within the spinal cord may give permanent relief to patients who have increasingly severe pain. At present the best results are obtained with percutaneous high cervical electrocoagulation of the spinothalamic tracts. Experience with electrical inhibition of pain based on the gate theory is limited. In the future, however, it may replace the present destructive approaches.", "contents": "Neurosurgical control of pain in the patient with cancer. If properly evaluated, the majority of patients with intractable pain caused by visceral as well as somatic malignancy can obtain relief. Analgesics are of great value in some cases. They are especially indicated for patients who have conditions producing pain of short duration or for terminal patients. Radiotherapy may temporarily help most patients with intractable pain. Open or stereotactic surgical intervention and especially interruption of the ascending pain fibers within the spinal cord may give permanent relief to patients who have increasingly severe pain. At present the best results are obtained with percutaneous high cervical electrocoagulation of the spinothalamic tracts. Experience with electrical inhibition of pain based on the gate theory is limited. In the future, however, it may replace the present destructive approaches.", "PMID": 71228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4167", "title": "Specific break points in chromosomally abnormal human fibroblast subpopulations.", "content": "Common chromosome break points were found in a banding study of 25 chromosomally abnormal fibroblast clones derived from normal individuals and patients exposed to environmental carcinogens. Of 81 break points, 38% appeared to be in terminal bands. This specificity did not appear to be the consequence of the biased recognition of exchanges. In addition, specificities for break points at exact interstitial loci were detected. The presence of clones in cultures grown in a wide variety of conditions, the finding of two identical clones in two independent lines from the same biopsy, and the absence of any obvious continuing instability in lines support the view that chromosomally abnormal fibroblasts occur in vivo.", "contents": "Specific break points in chromosomally abnormal human fibroblast subpopulations. Common chromosome break points were found in a banding study of 25 chromosomally abnormal fibroblast clones derived from normal individuals and patients exposed to environmental carcinogens. Of 81 break points, 38% appeared to be in terminal bands. This specificity did not appear to be the consequence of the biased recognition of exchanges. In addition, specificities for break points at exact interstitial loci were detected. The presence of clones in cultures grown in a wide variety of conditions, the finding of two identical clones in two independent lines from the same biopsy, and the absence of any obvious continuing instability in lines support the view that chromosomally abnormal fibroblasts occur in vivo.", "PMID": 71229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4168", "title": "Antepartum evaluation of the high-risk fetus: problems and prospects.", "content": "The chief obstetrical problems encountered today in the prenatal evaluation of the high-risk fetus are presented. Advantages and pitfalls or recent techniques utilized in the management of the high-risk pregnancy are discussed. They include: a prenatal scoring system for identifying the high-risk population; examination of the karyotype of cells in amniotic fluid, and quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein levels in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid for the early prenatal detection of birth defects; ultrasonography for the intrauterine diagnosis of fetal growth retardation and assessment of fetal maturity; the use of maternal urinary estriol excretion, maternal plasma human placental lactogen levels and the oxytocin stress test for the early detection of fetal distress; estimation of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid analysis of lecithin or lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios, creatinine and Blue Nile fetal cell staining. Newer, still experimental, techniques (e.g., fatal breathing movements, fetoscopy, and dehydroepiandrosterone plasma clearance) are viewed in light of further possible decreases in maternal and perinatal mortality.", "contents": "Antepartum evaluation of the high-risk fetus: problems and prospects. The chief obstetrical problems encountered today in the prenatal evaluation of the high-risk fetus are presented. Advantages and pitfalls or recent techniques utilized in the management of the high-risk pregnancy are discussed. They include: a prenatal scoring system for identifying the high-risk population; examination of the karyotype of cells in amniotic fluid, and quantitation of alpha-fetoprotein levels in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid for the early prenatal detection of birth defects; ultrasonography for the intrauterine diagnosis of fetal growth retardation and assessment of fetal maturity; the use of maternal urinary estriol excretion, maternal plasma human placental lactogen levels and the oxytocin stress test for the early detection of fetal distress; estimation of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid analysis of lecithin or lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios, creatinine and Blue Nile fetal cell staining. Newer, still experimental, techniques (e.g., fatal breathing movements, fetoscopy, and dehydroepiandrosterone plasma clearance) are viewed in light of further possible decreases in maternal and perinatal mortality.", "PMID": 71231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4169", "title": "Critical periods for behavioral anomalies in mice.", "content": "While mice have been used less frequently than rats in behavioral research, there use has some advantages in teratological studies. The development of the mouse CNS has been investigated more extensively than that of the rat. Since time of insult has been found to be an important factor in effects on both anatomy and behavior, data on the sequence of events in CNS development are valuable in planning and interpreting behavioral assessments of potential teratogens. A comparison of studies in mice and rats suggests that behavioral effects of teratogens are similar in the two species and demonstrates that mice can be used successfully in a variety of behavioral evaluations.", "contents": "Critical periods for behavioral anomalies in mice. While mice have been used less frequently than rats in behavioral research, there use has some advantages in teratological studies. The development of the mouse CNS has been investigated more extensively than that of the rat. Since time of insult has been found to be an important factor in effects on both anatomy and behavior, data on the sequence of events in CNS development are valuable in planning and interpreting behavioral assessments of potential teratogens. A comparison of studies in mice and rats suggests that behavioral effects of teratogens are similar in the two species and demonstrates that mice can be used successfully in a variety of behavioral evaluations.", "PMID": 71232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4170", "title": "Environmental transport and transformation of automotive-emitted lead.", "content": "The use of a mass balance equation assists in clarifying the contribution of automotive-emitted lead to the regional and global problems of the distribution of this element, by taking into account the physicochemical transformation processes operating on the lead during its transport along the various environmental pathways. The technical factors which govern the emission of such lead from automobile engines and which affect its subsequent dispersion through the environment are described.", "contents": "Environmental transport and transformation of automotive-emitted lead. The use of a mass balance equation assists in clarifying the contribution of automotive-emitted lead to the regional and global problems of the distribution of this element, by taking into account the physicochemical transformation processes operating on the lead during its transport along the various environmental pathways. The technical factors which govern the emission of such lead from automobile engines and which affect its subsequent dispersion through the environment are described.", "PMID": 71234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4171", "title": "Emission control devices, fuel additive, and fuel composition changes.", "content": "Emission control devices are installed to meet the exhaust standards of the Clean Air Act for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and it is necessary to know, from a public health point of view, how exhaust emissions may be affected by changes in fuel additives and fuel composition. Since these topics are concerned with developing technologies, the available literature on exhaust emission characteristics and the limited information on health effects, is reviewed.", "contents": "Emission control devices, fuel additive, and fuel composition changes. Emission control devices are installed to meet the exhaust standards of the Clean Air Act for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and it is necessary to know, from a public health point of view, how exhaust emissions may be affected by changes in fuel additives and fuel composition. Since these topics are concerned with developing technologies, the available literature on exhaust emission characteristics and the limited information on health effects, is reviewed.", "PMID": 71235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4172", "title": "Frequency distribution of messenger sequences within polysomal mRNA and nuclear RNA from rat liver.", "content": "DNA complementary to polysomal poly(A)-containing mRNA (cDNA) of male rat liver was used to study the diversity of messenger sequences in the nucleus and in polysomes. 1. Hybridization of cDNA against an excess of its own polysomal mRNA template revealed that about 10,000 different mRNA species are expressed in the liver tissue. They are distributed in a wide frequency range derived from approximately 0.5% of the total genome. 2. Hybridization of the cDNA against total nuclear RNA shows that messenger sequences comprise less than 1% of the mass of total nuclear RNA. Messenger sequences have a different frequency distribution in nucleus and cytoplasm. 3. In hybridizations using cDNA, which had been fractionated into sequences representing abundant and scarce polysomal mRNA molecules, it was found that although abundant cytoplasmic messenger sequences are also abundant in the nucleus, they exist in a significantly lower frequency range in the nuclear compartment.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of messenger sequences within polysomal mRNA and nuclear RNA from rat liver. DNA complementary to polysomal poly(A)-containing mRNA (cDNA) of male rat liver was used to study the diversity of messenger sequences in the nucleus and in polysomes. 1. Hybridization of cDNA against an excess of its own polysomal mRNA template revealed that about 10,000 different mRNA species are expressed in the liver tissue. They are distributed in a wide frequency range derived from approximately 0.5% of the total genome. 2. Hybridization of the cDNA against total nuclear RNA shows that messenger sequences comprise less than 1% of the mass of total nuclear RNA. Messenger sequences have a different frequency distribution in nucleus and cytoplasm. 3. In hybridizations using cDNA, which had been fractionated into sequences representing abundant and scarce polysomal mRNA molecules, it was found that although abundant cytoplasmic messenger sequences are also abundant in the nucleus, they exist in a significantly lower frequency range in the nuclear compartment.", "PMID": 71236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4173", "title": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. III. Drugs presented for blood donors in a 5 year period.", "content": "Drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden, have been examined in order to estimate drug exposure of blood donors. During the period 1970-74 a donor group (n = 292) purchased significantly more drugs than non-donors matched for age, sex and residential area in the county. This was true for most drug categories, except for cardiovascular and endocrine drugs and iron preparations. The actual consumption of the drugs obtained was not investigated. Prospective studies are required to assess the clinical consequences of the surprisingly high drug exposure of blood donors.", "contents": "Recording of drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden. III. Drugs presented for blood donors in a 5 year period. Drug prescriptions in the county of J\u00e4mtland, Sweden, have been examined in order to estimate drug exposure of blood donors. During the period 1970-74 a donor group (n = 292) purchased significantly more drugs than non-donors matched for age, sex and residential area in the county. This was true for most drug categories, except for cardiovascular and endocrine drugs and iron preparations. The actual consumption of the drugs obtained was not investigated. Prospective studies are required to assess the clinical consequences of the surprisingly high drug exposure of blood donors.", "PMID": 71237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4174", "title": "The private specificity H-2.4 and the public specificity H-2.28 of the D region are expressed on two independent polypeptide chains.", "content": "The antigenic specificities H-2.4 (private) and H-2.28 (public) in the H-2a haplotype are controlled by the D region of H-2 as defined by the available recombinants. In previous studies we have demonstrated by the antibody-induced redistribution method that the antisera against these specificities contain antibodies against at least two different polypeptide chains. We here report the results of the indirect immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled antigens after solubilization with Nonidet-P40. The antisera against the two specificities precipitated from such extracts two different and independent polypeptide chains, indicating that the products of the D region, as presently defined, comprise at least two different molecules. The molecular weight of both chains is approximately 45 000, which is similar to other molecules bearing private H-2 antigenic specificities. Consequently, the chromosomal segment presently defined by recombination studies as the D region, must contain another locus, controlling the second polypeptide chain which is detectable by anti-H-2.28 antisera, besides the H-2D locus which controls the polypeptide chain bearing the private specificity H-2.4 as well as most of the public specificities.", "contents": "The private specificity H-2.4 and the public specificity H-2.28 of the D region are expressed on two independent polypeptide chains. The antigenic specificities H-2.4 (private) and H-2.28 (public) in the H-2a haplotype are controlled by the D region of H-2 as defined by the available recombinants. In previous studies we have demonstrated by the antibody-induced redistribution method that the antisera against these specificities contain antibodies against at least two different polypeptide chains. We here report the results of the indirect immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled antigens after solubilization with Nonidet-P40. The antisera against the two specificities precipitated from such extracts two different and independent polypeptide chains, indicating that the products of the D region, as presently defined, comprise at least two different molecules. The molecular weight of both chains is approximately 45 000, which is similar to other molecules bearing private H-2 antigenic specificities. Consequently, the chromosomal segment presently defined by recombination studies as the D region, must contain another locus, controlling the second polypeptide chain which is detectable by anti-H-2.28 antisera, besides the H-2D locus which controls the polypeptide chain bearing the private specificity H-2.4 as well as most of the public specificities.", "PMID": 71238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4175", "title": "Procion yellow staining of motoneurones in the frog.", "content": "Intracellular recording and subsequent staining of spinal motoneurones in the frog was made by procion-filled micropipettes. Spike discharges in response to dorsal root (DR) and ventral root (VR) volleys as well as to direct current injections were studied. Reconstruction of the dendritic tree of the cell stained after recording was made from photomicrographs taken from frozen serial sections of the spinal cord. Migration of the dye into a neighbouring unimpaled cell was observed. The advantages of the procion injection technique in studying the frog's spinal cord physiology are discussed.", "contents": "Procion yellow staining of motoneurones in the frog. Intracellular recording and subsequent staining of spinal motoneurones in the frog was made by procion-filled micropipettes. Spike discharges in response to dorsal root (DR) and ventral root (VR) volleys as well as to direct current injections were studied. Reconstruction of the dendritic tree of the cell stained after recording was made from photomicrographs taken from frozen serial sections of the spinal cord. Migration of the dye into a neighbouring unimpaled cell was observed. The advantages of the procion injection technique in studying the frog's spinal cord physiology are discussed.", "PMID": 71241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4176", "title": "Electron microscopic investigation on the zona glomerulosa of rats after treatment with heparin and potassium.", "content": "Adrenal zona glomerulosa of rats was investigated by means of electron microscopy after stimulation with potassium and suppression with heparin. Both intreated and control animals two types of mitochondria -- one with tubular and the other with tubulosaccular cristae -- were found. Stimulation with potassium increased the amount of mitochondria with tubular cristae, heparin treatment caused a simplification of the structure of tubulosaccular cristae. It was assumed that these two mitochondrium-poulations contain different enzyme systems, which catalyze the different step-series of aldosterone biosynthesis. On the basis of cytoplasmic density, dark and light cells could be distinguished only in the zona glomerulosa of control rats, they were absent in both groups of treated animals. The density of these cells probably did not depend on their metabolic activity, but rather on their hormone storage.", "contents": "Electron microscopic investigation on the zona glomerulosa of rats after treatment with heparin and potassium. Adrenal zona glomerulosa of rats was investigated by means of electron microscopy after stimulation with potassium and suppression with heparin. Both intreated and control animals two types of mitochondria -- one with tubular and the other with tubulosaccular cristae -- were found. Stimulation with potassium increased the amount of mitochondria with tubular cristae, heparin treatment caused a simplification of the structure of tubulosaccular cristae. It was assumed that these two mitochondrium-poulations contain different enzyme systems, which catalyze the different step-series of aldosterone biosynthesis. On the basis of cytoplasmic density, dark and light cells could be distinguished only in the zona glomerulosa of control rats, they were absent in both groups of treated animals. The density of these cells probably did not depend on their metabolic activity, but rather on their hormone storage.", "PMID": 71243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4177", "title": "Activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) in the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "In studies concerned with the activation of fatty acids, a metabolic step initiating the biosynthesis of fatty acids rendering them suitable for elongation, desaturation, esterification or degradation, we have demonstrated that the activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) -- E.C.6.2.1.3. is declined throughout the whole investigated period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This observation clearly indicates that in this experimental disease it is not only the increased catabolism of lipid constituents furnishing the various membraneous structures, including myelin sheats, but also an overall impaired capacity of synthesing new lipids by the diseased cells of the nervous system which must be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) in the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In studies concerned with the activation of fatty acids, a metabolic step initiating the biosynthesis of fatty acids rendering them suitable for elongation, desaturation, esterification or degradation, we have demonstrated that the activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) -- E.C.6.2.1.3. is declined throughout the whole investigated period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This observation clearly indicates that in this experimental disease it is not only the increased catabolism of lipid constituents furnishing the various membraneous structures, including myelin sheats, but also an overall impaired capacity of synthesing new lipids by the diseased cells of the nervous system which must be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 71244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4178", "title": "Continuous lymphoblastoid suspension cultures from cells of haematopoietic organs of baboons with malignant lymphoma. Report III: Immunological studies.", "content": "Lymphoblastoid cultures established from haematopoietic organs of baboons with lymphoma belong to the B-cell type. Cytoplasmic antigen is revealed in 2--6% of suspension culture cells established from lymphomatous baboons by indirect immunofluorescence reaction using serum from human Burkitt's lymphoma patients with antibody titer to capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus 1: 320. There is a correlation between the number of antigen-containing cells in these cultures and the number of cells in which herpes virus is revealed electron microscopically. Sera of baboons with lymphoma contain high titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus. Specific differences between antigens being produced in cultures by HBV (herpes virus of baboon) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) are minimal, that indicates their immunologic similarity.", "contents": "Continuous lymphoblastoid suspension cultures from cells of haematopoietic organs of baboons with malignant lymphoma. Report III: Immunological studies. Lymphoblastoid cultures established from haematopoietic organs of baboons with lymphoma belong to the B-cell type. Cytoplasmic antigen is revealed in 2--6% of suspension culture cells established from lymphomatous baboons by indirect immunofluorescence reaction using serum from human Burkitt's lymphoma patients with antibody titer to capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus 1: 320. There is a correlation between the number of antigen-containing cells in these cultures and the number of cells in which herpes virus is revealed electron microscopically. Sera of baboons with lymphoma contain high titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus. Specific differences between antigens being produced in cultures by HBV (herpes virus of baboon) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) are minimal, that indicates their immunologic similarity.", "PMID": 71245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4179", "title": "A quantitative study of encephalitogenic protein and peptides in guinea pigs.", "content": "The encephalitogenic activity of bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) at at doses from 1 to 33.5 microgram was studied in guinea-pigs. Anencephalitogenicity can be demonstrated at a dose of 1 microgram of EP when given with Freund's complete adjuvant. An increase in the dose of EP results in an increase in encephalitogenicity. Data from a previous paper (Lindh and Bergstrand 1975) supplemented with new data on the encephalitogenic capacity of peptide 89--169 were compared concerning the incidence and strength of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to determine the relative contribution of the various parts of EP to the encephalitogenic properties of the total molecule. Peptide 89--169 shows the same degree of encephalitogenicity as EP, but when the tryptophan residue is blocked (HNB-89-169) the encephalitogenicity is reduced to approx. 15% of the initial amount. Peptide 43--115, tyr (modified at the tyrosine residue 67) appears to have an encephalitogenicity of rather less than 10% of the intact EP molecule, whereas peptide 1--42, if active at all, has an encephalitogenicity of approx. 1% of the total EP molecule. The findings are discussed in the light of a possible cross-reactivity between different determinants of EP.", "contents": "A quantitative study of encephalitogenic protein and peptides in guinea pigs. The encephalitogenic activity of bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) at at doses from 1 to 33.5 microgram was studied in guinea-pigs. Anencephalitogenicity can be demonstrated at a dose of 1 microgram of EP when given with Freund's complete adjuvant. An increase in the dose of EP results in an increase in encephalitogenicity. Data from a previous paper (Lindh and Bergstrand 1975) supplemented with new data on the encephalitogenic capacity of peptide 89--169 were compared concerning the incidence and strength of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to determine the relative contribution of the various parts of EP to the encephalitogenic properties of the total molecule. Peptide 89--169 shows the same degree of encephalitogenicity as EP, but when the tryptophan residue is blocked (HNB-89-169) the encephalitogenicity is reduced to approx. 15% of the initial amount. Peptide 43--115, tyr (modified at the tyrosine residue 67) appears to have an encephalitogenicity of rather less than 10% of the intact EP molecule, whereas peptide 1--42, if active at all, has an encephalitogenicity of approx. 1% of the total EP molecule. The findings are discussed in the light of a possible cross-reactivity between different determinants of EP.", "PMID": 71246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4180", "title": "Identification of rho-antigenic determinants on the surface of mouse T-lymphocytes.", "content": "A monospecific antiserum has been prepared in rabbits against purified rho-antigen, a 100,000 mol.wt glycoprotein found on the surface of mouse L-cells. This antiserum has been employed to demonstrate the presence of rho-antigenic determinants selectively on the surface of mouse T-, but not B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Identification of rho-antigenic determinants on the surface of mouse T-lymphocytes. A monospecific antiserum has been prepared in rabbits against purified rho-antigen, a 100,000 mol.wt glycoprotein found on the surface of mouse L-cells. This antiserum has been employed to demonstrate the presence of rho-antigenic determinants selectively on the surface of mouse T-, but not B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 71247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4181", "title": "High inhibitory activity of R 5020, a pure progestin, at the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal level on gonadotropin secretion.", "content": "Synthetic \"progestins\" currently used in the contraceptive pill inhibited the luteinizing hormone (LH) responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone in cells in culture in a way undistinguishable from that of androgens. Moreover, they competed for binding of the 3H-labeled androgen R 1881 to the rat prostate androgen receptor and stimulated seminal vesicle and prostate weight in castrated rats. R 5020, a pure progestin, was without effect on the above-mentioned parameters. However, a complete inhibition of the LH surge measured in the afternoon of expected proestrus was obtained at a dose of R 5020 similar to that of D-norgestrel. The synthetic progestin was also found to inhibit ovulation and to delay vaginal cornification. The present data show that the synthetic \"progestins\" commonly used in the pill possess intrinsic androgenic activity which could well be responsible, to an unknown extent, for their effectiveness as contraceptive agents. R 5020, a synthetic progestin devoid of androgenic activity, is at least as potent as the most potent 19-nortestosterone derivative, D-norgestrel, in inhibiting gonadotropin secretion and other parameters of the estrous cycle in the rat. The availability of a pure progestin devoid of androgenic activity but highly effective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion could be of great interest for the development of an improved contraceptive.", "contents": "High inhibitory activity of R 5020, a pure progestin, at the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal level on gonadotropin secretion. Synthetic \"progestins\" currently used in the contraceptive pill inhibited the luteinizing hormone (LH) responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone in cells in culture in a way undistinguishable from that of androgens. Moreover, they competed for binding of the 3H-labeled androgen R 1881 to the rat prostate androgen receptor and stimulated seminal vesicle and prostate weight in castrated rats. R 5020, a pure progestin, was without effect on the above-mentioned parameters. However, a complete inhibition of the LH surge measured in the afternoon of expected proestrus was obtained at a dose of R 5020 similar to that of D-norgestrel. The synthetic progestin was also found to inhibit ovulation and to delay vaginal cornification. The present data show that the synthetic \"progestins\" commonly used in the pill possess intrinsic androgenic activity which could well be responsible, to an unknown extent, for their effectiveness as contraceptive agents. R 5020, a synthetic progestin devoid of androgenic activity, is at least as potent as the most potent 19-nortestosterone derivative, D-norgestrel, in inhibiting gonadotropin secretion and other parameters of the estrous cycle in the rat. The availability of a pure progestin devoid of androgenic activity but highly effective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion could be of great interest for the development of an improved contraceptive.", "PMID": 71251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4182", "title": "Inhibition of growth of a murine sarcoma by immunization with chemically modified cells.", "content": "Sarcoma I cells from ascitic fluid of A/Ph mice were modified with iodoacetamide, diketene and glutaraldehyde. Syngeneic and allogeneic mice were immunized with the modified cells and the effect of this immunization on the growth or rejection of the native sarcoma injected intramuscularly into the hind leg was ascertained. The antitumour effect of the modified cells was compared with that of the irradiated ones. Only cells treated with iodoacetamide gave a better antitumour effect than the unmodified cells irradiated with a minimal dose of gamma irradiation capable of stopping the proliferation of these cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth of a murine sarcoma by immunization with chemically modified cells. Sarcoma I cells from ascitic fluid of A/Ph mice were modified with iodoacetamide, diketene and glutaraldehyde. Syngeneic and allogeneic mice were immunized with the modified cells and the effect of this immunization on the growth or rejection of the native sarcoma injected intramuscularly into the hind leg was ascertained. The antitumour effect of the modified cells was compared with that of the irradiated ones. Only cells treated with iodoacetamide gave a better antitumour effect than the unmodified cells irradiated with a minimal dose of gamma irradiation capable of stopping the proliferation of these cells.", "PMID": 71252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4183", "title": "[Effect of mezaton on experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits].", "content": "In 35 of 40 rabbits operated upon experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) was reproduced. Immediately after legation of coronary arteries (CA) and during the next 2 days mesaton was introduced in a single dose into the marginal auricular vein of 12 rabbits with EMI. The results of the antiarrhythmic effect produced by the drug were judged on the basis of the dynamic ECG findings in three standard leads. From the materials thus obtained it followed that a single administration of mesaton during an acute period of EMI (the first 3 days of the experiment) prevented the development of composite disturbances of the rhythm and reduced lethality among the animals. A repeated introduction of mesaton to rabbits with EMI, but without any arrhythmia provoked ventricular extrasystole in 2 and sinus bradycardia in one of the 12 animals. Repeated  administration of mesaton to rabbits with EMI complicated by ventricular extrasystole did not eliminate the upset function of excitation, while with the ventricular extrasystole transforming into ventricular tachycardia the eventual prognosis becomes unfavourable.", "contents": "[Effect of mezaton on experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits]. In 35 of 40 rabbits operated upon experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) was reproduced. Immediately after legation of coronary arteries (CA) and during the next 2 days mesaton was introduced in a single dose into the marginal auricular vein of 12 rabbits with EMI. The results of the antiarrhythmic effect produced by the drug were judged on the basis of the dynamic ECG findings in three standard leads. From the materials thus obtained it followed that a single administration of mesaton during an acute period of EMI (the first 3 days of the experiment) prevented the development of composite disturbances of the rhythm and reduced lethality among the animals. A repeated introduction of mesaton to rabbits with EMI, but without any arrhythmia provoked ventricular extrasystole in 2 and sinus bradycardia in one of the 12 animals. Repeated  administration of mesaton to rabbits with EMI complicated by ventricular extrasystole did not eliminate the upset function of excitation, while with the ventricular extrasystole transforming into ventricular tachycardia the eventual prognosis becomes unfavourable.", "PMID": 71248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4184", "title": "[Several criteria of evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease virus reproduced in cell cultures in suspension].", "content": "The study of the plaques produced by viruses Asia and O1 reveals different properties which may depend on the virus or on the cell or its method of culture. Antigenic differences and subsequent immunological differences correspond to differences in plaques. On the other hand, the cell line in suspension evolves both in its morphology and its receptivity during the passages. All these variations imply the observations of quantitative and qualitative criteria of evaluation in order to prepare vaccines from viruses similar to viruses specific to a given epizooty.", "contents": "[Several criteria of evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease virus reproduced in cell cultures in suspension]. The study of the plaques produced by viruses Asia and O1 reveals different properties which may depend on the virus or on the cell or its method of culture. Antigenic differences and subsequent immunological differences correspond to differences in plaques. On the other hand, the cell line in suspension evolves both in its morphology and its receptivity during the passages. All these variations imply the observations of quantitative and qualitative criteria of evaluation in order to prepare vaccines from viruses similar to viruses specific to a given epizooty.", "PMID": 71255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4185", "title": "[Studies on the diffusion of cephapirin into prostatic tissue].", "content": "After i.v.-application of 2 grams of Cephaprin (= Bristocef) to 13 patients with prostatic adenoma the mean serum concentrations after 30 minutes were 50 microgram/ml and 21.5 microngram/ml after 60 minutes. The corresponding tissue values were 20.8 and microgram/g respectively in prostatic tissue. The evaluated serumand tissue cncentrations are suited to the therapy of infections with cephapirin sensitive rods.", "contents": "[Studies on the diffusion of cephapirin into prostatic tissue]. After i.v.-application of 2 grams of Cephaprin (= Bristocef) to 13 patients with prostatic adenoma the mean serum concentrations after 30 minutes were 50 microgram/ml and 21.5 microngram/ml after 60 minutes. The corresponding tissue values were 20.8 and microgram/g respectively in prostatic tissue. The evaluated serumand tissue cncentrations are suited to the therapy of infections with cephapirin sensitive rods.", "PMID": 71258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4186", "title": "Inheritance of Ag-stainability of nucleolus organizer regions. Investigations in 7 families with trisomy 21.", "content": "The Ag-stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding in cultured lymphocytes from seven children with trisomy 21 and their parents. The observed Ag-NOR patterns were in accordance with chromosomal inheritance except for a slight intraindividual variation which might be explained mainly by technical causes. In two cases the meiotic nondisjunction could be attributed to one of the parents, once to the father, and once to the mother. It is concluded that the Ag-stainability of the NORs is in general a heritable characteristic of the acrocentric chromosomes in maximally activated cells as, e.g., cultured lymphocytes. It may reflect individual differences in the amount of rDNA as well as differences in the capacity for NOR activation.", "contents": "Inheritance of Ag-stainability of nucleolus organizer regions. Investigations in 7 families with trisomy 21. The Ag-stainability of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding in cultured lymphocytes from seven children with trisomy 21 and their parents. The observed Ag-NOR patterns were in accordance with chromosomal inheritance except for a slight intraindividual variation which might be explained mainly by technical causes. In two cases the meiotic nondisjunction could be attributed to one of the parents, once to the father, and once to the mother. It is concluded that the Ag-stainability of the NORs is in general a heritable characteristic of the acrocentric chromosomes in maximally activated cells as, e.g., cultured lymphocytes. It may reflect individual differences in the amount of rDNA as well as differences in the capacity for NOR activation.", "PMID": 71261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4187", "title": "The world distribution of the electrophoretic variants of the red cell enzyme esterase D.", "content": "The phenotypic variation in the esterase D phenotypes among 2,405 individuals in 14 samples from populations in Europe, Africa and Asia are reported. There exists a marked difference in esterase D allele frequencies in different continental regions. Comparison of the world population data so far available show that esterase D is another useful genetic parameter for the study of population diversity.", "contents": "The world distribution of the electrophoretic variants of the red cell enzyme esterase D. The phenotypic variation in the esterase D phenotypes among 2,405 individuals in 14 samples from populations in Europe, Africa and Asia are reported. There exists a marked difference in esterase D allele frequencies in different continental regions. Comparison of the world population data so far available show that esterase D is another useful genetic parameter for the study of population diversity.", "PMID": 71262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4188", "title": "Restriction of the anti-bovine serum albumin response in rabbits immunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Rabbits capable of producing antibodies of restricted heterogeneity in response to Micrococcus lysodeikticus are equally capable of producing antibodies of restricted heterogeneity to bovine serum albumin. These antibodies are produced when animals are simultaneously injected with micrococcus and BSA and their specificity is restricted to a small number of epitopes. These results suggest that micrococcal vaccines can induce the restriction of heterogeneity in antibodies raised against totally unrelated antigens.", "contents": "Restriction of the anti-bovine serum albumin response in rabbits immunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Rabbits capable of producing antibodies of restricted heterogeneity in response to Micrococcus lysodeikticus are equally capable of producing antibodies of restricted heterogeneity to bovine serum albumin. These antibodies are produced when animals are simultaneously injected with micrococcus and BSA and their specificity is restricted to a small number of epitopes. These results suggest that micrococcal vaccines can induce the restriction of heterogeneity in antibodies raised against totally unrelated antigens.", "PMID": 71263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4189", "title": "Expression of hepatitis B virus-specific markers in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers.", "content": "A study was undertaken to assess the state of hepatitis B virus infection in a group of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. This study confirmed that the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum was closely associated with serum HBsAg-specific deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum and liver cell nuclei, and a histological picture of chronic hepatitis. No HBsAg-specific deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity or HBcAg was detected in highly concentrated anti-HBe-positive sera. In addition, liver biopsy specimens from carriers with anti-HBe were negative for HbcAg by immunofluorescence, and the liver histology was either normal or revealed only fatty changes. These data indicate that the anti-HBe-positive sera contained either no Dane particles or, if present, at least a 500-fold-lower concentration of Dane particles than that found in HBeAg-positive sera.", "contents": "Expression of hepatitis B virus-specific markers in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. A study was undertaken to assess the state of hepatitis B virus infection in a group of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. This study confirmed that the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum was closely associated with serum HBsAg-specific deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum and liver cell nuclei, and a histological picture of chronic hepatitis. No HBsAg-specific deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity or HBcAg was detected in highly concentrated anti-HBe-positive sera. In addition, liver biopsy specimens from carriers with anti-HBe were negative for HbcAg by immunofluorescence, and the liver histology was either normal or revealed only fatty changes. These data indicate that the anti-HBe-positive sera contained either no Dane particles or, if present, at least a 500-fold-lower concentration of Dane particles than that found in HBeAg-positive sera.", "PMID": 71267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4190", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the antigenic determinants of cholera toxin and its components.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay procedure is described for the detection of cholera toxin and its component polypeptide chains. Cholera toxin, A subunit, B subunit, alpha chain, and gamma chain were iodinated by the chloramine T procedure. Radiolabeling did not significantly alter the polyacrylamide electrophoretic migration patterns of the toxin or its components. Moreover, radiolabeled toxin, B subunit, and alpha chain preparations retained substantial ability to bind to intestinal mucosal homogenates. The minimal amount of antitoxin detectable with radiolabeled toxin was 0.04 antitoxin units/ml. Substitution of radiolabeled B subunit, A subunit, and alpha chain for radiolabeled toxin decreased the sensitivity of the test. Radiolabeled gamma chain did not bind to the antitoxin preparation. Competitive inhibition studies, with titrated anti-choleragen serum and radiolabeled toxin or components, indicated that the minimum concentration of toxin detectable was 7.0 x 10(-8) mumol/ml at a 90% inhibition level. The A subunit and alpha chain preparations inhibited the binding of the radiolabeled B subunit to antitoxin sites. Conversely, B subunit inhibited the binding of radiolabeled A subunit and alpha chain to antitoxin. The gamma chain did not show any reaction with antitoxin or cross-reaction with either whole toxin or its components. These results strongly suggest that the A subunit and the alpha chain contain antigenic determinant(s) that are common to the B subunit. The B subunit (beta chain) and the alpha chain of cholera toxin may therefore contain region(s) of chemical similarity.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the antigenic determinants of cholera toxin and its components. A radioimmunoassay procedure is described for the detection of cholera toxin and its component polypeptide chains. Cholera toxin, A subunit, B subunit, alpha chain, and gamma chain were iodinated by the chloramine T procedure. Radiolabeling did not significantly alter the polyacrylamide electrophoretic migration patterns of the toxin or its components. Moreover, radiolabeled toxin, B subunit, and alpha chain preparations retained substantial ability to bind to intestinal mucosal homogenates. The minimal amount of antitoxin detectable with radiolabeled toxin was 0.04 antitoxin units/ml. Substitution of radiolabeled B subunit, A subunit, and alpha chain for radiolabeled toxin decreased the sensitivity of the test. Radiolabeled gamma chain did not bind to the antitoxin preparation. Competitive inhibition studies, with titrated anti-choleragen serum and radiolabeled toxin or components, indicated that the minimum concentration of toxin detectable was 7.0 x 10(-8) mumol/ml at a 90% inhibition level. The A subunit and alpha chain preparations inhibited the binding of the radiolabeled B subunit to antitoxin sites. Conversely, B subunit inhibited the binding of radiolabeled A subunit and alpha chain to antitoxin. The gamma chain did not show any reaction with antitoxin or cross-reaction with either whole toxin or its components. These results strongly suggest that the A subunit and the alpha chain contain antigenic determinant(s) that are common to the B subunit. The B subunit (beta chain) and the alpha chain of cholera toxin may therefore contain region(s) of chemical similarity.", "PMID": 71268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4191", "title": "Effect of heat on antigenicity and immunogenicity of the antigenic determinant shared by Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K100.", "content": "Escherichia coli K100 produces an antigenic determinant similar to, or identical with, the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Studies of the effects of heat on the immunogenicity, erythrocyte-modifying capacity, and antigenicity of this cross-reacting antigen (CRA) revealed the following findings. Immunization of rabbits with viable or formaldehyde-killed suspensions of E. coli K100, producing CRA, engendered CRA antibodies in significant titers, as demonstrated by hemagglutination of erythrocytes modified by H. influenzae type b antigen. Heating of the suspensions for 1 h at 56 or 100 degrees C destroyed the immunogenicity of CRA, and the heated suspensions did not prime for a secondary antibody response. Supernatants of heated suspensions also were non-immunogenic. Repeated freezing and thawing of heated suspensions of E. coli K100 or their supernatants did not restore immunogenicity. Heat also abolished the immunogenicity of H. influenzae type b. The loss of immunogenicity of CRA of E. coli K100 by heat was not due to alteration of the antigenic determinant, since heated suspensions and supernatants thereof modified erythrocytes for agglutination by H. influenzae type b antiserum. The latter supernatants also inhibited hemagglutination by H. influenzae type b antibodies and absorbed the latter. We conclude that striking differences exist in the effects of heat on CRA on the one hand and of enterobacterial common antigen and lipopolysaccharide O antigen of enteric bacteria on the other. Heating of the latter two antigens does not abolish their priming effect, and repeated freezing and thawing restores the immunogenicity of heated antigens.", "contents": "Effect of heat on antigenicity and immunogenicity of the antigenic determinant shared by Haemophilus influenzae type b and Escherichia coli K100. Escherichia coli K100 produces an antigenic determinant similar to, or identical with, the capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Studies of the effects of heat on the immunogenicity, erythrocyte-modifying capacity, and antigenicity of this cross-reacting antigen (CRA) revealed the following findings. Immunization of rabbits with viable or formaldehyde-killed suspensions of E. coli K100, producing CRA, engendered CRA antibodies in significant titers, as demonstrated by hemagglutination of erythrocytes modified by H. influenzae type b antigen. Heating of the suspensions for 1 h at 56 or 100 degrees C destroyed the immunogenicity of CRA, and the heated suspensions did not prime for a secondary antibody response. Supernatants of heated suspensions also were non-immunogenic. Repeated freezing and thawing of heated suspensions of E. coli K100 or their supernatants did not restore immunogenicity. Heat also abolished the immunogenicity of H. influenzae type b. The loss of immunogenicity of CRA of E. coli K100 by heat was not due to alteration of the antigenic determinant, since heated suspensions and supernatants thereof modified erythrocytes for agglutination by H. influenzae type b antiserum. The latter supernatants also inhibited hemagglutination by H. influenzae type b antibodies and absorbed the latter. We conclude that striking differences exist in the effects of heat on CRA on the one hand and of enterobacterial common antigen and lipopolysaccharide O antigen of enteric bacteria on the other. Heating of the latter two antigens does not abolish their priming effect, and repeated freezing and thawing restores the immunogenicity of heated antigens.", "PMID": 71269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4192", "title": "RNA-reverse transcriptase complex from cultured human myeloma-leukemia cells.", "content": "A high molecular weight RNA-reverse transcriptase complex in the culture media of peripheral leukocytes obtained from two Japanese patients with myeloma-leukemia was detected by demonstration of a 3H-uridine peak and a peak of DNA polymerizing activity banding at a density of 1.15-1.19g/ml. The enzyme in the complex was able to utilize poly(rA)-d(pT)10 or poly (rC)-d(pG) 12-18, but not poly (dA)-d(pT) 10 or (dT) 12-18 as template-primers. The sucrose density sedimentation analysis revealed that RNA in the complex sedimented at a location of approximately 50s and 20-30s.", "contents": "RNA-reverse transcriptase complex from cultured human myeloma-leukemia cells. A high molecular weight RNA-reverse transcriptase complex in the culture media of peripheral leukocytes obtained from two Japanese patients with myeloma-leukemia was detected by demonstration of a 3H-uridine peak and a peak of DNA polymerizing activity banding at a density of 1.15-1.19g/ml. The enzyme in the complex was able to utilize poly(rA)-d(pT)10 or poly (rC)-d(pG) 12-18, but not poly (dA)-d(pT) 10 or (dT) 12-18 as template-primers. The sucrose density sedimentation analysis revealed that RNA in the complex sedimented at a location of approximately 50s and 20-30s.", "PMID": 71270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4193", "title": "Nucleic acid content and cell cycle distribution of five human bladder cell lines analysed by flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "Five human bladder cell lines, four derived from tumor tissue and the fifth originating from presumed benign transitional epithelium, were examined by flow cytofluorometry to estimate the DNA and RNA content per cell during exponential and stationary phases of growth. A new staining technique was employed using acridine orange to differentially stain DNA and RNA in unfixed cells made permeable to the dye and other reagents by treatment with detergent at low ph. Stemline chromosome numbers for each cell line correlated well with relative DNA content of the G1 population as measured by this technique. In addition, the simultaneous measurements of DNA and RNA per cell yielded cell cycle distributions for each cell line. The ratio of stainable RNA/DNA was lower for all cell lines derived from bladder tumors as compared to the presumed normal cell line, indicating high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios for the former.", "contents": "Nucleic acid content and cell cycle distribution of five human bladder cell lines analysed by flow cytofluorometry. Five human bladder cell lines, four derived from tumor tissue and the fifth originating from presumed benign transitional epithelium, were examined by flow cytofluorometry to estimate the DNA and RNA content per cell during exponential and stationary phases of growth. A new staining technique was employed using acridine orange to differentially stain DNA and RNA in unfixed cells made permeable to the dye and other reagents by treatment with detergent at low ph. Stemline chromosome numbers for each cell line correlated well with relative DNA content of the G1 population as measured by this technique. In addition, the simultaneous measurements of DNA and RNA per cell yielded cell cycle distributions for each cell line. The ratio of stainable RNA/DNA was lower for all cell lines derived from bladder tumors as compared to the presumed normal cell line, indicating high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios for the former.", "PMID": 71271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4194", "title": "Antigenic differences between primary methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcomas and post-surgical recurrences.", "content": "The immunogenicities of in vivo lines established from primary MCA-induced rat sarcomas have been compared with those of lines initiated from tumour recurrences at the site of the primaries' surgical excisions. Lines from two of four primary sarcomas showed little or no immunogenicity, as assessed by protection against challenge afforded by graft excision or implantation of irradiated tissue. In contrast, lines from all four recurrences were immunogenic, giving protection against up to 5 X 10(6) tumour cells. Most importantly, with all four tumours, lines established from recurrences were antigenically distinct from lines derived from their original primary sarcomas, so that immunization with regrowth lines gave no protection against the lines from the primaries, and vice versa. These studies demonstrate that primary MCA-induced sarcomas are antigenically distinct from recurrent tumors arising after surgical removal of the primaries, implying that these tumours arose by clonal amplification of separate populations of transformed cells. This may reflect proliferation of dormant neoplastic cells or the further induction of transformed cells by residual carcinogen. These findings are relevant to the multifocal origin of tumours and for the design of active immunotherapy for the treatment of recurrences or metastatic deposits.", "contents": "Antigenic differences between primary methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcomas and post-surgical recurrences. The immunogenicities of in vivo lines established from primary MCA-induced rat sarcomas have been compared with those of lines initiated from tumour recurrences at the site of the primaries' surgical excisions. Lines from two of four primary sarcomas showed little or no immunogenicity, as assessed by protection against challenge afforded by graft excision or implantation of irradiated tissue. In contrast, lines from all four recurrences were immunogenic, giving protection against up to 5 X 10(6) tumour cells. Most importantly, with all four tumours, lines established from recurrences were antigenically distinct from lines derived from their original primary sarcomas, so that immunization with regrowth lines gave no protection against the lines from the primaries, and vice versa. These studies demonstrate that primary MCA-induced sarcomas are antigenically distinct from recurrent tumors arising after surgical removal of the primaries, implying that these tumours arose by clonal amplification of separate populations of transformed cells. This may reflect proliferation of dormant neoplastic cells or the further induction of transformed cells by residual carcinogen. These findings are relevant to the multifocal origin of tumours and for the design of active immunotherapy for the treatment of recurrences or metastatic deposits.", "PMID": 71272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4195", "title": "SV40 tumor rejection induced by vesicular stomatitis virus bearing SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). I. Specificity of immunoprotection and effect of enzyme treatment on TSTA activity.", "content": "Highly purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was obtained from VSV-infected SV40-transformed hamster cell lines. Immunization with this virus protected hamsters against challenge with SV40-transformed cells (TSV5-cl2). This protection was obtained regardless of the source of the SV40-transformed cells (e.g. cat, rat, hamster) used to produce VSV, and was therefore associated with the SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). Furthermore, when grown on spontaneously transformed cell lines or on cells transformed by a different oncogenic DNA virus, such as polyoma virus, the VSV failed to protect against the SV40-induced tumor. It was concluded that the SV40-TSTA activity of purified VSV is due to the incorporation of SV40-TSTA within the viral envelope. When VSV was treated with proteolytic enzymes (bromelain, trypsin) no loss of TSTA-induced tumor rejection was observed, although VSV had lost its ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibody. This clearly demonstrates that the TSTA activity is not related to the viral spikes. Phospholipase C suppressed the TSTA activity but neutralizing activity was still detectable in the anti-VSV sera. The results presented here demonstrate that the protection afforded by VSV is highly specific. It is particularly interesting that SV40-TSTA activity may be conveyed by the lipid core of the viral envelope.", "contents": "SV40 tumor rejection induced by vesicular stomatitis virus bearing SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). I. Specificity of immunoprotection and effect of enzyme treatment on TSTA activity. Highly purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was obtained from VSV-infected SV40-transformed hamster cell lines. Immunization with this virus protected hamsters against challenge with SV40-transformed cells (TSV5-cl2). This protection was obtained regardless of the source of the SV40-transformed cells (e.g. cat, rat, hamster) used to produce VSV, and was therefore associated with the SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). Furthermore, when grown on spontaneously transformed cell lines or on cells transformed by a different oncogenic DNA virus, such as polyoma virus, the VSV failed to protect against the SV40-induced tumor. It was concluded that the SV40-TSTA activity of purified VSV is due to the incorporation of SV40-TSTA within the viral envelope. When VSV was treated with proteolytic enzymes (bromelain, trypsin) no loss of TSTA-induced tumor rejection was observed, although VSV had lost its ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibody. This clearly demonstrates that the TSTA activity is not related to the viral spikes. Phospholipase C suppressed the TSTA activity but neutralizing activity was still detectable in the anti-VSV sera. The results presented here demonstrate that the protection afforded by VSV is highly specific. It is particularly interesting that SV40-TSTA activity may be conveyed by the lipid core of the viral envelope.", "PMID": 71274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4196", "title": "SV40 tumor rejection induced by vesicular stomatitis virus bearing SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). II. Association of SV40-TSTA activity with liposomes containing VSV glycolipids.", "content": "Highly purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was obtained from VSV-infected SV40-transformed and from \"normal\" hamster cell lines. A glycolipid extract was prepared from these VSV preparations according to the Folch partition procedure. These glycolipids were rendered immunogenic to the Syrian hamsters when incorporated within liposomal membranes composed of lecithin/sphingomyelin/cholesterol (1/1/2 by weight). When the glycolipids were extracted from VSV grown on cell lines (TSV5-cl2 and EHSVi-cl1) which contained the SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA), it was possible either to induce a tumor rejection or at least to slow the growth of the tumor in Syrian hamsters challenged with TSV5-cl2 cells. No protection was obtained in animals treated with liposomes containing glycolipids extracted from purified VSV grown on SV40-TSTA-negative cells (EHB). The SV40-TSTA could be a glycolipid of the transformed cell membrane which is incorporated within the VSV envelope.", "contents": "SV40 tumor rejection induced by vesicular stomatitis virus bearing SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA). II. Association of SV40-TSTA activity with liposomes containing VSV glycolipids. Highly purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was obtained from VSV-infected SV40-transformed and from \"normal\" hamster cell lines. A glycolipid extract was prepared from these VSV preparations according to the Folch partition procedure. These glycolipids were rendered immunogenic to the Syrian hamsters when incorporated within liposomal membranes composed of lecithin/sphingomyelin/cholesterol (1/1/2 by weight). When the glycolipids were extracted from VSV grown on cell lines (TSV5-cl2 and EHSVi-cl1) which contained the SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen (SV40-TSTA), it was possible either to induce a tumor rejection or at least to slow the growth of the tumor in Syrian hamsters challenged with TSV5-cl2 cells. No protection was obtained in animals treated with liposomes containing glycolipids extracted from purified VSV grown on SV40-TSTA-negative cells (EHB). The SV40-TSTA could be a glycolipid of the transformed cell membrane which is incorporated within the VSV envelope.", "PMID": 71275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4197", "title": "Separation of the Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) from known virion proteins associated with the cell membrane.", "content": "Cell membranes of Moloney lymphoma cells (YAC, of strain A origin) were solubilized by NP40. The antigenicity of the solubilized protein fraction was assayed by inhibition of the corresponding cytotoxic reaction against YAC target cells. The Moloney leukemia virus (MLV)-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) was detected with mouse antisera, produced by the repeated inoculation of heavily irradiated YAC cells into syngeneic mice. Virion proteins gp71, p30, p15, p12 and p10 were identified with goat or rabbit antisera against purified Rauscher and Friend leukemia virus proteins. MCSA was found to bind to Con-A--Sepharose and was eluted by mannoside together with H-2A AND GP71. In contrast, p30, p12, p10 and part of p15 and p15(E), were not retained on the column and could be separated from MCSA. Passage of the glycoprotein fraction through Sephadex G-200 led to the separation of MCSA activity from gp71 and H-2A. MCSA eluted between the immunoglobulin (IgG) and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) size markers. MCSA could be also separated from the known viral proteins and from H-2 by velocity centrifugation in sucrose gradients. It sedimented with approximately 6.6 S ahead of gp71 (4.4 S) and H-2 (3.2 S). It is suggested that MCSA may be a glycoprotein with an approximate molecular weight of 110,000 and distinct from the known viral proteins gp71, p30, p15(E), p12, p10 and from H-2.", "contents": "Separation of the Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) from known virion proteins associated with the cell membrane. Cell membranes of Moloney lymphoma cells (YAC, of strain A origin) were solubilized by NP40. The antigenicity of the solubilized protein fraction was assayed by inhibition of the corresponding cytotoxic reaction against YAC target cells. The Moloney leukemia virus (MLV)-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) was detected with mouse antisera, produced by the repeated inoculation of heavily irradiated YAC cells into syngeneic mice. Virion proteins gp71, p30, p15, p12 and p10 were identified with goat or rabbit antisera against purified Rauscher and Friend leukemia virus proteins. MCSA was found to bind to Con-A--Sepharose and was eluted by mannoside together with H-2A AND GP71. In contrast, p30, p12, p10 and part of p15 and p15(E), were not retained on the column and could be separated from MCSA. Passage of the glycoprotein fraction through Sephadex G-200 led to the separation of MCSA activity from gp71 and H-2A. MCSA eluted between the immunoglobulin (IgG) and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) size markers. MCSA could be also separated from the known viral proteins and from H-2 by velocity centrifugation in sucrose gradients. It sedimented with approximately 6.6 S ahead of gp71 (4.4 S) and H-2 (3.2 S). It is suggested that MCSA may be a glycoprotein with an approximate molecular weight of 110,000 and distinct from the known viral proteins gp71, p30, p15(E), p12, p10 and from H-2.", "PMID": 71277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4198", "title": "Experimental yolk-sac tumors produced by fetectomy without virus infection in rats.", "content": "Pregnant WKA rats were laparotomized on the 12th day of gestation, and all fetuses were removed from the uteri, leaving the fetal membranes attached to placentas in situ, protruding into the peritoneal cavity. After 5 to 6 months, extrauterine tumors were observed in 80% of the operated rats, and elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were detected in 80% of the tumor-bearing rats. The tumors in AFP-positive rats always contained yolk-sac tumor elements. In transplantable tumor lines established in the ascites form, numerous free-floating embryoid bodies were observed. The experiments demonstrate that yolk-sac tumors (endodermal sinus tumors) can be induced by simple fetectomy without infection by exogenous tumor virus.", "contents": "Experimental yolk-sac tumors produced by fetectomy without virus infection in rats. Pregnant WKA rats were laparotomized on the 12th day of gestation, and all fetuses were removed from the uteri, leaving the fetal membranes attached to placentas in situ, protruding into the peritoneal cavity. After 5 to 6 months, extrauterine tumors were observed in 80% of the operated rats, and elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were detected in 80% of the tumor-bearing rats. The tumors in AFP-positive rats always contained yolk-sac tumor elements. In transplantable tumor lines established in the ascites form, numerous free-floating embryoid bodies were observed. The experiments demonstrate that yolk-sac tumors (endodermal sinus tumors) can be induced by simple fetectomy without infection by exogenous tumor virus.", "PMID": 71278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4199", "title": "Detection of herpes simplex virus-related antigens in the nuclei and cytoplasm of biochemically transformed cells with peroxidase/anti-peroxidase immunological staining and indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-related antigens have been demonstrated in the nuclei and cytoplasm of human and mouse cells biochemically transformed by ultraviolet light-irradiated HSV. This was accomplished by using peroxidase/anti-peroxidase immunological staining and indirect immunofluorescence with rabbit antisera that had high neutralizing titers against the HSV-specific thymidine kinase activity and virus infectivity. HSV-1 antisera reacted with antigens in cells biochemically transformed by type 1 HSV, but not with those of cells biochemically transformed by type 2 HSV. Similarly, HSV-2 antisera reacted with antigens in cells biochemically transformed by HSV-2, but not with those in cells biochemically transformed by HSV-1. In contrast, herpes virus-related antigens were detected in cells cytolytically infected with HSV-1 and with HSV-2 by either type 1 or type 2 HSV antisera. These observations suggest that the antigens detected in the biochemically transformed cells were a type-specific subset of the HSV-related antigens synthesized in cells undergoing productive infection by HSV-1 and HSV-2.", "contents": "Detection of herpes simplex virus-related antigens in the nuclei and cytoplasm of biochemically transformed cells with peroxidase/anti-peroxidase immunological staining and indirect immunofluorescence. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-related antigens have been demonstrated in the nuclei and cytoplasm of human and mouse cells biochemically transformed by ultraviolet light-irradiated HSV. This was accomplished by using peroxidase/anti-peroxidase immunological staining and indirect immunofluorescence with rabbit antisera that had high neutralizing titers against the HSV-specific thymidine kinase activity and virus infectivity. HSV-1 antisera reacted with antigens in cells biochemically transformed by type 1 HSV, but not with those of cells biochemically transformed by type 2 HSV. Similarly, HSV-2 antisera reacted with antigens in cells biochemically transformed by HSV-2, but not with those in cells biochemically transformed by HSV-1. In contrast, herpes virus-related antigens were detected in cells cytolytically infected with HSV-1 and with HSV-2 by either type 1 or type 2 HSV antisera. These observations suggest that the antigens detected in the biochemically transformed cells were a type-specific subset of the HSV-related antigens synthesized in cells undergoing productive infection by HSV-1 and HSV-2.", "PMID": 71279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4200", "title": "alpha-fetoprotein-containing cells in the early stages of liver carcinogenesis induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene and 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "The morphology of rat liver cells containing alpha-feto-protein (AFP) during early stages of carcinogenesis induced by 3'methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 2-acetylaminofluorene was investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect AFP. AFP was not found in the cells of hyperplastic nodules but was present in the cells located in areas of transitional cell proliferation. A large proportion of the AFP-positive cells formed gland-like structures. The cells containing AFP were at various levels of differentiation according to morphological criteria. Poorly differentiated, small, basophilic cells were predominant amont the AFP-positive population. The most highly differentiated AFP-positive cells had the morphology of hepatocytes.", "contents": "alpha-fetoprotein-containing cells in the early stages of liver carcinogenesis induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene and 2-acetylaminofluorene. The morphology of rat liver cells containing alpha-feto-protein (AFP) during early stages of carcinogenesis induced by 3'methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 2-acetylaminofluorene was investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect AFP. AFP was not found in the cells of hyperplastic nodules but was present in the cells located in areas of transitional cell proliferation. A large proportion of the AFP-positive cells formed gland-like structures. The cells containing AFP were at various levels of differentiation according to morphological criteria. Poorly differentiated, small, basophilic cells were predominant amont the AFP-positive population. The most highly differentiated AFP-positive cells had the morphology of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 71280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4201", "title": "The histochemical demonstration of human prostatic acid phosphatase with phosphorylcholine.", "content": "Tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were used for the cytochemical demonstration in light and electron microscopy of a secreted, nonlysosomal prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) with phosphorycholine, substrate specific for PAP. The specificity of phosphorylcholine for PAP is attributable to the pentavalent nitrogen in phosphorylcholine, a feature that renders it resistant to hydrolysis by all other acid phosphatases. PAP activity was found in the Golgi cisternae and its associated vacuoles and in secretory vacuoles localized in the nuclear, Golgi, and apical areas of the prostatic epithelial cell. These results confirm the existence of two types of acid phosphatase in prostatic tissue. One is lysosomal and is prevalent in many tissues and the other, PAP, is the major enzymatic product secreted by the prostate. The specificity of PAP for phosphorylcholine, one of the natural substrates for this enzyme, validates the use of this method for the histochemical characterization of PAP and indicates the prostatic origin of cells showing PAP activity.", "contents": "The histochemical demonstration of human prostatic acid phosphatase with phosphorylcholine. Tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were used for the cytochemical demonstration in light and electron microscopy of a secreted, nonlysosomal prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) with phosphorycholine, substrate specific for PAP. The specificity of phosphorylcholine for PAP is attributable to the pentavalent nitrogen in phosphorylcholine, a feature that renders it resistant to hydrolysis by all other acid phosphatases. PAP activity was found in the Golgi cisternae and its associated vacuoles and in secretory vacuoles localized in the nuclear, Golgi, and apical areas of the prostatic epithelial cell. These results confirm the existence of two types of acid phosphatase in prostatic tissue. One is lysosomal and is prevalent in many tissues and the other, PAP, is the major enzymatic product secreted by the prostate. The specificity of PAP for phosphorylcholine, one of the natural substrates for this enzyme, validates the use of this method for the histochemical characterization of PAP and indicates the prostatic origin of cells showing PAP activity.", "PMID": 71283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4202", "title": "The utility of antisera to canine growth hormone and canine prolactin for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary gland.", "content": "Using the immunoperoxidase technique and specific homologous antisera to highly purified canine prolactin (PRL) and canine growth hormone (GH), selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in two different cell types in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. The specificity and validity of both antisera were demonstrated by elimination of their immunostaining capacify after prior absorption with their respective antigens, while absorption with other antigens failed to decrease staining intensity. This was further confirmed by studying the immunologic behavior of both antisera in the agar gel double diffusion immunoprecipitin test and by competitive radioactive binding analysis. The specific heterologous antisera to ovine PRL and human GH were shown to be just as useful as antisera to canine hormones for immunocytochemical demonstration of the individuality of PRL and GH cells in the dog pituitary. This confirms the validity and specific of our hitherto heterologous immunocytochemical procedure. However, because of their high potency the anti-canine GH and anti-canine PRL sera seem to be more efficient for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary. The immunoreactive PRL and GH cells were also distinguished with reasonable certainity in two different populations of acidophils according to their tinctorial affinity. Both cell types differed further from each other in respect of their relative proportion, morphology and topography, which were variously pronounced for each sex.", "contents": "The utility of antisera to canine growth hormone and canine prolactin for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary gland. Using the immunoperoxidase technique and specific homologous antisera to highly purified canine prolactin (PRL) and canine growth hormone (GH), selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in two different cell types in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. The specificity and validity of both antisera were demonstrated by elimination of their immunostaining capacify after prior absorption with their respective antigens, while absorption with other antigens failed to decrease staining intensity. This was further confirmed by studying the immunologic behavior of both antisera in the agar gel double diffusion immunoprecipitin test and by competitive radioactive binding analysis. The specific heterologous antisera to ovine PRL and human GH were shown to be just as useful as antisera to canine hormones for immunocytochemical demonstration of the individuality of PRL and GH cells in the dog pituitary. This confirms the validity and specific of our hitherto heterologous immunocytochemical procedure. However, because of their high potency the anti-canine GH and anti-canine PRL sera seem to be more efficient for immunocytochemical staining of the dog pituitary. The immunoreactive PRL and GH cells were also distinguished with reasonable certainity in two different populations of acidophils according to their tinctorial affinity. Both cell types differed further from each other in respect of their relative proportion, morphology and topography, which were variously pronounced for each sex.", "PMID": 71286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4203", "title": "Histochemistry of carboxyl esterases in the broad bean root tip with indoxyl substrates.", "content": "The possibility of the use of indoxyl substrates for enzyme localization in plant material was tested and proved. Studying the localization of the carboxyl esterase in broad ben root tip a) the time course of the indigogenic reaction was investigated, b) the concentration of the ferro/ferri redox buffer was examined, c) various substances were used to control the indigogenic visualizing reaction, d) the azocoupling procedure was applied with indoxyl substrates, e) unhalogenated and halogenated substrates were tried, and, finally, f) acetate and butyrate were employed in the indigogenic procedure. Using the last mentioned (f) trial the existence and localization was verified in the material tested of carboxyl esterase fractions recognized there previously on the basis of azocoupling reactions with naphtholic substrates.", "contents": "Histochemistry of carboxyl esterases in the broad bean root tip with indoxyl substrates. The possibility of the use of indoxyl substrates for enzyme localization in plant material was tested and proved. Studying the localization of the carboxyl esterase in broad ben root tip a) the time course of the indigogenic reaction was investigated, b) the concentration of the ferro/ferri redox buffer was examined, c) various substances were used to control the indigogenic visualizing reaction, d) the azocoupling procedure was applied with indoxyl substrates, e) unhalogenated and halogenated substrates were tried, and, finally, f) acetate and butyrate were employed in the indigogenic procedure. Using the last mentioned (f) trial the existence and localization was verified in the material tested of carboxyl esterase fractions recognized there previously on the basis of azocoupling reactions with naphtholic substrates.", "PMID": 71288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4204", "title": "Osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine staining of nucleoli and Balbiani Rings in Chironomus salivary glands.", "content": "This paper deals with the application of the osmium tetroxide fixation followed by p-phenylenediamine treatment to salivary gland cells from Chironomus larvae. After this procedure, cytoplasm, nucleoli and Balbiani rings show a high degree of staining both in light and electron microscopy, while chromatin remains unstained. Ethanol fixation followed by osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine does not modify the above mentioned staining pattern. Under these conditions, extractive procedures for lipids do not affect the osmiophilia of nucleoli and Balbiani rings, while RNase or trichloroacetic acid treatment decreaes the staining degree of these structures. In osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine treated salivary glands, the highest contrast within nuclei is seen to occur in the pars granulosa from normal or segregated nucleoli, as well as in Balbiani ring granules, which appear either as hollow granules or with a bipartite or horseshoe-like structure.", "contents": "Osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine staining of nucleoli and Balbiani Rings in Chironomus salivary glands. This paper deals with the application of the osmium tetroxide fixation followed by p-phenylenediamine treatment to salivary gland cells from Chironomus larvae. After this procedure, cytoplasm, nucleoli and Balbiani rings show a high degree of staining both in light and electron microscopy, while chromatin remains unstained. Ethanol fixation followed by osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine does not modify the above mentioned staining pattern. Under these conditions, extractive procedures for lipids do not affect the osmiophilia of nucleoli and Balbiani rings, while RNase or trichloroacetic acid treatment decreaes the staining degree of these structures. In osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine treated salivary glands, the highest contrast within nuclei is seen to occur in the pars granulosa from normal or segregated nucleoli, as well as in Balbiani ring granules, which appear either as hollow granules or with a bipartite or horseshoe-like structure.", "PMID": 71287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4205", "title": "Peroxidase and pseudoperoxidase reactions in relation to sudanophilia.", "content": "A selective staining of hemoglobin in erythroid cell series was achieved by use of Sudan Black B (modified method of Sheehan and Storey) if optimal amount of hydrogen peroxide was added to the staining mixture. The effect of some inhibitory agents (KCN, wet heat, pH) on this staining as well as on the Lepehne's pseudoperoxidase reaction for hemoglobin was similar. Both reactions were more resistant to these factors than the peroxidase reactions and sudanophilia in granulocytes in which both could be blocked by the pretreatment with absolute methanol. Moreover the effect of some extraction procedures for lipids on both myeloperoxidase reactions and sudanophilia was investigated. The results support the view that the sudanophilia in granulocytes is due to their peroxidase activity and for the staining of hemoglobin by use of Sudan Black B with H2O2 its pseudoperoxidase activity is responsible. In addition the effect of the substitution of phenolphosphate by dihydroxybenzenes on granulocyte sudanophilia is reported.", "contents": "Peroxidase and pseudoperoxidase reactions in relation to sudanophilia. A selective staining of hemoglobin in erythroid cell series was achieved by use of Sudan Black B (modified method of Sheehan and Storey) if optimal amount of hydrogen peroxide was added to the staining mixture. The effect of some inhibitory agents (KCN, wet heat, pH) on this staining as well as on the Lepehne's pseudoperoxidase reaction for hemoglobin was similar. Both reactions were more resistant to these factors than the peroxidase reactions and sudanophilia in granulocytes in which both could be blocked by the pretreatment with absolute methanol. Moreover the effect of some extraction procedures for lipids on both myeloperoxidase reactions and sudanophilia was investigated. The results support the view that the sudanophilia in granulocytes is due to their peroxidase activity and for the staining of hemoglobin by use of Sudan Black B with H2O2 its pseudoperoxidase activity is responsible. In addition the effect of the substitution of phenolphosphate by dihydroxybenzenes on granulocyte sudanophilia is reported.", "PMID": 71289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4206", "title": "Does diaminobenzidine demonstrate prostaglandin synthetase? A study on polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced DAB oxidation in sheep vesicular glands and rabbit kidney medulla.", "content": "A method histochemical localization of prostaglandin synthetase using DAB, potassium cyanide and polyunsaturated fatty acid has been revised. The arachidonic acid-induced DAB oxidation observed in the secretory epithelium of sheep vesicular glands and in collecting tubules as well as intersititial cells of rabbit kidney medulla was found to be insensitive to antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase (formerly referred as prostaglandin synthetase) inhibitors, such as indomethacin, aspirin, mefenamic acid and paracetamol, whereas aminotriazole caused complete inhibition of the reaction. Furthermore, DAB was oxidized in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids inconvertible to prostaglandins (linoleic and linolenic acid) as well as in the presence of H2O2--in the latter case reaction possessed identical features with that induced by fatty acids. Ultrastructurally, the reaction product was localized on the membranes of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. On the ground of the results obtained a hypothesis is presented, that the polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced DAB oxidation is due to a peroxidatic activity of the investigated tissues. Possible relations between such peroxidatic activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Does diaminobenzidine demonstrate prostaglandin synthetase? A study on polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced DAB oxidation in sheep vesicular glands and rabbit kidney medulla. A method histochemical localization of prostaglandin synthetase using DAB, potassium cyanide and polyunsaturated fatty acid has been revised. The arachidonic acid-induced DAB oxidation observed in the secretory epithelium of sheep vesicular glands and in collecting tubules as well as intersititial cells of rabbit kidney medulla was found to be insensitive to antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase (formerly referred as prostaglandin synthetase) inhibitors, such as indomethacin, aspirin, mefenamic acid and paracetamol, whereas aminotriazole caused complete inhibition of the reaction. Furthermore, DAB was oxidized in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids inconvertible to prostaglandins (linoleic and linolenic acid) as well as in the presence of H2O2--in the latter case reaction possessed identical features with that induced by fatty acids. Ultrastructurally, the reaction product was localized on the membranes of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. On the ground of the results obtained a hypothesis is presented, that the polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced DAB oxidation is due to a peroxidatic activity of the investigated tissues. Possible relations between such peroxidatic activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 71290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4207", "title": "The early development of autistic children.", "content": "A sample of 74 young autistic children was selected and defined by direct observation of specific behaviors and clinical assessment of the presence or absence of associated pathological conditions. Retrospective developmental data on these children and 38 age-matched normal children were gathered by means of a written inventory completed by the parents when the children were relatively young (mean age less than 4 years). The autistic children were reported to have had significant delays in the development of motor abilities, speech, communication, comprehension, and, to a lesser extent, perception during their 1st and 2nd years.", "contents": "The early development of autistic children. A sample of 74 young autistic children was selected and defined by direct observation of specific behaviors and clinical assessment of the presence or absence of associated pathological conditions. Retrospective developmental data on these children and 38 age-matched normal children were gathered by means of a written inventory completed by the parents when the children were relatively young (mean age less than 4 years). The autistic children were reported to have had significant delays in the development of motor abilities, speech, communication, comprehension, and, to a lesser extent, perception during their 1st and 2nd years.", "PMID": 71292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4208", "title": "List of descriptive cataloging elements for use in bibliographic control of nonprint materials.", "content": "Bibliographic control of audiovisuals or nonprint materials, generated at the point of publication, is almost nonexistent. The authors address this problem and present an outline of bibliographic elements that nonprint producers need to include on each individual production.", "contents": "List of descriptive cataloging elements for use in bibliographic control of nonprint materials. Bibliographic control of audiovisuals or nonprint materials, generated at the point of publication, is almost nonexistent. The authors address this problem and present an outline of bibliographic elements that nonprint producers need to include on each individual production.", "PMID": 71293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4209", "title": "Legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights to federally funded media programs.", "content": "This article attempts to place in proper perspective the legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights as they apply to federally funded media programs. Brief reference is made to the recently enacted revision of the Copyright Law, Title 17 of the U.S. Code. Distinction is made between the common law and statutary copyright protection afforded to the creator of an original work. The 'Fair Use' doctrine and the 'Rights in Data' clauses of the general provisions of the Federal Procurement Regulations are discussed in detail; so is the use of Talent Consent and Waivers and Easements of Copyright.", "contents": "Legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights to federally funded media programs. This article attempts to place in proper perspective the legal and ethical aspects of proprietary rights as they apply to federally funded media programs. Brief reference is made to the recently enacted revision of the Copyright Law, Title 17 of the U.S. Code. Distinction is made between the common law and statutary copyright protection afforded to the creator of an original work. The 'Fair Use' doctrine and the 'Rights in Data' clauses of the general provisions of the Federal Procurement Regulations are discussed in detail; so is the use of Talent Consent and Waivers and Easements of Copyright.", "PMID": 71296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4210", "title": "Organization and cellular biology of the perichondrial ossification groove of ranvier: a morphological study in rabbits.", "content": "The perichondrial ossification groove of Ranvier, a circumferential groove in the periphery of the epiphyseal cartilage, was studied in rabbits whose ages ranged from one week to eight months using light and electron microscopy, autoradiography after labeling with 3H-thymidine, 3H-proline, and 3H-glucosamine, and histochemical staining for proteoglycans and alkaline phosphatase. By these methods, three groups of cells were identified within the groove: 1. A group of densely packed cells deep in the groove, which are the progenitor cells for the osteoblasts that form the bone bark, a cuff of bone surrounding the epiphyseal growth-plate region and the adjacent part of the metaphysis. 2. A group of more widely dispersed, relatively undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts, some of which are chondroblast precursors that probably contribute to appositional chondrogenesis and growth in width of the epiphyseal cartilage. 3. Fibroblasts and fibrocytes among sheets of highly oriented and organized collagen fibers which form a fibrous layer that is continuous with the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum and with the perichondrium. This layer also sends fibers into the epiphyseal cartilage and anchors the periosteum firmly to the epiphyses as bone growth proceeds.", "contents": "Organization and cellular biology of the perichondrial ossification groove of ranvier: a morphological study in rabbits. The perichondrial ossification groove of Ranvier, a circumferential groove in the periphery of the epiphyseal cartilage, was studied in rabbits whose ages ranged from one week to eight months using light and electron microscopy, autoradiography after labeling with 3H-thymidine, 3H-proline, and 3H-glucosamine, and histochemical staining for proteoglycans and alkaline phosphatase. By these methods, three groups of cells were identified within the groove: 1. A group of densely packed cells deep in the groove, which are the progenitor cells for the osteoblasts that form the bone bark, a cuff of bone surrounding the epiphyseal growth-plate region and the adjacent part of the metaphysis. 2. A group of more widely dispersed, relatively undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts, some of which are chondroblast precursors that probably contribute to appositional chondrogenesis and growth in width of the epiphyseal cartilage. 3. Fibroblasts and fibrocytes among sheets of highly oriented and organized collagen fibers which form a fibrous layer that is continuous with the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum and with the perichondrium. This layer also sends fibers into the epiphyseal cartilage and anchors the periosteum firmly to the epiphyses as bone growth proceeds.", "PMID": 71299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4211", "title": "Plasma membrane folds on the mast cell surface and their relationship to secretory activity.", "content": "Changes in the surface morphology of secreting mast cells have been followed by scanning electron microscopy. Mast cells isolated from the rat peritoneal cavity have folds of plasma membrane that form snake-like ridges on their surfaces. Fold length varies considerably from cell to cell, whereas fold width and depth appear to remain relatively constant. To assess the possible relationship between secretory activity and surface folding, a seimquantitative method was used for measuring fold length in control and secreting populations. A positive correlation is found between secretion of histamine and the extent of membrane folds on the mast cell surface. The source of the membrane required for fold formation is probably secretory granule membrane incorporated into the plasma membranene as a result of exocytosis. Furthermore, a distinct cell type devoid of surface folds, designated as a raspberry-type cell, is found to occur as an integral part of a normal population of mast cells. This cell type is resistant to stimulation by polymyxin.", "contents": "Plasma membrane folds on the mast cell surface and their relationship to secretory activity. Changes in the surface morphology of secreting mast cells have been followed by scanning electron microscopy. Mast cells isolated from the rat peritoneal cavity have folds of plasma membrane that form snake-like ridges on their surfaces. Fold length varies considerably from cell to cell, whereas fold width and depth appear to remain relatively constant. To assess the possible relationship between secretory activity and surface folding, a seimquantitative method was used for measuring fold length in control and secreting populations. A positive correlation is found between secretion of histamine and the extent of membrane folds on the mast cell surface. The source of the membrane required for fold formation is probably secretory granule membrane incorporated into the plasma membranene as a result of exocytosis. Furthermore, a distinct cell type devoid of surface folds, designated as a raspberry-type cell, is found to occur as an integral part of a normal population of mast cells. This cell type is resistant to stimulation by polymyxin.", "PMID": 71300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4212", "title": "The preservation of ultrastructure in saturated phosphatidyl cholines by tannic acid in model systems and type II pneumocytes.", "content": "The preservation for electron microscopy of saturated phospholipids in general, and phosphatidyl choline (PC)in particular, remains and unsolved problem since OsO(4) and glutaraldehyde are incapable of interacting with PC directly. However, by introducing tannic acid preceding osmication, we were able to demonstrate highly ordered, preserved lamellar structures in model experiments with saturated PC, and in vivo experiments type II pneumocytes of lung tissue. The secretory bodies of the latter are known to contain a high proportion of these saturated phospholipids. In both cases, the repeating periodicity approximated 45 A. It was determined that tannic acid interacts with the choline component of PC to form a \"complex,\" which then could be stabilized by treatment with OsO(4). In the absence of osmication, the PC-tannic acid complex acid did not survive conventional dehydration techniques, but osmication permitted conventional Epon embedment. Sphingomyelin (SPH), which contains choline, behaved similarly in model experiments. But there was no evidence of a comparable reaction with tannic acid using phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEA), phosphatidyl serine (PS), or phosphstidy inositol (PI). Chemical studies indicted a high pH dependency for the formation of the PC- tannic acid complex. Also, experiments demonstrated its dissociation in various organic solvents. Sharp delineation and great contrast of the polar zones in the ordered lamellar structures was achieved by additional staining with lead citrate thus leading to the conclusion that tannic acid serves as a multivalent agent, capable of simultaneous interaction with saturated PC, OsO(4), and lead citrate stains.", "contents": "The preservation of ultrastructure in saturated phosphatidyl cholines by tannic acid in model systems and type II pneumocytes. The preservation for electron microscopy of saturated phospholipids in general, and phosphatidyl choline (PC)in particular, remains and unsolved problem since OsO(4) and glutaraldehyde are incapable of interacting with PC directly. However, by introducing tannic acid preceding osmication, we were able to demonstrate highly ordered, preserved lamellar structures in model experiments with saturated PC, and in vivo experiments type II pneumocytes of lung tissue. The secretory bodies of the latter are known to contain a high proportion of these saturated phospholipids. In both cases, the repeating periodicity approximated 45 A. It was determined that tannic acid interacts with the choline component of PC to form a \"complex,\" which then could be stabilized by treatment with OsO(4). In the absence of osmication, the PC-tannic acid complex acid did not survive conventional dehydration techniques, but osmication permitted conventional Epon embedment. Sphingomyelin (SPH), which contains choline, behaved similarly in model experiments. But there was no evidence of a comparable reaction with tannic acid using phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEA), phosphatidyl serine (PS), or phosphstidy inositol (PI). Chemical studies indicted a high pH dependency for the formation of the PC- tannic acid complex. Also, experiments demonstrated its dissociation in various organic solvents. Sharp delineation and great contrast of the polar zones in the ordered lamellar structures was achieved by additional staining with lead citrate thus leading to the conclusion that tannic acid serves as a multivalent agent, capable of simultaneous interaction with saturated PC, OsO(4), and lead citrate stains.", "PMID": 71301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4213", "title": "Polymorphism of myosin among skeletal muscle fiber types.", "content": "An immunocytochemical approach was used to localize myosin with respect to individual fibers in rat skeletal muscle. Transverse cryostat sections of rat diaphragm, a fast-twitch muscle, were exposed to fluorescein-labeled immunoglobulin against purified chicken pectoralis myosin. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a differential response among fiber types, identified on the basis of mitochondrial content. All white and intermediate fiber but only about half of the red fiber reacted with his antimyosin. In addition, an alkali-stable ATPase had the same pattern of distribution among fibers, which is consistent with the existence of two categories of red fibers. The positive response of certain red fibers indicates either that their myosin has antigenic determinants in common with \"white\" myosin, or that the immunogen contained a \"red\" myosin. Myosin, extracted from a small region of the pectorlis which consists entirely of white fibers, was used to prepare an immunoadsorbent column to isolate antibodies specific for white myosin. This purified anti-white myosin reacted with the same fibers of the rat diaphragm that had reacted with the white, intermediate, and some red fibers are sufficiently homologous to share antigenic determinants. In a slow-twitch muscle, the soleus, only a minority of the fiber reacted with antipectoralis myosin. The majority failed to respond; hence, they are not equivalent to intermediate fibers of the diaphragm; despite their intermediate mitochondrial content. Immunocytochemical analysis of two different musles of the rat has demonstrated that more than one isoenzyme of myosin can exist in a single muscle, and that individual fiber types can be recognized by immunological differences in their myosin. We conclude that, in the rat diaphragm, there are at least two immunochemically distinct types of myosin and four types of muscle fibers: white, intermediate, and two red. We suggest that these fibers correspond to the four types of motor units described by Burke et al. (Burke, R. E., D. N. Levine, P. Tsairis, and F. E. Zajac, III 1973. J. Physiol. (Lond) 234:723-748.)in the cat gastrocnemius.;", "contents": "Polymorphism of myosin among skeletal muscle fiber types. An immunocytochemical approach was used to localize myosin with respect to individual fibers in rat skeletal muscle. Transverse cryostat sections of rat diaphragm, a fast-twitch muscle, were exposed to fluorescein-labeled immunoglobulin against purified chicken pectoralis myosin. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a differential response among fiber types, identified on the basis of mitochondrial content. All white and intermediate fiber but only about half of the red fiber reacted with his antimyosin. In addition, an alkali-stable ATPase had the same pattern of distribution among fibers, which is consistent with the existence of two categories of red fibers. The positive response of certain red fibers indicates either that their myosin has antigenic determinants in common with \"white\" myosin, or that the immunogen contained a \"red\" myosin. Myosin, extracted from a small region of the pectorlis which consists entirely of white fibers, was used to prepare an immunoadsorbent column to isolate antibodies specific for white myosin. This purified anti-white myosin reacted with the same fibers of the rat diaphragm that had reacted with the white, intermediate, and some red fibers are sufficiently homologous to share antigenic determinants. In a slow-twitch muscle, the soleus, only a minority of the fiber reacted with antipectoralis myosin. The majority failed to respond; hence, they are not equivalent to intermediate fibers of the diaphragm; despite their intermediate mitochondrial content. Immunocytochemical analysis of two different musles of the rat has demonstrated that more than one isoenzyme of myosin can exist in a single muscle, and that individual fiber types can be recognized by immunological differences in their myosin. We conclude that, in the rat diaphragm, there are at least two immunochemically distinct types of myosin and four types of muscle fibers: white, intermediate, and two red. We suggest that these fibers correspond to the four types of motor units described by Burke et al. (Burke, R. E., D. N. Levine, P. Tsairis, and F. E. Zajac, III 1973. J. Physiol. (Lond) 234:723-748.)in the cat gastrocnemius.;", "PMID": 71302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4214", "title": "Myosin subfragment binding for the localization of actin-like microfilaments in cultured cells. A light and electron microscope study.", "content": "Fluorescein-labeled heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (F-S-1) has been purified by ion exchange chromatography and characterized in terms of its ability to bind specifically to actin. F-S-1 activates the Mg++-adenosine triphosphatase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle actin and decorates actin as shown by negative stains and thin sections of rabbit actin and rat embryo cell microfilament bundles, respectively. Binding of F-S-1 to cellular structures is prevented by pyrophosphate and by competition with excess unlabeled S-1. The F-S-1 is used in light microscope studies to determine the distribution of actin-containing structures in wnterphase and mitotic rat embryo and rat kangaroo cells. Interphase cells display the familiar pattern of fluorescent stress fibers. Chromosome-to-pole fibers are fluorescent in mitotic cells. The glycerol extraction procedures employed provide an opportunity to examine cells prepared in an identical manner by light and electron microscopy. The latter technique reveals that actin-like microfilaments are identifiable in spindles of glycerinated cells before and after addition of S-1 or HMM. In some cases, microfilaments appear to be closely associated with spindle microtubles. Comparison of the light and electron microscope results aids in the evaluation of the fluorescent myosin fragment technique and provides further evidence for possible structural and functional roles of actin in the mitotic apparatus.", "contents": "Myosin subfragment binding for the localization of actin-like microfilaments in cultured cells. A light and electron microscope study. Fluorescein-labeled heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (F-S-1) has been purified by ion exchange chromatography and characterized in terms of its ability to bind specifically to actin. F-S-1 activates the Mg++-adenosine triphosphatase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle actin and decorates actin as shown by negative stains and thin sections of rabbit actin and rat embryo cell microfilament bundles, respectively. Binding of F-S-1 to cellular structures is prevented by pyrophosphate and by competition with excess unlabeled S-1. The F-S-1 is used in light microscope studies to determine the distribution of actin-containing structures in wnterphase and mitotic rat embryo and rat kangaroo cells. Interphase cells display the familiar pattern of fluorescent stress fibers. Chromosome-to-pole fibers are fluorescent in mitotic cells. The glycerol extraction procedures employed provide an opportunity to examine cells prepared in an identical manner by light and electron microscopy. The latter technique reveals that actin-like microfilaments are identifiable in spindles of glycerinated cells before and after addition of S-1 or HMM. In some cases, microfilaments appear to be closely associated with spindle microtubles. Comparison of the light and electron microscope results aids in the evaluation of the fluorescent myosin fragment technique and provides further evidence for possible structural and functional roles of actin in the mitotic apparatus.", "PMID": 71303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4215", "title": "Localization of thyroiglobulin antigenicity in rat thyroid sections using antibodies labeled with peroxidase or 125I-radioiodine.", "content": "In the hope of localizing thyroglobulin within focullar cells of the thyroid gland, antibodies raised against rat thyroglobulin were labeled with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase or with (125)I-radioiodine. Sections of rat thyroids fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate or Araldite were placed in contact with the labeled antibodies. The sites of antibody binding were detected by diaminobenzidine staining in the case of peroxidase labeling, and radioautography in the case of 125(I) labeling. Peroxidase labeling revealed that the antibodies were bound by the luminal colloid of the thyroid follicles and, within focullar cells, by colloid droplets, condensing vacuoles, and apical vesicles. (125)I labeling confirmed these findings, and revealed some binding of antibodies within Golgi saccules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. This method provides a visually less distinct distribution than peroxidase labeling, but it allowed ready quantitation of the reactions by counts of silver grains in the radioautographs. The counts revealed that the concentration of label was similar in the luminal colloid of different follicles, but that it varied within the compartments of follicular cells. A moderate concentration was detected in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules, whereas a high concentration was found in condensing vacuoles, apical vesicles, and in the luminal colloid. Varying amounts of label were observed over the different types of colloid droplets, and this was attributed to various degrees of lysosomal degradation of thyroglobulin. It is concluded that the concentration of thyroglobulin antigenicity increases during transport from the ribosomal site of synthesis to the follicular colloid, and then decreases during the digestion of colloid droplets which leads to the release of the thyoid hormone.", "contents": "Localization of thyroiglobulin antigenicity in rat thyroid sections using antibodies labeled with peroxidase or 125I-radioiodine. In the hope of localizing thyroglobulin within focullar cells of the thyroid gland, antibodies raised against rat thyroglobulin were labeled with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase or with (125)I-radioiodine. Sections of rat thyroids fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate or Araldite were placed in contact with the labeled antibodies. The sites of antibody binding were detected by diaminobenzidine staining in the case of peroxidase labeling, and radioautography in the case of 125(I) labeling. Peroxidase labeling revealed that the antibodies were bound by the luminal colloid of the thyroid follicles and, within focullar cells, by colloid droplets, condensing vacuoles, and apical vesicles. (125)I labeling confirmed these findings, and revealed some binding of antibodies within Golgi saccules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. This method provides a visually less distinct distribution than peroxidase labeling, but it allowed ready quantitation of the reactions by counts of silver grains in the radioautographs. The counts revealed that the concentration of label was similar in the luminal colloid of different follicles, but that it varied within the compartments of follicular cells. A moderate concentration was detected in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules, whereas a high concentration was found in condensing vacuoles, apical vesicles, and in the luminal colloid. Varying amounts of label were observed over the different types of colloid droplets, and this was attributed to various degrees of lysosomal degradation of thyroglobulin. It is concluded that the concentration of thyroglobulin antigenicity increases during transport from the ribosomal site of synthesis to the follicular colloid, and then decreases during the digestion of colloid droplets which leads to the release of the thyoid hormone.", "PMID": 71304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4216", "title": "New human adenovirus (candidate adenovirus type 35) causing fatal disseminated infection in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "An antigenically distinct adenovirus is described which was isolated in March 1973 from the lungs and kidney of a 61-year-old woman who died of diffuse interstitial adenovirus pneumonia 55 days after receiving a cadaveric renal allograft. Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, and serum neutralization tests on sequential serum specimens from the patient confirmed that the adenovirus infection occurred in coincidence with her clinical illness and failed to document concomitant infection by any other common respiratory agent. Pathological and virological findings indicated that the pneumonia was only one manifestation of a disseminated adenovirus infection, the source of which may  have been a latent infection pre-existing in the donor kidney. The adenovirus, purified by terminal dilution and plaque procedures, has antigenic, morphological, biological, biophysical, host susceptibility, and hemagglutinating properties characteristic of adenovirus group 1A. Buoyant densities in  CsCl are 1.340 g/ml for the virion, 1,300 g/ml for the group complement-fixing (hexon) antigen, and 1.290 g/ml for the  major soluble complete hemagglutinin (dodecon). The virus was serologically distinct from adenoviruses 1 to 34 in reciprocal serum neutralization tests with antisera to these viruses. We propose this virus as candidate adenovirus type 35 (holden).", "contents": "New human adenovirus (candidate adenovirus type 35) causing fatal disseminated infection in a renal transplant recipient. An antigenically distinct adenovirus is described which was isolated in March 1973 from the lungs and kidney of a 61-year-old woman who died of diffuse interstitial adenovirus pneumonia 55 days after receiving a cadaveric renal allograft. Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, and serum neutralization tests on sequential serum specimens from the patient confirmed that the adenovirus infection occurred in coincidence with her clinical illness and failed to document concomitant infection by any other common respiratory agent. Pathological and virological findings indicated that the pneumonia was only one manifestation of a disseminated adenovirus infection, the source of which may  have been a latent infection pre-existing in the donor kidney. The adenovirus, purified by terminal dilution and plaque procedures, has antigenic, morphological, biological, biophysical, host susceptibility, and hemagglutinating properties characteristic of adenovirus group 1A. Buoyant densities in  CsCl are 1.340 g/ml for the virion, 1,300 g/ml for the group complement-fixing (hexon) antigen, and 1.290 g/ml for the  major soluble complete hemagglutinin (dodecon). The virus was serologically distinct from adenoviruses 1 to 34 in reciprocal serum neutralization tests with antisera to these viruses. We propose this virus as candidate adenovirus type 35 (holden).", "PMID": 71305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4217", "title": "Early detection of chlamydial inclusions combining the use of cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells and immunofluorescence staining.", "content": "Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions only 21 h after a specimen reaches the laboratory has been achieved by the combined use of cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, cells exposed to cycloheximide were more sensitive for detecting chlamydial inclusions than those pretreated by irradiation, since larger numbers of inclusions were found in the former cells. The application of this rapid and sensitive method allows a diagnosis of chlamydial infection to be made before antibiotic therapy is started. In this way, it should enable the treatment of nonspecific genital infections to be placed on a more rational basis.", "contents": "Early detection of chlamydial inclusions combining the use of cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells and immunofluorescence staining. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions only 21 h after a specimen reaches the laboratory has been achieved by the combined use of cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, cells exposed to cycloheximide were more sensitive for detecting chlamydial inclusions than those pretreated by irradiation, since larger numbers of inclusions were found in the former cells. The application of this rapid and sensitive method allows a diagnosis of chlamydial infection to be made before antibiotic therapy is started. In this way, it should enable the treatment of nonspecific genital infections to be placed on a more rational basis.", "PMID": 71306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4218", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of alpha-2-macroglobulin by cultured adherent lung cells. Comparison with cell strains derived from other tissues.", "content": "We studied the synthesis and secretion of alpha-2-macroglobulin by cultures of human adherent cells. Much more alpha-2-macroglobulin (measured by radioimmunoassay) accumulated in media of established strains of adherent cells derived from embryonic lung than in media of established strains derived from adult skin or rheumatoid synovium. Alpha-2-macroglobulin accumulated in media of primary cultures of adherent cells from a variety of embryonic tissues. However, the amount of alpha-2-macroglobulin accumulating in media of subsequent passage of these cells declined for all strains except those derived from lung. Immunodiffusion and double-antibody immunoprecipitation studies of cell extracts and media after incubation of cells with l-[(35)S]methionine supported the radioimmunoassay finding that adherent cells from lung synthesized and secreted more alpha-2-macroglobulin than adherent cells from skin. Intracellular alpha-2-macroglobulin could not be detected by radio-immunoassay or visualized by immunofluorescent microscopy, suggesting that synthesized alpha-2-macroglobulin is rapidly secreted. Plasminogen-rich fibrin clots were lysed in culture media of adherent cells from embryonic lung and, to a lesser extent, heart. Adherent cells from other tissues, which produced less alpha-2-macroglobulin, did not lyse fibrin clots. However, all cultures of adherent cells contained pericellular fibronectin, a large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein known to be cleaved by plasmin. We speculate that production of alpha-2-macroglobulin may be a means for protease-secreting normal cells to preserve cell surface integrity and that alpha-2-macroglobulin synthesized locally in lung may protect lung tissues from a variety of proteases.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of alpha-2-macroglobulin by cultured adherent lung cells. Comparison with cell strains derived from other tissues. We studied the synthesis and secretion of alpha-2-macroglobulin by cultures of human adherent cells. Much more alpha-2-macroglobulin (measured by radioimmunoassay) accumulated in media of established strains of adherent cells derived from embryonic lung than in media of established strains derived from adult skin or rheumatoid synovium. Alpha-2-macroglobulin accumulated in media of primary cultures of adherent cells from a variety of embryonic tissues. However, the amount of alpha-2-macroglobulin accumulating in media of subsequent passage of these cells declined for all strains except those derived from lung. Immunodiffusion and double-antibody immunoprecipitation studies of cell extracts and media after incubation of cells with l-[(35)S]methionine supported the radioimmunoassay finding that adherent cells from lung synthesized and secreted more alpha-2-macroglobulin than adherent cells from skin. Intracellular alpha-2-macroglobulin could not be detected by radio-immunoassay or visualized by immunofluorescent microscopy, suggesting that synthesized alpha-2-macroglobulin is rapidly secreted. Plasminogen-rich fibrin clots were lysed in culture media of adherent cells from embryonic lung and, to a lesser extent, heart. Adherent cells from other tissues, which produced less alpha-2-macroglobulin, did not lyse fibrin clots. However, all cultures of adherent cells contained pericellular fibronectin, a large, external, transformation-sensitive glycoprotein known to be cleaved by plasmin. We speculate that production of alpha-2-macroglobulin may be a means for protease-secreting normal cells to preserve cell surface integrity and that alpha-2-macroglobulin synthesized locally in lung may protect lung tissues from a variety of proteases.", "PMID": 71307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4219", "title": "Separation of fucosyltransferase and endogenous acceptors of fucose from human parotid saliva.", "content": "Using gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and column chromatography on CM-cellulose, fractions containing either endogenous acceptor of L-fucose or fucosyltransferase were obtained from human parotid saliva. Hydrolysis with mild acid followed by Smith degradation increased the fucosyltransferase activity of the fractions that contained endogeneous acceptor.", "contents": "Separation of fucosyltransferase and endogenous acceptors of fucose from human parotid saliva. Using gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and column chromatography on CM-cellulose, fractions containing either endogenous acceptor of L-fucose or fucosyltransferase were obtained from human parotid saliva. Hydrolysis with mild acid followed by Smith degradation increased the fucosyltransferase activity of the fractions that contained endogeneous acceptor.", "PMID": 71308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4220", "title": "Polistes wasp hypersensitivity: diagnosis by venom-induced release of histamine in vitro.", "content": "Polistes wasps cause a majority of Hymenoptera-induced anaphylactic reactions in Texas. Using the in vitro release of histamine from basophils of patients allergic to Polistes stings, we have studied the cross-reactivity of venoms from three species of Polistes wasps as well as the cross-reactivity among Polistes, honeybee, and Vespula maculifrons (yellow jacket) venoms. Venom collected by an extrusion technique from Pollistes exclamans, Pollistes apachus, and Pollistes carolina caused release of histamine in seven Polistes-sensitive individuals. The dose-response curves from all three Polistes species were quite similar, suggesting extensive cross-reactivity among these species. None of these patients showed significant release of histamine from leukocytes exposed to yellow jacket or honeybee venom. We conclude that a source of Polistes venom is available for further study and possibly for therapy. It appears that any of three local common species of Polistes wasps could be used. Our studies confirmed earlier reports that Hymenoptera sensitivity if often genus-specific.", "contents": "Polistes wasp hypersensitivity: diagnosis by venom-induced release of histamine in vitro. Polistes wasps cause a majority of Hymenoptera-induced anaphylactic reactions in Texas. Using the in vitro release of histamine from basophils of patients allergic to Polistes stings, we have studied the cross-reactivity of venoms from three species of Polistes wasps as well as the cross-reactivity among Polistes, honeybee, and Vespula maculifrons (yellow jacket) venoms. Venom collected by an extrusion technique from Pollistes exclamans, Pollistes apachus, and Pollistes carolina caused release of histamine in seven Polistes-sensitive individuals. The dose-response curves from all three Polistes species were quite similar, suggesting extensive cross-reactivity among these species. None of these patients showed significant release of histamine from leukocytes exposed to yellow jacket or honeybee venom. We conclude that a source of Polistes venom is available for further study and possibly for therapy. It appears that any of three local common species of Polistes wasps could be used. Our studies confirmed earlier reports that Hymenoptera sensitivity if often genus-specific.", "PMID": 71310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4221", "title": "On the lack of specificity of the cobalt-bicarbonate method for carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "Data are presented that support a nonenzymic mechanism for the staining obtained with the cobalt-bicarbonate method. The biochemically inactive apocarbonic anhydrase and Cu+2 apocarbonic anhydrase stain positively and this stain is inhibited by acetazolamide. The staining of the acetazolamide resistant carbonic anhydrase of male rat liver is inhibited by 10-6 M acetazolamide, at which concentration no biochemical inhibition is observed. There is no correlation between the biochemical and histochemical inhibitory potencies of a number of sulfonamides. The nonsulfonamide inhibitor, KCNO, does not inhibit staining. When incubations are performed in media exposed to atmospheres of increasing CO2 content, staining is not abolished until the atmospheric pCO2 approaches that generated by the medium itself. This finding renders the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed dehydration of HCO3- an improbable reaction for the staining. Studies with modified media show differences in staining patterns and in sensitivity to acetazolamide inhibition which question the specificity of the method for carbonic anhydrase.", "contents": "On the lack of specificity of the cobalt-bicarbonate method for carbonic anhydrase. Data are presented that support a nonenzymic mechanism for the staining obtained with the cobalt-bicarbonate method. The biochemically inactive apocarbonic anhydrase and Cu+2 apocarbonic anhydrase stain positively and this stain is inhibited by acetazolamide. The staining of the acetazolamide resistant carbonic anhydrase of male rat liver is inhibited by 10-6 M acetazolamide, at which concentration no biochemical inhibition is observed. There is no correlation between the biochemical and histochemical inhibitory potencies of a number of sulfonamides. The nonsulfonamide inhibitor, KCNO, does not inhibit staining. When incubations are performed in media exposed to atmospheres of increasing CO2 content, staining is not abolished until the atmospheric pCO2 approaches that generated by the medium itself. This finding renders the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed dehydration of HCO3- an improbable reaction for the staining. Studies with modified media show differences in staining patterns and in sensitivity to acetazolamide inhibition which question the specificity of the method for carbonic anhydrase.", "PMID": 71324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4222", "title": "A moving spot high resolution scanning microspectrometer using focused laser illumination: illustrations with acriflavin stained sephadex beads and human fibroblast nuclei.", "content": "We describe a high resolution moving spot scanning microspectrometer, capable of absorption or fluorescence detection, using focused laser illumination which is moved over the sample by rotating the laser beam direction prior to focusing. This rotation is achieved by reflecting the beam from mirrors mounted on bending mode piezoelectric transducers which, when bent by an applied voltage, cause the mirrors to rotate. The images of optically thin samples are analyzed by considering the convolution of the focused spot intensity distribution with the absorbance of a uniformly stained spherical particle. This analysis is verified experimentally with data from acriflavin stained Sephadex beads. Data from acriflavin-Feulgen stained human fibroblasts indicate that the efficiency of this type of nuclear staining is about 2 to 3 dye molecules incorporated per 100 nucleotide pairs. Quantitative data on fading of acriflavin fluorescence in stained fibroblasts indicate that fading is negligible in the time required to record the microscope images.", "contents": "A moving spot high resolution scanning microspectrometer using focused laser illumination: illustrations with acriflavin stained sephadex beads and human fibroblast nuclei. We describe a high resolution moving spot scanning microspectrometer, capable of absorption or fluorescence detection, using focused laser illumination which is moved over the sample by rotating the laser beam direction prior to focusing. This rotation is achieved by reflecting the beam from mirrors mounted on bending mode piezoelectric transducers which, when bent by an applied voltage, cause the mirrors to rotate. The images of optically thin samples are analyzed by considering the convolution of the focused spot intensity distribution with the absorbance of a uniformly stained spherical particle. This analysis is verified experimentally with data from acriflavin stained Sephadex beads. Data from acriflavin-Feulgen stained human fibroblasts indicate that the efficiency of this type of nuclear staining is about 2 to 3 dye molecules incorporated per 100 nucleotide pairs. Quantitative data on fading of acriflavin fluorescence in stained fibroblasts indicate that fading is negligible in the time required to record the microscope images.", "PMID": 71325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4223", "title": "Does heparin occur in mucosal mast cells of the rat small intestine?", "content": "Microspectrophotometric analyses combined with model experiments using polyacrylamide films containing different types of purified glycosaminoglycan or glycosaminoglycan and basic protein, have been applied to investigate the chemical characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan moiety present in rat mucosal mast cell granules. The results obtained with these histochemical techniques present evidence of the absence of significant amounts of heparin and the presence of lower sulfated glycosaminoglycan(s) in the granules of these cells.", "contents": "Does heparin occur in mucosal mast cells of the rat small intestine? Microspectrophotometric analyses combined with model experiments using polyacrylamide films containing different types of purified glycosaminoglycan or glycosaminoglycan and basic protein, have been applied to investigate the chemical characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan moiety present in rat mucosal mast cell granules. The results obtained with these histochemical techniques present evidence of the absence of significant amounts of heparin and the presence of lower sulfated glycosaminoglycan(s) in the granules of these cells.", "PMID": 71326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4224", "title": "[Alpha fetoprotein and neonatal jaundice. Contribution to the study of a physiopathologic mechanism].", "content": "The increase in the maternal plasma A.F.P. level is due to an hypoxia of the foetus. The prospective study of 851 single pregnancies shows that there is a significant rise in the A.F.P. levels during the last days of the pregnancy if the babies are going to exhibit a so-called physiological jaundice at birth: the decrease of the A.F.P. levels in these cases is four times slower than in normal cases. The prospective study of another group of 404 pregnancies gave the same results for the A.F.P. level of the blood of the umbilical cord. Statistical analysis showed that the pathological conditions capable of increasing the A.F.P. levels are related to neo-natal jaundice. The neo-natal jaundice may be due to a factor of foetal hypoxia capable of inducing an over stimulation of the foetal erythropoiesis. The results of this mechanism would be a quantitative disequilibrium between an increased hemolysis and a reduced bilirubine fixation capacity during the neo-natal period.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoprotein and neonatal jaundice. Contribution to the study of a physiopathologic mechanism]. The increase in the maternal plasma A.F.P. level is due to an hypoxia of the foetus. The prospective study of 851 single pregnancies shows that there is a significant rise in the A.F.P. levels during the last days of the pregnancy if the babies are going to exhibit a so-called physiological jaundice at birth: the decrease of the A.F.P. levels in these cases is four times slower than in normal cases. The prospective study of another group of 404 pregnancies gave the same results for the A.F.P. level of the blood of the umbilical cord. Statistical analysis showed that the pathological conditions capable of increasing the A.F.P. levels are related to neo-natal jaundice. The neo-natal jaundice may be due to a factor of foetal hypoxia capable of inducing an over stimulation of the foetal erythropoiesis. The results of this mechanism would be a quantitative disequilibrium between an increased hemolysis and a reduced bilirubine fixation capacity during the neo-natal period.", "PMID": 71311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4225", "title": "[Orange colored cells in the amniotic fluid. Statistical evaluation of 504 samples].", "content": "The authors have made a statistical evaluation of 504 estimations of the percentage of orange coloured cells in the liquor amnii. They have been able to draw up a curve of the means which confirms the value of this method. Orange coloured cells of fetal origin first appear after about 28 to 30 weeks. The rise in the percentage which is gradually progressive between the 30th and 37th weeks becomes sharp at the 38th week. The gradients of the curve of the means between the 37th and 38th week is comparable to that of the ratio lecithin/sphingomyelin. It is different from that of creatinaemia which is steeper. False-positive results are rare: at 2 p. 100 they seem to correspond to an advance in fetal maturation which may be spontaneous or may be brought about by treatment. False-negative results are commomer: 13 p. 100. The percentage of orange coloured cells should be viewed in conjunction with other tests for maturity. The technique is simple but the results may be vitiated by the minutae of preservation, of taking or of staining the cells which are described. Orange coloured cells maintain their value in pathological pregnancies and in particular in those where the fetuses are small for dates, for the percentage of orange coloured cells agrees more with the age of the fetus than with its weight.", "contents": "[Orange colored cells in the amniotic fluid. Statistical evaluation of 504 samples]. The authors have made a statistical evaluation of 504 estimations of the percentage of orange coloured cells in the liquor amnii. They have been able to draw up a curve of the means which confirms the value of this method. Orange coloured cells of fetal origin first appear after about 28 to 30 weeks. The rise in the percentage which is gradually progressive between the 30th and 37th weeks becomes sharp at the 38th week. The gradients of the curve of the means between the 37th and 38th week is comparable to that of the ratio lecithin/sphingomyelin. It is different from that of creatinaemia which is steeper. False-positive results are rare: at 2 p. 100 they seem to correspond to an advance in fetal maturation which may be spontaneous or may be brought about by treatment. False-negative results are commomer: 13 p. 100. The percentage of orange coloured cells should be viewed in conjunction with other tests for maturity. The technique is simple but the results may be vitiated by the minutae of preservation, of taking or of staining the cells which are described. Orange coloured cells maintain their value in pathological pregnancies and in particular in those where the fetuses are small for dates, for the percentage of orange coloured cells agrees more with the age of the fetus than with its weight.", "PMID": 71312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4226", "title": "Variable opacity of glycogen in routine electron micrographs.", "content": "Glycogen in nerve terminals from the reticular zone of frog muscle was identified by transmission electron microscopy of both periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silverproteinate treated and UAc-PbCi-stained serial sections. A variable appearance of glycogen in the uranylacetate-lead citrate-stained nerve terminals was seen and is related to the preparative procedure. The study indicates the necessity of cytochemical identification for the assessment of glycogen organization in cells.", "contents": "Variable opacity of glycogen in routine electron micrographs. Glycogen in nerve terminals from the reticular zone of frog muscle was identified by transmission electron microscopy of both periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silverproteinate treated and UAc-PbCi-stained serial sections. A variable appearance of glycogen in the uranylacetate-lead citrate-stained nerve terminals was seen and is related to the preparative procedure. The study indicates the necessity of cytochemical identification for the assessment of glycogen organization in cells.", "PMID": 71327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4227", "title": "Rapid purification of peanut agglutinin by sialic acid-less fetuin-sepharose column.", "content": "A simple purification of peanut agglutinin (PNL) with a sialic acid-less fetuin-Sepharose column is described. Immunofluorescence studies show PNL to be a suitable surface marker of potential use in the study of subpopulations of thymocytes and T cells.", "contents": "Rapid purification of peanut agglutinin by sialic acid-less fetuin-sepharose column. A simple purification of peanut agglutinin (PNL) with a sialic acid-less fetuin-Sepharose column is described. Immunofluorescence studies show PNL to be a suitable surface marker of potential use in the study of subpopulations of thymocytes and T cells.", "PMID": 71328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4228", "title": "A simple spot technique for thin layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces.", "content": "A simple and sensitive technique for visualization of antigen--antibody reactions is described. The property of many antigens to become adsorbed firmly on to a hydrophobic polystyrene surface while retaining their serological reactivity is taken advantage of. On a surface with adsorbed antigen the corresponding immune serum is applied spot-wise. The antigen--antibody reaction areas on the surface are characterized by a distinct hydrophilic condensation pattern when exposed to water vapour. The results obtained by the immunoassay technique described can be reproduced with great accuracy. The method is well suited for quantitative determination of a wide range of antigens as well as their corresponding antibodies. Antigen concentrations of 0.2--0.8 mg/l and antibody concentrations about 1 mg/l can be detected. By employing an antiimmunoglobulin serum subsequent to the primary antigen--antibody reaction, an increase in sensitivity can be obtained.", "contents": "A simple spot technique for thin layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces. A simple and sensitive technique for visualization of antigen--antibody reactions is described. The property of many antigens to become adsorbed firmly on to a hydrophobic polystyrene surface while retaining their serological reactivity is taken advantage of. On a surface with adsorbed antigen the corresponding immune serum is applied spot-wise. The antigen--antibody reaction areas on the surface are characterized by a distinct hydrophilic condensation pattern when exposed to water vapour. The results obtained by the immunoassay technique described can be reproduced with great accuracy. The method is well suited for quantitative determination of a wide range of antigens as well as their corresponding antibodies. Antigen concentrations of 0.2--0.8 mg/l and antibody concentrations about 1 mg/l can be detected. By employing an antiimmunoglobulin serum subsequent to the primary antigen--antibody reaction, an increase in sensitivity can be obtained.", "PMID": 71329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4229", "title": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition: an automated microassay demonstrating specific antigen recognition and blocking activity in two murine tumor systems.", "content": "This communication describes an automated micro-adherence inhibition assay. Tumor-specific immunity was demonstrated with B16 melanoma and MCA-38 colon adenocarcinoma, both of which are syngeneic to the same strain of mouse (C57B16/J). Abrogation of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) response of sensitized leukocytes has been demonstrated in the MCA-38 tumor system by the addition of serum from mice bearing MCA-38 progressively growing tumors, a property not present in normal serum. The sensitivity of the system has also been demonstrated by showing that LAI will change prior to a tumor becoming palpable. This microassay has the advantage of being simple, rapid and reproducible, and involves the use of minimal quantities of antigenic preparations and leukocytes, and in addition is amenable to rigorous statistical analysis.", "contents": "Leukocyte adherence inhibition: an automated microassay demonstrating specific antigen recognition and blocking activity in two murine tumor systems. This communication describes an automated micro-adherence inhibition assay. Tumor-specific immunity was demonstrated with B16 melanoma and MCA-38 colon adenocarcinoma, both of which are syngeneic to the same strain of mouse (C57B16/J). Abrogation of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) response of sensitized leukocytes has been demonstrated in the MCA-38 tumor system by the addition of serum from mice bearing MCA-38 progressively growing tumors, a property not present in normal serum. The sensitivity of the system has also been demonstrated by showing that LAI will change prior to a tumor becoming palpable. This microassay has the advantage of being simple, rapid and reproducible, and involves the use of minimal quantities of antigenic preparations and leukocytes, and in addition is amenable to rigorous statistical analysis.", "PMID": 71330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4230", "title": "Interaction between soluble immune complexes and glass-fiber filters.", "content": "The two components of soluble antigen--antibody complexes, at the antigen excess, exhibit an increase in their binding ability to glass-fiber filters. This is demonstrated in two systems. In the 125I-BSA--anti-BSA system the proportion of 125I-BSA bound to the filter is markedly increased in the presence of anti-BSA antibodies. More than 80% of the antibody bound BSA can be removed by passage through the filter. In the other system, mouse gamma globulin (MGG)--125I-anti-MGG, the proportion of antibody bound to the filter increases with the increase in antigen concentration, whilst the presence of another, non-related, gamma globulin has little effect on the binding. The possible mechanisms for the binding of soluble complexes to the glass fibers are suggested and discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between soluble immune complexes and glass-fiber filters. The two components of soluble antigen--antibody complexes, at the antigen excess, exhibit an increase in their binding ability to glass-fiber filters. This is demonstrated in two systems. In the 125I-BSA--anti-BSA system the proportion of 125I-BSA bound to the filter is markedly increased in the presence of anti-BSA antibodies. More than 80% of the antibody bound BSA can be removed by passage through the filter. In the other system, mouse gamma globulin (MGG)--125I-anti-MGG, the proportion of antibody bound to the filter increases with the increase in antigen concentration, whilst the presence of another, non-related, gamma globulin has little effect on the binding. The possible mechanisms for the binding of soluble complexes to the glass fibers are suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 71331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4231", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic and x-ray microanalytic study of cell surface material during amphibian neurulation.", "content": "Treatment with lanthanum (La3+) after fixation in phosphate (PO4-3)-buffered glutaraldehyde results in the deposition of a cell surface material (CSM) primarily on the developing urodele amphibian neural axis. X-ray probe microanalysis indicates that calcium (CA2+) levels are considerably higher in the neural fold region. La3+ displaces Ca2+ from negatively-charged moieties on biological membranes. Once bound, La3+ likely interacts with residual phosphate(s) resulting in deposition of CSM. Elemental X-ray microanalysis shows CSM contains mostly lanthanum and phosphorus. The high level of regional La3+ binding is correlated with inherently greater Ca2+ levels in the developing neural axis.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic and x-ray microanalytic study of cell surface material during amphibian neurulation. Treatment with lanthanum (La3+) after fixation in phosphate (PO4-3)-buffered glutaraldehyde results in the deposition of a cell surface material (CSM) primarily on the developing urodele amphibian neural axis. X-ray probe microanalysis indicates that calcium (CA2+) levels are considerably higher in the neural fold region. La3+ displaces Ca2+ from negatively-charged moieties on biological membranes. Once bound, La3+ likely interacts with residual phosphate(s) resulting in deposition of CSM. Elemental X-ray microanalysis shows CSM contains mostly lanthanum and phosphorus. The high level of regional La3+ binding is correlated with inherently greater Ca2+ levels in the developing neural axis.", "PMID": 71335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4232", "title": "Computer-assisted analysis of particulate axoplasmic flow in organized CNS tissue cultures.", "content": "Using organized nervous system tissue cultures of embryonic mouse spinal cord, time-lapse motion pictures of intra-axonal particle movements were made using Nomarski optics. The paths of 272 particles were followed and analyzed using digital computer methods. Particles had a bidirectional saltatory motility with net anterograde and retrograde velocities which were shown to be the same (about 1 micron per second). When anterograde moving and retrograde moving particles were analyzed separately for anterograde and retrograde saltations, the velocities of saltation in the direction of net movement were found to be 1.5 times greater than saltations against the direction of net movement. These differences were statistically significant. In addition, it was shown that there were regions within the axon where variations in particle motion were similar from particle to particle as they passed, and that more disturbed motion was found to occur near intra-axonal objects which were judged to be mitochondria. No decrease of particle velocity was noted in regions away from mitochondria nor was in increase in velocity noted near them. Computer-drawn particle plots illustrate the various facets of particle motion.", "contents": "Computer-assisted analysis of particulate axoplasmic flow in organized CNS tissue cultures. Using organized nervous system tissue cultures of embryonic mouse spinal cord, time-lapse motion pictures of intra-axonal particle movements were made using Nomarski optics. The paths of 272 particles were followed and analyzed using digital computer methods. Particles had a bidirectional saltatory motility with net anterograde and retrograde velocities which were shown to be the same (about 1 micron per second). When anterograde moving and retrograde moving particles were analyzed separately for anterograde and retrograde saltations, the velocities of saltation in the direction of net movement were found to be 1.5 times greater than saltations against the direction of net movement. These differences were statistically significant. In addition, it was shown that there were regions within the axon where variations in particle motion were similar from particle to particle as they passed, and that more disturbed motion was found to occur near intra-axonal objects which were judged to be mitochondria. No decrease of particle velocity was noted in regions away from mitochondria nor was in increase in velocity noted near them. Computer-drawn particle plots illustrate the various facets of particle motion.", "PMID": 71337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4233", "title": "Studies of cellular sensitization to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Dissociation of MIF and LBT production in response to a peptide encephalitogenic in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay and the lymphoblastic transformation (LBT) technique were utilized simultaneously to measure immune responses to peptide Y, the 17 amino acid C-terminal fragment of basic myelin protein, in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Ten normals and 67 MS patients from the Montreal Neurological Hospital and affiliated institutions were examined. A prospective attempt was made to correlate the measured responses with phasic clinical activity of the disease. The LBT results indicate some degree of cellular sensitization to peptide Y which parallels the clinical course of the illness, and resembles earlier positive findings obtained with the whole basic myelin protein molecule. These findings, however, are in contrast to a negative MIF response to the Y peptide used in the present study and further contrast the positive MIF results obtained earlier using the whole protein. It is not evident from the results of the present study whether sensitization may be of any pathogenetic significance, but the findings show that differing portions of the basic myelin protein molecule may selectively stimulate specific lymphokine elaboration by sensitized lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies of cellular sensitization to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Dissociation of MIF and LBT production in response to a peptide encephalitogenic in rhesus monkeys. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay and the lymphoblastic transformation (LBT) technique were utilized simultaneously to measure immune responses to peptide Y, the 17 amino acid C-terminal fragment of basic myelin protein, in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Ten normals and 67 MS patients from the Montreal Neurological Hospital and affiliated institutions were examined. A prospective attempt was made to correlate the measured responses with phasic clinical activity of the disease. The LBT results indicate some degree of cellular sensitization to peptide Y which parallels the clinical course of the illness, and resembles earlier positive findings obtained with the whole basic myelin protein molecule. These findings, however, are in contrast to a negative MIF response to the Y peptide used in the present study and further contrast the positive MIF results obtained earlier using the whole protein. It is not evident from the results of the present study whether sensitization may be of any pathogenetic significance, but the findings show that differing portions of the basic myelin protein molecule may selectively stimulate specific lymphokine elaboration by sensitized lymphocytes.", "PMID": 71338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4234", "title": "HLA-typing and lymphocyte population studies in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Compared to a control population, the frequency of HLA-B7 was increased in a group of 46 patients with a chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis (MS) (RR = 2.9, P = 0.01). Significance of the association was lost after correction for first order error. Results on serotyping for \"B-cell DW2\" antigen are suggestive of an increased frequency of this antigen in chronic progressive MS patients (RR = 2.9, P = 0.01). The percentage of T-cells (E-rosette forming lymphocytes) in MS patients was lower (mean 46 +/- 17%, n = 34) than in a control group (mean 62 +/- 10%, n = 90). Only 5 of the 40 patients had high B-lymphocyte percentages, whereas no difference in B-cell counts was observed between the total group of patients and the control group. The T- and B-lymphocyte ratio in the MS patients was lower than in the control group. The 7 patients, with the lowest T/B-cell ratio were negative for \"B-cell DW2\" antigen. In 3 patients, the sum of T plus B-lymphocytes was far lower than 90%. At least 4 patients had in their serum antibodies against autologous lymphocytes as found by immunofluorescence tests. No correlation could be found between these serological and immunological data and clinical data on progression of the disease, the IgG in CSF and improvement after immunosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "HLA-typing and lymphocyte population studies in patients with multiple sclerosis. Compared to a control population, the frequency of HLA-B7 was increased in a group of 46 patients with a chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis (MS) (RR = 2.9, P = 0.01). Significance of the association was lost after correction for first order error. Results on serotyping for \"B-cell DW2\" antigen are suggestive of an increased frequency of this antigen in chronic progressive MS patients (RR = 2.9, P = 0.01). The percentage of T-cells (E-rosette forming lymphocytes) in MS patients was lower (mean 46 +/- 17%, n = 34) than in a control group (mean 62 +/- 10%, n = 90). Only 5 of the 40 patients had high B-lymphocyte percentages, whereas no difference in B-cell counts was observed between the total group of patients and the control group. The T- and B-lymphocyte ratio in the MS patients was lower than in the control group. The 7 patients, with the lowest T/B-cell ratio were negative for \"B-cell DW2\" antigen. In 3 patients, the sum of T plus B-lymphocytes was far lower than 90%. At least 4 patients had in their serum antibodies against autologous lymphocytes as found by immunofluorescence tests. No correlation could be found between these serological and immunological data and clinical data on progression of the disease, the IgG in CSF and improvement after immunosuppressive treatment.", "PMID": 71339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4235", "title": "Enzyme and protein studies of demyelination in diabetes.", "content": "Neuropathological evidence of demyelination was found in the brain and sciatic nerve of diabetic patients at autopsy. The activity of acid proteinase was somewhat increased in the white matter but decreased in the gray matter of diabetic patients. No increase was observed in the activity of neutral proteinase in diabetic white and gray matter. The activities of beta-glucuronidase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) were of the same level as those of the controls. The activities of all 4 enzymes appeared to be increased in the diabetic nerve, with the possible exception of CNP which was measured from only 1 nerve. Furthermore, the amount of total protein was markedly decreased in diabetic peripheral myelin. The encephalitogenic basic protein of diabetic brain myelin was normal in the disc gel electrophoretic patterns of brain myelin proteins. However, the basic proteins of peripheral myelin were reduced in a number of diabetic patients. The present biochemical findings for diabetic white and gray matter were largely normal. Instead, the increased activities of at least the proteinases and beta-glucuronidase in diabetic peripheral nerve, together with the loss of basic proteins, indicate extensive biochemical damage of the peripheral nervous system in diabetes. They suggest that demyelination and other phenomena observed in diabetic peripheral nerve are not caused only by angiopathy and impaired circulation.", "contents": "Enzyme and protein studies of demyelination in diabetes. Neuropathological evidence of demyelination was found in the brain and sciatic nerve of diabetic patients at autopsy. The activity of acid proteinase was somewhat increased in the white matter but decreased in the gray matter of diabetic patients. No increase was observed in the activity of neutral proteinase in diabetic white and gray matter. The activities of beta-glucuronidase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) were of the same level as those of the controls. The activities of all 4 enzymes appeared to be increased in the diabetic nerve, with the possible exception of CNP which was measured from only 1 nerve. Furthermore, the amount of total protein was markedly decreased in diabetic peripheral myelin. The encephalitogenic basic protein of diabetic brain myelin was normal in the disc gel electrophoretic patterns of brain myelin proteins. However, the basic proteins of peripheral myelin were reduced in a number of diabetic patients. The present biochemical findings for diabetic white and gray matter were largely normal. Instead, the increased activities of at least the proteinases and beta-glucuronidase in diabetic peripheral nerve, together with the loss of basic proteins, indicate extensive biochemical damage of the peripheral nervous system in diabetes. They suggest that demyelination and other phenomena observed in diabetic peripheral nerve are not caused only by angiopathy and impaired circulation.", "PMID": 71340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4236", "title": "The beta 2-microglobulin content of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurological disease.", "content": "Beta 2-Microglobulin levels in the CSF and serum of 125 neurological patients were determined. The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in CSF and serum is approximately the same, ranging from 0.6--2.3 mg/l. No clear relationship could be found between the CSF beta 2-microglobulin level on the one hand and the total protein content and white cell count on the other. There was no clear relationship between the serum beta 2-microglobulin and CSF microglobulin content. An increase of beta 2-microglobulin in CSF was found most often in cases of serious infection of the meninges or of the central nervous system. An elevated beta 2-microglobulin content can occur as the only abnormal feature of the CSF.", "contents": "The beta 2-microglobulin content of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurological disease. Beta 2-Microglobulin levels in the CSF and serum of 125 neurological patients were determined. The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in CSF and serum is approximately the same, ranging from 0.6--2.3 mg/l. No clear relationship could be found between the CSF beta 2-microglobulin level on the one hand and the total protein content and white cell count on the other. There was no clear relationship between the serum beta 2-microglobulin and CSF microglobulin content. An increase of beta 2-microglobulin in CSF was found most often in cases of serious infection of the meninges or of the central nervous system. An elevated beta 2-microglobulin content can occur as the only abnormal feature of the CSF.", "PMID": 71341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4237", "title": "A new procedure for examining Golgi impregnated neurons by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "A procedure is described by which neurons impregnated by the rapid Golgi method can be de-impregnated and their fine structure studied in the electron microscope, Brains are fixed by perfusion with buffered solutions containing formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and pieces are then impregnated by a rapid Golgi method. Sections, 150-200 micron thick, are cut from the impregnated blocks and immersed in glycerol so that sections containing suitably impregnated neurons can be selected under the light microscope. Such sections are immersed in gold chloride followed by oxalic acid. The original impregnation deposit of silver chromate is then removed with sodium thiosulphate. This process of de-impregnation leaves the originally impregnated neurons still visible in the light microscope for they now contain a deposit of gold. In the electron microscope this deposit is apparent as fine particles that mark the profiles of the de-impregnated neurons, but the deposit is such that it does not interfere with the fine structure which is remarkably well preserved. Thus, the cytological details of the de-impregnated neurons can be discerned and their synaptic relationships can be determined.", "contents": "A new procedure for examining Golgi impregnated neurons by light and electron microscopy. A procedure is described by which neurons impregnated by the rapid Golgi method can be de-impregnated and their fine structure studied in the electron microscope, Brains are fixed by perfusion with buffered solutions containing formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and pieces are then impregnated by a rapid Golgi method. Sections, 150-200 micron thick, are cut from the impregnated blocks and immersed in glycerol so that sections containing suitably impregnated neurons can be selected under the light microscope. Such sections are immersed in gold chloride followed by oxalic acid. The original impregnation deposit of silver chromate is then removed with sodium thiosulphate. This process of de-impregnation leaves the originally impregnated neurons still visible in the light microscope for they now contain a deposit of gold. In the electron microscope this deposit is apparent as fine particles that mark the profiles of the de-impregnated neurons, but the deposit is such that it does not interfere with the fine structure which is remarkably well preserved. Thus, the cytological details of the de-impregnated neurons can be discerned and their synaptic relationships can be determined.", "PMID": 71343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4238", "title": "2-(2-Aminoethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanol derivatives, a new class of topical antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "A number of analogues and derivatives of the title compound were synthesized and evaluated in a new test procedure used to detect topical antiinflammatory activity. Some general comments regarding observation on the structure-activity relationship of these compounds are made.", "contents": "2-(2-Aminoethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanol derivatives, a new class of topical antiinflammatory agents. A number of analogues and derivatives of the title compound were synthesized and evaluated in a new test procedure used to detect topical antiinflammatory activity. Some general comments regarding observation on the structure-activity relationship of these compounds are made.", "PMID": 71349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4239", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of perfomic acid oxidation of epoxy-embedded tissue with and without early uranyl staining.", "content": "Epoxy-embedded blocks of glutaradehyde and OSO4 fixed adenohypophyseal tissue were immersed in performic acid, rinsed and sectioned for electron microscopy. Sections exhibited a general image intensity equivalent to control sections but their stainability with both uranyl acetate and lead citrate stains was increased. It was concluded that osmium was not removed by performic acid oxidation. Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were not visible, and other components (acidophil granules, in particular) were markedly distored in shape after oxidation. Such changes, however, were not evident in specimens previously exposed to uranyl acetate during ethanol dehydration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of perfomic acid oxidation of epoxy-embedded tissue with and without early uranyl staining. Epoxy-embedded blocks of glutaradehyde and OSO4 fixed adenohypophyseal tissue were immersed in performic acid, rinsed and sectioned for electron microscopy. Sections exhibited a general image intensity equivalent to control sections but their stainability with both uranyl acetate and lead citrate stains was increased. It was concluded that osmium was not removed by performic acid oxidation. Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were not visible, and other components (acidophil granules, in particular) were markedly distored in shape after oxidation. Such changes, however, were not evident in specimens previously exposed to uranyl acetate during ethanol dehydration.", "PMID": 71350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4240", "title": "The coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: morphology and phagocytic properties.", "content": "The coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris have been classified and described, based on Wright's stained preparations and on living cells. The five major categories consist of basophils, acidophils, neutrophils, granulocytes and chloragogen cells. Both the acidophil and chloragogen cell groups contain two subgroups. Granulocytes also exhibit heterogeneity with respect to staining properties of granules. Some possess acidophilic granules, some basophilic granules, and others contain both types. Granules of acidophils have been observed to be occasionally excreted from the cells. All cell types, with the exception of chloragogen cells, produce pseudopodia and are capable of phagocytosis, a vital component of the earthworm's immune response.", "contents": "The coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: morphology and phagocytic properties. The coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris have been classified and described, based on Wright's stained preparations and on living cells. The five major categories consist of basophils, acidophils, neutrophils, granulocytes and chloragogen cells. Both the acidophil and chloragogen cell groups contain two subgroups. Granulocytes also exhibit heterogeneity with respect to staining properties of granules. Some possess acidophilic granules, some basophilic granules, and others contain both types. Granules of acidophils have been observed to be occasionally excreted from the cells. All cell types, with the exception of chloragogen cells, produce pseudopodia and are capable of phagocytosis, a vital component of the earthworm's immune response.", "PMID": 71353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4241", "title": "Identification of an immunologically distinct papillomavirus from lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis.", "content": "Virions isolated from warts of 2 siblings with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a rare disease characterized by the lifelong growth of warty skin tumors containing papova-like virions, were compared to isolates of human papillomavirus (HPV) from 3 pools of plantar and common hand warts. The length of relaxed, circular (form II) molecules of EV virion DNA approximated the length of HPV DNA but was 3.3% longer. Antisera prepared in rabbits against the 3 HPV pools coated and aggregated HPV in  immune electron microscopy (IEM) tests but did not react with EV virions. These antisera reacted at high titers in complement fixation (CF) tests with HPV and reacted only weakly in CF tests with EV virions. Rabbit antisera to EV virions coated and aggregated EV virions but reacted only weakly or not at all with HPV virions in IEM tests. These sera reacted in CF with EV virions only. The data indicated that virions from the EV patients represent an immunologically distinct papillomavirus.", "contents": "Identification of an immunologically distinct papillomavirus from lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Virions isolated from warts of 2 siblings with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a rare disease characterized by the lifelong growth of warty skin tumors containing papova-like virions, were compared to isolates of human papillomavirus (HPV) from 3 pools of plantar and common hand warts. The length of relaxed, circular (form II) molecules of EV virion DNA approximated the length of HPV DNA but was 3.3% longer. Antisera prepared in rabbits against the 3 HPV pools coated and aggregated HPV in  immune electron microscopy (IEM) tests but did not react with EV virions. These antisera reacted at high titers in complement fixation (CF) tests with HPV and reacted only weakly in CF tests with EV virions. Rabbit antisera to EV virions coated and aggregated EV virions but reacted only weakly or not at all with HPV virions in IEM tests. These sera reacted in CF with EV virions only. The data indicated that virions from the EV patients represent an immunologically distinct papillomavirus.", "PMID": 71354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4242", "title": "Bleomycin: mammalian cell lethality and cellular basis of optimal schedule.", "content": "Experiments on the dose- and time-dependent changes in the survival of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed to bleomycin were done to determine a useful regimen for the effective inactivation of the tumor cells. The experimental results on time-dependent changes in survival of bleomycin-treated cells indicated that two phenomena were involved in the survival increase observed after single bleomycin treatment: 1) The bleomycin-treated cells were resistant to the second injection when the interval between the two successive doses was within 2 hours (induced resistance), and 2) the survival was increased as a function of time when the interval between treatments was prolonged (repair of potentially lethal damage). The effect of the fractionated treatments was then investigated for the regimen that minimized the induced resistance and repair of potentially lethal damage. The results indicated that administration of a lower dose of bleomycin at shorter intervals was more effective than other fractionation schedules, and, on the basis of the same dose rate, the continuous infusion regimen was more effective than fractionation regimens for the sterilization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "contents": "Bleomycin: mammalian cell lethality and cellular basis of optimal schedule. Experiments on the dose- and time-dependent changes in the survival of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed to bleomycin were done to determine a useful regimen for the effective inactivation of the tumor cells. The experimental results on time-dependent changes in survival of bleomycin-treated cells indicated that two phenomena were involved in the survival increase observed after single bleomycin treatment: 1) The bleomycin-treated cells were resistant to the second injection when the interval between the two successive doses was within 2 hours (induced resistance), and 2) the survival was increased as a function of time when the interval between treatments was prolonged (repair of potentially lethal damage). The effect of the fractionated treatments was then investigated for the regimen that minimized the induced resistance and repair of potentially lethal damage. The results indicated that administration of a lower dose of bleomycin at shorter intervals was more effective than other fractionation schedules, and, on the basis of the same dose rate, the continuous infusion regimen was more effective than fractionation regimens for the sterilization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "PMID": 71355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4243", "title": "Effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate on protein synthesis in L5178Y cells after hyperthermia.", "content": "Protein synthesis in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line was stimulated after short-duration heat shock by the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The stimulation was concentration-dependent (range, 0.01-1.0 mM) and was enhanced by preincubation of the cells in the presence of the cyclic nucleotide before the heat shock. Actinomycin, which blocks the recovery of protein synthesis activity after heat shock, did not block the cyclic AMP stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate on protein synthesis in L5178Y cells after hyperthermia. Protein synthesis in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line was stimulated after short-duration heat shock by the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The stimulation was concentration-dependent (range, 0.01-1.0 mM) and was enhanced by preincubation of the cells in the presence of the cyclic nucleotide before the heat shock. Actinomycin, which blocks the recovery of protein synthesis activity after heat shock, did not block the cyclic AMP stimulation.", "PMID": 71357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4244", "title": "Differential synthesis of mammalian type C viral gene products in infected cells.", "content": "Radioimmunological techniques were applied to the quantitation of the translational products of the gag, pol, and env genes of mammalian type C viruses. Analysis of the viral proteins associated with simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSA V) and SSA V-infected cells revealed in each that the level of reverse transcriptase was less than 1% of that of the major viral structural protein, p30. The rate of intracellular degradation of reverse transcriptase in SSA V-infected cells was found to be no greater than that of several viral structural proteins, indicating that the lower levels of viral enzyme resulted from its decreased synthesis. By screening individual cells infected at limiting SSA V dilution, it was possible to isolate a clone (clone 16), which demonstrated levels of viral p12, p30, and gp70 similar to those found in wild-type SSA V-infected cells, and which released noninfectious virions in large quantity. The noninfectious virions and clone 16 cells were shown to lack immunologically or enzymologically detectable reverse transcriptase. With serial passage of clone 16 cells, reverse transcriptase activity became spontaneously detectable in tissue culture fluids, concomitant with the appearance of infectious virus. The reverse transcriptase associated with this virus was indistinguishable from SSA V polymerase, indicating that the genetic alteration restricting SSA V pol gene expression in clone 16 cells was reversible. These results further demonstrate the strict requirement of reverse transcriptase for establishment of type C virus infection. Possible mechanisms to account for the patterns of type C viral gene expression detected in SSA V-infected cells are discussed.", "contents": "Differential synthesis of mammalian type C viral gene products in infected cells. Radioimmunological techniques were applied to the quantitation of the translational products of the gag, pol, and env genes of mammalian type C viruses. Analysis of the viral proteins associated with simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSA V) and SSA V-infected cells revealed in each that the level of reverse transcriptase was less than 1% of that of the major viral structural protein, p30. The rate of intracellular degradation of reverse transcriptase in SSA V-infected cells was found to be no greater than that of several viral structural proteins, indicating that the lower levels of viral enzyme resulted from its decreased synthesis. By screening individual cells infected at limiting SSA V dilution, it was possible to isolate a clone (clone 16), which demonstrated levels of viral p12, p30, and gp70 similar to those found in wild-type SSA V-infected cells, and which released noninfectious virions in large quantity. The noninfectious virions and clone 16 cells were shown to lack immunologically or enzymologically detectable reverse transcriptase. With serial passage of clone 16 cells, reverse transcriptase activity became spontaneously detectable in tissue culture fluids, concomitant with the appearance of infectious virus. The reverse transcriptase associated with this virus was indistinguishable from SSA V polymerase, indicating that the genetic alteration restricting SSA V pol gene expression in clone 16 cells was reversible. These results further demonstrate the strict requirement of reverse transcriptase for establishment of type C virus infection. Possible mechanisms to account for the patterns of type C viral gene expression detected in SSA V-infected cells are discussed.", "PMID": 71358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4245", "title": "Urethral pressure profilometry: assessment of urethral function by combined intraurethral pressure and electromyographic recording.", "content": "The technique of combined electromyographic and carbon dioxide urethral pressure profilometry is described and analyzed. The low viscous drag of carbon dioxide permits the use of catheter infusion rates above the critical threshold, where the compressibility of the gas does not influence the accuracy of the pressure recording. Clinical urethral function studies with this technique in benign prostatic hypertrophy, stress incontinence and traumatic spinal cord injury have documented the diagnostic value of the test. Furthermore, the impact of surgical or pharmacological treatment upon urethral function has been delineated.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profilometry: assessment of urethral function by combined intraurethral pressure and electromyographic recording. The technique of combined electromyographic and carbon dioxide urethral pressure profilometry is described and analyzed. The low viscous drag of carbon dioxide permits the use of catheter infusion rates above the critical threshold, where the compressibility of the gas does not influence the accuracy of the pressure recording. Clinical urethral function studies with this technique in benign prostatic hypertrophy, stress incontinence and traumatic spinal cord injury have documented the diagnostic value of the test. Furthermore, the impact of surgical or pharmacological treatment upon urethral function has been delineated.", "PMID": 71359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4246", "title": "How to set up a laboratory for investigation of neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract.", "content": "Neurourodynamics laboratories require the organization of sophisticated equipment for the individual evaluation of detrusor and urethral function. This equipment and these procedures provide greatest benefit to the patient when associated with direct physician participation. These procedures result in detection of a profile of test findings common to individual diseases of the lower urinary tract.", "contents": "How to set up a laboratory for investigation of neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. Neurourodynamics laboratories require the organization of sophisticated equipment for the individual evaluation of detrusor and urethral function. This equipment and these procedures provide greatest benefit to the patient when associated with direct physician participation. These procedures result in detection of a profile of test findings common to individual diseases of the lower urinary tract.", "PMID": 71360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4247", "title": "Dramatic palliation for painful, fixed bladder squamous cell carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil infusion.", "content": "A case of an exquisitely painful squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is reported. The pain progressed and rectal obstruction developed during palliative radiotherapy. With less than 7 days of infusion chemotherapy the patient became totally free of pain, with subjective and objective relief of the rectal obstruction (avoiding colostomy).", "contents": "Dramatic palliation for painful, fixed bladder squamous cell carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil infusion. A case of an exquisitely painful squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is reported. The pain progressed and rectal obstruction developed during palliative radiotherapy. With less than 7 days of infusion chemotherapy the patient became totally free of pain, with subjective and objective relief of the rectal obstruction (avoiding colostomy).", "PMID": 71361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4248", "title": "Rectal invasion by benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Rectal invasion by benign prostatic hyperplasia occurred subsequent to an open transrectal biopsy of the prostate gland. Frequent transrectal resections of the prostate controlled this unusual lesion initially. However, massive intrarectal regrowth of this clinically malignant but histologically proved benign prostatic enlargement required eventual pelvic exenteration.", "contents": "Rectal invasion by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rectal invasion by benign prostatic hyperplasia occurred subsequent to an open transrectal biopsy of the prostate gland. Frequent transrectal resections of the prostate controlled this unusual lesion initially. However, massive intrarectal regrowth of this clinically malignant but histologically proved benign prostatic enlargement required eventual pelvic exenteration.", "PMID": 71362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4249", "title": "Telemedicine in critical care: an experiment in health care delivery.", "content": "We hypothesized that telemedicine -- medicine practiced from a distance using telecommunications -- can solve some problems related to the scarcity and maldistribution of specialists in critical care medicine. Using a two-way audiovisual link between a small private hospital and a large university medical center, we have provided daily consultations by an intensivist to patients in the small institution. During the first 175 days of the project we found: 1) regular consultations in critical care can be provided using the audiovisual link; 2) current technology is adequate but expensive; 3) telemedicine consultations can be made acceptable to users and providers; 4) telemedicine can be a valuable educational resource; 5) telemedicine can influence the process and probably the outcome of patient care; 6) the audiovisual link is superior to the telephone for these consultations; and 7) telemedicine can serve as an important link between a small hospital and a large medical center favorably influencing the quality of care in the critical care unit of the small hospital.", "contents": "Telemedicine in critical care: an experiment in health care delivery. We hypothesized that telemedicine -- medicine practiced from a distance using telecommunications -- can solve some problems related to the scarcity and maldistribution of specialists in critical care medicine. Using a two-way audiovisual link between a small private hospital and a large university medical center, we have provided daily consultations by an intensivist to patients in the small institution. During the first 175 days of the project we found: 1) regular consultations in critical care can be provided using the audiovisual link; 2) current technology is adequate but expensive; 3) telemedicine consultations can be made acceptable to users and providers; 4) telemedicine can be a valuable educational resource; 5) telemedicine can influence the process and probably the outcome of patient care; 6) the audiovisual link is superior to the telephone for these consultations; and 7) telemedicine can serve as an important link between a small hospital and a large medical center favorably influencing the quality of care in the critical care unit of the small hospital.", "PMID": 71365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4250", "title": "[Relations between cell-bound lipids and disodium cromoglycate (author's transl)].", "content": "Disodium cromoglycate binds in vitro and in vivo to lipids in white cells. Smears of cells from lymphocyte cultures and from bone marrow aspirates treated with DNCG and subsequently stained with pseudoisocyanine show a characteristic green fluorescence (515 nm) of membrane- and intracellular-lipids. It is suggested that the mode of action of DNCG in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma could be the binding of DNCG to membrane lipids. This binding might block the IgE-mediated reaction on the surface of mast cells which otherwise would lead to degranulation and release of vasoactive substances.", "contents": "[Relations between cell-bound lipids and disodium cromoglycate (author's transl)]. Disodium cromoglycate binds in vitro and in vivo to lipids in white cells. Smears of cells from lymphocyte cultures and from bone marrow aspirates treated with DNCG and subsequently stained with pseudoisocyanine show a characteristic green fluorescence (515 nm) of membrane- and intracellular-lipids. It is suggested that the mode of action of DNCG in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma could be the binding of DNCG to membrane lipids. This binding might block the IgE-mediated reaction on the surface of mast cells which otherwise would lead to degranulation and release of vasoactive substances.", "PMID": 71367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4251", "title": "[Effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide on the biochemical composition of human blood].", "content": "Protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of men was investigated during their prolonged exposure to a closed atmosphere containing carbon monoxide at a concentration of 20-10 mg/m3. A 30-day exposure of test subjects to carbon monoxide at a concentration of 20-15 mg/m3 caused an increase of albumin, beta-globulins, total lipids, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins in the serum and a decrease of the sugar concentration in the blood. A 90-day exposure of test subjects to carbon monoxide at a concentration of 10 mg/m3 did not bring about significant changes in the above parameters. The provocative test for glucose tolerance showed no changes in the glycaemic regulation.", "contents": "[Effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide on the biochemical composition of human blood]. Protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of men was investigated during their prolonged exposure to a closed atmosphere containing carbon monoxide at a concentration of 20-10 mg/m3. A 30-day exposure of test subjects to carbon monoxide at a concentration of 20-15 mg/m3 caused an increase of albumin, beta-globulins, total lipids, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins in the serum and a decrease of the sugar concentration in the blood. A 90-day exposure of test subjects to carbon monoxide at a concentration of 10 mg/m3 did not bring about significant changes in the above parameters. The provocative test for glucose tolerance showed no changes in the glycaemic regulation.", "PMID": 71368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4252", "title": "Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures.", "content": "Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.", "contents": "Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures. Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.", "PMID": 71396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4253", "title": "Propranolol as an adjunct to the treatment of schizophrenia.", "content": "Propranolol contributed usefully to the practical management of patients with chronic schizophrenia whose florid symptoms had not remitted with major tranquillisers. 14 patients who had received an average equivalent of 954 mg per day of chlorpromazine for 10 years were given, in addition, either propranolol or a placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups had improved by the twelfth week, but the propranolol group had improved significantly more.", "contents": "Propranolol as an adjunct to the treatment of schizophrenia. Propranolol contributed usefully to the practical management of patients with chronic schizophrenia whose florid symptoms had not remitted with major tranquillisers. 14 patients who had received an average equivalent of 954 mg per day of chlorpromazine for 10 years were given, in addition, either propranolol or a placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups had improved by the twelfth week, but the propranolol group had improved significantly more.", "PMID": 71397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4254", "title": "Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer.", "content": "A positive association between the use of artificial sweetners, particularly saccharin, and risk of bladder cancer in males has been observed in a case-control study of 480 men and 152 women in three Provinces in Canada. The risk ratio for ever versus never used is 1-6 for males (P=0-009, one-tailed test), and a significant dose-response relationship was obtained for both duration and frequency of use. The population attributable risk for males is estimated at 7%, though for diabetics, who have a similar risk ratio for artificial sweetner use as non-diabetics, the attributable risk is 33%.", "contents": "Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer. A positive association between the use of artificial sweetners, particularly saccharin, and risk of bladder cancer in males has been observed in a case-control study of 480 men and 152 women in three Provinces in Canada. The risk ratio for ever versus never used is 1-6 for males (P=0-009, one-tailed test), and a significant dose-response relationship was obtained for both duration and frequency of use. The population attributable risk for males is estimated at 7%, though for diabetics, who have a similar risk ratio for artificial sweetner use as non-diabetics, the attributable risk is 33%.", "PMID": 71398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4255", "title": "Heparin-induced decrease in circulating antithrombin-III.", "content": "Plasma-antithrombin-III (AT-III) concentrations were measured throughout therapy in 24 patients receiving continuous intravenous heparin infusion and in 2 patients treated with repeated intravenous heparin injections. In all patients, including 1 with congenital AT-III deficiency, heparin therapy was associated with a considerable progressive reduction in AT-III-binding capacity and antigenic protein. The net individual decrease in plasma-AT-III was 0-31 +/- 0-05 units/ml (normal plasma-AT-III was 1-00 units/ml) or 9-5 +/- 2-0 mg/dl and the decrease was independent of initial concentration. Plasma-AT-III returned to normal two to three days after heparin was stopped. There was no decrease in plasma-AT-III after a single dose of intravenous heparin. When present in blood for long periods heparin significantly reduced AT-III, the proteinase inhibitor that is responsible for the anticoagulant effect of this drug. The finding is very relevant to the interpretation of clinical data in patients treated with heparin and suggests that AT-III depletion may underly the thromboembolic complications sometimes encountered during heparin therapy.", "contents": "Heparin-induced decrease in circulating antithrombin-III. Plasma-antithrombin-III (AT-III) concentrations were measured throughout therapy in 24 patients receiving continuous intravenous heparin infusion and in 2 patients treated with repeated intravenous heparin injections. In all patients, including 1 with congenital AT-III deficiency, heparin therapy was associated with a considerable progressive reduction in AT-III-binding capacity and antigenic protein. The net individual decrease in plasma-AT-III was 0-31 +/- 0-05 units/ml (normal plasma-AT-III was 1-00 units/ml) or 9-5 +/- 2-0 mg/dl and the decrease was independent of initial concentration. Plasma-AT-III returned to normal two to three days after heparin was stopped. There was no decrease in plasma-AT-III after a single dose of intravenous heparin. When present in blood for long periods heparin significantly reduced AT-III, the proteinase inhibitor that is responsible for the anticoagulant effect of this drug. The finding is very relevant to the interpretation of clinical data in patients treated with heparin and suggests that AT-III depletion may underly the thromboembolic complications sometimes encountered during heparin therapy.", "PMID": 71399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4256", "title": "Polymorphic hydroxylation of Debrisoquine in man.", "content": "Debrisoquine and its primary metabolite, 4-hydroxydebrisoquine, were measured in the urine of 94 volunteers after a single oral dose of 10 mg debrisoquine. The ratio between excreted debrisoquine and its metabolite was bimorphically distributed in the study population. Family studies supported the view that alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine is controlled by a single autosomal gene and that a defect in this metabolic step is caused by a recessive allele.", "contents": "Polymorphic hydroxylation of Debrisoquine in man. Debrisoquine and its primary metabolite, 4-hydroxydebrisoquine, were measured in the urine of 94 volunteers after a single oral dose of 10 mg debrisoquine. The ratio between excreted debrisoquine and its metabolite was bimorphically distributed in the study population. Family studies supported the view that alicyclic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine is controlled by a single autosomal gene and that a defect in this metabolic step is caused by a recessive allele.", "PMID": 71400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4257", "title": "Sperm granuloma and reversibility of vasectomy.", "content": "Ninety-two consecutive patients who had undergone bilateral vasectomy 1 month to 28 years earlier were studied at the time of vasectomy reversal for sperm output, dilatation of the vas-deferens lumen, and sperm granuloma. Thirty-nine men had unilateral or bilateral sperm granuloma. The presence of of a sperm granuloma virtually assured normal sperm in the vas fluid no matter how long ago the vasectomy was performed. In the absence of a sperm granuloma, the interval since vasectomy had an important influence on the quality of vas fluid. The presence of a sperm granuloma was associated with significantly less dilatation of vas-deferens lumen at the testicular end. The site of the vasectomy and the amount of vas deferens removed did not influence sperm quality. A sperm granuloma on only one side resulted in normal spermatozoa in the vas fluid on that side, whereas the side without the sperm granuloma had abnormal spermatozoa or no spermatozoa in the vas fluid. It is concluded that when sperm granuloma follows vasectomy it vents the high pressure otherwise created by vasectomy and prevents disruption of sperm output in the vas fluid.", "contents": "Sperm granuloma and reversibility of vasectomy. Ninety-two consecutive patients who had undergone bilateral vasectomy 1 month to 28 years earlier were studied at the time of vasectomy reversal for sperm output, dilatation of the vas-deferens lumen, and sperm granuloma. Thirty-nine men had unilateral or bilateral sperm granuloma. The presence of of a sperm granuloma virtually assured normal sperm in the vas fluid no matter how long ago the vasectomy was performed. In the absence of a sperm granuloma, the interval since vasectomy had an important influence on the quality of vas fluid. The presence of a sperm granuloma was associated with significantly less dilatation of vas-deferens lumen at the testicular end. The site of the vasectomy and the amount of vas deferens removed did not influence sperm quality. A sperm granuloma on only one side resulted in normal spermatozoa in the vas fluid on that side, whereas the side without the sperm granuloma had abnormal spermatozoa or no spermatozoa in the vas fluid. It is concluded that when sperm granuloma follows vasectomy it vents the high pressure otherwise created by vasectomy and prevents disruption of sperm output in the vas fluid.", "PMID": 71402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4258", "title": "Weakness in myotonic syndromes.", "content": "Muscle weakness occurs in a number of myotonic syndromes, including those in which muscle bulk is preserved. The possible causes of muscle weakness may be considered in terms of the different stages of the electromechanical activation process and defects in the contractile machinery. In individual myotonic disorders the ability to identify the origin of the muscle weakness (whether neurogenic or myogenic) and the functional level at which the defect occurs would assist the choice of rational treatment.", "contents": "Weakness in myotonic syndromes. Muscle weakness occurs in a number of myotonic syndromes, including those in which muscle bulk is preserved. The possible causes of muscle weakness may be considered in terms of the different stages of the electromechanical activation process and defects in the contractile machinery. In individual myotonic disorders the ability to identify the origin of the muscle weakness (whether neurogenic or myogenic) and the functional level at which the defect occurs would assist the choice of rational treatment.", "PMID": 71410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4259", "title": "Serum-ferritin in diagnosis of haemochromatosis. A study of 43 families.", "content": "242 members of 43 families with idiopathic haemochromatosis were investigated for increased body-iron stores in order to assess the value of serum-ferritin determination as a screening-test to detect preclinical disease. The serum-iron concentration was elevated in only 76% of relatives with increased iron stores, and it was also elevated in 10% of relatives with normal iron stores. The percentage saturation of transferrin was elevated in all relatives with increased iron stores but also in 33% of relatives with normal iron stores. Serum-ferritin was raised in 98% of relatives with increased iron stores and in only 3 (1.8%) of those with normal iron stores. These 3 subjects consumed alcohol in excess of 100 g ethanol per day, and their serum-ferritin levels fluctuated widely. Increased iron stores were reflected in increased serum-ferritin concentrations in subjects as young as 14 years in whom the liver-iron concentration was twice the normal upper limit and before there was any evidence of architectural damage to the liver. The serum-ferritin concentration is a useful non-invasive screening test for precirrhotic haemochromatosis.", "contents": "Serum-ferritin in diagnosis of haemochromatosis. A study of 43 families. 242 members of 43 families with idiopathic haemochromatosis were investigated for increased body-iron stores in order to assess the value of serum-ferritin determination as a screening-test to detect preclinical disease. The serum-iron concentration was elevated in only 76% of relatives with increased iron stores, and it was also elevated in 10% of relatives with normal iron stores. The percentage saturation of transferrin was elevated in all relatives with increased iron stores but also in 33% of relatives with normal iron stores. Serum-ferritin was raised in 98% of relatives with increased iron stores and in only 3 (1.8%) of those with normal iron stores. These 3 subjects consumed alcohol in excess of 100 g ethanol per day, and their serum-ferritin levels fluctuated widely. Increased iron stores were reflected in increased serum-ferritin concentrations in subjects as young as 14 years in whom the liver-iron concentration was twice the normal upper limit and before there was any evidence of architectural damage to the liver. The serum-ferritin concentration is a useful non-invasive screening test for precirrhotic haemochromatosis.", "PMID": 71445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4260", "title": "Prostaglandins and breast cancer.", "content": "Malignant human breast tumours produced more prostaglandin-like material during homogenisation than did benign tumours or normal breast tissue. Greatest synthesis in vitro occurred with tumours associated with bone metastases, and the highest \"basal\" amounts tended to occur in tumours showing spread histologically. It is suggested that prostaglandins may play a part in tumour spread and growth in bone and that drugs which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis may be valuable therapeutic agents in cancer.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and breast cancer. Malignant human breast tumours produced more prostaglandin-like material during homogenisation than did benign tumours or normal breast tissue. Greatest synthesis in vitro occurred with tumours associated with bone metastases, and the highest \"basal\" amounts tended to occur in tumours showing spread histologically. It is suggested that prostaglandins may play a part in tumour spread and growth in bone and that drugs which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis may be valuable therapeutic agents in cancer.", "PMID": 71446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4261", "title": "Correlation between leucocyte-migration inhibition by breast-cancer antigens, mammographic findings, and other breast-cancer risk factors.", "content": "A double-blind study of 62 normal women was carried out to determine if there was any correlation between the mean score of six weekly leucocyte-migration-inhibition tests (L.M.T.) against breast-cancer antigen, xeromammographic findings, and the presence of other epidemiological risk factors for the development of breast cancer. 36 women had abnormal mammograms, and 11 of these 26 (30.5%) had a mean L.M.T. score greater than or equal to 10%. 26 women had normal mammograms, and only 1 of these (3.8%) had a mean value greater than or equal to 10%. This difference was significant (p less than 0.02). A family history of breast cancer and/or previous surgery for cystic and proliferative disease also correlated significantly with L.M.T. score (p less than 0.05); the combined presence of epidemiological risk factors and an abnormal mammogram correlated most strongly with L.M.T. score (p less than 0.01). Although the results may indicate an \"immunological risk factor\" towards the development of breast cancer, the biological relevance of this observation remains to be proven.", "contents": "Correlation between leucocyte-migration inhibition by breast-cancer antigens, mammographic findings, and other breast-cancer risk factors. A double-blind study of 62 normal women was carried out to determine if there was any correlation between the mean score of six weekly leucocyte-migration-inhibition tests (L.M.T.) against breast-cancer antigen, xeromammographic findings, and the presence of other epidemiological risk factors for the development of breast cancer. 36 women had abnormal mammograms, and 11 of these 26 (30.5%) had a mean L.M.T. score greater than or equal to 10%. 26 women had normal mammograms, and only 1 of these (3.8%) had a mean value greater than or equal to 10%. This difference was significant (p less than 0.02). A family history of breast cancer and/or previous surgery for cystic and proliferative disease also correlated significantly with L.M.T. score (p less than 0.05); the combined presence of epidemiological risk factors and an abnormal mammogram correlated most strongly with L.M.T. score (p less than 0.01). Although the results may indicate an \"immunological risk factor\" towards the development of breast cancer, the biological relevance of this observation remains to be proven.", "PMID": 71447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4262", "title": "Vitamin-D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and  vitamin-D-binding globulin (V.D.B.G.) were significantly reduced in ten nephrotic subjects. V.D.B.G., which is undetectable in normal urine, was present in substantial amounts in the urine of each nephrotic subject. Administration of 3H-labelled cholecalciferol to three subjects resulted in the rapid appearance of the labelled vitamin in the urine, mainly as the 25-hydroxylated metabolite bound to V.D.B.G. in amounts which could largely account for the low plasma-25-OHD3. The plasma half-life of 25-OHD3 was substantially reduced in the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Vitamin-D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and  vitamin-D-binding globulin (V.D.B.G.) were significantly reduced in ten nephrotic subjects. V.D.B.G., which is undetectable in normal urine, was present in substantial amounts in the urine of each nephrotic subject. Administration of 3H-labelled cholecalciferol to three subjects resulted in the rapid appearance of the labelled vitamin in the urine, mainly as the 25-hydroxylated metabolite bound to V.D.B.G. in amounts which could largely account for the low plasma-25-OHD3. The plasma half-life of 25-OHD3 was substantially reduced in the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 71448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4263", "title": "Death from acute pancreatitis. M.R.C. multicentre trial of glucagon and aprotinin.", "content": "The influence of glucagon and aprotinin ('Trasylol') on the death-rate of acute pancreatitis has been studied in a randomised double-blind multicentre trial. The death-rate in 257 patients was 11%. In the doses used neither drug was found to diminish the risk of death.", "contents": "Death from acute pancreatitis. M.R.C. multicentre trial of glucagon and aprotinin. The influence of glucagon and aprotinin ('Trasylol') on the death-rate of acute pancreatitis has been studied in a randomised double-blind multicentre trial. The death-rate in 257 patients was 11%. In the doses used neither drug was found to diminish the risk of death.", "PMID": 71449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4264", "title": "Alteration in fibrinolytic capacity after operation.", "content": "The fibrinolytic response to 20 min of forearm venous occlusion was studied in patients undergoing major and minor operations. Fibrinolytic capacity, which is defined as the increase in fibrinolytic activity resulting from a period of venous occlusion, was significantly reduced on the first postoperative day after major operations, but not after minor operations. Since venous occlusion results in the release of plasminogen activator from the vascular endothelium into the blood, these findings suggest that the reduction in the level of spontaneous fibrinolytic activity after major operations is the result either of exhaustion of the vascular endothelium of plasminogen activator or defective synthesis and release of this enzyme from the endothelium.", "contents": "Alteration in fibrinolytic capacity after operation. The fibrinolytic response to 20 min of forearm venous occlusion was studied in patients undergoing major and minor operations. Fibrinolytic capacity, which is defined as the increase in fibrinolytic activity resulting from a period of venous occlusion, was significantly reduced on the first postoperative day after major operations, but not after minor operations. Since venous occlusion results in the release of plasminogen activator from the vascular endothelium into the blood, these findings suggest that the reduction in the level of spontaneous fibrinolytic activity after major operations is the result either of exhaustion of the vascular endothelium of plasminogen activator or defective synthesis and release of this enzyme from the endothelium.", "PMID": 71450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4265", "title": "Isolation of Herpes simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglia, including ganglia from one patient with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Herpes-simplex virus (H.S.V.) was isolated from 18 of 39 trigeminal ganglia (T.G.) obtained within 12 h of death. The virus was isolated from ten persons who had died of trauma, from one case of lymphoma, and from one case of multiple sclerosis. In the cadaver with histologically confirmed multiple sclerosis, large bilateral areas of demyelination were present near the points of entry of the nerve root, and the possibility that H.S.V. migration to the root entry zone caused demyelination cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Isolation of Herpes simplex virus from human trigeminal ganglia, including ganglia from one patient with multiple sclerosis. Herpes-simplex virus (H.S.V.) was isolated from 18 of 39 trigeminal ganglia (T.G.) obtained within 12 h of death. The virus was isolated from ten persons who had died of trauma, from one case of lymphoma, and from one case of multiple sclerosis. In the cadaver with histologically confirmed multiple sclerosis, large bilateral areas of demyelination were present near the points of entry of the nerve root, and the possibility that H.S.V. migration to the root entry zone caused demyelination cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 71451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4266", "title": "Micro-ELISA for detecting and assaying snake venom and venom-antibody.", "content": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can detect venom levels down to 1-5 ng/ml. The assay is specific; no cross-reaction of clinical importance was found in a range of 14 different types of venom. Both venom and venom-antibody levels were monitored in mice. Specific antibody was detected in human serum more than 2 years after an accidental bite by Echis carinatus. ELISA should clarify many basic problems of envenoming in man.", "contents": "Micro-ELISA for detecting and assaying snake venom and venom-antibody. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can detect venom levels down to 1-5 ng/ml. The assay is specific; no cross-reaction of clinical importance was found in a range of 14 different types of venom. Both venom and venom-antibody levels were monitored in mice. Specific antibody was detected in human serum more than 2 years after an accidental bite by Echis carinatus. ELISA should clarify many basic problems of envenoming in man.", "PMID": 71452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4267", "title": "One hundred kidney transplants in the Belfast city hospital.", "content": "100 kidney transplants have been carried out on 91 patients (7 had 2 transplants and 2 had 3 transplants). 4 transplants were from living related donors and 96 from cadavers. 76 patients survive, all but one with functioning kidneys. The cumulative survival of patients was 82% at 2 years and 80-7% at 5 years. 8 patients died with functioning grafts, and 2 of the other deaths took place more than 3 months after removal of a rejected kidney and resumption of haemodialysis. There were no deaths from sepsis in the first 60 days after transplantation. The cumulative survival of all grafts was 82-1% at 2 and 5 years. The cumulative survival of first grafts was 82-5% at 2 and 5 years.", "contents": "One hundred kidney transplants in the Belfast city hospital. 100 kidney transplants have been carried out on 91 patients (7 had 2 transplants and 2 had 3 transplants). 4 transplants were from living related donors and 96 from cadavers. 76 patients survive, all but one with functioning kidneys. The cumulative survival of patients was 82% at 2 years and 80-7% at 5 years. 8 patients died with functioning grafts, and 2 of the other deaths took place more than 3 months after removal of a rejected kidney and resumption of haemodialysis. There were no deaths from sepsis in the first 60 days after transplantation. The cumulative survival of all grafts was 82-1% at 2 and 5 years. The cumulative survival of first grafts was 82-5% at 2 and 5 years.", "PMID": 71461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4268", "title": "Effect of antilyphocyte-globulin potency on survival of cadaver renal transplants. Prospective randomised double-blind trial.", "content": "71 recipients of cadaver primary and secondary renal transplants were investigated in a prospective randomised double-blind study. Patients were given one of two rabbit antilymphocyte globulin (A.L.G.) preparations made by similar techniques but differing in potency as measured by skin-graft prolongation in rhesus monkeys. Patient selection and management were otherwise similar. A statistically significant difference (P less than 0-05) in graft survival (78% vs. 42%) developed between the two groups at a mean follow-up of 18-4 months and patient entry into the study was terminated. After a 3-5 year interval from the start of the trial the double-blind code was broken. It was found that the high-potency-A.L.G. group had better graft survival and fewer rejection episodes (P less than 0-05) than the moderate-potency group. The results suggest that preclinical testing of A.L.G. by the primate skin graft test can be a valid indicator of the potential efficacy of an A.L.G. preparation in renal-transplant recipients. It is suggested that quality-control standards may improve the clinical results of A.L.G. therapy.", "contents": "Effect of antilyphocyte-globulin potency on survival of cadaver renal transplants. Prospective randomised double-blind trial. 71 recipients of cadaver primary and secondary renal transplants were investigated in a prospective randomised double-blind study. Patients were given one of two rabbit antilymphocyte globulin (A.L.G.) preparations made by similar techniques but differing in potency as measured by skin-graft prolongation in rhesus monkeys. Patient selection and management were otherwise similar. A statistically significant difference (P less than 0-05) in graft survival (78% vs. 42%) developed between the two groups at a mean follow-up of 18-4 months and patient entry into the study was terminated. After a 3-5 year interval from the start of the trial the double-blind code was broken. It was found that the high-potency-A.L.G. group had better graft survival and fewer rejection episodes (P less than 0-05) than the moderate-potency group. The results suggest that preclinical testing of A.L.G. by the primate skin graft test can be a valid indicator of the potential efficacy of an A.L.G. preparation in renal-transplant recipients. It is suggested that quality-control standards may improve the clinical results of A.L.G. therapy.", "PMID": 71492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4269", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasonography of portal vein.", "content": "The state of the extrahepatic portal venous system was correctly assessed by grey-scale ultrasonography in twenty-one patients with extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction and the results agreed with those obtained by portal venography. In twenty-two age-matched controls a patent portal vein was displayed. The diameter of the portal vein on the ultrasound scan was significantly less in the twenty-two controls than in eighteen patients with chronic liver disease. Grey-scale ultrasonography is a reliable, inexpensive, and non-invasive method for diagnosing extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasonography of portal vein. The state of the extrahepatic portal venous system was correctly assessed by grey-scale ultrasonography in twenty-one patients with extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction and the results agreed with those obtained by portal venography. In twenty-two age-matched controls a patent portal vein was displayed. The diameter of the portal vein on the ultrasound scan was significantly less in the twenty-two controls than in eighteen patients with chronic liver disease. Grey-scale ultrasonography is a reliable, inexpensive, and non-invasive method for diagnosing extrahepatic portal-vein obstruction.", "PMID": 71493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4270", "title": "Urinary oxalate on a high-oxalate diet as a clinical test of malabsorption.", "content": "100 g of spinach a day was added to the hospital diet of fifty-four patients with suspected malabsorption. Hyperoxaluria was found in thirty-eight patients; all of them had steatorrhoea. No patient with steatorrhoea had a urinary oxalate excretion of less than 40 mg a day. Ten other patients had hyperoxaluria, but the faecal fat determinations were regarded as unreliable in almost all and malabsorption could not be confirmed. It is suggested that in clinical practice determination of urinary oxalate after an oral load of oxalate could replace faecal fat determination in most patients with suspected malabsorption.", "contents": "Urinary oxalate on a high-oxalate diet as a clinical test of malabsorption. 100 g of spinach a day was added to the hospital diet of fifty-four patients with suspected malabsorption. Hyperoxaluria was found in thirty-eight patients; all of them had steatorrhoea. No patient with steatorrhoea had a urinary oxalate excretion of less than 40 mg a day. Ten other patients had hyperoxaluria, but the faecal fat determinations were regarded as unreliable in almost all and malabsorption could not be confirmed. It is suggested that in clinical practice determination of urinary oxalate after an oral load of oxalate could replace faecal fat determination in most patients with suspected malabsorption.", "PMID": 71494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4271", "title": "Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin.", "content": "Ten normal subjects ingested test meals based on apples, each containing 60 g available carbohydrate. Fibre-free juice could be consumed eleven times faster than intact apples and four times faster than fibre-disrupted pur\u00e9e. Satiety was assessed numerically. With the rate of ingestion equalised, juice was significantly less satisfying than pur\u00e9e, and pur\u00e9e than apples. Plasma-glucose rose to similar levels after all three meals. However, there was a striking rebound fall after juice, and to a lesser extent after pur\u00e9e, which was not seen after apples. Serum-insulin rose to higher levels after juice and pur\u00e9e than after apples. The removal of fibre from food, and also its physical disruption, can result in faster and easier ingestion, decreased satiety, and disturbed glucose homoeostasis which is probably due to inappropriate insulin release. These effects favour overnutrition and, if often repeated, might lead to diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin. Ten normal subjects ingested test meals based on apples, each containing 60 g available carbohydrate. Fibre-free juice could be consumed eleven times faster than intact apples and four times faster than fibre-disrupted pur\u00e9e. Satiety was assessed numerically. With the rate of ingestion equalised, juice was significantly less satisfying than pur\u00e9e, and pur\u00e9e than apples. Plasma-glucose rose to similar levels after all three meals. However, there was a striking rebound fall after juice, and to a lesser extent after pur\u00e9e, which was not seen after apples. Serum-insulin rose to higher levels after juice and pur\u00e9e than after apples. The removal of fibre from food, and also its physical disruption, can result in faster and easier ingestion, decreased satiety, and disturbed glucose homoeostasis which is probably due to inappropriate insulin release. These effects favour overnutrition and, if often repeated, might lead to diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 71495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4272", "title": "Corynebacterium bovis as a cause of human disease.", "content": "Corynebacterium bovis is a gram-positive rod which can cause bovine mastitis and rancidity in cream. On only one occasion has this organism been reported to cause human disease. Six further cases are described in which infections were caused by C. bovis. In two patients the nervous system was involved; two patients had bacterial endocarditis; one had chronic otitis media; and one had a persistent leg ulcer. Five patients recovered completely from the infection; the other died from endocarditis.", "contents": "Corynebacterium bovis as a cause of human disease. Corynebacterium bovis is a gram-positive rod which can cause bovine mastitis and rancidity in cream. On only one occasion has this organism been reported to cause human disease. Six further cases are described in which infections were caused by C. bovis. In two patients the nervous system was involved; two patients had bacterial endocarditis; one had chronic otitis media; and one had a persistent leg ulcer. Five patients recovered completely from the infection; the other died from endocarditis.", "PMID": 71496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4273", "title": "Combined electrophysiological technique for assessment of the cellular basis of early ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "A new technique has been used in dogs to make combined measurements in vivo of conduction delay, action potentials, and epicardial ST-segment during myocardial ischaemia. These measurements should provide new information about ionic and metabolic cellular changes relating to the onset of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Combined electrophysiological technique for assessment of the cellular basis of early ventricular arrhythmias. A new technique has been used in dogs to make combined measurements in vivo of conduction delay, action potentials, and epicardial ST-segment during myocardial ischaemia. These measurements should provide new information about ionic and metabolic cellular changes relating to the onset of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 71497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4274", "title": "Unexplained acute fever after a hot bath.", "content": "An outbreak of repeated chills, fever, respiratory-tract symptoms, and muscle pain, starting 4 h after a hot bath, involved 56 persons, nearly all of whom lived in an area supplied with water from the same source. The symptoms lasted for 6--15 h. A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was a feature of the illness. The causal agent, which has not yet been identified, was found to enter the body by inhalation. Bacteriological and chemical studies and investigation of the water for endotoxins and algae revealed nothing unusual.", "contents": "Unexplained acute fever after a hot bath. An outbreak of repeated chills, fever, respiratory-tract symptoms, and muscle pain, starting 4 h after a hot bath, involved 56 persons, nearly all of whom lived in an area supplied with water from the same source. The symptoms lasted for 6--15 h. A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was a feature of the illness. The causal agent, which has not yet been identified, was found to enter the body by inhalation. Bacteriological and chemical studies and investigation of the water for endotoxins and algae revealed nothing unusual.", "PMID": 71498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4275", "title": "Is dextran 70 a lymphocyte mitogen?", "content": "Dextran 70 ('Lomodex') roduced significant increases in thymidine incorporation in a modified whole-blood method of investigating lymphocyte blastogenesis. This blastogenesis occurred at molar concentrations of 7 X 10(-6) and 7  10(-5). At 7 X 10(-7) mol/l dextran alone did not significantly increase thymidine incorporation; however, when this concentration of dextran was added simultaneously with phytohaemagglutinin there was a significant increase in incorporation. Conversely when dextran was added before P.H.A., thymidine incorporation was decreased. These variable effects indicate that dextran 70 may be a B-cell mitogen. Dextran 70 is widely used and these effects on lymphocyte blastogenesis may be clinically relevant.", "contents": "Is dextran 70 a lymphocyte mitogen? Dextran 70 ('Lomodex') roduced significant increases in thymidine incorporation in a modified whole-blood method of investigating lymphocyte blastogenesis. This blastogenesis occurred at molar concentrations of 7 X 10(-6) and 7  10(-5). At 7 X 10(-7) mol/l dextran alone did not significantly increase thymidine incorporation; however, when this concentration of dextran was added simultaneously with phytohaemagglutinin there was a significant increase in incorporation. Conversely when dextran was added before P.H.A., thymidine incorporation was decreased. These variable effects indicate that dextran 70 may be a B-cell mitogen. Dextran 70 is widely used and these effects on lymphocyte blastogenesis may be clinically relevant.", "PMID": 71499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4276", "title": "Head injuries in Scottish hospitals. Scottish Head Injury Management Study.", "content": "A study was designed to discover how patients with a head injury are managed in Scotland. Preliminary findings based on retrospective examination of hospital records describe and compare the characteristics of 3035 patients arriving at accident and emergency departments, 1181 admitted to primary surgical wards, and 424 treated in neurosurgical units in Scotland, excluding the Lothians. These data are being used for further studies to define the needs of these patients and to explore alternative management policies which could make better use of existing health-service resources.", "contents": "Head injuries in Scottish hospitals. Scottish Head Injury Management Study. A study was designed to discover how patients with a head injury are managed in Scotland. Preliminary findings based on retrospective examination of hospital records describe and compare the characteristics of 3035 patients arriving at accident and emergency departments, 1181 admitted to primary surgical wards, and 424 treated in neurosurgical units in Scotland, excluding the Lothians. These data are being used for further studies to define the needs of these patients and to explore alternative management policies which could make better use of existing health-service resources.", "PMID": 71506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4277", "title": "Enzyme abnormalities in the porphyrias.", "content": "Evidence is presented that each of the porphyrias represents a different inborn error of metabolism in haem biosynthesis. Control of the pathway takes place by feedback repression and inhibition by haem of delta-aminolaevulinic-acid synthase. It is suggested that insituations where the activity of this enzyme is derepressed, prophobilinogen deaminase represents a secondary control step.", "contents": "Enzyme abnormalities in the porphyrias. Evidence is presented that each of the porphyrias represents a different inborn error of metabolism in haem biosynthesis. Control of the pathway takes place by feedback repression and inhibition by haem of delta-aminolaevulinic-acid synthase. It is suggested that insituations where the activity of this enzyme is derepressed, prophobilinogen deaminase represents a secondary control step.", "PMID": 71507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4278", "title": "On the inappropriate in hypertension research.", "content": "The concept of the \"inappropriate\" has a well-defined and easily comprehended meaning when applied to tumour secretion of antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H., vasopressin). When applied to high A.D.H. in other situations such as nephrotic syndrome, congestive cardiac failure, or cirrhosis, the use of the term \"inappropriate secretion\" simply reflects the fact that an easily measured controlling factor (plasma tonicity) is being overridden by a less easily measured one (effective extracellular volume). Similarly, sodium excretion in hypertension is said to be inappropriately low for the raised renal perfusion pressure: in this case inappropriateness results from the antinatriuretic effect of a minor degree of sodium depletion produced by pressure natriuresis. A similar objection can be made to the application of the term to the relations between renin or angiotensin-II concentrations and blood-pressure in some forms of hypertension. Since inappropriateness merely reflects the position and predilections of the observer, the widespread use of the term should be abandoned.", "contents": "On the inappropriate in hypertension research. The concept of the \"inappropriate\" has a well-defined and easily comprehended meaning when applied to tumour secretion of antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H., vasopressin). When applied to high A.D.H. in other situations such as nephrotic syndrome, congestive cardiac failure, or cirrhosis, the use of the term \"inappropriate secretion\" simply reflects the fact that an easily measured controlling factor (plasma tonicity) is being overridden by a less easily measured one (effective extracellular volume). Similarly, sodium excretion in hypertension is said to be inappropriately low for the raised renal perfusion pressure: in this case inappropriateness results from the antinatriuretic effect of a minor degree of sodium depletion produced by pressure natriuresis. A similar objection can be made to the application of the term to the relations between renin or angiotensin-II concentrations and blood-pressure in some forms of hypertension. Since inappropriateness merely reflects the position and predilections of the observer, the widespread use of the term should be abandoned.", "PMID": 71508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4279", "title": "Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.", "content": "In a large prospective study carried out in the United Kingdom, the death-rate from diseases of the circulatory system in women who had used oral contraceptives was five times that of controls who had never used them; and the death-rate in those who had taken the pill continuously for 5 years or more was ten times that of the controls. The excess deaths in oral-contraceptive users were due to a wide range of vascular conditions. The total mortality-rate in women who had ever used the pill was increased by 40%, and this was due to an increase in deaths from circulatory diseases of 1 per 5000 ever-users per year. The excess was substantially greater than the death-rate from complications of pregnancy in the controls, and was double the death-rate from accidents. The excess mortality-rate increased with age, cigarette smoking, and duration of oral contraceptive use.", "contents": "Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. In a large prospective study carried out in the United Kingdom, the death-rate from diseases of the circulatory system in women who had used oral contraceptives was five times that of controls who had never used them; and the death-rate in those who had taken the pill continuously for 5 years or more was ten times that of the controls. The excess deaths in oral-contraceptive users were due to a wide range of vascular conditions. The total mortality-rate in women who had ever used the pill was increased by 40%, and this was due to an increase in deaths from circulatory diseases of 1 per 5000 ever-users per year. The excess was substantially greater than the death-rate from complications of pregnancy in the controls, and was double the death-rate from accidents. The excess mortality-rate increased with age, cigarette smoking, and duration of oral contraceptive use.", "PMID": 71539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4280", "title": "Mortality among women participating in the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study.", "content": "43 deaths are known to have occurred among the 17 032 participants in the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study up to the end of April, 1977. 9 deaths from cardiovascular causes have been observed among the women in the oral-contraceptive entry group (49 681 woman-years of observation) while no such deaths have been observed among the women who entered the study while using a diaphragm or an intrauterine device (39 146 woman-years of observation). These findings are consistent with the results presented in the accompanying report from the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study.", "contents": "Mortality among women participating in the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study. 43 deaths are known to have occurred among the 17 032 participants in the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study up to the end of April, 1977. 9 deaths from cardiovascular causes have been observed among the women in the oral-contraceptive entry group (49 681 woman-years of observation) while no such deaths have been observed among the women who entered the study while using a diaphragm or an intrauterine device (39 146 woman-years of observation). These findings are consistent with the results presented in the accompanying report from the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study.", "PMID": 71540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4281", "title": "Haemoglobin A1: An indicator of the metabolic control of diabetic patients.", "content": "The level of the minor glycosylated haemoglobins (HbA1) in ambulatory diabetic patients correlated closely with their physicians' ratings of the degree of control and their fasting plasma-glucose levels. In patients admitted to hospital for more detailed study, HbA1 correlated significantly with the mean fasting glucose, mean daily glucose, and highest daily glucose values. HbA1 measurement is a simple, rapid, and objective procedure to assess diabetic control and may serve both as a screening test for uncontrolled diabetes and as an indicator of the efficacy of various therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Haemoglobin A1: An indicator of the metabolic control of diabetic patients. The level of the minor glycosylated haemoglobins (HbA1) in ambulatory diabetic patients correlated closely with their physicians' ratings of the degree of control and their fasting plasma-glucose levels. In patients admitted to hospital for more detailed study, HbA1 correlated significantly with the mean fasting glucose, mean daily glucose, and highest daily glucose values. HbA1 measurement is a simple, rapid, and objective procedure to assess diabetic control and may serve both as a screening test for uncontrolled diabetes and as an indicator of the efficacy of various therapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 71541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4282", "title": "Iron absorption in iron-loading anaemias: Effect of subcutaneous desferrioxamine infusions.", "content": "Absorption of 59Fe ferrous sulphate was measured in patients with a variety of iron-loading anaemias both before and during subcutaneous infusions of desferrioxamine. The infusions were associated with a reduction in absorption (P less than 0-025). This effect was not altered by saturation with ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Iron absorption in iron-loading anaemias: Effect of subcutaneous desferrioxamine infusions. Absorption of 59Fe ferrous sulphate was measured in patients with a variety of iron-loading anaemias both before and during subcutaneous infusions of desferrioxamine. The infusions were associated with a reduction in absorption (P less than 0-025). This effect was not altered by saturation with ascorbic acid.", "PMID": 71542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4283", "title": "Vitamin D and human lactation.", "content": "Circulating serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentration was measured in recently delivered mothers who were breast-feeding and in those who were not. 4-6 weeks' lactation produced no significant change. Basal and 4-6-week values in the breast-feeding group were significantly higher than in those who were not breast-feeding. There was no evidence that lactation was an indication for supplementary vitamin D.", "contents": "Vitamin D and human lactation. Circulating serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentration was measured in recently delivered mothers who were breast-feeding and in those who were not. 4-6 weeks' lactation produced no significant change. Basal and 4-6-week values in the breast-feeding group were significantly higher than in those who were not breast-feeding. There was no evidence that lactation was an indication for supplementary vitamin D.", "PMID": 71543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4284", "title": "Complexed IgE in atopy.", "content": "Evidence of circulating high-molecular-weight forms of IgE was found in 16 patients with hayfever and/or atopic eczema. This finding of what appears  to be complexed IgE in the serum of atopic patients may help to elucidate the aetiology of atopy.", "contents": "Complexed IgE in atopy. Evidence of circulating high-molecular-weight forms of IgE was found in 16 patients with hayfever and/or atopic eczema. This finding of what appears  to be complexed IgE in the serum of atopic patients may help to elucidate the aetiology of atopy.", "PMID": 71544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4285", "title": "Failure of syngeneic bone-marrow graft without preconditioning in post-hepatitis marrow aplasia.", "content": "A patient with post-hepatitis bone-marrow aplasia had bone-marrow transplants from an identical twin. The first two transplants were only partially and temporarily successful, but after cyclophosphamide treatment bone-marrow function was resotred.", "contents": "Failure of syngeneic bone-marrow graft without preconditioning in post-hepatitis marrow aplasia. A patient with post-hepatitis bone-marrow aplasia had bone-marrow transplants from an identical twin. The first two transplants were only partially and temporarily successful, but after cyclophosphamide treatment bone-marrow function was resotred.", "PMID": 71545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4286", "title": "Changing pattern of respiratory distress in newborn.", "content": "A retrospective study of respiratory distress in a special-care baby unit revealed that transient tachypnoea of the newborn (T.T.N.B.) lasting more than 24 h was as common as the respiratory distress syndrome (R.D.S.). Delivery by caesarean section was associated with T.T.N.B. and the results of measurement of crying vital capacity in caesarean section and vaginally delivered babies indicate that babies delivered by caesarean section are at a considerable disadvantage during the first few days of life.", "contents": "Changing pattern of respiratory distress in newborn. A retrospective study of respiratory distress in a special-care baby unit revealed that transient tachypnoea of the newborn (T.T.N.B.) lasting more than 24 h was as common as the respiratory distress syndrome (R.D.S.). Delivery by caesarean section was associated with T.T.N.B. and the results of measurement of crying vital capacity in caesarean section and vaginally delivered babies indicate that babies delivered by caesarean section are at a considerable disadvantage during the first few days of life.", "PMID": 71552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4287", "title": "English law relating to experimentation on children.", "content": "Children who are capable of understanding and coming to a decision on what is involved in a non-therapeutic experimental procedure are as able as adults to give a legally effective consent to such procedures. There is no \"age of consent\" in this context, for capacity to consent depends on the child's intellectual capability and the complexity of the procedure in question. Where a child is incapable of consenting on his own behalf a parent may give a legally effective consent to non-therapeutic procedures which are in the public interest and are not in any significant way detrimental to the child's interests. The procedure need not be for the benefit of the child.", "contents": "English law relating to experimentation on children. Children who are capable of understanding and coming to a decision on what is involved in a non-therapeutic experimental procedure are as able as adults to give a legally effective consent to such procedures. There is no \"age of consent\" in this context, for capacity to consent depends on the child's intellectual capability and the complexity of the procedure in question. Where a child is incapable of consenting on his own behalf a parent may give a legally effective consent to non-therapeutic procedures which are in the public interest and are not in any significant way detrimental to the child's interests. The procedure need not be for the benefit of the child.", "PMID": 71553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4288", "title": "Treatment of diabetes with guar gum. Reduction of urinary glucose loss in diabetics.", "content": "When nine diabetic patients supplemented either their normal home diets (four patients) or metabolic ward diets (five patients) with 25 g guar gum daily for 5 or 7 days their mean urinary glucose excretion fell by 46% (P less than 0-05) and 54% (P less than 0-01), respectively. Gel-forming,, unabsorbable carbohydrate may therefore be a useful adjunct to anti-diabetic therapy, irrespective of the type of treatment or insulin dosage used.", "contents": "Treatment of diabetes with guar gum. Reduction of urinary glucose loss in diabetics. When nine diabetic patients supplemented either their normal home diets (four patients) or metabolic ward diets (five patients) with 25 g guar gum daily for 5 or 7 days their mean urinary glucose excretion fell by 46% (P less than 0-05) and 54% (P less than 0-01), respectively. Gel-forming,, unabsorbable carbohydrate may therefore be a useful adjunct to anti-diabetic therapy, irrespective of the type of treatment or insulin dosage used.", "PMID": 71598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4289", "title": "Purified antigen radioimmunoassay in serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for detecting human schistosomiasis with a highly purified Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen labelled with iodine-125. The antigen, major serologic antigen 1 (M.S.A.1), has striking immunochemical and species specificity and appears to be the principal antigen responsible for the granulomatous response to S. mansoni eggs. This 125I-antigen was tested with 5 microliter of patient serum as a potential serodiagnostic test for schistosomiasis. 92 control sera from uninfected St. Vincentian patients were seronegative. In studies on 135 lightly infected St. Lucians the 5 microliter serum 125I-M.S.A.1 serodiagnostic test was more sensitive than any tests available at the Center for Disease Control, with 64% of infected children, 83% of adolescents, and 98% of adults being positive. 49 heavily infected Kenyans of all age-groups were uniformly (100%) seropositive. Finally, a semiquantitative version of the 125I-M.S.A.1 radioimmunoassay that uses 0-5 microliter of patient sera demonstrated quantitatively significant differences among age-watched and intensity-watched groups of patients with S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum infections.", "contents": "Purified antigen radioimmunoassay in serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for detecting human schistosomiasis with a highly purified Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen labelled with iodine-125. The antigen, major serologic antigen 1 (M.S.A.1), has striking immunochemical and species specificity and appears to be the principal antigen responsible for the granulomatous response to S. mansoni eggs. This 125I-antigen was tested with 5 microliter of patient serum as a potential serodiagnostic test for schistosomiasis. 92 control sera from uninfected St. Vincentian patients were seronegative. In studies on 135 lightly infected St. Lucians the 5 microliter serum 125I-M.S.A.1 serodiagnostic test was more sensitive than any tests available at the Center for Disease Control, with 64% of infected children, 83% of adolescents, and 98% of adults being positive. 49 heavily infected Kenyans of all age-groups were uniformly (100%) seropositive. Finally, a semiquantitative version of the 125I-M.S.A.1 radioimmunoassay that uses 0-5 microliter of patient sera demonstrated quantitatively significant differences among age-watched and intensity-watched groups of patients with S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum infections.", "PMID": 71599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4290", "title": "Plasma renin and \"prorenin\" in essential hypertension during sodium depletion, beta-blockade, and reduced arterial pressure.", "content": "An inactive form of renin is activated by incubating human plasma at -5 degrees C. The relative proportions of active renin and this cryoactivatable \"prorenin\" in plasmas of untreated hypertensive patients varied widely. However, prorenin increased in parallel with active renin after sodium deprivation or diuretic therapy in 36 patients; the increases were similar whether or not blood-pressure fell. In contrast, propranolol administration in 22 patients lowered active renin in all, but it increased prorenin by 98% in 15 in whom systolic pressure fell. In the other 7 blood-pressure did not change, and beta-blockade produced a fall in total renin (active renin plus prorenin) while prorenin was unchanged. For all 22 there was an inverse relationship between propranolol-induced changes in plasma-prorenin and systolic pressure (r=-0-77, P less than 0-001). The fraction of active plasma-renin fell during propranolol administration from 43% to 18%, regardless of the blood-pressure response. Clonidine produced similar changes in 10 patients. Thus, sodium depletion stimulates total renin release, while propranolol and clonidine produce divergent responses of active renin and prorenin, the changes in prorenin depending on the changes induced in blood-pressure. These observations suggest that propranolol may block intrarenal conversion of prorenin to active renin while also suppressing total renin release. But the latter effect may be offset by concurrent baroreceptor-mediated release of total renin (mostly prorenin) when blood-pressure is lowered.", "contents": "Plasma renin and \"prorenin\" in essential hypertension during sodium depletion, beta-blockade, and reduced arterial pressure. An inactive form of renin is activated by incubating human plasma at -5 degrees C. The relative proportions of active renin and this cryoactivatable \"prorenin\" in plasmas of untreated hypertensive patients varied widely. However, prorenin increased in parallel with active renin after sodium deprivation or diuretic therapy in 36 patients; the increases were similar whether or not blood-pressure fell. In contrast, propranolol administration in 22 patients lowered active renin in all, but it increased prorenin by 98% in 15 in whom systolic pressure fell. In the other 7 blood-pressure did not change, and beta-blockade produced a fall in total renin (active renin plus prorenin) while prorenin was unchanged. For all 22 there was an inverse relationship between propranolol-induced changes in plasma-prorenin and systolic pressure (r=-0-77, P less than 0-001). The fraction of active plasma-renin fell during propranolol administration from 43% to 18%, regardless of the blood-pressure response. Clonidine produced similar changes in 10 patients. Thus, sodium depletion stimulates total renin release, while propranolol and clonidine produce divergent responses of active renin and prorenin, the changes in prorenin depending on the changes induced in blood-pressure. These observations suggest that propranolol may block intrarenal conversion of prorenin to active renin while also suppressing total renin release. But the latter effect may be offset by concurrent baroreceptor-mediated release of total renin (mostly prorenin) when blood-pressure is lowered.", "PMID": 71600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4291", "title": "Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease?", "content": "Blood viscosity at low shear-rates was significantly higher in sixty-four patients with longstanding diabetes than in sixty-one matched non-diabetic controls. This increase was most striking in patients with either proliferative retinopathy or nephropathy, although it was present to a lesser extent in diabetic patients with evidence of myocardial or peripheral ischaemia. Erythrocyte deformability was lower in the fourteen diabetic patients with the most extensive microangiopathy than in twenty-two diabetics with slight or no complications or in controls. Hyperviscosity and reduced erythrocyte deformability may well be important and potentially treatable factors in the aetiology or progression of microcirculatory disease is diabetes.", "contents": "Is hyperviscosity a treatable component of diabetic microcirculatory disease? Blood viscosity at low shear-rates was significantly higher in sixty-four patients with longstanding diabetes than in sixty-one matched non-diabetic controls. This increase was most striking in patients with either proliferative retinopathy or nephropathy, although it was present to a lesser extent in diabetic patients with evidence of myocardial or peripheral ischaemia. Erythrocyte deformability was lower in the fourteen diabetic patients with the most extensive microangiopathy than in twenty-two diabetics with slight or no complications or in controls. Hyperviscosity and reduced erythrocyte deformability may well be important and potentially treatable factors in the aetiology or progression of microcirculatory disease is diabetes.", "PMID": 71601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4292", "title": "Deprenyl in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial, (-)-deprenyl, a fast-acting selective monoamine-oxidase-B inhibitor without a \"cheese effect\", was given to 41 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who were receiving maximum tolerated doses of levodopa either alone or combined with carbidopa (\"Sinemet\"). In a dose of 10 mg, daily or on alternate days, (-)-deprenyl prolonged the therapeutic effect of levodopa and was effective in mild \"on-off\" disabilities with end-of-dose akinesia; the majority of patients with nocturnal and early-morning akinesia also improved. No statistically significant improvement occurred in diurnal akinesia, and there was no improvement in patients with severe on-off disabilities with freezing and rapid oscillations (\"yo-yo\" effect). Levodopa-induced dyskinesias were aggravated in 14 patients. In 5 previously untreated patients, (-)-deprenyl alone gave no benefit, but when it was used with levodopa and carbidopa a mean dosage reduction of 200 mg levodopa daily was possible. Depression, present in 15 patients, was unchanged. (-)-Deprenyl in combination with smaller total daily doses of levodopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor may prove useful in reducing the frequency and severity of some types of on-off effect with overall benefit comparable to that obtained with larger doses of levodopa.", "contents": "Deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. In a double-blind crossover trial, (-)-deprenyl, a fast-acting selective monoamine-oxidase-B inhibitor without a \"cheese effect\", was given to 41 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who were receiving maximum tolerated doses of levodopa either alone or combined with carbidopa (\"Sinemet\"). In a dose of 10 mg, daily or on alternate days, (-)-deprenyl prolonged the therapeutic effect of levodopa and was effective in mild \"on-off\" disabilities with end-of-dose akinesia; the majority of patients with nocturnal and early-morning akinesia also improved. No statistically significant improvement occurred in diurnal akinesia, and there was no improvement in patients with severe on-off disabilities with freezing and rapid oscillations (\"yo-yo\" effect). Levodopa-induced dyskinesias were aggravated in 14 patients. In 5 previously untreated patients, (-)-deprenyl alone gave no benefit, but when it was used with levodopa and carbidopa a mean dosage reduction of 200 mg levodopa daily was possible. Depression, present in 15 patients, was unchanged. (-)-Deprenyl in combination with smaller total daily doses of levodopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor may prove useful in reducing the frequency and severity of some types of on-off effect with overall benefit comparable to that obtained with larger doses of levodopa.", "PMID": 71602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4293", "title": "Association of postmedication hypocortisolism with early first relapse of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A 2-hour adrenocorticotrophic-hormone (A.C.T.H.) test was given to 23 children in their first attack of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, after treatment with prednisone according to the schedule of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. The length of the first remission was correlated with the response to the postmedication A.C.T.H. test. In 11 children this response was subnormal, and 10 of them had the first relapse within a year. Of the 7 children who stayed in remission for more than a year, 6 had normal responses. The treatment scheme should be adjusted to prevent postmedication adrenocortical suppression.", "contents": "Association of postmedication hypocortisolism with early first relapse of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. A 2-hour adrenocorticotrophic-hormone (A.C.T.H.) test was given to 23 children in their first attack of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, after treatment with prednisone according to the schedule of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. The length of the first remission was correlated with the response to the postmedication A.C.T.H. test. In 11 children this response was subnormal, and 10 of them had the first relapse within a year. Of the 7 children who stayed in remission for more than a year, 6 had normal responses. The treatment scheme should be adjusted to prevent postmedication adrenocortical suppression.", "PMID": 71603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4294", "title": "Intravenous lignocaine in prevention of deep venous thrombosis after elective hip surgery.", "content": "Intravenous lignocaine is a possible means of preventing deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) after elective hip surgery. In 14 control patients the total incidence of D.V.T. was 78%, with a 57% incidence of thigh-vein thrombosis. In 14 patients treated at random with intravenous lignocaine during the first 6 postoperative days, there were only 2 calf-vein thrombi (14%; P less than 0-005). In a further 14 cases treated consecutively there were 4 unilateral calf-vein thrombi. No thrombi originated in the thigh veins (P less than 0-001). After intravenous lignocaine was stopped the total incidence of D.V.T. in the 28 patients rose to 53% with a 21% incidence of thigh-vein thrombi between the 7th and 14th postoperative days. There was no significant difference in postoperative coagulation and fibrinolytic activity between control and treated patients, and blood loss and transfusion requirements were similar. Immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions to lignocaine were not observed. The results support the view that damage to the vessel wall may be the initial event in the formation of a venous thrombus.", "contents": "Intravenous lignocaine in prevention of deep venous thrombosis after elective hip surgery. Intravenous lignocaine is a possible means of preventing deep venous thrombosis (D.V.T.) after elective hip surgery. In 14 control patients the total incidence of D.V.T. was 78%, with a 57% incidence of thigh-vein thrombosis. In 14 patients treated at random with intravenous lignocaine during the first 6 postoperative days, there were only 2 calf-vein thrombi (14%; P less than 0-005). In a further 14 cases treated consecutively there were 4 unilateral calf-vein thrombi. No thrombi originated in the thigh veins (P less than 0-001). After intravenous lignocaine was stopped the total incidence of D.V.T. in the 28 patients rose to 53% with a 21% incidence of thigh-vein thrombi between the 7th and 14th postoperative days. There was no significant difference in postoperative coagulation and fibrinolytic activity between control and treated patients, and blood loss and transfusion requirements were similar. Immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions to lignocaine were not observed. The results support the view that damage to the vessel wall may be the initial event in the formation of a venous thrombus.", "PMID": 71604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4295", "title": "Low-dose heparin as a prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after acute stroke.", "content": "A trial of subcutaneous low-dose heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis was carried out in elderly patients admitted to hospital after an acute stroke. A statistically significant reduction was observed in deep-vein thrombosis as assessed by isotope leg scanning.", "contents": "Low-dose heparin as a prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after acute stroke. A trial of subcutaneous low-dose heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis was carried out in elderly patients admitted to hospital after an acute stroke. A statistically significant reduction was observed in deep-vein thrombosis as assessed by isotope leg scanning.", "PMID": 71605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4296", "title": "Maternal and infant antibody response to meningococcal vaccination in pregnancy.", "content": "The antigenic capacity of a mixed vaccine prepared with polysaccharides of meningococcus groups A and C, the placental transfer of antibodies, and the persistence of positive titres in the infant were evaluated in 21 pregnant women and their offspring during an epidemic of meningitis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; and antibody response was assessed in 29 infants vaccinated at less than 6 months of age. Antibodies were detected by passive haemagglutination; the high titres found and the high frequency of positive results are thought to be due to the use of a more sensitive technique. Increased antibody titres were found in most women, and there was evidence for passive transfer to the newborn, especially with regard to antibody type C. However, passive transfer was irregular, and the presence of antibodies in the mother did not guarantee their presence in the child. Passive transfer lasted for only 2-5 months. Vaccination in children under 6 months of age had poor results; only 1 child seroconverted.", "contents": "Maternal and infant antibody response to meningococcal vaccination in pregnancy. The antigenic capacity of a mixed vaccine prepared with polysaccharides of meningococcus groups A and C, the placental transfer of antibodies, and the persistence of positive titres in the infant were evaluated in 21 pregnant women and their offspring during an epidemic of meningitis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; and antibody response was assessed in 29 infants vaccinated at less than 6 months of age. Antibodies were detected by passive haemagglutination; the high titres found and the high frequency of positive results are thought to be due to the use of a more sensitive technique. Increased antibody titres were found in most women, and there was evidence for passive transfer to the newborn, especially with regard to antibody type C. However, passive transfer was irregular, and the presence of antibodies in the mother did not guarantee their presence in the child. Passive transfer lasted for only 2-5 months. Vaccination in children under 6 months of age had poor results; only 1 child seroconverted.", "PMID": 71611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4297", "title": "The condom and gonorrhoea.", "content": "The use of the condom by male patients attending a clinic specialising in sexually transmitted diseases has been assessed over a period of six months. Condom users were divided into those who used them properly and invariably, and those who did not. In the group studied, correct use of the condom was associated with a significantly lower probability of acquiring gonorrhoea (P less than 0-001) and a significantly higher chance of there being no sexually transmitted disease diagnosed (P less than 0-0005). The diagnosis-rate of non-specific urethritis, however, did not differ among the groups.", "contents": "The condom and gonorrhoea. The use of the condom by male patients attending a clinic specialising in sexually transmitted diseases has been assessed over a period of six months. Condom users were divided into those who used them properly and invariably, and those who did not. In the group studied, correct use of the condom was associated with a significantly lower probability of acquiring gonorrhoea (P less than 0-001) and a significantly higher chance of there being no sexually transmitted disease diagnosed (P less than 0-0005). The diagnosis-rate of non-specific urethritis, however, did not differ among the groups.", "PMID": 71612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4298", "title": "Induction and properties of DNP-specific T cells in mice sensitized to DNP-coupled mycobacterium.", "content": "Splenic T lymphocytes from mice sensitized to 100 microgram of DNP-coupled mycobacterium (DNP-Tbc) showed in vitro proliferative response against DNP- or TNP-conjugated protein antigens. The increased uptake of 3H-thymidine induced by DNP-HSA was partially inhibited by the addition of 10(-4)M DNP-EACA. DNP-AECM-Ficoll did not induce any significant proliferative responses in DNP-Tbc-primed T cell population. However, priming with DNP-Tbc augmented anti-DNP IgG antibody response induced with DNP-Ficoll. The augmentation of IgG response was not due to the presence of DNP-primed B cells or anti-DNP antibody. The results showed that the priming with DNP-Tbc induced DNP-reactive T helper cells which could be triggered with DNP-Ficoll. The possible role of mycobacterium in the induction of hapten-specific T helper cells is discussed.", "contents": "Induction and properties of DNP-specific T cells in mice sensitized to DNP-coupled mycobacterium. Splenic T lymphocytes from mice sensitized to 100 microgram of DNP-coupled mycobacterium (DNP-Tbc) showed in vitro proliferative response against DNP- or TNP-conjugated protein antigens. The increased uptake of 3H-thymidine induced by DNP-HSA was partially inhibited by the addition of 10(-4)M DNP-EACA. DNP-AECM-Ficoll did not induce any significant proliferative responses in DNP-Tbc-primed T cell population. However, priming with DNP-Tbc augmented anti-DNP IgG antibody response induced with DNP-Ficoll. The augmentation of IgG response was not due to the presence of DNP-primed B cells or anti-DNP antibody. The results showed that the priming with DNP-Tbc induced DNP-reactive T helper cells which could be triggered with DNP-Ficoll. The possible role of mycobacterium in the induction of hapten-specific T helper cells is discussed.", "PMID": 71649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4299", "title": "[Treatment of rhythm disorders of ventricular origin with KO 1173 (Mexiletin) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 52 patients, KO 1173 (Mexiletin) administered intravenously and/or orally has been used for the treatment of rhythm disorders of ventricular origin. The disturbances of rhythm studied included ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia and by DC-cardioversion abolished ventricular fibrillation. By intravenously administered KO 1173, 31 of the 32 patients had a more than 75% reduction of their ventricular extrasystoles or complete abolition of the arrhythmia. In 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia, rhythm disorder was terminated by administration of a total dose of 125 to 250 mg. When used prophylactically in patients with ventricular fibrillation terminated by electrical means, KO 1173 was successful in 10 of the 11 patients. Oral administration was carried out in a total of 32 patients. In 26 of the 32 patients optimum dosage for maximum beneficial effect appeared to be 200 mg 3 times daily. 6 patients responded unsatisfactory to KO 1173. The intravenous administration of KO 1173 induced side-effects, primarily manifested by central nervous system disturbances, which we have partly attributed to the dosage and the time of injection. No noteworthy side-effects have been reported at the oral administration. In 1 patient complaining of gastric irritation KO 1173 was withdrawn.", "contents": "[Treatment of rhythm disorders of ventricular origin with KO 1173 (Mexiletin) (author's transl)]. In 52 patients, KO 1173 (Mexiletin) administered intravenously and/or orally has been used for the treatment of rhythm disorders of ventricular origin. The disturbances of rhythm studied included ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia and by DC-cardioversion abolished ventricular fibrillation. By intravenously administered KO 1173, 31 of the 32 patients had a more than 75% reduction of their ventricular extrasystoles or complete abolition of the arrhythmia. In 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia, rhythm disorder was terminated by administration of a total dose of 125 to 250 mg. When used prophylactically in patients with ventricular fibrillation terminated by electrical means, KO 1173 was successful in 10 of the 11 patients. Oral administration was carried out in a total of 32 patients. In 26 of the 32 patients optimum dosage for maximum beneficial effect appeared to be 200 mg 3 times daily. 6 patients responded unsatisfactory to KO 1173. The intravenous administration of KO 1173 induced side-effects, primarily manifested by central nervous system disturbances, which we have partly attributed to the dosage and the time of injection. No noteworthy side-effects have been reported at the oral administration. In 1 patient complaining of gastric irritation KO 1173 was withdrawn.", "PMID": 71652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4300", "title": "On the expressivity of aberration hot spots after treatment with mutagens showing delayed or non-delayed effects.", "content": "The intrachromosomal distribution patterns of chromatid aberrations induced by agents with delayed effects (as exemplified by ethanol and maleic hydrazide) were compared with those produced by agents with non-delayed effects (as exemplified by fast neutrons, X-rays and bleomycin). Despite nonrandomness of aberration distribution in all cases, the mutagens with nondelayed effects generally showed up with much less pronounced aberration hot spots than the mutagens with delayed effects. From the results obtained it is concluded that hot-spot expressivity is a characteristic \"group-specific\" feature of the two classes of mutagen and that aberration production during DNA replication (S-phase) by agents with delayed effects strongly favours a very pronounced aberration clustering, which is partly mutagen-specific. Possible causes of these differences with respect to hot-spot expressivity after treatment with mutagens showing non-delayed and delayed effects, respectively, are discussed.", "contents": "On the expressivity of aberration hot spots after treatment with mutagens showing delayed or non-delayed effects. The intrachromosomal distribution patterns of chromatid aberrations induced by agents with delayed effects (as exemplified by ethanol and maleic hydrazide) were compared with those produced by agents with non-delayed effects (as exemplified by fast neutrons, X-rays and bleomycin). Despite nonrandomness of aberration distribution in all cases, the mutagens with nondelayed effects generally showed up with much less pronounced aberration hot spots than the mutagens with delayed effects. From the results obtained it is concluded that hot-spot expressivity is a characteristic \"group-specific\" feature of the two classes of mutagen and that aberration production during DNA replication (S-phase) by agents with delayed effects strongly favours a very pronounced aberration clustering, which is partly mutagen-specific. Possible causes of these differences with respect to hot-spot expressivity after treatment with mutagens showing non-delayed and delayed effects, respectively, are discussed.", "PMID": 71654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4301", "title": "In vitro synthesis of infectious DNA of murine leukaemia virus.", "content": "DNA synthesised in vitro by purified virions of murine leukaemia virus is infectious. Neither RNA nor protein is required for infectivity. Transfection with reverse trancriptase product shows a single-hit dose response and results in the production of complete, infectious virus.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of infectious DNA of murine leukaemia virus. DNA synthesised in vitro by purified virions of murine leukaemia virus is infectious. Neither RNA nor protein is required for infectivity. Transfection with reverse trancriptase product shows a single-hit dose response and results in the production of complete, infectious virus.", "PMID": 71657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4302", "title": "Myelin encephalitogenic protein fragments in cerebrospinal fluid of persons with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "With a double-antibody radioimmunoassay performed on unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid, eight of 14 patients in an acute phase of multiple sclerosis had levels of 3.4 to 15.4 ng per milliliter of the P1 fragment (residues 43-88) of myelin encephalitogenic protein. Encephalitogenic protein-P1 was found only in the acute phase and was present in six of seven persons in the first week of an exacerbation and absent in 29 multiple sclerosis patients who were stable or had a gradually progressive course. Six of 117 controls had detectable cerebrospinal fluid encephalitogenic protein-P1. Only in two of these, one with a recent cerebral infarction and one with diabetic nephropathy who was in coma, were the levels in the range encountered in patients in the acute phase of multiple sclerosis. Although not entirely specific for multiple sclerosis, the presence of material in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients cross-reacting with encephalitogenic protein-P1 appears to be a characteristic of acute exacerbations.", "contents": "Myelin encephalitogenic protein fragments in cerebrospinal fluid of persons with multiple sclerosis. With a double-antibody radioimmunoassay performed on unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid, eight of 14 patients in an acute phase of multiple sclerosis had levels of 3.4 to 15.4 ng per milliliter of the P1 fragment (residues 43-88) of myelin encephalitogenic protein. Encephalitogenic protein-P1 was found only in the acute phase and was present in six of seven persons in the first week of an exacerbation and absent in 29 multiple sclerosis patients who were stable or had a gradually progressive course. Six of 117 controls had detectable cerebrospinal fluid encephalitogenic protein-P1. Only in two of these, one with a recent cerebral infarction and one with diabetic nephropathy who was in coma, were the levels in the range encountered in patients in the acute phase of multiple sclerosis. Although not entirely specific for multiple sclerosis, the presence of material in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients cross-reacting with encephalitogenic protein-P1 appears to be a characteristic of acute exacerbations.", "PMID": 71667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4303", "title": "Plasma estrogens and pregnancy-associated plasma proteins: a study of their variability in late pregnancy.", "content": "The plasma concentration of several estrogens (unconjugated estradiol and estriol, total estriol, and estriol sulfate) and of the placental proteins hPL and PAPP-C were measured daily for 8 days in 9 subjects. The steroids showed coefficients of variation ranging from 14 to 21%. The proteins were much less variable (PAPP-C 5% and hPL 6%).", "contents": "Plasma estrogens and pregnancy-associated plasma proteins: a study of their variability in late pregnancy. The plasma concentration of several estrogens (unconjugated estradiol and estriol, total estriol, and estriol sulfate) and of the placental proteins hPL and PAPP-C were measured daily for 8 days in 9 subjects. The steroids showed coefficients of variation ranging from 14 to 21%. The proteins were much less variable (PAPP-C 5% and hPL 6%).", "PMID": 71668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4304", "title": "Evaluation of postterm pregnancies with maternal serum placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations.", "content": "Studies of maternal serum placental lactogen (hPL) levels in 70 women delivering beyond 42 weeks of gestation revealed significantly lower levels of hPL when the offspring had one or more of ten signs of postmaturity or distress. A sequential combination of hPL measurements and intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring (FHRM) (performed in 61 patients) gave a high degree of prognosis (75% of abnormalities detected, 88% with normal tests having no abnormalities). Considered separately, neither maternal serum hPL levels nor FHRM predicted abnormalities in the offspring to the same high degree. On the other hand, hPL could not be correlated with staining, desquamation, and the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid at delivery, these criteria being considered separately or in combination. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels during late gestation showed considerable variation and did not permit distinction between pregnancies with or without an abnormality in the offspring.", "contents": "Evaluation of postterm pregnancies with maternal serum placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. Studies of maternal serum placental lactogen (hPL) levels in 70 women delivering beyond 42 weeks of gestation revealed significantly lower levels of hPL when the offspring had one or more of ten signs of postmaturity or distress. A sequential combination of hPL measurements and intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring (FHRM) (performed in 61 patients) gave a high degree of prognosis (75% of abnormalities detected, 88% with normal tests having no abnormalities). Considered separately, neither maternal serum hPL levels nor FHRM predicted abnormalities in the offspring to the same high degree. On the other hand, hPL could not be correlated with staining, desquamation, and the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid at delivery, these criteria being considered separately or in combination. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels during late gestation showed considerable variation and did not permit distinction between pregnancies with or without an abnormality in the offspring.", "PMID": 71669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4305", "title": "[Dynamics of the regional metabolic differences in the early development of the sea urchin].", "content": "The regional differences in Strongylocentrotus intermedius from the stage of 32 blastomeres till the middlelate gastrula stage were studied by the vital and supravital staining (intensity of oxidative-reductive processes), the incorporation of 3H-leucine (intensity of protein synthesis) and 14C-acrilamide (intensity of free radical processes). Two periods of rapid switches of metabolic intensity correlated within the same embryo were established. The beginning of the first period coincides with the onset of blastula epithelization and that of the second one with the onset of gastrulation. The metabolic \"patterns\" are multivariant up to the second switch although, in the most cases, the metabolic activity of the equatorial area is the lowest. From the onset of gastrulation the metabolic patterns become uniform: the vegetative area dominates by the intensity of precursors' incorporation and by the sensitivity of its respiratory systems to the oxygen deficiency. The relationships between the metabolic and morphological rearrangements are discussed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the regional metabolic differences in the early development of the sea urchin]. The regional differences in Strongylocentrotus intermedius from the stage of 32 blastomeres till the middlelate gastrula stage were studied by the vital and supravital staining (intensity of oxidative-reductive processes), the incorporation of 3H-leucine (intensity of protein synthesis) and 14C-acrilamide (intensity of free radical processes). Two periods of rapid switches of metabolic intensity correlated within the same embryo were established. The beginning of the first period coincides with the onset of blastula epithelization and that of the second one with the onset of gastrulation. The metabolic \"patterns\" are multivariant up to the second switch although, in the most cases, the metabolic activity of the equatorial area is the lowest. From the onset of gastrulation the metabolic patterns become uniform: the vegetative area dominates by the intensity of precursors' incorporation and by the sensitivity of its respiratory systems to the oxygen deficiency. The relationships between the metabolic and morphological rearrangements are discussed.", "PMID": 71671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4306", "title": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland and its histologic variants. A clinicopathologic study of thirty cases.", "content": "Thirty adenoid cystic carcinomas were seen among 384 salivary gland tumors during the 24-year period from 1952 to 1975. They caused the most difficulty in diagnosis, as they showed a spectrum of histologic appearances. In addition to tumors with the typical cribriform pattern of uniform dark cells, there were some with a more solid basaloid pattern resembling basal-cell carcinomas of the skin. Others manifested both cribriform and basaloid patterns in juxtaposition. A shorter duration of symptoms in lesions with a basaloid component suggests a more rapid growth rate in such tumors. Ultrastructural examination of a tumor with a typical cribriform pattern showed spaces of two types; the more frequent type was bounded by cells with straight plasma membranes and contained filamentous and basement-membrane-like material, and the less frequent type was surrounded by cells with numerous microvilli and contained nonfilamentous homogeneous material. The filamentous and basement-membrane--like material corresponded to connective tissue mucin and the non-filamentous material to epithelial mucin in the light microscopic sections.", "contents": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland and its histologic variants. A clinicopathologic study of thirty cases. Thirty adenoid cystic carcinomas were seen among 384 salivary gland tumors during the 24-year period from 1952 to 1975. They caused the most difficulty in diagnosis, as they showed a spectrum of histologic appearances. In addition to tumors with the typical cribriform pattern of uniform dark cells, there were some with a more solid basaloid pattern resembling basal-cell carcinomas of the skin. Others manifested both cribriform and basaloid patterns in juxtaposition. A shorter duration of symptoms in lesions with a basaloid component suggests a more rapid growth rate in such tumors. Ultrastructural examination of a tumor with a typical cribriform pattern showed spaces of two types; the more frequent type was bounded by cells with straight plasma membranes and contained filamentous and basement-membrane-like material, and the less frequent type was surrounded by cells with numerous microvilli and contained nonfilamentous homogeneous material. The filamentous and basement-membrane--like material corresponded to connective tissue mucin and the non-filamentous material to epithelial mucin in the light microscopic sections.", "PMID": 71673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4307", "title": "Giant-cell hyalin angiopathy.", "content": "Seven examples of an unusual hyalin degenerative change in the walls of blood vessels are discussed. We believe this is a localized phenomenon, not connected to systemic vascular disease. Inflammation is usually present, and in each case a dental procedure had previously been performed. Dental extraction was the most common procedure. Giant cells of the foreign-body type are present, but particulate foreign material was seen in only one case.", "contents": "Giant-cell hyalin angiopathy. Seven examples of an unusual hyalin degenerative change in the walls of blood vessels are discussed. We believe this is a localized phenomenon, not connected to systemic vascular disease. Inflammation is usually present, and in each case a dental procedure had previously been performed. Dental extraction was the most common procedure. Giant cells of the foreign-body type are present, but particulate foreign material was seen in only one case.", "PMID": 71674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4308", "title": "[Efficiency of primary radiotherapy in generally or locally inoperable carcinoma of the endometrium].", "content": "The usual method of irradiation in the therapy of the carcinoma corporis uteri is described. It is stressed, that none but inoperable carcinomas were irradiated: this means, of course, a negative selection in disfavor of the radiotherapy. A report is given of 802 cases of carcinoma of the corpus uteri, treated by primary radiotherapy in the 1st University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna in the years 1950-1970. The 5-years-survival rate in this period was 50.4%. In the last half decade of this period the 5-years-survival rate of 300 patients went down to 48.6%. The reduction of this survival rate may be caused by the increasing age of the patients, who underwent therapy and is corresponding to world-wide experiences. Additive therapies like the \"second-look abrasio\" for early diagnosis of a local recidivation and the gestagen therapy for the prevention of metastatic carcinoma of the corpus uteri are discussed.", "contents": "[Efficiency of primary radiotherapy in generally or locally inoperable carcinoma of the endometrium]. The usual method of irradiation in the therapy of the carcinoma corporis uteri is described. It is stressed, that none but inoperable carcinomas were irradiated: this means, of course, a negative selection in disfavor of the radiotherapy. A report is given of 802 cases of carcinoma of the corpus uteri, treated by primary radiotherapy in the 1st University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Vienna in the years 1950-1970. The 5-years-survival rate in this period was 50.4%. In the last half decade of this period the 5-years-survival rate of 300 patients went down to 48.6%. The reduction of this survival rate may be caused by the increasing age of the patients, who underwent therapy and is corresponding to world-wide experiences. Additive therapies like the \"second-look abrasio\" for early diagnosis of a local recidivation and the gestagen therapy for the prevention of metastatic carcinoma of the corpus uteri are discussed.", "PMID": 71675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4309", "title": "Motor development of autistic monozygotic twins: a case study.", "content": "A pair of autistic monozygotic twins were assessed on relevant portions of the Geddes Psychomotor Inventory. Over-all motor development of the 3-yr., 6-mo. old twins was similar and considered a partial consequence of the same genotype and comparable environmental experiences from birth. The twins exhibited poor or unsuccessful performance on tasks requiring abilities in language, communication, and appropriate relationships to objects; superior performance on specific fine manual motor skills, walking balance board, and climbing; at-age performance on tasks which were considered measures of patterned gross movement, balance, postural maintenance, and spatial orientation; and few typical autistic motor characteristics.", "contents": "Motor development of autistic monozygotic twins: a case study. A pair of autistic monozygotic twins were assessed on relevant portions of the Geddes Psychomotor Inventory. Over-all motor development of the 3-yr., 6-mo. old twins was similar and considered a partial consequence of the same genotype and comparable environmental experiences from birth. The twins exhibited poor or unsuccessful performance on tasks requiring abilities in language, communication, and appropriate relationships to objects; superior performance on specific fine manual motor skills, walking balance board, and climbing; at-age performance on tasks which were considered measures of patterned gross movement, balance, postural maintenance, and spatial orientation; and few typical autistic motor characteristics.", "PMID": 71711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4310", "title": "Reverse transcription of phage RNA and its fragment directed by synthetic heteropolymeric primers.", "content": "DNA synthesis catalysed by RNA-directed DNA-polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was found to proceed on the RNA template of an MS2 phage in the presence of heteropolymeric synthetic octa- and nonadeoxyribonucleotide primers complementary to the intercistronic region (coat protein binding site) and the region of the coat protein cistron, respectively. The product of synthesis consists of discrete DNA fractions of different length, including transcripts longer than 1,000 nucleotides. The coat protein inhibits DNA synthesis if it is initiated at its binding site, but has no effect on DNA synthesis initiated at the coat protein cistron. It has been suggested that, in this system, the initiation of DNA synthesis by synthetic primers is topographically specific. The MS2 coat protein binding site (an RNA fragment of 59 nucleotides) serves as a template for polydeoxyribonucleotide synthesis in the presence of octanucleotide primer and reverse transcriptase. The product of synthesis is homogenous and its length corresponds to the length of the template. The effective and complete copying of the fragment having a distinct secondary structure proves that the secondary structure does not interfere, in principle, with RNA being a template in the system of reverse transcription.", "contents": "Reverse transcription of phage RNA and its fragment directed by synthetic heteropolymeric primers. DNA synthesis catalysed by RNA-directed DNA-polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was found to proceed on the RNA template of an MS2 phage in the presence of heteropolymeric synthetic octa- and nonadeoxyribonucleotide primers complementary to the intercistronic region (coat protein binding site) and the region of the coat protein cistron, respectively. The product of synthesis consists of discrete DNA fractions of different length, including transcripts longer than 1,000 nucleotides. The coat protein inhibits DNA synthesis if it is initiated at its binding site, but has no effect on DNA synthesis initiated at the coat protein cistron. It has been suggested that, in this system, the initiation of DNA synthesis by synthetic primers is topographically specific. The MS2 coat protein binding site (an RNA fragment of 59 nucleotides) serves as a template for polydeoxyribonucleotide synthesis in the presence of octanucleotide primer and reverse transcriptase. The product of synthesis is homogenous and its length corresponds to the length of the template. The effective and complete copying of the fragment having a distinct secondary structure proves that the secondary structure does not interfere, in principle, with RNA being a template in the system of reverse transcription.", "PMID": 71713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4311", "title": "[Treatment of diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine in combination with prolonged antithyroid therapy].", "content": "The authors analyzed clinically the results of treatment of 237 patients with diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine in combination with prolonged antithyroidal therapy (12--18 months). The advantages of combined therapy consisted in the use of relatively low 131I doses, a great frequensy of clinical remissions of thyrotoxicosis (83%), in the absence of thyrotoxicosis remissions after the administration of a low radioactive iodine dose and a low percentage of stable hypothyroidism development (0.8%) as a complication of radioiodine therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine in combination with prolonged antithyroid therapy]. The authors analyzed clinically the results of treatment of 237 patients with diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine in combination with prolonged antithyroidal therapy (12--18 months). The advantages of combined therapy consisted in the use of relatively low 131I doses, a great frequensy of clinical remissions of thyrotoxicosis (83%), in the absence of thyrotoxicosis remissions after the administration of a low radioactive iodine dose and a low percentage of stable hypothyroidism development (0.8%) as a complication of radioiodine therapy.", "PMID": 71726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4312", "title": "[Hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system activity in altered functional state of the sex glands. 2].", "content": "The role played by the hypophysis and the hypothalamus in the interrelationship of the gonads and the thyroid gland was studied on female albino rats. Their interaction could be realized only in the presence of the intact hypophysis. The content of the thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH) determined in the hypothalamic extracts altered depending on the blood estrogen level. Ovariectomy decreased the TRH content, whereas the administration of estradiol dipropionate to the operated animals increased the content of this hormone. Besides, ovariectomy caused a disturbance of the reaction of the hypophysis to TRH. Possibly the hypophysis of the castrated animals became refractory (to some extent) to the stimulating action of the TRH.", "contents": "[Hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid gland system activity in altered functional state of the sex glands. 2]. The role played by the hypophysis and the hypothalamus in the interrelationship of the gonads and the thyroid gland was studied on female albino rats. Their interaction could be realized only in the presence of the intact hypophysis. The content of the thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH) determined in the hypothalamic extracts altered depending on the blood estrogen level. Ovariectomy decreased the TRH content, whereas the administration of estradiol dipropionate to the operated animals increased the content of this hormone. Besides, ovariectomy caused a disturbance of the reaction of the hypophysis to TRH. Possibly the hypophysis of the castrated animals became refractory (to some extent) to the stimulating action of the TRH.", "PMID": 71727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4313", "title": "[Characteristics of the action of excess thyroid hormones in guinea pigs].", "content": "A study was made of the action of various doses of thyroidin in its prolonged administration to guinea pigs on the functional and morphological changes of the thyroid gland and the adenohypophysis. A high sensitivity of guinea pigs to the excess of thyroid hormone in comparison with such in dogs was shown. Already with the less thyroidin doses guinea pigs displayed an increased oxygen consumption under conditions of the basic metabolism, a marked increase of the content of protein-bound iodine in the blood serum and of the corticosteroid urinary excretion. There were revealed no significant differences in the thyroidin action depending on the method of its administration, i.e. in case of a gradual increase of the doses or in the administration of high doses from the very beginning. The presence of significant individual differences in guinea pigs in the resistance to the excess of the thyroid hormones was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the action of excess thyroid hormones in guinea pigs]. A study was made of the action of various doses of thyroidin in its prolonged administration to guinea pigs on the functional and morphological changes of the thyroid gland and the adenohypophysis. A high sensitivity of guinea pigs to the excess of thyroid hormone in comparison with such in dogs was shown. Already with the less thyroidin doses guinea pigs displayed an increased oxygen consumption under conditions of the basic metabolism, a marked increase of the content of protein-bound iodine in the blood serum and of the corticosteroid urinary excretion. There were revealed no significant differences in the thyroidin action depending on the method of its administration, i.e. in case of a gradual increase of the doses or in the administration of high doses from the very beginning. The presence of significant individual differences in guinea pigs in the resistance to the excess of the thyroid hormones was demonstrated.", "PMID": 71728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4314", "title": "Crystallographic studies of bovine beta2-microglobulin.", "content": "Crystals of the bovine milk protein lactollin yield x-ray diffraction data extending to a resolution of 2.8 A. Lactollin is a bovine analogue of beta2-microglobulin, a protein that is homologous in amino acid sequence to the constant domains of immunoglobulins and is the light chain of the human and murine major histocompatability antigens. The protein crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 77.4, b = 47.9, and c = 34.3 A. The unit cell parameters and physical chemical solution studies indicate that the molecule exists in the crystal and in solution as a single polypeptide chain of 12,000 daltons.", "contents": "Crystallographic studies of bovine beta2-microglobulin. Crystals of the bovine milk protein lactollin yield x-ray diffraction data extending to a resolution of 2.8 A. Lactollin is a bovine analogue of beta2-microglobulin, a protein that is homologous in amino acid sequence to the constant domains of immunoglobulins and is the light chain of the human and murine major histocompatability antigens. The protein crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 77.4, b = 47.9, and c = 34.3 A. The unit cell parameters and physical chemical solution studies indicate that the molecule exists in the crystal and in solution as a single polypeptide chain of 12,000 daltons.", "PMID": 71731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4315", "title": "Identification of prelarge and presmall basic proteins in mouse myelin and their structural relationship to large and small basic proteins.", "content": "A new technique is described to identify antigenically related proteins by radioimmunoassay after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel fractionation. When adult mouse myelin was examined by this technique, four proteins that are antigenically related to the small myelin basic protein were identified. They were designated: prelarge (molecular weight 21,500), large (18,500), presmall (17,000), and small (14,000). The four proteins were isolated by elution from polyacrylamide gels, and each protein migrated as a single band when analyzed by either sodium dodecyl sulfate or acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serial dilutions of the purified proteins were measured by radioimmunoassay. Both the slope of the inhibition curve and the level of maximal inhibition for each protein were the same as for the small myelin basic protein, indicating that each of the four proteins contains all of the antigenic sites present in the small basic protein. Structural relationships among the four proteins were examined by using two-dimensional analysis of tryptic digests. The results showed that: large was similar in amino acid sequence to the major myelin basic protein from other species; small was identical in sequence to large, except for an internal deletion of approximately 40 amino acid residues: prelarge contained the sequence of large plus an additional sequence of 25-35 amino acid residues; and presmall contained the sequence of small plus the same additional sequence as in prelarge. The four proteins were also treated with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolienine (BNPS-skatole) which cleaves proteins specifically at tryptophan residues. Analysis of the cleavage products indicated that the additional amino acid sequence in both prelarge and presmall extends from the amino terminus of the molecule. Several implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of prelarge and presmall basic proteins in mouse myelin and their structural relationship to large and small basic proteins. A new technique is described to identify antigenically related proteins by radioimmunoassay after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel fractionation. When adult mouse myelin was examined by this technique, four proteins that are antigenically related to the small myelin basic protein were identified. They were designated: prelarge (molecular weight 21,500), large (18,500), presmall (17,000), and small (14,000). The four proteins were isolated by elution from polyacrylamide gels, and each protein migrated as a single band when analyzed by either sodium dodecyl sulfate or acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serial dilutions of the purified proteins were measured by radioimmunoassay. Both the slope of the inhibition curve and the level of maximal inhibition for each protein were the same as for the small myelin basic protein, indicating that each of the four proteins contains all of the antigenic sites present in the small basic protein. Structural relationships among the four proteins were examined by using two-dimensional analysis of tryptic digests. The results showed that: large was similar in amino acid sequence to the major myelin basic protein from other species; small was identical in sequence to large, except for an internal deletion of approximately 40 amino acid residues: prelarge contained the sequence of large plus an additional sequence of 25-35 amino acid residues; and presmall contained the sequence of small plus the same additional sequence as in prelarge. The four proteins were also treated with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolienine (BNPS-skatole) which cleaves proteins specifically at tryptophan residues. Analysis of the cleavage products indicated that the additional amino acid sequence in both prelarge and presmall extends from the amino terminus of the molecule. Several implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 71732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4316", "title": "Multiple antigenic determinants on the major surface glycoprotein of murine mammary tumor viruses.", "content": "The major external protein of murine mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) is a glycoprotein of molecular weight 52,000 (gp52). We report here that the gp52s of MMTVs from different mouse strains contain both type-specific and group-specific antigenic determinants. Competitive radioimmunoassays with externally labeled virion preparations were used to demonstrate that MMTV virions from C3H, RIII, and GR mice competed identically in \"group-specific\" assays but either competed with altered slopes or competed incompletely in the appropriate \"type-specific\" assays. Similar results were obtained with purified gp52 preparations as competitors. MMTVs of RIII, C3H, and GR mice, grown in feline cells, competed similarly to the corresponding murine-derived MMTVs, thus demonstrating that the observed type-specific and group-specific antigenic reactivities are viral coded. In competitive radioimmunoassays using an antiserum against MMTV of C3H mice that was preabsorbed with MMTV of GR mice, type-specific reactivities were further magnified; MMTV of C3H mice competed completely whereas no competition was observed with MMTV of GR mice as a competitor. These studies are in agreement with previous biological and molecular hybridization studies on the diversity of MMTVs from different mouse strains.", "contents": "Multiple antigenic determinants on the major surface glycoprotein of murine mammary tumor viruses. The major external protein of murine mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) is a glycoprotein of molecular weight 52,000 (gp52). We report here that the gp52s of MMTVs from different mouse strains contain both type-specific and group-specific antigenic determinants. Competitive radioimmunoassays with externally labeled virion preparations were used to demonstrate that MMTV virions from C3H, RIII, and GR mice competed identically in \"group-specific\" assays but either competed with altered slopes or competed incompletely in the appropriate \"type-specific\" assays. Similar results were obtained with purified gp52 preparations as competitors. MMTVs of RIII, C3H, and GR mice, grown in feline cells, competed similarly to the corresponding murine-derived MMTVs, thus demonstrating that the observed type-specific and group-specific antigenic reactivities are viral coded. In competitive radioimmunoassays using an antiserum against MMTV of C3H mice that was preabsorbed with MMTV of GR mice, type-specific reactivities were further magnified; MMTV of C3H mice competed completely whereas no competition was observed with MMTV of GR mice as a competitor. These studies are in agreement with previous biological and molecular hybridization studies on the diversity of MMTVs from different mouse strains.", "PMID": 71733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4317", "title": "Molecular events and energy changes during the action potential.", "content": "A novel interpretation of the existing data concerning the energy changes associated with nerve impulse propagation is proposed. The main conclusion is that the negative phrase ofthe initial heat of activity cannot be accounted for without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins. It stems from analyzing and computing the energy changes associated with ionic flows, capacitive currents, and structural changes in membrane gateways. A close quantitative agreement with microcalorimetric measurements was achieved.", "contents": "Molecular events and energy changes during the action potential. A novel interpretation of the existing data concerning the energy changes associated with nerve impulse propagation is proposed. The main conclusion is that the negative phrase ofthe initial heat of activity cannot be accounted for without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins. It stems from analyzing and computing the energy changes associated with ionic flows, capacitive currents, and structural changes in membrane gateways. A close quantitative agreement with microcalorimetric measurements was achieved.", "PMID": 71734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4318", "title": "Relative stability of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in homozygous beta+ thalassemia.", "content": "The relative concentrations of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin mRNA sequences were measured in bone marrow nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and in RNA from peripheral blood reticulocytes of three patients with homozygous beta+ thalassemia. Our results suggest that the quantitative deficiency in beta-globin mRNA may arise because of abnormal metabolism of molecules containing beta mRNA sequences. Complementary DNAs specific for each of the globins were synthesized. Variable quantities of RNA were incubated to equilibrium with 3H-labeled alpha- and 32P-labeled beta- or gamma-enriched cDNA. We found for each of the patients that the alpha/beta mRNA sequence ratio was more nearly normal in the nuclear RNA than in either cytoplasmic or reticulocyte RNA. Conversely, gamma mRNA sequences were very low in the nucleus with an increase in the relative concentration in both cytoplasm and reticulocyte RNA. The thermal stability of nucleic acid duplexes formed between beta cDNA and nuclear RNA from one patient with beta+ thalassemia was equivalent to that of duplexes formed with normal nuclear RNA. Approximately equal amounts of thalassemic alpha and beta mRNA were retained by oligo(dT)-cellulose, indicating that the 3' poly(A) segment was present on both. Our results indicate that beta-globin mRNA, although grossly normal in structure, fails to accumulate in beta+ thalassemic erythroid cells in amounts equivalent to the mRNA for alpha-globin.", "contents": "Relative stability of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in homozygous beta+ thalassemia. The relative concentrations of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin mRNA sequences were measured in bone marrow nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and in RNA from peripheral blood reticulocytes of three patients with homozygous beta+ thalassemia. Our results suggest that the quantitative deficiency in beta-globin mRNA may arise because of abnormal metabolism of molecules containing beta mRNA sequences. Complementary DNAs specific for each of the globins were synthesized. Variable quantities of RNA were incubated to equilibrium with 3H-labeled alpha- and 32P-labeled beta- or gamma-enriched cDNA. We found for each of the patients that the alpha/beta mRNA sequence ratio was more nearly normal in the nuclear RNA than in either cytoplasmic or reticulocyte RNA. Conversely, gamma mRNA sequences were very low in the nucleus with an increase in the relative concentration in both cytoplasm and reticulocyte RNA. The thermal stability of nucleic acid duplexes formed between beta cDNA and nuclear RNA from one patient with beta+ thalassemia was equivalent to that of duplexes formed with normal nuclear RNA. Approximately equal amounts of thalassemic alpha and beta mRNA were retained by oligo(dT)-cellulose, indicating that the 3' poly(A) segment was present on both. Our results indicate that beta-globin mRNA, although grossly normal in structure, fails to accumulate in beta+ thalassemic erythroid cells in amounts equivalent to the mRNA for alpha-globin.", "PMID": 71735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4319", "title": "Key antigenic determinants in regulation of the immune response.", "content": "The immune response to beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23)is characterized by a wave of early help followed by a wave of suppression to a subsequent in vitro challenge with galactosidase-fluorescein. A cyanogen bromide peptide of beta-galactosidase, CB2, mimics the suppression seen with the enzyme. It is time dependent, carrier specific, and anti-theta sensitive; however, this suppression is not preceded by a wave of help. It is possible that CB2 cannot stimulate helpers, and is only able to activate suppressor cells. These data indicate that one small region of an antigen, capable of activating suppressors, can nullify the positive effect induced in helper T cells reactive with other epitopes on beta-galactosidase. Key determinants on macromolecules may in this way be influential in regulating the immune response to the entire antigen molecule.", "contents": "Key antigenic determinants in regulation of the immune response. The immune response to beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23)is characterized by a wave of early help followed by a wave of suppression to a subsequent in vitro challenge with galactosidase-fluorescein. A cyanogen bromide peptide of beta-galactosidase, CB2, mimics the suppression seen with the enzyme. It is time dependent, carrier specific, and anti-theta sensitive; however, this suppression is not preceded by a wave of help. It is possible that CB2 cannot stimulate helpers, and is only able to activate suppressor cells. These data indicate that one small region of an antigen, capable of activating suppressors, can nullify the positive effect induced in helper T cells reactive with other epitopes on beta-galactosidase. Key determinants on macromolecules may in this way be influential in regulating the immune response to the entire antigen molecule.", "PMID": 71736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4320", "title": "A postsynthetic modification of human alpha-fetoprotein controls its immunosuppressive potency.", "content": "In a previous study, we demonstrated three variants of human alphafetoprotein by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, we correlated the capacity of alpha-fetoprotein isolates from various hepatoma and fetal sources to suppress human lymphocyte transformation in vitro with the relative proportion of the electronegative variant, HAFP-3, present in each isolate. We have now isolated alpha-fetoprotein from the serum, ascitic fluid, and saline extract of tumor from a single hepatoma patient and from a homogenate of fetal livers. When tested for their capacity to inhibit human lymphocyte transformation in vitro, tumor and fetal liver alphafetoprotein were found to be extremely potent, serum alphafetoprotein had intermediate potency, and ascitic fluid alpha-fetoprotein was the least potent. Analysis of these isolates by crossed immunoelectrophoresis confirmed the correlation between the proportion of HAFP-3 and the immunosuppressive potency of each isolate. In addition, analysis of these isolates by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea revealed further evidence of microheterogeneity; at least six molecular variants were apparent. The proportion of one of these variants, termed HAFP-3a, in each isolate was correlated with the immunosupressive potency of the isolate. The sialic acid content of the various alpha-fetoprotein isolates did not vary significantly. Our data suggest that a postsynthetic modification of alphafetoprotein occurs, probably after secretion, which reduces immunosuppressive potency by converting the active electronegative species to an inactive electropositive form. This modification probably involves a charged moiety other than sialic acid on the molecule.", "contents": "A postsynthetic modification of human alpha-fetoprotein controls its immunosuppressive potency. In a previous study, we demonstrated three variants of human alphafetoprotein by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, we correlated the capacity of alpha-fetoprotein isolates from various hepatoma and fetal sources to suppress human lymphocyte transformation in vitro with the relative proportion of the electronegative variant, HAFP-3, present in each isolate. We have now isolated alpha-fetoprotein from the serum, ascitic fluid, and saline extract of tumor from a single hepatoma patient and from a homogenate of fetal livers. When tested for their capacity to inhibit human lymphocyte transformation in vitro, tumor and fetal liver alphafetoprotein were found to be extremely potent, serum alphafetoprotein had intermediate potency, and ascitic fluid alpha-fetoprotein was the least potent. Analysis of these isolates by crossed immunoelectrophoresis confirmed the correlation between the proportion of HAFP-3 and the immunosuppressive potency of each isolate. In addition, analysis of these isolates by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea revealed further evidence of microheterogeneity; at least six molecular variants were apparent. The proportion of one of these variants, termed HAFP-3a, in each isolate was correlated with the immunosupressive potency of the isolate. The sialic acid content of the various alpha-fetoprotein isolates did not vary significantly. Our data suggest that a postsynthetic modification of alphafetoprotein occurs, probably after secretion, which reduces immunosuppressive potency by converting the active electronegative species to an inactive electropositive form. This modification probably involves a charged moiety other than sialic acid on the molecule.", "PMID": 71737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4321", "title": "Expression of Ia-like antigen molecules on human granulocytes during early phases of differentiation.", "content": "Human B lymphocyte antigens analogous to the murine Ia determinants were found on myeloblasts and promyelocytes but not on more mature granulocytes. This was apparent by fluorescent staining with both human alloantisera and rabbit antisera to the isolated Ia-like proteins. The cells of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia showed this difference especially clearly. Separation of the myeloblasts and promyelocytes by multistep density gradient fractionation produced a marked enrichment of the positive cells. The remaining cells from higher density fractions were more-mature neutrophils that were essentially negative. In acute myeloid leukemia, in which myeloid cells early in differentiation predominate, the vast majority of cells were strongly positive. Similar results were obtained with normal bone marrow cells. Here also, only the early forms of the myeloid series separated by gradient centrifugation had Ia antigens. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of Ia determinants on cells with the appearance of early erythroid precursors. Support for the presence of the Ia determinants on granulocyte-macrophage committed stem cells was provided by the inhibition of granulocyte colony formation in agar cultures following preincubation of normal bone marrow with antiserum and complement. Cross absorptions with purified preparations of immature cells provided evidence for the close similarity of the antigenic determinants on both myeloblasts and B cells. A 28,000-37,000-dalton bimolecular complex obtained from myeloblast membranes contained the Ia determinants and was similar to that obtained from peripheral blood B cell membranes.", "contents": "Expression of Ia-like antigen molecules on human granulocytes during early phases of differentiation. Human B lymphocyte antigens analogous to the murine Ia determinants were found on myeloblasts and promyelocytes but not on more mature granulocytes. This was apparent by fluorescent staining with both human alloantisera and rabbit antisera to the isolated Ia-like proteins. The cells of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia showed this difference especially clearly. Separation of the myeloblasts and promyelocytes by multistep density gradient fractionation produced a marked enrichment of the positive cells. The remaining cells from higher density fractions were more-mature neutrophils that were essentially negative. In acute myeloid leukemia, in which myeloid cells early in differentiation predominate, the vast majority of cells were strongly positive. Similar results were obtained with normal bone marrow cells. Here also, only the early forms of the myeloid series separated by gradient centrifugation had Ia antigens. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of Ia determinants on cells with the appearance of early erythroid precursors. Support for the presence of the Ia determinants on granulocyte-macrophage committed stem cells was provided by the inhibition of granulocyte colony formation in agar cultures following preincubation of normal bone marrow with antiserum and complement. Cross absorptions with purified preparations of immature cells provided evidence for the close similarity of the antigenic determinants on both myeloblasts and B cells. A 28,000-37,000-dalton bimolecular complex obtained from myeloblast membranes contained the Ia determinants and was similar to that obtained from peripheral blood B cell membranes.", "PMID": 71738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4322", "title": "Distribution of HLA-A, B, C and the Merrit B-cell alloantigen specificities in chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Based upon reactions with both normal peripheral B-lymphocytes and a CLL panel, an additional 3 new specificities of the Merritt B-cell alloantigenic system have been defined. this brings the number of provisionally designated specificities to 22. The system of antigenic determinants is well represented on normal B-lymphocytes, and has a roughly similar distribution when compared to the CLL panel; however, evidence is presented which suggests that certain speficities may have significantly idfferent distributions on the 2 different panels, but the number of cells tested is low.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA-A, B, C and the Merrit B-cell alloantigen specificities in chronic lymphatic leukemia. Based upon reactions with both normal peripheral B-lymphocytes and a CLL panel, an additional 3 new specificities of the Merritt B-cell alloantigenic system have been defined. this brings the number of provisionally designated specificities to 22. The system of antigenic determinants is well represented on normal B-lymphocytes, and has a roughly similar distribution when compared to the CLL panel; however, evidence is presented which suggests that certain speficities may have significantly idfferent distributions on the 2 different panels, but the number of cells tested is low.", "PMID": 71744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4323", "title": "Evaluation of anomalous HLA reactivity in the typing of neoplastic lymphoreticular cells.", "content": "Lymphoblasts from 6 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia showed a paucity of receptors for T-cells (E-rosettes) and B-cells (surface membrane immunoglobulin). In contrast, neoplastic lymphoid cells from 5 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma demonstrated that 4 cases could be listed as B cell proliferations and 1 case as a T-cell tumor, Anomalous HLA cytotoxic reactions were observed in all 6 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and probably in 1 case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. When the HLA antisera was absorbed of its HLA specificity, lymphoblast cytotoxicity was still observed, indicating the presence of some contaminating nonHLA antibody in HLA antisera. Severson et al. (3) demonstrated the presence of anti-B-cell activity in 2 of the 4 antisera used in this study. Lymphoblasts failed to stimulate autologous peripheral blood remission lymphocytes and neoplastic lymphoid cells did not stimulate autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture, indicating the lack of a neoantigen as measured by this technique. However lymphoblasts from 4 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and neoplastic lymphoid cells from 2 cases of B-cell lymphoma stimulated better than they responded to allogeneic lymphocytes. The data suggest the possibility that lymphoblasts without receptors of E-rosettes and surface membrane immunoglobulin may contain B-cell antigens which crossreact with HLA antisera and vigorously stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Evaluation of anomalous HLA reactivity in the typing of neoplastic lymphoreticular cells. Lymphoblasts from 6 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia showed a paucity of receptors for T-cells (E-rosettes) and B-cells (surface membrane immunoglobulin). In contrast, neoplastic lymphoid cells from 5 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma demonstrated that 4 cases could be listed as B cell proliferations and 1 case as a T-cell tumor, Anomalous HLA cytotoxic reactions were observed in all 6 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and probably in 1 case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. When the HLA antisera was absorbed of its HLA specificity, lymphoblast cytotoxicity was still observed, indicating the presence of some contaminating nonHLA antibody in HLA antisera. Severson et al. (3) demonstrated the presence of anti-B-cell activity in 2 of the 4 antisera used in this study. Lymphoblasts failed to stimulate autologous peripheral blood remission lymphocytes and neoplastic lymphoid cells did not stimulate autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture, indicating the lack of a neoantigen as measured by this technique. However lymphoblasts from 4 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and neoplastic lymphoid cells from 2 cases of B-cell lymphoma stimulated better than they responded to allogeneic lymphocytes. The data suggest the possibility that lymphoblasts without receptors of E-rosettes and surface membrane immunoglobulin may contain B-cell antigens which crossreact with HLA antisera and vigorously stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 71745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4324", "title": "Quantitative assay of Schieff and PAS reactivity during nerve degeneration in rats.", "content": "Quantative histochemical analysis of nerve degeneration in rats from zero to 192 hours was studied utilizing both Schiff reagent and PAS reaction. In addition, amylase digestion prior to PAS staining and aniline blockade of Schiff reactivity were employed. The staining intensity of all the reaction was measured histophotometrically and the mean optical density (OD) was determined for the following time intervals: 0, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of Schieff and PAS reactivity during nerve degeneration in rats. Quantative histochemical analysis of nerve degeneration in rats from zero to 192 hours was studied utilizing both Schiff reagent and PAS reaction. In addition, amylase digestion prior to PAS staining and aniline blockade of Schiff reactivity were employed. The staining intensity of all the reaction was measured histophotometrically and the mean optical density (OD) was determined for the following time intervals: 0, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours.", "PMID": 71750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4325", "title": "Standardization of rhinomanometry.", "content": "Current methods of rhinomanometry used by various workers from around the world were investigated. The data for this communication were based on the studies of 11 scientists who have an accumulation of approximately 81 years of experience with more than 20,000 rhinometric examinations. The results of this survey provide a consensus of methods, procedures, data collection, and presentation which should be considered so that rhinomanometric uniformity may be achieved. It is fully recognized that standardization of rhinomanometry requires further inquiry and evaluation and that this is not the final communication on the subject but merely a current consensus from a limited few working in the field.", "contents": "Standardization of rhinomanometry. Current methods of rhinomanometry used by various workers from around the world were investigated. The data for this communication were based on the studies of 11 scientists who have an accumulation of approximately 81 years of experience with more than 20,000 rhinometric examinations. The results of this survey provide a consensus of methods, procedures, data collection, and presentation which should be considered so that rhinomanometric uniformity may be achieved. It is fully recognized that standardization of rhinomanometry requires further inquiry and evaluation and that this is not the final communication on the subject but merely a current consensus from a limited few working in the field.", "PMID": 71753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4326", "title": "Clinical management of sinusitis.", "content": "In the clinical management of sinusitis, consideration should be given to the etiology of the disease, which today can be classified as infection, allergy and vasomotor conditions and local and general immunity deficiency. It is important to mention that infection can be present with an allergy, as well as with immunity deficiency. Knowledge of this differentiation is necessary for providing more effective and longer lasting conservative treatment. Surgical interventions are kept at a minimum and used only for derisation and drainage of sinuses, while preserving the mucosa.", "contents": "Clinical management of sinusitis. In the clinical management of sinusitis, consideration should be given to the etiology of the disease, which today can be classified as infection, allergy and vasomotor conditions and local and general immunity deficiency. It is important to mention that infection can be present with an allergy, as well as with immunity deficiency. Knowledge of this differentiation is necessary for providing more effective and longer lasting conservative treatment. Surgical interventions are kept at a minimum and used only for derisation and drainage of sinuses, while preserving the mucosa.", "PMID": 71754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4327", "title": "Prevention of plasmin autodigestion by human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The autodigestion of plasmin in neutral solution at 37 degrees C and prevention of plasmin autodigestion by methylamine were confirmed by using rho-Tosyl-L-Arginine-Methyl ester as a substrate of plasmin. The autodigestion of plasmin was prevented by human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin which has been reported as an antiplasmin of immediate and reversible type but was not prevented by alpha1-antitrypsin which has been reported as an antiplasmin of slow and irreversible type.", "contents": "Prevention of plasmin autodigestion by human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin. The autodigestion of plasmin in neutral solution at 37 degrees C and prevention of plasmin autodigestion by methylamine were confirmed by using rho-Tosyl-L-Arginine-Methyl ester as a substrate of plasmin. The autodigestion of plasmin was prevented by human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin which has been reported as an antiplasmin of immediate and reversible type but was not prevented by alpha1-antitrypsin which has been reported as an antiplasmin of slow and irreversible type.", "PMID": 71756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4328", "title": "[Chronic myeloid leukemia and periurethral adenoma].", "content": "Dysectatic disturbances in leukemia patients can be determined by leukemic infiltration of the prosthate or by the evolution of a co-existing peri-urethral adenoma. Indications and results of physiotherapy and surgery are evaluated in connection with an observation of peri-urethral adenoma in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "[Chronic myeloid leukemia and periurethral adenoma]. Dysectatic disturbances in leukemia patients can be determined by leukemic infiltration of the prosthate or by the evolution of a co-existing peri-urethral adenoma. Indications and results of physiotherapy and surgery are evaluated in connection with an observation of peri-urethral adenoma in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia.", "PMID": 71752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4329", "title": "Influence of an M-locus difference on the cellular and humoral immunological reactivity against H-2 determined antigens of the mouse.", "content": "Studies were initiated to determine whether an immune response to the Mls antigen of C3H mice could modify responses of CBA lymphocytes (H-2-compatible) to a foreign H-2 complex. CBA lymphocytes, partially tolerant to the C3H-determined Mls antigen, generated less effector cell activity against C57Bl cells (H-2-incompatible) than lymph node cells from normal CBA donors when infused into irradiated C3H X C57Bl hosts. Effector cell activity was measured as the capacity of the cells in the irradiated spleens to inhibit CBA X C57Bl bone marrow proliferation. In contrast, immunization of CBA mice with C3H X C57Bl cells yielded lower antibody titers against C57Bl cells than immunization with CBA X C57Bl cells. Furthermore, preinjection of CBA mice with C3H X CBA cells strongly reduced the capacity of the animals to produce antibodies against C57Bl cells. Thus, these data support the conclusion that an immune response to a foreign Mls antigen may either enhance or suppress an immune response to H-2-incompatible cells.", "contents": "Influence of an M-locus difference on the cellular and humoral immunological reactivity against H-2 determined antigens of the mouse. Studies were initiated to determine whether an immune response to the Mls antigen of C3H mice could modify responses of CBA lymphocytes (H-2-compatible) to a foreign H-2 complex. CBA lymphocytes, partially tolerant to the C3H-determined Mls antigen, generated less effector cell activity against C57Bl cells (H-2-incompatible) than lymph node cells from normal CBA donors when infused into irradiated C3H X C57Bl hosts. Effector cell activity was measured as the capacity of the cells in the irradiated spleens to inhibit CBA X C57Bl bone marrow proliferation. In contrast, immunization of CBA mice with C3H X C57Bl cells yielded lower antibody titers against C57Bl cells than immunization with CBA X C57Bl cells. Furthermore, preinjection of CBA mice with C3H X CBA cells strongly reduced the capacity of the animals to produce antibodies against C57Bl cells. Thus, these data support the conclusion that an immune response to a foreign Mls antigen may either enhance or suppress an immune response to H-2-incompatible cells.", "PMID": 71757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4330", "title": "Specific suppression of MLC and CML by anti-idiotypic antibodies in the mouse.", "content": "Rabbit antisera directed against idiotypic determinants of alloreactive mouse CBA anti-C57BL/6 T blasts were raised in the following manner: first, a rabbit serum directed against nonspecific CBA blasts cells was prepared by injecting CBA concanavalin A blasts three times at monthly intervals into a rabbit. Second, specific CBA anti-C57BL/6 T lymphoblasts were induced in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), were purified by gravity sedimentation through a fetal calf serum gradient, and, finally, were incubated with the anti-blast serum from the first step. During this incubation, presumably all epitopes of the blast cell population were blocked by anti-blast antibodies, except for the greatly amplified set of CBA anti-C57BL/6 alloreactive idiotypes. The mixture was then injected into fresh rabbits, which were boosted with similar mixtures after 3 and 6 weeks. Blood samples were removed 10 days after each injection. Such sera, when used together with complement, inhibited specifically the stimulation of CBA cells by C57BL/6 antigens in MLC and the CBA anti-C57BL/6 killer cells.", "contents": "Specific suppression of MLC and CML by anti-idiotypic antibodies in the mouse. Rabbit antisera directed against idiotypic determinants of alloreactive mouse CBA anti-C57BL/6 T blasts were raised in the following manner: first, a rabbit serum directed against nonspecific CBA blasts cells was prepared by injecting CBA concanavalin A blasts three times at monthly intervals into a rabbit. Second, specific CBA anti-C57BL/6 T lymphoblasts were induced in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), were purified by gravity sedimentation through a fetal calf serum gradient, and, finally, were incubated with the anti-blast serum from the first step. During this incubation, presumably all epitopes of the blast cell population were blocked by anti-blast antibodies, except for the greatly amplified set of CBA anti-C57BL/6 alloreactive idiotypes. The mixture was then injected into fresh rabbits, which were boosted with similar mixtures after 3 and 6 weeks. Blood samples were removed 10 days after each injection. Such sera, when used together with complement, inhibited specifically the stimulation of CBA cells by C57BL/6 antigens in MLC and the CBA anti-C57BL/6 killer cells.", "PMID": 71758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4331", "title": "Double minute chromosomes and the homogeneously staining regions in chromosomes of a human neuroblastoma cell line.", "content": "Four human neuroblastoma cell lines were studied by chromosome banding techniques. All of the lines contained a marker chromosome with a long nonbanding homogeneously staining region (HSR). The HSR-containing chromosome differed in each line. One line contained two classes of cells: one with an HST marker chromosome and the other with double minute chromosomes. Each cell had one of these abnormalities; no cell had both. The presence of two additional chromosomal markers in all cells of this line indicates a common origin. These observations suggest that the double minute chromosomes are derived from the HSR.", "contents": "Double minute chromosomes and the homogeneously staining regions in chromosomes of a human neuroblastoma cell line. Four human neuroblastoma cell lines were studied by chromosome banding techniques. All of the lines contained a marker chromosome with a long nonbanding homogeneously staining region (HSR). The HSR-containing chromosome differed in each line. One line contained two classes of cells: one with an HST marker chromosome and the other with double minute chromosomes. Each cell had one of these abnormalities; no cell had both. The presence of two additional chromosomal markers in all cells of this line indicates a common origin. These observations suggest that the double minute chromosomes are derived from the HSR.", "PMID": 71759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4332", "title": "The painful shoulder.", "content": "The shoulder, a very common site of pain syndromes in medical  practice, lends itself well to precise clinical analysis and identification of the pain-sensitive structure or structures. Once identified, rational and effective management can be applied, associated with predictably good prognosis. Early identification of the emerging specific syndrome is important in decreasing the duration of the clinical disorder and in achieving optimum return of shoulder function. Laboratory and X-ray studies are not commonly required in diagnosis and management. There are a confusing variety of names attached to the many shoulder pain syndromes; however, there are two most common categories. One is associated with severe pain but little or no limitation of shoulder movement (at least passive movement), in which the pain-sensitive structure is tendon or tendon sheath; the other is associated with both pain and limitation of active and passive motion, in which the pain-sensitive structures are capsule, bursa, and synovium as well as muscle and multiple tendons.", "contents": "The painful shoulder. The shoulder, a very common site of pain syndromes in medical  practice, lends itself well to precise clinical analysis and identification of the pain-sensitive structure or structures. Once identified, rational and effective management can be applied, associated with predictably good prognosis. Early identification of the emerging specific syndrome is important in decreasing the duration of the clinical disorder and in achieving optimum return of shoulder function. Laboratory and X-ray studies are not commonly required in diagnosis and management. There are a confusing variety of names attached to the many shoulder pain syndromes; however, there are two most common categories. One is associated with severe pain but little or no limitation of shoulder movement (at least passive movement), in which the pain-sensitive structure is tendon or tendon sheath; the other is associated with both pain and limitation of active and passive motion, in which the pain-sensitive structures are capsule, bursa, and synovium as well as muscle and multiple tendons.", "PMID": 71760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4333", "title": "Enumerative fluorescent vital staining of live and dead pathogenic yeast cells.", "content": "A quantitative technique is presented for differentiating live and dead yeast cells grown in culture through the use of the fluorescent dye acridine orange. The method gives results that correlate well with those of other commonly used vital staining techniques and is free of certain interpretative errors inherent in them. Vital staining of yeasts with acridine orange also allows for more precise assessment of the physiological state of individual cells and the culture as a whole. The progressive senescence of yeast cells in culture can be monitored by the changing staining characteristics of several subcellular organelles. The method is simple and reliable.", "contents": "Enumerative fluorescent vital staining of live and dead pathogenic yeast cells. A quantitative technique is presented for differentiating live and dead yeast cells grown in culture through the use of the fluorescent dye acridine orange. The method gives results that correlate well with those of other commonly used vital staining techniques and is free of certain interpretative errors inherent in them. Vital staining of yeasts with acridine orange also allows for more precise assessment of the physiological state of individual cells and the culture as a whole. The progressive senescence of yeast cells in culture can be monitored by the changing staining characteristics of several subcellular organelles. The method is simple and reliable.", "PMID": 71766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4334", "title": "Procion brilliant orange, a counterstain for decalcified sections vitally labeled with procion brilliant red H-8 bs.", "content": "Procion brilliant red H-8 BS is a fluorescent dye that stains the organic matrix of bone supravitally. A procedure is described for counterstaining sections of such bone for visible light examination without interfering with the demonstration of sites of bound dye under UV illumination. Sections are brought to water, stained in Delafield's alum hematoxylin for 10 minutes, washed in tap water for 10 minutes, counterstained in 1% Procion brillant orange M-GS for 15 minutes and washed in distilled water for 10 minutes. After dehydration the sections were mounted in Eukitt.", "contents": "Procion brilliant orange, a counterstain for decalcified sections vitally labeled with procion brilliant red H-8 bs. Procion brilliant red H-8 BS is a fluorescent dye that stains the organic matrix of bone supravitally. A procedure is described for counterstaining sections of such bone for visible light examination without interfering with the demonstration of sites of bound dye under UV illumination. Sections are brought to water, stained in Delafield's alum hematoxylin for 10 minutes, washed in tap water for 10 minutes, counterstained in 1% Procion brillant orange M-GS for 15 minutes and washed in distilled water for 10 minutes. After dehydration the sections were mounted in Eukitt.", "PMID": 71767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4335", "title": "Surface staining of sawed sections of undecalcified bone containing alloplastic implants.", "content": "A simple new method is described for the histological evaluation of bones containing alloplastic implants of ceramic and/or metallic materials. The undecalcified bone is embedded in acrylic resin and sectioned at 50-200 micrometer using a sawing microtome. One surface of the preparation is stained up to 10 micrometer deep by floating the preparation on Giemsa stain. Other staining procedures are possible. Microscopic detail is satisfactory for histological and morphometric evaluation.", "contents": "Surface staining of sawed sections of undecalcified bone containing alloplastic implants. A simple new method is described for the histological evaluation of bones containing alloplastic implants of ceramic and/or metallic materials. The undecalcified bone is embedded in acrylic resin and sectioned at 50-200 micrometer using a sawing microtome. One surface of the preparation is stained up to 10 micrometer deep by floating the preparation on Giemsa stain. Other staining procedures are possible. Microscopic detail is satisfactory for histological and morphometric evaluation.", "PMID": 71768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4336", "title": "Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage.", "content": "Preparation of small vertebrates cleared after alcian blue staining of cartilage is facilitated by trypsin digestion. Specimens are fixed in formation, washed, skinned, and eviscerated. After staining in a solution of alcian blue in acetic acid-alcohol for 24-48 hours, they are transferred to water through graded alcohols. Excess alcian blue is removed over a period of up to three weeks by changes every 2-3 days of 1% trypsin in approximately one-third-saturated sodium borate. Bony tissues may be stained after this in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5% KOH. Specimens are bleached if necessary and dehydrated through graded KOH-glycerine mixtures for storage in glycerine. Since alcohol treatment in addition to formalin fixation does not affect results with this method, it should be useful to researchers who want to study the cartilage or cartilaginous skeletons in museum specimens, which are routinely fixed in formalin and stored in alcohol.", "contents": "Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage. Preparation of small vertebrates cleared after alcian blue staining of cartilage is facilitated by trypsin digestion. Specimens are fixed in formation, washed, skinned, and eviscerated. After staining in a solution of alcian blue in acetic acid-alcohol for 24-48 hours, they are transferred to water through graded alcohols. Excess alcian blue is removed over a period of up to three weeks by changes every 2-3 days of 1% trypsin in approximately one-third-saturated sodium borate. Bony tissues may be stained after this in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5% KOH. Specimens are bleached if necessary and dehydrated through graded KOH-glycerine mixtures for storage in glycerine. Since alcohol treatment in addition to formalin fixation does not affect results with this method, it should be useful to researchers who want to study the cartilage or cartilaginous skeletons in museum specimens, which are routinely fixed in formalin and stored in alcohol.", "PMID": 71769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4337", "title": "Methyl green-pyronin with hematoxylin and orange G for the identification of inflammatory cells in tissue sections.", "content": "Methyl green-pyronin is a notoriously difficult stain to reproduce. Although very useful in detecting cells containing substantial amounts of RNA, it is of limited use in broader problems of cell identification. By careful standardization of the proportions of methyl green to pyronin and combination of these stains with hematoxylin to enhance nuclear contrast and with orange G to improve connective tissue staining, it was possible to produce a consistently reliable staining preparation in which it is possible to identify all the component cells of a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in routine paraffin sections.", "contents": "Methyl green-pyronin with hematoxylin and orange G for the identification of inflammatory cells in tissue sections. Methyl green-pyronin is a notoriously difficult stain to reproduce. Although very useful in detecting cells containing substantial amounts of RNA, it is of limited use in broader problems of cell identification. By careful standardization of the proportions of methyl green to pyronin and combination of these stains with hematoxylin to enhance nuclear contrast and with orange G to improve connective tissue staining, it was possible to produce a consistently reliable staining preparation in which it is possible to identify all the component cells of a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in routine paraffin sections.", "PMID": 71770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4338", "title": "A new aspect of voiding dynamics: the relationship between flow rate and the frequency of drops in the external urinary stream.", "content": "The method of drop spectrometry gives the possibility of registering the instantaneous trend drop frequency and the instantaneous trend flow rate. By plotting the flow rate against the frequency, patterns are obtained which depend on the flow and the elasticity of the external meatus.", "contents": "A new aspect of voiding dynamics: the relationship between flow rate and the frequency of drops in the external urinary stream. The method of drop spectrometry gives the possibility of registering the instantaneous trend drop frequency and the instantaneous trend flow rate. By plotting the flow rate against the frequency, patterns are obtained which depend on the flow and the elasticity of the external meatus.", "PMID": 71776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4339", "title": "Formaldehyde in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis-related anti-N antibodies.", "content": "The role of formaldehyde (CH2O) in the pathogenesis of anti-N-like antibodies found in patients on chronic hemodialysis was investigated. In vitro studies were performed by incubating MM cells in varying concentrations of CH2O for variable time periods, corresponding to conditions that occur in dialysis. This MM cells acquired reactivity to anti-N antibody. The antigenic shift is felt to occur from the interaction of CH2O with the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) groups of M substance, resulting in the exposure to an altered-N antigen that is immunogenically active. Through a similar mechanism, CH2O may also directly modify N substance.", "contents": "Formaldehyde in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis-related anti-N antibodies. The role of formaldehyde (CH2O) in the pathogenesis of anti-N-like antibodies found in patients on chronic hemodialysis was investigated. In vitro studies were performed by incubating MM cells in varying concentrations of CH2O for variable time periods, corresponding to conditions that occur in dialysis. This MM cells acquired reactivity to anti-N antibody. The antigenic shift is felt to occur from the interaction of CH2O with the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) groups of M substance, resulting in the exposure to an altered-N antigen that is immunogenically active. Through a similar mechanism, CH2O may also directly modify N substance.", "PMID": 71773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4340", "title": "A new look at bladder neck obstruction by the food and drug administration regulators: guide lines for investigation of benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "A basic assumption of current guide lines to test drug therapy for benign prostatic hypertrophy is that the clinical disease is caused by bladder neck obstruction and its sequelae and complications. Asymptomatic non-prostatic hypertrophy, no matter how large the adenoma, is considered to be a pre-clinical phase of the disease as long as bladder trabeculation, impairment of the flow rate and residual urine are absent. The guide lines recognize that histological changes and gross anatomical enlargement of the prostate are the essence of the disease but objective signs of current therapeutic relief of symptoms lend themselves more practically to measurement of progression or remission, whereas no current drug has a clear enough effect on prostatic histology to predict subsidence of the clinical picture. Since no one criterion or single test serves this purpose a cluster of symptoms, with flow rate and residual urine, provides the hardest data. It would be preferable for each patient to serve as his own control in a prospective double-blind randomized study, since the literature shows no uniformity of approach, methodology, patient population or other useful data for clinical norms. Guide lines have been developed with the aid of clinical pharmacologists, biostatisticians, lawyers and government officials and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Misconceptions outside of the profession of Urology need to be dispelled and further research in methodology, urodynamics, ultrasonic evaluation of the prostate, definition of symptoms, criteria for efficacy, etiology of the disease, and mode of action of drugs, placebo and surgery were highlighted. The literature does not have an overabundance of data but does contain evidence of definite but weak drug efficacy in the treatment of this condition.", "contents": "A new look at bladder neck obstruction by the food and drug administration regulators: guide lines for investigation of benign prostatic hypertrophy. A basic assumption of current guide lines to test drug therapy for benign prostatic hypertrophy is that the clinical disease is caused by bladder neck obstruction and its sequelae and complications. Asymptomatic non-prostatic hypertrophy, no matter how large the adenoma, is considered to be a pre-clinical phase of the disease as long as bladder trabeculation, impairment of the flow rate and residual urine are absent. The guide lines recognize that histological changes and gross anatomical enlargement of the prostate are the essence of the disease but objective signs of current therapeutic relief of symptoms lend themselves more practically to measurement of progression or remission, whereas no current drug has a clear enough effect on prostatic histology to predict subsidence of the clinical picture. Since no one criterion or single test serves this purpose a cluster of symptoms, with flow rate and residual urine, provides the hardest data. It would be preferable for each patient to serve as his own control in a prospective double-blind randomized study, since the literature shows no uniformity of approach, methodology, patient population or other useful data for clinical norms. Guide lines have been developed with the aid of clinical pharmacologists, biostatisticians, lawyers and government officials and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Misconceptions outside of the profession of Urology need to be dispelled and further research in methodology, urodynamics, ultrasonic evaluation of the prostate, definition of symptoms, criteria for efficacy, etiology of the disease, and mode of action of drugs, placebo and surgery were highlighted. The literature does not have an overabundance of data but does contain evidence of definite but weak drug efficacy in the treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 71777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4341", "title": "Recent progress in ultrasonography of the bladder and prostate.", "content": "Gray scale transrectal ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with tumors of the prostate and bladder. Its application in patients with prostatic disease is in the detection of early asymptomatic tumors, in the accurate staging of local disease and in the following of patients after the institution of specific treatment. Although it is not being used for the detection of bladder tumors the procedure is a reliable means to evaluate the degree of tumor invasion so that proper therapy can be instituted.", "contents": "Recent progress in ultrasonography of the bladder and prostate. Gray scale transrectal ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of patients with tumors of the prostate and bladder. Its application in patients with prostatic disease is in the detection of early asymptomatic tumors, in the accurate staging of local disease and in the following of patients after the institution of specific treatment. Although it is not being used for the detection of bladder tumors the procedure is a reliable means to evaluate the degree of tumor invasion so that proper therapy can be instituted.", "PMID": 71778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4342", "title": "[Comparative electrophoretic study of the molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase in the leukocytes of agricultural animals].", "content": "The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions of the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in farm animals presents species variation.", "contents": "[Comparative electrophoretic study of the molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase in the leukocytes of agricultural animals]. The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions of the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in farm animals presents species variation.", "PMID": 71781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4343", "title": "[Demonstration of the infectious rhinotracheitis-pustular vuluovaginitis virus (IBR-IPV) in the placenta and aborted fetuses of cows].", "content": "A well expressed correlation was found to exist between the immunofluorescence and the histologic methods in the demonstration of IBR-IPV infection of fetuses and placentae in 75 cases of spontaneous undiagnosed abortions. If those that were positive by the immunofluorescence method were 100 per cent as many as 87 per cent of them showed coincidence with the results obtained by the histologic method. The isolation of the virus of IBR-IPV coincided in 44 per cent of the cases only. Clearest specific fluorescence, established most frequently, was demonstrated in the kidneys of the fetuses. It was found that contrast staining with Evans blue effectively inhibited the unspecific fluorescence. Exceptions in this respect were observed with some preparations of liver, lung, and placental tissues, where there were cells of unspecific fluorescence, which, by its character and localization differed essentially from the fluorescence that was specific for IBR-IPV. It is assumed that the immunofluorescence method performed at contrast staining with Evans blue makes possible the fast and precise diagnosis of IBR-IPV.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the infectious rhinotracheitis-pustular vuluovaginitis virus (IBR-IPV) in the placenta and aborted fetuses of cows]. A well expressed correlation was found to exist between the immunofluorescence and the histologic methods in the demonstration of IBR-IPV infection of fetuses and placentae in 75 cases of spontaneous undiagnosed abortions. If those that were positive by the immunofluorescence method were 100 per cent as many as 87 per cent of them showed coincidence with the results obtained by the histologic method. The isolation of the virus of IBR-IPV coincided in 44 per cent of the cases only. Clearest specific fluorescence, established most frequently, was demonstrated in the kidneys of the fetuses. It was found that contrast staining with Evans blue effectively inhibited the unspecific fluorescence. Exceptions in this respect were observed with some preparations of liver, lung, and placental tissues, where there were cells of unspecific fluorescence, which, by its character and localization differed essentially from the fluorescence that was specific for IBR-IPV. It is assumed that the immunofluorescence method performed at contrast staining with Evans blue makes possible the fast and precise diagnosis of IBR-IPV.", "PMID": 71782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4344", "title": "Distribution of mucosubstances in adenoid cystic carcinoma.", "content": "The distribution of mucosubstances in adenoid cystic carcinoma was investigated, and an attempt was made to characterize histochemically the various mucosubstances present. For these purposes the high iron diamine technique (HID), as well as the Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue staining methods were employed. Alcian blue was further combined with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique, the Alcian blue being applied at pH levels between 0.5 and 2.5. In addition the effect of neuraminidase and hyaluronidase treatment as well as methylation and acid hydrolysis procedures on the staining qualities were studied. Acidic mucosubstances with varying histochemical properties were present in different structures of the neoplasm. The characteristic pseudocyst, a major structural component of the neoplasm, stained strongly with HID, Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue at low pH. These staining reactions were markedly suppressed by hyaluronidase treatment, and are apparently attributable to the presence of chondroitin 4- and/or 6-sulfate. Employing the Alcian blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique, the basophilia of the pseudocysts was suppressed at a concentration of 0.5-0.6 M MgCl2, which might indicate polysaccharides of relatively low degree of sulfation. An additional, non-sulfated acid mucin could also be demonstrated in these structures. In certain duct and gland like structures of the tumours, a change in staining pattern from blue or blue-red to red could be observed after exposure of the sections to neuraminidase and subsequent staining with the Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-PAS sequence. Similar observations were also made when the pH of the Alcian blue was lowered to 1.5-1.0, as well as after acid hydrolysis. These findings afford evidence for the presence of a neuraminidase susceptive sialomucin in certain epithelial secretions of the tumor. At the ultrastructural level the replicated basement lamina of the pseudocysts displayed a strong positive reaction with the PA-CrA-silver staining technique. Furthermore, amorphous material within the lumina of small duct like structures also displayed a positive reaction. The amorphous material of the cystic compartments was less reactive.", "contents": "Distribution of mucosubstances in adenoid cystic carcinoma. The distribution of mucosubstances in adenoid cystic carcinoma was investigated, and an attempt was made to characterize histochemically the various mucosubstances present. For these purposes the high iron diamine technique (HID), as well as the Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue staining methods were employed. Alcian blue was further combined with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique, the Alcian blue being applied at pH levels between 0.5 and 2.5. In addition the effect of neuraminidase and hyaluronidase treatment as well as methylation and acid hydrolysis procedures on the staining qualities were studied. Acidic mucosubstances with varying histochemical properties were present in different structures of the neoplasm. The characteristic pseudocyst, a major structural component of the neoplasm, stained strongly with HID, Astra blue, aldehyde fuchsin and Alcian blue at low pH. These staining reactions were markedly suppressed by hyaluronidase treatment, and are apparently attributable to the presence of chondroitin 4- and/or 6-sulfate. Employing the Alcian blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique, the basophilia of the pseudocysts was suppressed at a concentration of 0.5-0.6 M MgCl2, which might indicate polysaccharides of relatively low degree of sulfation. An additional, non-sulfated acid mucin could also be demonstrated in these structures. In certain duct and gland like structures of the tumours, a change in staining pattern from blue or blue-red to red could be observed after exposure of the sections to neuraminidase and subsequent staining with the Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-PAS sequence. Similar observations were also made when the pH of the Alcian blue was lowered to 1.5-1.0, as well as after acid hydrolysis. These findings afford evidence for the presence of a neuraminidase susceptive sialomucin in certain epithelial secretions of the tumor. At the ultrastructural level the replicated basement lamina of the pseudocysts displayed a strong positive reaction with the PA-CrA-silver staining technique. Furthermore, amorphous material within the lumina of small duct like structures also displayed a positive reaction. The amorphous material of the cystic compartments was less reactive.", "PMID": 71783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4345", "title": "[Use of areflux anastomoses in inoperable stomach cancer].", "content": "Under consideration is the experience with 64 operations of palliative areflux gastro-enteroanastomoses for inoperable cancer of distal portion of the stomach. The absence of lethal issues and such complications as suture incompetency at the anastomosis site, peritonitis, postoperative reflux-gastritis are felt by the authors to be due to the advantages of this operative technic. In 39 of 64 patients palliative surgery was soon followed by chemotherapy. The longer survival from 4--6 months to 11 months was noted only after palliative operations.", "contents": "[Use of areflux anastomoses in inoperable stomach cancer]. Under consideration is the experience with 64 operations of palliative areflux gastro-enteroanastomoses for inoperable cancer of distal portion of the stomach. The absence of lethal issues and such complications as suture incompetency at the anastomosis site, peritonitis, postoperative reflux-gastritis are felt by the authors to be due to the advantages of this operative technic. In 39 of 64 patients palliative surgery was soon followed by chemotherapy. The longer survival from 4--6 months to 11 months was noted only after palliative operations.", "PMID": 71785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4346", "title": "In vitro and in vivo immune response to specific antigens in canine marrow graft recipients.", "content": "Cellular and humoral immune reactivity to primary and secondary challenge with tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and keyhole limpet hemocyanin was studied in normal dogs and canine bone marrow chimeras prepared for marrow grafting by lethal doses of cyclophosphamide. Short-term chimeras (less than 100 days postgrafting) showed general impairment of immune function as indicated by marked depression of skin test reactivity, lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro and antibody formation. Long-term chimeras (more than 100 days post-grafting) demonstrated gradual improvement of immunologic capacity related to the stage of postgrafting. Prolonged immunoincompetence was suggested by decreased lymphocyte proliferation in vitro in response to stimulation with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and by incomplete conversion from 19S to 7S antibody synthesis. Lymphocyte blastogenesis to specific antigens may prove a useful parameter for the in vitro evaluation of defects in cell-mediated immunity following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Our findings of prolonged immunodeficiency in the preclinical canine model point out the necessity for vigilance in early detection and treatment of infection and underline the importance of approaches aimed at accelerating immunologic reconstitution.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo immune response to specific antigens in canine marrow graft recipients. Cellular and humoral immune reactivity to primary and secondary challenge with tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and keyhole limpet hemocyanin was studied in normal dogs and canine bone marrow chimeras prepared for marrow grafting by lethal doses of cyclophosphamide. Short-term chimeras (less than 100 days postgrafting) showed general impairment of immune function as indicated by marked depression of skin test reactivity, lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro and antibody formation. Long-term chimeras (more than 100 days post-grafting) demonstrated gradual improvement of immunologic capacity related to the stage of postgrafting. Prolonged immunoincompetence was suggested by decreased lymphocyte proliferation in vitro in response to stimulation with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and by incomplete conversion from 19S to 7S antibody synthesis. Lymphocyte blastogenesis to specific antigens may prove a useful parameter for the in vitro evaluation of defects in cell-mediated immunity following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Our findings of prolonged immunodeficiency in the preclinical canine model point out the necessity for vigilance in early detection and treatment of infection and underline the importance of approaches aimed at accelerating immunologic reconstitution.", "PMID": 71795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4347", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of influenza virus A/USSR/02/76 and swine influenza virus].", "content": "Comparative studies of the biological properties, antigenic structure and ultrastructure of influenza A viruses isolated in the USSR, A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/swine/31 were carried out. Antigenic differences between A/USSR/02/76 and A/swine/31 strains as well as A/New Jersey/8/76 strain were found in the hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase activity-inhibition tests. These differences were confirmed by serological examination of human sera.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of influenza virus A/USSR/02/76 and swine influenza virus]. Comparative studies of the biological properties, antigenic structure and ultrastructure of influenza A viruses isolated in the USSR, A/New Jersey/8/76 and A/swine/31 were carried out. Antigenic differences between A/USSR/02/76 and A/swine/31 strains as well as A/New Jersey/8/76 strain were found in the hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase activity-inhibition tests. These differences were confirmed by serological examination of human sera.", "PMID": 71790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4348", "title": "[Interpretation of the trace element content of hairs in criminology, toxicology and environmental protection. Experimental migration of metal ions in keratine (author's transl)].", "content": "Metal ions of exogenous origin can penetrate into the hair and can be accumulated. Penetration and distribution of metal ions could be examined by means of electron microprobe-analysis. The dependence of the accumulation of different kations on the concentration of these in the surrounding solutions have been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The dimension of accumulation depends on various factors: the chemical nature of the ion involved, its concentration in the solution and the solutions pH-value, the nature of the anions present as well as the nature and concentration of other kations. The distribution of the kations in the hair can be changed by washing with distilled water. The significance of the present physical-chemical experiments with hairs for criminology, toxicology and to environmental protection were discussed in detail. It was shown that the content of zinc in the hair is of predominantly endogenous origin; moreover, a strong accumulation in the hair root took place. The study of the accumulation mechanism should contribute to clarifying other possible accumulation mechanisms. Further information should be expected from extention of these experiments.", "contents": "[Interpretation of the trace element content of hairs in criminology, toxicology and environmental protection. Experimental migration of metal ions in keratine (author's transl)]. Metal ions of exogenous origin can penetrate into the hair and can be accumulated. Penetration and distribution of metal ions could be examined by means of electron microprobe-analysis. The dependence of the accumulation of different kations on the concentration of these in the surrounding solutions have been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The dimension of accumulation depends on various factors: the chemical nature of the ion involved, its concentration in the solution and the solutions pH-value, the nature of the anions present as well as the nature and concentration of other kations. The distribution of the kations in the hair can be changed by washing with distilled water. The significance of the present physical-chemical experiments with hairs for criminology, toxicology and to environmental protection were discussed in detail. It was shown that the content of zinc in the hair is of predominantly endogenous origin; moreover, a strong accumulation in the hair root took place. The study of the accumulation mechanism should contribute to clarifying other possible accumulation mechanisms. Further information should be expected from extention of these experiments.", "PMID": 71796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4349", "title": "[Modification of immune reactions by antigen-immunosuppressive agent conjugates. V. Studies on antigen-specific activity of 6-mercaptopurine bovine gamma globulin conjugates on the humoral immune response in rabbits].", "content": "Rabbits treated daily and for seven consecutive days with 6-mercaptopurine bovine gamma globulin conjugates (MPI--n-BGG; 'I'--characterizes the king of chemical binding and 'n' the number of coupled MP-residues per one mole BGG) show an altered immunological reactivity. A following intradermal immunization with BGG alum adsorbate results in a suppressed anti BGG antibody production on the third day after antigen application (antibody titer 1:320, antibody titer of control animals--pretreated with BGG and uncoupled 6-MP equals 1:5120). Already three days later the antibody titers of the test groups show a significant increase and are two dilution stages higher than the titers of the controls. A suppressive effect on the third day is induced by MPI--13-BGG, MPI--26-BGG, MPI--36-BGG and MPI--46-BGG; the later adjuvant effect can only be seen in the MPI--26-BGG, MPI--36-BGG and MPI--46-BGG but not in the MPI--13-BGG pretreated animal group. While the short time suppression was antigen specific--the humoral immune response against a second unrelated antigen was not reduced--the adjuvans effect was not antigen specific. A pretreatment with the substances mentioned above results in an increased anti BGG and anti HSA serum antibody level. Comparing investigations on the unspecific immunosuppression in rabbits by 6-mercaptopurine shows that application of 10 mg 6-MP/kg/day for seven days at first leads to a suppression but later on to an enhancement of antibody production. Application of 10 mg 6-MP/kg/day for 10 days results in a long lasting suppression without enhancement effect. As a reason for these differences the different catabolism of immunosuppressive agent and antigen is discussed. For the phenomena following antigen specific immunosuppression, similar mechanisms can be responsible.", "contents": "[Modification of immune reactions by antigen-immunosuppressive agent conjugates. V. Studies on antigen-specific activity of 6-mercaptopurine bovine gamma globulin conjugates on the humoral immune response in rabbits]. Rabbits treated daily and for seven consecutive days with 6-mercaptopurine bovine gamma globulin conjugates (MPI--n-BGG; 'I'--characterizes the king of chemical binding and 'n' the number of coupled MP-residues per one mole BGG) show an altered immunological reactivity. A following intradermal immunization with BGG alum adsorbate results in a suppressed anti BGG antibody production on the third day after antigen application (antibody titer 1:320, antibody titer of control animals--pretreated with BGG and uncoupled 6-MP equals 1:5120). Already three days later the antibody titers of the test groups show a significant increase and are two dilution stages higher than the titers of the controls. A suppressive effect on the third day is induced by MPI--13-BGG, MPI--26-BGG, MPI--36-BGG and MPI--46-BGG; the later adjuvant effect can only be seen in the MPI--26-BGG, MPI--36-BGG and MPI--46-BGG but not in the MPI--13-BGG pretreated animal group. While the short time suppression was antigen specific--the humoral immune response against a second unrelated antigen was not reduced--the adjuvans effect was not antigen specific. A pretreatment with the substances mentioned above results in an increased anti BGG and anti HSA serum antibody level. Comparing investigations on the unspecific immunosuppression in rabbits by 6-mercaptopurine shows that application of 10 mg 6-MP/kg/day for seven days at first leads to a suppression but later on to an enhancement of antibody production. Application of 10 mg 6-MP/kg/day for 10 days results in a long lasting suppression without enhancement effect. As a reason for these differences the different catabolism of immunosuppressive agent and antigen is discussed. For the phenomena following antigen specific immunosuppression, similar mechanisms can be responsible.", "PMID": 71798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4350", "title": "Analysis of factors affecting limb salvage and mortality after embolectomy.", "content": "A series of 108 arterial embolectomies in 91 patients performed during 1960-64 and 1970-74 is presented. The Fogarty catheter was introduced in our clinic between these periods. Early mortality was 56 and 29%, respectively. Limb salvage rate according to our definition was 38 and 53%, respectively. We found a significantly higher mortality when embolies were located proximal to the profunda femoral artery compared to more distally located embolies. Amputation frequency was 4% after embolectomies performed within 12 hours, but 27% with longer duration of symptoms. Limb salvage rate was significantly higher in patients treated with anticoagulation. In conclusion it is stressed that local surgical therapy should be combined with adequate measures against cardiac failure and other systemic complications. This therapeutic principle is particularly important in cases with proximal embolies.", "contents": "Analysis of factors affecting limb salvage and mortality after embolectomy. A series of 108 arterial embolectomies in 91 patients performed during 1960-64 and 1970-74 is presented. The Fogarty catheter was introduced in our clinic between these periods. Early mortality was 56 and 29%, respectively. Limb salvage rate according to our definition was 38 and 53%, respectively. We found a significantly higher mortality when embolies were located proximal to the profunda femoral artery compared to more distally located embolies. Amputation frequency was 4% after embolectomies performed within 12 hours, but 27% with longer duration of symptoms. Limb salvage rate was significantly higher in patients treated with anticoagulation. In conclusion it is stressed that local surgical therapy should be combined with adequate measures against cardiac failure and other systemic complications. This therapeutic principle is particularly important in cases with proximal embolies.", "PMID": 71799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4351", "title": "Lichen simplex chronicus Vidal: comparative submicroscopic aspects of acanthotic disorders.", "content": "Electron microscopic analyses of lichen simplex chronicus Vidal (LSC) are reported. The submicroscopic organization is described. The frequent occurrence of collagen fibres directly juxtaposed to and contiguous with the lamina basalis seems to be a distinguishing feature of the LSC. Discontinuations in the lamina basalis are rarely indicated. A ubiquitous fragmentation and a certain paucity of tonofilamentous structure are present in cells preceding parakeratosis. There is an indubitable paucity of tonofilament-keratohyalin association. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are abundant. Odland bodies of type II are completely dominant. Parakeratosis and observed submicroscopically deficient or incomplete orthokeratosis are related to the numbers of defective Odland bodies. The keratinization of some acanthotic disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Lichen simplex chronicus Vidal: comparative submicroscopic aspects of acanthotic disorders. Electron microscopic analyses of lichen simplex chronicus Vidal (LSC) are reported. The submicroscopic organization is described. The frequent occurrence of collagen fibres directly juxtaposed to and contiguous with the lamina basalis seems to be a distinguishing feature of the LSC. Discontinuations in the lamina basalis are rarely indicated. A ubiquitous fragmentation and a certain paucity of tonofilamentous structure are present in cells preceding parakeratosis. There is an indubitable paucity of tonofilament-keratohyalin association. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are abundant. Odland bodies of type II are completely dominant. Parakeratosis and observed submicroscopically deficient or incomplete orthokeratosis are related to the numbers of defective Odland bodies. The keratinization of some acanthotic disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 71801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4352", "title": "5-S-cysteinyldopa in the urine of melanoma patients.", "content": "A newly discovered amino acid, 5-S-cysteinyldopa, present in the urine of healthy subjects is excreted in pathological amounts in many patients suffering from melanoma metastases. Increased excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa may be observed before metastases become clinically evident. Determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa is superior to determination of dopa+dopamine in the diagnosis of melanoma metastases.", "contents": "5-S-cysteinyldopa in the urine of melanoma patients. A newly discovered amino acid, 5-S-cysteinyldopa, present in the urine of healthy subjects is excreted in pathological amounts in many patients suffering from melanoma metastases. Increased excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa may be observed before metastases become clinically evident. Determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa is superior to determination of dopa+dopamine in the diagnosis of melanoma metastases.", "PMID": 71802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4353", "title": "Analysis of soluble proteins in comedones.", "content": "The detergent-soluble fraction of purified, concentrated comedo samples was analysed for protein by disc-gel electrophoresis and fluorescamine assay. Spectrophotometer scanning revealed a characteristic pattern of 14 peaks which was essentially uniform in comedones from individuals having acne, Favre-Racouchot syndrome, or prepubertal comedones. The pattern was different in material derived from keratinous cysts and the contents of follicles from the nose. The presence of small amounts of serum proteins, notably globulins, was detected by immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Analysis of soluble proteins in comedones. The detergent-soluble fraction of purified, concentrated comedo samples was analysed for protein by disc-gel electrophoresis and fluorescamine assay. Spectrophotometer scanning revealed a characteristic pattern of 14 peaks which was essentially uniform in comedones from individuals having acne, Favre-Racouchot syndrome, or prepubertal comedones. The pattern was different in material derived from keratinous cysts and the contents of follicles from the nose. The presence of small amounts of serum proteins, notably globulins, was detected by immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 71803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4354", "title": "Epidermal location of beta-2-microglobulin in human skin.", "content": "Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-m) is associated with the epidermis in normal and pathological human skin and gives an immunofluorescence pattern similar to that of pemphigus antibodies and concanavalin A (Con-A). Inhibition experiments indicate, however, that the binding site of anti-beta2-m is not identical with that of pemphigus antibodies or Con-A. It is suggested that beta2-m might be an epidermal cell surface marker useful for the study of antigens associated with the epidermal cell surface.", "contents": "Epidermal location of beta-2-microglobulin in human skin. Beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-m) is associated with the epidermis in normal and pathological human skin and gives an immunofluorescence pattern similar to that of pemphigus antibodies and concanavalin A (Con-A). Inhibition experiments indicate, however, that the binding site of anti-beta2-m is not identical with that of pemphigus antibodies or Con-A. It is suggested that beta2-m might be an epidermal cell surface marker useful for the study of antigens associated with the epidermal cell surface.", "PMID": 71804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4355", "title": "Response of skin to ammonium persulphate.", "content": "In order to investigate the histamine liberating actions of ammonium persulphate, skin slices from three species (guinea pig, rat and monkey) were incubated in vitro with concentrations of ammonium persulphate ranging from 1 to 1000 microgram/ml. None of these concentrations released significant amounts of histamine in guinea pig or monkey skin. In the rat the highest concentration (1000 microgram/ml) released 20-24% of the histamine content of the skin, but the intensitivity of this response to cooling indicates a non-specific \"toxic\" action on mast cells. By contrast a known chemical histamine liberator, compound 48/80, released significant amounts of histamine from skin at much lower concentrations in all three species. Ammonium persulphate is clearly not a potent histamine liberator. Ammonium persulphate dermatitis is presumably a result of increased sensitivity of skin mast cells, due to immunological or other factors, in susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Response of skin to ammonium persulphate. In order to investigate the histamine liberating actions of ammonium persulphate, skin slices from three species (guinea pig, rat and monkey) were incubated in vitro with concentrations of ammonium persulphate ranging from 1 to 1000 microgram/ml. None of these concentrations released significant amounts of histamine in guinea pig or monkey skin. In the rat the highest concentration (1000 microgram/ml) released 20-24% of the histamine content of the skin, but the intensitivity of this response to cooling indicates a non-specific \"toxic\" action on mast cells. By contrast a known chemical histamine liberator, compound 48/80, released significant amounts of histamine from skin at much lower concentrations in all three species. Ammonium persulphate is clearly not a potent histamine liberator. Ammonium persulphate dermatitis is presumably a result of increased sensitivity of skin mast cells, due to immunological or other factors, in susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 71805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4356", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of echinococcosis.", "content": "A case of echinococcus liver cyst is presented in which definitive diagnosis was made by Papanicolaou staining of hooklets and scolices present in cyst fluid.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of echinococcosis. A case of echinococcus liver cyst is presented in which definitive diagnosis was made by Papanicolaou staining of hooklets and scolices present in cyst fluid.", "PMID": 71800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4357", "title": "The role of oxygen in the photodamaging effect on erythrocytes of some photoallergic and phototoxic compounds.", "content": "Red blood cells irradiated with longwave ultraviolet light in the presence of a number of photoallergic or phototoxic compounds showed a marked loss of K+ ions. This process was strongly restricted by anaerobic conditions. During irradiation, oxygen was consumed. Since pre-irradiated photosensitizers were not toxic to erythrocytes, it is concluded that during irradiation, oxidative processes take place in the erythrocyte. The concentrations of the investigated photoallergic compounds required to induce photohaemolysis, were several times higher than those required for the phototoxic compound protoporphyrin. These findings indicate that photoallergic compounds, like the photodynamic compounds, also have photo-oxidative capacities, but to a much lower degree.", "contents": "The role of oxygen in the photodamaging effect on erythrocytes of some photoallergic and phototoxic compounds. Red blood cells irradiated with longwave ultraviolet light in the presence of a number of photoallergic or phototoxic compounds showed a marked loss of K+ ions. This process was strongly restricted by anaerobic conditions. During irradiation, oxygen was consumed. Since pre-irradiated photosensitizers were not toxic to erythrocytes, it is concluded that during irradiation, oxidative processes take place in the erythrocyte. The concentrations of the investigated photoallergic compounds required to induce photohaemolysis, were several times higher than those required for the phototoxic compound protoporphyrin. These findings indicate that photoallergic compounds, like the photodynamic compounds, also have photo-oxidative capacities, but to a much lower degree.", "PMID": 71806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4358", "title": "The epidermal cell proliferation in lichen planus.", "content": "The proliferative activity of epidermal structures was determined in 6 patients suffering from lichen planus (i.p.). By using the in vitro 3H-thymidine labelling technique, semithin Epon sections of lesional and perilesional uninvolved skin were compared autoradiographically with normal controls. The following results were obtained. The labelling index of epidermal cells was significantly increased within the i.p. papules. The mean values ranged from 41% in acanthotic i.p. to 23% in atrophic i.p. whereas in adjacent unaffected skin (15% and 11% respectively) as well as in normal controls (6%) a lower 3H-index was observed. As regards damage to basal cells within i.p. lesions, a factor--the relation between the number of basal cells in involved and uninvolved skin in reference to the epidermal length--was calculated in order to correct the autoradiographic results in involved skin. The differences between i.p. papules, adjacent skin and controls remained statistically significant even after correction. The intradermal eccrine ducts revealed a significantly increased labelling index in i.p. lesions as compared with perilesional and normal skin. In this respect no difference could be observed between the acanthotic and the atrophic variant of i.p. These findings indicate that replacement of damaged basal cells in i.p. is achieved by an increase in actively dividing keratinocytes in both epidermis and skin appendages within the lesion.", "contents": "The epidermal cell proliferation in lichen planus. The proliferative activity of epidermal structures was determined in 6 patients suffering from lichen planus (i.p.). By using the in vitro 3H-thymidine labelling technique, semithin Epon sections of lesional and perilesional uninvolved skin were compared autoradiographically with normal controls. The following results were obtained. The labelling index of epidermal cells was significantly increased within the i.p. papules. The mean values ranged from 41% in acanthotic i.p. to 23% in atrophic i.p. whereas in adjacent unaffected skin (15% and 11% respectively) as well as in normal controls (6%) a lower 3H-index was observed. As regards damage to basal cells within i.p. lesions, a factor--the relation between the number of basal cells in involved and uninvolved skin in reference to the epidermal length--was calculated in order to correct the autoradiographic results in involved skin. The differences between i.p. papules, adjacent skin and controls remained statistically significant even after correction. The intradermal eccrine ducts revealed a significantly increased labelling index in i.p. lesions as compared with perilesional and normal skin. In this respect no difference could be observed between the acanthotic and the atrophic variant of i.p. These findings indicate that replacement of damaged basal cells in i.p. is achieved by an increase in actively dividing keratinocytes in both epidermis and skin appendages within the lesion.", "PMID": 71807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4359", "title": "Suppressed cell-mediated immunity associated with eczematous inflammation.", "content": "In order to determine if an eczematous inflammation could have any influence upon already established cell-mediated immune reactivity, a widespread allergic as well as primary irritant, eczematous dermatitis was produced in tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. Their tuberculin reactivity was significantly suppressed both by allergic contact dermatitis due to dinitrochlorobenzene and by primary irritant dermatitis due to croton oil. After the dermatitis had subsided, tuberculin reactivity was restored to approximately the same level as before the induction of the dermatitis, which suggests that the suppression is temporary.", "contents": "Suppressed cell-mediated immunity associated with eczematous inflammation. In order to determine if an eczematous inflammation could have any influence upon already established cell-mediated immune reactivity, a widespread allergic as well as primary irritant, eczematous dermatitis was produced in tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. Their tuberculin reactivity was significantly suppressed both by allergic contact dermatitis due to dinitrochlorobenzene and by primary irritant dermatitis due to croton oil. After the dermatitis had subsided, tuberculin reactivity was restored to approximately the same level as before the induction of the dermatitis, which suggests that the suppression is temporary.", "PMID": 71808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4360", "title": "On cell-mediated immunity in acne conglobata.", "content": "In 25 of 35 cases of acne conglobata, a reduction in or lack of delayed reactivity was found by intracutaneous tests with a battery of antigens. On the basis of these findings as well as of normal T-cell function in lymphocyte culture and of negative Kveim-tests (in three cases), the possible immunological mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "On cell-mediated immunity in acne conglobata. In 25 of 35 cases of acne conglobata, a reduction in or lack of delayed reactivity was found by intracutaneous tests with a battery of antigens. On the basis of these findings as well as of normal T-cell function in lymphocyte culture and of negative Kveim-tests (in three cases), the possible immunological mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 71809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4361", "title": "Nodules on the legs. A clinical, histological and immunohistological study of 82 patients representing different types of nodular panniculitis.", "content": "Eighty-two cases of nodular panniculitis of the legs were examined clinically, histologically and immunohistologically. Clinically the cases could be divided into four groups: typical erythema nodosum (ENty) (35 cases), erythema nodosum migrans (ENmi) (11 cases), erythema induratum (EI) (11 cases) and the remaining 25 cases not consistent with the others as \"non-definite panniculitis\" (NDP). The main histological categories were septal panniculitis and lobular panniculitis, the former including erythema nodosum, both typical and migrans, the latter EI and NDP. Lobular panniculitis was divided into three subgroups in which the most prominent histological features were epithelioid cell granuloma, vasculitis and palissading granuloma, respectively. Immunoglobulins in the vessel walls were found in 5 of the 46 cases of erythema nodosum, in 19 of the 36 EI and NDP cases and, in the histological groups in 4 of the 43 cases of septal panniculitis and in 19 of the 35 cases of lobular panniculitis, respectively. Fibrin was found in the walls of the papillary capillaries and deep dermal vessels in the majority of cases of lobular panniculitis. In EI and NDP the follow-up time was 40 months, on average. Twenty-two patients were treated with antituberculous drugs, 15 became symptomless, as did 5 of the 12 patients who were not treated at all.", "contents": "Nodules on the legs. A clinical, histological and immunohistological study of 82 patients representing different types of nodular panniculitis. Eighty-two cases of nodular panniculitis of the legs were examined clinically, histologically and immunohistologically. Clinically the cases could be divided into four groups: typical erythema nodosum (ENty) (35 cases), erythema nodosum migrans (ENmi) (11 cases), erythema induratum (EI) (11 cases) and the remaining 25 cases not consistent with the others as \"non-definite panniculitis\" (NDP). The main histological categories were septal panniculitis and lobular panniculitis, the former including erythema nodosum, both typical and migrans, the latter EI and NDP. Lobular panniculitis was divided into three subgroups in which the most prominent histological features were epithelioid cell granuloma, vasculitis and palissading granuloma, respectively. Immunoglobulins in the vessel walls were found in 5 of the 46 cases of erythema nodosum, in 19 of the 36 EI and NDP cases and, in the histological groups in 4 of the 43 cases of septal panniculitis and in 19 of the 35 cases of lobular panniculitis, respectively. Fibrin was found in the walls of the papillary capillaries and deep dermal vessels in the majority of cases of lobular panniculitis. In EI and NDP the follow-up time was 40 months, on average. Twenty-two patients were treated with antituberculous drugs, 15 became symptomless, as did 5 of the 12 patients who were not treated at all.", "PMID": 71810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4362", "title": "Acral arteriovenous tumor.", "content": "A unique, superficial, lobulated, benign vascular tumor of the skin, found in the acral areas of adult males, is described. The combination of three different elements--arterial, venous, and transitional vascular channels--make up the predominant histologic features of this tumor. The transition of fibromuscular channels indicates a venous lesion, but the acral location of the lesions and the structure and staining characteristics suggest that the lesion is a hamartomatous proliferation of the Sucquet-Hoyer canal of the true glomus.", "contents": "Acral arteriovenous tumor. A unique, superficial, lobulated, benign vascular tumor of the skin, found in the acral areas of adult males, is described. The combination of three different elements--arterial, venous, and transitional vascular channels--make up the predominant histologic features of this tumor. The transition of fibromuscular channels indicates a venous lesion, but the acral location of the lesions and the structure and staining characteristics suggest that the lesion is a hamartomatous proliferation of the Sucquet-Hoyer canal of the true glomus.", "PMID": 71811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4363", "title": "Provocation with cow's milk and cereals in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Oral provocation test with cow's milk and cereals were performed in 81 children with atopic dermatitis, all below 5 years of age. In 15 of the children exacerbation of the dermatitis occurred on the second or third day after initiation of the tests. These patients, whose mean age was 13 months, underwent repeated provocation during the ensuring 18 months. Eleven children lost their sensitivity to the offending foods and 2 children became more tolerant during this period. Initial levels of serum IgE and specific reagins against the foods tested did not distinguish those patients who were positive to the provocation tests. In this group, however, reagins against egg white were significantly increased. The specific serum reagins were unaltered or increased in the majority of cases during the period of study. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was found of limited value as a screening tool in patients with atopic dermatitis in whom exacerbation of the condition appears to be caused by food sensitivity.", "contents": "Provocation with cow's milk and cereals in atopic dermatitis. Oral provocation test with cow's milk and cereals were performed in 81 children with atopic dermatitis, all below 5 years of age. In 15 of the children exacerbation of the dermatitis occurred on the second or third day after initiation of the tests. These patients, whose mean age was 13 months, underwent repeated provocation during the ensuring 18 months. Eleven children lost their sensitivity to the offending foods and 2 children became more tolerant during this period. Initial levels of serum IgE and specific reagins against the foods tested did not distinguish those patients who were positive to the provocation tests. In this group, however, reagins against egg white were significantly increased. The specific serum reagins were unaltered or increased in the majority of cases during the period of study. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was found of limited value as a screening tool in patients with atopic dermatitis in whom exacerbation of the condition appears to be caused by food sensitivity.", "PMID": 71812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4364", "title": "Lichen planus and acne provoked by gold.", "content": "A 58-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis developed lichen planus during treatment with gold. Four months after cessation of treatment, a severe acne with comedones, papules, pustules, and small cystic elements broke out. No connection could be demonstrated between the eruption and other drugs or chemicals. Acne provoked by gold seems not to have been described elsewhere. The case history confirms that gold treatment, even in the same patient, can give rise to a wide range of skin disturbances, which in many cases do not break out until long after the drug has been withdrawn.", "contents": "Lichen planus and acne provoked by gold. A 58-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis developed lichen planus during treatment with gold. Four months after cessation of treatment, a severe acne with comedones, papules, pustules, and small cystic elements broke out. No connection could be demonstrated between the eruption and other drugs or chemicals. Acne provoked by gold seems not to have been described elsewhere. The case history confirms that gold treatment, even in the same patient, can give rise to a wide range of skin disturbances, which in many cases do not break out until long after the drug has been withdrawn.", "PMID": 71813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4365", "title": "Malignant acanthosis nigricans--a para-endocrine syndrome?", "content": "A case is reported of acanthosis nigricans associated with a gastric carcinoma. The gastric cancer was of the diffuse, infiltrating type. Many tumour cells were identified by means of histochemistry and electron microscopy as neoplastic enterochromaffin-like cells. It is suggested that cancers associated with acanthosis nigricans might constitute a certain group of carcinomas in which parts of the tumour cells arise from the APUD-series of endocrine cells.", "contents": "Malignant acanthosis nigricans--a para-endocrine syndrome? A case is reported of acanthosis nigricans associated with a gastric carcinoma. The gastric cancer was of the diffuse, infiltrating type. Many tumour cells were identified by means of histochemistry and electron microscopy as neoplastic enterochromaffin-like cells. It is suggested that cancers associated with acanthosis nigricans might constitute a certain group of carcinomas in which parts of the tumour cells arise from the APUD-series of endocrine cells.", "PMID": 71814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4366", "title": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis in urogenital/rectal infections.", "content": "In 9 cases (6 men, 3 women) during 1975 we have isolated N. meningitidis from routine samples from urogenital/rectal locations to be examined for gonococci by culture. One of the men harboured meningococci in the rectum, the other 5 in the urethra. Two of the women had meningococci in the cervix and one in the urethra. Of the meningococci isolated, one belonged to serogroup A, 6 to group B and 2 to group C. Six of the patients, 4 men and 2 women, who attended the Department of Venereal Diseases, are described in greater detail. Of these, only one had symptoms. The meningococci disappeared spontaneously in 5 cases, whilst a man with unsymptomatic infection still harboured meningococci in the rectum after one month. Two of the 4 men were homosexual.", "contents": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis in urogenital/rectal infections. In 9 cases (6 men, 3 women) during 1975 we have isolated N. meningitidis from routine samples from urogenital/rectal locations to be examined for gonococci by culture. One of the men harboured meningococci in the rectum, the other 5 in the urethra. Two of the women had meningococci in the cervix and one in the urethra. Of the meningococci isolated, one belonged to serogroup A, 6 to group B and 2 to group C. Six of the patients, 4 men and 2 women, who attended the Department of Venereal Diseases, are described in greater detail. Of these, only one had symptoms. The meningococci disappeared spontaneously in 5 cases, whilst a man with unsymptomatic infection still harboured meningococci in the rectum after one month. Two of the 4 men were homosexual.", "PMID": 71815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4367", "title": "Survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on surfaces.", "content": "The survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was investigated. It was found that gonococci could survive 24 hours in urethral secretion on a glass slide and on a towel at 22 degrees C, and 120 hours at 4 degrees C. A method was developed by which the survival of gonococci could be followed in vitro. With this method, gonococci grown in vitro were found to be protected by human serum, in contrast to gonococci resuspended in NaCl. The factors affecting the survival are discussed.", "contents": "Survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on surfaces. The survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was investigated. It was found that gonococci could survive 24 hours in urethral secretion on a glass slide and on a towel at 22 degrees C, and 120 hours at 4 degrees C. A method was developed by which the survival of gonococci could be followed in vitro. With this method, gonococci grown in vitro were found to be protected by human serum, in contrast to gonococci resuspended in NaCl. The factors affecting the survival are discussed.", "PMID": 71816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4368", "title": "Crohn's disease--non-caseating granulomas on the legs.", "content": "A 27-year-old black man with Crohn's disease and nodules on the legs is described. Such nodules constitute one of three types of cutaneous manifestations which have a histological picture of a non-caseating granuloma. The two other varieties of skin lesions described are: that resulting from a direct spread from the gastrointestinal tract, and that resulting from spread over contiguous skin.", "contents": "Crohn's disease--non-caseating granulomas on the legs. A 27-year-old black man with Crohn's disease and nodules on the legs is described. Such nodules constitute one of three types of cutaneous manifestations which have a histological picture of a non-caseating granuloma. The two other varieties of skin lesions described are: that resulting from a direct spread from the gastrointestinal tract, and that resulting from spread over contiguous skin.", "PMID": 71817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4369", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in disseminated connective tissue nevi.", "content": "Skin biopsy specimens from a patient with disseminated connective tissue nevi and from her son and daughter who had no such clinical alterations were studied with the electron microscope. The nevi showed increased amounts of thick elastic fibres, which were composed of irregularly arranged, often finger-like, subunits surrounded by a thready material. Both structures probably represent malformed components of elastic fibres, the thready material representing malformed elastic fibrils. Many of the collagen fibrils showed increased diameters and twistings, which alterations are believed to represent malformation of collagen. The fibroblasts showed changes which might be related to a pathological protein synthesis. Examination of biopsy specimens from normal skin of the patient and from the skin of her son and daughter failed to demonstrate similar alterations. The present case is regarded as an entity, distinct from dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata and from shagreen patch.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in disseminated connective tissue nevi. Skin biopsy specimens from a patient with disseminated connective tissue nevi and from her son and daughter who had no such clinical alterations were studied with the electron microscope. The nevi showed increased amounts of thick elastic fibres, which were composed of irregularly arranged, often finger-like, subunits surrounded by a thready material. Both structures probably represent malformed components of elastic fibres, the thready material representing malformed elastic fibrils. Many of the collagen fibrils showed increased diameters and twistings, which alterations are believed to represent malformation of collagen. The fibroblasts showed changes which might be related to a pathological protein synthesis. Examination of biopsy specimens from normal skin of the patient and from the skin of her son and daughter failed to demonstrate similar alterations. The present case is regarded as an entity, distinct from dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata and from shagreen patch.", "PMID": 71819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4370", "title": "Early changes in human epidermis following thermal burn: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Early alterations in the epidermis of human volunteers following 60 degrees and 95 degrees C burns were studied by means of electron microscopy. The blister was induced at 30 seconds following a 60 degrees C burn for 1 and 3 minutes by disintegration of the basal cells just above the basement membrane, and, in addition, for 3 minutes by disruption of the intercellular bridges adjacent to the desmosomes in the suprabasal cells. The keratinocytes of the separated epidermis revealed intracytoplasmic vacuoles, widening of the intercellular spaces and, in some cells, vacuolization of the mitochondria. At 30 seconds following a 95 degrees C burn for 3 seconds, the blister was induced by complete breakage of the basal and suprabasal cells which demonstrated karyorrhexis, aggregated tonofibrils and breaks in the plasma membrane. The keratinocytes of the blister roof showed aggregation of the tonofibrils at the periphery, and vacuolization of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The desmosomes and basement membrane revealed no alterations with 60 degrees and 95 degrees C burns.", "contents": "Early changes in human epidermis following thermal burn: an electron microscopic study. Early alterations in the epidermis of human volunteers following 60 degrees and 95 degrees C burns were studied by means of electron microscopy. The blister was induced at 30 seconds following a 60 degrees C burn for 1 and 3 minutes by disintegration of the basal cells just above the basement membrane, and, in addition, for 3 minutes by disruption of the intercellular bridges adjacent to the desmosomes in the suprabasal cells. The keratinocytes of the separated epidermis revealed intracytoplasmic vacuoles, widening of the intercellular spaces and, in some cells, vacuolization of the mitochondria. At 30 seconds following a 95 degrees C burn for 3 seconds, the blister was induced by complete breakage of the basal and suprabasal cells which demonstrated karyorrhexis, aggregated tonofibrils and breaks in the plasma membrane. The keratinocytes of the blister roof showed aggregation of the tonofibrils at the periphery, and vacuolization of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The desmosomes and basement membrane revealed no alterations with 60 degrees and 95 degrees C burns.", "PMID": 71820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4371", "title": "Ulstrastructural study of leukodermic skin in Waardenburg-Klein syndrome.", "content": "The skin of a patient with Waardenburg syndrome has been studied by electron microscope. In leukodermic skin, there were neither melanocytes nor indeterminate cells; Langerhans cells were normal in number and distribution. On the edge of the lesion, melanocytes were few and appeared degenerated, with abnormal melanosomes; indeterminate cells were observed in suprabasal areas. Healthy skin also showed melanosome abnormalities. These findings are discussed and compared with the characteristics of piebaldism.", "contents": "Ulstrastructural study of leukodermic skin in Waardenburg-Klein syndrome. The skin of a patient with Waardenburg syndrome has been studied by electron microscope. In leukodermic skin, there were neither melanocytes nor indeterminate cells; Langerhans cells were normal in number and distribution. On the edge of the lesion, melanocytes were few and appeared degenerated, with abnormal melanosomes; indeterminate cells were observed in suprabasal areas. Healthy skin also showed melanosome abnormalities. These findings are discussed and compared with the characteristics of piebaldism.", "PMID": 71821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4372", "title": "Cellular aspects of phototoxic reactions induced by kynurenic acid. I. Establishment of an experimental model utilizing in vitro cultivated cells.", "content": "Kynurenic acid is an endogenously occurring tryptophan metabolite, which, under certain conditions, may accumulate in human tissues. In earlier work kynurenic acid showed a pronounced photohemolytic capacity, and conclusive evidence has been presented that the reaction is mediated by singlet oxygen. The aim of the present study was to gain further information about the cellular mechanisms involved in the photo-oxidative damage induced by kynurenic acid. This paper is mainly concerned with the establishment of a proper experimental model utilizing in vitro cultivated cells, but basal cytotoxic effects revealed by the use of cell growth curves, and light- and scanning electron microscopic examinations are also described.", "contents": "Cellular aspects of phototoxic reactions induced by kynurenic acid. I. Establishment of an experimental model utilizing in vitro cultivated cells. Kynurenic acid is an endogenously occurring tryptophan metabolite, which, under certain conditions, may accumulate in human tissues. In earlier work kynurenic acid showed a pronounced photohemolytic capacity, and conclusive evidence has been presented that the reaction is mediated by singlet oxygen. The aim of the present study was to gain further information about the cellular mechanisms involved in the photo-oxidative damage induced by kynurenic acid. This paper is mainly concerned with the establishment of a proper experimental model utilizing in vitro cultivated cells, but basal cytotoxic effects revealed by the use of cell growth curves, and light- and scanning electron microscopic examinations are also described.", "PMID": 71822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4373", "title": "Virus-like structures in lupus erythematosus discoides.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from typical skin lesions of DLE patients were studied by means of electron microscopy. Virus-like structures were discovered in the cytoplasm of fibrocytes, endothelial cells and keratinocytes. After prolonged chloroquine treatment a decrease in the frequency and size of these structures was observed.", "contents": "Virus-like structures in lupus erythematosus discoides. Biopsy specimens from typical skin lesions of DLE patients were studied by means of electron microscopy. Virus-like structures were discovered in the cytoplasm of fibrocytes, endothelial cells and keratinocytes. After prolonged chloroquine treatment a decrease in the frequency and size of these structures was observed.", "PMID": 71823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4374", "title": "In vitro growth of mouse hair root.", "content": "Hair roots from mouse dorsal skin continued to grow in culture medium for 10 h or more after isolation. Under observation by time-lapse cinematography, the cultured hair roots appeared to grow downward. We observed both the downward growth of the cultured hair roots as well as the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to cortical cells. The hair roots were also capable of incorporating the labelled amino acid and thymidine.", "contents": "In vitro growth of mouse hair root. Hair roots from mouse dorsal skin continued to grow in culture medium for 10 h or more after isolation. Under observation by time-lapse cinematography, the cultured hair roots appeared to grow downward. We observed both the downward growth of the cultured hair roots as well as the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to cortical cells. The hair roots were also capable of incorporating the labelled amino acid and thymidine.", "PMID": 71824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4375", "title": "Glutathionedopa in malignant melanoma.", "content": "A human melanoma metastasis was found to contain a substance identical with synthetic glutathionedopa when examined by means of an automatic amino acid analyser, chromatography on a Dowex-50 column, thin-layer electrophoresis, and by fluorimetry. The presence of glutathionedopa in melanoma tissue and of enzymes capable of hydrolysing the glutathione moiety of the molecule, together with the absence of glutathionedopa in the urine, suggest that glutathionedopa is an intermediate substance in the formation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa.", "contents": "Glutathionedopa in malignant melanoma. A human melanoma metastasis was found to contain a substance identical with synthetic glutathionedopa when examined by means of an automatic amino acid analyser, chromatography on a Dowex-50 column, thin-layer electrophoresis, and by fluorimetry. The presence of glutathionedopa in melanoma tissue and of enzymes capable of hydrolysing the glutathione moiety of the molecule, together with the absence of glutathionedopa in the urine, suggest that glutathionedopa is an intermediate substance in the formation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa.", "PMID": 71825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4376", "title": "Increased succinate dehydrogenase activity of lymphocytes in eczema.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity has been studied in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from controls and patients with a variety of skin and other diseases. Increased activity has been found in eczematous dermatitis and dermographism, and also in one patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Normal levels were found in psoriasis. The enzyme activity is broadly correlated with the extent and activity of the disease process.", "contents": "Increased succinate dehydrogenase activity of lymphocytes in eczema. Succinate dehydrogenase activity has been studied in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from controls and patients with a variety of skin and other diseases. Increased activity has been found in eczematous dermatitis and dermographism, and also in one patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Normal levels were found in psoriasis. The enzyme activity is broadly correlated with the extent and activity of the disease process.", "PMID": 71826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4377", "title": "Studies on cold insoluble globulin in dermatological patients. II. Its immunochemical quantitation in citrated plasma in a group of unselected dermatological inpatients.", "content": "Cold insoluble globulin (CIG) is the main non-clottable protein of heparin precipitable fraction from dermatological patients. CIG is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 440 000. It is found on cell membranes on fibroblasts and is a normal protein of human plasma and serum. Levels of CIG in citrated plasma are sex- and age-dependent, but the origin and its physiological significance is unknown. In plasma of 294 dermatological patients, levels of CIG were elevated in eczema contactum allergicum (males and females 30-49 years), psoriatic arthritis (females 50 years and above) and were depressed in dermatitis herpetiformis (males 30-49 years).", "contents": "Studies on cold insoluble globulin in dermatological patients. II. Its immunochemical quantitation in citrated plasma in a group of unselected dermatological inpatients. Cold insoluble globulin (CIG) is the main non-clottable protein of heparin precipitable fraction from dermatological patients. CIG is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 440 000. It is found on cell membranes on fibroblasts and is a normal protein of human plasma and serum. Levels of CIG in citrated plasma are sex- and age-dependent, but the origin and its physiological significance is unknown. In plasma of 294 dermatological patients, levels of CIG were elevated in eczema contactum allergicum (males and females 30-49 years), psoriatic arthritis (females 50 years and above) and were depressed in dermatitis herpetiformis (males 30-49 years).", "PMID": 71827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4378", "title": "Complement as an essential factor for indirect immunofluorescence in cases of pemphigoid.", "content": "Hitherto in the literature no proof has been published of a complement activation on the basement membrane in cases of pemphigoid. In this paper, for the first time, it is demonstrated, even if only in vitro, that complement, whose presence in the region of the basement membrane has long been known, plays an active role in a reaction. Through the action of the haemolytic system (amboceptor and sheep erythrocytes) and of anti C3 on reaction specimens for indirect immunofluorescence in pemphigoid, it is shown that the indicator reaction of the fluorescein-labelled anti-IgG with the immune complex attached to the basement membrane is markedly dependent on complement. Free, dissolved IgG is precipitated by appropriate anti-serum, even without complement.", "contents": "Complement as an essential factor for indirect immunofluorescence in cases of pemphigoid. Hitherto in the literature no proof has been published of a complement activation on the basement membrane in cases of pemphigoid. In this paper, for the first time, it is demonstrated, even if only in vitro, that complement, whose presence in the region of the basement membrane has long been known, plays an active role in a reaction. Through the action of the haemolytic system (amboceptor and sheep erythrocytes) and of anti C3 on reaction specimens for indirect immunofluorescence in pemphigoid, it is shown that the indicator reaction of the fluorescein-labelled anti-IgG with the immune complex attached to the basement membrane is markedly dependent on complement. Free, dissolved IgG is precipitated by appropriate anti-serum, even without complement.", "PMID": 71828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4379", "title": "An in vitro study of depressed cell-mediated immunity and of T and B lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation tests, E binding(T) rosette assay and immunofluorescent preparations of B cells were studied in patients with atopic dermatitis, and also in healthy controls. Most of the patients were found to have high levels of IgE in serum. The patients were studied both during severe bouts of dermatitis and also when the dermatitis was almost healed. Lymphocyte transformation tests showed that patients were hyporeactive to PPD and herpes simplex antigen in vitro, both during periods of severe dermatitis and also when the dermatitis was in remission. The response to PHA in the patients was normal in vitro. No factors which could reduce cell-mediated immunity in vitro were found in patients' sera. A decreased number of T lymphocytes and a slight increase in the number of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) were demonstrated in the patients, both during remission and during recurrence of severe dermatitis. In 3 of 8 patients, increased numbers of IgE-bearing lymphocytes were found to be present when the patients had severe dermatitis. A possible correlation between high serum levels of IgE and depressed cell-mediated immunity in patients with atopic dermatitis is discussed.", "contents": "An in vitro study of depressed cell-mediated immunity and of T and B lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis. Lymphocyte transformation tests, E binding(T) rosette assay and immunofluorescent preparations of B cells were studied in patients with atopic dermatitis, and also in healthy controls. Most of the patients were found to have high levels of IgE in serum. The patients were studied both during severe bouts of dermatitis and also when the dermatitis was almost healed. Lymphocyte transformation tests showed that patients were hyporeactive to PPD and herpes simplex antigen in vitro, both during periods of severe dermatitis and also when the dermatitis was in remission. The response to PHA in the patients was normal in vitro. No factors which could reduce cell-mediated immunity in vitro were found in patients' sera. A decreased number of T lymphocytes and a slight increase in the number of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) were demonstrated in the patients, both during remission and during recurrence of severe dermatitis. In 3 of 8 patients, increased numbers of IgE-bearing lymphocytes were found to be present when the patients had severe dermatitis. A possible correlation between high serum levels of IgE and depressed cell-mediated immunity in patients with atopic dermatitis is discussed.", "PMID": 71829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4380", "title": "The histocompatibility antigens in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease were typed for HLA antigens. The controls were 50 subjects randomly chosen from a local population and 24 apparently healthy subjects of the same ethnic groupings as those of the patients. The study revealed significant differences in the frequencies of various antigens in the above three groups, the most obvious of them related to HLA-B5 and HLA-Bw35, HLA-B5 was demonstrated in 71% of the patients as compared with 18% in the local population group and 12.5% in the ethnically related healthy subjects. The incidences of HLA-Bw35 were 66.7%, 32% and 37.5% respectively. In 86% of the patients, at least one of these two antigens was present. It is suggested that besides contributing to the understanding of the disease process, the determining of associated specific antigens may constitute a further diagnostic acid in doubtful cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "contents": "The histocompatibility antigens in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Twenty-one patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease were typed for HLA antigens. The controls were 50 subjects randomly chosen from a local population and 24 apparently healthy subjects of the same ethnic groupings as those of the patients. The study revealed significant differences in the frequencies of various antigens in the above three groups, the most obvious of them related to HLA-B5 and HLA-Bw35, HLA-B5 was demonstrated in 71% of the patients as compared with 18% in the local population group and 12.5% in the ethnically related healthy subjects. The incidences of HLA-Bw35 were 66.7%, 32% and 37.5% respectively. In 86% of the patients, at least one of these two antigens was present. It is suggested that besides contributing to the understanding of the disease process, the determining of associated specific antigens may constitute a further diagnostic acid in doubtful cases of Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "PMID": 71830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4381", "title": "Genetic markers in psoriasis. Correlations to age at onset, continuity of symptoms and the risk of developing the disease.", "content": "In a study on genetic markers (22 HLA antigens, 6 blood group types, 3 serum groups and 3 red cell enzymes) in psoriatic patients the following statistically significant differences were found between patients and controls: 1) The HLA factors B13 and Bw17, the Lewis blood group Le(a-b-) and the blood group factor A were overrepresented among the patients. A decrease in the frequencies of the HLA factors B7 and B8 was noted, confirming several similar findings by other investigators. 2) In the Ss (MNSs), C3 and haptoglobin (Hp) systems the psoriatic patients showed a decreased frequency of heterozygotes. 3) Among patients with continuous symptoms the blood group factor A and the blood group Fy (a+b-) were overrepresented. 4) Patients with late onset of psoriasis showed an increase in the blood group (Fy(a+bb-) and a decrease in the haptoglobin type 2-2. Relative risk figures have been calculated for different phenotypes. Certain genetic combinations were found to be grossly overrepresented among the patients. The mechanisms behind the associations appear to differ. In three systems (Ss, C3 and Hp) the deviations in psoriatic patients suggest the presence of heterozygote advantage.", "contents": "Genetic markers in psoriasis. Correlations to age at onset, continuity of symptoms and the risk of developing the disease. In a study on genetic markers (22 HLA antigens, 6 blood group types, 3 serum groups and 3 red cell enzymes) in psoriatic patients the following statistically significant differences were found between patients and controls: 1) The HLA factors B13 and Bw17, the Lewis blood group Le(a-b-) and the blood group factor A were overrepresented among the patients. A decrease in the frequencies of the HLA factors B7 and B8 was noted, confirming several similar findings by other investigators. 2) In the Ss (MNSs), C3 and haptoglobin (Hp) systems the psoriatic patients showed a decreased frequency of heterozygotes. 3) Among patients with continuous symptoms the blood group factor A and the blood group Fy (a+b-) were overrepresented. 4) Patients with late onset of psoriasis showed an increase in the blood group (Fy(a+bb-) and a decrease in the haptoglobin type 2-2. Relative risk figures have been calculated for different phenotypes. Certain genetic combinations were found to be grossly overrepresented among the patients. The mechanisms behind the associations appear to differ. In three systems (Ss, C3 and Hp) the deviations in psoriatic patients suggest the presence of heterozygote advantage.", "PMID": 71831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4382", "title": "Allergenicity of epoxy resins in the guinea pig.", "content": "The sensitizing capacity of epoxy resins of diglycidylether-Bisphenol A type was investigated using the \"guinea pig maximization test\". One isolated resin had a molecular weight (MW) of 340, which is the lowest among this type of epoxy resin. The other resins were mixtures with different MWs. Their distribution is not known, but only their average MW. The low molecular weight resin sensitized all of the animals and can be classified as an extreme allergen. The sensitizing capacity decreased in inverse proportion to the increase in the average MW of the resin mixtures. The cross-testing also indicated that the resin mixtures with higher average MW contained enough of the low MW resin (MW 340) to render this resin a sensitizer. Bisphenol A did not sensitize the animals at all but epichlorhydrin sensitized 60%. It is evident that in order to formulate hypoallergenic epoxy resins it will be necessary to achieve sensitization of animals with isolated resins of varying molecular weight.", "contents": "Allergenicity of epoxy resins in the guinea pig. The sensitizing capacity of epoxy resins of diglycidylether-Bisphenol A type was investigated using the \"guinea pig maximization test\". One isolated resin had a molecular weight (MW) of 340, which is the lowest among this type of epoxy resin. The other resins were mixtures with different MWs. Their distribution is not known, but only their average MW. The low molecular weight resin sensitized all of the animals and can be classified as an extreme allergen. The sensitizing capacity decreased in inverse proportion to the increase in the average MW of the resin mixtures. The cross-testing also indicated that the resin mixtures with higher average MW contained enough of the low MW resin (MW 340) to render this resin a sensitizer. Bisphenol A did not sensitize the animals at all but epichlorhydrin sensitized 60%. It is evident that in order to formulate hypoallergenic epoxy resins it will be necessary to achieve sensitization of animals with isolated resins of varying molecular weight.", "PMID": 71832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4383", "title": "Patch testing with mineral wool (Rockwool).", "content": "25% of 315 tested subjects exhibited skin reactions when patch tested with mineral wool. Coating of the mineral fibres with phenol-formaldehyde did not influence the skin reactions. The reactions seem to be induced mechanically, as the mineral without the fibres did not give any reactions. No allergic reactions to the chemical additives were demonstrated. Macroscopically, the reactions may simulate an allergic response; microscopically, they seem to be toxic, sometimes with prominent spongiosis.", "contents": "Patch testing with mineral wool (Rockwool). 25% of 315 tested subjects exhibited skin reactions when patch tested with mineral wool. Coating of the mineral fibres with phenol-formaldehyde did not influence the skin reactions. The reactions seem to be induced mechanically, as the mineral without the fibres did not give any reactions. No allergic reactions to the chemical additives were demonstrated. Macroscopically, the reactions may simulate an allergic response; microscopically, they seem to be toxic, sometimes with prominent spongiosis.", "PMID": 71833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4384", "title": "Hypomelanosis of Ito.", "content": "Hypomelanosis of Ito appears to be a disorder of hypopigmentation. Findings from histochemical and electronmicroscopic studies indicate that pigment cells from the hypopigmented areas have short dendrites and synthesize less than normal amounts of melanin. The syndrome may have two forms; a cutaneous and neurocutaneous variety. In the more severe neurocutaneous variety, the phenotypic pigmentary abnormalities probably reflect a biochemical defect in all tissues derived from the neuro-ectodermal anlage.", "contents": "Hypomelanosis of Ito. Hypomelanosis of Ito appears to be a disorder of hypopigmentation. Findings from histochemical and electronmicroscopic studies indicate that pigment cells from the hypopigmented areas have short dendrites and synthesize less than normal amounts of melanin. The syndrome may have two forms; a cutaneous and neurocutaneous variety. In the more severe neurocutaneous variety, the phenotypic pigmentary abnormalities probably reflect a biochemical defect in all tissues derived from the neuro-ectodermal anlage.", "PMID": 71834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4385", "title": "Familial multiple lipomatosis.", "content": "A clinical study was made of 14 cases of multiple symmetrical lipomata in two families. There were 7 female and 7 male patients. In one family the members affected were observed in four generations. The disease set in during the third or fourth decade of life. The lipomata ranged in size from that of a pea to that of a hen's egg. They were limited to the forearms and trunk were asymptomatic.", "contents": "Familial multiple lipomatosis. A clinical study was made of 14 cases of multiple symmetrical lipomata in two families. There were 7 female and 7 male patients. In one family the members affected were observed in four generations. The disease set in during the third or fourth decade of life. The lipomata ranged in size from that of a pea to that of a hen's egg. They were limited to the forearms and trunk were asymptomatic.", "PMID": 71835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4386", "title": "Hydrocortisone (cortisol) concentration and penetration gradient.", "content": "Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) was incorporated into four different ointments at four concentrations (0.1% 0.3%, 1%, and 3%) and the amounts of the drug penetrating from these preparations into the different layers of excised skin were investigated. The effect of removing the horny layer on the penetration was also determined. Below a level of 1% ointments with intact horny layer and 0.3% with removed layer, a change in the ointment concentration alters the tissue concentration in the ratio 1:1. Above this level doubling of the concentration in the ointments causes an increase of tissue concentrations of only 20-50%. The removal of the horny layer increases the dermal concentrations 100 fold at each ointment concentration. Furthermore, a vasoconstriction test was performed with the different ointments. An increase in the concentrations above the 1% level failed to increase the effect on the vascular system of the skin. The in vitro and in vivo results are discussed with respect to the consequences on affected skin and the therapeutic efficacy of steroid preparations of different concentrations.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone (cortisol) concentration and penetration gradient. Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) was incorporated into four different ointments at four concentrations (0.1% 0.3%, 1%, and 3%) and the amounts of the drug penetrating from these preparations into the different layers of excised skin were investigated. The effect of removing the horny layer on the penetration was also determined. Below a level of 1% ointments with intact horny layer and 0.3% with removed layer, a change in the ointment concentration alters the tissue concentration in the ratio 1:1. Above this level doubling of the concentration in the ointments causes an increase of tissue concentrations of only 20-50%. The removal of the horny layer increases the dermal concentrations 100 fold at each ointment concentration. Furthermore, a vasoconstriction test was performed with the different ointments. An increase in the concentrations above the 1% level failed to increase the effect on the vascular system of the skin. The in vitro and in vivo results are discussed with respect to the consequences on affected skin and the therapeutic efficacy of steroid preparations of different concentrations.", "PMID": 71836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4387", "title": "The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans with testosterone propionate ointment.", "content": "Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and kraurosis penis are thought to be synonymous. Clinically and histopathologically they probably represent the same disease process as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) but also involve the urethral mucosa. The treatment of choice is considered to be 2 1/2% testosterone propionate ointment which gives better results than strong corticosteroid applications, yet without their side effects.", "contents": "The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans with testosterone propionate ointment. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) and kraurosis penis are thought to be synonymous. Clinically and histopathologically they probably represent the same disease process as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) but also involve the urethral mucosa. The treatment of choice is considered to be 2 1/2% testosterone propionate ointment which gives better results than strong corticosteroid applications, yet without their side effects.", "PMID": 71837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4388", "title": "Primary amenorrhea with a new mosaic 46,XXqi/47,XXqi Xp-. Consideration on the X isochromosome formation and X chromosome inactivation.", "content": "A case of Turner's syndrome was found to be 46,XXqi/47XX,qi Xp-, a new mosaic. The origin of such a mosaic, the formation of the Xq isochromosome using the C-banding technique, and the X chromosome inactivation are discussed. The Xq isochromosome was apparently monocentric, but probably with two strictly close centromeres. The inactivated X seemed to be the Xqi or the normal X alternatively.", "contents": "Primary amenorrhea with a new mosaic 46,XXqi/47,XXqi Xp-. Consideration on the X isochromosome formation and X chromosome inactivation. A case of Turner's syndrome was found to be 46,XXqi/47XX,qi Xp-, a new mosaic. The origin of such a mosaic, the formation of the Xq isochromosome using the C-banding technique, and the X chromosome inactivation are discussed. The Xq isochromosome was apparently monocentric, but probably with two strictly close centromeres. The inactivated X seemed to be the Xqi or the normal X alternatively.", "PMID": 71839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4389", "title": "Use of banding techniques for zygosity diagnosis in twins.", "content": "Detailed comparison of human variant chromosomes found by Q- and C-banding technique is performed in a pair of twins to show that these variants can be used for zygosity diagnosis.", "contents": "Use of banding techniques for zygosity diagnosis in twins. Detailed comparison of human variant chromosomes found by Q- and C-banding technique is performed in a pair of twins to show that these variants can be used for zygosity diagnosis.", "PMID": 71840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4390", "title": "Catabolism of alpha-fetoprotein in carbon tetrachloride-injured rats.", "content": "The rate of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) catabolism in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats was estimated to be essentially the same as that found in control adult and young rats. The blockade of the reticuloendothelial system by carbon particle resulted in slightly shorter t1/2 values of AFP. The amount of AFP synthesized pet day in CCl4-treated rats was theoretically calculated to be nearly 10-fold increase over that in control rats. Thus, the elevation of serum AFP concentrations in CCl4-treated rats is derived from the increased synthesis of AFP by injured liver.", "contents": "Catabolism of alpha-fetoprotein in carbon tetrachloride-injured rats. The rate of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) catabolism in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats was estimated to be essentially the same as that found in control adult and young rats. The blockade of the reticuloendothelial system by carbon particle resulted in slightly shorter t1/2 values of AFP. The amount of AFP synthesized pet day in CCl4-treated rats was theoretically calculated to be nearly 10-fold increase over that in control rats. Thus, the elevation of serum AFP concentrations in CCl4-treated rats is derived from the increased synthesis of AFP by injured liver.", "PMID": 71841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4391", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in autoimmune diseases.", "content": "The concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, beta-1-C-globulin, transferrin as well as of alpha-2-haptoglobin, orosomucoid and haemopexin has been studied in the serum of patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus, chronic progressive polyarthritis and immunopathological syndromes. The concentration of the carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins was also determined. In disseminated lupus erythematosus, the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, and hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid bound to proteins, as well as of seromucoid was increased. In chronic progressive polyarthritis the IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and beta-1-C-globulin concentration and the carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins rose. In immunopathological syndromes, too, the serum IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, and protein-bound hexosamine and sialic acid levels were increased. Under the effect of treatment, the elevated glycoprotein concentrations usually decrease, but the level of carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins hardly changes. The pathogenic and diagnostic significance of serum glycoproteins is discussed.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in autoimmune diseases. The concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, beta-1-C-globulin, transferrin as well as of alpha-2-haptoglobin, orosomucoid and haemopexin has been studied in the serum of patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus, chronic progressive polyarthritis and immunopathological syndromes. The concentration of the carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins was also determined. In disseminated lupus erythematosus, the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, and hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid bound to proteins, as well as of seromucoid was increased. In chronic progressive polyarthritis the IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and beta-1-C-globulin concentration and the carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins rose. In immunopathological syndromes, too, the serum IgA, IgG, IgM, coeruloplasmin, and protein-bound hexosamine and sialic acid levels were increased. Under the effect of treatment, the elevated glycoprotein concentrations usually decrease, but the level of carbohydrate components bound to serum proteins hardly changes. The pathogenic and diagnostic significance of serum glycoproteins is discussed.", "PMID": 71842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4392", "title": "Movement of horseradish peroxidase in the cornea, sclera and the anterior uvea.", "content": "The anterior chambers of rabbit, monkey and human eyes were perfused with horseradish peroxidase. The perfusion was started immediately after enucleation of the monkey and human eyes, while the rabbit eyes were perfused in situ after the animals had been killed. Comparative results were obtained after 1 h or perfusion and were mainly based on frozen sections. Intensive staining was found in the Descemet's membrane, the sclera and the iridial stroma, considerably more than in the corneal stroma and in the ciliary body base. In the vervet monkey and human eyes only traces of peroxidase reaction products were seen in the stroma of the ciliary body base. The movement of the protein tracer from the anterior chamber into the corneal stroma is probably dependent upon vesicular transport across the corneal endothelium. The Discemet's membrane was interpreted to be more porous than the corneal stroma. A transcorneal and a corneo-scleral movement appeared to be more efficient than the uveo-scleral one, at least in the vervet monkey and the human eyes.", "contents": "Movement of horseradish peroxidase in the cornea, sclera and the anterior uvea. The anterior chambers of rabbit, monkey and human eyes were perfused with horseradish peroxidase. The perfusion was started immediately after enucleation of the monkey and human eyes, while the rabbit eyes were perfused in situ after the animals had been killed. Comparative results were obtained after 1 h or perfusion and were mainly based on frozen sections. Intensive staining was found in the Descemet's membrane, the sclera and the iridial stroma, considerably more than in the corneal stroma and in the ciliary body base. In the vervet monkey and human eyes only traces of peroxidase reaction products were seen in the stroma of the ciliary body base. The movement of the protein tracer from the anterior chamber into the corneal stroma is probably dependent upon vesicular transport across the corneal endothelium. The Discemet's membrane was interpreted to be more porous than the corneal stroma. A transcorneal and a corneo-scleral movement appeared to be more efficient than the uveo-scleral one, at least in the vervet monkey and the human eyes.", "PMID": 71844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4393", "title": "The permeability of the human ciliary and iridial epithelium to horseradish peroxidase. An in vitro study.", "content": "The permeability of the human ciliary epithelium to horseradish peroxidase (PO) has been studied in vitro with the electron microscope. Ciliary body and iris specimens were obtained from freshly enucleated eyes. PO was applied at the stromal side of the epithelium, and was left for 120 min. The movement of PO through the intercellular spaces of the human ciliary epithelium was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the non-pigmented epithelial cells, indicating that these cells are girdled by zonulae occludentes. In the iridial epithelium, the same distribution pattern of peroxidase reaction products (PORP) was found, i.e. the progression of PO was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the posterior epithelial cells. The study indicates that the human ciliary and iridial epithelium contains a system of zonulae occludentes, which represents a diffusion barrier to high molecular, water soluble substances. This is consistent with previous studies in several species of animals.", "contents": "The permeability of the human ciliary and iridial epithelium to horseradish peroxidase. An in vitro study. The permeability of the human ciliary epithelium to horseradish peroxidase (PO) has been studied in vitro with the electron microscope. Ciliary body and iris specimens were obtained from freshly enucleated eyes. PO was applied at the stromal side of the epithelium, and was left for 120 min. The movement of PO through the intercellular spaces of the human ciliary epithelium was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the non-pigmented epithelial cells, indicating that these cells are girdled by zonulae occludentes. In the iridial epithelium, the same distribution pattern of peroxidase reaction products (PORP) was found, i.e. the progression of PO was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the posterior epithelial cells. The study indicates that the human ciliary and iridial epithelium contains a system of zonulae occludentes, which represents a diffusion barrier to high molecular, water soluble substances. This is consistent with previous studies in several species of animals.", "PMID": 71845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4394", "title": "The appearance of the outflow apparatus of the eye after staining with ruthenium red.", "content": "The outflow apparatus from adult baboon and rabbit eyes was stained with the inorganic dye ruthenium red. The ruthenium reaction product coated the surface of the trabecular meshwork cells and the canalicular endothelial cells. Deposits also impregnated the various connective tissue elements within the trabeculae and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. A fine fibrillar network could also be identified with ruthenium red and this was present in the trabecular cores and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. It was considered that the fibrillar network may represent a matrix of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. The significance of these materials in relation to aqueous outflow was discussed.", "contents": "The appearance of the outflow apparatus of the eye after staining with ruthenium red. The outflow apparatus from adult baboon and rabbit eyes was stained with the inorganic dye ruthenium red. The ruthenium reaction product coated the surface of the trabecular meshwork cells and the canalicular endothelial cells. Deposits also impregnated the various connective tissue elements within the trabeculae and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. A fine fibrillar network could also be identified with ruthenium red and this was present in the trabecular cores and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. It was considered that the fibrillar network may represent a matrix of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. The significance of these materials in relation to aqueous outflow was discussed.", "PMID": 71846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4395", "title": "[Psychological schoolability investigation as a part of screening psychological disorders--experiences by screeningtest (author's transl)].", "content": "A psychological method is described, which operates by demands on graphic reproductions. The method is able to screen mental retarded Preschool children. The screening of this children is necessary too, to find out psychopathological defects. In the age between 5;8 and 6;10 years 345 children were tested and 199 disorders were demonstrable.", "contents": "[Psychological schoolability investigation as a part of screening psychological disorders--experiences by screeningtest (author's transl)]. A psychological method is described, which operates by demands on graphic reproductions. The method is able to screen mental retarded Preschool children. The screening of this children is necessary too, to find out psychopathological defects. In the age between 5;8 and 6;10 years 345 children were tested and 199 disorders were demonstrable.", "PMID": 71849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4396", "title": "Enhancement and stabilization effect of EDTA on Sendai virus neuraminidase activity.", "content": "EDTA was found to enhance, and exert a stabilizing effect on, Sendai virus neuraminidase activity. The effect was dependent on the molecular form of the enzyme and on the nature of the substrate. The \"native form\" (enzyme bound to the virions) was less influenced than the \"mixed form\" (enzyme separated from the surface of virions together with other glycoproteins), which in turn was less influenced than the purified enzyme. On the other hand, the stimulation by EDTA of neuraminidase-induced hydrolysis of fetuin was higher than that of ovomucoid. The kinetic data obtained indicate that EDTA modifies the enzyme in such a manner that the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme is increased.", "contents": "Enhancement and stabilization effect of EDTA on Sendai virus neuraminidase activity. EDTA was found to enhance, and exert a stabilizing effect on, Sendai virus neuraminidase activity. The effect was dependent on the molecular form of the enzyme and on the nature of the substrate. The \"native form\" (enzyme bound to the virions) was less influenced than the \"mixed form\" (enzyme separated from the surface of virions together with other glycoproteins), which in turn was less influenced than the purified enzyme. On the other hand, the stimulation by EDTA of neuraminidase-induced hydrolysis of fetuin was higher than that of ovomucoid. The kinetic data obtained indicate that EDTA modifies the enzyme in such a manner that the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme is increased.", "PMID": 71853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4397", "title": "Pseudo bundle branch block produced by premature impulses arising in the bundle branches.", "content": "Pseudo bundle branch block, a previously unreported arrhythmia produced by concealed premature impulses arising in the bundle branches, was seen in two patients with sick sinus node syndrome. Although concealed conduction was not apparent in either the surface or intracardiac leads, the latter were essential in localizing the site of manifest impulse formation. Patient 1, with left bundle branch extrasystoles, had pseudo bundle branch block and pseudo atrioventricular block that depended on the timing and extent of concealment of premature depolarization. Because of the coexisting sinus bradycardia in this patient, electrical stimulation and the recording of the right ventricular apical electrograms gave additional information that helped corroborate the postulated mechanisms. Patient 2 had right bundle branch extrasystoles with sinus beats that showed a right bundle branch block pattern possibly caused by pseudo bundle branch block. In this case the possibility that both the automaticity and the conduction disturbance had a mechanical origin could not be excluded.", "contents": "Pseudo bundle branch block produced by premature impulses arising in the bundle branches. Pseudo bundle branch block, a previously unreported arrhythmia produced by concealed premature impulses arising in the bundle branches, was seen in two patients with sick sinus node syndrome. Although concealed conduction was not apparent in either the surface or intracardiac leads, the latter were essential in localizing the site of manifest impulse formation. Patient 1, with left bundle branch extrasystoles, had pseudo bundle branch block and pseudo atrioventricular block that depended on the timing and extent of concealment of premature depolarization. Because of the coexisting sinus bradycardia in this patient, electrical stimulation and the recording of the right ventricular apical electrograms gave additional information that helped corroborate the postulated mechanisms. Patient 2 had right bundle branch extrasystoles with sinus beats that showed a right bundle branch block pattern possibly caused by pseudo bundle branch block. In this case the possibility that both the automaticity and the conduction disturbance had a mechanical origin could not be excluded.", "PMID": 71854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4398", "title": "Diagnosis of acute leukemia. Variability of morphologic criteria.", "content": "The diagnosis of acute leukemia depends on the morphologic appearance of Romanowsky-stained blast cells. Three commonly used and accepted criteria for distinguishing among blast cells of different acute leukemias are (1) nuclear chromatin pattern, (2) appearance of nucleoli, and (3) nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. It is sometimes assumed that Romanowsky stains do not differ in their abilities to demonstrate characteristic features of blast cells. In the present study six different Romanowsky stains were applied to smears from a single bone marrow aspirate from each of 22 patients with acute leukemia. Marked, stain-dependent variation in the appearances of the same blast cell population was repeatedly observed for all modalities except nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The authors caution against generalizations regarding morphology and suggest that the exact stain employed is a significant variable in morphologic studies.", "contents": "Diagnosis of acute leukemia. Variability of morphologic criteria. The diagnosis of acute leukemia depends on the morphologic appearance of Romanowsky-stained blast cells. Three commonly used and accepted criteria for distinguishing among blast cells of different acute leukemias are (1) nuclear chromatin pattern, (2) appearance of nucleoli, and (3) nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. It is sometimes assumed that Romanowsky stains do not differ in their abilities to demonstrate characteristic features of blast cells. In the present study six different Romanowsky stains were applied to smears from a single bone marrow aspirate from each of 22 patients with acute leukemia. Marked, stain-dependent variation in the appearances of the same blast cell population was repeatedly observed for all modalities except nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The authors caution against generalizations regarding morphology and suggest that the exact stain employed is a significant variable in morphologic studies.", "PMID": 71855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4399", "title": "Gonorrhea: diagnosis by gram stain in the female adolescent.", "content": "The Gram-stained smear of secretions in female children and adolescents was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in acute gonorrhea. A positive smear was defined as the presence of at least eight or more pairs of Gram-negative, kidney-bean-shaped diplococci in each of at least two polymorphonuclear leukocytes. When the Gram-stained smear was compared with culture results in female patients it detected two thirds of infections and had a very high specificity. When the smear was positive, the culture was positive in 96% of the cases. The Gram-stained smear of cervical secretions is recommended as a guide to the early diagnosis of gonorrhea and its prompt therapy in the pediatric age group.", "contents": "Gonorrhea: diagnosis by gram stain in the female adolescent. The Gram-stained smear of secretions in female children and adolescents was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in acute gonorrhea. A positive smear was defined as the presence of at least eight or more pairs of Gram-negative, kidney-bean-shaped diplococci in each of at least two polymorphonuclear leukocytes. When the Gram-stained smear was compared with culture results in female patients it detected two thirds of infections and had a very high specificity. When the smear was positive, the culture was positive in 96% of the cases. The Gram-stained smear of cervical secretions is recommended as a guide to the early diagnosis of gonorrhea and its prompt therapy in the pediatric age group.", "PMID": 71857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4400", "title": "Effect of systemic infection and raised serum Ig-G concentration on the D-xylose test.", "content": "Urinary d-xylose excretion during five hours after a 25 gm. oral load was determined in 47 Zambian African patients; some had systemic infections. Serum albumin, total globulin and gamma-globulin concentrations were determined in all and immunoglobulins Ig-G, Ig-A, Ig-M and Ig-D in 36 of them. An inverse association between weight of xylose excreted and serum gamma-globulin (P less than 0.02) and Ig-G (P less than 0.002) concentrations was significant. Taken together with previous observations, those results indicate reduced xylose absorption in the presence of systemic infection. The mechanism of the association is unknown but seems likely to have a nutritional importance; systemic infections must be eradicated if the nutritional status of rural Africans is to be improved.", "contents": "Effect of systemic infection and raised serum Ig-G concentration on the D-xylose test. Urinary d-xylose excretion during five hours after a 25 gm. oral load was determined in 47 Zambian African patients; some had systemic infections. Serum albumin, total globulin and gamma-globulin concentrations were determined in all and immunoglobulins Ig-G, Ig-A, Ig-M and Ig-D in 36 of them. An inverse association between weight of xylose excreted and serum gamma-globulin (P less than 0.02) and Ig-G (P less than 0.002) concentrations was significant. Taken together with previous observations, those results indicate reduced xylose absorption in the presence of systemic infection. The mechanism of the association is unknown but seems likely to have a nutritional importance; systemic infections must be eradicated if the nutritional status of rural Africans is to be improved.", "PMID": 71858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4401", "title": "Prevention of mental retardation: the role of medicine.", "content": "In the past 100 years striking progress has been made in the prevention of mental retardation. Since mental retardation is a symptom rather than a distinct disease entity, its prevention requires attention to many different areas. Heterozygote detection, specific factors of pregnancy, the current status of newborn screening, and major postnatal factors associated with mental retardation are some of the issues discussed in this centennial paper. Although considerable progress has been made, the causes and, hence, the modes of prevention of mental retardation for the majority of retarded individuals are unknown. Continued progress will require the combined efforts of both medical and social scientists if the goal, the prevention of mental retardation, is to be realized.", "contents": "Prevention of mental retardation: the role of medicine. In the past 100 years striking progress has been made in the prevention of mental retardation. Since mental retardation is a symptom rather than a distinct disease entity, its prevention requires attention to many different areas. Heterozygote detection, specific factors of pregnancy, the current status of newborn screening, and major postnatal factors associated with mental retardation are some of the issues discussed in this centennial paper. Although considerable progress has been made, the causes and, hence, the modes of prevention of mental retardation for the majority of retarded individuals are unknown. Continued progress will require the combined efforts of both medical and social scientists if the goal, the prevention of mental retardation, is to be realized.", "PMID": 71859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4402", "title": "Transfer of hydrophilic molecules by placenta and yolk sac of the guinea pig.", "content": "Prenatal transfer of hydrophilic materials was studied in chronic guinea pig preparations of ca. 30-65 days gestation. In most preparations the vitelline (yolk sac placenta) circulation of one of the fetuses was ligated between 1 and 20 days before the experiment. Fetal and maternal serum protein concentrations were recorded as a function of the number of days after ligation. Prenatal transfer of hydrophilic materials of 60-5,500 daltons molecular wt was consistent with diffusion, with some evidence of steric restriction of the larger molecules. There was no difference between operated and sham-operated or control fetuses. However, the transfer of radiolabeled homologous gamma globulin ceased after ligation of the yolk sac vessels. The transfer in control fetuses accounted for most of the prenatal requirements of this protein, as calculated from the increases in fetal weight and serum gamma globulin concentrations as a function of gestational age. There was evidence of a nonspecific suppression of yolk sac function by surgery but no evidence of fetal catabolism of gamma globulin.", "contents": "Transfer of hydrophilic molecules by placenta and yolk sac of the guinea pig. Prenatal transfer of hydrophilic materials was studied in chronic guinea pig preparations of ca. 30-65 days gestation. In most preparations the vitelline (yolk sac placenta) circulation of one of the fetuses was ligated between 1 and 20 days before the experiment. Fetal and maternal serum protein concentrations were recorded as a function of the number of days after ligation. Prenatal transfer of hydrophilic materials of 60-5,500 daltons molecular wt was consistent with diffusion, with some evidence of steric restriction of the larger molecules. There was no difference between operated and sham-operated or control fetuses. However, the transfer of radiolabeled homologous gamma globulin ceased after ligation of the yolk sac vessels. The transfer in control fetuses accounted for most of the prenatal requirements of this protein, as calculated from the increases in fetal weight and serum gamma globulin concentrations as a function of gestational age. There was evidence of a nonspecific suppression of yolk sac function by surgery but no evidence of fetal catabolism of gamma globulin.", "PMID": 71860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4403", "title": "The binding of chloroquine to normal and Kwashiorkor serum.", "content": "The binding of chloroquine to kwashiorkor and normal serum was investigated. The results show that more drug is bound in kwashiorkor serum, and that this occurs predominantly at the gamma globulin fraction. Therapeutically, in malnutrition there is no significant abnormality of protein binding with respect to chloroquine.", "contents": "The binding of chloroquine to normal and Kwashiorkor serum. The binding of chloroquine to kwashiorkor and normal serum was investigated. The results show that more drug is bound in kwashiorkor serum, and that this occurs predominantly at the gamma globulin fraction. Therapeutically, in malnutrition there is no significant abnormality of protein binding with respect to chloroquine.", "PMID": 71861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4404", "title": "Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with the T-cell immunopotentiator levamisole: a follow-up report of 16 patients under treatment for a minimum period of four months.", "content": "Treatment of 16 SLE patients with levamisole resulted in significant reduction of a variety of clinical parameters of the disease. Clinical improvement was both subjective and objective. Thus, levamisole may represent a possible alternative or adjunctive approach to SLE therapy. Although proper assessment of its actual quantitative importance in the treatment of Lupus must await large scale studies under double-blind conditions, nevertheless, these preliminary results are very encouraging.", "contents": "Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with the T-cell immunopotentiator levamisole: a follow-up report of 16 patients under treatment for a minimum period of four months. Treatment of 16 SLE patients with levamisole resulted in significant reduction of a variety of clinical parameters of the disease. Clinical improvement was both subjective and objective. Thus, levamisole may represent a possible alternative or adjunctive approach to SLE therapy. Although proper assessment of its actual quantitative importance in the treatment of Lupus must await large scale studies under double-blind conditions, nevertheless, these preliminary results are very encouraging.", "PMID": 71868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4405", "title": "A ten-year study of carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "During the 10 years from 1965 through 1974, 86 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were diagnosed or referred for treatment at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. The average age and survival in these patients is not significantly different from other published series. Only four patients had resectable tumors, and of these two survived over twelve months. Eight other patients also survived over twelve months, and no two of these had the same treatment regimens (although nine of the ten long-term survivors received some form of chemotherapy). Fourteen patients received a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. While their average survival was only two months longer than that of the entire series, three were long-term survivors. Over 75% had significant palliation; this suggests that this treatment should be considered in selected cases.", "contents": "A ten-year study of carcinoma of the pancreas. During the 10 years from 1965 through 1974, 86 patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were diagnosed or referred for treatment at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. The average age and survival in these patients is not significantly different from other published series. Only four patients had resectable tumors, and of these two survived over twelve months. Eight other patients also survived over twelve months, and no two of these had the same treatment regimens (although nine of the ten long-term survivors received some form of chemotherapy). Fourteen patients received a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. While their average survival was only two months longer than that of the entire series, three were long-term survivors. Over 75% had significant palliation; this suggests that this treatment should be considered in selected cases.", "PMID": 71869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4406", "title": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test for the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Preliminary report.", "content": "In 1970, Field and Caspary reported that lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease can be stimulated by a basic protein from human brain (human encephalitogenic protein--HEP). The stimulated lymphocytes are capable of releasing the macrophage-slowing factor, which reduces the electrophoretic mobility of guinea-pig macrophages. In general, this effect was not found with lymphocytes from patients without malignant disease. This paper deals with the application of the MEM test using HEP and HCG as antigen in the diagnosis of trophoblastic disease. We have found cellular sensitization against HCG in all patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours and against HEP in patients with hydatidiform moles of the group II or III as well as choriocarcinoma. Patients with malignant tumours of different localization showed a cellular sensitization against HEP, but only some against HCG. In pregnant women no cellular sensitization against HEP as well as HCG was detected. The results of the MEM test using HEP as antigen in patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours are compared with the clinical findings and the histological diagnosis. By means of this combination a more exact evaluation of the biological activity of the trophoblastic disease was obtained.", "contents": "The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test for the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Preliminary report. In 1970, Field and Caspary reported that lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease can be stimulated by a basic protein from human brain (human encephalitogenic protein--HEP). The stimulated lymphocytes are capable of releasing the macrophage-slowing factor, which reduces the electrophoretic mobility of guinea-pig macrophages. In general, this effect was not found with lymphocytes from patients without malignant disease. This paper deals with the application of the MEM test using HEP and HCG as antigen in the diagnosis of trophoblastic disease. We have found cellular sensitization against HCG in all patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours and against HEP in patients with hydatidiform moles of the group II or III as well as choriocarcinoma. Patients with malignant tumours of different localization showed a cellular sensitization against HEP, but only some against HCG. In pregnant women no cellular sensitization against HEP as well as HCG was detected. The results of the MEM test using HEP as antigen in patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours are compared with the clinical findings and the histological diagnosis. By means of this combination a more exact evaluation of the biological activity of the trophoblastic disease was obtained.", "PMID": 71873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4407", "title": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Report of 27 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in children between one month and 14 years of age are reported. The most frequent histologic type was the embryonal sarcoma and almost half of the cases were diagnosed in advanced clinical stages. Treatment consisted on the combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (vincristine, cyclophosphamide and actinomicin-D in non metastatic cases, plus adriamycin when metastases were present). The survival rate is 57.7% and the survival with no evidence of disease 53.8%, with observation periods from eight months to four years.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Report of 27 cases (author's transl)]. Twenty-seven cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in children between one month and 14 years of age are reported. The most frequent histologic type was the embryonal sarcoma and almost half of the cases were diagnosed in advanced clinical stages. Treatment consisted on the combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (vincristine, cyclophosphamide and actinomicin-D in non metastatic cases, plus adriamycin when metastases were present). The survival rate is 57.7% and the survival with no evidence of disease 53.8%, with observation periods from eight months to four years.", "PMID": 71870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4408", "title": "[Side effects of antibiotics in patients with thermal burns].", "content": "The possibilities of antibacterial therapy in the clinics of burn diseases has at present decreased because of increasing microflora resistance to antibiotics. This phenomenon is one of the most often causes of antibacterial drug side effects in burn patients. For control of infections complications in burn patients which are most often lethal it is necessary to use biologically active subtance, such as prodigiozan and lysozime in addition to the directed antibiotic therapy. The use of specific antitoxic antistaphylococcal drugs, such as antistaphylococcal plasma and antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in combination with the antibiotics of the direct action provided effective control of infectious complications and sepsis of staphylococcal genesis in burn patients. Decamine proved to be effective along with the usual use of nystatin in cases with dysbacteriosis as a result of the antibiotic side effects. In the patients treated with decamine the sings of candidosis disappeared by the 5th--7th day. Therefore, for decreasing the side effects of antibiotics in the clinics of burn patients it is expedient to use antibiotics in combination with the biologically active and immune preparations which increases the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, impfoves the treatment results and decreases the antibiotic side effects.", "contents": "[Side effects of antibiotics in patients with thermal burns]. The possibilities of antibacterial therapy in the clinics of burn diseases has at present decreased because of increasing microflora resistance to antibiotics. This phenomenon is one of the most often causes of antibacterial drug side effects in burn patients. For control of infections complications in burn patients which are most often lethal it is necessary to use biologically active subtance, such as prodigiozan and lysozime in addition to the directed antibiotic therapy. The use of specific antitoxic antistaphylococcal drugs, such as antistaphylococcal plasma and antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in combination with the antibiotics of the direct action provided effective control of infectious complications and sepsis of staphylococcal genesis in burn patients. Decamine proved to be effective along with the usual use of nystatin in cases with dysbacteriosis as a result of the antibiotic side effects. In the patients treated with decamine the sings of candidosis disappeared by the 5th--7th day. Therefore, for decreasing the side effects of antibiotics in the clinics of burn patients it is expedient to use antibiotics in combination with the biologically active and immune preparations which increases the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, impfoves the treatment results and decreases the antibiotic side effects.", "PMID": 71876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4409", "title": "Current concepts of tumor immunology. I. Basic immunologic concepts.", "content": "Interest in tumor immunology grew out of the study of host response to microbial infections during the second half of the 19th century. However, the growth of interest in transplantation during the 1950s and 1960s is largely responsible for the great surge of scientific investigation into tumor immunobiology which we are experiencing today. Tumor cells possess certain abnormal antigens in addition to their normal complement of transplantation antigens. These abnormal antigens evoke an immune response in the host, which involves both the humoral and the cell-mediated systems. Though the cell-mediated (thymus derived) system is generally conceded the most important role in tumor cell destruction, the humoral (bursal-equivalent derived) system also plays a role in host response which is presently less clearly understood. Certain aspects of the humoral response (blocking factors) actually appear to inhibit the host response against a tumor. This complex system of host immune response to tumor has been termed the immunosurveillance system.", "contents": "Current concepts of tumor immunology. I. Basic immunologic concepts. Interest in tumor immunology grew out of the study of host response to microbial infections during the second half of the 19th century. However, the growth of interest in transplantation during the 1950s and 1960s is largely responsible for the great surge of scientific investigation into tumor immunobiology which we are experiencing today. Tumor cells possess certain abnormal antigens in addition to their normal complement of transplantation antigens. These abnormal antigens evoke an immune response in the host, which involves both the humoral and the cell-mediated systems. Though the cell-mediated (thymus derived) system is generally conceded the most important role in tumor cell destruction, the humoral (bursal-equivalent derived) system also plays a role in host response which is presently less clearly understood. Certain aspects of the humoral response (blocking factors) actually appear to inhibit the host response against a tumor. This complex system of host immune response to tumor has been termed the immunosurveillance system.", "PMID": 71872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4410", "title": "Degradation of lindane by cell-free preparations of Clostridium sphenoides.", "content": "Cell-free preparation of Clostridium sphenoides degraded the insecticide lindane, the gamma-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, to the gamma-isomer of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene. The activity appeared to be associated with the membrane fraction and required reduced glutathione. The tetrachlorocy-clohexene intermediate was further metabolized by the membrane fraction to unknown substances.", "contents": "Degradation of lindane by cell-free preparations of Clostridium sphenoides. Cell-free preparation of Clostridium sphenoides degraded the insecticide lindane, the gamma-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, to the gamma-isomer of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene. The activity appeared to be associated with the membrane fraction and required reduced glutathione. The tetrachlorocy-clohexene intermediate was further metabolized by the membrane fraction to unknown substances.", "PMID": 71878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4411", "title": "Comparative immunological study of catalases in the genus Micrococcus.", "content": "Double immunodiffusion tests were performed with crude extracts from various Micrococcus species and antisera against catalase of Micrococcus luteus CCM 169. Cell-free extracts of M. lylae ATCC 27566 exhibited good cross-reaction. Cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of M. varians reacted very weakly and no reaction has been found with preparation of M. kristinae, M. nishinomiyaensis, M. roseus and M. sedentarius. The quantitative microcomplement fixation assay also revealed a closer relationship between M. luteus and M. lylae than between M. luteus and M. varians. Strains of other Micrococcus species reacted in the microcomplement assay with M. luteus antiserum just a weakly as non-related strains, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus or Cellulomonas cartalyticum.", "contents": "Comparative immunological study of catalases in the genus Micrococcus. Double immunodiffusion tests were performed with crude extracts from various Micrococcus species and antisera against catalase of Micrococcus luteus CCM 169. Cell-free extracts of M. lylae ATCC 27566 exhibited good cross-reaction. Cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of M. varians reacted very weakly and no reaction has been found with preparation of M. kristinae, M. nishinomiyaensis, M. roseus and M. sedentarius. The quantitative microcomplement fixation assay also revealed a closer relationship between M. luteus and M. lylae than between M. luteus and M. varians. Strains of other Micrococcus species reacted in the microcomplement assay with M. luteus antiserum just a weakly as non-related strains, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus or Cellulomonas cartalyticum.", "PMID": 71880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4412", "title": "[Investigations about the incorporation of nucleotide precursors in single cell suspensions of ovarian- and cervix-carcinomas under the influence of cytostatic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of 34 carcinomas of the cervix and 30 ovarian carcinomas under the influence of cytostatic agents was investigated in vitro by the method of Volm et al. The ovarian carcinomas showed a significantly higher incorporation rate of nucleotide precursors in the single cell suspensions. The incorporation rate in \"chemosensitive\" carcinomas was higher than in \"chemoresistent\" carcinomas independent of the type of the carcinomas. Carcinomas with a high decrease in incorporation rates of nucleotide precursors under the influence of cytostatic drugs were called chemosensitive. A cyclophosphamide-sensitivity in vitro was found in 9% of the carcinomas of the cervix and in 34% of the ovarian carcinomas. An adriamycin-sensitivity in vitro could be shown in 17% of the carcinomas of the cervix and in 46% of the ovarian carcinomas. These findings agree well with the experiences of cytostatic therapy of these carcinomas.", "contents": "[Investigations about the incorporation of nucleotide precursors in single cell suspensions of ovarian- and cervix-carcinomas under the influence of cytostatic therapy (author's transl)]. The behaviour of 34 carcinomas of the cervix and 30 ovarian carcinomas under the influence of cytostatic agents was investigated in vitro by the method of Volm et al. The ovarian carcinomas showed a significantly higher incorporation rate of nucleotide precursors in the single cell suspensions. The incorporation rate in \"chemosensitive\" carcinomas was higher than in \"chemoresistent\" carcinomas independent of the type of the carcinomas. Carcinomas with a high decrease in incorporation rates of nucleotide precursors under the influence of cytostatic drugs were called chemosensitive. A cyclophosphamide-sensitivity in vitro was found in 9% of the carcinomas of the cervix and in 34% of the ovarian carcinomas. An adriamycin-sensitivity in vitro could be shown in 17% of the carcinomas of the cervix and in 46% of the ovarian carcinomas. These findings agree well with the experiences of cytostatic therapy of these carcinomas.", "PMID": 71881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4413", "title": "Morphometric study on the nucleoli of mesothelial and tumour cells being in pleural cavity effusions.", "content": "An Opton cytophotometer was used for a comparative morphometric study on mesothelial and tumour cells obtained from pleural effusions. Tumour cells coming from malignant neoplasms with epithelial or mesenchymal origin were measured. Slides stained after Ambs X Gr\u00f6nemeyer and Smetana methods revealing RNP structures have been used. Both methods were valuable for nucleolar morphometry but the technical simplicity of the second one made it preferable. Nuclear and nucleolar surfaces as well as diameters and perimeters of nucleoli have been studied. Nucleolar/nuclear index, i.e. average number of the nucleoli per nuclear profile as well as nuclear/nucleolar surfaces ratio have been counted too. A clear difference of the average nucleolar size in tumour cells compared to that of mesothelial ones was established. The count of nuclear/nucleolar surfaces ratio-reveals that nucleolar enlargement in tumour cells is higher than nuclear one. In constant changes in the nucleolar/nuclear index was revealed in tumour cells.", "contents": "Morphometric study on the nucleoli of mesothelial and tumour cells being in pleural cavity effusions. An Opton cytophotometer was used for a comparative morphometric study on mesothelial and tumour cells obtained from pleural effusions. Tumour cells coming from malignant neoplasms with epithelial or mesenchymal origin were measured. Slides stained after Ambs X Gr\u00f6nemeyer and Smetana methods revealing RNP structures have been used. Both methods were valuable for nucleolar morphometry but the technical simplicity of the second one made it preferable. Nuclear and nucleolar surfaces as well as diameters and perimeters of nucleoli have been studied. Nucleolar/nuclear index, i.e. average number of the nucleoli per nuclear profile as well as nuclear/nucleolar surfaces ratio have been counted too. A clear difference of the average nucleolar size in tumour cells compared to that of mesothelial ones was established. The count of nuclear/nucleolar surfaces ratio-reveals that nucleolar enlargement in tumour cells is higher than nuclear one. In constant changes in the nucleolar/nuclear index was revealed in tumour cells.", "PMID": 71882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4414", "title": "Pleural fluid macrophages in lung infarct. Evidence and origin.", "content": "In this study, which was undertaken after a personal error of diagnosis, we have tried to demonstrated why the cells found in the pleural fluid look alike cancerous cells and this aim has obviously lead us to discuss the origin of the abnormal cells. The cytologic and cytochemical study of pleural fluid cells in 9 cases of lung infarction and the comparizon with pathological patterns has lead the authors to believe that the abnormal cells present in the fluid are not mesothelial cells. The cytochemical stain on the smears and on the lung sections, evidencing iron pigment in the cytoplasma of some cells has lead us to consider them as alveolar macrophages. The simple technic may help in the diagnosis of lung infarction when the clinical features are not enough convincing.", "contents": "Pleural fluid macrophages in lung infarct. Evidence and origin. In this study, which was undertaken after a personal error of diagnosis, we have tried to demonstrated why the cells found in the pleural fluid look alike cancerous cells and this aim has obviously lead us to discuss the origin of the abnormal cells. The cytologic and cytochemical study of pleural fluid cells in 9 cases of lung infarction and the comparizon with pathological patterns has lead the authors to believe that the abnormal cells present in the fluid are not mesothelial cells. The cytochemical stain on the smears and on the lung sections, evidencing iron pigment in the cytoplasma of some cells has lead us to consider them as alveolar macrophages. The simple technic may help in the diagnosis of lung infarction when the clinical features are not enough convincing.", "PMID": 71883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4415", "title": "The correlation of routine cytology with the contents of carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein in pleural and peritoneal effusions.", "content": "The levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were determined with radioimmunoassay in 63 samples of either pleural or peritoneal effusions. All samples were collected from 53 patients suspected for malignancy and were also studied with the routine cytological techniques. Elevated levels of CEA (above 20 ng/ml) were found in 14 out of 29 cytologically positive samples, in none of 6 cytologically suspected and of 14 cytologically negative samples. The highest levels of CEA (above 1,000 ng/ml) were found in samples from patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas, while negative results were most often found in lymphoreticular and ovarian malignancies. Elevated levels of AFP (above 5 ng/ml) were found in 9 samples (5 cytologically positive and 4 negative). Five of these exudates were negative for CEA. Positive results of AFP were most frequently found in samples derived from patients with secondary or primary liver tumours. The highest levels of AFP (6 and 30 ng/ml), were determined in samples of two hepatoma patients. The combined cytological and radioimmunological studies suggested malignancy in 52 out of 63 samples while cytology alone detected either neoplastic or suspected cells in  35 samples only.", "contents": "The correlation of routine cytology with the contents of carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein in pleural and peritoneal effusions. The levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were determined with radioimmunoassay in 63 samples of either pleural or peritoneal effusions. All samples were collected from 53 patients suspected for malignancy and were also studied with the routine cytological techniques. Elevated levels of CEA (above 20 ng/ml) were found in 14 out of 29 cytologically positive samples, in none of 6 cytologically suspected and of 14 cytologically negative samples. The highest levels of CEA (above 1,000 ng/ml) were found in samples from patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas, while negative results were most often found in lymphoreticular and ovarian malignancies. Elevated levels of AFP (above 5 ng/ml) were found in 9 samples (5 cytologically positive and 4 negative). Five of these exudates were negative for CEA. Positive results of AFP were most frequently found in samples derived from patients with secondary or primary liver tumours. The highest levels of AFP (6 and 30 ng/ml), were determined in samples of two hepatoma patients. The combined cytological and radioimmunological studies suggested malignancy in 52 out of 63 samples while cytology alone detected either neoplastic or suspected cells in  35 samples only.", "PMID": 71884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4416", "title": "Localization of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in malignancies other than hepatoma.", "content": "Immunofluorescence staining was applied to tissue with primary nonhepatic malignancies and/or their metastatic nodules in the liver. Tumor cells from the primary sites of two patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and one patient with Hodgkin's disease were found to be positive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). In five patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer, and two with nongastrointestinal tract carcinoma, the liver cells immediately adjacent to the metastiatic foci were positive for AFP. Negative results for AFP was found in seven patients with liver metastasis; of these seven patients, five had nongastrointestinal tract cancer, and two had cancer that arose in the gastrointestinal tract. It is unclear what influences the production of AFP in cases of liver metastasis, since some neoplasms from the same organ system do provoke this phenomenon, and others do not.", "contents": "Localization of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in malignancies other than hepatoma. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to tissue with primary nonhepatic malignancies and/or their metastatic nodules in the liver. Tumor cells from the primary sites of two patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and one patient with Hodgkin's disease were found to be positive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). In five patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer, and two with nongastrointestinal tract carcinoma, the liver cells immediately adjacent to the metastiatic foci were positive for AFP. Negative results for AFP was found in seven patients with liver metastasis; of these seven patients, five had nongastrointestinal tract cancer, and two had cancer that arose in the gastrointestinal tract. It is unclear what influences the production of AFP in cases of liver metastasis, since some neoplasms from the same organ system do provoke this phenomenon, and others do not.", "PMID": 71886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4417", "title": "[New method of differential histological diagnosis of different forms of amyloidosis].", "content": "A new method for morphological diagnosis of various forms of amyloidosis based on the use of a hot buffered hexamine-silver solution is suggested. Its potentials are illustrated on 37 cases of primary, hereditary, and secondary human amyloidosis as well as experimental amyloidosis. The proposed method permits morphological differential diagnosis of amyloidosis in those cases where other methods failed to do it.", "contents": "[New method of differential histological diagnosis of different forms of amyloidosis]. A new method for morphological diagnosis of various forms of amyloidosis based on the use of a hot buffered hexamine-silver solution is suggested. Its potentials are illustrated on 37 cases of primary, hereditary, and secondary human amyloidosis as well as experimental amyloidosis. The proposed method permits morphological differential diagnosis of amyloidosis in those cases where other methods failed to do it.", "PMID": 71889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4418", "title": "[Feulgen reaction conducted on unfixed smears].", "content": "After hydrolysis with 5N HCl at room temperature Feulgen's reaction either with Schiff's reagent or with some basic dyes instead of it can be carried out on the air-dried smears without any chemical fixation. Both reactions give quantitative results.", "contents": "[Feulgen reaction conducted on unfixed smears]. After hydrolysis with 5N HCl at room temperature Feulgen's reaction either with Schiff's reagent or with some basic dyes instead of it can be carried out on the air-dried smears without any chemical fixation. Both reactions give quantitative results.", "PMID": 71890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4419", "title": "[Nonspecific esterase activity in malignant non-lymphogranulomatous lymphomas].", "content": "It is recommended to determine the activity of nonspecific esterase in malignant non-lymphogranulomatous lymphomas (MNL) and to use for this purpose 5-bromindoxylacetate with poststaining of sections with aluminous carmine. In lymph nodes, affected with MNL, this procedure facilitates the detection of the arrangement of reticular cells and the degree of MNL penetration with hystiocytes. Also such structural features of MNL as their follicular structure and infiltration of sinuses of lymph nodes with the tumor tissue are determined.", "contents": "[Nonspecific esterase activity in malignant non-lymphogranulomatous lymphomas]. It is recommended to determine the activity of nonspecific esterase in malignant non-lymphogranulomatous lymphomas (MNL) and to use for this purpose 5-bromindoxylacetate with poststaining of sections with aluminous carmine. In lymph nodes, affected with MNL, this procedure facilitates the detection of the arrangement of reticular cells and the degree of MNL penetration with hystiocytes. Also such structural features of MNL as their follicular structure and infiltration of sinuses of lymph nodes with the tumor tissue are determined.", "PMID": 71891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4420", "title": "[Morphology of multiple cylindroma of the skin (histochemical and electron-microscopic study)].", "content": "The electron-microscopic study of skin cylindroma indicates that these tumors derive from the sweat glands, apparently the apocrine glands, and cells of the tumor and fibroblasts of the stroma take part in the formation of hyaline substance.", "contents": "[Morphology of multiple cylindroma of the skin (histochemical and electron-microscopic study)]. The electron-microscopic study of skin cylindroma indicates that these tumors derive from the sweat glands, apparently the apocrine glands, and cells of the tumor and fibroblasts of the stroma take part in the formation of hyaline substance.", "PMID": 71892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4421", "title": "Methyl alcohol poisoning. IV. Alterations of the morphological findings of the retina and optic nerve.", "content": "The ocular morphological findings of three methyl alcohol-intoxicated rhesus monkeys with optic disc swelling was investigated with light and electron microscopy in conjunction with intravascular horse radish peroxidase. Alterations observed in the optic nerve head were confined to the axons and consisted of swelling and clustering of the mitochondria, disruption of the neurotubules, the formation of vesicles, and enlargement of the axon segments in the prelaminar region. Swelling of the oligodendroglial cytoplasm in contact with the axons and of the astrocytes was seen in the retrolaminar optic nerve and the intraorbital optic nerve. Alterations were not observed in the retina. It is hypothesized that the alterations in the axons are the result of disrupted axoplasmic flow. Possible mechanisms relating methyl alcohol intoxication to disruption of axoplasmic flow are discussed.", "contents": "Methyl alcohol poisoning. IV. Alterations of the morphological findings of the retina and optic nerve. The ocular morphological findings of three methyl alcohol-intoxicated rhesus monkeys with optic disc swelling was investigated with light and electron microscopy in conjunction with intravascular horse radish peroxidase. Alterations observed in the optic nerve head were confined to the axons and consisted of swelling and clustering of the mitochondria, disruption of the neurotubules, the formation of vesicles, and enlargement of the axon segments in the prelaminar region. Swelling of the oligodendroglial cytoplasm in contact with the axons and of the astrocytes was seen in the retrolaminar optic nerve and the intraorbital optic nerve. Alterations were not observed in the retina. It is hypothesized that the alterations in the axons are the result of disrupted axoplasmic flow. Possible mechanisms relating methyl alcohol intoxication to disruption of axoplasmic flow are discussed.", "PMID": 71893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4422", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins, a possible mechanism for the persistence of Trypanosoma lewisi in the circulation of rats.", "content": "The results presented below show that the dividing and adult forms of T. lewisi share common antigens and indicate that the persistence of adult forms in the circulation of rats immune to reinfection is not due to a change in surface antigens as has been postulated. Using a rabbit anti-rat immunoglobulin serum, the presence of rat immunoglobulins on the surface of adult trypanosomes could be demonstrated. These immunoglobulins were not complement-fixing or opsonic. It is suggested that these immunoglobulins are responsible for the persistence of the adult forms in the circulation of the rat.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins, a possible mechanism for the persistence of Trypanosoma lewisi in the circulation of rats. The results presented below show that the dividing and adult forms of T. lewisi share common antigens and indicate that the persistence of adult forms in the circulation of rats immune to reinfection is not due to a change in surface antigens as has been postulated. Using a rabbit anti-rat immunoglobulin serum, the presence of rat immunoglobulins on the surface of adult trypanosomes could be demonstrated. These immunoglobulins were not complement-fixing or opsonic. It is suggested that these immunoglobulins are responsible for the persistence of the adult forms in the circulation of the rat.", "PMID": 71894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4423", "title": "Characteristics of the immune response in a patient with Whipple's disease.", "content": "A patient with Whipple's disease has been studied to examine the effect of antibiotic therapy on the immune status of the patient, and the specific immune response to a cell wall deficient form of an alpha-haemolytic streptococcus (alpha HS) isolated from this patient. T lymphocyte numbers were reduced, and cutaneous anergy was present. Autoantibodies directed against smooth muscle and mitochondria were detected. These abnormal parameters became normal following antibiotic therapy. The specific immune response to the alphaHS was characterised by IgA antibody and lymphocyte sensitisation. The latter was detected as antigen-inducedd lymphocyte stimulation and antigen-induced leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) production. Antibiotic therapy was associated with a fall in antibody titre and reduced LIF production. No defect in neutrophil function was found. These results are most consistent with the postulates that (i) immunological abnormalities in Whipple's disease are secondary to infection and (ii) the primary abnormality is an unusual pathogenic bacterium.", "contents": "Characteristics of the immune response in a patient with Whipple's disease. A patient with Whipple's disease has been studied to examine the effect of antibiotic therapy on the immune status of the patient, and the specific immune response to a cell wall deficient form of an alpha-haemolytic streptococcus (alpha HS) isolated from this patient. T lymphocyte numbers were reduced, and cutaneous anergy was present. Autoantibodies directed against smooth muscle and mitochondria were detected. These abnormal parameters became normal following antibiotic therapy. The specific immune response to the alphaHS was characterised by IgA antibody and lymphocyte sensitisation. The latter was detected as antigen-inducedd lymphocyte stimulation and antigen-induced leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) production. Antibiotic therapy was associated with a fall in antibody titre and reduced LIF production. No defect in neutrophil function was found. These results are most consistent with the postulates that (i) immunological abnormalities in Whipple's disease are secondary to infection and (ii) the primary abnormality is an unusual pathogenic bacterium.", "PMID": 71895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4424", "title": "Effects of acronycine, bleomycin and cytosine arabinoside on the cell cycle. Some aspects of their interaction with radiation determined by pulse cytophotometry.", "content": "The influence of three chemotherapeutic agents, acronycine, bleomycin and cytosine arabinoside, alone and combined with radiation, on cell cycle progression and viability of L-cells was examined. The percentages of cells in G1, S and (G2 + M)-phases as derived from pulse cytophotometric DNA distribution patterns were recorded as a function of exposure time. After 24-h treatment with 10 microgram/ml acronycine, 46.4% of cells were accumulated in (G2 + M)-phase compared to 12.1% in the controls. This accumulation was significantly enhanced by an irradiation with 150 rads of X-rays resulting in arresting 63.1% of cells in this phase. Similar findings were obtained after a 24-h treatment with 100 microgram/ml bleomycin. 54.4% of cells were arrested in (G2 + M)-phase by the chemical treatment alone, while the combined treatment, bleomycin and radiation, yielded an accumulation of 66.3% of cells in G2 + M. A 24-h exposure to 0.2 microgram/ml cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) produced a reversible block of 72.8% of cells in S phase compared to 27.4% in the control cultures. This S block was less pronounced after the combined treatment (51.1%). Some implications of the results for combined therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of acronycine, bleomycin and cytosine arabinoside on the cell cycle. Some aspects of their interaction with radiation determined by pulse cytophotometry. The influence of three chemotherapeutic agents, acronycine, bleomycin and cytosine arabinoside, alone and combined with radiation, on cell cycle progression and viability of L-cells was examined. The percentages of cells in G1, S and (G2 + M)-phases as derived from pulse cytophotometric DNA distribution patterns were recorded as a function of exposure time. After 24-h treatment with 10 microgram/ml acronycine, 46.4% of cells were accumulated in (G2 + M)-phase compared to 12.1% in the controls. This accumulation was significantly enhanced by an irradiation with 150 rads of X-rays resulting in arresting 63.1% of cells in this phase. Similar findings were obtained after a 24-h treatment with 100 microgram/ml bleomycin. 54.4% of cells were arrested in (G2 + M)-phase by the chemical treatment alone, while the combined treatment, bleomycin and radiation, yielded an accumulation of 66.3% of cells in G2 + M. A 24-h exposure to 0.2 microgram/ml cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) produced a reversible block of 72.8% of cells in S phase compared to 27.4% in the control cultures. This S block was less pronounced after the combined treatment (51.1%). Some implications of the results for combined therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 71899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4425", "title": "Antigenic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus cysts.", "content": "Limited numbers of antigens were detected in the structural components of Echinococcus granulosus cysts by double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests using homologous and heterologous antisera without antibody activity to host serum contaminants. Although antigens common to the germinal membranes, laminated layers and protoscoleces were demonstrated, no evidence was found of antigen sharing between the laminated layer and hydatid fluid from fertile and sterile cysts. These fluids, however, had antigenic determinants in common with protoscoleces. Antigens responsible for the formation of a characteristic cathodic are were detected but only in the three structural cyst components. In contrast, E. granulosus arc 5 antigens were found solely in hydatid fluid. These observations suggest that these two antigen groups are of somatic and metabolic origin, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of current knowledge of the immunobiology of hydatid cysts.", "contents": "Antigenic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus cysts. Limited numbers of antigens were detected in the structural components of Echinococcus granulosus cysts by double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests using homologous and heterologous antisera without antibody activity to host serum contaminants. Although antigens common to the germinal membranes, laminated layers and protoscoleces were demonstrated, no evidence was found of antigen sharing between the laminated layer and hydatid fluid from fertile and sterile cysts. These fluids, however, had antigenic determinants in common with protoscoleces. Antigens responsible for the formation of a characteristic cathodic are were detected but only in the three structural cyst components. In contrast, E. granulosus arc 5 antigens were found solely in hydatid fluid. These observations suggest that these two antigen groups are of somatic and metabolic origin, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of current knowledge of the immunobiology of hydatid cysts.", "PMID": 71902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4426", "title": "[Histochemical detection of HBsAg in liver biopsies using the orcein staining method].", "content": "Liver biopsies from 30 HBsAg seronegative and 33 HBsAg positive subjects affected by liver diseases were stained by orcein method for the histochemical detection of HBsAg. All biopsies from HBsAg negative cases were orcein negative. Staining was positive in 55% of seropositive patients. The frequency of the different patterns of the staining is analyzed and its value as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in chronic liver disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical detection of HBsAg in liver biopsies using the orcein staining method]. Liver biopsies from 30 HBsAg seronegative and 33 HBsAg positive subjects affected by liver diseases were stained by orcein method for the histochemical detection of HBsAg. All biopsies from HBsAg negative cases were orcein negative. Staining was positive in 55% of seropositive patients. The frequency of the different patterns of the staining is analyzed and its value as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in chronic liver disease is discussed.", "PMID": 71903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4427", "title": "Hydroxyethyl starch. An agent for hypovolaemic schock treatment II. Urinary excretion in normal volunteers following three consecutive daily infusions.", "content": "1 Urinary hydroxyethyl starch (HES) concentrations were determined by the anthrone method, in four healthy normal male volunteers following three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions (total 1500 ml), in order to ascertain excretion rates under normal controlled conditions. 2 The HES was excreted at a rate of 2.57, 2.46, and 2.44 g/h during the first hour postinjection, on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 3 The rate during the interval 12-24 h postinjection, averaged 0.14, 0.21, and 0.10 g/h, on days 1,2, and 3, respectively. 4 In the intervals 24-72, 72-120, and 120-168 h after the third and final injection, the excretion rate was 0.07, 0.04, and 0.02 g/h, respectively. 5 Renal function, as assessed by serum creatinine and uric acid concentrations and 24 h void volumes, was normal during the entire period of observation. 6 The results indicate that HES is excreted at a similar rate following three consecutive daily infusions without evidence of renal injury.", "contents": "Hydroxyethyl starch. An agent for hypovolaemic schock treatment II. Urinary excretion in normal volunteers following three consecutive daily infusions. 1 Urinary hydroxyethyl starch (HES) concentrations were determined by the anthrone method, in four healthy normal male volunteers following three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions (total 1500 ml), in order to ascertain excretion rates under normal controlled conditions. 2 The HES was excreted at a rate of 2.57, 2.46, and 2.44 g/h during the first hour postinjection, on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 3 The rate during the interval 12-24 h postinjection, averaged 0.14, 0.21, and 0.10 g/h, on days 1,2, and 3, respectively. 4 In the intervals 24-72, 72-120, and 120-168 h after the third and final injection, the excretion rate was 0.07, 0.04, and 0.02 g/h, respectively. 5 Renal function, as assessed by serum creatinine and uric acid concentrations and 24 h void volumes, was normal during the entire period of observation. 6 The results indicate that HES is excreted at a similar rate following three consecutive daily infusions without evidence of renal injury.", "PMID": 71913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4428", "title": "Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. II. Cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel.", "content": "Garages and auto-repair workshops may be polluted with other heavy metals besides lead. Blood of autoworkers with high lead content was analysed for cadmium, chromium, copper manganese, nickel, ALAD activity and carboxyhaemoglobin level. Cadmium and copper levels in blood of autoworkers were comparable with those of the control subjects while chroimium and nickel levels were significantly higher (P less than 0-01 for both metals), and scattered raised values of manganese were found. There was no significant mutual correlation between levels of various heavy metals determined in whole blood. High copper levels were slightly related to decreasing ALAD activity (P less than 0-1). Nineteen per cent of autoworkers were found to have an abnormally blood level of carboxyhaemoglobin. The amount of particulate heavy metal in autoworkshop air was not related to biochemical abnormalities found in the autoworkers. Various sources of pollution of these heavy metals in autoworkshops are discussed.", "contents": "Heavy metal pollution among autoworkers. II. Cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, and nickel. Garages and auto-repair workshops may be polluted with other heavy metals besides lead. Blood of autoworkers with high lead content was analysed for cadmium, chromium, copper manganese, nickel, ALAD activity and carboxyhaemoglobin level. Cadmium and copper levels in blood of autoworkers were comparable with those of the control subjects while chroimium and nickel levels were significantly higher (P less than 0-01 for both metals), and scattered raised values of manganese were found. There was no significant mutual correlation between levels of various heavy metals determined in whole blood. High copper levels were slightly related to decreasing ALAD activity (P less than 0-1). Nineteen per cent of autoworkers were found to have an abnormally blood level of carboxyhaemoglobin. The amount of particulate heavy metal in autoworkshop air was not related to biochemical abnormalities found in the autoworkers. Various sources of pollution of these heavy metals in autoworkshops are discussed.", "PMID": 71915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4429", "title": "Fetal arrhythmia during pregnancy and labour.", "content": "The significance of fetal arrhythmia presenting during pregnancy and labour has been examined in 68 patients. The different types of rhythm disorders diagnosed included 61 extrasystoles, 6 atrioventricular blocks and 1 auricular fibrillation. Extrasystoles were not associated with acidosis or organic cardiac disease. Atrioventricular block, though not associated with fetal hypoxia, was occasionally associated with congenital cardiac failure.", "contents": "Fetal arrhythmia during pregnancy and labour. The significance of fetal arrhythmia presenting during pregnancy and labour has been examined in 68 patients. The different types of rhythm disorders diagnosed included 61 extrasystoles, 6 atrioventricular blocks and 1 auricular fibrillation. Extrasystoles were not associated with acidosis or organic cardiac disease. Atrioventricular block, though not associated with fetal hypoxia, was occasionally associated with congenital cardiac failure.", "PMID": 71916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4430", "title": "A comparative study of three low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate and norethisterone, as oral contraceptives.", "content": "Three low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate (0-5 mg), megestrol acetate (0-5 mg) in oil, and norethisterone (0-35 mg), taken daily, were employed as oral contraceptives in postnatal women who desired to postpone their next pregnancy for up to a year. In a lower and middle social class population net pregnancy rates (life table) were five to six per 100 woman-years, of which about half were due to failure to take the tablets. Side effects other than menstrual disturbance were few. Norethisterone was the least likely of the three preparations to lead to discontinuation because of disturbance of menstruation. There were three ectopic gestations amongst 35 pregnancies in 4500 women-months of use. Ninety-five patients with varicose veins, 15 with a history of thrombophlebitis and 23 with a history of liver disease took progestogens without relevant untoward effects.", "contents": "A comparative study of three low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate and norethisterone, as oral contraceptives. Three low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate (0-5 mg), megestrol acetate (0-5 mg) in oil, and norethisterone (0-35 mg), taken daily, were employed as oral contraceptives in postnatal women who desired to postpone their next pregnancy for up to a year. In a lower and middle social class population net pregnancy rates (life table) were five to six per 100 woman-years, of which about half were due to failure to take the tablets. Side effects other than menstrual disturbance were few. Norethisterone was the least likely of the three preparations to lead to discontinuation because of disturbance of menstruation. There were three ectopic gestations amongst 35 pregnancies in 4500 women-months of use. Ninety-five patients with varicose veins, 15 with a history of thrombophlebitis and 23 with a history of liver disease took progestogens without relevant untoward effects.", "PMID": 71917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4431", "title": "Two antigenic sites of tissue transglutaminase.", "content": "The immunization of rabbits with purified guinea pig liver transglutaminase resulted in the appearance of two antibody populations against the enzyme: one which reacted only with the Ca2+-enzyme complex and another which reacted with the intact as well as the Ca2+-enzyme. The Ca2+-induced confomrational change of the enzyme molecule exposes a new antigenic determinant which initiates the production of a specific antibody population. When the glutamine substrate of the enzyme was a dipeptide, the result of the interaction of the Ca2+-enzyme and its isolated specific antibody was an apparent activation of the catalytic activity. However, when protein substrates were used, an inhibition was observed. The characterization of the mechanism of the activation and the inhibition has led to the conclusion that the consequence of the interaction of Ca 2+-enzyme and its specific antibody is not only a limited steric hindrance of the active center but, besides that, a stabilization of the otherwise labile Ca2+-enzyme. The other antibody population reacts with both forms of the enzyme and its inhibitory effect, which has been observed in each assay, could be due to a prevention of the Ca2+-induced formation of the active enzyme.", "contents": "Two antigenic sites of tissue transglutaminase. The immunization of rabbits with purified guinea pig liver transglutaminase resulted in the appearance of two antibody populations against the enzyme: one which reacted only with the Ca2+-enzyme complex and another which reacted with the intact as well as the Ca2+-enzyme. The Ca2+-induced confomrational change of the enzyme molecule exposes a new antigenic determinant which initiates the production of a specific antibody population. When the glutamine substrate of the enzyme was a dipeptide, the result of the interaction of the Ca2+-enzyme and its isolated specific antibody was an apparent activation of the catalytic activity. However, when protein substrates were used, an inhibition was observed. The characterization of the mechanism of the activation and the inhibition has led to the conclusion that the consequence of the interaction of Ca 2+-enzyme and its specific antibody is not only a limited steric hindrance of the active center but, besides that, a stabilization of the otherwise labile Ca2+-enzyme. The other antibody population reacts with both forms of the enzyme and its inhibitory effect, which has been observed in each assay, could be due to a prevention of the Ca2+-induced formation of the active enzyme.", "PMID": 71918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4432", "title": "alpha-galactosidase A from human placenta. Stability and subunit size.", "content": "alpha-Galactosidase A (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) was purified from human placenta. The purified enzyme showed one major band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single precipitin line on double immunodiffusion. Electrophoresis of the purified, S-carboxymethylated enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel showed one component with a molecular weight of about 65 000, but electrophoresis of the non-S-carboxymethylated enzyme showed two components, a major band with a molecular weight of 67 500 and a diffuse band with a molecular weight of 47 000. We suggest that the smaller diffuse component is a degradation product and that the enzyme is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 150 000 and a subunit of molecular weight of about 67 500. Antibody raised against the purified enzyme quantitatively precipitated alpha-galactosidase A, but not alpha-galactosidase in Fabry's disease fibroblasts. The alpha-galactosidase A is very heat labile and pH sensitive. It is most stable in concentrated solution at low temperature and at a pH of 5.0 to 6.0. When added to plasma at 37 degrees C, it has a half-life of only 17 min. This imposes a serious obstacle to its use in the treatment of Fabry's disease.", "contents": "alpha-galactosidase A from human placenta. Stability and subunit size. alpha-Galactosidase A (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) was purified from human placenta. The purified enzyme showed one major band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single precipitin line on double immunodiffusion. Electrophoresis of the purified, S-carboxymethylated enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel showed one component with a molecular weight of about 65 000, but electrophoresis of the non-S-carboxymethylated enzyme showed two components, a major band with a molecular weight of 67 500 and a diffuse band with a molecular weight of 47 000. We suggest that the smaller diffuse component is a degradation product and that the enzyme is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 150 000 and a subunit of molecular weight of about 67 500. Antibody raised against the purified enzyme quantitatively precipitated alpha-galactosidase A, but not alpha-galactosidase in Fabry's disease fibroblasts. The alpha-galactosidase A is very heat labile and pH sensitive. It is most stable in concentrated solution at low temperature and at a pH of 5.0 to 6.0. When added to plasma at 37 degrees C, it has a half-life of only 17 min. This imposes a serious obstacle to its use in the treatment of Fabry's disease.", "PMID": 71921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4433", "title": "Preparation of homogeneous human prostatic acid phosphatase using concanavalin A-sepharose 4-B.", "content": "A simple, rapid and efficient procedure is presented for the purification of human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) to homogeneity. The method employs two steps suitable for use with large quantities of material, followed by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose as its sole column step. The procedure also permits the recovery of purified enzyme in higher yields than earlier methods.", "contents": "Preparation of homogeneous human prostatic acid phosphatase using concanavalin A-sepharose 4-B. A simple, rapid and efficient procedure is presented for the purification of human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) to homogeneity. The method employs two steps suitable for use with large quantities of material, followed by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose as its sole column step. The procedure also permits the recovery of purified enzyme in higher yields than earlier methods.", "PMID": 71922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4434", "title": "[Inhibition of DNAse I activity in vivo].", "content": "Immune gamma-globulins containing antibodies to bovine DNAse I inhibit activities of bovine and mouse DNAse I both in vitro and in vivo. Bovine DNAse I was used as exogenous DNAse I in the in vivo studies and was injected to mice intraperitoneally in combination with gamma-globulins. The serous fluid of mice was used as a source of endogenous DNAse I. Both in in vitro and in vivo studies immune gamma-globulins caused a practically complete inhibition of bovine DNAse I activity, whereas the activity of mouse DNAse I (endogenous) was inhibited by 60-80%. Nonimmune gamma-globulins had no inhibitory effects whatsoever.", "contents": "[Inhibition of DNAse I activity in vivo]. Immune gamma-globulins containing antibodies to bovine DNAse I inhibit activities of bovine and mouse DNAse I both in vitro and in vivo. Bovine DNAse I was used as exogenous DNAse I in the in vivo studies and was injected to mice intraperitoneally in combination with gamma-globulins. The serous fluid of mice was used as a source of endogenous DNAse I. Both in in vitro and in vivo studies immune gamma-globulins caused a practically complete inhibition of bovine DNAse I activity, whereas the activity of mouse DNAse I (endogenous) was inhibited by 60-80%. Nonimmune gamma-globulins had no inhibitory effects whatsoever.", "PMID": 71924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4435", "title": "Monocytic differentiation of cluster cells in agar culture of normal human bone marrow. A cytochemical investigation.", "content": "A cytochemical investigation was carried out on the cells that make up the clusters forming in agar cultures of normal human bone marrow after 3, 4, and 5 days of incubation. All the clusters were found to comprise young monocytes that were PAS, peroxidase, Sudan Black, and alpha-naphthyl and naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase positive. Lysozyme activity, investigated by the cytobacterial test, was absent in all cases. After 3 days of incubation a large number of pairs of lymphomonocytes or monocytes with the same cytochemical characteristics were observed. When a method of double esterase incubation (alpha-naphthyl or naphthol-ASD-acetate and naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate) was performed on the same slide, no cells of the granulocytic line or intermediate cells between these and the monocytes were observed in any of the clusters. These results indicate that there is direct monocytic differentiation of the colony-forming cells cultured. The origins and stages observed in the maturation of the monocytes are discussed.", "contents": "Monocytic differentiation of cluster cells in agar culture of normal human bone marrow. A cytochemical investigation. A cytochemical investigation was carried out on the cells that make up the clusters forming in agar cultures of normal human bone marrow after 3, 4, and 5 days of incubation. All the clusters were found to comprise young monocytes that were PAS, peroxidase, Sudan Black, and alpha-naphthyl and naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase positive. Lysozyme activity, investigated by the cytobacterial test, was absent in all cases. After 3 days of incubation a large number of pairs of lymphomonocytes or monocytes with the same cytochemical characteristics were observed. When a method of double esterase incubation (alpha-naphthyl or naphthol-ASD-acetate and naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate) was performed on the same slide, no cells of the granulocytic line or intermediate cells between these and the monocytes were observed in any of the clusters. These results indicate that there is direct monocytic differentiation of the colony-forming cells cultured. The origins and stages observed in the maturation of the monocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 71925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4436", "title": "Contribution of quantitative immunocytology to the study of lymphoid hemopathies.", "content": "Forty-three patients with a lymphoid hemopathy, three with agammaglobulinemia and six normal controls were investigated with regard to their blood lymphocyte membrane-associated light chains. Detection and quantitation of antigenic determinants were performed by means of peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Compared to normal controls, values found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were very low (tenfold decrease). The number of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cells from patients with blast crises supervening in CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and Burkitt-cell acute leukemia were significantly higher than those seen in patients with CLL. The data obtained in this investigation through quantitative immunocytology constitutes a new parameter for the classification of lymphoid hemopathies and for an approach to their pathogenesis, in particular if the quantity of membrane immunoglobulin correlates with the stage of cell maturation.", "contents": "Contribution of quantitative immunocytology to the study of lymphoid hemopathies. Forty-three patients with a lymphoid hemopathy, three with agammaglobulinemia and six normal controls were investigated with regard to their blood lymphocyte membrane-associated light chains. Detection and quantitation of antigenic determinants were performed by means of peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Compared to normal controls, values found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were very low (tenfold decrease). The number of antigenic determinants on lymphoid cells from patients with blast crises supervening in CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and Burkitt-cell acute leukemia were significantly higher than those seen in patients with CLL. The data obtained in this investigation through quantitative immunocytology constitutes a new parameter for the classification of lymphoid hemopathies and for an approach to their pathogenesis, in particular if the quantity of membrane immunoglobulin correlates with the stage of cell maturation.", "PMID": 71926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4437", "title": "[Immunologic study of tumors of the human thyroid gland].", "content": "The presence of specific antigens was shown in 6 of 17 cases of human thyroid carcinoma by the complement fixation test. These antigens were absent in the tissues obtained from healthy man and embryo. Immunological variants of these antigens were found in some patients. The specificity of the antigen determinants of the thyroid tumours is apparently determined by the substances of the protein origin.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of tumors of the human thyroid gland]. The presence of specific antigens was shown in 6 of 17 cases of human thyroid carcinoma by the complement fixation test. These antigens were absent in the tissues obtained from healthy man and embryo. Immunological variants of these antigens were found in some patients. The specificity of the antigen determinants of the thyroid tumours is apparently determined by the substances of the protein origin.", "PMID": 71927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4438", "title": "[Induction of transplantable leukemia-like syndromes in mice by administration of antigens and immunostimulants].", "content": "Splenomegaly characterised by myeloid metaplasia was induced in BALB/c mice by the injection of antigens and immunostimulants. In difference from leukemoid reaction, this syndrome was transmissible both by the plasma and by the splenic cells. Small virus-like particles (30--50 nm) were revealed in the plasma, and RNA-containing viruses of type C--in the splenic cells.", "contents": "[Induction of transplantable leukemia-like syndromes in mice by administration of antigens and immunostimulants]. Splenomegaly characterised by myeloid metaplasia was induced in BALB/c mice by the injection of antigens and immunostimulants. In difference from leukemoid reaction, this syndrome was transmissible both by the plasma and by the splenic cells. Small virus-like particles (30--50 nm) were revealed in the plasma, and RNA-containing viruses of type C--in the splenic cells.", "PMID": 71928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4439", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of 7S-beta1-globuline from human erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "A new protein was isolated from lysates of washed human erythrocytes in a two step procedure using ionexchange chromatography and gel filtration. The protein has the electrophoretic mobility of a beta1-globulin. On ultracentrifugation the purified protein when dissolved in a 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), containing 0.2 M NaCl sediments with 6.88 S and shows a molecular weight of 150,000-180,000 daltons. In salt solutions with higher ionic strength the molecules dissociate reversibly into subunits which have a molecular weight of 40,000-45,000 daltons. The 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein according to its behavior at ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophreses apparently is composed of 4 identical or similar subunits which are loosely held together by noncovalent bonds. Chemically the 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein consists of 99% amino acids and 1% carbohydrates. The concentration of this protein in erythrocytes amounts to 250 mg per 100 ml packed red blood cells. The protein is not found in the membrane. In its physical, chemical and immunochemical properties the 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein differs from all other well defined proteins and enzymes from human red cells thus far known.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of 7S-beta1-globuline from human erythrocytes (author's transl)]. A new protein was isolated from lysates of washed human erythrocytes in a two step procedure using ionexchange chromatography and gel filtration. The protein has the electrophoretic mobility of a beta1-globulin. On ultracentrifugation the purified protein when dissolved in a 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), containing 0.2 M NaCl sediments with 6.88 S and shows a molecular weight of 150,000-180,000 daltons. In salt solutions with higher ionic strength the molecules dissociate reversibly into subunits which have a molecular weight of 40,000-45,000 daltons. The 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein according to its behavior at ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophreses apparently is composed of 4 identical or similar subunits which are loosely held together by noncovalent bonds. Chemically the 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein consists of 99% amino acids and 1% carbohydrates. The concentration of this protein in erythrocytes amounts to 250 mg per 100 ml packed red blood cells. The protein is not found in the membrane. In its physical, chemical and immunochemical properties the 7S-beta1-erythrocyte protein differs from all other well defined proteins and enzymes from human red cells thus far known.", "PMID": 71929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4440", "title": "Physical information in the external urinary stream of the normal and obstructed adult male.", "content": "The qualitative status of physical information contained in the stream of the male lower urinary tract is traced from the bladder to the broken-up external stream. The progression of modifications of this information is discussed and it is argued that information remains in the drops. Electro-optical measurements of the drops leads to pulses which can be analysed for various types of information content. These confirms that there is potential clinical value in some aspects of the information.", "contents": "Physical information in the external urinary stream of the normal and obstructed adult male. The qualitative status of physical information contained in the stream of the male lower urinary tract is traced from the bladder to the broken-up external stream. The progression of modifications of this information is discussed and it is argued that information remains in the drops. Electro-optical measurements of the drops leads to pulses which can be analysed for various types of information content. These confirms that there is potential clinical value in some aspects of the information.", "PMID": 71930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4441", "title": "Prostatectomy with a no-catheter technique.", "content": "A method of no-catheter prostatectomy is described and the results of 350 operations are presented. It has been demonstrated that this method of prostatectomy can be done aseptically.", "contents": "Prostatectomy with a no-catheter technique. A method of no-catheter prostatectomy is described and the results of 350 operations are presented. It has been demonstrated that this method of prostatectomy can be done aseptically.", "PMID": 71931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4442", "title": "A Golgi analysis of caudate neurons in rats exposed to carbon monoxide.", "content": "Interneurons of the caudate nucleus have been reported in the literature to respond to deafferentation by reduction in dendritic spines. In the studies reported here, caudate interneurons have been examined using the Golgi technique and increased numbers of spines were found in adult rats exposed to carbon monoxide as neonates. The development of spines on the caudate neurons was delayed for several days after an acute anoxic episode in 5-day-old rats exposed to carbon monoxide to the point of respiratory arrest. By the time the rats were 6 weeks old the caudate neurons had recovered to the point where they had essentially normal numbers of spines. At later ages (2- and 7-months old) the number of spines was greater in rats exposed perinatally to carbon monoxide than in control rats of the same age. The development of abnormal numbers of spines coincided with the time of recovery of rats from behavioral hyperactivity induced by carbon monoxide. The increased spines on the caudate neurons of the adult rats (7-months old) can be explained as a compensatory response to increased afferent flow to the caudate during the period of juvenile hyperactivity which reaches a peak at 6 weeks of age. It is proposed that the return to normal activity in the adult may be a consequence of increased activity of the caudate nucleus.", "contents": "A Golgi analysis of caudate neurons in rats exposed to carbon monoxide. Interneurons of the caudate nucleus have been reported in the literature to respond to deafferentation by reduction in dendritic spines. In the studies reported here, caudate interneurons have been examined using the Golgi technique and increased numbers of spines were found in adult rats exposed to carbon monoxide as neonates. The development of spines on the caudate neurons was delayed for several days after an acute anoxic episode in 5-day-old rats exposed to carbon monoxide to the point of respiratory arrest. By the time the rats were 6 weeks old the caudate neurons had recovered to the point where they had essentially normal numbers of spines. At later ages (2- and 7-months old) the number of spines was greater in rats exposed perinatally to carbon monoxide than in control rats of the same age. The development of abnormal numbers of spines coincided with the time of recovery of rats from behavioral hyperactivity induced by carbon monoxide. The increased spines on the caudate neurons of the adult rats (7-months old) can be explained as a compensatory response to increased afferent flow to the caudate during the period of juvenile hyperactivity which reaches a peak at 6 weeks of age. It is proposed that the return to normal activity in the adult may be a consequence of increased activity of the caudate nucleus.", "PMID": 71933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4443", "title": "Arborization of initial axon collaterals of spinocervical tract cells stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The initial axon collateral arborizations of two feline spinocervical tract cells have been analysed after intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. The images of the cells were reconstructed in the light microscope from transverse serial sections. The cell bodies were situated in laminae IV or III of the lumbar dorsal horn. Each cell exhibited one initial collateral. These emerged from the parent axons at distances of about 310 and 580 micron, respectively, from the cell body. The collaterals branched, mainly symmetrically, in laminae III-VI and IV-VI, respectively. The total collateral lengths were about 12,000 and 10,900 micron; altogether 329 and 274 stained terminals were found per collateral in laminae III-VI and IV-VI, respectively. The great majority of boutons were found in laminae IV and V. The terminals were distributed mainly in spherically arranged groups of 3-12 boutons, usually connected to each other by thin terminal axons. The light microscopically investigated sections were 're-embedded' and processed for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural investigation showed boutons with axo-dendritic, axo-somatic or axo-axonal synapses.", "contents": "Arborization of initial axon collaterals of spinocervical tract cells stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. The initial axon collateral arborizations of two feline spinocervical tract cells have been analysed after intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. The images of the cells were reconstructed in the light microscope from transverse serial sections. The cell bodies were situated in laminae IV or III of the lumbar dorsal horn. Each cell exhibited one initial collateral. These emerged from the parent axons at distances of about 310 and 580 micron, respectively, from the cell body. The collaterals branched, mainly symmetrically, in laminae III-VI and IV-VI, respectively. The total collateral lengths were about 12,000 and 10,900 micron; altogether 329 and 274 stained terminals were found per collateral in laminae III-VI and IV-VI, respectively. The great majority of boutons were found in laminae IV and V. The terminals were distributed mainly in spherically arranged groups of 3-12 boutons, usually connected to each other by thin terminal axons. The light microscopically investigated sections were 're-embedded' and processed for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural investigation showed boutons with axo-dendritic, axo-somatic or axo-axonal synapses.", "PMID": 71934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4444", "title": "The effects of ergosterol on the response of female chicks to oral oestrogens and progestogens.", "content": "The chick-oviduct assay was used to investigate the effects of dietary ergosterol on the response to oral progestogens and oestrogens. 2. Progestogens alone had no effect on the oviduct but the hypertrophy due to oestrogen was greatly enhanced by simultaneous treatment with progestogen at all dose levels tested. 3. Ergosterol had no effect on any of the responses of the oviduct studied.", "contents": "The effects of ergosterol on the response of female chicks to oral oestrogens and progestogens. The chick-oviduct assay was used to investigate the effects of dietary ergosterol on the response to oral progestogens and oestrogens. 2. Progestogens alone had no effect on the oviduct but the hypertrophy due to oestrogen was greatly enhanced by simultaneous treatment with progestogen at all dose levels tested. 3. Ergosterol had no effect on any of the responses of the oviduct studied.", "PMID": 71938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4445", "title": "[Modified Giemsa technique for the study of characteristic chromosomes of leukemic C57Bl mice].", "content": "G-banded karyotypes have been studied in C57Bl control mice and in animals developing leukemia after i.p. injection of acellular extract of spleen or lymph nodes from isologous animals showing radiation induced leukemia. No visible differences could be detected with respect to the number, size and position of the G-bands between the two groups of animals. From the present observations and from previous work with conventional staining methods, it can be concluded that the development of such leukemia does not involve the presence of chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "[Modified Giemsa technique for the study of characteristic chromosomes of leukemic C57Bl mice]. G-banded karyotypes have been studied in C57Bl control mice and in animals developing leukemia after i.p. injection of acellular extract of spleen or lymph nodes from isologous animals showing radiation induced leukemia. No visible differences could be detected with respect to the number, size and position of the G-bands between the two groups of animals. From the present observations and from previous work with conventional staining methods, it can be concluded that the development of such leukemia does not involve the presence of chromosome abnormalities.", "PMID": 71940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4446", "title": "The value of mediastinoscopy in the assessment of the operability of bronchial carcinoma respective five years survival after resection.", "content": "Of 740 mediastinoscopies carried out from january 1966 to january 1976, 581 were performed to assess the operability of a pulmonary carcinoma. Of these, 42% were positive and 58% were negative. The remaining 159 mediastinoscopies were performed as aids in the diagnosis of affections of the lungs and mediastinum. Of these, 63% were positive and 37% were negative. Patients with bronchial carcinoma and a negative mediastinoscopy were regarded as operable; patients with a positive mediastinoscopy were regarded as inoperable because of mediastinal metastases (Nohl, 1956; Reynders, 1964; Carlens, 1965). Nevertheless a small number of patients with a positive mediastinoscopy were operated during an initial period.", "contents": "The value of mediastinoscopy in the assessment of the operability of bronchial carcinoma respective five years survival after resection. Of 740 mediastinoscopies carried out from january 1966 to january 1976, 581 were performed to assess the operability of a pulmonary carcinoma. Of these, 42% were positive and 58% were negative. The remaining 159 mediastinoscopies were performed as aids in the diagnosis of affections of the lungs and mediastinum. Of these, 63% were positive and 37% were negative. Patients with bronchial carcinoma and a negative mediastinoscopy were regarded as operable; patients with a positive mediastinoscopy were regarded as inoperable because of mediastinal metastases (Nohl, 1956; Reynders, 1964; Carlens, 1965). Nevertheless a small number of patients with a positive mediastinoscopy were operated during an initial period.", "PMID": 71937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4447", "title": "[Alpha fetoprotein in maternal blood during normal and pathological pregnancies].", "content": "AFP was assayed in serum of normal pregnant women and in patients with pathological pregnancy. Pathological levels of AFP, defined as increased or decreased concentrations compared with the normal distribution, was detected in 83.5 % of pregnant women who delivered a dysmature child and in 88 % of those whose placenta was macroscopically sclerous. A longitudinal determination of AFP appears to be useful in the follow-up of risk of abortion.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoprotein in maternal blood during normal and pathological pregnancies]. AFP was assayed in serum of normal pregnant women and in patients with pathological pregnancy. Pathological levels of AFP, defined as increased or decreased concentrations compared with the normal distribution, was detected in 83.5 % of pregnant women who delivered a dysmature child and in 88 % of those whose placenta was macroscopically sclerous. A longitudinal determination of AFP appears to be useful in the follow-up of risk of abortion.", "PMID": 71941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4448", "title": "Acute lindane poisoning with development of muscle necrosis.", "content": "A 35-year-old man ingested food contaminated with lindane, an insecticide containing almost pure gamma hexachlorocyclohexane. Grand mal seizures and severe acidemia developed rapidly. The seizures recurred for nearly 2 hours, then ceased. In addition, the patient had muscle weakness and pain, headaches, episodic hypertension, myoglobinuria, acute renal failure and anemia. Pancreatitis developed 13 days after the ingestion of lindane. A muscle biopsy on the 15th day of illness demonstrated widespread necrosis and regeneration of muscle fibres. The patient's condition improved and he was discharged 24 days after the onset of his illness. During the year following the poisoning the patient noted difficulty with recent memory, loss of libido and easy fatigability. One year after lindane ingestion the results of physical examination, including those for muscle power and bulk, were normal.", "contents": "Acute lindane poisoning with development of muscle necrosis. A 35-year-old man ingested food contaminated with lindane, an insecticide containing almost pure gamma hexachlorocyclohexane. Grand mal seizures and severe acidemia developed rapidly. The seizures recurred for nearly 2 hours, then ceased. In addition, the patient had muscle weakness and pain, headaches, episodic hypertension, myoglobinuria, acute renal failure and anemia. Pancreatitis developed 13 days after the ingestion of lindane. A muscle biopsy on the 15th day of illness demonstrated widespread necrosis and regeneration of muscle fibres. The patient's condition improved and he was discharged 24 days after the onset of his illness. During the year following the poisoning the patient noted difficulty with recent memory, loss of libido and easy fatigability. One year after lindane ingestion the results of physical examination, including those for muscle power and bulk, were normal.", "PMID": 71942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4449", "title": "Therapy of advanced squamous carcinoma of the lung: cyclophosphamide vesus \"COMB\".", "content": "The four-drug combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methyl CCNU and bleomycin was compared to CTX alone in a prospective randomized trial. Only one of 20 patients treated with COMB and one of 27 patients treated with CTX achieved a partial response. CTX was associated with a significantly better survival than COMB among patients who were ambulatory at onset of therapy. Survival among non-ambulatory patients was similar with both regimens.", "contents": "Therapy of advanced squamous carcinoma of the lung: cyclophosphamide vesus \"COMB\". The four-drug combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methyl CCNU and bleomycin was compared to CTX alone in a prospective randomized trial. Only one of 20 patients treated with COMB and one of 27 patients treated with CTX achieved a partial response. CTX was associated with a significantly better survival than COMB among patients who were ambulatory at onset of therapy. Survival among non-ambulatory patients was similar with both regimens.", "PMID": 71943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4450", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase in gastric carcinoma metastatic to the liver.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPALP) were detected simultaneously in the sera and body fluids of two male patients with gastric carcinoma matestatic to the liver. At autopsy, widely disseminated gastric cancer of Borrmann III type with liver metastases was revealed in both bases. Histologically, they were moderately differentiated tubular and papillary adenocarcinomas with marked cellular atypia and necrosis. In Case 1, the properties of CPALP were identical to Nagao type CPALP, and in Case 2 the Variant type CPALP. Using immunofluorescence, CEA and CPALP were demonstrated in both primary and metastatic cells. However, only in Case 2 was AFP observed in some of the primary tumor cells.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase in gastric carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase (CPALP) were detected simultaneously in the sera and body fluids of two male patients with gastric carcinoma matestatic to the liver. At autopsy, widely disseminated gastric cancer of Borrmann III type with liver metastases was revealed in both bases. Histologically, they were moderately differentiated tubular and papillary adenocarcinomas with marked cellular atypia and necrosis. In Case 1, the properties of CPALP were identical to Nagao type CPALP, and in Case 2 the Variant type CPALP. Using immunofluorescence, CEA and CPALP were demonstrated in both primary and metastatic cells. However, only in Case 2 was AFP observed in some of the primary tumor cells.", "PMID": 71944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4451", "title": "[7-alpha-Hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in human normal and hyperplastic prostates].", "content": "Incubation of 4-14C-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with human normal and hyperplastic prostate minces led to the NADPH-dependent production of a major polar radiometabolite which was identified as 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and proved the presence of a 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-7 alpha-hydroxylase in prostate. Such evidences may bring new leads for the study of the mechanisms of androgenic steroid action in the prostate gland.", "contents": "[7-alpha-Hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in human normal and hyperplastic prostates]. Incubation of 4-14C-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with human normal and hyperplastic prostate minces led to the NADPH-dependent production of a major polar radiometabolite which was identified as 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and proved the presence of a 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-7 alpha-hydroxylase in prostate. Such evidences may bring new leads for the study of the mechanisms of androgenic steroid action in the prostate gland.", "PMID": 71955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4452", "title": "[Close genetic relation between determinants coding for the HLA-D region, detected by the technique of mixed primary and secondary lymphocyte culture and by serology of B lymphocytes].", "content": "In this study we report that: 1. Li determinants serologically detectable or closely linked structures are more associated to secondary responses than HLA-D specificities defined by HTC testing; 2. Other determinants from loci, MHC linked, or cross reactivity between Li determinants must be postulated to explain discrepancies between secondary responses and B serology; 3. Li determinants have an effect on the intensity of the reaction in primary allogenic proliferation.", "contents": "[Close genetic relation between determinants coding for the HLA-D region, detected by the technique of mixed primary and secondary lymphocyte culture and by serology of B lymphocytes]. In this study we report that: 1. Li determinants serologically detectable or closely linked structures are more associated to secondary responses than HLA-D specificities defined by HTC testing; 2. Other determinants from loci, MHC linked, or cross reactivity between Li determinants must be postulated to explain discrepancies between secondary responses and B serology; 3. Li determinants have an effect on the intensity of the reaction in primary allogenic proliferation.", "PMID": 71956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4453", "title": "[Purification of solubilized fucosyltransferase from lamb brain using ethylagarose gel].", "content": "The glycoprotein: fucosyl-transferase of the cerebral hemispheres, assayed with desialylated fetuin as exogenous acceptor, was the most active of the protein: glycosyltransferases tested in the brain. The addition of Titron X-100 to the membrane suspension, followed by high speed centrifugation, led to a solubilization of the enzyme. The use of hydrophobic chromatography on ethylagarose gave a good purification of this solubilized fucosyl-transferase, whose homogeneity has been shown by Ultrogel AcA 22, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and disc electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Purification of solubilized fucosyltransferase from lamb brain using ethylagarose gel]. The glycoprotein: fucosyl-transferase of the cerebral hemispheres, assayed with desialylated fetuin as exogenous acceptor, was the most active of the protein: glycosyltransferases tested in the brain. The addition of Titron X-100 to the membrane suspension, followed by high speed centrifugation, led to a solubilization of the enzyme. The use of hydrophobic chromatography on ethylagarose gave a good purification of this solubilized fucosyl-transferase, whose homogeneity has been shown by Ultrogel AcA 22, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and disc electrophoresis.", "PMID": 71957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4454", "title": "[7 alpha-Hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in normal and hyperplastic human prostate].", "content": "Incubation of 4-14C-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with human normal and hyperplastic prostate minces led to the NADPH-dependent production of a major polar radiometabolite which was identified as 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and proved the presence of a 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-7 alpha-hydroxylase in prostate. Such evidences may bring new leads for the study of the mechanisms of androgenic steroid action in the prostate gland.", "contents": "[7 alpha-Hydroxylation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in normal and hyperplastic human prostate]. Incubation of 4-14C-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol with human normal and hyperplastic prostate minces led to the NADPH-dependent production of a major polar radiometabolite which was identified as 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17 beta-triol and proved the presence of a 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-7 alpha-hydroxylase in prostate. Such evidences may bring new leads for the study of the mechanisms of androgenic steroid action in the prostate gland.", "PMID": 71958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4455", "title": "[Placental origin of the progesterone binding protein in the pregnant guinea pig; immunohistoligical study].", "content": "The origin of the high affinity progesterone binding protein (PBP) occurring during pregnancy in the guinea pig serum has been investigated. An indirect immunofluorescence technique has been developed using a specific antiserum raised in rabbits. An accumulation of PBP-like immunofluorescent material was detected in the trophoblastic syncytium of the placenta tissue, whereas all other examined pregnant guinea pig organs gave negative reactions. It is concluded that this placental accumulation of immunoreactive PBP-like material may express a placental biosynthesis of this glycoprotein.", "contents": "[Placental origin of the progesterone binding protein in the pregnant guinea pig; immunohistoligical study]. The origin of the high affinity progesterone binding protein (PBP) occurring during pregnancy in the guinea pig serum has been investigated. An indirect immunofluorescence technique has been developed using a specific antiserum raised in rabbits. An accumulation of PBP-like immunofluorescent material was detected in the trophoblastic syncytium of the placenta tissue, whereas all other examined pregnant guinea pig organs gave negative reactions. It is concluded that this placental accumulation of immunoreactive PBP-like material may express a placental biosynthesis of this glycoprotein.", "PMID": 71959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4456", "title": "Contractile state of the left ventricle in man as evaluated from end-systolic pressure-volume relations.", "content": "End-systolic pressure (PES), volume (VES), wall tension (TES) and circumference (CES) of the human left ventricle were studied at cardiac catheterization in 24 subjects with varying degrees of left ventricular dysfunction. Acute alterations in systolic load consistently resulted in changes in VES and CES, with a smaller volume and circumference characterizing the lower systolic load in each subject. End systolic pressure-volume lines were constructed by plotting PES against VES at the higher and lower systolic load in each subject. The slope of the resultant lines was considerably steeper for normal than for poorly contractile left ventricles. Vo, the volume axis intercept of the line (i.e., the theoretical VES at PES = O) was significantly smaller for normal than for poorly contractile ventricles. Similar findings were noted for Co, the theoretic end-systolic circumference at zero end-systolic ventricular wall tension. Post-extrasystolic potentiation resulted in decreased VES and CES with no change in PES and only a slight fall in TES. In conclusion, end-systolic pressure-volume and tension-circumference relations reflect the contractile state of left ventricular myocardium. Quantitation of these relationships may provide a useful new approach to the assessment of myocardial function in man.", "contents": "Contractile state of the left ventricle in man as evaluated from end-systolic pressure-volume relations. End-systolic pressure (PES), volume (VES), wall tension (TES) and circumference (CES) of the human left ventricle were studied at cardiac catheterization in 24 subjects with varying degrees of left ventricular dysfunction. Acute alterations in systolic load consistently resulted in changes in VES and CES, with a smaller volume and circumference characterizing the lower systolic load in each subject. End systolic pressure-volume lines were constructed by plotting PES against VES at the higher and lower systolic load in each subject. The slope of the resultant lines was considerably steeper for normal than for poorly contractile left ventricles. Vo, the volume axis intercept of the line (i.e., the theoretical VES at PES = O) was significantly smaller for normal than for poorly contractile ventricles. Similar findings were noted for Co, the theoretic end-systolic circumference at zero end-systolic ventricular wall tension. Post-extrasystolic potentiation resulted in decreased VES and CES with no change in PES and only a slight fall in TES. In conclusion, end-systolic pressure-volume and tension-circumference relations reflect the contractile state of left ventricular myocardium. Quantitation of these relationships may provide a useful new approach to the assessment of myocardial function in man.", "PMID": 71960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4457", "title": "beta2 microglobulinuria in a patient with nephrotoxicity secondary to mercuric chloride ingestion.", "content": "A case of mercuric chloride intoxication is reported in which protein excretion was measured. Urinary albumin and low molecular weight proteins, including beta2 microglobulin, were greatly elevated following ingestion, reaching maximal values on the second day. The increased excretion of both albumin and beta2 microglobulin indicated the presence of both tubular and glomerular lesions. Data obtained on this patient suggest that the determination of beta2 microglobulin may be useful guide for the evaluation of renal tubular function.", "contents": "beta2 microglobulinuria in a patient with nephrotoxicity secondary to mercuric chloride ingestion. A case of mercuric chloride intoxication is reported in which protein excretion was measured. Urinary albumin and low molecular weight proteins, including beta2 microglobulin, were greatly elevated following ingestion, reaching maximal values on the second day. The increased excretion of both albumin and beta2 microglobulin indicated the presence of both tubular and glomerular lesions. Data obtained on this patient suggest that the determination of beta2 microglobulin may be useful guide for the evaluation of renal tubular function.", "PMID": 71965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4458", "title": "Effectiveness of methods of teaching dental health to 9- to 10-year-old schoolchildren in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Dental health education employing five different teaching methods was given to classes of 9- to 10-year-old schoolchildren. A control class received no teaching. The dental health knowledge of the classes was assessed before teaching, and immediately, 1 week and 3 months after teaching by the use of a questionnaire. All methods resulted in a variable increase in marks immediately after teaching. This was followed by a fall in marks for each class over the 3-month period. The poster and pack methods of presenting information, overall, had little or no effect on the recall of information. The talk, visual aids and project methods all significantly increased dental health knowledge for the 3-month period.", "contents": "Effectiveness of methods of teaching dental health to 9- to 10-year-old schoolchildren in the United Kingdom. Dental health education employing five different teaching methods was given to classes of 9- to 10-year-old schoolchildren. A control class received no teaching. The dental health knowledge of the classes was assessed before teaching, and immediately, 1 week and 3 months after teaching by the use of a questionnaire. All methods resulted in a variable increase in marks immediately after teaching. This was followed by a fall in marks for each class over the 3-month period. The poster and pack methods of presenting information, overall, had little or no effect on the recall of information. The talk, visual aids and project methods all significantly increased dental health knowledge for the 3-month period.", "PMID": 71966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4459", "title": "A long-term assessment of flurbiprofen.", "content": "A multi-centre open study of flurbiprofen was started in 1971 to provide regular clinical and laboratory data on patients with a variety of arthritic conditions. To date, 1220 patients have received the drug in a dosage varying from 75 mg to 400 mg daily. Flurbiprofen has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms in the degenerative and inflammatory arthritides and side-effects have not proved a problem. Patients aged 65 years and over appear to tolerate the drug as well as their younger counterparts, an important finding in a group of patients notoriously intolerant of many drugs.", "contents": "A long-term assessment of flurbiprofen. A multi-centre open study of flurbiprofen was started in 1971 to provide regular clinical and laboratory data on patients with a variety of arthritic conditions. To date, 1220 patients have received the drug in a dosage varying from 75 mg to 400 mg daily. Flurbiprofen has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms in the degenerative and inflammatory arthritides and side-effects have not proved a problem. Patients aged 65 years and over appear to tolerate the drug as well as their younger counterparts, an important finding in a group of patients notoriously intolerant of many drugs.", "PMID": 71968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4460", "title": "Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen and indomethacin.", "content": "In a parallel, double-blind and randomized trial of 6-weeks' duration, flurbiprofen (150 mg to 200 mg daily) was compared with indomethacin (75 mg to 100 mg daily) in the management of 26 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. None of the patients in either group withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy of the drugs. Both drugs were equally effective in the relief of pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, was present in 90% of the patients in the flurbiprofen group and in 75% of those in the indomethacin group. The mean values of all the spinal motion tests improved in the flurbiprofen group but not in the indomethacin group. Statistically significant improvement in the Schober test was achieved in the flurbiprofen group and in chest expansion in the indomethacin group. Characteristic untoward effects related to the central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract were present in a few patients in both groups.", "contents": "Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with flurbiprofen and indomethacin. In a parallel, double-blind and randomized trial of 6-weeks' duration, flurbiprofen (150 mg to 200 mg daily) was compared with indomethacin (75 mg to 100 mg daily) in the management of 26 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. None of the patients in either group withdrew from the study because of lack of efficacy of the drugs. Both drugs were equally effective in the relief of pain and tenderness of the affected joints. Overall subjective improvement, assessed by the patient and the investigator at the end of the trial, was present in 90% of the patients in the flurbiprofen group and in 75% of those in the indomethacin group. The mean values of all the spinal motion tests improved in the flurbiprofen group but not in the indomethacin group. Statistically significant improvement in the Schober test was achieved in the flurbiprofen group and in chest expansion in the indomethacin group. Characteristic untoward effects related to the central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract were present in a few patients in both groups.", "PMID": 71969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4461", "title": "Efficacy and tolerance of flurbiprofen in the elderly using liquid and tablet formulations.", "content": "An open study was carried out in 40 elderly patients suffering from osteoarthrosis of the hip to assess the effectiveness of 200 mg flurbiprofen daily, fiven either in tablet or liquid suspension form, over a period of 4 weeks. Statistical evaluation of the results in the 19 patients admitted to analysis showed that flurbiprofen produced significant improvement in daytime and overnight pain, and did not impair their mental status, as assessed on a modified Goldfarb scale. No significant differences were found between the response of the two groups, except for severity of night pain. Fourteen of the 19 patients included in the analysis reported side-effects, as did 18 of the 21 patients who were excluded. Only 7 patients (4 on tablets, 3 on liquid), however, were withdrawn from the trial for this reason.", "contents": "Efficacy and tolerance of flurbiprofen in the elderly using liquid and tablet formulations. An open study was carried out in 40 elderly patients suffering from osteoarthrosis of the hip to assess the effectiveness of 200 mg flurbiprofen daily, fiven either in tablet or liquid suspension form, over a period of 4 weeks. Statistical evaluation of the results in the 19 patients admitted to analysis showed that flurbiprofen produced significant improvement in daytime and overnight pain, and did not impair their mental status, as assessed on a modified Goldfarb scale. No significant differences were found between the response of the two groups, except for severity of night pain. Fourteen of the 19 patients included in the analysis reported side-effects, as did 18 of the 21 patients who were excluded. Only 7 patients (4 on tablets, 3 on liquid), however, were withdrawn from the trial for this reason.", "PMID": 71970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4462", "title": "Comparative study of the effectiveness of flurbiprofen given twice or 3-times daily.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out in 15 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 15 with coxarthrosis to assess the effectiveness of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily, administered in divided doses either twice or 3-times a day. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment for 7 days either with a morning and evening dose of 150 mg flurbiprofen plus a mid-day dose of placebo, or with 3 doses of 100 mg flurbiprofen. They were then crossed over to the alternative regimen for a further 7 days. The results, evaluated by a 5-point rating scale of pain severity and of functional activity and by overall patient and doctor assessments, showed that flurbiprofen was effective in 66% of the 26 patients completing the trial. Tolerance was also assessed as being satisfactory in 83% of all patients. Comparison of the two treatment periods showed that 2 daily doses of flurbiprofen produced as good results as the 3-times daily regimen.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effectiveness of flurbiprofen given twice or 3-times daily. A double-blind trial was carried out in 15 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and 15 with coxarthrosis to assess the effectiveness of 300 mg flurbiprofen daily, administered in divided doses either twice or 3-times a day. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment for 7 days either with a morning and evening dose of 150 mg flurbiprofen plus a mid-day dose of placebo, or with 3 doses of 100 mg flurbiprofen. They were then crossed over to the alternative regimen for a further 7 days. The results, evaluated by a 5-point rating scale of pain severity and of functional activity and by overall patient and doctor assessments, showed that flurbiprofen was effective in 66% of the 26 patients completing the trial. Tolerance was also assessed as being satisfactory in 83% of all patients. Comparison of the two treatment periods showed that 2 daily doses of flurbiprofen produced as good results as the 3-times daily regimen.", "PMID": 71971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4463", "title": "Flurbiprofen-aspirin interaction: a double-blind crossover study.", "content": "Fifteen patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 2-weeks periods with 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and with flubriprofen in the same dosage plus 3 g aspirin daily, the treatments being administered in random allocation. The results showed that there were no significant differences clinically between the two treatments. Serum levels of flurbiprofen were measured during both treatment periods in 4 patients. During the flurbiprofen and aspirin period there was a full in the serum levels of flurbiprofen was unchanged. No obvious reduction in clinical efficacy was apparent.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen-aspirin interaction: a double-blind crossover study. Fifteen patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 2-weeks periods with 150 mg flurbiprofen daily and with flubriprofen in the same dosage plus 3 g aspirin daily, the treatments being administered in random allocation. The results showed that there were no significant differences clinically between the two treatments. Serum levels of flurbiprofen were measured during both treatment periods in 4 patients. During the flurbiprofen and aspirin period there was a full in the serum levels of flurbiprofen was unchanged. No obvious reduction in clinical efficacy was apparent.", "PMID": 71972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4464", "title": "A comparative study of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind crossover trial of 200 mg flurbiprofen daily and 100 mg indomethacin daily, each given for 2 weeks separated by a 1-week placebo washout period, was carried out in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results were analyzed for the 26 patients with complete records. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatments with regard to subjective impression of pain severity, duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, joint size, haemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. When the results for each treatment period were compared to baseline and both drugs considered individually, there was a statistically significant improvement from baseline. During the flurbiprofen treatment period the erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a statistically significant fall, but not with indomethacin. During the placebo washout period between the active therapies, there was a statistically significant worsening in all parameters apart from the level of haemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. These assessments showed little change. Five patients reported side-effects with indomethacin, and 1 with flurbiprofen. No side-effects were reported during the placebo period and although 4 patients were withdrawn, none was withdrawn because of side-effects. Patient preference was for flurbiprofen.", "contents": "A comparative study of flurbiprofen and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover trial of 200 mg flurbiprofen daily and 100 mg indomethacin daily, each given for 2 weeks separated by a 1-week placebo washout period, was carried out in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results were analyzed for the 26 patients with complete records. No statistically significant differences were found between the two treatments with regard to subjective impression of pain severity, duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, joint size, haemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. When the results for each treatment period were compared to baseline and both drugs considered individually, there was a statistically significant improvement from baseline. During the flurbiprofen treatment period the erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a statistically significant fall, but not with indomethacin. During the placebo washout period between the active therapies, there was a statistically significant worsening in all parameters apart from the level of haemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. These assessments showed little change. Five patients reported side-effects with indomethacin, and 1 with flurbiprofen. No side-effects were reported during the placebo period and although 4 patients were withdrawn, none was withdrawn because of side-effects. Patient preference was for flurbiprofen.", "PMID": 71973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4465", "title": "Flurbiprofen at night.", "content": "Three double-blind crossover trials were used to study the effects of single doses of flurbiprofen at night on pain at night, duration of morning stiffness and sleep disturbance in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Flurbiprofen (150 mg) was shown to be superior to placebo and 150 mg was no more effective than 100 mg. Serum levels of the drug were significantly higher with 150 mg but did not correlate with clinical effects.", "contents": "Flurbiprofen at night. Three double-blind crossover trials were used to study the effects of single doses of flurbiprofen at night on pain at night, duration of morning stiffness and sleep disturbance in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Flurbiprofen (150 mg) was shown to be superior to placebo and 150 mg was no more effective than 100 mg. Serum levels of the drug were significantly higher with 150 mg but did not correlate with clinical effects.", "PMID": 71974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4466", "title": "Lupus erythematosus cells in pleural effusion: the initial manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 63-year-old man developed an asymptomatic pleural effusion following the administration of 500 gm of procainamide hydrochloride over a six-month period. The diagnosis was initially suggested by the finding of lupus erythematosus cells in the pleural fluid. Lupus erythematosus cells and antinuclear antibodies appeared in the blood two months later and remained for a period of six months. The diagnosis was corroborated by the presence of antibodies to denatured DNA, but not to native DNA.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus cells in pleural effusion: the initial manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus. A 63-year-old man developed an asymptomatic pleural effusion following the administration of 500 gm of procainamide hydrochloride over a six-month period. The diagnosis was initially suggested by the finding of lupus erythematosus cells in the pleural fluid. Lupus erythematosus cells and antinuclear antibodies appeared in the blood two months later and remained for a period of six months. The diagnosis was corroborated by the presence of antibodies to denatured DNA, but not to native DNA.", "PMID": 71976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4467", "title": "Isolabelling is a radiation-induced phenomenon.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were incubated during two mitotic cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and differentiation between chromatids was obtained with combined \"Hoechst 33258\" and azur-eosine staining. Analysis of non-irradiated cells revealed numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and no abnormalities of \"harlequine\" appearance of chromosomes. When, however, the cells were irradiated, an identical staining (IS, isostaining) of some chromosomes or chromosome segments were observed. Production of IS was accompanied by decrease of the frequency of SCE, the total frequency of SCE+IS remained, however, the same as in control. An antagonism between SCE and IS was established: the frequency of SCE decreased in the cells with multiple IS, and chromosomes with both SCE and IS were only rarely observed. Thus, IS is neither an artifact nor a physiologic event but a phenomenon induced by radiation. The reliable existence of IS is considered as an evidence for binemic structure of chromatid. It is suggested that some mechanism of lateral spread of genetic information is involved in the production of SCE. If delayed by radiation, the spread could be restricted only to a fraction of chromosome cross-section resulting in IS.", "contents": "Isolabelling is a radiation-induced phenomenon. Human lymphocytes were incubated during two mitotic cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and differentiation between chromatids was obtained with combined \"Hoechst 33258\" and azur-eosine staining. Analysis of non-irradiated cells revealed numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and no abnormalities of \"harlequine\" appearance of chromosomes. When, however, the cells were irradiated, an identical staining (IS, isostaining) of some chromosomes or chromosome segments were observed. Production of IS was accompanied by decrease of the frequency of SCE, the total frequency of SCE+IS remained, however, the same as in control. An antagonism between SCE and IS was established: the frequency of SCE decreased in the cells with multiple IS, and chromosomes with both SCE and IS were only rarely observed. Thus, IS is neither an artifact nor a physiologic event but a phenomenon induced by radiation. The reliable existence of IS is considered as an evidence for binemic structure of chromatid. It is suggested that some mechanism of lateral spread of genetic information is involved in the production of SCE. If delayed by radiation, the spread could be restricted only to a fraction of chromosome cross-section resulting in IS.", "PMID": 71977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4468", "title": "The interaction of Hoechst 33258 and BrdU substituted DNA in the formation of sister chromatid exchanges.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are induced in cultured Chinese hamster cells by treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or with Hoechst 33258 (H33258) plus BrdU. The SCE frequencies depend upon the number of H33258 molecules available per cell (or per base pair) and the number of brdU molecules available per cell, and not solely upon molarity. In addition, H33258 and BrdU act synergistically to induce SCEs. At low BrdU concentrations H 33258 induces very few SCEs. At high BrdU concentrations and similar concentrations of H33258, however, SCE frequencies are significantly increased. SCE frequencies decrease with time in successively harvested cells because of the depletion of H33258 from the medium due to DNA binding.", "contents": "The interaction of Hoechst 33258 and BrdU substituted DNA in the formation of sister chromatid exchanges. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are induced in cultured Chinese hamster cells by treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or with Hoechst 33258 (H33258) plus BrdU. The SCE frequencies depend upon the number of H33258 molecules available per cell (or per base pair) and the number of brdU molecules available per cell, and not solely upon molarity. In addition, H33258 and BrdU act synergistically to induce SCEs. At low BrdU concentrations H 33258 induces very few SCEs. At high BrdU concentrations and similar concentrations of H33258, however, SCE frequencies are significantly increased. SCE frequencies decrease with time in successively harvested cells because of the depletion of H33258 from the medium due to DNA binding.", "PMID": 71978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4469", "title": "[CSF cytology using prestained slides (author's transl)].", "content": "A new and rapid vital-stain method for the diagnosis of CSF cells demonstrates not only red blood cells but also white blood cell types, predominantly by differentiating nuclear patterns. 20 microliter untreated CSF are put on the prestained slides and a cover slip put over it. Differentiation can be made after 15 minutes. The lower limit is at 3-4 WBC/ml of CSF. At room temperature the preparation keeps for about an hour. The method is reproducible and has the advantage also over other routine methods that the CSF volume is very small and there is neither loss of cells nor cell denaturation.", "contents": "[CSF cytology using prestained slides (author's transl)]. A new and rapid vital-stain method for the diagnosis of CSF cells demonstrates not only red blood cells but also white blood cell types, predominantly by differentiating nuclear patterns. 20 microliter untreated CSF are put on the prestained slides and a cover slip put over it. Differentiation can be made after 15 minutes. The lower limit is at 3-4 WBC/ml of CSF. At room temperature the preparation keeps for about an hour. The method is reproducible and has the advantage also over other routine methods that the CSF volume is very small and there is neither loss of cells nor cell denaturation.", "PMID": 71980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4470", "title": "[Refsum's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's syndrome) is an autosomal recessively inherited lipidosis characterized by the following signs: peripheral hypertrophic polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, atypical retinitis pigmentosa with night blindness and concentric limitation of the visual fields, anosmia, inner ear hearing disturbances, skeletal anomalies, ichthyotic skin changes, raised protein in the CSF without a cellular increase, and non-specific ECG changes. Biochemically it is a lipidosis with atypical increase of phytanic acid in blood, CSF, and tissues. The metabolic defect results from a degradation disturbance of exogenous phytanic acid. The report of a patient whose clinical picture plus chemical, neurophysiological and histological results led to the diagnosis of Refsum's syndrome is presented. Using a low phytol- and phytanic-acid diet a marked decrease of phytanic acid in the serum and an improvement of the clinico-neurological signs were observed.", "contents": "[Refsum's syndrome (author's transl)]. Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's syndrome) is an autosomal recessively inherited lipidosis characterized by the following signs: peripheral hypertrophic polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, atypical retinitis pigmentosa with night blindness and concentric limitation of the visual fields, anosmia, inner ear hearing disturbances, skeletal anomalies, ichthyotic skin changes, raised protein in the CSF without a cellular increase, and non-specific ECG changes. Biochemically it is a lipidosis with atypical increase of phytanic acid in blood, CSF, and tissues. The metabolic defect results from a degradation disturbance of exogenous phytanic acid. The report of a patient whose clinical picture plus chemical, neurophysiological and histological results led to the diagnosis of Refsum's syndrome is presented. Using a low phytol- and phytanic-acid diet a marked decrease of phytanic acid in the serum and an improvement of the clinico-neurological signs were observed.", "PMID": 71982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4471", "title": "[Staining of the surface layer in jaw tumors].", "content": "In the histological preparation for surface layer staining, saw cuts 100-300 micrometer thick of undecalcified bone or tooth are made with or without alloplastic implantation material. Only one side of the cut is stained for 4 hours. During this time the stain penetrates about 15 micrometer into the preparation. Deeper-lying cells and structures remain unstained and appear merely as shadows that are not troublesome. The time-consuming process of making thin sections is dispensed with and variously stained serial sections are possible.", "contents": "[Staining of the surface layer in jaw tumors]. In the histological preparation for surface layer staining, saw cuts 100-300 micrometer thick of undecalcified bone or tooth are made with or without alloplastic implantation material. Only one side of the cut is stained for 4 hours. During this time the stain penetrates about 15 micrometer into the preparation. Deeper-lying cells and structures remain unstained and appear merely as shadows that are not troublesome. The time-consuming process of making thin sections is dispensed with and variously stained serial sections are possible.", "PMID": 71985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4472", "title": "Inflammatory cell count and identification in specific duodenitis. (Celiac disease, Whipple's disease and Crohn's disease). Comparison with jejunal findings.", "content": "The authors studied the count and identification of inflammatory cells in duodenal biopsies of specific duodenitis. In celiac disease there is an increase of lymphocytes in the epithelial layer, and rich population of plasmacells in the lamina propria of duodenal mucosa. In Whipple's disease the reticulum cell component of lamina propria is increased, while total inflammatory cells are within normal limits, and both lymphocytes and plasmacells are decreased. The comparison between duodenal and jejunal findings shows similar data in celiac and Whipple's disease. In Crohn's disease the inflammatory cell count differs from controls only in presence of radiological or endoscopical features of duodenal involvement.", "contents": "Inflammatory cell count and identification in specific duodenitis. (Celiac disease, Whipple's disease and Crohn's disease). Comparison with jejunal findings. The authors studied the count and identification of inflammatory cells in duodenal biopsies of specific duodenitis. In celiac disease there is an increase of lymphocytes in the epithelial layer, and rich population of plasmacells in the lamina propria of duodenal mucosa. In Whipple's disease the reticulum cell component of lamina propria is increased, while total inflammatory cells are within normal limits, and both lymphocytes and plasmacells are decreased. The comparison between duodenal and jejunal findings shows similar data in celiac and Whipple's disease. In Crohn's disease the inflammatory cell count differs from controls only in presence of radiological or endoscopical features of duodenal involvement.", "PMID": 71989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4473", "title": "Demonstration of two alpha-globin genes per human haploid genome for normals and Hb J Mexico.", "content": "Complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared with viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase using human globin messenger RNA (mRNA) as template. By selective hydridization to globin mRNA from beta-thalassaemics a probe which was greater than 85% complementary to alpha-globin mRNA was purified. This was hybridized in cDNA excess to human genomic DNA, and the rate and extent of hybridization confirmed that there are two genes for alpha-globin per haploid genome. Cellular DNA was also prepared from peripheral blood from cases expressing the alpha-globin chain mutant Hb J Mexico to varying extents. This DNA was identical in hybridization behaviour to normal DNA demonstrating that the imbalanced mutant chain synthesis seen physiologically is not due to a gene deletion.", "contents": "Demonstration of two alpha-globin genes per human haploid genome for normals and Hb J Mexico. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared with viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase using human globin messenger RNA (mRNA) as template. By selective hydridization to globin mRNA from beta-thalassaemics a probe which was greater than 85% complementary to alpha-globin mRNA was purified. This was hybridized in cDNA excess to human genomic DNA, and the rate and extent of hybridization confirmed that there are two genes for alpha-globin per haploid genome. Cellular DNA was also prepared from peripheral blood from cases expressing the alpha-globin chain mutant Hb J Mexico to varying extents. This DNA was identical in hybridization behaviour to normal DNA demonstrating that the imbalanced mutant chain synthesis seen physiologically is not due to a gene deletion.", "PMID": 71990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4474", "title": "Reverse transcription of thyroglobulin 33-S mRNA.", "content": "Bovine thyroglobulin 33-S mRNA has been used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA, using RNA-directed DNA polymerase from the avian myeloblastosis virus. The yield of the reaction was relatively poor and the size of the cDNA did not exceed 10 S. Nevertheless, a copy of high specific radioactivity (approximately 10(7) counts. min-1 microgram-1) could be obtained which hybridized specifically back to its template with an rot1/2 value about 5 times higher than that observed in hybridizations between hemoglobin mRNA (alpha + beta chain) and hemoglobin cDNA. This suggests that thyroglobulin mRNA does not contain extensive internal repetitive sequences. Quantification of thyroglobulin mRNA sequences among various RNA preparations from the beef thyroid was performed using cDNA/RNA hybridizations in RNA excess. The results confirmed that thyroglobulin mRNA represents the large majority of mRNA in membrane-bound polysomes and indicated the virtual absence of thyroglobulin sequences on free polyosomes. The cDNA transcribed from mRNA of bovine origin hybridized efficiently with thyroid RNA from goats, dogs and humans. Although the heterologuous hybrids exhibited the expected decrease in thermal stability, the bovine cDNA provides an appropriate probe for studies dealing with the expression of the thyroglobulin gene in various mammals including man.", "contents": "Reverse transcription of thyroglobulin 33-S mRNA. Bovine thyroglobulin 33-S mRNA has been used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA, using RNA-directed DNA polymerase from the avian myeloblastosis virus. The yield of the reaction was relatively poor and the size of the cDNA did not exceed 10 S. Nevertheless, a copy of high specific radioactivity (approximately 10(7) counts. min-1 microgram-1) could be obtained which hybridized specifically back to its template with an rot1/2 value about 5 times higher than that observed in hybridizations between hemoglobin mRNA (alpha + beta chain) and hemoglobin cDNA. This suggests that thyroglobulin mRNA does not contain extensive internal repetitive sequences. Quantification of thyroglobulin mRNA sequences among various RNA preparations from the beef thyroid was performed using cDNA/RNA hybridizations in RNA excess. The results confirmed that thyroglobulin mRNA represents the large majority of mRNA in membrane-bound polysomes and indicated the virtual absence of thyroglobulin sequences on free polyosomes. The cDNA transcribed from mRNA of bovine origin hybridized efficiently with thyroid RNA from goats, dogs and humans. Although the heterologuous hybrids exhibited the expected decrease in thermal stability, the bovine cDNA provides an appropriate probe for studies dealing with the expression of the thyroglobulin gene in various mammals including man.", "PMID": 71991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4475", "title": "False positive bone scan in bone tumors of the lower limb.", "content": "When examined using bone scanning agents, eight out of nine patients with lower limb malignancy, and neither of two affected in the upper limb showed a pathologic focus of isotope uptake in an area distal to the tumor. On pathologic examination the positive findings proved false. Such misleading results were found to be avoidable if a tumor-seeking agent instead of a bone scanning one is used.", "contents": "False positive bone scan in bone tumors of the lower limb. When examined using bone scanning agents, eight out of nine patients with lower limb malignancy, and neither of two affected in the upper limb showed a pathologic focus of isotope uptake in an area distal to the tumor. On pathologic examination the positive findings proved false. Such misleading results were found to be avoidable if a tumor-seeking agent instead of a bone scanning one is used.", "PMID": 71992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4476", "title": "Electrophoretic mobility (EM)-test for childhood cancer diagnosis.", "content": "Lymphocyte sensitization to myelin basic protein (encephalitogenic factor, EF) was determined in 193 children by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of indicator particles which had been incubated with the supernatant of the lymphocyte-antigen (EF) mixture. A significant decrease in electrophoretic migration time was found in 77 of 85 children with malignant tumours localized in brain, abdomen and extremities, in 36 of 38 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all except one in hematological remission), and in all 17 patients with lymphoma, in contrast to only 1 of 10 healthy children and 14 of 48 patients with non-malignant disorders. 10 of these 14 \"false positive\" patients, however, had auto-immune diseases. Thus, with false negative and false positive rates of less than 10%, this test could be of diagnostic help in patients with suspected malignant or auto-immune disease. Two examples of preoperative application of the EM-test are demonstrated.", "contents": "Electrophoretic mobility (EM)-test for childhood cancer diagnosis. Lymphocyte sensitization to myelin basic protein (encephalitogenic factor, EF) was determined in 193 children by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of indicator particles which had been incubated with the supernatant of the lymphocyte-antigen (EF) mixture. A significant decrease in electrophoretic migration time was found in 77 of 85 children with malignant tumours localized in brain, abdomen and extremities, in 36 of 38 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all except one in hematological remission), and in all 17 patients with lymphoma, in contrast to only 1 of 10 healthy children and 14 of 48 patients with non-malignant disorders. 10 of these 14 \"false positive\" patients, however, had auto-immune diseases. Thus, with false negative and false positive rates of less than 10%, this test could be of diagnostic help in patients with suspected malignant or auto-immune disease. Two examples of preoperative application of the EM-test are demonstrated.", "PMID": 71993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4477", "title": "The course of multiple sclerosis cases with extremely high gamma-globulin values in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "40 selected cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) with extremely high gamma-globulin values in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (over 25 rel%, upper normal limit 7.5 rel%) were matched with the same number of MS patients with normal CSF findings. Surprisingly, no definite relationship could be shown between the amount of CSF gamma-globulins and the various clinical criteria in MS, such as age, type of progression, duration of illness, remission, extent of plaques and gravity of the disease.", "contents": "The course of multiple sclerosis cases with extremely high gamma-globulin values in the cerebrospinal fluid. 40 selected cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) with extremely high gamma-globulin values in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (over 25 rel%, upper normal limit 7.5 rel%) were matched with the same number of MS patients with normal CSF findings. Surprisingly, no definite relationship could be shown between the amount of CSF gamma-globulins and the various clinical criteria in MS, such as age, type of progression, duration of illness, remission, extent of plaques and gravity of the disease.", "PMID": 71994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4478", "title": "A clinical and urodynamic study of tadenan in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "20 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were admitted to a double-blind noncrossover study for evaluation of the effect of Tadenan. Using either standard clinical criteria or urodynamic data obtained by the urinary drop spectrometer, no significant effect was found for the dosage and period of administration used.", "contents": "A clinical and urodynamic study of tadenan in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. 20 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were admitted to a double-blind noncrossover study for evaluation of the effect of Tadenan. Using either standard clinical criteria or urodynamic data obtained by the urinary drop spectrometer, no significant effect was found for the dosage and period of administration used.", "PMID": 71995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4479", "title": "Early demonstration of experimental aludrin-induced myocardial damage by the stain according to Lie et al. (HBFP).", "content": "Catecholamine-induced alterations of the myocardium were studied in 48 rats following a single subcutaneous injection of 40 mg Aludrin/kg body weight after different intervals following the injection by means of the HBFP stain described by LIE et al. (1971). As early as 5 minutes following application of Aludrin extensive areas with ischemic fuchsinorrhagic cells could be demonstrated. Six hours post injection a decrease in the extent of the alterations could be observed. Five weeks following the injection only small feathery strands of scar tissue could be found in the experimental animals as sequela of the effect of Aludrin. The stain according to LIE et al. (1971) employed by us allows earliest demonstration of (catecholamine-induced) ischemic alterations in the myocardium.", "contents": "Early demonstration of experimental aludrin-induced myocardial damage by the stain according to Lie et al. (HBFP). Catecholamine-induced alterations of the myocardium were studied in 48 rats following a single subcutaneous injection of 40 mg Aludrin/kg body weight after different intervals following the injection by means of the HBFP stain described by LIE et al. (1971). As early as 5 minutes following application of Aludrin extensive areas with ischemic fuchsinorrhagic cells could be demonstrated. Six hours post injection a decrease in the extent of the alterations could be observed. Five weeks following the injection only small feathery strands of scar tissue could be found in the experimental animals as sequela of the effect of Aludrin. The stain according to LIE et al. (1971) employed by us allows earliest demonstration of (catecholamine-induced) ischemic alterations in the myocardium.", "PMID": 72002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4480", "title": "An improved HRP method for the study of central nervous connections.", "content": "The HRP tract-tracing method has been modified by the introduction of cryoprotective agents, thereby allowing the enzymatic reaction to take place at sub-zero temperatures. By using cold temperatures the enzymatic reaction can be better controlled, which in turn makes it possible to \"push\" the method to its maximum without obtaining excessive crystallization. The addition of antifreeze agents, however, changes the acid-base phenomena, which in turn have to be adjusted by the use of appropriate buffers. The overall result is a considerable increase in efficiency as compared with the commonly used HRP procedure.", "contents": "An improved HRP method for the study of central nervous connections. The HRP tract-tracing method has been modified by the introduction of cryoprotective agents, thereby allowing the enzymatic reaction to take place at sub-zero temperatures. By using cold temperatures the enzymatic reaction can be better controlled, which in turn makes it possible to \"push\" the method to its maximum without obtaining excessive crystallization. The addition of antifreeze agents, however, changes the acid-base phenomena, which in turn have to be adjusted by the use of appropriate buffers. The overall result is a considerable increase in efficiency as compared with the commonly used HRP procedure.", "PMID": 72001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4481", "title": "The influence of immunization on some functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) obtained from immunized guinea pigs possess an affinity to antigen. The guinea pigs were immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The ability of PMNL to bind antigen was tested by means of the functional disorders induced by antigen after incubation with PMNL. The \"immune\" PMNL appeared to be more responsive to antigen when compared to PMNL obtained from non-immunized animals. The antigen decreases oxygen consumption, the phagocytosis coefficient and 14C-glycine incorporation in the \"immune\" PMNLs in vitro and also induces leakage of some lysosomal hydrolases from PMNL in the course of an 18 hrs incubation period.", "contents": "The influence of immunization on some functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) obtained from immunized guinea pigs possess an affinity to antigen. The guinea pigs were immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The ability of PMNL to bind antigen was tested by means of the functional disorders induced by antigen after incubation with PMNL. The \"immune\" PMNL appeared to be more responsive to antigen when compared to PMNL obtained from non-immunized animals. The antigen decreases oxygen consumption, the phagocytosis coefficient and 14C-glycine incorporation in the \"immune\" PMNLs in vitro and also induces leakage of some lysosomal hydrolases from PMNL in the course of an 18 hrs incubation period.", "PMID": 72003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4482", "title": "[Immune mechanism of regulating the balance of chemical compounds of endogenous origin].", "content": "Specific autoantibodies of neutralizing character to histamine, serotonin, kallikrein, bradykuinine, acetylcholine, adrenalin, noradrenalin, insulin, and to the serotonin metabolite--5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, were found in donor serum (47.2%) and in intact rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice (24.4%). Anti0odies to histamine, serotonin, kallikrein were found in a number of samples of commercial gamma-globulin. They were relatively often observed during the morning and day-time hours, in summer and in winter, in luteal phase of menstrual cycle, early in pregnancy (6-8 weeks), after surgical treatment, burns, inflammation, administration of foreign albumin, in the course of immunization by different antigens. The results of fractional analysis of serum showed that antibodies belonged to immunoglobulins with the constant of sedimantation 7S and 19S. The data obtained suggest the existence of an immune mechanism for the content regulation of different substances of endogenous origination in any organism.", "contents": "[Immune mechanism of regulating the balance of chemical compounds of endogenous origin]. Specific autoantibodies of neutralizing character to histamine, serotonin, kallikrein, bradykuinine, acetylcholine, adrenalin, noradrenalin, insulin, and to the serotonin metabolite--5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, were found in donor serum (47.2%) and in intact rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice (24.4%). Anti0odies to histamine, serotonin, kallikrein were found in a number of samples of commercial gamma-globulin. They were relatively often observed during the morning and day-time hours, in summer and in winter, in luteal phase of menstrual cycle, early in pregnancy (6-8 weeks), after surgical treatment, burns, inflammation, administration of foreign albumin, in the course of immunization by different antigens. The results of fractional analysis of serum showed that antibodies belonged to immunoglobulins with the constant of sedimantation 7S and 19S. The data obtained suggest the existence of an immune mechanism for the content regulation of different substances of endogenous origination in any organism.", "PMID": 72006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4483", "title": "[Adrenergic receptors in coronary arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "The relations between adrenergic nerve fibers and related receptors in the wall of the coronary arteries have been studied in man. On sections of these vessels morphological observations (H.E.) were carried out: histochemical staining of adrenergic mediators (Eranko reaction for norepinephrine, and Hillarp reaction for cathecolamines), and of beta-receptors by means of a beta-blocking fluorescent drug (pindolol-Visken LB 46). Our observations provide evidence of the presence of beta-receptors in the wall of the coronary arteries, but they are particularly concentrated in the periadventitial connective tissue, in the adventitia and in the intima-media transitional zone. Beta-adrenergic receptors are above all present in the most richly innervated part of the vascular wall, and are therefore in close rapport with adrenergic nerve fibers.", "contents": "[Adrenergic receptors in coronary arteries (author's transl)]. The relations between adrenergic nerve fibers and related receptors in the wall of the coronary arteries have been studied in man. On sections of these vessels morphological observations (H.E.) were carried out: histochemical staining of adrenergic mediators (Eranko reaction for norepinephrine, and Hillarp reaction for cathecolamines), and of beta-receptors by means of a beta-blocking fluorescent drug (pindolol-Visken LB 46). Our observations provide evidence of the presence of beta-receptors in the wall of the coronary arteries, but they are particularly concentrated in the periadventitial connective tissue, in the adventitia and in the intima-media transitional zone. Beta-adrenergic receptors are above all present in the most richly innervated part of the vascular wall, and are therefore in close rapport with adrenergic nerve fibers.", "PMID": 72014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4484", "title": "Production of alpha-fetoprotein by cultured rat ascites hepatoma cells determined in vivo as alpha-fetoprotein-negative.", "content": "Three ascites hepatoma cells of the rat, AH-41B, AH-34, and AH-64B, which had been determined in vivo as alpha-fetoprotein-negative, were cultivated in vitro in a medium containing adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), cyclic dibutyryl-AMP, or theophylline. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in culture media was measured by the 125 I-radioimmunoassay. Results demonstrated that the AH-41B cells produced alpha-fetoprotein in vitor, the concentration of which being elevated in the media with three substances, while the remaining AH-34 and AH-64B cells did not. A comment was made on the producibility of alpha-fetoprotein in the so-called alpha-fetoprotein-negative hepatoma cells.", "contents": "Production of alpha-fetoprotein by cultured rat ascites hepatoma cells determined in vivo as alpha-fetoprotein-negative. Three ascites hepatoma cells of the rat, AH-41B, AH-34, and AH-64B, which had been determined in vivo as alpha-fetoprotein-negative, were cultivated in vitro in a medium containing adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), cyclic dibutyryl-AMP, or theophylline. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in culture media was measured by the 125 I-radioimmunoassay. Results demonstrated that the AH-41B cells produced alpha-fetoprotein in vitor, the concentration of which being elevated in the media with three substances, while the remaining AH-34 and AH-64B cells did not. A comment was made on the producibility of alpha-fetoprotein in the so-called alpha-fetoprotein-negative hepatoma cells.", "PMID": 72015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4485", "title": "Alcoholic hyalin antigen (AHAg) and antibody (AHAb) in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Complement fixation (CF) and immune adherence (IA) hemagglutination tests demonstrate antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) to alcoholic hyalin (AH) in serum of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Immunoglobulins from postmortem liver of patients dying of alcoholic hepatitis show antibody activity against AH. Isolated purified AH was used to produce AHAb in rabbits. Rabbit antiserum was added to heat-inactivated human serum to detect AHAg; purified AH was added to serum and tissue elutes to detect AHAb. AHAg was present in serum of each of 15 patients with early phase alcoholic hepatitis in CF titers of 8 to 64 and IA titers of 16 to 2048. AHAg became negative within 3 to 5 weeks with abstinence from alcohol and was followed by transient appearance of AHAb. AHAb was present in 11 patients with advanced phases of alcoholic hepatitis in CF titers of 8 to 640 and IA titers of 16 to 4096. Four patients in this group exhibited concomitant AHAb and AHAg. Investigations of liver tissue elute reveal that patients with advanced alcoholic hepatitis or active alcoholic cirrhosis have AHAg-reactive immune complexes containing IgG and IgA immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Alcoholic hyalin antigen (AHAg) and antibody (AHAb) in alcoholic hepatitis. Complement fixation (CF) and immune adherence (IA) hemagglutination tests demonstrate antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) to alcoholic hyalin (AH) in serum of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Immunoglobulins from postmortem liver of patients dying of alcoholic hepatitis show antibody activity against AH. Isolated purified AH was used to produce AHAb in rabbits. Rabbit antiserum was added to heat-inactivated human serum to detect AHAg; purified AH was added to serum and tissue elutes to detect AHAb. AHAg was present in serum of each of 15 patients with early phase alcoholic hepatitis in CF titers of 8 to 64 and IA titers of 16 to 2048. AHAg became negative within 3 to 5 weeks with abstinence from alcohol and was followed by transient appearance of AHAb. AHAb was present in 11 patients with advanced phases of alcoholic hepatitis in CF titers of 8 to 640 and IA titers of 16 to 4096. Four patients in this group exhibited concomitant AHAb and AHAg. Investigations of liver tissue elute reveal that patients with advanced alcoholic hepatitis or active alcoholic cirrhosis have AHAg-reactive immune complexes containing IgG and IgA immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 72016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4486", "title": "Chemical nature of alcoholic hyalin.", "content": "Alcoholic hyalin was prepared from postmortem livers of patients with alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholic hyalin was purified by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The purified protein preparation contained about 12% reducing sugar, the remainder being protein. Gel filtration on Sephadex 4B column showed the presence of three peaks. Each peak material thus obtained contained acetylglucosamine, hexosamine, and deoxysugar (calculated as rhamnose). That these protein components followed by scanning the gels at 280 nm, and at 520 nm after staining the gels with periodic acid-Schiff base reagent for the presence of carbohydrate.", "contents": "Chemical nature of alcoholic hyalin. Alcoholic hyalin was prepared from postmortem livers of patients with alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholic hyalin was purified by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The purified protein preparation contained about 12% reducing sugar, the remainder being protein. Gel filtration on Sephadex 4B column showed the presence of three peaks. Each peak material thus obtained contained acetylglucosamine, hexosamine, and deoxysugar (calculated as rhamnose). That these protein components followed by scanning the gels at 280 nm, and at 520 nm after staining the gels with periodic acid-Schiff base reagent for the presence of carbohydrate.", "PMID": 72017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4487", "title": "[Identification of monkey chromosomes by differential staining with Romanovsky--Giemza stain. III. Cercopithecus aethiops].", "content": "The distribution of the G-bands in chromosomes of bone marrow cells of Cercopithecus aethiops was studied by means of differentail staining with the Romanovsky - Gimsa dye. All the homologous chromosome pairs were identified and morphometric parameters were detected. The comparison of C. aethiops karyotypes with those of Macacca mulatta has shown that they are different in numbers and in the character of banding pattern of the most chromosomes. Both species revealed 12 pairs of chromosomes similar in their morphology and parameters.", "contents": "[Identification of monkey chromosomes by differential staining with Romanovsky--Giemza stain. III. Cercopithecus aethiops]. The distribution of the G-bands in chromosomes of bone marrow cells of Cercopithecus aethiops was studied by means of differentail staining with the Romanovsky - Gimsa dye. All the homologous chromosome pairs were identified and morphometric parameters were detected. The comparison of C. aethiops karyotypes with those of Macacca mulatta has shown that they are different in numbers and in the character of banding pattern of the most chromosomes. Both species revealed 12 pairs of chromosomes similar in their morphology and parameters.", "PMID": 72018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4488", "title": "Time-conditioned coordination of dehydrogenase activity in blood cells in infantile acute leukemia.", "content": "The correlation of enzymatic activities studied at different periods of time (lasting from several hours to several days) has been revealed in 39 children at different stages of acute leukemia and in 8 children suffering from other hematological diseases (Hodgkin's disease, Morbus Werlhof, reactive reticulosis). The correlation of activity of enzymes constituting different systems and arranged in different parts of cell organelles enables us to explain this phenomenon by a regulation on a higher level, viz. cytophysiological processes as a whole. The coordination of enzymes possible depends on the synchronism of enzymatic activity caused by the physiological process developing in the cell.", "contents": "Time-conditioned coordination of dehydrogenase activity in blood cells in infantile acute leukemia. The correlation of enzymatic activities studied at different periods of time (lasting from several hours to several days) has been revealed in 39 children at different stages of acute leukemia and in 8 children suffering from other hematological diseases (Hodgkin's disease, Morbus Werlhof, reactive reticulosis). The correlation of activity of enzymes constituting different systems and arranged in different parts of cell organelles enables us to explain this phenomenon by a regulation on a higher level, viz. cytophysiological processes as a whole. The coordination of enzymes possible depends on the synchronism of enzymatic activity caused by the physiological process developing in the cell.", "PMID": 72021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4489", "title": "[The effect of extracorporeal blood radiotherapy on the peripheral blood T and B-lymphocytes in chronic lymphadenitis].", "content": "B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes were determined before and after therapy in 12 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) treated with extracorporal blood radiation (ECIB). There was a significant decrease of B-lymphocytes (p less than 0.001) from 85.3 +/- 6.55% to 71.55 +/- 10.60% by ECIB, whereas no significant changes could be found in T-lymphocytes. 12 untreated CLL patients, whose B-lymphocytes amounted 83.25 +/- 6.79% with 7.5 +/- 3.42% of T-lymphocytes, were examined as group of comparison. From these findings ECIB is concluded to cause a decrease of accumulated B-cells.", "contents": "[The effect of extracorporeal blood radiotherapy on the peripheral blood T and B-lymphocytes in chronic lymphadenitis]. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes were determined before and after therapy in 12 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) treated with extracorporal blood radiation (ECIB). There was a significant decrease of B-lymphocytes (p less than 0.001) from 85.3 +/- 6.55% to 71.55 +/- 10.60% by ECIB, whereas no significant changes could be found in T-lymphocytes. 12 untreated CLL patients, whose B-lymphocytes amounted 83.25 +/- 6.79% with 7.5 +/- 3.42% of T-lymphocytes, were examined as group of comparison. From these findings ECIB is concluded to cause a decrease of accumulated B-cells.", "PMID": 72022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4490", "title": "[Morphological, cytochemical autoradiographic and quantitative studies of the cells in lymphocyte cultures with added tuberculin].", "content": "Lymphocyte culture experiments with purified tuberculin showed a transformation of small lymphocytes into medium sized, large and very large basophilic cells. During cell growth RNA synthesis and acid phosphatase activity increased. Some of the very large basophilic cells synthesized DNA. During the first and second day of culture experiment also medium sized and large weakly basophilic cells increased, which have a pale plasma and azurophilic granules. These cells did not synthesize DNA and showed only a low incorporation of 3H-uridine. The results of our experiments indicate a transformation of medium sized and large basophilic cells not synthesizing DNA into weakly basophilic (pale) cells showing azurophilic granules. In contrast to the lymphocyte culture experiments with tuberculin lymphocyte cultures without tuberculin showed no significant increase of medium sized, large and very large basophilic cells and of weakly basophilic cells.", "contents": "[Morphological, cytochemical autoradiographic and quantitative studies of the cells in lymphocyte cultures with added tuberculin]. Lymphocyte culture experiments with purified tuberculin showed a transformation of small lymphocytes into medium sized, large and very large basophilic cells. During cell growth RNA synthesis and acid phosphatase activity increased. Some of the very large basophilic cells synthesized DNA. During the first and second day of culture experiment also medium sized and large weakly basophilic cells increased, which have a pale plasma and azurophilic granules. These cells did not synthesize DNA and showed only a low incorporation of 3H-uridine. The results of our experiments indicate a transformation of medium sized and large basophilic cells not synthesizing DNA into weakly basophilic (pale) cells showing azurophilic granules. In contrast to the lymphocyte culture experiments with tuberculin lymphocyte cultures without tuberculin showed no significant increase of medium sized, large and very large basophilic cells and of weakly basophilic cells.", "PMID": 72023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4491", "title": "[A case of IgD plasmacytoma with unusual neurological symptoms].", "content": "A disease in an IgD (lambda) plasmocytoma is described, where after therapy with Alkeran and prednisone a disappearance of all clinical and laboratory findings indicating an activity could be observed. However, there was a progressive development of a picture of encephalomyelitic and polyradicular neuritic syndrome in the female patient with all signs of a recidivous temporary intracranial hypertension which could not be cured. The aetiology of these processes could only be found by the autopsy which revealed an isolated massive infiltration of the meninges and the sheaths of the spinal cord nerves with atypical plasma cells. No signs of the tumour could be identified in other organs. Such localization of the disease, as it is described here, is the first observation of its king. Problems of clinical diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[A case of IgD plasmacytoma with unusual neurological symptoms]. A disease in an IgD (lambda) plasmocytoma is described, where after therapy with Alkeran and prednisone a disappearance of all clinical and laboratory findings indicating an activity could be observed. However, there was a progressive development of a picture of encephalomyelitic and polyradicular neuritic syndrome in the female patient with all signs of a recidivous temporary intracranial hypertension which could not be cured. The aetiology of these processes could only be found by the autopsy which revealed an isolated massive infiltration of the meninges and the sheaths of the spinal cord nerves with atypical plasma cells. No signs of the tumour could be identified in other organs. Such localization of the disease, as it is described here, is the first observation of its king. Problems of clinical diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 72024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4492", "title": "[Cytoplasmic vacuoles and kinetics of bone marrow cells in alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and anemia].", "content": "Bone marrow smears show vacuoles in the cytoplasm of haematopoietic cells due to alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and anemias different origin, for example in acute leukemias, in proportion to the decreased content of haemoglobin. The cell doubling rat in vivo is not obviously impaired by the vacuolisation of the cytoplasm exactly as is the case with proliferation in vitro, although the vacuolation increases in vitro. Phase contrast observation makes visible the vacuoles without membranes and content as they appear transitorily in pinocytosis, and not as secondary lysosomes. The common cause for the formation of the vacuoles without membranes in the cytoplasm in all these pathological states could be intracellular hypoxia and acidosis.", "contents": "[Cytoplasmic vacuoles and kinetics of bone marrow cells in alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and anemia]. Bone marrow smears show vacuoles in the cytoplasm of haematopoietic cells due to alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and anemias different origin, for example in acute leukemias, in proportion to the decreased content of haemoglobin. The cell doubling rat in vivo is not obviously impaired by the vacuolisation of the cytoplasm exactly as is the case with proliferation in vitro, although the vacuolation increases in vitro. Phase contrast observation makes visible the vacuoles without membranes and content as they appear transitorily in pinocytosis, and not as secondary lysosomes. The common cause for the formation of the vacuoles without membranes in the cytoplasm in all these pathological states could be intracellular hypoxia and acidosis.", "PMID": 72025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4493", "title": "[The effect of storage and short term cultivation the proliferation of mouse bone marrow stem cells].", "content": "Suspension of stored and short-term cultured murine bone marrow cells was i. v. administered to lethally irradiated mice. We demonstrated that the cells still after 72 h of storing and 24 h of culture in liquid medium were capable of proliferation and on day 9 following transplantation could produce colony forming units in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice. We established the relative participation of individual types of cells in the recovery of haemopoiesis in the spleens.", "contents": "[The effect of storage and short term cultivation the proliferation of mouse bone marrow stem cells]. Suspension of stored and short-term cultured murine bone marrow cells was i. v. administered to lethally irradiated mice. We demonstrated that the cells still after 72 h of storing and 24 h of culture in liquid medium were capable of proliferation and on day 9 following transplantation could produce colony forming units in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice. We established the relative participation of individual types of cells in the recovery of haemopoiesis in the spleens.", "PMID": 72026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4494", "title": "Conductance of the cytoplasm of erythrocytes as a criterion for evaluating the quality of blood preservation.", "content": "It has been established that enzymic systems become exhausted during the preservation of blood, which causes disturbances in the transport of ions across the cell membrane. These changes occurring in the cell may be recorded by measuring the electrical conductance of cytoplasm. The conductance has been determined for three selected preserving liquids in relation to the blood storage time. Results of this study showed that the dynamics of changes in the electrical conductance of the cytoplasm is characteristic for a given type of the preserving liquid. Hence, the determination of changes in the electrical conductance of the cytoplasm may provide a new important criterion for evaluating various methods of blood preservation.", "contents": "Conductance of the cytoplasm of erythrocytes as a criterion for evaluating the quality of blood preservation. It has been established that enzymic systems become exhausted during the preservation of blood, which causes disturbances in the transport of ions across the cell membrane. These changes occurring in the cell may be recorded by measuring the electrical conductance of cytoplasm. The conductance has been determined for three selected preserving liquids in relation to the blood storage time. Results of this study showed that the dynamics of changes in the electrical conductance of the cytoplasm is characteristic for a given type of the preserving liquid. Hence, the determination of changes in the electrical conductance of the cytoplasm may provide a new important criterion for evaluating various methods of blood preservation.", "PMID": 72027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4495", "title": "[The effect of the AcD-AG stabilizer on the survival time and surface properties of fluid preserved platelet concentrates compared to concentrates from fresh blood].", "content": "In the present investigations the storage effect the AcD-AG stabilizer on thrombocytes is examined. The thrombocytokinetic parameters of 9 fresh blood concentrates and 15 concentrates of AcD-AG plasma containing platelets were determined. Storage time amounted to three days. The results show that storage with AcD-AG is only possible to a limited degree. On an average the survival time of the platelets was reduced to 2.7 +/- 1.1 days compared with 9.0 +/- 1.0 days of fresh blood concentrates. The recovery of the stored platelets amounted to 25.3 +/- 16.1%, that of the fresh blood concentrates to 63.3 +/- 23.6%. The spleen-heart quotients and those of the liver-heart or the surplus impulses over the spleen and liver respectively indicate that there is a predominant destruction in the spleen for those thrombocytes stored for three days. The liver is scarcely involved in this sequestration process. With 36.1% platelet yield was very low in concentrates gained from AcD-AG plasma containing platelets and having been stored for 3 days. In cases of emergency a clinical application of concentrates prepared in this way should not be given up. If being used, the greater requirement has to be taken into account. If the substitution therapy is continued, however, fresh blood concentrates have to be used as soon as possible.", "contents": "[The effect of the AcD-AG stabilizer on the survival time and surface properties of fluid preserved platelet concentrates compared to concentrates from fresh blood]. In the present investigations the storage effect the AcD-AG stabilizer on thrombocytes is examined. The thrombocytokinetic parameters of 9 fresh blood concentrates and 15 concentrates of AcD-AG plasma containing platelets were determined. Storage time amounted to three days. The results show that storage with AcD-AG is only possible to a limited degree. On an average the survival time of the platelets was reduced to 2.7 +/- 1.1 days compared with 9.0 +/- 1.0 days of fresh blood concentrates. The recovery of the stored platelets amounted to 25.3 +/- 16.1%, that of the fresh blood concentrates to 63.3 +/- 23.6%. The spleen-heart quotients and those of the liver-heart or the surplus impulses over the spleen and liver respectively indicate that there is a predominant destruction in the spleen for those thrombocytes stored for three days. The liver is scarcely involved in this sequestration process. With 36.1% platelet yield was very low in concentrates gained from AcD-AG plasma containing platelets and having been stored for 3 days. In cases of emergency a clinical application of concentrates prepared in this way should not be given up. If being used, the greater requirement has to be taken into account. If the substitution therapy is continued, however, fresh blood concentrates have to be used as soon as possible.", "PMID": 72028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4496", "title": "[The diagnosis of vitamin B 12 deficiency].", "content": "In 5 normal persons, 1 patient with pernicious anemia, 5 patients with renal insufficiency in the state of compensation, and in one patient with chronic hemodialysis Schilling tests, activity of 57Co and vitamin B12 serum levels were measured. It was obvicous that activity of 57Co in serum 8 hours after oral application of 0.5 muCi 57Co-vitamin B12 showed reliable results to clear the problem of vitamin B12 malresorption. This method is easier than the Schilling test because the collection of 24-hour-urine is not necessary and an insufficiency of renal function does not influence the result.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of vitamin B 12 deficiency]. In 5 normal persons, 1 patient with pernicious anemia, 5 patients with renal insufficiency in the state of compensation, and in one patient with chronic hemodialysis Schilling tests, activity of 57Co and vitamin B12 serum levels were measured. It was obvicous that activity of 57Co in serum 8 hours after oral application of 0.5 muCi 57Co-vitamin B12 showed reliable results to clear the problem of vitamin B12 malresorption. This method is easier than the Schilling test because the collection of 24-hour-urine is not necessary and an insufficiency of renal function does not influence the result.", "PMID": 72029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4497", "title": "Lysis of red blood cells in some haemolytic anaemias--the lytic effect of agkistrodon piscivorus venom in vitro.", "content": "The lysis of red blood cells induced by the Agkistrodon piscivorus venom (APV) in vitro in the presence and/or in the absence of plasma was examined in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Virtually haemolysis did not differ from that of normals in AIHA, it was slightly increased in HS and significantly higher in PNH, however, only in the presence of autologous or normal homologous plasma. The mechanism of PNH blood cells lysis which is probably related to the activation of the third complement component is discussed.", "contents": "Lysis of red blood cells in some haemolytic anaemias--the lytic effect of agkistrodon piscivorus venom in vitro. The lysis of red blood cells induced by the Agkistrodon piscivorus venom (APV) in vitro in the presence and/or in the absence of plasma was examined in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Virtually haemolysis did not differ from that of normals in AIHA, it was slightly increased in HS and significantly higher in PNH, however, only in the presence of autologous or normal homologous plasma. The mechanism of PNH blood cells lysis which is probably related to the activation of the third complement component is discussed.", "PMID": 72030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4498", "title": "[Quantitative studies of the ABO blood group system. Quantitative changes in agglutinability of antigens A, B and H with regard to the patient's age].", "content": "The results of a comparative quantitative investigation about the agglutinability of erythrocyte antigens A, B, and H to be found in fetus (fifth to ninth lunar month), newborns, adults, and old age people are represented. In investigating with anti-H sera it could be found that A-antigens in fetus undergo the same development to be observed in newborns; it amounts to 75% of the agglutinability present in adults. After delivery the agglubinability will essentially increase up to the fifth month; it will only reach the average values of adults, however, after the seventh year of age and will remain unchanged then until the end of life. The agglutinability of B-erythrocytes with anti-B will also change in the same way. In fetus and newborns the agglutinability of A1 erythrocytes with anti-A1 sera is markedly weaker than that determined by anti-A sera. After delivery it will rapidly increase, will be stronger afterwards than the agglutinability with anti-A sera and will have the values to be found in adults after the third year of age. After the 85 year of age, however, there is a tendency of weakening the agglutinability with anti-A1 serum. With growing age the agglutinability of O-erythrocytes with anti-H serum is changed in the same way. Furthermore, it could be detected that the interaction between genes A1 and B to be found in adults will find its expression in a weakening of the agglutinability of A1B-erythrocytes with anti-A1 and anti-B sera, the agglutinability with anti-A serum remaining constant. This behaviour is valid for the whole life of man. In all stages of life an interaction between weak and strong genes can be observed in A2B-erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies of the ABO blood group system. Quantitative changes in agglutinability of antigens A, B and H with regard to the patient's age]. The results of a comparative quantitative investigation about the agglutinability of erythrocyte antigens A, B, and H to be found in fetus (fifth to ninth lunar month), newborns, adults, and old age people are represented. In investigating with anti-H sera it could be found that A-antigens in fetus undergo the same development to be observed in newborns; it amounts to 75% of the agglutinability present in adults. After delivery the agglubinability will essentially increase up to the fifth month; it will only reach the average values of adults, however, after the seventh year of age and will remain unchanged then until the end of life. The agglutinability of B-erythrocytes with anti-B will also change in the same way. In fetus and newborns the agglutinability of A1 erythrocytes with anti-A1 sera is markedly weaker than that determined by anti-A sera. After delivery it will rapidly increase, will be stronger afterwards than the agglutinability with anti-A sera and will have the values to be found in adults after the third year of age. After the 85 year of age, however, there is a tendency of weakening the agglutinability with anti-A1 serum. With growing age the agglutinability of O-erythrocytes with anti-H serum is changed in the same way. Furthermore, it could be detected that the interaction between genes A1 and B to be found in adults will find its expression in a weakening of the agglutinability of A1B-erythrocytes with anti-A1 and anti-B sera, the agglutinability with anti-A serum remaining constant. This behaviour is valid for the whole life of man. In all stages of life an interaction between weak and strong genes can be observed in A2B-erythrocytes.", "PMID": 72031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4499", "title": "[Studies on families with Osler's disease].", "content": "The authors examined 143 members of a family, where they found 37 (= 25.87%) of Osler patients. It was only in 30% of these patients that the symptoms occurred before the tenth year of age. As in one patient the symptoms did not appear until the age of 58 years, the possibility cannot be excluded that symptoms of the disease will become manifest even in other, sill younger members of the family in the course of time. Epistaxis was observed in 93% of the cases, nephrorrhagia in no case, hepatopathy and gastrorhagy were found only once in each case. The X-ray examination revealed arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysm in 5 cases. As a rule, oestrogen treatment led to good results. A case of death occurred during an influenza epidemic in a severe anaemic patient. Clinical main symptoms of Osler's disease were epistaxis and arteriovenous fistulae which could be roentgenologically identified in the lung. Teleangiectasia could be detected during the autopsy besides vessel anomalies on the surface even in the bronchi, oesophagus, trachea, stomach, kidneys, small intestine and particularly in the large intestines. Conditions of iron deficiency may very often occur in osler Patients; they require a substituting treatment.", "contents": "[Studies on families with Osler's disease]. The authors examined 143 members of a family, where they found 37 (= 25.87%) of Osler patients. It was only in 30% of these patients that the symptoms occurred before the tenth year of age. As in one patient the symptoms did not appear until the age of 58 years, the possibility cannot be excluded that symptoms of the disease will become manifest even in other, sill younger members of the family in the course of time. Epistaxis was observed in 93% of the cases, nephrorrhagia in no case, hepatopathy and gastrorhagy were found only once in each case. The X-ray examination revealed arteriovenous pulmonary aneurysm in 5 cases. As a rule, oestrogen treatment led to good results. A case of death occurred during an influenza epidemic in a severe anaemic patient. Clinical main symptoms of Osler's disease were epistaxis and arteriovenous fistulae which could be roentgenologically identified in the lung. Teleangiectasia could be detected during the autopsy besides vessel anomalies on the surface even in the bronchi, oesophagus, trachea, stomach, kidneys, small intestine and particularly in the large intestines. Conditions of iron deficiency may very often occur in osler Patients; they require a substituting treatment.", "PMID": 72032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4500", "title": "Thrombotest mixing experiments in congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex and in coumarin treated patients. An additional evidence against the presence of an inhibitor in the latter.", "content": "Thrombotest clotting times of mixtures of coumarin plasmas and normal plasma yielded a patterm similar to that observed in mixtures of plasma with congenital coagulation disorders and normal plasma. The presence of 10 or 20% of test plasma in the mixture failed to affect the clotting times which resulted in normal limits. The only exception to this rule was the hemophilia BM plasma. In this case even the presence of 10-20% of patient plasma in the mixture caused a prolongation of the clotting time. This indicates that no inhibitor is present in coumarin plasmas and in the plasma of congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex save for hemophilia BM plasma which does contain an inhibitor.", "contents": "Thrombotest mixing experiments in congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex and in coumarin treated patients. An additional evidence against the presence of an inhibitor in the latter. Thrombotest clotting times of mixtures of coumarin plasmas and normal plasma yielded a patterm similar to that observed in mixtures of plasma with congenital coagulation disorders and normal plasma. The presence of 10 or 20% of test plasma in the mixture failed to affect the clotting times which resulted in normal limits. The only exception to this rule was the hemophilia BM plasma. In this case even the presence of 10-20% of patient plasma in the mixture caused a prolongation of the clotting time. This indicates that no inhibitor is present in coumarin plasmas and in the plasma of congenital coagulation disorders of the prothrombin complex save for hemophilia BM plasma which does contain an inhibitor.", "PMID": 72033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4501", "title": "[Structural proteins of C-type RNA tumor viruses. Properties and significance for tumor immunity].", "content": "Five main structural polypeptides of Friend murine leukemia virus, a typical C-type RNA tumor virus, have been isolated. Their localization within the particle was attempted. They range from 10,000-71,000 in molecular weight and display three kinds of immunological determinants. The major envelope glycoprotein binds to cellular receptors and elicits the formation of antibodies which neutralize the virus and kill virus producing tumor cells in vitro. Natural as well as artificial immunity to this component protects mice against virus induced leukemia.", "contents": "[Structural proteins of C-type RNA tumor viruses. Properties and significance for tumor immunity]. Five main structural polypeptides of Friend murine leukemia virus, a typical C-type RNA tumor virus, have been isolated. Their localization within the particle was attempted. They range from 10,000-71,000 in molecular weight and display three kinds of immunological determinants. The major envelope glycoprotein binds to cellular receptors and elicits the formation of antibodies which neutralize the virus and kill virus producing tumor cells in vitro. Natural as well as artificial immunity to this component protects mice against virus induced leukemia.", "PMID": 72034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4502", "title": "[The anaphylactoid reaction after colloid infusion].", "content": "All colloidal volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. The general incidence of 0.03% is low; however severe complications can occur. There are differnet pathomechanisms involved in the induction of anaphylactoid reactions after infusion of different colloids. Protein aggregates are of pathogenic importance in human serum albumin incompatibility. The addition of stabilizers to the plasma protein solutions can alter the immunogenicity of the protein molecule. Antibodies of the classes IgG and IgM seem to play a role in severe dextran incompatibility. There was a direct correlation of the intensity of the clinical symptoms with the anti-dextran-antibody titer.", "contents": "[The anaphylactoid reaction after colloid infusion]. All colloidal volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. The general incidence of 0.03% is low; however severe complications can occur. There are differnet pathomechanisms involved in the induction of anaphylactoid reactions after infusion of different colloids. Protein aggregates are of pathogenic importance in human serum albumin incompatibility. The addition of stabilizers to the plasma protein solutions can alter the immunogenicity of the protein molecule. Antibodies of the classes IgG and IgM seem to play a role in severe dextran incompatibility. There was a direct correlation of the intensity of the clinical symptoms with the anti-dextran-antibody titer.", "PMID": 72035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4503", "title": "Lymphoid cells as effectors of immunologic cytolysis.", "content": "Two classes of cytotoxic lymphocytes are described. One is composed of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which have antigen specificity derived from prior immunization. The lymphocytes of the other class--the K cells--derive their limited specificity from affinity for antibodies on the surface of the target cells. Together these two lymphocyte classes provide a broad-spectrum defense against unwanted foreign and mutant cells.", "contents": "Lymphoid cells as effectors of immunologic cytolysis. Two classes of cytotoxic lymphocytes are described. One is composed of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which have antigen specificity derived from prior immunization. The lymphocytes of the other class--the K cells--derive their limited specificity from affinity for antibodies on the surface of the target cells. Together these two lymphocyte classes provide a broad-spectrum defense against unwanted foreign and mutant cells.", "PMID": 72037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4504", "title": "The vitamin D binding of the common and rare variants of the group-specific component (Gc). An autoradiographic study.", "content": "The vitamin D3 binding properties of the common and rare Gc variants were examined. Vitamin D3 labeled with 14C was added to serum. Gc phenotypes were demonstrated autoradiographically following separation by immunofixation electrophoresis on agarose. This qualitative analysis did not reveal differences in vitamin D3 binding by the group-specific components of the common types Gc 1-1, Gc 2-1, and Gc 2-2. The double-band variants Gc Darmstadt, Gc Y/Ab, Gc Toulouse, Gc Norway, and Gc Caucasian were examined; the phenotypes Gc Ab-Ab, Gc Ab-1, Gc Ab-1, Gc Ab-2, Gc T-1, Gc T-2, Gc Norw-2, and Gc 1-Cau showed normal D3 binding. The double bands of Gc Darmstadt in the phenotype D-2 appeared somewhat weak. The single-band mutants Gc Wien, Gc Chippewa, Gc Opava, and Gc Z were analyzed; the phenotypes Gc W-1, Gc W-2, Gc Chip-1, Gc Chip-2, Gc 1-Op, Gc Op-2, Gc 1-Z, and Gc 2-Z showed normal D3 binding. A mutant in the Gc system with clearly defective vitamin D3 binding properties remains to be delineated.", "contents": "The vitamin D binding of the common and rare variants of the group-specific component (Gc). An autoradiographic study. The vitamin D3 binding properties of the common and rare Gc variants were examined. Vitamin D3 labeled with 14C was added to serum. Gc phenotypes were demonstrated autoradiographically following separation by immunofixation electrophoresis on agarose. This qualitative analysis did not reveal differences in vitamin D3 binding by the group-specific components of the common types Gc 1-1, Gc 2-1, and Gc 2-2. The double-band variants Gc Darmstadt, Gc Y/Ab, Gc Toulouse, Gc Norway, and Gc Caucasian were examined; the phenotypes Gc Ab-Ab, Gc Ab-1, Gc Ab-1, Gc Ab-2, Gc T-1, Gc T-2, Gc Norw-2, and Gc 1-Cau showed normal D3 binding. The double bands of Gc Darmstadt in the phenotype D-2 appeared somewhat weak. The single-band mutants Gc Wien, Gc Chippewa, Gc Opava, and Gc Z were analyzed; the phenotypes Gc W-1, Gc W-2, Gc Chip-1, Gc Chip-2, Gc 1-Op, Gc Op-2, Gc 1-Z, and Gc 2-Z showed normal D3 binding. A mutant in the Gc system with clearly defective vitamin D3 binding properties remains to be delineated.", "PMID": 72038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4505", "title": "Detection of Epstein-Barr virus antigens with enzyme-conjugated antibody.", "content": "Monospecific conjugated (fluorescein isothiocynate and horseradish peroxidase) goat antisera, prepared against three human immunoglobulin classes, IM (mu), IgG (gamma) and IgA (alpha), were compared for their ability to detect human Ig classes possessing specificity for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigens (VCA) in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line, P3J-HRIK. It was determined that the enzyme system was significantly more sensitive than immunofluorescence in detecting most of the immunoglobulins in sera from cancer patients. Some patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) had extremely high levels of EBV-specific IgA, whereas cancers other than NPC may have lower EBV-specific IgA titers.", "contents": "Detection of Epstein-Barr virus antigens with enzyme-conjugated antibody. Monospecific conjugated (fluorescein isothiocynate and horseradish peroxidase) goat antisera, prepared against three human immunoglobulin classes, IM (mu), IgG (gamma) and IgA (alpha), were compared for their ability to detect human Ig classes possessing specificity for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigens (VCA) in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line, P3J-HRIK. It was determined that the enzyme system was significantly more sensitive than immunofluorescence in detecting most of the immunoglobulins in sera from cancer patients. Some patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) had extremely high levels of EBV-specific IgA, whereas cancers other than NPC may have lower EBV-specific IgA titers.", "PMID": 72045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4506", "title": "Interspecies-, species- and type-specific T antigenic determinants of human papovaviruses (JC and BK) and of Simian virus 40.", "content": "Immunofluorescence tests, absorption studies and quantitative analysis by a very sensitive 51Cr microcomplement fixation (CF) technique were used to define the degree of relatedness between the tumor (T) antigens induced by human papovaviruses, strain JC and BK, with simian virus 40(SV40) and mouse polyoma virus (PyV). Antisera against JCV, BKV, SV40 and PyV T were raised in tumor-bearing hamsters. The data obtained indicate that T antigens of JCV, BKV and SV40 possess various subspecificities which can be distinguished and looked upon as interspecies-, species- and type-specific antigenic determinants. It was found that JCV T and BKV T synthesized in transformed hamster cells share about the same amount (20%) of interspecies cross-reacting antigen with SV40 T from H-50 cell extracts (transformed hamster cells). Although hamster cells transformed by PyV showed definite PyV T reactivity, no cross-reactivity, at least with the sera used, was found with human papovavirus and SV40 T antigens. Furthermore, degree of heterogeneity was observed within the T antigen complex derived from different SV40-transformed cells.", "contents": "Interspecies-, species- and type-specific T antigenic determinants of human papovaviruses (JC and BK) and of Simian virus 40. Immunofluorescence tests, absorption studies and quantitative analysis by a very sensitive 51Cr microcomplement fixation (CF) technique were used to define the degree of relatedness between the tumor (T) antigens induced by human papovaviruses, strain JC and BK, with simian virus 40(SV40) and mouse polyoma virus (PyV). Antisera against JCV, BKV, SV40 and PyV T were raised in tumor-bearing hamsters. The data obtained indicate that T antigens of JCV, BKV and SV40 possess various subspecificities which can be distinguished and looked upon as interspecies-, species- and type-specific antigenic determinants. It was found that JCV T and BKV T synthesized in transformed hamster cells share about the same amount (20%) of interspecies cross-reacting antigen with SV40 T from H-50 cell extracts (transformed hamster cells). Although hamster cells transformed by PyV showed definite PyV T reactivity, no cross-reactivity, at least with the sera used, was found with human papovavirus and SV40 T antigens. Furthermore, degree of heterogeneity was observed within the T antigen complex derived from different SV40-transformed cells.", "PMID": 72046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4507", "title": "Inhibiting effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the chemotaxis of human leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "Chemotaxis of human leukocytes was inhibited in vitro by four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely, lysine acetylsalicylate, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, and indoprofen. Dose-dependent effects were always found and significant regression was proved for all drugs except phenylbutazone.", "contents": "Inhibiting effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the chemotaxis of human leukocytes in vitro. Chemotaxis of human leukocytes was inhibited in vitro by four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely, lysine acetylsalicylate, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, and indoprofen. Dose-dependent effects were always found and significant regression was proved for all drugs except phenylbutazone.", "PMID": 72047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4508", "title": "Hydroxyethyl starch-induced macroamylasemia.", "content": "Summarizing, the following results were obtained: 1. After infusion of 500 ml hydroxyethyl starch 6% in all patients an increase of serum amylase occurred, which in most cases reached values twice as high as the basal value. 2. This hyperamylasemia is caused by the formation of a high molecular HES-amylase complex, which cannot be easily eliminated. 3. In no case was hyperamylasemia associated with other clinical signs or symptoms.", "contents": "Hydroxyethyl starch-induced macroamylasemia. Summarizing, the following results were obtained: 1. After infusion of 500 ml hydroxyethyl starch 6% in all patients an increase of serum amylase occurred, which in most cases reached values twice as high as the basal value. 2. This hyperamylasemia is caused by the formation of a high molecular HES-amylase complex, which cannot be easily eliminated. 3. In no case was hyperamylasemia associated with other clinical signs or symptoms.", "PMID": 72048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4509", "title": "Epidermal antigens.", "content": "Autoantibodies in man may develop to antigens present in all of the major anatomical areas of the epidermis, namely the nuclei and cytoplasm of keratinocytes, the dermal-epidermal junction, the intercellular substance, and the stratum corneum. The antigens in all of these areas are polymorphic. Some are unique to man and to skin, others are present in other mammals and in other tissues. The biochemical nature of these antigens is mostly unknown. Several appear to be products of epidermal cell differentiation. Humoral immune reactions to some intercellular antigens is associated with pemphigus, to some basement zone antigens with bullous pemphigoid, and to some, cytoplasmic antigens with malignancies. The clinical significance of antibodies to the other epidermal antigens is still to be determined.", "contents": "Epidermal antigens. Autoantibodies in man may develop to antigens present in all of the major anatomical areas of the epidermis, namely the nuclei and cytoplasm of keratinocytes, the dermal-epidermal junction, the intercellular substance, and the stratum corneum. The antigens in all of these areas are polymorphic. Some are unique to man and to skin, others are present in other mammals and in other tissues. The biochemical nature of these antigens is mostly unknown. Several appear to be products of epidermal cell differentiation. Humoral immune reactions to some intercellular antigens is associated with pemphigus, to some basement zone antigens with bullous pemphigoid, and to some, cytoplasmic antigens with malignancies. The clinical significance of antibodies to the other epidermal antigens is still to be determined.", "PMID": 72049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4510", "title": "Cheyletiella dermatitis.", "content": "A mild dermatitis probably due to Cheyletiella yasguri was observed in 2 persons whose pet dog was infested with this parasite. Cheyletiella mites differ morphologically from sarcoptic mites, which cause canine and human scabies. Treatment of man and dog with 1% gamma benzene hexachloride is usually successful in clearing this condition.", "contents": "Cheyletiella dermatitis. A mild dermatitis probably due to Cheyletiella yasguri was observed in 2 persons whose pet dog was infested with this parasite. Cheyletiella mites differ morphologically from sarcoptic mites, which cause canine and human scabies. Treatment of man and dog with 1% gamma benzene hexachloride is usually successful in clearing this condition.", "PMID": 72050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4511", "title": "Comparison of methods for rapid immunofluroescent staining of group A streptococci and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining reactions for group A streptococci and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were equivalent to those of standard \"slow\" methods when slides were heated on a serological water bath at 50 C for periods one to four minutes. No false negative reactions occurred when this method was used. False negative reactions occasionally occurred when previously described rapid methods which employed a slide warmer were used.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for rapid immunofluroescent staining of group A streptococci and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Immunofluorescent staining reactions for group A streptococci and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were equivalent to those of standard \"slow\" methods when slides were heated on a serological water bath at 50 C for periods one to four minutes. No false negative reactions occurred when this method was used. False negative reactions occasionally occurred when previously described rapid methods which employed a slide warmer were used.", "PMID": 72052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4512", "title": "Bacterial gram staining by conventional and strip methods.", "content": "Conventional gram staining was compared with a method which uses dye impregnated paper strips for staining. The paper strip technique was judged accurate and reproducible and is recommended for use in the small laboratory and hospital ward.", "contents": "Bacterial gram staining by conventional and strip methods. Conventional gram staining was compared with a method which uses dye impregnated paper strips for staining. The paper strip technique was judged accurate and reproducible and is recommended for use in the small laboratory and hospital ward.", "PMID": 72053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4513", "title": "N-banding and nucleolus organisers in Asellus aquaticus (Crust. Isop.).", "content": "The N-banding technique was used to stain the nucleolus organiser of the karyotype of Asellus aquaticus (crust. Isop.). Observations were made on the morphological expression of nucleolus organisers as secondary constrictions and the presence of nucleoli in mitotic prophase. An attempt was made to correlate the various results and it seems likely that N-banding is not a reflection of NO activity.", "contents": "N-banding and nucleolus organisers in Asellus aquaticus (Crust. Isop.). The N-banding technique was used to stain the nucleolus organiser of the karyotype of Asellus aquaticus (crust. Isop.). Observations were made on the morphological expression of nucleolus organisers as secondary constrictions and the presence of nucleoli in mitotic prophase. An attempt was made to correlate the various results and it seems likely that N-banding is not a reflection of NO activity.", "PMID": 72056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4514", "title": "Ultrastructural demonstration of cell coat on the cell surfaces of normal human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "The cell coat in human oesophageal biopsies was studied with Alcian Blue, Ruthenium Red, Safranin O, colloidal iron and the ferrocyanide--osmium tetroxide techniques. Alcianophilic material was found on the cell surface of the basal, prickle cell and functional layers, being most abundant on the superficial cells where it appeared as a continuous coat. In the deeper layers, it tended  to have a particulate distribution. Some membrane-coating granules were alcianophilic. Ruthenium Red had a particulate distribution over all cell surfaces. Intercellular debris was also stained. Safranin O produced no staining. Colloidal iron stained the cell coat in a particulate manner. The ferrocyanide--osmium technique showed a uniform filamentous cell coat. The oesophageal epithelial cell coats are, in part, acid mucosubstances which, on the surface cells, may have a protective function.", "contents": "Ultrastructural demonstration of cell coat on the cell surfaces of normal human oesophageal epithelium. The cell coat in human oesophageal biopsies was studied with Alcian Blue, Ruthenium Red, Safranin O, colloidal iron and the ferrocyanide--osmium tetroxide techniques. Alcianophilic material was found on the cell surface of the basal, prickle cell and functional layers, being most abundant on the superficial cells where it appeared as a continuous coat. In the deeper layers, it tended  to have a particulate distribution. Some membrane-coating granules were alcianophilic. Ruthenium Red had a particulate distribution over all cell surfaces. Intercellular debris was also stained. Safranin O produced no staining. Colloidal iron stained the cell coat in a particulate manner. The ferrocyanide--osmium technique showed a uniform filamentous cell coat. The oesophageal epithelial cell coats are, in part, acid mucosubstances which, on the surface cells, may have a protective function.", "PMID": 72058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4515", "title": "Some aspects of the value of Sudan Black B in lipid histochemistry.", "content": "The lipid dye Sudan Black B, as generally used to demonstrate lipids in the interior of the cell nucleus, was studied with regard to its staining properties for isolated nuclei in relation with its chromatographic characteristics in solution, as well as with a model system consisting of lipid containing polyacrylamide films. Isolated nuclei are stained with Sudan Black B dissolved in ethylalcohol, only when the dye-solution is at least one month old. Extraction with chloroform-methanol (2:1) before staining resulted in a decrease of 35% in intensity. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes and DNA-se caused a complete disappearance of the staining capacity. The binding of Sudan Black B with phospholipids enclosed in the form of liposomes in modelfilms when stained with this dye in ethylene glycol obeys the law of Lamber-Beer, Proteins were however, also coloured by the dye. The chromatographic experiments showed that the dye is built up from two main and a number of secondary products. The secondary products which increase by aging of the dye-solution, change the spectrophotometric properties of the total dye and show a specific binding. The conclusion was reached that on the basis of a positive reaction with Sudan Black B no definite conclusions can be drawn about the presence of lipids in the interior of the cell nucleus.", "contents": "Some aspects of the value of Sudan Black B in lipid histochemistry. The lipid dye Sudan Black B, as generally used to demonstrate lipids in the interior of the cell nucleus, was studied with regard to its staining properties for isolated nuclei in relation with its chromatographic characteristics in solution, as well as with a model system consisting of lipid containing polyacrylamide films. Isolated nuclei are stained with Sudan Black B dissolved in ethylalcohol, only when the dye-solution is at least one month old. Extraction with chloroform-methanol (2:1) before staining resulted in a decrease of 35% in intensity. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes and DNA-se caused a complete disappearance of the staining capacity. The binding of Sudan Black B with phospholipids enclosed in the form of liposomes in modelfilms when stained with this dye in ethylene glycol obeys the law of Lamber-Beer, Proteins were however, also coloured by the dye. The chromatographic experiments showed that the dye is built up from two main and a number of secondary products. The secondary products which increase by aging of the dye-solution, change the spectrophotometric properties of the total dye and show a specific binding. The conclusion was reached that on the basis of a positive reaction with Sudan Black B no definite conclusions can be drawn about the presence of lipids in the interior of the cell nucleus.", "PMID": 72059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4516", "title": "Mucosubstances in the normal human oesophageal epithelium. A comparison of periodic acid-silver and phophotungstic acid techniques.", "content": "Normal human oesophageal epithelium was investigated with the periodic-acid-silver methenamine technique and its variations to demonstrate neutral mucosubstances at the ultrastruct level. The results were compared with the acid phosphotungstic acid method. Neutral mucosubstances were shown in the cell coat and membrane coating granules by both techniques. The silver methods also demonstrated glycogen, the Golgi apparatus and dense bodies. The periodic acid-silver methenamine technique outlined positive material in the intercellular space of the prickle cell layer, but the other silver methods did not.", "contents": "Mucosubstances in the normal human oesophageal epithelium. A comparison of periodic acid-silver and phophotungstic acid techniques. Normal human oesophageal epithelium was investigated with the periodic-acid-silver methenamine technique and its variations to demonstrate neutral mucosubstances at the ultrastruct level. The results were compared with the acid phosphotungstic acid method. Neutral mucosubstances were shown in the cell coat and membrane coating granules by both techniques. The silver methods also demonstrated glycogen, the Golgi apparatus and dense bodies. The periodic acid-silver methenamine technique outlined positive material in the intercellular space of the prickle cell layer, but the other silver methods did not.", "PMID": 72060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4517", "title": "Immunological study of the regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "Regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes was analyzed by immunological techniques. Antibody directed against the purified arylsulfatase from K. aerogenes W70 was obtained from rabbits and characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, double-diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and enzyme neutralization tests. Arylsulfatase was located in the periplasmic space when the wild-type strain was cultured with methionine or with inorganic sulfate plus tyramine, but not with inorganic sulfate without tyramine, as the sole sulfur source. Tyramine oxidase was retained in the membrane fraction prepared from cells grown in the presence of tyramine. Arylsulfatase protein was not synthesized in the presence of tyramine and inorganic sulfate by mutant K611, which is deficient in tyramine oxidase (tynA). We conclude that the expression of the arylsulfatase gene (atsA) is regulated by the expression of tynA and that inorganic sulfate serves as a corepressor. In addition, strains mutated in the atsA gene were analyzed by using antibody.", "contents": "Immunological study of the regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. Regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes was analyzed by immunological techniques. Antibody directed against the purified arylsulfatase from K. aerogenes W70 was obtained from rabbits and characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, double-diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and enzyme neutralization tests. Arylsulfatase was located in the periplasmic space when the wild-type strain was cultured with methionine or with inorganic sulfate plus tyramine, but not with inorganic sulfate without tyramine, as the sole sulfur source. Tyramine oxidase was retained in the membrane fraction prepared from cells grown in the presence of tyramine. Arylsulfatase protein was not synthesized in the presence of tyramine and inorganic sulfate by mutant K611, which is deficient in tyramine oxidase (tynA). We conclude that the expression of the arylsulfatase gene (atsA) is regulated by the expression of tynA and that inorganic sulfate serves as a corepressor. In addition, strains mutated in the atsA gene were analyzed by using antibody.", "PMID": 72063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4518", "title": "[3H] dihydrostreptomycin accumulation and binding to ribosomes in Rhizobium mutants with different levels of streptomycin resistance.", "content": "Rhizobium trifolii B1, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer, is sensitive to streptomycin (10 microgram/ml) and spontaneously produces spheroplast-like forms during cultivation. Streptomycin-resistant mutants selected with high doses of antibiotic (1,000 microgram/ml) showed pleiotropic changes, including loss of spheroplast formation and infectivity to plants, whereas mutants selected with low doses of streptomycin (10 to 100 microgram/ml) retained properties of parent strain B1 (I. Zelazna-Kowalska, Acta Microbiol. Pol., in press). The present studies revealed that strain B1 and its mutant with a high level of streptomycin resistance, B1 strH, accumulated the antibiotic at similar rates. Mutant B1 strL, with a low level of streptomycin resistance (up to 100 microgram/ml), accumulated the antibiotic at a lower rate. Ribosomes isolated from strains B1 and B2 strL bound [3H]dihydrostreptomycin, whereas those from strain B1 strH did not. These observations indicate that, in R. trifolii B1, mutation to a high level of streptomycin resistance affects ribosomal structure, whereas low-level resistance involves a change in membrane permeability.", "contents": "[3H] dihydrostreptomycin accumulation and binding to ribosomes in Rhizobium mutants with different levels of streptomycin resistance. Rhizobium trifolii B1, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer, is sensitive to streptomycin (10 microgram/ml) and spontaneously produces spheroplast-like forms during cultivation. Streptomycin-resistant mutants selected with high doses of antibiotic (1,000 microgram/ml) showed pleiotropic changes, including loss of spheroplast formation and infectivity to plants, whereas mutants selected with low doses of streptomycin (10 to 100 microgram/ml) retained properties of parent strain B1 (I. Zelazna-Kowalska, Acta Microbiol. Pol., in press). The present studies revealed that strain B1 and its mutant with a high level of streptomycin resistance, B1 strH, accumulated the antibiotic at similar rates. Mutant B1 strL, with a low level of streptomycin resistance (up to 100 microgram/ml), accumulated the antibiotic at a lower rate. Ribosomes isolated from strains B1 and B2 strL bound [3H]dihydrostreptomycin, whereas those from strain B1 strH did not. These observations indicate that, in R. trifolii B1, mutation to a high level of streptomycin resistance affects ribosomal structure, whereas low-level resistance involves a change in membrane permeability.", "PMID": 72064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4519", "title": "Characterization of the fatty acid-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas cepacia.", "content": "The adenosone 5'-triphosphate-insensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas cepacia has been found to be strongly inhibited by long-chain fatty acids and their acyl coenzyme A esters, suggesting that an important role of this isoenzyme might be to provide reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for reductive steps in fatty acid synthesis. The enzyme, which has been redesignated the fatty acid-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, has been purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography with nicotinamide adenine dinulceotide phosphate-substituted Sepharose as a key step in the purification. The purified preparations were used to study the immunological properties and subunit composition of the enzyme and its relationship to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase present in extracts of P. cepacia. Although both enzymes were found to be composed of similar size subunits of about 60,000 daltons, immunological studies failed to demonstrate any antigenic similarity between them. Studies of the sedimentation behavior of the fatty acid-sensitive enzyme in sucrose gradients indicated that its apparent molecular weight is increased in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate and suggest that it may exist in an aggregated state in vivo. Palmitoyl coenzyme A, which strongly inhibited the enzyme, failed to influence its sedimentation behavior.", "contents": "Characterization of the fatty acid-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas cepacia. The adenosone 5'-triphosphate-insensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas cepacia has been found to be strongly inhibited by long-chain fatty acids and their acyl coenzyme A esters, suggesting that an important role of this isoenzyme might be to provide reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for reductive steps in fatty acid synthesis. The enzyme, which has been redesignated the fatty acid-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, has been purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography with nicotinamide adenine dinulceotide phosphate-substituted Sepharose as a key step in the purification. The purified preparations were used to study the immunological properties and subunit composition of the enzyme and its relationship to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase present in extracts of P. cepacia. Although both enzymes were found to be composed of similar size subunits of about 60,000 daltons, immunological studies failed to demonstrate any antigenic similarity between them. Studies of the sedimentation behavior of the fatty acid-sensitive enzyme in sucrose gradients indicated that its apparent molecular weight is increased in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate and suggest that it may exist in an aggregated state in vivo. Palmitoyl coenzyme A, which strongly inhibited the enzyme, failed to influence its sedimentation behavior.", "PMID": 72065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4520", "title": "Changes in enzyme activities of thymidine kinase and 5'-nucleotidase for dTMP during hormonal regeneration of seminal vesicles of mice.", "content": "An increase of thymidine kinase [EC 2.7.1.21] activity and decrease of 5'-nucleotidase [EC 3.1.3.5] activity for dTMP were found during hormonal regeneration of the seminal vesicles by daily or single administration of testosterone propionate into mice castrated 2 weeks previously. Actinomycin D injected on day 0 of testosterone treatment completely inhibited both the increase of thymidine kinase and the decrease of 5'-nucleotidase. When injected on day 2, actinomycin D decreased thymidine kinase activity below the control level and 5'nucleotidase activity was not restored to the normal level. The activity of 5'-nucelotidase in a mixed sample, in which seminal vesicles of castrated mice and those of testosterone-treated mice were homogenized together, was intermediate between the activities determined separately. This indicates the absence of any inhibitor of 5'nucleotidase in the regenerating vesicles. Changes in total activity of 5'nucleotidase and total protein content in extracts during various treatments showed that the decrease in specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the first 2 days of testosterone treatment was not due to inhibition of enzyme activity but to dilution of the enzyme with other proteins which increased in content more rapidly than 5'-nucleotidase.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme activities of thymidine kinase and 5'-nucleotidase for dTMP during hormonal regeneration of seminal vesicles of mice. An increase of thymidine kinase [EC 2.7.1.21] activity and decrease of 5'-nucleotidase [EC 3.1.3.5] activity for dTMP were found during hormonal regeneration of the seminal vesicles by daily or single administration of testosterone propionate into mice castrated 2 weeks previously. Actinomycin D injected on day 0 of testosterone treatment completely inhibited both the increase of thymidine kinase and the decrease of 5'-nucleotidase. When injected on day 2, actinomycin D decreased thymidine kinase activity below the control level and 5'nucleotidase activity was not restored to the normal level. The activity of 5'-nucelotidase in a mixed sample, in which seminal vesicles of castrated mice and those of testosterone-treated mice were homogenized together, was intermediate between the activities determined separately. This indicates the absence of any inhibitor of 5'nucleotidase in the regenerating vesicles. Changes in total activity of 5'nucleotidase and total protein content in extracts during various treatments showed that the decrease in specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the first 2 days of testosterone treatment was not due to inhibition of enzyme activity but to dilution of the enzyme with other proteins which increased in content more rapidly than 5'-nucleotidase.", "PMID": 72066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4521", "title": "Estimation of internal pH in cells of blue-green algae in the dark and under illumination.", "content": "Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or nigericin induced translocation of H+ In the dark across the cell membrane of blue-green algae Plectonema boryanum and Anacystis nidulans. The direction of the H+ flux depended on the pH of the suspending medium. At acidic pH, an influx of H+ and at alkaline pH an efflux of H+ were observed. It is suggested that the influx takes place at pH'S higher than the \"internal\" pH and the efflux at pH's lower than that. The internal pH was estimated to be 7.4+/-0.2 for Plectonema boryanum and 7.5+/-0.1 for Anacystis nidulans. Similar H+ changes due to CCP were observed under illumination, where the light induced efflux of H+ was limited by the counter-flux of cations. The internal pH of cells in the light, estimated from the pH-dependent reversion in the rate of the H+ change, was about 8.5.", "contents": "Estimation of internal pH in cells of blue-green algae in the dark and under illumination. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or nigericin induced translocation of H+ In the dark across the cell membrane of blue-green algae Plectonema boryanum and Anacystis nidulans. The direction of the H+ flux depended on the pH of the suspending medium. At acidic pH, an influx of H+ and at alkaline pH an efflux of H+ were observed. It is suggested that the influx takes place at pH'S higher than the \"internal\" pH and the efflux at pH's lower than that. The internal pH was estimated to be 7.4+/-0.2 for Plectonema boryanum and 7.5+/-0.1 for Anacystis nidulans. Similar H+ changes due to CCP were observed under illumination, where the light induced efflux of H+ was limited by the counter-flux of cations. The internal pH of cells in the light, estimated from the pH-dependent reversion in the rate of the H+ change, was about 8.5.", "PMID": 72067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4522", "title": "Complexing Rauscher leukemia virus reverse transcriptase with human plasma ribonuclease from Hodgkin's disease patients.", "content": "Human ribonucleases were purified from the sera of Hodgkin's disease patients by sequential column chromatography. The purified enzyme interacted with reverse transcriptase of Rauscher leukemia virus and formed an additive complex of Mr = 130,000. RNase and oligo(dG)-directed reverse transcriptase activities were diminished in the complex. The complex could be dissociated with the subsequent restoration of both activities in the presence of spermidine. The molecular weight of the complex suggest that the 2 RNase molecules bind to a single reverse transcriptase molecule.", "contents": "Complexing Rauscher leukemia virus reverse transcriptase with human plasma ribonuclease from Hodgkin's disease patients. Human ribonucleases were purified from the sera of Hodgkin's disease patients by sequential column chromatography. The purified enzyme interacted with reverse transcriptase of Rauscher leukemia virus and formed an additive complex of Mr = 130,000. RNase and oligo(dG)-directed reverse transcriptase activities were diminished in the complex. The complex could be dissociated with the subsequent restoration of both activities in the presence of spermidine. The molecular weight of the complex suggest that the 2 RNase molecules bind to a single reverse transcriptase molecule.", "PMID": 72069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4523", "title": "Application of quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the antibiotic industry.", "content": "For the in-process control of antibiotic fermentations and for routine assays of samples for scaling up and for pure products, quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) can be used with advantage. Rapid chromatography on high-performance layers, combined with an automatic spraying device for exact derivatization on the plate and precise computation of the calibration line within an automatic measurement and evaluation, represents a new, inexpensive analysis system. There are only 2 min of labour time (one fifth of that required in thin-layer chromatography) required for one sample and the total analysis time varies from 3 to 9 min (one third to one quarter of that required in thin-layer chromatography) based on one plate with 12 samples. The 95% confidence limits (N = 10) range between 0.5 and 3.0%.", "contents": "Application of quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the antibiotic industry. For the in-process control of antibiotic fermentations and for routine assays of samples for scaling up and for pure products, quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) can be used with advantage. Rapid chromatography on high-performance layers, combined with an automatic spraying device for exact derivatization on the plate and precise computation of the calibration line within an automatic measurement and evaluation, represents a new, inexpensive analysis system. There are only 2 min of labour time (one fifth of that required in thin-layer chromatography) required for one sample and the total analysis time varies from 3 to 9 min (one third to one quarter of that required in thin-layer chromatography) based on one plate with 12 samples. The 95% confidence limits (N = 10) range between 0.5 and 3.0%.", "PMID": 72073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4524", "title": "Altered metabolism of androgens in elderly men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Kinetics of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) were studied in 7 elderly healthy men (ages 61 to 80 years) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Clearance rates were determined by the constant infusion technique with labeled testosterone and DHT. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), conversion ratio (CR), the transfer constants (rho) and production rates (PB) were calculated. Plasma androgens were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Plasma testosterone was 516 +/- 314 (SD) ng/dl, plasma DHT was 74.6 +/- 19.6 (SD) ng/dl and plasma 3alpha-diol was 16.4 +/- 4.1 (SD) ng/dl. An elevated DHT level in elderly men with BPH wasconfirmed. MCRT was 620 +/- 65 (SD) liter/day and MCRDHT was 393 +/- 50 (SD) liter/day. Both MCRT and MCRDHT in elderly men were significantly lower than in young men. PBT was 3.2 +/- 2.1 (SD) mg/day and PBDHT was 291 +/- 87 (SD)migrogram/day. PBDHT was the same in elderly and young men. DHT production is maintained in elderly men despite reduction of testosterone production. From the data, it was claculated that in contrast to young men where greater than 80% of blood DHT is from secreted testosterone, over 50% in elderly men is derived from secretion or production of DHT by the testis or even more likely the prostate.", "contents": "Altered metabolism of androgens in elderly men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Kinetics of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) were studied in 7 elderly healthy men (ages 61 to 80 years) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Clearance rates were determined by the constant infusion technique with labeled testosterone and DHT. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), conversion ratio (CR), the transfer constants (rho) and production rates (PB) were calculated. Plasma androgens were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Plasma testosterone was 516 +/- 314 (SD) ng/dl, plasma DHT was 74.6 +/- 19.6 (SD) ng/dl and plasma 3alpha-diol was 16.4 +/- 4.1 (SD) ng/dl. An elevated DHT level in elderly men with BPH wasconfirmed. MCRT was 620 +/- 65 (SD) liter/day and MCRDHT was 393 +/- 50 (SD) liter/day. Both MCRT and MCRDHT in elderly men were significantly lower than in young men. PBT was 3.2 +/- 2.1 (SD) mg/day and PBDHT was 291 +/- 87 (SD)migrogram/day. PBDHT was the same in elderly and young men. DHT production is maintained in elderly men despite reduction of testosterone production. From the data, it was claculated that in contrast to young men where greater than 80% of blood DHT is from secreted testosterone, over 50% in elderly men is derived from secretion or production of DHT by the testis or even more likely the prostate.", "PMID": 72074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4525", "title": "Simplified silver-plating stain for flagella.", "content": "Rhodes' silver-plating technique for staining flagella was tested for its reliability and convenience as a routine procedure in the clinical laboratory. Modifications were made in the stain preparation and the procedure of staining and were tested with smears of known motile gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli. The stain has proved to be accurate and reliable and can be easily utilized with a minimum of training.", "contents": "Simplified silver-plating stain for flagella. Rhodes' silver-plating technique for staining flagella was tested for its reliability and convenience as a routine procedure in the clinical laboratory. Modifications were made in the stain preparation and the procedure of staining and were tested with smears of known motile gram-negative nonfermentative bacilli. The stain has proved to be accurate and reliable and can be easily utilized with a minimum of training.", "PMID": 72075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4526", "title": "Fluorescent-antibody studies on selected strains of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis.", "content": "Antisera against seven strains of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis were produced from dense suspensions of whole cells. These sera exhibited high agglutination titers with homologous antigens. Reciprocal cross-reactions in agglutination tests with each immunizing strain yielded lower titers. Both the indirect and direct fluorescent-antibody techniques were used to evaluate these reagents in the serological identification of 24 defined strains of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Subspecies and even strain specificities were noted with particular antisera. A pooled antiserum and conjugate were prepared and studied. Study results showed that specific and high-titered antisera against strains within this subspecies can be produced by the methods described herein and that possibly more than one serotype exists within the seven strains studied. The development of more antibody pools will be necessary to encompass a wider antigenic coverage before the fluorescent-antibody technique can be relied upon altogether for serologically identifying isolates of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Test data showed that the indirect method of fluorescent-antibody staining with whole antiserum is an excellent means of identifying strains of this organism.", "contents": "Fluorescent-antibody studies on selected strains of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis. Antisera against seven strains of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis were produced from dense suspensions of whole cells. These sera exhibited high agglutination titers with homologous antigens. Reciprocal cross-reactions in agglutination tests with each immunizing strain yielded lower titers. Both the indirect and direct fluorescent-antibody techniques were used to evaluate these reagents in the serological identification of 24 defined strains of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Subspecies and even strain specificities were noted with particular antisera. A pooled antiserum and conjugate were prepared and studied. Study results showed that specific and high-titered antisera against strains within this subspecies can be produced by the methods described herein and that possibly more than one serotype exists within the seven strains studied. The development of more antibody pools will be necessary to encompass a wider antigenic coverage before the fluorescent-antibody technique can be relied upon altogether for serologically identifying isolates of B. fragilis subspecies fragilis. Test data showed that the indirect method of fluorescent-antibody staining with whole antiserum is an excellent means of identifying strains of this organism.", "PMID": 72076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4527", "title": "Histopathological occurrence and characterisation of calcium oxalate: a review.", "content": "Oxalosis is the histological manifestation of a number of diverse clinicopathological states involving abnormalities of both endogenous and exogenous oxalate. Crystalline deposits of calcium oxalate, usually first detected by their birefringence, may be characterised by a combination of their physical and tinctorial properties.", "contents": "Histopathological occurrence and characterisation of calcium oxalate: a review. Oxalosis is the histological manifestation of a number of diverse clinicopathological states involving abnormalities of both endogenous and exogenous oxalate. Crystalline deposits of calcium oxalate, usually first detected by their birefringence, may be characterised by a combination of their physical and tinctorial properties.", "PMID": 72077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4528", "title": "The olivocerebellar projection studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. V. The projections to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit.", "content": "HRP was injected in the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit to determine the areas of the inferior olive which project onto these cerebellar regions. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occurred in the dorsal cap and the rostralmost tip of the medial accessory olive. Following injections in the nodulus labeled cells were likewise found in the dorsal cap, but in addition in the rostralmost part of the dorsomedial cell column and the adjoining part of the medial accessory olive. Injections in the dorsal paraflocculus gave rise to labeling in the rostrolateral part of the medial accessory olive, while injections in the ventral paraflocculus resulted in labeling in the principal olive, mainly in the lateral part of the ventral lamella. Injections in the lateral third of the dentate nucleus gave rise to labeling mainly in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The results are discussed with reference to those obtained by previous authors. There are both similarities and discrepancies. It appears from what is known of afferents from areas mediating visual impulses to the inferior olive that the olivary areas projecting onto the flocculonodular lobe, and possibly the dorsal paraflocculus, may mediate visual impulses to these lobules.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projection studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. V. The projections to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit. HRP was injected in the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit to determine the areas of the inferior olive which project onto these cerebellar regions. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occurred in the dorsal cap and the rostralmost tip of the medial accessory olive. Following injections in the nodulus labeled cells were likewise found in the dorsal cap, but in addition in the rostralmost part of the dorsomedial cell column and the adjoining part of the medial accessory olive. Injections in the dorsal paraflocculus gave rise to labeling in the rostrolateral part of the medial accessory olive, while injections in the ventral paraflocculus resulted in labeling in the principal olive, mainly in the lateral part of the ventral lamella. Injections in the lateral third of the dentate nucleus gave rise to labeling mainly in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The results are discussed with reference to those obtained by previous authors. There are both similarities and discrepancies. It appears from what is known of afferents from areas mediating visual impulses to the inferior olive that the olivary areas projecting onto the flocculonodular lobe, and possibly the dorsal paraflocculus, may mediate visual impulses to these lobules.", "PMID": 72080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4529", "title": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VI. The projection onto longitudinal zones of the paramedian lobule.", "content": "Microinjections (30-50 nl) of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) suspension of 25% (wt./vol.) were made in different folia of the paramedian lobule of cats, and the sites of occurrence of labeled cells in the inferior olive were precisely determined. In each case only a small number of cells are labeled, aggregated in a minute area. The labeled cells are found within three only of the four olivary areas previously determined (Brodal et al., '75) to project onto the paramedian lobule (fig. 1): one area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive, another in the dorsal accessory olive (except its caudalmost part), and a third in part of the caudal half of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. Labeled cells were never found in the fourth area, the ventral lamella. A distinct zonal pattern in the projection is demonstrated (figs. 3, 5B): a middle longitudinal zone of the paramedian lobule receives olivary afferents from the area in the medial accessory olive, a medial zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal accessory olive, a lateral zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal lamella. This zonal projection appears to extend throughout the length of the paramedian lobule (the two caudalmost folia could not be studied). tthe somatotopical pattern in the projections from the accessory olives described previously (Brodal et al., '75) is confirmed. The pattern of a zonal projection obtained with the HRP-method (fig 5B) is simpler than that deduced by Armstrong et al ('74) from recordings of antidromic potentials in the olive (fig 5A). Concerning main points there is satisfactory agreement. The phenomenon that following microinjections of HRP in superficial parts of the folia labeled cells occur within parts only of the regions of the olive which contain labeled cells following large HRP-injections in the paramedian lobule is discussed.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VI. The projection onto longitudinal zones of the paramedian lobule. Microinjections (30-50 nl) of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) suspension of 25% (wt./vol.) were made in different folia of the paramedian lobule of cats, and the sites of occurrence of labeled cells in the inferior olive were precisely determined. In each case only a small number of cells are labeled, aggregated in a minute area. The labeled cells are found within three only of the four olivary areas previously determined (Brodal et al., '75) to project onto the paramedian lobule (fig. 1): one area in the rostral half of the medial accessory olive, another in the dorsal accessory olive (except its caudalmost part), and a third in part of the caudal half of the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. Labeled cells were never found in the fourth area, the ventral lamella. A distinct zonal pattern in the projection is demonstrated (figs. 3, 5B): a middle longitudinal zone of the paramedian lobule receives olivary afferents from the area in the medial accessory olive, a medial zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal accessory olive, a lateral zone from part of the projection area in the dorsal lamella. This zonal projection appears to extend throughout the length of the paramedian lobule (the two caudalmost folia could not be studied). tthe somatotopical pattern in the projections from the accessory olives described previously (Brodal et al., '75) is confirmed. The pattern of a zonal projection obtained with the HRP-method (fig 5B) is simpler than that deduced by Armstrong et al ('74) from recordings of antidromic potentials in the olive (fig 5A). Concerning main points there is satisfactory agreement. The phenomenon that following microinjections of HRP in superficial parts of the folia labeled cells occur within parts only of the regions of the olive which contain labeled cells following large HRP-injections in the paramedian lobule is discussed.", "PMID": 72081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4530", "title": "Vitamin D binding factors in bovine blood.", "content": "Both 25 [25,26-hydrogen-3] hydroxycholecalciferol and [1alpha,2alpha-hydrogen-3] cholecalciferol were added to bovine plasma in vitro. Analysis by gel-filtration and ion exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, competitive binding specificity studies, and plasma stripping showed that vitamin D circulated with a protein of alpha-globulin mobility. This globulin had a much higher affinity for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol while vitamin D3 appeared to be associated first with an alpha-lipoprotein and with time because associated with the alpha-globulin. This alpha-globulin had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 as determined by gel-filtration. Cholecalciferol appeared to bind tightly to the alpha-lipoprotein and resisted being stripped from the plasma. Thus, alpha-globulin appears to be the major carrier of vitamin D in the blood while the alpha-lipoprotein may aid in the transfer of cholecalciferol from the gut to the liver via the lymph system.", "contents": "Vitamin D binding factors in bovine blood. Both 25 [25,26-hydrogen-3] hydroxycholecalciferol and [1alpha,2alpha-hydrogen-3] cholecalciferol were added to bovine plasma in vitro. Analysis by gel-filtration and ion exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, competitive binding specificity studies, and plasma stripping showed that vitamin D circulated with a protein of alpha-globulin mobility. This globulin had a much higher affinity for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol while vitamin D3 appeared to be associated first with an alpha-lipoprotein and with time because associated with the alpha-globulin. This alpha-globulin had a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 as determined by gel-filtration. Cholecalciferol appeared to bind tightly to the alpha-lipoprotein and resisted being stripped from the plasma. Thus, alpha-globulin appears to be the major carrier of vitamin D in the blood while the alpha-lipoprotein may aid in the transfer of cholecalciferol from the gut to the liver via the lymph system.", "PMID": 72082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4531", "title": "Complement-mediated release of histamine from human basophils. III. Possible regulatory role of microtubules and microfilaments.", "content": "The release of histamine by normal human leukocytes (basophils) following in vitro challenge with activated complement (zymosan-treated serum) was previously reported. In this study, the effects of various pharmacologic agents on this release mechanism were compared with allergen-induced release of histamine. Colchicine and vinblastine antagonize the polymerization of tubulin to form microtubules, and both agents inhibited complement-and allergen-triggered release of histamine from basophils. Finally, treatment with cytochalasin B, a fungal product known to interfere with microfilament formatin, resulted in enhanced release of histamine from complement-treated basophils but no significant change in the percentage of histamine released from allergen-treated basophils. These findings suggest that microtubules and/or microfilaments are involved in complement-induced secretion of histamine by human basophils.", "contents": "Complement-mediated release of histamine from human basophils. III. Possible regulatory role of microtubules and microfilaments. The release of histamine by normal human leukocytes (basophils) following in vitro challenge with activated complement (zymosan-treated serum) was previously reported. In this study, the effects of various pharmacologic agents on this release mechanism were compared with allergen-induced release of histamine. Colchicine and vinblastine antagonize the polymerization of tubulin to form microtubules, and both agents inhibited complement-and allergen-triggered release of histamine from basophils. Finally, treatment with cytochalasin B, a fungal product known to interfere with microfilament formatin, resulted in enhanced release of histamine from complement-treated basophils but no significant change in the percentage of histamine released from allergen-treated basophils. These findings suggest that microtubules and/or microfilaments are involved in complement-induced secretion of histamine by human basophils.", "PMID": 72086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4532", "title": "Immuno-electron-cytochemical localization of the somatostatin cells in the human antral mucosa.", "content": "Immuno-cytochemical methods were used to identify, in light and electron microscopy, the somatostatin-containing cells of the human antral mucosa. By means of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods sequentially applied on the same section, it was shown that the somatostatin cells are distinct from the gastrin cell population; these two endocrine cell types are often closely related. On ultrathin sections from aldehyde-fixed. Epon-araldite embedded tissues, the site of storage of somatostatin was localized with the peroxidaseantiperoxidase complexes technique, after removal of the resin by means of sodium ethoxide. This procedure represents a new technical approach to the use of electron-cytochemical techniques. The results indicate that somatostatin, a growth hormone release inhibiting factor, is localized in the endocrine granules of the D cells.", "contents": "Immuno-electron-cytochemical localization of the somatostatin cells in the human antral mucosa. Immuno-cytochemical methods were used to identify, in light and electron microscopy, the somatostatin-containing cells of the human antral mucosa. By means of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods sequentially applied on the same section, it was shown that the somatostatin cells are distinct from the gastrin cell population; these two endocrine cell types are often closely related. On ultrathin sections from aldehyde-fixed. Epon-araldite embedded tissues, the site of storage of somatostatin was localized with the peroxidaseantiperoxidase complexes technique, after removal of the resin by means of sodium ethoxide. This procedure represents a new technical approach to the use of electron-cytochemical techniques. The results indicate that somatostatin, a growth hormone release inhibiting factor, is localized in the endocrine granules of the D cells.", "PMID": 72094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4533", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of a folicle stimulating hormone-like molecule in the testis.", "content": "A follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like molecule was localized in normal adult rat testes as well as testosterone-treated hypophysectomized rat tests with an unlabeled antibody (anti-FSH), peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex technique. Anti-FSH bound specifically to ultrathin sections of acrosomes of spermatids and intranuclear bodies of early spermatids. Quantitation of staining intensity demonstrated that FSH, used as an absorbing antigen, would significantly reduce this binding. There was less anti-FSH binding to the acrosomes of spermatozoa in the body and tail of the epididymis as compared to the less mature germ cells located in the testis and head of the epididymis. The acrosomal and nuclear staining of spermatids taken from hypophysectomized animals was similar to staining observed in sham injected animals. Taken together, these results suggest that there is a molecule within the acrosome that is immunologically similar to FSH. Most importantly, these results emphasize the importance of conducting physiologic experiments in conjunction with immunocytochemical studies.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of a folicle stimulating hormone-like molecule in the testis. A follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like molecule was localized in normal adult rat testes as well as testosterone-treated hypophysectomized rat tests with an unlabeled antibody (anti-FSH), peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex technique. Anti-FSH bound specifically to ultrathin sections of acrosomes of spermatids and intranuclear bodies of early spermatids. Quantitation of staining intensity demonstrated that FSH, used as an absorbing antigen, would significantly reduce this binding. There was less anti-FSH binding to the acrosomes of spermatozoa in the body and tail of the epididymis as compared to the less mature germ cells located in the testis and head of the epididymis. The acrosomal and nuclear staining of spermatids taken from hypophysectomized animals was similar to staining observed in sham injected animals. Taken together, these results suggest that there is a molecule within the acrosome that is immunologically similar to FSH. Most importantly, these results emphasize the importance of conducting physiologic experiments in conjunction with immunocytochemical studies.", "PMID": 72095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4534", "title": "Quantitation of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid by flow microfluorometry.", "content": "This report characterizes for the first time an easy, reproducible means of standardizing the relative fluorescent units normally reported for flow microfluorometry. Absolute values for deoxyribonucleic acid/cell are obtained by using nucleated red blood cells as references. Cell were selected and characterized for the quantitative analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid per cell over a range from 2 pg/cell to 93 pg/cell using literature values for species having nucleated erythrocytes. Fluorescence staining by either acridine-orange (green wavelength) or propidium iodide (red wavelength) gave linear curves over the entire range investigated only when \"gain controls\" and current are optimized. The range was equivalent to mammalian cell values from 1 N (=3.5 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell) to 28 N (=91 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell). The standard curves obtained with nonmammalian erythrocytes were compared to mammalian free-cell preparations of bovine thymus and liver cells which fell at 6.8 and 6.9 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell, respectively. The routine use of these easily obtainable red blood cells will allow ready comparisons on the basis of absolute values for deoxyribonucleic acid per cell for work between experiments, work between staining procedures and dye types and work between laboratories.", "contents": "Quantitation of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid by flow microfluorometry. This report characterizes for the first time an easy, reproducible means of standardizing the relative fluorescent units normally reported for flow microfluorometry. Absolute values for deoxyribonucleic acid/cell are obtained by using nucleated red blood cells as references. Cell were selected and characterized for the quantitative analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid per cell over a range from 2 pg/cell to 93 pg/cell using literature values for species having nucleated erythrocytes. Fluorescence staining by either acridine-orange (green wavelength) or propidium iodide (red wavelength) gave linear curves over the entire range investigated only when \"gain controls\" and current are optimized. The range was equivalent to mammalian cell values from 1 N (=3.5 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell) to 28 N (=91 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell). The standard curves obtained with nonmammalian erythrocytes were compared to mammalian free-cell preparations of bovine thymus and liver cells which fell at 6.8 and 6.9 pg deoxyribonucleic acid/cell, respectively. The routine use of these easily obtainable red blood cells will allow ready comparisons on the basis of absolute values for deoxyribonucleic acid per cell for work between experiments, work between staining procedures and dye types and work between laboratories.", "PMID": 72097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4535", "title": "Histologic and biochemical identification and characterization of an elastin in cartilage.", "content": "Histochemical and chemical techniques have been used to identify, isolate and characterize elastin from certain bovine cartilages. The results strongly suggest that in addition to fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts also synthesize elastin. Some of the possible functions of elastin in elastic cartilages are discussed and the possiblity of a new type of elastin perhaps unique to cartilage is suggested.", "contents": "Histologic and biochemical identification and characterization of an elastin in cartilage. Histochemical and chemical techniques have been used to identify, isolate and characterize elastin from certain bovine cartilages. The results strongly suggest that in addition to fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts also synthesize elastin. Some of the possible functions of elastin in elastic cartilages are discussed and the possiblity of a new type of elastin perhaps unique to cartilage is suggested.", "PMID": 72098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4536", "title": "Retrieval of cryostat section for comparison of histochemistry and quantitative electron microscopy in a muscle fiber.", "content": "A method is presented that can be used to perform histochemical and morphometric analyses on the same muscle fiber. Freshly dissected fibers from medial gastrocnemius muscle of adult guinea pig were kept at a resting length and rapidly frozen. Serial frozen cross-sections were cut and reacted for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase. The adjacent section, while still frozen, was immersed into 20 degrees C glutaraldehyde fixative to which EGTA was added to minimize artifactious contraction. The fixed section was processed for electron microscopy and the section rotated before thin sectioning to give longitudinal sections enabling study of sarcomeres. Ultrastructure was well-preserved despite slight disorganization of the contractile filaments and some vesiculation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Z line width was measured and the mitochondrial volume fraction estimated by point counting morphometry from 89 fibers. The fibers with dark myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase staining have Z widths of 547 +/- 165 A (n=69) and thoshosphatase staining have Z widths of 547 +/- 165 A (n=69) and those with light stain have 1023 +/- 113 A (n=20). The density of the succinic dehydrogenase reaction product in the fibers was divided into dark and light and the mitochondrial volume fractions were foud to be 4.3 +/- 2.1% (n=52) and 1.0 +/- 1.1% (n=37), respectively.", "contents": "Retrieval of cryostat section for comparison of histochemistry and quantitative electron microscopy in a muscle fiber. A method is presented that can be used to perform histochemical and morphometric analyses on the same muscle fiber. Freshly dissected fibers from medial gastrocnemius muscle of adult guinea pig were kept at a resting length and rapidly frozen. Serial frozen cross-sections were cut and reacted for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase. The adjacent section, while still frozen, was immersed into 20 degrees C glutaraldehyde fixative to which EGTA was added to minimize artifactious contraction. The fixed section was processed for electron microscopy and the section rotated before thin sectioning to give longitudinal sections enabling study of sarcomeres. Ultrastructure was well-preserved despite slight disorganization of the contractile filaments and some vesiculation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Z line width was measured and the mitochondrial volume fraction estimated by point counting morphometry from 89 fibers. The fibers with dark myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase staining have Z widths of 547 +/- 165 A (n=69) and thoshosphatase staining have Z widths of 547 +/- 165 A (n=69) and those with light stain have 1023 +/- 113 A (n=20). The density of the succinic dehydrogenase reaction product in the fibers was divided into dark and light and the mitochondrial volume fractions were foud to be 4.3 +/- 2.1% (n=52) and 1.0 +/- 1.1% (n=37), respectively.", "PMID": 72099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4537", "title": "Trypsin-like activity in the vaginal epithelial cells of the rat.", "content": "Rat vaginal epithelial cells have trypsin-like activity as shown by the formation of a colored product when the cells are incubated with alpha-N-methyl alpha-N-toxyl-L-lysine beta-naphthol ester and hexazotized pararosanilin. This enzyme activity in vaginal smears is maximal at proestrus, i.e., the day in the 5-day estrus cycle when plasma estrogen is maximal. Only the rounded nucleated epithelial cells present at late diestrus, proestrus and early estrus demonstrate the trypsin-like enzyme activity. These are the cells that stain blue in the Papanicolaou method. Preincubation of cell suspensions with the serine protease inhibitor, p-nitrophenyl p-guanidino benzoate, prevented the enzyme staining reaction, further demonstrating the trypsin-like nature of the cellular enzyme. The advantages of this enzyme staining technique over the fibrin plate method for the demonstration of trypsin-like enzymes in cells are increased resolution and ability to show trypsin inhibitor effects.", "contents": "Trypsin-like activity in the vaginal epithelial cells of the rat. Rat vaginal epithelial cells have trypsin-like activity as shown by the formation of a colored product when the cells are incubated with alpha-N-methyl alpha-N-toxyl-L-lysine beta-naphthol ester and hexazotized pararosanilin. This enzyme activity in vaginal smears is maximal at proestrus, i.e., the day in the 5-day estrus cycle when plasma estrogen is maximal. Only the rounded nucleated epithelial cells present at late diestrus, proestrus and early estrus demonstrate the trypsin-like enzyme activity. These are the cells that stain blue in the Papanicolaou method. Preincubation of cell suspensions with the serine protease inhibitor, p-nitrophenyl p-guanidino benzoate, prevented the enzyme staining reaction, further demonstrating the trypsin-like nature of the cellular enzyme. The advantages of this enzyme staining technique over the fibrin plate method for the demonstration of trypsin-like enzymes in cells are increased resolution and ability to show trypsin inhibitor effects.", "PMID": 72100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4538", "title": "Noncytotoxic IgE-mediated release of histamine and serotonin from murine mastocytoma cells.", "content": "Cultured murine mastocytoma (AB-CBF1-MCT-1) cells were stimulated to release endogenous or incorporated histamine or serotonin by an IgE-mediated mechanisms without loss of viability. Stimulation was achieved by incubation of the cells with rat IgE-anti-IgE, rat IgE-anti-light chain, fluoresceinated rat IgE-anti-fluorescein, IgE-enriched mouse anti-ovalbumin-ovalbumin, or covalently linked dimers of rat IgE, at doses similar to those optimal for normal peritoneal mast cells. Active cell metabolism and Ca++ were required to obtain release. Despite the latter, no dose of the calcium ionophore, A23187, could be found which caused release without concomitant cytotoxicity. Phosphatidylserine did not enhance release.", "contents": "Noncytotoxic IgE-mediated release of histamine and serotonin from murine mastocytoma cells. Cultured murine mastocytoma (AB-CBF1-MCT-1) cells were stimulated to release endogenous or incorporated histamine or serotonin by an IgE-mediated mechanisms without loss of viability. Stimulation was achieved by incubation of the cells with rat IgE-anti-IgE, rat IgE-anti-light chain, fluoresceinated rat IgE-anti-fluorescein, IgE-enriched mouse anti-ovalbumin-ovalbumin, or covalently linked dimers of rat IgE, at doses similar to those optimal for normal peritoneal mast cells. Active cell metabolism and Ca++ were required to obtain release. Despite the latter, no dose of the calcium ionophore, A23187, could be found which caused release without concomitant cytotoxicity. Phosphatidylserine did not enhance release.", "PMID": 72105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4539", "title": "Kinetics of the in vitro lymphocyte response to myelin basic protein in the the Lewis and Brown Norway strains of rat.", "content": "Several parameters of the in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to myelin basic protein (BP) in Lewis (Le) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were examined. The results demonstrate that BN rats, a strain normally resistant to BP-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and Le rats, a strain readily susceptible to the disease, have similar patterns of the proliferative response to BP. An important difference, however, is that BN lymphocytes, although responding significantly to BP, are unable to proliferate to the same level as Le lymphocytes. In experiments measuring the lymphocyte response as a function of antigenic stimulus, days of culture, or type of adjuvant used, the BN rat peak response was in general 70% or less of the Le rat peak response. Furthermore, the BN lymphocyte response was reduced when B cells were removed whereas there was no effect in the Le rat. A negative feedback mechanism, possibly suppressor cells, has been suggested to explain these differences.", "contents": "Kinetics of the in vitro lymphocyte response to myelin basic protein in the the Lewis and Brown Norway strains of rat. Several parameters of the in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to myelin basic protein (BP) in Lewis (Le) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were examined. The results demonstrate that BN rats, a strain normally resistant to BP-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and Le rats, a strain readily susceptible to the disease, have similar patterns of the proliferative response to BP. An important difference, however, is that BN lymphocytes, although responding significantly to BP, are unable to proliferate to the same level as Le lymphocytes. In experiments measuring the lymphocyte response as a function of antigenic stimulus, days of culture, or type of adjuvant used, the BN rat peak response was in general 70% or less of the Le rat peak response. Furthermore, the BN lymphocyte response was reduced when B cells were removed whereas there was no effect in the Le rat. A negative feedback mechanism, possibly suppressor cells, has been suggested to explain these differences.", "PMID": 72106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4540", "title": "Suppressor T cells: presence in mice rendered tolerant by neonatal treatment with anti-receptor antibody or antigen.", "content": "Specific tolerance to phosphorylcholine (PC) was induced in BALB/c mice by two methods. Neonatal mice received a single injection of either: 1)PnC, the C-polysaccharide from S. pneumoniae, R36a vaccine which has PC as a major antigenic determinant or 2) ARA, an homologous antibody directed against the receptor for PC. Spleen cells from animals treated as neonates  with either PnC or ARA were specifically suppressed for the response to PC antigens in vitro. In addition, cells from either group of unresponsive animals co-cultured with spleen cells of normal BALB/c mice markedly suppressed the response of the normal cells to PC. Greater than 90% inhibition of the plaque-forming cell response was obtained when unresponsive cells were mixed with normal cells in ratios of 1:1 or greater. Equal numbers of cells from animals made unresponsive by PnC or ARA produced an equivalent degree of suppression. Neither supernatants of cultures nor sera of animals of either unresponsive group suppressed the response of normal spleen cells to PC. Suppression by cells from both groups of tolerant mice was eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C. Presumably, a common cell is responsible for suppression caused by cells from mice made unresponsive by either procedure.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells: presence in mice rendered tolerant by neonatal treatment with anti-receptor antibody or antigen. Specific tolerance to phosphorylcholine (PC) was induced in BALB/c mice by two methods. Neonatal mice received a single injection of either: 1)PnC, the C-polysaccharide from S. pneumoniae, R36a vaccine which has PC as a major antigenic determinant or 2) ARA, an homologous antibody directed against the receptor for PC. Spleen cells from animals treated as neonates  with either PnC or ARA were specifically suppressed for the response to PC antigens in vitro. In addition, cells from either group of unresponsive animals co-cultured with spleen cells of normal BALB/c mice markedly suppressed the response of the normal cells to PC. Greater than 90% inhibition of the plaque-forming cell response was obtained when unresponsive cells were mixed with normal cells in ratios of 1:1 or greater. Equal numbers of cells from animals made unresponsive by PnC or ARA produced an equivalent degree of suppression. Neither supernatants of cultures nor sera of animals of either unresponsive group suppressed the response of normal spleen cells to PC. Suppression by cells from both groups of tolerant mice was eliminated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C. Presumably, a common cell is responsible for suppression caused by cells from mice made unresponsive by either procedure.", "PMID": 72107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4541", "title": "Idiotypes on galactan binding myeloma proteins and anti-galactan antibodies in mice.", "content": "Antibodies with specificity for beta1,6 linked D-galactoses were induced in mice by immunization with gum ghatti. Idiotypic antisera were prepared in rabbits and mice by immunization with 8 BALB/c IgA(k), beta1,6D-galactan binding myeloma proteins (beta6GALBMP). Two kinds of idiotypic sera were obtained: cross-specific sera that reacted with two or more beta6GALBMP but not other BALB/c myeloma proteins, and individual idiotypic sera that reacted with only the beta6GALBMP used in the immunization. Antibodies with specificity for beta1,6 linked D-galactans shared cross-specific idiotypes with beta6GALBMP. Only one of seven individual idiotypes associated with beta6GALBMP was found on galactan antibodies. Since all beta6GALBMP thus far have the same Vk and VH isotope composition the results indicate an extensive heterogeneity among galactan-binding immunoglobulins in BALB/c mice. It is speculated that some of this diversity may arise from somatic rather than germ line gene mutations.", "contents": "Idiotypes on galactan binding myeloma proteins and anti-galactan antibodies in mice. Antibodies with specificity for beta1,6 linked D-galactoses were induced in mice by immunization with gum ghatti. Idiotypic antisera were prepared in rabbits and mice by immunization with 8 BALB/c IgA(k), beta1,6D-galactan binding myeloma proteins (beta6GALBMP). Two kinds of idiotypic sera were obtained: cross-specific sera that reacted with two or more beta6GALBMP but not other BALB/c myeloma proteins, and individual idiotypic sera that reacted with only the beta6GALBMP used in the immunization. Antibodies with specificity for beta1,6 linked D-galactans shared cross-specific idiotypes with beta6GALBMP. Only one of seven individual idiotypes associated with beta6GALBMP was found on galactan antibodies. Since all beta6GALBMP thus far have the same Vk and VH isotope composition the results indicate an extensive heterogeneity among galactan-binding immunoglobulins in BALB/c mice. It is speculated that some of this diversity may arise from somatic rather than germ line gene mutations.", "PMID": 72109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4542", "title": "Functional differentiation of B lymphocytes in congenital agammaglobulinemia. II. Immunochemical analysis of the in vitro primary immune response.", "content": "Cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in which specific hemolytic plaque-forming cells (HcPFC) had been induced were labeled with 14C-amino acids. Antigen-specific products in the culture supernatants were characterized by using indirect immune precipitation in conjunction with specific immunoabsorbents and/or gel filtration followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After 5 days of culture with antigen (sheep red blood cells or ovalbumin) newly synthesized IgM and specific IgM antibody were demonstrated in culture supernatants from normal donors and from four out of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAgamma). Secreted products bound specifically to antigen and pretreatment of labeled supernatants with anti-mu and anti-L chain antisera, but not with anti-gamma antiserum, prevented binding. Typical mu- and L chains constituted only a proportion of the anigen-binding peptides recognized by the anti-mu reagents. Induction of IgM antibody synthesis was dependent on the presence of antigen and was correlated with the generation of HcPFC. No major differences between the antigen-induced products of cAgamma and normal PBL were observed. These findings suggest that in the absence of terminal B cell differentiation in vivo, certain patients with cAgamma possess precursor cells that can respond to antigen in vitro with the synthesis of specific humoral products, including IgM antibody.", "contents": "Functional differentiation of B lymphocytes in congenital agammaglobulinemia. II. Immunochemical analysis of the in vitro primary immune response. Cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in which specific hemolytic plaque-forming cells (HcPFC) had been induced were labeled with 14C-amino acids. Antigen-specific products in the culture supernatants were characterized by using indirect immune precipitation in conjunction with specific immunoabsorbents and/or gel filtration followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After 5 days of culture with antigen (sheep red blood cells or ovalbumin) newly synthesized IgM and specific IgM antibody were demonstrated in culture supernatants from normal donors and from four out of five patients with congenital agammaglobulinemia (cAgamma). Secreted products bound specifically to antigen and pretreatment of labeled supernatants with anti-mu and anti-L chain antisera, but not with anti-gamma antiserum, prevented binding. Typical mu- and L chains constituted only a proportion of the anigen-binding peptides recognized by the anti-mu reagents. Induction of IgM antibody synthesis was dependent on the presence of antigen and was correlated with the generation of HcPFC. No major differences between the antigen-induced products of cAgamma and normal PBL were observed. These findings suggest that in the absence of terminal B cell differentiation in vivo, certain patients with cAgamma possess precursor cells that can respond to antigen in vitro with the synthesis of specific humoral products, including IgM antibody.", "PMID": 72111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4543", "title": "A cross-reaction between beta2-microglobulin and kappa-light chains.", "content": "Certain antisera to immunoglobulins containing kappa-chains show the presence of antibodies that cross-react with beta2-microglobulin. This was most apparent with an antiserum made to highly purified F(ab) fragments of Fr II gamma-globulin. These cross-reactive antibodies caused positive fluorescence and cytotoxicity reactions with a variety of cell types including T cells. These reactions were completely removed by absorption with highly purified kappa-chains but not with lambda-chains or lambda immunoglobulins. beta2-microglobulin preparations also absorbed or inhibited the special cellular reactivities. Evidence was obtained that HLA-bound beta2-microglobulin was more efficient in this respect. The possibility is discussed that similar cross-reactive antibodies may have been involved in some previous studies of inhibition of T cell function by immunoglobulin antisera.", "contents": "A cross-reaction between beta2-microglobulin and kappa-light chains. Certain antisera to immunoglobulins containing kappa-chains show the presence of antibodies that cross-react with beta2-microglobulin. This was most apparent with an antiserum made to highly purified F(ab) fragments of Fr II gamma-globulin. These cross-reactive antibodies caused positive fluorescence and cytotoxicity reactions with a variety of cell types including T cells. These reactions were completely removed by absorption with highly purified kappa-chains but not with lambda-chains or lambda immunoglobulins. beta2-microglobulin preparations also absorbed or inhibited the special cellular reactivities. Evidence was obtained that HLA-bound beta2-microglobulin was more efficient in this respect. The possibility is discussed that similar cross-reactive antibodies may have been involved in some previous studies of inhibition of T cell function by immunoglobulin antisera.", "PMID": 72113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4544", "title": "Requirements for inducing tolerance of hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity: epitope density.", "content": "Tolerance to hapten-specific antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity was examined in adult rabbits. The azobenzenearsonate (ABA) or sulfonate-specific antibody response to hapten-hemocyanin immunogens was suppressed by deaggregated hapten-rabbit IgG conjugates given 21 and 14 days before challenge. High affinity antibody was preferentially suppressed. Delayed hypersensitivity to ABA-tyrosine was suppressed by deaggregated ABA-rabbit IgG conjugates injected 17 and 10 days before challenge. Conjugates with a high hapten density, ABA15-23-rabbit IgG were effective tolerogens. Conjugates with four to six ABA groups per carrier molecule were very poor tolerogens. Increasing the amount of low substituted conjugate injected did not improve tolerogenicity. It appears that a high epitope density is required for effective induction of tolerance to ABA-specific delayed hypersensitivity in the rabbit.", "contents": "Requirements for inducing tolerance of hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity: epitope density. Tolerance to hapten-specific antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity was examined in adult rabbits. The azobenzenearsonate (ABA) or sulfonate-specific antibody response to hapten-hemocyanin immunogens was suppressed by deaggregated hapten-rabbit IgG conjugates given 21 and 14 days before challenge. High affinity antibody was preferentially suppressed. Delayed hypersensitivity to ABA-tyrosine was suppressed by deaggregated ABA-rabbit IgG conjugates injected 17 and 10 days before challenge. Conjugates with a high hapten density, ABA15-23-rabbit IgG were effective tolerogens. Conjugates with four to six ABA groups per carrier molecule were very poor tolerogens. Increasing the amount of low substituted conjugate injected did not improve tolerogenicity. It appears that a high epitope density is required for effective induction of tolerance to ABA-specific delayed hypersensitivity in the rabbit.", "PMID": 72114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4545", "title": "Immune responses to vaginal or systemic infection of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 2.", "content": "The temporal relationships among the humoral and cellular immune responses were defined in BALB/c mice after vaginal or systemic infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). After vaginal infection, mice showed evidence of clinical vaginitis on days 4 to 6 and HSV-2 replication was detected locally in the vaginal secretions, cervix, vagina, and uterus before the virus subsequently spread to the central nervous system. Death from encephalitis occurred between 7 and 10 days after infection. Vaginal infection was associated with significant delayed type hypersensitivity and splenic proliferative cell-mediated immune responses which appeared during the acute infection and waned by 3 weeks. There was almost no evidence of a systemic neutralizing antibody response at any time after vaginal infection. In contrast to the local vaginal infection, systemic i.v. HSV-2 infection induced a humoral response as well as the two cellular immune responses. Although both cellular immune responses appeared during the acute infection (days 6 to 14) and persisted for approximately 5 weeks, the humoral response appeared in surviving animals and persisted for at least 4 months. Thus, vaginal HSV-2 infection was associated primarily with transient cellular immune responses, whereas i.v. HSV-2 infection induced prolonged systemic humoral and cellular immune responses.", "contents": "Immune responses to vaginal or systemic infection of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 2. The temporal relationships among the humoral and cellular immune responses were defined in BALB/c mice after vaginal or systemic infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). After vaginal infection, mice showed evidence of clinical vaginitis on days 4 to 6 and HSV-2 replication was detected locally in the vaginal secretions, cervix, vagina, and uterus before the virus subsequently spread to the central nervous system. Death from encephalitis occurred between 7 and 10 days after infection. Vaginal infection was associated with significant delayed type hypersensitivity and splenic proliferative cell-mediated immune responses which appeared during the acute infection and waned by 3 weeks. There was almost no evidence of a systemic neutralizing antibody response at any time after vaginal infection. In contrast to the local vaginal infection, systemic i.v. HSV-2 infection induced a humoral response as well as the two cellular immune responses. Although both cellular immune responses appeared during the acute infection (days 6 to 14) and persisted for approximately 5 weeks, the humoral response appeared in surviving animals and persisted for at least 4 months. Thus, vaginal HSV-2 infection was associated primarily with transient cellular immune responses, whereas i.v. HSV-2 infection induced prolonged systemic humoral and cellular immune responses.", "PMID": 72115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4546", "title": "B cell tolerance. I. Analysis of hapten-specific unresponsiveness induced in vitro in adult and neonatal murine spleen cell populations.", "content": "The cellular mechanisms and tolerogen dose requirements of hapten-specific unresponsiveness induced in vitro by using 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl human gamma-globulin (TNP17HgG) were analyzed in adult and neonatal murine splenocytes. Tolerance induction in both cell populations was found to be independent of non-B cell effects including BAtheta-positive cells, Ly 2.2-positive cells, adding or reducing the number of macrophages, and large excesses of HgG. The tolerance induced was specific and not \"infectious\", further excluding a role for suppressor T cells. Neonatal splenic B cells were rendered tolerant by doses of TNP17HgG 1000-fold less than those required to produce similar tolerance in splenic B cells from adults. These findings support the concept of functional clonal abortion as a mechanism for producing tolerance to self antigens.", "contents": "B cell tolerance. I. Analysis of hapten-specific unresponsiveness induced in vitro in adult and neonatal murine spleen cell populations. The cellular mechanisms and tolerogen dose requirements of hapten-specific unresponsiveness induced in vitro by using 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl human gamma-globulin (TNP17HgG) were analyzed in adult and neonatal murine splenocytes. Tolerance induction in both cell populations was found to be independent of non-B cell effects including BAtheta-positive cells, Ly 2.2-positive cells, adding or reducing the number of macrophages, and large excesses of HgG. The tolerance induced was specific and not \"infectious\", further excluding a role for suppressor T cells. Neonatal splenic B cells were rendered tolerant by doses of TNP17HgG 1000-fold less than those required to produce similar tolerance in splenic B cells from adults. These findings support the concept of functional clonal abortion as a mechanism for producing tolerance to self antigens.", "PMID": 72117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4547", "title": "Mechanism of histamine release by formyl methionine-containing peptides.", "content": "Small, acylated, methionine-containing peptides release histamine from human basophils. The characteristics of this reaction were compared to that of C5a- and IgE-induced release. fMet peptide-induced release requires Ca++ and is inhibited by EDTA in a manner similar to IgE- and C5a-mediated reactions. The fMet-Phe-Met-initiated reaction is complete within 2 min at temperatures of 25, 30, and 37 degrees C; but does not occur at 0 degrees C. There was a large variation in the capacity of leukocytes from different donors to release histamine with fMet peptides. However, there was no correlation in the capacity of leukocytes to release histamine with fMet-Phe-Met and their release with C5a or anti-IgE. The release by fMet-Phe-Met (but not by C5a or anti-IgE) was reversibly inhibited by a nonreleasing tripeptide. Leukocytes could be desensitized to the action of active fMet-peptide by preincubation with the peptide in the absence of cations. After washing, these cells released normally with C5a or anti-IgE. Conversely, cells desensitized to the action of C5a- or IgE-mediated reactions released normally with fMet peptides. There was cross-desensitization between different active peptides, and inactive peptides could not desensitize the leukocytes. Pharmacologic agents had similar effects on C5a and fMet peptide-induced release (e.g., lack of enhancement with deuterium oxide; enhancement with cytochalasin B; and inhibition with aminophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Therefore, histamine release with fMet peptides is initiated by their binding to and activation of a specific receptor on the basophil; the reaction beyond that point is similar to the C5a-mediated reaction.", "contents": "Mechanism of histamine release by formyl methionine-containing peptides. Small, acylated, methionine-containing peptides release histamine from human basophils. The characteristics of this reaction were compared to that of C5a- and IgE-induced release. fMet peptide-induced release requires Ca++ and is inhibited by EDTA in a manner similar to IgE- and C5a-mediated reactions. The fMet-Phe-Met-initiated reaction is complete within 2 min at temperatures of 25, 30, and 37 degrees C; but does not occur at 0 degrees C. There was a large variation in the capacity of leukocytes from different donors to release histamine with fMet peptides. However, there was no correlation in the capacity of leukocytes to release histamine with fMet-Phe-Met and their release with C5a or anti-IgE. The release by fMet-Phe-Met (but not by C5a or anti-IgE) was reversibly inhibited by a nonreleasing tripeptide. Leukocytes could be desensitized to the action of active fMet-peptide by preincubation with the peptide in the absence of cations. After washing, these cells released normally with C5a or anti-IgE. Conversely, cells desensitized to the action of C5a- or IgE-mediated reactions released normally with fMet peptides. There was cross-desensitization between different active peptides, and inactive peptides could not desensitize the leukocytes. Pharmacologic agents had similar effects on C5a and fMet peptide-induced release (e.g., lack of enhancement with deuterium oxide; enhancement with cytochalasin B; and inhibition with aminophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP). Therefore, histamine release with fMet peptides is initiated by their binding to and activation of a specific receptor on the basophil; the reaction beyond that point is similar to the C5a-mediated reaction.", "PMID": 72118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4548", "title": "A restaining method to restore fluorescence in faded preparations of tissues treated with the indirect immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "We report a restainin method for restoring fluorescence in paraffin-embedded tissue sections previously treated with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Antisera to gastrin and group II pepsinogens were used. Fluorescence was restored in completely faded sections retrived from storage files, as well as in sections that had faded partially either with exposure to fluorescence microscope illumination or after counterstaining with hematoxylin and eosin.", "contents": "A restaining method to restore fluorescence in faded preparations of tissues treated with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. We report a restainin method for restoring fluorescence in paraffin-embedded tissue sections previously treated with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Antisera to gastrin and group II pepsinogens were used. Fluorescence was restored in completely faded sections retrived from storage files, as well as in sections that had faded partially either with exposure to fluorescence microscope illumination or after counterstaining with hematoxylin and eosin.", "PMID": 72120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4549", "title": "An improved stain for immunodiffusion tests.", "content": "We describe an improved immunodiffusion stain using trichloroacetic acid to mordant dying by Crocein scarlet. Background is readily cleared without over-destaining using 0.3% acetic acid.", "contents": "An improved stain for immunodiffusion tests. We describe an improved immunodiffusion stain using trichloroacetic acid to mordant dying by Crocein scarlet. Background is readily cleared without over-destaining using 0.3% acetic acid.", "PMID": 72121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4550", "title": "A micro-method for the study of in vitro lymphocyte transformation to specific antigens.", "content": "A quantitative method for studying blast-transformation of cultured lymphocytes in the presence of specific antigens is described. The technique is performed in 0.3 ml microtrays, using 2.5 X 10(5) lymphocytes per culture, with an optimal culture period of 6 days. Cultures are pulsed for 4 h with [3H]-thymidine, giving maximum incorporation and minimum cellular damage. The study also describes some disadvantages of using lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), as a marker of T-cell function. Experiments to establish ideal conditions for each stage of the method are described. The technique can be adjusted to accommodate different antigens, cell types and for the study of animal as well as human lymphocytes.", "contents": "A micro-method for the study of in vitro lymphocyte transformation to specific antigens. A quantitative method for studying blast-transformation of cultured lymphocytes in the presence of specific antigens is described. The technique is performed in 0.3 ml microtrays, using 2.5 X 10(5) lymphocytes per culture, with an optimal culture period of 6 days. Cultures are pulsed for 4 h with [3H]-thymidine, giving maximum incorporation and minimum cellular damage. The study also describes some disadvantages of using lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), as a marker of T-cell function. Experiments to establish ideal conditions for each stage of the method are described. The technique can be adjusted to accommodate different antigens, cell types and for the study of animal as well as human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 72123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4551", "title": "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: antigen binding lymphocytes to basic protein of myelin in susceptible and resistant strains.", "content": "Antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) to basic protein of myelin (BPM) were demonstrable in the thymus and spleen of various strains of mice. Counts of ABL did not differ in strains resistant and susceptible to EAE, and did not differ when human or murine 125I-labelled BPM was used as a labelled antigen to detect ABL. After injection with mouse spinal cord and adjuvants, under conditions known to be immunogenic and encephalitogenic for susceptible strains of mice, counts of ABL increased two- to four-fold in suceptible strains but did not icnrease in resistant strains. Antigen binding could not be accounted for by the attachment to cells of cytophilic antibody with specificity for BPM, because such antibody was seldom demonstrable even after immunization. Inferences from the study were: (i) that tolerate (non-responsiveness) to certain autoantigens at least must depend on control over continually present antigen-reactive lymphocytes rather than on any lack of capacity to recognize antigen; (ii) differences in susceptible and resistant strains are evident after, rather than before, immunization.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: antigen binding lymphocytes to basic protein of myelin in susceptible and resistant strains. Antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) to basic protein of myelin (BPM) were demonstrable in the thymus and spleen of various strains of mice. Counts of ABL did not differ in strains resistant and susceptible to EAE, and did not differ when human or murine 125I-labelled BPM was used as a labelled antigen to detect ABL. After injection with mouse spinal cord and adjuvants, under conditions known to be immunogenic and encephalitogenic for susceptible strains of mice, counts of ABL increased two- to four-fold in suceptible strains but did not icnrease in resistant strains. Antigen binding could not be accounted for by the attachment to cells of cytophilic antibody with specificity for BPM, because such antibody was seldom demonstrable even after immunization. Inferences from the study were: (i) that tolerate (non-responsiveness) to certain autoantigens at least must depend on control over continually present antigen-reactive lymphocytes rather than on any lack of capacity to recognize antigen; (ii) differences in susceptible and resistant strains are evident after, rather than before, immunization.", "PMID": 72124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4552", "title": "Perinatal immunity to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus type Ia.", "content": "Sera from 14 of 56 adult women protected mice from intraperitoneal challenge with mouse-virulent group B Streptococcus serotype Ia, and sera from seven of 25 nonparturient women in this group were bactericidal for greater than 99% of the organisms in the presence of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There were no discrepancies between the in vivo and in vitro assays. Protective activity was found in the IgG class in seven sera, and in the IgM class in one. Opsonic activity was partially dependent on heat-labile serum factors. Of 31 mother-cord serum pairs studied, seven maternal sera were protective, but four of the corresponding cord sera were not. Pooled human gamma-globulin injected by either the intraperitoneal or the intramuscular route protected mice from bacterial challenge.", "contents": "Perinatal immunity to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus type Ia. Sera from 14 of 56 adult women protected mice from intraperitoneal challenge with mouse-virulent group B Streptococcus serotype Ia, and sera from seven of 25 nonparturient women in this group were bactericidal for greater than 99% of the organisms in the presence of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There were no discrepancies between the in vivo and in vitro assays. Protective activity was found in the IgG class in seven sera, and in the IgM class in one. Opsonic activity was partially dependent on heat-labile serum factors. Of 31 mother-cord serum pairs studied, seven maternal sera were protective, but four of the corresponding cord sera were not. Pooled human gamma-globulin injected by either the intraperitoneal or the intramuscular route protected mice from bacterial challenge.", "PMID": 72125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4553", "title": "Structural subunits of poliovirus particles by electron microscopy.", "content": "Electron microscopy of poliovirus particles and empty capsids under various conditions of specimen deposition and staining visualizes the dissociation products of these particles. The dissociation proceeds in steps; it begins with the expansion of particles and leads to the final product of the dissociation--a cluster of several sub-particles of equal size (approx. 100 A in diam.). A scheme of the dissociation is proposed on the basis of the observed intermediates.", "contents": "Structural subunits of poliovirus particles by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of poliovirus particles and empty capsids under various conditions of specimen deposition and staining visualizes the dissociation products of these particles. The dissociation proceeds in steps; it begins with the expansion of particles and leads to the final product of the dissociation--a cluster of several sub-particles of equal size (approx. 100 A in diam.). A scheme of the dissociation is proposed on the basis of the observed intermediates.", "PMID": 72129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4554", "title": "Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus by kethoxal bis (thiosemicarbazone).", "content": "Kethoxal bis (thiosemicarbazone) (KTS) inhibited replication of, and plaque formation by, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in chick embryo cells. No other thiosemicarbazones tested were effective. Virus-specific m-RNA and protein synthesis were inhibited by KTS. However, virion RNA-dependent RNA synthesis was not inhibited by the drug. Treatment of VSV virions directly with KTS produced enhancement, rather than inactivation, of plaque formation. KTS inhibited cellular DNA and RNA synthesis by 67 and 25% respectively. Since cellular DNA and RNA synthesis are not required for VSV replication, the inhibition of these processes is probably unrelated to the antivirial activity of KTS. Cellular protein synthesis was inhibited 24% by KTS. Unexpectedly, synthesis of four proteins was induced in KTS-treated uninfected cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus by kethoxal bis (thiosemicarbazone). Kethoxal bis (thiosemicarbazone) (KTS) inhibited replication of, and plaque formation by, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in chick embryo cells. No other thiosemicarbazones tested were effective. Virus-specific m-RNA and protein synthesis were inhibited by KTS. However, virion RNA-dependent RNA synthesis was not inhibited by the drug. Treatment of VSV virions directly with KTS produced enhancement, rather than inactivation, of plaque formation. KTS inhibited cellular DNA and RNA synthesis by 67 and 25% respectively. Since cellular DNA and RNA synthesis are not required for VSV replication, the inhibition of these processes is probably unrelated to the antivirial activity of KTS. Cellular protein synthesis was inhibited 24% by KTS. Unexpectedly, synthesis of four proteins was induced in KTS-treated uninfected cells.", "PMID": 72131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4555", "title": "Mortality of patients with Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa.", "content": "The effect of levodopa on the mortality of patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated in 349 patients treated with levodopa or levodopa combined with decarboxylase inhibitor during 1969-1975 inclusive. During the study period, 61 patients died. The expected mortality was 32.99 resulting in a ratio of actual to expected deaths of 1.85. The excess mortality was accounted for by patients with a severe disease at entry and especially, by the less favorable effect of levodopa treatment than in the living patients. In comparison with the prelevodopa era, the reduction of mortality and the increase of life expectancy of patients with Parkinson's disease during levodopa treatment possibly reflect the decrease of the early mortality due to Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Mortality of patients with Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa. The effect of levodopa on the mortality of patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated in 349 patients treated with levodopa or levodopa combined with decarboxylase inhibitor during 1969-1975 inclusive. During the study period, 61 patients died. The expected mortality was 32.99 resulting in a ratio of actual to expected deaths of 1.85. The excess mortality was accounted for by patients with a severe disease at entry and especially, by the less favorable effect of levodopa treatment than in the living patients. In comparison with the prelevodopa era, the reduction of mortality and the increase of life expectancy of patients with Parkinson's disease during levodopa treatment possibly reflect the decrease of the early mortality due to Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 72132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4556", "title": "The bioavailability of phenytoin.", "content": "The bioavailability of three commercial products of phenytoin (Epanutin, sodium salt; Phenhydan, calcium salt; Zentropil, free acid) was studied relative to a standard solution of sodium phenytoin. Each preparation was given for 14 days in a daily dose of 300 mg according to a cross over design. The three brands tested were equivalent as to their bioavailability with respect to plasma concentrations during one dosing interval, the area under the plasma level time curve, the time of peak plasma concentration, and the urinary excretion of the primary metabolite. Therefore, these phenytoin brands are bioequivalent and exchangeable for antiepileptic treatment. The standard solution of sodium phenytoin had a higher bioavailability as compared to the commercial products.", "contents": "The bioavailability of phenytoin. The bioavailability of three commercial products of phenytoin (Epanutin, sodium salt; Phenhydan, calcium salt; Zentropil, free acid) was studied relative to a standard solution of sodium phenytoin. Each preparation was given for 14 days in a daily dose of 300 mg according to a cross over design. The three brands tested were equivalent as to their bioavailability with respect to plasma concentrations during one dosing interval, the area under the plasma level time curve, the time of peak plasma concentration, and the urinary excretion of the primary metabolite. Therefore, these phenytoin brands are bioequivalent and exchangeable for antiepileptic treatment. The standard solution of sodium phenytoin had a higher bioavailability as compared to the commercial products.", "PMID": 72133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4557", "title": "Familial focal loss of cross striations.", "content": "Two patients, a brother and sister, both suffering from congenital generalized muscle weakness with a progressive course are reported. Muscle biopsy revealed areas with loss of cross striations in the muscle fibers, electronmicroscopically presenting complete disorganization of the myofibrils with streaming of the Z discs and absence of mitochondria. Vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli were present in these areas. There was a type I fiber predominance in both cases. The mean diameter of the type I muscle fibers in one of the cases was too small. Motor endplate alterations in this patient gave no evidence of denervation but were suggestive of a delayed development of motor nerves.", "contents": "Familial focal loss of cross striations. Two patients, a brother and sister, both suffering from congenital generalized muscle weakness with a progressive course are reported. Muscle biopsy revealed areas with loss of cross striations in the muscle fibers, electronmicroscopically presenting complete disorganization of the myofibrils with streaming of the Z discs and absence of mitochondria. Vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli were present in these areas. There was a type I fiber predominance in both cases. The mean diameter of the type I muscle fibers in one of the cases was too small. Motor endplate alterations in this patient gave no evidence of denervation but were suggestive of a delayed development of motor nerves.", "PMID": 72134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4558", "title": "Temperature dependence of normal sensory nerve action potentials.", "content": "Sensory conduction velocities of normal subjects are increasing linearly with rising temperature. The duration of the compound sensory action potentials recorded from the median nerve at the wrist and elbow shows a negative temperature coefficient. The peak-to-peak amplitude of these potentials increases from 22 degrees to approximately 26 degrees C and then decreases progressively again up to 36 degrees C. It is believed that this behavior is due to a combination of decreasing temporal dispersion, height and duration of the individual spike potentials.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of normal sensory nerve action potentials. Sensory conduction velocities of normal subjects are increasing linearly with rising temperature. The duration of the compound sensory action potentials recorded from the median nerve at the wrist and elbow shows a negative temperature coefficient. The peak-to-peak amplitude of these potentials increases from 22 degrees to approximately 26 degrees C and then decreases progressively again up to 36 degrees C. It is believed that this behavior is due to a combination of decreasing temporal dispersion, height and duration of the individual spike potentials.", "PMID": 72135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4559", "title": "Changes of sensory conduction velocity and refractory periods with decreasing tissue temperature in man.", "content": "Changes with temperature of maximum sensory nerve conduction velocity as well as absolute and relative refractory periods were tested in 14 human subjects. Corresponding to previously published findings maximum conduction velocity decreased with cooling following a Q10 of +1.4. The absolute and relative refractory periods were increased by cooling, the Q10 being -3.1 and -3.35 respectively. There was a tendency showing a more pronounced temperature effect at low temperatures. The Q10 and the steepness of the regressionline changed at the level of 26.9 degrees C, but were significant for the relative refractory period only.", "contents": "Changes of sensory conduction velocity and refractory periods with decreasing tissue temperature in man. Changes with temperature of maximum sensory nerve conduction velocity as well as absolute and relative refractory periods were tested in 14 human subjects. Corresponding to previously published findings maximum conduction velocity decreased with cooling following a Q10 of +1.4. The absolute and relative refractory periods were increased by cooling, the Q10 being -3.1 and -3.35 respectively. There was a tendency showing a more pronounced temperature effect at low temperatures. The Q10 and the steepness of the regressionline changed at the level of 26.9 degrees C, but were significant for the relative refractory period only.", "PMID": 72136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4560", "title": "A temporal study of survival of patients with pontine gliomas.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of pontine glioma were treated over a 16 year period. Survival times are discussed, particularly long survival times, on the basis of 13 cases autopsied. Onset occurred in an age range of 5 to 60 years, and 5 of the 13 autopsied cases involved children. The average survival time was 9 months except for 2 long survival cases, one of 4 years and 7 months and the other of 14 years and 10 months. The longer the survival time, the greater was the number of neurological symptoms detected, but there was no relationship between the involvement of cranial nerves and the survival time. The improvement of cranial nerve disorders was more prominent in the long survival cases than that of other neurological disturbances. The time from onset of symptoms to admission was longer for long survival cases than the others, and the autopsies of two long survival cases revealed astrocytoma. There were no cases which survived more than one year in the glioblastoma multiforme group.", "contents": "A temporal study of survival of patients with pontine gliomas. Twenty-four cases of pontine glioma were treated over a 16 year period. Survival times are discussed, particularly long survival times, on the basis of 13 cases autopsied. Onset occurred in an age range of 5 to 60 years, and 5 of the 13 autopsied cases involved children. The average survival time was 9 months except for 2 long survival cases, one of 4 years and 7 months and the other of 14 years and 10 months. The longer the survival time, the greater was the number of neurological symptoms detected, but there was no relationship between the involvement of cranial nerves and the survival time. The improvement of cranial nerve disorders was more prominent in the long survival cases than that of other neurological disturbances. The time from onset of symptoms to admission was longer for long survival cases than the others, and the autopsies of two long survival cases revealed astrocytoma. There were no cases which survived more than one year in the glioblastoma multiforme group.", "PMID": 72137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4561", "title": "Biochemical findings in multiple sclerosis. V. Transformation of lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis by human basic protein.", "content": "Lymphocyte stimulation tests with human basic protein of myelin were performed on patients with multiple sclerosis, with other neurological diseases and on normal subjects. In both MS and OND group, a hypersensitization to basic protein was seen in about one third of the cases. All normal subjects, except one, had negative responses. In the MS group, a positive correlation could be found with some features of the disease: significantly more positive responses were found in independent patients with a short duration of illness and in those with an oligoclonal distribution in the CSF. The authors compare their results with those of the literature. The possible role of BP in pathogeny of MS and OND is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical findings in multiple sclerosis. V. Transformation of lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis by human basic protein. Lymphocyte stimulation tests with human basic protein of myelin were performed on patients with multiple sclerosis, with other neurological diseases and on normal subjects. In both MS and OND group, a hypersensitization to basic protein was seen in about one third of the cases. All normal subjects, except one, had negative responses. In the MS group, a positive correlation could be found with some features of the disease: significantly more positive responses were found in independent patients with a short duration of illness and in those with an oligoclonal distribution in the CSF. The authors compare their results with those of the literature. The possible role of BP in pathogeny of MS and OND is discussed.", "PMID": 72138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4562", "title": "Amyloid neuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy. A case report.", "content": "A case with peripheral neuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy is reported. There was striking, dissociated symmetrical sensory loss and paresis, the legs being affected predominantly. The case is compared with the few reported cases of myelomatous neuropathy, and the clinical and histological findings are discussed in view of the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Amyloid neuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy. A case report. A case with peripheral neuropathy due to monoclonal gammopathy is reported. There was striking, dissociated symmetrical sensory loss and paresis, the legs being affected predominantly. The case is compared with the few reported cases of myelomatous neuropathy, and the clinical and histological findings are discussed in view of the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 72139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4563", "title": "Malignant diseases among patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The frequency of malignant diseases among 1866 living and 340 deceased multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was investigated in Finland. The study revealed a low prevalence (0.64%) and mortality (0.07%) rate of cancer among MS patients. The difference between MS patients and general population was significant. The highest rate was found in the group from 40 to 49 years while in the general population the rate of cancer among MS patients tended to fall after the age of 50. The possible role of selenium, one of the antioxidants in the pathogenesis of MS and cancer, is discussed because recent data have shown a very high negative correlation between selenium and cancer death rates.", "contents": "Malignant diseases among patients with multiple sclerosis. The frequency of malignant diseases among 1866 living and 340 deceased multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was investigated in Finland. The study revealed a low prevalence (0.64%) and mortality (0.07%) rate of cancer among MS patients. The difference between MS patients and general population was significant. The highest rate was found in the group from 40 to 49 years while in the general population the rate of cancer among MS patients tended to fall after the age of 50. The possible role of selenium, one of the antioxidants in the pathogenesis of MS and cancer, is discussed because recent data have shown a very high negative correlation between selenium and cancer death rates.", "PMID": 72140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4564", "title": "Lectin and human blood group determinants of Schistosoma mansoni: alteration following in vitro transformation of miracidium to mother sporocyst.", "content": "A mixed agglutination assay method was employed to detect the presence of surface determinants for various lectins and human blood group antibodies on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and cultured mother sporocysts. Miracidia were found to possess surface receptors for the lectins Con A (concanavalin A), anti-Heel (eel serum agglutinin), and anti-ADb (Dolichos seed extract), as well as human anti-A antibodies. Following in vitro transformation of the miracidium to mother sporocyst, anti-Heel and human anti-A receptors were no longer detectable on the sporocyst surface, while determinants for Con A and anti-ADb remained essentially unaltered. It is concluded that transition of the miracidium to the sporocyst results in the alteration of surface molecular structures on schistosome larve. Furthermore, since determinants for Con A, anti-Heel, anti ADb, and human anti-A have been found associated with macromolecules in the hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Stnislawski et al., 1976), there is now evidence that miracidia and mother sporocysts of S. mansoni and their snail host share molecules with common lectin and human blood group determinants.", "contents": "Lectin and human blood group determinants of Schistosoma mansoni: alteration following in vitro transformation of miracidium to mother sporocyst. A mixed agglutination assay method was employed to detect the presence of surface determinants for various lectins and human blood group antibodies on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and cultured mother sporocysts. Miracidia were found to possess surface receptors for the lectins Con A (concanavalin A), anti-Heel (eel serum agglutinin), and anti-ADb (Dolichos seed extract), as well as human anti-A antibodies. Following in vitro transformation of the miracidium to mother sporocyst, anti-Heel and human anti-A receptors were no longer detectable on the sporocyst surface, while determinants for Con A and anti-ADb remained essentially unaltered. It is concluded that transition of the miracidium to the sporocyst results in the alteration of surface molecular structures on schistosome larve. Furthermore, since determinants for Con A, anti-Heel, anti ADb, and human anti-A have been found associated with macromolecules in the hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Stnislawski et al., 1976), there is now evidence that miracidia and mother sporocysts of S. mansoni and their snail host share molecules with common lectin and human blood group determinants.", "PMID": 72142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4565", "title": "Survival in bilateral Wilms' tumor--review of 30 National Wilms' Tumor Study cases.", "content": "Bilateral tumors were found in 33 patients or 5.4% of 606 children enrolled in the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Twenty six of 30 patients (87%) for whom detailed clinical information is available survived 2 yr after conservative surgery and radiation therapy. All patients were given one or more chemotherapeutic agents. A variety of surgical procedures were used including biopsy only, nephrectomy, and partial nephrectomies. Radiation therapy doses ranged widely, but between 1000 and 2000 rad apparently sufficed for local control in most cases. Recommendations regarding management by surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are given.", "contents": "Survival in bilateral Wilms' tumor--review of 30 National Wilms' Tumor Study cases. Bilateral tumors were found in 33 patients or 5.4% of 606 children enrolled in the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Twenty six of 30 patients (87%) for whom detailed clinical information is available survived 2 yr after conservative surgery and radiation therapy. All patients were given one or more chemotherapeutic agents. A variety of surgical procedures were used including biopsy only, nephrectomy, and partial nephrectomies. Radiation therapy doses ranged widely, but between 1000 and 2000 rad apparently sufficed for local control in most cases. Recommendations regarding management by surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are given.", "PMID": 72143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4566", "title": "The relationship between histamine secretion and 45calcium uptake by mast cells.", "content": "1. Unstimulated mast cells from the peritoneal cavity of the rat take up (45)Ca: the initial phase of rapid uptake being complete after 1 min incubation of the cells with the isotope. Stimulation of the mast cells with an antigen-antibody reaction, dextran or concanavalin A induces an increase in the uptake of (45)Ca which is accompanied by a release of granular material: this increase in (45)Ca uptake is also complete in 1 min. The majority of the stimulated (45)Ca uptake cannot be explained in terms of binding of Ca to released granular material, or to an enlargement in either the extracellular compartment or the cell surface area.2. The magnitude of the increase in (45)Ca uptake caused by stimulating the mast cells increases when the degree of histamine secretion increases.3. The increased (45)Ca uptake induced by stimulation of the mast cells and the degree of histamine secretion are both dependent on extracellular H ion concentration. Changes of pH cause similar changes in (45)Ca uptake and secretion with maxima at pH 7.5.4. Two thirds of the (45)Ca uptake induced by an antigen-antibody reaction or by the Ca ionophore A 23187 is unaffected by inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Histamine secretion on the other hand is practically abolished by this metabolic inhibition. Thus, (45)Ca uptake proceeds in the absence of the discharge of granules.5. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP or theophylline inhibit both the increase in (45)Ca uptake and the histamine secretion caused by stimulating mast cells with an antigen-antibody reaction. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP have no effect on uptake or secretion.6. The Ca ionophore, A 23187, induces uptake of (45)Ca and histamine secretion, neither effect being inhibited by either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or theophylline.7. Phosphatidyl serine increases both (45)Ca uptake and the histamine release induced by an antigen-antibody reaction, dextran or concanavalin A.", "contents": "The relationship between histamine secretion and 45calcium uptake by mast cells. 1. Unstimulated mast cells from the peritoneal cavity of the rat take up (45)Ca: the initial phase of rapid uptake being complete after 1 min incubation of the cells with the isotope. Stimulation of the mast cells with an antigen-antibody reaction, dextran or concanavalin A induces an increase in the uptake of (45)Ca which is accompanied by a release of granular material: this increase in (45)Ca uptake is also complete in 1 min. The majority of the stimulated (45)Ca uptake cannot be explained in terms of binding of Ca to released granular material, or to an enlargement in either the extracellular compartment or the cell surface area.2. The magnitude of the increase in (45)Ca uptake caused by stimulating the mast cells increases when the degree of histamine secretion increases.3. The increased (45)Ca uptake induced by stimulation of the mast cells and the degree of histamine secretion are both dependent on extracellular H ion concentration. Changes of pH cause similar changes in (45)Ca uptake and secretion with maxima at pH 7.5.4. Two thirds of the (45)Ca uptake induced by an antigen-antibody reaction or by the Ca ionophore A 23187 is unaffected by inhibiting glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Histamine secretion on the other hand is practically abolished by this metabolic inhibition. Thus, (45)Ca uptake proceeds in the absence of the discharge of granules.5. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP or theophylline inhibit both the increase in (45)Ca uptake and the histamine secretion caused by stimulating mast cells with an antigen-antibody reaction. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP have no effect on uptake or secretion.6. The Ca ionophore, A 23187, induces uptake of (45)Ca and histamine secretion, neither effect being inhibited by either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or theophylline.7. Phosphatidyl serine increases both (45)Ca uptake and the histamine release induced by an antigen-antibody reaction, dextran or concanavalin A.", "PMID": 72146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4567", "title": "Spontaneous histamine secretion from mast cells in the presence of strontium.", "content": "1. Histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells occurs spontaneously in the absence of an external stimulus. Spontaneous secretion increases as the concentration of Sr in the extracellular medium is raised from 1 to 10 m-mole/l. Ca 0.1-10 m-mole/l. does not increase spontaneous secretion.2. Spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr occurs slowly compared with evoked histamine secretion, reaching a maximum only after more than 120 min incubation with Sr 10 m-mole/l. at 37 degrees C and pH 7.6. Phosphatidyl serine, 10 mug/ml., increases the rate of spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr.3. The spontaneous secretion occurring in the presence of Sr is highly dependent on the extracellular H ion concentration. Maximal secretion occurs at pH 8.4 and only a very limited secretion is detected at pH below 7.6. The rate of spontaneous secretion is also greater at higher pH. Inhibition of secretion caused by lowering the pH can be reversed by raising the Sr ion concentration over a limited range.4. Intact glycolytic and oxidative metabolism is required for the spontaneous secretion of histamine in the presence of Sr. Removal of extracellular glucose inhibits the secretion by about 80%, and the further addition of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation almost abolishes the secretion.5. Ca, Mg and Mn all inhibit the spontaneous secretion of histamine which occurs in the presence of Sr. The antagonism of the effect of Sr by Mg appears not to be competitive.6. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 mumole/l. to 3 m-mole/l. and theophylline, 30 mumole/l. inhibit spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr. Cyclic AMP, AMP, and cyclic GMP 10 m-mole/l. are without effect on the spontaneous secretion. The inhibitory effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and of theophylline are dependent on pH: greater inhibition being achieved at lower pH.", "contents": "Spontaneous histamine secretion from mast cells in the presence of strontium. 1. Histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells occurs spontaneously in the absence of an external stimulus. Spontaneous secretion increases as the concentration of Sr in the extracellular medium is raised from 1 to 10 m-mole/l. Ca 0.1-10 m-mole/l. does not increase spontaneous secretion.2. Spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr occurs slowly compared with evoked histamine secretion, reaching a maximum only after more than 120 min incubation with Sr 10 m-mole/l. at 37 degrees C and pH 7.6. Phosphatidyl serine, 10 mug/ml., increases the rate of spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr.3. The spontaneous secretion occurring in the presence of Sr is highly dependent on the extracellular H ion concentration. Maximal secretion occurs at pH 8.4 and only a very limited secretion is detected at pH below 7.6. The rate of spontaneous secretion is also greater at higher pH. Inhibition of secretion caused by lowering the pH can be reversed by raising the Sr ion concentration over a limited range.4. Intact glycolytic and oxidative metabolism is required for the spontaneous secretion of histamine in the presence of Sr. Removal of extracellular glucose inhibits the secretion by about 80%, and the further addition of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation almost abolishes the secretion.5. Ca, Mg and Mn all inhibit the spontaneous secretion of histamine which occurs in the presence of Sr. The antagonism of the effect of Sr by Mg appears not to be competitive.6. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 mumole/l. to 3 m-mole/l. and theophylline, 30 mumole/l. inhibit spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr. Cyclic AMP, AMP, and cyclic GMP 10 m-mole/l. are without effect on the spontaneous secretion. The inhibitory effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and of theophylline are dependent on pH: greater inhibition being achieved at lower pH.", "PMID": 72147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4568", "title": "Movement of strontium ions into mast cells and its relationship to the secretory response.", "content": "1. Non-stimulated mast cells take up (89)Sr and (45)Ca. There is a rapid phase of uptake of both labels which is complete in 1 min and the (89)Sr uptake is similar in magnitude to the (45)Ca uptake. A further slower phase of uptake occurs in the period from 1 to 30 min of incubation. The magnitude of this slower phase is about 6 times greater for (89)Sr than for (45)Ca.2. Non-stimulated and antigen-stimulated mast cells accumulate Sr which can be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. There is a direct relationship between Sr accumulation and histamine secretion which is independent of whether or not the cells are stimulated. 10% histamine secretion is associated with Sr accumulation of 0.25 f-mole/cell.3. The time course of (89)Sr uptake is similar to the time course of histamine secretion in non-stimulated cells.4. The uptake of (89)Sr is linearly related to the external Sr concentration in the range 0.5-16 m-mole/l. for both stimulated and non-stimulated cells.5. Ca, 10-1000 mumole/l. inhibits (89)Sr uptake in non-stimulated cells.6. Inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation prevents spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr without blocking the accumulation of Sr by the cells.7. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 m-mole/l. produces only 18% inhibition of (89)Sr uptake whereas histamine secretion is inhibited by 45% by the same concentration. The antigen-stimulated Sr uptake on the other hand can be completely inhibited by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 m-mole/l.8. The uptakes of (89)Sr and Sr by unstimulated mast cells after 60 min incubation are dependent on extracellular H ion concentration. Both uptakes increase with increasing pH over the range pH 7-8.5.", "contents": "Movement of strontium ions into mast cells and its relationship to the secretory response. 1. Non-stimulated mast cells take up (89)Sr and (45)Ca. There is a rapid phase of uptake of both labels which is complete in 1 min and the (89)Sr uptake is similar in magnitude to the (45)Ca uptake. A further slower phase of uptake occurs in the period from 1 to 30 min of incubation. The magnitude of this slower phase is about 6 times greater for (89)Sr than for (45)Ca.2. Non-stimulated and antigen-stimulated mast cells accumulate Sr which can be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. There is a direct relationship between Sr accumulation and histamine secretion which is independent of whether or not the cells are stimulated. 10% histamine secretion is associated with Sr accumulation of 0.25 f-mole/cell.3. The time course of (89)Sr uptake is similar to the time course of histamine secretion in non-stimulated cells.4. The uptake of (89)Sr is linearly related to the external Sr concentration in the range 0.5-16 m-mole/l. for both stimulated and non-stimulated cells.5. Ca, 10-1000 mumole/l. inhibits (89)Sr uptake in non-stimulated cells.6. Inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation prevents spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr without blocking the accumulation of Sr by the cells.7. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 m-mole/l. produces only 18% inhibition of (89)Sr uptake whereas histamine secretion is inhibited by 45% by the same concentration. The antigen-stimulated Sr uptake on the other hand can be completely inhibited by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10 m-mole/l.8. The uptakes of (89)Sr and Sr by unstimulated mast cells after 60 min incubation are dependent on extracellular H ion concentration. Both uptakes increase with increasing pH over the range pH 7-8.5.", "PMID": 72148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4569", "title": "What are anaerobic cocci?", "content": "Criteria are suggested for the definition of \"anaerobic cocci\" as a general term to include all obligately anaerobic cocci. Such a definition draws a clear distinction between obligately anaerobic and micro-aerophilic strains and might form a basis both for characterisation of these organisms in the diagnostic laboratory and for further studies on their taxonomy and pathogenicity.", "contents": "What are anaerobic cocci? Criteria are suggested for the definition of \"anaerobic cocci\" as a general term to include all obligately anaerobic cocci. Such a definition draws a clear distinction between obligately anaerobic and micro-aerophilic strains and might form a basis both for characterisation of these organisms in the diagnostic laboratory and for further studies on their taxonomy and pathogenicity.", "PMID": 72155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4570", "title": "Microscopy of the junctional region between human coronal primary and secondary dentine.", "content": "The juction between human primary dentine and regular and irregular secondary dentine was examined with a number of different light and electron microscopic techniques. In decalcified material, a narrow band along the innermost surface of the primary dentine stained intensely. The walls of the tubules within the band stained intensely, whereas the tubular walls within the bulk of the primary dentine were not stained. Generally, the walls of the tubules in both types of secondary dentine were also preferentially stained. Although not readily apparent in ground sections, observations of thin sections revealed a dramatic reduction in the number of tubules in regular secondary dentine. Generally, the radiodensity of the intertubular matrix was the same in primary and secondary dentine and the intensely stained band was not seen radiographically. The pulpal ends of the tubules in primary dentine were often occluded with a material having the same radiodensity as peritubular matrix. Both patent and occluded tubules were seen in irregular secondary dentine. Scanning electron microscopy of acid-etched specimens of secondary dentine revealed that some tubules had irregular walls of highly mineralized matrix which was less acid-soluble then the peritubular matrix of primary dentine.", "contents": "Microscopy of the junctional region between human coronal primary and secondary dentine. The juction between human primary dentine and regular and irregular secondary dentine was examined with a number of different light and electron microscopic techniques. In decalcified material, a narrow band along the innermost surface of the primary dentine stained intensely. The walls of the tubules within the band stained intensely, whereas the tubular walls within the bulk of the primary dentine were not stained. Generally, the walls of the tubules in both types of secondary dentine were also preferentially stained. Although not readily apparent in ground sections, observations of thin sections revealed a dramatic reduction in the number of tubules in regular secondary dentine. Generally, the radiodensity of the intertubular matrix was the same in primary and secondary dentine and the intensely stained band was not seen radiographically. The pulpal ends of the tubules in primary dentine were often occluded with a material having the same radiodensity as peritubular matrix. Both patent and occluded tubules were seen in irregular secondary dentine. Scanning electron microscopy of acid-etched specimens of secondary dentine revealed that some tubules had irregular walls of highly mineralized matrix which was less acid-soluble then the peritubular matrix of primary dentine.", "PMID": 72156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4571", "title": "Interactions of murine leukemia virus core components: characterization of reverse transcriptase packaged in the absence of 70S genomic RNA.", "content": "Virions produced by cells in the presence of actinomycin D (Act D virions) contain reverse transcriptase but are deficient in 70S genomic RNA. To assess the role of genomic RNA in encapsidation of a functional reverse transcriptase and to study the interaction of the enzyme and its template in the cores of intact virions, the reverse transcriptase enzymes of normal and Act D virions were compared. The enzymes were indistinguishable by column chromatography, sedimentation velocity, or template/primer preferences. In addition, these enzymes showed equal sensitivity to inactivation by antibodies directed against Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase. The enzymes from Act D and normal virions had similar thermal decay rates and were both protected against heat denaturation by natural and synthetic template/primers. By these criteria, the DNA polymerase molecules synthesized and assembled into virions in the absence of genomic RNA are identical to those packaged under normal conditions. Additional studies designed to measure protection of reverse transcriptase by genomic RNA were carried out by comparing the thermal lability of the enzyme in intact Act D and normal virions. The thermal decay rate of reverse transcriptase in Act D virions was identical to that in control virions. In contrast to the lability of the virion-associated enzyme, however, genomic RNA in control virions was stable to heat treatment.", "contents": "Interactions of murine leukemia virus core components: characterization of reverse transcriptase packaged in the absence of 70S genomic RNA. Virions produced by cells in the presence of actinomycin D (Act D virions) contain reverse transcriptase but are deficient in 70S genomic RNA. To assess the role of genomic RNA in encapsidation of a functional reverse transcriptase and to study the interaction of the enzyme and its template in the cores of intact virions, the reverse transcriptase enzymes of normal and Act D virions were compared. The enzymes were indistinguishable by column chromatography, sedimentation velocity, or template/primer preferences. In addition, these enzymes showed equal sensitivity to inactivation by antibodies directed against Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase. The enzymes from Act D and normal virions had similar thermal decay rates and were both protected against heat denaturation by natural and synthetic template/primers. By these criteria, the DNA polymerase molecules synthesized and assembled into virions in the absence of genomic RNA are identical to those packaged under normal conditions. Additional studies designed to measure protection of reverse transcriptase by genomic RNA were carried out by comparing the thermal lability of the enzyme in intact Act D and normal virions. The thermal decay rate of reverse transcriptase in Act D virions was identical to that in control virions. In contrast to the lability of the virion-associated enzyme, however, genomic RNA in control virions was stable to heat treatment.", "PMID": 72160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4572", "title": "Type-specific antigenic determinants on the major external glycoprotein of high- and low-oncogenic murine mammary tumor viruses.", "content": "We recently showed that the 52,000-dalton external glycoprotein (gp52) of the highly oncogenic mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) of RIII, GR, and C3H mice contains both type- and group-specific antigenic determinants. This was demonstrated by using a competition radioimmunoassay with 125I-externally labeled virions and antisera to the gp52 of MMTV from RIII mice (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3564-3568, 1977). We report here that we were able to distinguish between the gp52's of the high-oncogenic MMTV of C3H mice [MMTV(C3H)] and the low-oncogenic MMTV of that same mouse strain [MMTV(C3Hf)]. This was accomplished by use of a competition radioimmunoassay with 125I-externally labeled virions of MMTV(C3H) and antisera prepared against MMTV(C3H). A comparison of the intact virion and purified gp52 radioimmunoassays showed that MMTV type-specific differences were enhanced with the intact virion radioimmunoassay. These differences were further magnified with appropriately absorbed antisera. These findings thus allow an immunological distinction between the surface glycoproteins of a low-oncogenic endogenous and a high-oncogenic exogenous MMTV of the same mouse strain.", "contents": "Type-specific antigenic determinants on the major external glycoprotein of high- and low-oncogenic murine mammary tumor viruses. We recently showed that the 52,000-dalton external glycoprotein (gp52) of the highly oncogenic mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) of RIII, GR, and C3H mice contains both type- and group-specific antigenic determinants. This was demonstrated by using a competition radioimmunoassay with 125I-externally labeled virions and antisera to the gp52 of MMTV from RIII mice (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:3564-3568, 1977). We report here that we were able to distinguish between the gp52's of the high-oncogenic MMTV of C3H mice [MMTV(C3H)] and the low-oncogenic MMTV of that same mouse strain [MMTV(C3Hf)]. This was accomplished by use of a competition radioimmunoassay with 125I-externally labeled virions of MMTV(C3H) and antisera prepared against MMTV(C3H). A comparison of the intact virion and purified gp52 radioimmunoassays showed that MMTV type-specific differences were enhanced with the intact virion radioimmunoassay. These differences were further magnified with appropriately absorbed antisera. These findings thus allow an immunological distinction between the surface glycoproteins of a low-oncogenic endogenous and a high-oncogenic exogenous MMTV of the same mouse strain.", "PMID": 72161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4573", "title": "In vitro transcription of the avian retrovirus genome by the alpha form of the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "The nature of transcription of the avian retrovirus RNA genome by the alpha form of the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase has been investigated. Transcription was most efficient when Mn2+ was provided as the divalent metal ion. The patterns of DNA transcription using 70S RNA, 35S RNA-tRNAtrp, or 35S RNA-oligo(dT)12-18 template-primer complexes by the alpha DNA polymerase were essentially identical to those obtained using the alphabeta form. The alpha DNA polymerase appears to be deficient in the synthesis of true duplex DNA but is able to synthesize hairpin-structured DNA initiated at the 5' terminus of the viral genome on the tRNAtrp primer molecule.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of the avian retrovirus genome by the alpha form of the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The nature of transcription of the avian retrovirus RNA genome by the alpha form of the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase has been investigated. Transcription was most efficient when Mn2+ was provided as the divalent metal ion. The patterns of DNA transcription using 70S RNA, 35S RNA-tRNAtrp, or 35S RNA-oligo(dT)12-18 template-primer complexes by the alpha DNA polymerase were essentially identical to those obtained using the alphabeta form. The alpha DNA polymerase appears to be deficient in the synthesis of true duplex DNA but is able to synthesize hairpin-structured DNA initiated at the 5' terminus of the viral genome on the tRNAtrp primer molecule.", "PMID": 72162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4574", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testicular tumors.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by radioimmunoassays in 260 patients with genitourinary diseases, including 93 patients with testicular tumors. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin were associated only with non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Our 32-month experience with serial measurements of the 2 markers in patients with these tumors shows that alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin must be determined and that together they serve as accurate and sensitive indicators of metastases and are helpful in determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, they have limited value in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testicular tumors. Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by radioimmunoassays in 260 patients with genitourinary diseases, including 93 patients with testicular tumors. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin were associated only with non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Our 32-month experience with serial measurements of the 2 markers in patients with these tumors shows that alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin must be determined and that together they serve as accurate and sensitive indicators of metastases and are helpful in determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, they have limited value in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses.", "PMID": 72163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4575", "title": "Transurethral prostatic resections under local anesthesia.", "content": "Standard transurethral prostatic resections were done on 18 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Local anesthesia was used with standard 1 per cent lidocaine local infiltration of the prostate and topical instillation into the urethra. This anesthesia was supplemented in a few instances by modest doses of intravenous tranquilizers, which has proved to be a safe, simple and effective procedure.", "contents": "Transurethral prostatic resections under local anesthesia. Standard transurethral prostatic resections were done on 18 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Local anesthesia was used with standard 1 per cent lidocaine local infiltration of the prostate and topical instillation into the urethra. This anesthesia was supplemented in a few instances by modest doses of intravenous tranquilizers, which has proved to be a safe, simple and effective procedure.", "PMID": 72164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4576", "title": "Minocycline diffusion into benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Minocycline, a broad-spectrum, highly lipid soluble tetracycline that has generated interest in the treatment of chronic prostatitis, was evaluated for its possible ability to be concentrated in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drug levels in the prostate, plasma, fat, muscle and urine were measured in patients undergoing open prostatectomy after preoperative intravenous minocycline. The concentrations of the drug in the prostate and serum were close (4.16 versus 3.01 microgram. per gm.), while drug levels in striated muscle and fat were consistently lower (2.92 and 0.77 microgram. per gm). Higher preoperative doses of drug yielded higher tissue levels. Drug delivery closer temporally to the operation yielded higher serum and prostatic levels as opposed to striated muscle and fat, suggesting a rapid diffusion of the drug into benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Minocycline diffusion into benign prostatic hyperplasia. Minocycline, a broad-spectrum, highly lipid soluble tetracycline that has generated interest in the treatment of chronic prostatitis, was evaluated for its possible ability to be concentrated in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drug levels in the prostate, plasma, fat, muscle and urine were measured in patients undergoing open prostatectomy after preoperative intravenous minocycline. The concentrations of the drug in the prostate and serum were close (4.16 versus 3.01 microgram. per gm.), while drug levels in striated muscle and fat were consistently lower (2.92 and 0.77 microgram. per gm). Higher preoperative doses of drug yielded higher tissue levels. Drug delivery closer temporally to the operation yielded higher serum and prostatic levels as opposed to striated muscle and fat, suggesting a rapid diffusion of the drug into benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 72165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4577", "title": "Development of an epithelial tissue culture line from human prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The development of a tissue culture line of human prostatic adenocarcinoma is described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is a pure epithelial culture with characteristics of neoplastic cells, including a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells and the loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells presently are being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.", "contents": "Development of an epithelial tissue culture line from human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The development of a tissue culture line of human prostatic adenocarcinoma is described. The culture (HPC-36), derived from tumor tissue explants, is a pure epithelial culture with characteristics of neoplastic cells, including a large nuclear size relative to the amount of cytoplasm, multiple nucleoli within the nucleus, many mitotic figures, the formation of multinucleated giant cells and the loss of contact inhibition. The cells also stained positively for acid phosphatase and have been grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. The HPC-36 cells presently are being studied to determine whether they are true descendants of the cancer cells.", "PMID": 72166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4578", "title": "Use of heterogenous and monospecific antisera for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.", "content": "A rabbit antibody to antigens present in urine from bladder cancer patients was prepared and used in conjunction with various monospecific antisera to detect urine components related to bladder cancer. All urine samples were centrifuged routinely, dialyzed and concentrated 10 times before assay by gel diffusion versus the various antisera. Urine was considered positive when it showed reactivity with 2 or more antibodies. This method of analysis resulted in the diagnosis of 64% of the bladder papillomas and 77% of the bladder cancers tested, compared to only a 7% falsely positive rate with normal urine. These data support the potential usefulness of an antiserum panel in the immunological diagnosis of bladder cancer in the general population and in high risk individuals.", "contents": "Use of heterogenous and monospecific antisera for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. A rabbit antibody to antigens present in urine from bladder cancer patients was prepared and used in conjunction with various monospecific antisera to detect urine components related to bladder cancer. All urine samples were centrifuged routinely, dialyzed and concentrated 10 times before assay by gel diffusion versus the various antisera. Urine was considered positive when it showed reactivity with 2 or more antibodies. This method of analysis resulted in the diagnosis of 64% of the bladder papillomas and 77% of the bladder cancers tested, compared to only a 7% falsely positive rate with normal urine. These data support the potential usefulness of an antiserum panel in the immunological diagnosis of bladder cancer in the general population and in high risk individuals.", "PMID": 72167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4579", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity against virally transformed cells in patients with urologic cancer.", "content": "Lymphocytes from patients with urologic cancer were tested in microcytotoxicity assays against human cells transformed by cytomegalovirus. Human lymphocytes were significantly cytotoxic against the transformed cell line when compared to a normal human control cell line. Patients with prostatic carcinoma demonstrated greater target cell reduction than those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity against virally transformed cells in patients with urologic cancer. Lymphocytes from patients with urologic cancer were tested in microcytotoxicity assays against human cells transformed by cytomegalovirus. Human lymphocytes were significantly cytotoxic against the transformed cell line when compared to a normal human control cell line. Patients with prostatic carcinoma demonstrated greater target cell reduction than those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 72168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4580", "title": "Use of methylene blue in suspected colovesical fistula.", "content": "Positive urine and blood assays of methylene and leukomethylene blue were obtained from 9 volunteers with normal colonic and renal function after a 100 ml, methylene blue enema (50 mg.). The study conclusively demonstrates that methylene blue is absorbed by rectal mucosa and excreted by the kidneys as a colored dye in the urine. Thus, intrarectal methylene blue cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis of a colovesical fistula.", "contents": "Use of methylene blue in suspected colovesical fistula. Positive urine and blood assays of methylene and leukomethylene blue were obtained from 9 volunteers with normal colonic and renal function after a 100 ml, methylene blue enema (50 mg.). The study conclusively demonstrates that methylene blue is absorbed by rectal mucosa and excreted by the kidneys as a colored dye in the urine. Thus, intrarectal methylene blue cannot be used to confirm the diagnosis of a colovesical fistula.", "PMID": 72169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4581", "title": "Transurethral resection in a patient with a dysfibrinogen: fibrinogen cleveland I.", "content": "A case of a congenitally abnormal fibrinogen that resulted in surgical wound dehiscence is reported. The patient underwent successful transurethral resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy while being treated with epsilon aminocaproic acid to prevent fibrinolysis of the abnormal fibrin clot.", "contents": "Transurethral resection in a patient with a dysfibrinogen: fibrinogen cleveland I. A case of a congenitally abnormal fibrinogen that resulted in surgical wound dehiscence is reported. The patient underwent successful transurethral resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy while being treated with epsilon aminocaproic acid to prevent fibrinolysis of the abnormal fibrin clot.", "PMID": 72170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4582", "title": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--comparison of various antigenic schema.", "content": "Serotyping sera for both the agglutination (using IMSUT sera) and slide agglutination (using TIBS sera) were succesfully prepared using Homma's serotype strains. They were proved to be type specific and distinct. The two typing sera (IMSUT and TIBS) were used to determine the correspondence of major O-antigens among the different kinds of serotype schema which are used at present throughout the world. The serotype sera of Lanyi, Liu and Meitert were also used for the same purpose. The relationships among serotypes of the seven schemata were clarified as shown in tables in the text. Cross-reactions were found among several serotypes in each of several serotype schemata was suggested.", "contents": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa--comparison of various antigenic schema. Serotyping sera for both the agglutination (using IMSUT sera) and slide agglutination (using TIBS sera) were succesfully prepared using Homma's serotype strains. They were proved to be type specific and distinct. The two typing sera (IMSUT and TIBS) were used to determine the correspondence of major O-antigens among the different kinds of serotype schema which are used at present throughout the world. The serotype sera of Lanyi, Liu and Meitert were also used for the same purpose. The relationships among serotypes of the seven schemata were clarified as shown in tables in the text. Cross-reactions were found among several serotypes in each of several serotype schemata was suggested.", "PMID": 72174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4583", "title": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aerugionosa--grouping of serotypes.", "content": "Cross absorption and agar gel diffusion tests were performed using Homma and Liu standard strains and their antisera to study the antigenic relationships among the strains showing strong cross-agglutination. The results suggested that Homma 0:3 strain was able to produce a sufficiently high-titered antiserum against Liu 0:7 and 0:8, and that Liu 0:13 was identical to Homma 0:12. In the antisera against Liu 0:13 and 0:14 there existed a strong antibody common to both antigens as well as an antibody specific to each antigen. Furthermore, the presence of strong common antigens was demonstrated among Homma 0:2, 0:7, 0:13 and 0:16, and between Homma 0:15 and 0:17.", "contents": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aerugionosa--grouping of serotypes. Cross absorption and agar gel diffusion tests were performed using Homma and Liu standard strains and their antisera to study the antigenic relationships among the strains showing strong cross-agglutination. The results suggested that Homma 0:3 strain was able to produce a sufficiently high-titered antiserum against Liu 0:7 and 0:8, and that Liu 0:13 was identical to Homma 0:12. In the antisera against Liu 0:13 and 0:14 there existed a strong antibody common to both antigens as well as an antibody specific to each antigen. Furthermore, the presence of strong common antigens was demonstrated among Homma 0:2, 0:7, 0:13 and 0:16, and between Homma 0:15 and 0:17.", "PMID": 72175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4584", "title": "Oral non-absorbed antibiotics prevent infection in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "113 patients being treated for acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were investigated to determine the effect of suppression of body microbial flora on prevention of infection. They were randomly allocated to a control group or a group which received non-absorbed antibiotics by mouth and topical applications of cutaneous and mucosal antiseptic preparations. The group receiving oral non-absorbed antibiotics had significantly few infections, fewer deaths from infection, fewer pyrexial episodes, and consequently received less systemic antibiotic therapy than the controls.", "contents": "Oral non-absorbed antibiotics prevent infection in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. 113 patients being treated for acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were investigated to determine the effect of suppression of body microbial flora on prevention of infection. They were randomly allocated to a control group or a group which received non-absorbed antibiotics by mouth and topical applications of cutaneous and mucosal antiseptic preparations. The group receiving oral non-absorbed antibiotics had significantly few infections, fewer deaths from infection, fewer pyrexial episodes, and consequently received less systemic antibiotic therapy than the controls.", "PMID": 72192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4585", "title": "Prolactin, oestrogen, and lipids in breast fluid.", "content": "Concentrations of prolactin, oestrogens, and lipids were measured in the plasma and breast-duct fluid of 8 non-lactating premenopausal women without a known history of breast disease. Concentrations of prolactin, oestrogen, and triglycerides were significantly higher in ductal fluid than in plasma, but there was little difference with cholesterol concentration. The high concentrations of prolactin and oestrogen found in the ductal fluid of Western women may be relevant to development of breast cancer.", "contents": "Prolactin, oestrogen, and lipids in breast fluid. Concentrations of prolactin, oestrogens, and lipids were measured in the plasma and breast-duct fluid of 8 non-lactating premenopausal women without a known history of breast disease. Concentrations of prolactin, oestrogen, and triglycerides were significantly higher in ductal fluid than in plasma, but there was little difference with cholesterol concentration. The high concentrations of prolactin and oestrogen found in the ductal fluid of Western women may be relevant to development of breast cancer.", "PMID": 72193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4586", "title": "Growth-hormone deficiency in congenital rubella.", "content": "Two boys with congenital rubella and concomitant growth-hormone deficiency responded to human-growth-hormone replacement and have already (over a period of 18 mo) achieved a significant increase in height. The association of these two diagnoses requires recognition so that treatable endocrine disorders, which are becoming recognized more often in congenital rubella, are always positively excluded when affected children with inexplicable short stature are seen.", "contents": "Growth-hormone deficiency in congenital rubella. Two boys with congenital rubella and concomitant growth-hormone deficiency responded to human-growth-hormone replacement and have already (over a period of 18 mo) achieved a significant increase in height. The association of these two diagnoses requires recognition so that treatable endocrine disorders, which are becoming recognized more often in congenital rubella, are always positively excluded when affected children with inexplicable short stature are seen.", "PMID": 72194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4587", "title": "Specific cell-mediated immune defect in active cytomegalovirus infection of young children and their mothers.", "content": "4 young children with active cytomegalovirus (C.M.V.) infection were  found, by an in-vitro lymphocyte-proliferation assay, to have a C.M.V.-specific cell-mediated immune defect. These children had antibodies to C.M.V. and were actively shedding C.M.V. in the urine when studied. Their general cellular immune responses were intact, with normal numbers of T lymphocytes and normal in-vitro responses to mitogens and at least one antigen. 3 of the 4 mothers studied shortly after delivery had decreased cell-mediated immunity to C.M.V. These findings suggest that an antigen-specific immune defect facilitates transmission of virus from mother to infant and permits persistence of viral replication in the offspring.", "contents": "Specific cell-mediated immune defect in active cytomegalovirus infection of young children and their mothers. 4 young children with active cytomegalovirus (C.M.V.) infection were  found, by an in-vitro lymphocyte-proliferation assay, to have a C.M.V.-specific cell-mediated immune defect. These children had antibodies to C.M.V. and were actively shedding C.M.V. in the urine when studied. Their general cellular immune responses were intact, with normal numbers of T lymphocytes and normal in-vitro responses to mitogens and at least one antigen. 3 of the 4 mothers studied shortly after delivery had decreased cell-mediated immunity to C.M.V. These findings suggest that an antigen-specific immune defect facilitates transmission of virus from mother to infant and permits persistence of viral replication in the offspring.", "PMID": 72195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4588", "title": "Respiratory allergy to urine proteins of rats and mice.", "content": "Five atopic laboratory workers with asthma and other manifestations of allergy to rats and mice were sensitive to low-molecular-weight urine proteins--an alpha2-globulin in the rat and a prealbumin in the mouse. Positive skin prick and inhalation test reactions to the urine proteins were obtained; and radioallergosorbent tests (R.A.S.T.) for specific IgE antibody were also positive. These findings show that proper control of the collection and disposal of the animals' urine is necessary to minimise the likelihood of sensitisation.", "contents": "Respiratory allergy to urine proteins of rats and mice. Five atopic laboratory workers with asthma and other manifestations of allergy to rats and mice were sensitive to low-molecular-weight urine proteins--an alpha2-globulin in the rat and a prealbumin in the mouse. Positive skin prick and inhalation test reactions to the urine proteins were obtained; and radioallergosorbent tests (R.A.S.T.) for specific IgE antibody were also positive. These findings show that proper control of the collection and disposal of the animals' urine is necessary to minimise the likelihood of sensitisation.", "PMID": 72196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4589", "title": "Morphometric changes in rabbit ventricular myocardium produced by long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade.", "content": "In rabbits long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade did not cause any change in the morphology of individual organelles in the ventricular myocardium. There were, however, striking and significant changes in their relative distribution: (1) the relative volume of the mitochondria was reduced and was replaced by an equivalent relative increase in sarcoplasm; and (2) the relative volume of vascular elements was increased and the interfibrillar volume was decreased, so that the path from capillary to cell wall was reduced. The relative volumes of myofibrils and nuclei were unchanged. The doses used were well within the range used clinically, so that the results could be relevant to the efficacy of beta-blockers in angina pectoris, because the relative increase in capillaries and shorter diffusion pathway for oxygen could raise oxygen availability. The reduced rate of growth of the heart in young rabbits during beta-blockade may also be relevant to the treatment of infants with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by beta-blockers.", "contents": "Morphometric changes in rabbit ventricular myocardium produced by long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade. In rabbits long-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade did not cause any change in the morphology of individual organelles in the ventricular myocardium. There were, however, striking and significant changes in their relative distribution: (1) the relative volume of the mitochondria was reduced and was replaced by an equivalent relative increase in sarcoplasm; and (2) the relative volume of vascular elements was increased and the interfibrillar volume was decreased, so that the path from capillary to cell wall was reduced. The relative volumes of myofibrils and nuclei were unchanged. The doses used were well within the range used clinically, so that the results could be relevant to the efficacy of beta-blockers in angina pectoris, because the relative increase in capillaries and shorter diffusion pathway for oxygen could raise oxygen availability. The reduced rate of growth of the heart in young rabbits during beta-blockade may also be relevant to the treatment of infants with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by beta-blockers.", "PMID": 72197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4590", "title": "Abdominal scintiphotography with 99mtechnetium-labelled albumin in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. An experimental study and a case-report.", "content": "In a new diagnostic method in acute gastrointestinal bleeding, after an intravenous injection of 99mtechnetium-labelled albumin, the distribution of radioactivity in the abdomen is followed for 40-60 minutes by sequential scintiphotography. The site of simulated gastrointestinal bleeding could be identified in all five volunteers. In a patient with severe bleeding from diverticula in the sigmoid colon the method gave a correct estimate of the site of the bleeding and of its rate.", "contents": "Abdominal scintiphotography with 99mtechnetium-labelled albumin in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. An experimental study and a case-report. In a new diagnostic method in acute gastrointestinal bleeding, after an intravenous injection of 99mtechnetium-labelled albumin, the distribution of radioactivity in the abdomen is followed for 40-60 minutes by sequential scintiphotography. The site of simulated gastrointestinal bleeding could be identified in all five volunteers. In a patient with severe bleeding from diverticula in the sigmoid colon the method gave a correct estimate of the site of the bleeding and of its rate.", "PMID": 72198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4591", "title": "Predicting patients' warfarin requirements.", "content": "In 34 patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy with warfarin a close relationship has been observed between the logarithm of the 'Thrombotest' response to a loading dose (10 mg/day for three days) and the maintenance dose required to achieve an anticoagulant response of 8-12% (thrombo-test). This relationship appears to be close enough to enable maintenance dosages to be predicted.", "contents": "Predicting patients' warfarin requirements. In 34 patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy with warfarin a close relationship has been observed between the logarithm of the 'Thrombotest' response to a loading dose (10 mg/day for three days) and the maintenance dose required to achieve an anticoagulant response of 8-12% (thrombo-test). This relationship appears to be close enough to enable maintenance dosages to be predicted.", "PMID": 72199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4592", "title": "Pseudoepidemics in hospital.", "content": "20 (11%) of 181 nosocomial epidemics investigated by the Center for Disease Control during 1956-75 were actually false outbreaks. In each pseudoepidemic, on-site investigation showed that errors in specimen processing (11), surveillance artefacts (6), or clinical misdiagnosis (3) had resulted in real clusters of false infections or artefactual clusters of real infections. Specimen-processing errors included contamination during collection or transport, cross-contamination in the laboratory, and incorrect identification of organisms. Prevention of pseudoepidemics depends on quality control aimed at avoiding such errors and on close cooperation between laboratory workers and clinicians, to ensure systematic review of incongruous laboratory results.", "contents": "Pseudoepidemics in hospital. 20 (11%) of 181 nosocomial epidemics investigated by the Center for Disease Control during 1956-75 were actually false outbreaks. In each pseudoepidemic, on-site investigation showed that errors in specimen processing (11), surveillance artefacts (6), or clinical misdiagnosis (3) had resulted in real clusters of false infections or artefactual clusters of real infections. Specimen-processing errors included contamination during collection or transport, cross-contamination in the laboratory, and incorrect identification of organisms. Prevention of pseudoepidemics depends on quality control aimed at avoiding such errors and on close cooperation between laboratory workers and clinicians, to ensure systematic review of incongruous laboratory results.", "PMID": 72205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4593", "title": "Oral disopyramide for the prevention of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards.", "content": "Patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards of three hospitals were given either oral disopyramide (100 mg four times daily) or matching placebo, prophylactically, for seven days. The drug was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (p = 0-0025) and in incidence of extension of infarction (p = 0-01), ventricular fibrillation (p = 0-05), and ventricular tachycardia (p = 0-01). Disopyramide was not associated with any particular complication or side-effect. Unitl information is available to the contrary, oral disopyramide should be given for the first seven days after myocardial infarction to all patients not managed in an intensive-care unit.", "contents": "Oral disopyramide for the prevention of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards. Patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards of three hospitals were given either oral disopyramide (100 mg four times daily) or matching placebo, prophylactically, for seven days. The drug was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (p = 0-0025) and in incidence of extension of infarction (p = 0-01), ventricular fibrillation (p = 0-05), and ventricular tachycardia (p = 0-01). Disopyramide was not associated with any particular complication or side-effect. Unitl information is available to the contrary, oral disopyramide should be given for the first seven days after myocardial infarction to all patients not managed in an intensive-care unit.", "PMID": 72237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4594", "title": "Proposed metabolic vicious circle in patients with large myocardial infarcts and high plasma-free-fatty-acid concentrations.", "content": "The relation between peak plasma-free-fatty-acid (F.F.A) concentration and size of infarct--as estimated by the plasma-creatine-kinase technique--was investigated in twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction. In eight patients with large infarcts (more than 65 g equivalents) mean infarct size was 136+/-21 g equivalents and mean peak F.F.A. value in the first 12 h was 1-99+/-0-14 mmol/l (mean +/-S.E.M.). In twelve patients with small infarcts, mean infarct size was 36+/-5 g equivalents and mean peak F.F.A. was 1-22+/-0-13 mmol/l (P less than 0-001). Experimental evidence suggests that high circulating F.F.A. concentrations could further extend ischaemic damage. The association between high plasma-F.F.A. and infarct size may give rise to a vicious circle which increases the severity of the ischaemic process in patients with high plasma-F.F.A.", "contents": "Proposed metabolic vicious circle in patients with large myocardial infarcts and high plasma-free-fatty-acid concentrations. The relation between peak plasma-free-fatty-acid (F.F.A) concentration and size of infarct--as estimated by the plasma-creatine-kinase technique--was investigated in twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction. In eight patients with large infarcts (more than 65 g equivalents) mean infarct size was 136+/-21 g equivalents and mean peak F.F.A. value in the first 12 h was 1-99+/-0-14 mmol/l (mean +/-S.E.M.). In twelve patients with small infarcts, mean infarct size was 36+/-5 g equivalents and mean peak F.F.A. was 1-22+/-0-13 mmol/l (P less than 0-001). Experimental evidence suggests that high circulating F.F.A. concentrations could further extend ischaemic damage. The association between high plasma-F.F.A. and infarct size may give rise to a vicious circle which increases the severity of the ischaemic process in patients with high plasma-F.F.A.", "PMID": 72238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4595", "title": "An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine.", "content": "Sulphasalazine (S.A.S.P.) is of proven value in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, but its mode of action is unknown. When it is taken by mouth, nearly all the dose reaches the colon intact, where it is split by bacteria into sulphapyridine (S.P.) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-A.S.A.). An experiment was devised to determine whether the therapeutic property of S.A.S.P. is a function of the parent molecule or of these two principal metabolites. Retention enemas of S.A.S.P., S.P., and 5-A.S.A. were administered to volunteer patients with sigmoidoscopic evidence of active ulcerative colitis. The experiment was conducted as a blind controlled therapeutic trial, each patient having one of the test enemas daily for two weeks. Pronounced histological improvement was observed in approximately 30% of the patients receiving S.A.S.P. or 5-A.S.A., and in only 5% of those receiving S.P. It is concluded that the active therapeutic moiety of S.A.S.P. IS 5-A.S.A. and that the S.P. functions as a carrier ensuring that the 5-A.S.A. is liberated within the colon.", "contents": "An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine. Sulphasalazine (S.A.S.P.) is of proven value in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, but its mode of action is unknown. When it is taken by mouth, nearly all the dose reaches the colon intact, where it is split by bacteria into sulphapyridine (S.P.) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-A.S.A.). An experiment was devised to determine whether the therapeutic property of S.A.S.P. is a function of the parent molecule or of these two principal metabolites. Retention enemas of S.A.S.P., S.P., and 5-A.S.A. were administered to volunteer patients with sigmoidoscopic evidence of active ulcerative colitis. The experiment was conducted as a blind controlled therapeutic trial, each patient having one of the test enemas daily for two weeks. Pronounced histological improvement was observed in approximately 30% of the patients receiving S.A.S.P. or 5-A.S.A., and in only 5% of those receiving S.P. It is concluded that the active therapeutic moiety of S.A.S.P. IS 5-A.S.A. and that the S.P. functions as a carrier ensuring that the 5-A.S.A. is liberated within the colon.", "PMID": 72239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4596", "title": "Reversal of uraemic impotence by zinc.", "content": "In eight impotent haemodialysed men with low plasma-zinc levels sexual function, including potency, frequency of intercourse, libido, and plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinising hormone levels, was determined before and after therapy with zinc (four patients) or placebo (four patients). Dialytic administration of zinc strikingly improved potency in all patients and raised the plasma-testosterone to normal in the two with low pretreatment plasma-testosterone levels. Placebo did not improve sexual function in any patient. Zinc deficiency is a reversible cause of gonadal dysfunction in uraemia.", "contents": "Reversal of uraemic impotence by zinc. In eight impotent haemodialysed men with low plasma-zinc levels sexual function, including potency, frequency of intercourse, libido, and plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinising hormone levels, was determined before and after therapy with zinc (four patients) or placebo (four patients). Dialytic administration of zinc strikingly improved potency in all patients and raised the plasma-testosterone to normal in the two with low pretreatment plasma-testosterone levels. Placebo did not improve sexual function in any patient. Zinc deficiency is a reversible cause of gonadal dysfunction in uraemia.", "PMID": 72240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4597", "title": "Correlation of HLA and thyroid antibodies with clinical course of thyrotoxicosis treated with antithyroid drugs.", "content": "The prevalence of HLA-B8 in thyrotoxic (Graves' disease) patients who relapsed after withdrawal of antithyroid drugs was high (69%) compared with that in patients who remained in remission (40%) and in healthy controls (28%). B8-positive patients were 1-8 times more likely to relapse after withdrawal of drug therapy than B8-negative patients. The persistence of thyroid microsomal antibodies after withdrawal of therapy correlated significantly with the presence of HLA-B8. This association was more pronounced in patients who remained in remission. From this it might be assumed that B8 is also associated with the persistence of thyroid T.S.H. (thyroid-stimulating hormone) receptor stimulating antibodies. In view of these findings, it is suggested that patients who are thyrotoxic might be typed for HLA, and those who are B8-negative could be given a trial of long-term antithyroid drug therapy.", "contents": "Correlation of HLA and thyroid antibodies with clinical course of thyrotoxicosis treated with antithyroid drugs. The prevalence of HLA-B8 in thyrotoxic (Graves' disease) patients who relapsed after withdrawal of antithyroid drugs was high (69%) compared with that in patients who remained in remission (40%) and in healthy controls (28%). B8-positive patients were 1-8 times more likely to relapse after withdrawal of drug therapy than B8-negative patients. The persistence of thyroid microsomal antibodies after withdrawal of therapy correlated significantly with the presence of HLA-B8. This association was more pronounced in patients who remained in remission. From this it might be assumed that B8 is also associated with the persistence of thyroid T.S.H. (thyroid-stimulating hormone) receptor stimulating antibodies. In view of these findings, it is suggested that patients who are thyrotoxic might be typed for HLA, and those who are B8-negative could be given a trial of long-term antithyroid drug therapy.", "PMID": 72241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4598", "title": "Hodgkin's disease occurring during acute leukaemia in remission.", "content": "Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are reported in whom Hodgkin's disease developed during chemotherapy-maintained remission. This association has been reported only once before. The pathogenesis of the Hodgkin's disease in these patients is discussed, including the possible role of anti-leukaemic therapy.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease occurring during acute leukaemia in remission. Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are reported in whom Hodgkin's disease developed during chemotherapy-maintained remission. This association has been reported only once before. The pathogenesis of the Hodgkin's disease in these patients is discussed, including the possible role of anti-leukaemic therapy.", "PMID": 72242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4599", "title": "Effect of haematocrit on cerebral blood-flow in man.", "content": "Cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.) was measured in 38 patients with haematocrit values (Hct) in the range 0-47--0-53 and was found to be significantly lower than in 43 patients with Hct in a lower range (0-36--0-46). After reduction of Hct in the higher Hct group by venesection, flow increased by a mean of 50%. This improvement in flow was largely due to a reduction in viscosity. Hct around the generally accepted upper limit of normal may be an important factor in the causation of occlusive vascular disease.", "contents": "Effect of haematocrit on cerebral blood-flow in man. Cerebral blood-flow (C.B.F.) was measured in 38 patients with haematocrit values (Hct) in the range 0-47--0-53 and was found to be significantly lower than in 43 patients with Hct in a lower range (0-36--0-46). After reduction of Hct in the higher Hct group by venesection, flow increased by a mean of 50%. This improvement in flow was largely due to a reduction in viscosity. Hct around the generally accepted upper limit of normal may be an important factor in the causation of occlusive vascular disease.", "PMID": 72286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4600", "title": "Blood viscosity, red-cell flexibility, haematocrit, and plasma-fibrinogen in patients with angina.", "content": "Whole-blood viscosity, haematocrit and plasma-fibrinogen concentration were measured in 22 patients with angina and 22 controls. All four variables were significantly higher in patients with angina. When the viscosity was corrected to a standard haematocrit (45%), however, there was no significant difference in the mean viscosity of the two groups, indicating that the higher viscosity in patients with angina is the result of the higher haematocrit. Increased red-cell flexibility tends to counteract the effect of increased plasma-fibrinogen concentration, which tends to increase blood-viscosity.", "contents": "Blood viscosity, red-cell flexibility, haematocrit, and plasma-fibrinogen in patients with angina. Whole-blood viscosity, haematocrit and plasma-fibrinogen concentration were measured in 22 patients with angina and 22 controls. All four variables were significantly higher in patients with angina. When the viscosity was corrected to a standard haematocrit (45%), however, there was no significant difference in the mean viscosity of the two groups, indicating that the higher viscosity in patients with angina is the result of the higher haematocrit. Increased red-cell flexibility tends to counteract the effect of increased plasma-fibrinogen concentration, which tends to increase blood-viscosity.", "PMID": 72287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4601", "title": "Injectable contraception (medroxyprogesterone acetate) in rural Bangladesh.", "content": "1601 women used the injectable contraceptive agent medroxyprogesterone acetate for up to 3 years. The programme was conducted by a rural health centre with detailed follow-up. While the continuation-rate, 56% after 1 year, compared favourably with that of other contraceptive methods in Bangladesh, at least half the women experienced troublesome menstrual side-effects and there were indications that milk yield was adversely affected in 147 out of the 1020 women who received the first injection while lactating.", "contents": "Injectable contraception (medroxyprogesterone acetate) in rural Bangladesh. 1601 women used the injectable contraceptive agent medroxyprogesterone acetate for up to 3 years. The programme was conducted by a rural health centre with detailed follow-up. While the continuation-rate, 56% after 1 year, compared favourably with that of other contraceptive methods in Bangladesh, at least half the women experienced troublesome menstrual side-effects and there were indications that milk yield was adversely affected in 147 out of the 1020 women who received the first injection while lactating.", "PMID": 72288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4602", "title": "Haemostatic, lipid, and blood-pressure profiles of women on oral contraceptives containing 50 microgram or 30 microgram oestrogen.", "content": "In 15 women on oral contraceptives containing 30 microgram oestrogen, mean values for factors II, VII, and X, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity, antithrombin III, cholesterol, and fasting triglycerides were intermediate between values for 63 women on preparations containing 50 microgram oestrogen and those for 243 premenopausal women not on oral contraceptives. Mean blood-pressure levels, however, were higher in women on 30 microgram than in those on 50 microgram preparations. In 28 women on 50 microgram preparations containing 3 mg or 4 mg norethisterone, mean values of factor VII, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity, cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and systolic blood-pressure were higher than in 15 women whose preparations contained only 1 mg of norethisterone. A less consistent picture was found in women on 30 microgram oestrogen preparations containing either 250 microgram (10 women) or 150 microgram (5 women) d-norgestrel. It is concluded that 30 microgram oestrogen preparations probably result in smaller hemostatic and lipid changes than 50 microgram preparations but that they may have a blood-pressure-raising effect attributable to the particular progestagen, d-norgestrel, used in 30 microgram preparations. The safety of these 30 microgram oestrogen preparations may thus depend partly on the balance between these two sets of effects. It is also concluded that norethisterone may have effects similar to those attributed to oestrogens.", "contents": "Haemostatic, lipid, and blood-pressure profiles of women on oral contraceptives containing 50 microgram or 30 microgram oestrogen. In 15 women on oral contraceptives containing 30 microgram oestrogen, mean values for factors II, VII, and X, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity, antithrombin III, cholesterol, and fasting triglycerides were intermediate between values for 63 women on preparations containing 50 microgram oestrogen and those for 243 premenopausal women not on oral contraceptives. Mean blood-pressure levels, however, were higher in women on 30 microgram than in those on 50 microgram preparations. In 28 women on 50 microgram preparations containing 3 mg or 4 mg norethisterone, mean values of factor VII, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic activity, cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and systolic blood-pressure were higher than in 15 women whose preparations contained only 1 mg of norethisterone. A less consistent picture was found in women on 30 microgram oestrogen preparations containing either 250 microgram (10 women) or 150 microgram (5 women) d-norgestrel. It is concluded that 30 microgram oestrogen preparations probably result in smaller hemostatic and lipid changes than 50 microgram preparations but that they may have a blood-pressure-raising effect attributable to the particular progestagen, d-norgestrel, used in 30 microgram preparations. The safety of these 30 microgram oestrogen preparations may thus depend partly on the balance between these two sets of effects. It is also concluded that norethisterone may have effects similar to those attributed to oestrogens.", "PMID": 72289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4603", "title": "Effect of oxprenolol on stage-fright in musicians.", "content": "The effect of 40 mg oxprenolol on stage-fright was assessed in 24 musicians in a double-blind crossover trial. Musical performance judged by two professional assessors was found to improve. Greatest improvement was seen on the first performance and in those most affected by nervousness.", "contents": "Effect of oxprenolol on stage-fright in musicians. The effect of 40 mg oxprenolol on stage-fright was assessed in 24 musicians in a double-blind crossover trial. Musical performance judged by two professional assessors was found to improve. Greatest improvement was seen on the first performance and in those most affected by nervousness.", "PMID": 72290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4604", "title": "Secondary pituitary hyperplasia in Addison's disease.", "content": "In patients with Addison's disease, whether treated or untreated for the previous 24 hours, hydrocortisone produced only a partial suppression of their elevated adrenocorticotrophic-hormone (A.C.T.H.) levels. This is comparable to untreated myxoedema, in which administration of triiodothyronine fails to inhibit secretion of thyrotrophin (T.S.H.). In myxoedema, however, continued treatment produces normal T.S.H. levels. Inadequate A.C.T.H. suppressibility in patients with Addison's disease while on treatment may be due to the maintenance of a secondary pituitary hyperplasia by inadequate replacement therapy. This may be clinically important, especially in the genesis of Nelson's syndrome.", "contents": "Secondary pituitary hyperplasia in Addison's disease. In patients with Addison's disease, whether treated or untreated for the previous 24 hours, hydrocortisone produced only a partial suppression of their elevated adrenocorticotrophic-hormone (A.C.T.H.) levels. This is comparable to untreated myxoedema, in which administration of triiodothyronine fails to inhibit secretion of thyrotrophin (T.S.H.). In myxoedema, however, continued treatment produces normal T.S.H. levels. Inadequate A.C.T.H. suppressibility in patients with Addison's disease while on treatment may be due to the maintenance of a secondary pituitary hyperplasia by inadequate replacement therapy. This may be clinically important, especially in the genesis of Nelson's syndrome.", "PMID": 72291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4605", "title": "Free fatty acids, complement activation, and polyclonal B-cell stimulation as factors in the immunopathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Human and animal forms of African trypanosomiasis are characterised by sustained hypocomplementaemia, gross hypergammaglobulinaemia M, and profound immunosuppression. It is suggested that this hypocomplementaemia is probably due to the action of a trypanosome-derived complement-activating factor and that the elevated IgM levels may be the combined result of this decomplementation, together with a subsequent failure of the normal IgM-to-IgG antibody switch mechanism and polyclonal B-lymphocyte activation by a trypanosome-generated mitogen. The immunosuppression in this disease may be a result of the collective immunosuppressive effects of trypanosome-derived immune-modulating free fatty acids, polyclonally stimulating B-cell mitogen, and complement-activating factors.", "contents": "Free fatty acids, complement activation, and polyclonal B-cell stimulation as factors in the immunopathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis. Human and animal forms of African trypanosomiasis are characterised by sustained hypocomplementaemia, gross hypergammaglobulinaemia M, and profound immunosuppression. It is suggested that this hypocomplementaemia is probably due to the action of a trypanosome-derived complement-activating factor and that the elevated IgM levels may be the combined result of this decomplementation, together with a subsequent failure of the normal IgM-to-IgG antibody switch mechanism and polyclonal B-lymphocyte activation by a trypanosome-generated mitogen. The immunosuppression in this disease may be a result of the collective immunosuppressive effects of trypanosome-derived immune-modulating free fatty acids, polyclonally stimulating B-cell mitogen, and complement-activating factors.", "PMID": 72292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4606", "title": "System for long-term review of patients at risk of becoming hypothyroid. Further experience.", "content": "8 years' experience of a computer-assisted system for long-term follow-up of patients at risk of hypothyroidism shows that the system is reliable, efficient, and economical. Less than 0.1% of registered patients are now lost to follow-up and less than 2% of patients need to be seen by the medical staff each year. Changes have been made in registration procedures and in the methods of finding patient who fail to attend. Improvements in the laboratory screening of thyroid function have also been introduced. The need to follow-up patients already under treatment with thyroxine has been recognised and the importance of a reliable system is reaffirmed.", "contents": "System for long-term review of patients at risk of becoming hypothyroid. Further experience. 8 years' experience of a computer-assisted system for long-term follow-up of patients at risk of hypothyroidism shows that the system is reliable, efficient, and economical. Less than 0.1% of registered patients are now lost to follow-up and less than 2% of patients need to be seen by the medical staff each year. Changes have been made in registration procedures and in the methods of finding patient who fail to attend. Improvements in the laboratory screening of thyroid function have also been introduced. The need to follow-up patients already under treatment with thyroxine has been recognised and the importance of a reliable system is reaffirmed.", "PMID": 72301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4607", "title": "Immunisation levels---need they all decline?", "content": "Immunisation levels in West Sussex for the period 1970 to 1976 were reviewed. The national decline in immunisation against whooping cough was reflected locally in 1974, 1975, and 1976 but, in contrast to the national experience, levels of immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, or measles did not decline. It is suggested that this difference is accounted for by the use of a computer system which keeps an \"immunisation diary\" for parents and for medical and nursing staff.", "contents": "Immunisation levels---need they all decline? Immunisation levels in West Sussex for the period 1970 to 1976 were reviewed. The national decline in immunisation against whooping cough was reflected locally in 1974, 1975, and 1976 but, in contrast to the national experience, levels of immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, or measles did not decline. It is suggested that this difference is accounted for by the use of a computer system which keeps an \"immunisation diary\" for parents and for medical and nursing staff.", "PMID": 72302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4608", "title": "Effect of extended hypocholesterolemic drug treatment on peripheral and central nervous system sterol content of the rat.", "content": "Extended treatment of developing or adult rats with a variety of hypocholesterolemic drugs has shown that both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) sterol content could be affected in both age groups by this type of treatment. Treatment of developing animals was begun at 5 days of age and continued for 45 days. Adult rats, 300 g at onset, were treated for 35 days. The influence of these drugs on PNS sterol composition has not been previously examined. Diazacholesterol administration caused an accumulation of desmosterol in the CNS and 7-dehydrodesmosterol and desmosterol in the PNS. Zuclomiphene induced a build-up of desmosterol in either tissue. Both of these drugs had a more pronounced effect on developing CNS and PNS than on adult CNS and PNS. Addition of AY-9944 or Triparanol to the zuclomiphene treatment of the developing animals reduced desmosterol accumulation but brought about a build-up of 7-dehydrocholesterol and 7-dehydrodesmosterol.", "contents": "Effect of extended hypocholesterolemic drug treatment on peripheral and central nervous system sterol content of the rat. Extended treatment of developing or adult rats with a variety of hypocholesterolemic drugs has shown that both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) sterol content could be affected in both age groups by this type of treatment. Treatment of developing animals was begun at 5 days of age and continued for 45 days. Adult rats, 300 g at onset, were treated for 35 days. The influence of these drugs on PNS sterol composition has not been previously examined. Diazacholesterol administration caused an accumulation of desmosterol in the CNS and 7-dehydrodesmosterol and desmosterol in the PNS. Zuclomiphene induced a build-up of desmosterol in either tissue. Both of these drugs had a more pronounced effect on developing CNS and PNS than on adult CNS and PNS. Addition of AY-9944 or Triparanol to the zuclomiphene treatment of the developing animals reduced desmosterol accumulation but brought about a build-up of 7-dehydrocholesterol and 7-dehydrodesmosterol.", "PMID": 72342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4609", "title": "[Structure and function of virus-induced antigens in cultured cells infected with Marek's disease and turkey herpes viruses. I. Alteration of the immunological specificity of plasma membranes in infected cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Virus-induced proteins were detected in the plasma membranes of cells infected with Marek's disease (MDV) and turkey herpes (HVT) viruses and analyzed by biochemical and serological methods. The virus-induced membrane proteins were shown to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies and to protect inoculated chickens against the challenge infection with oncogenic MDV. Two virus-induced proteins at least were also demonstrated by the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the purified plasma membranes from infected cells. The solubilized membrane proteins formed two precipitin lines if reacted with MDV antisera. Hyperimmune sera prepared in rabbits against the membrane antigens neutralized infectious cell-free HVT. By binding of specific immunoglobulins the buoyant density of the plasma membranes was found to be increased by 30 mg/ml to 1.08  g/ml. In protection experiments the specific mortality and lesions of chickens vaccinated with purified plasma membrane preparations from HVT-infected cells was reduced by 94%. Analogous membrane alterations, however, have never been observed in the membranes of Marek's diseases lymphoblastoid tumour cells.", "contents": "[Structure and function of virus-induced antigens in cultured cells infected with Marek's disease and turkey herpes viruses. I. Alteration of the immunological specificity of plasma membranes in infected cells (author's transl)]. Virus-induced proteins were detected in the plasma membranes of cells infected with Marek's disease (MDV) and turkey herpes (HVT) viruses and analyzed by biochemical and serological methods. The virus-induced membrane proteins were shown to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies and to protect inoculated chickens against the challenge infection with oncogenic MDV. Two virus-induced proteins at least were also demonstrated by the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the purified plasma membranes from infected cells. The solubilized membrane proteins formed two precipitin lines if reacted with MDV antisera. Hyperimmune sera prepared in rabbits against the membrane antigens neutralized infectious cell-free HVT. By binding of specific immunoglobulins the buoyant density of the plasma membranes was found to be increased by 30 mg/ml to 1.08  g/ml. In protection experiments the specific mortality and lesions of chickens vaccinated with purified plasma membrane preparations from HVT-infected cells was reduced by 94%. Analogous membrane alterations, however, have never been observed in the membranes of Marek's diseases lymphoblastoid tumour cells.", "PMID": 72346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4610", "title": "Species specificity of informatin.", "content": "Informatin, the protein moiety of nuclear pre-mRNA containing particles, exhibits species specific antigenic properties but shows also some interspecies cross-reactivities.", "contents": "Species specificity of informatin. Informatin, the protein moiety of nuclear pre-mRNA containing particles, exhibits species specific antigenic properties but shows also some interspecies cross-reactivities.", "PMID": 72348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4611", "title": "Anaphylactoid reactions due to non-immune complex serum protein aggregates.", "content": "The infusion of aggregate-containing i.v. human gamma-globulin as well as human serum albumin can lead to severe anaphylactoid reactions with decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in pulmonary artery pressure and decrease in cardiac output in unsensitized dogs, while the deaggregated solutions are well tolerated. During these anaphylactoid reactions, no significant changes in the serum complement activity of the dogs were observed. In clinical human serum albumin incompatibility, stimulation with albumin aggregates led to a high response in the lymphocyte culture, whereas deaggregated albumin had no stimulatory effect. By deaggregation of horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin prior to clinical administration, the compatibility of ALG therapy was improved.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reactions due to non-immune complex serum protein aggregates. The infusion of aggregate-containing i.v. human gamma-globulin as well as human serum albumin can lead to severe anaphylactoid reactions with decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in pulmonary artery pressure and decrease in cardiac output in unsensitized dogs, while the deaggregated solutions are well tolerated. During these anaphylactoid reactions, no significant changes in the serum complement activity of the dogs were observed. In clinical human serum albumin incompatibility, stimulation with albumin aggregates led to a high response in the lymphocyte culture, whereas deaggregated albumin had no stimulatory effect. By deaggregation of horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin prior to clinical administration, the compatibility of ALG therapy was improved.", "PMID": 72353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4612", "title": "[Fluorescence microscopy on embryonic and fetal cell degeneration].", "content": "Fluorochromes (acridin orange, quinakrin, koriphosin, auramin) introduced into the embryonic or foetal blood stream induce in the normal areas of cell death an elective fluorescence, as attested by experiments carried out on chick and rat embryos and foetuses. This vital method may serve as an experimental model for investigations concerning the transfer from the mother to the embryo or foetus of teratogenic substances as well as of their persistance and distribution--under certain experimental conditions--within the organism of the embryo or foetus.", "contents": "[Fluorescence microscopy on embryonic and fetal cell degeneration]. Fluorochromes (acridin orange, quinakrin, koriphosin, auramin) introduced into the embryonic or foetal blood stream induce in the normal areas of cell death an elective fluorescence, as attested by experiments carried out on chick and rat embryos and foetuses. This vital method may serve as an experimental model for investigations concerning the transfer from the mother to the embryo or foetus of teratogenic substances as well as of their persistance and distribution--under certain experimental conditions--within the organism of the embryo or foetus.", "PMID": 72354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4613", "title": "Tissue antigens in ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Five tissue antigens have been identified which appear in carcinoma arising in the ovary. Antisera to a variety of human tissues were absorbed with a saline extract of normal ovary as well as plasma; five distinct antigens (A1-A4, TA) were detected in ovarian tumor extracts as well as in normal tissues. A1, A2, and A3 were widely distributed in normal tissues while A4 was found principally in buffy coat blood cells and spleen, and Ta was mainly associated with normal cervix but was variably detected in liver and lung. Heating the tumor extract to 56 degrees resulted in inactivation of A1, A2, and A3. A4 was inactivated at 80 degrees, whereas TA was stable at 100 degrees. Pronase treatment readily abolished A3 activity, more slowly inactivated A1, A2, and A4, and only very slowly destroyed TA. Partial separation of the antigens was obtained by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. TA from individual benign and malignant tumors as well as normal cervix appears to be the same molecule by criteria of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and gel filtration. The potential use of these antigens as tracers of ovarian carcinoma is indicated.", "contents": "Tissue antigens in ovarian carcinoma. Five tissue antigens have been identified which appear in carcinoma arising in the ovary. Antisera to a variety of human tissues were absorbed with a saline extract of normal ovary as well as plasma; five distinct antigens (A1-A4, TA) were detected in ovarian tumor extracts as well as in normal tissues. A1, A2, and A3 were widely distributed in normal tissues while A4 was found principally in buffy coat blood cells and spleen, and Ta was mainly associated with normal cervix but was variably detected in liver and lung. Heating the tumor extract to 56 degrees resulted in inactivation of A1, A2, and A3. A4 was inactivated at 80 degrees, whereas TA was stable at 100 degrees. Pronase treatment readily abolished A3 activity, more slowly inactivated A1, A2, and A4, and only very slowly destroyed TA. Partial separation of the antigens was obtained by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. TA from individual benign and malignant tumors as well as normal cervix appears to be the same molecule by criteria of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and gel filtration. The potential use of these antigens as tracers of ovarian carcinoma is indicated.", "PMID": 72369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4614", "title": "Quantitation of renal antigen excretion in the urine of normal children and of children with various renal diseases. I. Quantitation of renal antigens in random urine samples.", "content": "This study reports a serologic method for the measurement of kidney-derived antigens in the urine of healthy children and of children with renal diseases. Two hundred twenty patients were studied. Four groups were recognized: group A, patients with no evidence of renal disease; group B, patients with past history of active urinary tract infection; group C, patients with active urinary tract infection; group D, patients with other renal diseases. Urinary renal antigen concentration was tested by the complement fixation method, in which titers of antigens in the urine were compared with a standard human renal antigen extract. The distribution of renal antigen concentrations in group C differed significantly (P(X2Y less than 0.001) from the other three groups. About 85% of patients in groups A, B, and D had levels below 0.6 mg/ml, whereas in group C only 53% of patients had similar concentrations. After factoring the results by the urinary concentration of creatinine, 85% of patients in group C had antigen levels above 0.6 mg/ml as opposed to 24%, 44%, and 27% in groups A, B, and D, respectively. The results of the study are consistent with the assumption that the rate of discharge of renal antigenic material in the urine is accelerated in certain renal diseases.", "contents": "Quantitation of renal antigen excretion in the urine of normal children and of children with various renal diseases. I. Quantitation of renal antigens in random urine samples. This study reports a serologic method for the measurement of kidney-derived antigens in the urine of healthy children and of children with renal diseases. Two hundred twenty patients were studied. Four groups were recognized: group A, patients with no evidence of renal disease; group B, patients with past history of active urinary tract infection; group C, patients with active urinary tract infection; group D, patients with other renal diseases. Urinary renal antigen concentration was tested by the complement fixation method, in which titers of antigens in the urine were compared with a standard human renal antigen extract. The distribution of renal antigen concentrations in group C differed significantly (P(X2Y less than 0.001) from the other three groups. About 85% of patients in groups A, B, and D had levels below 0.6 mg/ml, whereas in group C only 53% of patients had similar concentrations. After factoring the results by the urinary concentration of creatinine, 85% of patients in group C had antigen levels above 0.6 mg/ml as opposed to 24%, 44%, and 27% in groups A, B, and D, respectively. The results of the study are consistent with the assumption that the rate of discharge of renal antigenic material in the urine is accelerated in certain renal diseases.", "PMID": 72376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4615", "title": "[Treatment of agammaglobulinemia in the adult; report of 9 cases].", "content": "The study of 9 cases of agammaglobulinemia in the adult shows the classical symptomatology of these diseases. The evolutive study deals with too small a series to demonstrate statistically the superiority of the substitutive treatment over a simple chemo-therapeutic prevention of the infection, but nevertheless it shows : 1) that prognosis is bad only in cases of gross anatomical and physiological alterations and when they are the sole responsible for a fatal evolution; 2) that the substitutive treatment is only really efficient when given at high doses; the minimum dose of 250 mg per day seems advisable.", "contents": "[Treatment of agammaglobulinemia in the adult; report of 9 cases]. The study of 9 cases of agammaglobulinemia in the adult shows the classical symptomatology of these diseases. The evolutive study deals with too small a series to demonstrate statistically the superiority of the substitutive treatment over a simple chemo-therapeutic prevention of the infection, but nevertheless it shows : 1) that prognosis is bad only in cases of gross anatomical and physiological alterations and when they are the sole responsible for a fatal evolution; 2) that the substitutive treatment is only really efficient when given at high doses; the minimum dose of 250 mg per day seems advisable.", "PMID": 72386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4616", "title": "[Psychosocial development of an opiate addict--a catamnestic study].", "content": "In the summer of 1974, 204 opiate users in West Berlin were extensively interviewed in regard to their present living conditions (housing situation, employment, social contacts, use of drugs, subjective complaints, vocational goals, political und ideological orientation), their family background (education of parents, occupation of parents, intactness of family, family atmosphere, type of child rearing methods used by the parents, other addicts in the family), and the development of the opiate addict himself (significant personal relationships in childhood and adolescence, psychosocial disturbances prior to use of drugs, addictive behavior prior to use of drugs, educational and vocational background). The results of this catamnestic study were presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Psychosocial development of an opiate addict--a catamnestic study]. In the summer of 1974, 204 opiate users in West Berlin were extensively interviewed in regard to their present living conditions (housing situation, employment, social contacts, use of drugs, subjective complaints, vocational goals, political und ideological orientation), their family background (education of parents, occupation of parents, intactness of family, family atmosphere, type of child rearing methods used by the parents, other addicts in the family), and the development of the opiate addict himself (significant personal relationships in childhood and adolescence, psychosocial disturbances prior to use of drugs, addictive behavior prior to use of drugs, educational and vocational background). The results of this catamnestic study were presented and discussed.", "PMID": 72389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4617", "title": "[Studies on human proinsulin C-peptide radioimmunoassay method--preparation of antiserum and its specificity-- (author's transl)].", "content": "The antisera using at final dilution of 1 : 10,000 have been prepared by immunizing synthetic human proinsulin connecting peptide to rabbits for human proinsulin C-peptide radioimmunoassay. The cross reactivities of human proinsulin C-peptide derivatives with the prepared antisera were reduced by leaving amino acid residues from N terminal, although this phenomenon was a little different among antisera. Those results suggested that main antigen determinant in N terminal 31-38 of human proinsulin connecting peptide. The cross reactivities of other animal proinsulin C-peptide and other peptide hormones with the prepared antissera were not recognized at 10(3) p mole/ml.", "contents": "[Studies on human proinsulin C-peptide radioimmunoassay method--preparation of antiserum and its specificity-- (author's transl)]. The antisera using at final dilution of 1 : 10,000 have been prepared by immunizing synthetic human proinsulin connecting peptide to rabbits for human proinsulin C-peptide radioimmunoassay. The cross reactivities of human proinsulin C-peptide derivatives with the prepared antisera were reduced by leaving amino acid residues from N terminal, although this phenomenon was a little different among antisera. Those results suggested that main antigen determinant in N terminal 31-38 of human proinsulin connecting peptide. The cross reactivities of other animal proinsulin C-peptide and other peptide hormones with the prepared antissera were not recognized at 10(3) p mole/ml.", "PMID": 72393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4618", "title": "Tumour rejection antigens associated with carcinogen-induced tumours.", "content": "The most important immunological characteristic of tumours induced with chemical carcinogens is the expression of highly polymorphic tumour specific antigens. These cell surface components are primarily concerned with immune rejection reactions to these types of tumour, and current evidence strongly suggests that they are related to normal alloantigen.", "contents": "Tumour rejection antigens associated with carcinogen-induced tumours. The most important immunological characteristic of tumours induced with chemical carcinogens is the expression of highly polymorphic tumour specific antigens. These cell surface components are primarily concerned with immune rejection reactions to these types of tumour, and current evidence strongly suggests that they are related to normal alloantigen.", "PMID": 72398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4619", "title": "Diagnosis of intravascular haemolysis using starch gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis was used to screen for intravascular haemolysis in 15 patients with clinical disorders known to be characterized by intravascular haemolysis. Decreased serum haptoglobins, increased free plasma haemoglobin and the presence of methaemalbumin was documented in all 15 patients. It is suggested that  starch gel electrophoresis and staining with haem specific stain is a simple and reliable method for confirming intravascular haemolysis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of intravascular haemolysis using starch gel electrophoresis. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to screen for intravascular haemolysis in 15 patients with clinical disorders known to be characterized by intravascular haemolysis. Decreased serum haptoglobins, increased free plasma haemoglobin and the presence of methaemalbumin was documented in all 15 patients. It is suggested that  starch gel electrophoresis and staining with haem specific stain is a simple and reliable method for confirming intravascular haemolysis.", "PMID": 72403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4620", "title": "Independent segregation of two functional markers expressed on the same B-cell subset in the mouse: the Mls determinants and LPS receptors.", "content": "Mice of the C3H/Tif strain display a mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with all H-2k strains carrying any of the known alleles of the Mls locus. In particular, C3H/Tif is incompatible with the related substrain C3H/HeJ, from which it also differs at the locus responsible for the recognition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as B-cell mitogens, and at the Mod-1 locus. Our genetic analysis indicates that the MLR incompatibility between these strains is not H-2-linked and segregates as controlled by a single locus, most probably identical to Mls, for which the C3H/Tif strain expresses a previously unidentified allele, Mlse. Moreover, segregation data show that this locus assorts independently of LPS responsiveness and that neither marker is closely linked to the Mod-1 locus in linkage group II.", "contents": "Independent segregation of two functional markers expressed on the same B-cell subset in the mouse: the Mls determinants and LPS receptors. Mice of the C3H/Tif strain display a mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with all H-2k strains carrying any of the known alleles of the Mls locus. In particular, C3H/Tif is incompatible with the related substrain C3H/HeJ, from which it also differs at the locus responsible for the recognition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as B-cell mitogens, and at the Mod-1 locus. Our genetic analysis indicates that the MLR incompatibility between these strains is not H-2-linked and segregates as controlled by a single locus, most probably identical to Mls, for which the C3H/Tif strain expresses a previously unidentified allele, Mlse. Moreover, segregation data show that this locus assorts independently of LPS responsiveness and that neither marker is closely linked to the Mod-1 locus in linkage group II.", "PMID": 72404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4621", "title": "Radionuclides in oncology.", "content": "Radionuclides already have a major role in the daily practice of oncology and will, undoubtedly, be of even greater importance in the future. The variety of current and potential applications is shown in tab. 1. Their major use at this time is, in the broadest sense, for 'tumour scanning', which includes the evaluation of specific organs for the presence of tumour (usually with different radiopharmaceuticals for each organ) and the entire body (generalized tumour searches with radiopharmaceuticals like 67Ga-citrate or 111In-labeled bleomycin). The clinician uses these agents in the initial evaluation of extent of tumour (staging) and in the subsequent management of the patient with cancer to assess response to treatment, to reveal early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning treatment. The other potential roles for radionuclides are also briefly considered in this review.", "contents": "Radionuclides in oncology. Radionuclides already have a major role in the daily practice of oncology and will, undoubtedly, be of even greater importance in the future. The variety of current and potential applications is shown in tab. 1. Their major use at this time is, in the broadest sense, for 'tumour scanning', which includes the evaluation of specific organs for the presence of tumour (usually with different radiopharmaceuticals for each organ) and the entire body (generalized tumour searches with radiopharmaceuticals like 67Ga-citrate or 111In-labeled bleomycin). The clinician uses these agents in the initial evaluation of extent of tumour (staging) and in the subsequent management of the patient with cancer to assess response to treatment, to reveal early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning treatment. The other potential roles for radionuclides are also briefly considered in this review.", "PMID": 72399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4622", "title": "Removal and refixation of surface Ig from isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "This study showed that under well-defined conditions all immunoglobulins could be removed from the rat mast cell surface. Surface immunoglobulins were examined by immunofluorescence technique, and cell function by the allergic reaction to antigen as judged by histamine release. Refixation of eluted surface Ig to the mast cell was easily accomplished. Furthermore, fixation of specific surface Ig to already sensitized cells resulted in increased cell sensitivity to antigen, whereas fixation of nonspecific surface Ig resulted in decreased sensitivity. The results indicate that removed immunoglobulins are intact, have affinity for mast cells, and are able to compete with cell-bound Ig.", "contents": "Removal and refixation of surface Ig from isolated rat mast cells. This study showed that under well-defined conditions all immunoglobulins could be removed from the rat mast cell surface. Surface immunoglobulins were examined by immunofluorescence technique, and cell function by the allergic reaction to antigen as judged by histamine release. Refixation of eluted surface Ig to the mast cell was easily accomplished. Furthermore, fixation of specific surface Ig to already sensitized cells resulted in increased cell sensitivity to antigen, whereas fixation of nonspecific surface Ig resulted in decreased sensitivity. The results indicate that removed immunoglobulins are intact, have affinity for mast cells, and are able to compete with cell-bound Ig.", "PMID": 72405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4623", "title": "Relationships between the small ions in the atmosphere and the circadian and circannual biorhythm of the rabbit and rat thyroid.", "content": "Studies on rats and rabbits revealed the reverse type of correlation existing between the amount of small ions in the atmosphere and the circadian and circannual biorhythm of thyroid RNA and blood PBI. Besides other factors of the climatic-meteorologic complex the ionic charge of the surface air seems to be implied in maintaining and synchronizing the basic thyroid biorhythm genetically determined.", "contents": "Relationships between the small ions in the atmosphere and the circadian and circannual biorhythm of the rabbit and rat thyroid. Studies on rats and rabbits revealed the reverse type of correlation existing between the amount of small ions in the atmosphere and the circadian and circannual biorhythm of thyroid RNA and blood PBI. Besides other factors of the climatic-meteorologic complex the ionic charge of the surface air seems to be implied in maintaining and synchronizing the basic thyroid biorhythm genetically determined.", "PMID": 72402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4624", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative estimations of IgE bound to basophil leukocytes from hay fever patients.", "content": "IgE was removed from human basophils of 4 nonatopic persons and 10 hay fever patients allergic to timothy grass pollen by treating the cells with buffer adjusted to pH 4. IgE could be removed and refixed to the same cells. Refixation was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and by the ability of basophils to release histamine on exposure to timothy pollen. Removed total IgE and specific IgE directed against timothy pollen were estimated, and a linear correlation to the level of total IgE and specific IgE in serum was found. The total number of IgE molecules per basophil was calculated to be in the range of 30,000 to 300,000, and timothy-specific IgE constituted 4%-15% of the total IgE molecules on the cells. It was furthermore established that specific cell-bound IgE was linearly correlated to the pollen concentration releasing 20% of the histamine contents of the basophils. Separated 2gE from sensitized and nonsensitized basophils could be bound to basophils from other patients, resulting in a change in cell sensitivity. This could be ascribed to additional binding to free cell receptors as well as to a partial replacement of bound IgE. Basophils from non-atopic persons could not be sensitized by incubation with surface IgE from atopic persons. The results indicate that acid treatment is a simple method suitable for removing IgE from basophils. This IgE is intact and can be quantitated.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative estimations of IgE bound to basophil leukocytes from hay fever patients. IgE was removed from human basophils of 4 nonatopic persons and 10 hay fever patients allergic to timothy grass pollen by treating the cells with buffer adjusted to pH 4. IgE could be removed and refixed to the same cells. Refixation was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and by the ability of basophils to release histamine on exposure to timothy pollen. Removed total IgE and specific IgE directed against timothy pollen were estimated, and a linear correlation to the level of total IgE and specific IgE in serum was found. The total number of IgE molecules per basophil was calculated to be in the range of 30,000 to 300,000, and timothy-specific IgE constituted 4%-15% of the total IgE molecules on the cells. It was furthermore established that specific cell-bound IgE was linearly correlated to the pollen concentration releasing 20% of the histamine contents of the basophils. Separated 2gE from sensitized and nonsensitized basophils could be bound to basophils from other patients, resulting in a change in cell sensitivity. This could be ascribed to additional binding to free cell receptors as well as to a partial replacement of bound IgE. Basophils from non-atopic persons could not be sensitized by incubation with surface IgE from atopic persons. The results indicate that acid treatment is a simple method suitable for removing IgE from basophils. This IgE is intact and can be quantitated.", "PMID": 72406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4625", "title": "Relationships between beta2-microglobulin and alloantigens coded for by the major histocompatibility complexes of the rabbit and the guinea pig.", "content": "Treatment of rabbit and guinea pig lymphocytes with Fab' fragments of anti-beta2-microglobulin completely inhibited the cytotoxic effects of alloantisera to RLA or GPLA antigens, respectively. Aggregation of beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-goat IgG also made rabbit lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-GPLA. The two kinds of pretreatment of guinea pig lymphocytes did not affect the cytotoxicity of antisera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens. These results in conjunction with previous findings in the mouse and in man suggest that beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface in mammals is generally associated with major serologically defined histocompatibility antigens but not with I-region-associated antigens.", "contents": "Relationships between beta2-microglobulin and alloantigens coded for by the major histocompatibility complexes of the rabbit and the guinea pig. Treatment of rabbit and guinea pig lymphocytes with Fab' fragments of anti-beta2-microglobulin completely inhibited the cytotoxic effects of alloantisera to RLA or GPLA antigens, respectively. Aggregation of beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-goat IgG also made rabbit lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-GPLA. The two kinds of pretreatment of guinea pig lymphocytes did not affect the cytotoxicity of antisera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens. These results in conjunction with previous findings in the mouse and in man suggest that beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface in mammals is generally associated with major serologically defined histocompatibility antigens but not with I-region-associated antigens.", "PMID": 72407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4626", "title": "Immunological events at the surface of basophil granulocytes and mast cells which induce degranulation.", "content": "IgE molecules combine with basophil granulocytes and mast cells through the Fc portion and sensitize these cells for reaginic hypersensitivity reactions. The number of receptors for IgE per human basophil granulocyte is estimated to be 40,000 to 100,000 and those on rat mast cells is about 300,000. The binding of IgE with the receptor is reversible and does not involve covalent bonding. The affinity of IgE molecules for the receptors is high; the equilibrium constant of the reaction is in the order of 10(9)/mole for both human basophils and rat mast cell systems. Such a high affinity will explain why a minute amount of IgE antibody can sensitize the target cells and why sensitization with the antibody is so persistent. The initial step of the reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is probably bridging of cell-bound IgE molecules by antigen, which activates enzymatic sequences. The release of chemical mediators, however, is controlled by pharmacological factors which have most important r\u00f4les in transducing immunological signals into intracellular signals and subsequent biochemical processes.", "contents": "Immunological events at the surface of basophil granulocytes and mast cells which induce degranulation. IgE molecules combine with basophil granulocytes and mast cells through the Fc portion and sensitize these cells for reaginic hypersensitivity reactions. The number of receptors for IgE per human basophil granulocyte is estimated to be 40,000 to 100,000 and those on rat mast cells is about 300,000. The binding of IgE with the receptor is reversible and does not involve covalent bonding. The affinity of IgE molecules for the receptors is high; the equilibrium constant of the reaction is in the order of 10(9)/mole for both human basophils and rat mast cell systems. Such a high affinity will explain why a minute amount of IgE antibody can sensitize the target cells and why sensitization with the antibody is so persistent. The initial step of the reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is probably bridging of cell-bound IgE molecules by antigen, which activates enzymatic sequences. The release of chemical mediators, however, is controlled by pharmacological factors which have most important r\u00f4les in transducing immunological signals into intracellular signals and subsequent biochemical processes.", "PMID": 72408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4627", "title": "Effects of the released mediators of anaphylaxis on the target organs.", "content": "The antigen-antibody union initiates the release of mediators; the reactions and interactions of these mediators in the lung appear to include negative feedback mechanisms. During anaphylactic bronchoconstriction catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla. These act as physiological antagonists and tend to reverse the bronchoconstriction. In guinea-pig and human lung fragments, catecholamines and PGs increase cyclic AMP levels and inhibit the release of histamine, SRS-A and ECF-A following antigen challenge. EFC-A is chemotactic to eosinophils which contain arylsulphatase which destroys SRS-A. Aanphylactic bronchoconstriction seems to be a defense mechanism to limit further inhalation of antigen by the animal. It then seems that a series of negative feedback mechanisms may be triggered to terminate and reverse the bronchoconstriction and prevent further release of mediators.", "contents": "Effects of the released mediators of anaphylaxis on the target organs. The antigen-antibody union initiates the release of mediators; the reactions and interactions of these mediators in the lung appear to include negative feedback mechanisms. During anaphylactic bronchoconstriction catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla. These act as physiological antagonists and tend to reverse the bronchoconstriction. In guinea-pig and human lung fragments, catecholamines and PGs increase cyclic AMP levels and inhibit the release of histamine, SRS-A and ECF-A following antigen challenge. EFC-A is chemotactic to eosinophils which contain arylsulphatase which destroys SRS-A. Aanphylactic bronchoconstriction seems to be a defense mechanism to limit further inhalation of antigen by the animal. It then seems that a series of negative feedback mechanisms may be triggered to terminate and reverse the bronchoconstriction and prevent further release of mediators.", "PMID": 72410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4628", "title": "[Interstial pneumopathy after low dose bleomycin therapy].", "content": "The case is report of a 52-year-old woman who died of interstitial pneumopathy following treatment for an unclassifiable neoplasm of liver, spleen and bone marrow with a total dose of 97 mg/m2 bleomycin. The development of interstitial pneumopathy after this low bleomycin dosage may have been favored by a previous thorax irradiation 22 years earler for round cell sarcoma.", "contents": "[Interstial pneumopathy after low dose bleomycin therapy]. The case is report of a 52-year-old woman who died of interstitial pneumopathy following treatment for an unclassifiable neoplasm of liver, spleen and bone marrow with a total dose of 97 mg/m2 bleomycin. The development of interstitial pneumopathy after this low bleomycin dosage may have been favored by a previous thorax irradiation 22 years earler for round cell sarcoma.", "PMID": 72411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4629", "title": "Viruses and the pathogenesis of human leukemia.", "content": "The first part of this review deals with some new ideas on the nature of acute myelogenous leukemic cells. It is shown that the bloc in the differentiation process which characterizes these malignant cells can, to a certain extent, be overcome by some differentiation promoting proteins which are described. The finding that leukemic cells may respond to these \"factors\" indicates that these cells are not completely autonomous. Further studies in this field will clarify some biochemical and virological questions related to malignant transformation. In the second part, information on RNA tumor viruses is presented and their role in animal leukemias and possible involvement in humans are discussed. Whereas there is firm evidence for the presence of oncornavirus-related information in the human population, no cohesive pattern has emerged allowing definitive etiological inferences.", "contents": "Viruses and the pathogenesis of human leukemia. The first part of this review deals with some new ideas on the nature of acute myelogenous leukemic cells. It is shown that the bloc in the differentiation process which characterizes these malignant cells can, to a certain extent, be overcome by some differentiation promoting proteins which are described. The finding that leukemic cells may respond to these \"factors\" indicates that these cells are not completely autonomous. Further studies in this field will clarify some biochemical and virological questions related to malignant transformation. In the second part, information on RNA tumor viruses is presented and their role in animal leukemias and possible involvement in humans are discussed. Whereas there is firm evidence for the presence of oncornavirus-related information in the human population, no cohesive pattern has emerged allowing definitive etiological inferences.", "PMID": 72412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4630", "title": "[Clinical physiology and physiopathology of the atrioventricular node].", "content": "The functional behaviour of the healthy and sick human AV-node under various clinical-experimental conditions is described with special reference to (1) AV-nodal conduction, (2) AV-nodel refractoriness, (3) influence of autonomic tone and (4) role of the AV-node in the initiation of rhythm disturbances.", "contents": "[Clinical physiology and physiopathology of the atrioventricular node]. The functional behaviour of the healthy and sick human AV-node under various clinical-experimental conditions is described with special reference to (1) AV-nodal conduction, (2) AV-nodel refractoriness, (3) influence of autonomic tone and (4) role of the AV-node in the initiation of rhythm disturbances.", "PMID": 72413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4631", "title": "The binding of phenobarbitone and phenytoin to kwashiorkor serum.", "content": "The binding of phenytoin and phenobarbitone to the serum of kwashiorkor patients and normal serum has been investigated. There was no alteration in the binding of phenytoin. However, there was a decrease in the binding of phenobarbitone to kwashiorkor serum, and this was particularly striking in the presence of added phenytoin. It was confirmed that phenytoin was almost exclusively albumin-bound, while phenobarbitone was bound to albumin, alpha 1-and alpha 2-globulin in almost equal proportions.", "contents": "The binding of phenobarbitone and phenytoin to kwashiorkor serum. The binding of phenytoin and phenobarbitone to the serum of kwashiorkor patients and normal serum has been investigated. There was no alteration in the binding of phenytoin. However, there was a decrease in the binding of phenobarbitone to kwashiorkor serum, and this was particularly striking in the presence of added phenytoin. It was confirmed that phenytoin was almost exclusively albumin-bound, while phenobarbitone was bound to albumin, alpha 1-and alpha 2-globulin in almost equal proportions.", "PMID": 72418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4632", "title": "Clinical ophthalmology instruction for medical students.", "content": "A ten-day ophthalmology clerkship for third-year medical students is described. The curriculum, detailed in a day-by-day syllabus, sets specific student goals, evaluates attainment of the goals by a pre-post test, utilizes a student-oriented study guide keyed to major textbrooks as core material with slide-tape and videotape supplements, and emphasizes daily supervised patient examinations. Constant modification of the clerkship on the basis of student assessment has sustained it as a popular workable clinical experience.", "contents": "Clinical ophthalmology instruction for medical students. A ten-day ophthalmology clerkship for third-year medical students is described. The curriculum, detailed in a day-by-day syllabus, sets specific student goals, evaluates attainment of the goals by a pre-post test, utilizes a student-oriented study guide keyed to major textbrooks as core material with slide-tape and videotape supplements, and emphasizes daily supervised patient examinations. Constant modification of the clerkship on the basis of student assessment has sustained it as a popular workable clinical experience.", "PMID": 72420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4633", "title": "[A comparative study of some forms of treatment in cystic ovarian follicles of cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Various drugs were used in the treatment of 140 cows with cystic ovarian follicles (2.9 per cent of the population) on twenty-five dairy farms during a four-year period. This was done as part of a herd fertility programme. Aanoestrus (approximately sixty days after parturition) was found to be due to cystic follicles in fifty-three cows (7 per cent of the cows examined for anoestrus). An irregular cycle or nymphomania was found to be present in eighty-seven cows (62 per cent). Treatment consisted in intravenous injection of 3,000 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotrophin plus 125 mg. of progesterone (Nymfalon\" or intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg. of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Lutal\". There were no significant differences between the results of the two forms of treatment (Tables 1 and 2), neither as regards becoming pregnant nor where the interval between injection and the next oestrus was concerned. Nine cows which failed to respond to several courses of treatment with Nymfalon or Lutal, were treated with chlormadinone acetate (oral administration of 20 mg. daily for sixteen days). Only two animals became pregnant. Abortion occurred in one of the animals within three months (Table 3).", "contents": "[A comparative study of some forms of treatment in cystic ovarian follicles of cattle (author's transl)]. Various drugs were used in the treatment of 140 cows with cystic ovarian follicles (2.9 per cent of the population) on twenty-five dairy farms during a four-year period. This was done as part of a herd fertility programme. Aanoestrus (approximately sixty days after parturition) was found to be due to cystic follicles in fifty-three cows (7 per cent of the cows examined for anoestrus). An irregular cycle or nymphomania was found to be present in eighty-seven cows (62 per cent). Treatment consisted in intravenous injection of 3,000 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotrophin plus 125 mg. of progesterone (Nymfalon\" or intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg. of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Lutal\". There were no significant differences between the results of the two forms of treatment (Tables 1 and 2), neither as regards becoming pregnant nor where the interval between injection and the next oestrus was concerned. Nine cows which failed to respond to several courses of treatment with Nymfalon or Lutal, were treated with chlormadinone acetate (oral administration of 20 mg. daily for sixteen days). Only two animals became pregnant. Abortion occurred in one of the animals within three months (Table 3).", "PMID": 72425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4634", "title": "Polio antibodies and HLA antigens in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, progressive disease of the central nervous system. Its possible association with poliomyelitis was studied by measuring neutralizing antibodies against polio virus types 1, 2 and 3 in the sera and cerebrospinal fluids of 11 ALS-patients, but antibody titers did not markedly differ from those of the controls. The HLA antigens of 12 ALS patients were also determined, in order to reveal any possible genetically-determined susceptibility to the disease. Possible association of ALS with HLA-Bw40 was noted. In addition, the Bw40 antigen seemed to be associated with milder progression of the disease. The lymphocytes of the ALS patients seemed defective in their capacity to stimulate allogenic lymphocytes, possibly due to a relative decrease of B cells in the peripheral blood. Joint efforts of study groups of neuroepidemiology, immunology and genetics should be mobilized to reveal the true nature of these findings.", "contents": "Polio antibodies and HLA antigens in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, progressive disease of the central nervous system. Its possible association with poliomyelitis was studied by measuring neutralizing antibodies against polio virus types 1, 2 and 3 in the sera and cerebrospinal fluids of 11 ALS-patients, but antibody titers did not markedly differ from those of the controls. The HLA antigens of 12 ALS patients were also determined, in order to reveal any possible genetically-determined susceptibility to the disease. Possible association of ALS with HLA-Bw40 was noted. In addition, the Bw40 antigen seemed to be associated with milder progression of the disease. The lymphocytes of the ALS patients seemed defective in their capacity to stimulate allogenic lymphocytes, possibly due to a relative decrease of B cells in the peripheral blood. Joint efforts of study groups of neuroepidemiology, immunology and genetics should be mobilized to reveal the true nature of these findings.", "PMID": 72426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4635", "title": "Histocompatibility determinants in Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 197 Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from various Jewish ethnic origins including central and eastern Europe, countries bordering the Mediterranean, the Middle East and from native-born Israelis. The results were compared with the HLA antigen frequencies in a control sample of 455 unrelated individuals representing the general Jewish population. The frequency of HLA-Bw40 among all MS patients (15%) was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than among the controls (7%). In contrast to the findings in MS patients from other populations, there was no increased frequency of A3 and B7 and Dw2 was present in only one out of 28 patients. The study showed a similar distribution of HLA-A and -B locus antigens, especially of Bw40, in Jews of diverse ethnic origins represented in the control group.", "contents": "Histocompatibility determinants in Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis. The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 197 Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from various Jewish ethnic origins including central and eastern Europe, countries bordering the Mediterranean, the Middle East and from native-born Israelis. The results were compared with the HLA antigen frequencies in a control sample of 455 unrelated individuals representing the general Jewish population. The frequency of HLA-Bw40 among all MS patients (15%) was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than among the controls (7%). In contrast to the findings in MS patients from other populations, there was no increased frequency of A3 and B7 and Dw2 was present in only one out of 28 patients. The study showed a similar distribution of HLA-A and -B locus antigens, especially of Bw40, in Jews of diverse ethnic origins represented in the control group.", "PMID": 72427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4636", "title": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by allogenic macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Macrophages were obtained from human peripheral blood by incubating mononuclear cells in plastic tissue culture flasks. After 1-14 days, the cells were used in mixed lymphocyte macrophage cultures. Macrophages could not, themselves, be stimulated to proliferation by allogenic cells, but stimulated allogenic lymphocytes. By the use of responding cells and stimulating macrophages from HLA-D homozygous individuals, the HLA-D determinants could be shown to be responsible for the stimulation of allogenic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes by allogenic macrophages in vitro. Macrophages were obtained from human peripheral blood by incubating mononuclear cells in plastic tissue culture flasks. After 1-14 days, the cells were used in mixed lymphocyte macrophage cultures. Macrophages could not, themselves, be stimulated to proliferation by allogenic cells, but stimulated allogenic lymphocytes. By the use of responding cells and stimulating macrophages from HLA-D homozygous individuals, the HLA-D determinants could be shown to be responsible for the stimulation of allogenic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 72428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4637", "title": "Relationship between the HLA associated specifities 4a and 4b and the lymphocyte C3 receptor.", "content": "Contrary to previous reports, we have obtained no evidence that 4a and 4b antisera specifically inhibit C3 rosette formation by human lymphocytes. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with various whole 4a and 4b antisera resulted in partial inhibition which was often nonsepcific. Ultracentrifugation of the sera to remove immune complexes removed C3 rosette inhibitory activity although specific cytotoxic activity remained. It is probable that immune complexes in antisera will have fixed C3 which will have been converted to C3d and so be able to block the C3d receptor. This is the receptor mainly measured in these and in the previous experiments.", "contents": "Relationship between the HLA associated specifities 4a and 4b and the lymphocyte C3 receptor. Contrary to previous reports, we have obtained no evidence that 4a and 4b antisera specifically inhibit C3 rosette formation by human lymphocytes. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with various whole 4a and 4b antisera resulted in partial inhibition which was often nonsepcific. Ultracentrifugation of the sera to remove immune complexes removed C3 rosette inhibitory activity although specific cytotoxic activity remained. It is probable that immune complexes in antisera will have fixed C3 which will have been converted to C3d and so be able to block the C3d receptor. This is the receptor mainly measured in these and in the previous experiments.", "PMID": 72429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4638", "title": "HLA antibodies cytotoxic only for B lymphocytes.", "content": "Of 28 unabsorbed sera from polytransfused individuals or multiparous women, which were not cytotoxic for total peripheral blood lymphocytes, 13 were found to react positively against B cell-enriched suspensions. These 13 sera were further characterized after platelet absorption-elution, as well as by pretreatment with turkey anti-human-beta2-microglobulin serum. Different patterns were found: five sera behaved as pure anti-B cell reagents; four seemed to contain different antibody populations, directed against both B cell determinants and HLA-A, -B or -C antigens; four only contained antibodies directed against HLA-A, -B or -C specificities. Absorption experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes, showed that these last sera, although noncytotoxic for T cells, can be absorbed by them. It was concluded that not all sera reacting only with B lymphocytes recognize specifities absent from T cells, and that all sera should be exhaustively absorbed with platelets before being tested as anti-B cell-specific reagents.", "contents": "HLA antibodies cytotoxic only for B lymphocytes. Of 28 unabsorbed sera from polytransfused individuals or multiparous women, which were not cytotoxic for total peripheral blood lymphocytes, 13 were found to react positively against B cell-enriched suspensions. These 13 sera were further characterized after platelet absorption-elution, as well as by pretreatment with turkey anti-human-beta2-microglobulin serum. Different patterns were found: five sera behaved as pure anti-B cell reagents; four seemed to contain different antibody populations, directed against both B cell determinants and HLA-A, -B or -C antigens; four only contained antibodies directed against HLA-A, -B or -C specificities. Absorption experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes, showed that these last sera, although noncytotoxic for T cells, can be absorbed by them. It was concluded that not all sera reacting only with B lymphocytes recognize specifities absent from T cells, and that all sera should be exhaustively absorbed with platelets before being tested as anti-B cell-specific reagents.", "PMID": 72430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4639", "title": "Detection of HLA-D clusters and segregation studies using primed LD typing.", "content": "By testing a group of PLT cells over a panel of unrelated restimulating cells, the PLT's could be grouped into clusters according to their ability to discriminate antigen(s) in unrelated cells. The PLT clusters broadly correlated with the homozygous typing cell-defined HLA-D clusters represented on the panel. The PLTs grouped together clearly segregate with a particular HLA haplotype when tested in both unrelated families not possessing the sensitizing haplotype and in the family with the sensitizing haplotype. No influence of HLA SD antigens could be observed in PLT restimulation in the segregation studies.", "contents": "Detection of HLA-D clusters and segregation studies using primed LD typing. By testing a group of PLT cells over a panel of unrelated restimulating cells, the PLT's could be grouped into clusters according to their ability to discriminate antigen(s) in unrelated cells. The PLT clusters broadly correlated with the homozygous typing cell-defined HLA-D clusters represented on the panel. The PLTs grouped together clearly segregate with a particular HLA haplotype when tested in both unrelated families not possessing the sensitizing haplotype and in the family with the sensitizing haplotype. No influence of HLA SD antigens could be observed in PLT restimulation in the segregation studies.", "PMID": 72431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4640", "title": "Pregnancy-associated globulin in body fluids of pregnant women.", "content": "Pregnancy-associated globulin (PAG) in saliva, urine and amniotic fluid was investigated just before and after delivery by Ouchterlony's method and immunoelectrosyneresis. In saliva, the incidence was more than 60 percent; 12 out of 18 samples by immunoelectrosyneresis and 11 out of 18 by Ouchterlony's method. In urine, 8 (33 percent) and 6 (25 percent) out of 24 samples were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis and Ouchterlony's method, but 19 out of 21 samples (91 percent) were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis. Of 12 pregnant women in whom serum, saliva, urine and amniotic fluid were tested by immunoelectrosyneresis, four showed positive reaction in the above four samples and 11 in three samples except urine.", "contents": "Pregnancy-associated globulin in body fluids of pregnant women. Pregnancy-associated globulin (PAG) in saliva, urine and amniotic fluid was investigated just before and after delivery by Ouchterlony's method and immunoelectrosyneresis. In saliva, the incidence was more than 60 percent; 12 out of 18 samples by immunoelectrosyneresis and 11 out of 18 by Ouchterlony's method. In urine, 8 (33 percent) and 6 (25 percent) out of 24 samples were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis and Ouchterlony's method, but 19 out of 21 samples (91 percent) were positive by immunoelectrosyneresis. Of 12 pregnant women in whom serum, saliva, urine and amniotic fluid were tested by immunoelectrosyneresis, four showed positive reaction in the above four samples and 11 in three samples except urine.", "PMID": 72435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4641", "title": "Incidence of pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein in sera of malignant tumor patients.", "content": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP1) is said to be found only in sera of pregnant females. In this paper, SP1 in the sera of malignant tumor patients was investigated by means of Ouchterlony's method and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). On the examination by Ouchterlony's method, all samples were negative, but by CIEP, 34 out of 90 samples (38 percent) showed positive reaction; 25 out of 61 (41 percent) in males and 9 out of 29 (31 percent) in females. There was no indication that the patients with a certain type of cancer tend to have a high incidence of SP1, but the examination of SP1 in the sera of patients with cancer or suspicious cancer had some clinical significance.", "contents": "Incidence of pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein in sera of malignant tumor patients. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP1) is said to be found only in sera of pregnant females. In this paper, SP1 in the sera of malignant tumor patients was investigated by means of Ouchterlony's method and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). On the examination by Ouchterlony's method, all samples were negative, but by CIEP, 34 out of 90 samples (38 percent) showed positive reaction; 25 out of 61 (41 percent) in males and 9 out of 29 (31 percent) in females. There was no indication that the patients with a certain type of cancer tend to have a high incidence of SP1, but the examination of SP1 in the sera of patients with cancer or suspicious cancer had some clinical significance.", "PMID": 72436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4642", "title": "Diagnostic significance of the sudan III staining for fecal fat.", "content": "To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the Sudan III staining for the fecal fat, the quantitative relationship between the number of fecal fat droplets examined microscopically and the amount of the fecal fat determined chemically was examined. In 43 out of 60 cases, the results of the chemical determination and the microscopic examination were in agreement and the accuracy was 72 percent. On the other hand, the false positive cases totaled 9 out of the 24 cases (37 percent) and 8 out of 9 false positive cases were diagnosed as showing a slight increase. In contrast, the false negative cases were only 2 out of 36 cases (6 percent). In addition, the comparative study of the various procedures of the Sudan III staining indicated the importance of the processing with acid and heating even in cases of steatorrhea caused by pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of the sudan III staining for fecal fat. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the Sudan III staining for the fecal fat, the quantitative relationship between the number of fecal fat droplets examined microscopically and the amount of the fecal fat determined chemically was examined. In 43 out of 60 cases, the results of the chemical determination and the microscopic examination were in agreement and the accuracy was 72 percent. On the other hand, the false positive cases totaled 9 out of the 24 cases (37 percent) and 8 out of 9 false positive cases were diagnosed as showing a slight increase. In contrast, the false negative cases were only 2 out of 36 cases (6 percent). In addition, the comparative study of the various procedures of the Sudan III staining indicated the importance of the processing with acid and heating even in cases of steatorrhea caused by pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 72437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4643", "title": "Freezing index in cryosurgery on the prostate gland.", "content": "Cryosurgery has been performed on 18 patients with prostatic hypertrophy, and the following conclusions are reached: The quotient obtained by dividing the estimated weight of the prostate gland by the frozen weight obtained by an equation is called the freezing index, and this index can be introduced into the evaluation of the results of cryosurgery on the prostate gland. Cryosurgery was not markedly effective in cases of freezing indices over 0.76, and the incidence of complications was high in cases of freezing indices not more than 0.5. The ideal freezing index obtained empirically was 0.6. No dysuria has recurred during past three years in the cases where cryosurgery was assessed satisfactory in effect within two to three months.", "contents": "Freezing index in cryosurgery on the prostate gland. Cryosurgery has been performed on 18 patients with prostatic hypertrophy, and the following conclusions are reached: The quotient obtained by dividing the estimated weight of the prostate gland by the frozen weight obtained by an equation is called the freezing index, and this index can be introduced into the evaluation of the results of cryosurgery on the prostate gland. Cryosurgery was not markedly effective in cases of freezing indices over 0.76, and the incidence of complications was high in cases of freezing indices not more than 0.5. The ideal freezing index obtained empirically was 0.6. No dysuria has recurred during past three years in the cases where cryosurgery was assessed satisfactory in effect within two to three months.", "PMID": 72438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4644", "title": "Stable chimerism induced in noninbred rabbits by neonatal injection of spleen cells from allotype-suppressed adult donors. I. Replacement of hemopoietic tissue by donor cells.", "content": "In the course of experiments designed to demonstrate an active mechanism of allotype suppression in rabbits, spleen cells from adult donors were transferred to newborn recipients. Among 23 rabbits that received injections, 4 stable chimeras were formed, as determined by the production of serum immunoglobulins marked with light and heavy chain allotypes. The other rabbits that survived the immediate postinjection period displayed a temporary chimeric state lasting up to several weeks, after which they either succumbed to graft-versus-host disease or rejected the donor cells. One chimeric animal was apparently repopulated by the hemopoietic cells of the donor's spleen. Insofar as could be determined, the recipient's blood cells became phenotypically identical to those of the donor. This condition manifested itself as a loss of the recipient gene products associated with both lymphocyte and erythrocytes, accompanied by a seemingly total replacement with those of the donor.", "contents": "Stable chimerism induced in noninbred rabbits by neonatal injection of spleen cells from allotype-suppressed adult donors. I. Replacement of hemopoietic tissue by donor cells. In the course of experiments designed to demonstrate an active mechanism of allotype suppression in rabbits, spleen cells from adult donors were transferred to newborn recipients. Among 23 rabbits that received injections, 4 stable chimeras were formed, as determined by the production of serum immunoglobulins marked with light and heavy chain allotypes. The other rabbits that survived the immediate postinjection period displayed a temporary chimeric state lasting up to several weeks, after which they either succumbed to graft-versus-host disease or rejected the donor cells. One chimeric animal was apparently repopulated by the hemopoietic cells of the donor's spleen. Insofar as could be determined, the recipient's blood cells became phenotypically identical to those of the donor. This condition manifested itself as a loss of the recipient gene products associated with both lymphocyte and erythrocytes, accompanied by a seemingly total replacement with those of the donor.", "PMID": 72439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4645", "title": "Anti-immunoglobulin as an adjunct in producing long-term antigen-specific allograft survival. Organ localization of immune complexes.", "content": "Heterologous anti-immunoglobulin is a potent immunosuppressive agent that prolongs H-2- and H-3-incompatible skin graft survival. In conjunction with antithymocyte serum, anti-immunoglobulin promotes greater graft life than either antiserum used alone, without evidence of toxicity to recipient animals. Combination treatment with anti-immunoglobulin, antithymocyte serum, and donor spleen cells produces long-term allograft survival to the lifetime of the host and can result in antigen-specific immune unresponsiveness of sufficient strength to permit acceptance of a second-set graft. Anti-immunoglobulin complexes formed in treated mice appear to be localized primarily in the lymphatic reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "Anti-immunoglobulin as an adjunct in producing long-term antigen-specific allograft survival. Organ localization of immune complexes. Heterologous anti-immunoglobulin is a potent immunosuppressive agent that prolongs H-2- and H-3-incompatible skin graft survival. In conjunction with antithymocyte serum, anti-immunoglobulin promotes greater graft life than either antiserum used alone, without evidence of toxicity to recipient animals. Combination treatment with anti-immunoglobulin, antithymocyte serum, and donor spleen cells produces long-term allograft survival to the lifetime of the host and can result in antigen-specific immune unresponsiveness of sufficient strength to permit acceptance of a second-set graft. Anti-immunoglobulin complexes formed in treated mice appear to be localized primarily in the lymphatic reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 72440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4646", "title": "[Staining of interphase and metaphase chromosomes with Procion Yellow 4RS].", "content": "A method for staining proteins by procion yellow 4RS on preparates of metaphase and interphase chromosomes is suggested. It is shown that the dye is not bound to either native or denatured DNA in solution.", "contents": "[Staining of interphase and metaphase chromosomes with Procion Yellow 4RS]. A method for staining proteins by procion yellow 4RS on preparates of metaphase and interphase chromosomes is suggested. It is shown that the dye is not bound to either native or denatured DNA in solution.", "PMID": 72442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4647", "title": "Real-space filtering of electron images from optical autocorrelation patterns.", "content": "The capability for filtering electron images, in real space, is demonstrated to be inherent to a two plate, incoherent optical procedure (originally described by Meyer-Eppler and Darius) for recording autocorrelation functions from transparencies. If an image contains features that occur with more than random frequency, these features may give rise to a resolvable peak in the optically recorded autocorrelation function. The optical requirements for obtaining an image of the transparency that is filtered to observe only features giving rise to some set of such peaks, or to exclude them, are described. The principle is to form an image of the transparency, with a properly placed plano-convex lens, from the incoherent light transmitted through apertures positioned over the peaks in the autocorrelation plane. The application of the method in defining the position and orientation of specific projections of protein molecules, as observed in negative stain by bright-field, or unstained by dark-field electron microscopy, is also described.", "contents": "Real-space filtering of electron images from optical autocorrelation patterns. The capability for filtering electron images, in real space, is demonstrated to be inherent to a two plate, incoherent optical procedure (originally described by Meyer-Eppler and Darius) for recording autocorrelation functions from transparencies. If an image contains features that occur with more than random frequency, these features may give rise to a resolvable peak in the optically recorded autocorrelation function. The optical requirements for obtaining an image of the transparency that is filtered to observe only features giving rise to some set of such peaks, or to exclude them, are described. The principle is to form an image of the transparency, with a properly placed plano-convex lens, from the incoherent light transmitted through apertures positioned over the peaks in the autocorrelation plane. The application of the method in defining the position and orientation of specific projections of protein molecules, as observed in negative stain by bright-field, or unstained by dark-field electron microscopy, is also described.", "PMID": 72444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4648", "title": "Changes in the bladder wall muscle associated with benign prostatic enlargement. A clinical and morphometric study.", "content": "In a study of 28 patients with prostatic obstruction, an attempt was made to correlate bladder wall hypertrophy and hyperplasia with objective measurements of prostatic enlargement. Correlation could only be established between the cell and nuclear volume ratio of the bladder muscle and the average urine flow rate.", "contents": "Changes in the bladder wall muscle associated with benign prostatic enlargement. A clinical and morphometric study. In a study of 28 patients with prostatic obstruction, an attempt was made to correlate bladder wall hypertrophy and hyperplasia with objective measurements of prostatic enlargement. Correlation could only be established between the cell and nuclear volume ratio of the bladder muscle and the average urine flow rate.", "PMID": 72445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4649", "title": "[Na+-K+-ATPase activity in guinea pig brain synaptosomal fraction in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "The activity Na+, K+-ATPase of the guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction as well as the effect on this enzyme of the blood serum obtained in guinea pigs in different periods after sensibilization of the animals with the basic encephalitogenic protein were studied in dynamics of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis development. The Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction is more than 50% lower from the seventh day of sensibilization up to development of characteristic symptoms of the disease in animals. The guinea pigs blood serum obtained on the seventh and tenth days of sensibilization has an inhibitory effect of the same order on the studied activity of the normal guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction. At the later stages of the disease development and with the presence of characteristic symptoms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the animals the blood serum has no similar effect.", "contents": "[Na+-K+-ATPase activity in guinea pig brain synaptosomal fraction in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. The activity Na+, K+-ATPase of the guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction as well as the effect on this enzyme of the blood serum obtained in guinea pigs in different periods after sensibilization of the animals with the basic encephalitogenic protein were studied in dynamics of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis development. The Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction is more than 50% lower from the seventh day of sensibilization up to development of characteristic symptoms of the disease in animals. The guinea pigs blood serum obtained on the seventh and tenth days of sensibilization has an inhibitory effect of the same order on the studied activity of the normal guinea pig brain synaptosome fraction. At the later stages of the disease development and with the presence of characteristic symptoms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the animals the blood serum has no similar effect.", "PMID": 72443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4650", "title": "Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules were found frequently in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from several species of laboratory animals that died from various causes. The globules stained intensely red with PAS, were weakly acid-fast, did not stain with oil-red O and showed bright yellow autofluorescence. Ultrastructurally, they were finely granular, round to oval, intensely osmiophilic and were surrounded by an intimately bound trilaminar membrane. The globules were interpreted as aggregated secretory granules that occur in degenerating cells.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals. Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules were found frequently in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from several species of laboratory animals that died from various causes. The globules stained intensely red with PAS, were weakly acid-fast, did not stain with oil-red O and showed bright yellow autofluorescence. Ultrastructurally, they were finely granular, round to oval, intensely osmiophilic and were surrounded by an intimately bound trilaminar membrane. The globules were interpreted as aggregated secretory granules that occur in degenerating cells.", "PMID": 72447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4651", "title": "Giant cell stromal reaction in squamous cell carcinomata. Electronmicroscopic and ultrahistochemical observations on the genesis and functional activity of multinucleated giant cells in bleomycin-induced tumor regression.", "content": "Ten cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma, treated by bleomycin, were studied by electron microscopy with particular regard to the stromal reaction. The genesis and phagocytic function of multinucleated giant cells of foreign body type were observed. These cells phagocytize devitalized, keratinized tumor cells in particular. Their genesis from monocytic macrophages and endocytosis of large keratinized tumor cells are described in detail. Both phenomena are connected and the mode of formation of the cells results in functional specialization. The initial stages of intracellular digestion do not seem to take place within membrane limited vacuoles but in specialized cytoplasmatic areas which are formed around the ingested material. These contain high concentrations of hydrolases, sealed off from the rest of the cell by a clear zone of organell-free cytoplasm. This unique form of phagocytosis and digestion (\"gigantophagocytosis*) is only possible in these highly specialized giant cells and explains their biological significance. It is likely that secondary lysosomes are formed in subsequent stages of digestion. The difference between our results and the experimental observations of other authors are discussed.", "contents": "Giant cell stromal reaction in squamous cell carcinomata. Electronmicroscopic and ultrahistochemical observations on the genesis and functional activity of multinucleated giant cells in bleomycin-induced tumor regression. Ten cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma, treated by bleomycin, were studied by electron microscopy with particular regard to the stromal reaction. The genesis and phagocytic function of multinucleated giant cells of foreign body type were observed. These cells phagocytize devitalized, keratinized tumor cells in particular. Their genesis from monocytic macrophages and endocytosis of large keratinized tumor cells are described in detail. Both phenomena are connected and the mode of formation of the cells results in functional specialization. The initial stages of intracellular digestion do not seem to take place within membrane limited vacuoles but in specialized cytoplasmatic areas which are formed around the ingested material. These contain high concentrations of hydrolases, sealed off from the rest of the cell by a clear zone of organell-free cytoplasm. This unique form of phagocytosis and digestion (\"gigantophagocytosis*) is only possible in these highly specialized giant cells and explains their biological significance. It is likely that secondary lysosomes are formed in subsequent stages of digestion. The difference between our results and the experimental observations of other authors are discussed.", "PMID": 72448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4652", "title": "Preparation and specificity testing of a rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum (with 1 colour plate).", "content": "The preparation of a specific anti-T cell serum, applicable in the indirect immunofluorescence technique on cell suspensions, smears of peripheral blood and bone marrow and on tissue sections is described. Rabbits were immunized with thymocytes; after removal of antibodies against species-specific antigens and antigens common to leucocytes by absorptions with red cells and granulocytes, specificity for thymocytes was obtained by repeated absorptions with CLL cells, used as B cell equivalents. Subsequently, the IgG fraction of the absorbed antiserum was isolated. This antibody preparation was tested with various types of blood cells as well as with cell suspensions depleted or enriched in T cells. For the study of tissue sections it had to be absorbed with liver powder. When studying lymphatic tissue it was found to stain only thymus-dependent areas in the specimens tested.", "contents": "Preparation and specificity testing of a rabbit anti-human thymocyte serum (with 1 colour plate). The preparation of a specific anti-T cell serum, applicable in the indirect immunofluorescence technique on cell suspensions, smears of peripheral blood and bone marrow and on tissue sections is described. Rabbits were immunized with thymocytes; after removal of antibodies against species-specific antigens and antigens common to leucocytes by absorptions with red cells and granulocytes, specificity for thymocytes was obtained by repeated absorptions with CLL cells, used as B cell equivalents. Subsequently, the IgG fraction of the absorbed antiserum was isolated. This antibody preparation was tested with various types of blood cells as well as with cell suspensions depleted or enriched in T cells. For the study of tissue sections it had to be absorbed with liver powder. When studying lymphatic tissue it was found to stain only thymus-dependent areas in the specimens tested.", "PMID": 72451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4653", "title": "Serological identification of the new cold agglutinin specificity anti-Gd.", "content": "The specificity anti-Gd of human cold autoagglutinins is characterized using untreated and enzyme-treated human red blood cells. Gd determinants of human RBC are resistant to proteases, but are inactivated by neuraminidase (RDE). In contrast, I/i determinants are not inactivated by proteases or RDE, while Pr1-3 determinants are inactivated by proteases and RDE, and Pra determinants are resistant to RDE, but are inactivated by proteases.", "contents": "Serological identification of the new cold agglutinin specificity anti-Gd. The specificity anti-Gd of human cold autoagglutinins is characterized using untreated and enzyme-treated human red blood cells. Gd determinants of human RBC are resistant to proteases, but are inactivated by neuraminidase (RDE). In contrast, I/i determinants are not inactivated by proteases or RDE, while Pr1-3 determinants are inactivated by proteases and RDE, and Pra determinants are resistant to RDE, but are inactivated by proteases.", "PMID": 72452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4654", "title": "[Role of quaternary structure in the antigenic specificity of amino acid derivatives of hemoglobin].", "content": "Immunochemical properties of isolated alpha- and beta-chains of aminoenanthyl- and phenylalanyl-hemoglobins were studied by fixation of the complement as compared with the corresponding chains of the native hemoglobin. In spite of the immunochemical differences between Phe-Hb and hemoglobin, the complement fixation ability was shown to be the same in Phe-Hb, AE-Hb and hemoglobin; this phenomenon suggests that formation of the antigenic determinant in Phe-Hb occurs at the level of quaternary structure.", "contents": "[Role of quaternary structure in the antigenic specificity of amino acid derivatives of hemoglobin]. Immunochemical properties of isolated alpha- and beta-chains of aminoenanthyl- and phenylalanyl-hemoglobins were studied by fixation of the complement as compared with the corresponding chains of the native hemoglobin. In spite of the immunochemical differences between Phe-Hb and hemoglobin, the complement fixation ability was shown to be the same in Phe-Hb, AE-Hb and hemoglobin; this phenomenon suggests that formation of the antigenic determinant in Phe-Hb occurs at the level of quaternary structure.", "PMID": 72450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4655", "title": "Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents.", "content": "Pulmonary parenchymal or pleural reactions to chemotherapeutic agents used in the management of patients with malignant diseases are being recognized with increasing frequency. Alkylating agents, asparaginase, bleomycin, methotrexate and procarbazine have all been implicated. Some of the reactions, such as the rare procarbazine pleuritis and pneumonitis, represent hypersensitivity phenomena. Others, such as alkylating agent pulmonary toxicity, appear to be direct toxic effects of the drugs. The severity of the toxicity is variable. The appearance of these pulmonary changes must be differentiated from tumor progression or a variety of possible infections. The awareness of possible pulmonary toxicity is of great importance since early discontinuation of the agent following the first hint of pulmonary toxicity may allow partial or complete reversal of the process. Continued therapy in the face of drug-related pulmonary toxicity may enhance the likelihood of irreversible pulmonary compromise with respiratory failure and death.", "contents": "Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents. Pulmonary parenchymal or pleural reactions to chemotherapeutic agents used in the management of patients with malignant diseases are being recognized with increasing frequency. Alkylating agents, asparaginase, bleomycin, methotrexate and procarbazine have all been implicated. Some of the reactions, such as the rare procarbazine pleuritis and pneumonitis, represent hypersensitivity phenomena. Others, such as alkylating agent pulmonary toxicity, appear to be direct toxic effects of the drugs. The severity of the toxicity is variable. The appearance of these pulmonary changes must be differentiated from tumor progression or a variety of possible infections. The awareness of possible pulmonary toxicity is of great importance since early discontinuation of the agent following the first hint of pulmonary toxicity may allow partial or complete reversal of the process. Continued therapy in the face of drug-related pulmonary toxicity may enhance the likelihood of irreversible pulmonary compromise with respiratory failure and death.", "PMID": 72457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4656", "title": "[Properties of pigeon sera containing complement-fixing antibodies to the gs-antigen of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex].", "content": "Pigeons bearing tumors caused by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus were used for withdrawing sera containing complement-fixing (CF) antibody to the gs-antigen of avian leukosis-sarcoma complex. In the course of this study it was found that some of these sera, while having a high titer of CF antibody to the gs-antigen of the tumor tissue, did not detect this antigen in chicken embryonal tissue and feather follicles. It is suggested that these sera distinguish different components of gs-antigen in the tumor tissue on the one hand and in the embryonal tissue and feather follicles on the other. There was a correlation in the detection or lack of gs-antigen in preparations of feather follicles and embryonal tissue with all the sera examined. Feather follicles may serve as a convenient source of gs-antigen in practical work.", "contents": "[Properties of pigeon sera containing complement-fixing antibodies to the gs-antigen of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex]. Pigeons bearing tumors caused by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus were used for withdrawing sera containing complement-fixing (CF) antibody to the gs-antigen of avian leukosis-sarcoma complex. In the course of this study it was found that some of these sera, while having a high titer of CF antibody to the gs-antigen of the tumor tissue, did not detect this antigen in chicken embryonal tissue and feather follicles. It is suggested that these sera distinguish different components of gs-antigen in the tumor tissue on the one hand and in the embryonal tissue and feather follicles on the other. There was a correlation in the detection or lack of gs-antigen in preparations of feather follicles and embryonal tissue with all the sera examined. Feather follicles may serve as a convenient source of gs-antigen in practical work.", "PMID": 72455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4657", "title": "Oogenesis in Mylabris pustulata (Coleoptera): origin and composition of compound yolk.", "content": "Three categories of compound yolks are synthesized during vitellogenesis of Mylabris pustulata. CY1 bodies originate de novo and are composed of protein-carbohydrate (glycogen)-RNA complex. CY2 bodies originate from precursors in follicular epithelium and are composed of protein-carbohydrate (glycogen) complex. CY3 bodies originate from extraovarian precursors and are composed of protein-acid mucopolysaccharide-glycogen-phospholipid complex.", "contents": "Oogenesis in Mylabris pustulata (Coleoptera): origin and composition of compound yolk. Three categories of compound yolks are synthesized during vitellogenesis of Mylabris pustulata. CY1 bodies originate de novo and are composed of protein-carbohydrate (glycogen)-RNA complex. CY2 bodies originate from precursors in follicular epithelium and are composed of protein-carbohydrate (glycogen) complex. CY3 bodies originate from extraovarian precursors and are composed of protein-acid mucopolysaccharide-glycogen-phospholipid complex.", "PMID": 72459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4658", "title": "Studies on a hill-stream fish, Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland). II. Histocytology of the corpuscles of Stannius.", "content": "There are 1...2 corpuscles of Stannius in the Indian hill-stream teleost, Pseudecheneis sulcatus. They are encapsulated bodies, measuring about 400 micrometer in length and 200 micrometer in width. The secretory cells of CS have fine granules in their cytoplasm which are AF, PTAH, CAH and silverpositive. The cells are arranged along blood sinusoids in which their secretions are probably discharged. Individual neurons and other neural structures are found scattered among the secretory cells.", "contents": "Studies on a hill-stream fish, Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland). II. Histocytology of the corpuscles of Stannius. There are 1...2 corpuscles of Stannius in the Indian hill-stream teleost, Pseudecheneis sulcatus. They are encapsulated bodies, measuring about 400 micrometer in length and 200 micrometer in width. The secretory cells of CS have fine granules in their cytoplasm which are AF, PTAH, CAH and silverpositive. The cells are arranged along blood sinusoids in which their secretions are probably discharged. Individual neurons and other neural structures are found scattered among the secretory cells.", "PMID": 72460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4659", "title": "On the cytoarchitecture of the corpuscles of Stannius of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossils (Bloch).", "content": "The cytoarchitecture of the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis has been investigated. Based on the arrangement of septa and cells, at least 4 principal architectural patterns can be distinguished. In the first type, the cells appear either as cords or as follicles due to complete formation of thin septa. In the second category also, the penetrating septa are thin but divide the CS into incompletely delimited lobes. In the third type, the septa are thick and their branches unite, sometimes resulting in the formation of complete lobes. In the fourth type, each CS is formed of aggregates of lobes, each of which consists of a number of complete or incomplete lobules. The limitations involved in the classification of the CS into 4 types, on the basis of the septal arrangement, have been discussed in the light of the fact that H. fossilis possesses all the 4 types of CS.", "contents": "On the cytoarchitecture of the corpuscles of Stannius of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossils (Bloch). The cytoarchitecture of the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis has been investigated. Based on the arrangement of septa and cells, at least 4 principal architectural patterns can be distinguished. In the first type, the cells appear either as cords or as follicles due to complete formation of thin septa. In the second category also, the penetrating septa are thin but divide the CS into incompletely delimited lobes. In the third type, the septa are thick and their branches unite, sometimes resulting in the formation of complete lobes. In the fourth type, each CS is formed of aggregates of lobes, each of which consists of a number of complete or incomplete lobules. The limitations involved in the classification of the CS into 4 types, on the basis of the septal arrangement, have been discussed in the light of the fact that H. fossilis possesses all the 4 types of CS.", "PMID": 72461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4660", "title": "Detection of the Echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 in sera from patients with surgically-confirmed E. multilocularis infection.", "content": "The Echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 was revealed by sera from an Alaskan and a Swiss patient with surgically confirmed E. multilocularis infections. The possibility of each patient harboring a concurrent infection with both parasites may be disregarded on the basis of radiologic, scintillographic and surgical data. This conclusion is compatible with ecologic and epidemiologic considerations. These observations suggest that the immunoelectrophoresis test based on arc 5 positivity is not E. granulosus-specific as originally described.", "contents": "Detection of the Echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 in sera from patients with surgically-confirmed E. multilocularis infection. The Echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 was revealed by sera from an Alaskan and a Swiss patient with surgically confirmed E. multilocularis infections. The possibility of each patient harboring a concurrent infection with both parasites may be disregarded on the basis of radiologic, scintillographic and surgical data. This conclusion is compatible with ecologic and epidemiologic considerations. These observations suggest that the immunoelectrophoresis test based on arc 5 positivity is not E. granulosus-specific as originally described.", "PMID": 72462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4661", "title": "[Use of suspension adsorption methods for studying arboviruses].", "content": "Hemagglutinating antigens of Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and 5 strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were charcaterized by their capacity to adsorb on inorganic (kaolin, bentonite, barium sulphate) and organic (chick embryo fibroblasts) adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of TBE virus was more marked than that of WEE. The TBE virus strains 4072 and 1524 avid in serological tests adsorbed better on inorganic adsorbents than nonavid strains No. 80 and 1509. In contrast, nonavid strains interacted better with biologic adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of tissue culture antigens was superior to that of brain hemagglutinating antigens. By means of adsorption on kaolin and chick embryo fibroblasts hemagglutinating and nonhemagglutinating infections particles of WEE and TBE viruses which also differed in some biological properties were separated.", "contents": "[Use of suspension adsorption methods for studying arboviruses]. Hemagglutinating antigens of Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and 5 strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were charcaterized by their capacity to adsorb on inorganic (kaolin, bentonite, barium sulphate) and organic (chick embryo fibroblasts) adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of TBE virus was more marked than that of WEE. The TBE virus strains 4072 and 1524 avid in serological tests adsorbed better on inorganic adsorbents than nonavid strains No. 80 and 1509. In contrast, nonavid strains interacted better with biologic adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of tissue culture antigens was superior to that of brain hemagglutinating antigens. By means of adsorption on kaolin and chick embryo fibroblasts hemagglutinating and nonhemagglutinating infections particles of WEE and TBE viruses which also differed in some biological properties were separated.", "PMID": 72456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4662", "title": "[Short-term catheterization following electroresection of the prostate and adenomectomy].", "content": "The catheter short-term treatment is used in altogether 500 patients in adenectomy as well as in TUR. Apart from the restoration of regular passage the reduction of the infection of the urinary tract is the most important aim of the surgery of the prostate gland. With the help of the short catheter follow-up treatment within the first four weeks after operation the infection of the urinary tract is cured in 87,5% of the cases. The subjective trouble of the patient is further decreased. Prerequisite for the permanent catheter short-term treatment is the exact operation technique combined with most careful haemostasis.", "contents": "[Short-term catheterization following electroresection of the prostate and adenomectomy]. The catheter short-term treatment is used in altogether 500 patients in adenectomy as well as in TUR. Apart from the restoration of regular passage the reduction of the infection of the urinary tract is the most important aim of the surgery of the prostate gland. With the help of the short catheter follow-up treatment within the first four weeks after operation the infection of the urinary tract is cured in 87,5% of the cases. The subjective trouble of the patient is further decreased. Prerequisite for the permanent catheter short-term treatment is the exact operation technique combined with most careful haemostasis.", "PMID": 72465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4663", "title": "[The electromyogram of the pelvic floor within the scope of combined urodynamic examinations].", "content": "Urinary bladder, posterior urethra and floor of the pelvis form a functional unit and should therefore be taken into consideration in the same degree in the urodynamic clarification. The durect judgment of the function of the floor of the pelvis is only possible by the electromyogram. A method is described by means of which one may relatively simply write an electromyogram of the floor of the pelvis without a too largely increased apparative expenditure, which may well be combined with X-ray, measurement of pressure and flow and which also for the urologist gives an understandable information about the fact how behaves the floor of the pelvis during filling of the urinary bladder and its depletion.", "contents": "[The electromyogram of the pelvic floor within the scope of combined urodynamic examinations]. Urinary bladder, posterior urethra and floor of the pelvis form a functional unit and should therefore be taken into consideration in the same degree in the urodynamic clarification. The durect judgment of the function of the floor of the pelvis is only possible by the electromyogram. A method is described by means of which one may relatively simply write an electromyogram of the floor of the pelvis without a too largely increased apparative expenditure, which may well be combined with X-ray, measurement of pressure and flow and which also for the urologist gives an understandable information about the fact how behaves the floor of the pelvis during filling of the urinary bladder and its depletion.", "PMID": 72466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4664", "title": "[Ecological imprinting and protein biosynthesis. Experiments with Drosophila melanogaster Meigen].", "content": "According to the \"host selection principle\", butterflies and other herbivorous insects preferentially lay their eggs on those plant races that they fed on when young. This is also true for karpophagic and parasitic insects. The selection of specific chemical conditions could be either inherited or acquired. If learned information determines host selection, we have a case of imprinting, as a) reception and use of the information are not simultaneous, b) there is no reward. In experiments with Drosophila melanogaster we marked the egg deposition medium with ethanol, acetic acid, peppermint oil, or benzaldehyd. The flies spontaneously prefer mediums with ethanol and acetic acid, and reject peppermint oil and benzaldehyd. If they are reared in one of these media, the preference for it is increased, or the rejection rate lowered. Rearing with actinomycin C neutralizes the effect of the other markers. It is concluded that actinomycin C blocks imprinting on the egg deposition substrate in Drosophila melanogaster.", "contents": "[Ecological imprinting and protein biosynthesis. Experiments with Drosophila melanogaster Meigen]. According to the \"host selection principle\", butterflies and other herbivorous insects preferentially lay their eggs on those plant races that they fed on when young. This is also true for karpophagic and parasitic insects. The selection of specific chemical conditions could be either inherited or acquired. If learned information determines host selection, we have a case of imprinting, as a) reception and use of the information are not simultaneous, b) there is no reward. In experiments with Drosophila melanogaster we marked the egg deposition medium with ethanol, acetic acid, peppermint oil, or benzaldehyd. The flies spontaneously prefer mediums with ethanol and acetic acid, and reject peppermint oil and benzaldehyd. If they are reared in one of these media, the preference for it is increased, or the rejection rate lowered. Rearing with actinomycin C neutralizes the effect of the other markers. It is concluded that actinomycin C blocks imprinting on the egg deposition substrate in Drosophila melanogaster.", "PMID": 72467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4665", "title": "[Kidney complications in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "50 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis treated with D-penicillamine were studied every 4 weeks by disk electrophoresis of the urine to make an early record of the glomerular proteinuria of the immune complex nephritis, which has been described as a side effect of this treatment. In 30 of these patients we found, however, a tubular proteinuria which correlated well with the disease activity and which disappeared after successful basic treatment. This finding indicates interstitual renal involvement due to the basic disease.", "contents": "[Kidney complications in chronic polyarthritis]. 50 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis treated with D-penicillamine were studied every 4 weeks by disk electrophoresis of the urine to make an early record of the glomerular proteinuria of the immune complex nephritis, which has been described as a side effect of this treatment. In 30 of these patients we found, however, a tubular proteinuria which correlated well with the disease activity and which disappeared after successful basic treatment. This finding indicates interstitual renal involvement due to the basic disease.", "PMID": 72464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4666", "title": "[On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella. 2. (communication) (author's transl)].", "content": "The immune sera for Torulopsis castellii, T. ernobii, T. humilis, T. insectalens, T. musae, T. pintolopesii and T. silvatica agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated Torulopsis castellii, T. ernobii, T. humilis, T. insectalens, T. musae, T. pintolopesii and T. silvatica. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S. cholerae suis (6,7).", "contents": "[On the similarity of antigen between torulopsis and salmonella. 2. (communication) (author's transl)]. The immune sera for Torulopsis castellii, T. ernobii, T. humilis, T. insectalens, T. musae, T. pintolopesii and T. silvatica agglutinated Salmonella cholerae suis (6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated Torulopsis castellii, T. ernobii, T. humilis, T. insectalens, T. musae, T. pintolopesii and T. silvatica. Absorption and agglutination cross test demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Torulopsis species and in S. cholerae suis (6,7).", "PMID": 72468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4667", "title": "[Subtype characteristics of the surface antigen of hepatitis B in different regions of the USSR].", "content": "A method of preparation of subtypical antisera to two determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs Ag/ay and anti-HBs Ag/ad) is described. The test system obtained was approbated on 1400 antigen-positive sera collected from blood donors and patients suffering from acute and chronic virus hepatitis in various geographical zones of the USSR. HBs Ag/ay proved to prevail (84--100%), HBs Ag/ad was distributed irregularly--from 16% in the European part of the USSR to 0--4% in the republics of the Middle Asia and Siberian regions. HBs Ag/ad was mostly determined in the population of Western regions of the European part of the USSR (the Baltic republics, 43.4%, Moldavia 24.3%).", "contents": "[Subtype characteristics of the surface antigen of hepatitis B in different regions of the USSR]. A method of preparation of subtypical antisera to two determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs Ag/ay and anti-HBs Ag/ad) is described. The test system obtained was approbated on 1400 antigen-positive sera collected from blood donors and patients suffering from acute and chronic virus hepatitis in various geographical zones of the USSR. HBs Ag/ay proved to prevail (84--100%), HBs Ag/ad was distributed irregularly--from 16% in the European part of the USSR to 0--4% in the republics of the Middle Asia and Siberian regions. HBs Ag/ad was mostly determined in the population of Western regions of the European part of the USSR (the Baltic republics, 43.4%, Moldavia 24.3%).", "PMID": 72469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4668", "title": "[Experimental analysis of the complement-binding activity of gamma-globulin].", "content": "It was experimentally demonstrated that the anticomplimentary characteristics of gamma-globulin perparations was associated with disturbances of the colloid condition of the serum system and the absence of any stabilizing action of albumin and other serum proteins. It is also expressed as a result of a high complement-binding activity of protein aggregates. The anticomplementary characteristics of the nonaggregated part of protein in commercial preparations of gamma-globulin could be depressed by the addition of albumin or fresh serum; as to the anticomplementary characteristics of protein aggregates -- it remains unchanged. An intermolecular electrostatic interaction exists between albumin and gamma-globulin; it prevents sorption of the complement on Fc-fragment of IgG, whose destruction leads to the manifestation of the gamma-globulin complement-binding activity.", "contents": "[Experimental analysis of the complement-binding activity of gamma-globulin]. It was experimentally demonstrated that the anticomplimentary characteristics of gamma-globulin perparations was associated with disturbances of the colloid condition of the serum system and the absence of any stabilizing action of albumin and other serum proteins. It is also expressed as a result of a high complement-binding activity of protein aggregates. The anticomplementary characteristics of the nonaggregated part of protein in commercial preparations of gamma-globulin could be depressed by the addition of albumin or fresh serum; as to the anticomplementary characteristics of protein aggregates -- it remains unchanged. An intermolecular electrostatic interaction exists between albumin and gamma-globulin; it prevents sorption of the complement on Fc-fragment of IgG, whose destruction leads to the manifestation of the gamma-globulin complement-binding activity.", "PMID": 72470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4669", "title": "HLA antigens in Graves' disease.", "content": "HLA typing of 86 patients with Graves' disease was performed for the A, B, C and D series antigens. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 (47 per cent) and Dw3 (51 per cent) compared with controls (23.7 and 21 per cent, respectively) was observed. The increase of B8 and Dw3 was almost exclusively found in a group of 48 patients with relapse of disease, whereas the frequency of B8 and Dw3 in patients without relapse did not differ significantly from that of the control group. No association with the presence of exophthalmos, thyroid antibodies, or antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 could be found.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Graves' disease. HLA typing of 86 patients with Graves' disease was performed for the A, B, C and D series antigens. An increased frequency of HLA-B8 (47 per cent) and Dw3 (51 per cent) compared with controls (23.7 and 21 per cent, respectively) was observed. The increase of B8 and Dw3 was almost exclusively found in a group of 48 patients with relapse of disease, whereas the frequency of B8 and Dw3 in patients without relapse did not differ significantly from that of the control group. No association with the presence of exophthalmos, thyroid antibodies, or antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 could be found.", "PMID": 72471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4670", "title": "Orphenadrine (Disipal), serum thyroxine and thyroid function.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to elucidate whether orphenadrine influences thyroid function. Seven volunteers were given orphenadrine in weekly increasing dosage up to 300 mg per day; in 5 patients chronically treated with 300 mg orphenadrine daily the drug was gradually discontinued. No changes were found in PBI, RT3U, TT3 and TSH during or after orphenadrine medication; also TSH- and TT3-responses to 200 microgram TRH iv were not influenced by the drug. Orphenadrine medication increased serum thyroxine values (P less than 0.001) as measured with the competitive protein binding (CPB) technique, but did not influence serum thyroxine values measured by radioimmunoassay. Orphenadrine added to serum in vitro in the Murphy-Pattee assay did not increase thyroxine values; two out of eight tested metabolites however did. It is concluded that orphenadrine in a dosage up to 300 mg per day does not influence thyroid function. It increases serum thyroxine levels as measured by the competitive protein binding technique of Murphy and Pattee. This is due to an in vitro competition between ethanol-extractable orphenadrine metabolites and thyroxine for binding sites on the thyroxine binding globulin.", "contents": "Orphenadrine (Disipal), serum thyroxine and thyroid function. Studies were undertaken to elucidate whether orphenadrine influences thyroid function. Seven volunteers were given orphenadrine in weekly increasing dosage up to 300 mg per day; in 5 patients chronically treated with 300 mg orphenadrine daily the drug was gradually discontinued. No changes were found in PBI, RT3U, TT3 and TSH during or after orphenadrine medication; also TSH- and TT3-responses to 200 microgram TRH iv were not influenced by the drug. Orphenadrine medication increased serum thyroxine values (P less than 0.001) as measured with the competitive protein binding (CPB) technique, but did not influence serum thyroxine values measured by radioimmunoassay. Orphenadrine added to serum in vitro in the Murphy-Pattee assay did not increase thyroxine values; two out of eight tested metabolites however did. It is concluded that orphenadrine in a dosage up to 300 mg per day does not influence thyroid function. It increases serum thyroxine levels as measured by the competitive protein binding technique of Murphy and Pattee. This is due to an in vitro competition between ethanol-extractable orphenadrine metabolites and thyroxine for binding sites on the thyroxine binding globulin.", "PMID": 72472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4671", "title": "The cytological demonstration of the peroxidase activity in smears from thyroid goiters.", "content": "A new modification of the benzidine methods for demonstration of the peroxidase activity has been developed and applied to smears obtained from goiters by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Only this method could yield positive results in toxic goiters and warm nodules. In cold nodules the peroxidase activity could not be found. The possible sources of errors and the causes of negative results when employing conventional methods as well as the possible significance of the demonstration of theperoxidase activity for clinical cytology of goiter have been discussed.", "contents": "The cytological demonstration of the peroxidase activity in smears from thyroid goiters. A new modification of the benzidine methods for demonstration of the peroxidase activity has been developed and applied to smears obtained from goiters by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Only this method could yield positive results in toxic goiters and warm nodules. In cold nodules the peroxidase activity could not be found. The possible sources of errors and the causes of negative results when employing conventional methods as well as the possible significance of the demonstration of theperoxidase activity for clinical cytology of goiter have been discussed.", "PMID": 72476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4672", "title": "[Occurrence of pseudoisocyanine-positive endocrine cells in the midgut of the hamster (Cricelulus griseus) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudoisocyanine-reacting cells could be identified in the intestinal glands of the upper duodenum of the hamster (Cricetulus griseus). These cells contain numerous granules as carrier substances of the colouring pigments. Presumable these cells are insulin-producing cells.", "contents": "[Occurrence of pseudoisocyanine-positive endocrine cells in the midgut of the hamster (Cricelulus griseus) (author's transl)]. Pseudoisocyanine-reacting cells could be identified in the intestinal glands of the upper duodenum of the hamster (Cricetulus griseus). These cells contain numerous granules as carrier substances of the colouring pigments. Presumable these cells are insulin-producing cells.", "PMID": 72477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4673", "title": "Optical studies on the molecular-sterical mechanism of metachromasia.", "content": "We have investigated how the stereochemical situation of the dye binding negative side groups on polysaccharides influences metachromatic staining effects. We found that selective binding of toluidine blue (pH = 1.0) in the places of substituted (acidified) vicinal OH groups C2 and C3 resulted in the clearest metachromasia with the strongest anisotropy effects and with a bright clear green polarization color. On the other hand, selective toluidine blue binding in the places of C6 of the carbohydrate rings of the polysaccharide chains resulted in orthochromatic basophilia and lack of birefringence. After transformation of all OH side groups into negatively charged groups, metachromatic staining was found mixed with an orthochromatic hue and a birefringence effect weaker than in the case of staining on the vicinal OH groups only. The need of poststaining stabilization of the labile metachromatic staining reactions is emphasized.", "contents": "Optical studies on the molecular-sterical mechanism of metachromasia. We have investigated how the stereochemical situation of the dye binding negative side groups on polysaccharides influences metachromatic staining effects. We found that selective binding of toluidine blue (pH = 1.0) in the places of substituted (acidified) vicinal OH groups C2 and C3 resulted in the clearest metachromasia with the strongest anisotropy effects and with a bright clear green polarization color. On the other hand, selective toluidine blue binding in the places of C6 of the carbohydrate rings of the polysaccharide chains resulted in orthochromatic basophilia and lack of birefringence. After transformation of all OH side groups into negatively charged groups, metachromatic staining was found mixed with an orthochromatic hue and a birefringence effect weaker than in the case of staining on the vicinal OH groups only. The need of poststaining stabilization of the labile metachromatic staining reactions is emphasized.", "PMID": 72478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4674", "title": "Topochemical localization of lipids in dinosaur bone by means of Sudan B black.", "content": "A dinosaur bone was examined with the aim to demonstrate in it the presence of lipids and to determine their localization. Ground sections of the bone in question revealed the presence of substances yielding positive reactions on application of a histochemical method used for identification of lipids. Moreover, these substances were found to be localized in the vascular canal, precisely, in the perivascular space. Localization of lipids in a dinosaur bone appeared to be comparable with the distribution of these substances in human bone and in bone of contemporary animals.", "contents": "Topochemical localization of lipids in dinosaur bone by means of Sudan B black. A dinosaur bone was examined with the aim to demonstrate in it the presence of lipids and to determine their localization. Ground sections of the bone in question revealed the presence of substances yielding positive reactions on application of a histochemical method used for identification of lipids. Moreover, these substances were found to be localized in the vascular canal, precisely, in the perivascular space. Localization of lipids in a dinosaur bone appeared to be comparable with the distribution of these substances in human bone and in bone of contemporary animals.", "PMID": 72479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4675", "title": "[Revertase in myeloblasts of chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus].", "content": "Revertase present in the myeloblasts of chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus failed to synthetise DNA in vitro on the endogenous viral template. Enzyme inhibitors were not blocking this synthesis. It was rather impaired by incompletness of viral RNA in immature virus particles.", "contents": "[Revertase in myeloblasts of chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus]. Revertase present in the myeloblasts of chickens infected with avian myeloblastosis virus failed to synthetise DNA in vitro on the endogenous viral template. Enzyme inhibitors were not blocking this synthesis. It was rather impaired by incompletness of viral RNA in immature virus particles.", "PMID": 72475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4676", "title": "[The occurrence of phenoloxidase containing cells (= POZ) during the embryonary development of the hen (POZ-cells of the immunological system?) (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the phenoloxidase reaction it would be shown that the POZ appear in haemopoetic cell islands of the yolk sac being hatched 6 days and being hatched 11 days, they appear in embryonary tissues. Favoured target organs are the spleen and the bone marrow, though also at the same time can be seen some cells in the connective tissue of the embryo. POZ can also be found in the bursa of FABRICIUS. The participation of the POZ in immunological reactions is supposed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of phenoloxidase containing cells (= POZ) during the embryonary development of the hen (POZ-cells of the immunological system?) (author's transl)]. By means of the phenoloxidase reaction it would be shown that the POZ appear in haemopoetic cell islands of the yolk sac being hatched 6 days and being hatched 11 days, they appear in embryonary tissues. Favoured target organs are the spleen and the bone marrow, though also at the same time can be seen some cells in the connective tissue of the embryo. POZ can also be found in the bursa of FABRICIUS. The participation of the POZ in immunological reactions is supposed.", "PMID": 72480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4677", "title": "[Comparative histochemical study of human mammary myoepithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "12 staining procedures for myoepithelial cells were compared on normal human breast tissue sections. From this study it appeared that general histological stains have a topographical value but lack real specificity. With other methods, which have been considered more specific, 2 types of pitfalls were encountered. Myoepithelial cells and other substances like basement membranes and reticulum fibers are both stained; in other instances perigalactophoric elastic fibers and myoepithelial fibrils have similar tinctorial properties. The fundaments of the lack of specificity of those histochemical procedures are analyzed.", "contents": "[Comparative histochemical study of human mammary myoepithelium (author's transl)]. 12 staining procedures for myoepithelial cells were compared on normal human breast tissue sections. From this study it appeared that general histological stains have a topographical value but lack real specificity. With other methods, which have been considered more specific, 2 types of pitfalls were encountered. Myoepithelial cells and other substances like basement membranes and reticulum fibers are both stained; in other instances perigalactophoric elastic fibers and myoepithelial fibrils have similar tinctorial properties. The fundaments of the lack of specificity of those histochemical procedures are analyzed.", "PMID": 72481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4678", "title": "[The phenoloxidase activity in the presence of H2O2, EDTA, and copper (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations performed with cryostat sections of the gut, spleen and lung of the rat have shown, that the substrate of PER H2O2 inhibits the PO activity in dependence of the concentration, and that obvious the PO substrate DOPA is no suitable H2-donator for the PER reaction. Therefore a false positive reaction by the PO proof is not to be expected. Copper sulfat does not influence the PO reaction, but it accelerates melanin formation, which causes an unspecific colouring of the tissue.", "contents": "[The phenoloxidase activity in the presence of H2O2, EDTA, and copper (author's transl)]. Investigations performed with cryostat sections of the gut, spleen and lung of the rat have shown, that the substrate of PER H2O2 inhibits the PO activity in dependence of the concentration, and that obvious the PO substrate DOPA is no suitable H2-donator for the PER reaction. Therefore a false positive reaction by the PO proof is not to be expected. Copper sulfat does not influence the PO reaction, but it accelerates melanin formation, which causes an unspecific colouring of the tissue.", "PMID": 72482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4679", "title": "A histological demonstration of nerves in subchondral bone.", "content": "Several different staining procedures were carried out on decalcified histological sections from human femoral heads to demonstrate the nerves in subchondral bone. The femoral heads were obtained at surgery from patients with fractures of the femoral neck or osteoarthritic hip joints. The Bodian technique was found to be the most suitable. Serial sections were used in order to disclose the various sources of error. It was not possible to demonstrate nerves in the bone matrix, but they were easily seen in the subchondral bone marrow, after related to the vessels. A comparison of the fracture and osteoarthritic cases revealed an obvious difference; more nerves were seen in osteoarthritis. The method described is considered suitable for further study of the nerves in osteoarthritic femoral heads.", "contents": "A histological demonstration of nerves in subchondral bone. Several different staining procedures were carried out on decalcified histological sections from human femoral heads to demonstrate the nerves in subchondral bone. The femoral heads were obtained at surgery from patients with fractures of the femoral neck or osteoarthritic hip joints. The Bodian technique was found to be the most suitable. Serial sections were used in order to disclose the various sources of error. It was not possible to demonstrate nerves in the bone matrix, but they were easily seen in the subchondral bone marrow, after related to the vessels. A comparison of the fracture and osteoarthritic cases revealed an obvious difference; more nerves were seen in osteoarthritis. The method described is considered suitable for further study of the nerves in osteoarthritic femoral heads.", "PMID": 72483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4680", "title": "Paget's sarcoma of the vertebral column with neurological complications.", "content": "A patient with Paget's sarcoma of the vertebral column who developed cauda equina compression is reported. This is the first report of this condition in an aorthopaedic journal. The literature is reviewed. Palliative treatment is recommended.", "contents": "Paget's sarcoma of the vertebral column with neurological complications. A patient with Paget's sarcoma of the vertebral column who developed cauda equina compression is reported. This is the first report of this condition in an aorthopaedic journal. The literature is reviewed. Palliative treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 72484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4681", "title": "Computer assisted image analysis of Feulgen-stained cell nuclei from transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder.", "content": "Computer assisted image analysis was performed in Feulgen-stained cell nuclei from 117 transitional cell carcinomas of the human urinary bladder. The results were compared to corresponding findings from a control group consisting of 27 specimens from non-malignant urothelium. Generally, the mean nuclear area in carcinoma specimens was found to be increased as compared to the control group, both in diploid and non-diploid tumours. The concentration and the distribution of nuclear chromatin, and the relative area and content of non-condensed chromatin were dependent on nuclear DNA-content and nuclear area. These nuclear parameters did not give supplementary information which could be used in discriminating benign urothelial cell nuclei from malignant ones. A multiple regression analysis, performed for diploid and non-diploid tumours separately, did not show any significant correlation between the considered nuclear parameters and clinical stage of the tumours or the patient's survival.", "contents": "Computer assisted image analysis of Feulgen-stained cell nuclei from transitional cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder. Computer assisted image analysis was performed in Feulgen-stained cell nuclei from 117 transitional cell carcinomas of the human urinary bladder. The results were compared to corresponding findings from a control group consisting of 27 specimens from non-malignant urothelium. Generally, the mean nuclear area in carcinoma specimens was found to be increased as compared to the control group, both in diploid and non-diploid tumours. The concentration and the distribution of nuclear chromatin, and the relative area and content of non-condensed chromatin were dependent on nuclear DNA-content and nuclear area. These nuclear parameters did not give supplementary information which could be used in discriminating benign urothelial cell nuclei from malignant ones. A multiple regression analysis, performed for diploid and non-diploid tumours separately, did not show any significant correlation between the considered nuclear parameters and clinical stage of the tumours or the patient's survival.", "PMID": 72487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4682", "title": "Further studies on a new bioassay of progestational activity (traumatic deciduoma formation in immature rats).", "content": "Six synthetic steroids were tested subcutaneously in a new bio-assay for short- and long-lasting progestational activity, using traumatic deciduoma production in immature female rats. As reference standard, a daily subcutaneous dose of 0.25 mg progesterone regularly induced a distinct deciduomagenic effect. A single dose of 12.5 mg of progesterone showed a prolonged activity. Medroxyprogesterone acetate showed a distinct deciduomagenic effect at the 0.05 mg daily s.c. dose level; a distinct prolonged effect was induced with a single s.c. injection of 0.5 mg. 16alpha-Aethylprogesterone induced regularly decidual reaction at the 0.1 mg s.c. dose level, it showed prolonged activity at the 0.25 mg dose level. The daily threshold dose for chlormadinone acetate was 0.25 mg; prolonged activity was shown with 2.5 mg. The daily threshold dose for duphaston is between 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg. A single s.c. dose of as much as 20.0 mg of 17alpha- hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not have a deciduomagenic effect.", "contents": "Further studies on a new bioassay of progestational activity (traumatic deciduoma formation in immature rats). Six synthetic steroids were tested subcutaneously in a new bio-assay for short- and long-lasting progestational activity, using traumatic deciduoma production in immature female rats. As reference standard, a daily subcutaneous dose of 0.25 mg progesterone regularly induced a distinct deciduomagenic effect. A single dose of 12.5 mg of progesterone showed a prolonged activity. Medroxyprogesterone acetate showed a distinct deciduomagenic effect at the 0.05 mg daily s.c. dose level; a distinct prolonged effect was induced with a single s.c. injection of 0.5 mg. 16alpha-Aethylprogesterone induced regularly decidual reaction at the 0.1 mg s.c. dose level, it showed prolonged activity at the 0.25 mg dose level. The daily threshold dose for chlormadinone acetate was 0.25 mg; prolonged activity was shown with 2.5 mg. The daily threshold dose for duphaston is between 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg. A single s.c. dose of as much as 20.0 mg of 17alpha- hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not have a deciduomagenic effect.", "PMID": 72488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4683", "title": "Maxillary sinusitis. Effects of treatment on the local antibacterial defence.", "content": "Low levels of immunoglobulins and complement in purulent antral secretion might jeopardize the local antibacterial defence. To evaluate whether or not antibiotic treatment and antral drainage influence the local content of immunoglobulins and complement, samples of secretion were analysed both prior to drainage and 1-2 days after drainage. In those patients requiring repeated drainage for their recovery, the local concentration of IgA and IgG was significantly lower in the secretion obtained prior to drainage than the local concentration found in patients who recovered after the initial drainage. It was also demonstrated that after drainage, the level of IgA, IgG and the complement factors C3 and C4 increased significantly, whereas the proteolytic activity in the secretion usually decreased.", "contents": "Maxillary sinusitis. Effects of treatment on the local antibacterial defence. Low levels of immunoglobulins and complement in purulent antral secretion might jeopardize the local antibacterial defence. To evaluate whether or not antibiotic treatment and antral drainage influence the local content of immunoglobulins and complement, samples of secretion were analysed both prior to drainage and 1-2 days after drainage. In those patients requiring repeated drainage for their recovery, the local concentration of IgA and IgG was significantly lower in the secretion obtained prior to drainage than the local concentration found in patients who recovered after the initial drainage. It was also demonstrated that after drainage, the level of IgA, IgG and the complement factors C3 and C4 increased significantly, whereas the proteolytic activity in the secretion usually decreased.", "PMID": 72485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4684", "title": "Immune response genes in chickens: the multifarious responsiveness to (T,G)-A--L.", "content": "Immune response in chickens to the multichain copolymer (T,G)-A--L 2030 is analysed. Previous work has shown that responsiveness is not linked to the B-complex. Three different antibody specificities could be distinguished. From the data it is proposed that the response to the backbone of (T,G)-A--L (poly-DL-alanine) influences the responses to the side chain determinants (primarily the (T,G)-determinant). Thus the anti-(T,G) response in chickens is determined by at least two different loci, the B-complex, and another, as yet unidentified locus which determines the response to the poly-DL-alanine determinant. A third antibody specificity is directed against G-A--L and is only detectable in chickens which are high responders to poly-DL-alanine.", "contents": "Immune response genes in chickens: the multifarious responsiveness to (T,G)-A--L. Immune response in chickens to the multichain copolymer (T,G)-A--L 2030 is analysed. Previous work has shown that responsiveness is not linked to the B-complex. Three different antibody specificities could be distinguished. From the data it is proposed that the response to the backbone of (T,G)-A--L (poly-DL-alanine) influences the responses to the side chain determinants (primarily the (T,G)-determinant). Thus the anti-(T,G) response in chickens is determined by at least two different loci, the B-complex, and another, as yet unidentified locus which determines the response to the poly-DL-alanine determinant. A third antibody specificity is directed against G-A--L and is only detectable in chickens which are high responders to poly-DL-alanine.", "PMID": 72494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4685", "title": "Chicken high molecular weight immunoglobulin (IgM) allotypes: localization on the heavy chains and proposed nomenclature.", "content": "An alloantiserum recognizing a genetic marker (CM-1.4) on chicken 17S Ig was generated by immunizing jungle fowl with Salmonella O-anti-Salmonella O (UCD 3) agglutinates. Specificities CM-1.4 and M1a were present on 7S subunits and H chains based on their ability to inhibit in RIA the binding of alloantibody (anti-CM-1.4 or anti-M1a) to UCD 3 125I-17S Ig. CM-1.4 appears to be fully expressed on 7S subunits but is altered on H chains. In contrast, anti-M1a bound both 7S subunits and H chains with decreased avidity indicating that the M1a specificity was altered in both preparations. Since CM-1.4 and M1a are present on 17S Ig H chains, and absent from 7S Ig, they probably represent allotypic markers in the constant region of 17S Ig H chains. Having assigned two 17S Ig allotypic specificities to H chains, we propose that the locus controlling their expression be called CM-1. Based on the distribution of the CM-1.4 and M1a allotypes in inbred lines of chickens, 3 alleles are defined at the CM-1 locus.", "contents": "Chicken high molecular weight immunoglobulin (IgM) allotypes: localization on the heavy chains and proposed nomenclature. An alloantiserum recognizing a genetic marker (CM-1.4) on chicken 17S Ig was generated by immunizing jungle fowl with Salmonella O-anti-Salmonella O (UCD 3) agglutinates. Specificities CM-1.4 and M1a were present on 7S subunits and H chains based on their ability to inhibit in RIA the binding of alloantibody (anti-CM-1.4 or anti-M1a) to UCD 3 125I-17S Ig. CM-1.4 appears to be fully expressed on 7S subunits but is altered on H chains. In contrast, anti-M1a bound both 7S subunits and H chains with decreased avidity indicating that the M1a specificity was altered in both preparations. Since CM-1.4 and M1a are present on 17S Ig H chains, and absent from 7S Ig, they probably represent allotypic markers in the constant region of 17S Ig H chains. Having assigned two 17S Ig allotypic specificities to H chains, we propose that the locus controlling their expression be called CM-1. Based on the distribution of the CM-1.4 and M1a allotypes in inbred lines of chickens, 3 alleles are defined at the CM-1 locus.", "PMID": 72496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4686", "title": "Continuous concealed ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Twenty dogs were studied 3 to 9 days after myocardial infarction. None had ventricular arrhythmias during sinus rhythm, and ventricular automaticity (as revealed by sinus nodal crush procedure or vagal stimulation, or both) was within the normal range. With regular atrial pacing or pacing with long-short cycle sequences it was possible to induce ventricular arrhythmias in all animals. Quadrigeminal and pentageminal rhythms (19 of 20 dogs) and trigeminal (17 of 20) and bigeminal ventricular rhythms (8 of 20) were observed. These rhythms which were manifest or partially or entirely concealed were always associated with delayed and fractionated electrical activity within the \"infarcted\" subepicardium. Continuous electrical activity (electrical activity that bridged the interval between two or more successive beats) was recorded from the infarct zone. Such activity either was manifest as ventricular arrhythmia during atrial pacing or remained concealed until atrial pacing was stopped and then was manifest as ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Continuous concealed ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty dogs were studied 3 to 9 days after myocardial infarction. None had ventricular arrhythmias during sinus rhythm, and ventricular automaticity (as revealed by sinus nodal crush procedure or vagal stimulation, or both) was within the normal range. With regular atrial pacing or pacing with long-short cycle sequences it was possible to induce ventricular arrhythmias in all animals. Quadrigeminal and pentageminal rhythms (19 of 20 dogs) and trigeminal (17 of 20) and bigeminal ventricular rhythms (8 of 20) were observed. These rhythms which were manifest or partially or entirely concealed were always associated with delayed and fractionated electrical activity within the \"infarcted\" subepicardium. Continuous electrical activity (electrical activity that bridged the interval between two or more successive beats) was recorded from the infarct zone. Such activity either was manifest as ventricular arrhythmia during atrial pacing or remained concealed until atrial pacing was stopped and then was manifest as ventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 72499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4687", "title": "Oncofetal antigens. Increasing the specificity of the CEA radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The biologic and clinical significance of the oncofetal antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) are discussed. Although the current assays for these molecules are not tumor-specific, measurement of these molecules in the circulation of cancer patients is useful either for tumor diagnosis or for management of the cancer patient in the postoperative or post-chemotherapy state. An approach to increasing the specificity of the CEA radioimmunoassay is described.", "contents": "Oncofetal antigens. Increasing the specificity of the CEA radioimmunoassay. The biologic and clinical significance of the oncofetal antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) are discussed. Although the current assays for these molecules are not tumor-specific, measurement of these molecules in the circulation of cancer patients is useful either for tumor diagnosis or for management of the cancer patient in the postoperative or post-chemotherapy state. An approach to increasing the specificity of the CEA radioimmunoassay is described.", "PMID": 72501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4688", "title": "Immunologic tests in diagnosis of cancer.", "content": "A variety of immunologic approaches may be potentially useful for the immunodiagnosis of cancer. These sensitive procedures might assist in the initial detection, diagnosis, and localization of tumors, and might also be used in determining prognosis and for monitoring cancer patients for recurrence of disease after therapy. The types of approaches and some of the available information regarding their clinical usefulness are reviewed. The main emphasis with potential immunodiagnostic tests has been placed on detection of circulating tumor-associated markers. However, the detection of tumor markers in tissue cells might help in the discrimination between tumor cells and nonneoplastic cells, and also might help in the categorization of the type of cancer. Detection of depressed immunologic competence or in a subpopulation of lymphoid cells may be useful in diagnosis. Humoral or cell-mediated immune responses to tumor-associated antigens have the potential of being very sensitive, specific indicators of neoplastic disease, but most of the tests for these responses are difficult and none has yet been established for use in practical clinical situations.", "contents": "Immunologic tests in diagnosis of cancer. A variety of immunologic approaches may be potentially useful for the immunodiagnosis of cancer. These sensitive procedures might assist in the initial detection, diagnosis, and localization of tumors, and might also be used in determining prognosis and for monitoring cancer patients for recurrence of disease after therapy. The types of approaches and some of the available information regarding their clinical usefulness are reviewed. The main emphasis with potential immunodiagnostic tests has been placed on detection of circulating tumor-associated markers. However, the detection of tumor markers in tissue cells might help in the discrimination between tumor cells and nonneoplastic cells, and also might help in the categorization of the type of cancer. Detection of depressed immunologic competence or in a subpopulation of lymphoid cells may be useful in diagnosis. Humoral or cell-mediated immune responses to tumor-associated antigens have the potential of being very sensitive, specific indicators of neoplastic disease, but most of the tests for these responses are difficult and none has yet been established for use in practical clinical situations.", "PMID": 72502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4689", "title": "Immunoglobulins, proteinase inhibitors, albumin, and lysozyme in human cervical mucus. I. Communication: hormonal profiles and cervical mucus changes--methods and results.", "content": "The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were determined simultaneously with the concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, C'3, alpha1-antitrypsin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha1x-antichymotrypsin, albumin, and lysozyme in cervical mucus during nine  ovulatory cycles. Spinnbarkeit and ferning were also assessed, and the basal body temperature was measured and recorded during these cycles. The profiles were synchronized according to the LH peak. The midcycle period, characterized by the rapid increase and decline of estrogen and the beginning rise of progesterone, shows a prounced minimum of immunoglobulins, C'3, proteinase inhibitors, albumin, and lysozyme in cervical mucus, which is known to be most receptive to sperm penetration at this time. Although the variation of cervical mucus values is considerable during the early proliferative and the luteal phases, the midcycle values appear to be constantly low, showing slight differences among the profiles of the different parameters. The statistical evaluation and the assessment of the significance of parameters for ovulation detection and the assessment of the fertile period as well as the correlation of these parameters with basal body temperature will be the subject of the second communication of this series.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins, proteinase inhibitors, albumin, and lysozyme in human cervical mucus. I. Communication: hormonal profiles and cervical mucus changes--methods and results. The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were determined simultaneously with the concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, C'3, alpha1-antitrypsin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha1x-antichymotrypsin, albumin, and lysozyme in cervical mucus during nine  ovulatory cycles. Spinnbarkeit and ferning were also assessed, and the basal body temperature was measured and recorded during these cycles. The profiles were synchronized according to the LH peak. The midcycle period, characterized by the rapid increase and decline of estrogen and the beginning rise of progesterone, shows a prounced minimum of immunoglobulins, C'3, proteinase inhibitors, albumin, and lysozyme in cervical mucus, which is known to be most receptive to sperm penetration at this time. Although the variation of cervical mucus values is considerable during the early proliferative and the luteal phases, the midcycle values appear to be constantly low, showing slight differences among the profiles of the different parameters. The statistical evaluation and the assessment of the significance of parameters for ovulation detection and the assessment of the fertile period as well as the correlation of these parameters with basal body temperature will be the subject of the second communication of this series.", "PMID": 72503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4690", "title": "Survival after palliative surgery for advanced intraabdominal cancer.", "content": "The clinical course of 300 patients with known intraabdominal neoplasm requiring surgical exploration was analyzed. The most common primary tumor sites were the gastrointestinal tract (60 per cent), female reproductive organs (17 per cent), and urinary tract (6 per cent). Gastrointestinal and extrahepatic biliary obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, and peritonitis were the most common indications for surgery. The overall operative mortality was 26 per cent, and the mean survival time was 6.6 months. Small bowel fistulas, intraabdominal abscesses, and cardiopulmonary and renal failure were the leading causes of death. Palliative procedures in patients less than sixty years old with single site of obstruction or with tumor of gastrointestinal origin were associated with a low operative mortality and prolonged survival. On the other hand, surgical intervention in patients more than seventy years old undergoing chemotherapy, with multiple sites of obstruction, peritonitis, or primary tumor originating outside the gastrointestinal tract, was associated with high operative mortality and seldom benefited from palliative intervention. Surgical intervention to relieve a distressing symptom in a patient with advanced neoplasm is a well established procedure, but the risks and benefits of such intervention should be carefully weighed against the expected mortality and the quality of survival.", "contents": "Survival after palliative surgery for advanced intraabdominal cancer. The clinical course of 300 patients with known intraabdominal neoplasm requiring surgical exploration was analyzed. The most common primary tumor sites were the gastrointestinal tract (60 per cent), female reproductive organs (17 per cent), and urinary tract (6 per cent). Gastrointestinal and extrahepatic biliary obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, and peritonitis were the most common indications for surgery. The overall operative mortality was 26 per cent, and the mean survival time was 6.6 months. Small bowel fistulas, intraabdominal abscesses, and cardiopulmonary and renal failure were the leading causes of death. Palliative procedures in patients less than sixty years old with single site of obstruction or with tumor of gastrointestinal origin were associated with a low operative mortality and prolonged survival. On the other hand, surgical intervention in patients more than seventy years old undergoing chemotherapy, with multiple sites of obstruction, peritonitis, or primary tumor originating outside the gastrointestinal tract, was associated with high operative mortality and seldom benefited from palliative intervention. Surgical intervention to relieve a distressing symptom in a patient with advanced neoplasm is a well established procedure, but the risks and benefits of such intervention should be carefully weighed against the expected mortality and the quality of survival.", "PMID": 72506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4691", "title": "Pressure effects on the distribution of extracellular materials in the rhesus monkey outflow apparatus.", "content": "An electron-microscopic investigation was conducted to determine the distribution of extracellular materials in the rhesus monkey outflow apparatus at various maintained levels of intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure was maintained at either 0,8, 15, 22, 30, or 50 mm Hg, by an intracameral needle attached to a reservoir system for a period of 1 h. Thereafter the eyes were fixed either by intracameral perfusion of glutaraldehyde at the appropriate pressure level, or by carotid perfusion of the fixative, or by rapid enucleation and immersion fixation. The electron-dense cationic stains, colloidal thorium and colloidal iron were used to indicate the presence of carbohydrate-rich extracellular materials in the drainage tissues. In the control tissue (15 mm Hg), heavy concentrations of stain were detected within the cores of the trabeculae and in the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. With pressure elevation there was a progressive decrease in the surface staining on the meshwork cells, an increase in staining intensity within the trabecular cores, and a 'washout' of extracellular materials from the spaces of the endothelial meshwork. The washout was thought to occur via giant vacuoles up to 30 mm Hg, but at 50 mm Hg the process was accelerated by loss of association between the cells of the canal endothelial monolayer. Over the entire pressure range 0 to 50 mm Hg, there was an increase in the staining on the apical surface of the canal endothelium which was associated with a decrease in the incidence of micropinosomes.", "contents": "Pressure effects on the distribution of extracellular materials in the rhesus monkey outflow apparatus. An electron-microscopic investigation was conducted to determine the distribution of extracellular materials in the rhesus monkey outflow apparatus at various maintained levels of intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure was maintained at either 0,8, 15, 22, 30, or 50 mm Hg, by an intracameral needle attached to a reservoir system for a period of 1 h. Thereafter the eyes were fixed either by intracameral perfusion of glutaraldehyde at the appropriate pressure level, or by carotid perfusion of the fixative, or by rapid enucleation and immersion fixation. The electron-dense cationic stains, colloidal thorium and colloidal iron were used to indicate the presence of carbohydrate-rich extracellular materials in the drainage tissues. In the control tissue (15 mm Hg), heavy concentrations of stain were detected within the cores of the trabeculae and in the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. With pressure elevation there was a progressive decrease in the surface staining on the meshwork cells, an increase in staining intensity within the trabecular cores, and a 'washout' of extracellular materials from the spaces of the endothelial meshwork. The washout was thought to occur via giant vacuoles up to 30 mm Hg, but at 50 mm Hg the process was accelerated by loss of association between the cells of the canal endothelial monolayer. Over the entire pressure range 0 to 50 mm Hg, there was an increase in the staining on the apical surface of the canal endothelium which was associated with a decrease in the incidence of micropinosomes.", "PMID": 72508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4692", "title": "The architecture of the most peripheral retinal vessels.", "content": "The vascular bed of the extreme periphery of the human retina is characterized by the occurrence of relatively wide arcades and bridging vessels connecting the peripheral portions of arteries and veins. These vessels differ from the more posterior capillaries not only by their larger diameter but also by the presence of a perivascular halo, which consists of an electron-translucent ground substance containing fine collagen fibrils, basement membrane material, dense bodies, vesicles, and portions of macrophages. The appearance of the external portion of the halo and the relationship of its collagen fibrils to the basement membrane of the surrounding M\u00fcller cells is indistinguishable from that of the cortical vitreous and the inner limiting membrane located at the vitreoretinal interface. Toward the periphery the thickness of the halo increases from vessel to vessel. As a rule, one or more of the vessel loops closet to the ora serrata are occluded. The structure of these occluded vessels is identical with the structure of the halo.", "contents": "The architecture of the most peripheral retinal vessels. The vascular bed of the extreme periphery of the human retina is characterized by the occurrence of relatively wide arcades and bridging vessels connecting the peripheral portions of arteries and veins. These vessels differ from the more posterior capillaries not only by their larger diameter but also by the presence of a perivascular halo, which consists of an electron-translucent ground substance containing fine collagen fibrils, basement membrane material, dense bodies, vesicles, and portions of macrophages. The appearance of the external portion of the halo and the relationship of its collagen fibrils to the basement membrane of the surrounding M\u00fcller cells is indistinguishable from that of the cortical vitreous and the inner limiting membrane located at the vitreoretinal interface. Toward the periphery the thickness of the halo increases from vessel to vessel. As a rule, one or more of the vessel loops closet to the ora serrata are occluded. The structure of these occluded vessels is identical with the structure of the halo.", "PMID": 72509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4693", "title": "Electron-microscopic histochemistry of the most peripheral retinal vessels.", "content": "The reaction of Thi\u00e9ry (periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) has been applied for histochemical analysis of the structures composing the halo of the most peripheral human retinal vessels. It is suggested that glycoproteins lie in the ground substance of the halo as well as well as in the basement membranes of endothelial cells, pericytes, and M\u00fcller cells. Glycogen particles were found in endothelial cells, in pericytes and especially in M\u00fcller cells.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic histochemistry of the most peripheral retinal vessels. The reaction of Thi\u00e9ry (periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) has been applied for histochemical analysis of the structures composing the halo of the most peripheral human retinal vessels. It is suggested that glycoproteins lie in the ground substance of the halo as well as well as in the basement membranes of endothelial cells, pericytes, and M\u00fcller cells. Glycogen particles were found in endothelial cells, in pericytes and especially in M\u00fcller cells.", "PMID": 72510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4694", "title": "Macrophage infiltration in the human retina.", "content": "The retinal tissues were examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in a human eye in which there was extensive infiltration by macrophages. The stimulus to macrophagic infiltration was an immune response in a mixed sympathetic and lens-induced ophthalmitis which occurred after surgical treatment for glaucoma. The inflammatory infiltrate was so exuberant that the cells were considered to be predominantly exogenous and the sites of entry into the eye included the pars plana, the optic disc, and the retinal and choroidal blood vessels. Within the retina it appeared that the macrophages migrated via the nerve fibre layer and via the subretinal and subpigment epithelial spaces.", "contents": "Macrophage infiltration in the human retina. The retinal tissues were examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in a human eye in which there was extensive infiltration by macrophages. The stimulus to macrophagic infiltration was an immune response in a mixed sympathetic and lens-induced ophthalmitis which occurred after surgical treatment for glaucoma. The inflammatory infiltrate was so exuberant that the cells were considered to be predominantly exogenous and the sites of entry into the eye included the pars plana, the optic disc, and the retinal and choroidal blood vessels. Within the retina it appeared that the macrophages migrated via the nerve fibre layer and via the subretinal and subpigment epithelial spaces.", "PMID": 72511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4695", "title": "[Detection among \"E. aerogenes\" strains of capsular antigens related to those of \"klebsiella\". Interest of growth in metahydroxybenzoate to differenciate \"E. aerogenes\" and \"K. pneumoniae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-three strains of E. aerogenes isolated chiefly in Morocco and France have been studied. Thirty-five strains (81%) are surrounded with a thin capsule, antigenically related to Klebsiella capsular antigens: K4 (2 strains), K4, 59 (1 strain), K11 (2 strains), K26 (7 strains), K42 (5 strains), K59 (3 strains), K68 (14 strains). One strain is capsulated but not typable with Klebsiella capsular antisera. E. aerogenes and Klebsiella capsular antigens are not identical but share common fractions yielding cross reactions. To differenciate E. aerogenes from K. pneumoniae in addition with the three major characters, i.e. motility, ornithine-decarboxylase and urease, the author points out the value of growth in metahydroxybenzoate as sole source of carbon and energy (positive test with E. aerogenes and negative with K. pneumoniae).", "contents": "[Detection among \"E. aerogenes\" strains of capsular antigens related to those of \"klebsiella\". Interest of growth in metahydroxybenzoate to differenciate \"E. aerogenes\" and \"K. pneumoniae\" (author's transl)]. Forty-three strains of E. aerogenes isolated chiefly in Morocco and France have been studied. Thirty-five strains (81%) are surrounded with a thin capsule, antigenically related to Klebsiella capsular antigens: K4 (2 strains), K4, 59 (1 strain), K11 (2 strains), K26 (7 strains), K42 (5 strains), K59 (3 strains), K68 (14 strains). One strain is capsulated but not typable with Klebsiella capsular antisera. E. aerogenes and Klebsiella capsular antigens are not identical but share common fractions yielding cross reactions. To differenciate E. aerogenes from K. pneumoniae in addition with the three major characters, i.e. motility, ornithine-decarboxylase and urease, the author points out the value of growth in metahydroxybenzoate as sole source of carbon and energy (positive test with E. aerogenes and negative with K. pneumoniae).", "PMID": 72514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4696", "title": "[Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid (an immunofluorescence study of a \"lichen pemphigoides\") (author's transl)].", "content": "A 35 year old black man presented with a generalized eruption of lichen planus; subsequently tense blisters appeared within the lichenoid lesions and on clinically normal skin. Histopathological characteristics of lichen planus were present in the papules, and those of bullous pemphigoid were seen in the bullae taken from non-lichenoid skin. Direct immunofluorescence studies revealed immunological characteristics of lichen planus in skin and mucosal lesions of L. P. Bound IgG and beta1 C/beta1 A with tubular patterns were detected at the dermo-epidermal junction in all the skin fragments (clinically normal skin, bullous lesions lichenoid skin and mucous lesions). Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed at several intervals that the patient had circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies (IgG; titres 1/50). This is the third published case in which immunofluorescence studies have established the \"pemphigoid\" nature of some bullous lichen planus. These findings are in favour of an immune disorder in lichen planus.", "contents": "[Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid (an immunofluorescence study of a \"lichen pemphigoides\") (author's transl)]. A 35 year old black man presented with a generalized eruption of lichen planus; subsequently tense blisters appeared within the lichenoid lesions and on clinically normal skin. Histopathological characteristics of lichen planus were present in the papules, and those of bullous pemphigoid were seen in the bullae taken from non-lichenoid skin. Direct immunofluorescence studies revealed immunological characteristics of lichen planus in skin and mucosal lesions of L. P. Bound IgG and beta1 C/beta1 A with tubular patterns were detected at the dermo-epidermal junction in all the skin fragments (clinically normal skin, bullous lesions lichenoid skin and mucous lesions). Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed at several intervals that the patient had circulating antibasement membrane zone antibodies (IgG; titres 1/50). This is the third published case in which immunofluorescence studies have established the \"pemphigoid\" nature of some bullous lichen planus. These findings are in favour of an immune disorder in lichen planus.", "PMID": 72516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4697", "title": "A simple, rapid and precise automated method for the determination of T3-uptake.", "content": "A method is described for the automation of the T3-uptake test using a discrete analyser. This enables 160 samples to be analysed in two hours at a cost of only 9p a sample. By making use of a simple correction procedure for differences in charcoal contact time and for radioactive carryover it is possible to get a within-batch precision of 2.5% and a between-batch precision of 4.6% for values within the normal range.", "contents": "A simple, rapid and precise automated method for the determination of T3-uptake. A method is described for the automation of the T3-uptake test using a discrete analyser. This enables 160 samples to be analysed in two hours at a cost of only 9p a sample. By making use of a simple correction procedure for differences in charcoal contact time and for radioactive carryover it is possible to get a within-batch precision of 2.5% and a between-batch precision of 4.6% for values within the normal range.", "PMID": 72519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4698", "title": "The inotropic memory of amphibian myocardium.", "content": "(1) Experimentally observed changes of contractile force induced by changes in the pattern of stimulation of frog ventricular myocardium were compared with predictions computed on the basis of a model for the contractile conditioning, proposed in a previous paper. (2) For this purpose, two functions (Potentiation and Inhibition) which describe in the model the effect of previous contractions, were determined experimentally. (3) It is shown that the model adequately predicts : force-frequency curve Inotropic Effect Curves at different basal frequencies, effect of the suppression of a contraction in a sequence of definite frequency, frequency-staircases, and strength-interval curves. (4) The formal characteristics of the model are discussed, and it is suggested that the potentiation mechanism results from the recirculation of activator calcium in two types of compartments, from which calcium passes to the myofilaments during the contractions or is lost to the exterior with first order kinetics during the rest period. Possible locations for these compartments are proposed. Various hypothesis on the nature of the inhibitory mechanism are considered.", "contents": "The inotropic memory of amphibian myocardium. (1) Experimentally observed changes of contractile force induced by changes in the pattern of stimulation of frog ventricular myocardium were compared with predictions computed on the basis of a model for the contractile conditioning, proposed in a previous paper. (2) For this purpose, two functions (Potentiation and Inhibition) which describe in the model the effect of previous contractions, were determined experimentally. (3) It is shown that the model adequately predicts : force-frequency curve Inotropic Effect Curves at different basal frequencies, effect of the suppression of a contraction in a sequence of definite frequency, frequency-staircases, and strength-interval curves. (4) The formal characteristics of the model are discussed, and it is suggested that the potentiation mechanism results from the recirculation of activator calcium in two types of compartments, from which calcium passes to the myofilaments during the contractions or is lost to the exterior with first order kinetics during the rest period. Possible locations for these compartments are proposed. Various hypothesis on the nature of the inhibitory mechanism are considered.", "PMID": 72522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4699", "title": "[Experimental trypanosomiasis in rabbits infected by Trypanosoma equiperdum: some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders are investigated on rabbits infected by two strains of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) equiperdum giving diseases with different clinical expression. The study of antibodies to trypanosomes emphasizes the high immunogenicity of specific antigenic type glycoprotein, antigenicity of which seems to inhibit common antigens expression. Significant increase of anti-fibrinogen antibodies is discussed in relation with the presence of autoantibodies frequently discovered along trypanosomiasis. As IgM they contribute to the classical hypermacroglobulinemia of these diseases. Their casual contribution in the contribution in the casual contribution in the observed disorders is argued. The meaning of fibrinolytic system activation which is shown by FDP significant increase is equally argued: secondary fibrinolysis or Hageman Factor activation mediated by immune complexes.", "contents": "[Experimental trypanosomiasis in rabbits infected by Trypanosoma equiperdum: some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders (author's transl)]. Some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders are investigated on rabbits infected by two strains of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) equiperdum giving diseases with different clinical expression. The study of antibodies to trypanosomes emphasizes the high immunogenicity of specific antigenic type glycoprotein, antigenicity of which seems to inhibit common antigens expression. Significant increase of anti-fibrinogen antibodies is discussed in relation with the presence of autoantibodies frequently discovered along trypanosomiasis. As IgM they contribute to the classical hypermacroglobulinemia of these diseases. Their casual contribution in the contribution in the casual contribution in the observed disorders is argued. The meaning of fibrinolytic system activation which is shown by FDP significant increase is equally argued: secondary fibrinolysis or Hageman Factor activation mediated by immune complexes.", "PMID": 72517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4700", "title": "Effects of clozapine (Leponex) on sleep patterns in the cat.", "content": "This study examined the effects of clozapine on sleep-wakefulness profile in cats prepared for chronic recording of sleep. Clozapine in single dose (i.p.) of 5 mg/kg drastically reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS), while wakefulness and drowsy pattern were increased. These changes lasted approximately 24 h and were followed by sleep recovery. PS had a priority of recovery. Some similarities between clozapine effects on sleep in cat and human were mentioned.", "contents": "Effects of clozapine (Leponex) on sleep patterns in the cat. This study examined the effects of clozapine on sleep-wakefulness profile in cats prepared for chronic recording of sleep. Clozapine in single dose (i.p.) of 5 mg/kg drastically reduced slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS), while wakefulness and drowsy pattern were increased. These changes lasted approximately 24 h and were followed by sleep recovery. PS had a priority of recovery. Some similarities between clozapine effects on sleep in cat and human were mentioned.", "PMID": 72523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4701", "title": "Thermodynamical aspects and molecular mechanisms of nerve activity.", "content": "This paper proposes a nonequilibrium thermodynamical approach for the energetics of nerve functioning. The energy needs for resting ionic pumping are computed and compared with experimental data on nerve metabolism. A detailed analysis of the various contributions to energetical changes during the nerve impulse clearly shows that without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins the initial heat of activity cannot be properly accounted for. By considering the transitions of membrane ionophores, a faithful quantitative explanation of the heat of activity is obtained.", "contents": "Thermodynamical aspects and molecular mechanisms of nerve activity. This paper proposes a nonequilibrium thermodynamical approach for the energetics of nerve functioning. The energy needs for resting ionic pumping are computed and compared with experimental data on nerve metabolism. A detailed analysis of the various contributions to energetical changes during the nerve impulse clearly shows that without recourse to conformational changes in membrane proteins the initial heat of activity cannot be properly accounted for. By considering the transitions of membrane ionophores, a faithful quantitative explanation of the heat of activity is obtained.", "PMID": 72524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4702", "title": "Recovery of brain energy metabolism following a period of combined hypoxia and hypotension.", "content": "Rats were \"stressed\" by a 30-min period of hypoxia (FIO2 = 7.5%) and hypotension (x arterial pressure = 30 mm Hg), and then \"resusciated\" by restoring FIO2 = 30% and reinfusing shed blood to restore arterial pressure toward baseline values. Concentrations of brain phosphocreatine, ATP and lactate were measured after \"stress\" and 20, 60, and 120 min after \"resuscitation\". A biphasic response was noted in which ATP was initially restored to baseline values by \"resuscitation\", and then progressively decreased. Physiologic mechanisms to explain the observed data are presented.", "contents": "Recovery of brain energy metabolism following a period of combined hypoxia and hypotension. Rats were \"stressed\" by a 30-min period of hypoxia (FIO2 = 7.5%) and hypotension (x arterial pressure = 30 mm Hg), and then \"resusciated\" by restoring FIO2 = 30% and reinfusing shed blood to restore arterial pressure toward baseline values. Concentrations of brain phosphocreatine, ATP and lactate were measured after \"stress\" and 20, 60, and 120 min after \"resuscitation\". A biphasic response was noted in which ATP was initially restored to baseline values by \"resuscitation\", and then progressively decreased. Physiologic mechanisms to explain the observed data are presented.", "PMID": 72525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4703", "title": "Metabolic responses to catecholamines in dogs injected with a single dose of triiodothyronine.", "content": "Lipolytic and glycogenolytic responses to catecholamine infusions were studied in resting dogs before and 20 h following administration of a single dose (0.1 mg/kg) of triiodothyronine (T3). In the dogs pretreated with T3 much higher increases in the plasma FFA concentration were found both during noradrenaline and adrenaline infusions in comparison with control experiments. Adrenaline-induced increases in blood LA and glucose levels were also significantly higher in T3-pretreated dogs than in controls. The blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors with propranolol prevented the increases in blood FFA and LA concentrations during subsequent adrenaline infusion. Phentolamine -- the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent -- infused to the T3-pretreated dog inhibited the adrenaline-induced rise in blood glucose level. The observed changes in the metabolic responses to catecholamines induced by triiodothyronine pretreatment indicate that at least in the dog this hormone potentiates both the lipolytic and glycogenolytic effects of catecholamines acting on appropriate adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to catecholamines in dogs injected with a single dose of triiodothyronine. Lipolytic and glycogenolytic responses to catecholamine infusions were studied in resting dogs before and 20 h following administration of a single dose (0.1 mg/kg) of triiodothyronine (T3). In the dogs pretreated with T3 much higher increases in the plasma FFA concentration were found both during noradrenaline and adrenaline infusions in comparison with control experiments. Adrenaline-induced increases in blood LA and glucose levels were also significantly higher in T3-pretreated dogs than in controls. The blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors with propranolol prevented the increases in blood FFA and LA concentrations during subsequent adrenaline infusion. Phentolamine -- the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent -- infused to the T3-pretreated dog inhibited the adrenaline-induced rise in blood glucose level. The observed changes in the metabolic responses to catecholamines induced by triiodothyronine pretreatment indicate that at least in the dog this hormone potentiates both the lipolytic and glycogenolytic effects of catecholamines acting on appropriate adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 72526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4704", "title": "[Peroxidases of high molecular weight identified as the membrane peroxidases in lentils].", "content": "Peroxidases extracted from lentil roots are separated in two peaks by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 or on Bio Gel A-5 M. On both resins, the first peak of extremely large molecular weight is demonstrated to be an association of some peroxidases with microsomes. These enzymes can be detached from membranes by NaCl. Starch gel electrophoresis shows that isoperoxidases associated electrostatically to microsomes are basic peroxidases apparently not different from those of the soluble fraction.", "contents": "[Peroxidases of high molecular weight identified as the membrane peroxidases in lentils]. Peroxidases extracted from lentil roots are separated in two peaks by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 or on Bio Gel A-5 M. On both resins, the first peak of extremely large molecular weight is demonstrated to be an association of some peroxidases with microsomes. These enzymes can be detached from membranes by NaCl. Starch gel electrophoresis shows that isoperoxidases associated electrostatically to microsomes are basic peroxidases apparently not different from those of the soluble fraction.", "PMID": 72527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4705", "title": "Effect of hypercapnic acidosis on induction of arrhythmias by catecholamines in cat papillary muscles.", "content": "The effect of changes in PCO2 upon induction of arrhythmias in cat papillary muscles was studied. The average norepinephrine (NE) dose necessary to produce spontaneous contractions in muscles stimulated at rates of 10/min was higher at high PCO2. Whereas 2 100 +/- 295 X 10(-8) mol/litre of NE was necessary during acidosis, only 824 +/- 295 X 10(-8) mol/litre was necessary to produce spontaneous contractions in alkalosis. In quiescent muscles, the necessary doses in acidosis and alkalosis were 2 209 +/- 531 X 10(-8) and 518 +/- 159 X 10(-8) mol/litre respectively. With isoproterenol 458 +/- 84 X 10(-8) mol/litre was necessary to reach the end point at high PCO2, whereas only 131 +/- 52 X 10(-8) mol/litre was required at low PCO2. The lower sensitivity to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias with hypercapnic acidosis does not appear to be related to the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter by the nerve ending since it is also present with isoproterenol.", "contents": "Effect of hypercapnic acidosis on induction of arrhythmias by catecholamines in cat papillary muscles. The effect of changes in PCO2 upon induction of arrhythmias in cat papillary muscles was studied. The average norepinephrine (NE) dose necessary to produce spontaneous contractions in muscles stimulated at rates of 10/min was higher at high PCO2. Whereas 2 100 +/- 295 X 10(-8) mol/litre of NE was necessary during acidosis, only 824 +/- 295 X 10(-8) mol/litre was necessary to produce spontaneous contractions in alkalosis. In quiescent muscles, the necessary doses in acidosis and alkalosis were 2 209 +/- 531 X 10(-8) and 518 +/- 159 X 10(-8) mol/litre respectively. With isoproterenol 458 +/- 84 X 10(-8) mol/litre was necessary to reach the end point at high PCO2, whereas only 131 +/- 52 X 10(-8) mol/litre was required at low PCO2. The lower sensitivity to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias with hypercapnic acidosis does not appear to be related to the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter by the nerve ending since it is also present with isoproterenol.", "PMID": 72528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4706", "title": "Effect of lanthanum on the turnover of calcium in rat uterus.", "content": "Previous investigations suggest that lanthanum might enter uterine smooth muscle cells and work as intracellular calcium displacing agent. The present investigation had been carried out in order to confirm if lanthanum develops an intracellular effect. Experiments show that lanthanum brings about a marked increase of the intracellular calcium; the comparison of the uptake and of the wash-out curve of 45Ca shows that lanthanum induces a lowering of the rapid phase of 45Ca release from rat uterus, while the uptake of the labelled ion is not modified or is even enhanced. The present data demonstrate that the action of lanthanum in rat uterus is limited to the cell membrane, whose calcium extruding properties are inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of lanthanum on the turnover of calcium in rat uterus. Previous investigations suggest that lanthanum might enter uterine smooth muscle cells and work as intracellular calcium displacing agent. The present investigation had been carried out in order to confirm if lanthanum develops an intracellular effect. Experiments show that lanthanum brings about a marked increase of the intracellular calcium; the comparison of the uptake and of the wash-out curve of 45Ca shows that lanthanum induces a lowering of the rapid phase of 45Ca release from rat uterus, while the uptake of the labelled ion is not modified or is even enhanced. The present data demonstrate that the action of lanthanum in rat uterus is limited to the cell membrane, whose calcium extruding properties are inhibited.", "PMID": 72529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4707", "title": "[Acute tolerance to noradrenaline (\"noradrenaline escape\")].", "content": "The decline in arterial systemic blood pressure which follows the initial rise during i.v. perfusion of L-noradrenaline in normal rats has been compared with the same type of decline induced by metaraminol or phenylephrine, both alpha-sympathomimetic drugs (acute tolerance or escape). Vasoconstrictor activity of noradrenaline in shot i.v. injection is regularly decreased when acute tolerance develops. This hyposensitivity to NA indicates that a change in alpha-receptor affinity for circulating NA may explain the acute tolerance as well as the noradrenaline escape.", "contents": "[Acute tolerance to noradrenaline (\"noradrenaline escape\")]. The decline in arterial systemic blood pressure which follows the initial rise during i.v. perfusion of L-noradrenaline in normal rats has been compared with the same type of decline induced by metaraminol or phenylephrine, both alpha-sympathomimetic drugs (acute tolerance or escape). Vasoconstrictor activity of noradrenaline in shot i.v. injection is regularly decreased when acute tolerance develops. This hyposensitivity to NA indicates that a change in alpha-receptor affinity for circulating NA may explain the acute tolerance as well as the noradrenaline escape.", "PMID": 72530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4708", "title": "Studies on rheomelanins. IV. The apparent occurrence in vivo of rheomelanins in human blood.", "content": "Paper chromatograms of the rheomelanins made earlier in this laboratory in human plasmas during incubation with each of the catecholamines or with L-dopa had yellow-green fluorescence in ultraviolet light of 366 nm (Hegedus & Altschule, 1970). In the present studies, a yellow-green fluorescent spot was found in each paper chromatogram. All of these spots were eluted and their excitation and emission spectra were recorded and compared to one another. The rheomelanins made from the catecholamines, L-dopa, catechol or from mixtures of these in human plasmas during incubation were chromatographed twice on paper with two different solvent systems. These artificial rheomelanins in vitro and the apparent in vivo rheomelanins present in plasmas moved together during the two chromatographies. These yellow-green fluorescent compounds were eluted as one spot after the second chromatography. This mixture produced high intensity excitation and emission spectra closely similar to the low intensity excitation and emission spectra of the apparent in vivo rheomelanins of unincubated human plasmas treated the same way without any chemical under nitrogen. The RF-values of the various rheomelanin spots after each chromatography were closely similar. These above results were also obtained with other solvent systems. It appears therefore that rheomelanins are formed in vivo in the human body.", "contents": "Studies on rheomelanins. IV. The apparent occurrence in vivo of rheomelanins in human blood. Paper chromatograms of the rheomelanins made earlier in this laboratory in human plasmas during incubation with each of the catecholamines or with L-dopa had yellow-green fluorescence in ultraviolet light of 366 nm (Hegedus & Altschule, 1970). In the present studies, a yellow-green fluorescent spot was found in each paper chromatogram. All of these spots were eluted and their excitation and emission spectra were recorded and compared to one another. The rheomelanins made from the catecholamines, L-dopa, catechol or from mixtures of these in human plasmas during incubation were chromatographed twice on paper with two different solvent systems. These artificial rheomelanins in vitro and the apparent in vivo rheomelanins present in plasmas moved together during the two chromatographies. These yellow-green fluorescent compounds were eluted as one spot after the second chromatography. This mixture produced high intensity excitation and emission spectra closely similar to the low intensity excitation and emission spectra of the apparent in vivo rheomelanins of unincubated human plasmas treated the same way without any chemical under nitrogen. The RF-values of the various rheomelanin spots after each chromatography were closely similar. These above results were also obtained with other solvent systems. It appears therefore that rheomelanins are formed in vivo in the human body.", "PMID": 72531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4709", "title": "Partial purification and properties of rat-heart adenosine kinase.", "content": "The activity of myocardial adenosine kinase (E.N. 2.7.1.20) in a number of species was assayed. Rat heart contained the highest specific activity. From this source adenosine kinase was purified in a simple way 80-fold, until it was free of adenosine deaminase activity. A molecular weight of about 39 000 was measured. NSC 113939 (1), NSC 113940 and 8-azaadenosine inhibited myocardial adenosine kinase. Dipyridamole stimulated the enzyme at high adenosine levels, and inhibited at low substrate concentrations. A number of divalent cations could (partially) substitute for Mg2+. The optimal concentration of MgCl2 or MnCl2 was about 0.5 mM; concentrations exceeding 1 mM inhibited severely. An apparent Km for ATP of 0.1 mM was measured, whereas an apparent Km for adenosine of 0.5 muM was was found. The latter increased to 3.3 muM, when dipyridamole was added. Replacement of ATP by GTB or ITP increased the activity, and UTP and CTP were inferior as a phosphate donor.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of rat-heart adenosine kinase. The activity of myocardial adenosine kinase (E.N. 2.7.1.20) in a number of species was assayed. Rat heart contained the highest specific activity. From this source adenosine kinase was purified in a simple way 80-fold, until it was free of adenosine deaminase activity. A molecular weight of about 39 000 was measured. NSC 113939 (1), NSC 113940 and 8-azaadenosine inhibited myocardial adenosine kinase. Dipyridamole stimulated the enzyme at high adenosine levels, and inhibited at low substrate concentrations. A number of divalent cations could (partially) substitute for Mg2+. The optimal concentration of MgCl2 or MnCl2 was about 0.5 mM; concentrations exceeding 1 mM inhibited severely. An apparent Km for ATP of 0.1 mM was measured, whereas an apparent Km for adenosine of 0.5 muM was was found. The latter increased to 3.3 muM, when dipyridamole was added. Replacement of ATP by GTB or ITP increased the activity, and UTP and CTP were inferior as a phosphate donor.", "PMID": 72532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4710", "title": "Blood levels of cyclic AMP, thyroxine, uric acid, certain metabolites and electrolytes under heat-stress and dehydration in the pigeon.", "content": "The effect of heat stress and dehydration on certain blood parameters were studied in the pigeon. Pigeons exposed to heat-stress and dehydration showed higher haematocrit values. Serum cyclic AMP levels, both with and without corrections made for difference in haematocrit, showed a more than two-fold increase in heat-stressed and dehydrated pigeons. Serum triglyceride level (before and after correction for haematocrit difference) in the experimental birds dropped to less than half that in the control birds. Total serum thyroxine (T4) did not show significant change in the experimentals (either with or without correction for haematocrit), although bound T4 and T3 index showed a statistically significant drop in the experimental group, after the correction for haematocrit. Total serum protein and albumin values after correction for haematocrit difference showed significant decreases in experimental birds. In pigeons exposed to heat-stress and dehydration, serum sodium increased while potassium dropped (with and without haematocrit correction). Heat stress and dehydration did not have any significant effect on serum levels of total cholesterol, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.", "contents": "Blood levels of cyclic AMP, thyroxine, uric acid, certain metabolites and electrolytes under heat-stress and dehydration in the pigeon. The effect of heat stress and dehydration on certain blood parameters were studied in the pigeon. Pigeons exposed to heat-stress and dehydration showed higher haematocrit values. Serum cyclic AMP levels, both with and without corrections made for difference in haematocrit, showed a more than two-fold increase in heat-stressed and dehydrated pigeons. Serum triglyceride level (before and after correction for haematocrit difference) in the experimental birds dropped to less than half that in the control birds. Total serum thyroxine (T4) did not show significant change in the experimentals (either with or without correction for haematocrit), although bound T4 and T3 index showed a statistically significant drop in the experimental group, after the correction for haematocrit. Total serum protein and albumin values after correction for haematocrit difference showed significant decreases in experimental birds. In pigeons exposed to heat-stress and dehydration, serum sodium increased while potassium dropped (with and without haematocrit correction). Heat stress and dehydration did not have any significant effect on serum levels of total cholesterol, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.", "PMID": 72533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4711", "title": "Translation of mRNA for glutamate dehydrogenase and spectrophotometric procedure to follow the enzyme biosynthesis.", "content": "Heterogeneous poly (A)-mRNA fraction was isolated from rat liver microsomes using phenol-chloroform extraction, millipore filtration and poly (U)-agarose affinity chromatography. Obtained fractions were characterized with respect to their secondary structure and poly (A) content. Isolated poly (A)-mRNA fraction contained high template activity for glutamate dehydrogenase in cell-free systems with microsomes or polysomes. A spectrophotometric procedure to follow enzyme biosynthesis was also developed.", "contents": "Translation of mRNA for glutamate dehydrogenase and spectrophotometric procedure to follow the enzyme biosynthesis. Heterogeneous poly (A)-mRNA fraction was isolated from rat liver microsomes using phenol-chloroform extraction, millipore filtration and poly (U)-agarose affinity chromatography. Obtained fractions were characterized with respect to their secondary structure and poly (A) content. Isolated poly (A)-mRNA fraction contained high template activity for glutamate dehydrogenase in cell-free systems with microsomes or polysomes. A spectrophotometric procedure to follow enzyme biosynthesis was also developed.", "PMID": 72534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4712", "title": "Change of the activities of angiotensins I and II on the vascular smooth muscle by crude kallikrein.", "content": "Incubation in vitro of angiotensin I (A I) with crude kallikrein induced a potentiation in the response to decapeptide of the isolated continuously superfused rabbit aorta. Crude kallikrein when incubated with angiotensin II (A II) caused a decrease in response to octapeptide of the same assay tissue. Converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20881, produced a competitive inhibition in the response to A I preincubated with crude kallikrein but did not alter the inhibitory effect of the enzyme on A II response. Pure kallikrein did not induce any change in the responses to both peptides when used at the same concentrations. The competitive inhibitor of A II (N,N-dimethyl) Gly1-Ile5-Ile8-angiotensin II (DMGIA II), abolished the effects of both A II- and A I-preincubated with crude kallikrein. From these results it was concluded that crude kallikrein-induced potentiation in the response to A I of the aorta is probably due to the conversion of decapeptide to octapeptide by an enzyme fraction in crude kallikrein preparation. These results also indicate that crude kallikrein (Padutin) is not a pure enzyme preparation and probably contains some other enzyme fractions which are responsible from the changes of the vascular activities of angiotensin-peptides.", "contents": "Change of the activities of angiotensins I and II on the vascular smooth muscle by crude kallikrein. Incubation in vitro of angiotensin I (A I) with crude kallikrein induced a potentiation in the response to decapeptide of the isolated continuously superfused rabbit aorta. Crude kallikrein when incubated with angiotensin II (A II) caused a decrease in response to octapeptide of the same assay tissue. Converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 20881, produced a competitive inhibition in the response to A I preincubated with crude kallikrein but did not alter the inhibitory effect of the enzyme on A II response. Pure kallikrein did not induce any change in the responses to both peptides when used at the same concentrations. The competitive inhibitor of A II (N,N-dimethyl) Gly1-Ile5-Ile8-angiotensin II (DMGIA II), abolished the effects of both A II- and A I-preincubated with crude kallikrein. From these results it was concluded that crude kallikrein-induced potentiation in the response to A I of the aorta is probably due to the conversion of decapeptide to octapeptide by an enzyme fraction in crude kallikrein preparation. These results also indicate that crude kallikrein (Padutin) is not a pure enzyme preparation and probably contains some other enzyme fractions which are responsible from the changes of the vascular activities of angiotensin-peptides.", "PMID": 72535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4713", "title": "Effects of the number of DNP groups on dinitrophenylated human serum albumin upon the induction of immunological memory for the dinitrophenyl determinant.", "content": "Immunological memory to the DNP determinant is shown to be a positive correlate of the primary anti-DNP response and of the extent of DNP substitution in the priming antigen. Antigen dose-response curves for immunological memory first increase with antigen dose to reach a maximum and then decrease in the high dose region. Increasing the extent of DNP substitution in the priming antigen shifts the dose-response curves to lower antigen doses and promotes the antigen's ability to induce immunological memory to a level greater than that expected by its ability to induce a primary response. The findings are interpreted in terms of postulated effects of degree of DNP substitution on the binding of antigen to cell receptors.", "contents": "Effects of the number of DNP groups on dinitrophenylated human serum albumin upon the induction of immunological memory for the dinitrophenyl determinant. Immunological memory to the DNP determinant is shown to be a positive correlate of the primary anti-DNP response and of the extent of DNP substitution in the priming antigen. Antigen dose-response curves for immunological memory first increase with antigen dose to reach a maximum and then decrease in the high dose region. Increasing the extent of DNP substitution in the priming antigen shifts the dose-response curves to lower antigen doses and promotes the antigen's ability to induce immunological memory to a level greater than that expected by its ability to induce a primary response. The findings are interpreted in terms of postulated effects of degree of DNP substitution on the binding of antigen to cell receptors.", "PMID": 72549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4714", "title": "[A system of computer pre-treatment of electrocardiographic data].", "content": "A system of analogue pretreatment aimed at analysis of the arrhythmias in real time is presented. It is based on the separate detection of the P wave and the QRS complex, and on the use of a bipolar electrically conducting catheter introduced into the auricle of the right atrium. Such an arrangement is relatively insensitive to adventitous activity, both in the high and low frequency range, and provides on four separate channels impulses representing the P wave, the QRS complex, wide QRS complexes and premature QRS waves. In all cases, the atrial channel transmits all synchronised signals originating from atrial activity without any loss of information. This apparatus has been tried out with various arrhythmias and, if integrated, into a system of automatic detection, it should bring about a considerable saving in time and memory storage space.", "contents": "[A system of computer pre-treatment of electrocardiographic data]. A system of analogue pretreatment aimed at analysis of the arrhythmias in real time is presented. It is based on the separate detection of the P wave and the QRS complex, and on the use of a bipolar electrically conducting catheter introduced into the auricle of the right atrium. Such an arrangement is relatively insensitive to adventitous activity, both in the high and low frequency range, and provides on four separate channels impulses representing the P wave, the QRS complex, wide QRS complexes and premature QRS waves. In all cases, the atrial channel transmits all synchronised signals originating from atrial activity without any loss of information. This apparatus has been tried out with various arrhythmias and, if integrated, into a system of automatic detection, it should bring about a considerable saving in time and memory storage space.", "PMID": 72551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4715", "title": "[Structures of oncornaviruses of C-typ-negativ staining technique by electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Typ-C viruses of bovine enzootic leucosis and other typ-C viruses were demonstrated by negativ staining technique and also the RNA-protein complex respectively the nucleocapsid of helical symmetry in the shape of coral bead. Now the well defined morphology of the typ-C viruses enable to identificate to be used in electron microscopy practice.", "contents": "[Structures of oncornaviruses of C-typ-negativ staining technique by electron microscopy (author's transl)]. Typ-C viruses of bovine enzootic leucosis and other typ-C viruses were demonstrated by negativ staining technique and also the RNA-protein complex respectively the nucleocapsid of helical symmetry in the shape of coral bead. Now the well defined morphology of the typ-C viruses enable to identificate to be used in electron microscopy practice.", "PMID": 72553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4716", "title": "\"Runde\" viurs, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks.", "content": "From 206 I. uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. The new strains demonstrated a corona-virus like morphology, haemagglutinated chicken red cells and were sensitive to sodium desoxycholate. Multiplication with CPE was demonstrated in BHK 21/c13 and BSC-1 cells, and without CPE in Vero and GMK cell cultures. The mouse pathogenicity was relatively low. In gel precipitation three to five specific lines were seen. Precipitating antibodies have been found in seabird species commonly infested by I. uriae. The ecological cirucmstances of the isolates indicate an earlier unrecognized arbovirus circulating between seabirds and I. uriae. This corona-like virus has been tentatively termed Runde virus.", "contents": "\"Runde\" viurs, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks. From 206 I. uriae collected in the seabird colonies at Runde, Norway, two identical virus strains demonstrating no antigenic relationships to major arbovirus groups were isolated. The new strains demonstrated a corona-virus like morphology, haemagglutinated chicken red cells and were sensitive to sodium desoxycholate. Multiplication with CPE was demonstrated in BHK 21/c13 and BSC-1 cells, and without CPE in Vero and GMK cell cultures. The mouse pathogenicity was relatively low. In gel precipitation three to five specific lines were seen. Precipitating antibodies have been found in seabird species commonly infested by I. uriae. The ecological cirucmstances of the isolates indicate an earlier unrecognized arbovirus circulating between seabirds and I. uriae. This corona-like virus has been tentatively termed Runde virus.", "PMID": 72555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4717", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of acute alcoholic hepatitis].", "content": "Liver biopsies from 60 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH) developing against the background of steatosis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were studied histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically. AAH is characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes with deposition of alcoholic hyalin, obesity of the organ, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. Hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the appearance of megamitochondria, and an increased amount of peroxisomes reflect the participation of MEOS and the catalase system in alcohol metabolism with a progressive decrease in the activity of alcoholdehydrogenase. Acute alcoholic hepatitis is a connecting link between steatosis and cirrhosis of the liver in which the accompanying autoimmune mechanism and microcirculation disorder followed by activation of lipofibroblasts are conducive to the progression of the pathologic process.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of acute alcoholic hepatitis]. Liver biopsies from 60 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH) developing against the background of steatosis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were studied histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically. AAH is characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes with deposition of alcoholic hyalin, obesity of the organ, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. Hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the appearance of megamitochondria, and an increased amount of peroxisomes reflect the participation of MEOS and the catalase system in alcohol metabolism with a progressive decrease in the activity of alcoholdehydrogenase. Acute alcoholic hepatitis is a connecting link between steatosis and cirrhosis of the liver in which the accompanying autoimmune mechanism and microcirculation disorder followed by activation of lipofibroblasts are conducive to the progression of the pathologic process.", "PMID": 72556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4718", "title": "The current approach to cancer treatment.", "content": "The therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of cancer is now expanded to include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim is to achieve cure where possible. For some cancers the concept of cure can be questioned, and for many patients, cancer must be regarded as a chronic disease. A vigorous approach to palliation, particularly in regard to special problems such as hypercalcaemia, yields good dividends. Human values remain of paramount importance, and active antitumour treatment with attendant side effects must not be continued where there is no expectation of worthwhile response.", "contents": "The current approach to cancer treatment. The therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of cancer is now expanded to include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim is to achieve cure where possible. For some cancers the concept of cure can be questioned, and for many patients, cancer must be regarded as a chronic disease. A vigorous approach to palliation, particularly in regard to special problems such as hypercalcaemia, yields good dividends. Human values remain of paramount importance, and active antitumour treatment with attendant side effects must not be continued where there is no expectation of worthwhile response.", "PMID": 72559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4719", "title": "Single channel characteristics of some synthetic gramicidins.", "content": "The synthesis of two new variants of gramicidin is described. It is shown that the changes in the aromatic side groups do not influence the single channel conductivity. Experiments in which solutions having different molarities on the two sides of the bilayer lipid membrane are described and their results compared with a rate theory analysis. It is concluded that the gramicidin pore contains approximately 10 equal potential maxima.", "contents": "Single channel characteristics of some synthetic gramicidins. The synthesis of two new variants of gramicidin is described. It is shown that the changes in the aromatic side groups do not influence the single channel conductivity. Experiments in which solutions having different molarities on the two sides of the bilayer lipid membrane are described and their results compared with a rate theory analysis. It is concluded that the gramicidin pore contains approximately 10 equal potential maxima.", "PMID": 72563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4720", "title": "Diffusion and partitioning of a pesticide, lindane, into phosphatidylcholine bilayers. A new fluorescence quenching method to study chlorinated hydrocarbon-membrane interactions.", "content": "Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as the pesticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), quench the fluorescence of carbazole. The observed quenching is a result of the molecular contacts which occur upon diffusional collisions. Because the amount of quenching depends upon the collisional frequency between carbazole and pesticide, this phenomenon provides a measure of both the diffusional rate of lindane and its local concentration. The carbazole fluorophore is localized within phosphatidylcholine bilayers by cosonicating the lipid with a newly synthesized phospholipid, beta-(11-(9-carbazole)-undecanoyl)-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine. Using this probe in dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and the above mentioned quenching phenomena, we determined the lindane diffusion rate within the bilayer to be 5.7.10-7 cm2/s at 37 degrees C. Measurement of the apparent quenching constant at various dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine concentrations yielded a lipid-water partition coefficient for lindane of 9500, which is in agreement with the value of 8980 obtained by our equilibrium dialysis experiments. Vesicles of dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine become saturated with lindane at a pesticide to lipid molar ratio of approx. 0.28. These results demonstrate the possibility of using the quenching of carbazole fluorescence to investigate the transport and partitioning of pesticides within biological membranes. This ability should prove useful in studies of the interactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons with cell membranes.", "contents": "Diffusion and partitioning of a pesticide, lindane, into phosphatidylcholine bilayers. A new fluorescence quenching method to study chlorinated hydrocarbon-membrane interactions. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as the pesticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), quench the fluorescence of carbazole. The observed quenching is a result of the molecular contacts which occur upon diffusional collisions. Because the amount of quenching depends upon the collisional frequency between carbazole and pesticide, this phenomenon provides a measure of both the diffusional rate of lindane and its local concentration. The carbazole fluorophore is localized within phosphatidylcholine bilayers by cosonicating the lipid with a newly synthesized phospholipid, beta-(11-(9-carbazole)-undecanoyl)-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine. Using this probe in dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and the above mentioned quenching phenomena, we determined the lindane diffusion rate within the bilayer to be 5.7.10-7 cm2/s at 37 degrees C. Measurement of the apparent quenching constant at various dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine concentrations yielded a lipid-water partition coefficient for lindane of 9500, which is in agreement with the value of 8980 obtained by our equilibrium dialysis experiments. Vesicles of dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine become saturated with lindane at a pesticide to lipid molar ratio of approx. 0.28. These results demonstrate the possibility of using the quenching of carbazole fluorescence to investigate the transport and partitioning of pesticides within biological membranes. This ability should prove useful in studies of the interactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons with cell membranes.", "PMID": 72564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4721", "title": "NMR observation of gramicidin A' in phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was prepared with perdeuterated hydrocarbon chains and sonicated into bilayer vesicles together with gramicidin A'. The 1H NMR resonance from the tryptophan residues in the gramicidin has a linewidth of approximately 80 Hz, indicating significant local mobility for these residues. Paramagnetic lanthanides added to the aqueous medium cause a chemical shift of this signal indicating that some of the tryptophans may be located in the interfacial region of the bilayer.", "contents": "NMR observation of gramicidin A' in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was prepared with perdeuterated hydrocarbon chains and sonicated into bilayer vesicles together with gramicidin A'. The 1H NMR resonance from the tryptophan residues in the gramicidin has a linewidth of approximately 80 Hz, indicating significant local mobility for these residues. Paramagnetic lanthanides added to the aqueous medium cause a chemical shift of this signal indicating that some of the tryptophans may be located in the interfacial region of the bilayer.", "PMID": 72565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4722", "title": "Protamine messenger RNA from rainbow trout testis contains the nucleotide sequence A-A-U-A-A-A in an untranslated region.", "content": "Full-length, complementary DNAs were prepared to rainbow trout protamine mRNA using reverse transcriptase and were labelled during synthesis by the replacement of dATP by [alpha32P]dATP or dTTP by [alpha32P]dTTP. The 32P-labelled protamine complementary DNAs were digested with T4 endonuclease IV. Fragments from the digests were separated in two dimensions, and those discrete fragments which could be identified from both the A-labelled and T-labelled complementary DNAs were subjected to sequence analysis. The sequences described here all arise from the non-coding region. One pentadecanucleotide contained the sequence A-A-U-A-A-A which has been reported by Proudfoot and Brownlee ((1976) Nature 263, 211-214) to occur in the noncoding regions of six other eukaryotic mRNAs.", "contents": "Protamine messenger RNA from rainbow trout testis contains the nucleotide sequence A-A-U-A-A-A in an untranslated region. Full-length, complementary DNAs were prepared to rainbow trout protamine mRNA using reverse transcriptase and were labelled during synthesis by the replacement of dATP by [alpha32P]dATP or dTTP by [alpha32P]dTTP. The 32P-labelled protamine complementary DNAs were digested with T4 endonuclease IV. Fragments from the digests were separated in two dimensions, and those discrete fragments which could be identified from both the A-labelled and T-labelled complementary DNAs were subjected to sequence analysis. The sequences described here all arise from the non-coding region. One pentadecanucleotide contained the sequence A-A-U-A-A-A which has been reported by Proudfoot and Brownlee ((1976) Nature 263, 211-214) to occur in the noncoding regions of six other eukaryotic mRNAs.", "PMID": 72566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4723", "title": "Microbial secondary metabolites with potential use in cancer treatment. (Plasmid involvement in biosynthesis and compounds.", "content": "Antibiotics and small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by micro-organisms are microbial secondary metabolites which have no obvious function in the growth of microorganisms. Involvement of plasmids in their biosyntheses has been studied and the structure of the microbial world where various compounds with widely varying structures have been found has been shown to be due to the presence of a great variety of plasmids. On the basis of this structure of microbial world, the author has found the microbial products which have various activities useful in treatment of cancer or in suppression of carcinogenesis. In this paper, the author reviewed his following studies: the plasmid involvement in biosyntheses of bioactive microbial secondary metabolites; the mechanism of therapeutic effect of bleomycin, and the development of useful analogs and derivatives of bleomycin and anthracyclic antibiotics; the screening method to find compounds affecting immune system, and the action of bestatin in enhancing delayed-type hypersensitivity and therapeutic effects of anticancer agents; enzyme inhibitors with potential utility in treatment or prevention of cancer.", "contents": "Microbial secondary metabolites with potential use in cancer treatment. (Plasmid involvement in biosynthesis and compounds. Antibiotics and small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by micro-organisms are microbial secondary metabolites which have no obvious function in the growth of microorganisms. Involvement of plasmids in their biosyntheses has been studied and the structure of the microbial world where various compounds with widely varying structures have been found has been shown to be due to the presence of a great variety of plasmids. On the basis of this structure of microbial world, the author has found the microbial products which have various activities useful in treatment of cancer or in suppression of carcinogenesis. In this paper, the author reviewed his following studies: the plasmid involvement in biosyntheses of bioactive microbial secondary metabolites; the mechanism of therapeutic effect of bleomycin, and the development of useful analogs and derivatives of bleomycin and anthracyclic antibiotics; the screening method to find compounds affecting immune system, and the action of bestatin in enhancing delayed-type hypersensitivity and therapeutic effects of anticancer agents; enzyme inhibitors with potential utility in treatment or prevention of cancer.", "PMID": 72569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4724", "title": "Acute phase reactant proteins in chronic leukaemia.", "content": "The levels of haptoglobin, alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein are moderately raised in chronic leukaemias. In CGL the level of haptoglobin and acid glycoprotein show the highest correlation with cell number, whilst no such correlations occur in CLL or CMML. There does not appear to be a relation between blood lysozyme levels and the levels of antiprotease (alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2 macroglobulin).", "contents": "Acute phase reactant proteins in chronic leukaemia. The levels of haptoglobin, alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein are moderately raised in chronic leukaemias. In CGL the level of haptoglobin and acid glycoprotein show the highest correlation with cell number, whilst no such correlations occur in CLL or CMML. There does not appear to be a relation between blood lysozyme levels and the levels of antiprotease (alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2 macroglobulin).", "PMID": 72570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4725", "title": "[Influence of five commercial heparin preparations on the collagen induced platelet aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "The ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of platelets in PRP of healthy probands was tested in vitro in the presence of 4 heparin preparations (Novo, Vitrum, Liquemin, Haemoderivate) and of a heparinoid (Eleparon). None of the preparations caused a significant direct aggregation. The collagen-induced aggregation was inhibited by all mentioned preparations; thereby the heparins proved to be effective approx. to the same degree whereas the heparinoid proved to be significantly less effective. The ADP-induced aggregation was potentiated by all preparations. A considerably different sensitivity to heparin could be observed in the single PRP's. A special method was found out to exclude the influence of the heparin-sensitivity of the PRP's to compare the special effects of the heparins.", "contents": "[Influence of five commercial heparin preparations on the collagen induced platelet aggregation (author's transl)]. The ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation of platelets in PRP of healthy probands was tested in vitro in the presence of 4 heparin preparations (Novo, Vitrum, Liquemin, Haemoderivate) and of a heparinoid (Eleparon). None of the preparations caused a significant direct aggregation. The collagen-induced aggregation was inhibited by all mentioned preparations; thereby the heparins proved to be effective approx. to the same degree whereas the heparinoid proved to be significantly less effective. The ADP-induced aggregation was potentiated by all preparations. A considerably different sensitivity to heparin could be observed in the single PRP's. A special method was found out to exclude the influence of the heparin-sensitivity of the PRP's to compare the special effects of the heparins.", "PMID": 72575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4726", "title": "[Association of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced cancer of the head and neck].", "content": "At the Head and Neck and Roentgentherapy Services of Funda\u00e7ao Antonio Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, 38 patients with advanced cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx, were divided into two groups: the first, submmited to treatment with Bleomycin and Linear Acelerator, and the second to isolated irradiation. Both groups received 7 000 rads in 32 days, and to the association group, Bleomycin was administered in dosis of 300 mgs. The authors concluded that, that Chemo-Radiotherapic association didn't increase the survival rate.", "contents": "[Association of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced cancer of the head and neck]. At the Head and Neck and Roentgentherapy Services of Funda\u00e7ao Antonio Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, 38 patients with advanced cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx, were divided into two groups: the first, submmited to treatment with Bleomycin and Linear Acelerator, and the second to isolated irradiation. Both groups received 7 000 rads in 32 days, and to the association group, Bleomycin was administered in dosis of 300 mgs. The authors concluded that, that Chemo-Radiotherapic association didn't increase the survival rate.", "PMID": 72576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4727", "title": "The inhibition of histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and its reversal by calcium.", "content": "1 The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin, flufenamate and meclofenamate, inhibited the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by pharmacological or immunological challenge in vitro. 2 Anti-inflammatory steroids had little effect on histamine release from the mast cells. 3 Th inhibition of histamine release by the aspirin-like drugs was not prevented by incubation with glucose, unlike the inhibition of 2,4,dinitrophenol or antimycin-A. This suggests that the non-steroid anti-inflammatory compounds do not act by preventing the energy production from oxidative metabolism, required for histamine release. 4 The inhibition of the calcium ionophore A23187-induced histamine release by the aspirin-like drugs was reversed by an increase in the calcium concentration of the incubation medium. 5 The results suggest that the non-steroid anti-inflammatory compounds inhibit histamine release by actions on calcium influx into the mast cell, or on calcium mobilization or utilization within the mast cell.", "contents": "The inhibition of histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and its reversal by calcium. 1 The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin, flufenamate and meclofenamate, inhibited the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by pharmacological or immunological challenge in vitro. 2 Anti-inflammatory steroids had little effect on histamine release from the mast cells. 3 Th inhibition of histamine release by the aspirin-like drugs was not prevented by incubation with glucose, unlike the inhibition of 2,4,dinitrophenol or antimycin-A. This suggests that the non-steroid anti-inflammatory compounds do not act by preventing the energy production from oxidative metabolism, required for histamine release. 4 The inhibition of the calcium ionophore A23187-induced histamine release by the aspirin-like drugs was reversed by an increase in the calcium concentration of the incubation medium. 5 The results suggest that the non-steroid anti-inflammatory compounds inhibit histamine release by actions on calcium influx into the mast cell, or on calcium mobilization or utilization within the mast cell.", "PMID": 72577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4728", "title": "The relationship between energy metabolism and the action of inhibitors of histamine release.", "content": "1 Dextran-induced release of histamine from rat mast cells was inhibited equally in complete and glucose-free Tyrode solution by doxantrazole (0.03-3 micronmol/l), theophylline (0.1-3 mmol/l) and dicumarol (0.01-10 micronmol/litre). 2 Doxantrazole (3 micronmol/l), theophylline (3 mmol/l) and dicumarol (10 micronmol/l) did not reduce the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content of mast cells in glucose-free medium. Higher concentrations of dicumarol (56-100 micronmol/l) markedly reduced the cellular ATP content. This reduction was reversed by glucose. 3 Papaverine was a more potent inhibitor of histamine release from mast cells incubated in glucose-free solution than in complete Tyrode solution (dose-ratio = 20). Like antimycin A (L MICRONMOL/L), PAPAVERINE (3 MICRONMOL/L) CAUSED A DEPLETION OF MAST CELL ATP that was greater in the absence (85%) than in the presence (25%) of extracellular glucose. 4 These results suggest that dicumarol, like doxantrazole and theophylline, inhibits histamine release without affecting mast cell energy metabolism. In contrast, papaverine probably inhibits release by depleting ATP that is required for exocytosis. 5 Inhibition of histamine release by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3,5'-monophosphate (1-3 mmol/l) was significantly greater when cells were incubated in complete rather than in glucose-free medium.", "contents": "The relationship between energy metabolism and the action of inhibitors of histamine release. 1 Dextran-induced release of histamine from rat mast cells was inhibited equally in complete and glucose-free Tyrode solution by doxantrazole (0.03-3 micronmol/l), theophylline (0.1-3 mmol/l) and dicumarol (0.01-10 micronmol/litre). 2 Doxantrazole (3 micronmol/l), theophylline (3 mmol/l) and dicumarol (10 micronmol/l) did not reduce the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content of mast cells in glucose-free medium. Higher concentrations of dicumarol (56-100 micronmol/l) markedly reduced the cellular ATP content. This reduction was reversed by glucose. 3 Papaverine was a more potent inhibitor of histamine release from mast cells incubated in glucose-free solution than in complete Tyrode solution (dose-ratio = 20). Like antimycin A (L MICRONMOL/L), PAPAVERINE (3 MICRONMOL/L) CAUSED A DEPLETION OF MAST CELL ATP that was greater in the absence (85%) than in the presence (25%) of extracellular glucose. 4 These results suggest that dicumarol, like doxantrazole and theophylline, inhibits histamine release without affecting mast cell energy metabolism. In contrast, papaverine probably inhibits release by depleting ATP that is required for exocytosis. 5 Inhibition of histamine release by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3,5'-monophosphate (1-3 mmol/l) was significantly greater when cells were incubated in complete rather than in glucose-free medium.", "PMID": 72578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4729", "title": "Surgery, venous thrombosis and anti-Xa.", "content": "Deep venous thrombosis is a common and unpredictable complication of surgery. In this study it is proposed that patients who develop this complication may be predicted by a low preoperative level of a naturally occurring inhibitor of coagulation, anti-Xa. Two groups of patients were investigated. Women taking the oral contraceptive pill had lower preoperative anti-Xa levels than their non-pill controls (P less than 0.01) and in addition had a significantly higher incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following emergency surgery (P less than 0.05). In 90 patients undergoing total hip replacement, the mean preoperative anti-Xa level of those patients who developed DVT was significantly lower than those who did not (P less than 0.001). Ninety-four per cent of patients with a preoperative anti-Xa level of less than 80 per cent developed DVT. The effect of low dose heparin on anti-Xa was studied. The results suggest a mechanism for the cause of postoperative thrombosis which also permits selection of individual patients who will develop this complication.", "contents": "Surgery, venous thrombosis and anti-Xa. Deep venous thrombosis is a common and unpredictable complication of surgery. In this study it is proposed that patients who develop this complication may be predicted by a low preoperative level of a naturally occurring inhibitor of coagulation, anti-Xa. Two groups of patients were investigated. Women taking the oral contraceptive pill had lower preoperative anti-Xa levels than their non-pill controls (P less than 0.01) and in addition had a significantly higher incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following emergency surgery (P less than 0.05). In 90 patients undergoing total hip replacement, the mean preoperative anti-Xa level of those patients who developed DVT was significantly lower than those who did not (P less than 0.001). Ninety-four per cent of patients with a preoperative anti-Xa level of less than 80 per cent developed DVT. The effect of low dose heparin on anti-Xa was studied. The results suggest a mechanism for the cause of postoperative thrombosis which also permits selection of individual patients who will develop this complication.", "PMID": 72579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4730", "title": "The prospective evaluation of tumour-associated antigens for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "content": "An unselected series of 136 patients suspected of having a major intra-abdominal pathological condition had blood drawn and stored as serum. A definitive histological diagnosis was made in all cases, usually by laparotomy. The serum was analysed with coded samples for carcino-embryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and pancreatic oncofetal antigen and all recorded levels above the upper limit of normal for that test were taken as a positive result. Results were analysed to give the predictive value of a positive test and a negative test for each antigen. A negative pancreatic oncofetal antigen test was found to be useful in excluding a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "The prospective evaluation of tumour-associated antigens for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. An unselected series of 136 patients suspected of having a major intra-abdominal pathological condition had blood drawn and stored as serum. A definitive histological diagnosis was made in all cases, usually by laparotomy. The serum was analysed with coded samples for carcino-embryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and pancreatic oncofetal antigen and all recorded levels above the upper limit of normal for that test were taken as a positive result. Results were analysed to give the predictive value of a positive test and a negative test for each antigen. A negative pancreatic oncofetal antigen test was found to be useful in excluding a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.", "PMID": 72580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4731", "title": "Alpha-adrenergic blockers in prostatism.", "content": "Thirty patients awaiting prostatectomy with no history of cardiovascular disease were selected for a trial of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Twenty-seven patients completed the trial, 19 of them with unpleasant side effects. Eighteen of them found their symptoms were improved and 10 showed urodynamic improvement.", "contents": "Alpha-adrenergic blockers in prostatism. Thirty patients awaiting prostatectomy with no history of cardiovascular disease were selected for a trial of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Twenty-seven patients completed the trial, 19 of them with unpleasant side effects. Eighteen of them found their symptoms were improved and 10 showed urodynamic improvement.", "PMID": 72581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4732", "title": "Prostatic enlargement associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic gonorrhoea in adolescent men: An argument for routine rectal examination.", "content": "Ten adolescent men presented with prostatic enlargement and positive anterior urethral cultures for gonococci. Six of them had urethritis, but four were asymptomatic; the prostate is therefore implicated as a reservoir for the asymptomatic carrier and it is strongly recommended that the rectum should be included in the routine physical examination of sexually active adolescent men.", "contents": "Prostatic enlargement associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic gonorrhoea in adolescent men: An argument for routine rectal examination. Ten adolescent men presented with prostatic enlargement and positive anterior urethral cultures for gonococci. Six of them had urethritis, but four were asymptomatic; the prostate is therefore implicated as a reservoir for the asymptomatic carrier and it is strongly recommended that the rectum should be included in the routine physical examination of sexually active adolescent men.", "PMID": 72583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4733", "title": "Axonal transport of organelles visualized by light microscopy: cinemicrographic and computer analysis.", "content": "Rapid movements of intra-axonal organelles in acutely isolated single myelinated fibers from bullfrog sciatic nerve were visualized by dark-field microscopy. The movements were recorded by cinemicrography, and analyzed by computer-based methods. The movements are saltatory and bidirectional, but each particle moves mainly in a single direction. For more than 90% of the particles, the predominant movement direction is retrograde, i.e. toward the cell body. Quantitative measurements on a variety of parameters of the organelle movements are presented. Different particles in the same axon show a broad range of mean speeds. The average mean speed of movement in the retrograde direction at 28 degrees C was 1.08 micrometer/sec (S.D. - 0.41), equivalent to an axonal transport rate of 93 mm/day. Disperse distributions were also found for other parameters such as the instantaneous velocities of individual particles. Quantal velocities, periodic movement patterns, and specific 'channels' were not detected. When the data from a population of particles is treated statistically, the average mean speed, the distribution of velocities, and other statistical parameters are found to be similar in different axons studied at the same temperature. Direct microscopical observation of axonal organelle movement is a technique which provides information about axonal transport which is different from and complementary to that obtained from enzyme accumulation of radioactive tracer methods.", "contents": "Axonal transport of organelles visualized by light microscopy: cinemicrographic and computer analysis. Rapid movements of intra-axonal organelles in acutely isolated single myelinated fibers from bullfrog sciatic nerve were visualized by dark-field microscopy. The movements were recorded by cinemicrography, and analyzed by computer-based methods. The movements are saltatory and bidirectional, but each particle moves mainly in a single direction. For more than 90% of the particles, the predominant movement direction is retrograde, i.e. toward the cell body. Quantitative measurements on a variety of parameters of the organelle movements are presented. Different particles in the same axon show a broad range of mean speeds. The average mean speed of movement in the retrograde direction at 28 degrees C was 1.08 micrometer/sec (S.D. - 0.41), equivalent to an axonal transport rate of 93 mm/day. Disperse distributions were also found for other parameters such as the instantaneous velocities of individual particles. Quantal velocities, periodic movement patterns, and specific 'channels' were not detected. When the data from a population of particles is treated statistically, the average mean speed, the distribution of velocities, and other statistical parameters are found to be similar in different axons studied at the same temperature. Direct microscopical observation of axonal organelle movement is a technique which provides information about axonal transport which is different from and complementary to that obtained from enzyme accumulation of radioactive tracer methods.", "PMID": 72584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4734", "title": "The intra-axonal transport of polypeptide H: evidence for a fifth (very slow) group of transported proteins in the retinal ganglion cells of the rabbit.", "content": "We have determined that a genetically polymorphic polypeptide (H, molecular weight approximately equal to 195,000) of the rabbit nervous system is transported down the retinal ganglion cell axons at a velocity of 0.7-1.1 mm/day. The H-polypeptide and probably at least two additional polypeptides (molecular weights approximately 145,000 and 73,000) therefore compose a group of intra-axonally transported proteins which moves more slowly than the 4 groups previously described in these neurons. The polypeptides of this fifth group are similar in molecular weight to certain polypeptides transported slowly in other mammalian neurons.", "contents": "The intra-axonal transport of polypeptide H: evidence for a fifth (very slow) group of transported proteins in the retinal ganglion cells of the rabbit. We have determined that a genetically polymorphic polypeptide (H, molecular weight approximately equal to 195,000) of the rabbit nervous system is transported down the retinal ganglion cell axons at a velocity of 0.7-1.1 mm/day. The H-polypeptide and probably at least two additional polypeptides (molecular weights approximately 145,000 and 73,000) therefore compose a group of intra-axonally transported proteins which moves more slowly than the 4 groups previously described in these neurons. The polypeptides of this fifth group are similar in molecular weight to certain polypeptides transported slowly in other mammalian neurons.", "PMID": 72586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4735", "title": "Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raph\u00e9 nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raph\u00e9 following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.", "contents": "Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system. Light and electron microscopic observation 3--4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex, a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in the dorsal raph\u00e9 nuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raph\u00e9 following neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.", "PMID": 72587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4736", "title": "A potential screening technique for neurotransmitters in the CNS: model studies in the cat spinal cord.", "content": "This paper describes a potential screening technique for neurotransmitters in the CNS. The method uses the injection of small volumes of high specific activity radioactive transmitter precursor substances into regions of physiologically identified neuronal cell bodies, and the later identification of the substances transported down axons to target tissues. Experiments were performed in motoneurons in the cat spinal cords to test the feasibility  of method. Tritiated choline, glutamate, tyramine and tryptophan were pressure-injected into the ventral horn using glass micropipettes that were adapted to allow similtaneous physiological recording and injection. Only tritiated acetylcholine, two unidentified choline metabolites and a small amount of choline were found in the motor axons. The acetylcholine migrated at a rate of greater than 24mm/day and the movement was blocked by colchicine. The spread of isotope from the injection site was measured by a direct chemical method and by autoradiography, and was found that isotope spread1-2 mm from the injection site. One unexpected finding in the autoradiographs was that the motoneurons were selectively labelled following choline injections.", "contents": "A potential screening technique for neurotransmitters in the CNS: model studies in the cat spinal cord. This paper describes a potential screening technique for neurotransmitters in the CNS. The method uses the injection of small volumes of high specific activity radioactive transmitter precursor substances into regions of physiologically identified neuronal cell bodies, and the later identification of the substances transported down axons to target tissues. Experiments were performed in motoneurons in the cat spinal cords to test the feasibility  of method. Tritiated choline, glutamate, tyramine and tryptophan were pressure-injected into the ventral horn using glass micropipettes that were adapted to allow similtaneous physiological recording and injection. Only tritiated acetylcholine, two unidentified choline metabolites and a small amount of choline were found in the motor axons. The acetylcholine migrated at a rate of greater than 24mm/day and the movement was blocked by colchicine. The spread of isotope from the injection site was measured by a direct chemical method and by autoradiography, and was found that isotope spread1-2 mm from the injection site. One unexpected finding in the autoradiographs was that the motoneurons were selectively labelled following choline injections.", "PMID": 72591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4737", "title": "Electron microscopy of rapid identification of animal viruses in hematoxylin-eosin sections.", "content": "Routine hematoxylin-eosin stained, paraffin sections were processed for electron microscopy, using a rapid method for localization of animal viruses. Formalin fixation was effective in preserving DNA as well as RNA viruses, however cellular fine structural details and organelles were not well preserved. The procedure is useful for morphological recognition of viral groups and as a rapid diagnostic aid for identifying viral disease.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of rapid identification of animal viruses in hematoxylin-eosin sections. Routine hematoxylin-eosin stained, paraffin sections were processed for electron microscopy, using a rapid method for localization of animal viruses. Formalin fixation was effective in preserving DNA as well as RNA viruses, however cellular fine structural details and organelles were not well preserved. The procedure is useful for morphological recognition of viral groups and as a rapid diagnostic aid for identifying viral disease.", "PMID": 72592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4738", "title": "Heparin and sulfated mucopolysaccharides--a micro system for quantitative differentiation and determination.", "content": "Heparin (Hep), hyaluronic acid, chondroitins (sulfate) A, B, and C, and heparins (sulfate) A, B, C, and D were subjected to microelectrophoresis in barbital-agarose gel, fixed with cetylpyridinium chloride and stained with toluidine blue. The optical densities of the resulting bands were compared with optical densities obtained upon reaction with azure A in aqueous solution and with the carbazole reagent. A linear relation was obtained between optical density and concentration of purified sulfated mucopolysaccharide (SMP). Less than 1 microgram of Hep and 2 microgram of other SMPs are required for measurement by electrophoresis, while about 30 microgram of each is required with the carbazole reagent. The optical density of a mixture of SMPs was equal to the sum of the densities for the individual SMPs upon microelectrophoresis. It was demonstrated that the individual SMPs in mixtures were distinguishabed by reaction with specific enzymes and by changes in migration in agarose with barbital, phthalate, ethylenediamine, or propanediamine buffers, permitting ready demonstration and quantitation of various SMP species. Examples are shown of the application of the procedure to measure the total SMPs and individual SMPs in tissue extracts. The method is sensitive, reproducible, flexible, and measures quantities 1/30th of those measured colorimetrically, yet is relatively unaffected by protein, carbohydrate, or inorganic electrolytes.", "contents": "Heparin and sulfated mucopolysaccharides--a micro system for quantitative differentiation and determination. Heparin (Hep), hyaluronic acid, chondroitins (sulfate) A, B, and C, and heparins (sulfate) A, B, C, and D were subjected to microelectrophoresis in barbital-agarose gel, fixed with cetylpyridinium chloride and stained with toluidine blue. The optical densities of the resulting bands were compared with optical densities obtained upon reaction with azure A in aqueous solution and with the carbazole reagent. A linear relation was obtained between optical density and concentration of purified sulfated mucopolysaccharide (SMP). Less than 1 microgram of Hep and 2 microgram of other SMPs are required for measurement by electrophoresis, while about 30 microgram of each is required with the carbazole reagent. The optical density of a mixture of SMPs was equal to the sum of the densities for the individual SMPs upon microelectrophoresis. It was demonstrated that the individual SMPs in mixtures were distinguishabed by reaction with specific enzymes and by changes in migration in agarose with barbital, phthalate, ethylenediamine, or propanediamine buffers, permitting ready demonstration and quantitation of various SMP species. Examples are shown of the application of the procedure to measure the total SMPs and individual SMPs in tissue extracts. The method is sensitive, reproducible, flexible, and measures quantities 1/30th of those measured colorimetrically, yet is relatively unaffected by protein, carbohydrate, or inorganic electrolytes.", "PMID": 72593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4739", "title": "Treatment of resistant ascites by continuous ultrafiltration--reinfusion of ascitic fluid.", "content": "Eight patients with diuretic-resistant ascites due to cirrhosis were treated by reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid. In 11 procedures, with a mean duration of 21.9 hours, weight loss averaged 14.8 kg. Complications during reinfusion included septicemia in 1 procedure, left-sided heart failure in 5, pyrexia in 7 and coagulation abnormalities in 10. Ascites recurred within 2 months after reinfusion in all but one patient. Although this technique is an efficient and inexpensive method of treatment of ascites, it does not appear indicated in patients with cirrhosis and resistant ascites in view of the possibly serious complications associated with reinfusion and the poor long-term results.", "contents": "Treatment of resistant ascites by continuous ultrafiltration--reinfusion of ascitic fluid. Eight patients with diuretic-resistant ascites due to cirrhosis were treated by reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid. In 11 procedures, with a mean duration of 21.9 hours, weight loss averaged 14.8 kg. Complications during reinfusion included septicemia in 1 procedure, left-sided heart failure in 5, pyrexia in 7 and coagulation abnormalities in 10. Ascites recurred within 2 months after reinfusion in all but one patient. Although this technique is an efficient and inexpensive method of treatment of ascites, it does not appear indicated in patients with cirrhosis and resistant ascites in view of the possibly serious complications associated with reinfusion and the poor long-term results.", "PMID": 72594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4740", "title": "Clinical pharmacologic and therapeutic studies of bleomycin given by continuous infusion.", "content": "The clinical toxicology, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutic effects of bleomycin given by continuous intravenous infusion were studied in patients with far-advanced unresectable cancer. The toxicity of bleomycin given by that schedule was qualitatively and quantitatively the same as when it was given by daily intravenous \"push\"; mucocutaneous toxicity occurred regularly after 7-11 days of infusion. Careful monitoring of pulmonary function revealed minor changes in Total Lung Capacity and Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity in nearly all patients; however, overt pulmonary toxicity occurred in only six patients (5%). 111Indium-labeled bleomycin was used to follow blood levels of bleomycin; it correlated well with the levels determined by microbiologic assay and could be measured at levels lower than could be determined by bioassay. Useful therapeutic responses were seen in a variety of tumors; 30% patients with very far-advanced carcinoma of the cervix demonstrated CR or PR, an incidence higher than has been seen with other regimens. Sixty-nine percent of patients with disseminated germ cell neoplasms of the testis, refractory to bleomycin given by conventional dose schedules, have attained partial remission through the continuous infusion of bleomycin.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacologic and therapeutic studies of bleomycin given by continuous infusion. The clinical toxicology, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutic effects of bleomycin given by continuous intravenous infusion were studied in patients with far-advanced unresectable cancer. The toxicity of bleomycin given by that schedule was qualitatively and quantitatively the same as when it was given by daily intravenous \"push\"; mucocutaneous toxicity occurred regularly after 7-11 days of infusion. Careful monitoring of pulmonary function revealed minor changes in Total Lung Capacity and Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity in nearly all patients; however, overt pulmonary toxicity occurred in only six patients (5%). 111Indium-labeled bleomycin was used to follow blood levels of bleomycin; it correlated well with the levels determined by microbiologic assay and could be measured at levels lower than could be determined by bioassay. Useful therapeutic responses were seen in a variety of tumors; 30% patients with very far-advanced carcinoma of the cervix demonstrated CR or PR, an incidence higher than has been seen with other regimens. Sixty-nine percent of patients with disseminated germ cell neoplasms of the testis, refractory to bleomycin given by conventional dose schedules, have attained partial remission through the continuous infusion of bleomycin.", "PMID": 72595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4741", "title": "Cellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in germ cell tumors of the testis using and indirect immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "An immunohistologic study of 21 patients with germ cell tumors of the testis with measured serum levels of chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-feto protein (AFP) was undertaken to correlate the various types of neoplasms with the presence of these tumor markers in the tissue and serum. AFP was demonstrated in mononuclear embryonal cells within embryonal carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor. HCG was identified within syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells, frequently in association with embryonal carcinoma, and rarely with endodermal sinus tumor and seminoma, as well as in the syncytiotropho-blastic component of choriocarcinoma. Eighteen of the 21 patients (86%) had elevated tumor markers in their serum; serum HCG alone was elevated in five (24%), AFP alone in five (24%) and both were elevated in eight (38%). There was tissue localization of HCG in 12 of the 13 patients (92%) with elevated serum HCG while AFP was identified in the tumor in eight of the 13 patients (53%) with elevated serum AFP levels. Based on these findings, a tentative immunohistologic classification of germ cell tumors utilizing AFP and HCG is proposed. Thus, embryonal carcinoma, adult type, is frequently associated with both AFP and HCG, endodermal sinus tumor with AFP and choriocarcinoma with HCG, whereas pure seminoma and teratoma are unlikely to be associated with either marker.", "contents": "Cellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in germ cell tumors of the testis using and indirect immunoperoxidase technique. An immunohistologic study of 21 patients with germ cell tumors of the testis with measured serum levels of chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-feto protein (AFP) was undertaken to correlate the various types of neoplasms with the presence of these tumor markers in the tissue and serum. AFP was demonstrated in mononuclear embryonal cells within embryonal carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor. HCG was identified within syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells, frequently in association with embryonal carcinoma, and rarely with endodermal sinus tumor and seminoma, as well as in the syncytiotropho-blastic component of choriocarcinoma. Eighteen of the 21 patients (86%) had elevated tumor markers in their serum; serum HCG alone was elevated in five (24%), AFP alone in five (24%) and both were elevated in eight (38%). There was tissue localization of HCG in 12 of the 13 patients (92%) with elevated serum HCG while AFP was identified in the tumor in eight of the 13 patients (53%) with elevated serum AFP levels. Based on these findings, a tentative immunohistologic classification of germ cell tumors utilizing AFP and HCG is proposed. Thus, embryonal carcinoma, adult type, is frequently associated with both AFP and HCG, endodermal sinus tumor with AFP and choriocarcinoma with HCG, whereas pure seminoma and teratoma are unlikely to be associated with either marker.", "PMID": 72596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4742", "title": "The identification of individuals at high risk for large bowel cancer and the application of preventive measures in their management: chromosome studies in Gardner syndrome and familial polyposis.", "content": "The significance of chromosomal markers in linkage and assignment has been pointed out. The usefulness of linkage in disease prevention is discussed with the limitations of this approach.", "contents": "The identification of individuals at high risk for large bowel cancer and the application of preventive measures in their management: chromosome studies in Gardner syndrome and familial polyposis. The significance of chromosomal markers in linkage and assignment has been pointed out. The usefulness of linkage in disease prevention is discussed with the limitations of this approach.", "PMID": 72597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4743", "title": "Surface antigenic characteristics of human glial brain tumor cells.", "content": "The surface antigenic characteristics of human glial brain tumor (HGBT) cells were studied by complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody assays and indirect membrane immunofluorescence. Eight permanent, well-characterized cell lines derived from human gliomas were used for analysis with antisera raised by hyperimmunization of nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis) with glioblastoma multiforme tissue or established HGBT cells lines. Exhaustive absorption of these antisera to remove predominantly antispecies activity rendered HLA nonreactive \"preabsorbed\" antisera, which reacted with a large panel of gliomatous and nongliomatous human tumor cells; 1 carcinoma, 2 sarcomas, 2 melanomas, 1 neuroblastoma, and 8 HGBT cell lines. Four lymphoblastoid lines and 2 carcinomas were unreactive. After further absorption with a human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, the antisera demonstrated significant levels of reactivity for 8 tested HGBT cell lines and no longer reacted with the nongliomatous cultured tumor cells lines. Therefore, extensive absorption of nonhuman primate anti-human glioma sera removed all activity for the nongliomatous cell lines tested, but it left significant reactivity against a glial tumor cell line-associated antigen(s) present on all 8 human glioma cell lines tested.", "contents": "Surface antigenic characteristics of human glial brain tumor cells. The surface antigenic characteristics of human glial brain tumor (HGBT) cells were studied by complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody assays and indirect membrane immunofluorescence. Eight permanent, well-characterized cell lines derived from human gliomas were used for analysis with antisera raised by hyperimmunization of nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis) with glioblastoma multiforme tissue or established HGBT cells lines. Exhaustive absorption of these antisera to remove predominantly antispecies activity rendered HLA nonreactive \"preabsorbed\" antisera, which reacted with a large panel of gliomatous and nongliomatous human tumor cells; 1 carcinoma, 2 sarcomas, 2 melanomas, 1 neuroblastoma, and 8 HGBT cell lines. Four lymphoblastoid lines and 2 carcinomas were unreactive. After further absorption with a human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, the antisera demonstrated significant levels of reactivity for 8 tested HGBT cell lines and no longer reacted with the nongliomatous cultured tumor cells lines. Therefore, extensive absorption of nonhuman primate anti-human glioma sera removed all activity for the nongliomatous cell lines tested, but it left significant reactivity against a glial tumor cell line-associated antigen(s) present on all 8 human glioma cell lines tested.", "PMID": 72598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4744", "title": "Cell cycle-related changes in nuclear chromatin of stimulated lymphocytes as measured by flow cytometry.", "content": "Flow cytometric techniques have been developed to assay lymphocyte stimulation as reflected by the increase in the cell transcriptional activity and cell progression through the cell cycle. The metachromatic fluorescent dye, acridine orange, is used to (a) stain DNA and RNA differentially in individual cells, and (b) stain nuclear chromatin after removal of cellular RNA BY RNase and cell pretreatment at acidic pH. Stimulated cells with diploid DNA content (G1) have an increased content of stainable RNA that makes it possible to distinguish them from nonstimulated (G0) cells. G0 cells can also be distinguished from G1 cells based on differences in stainability of their nuclear chromatin after treatment with acid. Mitotic indices can be scored automatically, inasmuch as the metaphase chromatin stains differently than does chromatin in the interphase cells. Altogether, the numbers of cells in the G0, G1, S, G2, and M phases may be obtained rapidly and with great accuracy. The cell transciptional activity can be correlated with changes in nuclear chromatin (e.g., during the transition from G0 to G1). The two independent techniques may also prove to be useful in recognizing and quantitating noncycling cells in other cell systems. The possible mechanisms responsible for differential stainability of nuclear chromatin in cells at different phases of the cell cycle are discussed.", "contents": "Cell cycle-related changes in nuclear chromatin of stimulated lymphocytes as measured by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric techniques have been developed to assay lymphocyte stimulation as reflected by the increase in the cell transcriptional activity and cell progression through the cell cycle. The metachromatic fluorescent dye, acridine orange, is used to (a) stain DNA and RNA differentially in individual cells, and (b) stain nuclear chromatin after removal of cellular RNA BY RNase and cell pretreatment at acidic pH. Stimulated cells with diploid DNA content (G1) have an increased content of stainable RNA that makes it possible to distinguish them from nonstimulated (G0) cells. G0 cells can also be distinguished from G1 cells based on differences in stainability of their nuclear chromatin after treatment with acid. Mitotic indices can be scored automatically, inasmuch as the metaphase chromatin stains differently than does chromatin in the interphase cells. Altogether, the numbers of cells in the G0, G1, S, G2, and M phases may be obtained rapidly and with great accuracy. The cell transciptional activity can be correlated with changes in nuclear chromatin (e.g., during the transition from G0 to G1). The two independent techniques may also prove to be useful in recognizing and quantitating noncycling cells in other cell systems. The possible mechanisms responsible for differential stainability of nuclear chromatin in cells at different phases of the cell cycle are discussed.", "PMID": 72599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4745", "title": "In vitro immunization against human tumor cells with tumor cell fractions.", "content": "Tumor cell fractions isolated from tumor lines SH-3 (breast carcinoma) and RPMI-7932 (malignant melanoma) by differential centrifugations were capable of transforming lymphocytes into cytotoxic effector cells. Lymphocytes cultured alone in human AB plasma did not become cytotoxic to tumor cells. However, when cultured with tumor cell fractions sedimented at 1000 X g(R1), 20,000 X g(R2), and 100,000 X g(R3), these lymphocytes became markedly cytotoxic to specific tumor targets in a 3.5-hr (51)Cr release assay. R2 fractions were significantly more immunogenic than were R3 fractions (p less than 0.05). Although lymphocytes sensitized with SH-3 tumor cell fractions were cytotoxic to SH-3 tumor cells, they were also cytotoxic to cells from RPMI-7932 and RPMI-8322 (malignant melanoma) tumor lines and vice versa. Cells from tumor lines HT-29 (colon carcinoma) and COLO 110 (ovary carcinoma) were significantly less susceptible to lysis by effector cells generated against SH-3. These immune cells, although capable of killing cells from tumor lines, were not able to lyse cells from autochthonous normal lymphoid lines or normal lymphocytes that have been transformed by phytohemagglutinin. Tumor cell fractions were not immunogenic at low (5- to 20-mul/0.75 ml) concentrations; an increase of 4- to 10- fold in their concentrations was usually followed by a decrease in immunization.", "contents": "In vitro immunization against human tumor cells with tumor cell fractions. Tumor cell fractions isolated from tumor lines SH-3 (breast carcinoma) and RPMI-7932 (malignant melanoma) by differential centrifugations were capable of transforming lymphocytes into cytotoxic effector cells. Lymphocytes cultured alone in human AB plasma did not become cytotoxic to tumor cells. However, when cultured with tumor cell fractions sedimented at 1000 X g(R1), 20,000 X g(R2), and 100,000 X g(R3), these lymphocytes became markedly cytotoxic to specific tumor targets in a 3.5-hr (51)Cr release assay. R2 fractions were significantly more immunogenic than were R3 fractions (p less than 0.05). Although lymphocytes sensitized with SH-3 tumor cell fractions were cytotoxic to SH-3 tumor cells, they were also cytotoxic to cells from RPMI-7932 and RPMI-8322 (malignant melanoma) tumor lines and vice versa. Cells from tumor lines HT-29 (colon carcinoma) and COLO 110 (ovary carcinoma) were significantly less susceptible to lysis by effector cells generated against SH-3. These immune cells, although capable of killing cells from tumor lines, were not able to lyse cells from autochthonous normal lymphoid lines or normal lymphocytes that have been transformed by phytohemagglutinin. Tumor cell fractions were not immunogenic at low (5- to 20-mul/0.75 ml) concentrations; an increase of 4- to 10- fold in their concentrations was usually followed by a decrease in immunization.", "PMID": 72600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4746", "title": "Treatment of metastatic germ-cell tumors in men with adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with metastatic germ-cell tumors were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin. Fifteen patients (60%) had previously received radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Twenty patients (80%) responded to treatment, with eight (32%) patients achieving a complete remission (CR) and 12 (48%) patients achieving a partial remission (PR). The median duration of response for the patients with PR was 4 months, whereas four patients with a CR remain alive without evidence of disease for greater than 3 years after the initiation of treatment. Responses were observed in all tumor categories and apparently were not influenced by prior therapy. Side effects included gastrointestinal toxicity, alopecia, neuropathy, skin changes, mucositis, and myelosuppression (more severe in previously treated patients). Though moderate success was demonstrated for this chemotherapy regimen, it does not appear as effective as more recent regimens including vinblastine and bleomycin.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic germ-cell tumors in men with adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin. Twenty-five patients with metastatic germ-cell tumors were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin. Fifteen patients (60%) had previously received radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Twenty patients (80%) responded to treatment, with eight (32%) patients achieving a complete remission (CR) and 12 (48%) patients achieving a partial remission (PR). The median duration of response for the patients with PR was 4 months, whereas four patients with a CR remain alive without evidence of disease for greater than 3 years after the initiation of treatment. Responses were observed in all tumor categories and apparently were not influenced by prior therapy. Side effects included gastrointestinal toxicity, alopecia, neuropathy, skin changes, mucositis, and myelosuppression (more severe in previously treated patients). Though moderate success was demonstrated for this chemotherapy regimen, it does not appear as effective as more recent regimens including vinblastine and bleomycin.", "PMID": 72601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4747", "title": "Specificity of antisera produced against bleomycin.", "content": "The specificity of antisera produced in a goat or rabbit for use in bleomycin radioimmunoassay has been examined using competitive experiments employing several bleomycin analogs. These studies demonstrate that the antiserum distinguished alterations in both the nucleus and the terminal structure of the molecule. Removal of the terminal structure or addition of an aminosugar moiety in the bleomycin nucleus resulted in a significant decrease in immunoreactivity. Antisera produced in goat and rabbit hosts had different specificity for the terminal structure. The goat antisera demonstrated greater specificity for the terminal side chain than the rabbit antisera although this may not reflect a species-related event.", "contents": "Specificity of antisera produced against bleomycin. The specificity of antisera produced in a goat or rabbit for use in bleomycin radioimmunoassay has been examined using competitive experiments employing several bleomycin analogs. These studies demonstrate that the antiserum distinguished alterations in both the nucleus and the terminal structure of the molecule. Removal of the terminal structure or addition of an aminosugar moiety in the bleomycin nucleus resulted in a significant decrease in immunoreactivity. Antisera produced in goat and rabbit hosts had different specificity for the terminal structure. The goat antisera demonstrated greater specificity for the terminal side chain than the rabbit antisera although this may not reflect a species-related event.", "PMID": 72602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4748", "title": "The optic tectum of calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi. A Golgi study.", "content": "The optic tectum of Calamoichthys calabaricus (Polypteriformes) shows a relatively complex vertical stratification, with six main layers and a varied neuronal typology. In particular, pyriform neurons in the well developed stratum griseum periventriculare and some multipolar neurons in the stratum griseum profundum represent the efferent elements of the tectum, while the optic and lemniscal inputs to the tectum converge in the plexiform sublayers of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. In the circuitry of the tectum some modulation is achieved by some of the polymorphic cells of the stratum griseum internum and by the horizontal cells of the outer layers. Notwithstanding some differences with respect to the teleost optic lobe (i.e., the absence of a torus longitudinalis; the lack of a stratum fibrosum marginale; the modest size of the stratum fibrosum profundum; the paucity of neurons in the stratum fibrosum et griseum fibrosum profundum; the paucity of neurons in the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale; and the ill-defined separation of the layers of the afferent and efferent fibers), the optic tectum of Calamoichthys resembles the mesotectal type chracteristic of teleost, anurans and reptiles. It exhibits higher degree of organization than the optic tectum of the Chondrostei.", "contents": "The optic tectum of calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi. A Golgi study. The optic tectum of Calamoichthys calabaricus (Polypteriformes) shows a relatively complex vertical stratification, with six main layers and a varied neuronal typology. In particular, pyriform neurons in the well developed stratum griseum periventriculare and some multipolar neurons in the stratum griseum profundum represent the efferent elements of the tectum, while the optic and lemniscal inputs to the tectum converge in the plexiform sublayers of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. In the circuitry of the tectum some modulation is achieved by some of the polymorphic cells of the stratum griseum internum and by the horizontal cells of the outer layers. Notwithstanding some differences with respect to the teleost optic lobe (i.e., the absence of a torus longitudinalis; the lack of a stratum fibrosum marginale; the modest size of the stratum fibrosum profundum; the paucity of neurons in the stratum fibrosum et griseum fibrosum profundum; the paucity of neurons in the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale; and the ill-defined separation of the layers of the afferent and efferent fibers), the optic tectum of Calamoichthys resembles the mesotectal type chracteristic of teleost, anurans and reptiles. It exhibits higher degree of organization than the optic tectum of the Chondrostei.", "PMID": 72607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4749", "title": "Secretory hyperactivity and mitochondrial changes in neurosecretory cells of an insect. Cellular effects of the insecticide lindane.", "content": "The neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria secret their hormonal products by exocytosis. The insecticide lindane is known to cause release of hyperglycaemic but adipokinetic neurohormones. Electron microscopy of lindane-poisoned corpora cardiaca reveals many exocytotic omega figures. Mitochondria are affected either directly by the poison or by the consequences of secretory hyperactivity. They occur in increased number, divide, acquire dense mitochondrial granules larger than in the controls, and sometimes line up along plasma membranes, mitochondria in two neighbouring cells forming pairs in juxtaposition. Between two such mitochondria the plasma membranes form a junction-like structure. It is suggested that these effects reflect an excessive calcium entry caused by lindane.", "contents": "Secretory hyperactivity and mitochondrial changes in neurosecretory cells of an insect. Cellular effects of the insecticide lindane. The neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria secret their hormonal products by exocytosis. The insecticide lindane is known to cause release of hyperglycaemic but adipokinetic neurohormones. Electron microscopy of lindane-poisoned corpora cardiaca reveals many exocytotic omega figures. Mitochondria are affected either directly by the poison or by the consequences of secretory hyperactivity. They occur in increased number, divide, acquire dense mitochondrial granules larger than in the controls, and sometimes line up along plasma membranes, mitochondria in two neighbouring cells forming pairs in juxtaposition. Between two such mitochondria the plasma membranes form a junction-like structure. It is suggested that these effects reflect an excessive calcium entry caused by lindane.", "PMID": 72608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4750", "title": "Localization of gonadotrophic hormones in the dog pituitary gland. A study using immunoenzyme histochemistry and chemical staining.", "content": "Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (beta) subunits of FSH and LH1, selective immunochemical staining was localized mostly in the same cell type in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the dog pituitary gland. However, some cells were consistently shown to react solely with antisera to either LH beta of FSH beta. The cells stained for FSH beta were at least 1.5 times less numerous than those shown to contain LH beta. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the immunoreactive gonadotrophs varied greatly in their relative proportion and were mostly shown to be much less numerous than in bitches in the anestrus phase of the sexual cycle. These cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. The performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2)-PAS-orange G procedure stained the FSH/LH cells blue or turquoise, demonstrating TSH cells (blue-purple), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The FSH/LH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis  on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunochemical double staining. These observations support the concept that the one cell-one hormone theory may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones, although some cells seem to be the source of either FSH or LH.", "contents": "Localization of gonadotrophic hormones in the dog pituitary gland. A study using immunoenzyme histochemistry and chemical staining. Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (beta) subunits of FSH and LH1, selective immunochemical staining was localized mostly in the same cell type in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the dog pituitary gland. However, some cells were consistently shown to react solely with antisera to either LH beta of FSH beta. The cells stained for FSH beta were at least 1.5 times less numerous than those shown to contain LH beta. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the immunoreactive gonadotrophs varied greatly in their relative proportion and were mostly shown to be much less numerous than in bitches in the anestrus phase of the sexual cycle. These cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. The performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2)-PAS-orange G procedure stained the FSH/LH cells blue or turquoise, demonstrating TSH cells (blue-purple), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The FSH/LH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis  on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunochemical double staining. These observations support the concept that the one cell-one hormone theory may not apply to gonadotrophic hormones, although some cells seem to be the source of either FSH or LH.", "PMID": 72609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4751", "title": "An electron microscopic investigation of the surface coat of the electrocyte of electrophorus electricus.", "content": "The surface coat of the electrocyte of the main electric organ of Electrophorus electricus was studied using cytochemical methods (periodic acid-silver methanamine, periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, Concanavalin A - horseradish peroxidase, ruthenium red, Alcian-blue lanthanum nitrate, colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin). The surface of the electrocyte presents perpendicularly oriented tubular invaginations of the cell membrane. The fibrous coat 50-100 nm thick, penetrates into the lumen of the invaginations. It is also observed in the synaptic clefts existent in the posterior face of the electrolyte. The coating of the surface membrane gives a positive reaction with all techniques used. Binding of colloidal iron hydroxide particles was observed only in the outer layer of the coat. With the Alcian-blue lanthanum nitrate technique , microtubules were observed in the cytoplasm of the electrocyte. The results indicate that the surface coat of the electrocyte contains mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides and anionic sites detected at low (colloidal iron hydroxyde) and neutral (cationized ferritin) pH.", "contents": "An electron microscopic investigation of the surface coat of the electrocyte of electrophorus electricus. The surface coat of the electrocyte of the main electric organ of Electrophorus electricus was studied using cytochemical methods (periodic acid-silver methanamine, periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, Concanavalin A - horseradish peroxidase, ruthenium red, Alcian-blue lanthanum nitrate, colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin). The surface of the electrocyte presents perpendicularly oriented tubular invaginations of the cell membrane. The fibrous coat 50-100 nm thick, penetrates into the lumen of the invaginations. It is also observed in the synaptic clefts existent in the posterior face of the electrolyte. The coating of the surface membrane gives a positive reaction with all techniques used. Binding of colloidal iron hydroxide particles was observed only in the outer layer of the coat. With the Alcian-blue lanthanum nitrate technique , microtubules were observed in the cytoplasm of the electrocyte. The results indicate that the surface coat of the electrocyte contains mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides and anionic sites detected at low (colloidal iron hydroxyde) and neutral (cationized ferritin) pH.", "PMID": 72610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4752", "title": "Somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the peripheral and central branches of dorsal root ganglion cells.", "content": "The axonal transport of HRP in both the peripheral and central branches of dorsal root ganglion cells was studied in rats. For studying axonal transport in the peripheral branch HRP as a dry substance was applied to the peroneal nerve injured either by teasing, by cutting or crushing. After a short survival time (22 h) mainly small spinal ganglion cells of the corresponding segments were labelled, while after a prolonged survival time (70 h) mainly large cells were labelled. These labelling differences are referred to different transport rates or to differences in the process of accumulation of HRP in neurons of various sizes. No evidence could be found for HRP transport from the peripheral into the central branch. Injection of HRP into the spinal cord (survival time 22 h) or into the dorsal column nuclei (survival time 46 h) was followed by labelling of numerous spinal ganglion cell perikarya of all sizes. Reaction product was found also within the prebifurcation segment of spinal ganglion cell processes. On the basis of light microscopic exploration only somatopetal transport could be detected.", "contents": "Somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the peripheral and central branches of dorsal root ganglion cells. The axonal transport of HRP in both the peripheral and central branches of dorsal root ganglion cells was studied in rats. For studying axonal transport in the peripheral branch HRP as a dry substance was applied to the peroneal nerve injured either by teasing, by cutting or crushing. After a short survival time (22 h) mainly small spinal ganglion cells of the corresponding segments were labelled, while after a prolonged survival time (70 h) mainly large cells were labelled. These labelling differences are referred to different transport rates or to differences in the process of accumulation of HRP in neurons of various sizes. No evidence could be found for HRP transport from the peripheral into the central branch. Injection of HRP into the spinal cord (survival time 22 h) or into the dorsal column nuclei (survival time 46 h) was followed by labelling of numerous spinal ganglion cell perikarya of all sizes. Reaction product was found also within the prebifurcation segment of spinal ganglion cell processes. On the basis of light microscopic exploration only somatopetal transport could be detected.", "PMID": 72611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4753", "title": "Localization of serum-derived alpha 2 macroglobulin in cultured cells and decrease after Moloney sarcoma virus transformation.", "content": "NRK cells and many other cultured fibroblasts were found to contain the protease inhibitor, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M). This alpha 2M is present as a result of uptake of alpha 2M from the calf serum in the culture medium. Some of this alpha 2M is released back into the medium. In radiolabeling experiments with 14C-amino acids, no radioactivity was detected in intracellular or extracellular alpha 2M. Fluorescence microscopy of fixed cells using rhodamine-labeled antibodies indicated that alpha 2M is present in vesicular organelles different from primary lysosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of living cells shows that rhodamine-labeled alpha 2M (rhodamine-alpha 2M) is taken up into similar structures. Of the many cell lines examined, Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed cells had the lowest amounts of alpha 2M. Some of the effects of serum on the behavior of cultured cells could be a consequence of inhibition of cellular proteases by alpha 2M.", "contents": "Localization of serum-derived alpha 2 macroglobulin in cultured cells and decrease after Moloney sarcoma virus transformation. NRK cells and many other cultured fibroblasts were found to contain the protease inhibitor, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M). This alpha 2M is present as a result of uptake of alpha 2M from the calf serum in the culture medium. Some of this alpha 2M is released back into the medium. In radiolabeling experiments with 14C-amino acids, no radioactivity was detected in intracellular or extracellular alpha 2M. Fluorescence microscopy of fixed cells using rhodamine-labeled antibodies indicated that alpha 2M is present in vesicular organelles different from primary lysosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of living cells shows that rhodamine-labeled alpha 2M (rhodamine-alpha 2M) is taken up into similar structures. Of the many cell lines examined, Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed cells had the lowest amounts of alpha 2M. Some of the effects of serum on the behavior of cultured cells could be a consequence of inhibition of cellular proteases by alpha 2M.", "PMID": 72612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4754", "title": "Properties of a P70 proteolytic factor of murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "Murine leukemia viruses, such as Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), contain a proteolytic factor which becomes activated after detergent treatment of the virus. This factor specifically cleaves P70, the gag precursor polyprotein which is enriched for in preparations of immature virus core subparticles. The factor has been partially purified on Sephadex G-75 columns. It has a molecular weight of 10,000-12,000 daltons but does not coincide in elution position with the major peaks of the viral polypeptides p10 or p12. Under optimal conditions, that is 2% NP-40 (v/v), 10 mM DTT, (pH 7.2) and incubation for 16 hr at 22 degrees C, cleavage of labeled P70 occurs and increasing amounts of the four gag polypeptides p30, p15, p12 and p10 are obtained. The P70 cleavage activity is blocked by TLCK, TAME, CBZ-lysine and other lysyl-containing protease inhibitors. Further, the CBZ-lysine inhibition is reversible, while an inhibition by phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is irreversible. These inhibition studies suggest that a similarity exists between the P70 proteolytic factor and some serine proteases, such as trypsin. The cleavage pattern of P70-rich immature cores treated with trypsin or chymotrypsin is different from that obtained with the P70 proteolytic factor. Thus murine leukemia virions apparently contain a unique, highly specific protease which is present in small amounts and cleaves P70.", "contents": "Properties of a P70 proteolytic factor of murine leukemia viruses. Murine leukemia viruses, such as Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), contain a proteolytic factor which becomes activated after detergent treatment of the virus. This factor specifically cleaves P70, the gag precursor polyprotein which is enriched for in preparations of immature virus core subparticles. The factor has been partially purified on Sephadex G-75 columns. It has a molecular weight of 10,000-12,000 daltons but does not coincide in elution position with the major peaks of the viral polypeptides p10 or p12. Under optimal conditions, that is 2% NP-40 (v/v), 10 mM DTT, (pH 7.2) and incubation for 16 hr at 22 degrees C, cleavage of labeled P70 occurs and increasing amounts of the four gag polypeptides p30, p15, p12 and p10 are obtained. The P70 cleavage activity is blocked by TLCK, TAME, CBZ-lysine and other lysyl-containing protease inhibitors. Further, the CBZ-lysine inhibition is reversible, while an inhibition by phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is irreversible. These inhibition studies suggest that a similarity exists between the P70 proteolytic factor and some serine proteases, such as trypsin. The cleavage pattern of P70-rich immature cores treated with trypsin or chymotrypsin is different from that obtained with the P70 proteolytic factor. Thus murine leukemia virions apparently contain a unique, highly specific protease which is present in small amounts and cleaves P70.", "PMID": 72613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4755", "title": "[Palliative treatment of liver neoplasms I: localized infusion of antimitotics: premises, technical procedure and limitations].", "content": "A hepatic localised antiblastic chemotherapic technique combining limited discomfort for patients with appreciable palliative results is illustrated; a short description of the surgical procedure of intubation of the hepatic artery itself and of some auxiliary procedures is given. Lastly the possible complications and the results are illustrated.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of liver neoplasms I: localized infusion of antimitotics: premises, technical procedure and limitations]. A hepatic localised antiblastic chemotherapic technique combining limited discomfort for patients with appreciable palliative results is illustrated; a short description of the surgical procedure of intubation of the hepatic artery itself and of some auxiliary procedures is given. Lastly the possible complications and the results are illustrated.", "PMID": 72617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4756", "title": "[Palliative treatment of liver neoplasms II: dearterialization of the liver: indications, premises, technic and limitations].", "content": "Hepatic arterial vascularisation, as described by Michels in 1954, is outlined; the importance of selective angiography in preparation of the hepatic de-arterialisation operation is then stressed, and its theoretical foundations and the surgical technique are illustrated; other procedures which can usefully be combined are also indicated. Lastly an evaluation of the limits and results of this therapy is given.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of liver neoplasms II: dearterialization of the liver: indications, premises, technic and limitations]. Hepatic arterial vascularisation, as described by Michels in 1954, is outlined; the importance of selective angiography in preparation of the hepatic de-arterialisation operation is then stressed, and its theoretical foundations and the surgical technique are illustrated; other procedures which can usefully be combined are also indicated. Lastly an evaluation of the limits and results of this therapy is given.", "PMID": 72618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4757", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The technique of isoelectric focusing has been adapted for rapid clinical analysis for globulins in cerebrospinal fluid with use of commercially prepared horizontal-slab acrylamide gels. The globulin fraction is concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, which allows more of the relevant protein to be applied, use of a wider range of total protein concentrations, and higher resolution than is true for previously described methods. Critical variables include a constant concentration and volume of IgG, a constant low temperature of the acrylamide gel, and sensitive staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. The apparatus used is adaptable for other electrophoretic procedures in the clinical laboratory, and the use of commercially prepared gel slabs is more convenient, more reproducible, and requires less time than other methods.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. The technique of isoelectric focusing has been adapted for rapid clinical analysis for globulins in cerebrospinal fluid with use of commercially prepared horizontal-slab acrylamide gels. The globulin fraction is concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, which allows more of the relevant protein to be applied, use of a wider range of total protein concentrations, and higher resolution than is true for previously described methods. Critical variables include a constant concentration and volume of IgG, a constant low temperature of the acrylamide gel, and sensitive staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. The apparatus used is adaptable for other electrophoretic procedures in the clinical laboratory, and the use of commercially prepared gel slabs is more convenient, more reproducible, and requires less time than other methods.", "PMID": 72619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4758", "title": "Acute-phase proteins from the liver and enzymes from myocardial infarction; a quantitative relationship.", "content": "In 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction (M.I.) not having any other disease, the possible quantitative relationship between enzymes from M.I. and changes in concentration of acute phase reactants coming from the liver were studied. The patients were followed up until 1 1/2 years after M.I. and comparison of baseline-protein values took place using a control group of 18 healthy individuals. Quantitation of protein changes was done by planimetric determination of the area under the concentration curve and by taking peak values. The myocardial infarction was quantitatively estimated by mathematical analysis of the time course of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH) plasma concentrations and by taking peak values. A quantitative relationship with enzymatic infarct size was found for haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and E.S.R. Albumin and transferrin did not show a negative quantitative relationship with enzymatic infarct size. Humoral factors originating from the site of tissue injury and evoking in proportion a positive acute phase reaction by the liver are probably the basis for this observed quantitative relationship.", "contents": "Acute-phase proteins from the liver and enzymes from myocardial infarction; a quantitative relationship. In 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction (M.I.) not having any other disease, the possible quantitative relationship between enzymes from M.I. and changes in concentration of acute phase reactants coming from the liver were studied. The patients were followed up until 1 1/2 years after M.I. and comparison of baseline-protein values took place using a control group of 18 healthy individuals. Quantitation of protein changes was done by planimetric determination of the area under the concentration curve and by taking peak values. The myocardial infarction was quantitatively estimated by mathematical analysis of the time course of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH) plasma concentrations and by taking peak values. A quantitative relationship with enzymatic infarct size was found for haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and E.S.R. Albumin and transferrin did not show a negative quantitative relationship with enzymatic infarct size. Humoral factors originating from the site of tissue injury and evoking in proportion a positive acute phase reaction by the liver are probably the basis for this observed quantitative relationship.", "PMID": 72620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4759", "title": "[Artistic production in epilepsy].", "content": "In the epileptic's relation to the world, there is--as a particular way of being--an opposition between two constitutive moments: the world of the dark mass and the world of the light tone of colour as moments of an entirety. This can be seen symbolically in pictures as a contrast between light with an upward trend towards heaven and darkness as an earthy mass with a downward tendency. The two worlds are one at the same time, with diverging trends coexisting in a dynamically flowing organic interrelationship. This is combined with a specific religious atmosphere. From this point of view the attempt is made to gain an understanding of the condition of being ill with epilepsy.", "contents": "[Artistic production in epilepsy]. In the epileptic's relation to the world, there is--as a particular way of being--an opposition between two constitutive moments: the world of the dark mass and the world of the light tone of colour as moments of an entirety. This can be seen symbolically in pictures as a contrast between light with an upward trend towards heaven and darkness as an earthy mass with a downward tendency. The two worlds are one at the same time, with diverging trends coexisting in a dynamically flowing organic interrelationship. This is combined with a specific religious atmosphere. From this point of view the attempt is made to gain an understanding of the condition of being ill with epilepsy.", "PMID": 72630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4760", "title": "Prolonged administration of bleomycin without clinical toxicity. Therapy with 2,700 units over four years.", "content": "A 26-year-old white man with stage 4-B Hodgkin's disease resistant to conventional chemotherapy obtained complete remission with administration of bleomycin. Maintenance of this remission required continued therapy with bleomycin. The patient received a total of 2,700 units of bleomycin over a 51-month period without signs or symptoms of pulmonary toxicity. Serial studies of pulmonary function have shown a stable forced vital capacity and minimally decreased total lung volume and pulmonary diffusing capacity. This case demonstrates the ability of a patient to tolerate massive cumulative doses ob bleomycin over a protracted period without severe loss of pulmonary function.", "contents": "Prolonged administration of bleomycin without clinical toxicity. Therapy with 2,700 units over four years. A 26-year-old white man with stage 4-B Hodgkin's disease resistant to conventional chemotherapy obtained complete remission with administration of bleomycin. Maintenance of this remission required continued therapy with bleomycin. The patient received a total of 2,700 units of bleomycin over a 51-month period without signs or symptoms of pulmonary toxicity. Serial studies of pulmonary function have shown a stable forced vital capacity and minimally decreased total lung volume and pulmonary diffusing capacity. This case demonstrates the ability of a patient to tolerate massive cumulative doses ob bleomycin over a protracted period without severe loss of pulmonary function.", "PMID": 72636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4761", "title": "Differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids after extraction with acids.", "content": "Chromosomes of Chinese hamster strain cells were air-dried on slides after BrdU substitution for two or three rounds of replication. The preparations were treated with 20% PCA at 55 degrees C for 20-30 min, or 5N HCl at 55 degrees C for 15-20 min. After staining with Giemsa, unifilarly BrdU-substituted chromatids stained faintly and bifilarly substituted chromatids stained darkly. Such a pattern of sister chromatid differential staining was confirmed by the examination of metaphase cells grown with BrdU for three rounds of replication.", "contents": "Differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids after extraction with acids. Chromosomes of Chinese hamster strain cells were air-dried on slides after BrdU substitution for two or three rounds of replication. The preparations were treated with 20% PCA at 55 degrees C for 20-30 min, or 5N HCl at 55 degrees C for 15-20 min. After staining with Giemsa, unifilarly BrdU-substituted chromatids stained faintly and bifilarly substituted chromatids stained darkly. Such a pattern of sister chromatid differential staining was confirmed by the examination of metaphase cells grown with BrdU for three rounds of replication.", "PMID": 72637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4762", "title": "R-banding produced by DNase I digestion of chromomycin-stained chromosomes.", "content": "A distinct reverse (R-) banding pattern was produced on human chromosomes by digesting chromosome spreads with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in the presence of an excess of chromomycin A3 (CMA), followed by staining with Giemsa. The banding pattern corresponds with that obtained by chromomycin A3 fluorescence, and bands which fluorescence brightly with chromomycin appear darkly with Giemsa. The same relationship was observed in two plants, Scilla siberica and Ornithogalum caudatum, which have contrasting types of heterochromatin. Chromomycin bright C-bands stained darkly with the CMA/DNase I technique, whereas chromomycin negative C-bands appeared lightly stained. The digestion patterns are thought to reflect the variation in chromomycin binding capacity along the chromosome with R-bands and dark C-bands being sites which preferentially bind the antibiotic.", "contents": "R-banding produced by DNase I digestion of chromomycin-stained chromosomes. A distinct reverse (R-) banding pattern was produced on human chromosomes by digesting chromosome spreads with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in the presence of an excess of chromomycin A3 (CMA), followed by staining with Giemsa. The banding pattern corresponds with that obtained by chromomycin A3 fluorescence, and bands which fluorescence brightly with chromomycin appear darkly with Giemsa. The same relationship was observed in two plants, Scilla siberica and Ornithogalum caudatum, which have contrasting types of heterochromatin. Chromomycin bright C-bands stained darkly with the CMA/DNase I technique, whereas chromomycin negative C-bands appeared lightly stained. The digestion patterns are thought to reflect the variation in chromomycin binding capacity along the chromosome with R-bands and dark C-bands being sites which preferentially bind the antibiotic.", "PMID": 72638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4763", "title": "[Acquired agammaglobulinaemia with predominantly intestinal symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 45-year-old female patient primary acquired agammaglobulinaemia was diagnosed. Intestinal symptoms predominated. The disease was characterized by a B-cell defect. Substitution with gamma-globulin (Beriglobin) practically cured the symptoms. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unexplained.", "contents": "[Acquired agammaglobulinaemia with predominantly intestinal symptoms (author's transl)]. In a 45-year-old female patient primary acquired agammaglobulinaemia was diagnosed. Intestinal symptoms predominated. The disease was characterized by a B-cell defect. Substitution with gamma-globulin (Beriglobin) practically cured the symptoms. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unexplained.", "PMID": 72639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4764", "title": "[Immunological changes during hydrotherapy].", "content": "Immunological tests were performed in 34 patients undergoing hydrotherapy according to Kneipp. IgM, alpha2-macroglobulin and complement factor C3 concentrations were increased after this treatment, but not in ten healthy volunteers. Specific antibody activities (staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci) remained unchanged. After intracutaneous testing with different protein and bacterial antigens reactions were significantly more intense (diameter of reaction) after hydrotherapy, while total number of reacting patients remained the same. Pokeweed stimulation ratio was increased in the lymphocyte transformation test, while PHA and PPD stimulation rates remained unaltered.", "contents": "[Immunological changes during hydrotherapy]. Immunological tests were performed in 34 patients undergoing hydrotherapy according to Kneipp. IgM, alpha2-macroglobulin and complement factor C3 concentrations were increased after this treatment, but not in ten healthy volunteers. Specific antibody activities (staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci) remained unchanged. After intracutaneous testing with different protein and bacterial antigens reactions were significantly more intense (diameter of reaction) after hydrotherapy, while total number of reacting patients remained the same. Pokeweed stimulation ratio was increased in the lymphocyte transformation test, while PHA and PPD stimulation rates remained unaltered.", "PMID": 72641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4765", "title": "Far field somatosensory evoked potentials in the cat.", "content": "Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after forepaw stimulation were recorded from skull electrodes in the cat. The cortical component of the SEP was preceded by four far-field potentials (Component I, II, III, IV). A study of these components suggests that: (1) Component I originates in the cervical spinal cord; (2) Component II is generated in the nucleus cuneatus and/or medial lemniscus; (3) Component III-A recorded widely over the skull probably reflects activity in the cerebellum and/or cerebellar pathways; (4) Component III-B seen over the somato-sensory area results from superposition of component III-A and activity in the ventral posterior nucleus of the  thalamus and (5) Component IV orginates in the sensory radiation with some contribution from the thalamus.", "contents": "Far field somatosensory evoked potentials in the cat. Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after forepaw stimulation were recorded from skull electrodes in the cat. The cortical component of the SEP was preceded by four far-field potentials (Component I, II, III, IV). A study of these components suggests that: (1) Component I originates in the cervical spinal cord; (2) Component II is generated in the nucleus cuneatus and/or medial lemniscus; (3) Component III-A recorded widely over the skull probably reflects activity in the cerebellum and/or cerebellar pathways; (4) Component III-B seen over the somato-sensory area results from superposition of component III-A and activity in the ventral posterior nucleus of the  thalamus and (5) Component IV orginates in the sensory radiation with some contribution from the thalamus.", "PMID": 72644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4766", "title": "Memory retention of stimulations during REM and NREM stages of sleep.", "content": "In 51 normal young female subjects, stimulation by name calling or by intermittent photic stimulation was given during sleep. At different intervals after the stimulation, the subject was awakened and asked if she could recall it. If alpha activity had not been elicited by the stimulus, there was no recall. If the time occupied by alpha activity evoked by the stimulation was more than 30 sec, the stimulus could be recalled after a long period of sleep. When the evoked alpha activity lasted for less than 30 sec and the subject slept again, the longer the evoked alpha activity, the longer the sleeping time span with the memory retention of the preceding stimulation. With equal durations of evoked alpha activity, retention of the stimulus was better when the sleep following was REM stage than when it was NREM stage (stage 2). The results might be explained by the assumption that process of consolidation takes place most rapidly during wakefulness and is inhibited during sleep but to a lesser degree during REM stage than during NREM stage (stage 2).", "contents": "Memory retention of stimulations during REM and NREM stages of sleep. In 51 normal young female subjects, stimulation by name calling or by intermittent photic stimulation was given during sleep. At different intervals after the stimulation, the subject was awakened and asked if she could recall it. If alpha activity had not been elicited by the stimulus, there was no recall. If the time occupied by alpha activity evoked by the stimulation was more than 30 sec, the stimulus could be recalled after a long period of sleep. When the evoked alpha activity lasted for less than 30 sec and the subject slept again, the longer the evoked alpha activity, the longer the sleeping time span with the memory retention of the preceding stimulation. With equal durations of evoked alpha activity, retention of the stimulus was better when the sleep following was REM stage than when it was NREM stage (stage 2). The results might be explained by the assumption that process of consolidation takes place most rapidly during wakefulness and is inhibited during sleep but to a lesser degree during REM stage than during NREM stage (stage 2).", "PMID": 72645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4767", "title": "Differential effects of cortical speading depression on epileptic foci induced by various convulsants.", "content": "Interaction between epileptic foci and spreading depression (SD) was studied in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized with Nembutal. At comparable discharge rates, picrotoxin and penicillin caused complete and partial SD blockade respectively, strychnine and Metrazol were ineffective and Aldactone facilitated SD. Conversely, the duration of SD-induced blockade of epileptic activity was maximal for Aldactone and minimal for picrotoxin. Treatment of the picrotoxin focus with tetrodotoxin (10(-4)M) reduced the discharge rate and reinstated SD propagation into the focus. [K+]e measured with ion-selective K+ electrodes 1 mm below the cortical surface increased to 8 mM in penicillin foci blocking SD and remained below 5 mM in Aldactone foci. It is concluded that the differential effect of various convulsants on SD propagation depends on the potassium concentration in the depth of the focus rather than on the discharge rate or on the mechanism of the the epileptogenic effect.", "contents": "Differential effects of cortical speading depression on epileptic foci induced by various convulsants. Interaction between epileptic foci and spreading depression (SD) was studied in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized with Nembutal. At comparable discharge rates, picrotoxin and penicillin caused complete and partial SD blockade respectively, strychnine and Metrazol were ineffective and Aldactone facilitated SD. Conversely, the duration of SD-induced blockade of epileptic activity was maximal for Aldactone and minimal for picrotoxin. Treatment of the picrotoxin focus with tetrodotoxin (10(-4)M) reduced the discharge rate and reinstated SD propagation into the focus. [K+]e measured with ion-selective K+ electrodes 1 mm below the cortical surface increased to 8 mM in penicillin foci blocking SD and remained below 5 mM in Aldactone foci. It is concluded that the differential effect of various convulsants on SD propagation depends on the potassium concentration in the depth of the focus rather than on the discharge rate or on the mechanism of the the epileptogenic effect.", "PMID": 72646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4768", "title": "Modification of amygdalo-cortical evoked potentials by kindling and pentetrazol-induced generalized convulsions in cats.", "content": "Amygdalo-cortical pathways were studied in control cats, kindled cats and pentetrazol-injected cats by the evoked potential method. An increase in amplitude of suprasylvian cortical evoked potentials to stimulation of the amygdala was observed in the kindled group and in the pentetrazol group. Moreover, evoked potentials to stimulation of the amygdala appeared at the sigmoid gyrus after generalized convulsions in the kindled group and after pentetrazol in the other group. These modifications were permanent in the kindled group while they were only transient in the pentetrazol group.", "contents": "Modification of amygdalo-cortical evoked potentials by kindling and pentetrazol-induced generalized convulsions in cats. Amygdalo-cortical pathways were studied in control cats, kindled cats and pentetrazol-injected cats by the evoked potential method. An increase in amplitude of suprasylvian cortical evoked potentials to stimulation of the amygdala was observed in the kindled group and in the pentetrazol group. Moreover, evoked potentials to stimulation of the amygdala appeared at the sigmoid gyrus after generalized convulsions in the kindled group and after pentetrazol in the other group. These modifications were permanent in the kindled group while they were only transient in the pentetrazol group.", "PMID": 72647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4769", "title": "Sleep studies on canine narcolepsy: pattern and cycle comparisons between affected and normal dogs.", "content": "Two narcoleptic and 2 normal poodle or mixed poodle dogs were polygraphically monitored for 48 h with one narcoleptic and one normal monitored concurrently. Data were categorized by 15-sec epochs into wakefulness, light sleep, slow wave sleep, REM sleep, cataplexy (immobility preceded by wakefulness with partial or complete electromyographic quiescence and pronounced theta activity from subcortical leads), and atonia with no theta (15-30 sec periods like cataplexy but without theta). In narcoleptics we could see no gross differences between the polygraphic records of cataplexy and those of REM sleep; scoring distinctions between the two states depended on the antecedent state. Results indicated that narcoleptic dogs do not differ from normals with respect to percent of time spent in wakefulness (39.8% vs. 42.6%), light sleep (16.2% vs. 18.4%), or slow wave sleep (27.2% vs. 28.0%). Narcoleptic dogs spent slightly less time than normals in REM sleep (6.9% vs. 11.1%) and spend 9.1% and 0.8% of the recording time in cataplexy and atonia with no theta respectively. Normal dogs presented neither of these pathological states.", "contents": "Sleep studies on canine narcolepsy: pattern and cycle comparisons between affected and normal dogs. Two narcoleptic and 2 normal poodle or mixed poodle dogs were polygraphically monitored for 48 h with one narcoleptic and one normal monitored concurrently. Data were categorized by 15-sec epochs into wakefulness, light sleep, slow wave sleep, REM sleep, cataplexy (immobility preceded by wakefulness with partial or complete electromyographic quiescence and pronounced theta activity from subcortical leads), and atonia with no theta (15-30 sec periods like cataplexy but without theta). In narcoleptics we could see no gross differences between the polygraphic records of cataplexy and those of REM sleep; scoring distinctions between the two states depended on the antecedent state. Results indicated that narcoleptic dogs do not differ from normals with respect to percent of time spent in wakefulness (39.8% vs. 42.6%), light sleep (16.2% vs. 18.4%), or slow wave sleep (27.2% vs. 28.0%). Narcoleptic dogs spent slightly less time than normals in REM sleep (6.9% vs. 11.1%) and spend 9.1% and 0.8% of the recording time in cataplexy and atonia with no theta respectively. Normal dogs presented neither of these pathological states.", "PMID": 72649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4770", "title": "Effects of benzodiazepines on PGO firings and multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation in cats.", "content": "Effects of benzodiapines administered by the intraperitoneal route on PGO firings and multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation in chronic cat preparations were investigated at various levels of consciousness. Changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle induced by direct injection of benzodiazepines into the reticular formation were also investigated. Benzodiazepines markedly decreased multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation during each stage of sleep, but had little effect during behavioral and EEG arousal. Benzodiazepines did not affect PGO firing rate, but attenuated all increase of multiple unit activity following PGO firings. The bilateral injection of benzodiazepines into the midbrain reticular formation induced an increase of arousal and a decrease of slow wave sleep, but did not change the amount of paradoxical sleep. It is concluded that benzodiazepines show a mixture of depressant and facilitatory effects, which seem to vary with the state of consciousness of the animal.", "contents": "Effects of benzodiazepines on PGO firings and multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation in cats. Effects of benzodiapines administered by the intraperitoneal route on PGO firings and multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation in chronic cat preparations were investigated at various levels of consciousness. Changes in the sleep-wakefulness cycle induced by direct injection of benzodiazepines into the reticular formation were also investigated. Benzodiazepines markedly decreased multiple unit activity in the midbrain reticular formation during each stage of sleep, but had little effect during behavioral and EEG arousal. Benzodiazepines did not affect PGO firing rate, but attenuated all increase of multiple unit activity following PGO firings. The bilateral injection of benzodiazepines into the midbrain reticular formation induced an increase of arousal and a decrease of slow wave sleep, but did not change the amount of paradoxical sleep. It is concluded that benzodiazepines show a mixture of depressant and facilitatory effects, which seem to vary with the state of consciousness of the animal.", "PMID": 72650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4771", "title": "Average multichannel EEG potential fields evoked from upper and lower hemi-retina: latency differences.", "content": "Checkerboard reversals shown to the upper hemiretina evoke EEG potentials which in anterior-posterior derivations are approximately inverted in polarity compared with potentials evoked by lower hemiretinal stimulation. Using a 48-channel system, EEG scalp field distributions of such responses were mapped. Examination of the map sequences shows that occipital positive maximal field values start to develop at about the same time in the two stimulus conditions, but peak much earlier and somewhat more anteriorly for upper than for lower hemiretinal stimulation. Thus, there is a difference of response latency in the two conditions, which accounts for the approximate inversion of polarity. Possible correlations with reports of higher receptor cell density, higher visual acuity, and shorter motor reaction time of the upper hemiretinal system are noted.", "contents": "Average multichannel EEG potential fields evoked from upper and lower hemi-retina: latency differences. Checkerboard reversals shown to the upper hemiretina evoke EEG potentials which in anterior-posterior derivations are approximately inverted in polarity compared with potentials evoked by lower hemiretinal stimulation. Using a 48-channel system, EEG scalp field distributions of such responses were mapped. Examination of the map sequences shows that occipital positive maximal field values start to develop at about the same time in the two stimulus conditions, but peak much earlier and somewhat more anteriorly for upper than for lower hemiretinal stimulation. Thus, there is a difference of response latency in the two conditions, which accounts for the approximate inversion of polarity. Possible correlations with reports of higher receptor cell density, higher visual acuity, and shorter motor reaction time of the upper hemiretinal system are noted.", "PMID": 72652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4772", "title": "[Alterations of sleep caused by acute and chronic adminstration of lithium].", "content": "The sleep of 2 groups of subjects receiving lithium was studied. Ten normal controls after 17 days of lithium had a significant decrease of Paradoxical Sleep duration, with an increase of PS latency. A second group of 10 manic-depressive patients had received lithium for 22 +/- 6 months when they were recorded. They had a greater amount of slow wave sleep than the control group before lithium but the difference of PS duration was only related to a first night effect. Therefore sleep changes induced by lithium are different according to the duration of lithium administration. In any case they are less important than those induced by most of the anti-depressants.", "contents": "[Alterations of sleep caused by acute and chronic adminstration of lithium]. The sleep of 2 groups of subjects receiving lithium was studied. Ten normal controls after 17 days of lithium had a significant decrease of Paradoxical Sleep duration, with an increase of PS latency. A second group of 10 manic-depressive patients had received lithium for 22 +/- 6 months when they were recorded. They had a greater amount of slow wave sleep than the control group before lithium but the difference of PS duration was only related to a first night effect. Therefore sleep changes induced by lithium are different according to the duration of lithium administration. In any case they are less important than those induced by most of the anti-depressants.", "PMID": 72654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4773", "title": "A proposed methodology for evaluation of the Wiener filtering method of evoked potential estimation.", "content": "A method for comparing signal averaging and a posteriori Weiner filtering as noise reduction methods for evoked potential estimation is proposed.", "contents": "A proposed methodology for evaluation of the Wiener filtering method of evoked potential estimation. A method for comparing signal averaging and a posteriori Weiner filtering as noise reduction methods for evoked potential estimation is proposed.", "PMID": 72655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4774", "title": "Development of the single microelectrode current and voltage clamp for central nervous system neurons.", "content": "The development of a single microelectrode clamping circuit for central nervous system preparations is presented. The efficacy of the circuit in both current and voltage clamp modes is demonstrated by investigating the membrane properties of cat spinal motoneurons. Results are compared with those obtained using conventional techniques and reveal that this technique can be more readily applied to central nervous system neurons. The constraints invovled in employing this system to study time-varying events are also discussed.", "contents": "Development of the single microelectrode current and voltage clamp for central nervous system neurons. The development of a single microelectrode clamping circuit for central nervous system preparations is presented. The efficacy of the circuit in both current and voltage clamp modes is demonstrated by investigating the membrane properties of cat spinal motoneurons. Results are compared with those obtained using conventional techniques and reveal that this technique can be more readily applied to central nervous system neurons. The constraints invovled in employing this system to study time-varying events are also discussed.", "PMID": 72656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4775", "title": "Graphical display and statistical evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD).", "content": "A new method which enables quantification of event-related desynchronization (ERD) by measuring changes in the power of rhythmic activity within the alpha band during sensory stimulation and during the interstimulus interval of a CNV paradigm is described. For the processing, EEG trials recorded under the same stimulus conditions and with eyes closed are used. For the power changes, the statistical significance is tested with a non-parametric test. With the proposed method it is possible to measure very brief power changes of the order of 21 percent (corresponding to amplitude changes of 11%). An ERD may thus be observed in a restricted cortical region.", "contents": "Graphical display and statistical evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD). A new method which enables quantification of event-related desynchronization (ERD) by measuring changes in the power of rhythmic activity within the alpha band during sensory stimulation and during the interstimulus interval of a CNV paradigm is described. For the processing, EEG trials recorded under the same stimulus conditions and with eyes closed are used. For the power changes, the statistical significance is tested with a non-parametric test. With the proposed method it is possible to measure very brief power changes of the order of 21 percent (corresponding to amplitude changes of 11%). An ERD may thus be observed in a restricted cortical region.", "PMID": 72657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4776", "title": "Serum thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and free thyroid hormone indices in patients with familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.", "content": "The response in serum thyrotropin (TSH) to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as well as serum free thyroxine index (FT4I) and free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was investigated in six patients with familial thyroxine-binding-globulin (TBG) deficiency. The total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were significantly decreased, compared with those of normal subjects (3.4 +/- 0.9 microgram/dl, mean +/- SD. vs. 9.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl, p less than 0.01 and 87 +/- 27 ng/dl vs. 153 +/- 37 ng/dl, p less than 0.01, respectively). FT4I was lower than the normal range in all but one (5.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 8.9 +/- 1.6, p less than 0.01), whereas FT3I was all in the normal range and of no significant difference from the normal control (132 +/- 22 vs. 148 +/- 25). Serum TSH concentrations in TBG deficiency were all in the normal range (1.0-4.2 muU/ml) and the maximum TSH increments following TRH 500 microgram iv were 8.9 +/- 2.0 muU/ml and of no significant difference from the normal control (10.2 +/- 4.5 muU/ml). These results indicate that the euthyroid state in familial TBG deficiency is more clearly defined by TRH-test and the normal response to TRH in familial TBG deficiency is presumably under the control of the serum free T3 level rather than the serum free T4 level.", "contents": "Serum thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and free thyroid hormone indices in patients with familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency. The response in serum thyrotropin (TSH) to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) as well as serum free thyroxine index (FT4I) and free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was investigated in six patients with familial thyroxine-binding-globulin (TBG) deficiency. The total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were significantly decreased, compared with those of normal subjects (3.4 +/- 0.9 microgram/dl, mean +/- SD. vs. 9.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl, p less than 0.01 and 87 +/- 27 ng/dl vs. 153 +/- 37 ng/dl, p less than 0.01, respectively). FT4I was lower than the normal range in all but one (5.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 8.9 +/- 1.6, p less than 0.01), whereas FT3I was all in the normal range and of no significant difference from the normal control (132 +/- 22 vs. 148 +/- 25). Serum TSH concentrations in TBG deficiency were all in the normal range (1.0-4.2 muU/ml) and the maximum TSH increments following TRH 500 microgram iv were 8.9 +/- 2.0 muU/ml and of no significant difference from the normal control (10.2 +/- 4.5 muU/ml). These results indicate that the euthyroid state in familial TBG deficiency is more clearly defined by TRH-test and the normal response to TRH in familial TBG deficiency is presumably under the control of the serum free T3 level rather than the serum free T4 level.", "PMID": 72658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4777", "title": "Effects of total fasting in obese women. I. Response of the thyroid.", "content": "The values of serum T4, T3, T4/T3, RT3U, FT4I, PBI, ATR, TSH, 132I uptake and antibodies against thyreoglobulin were estimated in non-obese, healthy women and in obese women with a stabile body weight on total fasting of 14 days. Obesity with no dietary restriction compared with normal controls was accompanied by a tendency to higher serum levels of T4 and T3 and prolonged ATR. Other indicators of thyroid function remained unchanged. Total fasting led to a decrease of serum T3 and to an increase of FT4I and RT3U. The remaining tests were unchanged. These results are conform with a decreased transformation of T4 into T3 in the periphery. The participation of the hypothalamus and hypophysis to adaptation of the thyroid to fasting was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of total fasting in obese women. I. Response of the thyroid. The values of serum T4, T3, T4/T3, RT3U, FT4I, PBI, ATR, TSH, 132I uptake and antibodies against thyreoglobulin were estimated in non-obese, healthy women and in obese women with a stabile body weight on total fasting of 14 days. Obesity with no dietary restriction compared with normal controls was accompanied by a tendency to higher serum levels of T4 and T3 and prolonged ATR. Other indicators of thyroid function remained unchanged. Total fasting led to a decrease of serum T3 and to an increase of FT4I and RT3U. The remaining tests were unchanged. These results are conform with a decreased transformation of T4 into T3 in the periphery. The participation of the hypothalamus and hypophysis to adaptation of the thyroid to fasting was discussed.", "PMID": 72659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4778", "title": "Kinetics of refolding of completely reduced human-serum albumin. Regain of immunochemical reactivity.", "content": "The kinetics of refolding of completely reduced human serum albumin has been studied by various methods including immunological techniques. The decrease in thiol content is very rapid in the beginning of the reoxidation process and rather slow in the later stages. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies show that, in the earlier stages of refolding, the main part of the albumin is present as various oligomers and that a slow conversion to monomer occurs as reoxidation proceeds. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis shows that the completely reduced protein is devoid of native albumin antigenic determinants but that a rapid regain of immunoprecipitability is obtained upon reoxidation. A new 'consumption' rocket immunoelectrophoretic method has been used to estimate the total regain of antigenicity. The data obtained indicate that there is a preferential rapid folding to native structure in certain parts of the molecule but that areas with wrong or incomplete foldings exist a considerable time after the inital refolding period.", "contents": "Kinetics of refolding of completely reduced human-serum albumin. Regain of immunochemical reactivity. The kinetics of refolding of completely reduced human serum albumin has been studied by various methods including immunological techniques. The decrease in thiol content is very rapid in the beginning of the reoxidation process and rather slow in the later stages. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies show that, in the earlier stages of refolding, the main part of the albumin is present as various oligomers and that a slow conversion to monomer occurs as reoxidation proceeds. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis shows that the completely reduced protein is devoid of native albumin antigenic determinants but that a rapid regain of immunoprecipitability is obtained upon reoxidation. A new 'consumption' rocket immunoelectrophoretic method has been used to estimate the total regain of antigenicity. The data obtained indicate that there is a preferential rapid folding to native structure in certain parts of the molecule but that areas with wrong or incomplete foldings exist a considerable time after the inital refolding period.", "PMID": 72661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4779", "title": "Purification and further characterization of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from the allantoic fluid of leukosis-virus-free chicken eggs.", "content": "The purification of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from the allantoic fluid of uninfected, embryonated chicken eggs is described in detail. Comparison to the polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus shows that the two enzymes are different with respect to ion concentrations for optimal reaction, response to increasing concentrations of substrate, thermal stability and protection from thermal inactivation by viral RNA. It is concluded that the enzymes compared to each other are different proteins, which must have been coded by different genes. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the allantoic fluid, therefore, does not derive from the partial or complete expression of the endogenous virus genome of the normal chicken cell or from infection by exogenous viruses.", "contents": "Purification and further characterization of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from the allantoic fluid of leukosis-virus-free chicken eggs. The purification of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from the allantoic fluid of uninfected, embryonated chicken eggs is described in detail. Comparison to the polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus shows that the two enzymes are different with respect to ion concentrations for optimal reaction, response to increasing concentrations of substrate, thermal stability and protection from thermal inactivation by viral RNA. It is concluded that the enzymes compared to each other are different proteins, which must have been coded by different genes. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the allantoic fluid, therefore, does not derive from the partial or complete expression of the endogenous virus genome of the normal chicken cell or from infection by exogenous viruses.", "PMID": 72662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4780", "title": "Biochemical markers of the progress of differentiation in cloned teratocarcinoma cell lines.", "content": "The progeny of single teratocarcinoma cells will give rise to several different cell types in vitro, and the latter were shown to be functionally differentiated by biochemical criteria. In all these studies, cloned lines of mouse teratocarcinoma cells were assayed during the course of differentiation for some biochemical products characteristic of the tissues formed. The carcinoembryonic protein, alpha-foetoprotein, was not synthesized by undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, but was synthesized in increasing amounts during their differentiation to endoderm-type cells in suspension culture. alpha-Foetoprotein was shown to be a product of endoderm cells, but not all endoderm cells synthesized this protein. During the course of further differentiation when EC cells or aggregates were grown in tissue-culture dishes, other biochemical products appeared. In cultures containing predominantly nerve-type cells, there was a 30-fold increase in the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase, with concomitant appearance of the aldolase isoenzyme characteristic of mouse brain. In some cultures, a small amount of muscle-type cell formation was marked by the appearance of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Generally, biochemical differentiation was immature.", "contents": "Biochemical markers of the progress of differentiation in cloned teratocarcinoma cell lines. The progeny of single teratocarcinoma cells will give rise to several different cell types in vitro, and the latter were shown to be functionally differentiated by biochemical criteria. In all these studies, cloned lines of mouse teratocarcinoma cells were assayed during the course of differentiation for some biochemical products characteristic of the tissues formed. The carcinoembryonic protein, alpha-foetoprotein, was not synthesized by undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, but was synthesized in increasing amounts during their differentiation to endoderm-type cells in suspension culture. alpha-Foetoprotein was shown to be a product of endoderm cells, but not all endoderm cells synthesized this protein. During the course of further differentiation when EC cells or aggregates were grown in tissue-culture dishes, other biochemical products appeared. In cultures containing predominantly nerve-type cells, there was a 30-fold increase in the specific activity of acetylcholinesterase, with concomitant appearance of the aldolase isoenzyme characteristic of mouse brain. In some cultures, a small amount of muscle-type cell formation was marked by the appearance of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Generally, biochemical differentiation was immature.", "PMID": 72666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4781", "title": "57-cobalt-bleomycin as a tumor scanning agent in primary hepatocellular cancer.", "content": "57Co-bleomycin and 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were performed in 13 southern African black patients with primary hepatocellular cancer (PHC) and 3 patients with other space-occupying hepatic lesions. Selective concentration of 57Co-bleomycin in the defect or defects seen on the 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan occurred in only 4 of the 13 (31%) patients with PHC. In the remaining PHC patients, as well as in the 2 patients with metastatic liver disease and the 1 patient with an amebic liver abscess, the 57 Co-bleomycin and 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were identical. 57Co-bleomycin appears to have only a limited place as a tumor-seeking agent in the diagnosis of PHC in southern African blacks.", "contents": "57-cobalt-bleomycin as a tumor scanning agent in primary hepatocellular cancer. 57Co-bleomycin and 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were performed in 13 southern African black patients with primary hepatocellular cancer (PHC) and 3 patients with other space-occupying hepatic lesions. Selective concentration of 57Co-bleomycin in the defect or defects seen on the 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan occurred in only 4 of the 13 (31%) patients with PHC. In the remaining PHC patients, as well as in the 2 patients with metastatic liver disease and the 1 patient with an amebic liver abscess, the 57 Co-bleomycin and 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were identical. 57Co-bleomycin appears to have only a limited place as a tumor-seeking agent in the diagnosis of PHC in southern African blacks.", "PMID": 72667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4782", "title": "The possible role of vasoactive substances for the hemodynamic effects of rapidly injected antilymphocyte globulin.", "content": "A rapid intravenous injection of ALG into splenectomized dogs induced an almost complete elimination of lymphocytes and an extensive but partly reversible thrombocytopenia during which platelets were trapped in the lung. During this trapping there was a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, pulmonary blood volume and cardiac output concomitant with a marked increase in the portal pressure. The pulmonary arterial pressure remained unchanged. The hemodynamic effects are probably caused by a release of vasoactive substances which induced a decreased venous return from splanchnic pooling and statis. Prostaglandins and histamine seem to play a dominant role, since Aspirin, promethazine and 48/80 markedly reduced the side-effects.", "contents": "The possible role of vasoactive substances for the hemodynamic effects of rapidly injected antilymphocyte globulin. A rapid intravenous injection of ALG into splenectomized dogs induced an almost complete elimination of lymphocytes and an extensive but partly reversible thrombocytopenia during which platelets were trapped in the lung. During this trapping there was a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, pulmonary blood volume and cardiac output concomitant with a marked increase in the portal pressure. The pulmonary arterial pressure remained unchanged. The hemodynamic effects are probably caused by a release of vasoactive substances which induced a decreased venous return from splanchnic pooling and statis. Prostaglandins and histamine seem to play a dominant role, since Aspirin, promethazine and 48/80 markedly reduced the side-effects.", "PMID": 72668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4783", "title": "Human B cell line deficient in the expression of B cell-specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35).", "content": "A human B lymphoid cell line, P3HR-1, expresses only low levels of the 27 000 and 35 000 mol.wt. B cell-specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35). Indirect antibody-binding and quantitative absorption tests with a xenoantiserum against the antigens showed that P3HR-1 cells have on their surface about 1% of the amount found on other human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The deficit of the glycoproteins on the surface of P3HR-1 cells could be accounted for by a reduced rate of synthesis in these cells. A simple relationship between the reduced expression of GP 27,35 on P3HR-1 cells and their inability to bind Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or express complement receptors was excluded because other B lymphoid cells which expressed neither virus-binding sites nor complement receptor had normal amounts of GP 27,35 on their surface. However, antibodies against GP 27,35 could block the absorption of EBV by EBV receptor-positive B cells.", "contents": "Human B cell line deficient in the expression of B cell-specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35). A human B lymphoid cell line, P3HR-1, expresses only low levels of the 27 000 and 35 000 mol.wt. B cell-specific glycoproteins (GP 27,35). Indirect antibody-binding and quantitative absorption tests with a xenoantiserum against the antigens showed that P3HR-1 cells have on their surface about 1% of the amount found on other human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The deficit of the glycoproteins on the surface of P3HR-1 cells could be accounted for by a reduced rate of synthesis in these cells. A simple relationship between the reduced expression of GP 27,35 on P3HR-1 cells and their inability to bind Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or express complement receptors was excluded because other B lymphoid cells which expressed neither virus-binding sites nor complement receptor had normal amounts of GP 27,35 on their surface. However, antibodies against GP 27,35 could block the absorption of EBV by EBV receptor-positive B cells.", "PMID": 72671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4784", "title": "Role of epitope density in the induction of immunity and tolerance with thymus-independent antigens. IV. Selective tolerance and IgE response by DNP-levan conjugates.", "content": "Tolerance induction of IgE antibody-forming cells by dinitrophenylated levan (DNP-LE) conjugates was investigated in CBA mice. Antibody production was measured by passive coutaneous anaphylaxis on rat skin. Specific antibody neutralization was obtained with conjugates of different substitution degrees. Specific inhibition of IgE antibody production was obtained only with highly substituted conjugates. However, the epitope density required for inducing tolerance to antibody synthesis of the IgE class was lower than for other classes of immunoglobulins. The tolerance induced by DNP-LE was shown to affect only the anti-DNP B cells of IgE class without T cell participation. These results demonstrate that B cell precursors of all Ig classes are susceptible to tolerance induction and not to triggering by T-independent antigens.", "contents": "Role of epitope density in the induction of immunity and tolerance with thymus-independent antigens. IV. Selective tolerance and IgE response by DNP-levan conjugates. Tolerance induction of IgE antibody-forming cells by dinitrophenylated levan (DNP-LE) conjugates was investigated in CBA mice. Antibody production was measured by passive coutaneous anaphylaxis on rat skin. Specific antibody neutralization was obtained with conjugates of different substitution degrees. Specific inhibition of IgE antibody production was obtained only with highly substituted conjugates. However, the epitope density required for inducing tolerance to antibody synthesis of the IgE class was lower than for other classes of immunoglobulins. The tolerance induced by DNP-LE was shown to affect only the anti-DNP B cells of IgE class without T cell participation. These results demonstrate that B cell precursors of all Ig classes are susceptible to tolerance induction and not to triggering by T-independent antigens.", "PMID": 72672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4785", "title": "Characterization of syngeneic anti-idiotypic antibody against the idiotype fo BALB/c myeloma protein J558.", "content": "BALB/c mice were immunized against the idiotype of BALB/c myeloma J55,. Syngeneic, specific anti-idiotypic antibodies against this germ line idiotype were shown by the isoelectric focusing technique to be markedly heterogeneous. In fact, the heterogeneity of isogeneic anti-idiotypic sera appeared to be comparable to those of allogeneic anti-J558 sera, raised in A/J and CB20 mice. As a rule, individual mice exhibit different clonal spectra. By spleen cell transfer experiments, each individual spectrum of clones could be expanded in order to arrive at an estimate of the size of anti-idiotypic repertoires. These were found to be of the order of 7-16 different anti-idiotypic clones for an individual BALB/c mouse. From the infrequency of clonal repetition we conclude that the repertoire of the BALB/c strain must be well in excess of one hundred anti-idiotypic molecular species.", "contents": "Characterization of syngeneic anti-idiotypic antibody against the idiotype fo BALB/c myeloma protein J558. BALB/c mice were immunized against the idiotype of BALB/c myeloma J55,. Syngeneic, specific anti-idiotypic antibodies against this germ line idiotype were shown by the isoelectric focusing technique to be markedly heterogeneous. In fact, the heterogeneity of isogeneic anti-idiotypic sera appeared to be comparable to those of allogeneic anti-J558 sera, raised in A/J and CB20 mice. As a rule, individual mice exhibit different clonal spectra. By spleen cell transfer experiments, each individual spectrum of clones could be expanded in order to arrive at an estimate of the size of anti-idiotypic repertoires. These were found to be of the order of 7-16 different anti-idiotypic clones for an individual BALB/c mouse. From the infrequency of clonal repetition we conclude that the repertoire of the BALB/c strain must be well in excess of one hundred anti-idiotypic molecular species.", "PMID": 72673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4786", "title": "Antigenic correlation between rat thymus and superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "By using rabbit anti-rat thymocyte and anti-rat superior cervical ganglion sera in cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence and absorption assays, it has been shown that surface membranes of rat thymocytes and cervical ganglion cells (i.e. peripheral nervous tissue cells) contain common antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Antigenic correlation between rat thymus and superior cervical ganglion. By using rabbit anti-rat thymocyte and anti-rat superior cervical ganglion sera in cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence and absorption assays, it has been shown that surface membranes of rat thymocytes and cervical ganglion cells (i.e. peripheral nervous tissue cells) contain common antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 72682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4787", "title": "Gastrin: obligatory intermediate in the postprandial mobilization of gastric histamine in the rat.", "content": "In unoperated fasted rats, feeding raised the serum gastrin concentration, reduced the gastric mucosal histamine content and activated the gastric histidine decarboxylase. The reduction of gastric histamine and activation of histidine decarboxylase was induced also by the injection of pentagastrin. In antrectomized rats, feeding failed to produce these effects. Injection of pentagastrin, however, still lowered gastric histamine and activated gastric histidine decarboxylase. Thus, antral gastrin seems to be an obligatory mediator of the postprandial activation of histidine decarboxylase and mobilization of histamine.", "contents": "Gastrin: obligatory intermediate in the postprandial mobilization of gastric histamine in the rat. In unoperated fasted rats, feeding raised the serum gastrin concentration, reduced the gastric mucosal histamine content and activated the gastric histidine decarboxylase. The reduction of gastric histamine and activation of histidine decarboxylase was induced also by the injection of pentagastrin. In antrectomized rats, feeding failed to produce these effects. Injection of pentagastrin, however, still lowered gastric histamine and activated gastric histidine decarboxylase. Thus, antral gastrin seems to be an obligatory mediator of the postprandial activation of histidine decarboxylase and mobilization of histamine.", "PMID": 72683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4788", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of electrophysiologic changes in frog muscle fibers after denervation and following blockade of axoplasmic transport].", "content": "Using anatomical denervation and a single application of colchicine the k ACh sensitivity and electric features of the membrane of the m. sartorius fibers were studied. Within 2 weeks after anatomical denervation a similar enlargement of the area sensitive to ACh occurred as well as a decrease in the MP values, in effective impedance, and in time constant of the muscular membrane. These data suggest that  the postdenervation changes in the frog muscle are due mainly to cessation of the substances inflow with the fast axoplasmatic transport. Two latter parameters change at that more rapidly after colchicin which suggests a greater effect of the deficit of trophic substances transported along the axons, on the functioning muscle (colchicine) than on the inactive (denervation).", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of electrophysiologic changes in frog muscle fibers after denervation and following blockade of axoplasmic transport]. Using anatomical denervation and a single application of colchicine the k ACh sensitivity and electric features of the membrane of the m. sartorius fibers were studied. Within 2 weeks after anatomical denervation a similar enlargement of the area sensitive to ACh occurred as well as a decrease in the MP values, in effective impedance, and in time constant of the muscular membrane. These data suggest that  the postdenervation changes in the frog muscle are due mainly to cessation of the substances inflow with the fast axoplasmatic transport. Two latter parameters change at that more rapidly after colchicin which suggests a greater effect of the deficit of trophic substances transported along the axons, on the functioning muscle (colchicine) than on the inactive (denervation).", "PMID": 72689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4789", "title": "[Study of the histaminergic mechanisms of the action of malaben].", "content": "In rabbits (intact and with experimental myocardial infarction) histamine metabolism (histamine content and diaminoxidase activity) following introduction of malaben was studied. In intact animals the ability of malaben to reduce the blood histamine level and to activate diaminoxidase was discovered. Administration of malaben in experimental myocardial infarction promotes a quicker normalization of the disturbed metabolism of histamine.", "contents": "[Study of the histaminergic mechanisms of the action of malaben]. In rabbits (intact and with experimental myocardial infarction) histamine metabolism (histamine content and diaminoxidase activity) following introduction of malaben was studied. In intact animals the ability of malaben to reduce the blood histamine level and to activate diaminoxidase was discovered. Administration of malaben in experimental myocardial infarction promotes a quicker normalization of the disturbed metabolism of histamine.", "PMID": 72684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4790", "title": "Alternatives to female sterilization.", "content": "With national policies aimed at reaching zero population growth in the shortest possible time, many countries have introduced restrictive legislation and disincentive programs in an attempt to decrease family size norms to 2 or 3 children. As a result, younger women of lower parity are being sterilized, with consequences that will be seen in the years to come. Although female sterilization is usually associated with minimal complications and side effects and is highly effective without continuing motivation or promotion, it has the disadvantage of causing permanent, essentially irreversible sterility. Therefore, it will not be readily acceptable to a large portion of the population. For many women, alternatives must be sought. Reversible methods of female or male sterilization, longacting systemic contraceptives, longacting implants, and immunization against implantation or sperm antigens are potential alternatives, but all are still in experimental stages of development. Intrauterine devices and injectables are the 2 most effective alternatives now available. The use of intrauterine devices with abortion as a backup in case of contraceptive failure ranks high as an alternative to female sterilization.", "contents": "Alternatives to female sterilization. With national policies aimed at reaching zero population growth in the shortest possible time, many countries have introduced restrictive legislation and disincentive programs in an attempt to decrease family size norms to 2 or 3 children. As a result, younger women of lower parity are being sterilized, with consequences that will be seen in the years to come. Although female sterilization is usually associated with minimal complications and side effects and is highly effective without continuing motivation or promotion, it has the disadvantage of causing permanent, essentially irreversible sterility. Therefore, it will not be readily acceptable to a large portion of the population. For many women, alternatives must be sought. Reversible methods of female or male sterilization, longacting systemic contraceptives, longacting implants, and immunization against implantation or sperm antigens are potential alternatives, but all are still in experimental stages of development. Intrauterine devices and injectables are the 2 most effective alternatives now available. The use of intrauterine devices with abortion as a backup in case of contraceptive failure ranks high as an alternative to female sterilization.", "PMID": 72691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4791", "title": "Preparation and assessment of antisera to ACTH.", "content": "Antisera to ACTH were produced in rabbits injected repeatedly at multiple intradermal sites with synthetic [Asp25, Ala26, Gly27]alphah-corticotropin-(1-28)-octacosapeptide-bovine gamma globulin conjugate (octacosapeptide is a sequence analogue of alphah1-28-ACTH). Antibodies to extracted human or porcine ACTH were detected in all of the sera 1 month after immunization. A considerable proportion of the antisera obtained from a single final bleeding 5 months after the primary immunization were suitable for sensitive radioimmunoassay. The antisera were shown to neutralize the steroidogenic activity of ACTH in an isolated rat adrenal cell bioassay system. Titres estimated from antiserum dilution curves and relative avidities from the standard curves were compared. It was possible to detect picogram amounts of ACTH in plasma-free medium with the best antisera. The method described is an effective means of producing anti-sera to the weakly immunogenic N-terminal fragment of the ACTH molecule.", "contents": "Preparation and assessment of antisera to ACTH. Antisera to ACTH were produced in rabbits injected repeatedly at multiple intradermal sites with synthetic [Asp25, Ala26, Gly27]alphah-corticotropin-(1-28)-octacosapeptide-bovine gamma globulin conjugate (octacosapeptide is a sequence analogue of alphah1-28-ACTH). Antibodies to extracted human or porcine ACTH were detected in all of the sera 1 month after immunization. A considerable proportion of the antisera obtained from a single final bleeding 5 months after the primary immunization were suitable for sensitive radioimmunoassay. The antisera were shown to neutralize the steroidogenic activity of ACTH in an isolated rat adrenal cell bioassay system. Titres estimated from antiserum dilution curves and relative avidities from the standard curves were compared. It was possible to detect picogram amounts of ACTH in plasma-free medium with the best antisera. The method described is an effective means of producing anti-sera to the weakly immunogenic N-terminal fragment of the ACTH molecule.", "PMID": 72698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4792", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the liver. Report of a case with excellent response to hepatic artery ligation and infusion chemotherapy.", "content": "A case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver in a 66-year-old woman is reported. The similarity of the presenting symptoms to those of a hepatic abscess is emphasized. The patient's response to palliative treatment by means of hepatic artery ligation and chemotherapy was excellent. We believe that this is the first  report of such a response in a sarcoma localized to the liver. This therapy may well be useful in symptomatic patients in whom partial hepatectomy is not feasible.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the liver. Report of a case with excellent response to hepatic artery ligation and infusion chemotherapy. A case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver in a 66-year-old woman is reported. The similarity of the presenting symptoms to those of a hepatic abscess is emphasized. The patient's response to palliative treatment by means of hepatic artery ligation and chemotherapy was excellent. We believe that this is the first  report of such a response in a sarcoma localized to the liver. This therapy may well be useful in symptomatic patients in whom partial hepatectomy is not feasible.", "PMID": 72700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4793", "title": "Frameshifts and frameshift suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Using ICR-170 as a mutagen, we have induced a set of mutations in yeast which exhibit behavior similar to that shown for bacterial frameshift mutations. Our genetic study shows that these mutations are polar; the polarity can be relieved by internal suppressors; they revert with acridine half-mustards and are not suppressed by known nonsense suppressors. However, they are suppressed by other dominant external suppressors, which fall into two mutually exclusive groups. Five genetically distinct suppressors were obtained for one of these groups, using co-reversion of two frameshift markers. Three of these are lethal in combination with each other and show a reduction in the GLY3 tRNA peak on a Sepharose 4B column. A fourth suppressor shows an altered chromatographic profile for GLY1 tRNA. We suggest that this group of suppressors represent mutations in the structural genes for the isoaccepting glycyl-tRNA's. Two other suppressors (one linked to the centromere of chromosome III) were found to suppress a second group of frameshifts. Genetic and biochemical studies show that the nonMendelian factor (PSI+) increases the efficiency of some frameshift suppressors.", "contents": "Frameshifts and frameshift suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using ICR-170 as a mutagen, we have induced a set of mutations in yeast which exhibit behavior similar to that shown for bacterial frameshift mutations. Our genetic study shows that these mutations are polar; the polarity can be relieved by internal suppressors; they revert with acridine half-mustards and are not suppressed by known nonsense suppressors. However, they are suppressed by other dominant external suppressors, which fall into two mutually exclusive groups. Five genetically distinct suppressors were obtained for one of these groups, using co-reversion of two frameshift markers. Three of these are lethal in combination with each other and show a reduction in the GLY3 tRNA peak on a Sepharose 4B column. A fourth suppressor shows an altered chromatographic profile for GLY1 tRNA. We suggest that this group of suppressors represent mutations in the structural genes for the isoaccepting glycyl-tRNA's. Two other suppressors (one linked to the centromere of chromosome III) were found to suppress a second group of frameshifts. Genetic and biochemical studies show that the nonMendelian factor (PSI+) increases the efficiency of some frameshift suppressors.", "PMID": 72702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4794", "title": "[The number and kind of leukocytes in the saliva (salivary corpuscles) in healthy subjects and in patients].", "content": "In the form of a survey a report is given on the concept of the saliva corpuscle, its origin, composition, different degree of damage, its number and function. The quantitative behaviour enables a statement to be made about the actual unspecific cellular defence in parodontopathy (increased number of saliva corpuscles) and in various blood diseases (decreased number of saliva corpuscles. This has a particular diagnostic value.", "contents": "[The number and kind of leukocytes in the saliva (salivary corpuscles) in healthy subjects and in patients]. In the form of a survey a report is given on the concept of the saliva corpuscle, its origin, composition, different degree of damage, its number and function. The quantitative behaviour enables a statement to be made about the actual unspecific cellular defence in parodontopathy (increased number of saliva corpuscles) and in various blood diseases (decreased number of saliva corpuscles. This has a particular diagnostic value.", "PMID": 72705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4795", "title": "[The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. II].", "content": "Starting from a survey of the present knowledge of morphological, immunological and biochemical characteristics of lymphocytes degenerated in leukamic respect and their kinetics, proposals are made for the pathogenesis of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). The fact that a progressing restriction of the functional immunological variety will occur in the typical CLL is discussed. Besides normal T and B cells there are elements similar to B and T cells whose percentage of proportion changes in the course of the illness with diminution of function and increasing immunological defect.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. II]. Starting from a survey of the present knowledge of morphological, immunological and biochemical characteristics of lymphocytes degenerated in leukamic respect and their kinetics, proposals are made for the pathogenesis of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). The fact that a progressing restriction of the functional immunological variety will occur in the typical CLL is discussed. Besides normal T and B cells there are elements similar to B and T cells whose percentage of proportion changes in the course of the illness with diminution of function and increasing immunological defect.", "PMID": 72707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4796", "title": "On the presence of lysozyme in the Nuclei of Leukocytes.", "content": "The purified chromatin of leukocyte nuclei from two patients, one with chronic granulocytic and another with acute myelomonocytic leukemia, has been investigated for lysozyme activity. The chromatin contained 4.8% resp. 4% of the total amount of lysozyme found in the leukocytes. The function of lysozyme in the nucleus remains unclear.", "contents": "On the presence of lysozyme in the Nuclei of Leukocytes. The purified chromatin of leukocyte nuclei from two patients, one with chronic granulocytic and another with acute myelomonocytic leukemia, has been investigated for lysozyme activity. The chromatin contained 4.8% resp. 4% of the total amount of lysozyme found in the leukocytes. The function of lysozyme in the nucleus remains unclear.", "PMID": 72708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4797", "title": "Karyotype 45, XX, --11,2q+ of bone marrow cells in a case of di Guglielmo syndrome.", "content": "The case of 50-years-old woman with the chronic type of erythraemia (di Guglielmo syndrome) and the karyotype 45, XX, --11,2q+ of bone marrow cells is described. By means of G-banding the karyotype 45,XX, -2, -11, + der (2), t(2;11) (2pter leads to 2qter:: 11q12 leads to 11qter) was established. The karyotype of bone marrow was thus partically monosomic for chromosome No. 11, for its segment 11 (pter leads to q11).", "contents": "Karyotype 45, XX, --11,2q+ of bone marrow cells in a case of di Guglielmo syndrome. The case of 50-years-old woman with the chronic type of erythraemia (di Guglielmo syndrome) and the karyotype 45, XX, --11,2q+ of bone marrow cells is described. By means of G-banding the karyotype 45,XX, -2, -11, + der (2), t(2;11) (2pter leads to 2qter:: 11q12 leads to 11qter) was established. The karyotype of bone marrow was thus partically monosomic for chromosome No. 11, for its segment 11 (pter leads to q11).", "PMID": 72710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4798", "title": "[Studies on the morphology of blood of the European eel (Anguilla agnuilla). III. Studies on monocytic and lymphoid cells].", "content": "Investigations concerning the monocytic and lymphocytic cell series were carried out on the peripheral blood and dabbings of the kidney, the spleen and intestines of healthy eels (anguilla anguilla), and eels taken ill with vibrio anguillarum. By means of histological, cytochemical, phaseoptical, and electronmicroscopical examinations independent development lines of the monocytes and lymphocytes were established. The place of origination for the monocytes was found to be the kidney, for the lymphocytes the spleen and the intestines additionally. The evidence of the cytochemical assay of enzymes for the differentiation of these blood cells and their cellular systems is primarily dependent on the distribution of the activity of the unspecific esterase, the naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase, the peroxidase and the alkalic phosphatase. Macrophages were - on the basis of enzymocytochemical results - seen as derivatives of the monocytes. Plasma cells and lymphoid cells are transformation forms of the lymphocytes. Our results emphasize the significance especially of cytochemistry for the hematological diagnostics of fish diseases.", "contents": "[Studies on the morphology of blood of the European eel (Anguilla agnuilla). III. Studies on monocytic and lymphoid cells]. Investigations concerning the monocytic and lymphocytic cell series were carried out on the peripheral blood and dabbings of the kidney, the spleen and intestines of healthy eels (anguilla anguilla), and eels taken ill with vibrio anguillarum. By means of histological, cytochemical, phaseoptical, and electronmicroscopical examinations independent development lines of the monocytes and lymphocytes were established. The place of origination for the monocytes was found to be the kidney, for the lymphocytes the spleen and the intestines additionally. The evidence of the cytochemical assay of enzymes for the differentiation of these blood cells and their cellular systems is primarily dependent on the distribution of the activity of the unspecific esterase, the naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase, the peroxidase and the alkalic phosphatase. Macrophages were - on the basis of enzymocytochemical results - seen as derivatives of the monocytes. Plasma cells and lymphoid cells are transformation forms of the lymphocytes. Our results emphasize the significance especially of cytochemistry for the hematological diagnostics of fish diseases.", "PMID": 72711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4799", "title": "The inhibitory effect of methyl palmitate on heteroagglutinin formation in rats.", "content": "In Wistar rats the immunosuppressive effect of methyl palmitate on the formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-group erythrocytes was followed. An i.v. injection of methyl palmitate both delayed the heteroagglutinin formation and decreased its intensity. The inhibitory effect of methyl palmitate was not accompained by the subsequent hyperactive phase as could be observed in the previous experiments using ethyl palmitate.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of methyl palmitate on heteroagglutinin formation in rats. In Wistar rats the immunosuppressive effect of methyl palmitate on the formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-group erythrocytes was followed. An i.v. injection of methyl palmitate both delayed the heteroagglutinin formation and decreased its intensity. The inhibitory effect of methyl palmitate was not accompained by the subsequent hyperactive phase as could be observed in the previous experiments using ethyl palmitate.", "PMID": 72712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4800", "title": "Smooth muscle autoantibodies in normal rabbit sera. Cross-reaction with human platelets as demonstrated by immunofluorescence.", "content": "27 normal rabbit sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescent technique. All sera stained smooth and skeletal muscle of human and mammalian tissues and human washed platelets. Two sera had ANA activity. These autoantibodies had low titres. Lysed but not intact platelets neutralized the rabbit SMA sera activity.", "contents": "Smooth muscle autoantibodies in normal rabbit sera. Cross-reaction with human platelets as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. 27 normal rabbit sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescent technique. All sera stained smooth and skeletal muscle of human and mammalian tissues and human washed platelets. Two sera had ANA activity. These autoantibodies had low titres. Lysed but not intact platelets neutralized the rabbit SMA sera activity.", "PMID": 72713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4801", "title": "[The vitamin B 12 serum level at various ages].", "content": "A report is presented on the determination of the vitamin B12 content by means of radioassay in the serum of 402 healthy persons aged between 14 to 98 years. With increasing age a significant decrease of the vitamin B12 content could be observed in both sexes after the sixtieth year of age. In the age group between 21 to 30 only the low values of women made an exception, which may be due to the administration of contraceptives.", "contents": "[The vitamin B 12 serum level at various ages]. A report is presented on the determination of the vitamin B12 content by means of radioassay in the serum of 402 healthy persons aged between 14 to 98 years. With increasing age a significant decrease of the vitamin B12 content could be observed in both sexes after the sixtieth year of age. In the age group between 21 to 30 only the low values of women made an exception, which may be due to the administration of contraceptives.", "PMID": 72714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4802", "title": "[On the causes of intra- and post-operative consumption coagulopathies and postoperative thromboembolism].", "content": "The determination of the onset of a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is examined shortly after its intraoperative andpost-operative dissolution with the help of easily performable haematological and physiological clotting tests in 20 patients. In this connection the operation is appreciated as a model even for other processes defined at the beginning, where DIC can be observed. Whereas the aethanol test, the determination of fibrinogen split products (FSP) and the euglobulin lysis time indicate the beginning of DIC more clearly in the form of average values, the aethanol test, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time have a prognostic value for each patient. As it is too time consuming to determine FSP, the counting of basophilie granulocytes may be used for the diagnosis. In the initial phase of and post-operative DIC will determine the essential share of predisposition to post-operative thromboembolism.", "contents": "[On the causes of intra- and post-operative consumption coagulopathies and postoperative thromboembolism]. The determination of the onset of a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is examined shortly after its intraoperative andpost-operative dissolution with the help of easily performable haematological and physiological clotting tests in 20 patients. In this connection the operation is appreciated as a model even for other processes defined at the beginning, where DIC can be observed. Whereas the aethanol test, the determination of fibrinogen split products (FSP) and the euglobulin lysis time indicate the beginning of DIC more clearly in the form of average values, the aethanol test, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time have a prognostic value for each patient. As it is too time consuming to determine FSP, the counting of basophilie granulocytes may be used for the diagnosis. In the initial phase of and post-operative DIC will determine the essential share of predisposition to post-operative thromboembolism.", "PMID": 72715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4803", "title": "Feulgen type staining of mammalian tissues with Dahlia-SO2.", "content": "The use of the basic dye, Dahlia, which belongs to triphenylmethane group but without a primary amino group in its molecule has been described as useful in the staining of aldehyde groups of acid hydrolysed DNA in tissue sections following the conventional Feulgen procedure. Dahlia-SO2 prepared with sodium hydrosulphite is highly suitable when used at pH 4-0 to 5-0. The absorption characteristics of the stained nuclei indicate on the peak of maximum absorption at 560 nm, whereas, that of the aqueous dye solution is at 590 nm.", "contents": "Feulgen type staining of mammalian tissues with Dahlia-SO2. The use of the basic dye, Dahlia, which belongs to triphenylmethane group but without a primary amino group in its molecule has been described as useful in the staining of aldehyde groups of acid hydrolysed DNA in tissue sections following the conventional Feulgen procedure. Dahlia-SO2 prepared with sodium hydrosulphite is highly suitable when used at pH 4-0 to 5-0. The absorption characteristics of the stained nuclei indicate on the peak of maximum absorption at 560 nm, whereas, that of the aqueous dye solution is at 590 nm.", "PMID": 72716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4804", "title": "Histochemical observations on the neuroendocrine complex of Heteroptera, II--The endocrine glands.", "content": "A histochemical analysis of the retrocerebral endocrine glands of four heteropteran bugs, viz. Sphderodema rusticum Fabr., Ranatra filiformis Fabr., Enithares indica Fabr. and Spilostethus pandurus has been made. Histochemical tests for various types of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc. have been made. The reaction of different types of cells of the endocrine glands viz. chromophil, chromophobe and CA cells have been studied.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on the neuroendocrine complex of Heteroptera, II--The endocrine glands. A histochemical analysis of the retrocerebral endocrine glands of four heteropteran bugs, viz. Sphderodema rusticum Fabr., Ranatra filiformis Fabr., Enithares indica Fabr. and Spilostethus pandurus has been made. Histochemical tests for various types of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc. have been made. The reaction of different types of cells of the endocrine glands viz. chromophil, chromophobe and CA cells have been studied.", "PMID": 72717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4805", "title": "[Effect of surugatoxin on celiac ganglia in cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacological properties of surugatoxin (SGTX), the toxic principle from Japanese ivory mollusc (Babylonia japonica), have been studied. In the present paper, the effect of SGTX on celiac ganglia in cats was investigated by measuring blood pressure from femoral artery and regional blood flow in liver (LBF) and spleen (SBF) of anaesthetized cats. SGTX(50 nmol/kg i.v.) markedly inhibited both the hypertension and changes of LBF and SBF in response to splanchnic (preganglionic) nerve stimulation. On the other hand, it did not inhibit the changes of SBF by splenic(postganglionic) nerve stimulation. The hypertension and changes in LBF and SBF in response to DMPP(94.2 nmol/kg i.v.) were abolished by SGTX(50 nmol/kg i.v.), whereas those to McN-A-343 (94.8 nmol/kg i.v.) were not. SGTX usually enhanced the pressor response to McN-A-343. These results indicate that SGTX has a blocking effect on the nicotinic receptor in celiac ganglia as well as in superior cervical ganglia of cats and rats.", "contents": "[Effect of surugatoxin on celiac ganglia in cats (author's transl)]. Pharmacological properties of surugatoxin (SGTX), the toxic principle from Japanese ivory mollusc (Babylonia japonica), have been studied. In the present paper, the effect of SGTX on celiac ganglia in cats was investigated by measuring blood pressure from femoral artery and regional blood flow in liver (LBF) and spleen (SBF) of anaesthetized cats. SGTX(50 nmol/kg i.v.) markedly inhibited both the hypertension and changes of LBF and SBF in response to splanchnic (preganglionic) nerve stimulation. On the other hand, it did not inhibit the changes of SBF by splenic(postganglionic) nerve stimulation. The hypertension and changes in LBF and SBF in response to DMPP(94.2 nmol/kg i.v.) were abolished by SGTX(50 nmol/kg i.v.), whereas those to McN-A-343 (94.8 nmol/kg i.v.) were not. SGTX usually enhanced the pressor response to McN-A-343. These results indicate that SGTX has a blocking effect on the nicotinic receptor in celiac ganglia as well as in superior cervical ganglia of cats and rats.", "PMID": 72718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4806", "title": "Myocardial infarct size: clinicopathologic agreement and discordance.", "content": "An accurate postmortem method of planimetrically estimating the extent of myocardial infarction was employed in 16 cases. Delineation of necrotic myocardium was enhanced by a macroscopic staining technique, which utilizes a tetrazolium dye. Comparison of infarct size with peak serum creatine phosphokinase levels showed a general correlation between the two that was not statistically significant. Two markedly disparate cases serve to emphasize the need for clinical awareness of the temporal relationship between myocardial infarction and creatinine phosphokinase analysis as well as the possibility of other anatomic sources of elevation of serum enzyme levels. Comparison of infarct sizes in cardiogenic shock and nonshock patients confirms the existence of a significant relationship between a larger myocardial infarct and shock. However, the data from several patients in the group again emphasize the possibility of maintaining a reasonable blood pressure in the face of a massive myocardial infarction or, more importantly, of manifesting \"cardiogenic\" shock when only a small amount of left ventricular damage has been sustained. The latter possibility may be related to other anatomic events, e.g., bowel infarction, hemorrhage, or possibly right ventricular ischemia, infarction, or dysfunction.", "contents": "Myocardial infarct size: clinicopathologic agreement and discordance. An accurate postmortem method of planimetrically estimating the extent of myocardial infarction was employed in 16 cases. Delineation of necrotic myocardium was enhanced by a macroscopic staining technique, which utilizes a tetrazolium dye. Comparison of infarct size with peak serum creatine phosphokinase levels showed a general correlation between the two that was not statistically significant. Two markedly disparate cases serve to emphasize the need for clinical awareness of the temporal relationship between myocardial infarction and creatinine phosphokinase analysis as well as the possibility of other anatomic sources of elevation of serum enzyme levels. Comparison of infarct sizes in cardiogenic shock and nonshock patients confirms the existence of a significant relationship between a larger myocardial infarct and shock. However, the data from several patients in the group again emphasize the possibility of maintaining a reasonable blood pressure in the face of a massive myocardial infarction or, more importantly, of manifesting \"cardiogenic\" shock when only a small amount of left ventricular damage has been sustained. The latter possibility may be related to other anatomic events, e.g., bowel infarction, hemorrhage, or possibly right ventricular ischemia, infarction, or dysfunction.", "PMID": 72721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4807", "title": "LBA technique in the detection of chromosome variants. I. Chromosomes with known sites of Q variants.", "content": "A method is described (LBA method) which used DNA replication pattern in the detection of chromosome variants in man. In Part I, results on chromosomes with known sites of Q-variants, i.e., 5 pairs of acrocentrics, as well as 3 and 4, were presented. Fourty-one variants were detected in a total of 40 acrocentrics. Twenty-eight of them were detected only by the LBA technique; 11 of them being in short arms and 17 of them in centromeres. Seven variants, including 4 of those in satellites, were detected only in QFQ-stained metaphases. Six short-arm variants were observed by both methods. It appears that a sequential QFQ-LBA technique is very useful in the detection of variants in D- or G-group chromosomes.", "contents": "LBA technique in the detection of chromosome variants. I. Chromosomes with known sites of Q variants. A method is described (LBA method) which used DNA replication pattern in the detection of chromosome variants in man. In Part I, results on chromosomes with known sites of Q-variants, i.e., 5 pairs of acrocentrics, as well as 3 and 4, were presented. Fourty-one variants were detected in a total of 40 acrocentrics. Twenty-eight of them were detected only by the LBA technique; 11 of them being in short arms and 17 of them in centromeres. Seven variants, including 4 of those in satellites, were detected only in QFQ-stained metaphases. Six short-arm variants were observed by both methods. It appears that a sequential QFQ-LBA technique is very useful in the detection of variants in D- or G-group chromosomes.", "PMID": 72722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4808", "title": "Antibody response to myelin basic protein: comparisons between Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and tolerant rats.", "content": "The hemagglutinating antibody responses of Lewis  rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and of rats rendered unresponsive to this autoimmune disease by pretreatment with myelin basic protein (BP) were compared. Most tolerant animals produced low levels of hemagglutinating antibody. Similarly, most rats with EAE also produced anti-BP antibodies. We were unable to correlate hemagglutinin production or titer with protection against disease. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) studies reveal cross-reactivity between rat, guinea pig and bovine BP. HAI studies with BP-derived peptides suggest that at least three distinct antibody-binding determinants exist in the BP molecule, and that individual inbred Lewis rats respond differently with respect to antibody production to these sites.", "contents": "Antibody response to myelin basic protein: comparisons between Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and tolerant rats. The hemagglutinating antibody responses of Lewis  rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and of rats rendered unresponsive to this autoimmune disease by pretreatment with myelin basic protein (BP) were compared. Most tolerant animals produced low levels of hemagglutinating antibody. Similarly, most rats with EAE also produced anti-BP antibodies. We were unable to correlate hemagglutinin production or titer with protection against disease. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) studies reveal cross-reactivity between rat, guinea pig and bovine BP. HAI studies with BP-derived peptides suggest that at least three distinct antibody-binding determinants exist in the BP molecule, and that individual inbred Lewis rats respond differently with respect to antibody production to these sites.", "PMID": 72724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4809", "title": "Release of platelet-activating factor and histamine. I. Effect of immune complexes, complement and neutrophils on human and rabbit mastocytes and basophils.", "content": "Immune complexes (ICs) triggered the degranulation of basophils/mastocytes in rabbit and man, thus releasing histamine and platelet-activating-factor. ICs acted upon basophils/mastocytes through complement activation and generation of anaphylatoxins and through release of cationic proteins from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Anaphylatoxins and cationic proteins were active on human and rabbit mastocytes and on human basophils but not on rabbit basophils. Therefore, a cascade of cell to cell interactions may be envisaged implicating successively neutrophils, basophils and/or mastocytes and platelets. These interactions result in enhanced vascular permeability that allows ICs to be trapped along filtering basement membranes. This sequence could perpetuate the deposition of ICs, initially triggered by degranulation of basophils and mastocytes through the IgE-dependent mechanism, and furnish us with an explanation for the rather poorly understood involvement of platelets in immunopathology.", "contents": "Release of platelet-activating factor and histamine. I. Effect of immune complexes, complement and neutrophils on human and rabbit mastocytes and basophils. Immune complexes (ICs) triggered the degranulation of basophils/mastocytes in rabbit and man, thus releasing histamine and platelet-activating-factor. ICs acted upon basophils/mastocytes through complement activation and generation of anaphylatoxins and through release of cationic proteins from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Anaphylatoxins and cationic proteins were active on human and rabbit mastocytes and on human basophils but not on rabbit basophils. Therefore, a cascade of cell to cell interactions may be envisaged implicating successively neutrophils, basophils and/or mastocytes and platelets. These interactions result in enhanced vascular permeability that allows ICs to be trapped along filtering basement membranes. This sequence could perpetuate the deposition of ICs, initially triggered by degranulation of basophils and mastocytes through the IgE-dependent mechanism, and furnish us with an explanation for the rather poorly understood involvement of platelets in immunopathology.", "PMID": 72725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4810", "title": "Outer-membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by inhibition of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A new procedure involving inhibition of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed for specific determination of the outer-membrane protein and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serotypes of meningococci. Antigen was allowed to bind to the wells of a polyvinyl microtiter plate and then reacted with a limiting amount of homologous antibody which had been preincubated with buffer or a standard concentration of inhibiting antigen. The amount of antibody bound per well was quantitated by incubation with excess 125I-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. Typing sera for detecting eight LPS antigens and 18 protein antigens were made in rabbits by use of both the group C and group B bactericidal serotyping strains. Reactions between unabsorbed sera and purified LPS were inhibited in the LPS typing system, whereas reactions between absorbed sera and outer-membrane complex were inhibited in the protein typing system. Outer-membrane complex was used as the inhibiting antigen in both cases. Approximately 97% of the 80 group B and C strains tested were LPS typable, and 80% were protein typable. Of 51 group A strains tested, however, only 22% were LPS typable and 14% were protein typable. Several nonreciprocal correlations between the occurrence of particular LPS and protein serotype antigens on the same strain were observed, but in general the protein and LPS serotype antigens appeared to occur independently.", "contents": "Outer-membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by inhibition of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. A new procedure involving inhibition of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed for specific determination of the outer-membrane protein and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serotypes of meningococci. Antigen was allowed to bind to the wells of a polyvinyl microtiter plate and then reacted with a limiting amount of homologous antibody which had been preincubated with buffer or a standard concentration of inhibiting antigen. The amount of antibody bound per well was quantitated by incubation with excess 125I-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. Typing sera for detecting eight LPS antigens and 18 protein antigens were made in rabbits by use of both the group C and group B bactericidal serotyping strains. Reactions between unabsorbed sera and purified LPS were inhibited in the LPS typing system, whereas reactions between absorbed sera and outer-membrane complex were inhibited in the protein typing system. Outer-membrane complex was used as the inhibiting antigen in both cases. Approximately 97% of the 80 group B and C strains tested were LPS typable, and 80% were protein typable. Of 51 group A strains tested, however, only 22% were LPS typable and 14% were protein typable. Several nonreciprocal correlations between the occurrence of particular LPS and protein serotype antigens on the same strain were observed, but in general the protein and LPS serotype antigens appeared to occur independently.", "PMID": 72735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4811", "title": "Characterization of immunoglobulins in Hodgkin cells.", "content": "Fifteen of 42 formalin-fixed lymph-node biopsies with Hodgkin lesions of different histological types and stages gave positive staining for immuno-globulins by the peroxidase/antiperoxidase method. The immunoglobulins in all the positively stained Hodgkin cells were of IgG type, but staining for IgA, D and E was negative. One of the 15 biopsies was positive for IgM. Thirteen of the 15 positive biopsies were positive for both kappa and lambda. Sequential double staining using two different substrates for peroxidase showed that most of the Hodgkin cells simultaneously contained light chains of both kappa and lambda type. It is concluded that Hodgkin cells do not contain a \"monoclonal\" immunoglobulin product.", "contents": "Characterization of immunoglobulins in Hodgkin cells. Fifteen of 42 formalin-fixed lymph-node biopsies with Hodgkin lesions of different histological types and stages gave positive staining for immuno-globulins by the peroxidase/antiperoxidase method. The immunoglobulins in all the positively stained Hodgkin cells were of IgG type, but staining for IgA, D and E was negative. One of the 15 biopsies was positive for IgM. Thirteen of the 15 positive biopsies were positive for both kappa and lambda. Sequential double staining using two different substrates for peroxidase showed that most of the Hodgkin cells simultaneously contained light chains of both kappa and lambda type. It is concluded that Hodgkin cells do not contain a \"monoclonal\" immunoglobulin product.", "PMID": 72737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4812", "title": "Avian retrovirus-induced surface antigens and their cross-reactivity with chemically-transformed cells and primary embryonic cells of Japanese quails.", "content": "By testing spleen cells from avian leukosis (ALV) and avian sarcoma virus (ASV)-injected Japanese quails in a microcytotoxicity assay against various target cells, we have demonstrated the existence of several target antigens. With non-transformed ALV-infected Japanese quail cells used as target cells, an avian retrovirus subgroup-specific destruction was obtained when spleen cells from animals infected with either avaian sarcoma or leukosis virus of the same subgroup were employed. This reaction is probably due to the virus envelope glycoproteins (Ve-gp) expressed on the cell surface. Apart from this subgroup-specific reaction, avian retrovirus group-specific destruction of ASV-transformed cells was demonstrated by means of effector cells immunized with ASV of a different subgroup. This reaction is restricted to transformed cells and not due to the virus envelope glycoprotein because the same effector cells are not cytotoxic to ALV-infected non-transformed cells but cytotoxic to sarcoma-virus-transformed cells which lack Ve-gp. Quail methylcholanthrene-tumor cells which show a transformation phenotype similar to that of ASV-transformed cells but which are free of detectable endogenous and exogenous retrovirus were also destroyed by the spleen cells from ASV tumorbearing animals. The same effector cells also exerted a weak cytotoxic effect on uninfected primary embryo cells but not to embryo cells after several passages.", "contents": "Avian retrovirus-induced surface antigens and their cross-reactivity with chemically-transformed cells and primary embryonic cells of Japanese quails. By testing spleen cells from avian leukosis (ALV) and avian sarcoma virus (ASV)-injected Japanese quails in a microcytotoxicity assay against various target cells, we have demonstrated the existence of several target antigens. With non-transformed ALV-infected Japanese quail cells used as target cells, an avian retrovirus subgroup-specific destruction was obtained when spleen cells from animals infected with either avaian sarcoma or leukosis virus of the same subgroup were employed. This reaction is probably due to the virus envelope glycoproteins (Ve-gp) expressed on the cell surface. Apart from this subgroup-specific reaction, avian retrovirus group-specific destruction of ASV-transformed cells was demonstrated by means of effector cells immunized with ASV of a different subgroup. This reaction is restricted to transformed cells and not due to the virus envelope glycoprotein because the same effector cells are not cytotoxic to ALV-infected non-transformed cells but cytotoxic to sarcoma-virus-transformed cells which lack Ve-gp. Quail methylcholanthrene-tumor cells which show a transformation phenotype similar to that of ASV-transformed cells but which are free of detectable endogenous and exogenous retrovirus were also destroyed by the spleen cells from ASV tumorbearing animals. The same effector cells also exerted a weak cytotoxic effect on uninfected primary embryo cells but not to embryo cells after several passages.", "PMID": 72738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4813", "title": "Feline malignant mammary tumors. III. Presence of C-particles and intracisternal A-particles and their relationship with feline leukemia virus antigens and RD-114 virus antigens.", "content": "Thirty-six feline mammary tumors were examined by the electron microscope, and by the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test with anti-FeLV and anti-RD-114 serum. In 11 (30.6%) tumors intracisternal A-particles (IAP) were found. One of these tumors contained a few particles with an electron-dense nucleoid in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. In 7 (19.4%) other tumors C-particles were found and in the remaining 18 (50.0%) no particles at all could be detected. In 11 (30.6%) tumors FeLV antigens and in 20 (55.5%) tumors RD-114 virus antigens were present. In 9 (25%) tumors we found a high (greater than 1/64) and in 11 (30.6%) tumors a low (greater than 1/16 less than or equal to 1/64) titer. There was a good correlation between the presence of C-particles and the demonstration of FeLV-antigen but none between IAP and FeLV antigens. No correlation was found between RD-114 virus antigens and any type of particle. Morphologically, the IAP found in feline mammary tumors were indistinguishable from the IAP present in mammary tumors of some inbred mice strains. The IAP in feline mammary tumors possibly represent an endogenous virus, different from RD-114 virus. The role of these viruses in the etiology of feline mammary tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Feline malignant mammary tumors. III. Presence of C-particles and intracisternal A-particles and their relationship with feline leukemia virus antigens and RD-114 virus antigens. Thirty-six feline mammary tumors were examined by the electron microscope, and by the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test with anti-FeLV and anti-RD-114 serum. In 11 (30.6%) tumors intracisternal A-particles (IAP) were found. One of these tumors contained a few particles with an electron-dense nucleoid in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. In 7 (19.4%) other tumors C-particles were found and in the remaining 18 (50.0%) no particles at all could be detected. In 11 (30.6%) tumors FeLV antigens and in 20 (55.5%) tumors RD-114 virus antigens were present. In 9 (25%) tumors we found a high (greater than 1/64) and in 11 (30.6%) tumors a low (greater than 1/16 less than or equal to 1/64) titer. There was a good correlation between the presence of C-particles and the demonstration of FeLV-antigen but none between IAP and FeLV antigens. No correlation was found between RD-114 virus antigens and any type of particle. Morphologically, the IAP found in feline mammary tumors were indistinguishable from the IAP present in mammary tumors of some inbred mice strains. The IAP in feline mammary tumors possibly represent an endogenous virus, different from RD-114 virus. The role of these viruses in the etiology of feline mammary tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 72739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4814", "title": "Quantitative histochemistry of myelin using Luxol Fast Blue MBS.", "content": "The amount of Luxol Fast Blue MBS in the band of Genarri was measured with two types of scanning microdensitometer and the optical density determined. The amount of stain measured was proportional to the section thickness employed, thus demonstrating that the dye has stoichiometric properties in tissue sections. Blocks of tissue treated with phospholipid solvents showed an increased uptake of stain, suggesting that phospholipids are not a primary substrate for the dye in myelin staining. The dye may, therefore, be used to quantify myelin in tissue sections.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemistry of myelin using Luxol Fast Blue MBS. The amount of Luxol Fast Blue MBS in the band of Genarri was measured with two types of scanning microdensitometer and the optical density determined. The amount of stain measured was proportional to the section thickness employed, thus demonstrating that the dye has stoichiometric properties in tissue sections. Blocks of tissue treated with phospholipid solvents showed an increased uptake of stain, suggesting that phospholipids are not a primary substrate for the dye in myelin staining. The dye may, therefore, be used to quantify myelin in tissue sections.", "PMID": 72743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4815", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural identification of neurotensin cells in the dog ileum.", "content": "In the dog ileum, neurotensin cells stained with immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase proved distinct from argentaffin (EC) cells, glucagon immunoreactive (GLI) cells and pancreatic peptide immunoreactive (PP) cells. Neurotensin cells showed various degrees of reactivity with Grimelius' silver. With electron microscopy, besides EC cells, large granule cells with a thin peripheral rim of Grimelius-reactivity (L cells) and large granule cells with variable Grimelius-reactivity of the core (N cells) were found. On distributive grounds, L cells were identified with GLI cells and N cells were interpreted as neurotensin cells.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural identification of neurotensin cells in the dog ileum. In the dog ileum, neurotensin cells stained with immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase proved distinct from argentaffin (EC) cells, glucagon immunoreactive (GLI) cells and pancreatic peptide immunoreactive (PP) cells. Neurotensin cells showed various degrees of reactivity with Grimelius' silver. With electron microscopy, besides EC cells, large granule cells with a thin peripheral rim of Grimelius-reactivity (L cells) and large granule cells with variable Grimelius-reactivity of the core (N cells) were found. On distributive grounds, L cells were identified with GLI cells and N cells were interpreted as neurotensin cells.", "PMID": 72747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4816", "title": "Media for an integrated nursing curriculum.", "content": "In conclussion, the media decision-making process for an integrated nursing curriculum is based upon the following steps: - An analysis of the philosophy and unifying strands in the conceptual framework of the curriculum model, - An evaluation of currently owned media in terms of the theoretical framework and educational objectives of the model, - An assessment of commercial media with realistic planning for purchase and/or production, and - The development of a systematic ongoing evaluation process by students, faculty, and nursing service personnel. The focus of this discussion has been clarification of the assessment and planning steps necessary in the media decision-making process for an integrated nursing curriculum. While these steps are applicable to any educational model, they have particular relevance to a curriculum model in which concept learning and interrelationships are stressed.", "contents": "Media for an integrated nursing curriculum. In conclussion, the media decision-making process for an integrated nursing curriculum is based upon the following steps: - An analysis of the philosophy and unifying strands in the conceptual framework of the curriculum model, - An evaluation of currently owned media in terms of the theoretical framework and educational objectives of the model, - An assessment of commercial media with realistic planning for purchase and/or production, and - The development of a systematic ongoing evaluation process by students, faculty, and nursing service personnel. The focus of this discussion has been clarification of the assessment and planning steps necessary in the media decision-making process for an integrated nursing curriculum. While these steps are applicable to any educational model, they have particular relevance to a curriculum model in which concept learning and interrelationships are stressed.", "PMID": 72750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4817", "title": "Immunochemical studies of fragments of bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Antigenic properties of 14 fragments of bovine albumin were measured using antisera to albumin and to two of its fragments. All seven fragments larger than 21,000 daltons formed immune precipitates. Although immune precipitates were not formed with smaller fragments, inhibition tests indicated the presence of antigenic sites on several of these fragments as well. The results predict the occurrence of six or more antigenic determinants and allow assignment of their positions in the parent molecule. These sites are distributed along the entire protein chain, with the sites of greatest antibody affinity situated in the COOH-terminal region. Evidence is presented that some sites are homologous, reacting with the same populations of antibodies, and that other sites are unique, binding to an exclusive population of antibodies.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of fragments of bovine serum albumin. Antigenic properties of 14 fragments of bovine albumin were measured using antisera to albumin and to two of its fragments. All seven fragments larger than 21,000 daltons formed immune precipitates. Although immune precipitates were not formed with smaller fragments, inhibition tests indicated the presence of antigenic sites on several of these fragments as well. The results predict the occurrence of six or more antigenic determinants and allow assignment of their positions in the parent molecule. These sites are distributed along the entire protein chain, with the sites of greatest antibody affinity situated in the COOH-terminal region. Evidence is presented that some sites are homologous, reacting with the same populations of antibodies, and that other sites are unique, binding to an exclusive population of antibodies.", "PMID": 72752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4818", "title": "The role of three genetically distinct collagen types in endochondral ossification and calcification of cartilage.", "content": "The role of three genetically distinct collagen types in the formation of endochondral bone and in calcification and resorption of cartilage has been assessed. Using antibodies specific to types I, II and III collagen we have demonstrated in the embryonic chick tibia that endochondral bone formation began with deposition of type III collagen in lacunae of hypertropic chondrocytes by invading bone-marrow-derived cells. This was followed by the deposition of type I collagen, which is the collagenous constituent of endochondral osteoid. At later stages of development endochondral osteoid was found in the epiphysial growth plate in apparently intact lacunae of hypertrophic chondrocytes; this indicated that the latter might contribute to the synthesis of osteoid type I collagen. Immuno-histological staining for collagen types, and von Kossa staining for calcium phosphate on parallel sections, demonstrated that type I and type II collagen matrices were substrates for calcification. Endochondral bone (with type I collagen) was found on scaffolding of both uncalcified and calcified cartilage (with type II collagen), indicating that calcification of endochondral osteoid and of the underlying cartilage occurred independentyl. Spicules of endochondral cancellous bone of a four-week-old chick contained a core of calcified type II collagen.", "contents": "The role of three genetically distinct collagen types in endochondral ossification and calcification of cartilage. The role of three genetically distinct collagen types in the formation of endochondral bone and in calcification and resorption of cartilage has been assessed. Using antibodies specific to types I, II and III collagen we have demonstrated in the embryonic chick tibia that endochondral bone formation began with deposition of type III collagen in lacunae of hypertropic chondrocytes by invading bone-marrow-derived cells. This was followed by the deposition of type I collagen, which is the collagenous constituent of endochondral osteoid. At later stages of development endochondral osteoid was found in the epiphysial growth plate in apparently intact lacunae of hypertrophic chondrocytes; this indicated that the latter might contribute to the synthesis of osteoid type I collagen. Immuno-histological staining for collagen types, and von Kossa staining for calcium phosphate on parallel sections, demonstrated that type I and type II collagen matrices were substrates for calcification. Endochondral bone (with type I collagen) was found on scaffolding of both uncalcified and calcified cartilage (with type II collagen), indicating that calcification of endochondral osteoid and of the underlying cartilage occurred independentyl. Spicules of endochondral cancellous bone of a four-week-old chick contained a core of calcified type II collagen.", "PMID": 72756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4819", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlamydial antibodies.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected chlamydial antibodies in human sera. The assay antigen produced in cell cultures infected with Chlamydia psittaci was Formalin-fixed to microplates. Single convalescent-phase sera positive for chlamydial antibodies by a complement-fixation test were positive at even higher dilutions by ELISA. Paired sera with diagnostic rises in complement-fixing antibody showed seroconversion by ELISA also. Control sera from persons with no history of chlamydial infection were negative by both tests. Sera from patients with psittacosis or lymphogranuloma venereum were ELISA positive, indicating that the assay with the antigen used in this study is genus specific rather than species specific.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlamydial antibodies. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected chlamydial antibodies in human sera. The assay antigen produced in cell cultures infected with Chlamydia psittaci was Formalin-fixed to microplates. Single convalescent-phase sera positive for chlamydial antibodies by a complement-fixation test were positive at even higher dilutions by ELISA. Paired sera with diagnostic rises in complement-fixing antibody showed seroconversion by ELISA also. Control sera from persons with no history of chlamydial infection were negative by both tests. Sera from patients with psittacosis or lymphogranuloma venereum were ELISA positive, indicating that the assay with the antigen used in this study is genus specific rather than species specific.", "PMID": 72759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4820", "title": "Preparation of antisera to neurofilament protein from chicken brain and human sciatic nerve.", "content": "Antigens isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography from human sciatic nerve (SN1 protein) and from 8 M urea extracts of chicken brain were selectively localized by immunofluorescence to neurofibrils in rat and chicken CNS. Absorption of the antisera with SN1 protein, chicken antigen or GFA protein abolished the staining. Antisera raised against antigen isolated with the same procedure from buffer extracts of chicken brain stained both neurofibrils and glial fibrils by immunofluorescence. Neurofibrillary staining was selectively abolished by absorption of the antisera with SN1 protein. Antisera prepared against axonal preparations isolated from bovine white matter only stained astroglia and were thus undistinguishable from anti-GFA sera in this respect. The data suggested that the protein subunits of neurofilament and glial filaments, although difficult to separate in brain extracts by standard biochemical procedures and by subcellular fractionation in bovine white matter, still retain immunological specificity. In addition, the immunological cross reactivity between human and chicken antigens suggested that neurofilaments, as other constituents of the cytoskeleton such as microtubules and actin microfilaments, show a high degree of evolutionary stability.", "contents": "Preparation of antisera to neurofilament protein from chicken brain and human sciatic nerve. Antigens isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography from human sciatic nerve (SN1 protein) and from 8 M urea extracts of chicken brain were selectively localized by immunofluorescence to neurofibrils in rat and chicken CNS. Absorption of the antisera with SN1 protein, chicken antigen or GFA protein abolished the staining. Antisera raised against antigen isolated with the same procedure from buffer extracts of chicken brain stained both neurofibrils and glial fibrils by immunofluorescence. Neurofibrillary staining was selectively abolished by absorption of the antisera with SN1 protein. Antisera prepared against axonal preparations isolated from bovine white matter only stained astroglia and were thus undistinguishable from anti-GFA sera in this respect. The data suggested that the protein subunits of neurofilament and glial filaments, although difficult to separate in brain extracts by standard biochemical procedures and by subcellular fractionation in bovine white matter, still retain immunological specificity. In addition, the immunological cross reactivity between human and chicken antigens suggested that neurofilaments, as other constituents of the cytoskeleton such as microtubules and actin microfilaments, show a high degree of evolutionary stability.", "PMID": 72760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4821", "title": "The effects of undernutrition on Purkinje cell dendritic growth in the rat.", "content": "The effects of undernutrition on the developing cerebellum were studied in 30-day-old rats undernourished from birth by restricting access to the lactating mother. These animals showed a significant reduction in cerebellar weight when compared with well-nourished controls. Quantitative studies of the cerebellar vermis revealed a 34.2% reduction in total area, with the density of both granule cells and Purkinje cells increased. Network analysis of Golgi-Cox preparations indicated a significant increase in the density of dendritic fields of Purkinje cells, although there was a 37% decrease in overall network size, due to reduction in the total number of dendritic segments, and a reduction in the length of distal segments. Topological analysis indicated that the network had developed by terminal branching, as in normal animals, but with some deviation from the usual purely random branching pattern. All the observed modifications may be accounted for in terms of alterations in protein synthesis and DNA synthesis occurring in undernourished animals. This leads to alterations in the extent of the interneuronal matrix, a reduction in the number of granule cells and direct effects on Purkinje cell metabolism, all of which influence dendritic development, although the relative importance of each of these factors awaits precise definition.", "contents": "The effects of undernutrition on Purkinje cell dendritic growth in the rat. The effects of undernutrition on the developing cerebellum were studied in 30-day-old rats undernourished from birth by restricting access to the lactating mother. These animals showed a significant reduction in cerebellar weight when compared with well-nourished controls. Quantitative studies of the cerebellar vermis revealed a 34.2% reduction in total area, with the density of both granule cells and Purkinje cells increased. Network analysis of Golgi-Cox preparations indicated a significant increase in the density of dendritic fields of Purkinje cells, although there was a 37% decrease in overall network size, due to reduction in the total number of dendritic segments, and a reduction in the length of distal segments. Topological analysis indicated that the network had developed by terminal branching, as in normal animals, but with some deviation from the usual purely random branching pattern. All the observed modifications may be accounted for in terms of alterations in protein synthesis and DNA synthesis occurring in undernourished animals. This leads to alterations in the extent of the interneuronal matrix, a reduction in the number of granule cells and direct effects on Purkinje cell metabolism, all of which influence dendritic development, although the relative importance of each of these factors awaits precise definition.", "PMID": 72761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4822", "title": "Root surface caries in the molar teeth of Rice rats. I. A method for quantitative scoring.", "content": "A new system was devised for scoring root surface caries. The roots were divided circumferentially and apically into areas. Each exposed area and any carious involvement was given a score of 1. Root surface caries was expressed as total areas affected and as a percentage of the exposed root surface.", "contents": "Root surface caries in the molar teeth of Rice rats. I. A method for quantitative scoring. A new system was devised for scoring root surface caries. The roots were divided circumferentially and apically into areas. Each exposed area and any carious involvement was given a score of 1. Root surface caries was expressed as total areas affected and as a percentage of the exposed root surface.", "PMID": 72763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4823", "title": "Remodeling of compact bone studied with lead acetate as an intravital stain.", "content": "Remodeling of the osteons or Haversian canal system in compact bone was studied in young monkeys that received serial injections of lead acetate as an intravital strain. The successive stages of the formation of an osteon have been demonstrated. The rate of the filling of the lamellar bone decelerated as the lumen of the Haversian canal decreased. The total formation time of individual osteons was estimated.", "contents": "Remodeling of compact bone studied with lead acetate as an intravital stain. Remodeling of the osteons or Haversian canal system in compact bone was studied in young monkeys that received serial injections of lead acetate as an intravital strain. The successive stages of the formation of an osteon have been demonstrated. The rate of the filling of the lamellar bone decelerated as the lumen of the Haversian canal decreased. The total formation time of individual osteons was estimated.", "PMID": 72764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4824", "title": "A plastic tube technique for direct vision of endodontic procedures.", "content": "A technique for the direct visualization of endodontic procedures utilizing clear plastic tubes machined to simulate root canals is described. The visualization of endodontic procedures allows for their evaluation by the clinician as well as their use as an adjunct to didactic courses in endodontics. During mechanical instrumentation it is evident that a concerted effort must be made to debride all of the walls of a canal. Hydraulic forces are seen to play a major role in irrigation and in applying root canal cement. The technique also reveals voids in the completed root canal filling when verticle condensation is used to obturate the canals.", "contents": "A plastic tube technique for direct vision of endodontic procedures. A technique for the direct visualization of endodontic procedures utilizing clear plastic tubes machined to simulate root canals is described. The visualization of endodontic procedures allows for their evaluation by the clinician as well as their use as an adjunct to didactic courses in endodontics. During mechanical instrumentation it is evident that a concerted effort must be made to debride all of the walls of a canal. Hydraulic forces are seen to play a major role in irrigation and in applying root canal cement. The technique also reveals voids in the completed root canal filling when verticle condensation is used to obturate the canals.", "PMID": 72765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4825", "title": "Distribution of 14C-lindane in Japanese quail using autoradiography of whole body sections.", "content": "Information on the distribution of lindane in Japanese quails was obtained by autoradiography of whole body sections. The most part of lindane was found in fatty tissues of the animals and the distribution in the other parts of the organism was equal. A single dose of 14C-lindane is found in the organism of Japanese quails mainly in the gastro-intestinal tract and is excreted within 72 hours after the application.", "contents": "Distribution of 14C-lindane in Japanese quail using autoradiography of whole body sections. Information on the distribution of lindane in Japanese quails was obtained by autoradiography of whole body sections. The most part of lindane was found in fatty tissues of the animals and the distribution in the other parts of the organism was equal. A single dose of 14C-lindane is found in the organism of Japanese quails mainly in the gastro-intestinal tract and is excreted within 72 hours after the application.", "PMID": 72767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4826", "title": "Neurotoxicity of organophosphorus insecticides Leptophos and EPN.", "content": "Phosfolan, chlorpyrifos, and stirophos when applied to white mice at sublethal doses did not induce any delayed neurotoxic effect. On the other hand, Leptophos and EPN when administered orally at sublethal or lethal levels clearly produced a delayed neurotoxic ataxia in treated mice. The five tested organophosphorus insecticides were compared for their ability to inhibit cholinesterase, neurotoxic esterases and monoamine oxidase. I50 values were estimated for each case. The results revealed that all five compounds were inhibitors of cholinesterase, but only Leptophos and EPN were shown to be potent inhibitors for both neurotoxic esterase and monoamine oxidase in the mouse brain. Additional particular properties of both Leptophos and EPN were found in their ability to cause delayed neurotoxic ataxia in chickens and sheep fed once on sublethal doses of these compounds. It is believed that the phosphonate ester configuration of EPN and Leptophos has a specific mode of toxic action which is mainly located at the central nervous system. It is also postulated that these delayed neurotoxic agents might inhibit postganglionic sympathetic neurons, thus resulting in chronic paralytic effects.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of organophosphorus insecticides Leptophos and EPN. Phosfolan, chlorpyrifos, and stirophos when applied to white mice at sublethal doses did not induce any delayed neurotoxic effect. On the other hand, Leptophos and EPN when administered orally at sublethal or lethal levels clearly produced a delayed neurotoxic ataxia in treated mice. The five tested organophosphorus insecticides were compared for their ability to inhibit cholinesterase, neurotoxic esterases and monoamine oxidase. I50 values were estimated for each case. The results revealed that all five compounds were inhibitors of cholinesterase, but only Leptophos and EPN were shown to be potent inhibitors for both neurotoxic esterase and monoamine oxidase in the mouse brain. Additional particular properties of both Leptophos and EPN were found in their ability to cause delayed neurotoxic ataxia in chickens and sheep fed once on sublethal doses of these compounds. It is believed that the phosphonate ester configuration of EPN and Leptophos has a specific mode of toxic action which is mainly located at the central nervous system. It is also postulated that these delayed neurotoxic agents might inhibit postganglionic sympathetic neurons, thus resulting in chronic paralytic effects.", "PMID": 72768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4827", "title": "A cytochemical study of the bag cell organs of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Egg-laying hormone in Aplysia californica is synthesized and secreted by cells that seem to be homogeneous ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically. Several conventional methods have been used to demonstrate histochemical homogeneity and special staining techniques based on the known properties of the hormone show the neuroendocrine organ to be uniform in appearance. Furthermore, since stain specificity for egg-laying hormone is demonstrable using release and biochemical studies, the authors concluded that the organ consists of a population of biochemically homogeneous neurons.", "contents": "A cytochemical study of the bag cell organs of Aplysia californica. Egg-laying hormone in Aplysia californica is synthesized and secreted by cells that seem to be homogeneous ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically. Several conventional methods have been used to demonstrate histochemical homogeneity and special staining techniques based on the known properties of the hormone show the neuroendocrine organ to be uniform in appearance. Furthermore, since stain specificity for egg-laying hormone is demonstrable using release and biochemical studies, the authors concluded that the organ consists of a population of biochemically homogeneous neurons.", "PMID": 72771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4828", "title": "Specific enrichment of the suppressor T cell bearing I-J determinants: parallel functional and serological characterizations.", "content": "A simple procedure to enrich the antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)-specific suppressor T cell was described. The suppressor T cell from KLH)-immunized mice specifically bound to the KLH-coated Sephadex G-200 column at 37 degrees C, and was eluted from the column by cold (0-4 degrees C) medium. The helper T cell did not bind to the column under the identical condition. The suppressor T cell thus obtained had 100 times as potent suppressor activity as the original spleen cells in in vivo and in vitro secondary antibody responses against a hapten coupled to KLH. This procedure also enriched the cells bearing I-J determinants and Lyt-2,3 alloantigens, allowing us to study the phenotypic expressions on the suppressor T cell by direct serological procedures as well as by the use of the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Parallel functional and serological analyses indicated that the antigen-specific suppressor T cell belongs to a population of I-J+, Lyt-2+,3+ and Fc R- T cells.", "contents": "Specific enrichment of the suppressor T cell bearing I-J determinants: parallel functional and serological characterizations. A simple procedure to enrich the antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)-specific suppressor T cell was described. The suppressor T cell from KLH)-immunized mice specifically bound to the KLH-coated Sephadex G-200 column at 37 degrees C, and was eluted from the column by cold (0-4 degrees C) medium. The helper T cell did not bind to the column under the identical condition. The suppressor T cell thus obtained had 100 times as potent suppressor activity as the original spleen cells in in vivo and in vitro secondary antibody responses against a hapten coupled to KLH. This procedure also enriched the cells bearing I-J determinants and Lyt-2,3 alloantigens, allowing us to study the phenotypic expressions on the suppressor T cell by direct serological procedures as well as by the use of the fluorescence activated cell sorter. Parallel functional and serological analyses indicated that the antigen-specific suppressor T cell belongs to a population of I-J+, Lyt-2+,3+ and Fc R- T cells.", "PMID": 72775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4829", "title": "Idiotypes of inulin-binding myeloma proteins localized to variable region light and heavy chains: genetic significance.", "content": "Idiotypes of inulin-binding myeloma proteins (InuBMP) were determined primarly by variable region light chains (VL) or by variable region heavy chains (VH) but needed both chains to be expressed. Recombinant molecules were used to show that individual idiotypes (IdI) of U61, E109, T957, and A4 InuBMP and cross-specific idiotypes (IdXB) of U61 were primarily determined by VL while cross-specific idiotype (IdXA) of A4 was determined mainly by VH. The assignment of genes controlling idiotypes to VH based on allotype linkage (e.g., IdXB) is dubious until the role of the L chain in determining that idiotype is assessed. IdXB has been shown to be a VL-VH marker which presumably is controlled by two unlinked genes. However IdXB can be used as a L chain marker in combinations of strains differing in their L chain genes but having the same permissive H chain genes. Conversely IdXB can be used as a H chain marker in strains having the same permissive L chain genes but differing in their H chain genes.", "contents": "Idiotypes of inulin-binding myeloma proteins localized to variable region light and heavy chains: genetic significance. Idiotypes of inulin-binding myeloma proteins (InuBMP) were determined primarly by variable region light chains (VL) or by variable region heavy chains (VH) but needed both chains to be expressed. Recombinant molecules were used to show that individual idiotypes (IdI) of U61, E109, T957, and A4 InuBMP and cross-specific idiotypes (IdXB) of U61 were primarily determined by VL while cross-specific idiotype (IdXA) of A4 was determined mainly by VH. The assignment of genes controlling idiotypes to VH based on allotype linkage (e.g., IdXB) is dubious until the role of the L chain in determining that idiotype is assessed. IdXB has been shown to be a VL-VH marker which presumably is controlled by two unlinked genes. However IdXB can be used as a L chain marker in combinations of strains differing in their L chain genes but having the same permissive H chain genes. Conversely IdXB can be used as a H chain marker in strains having the same permissive L chain genes but differing in their H chain genes.", "PMID": 72776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4830", "title": "Immune response of Lewis rats to peptide C1 (residues 68-88) of guinea pig and rat myelin basic proteins.", "content": "Peptide C1 (residues 68-88) from GP and rat BP differ by a single amino acid interchange at residue 79. This residue is serine in GP C1 and threonine in rat C1. GP C1 was encephalitogenic in Le rats at doses as low as 15 ng. Rat C1 was encephalitogenic at doses of 1,500 ng or greater. LNC from rats challenged with 25 X 10(-4) micronmol of GP C1 and 250 X 10(-4) micronmol of rat C1 showed a proliferative response in vitro to both peptides, but in each instance the magnitude of the response was greater to the GP peptide. GP C1 also induced higher levels of circulating antibodies at 25 X 10(-4) micronmol, but the specificity of antibodies produced by the two peptides was the same. These results have been interpreted as indicating that the presence of serine at position 79 in GP C1 results in the stimulation of greater numbers of T cells involved in (a) the induction of EAE, (b) the in vitro proliferative response and (c) helper function in antibody production.", "contents": "Immune response of Lewis rats to peptide C1 (residues 68-88) of guinea pig and rat myelin basic proteins. Peptide C1 (residues 68-88) from GP and rat BP differ by a single amino acid interchange at residue 79. This residue is serine in GP C1 and threonine in rat C1. GP C1 was encephalitogenic in Le rats at doses as low as 15 ng. Rat C1 was encephalitogenic at doses of 1,500 ng or greater. LNC from rats challenged with 25 X 10(-4) micronmol of GP C1 and 250 X 10(-4) micronmol of rat C1 showed a proliferative response in vitro to both peptides, but in each instance the magnitude of the response was greater to the GP peptide. GP C1 also induced higher levels of circulating antibodies at 25 X 10(-4) micronmol, but the specificity of antibodies produced by the two peptides was the same. These results have been interpreted as indicating that the presence of serine at position 79 in GP C1 results in the stimulation of greater numbers of T cells involved in (a) the induction of EAE, (b) the in vitro proliferative response and (c) helper function in antibody production.", "PMID": 72777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4831", "title": "Nylon adherent antigen-specific rosette-forming T cells.", "content": "Shortly after intravenous immunization of mice with heterologous erythrocytes (RBC) antigen-specific Thy 1+ cells which form rosettes with the immunizing RBC (thymic-derived lymphocytes-forming rosettes [T-RFC]) appear in the spleen. These T-RFC are much less stable than Thy 1- RFC (non-thymic-derived [B-RFC]) although most if not all of both classes of RFC adhere to nylon. T-RFC are induced with low doses of antigen (which fail to induce B-RFC) and are inhibited by higher antigen doses which are optimal for induction of B-RFC. Pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide prevents the high dose inhibition of T-RFC. Although there are many parallels between the production of T-RFC and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) it is unlikely that the T-RFC are essential for DTH reactions since DTH can be transferred with cells which pass through nylon, and such cells are almost totally depleted of T-RFC. Thus immunization can lead to the production of large numbers of antigen-specific T-RFC whose functional role in the immune response is unknown. However, the characteristics of the T-RFC suggest that they may play an important role in amplification of suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Nylon adherent antigen-specific rosette-forming T cells. Shortly after intravenous immunization of mice with heterologous erythrocytes (RBC) antigen-specific Thy 1+ cells which form rosettes with the immunizing RBC (thymic-derived lymphocytes-forming rosettes [T-RFC]) appear in the spleen. These T-RFC are much less stable than Thy 1- RFC (non-thymic-derived [B-RFC]) although most if not all of both classes of RFC adhere to nylon. T-RFC are induced with low doses of antigen (which fail to induce B-RFC) and are inhibited by higher antigen doses which are optimal for induction of B-RFC. Pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide prevents the high dose inhibition of T-RFC. Although there are many parallels between the production of T-RFC and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) it is unlikely that the T-RFC are essential for DTH reactions since DTH can be transferred with cells which pass through nylon, and such cells are almost totally depleted of T-RFC. Thus immunization can lead to the production of large numbers of antigen-specific T-RFC whose functional role in the immune response is unknown. However, the characteristics of the T-RFC suggest that they may play an important role in amplification of suppressor cell activity.", "PMID": 72778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4832", "title": "Immunochemical evidence for three Ia loci in the I-region of the H-2 complex.", "content": "Sequential immunoprecipitation analyses of Ia antigens were performed with 125I-labeled B10, B10.A(3R), and B10.A(5R) spleen cell lysates. The results suggest the presence of one I-region associated (Ia) locus (Ia-1) in the I-A subregion. In addition, they indicate that two Ia loci map between the I-J and S regions. One locus, Ia-5, maps in the I-E subregion. The second locus, most likely Ia-3, maps in either the I-E or I-C subregion. Taken together, the data demonstrate that at least three Ia loci in the I-region of the H-2 complex code for molecules detectable by immunoprecipitation.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence for three Ia loci in the I-region of the H-2 complex. Sequential immunoprecipitation analyses of Ia antigens were performed with 125I-labeled B10, B10.A(3R), and B10.A(5R) spleen cell lysates. The results suggest the presence of one I-region associated (Ia) locus (Ia-1) in the I-A subregion. In addition, they indicate that two Ia loci map between the I-J and S regions. One locus, Ia-5, maps in the I-E subregion. The second locus, most likely Ia-3, maps in either the I-E or I-C subregion. Taken together, the data demonstrate that at least three Ia loci in the I-region of the H-2 complex code for molecules detectable by immunoprecipitation.", "PMID": 72779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4833", "title": "Complete inhibition of the expression of an idiotype by a mechanism of B-cell dominance.", "content": "Mice of the C.AL-20 strain, which express genes controlling CH regions of the AL/N strain on a BALB/c background, normally synthesize antibodies to the p-azophenylarsonate group (anti-Ar antibodies) with an idiotype characteristic of the A strain. The synthesis of the idiotype, as quantitated by a sensitive assay, can be completely inhibited by the transfer of leukocytes from BALB/c mice producing anti-Ar antibodies, which lack the idiotype. A number of control experiments show that the inhibition is not attributable to suppressor T cells and that the synergistic action of such cells is not required. The results indicate that B-cell dominance, mediated by secondary cells, can completely prevent the expression of unprimed cells with receptors of the same specificity. It is uncertain whether this effect is due entirely to selective capture of antigen by the secondary cells, or whether some type of active suppression by B cells is involved.", "contents": "Complete inhibition of the expression of an idiotype by a mechanism of B-cell dominance. Mice of the C.AL-20 strain, which express genes controlling CH regions of the AL/N strain on a BALB/c background, normally synthesize antibodies to the p-azophenylarsonate group (anti-Ar antibodies) with an idiotype characteristic of the A strain. The synthesis of the idiotype, as quantitated by a sensitive assay, can be completely inhibited by the transfer of leukocytes from BALB/c mice producing anti-Ar antibodies, which lack the idiotype. A number of control experiments show that the inhibition is not attributable to suppressor T cells and that the synergistic action of such cells is not required. The results indicate that B-cell dominance, mediated by secondary cells, can completely prevent the expression of unprimed cells with receptors of the same specificity. It is uncertain whether this effect is due entirely to selective capture of antigen by the secondary cells, or whether some type of active suppression by B cells is involved.", "PMID": 72780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4834", "title": "The role of surface IgD in the response to thymic-independent antigens.", "content": "An alloanti-delta antibody was prepared by immunizing C57BL/Ka mice with BALB/c spleen cells. Its specificity for delta-chain was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of 125I-labeled membrane proteins from BC8 spleen cells. BC8 mice possess C57BL/Ka \"background\" genes and BALB/c IgH genes. The anti-delta reagent without complement inhibited the primary in vitro anti-TNP antibody response to TNP-AECM-Ficoll by BC8 spleen cells, although it had no effect of the anti-TNP response of congenic C57BL/Ka spleen cells, which lack the delta-allotype identified by this antibody. On the other hand, the anti-delta antibody had no effect on the anti-TNP response of BC8 spleen cells to TNP-BA, except at limiting antigen concentrations. Both TNP-AECM-Ficoll and TNP-BA are T-I antigens, but they differ in that TNP-AECM-Ficoll fails to stimulate in vitro responses by immunologically defective CBA/N and neonatal spleen cells whereas TNP-BA can cause responses from both these animals. These results suggest that the IgD receptor is critical to T-I antibody responses initiated by TNP-AECM-Ficoll but that it is not required for T-I responses stimulated by TNP-BA.", "contents": "The role of surface IgD in the response to thymic-independent antigens. An alloanti-delta antibody was prepared by immunizing C57BL/Ka mice with BALB/c spleen cells. Its specificity for delta-chain was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of 125I-labeled membrane proteins from BC8 spleen cells. BC8 mice possess C57BL/Ka \"background\" genes and BALB/c IgH genes. The anti-delta reagent without complement inhibited the primary in vitro anti-TNP antibody response to TNP-AECM-Ficoll by BC8 spleen cells, although it had no effect of the anti-TNP response of congenic C57BL/Ka spleen cells, which lack the delta-allotype identified by this antibody. On the other hand, the anti-delta antibody had no effect on the anti-TNP response of BC8 spleen cells to TNP-BA, except at limiting antigen concentrations. Both TNP-AECM-Ficoll and TNP-BA are T-I antigens, but they differ in that TNP-AECM-Ficoll fails to stimulate in vitro responses by immunologically defective CBA/N and neonatal spleen cells whereas TNP-BA can cause responses from both these animals. These results suggest that the IgD receptor is critical to T-I antibody responses initiated by TNP-AECM-Ficoll but that it is not required for T-I responses stimulated by TNP-BA.", "PMID": 72781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4835", "title": "The control of specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by the major histocompatibility complex (AG-B) in rats and identification of a new alloantigen system showing no AG-B restriction.", "content": "The regulatory influence of the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Ag-B complex) on the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes was investigated. It was shown that the effector cells were specific for the original Ag-B phenotype in rat systems in which the responder and stimulator cell populations were unquestionably MHC identical but expressed different minor alloantigens of viral antigens. However, combined in vivo immunization and restimulation in culture of lymphocytes from rat strains previously thought to be MHC compatible resulted in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes which effectively lyse not only target cells from the specific stimulating strains but also, to varying degrees, target cells from third party strains regardless of their Ag-B haplotypes. Genetic analysis indicates that expression of these cytotoxic T-cell-defined (\"CT\") antigens, found on both T and B lymphocytes, detectable thus far only with cytotoxic lymphocytes, is controlled by a single locus which segregates in backcross populations with the rat MHC. Discrepancies between the nature  of CT antigens of the rat Ag-B and I-region specificities of the mouse H-2 are discussed.", "contents": "The control of specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by the major histocompatibility complex (AG-B) in rats and identification of a new alloantigen system showing no AG-B restriction. The regulatory influence of the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Ag-B complex) on the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes was investigated. It was shown that the effector cells were specific for the original Ag-B phenotype in rat systems in which the responder and stimulator cell populations were unquestionably MHC identical but expressed different minor alloantigens of viral antigens. However, combined in vivo immunization and restimulation in culture of lymphocytes from rat strains previously thought to be MHC compatible resulted in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes which effectively lyse not only target cells from the specific stimulating strains but also, to varying degrees, target cells from third party strains regardless of their Ag-B haplotypes. Genetic analysis indicates that expression of these cytotoxic T-cell-defined (\"CT\") antigens, found on both T and B lymphocytes, detectable thus far only with cytotoxic lymphocytes, is controlled by a single locus which segregates in backcross populations with the rat MHC. Discrepancies between the nature  of CT antigens of the rat Ag-B and I-region specificities of the mouse H-2 are discussed.", "PMID": 72782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4836", "title": "Evidence for multiple cell surface chicken fetal-leukemic antigens (CFA) in the developing chick and other avian species.", "content": "Chicken fetal antigen (CFA), a membrane antigen present on fetal chicken red blood cells is lost with chicken development, and reappears on the red blood cells of leukemic chickens. Seven avian species were found to possess CFA. A species hierarchy comparing the quantitative expression of CFA has been established. The levels of CFA expression with development are compared in the chicken and Japanese quail. Specific adsorptions of R-anti-CFA with avian red blood cells revealed the existence of multiple CFAs. Four groups of antigenic determinants (CFA a,b,c,d) have been characterized and defined by their expression among avian species. Multiple CFA determinants are discussed with regard to possible membrane alterations and gene function.", "contents": "Evidence for multiple cell surface chicken fetal-leukemic antigens (CFA) in the developing chick and other avian species. Chicken fetal antigen (CFA), a membrane antigen present on fetal chicken red blood cells is lost with chicken development, and reappears on the red blood cells of leukemic chickens. Seven avian species were found to possess CFA. A species hierarchy comparing the quantitative expression of CFA has been established. The levels of CFA expression with development are compared in the chicken and Japanese quail. Specific adsorptions of R-anti-CFA with avian red blood cells revealed the existence of multiple CFAs. Four groups of antigenic determinants (CFA a,b,c,d) have been characterized and defined by their expression among avian species. Multiple CFA determinants are discussed with regard to possible membrane alterations and gene function.", "PMID": 72784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4837", "title": "Laboratory characteristics of poxviruses isolated from captive elephants in Germany.", "content": "Proxviruses isolated from captive elephants in Germany have been characterized. Although related to vaccinia and even more closely to cowpox virus, the separate identity of elephantpox virus was established by both biological and serological methods. Elephantpox virus produces A-type inclusions in infected cells, as did cowpox, but had a lower ceiling temperature, was more heat resistant and affected rabbits differently. Cross neutralization tests on absorbed sera indicated that elephantpox, cowpox and vaccinia viruses shared one surface antigen, that elephantopox and vaccinia shared an antigen absent from cowpox, and that vaccinia virus had a surface antigen absent from elephantopox and cowpox viruses.", "contents": "Laboratory characteristics of poxviruses isolated from captive elephants in Germany. Proxviruses isolated from captive elephants in Germany have been characterized. Although related to vaccinia and even more closely to cowpox virus, the separate identity of elephantpox virus was established by both biological and serological methods. Elephantpox virus produces A-type inclusions in infected cells, as did cowpox, but had a lower ceiling temperature, was more heat resistant and affected rabbits differently. Cross neutralization tests on absorbed sera indicated that elephantpox, cowpox and vaccinia viruses shared one surface antigen, that elephantopox and vaccinia shared an antigen absent from cowpox, and that vaccinia virus had a surface antigen absent from elephantopox and cowpox viruses.", "PMID": 72786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4838", "title": "Ferric ion, ferrocyanide, and inorganic phosphate as cytochemical reactants at peripheral nodes of Ranvier.", "content": "Ferric ion (Fe3+) and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64-) were used under a variety of conditions to stain nodes of Ranvier in mammalian peripheral nerves. Principal findings are: 1. Ferric ion will bind to the extracellular nodal gap substance if nerves are pretreated with a phosphate buffer; or, it will bind to the cytoplasmic surface of the nodal axolemma if pretreatment is with cacodylate or veronal--acetate buffer. 2. Ferrocyanide will bind to the inner surface of the nodal axolemma, where it may react with ferric ion to form a blue stain, or with an osmium compound to form a black stain. 3. Ferric ion and ferrocyanide are bound to nodes as colloidal precipitates, and may migrate away from their sites of formation. 4. Not all nodes in a single piece of tissue, or in a single fibre have identical staining properties. It is concluded that ferric ion, ferrocyanide, and inorganic phosphate are valuable as cytochemical reactants for peripheral nodes of Ranvier, but they must be used in carefully controlled experimental situations in order to avoid spurious results.", "contents": "Ferric ion, ferrocyanide, and inorganic phosphate as cytochemical reactants at peripheral nodes of Ranvier. Ferric ion (Fe3+) and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64-) were used under a variety of conditions to stain nodes of Ranvier in mammalian peripheral nerves. Principal findings are: 1. Ferric ion will bind to the extracellular nodal gap substance if nerves are pretreated with a phosphate buffer; or, it will bind to the cytoplasmic surface of the nodal axolemma if pretreatment is with cacodylate or veronal--acetate buffer. 2. Ferrocyanide will bind to the inner surface of the nodal axolemma, where it may react with ferric ion to form a blue stain, or with an osmium compound to form a black stain. 3. Ferric ion and ferrocyanide are bound to nodes as colloidal precipitates, and may migrate away from their sites of formation. 4. Not all nodes in a single piece of tissue, or in a single fibre have identical staining properties. It is concluded that ferric ion, ferrocyanide, and inorganic phosphate are valuable as cytochemical reactants for peripheral nodes of Ranvier, but they must be used in carefully controlled experimental situations in order to avoid spurious results.", "PMID": 72787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4839", "title": "Combined application of cytodiagnostic technics to the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The major purpose of the examination of the cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the diagnosis of malignant growths. However, unequivocal tumor cell diagnosis is often problematical, since cells of local origin can also demonstrate considerable proliferative activity and great morphological variety. In these circumstances, it is advisable to evaluate cells from several points of view. One can demonstrate morphological characteristics with panoptic staining and can gain an impression of the RNA content of a cell with acridine orange (AO) fluorescent stain. Quantitative measurements of DNA synthesis in vitro can be made by labelling with tritiated thymidine. Multidimensional cytodiagnosis gives a comprehensive impression of the quality of the cells in question and provides the clinician with information which can be valuable for subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic efforts.", "contents": "Combined application of cytodiagnostic technics to the cerebrospinal fluid. The major purpose of the examination of the cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the diagnosis of malignant growths. However, unequivocal tumor cell diagnosis is often problematical, since cells of local origin can also demonstrate considerable proliferative activity and great morphological variety. In these circumstances, it is advisable to evaluate cells from several points of view. One can demonstrate morphological characteristics with panoptic staining and can gain an impression of the RNA content of a cell with acridine orange (AO) fluorescent stain. Quantitative measurements of DNA synthesis in vitro can be made by labelling with tritiated thymidine. Multidimensional cytodiagnosis gives a comprehensive impression of the quality of the cells in question and provides the clinician with information which can be valuable for subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic efforts.", "PMID": 72788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4840", "title": "Vincristine polyneuropathy in man. A clinical and electrophysiological study.", "content": "A clinical and electrophysiological follow up study of 14 cases of hemopathic patients patients undergoing VCR therapy showed evidence that the drug has a direct action on the motor and sensory axon but not on the propagation velocity. Sensory nerves seem to be affected earlier and more than motor ones. Correlation was good between clinical and electrophysiological findings for both functions. The findings in man correspond with the animal data and therefore lead to the conclusion that VCR polyneuropathy is due to an involvement of the nerve axon.", "contents": "Vincristine polyneuropathy in man. A clinical and electrophysiological study. A clinical and electrophysiological follow up study of 14 cases of hemopathic patients patients undergoing VCR therapy showed evidence that the drug has a direct action on the motor and sensory axon but not on the propagation velocity. Sensory nerves seem to be affected earlier and more than motor ones. Correlation was good between clinical and electrophysiological findings for both functions. The findings in man correspond with the animal data and therefore lead to the conclusion that VCR polyneuropathy is due to an involvement of the nerve axon.", "PMID": 72789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4841", "title": "Increased voltage of the muscle action potential of normal subjects after local cooling.", "content": "The compound muscle action potential (MAP) and the isometric twitch force of the adductor pollicis of 25 normal subjects were registered after local cooling. Intramuscular temperature ranged from 36.6 to 18.0 degrees C. The amplitude of the MAP increased while the twitch force decreased at lower temperatures. The increase of the MAP could be caused by the effect of cooling directly at the muscle cell membrane. The decreased twitch force probably is due to an affect on the contractile apparatus.", "contents": "Increased voltage of the muscle action potential of normal subjects after local cooling. The compound muscle action potential (MAP) and the isometric twitch force of the adductor pollicis of 25 normal subjects were registered after local cooling. Intramuscular temperature ranged from 36.6 to 18.0 degrees C. The amplitude of the MAP increased while the twitch force decreased at lower temperatures. The increase of the MAP could be caused by the effect of cooling directly at the muscle cell membrane. The decreased twitch force probably is due to an affect on the contractile apparatus.", "PMID": 72791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4842", "title": "Complement dependen cytotoxic antibody activity against measles virus in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The presence of measles cytotoxic (CT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 195 multiples sclerosis (MS) patients and 251 controls was tested. The measles virus Lu carrier cells labeled with 51Cr were exposed to serum specimens in the presence of complement in order to test the presence of CT antibody. The analysis of complement dependent CT antibodies against measles virus revealed significantly (P less than 0.01) higher titers in MS patients than in the control group. However, the measles HI test failed to show this difference. Measles CT titers greater than or equal to 1: 32 among MS patients occured in 54.9% and in 35.5% among the controls. In comparison with this the HI method revealed measles titers greater than or equal to 1:128 more often in the control group than in MS cases (27.9 and 17.9%, respectively). The presence of CT antibodies against measles virus in MS proves that these patients have a function defence mechanism to eliminate virus infected cells. The high measles antibody titer among MS patients could be due to recurrent antigenic stimulation caused measles virus persistency. Whether this virus persistency plays a role in MS can not be decided on the available data.", "contents": "Complement dependen cytotoxic antibody activity against measles virus in multiple sclerosis. The presence of measles cytotoxic (CT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 195 multiples sclerosis (MS) patients and 251 controls was tested. The measles virus Lu carrier cells labeled with 51Cr were exposed to serum specimens in the presence of complement in order to test the presence of CT antibody. The analysis of complement dependent CT antibodies against measles virus revealed significantly (P less than 0.01) higher titers in MS patients than in the control group. However, the measles HI test failed to show this difference. Measles CT titers greater than or equal to 1: 32 among MS patients occured in 54.9% and in 35.5% among the controls. In comparison with this the HI method revealed measles titers greater than or equal to 1:128 more often in the control group than in MS cases (27.9 and 17.9%, respectively). The presence of CT antibodies against measles virus in MS proves that these patients have a function defence mechanism to eliminate virus infected cells. The high measles antibody titer among MS patients could be due to recurrent antigenic stimulation caused measles virus persistency. Whether this virus persistency plays a role in MS can not be decided on the available data.", "PMID": 72792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4843", "title": "Serological response of multiple sclerosis patients and controls to 6/94-parainfluenza virus.", "content": "The serological responses of 195 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 251 controls were tested against 6/94-parainfluenza virus, which was previously isolated from brain tissue of two patients with MS. The hemagglutination-inhibition titers of greater than or equal to 1: 128 were found more frequently in MS patients (21.5%) than in controls (14.0%). However, the geometric mean titers did not differ between these two groups. The present study concludes that a causal relationship of 6/94-virus to MS, based on a specific immune response, is improbable, although it does not exclude the possibility of a pathogenetic significance of the agent in the cases from which the autopsy material was derived.", "contents": "Serological response of multiple sclerosis patients and controls to 6/94-parainfluenza virus. The serological responses of 195 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 251 controls were tested against 6/94-parainfluenza virus, which was previously isolated from brain tissue of two patients with MS. The hemagglutination-inhibition titers of greater than or equal to 1: 128 were found more frequently in MS patients (21.5%) than in controls (14.0%). However, the geometric mean titers did not differ between these two groups. The present study concludes that a causal relationship of 6/94-virus to MS, based on a specific immune response, is improbable, although it does not exclude the possibility of a pathogenetic significance of the agent in the cases from which the autopsy material was derived.", "PMID": 72793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4844", "title": "A heat stable serum inhibitor of an antigen antibody reaction of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "A factor which inhibits the antigen antibody reaction was isolated from the sera of patients affected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and also of control subjects. This factor inhibits the immune reaction between SSPE serum IgGs and measles virus. This inhibiting factor was detected in the alpha globulin region after agar gel electrophoresis, and is heat stable at 100 degrees C for ten minutes.", "contents": "A heat stable serum inhibitor of an antigen antibody reaction of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A factor which inhibits the antigen antibody reaction was isolated from the sera of patients affected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and also of control subjects. This factor inhibits the immune reaction between SSPE serum IgGs and measles virus. This inhibiting factor was detected in the alpha globulin region after agar gel electrophoresis, and is heat stable at 100 degrees C for ten minutes.", "PMID": 72794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4845", "title": "The fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin from adult human cerebral white matter and changes in childhood, senium and unspecific brain damage.", "content": "A micromethod for the investigation of the fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin in presented. In the cerebral white matter of 17 normal adult brains, analyzed for reference, the predominant fatty acids are C 18:0 and C 24:1. Our results are in agreement with those of other authors. Short chained fatty acids are relatively increased in young children; this shift is typical of \"immature\" myelin. Similar changes are described here in old persons and cases of non-specific brain damage associated with demyelination (autolysis, chronic uremia, juvenile chorea). Sphingomyelin fatty acid composition can be considered a sensitive measure of both disturbed myelination and demyelination.", "contents": "The fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin from adult human cerebral white matter and changes in childhood, senium and unspecific brain damage. A micromethod for the investigation of the fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin in presented. In the cerebral white matter of 17 normal adult brains, analyzed for reference, the predominant fatty acids are C 18:0 and C 24:1. Our results are in agreement with those of other authors. Short chained fatty acids are relatively increased in young children; this shift is typical of \"immature\" myelin. Similar changes are described here in old persons and cases of non-specific brain damage associated with demyelination (autolysis, chronic uremia, juvenile chorea). Sphingomyelin fatty acid composition can be considered a sensitive measure of both disturbed myelination and demyelination.", "PMID": 72795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4846", "title": "Hypokalemia shortens relative refractory period of peripheral sensory nerves in man.", "content": "Absolute and relative refractory periods and the sensory conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves were determined in six patients suffering from hypokalemia of various origins. Nerve impulse conduction and the absolute refractory period remained normal, but the relative refractory period was shortened to 1.7 to 2.6 ms at serum K+ levels from 1.6 to 2.9 mval/l. As compared with normal values this decrease was statistically significant.", "contents": "Hypokalemia shortens relative refractory period of peripheral sensory nerves in man. Absolute and relative refractory periods and the sensory conduction velocity of the median and ulnar nerves were determined in six patients suffering from hypokalemia of various origins. Nerve impulse conduction and the absolute refractory period remained normal, but the relative refractory period was shortened to 1.7 to 2.6 ms at serum K+ levels from 1.6 to 2.9 mval/l. As compared with normal values this decrease was statistically significant.", "PMID": 72796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4847", "title": "[Radiation myelopathy-two cases with unusual development (author transl)].", "content": "This is a report of two women who experienced radiation myelopathy 2,5 and 9 months after telecobalt radiation. Tetraplegia and paralysis of the inspiratory muscles developed rapidly in the first case whereas in the second case the paralysis and the initial Brown-Sequard syndrome improved after treatment with corticosteroids and infusion of Rheomacrodex and Sorbit. It should be stressed that in both cases the radiation stress on the spinal cord was under the limit of tolerance of 3300 to 4000 R. The differential diagnosis of radiation myelopathy from spinal metastasis is most important because the treatment is different for each conditions.", "contents": "[Radiation myelopathy-two cases with unusual development (author transl)]. This is a report of two women who experienced radiation myelopathy 2,5 and 9 months after telecobalt radiation. Tetraplegia and paralysis of the inspiratory muscles developed rapidly in the first case whereas in the second case the paralysis and the initial Brown-Sequard syndrome improved after treatment with corticosteroids and infusion of Rheomacrodex and Sorbit. It should be stressed that in both cases the radiation stress on the spinal cord was under the limit of tolerance of 3300 to 4000 R. The differential diagnosis of radiation myelopathy from spinal metastasis is most important because the treatment is different for each conditions.", "PMID": 72797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4848", "title": "Myotonia not aggravated by cooling. Force and relaxation of the adductor pollicis in normal subjects and in myotonia as compared to paramyotonia.", "content": "The effect of local cooling has been studied in 27 normal subjects, 8 cases of myotonia congenita, 5 of myotonic dystrophy and one of paramyotonia. Using the adductor pollicis we registered the compound muscle action potential, the isometric twitch force and the time to half relaxation, the maximum tetanic force and to time 3/4 relaxation. 1. In normal subjects the twitch force and maximum tetanic force decreased after cooling (Fig. 2). The amplitude of the action potential increased. 2. Myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy were not aggravated by cooling. Muscle force was reduced only in the same proportion as in normal subjects (Fig. 2). The myotonic after-contraction was made normal by cooling (Figs. 5 and 6). 3. In paramyotonia initial tonic stiffness with a pronouncedly prolonged twitch relaxation occured directly after cooling (Fig. 1 B). Paradoxical myotonia occured only after exercise and was accompained by increasing paresis (Figs. 3 and 8). The results indicate that exposure to cold has a specific effect on muscle function only in paramyotonia.", "contents": "Myotonia not aggravated by cooling. Force and relaxation of the adductor pollicis in normal subjects and in myotonia as compared to paramyotonia. The effect of local cooling has been studied in 27 normal subjects, 8 cases of myotonia congenita, 5 of myotonic dystrophy and one of paramyotonia. Using the adductor pollicis we registered the compound muscle action potential, the isometric twitch force and the time to half relaxation, the maximum tetanic force and to time 3/4 relaxation. 1. In normal subjects the twitch force and maximum tetanic force decreased after cooling (Fig. 2). The amplitude of the action potential increased. 2. Myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy were not aggravated by cooling. Muscle force was reduced only in the same proportion as in normal subjects (Fig. 2). The myotonic after-contraction was made normal by cooling (Figs. 5 and 6). 3. In paramyotonia initial tonic stiffness with a pronouncedly prolonged twitch relaxation occured directly after cooling (Fig. 1 B). Paradoxical myotonia occured only after exercise and was accompained by increasing paresis (Figs. 3 and 8). The results indicate that exposure to cold has a specific effect on muscle function only in paramyotonia.", "PMID": 72799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4849", "title": "Histamine metabolism in cluster headache and migraine. Catabolism of 14C histamine.", "content": "Various parameters of histamine metabolism were studied in patients with migraine, cluster headache and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. These included urinary excretion of radioactivity and of 14C histamine and its metabolites, exhaled 14CO2 and fecal radioactivity after oral as well as subcutaneous administration of radioactive histamine. No marked deviation from the normal was found except in one patient with the cluster headache variant, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, in whom an aberration in 14C histamine degradation seemed to be present. Only minute quantities of the 14C histamine metabolite C14 imidazoleacetic acid riboside seemed to be formed during a period with severe paroxysms. During a symptom-free period no deviation from normal was observed. The most likely explanation for this finding seems to be a defect in the conversion of imidazoleacetic acid to its riboside. This defect may possibly explain the increased urinary excretion of histamine in this particular patient. The relationship of this metabolic aberration to the production of headache still remains dubious for various reasons.", "contents": "Histamine metabolism in cluster headache and migraine. Catabolism of 14C histamine. Various parameters of histamine metabolism were studied in patients with migraine, cluster headache and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. These included urinary excretion of radioactivity and of 14C histamine and its metabolites, exhaled 14CO2 and fecal radioactivity after oral as well as subcutaneous administration of radioactive histamine. No marked deviation from the normal was found except in one patient with the cluster headache variant, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, in whom an aberration in 14C histamine degradation seemed to be present. Only minute quantities of the 14C histamine metabolite C14 imidazoleacetic acid riboside seemed to be formed during a period with severe paroxysms. During a symptom-free period no deviation from normal was observed. The most likely explanation for this finding seems to be a defect in the conversion of imidazoleacetic acid to its riboside. This defect may possibly explain the increased urinary excretion of histamine in this particular patient. The relationship of this metabolic aberration to the production of headache still remains dubious for various reasons.", "PMID": 72800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4850", "title": "Recurrent Bell's palsy. Etiology, frequency, prognosis.", "content": "The etiology, frequency and prognosis of recurrent Bell's palsy were studied in patients with peripheral paresis of n.facialis of various etiology. Fourteen (11.9%) of 117 patients with Bell's palsy had a recurrent paresis of n.facialis. Nine of these were of homolateral and five contralateral type. Seven recurrent facial paralyses in idiopathic Bell's palsy (i.e. 10.4% of the patients with idiopathic facial palsy), 3 facial palsies of viral origin (i.e. 8.8% of the patients with viral facial palsy), one in association with diabetes mellitus, one during pregnancy, one combined with positive rheumatic serological tests, and one in a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome were found. The frequency and heterogenity of etiology of recurrent facial palsies suggest a predisposing factor or immune mechanisms. In eight patients there was within 6 to 8 weeks a good, in two patients a moderate and in four patients a poor recovery of function. The greater reduction of the compound action potential of the m.orbicularis oris in recurrent homolateral facial palsy in relation to patients with single manifestation point out the greater denervation and therefore the poorer prognosis of recurrent palsies. A prophylactic decompression to prevent a third attack of recurrent facial paresis is considered.", "contents": "Recurrent Bell's palsy. Etiology, frequency, prognosis. The etiology, frequency and prognosis of recurrent Bell's palsy were studied in patients with peripheral paresis of n.facialis of various etiology. Fourteen (11.9%) of 117 patients with Bell's palsy had a recurrent paresis of n.facialis. Nine of these were of homolateral and five contralateral type. Seven recurrent facial paralyses in idiopathic Bell's palsy (i.e. 10.4% of the patients with idiopathic facial palsy), 3 facial palsies of viral origin (i.e. 8.8% of the patients with viral facial palsy), one in association with diabetes mellitus, one during pregnancy, one combined with positive rheumatic serological tests, and one in a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome were found. The frequency and heterogenity of etiology of recurrent facial palsies suggest a predisposing factor or immune mechanisms. In eight patients there was within 6 to 8 weeks a good, in two patients a moderate and in four patients a poor recovery of function. The greater reduction of the compound action potential of the m.orbicularis oris in recurrent homolateral facial palsy in relation to patients with single manifestation point out the greater denervation and therefore the poorer prognosis of recurrent palsies. A prophylactic decompression to prevent a third attack of recurrent facial paresis is considered.", "PMID": 72801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4851", "title": "A morphological and chemical study of calcification of the choroid plexus.", "content": "Human choroid plexus was submitted to low temperature ashing (LTA) in order to isolate the calcification. The ashing residue was then subjected to morphological, chemical and structural studies using technics such as scanning electron microscopy, flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Morphologically, the calcification consisted of wound-up fibers forming granules with a diameter of 0.05 to 0.15 mm. The concretions were identified as cristalline Ca3(PO4)2 and hydroxylapatite. The content of trace elements was high, but within the limits found in other biological apatites. In some cases, however, the Fe content exceeded these limit values.", "contents": "A morphological and chemical study of calcification of the choroid plexus. Human choroid plexus was submitted to low temperature ashing (LTA) in order to isolate the calcification. The ashing residue was then subjected to morphological, chemical and structural studies using technics such as scanning electron microscopy, flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Morphologically, the calcification consisted of wound-up fibers forming granules with a diameter of 0.05 to 0.15 mm. The concretions were identified as cristalline Ca3(PO4)2 and hydroxylapatite. The content of trace elements was high, but within the limits found in other biological apatites. In some cases, however, the Fe content exceeded these limit values.", "PMID": 72802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4852", "title": "Anomalous lymphocyte-antigen reaction in relatives of multiple sclerosis patients. A study of a possible genetic factor in the disease.", "content": "A combined familial study of multiple sclerosis (MS) in England and in the Rostock area of the GDR using the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM)-LAD test embracing 132 relatives has revealed a closely similar pattern of distribution of \"anomalous\" LAD (Linoleic Acid Depression) values in relatives (77% type of reaction) to that originally reported in the British study. The anomaly in predominantly associated with females--all mothers of MS patients being affected, whilst daughters and sisters are also represented. In addition unusual full MS type of reaction (90% reduction) has been found in some children related to patients. There is clearly a genetic element in the development of MS probably mainfested in the inborn mishandling of unsaturated fatty acids suggested by Thompson; no recognizable pattern of inheritance is noticeable even within the combined material. There is evidence that the metabolic anomaly alone does not inevitably lead to MS, and the full abnormality may be present at an early age. A survey about the examinations and a selection of characteristic family trees of MS are given, illustrating the manner in which the 77% type anomaly is distributed with occasional omission of a generation.", "contents": "Anomalous lymphocyte-antigen reaction in relatives of multiple sclerosis patients. A study of a possible genetic factor in the disease. A combined familial study of multiple sclerosis (MS) in England and in the Rostock area of the GDR using the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM)-LAD test embracing 132 relatives has revealed a closely similar pattern of distribution of \"anomalous\" LAD (Linoleic Acid Depression) values in relatives (77% type of reaction) to that originally reported in the British study. The anomaly in predominantly associated with females--all mothers of MS patients being affected, whilst daughters and sisters are also represented. In addition unusual full MS type of reaction (90% reduction) has been found in some children related to patients. There is clearly a genetic element in the development of MS probably mainfested in the inborn mishandling of unsaturated fatty acids suggested by Thompson; no recognizable pattern of inheritance is noticeable even within the combined material. There is evidence that the metabolic anomaly alone does not inevitably lead to MS, and the full abnormality may be present at an early age. A survey about the examinations and a selection of characteristic family trees of MS are given, illustrating the manner in which the 77% type anomaly is distributed with occasional omission of a generation.", "PMID": 72803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4853", "title": "Histochemical study of normal human muscle spindle. Histochemical classification of intrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal nerve endings.", "content": "Normal muscle spindles of human skeletal muscle were studied histochemically. 1) Four histochemical types of intrafusal muscle fibers were classified by ATPase stain: Bag I fiber, Bag II fiber, Chain I fiber and Chain II fiber. Moreover, two types of nuclear bag fibers were classified by NADH Tetrazolium Reductase stain and PAS stain: Bag I fiber and Bag II fiber. 2) Three kinds of fusimotor endings were verified by the cholinesterase technic: en plaque, en grappe and diffuse endings. 3) Two kinds of fusisensory endings were verified by NADH TR stain and also electron-microscopically: primary and secondary sensory endings.", "contents": "Histochemical study of normal human muscle spindle. Histochemical classification of intrafusal muscle fibers and intrafusal nerve endings. Normal muscle spindles of human skeletal muscle were studied histochemically. 1) Four histochemical types of intrafusal muscle fibers were classified by ATPase stain: Bag I fiber, Bag II fiber, Chain I fiber and Chain II fiber. Moreover, two types of nuclear bag fibers were classified by NADH Tetrazolium Reductase stain and PAS stain: Bag I fiber and Bag II fiber. 2) Three kinds of fusimotor endings were verified by the cholinesterase technic: en plaque, en grappe and diffuse endings. 3) Two kinds of fusisensory endings were verified by NADH TR stain and also electron-microscopically: primary and secondary sensory endings.", "PMID": 72804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4854", "title": "Urinary histamine excretion in migraine and cluster headache. Further observations.", "content": "Urinary excretion of histamine, as well as histaminuria following intravenous L-histidine loading, were studied in patients with so-called vascular headache. It was found that urinary excretion of histamine was increased on one or more occasions in 7 of 22 patients with cluster headache. The excretion was significantly higher on attack days than on attack free days. With migraine, increased excretion was found in 5 of 31 patients on days of an attack, whereas the corresponding figure for headache free days was 7 of 24 patients. Three patients showed increased histamine excretion during, as well as between, attacks. The excretion on attack days was not significantly different from that on attack free days. In cluster headache patients, L-histdine administration on attack days did not indicate that an increased histamine formation took place under such circumstances. The underlying mechanism behind the increased histamine output with cluster headache may be increased formation or liberation or altered catabolism. Histamine is more likely to be a consequence than the cause of an attack of cluster headache.", "contents": "Urinary histamine excretion in migraine and cluster headache. Further observations. Urinary excretion of histamine, as well as histaminuria following intravenous L-histidine loading, were studied in patients with so-called vascular headache. It was found that urinary excretion of histamine was increased on one or more occasions in 7 of 22 patients with cluster headache. The excretion was significantly higher on attack days than on attack free days. With migraine, increased excretion was found in 5 of 31 patients on days of an attack, whereas the corresponding figure for headache free days was 7 of 24 patients. Three patients showed increased histamine excretion during, as well as between, attacks. The excretion on attack days was not significantly different from that on attack free days. In cluster headache patients, L-histdine administration on attack days did not indicate that an increased histamine formation took place under such circumstances. The underlying mechanism behind the increased histamine output with cluster headache may be increased formation or liberation or altered catabolism. Histamine is more likely to be a consequence than the cause of an attack of cluster headache.", "PMID": 72805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4855", "title": "Residual lesions of cerebral fat embolism.", "content": "Necropsy findings of a case which survived for three months after massive cerebral fat embolism are presented. The lesions are characterized by numerous patchy necroses and areas of demyelination in the white matter of cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brain stem, accompanied by atrophy of white matter and ventricular enlargement. Attention is drawn to the significance of these lesions for posttraumatic coma or dementia.", "contents": "Residual lesions of cerebral fat embolism. Necropsy findings of a case which survived for three months after massive cerebral fat embolism are presented. The lesions are characterized by numerous patchy necroses and areas of demyelination in the white matter of cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brain stem, accompanied by atrophy of white matter and ventricular enlargement. Attention is drawn to the significance of these lesions for posttraumatic coma or dementia.", "PMID": 72806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4856", "title": "Quantitative EMG and histological carrier detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Seventy-nine women known as, or suspected to be, carriers of the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy were examined. The 15 known carriers had an estimation of the CPK serum level and a manual quantitative EMG, which gave the high detection rate of 93%. The 64 suspected carriers had CPK determination and quantitative EMG, or CPK and muscle biopsy, and the value of each technic is discussed. The problem of giving a reassuring answer to women considered to be possible carriers on genetic criteria, but who are not really carriers, is solved if the results of all three tests are negative.", "contents": "Quantitative EMG and histological carrier detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Seventy-nine women known as, or suspected to be, carriers of the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy were examined. The 15 known carriers had an estimation of the CPK serum level and a manual quantitative EMG, which gave the high detection rate of 93%. The 64 suspected carriers had CPK determination and quantitative EMG, or CPK and muscle biopsy, and the value of each technic is discussed. The problem of giving a reassuring answer to women considered to be possible carriers on genetic criteria, but who are not really carriers, is solved if the results of all three tests are negative.", "PMID": 72807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4857", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of CSF and serum proteins in neurological disorders combined with benign and malignant proliferations of reticulocytes, lymphocytes and plasmocytes.", "content": "The clinical data and the CSF and serum findings on isoelectric focusing (IEF) and electrophoresis were studied in nine patients with neurological disorders combined with proliferations of reticulocytes, lymphocytes or plasmocytes. Paraneoplastic neurological manifestations were considered in some of the subjects. CSF findings compatible with intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal immunoglobulins were observed in two patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms. One of these had an IEF band spectrum differing from those found with multiple sclerosis (MS), while the other had changes indistingusihable from those with MS. On IEF the CSF and serum M components of the patients with plasma cell dyscrasias, as well as the serum M components of nine other patients with myelomatosis, exhibited considerable microheterogeneity with 3-18 abnormal bands. The isoelectric point (pI) of the individual bands was 5.8-9.2, mostly greater than 6.4; the band spectra exhibited pI ranges of 0.4-2.5 pH units, most frequently 0.4-1.2. The CSF findings, possible modified by the blood-CSF barrier, reflected the serum changes of plasma cell dyscrasias. The immunoglobulins produced in such disorders gave IEF band spectra differing from those of intrathecally produced immunoglobulins in MS.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of CSF and serum proteins in neurological disorders combined with benign and malignant proliferations of reticulocytes, lymphocytes and plasmocytes. The clinical data and the CSF and serum findings on isoelectric focusing (IEF) and electrophoresis were studied in nine patients with neurological disorders combined with proliferations of reticulocytes, lymphocytes or plasmocytes. Paraneoplastic neurological manifestations were considered in some of the subjects. CSF findings compatible with intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal immunoglobulins were observed in two patients with lymphoreticular neoplasms. One of these had an IEF band spectrum differing from those found with multiple sclerosis (MS), while the other had changes indistingusihable from those with MS. On IEF the CSF and serum M components of the patients with plasma cell dyscrasias, as well as the serum M components of nine other patients with myelomatosis, exhibited considerable microheterogeneity with 3-18 abnormal bands. The isoelectric point (pI) of the individual bands was 5.8-9.2, mostly greater than 6.4; the band spectra exhibited pI ranges of 0.4-2.5 pH units, most frequently 0.4-1.2. The CSF findings, possible modified by the blood-CSF barrier, reflected the serum changes of plasma cell dyscrasias. The immunoglobulins produced in such disorders gave IEF band spectra differing from those of intrathecally produced immunoglobulins in MS.", "PMID": 72808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4858", "title": "Cerebral coenurosis. Report of a case with arteritis.", "content": "A case of the unusual clinical condition of cerebral coenurosis, the unique parasitic disease that is localized only in the CNS, is reported. The patient had repeated attacks of transient hemiparesis due to intracranial arteritis which was demonstrated by several angiographic studies. The CSF showed a discreet lymphocytosis and increased immunoglobulins. This inflammatory reaction which preceeded the manifestations of the intracranial mass can be explained by the parasitic foreign bodies, the liberation of somatic and metabolic parasitic toxins and the immunological reaction of the organism. The arteritis of the basal intracranial vessels was probably secondary to the inflammatory reaction of the leptomeninges. In presence of the rare association of meningovascular disease and an expanding intracranial lesion a parasitic condition due to a larval stage of Cestodes (Hydatidosis, Cysticercosis, Coenurosis) should be always considered.", "contents": "Cerebral coenurosis. Report of a case with arteritis. A case of the unusual clinical condition of cerebral coenurosis, the unique parasitic disease that is localized only in the CNS, is reported. The patient had repeated attacks of transient hemiparesis due to intracranial arteritis which was demonstrated by several angiographic studies. The CSF showed a discreet lymphocytosis and increased immunoglobulins. This inflammatory reaction which preceeded the manifestations of the intracranial mass can be explained by the parasitic foreign bodies, the liberation of somatic and metabolic parasitic toxins and the immunological reaction of the organism. The arteritis of the basal intracranial vessels was probably secondary to the inflammatory reaction of the leptomeninges. In presence of the rare association of meningovascular disease and an expanding intracranial lesion a parasitic condition due to a larval stage of Cestodes (Hydatidosis, Cysticercosis, Coenurosis) should be always considered.", "PMID": 72809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4859", "title": "Influence of temperature on neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The effect of local cooling was studied in 28 patients with myastenia gravis. We stimulated the ulnar nerve with single stimuli and trains at 3/s for 2s and at 50/s for 1.5 s. The compound muscle action potential (MAP), the muscle twitch and the isometric tetanic force of the adductor pollicis were registered. 1. At 3/s stimulation the pathological decrement of the MAP decreased after slight cooling. 2. The amplitude of the single MAP was higher at lower temperature when compared to normal temperature. The same increase is however to be found in healthy subjects. 3. After slight cooling, the maximum tetanic force was higher. However, the decrement of the force was higher also, therefore ruling out a practicable application of cooling for the patient. 4. After severe cooling (18-22 degrees C) the tetanic force was much lower and in many cases a complete failure of the neuromuscular transmission occured.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis. The effect of local cooling was studied in 28 patients with myastenia gravis. We stimulated the ulnar nerve with single stimuli and trains at 3/s for 2s and at 50/s for 1.5 s. The compound muscle action potential (MAP), the muscle twitch and the isometric tetanic force of the adductor pollicis were registered. 1. At 3/s stimulation the pathological decrement of the MAP decreased after slight cooling. 2. The amplitude of the single MAP was higher at lower temperature when compared to normal temperature. The same increase is however to be found in healthy subjects. 3. After slight cooling, the maximum tetanic force was higher. However, the decrement of the force was higher also, therefore ruling out a practicable application of cooling for the patient. 4. After severe cooling (18-22 degrees C) the tetanic force was much lower and in many cases a complete failure of the neuromuscular transmission occured.", "PMID": 72810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4860", "title": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the serum creatine kinase activity of muscles diseases.", "content": "Intravenous administration of a single dose of hydrocortisone to patients with the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy, carriers of Duchenne dystrophy gene caused a short-lasting rise of the serum creatine kinase activity. Administration of hydrocortisone also raised the serum CPK activity in some carriers with a primarly normal CPK level. This phenomenon was observed, though to a lower degree, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. The serum CPK activity was sometimes increased after hydrocortisone administration in patients with polymyositis and Kugelberg-Welander spinal muscular atrophy. This phenomenon was never observed in the control group or in cases of myotonic dystrophy. The mechanism of this effect of hydrocortisone on the CPK level is still unknown.", "contents": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the serum creatine kinase activity of muscles diseases. Intravenous administration of a single dose of hydrocortisone to patients with the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy, carriers of Duchenne dystrophy gene caused a short-lasting rise of the serum creatine kinase activity. Administration of hydrocortisone also raised the serum CPK activity in some carriers with a primarly normal CPK level. This phenomenon was observed, though to a lower degree, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. The serum CPK activity was sometimes increased after hydrocortisone administration in patients with polymyositis and Kugelberg-Welander spinal muscular atrophy. This phenomenon was never observed in the control group or in cases of myotonic dystrophy. The mechanism of this effect of hydrocortisone on the CPK level is still unknown.", "PMID": 72811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4861", "title": "Correlation of electrophysiological and quantitative histological findings in the sural nerve of man. Studies on alcoholic neuropathy.", "content": "Electrophysiological results of sural nerve conduction studies were compared with quantitative histological data from the same nerve in 27 patients with alcoholic neuropathy. Diminution of amplitude and/or conduction velocity of the main component was seen in 14 nerves. Minimum nerve conduction velocity, which was studied in 11 nerves, was lowered in eight cases. Histological investigations revealed that nerve fibers of different diameter were involved to a variable extent, so at least four different types of fiber loss could be distingusihed. Relation of nerve conduction velocity to external fiber diameter revealed a conversion factor within normal range in 13 nerves, indicating axonal degeneration. A borderline value was found in four of the nerves, teased fiber studied showed demyelination in three nerves and axonal degeneration in one of the four. It was impossible in 10 nerves to relate external fiber diameter to nerve conduction velocities of the different components of the potential caused by demyelination or extensive remyelination.", "contents": "Correlation of electrophysiological and quantitative histological findings in the sural nerve of man. Studies on alcoholic neuropathy. Electrophysiological results of sural nerve conduction studies were compared with quantitative histological data from the same nerve in 27 patients with alcoholic neuropathy. Diminution of amplitude and/or conduction velocity of the main component was seen in 14 nerves. Minimum nerve conduction velocity, which was studied in 11 nerves, was lowered in eight cases. Histological investigations revealed that nerve fibers of different diameter were involved to a variable extent, so at least four different types of fiber loss could be distingusihed. Relation of nerve conduction velocity to external fiber diameter revealed a conversion factor within normal range in 13 nerves, indicating axonal degeneration. A borderline value was found in four of the nerves, teased fiber studied showed demyelination in three nerves and axonal degeneration in one of the four. It was impossible in 10 nerves to relate external fiber diameter to nerve conduction velocities of the different components of the potential caused by demyelination or extensive remyelination.", "PMID": 72812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4862", "title": "Serological studies on the etiological role of measles-like virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Significantly higher CSF titers of hemagglutination (HI) measles virus antibody were found in 22 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and more elevated titers of measles virus neutralization (NV) antibody were encountered in 19 patients with SSPE than in 50 children and young adults with other neurological diseases. Similar differences occurred in the sera of patients and controls. The serum: CSF antibody ratio was examined in 15 SSPE cases. All but one patient showed reduced antibody ratio (less than 80) as compared with the normal index. In addition, serological studies in some SSPE patients showed the presence of CSF antimeasles fluorescent (FA) and mixed hemadsorption (HAd) antibodies as well as serum anti-ribonucleoprotein antibody (RNP), HAd and FA had titers from 1:16 to 1:32000. SSPE patients harbored serum antibodies against three components of the measles virus as measles patients did. Most of SSPE patients had increasing CSF and serum titers of measles-like virus antibodies over the course of the disease.", "contents": "Serological studies on the etiological role of measles-like virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Significantly higher CSF titers of hemagglutination (HI) measles virus antibody were found in 22 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and more elevated titers of measles virus neutralization (NV) antibody were encountered in 19 patients with SSPE than in 50 children and young adults with other neurological diseases. Similar differences occurred in the sera of patients and controls. The serum: CSF antibody ratio was examined in 15 SSPE cases. All but one patient showed reduced antibody ratio (less than 80) as compared with the normal index. In addition, serological studies in some SSPE patients showed the presence of CSF antimeasles fluorescent (FA) and mixed hemadsorption (HAd) antibodies as well as serum anti-ribonucleoprotein antibody (RNP), HAd and FA had titers from 1:16 to 1:32000. SSPE patients harbored serum antibodies against three components of the measles virus as measles patients did. Most of SSPE patients had increasing CSF and serum titers of measles-like virus antibodies over the course of the disease.", "PMID": 72813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4863", "title": "Absorption of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) in infants and children.", "content": "Concentrations of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) were measured in blood from children who had received treatment with 1% lindane lotion. Lindane was present in the blood of all patients from two of 48 hours following application. Concentrations were inversely related to weight, surface area, and were independent of the quantity of lindane applied.", "contents": "Absorption of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) in infants and children. Concentrations of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) were measured in blood from children who had received treatment with 1% lindane lotion. Lindane was present in the blood of all patients from two of 48 hours following application. Concentrations were inversely related to weight, surface area, and were independent of the quantity of lindane applied.", "PMID": 72815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4864", "title": "Mathematical model for cyclocytidine pharmacokinetics.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the drug cyclocytidine in humans were modeled by using a physiological and anatomical approach. Each pertinent tissue is represented by a single compartment, and these compartments are linked together by the circulatory system. Each compartment is then represented by an ordinary differential equation that represents the rate of change in drug concentration as function of convecting transport, metabolism, and urinary clearance. The models for cyclocytidine and cytarabine are linked together by a hydrolysis term in each equation set. The resulting equation sets are then solved numerically to predict the concentration of both drug species in situ. The models use physiological blood flows, tissue volumes, and clearance parameters. The results of the model show that cyclocytidine can act as a reservoir for cytarabine in vivo over the time studied. This effect is confined to relatively long times and relatively low plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Mathematical model for cyclocytidine pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics of the drug cyclocytidine in humans were modeled by using a physiological and anatomical approach. Each pertinent tissue is represented by a single compartment, and these compartments are linked together by the circulatory system. Each compartment is then represented by an ordinary differential equation that represents the rate of change in drug concentration as function of convecting transport, metabolism, and urinary clearance. The models for cyclocytidine and cytarabine are linked together by a hydrolysis term in each equation set. The resulting equation sets are then solved numerically to predict the concentration of both drug species in situ. The models use physiological blood flows, tissue volumes, and clearance parameters. The results of the model show that cyclocytidine can act as a reservoir for cytarabine in vivo over the time studied. This effect is confined to relatively long times and relatively low plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 72816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4865", "title": "Urinary excretion of hydromorphone and metabolites in humans, rats, dogs, guinea pigs, and rabbits.", "content": "Hydromorphone was administered as a single dose to humans, rats, dogs, guinea pigs, and rabbits, and timed urinary collections were made. GLC-mass spectrometric and GLC analyses of the samples revealed the presence of the parent compound and both 6-hydroxy epimers as metabolites in the urine of all species. Free or conjugated parent drug predominated, while levels of free or conjugated 6beta-hydroxy metabolite were higher than or equal to those of the 6alpha-form. The time courses of excretion of drug and metabolites were similar for all species, with the major portion being excreted in the first 24 hr. Generally, free and conjugated drug were undetectable in human urine after 8 and 48 hr, respectively.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of hydromorphone and metabolites in humans, rats, dogs, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Hydromorphone was administered as a single dose to humans, rats, dogs, guinea pigs, and rabbits, and timed urinary collections were made. GLC-mass spectrometric and GLC analyses of the samples revealed the presence of the parent compound and both 6-hydroxy epimers as metabolites in the urine of all species. Free or conjugated parent drug predominated, while levels of free or conjugated 6beta-hydroxy metabolite were higher than or equal to those of the 6alpha-form. The time courses of excretion of drug and metabolites were similar for all species, with the major portion being excreted in the first 24 hr. Generally, free and conjugated drug were undetectable in human urine after 8 and 48 hr, respectively.", "PMID": 72817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4866", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXX: Relationship between total clearance and serum protein binding of dicumarol in rats.", "content": "The effect of serum protein binding on the elimination kinetics of dicumarol was studied. The serum free fraction of dicumarol was essentially independent of concentration over a wide concentration range and ranged from 0.00015 to 0.00079 in 10 adult rats. The total clearance of dicumarol in these animals ranged from 3.93 to 14.5 ml/kg/hr. As in previous studies, there was an excellent linear correlation between the elimination rate constant for dicumarol and the fraction of dicumarol in the liver (i.e., the amount of drug in the liver divided by the amount of drug in the body). Consistent with theoretical considerations, there was a positive and apparently linear relationship between the total clearance and the serum free fraction of dicumarol. The individual serum free fraction and the fraction in liver values for dicumarol were strongly correlated. The pharmacokinetic model based on a proportional relationship between the apparent elimination rate constant and the fraction in the liver applies to dicumarol but not to warfarin and has limited utility. On the other hand, the model relating total clearance to the serum free fraction has been found to apply to dicumarol, warfarin, and other extensively plasma protein-bound drugs and can be utilized under clinical conditions.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXX: Relationship between total clearance and serum protein binding of dicumarol in rats. The effect of serum protein binding on the elimination kinetics of dicumarol was studied. The serum free fraction of dicumarol was essentially independent of concentration over a wide concentration range and ranged from 0.00015 to 0.00079 in 10 adult rats. The total clearance of dicumarol in these animals ranged from 3.93 to 14.5 ml/kg/hr. As in previous studies, there was an excellent linear correlation between the elimination rate constant for dicumarol and the fraction of dicumarol in the liver (i.e., the amount of drug in the liver divided by the amount of drug in the body). Consistent with theoretical considerations, there was a positive and apparently linear relationship between the total clearance and the serum free fraction of dicumarol. The individual serum free fraction and the fraction in liver values for dicumarol were strongly correlated. The pharmacokinetic model based on a proportional relationship between the apparent elimination rate constant and the fraction in the liver applies to dicumarol but not to warfarin and has limited utility. On the other hand, the model relating total clearance to the serum free fraction has been found to apply to dicumarol, warfarin, and other extensively plasma protein-bound drugs and can be utilized under clinical conditions.", "PMID": 72818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4867", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXI: Effect of plasma protein binding on distribution kinetics of dicumarol in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine, with respect to dicumarol, the effect of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetic parameters used conventionally to describe the distribution kinetics of a drug on the basis of the time course of its plasma concentration. After rapid intravenous injection, plasma dicumarol concentrations in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats declined triexponentially, with the terminal exponential phase starting at about 4 hr. The free fraction f, of dicumarol in the serum of individual animals ranged from 0.000150 to 0.000790. The parameters of the equation Ct = Pe-pit + Ae-alphat + Be-betat for plasma concentration Ct at time t were obtained by nonlinear least-squares computer fitting of the experimental data and varied appreciably between animals. Of these parameters, only beta showed a significant correlation with f. These observations indicate that the distribution kinetics of this very extensively plasma protein-bound drug, as reflected by the time course of its plasma concentration after intravenous injection, are apparently not affected by intersubject differences in plasma protein binding. There is a remarkable similarity in the valves of P, A, B, pi, and alpha for dicumarol and warfarin, even though the serum free fraction of these drugs differs considerably.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXI: Effect of plasma protein binding on distribution kinetics of dicumarol in rats. The purpose of this investigation was to determine, with respect to dicumarol, the effect of plasma protein binding on the pharmacokinetic parameters used conventionally to describe the distribution kinetics of a drug on the basis of the time course of its plasma concentration. After rapid intravenous injection, plasma dicumarol concentrations in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats declined triexponentially, with the terminal exponential phase starting at about 4 hr. The free fraction f, of dicumarol in the serum of individual animals ranged from 0.000150 to 0.000790. The parameters of the equation Ct = Pe-pit + Ae-alphat + Be-betat for plasma concentration Ct at time t were obtained by nonlinear least-squares computer fitting of the experimental data and varied appreciably between animals. Of these parameters, only beta showed a significant correlation with f. These observations indicate that the distribution kinetics of this very extensively plasma protein-bound drug, as reflected by the time course of its plasma concentration after intravenous injection, are apparently not affected by intersubject differences in plasma protein binding. There is a remarkable similarity in the valves of P, A, B, pi, and alpha for dicumarol and warfarin, even though the serum free fraction of these drugs differs considerably.", "PMID": 72819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4868", "title": "15/15 translocation in Prader-Willi syndrome.", "content": "Two further cases (one previously published as D/D translocation) of 15/15 translocation in Prader-Willi syndrome are reported, which brings the total cases of this specific chromosomal anomaly in connection with this specific syndrome up to three or possibly four. It is suggested that Prader-Willi syndrome might be caused by loss of short arm material of chromosome 15.", "contents": "15/15 translocation in Prader-Willi syndrome. Two further cases (one previously published as D/D translocation) of 15/15 translocation in Prader-Willi syndrome are reported, which brings the total cases of this specific chromosomal anomaly in connection with this specific syndrome up to three or possibly four. It is suggested that Prader-Willi syndrome might be caused by loss of short arm material of chromosome 15.", "PMID": 72821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4869", "title": "Determination of levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen in the sera of neonatal infants: brief communication.", "content": "Seventy-eight sera from neonatal infants, born at full term or prematurely, were studied for their carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) concentrations, which were compared to the normal adult concentrations. The levels of CEA in the sera were significantly higher in newborns than in adults: 9.05 ng CEA/ml in newborns as compared to 2.5 ng CEA/ml in adults (P=0.001). The levels of NCA in the sera were also higher in newborns: 164 ng NCA/ml in newborns as compared to 130 ng NCA/ml in adults. This difference in NCA levels was not significant, although 80% of the newborns had increased values (greater than 130 ng/ml). Whether the infant was born at full term or prematurely and whether the infant was a boy or girl had no statistically significant influence on the concentration of the CEA and the NCA in the infant.", "contents": "Determination of levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen in the sera of neonatal infants: brief communication. Seventy-eight sera from neonatal infants, born at full term or prematurely, were studied for their carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) concentrations, which were compared to the normal adult concentrations. The levels of CEA in the sera were significantly higher in newborns than in adults: 9.05 ng CEA/ml in newborns as compared to 2.5 ng CEA/ml in adults (P=0.001). The levels of NCA in the sera were also higher in newborns: 164 ng NCA/ml in newborns as compared to 130 ng NCA/ml in adults. This difference in NCA levels was not significant, although 80% of the newborns had increased values (greater than 130 ng/ml). Whether the infant was born at full term or prematurely and whether the infant was a boy or girl had no statistically significant influence on the concentration of the CEA and the NCA in the infant.", "PMID": 72823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4870", "title": "Characterization of an antigen from the myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562.", "content": "A protein was solubilized from the myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 WITh 3 M KCl that specifically inhibited the antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled K-562 cells by a monkey antiserum to K-562. When the crude 3 M KCl extract uas fractionated with ammonium sulfate, an eightfold increase in specific activity (U inhibition/mg protein) resulted. This purified fraction migrated as a single protein band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PGE) with no detectable carbohydrate or lipid. The molecular weight of the denatured protein determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PGE was 77,000, similar to that of the native protein (80,000) determined by Sephadex exclusion chromatography. The protein was stable at pH 6-8, with an apparent isoelectric point between pH 5 and 6. In addition to being irreversibly denatured at pH 5 or less, it was unstable at osmolarities below 0.25 M (NaCl). It was denatured at temperatures of 56 degrees C or above. Normal human peripheral blood leukocytes were extracted similarly with 3 M KCl and fractionated with ammonium sulfate. Neither the crude preparation nor any fraction purified as described for the specific antigen inhibited the cytolytic assay, which indicated at least a quantitative lack of the protein on the surfaces of normal leukocytes.", "contents": "Characterization of an antigen from the myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562. A protein was solubilized from the myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 WITh 3 M KCl that specifically inhibited the antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled K-562 cells by a monkey antiserum to K-562. When the crude 3 M KCl extract uas fractionated with ammonium sulfate, an eightfold increase in specific activity (U inhibition/mg protein) resulted. This purified fraction migrated as a single protein band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PGE) with no detectable carbohydrate or lipid. The molecular weight of the denatured protein determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PGE was 77,000, similar to that of the native protein (80,000) determined by Sephadex exclusion chromatography. The protein was stable at pH 6-8, with an apparent isoelectric point between pH 5 and 6. In addition to being irreversibly denatured at pH 5 or less, it was unstable at osmolarities below 0.25 M (NaCl). It was denatured at temperatures of 56 degrees C or above. Normal human peripheral blood leukocytes were extracted similarly with 3 M KCl and fractionated with ammonium sulfate. Neither the crude preparation nor any fraction purified as described for the specific antigen inhibited the cytolytic assay, which indicated at least a quantitative lack of the protein on the surfaces of normal leukocytes.", "PMID": 72824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4871", "title": "Inhibition of recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage.", "content": "Mammalian cells are able to recover from bleomycin (Bleo)-induced potentially lethal damage. We examined the influences of inhibitors of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis on that recovery. Cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide did not inhibit recovery from Bleo-induced damage; however, actinomycin D (Act D) did inhibit it. At a dose that produced minimal cell killing and inhibited only RNA synthesis, inhibition of recovery by Act D was immediate and complete.", "contents": "Inhibition of recovery from bleomycin-induced potentially lethal damage. Mammalian cells are able to recover from bleomycin (Bleo)-induced potentially lethal damage. We examined the influences of inhibitors of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis on that recovery. Cytosine arabinoside and cycloheximide did not inhibit recovery from Bleo-induced damage; however, actinomycin D (Act D) did inhibit it. At a dose that produced minimal cell killing and inhibited only RNA synthesis, inhibition of recovery by Act D was immediate and complete.", "PMID": 72825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4872", "title": "A surface antigen associated with Hodgkin's disease: brief communication.", "content": "We used an indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect a surface antigen that may be associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD). A heteroantiserum raised in a rabbit given an injection of cells obtained from an HD lymph node (Stage I, classification of Lukes and Butler) allowed us to detect an antigen on the surfaces of HD-derived cells in 25 of 27 instances. Benign and malignant non-HD-type lesions (both lymph node and spleen) did not have this antigen. The nature of this antigen and the type of cells bearing it are unknown.", "contents": "A surface antigen associated with Hodgkin's disease: brief communication. We used an indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect a surface antigen that may be associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD). A heteroantiserum raised in a rabbit given an injection of cells obtained from an HD lymph node (Stage I, classification of Lukes and Butler) allowed us to detect an antigen on the surfaces of HD-derived cells in 25 of 27 instances. Benign and malignant non-HD-type lesions (both lymph node and spleen) did not have this antigen. The nature of this antigen and the type of cells bearing it are unknown.", "PMID": 72826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4873", "title": "Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase activity and cellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate by the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: brief communication.", "content": "4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a compound that induces tumors in various rat organs, rapidly increased the cellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) to peak values fourfold to 13-fold over basal levels in the liver, lung, renal cortex, and gastric and colon mucosa of rats. This action of 4NQO was expressed in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. When added directly to the broken cell preparations, 4NQO also stimulated guanylate cyclase activity threefold to sixfold over basal levels in the 100,000 X g soluble fractions of each of these tissues. Dicumarol, which blocks the reduction of 4NQO, inhibited 4NQO stimulation of guanylate cyclase and cGMP. Conversely, phenythydrazine, which enhances the reduction of 4NQO, potentiated the actions of 4NQO on guanylate cyclase and cGMP. These results suggested that the activation of the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system may be mediated by reduction products of 4NQO. The activation of the guanylate cyclase system by 4NQO or its derivatives could function in the expression of carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase activity and cellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate by the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: brief communication. 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a compound that induces tumors in various rat organs, rapidly increased the cellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) to peak values fourfold to 13-fold over basal levels in the liver, lung, renal cortex, and gastric and colon mucosa of rats. This action of 4NQO was expressed in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. When added directly to the broken cell preparations, 4NQO also stimulated guanylate cyclase activity threefold to sixfold over basal levels in the 100,000 X g soluble fractions of each of these tissues. Dicumarol, which blocks the reduction of 4NQO, inhibited 4NQO stimulation of guanylate cyclase and cGMP. Conversely, phenythydrazine, which enhances the reduction of 4NQO, potentiated the actions of 4NQO on guanylate cyclase and cGMP. These results suggested that the activation of the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system may be mediated by reduction products of 4NQO. The activation of the guanylate cyclase system by 4NQO or its derivatives could function in the expression of carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 72827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4874", "title": "Problems in evaluating chronic toxicity of contraceptive steroids in dogs.", "content": "The long-term effects of oral contraceptive steroids including a combination of norethindrone and ethynylestradiol, a sequential regimen of dimethisterone and ethynylestradiol, and daily administration of megestrol acetate were studied in female beagle dogs at dose levels of 1, 10, or 25 times the projected human dose levels. The major findings included cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra requiring hysterectomies and alopecia for the norethindrone-ethynylestradiol and dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol treated dogs. These groups did not have accentuated mammary development or treatment-related hyperplastic or neoplastic changes. For dogs given dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol, numerous acne-like lesions occurred in the skin of the mammary areas. Dogs given the higher dose levels of megestrol acetate had marked mammary stimulation, hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the mammary glands, and clinical and pathologic changes typical of diabetes mellitus. Mammary changes of nodular hyperplasia, benign mixed tumor, and adenocarcinoma appeared as distinct entities although constant and intense mammary stimulation may be a common denominator. Such mammary changes have not been found in long-term studies in monkeys or rats with megestrol acetate, and the relevance of the canine mammary changes to projecting potential tumorigenesis in women is questioned.", "contents": "Problems in evaluating chronic toxicity of contraceptive steroids in dogs. The long-term effects of oral contraceptive steroids including a combination of norethindrone and ethynylestradiol, a sequential regimen of dimethisterone and ethynylestradiol, and daily administration of megestrol acetate were studied in female beagle dogs at dose levels of 1, 10, or 25 times the projected human dose levels. The major findings included cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra requiring hysterectomies and alopecia for the norethindrone-ethynylestradiol and dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol treated dogs. These groups did not have accentuated mammary development or treatment-related hyperplastic or neoplastic changes. For dogs given dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol, numerous acne-like lesions occurred in the skin of the mammary areas. Dogs given the higher dose levels of megestrol acetate had marked mammary stimulation, hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the mammary glands, and clinical and pathologic changes typical of diabetes mellitus. Mammary changes of nodular hyperplasia, benign mixed tumor, and adenocarcinoma appeared as distinct entities although constant and intense mammary stimulation may be a common denominator. Such mammary changes have not been found in long-term studies in monkeys or rats with megestrol acetate, and the relevance of the canine mammary changes to projecting potential tumorigenesis in women is questioned.", "PMID": 72828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4875", "title": "Supravital staining of spermatozoa: relationship of eosin concentration to the percentage of cells staining live.", "content": "Supravital staining of human spermatozoa is a useful technique to assess semen quality. We compared 3 concentrations of eosin (1, 2.5 and 5 per cent) for their effectiveness to differentiate viable and non-viable spermatozoa. The percentage of viable cells determined by each concentration was compared as well as the percentage of cells estimated to be active. The results indicate that the percentage of spermatozoa determined to be viable with the supravital stains can be altered by changing the percentage of eosin in the stains. Use of 1 per cent eosin gave values that were significantly higher than the percentage of cells determined to be viable with 5 per cent eosin and the percentage of cells estimated to be active. Better quality slides were produced with 5 per cent eosin, which provided values that correlated favorably with motility estimations.", "contents": "Supravital staining of spermatozoa: relationship of eosin concentration to the percentage of cells staining live. Supravital staining of human spermatozoa is a useful technique to assess semen quality. We compared 3 concentrations of eosin (1, 2.5 and 5 per cent) for their effectiveness to differentiate viable and non-viable spermatozoa. The percentage of viable cells determined by each concentration was compared as well as the percentage of cells estimated to be active. The results indicate that the percentage of spermatozoa determined to be viable with the supravital stains can be altered by changing the percentage of eosin in the stains. Use of 1 per cent eosin gave values that were significantly higher than the percentage of cells determined to be viable with 5 per cent eosin and the percentage of cells estimated to be active. Better quality slides were produced with 5 per cent eosin, which provided values that correlated favorably with motility estimations.", "PMID": 72829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4876", "title": "The effects of castration on adrenal testosterone secretion in men with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Selective adrenal vein catheterization was done on intact and castrated men with prostatic carcinoma. Adrenal to peripheral venous testosterone gradients were observed in all patients, indicating adrenal production of this hormone. No compensatory adrenal production of testosterone was noted during a 17-month period after orchiectomy. The data suggest that the human adrenal in castrates produces testosterone, which may explain why adrenal ablation can offer palliation in some patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "The effects of castration on adrenal testosterone secretion in men with prostatic carcinoma. Selective adrenal vein catheterization was done on intact and castrated men with prostatic carcinoma. Adrenal to peripheral venous testosterone gradients were observed in all patients, indicating adrenal production of this hormone. No compensatory adrenal production of testosterone was noted during a 17-month period after orchiectomy. The data suggest that the human adrenal in castrates produces testosterone, which may explain why adrenal ablation can offer palliation in some patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 72830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4877", "title": "Retrospective study of 95 patients with staghorn calculus disease.", "content": "Medical records were reviewed for 95 consecutive patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of staghorn calculus disease. Of those patients in whom a conservative, non-operative approach was taken 30 per cent ultimately died of renal failure and/or sepsis. It is concluded that surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for patients with staghorn calculus disease.", "contents": "Retrospective study of 95 patients with staghorn calculus disease. Medical records were reviewed for 95 consecutive patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of staghorn calculus disease. Of those patients in whom a conservative, non-operative approach was taken 30 per cent ultimately died of renal failure and/or sepsis. It is concluded that surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for patients with staghorn calculus disease.", "PMID": 72831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4878", "title": "Treatment of female stress incontinence with midodrine: preliminary report.", "content": "For 10 days 21 female patients with clinical stages I to III stress incontinence and 4 continent control female patients were treated with the alpha-sympathomimetic midodrine. Urethrometry revealed that alpha-adrenergic stimulation resulted in an increase in the urethral occlusion pressure of up to 30 per cent and, cystometrically, to an increase in the detrusor pressure of up to 35 per cent without impairment of bladder capacity. In the stage I group 83 per cent and in the stage II group 63 per cent of the patients became continent. Midodrine, the advantage of which over comparable sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine, synephrine and norphenylephrine, lies in the absolutely sure and sustained action in oral use, is recommended as an alternative therapy to traditional surgical procedures in the treatment of stages I and II female stress incontinence.", "contents": "Treatment of female stress incontinence with midodrine: preliminary report. For 10 days 21 female patients with clinical stages I to III stress incontinence and 4 continent control female patients were treated with the alpha-sympathomimetic midodrine. Urethrometry revealed that alpha-adrenergic stimulation resulted in an increase in the urethral occlusion pressure of up to 30 per cent and, cystometrically, to an increase in the detrusor pressure of up to 35 per cent without impairment of bladder capacity. In the stage I group 83 per cent and in the stage II group 63 per cent of the patients became continent. Midodrine, the advantage of which over comparable sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine, synephrine and norphenylephrine, lies in the absolutely sure and sustained action in oral use, is recommended as an alternative therapy to traditional surgical procedures in the treatment of stages I and II female stress incontinence.", "PMID": 72832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4879", "title": "Analysis of the heart antigens. Homologous and heterologous anti-heart antibodies and analysis of the heart specific antigens.", "content": "The present study has indicated the presence of 3 heart specific antigens, using homologous and heterologous antibodies produced in immunized rabbits. Two of these antigenic proteins exhibit restricted organ specificity for heart and the other one shares by heart and kidney. One of these 2 heart specific antigens reacts to both homologous and heterologous anti-heart sera absorbed with kidney, while the other reacts to only heterologous anti-heart sera. The former has an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to that of serum beta-globulin, and is found to have a molecular weight of about 175,000. The latter has the same electrophoretic mobility as that of alpha2-globulin and is found to have a molecular weight of about 50,000.", "contents": "Analysis of the heart antigens. Homologous and heterologous anti-heart antibodies and analysis of the heart specific antigens. The present study has indicated the presence of 3 heart specific antigens, using homologous and heterologous antibodies produced in immunized rabbits. Two of these antigenic proteins exhibit restricted organ specificity for heart and the other one shares by heart and kidney. One of these 2 heart specific antigens reacts to both homologous and heterologous anti-heart sera absorbed with kidney, while the other reacts to only heterologous anti-heart sera. The former has an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to that of serum beta-globulin, and is found to have a molecular weight of about 175,000. The latter has the same electrophoretic mobility as that of alpha2-globulin and is found to have a molecular weight of about 50,000.", "PMID": 72834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4880", "title": "[Continuous automatic analysis of the ECG with the aid of a computer with cardiosignal input directly from the patient. 1. Isolation of the active signal of the ECG, identification and measurement of its elements].", "content": "Because when fed to an on-line computer the ECG information carries a good deal of noise, of prime importance is devising a method for representation and filtration of the useful asignal. It is shown that in order to separate the ueful signal with a protracted direct ECG input from the patient to a computer the use of the proposed modified method of coherent accumulation is advisable. This modification envisages a step-wise solution of the following problems: current diagnosis of arrhythmic contractions exclusion of arrhythmic contractions from the accumulation procedure, automatic search of the normal duration of the RR intervals, equalization of the RRh intervals duration, statistical averaging of the obtained quantum values. The devised modification of the coherent accumulation method, while considerably increasing the noise-immunity of the algorhythm, enables it to effect a direct long-term automatic analysis of the ECG at intensive care units. The identification and measurement of the ECG waves and intervals are done through and automatic selection of the curve elements search zones, finding local maxima and also of the commencement and end of waves by using the method of the \"moving window\" with an adaptive evaluation of the first signal derivative intensity.", "contents": "[Continuous automatic analysis of the ECG with the aid of a computer with cardiosignal input directly from the patient. 1. Isolation of the active signal of the ECG, identification and measurement of its elements]. Because when fed to an on-line computer the ECG information carries a good deal of noise, of prime importance is devising a method for representation and filtration of the useful asignal. It is shown that in order to separate the ueful signal with a protracted direct ECG input from the patient to a computer the use of the proposed modified method of coherent accumulation is advisable. This modification envisages a step-wise solution of the following problems: current diagnosis of arrhythmic contractions exclusion of arrhythmic contractions from the accumulation procedure, automatic search of the normal duration of the RR intervals, equalization of the RRh intervals duration, statistical averaging of the obtained quantum values. The devised modification of the coherent accumulation method, while considerably increasing the noise-immunity of the algorhythm, enables it to effect a direct long-term automatic analysis of the ECG at intensive care units. The identification and measurement of the ECG waves and intervals are done through and automatic selection of the curve elements search zones, finding local maxima and also of the commencement and end of waves by using the method of the \"moving window\" with an adaptive evaluation of the first signal derivative intensity.", "PMID": 72840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4881", "title": "[Kallikrein-kinin system of the blood plasma in patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis].", "content": "The state of the blood plasma kallikrein-kinin system in infectious-allergic myocarditis was studied for the first time. Biological methods for the determination of kallikrein, kininogen, kininases, and free kinins were used. Changes in the activity of the kinin system were revealed in 92% of 38 individuals examined: activation in the first 2-4 months and exhaustion later (in 6-8 months). It was shown that the generally accepted clinico-laboratory criteria on myocarditis are not always informative. Determination of the components of the plasma kinin system is suggested as an additional diagnostic test. The use of kinin antagonists and inhibitors of the kinin system in the complex of drug therapy in infectious-allergic myocarditis is recommended.", "contents": "[Kallikrein-kinin system of the blood plasma in patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis]. The state of the blood plasma kallikrein-kinin system in infectious-allergic myocarditis was studied for the first time. Biological methods for the determination of kallikrein, kininogen, kininases, and free kinins were used. Changes in the activity of the kinin system were revealed in 92% of 38 individuals examined: activation in the first 2-4 months and exhaustion later (in 6-8 months). It was shown that the generally accepted clinico-laboratory criteria on myocarditis are not always informative. Determination of the components of the plasma kinin system is suggested as an additional diagnostic test. The use of kinin antagonists and inhibitors of the kinin system in the complex of drug therapy in infectious-allergic myocarditis is recommended.", "PMID": 72841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4882", "title": "A method for mechanised straining of rat and mouse foetuses for teratological examination.", "content": "The staining method uses alizarin red S and has been adapted for a 4-5 day cycle on a standard tissue processor. It gives consistently well stained bones and clear soft tissues in both rats and mice.", "contents": "A method for mechanised straining of rat and mouse foetuses for teratological examination. The staining method uses alizarin red S and has been adapted for a 4-5 day cycle on a standard tissue processor. It gives consistently well stained bones and clear soft tissues in both rats and mice.", "PMID": 72845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4883", "title": "Lung cancer.", "content": "Only patients with localized lung cancer benefit from curative resection. Curative radiotherapy is recommended in patients with a resectable tumor in whom surgery is precluded for medical reasons. Adjuvant preoperative or postoperative therapy of any type does not improve the results of surgery except in patients with Pancoast tumor. Therapy for nonlocalized tumors does not affect survival. Radiotherapy has a palliative effect in 50 to 75 per cent of patients presenting with symptoms from either a primary lesion or metastases and should therefore be recommended in symptomatic patients. The palliative effect of chemotherapy is limited in lung cancers other than small cell carcinomas. However, chemotherapy alone or in association with radiotherapy produces remarkable tumor regression and some improvement of survival in small cell carcinoma. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer is still under evaluation.", "contents": "Lung cancer. Only patients with localized lung cancer benefit from curative resection. Curative radiotherapy is recommended in patients with a resectable tumor in whom surgery is precluded for medical reasons. Adjuvant preoperative or postoperative therapy of any type does not improve the results of surgery except in patients with Pancoast tumor. Therapy for nonlocalized tumors does not affect survival. Radiotherapy has a palliative effect in 50 to 75 per cent of patients presenting with symptoms from either a primary lesion or metastases and should therefore be recommended in symptomatic patients. The palliative effect of chemotherapy is limited in lung cancers other than small cell carcinomas. However, chemotherapy alone or in association with radiotherapy produces remarkable tumor regression and some improvement of survival in small cell carcinoma. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer is still under evaluation.", "PMID": 72894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4884", "title": "Pulmonary reactions to drugs.", "content": "Reactions to drugs may take many forms, most commonly skin and gastrointestinal reactions. Often forgotten are the pulmonary toxic effects, which can be devastating. Unfortunately, treatment of many of these iatrogenically produced diseases is unsatisfactory. Supportive pulmonary care and corticosteroids, in some cases, are the major modalities of therapy. The physician must be aware of the serious pulmonary consequences of many commonly used agents. Judicious use of these drugs coupled with careful pulmonary monitoring will prevent serious toxicity.", "contents": "Pulmonary reactions to drugs. Reactions to drugs may take many forms, most commonly skin and gastrointestinal reactions. Often forgotten are the pulmonary toxic effects, which can be devastating. Unfortunately, treatment of many of these iatrogenically produced diseases is unsatisfactory. Supportive pulmonary care and corticosteroids, in some cases, are the major modalities of therapy. The physician must be aware of the serious pulmonary consequences of many commonly used agents. Judicious use of these drugs coupled with careful pulmonary monitoring will prevent serious toxicity.", "PMID": 72895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4885", "title": "Blood viscosity and local response to cold in primary Raynaud's phenomenon.", "content": "Some workers regard whole-blood and plasma viscosity as provoking factors in Raynaud's disease. There was no significant difference, however, in whole-blood and plasma viscosity between ten young women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and ten age and sex matched controls. Venesection, which reduces plasma viscosity, did not change the ease with which Raynaud's phenomenon was provoked in five patients. Increased viscosity might be a causal factor in secondary forms of Raynaud's disease, but it does not seem to be an important factor in primary Raynaud's disease.", "contents": "Blood viscosity and local response to cold in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Some workers regard whole-blood and plasma viscosity as provoking factors in Raynaud's disease. There was no significant difference, however, in whole-blood and plasma viscosity between ten young women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and ten age and sex matched controls. Venesection, which reduces plasma viscosity, did not change the ease with which Raynaud's phenomenon was provoked in five patients. Increased viscosity might be a causal factor in secondary forms of Raynaud's disease, but it does not seem to be an important factor in primary Raynaud's disease.", "PMID": 72898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4886", "title": "Induction of hair growth in alopecia areata with D.N.C.B.", "content": "43 patients with alopecia areata were treated with weekly applications of dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.), dissolved in acetone, on one side of the head, with the other side serving as control region. The therapeutic aim was a mild contact dermatitis. A significant difference of hair growth between the treated and untreated sides was observed in 33 patients. 21 patients showed regrowth of hair exclusively on the treated side, and in 12 patients regrowth was considerably faster and more dense on the treated side. In the majority of patients the difference was noted within 3 months.", "contents": "Induction of hair growth in alopecia areata with D.N.C.B. 43 patients with alopecia areata were treated with weekly applications of dinitrochlorobenzene (D.N.C.B.), dissolved in acetone, on one side of the head, with the other side serving as control region. The therapeutic aim was a mild contact dermatitis. A significant difference of hair growth between the treated and untreated sides was observed in 33 patients. 21 patients showed regrowth of hair exclusively on the treated side, and in 12 patients regrowth was considerably faster and more dense on the treated side. In the majority of patients the difference was noted within 3 months.", "PMID": 72899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4887", "title": "Severe sensorineural deafness in children due to perforation of the round-window membrane.", "content": "Perforation of the round-window membrane was found in three children with severe sensorineural deafness. After a simple repair, all three have had a small improvement in hearing.", "contents": "Severe sensorineural deafness in children due to perforation of the round-window membrane. Perforation of the round-window membrane was found in three children with severe sensorineural deafness. After a simple repair, all three have had a small improvement in hearing.", "PMID": 72900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4888", "title": "Modification of antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agents by inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin-induced inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis on the antihypertensive activity of pindolol (15 mg daily) and propranolol (80--160 mg daily) was studied in 7 hypertensive patients. In four test phases of 10 days each, patients received beta-blocker alone, placebo, beta-blocker plus indomethacin (100 mg daily), and beta-blocker alone. Mean supine diastolic blood-pressure rose from 82 +/- 2 mm Hg in the first beta-blocker phase to 98 +/- 3 mm Hg in the placebo phase, remained elevated (96 +/- 3 mm Hg) in the beta-blocker-plus-indomethacin phase, and fell to 83 +/- 3 mm Hg in the last beta-blocker phase. Diastolic blood-pressure values obtained in the beta-blocker-plus-indomethacin phase were not significantly different from those obtained in the placebo phase but were significantly different from the values measured in both beta-blocker phases (P less than 0-01). The changes in systolic blood-pressure and pulse-rate were not significant. These preliminary results suggest that the antihypertensive effect of these two beta-blockers in some hypertensive patients may be related to the endogenous prostaglandin system.", "contents": "Modification of antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agents by inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. The effect of indomethacin-induced inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis on the antihypertensive activity of pindolol (15 mg daily) and propranolol (80--160 mg daily) was studied in 7 hypertensive patients. In four test phases of 10 days each, patients received beta-blocker alone, placebo, beta-blocker plus indomethacin (100 mg daily), and beta-blocker alone. Mean supine diastolic blood-pressure rose from 82 +/- 2 mm Hg in the first beta-blocker phase to 98 +/- 3 mm Hg in the placebo phase, remained elevated (96 +/- 3 mm Hg) in the beta-blocker-plus-indomethacin phase, and fell to 83 +/- 3 mm Hg in the last beta-blocker phase. Diastolic blood-pressure values obtained in the beta-blocker-plus-indomethacin phase were not significantly different from those obtained in the placebo phase but were significantly different from the values measured in both beta-blocker phases (P less than 0-01). The changes in systolic blood-pressure and pulse-rate were not significant. These preliminary results suggest that the antihypertensive effect of these two beta-blockers in some hypertensive patients may be related to the endogenous prostaglandin system.", "PMID": 72901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4889", "title": "Minimun information for sensible use of self-prescribed medicines. An international consensus.", "content": "An independent group, mainly clinical pharmacologists and physicians from 16 countries, worked out what they thought was the minimum information needed by the general public for the sensible use of six medicines that are widely self-prescribed (aspirin, paracetamol, ferrous sulphate, aluminium hydroxide, senna, and a multivitamin preparation). For each medicine the information is presented under four headings: nature and purpose of the drug, dosage and administration, unwanted effects, and keeping qualities. The group recommends that this \"minimum information\" be used as the standard basic information about these drugs for users in all countries. Additional items of information that may be needed in some circumstances are also discussed.", "contents": "Minimun information for sensible use of self-prescribed medicines. An international consensus. An independent group, mainly clinical pharmacologists and physicians from 16 countries, worked out what they thought was the minimum information needed by the general public for the sensible use of six medicines that are widely self-prescribed (aspirin, paracetamol, ferrous sulphate, aluminium hydroxide, senna, and a multivitamin preparation). For each medicine the information is presented under four headings: nature and purpose of the drug, dosage and administration, unwanted effects, and keeping qualities. The group recommends that this \"minimum information\" be used as the standard basic information about these drugs for users in all countries. Additional items of information that may be needed in some circumstances are also discussed.", "PMID": 72910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4890", "title": "Stability studies on lyophilised reference thromboplastins for standardisation of prothrombin-times.", "content": "An international framework for anticoagulant control has been developed based on British Comparative Thomboplastin (B.C.T.) and the model provided by the British system for anticoagulant control. An alternative international system has been proposed, based on lymphilised thromboplastins prepared at the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, London. Since 1969, stability studies on two of the N.I.B.S.& C. reagents, the primary material 67/40 and the secondary thromboplastin 69/223, have been in progress at the National (U.K.) Reference Laboratory for Anticoagulant Reagents and Control, Manchester. Both the proposed N.I.B.S.&C. reference preparations have deteriorated, while two lyophilised reagents prepared at the National (U.K.) Reference Laboratory have revealed no evidence of instability. In national and international standardisation reliance on B.C.T. should continue.", "contents": "Stability studies on lyophilised reference thromboplastins for standardisation of prothrombin-times. An international framework for anticoagulant control has been developed based on British Comparative Thomboplastin (B.C.T.) and the model provided by the British system for anticoagulant control. An alternative international system has been proposed, based on lymphilised thromboplastins prepared at the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, London. Since 1969, stability studies on two of the N.I.B.S.& C. reagents, the primary material 67/40 and the secondary thromboplastin 69/223, have been in progress at the National (U.K.) Reference Laboratory for Anticoagulant Reagents and Control, Manchester. Both the proposed N.I.B.S.&C. reference preparations have deteriorated, while two lyophilised reagents prepared at the National (U.K.) Reference Laboratory have revealed no evidence of instability. In national and international standardisation reliance on B.C.T. should continue.", "PMID": 72911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4891", "title": "Evidence for two distinct types of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Since their recognition early in 1976, penicillinase (beta-lactamase)-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (P.P.N.G.) have been isolated in more than 15 countries. Most strains isolated in or epidemiologically linked with the Far East are relatively resistant to tetracycline in vitro, are phenotypically wild-type or proline-dependent auxotypes, and carry a plasmid with a molecular weight of 5800 000 (5-8 X 10(6)) daltons coding for beta-lactamase production. In contrast, P.P.N.G. epidemiologically linked with West Africa are more susceptible to tetracycline, require arginine for growth, and their gene coding for beta-lactamase synthesis is contained in a smaller 3-2 X 10(6) dalton plasmid. Moreover, 43% of the Far Eastern strains, but none of those from West Africa, have an additional 24-5 X 10(6) dalton conjugative plasmid which transfers the beta-lactamase R factor(s) to other gonococci. The presence of this conjugative plasmid may explain the relatively high prevalence of P.P.N.G. in certain areas of the Far East.", "contents": "Evidence for two distinct types of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Since their recognition early in 1976, penicillinase (beta-lactamase)-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (P.P.N.G.) have been isolated in more than 15 countries. Most strains isolated in or epidemiologically linked with the Far East are relatively resistant to tetracycline in vitro, are phenotypically wild-type or proline-dependent auxotypes, and carry a plasmid with a molecular weight of 5800 000 (5-8 X 10(6)) daltons coding for beta-lactamase production. In contrast, P.P.N.G. epidemiologically linked with West Africa are more susceptible to tetracycline, require arginine for growth, and their gene coding for beta-lactamase synthesis is contained in a smaller 3-2 X 10(6) dalton plasmid. Moreover, 43% of the Far Eastern strains, but none of those from West Africa, have an additional 24-5 X 10(6) dalton conjugative plasmid which transfers the beta-lactamase R factor(s) to other gonococci. The presence of this conjugative plasmid may explain the relatively high prevalence of P.P.N.G. in certain areas of the Far East.", "PMID": 72949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4892", "title": "Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol.", "content": "Three cases of meningitis and two of septicaemia were caused by pneumococci resistant to the penicillins/cephalosporins and chloramphenicol. No beta-lactamase was demonstrated in any of the organisms. All three patients with meningitis died, but the patients with septicaemia recovered after being given appropriate antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol. Three cases of meningitis and two of septicaemia were caused by pneumococci resistant to the penicillins/cephalosporins and chloramphenicol. No beta-lactamase was demonstrated in any of the organisms. All three patients with meningitis died, but the patients with septicaemia recovered after being given appropriate antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 72950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4893", "title": "Suppression of gonadotrophin release in many by an inhibitory analogue of L.H.-releasing hormone.", "content": "The ability of an inhibitory analogue of L.H.-releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) to suppress the release of luteinising hormone (L.H.) and follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.) after administration of a small does of L.H.R.H. was tested in four men. A single intramuscular injection of 90 mg (D-Phe-2,D-Trp-3,D-Phe-6)-L.H.R.H. diminished the gonadotrophin response to 25 micrometer of L.H.R.H. given 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours afterwards. Basal levels of L.H. and F.S.H. were not lowered. The results demonstrate that an inhibitory analogue of L.H.R.H. is active in man and suggest the possibility that inhibitors of L.H.R.H. might eventually form the basis of a new method of birth control.", "contents": "Suppression of gonadotrophin release in many by an inhibitory analogue of L.H.-releasing hormone. The ability of an inhibitory analogue of L.H.-releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) to suppress the release of luteinising hormone (L.H.) and follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.) after administration of a small does of L.H.R.H. was tested in four men. A single intramuscular injection of 90 mg (D-Phe-2,D-Trp-3,D-Phe-6)-L.H.R.H. diminished the gonadotrophin response to 25 micrometer of L.H.R.H. given 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours afterwards. Basal levels of L.H. and F.S.H. were not lowered. The results demonstrate that an inhibitory analogue of L.H.R.H. is active in man and suggest the possibility that inhibitors of L.H.R.H. might eventually form the basis of a new method of birth control.", "PMID": 72951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4894", "title": "Association between exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "Thyroid-function tests were performed on one hundred patients with suspected premyxoedema and the results compared with those in twenty age and sex matched controls. The increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (T.S.H.) in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) was exaggerated in eighty-eight of the hundred patients with suspected premyxoedema. These included twenty-five with normal basal T.S.H. and sixty-three with a raised basal T.S.H. Serum-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in those in whom premyxoedema was suspected than in the controls, even when patients presenting with degenerative arterial disease were excluded.", "contents": "Association between exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and hypercholesterolaemia. Thyroid-function tests were performed on one hundred patients with suspected premyxoedema and the results compared with those in twenty age and sex matched controls. The increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (T.S.H.) in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) was exaggerated in eighty-eight of the hundred patients with suspected premyxoedema. These included twenty-five with normal basal T.S.H. and sixty-three with a raised basal T.S.H. Serum-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in those in whom premyxoedema was suspected than in the controls, even when patients presenting with degenerative arterial disease were excluded.", "PMID": 72952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4895", "title": "Prevention of wound infection in abdominal operations by peroperative antibiotics or povidone-iodine. A controlled trial.", "content": "The wound-infection rate after abdominal operations was compared in 113 patients randomly allocated to an untreated control group, a group receiving preoperative lincomycin and tobramycin, or a group receiving local instillation of povidone-iodine. The wound-infection rate was 8.1% in 37 patients receiving antibiotics, 42.1% in 38 untreated controls, and 39.5% in 38 patients in the povidone-iodine group.", "contents": "Prevention of wound infection in abdominal operations by peroperative antibiotics or povidone-iodine. A controlled trial. The wound-infection rate after abdominal operations was compared in 113 patients randomly allocated to an untreated control group, a group receiving preoperative lincomycin and tobramycin, or a group receiving local instillation of povidone-iodine. The wound-infection rate was 8.1% in 37 patients receiving antibiotics, 42.1% in 38 untreated controls, and 39.5% in 38 patients in the povidone-iodine group.", "PMID": 72953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4896", "title": "Absence of measles-virus antigen in jejunum of multiple-sclerosis patients.", "content": "Measles antigen was not demonstrated in the jejunal tissue of four patients with multiple sclerosis. There was non-specific staining in cells of the lamina propria, basement membrane, and epithelial cells of the jejunum from patients with multiple sclerosis, human controls, and normal monkeys. This staining was not observed after proper absorption of reagents nor after application of Evans-blue counterstain.", "contents": "Absence of measles-virus antigen in jejunum of multiple-sclerosis patients. Measles antigen was not demonstrated in the jejunal tissue of four patients with multiple sclerosis. There was non-specific staining in cells of the lamina propria, basement membrane, and epithelial cells of the jejunum from patients with multiple sclerosis, human controls, and normal monkeys. This staining was not observed after proper absorption of reagents nor after application of Evans-blue counterstain.", "PMID": 72954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4897", "title": "alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in fibrosing alveolitis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-A.T.) phenotypes were determined in 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.), 33 patients with R.A. and either obstructive airways disease or recurrent chest infections, 49 patients with fibrosing alveolitis (F.A.), 22 patients with R.A. and F.A., and 200 healthy controls. A highly significant increase in the frequency of MZ phenotype was found among patients with F.A., both with and without R.A. Patients with R.A. alone had a normal distribution of phenotypes. Inherited modification of immune function may predispose to F.A. Alternatively, lowered levels of alpha 1-A.T. associated with non-M phenotypes may predispose to tissue damage with subsequent fibrosis.", "contents": "alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes in fibrosing alveolitis and rheumatoid arthritis. alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-A.T.) phenotypes were determined in 55 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.), 33 patients with R.A. and either obstructive airways disease or recurrent chest infections, 49 patients with fibrosing alveolitis (F.A.), 22 patients with R.A. and F.A., and 200 healthy controls. A highly significant increase in the frequency of MZ phenotype was found among patients with F.A., both with and without R.A. Patients with R.A. alone had a normal distribution of phenotypes. Inherited modification of immune function may predispose to F.A. Alternatively, lowered levels of alpha 1-A.T. associated with non-M phenotypes may predispose to tissue damage with subsequent fibrosis.", "PMID": 72955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4898", "title": "Aluminium hydroxide in bile-salt diarrhoea.", "content": "The treatment of choleraic diarrhoea remains a problem. Cholestyramine is effective but long-term treatment is often impracticable. In-vitro studies have shown that aluminium hydroxide has bile-acid-binding properties comparable with those of cholestyramine. The bile-acid-binding properties of aluminium hydroxide have now been investigated in vivo and applied to the treatment of patients with choleraic diarrhoea. Aluminium hydroxide increased the faecal bile-salt concentration of patients with a normal bowel habit whereas magnesium hydroxide had no effect. Eight patients with severe choleraic diarrhoea were treated with aluminium-hydroxide suspension: bowel motion became less frequent and daily faecal weight fell.", "contents": "Aluminium hydroxide in bile-salt diarrhoea. The treatment of choleraic diarrhoea remains a problem. Cholestyramine is effective but long-term treatment is often impracticable. In-vitro studies have shown that aluminium hydroxide has bile-acid-binding properties comparable with those of cholestyramine. The bile-acid-binding properties of aluminium hydroxide have now been investigated in vivo and applied to the treatment of patients with choleraic diarrhoea. Aluminium hydroxide increased the faecal bile-salt concentration of patients with a normal bowel habit whereas magnesium hydroxide had no effect. Eight patients with severe choleraic diarrhoea were treated with aluminium-hydroxide suspension: bowel motion became less frequent and daily faecal weight fell.", "PMID": 72956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4899", "title": "Abdominal-wall tenderness: A useful sign in the acute abdomen.", "content": "120 patients admitted as an emergency with localised abdominal pain were tested for abdominal-wall tenderness. Of the 24 patients with a positive test only 1 had a detectable intra-abdominal cause. In the remaining 23 no reason for the pain could be found.", "contents": "Abdominal-wall tenderness: A useful sign in the acute abdomen. 120 patients admitted as an emergency with localised abdominal pain were tested for abdominal-wall tenderness. Of the 24 patients with a positive test only 1 had a detectable intra-abdominal cause. In the remaining 23 no reason for the pain could be found.", "PMID": 72957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4900", "title": "Discontinuation of maintenance digoxin therapy in general practice.", "content": "All 24 patients on long-term digoxin in a general practice were reviewed. 17 of the 18 patients in sinus rhythm had their digoxin discontinued without any alteration in their  cardiovascular signs or symptoms. Other therapy was adjusted as necessary. These results suggest that heart-failure can often be managed without long-term digoxin therapy.", "contents": "Discontinuation of maintenance digoxin therapy in general practice. All 24 patients on long-term digoxin in a general practice were reviewed. 17 of the 18 patients in sinus rhythm had their digoxin discontinued without any alteration in their  cardiovascular signs or symptoms. Other therapy was adjusted as necessary. These results suggest that heart-failure can often be managed without long-term digoxin therapy.", "PMID": 72958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4901", "title": "Transfer-factor treatment in congenital cytomegalovirus infection.", "content": "When two doses of transfer factor were given to three infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (C.M.V.) infection, urine cultures for C.M.V. became negative, briefly, after five of the six doses.", "contents": "Transfer-factor treatment in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. When two doses of transfer factor were given to three infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (C.M.V.) infection, urine cultures for C.M.V. became negative, briefly, after five of the six doses.", "PMID": 72959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4902", "title": "Effect of zinc on thymus of recently malnourished children.", "content": "Zinc-deficient animals and children have thymic atrophy and an increased susceptibility to infections. Children with protein-energy malnutrition similarly have thymic atrophy, zinc deficiency, and increased susceptibility to infections. 8 children, recently malnourished, who were supplemented with zinc, showed an increase in thymic size as judged radiographically. It is suggested that zinc deficiency may play a part in the thymic atrophy and infections associated with malnutrition.", "contents": "Effect of zinc on thymus of recently malnourished children. Zinc-deficient animals and children have thymic atrophy and an increased susceptibility to infections. Children with protein-energy malnutrition similarly have thymic atrophy, zinc deficiency, and increased susceptibility to infections. 8 children, recently malnourished, who were supplemented with zinc, showed an increase in thymic size as judged radiographically. It is suggested that zinc deficiency may play a part in the thymic atrophy and infections associated with malnutrition.", "PMID": 72960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4903", "title": "A clinic within a general hospital for the assessment of urgent psychiatric problems.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive referrals to a clinic for urgent psychiatric assessment only a third (34 patients) were considered to warrant such urgent attention. In 29 of the 34 cases the patient's behaviour--either intent to harm himself or unpredictable behaviour that alarmed the referring agent--was the most important consideration for urgent assessment.", "contents": "A clinic within a general hospital for the assessment of urgent psychiatric problems. Of 100 consecutive referrals to a clinic for urgent psychiatric assessment only a third (34 patients) were considered to warrant such urgent attention. In 29 of the 34 cases the patient's behaviour--either intent to harm himself or unpredictable behaviour that alarmed the referring agent--was the most important consideration for urgent assessment.", "PMID": 72968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4904", "title": "Cystic-fibrosis screening in the newborn.", "content": "In a new method of testing stool samples from newborn babies for cystic fibrosis (C.F.), a colourless substrate, benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (B.A.P.N.A.), releases yellow p-nitroaniline when hydrolysed by trypsin. Samples from infants with C.F., who lack trypsin, give negligible colour. 2 infants with C.F. were detected among 2500 consecutive newborn babies tested. The incidence of false-positive results was 1.2% after the first specimen and 0.05% after the second specimen. A further refinement has reduced the positive rate to 0.1% after the first specimen (2000 samples). Tests on samples from 5 other older patients with untreated C.F. have yielded no evidence for false-negative results.", "contents": "Cystic-fibrosis screening in the newborn. In a new method of testing stool samples from newborn babies for cystic fibrosis (C.F.), a colourless substrate, benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (B.A.P.N.A.), releases yellow p-nitroaniline when hydrolysed by trypsin. Samples from infants with C.F., who lack trypsin, give negligible colour. 2 infants with C.F. were detected among 2500 consecutive newborn babies tested. The incidence of false-positive results was 1.2% after the first specimen and 0.05% after the second specimen. A further refinement has reduced the positive rate to 0.1% after the first specimen (2000 samples). Tests on samples from 5 other older patients with untreated C.F. have yielded no evidence for false-negative results.", "PMID": 73007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4905", "title": "Renal transplantation and B-cell cross-matches with autoantibodies and alloantibodies.", "content": "Of 51 cadaveric kidneys transplanted between June, 1976, and June, 1977, 18 were transplanted in the presence of a positive cross-match against the donor's B lymphocytes. 11 of these positive cross-matches were due to alloantibodies and 7 due to autoantibodies. Autoantibodies were defined not only on the basis of autoreactivity with B lymphocytes but also by their absent or restricted reactivity with lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Transplants in 8 of 11 patients with a positive alloantibody-B-cell cross-match and in 6 of 7 patients with a positive autoantibody-B-cell cross-match were successful at 3 months. These success-rates were no different from those found in patients with a negative B-cell cross-match. Thus, renal allografts may be performed with a reasonable assurance of success in the presence of a positive B-cell cross-match whether due to autoantibodies or to alloantibodies.", "contents": "Renal transplantation and B-cell cross-matches with autoantibodies and alloantibodies. Of 51 cadaveric kidneys transplanted between June, 1976, and June, 1977, 18 were transplanted in the presence of a positive cross-match against the donor's B lymphocytes. 11 of these positive cross-matches were due to alloantibodies and 7 due to autoantibodies. Autoantibodies were defined not only on the basis of autoreactivity with B lymphocytes but also by their absent or restricted reactivity with lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Transplants in 8 of 11 patients with a positive alloantibody-B-cell cross-match and in 6 of 7 patients with a positive autoantibody-B-cell cross-match were successful at 3 months. These success-rates were no different from those found in patients with a negative B-cell cross-match. Thus, renal allografts may be performed with a reasonable assurance of success in the presence of a positive B-cell cross-match whether due to autoantibodies or to alloantibodies.", "PMID": 73008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4906", "title": "Infant feeding and subcutaneous fat at birth and at one year.", "content": "Skin folds were measured at birth and at 1 year in infants who were obese, normal or thin at birth, infants of obese mothers and infants of diabetic mothers. There was no significant correlation between skinfold thickness at birth and skinfold thickness at 1 year and there was no significant difference in skinfold thickness between any of the groups at 1 year of age. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that overnutrition in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy has a permanent effect on the adiposity of the infant. The distributions of triceps and subscapular skinfolds in these 1-year-old infants were considerably lower than in a 1967-68 survey of British 1-year-olds. In this (1976) survey, the breast-feeding rate (40% at 2 months) and the mean age of introduction of solids (15 weeks) were both greater than in previous British surveys. Recent warnings against overfeeding in infancy may be changing feeding practices, resulting in slimmer 1-year-old children.", "contents": "Infant feeding and subcutaneous fat at birth and at one year. Skin folds were measured at birth and at 1 year in infants who were obese, normal or thin at birth, infants of obese mothers and infants of diabetic mothers. There was no significant correlation between skinfold thickness at birth and skinfold thickness at 1 year and there was no significant difference in skinfold thickness between any of the groups at 1 year of age. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that overnutrition in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy has a permanent effect on the adiposity of the infant. The distributions of triceps and subscapular skinfolds in these 1-year-old infants were considerably lower than in a 1967-68 survey of British 1-year-olds. In this (1976) survey, the breast-feeding rate (40% at 2 months) and the mean age of introduction of solids (15 weeks) were both greater than in previous British surveys. Recent warnings against overfeeding in infancy may be changing feeding practices, resulting in slimmer 1-year-old children.", "PMID": 73009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4907", "title": "Outbreak of necrotising enterocolitis caused by Clostridium butyricum.", "content": "12 hospital-born babies had necrotising enterocolitis, of varying severity, within six weeks, 5 of them within ten days. The usually described predisposing causes were absent in most, though no baby was exclusively breast -fed. Evidence of the presence of Clostridium butyricum was found in the blood of 9 out of 10 babies examined. Cl. butyricum is probably a primary, not a secondary invader.", "contents": "Outbreak of necrotising enterocolitis caused by Clostridium butyricum. 12 hospital-born babies had necrotising enterocolitis, of varying severity, within six weeks, 5 of them within ten days. The usually described predisposing causes were absent in most, though no baby was exclusively breast -fed. Evidence of the presence of Clostridium butyricum was found in the blood of 9 out of 10 babies examined. Cl. butyricum is probably a primary, not a secondary invader.", "PMID": 73010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4908", "title": "Antibiotic-induced colitis implication of a toxin neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin.", "content": "A toxin(s) has been demonstrated in the stools of two patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. This toxin(s) was heat-labile, was rapidly lethal for hamsters, increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin, and was cytotoxic for cells in tissue-culture. It was neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin but not by antitoxins prepared against other clostridia; Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae toxins. These characteristics were identical to those of a toxin implicated in the aetiology of antibiotic-induced colitis in the hamster. One patient improved rapidly after treatment with oral vancomycin, and at the same time the toxin disappeared from the stool.", "contents": "Antibiotic-induced colitis implication of a toxin neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. A toxin(s) has been demonstrated in the stools of two patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. This toxin(s) was heat-labile, was rapidly lethal for hamsters, increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin, and was cytotoxic for cells in tissue-culture. It was neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin but not by antitoxins prepared against other clostridia; Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae toxins. These characteristics were identical to those of a toxin implicated in the aetiology of antibiotic-induced colitis in the hamster. One patient improved rapidly after treatment with oral vancomycin, and at the same time the toxin disappeared from the stool.", "PMID": 73011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4909", "title": "Clofibrate increases lipoprotein-lipase activity in adipose tissue of hypertriglyceridaemic patients.", "content": "Clearance of plasma-triglycerides and activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue were studied in six hypertriglyceridaemic patients before and after a week of clofibrate therapy (2 g/day). Plasma-triglycerides decreased significantly from 6.85 +/- 1.1 to 2.66 +/- 0.29 mmol/l and triglyceride clearance increased significantly from 1.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.4%/min. There were concomitant significant increases in heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (95 +/- 16 to 181 +/- 34 nmol free fatty acids/10(6) cells/h) and in extractable lipase (88 +/- 14 to 179 +/- 28 nmol free fatty acids/10(6) cells/h). It is concluded that an important effect of clofibrate may be to increase the levels of adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase and thereby improve the clearance of plasma-triglycerides.", "contents": "Clofibrate increases lipoprotein-lipase activity in adipose tissue of hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Clearance of plasma-triglycerides and activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue were studied in six hypertriglyceridaemic patients before and after a week of clofibrate therapy (2 g/day). Plasma-triglycerides decreased significantly from 6.85 +/- 1.1 to 2.66 +/- 0.29 mmol/l and triglyceride clearance increased significantly from 1.3 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.4%/min. There were concomitant significant increases in heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (95 +/- 16 to 181 +/- 34 nmol free fatty acids/10(6) cells/h) and in extractable lipase (88 +/- 14 to 179 +/- 28 nmol free fatty acids/10(6) cells/h). It is concluded that an important effect of clofibrate may be to increase the levels of adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase and thereby improve the clearance of plasma-triglycerides.", "PMID": 73012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4910", "title": "Maintenance of remission in acute myelogenous leukaemia by a mixture of B.C.G. and irradiated leukaemia cells.", "content": "Thirty patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (A.M.L.) in full haematological remission were allocated alternately to two groups of fifteen patients each. All patients received immunotherapy, given weekly as intradermal and subcutaneous injections of killed allogeneic A.M.L. cells, plus Glaxo B.C.G. given by Heaf gun at a separate site. One group also received a mixture of A.M.L. cells and B.C.G. on 4 occasions early in remission. Four patients in this group have remained in remission for 92 to 134 weeks, whereas all patients in the other group had relapsed by 68 weeks. The findings suggest that cells mixed with B.C.G. may be effective in prolonging remission.", "contents": "Maintenance of remission in acute myelogenous leukaemia by a mixture of B.C.G. and irradiated leukaemia cells. Thirty patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (A.M.L.) in full haematological remission were allocated alternately to two groups of fifteen patients each. All patients received immunotherapy, given weekly as intradermal and subcutaneous injections of killed allogeneic A.M.L. cells, plus Glaxo B.C.G. given by Heaf gun at a separate site. One group also received a mixture of A.M.L. cells and B.C.G. on 4 occasions early in remission. Four patients in this group have remained in remission for 92 to 134 weeks, whereas all patients in the other group had relapsed by 68 weeks. The findings suggest that cells mixed with B.C.G. may be effective in prolonging remission.", "PMID": 73013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4911", "title": "Effect of piracetam on level of consciousness after neurosurgery.", "content": "2-oxopyrollidine acetamide (piracetam) is said to protect the cerebral cortex against hypoxia. Since surgery is believed to aggravate cerebral hypoxia and the consequent neurological dysfunction, patients undergoing surgery for brain tumours or ruptured cerebral aneurysms were studied. A random, non-stratified study of 100 patients showed that a significantly higher percentage of patients receiving piracetam attain or maintain a normal or near-normal level of consciousness postoperatively than those receiving a placebo. No side-effects or interaction of piracetam with other medications were noted.", "contents": "Effect of piracetam on level of consciousness after neurosurgery. 2-oxopyrollidine acetamide (piracetam) is said to protect the cerebral cortex against hypoxia. Since surgery is believed to aggravate cerebral hypoxia and the consequent neurological dysfunction, patients undergoing surgery for brain tumours or ruptured cerebral aneurysms were studied. A random, non-stratified study of 100 patients showed that a significantly higher percentage of patients receiving piracetam attain or maintain a normal or near-normal level of consciousness postoperatively than those receiving a placebo. No side-effects or interaction of piracetam with other medications were noted.", "PMID": 73014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4912", "title": "Changes in hospital antibiotic therapy after a quality-of-use study.", "content": "During the first quarters of 1976 and 1977, the use of parenteral gentamicin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin was surveyed in 219 (in 1976) and 240 (in 1977) patients admitted to a surgical, a gynaecological, and a medical ward of a teaching hospital. In 1976, therapy was assessed as irrational in 42%, 50%, and 12% of the surgical, gynaecological, and medical patients, respectively; the corresponding figures for 1977 were 24%, 25%, and 22%. The more rational therapy in 1977 was due to a shorter duration of prophylactic therapy; and to fewer patients receiving oral antibiotics just before or after the parenteral antibiotic.", "contents": "Changes in hospital antibiotic therapy after a quality-of-use study. During the first quarters of 1976 and 1977, the use of parenteral gentamicin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin was surveyed in 219 (in 1976) and 240 (in 1977) patients admitted to a surgical, a gynaecological, and a medical ward of a teaching hospital. In 1976, therapy was assessed as irrational in 42%, 50%, and 12% of the surgical, gynaecological, and medical patients, respectively; the corresponding figures for 1977 were 24%, 25%, and 22%. The more rational therapy in 1977 was due to a shorter duration of prophylactic therapy; and to fewer patients receiving oral antibiotics just before or after the parenteral antibiotic.", "PMID": 73021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4913", "title": "Is jejunal biopsy really necessary in cow's milk protein intolerance?", "content": "Thirty-nine infants suspected of having cow's milk protein intolerance (C.M.P.I.) were investigated, and jejunal biopsies were performed before and after challenge with cow's milk. Thirty patients had significant jejunal mucosal damage after milk challenge, but symptoms of diarrhoea and vomiting developed in only twenty-two. The patients with symptoms were subsequently managed on a diet free from cow's milk until tolerance developed. However, the eight infants without symptoms (but with jejunal mucosal damage) made satisfactory clinical progress, with adequate weight-gain, on a diet of cow's milk. Repeat jejunal biopsy specimens from two of these patients showed that there had been a definite improvement since the immediate post-challenge biopsy specimens were taken. Most patients with C.M.P.I. who need to be treated with a diet from which cow's milk has been eliminated may be detected by clinical means alone, and the remainder may continue on a cow's milk diet unless or until symptoms develop. There seems to be no clinical justification for routine jejunal biopsy in infants in whom C.M.P.I. is suspected.", "contents": "Is jejunal biopsy really necessary in cow's milk protein intolerance? Thirty-nine infants suspected of having cow's milk protein intolerance (C.M.P.I.) were investigated, and jejunal biopsies were performed before and after challenge with cow's milk. Thirty patients had significant jejunal mucosal damage after milk challenge, but symptoms of diarrhoea and vomiting developed in only twenty-two. The patients with symptoms were subsequently managed on a diet free from cow's milk until tolerance developed. However, the eight infants without symptoms (but with jejunal mucosal damage) made satisfactory clinical progress, with adequate weight-gain, on a diet of cow's milk. Repeat jejunal biopsy specimens from two of these patients showed that there had been a definite improvement since the immediate post-challenge biopsy specimens were taken. Most patients with C.M.P.I. who need to be treated with a diet from which cow's milk has been eliminated may be detected by clinical means alone, and the remainder may continue on a cow's milk diet unless or until symptoms develop. There seems to be no clinical justification for routine jejunal biopsy in infants in whom C.M.P.I. is suspected.", "PMID": 73022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4914", "title": "Treatment of aplastic anaemia by antilymphocyte globulin with and without allogeneic bone-marrow infusions.", "content": "29 patients with severe aplastic anaemia were treated with either antilymphocyte globulin (A.L.G.) alone (15 patients) or A.L.G. followed by infusion of allogeneic bone-marrow (14 patients). The overall response to both forms of treatment in terms of 1-year survival was 55%; 12 of the 29 patients showed a sustained haematological improvement, during a period of observation of up to 4 1/2 years. No potentially fatal complications were observed. None of the bone-marrow infusions led to a permanent \"take\" or graft-versus-host disease. How A.L.G. acts is unknown, but our findings accord with the hypothesis that, in a substantial proportion of cases of aplastic anaemia, unspecified autoimmune reactions block the development of residual stem cells A.L.G. seems to offer a good chance of survival, especially for those patients who do not have HLA-matched siblings. Its value should be further established.", "contents": "Treatment of aplastic anaemia by antilymphocyte globulin with and without allogeneic bone-marrow infusions. 29 patients with severe aplastic anaemia were treated with either antilymphocyte globulin (A.L.G.) alone (15 patients) or A.L.G. followed by infusion of allogeneic bone-marrow (14 patients). The overall response to both forms of treatment in terms of 1-year survival was 55%; 12 of the 29 patients showed a sustained haematological improvement, during a period of observation of up to 4 1/2 years. No potentially fatal complications were observed. None of the bone-marrow infusions led to a permanent \"take\" or graft-versus-host disease. How A.L.G. acts is unknown, but our findings accord with the hypothesis that, in a substantial proportion of cases of aplastic anaemia, unspecified autoimmune reactions block the development of residual stem cells A.L.G. seems to offer a good chance of survival, especially for those patients who do not have HLA-matched siblings. Its value should be further established.", "PMID": 73059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4915", "title": "Rotavirus infections of neonates.", "content": "Faecal specimens from 628 newborn babies in the nurseries of six metropolitan hospitals were examined by electron microscopy for rotaviruses. 304 babies (49%) were found to be excreting virus. All those infected were in five nurseries; viruses were not detected in specimens from the sixth nursery. Two nurseries were studied for 9 mo and another for 11 mo and rotaviruses were found consistently in 40-50% of stools examined. There was no seasonal variation. None of the neonates under the age of one day were infected but by the age of three to four days approximately 50% were excreting virus. Most of those shedding virus were symptom-free but 84 (28%) had diarrhoea. Persisting endemic rotavirus infection is apparently common in hospital nurseries in Sydney. The virus is probably transmitted by environmental spread from neonate to neonate.", "contents": "Rotavirus infections of neonates. Faecal specimens from 628 newborn babies in the nurseries of six metropolitan hospitals were examined by electron microscopy for rotaviruses. 304 babies (49%) were found to be excreting virus. All those infected were in five nurseries; viruses were not detected in specimens from the sixth nursery. Two nurseries were studied for 9 mo and another for 11 mo and rotaviruses were found consistently in 40-50% of stools examined. There was no seasonal variation. None of the neonates under the age of one day were infected but by the age of three to four days approximately 50% were excreting virus. Most of those shedding virus were symptom-free but 84 (28%) had diarrhoea. Persisting endemic rotavirus infection is apparently common in hospital nurseries in Sydney. The virus is probably transmitted by environmental spread from neonate to neonate.", "PMID": 73060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4916", "title": "Immune complexes in myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "A fluorescein-labelled anti-human immunoglobulin was used to demonstrate that peripheral blood from patients with myelofibrosis had a high proportion of phagocytic cells containing fluorescent immune complexes. Cells from patients with other myeloproliferative diseases (either chronic myeloid leukaemia or polycythaemia rubra vera) did not show similar intracellular immune complexes. Serum from patients with myelofibrosis incubated with polymorphs from healthy subjects caused the appearance of inclusions similar to those found when the patients' own cells were used, the healthy phagocytes apparently engulfing complexes from the patients' sera. The presence of platelets or complement did not alter the incidence of intracellular fluorescence. These tests may help in the diagnosis of myelofibrosis and may also be valuable in recognising the onset of this condition in patients with polycythaemia rubra vera.", "contents": "Immune complexes in myeloproliferative disorders. A fluorescein-labelled anti-human immunoglobulin was used to demonstrate that peripheral blood from patients with myelofibrosis had a high proportion of phagocytic cells containing fluorescent immune complexes. Cells from patients with other myeloproliferative diseases (either chronic myeloid leukaemia or polycythaemia rubra vera) did not show similar intracellular immune complexes. Serum from patients with myelofibrosis incubated with polymorphs from healthy subjects caused the appearance of inclusions similar to those found when the patients' own cells were used, the healthy phagocytes apparently engulfing complexes from the patients' sera. The presence of platelets or complement did not alter the incidence of intracellular fluorescence. These tests may help in the diagnosis of myelofibrosis and may also be valuable in recognising the onset of this condition in patients with polycythaemia rubra vera.", "PMID": 73061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4917", "title": "Treatment of acute viral hepatitis with (+)-cyanidanol-3.", "content": "A double-blind trial of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (2 g/day) versus placebo tablets was carried out in 100 patients with acute viral hepatitis. 51 received the drug and 49 placebo. (+)-Cyanidanol-3 accelerated the disappearance of HBsAg from the blood, lowered serum-bilirubin, and relieved symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, and pruritus. The drug was well tolerated. None of the patients had a relapse of acute hepatitis. Chronic active hepatitis developed in 1 of the placebo-treated patients. Thus, (+)-cyanidanol-3 seems to be of benefit in acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Treatment of acute viral hepatitis with (+)-cyanidanol-3. A double-blind trial of (+)-cyanidanol-3 (2 g/day) versus placebo tablets was carried out in 100 patients with acute viral hepatitis. 51 received the drug and 49 placebo. (+)-Cyanidanol-3 accelerated the disappearance of HBsAg from the blood, lowered serum-bilirubin, and relieved symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, and pruritus. The drug was well tolerated. None of the patients had a relapse of acute hepatitis. Chronic active hepatitis developed in 1 of the placebo-treated patients. Thus, (+)-cyanidanol-3 seems to be of benefit in acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 73062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4918", "title": "Glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations and clinitest results in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "In 11 insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients, haemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) was measured by an electrofocusing method. Diabetic control was evaluated by the semiquantitative urine test for sugar, 'Clinitest', three times a day every day in the 8 weeks before the HbAIc determination. 24-hour glycosuria and fasting and postprandial blood-glucose levels were measured one to five times during this period. The HbAIc concentration correlated highly with the semi-quantitative urinary-sugar-concentration index but not with the other parameters.", "contents": "Glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations and clinitest results in insulin-dependent diabetes. In 11 insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients, haemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) was measured by an electrofocusing method. Diabetic control was evaluated by the semiquantitative urine test for sugar, 'Clinitest', three times a day every day in the 8 weeks before the HbAIc determination. 24-hour glycosuria and fasting and postprandial blood-glucose levels were measured one to five times during this period. The HbAIc concentration correlated highly with the semi-quantitative urinary-sugar-concentration index but not with the other parameters.", "PMID": 73063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4919", "title": "Increased brain dopamine and reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyl transferase activity in schizophrenia and related psychoses.", "content": "Dopamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase (G.A.D.) and choline acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) were measured in four regions of post-mortem brains. 41 patients with the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia (psychotic group) were compared with a control grout normal in the putamen. G.A.D. activity was significantly reduced in the psychotic group, by about 50% in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and by about 30% in the putamen. C.A.T. activity was significantly lower in nucleus accumbens from the psychotic group, but normal in other brain regions. From an assessment of case notes, \"schizophrenia\" was distinguished from \"schizophrenia-like psychosis\". The biochemical findings for these subgroups were essentially similar, although C.A.T. activity in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus from the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than in controls. It is of brain are associated with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses, although whether such neurochemical abnormalities are related to the illness or are a consequence of prolonged treatment with neuroleptic drugs remains unclear.", "contents": "Increased brain dopamine and reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyl transferase activity in schizophrenia and related psychoses. Dopamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase (G.A.D.) and choline acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) were measured in four regions of post-mortem brains. 41 patients with the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia (psychotic group) were compared with a control grout normal in the putamen. G.A.D. activity was significantly reduced in the psychotic group, by about 50% in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and by about 30% in the putamen. C.A.T. activity was significantly lower in nucleus accumbens from the psychotic group, but normal in other brain regions. From an assessment of case notes, \"schizophrenia\" was distinguished from \"schizophrenia-like psychosis\". The biochemical findings for these subgroups were essentially similar, although C.A.T. activity in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus from the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than in controls. It is of brain are associated with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses, although whether such neurochemical abnormalities are related to the illness or are a consequence of prolonged treatment with neuroleptic drugs remains unclear.", "PMID": 73064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4920", "title": "Oedema and heart-failure in the tropics.", "content": "A mechanism is outlined to explain why oedema forms so readily in hot climates. A continual cutaneous vasodilation produces a low total peripheral resistance so that the mean arterial pressure cannot be raised except by increasing cardiac output. This inability to raise the arterial pressure as efficiently as usual will lead to difficulties in dealing with excess sodium and water loads, because the mean arterial pressure is the major determinant of urinary output. Anything which favours the retention of sodium and water in hot climates must therefore make things worse. This mechanism will also explain the post-partum cardiac failure syndrome which occurs in Northern Nigeria, since Hausa women take high-sodium diets and lie on heated beds during the post-partum period. The necessity for a further increase of cardiac output to excrete excess sodium and water in hot climates causes stress in persons with vulnerable myocardia and produces the symptoms and signs of cardiac failure more rapidly.", "contents": "Oedema and heart-failure in the tropics. A mechanism is outlined to explain why oedema forms so readily in hot climates. A continual cutaneous vasodilation produces a low total peripheral resistance so that the mean arterial pressure cannot be raised except by increasing cardiac output. This inability to raise the arterial pressure as efficiently as usual will lead to difficulties in dealing with excess sodium and water loads, because the mean arterial pressure is the major determinant of urinary output. Anything which favours the retention of sodium and water in hot climates must therefore make things worse. This mechanism will also explain the post-partum cardiac failure syndrome which occurs in Northern Nigeria, since Hausa women take high-sodium diets and lie on heated beds during the post-partum period. The necessity for a further increase of cardiac output to excrete excess sodium and water in hot climates causes stress in persons with vulnerable myocardia and produces the symptoms and signs of cardiac failure more rapidly.", "PMID": 73065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4921", "title": "Early ultrasound examination in antenatal care.", "content": "Ultrasound examination was done on 442 women early in pregnancy. If there was a discrepancy the date of delivery calculated from ultrasound readings was preferred to that calculated by traditional means. As a result of this policy induction for planned caesarean section was postponed or cancelled in 10.4% of cases. In 9.7% of women the menstrual history was unreliable and the ultrasound measurement was used to estimate the date of delivery. Thus in 21.1% of pregnancies the early ultrasound measurement decided when or whether labour was to be induced. In women induced for postmaturity there was no increase in prolonged labour or need for caesarean section. There were no cases of neonatal respiratory distress and neonatal jaundice was less common than it was when the onset of labour was spontaneous. This evidence suggests that neonatal jaundice is not caused by induction of labour or by the agents used. The low frequency of jaundice in this series is thought to be due to accurate prediction of the expected date of delivery and consequent exclusion of premature babies born to \"postmature\" women.", "contents": "Early ultrasound examination in antenatal care. Ultrasound examination was done on 442 women early in pregnancy. If there was a discrepancy the date of delivery calculated from ultrasound readings was preferred to that calculated by traditional means. As a result of this policy induction for planned caesarean section was postponed or cancelled in 10.4% of cases. In 9.7% of women the menstrual history was unreliable and the ultrasound measurement was used to estimate the date of delivery. Thus in 21.1% of pregnancies the early ultrasound measurement decided when or whether labour was to be induced. In women induced for postmaturity there was no increase in prolonged labour or need for caesarean section. There were no cases of neonatal respiratory distress and neonatal jaundice was less common than it was when the onset of labour was spontaneous. This evidence suggests that neonatal jaundice is not caused by induction of labour or by the agents used. The low frequency of jaundice in this series is thought to be due to accurate prediction of the expected date of delivery and consequent exclusion of premature babies born to \"postmature\" women.", "PMID": 73074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4922", "title": "[New aspects of therapy and prophylaxis of virus hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiology of viral hepatitis is well known, since the hepatitis A virus and the hepatitis B virus were detected. There is, however, no specific treatment of the disease. Steroids should not be used, since a therapeutical value in viral hepatitis is not definitely proven and since they may contribute to the development of chronic hepatitis. The application of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), interferon or interferon inducers in hepatitis B infections has yielded some interesting results, which, however, do not yet justify general recommendations for therapeutical use. Specific preventive measures against viral hepatitis B have been rendered possible by demonstration of HBS-Ag. In selected cases the application of standard gamma-globulin or HBIG is recommended for prophylaxis of viral hepatitis A or viral hepatitis B, respectively. Active immunization against hepatitis B is still in an experimental stage.", "contents": "[New aspects of therapy and prophylaxis of virus hepatitis (author's transl)]. The etiology of viral hepatitis is well known, since the hepatitis A virus and the hepatitis B virus were detected. There is, however, no specific treatment of the disease. Steroids should not be used, since a therapeutical value in viral hepatitis is not definitely proven and since they may contribute to the development of chronic hepatitis. The application of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), interferon or interferon inducers in hepatitis B infections has yielded some interesting results, which, however, do not yet justify general recommendations for therapeutical use. Specific preventive measures against viral hepatitis B have been rendered possible by demonstration of HBS-Ag. In selected cases the application of standard gamma-globulin or HBIG is recommended for prophylaxis of viral hepatitis A or viral hepatitis B, respectively. Active immunization against hepatitis B is still in an experimental stage.", "PMID": 73114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4923", "title": "[Cytostatic therapy of gastro-intestinal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of gastro-intestinal carcinomas in man is rather high as compared to other organ systems; results of cytostatic or x-ray therapy of these tumors, however, on the other hand are rather poor. The majority of malignant tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract metastasizes within 3 years, with the exception of early cancer of the esophagus and stomach, which may be cured completely by surgery in 80-90% of cases if it is detected early enough. After dissemination has occurred, chemotherapy and x-ray therapy may only serve to improve subjective symptoms. 5-Fluorouracil and Methyl-CNU may be effective as palliative therapy in relieving symptoms--as monotherapy in 17-20%, in combination in 25% of all cases. Both substances are increasingly being used in recent times along with substances stimulating the immune system. Controlled prospective clinical studies are needed in the future in order to elucidate the role of additional cytostatic therapy in patients with malignant tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "[Cytostatic therapy of gastro-intestinal carcinomas (author's transl)]. The incidence of gastro-intestinal carcinomas in man is rather high as compared to other organ systems; results of cytostatic or x-ray therapy of these tumors, however, on the other hand are rather poor. The majority of malignant tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract metastasizes within 3 years, with the exception of early cancer of the esophagus and stomach, which may be cured completely by surgery in 80-90% of cases if it is detected early enough. After dissemination has occurred, chemotherapy and x-ray therapy may only serve to improve subjective symptoms. 5-Fluorouracil and Methyl-CNU may be effective as palliative therapy in relieving symptoms--as monotherapy in 17-20%, in combination in 25% of all cases. Both substances are increasingly being used in recent times along with substances stimulating the immune system. Controlled prospective clinical studies are needed in the future in order to elucidate the role of additional cytostatic therapy in patients with malignant tumors of the gastro-intestinal tract.", "PMID": 73115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4924", "title": "Political terrorism.", "content": "International terrorism has increased rapidly and become more menacing. Its main aim is psychological: to spread fear and undermine morale for political blackmail. It is not to be confused with a guerilla war of national liberation. In self-protection the free world must combine against terrorist attacks on innocent civilians, taking of hostages, hijacking of aircraft and involvement of third-party countries.", "contents": "Political terrorism. International terrorism has increased rapidly and become more menacing. Its main aim is psychological: to spread fear and undermine morale for political blackmail. It is not to be confused with a guerilla war of national liberation. In self-protection the free world must combine against terrorist attacks on innocent civilians, taking of hostages, hijacking of aircraft and involvement of third-party countries.", "PMID": 73123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4925", "title": "[Serological relationship between candida and salmonella].", "content": "To investigate the reported relationship among certain candida and Salmonella C1 group O antigen, an antigen and antiserum from C. albicans strain, isolated in our institute from patient, and another antigen and antiserum prepared from S. cholera suis strain were used. On the other hand C. melinii, which does not share any antigen with Salmonella, and S. newport antigen and antiserum, sharing no antigen with C. albicans were used as negative controls. C. albicans antigen and antiserum available in our institute, gave positive results with Salmonella C1 group O antigen and antiserum. The same titers were obtained as in the literature reports.", "contents": "[Serological relationship between candida and salmonella]. To investigate the reported relationship among certain candida and Salmonella C1 group O antigen, an antigen and antiserum from C. albicans strain, isolated in our institute from patient, and another antigen and antiserum prepared from S. cholera suis strain were used. On the other hand C. melinii, which does not share any antigen with Salmonella, and S. newport antigen and antiserum, sharing no antigen with C. albicans were used as negative controls. C. albicans antigen and antiserum available in our institute, gave positive results with Salmonella C1 group O antigen and antiserum. The same titers were obtained as in the literature reports.", "PMID": 73124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4926", "title": "[Correlation among different Candida tropicalis, Candida rhagii and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen].", "content": "The immune sera for Candida tropicalis (C. benhamii) CBS-5701, Candida tropicalis (C. vulgaris) CBS-2310 and C. rhagii (C. tropicalis v. rhagii) CBS-618 agglutinated Salmonella cholarae suis 211 (0 6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated C. tropicalis (C. benhamii), C. tropicalis (C. vulgaris) and C. rhagii (C. tropicalis v. rhagii). Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested species and in S. cholerae suis (0 6,7).", "contents": "[Correlation among different Candida tropicalis, Candida rhagii and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen]. The immune sera for Candida tropicalis (C. benhamii) CBS-5701, Candida tropicalis (C. vulgaris) CBS-2310 and C. rhagii (C. tropicalis v. rhagii) CBS-618 agglutinated Salmonella cholarae suis 211 (0 6,7). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated C. tropicalis (C. benhamii), C. tropicalis (C. vulgaris) and C. rhagii (C. tropicalis v. rhagii). Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested species and in S. cholerae suis (0 6,7).", "PMID": 73125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4927", "title": "Ultraviolet-mediated antibiotic activity of species of Compositae caused by polyacetylenic compounds.", "content": "A survey of North, Central, and South American composites, and of certain polyacetylenic compounds occurring in them, confirmed that the ultraviolet-mediated antibiotic activity against Candida albicans can be ascribed to the presence of particular polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives. Leaves, stems, roots, and achenes were assayed separately. An attempt was made to relate the phototoxic activity of specific compounds to their chemical structures. Most composites tested were not phototoxic against Candida, but many were antibiotic. The antibiotic activity also appears to be caused by polyacetylenes. Of 65 sequiterpene lactones assayed, only a few were found to be antibiotic, and only one, glaucolide G, was phototoxic.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-mediated antibiotic activity of species of Compositae caused by polyacetylenic compounds. A survey of North, Central, and South American composites, and of certain polyacetylenic compounds occurring in them, confirmed that the ultraviolet-mediated antibiotic activity against Candida albicans can be ascribed to the presence of particular polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives. Leaves, stems, roots, and achenes were assayed separately. An attempt was made to relate the phototoxic activity of specific compounds to their chemical structures. Most composites tested were not phototoxic against Candida, but many were antibiotic. The antibiotic activity also appears to be caused by polyacetylenes. Of 65 sequiterpene lactones assayed, only a few were found to be antibiotic, and only one, glaucolide G, was phototoxic.", "PMID": 73121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4928", "title": "[Serologic specificity of various Candida membranaefaciens and Candida rugosa strains].", "content": "C. membranaefaciens (C. majoricensis) CBS-2875 and C. rugosa 829 strains were agglutinated strongly with 0 6,7 agglutinating serum of S. cholerae suis. On the other hand the same gave a negative result with C. membranaefaciens CBS-1952 and C. rugosa (C. rugosa v. elegans) CBS-1948. These results can be considered in way of identification of the mentioned Candida types.", "contents": "[Serologic specificity of various Candida membranaefaciens and Candida rugosa strains]. C. membranaefaciens (C. majoricensis) CBS-2875 and C. rugosa 829 strains were agglutinated strongly with 0 6,7 agglutinating serum of S. cholerae suis. On the other hand the same gave a negative result with C. membranaefaciens CBS-1952 and C. rugosa (C. rugosa v. elegans) CBS-1948. These results can be considered in way of identification of the mentioned Candida types.", "PMID": 73126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4929", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin and glycoprotein concentration and mesenchymal reaction in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].", "content": "In the liver needle biopsy specimens of 45 patients with hepatitis chronica persistents, hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, and in the serum of the same patients concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, alfa-2-macroglobulin and coeuroplasmin was examined. It was established that 1. the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts in the liver tissue of patients with hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver increases significantly, 2. there exists a correlation between the number of lymphoid cells and the concentration of IgG, 3. the serum level of the alfa-2-macroglobulin increases parallely with the number of fibroblasts of the liver in hepatitis chronica aggressive and in cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin and glycoprotein concentration and mesenchymal reaction in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. In the liver needle biopsy specimens of 45 patients with hepatitis chronica persistents, hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, and in the serum of the same patients concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, alfa-2-macroglobulin and coeuroplasmin was examined. It was established that 1. the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts in the liver tissue of patients with hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver increases significantly, 2. there exists a correlation between the number of lymphoid cells and the concentration of IgG, 3. the serum level of the alfa-2-macroglobulin increases parallely with the number of fibroblasts of the liver in hepatitis chronica aggressive and in cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 73128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4930", "title": "Detection of prostatic cancer by solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "We compared our radioimmunoassay with the standard enzyme assay for prostatic acid phosphatase in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Serum samples from 50 controls, 113 patients with prostatic cancer, 36 with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 83 with other cancers, 20 with gastrointestinal disorders and 28 with total prostatectomies were randomized and studied by radioimmunoassay and enzyme assay. When the upper limit was set at 8.0 ng per milliliter (mean + 4 S.D.) the radioimmunoassay diagnosed prostatic cancer in 33, 79, 71 and 92 per cent of the patients with Stage I, II, III and IV disease. In contrast, the enzyme assay detected elevations of enzyme in the serum of 12, 15, 29, and 60 per cent respectively. No false-positive results were detected by either assay in normal controls but the radioimmunoassay test was positive in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, in one patient after total prostatectomy, in nine with other cancers and in one of the group with gastrointestinal disorders. In contrast to the enzyme assay, the radioimmunoassay distinguished over half the cases of intracapsular prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Detection of prostatic cancer by solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. We compared our radioimmunoassay with the standard enzyme assay for prostatic acid phosphatase in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Serum samples from 50 controls, 113 patients with prostatic cancer, 36 with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 83 with other cancers, 20 with gastrointestinal disorders and 28 with total prostatectomies were randomized and studied by radioimmunoassay and enzyme assay. When the upper limit was set at 8.0 ng per milliliter (mean + 4 S.D.) the radioimmunoassay diagnosed prostatic cancer in 33, 79, 71 and 92 per cent of the patients with Stage I, II, III and IV disease. In contrast, the enzyme assay detected elevations of enzyme in the serum of 12, 15, 29, and 60 per cent respectively. No false-positive results were detected by either assay in normal controls but the radioimmunoassay test was positive in two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, in one patient after total prostatectomy, in nine with other cancers and in one of the group with gastrointestinal disorders. In contrast to the enzyme assay, the radioimmunoassay distinguished over half the cases of intracapsular prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 73133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4931", "title": "Detection of acceptor sites on human lymphocytes for antigen-specific T cell factors.", "content": "Mouse antigen-specific T cell factors are absorbed by human peripheral blood lymphocytes at acceptor sites. The acceptors are products of HLA-linked genes, which may be human immune response genes.", "contents": "Detection of acceptor sites on human lymphocytes for antigen-specific T cell factors. Mouse antigen-specific T cell factors are absorbed by human peripheral blood lymphocytes at acceptor sites. The acceptors are products of HLA-linked genes, which may be human immune response genes.", "PMID": 73139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4932", "title": "Virological and immunological characteristics of tumors induced in adult rats by Rous sarcoma.", "content": "Forty primary tumors of Wistar rats and first seven passages of tumors of August rats were investigated by different virological and immunological methods. The tumors were induced in adult rats by Schmidt--Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma. Based on the virus-cell interaction, the tumors were divided into four groups. The first group of tumors of Wistar rats (2 out of 40) contained mature RSV and viral antigens could be detected by means of the FA test, while the rats had virus neutralizing antibodies in their sera. The second group of Wistar rat tumors (19 out of 40) and August rats tumors contained virus connected with the cells. The third group was composed of \"virus-free\" tumors of Wistar rats (8 out of 40). Application of the method of cells association increased rescue RSV in tumors of the 2nd group by 2--4 fold and caused activation of the virus in tumors of the 3rd group. Irradiation of rat tumor cells with a dose of 5000-10 000 R did not enhance the rescue or activation of oncogenic virus in any case. In tumors of the second and third group viral antigen was detected by the FA test in 47% and gs antigen by the CF test in 17%. gs antibodies were found in 29% of the sera from rats with these tumors. The 4th group of Wistar rats tumors were \"virus-free\" (11 out of 40) showing a negative effect of RSV activation. These tumors with one exception contained no virus antigen, and there were no antibodies against them in sera of the rats.", "contents": "Virological and immunological characteristics of tumors induced in adult rats by Rous sarcoma. Forty primary tumors of Wistar rats and first seven passages of tumors of August rats were investigated by different virological and immunological methods. The tumors were induced in adult rats by Schmidt--Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma. Based on the virus-cell interaction, the tumors were divided into four groups. The first group of tumors of Wistar rats (2 out of 40) contained mature RSV and viral antigens could be detected by means of the FA test, while the rats had virus neutralizing antibodies in their sera. The second group of Wistar rat tumors (19 out of 40) and August rats tumors contained virus connected with the cells. The third group was composed of \"virus-free\" tumors of Wistar rats (8 out of 40). Application of the method of cells association increased rescue RSV in tumors of the 2nd group by 2--4 fold and caused activation of the virus in tumors of the 3rd group. Irradiation of rat tumor cells with a dose of 5000-10 000 R did not enhance the rescue or activation of oncogenic virus in any case. In tumors of the second and third group viral antigen was detected by the FA test in 47% and gs antigen by the CF test in 17%. gs antibodies were found in 29% of the sera from rats with these tumors. The 4th group of Wistar rats tumors were \"virus-free\" (11 out of 40) showing a negative effect of RSV activation. These tumors with one exception contained no virus antigen, and there were no antibodies against them in sera of the rats.", "PMID": 73143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4933", "title": "Morphologic and immunologic studies in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis.", "content": "An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used to study by light microscopy the binding of serum from experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) rabbits to junctionally and extrajunctionally located acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in human and rat muscles. Binding was restricted to junctional AChR. Alpha bungarotoxin (a-BGT) partially blocked the binding of EAMG serum, while myasthenia gravis serum, carbamylcholine, decamethonium, and tubocurarine did not. A radioimmunoassay showed significant binding of antibodies in EAMG sera to 125l AChR. This binding was not inhibited by a-BGT, nor by carbamylcholine, decamethonium, or tubocurarine. Sera from 10 myasthenia gravis patients did not contain antibodies binding to the 125l AChR. We suggest that EAMG in rabbits induced by Torpedo AChR differs serologically from myasthenia gravis in patients, probably owing to antigenic differences between Torpedo and human AChR, and that antigenic differences also exist between junctional and extrajunctional receptors.", "contents": "Morphologic and immunologic studies in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used to study by light microscopy the binding of serum from experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) rabbits to junctionally and extrajunctionally located acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in human and rat muscles. Binding was restricted to junctional AChR. Alpha bungarotoxin (a-BGT) partially blocked the binding of EAMG serum, while myasthenia gravis serum, carbamylcholine, decamethonium, and tubocurarine did not. A radioimmunoassay showed significant binding of antibodies in EAMG sera to 125l AChR. This binding was not inhibited by a-BGT, nor by carbamylcholine, decamethonium, or tubocurarine. Sera from 10 myasthenia gravis patients did not contain antibodies binding to the 125l AChR. We suggest that EAMG in rabbits induced by Torpedo AChR differs serologically from myasthenia gravis in patients, probably owing to antigenic differences between Torpedo and human AChR, and that antigenic differences also exist between junctional and extrajunctional receptors.", "PMID": 73154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4934", "title": "The syntheiss of high yields of full-length reverse transcripts of globin mRNA.", "content": "Conditions have been determined under which reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of the high yields of full length complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA). These conditions depend not only on the cencentration of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (1) but also on the concentration of reverse transcriptase. An analysis of the kinetics of cDNA synthesis and the size of cDNA synthesized as a function of time under different conditions indicates that the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase is partially distributive. This accounts for the necessity of a high enzyme concentration to obtain high yields of full length cDNA. Additional experiments indicate that the yield of cDNA is limited by the fact that the template mRNA is rapidly inactivated. This is most likely due to the fact that the product cDNA is hydrogen bonded to the template mRNA during synthesis.", "contents": "The syntheiss of high yields of full-length reverse transcripts of globin mRNA. Conditions have been determined under which reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of the high yields of full length complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA). These conditions depend not only on the cencentration of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (1) but also on the concentration of reverse transcriptase. An analysis of the kinetics of cDNA synthesis and the size of cDNA synthesized as a function of time under different conditions indicates that the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase is partially distributive. This accounts for the necessity of a high enzyme concentration to obtain high yields of full length cDNA. Additional experiments indicate that the yield of cDNA is limited by the fact that the template mRNA is rapidly inactivated. This is most likely due to the fact that the product cDNA is hydrogen bonded to the template mRNA during synthesis.", "PMID": 73163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4935", "title": "DNA double-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds produced by bleomycin.", "content": "Both in linear T2 DNA, analyyzed by velocity sedimentation, and in supercoiled Col EL DNA, analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the number of double-strand breaks produced by bleomycin was directly propotional to the number of single-strand breaks and was far greater than the number expected from random coincidence of single-strand breaks, suggesting that the bleomycin-induced double-strand breaks occur as an independent event. In Col EL DNA, at least twice as many single-strand breaks were found under alkaline assay conditions as were found under neutral conditions, showing the production of alkaline-labile bonds by bleomycin.", "contents": "DNA double-strand breaks and alkali-labile bonds produced by bleomycin. Both in linear T2 DNA, analyyzed by velocity sedimentation, and in supercoiled Col EL DNA, analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the number of double-strand breaks produced by bleomycin was directly propotional to the number of single-strand breaks and was far greater than the number expected from random coincidence of single-strand breaks, suggesting that the bleomycin-induced double-strand breaks occur as an independent event. In Col EL DNA, at least twice as many single-strand breaks were found under alkaline assay conditions as were found under neutral conditions, showing the production of alkaline-labile bonds by bleomycin.", "PMID": 73164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4936", "title": "The effect of magnesium and manganese ions on the structure and template activity for reverse transcriptase of polyribocytidylate and its 2'-0-methyl derivative.", "content": "The secondary structure of the hydrogen bonded hybrids polycytidylate-oligodeoxguanylate (poly(rC)-(dG)12-18 and poly (2'-oMe) cytidylate-oligodeoxyguanylate (poly (rCm)-(dG)12-18 was studied at several magnesium and manganese ion concentrations. These hybrids are effective template-primer complexes for the synthesis of poly(dG) by avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) DNA polymerase under disparate ionic conditions. Circular dichroism spectra and thermal melting data were obtained as a function of ion concentration, including conditions that allow optimum rates of poly (dG) synthesis by each complex. These studies demonstrate that both hybrids can change conformation and stability depending on their ionic environment. Comparison of enzyme activity and physical data suggest that the polymerase recognizes particular secondary structure features. Changes in the activity of the AMV polymerase can be induced by varying the Mg++ and Mn++ concentrations alone and in combination. These variations in enzyme activity are correlated with observed changes in the base-stacking alignment of the synthetic template primers. The ions, therefore, seem to affect enzyme activity by altering the conformation of the polnucleotide complexes.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium and manganese ions on the structure and template activity for reverse transcriptase of polyribocytidylate and its 2'-0-methyl derivative. The secondary structure of the hydrogen bonded hybrids polycytidylate-oligodeoxguanylate (poly(rC)-(dG)12-18 and poly (2'-oMe) cytidylate-oligodeoxyguanylate (poly (rCm)-(dG)12-18 was studied at several magnesium and manganese ion concentrations. These hybrids are effective template-primer complexes for the synthesis of poly(dG) by avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) DNA polymerase under disparate ionic conditions. Circular dichroism spectra and thermal melting data were obtained as a function of ion concentration, including conditions that allow optimum rates of poly (dG) synthesis by each complex. These studies demonstrate that both hybrids can change conformation and stability depending on their ionic environment. Comparison of enzyme activity and physical data suggest that the polymerase recognizes particular secondary structure features. Changes in the activity of the AMV polymerase can be induced by varying the Mg++ and Mn++ concentrations alone and in combination. These variations in enzyme activity are correlated with observed changes in the base-stacking alignment of the synthetic template primers. The ions, therefore, seem to affect enzyme activity by altering the conformation of the polnucleotide complexes.", "PMID": 73165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4937", "title": "Biologic activities of poly (2-azaadenylic acid) and poly (2-azainosinic acid).", "content": "Poly (2-azaadenylic acid) [(aza2A)n] and poly(2-azainosinic acid [(aza2I)n], two newly synthesized analogues of (A)n and (I)n, in which CH-2 of the purine ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom, have been evaluated in various biological assay systems. (Aza2A) n formed a complex with (U)n and (br5U)n, and (aza2I)n formed a complex with (C)n and (br5C)n, but these complexes were markedly destabilized relative to the corresponding (A)n or (I)n complexes. The (aza2A)n-and (aza2I)n-derived complexes failed to stimulate the production of interferon in primary rabbit kidney cells and human diploid fibroblasts, under conditions (A)n. (U)n, (I)n. (C)n and (I)n. (br5C)n induced high amounts of interferon. both (aza2A)n and (aza2I)n exerted a marked inhibitory effect on the endogenous RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity associated with murine leukemia virus. They caused a relatively mild inhibition of complement activity in an hemolytic assay system.", "contents": "Biologic activities of poly (2-azaadenylic acid) and poly (2-azainosinic acid). Poly (2-azaadenylic acid) [(aza2A)n] and poly(2-azainosinic acid [(aza2I)n], two newly synthesized analogues of (A)n and (I)n, in which CH-2 of the purine ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom, have been evaluated in various biological assay systems. (Aza2A) n formed a complex with (U)n and (br5U)n, and (aza2I)n formed a complex with (C)n and (br5C)n, but these complexes were markedly destabilized relative to the corresponding (A)n or (I)n complexes. The (aza2A)n-and (aza2I)n-derived complexes failed to stimulate the production of interferon in primary rabbit kidney cells and human diploid fibroblasts, under conditions (A)n. (U)n, (I)n. (C)n and (I)n. (br5C)n induced high amounts of interferon. both (aza2A)n and (aza2I)n exerted a marked inhibitory effect on the endogenous RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity associated with murine leukemia virus. They caused a relatively mild inhibition of complement activity in an hemolytic assay system.", "PMID": 73166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4938", "title": "Mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes induced by xenogeneic rat stimulator cells exhibit specificity for H-2 complex alloantigens.", "content": "When mouse spleen cells were stimulated with irradiated xenogeneic, allogeneic, or trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic lymphoid cells, the strongest cytolytic response was induced by alloantigens. Mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes generated to rat lymphoid cells demonstrated specificity for the immunizing rat strain, but extensive lysis of allogeneic target cells from certain mouse strains was also observed. Cold target inhibition studies indicated that separate clones of xenoantigen-induced cytolytic T lymphocytes lysed each of the allogeneic murine targets. [3H]Thymidine suicide of the effector cells generated to the rat stimulators revealed that only some of all potentially reactive  mouse cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors with specificity for a given allogeneic target are activated by the stimulation with rat cells. This evidence that xenoantigens induce alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocyte receptor repertoire is directed at variants of autologous major histocompatibility complex antigens.", "contents": "Mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes induced by xenogeneic rat stimulator cells exhibit specificity for H-2 complex alloantigens. When mouse spleen cells were stimulated with irradiated xenogeneic, allogeneic, or trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic lymphoid cells, the strongest cytolytic response was induced by alloantigens. Mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes generated to rat lymphoid cells demonstrated specificity for the immunizing rat strain, but extensive lysis of allogeneic target cells from certain mouse strains was also observed. Cold target inhibition studies indicated that separate clones of xenoantigen-induced cytolytic T lymphocytes lysed each of the allogeneic murine targets. [3H]Thymidine suicide of the effector cells generated to the rat stimulators revealed that only some of all potentially reactive  mouse cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors with specificity for a given allogeneic target are activated by the stimulation with rat cells. This evidence that xenoantigens induce alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocyte receptor repertoire is directed at variants of autologous major histocompatibility complex antigens.", "PMID": 73180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4939", "title": "Evidence for an immunoglobulin-dependent antigen-specific helper T cell.", "content": "Evidence from various systems suggests that thymus-derived lymphocytes can affect the quality of antibody responses by recognizing various portions of the immunoglobulin receptor of bone-marrow-derived thymus-independent lymphocytes. A model for this process is proposed involving two antigen-specific mature T helper cells, one of which also is specific for immunoglobulin determinants. These two cells act synergistically. Evidence from adoptive secondary antibody responses demonstrates that both cells are antigen-specific T cells and that the immunoglobulin-recognizing T helper cell is absent from experimentally agammaglobulinemic mice. This cell is termed an \"immunoglobulin-dependent T cell\" because its activation requires the presence of immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Evidence for an immunoglobulin-dependent antigen-specific helper T cell. Evidence from various systems suggests that thymus-derived lymphocytes can affect the quality of antibody responses by recognizing various portions of the immunoglobulin receptor of bone-marrow-derived thymus-independent lymphocytes. A model for this process is proposed involving two antigen-specific mature T helper cells, one of which also is specific for immunoglobulin determinants. These two cells act synergistically. Evidence from adoptive secondary antibody responses demonstrates that both cells are antigen-specific T cells and that the immunoglobulin-recognizing T helper cell is absent from experimentally agammaglobulinemic mice. This cell is termed an \"immunoglobulin-dependent T cell\" because its activation requires the presence of immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 73181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4940", "title": "[Blocking of the reaction of the pituitary gland to exogenic thyroxine after its administration together with an antithyroid agent].", "content": "It was experimentally revealed that 1-thyroxin administered in combination with an antithyroid preparation caused no depression of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis whose activation was caused by the inhibitory action of the antithyroid agent on the thyroid gland. At the same time combined administration of the preparations failed to lead to the thyroxin inactivation. The \"block effect\" of the hypophysis response to the thyroxin administration persisted even with such low doses of antithyroid preparation which failed to depress the thyroid function, and, correspondingly, did not activate the thyrotropic hormone production by the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Blocking of the reaction of the pituitary gland to exogenic thyroxine after its administration together with an antithyroid agent]. It was experimentally revealed that 1-thyroxin administered in combination with an antithyroid preparation caused no depression of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis whose activation was caused by the inhibitory action of the antithyroid agent on the thyroid gland. At the same time combined administration of the preparations failed to lead to the thyroxin inactivation. The \"block effect\" of the hypophysis response to the thyroxin administration persisted even with such low doses of antithyroid preparation which failed to depress the thyroid function, and, correspondingly, did not activate the thyrotropic hormone production by the hypophysis.", "PMID": 73178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4941", "title": "[Chronobiological characteristics of the cytological indicators of the islands of Langerhans in mice].", "content": "This experimental work was conducted on 40 sexually mature albino mice; with the aid of cytometry and cytochemistry the 24-hour rhythm of functional activity of beta-cells of the pancreas was shown. An enlargement of the nuclei and nucleoli of beta-cells, an accumulation of specific fuchsinophilic and zinc-containing granules was noted at night (10 p.m.--6 a.m.); this pointed to the high functional activity of the insular cells at this time. During the day (10 a.m.--6 p.m.) the volume of the nuclei and nucleoli proved to decrease, and the specific granularity of beta-cells became less pronounced. Circadian rhythmicity of the insulin production by beta-cells was also indicated by the changed count of the insulin-containing blood erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Chronobiological characteristics of the cytological indicators of the islands of Langerhans in mice]. This experimental work was conducted on 40 sexually mature albino mice; with the aid of cytometry and cytochemistry the 24-hour rhythm of functional activity of beta-cells of the pancreas was shown. An enlargement of the nuclei and nucleoli of beta-cells, an accumulation of specific fuchsinophilic and zinc-containing granules was noted at night (10 p.m.--6 a.m.); this pointed to the high functional activity of the insular cells at this time. During the day (10 a.m.--6 p.m.) the volume of the nuclei and nucleoli proved to decrease, and the specific granularity of beta-cells became less pronounced. Circadian rhythmicity of the insulin production by beta-cells was also indicated by the changed count of the insulin-containing blood erythrocytes.", "PMID": 73179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4942", "title": "Antigen-specific purification of blocking factors from sera of mice with chemically induced tumors.", "content": "Serum from mice with growing tumors can prevent (\"block\") the destruction of tumor cells by immune lymphocytes, as measured in a microcytotoxicity assay. Factors responsible for this blocking activity were purified by binding to immune adsorbents that had been prepared from antibodies obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice to the homologous tumors. Two transplantable BALB/c sarcoma lines with individually different tumor-specific transplantation antigens were studied in parallel. The original tumor-specific blocking activity was recovered by elution of the immune adsorbents; that is, (i) eluates blocked the reduction of surviving tumor cell targets by immune lymphocytes only if the tumor specificity, and (ii) immune adsorbent columns prepared from tumor-immune sera recognized the purified blocking fractions in a tumor-specific fashion, indicating that a portion of the humoral response in the immune mice was directed against a factor that was individually distinct for each tumor. Absorption of eluates with the homologous tumor cells removed their blocking activity, indicating that the blocking factors have antigen-binding properties. Blocking activity in the purified fractions resided in molecules presumptively identified as glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "contents": "Antigen-specific purification of blocking factors from sera of mice with chemically induced tumors. Serum from mice with growing tumors can prevent (\"block\") the destruction of tumor cells by immune lymphocytes, as measured in a microcytotoxicity assay. Factors responsible for this blocking activity were purified by binding to immune adsorbents that had been prepared from antibodies obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice to the homologous tumors. Two transplantable BALB/c sarcoma lines with individually different tumor-specific transplantation antigens were studied in parallel. The original tumor-specific blocking activity was recovered by elution of the immune adsorbents; that is, (i) eluates blocked the reduction of surviving tumor cell targets by immune lymphocytes only if the tumor specificity, and (ii) immune adsorbent columns prepared from tumor-immune sera recognized the purified blocking fractions in a tumor-specific fashion, indicating that a portion of the humoral response in the immune mice was directed against a factor that was individually distinct for each tumor. Absorption of eluates with the homologous tumor cells removed their blocking activity, indicating that the blocking factors have antigen-binding properties. Blocking activity in the purified fractions resided in molecules presumptively identified as glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "PMID": 73182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4943", "title": "Virus-specific proteins in the plasma membrane of cells lytically infected or transformed by pol-oma virus.", "content": "Antisera, raised in rats, containing specificities directed against tumor antigen of polyoma virus also react with several proteins present in the plasma membrane of mouse cells infected with the virus. The main component has an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. The appearance of this protein after infection with early temperature-sensitive A mutants was temperature-dependent like tumor antigen itself. Pulse and chase isotope experiments suggest that this protein originates from a precursor, perhaps by cleavage; its production appears to be facilitated by the A mutation. Two other components with apparent molecular weights of 61,000 and 28,000 were also present but were more variable from experiment to experiment. All proteins were absent from the plasma membranes of cells infected with a transformation-defective mutant, NG-18. Up to four virus-specific proteins could be isolated from the plasma membranes of rat, hamster, and mouse cells transformed by the virus. The possible role of the plasma membrane proteins in cell transformation is discussed.", "contents": "Virus-specific proteins in the plasma membrane of cells lytically infected or transformed by pol-oma virus. Antisera, raised in rats, containing specificities directed against tumor antigen of polyoma virus also react with several proteins present in the plasma membrane of mouse cells infected with the virus. The main component has an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. The appearance of this protein after infection with early temperature-sensitive A mutants was temperature-dependent like tumor antigen itself. Pulse and chase isotope experiments suggest that this protein originates from a precursor, perhaps by cleavage; its production appears to be facilitated by the A mutation. Two other components with apparent molecular weights of 61,000 and 28,000 were also present but were more variable from experiment to experiment. All proteins were absent from the plasma membranes of cells infected with a transformation-defective mutant, NG-18. Up to four virus-specific proteins could be isolated from the plasma membranes of rat, hamster, and mouse cells transformed by the virus. The possible role of the plasma membrane proteins in cell transformation is discussed.", "PMID": 73183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4944", "title": "Multihormonal induction of hepatic alpha2u-globulin mRNA as measured by hybridization to complementary DNA.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the preparation of a (3)H-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) specific for the mRNA coding for alpha(2u)-globulin, a male rat liver protein under multihormonal control that represents approximately 1% of hepatic protein synthesis. Rat liver polysomes are incubated with monospecific rabbit antiserum to alpha(2u)-globulin, which binds to the nascent alpha(2u)-globulin chains on the polysomes. These antibody-polysome complexes are then adsorbed to goat antiserum to rabbit IgG that is covalently linked to p-aminobenzylcellulose. mRNA preparations are thus obtained that contain 30-40% alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA. A labeled cDNA is made to this alpha(2u)-globulin-enriched mRNA preparation by using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). To remove the non-alpha(2u)-globulin sequences, this cDNA preparation is hybridized to an RNA concentration x incubation time (R(0)t) of 1000 mol of ribonucleotide per liter x sec with female rat liver mRNA, which, though it shares the vast majority of mRNA sequences with male liver, contains no alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences. The cDNA remaining single-stranded is isolated by hydroxylapatite chromatography and is shown to be specific for alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA by several criteria. Good correlation was found in all endocrine states studied between the hepatic level of alpha(2u)-globulin, the level of functional alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA as assayed in a wheat germ cell-free translational system, and the level of alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences as measured by hybridization to the alpha(2u)-globulin cDNA. Thus, the hormonal control of hepatic alpha(2u)-globulin synthesis by sex steroids and thyroid hormone occurs through modulation of the cellular level of alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences, presumably by hormonal control of transcriptive synthesis.", "contents": "Multihormonal induction of hepatic alpha2u-globulin mRNA as measured by hybridization to complementary DNA. A procedure is presented for the preparation of a (3)H-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) specific for the mRNA coding for alpha(2u)-globulin, a male rat liver protein under multihormonal control that represents approximately 1% of hepatic protein synthesis. Rat liver polysomes are incubated with monospecific rabbit antiserum to alpha(2u)-globulin, which binds to the nascent alpha(2u)-globulin chains on the polysomes. These antibody-polysome complexes are then adsorbed to goat antiserum to rabbit IgG that is covalently linked to p-aminobenzylcellulose. mRNA preparations are thus obtained that contain 30-40% alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA. A labeled cDNA is made to this alpha(2u)-globulin-enriched mRNA preparation by using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). To remove the non-alpha(2u)-globulin sequences, this cDNA preparation is hybridized to an RNA concentration x incubation time (R(0)t) of 1000 mol of ribonucleotide per liter x sec with female rat liver mRNA, which, though it shares the vast majority of mRNA sequences with male liver, contains no alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences. The cDNA remaining single-stranded is isolated by hydroxylapatite chromatography and is shown to be specific for alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA by several criteria. Good correlation was found in all endocrine states studied between the hepatic level of alpha(2u)-globulin, the level of functional alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA as assayed in a wheat germ cell-free translational system, and the level of alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences as measured by hybridization to the alpha(2u)-globulin cDNA. Thus, the hormonal control of hepatic alpha(2u)-globulin synthesis by sex steroids and thyroid hormone occurs through modulation of the cellular level of alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA sequences, presumably by hormonal control of transcriptive synthesis.", "PMID": 73184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4945", "title": "Analysis of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange.", "content": "We have developed a simple and rapid system for the denaturation of nucleic acids and their subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis. RNA and DNA are denatured in 1 M glyoxal (ethanedial) and 50% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide, at 50 degrees. The glyoxalated nucleic acids are then subjected to electrophoresis through either acrylamide or agarose gels in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. When glyoxalated DNA molecules of known molecular weights are used as standards, accurate molecular weights for RNA are obtained. Furthermore, we have employed the metachromatic stain acridine orange for visualization of nucleic acids in gels. This dye interacts differently with double- and single-stranded polynucleotides, fluorescing green and red, respectively. By using these techniques, native and denatured DNA and RNA molecules can be analyzed on the same slab gel.", "contents": "Analysis of single- and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange. We have developed a simple and rapid system for the denaturation of nucleic acids and their subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis. RNA and DNA are denatured in 1 M glyoxal (ethanedial) and 50% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide, at 50 degrees. The glyoxalated nucleic acids are then subjected to electrophoresis through either acrylamide or agarose gels in a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. When glyoxalated DNA molecules of known molecular weights are used as standards, accurate molecular weights for RNA are obtained. Furthermore, we have employed the metachromatic stain acridine orange for visualization of nucleic acids in gels. This dye interacts differently with double- and single-stranded polynucleotides, fluorescing green and red, respectively. By using these techniques, native and denatured DNA and RNA molecules can be analyzed on the same slab gel.", "PMID": 73185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4946", "title": "Electron microscopy of negatively stained and freeze-etched high density lipoprotein-3 from human serum.", "content": "High density lipoproteins of d = 1.12 to 1.21 g/ml from human serum (HDL3) were studied by electron microscopy with both negative staining and freeze-etching techniques. For the negatively stained specimens, a modified conventional transmission electron microscope as well as a scanning transmission electron microscope were used. The freeze-etched specimens were examined by a conventional transmission electron microscope. The diameter of HDL3 was found to be 105 +/- 4 A by freeze-etching and 94 +/- 6 A by negative staining. The surface of the HDL3 particles exhibited about 12 discrete domains, 28 +/- 3 A (freeze-etched) and 28 +/- 4 A (negatively stained) in diameter, of undefined chemical composition. Moreover, the freeze-etched specimens revealed an inner core 40 +/- 2 A in diameter, corresponding to estimated values reported previously. All information is consistent with the HDL3 model proposed by B. W. Shen, F. J. K\u00e9zdy, and A. M. Scanu [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 837-841], with additional evidence for well-defined surface substructure. The consistency of the images obtained with the various electron microscopy techniques and the marked change in the appearance of the surface in the HDL3 preparations that were digested by phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) support the validity of the interpretation.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of negatively stained and freeze-etched high density lipoprotein-3 from human serum. High density lipoproteins of d = 1.12 to 1.21 g/ml from human serum (HDL3) were studied by electron microscopy with both negative staining and freeze-etching techniques. For the negatively stained specimens, a modified conventional transmission electron microscope as well as a scanning transmission electron microscope were used. The freeze-etched specimens were examined by a conventional transmission electron microscope. The diameter of HDL3 was found to be 105 +/- 4 A by freeze-etching and 94 +/- 6 A by negative staining. The surface of the HDL3 particles exhibited about 12 discrete domains, 28 +/- 3 A (freeze-etched) and 28 +/- 4 A (negatively stained) in diameter, of undefined chemical composition. Moreover, the freeze-etched specimens revealed an inner core 40 +/- 2 A in diameter, corresponding to estimated values reported previously. All information is consistent with the HDL3 model proposed by B. W. Shen, F. J. K\u00e9zdy, and A. M. Scanu [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 837-841], with additional evidence for well-defined surface substructure. The consistency of the images obtained with the various electron microscopy techniques and the marked change in the appearance of the surface in the HDL3 preparations that were digested by phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) support the validity of the interpretation.", "PMID": 73186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4947", "title": "Histochemistry of free and esterified cholesterol in human atherosclerotic arteries.", "content": "The described technique provides a sensitive, specific and accurate method for the nondestructive localization of cholesterol in tissues. The staining patterns observed closely correspond to those obtained with oil red O, but allow discrimination between sites where free and esterified cholesterol is present.", "contents": "Histochemistry of free and esterified cholesterol in human atherosclerotic arteries. The described technique provides a sensitive, specific and accurate method for the nondestructive localization of cholesterol in tissues. The staining patterns observed closely correspond to those obtained with oil red O, but allow discrimination between sites where free and esterified cholesterol is present.", "PMID": 73194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4948", "title": "Abnormal maturation of elastic fibres in the atherosclerotic intima.", "content": "It is probable that the conditions obtaining during cellular proliferation occurring as a result of damage to the vessel wall will not be at optimum level. The amino oxidase, lysyl oxidase, is copper-dependent and is required for proper cross-linkage in the maturing fibre. Elastic tissue in blood vessels is normally produced by smooth muscle cells and in circumstances where other cells derived from the blood are involved the production of fibres and ground substance may be altered. Orcein staining alone, or after oxidation with oxone, shows different tinctorial affinities for the fibres in the thickened intima and may indicate some departure from normality in their make-up.", "contents": "Abnormal maturation of elastic fibres in the atherosclerotic intima. It is probable that the conditions obtaining during cellular proliferation occurring as a result of damage to the vessel wall will not be at optimum level. The amino oxidase, lysyl oxidase, is copper-dependent and is required for proper cross-linkage in the maturing fibre. Elastic tissue in blood vessels is normally produced by smooth muscle cells and in circumstances where other cells derived from the blood are involved the production of fibres and ground substance may be altered. Orcein staining alone, or after oxidation with oxone, shows different tinctorial affinities for the fibres in the thickened intima and may indicate some departure from normality in their make-up.", "PMID": 73196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4949", "title": "[Diagnostic value of quantitative and qualitative variations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins].", "content": "Values of the liquor pherogram, which were obtained by means of electrophoresis on acetate folie and classified by disease groups and by the proportions of beta-globulin and first fraction, are compared, with respect to the absolute contents, by reference to tables and figures. The diagnostic importance of low total protein contents in the lumbar liquors of adults is considered in connection with a discussion of the usefulness of indicating the liquor pherogram in terms of percentage or absolute values.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of quantitative and qualitative variations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins]. Values of the liquor pherogram, which were obtained by means of electrophoresis on acetate folie and classified by disease groups and by the proportions of beta-globulin and first fraction, are compared, with respect to the absolute contents, by reference to tables and figures. The diagnostic importance of low total protein contents in the lumbar liquors of adults is considered in connection with a discussion of the usefulness of indicating the liquor pherogram in terms of percentage or absolute values.", "PMID": 73198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4950", "title": "Comparative antigenic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena cyst fluids by immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Hydatid cyst fluid from Echinococcus granulosus (HCF) and cyst fluid from Taenia hydatigena (TCF) cysts were compared in reciprocal immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) tests using homologous and heterologous antisera which were free of antibodies to host serum contaminants. The antigens for the E granulosus arc 5 were demonstrated in TCF. Antibody activity to these and other antigens common to HCF and TCF was removed from homologous antisera by absorptions with the heterologous antigenic preparation. Antigens not shared by the two metacestodes fluids were then demonstrated by IEP tests. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to phylogenetic and immunodiagnostic studies of these parasites in their immediate hosts.", "contents": "Comparative antigenic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena cyst fluids by immunoelectrophoresis. Hydatid cyst fluid from Echinococcus granulosus (HCF) and cyst fluid from Taenia hydatigena (TCF) cysts were compared in reciprocal immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) tests using homologous and heterologous antisera which were free of antibodies to host serum contaminants. The antigens for the E granulosus arc 5 were demonstrated in TCF. Antibody activity to these and other antigens common to HCF and TCF was removed from homologous antisera by absorptions with the heterologous antigenic preparation. Antigens not shared by the two metacestodes fluids were then demonstrated by IEP tests. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to phylogenetic and immunodiagnostic studies of these parasites in their immediate hosts.", "PMID": 73210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4951", "title": "[Fibrosing alveolitis--a contribution to the ultrastructure and pathogenesis of interstitial pulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Considering the functional anatomy of the lung parenchyma the pathomorphological response pattern of the alveolus has been described. Hereby, the fibrosing alveolitis is conceived as an uniform concept of a disease, to which many different aetiological factors are associated. The ultrastructural pathology of early changes in fibrosing alveolitis has been described in the bleomycin lung as an example, which pathogenesis (as a chemically induced pulmonary damage) has a character of a model for the process of fibrosing alveolitis.", "contents": "[Fibrosing alveolitis--a contribution to the ultrastructure and pathogenesis of interstitial pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. Considering the functional anatomy of the lung parenchyma the pathomorphological response pattern of the alveolus has been described. Hereby, the fibrosing alveolitis is conceived as an uniform concept of a disease, to which many different aetiological factors are associated. The ultrastructural pathology of early changes in fibrosing alveolitis has been described in the bleomycin lung as an example, which pathogenesis (as a chemically induced pulmonary damage) has a character of a model for the process of fibrosing alveolitis.", "PMID": 73212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4952", "title": "[Experience with polychemotherapy based on cell synchronization, via intra-arterial infusions. Preoperative treatment of maxillofacial tumors].", "content": "Chemotherapy based upon cellular synchronisation via intra-arterial infusion was used in the treatment of 21 carcinomas of the maxillo-facial region. These tumours had never been treated either by surgery, nor by irradiation. This pre-operative treatment was not aimed at altering ghe indication for the type of operation decided upon at the outset. It was found that a combination of Vincristine, Bleomycine, Methotrexate and Dibromdulcide was more satisfactory than other types of chemotherapy. The most important complication of the method was a thrombosis of the common carotid.", "contents": "[Experience with polychemotherapy based on cell synchronization, via intra-arterial infusions. Preoperative treatment of maxillofacial tumors]. Chemotherapy based upon cellular synchronisation via intra-arterial infusion was used in the treatment of 21 carcinomas of the maxillo-facial region. These tumours had never been treated either by surgery, nor by irradiation. This pre-operative treatment was not aimed at altering ghe indication for the type of operation decided upon at the outset. It was found that a combination of Vincristine, Bleomycine, Methotrexate and Dibromdulcide was more satisfactory than other types of chemotherapy. The most important complication of the method was a thrombosis of the common carotid.", "PMID": 73213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4953", "title": "Purification of canine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and interaction in vitro with complexes of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin.", "content": "Highly purified pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) from the dog was found to exist in three different chromatographic forms with equal capacities for the inhibition of trypsin. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, calculated from sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis was approximately 7,000. It was capable of blocking proteolytic activity of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complex even though inhibition was never complete.", "contents": "Purification of canine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and interaction in vitro with complexes of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin. Highly purified pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) from the dog was found to exist in three different chromatographic forms with equal capacities for the inhibition of trypsin. The molecular weight of the inhibitor, calculated from sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis was approximately 7,000. It was capable of blocking proteolytic activity of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complex even though inhibition was never complete.", "PMID": 73214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4954", "title": "Determination of a new rapid plasmin inhibitor in human blood by means of a plasmin specific tripeptide substrate.", "content": "A method for determination of antiplasmin activity is presented. Plasmin and plasma are incubated, and the remaining plasmin activity is measured spectrophotometrically by means of the plasmin specific tripeptide substrate H-d-Val-l-Leu-l-Lys-p-nitroanilide. The method is simple, rapid and easily automatized. By the immunoadsorption technique, and with the aid of purified substances it is shown that the measured activity is mainly due to a new antiplasmin [2,4] and possibly to some extent to alpha1-antitrypsin and C1-esterase inhibitor have no antiplasmin activity in the method. Heparin and epsilonaminocaproic acid interfered with the assay.", "contents": "Determination of a new rapid plasmin inhibitor in human blood by means of a plasmin specific tripeptide substrate. A method for determination of antiplasmin activity is presented. Plasmin and plasma are incubated, and the remaining plasmin activity is measured spectrophotometrically by means of the plasmin specific tripeptide substrate H-d-Val-l-Leu-l-Lys-p-nitroanilide. The method is simple, rapid and easily automatized. By the immunoadsorption technique, and with the aid of purified substances it is shown that the measured activity is mainly due to a new antiplasmin [2,4] and possibly to some extent to alpha1-antitrypsin and C1-esterase inhibitor have no antiplasmin activity in the method. Heparin and epsilonaminocaproic acid interfered with the assay.", "PMID": 73215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4955", "title": "Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. VIII. Antibodies to colon antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other diseases.", "content": "Sera from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease had elevated titers to colon antigen from germ-free rats significantly more often than sera from patients with gastroenteritis, irritable colon, non-gastrointestinal diseases, and healthy controls. Elevated anticolon titers in significant frequency were also found in patients with liver cirrhosis, urinary tract infections, and in polyposis coli and their relatives. Females with ulcerative colitis had, on an average, higher titers than men especially in the age group 30 years and over. In Crohn's disease the antibody titers often increased with time--as opposed to those in ulcerative colitis and non-gastrointestinal diseases. In conjunction with results published earlier, the present work supports the assumption that the antibodies in ulcerative colitis patients react with antigenic determinants distinct from those recognized by the colon antibodies present in other groups, including patients with Crohn's disease and polyposis.", "contents": "Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. VIII. Antibodies to colon antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other diseases. Sera from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease had elevated titers to colon antigen from germ-free rats significantly more often than sera from patients with gastroenteritis, irritable colon, non-gastrointestinal diseases, and healthy controls. Elevated anticolon titers in significant frequency were also found in patients with liver cirrhosis, urinary tract infections, and in polyposis coli and their relatives. Females with ulcerative colitis had, on an average, higher titers than men especially in the age group 30 years and over. In Crohn's disease the antibody titers often increased with time--as opposed to those in ulcerative colitis and non-gastrointestinal diseases. In conjunction with results published earlier, the present work supports the assumption that the antibodies in ulcerative colitis patients react with antigenic determinants distinct from those recognized by the colon antibodies present in other groups, including patients with Crohn's disease and polyposis.", "PMID": 73216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4956", "title": "[Clinical significance of the combined determination of alpha 1 fetoprotein, lipoprotein X, and hepatitis B antigen and antibodies].", "content": "In a four-year prospective study 4000 patients of a gastroenterologic and hematologic department were screened for alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP), lipoprotein-X (LPX), and hepatitis-B antigen and antibody (HBsAg, HBsAb). Only histologically confirmed results were used for the evaluation of this study. Liverscintigraphy using 99m-Tc-S-colloid was performed as the morphological examination. 85% of focal liver diseases were seen as space-occupying lesions in the radioscan. The interpretation of their dignity was performed with success by means of 67-galliumcitrate with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 90%. With the methods, presented in this paper, positive results of AFP-LPX-, HBsAg- and HBsAb-determinations mean, without exception, an informational gain. In 1241 of 4000 patients, 1417 positive results were recorded. In combination with two-step radionuclide-scintigraphy as the morphological element of our screening procedure, focal diseases of the liver are no longer a diagnostic problem. Additional information of diagnostic relevance is expected in about 35% of all diffuse hepatocellular diseases.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of the combined determination of alpha 1 fetoprotein, lipoprotein X, and hepatitis B antigen and antibodies]. In a four-year prospective study 4000 patients of a gastroenterologic and hematologic department were screened for alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP), lipoprotein-X (LPX), and hepatitis-B antigen and antibody (HBsAg, HBsAb). Only histologically confirmed results were used for the evaluation of this study. Liverscintigraphy using 99m-Tc-S-colloid was performed as the morphological examination. 85% of focal liver diseases were seen as space-occupying lesions in the radioscan. The interpretation of their dignity was performed with success by means of 67-galliumcitrate with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 90%. With the methods, presented in this paper, positive results of AFP-LPX-, HBsAg- and HBsAb-determinations mean, without exception, an informational gain. In 1241 of 4000 patients, 1417 positive results were recorded. In combination with two-step radionuclide-scintigraphy as the morphological element of our screening procedure, focal diseases of the liver are no longer a diagnostic problem. Additional information of diagnostic relevance is expected in about 35% of all diffuse hepatocellular diseases.", "PMID": 73218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4957", "title": "[Attempts at postexposure active and passive human rabies immunization].", "content": "For several years now in Switzerland, postexposure prophylaxis against rabies has been performed with duck embryo vaccine containing inactivated virus. According to WHO recommendations, 14 consecutive daily injections are given subcutaneously followed by 3 booster injections 10, 20, and 90 days later. In addition, a recently developed human diploid cell vaccine has also become commercially available in Switzerland. This study is concerned with the question whether, by the use of the latter vaccine, sufficient antibody titres can be achieved with a smaller number of injections given at longer intervals. Furthermore, the question was studied whether simultaneous administration of homologous human hyperimmune gamma-globulin together with the first vaccination dose inhibits antibody production. \"Vaccin rabique inactiv\u00e9 M\u00e9rieux\", cultivated on human diploid cells, was injected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90. A group of 10 healthy volunteers received active vaccination only, while another group of 10 volunteers received Rabuman Berna, 20 U/kg, in addition. Antibody titrations were done by means of a neutralization test on monolayer cell cultures. On day 14, antibody titers of at least 1:100 (corresponding to more than 3 IU/ml) were found in both groups. There was no indication of significant inhibition of antibody production as a consequence of the combined active/passive vaccination.", "contents": "[Attempts at postexposure active and passive human rabies immunization]. For several years now in Switzerland, postexposure prophylaxis against rabies has been performed with duck embryo vaccine containing inactivated virus. According to WHO recommendations, 14 consecutive daily injections are given subcutaneously followed by 3 booster injections 10, 20, and 90 days later. In addition, a recently developed human diploid cell vaccine has also become commercially available in Switzerland. This study is concerned with the question whether, by the use of the latter vaccine, sufficient antibody titres can be achieved with a smaller number of injections given at longer intervals. Furthermore, the question was studied whether simultaneous administration of homologous human hyperimmune gamma-globulin together with the first vaccination dose inhibits antibody production. \"Vaccin rabique inactiv\u00e9 M\u00e9rieux\", cultivated on human diploid cells, was injected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90. A group of 10 healthy volunteers received active vaccination only, while another group of 10 volunteers received Rabuman Berna, 20 U/kg, in addition. Antibody titrations were done by means of a neutralization test on monolayer cell cultures. On day 14, antibody titers of at least 1:100 (corresponding to more than 3 IU/ml) were found in both groups. There was no indication of significant inhibition of antibody production as a consequence of the combined active/passive vaccination.", "PMID": 73219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4958", "title": "Hepatitis B \"e\" antigen: an apparent association with lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5.", "content": "Serums containing the \"e\" antigen of hepatitis B virus were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. An extra band appeared in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern, but this band was undetectable in serums containing antibodies to the e antigenic determinant. Prior separation of the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5 fraction by chromatography of serum on minicolumns of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex-A50 improved electrophoretic identification of the extra band. Neutralization with antibodies to the e antigen as well as by antibodies to the homologous d or y component of the hepatitis B surface antigen removed the extra band; antibodies to the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5 removed both the normal and the extra enzymatic band of isozyme-5. This feature of the e antigen provides an assay system for laboratory diagnosis of potential clinical usefulness and suggests its possible role in pathogenesis of hepatocellular injury.", "contents": "Hepatitis B \"e\" antigen: an apparent association with lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5. Serums containing the \"e\" antigen of hepatitis B virus were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. An extra band appeared in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern, but this band was undetectable in serums containing antibodies to the e antigenic determinant. Prior separation of the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5 fraction by chromatography of serum on minicolumns of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex-A50 improved electrophoretic identification of the extra band. Neutralization with antibodies to the e antigen as well as by antibodies to the homologous d or y component of the hepatitis B surface antigen removed the extra band; antibodies to the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-5 removed both the normal and the extra enzymatic band of isozyme-5. This feature of the e antigen provides an assay system for laboratory diagnosis of potential clinical usefulness and suggests its possible role in pathogenesis of hepatocellular injury.", "PMID": 73221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4959", "title": "Group-specific component: evidence for two subtypes of the Gc1 gene.", "content": "A new method based on isofocusing electrophoresis in the study of the Gc (group-specific component) polymorphism, revealed differing electrophoretic patterns. These patterns can be explained by the existence of two codominant Gc1 subtypes. This hypothesis is in accordance with several family studies. These subtypes are called Gc1F and Gc1S. Eight hundred samples were analyzed, including three different populations: Caucasoid (a western Pyrenean valley), African (Pygmy Bi-Aka), and AMerindian (Quechua-Aymara, from Bolivia). These two subtype phenotypes cannot be explored with the usual technique. They were present in each population sample studied.", "contents": "Group-specific component: evidence for two subtypes of the Gc1 gene. A new method based on isofocusing electrophoresis in the study of the Gc (group-specific component) polymorphism, revealed differing electrophoretic patterns. These patterns can be explained by the existence of two codominant Gc1 subtypes. This hypothesis is in accordance with several family studies. These subtypes are called Gc1F and Gc1S. Eight hundred samples were analyzed, including three different populations: Caucasoid (a western Pyrenean valley), African (Pygmy Bi-Aka), and AMerindian (Quechua-Aymara, from Bolivia). These two subtype phenotypes cannot be explored with the usual technique. They were present in each population sample studied.", "PMID": 73222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4960", "title": "Neuronal architecture of on and off pathways to ganglion cells in carp retina.", "content": "Bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells of carp retina, stained intracellularly with Procion yellow, can be divided into types a and b, according to the destination of terminals and dendritic trees in the inner plexiform layer (sublamina a and b, respectively). Type a cells showed hyperpolarizing, or off, responses and type b cells depolarizing, or on, responses. Carp thus resembles cat in the basic organization of on and off pathways in the retina.", "contents": "Neuronal architecture of on and off pathways to ganglion cells in carp retina. Bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells of carp retina, stained intracellularly with Procion yellow, can be divided into types a and b, according to the destination of terminals and dendritic trees in the inner plexiform layer (sublamina a and b, respectively). Type a cells showed hyperpolarizing, or off, responses and type b cells depolarizing, or on, responses. Carp thus resembles cat in the basic organization of on and off pathways in the retina.", "PMID": 73223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4961", "title": "A new endoprosthesis for nonoperative intubation of the biliary tract in malignant obstructive jaundice.", "content": "A method for palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice due to malignant growths consists of an indwelling tube, endoprosthesis, inserted percutaneously transhepatically under local anesthesia. A permanent bile drainage was established in 12 patients with inoperable obstructions of the bile duct, and in seven, a temporary drainage was used.", "contents": "A new endoprosthesis for nonoperative intubation of the biliary tract in malignant obstructive jaundice. A method for palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice due to malignant growths consists of an indwelling tube, endoprosthesis, inserted percutaneously transhepatically under local anesthesia. A permanent bile drainage was established in 12 patients with inoperable obstructions of the bile duct, and in seven, a temporary drainage was used.", "PMID": 73227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4962", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of treatment of Graves' disease by synthetic antithyroid drugs].", "content": "A study of 43 case records of Grave's disease followed up for at least two years after stopping treatment with synthetic antithyroid drugs, revealed 7 patients who did not relapse, 12 cases of rebound, (less than six months after stopping treatment), and 21 cases of recurrence (more than six months) of 10 cases (23%) had several recurrences. In relation to the 87 patients who formed this series, the cure rate after a single acute attack was only 50%. The good tolerance of antithyroid drugs, their almost complete efficacy, (2 failures out of 87 patients), indicate however that for a first attack they should be given for at least 18 months. Rebounds and recurrences suggest that radical treatment, mainly surgery, still have their place.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of treatment of Graves' disease by synthetic antithyroid drugs]. A study of 43 case records of Grave's disease followed up for at least two years after stopping treatment with synthetic antithyroid drugs, revealed 7 patients who did not relapse, 12 cases of rebound, (less than six months after stopping treatment), and 21 cases of recurrence (more than six months) of 10 cases (23%) had several recurrences. In relation to the 87 patients who formed this series, the cure rate after a single acute attack was only 50%. The good tolerance of antithyroid drugs, their almost complete efficacy, (2 failures out of 87 patients), indicate however that for a first attack they should be given for at least 18 months. Rebounds and recurrences suggest that radical treatment, mainly surgery, still have their place.", "PMID": 73224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4963", "title": "Structural diversity of gap junctions. A review.", "content": "Gap junctions are plasma membrane specializations characterized as aggregates of intramembranous particles in two apposed membranes meeting particle-to-particle in the 2-4 nm intermembrane 'gap'. Recent thin-section and freeze-fracture evidence has revealed significant structural variations of gap junctional structure at various stages of development and from different organisms and tissues. It is suggested that a comparative analysis of these differences may provide clues to the specific biological functions(s) of these ubiquitous organelles.", "contents": "Structural diversity of gap junctions. A review. Gap junctions are plasma membrane specializations characterized as aggregates of intramembranous particles in two apposed membranes meeting particle-to-particle in the 2-4 nm intermembrane 'gap'. Recent thin-section and freeze-fracture evidence has revealed significant structural variations of gap junctional structure at various stages of development and from different organisms and tissues. It is suggested that a comparative analysis of these differences may provide clues to the specific biological functions(s) of these ubiquitous organelles.", "PMID": 73230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4964", "title": "Recycling procedure for gold chloride used in neurohistology.", "content": "A simple method is described whereby pure chloroauric acid (HAuCl4; \"brown gold chloride\") is recovered from old solutions used for toning silver-stained sections. The procedure can be carried out in any laboratory and 60 to 80% of the gold initially present in a solution is recovered. The recycled product may be used for toning or for the staining of astrocytes by Cajal's method.", "contents": "Recycling procedure for gold chloride used in neurohistology. A simple method is described whereby pure chloroauric acid (HAuCl4; \"brown gold chloride\") is recovered from old solutions used for toning silver-stained sections. The procedure can be carried out in any laboratory and 60 to 80% of the gold initially present in a solution is recovered. The recycled product may be used for toning or for the staining of astrocytes by Cajal's method.", "PMID": 73231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4965", "title": "Improved technique for electron microscopy of cultured cells.", "content": "A number of techniques are presented which precise selection and efficient preparation of individual cultured cells for electron microscopy. Techniques described include marking of the living and embedded cells, drilling and mounting cores of embedded material, and improved technique for marking of the selected area on the block face before trimming.", "contents": "Improved technique for electron microscopy of cultured cells. A number of techniques are presented which precise selection and efficient preparation of individual cultured cells for electron microscopy. Techniques described include marking of the living and embedded cells, drilling and mounting cores of embedded material, and improved technique for marking of the selected area on the block face before trimming.", "PMID": 73232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4966", "title": "Staining myelin in brain with gallein: a new method.", "content": "A procedure is described in which gallein, mordant violet 25, C.I. 45445, is used to demonstrate myelinated nerve fibers in animal brain. Specimens are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed in a routine manner. Microsections are stained in an iron gallein solution with subsequent differentiation in 0.25% oxalic acid and 0.1% sodium carbonate solutions that avoid overdifferentiation. Methyl green is used to demonstrate other tissue elements. Myelin is stained deep violet, as are erythrocytes, with neuronal cell bodies and microglia shades of green. The staining procedure requires 30 minutes.", "contents": "Staining myelin in brain with gallein: a new method. A procedure is described in which gallein, mordant violet 25, C.I. 45445, is used to demonstrate myelinated nerve fibers in animal brain. Specimens are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed in a routine manner. Microsections are stained in an iron gallein solution with subsequent differentiation in 0.25% oxalic acid and 0.1% sodium carbonate solutions that avoid overdifferentiation. Methyl green is used to demonstrate other tissue elements. Myelin is stained deep violet, as are erythrocytes, with neuronal cell bodies and microglia shades of green. The staining procedure requires 30 minutes.", "PMID": 73233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4967", "title": "Improved staining boxes for fast, uniform staining of ultrathin sections on grids.", "content": "A standard LKB (LKB-Produkter Ab. S-161, 25 Brommma 1, Sweden) grid storage box is converted into several grid staining boxes by sawing the body of the box into segments along rows of its grid storage cavities. The staining boxes can be cut out to any required size or shape. The polymethyacrylate storage box cover is discarded. Covers for the staining boxes are cut from thin sheet vinyl, which is more chemically resistant than polymethyacrylate. Corresponding 2 mm diameter holes are drilled through the vinyl covers and the bottoms of the grid storage cavities of the staining boxes to convert the storage cavities into staining chambers. For staining, the covers are tied to the boxes with sewing thread and the assembled units are put into vials. The separate staining chambers prevent intermingling of and mechanical damage to grids during the staining procedure. Ultrathin sections are more cleanly and uniformly stained in bulk by the use of these staining boxes than they are when stained individually by a standard method.", "contents": "Improved staining boxes for fast, uniform staining of ultrathin sections on grids. A standard LKB (LKB-Produkter Ab. S-161, 25 Brommma 1, Sweden) grid storage box is converted into several grid staining boxes by sawing the body of the box into segments along rows of its grid storage cavities. The staining boxes can be cut out to any required size or shape. The polymethyacrylate storage box cover is discarded. Covers for the staining boxes are cut from thin sheet vinyl, which is more chemically resistant than polymethyacrylate. Corresponding 2 mm diameter holes are drilled through the vinyl covers and the bottoms of the grid storage cavities of the staining boxes to convert the storage cavities into staining chambers. For staining, the covers are tied to the boxes with sewing thread and the assembled units are put into vials. The separate staining chambers prevent intermingling of and mechanical damage to grids during the staining procedure. Ultrathin sections are more cleanly and uniformly stained in bulk by the use of these staining boxes than they are when stained individually by a standard method.", "PMID": 73234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4968", "title": "The use of elemental iodine to enhance staining of thin sections to be viewed in the electron microscope.", "content": "A noticeable increase in contrast is observed when thin sections, stained with Reynolds lead citrate, are subsequently exposed to elemental iodine vapor for 30 seconds. There is no loss of ultrastructural detail, and there is no evidence of harmful iodine contamination of the microscope after prolonged study of such material. It is recommended that this simple procedure be used when other methods of staining have not proved adequate.", "contents": "The use of elemental iodine to enhance staining of thin sections to be viewed in the electron microscope. A noticeable increase in contrast is observed when thin sections, stained with Reynolds lead citrate, are subsequently exposed to elemental iodine vapor for 30 seconds. There is no loss of ultrastructural detail, and there is no evidence of harmful iodine contamination of the microscope after prolonged study of such material. It is recommended that this simple procedure be used when other methods of staining have not proved adequate.", "PMID": 73235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4969", "title": "Sequential staining to assess viability and starch content in individual pollen grains.", "content": "Individual pollen grains may be assessed for viability and starch content by dusting a sample onto drops of an aqueous medium containing fluorescein diacetate and potassium iodide, and allowing them to accumulate free fluorescein for ten minutes. They are then illuminated with ultraviolet or blue light and photographed to record the proportion that fluoresce, as an index of viability. The preparation is exposed to iodine vapor and the same field of view rephotographed in bright field illumination to record starch content. Iodine vapor avoids disturbing the grains by adding further liquid, so that the same pollen grains may be classified by fluorescence and starch content. The method makes it possible to test whether viability and starch content are associated or depend on other variables, such as pollen-grain diameter. Iodine-potassium iodide is shown to be inadequate as a test for pollen viability. The method is quick and easy and provides data not otherwise available.", "contents": "Sequential staining to assess viability and starch content in individual pollen grains. Individual pollen grains may be assessed for viability and starch content by dusting a sample onto drops of an aqueous medium containing fluorescein diacetate and potassium iodide, and allowing them to accumulate free fluorescein for ten minutes. They are then illuminated with ultraviolet or blue light and photographed to record the proportion that fluoresce, as an index of viability. The preparation is exposed to iodine vapor and the same field of view rephotographed in bright field illumination to record starch content. Iodine vapor avoids disturbing the grains by adding further liquid, so that the same pollen grains may be classified by fluorescence and starch content. The method makes it possible to test whether viability and starch content are associated or depend on other variables, such as pollen-grain diameter. Iodine-potassium iodide is shown to be inadequate as a test for pollen viability. The method is quick and easy and provides data not otherwise available.", "PMID": 73236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4970", "title": "Selective staining of hepatitis B surface antigen in thick epoxy sections of liver.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in epoxy-embedded liver tissues can be stained by aldehyde-fuchsin stain. Sections are oxidized in KMnO4 acidified with H2SO4, then bleached in NaHSO3, both at 70 C. Heating for oxidation and bleaching are absolutely necessary. Diluted aldehyde-fuchsin stain adjusted to pH 1.5 to 1.8 with NaOH is used for staining. HBsAg is specifically stained purple. Other components such as mitochondria and bile pigments are also strained, but are easily distinguished from HBsAg. This staining method is advantageous for the identification of HBsAg-positive cells for electron microscopic observation.", "contents": "Selective staining of hepatitis B surface antigen in thick epoxy sections of liver. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in epoxy-embedded liver tissues can be stained by aldehyde-fuchsin stain. Sections are oxidized in KMnO4 acidified with H2SO4, then bleached in NaHSO3, both at 70 C. Heating for oxidation and bleaching are absolutely necessary. Diluted aldehyde-fuchsin stain adjusted to pH 1.5 to 1.8 with NaOH is used for staining. HBsAg is specifically stained purple. Other components such as mitochondria and bile pigments are also strained, but are easily distinguished from HBsAg. This staining method is advantageous for the identification of HBsAg-positive cells for electron microscopic observation.", "PMID": 73237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4971", "title": "Cell-kinetical analyses of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral region and the effect of a combined therapy of 5 fluorouracil and irradiation. A contribution to the discussion about tumorcell-synchronization.", "content": "Out of 180 incubations of human biopsies 33 were from patients with malignant tumors of the oral region. In 9 cases it was possible to analyse the cell cycle of the tumor cells with the double labeling in vitro method (3H and 14C-thymidine). Histologically the tumors were keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas with high labeling indices. The generation time of the tumor cells ranged from 20 to 130 hours. The length of the DNA synthesis phase varied between 7.3 and 17.9 hours. With the knowledge of the cell-kinetic data the patients received an infusion of 5 Fluorouracil throughout the length or parts of the calculated G 1 phase. At the end of the 5 FU infusion there was a constant two-hour pause and after the duration of the calculated DNA synthesis phase the tumors were irradiated with 150 rd per session. The treatment was repeated until a total dose of 6000 rd was achieved. Under the combined therapy of 5 FU and irradiation the inoperable keratinizing highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas regressed extraordinarily fast. The patients were free of pain after a very short time. No vital tumor tissue was visible in control biopsies. Some patients remained without any tumor recurrence now more than 2 years after onset of therapy. In the discussion it is stressed that the reason for the successful treatment of highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas with 5 Fluorouracil and subsequent irradiation is not easily explained, because recent experimental findings and impulsecytophotometrical studies on human biopsy material suggest that both the synergistic action of thecytostatic drug and the irradiation as well as an altered recruitment of the tumor cells are responsible for the clinical success rather than a synchronisation effect.", "contents": "Cell-kinetical analyses of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral region and the effect of a combined therapy of 5 fluorouracil and irradiation. A contribution to the discussion about tumorcell-synchronization. Out of 180 incubations of human biopsies 33 were from patients with malignant tumors of the oral region. In 9 cases it was possible to analyse the cell cycle of the tumor cells with the double labeling in vitro method (3H and 14C-thymidine). Histologically the tumors were keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas with high labeling indices. The generation time of the tumor cells ranged from 20 to 130 hours. The length of the DNA synthesis phase varied between 7.3 and 17.9 hours. With the knowledge of the cell-kinetic data the patients received an infusion of 5 Fluorouracil throughout the length or parts of the calculated G 1 phase. At the end of the 5 FU infusion there was a constant two-hour pause and after the duration of the calculated DNA synthesis phase the tumors were irradiated with 150 rd per session. The treatment was repeated until a total dose of 6000 rd was achieved. Under the combined therapy of 5 FU and irradiation the inoperable keratinizing highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas regressed extraordinarily fast. The patients were free of pain after a very short time. No vital tumor tissue was visible in control biopsies. Some patients remained without any tumor recurrence now more than 2 years after onset of therapy. In the discussion it is stressed that the reason for the successful treatment of highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas with 5 Fluorouracil and subsequent irradiation is not easily explained, because recent experimental findings and impulsecytophotometrical studies on human biopsy material suggest that both the synergistic action of thecytostatic drug and the irradiation as well as an altered recruitment of the tumor cells are responsible for the clinical success rather than a synchronisation effect.", "PMID": 73240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4972", "title": "[Effect of the Y chromosome on the morphology of human F-chromatin under normal and pathological conditions].", "content": "Morphological peculiarities of brightly fluorescent chromatin (referred to as F-chromatin) in cell nuclei of buccal epithelium stained with propil-quinacrine mustard are studied in 94 healthy men and in 67 healthy women; in 4 men with 46,XYq--, I man with 46,XYq+; in 15 patients with the Kleinfelter syndrome (47,XXY) in 7 women with 46,XY and 5 males with 47,XYY. Diametre of F-chromatin bodies in buccal cells of healthy men varied within 0.9--0.2 mkm. Classification of types of interphase nuclei is proposed based on the rise, quantity and arrangement of F-chromatin bodies. The study of F-chromatin and X-chromatin showed independent behavior of these structures in cells of buccal smears obtained from 15 patients with the Kleinfelter syndrome.", "contents": "[Effect of the Y chromosome on the morphology of human F-chromatin under normal and pathological conditions]. Morphological peculiarities of brightly fluorescent chromatin (referred to as F-chromatin) in cell nuclei of buccal epithelium stained with propil-quinacrine mustard are studied in 94 healthy men and in 67 healthy women; in 4 men with 46,XYq--, I man with 46,XYq+; in 15 patients with the Kleinfelter syndrome (47,XXY) in 7 women with 46,XY and 5 males with 47,XYY. Diametre of F-chromatin bodies in buccal cells of healthy men varied within 0.9--0.2 mkm. Classification of types of interphase nuclei is proposed based on the rise, quantity and arrangement of F-chromatin bodies. The study of F-chromatin and X-chromatin showed independent behavior of these structures in cells of buccal smears obtained from 15 patients with the Kleinfelter syndrome.", "PMID": 73242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4973", "title": "[Karyological study of the continuous cell lines. Comparative analysis of the Hela and Detroit-6 cell lines].", "content": "Comparison of the results of the karyologic analysis of two Hela cell sublines (HeLa1 and HeLa2), obtained from different sources, and of Detroit-6 cell line has shown that all the lines contain marker chromosomes characteristic of the HeLa cell line. Detroit-6 cell line marker chromosomes are similar to markers of the HeLa subline (HeLa1). At the same time, part of marker chromosomes in the two sublines of HeLa cell line (HeLa1 and HeLa2) are different. These data show that HeLa1 and Detroit-6 cell lines are more similar than two sublines of the same HeLa cell line.", "contents": "[Karyological study of the continuous cell lines. Comparative analysis of the Hela and Detroit-6 cell lines]. Comparison of the results of the karyologic analysis of two Hela cell sublines (HeLa1 and HeLa2), obtained from different sources, and of Detroit-6 cell line has shown that all the lines contain marker chromosomes characteristic of the HeLa cell line. Detroit-6 cell line marker chromosomes are similar to markers of the HeLa subline (HeLa1). At the same time, part of marker chromosomes in the two sublines of HeLa cell line (HeLa1 and HeLa2) are different. These data show that HeLa1 and Detroit-6 cell lines are more similar than two sublines of the same HeLa cell line.", "PMID": 73243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4974", "title": "[Cytological identification of the lymphocytes in highly leukemic AKR/J mice in ontogenesis. Effect of somatotropin on the cellular composition of the lymphoid organs].", "content": "In AKR/J mice lymphocytes of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes can be classified according to their morphology as revealed by the Stockinger and Kellner staining: I--basophilic cytoplasm, 1--3 large basophilic nucleoli (blast cells), II--basophilic cytoplasm, 1--4 small clearly visible nucleoli (T-lymphocytes), III-weakly basophilic cytoplasm, 1-4 small fairly visible nucleoli (B-lymphocytes). The number of cells of types I and II increases with the progressing of leucaemia. After the administration of somatotrophic hormone the number of cells of types I and II increases only in the lymphoid organs of 5 months old AKR/J mice.", "contents": "[Cytological identification of the lymphocytes in highly leukemic AKR/J mice in ontogenesis. Effect of somatotropin on the cellular composition of the lymphoid organs]. In AKR/J mice lymphocytes of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes can be classified according to their morphology as revealed by the Stockinger and Kellner staining: I--basophilic cytoplasm, 1--3 large basophilic nucleoli (blast cells), II--basophilic cytoplasm, 1--4 small clearly visible nucleoli (T-lymphocytes), III-weakly basophilic cytoplasm, 1-4 small fairly visible nucleoli (B-lymphocytes). The number of cells of types I and II increases with the progressing of leucaemia. After the administration of somatotrophic hormone the number of cells of types I and II increases only in the lymphoid organs of 5 months old AKR/J mice.", "PMID": 73244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4975", "title": "[Fluorescence microscopy demonstration of mitochondria in tissue culture cells using berberine].", "content": "The possibility of fluorescence microscopical examination of mitochondria in living animal cells using fluorochrome berberine sulphate is shown. At concentrations of 30--50 g per ml the chemical is accumulated selectively in mitochondria of living cells. The specificity of berberine sulphate accumulation in mitochondria was shown by comparative phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. The advantages of the method is its high sensitivity and simplicity, especially when mitochondria can not be examined by the phase contrast microscopy.", "contents": "[Fluorescence microscopy demonstration of mitochondria in tissue culture cells using berberine]. The possibility of fluorescence microscopical examination of mitochondria in living animal cells using fluorochrome berberine sulphate is shown. At concentrations of 30--50 g per ml the chemical is accumulated selectively in mitochondria of living cells. The specificity of berberine sulphate accumulation in mitochondria was shown by comparative phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. The advantages of the method is its high sensitivity and simplicity, especially when mitochondria can not be examined by the phase contrast microscopy.", "PMID": 73245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4976", "title": "[Chemical and hematologic studies of sheep before and after treatment with cyclophosphamide].", "content": "Studied was the effect of cyclophosphamide, a typical venena A agent, on 15 sheep and 20 weaned lambs, given orally at 25 mg/kg. A total of 13 types of laboratory investigations were carried out revealing a dependable increase in the calcium and phosphorus levels with young animals, and a dependable decrease in the gamma-2-globulin with adult animals. At the individual application of the preparation the fleece was removed manually on the eleventh day in all animals. At the group application of a granulated formula the fleece in some animals was removed hardly on the 11th-15th day, and with one sheep and 3 weaned lambs shearing was effected mechanically.", "contents": "[Chemical and hematologic studies of sheep before and after treatment with cyclophosphamide]. Studied was the effect of cyclophosphamide, a typical venena A agent, on 15 sheep and 20 weaned lambs, given orally at 25 mg/kg. A total of 13 types of laboratory investigations were carried out revealing a dependable increase in the calcium and phosphorus levels with young animals, and a dependable decrease in the gamma-2-globulin with adult animals. At the individual application of the preparation the fleece was removed manually on the eleventh day in all animals. At the group application of a granulated formula the fleece in some animals was removed hardly on the 11th-15th day, and with one sheep and 3 weaned lambs shearing was effected mechanically.", "PMID": 73255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4977", "title": "[Progress in medicine in individual presentations, XI. Modern forms of therapy in acne].", "content": "Several pathogenetic factors contribute to the development of acne vulgaris. These include genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, increasing sebaceous secretion, bacterial colonization of the follicle and keratinization defects in the follicular epithelium. Modern acne therapy can take specific forms on the basis of recent research on pathogenesis. Sebostatic therapy can be performed by the topical application of benzoyl peroxide or the systemic administration of hormones (oestrogens, antiandrogens). Local treatment with retinoic has proved optimal in achieving a comedolytic effect. Moreover, the long-term use of antibiotics--tetracyclines, erythromycin systemically or benzoyl peroxide topically--is beneficial in respect to a reduction in Propionibacterium acnes. Experiments with immunological therapy are still in the early stages. Optimum results are obtained by the rational combination of several therapeutic modalities adapted to the type of acne to be treated.", "contents": "[Progress in medicine in individual presentations, XI. Modern forms of therapy in acne]. Several pathogenetic factors contribute to the development of acne vulgaris. These include genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, increasing sebaceous secretion, bacterial colonization of the follicle and keratinization defects in the follicular epithelium. Modern acne therapy can take specific forms on the basis of recent research on pathogenesis. Sebostatic therapy can be performed by the topical application of benzoyl peroxide or the systemic administration of hormones (oestrogens, antiandrogens). Local treatment with retinoic has proved optimal in achieving a comedolytic effect. Moreover, the long-term use of antibiotics--tetracyclines, erythromycin systemically or benzoyl peroxide topically--is beneficial in respect to a reduction in Propionibacterium acnes. Experiments with immunological therapy are still in the early stages. Optimum results are obtained by the rational combination of several therapeutic modalities adapted to the type of acne to be treated.", "PMID": 73259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4978", "title": "[Detection of oncornavirus type D in continuous breast cancer cells].", "content": "An oncornavirus immunologically similar to oncornaviruses type D previously isolated from human continuous cells was detected in continuous cells of mammary cancer (SH3). The culture produces structures having densities of 1.18--1.19 and 1.22 g/ml which contain high molecular RNA (68S) and reverse-transcriptase activity. The similarity of this virus with other oncornaviruses was also demonstrated in molecular hybridization experiments.", "contents": "[Detection of oncornavirus type D in continuous breast cancer cells]. An oncornavirus immunologically similar to oncornaviruses type D previously isolated from human continuous cells was detected in continuous cells of mammary cancer (SH3). The culture produces structures having densities of 1.18--1.19 and 1.22 g/ml which contain high molecular RNA (68S) and reverse-transcriptase activity. The similarity of this virus with other oncornaviruses was also demonstrated in molecular hybridization experiments.", "PMID": 73258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4979", "title": "[Light and dark Purkinje cells (light microscopic and microautoradiographic studies].", "content": "The authors deal with the phenomenon of dualism of pale and dark ganglion cells in general, the phenomenon which, since FLEMMING (1882), still remains an actual problem of neurohistology. They deal with Purkinje cells from a special aspect with the aim to demonstrate the dualism through various staining methods. They directed their attention also to the question of the influence of perfusion and immersion fixation and length of staining with luxol-fast-blue on the production of luxol-positive (chromophilic) Purkinje cells. The authors have found that these methodologic circumstances do not influence the production of luxol-positive Purkinje cells, so it can be hardly spoken about an artifact. Examinations with the labelled leucine have shown that the increased metabolic activity can be observed in those Purkinje cells which in HE-picture are seen as pale ones. In the dark Purkinje cells leucine granulations are located on the surface of plasmatic membrane and they follow to some distance the main dendrite of those cells. The microautoradiographic method evidences for the increased leucine metabolism of the pale Purkinje cells as well.", "contents": "[Light and dark Purkinje cells (light microscopic and microautoradiographic studies]. The authors deal with the phenomenon of dualism of pale and dark ganglion cells in general, the phenomenon which, since FLEMMING (1882), still remains an actual problem of neurohistology. They deal with Purkinje cells from a special aspect with the aim to demonstrate the dualism through various staining methods. They directed their attention also to the question of the influence of perfusion and immersion fixation and length of staining with luxol-fast-blue on the production of luxol-positive (chromophilic) Purkinje cells. The authors have found that these methodologic circumstances do not influence the production of luxol-positive Purkinje cells, so it can be hardly spoken about an artifact. Examinations with the labelled leucine have shown that the increased metabolic activity can be observed in those Purkinje cells which in HE-picture are seen as pale ones. In the dark Purkinje cells leucine granulations are located on the surface of plasmatic membrane and they follow to some distance the main dendrite of those cells. The microautoradiographic method evidences for the increased leucine metabolism of the pale Purkinje cells as well.", "PMID": 73266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4980", "title": "Bleomycin: effects upon mammalian epidermal DNA synthesis.", "content": "The effects of bleomycin upon epithelial DNA synthesis have been evaluated in a keratinizing tissue culture line and following topical application on intact mouse epidermis. In both models, bleomycin inhibited epithelial DNA synthesis after prolonged exposure of the tissue to large doses of the polypeptide antibiotic. The effect is probably limited by the penetration of bleomycin through epithelial cell membranes. Inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis was also observed in non-treated animals subjected to restraint and/or partial starvation. These conditions, which are commonly associated with studies of topical therapeutic agents, must, therefore, be carefully controlled.", "contents": "Bleomycin: effects upon mammalian epidermal DNA synthesis. The effects of bleomycin upon epithelial DNA synthesis have been evaluated in a keratinizing tissue culture line and following topical application on intact mouse epidermis. In both models, bleomycin inhibited epithelial DNA synthesis after prolonged exposure of the tissue to large doses of the polypeptide antibiotic. The effect is probably limited by the penetration of bleomycin through epithelial cell membranes. Inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis was also observed in non-treated animals subjected to restraint and/or partial starvation. These conditions, which are commonly associated with studies of topical therapeutic agents, must, therefore, be carefully controlled.", "PMID": 73301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4981", "title": "Degradation of dermal fibrillar structures: effects of collagenase, elastase, dithioerythritol and citrate.", "content": "Clostridial collagenase, elastase, medium material of human skin culture, dithioerythritol and citrate buffer, pH 3.5, were applied to fresh human skin specimens. Phenomena of degradation of dermal fibrils were observed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Degradation of dermal fibrillar structures: effects of collagenase, elastase, dithioerythritol and citrate. Clostridial collagenase, elastase, medium material of human skin culture, dithioerythritol and citrate buffer, pH 3.5, were applied to fresh human skin specimens. Phenomena of degradation of dermal fibrils were observed by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 73302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4982", "title": "The binding of 8-methoxypsoralen to nuclear DNA of UVA irradiated human fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Human fibroblasts were exposed to tritium-labelled 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave ultraviolet (UVA) light in vitro. The proportions of photochemically bound 8-MOP in the nucleus and cytoplasm were studied by autoradiography. The results show that UVA-irradiation of the cells in the presence of 8-MOP gives rise to a significant dose-dependent binding of 8-MOP in the cell nucleus.", "contents": "The binding of 8-methoxypsoralen to nuclear DNA of UVA irradiated human fibroblasts in vitro. Human fibroblasts were exposed to tritium-labelled 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave ultraviolet (UVA) light in vitro. The proportions of photochemically bound 8-MOP in the nucleus and cytoplasm were studied by autoradiography. The results show that UVA-irradiation of the cells in the presence of 8-MOP gives rise to a significant dose-dependent binding of 8-MOP in the cell nucleus.", "PMID": 73303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4983", "title": "Human skin proteases: effect of separated proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in skin.", "content": "The effect of human skin proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in rabbit skin was investigated. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing trypsin substrate effectively increased vascular permeability. This effect was not inhibited by antihistamine, but almost totally so by Trasylol. The reaction was protracted. Leukocyte emigration in skin, primarily of PMN-cells at 12 hrs, and later a migration of mononuclear cells, also resulted. Swelling of the dermal fibres was noted. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing chymotrypsin substrate also increased vascular permeability, but this phenomenon was effectively inhibited by antihistamine and the reaction was of brief duration. The leukocyte emigration caused by this enzyme was remarkable. The acid proteases of human skin resembling cathepsin B1 and D also caused brief increased vascular permeability, which was effectively inhibited by antihistamine. The cellular reactions to these acid proteases were mild. The role of protease inhibitors in skin in the enzyme reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Human skin proteases: effect of separated proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in skin. The effect of human skin proteases on vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration in rabbit skin was investigated. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing trypsin substrate effectively increased vascular permeability. This effect was not inhibited by antihistamine, but almost totally so by Trasylol. The reaction was protracted. Leukocyte emigration in skin, primarily of PMN-cells at 12 hrs, and later a migration of mononuclear cells, also resulted. Swelling of the dermal fibres was noted. The alkaline protease of human skin capable of hydrolysing chymotrypsin substrate also increased vascular permeability, but this phenomenon was effectively inhibited by antihistamine and the reaction was of brief duration. The leukocyte emigration caused by this enzyme was remarkable. The acid proteases of human skin resembling cathepsin B1 and D also caused brief increased vascular permeability, which was effectively inhibited by antihistamine. The cellular reactions to these acid proteases were mild. The role of protease inhibitors in skin in the enzyme reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 73304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4984", "title": "Deposition of fibrinogen (FR-antigen) in skin diseases. III. Synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis.", "content": "Synovial joint membranes obtained by synovectomy in open bloodless fields were examined for FR-antigen (fibrinogen/fibrin-related antigen) in 15 patients with psoriatic arthritis (ps.a.) and in a control group of 5 patients with meniscal tears. All frozen and paraffin sections from ps.a. demonstrated FR-antigen at the synovial lining. In the tissue it was located at the surface and in cytoplasm of the superficial synovial cells. In the control group, FR-antigen was present in all frozen samples as a thin layer at the synovial lining surface, but absent in the paraffin sections. The presence of FR-antigen may contribute to the further development of the Inflammatory changes of the arthritis.", "contents": "Deposition of fibrinogen (FR-antigen) in skin diseases. III. Synovial joint membranes in psoriatic arthritis. Synovial joint membranes obtained by synovectomy in open bloodless fields were examined for FR-antigen (fibrinogen/fibrin-related antigen) in 15 patients with psoriatic arthritis (ps.a.) and in a control group of 5 patients with meniscal tears. All frozen and paraffin sections from ps.a. demonstrated FR-antigen at the synovial lining. In the tissue it was located at the surface and in cytoplasm of the superficial synovial cells. In the control group, FR-antigen was present in all frozen samples as a thin layer at the synovial lining surface, but absent in the paraffin sections. The presence of FR-antigen may contribute to the further development of the Inflammatory changes of the arthritis.", "PMID": 73305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4985", "title": "Increased serum levels of the pregnancy zone protein in psoriasis.", "content": "On the basis of immunological studies on psoriasis in recent years, it seems probable that immunological mechanisms are of importance and that psoriasis could be regarded as an immunogenetic disease. In this study, increased serum levels of an immunosuppressive factor, the pregnancy zone protein (PZ), were found in psoriatic patients. Patients with elevated levels (greater than 2 S.D. units) of PZ showed a positive association with continuous symptoms and a negative association with blood groups A and Fy(a+b-). Thus, induction of PZ occurs mainly in psoriatic patients who have a particular genetic constitution. The results support the hypothesis that PZ is not only an immunosuppressive but also an immunoreactive protein.", "contents": "Increased serum levels of the pregnancy zone protein in psoriasis. On the basis of immunological studies on psoriasis in recent years, it seems probable that immunological mechanisms are of importance and that psoriasis could be regarded as an immunogenetic disease. In this study, increased serum levels of an immunosuppressive factor, the pregnancy zone protein (PZ), were found in psoriatic patients. Patients with elevated levels (greater than 2 S.D. units) of PZ showed a positive association with continuous symptoms and a negative association with blood groups A and Fy(a+b-). Thus, induction of PZ occurs mainly in psoriatic patients who have a particular genetic constitution. The results support the hypothesis that PZ is not only an immunosuppressive but also an immunoreactive protein.", "PMID": 73306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4986", "title": "Iron absorption in patients with dermatitis herpertiformis.", "content": "Iron absorption has been studied in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Four patients out of 20 had iron deficiency, defined as absence of or only traces of haemosiderin in bone marrow smears. These four had adequate absorption of ferrous iron. The iron deficiency in at least 3 of them was ascribed to increased iron loss. The results indicate that, although having a mild to moderate malabsorption syndrome, DH patients can be expected to exhibit adequate absorption of orally administered iron. Explanations of a negative iron balance other than defective absorption should therefore be sought.", "contents": "Iron absorption in patients with dermatitis herpertiformis. Iron absorption has been studied in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Four patients out of 20 had iron deficiency, defined as absence of or only traces of haemosiderin in bone marrow smears. These four had adequate absorption of ferrous iron. The iron deficiency in at least 3 of them was ascribed to increased iron loss. The results indicate that, although having a mild to moderate malabsorption syndrome, DH patients can be expected to exhibit adequate absorption of orally administered iron. Explanations of a negative iron balance other than defective absorption should therefore be sought.", "PMID": 73307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4987", "title": "Silver-blue nails.", "content": "The case is reported of a man with uniformly silver-blue discolouration of all fingernails, with deeper colouring over the lunulae. The nail bed changes resulted from the uncontrolled ingestion of a silver-containing granular powder. The total silver intake was over 15 g. The only other sign of argyrosis was a barely perceptible greyish discolouration over the cheeks and in the sclerae. Biopsies were taken from the nail bed and the cheek. Electron microscopy revealed metallic deposits in elastic fibres and basement membranes. The silver deposition was much heavier in the nail bed than in facial skin. Long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) and lack of melanin protection seem to be responsible for this phenomenon. Argyrosis and the differential diagnosis of nail discolourations are reviewed.", "contents": "Silver-blue nails. The case is reported of a man with uniformly silver-blue discolouration of all fingernails, with deeper colouring over the lunulae. The nail bed changes resulted from the uncontrolled ingestion of a silver-containing granular powder. The total silver intake was over 15 g. The only other sign of argyrosis was a barely perceptible greyish discolouration over the cheeks and in the sclerae. Biopsies were taken from the nail bed and the cheek. Electron microscopy revealed metallic deposits in elastic fibres and basement membranes. The silver deposition was much heavier in the nail bed than in facial skin. Long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) and lack of melanin protection seem to be responsible for this phenomenon. Argyrosis and the differential diagnosis of nail discolourations are reviewed.", "PMID": 73308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4988", "title": "Unusual normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis: a comparison of two cases illustrating the differential diagnosis.", "content": "A patient who developed diffuse normolipidemic plane xanthomas also presented with IgG lambda monoclonal gammopathy, hypernephroma, an unusual family cluster of leukemia (with two family members in two generations), and a unique, acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency. A second patient presented with widespread normolipidemic papular xanthomas in which histiocytes containing Langerhans' granules were found. The lipid composition of the lesions of these two patients showed striking differences. Excesses of triglycerides and cholesterol ester were demonstated in plane xanthoma, whereas phospholipids were prominent in the popular xanthoma of histiocytosis X. We present and classify these two cases to emphasize the diagnostic value of chemical and ultrastructural studies of normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis.", "contents": "Unusual normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis: a comparison of two cases illustrating the differential diagnosis. A patient who developed diffuse normolipidemic plane xanthomas also presented with IgG lambda monoclonal gammopathy, hypernephroma, an unusual family cluster of leukemia (with two family members in two generations), and a unique, acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency. A second patient presented with widespread normolipidemic papular xanthomas in which histiocytes containing Langerhans' granules were found. The lipid composition of the lesions of these two patients showed striking differences. Excesses of triglycerides and cholesterol ester were demonstated in plane xanthoma, whereas phospholipids were prominent in the popular xanthoma of histiocytosis X. We present and classify these two cases to emphasize the diagnostic value of chemical and ultrastructural studies of normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis.", "PMID": 73309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4989", "title": "The pigmentary response to photochemotherapy.", "content": "Previous studies on skin topically photosensitized with trimethylpsoralen and subsequently irradiated with long-wave UV light have demonstrated an increase in melanosome size and changes in the distribution patterns of melanosomes, suggesting the possibility of gene derepression or the induction of a somatic mutation of melanocytes. The present investigation was performed to determine whether identical changes are induced by systemic photochemotherapy using 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA (PUVA) under therapeutic conditions. Our results show that PUVA stimulates melanogenesis but does not induce significant changes in the average size of melanosomes nor in their distribution patterns within keratinocytes. Thus they indicate that under therapeutic conditions PUVA does not induce morphologically detectable cytogenetic changes in pigment cells.", "contents": "The pigmentary response to photochemotherapy. Previous studies on skin topically photosensitized with trimethylpsoralen and subsequently irradiated with long-wave UV light have demonstrated an increase in melanosome size and changes in the distribution patterns of melanosomes, suggesting the possibility of gene derepression or the induction of a somatic mutation of melanocytes. The present investigation was performed to determine whether identical changes are induced by systemic photochemotherapy using 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA (PUVA) under therapeutic conditions. Our results show that PUVA stimulates melanogenesis but does not induce significant changes in the average size of melanosomes nor in their distribution patterns within keratinocytes. Thus they indicate that under therapeutic conditions PUVA does not induce morphologically detectable cytogenetic changes in pigment cells.", "PMID": 73310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4990", "title": "Photodynamic inactivation of verrucae vulgares. I.", "content": "Verrucae vulgares (v.v.) stained in vivo and in vitro with 0.1% and 1% proflavine in 100% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 0.1% and 1% neutral red in 100% DMSO were examined grossly and by fluorescence microscopy. Light transmission studies were made using both whole v.v. embedded in methacrylate and 5 micrometer frozen sections. The dyes were seen to penetrate to the epidermal and dermal structures in the in vivo stained v.v. and accumulate in the cell nuclei. The average concentration of neutral red in the v.v. was estimated to be 2 X 10(-5) M. The concentration of proflavine was lower than that, but exceeded 10(-6)M. There was diffuse staining throughout the in vitro stained warts. From 400-600 nm the warts were penetrated by at least 1% of the light directed toward their surfaces.", "contents": "Photodynamic inactivation of verrucae vulgares. I. Verrucae vulgares (v.v.) stained in vivo and in vitro with 0.1% and 1% proflavine in 100% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 0.1% and 1% neutral red in 100% DMSO were examined grossly and by fluorescence microscopy. Light transmission studies were made using both whole v.v. embedded in methacrylate and 5 micrometer frozen sections. The dyes were seen to penetrate to the epidermal and dermal structures in the in vivo stained v.v. and accumulate in the cell nuclei. The average concentration of neutral red in the v.v. was estimated to be 2 X 10(-5) M. The concentration of proflavine was lower than that, but exceeded 10(-6)M. There was diffuse staining throughout the in vitro stained warts. From 400-600 nm the warts were penetrated by at least 1% of the light directed toward their surfaces.", "PMID": 73311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4991", "title": "Photodynamic inactivation of verrucae vulgares. II.", "content": "Photodynamic inactivation therapy, consisting of a double-blind, paired comparison treatment schedule, was used in treating 56 patients for recalcitrant, symmetrical verrucae vulgares. 0.1% proflavine in 100% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 0.1% neutral red in 100% DMSO were used as active dyes, and 1% picric acid in 100% DMSO and 1% color ruber in 100% DMSO and 1% color ruber in 100% DMSO served as corresponding placebos. A Westinghouse sunlamp and black light were used to irradiate the warts dyed with proflavine and its placebo, and the warts dyed with neutral red and its placebo were irradiated with an ordinary light bulb (Osram 588597). 50 patients completed the treatment. 10 of the 27 patients treated with proflavine and 10 of the 23 patients treated with neutral red were cured by the end of an 8 week period, with the warts disappearing simultaneously from the actively as well as the placebo-treated side. Complement fixing antibodies against wart virus were detected in one of the cured patients and 2 who were treatment failures.", "contents": "Photodynamic inactivation of verrucae vulgares. II. Photodynamic inactivation therapy, consisting of a double-blind, paired comparison treatment schedule, was used in treating 56 patients for recalcitrant, symmetrical verrucae vulgares. 0.1% proflavine in 100% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and 0.1% neutral red in 100% DMSO were used as active dyes, and 1% picric acid in 100% DMSO and 1% color ruber in 100% DMSO and 1% color ruber in 100% DMSO served as corresponding placebos. A Westinghouse sunlamp and black light were used to irradiate the warts dyed with proflavine and its placebo, and the warts dyed with neutral red and its placebo were irradiated with an ordinary light bulb (Osram 588597). 50 patients completed the treatment. 10 of the 27 patients treated with proflavine and 10 of the 23 patients treated with neutral red were cured by the end of an 8 week period, with the warts disappearing simultaneously from the actively as well as the placebo-treated side. Complement fixing antibodies against wart virus were detected in one of the cured patients and 2 who were treatment failures.", "PMID": 73312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4992", "title": "Levamisole in a double-blind study: no effect on warts.", "content": "Levamisole is reported to restore delayed hypersensitivity, when this is depressed. On the assumption that multiple warts, resistant to local treatment, are indicative of some immune deficiency, we chose levamisole for the treatment of warts. The dose, 150 mg daily in 3 days every second week, was given to 49 patients who had common warts and to 50 patients who had condyloma (venereal warts). After 6 weeks of double-blind study, most of the patients underwent open levamisole treatment. However, the levamisole group failed to show enhanced wart regression compared with the control group. No inter-group difference could be detected as regards change in delayed hypersensitivity after levamisole treatment, when measured by the mantoux response.", "contents": "Levamisole in a double-blind study: no effect on warts. Levamisole is reported to restore delayed hypersensitivity, when this is depressed. On the assumption that multiple warts, resistant to local treatment, are indicative of some immune deficiency, we chose levamisole for the treatment of warts. The dose, 150 mg daily in 3 days every second week, was given to 49 patients who had common warts and to 50 patients who had condyloma (venereal warts). After 6 weeks of double-blind study, most of the patients underwent open levamisole treatment. However, the levamisole group failed to show enhanced wart regression compared with the control group. No inter-group difference could be detected as regards change in delayed hypersensitivity after levamisole treatment, when measured by the mantoux response.", "PMID": 73313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4993", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis infection and veneral disease.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated by the irradiated McCoy cell technique from 44 out of 103 men with non-gonorrhoeic urethritis and from 11 out of 15 patients with post-gonococcal urethritis. In women attending the venereal diseases clinics, chlamydial infection was observed in 49 out of 130 patients (38%), an infection incidence of the same order of magnitude as the one noted for gonococcal infection (40%). In 19% both infections occurred simultaneously. Treatment with tetracycline eliminated symptoms and chlamydial infection in almost all cases. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis infection and veneral disease. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated by the irradiated McCoy cell technique from 44 out of 103 men with non-gonorrhoeic urethritis and from 11 out of 15 patients with post-gonococcal urethritis. In women attending the venereal diseases clinics, chlamydial infection was observed in 49 out of 130 patients (38%), an infection incidence of the same order of magnitude as the one noted for gonococcal infection (40%). In 19% both infections occurred simultaneously. Treatment with tetracycline eliminated symptoms and chlamydial infection in almost all cases. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 73314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4994", "title": "An unusual case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid.", "content": "This case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is unusual in that blistering, scarring lesions were confined to the skin for 15 years before mucous membranes were involved. The onset of this disorder at the age of 38 is also unusual. Detailed immunological investigation was performed on this patient but the results in no way clarify the present confusion regarding the immunopathological processes in BMMP related to those operative in bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "An unusual case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. This case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is unusual in that blistering, scarring lesions were confined to the skin for 15 years before mucous membranes were involved. The onset of this disorder at the age of 38 is also unusual. Detailed immunological investigation was performed on this patient but the results in no way clarify the present confusion regarding the immunopathological processes in BMMP related to those operative in bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 73315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4995", "title": "Azapropazone induced bullous drug eruptions.", "content": "Azapropazone is a new, powerful, antiinflammatory analgesic. Initial trails have confirmed its efficacy as an antirheumatic agent, with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Recently the authors have seen two patients, each of whom developed a distinctive but clinically dissimilar, bizarre, bullous eruption after taking this drug. A brief account of these cases has been published elsewhere (1).", "contents": "Azapropazone induced bullous drug eruptions. Azapropazone is a new, powerful, antiinflammatory analgesic. Initial trails have confirmed its efficacy as an antirheumatic agent, with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Recently the authors have seen two patients, each of whom developed a distinctive but clinically dissimilar, bizarre, bullous eruption after taking this drug. A brief account of these cases has been published elsewhere (1).", "PMID": 73316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4996", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopy of linear dermatitis herpetiformis: report of a case.", "content": "Linear deposits of both IgA and C3 were found along the BMZ (by direct IF), and band-like IgA deposits directly below the basal lamina (by HRP-anti-HRP electron microscopy), in a case of clinically typical DH. No circulating antibodies could be detected.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopy of linear dermatitis herpetiformis: report of a case. Linear deposits of both IgA and C3 were found along the BMZ (by direct IF), and band-like IgA deposits directly below the basal lamina (by HRP-anti-HRP electron microscopy), in a case of clinically typical DH. No circulating antibodies could be detected.", "PMID": 73317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4997", "title": "Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "A 47-year-old man with erythematous, maculopapular rash on the chest and the back. Histology showed perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes, especially around hair follicles, and alcian green positive deposits in the dermis. Some improvement was achieved by treatment with 200 mg oxychloroquine sulphate (Plaquenil, Winthrop) twice daily.", "contents": "Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome: report of a case. A 47-year-old man with erythematous, maculopapular rash on the chest and the back. Histology showed perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes, especially around hair follicles, and alcian green positive deposits in the dermis. Some improvement was achieved by treatment with 200 mg oxychloroquine sulphate (Plaquenil, Winthrop) twice daily.", "PMID": 73318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4998", "title": "Studies on guinea pig skin cell cultures. VI. Growth kinetics of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts.", "content": "The growth kinetics of epidermal keratinocytes (EK) and dermal fibroblasts (DF) have been determined by four different methods: incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA (3H-microgram DNA ratio); 3H-thymidine/14C amino acid incorporation ratio (3H:14C ratio); 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei, and colchicine-blocked metaphase counts. The growth curve of EK was no different when plotted with the 3H:14C ratio than with the 3H-microgram DNA ratio. However, this was not true for DF. The replacement of sodium bicarbonate with Hepes buffer in the culture medium did not greatly affect the shape of the EK growth curve, whereas the DF growth curve became diphasic instead of monophasic. The elimination of mature (differentiated) keratinocytes from the very onset of EK culture had a profound effect on the EK growth curve. DNA synthesis peaked at day 1 in cultures without, instead of day 9 in cultures with differentiated cells. Furthermore, mitotic activity did not show up before day 6. This suggests that (i) EK in culture are sensitive to the G1 inhibitor released by differentiated epidermal cells, and (ii) they remain in G2 for about 5 days. Thus, EK in culture seem to continue to be susceptible, as in vivo, to homeostatic regulation through the action of G1-G2 inhibitors.", "contents": "Studies on guinea pig skin cell cultures. VI. Growth kinetics of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. The growth kinetics of epidermal keratinocytes (EK) and dermal fibroblasts (DF) have been determined by four different methods: incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA (3H-microgram DNA ratio); 3H-thymidine/14C amino acid incorporation ratio (3H:14C ratio); 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei, and colchicine-blocked metaphase counts. The growth curve of EK was no different when plotted with the 3H:14C ratio than with the 3H-microgram DNA ratio. However, this was not true for DF. The replacement of sodium bicarbonate with Hepes buffer in the culture medium did not greatly affect the shape of the EK growth curve, whereas the DF growth curve became diphasic instead of monophasic. The elimination of mature (differentiated) keratinocytes from the very onset of EK culture had a profound effect on the EK growth curve. DNA synthesis peaked at day 1 in cultures without, instead of day 9 in cultures with differentiated cells. Furthermore, mitotic activity did not show up before day 6. This suggests that (i) EK in culture are sensitive to the G1 inhibitor released by differentiated epidermal cells, and (ii) they remain in G2 for about 5 days. Thus, EK in culture seem to continue to be susceptible, as in vivo, to homeostatic regulation through the action of G1-G2 inhibitors.", "PMID": 73319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_4999", "title": "Ultrastructure of dermal connective tissue in fibrodysplasia ossificians progressiva.", "content": "The ultrastructure of dermal connective tissue in two patients suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (syn myositis o.p.) was studied. The disorder starts with soft tissue swelling which subsequently ossify. The connective tissue of various organs may be affected. No defects in calcium metabolism have been discovered. It was intended to study the primary event which initiates the ossification. The present ultrastructural study demonstrates an accumulation of proteoglycan microfibrils as well as glycoprotein material in dermal connective tissue. Both substances are prerequisites of calcification resulting from the binding of calcium and phosphorus ions. A subsequent release of proteolytic enzymes in the tissues may be set free the bound iones and, thus, initiate mineralization.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of dermal connective tissue in fibrodysplasia ossificians progressiva. The ultrastructure of dermal connective tissue in two patients suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (syn myositis o.p.) was studied. The disorder starts with soft tissue swelling which subsequently ossify. The connective tissue of various organs may be affected. No defects in calcium metabolism have been discovered. It was intended to study the primary event which initiates the ossification. The present ultrastructural study demonstrates an accumulation of proteoglycan microfibrils as well as glycoprotein material in dermal connective tissue. Both substances are prerequisites of calcification resulting from the binding of calcium and phosphorus ions. A subsequent release of proteolytic enzymes in the tissues may be set free the bound iones and, thus, initiate mineralization.", "PMID": 73320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5000", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 in blister fluid of bullous diseases and experimental suction blisters.", "content": "Prostaglandin(PG)-like activity in the fluid of spontaneous and suction blisters was measured by bioassay on isolated guinea-pig colon after acidic lipid extraction. The fluid from spontaneous blisters in 15 patients with various bullous dermatoses, such as pemphigoid, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythema multiforme, contact dermatitis, X-ray dermatitis, all contained  measurable amounts of activity, varying from 0.4 to 54 ng/ml, expressed as PGE2-activity. From 4 patients with pemphigoid, samples of fluid were collected, adequate to permit of analysis regarding the identity of the spasmogenic material. In silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and in reversed phase partition chromatography, the major part of the biological activity co-chromatographed with 3H-PGE2. In one patient part of the activity coincided with PGF2alpha. The PG-like activity of experimental suction blisters was found to be significantly higher in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis than in control and psoriasis patients. The appearance of PGs in blister fluid is compatible with a role as chemical mediator involved in blister formation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 in blister fluid of bullous diseases and experimental suction blisters. Prostaglandin(PG)-like activity in the fluid of spontaneous and suction blisters was measured by bioassay on isolated guinea-pig colon after acidic lipid extraction. The fluid from spontaneous blisters in 15 patients with various bullous dermatoses, such as pemphigoid, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythema multiforme, contact dermatitis, X-ray dermatitis, all contained  measurable amounts of activity, varying from 0.4 to 54 ng/ml, expressed as PGE2-activity. From 4 patients with pemphigoid, samples of fluid were collected, adequate to permit of analysis regarding the identity of the spasmogenic material. In silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and in reversed phase partition chromatography, the major part of the biological activity co-chromatographed with 3H-PGE2. In one patient part of the activity coincided with PGF2alpha. The PG-like activity of experimental suction blisters was found to be significantly higher in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis than in control and psoriasis patients. The appearance of PGs in blister fluid is compatible with a role as chemical mediator involved in blister formation.", "PMID": 73321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5001", "title": "PBS-soluble substances with blood group activity from human epidermis and dermis.", "content": "Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) soluble extracts of human epidermis and dermis from secretor donors contain products with blood group antigenic activity. The predominant blood group in a sample was the same as the red cell phenotype of the donor. H substance activity was present in all PBS-soluble products (from A, B and O donors). By gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel A-1.5 m column; the epidermal and dermal PBS-soluble blood group substances fractionate in the void volume.", "contents": "PBS-soluble substances with blood group activity from human epidermis and dermis. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) soluble extracts of human epidermis and dermis from secretor donors contain products with blood group antigenic activity. The predominant blood group in a sample was the same as the red cell phenotype of the donor. H substance activity was present in all PBS-soluble products (from A, B and O donors). By gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel A-1.5 m column; the epidermal and dermal PBS-soluble blood group substances fractionate in the void volume.", "PMID": 73322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5002", "title": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining of T lymphocytes in human skin.", "content": "T lymphocytes were stained in order to disclose alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity (ANAE staining) by adopting the method described by Mueller et al. In ANAE-staining of frozen sections from human lymph nodes, more than 90% of the lymphocytes in paracortical areas (T cell areas) were ANAE-positive, but in cortical follicles (B cell areas) less than 5% of the cells were positive. Lymphocytic infiltrations in various dermatoses (lichen ruber planus, psoriasis, SLE, atropic dermatitis, erythema multiforme, poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, and S\u00e9zary syndrome) were investigated. A high percentage of ANAE-positive lymphoid cells (greater than 80%) was found in most cases. One patient with chron. lymphatic leukaemia, however, had a smaller proportion of ANAE-positive lymphocytic cells in an erythema multiforme skin infiltrate. ANAE staining seems to be an easy method for the identification of T lymphocytes in skin sections. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that T lymphocytes have an affinity to skin.", "contents": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining of T lymphocytes in human skin. T lymphocytes were stained in order to disclose alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity (ANAE staining) by adopting the method described by Mueller et al. In ANAE-staining of frozen sections from human lymph nodes, more than 90% of the lymphocytes in paracortical areas (T cell areas) were ANAE-positive, but in cortical follicles (B cell areas) less than 5% of the cells were positive. Lymphocytic infiltrations in various dermatoses (lichen ruber planus, psoriasis, SLE, atropic dermatitis, erythema multiforme, poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, and S\u00e9zary syndrome) were investigated. A high percentage of ANAE-positive lymphoid cells (greater than 80%) was found in most cases. One patient with chron. lymphatic leukaemia, however, had a smaller proportion of ANAE-positive lymphocytic cells in an erythema multiforme skin infiltrate. ANAE staining seems to be an easy method for the identification of T lymphocytes in skin sections. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that T lymphocytes have an affinity to skin.", "PMID": 73323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5003", "title": "Beta-2-microglobulin in basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Differences in the cell surface of malignant cells, as compared with normal cells, are believed to be characteristic of many features of tumor cell behaviour. We have obtained evidence suggesting that solid and superficial basal cell carcinomas lack immuno-reactive beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2-m) on the cell surface, in contrast to normal epidermis and that of various non-malignant dermatoses, including basal cell papillomas.", "contents": "Beta-2-microglobulin in basal cell carcinoma. Differences in the cell surface of malignant cells, as compared with normal cells, are believed to be characteristic of many features of tumor cell behaviour. We have obtained evidence suggesting that solid and superficial basal cell carcinomas lack immuno-reactive beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2-m) on the cell surface, in contrast to normal epidermis and that of various non-malignant dermatoses, including basal cell papillomas.", "PMID": 73324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5004", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in fixed drug eruption.", "content": "The serum globulins IgG, IgA and IgM were studied in the serum of 47 patients with fixed drug eruption due to identified drugs. The diagnosis was established by using as a test the readministration of the responsible drug and the consequent appearance of the eruption. IgM was found in normal amounts in the acute phase and after the remission of the eruption, whereas IgG and IgA were found increased during the acute phase of the eruption though after the remission, levels returned to normal.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in fixed drug eruption. The serum globulins IgG, IgA and IgM were studied in the serum of 47 patients with fixed drug eruption due to identified drugs. The diagnosis was established by using as a test the readministration of the responsible drug and the consequent appearance of the eruption. IgM was found in normal amounts in the acute phase and after the remission of the eruption, whereas IgG and IgA were found increased during the acute phase of the eruption though after the remission, levels returned to normal.", "PMID": 73325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5005", "title": "Photodynamic aspects of some metal complexes.", "content": "The potential phototoxic capacity of some metal compounds of clinical significance in dermatology has been investigated by means of the photohemolysis technique. No photosensitized hemolysis of erythrocytes was observed with the chromium, nickel, copper and cobalt compounds studied. On the contrary, nickel and cobalt compounds proved to be efficient in quenching singlet oxygen mediated photo-oxidative membrane damage of red blood cells. Cadmium compounds showed a pronounced photohemolytic activity and the reaction was oxygen dependent. The deuterium test for singlet oxygen showed a significant increase in photohemolytic efficiency. The addition of histidine, a known quencher of singlet oxygen, resulted in a significant inhibition of the photohemolysis. Pronounced photo-oxidative damage to plasma membranes was also observed in vitro cultivated cells by means of scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Photodynamic aspects of some metal complexes. The potential phototoxic capacity of some metal compounds of clinical significance in dermatology has been investigated by means of the photohemolysis technique. No photosensitized hemolysis of erythrocytes was observed with the chromium, nickel, copper and cobalt compounds studied. On the contrary, nickel and cobalt compounds proved to be efficient in quenching singlet oxygen mediated photo-oxidative membrane damage of red blood cells. Cadmium compounds showed a pronounced photohemolytic activity and the reaction was oxygen dependent. The deuterium test for singlet oxygen showed a significant increase in photohemolytic efficiency. The addition of histidine, a known quencher of singlet oxygen, resulted in a significant inhibition of the photohemolysis. Pronounced photo-oxidative damage to plasma membranes was also observed in vitro cultivated cells by means of scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 73327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5006", "title": "Transmission of Bucky (Grenz) rays through human scalp hair.", "content": "The shielding effect of various types of human hair and the influence of a shampoo on the transmission of grenz rays were determined by ionization chamber measurements. The mean transmission proved to be 53.7% with clean hair and 48.1% with hair shampooed one week before. P less than 0.05 (n = 50) (Pratt's test). A relationship was found between weight of hair layer and transmission. In clinical practice, the thickness of the hair should be assessed, and the normal skin dose multiplied by 1.5 for patients with a thin hair layer, by 2 in the case of a medium, and by 3 in the case of a thick hair layer.", "contents": "Transmission of Bucky (Grenz) rays through human scalp hair. The shielding effect of various types of human hair and the influence of a shampoo on the transmission of grenz rays were determined by ionization chamber measurements. The mean transmission proved to be 53.7% with clean hair and 48.1% with hair shampooed one week before. P less than 0.05 (n = 50) (Pratt's test). A relationship was found between weight of hair layer and transmission. In clinical practice, the thickness of the hair should be assessed, and the normal skin dose multiplied by 1.5 for patients with a thin hair layer, by 2 in the case of a medium, and by 3 in the case of a thick hair layer.", "PMID": 73328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5007", "title": "Elastosis perforans serpiginosa with widespread arterial lesions: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) with unilateral dermal lesions, widespread arterial lesions with aortic rupture, and elastosis of the endocardium and bronchiolar walls. Other chronic skin disorders with lesions resembling EPS are discussed; and the arterial lesions compared with some arterial diseases. The findings support a concept of the disease as a focal affection of elastic tissue, not only in the skin, but also in arteries and other organs.", "contents": "Elastosis perforans serpiginosa with widespread arterial lesions: a case report. A case is presented of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) with unilateral dermal lesions, widespread arterial lesions with aortic rupture, and elastosis of the endocardium and bronchiolar walls. Other chronic skin disorders with lesions resembling EPS are discussed; and the arterial lesions compared with some arterial diseases. The findings support a concept of the disease as a focal affection of elastic tissue, not only in the skin, but also in arteries and other organs.", "PMID": 73330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5008", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma in polar eskimos.", "content": "Two cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are described in patients of pure Eskimo trait from the northernmost part of the world. The clinical and histological findings corresponded to KS in other parts of the world. This report on KS in Eskimos from the sparsely populated Arctic areas may support the opinion that KS is more common outside Africa than the literature indicates.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma in polar eskimos. Two cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are described in patients of pure Eskimo trait from the northernmost part of the world. The clinical and histological findings corresponded to KS in other parts of the world. This report on KS in Eskimos from the sparsely populated Arctic areas may support the opinion that KS is more common outside Africa than the literature indicates.", "PMID": 73331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5009", "title": "Studies on the influence of antigens on the results with the gonococcal complement fixation test in patients with uncomplicated and complicated gonorrhoea.", "content": "The gonococcal complement fixation test (GCFT) was investigated with regard to its sensitivity and specificity by testing serum specimens from (a) female patients attending a VD out-patient clinic because of suspected gonorrhoea, (b) patients with a proven, uncomplicated, urogenital gonococcal, infection, (c) patients with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). Three different pools of gonococcal (GC) antigens were used which were comprised of GC strains from two different geographical areas. It was found that 39% of the females with culture-proven uncomplicated gonorrhoea had a positive GCFT whereas 10% of the females with negative GC cultures had a positive GCFT. The latter were found to have either a history of gonorrhoea or strong clinical suspicion of recent GC infection. One of the GC antigen pools gave a much lower diagnostic yield than the other two pools in the GCFTs with serum specimens from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. However, no differences were found between the antigen pools in the tests with serum specimens from patients with DGI. These findings indicate the presence of various strain antigens participating in the immune response to complicated as well as uncomplicated GC infections. The results are presented in detail and discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the influence of antigens on the results with the gonococcal complement fixation test in patients with uncomplicated and complicated gonorrhoea. The gonococcal complement fixation test (GCFT) was investigated with regard to its sensitivity and specificity by testing serum specimens from (a) female patients attending a VD out-patient clinic because of suspected gonorrhoea, (b) patients with a proven, uncomplicated, urogenital gonococcal, infection, (c) patients with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). Three different pools of gonococcal (GC) antigens were used which were comprised of GC strains from two different geographical areas. It was found that 39% of the females with culture-proven uncomplicated gonorrhoea had a positive GCFT whereas 10% of the females with negative GC cultures had a positive GCFT. The latter were found to have either a history of gonorrhoea or strong clinical suspicion of recent GC infection. One of the GC antigen pools gave a much lower diagnostic yield than the other two pools in the GCFTs with serum specimens from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. However, no differences were found between the antigen pools in the tests with serum specimens from patients with DGI. These findings indicate the presence of various strain antigens participating in the immune response to complicated as well as uncomplicated GC infections. The results are presented in detail and discussed.", "PMID": 73333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5010", "title": "Orcein staining of hepatitis B surface antigen in paraffin sections of liver on autopsy cases.", "content": "Paraffin sections of liver on 227 autopsy cases were stained by a modified orcein method of Shikata et al (14) in order to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Blood of all the 227 cases obtained at autopsy were tested for HBsAg by immune adherence hamagglutination method (7) and for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination method (6). Cases of seropositive in HBsAg but negative in anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hapatocyte in 13 (68%) of 19 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma, in 2 (67%) of 3 cases of cirrhosis without hepatoma, and in 2 (67%) of 3 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seronegative in both HBsAg and anti-HBs group showed orceinpositive hepatocyte in 4 (17%) of 24 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma, in 2 (11%) of 19 cases of cirrhosis without hepatoma, and in 3 (5%) of 60 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seronegative in HBsAg but positive in anti-HBsAg but positive in anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hepatocyte in 1 (17%) of 6 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma and in 1 (5%) of 21 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seropositive in both HBsAg and anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hepatocyte in 1 (33%) of 3 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma. No orcein-positive hepatocyte was detected in cases of hepatoma without cirrhosis and in cases of non-cirrhotic non-neoplastic diseases in any serological groups.", "contents": "Orcein staining of hepatitis B surface antigen in paraffin sections of liver on autopsy cases. Paraffin sections of liver on 227 autopsy cases were stained by a modified orcein method of Shikata et al (14) in order to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Blood of all the 227 cases obtained at autopsy were tested for HBsAg by immune adherence hamagglutination method (7) and for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination method (6). Cases of seropositive in HBsAg but negative in anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hapatocyte in 13 (68%) of 19 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma, in 2 (67%) of 3 cases of cirrhosis without hepatoma, and in 2 (67%) of 3 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seronegative in both HBsAg and anti-HBs group showed orceinpositive hepatocyte in 4 (17%) of 24 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma, in 2 (11%) of 19 cases of cirrhosis without hepatoma, and in 3 (5%) of 60 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seronegative in HBsAg but positive in anti-HBsAg but positive in anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hepatocyte in 1 (17%) of 6 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma and in 1 (5%) of 21 cases of non-cirrhotic neoplastic diseases other than hepatoma. Cases of seropositive in both HBsAg and anti-HBs group showed orcein-positive hepatocyte in 1 (33%) of 3 cases of cirrhosis with hepatoma. No orcein-positive hepatocyte was detected in cases of hepatoma without cirrhosis and in cases of non-cirrhotic non-neoplastic diseases in any serological groups.", "PMID": 73335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5011", "title": "Evaluation of Feulgen reaction performed on unfixed smears.", "content": "Feulgen reaction--both the original one with Schiff reagent and the modified one with toluidine- or methylene blue, pH = 4.0--can be carried out on air-dried smears without fixing. Hydrolysis--5 n HCl at room temperature should be 15 to 20 min for the original and 5 to 10 min--for the modified reaction. Binding of the dyes is stoichiometric in both cases.", "contents": "Evaluation of Feulgen reaction performed on unfixed smears. Feulgen reaction--both the original one with Schiff reagent and the modified one with toluidine- or methylene blue, pH = 4.0--can be carried out on air-dried smears without fixing. Hydrolysis--5 n HCl at room temperature should be 15 to 20 min for the original and 5 to 10 min--for the modified reaction. Binding of the dyes is stoichiometric in both cases.", "PMID": 73336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5012", "title": "Cytochemical identification of oxalosuccinic acid in human leukocytes.", "content": "The anthraquinone dye alizarine red S produced a unique red crystalline precipitate with oxalosuccinic acid. By chemical, colorometric and spectrophotometric analysis, this red precipitate was found to be a salt composed of these two substances, and to be insoluble in hydrochloric acid above pH = 3.2. Other biologic substances producing a red color without the formation of precipitates showed a disappearance of the red color and resumption of the yellow color of alizarine red S above pH = 3.8. On the basis of these observations, a cytochemical test was developed that may identify the site of oxalosuccinic acid in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood leukocytes. Because of the initimate association of oxalosuccinic acid with isocitric dehydrogenase, the test may also indicate the site of this enzyme as well.", "contents": "Cytochemical identification of oxalosuccinic acid in human leukocytes. The anthraquinone dye alizarine red S produced a unique red crystalline precipitate with oxalosuccinic acid. By chemical, colorometric and spectrophotometric analysis, this red precipitate was found to be a salt composed of these two substances, and to be insoluble in hydrochloric acid above pH = 3.2. Other biologic substances producing a red color without the formation of precipitates showed a disappearance of the red color and resumption of the yellow color of alizarine red S above pH = 3.8. On the basis of these observations, a cytochemical test was developed that may identify the site of oxalosuccinic acid in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood leukocytes. Because of the initimate association of oxalosuccinic acid with isocitric dehydrogenase, the test may also indicate the site of this enzyme as well.", "PMID": 73337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5013", "title": "A comparative cytochemical study of the yolk platelets in the growing oocytes of Triturus cristatus and Rana esculenta.", "content": "Recent cytochemical techniques for the detection of proteins, neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, lipids and phospholipids in the yolk platelets of the growing oocytes of Rana esculenta and Triturus vulgaris are employed. Cytochemical analysis showed that the yolk in the form of granules or platelets, in the constituting itself the most prominent cytoplasmic inclusion of amphibian eggs, contains a protein moiety consisting of individual typical amino acids lacking tryptophan in Triturus, a carbohydrate fraction consisting of neutral mucopolysaccharides distributed in the superficial layer of each platelet, and phospholipids, phosphoproteins and lipoproteins which are present only in the main body of the same platelets. The different amino acid composition indicated a protein heterogeneity which could be connected with the tissue incompatibility of the transplantations when these last were effected between the orders Urodela and Anura. The different protein composition of the yolk also can be reflected at the species-specific level. The cytochemical data are further reviewed with the mode of utilization of the yolk platelets.", "contents": "A comparative cytochemical study of the yolk platelets in the growing oocytes of Triturus cristatus and Rana esculenta. Recent cytochemical techniques for the detection of proteins, neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, lipids and phospholipids in the yolk platelets of the growing oocytes of Rana esculenta and Triturus vulgaris are employed. Cytochemical analysis showed that the yolk in the form of granules or platelets, in the constituting itself the most prominent cytoplasmic inclusion of amphibian eggs, contains a protein moiety consisting of individual typical amino acids lacking tryptophan in Triturus, a carbohydrate fraction consisting of neutral mucopolysaccharides distributed in the superficial layer of each platelet, and phospholipids, phosphoproteins and lipoproteins which are present only in the main body of the same platelets. The different amino acid composition indicated a protein heterogeneity which could be connected with the tissue incompatibility of the transplantations when these last were effected between the orders Urodela and Anura. The different protein composition of the yolk also can be reflected at the species-specific level. The cytochemical data are further reviewed with the mode of utilization of the yolk platelets.", "PMID": 73338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5014", "title": "[The reactive behaviour of the cell nucleus after a pretreatment with a bromide solution and the application of the calcium-cobalt-method for the ATPase evidence (author's transl)].", "content": "A selective staining of the nucleus of both the cells in an islet (of Langerhans) and the acinar cells could be observed after treatment with bromide-water in an ATPase-medium (calcium-cobalt-method) on a cryostatsection of rat pancreas. Furthermore the behaviour of the other metal ion forming a complex has been tested in place of cobalt salt. As conditioned for the staining reaction the hydrolysis of nucleic acid with oxidation of its base by bromide-water and also the complex formation of Co++ with compounds similar to alloxan, resulted from oxidation were discussed.", "contents": "[The reactive behaviour of the cell nucleus after a pretreatment with a bromide solution and the application of the calcium-cobalt-method for the ATPase evidence (author's transl)]. A selective staining of the nucleus of both the cells in an islet (of Langerhans) and the acinar cells could be observed after treatment with bromide-water in an ATPase-medium (calcium-cobalt-method) on a cryostatsection of rat pancreas. Furthermore the behaviour of the other metal ion forming a complex has been tested in place of cobalt salt. As conditioned for the staining reaction the hydrolysis of nucleic acid with oxidation of its base by bromide-water and also the complex formation of Co++ with compounds similar to alloxan, resulted from oxidation were discussed.", "PMID": 73339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5015", "title": "[Fluorescence microscopic demonstration of eosinophile leucocytes with different fluorochromes (author's transl)].", "content": "A screening program involving blood from men and horse resulted in about 80 fluorochromes admitting microscopic differentiation of eosinophile leucocytes (properly their granules) in blood smears. Fluorescence distinguishes either selective, i. e. only eosinophile cells show fluorescence, or specific, that means, eosinophilic granules exhibit fluorescence differing from non-eosinophilic cells by colour and/or intensity.", "contents": "[Fluorescence microscopic demonstration of eosinophile leucocytes with different fluorochromes (author's transl)]. A screening program involving blood from men and horse resulted in about 80 fluorochromes admitting microscopic differentiation of eosinophile leucocytes (properly their granules) in blood smears. Fluorescence distinguishes either selective, i. e. only eosinophile cells show fluorescence, or specific, that means, eosinophilic granules exhibit fluorescence differing from non-eosinophilic cells by colour and/or intensity.", "PMID": 73340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5016", "title": "[Quantitative cytospectrometrical determination of protein sulfhydryl groups and reactive disulfide groups by the DDD-Fast blue B-staining method on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein sulfhydryl groups are histochemically demonstrated by reacting with DDD followed by coupling with Fast blue B. The molar absorptivity of the formed azo dye is 19000 per mole SH reacted. DDD simultaneously reacts with protein-SH- and -SS-groups. However, the reaction with SH-groups is approximately 1000 times faster than that observed with SS-groups. With Ehrlich ascites tumour cells the reaction of DDD with SH-groups is completed within 7 h while the reaction of DDD with SS-groups needs 14 days for completion. Due to the extreme difference in the reaction rates protein bound SH-groups as well as reactive SS-groups can be estimated quantitatively by cytospectrophotometrical methods. The cells investigated showed an average SH-content of (1,30 +/- 0,03) X 10(-14) M SH/cell while the average content of reactive SS-groups was (1,59 +/- 0,28) X 10(-14) M SS/cell. In addition it was found that especially the amount of reactive SS-groups per cell is not constant but exhibits seasonal variations.", "contents": "[Quantitative cytospectrometrical determination of protein sulfhydryl groups and reactive disulfide groups by the DDD-Fast blue B-staining method on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (author's transl)]. Protein sulfhydryl groups are histochemically demonstrated by reacting with DDD followed by coupling with Fast blue B. The molar absorptivity of the formed azo dye is 19000 per mole SH reacted. DDD simultaneously reacts with protein-SH- and -SS-groups. However, the reaction with SH-groups is approximately 1000 times faster than that observed with SS-groups. With Ehrlich ascites tumour cells the reaction of DDD with SH-groups is completed within 7 h while the reaction of DDD with SS-groups needs 14 days for completion. Due to the extreme difference in the reaction rates protein bound SH-groups as well as reactive SS-groups can be estimated quantitatively by cytospectrophotometrical methods. The cells investigated showed an average SH-content of (1,30 +/- 0,03) X 10(-14) M SH/cell while the average content of reactive SS-groups was (1,59 +/- 0,28) X 10(-14) M SS/cell. In addition it was found that especially the amount of reactive SS-groups per cell is not constant but exhibits seasonal variations.", "PMID": 73341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5017", "title": "Effect of bleomycin on peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Five patients with carcinoma of the penis receiving radiation therapy and injections of Bleomycin were examined to determine whether Bleomycin affects the peripheral pool of lymphoid cells. Total lymphocyte counts were not decreased, but transient reduction of the frequency of thymus-dependent cells occurred in 3 patients. The responses of the lymphocytes to phytomitogens and PPD were temporarily decreased these 3 patients. In 2 subjects the phytomitogen reactivity of the lymphocytes was improved after treatment.", "contents": "Effect of bleomycin on peripheral lymphocytes. Five patients with carcinoma of the penis receiving radiation therapy and injections of Bleomycin were examined to determine whether Bleomycin affects the peripheral pool of lymphoid cells. Total lymphocyte counts were not decreased, but transient reduction of the frequency of thymus-dependent cells occurred in 3 patients. The responses of the lymphocytes to phytomitogens and PPD were temporarily decreased these 3 patients. In 2 subjects the phytomitogen reactivity of the lymphocytes was improved after treatment.", "PMID": 73344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5018", "title": "Macrophage disappearance reaction in Rana esculenta induced by specific antigen and rabbit lymphokines.", "content": "Macrophage disappearance reaction was induced by intraperitoneal injections of specific antigens in Rana esculenta sensitized by bovine gamma globulin and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Rabbit lymphokines derived from concanavalin A stimulated blood lymphocytes injected intraperitoneally were able to induce macrophage disappearance reaction in normal Rana esculenta. This suggests that mammalian lymphokines are capable of acting in amphibia. Mammalian lymphokines have not an exclusive class-specificity in vertebrates.", "contents": "Macrophage disappearance reaction in Rana esculenta induced by specific antigen and rabbit lymphokines. Macrophage disappearance reaction was induced by intraperitoneal injections of specific antigens in Rana esculenta sensitized by bovine gamma globulin and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Rabbit lymphokines derived from concanavalin A stimulated blood lymphocytes injected intraperitoneally were able to induce macrophage disappearance reaction in normal Rana esculenta. This suggests that mammalian lymphokines are capable of acting in amphibia. Mammalian lymphokines have not an exclusive class-specificity in vertebrates.", "PMID": 73345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5019", "title": "[On pre-requirements to the use of audio-visual techniques in deviant children. Thoughts from the psychoanalytical treatment of a thirteen months aged child (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the analytical cure of a child between 13 and 21 months and hospitalized since birth. In a first phase, one can see the start of a relationship, then the objectal relationship to primary objects: on the one hand the object food and on the other hand the therapist within the transfert. These two objects, impossible in the reality dimension from the start, are progressively characterized by \"neantisation\", which can reach symbolic tone. A scene in front of the picture of a child on knees of a nurse progressively introduces Nadia to the third register: the imagery one. Her behaviour is exemplary during the 17 scences on the mirror, during which she can progressively assume the image of her unified body under the view of the other, in demonstrating that she can only do it by symbolizing primary objects, in particular \"to drink nothing\". The symbolisation acquired at the oral level permits to verbalise on the same mode her relationship to the anal object, i.e. on the non destructive symbolic mode. This treatment raises the question of the use of audio-visual techniques for psychotic and autistic subjects, and recuses the pedagogic use of image for such subjects, taking into account the primary importance of symbolic function on imagery function demonstrated in this paper. This is a prerequisite for any research in the field of audiovisual techniques with psychotics.", "contents": "[On pre-requirements to the use of audio-visual techniques in deviant children. Thoughts from the psychoanalytical treatment of a thirteen months aged child (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the analytical cure of a child between 13 and 21 months and hospitalized since birth. In a first phase, one can see the start of a relationship, then the objectal relationship to primary objects: on the one hand the object food and on the other hand the therapist within the transfert. These two objects, impossible in the reality dimension from the start, are progressively characterized by \"neantisation\", which can reach symbolic tone. A scene in front of the picture of a child on knees of a nurse progressively introduces Nadia to the third register: the imagery one. Her behaviour is exemplary during the 17 scences on the mirror, during which she can progressively assume the image of her unified body under the view of the other, in demonstrating that she can only do it by symbolizing primary objects, in particular \"to drink nothing\". The symbolisation acquired at the oral level permits to verbalise on the same mode her relationship to the anal object, i.e. on the non destructive symbolic mode. This treatment raises the question of the use of audio-visual techniques for psychotic and autistic subjects, and recuses the pedagogic use of image for such subjects, taking into account the primary importance of symbolic function on imagery function demonstrated in this paper. This is a prerequisite for any research in the field of audiovisual techniques with psychotics.", "PMID": 73343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5020", "title": "The measurement of histamine release from suspensions of rat peritoneal cells rich in mast cells.", "content": "Histamine released from the mast cells in unfractionated rat peritoneal cell suspensions could be quickly and conveniently measured by an automated chemical method. There were no substances in the unfractionated peritoneal cells that interfered with the chemical histamine measurement. Organic extraction of histamine and deproteinization of samples were not necessary using the automated method. The amount of histamine released from preparations of peritoneal cells by a fixed concentration of compound 48/80 decreased with the time of preincubation of the cells but this varied between preparations. Phagocytic activity directed against the mast cells probably explained these observations. The state of nutrition of the rats and the presence or absence and/or glucose in the medium all influenced the rate of decline of viability of the mast cells.", "contents": "The measurement of histamine release from suspensions of rat peritoneal cells rich in mast cells. Histamine released from the mast cells in unfractionated rat peritoneal cell suspensions could be quickly and conveniently measured by an automated chemical method. There were no substances in the unfractionated peritoneal cells that interfered with the chemical histamine measurement. Organic extraction of histamine and deproteinization of samples were not necessary using the automated method. The amount of histamine released from preparations of peritoneal cells by a fixed concentration of compound 48/80 decreased with the time of preincubation of the cells but this varied between preparations. Phagocytic activity directed against the mast cells probably explained these observations. The state of nutrition of the rats and the presence or absence and/or glucose in the medium all influenced the rate of decline of viability of the mast cells.", "PMID": 73348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5021", "title": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. II. Genetic variants of vitamin D-labeled group-specific component (Gc) proteins.", "content": "A novel technique for detecting electrophoretic and quantitative variants of group-specific component (Gc) proteins is described. The technique, in vitro labeling with radioactive vitamin D followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography (PAGE autoradiography), permits sensitive, high resolution detection of Gc variants by virtue of a physiologically significant property: the ability of Gc to bind vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Using this procedure, anodal Gc variants, with mobility similar to Gc Aborigine and Gc Eskimo, were observed in Chinese, Japanese, African Pygmies, and American Blacks. The gene frequency of these variants ranges from 2.6% to 15%; they were not previously known to be polymorphic in these populations. In addition to qualitative variants, individual variation in Gc band density ratios is documented and discussed. These studies not only illustrate the utility of PAGE autoradiography in screening Gc, but also confirm that a major functional role of Gc in man and other animals is the transport of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites.", "contents": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. II. Genetic variants of vitamin D-labeled group-specific component (Gc) proteins. A novel technique for detecting electrophoretic and quantitative variants of group-specific component (Gc) proteins is described. The technique, in vitro labeling with radioactive vitamin D followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography (PAGE autoradiography), permits sensitive, high resolution detection of Gc variants by virtue of a physiologically significant property: the ability of Gc to bind vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Using this procedure, anodal Gc variants, with mobility similar to Gc Aborigine and Gc Eskimo, were observed in Chinese, Japanese, African Pygmies, and American Blacks. The gene frequency of these variants ranges from 2.6% to 15%; they were not previously known to be polymorphic in these populations. In addition to qualitative variants, individual variation in Gc band density ratios is documented and discussed. These studies not only illustrate the utility of PAGE autoradiography in screening Gc, but also confirm that a major functional role of Gc in man and other animals is the transport of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites.", "PMID": 73350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5022", "title": "Laboratory procedures used in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review.", "content": "The literature concerning the laboratory procedures presently available to aid in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was reviewed to determine which of these techniques could be most valuable in the detection and management of SLE patients. The LE cell test, once the laboratory basis for SLE diagnosis, was concluded to be insensitive, non-specific, and did not correspond to clinical activity of the patient. A second procedure, antinuclear-antibody detection, although very sensitive, was not specific for SLE; therefore, its value is limited for use as a screening technique to rule out SLE. The Farr anti-DNA precipitate immunoassay, used for the measurement of antibodies to DNA, was sensitive and specific, and also correlated well with the clinical condition of the patient. Therefore, the Farr binding assay is recommended as the laboratory procedure of choice since it is useful in monitoring disease activity and may contribute to earlier diagnosis and more precise management of SLE patients.", "contents": "Laboratory procedures used in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review. The literature concerning the laboratory procedures presently available to aid in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was reviewed to determine which of these techniques could be most valuable in the detection and management of SLE patients. The LE cell test, once the laboratory basis for SLE diagnosis, was concluded to be insensitive, non-specific, and did not correspond to clinical activity of the patient. A second procedure, antinuclear-antibody detection, although very sensitive, was not specific for SLE; therefore, its value is limited for use as a screening technique to rule out SLE. The Farr anti-DNA precipitate immunoassay, used for the measurement of antibodies to DNA, was sensitive and specific, and also correlated well with the clinical condition of the patient. Therefore, the Farr binding assay is recommended as the laboratory procedure of choice since it is useful in monitoring disease activity and may contribute to earlier diagnosis and more precise management of SLE patients.", "PMID": 73351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5023", "title": "[Studies on the modification of performance and metabolic processes in sheep through experimental Fasciola hepatica infections considering low infestation intensity].", "content": "Low experimental infections with Fasciola hepatica (8...17 flukes per animal) in sheep, 6...12 months old, caused less gain weight over a period of 22 weeks. Changes in the number of erythrocytes and in the Hb-concentration were not found. In contrast to the controls the infected sheep showed strong fluctuations in the number of lymphocytes. 3 weeks post infect. a significant eosinophilia was observed, which continued until the end of the investigation. With the beginning of the fourth week post infect. the values of serum albumin were lower, the values of gamma-globulin higher than those of the controls, but there was no statistical significance. The bromosulphalein-test for liver function was negative.", "contents": "[Studies on the modification of performance and metabolic processes in sheep through experimental Fasciola hepatica infections considering low infestation intensity]. Low experimental infections with Fasciola hepatica (8...17 flukes per animal) in sheep, 6...12 months old, caused less gain weight over a period of 22 weeks. Changes in the number of erythrocytes and in the Hb-concentration were not found. In contrast to the controls the infected sheep showed strong fluctuations in the number of lymphocytes. 3 weeks post infect. a significant eosinophilia was observed, which continued until the end of the investigation. With the beginning of the fourth week post infect. the values of serum albumin were lower, the values of gamma-globulin higher than those of the controls, but there was no statistical significance. The bromosulphalein-test for liver function was negative.", "PMID": 73356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5024", "title": "A reverse transcriptase assay for detection of the bovine leukemia virus.", "content": "An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase has been demonstrated in highly purified bovine leukemia virus (BLV) particles. The viral enzyme responded very effectively to the exogenous template primer polyneucleotide (poly) (rA)-oligonucleotide (oligo) (dT). Unlike the reverse transcriptases of most mammalian C type RNA viruses, and of the ubliquitous foamy-like bovine syncytial virus, the BLV enzyme prefers magnesium rather than manganese for optimal activity. The identification of several other conditions required for optimal activity of the viral reverse transcriptase led to the development of a rapid, sensitive, semiquantitative assay, which is comparable in sensitivity to the syncytia-infectivity assay for the detection of BLV in supernatant fluids of monolayer cell cultures. However, the reverse transcriptase assay is not sufficiently reproducible for obtaining routine detection of BLV in short-term cultures of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, this assay does not seem to provide an accurate method for the diagnosis of BL virus infection in cattle.", "contents": "A reverse transcriptase assay for detection of the bovine leukemia virus. An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase has been demonstrated in highly purified bovine leukemia virus (BLV) particles. The viral enzyme responded very effectively to the exogenous template primer polyneucleotide (poly) (rA)-oligonucleotide (oligo) (dT). Unlike the reverse transcriptases of most mammalian C type RNA viruses, and of the ubliquitous foamy-like bovine syncytial virus, the BLV enzyme prefers magnesium rather than manganese for optimal activity. The identification of several other conditions required for optimal activity of the viral reverse transcriptase led to the development of a rapid, sensitive, semiquantitative assay, which is comparable in sensitivity to the syncytia-infectivity assay for the detection of BLV in supernatant fluids of monolayer cell cultures. However, the reverse transcriptase assay is not sufficiently reproducible for obtaining routine detection of BLV in short-term cultures of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, this assay does not seem to provide an accurate method for the diagnosis of BL virus infection in cattle.", "PMID": 73357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5025", "title": "Acute intravenous premedication with nalbuphine.", "content": "In a randomized, double blind study of 75 adult surgical patients, nalbuphine (0.1 mg/kg), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), or a placebo were administered intravenously as premedication 12 to 16 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Comparison of the 3 groups showed: (1) patients receiving nalbuphine and morphine had a significant reduction of minute ventilation and a significantly greater incidence of immediate side effects than did patients receiving placebo injections; (2) patients receiving morphine required no medication for pain in the early postoperative period; and (3) patients receiving nalbulphine experienced less nausea and/or vomiting postoperatively than did those in the other 2 groups.", "contents": "Acute intravenous premedication with nalbuphine. In a randomized, double blind study of 75 adult surgical patients, nalbuphine (0.1 mg/kg), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), or a placebo were administered intravenously as premedication 12 to 16 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Comparison of the 3 groups showed: (1) patients receiving nalbuphine and morphine had a significant reduction of minute ventilation and a significantly greater incidence of immediate side effects than did patients receiving placebo injections; (2) patients receiving morphine required no medication for pain in the early postoperative period; and (3) patients receiving nalbulphine experienced less nausea and/or vomiting postoperatively than did those in the other 2 groups.", "PMID": 73353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5026", "title": "Immunoglobulin M associated with secretory component and immunoglobulin A deficiency in bovine colostrum.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) M purified from bovine colostrum was examined by an immunodiffusion analysis with antisecretory IgA serum and was found to be associated with a secretory component. Some of the combined proteins were dissociated if treated with 5 M guanidine-HCl and others were not. Another immunodiffusion analysis of 23 specimens of colostrum led to the finding that certain colostrums were deficient in IgA, even though they contained IgG and IgM.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M associated with secretory component and immunoglobulin A deficiency in bovine colostrum. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M purified from bovine colostrum was examined by an immunodiffusion analysis with antisecretory IgA serum and was found to be associated with a secretory component. Some of the combined proteins were dissociated if treated with 5 M guanidine-HCl and others were not. Another immunodiffusion analysis of 23 specimens of colostrum led to the finding that certain colostrums were deficient in IgA, even though they contained IgG and IgM.", "PMID": 73358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5027", "title": "[Detection of a new lipoprotein: Lp(a). Its occurrence in atherosclerosis with or without hyperlipemia].", "content": "Detected using a method involving gradient electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the presence of a high level of an Lp(a) was demonstrated in 17% of control subjects and 39% oh hyperlipidaemic subjects explored. The difference appeared to be particularly significant in subjects with a pure hypercholesterolaemia (type IIA) or dominant hypercholesterolaemia (type IIB), which may be accounted for by the antigenic communities and related substances in the lipid composition uniting Lp(a) to LDL. The association of frank atherosclerosis with the hyperlipidaemia substantially increased the frequency of high levels of circulating Lp(a). A combined elevation of levels of Lp(a) and LDL would seem to be associated with a particular atherogenic power.", "contents": "[Detection of a new lipoprotein: Lp(a). Its occurrence in atherosclerosis with or without hyperlipemia]. Detected using a method involving gradient electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, the presence of a high level of an Lp(a) was demonstrated in 17% of control subjects and 39% oh hyperlipidaemic subjects explored. The difference appeared to be particularly significant in subjects with a pure hypercholesterolaemia (type IIA) or dominant hypercholesterolaemia (type IIB), which may be accounted for by the antigenic communities and related substances in the lipid composition uniting Lp(a) to LDL. The association of frank atherosclerosis with the hyperlipidaemia substantially increased the frequency of high levels of circulating Lp(a). A combined elevation of levels of Lp(a) and LDL would seem to be associated with a particular atherogenic power.", "PMID": 73359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5028", "title": "Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners.", "content": "This description of some of the present knowledge on skeletal muscle fibers, their metabolic potentials, and their interplay with the degree of physical activity has revealed that skeletal muscle of man has a very large capacity for adaptation. Moreover, this adaptability appears to be of utmost importance for the metabolic response as well as for performance. Although all this is true, it should not distract us from the fact that we are lacking the most important information. The questions that need to be answered are: What triggers the changes to take place? Which are the regulatory mechanisms?", "contents": "Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners. This description of some of the present knowledge on skeletal muscle fibers, their metabolic potentials, and their interplay with the degree of physical activity has revealed that skeletal muscle of man has a very large capacity for adaptation. Moreover, this adaptability appears to be of utmost importance for the metabolic response as well as for performance. Although all this is true, it should not distract us from the fact that we are lacking the most important information. The questions that need to be answered are: What triggers the changes to take place? Which are the regulatory mechanisms?", "PMID": 73362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5029", "title": "Uptake and incorporation of glucose and mannose by whole cells of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.", "content": "Glucose uptake by whole-cell suspensions of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was two- to fourfold higher under aerobic conditions than during incubation under atmospheres of N(2) or H(2) gas. The O(2)-stimulated uptake activity was lost rapidly (>70% in 5 h) when cell suspensions were incubated aerobically, but this loss was prevented by the addition of crude catalase. Catalase had no apparent effect on cell viability during these incubations. Glucose uptake activity was strongly inhibited by a 10-fold excess of mannose or galactose but not by methyl-alpha-d-glucoside, fructose, or lactose. Both glucose and mannose were rapidly incorporated into polyglucose after uptake. The O(2)-stimulated glucose uptake was not inhibited by cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or 2-N-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. However, p-chloromercuribenzoate, menadione, and sodium fluoride inhibited uptake by 88, 67, and 55%, respectively. All attempts to detect phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase activity for glucose, methyl-alpha-d-glucoside, and 2-deoxyglucose were negative. The bacteria contained hexokinase activity and a complete glycolytic Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "contents": "Uptake and incorporation of glucose and mannose by whole cells of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Glucose uptake by whole-cell suspensions of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was two- to fourfold higher under aerobic conditions than during incubation under atmospheres of N(2) or H(2) gas. The O(2)-stimulated uptake activity was lost rapidly (>70% in 5 h) when cell suspensions were incubated aerobically, but this loss was prevented by the addition of crude catalase. Catalase had no apparent effect on cell viability during these incubations. Glucose uptake activity was strongly inhibited by a 10-fold excess of mannose or galactose but not by methyl-alpha-d-glucoside, fructose, or lactose. Both glucose and mannose were rapidly incorporated into polyglucose after uptake. The O(2)-stimulated glucose uptake was not inhibited by cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or 2-N-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. However, p-chloromercuribenzoate, menadione, and sodium fluoride inhibited uptake by 88, 67, and 55%, respectively. All attempts to detect phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase activity for glucose, methyl-alpha-d-glucoside, and 2-deoxyglucose were negative. The bacteria contained hexokinase activity and a complete glycolytic Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "PMID": 73363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5030", "title": "[Antigenic study of Serratia marcescens isolated in France. I.--Antigens: individualization of six new H factors (author's transl)].", "content": "The H antigens of 469 strains of Serratia marcescens have been studied. A specific immobilization test in soft agar with antiserum is described. Being more quickly carried out than tube agglutination, it has the same specificity. The most frequently identified H antigen is H:12. Six new H antigens (H:14 to H:19) have been individualized, one of them--H:17--frequently occurring in strains isolated in France.", "contents": "[Antigenic study of Serratia marcescens isolated in France. I.--Antigens: individualization of six new H factors (author's transl)]. The H antigens of 469 strains of Serratia marcescens have been studied. A specific immobilization test in soft agar with antiserum is described. Being more quickly carried out than tube agglutination, it has the same specificity. The most frequently identified H antigen is H:12. Six new H antigens (H:14 to H:19) have been individualized, one of them--H:17--frequently occurring in strains isolated in France.", "PMID": 73361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5031", "title": "Squamous metaplastic cells in cervical canal aspiration smears in women with ovarian function disorders.", "content": "Clinical findings and cytological data of 100 non-pregnant in-patients with squamous metaplastic cells in their cervical canal aspiration smears were compared to 100 randomly selected women without metaplastic cells, both groups having been diagnosed as ovarian disturbances. In women with squamous metaplastic cells more frequent cervical canal erosions, abnormal results of water-salt test and diagnosis of hypothalamic postpregnancy syndrome were stated. The findings together with the drift to the right of the Maturation Index, higher the Maturation Value and Eosinophilic Index and lower the Cytolytic Index, may suggest that the disturbances of the neurohormonal background are important in pathogenesis of the endocervical squamous metaplasia and that the latter may play a role in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Squamous metaplastic cells in cervical canal aspiration smears in women with ovarian function disorders. Clinical findings and cytological data of 100 non-pregnant in-patients with squamous metaplastic cells in their cervical canal aspiration smears were compared to 100 randomly selected women without metaplastic cells, both groups having been diagnosed as ovarian disturbances. In women with squamous metaplastic cells more frequent cervical canal erosions, abnormal results of water-salt test and diagnosis of hypothalamic postpregnancy syndrome were stated. The findings together with the drift to the right of the Maturation Index, higher the Maturation Value and Eosinophilic Index and lower the Cytolytic Index, may suggest that the disturbances of the neurohormonal background are important in pathogenesis of the endocervical squamous metaplasia and that the latter may play a role in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 73365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5032", "title": "[Practice related attempts at a precision diagnosis in gynecological cytology].", "content": "In a selected material of 316 cases detailed cytological examinations were made, above all, of categories of the Papanicolaou groups III, IV and V. These are special cases with prediagnostically aggravating factors of various, kinds, without and after irradiation therapy. As a comparison, smear-preparations of the Papanicolaou group IV from screening examinations are stated. We aimed at achieving a precisation of cytodiagnostics, so as to achieve in this way the classification to the Papanicolaou groups with a greater reliability. In order to increase the degree of objectivity, the renewed judgements of the preparations by 2 persons (secondary and tertiary diagnostics) were carried through. After the decolorisation of preparations already diagnosed (primary diagnostics) and subsequent renewed judgement after a PAS-reaction test, a significant precisation of the Papanicolaou group III could be reached by a more exact demonstratability of the cell nucleus structures. A strikingly state-blue stainability of the cell nuclei was found significantly more frequently with histologically confirmed carcinomata, less frequently with so-called preliminary stages. There was no statistically significant difference between the preparations taken from non-radiated cases and the cases with a state following radiatio, as far as a precisation was concerned. The kind of this additional processing of the gynaecological smear preparations is applicable in practice, too. It should, however, be mainly reserved to diagnostically problematical cases.", "contents": "[Practice related attempts at a precision diagnosis in gynecological cytology]. In a selected material of 316 cases detailed cytological examinations were made, above all, of categories of the Papanicolaou groups III, IV and V. These are special cases with prediagnostically aggravating factors of various, kinds, without and after irradiation therapy. As a comparison, smear-preparations of the Papanicolaou group IV from screening examinations are stated. We aimed at achieving a precisation of cytodiagnostics, so as to achieve in this way the classification to the Papanicolaou groups with a greater reliability. In order to increase the degree of objectivity, the renewed judgements of the preparations by 2 persons (secondary and tertiary diagnostics) were carried through. After the decolorisation of preparations already diagnosed (primary diagnostics) and subsequent renewed judgement after a PAS-reaction test, a significant precisation of the Papanicolaou group III could be reached by a more exact demonstratability of the cell nucleus structures. A strikingly state-blue stainability of the cell nuclei was found significantly more frequently with histologically confirmed carcinomata, less frequently with so-called preliminary stages. There was no statistically significant difference between the preparations taken from non-radiated cases and the cases with a state following radiatio, as far as a precisation was concerned. The kind of this additional processing of the gynaecological smear preparations is applicable in practice, too. It should, however, be mainly reserved to diagnostically problematical cases.", "PMID": 73366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5033", "title": "Inductive influence of macrophages on cytotoxic properties of lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal rat lymphocytes preincubated over syngeneic peritoneal macrophages derived from rats sensitized to tuberculous bacilli and then cultured with PPD showed a cytotoxic effect on sheep red blood cells coated with PPD. This effect was antigen specific and did not involve the nonspecific influence of macrophages.", "contents": "Inductive influence of macrophages on cytotoxic properties of lymphocytes. Normal rat lymphocytes preincubated over syngeneic peritoneal macrophages derived from rats sensitized to tuberculous bacilli and then cultured with PPD showed a cytotoxic effect on sheep red blood cells coated with PPD. This effect was antigen specific and did not involve the nonspecific influence of macrophages.", "PMID": 73367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5034", "title": "The potential advantages and requirements of live attenuated influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines are potentially the most efficient and effective method of immunization against epidemic influenza, and offer the only feasible means of mass vaccination at a socially acceptable cost. The advantage of live virus vaccines are described and compared with killed virus vaccines in terms of immune responses, protection and commercial production. The most frequently considered methods of attenuation and their individual drawbacks are discussed with speculation on the future development and rationale of master vaccine strains. Recommended minimal requirements of master vaccine strains and candidate live vaccines are presented as a basis for their eventual evaluation by licensing authorities.", "contents": "The potential advantages and requirements of live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines are potentially the most efficient and effective method of immunization against epidemic influenza, and offer the only feasible means of mass vaccination at a socially acceptable cost. The advantage of live virus vaccines are described and compared with killed virus vaccines in terms of immune responses, protection and commercial production. The most frequently considered methods of attenuation and their individual drawbacks are discussed with speculation on the future development and rationale of master vaccine strains. Recommended minimal requirements of master vaccine strains and candidate live vaccines are presented as a basis for their eventual evaluation by licensing authorities.", "PMID": 73370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5035", "title": "Semen collection and evaluation in the ram. The preparation of spermatozoa for morphological examination.", "content": "Tail and mid-piece morphology of ram spermatozoa were compared using wet preparations of semen diluted in buffered formal saline at temperatures of 10 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The temperature of the diluent did not affect the occurrence of abnormalities. Tail and mid-piece morphology were also examined in semen smears stained by a modified Williams' stain using glass slides at temperatures of 10 degrees C, 38 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The occurrence of the abnormalities was not affected by the slide temperature. The occurrence of tail and mid-piece abnormalities was compared using the 2 methods of preparation. Only the occurrence of distal cytoplasmic droplets was affected by the method of preparation. In the stained smear preparations, most of the distal cytoplasmic droplets were lost. However, only a few of the proximal droplets were lost when this method was used.", "contents": "Semen collection and evaluation in the ram. The preparation of spermatozoa for morphological examination. Tail and mid-piece morphology of ram spermatozoa were compared using wet preparations of semen diluted in buffered formal saline at temperatures of 10 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The temperature of the diluent did not affect the occurrence of abnormalities. Tail and mid-piece morphology were also examined in semen smears stained by a modified Williams' stain using glass slides at temperatures of 10 degrees C, 38 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The occurrence of the abnormalities was not affected by the slide temperature. The occurrence of tail and mid-piece abnormalities was compared using the 2 methods of preparation. Only the occurrence of distal cytoplasmic droplets was affected by the method of preparation. In the stained smear preparations, most of the distal cytoplasmic droplets were lost. However, only a few of the proximal droplets were lost when this method was used.", "PMID": 73371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5036", "title": "Serum esterase genetics in rabbits. IV. The prealbumin and beta-globulin systems.", "content": "Discontinuous starch gel electrophoresis revealed a fourth allele of rabbit pre-albumin serum esterase at locus Est-2. This allele is designated Est-2f and appears to be silent. In addition to the prealbumin serum esterases, another serum esterase system was studied in rabbits. This system is localized in the beta-globulin region. Genetic analysis indicated that one locus with two codominant alleles controls the variation in this region. Linkage of this system with Est-1 and Est-2 of the prealbumin serum esterases was demonstrated. Comparison of the arrangement of these esterase loci on linkage group VI with the esterase loci on chromosome 8 of the mouse gives additional support for the theory of evolutionary conservation of chromosomal segments coding for mammalian esterases.", "contents": "Serum esterase genetics in rabbits. IV. The prealbumin and beta-globulin systems. Discontinuous starch gel electrophoresis revealed a fourth allele of rabbit pre-albumin serum esterase at locus Est-2. This allele is designated Est-2f and appears to be silent. In addition to the prealbumin serum esterases, another serum esterase system was studied in rabbits. This system is localized in the beta-globulin region. Genetic analysis indicated that one locus with two codominant alleles controls the variation in this region. Linkage of this system with Est-1 and Est-2 of the prealbumin serum esterases was demonstrated. Comparison of the arrangement of these esterase loci on linkage group VI with the esterase loci on chromosome 8 of the mouse gives additional support for the theory of evolutionary conservation of chromosomal segments coding for mammalian esterases.", "PMID": 73373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5037", "title": "Prediction and conformation by synthesis of two antigenic sites in human haemoglobin by extrapolation from the known antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin.", "content": "The complete antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin was previously determined in our laboratory. By structural analogy with myoglobin, two regions in human haemoglobin were predicted to comprise antigenic sites. One region was on the alpha-chain [alpha-(15-23)] and the other on the beta-chain [beta-(16-23)]. These two regions were synthesized, purified and characterized, and their immunochemistry was studied. Each peptide was able specifically to bind considerable amounts of haemoglobin antibodies. In a set of homologous proteins, barring any drastic conformational or electrostatic inductive effects exerted by the substitutions, and allowing for obstruction due to subunit interaction, the determination of the antigenic structure of one protein may serve as a useful starting model for the others.", "contents": "Prediction and conformation by synthesis of two antigenic sites in human haemoglobin by extrapolation from the known antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin. The complete antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin was previously determined in our laboratory. By structural analogy with myoglobin, two regions in human haemoglobin were predicted to comprise antigenic sites. One region was on the alpha-chain [alpha-(15-23)] and the other on the beta-chain [beta-(16-23)]. These two regions were synthesized, purified and characterized, and their immunochemistry was studied. Each peptide was able specifically to bind considerable amounts of haemoglobin antibodies. In a set of homologous proteins, barring any drastic conformational or electrostatic inductive effects exerted by the substitutions, and allowing for obstruction due to subunit interaction, the determination of the antigenic structure of one protein may serve as a useful starting model for the others.", "PMID": 73374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5038", "title": "Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with mercurochrome. Relationship of an exposed thiol group of the enzyme to the active centre.", "content": "Mercurochrome strongly inhibits aspartate transaminase and 2,3-dicarboxyethylated aspartate transaminase. The native enzyme exhibits a biphasic time-course of inactivation by mercurochrome with second-order rate constants 1.62 x 10(4) M-1 - min-1 and 2.15 x 10(3) M-1 - min-1, whereas the modified enzyme is inactivated more slowly (second-order rate constant 6.1 x 10(2) M-1 - min-1) under the same conditions. The inhibitor inactivates native and modified enzyme in the absence as well as in the presence of substrates. Mercurochrome-transaminase interaction is accompanied by a red shift in the absorption maximum of the fluorochrome of about 10 nm. Difference spectra of the mercurochrome-enzyme system versus mercurochrome, compared with analogous spectra of mercurochrome-ethanol, revealed that the spectral shifts recorded during mercurochrome-transaminase interaction are similar to those that occur when mercurochrome is dissolved in non-polar solvents. Studies of mercurochrome complexes with native or modified transaminase, isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25, revealed that native transaminase is able to conjugate with four mercurochrome molecules per molecule, but the modified enzyme is able to conjugate with only two mercurochrome molecules per molecule.", "contents": "Interaction of aspartate aminotransferase with mercurochrome. Relationship of an exposed thiol group of the enzyme to the active centre. Mercurochrome strongly inhibits aspartate transaminase and 2,3-dicarboxyethylated aspartate transaminase. The native enzyme exhibits a biphasic time-course of inactivation by mercurochrome with second-order rate constants 1.62 x 10(4) M-1 - min-1 and 2.15 x 10(3) M-1 - min-1, whereas the modified enzyme is inactivated more slowly (second-order rate constant 6.1 x 10(2) M-1 - min-1) under the same conditions. The inhibitor inactivates native and modified enzyme in the absence as well as in the presence of substrates. Mercurochrome-transaminase interaction is accompanied by a red shift in the absorption maximum of the fluorochrome of about 10 nm. Difference spectra of the mercurochrome-enzyme system versus mercurochrome, compared with analogous spectra of mercurochrome-ethanol, revealed that the spectral shifts recorded during mercurochrome-transaminase interaction are similar to those that occur when mercurochrome is dissolved in non-polar solvents. Studies of mercurochrome complexes with native or modified transaminase, isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25, revealed that native transaminase is able to conjugate with four mercurochrome molecules per molecule, but the modified enzyme is able to conjugate with only two mercurochrome molecules per molecule.", "PMID": 73375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5039", "title": "Detection of carcinoembryonic-like antigen on melanoma cells by leucocyte-dependent-antibody assays.", "content": "CEA-like antigen has been detected on the surface of some melanoma cells using a rabbit antiserum raised against CEA antigen in 51Cr-release leucocyte-dependent cytotoxic-antibody (LDA) assays. The CEA antigen used for production of the antiserum was shown to be immunologically pure by immunoelectrophoresis procedures and reacted with a reference serum to CEA. The specificity of the CEA antiserum for CEA on the melanoma cells was further shown by removal of reactivity to melanoma cells after absorption on CEA affinity columns. LDA activity to CEA was also shown in a serum taken during pregnancy. No CEA LDA activity was found in several melanoma sera. These findings suggest that CEA may have biological significance in tumour rejection, and that CEA assays may be of value in monitoring disease activity in melanoma patients.", "contents": "Detection of carcinoembryonic-like antigen on melanoma cells by leucocyte-dependent-antibody assays. CEA-like antigen has been detected on the surface of some melanoma cells using a rabbit antiserum raised against CEA antigen in 51Cr-release leucocyte-dependent cytotoxic-antibody (LDA) assays. The CEA antigen used for production of the antiserum was shown to be immunologically pure by immunoelectrophoresis procedures and reacted with a reference serum to CEA. The specificity of the CEA antiserum for CEA on the melanoma cells was further shown by removal of reactivity to melanoma cells after absorption on CEA affinity columns. LDA activity to CEA was also shown in a serum taken during pregnancy. No CEA LDA activity was found in several melanoma sera. These findings suggest that CEA may have biological significance in tumour rejection, and that CEA assays may be of value in monitoring disease activity in melanoma patients.", "PMID": 73378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5040", "title": "Epidermal abnormalities in Refsum's disease.", "content": "A female patient with severe Refsum's disease is described. She had striking ichthyosis and detailed investigations into the structure of the epidermis were performed. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed lipid-containing vacuoles in the epidermis. Scanning electron microscopy of the stratum corneum showed disruption and the presence of microvilli on individual horn cells consistent with a high output state of epidermal cell production.", "contents": "Epidermal abnormalities in Refsum's disease. A female patient with severe Refsum's disease is described. She had striking ichthyosis and detailed investigations into the structure of the epidermis were performed. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed lipid-containing vacuoles in the epidermis. Scanning electron microscopy of the stratum corneum showed disruption and the presence of microvilli on individual horn cells consistent with a high output state of epidermal cell production.", "PMID": 73380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5041", "title": "Binding of zinc to alpha-2-macroglobulin and its role in enzyme binding activity.", "content": "Physicochemical studies performed on alpha-2-macroglobulin were correlated with the biological activities of this protein. Equilibrium dialysis of the binding of 65Zn by alpha-2-macroglobulin at pH 7.9 showed heterogeneous binding which could be attributed to two classes of binding sites. The site of greatest affinity for zinc had an apparent stoichiometry (n1 in gatoms/mol of alpha-2-macroglobulin monomer) of 12 and an apparent association constant (K1) of 3.06.10(7). The second binding site had an n2 of 60 and K2 of 1.32.10(5). The trypsin binding activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin did not depend on the presence of zinc in this protein since all but traces of this metal could be removed by EDTA without loss of trypsin binding activity. Saturation of site 1 with zinc did not affect the trypsin binding activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin, but binding of the metal by site 2 progressively decreased the trypsin binding activity by causing an irreversable association of the alpha-2-macroglobulin molecules. Removal of excess zinc from alpha-2-macroglobulin did not restore its trypsin binding activity. Our results also indicate that the high zinc content of alpha-2-macroglobulin (320--770 microgram/g protein) reported in the literature is an artifact and that native alpha-2-macroglobulin contains approximately 150--180 microgram Zn/g protein.", "contents": "Binding of zinc to alpha-2-macroglobulin and its role in enzyme binding activity. Physicochemical studies performed on alpha-2-macroglobulin were correlated with the biological activities of this protein. Equilibrium dialysis of the binding of 65Zn by alpha-2-macroglobulin at pH 7.9 showed heterogeneous binding which could be attributed to two classes of binding sites. The site of greatest affinity for zinc had an apparent stoichiometry (n1 in gatoms/mol of alpha-2-macroglobulin monomer) of 12 and an apparent association constant (K1) of 3.06.10(7). The second binding site had an n2 of 60 and K2 of 1.32.10(5). The trypsin binding activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin did not depend on the presence of zinc in this protein since all but traces of this metal could be removed by EDTA without loss of trypsin binding activity. Saturation of site 1 with zinc did not affect the trypsin binding activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin, but binding of the metal by site 2 progressively decreased the trypsin binding activity by causing an irreversable association of the alpha-2-macroglobulin molecules. Removal of excess zinc from alpha-2-macroglobulin did not restore its trypsin binding activity. Our results also indicate that the high zinc content of alpha-2-macroglobulin (320--770 microgram/g protein) reported in the literature is an artifact and that native alpha-2-macroglobulin contains approximately 150--180 microgram Zn/g protein.", "PMID": 73385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5042", "title": "Purification, partial characterization, and immunological relationships of multiple low molecular weight protease inhibitors of soybean.", "content": "Five protease inhibitors, I--V, in the molecular weight range 7000--8000 were purified from Tracy soybeans by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-75, and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. In common with previously described trypsin inhibitors from legumes, I--V have a high content of half-cystine and lack tryptophan. By contrast with other legume inhibitors, inhibitor II contains 3 methionine residues. Isoelectric points range from 6.2 to 4.2 in order from inhibitor I to V. Molar ratios (inhibitor/enzyme) for 50% trypsin inhibition are I = 4.76, II = 1.32, III = 3.22, IV = 2.17, V = 0.97. Only V inhibit chymotrypsin significantly (molar ratio = 1.33 for 50% inhibition). The sequence of the first 16 N-terminal amino acid residued of inhibitor V is identical to that of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor; all other observations also indicate that  inhibitor V and Bowman-Birk are identical. The first 20 N-terminal amino acid residues of inhibitor II show high homology to those of Bowman-Birk inhibitor, differing by 1 deletion and 5 substitutions. Immunological tests show that inhibitors I through IV are fully cross-reactive with each other but are distinct from inhibitor V.", "contents": "Purification, partial characterization, and immunological relationships of multiple low molecular weight protease inhibitors of soybean. Five protease inhibitors, I--V, in the molecular weight range 7000--8000 were purified from Tracy soybeans by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-75, and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. In common with previously described trypsin inhibitors from legumes, I--V have a high content of half-cystine and lack tryptophan. By contrast with other legume inhibitors, inhibitor II contains 3 methionine residues. Isoelectric points range from 6.2 to 4.2 in order from inhibitor I to V. Molar ratios (inhibitor/enzyme) for 50% trypsin inhibition are I = 4.76, II = 1.32, III = 3.22, IV = 2.17, V = 0.97. Only V inhibit chymotrypsin significantly (molar ratio = 1.33 for 50% inhibition). The sequence of the first 16 N-terminal amino acid residued of inhibitor V is identical to that of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor; all other observations also indicate that  inhibitor V and Bowman-Birk are identical. The first 20 N-terminal amino acid residues of inhibitor II show high homology to those of Bowman-Birk inhibitor, differing by 1 deletion and 5 substitutions. Immunological tests show that inhibitors I through IV are fully cross-reactive with each other but are distinct from inhibitor V.", "PMID": 73387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5043", "title": "Heparin cofactor activity during and after extracorporeal circulation with bubble and membrane oxygenators.", "content": "Heparin cofactor activity as measured by an amidolytic method has been investigated in 48 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extra-corporeal circulation (E.C.C.). Heparin cofactor activity is reduced soon after the start of E.C.C., due to hemodilution but it returns towards initial levels at the completion of the procedure and 3 hours later. Thus heparin cofactor does not seem to play a role in the heparin rebound phenomenon. In our patients bubble oxygenators did not modify heparin cofactor activity more than did membrane oxygenators.", "contents": "Heparin cofactor activity during and after extracorporeal circulation with bubble and membrane oxygenators. Heparin cofactor activity as measured by an amidolytic method has been investigated in 48 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extra-corporeal circulation (E.C.C.). Heparin cofactor activity is reduced soon after the start of E.C.C., due to hemodilution but it returns towards initial levels at the completion of the procedure and 3 hours later. Thus heparin cofactor does not seem to play a role in the heparin rebound phenomenon. In our patients bubble oxygenators did not modify heparin cofactor activity more than did membrane oxygenators.", "PMID": 73390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5044", "title": "Effects of porcine plasmin on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in humans.", "content": "Pig plasmin (Lysofibrin) was given to 11 patients with phlebographically verified venous thrombosis, 2 of whom were treated two and three times, respectively. The effect on coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters was studied. The platelet count, Owren's P&P (prothrombin plus factors VII and X), plasminogen, factor XIII, and antithrombin III did not change during the treatment. All patients developed a proteolytic activity demonstrable on both unheated and heated fibrin plates. The fibrinogen decreased successively to very low levels, and parallel to this an increase in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products was found. The factor VIII and factor V activities decreased immediately after each Lysofibrin infusion but normalized rapidly again. The factor VIII molecule, however, retained its reactivity to rabbit antiserum against factor VIII. Immediately after the plasmin infusion a decrease of both alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) and the rapidly reacting alpha2-antiplasmin was observed. alpha2-M decreased successively and in several of the patients values were unmeasurable for a period of some days. A complex formation between pig plasmin and the alpha2-antiplasmin was demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The complexes were rapidly cleared from the circulation. No interaction between the pig plasmin and the inhibitor of the plasminogen activation, alpha1-antitrypsin or inter-alpha-inhibitor, was found.", "contents": "Effects of porcine plasmin on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in humans. Pig plasmin (Lysofibrin) was given to 11 patients with phlebographically verified venous thrombosis, 2 of whom were treated two and three times, respectively. The effect on coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters was studied. The platelet count, Owren's P&P (prothrombin plus factors VII and X), plasminogen, factor XIII, and antithrombin III did not change during the treatment. All patients developed a proteolytic activity demonstrable on both unheated and heated fibrin plates. The fibrinogen decreased successively to very low levels, and parallel to this an increase in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products was found. The factor VIII and factor V activities decreased immediately after each Lysofibrin infusion but normalized rapidly again. The factor VIII molecule, however, retained its reactivity to rabbit antiserum against factor VIII. Immediately after the plasmin infusion a decrease of both alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) and the rapidly reacting alpha2-antiplasmin was observed. alpha2-M decreased successively and in several of the patients values were unmeasurable for a period of some days. A complex formation between pig plasmin and the alpha2-antiplasmin was demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The complexes were rapidly cleared from the circulation. No interaction between the pig plasmin and the inhibitor of the plasminogen activation, alpha1-antitrypsin or inter-alpha-inhibitor, was found.", "PMID": 73391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5045", "title": "[Spectral characteristics of human white blood cells fluorochromed with acridine orange].", "content": "It has been shown that the ratio between the intensity of luminescence band in the red spectrum region (640 nm) and that in the green one (530 nm) of acridine orange fluorochromed cells fixed under certain conditions alpha=I640/I530 is a specific character. The latter can be used for automatic classification of bone marrow cells and perypheric blood and for diagnostics of some pathological states of the cell. It has been found that the type of the changes of the ratio of alpha=I640/I530 at photochemical bleaching of fluorochromed cells under irradiation (436 nm) depends on the level of cell differentiation. Completely differentiated mature cells are characterized by a simultaneous decrease of luminescence intensity, both in the red (640 nm) and green (530 nm) spectrum regions. In undifferentiated cells (especially at the blast stage) a decrease of luminescence intensity in the red region (640 nm) is accompanied by an increase of the luminescence intensity in the green region (530 nm) which may serve as an additional specific character. The descovere effect of photobleaching of undifferentiated cells is suggested to be due to the photodestruction of dimers of acridine orange bound with monohelical regions of DNA.", "contents": "[Spectral characteristics of human white blood cells fluorochromed with acridine orange]. It has been shown that the ratio between the intensity of luminescence band in the red spectrum region (640 nm) and that in the green one (530 nm) of acridine orange fluorochromed cells fixed under certain conditions alpha=I640/I530 is a specific character. The latter can be used for automatic classification of bone marrow cells and perypheric blood and for diagnostics of some pathological states of the cell. It has been found that the type of the changes of the ratio of alpha=I640/I530 at photochemical bleaching of fluorochromed cells under irradiation (436 nm) depends on the level of cell differentiation. Completely differentiated mature cells are characterized by a simultaneous decrease of luminescence intensity, both in the red (640 nm) and green (530 nm) spectrum regions. In undifferentiated cells (especially at the blast stage) a decrease of luminescence intensity in the red region (640 nm) is accompanied by an increase of the luminescence intensity in the green region (530 nm) which may serve as an additional specific character. The descovere effect of photobleaching of undifferentiated cells is suggested to be due to the photodestruction of dimers of acridine orange bound with monohelical regions of DNA.", "PMID": 73388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5046", "title": "[Mechanism determining the variability of the immunologic specificity spectrum of antibodies and other immunoglobulins (theory)].", "content": "An analysis of the theories of immunity-the germ line theory, the translocations and recombinations theory, the somatic mutation theory, and the reverse translation theory advanced earlier shows that their postulates afford no answer to any of the central questions of immunology, such as: 1) The origin of genetic information which codes the entire multimillion totality of immunologically different antibodies and antigen-recognizing receptors of the immunological system B and T cells. 2) The causes of sharp differences in both, the resolving power and mechanisms of recognition of antigenic determinant by antibodies and B cell receptors, on the one hand, and of macromolecular antigens as such by antigen-recognizing receptors of T cells, on the other 3) The essence of the mechanisms by means of which the T cell receptors recognize and distinguish the macro-molecular antigens as such. A new theory is advanced which in terms of the principle of cross stereocomplementarycity determining the regularities of mutual specific recognition by polynucleotides and polypeptides coded by them and also on the basis of some biophysical, virological phenomena explains the physico-chemical and genetic basis of immunological phenomena mentioned above.", "contents": "[Mechanism determining the variability of the immunologic specificity spectrum of antibodies and other immunoglobulins (theory)]. An analysis of the theories of immunity-the germ line theory, the translocations and recombinations theory, the somatic mutation theory, and the reverse translation theory advanced earlier shows that their postulates afford no answer to any of the central questions of immunology, such as: 1) The origin of genetic information which codes the entire multimillion totality of immunologically different antibodies and antigen-recognizing receptors of the immunological system B and T cells. 2) The causes of sharp differences in both, the resolving power and mechanisms of recognition of antigenic determinant by antibodies and B cell receptors, on the one hand, and of macromolecular antigens as such by antigen-recognizing receptors of T cells, on the other 3) The essence of the mechanisms by means of which the T cell receptors recognize and distinguish the macro-molecular antigens as such. A new theory is advanced which in terms of the principle of cross stereocomplementarycity determining the regularities of mutual specific recognition by polynucleotides and polypeptides coded by them and also on the basis of some biophysical, virological phenomena explains the physico-chemical and genetic basis of immunological phenomena mentioned above.", "PMID": 73389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5047", "title": "Acute phase reactant proteins in prostatic cancer.", "content": "A profile of acute phase reactant proteins has been studied in patients with cancer of the prostate as an aid to diagnostic staging and therapy control. A linear discriminant function analysis incorporating serum acid phosphatase, prealbumin, alpha1 antitrypsin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin allows the correct identification of metastatic disease in 88.6% of patients. The profile may also serve to augment other parameters in the assessment of the physiological effect of oestrogen treatment and show whether the prescribed medication is being taken.", "contents": "Acute phase reactant proteins in prostatic cancer. A profile of acute phase reactant proteins has been studied in patients with cancer of the prostate as an aid to diagnostic staging and therapy control. A linear discriminant function analysis incorporating serum acid phosphatase, prealbumin, alpha1 antitrypsin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin allows the correct identification of metastatic disease in 88.6% of patients. The profile may also serve to augment other parameters in the assessment of the physiological effect of oestrogen treatment and show whether the prescribed medication is being taken.", "PMID": 73395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5048", "title": "Metastatic orchioblastoma: alpha1-fetoprotein in diagnosis and combination chemotherapy in treatment: a case report.", "content": "A case in which orchioblastoma metastasised to a lymph node at the left renal hilum is described. The metastasis was not detected by bipedal lymphography, but was associated with a rise in the serum level of the alpha1-fetoprotein. The metastasis responded to combination chemotherapy, including adriamycin, and residual tumour was excised at laparotomy. Tumour regression was associated with a fall in serum alpha1-fetoprotein which may be of value as a tumour marker substance in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy in this tumour.", "contents": "Metastatic orchioblastoma: alpha1-fetoprotein in diagnosis and combination chemotherapy in treatment: a case report. A case in which orchioblastoma metastasised to a lymph node at the left renal hilum is described. The metastasis was not detected by bipedal lymphography, but was associated with a rise in the serum level of the alpha1-fetoprotein. The metastasis responded to combination chemotherapy, including adriamycin, and residual tumour was excised at laparotomy. Tumour regression was associated with a fall in serum alpha1-fetoprotein which may be of value as a tumour marker substance in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy in this tumour.", "PMID": 73396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5049", "title": "Serum dihydrotestosterone in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in 24 normal men aged 60 to 80 years and in 25 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy in the same age range. There was a significant increase in the level of dihydrotestosterone in patients with prostatic hypertrophy but no significant difference was found between the testosterone levels of the 2 groups. The scatter of the individual values for DHT indicated that this measurement has little practical clinical application in the diagnosis of prostatic hypertrophy. It is suggested that the increase in DHT may be due, at least in part, to a prostatic contribution to the circulating level and the relevance of this observation in relation to the aetiology of benign prostatic hypertrophy is discussed.", "contents": "Serum dihydrotestosterone in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in 24 normal men aged 60 to 80 years and in 25 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy in the same age range. There was a significant increase in the level of dihydrotestosterone in patients with prostatic hypertrophy but no significant difference was found between the testosterone levels of the 2 groups. The scatter of the individual values for DHT indicated that this measurement has little practical clinical application in the diagnosis of prostatic hypertrophy. It is suggested that the increase in DHT may be due, at least in part, to a prostatic contribution to the circulating level and the relevance of this observation in relation to the aetiology of benign prostatic hypertrophy is discussed.", "PMID": 73397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5050", "title": "Neuronal transport in salamander nerves and its blockade by colchicine.", "content": "Neuronal transport and the effects of colchicine on it has been studied in salamander spinal nerves. Cholinesterase (ChE) accumulation above the cut region of a nerve at 12.5 degrees C was shown to depend upon two processes. One caused a transient increase which declined to zero by 24 h; the other was explained by axoplasmic transport. At 22 degrees C the transient change was not observed, but the rate of accumulation attributable to transport increased. The Q10 for this transport over the range 12.5 degrees C--22 degrees C is approximately three. The ChE accumulation in the sensory component of the mixed nerve was about equal to that in the motor. The rate of fast axoplasmic transport of labeled leucine was 56 mm/day at 22 degrees C; if ChE moves at the same rate, then only 7% of the total enzyme is carried by fast axoplasmic transport. The transport of ChE was reduced by at least 50% when nerves were bathed in a 75 mM solution of colchicine for 30 min; this treatment is known not to cause subsequent degeneration of these nerves. The rate of slow flow of labeled material after bathing the nerve trunk in tritiated colchicine was found to be approximately 0.5 mm/day.", "contents": "Neuronal transport in salamander nerves and its blockade by colchicine. Neuronal transport and the effects of colchicine on it has been studied in salamander spinal nerves. Cholinesterase (ChE) accumulation above the cut region of a nerve at 12.5 degrees C was shown to depend upon two processes. One caused a transient increase which declined to zero by 24 h; the other was explained by axoplasmic transport. At 22 degrees C the transient change was not observed, but the rate of accumulation attributable to transport increased. The Q10 for this transport over the range 12.5 degrees C--22 degrees C is approximately three. The ChE accumulation in the sensory component of the mixed nerve was about equal to that in the motor. The rate of fast axoplasmic transport of labeled leucine was 56 mm/day at 22 degrees C; if ChE moves at the same rate, then only 7% of the total enzyme is carried by fast axoplasmic transport. The transport of ChE was reduced by at least 50% when nerves were bathed in a 75 mM solution of colchicine for 30 min; this treatment is known not to cause subsequent degeneration of these nerves. The rate of slow flow of labeled material after bathing the nerve trunk in tritiated colchicine was found to be approximately 0.5 mm/day.", "PMID": 73402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5051", "title": "The visual cortex of the opossum: the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei.", "content": "The visual cortex of opossum was studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase into the cortex and identifying labeled neurons in the thalamus. The results show that the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to area 17 in a topographical manner: the rostral lateral geniculate is represented in caudal striate cortex, and the dorsal extremity of the lateral geniculate, which probably corresponds to the zero vertical meridian, is represented along the border of area 18. Small injections in area 17 produced restricted bands of labeled neurons across the medial-lateral extent of the lateral geniculate, suggesting a greater precision in the topography than previously shown by retrograde degeneration studies. Following injections into area 17, labeled cells were also found in the lateral posterior nucleus. Injections of peristriate cortex produced labeled cells in the lateral posterior nucleus, as well as the lateral intermediate, posterior and intralaminar nuclei. Since the lateral posterior nucleus receives visual projections from the superior colliculus, the results show two visual pathways: the geniculo-striate path projecting just to core area or area 17, and a more diffuse parallel path that projects to both the core and belt. Whether or not this overlap is characteristics of the mammalian prototype it seems to be present in widely separated species.", "contents": "The visual cortex of the opossum: the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to the lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei. The visual cortex of opossum was studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase into the cortex and identifying labeled neurons in the thalamus. The results show that the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to area 17 in a topographical manner: the rostral lateral geniculate is represented in caudal striate cortex, and the dorsal extremity of the lateral geniculate, which probably corresponds to the zero vertical meridian, is represented along the border of area 18. Small injections in area 17 produced restricted bands of labeled neurons across the medial-lateral extent of the lateral geniculate, suggesting a greater precision in the topography than previously shown by retrograde degeneration studies. Following injections into area 17, labeled cells were also found in the lateral posterior nucleus. Injections of peristriate cortex produced labeled cells in the lateral posterior nucleus, as well as the lateral intermediate, posterior and intralaminar nuclei. Since the lateral posterior nucleus receives visual projections from the superior colliculus, the results show two visual pathways: the geniculo-striate path projecting just to core area or area 17, and a more diffuse parallel path that projects to both the core and belt. Whether or not this overlap is characteristics of the mammalian prototype it seems to be present in widely separated species.", "PMID": 73403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5052", "title": "[Isolation of alpha-1-macroglobulin (alpha 1 M) and alpha-2-macroblogulin (alpha 2 M) from rabbit blood].", "content": "A purification process of rabbit alpha 1 M and alpha 2 M from plasma was described: first the platelets, the fibrinogen, the plasminogen and the low-density lipoproteins were eliminated; then alpha 1 M and alpha 2 M were purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. These purified materials were then isotopically labeled allowing the study of the proteins metabolism.", "contents": "[Isolation of alpha-1-macroglobulin (alpha 1 M) and alpha-2-macroblogulin (alpha 2 M) from rabbit blood]. A purification process of rabbit alpha 1 M and alpha 2 M from plasma was described: first the platelets, the fibrinogen, the plasminogen and the low-density lipoproteins were eliminated; then alpha 1 M and alpha 2 M were purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. These purified materials were then isotopically labeled allowing the study of the proteins metabolism.", "PMID": 73404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5053", "title": "Tumour antigens associated with primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma.", "content": "Various biochemical markers of cancer were investigated in two men aged 26 and 45 years with primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma. The daily excretion of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the serum concentration of the beta-subunit of HCG were elevated in both patients, but carcinoembryonic antigen, Regan isoenzyme, alpha1-fetoprotein, serum pregnancy-associated globulin and human chorionic somatomammotropin were not detectable. Comparison of the results of the investigation of biochemical markers of this rare neoplasm in these two men with those published previously illustrates the discordance in the expression of biochemical markers of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Tumour antigens associated with primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma. Various biochemical markers of cancer were investigated in two men aged 26 and 45 years with primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma. The daily excretion of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the serum concentration of the beta-subunit of HCG were elevated in both patients, but carcinoembryonic antigen, Regan isoenzyme, alpha1-fetoprotein, serum pregnancy-associated globulin and human chorionic somatomammotropin were not detectable. Comparison of the results of the investigation of biochemical markers of this rare neoplasm in these two men with those published previously illustrates the discordance in the expression of biochemical markers of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma.", "PMID": 73406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5054", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of bleomycin following intravenous infusion as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered by continuous intravenous infusion over a 4 to 5 day period was examined by nine patients. Patients receiving 30 units per day attained an average steady state plasma level of 145.8 (+/- 43.1) ng/ml bleomycin. Elimination of bleomycin was initially described by first order rate kinetics (t 1/2 = 1.32 +/- 0.39 hour). However, at times greater than 12 hours following termination of infusion, a second elimination phase was observed (t 1/2 = 8.9 +/- 2.7 hour). There was also a high correlation between renal bleomycin clearance and creatinine clearance. The importance of renal clearance was indicated in a patient with renal impairment. This patient attained a steady state bleomycin concentration of 1046 ng/ml and exhibited a terminal elimination half-life of 33 hours. Overall plasma clearance of bleomycin (Qbeta) was generally greater than renal clearance, indicating that a nonrenal clearance mechanism was also important in bleomycin elimination. This nonrenal mechanism became especially apparent during renal failure.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of bleomycin following intravenous infusion as determined by radioimmunoassay. The clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered by continuous intravenous infusion over a 4 to 5 day period was examined by nine patients. Patients receiving 30 units per day attained an average steady state plasma level of 145.8 (+/- 43.1) ng/ml bleomycin. Elimination of bleomycin was initially described by first order rate kinetics (t 1/2 = 1.32 +/- 0.39 hour). However, at times greater than 12 hours following termination of infusion, a second elimination phase was observed (t 1/2 = 8.9 +/- 2.7 hour). There was also a high correlation between renal bleomycin clearance and creatinine clearance. The importance of renal clearance was indicated in a patient with renal impairment. This patient attained a steady state bleomycin concentration of 1046 ng/ml and exhibited a terminal elimination half-life of 33 hours. Overall plasma clearance of bleomycin (Qbeta) was generally greater than renal clearance, indicating that a nonrenal clearance mechanism was also important in bleomycin elimination. This nonrenal mechanism became especially apparent during renal failure.", "PMID": 73408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5055", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin for the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated with multiple drug chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin. The dosage schedule used was: bleomycin 12 mg/m2/day, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2/day, and dactinomycin 450 microgram/m2/day. All drugs were given intravenously for two consecutive days. Treatment was repeated every 2 weeks. Toxicity included severe nausea and vomiting (managed with antiemetics and intravenous hydration) and manifestations of bone marrow depression. Of 13 patients, eight were previously treated with high dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin. Of these eight, three patients had objective evidence of tumor regression (37.5%). Five of five previously untreated patients had objective evidence of tumor regression. The overall response rate in osteogenic sarcoma patients to BCD was 61.5%. The combination of BCD appears to be more active against osteogenic sarcoma than cyclophosphamide alone or Adriamycin alone. The relative safety with which BCD can be administered makes this combination a valuable adjunct to high dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue and Adriamycin in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin for the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. Thirteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated with multiple drug chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin. The dosage schedule used was: bleomycin 12 mg/m2/day, cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2/day, and dactinomycin 450 microgram/m2/day. All drugs were given intravenously for two consecutive days. Treatment was repeated every 2 weeks. Toxicity included severe nausea and vomiting (managed with antiemetics and intravenous hydration) and manifestations of bone marrow depression. Of 13 patients, eight were previously treated with high dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin. Of these eight, three patients had objective evidence of tumor regression (37.5%). Five of five previously untreated patients had objective evidence of tumor regression. The overall response rate in osteogenic sarcoma patients to BCD was 61.5%. The combination of BCD appears to be more active against osteogenic sarcoma than cyclophosphamide alone or Adriamycin alone. The relative safety with which BCD can be administered makes this combination a valuable adjunct to high dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue and Adriamycin in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 73409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5056", "title": "Bleomycin-sensitivity test: application for human squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Bleomycin (BLM)-inactivating enzyme activity, which is probably a parameter for the efficacy of this antibiotic in cancer therapy, was determined in biopsies from human carcinomas in the head and neck region. Twenty-three cases were studied. It was found that highly differentiated as well as moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas had low extractable activities of this enzyme, comparably to those found in normal skin tissue. Slightly differentiated as well as undifferentiated carcinomas (only one case) had increased enzyme activity. Parallel experiments estimating the total extractable thiol content in the biopsies gave no obvious correlation. The results are discussed in the light of the reported BLM efficacy in the treatment of differently differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "Bleomycin-sensitivity test: application for human squamous cell carcinoma. Bleomycin (BLM)-inactivating enzyme activity, which is probably a parameter for the efficacy of this antibiotic in cancer therapy, was determined in biopsies from human carcinomas in the head and neck region. Twenty-three cases were studied. It was found that highly differentiated as well as moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas had low extractable activities of this enzyme, comparably to those found in normal skin tissue. Slightly differentiated as well as undifferentiated carcinomas (only one case) had increased enzyme activity. Parallel experiments estimating the total extractable thiol content in the biopsies gave no obvious correlation. The results are discussed in the light of the reported BLM efficacy in the treatment of differently differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 73410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5057", "title": "Multiple agent chemotherapy including bleomycin of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during pregnancy.", "content": "The association of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pregnancy is a rarely reported occurrence. We describe the case of a female patient in which a wide-spread lymphoma of mixed lymphohistiocytic diffuse type was diagnosed in the second trimester of the pregnancy. Combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and bleomycin) was started at approximately the twenty-first week of fetal life. A prompt remission was obtained and a normal full term infant was born. Chemotherapy of progressive lymphoma in women late in pregnancy appears to be rational with little risk of fetal malformation or morbidity.", "contents": "Multiple agent chemotherapy including bleomycin of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during pregnancy. The association of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pregnancy is a rarely reported occurrence. We describe the case of a female patient in which a wide-spread lymphoma of mixed lymphohistiocytic diffuse type was diagnosed in the second trimester of the pregnancy. Combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and bleomycin) was started at approximately the twenty-first week of fetal life. A prompt remission was obtained and a normal full term infant was born. Chemotherapy of progressive lymphoma in women late in pregnancy appears to be rational with little risk of fetal malformation or morbidity.", "PMID": 73411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5058", "title": "Comparison of oncophilic radiopharmaceuticals, *I-fibrinogen, 67Ga-citrate, 111In-bleomycin, and *I-bleomycin in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 67Ga-citrate, 111In-bleomycin, *I-bleomycin, and *I-fibrinogen were compared in a murine KHJJ tumor model in order to assess their relative potential as agents for in vivo detection of cancer. Although all four agents have been reported to be clinically efficacious, in this tumor model, *I-fibrinogen and 67Ga-citrate had the greatest tumor accumulation with maximum concentrations of 11.7% and 10.5% respectively. However, both these radiopharmaceuticals cleared slowly from the blood and animal. The maximum tumor concentrations of 111In-bleomycin and *I-bleomycin were 2.9% and 2.6% respectively, but *I-bleomycin had the advantage of rapid clearance from the blood and animal. 67Ga-citrate did not achieve its maximum tumor concentration until 24 hours after administration, whereas the other radiopharmaceuticals achieved maximum tumor concentration within several hours of administration. From these observations 123I-bleomycin seems to deserve clinical trials in patients. 123I-fibrinogen appears to have significant oncophilic potential if its clearance from the animal can be accelerated without altering its accumulation in the tumor.", "contents": "Comparison of oncophilic radiopharmaceuticals, *I-fibrinogen, 67Ga-citrate, 111In-bleomycin, and *I-bleomycin in tumor-bearing mice. The pharmacokinetics of 67Ga-citrate, 111In-bleomycin, *I-bleomycin, and *I-fibrinogen were compared in a murine KHJJ tumor model in order to assess their relative potential as agents for in vivo detection of cancer. Although all four agents have been reported to be clinically efficacious, in this tumor model, *I-fibrinogen and 67Ga-citrate had the greatest tumor accumulation with maximum concentrations of 11.7% and 10.5% respectively. However, both these radiopharmaceuticals cleared slowly from the blood and animal. The maximum tumor concentrations of 111In-bleomycin and *I-bleomycin were 2.9% and 2.6% respectively, but *I-bleomycin had the advantage of rapid clearance from the blood and animal. 67Ga-citrate did not achieve its maximum tumor concentration until 24 hours after administration, whereas the other radiopharmaceuticals achieved maximum tumor concentration within several hours of administration. From these observations 123I-bleomycin seems to deserve clinical trials in patients. 123I-fibrinogen appears to have significant oncophilic potential if its clearance from the animal can be accelerated without altering its accumulation in the tumor.", "PMID": 73412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5059", "title": "Physicochemical approach to the purification of human alpha1-fetoprotein from the ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient.", "content": "A method for the purification of human alpha1-fetoprotein from the ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient is described that is capable of yielding large quantities of pure alpha1-fetoprotein within a relatively short period of time. The technique is based entirely on the physicochemical properties of the alpha1-fetoprotein molecule and uses sequential purification steps: ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, molecular-sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200, negative-affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Blue Dextran, positivepaffinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and, finally, molecular-sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The efficiency of the entire procedure in its present form is 15% of the alpha1-fetoprotein activity of the starting preparation from ascites fluid. The purity of the final product was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, radioimmunoelectrophoresis, and determinations of the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal amino acid residues of the alphs1-fetoprotein isolated. Amino acid analysis of the final product revealed a composition very similar to those reported for alpha-fetoprotein preparations that have been previously isolated by the use of immunochemical technology.", "contents": "Physicochemical approach to the purification of human alpha1-fetoprotein from the ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient. A method for the purification of human alpha1-fetoprotein from the ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient is described that is capable of yielding large quantities of pure alpha1-fetoprotein within a relatively short period of time. The technique is based entirely on the physicochemical properties of the alpha1-fetoprotein molecule and uses sequential purification steps: ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, molecular-sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200, negative-affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Blue Dextran, positivepaffinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and, finally, molecular-sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The efficiency of the entire procedure in its present form is 15% of the alpha1-fetoprotein activity of the starting preparation from ascites fluid. The purity of the final product was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, radioimmunoelectrophoresis, and determinations of the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal amino acid residues of the alphs1-fetoprotein isolated. Amino acid analysis of the final product revealed a composition very similar to those reported for alpha-fetoprotein preparations that have been previously isolated by the use of immunochemical technology.", "PMID": 73414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5060", "title": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in childhood].", "content": "In a surgical series of 54 carcinomas of the thyroid in children under 15 years of age (22 males, 32 females), differentiated carcinoma was disclosed in 50 cases. Of these, the pattern was purely papillary in 5, purely follicular in 3 and mixed, i.e. papillary and follicular, in 42 cases. There was an admixture of a solid component in 25 of the mixed cases. In one case the tumour was solid medullary carcinoma with amyloid and 3 cases appeared to be anaplastic carcinomas. In 21 cases the material available for microscopical examination was both that of the primary focus and of a metastasis. In only 2 of such cases the pattern was identical in the primary carcinoma showed a purely follicular pattern in the metastases. In the remaining 18 cases the primary carcinomas appeared as structurally uniform but showed an admixture of the other differentiated component or of a solid one in the metastases. The reverse also occurred in some cases. Therefore it appears to be impossible to assess the pattern of the primary growth from its metastasis. No essential difference was disclosed in the tendency of histologically different neoplasms to metastasize. During orientational histological examination of the removed glands intrathyroidal metastases were revealed in 66%. The discrimination between the two extreme and consequently even the mixed variety of differentiated carcinomas is of no practical significance in childhood because there is no obvious correlation between the histological pattern and formation of metastases, as well as between histology and induction of hormonal function. Age and sex seems to play a more significant role in the biological behaviour in children. The incidence of carcinoma is higher in females, whereas the biological behaviour seems to be worse in males.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in childhood]. In a surgical series of 54 carcinomas of the thyroid in children under 15 years of age (22 males, 32 females), differentiated carcinoma was disclosed in 50 cases. Of these, the pattern was purely papillary in 5, purely follicular in 3 and mixed, i.e. papillary and follicular, in 42 cases. There was an admixture of a solid component in 25 of the mixed cases. In one case the tumour was solid medullary carcinoma with amyloid and 3 cases appeared to be anaplastic carcinomas. In 21 cases the material available for microscopical examination was both that of the primary focus and of a metastasis. In only 2 of such cases the pattern was identical in the primary carcinoma showed a purely follicular pattern in the metastases. In the remaining 18 cases the primary carcinomas appeared as structurally uniform but showed an admixture of the other differentiated component or of a solid one in the metastases. The reverse also occurred in some cases. Therefore it appears to be impossible to assess the pattern of the primary growth from its metastasis. No essential difference was disclosed in the tendency of histologically different neoplasms to metastasize. During orientational histological examination of the removed glands intrathyroidal metastases were revealed in 66%. The discrimination between the two extreme and consequently even the mixed variety of differentiated carcinomas is of no practical significance in childhood because there is no obvious correlation between the histological pattern and formation of metastases, as well as between histology and induction of hormonal function. Age and sex seems to play a more significant role in the biological behaviour in children. The incidence of carcinoma is higher in females, whereas the biological behaviour seems to be worse in males.", "PMID": 73425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5061", "title": "Invasion of erythrocytes and antigenic variation.", "content": "Consideration of information published on the immunology of malarial parasites has highlighted an unusual problem associated with the penetration of erythrocytes by merozoites, namely, how to reconcile strain and intrastrain antigenic variation in the parasite surface with recognition of specific receptors on red cells. This problem should now be susceptible to experimental investigation.", "contents": "Invasion of erythrocytes and antigenic variation. Consideration of information published on the immunology of malarial parasites has highlighted an unusual problem associated with the penetration of erythrocytes by merozoites, namely, how to reconcile strain and intrastrain antigenic variation in the parasite surface with recognition of specific receptors on red cells. This problem should now be susceptible to experimental investigation.", "PMID": 73428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5062", "title": "Proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children. Cutaneous reactions evoked by graded amounts of food extracts were compared with results of double-blind food challenge and in vitro release of histamine from leucocytes. A 3 mm or greater weal reaction in skin tests by puncture technique using food extracts of 1:20 w/v concentration was found to indicate the degree of hypersensitivity likely to be associated with clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions to food. Proper use of this simple technique will facilitate accurate diagnosis of food hypersensitivity in children by identifying the group among whom all positive reactions to food challenges will be found. Nevertheless, double-blind food challenge is essential to establish a diagnosis of symptomatic hypersensitivity to food.", "contents": "Proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children. This study was undertaken to determine the proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children. Cutaneous reactions evoked by graded amounts of food extracts were compared with results of double-blind food challenge and in vitro release of histamine from leucocytes. A 3 mm or greater weal reaction in skin tests by puncture technique using food extracts of 1:20 w/v concentration was found to indicate the degree of hypersensitivity likely to be associated with clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions to food. Proper use of this simple technique will facilitate accurate diagnosis of food hypersensitivity in children by identifying the group among whom all positive reactions to food challenges will be found. Nevertheless, double-blind food challenge is essential to establish a diagnosis of symptomatic hypersensitivity to food.", "PMID": 73429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5063", "title": "Determination of some L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine metabolites in urine by means of mass fragmentography.", "content": "We describe a mass-fragmentographic method for determination in urine of the following metabolites of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine: vanillactic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol. Deuterated analogs were used as internal standards. The method is fast, reproducible, sensitive, and selective, and does not require the use of time-consuming clean-up procedures. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, as well as values obtained for patients with neurogenic tumors, a patient during therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and a patient receiving dopamine are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Determination of some L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine metabolites in urine by means of mass fragmentography. We describe a mass-fragmentographic method for determination in urine of the following metabolites of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine: vanillactic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol. Deuterated analogs were used as internal standards. The method is fast, reproducible, sensitive, and selective, and does not require the use of time-consuming clean-up procedures. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, as well as values obtained for patients with neurogenic tumors, a patient during therapy with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and a patient receiving dopamine are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 73430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5064", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "content": "Serum alphafetoprotein concentrations were measured by three different types of radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and in 55 controls. The highest value obtained in cystic patient was 10.2 ng/ml and in a control 10.8 ng/ml. These are within published normal limits. Previously reported large increases in serum AFP in patients with cystic fibrosis and in heterozygote carriers have not been confirmed.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Serum alphafetoprotein concentrations were measured by three different types of radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and in 55 controls. The highest value obtained in cystic patient was 10.2 ng/ml and in a control 10.8 ng/ml. These are within published normal limits. Previously reported large increases in serum AFP in patients with cystic fibrosis and in heterozygote carriers have not been confirmed.", "PMID": 73432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5065", "title": "Antigenic analysis of the IgA component of LDH-IgA immunoglobulin complexes.", "content": "LDH-IgA complexes present in some human sera were purified by using affinity chromatography on 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4-B. The IgA component of the purified complexes was analysed in haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Antigenic determinants specific for alpha1 and alpha2 heavy chains and for kappa and lambda light chains were found. Earlier studies suggested that the IgA component is of kappa light chain type only. These different results are discussed. It is suggested that the LDH association site is located in the Fab fragment of the IgA component.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of the IgA component of LDH-IgA immunoglobulin complexes. LDH-IgA complexes present in some human sera were purified by using affinity chromatography on 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4-B. The IgA component of the purified complexes was analysed in haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Antigenic determinants specific for alpha1 and alpha2 heavy chains and for kappa and lambda light chains were found. Earlier studies suggested that the IgA component is of kappa light chain type only. These different results are discussed. It is suggested that the LDH association site is located in the Fab fragment of the IgA component.", "PMID": 73433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5066", "title": "Intra-vital staining as an aid to parotid gland surgery.", "content": "Successful parotid surgery depends on the careful identification and dissection of the facial nerve, and to prevent recurrence all tumours should be excised with a wide margin of normal tissue. These two requirements are facilitated by the technique of intra-vital staining of the parotid gland with 2.5% methylene blue solution.", "contents": "Intra-vital staining as an aid to parotid gland surgery. Successful parotid surgery depends on the careful identification and dissection of the facial nerve, and to prevent recurrence all tumours should be excised with a wide margin of normal tissue. These two requirements are facilitated by the technique of intra-vital staining of the parotid gland with 2.5% methylene blue solution.", "PMID": 73435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5067", "title": "Malaria antigen-specific T-cell responsiveness during infection with Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "Protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum develops only after several years of repeated exposure to the malarial parasite. We therefore investigated the possibility that acute malaria was associated with malarial antigen-specific immunosuppression. Peripheral lymphocytes of West Africans with and without P. falciparum infections were tested for their in vitro proliferative responses to a preparation of P. falciparum antigen. There was no significant difference between the magnitude of the proliferative response of lymphocytes from infected as compared to normal Africans, although the responses from both African groups were significantly higher than responses from a group of European controls. Furthermore, no soluble inhibitor of antigen-specific proliferation was present in plasma of infected patients. These observations strongly suggest that if the sluggish development of protective immunity in malaria is based upon infection-related immunosuppression, this occurs without affecting the proliferative responsiveness of specific sensitized, circulating T cells. Preliminary observations also indicate that Europeans residing in Africa and taking malaria prophylaxis may acquire sensitized T cells without experiencing clinically apparent infections.", "contents": "Malaria antigen-specific T-cell responsiveness during infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum develops only after several years of repeated exposure to the malarial parasite. We therefore investigated the possibility that acute malaria was associated with malarial antigen-specific immunosuppression. Peripheral lymphocytes of West Africans with and without P. falciparum infections were tested for their in vitro proliferative responses to a preparation of P. falciparum antigen. There was no significant difference between the magnitude of the proliferative response of lymphocytes from infected as compared to normal Africans, although the responses from both African groups were significantly higher than responses from a group of European controls. Furthermore, no soluble inhibitor of antigen-specific proliferation was present in plasma of infected patients. These observations strongly suggest that if the sluggish development of protective immunity in malaria is based upon infection-related immunosuppression, this occurs without affecting the proliferative responsiveness of specific sensitized, circulating T cells. Preliminary observations also indicate that Europeans residing in Africa and taking malaria prophylaxis may acquire sensitized T cells without experiencing clinically apparent infections.", "PMID": 73436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5068", "title": "Blocking of histamine release from human basophils in vitro by the ATPase inhibitor, ethacrynic acid.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid, a known inhibitor of both Na+--K+ and Mg2+-activated ATPases, effectively inhibits histamine release from antigen-challenged human basophils in vitro. Ouabain, an inhibitor specific for Na+--K+-activated ATPases, shows no effect upon the quantity of histamine released from the antigen-challenged basophils. Ethacrynic acid also effectively inhibits Ca2+--ionophore A23187-induced release, implying it inhibits the Ca2+-dependent secretory stage of the histamine-release process. Inhibition of ATPases and histamine release by ethacrynic acid both require the presence of the olefinic bond in the ethacrynic-acid molecule. Possible utilization of analogues of ethacrynic acid as anti-allergic drugs and as a device to investigate the ATPase system of histamine-releasing cells is suggested.", "contents": "Blocking of histamine release from human basophils in vitro by the ATPase inhibitor, ethacrynic acid. Ethacrynic acid, a known inhibitor of both Na+--K+ and Mg2+-activated ATPases, effectively inhibits histamine release from antigen-challenged human basophils in vitro. Ouabain, an inhibitor specific for Na+--K+-activated ATPases, shows no effect upon the quantity of histamine released from the antigen-challenged basophils. Ethacrynic acid also effectively inhibits Ca2+--ionophore A23187-induced release, implying it inhibits the Ca2+-dependent secretory stage of the histamine-release process. Inhibition of ATPases and histamine release by ethacrynic acid both require the presence of the olefinic bond in the ethacrynic-acid molecule. Possible utilization of analogues of ethacrynic acid as anti-allergic drugs and as a device to investigate the ATPase system of histamine-releasing cells is suggested.", "PMID": 73437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5069", "title": "Cell-mediated hypersensitivity in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Using a direct macrophage migration inhibition test the hypersensitivity against encephalitogenic protein and phytohaemagglubinin in normal persons, multiple sclerosis patients and patients with other diseases of the central nervous system were examined. It proved that the vast majority of patients were sensitised to brain antigen. The percentage of positive tests and the percentage of migration inhibition was related to the activity of the disease. No differences were found between lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis patients and of patients with the other neurological diseases patients. Foetal calf serum was proven to depress the hypersensitivity to phytohaemagglutinin as did multiple sclerosis serum on normal lymphocytes. The results did not support the hypothesis that multiple sclerosis is caused by a cell-mediated auto-immune process.", "contents": "Cell-mediated hypersensitivity in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Using a direct macrophage migration inhibition test the hypersensitivity against encephalitogenic protein and phytohaemagglubinin in normal persons, multiple sclerosis patients and patients with other diseases of the central nervous system were examined. It proved that the vast majority of patients were sensitised to brain antigen. The percentage of positive tests and the percentage of migration inhibition was related to the activity of the disease. No differences were found between lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis patients and of patients with the other neurological diseases patients. Foetal calf serum was proven to depress the hypersensitivity to phytohaemagglutinin as did multiple sclerosis serum on normal lymphocytes. The results did not support the hypothesis that multiple sclerosis is caused by a cell-mediated auto-immune process.", "PMID": 73438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5070", "title": "EEG and haemodialysis. A structural survey of EEG spectral analysis, Hjorth's EEG descriptors, blood variables and psychological data.", "content": "Computerized EEG was performed in 20 patients with renal failure before and after haemodialysis (HD), applying spectral analysis and Hjorth's EEG descriptors in EEG quantification, correlation and factor analysis as statistical procedures to analyse the connections of EEG, blood variables and psychological performance. The main results were: (1) Moderate uraemic encephalopathy -- according to Kiley's (1971) standards -- was present in most of our patients, before and after HD. (2) Before HD, EEG slowing was most strongly connected with the creatinine level and EEG acceleration with hyperkalaemia, which in most cases accompanied a high urea level. (3) Significant EEG changes after HD were: decrease of percentage delta activity, increase of Hjorth's 'mobility', decrease of Hjorth's 'complexity'. (4) The theta/alpha ratio (Matousek 1968) was significantly correlated with the patient's general clinical state after HD. (5) Visual discrimination, memory and maximal tapping speed improved significantly after HD. Only Hjorth's EEG parameters were correlated with test performance in that patients with low voltage and fast EEGs did worse in visual discrimination.", "contents": "EEG and haemodialysis. A structural survey of EEG spectral analysis, Hjorth's EEG descriptors, blood variables and psychological data. Computerized EEG was performed in 20 patients with renal failure before and after haemodialysis (HD), applying spectral analysis and Hjorth's EEG descriptors in EEG quantification, correlation and factor analysis as statistical procedures to analyse the connections of EEG, blood variables and psychological performance. The main results were: (1) Moderate uraemic encephalopathy -- according to Kiley's (1971) standards -- was present in most of our patients, before and after HD. (2) Before HD, EEG slowing was most strongly connected with the creatinine level and EEG acceleration with hyperkalaemia, which in most cases accompanied a high urea level. (3) Significant EEG changes after HD were: decrease of percentage delta activity, increase of Hjorth's 'mobility', decrease of Hjorth's 'complexity'. (4) The theta/alpha ratio (Matousek 1968) was significantly correlated with the patient's general clinical state after HD. (5) Visual discrimination, memory and maximal tapping speed improved significantly after HD. Only Hjorth's EEG parameters were correlated with test performance in that patients with low voltage and fast EEGs did worse in visual discrimination.", "PMID": 73446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5071", "title": "EEG spectra in XYY and XXY men.", "content": "Ten XYY, 13 XXY, and 45 control XY men were located in a birth cohort of tall men (non-institutionalized), and their EEGs were subjected to computer analyses. The XYY men showed a significantly slower alpha activity and more power in the 3.3--9.6 c/sec band than their XY controls. There were no consistent EEG differences between the XXY men and their controls.", "contents": "EEG spectra in XYY and XXY men. Ten XYY, 13 XXY, and 45 control XY men were located in a birth cohort of tall men (non-institutionalized), and their EEGs were subjected to computer analyses. The XYY men showed a significantly slower alpha activity and more power in the 3.3--9.6 c/sec band than their XY controls. There were no consistent EEG differences between the XXY men and their controls.", "PMID": 73447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5072", "title": "Correlations between psychophysical magnitude estimates and simultaneously obtained auditory nerve, brain stem and cortical responses to click stimuli in man.", "content": "Responses from the auditory nerve, brain stem auditory nuclei and cortex, as well as subjective responses to click stimuli at 10 intensities, were recorded simultaneously in the same human subjects. For various measures of the responses, the power-law exponents of their intensity functions were calculated, along with their statistical significances. The electrophysiological and psycho-physical functions were compared for similarity. On average, the exponents of the intensity functions of amplitudes of the auditory nerve and earlier brain stem responses were highly significant, showing similarity across subjects and similarity with the exponents of the subjective estimates. However, a closer examination proved this similarity to be superficial, since magnitude estimates showed an appreciable intersubject and intersession variability while the auditory nerve and brain stem responses were approximately constant. All other electric response measures either had exponents which were not significant or showed even poorer correlation with the subjective response. It is proposed that the type of electrical activity recorded in this study may not be the proper set of neural parameters which give rise to the loudness estimate.", "contents": "Correlations between psychophysical magnitude estimates and simultaneously obtained auditory nerve, brain stem and cortical responses to click stimuli in man. Responses from the auditory nerve, brain stem auditory nuclei and cortex, as well as subjective responses to click stimuli at 10 intensities, were recorded simultaneously in the same human subjects. For various measures of the responses, the power-law exponents of their intensity functions were calculated, along with their statistical significances. The electrophysiological and psycho-physical functions were compared for similarity. On average, the exponents of the intensity functions of amplitudes of the auditory nerve and earlier brain stem responses were highly significant, showing similarity across subjects and similarity with the exponents of the subjective estimates. However, a closer examination proved this similarity to be superficial, since magnitude estimates showed an appreciable intersubject and intersession variability while the auditory nerve and brain stem responses were approximately constant. All other electric response measures either had exponents which were not significant or showed even poorer correlation with the subjective response. It is proposed that the type of electrical activity recorded in this study may not be the proper set of neural parameters which give rise to the loudness estimate.", "PMID": 73448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5073", "title": "The influence of natural sleep on focal spiking in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy in the monkey.", "content": "In 12 rhesus monkeys, made epileptic by injection of alumina cream into the temporal lobe structures, the changes of spike frequency were studied in wakefulness and natural sleep on 78 occasions. Five monkeys had a focus in the lateral surface of the temporal lobe and seven had a focus in the mediotemporal structures. Basic cortical and subcortical EEG patterns, recorded through chronic indwelling electrodes, showed fairly consistent changes in the course of natural sleep, allowing a classification of the sleep into stages. During slow wave sleep, the focal spikes increased in all 12 cases. The increase was more prominent during the light stage of slow wave sleep in the neocortical foci and during deep stage in the mediotemporal foci. During REM sleep, the mediotemporal foci showed a marked decrease of spiking, whereas changes in the neocortical foci were inconsistent.", "contents": "The influence of natural sleep on focal spiking in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy in the monkey. In 12 rhesus monkeys, made epileptic by injection of alumina cream into the temporal lobe structures, the changes of spike frequency were studied in wakefulness and natural sleep on 78 occasions. Five monkeys had a focus in the lateral surface of the temporal lobe and seven had a focus in the mediotemporal structures. Basic cortical and subcortical EEG patterns, recorded through chronic indwelling electrodes, showed fairly consistent changes in the course of natural sleep, allowing a classification of the sleep into stages. During slow wave sleep, the focal spikes increased in all 12 cases. The increase was more prominent during the light stage of slow wave sleep in the neocortical foci and during deep stage in the mediotemporal foci. During REM sleep, the mediotemporal foci showed a marked decrease of spiking, whereas changes in the neocortical foci were inconsistent.", "PMID": 73449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5074", "title": "An objective indicant of binocular vision in humans: size-specific interocular suppression of visual evoked potentials.", "content": "Evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) to grid patterns flashed to one eye were suppressed in amplitude when grid patterns were continuously presented to the other eye. The degree of interocular suppression of VEPs was influenced by the stereoacuity of the subjects. VEPs were obtained to each of two grid sizes flashed to one eye (individual squares subtending 15 and 60 min of arc) and changes in amplitude of these VEPs were considered as a function of four stimuli continuously presented to the other eye (diffuse light, 15, 30, and 60 min of arc squares in grids). Interocular suppression of VEPs was greater (a) when the continuously presented grid was of high (38.00 mL) as compared to low (00.38 mL) intensity, (b) when the continuous and flashed grids were of the same as compared to different sizes, and (c) in six subjects who had good as compared to six subjects who had poor binocularity. Eleven of the twleve subjects could be classified correctly as having good or poor binocularity on the basis of statistically significant interocular suppression of VEPs. The results were interpreted in terms of centrally located binocular neurons responsive to specific grid sizes or spatial frequencies and the decreased functioning of such neurons in subjects with poor binocularity.", "contents": "An objective indicant of binocular vision in humans: size-specific interocular suppression of visual evoked potentials. Evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) to grid patterns flashed to one eye were suppressed in amplitude when grid patterns were continuously presented to the other eye. The degree of interocular suppression of VEPs was influenced by the stereoacuity of the subjects. VEPs were obtained to each of two grid sizes flashed to one eye (individual squares subtending 15 and 60 min of arc) and changes in amplitude of these VEPs were considered as a function of four stimuli continuously presented to the other eye (diffuse light, 15, 30, and 60 min of arc squares in grids). Interocular suppression of VEPs was greater (a) when the continuously presented grid was of high (38.00 mL) as compared to low (00.38 mL) intensity, (b) when the continuous and flashed grids were of the same as compared to different sizes, and (c) in six subjects who had good as compared to six subjects who had poor binocularity. Eleven of the twleve subjects could be classified correctly as having good or poor binocularity on the basis of statistically significant interocular suppression of VEPs. The results were interpreted in terms of centrally located binocular neurons responsive to specific grid sizes or spatial frequencies and the decreased functioning of such neurons in subjects with poor binocularity.", "PMID": 73450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5075", "title": "Changes in visual evoked potentials of schizophrenics after addition test.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials were obtained for schizophrenics, neurotics and patients with affective disorders, and comparison between those before and after an addition test for 15 min was made. Reduction in amplitude and prolongation of latency of the potential were observed in schizophrenics after the test, while there was no change after that in neurotics and patients with affective psychosis. In schizophrenics, 4 types of changes in amplitude of the potential could be seen after the test. Namely, marked reduction occurred in A1 (A1 type), in A3 with fast recovery (A3f type), in A3 with slow recovery (A3s type), and in A5 (A5 type). (A1, A3, A5: Averaged potentials evoked by 1c/sec flashes which started 1 min, 3 min and 5 min after the end of the test.) Each type closely corresponded to paranoid schizophrenia, atypical hebephrenia, typical hebephrenia and simple schizophrenia, respectively.", "contents": "Changes in visual evoked potentials of schizophrenics after addition test. Visual evoked potentials were obtained for schizophrenics, neurotics and patients with affective disorders, and comparison between those before and after an addition test for 15 min was made. Reduction in amplitude and prolongation of latency of the potential were observed in schizophrenics after the test, while there was no change after that in neurotics and patients with affective psychosis. In schizophrenics, 4 types of changes in amplitude of the potential could be seen after the test. Namely, marked reduction occurred in A1 (A1 type), in A3 with fast recovery (A3f type), in A3 with slow recovery (A3s type), and in A5 (A5 type). (A1, A3, A5: Averaged potentials evoked by 1c/sec flashes which started 1 min, 3 min and 5 min after the end of the test.) Each type closely corresponded to paranoid schizophrenia, atypical hebephrenia, typical hebephrenia and simple schizophrenia, respectively.", "PMID": 73451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5076", "title": "Short latency potentials recorded from the neck and scalp following median nerve stimulation in man.", "content": "Short latency evoked potentials were recorded from sites overlying the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, the clavicles, mastoid processes and cerebral cortex, following percutaneous stimulation of median nerve fibres at the elbow, wrist and fingers in 23 normal subjects. At least four major early components each with simultaneous positive and negative constituents, plus the first component (N20) of the cortical response, were all found to be mediated by sensory afferent fibres with conduction velocity 65--75 m/sec in the forearm of one subject. Study of the distribution of these potentials, using reference electrodes located at Fz or over the lower part of the spine, has led to the proposal of generator sites in the brachial plexus (N9), spinal roots or dorsal columns (N11), spinal grey matter or brain stem (N13), and brain stem or thalamus (N14). Comparison with intrathecal recordings in man lends support to the view that N11 and N13 are generated in or adjacent to the spinal cord. It is hoped the findings may extend the clinical applications of a non-invasive technique for investigating the afferent sensory pathways in man.", "contents": "Short latency potentials recorded from the neck and scalp following median nerve stimulation in man. Short latency evoked potentials were recorded from sites overlying the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, the clavicles, mastoid processes and cerebral cortex, following percutaneous stimulation of median nerve fibres at the elbow, wrist and fingers in 23 normal subjects. At least four major early components each with simultaneous positive and negative constituents, plus the first component (N20) of the cortical response, were all found to be mediated by sensory afferent fibres with conduction velocity 65--75 m/sec in the forearm of one subject. Study of the distribution of these potentials, using reference electrodes located at Fz or over the lower part of the spine, has led to the proposal of generator sites in the brachial plexus (N9), spinal roots or dorsal columns (N11), spinal grey matter or brain stem (N13), and brain stem or thalamus (N14). Comparison with intrathecal recordings in man lends support to the view that N11 and N13 are generated in or adjacent to the spinal cord. It is hoped the findings may extend the clinical applications of a non-invasive technique for investigating the afferent sensory pathways in man.", "PMID": 73453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5077", "title": "Electroencephalographic studies with i.v. methaqualone in man.", "content": "Methaqualone injected i.v. has been reported to be a safe short-acting anaesthetic agent and a muscle relaxant in man. It has been employed in a variety of operative procedures and to modify convulsions in the management of tetanus and in electroconvulsive therapy. Safety, usefulness and the marked central effects of the drug led us to study its central effects by EEG in man. Discrepancies between clinical and EEG signs were thus seen. EEG patterns resembled those after barbiturates and the effect was dose dependent. Differences between methaqualone and barbiturates are discussed. The EEG patterns were potentiated by thioridazine and antagonised by imipramine.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic studies with i.v. methaqualone in man. Methaqualone injected i.v. has been reported to be a safe short-acting anaesthetic agent and a muscle relaxant in man. It has been employed in a variety of operative procedures and to modify convulsions in the management of tetanus and in electroconvulsive therapy. Safety, usefulness and the marked central effects of the drug led us to study its central effects by EEG in man. Discrepancies between clinical and EEG signs were thus seen. EEG patterns resembled those after barbiturates and the effect was dose dependent. Differences between methaqualone and barbiturates are discussed. The EEG patterns were potentiated by thioridazine and antagonised by imipramine.", "PMID": 73455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5078", "title": "Automatic noctural sleep sampling: a useful method in clinical electroencephalography.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of obtaining a sleep record in epileptic patients is well established. However, in many clinical EEG laboratories, it is difficult to obtain records at night during the patient's natural sleep. Thus, most sleep EEGs are recorded in the EEG laboratory during daytime and are induced by drugs. A 16 channel cable-telemetry system is described which automatically samples throughout the night the EEG of patients while sleeping in their room or ward without the aid of any medication. The electrodes and the cable-telemetry unit are applied to the patient in the afternoon and the system is checked. The patient is then instructed to plug the system into a wall box upon retiring and to disconnect it when he wakes up in the morning. The EEG samples are automatically written out during the night on one of the EEG machines located in the EEG laboratory to which the system is connected via spectral intra-hospital wiring. The duration of the samples and of the intervals separating them can be varied according to the circumstances. We have found this method to be very helpful in the investigation of epileptic patients, especially those considered for surgical treatment.", "contents": "Automatic noctural sleep sampling: a useful method in clinical electroencephalography. The clinical usefulness of obtaining a sleep record in epileptic patients is well established. However, in many clinical EEG laboratories, it is difficult to obtain records at night during the patient's natural sleep. Thus, most sleep EEGs are recorded in the EEG laboratory during daytime and are induced by drugs. A 16 channel cable-telemetry system is described which automatically samples throughout the night the EEG of patients while sleeping in their room or ward without the aid of any medication. The electrodes and the cable-telemetry unit are applied to the patient in the afternoon and the system is checked. The patient is then instructed to plug the system into a wall box upon retiring and to disconnect it when he wakes up in the morning. The EEG samples are automatically written out during the night on one of the EEG machines located in the EEG laboratory to which the system is connected via spectral intra-hospital wiring. The duration of the samples and of the intervals separating them can be varied according to the circumstances. We have found this method to be very helpful in the investigation of epileptic patients, especially those considered for surgical treatment.", "PMID": 73456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5079", "title": "A quantitative measurement of tremor.", "content": "A quantitative measurement of tremor was achieved by means of separate analysis of frequency and amplitude, using an EEG spectrum analyser and an amplitude histogram plotter (giving distribution curve), with magnetic tape storage. Tremors were registered bilaterally from most proximal finger joints and elbow joints.", "contents": "A quantitative measurement of tremor. A quantitative measurement of tremor was achieved by means of separate analysis of frequency and amplitude, using an EEG spectrum analyser and an amplitude histogram plotter (giving distribution curve), with magnetic tape storage. Tremors were registered bilaterally from most proximal finger joints and elbow joints.", "PMID": 73457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5080", "title": "Inhibition of antibody production in plasmacytoma cells by antigen.", "content": "Tissue culture-adapted MOPC 315 mouse plasmacytoma cells which secrete monoclonal anti-DNP IgA antibody, were cultured with a variety of DNP-carrier conjugates and the production of IgA measured by pulse labeling with [3H]leucine and by plaque-forming cell assays. DNP-coupled bovine, human and rabbit gamma-globulins (containing 9 to 12 DNP groups per 50 000 mol wt of carrier) inhibited the synthesis and secretion of IgA by 40 to 80%. This inhibition was specific, since unconjugated globulins were ineffective, non-IgA proteins and DNA synthesis remained unaffected, and DNP-globulins had no effect on X5563 cells which do not bind DNP. The degree of suppression of antibody production dependen on the concentration and epitone density of the antigen and on the duration of exposure of cells to it, and was no attributable to absorption of secreted antibody by cell-bound antigen. Comparably substituted DNP conjugates of F(ab')2 and intact globulins were equally inhibitory. The inhibition of antibody synthesis by DNP-BGG was reversible following removal of the antigen. This phenomenon is similar in many respects to the antigen-induced blockade of normal antibody-secreting cells, and provides a valuable model system for analyzing the mechanisms of antigen-mediated cellular inactivation.", "contents": "Inhibition of antibody production in plasmacytoma cells by antigen. Tissue culture-adapted MOPC 315 mouse plasmacytoma cells which secrete monoclonal anti-DNP IgA antibody, were cultured with a variety of DNP-carrier conjugates and the production of IgA measured by pulse labeling with [3H]leucine and by plaque-forming cell assays. DNP-coupled bovine, human and rabbit gamma-globulins (containing 9 to 12 DNP groups per 50 000 mol wt of carrier) inhibited the synthesis and secretion of IgA by 40 to 80%. This inhibition was specific, since unconjugated globulins were ineffective, non-IgA proteins and DNA synthesis remained unaffected, and DNP-globulins had no effect on X5563 cells which do not bind DNP. The degree of suppression of antibody production dependen on the concentration and epitone density of the antigen and on the duration of exposure of cells to it, and was no attributable to absorption of secreted antibody by cell-bound antigen. Comparably substituted DNP conjugates of F(ab')2 and intact globulins were equally inhibitory. The inhibition of antibody synthesis by DNP-BGG was reversible following removal of the antigen. This phenomenon is similar in many respects to the antigen-induced blockade of normal antibody-secreting cells, and provides a valuable model system for analyzing the mechanisms of antigen-mediated cellular inactivation.", "PMID": 73462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5081", "title": "Analysis of the alloimmune properties of a recombinant genotype in the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken.", "content": "In a population of (CB X CC)F1 X WB hybrids, a chicken was found with a presumably recombinant haplotype, BR1, whose antigenic products detectable by hemagglutination contained determinants derived from both parental haplotypes, i.e. B1 (from CB) and B2 (from CC). This recombinant bird and its progeny from different crosses were tested by skin grafting, graft-vs.-host (GVH) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). The results define two regions of the B system, the B-F and the B-G. The B-F region determined serologically defined antigens, histocompatibility antigens, and controlled the GVH and MLR reactions, while the B-G region was responsible only for synthesis of serologically detectable antigens.", "contents": "Analysis of the alloimmune properties of a recombinant genotype in the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken. In a population of (CB X CC)F1 X WB hybrids, a chicken was found with a presumably recombinant haplotype, BR1, whose antigenic products detectable by hemagglutination contained determinants derived from both parental haplotypes, i.e. B1 (from CB) and B2 (from CC). This recombinant bird and its progeny from different crosses were tested by skin grafting, graft-vs.-host (GVH) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). The results define two regions of the B system, the B-F and the B-G. The B-F region determined serologically defined antigens, histocompatibility antigens, and controlled the GVH and MLR reactions, while the B-G region was responsible only for synthesis of serologically detectable antigens.", "PMID": 73463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5082", "title": "A myeloma hybrid producing antibody specific for an allotypic determinant on \"IgD-like\" molecules of the mouse.", "content": "A hybrid cell line was produced by fusing a mouse myeloma line with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with B10 cells. The hybrid line grew in tissue culture and in syngeneic mice and produced IgM antibody specific for \"IgD-like\" molecules of mice with the Igb haplotype. The concentration of monoclonal antibody in the serum of tumor-bearing animals reached about 2 mg/ml and gave cytotoxic titers of up to 1:800 000. The derivation of the line, some properties of the antibody secreted and the nature of its antigenic target are described.", "contents": "A myeloma hybrid producing antibody specific for an allotypic determinant on \"IgD-like\" molecules of the mouse. A hybrid cell line was produced by fusing a mouse myeloma line with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with B10 cells. The hybrid line grew in tissue culture and in syngeneic mice and produced IgM antibody specific for \"IgD-like\" molecules of mice with the Igb haplotype. The concentration of monoclonal antibody in the serum of tumor-bearing animals reached about 2 mg/ml and gave cytotoxic titers of up to 1:800 000. The derivation of the line, some properties of the antibody secreted and the nature of its antigenic target are described.", "PMID": 73464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5083", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyosine50. IV. In vitro activity and immunochemical properties.", "content": "The responsiveness of BALB/c spleen cells to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), the copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) and the corresponding complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) has been studied in vitro in a modified Mishell-Dutton culture system. Cultures of BALB/c spleen cells respond to GAT, GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA over a wide dose range. Contrary to in vivo findings BALB/c spleen cell cultures respond to GT in vitro although in a much narrower dose range. Lymphoid extracts from GT-primed BALB/c or B10.BR mice (GT-TSF) specifically suppress the GT-MBSA response in vitro. This culture system has allowed us to further investigate immunochemical properties of both BALB/c and B10.BR GT-TSF-GT-TSF from both strains display affinity for GT-Sepharose and bear determinants encoded by the I region of the H-2 complex. Moreover, we demonstrate that the suppressive activity from B10.BR mice is a molecule or a molecular complex which displays affinity for GT and bears determinants of the I-J subregion of the H-2k haplotype.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyosine50. IV. In vitro activity and immunochemical properties. The responsiveness of BALB/c spleen cells to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT), the copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) and the corresponding complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) has been studied in vitro in a modified Mishell-Dutton culture system. Cultures of BALB/c spleen cells respond to GAT, GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA over a wide dose range. Contrary to in vivo findings BALB/c spleen cell cultures respond to GT in vitro although in a much narrower dose range. Lymphoid extracts from GT-primed BALB/c or B10.BR mice (GT-TSF) specifically suppress the GT-MBSA response in vitro. This culture system has allowed us to further investigate immunochemical properties of both BALB/c and B10.BR GT-TSF-GT-TSF from both strains display affinity for GT-Sepharose and bear determinants encoded by the I region of the H-2 complex. Moreover, we demonstrate that the suppressive activity from B10.BR mice is a molecule or a molecular complex which displays affinity for GT and bears determinants of the I-J subregion of the H-2k haplotype.", "PMID": 73465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5084", "title": "Ly and Ia phenotype of suppressor T cells induced by graft-vs.-host reaction.", "content": "Suppressor T cells were generated in (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice undergoing graft-vs.-host (GvH) reaction and treated with anti-Ly and anti-Ia antisera to determine their membrane antigen phenotype. Pretreatment of CBA-induced GvH suppressor T cells with anti-Ly-1.1, anti-Ly-2.1 or anti-Iak antisera plus complement abrogated their suppressive properties when tested against primed F1 spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, concanavalin A (Con A)-induced suppressor T cells were insensitive to anti-Ly-1.1 serum. It is concluded that GvH-induced suppressor T cells are Ly-1+,2+,3+,Ia+, and thus distinct from Con A or antigen-induced suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Ly and Ia phenotype of suppressor T cells induced by graft-vs.-host reaction. Suppressor T cells were generated in (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice undergoing graft-vs.-host (GvH) reaction and treated with anti-Ly and anti-Ia antisera to determine their membrane antigen phenotype. Pretreatment of CBA-induced GvH suppressor T cells with anti-Ly-1.1, anti-Ly-2.1 or anti-Iak antisera plus complement abrogated their suppressive properties when tested against primed F1 spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, concanavalin A (Con A)-induced suppressor T cells were insensitive to anti-Ly-1.1 serum. It is concluded that GvH-induced suppressor T cells are Ly-1+,2+,3+,Ia+, and thus distinct from Con A or antigen-induced suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 73466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5085", "title": "Identification of distinctive stromal elements in erythroid and neutrophil granuloid spleen colonies: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Erythroid and granuloid spleen colonies from 1100 R irradiated mice transfused with 5 X 10(4) syngeneic bone marrow cells, fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, were processed for light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination of day 7 erythroid colonies revealed distinctive reticular cells indigenous to the erythroid colony; they were not observed outside the confines of the erythroid colony or in granuloid colonies or within the spleens of control irradiated mice that had not been transfused with bone marrow cells. Examinations of sections stained with a newly developed differential stain for thick sections (1 mu) revealed unique staining properties for these reticular cells. Ultrastructural features and the intimate contact of the proerythroblasts and the reticular cells are described. Microscopic examination of day 10 neutrophil granuloid spleen colonies harvested from polycythemic mice showed distinctive stromal cells, different from those of erythroid colonies. These distinctive cell to cell relationships constitute a possible morphological basis for the function of the erythroid and granuloid hemopoietic inductive microenvironments.", "contents": "Identification of distinctive stromal elements in erythroid and neutrophil granuloid spleen colonies: light and electron microscopic study. Erythroid and granuloid spleen colonies from 1100 R irradiated mice transfused with 5 X 10(4) syngeneic bone marrow cells, fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, were processed for light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination of day 7 erythroid colonies revealed distinctive reticular cells indigenous to the erythroid colony; they were not observed outside the confines of the erythroid colony or in granuloid colonies or within the spleens of control irradiated mice that had not been transfused with bone marrow cells. Examinations of sections stained with a newly developed differential stain for thick sections (1 mu) revealed unique staining properties for these reticular cells. Ultrastructural features and the intimate contact of the proerythroblasts and the reticular cells are described. Microscopic examination of day 10 neutrophil granuloid spleen colonies harvested from polycythemic mice showed distinctive stromal cells, different from those of erythroid colonies. These distinctive cell to cell relationships constitute a possible morphological basis for the function of the erythroid and granuloid hemopoietic inductive microenvironments.", "PMID": 73471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5086", "title": "Myeloid membrane markers. I. Expression of marker antigens specific for murine granulocytes and their precursor cells.", "content": "Bone marrow cells were investigated by immunoelectromicroscopy and by quantitative photometric immunoradioautography with a rabbit antiserum against murine bone marrow cells. The serum was absorbed with murine spleen, liver and thymus cells until it no longer reacted with thymocytes and lymph node cells in a quantitative complement fixation test. The antiserum stained granulopoietic but not erythropoietic or lymphopoietic cells. The density of the myeloid antigen on single cells increased with the differentiation from immature to mature granulopoietic cells. While the increase of label was statistically not significant at the level of differentiation from promyelocyte to myelocyte and metamyelocyte to band neutrophil, there was a remarkable gain of label from myeloblast to promyelocyte and from band neutrophil to segmented neutrophil. This was evident under the electron microscopy using peroxidase-labeled antibodies and could be measured quantitatively with photometric immunoradioautography using 125I-labeled antibodies.", "contents": "Myeloid membrane markers. I. Expression of marker antigens specific for murine granulocytes and their precursor cells. Bone marrow cells were investigated by immunoelectromicroscopy and by quantitative photometric immunoradioautography with a rabbit antiserum against murine bone marrow cells. The serum was absorbed with murine spleen, liver and thymus cells until it no longer reacted with thymocytes and lymph node cells in a quantitative complement fixation test. The antiserum stained granulopoietic but not erythropoietic or lymphopoietic cells. The density of the myeloid antigen on single cells increased with the differentiation from immature to mature granulopoietic cells. While the increase of label was statistically not significant at the level of differentiation from promyelocyte to myelocyte and metamyelocyte to band neutrophil, there was a remarkable gain of label from myeloblast to promyelocyte and from band neutrophil to segmented neutrophil. This was evident under the electron microscopy using peroxidase-labeled antibodies and could be measured quantitatively with photometric immunoradioautography using 125I-labeled antibodies.", "PMID": 73472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5087", "title": "The staining of starch gels with Coomassie brilliant blue G250 perchloric acid solution.", "content": "Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 dissolved in dilute perchloric acid solution was used to stain protein bands in starge gels. The bands were visible within min, no destaining was required and the gels could be stored indefinitely.", "contents": "The staining of starch gels with Coomassie brilliant blue G250 perchloric acid solution. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 dissolved in dilute perchloric acid solution was used to stain protein bands in starge gels. The bands were visible within min, no destaining was required and the gels could be stored indefinitely.", "PMID": 73475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5088", "title": "Feulgen positive nucleoli in Epon semithin sections: fact or artifact?", "content": "Epon semithin sections from glutaraldehyde fixed tissues show stained nucleoli after treatment with the Schiff's reagent. The possibility that aldehyde groups already present could account for this positive staining reaction is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Feulgen positive nucleoli in Epon semithin sections: fact or artifact? Epon semithin sections from glutaraldehyde fixed tissues show stained nucleoli after treatment with the Schiff's reagent. The possibility that aldehyde groups already present could account for this positive staining reaction is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 73476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5089", "title": "Function of macrophages in genetic control of immune responsiveness.", "content": "Macrophages serve an essential but poorly understood role in the cellular and molecular events that underlie immune competence. Antigenic proteins are now known to bind initially to macrophages prior to their recognition by T lymphocytes. Antigen uptake by macrophages is a metabolism-dependent event that results in an association of the antigen or a fragment thereof with a product of genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex of the species. For recognition of this associative form of antigen and self to result in cell proliferation, a direct physical interaction of antigen-bearing macrophage and lumphocyte must occur. Soluble forms of the altered antigen complexed to self may, however, function in nonproliferative T cell activation phenomenon. Using antigens of defined structure, it is possible to derive data which indicate that genetic control of immune responsiveness resides at the level of the antigen-presenting cell, thus indicating that these latter cells have profound discriminatory influences on host immune competence.", "contents": "Function of macrophages in genetic control of immune responsiveness. Macrophages serve an essential but poorly understood role in the cellular and molecular events that underlie immune competence. Antigenic proteins are now known to bind initially to macrophages prior to their recognition by T lymphocytes. Antigen uptake by macrophages is a metabolism-dependent event that results in an association of the antigen or a fragment thereof with a product of genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex of the species. For recognition of this associative form of antigen and self to result in cell proliferation, a direct physical interaction of antigen-bearing macrophage and lumphocyte must occur. Soluble forms of the altered antigen complexed to self may, however, function in nonproliferative T cell activation phenomenon. Using antigens of defined structure, it is possible to derive data which indicate that genetic control of immune responsiveness resides at the level of the antigen-presenting cell, thus indicating that these latter cells have profound discriminatory influences on host immune competence.", "PMID": 73479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5090", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in vasectomized rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity in rhesus monkeys that had been vasectomized for 2, 4, 7, or 11 years was measured by lymphocyte blastogenesis following stimulation with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogens. Several of the 7- and 11-year vasectomized animals had significantly reduced PHA reactivity when compared with control animals, and the percentage of animals with reduced PHA reactivity increased with time after vasectomy.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in vasectomized rhesus monkeys. Cell-mediated immunity in rhesus monkeys that had been vasectomized for 2, 4, 7, or 11 years was measured by lymphocyte blastogenesis following stimulation with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogens. Several of the 7- and 11-year vasectomized animals had significantly reduced PHA reactivity when compared with control animals, and the percentage of animals with reduced PHA reactivity increased with time after vasectomy.", "PMID": 73480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5091", "title": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The plasma beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG) content was measured in 56 diabetic patients with known complications of this disease, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and ischemic skin lesions. Although two patients were found to have elevated levels beyond the normal range, there was no significant difference between the diabetic group as a whole and the group of 35 controls. The significance of these findings with regard to the proposed contribution of small-vessel platelet sequestration in the pathogenesis of late complications of diabetes mellitus is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin in diabetes mellitus. The plasma beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG) content was measured in 56 diabetic patients with known complications of this disease, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and ischemic skin lesions. Although two patients were found to have elevated levels beyond the normal range, there was no significant difference between the diabetic group as a whole and the group of 35 controls. The significance of these findings with regard to the proposed contribution of small-vessel platelet sequestration in the pathogenesis of late complications of diabetes mellitus is discussed.", "PMID": 73486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5092", "title": "Replication of primate oncornavirus SSV-1 on MRC-5 human diploid cells.", "content": "MRC-5 human diploid cells infected with Simian Sarcoma Virus from woolly monkey (SSV-1) were not transformed but an efficient replication of non transforming SiLV was demonstrated. Increase of virus reverse transcriptase activity paralleled cell replication during successive passages. Preliminary results concerning the influence of viral infection on the life span and the karyotype of MRC-5 diploid cells will be reported and several implications of these findings discussed.", "contents": "Replication of primate oncornavirus SSV-1 on MRC-5 human diploid cells. MRC-5 human diploid cells infected with Simian Sarcoma Virus from woolly monkey (SSV-1) were not transformed but an efficient replication of non transforming SiLV was demonstrated. Increase of virus reverse transcriptase activity paralleled cell replication during successive passages. Preliminary results concerning the influence of viral infection on the life span and the karyotype of MRC-5 diploid cells will be reported and several implications of these findings discussed.", "PMID": 73483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5093", "title": "Inhibition of leucocyte migration by potassium chloride extracts of human tumor cells in ascites and from tissues.", "content": "Human gastric cancer-associated antigens were solubilized from fresh ascites and surgical specimens by 3M KCl extraction. The antigenicity of these extracts was measured by leucocyte migration inhibition assay with an improved modification devised in this laboratory. Antigens extracted mutually reacted with autologous and allogeneic leucocytes taken from cancer patients. The out of 11 (27%) patients and 7 out of 28 (25%) patients with various cancers showed positive migration index values against 13 ascites tumor cell antigens in the autologous and allogeneic reaction systems, respectively. Reactions were positive in 4 out of 10 patients with gastric cancer against autologous antigens, and in 10 out of 26 (38%) of the patients against allogeneic tumor antigens. On the other hand, one patient with gastric cancer reacted well with various sources of antigens extracted from allogeneic cells of gastric cancer, while the other patient with gastric cancer did not react with any of five gastric cancer antigens tested so far. These findings suggested that the cell-mediated immune response of patients with gastric cancer against autologous and allogeneic tumor antigens extracted was detectable in the test system. It is considered at present that the eM KCl antigen may be relate to human leucocyte antigen, and some common antigenic reactants capable of reacting with several gastric cancer may be involved in this reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of leucocyte migration by potassium chloride extracts of human tumor cells in ascites and from tissues. Human gastric cancer-associated antigens were solubilized from fresh ascites and surgical specimens by 3M KCl extraction. The antigenicity of these extracts was measured by leucocyte migration inhibition assay with an improved modification devised in this laboratory. Antigens extracted mutually reacted with autologous and allogeneic leucocytes taken from cancer patients. The out of 11 (27%) patients and 7 out of 28 (25%) patients with various cancers showed positive migration index values against 13 ascites tumor cell antigens in the autologous and allogeneic reaction systems, respectively. Reactions were positive in 4 out of 10 patients with gastric cancer against autologous antigens, and in 10 out of 26 (38%) of the patients against allogeneic tumor antigens. On the other hand, one patient with gastric cancer reacted well with various sources of antigens extracted from allogeneic cells of gastric cancer, while the other patient with gastric cancer did not react with any of five gastric cancer antigens tested so far. These findings suggested that the cell-mediated immune response of patients with gastric cancer against autologous and allogeneic tumor antigens extracted was detectable in the test system. It is considered at present that the eM KCl antigen may be relate to human leucocyte antigen, and some common antigenic reactants capable of reacting with several gastric cancer may be involved in this reaction.", "PMID": 73489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5094", "title": "Reverse transcriptase and thymidine kinase as markers for tumorigenicity and viral contamination of cells.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of enzymes, particularly those involved in nucleic acid synthesis could be a useful means of detecting infections and abnormalities in cells in culture. Model systems using mouse (3T3), human (MRC-5) and chick embryo cells infected with RNA tumour viruses were studied. Reverse transcriptase activities were determined by the incorporation of (3H) nucleotides into synthetic primer-templates or into complementary DNA of endogenous RNA and characterised by their specificity for primer-templates dT12-18.rAn, dG12-18.rCn, dT12-18.DAn and dG10.rCmn, their requirements for metal ions and inhibition by antisera. Measurement of reverse transcriptase is a more sensitive method than the COFAL test for the detection of RAV infection of chick cells. Iododeoxyuridine, bromodeoxyuridine and dexamethasone, which can induce latent C viruses, have no effect on MRC-5 cells; no increases in reverse transcriptase were detected and no C particles were seen by electron microscopy. Solid tumours developed in immunosuppressed mice injected s/c with 3T3 and MRC-5 cells chronically infected with MLV but none formed after injection of cells or virus suspension alone. Thymidine kinase activities of WI-38 and MRC-5 cells are greatly increased by infection with CMV or transformation with SV40. Mammalian tumours and tumour cell lines also show a high specific activity of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase and thymidine kinase as markers for tumorigenicity and viral contamination of cells. Continuous monitoring of enzymes, particularly those involved in nucleic acid synthesis could be a useful means of detecting infections and abnormalities in cells in culture. Model systems using mouse (3T3), human (MRC-5) and chick embryo cells infected with RNA tumour viruses were studied. Reverse transcriptase activities were determined by the incorporation of (3H) nucleotides into synthetic primer-templates or into complementary DNA of endogenous RNA and characterised by their specificity for primer-templates dT12-18.rAn, dG12-18.rCn, dT12-18.DAn and dG10.rCmn, their requirements for metal ions and inhibition by antisera. Measurement of reverse transcriptase is a more sensitive method than the COFAL test for the detection of RAV infection of chick cells. Iododeoxyuridine, bromodeoxyuridine and dexamethasone, which can induce latent C viruses, have no effect on MRC-5 cells; no increases in reverse transcriptase were detected and no C particles were seen by electron microscopy. Solid tumours developed in immunosuppressed mice injected s/c with 3T3 and MRC-5 cells chronically infected with MLV but none formed after injection of cells or virus suspension alone. Thymidine kinase activities of WI-38 and MRC-5 cells are greatly increased by infection with CMV or transformation with SV40. Mammalian tumours and tumour cell lines also show a high specific activity of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase.", "PMID": 73484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5095", "title": "Tests for RNA tumor viruses in cell substrates used in virus vaccine production.", "content": "Test to detect RNA tumor viruses in cell substrates were reviewed with respect to advantages and disadvantages. Viral induction, electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase assays, density gradient centrifugation, and radioimmunoassays were performed on several cell substrates now in use or being considered for use in vaccine production. RNA tumor viruses were not detected by any of the methods except in the positive control cultures.", "contents": "Tests for RNA tumor viruses in cell substrates used in virus vaccine production. Test to detect RNA tumor viruses in cell substrates were reviewed with respect to advantages and disadvantages. Viral induction, electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase assays, density gradient centrifugation, and radioimmunoassays were performed on several cell substrates now in use or being considered for use in vaccine production. RNA tumor viruses were not detected by any of the methods except in the positive control cultures.", "PMID": 73485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5096", "title": "Inhibitory effect of tumor-bearing state on the generation of in vivo protective immune T cells in a syngeneic murine tumor system.", "content": "Tumor-specific immunity mediated by thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) was established in C3H/He mice against syngeneic X5563 plasmacytoma. Splenic T cells from mice, which exhibited resistance to tumor challenge, revealed a potent in vivo tumor-neutralizing activity as well as in vitro cytotoxicity. In contrast, spleen cells from mice 7 days after tumor cell inoculation (7-day tumor-bearing mice) exhibited no protective activity when assayed by in vivo tumor-neutralization test, whereas these cells exhibited almost comparable in vitro cytotoxic activity to that from the tumor-resistant mice. Any suppressor cell activity was not detected in 7-day tumor-bearing animals. While a slight in vivo protective activity was observed in the spleen cells from 14-day tumor-bearing mice, this activity was still significantly weaker than that of spleen cells from mice similarly inoculated with tumor 14 days before but whose tumor had been removed 7 days before the assay. The development of in vivo protective immunity in tumor-resected mice was suppressed by intravenous inoculation with 7000 R X-irradiated tumor cells. These results indicate that in vitro reactivity of immune T lymphocyte population is not always correlated with in vivo protective immunity, but there is a substantial decrease in in vivo immune capability of T cells from tumor-bearing animals, and that this suppression may be ascribed to the presence of a large amount of tumor-associated transplantation antigens rather than to suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of tumor-bearing state on the generation of in vivo protective immune T cells in a syngeneic murine tumor system. Tumor-specific immunity mediated by thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) was established in C3H/He mice against syngeneic X5563 plasmacytoma. Splenic T cells from mice, which exhibited resistance to tumor challenge, revealed a potent in vivo tumor-neutralizing activity as well as in vitro cytotoxicity. In contrast, spleen cells from mice 7 days after tumor cell inoculation (7-day tumor-bearing mice) exhibited no protective activity when assayed by in vivo tumor-neutralization test, whereas these cells exhibited almost comparable in vitro cytotoxic activity to that from the tumor-resistant mice. Any suppressor cell activity was not detected in 7-day tumor-bearing animals. While a slight in vivo protective activity was observed in the spleen cells from 14-day tumor-bearing mice, this activity was still significantly weaker than that of spleen cells from mice similarly inoculated with tumor 14 days before but whose tumor had been removed 7 days before the assay. The development of in vivo protective immunity in tumor-resected mice was suppressed by intravenous inoculation with 7000 R X-irradiated tumor cells. These results indicate that in vitro reactivity of immune T lymphocyte population is not always correlated with in vivo protective immunity, but there is a substantial decrease in in vivo immune capability of T cells from tumor-bearing animals, and that this suppression may be ascribed to the presence of a large amount of tumor-associated transplantation antigens rather than to suppressor cell activity.", "PMID": 73490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5097", "title": "Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen: characterisation of cross-reactions with other glycoproteins.", "content": "In the course of demonstrating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in normal human small intestine cross-reactivity of specific antiserum against red blood cells, vascular endothelium, and Paneth cell granules was noted. Pretreatment of sections with periodic acid eliminated these cross-reactions without affecting the staining of CEA, indicating that the antigenic determinants shared between CEA and other glycoproteins are in the carbohydrate portion of the molecules. These findings emphasise the caution with which immunohistochemical results should be regarded even when they are apparently well controlled.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen: characterisation of cross-reactions with other glycoproteins. In the course of demonstrating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in normal human small intestine cross-reactivity of specific antiserum against red blood cells, vascular endothelium, and Paneth cell granules was noted. Pretreatment of sections with periodic acid eliminated these cross-reactions without affecting the staining of CEA, indicating that the antigenic determinants shared between CEA and other glycoproteins are in the carbohydrate portion of the molecules. These findings emphasise the caution with which immunohistochemical results should be regarded even when they are apparently well controlled.", "PMID": 73495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5098", "title": "Myopathy in Whipple's disease.", "content": "We report a patient with Whipple's disease who developed a myopathy that improved during antibiotic therapy. The muscle biopsy showed mild type 2 fibre atrophy, type 1 fibre preponderance, variability in fibre size, and changes in the myofibrillar pattern of affected fibres. Interfascicular macrophages contained PAS-positive material. With the electron microscope these macrophages contained membranous inclusions and bacillary bodies, similar to those seen in the jejunal biopsy.", "contents": "Myopathy in Whipple's disease. We report a patient with Whipple's disease who developed a myopathy that improved during antibiotic therapy. The muscle biopsy showed mild type 2 fibre atrophy, type 1 fibre preponderance, variability in fibre size, and changes in the myofibrillar pattern of affected fibres. Interfascicular macrophages contained PAS-positive material. With the electron microscope these macrophages contained membranous inclusions and bacillary bodies, similar to those seen in the jejunal biopsy.", "PMID": 73496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5099", "title": "Effect of histamine receptor antagonists on bile damage to the gastric mucosa of canine Heidenhain pouches.", "content": "The net ionic fluxes of H+ and Na+ were examined in Heidenhain pouches during damage with sodium taurocholate solution. The increase in ionic flux which occurred with taurocholate could be prevented in animals given H1 and H2 histamine antagonists in combination. The results suggest that histamine mediates changes in the transmucosal ionic flux produced by bile acid.", "contents": "Effect of histamine receptor antagonists on bile damage to the gastric mucosa of canine Heidenhain pouches. The net ionic fluxes of H+ and Na+ were examined in Heidenhain pouches during damage with sodium taurocholate solution. The increase in ionic flux which occurred with taurocholate could be prevented in animals given H1 and H2 histamine antagonists in combination. The results suggest that histamine mediates changes in the transmucosal ionic flux produced by bile acid.", "PMID": 73497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5100", "title": "Inhibitory effect of various cytostatics and cycloheximide on acute experimental pancreatitis in rats.", "content": "Cycloheximide, 5-azacytidine, and 4-methoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoarylate (Cytembena) block the development of experimental acute pancreatitis in rats when mediated by the administration of 5% bile solution into the pancreas in vivo. Six hours after drug treatment the pathological changes, evaluated macroscopically or using histological sections of the pancreas, were significantly decreased. The drugs affected the amount of abdominal fluid and lowered its lipase and amylase activity. The known inhibitory mechanism of the active drugs and the possible advantage of cycloheximide for clinical use are briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of various cytostatics and cycloheximide on acute experimental pancreatitis in rats. Cycloheximide, 5-azacytidine, and 4-methoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoarylate (Cytembena) block the development of experimental acute pancreatitis in rats when mediated by the administration of 5% bile solution into the pancreas in vivo. Six hours after drug treatment the pathological changes, evaluated macroscopically or using histological sections of the pancreas, were significantly decreased. The drugs affected the amount of abdominal fluid and lowered its lipase and amylase activity. The known inhibitory mechanism of the active drugs and the possible advantage of cycloheximide for clinical use are briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 73498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5101", "title": "A receptor for 'self' on lymphocytes.", "content": "A large population of lymphocytes is able to form rosettes with syngeneic, allogeneic or closely related xenogeneic erythrocytes. Similar results were found with spleen cells from mice, rats and rabbits. The highest numbers were found in mice where up to 30% of lymphocytes bound autologous erythrocytes. Rosette formation is probably due to stereospecific cell surface receptors since erythrocytes of distant xenogeneic origin were not recognized. Rosette forming cells do not seem to be restricted to the B-cell or T-cell compartment since mouse thymus cells as well as spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) mice bound erythrocytes to a similar degree.", "contents": "A receptor for 'self' on lymphocytes. A large population of lymphocytes is able to form rosettes with syngeneic, allogeneic or closely related xenogeneic erythrocytes. Similar results were found with spleen cells from mice, rats and rabbits. The highest numbers were found in mice where up to 30% of lymphocytes bound autologous erythrocytes. Rosette formation is probably due to stereospecific cell surface receptors since erythrocytes of distant xenogeneic origin were not recognized. Rosette forming cells do not seem to be restricted to the B-cell or T-cell compartment since mouse thymus cells as well as spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) mice bound erythrocytes to a similar degree.", "PMID": 73501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5102", "title": "Marsupial immunoglobulins: the distribution and evolution of macropod IgG2, IgG1, IgM and light chain antigenic markers within the sub-class Metatheria.", "content": "The distribution within Australian and American marsupials of the heavy and light chain antigenic markers identified by antisera to purified quokka (Setonix brachyurus) immunoglobulins is described. Markers for IgM and IgG2 constant region determinants as well as for light chains were widely distributed in Australian species and were also detected in Didelphis, the American opossum, thus indicating a long-term structural conservatism of some immunoglobulins within the marsupials. More detailed analysis of the distribution of quokka IgG2 determinants by quantitative precipitation and sequential absorption procedures suggested that there had been a gradual and cumulative acquisition of these markers with time. The presence of IgG2 markers in species separated for 130 million years (quokka and opossum) suggested that IgG2 was the ancestral IgG present before the divergence of these separate lines. The origin of IgG1 remains obscure as it appears to be limited to a small group of closely related diprotodont marsupials suggesting a recent origin.", "contents": "Marsupial immunoglobulins: the distribution and evolution of macropod IgG2, IgG1, IgM and light chain antigenic markers within the sub-class Metatheria. The distribution within Australian and American marsupials of the heavy and light chain antigenic markers identified by antisera to purified quokka (Setonix brachyurus) immunoglobulins is described. Markers for IgM and IgG2 constant region determinants as well as for light chains were widely distributed in Australian species and were also detected in Didelphis, the American opossum, thus indicating a long-term structural conservatism of some immunoglobulins within the marsupials. More detailed analysis of the distribution of quokka IgG2 determinants by quantitative precipitation and sequential absorption procedures suggested that there had been a gradual and cumulative acquisition of these markers with time. The presence of IgG2 markers in species separated for 130 million years (quokka and opossum) suggested that IgG2 was the ancestral IgG present before the divergence of these separate lines. The origin of IgG1 remains obscure as it appears to be limited to a small group of closely related diprotodont marsupials suggesting a recent origin.", "PMID": 73503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5103", "title": "Antigens in penicillin allergy. I. A radioimmunoassay for detection of penicilloylated protein contaminants in penicillin preparations.", "content": "This communication presents a sensitive and discriminative method for detection of protein impurities in penicillin preparations. Antibodies against various penicilloyl derivatives of high avidities and specificities raised in rabbits were coupled to microcrystalline cellulose. The amount of penicilloyl antigen present in a sample was calculated from the relative uptake of a radioiodinated penicilloylated albumin competing with the sample for binding to the antipenicilloyl immunosorbent. As little as 0.048 pmol/ml of penicilloylated human serum albumin could be detected. The accuracy of the determination was within +/- 23% (p less than 0.05). The pronounced specificities against the penicillin side chains demonstrated by the various immunosorbents were not displayed by the antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments in guinea pigs. Furthermore, the immunosorbents showed the same pattern of specificity against monomeric penicillins as for penicilloylated proteins, but the former were considerably less efficiently recorded. The relatively small quantities of protein impurities in penicillin preparations, however, necessitated a separation from penicillin prior to analyses with the RIA. This was accomplished by fractionation on Sephadex G-50 fine, ginving a recovery of 80-90% of 0.1-2.5 ppm of penicilloylated protein.", "contents": "Antigens in penicillin allergy. I. A radioimmunoassay for detection of penicilloylated protein contaminants in penicillin preparations. This communication presents a sensitive and discriminative method for detection of protein impurities in penicillin preparations. Antibodies against various penicilloyl derivatives of high avidities and specificities raised in rabbits were coupled to microcrystalline cellulose. The amount of penicilloyl antigen present in a sample was calculated from the relative uptake of a radioiodinated penicilloylated albumin competing with the sample for binding to the antipenicilloyl immunosorbent. As little as 0.048 pmol/ml of penicilloylated human serum albumin could be detected. The accuracy of the determination was within +/- 23% (p less than 0.05). The pronounced specificities against the penicillin side chains demonstrated by the various immunosorbents were not displayed by the antibodies in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiments in guinea pigs. Furthermore, the immunosorbents showed the same pattern of specificity against monomeric penicillins as for penicilloylated proteins, but the former were considerably less efficiently recorded. The relatively small quantities of protein impurities in penicillin preparations, however, necessitated a separation from penicillin prior to analyses with the RIA. This was accomplished by fractionation on Sephadex G-50 fine, ginving a recovery of 80-90% of 0.1-2.5 ppm of penicilloylated protein.", "PMID": 73504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5104", "title": "Rosette-forming mast cells in rat anaphylaxis. Immunological characteristics of mast cell rosettes.", "content": "Peritoneal mast cells from immunized rats can form rosettes with antigen-coated sheep red blood cells. The receptor responsible for this active rosette formation is shown to be IgE cytophilic antibody: rosettes are inhibited by previous contact of mast cells with antigen, or with anti-IgE antiserum; the kinetics of mast cell rosettes following a primary immunization with ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis vaccine is similar to the kinetics of reaginic antibody response. Furthermore, a reaginic serum can induce passive rosette formation. There is no correlation between cell-bound and circulating IgE.", "contents": "Rosette-forming mast cells in rat anaphylaxis. Immunological characteristics of mast cell rosettes. Peritoneal mast cells from immunized rats can form rosettes with antigen-coated sheep red blood cells. The receptor responsible for this active rosette formation is shown to be IgE cytophilic antibody: rosettes are inhibited by previous contact of mast cells with antigen, or with anti-IgE antiserum; the kinetics of mast cell rosettes following a primary immunization with ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis vaccine is similar to the kinetics of reaginic antibody response. Furthermore, a reaginic serum can induce passive rosette formation. There is no correlation between cell-bound and circulating IgE.", "PMID": 73505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5105", "title": "III. Mediators of allergic reactions. Endogenous and exogenous stimulating or suppressor substances. Mediators of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "Using a physiologic model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis where depressions of arterial oxygen tension in unimmunized rabbits are monitored following aerosol challenge with Aspergillus terreus spores, attempts were made to assess the nature of the cellular and pharmacologic mediators of the impairment. Unlike normal animals no PaO2 depressions were obtained following aerosol challenge in either rabbits deficient in C6 or in rabbits made thrombocytopenic with antiplatelet serum. Such aerosols were also shown to produce platelet count depressions of up to 45% in normal rabbits. Finally, in vitro evidence of histamine release was obtained following incubation of Aspergillus extract, platelets and autologous serum from unimmunized rabbits. It was concluded that Aspergillus-induced pulmonary disease may be initiated by platelet release of mediators such as histamine stimulated by nonspecific complement activation.", "contents": "III. Mediators of allergic reactions. Endogenous and exogenous stimulating or suppressor substances. Mediators of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Using a physiologic model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis where depressions of arterial oxygen tension in unimmunized rabbits are monitored following aerosol challenge with Aspergillus terreus spores, attempts were made to assess the nature of the cellular and pharmacologic mediators of the impairment. Unlike normal animals no PaO2 depressions were obtained following aerosol challenge in either rabbits deficient in C6 or in rabbits made thrombocytopenic with antiplatelet serum. Such aerosols were also shown to produce platelet count depressions of up to 45% in normal rabbits. Finally, in vitro evidence of histamine release was obtained following incubation of Aspergillus extract, platelets and autologous serum from unimmunized rabbits. It was concluded that Aspergillus-induced pulmonary disease may be initiated by platelet release of mediators such as histamine stimulated by nonspecific complement activation.", "PMID": 73506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5106", "title": "Enhancement by a serum factor of immunoglobulin-mediated histamine release from human leukocytes.", "content": "When serum was fractionated on Sephadex G-200, the material eluted in the second and thir major peaks had a very pronounced capacity to enhance IgE- as well as IgG-mediated histamine release from the leukocytes of both normal and allergic donors. Unseparated serum on the other hand had a low capacity to stimulate anti-IgE-induced histamine release. Besides resulting in a higher histamine release, pretreatment with serum fractions also increased the rate of histamine release. Further purification revealed that the stimulating activity of the material in the second peak was mediated by a trypsin-sensitive component, probably active in low concentration.", "contents": "Enhancement by a serum factor of immunoglobulin-mediated histamine release from human leukocytes. When serum was fractionated on Sephadex G-200, the material eluted in the second and thir major peaks had a very pronounced capacity to enhance IgE- as well as IgG-mediated histamine release from the leukocytes of both normal and allergic donors. Unseparated serum on the other hand had a low capacity to stimulate anti-IgE-induced histamine release. Besides resulting in a higher histamine release, pretreatment with serum fractions also increased the rate of histamine release. Further purification revealed that the stimulating activity of the material in the second peak was mediated by a trypsin-sensitive component, probably active in low concentration.", "PMID": 73507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5107", "title": "Stimulation of the in vitro immune response by factors present in the human serum.", "content": "Two distinct factors which stimulate the recovery of plaque-forming cells in the vitro immune response have been found in human serum. One acts in the presence of fetuin and the other augments the recovery of plaque-forming cells in its absence. The molecular weight of the former is higher than 1 X 10(5). The two factors could be separated from each other by ammonium sulphate fractionation. Large differences were found in the amount of these factors in sera obtained from different human donors.", "contents": "Stimulation of the in vitro immune response by factors present in the human serum. Two distinct factors which stimulate the recovery of plaque-forming cells in the vitro immune response have been found in human serum. One acts in the presence of fetuin and the other augments the recovery of plaque-forming cells in its absence. The molecular weight of the former is higher than 1 X 10(5). The two factors could be separated from each other by ammonium sulphate fractionation. Large differences were found in the amount of these factors in sera obtained from different human donors.", "PMID": 73508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5108", "title": "Sodium fluoride--a stimulus for a calcium-triggered secretory process.", "content": "Calcium triggers the secretion of histamine from mast cells after previous exposure of the cells to sodium fluoride. The secretory process can be divided into a fluoride-activating step and a calcium-induced secretory step dependent on cellular metabolic energy. The secretory response induced by compound 48/80 in the absence of extracellular calcium was found to decrease after fluoride pretreatment of the cells. The response was, however, unaffected, provided calcium was introduced to the cells simultaneously with compound 48/80.", "contents": "Sodium fluoride--a stimulus for a calcium-triggered secretory process. Calcium triggers the secretion of histamine from mast cells after previous exposure of the cells to sodium fluoride. The secretory process can be divided into a fluoride-activating step and a calcium-induced secretory step dependent on cellular metabolic energy. The secretory response induced by compound 48/80 in the absence of extracellular calcium was found to decrease after fluoride pretreatment of the cells. The response was, however, unaffected, provided calcium was introduced to the cells simultaneously with compound 48/80.", "PMID": 73509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5109", "title": "Non-responder basophils in highly ragweed-sensitive subjects.", "content": "12 of 93 patients with untreated seasonal ragweed rhinitis, strong skin sensitivity and 2+ to 4+ RAST gave insignificant (less than or equal to 14%) histamine release from their leukocytes on challenge with ragweed allergen.", "contents": "Non-responder basophils in highly ragweed-sensitive subjects. 12 of 93 patients with untreated seasonal ragweed rhinitis, strong skin sensitivity and 2+ to 4+ RAST gave insignificant (less than or equal to 14%) histamine release from their leukocytes on challenge with ragweed allergen.", "PMID": 73510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5110", "title": "Antigens in penicillin allergy. II. The influence of the number of penicilloyl residues on the antigenicity of macromolecules as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and antibody induction.", "content": "The present communication reveals a relationship between the epitope density of penicilloylated protein antigens and their antigenic activities in a radioimmunoassay (RIA), in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and in inducing antibody formation in mice. In the RIA and PCA a critical number of 2-4 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule was noted. At this level small changes in the number of substituents considerably influenced the antigenic activities. The molecular weight and the nature of the carrier proteins, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dimeric BSA also affected the threshold concentration for efficient antigenic activity. The results with the RIA and PCA were significantly correlated to each other. Using penicilloylated BSA as immunizing antigen in mice it was found that an epitope number higher than 11 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule induced significant antibody formation after a single injection. Antigens with a lower degree of penicilloyl substitution were less immunogenic. An antigen carrying 0.6 penicilloyl residues per BSA molecule did not induce penicilloyl-specific antibodies even after three injections. The capacity of heavily penicilloylated proteins to induce and elicit penicillin allergy as revealed by the present results stresses the importance of limiting their presence in penicillin preparations.", "contents": "Antigens in penicillin allergy. II. The influence of the number of penicilloyl residues on the antigenicity of macromolecules as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and antibody induction. The present communication reveals a relationship between the epitope density of penicilloylated protein antigens and their antigenic activities in a radioimmunoassay (RIA), in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and in inducing antibody formation in mice. In the RIA and PCA a critical number of 2-4 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule was noted. At this level small changes in the number of substituents considerably influenced the antigenic activities. The molecular weight and the nature of the carrier proteins, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dimeric BSA also affected the threshold concentration for efficient antigenic activity. The results with the RIA and PCA were significantly correlated to each other. Using penicilloylated BSA as immunizing antigen in mice it was found that an epitope number higher than 11 penicilloyl residues per protein molecule induced significant antibody formation after a single injection. Antigens with a lower degree of penicilloyl substitution were less immunogenic. An antigen carrying 0.6 penicilloyl residues per BSA molecule did not induce penicilloyl-specific antibodies even after three injections. The capacity of heavily penicilloylated proteins to induce and elicit penicillin allergy as revealed by the present results stresses the importance of limiting their presence in penicillin preparations.", "PMID": 73511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5111", "title": "Serum-derived immunosuppressive substances. III. Regulation of the immune response by human serum alpha-globulin fractions: the dose-response relationship.", "content": "Suppression of the plaque-forming cell response in mice following injection of substances fractionated from pooled normal serum alpha-globulin was investigated. The dose-response relationship for fractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatography show that a single preparation has both enhancing and suppressive activities which are revealed at different doses. Whether this observation reflects the sum of activities of a number of molecular species remains to be determined. The immune responses to both thymus-dependent (heterologous erythrocytes) and thymus-independent (DNP-ficoll) antigens are suppressed while the response to the thymus-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide is enhanced. Thus, the cellular locus for immunosuppression cannot be exclusively on the T cell, and the magnitude of the action of the two populations (T and B cells) remains unclear.", "contents": "Serum-derived immunosuppressive substances. III. Regulation of the immune response by human serum alpha-globulin fractions: the dose-response relationship. Suppression of the plaque-forming cell response in mice following injection of substances fractionated from pooled normal serum alpha-globulin was investigated. The dose-response relationship for fractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatography show that a single preparation has both enhancing and suppressive activities which are revealed at different doses. Whether this observation reflects the sum of activities of a number of molecular species remains to be determined. The immune responses to both thymus-dependent (heterologous erythrocytes) and thymus-independent (DNP-ficoll) antigens are suppressed while the response to the thymus-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide is enhanced. Thus, the cellular locus for immunosuppression cannot be exclusively on the T cell, and the magnitude of the action of the two populations (T and B cells) remains unclear.", "PMID": 73512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5112", "title": "The effect of phosphatidyl serine on the activation stage of histamine release induced by neutrophil cationic protein.", "content": "Histamine release from rat mast cells induced by cationic protein (band 2) from rabbit neutrophil lysosomes occurs in Ca++-deficient medium. At higher concentrations of Ca++ the release is inhibited. Strontium not only supports, but also enhances the release of histamine in the absence of Ca++. Progressive enhancement of release occurs between 1.8 and 14.4 mM Sr++. The release of histamine from mast cells, activated at low temperature (0-4 degrees C) in the presence of 14.4 mM Ca++ and then washed prior to incubation at 37 degrees C, is inhibited. However, if phosphatidyl serine (PS) (10 microgram) is present with 14.4 mM Ca++, the inhibition is reversed. There is also inhibition of release when cells, activated in the presence of 1.8 mM Ca++, are incubated in the second stage with 14.4 mM Ca++, but this inhibition is less pronounced than when the 14.4 mM Ca++ is in the activation stage. PS enhances the release in the presence of both Ca++ and Sr++. The presence of PS in the activation stage enhances the release, but there is no significant enhancement when cells activated in the absence of PS are washed and incubated in the presence of PS. This suggests that PS enhancement of histamine release occurs at the activation stage, probably through the efficient delivery of calcium to the membrane sites, thereby increasing the efficacy of the membrane perturbation by band a protein.", "contents": "The effect of phosphatidyl serine on the activation stage of histamine release induced by neutrophil cationic protein. Histamine release from rat mast cells induced by cationic protein (band 2) from rabbit neutrophil lysosomes occurs in Ca++-deficient medium. At higher concentrations of Ca++ the release is inhibited. Strontium not only supports, but also enhances the release of histamine in the absence of Ca++. Progressive enhancement of release occurs between 1.8 and 14.4 mM Sr++. The release of histamine from mast cells, activated at low temperature (0-4 degrees C) in the presence of 14.4 mM Ca++ and then washed prior to incubation at 37 degrees C, is inhibited. However, if phosphatidyl serine (PS) (10 microgram) is present with 14.4 mM Ca++, the inhibition is reversed. There is also inhibition of release when cells, activated in the presence of 1.8 mM Ca++, are incubated in the second stage with 14.4 mM Ca++, but this inhibition is less pronounced than when the 14.4 mM Ca++ is in the activation stage. PS enhances the release in the presence of both Ca++ and Sr++. The presence of PS in the activation stage enhances the release, but there is no significant enhancement when cells activated in the absence of PS are washed and incubated in the presence of PS. This suggests that PS enhancement of histamine release occurs at the activation stage, probably through the efficient delivery of calcium to the membrane sites, thereby increasing the efficacy of the membrane perturbation by band a protein.", "PMID": 73513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5113", "title": "Pharmacologic profile of a new antiallergic compound PRD-92-Ea.", "content": "PRD-92-Ea [5,5-Dimethyl-11-oxo-5H, 11H-(2) benzopyrano (4,3-g) (1) benzopyran-9-carboxylic acid ethanolamine], was an active antiallergic compound in rat and monkey experimental models of immediate hypersensitivity. It inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the rat PCA reaction after both intravenous and oral administration. It also inhibited the degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells after antigenic challenge. PRD-92-Ea was also active in preventing bronchoconstriction in Ascaris-sensitive Rhesus monkeys after intravenous, topical and oral administration. Using chopped monkey tissues, it was found that PRD-92-Ea prevented histamine release from the respiratory mast cells, but not from the cutaneous mast cells. No reason for this dichotomy of effect is known. PRD-92-Ea showed antagonistic activity against the allergic mediators released from mast cells. In order of decreasing potency it was active against SRS-A (monkey lung), PGF2alpha, PGE2, serotonin, bradykinin and histamine. Apart from its antiallergic effects PRD-92-Ea had no other significant pharmacological activity.", "contents": "Pharmacologic profile of a new antiallergic compound PRD-92-Ea. PRD-92-Ea [5,5-Dimethyl-11-oxo-5H, 11H-(2) benzopyrano (4,3-g) (1) benzopyran-9-carboxylic acid ethanolamine], was an active antiallergic compound in rat and monkey experimental models of immediate hypersensitivity. It inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the rat PCA reaction after both intravenous and oral administration. It also inhibited the degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells after antigenic challenge. PRD-92-Ea was also active in preventing bronchoconstriction in Ascaris-sensitive Rhesus monkeys after intravenous, topical and oral administration. Using chopped monkey tissues, it was found that PRD-92-Ea prevented histamine release from the respiratory mast cells, but not from the cutaneous mast cells. No reason for this dichotomy of effect is known. PRD-92-Ea showed antagonistic activity against the allergic mediators released from mast cells. In order of decreasing potency it was active against SRS-A (monkey lung), PGF2alpha, PGE2, serotonin, bradykinin and histamine. Apart from its antiallergic effects PRD-92-Ea had no other significant pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 73514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5114", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "The tachyphylaxis to disodium cromoglycate's (DSCG) inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release is readily demonstrable utilizing passively sensitized rat lung fragments. This tachyphylaxis to DSCG is evident whether or not calcium is present during drug preincubation. An attempt to relate the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to the DSCG-induced release of an endogenous cellular inhibitory material was unsuccessful insofar as could be demonstrated by an effect on mediator release.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to disodium cromoglycate. The tachyphylaxis to disodium cromoglycate's (DSCG) inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release is readily demonstrable utilizing passively sensitized rat lung fragments. This tachyphylaxis to DSCG is evident whether or not calcium is present during drug preincubation. An attempt to relate the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to the DSCG-induced release of an endogenous cellular inhibitory material was unsuccessful insofar as could be demonstrated by an effect on mediator release.", "PMID": 73515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5115", "title": "Further studies on the tachyphylaxis to DSCG. The effects of concentration and temperature.", "content": "The tachyphylaxis to DSCG's inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release has been demonstrated in passively sensitized rat lung fragments. The induction of tachyphylaxis appears to depend on the concentration of the drug and the length of pretreatment. Tachyphylaxis is relatively independent of the concentration of the second exposure to DSCG. The development of tachyphylaxis is highly temperature dependent; it can be prevented by cooling the tissues to 2-4 degrees C after a brief (30 sec) preincubation with DSCG. It is suggested that DSCG inhibits histamine release by binding to 'receptor' site(s). Once the site is occupied by DSCG, it is modified by a temperature-dependent process, thus losing the ability as a 'receptor' for inhibition of histamine release. The tachyphylaxis is the result of such a modification.", "contents": "Further studies on the tachyphylaxis to DSCG. The effects of concentration and temperature. The tachyphylaxis to DSCG's inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release has been demonstrated in passively sensitized rat lung fragments. The induction of tachyphylaxis appears to depend on the concentration of the drug and the length of pretreatment. Tachyphylaxis is relatively independent of the concentration of the second exposure to DSCG. The development of tachyphylaxis is highly temperature dependent; it can be prevented by cooling the tissues to 2-4 degrees C after a brief (30 sec) preincubation with DSCG. It is suggested that DSCG inhibits histamine release by binding to 'receptor' site(s). Once the site is occupied by DSCG, it is modified by a temperature-dependent process, thus losing the ability as a 'receptor' for inhibition of histamine release. The tachyphylaxis is the result of such a modification.", "PMID": 73516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5116", "title": "Differences in antigenicity of Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with various forms of urinary tract infections.", "content": "The antibody amounts to crude O antigens were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) technique in 42 sera from 6 rabbits. The rabbits were hyperimmunized with one of the WHO Escherichia coli standard strains O1, O2 or  O75. In the antibody assays the O antigens were obtained from E. coli strains isolated from 15 patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), from 3 patients with acute pyelonephritis and from the WHO E. coli strains used for the immunization. The strains from the patients belonged to serogroup O1, O2 or O75. Significantly higher IgG and IgM antibody levels were detected with the ELISA when using the O1 and O2 but not O75 antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains than when using the antigens from the ABU strains. Using the IHA technique the O1, O2 and O75, IgG and IgM antibody titers against the antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains were significantly higher than those against the antigens from the ABU strains. In inhibition experiments the antigens from the strains causing pyelonephritis inhibited the reaction between antigen on solid phase and antibodies in solution much more efficiently than did antigens from strains causing ABU.", "contents": "Differences in antigenicity of Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with various forms of urinary tract infections. The antibody amounts to crude O antigens were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) technique in 42 sera from 6 rabbits. The rabbits were hyperimmunized with one of the WHO Escherichia coli standard strains O1, O2 or  O75. In the antibody assays the O antigens were obtained from E. coli strains isolated from 15 patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), from 3 patients with acute pyelonephritis and from the WHO E. coli strains used for the immunization. The strains from the patients belonged to serogroup O1, O2 or O75. Significantly higher IgG and IgM antibody levels were detected with the ELISA when using the O1 and O2 but not O75 antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains than when using the antigens from the ABU strains. Using the IHA technique the O1, O2 and O75, IgG and IgM antibody titers against the antigens from the pyelonephritis and WHO standard strains were significantly higher than those against the antigens from the ABU strains. In inhibition experiments the antigens from the strains causing pyelonephritis inhibited the reaction between antigen on solid phase and antibodies in solution much more efficiently than did antigens from strains causing ABU.", "PMID": 73517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5117", "title": "Antigenic correlations between chicken brain organelles, thymocytes and bursacytes.", "content": "Rabbit antisera to chicken whole brain and brain microsomes, synaptic membranes, and synaptic vesicles were used in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays against chicken bursacytes and thymocytes. Brain organelles, bursacytes and thymocytes have shown to possess common antigenic determinants. The common antigen is present in small amounts on thymocytes and can be demonstrated only by immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Antigenic correlations between chicken brain organelles, thymocytes and bursacytes. Rabbit antisera to chicken whole brain and brain microsomes, synaptic membranes, and synaptic vesicles were used in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays against chicken bursacytes and thymocytes. Brain organelles, bursacytes and thymocytes have shown to possess common antigenic determinants. The common antigen is present in small amounts on thymocytes and can be demonstrated only by immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 73518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5118", "title": "Demonstration of epidermis-specific heteroantigens in thymic epithelial cells.", "content": "Heterologous anti-epidermal cell serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed, viable epidermal cells of guinea pigs, followed by absorption of the antiserum with red blood cells (sheep and guinea pig), lymphoid cells and liver powder (guinea pig). Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the antiserum reacted specifically with stratified squamous epithelial cells and thymus epithelial cells including Hassall's bodies of the guinea pig, monkey and man. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the skin and thymus have common heteroantigens.", "contents": "Demonstration of epidermis-specific heteroantigens in thymic epithelial cells. Heterologous anti-epidermal cell serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed, viable epidermal cells of guinea pigs, followed by absorption of the antiserum with red blood cells (sheep and guinea pig), lymphoid cells and liver powder (guinea pig). Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the antiserum reacted specifically with stratified squamous epithelial cells and thymus epithelial cells including Hassall's bodies of the guinea pig, monkey and man. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the skin and thymus have common heteroantigens.", "PMID": 73519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5119", "title": "IgE-type antibodies to Ascaris antigens in man.", "content": "IgE antibodies to Ascaris antigens were detected by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in the serum obtained from a person experimentally sensitized with Ascaris suum antigens prepared from the body fluid of worms. This serum passively sensitized human skin in vitro and histamine release from the sensitized skin was observed by challenge with antigens. The allergenicity of A. suum antigens was present over a very broad spectrum of molecular size. The present results suggest that specific IgE antibodies to Ascaris antigens might be in Ascaris-infected patients and allergic symptoms which belong to type 1 reaction might be mediated by IgE in these patients.", "contents": "IgE-type antibodies to Ascaris antigens in man. IgE antibodies to Ascaris antigens were detected by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in the serum obtained from a person experimentally sensitized with Ascaris suum antigens prepared from the body fluid of worms. This serum passively sensitized human skin in vitro and histamine release from the sensitized skin was observed by challenge with antigens. The allergenicity of A. suum antigens was present over a very broad spectrum of molecular size. The present results suggest that specific IgE antibodies to Ascaris antigens might be in Ascaris-infected patients and allergic symptoms which belong to type 1 reaction might be mediated by IgE in these patients.", "PMID": 73520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5120", "title": "Pharmacologic regulation of antigen-induced mediator release from canine lung.", "content": "The ascaris antigen-induced release of histamine and a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from passively sensitized fragmented canine lung is further characterized. Histamine and SRS-A were released within 30 sec of antigen challenge, reached a maximum at 7 and 10 min, respectively, and thereafter appeared to remain constant to 30 min. Contractions of guinea pig ileum produced by canine SRS-A were competitively antagonized by the SRS-A antagonist FPL-55712. Indomethacin and deuterium oxide enhanced antigen-induced SRS-A release from canine lung but had little effect on histamine release. The ability of several chemically novel 'antiallergic agents' to inhibit mediator release was evaluated. Inhibition of histamine release, and to a lesser extent SRS-A release, by one of these compounds was shown to vary with time and temperature. It is concluded that fragmented canine lung, while disclosing some qualitative pharmacological differences from other species, is a useful in vitro model of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Pharmacologic regulation of antigen-induced mediator release from canine lung. The ascaris antigen-induced release of histamine and a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from passively sensitized fragmented canine lung is further characterized. Histamine and SRS-A were released within 30 sec of antigen challenge, reached a maximum at 7 and 10 min, respectively, and thereafter appeared to remain constant to 30 min. Contractions of guinea pig ileum produced by canine SRS-A were competitively antagonized by the SRS-A antagonist FPL-55712. Indomethacin and deuterium oxide enhanced antigen-induced SRS-A release from canine lung but had little effect on histamine release. The ability of several chemically novel 'antiallergic agents' to inhibit mediator release was evaluated. Inhibition of histamine release, and to a lesser extent SRS-A release, by one of these compounds was shown to vary with time and temperature. It is concluded that fragmented canine lung, while disclosing some qualitative pharmacological differences from other species, is a useful in vitro model of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 73521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5121", "title": "Detection of a nuclear, EBNA-type antigen in apparently EBNA-negative Herpesvirus papio (HVP)-transformed lymphoid lines by the acid-fixed nuclear binding technique.", "content": "In agreement with the findings of previous authors, we could not detect a virally determined nuclear antigen in Herpesvirus papio (HVP)-transformed baboon lymphoid lines by anticomplementary staining in situ, as for EBNA. However, by means of our recently developed acid-fixed nuclear binding technique an EBNA-like antigen could be readily demonstrated, after extraction from both producer and non-producer lines. We propose to designate the antigen as HUPNA. It can be detected by a human anti-EBNA antibody, suggesting cross-reactivity, if not identity, between EBNA and HUPNA. HVP-DNA carrying non-producer lines, negative for in situ ACIF stainability but capable of yielding HUPNA by the nuclear binding technique, can be superinfected with EBV, with brilliant EBNA expression as the result, suggesting that the defective in situ staining is a property associated with the baboon HVP, rather than the baboon lymphoid cell per se.", "contents": "Detection of a nuclear, EBNA-type antigen in apparently EBNA-negative Herpesvirus papio (HVP)-transformed lymphoid lines by the acid-fixed nuclear binding technique. In agreement with the findings of previous authors, we could not detect a virally determined nuclear antigen in Herpesvirus papio (HVP)-transformed baboon lymphoid lines by anticomplementary staining in situ, as for EBNA. However, by means of our recently developed acid-fixed nuclear binding technique an EBNA-like antigen could be readily demonstrated, after extraction from both producer and non-producer lines. We propose to designate the antigen as HUPNA. It can be detected by a human anti-EBNA antibody, suggesting cross-reactivity, if not identity, between EBNA and HUPNA. HVP-DNA carrying non-producer lines, negative for in situ ACIF stainability but capable of yielding HUPNA by the nuclear binding technique, can be superinfected with EBV, with brilliant EBNA expression as the result, suggesting that the defective in situ staining is a property associated with the baboon HVP, rather than the baboon lymphoid cell per se.", "PMID": 73523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5122", "title": "Intravesical pressure in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Synchronous pressure and flow studies were carried out on 51 men over 50 years of age. The subjects were divided into groups based on degree of bladder outlet obstruction. Eight patients were also examined six to ten weeks after prostatectomy. Following multiple pressure and flow recordings, the mean premicturition resting intravesical pressure, the mean intravesical pressure at the commencement of voiding (the commencing intravesical pressure), the mean maximum intravesical pressure and the mean intravesical pressure at the end of voiding (mean cessation intravesical pressure) were determined for each subject. The maximum intravesical pressure varies in the same individual. A mean maximum intravesical pressure of 75 mm Hg and above indicates moderate or severe bladder outlet obstruction. However, this pressure is not of value in the determination of clinically doubtful or mild obstruction. None of the other intra-vesical pressures is of value in the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. Six to ten weeks following successful prostatectomy the mean maximum intravesical pressure fell to normal limits.", "contents": "Intravesical pressure in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Synchronous pressure and flow studies were carried out on 51 men over 50 years of age. The subjects were divided into groups based on degree of bladder outlet obstruction. Eight patients were also examined six to ten weeks after prostatectomy. Following multiple pressure and flow recordings, the mean premicturition resting intravesical pressure, the mean intravesical pressure at the commencement of voiding (the commencing intravesical pressure), the mean maximum intravesical pressure and the mean intravesical pressure at the end of voiding (mean cessation intravesical pressure) were determined for each subject. The maximum intravesical pressure varies in the same individual. A mean maximum intravesical pressure of 75 mm Hg and above indicates moderate or severe bladder outlet obstruction. However, this pressure is not of value in the determination of clinically doubtful or mild obstruction. None of the other intra-vesical pressures is of value in the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. Six to ten weeks following successful prostatectomy the mean maximum intravesical pressure fell to normal limits.", "PMID": 73525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5123", "title": "Diagnostic and prognostic value of the cystograms of patients with prostatic adenoma: distance between symphysis pubis and urinary bladder.", "content": "Presurgical cystograms of prostatectomized patients were compared as regards their diagnostic and prognostic usefulness. Because of the lack of fully objective prostatic adenoma symptoms, the authors concluded the distance between the urinary bladder and symphysis pubis to be an important radiological symptom in prostatic adenoma, being the measure of inflammation of the prostate and tissues of this region.", "contents": "Diagnostic and prognostic value of the cystograms of patients with prostatic adenoma: distance between symphysis pubis and urinary bladder. Presurgical cystograms of prostatectomized patients were compared as regards their diagnostic and prognostic usefulness. Because of the lack of fully objective prostatic adenoma symptoms, the authors concluded the distance between the urinary bladder and symphysis pubis to be an important radiological symptom in prostatic adenoma, being the measure of inflammation of the prostate and tissues of this region.", "PMID": 73527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5124", "title": "Studies on human hyperplastic prostates maintained in organ culture.", "content": "Prostates from patients with prostatic hyperplasia were maintained in organ culture for periods up to 8 days. Explants were disaggregated and studied after 2, 4, and 8 days of culture, as well as before culture. Although the data varied from patient to patient, short periods of culture (2 to 4 days) resulted in increased numbers of cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase; however, by 8 days of culture, cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase decreased in number. The ratio of acid phosphatase to beta-glucuronidase expressed per cell or per milligram of protein decrease; with time in culture.", "contents": "Studies on human hyperplastic prostates maintained in organ culture. Prostates from patients with prostatic hyperplasia were maintained in organ culture for periods up to 8 days. Explants were disaggregated and studied after 2, 4, and 8 days of culture, as well as before culture. Although the data varied from patient to patient, short periods of culture (2 to 4 days) resulted in increased numbers of cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase; however, by 8 days of culture, cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase decreased in number. The ratio of acid phosphatase to beta-glucuronidase expressed per cell or per milligram of protein decrease; with time in culture.", "PMID": 73529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5125", "title": "Effectiveness of small-group self-instruction in radiographic anatomy.", "content": "A small-group self-instructional program with 11 slide-tape units was designed to teach medical students radiographic anatomy concurrently with their course in gross anatomy. The effectiveness of the program was examined by administering an objective multiple choice examination at three medical schools. One school offered the slide-tape program alone; one, the slide-tape program plus lecture-demonstrations; and one acted as a control. The results indicate that students will, on their own, learn some radiographic anatomy. With exposure to an objectives-based, small-group slide-tape program, the students can learn significantly more. Such a slide-tape program plus lecture-demonstrations can further enhance learning. Student attitudinal results were uniformly positive toward this slide-tape program.", "contents": "Effectiveness of small-group self-instruction in radiographic anatomy. A small-group self-instructional program with 11 slide-tape units was designed to teach medical students radiographic anatomy concurrently with their course in gross anatomy. The effectiveness of the program was examined by administering an objective multiple choice examination at three medical schools. One school offered the slide-tape program alone; one, the slide-tape program plus lecture-demonstrations; and one acted as a control. The results indicate that students will, on their own, learn some radiographic anatomy. With exposure to an objectives-based, small-group slide-tape program, the students can learn significantly more. Such a slide-tape program plus lecture-demonstrations can further enhance learning. Student attitudinal results were uniformly positive toward this slide-tape program.", "PMID": 73528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5126", "title": "Intracellular reduction of the cupric ion of bleomycin copper complex and transfer of the cuprous ion to a cellular protein.", "content": "The cupric ion of the bleomycin copper complex has been shown to be reduced and transferred to a cellular protein by the following mechanism: Bleomycin approximately Cu2+ leads to Bleomycin plus Cu+ X Cu+ plus M leads to M approximately Cu+. The intracellular reducing agents (X) are suggested to be sulfhydryl compounds, because their action is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The active group of the cellular protein (M) that binds with the cuprous ion is suggested to be a sulfhydryl group. The action of the bleomycin copper complex in causing DNA fragmentation in cells can be explained by the mechanism presented in this paper. This mechanism in cells is also supported by the temperature dependency of the action of the bleomycin copper complex on cells.", "contents": "Intracellular reduction of the cupric ion of bleomycin copper complex and transfer of the cuprous ion to a cellular protein. The cupric ion of the bleomycin copper complex has been shown to be reduced and transferred to a cellular protein by the following mechanism: Bleomycin approximately Cu2+ leads to Bleomycin plus Cu+ X Cu+ plus M leads to M approximately Cu+. The intracellular reducing agents (X) are suggested to be sulfhydryl compounds, because their action is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. The active group of the cellular protein (M) that binds with the cuprous ion is suggested to be a sulfhydryl group. The action of the bleomycin copper complex in causing DNA fragmentation in cells can be explained by the mechanism presented in this paper. This mechanism in cells is also supported by the temperature dependency of the action of the bleomycin copper complex on cells.", "PMID": 73538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5127", "title": "Amplifications of phleomycin and bleomycin-induced antibiotic activity in Escherichia coli by aromatic cationic compounds.", "content": "A wide range of aromatic compounds has been shown to amplify phleomycin-induced cell killing in Escherichia coli. They include acridines, acridinium chlorides, dihydroanthracenes, anthracenes, dianthracenes, phenanthridinium salts, phenazinium chlorides, phenoxazones, triphenyl methane dyes, benzoquinolizinium chloride, diphenylmethane derivatives, stilbene and diphenyl derivatives. Low concentrations of these amplifiers also amplified the DNA breakage and degradation effects of phleomycin. The minimum structural specification for activity as an amplifying agent is suggested. A representative sample of compounds effective as amplifiers of phleomycin also amplified the antibiotic effects of bleomycins B4 and B6. The amplifiers described are known to vary in their ability to penetrate and accumulate in different organisms or tissues. This suggests the possibility of developing a series of antibiotic regimes using these amplifiers (or the large number of derivative compounds also likely to be active) where the therapeutic index is determined by the properties of the amplifier chosen rather than of the phleomycin or the bleomycin.", "contents": "Amplifications of phleomycin and bleomycin-induced antibiotic activity in Escherichia coli by aromatic cationic compounds. A wide range of aromatic compounds has been shown to amplify phleomycin-induced cell killing in Escherichia coli. They include acridines, acridinium chlorides, dihydroanthracenes, anthracenes, dianthracenes, phenanthridinium salts, phenazinium chlorides, phenoxazones, triphenyl methane dyes, benzoquinolizinium chloride, diphenylmethane derivatives, stilbene and diphenyl derivatives. Low concentrations of these amplifiers also amplified the DNA breakage and degradation effects of phleomycin. The minimum structural specification for activity as an amplifying agent is suggested. A representative sample of compounds effective as amplifiers of phleomycin also amplified the antibiotic effects of bleomycins B4 and B6. The amplifiers described are known to vary in their ability to penetrate and accumulate in different organisms or tissues. This suggests the possibility of developing a series of antibiotic regimes using these amplifiers (or the large number of derivative compounds also likely to be active) where the therapeutic index is determined by the properties of the amplifier chosen rather than of the phleomycin or the bleomycin.", "PMID": 73539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5128", "title": "The revised structure of capreomycin.", "content": "The total structures of capreomycins IA and IB were determined mainly from the results of the comparative study on the NMR spectra of capreomycins and tuberactinomycins, resulting in a revision of the formerly proposed structure. The beta-lysine residue as a branched part was revealed to be linked with the beta-amino group of the alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid residue in the cyclic pentapeptide moiety in a different manner than in tuberactinomycins.", "contents": "The revised structure of capreomycin. The total structures of capreomycins IA and IB were determined mainly from the results of the comparative study on the NMR spectra of capreomycins and tuberactinomycins, resulting in a revision of the formerly proposed structure. The beta-lysine residue as a branched part was revealed to be linked with the beta-amino group of the alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid residue in the cyclic pentapeptide moiety in a different manner than in tuberactinomycins.", "PMID": 73540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5129", "title": "Electrogenic behavior of synaptic vesicles from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Electrical potential changes in pure synaptic vesicles from Torpedo californica were monitored with the fluorescent dye 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide. Vesicles resuspended in variable external sodium ion in the presence of gramicidin established sodium ion membrane diffusion potentials. Vesicles resuspended in choline or acetylcholine chloride became hyperpolarized upon addition of gramicidin. Hyperpolarization was subsequently partially reversed spontaneously by choline or acetylcholine influx, which was confirmed by gel filtration, to yield a new, less negative, stable membrane potential. Thus, acetylcholine and choline are taken up electrogenically by synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "Electrogenic behavior of synaptic vesicles from Torpedo californica. Electrical potential changes in pure synaptic vesicles from Torpedo californica were monitored with the fluorescent dye 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide. Vesicles resuspended in variable external sodium ion in the presence of gramicidin established sodium ion membrane diffusion potentials. Vesicles resuspended in choline or acetylcholine chloride became hyperpolarized upon addition of gramicidin. Hyperpolarization was subsequently partially reversed spontaneously by choline or acetylcholine influx, which was confirmed by gel filtration, to yield a new, less negative, stable membrane potential. Thus, acetylcholine and choline are taken up electrogenically by synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 73541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5130", "title": "A total internal-reflection technique for the examination of protein adsorption.", "content": "A total internal-reflection fluorescence (TIRF) technique for examining protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces is described. For the representative case of adsorption of bovine gamma-globulin onto silicone rubber, the applicability of the technique to serveral important aspects of protein adsorption phenomena is demonstrated. Specifically, in addition to the tightly adsorbed protein layer observed herein and previously by maany others, the presence of a loosely adsorbed protein layer was also noted under conditions of either static or flowing protein solutions. Taking advantage of the continuous real-time measurements possible with TIRF, a rate constant for the protein adsorption step during laminar flow was estimated at both 25 and 37 degrees C. These results serve to demonstrate that the TIRF technique represents a significant and versatile new tool for the study of protein adsorption phenomena.", "contents": "A total internal-reflection technique for the examination of protein adsorption. A total internal-reflection fluorescence (TIRF) technique for examining protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces is described. For the representative case of adsorption of bovine gamma-globulin onto silicone rubber, the applicability of the technique to serveral important aspects of protein adsorption phenomena is demonstrated. Specifically, in addition to the tightly adsorbed protein layer observed herein and previously by maany others, the presence of a loosely adsorbed protein layer was also noted under conditions of either static or flowing protein solutions. Taking advantage of the continuous real-time measurements possible with TIRF, a rate constant for the protein adsorption step during laminar flow was estimated at both 25 and 37 degrees C. These results serve to demonstrate that the TIRF technique represents a significant and versatile new tool for the study of protein adsorption phenomena.", "PMID": 73542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5131", "title": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. I. Albumin and gamma-globulin.", "content": "The adsorption of albumin and gamma-globulin from solution at the liquid/air and liquid/liquid interfaces has been studied by the pendant drop technique as a model for the solid-liquid system. It is concluded that each protein adsorbs in a constant manner at the air, isooctane, and methylene iodide interfaces at equilibrium (1 hr), and the surface tension components of the protein layer presented to the hydrophobic phase have been found. The range of hydrophobic surfaces for which such constant behavior might be expected has been deduced, and it is shown that most common polymers lie within this range. A new model for protein adsorption is proposed, and the implications for biomaterials are discussed.", "contents": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. I. Albumin and gamma-globulin. The adsorption of albumin and gamma-globulin from solution at the liquid/air and liquid/liquid interfaces has been studied by the pendant drop technique as a model for the solid-liquid system. It is concluded that each protein adsorbs in a constant manner at the air, isooctane, and methylene iodide interfaces at equilibrium (1 hr), and the surface tension components of the protein layer presented to the hydrophobic phase have been found. The range of hydrophobic surfaces for which such constant behavior might be expected has been deduced, and it is shown that most common polymers lie within this range. A new model for protein adsorption is proposed, and the implications for biomaterials are discussed.", "PMID": 73543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5132", "title": "Stimulation of heme accumulation and erythroid colony formation in cultures of chick bone marrow cells by chicken plasma.", "content": "A fibrin clot culture system with high plating efficiency is described for the growth of erythroid cells from chick bone marrow. Erythroid colonies grown in the absence of adult chicken plasma (spontaneous colonies) were either benzidine-negative or weakly benzidine-positive. Colonies grown in the presence of chicken plasma were 90% strongly benzidine-positive and 40% more abundant than spontaneous colonies. Plasma from anemic chickens was more effective than control  plasma in inducing heme accumulation (heme-stimulating activity) and in increasing the number of erythroid colonies (colony-stimulating activity). Spontaneous colonies from 48-h cultures were transformed into benzidine-positive colonies by exposing them for 6-10 h to chicken plasma.", "contents": "Stimulation of heme accumulation and erythroid colony formation in cultures of chick bone marrow cells by chicken plasma. A fibrin clot culture system with high plating efficiency is described for the growth of erythroid cells from chick bone marrow. Erythroid colonies grown in the absence of adult chicken plasma (spontaneous colonies) were either benzidine-negative or weakly benzidine-positive. Colonies grown in the presence of chicken plasma were 90% strongly benzidine-positive and 40% more abundant than spontaneous colonies. Plasma from anemic chickens was more effective than control  plasma in inducing heme accumulation (heme-stimulating activity) and in increasing the number of erythroid colonies (colony-stimulating activity). Spontaneous colonies from 48-h cultures were transformed into benzidine-positive colonies by exposing them for 6-10 h to chicken plasma.", "PMID": 73544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5133", "title": "Identification of a chromosome that controls malignancy in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "A chromosome that controls malignancy in Chinese hamster cells has been identified by analysis of the Giemsa banding pattern of a malignant cell line transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40), non-malignant revertants from this line, segregants from the revertants that were again malignant and a cell line transformed by methylcholanthrene. The malignant cell line transformed by SV40 was near diploid and had gained additional material of chromosome 3. Revertants with a suppression of malignancy and malignant revertants from which they were derived. Malignancy of these cells was associated with the ability to form colonies in agar. Cells of a line transformed by methylcholanthrene were malignant, formed almost no colonies in agar and the only chromosome change from the normal diploid chromosome banding complement was the addition of a long arm of chromosome 3. The results indicate that chromosome 3 carriers gene(s) that control malignancy in Chinese hamster cells in cell lines transformed by a viral or a chemical carcinogen and that malignancy was induced in both cell types by an increase of these genes.", "contents": "Identification of a chromosome that controls malignancy in Chinese hamster cells. A chromosome that controls malignancy in Chinese hamster cells has been identified by analysis of the Giemsa banding pattern of a malignant cell line transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40), non-malignant revertants from this line, segregants from the revertants that were again malignant and a cell line transformed by methylcholanthrene. The malignant cell line transformed by SV40 was near diploid and had gained additional material of chromosome 3. Revertants with a suppression of malignancy and malignant revertants from which they were derived. Malignancy of these cells was associated with the ability to form colonies in agar. Cells of a line transformed by methylcholanthrene were malignant, formed almost no colonies in agar and the only chromosome change from the normal diploid chromosome banding complement was the addition of a long arm of chromosome 3. The results indicate that chromosome 3 carriers gene(s) that control malignancy in Chinese hamster cells in cell lines transformed by a viral or a chemical carcinogen and that malignancy was induced in both cell types by an increase of these genes.", "PMID": 73545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5134", "title": "Clinical evaluation of commercial conjugates for direct immunofluorescence of herpes simplex virus.", "content": "Commercially prepared antibody conjugates that are now available allow extensive application of direct immunofluorescence for diagnosing herpetic infections. Five of these conjugates--Microbiological Associates bivalent herpes antiserum (MBA-bivalent), MBA anti-herpes types 1 (MBA-1) and 2 (MBA-2), and Flow Laboratories anti-herpes types 1 (Flow-1) and 2 (Flow-2)--were compared for antibody titer, diagnostic accuracy, and nonspecific background staining on known infected tissue. Four of these were tested simultaneously on 75 clinical specimens. No attempt was made to differentiate between herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 infections. All antisera were comparable in titer and exhibited fluorescence with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 antigens. The most significant difference was excessive nonspecific staining consistently seen with the MBA-2 conjugate. Overall, Flow-2 and MBA-bivalent antisera were preferable.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of commercial conjugates for direct immunofluorescence of herpes simplex virus. Commercially prepared antibody conjugates that are now available allow extensive application of direct immunofluorescence for diagnosing herpetic infections. Five of these conjugates--Microbiological Associates bivalent herpes antiserum (MBA-bivalent), MBA anti-herpes types 1 (MBA-1) and 2 (MBA-2), and Flow Laboratories anti-herpes types 1 (Flow-1) and 2 (Flow-2)--were compared for antibody titer, diagnostic accuracy, and nonspecific background staining on known infected tissue. Four of these were tested simultaneously on 75 clinical specimens. No attempt was made to differentiate between herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 infections. All antisera were comparable in titer and exhibited fluorescence with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 antigens. The most significant difference was excessive nonspecific staining consistently seen with the MBA-2 conjugate. Overall, Flow-2 and MBA-bivalent antisera were preferable.", "PMID": 73546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5135", "title": "Characterization of the binding of a potent synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone, to human tissues.", "content": "The potent synthetic androgen methytrienolone (R 1881), which does not bind to serum proteins, was utilized to characterize binding to receptors in human androgen responsive tissues. Cytosol extracts prepared from hypertrophic prostates (BPH) were utilized as the source of receptor for the initial studies. High affinity binding was detected in the cytosol of 29 of 30 samples of BPH (average number of binding sites, 45.8+/-4.7 fmol/mg of protein; dissociation constant, 0.9+/-0.2 nM). This binding had the characteristics of a receptor: heat lability, precipitability by 0-33% ammonium sulfate and by protamine sulfate, and 8S sedimentation coefficient. High affinity binding was also detected in cytosol prepared from seminal vesicle, epididymis, and genital skin but not in non-genital skin or muscle. However, similar binding was demonstrated in the cytosol of human uterus. The steroid specificities of binding to the cytosol of male tissues of accessory reproduction and of uterus were similar in that progestational agents were more effective competitors than natural androgens. Binding specificities in cytosol prepared from genital skin were distinctly different and were similar to those of ventral prostate from the castrated rat in that dihydrotestosterone was much more potent than progestins in competition. Thus binding of R 1881 to the cytosol of prostate, epididymis, and seminal vesicle has some characteristics of binding to a progesterone receptor. When the nuclear extract from BPH was analyzed, high affinity binding was demonstrated that conformed to the specificities of binding to an androgen receptor. Here dihydrotestosterone was a more potent competitor than progestational agents. Similar patterns of binding were detected in the crude nuclear extracts from seminal vesicle, epididymis, and genital skin but not in uterus, muscle, or non-genital skin. We conclude that the androgen receptor is not demonstrable in the cytosol of prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicle of non-castrated men but can be measured in the cytosol of genital skin and the nuclear extracts of androgen responsive tissues. Because steroid hormones exert their major influence within the nucleus of target tissues, the measurement of nuclear receptor may provide valuable insight into the regulation of growth of target tissues.", "contents": "Characterization of the binding of a potent synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone, to human tissues. The potent synthetic androgen methytrienolone (R 1881), which does not bind to serum proteins, was utilized to characterize binding to receptors in human androgen responsive tissues. Cytosol extracts prepared from hypertrophic prostates (BPH) were utilized as the source of receptor for the initial studies. High affinity binding was detected in the cytosol of 29 of 30 samples of BPH (average number of binding sites, 45.8+/-4.7 fmol/mg of protein; dissociation constant, 0.9+/-0.2 nM). This binding had the characteristics of a receptor: heat lability, precipitability by 0-33% ammonium sulfate and by protamine sulfate, and 8S sedimentation coefficient. High affinity binding was also detected in cytosol prepared from seminal vesicle, epididymis, and genital skin but not in non-genital skin or muscle. However, similar binding was demonstrated in the cytosol of human uterus. The steroid specificities of binding to the cytosol of male tissues of accessory reproduction and of uterus were similar in that progestational agents were more effective competitors than natural androgens. Binding specificities in cytosol prepared from genital skin were distinctly different and were similar to those of ventral prostate from the castrated rat in that dihydrotestosterone was much more potent than progestins in competition. Thus binding of R 1881 to the cytosol of prostate, epididymis, and seminal vesicle has some characteristics of binding to a progesterone receptor. When the nuclear extract from BPH was analyzed, high affinity binding was demonstrated that conformed to the specificities of binding to an androgen receptor. Here dihydrotestosterone was a more potent competitor than progestational agents. Similar patterns of binding were detected in the crude nuclear extracts from seminal vesicle, epididymis, and genital skin but not in uterus, muscle, or non-genital skin. We conclude that the androgen receptor is not demonstrable in the cytosol of prostate, epididymis, or seminal vesicle of non-castrated men but can be measured in the cytosol of genital skin and the nuclear extracts of androgen responsive tissues. Because steroid hormones exert their major influence within the nucleus of target tissues, the measurement of nuclear receptor may provide valuable insight into the regulation of growth of target tissues.", "PMID": 73547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5136", "title": "Immunologic and nonimmunologic generation of superoxide from mast cells and basophils.", "content": "Mediator release from rat peritoneal and human lung mast cells as well as human leukemic basophils was examined to determine whether super-oxide (O(-) (2)) was concomitantly generated. Immunologic or nonimmunologic stimulation of each preparation induced parallel release of histamine and O(-) (2) within 2 min. O(-) (2) production was quantitated by superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction. SOD was detected in basophil and mast cell lysates and was also released by rat mast cells stimulated by anti-IgE. Secretory granules isolated from purified rat mast cells released histamine, O(-) (2), and SOD upon exposure to cations. Thus, both superoxide radicals and SOD may play a role in host defenses involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Immunologic and nonimmunologic generation of superoxide from mast cells and basophils. Mediator release from rat peritoneal and human lung mast cells as well as human leukemic basophils was examined to determine whether super-oxide (O(-) (2)) was concomitantly generated. Immunologic or nonimmunologic stimulation of each preparation induced parallel release of histamine and O(-) (2) within 2 min. O(-) (2) production was quantitated by superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction. SOD was detected in basophil and mast cell lysates and was also released by rat mast cells stimulated by anti-IgE. Secretory granules isolated from purified rat mast cells released histamine, O(-) (2), and SOD upon exposure to cations. Thus, both superoxide radicals and SOD may play a role in host defenses involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 73548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5137", "title": "Bleomycin-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in baboons.", "content": "Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in eight baboons with bleomycin; five untreated animals were controls. After 45-65 U/kg of bleomycin, lung volumes and diffusing capacity were reduced, and static lung pressure-volume curves were shifted to the right. Right middle lobes were resected at this time in five bleomycin-treated and two control animals. Compared to controls, right middle lobes from bleomycintreated animals had increased weight and contained increased amounts of total protein, collagen, elastin, and DNA; synthesis of collagen and noncollagen protein were also elevated. Occasional alveolar septae were edematous and infiltrated by mononuclear inflammatory cells; a slight increase in collagen was demonstrable histologically. Four of six treated animals died with extensive diffuse interstitial fibrosis after 95 U/kg of bleomycin. Biochemical analyses revealed significantly elevated lobar contents of dry weight, protein, elastin, and collagen. Two animals survived 95 U/kg of bleomycin and were terminated 6 mo after treatment. In these animals, physiologic studies were indicative of restrictive lung disease, but lung histology was nearly normal. Lung weight, total protein, and DNA had returned to control values, but collagen and elastin were increased in amount and concentration. Bleomycin induces an intense inflammatory response in the lung. During this inflammation, connective tissue proliferation occurs in concert with proliferation of other tissue components. Cessation of bleomycin treatment is followed by resolution of inflammation manifested by decreases in tissue mass, cellular content, and nonconnective tissue protein. Collagen and elastin deposited during inflammation are less successfully removed during resolution, leading to a stage characterized by increased concentrations of these proteins. A similar sequence of tissue alterations may occur in idiopathic diffuse interstitial fibrosis of man in response to various lung injuries.", "contents": "Bleomycin-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in baboons. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in eight baboons with bleomycin; five untreated animals were controls. After 45-65 U/kg of bleomycin, lung volumes and diffusing capacity were reduced, and static lung pressure-volume curves were shifted to the right. Right middle lobes were resected at this time in five bleomycin-treated and two control animals. Compared to controls, right middle lobes from bleomycintreated animals had increased weight and contained increased amounts of total protein, collagen, elastin, and DNA; synthesis of collagen and noncollagen protein were also elevated. Occasional alveolar septae were edematous and infiltrated by mononuclear inflammatory cells; a slight increase in collagen was demonstrable histologically. Four of six treated animals died with extensive diffuse interstitial fibrosis after 95 U/kg of bleomycin. Biochemical analyses revealed significantly elevated lobar contents of dry weight, protein, elastin, and collagen. Two animals survived 95 U/kg of bleomycin and were terminated 6 mo after treatment. In these animals, physiologic studies were indicative of restrictive lung disease, but lung histology was nearly normal. Lung weight, total protein, and DNA had returned to control values, but collagen and elastin were increased in amount and concentration. Bleomycin induces an intense inflammatory response in the lung. During this inflammation, connective tissue proliferation occurs in concert with proliferation of other tissue components. Cessation of bleomycin treatment is followed by resolution of inflammation manifested by decreases in tissue mass, cellular content, and nonconnective tissue protein. Collagen and elastin deposited during inflammation are less successfully removed during resolution, leading to a stage characterized by increased concentrations of these proteins. A similar sequence of tissue alterations may occur in idiopathic diffuse interstitial fibrosis of man in response to various lung injuries.", "PMID": 73549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5138", "title": "Human papovavirus in Papanicolaou smears of urinary sediment detected by transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A technique is described whereby inclusion-bearing cells identified by light microscopy in stained smears of urinary sediment were reprocessed for examination in the electron microscope. The nuclei of the abnormal cells were found to contain numerous virus particles, 35 nm in diameter, which morphologically resembled papovaviruses. The technique was applied in this case to identify further the virus producing the cytopathic changes in the Papanicolaou smear. It could be particularly valuable for retrospective studies of mounted cytological or histological material when suitable specimens are no longer available for virological investigation.", "contents": "Human papovavirus in Papanicolaou smears of urinary sediment detected by transmission electron microscopy. A technique is described whereby inclusion-bearing cells identified by light microscopy in stained smears of urinary sediment were reprocessed for examination in the electron microscope. The nuclei of the abnormal cells were found to contain numerous virus particles, 35 nm in diameter, which morphologically resembled papovaviruses. The technique was applied in this case to identify further the virus producing the cytopathic changes in the Papanicolaou smear. It could be particularly valuable for retrospective studies of mounted cytological or histological material when suitable specimens are no longer available for virological investigation.", "PMID": 73550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5139", "title": "A new histochemical technique of use in the interpretation and diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and villous lesions in the large intestine.", "content": "The periodic acid-thionin Schiff/potassium hydroxide/periodic acid-Schiff (PAT/KOH/PAS) procedure has been used to investigate the histochemical staining characteristics of the mucins found in adenocarcinoma and villous lesions of the large intestine. The 46 blocks examined represented 58 lesions from 37 patients, all of whom had had resections for carcinoma of the colon. tin sharp contrast to normal colon, none of the adenocarcinomas stained red with the PAT/KOH/PAS. With two exceptions the poorly and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas stained blue, whereas of the well differentiated lesions half were blue and half purple. The malignant villous lesions demonstrated the same trends, although a larger percentage were purple. None of the benign lesions stained blue. It is suggested that malignancy in the colon is accompanied by an increase in blue staining in the PAT/KOH/PAS technique and that such staining may be of value in the interpretation of highly atypical adenoma where it might identify the onset of malignancy. This change in staining indicates a distinct alteration in the chemistry of the mucins which we interpret as a reduction in the degree of side chain O-acylation of their constituent sialic acids.", "contents": "A new histochemical technique of use in the interpretation and diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and villous lesions in the large intestine. The periodic acid-thionin Schiff/potassium hydroxide/periodic acid-Schiff (PAT/KOH/PAS) procedure has been used to investigate the histochemical staining characteristics of the mucins found in adenocarcinoma and villous lesions of the large intestine. The 46 blocks examined represented 58 lesions from 37 patients, all of whom had had resections for carcinoma of the colon. tin sharp contrast to normal colon, none of the adenocarcinomas stained red with the PAT/KOH/PAS. With two exceptions the poorly and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas stained blue, whereas of the well differentiated lesions half were blue and half purple. The malignant villous lesions demonstrated the same trends, although a larger percentage were purple. None of the benign lesions stained blue. It is suggested that malignancy in the colon is accompanied by an increase in blue staining in the PAT/KOH/PAS technique and that such staining may be of value in the interpretation of highly atypical adenoma where it might identify the onset of malignancy. This change in staining indicates a distinct alteration in the chemistry of the mucins which we interpret as a reduction in the degree of side chain O-acylation of their constituent sialic acids.", "PMID": 73551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5140", "title": "Histochemical comparison of the epithelial mucins in the ileum in Crohn's disease and in normal controls.", "content": "A comparison of routine and special histochemical methods that were applied to the epithelial mucins of small intestine from patients with Crohn's disease and from normal controls showed that the normal small intestine (ileum) goblet cells secrete a predominantly non-sulphated sialomucin and that, in contradistinction to the colon, the neuraminidase insensitivity of the sialic acids of the small intestine was not due to either O-acylation at C4 or an ester substituent at C1. Presumably this implies that the protection against enzyme attack afforded to the mucosa by the mucin coat in the small intestine utilises a different mechanism from that in the colon and that, although in many respects the small intestinal mucins in Crohn's disease, and in normal controls are similar, there is an increase in side-chain O-acylated sialic acids in such mucins in Crohn's disease. This difference has not been described before, probably because it can be seen only after staining such sections by the PAT/KOH/PAS and the PBT/KOH/PAS techniques.", "contents": "Histochemical comparison of the epithelial mucins in the ileum in Crohn's disease and in normal controls. A comparison of routine and special histochemical methods that were applied to the epithelial mucins of small intestine from patients with Crohn's disease and from normal controls showed that the normal small intestine (ileum) goblet cells secrete a predominantly non-sulphated sialomucin and that, in contradistinction to the colon, the neuraminidase insensitivity of the sialic acids of the small intestine was not due to either O-acylation at C4 or an ester substituent at C1. Presumably this implies that the protection against enzyme attack afforded to the mucosa by the mucin coat in the small intestine utilises a different mechanism from that in the colon and that, although in many respects the small intestinal mucins in Crohn's disease, and in normal controls are similar, there is an increase in side-chain O-acylated sialic acids in such mucins in Crohn's disease. This difference has not been described before, probably because it can be seen only after staining such sections by the PAT/KOH/PAS and the PBT/KOH/PAS techniques.", "PMID": 73552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5141", "title": "Haemostatic disorders and respiratory distress in the newborn.", "content": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis studies were performed on 64 newborns; 16 premature infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD), 17 newborns with other forms of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (8 of them were premature), 31 healthy newborns (11 of them were premature). All the babies were studied once in the first 48 hours of life. There was no significant difference between sick and healthy babies for 5 parameters; platelet count, factor VIII, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, euglobulin lysis time. Factor II, VII and X were low in all infants, and premature infants had significantly lower levels compared to full term newborns. Factor V, plasminogen, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and antithrombin III (AT III) levels were significantly lower in sick infants. Except for AT III, these deficiencies were not related to prematurity. No significant difference was found between HMD and other RDS. Of the 33 sick infants, 5 developed laboratory findings consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The results indicate that the coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities reported are not specific to HMD.", "contents": "Haemostatic disorders and respiratory distress in the newborn. Coagulation and fibrinolysis studies were performed on 64 newborns; 16 premature infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD), 17 newborns with other forms of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (8 of them were premature), 31 healthy newborns (11 of them were premature). All the babies were studied once in the first 48 hours of life. There was no significant difference between sick and healthy babies for 5 parameters; platelet count, factor VIII, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, euglobulin lysis time. Factor II, VII and X were low in all infants, and premature infants had significantly lower levels compared to full term newborns. Factor V, plasminogen, alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and antithrombin III (AT III) levels were significantly lower in sick infants. Except for AT III, these deficiencies were not related to prematurity. No significant difference was found between HMD and other RDS. Of the 33 sick infants, 5 developed laboratory findings consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The results indicate that the coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities reported are not specific to HMD.", "PMID": 73554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5142", "title": "Automated fluorescent analysis for cytotoxicity assays.", "content": "Classical measurements of cytotoxicity using dye exclusion and microscopic evaluation are both time-consuming and inaccurate. Using a cell sorter (TPS) a single dye system has been developed which stains live and complement killed cells with different fluorescence intensity. After exposure of target cells to antibody and complement, ethidium bromide is added to the target cells at a high enough concentration to stain complement killed cells very intensely. The cells are then diluted and lysed to produce single nuclei, permitting live cells to be stained but less intensely than the dead cells. Fluorescence intensity is measured on single nuclei at a rate of 10,000 per minute. For these studies anti-T antisera was titrated for complement dependent cytotoxic activity using normal mouse spleen cells, spleen cells from an anti-thymocyte serum treated mouse, and nylon wool purified mouse splenic T-cells. This procedure makes possible, reliable and reproducible measurement of cytotoxic activity on 5,000 cells per determination.", "contents": "Automated fluorescent analysis for cytotoxicity assays. Classical measurements of cytotoxicity using dye exclusion and microscopic evaluation are both time-consuming and inaccurate. Using a cell sorter (TPS) a single dye system has been developed which stains live and complement killed cells with different fluorescence intensity. After exposure of target cells to antibody and complement, ethidium bromide is added to the target cells at a high enough concentration to stain complement killed cells very intensely. The cells are then diluted and lysed to produce single nuclei, permitting live cells to be stained but less intensely than the dead cells. Fluorescence intensity is measured on single nuclei at a rate of 10,000 per minute. For these studies anti-T antisera was titrated for complement dependent cytotoxic activity using normal mouse spleen cells, spleen cells from an anti-thymocyte serum treated mouse, and nylon wool purified mouse splenic T-cells. This procedure makes possible, reliable and reproducible measurement of cytotoxic activity on 5,000 cells per determination.", "PMID": 73561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5143", "title": "Methods for the identification of human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Complement-receptor lymphocytes and monocytes were identified by a rosette method using trypsin treated sheep erythrocytes (Et), sensitized with affinity column purified IgM (19S) antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (E) and mouse complement deficient in C5. Fc receptor mononuclear cells were identified by a rosette method using Et and IgG (7S) antibodies against E. Identification of the cell-type rosetting was facilitated by myeloperoxidase staining of dry mounted rosetted preparations. Comparison of lymphocytes with receptors for activated mouse complement and lymphocytes with stable surface immunoglobulin detected by immunofluorescent assay, strongly suggests that these cells constitute the same population in the peripheral blood of healthy humans.", "contents": "Methods for the identification of human B lymphocytes. Complement-receptor lymphocytes and monocytes were identified by a rosette method using trypsin treated sheep erythrocytes (Et), sensitized with affinity column purified IgM (19S) antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (E) and mouse complement deficient in C5. Fc receptor mononuclear cells were identified by a rosette method using Et and IgG (7S) antibodies against E. Identification of the cell-type rosetting was facilitated by myeloperoxidase staining of dry mounted rosetted preparations. Comparison of lymphocytes with receptors for activated mouse complement and lymphocytes with stable surface immunoglobulin detected by immunofluorescent assay, strongly suggests that these cells constitute the same population in the peripheral blood of healthy humans.", "PMID": 73562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5144", "title": "Deficiency of factor XII-dependent plasminogen proactivator in prekallikrein-deficient plasma.", "content": "Normal human plasma contains a factor XII (Hageman factor)-dependent plasminogen proactivator in its gamma globulin fraction. On the basis of both fibrin plate and clot lysis assays, this plasminogen proactivator activity was shown to be absent from the gamma globulin fraction of prekallikrein (Fletcher factor)-deficient plasma of two unrelated patients. This observation suggests that factor XII-dependent plasminogen proactivator is identical to plasma prekallikrein.", "contents": "Deficiency of factor XII-dependent plasminogen proactivator in prekallikrein-deficient plasma. Normal human plasma contains a factor XII (Hageman factor)-dependent plasminogen proactivator in its gamma globulin fraction. On the basis of both fibrin plate and clot lysis assays, this plasminogen proactivator activity was shown to be absent from the gamma globulin fraction of prekallikrein (Fletcher factor)-deficient plasma of two unrelated patients. This observation suggests that factor XII-dependent plasminogen proactivator is identical to plasma prekallikrein.", "PMID": 73563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5145", "title": "On the differentiation of prospective ectoderm to a ciliated cell pattern in embryos of Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "The differentiation of the ectoderm in Ambystoma mexicanum (Harrison stage 26--27) was examined under in vivo and in vitro conditions by scanning electron microscopy under different experimental conditions. About one out of three flank epidermal cells was found to be ciliated in the undistrubed or control embryos. The shape of ciliated cells in the explants from the animal region was only slightly affected. In no case was it possible to find two adjacent ciliated cells, implying that these cells prevent the appearance of cilia in the cells in direct contact. Transformation to ciliated cells is suppressed by hypertonicity but favoured in a hypotonic medium. The differentiation of epidermis is also dependent upon the synthesis of RNA and some kind of sulphated glucosaminoglycan, corroborated by the inhibitory effect of actinomycin and selenate. The differences between the test series and the controls are discussed with regard to factors controlling embryonic epidermal differentiation.", "contents": "On the differentiation of prospective ectoderm to a ciliated cell pattern in embryos of Ambystoma mexicanum. The differentiation of the ectoderm in Ambystoma mexicanum (Harrison stage 26--27) was examined under in vivo and in vitro conditions by scanning electron microscopy under different experimental conditions. About one out of three flank epidermal cells was found to be ciliated in the undistrubed or control embryos. The shape of ciliated cells in the explants from the animal region was only slightly affected. In no case was it possible to find two adjacent ciliated cells, implying that these cells prevent the appearance of cilia in the cells in direct contact. Transformation to ciliated cells is suppressed by hypertonicity but favoured in a hypotonic medium. The differentiation of epidermis is also dependent upon the synthesis of RNA and some kind of sulphated glucosaminoglycan, corroborated by the inhibitory effect of actinomycin and selenate. The differences between the test series and the controls are discussed with regard to factors controlling embryonic epidermal differentiation.", "PMID": 73569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5146", "title": "The Golgi rapid method in clinical neuropathology: the morphologic consequences of suboptimal fixation.", "content": "Cytologic changes in neurons of the neocortex of mice consequent to suboptimal fixation have been investigated systematically in Golgi-rapid preparations. With few exceptions, there is no alteration in cellular morphology if the brain is refrigerated after death, and fixed by immersion within 3 hours. With latencies of fixation of 6 hours or more, autolytic changes supervene which modify the general histologic appearance and the morphology of individual cells. In general, the degree of tissue and cellular change is proportional to the latency between death and tissue fixation. Similar alterations in cellular morphology and general tissue appearance are found in Golgi-rapid impregnations of human brains obtained at autopsy. However, the degree of tissue autolysis in the human specimens bears a less predictable relationship to the latency of fixation after death. The duration of preterminal metabolic encephalopathy appears to be equally decisive as a determinant of tissue preservation.", "contents": "The Golgi rapid method in clinical neuropathology: the morphologic consequences of suboptimal fixation. Cytologic changes in neurons of the neocortex of mice consequent to suboptimal fixation have been investigated systematically in Golgi-rapid preparations. With few exceptions, there is no alteration in cellular morphology if the brain is refrigerated after death, and fixed by immersion within 3 hours. With latencies of fixation of 6 hours or more, autolytic changes supervene which modify the general histologic appearance and the morphology of individual cells. In general, the degree of tissue and cellular change is proportional to the latency between death and tissue fixation. Similar alterations in cellular morphology and general tissue appearance are found in Golgi-rapid impregnations of human brains obtained at autopsy. However, the degree of tissue autolysis in the human specimens bears a less predictable relationship to the latency of fixation after death. The duration of preterminal metabolic encephalopathy appears to be equally decisive as a determinant of tissue preservation.", "PMID": 73572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5147", "title": "Glossal double fissures in pre- and post-natal human specimens.", "content": "Glossal double fissures were found in a similar proportion of both pre- and post-natal tongue specimens. The condition was found in both sexes and in subjects of Negro, Caucasian and mixed ethnic origins. In cross-section, the area bounded by the fissures varied from raised to flat or depressed. Histologic analysis suggested that the double fissure appearance was a reflection of the topography of the subjacent muscle bundles and that true fissuring, when present, was probably a secondary phenomenon akin to acquired plication.", "contents": "Glossal double fissures in pre- and post-natal human specimens. Glossal double fissures were found in a similar proportion of both pre- and post-natal tongue specimens. The condition was found in both sexes and in subjects of Negro, Caucasian and mixed ethnic origins. In cross-section, the area bounded by the fissures varied from raised to flat or depressed. Histologic analysis suggested that the double fissure appearance was a reflection of the topography of the subjacent muscle bundles and that true fissuring, when present, was probably a secondary phenomenon akin to acquired plication.", "PMID": 73574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5148", "title": "Urinary excretion of alpha-fetoprotein in rats on a cirrhogenic carbon tetrachloride regimen.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein was detected in the serum and urine of 2- to 9-mth-old rats subjected to protracted CCl4 poisoning. During the first 3 mth of the experiment, urinary excretion of AFP was found in 30-40 per cent. of the animals, increasing to 70 per cent. thereafter. The liver lesions progressed from acute parenchymal necrosis to cirrhosis, but hepatocellular carcinomas did not develop. Uptake of tritiated thymidine by the hepatocytes increased significantly but was constant throughout the experimental period. The findings are compared to the observations made during 3mDAB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of alpha-fetoprotein in rats on a cirrhogenic carbon tetrachloride regimen. Alpha-fetoprotein was detected in the serum and urine of 2- to 9-mth-old rats subjected to protracted CCl4 poisoning. During the first 3 mth of the experiment, urinary excretion of AFP was found in 30-40 per cent. of the animals, increasing to 70 per cent. thereafter. The liver lesions progressed from acute parenchymal necrosis to cirrhosis, but hepatocellular carcinomas did not develop. Uptake of tritiated thymidine by the hepatocytes increased significantly but was constant throughout the experimental period. The findings are compared to the observations made during 3mDAB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.", "PMID": 73575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5149", "title": "Cytolethal effects of glucocorticoids in human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Glucocorticoid hormones penetrate rapidly into intact lymphoblastoid cells and are retained with the same high affinity and specificity as with cytoplasmic extracts. Optimal conditions for lethal glucocorticoid responses in vitro were determined for a series of human lymphoblastoid cell lines by using different glucocorticoid preparations, and steroid solvents and by varying the cell density. Kinetic studies revealed that lethal glucocorticoid effects are dose-dependent and that continuous exposure of cells to steroid is necessary for progression of lethal effects to occur. Even under optimal conditions, human lymphoblastoid cells only exhibit a marked cytolethal response to glucocorticoids at concentrations which greatly exceed both physiological and therapeutically attainable steroid levels. They are also greatly in excess of steroid levels required to saturate the cytoplasmic receptors of intact or disrupted lymphoblastoid cells. It is suggested that either lethal steroid mechanisms in vitro differ fundamentally from those in vivo or the pharmacological activity of glucocorticoids in vivo does not involve a direct cytolethal action.", "contents": "Cytolethal effects of glucocorticoids in human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Glucocorticoid hormones penetrate rapidly into intact lymphoblastoid cells and are retained with the same high affinity and specificity as with cytoplasmic extracts. Optimal conditions for lethal glucocorticoid responses in vitro were determined for a series of human lymphoblastoid cell lines by using different glucocorticoid preparations, and steroid solvents and by varying the cell density. Kinetic studies revealed that lethal glucocorticoid effects are dose-dependent and that continuous exposure of cells to steroid is necessary for progression of lethal effects to occur. Even under optimal conditions, human lymphoblastoid cells only exhibit a marked cytolethal response to glucocorticoids at concentrations which greatly exceed both physiological and therapeutically attainable steroid levels. They are also greatly in excess of steroid levels required to saturate the cytoplasmic receptors of intact or disrupted lymphoblastoid cells. It is suggested that either lethal steroid mechanisms in vitro differ fundamentally from those in vivo or the pharmacological activity of glucocorticoids in vivo does not involve a direct cytolethal action.", "PMID": 73576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5150", "title": "Sexual precocity in a male due to thoracic polyembryoma.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy with sexual precocity of recent onset was found to have elevated levels of chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, and testosterone. Removal of a retropleural, posterior mediastinal mass with an intraspinous epidural extension was followed by prompt declines in the plasma concentrations of the tumor markers and cessation  of adolescent development. The neoplasm proved to be a polyembryoma, unusual in the multiplicity of its embryoid bodies and extra gonadal location. Following local irradiation and two years of systemic chemotherapy, the patient, now 13 years of age, has done well except for evidence of testicular tubular insufficiency.", "contents": "Sexual precocity in a male due to thoracic polyembryoma. A 7-year-old boy with sexual precocity of recent onset was found to have elevated levels of chorionic gonadotropin, alpha fetoprotein, and testosterone. Removal of a retropleural, posterior mediastinal mass with an intraspinous epidural extension was followed by prompt declines in the plasma concentrations of the tumor markers and cessation  of adolescent development. The neoplasm proved to be a polyembryoma, unusual in the multiplicity of its embryoid bodies and extra gonadal location. Following local irradiation and two years of systemic chemotherapy, the patient, now 13 years of age, has done well except for evidence of testicular tubular insufficiency.", "PMID": 73579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5151", "title": "Gingival fluid and serum in periodontal diseases. I. Quantitative study of immunoglobulins, complement components, and other plasma proteins.", "content": "1. Gingival fluid from severely inflamed periodontal tissue represents a 15 to 30% dilution of serum with respect to the proteins studied, with the exception of C3 and in some subjects, C4. 2. A marked decrease in C3 levels is found in most, if not all, gingival fluids, and a marked decrease of C4 levels is found in some gingival fluids. This suggests that complement might be activated during periodontal inflammation. 3. The concentrations of proteins in the gingival fluid are not related to their molecular weight.", "contents": "Gingival fluid and serum in periodontal diseases. I. Quantitative study of immunoglobulins, complement components, and other plasma proteins. 1. Gingival fluid from severely inflamed periodontal tissue represents a 15 to 30% dilution of serum with respect to the proteins studied, with the exception of C3 and in some subjects, C4. 2. A marked decrease in C3 levels is found in most, if not all, gingival fluids, and a marked decrease of C4 levels is found in some gingival fluids. This suggests that complement might be activated during periodontal inflammation. 3. The concentrations of proteins in the gingival fluid are not related to their molecular weight.", "PMID": 73582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5152", "title": "Histamine enhances anaphylactic histamine release from bovine lung and leukocytes via histamine H2-receptor.", "content": "Chopped lung and isolated leukocytes of calves sensitized to horse plasma release histamine when incubated with the antigen. Low concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) of exogenous histamine enhanced both spontaneous and antigen-induced histamine release. The enhancement of antigen-induced histamine release was inhibited by metiamide but not by mepyramine, whereas the enhancement of spontaneous histamine release was not significantly affected by either histamine antagonist. At higher concentrations of exogenous histamine (10(-6) to 10(-4) M), uptake and metabolism significantly interfered with the method. These results indicate the existence in bovine lung and leukocyte of a positive feedback mechanism which regulates histamine release via an H2-receptor. This is in direct contrast to the reported situation in the human leukocyte, and suggests that histamine fulfils an important role in the intrinsic control of allergic reactions in cattle.", "contents": "Histamine enhances anaphylactic histamine release from bovine lung and leukocytes via histamine H2-receptor. Chopped lung and isolated leukocytes of calves sensitized to horse plasma release histamine when incubated with the antigen. Low concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) of exogenous histamine enhanced both spontaneous and antigen-induced histamine release. The enhancement of antigen-induced histamine release was inhibited by metiamide but not by mepyramine, whereas the enhancement of spontaneous histamine release was not significantly affected by either histamine antagonist. At higher concentrations of exogenous histamine (10(-6) to 10(-4) M), uptake and metabolism significantly interfered with the method. These results indicate the existence in bovine lung and leukocyte of a positive feedback mechanism which regulates histamine release via an H2-receptor. This is in direct contrast to the reported situation in the human leukocyte, and suggests that histamine fulfils an important role in the intrinsic control of allergic reactions in cattle.", "PMID": 73583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5153", "title": "[Concentrated irradiation of bone metastasis (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred patients with bone metastasis of various histological types have been submitted to a concentrated irradiation: 2 sessions of 850 rads or 650 rads over 3 days. Pain disappeared in 65% of the cases in a 3 to 7 days delay, for a mean duration of two months. The mean survival of this groups of patients is 4.3 months. The concentrated irradiation is well tolerated. Authors emphasize the value of this kind of treatment for patients with plurifocal metastasis and short survival.", "contents": "[Concentrated irradiation of bone metastasis (author's transl)]. One hundred patients with bone metastasis of various histological types have been submitted to a concentrated irradiation: 2 sessions of 850 rads or 650 rads over 3 days. Pain disappeared in 65% of the cases in a 3 to 7 days delay, for a mean duration of two months. The mean survival of this groups of patients is 4.3 months. The concentrated irradiation is well tolerated. Authors emphasize the value of this kind of treatment for patients with plurifocal metastasis and short survival.", "PMID": 73585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5154", "title": "Quantum chemical studies of N-substituent variation in the oxymorphone series of opiate narcotics.", "content": "Quantum chemical calculations were performed on six N-derivatives of oxymorphone including N-methyl- (oxymorphone), N-allyl- (naloxone), N-dimethylallyl- (nalmexone), N-methylcyclopropyl- (naltrexone), N-methylcyclobutyl-(nalbuphone), and N-phenethylnoroxymorphone using the PCILO method. The object of the study was to identify conformational features of the N-substituents which might be responsible for the intrinsic observed pharmacological properties of opiate agonism and antagonism. Both axial and equatorial N-substituent conformers were considered, as well as possible interactions of the C14-OH group with such substituents. Variations of agonist/antagonist potency ratios within this series could not be explained by differing relative energies of equatorial and axial conformations or by varying rates of interconversion between the two. Direct effects of the C14-OH group on conformations of N-substituents also could not account for their relative agonist/antagonist potencies. Consistent with a previous hypothesis, the observed potencies and binding data could be explained most consistently by the availability of several low-energy equatorial conformations of N-substituents and their interactions with the C14-OH group through a common anionic receptor site.", "contents": "Quantum chemical studies of N-substituent variation in the oxymorphone series of opiate narcotics. Quantum chemical calculations were performed on six N-derivatives of oxymorphone including N-methyl- (oxymorphone), N-allyl- (naloxone), N-dimethylallyl- (nalmexone), N-methylcyclopropyl- (naltrexone), N-methylcyclobutyl-(nalbuphone), and N-phenethylnoroxymorphone using the PCILO method. The object of the study was to identify conformational features of the N-substituents which might be responsible for the intrinsic observed pharmacological properties of opiate agonism and antagonism. Both axial and equatorial N-substituent conformers were considered, as well as possible interactions of the C14-OH group with such substituents. Variations of agonist/antagonist potency ratios within this series could not be explained by differing relative energies of equatorial and axial conformations or by varying rates of interconversion between the two. Direct effects of the C14-OH group on conformations of N-substituents also could not account for their relative agonist/antagonist potencies. Consistent with a previous hypothesis, the observed potencies and binding data could be explained most consistently by the availability of several low-energy equatorial conformations of N-substituents and their interactions with the C14-OH group through a common anionic receptor site.", "PMID": 73588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5155", "title": "Application of chromosome banding techniques to the study of primary chromosome structural changes.", "content": "Some comments are provided for the benefit of new workers on the use of chromosome banding techniques for the recognition, classification, scoring, and break point location of primary chromosomal structural changes.", "contents": "Application of chromosome banding techniques to the study of primary chromosome structural changes. Some comments are provided for the benefit of new workers on the use of chromosome banding techniques for the recognition, classification, scoring, and break point location of primary chromosomal structural changes.", "PMID": 73589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5156", "title": "[Diagnostic value of thermography and Tc 99m bleomycin scintigraphy for nodules of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined interest of thermography and 99mTc Bleomycin scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of a cold thyroid nodule was evaluated in 86 patients. In all cases a histological examination was performed. Of the 30 malignant nodules (clinically suspect and solitary nodules) 21 (70%) showed concentrations of 99mTc Bleomycin while only 7 of the 12 solitary malignant nodules did so. Among the 54 benign nodules the false positive rate was 54%. Thermography was positive in 26 (87%) of the 30 malignant nodules and in only 8 (67%) of the 12 solitary malignant nodules. For the 54 benign nodules the false positive rate was 72%. The combined results of the study do not provide any improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Thus it can be said that applications of 99mTc Bleomycin and thermography in the diagnosis of solitary hypofixiant nodules are of limited value.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of thermography and Tc 99m bleomycin scintigraphy for nodules of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The combined interest of thermography and 99mTc Bleomycin scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of a cold thyroid nodule was evaluated in 86 patients. In all cases a histological examination was performed. Of the 30 malignant nodules (clinically suspect and solitary nodules) 21 (70%) showed concentrations of 99mTc Bleomycin while only 7 of the 12 solitary malignant nodules did so. Among the 54 benign nodules the false positive rate was 54%. Thermography was positive in 26 (87%) of the 30 malignant nodules and in only 8 (67%) of the 12 solitary malignant nodules. For the 54 benign nodules the false positive rate was 72%. The combined results of the study do not provide any improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Thus it can be said that applications of 99mTc Bleomycin and thermography in the diagnosis of solitary hypofixiant nodules are of limited value.", "PMID": 73586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5157", "title": "Polymer cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. I. Low temperature states of aqueous solutions of hydrophilic polymers.", "content": "The solid states formed by vitrified and frozen aqueous solutions of some hydrophilic polymers, able to act as biological cryoprotectants, have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and freeze fracture electron microscopy. Glass transitions, devitrification, recrystallization and melting behaviour of aqueous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethyl starch and dextran have been established. The vitrified polymer solutions exhibit a characteristic microspheral morphology which is not induced by the quench cooling process but is an inherent feature of the solutions themselves.", "contents": "Polymer cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. I. Low temperature states of aqueous solutions of hydrophilic polymers. The solid states formed by vitrified and frozen aqueous solutions of some hydrophilic polymers, able to act as biological cryoprotectants, have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and freeze fracture electron microscopy. Glass transitions, devitrification, recrystallization and melting behaviour of aqueous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethyl starch and dextran have been established. The vitrified polymer solutions exhibit a characteristic microspheral morphology which is not induced by the quench cooling process but is an inherent feature of the solutions themselves.", "PMID": 73591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5158", "title": "Polymeric cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. II. Physiological effects.", "content": "A study has been made of the physiological effects of three non-penetrating polymeric cryoprotective agents on sixteen different plant and animal cells and tissues. The cryoprotectants, when used at concentrations at which they are effective in preventing ice-crystal formation, generally have a lower toxicity to cells and tissue than similar concentrations of glycerol. The relatively low toxicity of these substances suggests that they would be more suitable as cryoprotectants for morphological and analytical studies than the commonly used low molecular weight compounds.", "contents": "Polymeric cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. II. Physiological effects. A study has been made of the physiological effects of three non-penetrating polymeric cryoprotective agents on sixteen different plant and animal cells and tissues. The cryoprotectants, when used at concentrations at which they are effective in preventing ice-crystal formation, generally have a lower toxicity to cells and tissue than similar concentrations of glycerol. The relatively low toxicity of these substances suggests that they would be more suitable as cryoprotectants for morphological and analytical studies than the commonly used low molecular weight compounds.", "PMID": 73592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5159", "title": "Polymeric cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. III. Morphological aspects.", "content": "Two high molecular weight polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES), have been used as cryoprotectants for preparing specimens to be freeze fractured. Solutions of 25% (w/w) suppress the formation of intracellular ice in single cells and tissue blocks from both plants and animals to the extent that fine structural details of the cell can be elucidates. The mode of action of these cryoprotectants, together with the structures they reveal and the peculiar advantages attached to their use, is discussed.", "contents": "Polymeric cryoprotectants in the preservation of biological ultrastructure. III. Morphological aspects. Two high molecular weight polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES), have been used as cryoprotectants for preparing specimens to be freeze fractured. Solutions of 25% (w/w) suppress the formation of intracellular ice in single cells and tissue blocks from both plants and animals to the extent that fine structural details of the cell can be elucidates. The mode of action of these cryoprotectants, together with the structures they reveal and the peculiar advantages attached to their use, is discussed.", "PMID": 73593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5160", "title": "Ultrastructure of the acinar cells in the submandibular gland of the nine-banded armadillo.", "content": "There are two discrete lobes comprising the armadillo submandibular gland. These two lobes can be defined grossly, histochemically and morphologically with the light and electron microscope. The minor lobe stains more intensely with PAS and AB. When viewed in the electron microscope, the secretory granules of the acinar cells within this lobe appear mucous-like. The granules of the demilune cells are slightly different in appearance. The secretory granules of the acinar cells in the major lobe contain many dense foci embedded in a fibrillar matrix, a substructure not described previously. The demilune cells of this lobe contain secretory granules with a mucous-like structure which is consistent throughout the entire lobe. As in the minor lobe, these demilune cells stain very intensely with PAS and AB.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the acinar cells in the submandibular gland of the nine-banded armadillo. There are two discrete lobes comprising the armadillo submandibular gland. These two lobes can be defined grossly, histochemically and morphologically with the light and electron microscope. The minor lobe stains more intensely with PAS and AB. When viewed in the electron microscope, the secretory granules of the acinar cells within this lobe appear mucous-like. The granules of the demilune cells are slightly different in appearance. The secretory granules of the acinar cells in the major lobe contain many dense foci embedded in a fibrillar matrix, a substructure not described previously. The demilune cells of this lobe contain secretory granules with a mucous-like structure which is consistent throughout the entire lobe. As in the minor lobe, these demilune cells stain very intensely with PAS and AB.", "PMID": 73594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5161", "title": "Strategies and techniques for the reduction of sexual anxiety.", "content": "In this paper 14 anxiety-reduction techniques are discussed: use of bibliotherapy, use of audiovisual materials, in vivo desensitization via written, programmed exercises; self-exploration/masturbation training; orgasmic reconditioning; simulated orgasm experiences; implosion techniques; sex word desensitization; sexual assertion training; therapist modeling/self-disclosure; systematic desensitization; and cue-controlled relaxation. The sex therapist can integrate these techniques into the sex therapy contract with individuals or couples and use them either singly or in a sequential multiple technique format to reduce sexual anxiety.", "contents": "Strategies and techniques for the reduction of sexual anxiety. In this paper 14 anxiety-reduction techniques are discussed: use of bibliotherapy, use of audiovisual materials, in vivo desensitization via written, programmed exercises; self-exploration/masturbation training; orgasmic reconditioning; simulated orgasm experiences; implosion techniques; sex word desensitization; sexual assertion training; therapist modeling/self-disclosure; systematic desensitization; and cue-controlled relaxation. The sex therapist can integrate these techniques into the sex therapy contract with individuals or couples and use them either singly or in a sequential multiple technique format to reduce sexual anxiety.", "PMID": 73595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5162", "title": "Embryotoxicity of irradiated and nonirradiated catalytic convertertreated automotive exhaust.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the relative embryotoxicity in chick embryos of photochemically reacted and unreacted diluted automotive exhaust emissions from a system equipped with a catalytic converter. Clean air controls and H2SO4 aerosol controls equivalent in concentration to those found in the catalytic exhaust atmosphere were also studied. From day 1 through day 14 of development, continuous exposure to nonirradiated exhause resulted in decreased survival, lowered embryonic weight, a small increase in heart/body weight ratio, and altered hematocrit and serum enzyme activities (LDH and GOT). Irradiated exhaust had little effect on survival or on embryonic weight but resulted in a higher liver/body weight ratio as well as altered hematocrit and serum enzyme activities. Interactions or cumulative effects of different compositions of exhaust atmospheres may play a role in differing biological responses between unreacted and irradiated exhaust. Sulfuric acid aerosol had a minimal effect on survival and resulted in only a slight decrease in embryonic weight and serum LDH activity, with no other apparent effects. In previous studies where the catalytic converter was not used, more pronounced effects on survival, increased heart/body weigh ratio, elevated serum GPT activity, and liver discoloration were observed. Thus, the introduction of an oxidizing catalytic converter appeared to alleviate some but not all of the embryotoxic effects of automotive exhaust.", "contents": "Embryotoxicity of irradiated and nonirradiated catalytic convertertreated automotive exhaust. This study was undertaken to examine the relative embryotoxicity in chick embryos of photochemically reacted and unreacted diluted automotive exhaust emissions from a system equipped with a catalytic converter. Clean air controls and H2SO4 aerosol controls equivalent in concentration to those found in the catalytic exhaust atmosphere were also studied. From day 1 through day 14 of development, continuous exposure to nonirradiated exhause resulted in decreased survival, lowered embryonic weight, a small increase in heart/body weight ratio, and altered hematocrit and serum enzyme activities (LDH and GOT). Irradiated exhaust had little effect on survival or on embryonic weight but resulted in a higher liver/body weight ratio as well as altered hematocrit and serum enzyme activities. Interactions or cumulative effects of different compositions of exhaust atmospheres may play a role in differing biological responses between unreacted and irradiated exhaust. Sulfuric acid aerosol had a minimal effect on survival and resulted in only a slight decrease in embryonic weight and serum LDH activity, with no other apparent effects. In previous studies where the catalytic converter was not used, more pronounced effects on survival, increased heart/body weigh ratio, elevated serum GPT activity, and liver discoloration were observed. Thus, the introduction of an oxidizing catalytic converter appeared to alleviate some but not all of the embryotoxic effects of automotive exhaust.", "PMID": 73596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5163", "title": "Properties of influenza C virus grown in cell culture.", "content": "Influenza C virus was propagated successfully in primary chicken embryo lung (CEL) and fibroblast cells and in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In other cell lines, either no virus or only noninfectious hemagglutinin (HA) was produced. In productively infected cells (CEL), HA and infectious virus appeared by 24 h and reached a maximum by 36 to 48 h, cell-associated virus remaining at a constant low level. Infected Vero cells produced noninfective HA by 24 h which also remained predominantly cell associated until 60 to 72 h, when the cells disintegrated. Viral antigen was demonstrable on membranes of both CEL- and Vero-infected cells at 24 h; Vero cells yielded membrane vesicles containing HA, but none of the spherical or filamentous viral particles synthesized in CEL cells. Influenza C virus produced in cell culture or in eggs differed in several important respects from A and B viruses and from Newcastle diseases virus. All influenza C preparations, regardless of infectivity or source, lacked detectable neuraminidase activity, yet retained the ability specifically to inactivate receptors only for influenza C. Influenza C HA was not inhibited by soluble glycoproteins highly active against HA of A virus. A rat serum glycoprotein uniquely inhibited influenza C by binding to the surface components of virious.", "contents": "Properties of influenza C virus grown in cell culture. Influenza C virus was propagated successfully in primary chicken embryo lung (CEL) and fibroblast cells and in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In other cell lines, either no virus or only noninfectious hemagglutinin (HA) was produced. In productively infected cells (CEL), HA and infectious virus appeared by 24 h and reached a maximum by 36 to 48 h, cell-associated virus remaining at a constant low level. Infected Vero cells produced noninfective HA by 24 h which also remained predominantly cell associated until 60 to 72 h, when the cells disintegrated. Viral antigen was demonstrable on membranes of both CEL- and Vero-infected cells at 24 h; Vero cells yielded membrane vesicles containing HA, but none of the spherical or filamentous viral particles synthesized in CEL cells. Influenza C virus produced in cell culture or in eggs differed in several important respects from A and B viruses and from Newcastle diseases virus. All influenza C preparations, regardless of infectivity or source, lacked detectable neuraminidase activity, yet retained the ability specifically to inactivate receptors only for influenza C. Influenza C HA was not inhibited by soluble glycoproteins highly active against HA of A virus. A rat serum glycoprotein uniquely inhibited influenza C by binding to the surface components of virious.", "PMID": 73602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5164", "title": "A course in emergency care for first-year medical students.", "content": "A 52-hour course in emergency medicine for first-year medical students was developed from the Department of Transportation's (DOT) training program for emergency medical technicians (EMT). The objective of the course was to train students to provide life support and emergency care in the field at the level of competence of the EMT. Ninety-four percent of the first class met these standards on written examination. Problems in the course included over-simplified presentations by paraprofessional faculty and an overemphasis on inhospital management by physician faculty. The program is well received by students and allows for introduction of clinical material into the first-year curriculum. The DOT training program for the EMT provides a useful model that, with slight adaptation, is appropriate for the first-year medical student.", "contents": "A course in emergency care for first-year medical students. A 52-hour course in emergency medicine for first-year medical students was developed from the Department of Transportation's (DOT) training program for emergency medical technicians (EMT). The objective of the course was to train students to provide life support and emergency care in the field at the level of competence of the EMT. Ninety-four percent of the first class met these standards on written examination. Problems in the course included over-simplified presentations by paraprofessional faculty and an overemphasis on inhospital management by physician faculty. The program is well received by students and allows for introduction of clinical material into the first-year curriculum. The DOT training program for the EMT provides a useful model that, with slight adaptation, is appropriate for the first-year medical student.", "PMID": 73603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5165", "title": "Cell antigens recognized by rabbit antibodies specific for oligomannosyl determinants.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies to cell wall mannans of various microbial strains and their mutants were found to be cross-reactive to cell carbohydrates of mammalian sperm and 4-6-days-old blastocysts. Immunochemical studies indicate that oligomers of alpha1 yields to 2, alpha1 yields to 3, alpha1 yields to 6, and probably also alpha yields to 4 linked mannose residues of sperm carbohydrates are available for antibody binding. At least 80 percent of binding activity of a yeast mannan antibody to sperm can be effectively inhibited by specific haptens or digestion with exo-alpha-D-mannosidase, an enzyme activity highest in testicular tissue. In order to determine the role of this enzyme in the metabolism of the cross-reactive mannan antigens of sperm, the relative amount of a specific alpha-linked oligomannosyl determinant of bovine sperm from homozygous normals was compared to that of hetero-zygous carriers of alpha-mannosidase deficiency. Extensive cross-reactivity between the microbial and mammalian oligomannosyl determinants suggest that these are conserved structures in cell carbohydrates, although the organization of these units in the microbial cell wall lipopolysaccharide has very little similarity to the carbohydrate moieties of mammalian glycoproteins.", "contents": "Cell antigens recognized by rabbit antibodies specific for oligomannosyl determinants. Rabbit antibodies to cell wall mannans of various microbial strains and their mutants were found to be cross-reactive to cell carbohydrates of mammalian sperm and 4-6-days-old blastocysts. Immunochemical studies indicate that oligomers of alpha1 yields to 2, alpha1 yields to 3, alpha1 yields to 6, and probably also alpha yields to 4 linked mannose residues of sperm carbohydrates are available for antibody binding. At least 80 percent of binding activity of a yeast mannan antibody to sperm can be effectively inhibited by specific haptens or digestion with exo-alpha-D-mannosidase, an enzyme activity highest in testicular tissue. In order to determine the role of this enzyme in the metabolism of the cross-reactive mannan antigens of sperm, the relative amount of a specific alpha-linked oligomannosyl determinant of bovine sperm from homozygous normals was compared to that of hetero-zygous carriers of alpha-mannosidase deficiency. Extensive cross-reactivity between the microbial and mammalian oligomannosyl determinants suggest that these are conserved structures in cell carbohydrates, although the organization of these units in the microbial cell wall lipopolysaccharide has very little similarity to the carbohydrate moieties of mammalian glycoproteins.", "PMID": 73630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5166", "title": "Impact of the \"Rand report\" on alcoholics, treatment personnel and Boston residents.", "content": "Interviews with patients and staff at six alcoholism treatment centers, respondents in a random telephone sample, and a sample of homeless men considereded to need alcoholism treatment revealed little change in treatment program goals, no increase in patients seeking treatment, and few changes in drinking attributable to the \"Rand report.\"", "contents": "Impact of the \"Rand report\" on alcoholics, treatment personnel and Boston residents. Interviews with patients and staff at six alcoholism treatment centers, respondents in a random telephone sample, and a sample of homeless men considereded to need alcoholism treatment revealed little change in treatment program goals, no increase in patients seeking treatment, and few changes in drinking attributable to the \"Rand report.\"", "PMID": 73631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5167", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary and alpha fetoprotein: a case report.", "content": "Yolk sac tumors of the ovary are associated with elevations in serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). Thus, an antigenic marker is provided for evaluating therapeutic results in selected patients. A patient with a pure endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary is presented who underwent serial determinations of AFP. The effectiveness and limitations of serial AFP levels as demonstrated by this case are discussed in addition to the surgical and chemotherapeutic management of patients with yolk sac tumor of the ovary.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary and alpha fetoprotein: a case report. Yolk sac tumors of the ovary are associated with elevations in serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). Thus, an antigenic marker is provided for evaluating therapeutic results in selected patients. A patient with a pure endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary is presented who underwent serial determinations of AFP. The effectiveness and limitations of serial AFP levels as demonstrated by this case are discussed in addition to the surgical and chemotherapeutic management of patients with yolk sac tumor of the ovary.", "PMID": 73632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5168", "title": "Reduced active thyroid hormone levels in acute illness.", "content": "In acute and subacute disease the active thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), are decreased while serum-thyroxine (T4) levels tend to be slightly reduced. Conversely, the inactive metabolite, reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3), is increased indicating a diversion of T4 metabolism from an activating to an inactivating pathway. With convalescence the serum levels of T3, tetrac, and T4 recover while reverse T3 decreases to normal. These changes occur without significant alterations in serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, indicating maintenance of euthyroidism throughout disease.", "contents": "Reduced active thyroid hormone levels in acute illness. In acute and subacute disease the active thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), are decreased while serum-thyroxine (T4) levels tend to be slightly reduced. Conversely, the inactive metabolite, reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3), is increased indicating a diversion of T4 metabolism from an activating to an inactivating pathway. With convalescence the serum levels of T3, tetrac, and T4 recover while reverse T3 decreases to normal. These changes occur without significant alterations in serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, indicating maintenance of euthyroidism throughout disease.", "PMID": 73636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5169", "title": "A controlled study of therapeutic portacaval shunt in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "A controlled study of therapeutic end-to-side portacaval shunt was carried out from 1968 to 1971 in 89 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was less common and chronic hepatic encephalopathy was more common in patients with shunts than in patients without shunts. The survival-rate was lower, but not significantly, in patients with shunts. No overall benefit of the operation could be demonstrated in cirrhotic patients with the selection criteria and the type of surgical shunt used in this study.", "contents": "A controlled study of therapeutic portacaval shunt in alcoholic cirrhosis. A controlled study of therapeutic end-to-side portacaval shunt was carried out from 1968 to 1971 in 89 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding was less common and chronic hepatic encephalopathy was more common in patients with shunts than in patients without shunts. The survival-rate was lower, but not significantly, in patients with shunts. No overall benefit of the operation could be demonstrated in cirrhotic patients with the selection criteria and the type of surgical shunt used in this study.", "PMID": 73637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5170", "title": "Impaired red cell deformability in peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "By means of a recently developed technique, red-cell deformability was measured in 44 patients with peripheral vascular disease and in 44 age and sex matched normal control subjects. 28 patients had intermittent claudication and 16 rest pain or gangrene. The ability of the red cells to deform was significantly reduced in patients and significantly less in patients with rest pain or gangrene than in those who only had intermittent claudication. A reduction in red-cell deformability by retarding blood-flow through the microcirculation may be an important factor in states of peripheral vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Impaired red cell deformability in peripheral vascular disease. By means of a recently developed technique, red-cell deformability was measured in 44 patients with peripheral vascular disease and in 44 age and sex matched normal control subjects. 28 patients had intermittent claudication and 16 rest pain or gangrene. The ability of the red cells to deform was significantly reduced in patients and significantly less in patients with rest pain or gangrene than in those who only had intermittent claudication. A reduction in red-cell deformability by retarding blood-flow through the microcirculation may be an important factor in states of peripheral vascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 73640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5171", "title": "Breath-hydrogen test for small-intestinal bacterial colonisation.", "content": "Breath-hydrogen production after oral glucose administration was examined in patients suspected of having small-intestinal colonisation and compared with the 14C-glycine-cholate breath test (14C-G.C.) and with bacteriological examination of the small intestine. Of 17 patients, 12 had bacteriological evidence of small-intestinal colonisation. Each breath test showed 8 of the 12 patients to be colonised, but only 5 patients gave positive results with both tests. Nevertheless, using both tests only 1 patients out of 12 with small-intestinal colonisation would have been missed. There were no false-positive results in the 5 bacteriologically normal patients when the breath-hydrogen test was used. It is concluded that simultaneous use of these two relatively simple breath tests may improve the indirect diagnosis of small-intestinal colonisation.", "contents": "Breath-hydrogen test for small-intestinal bacterial colonisation. Breath-hydrogen production after oral glucose administration was examined in patients suspected of having small-intestinal colonisation and compared with the 14C-glycine-cholate breath test (14C-G.C.) and with bacteriological examination of the small intestine. Of 17 patients, 12 had bacteriological evidence of small-intestinal colonisation. Each breath test showed 8 of the 12 patients to be colonised, but only 5 patients gave positive results with both tests. Nevertheless, using both tests only 1 patients out of 12 with small-intestinal colonisation would have been missed. There were no false-positive results in the 5 bacteriologically normal patients when the breath-hydrogen test was used. It is concluded that simultaneous use of these two relatively simple breath tests may improve the indirect diagnosis of small-intestinal colonisation.", "PMID": 73641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5172", "title": "Aplastic anaemia: Evidence for an immunological mechanism.", "content": "The soft agar culture assay (C.F.U.-C) has been used in vitro as a measure of haemopoietic capacity of bone-marrow. In a patient with aplastic anaemia pretreatment of the patient's bone-marrow with horse anti-human-thymocyte globulin and complement (A.T.G. + C) prior to culture led to a dramatic increase in ability to form colonies in the soft agar assay; and co-culturing marrow from a normal donor and from the patient resulted in a distinct reduction in the number of expected C.F.U.-C. These findings point ot an immunological or autoimmune mechanism in this patient by selective destruction of the suppressing cells in the patient's marrow with A.T.G. and by suppression of normal myelopoiesis following addition of the patient's marrow to normal marrow.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia: Evidence for an immunological mechanism. The soft agar culture assay (C.F.U.-C) has been used in vitro as a measure of haemopoietic capacity of bone-marrow. In a patient with aplastic anaemia pretreatment of the patient's bone-marrow with horse anti-human-thymocyte globulin and complement (A.T.G. + C) prior to culture led to a dramatic increase in ability to form colonies in the soft agar assay; and co-culturing marrow from a normal donor and from the patient resulted in a distinct reduction in the number of expected C.F.U.-C. These findings point ot an immunological or autoimmune mechanism in this patient by selective destruction of the suppressing cells in the patient's marrow with A.T.G. and by suppression of normal myelopoiesis following addition of the patient's marrow to normal marrow.", "PMID": 73642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5173", "title": "Mitochondrial calcium overload: A general mechanism for cell-necrosis in muscle diseases.", "content": "It is suggested that the mechanism of muscle-cell necrosis in various muscle diseases is explained by an increased net influx of calcium into cells which triggers a \"vicious cycle\" of mitochondrial calcium overloading and energy depletion. If correct, this hypothesis may offer the basis of a more rational treatment of some muscle diseases even before their primary aetiology is known.", "contents": "Mitochondrial calcium overload: A general mechanism for cell-necrosis in muscle diseases. It is suggested that the mechanism of muscle-cell necrosis in various muscle diseases is explained by an increased net influx of calcium into cells which triggers a \"vicious cycle\" of mitochondrial calcium overloading and energy depletion. If correct, this hypothesis may offer the basis of a more rational treatment of some muscle diseases even before their primary aetiology is known.", "PMID": 73643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5174", "title": "Gastric and duodenal ulcer and their associated diseases.", "content": "Assessments of likely associations between ulcer and other diseases are hindered by the frequent lack of controls, by controls which are inadequate, and by inadequate descriptions of techniques used. The inherent biases in some of the techniques have also probably been insufficiently appreciated. Ulcer is common in the community and much of the evidence adduced to suggest ulcer/other-disease associations may well be describing oridinary ulcer frequency which has been underestimated. With such problems in mind, few of the proposed associations bear examination. Ulcer is probably unusually frequent in patients undergoing treatment for chronic renal failure. It is possibly more frequent in association with hyperparathyroidism and in cirrhotics, in cardiovascular disease (except hypertension), and in chronic respiratory disease. Evidence for other associations is not compelling.", "contents": "Gastric and duodenal ulcer and their associated diseases. Assessments of likely associations between ulcer and other diseases are hindered by the frequent lack of controls, by controls which are inadequate, and by inadequate descriptions of techniques used. The inherent biases in some of the techniques have also probably been insufficiently appreciated. Ulcer is common in the community and much of the evidence adduced to suggest ulcer/other-disease associations may well be describing oridinary ulcer frequency which has been underestimated. With such problems in mind, few of the proposed associations bear examination. Ulcer is probably unusually frequent in patients undergoing treatment for chronic renal failure. It is possibly more frequent in association with hyperparathyroidism and in cirrhotics, in cardiovascular disease (except hypertension), and in chronic respiratory disease. Evidence for other associations is not compelling.", "PMID": 73651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5175", "title": "The floating-bed.", "content": "The classical concept of hospital care has gross limitations. Specialist consultation is episodic; hospitalisation has rigid admission and discharge policies. Floating-bed admission for 2 nights every 2 weeks provides an additional service which reduces the number of beds necessary for the elderly and should be able to contain the rapid increase in demand occasioned by the rising number of elderly patients, particularly those over the age of 75 years.", "contents": "The floating-bed. The classical concept of hospital care has gross limitations. Specialist consultation is episodic; hospitalisation has rigid admission and discharge policies. Floating-bed admission for 2 nights every 2 weeks provides an additional service which reduces the number of beds necessary for the elderly and should be able to contain the rapid increase in demand occasioned by the rising number of elderly patients, particularly those over the age of 75 years.", "PMID": 73652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5176", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The importance of nonencapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C.O.P.D.) has been investigated in 150 patients observed at two-month intervals from 1968 to 1975. H. influenzae was distinguished from H. parainfluenzae by demonstrating requirements for both X and V factors. H. influenzae was isolated more often from sputum cultures from patients with severe C.O.P.D. (13.8%) than from patients with mild disease (4.4%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, H. parainfluenzae was isolated with equal frequency from sputums of patients with mild (40%) or severe (43%) disease. H. influenzae was present in the sputum more often during exacerbations of acute respiratory illness (15.4%) than during sympton-free periods (9.6%, P less than 0.01), while isolation rates of H. parainfluenzae did not increase during periods of illness (35% versus 39%). Antigens specific for the H. influenzae species and for the H. parainfluenzae species were used in a complement-fixation test to detect antibody rises in sera collected from the patient population. Fourfold or greater rises in titre of antibodies to H. influenzae were detected on 76 occasions in 53 patients, and 46 of these rises were associated with acute respiratory illnesses. In contrast, no antibody rises were detected with the H. parainfluenzae antigen. These observations indicate that nonencapsulated strains of H. influenzae may have pathogenic potential in patients with C.O.P.D., whilst H. parainfluenzae should be considered as normal flora.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The importance of nonencapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C.O.P.D.) has been investigated in 150 patients observed at two-month intervals from 1968 to 1975. H. influenzae was distinguished from H. parainfluenzae by demonstrating requirements for both X and V factors. H. influenzae was isolated more often from sputum cultures from patients with severe C.O.P.D. (13.8%) than from patients with mild disease (4.4%, P less than 0.01). In contrast, H. parainfluenzae was isolated with equal frequency from sputums of patients with mild (40%) or severe (43%) disease. H. influenzae was present in the sputum more often during exacerbations of acute respiratory illness (15.4%) than during sympton-free periods (9.6%, P less than 0.01), while isolation rates of H. parainfluenzae did not increase during periods of illness (35% versus 39%). Antigens specific for the H. influenzae species and for the H. parainfluenzae species were used in a complement-fixation test to detect antibody rises in sera collected from the patient population. Fourfold or greater rises in titre of antibodies to H. influenzae were detected on 76 occasions in 53 patients, and 46 of these rises were associated with acute respiratory illnesses. In contrast, no antibody rises were detected with the H. parainfluenzae antigen. These observations indicate that nonencapsulated strains of H. influenzae may have pathogenic potential in patients with C.O.P.D., whilst H. parainfluenzae should be considered as normal flora.", "PMID": 73690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5177", "title": "Changes of vasopressin in hypertension: Cause or effect?", "content": "Plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) have been measured in 40 patients with benign essential hypertension and 12 patients with malignant-phase hypertension. Values tended to be low in the benign phase and high in the malignant phase. 5 normal subjects were infused with synthetic arginine-vasopressin, producing plasma concentrations up to five times the highest value recorded in malignant-phase hypertension, without any effect on blood-pressure. There is no evidence that vasopressin has a direct role in the pathogenesis of benign essential hypertension or its transition to the malignant phase. On the contrary, abnormal vasopressin concentrations may be caused by hypertension.", "contents": "Changes of vasopressin in hypertension: Cause or effect? Plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) have been measured in 40 patients with benign essential hypertension and 12 patients with malignant-phase hypertension. Values tended to be low in the benign phase and high in the malignant phase. 5 normal subjects were infused with synthetic arginine-vasopressin, producing plasma concentrations up to five times the highest value recorded in malignant-phase hypertension, without any effect on blood-pressure. There is no evidence that vasopressin has a direct role in the pathogenesis of benign essential hypertension or its transition to the malignant phase. On the contrary, abnormal vasopressin concentrations may be caused by hypertension.", "PMID": 73691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5178", "title": "Secretory IgA against enterotoxins in breast-milk.", "content": "A pool of colostrum from Guatemalan mothers (Guatemalan colostrum)) obtained 2-4 days post partum inhibited the induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops when incubated with Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli enterotoxin. There was a linear relationship between the quantity of colostrum used and the protection achieved. Pools of Guatemalan breast-milk obtained 15-30 days post partum and North American breast-milk had the same effect when tested with E. coli and V. cholerae enterotoxins, respectively. The antitoxic activity of a given pool correlated with its IgA content but not with the concentration of IgG or IgM. Guatemalan colostrum globulins were precipitated by ammonium sulphate. The globulins were filtered through a 'Biogel A5' column and fractions obtained. When tested in rabbit ileal loops the antienterotoxin activity in these fractions closely paralleled their IgA but not their detectable IgG or IgM content. We hypothesise that IgA antibody to enterotoxin, present in breast-milk of normal mothers, is probably a manifestation of natural immunity. The passive transfer of these antibodies to the infant may explain why breast-milk prevents E. coli diarrhoea in the neonate.", "contents": "Secretory IgA against enterotoxins in breast-milk. A pool of colostrum from Guatemalan mothers (Guatemalan colostrum)) obtained 2-4 days post partum inhibited the induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops when incubated with Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli enterotoxin. There was a linear relationship between the quantity of colostrum used and the protection achieved. Pools of Guatemalan breast-milk obtained 15-30 days post partum and North American breast-milk had the same effect when tested with E. coli and V. cholerae enterotoxins, respectively. The antitoxic activity of a given pool correlated with its IgA content but not with the concentration of IgG or IgM. Guatemalan colostrum globulins were precipitated by ammonium sulphate. The globulins were filtered through a 'Biogel A5' column and fractions obtained. When tested in rabbit ileal loops the antienterotoxin activity in these fractions closely paralleled their IgA but not their detectable IgG or IgM content. We hypothesise that IgA antibody to enterotoxin, present in breast-milk of normal mothers, is probably a manifestation of natural immunity. The passive transfer of these antibodies to the infant may explain why breast-milk prevents E. coli diarrhoea in the neonate.", "PMID": 73692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5179", "title": "A new approach to the management of familial hypercholesterolaemia: Removal of plasma-cholesterol based on the principle of affinity chromatography.", "content": "Reduction of plasma-cholesterol by the removal of low-density lipoproteins (L.D.L.) in an extracorporeal system is described as a possible approach in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. L.D.L. were removed from the blood by their interaction with heparin linked to agarose beads in the presence of calcium ions. Plasma-L.D.L. was markedly decreased in two patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The technique is specific for the removal of L.D.L., as the concentration of high-density lipoproteins was not affected. The treatment was well tolerated by all three subjects (i.e., two hypercholesterolaemic patients and a normal volunteer), and there were no undesirable effects. Several haematological parameters, clinical-chemistry tests, including serum enzymes, and immunoelectrophoresis of plasma proteins were all unaffected by the treatment.", "contents": "A new approach to the management of familial hypercholesterolaemia: Removal of plasma-cholesterol based on the principle of affinity chromatography. Reduction of plasma-cholesterol by the removal of low-density lipoproteins (L.D.L.) in an extracorporeal system is described as a possible approach in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. L.D.L. were removed from the blood by their interaction with heparin linked to agarose beads in the presence of calcium ions. Plasma-L.D.L. was markedly decreased in two patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The technique is specific for the removal of L.D.L., as the concentration of high-density lipoproteins was not affected. The treatment was well tolerated by all three subjects (i.e., two hypercholesterolaemic patients and a normal volunteer), and there were no undesirable effects. Several haematological parameters, clinical-chemistry tests, including serum enzymes, and immunoelectrophoresis of plasma proteins were all unaffected by the treatment.", "PMID": 73693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5180", "title": "Improvement of medication compliance in uncontrolled hypertension.", "content": "38 hypertensive Canadian steelworkers who were neither compliant with medications nor at goal diastolic blood-pressure six months after starting treatment were allocated either to a control group or to an experimental group who were taught how to measure their own blood-pressures, asked to chart their home blood-pressures and pill taking, and taught how to tailor pill taking to their daily habits and rituals; these men were also seen fortnightly by a highschool graduate with no formal health professional training who reinforced the experimental manoeuvres and rewarded improvements in compliance and blood-pressure. Six months later, average compliance had fallen by 1.5% in the control group but rose 21.3% in the experimental group. Blood-pressures fell in 17 of 20 experimental patients (to goal in 6) and in 10 of 18 control patients (to goal in 2).", "contents": "Improvement of medication compliance in uncontrolled hypertension. 38 hypertensive Canadian steelworkers who were neither compliant with medications nor at goal diastolic blood-pressure six months after starting treatment were allocated either to a control group or to an experimental group who were taught how to measure their own blood-pressures, asked to chart their home blood-pressures and pill taking, and taught how to tailor pill taking to their daily habits and rituals; these men were also seen fortnightly by a highschool graduate with no formal health professional training who reinforced the experimental manoeuvres and rewarded improvements in compliance and blood-pressure. Six months later, average compliance had fallen by 1.5% in the control group but rose 21.3% in the experimental group. Blood-pressures fell in 17 of 20 experimental patients (to goal in 6) and in 10 of 18 control patients (to goal in 2).", "PMID": 73694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5181", "title": "Fetal haemoglobin and malaria.", "content": "The distribution and growth of Plasmodium falciparum was compared in red blood-cells containing either adult or fetal haemoglobins. In in-vitro cultures, cord blood-cells were invaded more readily, but there was a paucity of parasites in cells containing haemoglobin F in the blood of infected infants aged 3-6 months. These findings suggest that P. falciparum may preferentially invade young, metabolically active erythrocytes. There was a significant retardation of parasite growth in vitro in cells containing haemoglobin F. This latter finding suggests a further mechanism for the resistance to malaria in the first months of life and for high gene frequencies (in areas in which malaria was endemic) of the thalassaemias and related haemoglobinopathies in which the rate of decline of fetal-haemoglobin production is retarded.", "contents": "Fetal haemoglobin and malaria. The distribution and growth of Plasmodium falciparum was compared in red blood-cells containing either adult or fetal haemoglobins. In in-vitro cultures, cord blood-cells were invaded more readily, but there was a paucity of parasites in cells containing haemoglobin F in the blood of infected infants aged 3-6 months. These findings suggest that P. falciparum may preferentially invade young, metabolically active erythrocytes. There was a significant retardation of parasite growth in vitro in cells containing haemoglobin F. This latter finding suggests a further mechanism for the resistance to malaria in the first months of life and for high gene frequencies (in areas in which malaria was endemic) of the thalassaemias and related haemoglobinopathies in which the rate of decline of fetal-haemoglobin production is retarded.", "PMID": 73695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5182", "title": "Insulin rather than glucose homoeostasis in the pathophysiology of diabetes.", "content": "Hepatic glucose efflux is very sensitive to changes in plasma-insulin and it is postulated that this provides an important feedback control of insulin secretion. In diabetes this hepatic \"insulin sensor\" increases the basal plasma-glucose until the impaired beta cells are sufficiently stimulated to secrete normal basal insulin concentrations. Glucose regulation thus becomes of secondary importance to the maintenance of basal insulin secretion, which is teleologically needed for the \"anabolic\" requirements of cell growth. This hypothesis provides an explanation for the \"normal\" basal plasma-insulin concentrations found in diabetes in spite of impaired beta-cell function. This maintenance of basal insulin secretion accounts for the discrepancy between the marked hyperglycaemia and minimal ketosis of maturity onset diabetic patients.", "contents": "Insulin rather than glucose homoeostasis in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Hepatic glucose efflux is very sensitive to changes in plasma-insulin and it is postulated that this provides an important feedback control of insulin secretion. In diabetes this hepatic \"insulin sensor\" increases the basal plasma-glucose until the impaired beta cells are sufficiently stimulated to secrete normal basal insulin concentrations. Glucose regulation thus becomes of secondary importance to the maintenance of basal insulin secretion, which is teleologically needed for the \"anabolic\" requirements of cell growth. This hypothesis provides an explanation for the \"normal\" basal plasma-insulin concentrations found in diabetes in spite of impaired beta-cell function. This maintenance of basal insulin secretion accounts for the discrepancy between the marked hyperglycaemia and minimal ketosis of maturity onset diabetic patients.", "PMID": 73696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5183", "title": "Part-time senior registrar posts: Wessex reviewed.", "content": "A Government memorandum guided regional boards on how to set up schemes for re-employment of women doctors to ensure that they could train part-time in the hospital service with the aim of gaining consultant posts. Of the 14 senior registrars who have held part-time contracts in Wessex during the past 5 years, 2 are now full-time consultants and 8 have completed their higher qualifications. A high standard of qualification and training can be achieved on a part-time basis but subsequent employment prospects need to be more flexible: regional health authorities should create more part-time consultant posts.", "contents": "Part-time senior registrar posts: Wessex reviewed. A Government memorandum guided regional boards on how to set up schemes for re-employment of women doctors to ensure that they could train part-time in the hospital service with the aim of gaining consultant posts. Of the 14 senior registrars who have held part-time contracts in Wessex during the past 5 years, 2 are now full-time consultants and 8 have completed their higher qualifications. A high standard of qualification and training can be achieved on a part-time basis but subsequent employment prospects need to be more flexible: regional health authorities should create more part-time consultant posts.", "PMID": 73705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5184", "title": "The sporadic case of haemophilia A.", "content": "Plasma samples from 41 mothers of haemophilic sons in \"simplex families\" (families with only one affected member) have been tested for factor VIII and factor-VIII-related antigen. The results suggest that 39 of these women are likely to be carriers of haemophilia.", "contents": "The sporadic case of haemophilia A. Plasma samples from 41 mothers of haemophilic sons in \"simplex families\" (families with only one affected member) have been tested for factor VIII and factor-VIII-related antigen. The results suggest that 39 of these women are likely to be carriers of haemophilia.", "PMID": 73739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5185", "title": "Serum-alpha1-fetoprotein in patients with testicular tumours.", "content": "Serum-alpha1-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) was assayed in 88 men with testicular teratomas and 34 with seminomas. 61% of teratoma patients with clinically evident disease had serum-A.F.P. greater than 25 ng/ml, whilst it is highly unlikely that any patient with a pure seminoma had a titre above this level. A.F.P. concentrations correlated with response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and predicted relapse in some patients. Serum-A.F.P. should be measured in all patients with testicular tumours.", "contents": "Serum-alpha1-fetoprotein in patients with testicular tumours. Serum-alpha1-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) was assayed in 88 men with testicular teratomas and 34 with seminomas. 61% of teratoma patients with clinically evident disease had serum-A.F.P. greater than 25 ng/ml, whilst it is highly unlikely that any patient with a pure seminoma had a titre above this level. A.F.P. concentrations correlated with response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and predicted relapse in some patients. Serum-A.F.P. should be measured in all patients with testicular tumours.", "PMID": 73740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5186", "title": "Prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation in liver biopsy specimens from patients with acute viral hepatitis type B.", "content": "The prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation (V.C.F.) by hepatitis-B core antigen/antibody immunocomplexes in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive liver biopsy specimens was prospectively evaluated in 47 patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis type B. 34 of 37 V.C.F.-negative patients made an uneventful recovery and became HBsAg negative; in all patients with a V.C.F.-positive test chronic hepatitis and persistent antigenaemia developed. The V.C.F. test is a simple and reliable prognostic indicator of persistent infection and of progression of apparently acute hepatitis to a chronic liver disorder.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation in liver biopsy specimens from patients with acute viral hepatitis type B. The prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation (V.C.F.) by hepatitis-B core antigen/antibody immunocomplexes in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive liver biopsy specimens was prospectively evaluated in 47 patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis type B. 34 of 37 V.C.F.-negative patients made an uneventful recovery and became HBsAg negative; in all patients with a V.C.F.-positive test chronic hepatitis and persistent antigenaemia developed. The V.C.F. test is a simple and reliable prognostic indicator of persistent infection and of progression of apparently acute hepatitis to a chronic liver disorder.", "PMID": 73741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5187", "title": "Persistent hypophosphataemia and osteomalacia in dialysis patients not on oral phosphate-binders: Response to dihydrotachysterol therapy.", "content": "Four patients who had been on regular haemodialysis for periods of 3 1/2 to 7 years became hypophosphataemic with plasma-phosphate concentrations of 2.5 mg/dl or less before dialysis. None of them had been taking oral phosphate-binders for 2 years or more. Histologically all the patients had an excess of osteoid on bone biopsy. Intestinal absorption of phosphate and calcium was impaired, despite normal or high serum-25-hydroxycholecaliferol concentrations. Treatment with oral dihydrotachysterol resulted in corrections of the phosphate malabsorption and increases in plasma-phosphate concentration. The initial low plasma-phosphate values in these patients before dialysis probably reflected a state of phosphate depletion caused by the combination of malabsorption, loss during dialysis, and a low dietary intake.", "contents": "Persistent hypophosphataemia and osteomalacia in dialysis patients not on oral phosphate-binders: Response to dihydrotachysterol therapy. Four patients who had been on regular haemodialysis for periods of 3 1/2 to 7 years became hypophosphataemic with plasma-phosphate concentrations of 2.5 mg/dl or less before dialysis. None of them had been taking oral phosphate-binders for 2 years or more. Histologically all the patients had an excess of osteoid on bone biopsy. Intestinal absorption of phosphate and calcium was impaired, despite normal or high serum-25-hydroxycholecaliferol concentrations. Treatment with oral dihydrotachysterol resulted in corrections of the phosphate malabsorption and increases in plasma-phosphate concentration. The initial low plasma-phosphate values in these patients before dialysis probably reflected a state of phosphate depletion caused by the combination of malabsorption, loss during dialysis, and a low dietary intake.", "PMID": 73742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5188", "title": "A pseudohemipharetic form of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Parkinson's disease can present as a progressive hemiparesis without tremor. The presence of mild cogwheel rigidity in a hemiparetic patient may suggest the diagnosis, as may the normal findings on brain scan and electroencephalogram in a patient with gradually evolving hemiparesis. The response to appropriate medication has been prompt and excellent. It is important that Parkinson's disease be considered in the differential diagnosis of a progressively evolving hemiparesis.", "contents": "A pseudohemipharetic form of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease can present as a progressive hemiparesis without tremor. The presence of mild cogwheel rigidity in a hemiparetic patient may suggest the diagnosis, as may the normal findings on brain scan and electroencephalogram in a patient with gradually evolving hemiparesis. The response to appropriate medication has been prompt and excellent. It is important that Parkinson's disease be considered in the differential diagnosis of a progressively evolving hemiparesis.", "PMID": 73743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5189", "title": "Drug-based prevention of pressure-sores.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 85 patients undergoing surgery to the upper shaft of the femur and to the hip-joint. In the control series, 27% developed pressure-sores before discharge from hospital. In the group in which 80 I.U. of corticotrophin (A.C.T.H.) in gelatin solvent was administered, only 12% developed pressure-sores. 19% of the patients with fractures to the upper shaft of the femur developed sores because accurate timing was not always possible. Prevention was complete in the case of total-hip replacement which is an elective procedure where A.C.T.H. can be administered at the right time to prevent disruptive damage to the microcirculation. It is suggested that the administration of A.C.T.H. should form part of the management of all high-risk surgical situations.", "contents": "Drug-based prevention of pressure-sores. A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 85 patients undergoing surgery to the upper shaft of the femur and to the hip-joint. In the control series, 27% developed pressure-sores before discharge from hospital. In the group in which 80 I.U. of corticotrophin (A.C.T.H.) in gelatin solvent was administered, only 12% developed pressure-sores. 19% of the patients with fractures to the upper shaft of the femur developed sores because accurate timing was not always possible. Prevention was complete in the case of total-hip replacement which is an elective procedure where A.C.T.H. can be administered at the right time to prevent disruptive damage to the microcirculation. It is suggested that the administration of A.C.T.H. should form part of the management of all high-risk surgical situations.", "PMID": 73744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5190", "title": "Relation between Carp (multiple-sclerosis associated) agent and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "It is suggested that the Carp (multiple-sclerosis associated and scrapie associated) agents may be the V-R.N.A. form of slow (D.N.A.) viruses which are the aetiological agents of the two diseases.", "contents": "Relation between Carp (multiple-sclerosis associated) agent and multiple sclerosis. It is suggested that the Carp (multiple-sclerosis associated and scrapie associated) agents may be the V-R.N.A. form of slow (D.N.A.) viruses which are the aetiological agents of the two diseases.", "PMID": 73745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5191", "title": "Detection of Serratia outbreaks in hospital.", "content": "Infections due to Serratia marcescens were studied in 23 different hospitals. A retrospective study was done in 4 hospitals; all isolates were compared by serological typing, antibiograms, bacteriocin production, and bacteriocin  sensitivity. 2 of the hospitals were having cross-infection problems due to antibiotic-resistant strains, but the other 2 had little or no cross-infection. Outbreaks were studied in 19 other hospitals. 9 of these outbreaks were classified as \"common source\" since contaminated \"sterile solutions\" were incriminated as the cause in each. One hospital had a \"pseudo-outbreak,\" in which Serratia from E.D.T.A. blood-collecting tubes contaminated blood-cultures as they were collected. All 10 of these strains from common-source outbreaks were generally sensitive to antibiotics. Outbreaks in 9 other hospitals resulted from cross-infection and were caused by strains which were very resistant to antibiotics. Guidelines for detecting outbreaks are given and control measures are suggested.", "contents": "Detection of Serratia outbreaks in hospital. Infections due to Serratia marcescens were studied in 23 different hospitals. A retrospective study was done in 4 hospitals; all isolates were compared by serological typing, antibiograms, bacteriocin production, and bacteriocin  sensitivity. 2 of the hospitals were having cross-infection problems due to antibiotic-resistant strains, but the other 2 had little or no cross-infection. Outbreaks were studied in 19 other hospitals. 9 of these outbreaks were classified as \"common source\" since contaminated \"sterile solutions\" were incriminated as the cause in each. One hospital had a \"pseudo-outbreak,\" in which Serratia from E.D.T.A. blood-collecting tubes contaminated blood-cultures as they were collected. All 10 of these strains from common-source outbreaks were generally sensitive to antibiotics. Outbreaks in 9 other hospitals resulted from cross-infection and were caused by strains which were very resistant to antibiotics. Guidelines for detecting outbreaks are given and control measures are suggested.", "PMID": 73753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5192", "title": "Cimetidine in the treatment of active duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.", "content": "44 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal (36) or prepyloric (8) ulcers have received in a double-blind trial either the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (30 patients) or placebo (14 patients) for six weeks. At three weeks 67% of patients treated with cimetidine and 17% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically healed ulcers (chi2 = 8.49; P less than 0.005). At six weeks all except 3 patients receiving cimetidine (90%) had healed ulcers compared with 36% receiving placebo (chi2 = 11.11; P less than 0.001). Those receiving cimetidine had less daytime and nocturnal pain than patients on placebo. The differences were statistically significant for daytime pain during four of six weeks. The cimetidine-treated patients consumed significantly less antacids than placebo-treated patients and these patients' overall assessments of their wellbeing were significantly better. All patients on cimetidine had a significant reduction (P less than 0.0005) of their basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, but no reduction in acid secretion was measured in the group who received placebo.", "contents": "Cimetidine in the treatment of active duodenal and prepyloric ulcers. 44 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal (36) or prepyloric (8) ulcers have received in a double-blind trial either the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (30 patients) or placebo (14 patients) for six weeks. At three weeks 67% of patients treated with cimetidine and 17% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically healed ulcers (chi2 = 8.49; P less than 0.005). At six weeks all except 3 patients receiving cimetidine (90%) had healed ulcers compared with 36% receiving placebo (chi2 = 11.11; P less than 0.001). Those receiving cimetidine had less daytime and nocturnal pain than patients on placebo. The differences were statistically significant for daytime pain during four of six weeks. The cimetidine-treated patients consumed significantly less antacids than placebo-treated patients and these patients' overall assessments of their wellbeing were significantly better. All patients on cimetidine had a significant reduction (P less than 0.0005) of their basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, but no reduction in acid secretion was measured in the group who received placebo.", "PMID": 73792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5193", "title": "Finger Clubbing: A quantitative survey by analysis of the shadowgraph.", "content": "Finger-clubbing has been measured from the magnified silhouette of the right index finger (shadowgram) in 125 subjects, comprising children and young adults. The profile and hyponychial angles were both found to be good discriminators of clubbing and to be independent of age and sex. The normal profile angle was 168.3 degrees +/- 3.6 and the mean normal hyponychial angle was 180.1 degrees +/- 4.2. Patients with cystic fibrosis and cyanotic congenital heart-disease were found to have grossly elevated values of these angles. Some asthmatics were found to have a moderate degree of clubbing with significantly elevated values of these angles. The shadowgram proved a convenient objective method for recording the degree and progress of fingerclubbing in clinical practice.", "contents": "Finger Clubbing: A quantitative survey by analysis of the shadowgraph. Finger-clubbing has been measured from the magnified silhouette of the right index finger (shadowgram) in 125 subjects, comprising children and young adults. The profile and hyponychial angles were both found to be good discriminators of clubbing and to be independent of age and sex. The normal profile angle was 168.3 degrees +/- 3.6 and the mean normal hyponychial angle was 180.1 degrees +/- 4.2. Patients with cystic fibrosis and cyanotic congenital heart-disease were found to have grossly elevated values of these angles. Some asthmatics were found to have a moderate degree of clubbing with significantly elevated values of these angles. The shadowgram proved a convenient objective method for recording the degree and progress of fingerclubbing in clinical practice.", "PMID": 73793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5194", "title": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function was assessed at intervals over a 3-month period in seven diabetics after ketoacidosis. There was marked improvement in motor conduction velocity and terminal latency of both ulnar and common peroneal nerves in all patients. Five had one or more abnormal autonomic function tests but there were no consistent changes during the same period. It is postulated that peripheral nerves may be more susceptible to acute metabolic damage than autonomic fibres.", "contents": "Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in diabetic ketoacidosis. Peripheral and autonomic nerve function was assessed at intervals over a 3-month period in seven diabetics after ketoacidosis. There was marked improvement in motor conduction velocity and terminal latency of both ulnar and common peroneal nerves in all patients. Five had one or more abnormal autonomic function tests but there were no consistent changes during the same period. It is postulated that peripheral nerves may be more susceptible to acute metabolic damage than autonomic fibres.", "PMID": 73794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5195", "title": "Evidence for immune-complex formation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Immune complexes have been found in several chronic diseases of unknown aetiology and identification of the constituents of the complexes might lead to recognition of aetiological agents. Sera and renal tissues from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A.L.S.) were studied for evidence of immune complexes. C1q precipitation testing demonstrated that sera from 10 of 25 patients with classic A.L.S. bound significantly more radiolabelled C1q than sera from 15 controls. In renal glomeruli studied for deposition of host 1gG, C3, fibrinogen, and albumin by means of direct immunofluorescence, 9 of 33 patients with A.L.S. (27 biopsy and 6 necropsy specimens) had moderate amounts of both IgG and C3 of granular basement membrane and mesangia. This pattern of immunofluorescence is characteristic of immune complex deposits. Of these 9, 8 had rapidly progressive neurological courses, whereas among the remaining 18 patients with no evidence of immune-complex disease, 9 of 12 available for clinical follow-up had stable or slowly progressive courses.", "contents": "Evidence for immune-complex formation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Immune complexes have been found in several chronic diseases of unknown aetiology and identification of the constituents of the complexes might lead to recognition of aetiological agents. Sera and renal tissues from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A.L.S.) were studied for evidence of immune complexes. C1q precipitation testing demonstrated that sera from 10 of 25 patients with classic A.L.S. bound significantly more radiolabelled C1q than sera from 15 controls. In renal glomeruli studied for deposition of host 1gG, C3, fibrinogen, and albumin by means of direct immunofluorescence, 9 of 33 patients with A.L.S. (27 biopsy and 6 necropsy specimens) had moderate amounts of both IgG and C3 of granular basement membrane and mesangia. This pattern of immunofluorescence is characteristic of immune complex deposits. Of these 9, 8 had rapidly progressive neurological courses, whereas among the remaining 18 patients with no evidence of immune-complex disease, 9 of 12 available for clinical follow-up had stable or slowly progressive courses.", "PMID": 73795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5196", "title": "Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decreased post-prandial hyperglycaemia.", "content": "Two test meals were taken in random order on separate days by 8 non-insulin-requiring diabetic volunteers after 14-hour overnight fasts. Addition of 16 g guar and 10 g pectin to the control meal containing 106 g carbohydrate decreased markedly and significantly the rise in blood-glucose between 30 and 90 minutes and also resulted in significantly lower insulin levels between 30 and 120 minutes. When these meals were fed to 3 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, a similar flattening of the post-prandial glucose rise ensued. This addition of certain forms of dietary fibre to the diet of diabetics significantly decreases post-prandial hyperglycaemia and would be expected to improve the control of blood-glucose concentration.", "contents": "Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decreased post-prandial hyperglycaemia. Two test meals were taken in random order on separate days by 8 non-insulin-requiring diabetic volunteers after 14-hour overnight fasts. Addition of 16 g guar and 10 g pectin to the control meal containing 106 g carbohydrate decreased markedly and significantly the rise in blood-glucose between 30 and 90 minutes and also resulted in significantly lower insulin levels between 30 and 120 minutes. When these meals were fed to 3 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, a similar flattening of the post-prandial glucose rise ensued. This addition of certain forms of dietary fibre to the diet of diabetics significantly decreases post-prandial hyperglycaemia and would be expected to improve the control of blood-glucose concentration.", "PMID": 73796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5197", "title": "Cimetidine in duodenal ulcer. Controlled trial.", "content": "As part of a double-blind controlled clinical trial of cimetidine (1.6 g daily) in patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer, repeat endoscopy has been carried out in 24 patients after two and/or six weeks' treatment. At six weeks, 9 out of 11 patients on cimetidine and 3 out of 12 patients on placebo had healed (P less than 0.025). A separate open pilot trial in 23 patients has shown no difference in ulcer healing at six weeks between patients taking 0.8 and 1.6 g daily. A total of 32 different patients received cimetidine in the two trials, and ulcer healing was observed in 21 (66%) at six weeks. No patients showed evidence of bone-marrow toxicity. A small but significant rise in mean S.G.O.T., S.G.P.T., and serum-creatinine occurred in 13 patients on cimetidine 1.6 g daily, but not in 13 patients on 0.8 g daily.", "contents": "Cimetidine in duodenal ulcer. Controlled trial. As part of a double-blind controlled clinical trial of cimetidine (1.6 g daily) in patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer, repeat endoscopy has been carried out in 24 patients after two and/or six weeks' treatment. At six weeks, 9 out of 11 patients on cimetidine and 3 out of 12 patients on placebo had healed (P less than 0.025). A separate open pilot trial in 23 patients has shown no difference in ulcer healing at six weeks between patients taking 0.8 and 1.6 g daily. A total of 32 different patients received cimetidine in the two trials, and ulcer healing was observed in 21 (66%) at six weeks. No patients showed evidence of bone-marrow toxicity. A small but significant rise in mean S.G.O.T., S.G.P.T., and serum-creatinine occurred in 13 patients on cimetidine 1.6 g daily, but not in 13 patients on 0.8 g daily.", "PMID": 73797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5198", "title": "Controlled storage of biological energy: The role of plasma lipoproteins.", "content": "A scheme is advanced whereby plasma-lipoproteins form an integrated controlled pathway for storage of energy as triglyceride. The importance of insulin within this system is indicated and the consequence of possible errors considered. Changes secondary to organ disease are found to fit within the proposed pathway. Although many refinements remain to be added, this hypothesis seems to form a plausible framework within which lipoprotein abnormality and the underlying condition may be better understood and thereby treated.", "contents": "Controlled storage of biological energy: The role of plasma lipoproteins. A scheme is advanced whereby plasma-lipoproteins form an integrated controlled pathway for storage of energy as triglyceride. The importance of insulin within this system is indicated and the consequence of possible errors considered. Changes secondary to organ disease are found to fit within the proposed pathway. Although many refinements remain to be added, this hypothesis seems to form a plausible framework within which lipoprotein abnormality and the underlying condition may be better understood and thereby treated.", "PMID": 73798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5199", "title": "Host resistance to lipopolysaccharides in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Host resistance against bacterial lipopolysaccharides (L.P.S.) and especially against its toxic part lipid A has earlier been demonstrated in biological assays. In this paper an aryl-esterase is shown to be associated with alfa-1-lipoprotein (ArE) and is probably responsible for the detoxification of L.P.S. in man. Furthermore C3 is shown to be activitated by L.P.S. From these facts it is suggested that ArE performs the initial degradation of L.P.S. followed by complement activation and trapping of the L.P.S.--complement complex in the reticuloendothelial system. It is postulated that a deficient host response against L.P.S. can be the triggering mechanism in multiple sclerosis due to the lack of ArE in myelin, and that an infectious-agent/L.P.S. syndrome can activate latent infections in connection with a severe hyperreactivity to L.P.S. Preliminary investigations in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis have shown low levels of ArE in serum. This change, together with the low C3 values in these patients, may result in deficient L.P.S. detoxification and it is suggested that L.P.S. are at least partly responsible for the production of C3 nephritic factor.", "contents": "Host resistance to lipopolysaccharides in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Host resistance against bacterial lipopolysaccharides (L.P.S.) and especially against its toxic part lipid A has earlier been demonstrated in biological assays. In this paper an aryl-esterase is shown to be associated with alfa-1-lipoprotein (ArE) and is probably responsible for the detoxification of L.P.S. in man. Furthermore C3 is shown to be activitated by L.P.S. From these facts it is suggested that ArE performs the initial degradation of L.P.S. followed by complement activation and trapping of the L.P.S.--complement complex in the reticuloendothelial system. It is postulated that a deficient host response against L.P.S. can be the triggering mechanism in multiple sclerosis due to the lack of ArE in myelin, and that an infectious-agent/L.P.S. syndrome can activate latent infections in connection with a severe hyperreactivity to L.P.S. Preliminary investigations in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis have shown low levels of ArE in serum. This change, together with the low C3 values in these patients, may result in deficient L.P.S. detoxification and it is suggested that L.P.S. are at least partly responsible for the production of C3 nephritic factor.", "PMID": 73807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5200", "title": "Comparison of levodopa with carbidopa or benserazide in parkinsonism.", "content": "The therapeutic efficacy and side-effects of two preparations of levodopa with extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitors have been compared in 19 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism in a blind randomised crossover trial. The mean daily dose of levodopa was 658 +/- 64 mg/day (mean +/- S.E.M.) when given together with carbidopa 66 mg/day and 605 +/- 59 mg/day when levodopa was combined with benserazide 151 mg/day. There was no significant difference between the treatment regimens either in beneficial effects on parkinsonian symptoms and signs or in the adverse effects of levodopa assessed by a clinical observer unaware of the treatment given. Of the 19 patients studied, 9 preferred the carbidopa preparation, 8 preferred the benserazide preparation, and 2 had no preference. It is concluded that there is no significant difference in therapeutic effects or adverse reactions between the two commercially available decarboxylase inhibitor-containing preparations. Central-nervous-system actions and side-effects depend on the daily dose of levodopa, regardless of the different ratios of decarboxylase inhibitors to levodopa.", "contents": "Comparison of levodopa with carbidopa or benserazide in parkinsonism. The therapeutic efficacy and side-effects of two preparations of levodopa with extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitors have been compared in 19 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism in a blind randomised crossover trial. The mean daily dose of levodopa was 658 +/- 64 mg/day (mean +/- S.E.M.) when given together with carbidopa 66 mg/day and 605 +/- 59 mg/day when levodopa was combined with benserazide 151 mg/day. There was no significant difference between the treatment regimens either in beneficial effects on parkinsonian symptoms and signs or in the adverse effects of levodopa assessed by a clinical observer unaware of the treatment given. Of the 19 patients studied, 9 preferred the carbidopa preparation, 8 preferred the benserazide preparation, and 2 had no preference. It is concluded that there is no significant difference in therapeutic effects or adverse reactions between the two commercially available decarboxylase inhibitor-containing preparations. Central-nervous-system actions and side-effects depend on the daily dose of levodopa, regardless of the different ratios of decarboxylase inhibitors to levodopa.", "PMID": 73849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5201", "title": "Salivary phenytoin concentrations in epilepsy and in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Plasma total, plasma unbound (free, therapeutically active), and salivary phenytoin concentrations have been measured in seventeen epileptics and in seven patients with chronic renal failure on long-term phenytoin therapy. Patients with chronic renal failure had low plasma total, but disproportionately high plasma free, drug concentrations indicating impaired protein binding. Even so, their plasma free drug concentrations never fell within the predicted therapeutic range on conventional phenytoin dosage. Salivary drug concentrations correlated closely with plasma free drug concentrations. These observations suggest that phenytoin therapy could be more appropriately monitored by measurement of salivary, rather than plasma, drug concentrations. Avoidance of blood-sampling would be an added advantage, particularly in children and in uraemia. The present results suggest that the optimal therapeutic range of salivary phenytoin would be 4-10 mumol/1.", "contents": "Salivary phenytoin concentrations in epilepsy and in chronic renal failure. Plasma total, plasma unbound (free, therapeutically active), and salivary phenytoin concentrations have been measured in seventeen epileptics and in seven patients with chronic renal failure on long-term phenytoin therapy. Patients with chronic renal failure had low plasma total, but disproportionately high plasma free, drug concentrations indicating impaired protein binding. Even so, their plasma free drug concentrations never fell within the predicted therapeutic range on conventional phenytoin dosage. Salivary drug concentrations correlated closely with plasma free drug concentrations. These observations suggest that phenytoin therapy could be more appropriately monitored by measurement of salivary, rather than plasma, drug concentrations. Avoidance of blood-sampling would be an added advantage, particularly in children and in uraemia. The present results suggest that the optimal therapeutic range of salivary phenytoin would be 4-10 mumol/1.", "PMID": 73850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5202", "title": "Therapeutic and pharmacokinetic effects of increasing phenytoin in chronic epileptics on multiple drug therapy.", "content": "Twenty chronic epileptics receiving phenytoin and either phenobarbitone or primidone have been studied. All patients had frequent seizures and had serum concentrations of phenytoin below 410 mumol/1. Phenytoin dosage was increased to study the effect on the frequency of seizures and the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbitone. There was no effect on minor seizures but in ten out of sixteen patients major seizures were abolished or reduced. Serum concentrations of phenobarbitone rose as the phenytoin dose was increased. This may cause deviations from the expected relationship between dose and serum concentrations of phenytoin; this would explain deficiencies which were found in a nomogram for predicting the therapeutic dose of phenytoin.", "contents": "Therapeutic and pharmacokinetic effects of increasing phenytoin in chronic epileptics on multiple drug therapy. Twenty chronic epileptics receiving phenytoin and either phenobarbitone or primidone have been studied. All patients had frequent seizures and had serum concentrations of phenytoin below 410 mumol/1. Phenytoin dosage was increased to study the effect on the frequency of seizures and the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbitone. There was no effect on minor seizures but in ten out of sixteen patients major seizures were abolished or reduced. Serum concentrations of phenobarbitone rose as the phenytoin dose was increased. This may cause deviations from the expected relationship between dose and serum concentrations of phenytoin; this would explain deficiencies which were found in a nomogram for predicting the therapeutic dose of phenytoin.", "PMID": 73851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5203", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes from patients with coeliac disease by a subfraction of gluten.", "content": "Peripheral-blood lymphocytes from patients with coeliac disease showed a marked increase in D.N.A. synthesis after incubation in vitro with a subfraction of gluten. Lymphocytes from control patients showed no increased D.N.A. synthesis under the same conditions. The possible use of this specific lymphocyte-stimulation assay as a screening test for coeliac disease is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes from patients with coeliac disease by a subfraction of gluten. Peripheral-blood lymphocytes from patients with coeliac disease showed a marked increase in D.N.A. synthesis after incubation in vitro with a subfraction of gluten. Lymphocytes from control patients showed no increased D.N.A. synthesis under the same conditions. The possible use of this specific lymphocyte-stimulation assay as a screening test for coeliac disease is discussed.", "PMID": 73852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5204", "title": "Comparison of vitamin D and 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in the therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Skeletal demineralisation and low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D were observed in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Neither oral nor parenteral vitamin-D increased 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in serum or prevented further skeletal demineralisation. In contrast, oral 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D increased serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations in all patients, and bone mineral content either improved or stabilised in all but one, 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D may be the preferred form of vitamin-D therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Comparison of vitamin D and 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in the therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis. Skeletal demineralisation and low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D were observed in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Neither oral nor parenteral vitamin-D increased 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in serum or prevented further skeletal demineralisation. In contrast, oral 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D increased serum-25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations in all patients, and bone mineral content either improved or stabilised in all but one, 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D may be the preferred form of vitamin-D therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 73853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5205", "title": "Effect of pectin on serum lipids and lipoproteins, whole-gut transit-time, and stool weight.", "content": "Pectin (12g daily with meals) was taken by twelve healthy men aged 22-45 (mean 25 yr) for 3 weeks. This produced a statistically significant mean decrease in total serum-cholesterol of 0.48 +/- 0.18 mmol/1 (+/- S.E.M.)--i.e., 7.9 +/- 2.6%. The decrease was largely due to a reduction in serum-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol of 0.45 +/- 0.19 mmol/1 accompanied by a fall in serum-apolipoprotein-B of 0.11 +/- 0.04 g/1. During pectin administration wet stool weight increased from 150 +/- 10 to 186 +/- 15 g/24 h. There was no clear change in total serum-triglycerides, serum very low density lipoproteins, or in whole-gut transit-time.", "contents": "Effect of pectin on serum lipids and lipoproteins, whole-gut transit-time, and stool weight. Pectin (12g daily with meals) was taken by twelve healthy men aged 22-45 (mean 25 yr) for 3 weeks. This produced a statistically significant mean decrease in total serum-cholesterol of 0.48 +/- 0.18 mmol/1 (+/- S.E.M.)--i.e., 7.9 +/- 2.6%. The decrease was largely due to a reduction in serum-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol of 0.45 +/- 0.19 mmol/1 accompanied by a fall in serum-apolipoprotein-B of 0.11 +/- 0.04 g/1. During pectin administration wet stool weight increased from 150 +/- 10 to 186 +/- 15 g/24 h. There was no clear change in total serum-triglycerides, serum very low density lipoproteins, or in whole-gut transit-time.", "PMID": 73854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5206", "title": "Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in coppersmiths exposed to cadmium.", "content": "5(18.5%) of a group 27 coppersmiths exposed to cadmium fume had stone disease. When compared with a control group of assembly workers in the same factory they had evidence of renal impairment as shown by blood biochemistry and proteinuria. A greater tendency to liver damage was found in the coppersmiths. There was evidence that restrictive airways disease was more common in the coppersmiths than in the control group. Blood-cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in the coppersmiths and in the assembly workers than in a reference population.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in coppersmiths exposed to cadmium. 5(18.5%) of a group 27 coppersmiths exposed to cadmium fume had stone disease. When compared with a control group of assembly workers in the same factory they had evidence of renal impairment as shown by blood biochemistry and proteinuria. A greater tendency to liver damage was found in the coppersmiths. There was evidence that restrictive airways disease was more common in the coppersmiths than in the control group. Blood-cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in the coppersmiths and in the assembly workers than in a reference population.", "PMID": 73855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5207", "title": "The infrasound blood-pressure recorder. A clinical evaluation.", "content": "Comparisons with direct recordings show that the Physiometrics automatic blood-pressure recorder does not accurately reflect intra-arterial pressure and tends to over-read both systolic and diastolic pressures.", "contents": "The infrasound blood-pressure recorder. A clinical evaluation. Comparisons with direct recordings show that the Physiometrics automatic blood-pressure recorder does not accurately reflect intra-arterial pressure and tends to over-read both systolic and diastolic pressures.", "PMID": 73856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5208", "title": "An automated test for the detection of significant bacteriuria.", "content": "A fully automated technique for the rapid detection of significant bacteriuria is described. The method, which depends on the detection of bacterial adenosine triphosphate (A.T.P.) by bioluminescence, was found to have better sensitivity than a conventional cultural technique which uses a standardised loop. Results were available in 30 minutes. In the 957 urine samples tested, specificity was 84.5% relative to a pour-plate technique; results were not affected by the presence of non-bacterial elements.", "contents": "An automated test for the detection of significant bacteriuria. A fully automated technique for the rapid detection of significant bacteriuria is described. The method, which depends on the detection of bacterial adenosine triphosphate (A.T.P.) by bioluminescence, was found to have better sensitivity than a conventional cultural technique which uses a standardised loop. Results were available in 30 minutes. In the 957 urine samples tested, specificity was 84.5% relative to a pour-plate technique; results were not affected by the presence of non-bacterial elements.", "PMID": 73857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5209", "title": "Dialysis procedures in acute liver coma.", "content": "9 haemodialyses against fluids designed to reduce plasma abnormality were used in four patients with acute liver failure in an attempt to maintain consciousness and buy time for liver regeneration. Dialysis had little effect in two patients. In the third patient spontaneous movements and response to commands were seen during the second dialysis. Arousal occurred during both dialyses in the fourth patient who eventually recovered.", "contents": "Dialysis procedures in acute liver coma. 9 haemodialyses against fluids designed to reduce plasma abnormality were used in four patients with acute liver failure in an attempt to maintain consciousness and buy time for liver regeneration. Dialysis had little effect in two patients. In the third patient spontaneous movements and response to commands were seen during the second dialysis. Arousal occurred during both dialyses in the fourth patient who eventually recovered.", "PMID": 73858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5210", "title": "Bacterial overgrowth syndrome without \"blind loop\": A cause for malnutrition in the elderly.", "content": "Probable bacterial contamination of the small bowel without an anatomical sump occurred in 5 elderly patients (age 68--94). They presented with severe general deterioration in health rather than with obvious features of malabsorption. This syndrome has not been clearly described before. Bacterial deconjugation of bile salts was indentified by the 14C-glycocholic-acid breath test. Investigations for other causes of malabsorption, including small-bowel biopsy and pancreatic scan, revealed no abnormality. After prolonged ill-health despite an adequate diet in hospital, all 5 subjects made a striking recovery after treatment with antibiotics. This condition may be quite common, particularly in malnourished elderly people.", "contents": "Bacterial overgrowth syndrome without \"blind loop\": A cause for malnutrition in the elderly. Probable bacterial contamination of the small bowel without an anatomical sump occurred in 5 elderly patients (age 68--94). They presented with severe general deterioration in health rather than with obvious features of malabsorption. This syndrome has not been clearly described before. Bacterial deconjugation of bile salts was indentified by the 14C-glycocholic-acid breath test. Investigations for other causes of malabsorption, including small-bowel biopsy and pancreatic scan, revealed no abnormality. After prolonged ill-health despite an adequate diet in hospital, all 5 subjects made a striking recovery after treatment with antibiotics. This condition may be quite common, particularly in malnourished elderly people.", "PMID": 73899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5211", "title": "Prostacyclin-like activity and bleeding in renal failure.", "content": "Specimens of venous tissue from three normal subjects and three patients with renal failure and very prolonged bleeding-times showed prostacyclin-like activity (inhibition of platelet aggregation) during incubation at room temperature. The specimens from all three uraemic patients showed more prostacyclin-like activity than those from the controls. After repeated washings, when this activity could hardly be detected in the controls, pronounced inhibitory activity was still evident in samples containing venous tissue from the three uraemic patients. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of bleeding in renal failure.", "contents": "Prostacyclin-like activity and bleeding in renal failure. Specimens of venous tissue from three normal subjects and three patients with renal failure and very prolonged bleeding-times showed prostacyclin-like activity (inhibition of platelet aggregation) during incubation at room temperature. The specimens from all three uraemic patients showed more prostacyclin-like activity than those from the controls. After repeated washings, when this activity could hardly be detected in the controls, pronounced inhibitory activity was still evident in samples containing venous tissue from the three uraemic patients. These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of bleeding in renal failure.", "PMID": 73900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5212", "title": "Bone-marrow transplantation in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Survival in 33 patients with resistant leukaemia treated by marrow transplantation was compared with that of 37 matched patients treated by conventional and experimental chemotherapy. All patients in the transplant group were rendered free of detectable leukaemia for periods of from 36 days to more than 2 1/2 years, while only 6 patients in the chemotherapy group achieved a haematological remission. Overall survival in both groups was poor; however, 5 patients (15%) in the transplant group remain alive and in haematological remission 1--2 1/2 years after transplantation, while no patient in the chemotherapy group survived longer than 13 months. Bone-marrow transplantation appears to offer a small but distinct possibility of long-term survival in patients with acute leukaemia resistant to conventional therapy.", "contents": "Bone-marrow transplantation in acute leukaemia. Survival in 33 patients with resistant leukaemia treated by marrow transplantation was compared with that of 37 matched patients treated by conventional and experimental chemotherapy. All patients in the transplant group were rendered free of detectable leukaemia for periods of from 36 days to more than 2 1/2 years, while only 6 patients in the chemotherapy group achieved a haematological remission. Overall survival in both groups was poor; however, 5 patients (15%) in the transplant group remain alive and in haematological remission 1--2 1/2 years after transplantation, while no patient in the chemotherapy group survived longer than 13 months. Bone-marrow transplantation appears to offer a small but distinct possibility of long-term survival in patients with acute leukaemia resistant to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 73901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5213", "title": "Feto-maternal bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction and survival of fetal allograft.", "content": "Maternal and fetal lymphocytes were tolerant of each other in the bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction. This seems to be the principal reason why the mother does not reject the fetal allograft. Tolerance between maternal and fetal cells must be largely due to a genetic mechanism, because the bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction between parents and older children was much reduced compared with that between randomly selected pairs of controls. This weak reaction disappeared when immunosuppressive agents were given to one member of the parent/child pair, whereas the mixed lymphocyte reaction between unrelated individuals was not abolished by similar immunosuppression. It is suggested that this genetic mechanism is distinct from the HLA system. Tolerance between maternal and fetal cells was not demonstrated in the unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction, suggesting that this tolerance requires the viability of the two cell populations.", "contents": "Feto-maternal bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction and survival of fetal allograft. Maternal and fetal lymphocytes were tolerant of each other in the bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction. This seems to be the principal reason why the mother does not reject the fetal allograft. Tolerance between maternal and fetal cells must be largely due to a genetic mechanism, because the bidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction between parents and older children was much reduced compared with that between randomly selected pairs of controls. This weak reaction disappeared when immunosuppressive agents were given to one member of the parent/child pair, whereas the mixed lymphocyte reaction between unrelated individuals was not abolished by similar immunosuppression. It is suggested that this genetic mechanism is distinct from the HLA system. Tolerance between maternal and fetal cells was not demonstrated in the unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction, suggesting that this tolerance requires the viability of the two cell populations.", "PMID": 73902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5214", "title": "Effect of activated charcoal on absorption of nortriptyline.", "content": "The ability of 'Medicoal', a new effervescent, activated charcoal preparation, to adsorb nortriptyline, has been investigated both in vitro and in vivo. A single dose of the effervescent charcoal 30 min after a dose of 75 mg nortriptyline produced a 60% mean reduction in both peak plasma levels and nortriptyline availability in healthy volunteers. Multiple doses of the effervescent charcoal produced 70% mean reduction in peak nortriptyline levels and availabiltiy. Activated charcoal is recommended for the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. In in-vitro tests, a 10 g packet of the effervescent preparation containing 5 g activated charcoal) had an adsorptive capacity of approximately 3000 mg nortriptyline, a dose not usually exceeded in most cases of trycyclic antidepressant overdose.", "contents": "Effect of activated charcoal on absorption of nortriptyline. The ability of 'Medicoal', a new effervescent, activated charcoal preparation, to adsorb nortriptyline, has been investigated both in vitro and in vivo. A single dose of the effervescent charcoal 30 min after a dose of 75 mg nortriptyline produced a 60% mean reduction in both peak plasma levels and nortriptyline availability in healthy volunteers. Multiple doses of the effervescent charcoal produced 70% mean reduction in peak nortriptyline levels and availabiltiy. Activated charcoal is recommended for the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. In in-vitro tests, a 10 g packet of the effervescent preparation containing 5 g activated charcoal) had an adsorptive capacity of approximately 3000 mg nortriptyline, a dose not usually exceeded in most cases of trycyclic antidepressant overdose.", "PMID": 73903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5215", "title": "Immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) was significantly lower during pregnancies ending in normal live births than in pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortions (P less than 0.005). It was possible to absorb the lymphocytotoxic antibodies from S.L.E. sera with purified trophoblast antigens. The presence of a trophoblast-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody which fails to disappear during pregnancies which end in abortion suggests an immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in S.L.E.", "contents": "Immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in systemic lupus erythematosus. The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) was significantly lower during pregnancies ending in normal live births than in pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortions (P less than 0.005). It was possible to absorb the lymphocytotoxic antibodies from S.L.E. sera with purified trophoblast antigens. The presence of a trophoblast-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody which fails to disappear during pregnancies which end in abortion suggests an immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in S.L.E.", "PMID": 73904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5216", "title": "Metabolic immunodepression which increases the risk of cancer.", "content": "When some metabolic changes occur--namely, when blood levels of free fatty acids (F.F.A.), insulin, cholesterol, or triglycerides rise--cellular immunity becomes depressed. These metabolic changes also promote the division of somatic, non-lymphoid cells, which in turn increases the possibility of malignant transformation. The diametrically opposite effects of these metabolic changes on non-lymphoid cells, on the one hand, and on T-dependent lymphocytes and macrophages on the other, increase an individual's susceptibility to cancer. This normally occurs with pregnancy, rapid growth, stress, and ageing. Many chemical carcinogens raise the hypothalamic threshold to feedback control mechanisms, decrease glucose tolerance, and increase blood-insulin--i.e., all the main changes of \"cancer-proneness\". Changes in biogenic amine level in the hypothalamus during ageing and stress and after an exposure to some carcinogens are responsible for the elevation of hypothalamic threshold to feedback control.", "contents": "Metabolic immunodepression which increases the risk of cancer. When some metabolic changes occur--namely, when blood levels of free fatty acids (F.F.A.), insulin, cholesterol, or triglycerides rise--cellular immunity becomes depressed. These metabolic changes also promote the division of somatic, non-lymphoid cells, which in turn increases the possibility of malignant transformation. The diametrically opposite effects of these metabolic changes on non-lymphoid cells, on the one hand, and on T-dependent lymphocytes and macrophages on the other, increase an individual's susceptibility to cancer. This normally occurs with pregnancy, rapid growth, stress, and ageing. Many chemical carcinogens raise the hypothalamic threshold to feedback control mechanisms, decrease glucose tolerance, and increase blood-insulin--i.e., all the main changes of \"cancer-proneness\". Changes in biogenic amine level in the hypothalamus during ageing and stress and after an exposure to some carcinogens are responsible for the elevation of hypothalamic threshold to feedback control.", "PMID": 73905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5217", "title": "A comparative trial of polyglycolic acid and silk as suture materials for accidental wounds.", "content": "A prospective clinical trial compared polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) suture material with silk in the closure of wounds in 1000 patients attending the accident service of a district hospital. Statistical analysis showed the incidence of inflammatory reaction and suppuration to be significantly lower in wounds sutured with P.G.A. The analysis took into account the site of the wound, and the age and sex of the patients. P.G.A. sutures rather than silk are therefore recommended in the treatment of wounds in an accident service.", "contents": "A comparative trial of polyglycolic acid and silk as suture materials for accidental wounds. A prospective clinical trial compared polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) suture material with silk in the closure of wounds in 1000 patients attending the accident service of a district hospital. Statistical analysis showed the incidence of inflammatory reaction and suppuration to be significantly lower in wounds sutured with P.G.A. The analysis took into account the site of the wound, and the age and sex of the patients. P.G.A. sutures rather than silk are therefore recommended in the treatment of wounds in an accident service.", "PMID": 73912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5218", "title": "Occupational vitiligo induced by p-tert-butylphenol, a systemic disease?", "content": "Vitiligo, morphologically indistinguishable from true vitiligo, was detected in 54 of 198 men exposed to p-tert-butylphenol (P.T.B.P.) during its manufacture. There is evidence that P.T.B.P. caused vitiligo by a systemic mechanism and that the severity of the disease was related to the intensity of exposure. No association with autoimmune disease was found. Screening for other possible associated disorders revealed mildly abnormal liver-function tests in 6 workers: liver biopsy confirmed liver damage. Of the 144 men exposed to P.T.B.P. who did not have vitiligo, only 2 had any abnormal liver-function tests. It seems possible that the liver damage is related to P.T.B.P.", "contents": "Occupational vitiligo induced by p-tert-butylphenol, a systemic disease? Vitiligo, morphologically indistinguishable from true vitiligo, was detected in 54 of 198 men exposed to p-tert-butylphenol (P.T.B.P.) during its manufacture. There is evidence that P.T.B.P. caused vitiligo by a systemic mechanism and that the severity of the disease was related to the intensity of exposure. No association with autoimmune disease was found. Screening for other possible associated disorders revealed mildly abnormal liver-function tests in 6 workers: liver biopsy confirmed liver damage. Of the 144 men exposed to P.T.B.P. who did not have vitiligo, only 2 had any abnormal liver-function tests. It seems possible that the liver damage is related to P.T.B.P.", "PMID": 73913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5219", "title": "Effect of coronary bypass surgery on longevity in high and low risk patients. Report from the V.A. Cooperative Coronary Surgery Study.", "content": "There is considerable uncertainty about the effects of bypass surgery on the longevity of patients with coronary-artery disease and angina. The Cleveland Clinic has reported improved survival after surgical treatment; the Duke University study indicated improvement in a high-risk subgroup only. The Veterans Administration (V.A.) randomised study initially reported improved survival only for patients with significant left main artery (L.M.) disease. Further analysis of the V.A. study shows that survival in the high-risk subgroup was 87% for the surgically treated patients and 74% for those treated medically--a highly significant difference after four years of follow-up. However, exclusion of the L.M. group reduced the difference to a non-significant one of 84% versus 79%. For patients not in the high-risk subgroup, survival at four years (with L.M. excluded) was 93% for those treated surgically and 96% for those treated medically. For all patients the rates were 85% and 86%, respectively. These findings indicate that in the evaluation of the effects of bypass surgery on longevity the characteristics of the coronary-artery disease are critical.", "contents": "Effect of coronary bypass surgery on longevity in high and low risk patients. Report from the V.A. Cooperative Coronary Surgery Study. There is considerable uncertainty about the effects of bypass surgery on the longevity of patients with coronary-artery disease and angina. The Cleveland Clinic has reported improved survival after surgical treatment; the Duke University study indicated improvement in a high-risk subgroup only. The Veterans Administration (V.A.) randomised study initially reported improved survival only for patients with significant left main artery (L.M.) disease. Further analysis of the V.A. study shows that survival in the high-risk subgroup was 87% for the surgically treated patients and 74% for those treated medically--a highly significant difference after four years of follow-up. However, exclusion of the L.M. group reduced the difference to a non-significant one of 84% versus 79%. For patients not in the high-risk subgroup, survival at four years (with L.M. excluded) was 93% for those treated surgically and 96% for those treated medically. For all patients the rates were 85% and 86%, respectively. These findings indicate that in the evaluation of the effects of bypass surgery on longevity the characteristics of the coronary-artery disease are critical.", "PMID": 73949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5220", "title": "Absorption, hydroxylation, and excretion of vitamin D3 in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "Oral vitamin D3 was poorly absorbed by 4 out of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis; absorption was negatively correlated with faecal fat excretion. 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 given by mouth or intravenously was not impaired in the patients compared with controls of similar vitamin-D nutritional status. Urinary radioactivity derived from the intravenous dose of vitamin D3 was significantly greater in patients than in controls and was positively correlated with the serum-bilirubin concentration. Excretion in the urine may lead to loss of administered and endogenous vitamin D and thus contribute to vitamin-D deficiency in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Absorption, hydroxylation, and excretion of vitamin D3 in primary biliary cirrhosis. Oral vitamin D3 was poorly absorbed by 4 out of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis; absorption was negatively correlated with faecal fat excretion. 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 given by mouth or intravenously was not impaired in the patients compared with controls of similar vitamin-D nutritional status. Urinary radioactivity derived from the intravenous dose of vitamin D3 was significantly greater in patients than in controls and was positively correlated with the serum-bilirubin concentration. Excretion in the urine may lead to loss of administered and endogenous vitamin D and thus contribute to vitamin-D deficiency in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 73950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5221", "title": "Factor-VIII consumption in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "In 50 women with high-risk pregnancies, increased factor-VII consumption, as estimated by the difference between the levels of factor-VIII-related antigen and factor-VIII clotting activity, correlated with the severity of pre-eclampsia, particularly when measured by increases in plasma-urate. Longitudinal studies of the evolution of pre-eclampsia demonstrated that increased factor-VIII consumption usually but not always developed before hyperuricaemia. The earliest time that abnormal factor-VIII consumption was demonstrated was at 18 weeks' gestation in a woman who had had two previous stillbirths. Subcutaneous heparin and oral dipyridamole failed to reverse the coagulation abnormality, and the fetus died in utero at 28 weeks' gestation. The renal and coagulation changes characteristic of pre-eclampsia were also seen in a patient without hypertension. This suggests that the concept of pre-eclampsia may need to be widened to include a non-hypertensive syndrome characterised by these changes in clotting and renal function.", "contents": "Factor-VIII consumption in pre-eclampsia. In 50 women with high-risk pregnancies, increased factor-VII consumption, as estimated by the difference between the levels of factor-VIII-related antigen and factor-VIII clotting activity, correlated with the severity of pre-eclampsia, particularly when measured by increases in plasma-urate. Longitudinal studies of the evolution of pre-eclampsia demonstrated that increased factor-VIII consumption usually but not always developed before hyperuricaemia. The earliest time that abnormal factor-VIII consumption was demonstrated was at 18 weeks' gestation in a woman who had had two previous stillbirths. Subcutaneous heparin and oral dipyridamole failed to reverse the coagulation abnormality, and the fetus died in utero at 28 weeks' gestation. The renal and coagulation changes characteristic of pre-eclampsia were also seen in a patient without hypertension. This suggests that the concept of pre-eclampsia may need to be widened to include a non-hypertensive syndrome characterised by these changes in clotting and renal function.", "PMID": 73951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5222", "title": "Inhibition of phagocytosis in vitro by obligate anaerobes.", "content": "A variety of species of obligate anaerobes have been shown to interfere with the phagocytosis and killing of Proteus mirabilis and other aerobic bacteria in vitro. Although all the obligate anaerobes examined showed this activity, the effect was greatest with strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and B. fragilis. In contrast, none of the 36 aerobes tested acted in this way. These observations suggest that the presence of obligate anaerobes may be fundamental to the pathogenesis of some types of infections.", "contents": "Inhibition of phagocytosis in vitro by obligate anaerobes. A variety of species of obligate anaerobes have been shown to interfere with the phagocytosis and killing of Proteus mirabilis and other aerobic bacteria in vitro. Although all the obligate anaerobes examined showed this activity, the effect was greatest with strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and B. fragilis. In contrast, none of the 36 aerobes tested acted in this way. These observations suggest that the presence of obligate anaerobes may be fundamental to the pathogenesis of some types of infections.", "PMID": 73952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5223", "title": "Respiratory disease associated with practolol therapy.", "content": "Six patients who had surgical treatment for sclerosing peritonitis caused by practolol now have a respiratory disorder characterised by dyspnoea, extensive fibrotic pleural thickening, and lesions in the lung parenchyma. Respiratory disease appears to be a further feature of the practolol syndrome.", "contents": "Respiratory disease associated with practolol therapy. Six patients who had surgical treatment for sclerosing peritonitis caused by practolol now have a respiratory disorder characterised by dyspnoea, extensive fibrotic pleural thickening, and lesions in the lung parenchyma. Respiratory disease appears to be a further feature of the practolol syndrome.", "PMID": 73953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5224", "title": "Reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by intraperitoneal implantation of encapsulated neonatal rabbit pancreatic tissue.", "content": "Implants of rabbit neonatal pancreas, encased in 'Nucleopore' chambers (0.4 micrometer) reversed streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat. Blood-glucose, plasma-insulin, and oral glucose-tolerance test returned to normal. An isolated, perfused, streptozotocin-treated pancreas removed from a diabetic animal did not secrete insulin and removal of implants after 6 weeks from six animals caused all animals to die in hyperglycaemia within 8 days. This shows that the implant did not lead to the re-establishment of endogenous pancreatic function. Implanted diced neonatal pancreas in three chambers removed after 6 weeks secreted glucagon, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide in vitro. No rejection reactions were seen. Rabbit neonatal pancreatic implants may thus be feasible therapy in insulin-requiring diabetic patients. Implants of other non-syngeneic endocrine cells--i.e., pituitary, thyroid, and ovary--may be useful in other hypoendocrine syndromes.", "contents": "Reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by intraperitoneal implantation of encapsulated neonatal rabbit pancreatic tissue. Implants of rabbit neonatal pancreas, encased in 'Nucleopore' chambers (0.4 micrometer) reversed streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat. Blood-glucose, plasma-insulin, and oral glucose-tolerance test returned to normal. An isolated, perfused, streptozotocin-treated pancreas removed from a diabetic animal did not secrete insulin and removal of implants after 6 weeks from six animals caused all animals to die in hyperglycaemia within 8 days. This shows that the implant did not lead to the re-establishment of endogenous pancreatic function. Implanted diced neonatal pancreas in three chambers removed after 6 weeks secreted glucagon, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide in vitro. No rejection reactions were seen. Rabbit neonatal pancreatic implants may thus be feasible therapy in insulin-requiring diabetic patients. Implants of other non-syngeneic endocrine cells--i.e., pituitary, thyroid, and ovary--may be useful in other hypoendocrine syndromes.", "PMID": 73954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5225", "title": "Infertility in male pesticide workers.", "content": "A number of cases of infertility were discovered among men working in a California pesticide factory. The suspected cause was exposure to the chemical 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (D.B.C.P.). The major effects, seen in 14 of 25 non-vasectomised men, were azoospermia or oligospermia and raised serum-levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. No other major abnormalities were detected, and testosterone levels were normal. Although a quantitative estimation of exposure could not be obtained, the observed effects appeared to be related to duration of exposure to D.B.C.P.", "contents": "Infertility in male pesticide workers. A number of cases of infertility were discovered among men working in a California pesticide factory. The suspected cause was exposure to the chemical 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (D.B.C.P.). The major effects, seen in 14 of 25 non-vasectomised men, were azoospermia or oligospermia and raised serum-levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. No other major abnormalities were detected, and testosterone levels were normal. Although a quantitative estimation of exposure could not be obtained, the observed effects appeared to be related to duration of exposure to D.B.C.P.", "PMID": 73955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5226", "title": "Is primary biliary cirrhosis an immune complex disease?", "content": "Large immune complexes are present in the circulation of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and result in the activation of complement by the classical pathway. Such large complexes are capable of producing tissue damage. The granulomatous lesions surrounding the small bile-ducts within the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and the vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and associated lesions are all compatible with immune complex injury. It is postulated that such large complexes could be formed in the vicinity of the bile-ducts by an antigen absorbed from the bile or biliary epithelium. Complexes reaching the systemic circulation might be responsible for the associated extra-hepatic diseases.", "contents": "Is primary biliary cirrhosis an immune complex disease? Large immune complexes are present in the circulation of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and result in the activation of complement by the classical pathway. Such large complexes are capable of producing tissue damage. The granulomatous lesions surrounding the small bile-ducts within the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and the vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and associated lesions are all compatible with immune complex injury. It is postulated that such large complexes could be formed in the vicinity of the bile-ducts by an antigen absorbed from the bile or biliary epithelium. Complexes reaching the systemic circulation might be responsible for the associated extra-hepatic diseases.", "PMID": 73956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5227", "title": "Comparison of cost of preparing reagents in laboratory with cost of using commercial kits.", "content": "A comparison of the cost of laboratory-made reagents with that of commercial kits was made for three serum-enzyme estimations and three serum-hormone estimations. The cost of reagents in kit form could only be justified on economic grounds for serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase if the laboratory performed less than about 35 tests per day. It is unlikely that the use of kits for serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotrophic hormone can be justified on economic grounds for any workload. It is estimated that between 2 million pounds and 3 million pounds is spent unnecessarily by the National Health Service each year to purchase commercially prepared reagents for the six tests studied.", "contents": "Comparison of cost of preparing reagents in laboratory with cost of using commercial kits. A comparison of the cost of laboratory-made reagents with that of commercial kits was made for three serum-enzyme estimations and three serum-hormone estimations. The cost of reagents in kit form could only be justified on economic grounds for serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase if the laboratory performed less than about 35 tests per day. It is unlikely that the use of kits for serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotrophic hormone can be justified on economic grounds for any workload. It is estimated that between 2 million pounds and 3 million pounds is spent unnecessarily by the National Health Service each year to purchase commercially prepared reagents for the six tests studied.", "PMID": 73963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5228", "title": "[Metabolism and organ functions in experimental hypothermic, bloodless whole-body perfusion with hydroxyethyl starch (HES)].", "content": "After surface-induced hypothermia in 12 cats total body washout was performed followed by 60 min bloodless perfusion. In the rewarming period at 28 degrees C, packed red cells were added and at 35 degrees C, ECC was finished. Functional parameters of metabolism, liver, and kidney were measured and followed by histologic examination. Bloodless perfusion does not alter the morphology of the organs examined. Abnormal values of organ function and metabolic data seem to be reversible.", "contents": "[Metabolism and organ functions in experimental hypothermic, bloodless whole-body perfusion with hydroxyethyl starch (HES)]. After surface-induced hypothermia in 12 cats total body washout was performed followed by 60 min bloodless perfusion. In the rewarming period at 28 degrees C, packed red cells were added and at 35 degrees C, ECC was finished. Functional parameters of metabolism, liver, and kidney were measured and followed by histologic examination. Bloodless perfusion does not alter the morphology of the organs examined. Abnormal values of organ function and metabolic data seem to be reversible.", "PMID": 73996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5229", "title": "[Immunologic properties, aggregate content and half-life of various human i.v. gamma globulin preparations].", "content": "Anticomplementary activity, aggregate content, and elimination of i.v. human gamma globulin (HGG). During storage of HGG globulin aggregate formation increases leading to anticomplementary activity. Seventeen patients suffering from postoperative sepsis showed significantly faster elimination rates of HGG than 6 healthy controls, while there was no difference in albumin elimination.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties, aggregate content and half-life of various human i.v. gamma globulin preparations]. Anticomplementary activity, aggregate content, and elimination of i.v. human gamma globulin (HGG). During storage of HGG globulin aggregate formation increases leading to anticomplementary activity. Seventeen patients suffering from postoperative sepsis showed significantly faster elimination rates of HGG than 6 healthy controls, while there was no difference in albumin elimination.", "PMID": 73997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5230", "title": "[Therapeutic Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic esophagogastroduodenoscopy covers: 1. therapeutic polypectomy (in cases of obstruction, hemorrhage, early cancer I in inoperable patients); 2. palliative treatment of inoperable tumors (when obstruction or bleeding occurs); 3. endoscopic blood staunching (can be performed by drugs, mechanically, or by laser coagulation; 4. removal of foreign bodies).", "contents": "[Therapeutic Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (author's transl)]. Therapeutic esophagogastroduodenoscopy covers: 1. therapeutic polypectomy (in cases of obstruction, hemorrhage, early cancer I in inoperable patients); 2. palliative treatment of inoperable tumors (when obstruction or bleeding occurs); 3. endoscopic blood staunching (can be performed by drugs, mechanically, or by laser coagulation; 4. removal of foreign bodies).", "PMID": 73998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5231", "title": "Effects of topical nasal decongestants on the cilia of a chicken embryo tracheal organ culture system.", "content": "There is little physiologic data concerning the possible toxicity of nasal decongestants on respiratory cilia. Consequently, a chicken embryo tracheal organ culture system was employed to study the effect on ciliary activity of various preparations and concentrations of the following medications: tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (Tyzine), xylometazoline hydrochloride (Otrivin), Dristan, Sinex, NTZ oxymetazoline hydrochloride (Afrin), naphazoline hydrochloride (Privine), and phenylephrine (Neosynephrine). Only two dilutions of injectable phenylephrine 0.25% and 0.10% produced essentially no ciliotoxicity when compared to the cilia in control cultures. All the other topical nasal medications in the concentrations tested possessed some toxicity for cilia. The use of these medications should be tempered with the warning of possible cilia damage.", "contents": "Effects of topical nasal decongestants on the cilia of a chicken embryo tracheal organ culture system. There is little physiologic data concerning the possible toxicity of nasal decongestants on respiratory cilia. Consequently, a chicken embryo tracheal organ culture system was employed to study the effect on ciliary activity of various preparations and concentrations of the following medications: tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (Tyzine), xylometazoline hydrochloride (Otrivin), Dristan, Sinex, NTZ oxymetazoline hydrochloride (Afrin), naphazoline hydrochloride (Privine), and phenylephrine (Neosynephrine). Only two dilutions of injectable phenylephrine 0.25% and 0.10% produced essentially no ciliotoxicity when compared to the cilia in control cultures. All the other topical nasal medications in the concentrations tested possessed some toxicity for cilia. The use of these medications should be tempered with the warning of possible cilia damage.", "PMID": 73999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5232", "title": "Immune response in dog. 3. Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin.", "content": "Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) following primary, secondary and multiple stimulation was analysed. Primary injection of human serum stimulates the formation of precipitin antibodies to beta2 lipoprotein in dogs, beta2 lipoprotein and beta globulin in rabbits. After a secondary dose the rabbits formed precipitins to a whole range of human serum proteins, while the dogs to beta2 lipoprotein, albumin, beta globulin. When the primary dose of antigen was divided over a period of 8 weeks, the dog produced precipitins to beta2 lipoprotein while the rabbit to a wide range of serum proteins. Secondary stimulation of these animals did not increase the number of precipitins formed. Quantitative analysis of the antibody produced show that the best response was with beta2 lipoprotein followed by albumin and beta globulin. As the immunogenicity of the antigen was greater the differences between the two species were narrow. These differences were less pronounced following the primary injection than after the secondary and multiple stimulations. The primary response to KLH (which represents mainly IgM) is better in the dog than in the rabbit, while the secondary response (IgG) was better in the rabbit. The poorer IgG response in the dog compared to the rabbit, observed in all the experiments, is discussed.", "contents": "Immune response in dog. 3. Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) following primary, secondary and multiple stimulation was analysed. Primary injection of human serum stimulates the formation of precipitin antibodies to beta2 lipoprotein in dogs, beta2 lipoprotein and beta globulin in rabbits. After a secondary dose the rabbits formed precipitins to a whole range of human serum proteins, while the dogs to beta2 lipoprotein, albumin, beta globulin. When the primary dose of antigen was divided over a period of 8 weeks, the dog produced precipitins to beta2 lipoprotein while the rabbit to a wide range of serum proteins. Secondary stimulation of these animals did not increase the number of precipitins formed. Quantitative analysis of the antibody produced show that the best response was with beta2 lipoprotein followed by albumin and beta globulin. As the immunogenicity of the antigen was greater the differences between the two species were narrow. These differences were less pronounced following the primary injection than after the secondary and multiple stimulations. The primary response to KLH (which represents mainly IgM) is better in the dog than in the rabbit, while the secondary response (IgG) was better in the rabbit. The poorer IgG response in the dog compared to the rabbit, observed in all the experiments, is discussed.", "PMID": 74005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5233", "title": "[Contribution to the problem of color reproduction in photomicrography with color films (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to define clearly the possibilities and conformities in reproducing stained microscopic specimens we need an exact system of formal co-ordination and conception. Therefore, an assay was made to find practical criterions allowing the choice of the most suited color films for the photomicrography of stained preparations. This was done by splitting up the transfer of information by adequate reproducible colors of the slides with the color space. Examples are given for Eosin bluish, for the mixture of Light green and Xylidin Ponceau and for the colors of Fujichrome R 100.", "contents": "[Contribution to the problem of color reproduction in photomicrography with color films (author's transl)]. In order to define clearly the possibilities and conformities in reproducing stained microscopic specimens we need an exact system of formal co-ordination and conception. Therefore, an assay was made to find practical criterions allowing the choice of the most suited color films for the photomicrography of stained preparations. This was done by splitting up the transfer of information by adequate reproducible colors of the slides with the color space. Examples are given for Eosin bluish, for the mixture of Light green and Xylidin Ponceau and for the colors of Fujichrome R 100.", "PMID": 74006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5234", "title": "Audiotape and booklet self-instructional materials in physiology: an evaluation of their effectiveness and acceptability in the pre-clinical curriculum.", "content": "Audiotape and booklet self-instructional materials in physiology have been evaluated for their effectiveness and acceptability in the pre-clinical course. Learning effectiveness was determined by comparison of pre-test and post-test scores on multiple choice tests, and acceptability was determined by scores on a specially constructed and validated Likert type questionnaire. It is concluded that in three out of the four physiology topics studied, audiotape and booklet was a significantly more effective method of study than the conventional method of text books and lecture notes. Self-instructional material in the form of audiotape and booklet is acceptable to students both in absolute terms and when compared with other methods of learning. Use of the self-instructional material enabled students to achieve the required learning objectives.", "contents": "Audiotape and booklet self-instructional materials in physiology: an evaluation of their effectiveness and acceptability in the pre-clinical curriculum. Audiotape and booklet self-instructional materials in physiology have been evaluated for their effectiveness and acceptability in the pre-clinical course. Learning effectiveness was determined by comparison of pre-test and post-test scores on multiple choice tests, and acceptability was determined by scores on a specially constructed and validated Likert type questionnaire. It is concluded that in three out of the four physiology topics studied, audiotape and booklet was a significantly more effective method of study than the conventional method of text books and lecture notes. Self-instructional material in the form of audiotape and booklet is acceptable to students both in absolute terms and when compared with other methods of learning. Use of the self-instructional material enabled students to achieve the required learning objectives.", "PMID": 74008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5235", "title": "The anatomical basis of clinical practice: an anatomy learning programme.", "content": "In an attempt to optimize medical students' enthusiasm to learn, rather than to be taught, 'The anatomical basis of clinical medicine: An anatomy learning programme' has been introduced into an evolving medical school curriculum. Initially, educational concepts were identified, the aims and goals clarified, then the learning  process and its evaluation techniques were introduced. The programme encompasses the use of a specifically designed course guide, a weekly 35 mm topographic slide presentation, prosection by senior students and then peer-directed group tutorials under the guidance of teachers. Surgical and radiological teaching colleagues cooperate in reinforcing student understanding of the relevance of anatomical concepts and data to clinical medicine. Students are encouraged to dissect personally, use the departmental museum as a learning centre, and at any time take advantage of freely available audio-visual aids. Tutorial situations are used by the students for self-evaluation, while promotional evaluation (an honours-pass-fail system) is based on the tutors' assessments, two 'on demand' multiple choice, two laboratory identification and a final oral examination.", "contents": "The anatomical basis of clinical practice: an anatomy learning programme. In an attempt to optimize medical students' enthusiasm to learn, rather than to be taught, 'The anatomical basis of clinical medicine: An anatomy learning programme' has been introduced into an evolving medical school curriculum. Initially, educational concepts were identified, the aims and goals clarified, then the learning  process and its evaluation techniques were introduced. The programme encompasses the use of a specifically designed course guide, a weekly 35 mm topographic slide presentation, prosection by senior students and then peer-directed group tutorials under the guidance of teachers. Surgical and radiological teaching colleagues cooperate in reinforcing student understanding of the relevance of anatomical concepts and data to clinical medicine. Students are encouraged to dissect personally, use the departmental museum as a learning centre, and at any time take advantage of freely available audio-visual aids. Tutorial situations are used by the students for self-evaluation, while promotional evaluation (an honours-pass-fail system) is based on the tutors' assessments, two 'on demand' multiple choice, two laboratory identification and a final oral examination.", "PMID": 74009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5236", "title": "[Histamine release from human leukocytes in children with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and urticaria (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 children with allergic diseases the histamine release of peripheral leukocytes by allergens has been investigated. Considerably higher histamine concentrations in comparison with the control have been found. The histamine release was in agreement with the results of skin tests.", "contents": "[Histamine release from human leukocytes in children with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and urticaria (author's transl)]. In 20 children with allergic diseases the histamine release of peripheral leukocytes by allergens has been investigated. Considerably higher histamine concentrations in comparison with the control have been found. The histamine release was in agreement with the results of skin tests.", "PMID": 74012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5237", "title": "Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine. Results of a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "Industrial workers exposed to the organochlorine pesticide, chlordecone (Kepone), had signs of toxicity in several organs. The extent of toxicity was proportional to the levels of this chemical in the tissues. In 22 patients, chlordecone was eliminated slowly from blood (half time of 165 +/- 27 days--mean +/- S.E.M.) and fat (half time of 125 days, with a range of 97 to 177), chiefly in the stool. Output of chlordecone in bile was 10 to 20 times greater than in stool, suggesting that chlordecone is reabsorbed in the \"ntestine. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin that binds chlordecone, increased its fecal excretion by seven times. In a five-month trial, cholestyramine significantly accelerated elimination of chlordecone from blood, with a half life of 80 +/- 4 days (S.E.M.) (P less than 0.005) and fat (half life of 64 days, with a range of 52 to 85) (P less than 0.05). Cholestyramine offers a practical means for detoxification of persons exposed to chlordecone and possibly to other lipophilic toxins.", "contents": "Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine. Results of a controlled clinical trial. Industrial workers exposed to the organochlorine pesticide, chlordecone (Kepone), had signs of toxicity in several organs. The extent of toxicity was proportional to the levels of this chemical in the tissues. In 22 patients, chlordecone was eliminated slowly from blood (half time of 165 +/- 27 days--mean +/- S.E.M.) and fat (half time of 125 days, with a range of 97 to 177), chiefly in the stool. Output of chlordecone in bile was 10 to 20 times greater than in stool, suggesting that chlordecone is reabsorbed in the \"ntestine. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin that binds chlordecone, increased its fecal excretion by seven times. In a five-month trial, cholestyramine significantly accelerated elimination of chlordecone from blood, with a half life of 80 +/- 4 days (S.E.M.) (P less than 0.005) and fat (half life of 64 days, with a range of 52 to 85) (P less than 0.05). Cholestyramine offers a practical means for detoxification of persons exposed to chlordecone and possibly to other lipophilic toxins.", "PMID": 74014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5238", "title": "Immunological specificity and memory in a scleractinian coral.", "content": "Tissue transplantation immunity with a specific memory component is demonstrated in populations of Montipora. This highly discriminating immunoreactivity derives from extensive allogeneic polymorphism of histocompatibility (H) markers. An H system of immunorecognition is postulated to have originated in multicellular invertebrates probably beginning with coelenterates.", "contents": "Immunological specificity and memory in a scleractinian coral. Tissue transplantation immunity with a specific memory component is demonstrated in populations of Montipora. This highly discriminating immunoreactivity derives from extensive allogeneic polymorphism of histocompatibility (H) markers. An H system of immunorecognition is postulated to have originated in multicellular invertebrates probably beginning with coelenterates.", "PMID": 74018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5239", "title": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. IV. Polarographic study of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons in ethylenglycolmonomethylether.", "content": "An experiment was carried out to determine whether there is any correlation between the values of polarographic reduction potentials of polycyclic hydrocarbons and their carcinogenic activity. A comparison of half-wave potentials of polarographic wave I and II of pyrene benzologs revealed that the carcinogenic ones become reduced in ethylenglycolmonomethylether on a mercury dropping electrode at more positive potentials than the inactive benzo- and dibenzopyrenes. The discussion bears both on the reduction mechanism of the compounds and on the relationship between the half-wave potentials and the absorption electron spectra measured in the same solvent.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of polycyclic compounds studied by the polarographic method in anhydrous systems. IV. Polarographic study of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons in ethylenglycolmonomethylether. An experiment was carried out to determine whether there is any correlation between the values of polarographic reduction potentials of polycyclic hydrocarbons and their carcinogenic activity. A comparison of half-wave potentials of polarographic wave I and II of pyrene benzologs revealed that the carcinogenic ones become reduced in ethylenglycolmonomethylether on a mercury dropping electrode at more positive potentials than the inactive benzo- and dibenzopyrenes. The discussion bears both on the reduction mechanism of the compounds and on the relationship between the half-wave potentials and the absorption electron spectra measured in the same solvent.", "PMID": 74024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5240", "title": "[Contribution to the pathogenesis of intrasellar and intraventricular cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "The histological structure of Rathke's cyst having an epithelial mono- or multiple layer wall with glands and mucous secreting cells is indicative of their origin from the stomodaeum. These cysts are morphologically and genetically simialr to the so-called cysts of the foramen of Monro (colloid cysts of the third ventricle). According to Stochdorph, the origin of the latter cysts is from ectopic cerebral inclusions of the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Contribution to the pathogenesis of intrasellar and intraventricular cysts (author's transl)]. The histological structure of Rathke's cyst having an epithelial mono- or multiple layer wall with glands and mucous secreting cells is indicative of their origin from the stomodaeum. These cysts are morphologically and genetically simialr to the so-called cysts of the foramen of Monro (colloid cysts of the third ventricle). According to Stochdorph, the origin of the latter cysts is from ectopic cerebral inclusions of the upper respiratory tract.", "PMID": 74026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5241", "title": "Cellular immune responses in Huntington disease. Specificity of brain antigenicity detected with Huntington disease lymphocytes.", "content": "This study confirms the production of migration inhibition factor by Huntington disease lymphocytes in response to antigen found in Huntington disease but not normal brain tissue. Huntington disease lymphocytes also respond to the presence of multiple sclerosis brain tissue with migration inhibition factor production.", "contents": "Cellular immune responses in Huntington disease. Specificity of brain antigenicity detected with Huntington disease lymphocytes. This study confirms the production of migration inhibition factor by Huntington disease lymphocytes in response to antigen found in Huntington disease but not normal brain tissue. Huntington disease lymphocytes also respond to the presence of multiple sclerosis brain tissue with migration inhibition factor production.", "PMID": 74049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5242", "title": "Levels of plasma proteins in human and rat fetal CSF and the development of the blood-CSF barrier.", "content": "High levels of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), IgG, prealbumin and transferrin have been detected in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) of human fetuses between 14 and 25 weeks old. The concentration of each plasma protein in CSF was found to vary during the gestational period in relation to its serum levels and rate of synthesis and as a consequence of a reduced permeability of the blood-CSF barrier after 22 weeks. In fact, the higher CSF levels of AFP were detected in fetuses about 16 weeks old, while the highest values of albumin were observed in CSF from fetuses between 20 and 24 weeks old. Experimental work has shown that also in rats the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier is incomplete during fetal and perinatal life. When 125I-labelled albumin and IgG or 14C-oestrogen and testosterone were injected intraperitoneally in newborn rats, the labelled proteins and hormones were detected in fetal blood and CSF four hours after the injection. These results are discussed in view of the suggestion that maternal abnormal states with regard to hormones and antibrain antibodies may affect the development of the nervous system and unfolding of behaviour.", "contents": "Levels of plasma proteins in human and rat fetal CSF and the development of the blood-CSF barrier. High levels of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), IgG, prealbumin and transferrin have been detected in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) of human fetuses between 14 and 25 weeks old. The concentration of each plasma protein in CSF was found to vary during the gestational period in relation to its serum levels and rate of synthesis and as a consequence of a reduced permeability of the blood-CSF barrier after 22 weeks. In fact, the higher CSF levels of AFP were detected in fetuses about 16 weeks old, while the highest values of albumin were observed in CSF from fetuses between 20 and 24 weeks old. Experimental work has shown that also in rats the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier is incomplete during fetal and perinatal life. When 125I-labelled albumin and IgG or 14C-oestrogen and testosterone were injected intraperitoneally in newborn rats, the labelled proteins and hormones were detected in fetal blood and CSF four hours after the injection. These results are discussed in view of the suggestion that maternal abnormal states with regard to hormones and antibrain antibodies may affect the development of the nervous system and unfolding of behaviour.", "PMID": 74050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5243", "title": "[Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical contribution].", "content": "--After a brief account of anatomical and clinical findings of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 8 cases, personally observed, are presented. The various aspects of this disease and in particular the most recent diagnostic methods are examined and therapeutical possibilities, from the medical and surgical standpoint, are discussed.", "contents": "[Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical contribution]. --After a brief account of anatomical and clinical findings of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 8 cases, personally observed, are presented. The various aspects of this disease and in particular the most recent diagnostic methods are examined and therapeutical possibilities, from the medical and surgical standpoint, are discussed.", "PMID": 74051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5244", "title": "[Calusterone (7-beta, 17-alpha-dimethyltestosterone) in the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "Results in palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer with a new androgen, calusterone, are discussed. Sixty post-menopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were treated with 200 mg per day at least three months. The overall response was 28% (17/60); better results seemed to be achieved in advanced post-menopausal patients with osseous and cutaneous lesions. These results agree with those reported by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. No undesirable side-effects were observed and calusterone was well tolerated.", "contents": "[Calusterone (7-beta, 17-alpha-dimethyltestosterone) in the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer]. Results in palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer with a new androgen, calusterone, are discussed. Sixty post-menopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were treated with 200 mg per day at least three months. The overall response was 28% (17/60); better results seemed to be achieved in advanced post-menopausal patients with osseous and cutaneous lesions. These results agree with those reported by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group. No undesirable side-effects were observed and calusterone was well tolerated.", "PMID": 74052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5245", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha 1-fetoprotein, ferritin, and alpha 2-pregnancy associated glycoprotein in the serum of lung cancer patients and its demonstration in lung tumor tissues.", "content": "Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ferritin and alpha 2-pregency associated glycoprotein (alpha-2-PAG) were determined in patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis and in serial determinations during and after radio- or chemotherapy. Whereas AFP levels were not elevated in patients with lung cancer, increased levels of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG were found in more than 50% of the patients. The results suggest that determination of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG in the serum of patients with lung cancer may be useful to detect metastases or recurrences and to monitor the results of treatment. Furthermore, in this study CEA and ferritin could be demonstrated in extracts of lung tumor tissues by specific antisera.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha 1-fetoprotein, ferritin, and alpha 2-pregnancy associated glycoprotein in the serum of lung cancer patients and its demonstration in lung tumor tissues. Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ferritin and alpha 2-pregency associated glycoprotein (alpha-2-PAG) were determined in patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis and in serial determinations during and after radio- or chemotherapy. Whereas AFP levels were not elevated in patients with lung cancer, increased levels of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG were found in more than 50% of the patients. The results suggest that determination of CEA, ferritin and alpha-2-PAG in the serum of patients with lung cancer may be useful to detect metastases or recurrences and to monitor the results of treatment. Furthermore, in this study CEA and ferritin could be demonstrated in extracts of lung tumor tissues by specific antisera.", "PMID": 74056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5246", "title": "[Palliative treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the pancreas].", "content": "In primary carcinomas of the pancreas the palliative intervention shows worse results than the radical operation according to our experiences. Deviation is only justified with local irresectable tumours as a symptomatic procedure. In cases of metastatic tumours in the pancreas palliative resection may be the only way in order to eliminate complications (jaundice, pains, hemorrhage, tumour induced pancreatitis) caused by these growths. By means of six cases it is demonstrated that palliative surgery can be remarkably successful in cases of metastasis in the pancreas.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the pancreas]. In primary carcinomas of the pancreas the palliative intervention shows worse results than the radical operation according to our experiences. Deviation is only justified with local irresectable tumours as a symptomatic procedure. In cases of metastatic tumours in the pancreas palliative resection may be the only way in order to eliminate complications (jaundice, pains, hemorrhage, tumour induced pancreatitis) caused by these growths. By means of six cases it is demonstrated that palliative surgery can be remarkably successful in cases of metastasis in the pancreas.", "PMID": 74057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5247", "title": "Contamination of human melanoma cell lines by mouse L cells.", "content": "Five of 8 cell lines from human melanomas originally established elsewhere were found to consist exclusively of mouse cells when examined in our laboratory some months after their receipt. Cytogenetic studies, including G- and C-banding, showed that the mouse cells in all cultures had originated from a single cell line, identified as the L-line. Contamination probably occurred, one year before its discovery, in a laboratory where L cells and human melanoma cells were briefly kept in the same incubator.", "contents": "Contamination of human melanoma cell lines by mouse L cells. Five of 8 cell lines from human melanomas originally established elsewhere were found to consist exclusively of mouse cells when examined in our laboratory some months after their receipt. Cytogenetic studies, including G- and C-banding, showed that the mouse cells in all cultures had originated from a single cell line, identified as the L-line. Contamination probably occurred, one year before its discovery, in a laboratory where L cells and human melanoma cells were briefly kept in the same incubator.", "PMID": 74063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5248", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulins in neurological disorders affecting black Africans (author's transl)].", "content": "Four hundred C.S.F. electrophoreses were carried out in black West Africans (Ivory Coast) suffering from inflammatory disorders of the nervous system. In the normal state, the C.S.F. of the black African contains more gamma globulins than that of the white (15.8% as opposed to 10%). The study provides indirect evidence of the classical notion of the extreme rarity of DS (Disseminated sclerosis) in the tropics. Hypergammaglobulinorachia was demonstrated in 22% of cases, the two principal disorders responsible being trypanosomiasis (57.3%) and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (16.8%). The oligoclonal distribution described in trypanosomiasis was not found. On the contrary, a homogeneous appearance of the gamma zone was constantly demonstrated (49/50). It is possible that these differences are related to the various phases in the course of the disease, and that oligoclonal disturbation is a marker of the auto-immune phase.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulins in neurological disorders affecting black Africans (author's transl)]. Four hundred C.S.F. electrophoreses were carried out in black West Africans (Ivory Coast) suffering from inflammatory disorders of the nervous system. In the normal state, the C.S.F. of the black African contains more gamma globulins than that of the white (15.8% as opposed to 10%). The study provides indirect evidence of the classical notion of the extreme rarity of DS (Disseminated sclerosis) in the tropics. Hypergammaglobulinorachia was demonstrated in 22% of cases, the two principal disorders responsible being trypanosomiasis (57.3%) and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (16.8%). The oligoclonal distribution described in trypanosomiasis was not found. On the contrary, a homogeneous appearance of the gamma zone was constantly demonstrated (49/50). It is possible that these differences are related to the various phases in the course of the disease, and that oligoclonal disturbation is a marker of the auto-immune phase.", "PMID": 74066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5249", "title": "The values of alpha 2-macroglobulin in the serum of persons at work with x-rays.", "content": "A group of 86 persons (65 women, 21 men) working at the risk of ionizing radiation (IR) was examined for the levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M), and compared to a group of age matched healthy population. Whereas the difference in men did not reach a level of significance, significant difference was assessed in women: in a subgroup older than 40 y exposed to the IR a rise of alpha 2-M levels was noted in correlation with the age. Multiple correlation coefficients showed a synergistic influence of both age and exposure to IR. The results are discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis that in exposed women a shifting realizes of usual old age changes to younger age group. A possibility is suggested to use the examination of alpha 2-M levels for preventive control of workers at the risk of IR.", "contents": "The values of alpha 2-macroglobulin in the serum of persons at work with x-rays. A group of 86 persons (65 women, 21 men) working at the risk of ionizing radiation (IR) was examined for the levels of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M), and compared to a group of age matched healthy population. Whereas the difference in men did not reach a level of significance, significant difference was assessed in women: in a subgroup older than 40 y exposed to the IR a rise of alpha 2-M levels was noted in correlation with the age. Multiple correlation coefficients showed a synergistic influence of both age and exposure to IR. The results are discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis that in exposed women a shifting realizes of usual old age changes to younger age group. A possibility is suggested to use the examination of alpha 2-M levels for preventive control of workers at the risk of IR.", "PMID": 74077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5250", "title": "Methods for differentiation of collagen, muscular and elastic fibers in stereomicroscopic specimens.", "content": "The A. describes a technique for demonstrating collagen, muscular and elastic fibers in dry mesoscopic specimens, treated by the Semper method and submitted to dissection under the stereomicroscope. The technique holds essentially to the reconnaissance of these types of fibers in fragments or pellicles of said specimens, stained by the methods of Azan and Weigert-Moore, modified, without needing to take succour in histologic methodology applicable to other preparations, which, according to the A., would cause a break of continuity in the observation, and also in the interpretation of findings, and this is not always easy to be re-instated with ease and precision. The method proposed has the principal aim to correctly distinguish between muscular and collagen bundles practically \"in loco\" and which are already outside the resolution power provided by the Semper method. In this technique the muscular bundles are stained red, the collagen bundles in sea-blue, and the elastic ones in deep blue, up to their most delicate nets, allowing for a very clear and transparent tridimensional analysis of the functional systems formed by these fibers.", "contents": "Methods for differentiation of collagen, muscular and elastic fibers in stereomicroscopic specimens. The A. describes a technique for demonstrating collagen, muscular and elastic fibers in dry mesoscopic specimens, treated by the Semper method and submitted to dissection under the stereomicroscope. The technique holds essentially to the reconnaissance of these types of fibers in fragments or pellicles of said specimens, stained by the methods of Azan and Weigert-Moore, modified, without needing to take succour in histologic methodology applicable to other preparations, which, according to the A., would cause a break of continuity in the observation, and also in the interpretation of findings, and this is not always easy to be re-instated with ease and precision. The method proposed has the principal aim to correctly distinguish between muscular and collagen bundles practically \"in loco\" and which are already outside the resolution power provided by the Semper method. In this technique the muscular bundles are stained red, the collagen bundles in sea-blue, and the elastic ones in deep blue, up to their most delicate nets, allowing for a very clear and transparent tridimensional analysis of the functional systems formed by these fibers.", "PMID": 74079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5251", "title": "Heredopathia atactica polyneurotiformis: therapeutic and pathogenetic aspects.", "content": "None of the single manifestations is in itself specific or pathognomonic for this disease except for the disturbance of the metabolism of phytanic acid. Therefore, clinical syndromes that involve similar manifestations without accumulations of phytanic acid should not be included under the term heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, or Refsum's disease. Whatever the biochemical mechanism that links phytanic acid accumulation with the clinical manifestations of heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, it appears that the observations made on patients following successful dietary treatment leave little doubt that most if not all of the manifestations in this disease are caused in some way by the accumulation of phytanic acid.", "contents": "Heredopathia atactica polyneurotiformis: therapeutic and pathogenetic aspects. None of the single manifestations is in itself specific or pathognomonic for this disease except for the disturbance of the metabolism of phytanic acid. Therefore, clinical syndromes that involve similar manifestations without accumulations of phytanic acid should not be included under the term heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, or Refsum's disease. Whatever the biochemical mechanism that links phytanic acid accumulation with the clinical manifestations of heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, it appears that the observations made on patients following successful dietary treatment leave little doubt that most if not all of the manifestations in this disease are caused in some way by the accumulation of phytanic acid.", "PMID": 74082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5252", "title": "Fluorescence staining of gastric mucosa. A study with special reference to parietal cells.", "content": "Compared with conventional light microscopy, fluorescence visualization of parietal cells was found to be of great advantage after staining with the acid dye Eosin or Azophloxine in combination with Hematoxylin or Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). All these staining combinations gave a satisfactory result in the body area, whereas PAS-Eosin was superior in pyloric glands. Direct or indirect immunohistochemical method with human parietal cell antibody could also be used for distinct demonstration of parietal cells in paraffin-embedded rat and human gastric mucosa. Results of immunohistochemistry confirmed the reliability of parietal cell enumerations based on fluorescence staining with the acid dyes. Paired visualization of parietal cells and gastrin cells (G cells) in the same tissue section was achieved immunohistochemically. This methodological approach is a prerequisite for a detailed study of the morphological relationship of these two cell types in the transitional zone between the gastric body and the pyloric antrum.", "contents": "Fluorescence staining of gastric mucosa. A study with special reference to parietal cells. Compared with conventional light microscopy, fluorescence visualization of parietal cells was found to be of great advantage after staining with the acid dye Eosin or Azophloxine in combination with Hematoxylin or Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). All these staining combinations gave a satisfactory result in the body area, whereas PAS-Eosin was superior in pyloric glands. Direct or indirect immunohistochemical method with human parietal cell antibody could also be used for distinct demonstration of parietal cells in paraffin-embedded rat and human gastric mucosa. Results of immunohistochemistry confirmed the reliability of parietal cell enumerations based on fluorescence staining with the acid dyes. Paired visualization of parietal cells and gastrin cells (G cells) in the same tissue section was achieved immunohistochemically. This methodological approach is a prerequisite for a detailed study of the morphological relationship of these two cell types in the transitional zone between the gastric body and the pyloric antrum.", "PMID": 74085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5253", "title": "[Research on the immunological and biochemical structure of tumors of the prostate gland].", "content": "The study of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins obtained from tissues of prostate adenoma and adenocarcinoma, as well as of homogenates by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, revealed the presence, the amount and the different conformation of protein fractions in the adenoma and in the adenocarcinoma. Inflammatory processes do not play a significant role. Comparative measures of nucleic acids and of SH groups suggest the existence of molecular mechanisms interpreted in the light of ageing processes.", "contents": "[Research on the immunological and biochemical structure of tumors of the prostate gland]. The study of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins obtained from tissues of prostate adenoma and adenocarcinoma, as well as of homogenates by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, revealed the presence, the amount and the different conformation of protein fractions in the adenoma and in the adenocarcinoma. Inflammatory processes do not play a significant role. Comparative measures of nucleic acids and of SH groups suggest the existence of molecular mechanisms interpreted in the light of ageing processes.", "PMID": 74080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5254", "title": "Human leukaemia associated antigen (LAA): occurrence and characteristics.", "content": "Serum leukaemia-associated antigen (LAA) is identified as an oncofetal antigen (or antigens) since it is present in fetal liver and in amniotic fluid. Although it is mainly found in patients with proliferative haematological disorders, particularly acute leukaemias and chronic myelogenous leukaemia, LAA is occasionally present in sera from healthy people. In protein fractionation experiments, LAA behaves as a distinct population of molecules and has the characteristics of an alpha2-beta-globulin, not carrying any lipids. The origin of LAA in haematological disorders is unknown. Its presence does not correlate with high white blood cell count, although antibody to LAA has been raised in animals injected with blast cells from leukaemia patients. LAA is distinct from alpha-fetoprotein, and we have observed a reaction of immunological non-identity between LAA and ferritin. This is of considerable interest since ferritin has been reported to be immunologically closely related to alpha2H-globulin which may occur in the same categories of patients as LAA. It is preliminary concluded that LAA as defined by our antisera may be different from alpha2H-globulin and ferritin.", "contents": "Human leukaemia associated antigen (LAA): occurrence and characteristics. Serum leukaemia-associated antigen (LAA) is identified as an oncofetal antigen (or antigens) since it is present in fetal liver and in amniotic fluid. Although it is mainly found in patients with proliferative haematological disorders, particularly acute leukaemias and chronic myelogenous leukaemia, LAA is occasionally present in sera from healthy people. In protein fractionation experiments, LAA behaves as a distinct population of molecules and has the characteristics of an alpha2-beta-globulin, not carrying any lipids. The origin of LAA in haematological disorders is unknown. Its presence does not correlate with high white blood cell count, although antibody to LAA has been raised in animals injected with blast cells from leukaemia patients. LAA is distinct from alpha-fetoprotein, and we have observed a reaction of immunological non-identity between LAA and ferritin. This is of considerable interest since ferritin has been reported to be immunologically closely related to alpha2H-globulin which may occur in the same categories of patients as LAA. It is preliminary concluded that LAA as defined by our antisera may be different from alpha2H-globulin and ferritin.", "PMID": 74086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5255", "title": "Specificity of transfer factor. In vitro lymphoblast transformation of peripheral lymphocytes to Leishmania major antigen in the presence of transfer factor.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro demonstration of specificity of transfer factor (TF) has so far been hampered by lack of a suitable antigen. The host partiality of Leishmania suggested that in the case of leishmania antigen it should be possible to obtain lymphocytes of both donors and recipients of TF which were either sensitized or truly virgin. Lymphoblast transformation of normal donor lymphocytes to leishmania major antigen (LMA) was therefore measured in the presence of TF prepared from donors with a history of cutaneous leishmania infection (LSTFd) and normal donors (NSTFd). A clear augmentation of the lymphoblast transformation equal to that usually seen when lymphocytes from sensitized individuals are exposed to LMA was observed with LSTFd. An insignificant increase in lymphoblast transformation, however, occurred when NSTFd was used together with LMA and when LSTFd or NSTFd was used alone. The results, although limited by the number of TF preparations, tested, clearly substantiate the in vitro specificity of TF.", "contents": "Specificity of transfer factor. In vitro lymphoblast transformation of peripheral lymphocytes to Leishmania major antigen in the presence of transfer factor. The in vivo and in vitro demonstration of specificity of transfer factor (TF) has so far been hampered by lack of a suitable antigen. The host partiality of Leishmania suggested that in the case of leishmania antigen it should be possible to obtain lymphocytes of both donors and recipients of TF which were either sensitized or truly virgin. Lymphoblast transformation of normal donor lymphocytes to leishmania major antigen (LMA) was therefore measured in the presence of TF prepared from donors with a history of cutaneous leishmania infection (LSTFd) and normal donors (NSTFd). A clear augmentation of the lymphoblast transformation equal to that usually seen when lymphocytes from sensitized individuals are exposed to LMA was observed with LSTFd. An insignificant increase in lymphoblast transformation, however, occurred when NSTFd was used together with LMA and when LSTFd or NSTFd was used alone. The results, although limited by the number of TF preparations, tested, clearly substantiate the in vitro specificity of TF.", "PMID": 74087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5256", "title": "The diagnostic value of intravenous pyelography in infravesical obstruction in males.", "content": "Intravenous pyelographies from 104 consecutive patients admitted for infravesical obstruction were studied with special reference to pathology of the upper urinary tract and the bladder, the size of the prostate and the bladder emptying. The incidental findings in the upper urinary tract did not influence the treatment of the infravesical obstruction. Furthermore the radiographic assessment of prostatic size, bladder trabeculation, bladder emptying, bladder stones and prostatic cancer was very uncertain. Thus intravenous pyelography in our opinion should not be performed as a routine procedure in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, but only on clinical suspicion of upper urinary tract pathology.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of intravenous pyelography in infravesical obstruction in males. Intravenous pyelographies from 104 consecutive patients admitted for infravesical obstruction were studied with special reference to pathology of the upper urinary tract and the bladder, the size of the prostate and the bladder emptying. The incidental findings in the upper urinary tract did not influence the treatment of the infravesical obstruction. Furthermore the radiographic assessment of prostatic size, bladder trabeculation, bladder emptying, bladder stones and prostatic cancer was very uncertain. Thus intravenous pyelography in our opinion should not be performed as a routine procedure in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, but only on clinical suspicion of upper urinary tract pathology.", "PMID": 74088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5257", "title": "Beta2-microglobulin excretion and autoimmune phenomena in endemic Balkan nephropathy.", "content": "Quantitative determinations of beta2-microglobulins were carried out in 335 urinary samples collected from 335 subjects living in villages with a high rate of morbidity and mortality from endemic Balkan nephropathy. Three months after the first determination of beta2-microglobulin excretion, blood and urine samples were obtained from 19 patients with high values and from 19 with normal values of beta2-microglobulins. The results of the biochemical and immunological investigations performed on these samples suggest that the tubular alteration is the first lesion. The autoimmune phenomena elicited by the tubular alteration may contribute, by an antigen-antibody complex disease mechanism, to the appearance of glomerular secondary lesions.", "contents": "Beta2-microglobulin excretion and autoimmune phenomena in endemic Balkan nephropathy. Quantitative determinations of beta2-microglobulins were carried out in 335 urinary samples collected from 335 subjects living in villages with a high rate of morbidity and mortality from endemic Balkan nephropathy. Three months after the first determination of beta2-microglobulin excretion, blood and urine samples were obtained from 19 patients with high values and from 19 with normal values of beta2-microglobulins. The results of the biochemical and immunological investigations performed on these samples suggest that the tubular alteration is the first lesion. The autoimmune phenomena elicited by the tubular alteration may contribute, by an antigen-antibody complex disease mechanism, to the appearance of glomerular secondary lesions.", "PMID": 74083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5258", "title": "Hyaline pleural plaques and asbestos bodies in 198 randomized autopsies.", "content": "In 198 randomized autopsies of adults, hyaline pleural plagues were found in 49 men and 17 women; bilateral in 47 cases, unilateral in 19. No correlation between previous pr present pulmonary disease and hyaline plaques was found. Asbestos bodies were found in nine men and five women; nine out of these 14 cases with asbestos bodies also had hyaline pleural plaques.", "contents": "Hyaline pleural plaques and asbestos bodies in 198 randomized autopsies. In 198 randomized autopsies of adults, hyaline pleural plagues were found in 49 men and 17 women; bilateral in 47 cases, unilateral in 19. No correlation between previous pr present pulmonary disease and hyaline plaques was found. Asbestos bodies were found in nine men and five women; nine out of these 14 cases with asbestos bodies also had hyaline pleural plaques.", "PMID": 74089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5259", "title": "Diagnostic significance of alpha1-fetoprotein, bile antigen VIII and Australia (HB) antigen in primary cancer of the liver.", "content": "The diagnostic significance of the presence of alpha1-fetoprotein in the serum of patients with primary hepatic tumors was investigated. The presence in the serum of bile antigen VIII correlated with the clinical state might suggests a cholangioma. Antigen HB(Australia) being seldom encountered in the hepatomas from our geographical area cannot be implicated in the process of viral oncogenesis.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of alpha1-fetoprotein, bile antigen VIII and Australia (HB) antigen in primary cancer of the liver. The diagnostic significance of the presence of alpha1-fetoprotein in the serum of patients with primary hepatic tumors was investigated. The presence in the serum of bile antigen VIII correlated with the clinical state might suggests a cholangioma. Antigen HB(Australia) being seldom encountered in the hepatomas from our geographical area cannot be implicated in the process of viral oncogenesis.", "PMID": 74084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5260", "title": "Longitudinal studies of immunological parameters in Farmer's lung.", "content": "A group of patients with serum precipitins against M. faeni culture filtrate antigens and with clinically proven farmer's lung disease was examined. A group of precipitin-negative farmers with comparable antigen exposure and with unrelated forms of pulmonary disease served as control. Immunoglobulins G and A were elevated at first consultation in the majority of the acute cases of farmer's lung. Immunological parameters normalized during corticosteroid medication and antigen avoidance. Autologous complement (C) consumption by M. Faeni antigens proved valuable for diagnostic purposes. Despite normalizing immunological factors and subsiding symptomatology, C-consuming antibody levels remained constant.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of immunological parameters in Farmer's lung. A group of patients with serum precipitins against M. faeni culture filtrate antigens and with clinically proven farmer's lung disease was examined. A group of precipitin-negative farmers with comparable antigen exposure and with unrelated forms of pulmonary disease served as control. Immunoglobulins G and A were elevated at first consultation in the majority of the acute cases of farmer's lung. Immunological parameters normalized during corticosteroid medication and antigen avoidance. Autologous complement (C) consumption by M. Faeni antigens proved valuable for diagnostic purposes. Despite normalizing immunological factors and subsiding symptomatology, C-consuming antibody levels remained constant.", "PMID": 74090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5261", "title": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. A six-year review and a comparison between the Delrin and the pyrolytic carbon disc models.", "content": "Replacement of the mitral valve with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis was performed in 203 consecutive patients with isolated mitral valvular disease at Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, during the 6-year period ending December 1975. Results with the Delrin and pyrolytic carbon disc prostheses were analysed with actuarial techniques and compared in terms of mortality rate, incidence of thrombo-embolism and frequency of re-operation. Early (4%) and late mortality rates (7.5 deaths per 100 patient years) were similar with both types of prostheses. No case of primary mechanical prosthetic failure was encountered. The pyrolytic carbon disc prostheses have obviously decreased the incidence of systemic emboli from 9.6 to 5.3 per 100 patient years and so far eliminated mortality due to embolization. This benefit is probably related to the increased opening angle from 50 degrees to 60 degrees in the pyrolytic carbon disc model, which causes less resistance to blood flow. Thrombotic obstruction of the prosthetic valve, however, has been a persistent problem in the order of 3.3 incidences per 100 patient years. Only one patient in twelve involved was referred to our clinic and could be saved by an emergency re-operation. The development of the ring-shaped radiopaque marker in the tilting disc occluder provides a valuable tool for instant diagnosis of partly or completely obstructed disc motion caused by thrombosis. Disc motion can be easily visualized by cineradiography or fluoroscopy. Early diagnosis of and emergency operation for thrombotic obstruction of the prosthesis will reduce the mortality due to this dangerous complication.", "contents": "Isolated mitral valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. A six-year review and a comparison between the Delrin and the pyrolytic carbon disc models. Replacement of the mitral valve with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis was performed in 203 consecutive patients with isolated mitral valvular disease at Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden, during the 6-year period ending December 1975. Results with the Delrin and pyrolytic carbon disc prostheses were analysed with actuarial techniques and compared in terms of mortality rate, incidence of thrombo-embolism and frequency of re-operation. Early (4%) and late mortality rates (7.5 deaths per 100 patient years) were similar with both types of prostheses. No case of primary mechanical prosthetic failure was encountered. The pyrolytic carbon disc prostheses have obviously decreased the incidence of systemic emboli from 9.6 to 5.3 per 100 patient years and so far eliminated mortality due to embolization. This benefit is probably related to the increased opening angle from 50 degrees to 60 degrees in the pyrolytic carbon disc model, which causes less resistance to blood flow. Thrombotic obstruction of the prosthetic valve, however, has been a persistent problem in the order of 3.3 incidences per 100 patient years. Only one patient in twelve involved was referred to our clinic and could be saved by an emergency re-operation. The development of the ring-shaped radiopaque marker in the tilting disc occluder provides a valuable tool for instant diagnosis of partly or completely obstructed disc motion caused by thrombosis. Disc motion can be easily visualized by cineradiography or fluoroscopy. Early diagnosis of and emergency operation for thrombotic obstruction of the prosthesis will reduce the mortality due to this dangerous complication.", "PMID": 74091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5262", "title": "Visualization of a guinea pig T lymphocyte surface component cross-reactive with immunoglobulin.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) show exquisite specificity in recognition of antigens, but the nature of the cell surface receptor is controversial. Although antigen recognition mediated by immunoglobulin variable (V) regions remains the minimal hypothesis, it has been extremely difficult to definitely establish the presence of immunoglobulins on these cells. Chicken antibodies, produced against the (Fab')2fragment of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and purified by binding to and elution from IgG-Sepharose 4B, bind to an endogenously synthesized surface component of guinea pig T cells. The binding occurred via a cross-reaction with murine k chain and a heavy chain determinant localized in the Fd region, and was visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy using both transmission and scanning techniques. These data provide direct evidence for the presence of a surface component related to immunoglobulin on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Visualization of a guinea pig T lymphocyte surface component cross-reactive with immunoglobulin. Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) show exquisite specificity in recognition of antigens, but the nature of the cell surface receptor is controversial. Although antigen recognition mediated by immunoglobulin variable (V) regions remains the minimal hypothesis, it has been extremely difficult to definitely establish the presence of immunoglobulins on these cells. Chicken antibodies, produced against the (Fab')2fragment of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and purified by binding to and elution from IgG-Sepharose 4B, bind to an endogenously synthesized surface component of guinea pig T cells. The binding occurred via a cross-reaction with murine k chain and a heavy chain determinant localized in the Fd region, and was visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy using both transmission and scanning techniques. These data provide direct evidence for the presence of a surface component related to immunoglobulin on T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 74094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5263", "title": "Severe adverse reactions to contrast media: a simplified means of recognition and treatment.", "content": "Severe adverse reactions to contrast media appear to fail into two major categories: (1) histamine response and (2) vagus response. Treatment of these major reacions is simiplied once the cause is recognized. Pulse rate is a simple means of determining which effect is being observed, and appropriate treatment can be instituted without undue delay.", "contents": "Severe adverse reactions to contrast media: a simplified means of recognition and treatment. Severe adverse reactions to contrast media appear to fail into two major categories: (1) histamine response and (2) vagus response. Treatment of these major reacions is simiplied once the cause is recognized. Pulse rate is a simple means of determining which effect is being observed, and appropriate treatment can be instituted without undue delay.", "PMID": 74097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5264", "title": "Colostomy and colostomy closure.", "content": "A series of 181 adult patients subjected to colostomy was studied, almost all of whom had disease rather than injury. The complication rate was 28 per cent. One hundred of these patients had a subsequent colostomy closure with a complication rate of 17 per cent. Of the patients who had both procedures, 35 (35 per cent) had one or more significant complications. The causes and prevention of these complications are described.", "contents": "Colostomy and colostomy closure. A series of 181 adult patients subjected to colostomy was studied, almost all of whom had disease rather than injury. The complication rate was 28 per cent. One hundred of these patients had a subsequent colostomy closure with a complication rate of 17 per cent. Of the patients who had both procedures, 35 (35 per cent) had one or more significant complications. The causes and prevention of these complications are described.", "PMID": 74099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5265", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein values in monkey (Macaca mulatta) pregnancy.", "content": "The pregnant rhesus monkey's (Macaca mulatta) potential as a model for understanding the dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) metabolism in human pregnancy was evaluated. AFP levels in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid were determined by radioimmunoassay. Significant correlations were found between decreasing maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid AFP concentrations and increasing gestational age. However, these data are not consistent with the AFP changes reported in human pregnancy. It appears that this animal has limited applicability as a model in this aspect of human pregnancy.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein values in monkey (Macaca mulatta) pregnancy. The pregnant rhesus monkey's (Macaca mulatta) potential as a model for understanding the dynamics of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) metabolism in human pregnancy was evaluated. AFP levels in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid were determined by radioimmunoassay. Significant correlations were found between decreasing maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid AFP concentrations and increasing gestational age. However, these data are not consistent with the AFP changes reported in human pregnancy. It appears that this animal has limited applicability as a model in this aspect of human pregnancy.", "PMID": 74101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5266", "title": "Studies on the neutralization of rabbit antibodies to human factor VIII.", "content": "The capacity of normal and haemophilic cryoprecipitates to neutralize the anticoagulant effect of rabbit antibodies to human factor VIII (anti-VIII) was assessed using a quantitative estimation of antibody. About 4 times as much anti-VIII could be neutralized by normal factor VIII as was required to neutralize clotting activity. This suggests that there are probably several antigenic sites intimately associated with factor VIII clotting activity, quite apart from any antigenic sites which may be detected using antibodies directed against other components of the factor VIII complex. The neutralizing capacity of factor VIII was only slightly greater for the rabbit antibodies employed in this study than has been previously reported for antibodies of human origin, thus indicating only minor differences in specificities. Additional evidence in support of this concept was the finding that cryoprecipitates prepared from haemophilic plasmas previously recognized as either lacking or possessing the capacity to neutralize antibodies of human origin neutralized least or most quantities of rabbit antibodies, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on the neutralization of rabbit antibodies to human factor VIII. The capacity of normal and haemophilic cryoprecipitates to neutralize the anticoagulant effect of rabbit antibodies to human factor VIII (anti-VIII) was assessed using a quantitative estimation of antibody. About 4 times as much anti-VIII could be neutralized by normal factor VIII as was required to neutralize clotting activity. This suggests that there are probably several antigenic sites intimately associated with factor VIII clotting activity, quite apart from any antigenic sites which may be detected using antibodies directed against other components of the factor VIII complex. The neutralizing capacity of factor VIII was only slightly greater for the rabbit antibodies employed in this study than has been previously reported for antibodies of human origin, thus indicating only minor differences in specificities. Additional evidence in support of this concept was the finding that cryoprecipitates prepared from haemophilic plasmas previously recognized as either lacking or possessing the capacity to neutralize antibodies of human origin neutralized least or most quantities of rabbit antibodies, respectively.", "PMID": 74103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5267", "title": "Primary liver cell carcinoma (PLCC) in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.", "content": "There is a high prevalence of primary liver cell carcinoma in the Guinea Savanna country of Nigeria, one of the highest frequencies in the world. The highest frequency of the tumour was among males aged 20 to 49 years. The clinical and laboratory findings are similar to those found in other series in Africa. Alpha1-foeto-protein occurred in 85% of cases while HBsAg was noted in 49% of cases.", "contents": "Primary liver cell carcinoma (PLCC) in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. There is a high prevalence of primary liver cell carcinoma in the Guinea Savanna country of Nigeria, one of the highest frequencies in the world. The highest frequency of the tumour was among males aged 20 to 49 years. The clinical and laboratory findings are similar to those found in other series in Africa. Alpha1-foeto-protein occurred in 85% of cases while HBsAg was noted in 49% of cases.", "PMID": 74110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5268", "title": "Epilepsy epidemic due to benzahexachlorine.", "content": "A report of eight cases with grand mal seizures secondary to accidental ingestion/exposure to benzahexachlorine has been presented. Persistant neurological signs and biochemical tests have been described. Seizures affected even the domestic animals like cows and buffaloes. Discussion of various clinical syndromes, treatment of organochlorine pesticide and their persistence in human body for years after removal from source of exposure is emphasized. Preventive measures are recommended. the authors are not aware of any similar reports from this part of the country.", "contents": "Epilepsy epidemic due to benzahexachlorine. A report of eight cases with grand mal seizures secondary to accidental ingestion/exposure to benzahexachlorine has been presented. Persistant neurological signs and biochemical tests have been described. Seizures affected even the domestic animals like cows and buffaloes. Discussion of various clinical syndromes, treatment of organochlorine pesticide and their persistence in human body for years after removal from source of exposure is emphasized. Preventive measures are recommended. the authors are not aware of any similar reports from this part of the country.", "PMID": 74114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5269", "title": "Effect of hydroxyethyl starch on platelet function following granulocyte collection using the continuous flow cell separator.", "content": "Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used as sedimenting agent in the course of granulocyte collection on seventeen normal donors, using the continuous flow cell separator (CFCS). No clinical bleeding was noted in any of the donors. In spite of a 21 per cent mean reduction in postcollection platelet count, all donors had platelet counts within normal limits precollection and postcollection. Postcollection platelet adhesiveness increased in five donors, remained the same in one donor and declined in ten donors. Except in one donor there was no change in previously normal platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate or collagen. In the dose used, 500 ml, the infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch as an adjunct to granulocyte separation using the continuous flow cell separator does not appear to adversely affect platelet number and function.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxyethyl starch on platelet function following granulocyte collection using the continuous flow cell separator. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used as sedimenting agent in the course of granulocyte collection on seventeen normal donors, using the continuous flow cell separator (CFCS). No clinical bleeding was noted in any of the donors. In spite of a 21 per cent mean reduction in postcollection platelet count, all donors had platelet counts within normal limits precollection and postcollection. Postcollection platelet adhesiveness increased in five donors, remained the same in one donor and declined in ten donors. Except in one donor there was no change in previously normal platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate or collagen. In the dose used, 500 ml, the infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch as an adjunct to granulocyte separation using the continuous flow cell separator does not appear to adversely affect platelet number and function.", "PMID": 74111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5270", "title": "Fetal cell counting as an evaluation of Rh prophylaxis with antenatally administered anti-Rh O (D) gama globulin.", "content": "Fetal cell counts were performed on pregnant women at 34 weeks' gestation following an injection of Anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin at 28 weeks' gestation. In cases where the fetus subsequently proved to be Rh O (D) positive and ABO compatible, the fetal cell detection rate and the mean number detected detected were considerably less than those where the fetus was Rh negative. Postpartum fetal cell counts after one and two antenatal anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin injections were also less when the baby was Rh positive than when the baby was Rh negative. These findings provide evidence that antigen clearance is definitely part of the mechanism involved in Rh prophylaxis by the use of anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin.", "contents": "Fetal cell counting as an evaluation of Rh prophylaxis with antenatally administered anti-Rh O (D) gama globulin. Fetal cell counts were performed on pregnant women at 34 weeks' gestation following an injection of Anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin at 28 weeks' gestation. In cases where the fetus subsequently proved to be Rh O (D) positive and ABO compatible, the fetal cell detection rate and the mean number detected detected were considerably less than those where the fetus was Rh negative. Postpartum fetal cell counts after one and two antenatal anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin injections were also less when the baby was Rh positive than when the baby was Rh negative. These findings provide evidence that antigen clearance is definitely part of the mechanism involved in Rh prophylaxis by the use of anti-Rh O (D) gamma globulin.", "PMID": 74112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5271", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of human prostatic acinar cells.", "content": "Benign hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostate tissue samples were obtained by needle biopsy, transurethral resection or open prostatectomy. Acinar cells of both types of tissues were examined in the scanning electron microscope. It had been reported previously that adenocarcinoma acinar cells were more heterogeneous in size and shape than BPH acinar cells; the purpose of this study was to determine if there were surface morphology differences between the two types of tissues. Acinar cells were found to be extremely heterogeneous in their surface morphologies; three major types of surface morphologies were present - microvillous, ruffled, and bare. Within each class of surface morphology there was heterogeneity, both in size and density, of surface structures present. Microvillous, ruffled, and bare cells appeared to be present in normal, BPH, and neoplastic acini with no significant qualitative or quantitative differences in surface morphologies. Infrequently, it was possible to distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated carcinomas because cells of the latter tissues were present in sheets rather than acini and appeared flat and totally devoid of surface detail. The SEM studies also sought to determine a marker to establish the origin of prostate tissue culture cells as normal, BPH or cancerous. Surface morphologies from tissues could be traced into the tissue cultures; again, three types of cells are present - bare, microvillous, and ruffled. However, since surface morphology does not appear to be a distinguishin feature of the pathology of the tissue it cannot provide a distinguishing marker for the origin of tissue culture cells. Scanning electron microscopy also provided an opportunity to observe possible secretory mechanisms and products in the prostate acinar cells.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of human prostatic acinar cells. Benign hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostate tissue samples were obtained by needle biopsy, transurethral resection or open prostatectomy. Acinar cells of both types of tissues were examined in the scanning electron microscope. It had been reported previously that adenocarcinoma acinar cells were more heterogeneous in size and shape than BPH acinar cells; the purpose of this study was to determine if there were surface morphology differences between the two types of tissues. Acinar cells were found to be extremely heterogeneous in their surface morphologies; three major types of surface morphologies were present - microvillous, ruffled, and bare. Within each class of surface morphology there was heterogeneity, both in size and density, of surface structures present. Microvillous, ruffled, and bare cells appeared to be present in normal, BPH, and neoplastic acini with no significant qualitative or quantitative differences in surface morphologies. Infrequently, it was possible to distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated carcinomas because cells of the latter tissues were present in sheets rather than acini and appeared flat and totally devoid of surface detail. The SEM studies also sought to determine a marker to establish the origin of prostate tissue culture cells as normal, BPH or cancerous. Surface morphologies from tissues could be traced into the tissue cultures; again, three types of cells are present - bare, microvillous, and ruffled. However, since surface morphology does not appear to be a distinguishin feature of the pathology of the tissue it cannot provide a distinguishing marker for the origin of tissue culture cells. Scanning electron microscopy also provided an opportunity to observe possible secretory mechanisms and products in the prostate acinar cells.", "PMID": 74116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5272", "title": "In vitro culture of human prostatic tissue.", "content": "A procedure is described which yields a significant percentage of long-term mixed cell cultures of human prostatic tissue. Attempts were made to suppress the proliferation of stromal fibroblasts and to characterize the cultured cells as those of prostatic origin. The problems associated with establishing epithelial cell lines are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro culture of human prostatic tissue. A procedure is described which yields a significant percentage of long-term mixed cell cultures of human prostatic tissue. Attempts were made to suppress the proliferation of stromal fibroblasts and to characterize the cultured cells as those of prostatic origin. The problems associated with establishing epithelial cell lines are discussed.", "PMID": 74117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5273", "title": "[Blood proteins of calves and their 1st-calver mothers during the early post-natal period].", "content": "The calves of the Red Spotted breed and their first-calver mothers were subject to the study of total proteinemia and of the changes in protein fractions before parturition and in a ten-day period of post-partal development. The relations between these parameters were also studied. Calves up to the 10th day of life show a rise in total proteinemia whereas cows show insignificant changes. The level of albumins in calves exhibits a slight fluctuation, whereas in mothers it increased before parturition, followed by a drop which lasted until the end of the test period. alpha-globulins show a decreasing tendency in calves from the fourth day of age and have higher values than in cows. beta-globulins in cow blood serum before parturition increase. The level of gamma-globulins in calves rises until the end of the first week of life. A linear correlation dependence was found between the values of beta-globulins in cows and calves in the first two post-partal days and between the value of beta-globulin level of mothers prior to parturition and of calves at birth. In gamma-globulins the correlation dependence is always significant, starting the first day after birth.", "contents": "[Blood proteins of calves and their 1st-calver mothers during the early post-natal period]. The calves of the Red Spotted breed and their first-calver mothers were subject to the study of total proteinemia and of the changes in protein fractions before parturition and in a ten-day period of post-partal development. The relations between these parameters were also studied. Calves up to the 10th day of life show a rise in total proteinemia whereas cows show insignificant changes. The level of albumins in calves exhibits a slight fluctuation, whereas in mothers it increased before parturition, followed by a drop which lasted until the end of the test period. alpha-globulins show a decreasing tendency in calves from the fourth day of age and have higher values than in cows. beta-globulins in cow blood serum before parturition increase. The level of gamma-globulins in calves rises until the end of the first week of life. A linear correlation dependence was found between the values of beta-globulins in cows and calves in the first two post-partal days and between the value of beta-globulin level of mothers prior to parturition and of calves at birth. In gamma-globulins the correlation dependence is always significant, starting the first day after birth.", "PMID": 74118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5274", "title": "[Gentamycin binding with blood proteins].", "content": "An 'in vitro' microbiologic method was employed to follow up the activity of gentamycin diluted in bovine and swine sera and bound to proteins isolated from them, in the course of continuous storing. It was found that the protein solutions of gentamycin retain their activity for one year under refrigerator conditions (4 degrees C), whereas with the freeze-drying of these solutions storage could be effected at room temperature. It was established through the method of balanced dialysis that gentamycin binds with the proteins of swine sera, and to a largest extent with native serum (30 per cent) and to a lower one--with globulins (15--16.2 per cent). The protein complexes of gentamycin proved entirely reversible and the process of binding was shown to have no influence on the minimal bacteriostatic concentration of the antibiotic with regard to Bacillus mycoides HB2.", "contents": "[Gentamycin binding with blood proteins]. An 'in vitro' microbiologic method was employed to follow up the activity of gentamycin diluted in bovine and swine sera and bound to proteins isolated from them, in the course of continuous storing. It was found that the protein solutions of gentamycin retain their activity for one year under refrigerator conditions (4 degrees C), whereas with the freeze-drying of these solutions storage could be effected at room temperature. It was established through the method of balanced dialysis that gentamycin binds with the proteins of swine sera, and to a largest extent with native serum (30 per cent) and to a lower one--with globulins (15--16.2 per cent). The protein complexes of gentamycin proved entirely reversible and the process of binding was shown to have no influence on the minimal bacteriostatic concentration of the antibiotic with regard to Bacillus mycoides HB2.", "PMID": 74119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5275", "title": "[Serum proteins of cows suffering from nymphomania].", "content": "Investigated were a total of 25 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed manifesting the classical symptoms of nymphomania, along with other 25 normal cows as control animals. It was found that the total protein in the blood serum increased, coupled with a drop in the albumin fraction and a statistically significant rise of the gamma-globulin fraction. Suggested was the use of the coefficient albumin: gamma-globulin instead of the coefficient albumin:gloubulin. The new coefficient was shown to be more suitable and indicative of nymphomania. In cows with nymphomania the value of this coefficient was below 0.95.", "contents": "[Serum proteins of cows suffering from nymphomania]. Investigated were a total of 25 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed manifesting the classical symptoms of nymphomania, along with other 25 normal cows as control animals. It was found that the total protein in the blood serum increased, coupled with a drop in the albumin fraction and a statistically significant rise of the gamma-globulin fraction. Suggested was the use of the coefficient albumin: gamma-globulin instead of the coefficient albumin:gloubulin. The new coefficient was shown to be more suitable and indicative of nymphomania. In cows with nymphomania the value of this coefficient was below 0.95.", "PMID": 74120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5276", "title": "[Possibilities for the clinical use of 5-azacytidine].", "content": "The authors report the structure and mechanism of 5-azacytidine action. This drug was first synthesized in the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Prague) and used experimentally for leukemia L1210 and leukemic AKR mice and clinically for treatment of acute leukemia in children, in particular.", "contents": "[Possibilities for the clinical use of 5-azacytidine]. The authors report the structure and mechanism of 5-azacytidine action. This drug was first synthesized in the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Prague) and used experimentally for leukemia L1210 and leukemic AKR mice and clinically for treatment of acute leukemia in children, in particular.", "PMID": 74127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5277", "title": "[Cross-reacting epithelial antigen of ectodermal origin in mouse tumors].", "content": "Cross-reacting antigen (CR-antigen) previously found by indirect immunofluorescence in cell elements of murine multilayer epithelial cells (except corneal epithelium) to play the role of antigenic label of cover epithelia of ectodermal origin was found in mice tumor cells, related histogenetically with multilayer epithelium (transplantable proventricular cancer, two strains of squamous-cell cervical cancer in mice). CR-antigen was observed in transplantable breast adenocarcinoma and in transplantable mice teratocarcinoma.", "contents": "[Cross-reacting epithelial antigen of ectodermal origin in mouse tumors]. Cross-reacting antigen (CR-antigen) previously found by indirect immunofluorescence in cell elements of murine multilayer epithelial cells (except corneal epithelium) to play the role of antigenic label of cover epithelia of ectodermal origin was found in mice tumor cells, related histogenetically with multilayer epithelium (transplantable proventricular cancer, two strains of squamous-cell cervical cancer in mice). CR-antigen was observed in transplantable breast adenocarcinoma and in transplantable mice teratocarcinoma.", "PMID": 74128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5278", "title": "[Further study of spontaneous virus production using transplantable HEp-2 cells as a model].", "content": "Two maxima of optic density were observed at zones of gravity 1.27 g/ml and 1.15-1.16 g/ml by sedimentation equilibrium in sucrose gradient of cultural fluid, obtained from the transplantable cells of the HEP-2 strain and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. These fractions thus isolated were tested for presence of RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. The structures with the density of 1.15-1.16 g/ml were identified with the oncornaviruses on the basis of characteristics flotating density, presence of RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. Analyses of products of RNA- and DNA-dependent polymerases reaction, flotating density of oncornaviral nucleotides in sucrose and CsCl gradients are presented. The optimal conditions for reverse-transcriptase reaction of virions of D type viruses are characterized.", "contents": "[Further study of spontaneous virus production using transplantable HEp-2 cells as a model]. Two maxima of optic density were observed at zones of gravity 1.27 g/ml and 1.15-1.16 g/ml by sedimentation equilibrium in sucrose gradient of cultural fluid, obtained from the transplantable cells of the HEP-2 strain and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. These fractions thus isolated were tested for presence of RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. The structures with the density of 1.15-1.16 g/ml were identified with the oncornaviruses on the basis of characteristics flotating density, presence of RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. Analyses of products of RNA- and DNA-dependent polymerases reaction, flotating density of oncornaviral nucleotides in sucrose and CsCl gradients are presented. The optimal conditions for reverse-transcriptase reaction of virions of D type viruses are characterized.", "PMID": 74126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5279", "title": "[Immune defect diseases in childhood].", "content": "The immune reactions of man may be subdivided into two main types, the antibody-bound and the cell-bound immunity. The effect of these two systems is realised by two different lymphocyte populations: T- and B-cells, which may show isolated or combined congenital defects and are known as primary immune defects. Antibody deficiency diseases are the by far most frequent congenital diseases. Concerning the frequency the combined and cellular immune defects follow. At present the diagnostic possibilities are already largely developed. Immune defect diseases have much contributed to the understanding of the normal immune reactions. Though these diseases also nowadays still have an extremely bad prognosis, there exists already for some forms a therapy in form of the transplantation of bone marrow, which is able to restore the defect immune system.", "contents": "[Immune defect diseases in childhood]. The immune reactions of man may be subdivided into two main types, the antibody-bound and the cell-bound immunity. The effect of these two systems is realised by two different lymphocyte populations: T- and B-cells, which may show isolated or combined congenital defects and are known as primary immune defects. Antibody deficiency diseases are the by far most frequent congenital diseases. Concerning the frequency the combined and cellular immune defects follow. At present the diagnostic possibilities are already largely developed. Immune defect diseases have much contributed to the understanding of the normal immune reactions. Though these diseases also nowadays still have an extremely bad prognosis, there exists already for some forms a therapy in form of the transplantation of bone marrow, which is able to restore the defect immune system.", "PMID": 74137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5280", "title": "[Immune complexes and their pathogenetic significance].", "content": "The specific binding of antigens by antibodies leads to the development of antigen-antibody-complexes. Apart from the connected with this and desirable immunological protection immune complexes, however, may also have an pathogenic effect on certain conditions (e. g. transmission of the capacity of phagocytosis), depositing themselves in the vascular regions concerned, activating complement and after binding to cell membranes causing the release of unspecific mediators. Finally these lead through increased vascular permeability, local ischaemia and hyperaemia, respectively, and the release of proteolytic enzymes to a lesion of the tissues. In a series of in most cases chronic inflammatory diseases depositions of immune complexes may be proved in the tissues concerned. However, it is difficult to establish exactly in the individual case, whether they considerably participated in the development of the clinical picture. By analogies to experimentally produced immune complex diseases at least some entities of diseases (e. g. lupus erythematodes disseminatus) or defined local alterations of the tissues (e. g. glomerulonephritis of immune complex type) may be defined pathogenetically.", "contents": "[Immune complexes and their pathogenetic significance]. The specific binding of antigens by antibodies leads to the development of antigen-antibody-complexes. Apart from the connected with this and desirable immunological protection immune complexes, however, may also have an pathogenic effect on certain conditions (e. g. transmission of the capacity of phagocytosis), depositing themselves in the vascular regions concerned, activating complement and after binding to cell membranes causing the release of unspecific mediators. Finally these lead through increased vascular permeability, local ischaemia and hyperaemia, respectively, and the release of proteolytic enzymes to a lesion of the tissues. In a series of in most cases chronic inflammatory diseases depositions of immune complexes may be proved in the tissues concerned. However, it is difficult to establish exactly in the individual case, whether they considerably participated in the development of the clinical picture. By analogies to experimentally produced immune complex diseases at least some entities of diseases (e. g. lupus erythematodes disseminatus) or defined local alterations of the tissues (e. g. glomerulonephritis of immune complex type) may be defined pathogenetically.", "PMID": 74138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5281", "title": "The possible role of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and other carcinofetal antigens in maligant and benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "In the present review we have discussed antigens, principally the CEA, which have their well defined place in the clinical management of the (malignant) diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Though the immunological diagnosis of neoplasia is one of the research areas where the most effort and hopes are invested, it is also there, that the carcinofoetal antigens have the least usefullness at the moment. However, studies like those undertaken by Edgington and Plow are probably pointing out if not proving, that even relatively simple procedures like further purification of the antigen can improve its tumor specificity and consequently its diagnostical value (1975). Following their results the final verdict is not spoken yet as to whether CEA (or any other CFA) will even be more than an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of malignant tumors specially those of the G.I. tract. The 0.6% of \"false\" positives these authors have obtained in their series with their highly purified CEA-S (against the 30% usually seen with classical CEA preparations) are provocative: one will have to discuss the question, on which grounds the decision \"false positive\" has been reached and whether these cases are not simply \"clinically silent\", hence true positive observations. The problem then would be shifted away from the CEA test (or any other CFA test) toward the improvement of all the other conventionally employed diagnostical measurements, which should allow the early confirmation--and localization--of a beginning neoplasia, which has been screened out by an immunological test. Until this is not warranted, the CEA test has its definite place and vocation at the present time in the follow-up of the treated cancer patient, whatever therapy he has received.", "contents": "The possible role of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and other carcinofetal antigens in maligant and benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present review we have discussed antigens, principally the CEA, which have their well defined place in the clinical management of the (malignant) diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Though the immunological diagnosis of neoplasia is one of the research areas where the most effort and hopes are invested, it is also there, that the carcinofoetal antigens have the least usefullness at the moment. However, studies like those undertaken by Edgington and Plow are probably pointing out if not proving, that even relatively simple procedures like further purification of the antigen can improve its tumor specificity and consequently its diagnostical value (1975). Following their results the final verdict is not spoken yet as to whether CEA (or any other CFA) will even be more than an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of malignant tumors specially those of the G.I. tract. The 0.6% of \"false\" positives these authors have obtained in their series with their highly purified CEA-S (against the 30% usually seen with classical CEA preparations) are provocative: one will have to discuss the question, on which grounds the decision \"false positive\" has been reached and whether these cases are not simply \"clinically silent\", hence true positive observations. The problem then would be shifted away from the CEA test (or any other CFA test) toward the improvement of all the other conventionally employed diagnostical measurements, which should allow the early confirmation--and localization--of a beginning neoplasia, which has been screened out by an immunological test. Until this is not warranted, the CEA test has its definite place and vocation at the present time in the follow-up of the treated cancer patient, whatever therapy he has received.", "PMID": 74140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5282", "title": "Intravenous chemotherapy with syndronization in advanced cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of oral cavity and oropharynx were treated with chemotherapy, intravenously applied, in addition to radiation and/or surgery. An attempt was made to synchronize the tumor cell population by application of low doses of Vinblastine and the subsequent chemotherapy was based on the uptake of 99m-Tc --labelled Bleomycin in the tumor as an indication of synchronization. Increased number of mitoses in aspiration biopsy specimens and shift in the DNA distribution pattern on DNA histograms were taken as indicative of synchronization. A 50--100% regression of the tumor was achieved in 19 out of 38 patients with residual or recurrent tumors. The results were better in those patients, who received chemotherapy based on individual Tc-Bleomycin uptake curves. In 23 patients with previously untreated T3 tumors of oral cavity and oropharynx the results were somewhat better, but there was not statistically significant improvement on attempts with synchronization in this small series. There were no serious complications connected with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Intravenous chemotherapy with syndronization in advanced cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx. Sixty-one patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of oral cavity and oropharynx were treated with chemotherapy, intravenously applied, in addition to radiation and/or surgery. An attempt was made to synchronize the tumor cell population by application of low doses of Vinblastine and the subsequent chemotherapy was based on the uptake of 99m-Tc --labelled Bleomycin in the tumor as an indication of synchronization. Increased number of mitoses in aspiration biopsy specimens and shift in the DNA distribution pattern on DNA histograms were taken as indicative of synchronization. A 50--100% regression of the tumor was achieved in 19 out of 38 patients with residual or recurrent tumors. The results were better in those patients, who received chemotherapy based on individual Tc-Bleomycin uptake curves. In 23 patients with previously untreated T3 tumors of oral cavity and oropharynx the results were somewhat better, but there was not statistically significant improvement on attempts with synchronization in this small series. There were no serious complications connected with chemotherapy.", "PMID": 74141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5283", "title": "Analysis of an antistaphylococcal serum alpha globulin.", "content": "Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that normal human serum contains an alpha globulin possessing lethal and antirespiratory action for staphylococci. In this study further description of the antistaphylococcal macromolecule is presented. The antistaphylococcal protein was shown to be homogeneous by both isoelectric focusing in sucrose density gradients and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. An analysis of the chemical composition of the antistaphylococcal serum protein indicated the alpha globulin to be a glycoprotein composed of 22.5% carbohydrate and 77.2% protein as determined by amino acid analysis. The total carbohydrates included 11.08% protein-bound hexoses. 0.86% hexosamines, 4.3% sialic acid and 6.3% fucose. The mean isoelectric point, determined by isoelectric focusing in the range pH 3-6, was 4.73. Molecular weight studies on Sephadex G-200 dextran gel columns calibrated with proteins and glycoproteins indicated the molecular weight of the antistaphylococcal macromolecule to be 55,000-74,000 daltons respectively. SDS-gel electrophoresis indicated the molecular weight of antistaphylococcal serum protein was 62,000. Thus the antistaphylococcal alpha globulin does not appear to be related to other known serum bactericidins.", "contents": "Analysis of an antistaphylococcal serum alpha globulin. Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that normal human serum contains an alpha globulin possessing lethal and antirespiratory action for staphylococci. In this study further description of the antistaphylococcal macromolecule is presented. The antistaphylococcal protein was shown to be homogeneous by both isoelectric focusing in sucrose density gradients and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. An analysis of the chemical composition of the antistaphylococcal serum protein indicated the alpha globulin to be a glycoprotein composed of 22.5% carbohydrate and 77.2% protein as determined by amino acid analysis. The total carbohydrates included 11.08% protein-bound hexoses. 0.86% hexosamines, 4.3% sialic acid and 6.3% fucose. The mean isoelectric point, determined by isoelectric focusing in the range pH 3-6, was 4.73. Molecular weight studies on Sephadex G-200 dextran gel columns calibrated with proteins and glycoproteins indicated the molecular weight of the antistaphylococcal macromolecule to be 55,000-74,000 daltons respectively. SDS-gel electrophoresis indicated the molecular weight of antistaphylococcal serum protein was 62,000. Thus the antistaphylococcal alpha globulin does not appear to be related to other known serum bactericidins.", "PMID": 74143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5284", "title": "[Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatics and metabolities as possible components of emissions (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last five years investigations of environmental samples by high resolution-low voltage mass spectrometry succeeded in better separations of aromatic compounds than with any other method before. In light fuel oil, in dusts from a highway and from towns and in the emissions of an oiloven for households namely at least 200 and up to 500 cyclic and polycyclic aromatic types of compounds of different molecular formulas were detected. From these many types of compounds contained oxygen and some sulfur. In the present study the question is discussed which known carcinogens can be among this abundance of types of compounds. For this purpose at first the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatics with formulas CnH2n+Z, CnH2n+ZO, CnH2n+ZO2 and CnH2n+ZS and the metabolites containing oxygen are listed according to the characteristic of the mass spectrometric method. Pure hydrocarbons there are 62 and sulfur containing 2 carcinogenic compounds with all together 29 different molecular formulas. In the following some comments are made on the methods of analyzing polycyclics. Judged by molecular formulas all samples mentioned can include the CnH2+Z- and the Cn H2n+ZS-carcinogens almost completely. Beyond that in the emissions of the oiloven the occurrence of all carcinogens containing oxygen is possible. Besides these emissions contain aromatics which have the same molecular formulas and perhaps the same structures as for metabolites of carcinogenic polycyclics have been determined up to now. Among these probably are also epoxides considered as proximate metabolites.", "contents": "[Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatics and metabolities as possible components of emissions (author's transl)]. In the last five years investigations of environmental samples by high resolution-low voltage mass spectrometry succeeded in better separations of aromatic compounds than with any other method before. In light fuel oil, in dusts from a highway and from towns and in the emissions of an oiloven for households namely at least 200 and up to 500 cyclic and polycyclic aromatic types of compounds of different molecular formulas were detected. From these many types of compounds contained oxygen and some sulfur. In the present study the question is discussed which known carcinogens can be among this abundance of types of compounds. For this purpose at first the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatics with formulas CnH2n+Z, CnH2n+ZO, CnH2n+ZO2 and CnH2n+ZS and the metabolites containing oxygen are listed according to the characteristic of the mass spectrometric method. Pure hydrocarbons there are 62 and sulfur containing 2 carcinogenic compounds with all together 29 different molecular formulas. In the following some comments are made on the methods of analyzing polycyclics. Judged by molecular formulas all samples mentioned can include the CnH2+Z- and the Cn H2n+ZS-carcinogens almost completely. Beyond that in the emissions of the oiloven the occurrence of all carcinogens containing oxygen is possible. Besides these emissions contain aromatics which have the same molecular formulas and perhaps the same structures as for metabolites of carcinogenic polycyclics have been determined up to now. Among these probably are also epoxides considered as proximate metabolites.", "PMID": 74145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5285", "title": "[Regional chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors with endolumbar methotrexate injection].", "content": "Chemotherapy with endolumbar methotrexate injection was carried out on 52 patients suffering from malignant cerebral tumors. Of the patients, 44 had previously undergone an operation with subtotal removal of the neoplasm. The dosage and method for administering the methotrexate injection, and the duration of treatment have been determined. Chemotherapy with methotrexate results in a decrease in the size of the neoplasm which can be recorded by means of instrumental methods of examination. The pathomorphological analysis indicates a distinctly destructive effect of the preparation on malignant cerebral tumors.", "contents": "[Regional chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors with endolumbar methotrexate injection]. Chemotherapy with endolumbar methotrexate injection was carried out on 52 patients suffering from malignant cerebral tumors. Of the patients, 44 had previously undergone an operation with subtotal removal of the neoplasm. The dosage and method for administering the methotrexate injection, and the duration of treatment have been determined. Chemotherapy with methotrexate results in a decrease in the size of the neoplasm which can be recorded by means of instrumental methods of examination. The pathomorphological analysis indicates a distinctly destructive effect of the preparation on malignant cerebral tumors.", "PMID": 74147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5286", "title": "[Membrane antigens of the agents of glanders and melioidosis].", "content": "Double immunodiffusion in gel test was used to determine the antigenic composition of the preparations of membranes isolated from the lysozyme spheroplasts of glanders (strain No. 10230) and melioidosis (strain No. C-141) causative agents. The membranes of these microbes proved to contain antigens of cell walls, lipopolysaccharides and the thermolabile membrane antigen proper. A study of antimembrane sera in the agglutination and immunofluorescence tests demonstrated a heterogeneity of the glanders and melioidosis strains under study by the membrane thermolabile antigen.", "contents": "[Membrane antigens of the agents of glanders and melioidosis]. Double immunodiffusion in gel test was used to determine the antigenic composition of the preparations of membranes isolated from the lysozyme spheroplasts of glanders (strain No. 10230) and melioidosis (strain No. C-141) causative agents. The membranes of these microbes proved to contain antigens of cell walls, lipopolysaccharides and the thermolabile membrane antigen proper. A study of antimembrane sera in the agglutination and immunofluorescence tests demonstrated a heterogeneity of the glanders and melioidosis strains under study by the membrane thermolabile antigen.", "PMID": 74149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5287", "title": "[Study of the effect of the sera of patients with rheumatism on the blast transformation in the mixed lymphocyte culture].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of the blood sera of 23 patients suffering from rheumatism on blast-transformation of lymphocytes obtained from healthy persons, in mixed cultures: 4 sera stimulated it, 5--depressed, and 14 produced no effect. Among patients whose sera depressed the blast-transformation persons with a more severe cardiovascular insufficiency prevailed. The content of IgG, IgM and alpha2-globulins in these sera was greater.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of the sera of patients with rheumatism on the blast transformation in the mixed lymphocyte culture]. The authors studied the influence of the blood sera of 23 patients suffering from rheumatism on blast-transformation of lymphocytes obtained from healthy persons, in mixed cultures: 4 sera stimulated it, 5--depressed, and 14 produced no effect. Among patients whose sera depressed the blast-transformation persons with a more severe cardiovascular insufficiency prevailed. The content of IgG, IgM and alpha2-globulins in these sera was greater.", "PMID": 74151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5288", "title": "[Antigenic determinants of blood serum proteins detected in the structure of hepatitis B surface antigen by the method of affinity chromatography].", "content": "Tropism of the antigen of hepatitis B to the antibodies against normal serum proteins was revealed by the method of affine chromatography; this pointed to the possibility of the presence in the HBs-antigen structure of some antigenic determinants of the serum proteins or to the association of serum proteins with the HBs-antigen. A change of the isoelectric spectrum of the HBs-antigen and its tropism in affine chromatography to the antibodies against serum proteins possibly depended both on the nonhomogeneity of the antigenic determinants included into the composition of the antigen, and on the presence of the HBs-antigen--HBs-antibody or HBs-antigen--serum proteins complexes.", "contents": "[Antigenic determinants of blood serum proteins detected in the structure of hepatitis B surface antigen by the method of affinity chromatography]. Tropism of the antigen of hepatitis B to the antibodies against normal serum proteins was revealed by the method of affine chromatography; this pointed to the possibility of the presence in the HBs-antigen structure of some antigenic determinants of the serum proteins or to the association of serum proteins with the HBs-antigen. A change of the isoelectric spectrum of the HBs-antigen and its tropism in affine chromatography to the antibodies against serum proteins possibly depended both on the nonhomogeneity of the antigenic determinants included into the composition of the antigen, and on the presence of the HBs-antigen--HBs-antibody or HBs-antigen--serum proteins complexes.", "PMID": 74152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5289", "title": "[Cellular and humoral indicators of antibody formation in rats with liver lesions caused by the antihepatocytotoxic serum].", "content": "As revealed, antihepatocitotoxic serum caused a sharp suppression of antibody genesis in rats at the early period (the 3rd day) after its 5 administrations; this was indicated by a marked reduction of the antibody-forming cell count in the spleen and reduction of the circulating antibody titres (hemolysins and hemagglutinins). Along with this, antibody formation was stimulated in the liver in the course of the whole month of study. By the end of the month suppression of antibody formation was replaced by its stimulation.", "contents": "[Cellular and humoral indicators of antibody formation in rats with liver lesions caused by the antihepatocytotoxic serum]. As revealed, antihepatocitotoxic serum caused a sharp suppression of antibody genesis in rats at the early period (the 3rd day) after its 5 administrations; this was indicated by a marked reduction of the antibody-forming cell count in the spleen and reduction of the circulating antibody titres (hemolysins and hemagglutinins). Along with this, antibody formation was stimulated in the liver in the course of the whole month of study. By the end of the month suppression of antibody formation was replaced by its stimulation.", "PMID": 74153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5290", "title": "The efficacy of intravenous mexiletine on ventricular ectopic activity.", "content": "Twelve patients with severe ventricular dysrhythmias were treated by one single dose of 250 mg of mexiletine injected intravenously over a 15 min. period. All patients showed some antiarrhythmic response. In 9 cases, the ventricular premature beats were totally or almost totally abolished up to 20 to 100 min. after the end of the infection. In most patients (5/7), there existed a correlation between the plasma concentration of the drug and the antiarrhymic action. However, the drug levels were not different in the good responders as compared to the poor responders or in those who manifested a prolonged antiarrhythmic activity as compared to the others. Side-effect appeared in three cases and consisted of vomiting, tremor, and episodes of sinus arrest.", "contents": "The efficacy of intravenous mexiletine on ventricular ectopic activity. Twelve patients with severe ventricular dysrhythmias were treated by one single dose of 250 mg of mexiletine injected intravenously over a 15 min. period. All patients showed some antiarrhythmic response. In 9 cases, the ventricular premature beats were totally or almost totally abolished up to 20 to 100 min. after the end of the infection. In most patients (5/7), there existed a correlation between the plasma concentration of the drug and the antiarrhymic action. However, the drug levels were not different in the good responders as compared to the poor responders or in those who manifested a prolonged antiarrhythmic activity as compared to the others. Side-effect appeared in three cases and consisted of vomiting, tremor, and episodes of sinus arrest.", "PMID": 74154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5291", "title": "Electron microscopic cytochemistry for demonstration of sodium fluoride sensitive adenyl cyclase in normal human epidermis.", "content": "Adenyl cyclase activity in normal human epidermis was detected by an electron microscopic cytochemical technique. The sodium fluoride sensitive receptors were demonstrated on the outer sheath of the cell membranes. Adenyl cyclase activity was demonstrated in the basal cells and in the 4-5 lower layers of the Malpighian cells, while the superficial layers, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum showed no activity. The findings confirm and extend previous biochemical studies and provide a clue to the conception of the adenyl cyclase enzyme as a transmembrane arranged system.", "contents": "Electron microscopic cytochemistry for demonstration of sodium fluoride sensitive adenyl cyclase in normal human epidermis. Adenyl cyclase activity in normal human epidermis was detected by an electron microscopic cytochemical technique. The sodium fluoride sensitive receptors were demonstrated on the outer sheath of the cell membranes. Adenyl cyclase activity was demonstrated in the basal cells and in the 4-5 lower layers of the Malpighian cells, while the superficial layers, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum showed no activity. The findings confirm and extend previous biochemical studies and provide a clue to the conception of the adenyl cyclase enzyme as a transmembrane arranged system.", "PMID": 74162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5292", "title": "Investigations on the binding sites of the basement membrane zone for pemphigoid antibodies in vitro. II. Immunohistochemical reactions of the reactive groups.", "content": "In continuing our studies on the characteristics of the antigenic structures of the basement membrane, procedures used in histochemistry for the identification and blocking of reactive groups have been adapted in this present work to the pretreatment of cryostat sections of guinea-pig tongue. These sections have then been studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method. By means or reagents, which produce a reversible extinction of the basement membrane fluorescence produced with pemphigoid sera, it proved possible to determine the existence of certain chemical groupings which bind the anti-basement membrane antibodies, namely: free carboxyl groups deriving from amino acids, hydrogen bridges in which the hydroxyl groups from the carbohydrates in the antigen are probably involved, bonds involving the free aldehydes of the antigen (either cross-links from aldehydes, or formation of Schiff's bases with amino groups of the antibodies), and lastly, to a lesser extent, disulphide bonds. The antigen/antibody reaction probably occurs in the neighbourhood of the alpha-glucosido-beta-galactosido-hydroxylysine. A reaction model has been developed from these findings. There were also some indications that the antigenic structures of the intercellular substance are chemically related to those of the basement membrane. The cell nucleus antigens, on the other hand, appear to possess different chemical properties.", "contents": "Investigations on the binding sites of the basement membrane zone for pemphigoid antibodies in vitro. II. Immunohistochemical reactions of the reactive groups. In continuing our studies on the characteristics of the antigenic structures of the basement membrane, procedures used in histochemistry for the identification and blocking of reactive groups have been adapted in this present work to the pretreatment of cryostat sections of guinea-pig tongue. These sections have then been studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method. By means or reagents, which produce a reversible extinction of the basement membrane fluorescence produced with pemphigoid sera, it proved possible to determine the existence of certain chemical groupings which bind the anti-basement membrane antibodies, namely: free carboxyl groups deriving from amino acids, hydrogen bridges in which the hydroxyl groups from the carbohydrates in the antigen are probably involved, bonds involving the free aldehydes of the antigen (either cross-links from aldehydes, or formation of Schiff's bases with amino groups of the antibodies), and lastly, to a lesser extent, disulphide bonds. The antigen/antibody reaction probably occurs in the neighbourhood of the alpha-glucosido-beta-galactosido-hydroxylysine. A reaction model has been developed from these findings. There were also some indications that the antigenic structures of the intercellular substance are chemically related to those of the basement membrane. The cell nucleus antigens, on the other hand, appear to possess different chemical properties.", "PMID": 74163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5293", "title": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: macrophage migration inhibition by soluble epidermal substances as carrier proteins.", "content": "The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from picrylchloride-sensitive guinea pigs can be inhibited by the water-soluble proteins present in the picrylchloride-treated guinea pig epidermis. Further examination of these proteins revealed that antigens were present in fractions with the molecular weights ranging between 10 000 and 200 000.", "contents": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: macrophage migration inhibition by soluble epidermal substances as carrier proteins. The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from picrylchloride-sensitive guinea pigs can be inhibited by the water-soluble proteins present in the picrylchloride-treated guinea pig epidermis. Further examination of these proteins revealed that antigens were present in fractions with the molecular weights ranging between 10 000 and 200 000.", "PMID": 74164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5294", "title": "Assessment of chromium allergy: features of patch test reactions at electron microscopic resolution.", "content": "The possible correlation of clinically recorded test reactions and morphological changes at electron microscopic resolution in human subjects allergic to chromate (CrVI) was investigated. The effect of simple occlusion and of vehicles, e.g. distilled water, an alkaline buffer, and petrolatum was also studied 72 hours after application. The results indicate that even simple occlusion causes reactive changes in living epidermal cells. These changes become conspicuous in occlusion with distilled water, more pronounced with petrolatum, and were destructive in the case of the alkaline buffer. Chromate solutions produced varying degress of morphological change but were less pronounced in a vehicle of distilled water, compared with the changes seen when the chromate was combined with the alkaline buffer. Destructive cellular changes were observed in the electron microscope even in sections from test ares where no macroscopical reactions were recorded. When the clinical evaluation of hypersensitivity was done 72 hours after the application of the patch test the morphological changes were too advanced to provide specific pathognomonic information.", "contents": "Assessment of chromium allergy: features of patch test reactions at electron microscopic resolution. The possible correlation of clinically recorded test reactions and morphological changes at electron microscopic resolution in human subjects allergic to chromate (CrVI) was investigated. The effect of simple occlusion and of vehicles, e.g. distilled water, an alkaline buffer, and petrolatum was also studied 72 hours after application. The results indicate that even simple occlusion causes reactive changes in living epidermal cells. These changes become conspicuous in occlusion with distilled water, more pronounced with petrolatum, and were destructive in the case of the alkaline buffer. Chromate solutions produced varying degress of morphological change but were less pronounced in a vehicle of distilled water, compared with the changes seen when the chromate was combined with the alkaline buffer. Destructive cellular changes were observed in the electron microscope even in sections from test ares where no macroscopical reactions were recorded. When the clinical evaluation of hypersensitivity was done 72 hours after the application of the patch test the morphological changes were too advanced to provide specific pathognomonic information.", "PMID": 74165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5295", "title": "Pruritogenic activity of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The itch and erythematous responses induced by intradermal injection of histamine and PGE2 were studied in human skin. Both compounds produced a sensation of itch. The histamine-elicited flare reached a maximum in 3 min and had disappeared after 1 hours. PGE2 induced a similar flare reaction initially, but it was gradually replaced by a smaller, dusky and well delimited erythema. The itch and the flare-like erythema induced by either histamine or PGE2 were alleviated when the subjects were pretreated with the antihistaminic drug chlorcyclizine, thus indicating that at least part of the PGE2 response may be mediated via histamine release. However, when given combined in a mixture, histamine and PGE2 elicited itch of longer duration and flare of larger area than could be accounted for by simple additive histamine effects. Thus, PGE2 seems to potentiate the itch and flare responses induced by histamine in human skin.", "contents": "Pruritogenic activity of prostaglandin E2. The itch and erythematous responses induced by intradermal injection of histamine and PGE2 were studied in human skin. Both compounds produced a sensation of itch. The histamine-elicited flare reached a maximum in 3 min and had disappeared after 1 hours. PGE2 induced a similar flare reaction initially, but it was gradually replaced by a smaller, dusky and well delimited erythema. The itch and the flare-like erythema induced by either histamine or PGE2 were alleviated when the subjects were pretreated with the antihistaminic drug chlorcyclizine, thus indicating that at least part of the PGE2 response may be mediated via histamine release. However, when given combined in a mixture, histamine and PGE2 elicited itch of longer duration and flare of larger area than could be accounted for by simple additive histamine effects. Thus, PGE2 seems to potentiate the itch and flare responses induced by histamine in human skin.", "PMID": 74166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5296", "title": "Microvascular effects of a topically applied cationic triphenylmethane dye (crystal violet).", "content": "The effects of local application of crystal violet on the microcirculatory system are reported. The testing system consisted of vital microscopy of the cheek pouch of the hamster and microangiography of rabbit's ear. It appeared that the early microcirculatory disturbances caused by a dilute aqueous solution of crystal violet were transient, whereas considerable tissue toxicity was shown in the long-term experimental model. A direct cytotoxic effect is suggested.", "contents": "Microvascular effects of a topically applied cationic triphenylmethane dye (crystal violet). The effects of local application of crystal violet on the microcirculatory system are reported. The testing system consisted of vital microscopy of the cheek pouch of the hamster and microangiography of rabbit's ear. It appeared that the early microcirculatory disturbances caused by a dilute aqueous solution of crystal violet were transient, whereas considerable tissue toxicity was shown in the long-term experimental model. A direct cytotoxic effect is suggested.", "PMID": 74167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5297", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity and febrile acne conglobata.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were investigated in 5 patients with febrile acne conglobata. Each of them had febrile periods, large abscesses and leukocytosis. They reacted negatively to tuberculin 10 TU/ml, to Schick toxin, to oidiomycin, to trichophytin as well as to 25 common contact allergens. DNCB did not induce sensitization in those 4 patients in whom it was carried out. However, the transforamtion of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was normal. Five of 7 control patients with cystic or ordinary acne had positive tuberculin test reactions and 3 of them were sensitized to DNCB.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity and febrile acne conglobata. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were investigated in 5 patients with febrile acne conglobata. Each of them had febrile periods, large abscesses and leukocytosis. They reacted negatively to tuberculin 10 TU/ml, to Schick toxin, to oidiomycin, to trichophytin as well as to 25 common contact allergens. DNCB did not induce sensitization in those 4 patients in whom it was carried out. However, the transforamtion of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was normal. Five of 7 control patients with cystic or ordinary acne had positive tuberculin test reactions and 3 of them were sensitized to DNCB.", "PMID": 74168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5298", "title": "Lichen planus: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural features of skin lesions are described in 11 patients with lichen planus. Keratinocytes and melanocytes in the basal layer show loss of nuclear membrane, disappearance of nucleoli, homogenization of nuclear material, and aggregation of tonofilaments around the nucleus to resemble cells in the late prophase of the mitotic cycle except that there is no clumping of chromosomes. These cells undergo fibrillar transformation to form densely packed fibrillar bodies (colloid bodies) which are the size and shape of normal cells and frequently have cytoplasmic organelles. Ten per cent of the mainly lympho-histiocytic cells in the dermal infiltrate show changes such as multiple cell membrane discontinuities, disintegration of cytoplasm, and breaks in the nuclear membrane with spilling of nuclear substance either into the cytoplasm or the extracellular space. The shape, size and occasional fibrillar changes in the nuclei and cytoplasm of these cells resemble colloid bodies. Contact sites frequently occurred between cells in the dermal infiltrate, especially between lymphocytes and macrophages. It appears that primary injury to the basal layer cells occurs during the early phase of the mitotic cycle and antigen from this primary site may evoke a cell-mediated type of hypersensitivity reaction. Colloid bodies evolve from cells which have injured nuclei and undergo fibrillar transformation. Dermal as well as epidermal cells may contribute to colloid body formation.", "contents": "Lichen planus: an ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural features of skin lesions are described in 11 patients with lichen planus. Keratinocytes and melanocytes in the basal layer show loss of nuclear membrane, disappearance of nucleoli, homogenization of nuclear material, and aggregation of tonofilaments around the nucleus to resemble cells in the late prophase of the mitotic cycle except that there is no clumping of chromosomes. These cells undergo fibrillar transformation to form densely packed fibrillar bodies (colloid bodies) which are the size and shape of normal cells and frequently have cytoplasmic organelles. Ten per cent of the mainly lympho-histiocytic cells in the dermal infiltrate show changes such as multiple cell membrane discontinuities, disintegration of cytoplasm, and breaks in the nuclear membrane with spilling of nuclear substance either into the cytoplasm or the extracellular space. The shape, size and occasional fibrillar changes in the nuclei and cytoplasm of these cells resemble colloid bodies. Contact sites frequently occurred between cells in the dermal infiltrate, especially between lymphocytes and macrophages. It appears that primary injury to the basal layer cells occurs during the early phase of the mitotic cycle and antigen from this primary site may evoke a cell-mediated type of hypersensitivity reaction. Colloid bodies evolve from cells which have injured nuclei and undergo fibrillar transformation. Dermal as well as epidermal cells may contribute to colloid body formation.", "PMID": 74169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5299", "title": "Pachyonychia congenita Jadassohn-Lewandowsky: a disorder of keratinization.", "content": "A 15-month-old boy with pachyonychia congenita is described. The patient also had follicular keratosis, leukokeratosis of the tongue, and blisters on the soles. Histopathological examination of the follicular keratosis showed hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. Horny plugs were located in sweat pores. By electron microscopy abnormal keratinization was demonstrated.", "contents": "Pachyonychia congenita Jadassohn-Lewandowsky: a disorder of keratinization. A 15-month-old boy with pachyonychia congenita is described. The patient also had follicular keratosis, leukokeratosis of the tongue, and blisters on the soles. Histopathological examination of the follicular keratosis showed hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. Horny plugs were located in sweat pores. By electron microscopy abnormal keratinization was demonstrated.", "PMID": 74170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5300", "title": "Penicillamine-induced pemphigus foliaceus.", "content": "A 61-year-old man suffering from active generalized scleroderma developed pemphigus foliaceus after 9 months of D-penicillamine therapy, 900-1200 mg daily. At the same time, he developed proteinuria. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the proteinuria quickly resolved, but the bullous disease was still active one year later, with development of fresh blisters and intercellular deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement C3. The theory is proposed that D-penicillamine alters the epidermal cement substance, rendering it antigenic and thus initiating a vicious circle.", "contents": "Penicillamine-induced pemphigus foliaceus. A 61-year-old man suffering from active generalized scleroderma developed pemphigus foliaceus after 9 months of D-penicillamine therapy, 900-1200 mg daily. At the same time, he developed proteinuria. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the proteinuria quickly resolved, but the bullous disease was still active one year later, with development of fresh blisters and intercellular deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement C3. The theory is proposed that D-penicillamine alters the epidermal cement substance, rendering it antigenic and thus initiating a vicious circle.", "PMID": 74171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5301", "title": "Isolation and characterization of soluble epidermal antigens reactive with pemphigus antibodies.", "content": "The antigenic substance reactive with pemphigus antibodies was isolated from the soluble component of guinea pig epidermis by affinity chromatography. The substance was a protein of molecular weight 18 000 and consisted of RNA and hexose.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of soluble epidermal antigens reactive with pemphigus antibodies. The antigenic substance reactive with pemphigus antibodies was isolated from the soluble component of guinea pig epidermis by affinity chromatography. The substance was a protein of molecular weight 18 000 and consisted of RNA and hexose.", "PMID": 74172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5302", "title": "Treatment of resistant psoriasis with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA). A treatment schedule and a follow-up study.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with resistant psoriasis were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen orally, followed by irradiation with long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). The initial irradiance was 1.4 Joule/cm2, increased by 0.5 Joule/cm2 at the following exposures, to a maximum of 4.2 Joule/cm2. The 8-methoxypsoralen dosage was approximately 0.5 mg/kg body weight. In 17 patients psoriasis cleared completely after 10.8 +/- 3.4 exposures (mean +/- S.D.). In 12 patients the healing was almost complete after 14.5 +/- 5.8 exposures. Adverse effects were negligible. After clearing, the patients were followed without further therapy. Psoriasis recurred in approximately half of those patients followed for more than 2 months, on average 5 weeks after cessation of treatment. PUVA is an effective and agreeable therapy for recalcitrant psoriasis. Further studies must be carried out to evaluate the risks of a long-term treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of resistant psoriasis with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA). A treatment schedule and a follow-up study. Thirty-one patients with resistant psoriasis were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen orally, followed by irradiation with long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). The initial irradiance was 1.4 Joule/cm2, increased by 0.5 Joule/cm2 at the following exposures, to a maximum of 4.2 Joule/cm2. The 8-methoxypsoralen dosage was approximately 0.5 mg/kg body weight. In 17 patients psoriasis cleared completely after 10.8 +/- 3.4 exposures (mean +/- S.D.). In 12 patients the healing was almost complete after 14.5 +/- 5.8 exposures. Adverse effects were negligible. After clearing, the patients were followed without further therapy. Psoriasis recurred in approximately half of those patients followed for more than 2 months, on average 5 weeks after cessation of treatment. PUVA is an effective and agreeable therapy for recalcitrant psoriasis. Further studies must be carried out to evaluate the risks of a long-term treatment.", "PMID": 74173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5303", "title": "Treatment of pityriasis capitis (dandruff) with econazole nitrate.", "content": "63 patients of both sexes with pityriasis sicca or steatoides were examined for presence of Pityrosporum ovale on the scalp. Only those cases in which very numerous yeasts were seen in all squamae present in the preparation were considered positive. According to the severity or duration of  pityriasis, 60% of the patients in this population represented severe cases and 38% refractory cases. A solution of econazole nitrate was applied as a spray, morning and evening, for a period of 10 to 20 days (mean). The overall assessment of the clinical effects of econazole nitrate indicated 56 favourable results, with complete disappearance of objective clinical signs in 47 cases; the course of pruritus proceeded roughly parallel with that of the objective signs. The mycological checking of the clinical results, performed at least 7 days after the conclusion of therapy, disclosed 6 failures and 57 successes. In 17 patients, the microscopic examination of squamae was complemented by culture before and after treatment: in all cases, the culture, positive before econazole nitrate therapy, became negative after treatment, thus confirming the results of direct examination. These data suggest that Pityrosporum ovale plays a pathogenetic part in pityriasis simplex capitis.", "contents": "Treatment of pityriasis capitis (dandruff) with econazole nitrate. 63 patients of both sexes with pityriasis sicca or steatoides were examined for presence of Pityrosporum ovale on the scalp. Only those cases in which very numerous yeasts were seen in all squamae present in the preparation were considered positive. According to the severity or duration of  pityriasis, 60% of the patients in this population represented severe cases and 38% refractory cases. A solution of econazole nitrate was applied as a spray, morning and evening, for a period of 10 to 20 days (mean). The overall assessment of the clinical effects of econazole nitrate indicated 56 favourable results, with complete disappearance of objective clinical signs in 47 cases; the course of pruritus proceeded roughly parallel with that of the objective signs. The mycological checking of the clinical results, performed at least 7 days after the conclusion of therapy, disclosed 6 failures and 57 successes. In 17 patients, the microscopic examination of squamae was complemented by culture before and after treatment: in all cases, the culture, positive before econazole nitrate therapy, became negative after treatment, thus confirming the results of direct examination. These data suggest that Pityrosporum ovale plays a pathogenetic part in pityriasis simplex capitis.", "PMID": 74174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5304", "title": "A haemorrhagic bullous eruption of the hands caused by phenylbutazone: a report of 3 cases.", "content": "Three patients developed a haemorrhagic eruption on the hands after taking phenylbutazone. The reaction appeared within two weeks of taking the drug and is probably an allergic capillaritis. All patients showed generalised capillary fragility with a positive Hess test which became negative within a week of stopping the drug. A mechanism is suggested for the development and distribution of the blisters.", "contents": "A haemorrhagic bullous eruption of the hands caused by phenylbutazone: a report of 3 cases. Three patients developed a haemorrhagic eruption on the hands after taking phenylbutazone. The reaction appeared within two weeks of taking the drug and is probably an allergic capillaritis. All patients showed generalised capillary fragility with a positive Hess test which became negative within a week of stopping the drug. A mechanism is suggested for the development and distribution of the blisters.", "PMID": 74176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5305", "title": "Norwegian scabies developing during treatment with fluorinated steroid therapy.", "content": "A fit, normally intelligent young man developed Norwegian scabies after prolonged treatment with large quantities of clobetasol propionate ointment. The development of this overwhelming infestation from the normal eruption of scabies may be related to the local immunosuppressive effect of this potent topical steroid.", "contents": "Norwegian scabies developing during treatment with fluorinated steroid therapy. A fit, normally intelligent young man developed Norwegian scabies after prolonged treatment with large quantities of clobetasol propionate ointment. The development of this overwhelming infestation from the normal eruption of scabies may be related to the local immunosuppressive effect of this potent topical steroid.", "PMID": 74177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5306", "title": "Fetal hemoglobin and alpha-fetoprotein in various malignancies.", "content": "Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentrations were measured by a radial immunodiffusion assay in 233 patients with various malignancies. In 96 of these, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was also measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of HbF exceeded 2 SDs above the normal mean in 39 of 233 patients, most notably in patients with leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma and testicular tumors. The proportion of HbF was not correlated with the total hemoglobin concentration or with serum AFP concentration.", "contents": "Fetal hemoglobin and alpha-fetoprotein in various malignancies. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentrations were measured by a radial immunodiffusion assay in 233 patients with various malignancies. In 96 of these, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was also measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of HbF exceeded 2 SDs above the normal mean in 39 of 233 patients, most notably in patients with leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma and testicular tumors. The proportion of HbF was not correlated with the total hemoglobin concentration or with serum AFP concentration.", "PMID": 74180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5307", "title": "Peripheral pathway of proprioceptive fibres from feline extra-ocular muscles. I. A histological study.", "content": "The findings of the previous study (1976) involving orbital operations in 12 cats have been confirmed in this study involving intracranial operations in 20 more cats. The perikarya of origin of afferent fibres from feline extra-ocular msucles have been clearly localised to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The functional subdivision in the nucleus that was noted earlier has been reaffirmed. Thus the caudal or pontine part was the location of cell bodies from the lateral rectus muscle, the intermediate part contained those from the superior oblique, while the other muscles were represented by cell bodies in the rostral part, there being some degree of overlap in the last two zones. In every instance the representation was shown to be bilateral and the total ratio of cellular representation was in the region of 4:1 (ipsilateral-contralateral). The peripheral pathway of the proprioceptive fibres has been shown to be exclusively along the oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves which are therefore sensorimotor.", "contents": "Peripheral pathway of proprioceptive fibres from feline extra-ocular muscles. I. A histological study. The findings of the previous study (1976) involving orbital operations in 12 cats have been confirmed in this study involving intracranial operations in 20 more cats. The perikarya of origin of afferent fibres from feline extra-ocular msucles have been clearly localised to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The functional subdivision in the nucleus that was noted earlier has been reaffirmed. Thus the caudal or pontine part was the location of cell bodies from the lateral rectus muscle, the intermediate part contained those from the superior oblique, while the other muscles were represented by cell bodies in the rostral part, there being some degree of overlap in the last two zones. In every instance the representation was shown to be bilateral and the total ratio of cellular representation was in the region of 4:1 (ipsilateral-contralateral). The peripheral pathway of the proprioceptive fibres has been shown to be exclusively along the oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves which are therefore sensorimotor.", "PMID": 74182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5308", "title": "Studies on the histomorphology and histochemistry of the saccus vasculosus of Cyprinion macrostomus.", "content": "The saccus vasculosus of Cyprinion macrostomus is made up of coronet and supporting cells. Neurones are not observed. The luminal surface of the coronet cells exhibits hair-like protrusions. The saccus vasculosus is mainly concerned with a secretory function. Plenty of secretory material is seen in the lumen. PAS and alcian blue tests are positive for the secretory material in the lumen and the apical protrusions of the coronet cells. Some cells also exhibit small PAS- and alcian blue-positive granules. The possibility of the elaboration of glycogen by the coronet cells is ruled out. The toluidine blue test is also positive for the secretory material in the lumen and the apical protrusions. Small metachromatic granules are also seen in some of the coronet cells. The acetone-Sudan black B and Sudan black B tests point to lipid moiety of the coronet cells, the apical protrusions and the secretory material in the lumen. The acrolein-Schiff and ninhydrin-Schiff tests point to a protein moiety of the coronet cells and the secretory material in the lumen. The performic acid-alcian blue test showed cystine to be present in small amount.", "contents": "Studies on the histomorphology and histochemistry of the saccus vasculosus of Cyprinion macrostomus. The saccus vasculosus of Cyprinion macrostomus is made up of coronet and supporting cells. Neurones are not observed. The luminal surface of the coronet cells exhibits hair-like protrusions. The saccus vasculosus is mainly concerned with a secretory function. Plenty of secretory material is seen in the lumen. PAS and alcian blue tests are positive for the secretory material in the lumen and the apical protrusions of the coronet cells. Some cells also exhibit small PAS- and alcian blue-positive granules. The possibility of the elaboration of glycogen by the coronet cells is ruled out. The toluidine blue test is also positive for the secretory material in the lumen and the apical protrusions. Small metachromatic granules are also seen in some of the coronet cells. The acetone-Sudan black B and Sudan black B tests point to lipid moiety of the coronet cells, the apical protrusions and the secretory material in the lumen. The acrolein-Schiff and ninhydrin-Schiff tests point to a protein moiety of the coronet cells and the secretory material in the lumen. The performic acid-alcian blue test showed cystine to be present in small amount.", "PMID": 74183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5309", "title": "[Crystallization and dissolution of collagen fibrils during the histogenesis of the intervertebral disk].", "content": "We studied the modifications of collagen fibrils during the histogenesis of the intervertebral disc of cats. In connexion with these studies it is necessary to distinguish between the fibrillar (functional) structure, the arrangement of fibrils, and the nature of fibrils, their diameter, period and other properties. Collagen fibrils (40--50 nm) of the anulus fibrosus enter in hyaline cartilage and split off in thin fibrils (8--10 nm). In this area the cartilage fibrils have a diameter of 20--22 nm, in a greater distance the diameter is diminished to 7--8 nm. Analogous to the changing of the nature of fibrils, the number of the cells related to the sectional area is diminished. The cells of the anulus fibrosus resemble those of tendons. In the transition area their shape becomes roundish, the number of granular membranes is increased, a voluminous Golgi-Apparatus appears for a short time. Finally, the cells are once transformed in cartilage cells with a small reticulum or cells of fibrocartilage with a capsule and a decreased cytoplasm; some cells are disintegrated. In the capsule of the fibrocartilage cells, parallel orientated filaments exhibit a periodical arrangement. In the border of the capsule, filaments change into periodical fibrils. Therefore, we must regard cells and their surrounding intercellular substance as metabolic unity which in the cartilage may be characterized as the chondron.", "contents": "[Crystallization and dissolution of collagen fibrils during the histogenesis of the intervertebral disk]. We studied the modifications of collagen fibrils during the histogenesis of the intervertebral disc of cats. In connexion with these studies it is necessary to distinguish between the fibrillar (functional) structure, the arrangement of fibrils, and the nature of fibrils, their diameter, period and other properties. Collagen fibrils (40--50 nm) of the anulus fibrosus enter in hyaline cartilage and split off in thin fibrils (8--10 nm). In this area the cartilage fibrils have a diameter of 20--22 nm, in a greater distance the diameter is diminished to 7--8 nm. Analogous to the changing of the nature of fibrils, the number of the cells related to the sectional area is diminished. The cells of the anulus fibrosus resemble those of tendons. In the transition area their shape becomes roundish, the number of granular membranes is increased, a voluminous Golgi-Apparatus appears for a short time. Finally, the cells are once transformed in cartilage cells with a small reticulum or cells of fibrocartilage with a capsule and a decreased cytoplasm; some cells are disintegrated. In the capsule of the fibrocartilage cells, parallel orientated filaments exhibit a periodical arrangement. In the border of the capsule, filaments change into periodical fibrils. Therefore, we must regard cells and their surrounding intercellular substance as metabolic unity which in the cartilage may be characterized as the chondron.", "PMID": 74184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5310", "title": "Histochemistry of the duodenal glands of the cat and horse.", "content": "The duodenal glands of cat and horse were studied using PAS, Alcian blue, dialysed iron, aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine stains. It was found that the duodenal glands of the horse reacted positively to Alcian blue, dialysed iron stains and also took the Alcian blue stain in the combined aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine-Alcian blue stains. Those of the cat gave negative results. These results suggest the presence of acidic groups in the mucosubstances secreted by the horse's duodenal glands. A suggestion is put forward on the strength of the high iron diamine-Alcian blue combined stains that the acidity is due to the presence of carboxyl groups. It is suggested that the acidity may be significant in either cellulose metabolism or the digestion of the bacterial microflora from the stomach of herbivores.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the duodenal glands of the cat and horse. The duodenal glands of cat and horse were studied using PAS, Alcian blue, dialysed iron, aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine stains. It was found that the duodenal glands of the horse reacted positively to Alcian blue, dialysed iron stains and also took the Alcian blue stain in the combined aldehyde fuchsin-Alcian blue and high iron diamine-Alcian blue stains. Those of the cat gave negative results. These results suggest the presence of acidic groups in the mucosubstances secreted by the horse's duodenal glands. A suggestion is put forward on the strength of the high iron diamine-Alcian blue combined stains that the acidity is due to the presence of carboxyl groups. It is suggested that the acidity may be significant in either cellulose metabolism or the digestion of the bacterial microflora from the stomach of herbivores.", "PMID": 74185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5311", "title": "Lysosomal (leucocyte) proteinase and sulfatase levels in Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome.", "content": "Patients with the DMC syndrome have been suggested to possess a specific sulfatase abnormality and/or to be deficient in a proteinase cleaving glycoprotein-acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) linkage. We have previously found in DMC patients an abnormal excretion of urinary AMPs of which hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (A + C) were oversulfated and keratosulfate and heparan sulfate were undersulfated. Lysosomal acid proteinase, i.e. cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) and neutral proteinase : elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) and cathepsin G were found to be normal in DMC patients. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin in serum was raised. This increase may be associated with a complex formation of alpha 2-macroglobulin with a neutral proteinase released from the cells. Increased levels of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and sulfamidase and decreased enzymic levels of arylsulfatase A and B (EC 3.1.6.1) were found in leucocytes of DMC patients. The sulfatase activities assayed in the present study support our theory that a specific sulfatase abnormality may exist in the DMC syndrome.", "contents": "Lysosomal (leucocyte) proteinase and sulfatase levels in Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome. Patients with the DMC syndrome have been suggested to possess a specific sulfatase abnormality and/or to be deficient in a proteinase cleaving glycoprotein-acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) linkage. We have previously found in DMC patients an abnormal excretion of urinary AMPs of which hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (A + C) were oversulfated and keratosulfate and heparan sulfate were undersulfated. Lysosomal acid proteinase, i.e. cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) and neutral proteinase : elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) and cathepsin G were found to be normal in DMC patients. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin in serum was raised. This increase may be associated with a complex formation of alpha 2-macroglobulin with a neutral proteinase released from the cells. Increased levels of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and sulfamidase and decreased enzymic levels of arylsulfatase A and B (EC 3.1.6.1) were found in leucocytes of DMC patients. The sulfatase activities assayed in the present study support our theory that a specific sulfatase abnormality may exist in the DMC syndrome.", "PMID": 74186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5312", "title": "Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with liquid paraffin or polyvinyl alcohol in double-blind trial.", "content": "Twenty-two eyes affected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca have been subjected to double trials using the double-blind randomized cross-over technique. Polyvinyl alcohol in a 5% concentration improved the condition whereas liquid paraffin aggravated it, as estimated subjectively, and by the measurement of the break up time of the corneal film, and, finally, by the scoring of rose bengal vital staining of exposed cornea and conjunctiva. The conclusion is drawn that oil is contraindicated in keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and that rose bengal scoring (modified Bijsterveld method) is a valuable aid in control of the sicca syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with liquid paraffin or polyvinyl alcohol in double-blind trial. Twenty-two eyes affected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca have been subjected to double trials using the double-blind randomized cross-over technique. Polyvinyl alcohol in a 5% concentration improved the condition whereas liquid paraffin aggravated it, as estimated subjectively, and by the measurement of the break up time of the corneal film, and, finally, by the scoring of rose bengal vital staining of exposed cornea and conjunctiva. The conclusion is drawn that oil is contraindicated in keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and that rose bengal scoring (modified Bijsterveld method) is a valuable aid in control of the sicca syndrome.", "PMID": 74197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5313", "title": "Azidomorphines and homopyrimidazols: a new approach to the ideal analgetic.", "content": "Azidomorphines, new semi-synthetic isomorphine alkaloids and homopyrimidazols (1, 5-diazanaphtalenes), two new families of compounds favourably enlarging the scope of analgetics, were developed. Azidomorphine, a 40--50 times more potent analgetic in man than morphine, showed a remarkably great dissociation between analgetic potency and dependence capacity and proved to exert significantly less unfavourable effects than either morphine or pentazocine. Probon (Rymazolium), the first compound of the homopyrimidazol series, introduced to therapy as a new minor analgetic, potentiated the analgetic and antagonized the respiratory depressant effect of morphine and its derivatives. In patients with chronic intractable pain, a combination of azidomorphine (0.5 mg) and Probon (150 mg) achieved total pain relief without noticeable euphoria and none of the patients subjected to nalorphine-precipitation showed signs of abstinence according to the Himmelsbach scoring system. Since both the azidomorphines and the homopyrimidazols are unexploited new families, further progress in detail structure-activity relationship studies seems quite promising.", "contents": "Azidomorphines and homopyrimidazols: a new approach to the ideal analgetic. Azidomorphines, new semi-synthetic isomorphine alkaloids and homopyrimidazols (1, 5-diazanaphtalenes), two new families of compounds favourably enlarging the scope of analgetics, were developed. Azidomorphine, a 40--50 times more potent analgetic in man than morphine, showed a remarkably great dissociation between analgetic potency and dependence capacity and proved to exert significantly less unfavourable effects than either morphine or pentazocine. Probon (Rymazolium), the first compound of the homopyrimidazol series, introduced to therapy as a new minor analgetic, potentiated the analgetic and antagonized the respiratory depressant effect of morphine and its derivatives. In patients with chronic intractable pain, a combination of azidomorphine (0.5 mg) and Probon (150 mg) achieved total pain relief without noticeable euphoria and none of the patients subjected to nalorphine-precipitation showed signs of abstinence according to the Himmelsbach scoring system. Since both the azidomorphines and the homopyrimidazols are unexploited new families, further progress in detail structure-activity relationship studies seems quite promising.", "PMID": 74199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5314", "title": "Retrograde axonal and transsynaptic transport of macromolecules: physiological and pathophysiological importance.", "content": "Anterograde and retrograde transport within axons and dendrites of nerve cells represent an integral part of the nerve cell function and biochemistry. A few exogenous macromolecules with most different molecular weights and physico-chemical properties (Nerve Growth Factor, tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, various lectins, antibodies against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) have been shown to be taken up and transported with the retrograde axonal transport in exceedingly high amounts if compared to most other macromolecules. Specific binding to membrane receptors seems to be the prerequisite for this highly efficient retrograde transport. Upon arrival at the cell body tetanus toxin is able to leave the neuron and to migrate transsynaptically to presynaptic nerve terminals of second-order neurons. For NGF, tetanus toxin and some neurotropic viruses retrograde axonal transport eventually followed by transsynaptic transport may be crucially involved in their mechanism of action. Indirect evidence suggests the existence of a variety of endogenous molecules carrying specific information from the target cell and the nerve terminal to the cell body and eventually transsynaptically into second- or third-order neurons.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal and transsynaptic transport of macromolecules: physiological and pathophysiological importance. Anterograde and retrograde transport within axons and dendrites of nerve cells represent an integral part of the nerve cell function and biochemistry. A few exogenous macromolecules with most different molecular weights and physico-chemical properties (Nerve Growth Factor, tetanus toxin, cholera toxin, various lectins, antibodies against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) have been shown to be taken up and transported with the retrograde axonal transport in exceedingly high amounts if compared to most other macromolecules. Specific binding to membrane receptors seems to be the prerequisite for this highly efficient retrograde transport. Upon arrival at the cell body tetanus toxin is able to leave the neuron and to migrate transsynaptically to presynaptic nerve terminals of second-order neurons. For NGF, tetanus toxin and some neurotropic viruses retrograde axonal transport eventually followed by transsynaptic transport may be crucially involved in their mechanism of action. Indirect evidence suggests the existence of a variety of endogenous molecules carrying specific information from the target cell and the nerve terminal to the cell body and eventually transsynaptically into second- or third-order neurons.", "PMID": 74201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5315", "title": "Evaluation of radiation therapy for bone metastases: pain relief and quality of life.", "content": "The records of 158 patients irradiated for bone metastases were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of pain relief and to judge the effect of treatment on overall quality of life. Within 3 months 73% of the sites treated had pain relief, with 55%-65% having sustained relief up to 1 year or death. Of patients surviving more than 3 months, 63% maintained a satisfactory quality of life and were able to take care of most personal needs. The median survival of all patients was 1 year from initial treatment for bone metastasis. Radiation dose and the primary tumor site do not seem to be significant prognostic factors for initial pain relief or quality of life.", "contents": "Evaluation of radiation therapy for bone metastases: pain relief and quality of life. The records of 158 patients irradiated for bone metastases were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of pain relief and to judge the effect of treatment on overall quality of life. Within 3 months 73% of the sites treated had pain relief, with 55%-65% having sustained relief up to 1 year or death. Of patients surviving more than 3 months, 63% maintained a satisfactory quality of life and were able to take care of most personal needs. The median survival of all patients was 1 year from initial treatment for bone metastasis. Radiation dose and the primary tumor site do not seem to be significant prognostic factors for initial pain relief or quality of life.", "PMID": 74204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5316", "title": "Esterases in acute leukemias: a cytochemical and electrophoretic study.", "content": "Specific and nonspecific esterases were extracted from various typical cytologic types of leukemic blasts and subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Preparations rich in normal granulocytes and normal monocytes were analyzed in a similar manner. The results indicated the presence of specific esterase activity in normal monocytes and in myelomonocytic and histiomonocytic leukemia, and a lack of consistent differences in the electrophoretic patterns of both specific and nonspecific esterases in these leukemias. The results support the viewpoint that distinctions between myelomonocytic and histiomonocytic leukemias cannot be made with certainty, and that they may represent variants within a broad spectrum of monocytic leukemias rather than separate and distinct entities.", "contents": "Esterases in acute leukemias: a cytochemical and electrophoretic study. Specific and nonspecific esterases were extracted from various typical cytologic types of leukemic blasts and subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Preparations rich in normal granulocytes and normal monocytes were analyzed in a similar manner. The results indicated the presence of specific esterase activity in normal monocytes and in myelomonocytic and histiomonocytic leukemia, and a lack of consistent differences in the electrophoretic patterns of both specific and nonspecific esterases in these leukemias. The results support the viewpoint that distinctions between myelomonocytic and histiomonocytic leukemias cannot be made with certainty, and that they may represent variants within a broad spectrum of monocytic leukemias rather than separate and distinct entities.", "PMID": 74207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5317", "title": "Lack of prognostic value of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and blast cell size in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Conflicting evidence has been published as to the prognostic significance of the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction and cell size in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Therefore, a large collaborative study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significance of the PAS reaction and cell size of bone marrow lymphoblasts obtained at the time of diagnosis in children with ALL. Known prognostic factors (age and white blood cell [WBC] counts) were also evaluated. Data from 80 newly diagnosed cases of ALL were analyzed. These patients were treated with similar therapy by members of the Pediatric Division of the Southwest Oncology Group. The PAS reaction was scored. Microlymphoblasts were defined as having a diameter of less than or equal to 12 micron; macrolymphoblasts, greater than 12 micron. Patients 10 years and older at the time of diagnosis had a significantly shorter duration of first remission and survival than those younger than 10 years. Those with pretreatment peripheral WBCs of less than or equal to 25,000/microliter had significantly longer duration of first remission and survival than those with a peripheral WBC greater than 25,000/microliter. There was no significant difference in duration of first remission or survival in patients having predominantly macrolymphoblastic or microlymphoblastic marrows. PAS reaction was of no value in predicting the duration of first remission or survival.", "contents": "Lack of prognostic value of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and blast cell size in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Conflicting evidence has been published as to the prognostic significance of the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction and cell size in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Therefore, a large collaborative study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significance of the PAS reaction and cell size of bone marrow lymphoblasts obtained at the time of diagnosis in children with ALL. Known prognostic factors (age and white blood cell [WBC] counts) were also evaluated. Data from 80 newly diagnosed cases of ALL were analyzed. These patients were treated with similar therapy by members of the Pediatric Division of the Southwest Oncology Group. The PAS reaction was scored. Microlymphoblasts were defined as having a diameter of less than or equal to 12 micron; macrolymphoblasts, greater than 12 micron. Patients 10 years and older at the time of diagnosis had a significantly shorter duration of first remission and survival than those younger than 10 years. Those with pretreatment peripheral WBCs of less than or equal to 25,000/microliter had significantly longer duration of first remission and survival than those with a peripheral WBC greater than 25,000/microliter. There was no significant difference in duration of first remission or survival in patients having predominantly macrolymphoblastic or microlymphoblastic marrows. PAS reaction was of no value in predicting the duration of first remission or survival.", "PMID": 74208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5318", "title": "Drusen of the optic disk and aberrant axoplasmic transport. The XXXIV Edward Jackson memorial lecture.", "content": "We believe axoplasmic transport alteration is the anatomic substrate for formation of drusen of the optic disk. In familial cases the cause of axoplasmic transport alteration may be related to the presence of a genetically determined, small, crowded optic nerve head. We believe these congenitally elevated nerve heads evolve over a period of many years through stages of atrophy and drusen formation. Vascular malformations in the familial cases are primarily developmental; however, secondary vascular alterations may occur as the drusen enlarge. In retinitis pigmentosa the drusen may be caused by diminished production of axoplasmic material by the ganglion cell. Chronic alterations in axonal transport from any cause produce aggregates of swollen nerve fibers. These give a yellow-white appearance to the disk tissue and account for the yellow, filled-in appearance of the disk in patients with drusen, chronic atrophic papilledema, melanocytomas, and, in part, for the waxy yellow appearance of the disk in retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Drusen of the optic disk and aberrant axoplasmic transport. The XXXIV Edward Jackson memorial lecture. We believe axoplasmic transport alteration is the anatomic substrate for formation of drusen of the optic disk. In familial cases the cause of axoplasmic transport alteration may be related to the presence of a genetically determined, small, crowded optic nerve head. We believe these congenitally elevated nerve heads evolve over a period of many years through stages of atrophy and drusen formation. Vascular malformations in the familial cases are primarily developmental; however, secondary vascular alterations may occur as the drusen enlarge. In retinitis pigmentosa the drusen may be caused by diminished production of axoplasmic material by the ganglion cell. Chronic alterations in axonal transport from any cause produce aggregates of swollen nerve fibers. These give a yellow-white appearance to the disk tissue and account for the yellow, filled-in appearance of the disk in patients with drusen, chronic atrophic papilledema, melanocytomas, and, in part, for the waxy yellow appearance of the disk in retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 74210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5319", "title": "[Formation of high-molecular aggregates between serum amylase and colloidal plasma substitutes (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of molecular weights of human serum amylase was studied by gel filtration of serum, obtained before and after infusion of the colloidal plasma substitutes hydroxyethyl starch, dextran and gelatin, respectively. Both in serum, drawn after intravenous infusion of hydroxyethyl starch, and in a solution of hydroxyethyl starch with serum we observed a significant increase in the molecular weight of serum amylase. The occurrence of this \"macroamylase\" may be explained by the formation of aggregates between hydroxyethyl starch and amylase. Because of its high molecular weight the elimination of this, presumably, enzyme-substrate-complex is retarded, thus leading to the observed increase of serum amylase activity. In contrast to these observations concerning hydroxyethyl starch no change in the apparent molecular weight of serum amylase was observed following the infusion of either gelatin or dextran or their solutions with serum.", "contents": "[Formation of high-molecular aggregates between serum amylase and colloidal plasma substitutes (author's transl)]. The distribution of molecular weights of human serum amylase was studied by gel filtration of serum, obtained before and after infusion of the colloidal plasma substitutes hydroxyethyl starch, dextran and gelatin, respectively. Both in serum, drawn after intravenous infusion of hydroxyethyl starch, and in a solution of hydroxyethyl starch with serum we observed a significant increase in the molecular weight of serum amylase. The occurrence of this \"macroamylase\" may be explained by the formation of aggregates between hydroxyethyl starch and amylase. Because of its high molecular weight the elimination of this, presumably, enzyme-substrate-complex is retarded, thus leading to the observed increase of serum amylase activity. In contrast to these observations concerning hydroxyethyl starch no change in the apparent molecular weight of serum amylase was observed following the infusion of either gelatin or dextran or their solutions with serum.", "PMID": 74216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5320", "title": "[Significance and methods of the dye stuffs analysis under the specially consideration of the fluorochromes (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of the dye stuffs is the important way to standardize the histological and histochemical methods. This was clearly demonstrated for example by the fluorochromes.", "contents": "[Significance and methods of the dye stuffs analysis under the specially consideration of the fluorochromes (author's transl)]. The analysis of the dye stuffs is the important way to standardize the histological and histochemical methods. This was clearly demonstrated for example by the fluorochromes.", "PMID": 74217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5321", "title": "[Histochemical investigations of the biomorphosis of the tube epithelium in the postmenopause and in the senium (author's transl)].", "content": "Probes of tube of 21 women in the age of 50-83 years old were investigated with histochemical techniques for detection of mucosubstances. It was found that the regressive changes in the tube epithelium run down by degrees. In the high age there is still evidenced some PAS-reactivity and alcianophilia.", "contents": "[Histochemical investigations of the biomorphosis of the tube epithelium in the postmenopause and in the senium (author's transl)]. Probes of tube of 21 women in the age of 50-83 years old were investigated with histochemical techniques for detection of mucosubstances. It was found that the regressive changes in the tube epithelium run down by degrees. In the high age there is still evidenced some PAS-reactivity and alcianophilia.", "PMID": 74218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5322", "title": "[Prevention of complications of histamine liberation occurring after administration of anesthetic agents and adjuvants].", "content": "To protect the organism against histamine liberated during anesthesia specific premedication is used including:--hydroxyzine (Atarax) which blocks the H1 histamine receptors, and is an anxiolytic,--tritoqualine (Hypostamine) which inhibits histamine synthesis,--epsilon aminocaproic acid (Hemocaprol) which prevents the antigen-antibody reaction and blocks the alternate route of complement. Twenty five patients were thus premedicated, 25 others received no premedication. All were put to sleep with Alfatesine. The results were judged on the clinical symptoms and the variations of histamine in whole blood. This premedication seems very efficacious, in particular in subjects with a high risk of histamine liberation.", "contents": "[Prevention of complications of histamine liberation occurring after administration of anesthetic agents and adjuvants]. To protect the organism against histamine liberated during anesthesia specific premedication is used including:--hydroxyzine (Atarax) which blocks the H1 histamine receptors, and is an anxiolytic,--tritoqualine (Hypostamine) which inhibits histamine synthesis,--epsilon aminocaproic acid (Hemocaprol) which prevents the antigen-antibody reaction and blocks the alternate route of complement. Twenty five patients were thus premedicated, 25 others received no premedication. All were put to sleep with Alfatesine. The results were judged on the clinical symptoms and the variations of histamine in whole blood. This premedication seems very efficacious, in particular in subjects with a high risk of histamine liberation.", "PMID": 74220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5323", "title": "[Diagnostic, etiologic and therapeutic problems confronting the anesthesiologist in cases of bronchial spasm. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "The authors recall the symptoms of peroperative and early postoperative bronchospasm. They emphasise the etiology and the treatment. In fact, bronchospasm may be induced by several causes:--mechanical or chemical vagal stimulation;--direct or allergic-induced histamine liberation, induced by certain drugs (mainly curare);--taking beta-blockaders before operation, favoured by the use of morphine during operation;--finally, any irritation of the bronchi (inhalation of gastric juice, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary oedemal). The treatment is etiological but also symptomatic:--enrich the inspired air with oxygen;--inject I.V. 1/2 to 1mg of atropine;--in case of failure, one should use Salbutamol I.V. which is very effective during contraction of the bronchial muscles;--massive corticosteroid therapy will be effective in mucosal oedema.", "contents": "[Diagnostic, etiologic and therapeutic problems confronting the anesthesiologist in cases of bronchial spasm. Apropos of 4 cases]. The authors recall the symptoms of peroperative and early postoperative bronchospasm. They emphasise the etiology and the treatment. In fact, bronchospasm may be induced by several causes:--mechanical or chemical vagal stimulation;--direct or allergic-induced histamine liberation, induced by certain drugs (mainly curare);--taking beta-blockaders before operation, favoured by the use of morphine during operation;--finally, any irritation of the bronchi (inhalation of gastric juice, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary oedemal). The treatment is etiological but also symptomatic:--enrich the inspired air with oxygen;--inject I.V. 1/2 to 1mg of atropine;--in case of failure, one should use Salbutamol I.V. which is very effective during contraction of the bronchial muscles;--massive corticosteroid therapy will be effective in mucosal oedema.", "PMID": 74221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5324", "title": "[Mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to drugs used in anesthesiology].", "content": "Anaphylactic reactions to drugs used in general anesthesia have a complex mechanism: true anaphylaxis by antigen antibody reaction (IgG our IgE) histamine liberation by certain substances with a special chemical structure, activation of the alternative route of complement. The authors recall the immunological stages in each case and give examples.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to drugs used in anesthesiology]. Anaphylactic reactions to drugs used in general anesthesia have a complex mechanism: true anaphylaxis by antigen antibody reaction (IgG our IgE) histamine liberation by certain substances with a special chemical structure, activation of the alternative route of complement. The authors recall the immunological stages in each case and give examples.", "PMID": 74222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5325", "title": "[Endogenous histamine. Principles of prevention].", "content": "After recalling the machanisms of liberation of endogenous histamine and its fate; the author discusses the pharmacological methods of protection of the organism against histamine liberation.", "contents": "[Endogenous histamine. Principles of prevention]. After recalling the machanisms of liberation of endogenous histamine and its fate; the author discusses the pharmacological methods of protection of the organism against histamine liberation.", "PMID": 74223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5326", "title": "[Comparative study of histamine liberation after administration of anesthetic substances, curare agents and plasma substitutes in man].", "content": "The authors studied in 270 volunteers histamine liberation after administration of drugs. Definite histamine liberation was noted after propanidide, pentothal, methohexital, Alfatesine, and also after muscle relaxants including pancuronium bromide. Until now, among all the substances studies, both clinically and in the laboratory, after 4 years, only etomidate, according to their personal experience is not a histamine liberator. Similar results were observed after ketamine, but also after administration of Atosil (Phenergan) fenestil (Dimethend\u00e8ne) and Trasylol (Zymofren). As far as plasma susbtitutes are concerned, the search for mediators of the anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions should be considered in a differential way.", "contents": "[Comparative study of histamine liberation after administration of anesthetic substances, curare agents and plasma substitutes in man]. The authors studied in 270 volunteers histamine liberation after administration of drugs. Definite histamine liberation was noted after propanidide, pentothal, methohexital, Alfatesine, and also after muscle relaxants including pancuronium bromide. Until now, among all the substances studies, both clinically and in the laboratory, after 4 years, only etomidate, according to their personal experience is not a histamine liberator. Similar results were observed after ketamine, but also after administration of Atosil (Phenergan) fenestil (Dimethend\u00e8ne) and Trasylol (Zymofren). As far as plasma susbtitutes are concerned, the search for mediators of the anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions should be considered in a differential way.", "PMID": 74224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5327", "title": "[Factors favoring anaphylactic reactions to general anesthetics].", "content": "The prevention of anaphylactic reactions to general anesthetics depends on the definition of a high risk group owing to special risk factors in these subjects. This study based on a study of the world literature over 20 years and on the cases of anaphylactic reaction observed in Nancy (more than 30) led the authors to carry out a special study of 7 with an atopic background, a history of drug allergy of immediate type, the repetition of general anesthetics at short intervals, latent spasmophilia, aptitude to histamine liberation, and/or hyper-reactivity to histamine, type of anesthesia and association of various factors. This method of approach permits in turn a prevention of complications by appropriate premedication.", "contents": "[Factors favoring anaphylactic reactions to general anesthetics]. The prevention of anaphylactic reactions to general anesthetics depends on the definition of a high risk group owing to special risk factors in these subjects. This study based on a study of the world literature over 20 years and on the cases of anaphylactic reaction observed in Nancy (more than 30) led the authors to carry out a special study of 7 with an atopic background, a history of drug allergy of immediate type, the repetition of general anesthetics at short intervals, latent spasmophilia, aptitude to histamine liberation, and/or hyper-reactivity to histamine, type of anesthesia and association of various factors. This method of approach permits in turn a prevention of complications by appropriate premedication.", "PMID": 74225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5328", "title": "Bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "Three patients developed radiologic and functional pulmonary changes after bleomycin therapy similar to ones previously associated with administration of this drug. However, biopsy specimens showed a pattern consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis rather than the interstitial pneumonia usually reported in bleomycin pulmonary toxicity. There was a patchy eosinophilic infiltrate surrounding small airways and distal air spaces, but no immune deposits were noted by ultrastructure or immunofluorescence using conventional techniques and a specific antibody against bleomycin. Two of the patients had peripheral eosinophilia of 12% and 16%. All three patients showed considerable improvement on chest roentgenogram after corticosteroid treatment. Our findings are consistant with the view that bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis has a different pathogenesis than bleomycin interstitial pneumonitis. Its recognition as a separate entity seems warrnated because of the favorable response to steroid therapy.", "contents": "Bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Three patients developed radiologic and functional pulmonary changes after bleomycin therapy similar to ones previously associated with administration of this drug. However, biopsy specimens showed a pattern consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis rather than the interstitial pneumonia usually reported in bleomycin pulmonary toxicity. There was a patchy eosinophilic infiltrate surrounding small airways and distal air spaces, but no immune deposits were noted by ultrastructure or immunofluorescence using conventional techniques and a specific antibody against bleomycin. Two of the patients had peripheral eosinophilia of 12% and 16%. All three patients showed considerable improvement on chest roentgenogram after corticosteroid treatment. Our findings are consistant with the view that bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis has a different pathogenesis than bleomycin interstitial pneumonitis. Its recognition as a separate entity seems warrnated because of the favorable response to steroid therapy.", "PMID": 74226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5329", "title": "Frequency of RFA colour polymorphisms of human acrocentric chromosomes in caucasians: interrelationship with QFQ polymorphisms.", "content": "One hundred normal caucasians were studied by sequential QFQ and RFA in order to estimate the type and frequency of variation. Colour variants were classified into 1 of 6 colours by RFA and intensity variations into 1 of 5 levels by QFQ. The interrelationship between QFQ and RFA variants was also examined. It was found that there was no consistent relationship between negative or brilliant QFQ variants and the various colours observed with RFA. RFA colour polymorphisms for chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 were 33.0, 38.0, 28.0, 50.0 and 24.5% while QFQ frequencies were 56.5, 10.0, 10.0, 15.5 and 10.0% respectively. RFA is especially useful in studying the inheritance of chromosome 21.", "contents": "Frequency of RFA colour polymorphisms of human acrocentric chromosomes in caucasians: interrelationship with QFQ polymorphisms. One hundred normal caucasians were studied by sequential QFQ and RFA in order to estimate the type and frequency of variation. Colour variants were classified into 1 of 6 colours by RFA and intensity variations into 1 of 5 levels by QFQ. The interrelationship between QFQ and RFA variants was also examined. It was found that there was no consistent relationship between negative or brilliant QFQ variants and the various colours observed with RFA. RFA colour polymorphisms for chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 were 33.0, 38.0, 28.0, 50.0 and 24.5% while QFQ frequencies were 56.5, 10.0, 10.0, 15.5 and 10.0% respectively. RFA is especially useful in studying the inheritance of chromosome 21.", "PMID": 74229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5330", "title": "Laryngeal amyloidosis: clinicopathologic study of seven cases.", "content": "The larynx is usually involved with amyloid as an isolated phenomenon and infrequently in generalized amyloidosis. This study includes six females and one male with an average age of 54 years who complained chiefly of prolonged hoarseness. At direct laryngoscopy, the amyloid usually presented as firm, nonulcerated yellow, red, or white lesions most often involving the ventricle, true and false cords. Surgical biopsy and/or excision was the only form of treatment. One patient experienced recurrence of her amyloid seven years after her first operation while another patient developed extralaryngeal amyloid. Amyloid is deposited extracellularly as amorphous eosinophilic material in vascular walls and basement membranes of minor salivary glands, as random tissue masses, or as \"rings\" in adipose tissue. Under the electron microscope, all types of amyloid have the same basic structure. However, chemical analysis has revealed three different classes of amyloid: amyloid of immunoglobulin origin, amyloid of unknown origin, and apudamyloid. Evidence suggests an immunoglobulin origin of at least some cases of amyloid localized to the larynx. It is theorized that the secretions of a monoclonal plasmacytic infiltrate of the larynx are metabolized into immunoglobulin light chain fragments by adjacent histiocytes and deposited extracellularly as amyloid.", "contents": "Laryngeal amyloidosis: clinicopathologic study of seven cases. The larynx is usually involved with amyloid as an isolated phenomenon and infrequently in generalized amyloidosis. This study includes six females and one male with an average age of 54 years who complained chiefly of prolonged hoarseness. At direct laryngoscopy, the amyloid usually presented as firm, nonulcerated yellow, red, or white lesions most often involving the ventricle, true and false cords. Surgical biopsy and/or excision was the only form of treatment. One patient experienced recurrence of her amyloid seven years after her first operation while another patient developed extralaryngeal amyloid. Amyloid is deposited extracellularly as amorphous eosinophilic material in vascular walls and basement membranes of minor salivary glands, as random tissue masses, or as \"rings\" in adipose tissue. Under the electron microscope, all types of amyloid have the same basic structure. However, chemical analysis has revealed three different classes of amyloid: amyloid of immunoglobulin origin, amyloid of unknown origin, and apudamyloid. Evidence suggests an immunoglobulin origin of at least some cases of amyloid localized to the larynx. It is theorized that the secretions of a monoclonal plasmacytic infiltrate of the larynx are metabolized into immunoglobulin light chain fragments by adjacent histiocytes and deposited extracellularly as amyloid.", "PMID": 74227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5331", "title": "Current concepts of tumor immunology. II. Tumor immunodetection.", "content": "A great deal of investigation is presently underway to develop methods of effectively assessing the status of an individual patient's immune system. Such methods might provide a means of early detection of tumor or of indicating prognosis so that treatment modalities may be tailored to individual patient needs. The cell-mediated response may be monitored using intradermal skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and cytotoxicity tests. Humoral responses have been monitored using assays for antibodies against tumor specific as well as tumor associated antigens. Assays have been developed which are capable of detecting circulating fetal antigens in very small concentrations. Thus far no one assay technique has proven to be sufficiently sensitive nor specific to be clinically useful. However, by utilizing a battery of tests before, during and after treatment, it is possible to determine a great deal about individual patient response to treatment and prognosis. With so many investigators focusing upon this problem, it seems likely that more effective methods of immunodetection will soon be developed.", "contents": "Current concepts of tumor immunology. II. Tumor immunodetection. A great deal of investigation is presently underway to develop methods of effectively assessing the status of an individual patient's immune system. Such methods might provide a means of early detection of tumor or of indicating prognosis so that treatment modalities may be tailored to individual patient needs. The cell-mediated response may be monitored using intradermal skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and cytotoxicity tests. Humoral responses have been monitored using assays for antibodies against tumor specific as well as tumor associated antigens. Assays have been developed which are capable of detecting circulating fetal antigens in very small concentrations. Thus far no one assay technique has proven to be sufficiently sensitive nor specific to be clinically useful. However, by utilizing a battery of tests before, during and after treatment, it is possible to determine a great deal about individual patient response to treatment and prognosis. With so many investigators focusing upon this problem, it seems likely that more effective methods of immunodetection will soon be developed.", "PMID": 74228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5332", "title": "[The allotypic variants of the e14 pattern (author's transl)].", "content": "The e14 pattern, located on the Fc fragment of rabbit IgG molecules, can be detected by precipitating antiserum no 20633. The reaction in agar medium of this serum with a normal rabbit serum e14/e14 leads to the appearance of four precipitating zones. This result indicates the existence of at least four allotypic forms (or variants) belonging to the e14 pattern. Among these variants, one can be detected in the reaction of another anti-e14 serum no 822. All these observations imply the participation of a great number of e14 determinants in the e14 pattern. Carbohydrate structures might be involved in these determinants as those which belong to \"Xg\" pattern.", "contents": "[The allotypic variants of the e14 pattern (author's transl)]. The e14 pattern, located on the Fc fragment of rabbit IgG molecules, can be detected by precipitating antiserum no 20633. The reaction in agar medium of this serum with a normal rabbit serum e14/e14 leads to the appearance of four precipitating zones. This result indicates the existence of at least four allotypic forms (or variants) belonging to the e14 pattern. Among these variants, one can be detected in the reaction of another anti-e14 serum no 822. All these observations imply the participation of a great number of e14 determinants in the e14 pattern. Carbohydrate structures might be involved in these determinants as those which belong to \"Xg\" pattern.", "PMID": 74230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5333", "title": "Is non-specific cross-reacting antigen a marker on the surface of human basophils?", "content": "Leucocytes challenged with anti-NCA serum (non-specific cross-reacting antigen) can release histamine. This release is Ca++, glucose and temperature dependent as usually described for basophils. Only half of the subjects whose basophils can release histamine when challenged with anti-IgE serum are also able to release histamine with anti-NCA serum. There is no cross-reaction between IgE and anti-NCA serum or between NCA and anti-IgE serum. So it seems likely that NCA might be a marker on the surface of some human basophils.", "contents": "Is non-specific cross-reacting antigen a marker on the surface of human basophils? Leucocytes challenged with anti-NCA serum (non-specific cross-reacting antigen) can release histamine. This release is Ca++, glucose and temperature dependent as usually described for basophils. Only half of the subjects whose basophils can release histamine when challenged with anti-IgE serum are also able to release histamine with anti-NCA serum. There is no cross-reaction between IgE and anti-NCA serum or between NCA and anti-IgE serum. So it seems likely that NCA might be a marker on the surface of some human basophils.", "PMID": 74231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5334", "title": "Statistical analysis and quality control in radioimmunoassays for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C.", "content": "The objective of these studies was to set up a reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC) in a food system. Significant differences (95% confidence limits) were obtained between the 0- and 1-ng/ml enterotoxin standards, so the sensitivity of the RIAs was 1 ng/ml. Polystyrene tubes coated with anti-SEB and stored at 4 degrees C were unstable. The percentage of iodinated SEB bound to these tubes decreased at a rate of 0.33%/day, in contrast to the rate of 0.07%/day obtained with tubes prepared the day before the analyses. Satisfactory precision and maximum sensitivity were obtained by using six replicates for each sample and freshly coated tubes. The antisera used for coating the tubes were reused four times and were frozen between coatings. The process of drum drying mashed potatoes containing 1 mug of SEB per g of mashed potatoes inactivated 83% (wt/wt) of the SEB. Statistical quality control parameters were used to insure that RIAs were performing reliably with a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml. Over 450 samples of potato flakes and granules, which represented different production lots from 12 different manufacturers, were examined for SEA, SEB, and SEC. No enterotoxins were detected.", "contents": "Statistical analysis and quality control in radioimmunoassays for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C. The objective of these studies was to set up a reliable radioimmunoassay (RIA) for staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC) in a food system. Significant differences (95% confidence limits) were obtained between the 0- and 1-ng/ml enterotoxin standards, so the sensitivity of the RIAs was 1 ng/ml. Polystyrene tubes coated with anti-SEB and stored at 4 degrees C were unstable. The percentage of iodinated SEB bound to these tubes decreased at a rate of 0.33%/day, in contrast to the rate of 0.07%/day obtained with tubes prepared the day before the analyses. Satisfactory precision and maximum sensitivity were obtained by using six replicates for each sample and freshly coated tubes. The antisera used for coating the tubes were reused four times and were frozen between coatings. The process of drum drying mashed potatoes containing 1 mug of SEB per g of mashed potatoes inactivated 83% (wt/wt) of the SEB. Statistical quality control parameters were used to insure that RIAs were performing reliably with a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml. Over 450 samples of potato flakes and granules, which represented different production lots from 12 different manufacturers, were examined for SEA, SEB, and SEC. No enterotoxins were detected.", "PMID": 74235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5335", "title": "Cultural and physiological characteristics of Clostridium botulinum type G and the susceptibility of certain animals to its toxin.", "content": "Strain 89 of Clostridium botulinum type G, isolated by Gimenez and Ciccarelli in 1969, was characterized culturally, biochemically, and toxigenically. It was motile, hemolytic asaccharolytic, weakly proteolytic, lipase and lecithinase negative, and it produced acetic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth. No spores were seen in smears from solid or liquid media. Very low levels of toxin were produced in regular broth cultures, but dialysis cultures yielded 30,000 mouse 50% mean lethal doses (LD50 per kg, orally and subcutaneously, respectively; and for guinea pigs, 10,000 to 20,000 and 100 mouse LD50 per kig, intragastrically and intraperitoneally, respectively.", "contents": "Cultural and physiological characteristics of Clostridium botulinum type G and the susceptibility of certain animals to its toxin. Strain 89 of Clostridium botulinum type G, isolated by Gimenez and Ciccarelli in 1969, was characterized culturally, biochemically, and toxigenically. It was motile, hemolytic asaccharolytic, weakly proteolytic, lipase and lecithinase negative, and it produced acetic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth. No spores were seen in smears from solid or liquid media. Very low levels of toxin were produced in regular broth cultures, but dialysis cultures yielded 30,000 mouse 50% mean lethal doses (LD50 per kg, orally and subcutaneously, respectively; and for guinea pigs, 10,000 to 20,000 and 100 mouse LD50 per kig, intragastrically and intraperitoneally, respectively.", "PMID": 74236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5336", "title": "Pemphigus-like antibodies in bullous pemphigoid.", "content": "A patient had clinical, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescent findings compatible with a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. In addition, the patient's serum contained pemphigus-like antibodies with different antigenic specificities than true pemphigus antibodies. Absorption of the patient's serum with AB substance failed to block the intercellular substance staining but allowed the demonstration of a basement membrane zone reactive antibody as well. Atypical cases such as this should not cast doubt on the usefulness of immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of bullous skin diseases.", "contents": "Pemphigus-like antibodies in bullous pemphigoid. A patient had clinical, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescent findings compatible with a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. In addition, the patient's serum contained pemphigus-like antibodies with different antigenic specificities than true pemphigus antibodies. Absorption of the patient's serum with AB substance failed to block the intercellular substance staining but allowed the demonstration of a basement membrane zone reactive antibody as well. Atypical cases such as this should not cast doubt on the usefulness of immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of bullous skin diseases.", "PMID": 74239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5337", "title": "Intramembraneous particles and transmembraneous ionic channels in the epidermal cell membrane. A cytochemical study with the alcian blue-lanthanum technique.", "content": "Normal skin was investigated with the Alcian blue-lanthanum technique. Nexus (gap junctions) were found in the stratum Malpighii. They were less numerous in the basal layer, increasing to the upper layers of the epidermis and lacking in the stratum corneum. They were five-layered, about 20 nm thick and showed a 5-7 nm broad lanthanum positive intercellular dense line. Transitional forms between the narrow intercellular space and the real nexus were observed. These \"nearly nexus\" were broader, the intercellular dense line measured 6-15 nm, and sometimes they were seven-layered. Both, nexus and \"nearly nexus\" revealed a specific distribution of lanthanum in their membranes. Lanthanum ions seemed to penetrate the membranes forming electron-dense transversal channels branching off from the central dense line with a periodicity of 3 nm. The tangential sections suggested that this distribution was based on the aggregation of intramembraneous particles 1.5-2.0 nm in diameter, which in some areas may be gathered to greater subunits. The nexus may play a role in the control of epidermal proliferation.", "contents": "Intramembraneous particles and transmembraneous ionic channels in the epidermal cell membrane. A cytochemical study with the alcian blue-lanthanum technique. Normal skin was investigated with the Alcian blue-lanthanum technique. Nexus (gap junctions) were found in the stratum Malpighii. They were less numerous in the basal layer, increasing to the upper layers of the epidermis and lacking in the stratum corneum. They were five-layered, about 20 nm thick and showed a 5-7 nm broad lanthanum positive intercellular dense line. Transitional forms between the narrow intercellular space and the real nexus were observed. These \"nearly nexus\" were broader, the intercellular dense line measured 6-15 nm, and sometimes they were seven-layered. Both, nexus and \"nearly nexus\" revealed a specific distribution of lanthanum in their membranes. Lanthanum ions seemed to penetrate the membranes forming electron-dense transversal channels branching off from the central dense line with a periodicity of 3 nm. The tangential sections suggested that this distribution was based on the aggregation of intramembraneous particles 1.5-2.0 nm in diameter, which in some areas may be gathered to greater subunits. The nexus may play a role in the control of epidermal proliferation.", "PMID": 74240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5338", "title": "Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "A retrospective review of 19 patients with documented myeloid metaplasia undergoing, elective splenectomy during the past ten years at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital is presented. The primary indications for splenectomy in 17 of these 19 were either hypersplenism or symptomatic splenomegaly. Eighteen of the 19 underwent both 59Fe-ferrokinetic studies and 51Cr-sequestration studies or, alternatively, 111In-marrow scintigraphy as a part of their routine preoperative evaluation. The death from sepsis of one patient six weeks post-operatively, whose marrow function was poor and whose level of splenic sequestration was minimal, confirms the efficacy of these studies in the preoperative prediction of hematologic response to splenectomy. Eighteen of the 19 patients benefited from the operation in terms of symptomatic relief and/or hematologic improvement, although surgery presumably did nothing to prolong survival in these patients. We conclude that splenectomy is indicated as a palliative maneuver for carefully selected patients with myeloid metaplasia without prohibitive operative risk, provided the criteria for selection of patients are adhered to and the surgeon and hematologist work together as a team.", "contents": "Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia. A retrospective review of 19 patients with documented myeloid metaplasia undergoing, elective splenectomy during the past ten years at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital is presented. The primary indications for splenectomy in 17 of these 19 were either hypersplenism or symptomatic splenomegaly. Eighteen of the 19 underwent both 59Fe-ferrokinetic studies and 51Cr-sequestration studies or, alternatively, 111In-marrow scintigraphy as a part of their routine preoperative evaluation. The death from sepsis of one patient six weeks post-operatively, whose marrow function was poor and whose level of splenic sequestration was minimal, confirms the efficacy of these studies in the preoperative prediction of hematologic response to splenectomy. Eighteen of the 19 patients benefited from the operation in terms of symptomatic relief and/or hematologic improvement, although surgery presumably did nothing to prolong survival in these patients. We conclude that splenectomy is indicated as a palliative maneuver for carefully selected patients with myeloid metaplasia without prohibitive operative risk, provided the criteria for selection of patients are adhered to and the surgeon and hematologist work together as a team.", "PMID": 74243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5339", "title": "Reverse transcriptase of foamy virus. Purification of the enzymes and immunological identification.", "content": "Reverse transcriptase from foamy virus, strain H4188 was estimated and purified. The enzyme has the following characteristics: 1. The reaction utilized preferentially oligo (dT) poly (rA) as a primer-template; however, the synthetic primer-template oligo (dT) poly (dA) could also be used to some extent. 2. The reaction utilized oligo (dG) poly (rC) as a primer-template with very low efficiency. 3. The crude virus preparation had a detectable endogenous reaction using the four deoxyribonucleotides for DNA polymerization. 4. The cation requirement for the enzyme reaction was much more biased for Mn++ than for Mg++ ions. 5. The molecular weight of the partially-purified enzyme was estimated to be about 80,000. Aggregates of 240,000 daltons were also seen. The activity of this enzyme was not inhibited by antisera against the reverse transcriptases of various type C RNA viruses, namely, feline endogenous leukemia virus, RD 114, Woolly simian sarcoma virus (SSV-1) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). Antiserum against Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) enzyme was marginally active against foamy virus enzyme, perhaps indicating a slight cross-reaction. The biochemical characteristics of foamy virus reverse transcriptase seemed to be very close to those of the type C RNA viruses, but the immunological reaction proved that the foamy virus reverse transcriptase was distinct from the others.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase of foamy virus. Purification of the enzymes and immunological identification. Reverse transcriptase from foamy virus, strain H4188 was estimated and purified. The enzyme has the following characteristics: 1. The reaction utilized preferentially oligo (dT) poly (rA) as a primer-template; however, the synthetic primer-template oligo (dT) poly (dA) could also be used to some extent. 2. The reaction utilized oligo (dG) poly (rC) as a primer-template with very low efficiency. 3. The crude virus preparation had a detectable endogenous reaction using the four deoxyribonucleotides for DNA polymerization. 4. The cation requirement for the enzyme reaction was much more biased for Mn++ than for Mg++ ions. 5. The molecular weight of the partially-purified enzyme was estimated to be about 80,000. Aggregates of 240,000 daltons were also seen. The activity of this enzyme was not inhibited by antisera against the reverse transcriptases of various type C RNA viruses, namely, feline endogenous leukemia virus, RD 114, Woolly simian sarcoma virus (SSV-1) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). Antiserum against Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) enzyme was marginally active against foamy virus enzyme, perhaps indicating a slight cross-reaction. The biochemical characteristics of foamy virus reverse transcriptase seemed to be very close to those of the type C RNA viruses, but the immunological reaction proved that the foamy virus reverse transcriptase was distinct from the others.", "PMID": 74244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5340", "title": "Enhancement of antiviral protection against encephalomyocarditis virus by a combination of isoprinosine and interferon.", "content": "The antiviral effect of interferon against encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infection in mice was enhanced by isoprinosine. However, the enhancement was only obtained when both interferon and the virus were inoculated into the peritoneum; the inoculation route of isoprinosone did not modify significantly the final results. In addition, the time sequence of injections was of great importance; generally the injection of isoprinosine had to precede that of interferon by a few hours.", "contents": "Enhancement of antiviral protection against encephalomyocarditis virus by a combination of isoprinosine and interferon. The antiviral effect of interferon against encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infection in mice was enhanced by isoprinosine. However, the enhancement was only obtained when both interferon and the virus were inoculated into the peritoneum; the inoculation route of isoprinosone did not modify significantly the final results. In addition, the time sequence of injections was of great importance; generally the injection of isoprinosine had to precede that of interferon by a few hours.", "PMID": 74245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5341", "title": "The surgical management of total atrioventricular canal lesions.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1976 sixteen children have had surgery for total atrioventricular canal lesions at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Twelve infants had palliative banding of the main pulmonary artery to control heart failure and prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension, with two hospital deaths (17%) and one late death. One other patient has been lost to follow-up and may also have died. Nine patients have undergone complete repair, with three hospital deaths (33%), and one later death at reoperation for residual mitral incompetence. Five of these had previously had banding of the main pulmonary artery, and the mortality has occurred exclusively in this group. The techniques of repair are discussed, and reasons advanced in favour of early primary repair of the defect in preference to palliative banding and later secondary repair.", "contents": "The surgical management of total atrioventricular canal lesions. Between 1969 and 1976 sixteen children have had surgery for total atrioventricular canal lesions at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Twelve infants had palliative banding of the main pulmonary artery to control heart failure and prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension, with two hospital deaths (17%) and one late death. One other patient has been lost to follow-up and may also have died. Nine patients have undergone complete repair, with three hospital deaths (33%), and one later death at reoperation for residual mitral incompetence. Five of these had previously had banding of the main pulmonary artery, and the mortality has occurred exclusively in this group. The techniques of repair are discussed, and reasons advanced in favour of early primary repair of the defect in preference to palliative banding and later secondary repair.", "PMID": 74247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5342", "title": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin-III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by alpha 2-macroglobulin, by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and by antithrombin-III and heparin was studied. The amount of alpha- and beta-thrombin inactivated by antithrombin-III was proportional to the concentration of the inhibitor, but the inactivation rates of the two forms of thrombin were different. Heparin facilitated complex-formation between alpha-thrombin and antithrombin-III, whereas inactivation of beta-thrombin by antithrombin was only slightly influenced, even at a heparin concentration two orders of magnitude higher. alpha 2-Macroglobulin inhibited both alpha- and beta-thrombin activity similarly, i.e. the amount of alpha- and beta-thrombin inactivated as well as the rates of their inhibition were the same. alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor also formed a complex with alpha- and beta-thrombin, similarly to antithrombin-III, although the inactivation of the enzyme needed high inhibitor concentration and long incubation time. These results suggest that the inactivation of beta-thrombin, if it occurs in the plasma, is also controlled by plasma inhibitors.", "contents": "Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by antithrombin-III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Inactivation of alpha- and beta-thrombin by alpha 2-macroglobulin, by alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and by antithrombin-III and heparin was studied. The amount of alpha- and beta-thrombin inactivated by antithrombin-III was proportional to the concentration of the inhibitor, but the inactivation rates of the two forms of thrombin were different. Heparin facilitated complex-formation between alpha-thrombin and antithrombin-III, whereas inactivation of beta-thrombin by antithrombin was only slightly influenced, even at a heparin concentration two orders of magnitude higher. alpha 2-Macroglobulin inhibited both alpha- and beta-thrombin activity similarly, i.e. the amount of alpha- and beta-thrombin inactivated as well as the rates of their inhibition were the same. alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor also formed a complex with alpha- and beta-thrombin, similarly to antithrombin-III, although the inactivation of the enzyme needed high inhibitor concentration and long incubation time. These results suggest that the inactivation of beta-thrombin, if it occurs in the plasma, is also controlled by plasma inhibitors.", "PMID": 74248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5343", "title": "The effects of ionophores on the fluorescence of the cation 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine in the presence of pigeon erythrocytes, erythrocyte 'ghosts' or liposomes.", "content": "1. Pigeon erythrocytes, resealed lysed erythrocytes or liposomes derived from erythrocyte lipids were suspended in solutions containing up to 2 micrometer-3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine iodide. Gramicidin, valinomycin, nigericin or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone, or combinations of these, were used to induce electrical diffusion potentials dependent on Na+, K+ or protons. In each instance hyperpolarization of the cell membrane lowered the fluorescence of the cell suspension, a process that was completed in about 1 min. Subsequent depolarization caused an increase in fluorescence. 2. Quenching of the fluorescence of the cell suspension appeared to be due to the reversible binding of the dye to the cells. Much larger amounts of dye were bound, both to the intact and to the resealed erythrocytes, than would be expected if partitioning of the dye cation followed the Nernst equation. The dependence of the binding on the extracellular dye concentration was studied in the presence and absence of valinomycin. The results were consistent with the suggestion of Sims, Waggoner, Wang & Hoffman [(1974) Biochemistry 13, 3315-3330] that the dye was bound at both membrane surfaces and that, at low dye concentrations, hyperpolarizing the cells promoted dye binding at the inner membrane surface. 3. The applications of the technique are limited by the circumstance that the direct effect of the electric field on the uptake of the dye into the cells is amplified by a binding process that may be affected by other physiological variables.", "contents": "The effects of ionophores on the fluorescence of the cation 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine in the presence of pigeon erythrocytes, erythrocyte 'ghosts' or liposomes. 1. Pigeon erythrocytes, resealed lysed erythrocytes or liposomes derived from erythrocyte lipids were suspended in solutions containing up to 2 micrometer-3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine iodide. Gramicidin, valinomycin, nigericin or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone, or combinations of these, were used to induce electrical diffusion potentials dependent on Na+, K+ or protons. In each instance hyperpolarization of the cell membrane lowered the fluorescence of the cell suspension, a process that was completed in about 1 min. Subsequent depolarization caused an increase in fluorescence. 2. Quenching of the fluorescence of the cell suspension appeared to be due to the reversible binding of the dye to the cells. Much larger amounts of dye were bound, both to the intact and to the resealed erythrocytes, than would be expected if partitioning of the dye cation followed the Nernst equation. The dependence of the binding on the extracellular dye concentration was studied in the presence and absence of valinomycin. The results were consistent with the suggestion of Sims, Waggoner, Wang & Hoffman [(1974) Biochemistry 13, 3315-3330] that the dye was bound at both membrane surfaces and that, at low dye concentrations, hyperpolarizing the cells promoted dye binding at the inner membrane surface. 3. The applications of the technique are limited by the circumstance that the direct effect of the electric field on the uptake of the dye into the cells is amplified by a binding process that may be affected by other physiological variables.", "PMID": 74249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5344", "title": "Enhancement by cytotoxic agents of artificial pulmonary metastasis.", "content": "The formation of lung colonies by i.v. injected Lewis lung-tumour cells in syngeneic recipients was greatly enhanced by prior treatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide. The lung-cloning efficiency was linearly related to cyclophosphamide dose and the optimum time of treatment was 2-4 days before the injection of tumour cells. The resulting lung colonies had a similar size distribution to colonies in untreated recipients. Bleomycin, local thoraric irradiation and whole-body irradiation were much less effective in enhancing the lung-cloning efficiency. Cyclophosphamide also enhanced the take probability of i.m. implanted tumour cells.", "contents": "Enhancement by cytotoxic agents of artificial pulmonary metastasis. The formation of lung colonies by i.v. injected Lewis lung-tumour cells in syngeneic recipients was greatly enhanced by prior treatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide. The lung-cloning efficiency was linearly related to cyclophosphamide dose and the optimum time of treatment was 2-4 days before the injection of tumour cells. The resulting lung colonies had a similar size distribution to colonies in untreated recipients. Bleomycin, local thoraric irradiation and whole-body irradiation were much less effective in enhancing the lung-cloning efficiency. Cyclophosphamide also enhanced the take probability of i.m. implanted tumour cells.", "PMID": 74258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5345", "title": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic factor in man as measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test: the effects of serum.", "content": "Sensitivity to human encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured in 70 cancer patients, in 34 patients with various non-malignant diseases and in 18 healthy volunteers, using the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test. Sensitization was demonstrated in 44/70 (63%) of the cancer patients, in 11/34 (32%) of the patients with non-malignant conditions and in one (5%) of the healthy individuals. No significant difference was seen in the frequency of demonstrable sensitivity with clinical stage of disease in cancer patients.Autologous serum from cancer patients had the ability to abrogate EF-mediated migration inhibition in 22/30 sensitized individuals. This blocking occurred with a similar frequency in all 3 clinical stages of cancer. Autologous serum from patients with non-malignant disease caused abrogation of EF-mediated migration inhibition in 4/11 sensitized individuals, whilst none of the healthy control individuals showed any significant change in the migration index in the presence of autologous serum. Homologous serum from patients with carcinoma of the breast or lung with and without autologous blocking activity and serum from a healthy individual were tested against lymphocytes from patients with various tumour types with the MMI test. Of 11 patients tested in the absence of serum, 8 (73%) showed significant migration inhibition with EF, whilst serum from patients with carcinoma of the lung or breast with autologous blocking activity abolished migration inhibition with EF in all 8 individuals with the former and in 6 with the latter, regardless of the tumour type from which the lymphocytes under test were derived. Homologous serum from both a carcinoma of the lung and breast without autologous blocking activity did not abolish migration inhibition with EF, except with the latter in one patient with a carcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic factor in man as measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test: the effects of serum. Sensitivity to human encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured in 70 cancer patients, in 34 patients with various non-malignant diseases and in 18 healthy volunteers, using the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test. Sensitization was demonstrated in 44/70 (63%) of the cancer patients, in 11/34 (32%) of the patients with non-malignant conditions and in one (5%) of the healthy individuals. No significant difference was seen in the frequency of demonstrable sensitivity with clinical stage of disease in cancer patients.Autologous serum from cancer patients had the ability to abrogate EF-mediated migration inhibition in 22/30 sensitized individuals. This blocking occurred with a similar frequency in all 3 clinical stages of cancer. Autologous serum from patients with non-malignant disease caused abrogation of EF-mediated migration inhibition in 4/11 sensitized individuals, whilst none of the healthy control individuals showed any significant change in the migration index in the presence of autologous serum. Homologous serum from patients with carcinoma of the breast or lung with and without autologous blocking activity and serum from a healthy individual were tested against lymphocytes from patients with various tumour types with the MMI test. Of 11 patients tested in the absence of serum, 8 (73%) showed significant migration inhibition with EF, whilst serum from patients with carcinoma of the lung or breast with autologous blocking activity abolished migration inhibition with EF in all 8 individuals with the former and in 6 with the latter, regardless of the tumour type from which the lymphocytes under test were derived. Homologous serum from both a carcinoma of the lung and breast without autologous blocking activity did not abolish migration inhibition with EF, except with the latter in one patient with a carcinoma of the lung.", "PMID": 74259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5346", "title": "Measurement of the complexity and diversity of poly(adenylic acid) containing messenger RNA from rat liver.", "content": "The complexity of rat liver poly (A)+ messenger RNA (mRNA) has been measured by analysis of the kinetics of hydridization with both complementary DNA (cDNA) and single copy DNA. The complementary DNA-poly(A)+ mRNA hybridization reaction demonstrates the existence of three abundance classes representing 18, 37, and 45% of the cDNA and 4, 290, and 24 000 different 1800-nucleotide sequences respectively. The poly(A)+ mRNA driven single copy DNA hybridization reaction reveals a single major transition accounting for 1.9% of the haploid rat genome. The kinetics of the poly(A)+ mRNA driven single copy DNA reaction suggest that approximately 45% of the mass of the mRNA population contains over 95% of the complexity. Although higher than previous estimates, the base sequence complexities of rat liver poly(A)+ mRNA measured in these two ways are in good agreement, suggesting that the technique of poly(A)+ mRNA-cDNA hybridization may be used in approximating the complexity as well as abundance of a messenger RNA population. DNA-driven cDNA reactions reveal that about 10% of rat liver poly(A)+ mRNA is transcribed from repetitive sequences in the rat genome.", "contents": "Measurement of the complexity and diversity of poly(adenylic acid) containing messenger RNA from rat liver. The complexity of rat liver poly (A)+ messenger RNA (mRNA) has been measured by analysis of the kinetics of hydridization with both complementary DNA (cDNA) and single copy DNA. The complementary DNA-poly(A)+ mRNA hybridization reaction demonstrates the existence of three abundance classes representing 18, 37, and 45% of the cDNA and 4, 290, and 24 000 different 1800-nucleotide sequences respectively. The poly(A)+ mRNA driven single copy DNA hybridization reaction reveals a single major transition accounting for 1.9% of the haploid rat genome. The kinetics of the poly(A)+ mRNA driven single copy DNA reaction suggest that approximately 45% of the mass of the mRNA population contains over 95% of the complexity. Although higher than previous estimates, the base sequence complexities of rat liver poly(A)+ mRNA measured in these two ways are in good agreement, suggesting that the technique of poly(A)+ mRNA-cDNA hybridization may be used in approximating the complexity as well as abundance of a messenger RNA population. DNA-driven cDNA reactions reveal that about 10% of rat liver poly(A)+ mRNA is transcribed from repetitive sequences in the rat genome.", "PMID": 74260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5347", "title": "Characterization and serum inhibition of neutral collagenase from cultured dog gingival tissue.", "content": "1. Explants of dog gingiva, maintained in culture for 9 days in the absence of serum, released a collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) into the medium. The yield of active enzyme reached a maximum after 5-8 days with concomitant release of collagen degradation products from the explants. 2. The enzyme attacked undenatured collagen in solution at 25 degrees C resulting in a 58% loss of specific viscosity and producing the two characteristic products TCA(3/4) and TCB(1/4). Electron microscopy of segment-long-spacing crystallites of these reaction products showed the cleavage locus of the collagen molecule at interband 40. 3. Optimal enzyme activity was observed over the pH range 7.5-8.5 and a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 was derived from gel filtration studies. EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, cysteine and dithiothreitol all inhibited collagenase activity. Proteoglycan derived from porcine and human cartilage did not inhibit the enzyme. 4. The enzyme was inhibited by the dog serum proteins alpha2-macroglobulin and a smaller component of molecular weight approximately 40,000. This small component was purified by column chromatography utilising Sephadex G-200, DEAE A-50, and G-100 (superfine grade). Agarose electrophoresis of the purified component showed it to represent a beta-serum protein. alpha1-Antitrypsin did not inhibit the enzyme. 5. The physiological importance of the natural serum inhibitors and gingival collagenase are discussed in relation to latent enzyme and periodontal disease.", "contents": "Characterization and serum inhibition of neutral collagenase from cultured dog gingival tissue. 1. Explants of dog gingiva, maintained in culture for 9 days in the absence of serum, released a collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) into the medium. The yield of active enzyme reached a maximum after 5-8 days with concomitant release of collagen degradation products from the explants. 2. The enzyme attacked undenatured collagen in solution at 25 degrees C resulting in a 58% loss of specific viscosity and producing the two characteristic products TCA(3/4) and TCB(1/4). Electron microscopy of segment-long-spacing crystallites of these reaction products showed the cleavage locus of the collagen molecule at interband 40. 3. Optimal enzyme activity was observed over the pH range 7.5-8.5 and a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 was derived from gel filtration studies. EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, cysteine and dithiothreitol all inhibited collagenase activity. Proteoglycan derived from porcine and human cartilage did not inhibit the enzyme. 4. The enzyme was inhibited by the dog serum proteins alpha2-macroglobulin and a smaller component of molecular weight approximately 40,000. This small component was purified by column chromatography utilising Sephadex G-200, DEAE A-50, and G-100 (superfine grade). Agarose electrophoresis of the purified component showed it to represent a beta-serum protein. alpha1-Antitrypsin did not inhibit the enzyme. 5. The physiological importance of the natural serum inhibitors and gingival collagenase are discussed in relation to latent enzyme and periodontal disease.", "PMID": 74261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5348", "title": "[Histamine and serotonin liberation and vascular permeability in a focus of acute aseptic inflammation].", "content": "Degranulation of mast cells of albino rat peritoneal fluid and mesentery of the small intestine and the release of histamine and serotonin in acute aseptic peritonitis began the first minute after the damage and reached their maximum by the 5-th minute; by the 15-th minute the level of free amines did not differ significantly from the initial one. The dynamics of the immediate phase of increased vascular permeability corresponded to the dynamics of the free amines. The greatest increase of vascular permeability was noted on the 10th--15-th minute; it decreased considerably by the 20th minute. It was concluded that histamine and serotonin caused an increase of vascular permeability in acute aseptic peritonitis mainly within 15 minutes after the damage.", "contents": "[Histamine and serotonin liberation and vascular permeability in a focus of acute aseptic inflammation]. Degranulation of mast cells of albino rat peritoneal fluid and mesentery of the small intestine and the release of histamine and serotonin in acute aseptic peritonitis began the first minute after the damage and reached their maximum by the 5-th minute; by the 15-th minute the level of free amines did not differ significantly from the initial one. The dynamics of the immediate phase of increased vascular permeability corresponded to the dynamics of the free amines. The greatest increase of vascular permeability was noted on the 10th--15-th minute; it decreased considerably by the 20th minute. It was concluded that histamine and serotonin caused an increase of vascular permeability in acute aseptic peritonitis mainly within 15 minutes after the damage.", "PMID": 74262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5349", "title": "[Effect of cyngal on gastric secretion in rats].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of gallic salt of cynoglossophin-heliosupin alkaloid (cyngal), extracted from Cynoglossum officinale L. on the gastric secretion of rats. Cyngal proved to stimulate the secretory function of the rat stomach, beginning from the dose of 0.25 mg/kg. This action is explained by the capacity of the preparation to release histamine from the labile depot.", "contents": "[Effect of cyngal on gastric secretion in rats]. The authors studied the influence of gallic salt of cynoglossophin-heliosupin alkaloid (cyngal), extracted from Cynoglossum officinale L. on the gastric secretion of rats. Cyngal proved to stimulate the secretory function of the rat stomach, beginning from the dose of 0.25 mg/kg. This action is explained by the capacity of the preparation to release histamine from the labile depot.", "PMID": 74263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5350", "title": "Tumor immunology: a neurosurgical perspective. II. The immunology of glial neoplasms.", "content": "The research thus far on the relation of the immune system to gliomas has shown that a glioma associated antigen does exist. Small quantities of glioma associated antibodies probably circulate within the patient's serum but there is definite evidence of depression of the cell-mediated vanguard of the immune response. This depression is caused by a blocking factor that may be present as an antigen, antibody, or antigen-antibody complex. Both active and passive immunotherapeutic techniques have been employed in a small number of patients with little success. Considerable understanding of the alteration of the immune system is necessary before a rational approach toward immunotherapy of gliomas may be undertaken. However, it is apparent that reductive therapy consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy will be necessary before the immune system will be effective against the tumor burden.", "contents": "Tumor immunology: a neurosurgical perspective. II. The immunology of glial neoplasms. The research thus far on the relation of the immune system to gliomas has shown that a glioma associated antigen does exist. Small quantities of glioma associated antibodies probably circulate within the patient's serum but there is definite evidence of depression of the cell-mediated vanguard of the immune response. This depression is caused by a blocking factor that may be present as an antigen, antibody, or antigen-antibody complex. Both active and passive immunotherapeutic techniques have been employed in a small number of patients with little success. Considerable understanding of the alteration of the immune system is necessary before a rational approach toward immunotherapy of gliomas may be undertaken. However, it is apparent that reductive therapy consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy will be necessary before the immune system will be effective against the tumor burden.", "PMID": 74264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5351", "title": "The effect of catecholamines on the in vivo and in vitro responses of the cat lung during anaphylaxis.", "content": "1. Anaphylaxis in the lung of cats actively sensitized to Ascaris antigen has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. 2. In vivo there was a 100% increase in airways resistance and a 50% decrease in dynamic lung compliance following intravenous challenge with Ascaris antigen. Prostaglandin F2alpha induced similar changes but with histamine only dynamic lung compliance was affected. (-)-Isoprenaline prevented these prostaglandin F2alpha- and histamine-induced changes and caused a delay of about 2 min in the onset of the mechanical changes following anaphylactic challenge. 3. In vitro the isolated lung strip contracted within seconds of challenge whereas there was a delay of 2 to 3 min in the onset of the tracheal anaphylactic response. (-)-Isoprenaline, (-)-adrenaline and (+/-)-noradrenaline reduced the magnitude of anaphylactic contractions of the isolated trachea but did not significantly affect those of the isolated lung strip. This indicated lack of inhibition of mediator release from the lung parenchyma. 4. Histamine was released from sensitized lung fragments following challenge with the Ascaris extract. This release constituted 6.3% of the total tissue histamine and was not inhibited by (-)-isoprenaline (1 micrometer). 5. (-)-Isoprenaline abolished 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contractions of the isolated trachea but not those elicited in response to acetylcholine. The isolated lung strip responses to histamine, prostaglandin F2alpha and 5-HT were highly resistant to inhibition by (-)-isoprenaline.", "contents": "The effect of catecholamines on the in vivo and in vitro responses of the cat lung during anaphylaxis. 1. Anaphylaxis in the lung of cats actively sensitized to Ascaris antigen has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. 2. In vivo there was a 100% increase in airways resistance and a 50% decrease in dynamic lung compliance following intravenous challenge with Ascaris antigen. Prostaglandin F2alpha induced similar changes but with histamine only dynamic lung compliance was affected. (-)-Isoprenaline prevented these prostaglandin F2alpha- and histamine-induced changes and caused a delay of about 2 min in the onset of the mechanical changes following anaphylactic challenge. 3. In vitro the isolated lung strip contracted within seconds of challenge whereas there was a delay of 2 to 3 min in the onset of the tracheal anaphylactic response. (-)-Isoprenaline, (-)-adrenaline and (+/-)-noradrenaline reduced the magnitude of anaphylactic contractions of the isolated trachea but did not significantly affect those of the isolated lung strip. This indicated lack of inhibition of mediator release from the lung parenchyma. 4. Histamine was released from sensitized lung fragments following challenge with the Ascaris extract. This release constituted 6.3% of the total tissue histamine and was not inhibited by (-)-isoprenaline (1 micrometer). 5. (-)-Isoprenaline abolished 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contractions of the isolated trachea but not those elicited in response to acetylcholine. The isolated lung strip responses to histamine, prostaglandin F2alpha and 5-HT were highly resistant to inhibition by (-)-isoprenaline.", "PMID": 74265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5352", "title": "Release of mediators of anaphylaxis: inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the modification of release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and histamine.", "content": "1 When isolated perfused lungs from sensitized guinea-pigs were challenged with antigen, histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and prostaglandin-like substances were released into the effluent. 2 Treatment of the lungs before and during challenge with indomethacin (0.5--10 microgram/ml), sodium aspirin (1--10 microgram/ml), sodium meclofenamate (0.1--1 microgram/ml) or ketoprofen (0.5--5 microgram/ml) inhibited the release of prostaglandins while increasing the output of histamine and SRS-A between three- and five-fold. 3 Diethylcarbamazine (0.2--1 mg/ml) reduced the release of SRS-A and histamine but increased the amount of prostaglandin-like substances produced. 4 Eicosatetraynoic acid (10 microgram/ml) inhibited formation of prostaglandins but did not modify release of histamine and SRS-A. 5 The results with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and diethylcarbamazine suggest that prostaglandins, or some other product of the cyclo-oxygenase system, depress the anaphylactic release of SRS-A and histamine.", "contents": "Release of mediators of anaphylaxis: inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the modification of release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and histamine. 1 When isolated perfused lungs from sensitized guinea-pigs were challenged with antigen, histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and prostaglandin-like substances were released into the effluent. 2 Treatment of the lungs before and during challenge with indomethacin (0.5--10 microgram/ml), sodium aspirin (1--10 microgram/ml), sodium meclofenamate (0.1--1 microgram/ml) or ketoprofen (0.5--5 microgram/ml) inhibited the release of prostaglandins while increasing the output of histamine and SRS-A between three- and five-fold. 3 Diethylcarbamazine (0.2--1 mg/ml) reduced the release of SRS-A and histamine but increased the amount of prostaglandin-like substances produced. 4 Eicosatetraynoic acid (10 microgram/ml) inhibited formation of prostaglandins but did not modify release of histamine and SRS-A. 5 The results with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and diethylcarbamazine suggest that prostaglandins, or some other product of the cyclo-oxygenase system, depress the anaphylactic release of SRS-A and histamine.", "PMID": 74266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5353", "title": "Guanethidine-induced vasodilatation in the rabbit, mediated by endogenous histamine.", "content": "1 The effects of guanethidine (0.5-4 mg/kg i.v.) on arterial pressure, hindlimb blood flow and hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits subjected to \"total\" autonomic block. 2 Evidence that this response was mediated by histamine release was that (a) 3H-labelled histamine levels in the hindlimb venous blood rose substantially after guanethidine; (b) infusion of exogenous histamine caused an inhibition of the guanethidine-induced vasodilatation; and (c) competitive antagonism of the response was obtained with the H2-antagonist burimamide. 3 There was good correlation between the [3H]-histamine ;elease and the time course of the vasodilator response. Glyceryl trinitrate infusions that lowered HVR substantially, did not cause release of histamine. 4 Reserpine, desipramine and indomethacin pretreatment did not alter the vasodilator response to guanethidine. 5 The guanethidine vasodilator response was not influenced by the H1-antagonist mepyramine or by the other H2-antagonists, metiamide or cimetidine. The vascular receptors stimulated by endogenous histamine may be distinctive from those stimulated by exogenous histamine, or the action of guanethidine may involve greater production of histamine at an intracellular site that is more readily reached by burimamide than by the other H2-antagonists.", "contents": "Guanethidine-induced vasodilatation in the rabbit, mediated by endogenous histamine. 1 The effects of guanethidine (0.5-4 mg/kg i.v.) on arterial pressure, hindlimb blood flow and hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits subjected to \"total\" autonomic block. 2 Evidence that this response was mediated by histamine release was that (a) 3H-labelled histamine levels in the hindlimb venous blood rose substantially after guanethidine; (b) infusion of exogenous histamine caused an inhibition of the guanethidine-induced vasodilatation; and (c) competitive antagonism of the response was obtained with the H2-antagonist burimamide. 3 There was good correlation between the [3H]-histamine ;elease and the time course of the vasodilator response. Glyceryl trinitrate infusions that lowered HVR substantially, did not cause release of histamine. 4 Reserpine, desipramine and indomethacin pretreatment did not alter the vasodilator response to guanethidine. 5 The guanethidine vasodilator response was not influenced by the H1-antagonist mepyramine or by the other H2-antagonists, metiamide or cimetidine. The vascular receptors stimulated by endogenous histamine may be distinctive from those stimulated by exogenous histamine, or the action of guanethidine may involve greater production of histamine at an intracellular site that is more readily reached by burimamide than by the other H2-antagonists.", "PMID": 74267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5354", "title": "The effect of antiandrogens and stilboestrol on the cytosol receptor in rat prostate.", "content": "The effects of 4 antiandrogens and stilboestrol on the cytosol receptor of the rat ventral prostate have been compared. Equimolar doses of cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, SC 9022 and flutamide inhibited the binding of dihydrotestosterone to the receptor complex in vivo by 44 to 50% whereas stilboestrol had no effect. In the in vitro studies an equimolar concentration produced similar effects to those observed in vivo with the exception of flutamide which had no effect. This technique provides a method for assessing and comparing the effectiveness of antiandrogens on the androgen receptor complex of the prostate.", "contents": "The effect of antiandrogens and stilboestrol on the cytosol receptor in rat prostate. The effects of 4 antiandrogens and stilboestrol on the cytosol receptor of the rat ventral prostate have been compared. Equimolar doses of cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, SC 9022 and flutamide inhibited the binding of dihydrotestosterone to the receptor complex in vivo by 44 to 50% whereas stilboestrol had no effect. In the in vitro studies an equimolar concentration produced similar effects to those observed in vivo with the exception of flutamide which had no effect. This technique provides a method for assessing and comparing the effectiveness of antiandrogens on the androgen receptor complex of the prostate.", "PMID": 74269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5355", "title": "Carcinoma of the penis: a review of 42 cases.", "content": "A retrospective survey was made of 42 cases of carcinoma of the penis presenting over 14 years. Cases for attempted cure of the primary lesion were treated by either radiotherapy or surgery. It is recommended that radiotherapy should be the primary treatment as it is non-mutilative, allows secondary surgical salvage where necessary and has no greater occurrence of post-treatment lymph node metastases than surgery.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the penis: a review of 42 cases. A retrospective survey was made of 42 cases of carcinoma of the penis presenting over 14 years. Cases for attempted cure of the primary lesion were treated by either radiotherapy or surgery. It is recommended that radiotherapy should be the primary treatment as it is non-mutilative, allows secondary surgical salvage where necessary and has no greater occurrence of post-treatment lymph node metastases than surgery.", "PMID": 74270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5356", "title": "Retinotopic organization within the thalamic reticular nucleus demonstrated by a double label autoradiographic technique.", "content": "A 'visual receptive zone' of the thalamic reticular nucleus can be defined in rabbits by the transneuronal transport of [3H]proline from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the reticular nucleus. Small injections of [3H]proline into the striate cortex of rabbits produce localized patches of label within this visual receptive zone, smaller than the zone itself. The sum of these small patches corresponds approximately to the total extent of the visual receptive zone, suggesting that there is a retinotopic map within the corticoreticular pathway. This map has been studied by double injections, using [3H]proline and [35S]methionine to label two different parts of the striate cortex. After axoplasmic transport of the isotopes, the reticular distribution of these two labels can be demonstrated by a double emulsion technique. This allows a distinction to be made between the radiation emitted by each isotope and demonstrates that within the reticular nucleus there is an accurate retinotopic map. In accuracy and in the orientation of the major visual field axes, this map corresponds closely to the map established in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. However, the reticular map shows an elongation in the dorsoventral axis, which corresponds to the orientation of dendritic arbors within the nucleus.", "contents": "Retinotopic organization within the thalamic reticular nucleus demonstrated by a double label autoradiographic technique. A 'visual receptive zone' of the thalamic reticular nucleus can be defined in rabbits by the transneuronal transport of [3H]proline from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the reticular nucleus. Small injections of [3H]proline into the striate cortex of rabbits produce localized patches of label within this visual receptive zone, smaller than the zone itself. The sum of these small patches corresponds approximately to the total extent of the visual receptive zone, suggesting that there is a retinotopic map within the corticoreticular pathway. This map has been studied by double injections, using [3H]proline and [35S]methionine to label two different parts of the striate cortex. After axoplasmic transport of the isotopes, the reticular distribution of these two labels can be demonstrated by a double emulsion technique. This allows a distinction to be made between the radiation emitted by each isotope and demonstrates that within the reticular nucleus there is an accurate retinotopic map. In accuracy and in the orientation of the major visual field axes, this map corresponds closely to the map established in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. However, the reticular map shows an elongation in the dorsoventral axis, which corresponds to the orientation of dendritic arbors within the nucleus.", "PMID": 74273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5357", "title": "Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in bone: microscopic visualization by an immuno-histochemical technique.", "content": "Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP, cGMP) was localized in bone cells by the use of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method. We observed that in cat alveolar bone most osteoblasts did not stain for cGMP, while adjacent periodontal cells displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining. Numerous osteocytes contained diffuse reaction products over most or all of the cellular area. The method used in this study may be helpful in identifying specific hard tissue cell types whose function(s) involve cGMP.", "contents": "Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in bone: microscopic visualization by an immuno-histochemical technique. Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP, cGMP) was localized in bone cells by the use of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method. We observed that in cat alveolar bone most osteoblasts did not stain for cGMP, while adjacent periodontal cells displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining. Numerous osteocytes contained diffuse reaction products over most or all of the cellular area. The method used in this study may be helpful in identifying specific hard tissue cell types whose function(s) involve cGMP.", "PMID": 74277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5358", "title": "Cellular localization and concentration of bone cyclic nucleotides in response to acute PTE administration.", "content": "The cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations of alveolar bone of control and PTE-treated cats were measured by chemical and immunohistochemical methods. In the PTE-treated animals, alveolar bone osteoblasts stained intensely for cAMP, but very weakly for cGMP; the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells stained for cAMP similarly to the controls, but some PDL cells stained more intensely for cGMP than their controls; osteocytes stained for cAMP with greater intensity than in the controls; osteoclasts stained intensely for both cyclic nucleotides. We found that bone samples taken from animals 20 and 60 min after administration of PTE contained twice the amount of cAMP, and almost three times the amount of cGMP observed in the controls. These results indicate that the cellular source of bone cyclic nucleotides in PTE-treated animals varies as to cell type, and therefore in bone and PDL the functions mediated by cAMP are not necessarily antagonistic to those mediated by cGMP.", "contents": "Cellular localization and concentration of bone cyclic nucleotides in response to acute PTE administration. The cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations of alveolar bone of control and PTE-treated cats were measured by chemical and immunohistochemical methods. In the PTE-treated animals, alveolar bone osteoblasts stained intensely for cAMP, but very weakly for cGMP; the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells stained for cAMP similarly to the controls, but some PDL cells stained more intensely for cGMP than their controls; osteocytes stained for cAMP with greater intensity than in the controls; osteoclasts stained intensely for both cyclic nucleotides. We found that bone samples taken from animals 20 and 60 min after administration of PTE contained twice the amount of cAMP, and almost three times the amount of cGMP observed in the controls. These results indicate that the cellular source of bone cyclic nucleotides in PTE-treated animals varies as to cell type, and therefore in bone and PDL the functions mediated by cAMP are not necessarily antagonistic to those mediated by cGMP.", "PMID": 74278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5359", "title": "Lipid and protein histochemistry of enamel--effects of fluoride.", "content": "Staining reactions for a number of histochemical procedures for lipophilic staining and protein were studied in the enamel matrix along the length of rat incisors. Sudan Black gave a positive stain across the whole thickness of very early enamel (up to 30 micrometer) but this staining only continued as a narrow band close to the ameloblasts as the enamel matured. A variety of tests for protein produced almost identical staining patterns in enamel matrix up to 100 micrometer thick. Since the pattern of \"lipid\" staining persisted, after using a number of procedures which could normally be expected to remove lipid, it is suggested that Sudan Black positive staining may be due to lipophilic protein rather than lipid itself. Fluoride did not significantly alter the staining reactions for \"lipid\" and protein but did produce matrix which was much more effectively stained by cross-linking agents FFDNB and FF sulphone.", "contents": "Lipid and protein histochemistry of enamel--effects of fluoride. Staining reactions for a number of histochemical procedures for lipophilic staining and protein were studied in the enamel matrix along the length of rat incisors. Sudan Black gave a positive stain across the whole thickness of very early enamel (up to 30 micrometer) but this staining only continued as a narrow band close to the ameloblasts as the enamel matured. A variety of tests for protein produced almost identical staining patterns in enamel matrix up to 100 micrometer thick. Since the pattern of \"lipid\" staining persisted, after using a number of procedures which could normally be expected to remove lipid, it is suggested that Sudan Black positive staining may be due to lipophilic protein rather than lipid itself. Fluoride did not significantly alter the staining reactions for \"lipid\" and protein but did produce matrix which was much more effectively stained by cross-linking agents FFDNB and FF sulphone.", "PMID": 74279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5360", "title": "Comparative trial of combination chemotherapy in extensive squamous carcinoma of the lung: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group carried out a comparative study of two combination chemotherapy regimens in 231 patients with extensive squamous carcinoma of the lung. One regimen consisted of bleomycin, adriamycin, CCNU, vincristine, and mechlorethamine (BACON). The other involved mechlorethamine, adriamycin, and CCNU (NAC) in the same dose and schedule but with the deletion of vincristine and bleomycin. The response rate was 21% for BACON and 16% for NAC. The median survival time (MST) was 16 weeks for all patients receiving each regimen. Pretreatment performance statues (PS) was significantly related to the response rates: these were 28% for BACON and 23% for NAC among fully ambulatory patients (PS, 8-10) versus 15% for BACON and 10% for NAC among those with a lesser PS (P less than 0.05). Survival was also influenced by PS; the MST was 28 weeks for PSs 8-10 with either regimen compared to an overall MST of 11.5 weeks for patients with PSs 5-7 and 2.8 weeks for PSs 1-4. The toxicity of the two regimens was comparable with a 4% incidence of treatment-related deaths. An additional 10% of the patients were hospitalized because of life-threatening but reversible toxic effects. The only patients for whom there may be an improvement in MST over that expected from supportive care alone are those with PSs 8-10. Patients who demonstrated response or improvement, regardless of PS, had a significantly longer MST: 39.5 versus 11.2 weeks for those who did not respond (P = 0.001).", "contents": "Comparative trial of combination chemotherapy in extensive squamous carcinoma of the lung: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. The Southwest Oncology Group carried out a comparative study of two combination chemotherapy regimens in 231 patients with extensive squamous carcinoma of the lung. One regimen consisted of bleomycin, adriamycin, CCNU, vincristine, and mechlorethamine (BACON). The other involved mechlorethamine, adriamycin, and CCNU (NAC) in the same dose and schedule but with the deletion of vincristine and bleomycin. The response rate was 21% for BACON and 16% for NAC. The median survival time (MST) was 16 weeks for all patients receiving each regimen. Pretreatment performance statues (PS) was significantly related to the response rates: these were 28% for BACON and 23% for NAC among fully ambulatory patients (PS, 8-10) versus 15% for BACON and 10% for NAC among those with a lesser PS (P less than 0.05). Survival was also influenced by PS; the MST was 28 weeks for PSs 8-10 with either regimen compared to an overall MST of 11.5 weeks for patients with PSs 5-7 and 2.8 weeks for PSs 1-4. The toxicity of the two regimens was comparable with a 4% incidence of treatment-related deaths. An additional 10% of the patients were hospitalized because of life-threatening but reversible toxic effects. The only patients for whom there may be an improvement in MST over that expected from supportive care alone are those with PSs 8-10. Patients who demonstrated response or improvement, regardless of PS, had a significantly longer MST: 39.5 versus 11.2 weeks for those who did not respond (P = 0.001).", "PMID": 74281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5361", "title": "Effects of variations in renal function on the clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered as an iv bolus.", "content": "The clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered as an iv bolus has been studied in a homogeneous group of patients receiving a single regimen containing bleomycin, vinblastine, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). These studies demonstrated that in patients with creatinine clearances greater than or equal to 35 ml/minute, the serum (or plasma) terminal elimination half-life of bleomycin was approximately 115 minutes. In patients with creatinine clearances less than 25-35 ml/minute, the terminal elimination half-life increased exponentially as the creatinine clearance decreased. The volume of distribution was approximately 20 liters, and was unaffected by changes in the creatinine clearance. The microbiologic assay and radioimmunoassay employed gave equivalent results.", "contents": "Effects of variations in renal function on the clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered as an iv bolus. The clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered as an iv bolus has been studied in a homogeneous group of patients receiving a single regimen containing bleomycin, vinblastine, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). These studies demonstrated that in patients with creatinine clearances greater than or equal to 35 ml/minute, the serum (or plasma) terminal elimination half-life of bleomycin was approximately 115 minutes. In patients with creatinine clearances less than 25-35 ml/minute, the terminal elimination half-life increased exponentially as the creatinine clearance decreased. The volume of distribution was approximately 20 liters, and was unaffected by changes in the creatinine clearance. The microbiologic assay and radioimmunoassay employed gave equivalent results.", "PMID": 74282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5362", "title": "Twice weekly 5-azacytidine infusion in dissmeinated metastatic cancer: a phase II study.", "content": "A phase II study of 5-azacytidine given twice weekly as a rapid iv infusion was performed on 116 patients with different metastatic cancers of refractory lymphomas at a dose of 150 mg/m2 twice weekly  x 6. Ninety-one patients were evaluable. Dose modifications were carried out depending on previous treatment status. Nausea and vomiting was a major side effect; significant granulocytopenia was observed in 35 patients. Responses were observed in only four patients. Our results indicate little effectiveness of this drug. The severe toxicity prevented escalation to potentially more effective dose levels.", "contents": "Twice weekly 5-azacytidine infusion in dissmeinated metastatic cancer: a phase II study. A phase II study of 5-azacytidine given twice weekly as a rapid iv infusion was performed on 116 patients with different metastatic cancers of refractory lymphomas at a dose of 150 mg/m2 twice weekly  x 6. Ninety-one patients were evaluable. Dose modifications were carried out depending on previous treatment status. Nausea and vomiting was a major side effect; significant granulocytopenia was observed in 35 patients. Responses were observed in only four patients. Our results indicate little effectiveness of this drug. The severe toxicity prevented escalation to potentially more effective dose levels.", "PMID": 74283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5363", "title": "A joint produce of the genes gag and pol of avian sarcoma virus: a possible precursor of reverse transcriptase.", "content": "A virus-specific protein of approximately 180,000 daltons has been identified in cells transformed by avian sarcoma virus. The protein, designated P180, includes immunological determinants of both viral core proteins and reverse transcriptase. Its tryptic peptides represent essentially the sum of those of the precursor of the core proteins (Pr76gag) and reverse transcriptase. Thus P180 must arise from the uninterrupted translation of gag and pol. The kinetics of its formation and decay suggest that P180 is the precursor of reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "A joint produce of the genes gag and pol of avian sarcoma virus: a possible precursor of reverse transcriptase. A virus-specific protein of approximately 180,000 daltons has been identified in cells transformed by avian sarcoma virus. The protein, designated P180, includes immunological determinants of both viral core proteins and reverse transcriptase. Its tryptic peptides represent essentially the sum of those of the precursor of the core proteins (Pr76gag) and reverse transcriptase. Thus P180 must arise from the uninterrupted translation of gag and pol. The kinetics of its formation and decay suggest that P180 is the precursor of reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 74287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5364", "title": "[Immunopathological aspects of nucleolar activation. 1. Changes of nucleolar activation during the course of primary immune response].", "content": "During the primary immune response induced by the administration of sheep erythrocytes in mice, nucleolar activation was observed in macrophages, lymphocytes as well as in plasmacytes. The first maximum (4.6%) was observed on day 3 in macrophagic cells. Maximal activation of plasmoblasts (6.6%) and plasmacytes (5.9%) was observed on day the lymphoid series the first maximum in the occurrence of cells showing specific immunological activatin was as follows: large lymphocytes on day (6.5%), medium-sized lymphocytes on day 7 (6.6%) and, ultimately, small lymphocytes (6.3%) on day 8. The study verified the possibility of using nucleolar staining for estimating its functional morphology and thus following the changes of specific immunological activation during the primary immunological response.", "contents": "[Immunopathological aspects of nucleolar activation. 1. Changes of nucleolar activation during the course of primary immune response]. During the primary immune response induced by the administration of sheep erythrocytes in mice, nucleolar activation was observed in macrophages, lymphocytes as well as in plasmacytes. The first maximum (4.6%) was observed on day 3 in macrophagic cells. Maximal activation of plasmoblasts (6.6%) and plasmacytes (5.9%) was observed on day the lymphoid series the first maximum in the occurrence of cells showing specific immunological activatin was as follows: large lymphocytes on day (6.5%), medium-sized lymphocytes on day 7 (6.6%) and, ultimately, small lymphocytes (6.3%) on day 8. The study verified the possibility of using nucleolar staining for estimating its functional morphology and thus following the changes of specific immunological activation during the primary immunological response.", "PMID": 74293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5365", "title": "Hydatidosis: a global problem of increasing importance.", "content": "This review of recent literature reporting the occurrence of hydatid disease due to Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis throughout the world emphasizes the global nature of the problem and the threat of its spread into those countries currently free from it. Attention is drawn to the urgent need for measures to prevent the importation of infected livestock and this would require the development of techniques for pre-mortem diagnosis and differentiation of hydatidosis and cysticercosis of animals. There must also be increased awareness of the possible occurrence of biological strains of the parasite which may be of greater or lower infectivity for man. In the absence of information on infectivity, studies concerning the prevalence of the disease may be meaningless.", "contents": "Hydatidosis: a global problem of increasing importance. This review of recent literature reporting the occurrence of hydatid disease due to Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis throughout the world emphasizes the global nature of the problem and the threat of its spread into those countries currently free from it. Attention is drawn to the urgent need for measures to prevent the importation of infected livestock and this would require the development of techniques for pre-mortem diagnosis and differentiation of hydatidosis and cysticercosis of animals. There must also be increased awareness of the possible occurrence of biological strains of the parasite which may be of greater or lower infectivity for man. In the absence of information on infectivity, studies concerning the prevalence of the disease may be meaningless.", "PMID": 74294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5366", "title": "Antigenic variation in African trypanosomiasis: a memorandum.", "content": "After reviewing the present knowledge on antigenic variation of the trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species, this Memorandum discusses the relevance of this phenomenon to the possible development of new tools for trypanosomiasis control.As antigenic variation is related to protective immunity and immunopathology, it is of crucial importance for the feasibility of vaccine development and for treatment principles. It is also of interest as a model for understanding antigenic variation occurring during infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, Babesia, and others. Recent methods will permit in depth studies on the antigenic repertoire, the significance of basic antigens, and on the homogeneity of trypanosome populations. For epidemiological purposes, characteristic patterns of variation can be used for strain typing.As regards the basic mechanism of variation, a better insight is required on the molecular structure of the variant antigens. Various methods have so far indicated that they are glycoproteins with a long polypetide chain with 600 amino acids and 15-30 monosaccharide units.The process of variation may be generated by pre-existing genetic information, recombination, or mutation.The stimulus to change variants probably derives, directly or indirectly, from the host immune response, but may also be associated with other environmental factors.The possible relation to acquired resistance, innate immunity, and host specificity, as well as the differences in severity of infection occurring amongst the same host species, are outlined. Histopathological and serological findings are considered in the light of the effect antigenic variation may have on the development of immunopathological lesions.A series of recommendations is included.", "contents": "Antigenic variation in African trypanosomiasis: a memorandum. After reviewing the present knowledge on antigenic variation of the trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species, this Memorandum discusses the relevance of this phenomenon to the possible development of new tools for trypanosomiasis control.As antigenic variation is related to protective immunity and immunopathology, it is of crucial importance for the feasibility of vaccine development and for treatment principles. It is also of interest as a model for understanding antigenic variation occurring during infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, Babesia, and others. Recent methods will permit in depth studies on the antigenic repertoire, the significance of basic antigens, and on the homogeneity of trypanosome populations. For epidemiological purposes, characteristic patterns of variation can be used for strain typing.As regards the basic mechanism of variation, a better insight is required on the molecular structure of the variant antigens. Various methods have so far indicated that they are glycoproteins with a long polypetide chain with 600 amino acids and 15-30 monosaccharide units.The process of variation may be generated by pre-existing genetic information, recombination, or mutation.The stimulus to change variants probably derives, directly or indirectly, from the host immune response, but may also be associated with other environmental factors.The possible relation to acquired resistance, innate immunity, and host specificity, as well as the differences in severity of infection occurring amongst the same host species, are outlined. Histopathological and serological findings are considered in the light of the effect antigenic variation may have on the development of immunopathological lesions.A series of recommendations is included.", "PMID": 74295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5367", "title": "[Use of a new process of metallic shadowing by cathodic vaporization for scanning electron microscopy of tegumental products of insects].", "content": "In scanning electron microscopy, the recent process, not yet much used, of coating subjects with gold by cathodic sputtering, allows one in biology and especially in entomology, to visualize microreliefs, habitually masked, when the old technique called evaporating technique, was used. This process effectively allows one to deposit a very much thinner layer of metal and, because it is performed at room temperature, prevents artifacts caused by the high temperature necessitated by the other technique, whose previous results nevertheless remain generally correct.", "contents": "[Use of a new process of metallic shadowing by cathodic vaporization for scanning electron microscopy of tegumental products of insects]. In scanning electron microscopy, the recent process, not yet much used, of coating subjects with gold by cathodic sputtering, allows one in biology and especially in entomology, to visualize microreliefs, habitually masked, when the old technique called evaporating technique, was used. This process effectively allows one to deposit a very much thinner layer of metal and, because it is performed at room temperature, prevents artifacts caused by the high temperature necessitated by the other technique, whose previous results nevertheless remain generally correct.", "PMID": 74296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5368", "title": "[Retrograde axoplasmic transport of serotonin in central mono-aminergic neurons].", "content": "Following an injection of 3H-5 HT in the neostriatum of the Rat, the tracer is transported by axoplasmic retrograde flow to the cell groups containing mono-aminergic neurons which are known or thought to have afferences to this structure: substantia nigra, dopaminergic group A 8 and n. raphe dorsalis.", "contents": "[Retrograde axoplasmic transport of serotonin in central mono-aminergic neurons]. Following an injection of 3H-5 HT in the neostriatum of the Rat, the tracer is transported by axoplasmic retrograde flow to the cell groups containing mono-aminergic neurons which are known or thought to have afferences to this structure: substantia nigra, dopaminergic group A 8 and n. raphe dorsalis.", "PMID": 74297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5369", "title": "A kinetically based logical approach to the chemotherapy of head and neck cancer.", "content": "The application of some basic principles derived from studies of the cell cycle and proliferative kinetics of normal and malignant cells has provided a rational basis for designing cancer treatment protocols. Using this approach in advanced head and neck cancer it is possible (a) to increase the response rate, (b) to reduce toxicity and (c) to reduce in-patient hospital stay time. Seventy-one patients with advanced carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized for treatment between two combination schedules, one with and the other without adriamycin. Responses (more than 50% tumour regression) were 74% overall with 70% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the schedule containing it. The increase in response rate seen with adriamycin is not statistically significant. Prior radiotherapy significantly reduced the likelihood of response to chemotherapy. These results have major implications for adjuvant chemotherapy and suggest a possible way of increasing the survival time in this group of diseases.", "contents": "A kinetically based logical approach to the chemotherapy of head and neck cancer. The application of some basic principles derived from studies of the cell cycle and proliferative kinetics of normal and malignant cells has provided a rational basis for designing cancer treatment protocols. Using this approach in advanced head and neck cancer it is possible (a) to increase the response rate, (b) to reduce toxicity and (c) to reduce in-patient hospital stay time. Seventy-one patients with advanced carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized for treatment between two combination schedules, one with and the other without adriamycin. Responses (more than 50% tumour regression) were 74% overall with 70% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the schedule containing it. The increase in response rate seen with adriamycin is not statistically significant. Prior radiotherapy significantly reduced the likelihood of response to chemotherapy. These results have major implications for adjuvant chemotherapy and suggest a possible way of increasing the survival time in this group of diseases.", "PMID": 74302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5370", "title": "Toward a curriculum for the profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped child.", "content": "An approach to formulating programmes for the profoundly retarded child is described. It is suggested that the basis for programming should be an analysis of the child's ability to operate on, and find out about, his environment. This analysis can be approached by asking questions about blocks to development, needs and preferences, socialization and communication and play and sensori-motor coordination.", "contents": "Toward a curriculum for the profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped child. An approach to formulating programmes for the profoundly retarded child is described. It is suggested that the basis for programming should be an analysis of the child's ability to operate on, and find out about, his environment. This analysis can be approached by asking questions about blocks to development, needs and preferences, socialization and communication and play and sensori-motor coordination.", "PMID": 74298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5371", "title": "Synchronous VBM and radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Since April 1974, 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region, of poor prognosis and generally in advanced stages, were treated with the combination of a cytotoxic regimen--VBM (Vincristine, Bleomycin and Methotrexate) and radical radiotherapy. The essential feature of the combination is the administration of pulses of VBM synchronous with a course of fractionated external radiotherapy in order to achieve potentiation of radiotherapy. On average 4-5 pulses of VBM were given during treatment, combined with radiotherapy on a Cobalt unit. The selection, preparation and management of the patients are described. Intense mucositis and intercurrent infection provide the main problems during treatment and close management is essential. Late complications have not been a serious problem. The crude actuarial survival rate at 24 months is 61%. The probability of survival without any recurrence to 24 months following initial treatment is 46%. Local control was achieved by the initial treatment in 43 patients. These results suggest that potentiation of radiotherapy and an increased therapeutic ratio has been obtained by the addition of VBM to radiotherapy and there is a possibility that the occurrence of distant metastases has been reduced or postponed.", "contents": "Synchronous VBM and radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Since April 1974, 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region, of poor prognosis and generally in advanced stages, were treated with the combination of a cytotoxic regimen--VBM (Vincristine, Bleomycin and Methotrexate) and radical radiotherapy. The essential feature of the combination is the administration of pulses of VBM synchronous with a course of fractionated external radiotherapy in order to achieve potentiation of radiotherapy. On average 4-5 pulses of VBM were given during treatment, combined with radiotherapy on a Cobalt unit. The selection, preparation and management of the patients are described. Intense mucositis and intercurrent infection provide the main problems during treatment and close management is essential. Late complications have not been a serious problem. The crude actuarial survival rate at 24 months is 61%. The probability of survival without any recurrence to 24 months following initial treatment is 46%. Local control was achieved by the initial treatment in 43 patients. These results suggest that potentiation of radiotherapy and an increased therapeutic ratio has been obtained by the addition of VBM to radiotherapy and there is a possibility that the occurrence of distant metastases has been reduced or postponed.", "PMID": 74303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5372", "title": "The assessment needs of pre-school children with handicaps of language development.", "content": "An outline of the paediatric assessment needs of children with delayed or deviant language development has been given based on the experience and findings of the research language team at the Wolfson Centre.", "contents": "The assessment needs of pre-school children with handicaps of language development. An outline of the paediatric assessment needs of children with delayed or deviant language development has been given based on the experience and findings of the research language team at the Wolfson Centre.", "PMID": 74300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5373", "title": "Identification of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in normal and neoplastic human cells by the silver-staining technique.", "content": "Silver nitrate has been used to demonstrate the chromosomal location of ribosomal cistrons in nine tissue-culture lines derived from human tumors of various pathological origins. Control individuals have a particular modal number (range 7--10) of D- and G-group chromosomes stained with silver. In the controls, 96.2% of the D- and G-group chromosomes that have a stalk show silver staining, while no relationship can be seen in acrocentric chromosomes without stalks. The tumor cells, whose modal chromosome numbers range from 42 to 68, possess variable numbers of acrocentrics (11--18). The number of chromosomes stained with silver, however, remained at control levels (range, 6--9). These data indicate that, in humans, silver staining may not identify all NORs that contain structural ribosomal genes.", "contents": "Identification of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in normal and neoplastic human cells by the silver-staining technique. Silver nitrate has been used to demonstrate the chromosomal location of ribosomal cistrons in nine tissue-culture lines derived from human tumors of various pathological origins. Control individuals have a particular modal number (range 7--10) of D- and G-group chromosomes stained with silver. In the controls, 96.2% of the D- and G-group chromosomes that have a stalk show silver staining, while no relationship can be seen in acrocentric chromosomes without stalks. The tumor cells, whose modal chromosome numbers range from 42 to 68, possess variable numbers of acrocentrics (11--18). The number of chromosomes stained with silver, however, remained at control levels (range, 6--9). These data indicate that, in humans, silver staining may not identify all NORs that contain structural ribosomal genes.", "PMID": 74306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5374", "title": "Concealed (proximal) Wenckebach phenomenon with distal 2:1 exit block in the ectopic-ventricular junction.", "content": "The findings in two patients with interpolated ventricular extrasystoles showing 2:1 exit block are reported. In these patients the blocked impulses appear to penetrate into the ectopic-ventricular junction (or reentrant pathway) to a varying extent, and the coexistance of a distal 2:1 exit block and a proximal (concealed) Wenckebach phenomenon in the ectopic-ventricular junction is suggested.", "contents": "Concealed (proximal) Wenckebach phenomenon with distal 2:1 exit block in the ectopic-ventricular junction. The findings in two patients with interpolated ventricular extrasystoles showing 2:1 exit block are reported. In these patients the blocked impulses appear to penetrate into the ectopic-ventricular junction (or reentrant pathway) to a varying extent, and the coexistance of a distal 2:1 exit block and a proximal (concealed) Wenckebach phenomenon in the ectopic-ventricular junction is suggested.", "PMID": 74308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5375", "title": "Differential staining of Chironomus thummi giant chromosomes by treatment with acridine orange after mild acid hydrolysis.", "content": "The fluorescence of Chironomus thummi giant chromosomes stained by acridine orange after mild acid hydrolysis (1N HCl at 37 degrees) has been studied. After very short hydrolysis as well as in control preparations (untreated by HCl) all chromosome regions show green fluorescence. After long hydrolysis (10 min) all chromosome bands fluoresce red. Intermediate time of hydrolysis (2 min) give in all transcriptionally inactive bands including centromeric ones red fluorescence whereas transcriptionally active puffing regions are green. The possible mechanisms of differential staining of individual chromosome regions are discussed. It is suggested that transcriptionally active chromosome regions are less susceptible to the action of acid or that the difference in chromatin stainability after acid-AO treatment is due to the difference in chromatin packing. The applicability of this method to the study of functional states of chromatin, at least in giant chromosomes, is discussed.", "contents": "Differential staining of Chironomus thummi giant chromosomes by treatment with acridine orange after mild acid hydrolysis. The fluorescence of Chironomus thummi giant chromosomes stained by acridine orange after mild acid hydrolysis (1N HCl at 37 degrees) has been studied. After very short hydrolysis as well as in control preparations (untreated by HCl) all chromosome regions show green fluorescence. After long hydrolysis (10 min) all chromosome bands fluoresce red. Intermediate time of hydrolysis (2 min) give in all transcriptionally inactive bands including centromeric ones red fluorescence whereas transcriptionally active puffing regions are green. The possible mechanisms of differential staining of individual chromosome regions are discussed. It is suggested that transcriptionally active chromosome regions are less susceptible to the action of acid or that the difference in chromatin stainability after acid-AO treatment is due to the difference in chromatin packing. The applicability of this method to the study of functional states of chromatin, at least in giant chromosomes, is discussed.", "PMID": 74309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5376", "title": "Suppression of quinacrine banding of human chromosomes by mounting in organic media.", "content": "When A-banded human chromosomes mounted in water are transferred to an organic mounting medium, the chromosomes show uniform bright quinacrine fluorescence. This change is reversible. It is inferred that quinacrine is bound uniformly along the chromosomes, and that Q-banding is a consequence of a non-uniform distribution along the chromosomes of chemical groups, probably proteinaceous, which affect the fluorescence efficiency of the bound quinacrine.", "contents": "Suppression of quinacrine banding of human chromosomes by mounting in organic media. When A-banded human chromosomes mounted in water are transferred to an organic mounting medium, the chromosomes show uniform bright quinacrine fluorescence. This change is reversible. It is inferred that quinacrine is bound uniformly along the chromosomes, and that Q-banding is a consequence of a non-uniform distribution along the chromosomes of chemical groups, probably proteinaceous, which affect the fluorescence efficiency of the bound quinacrine.", "PMID": 74310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5377", "title": "[Combined doxorubicin and bleomycin treatment of metastasising thyroid carcinoma: results in 21 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of combined cytostatic treatment with doxorubicin and bleomycin was analysed in 21 patients with metastasising thyroid carcinoma which had progressed despite both surgical and radiotherapy. Tumour histology (anaplastic carcinoma in 50%), age and general condition of all patients pointed to a poor prognosis. Significant success (full or partial remission) occurred in eight patients. It is possible that these results can be improved if chemotherapy is started earlier and other cytostatic drugs are used in case of failure of treatment.", "contents": "[Combined doxorubicin and bleomycin treatment of metastasising thyroid carcinoma: results in 21 patients (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of combined cytostatic treatment with doxorubicin and bleomycin was analysed in 21 patients with metastasising thyroid carcinoma which had progressed despite both surgical and radiotherapy. Tumour histology (anaplastic carcinoma in 50%), age and general condition of all patients pointed to a poor prognosis. Significant success (full or partial remission) occurred in eight patients. It is possible that these results can be improved if chemotherapy is started earlier and other cytostatic drugs are used in case of failure of treatment.", "PMID": 74313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5378", "title": "[Treatment of Sudeck's syndrome with calcitonin (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients with Sudeck's syndrome were treated with porcine calcitonin. If this hormone, which inhibits bone absorption, is given no later than the first or in the transition from first to second stage, the spontaneous burning pain and, after some weeks, the oedema and increased warmth disappear. Calcitonin is as effective as corticosteroids. But its range of application is wider, because it has fewer side effects and can be administered particularly where corticosteroids are contra-indicated. But it is ineffective in stage III. Synthetic salmon calcitonin is now available, and more effective than porcine, lasts longer and is the drug of choice in Sudeck's syndrome.", "contents": "[Treatment of Sudeck's syndrome with calcitonin (author's transl)]. Ten patients with Sudeck's syndrome were treated with porcine calcitonin. If this hormone, which inhibits bone absorption, is given no later than the first or in the transition from first to second stage, the spontaneous burning pain and, after some weeks, the oedema and increased warmth disappear. Calcitonin is as effective as corticosteroids. But its range of application is wider, because it has fewer side effects and can be administered particularly where corticosteroids are contra-indicated. But it is ineffective in stage III. Synthetic salmon calcitonin is now available, and more effective than porcine, lasts longer and is the drug of choice in Sudeck's syndrome.", "PMID": 74314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5379", "title": "Daily rhythm and regulation of AIB transport in rat liver.", "content": "The active transport of AIB in rat liver slices shows a daily rhythm with a maximum at 18(00) and a minimum at 10(00). The rhythmic increase of transport activity is inhibited by cycloheximide. At the time of low transport rate, cycloheximide does not affect AIB transport. During the diurnal decrease of AIB transport activity, after its maximum, cycloheximide partially diminishes the transport rate. 5-azacytidine and alpha-amanitin stimulate AIB transport. The stimulation is prevented by simultaneous administration of cycloheximide.", "contents": "Daily rhythm and regulation of AIB transport in rat liver. The active transport of AIB in rat liver slices shows a daily rhythm with a maximum at 18(00) and a minimum at 10(00). The rhythmic increase of transport activity is inhibited by cycloheximide. At the time of low transport rate, cycloheximide does not affect AIB transport. During the diurnal decrease of AIB transport activity, after its maximum, cycloheximide partially diminishes the transport rate. 5-azacytidine and alpha-amanitin stimulate AIB transport. The stimulation is prevented by simultaneous administration of cycloheximide.", "PMID": 74311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5380", "title": "Distribution and excretion of chlordecone (Kepone) in the rat.", "content": "Rats received a single, oral, 40-mg/kg dose of 14C-labeled chlordecone in a corn-oil solution. Initially the highest levels of radioactivity were found in the adrenal gland, liver, lung, and fat. While levels declined steadily in all tissues during the course of the study (182 days), the ratio of liver content to that of other tissues increased considerably. The blood half-life was 8.5 days for the first 4 weeks, 24 days for the next 8 weeks, and 45 days for the final 14 weeks, The amount excreted in the feces was 12.7% for the first 24 hr, 2.9% for the second, and 3.3% during the third 24-hr period. By 84 days 65.5% of the dose had been excreted by this route. Total urinary excretion of radioactivity for 84 days was 1.6%. These results indicate that chlordecone is well absorbed and distributed throughout the body, has a long half-life, and disappears more slowly from the liver than from other tissues. The majority of a dose is eliminated slowly in the feces with very little appearing in the urine. The findings are consistent with the expected pharmacokinetics of a chlorinated hydrocarbon, although there was less of a tendency to localize in fat than anticipated.", "contents": "Distribution and excretion of chlordecone (Kepone) in the rat. Rats received a single, oral, 40-mg/kg dose of 14C-labeled chlordecone in a corn-oil solution. Initially the highest levels of radioactivity were found in the adrenal gland, liver, lung, and fat. While levels declined steadily in all tissues during the course of the study (182 days), the ratio of liver content to that of other tissues increased considerably. The blood half-life was 8.5 days for the first 4 weeks, 24 days for the next 8 weeks, and 45 days for the final 14 weeks, The amount excreted in the feces was 12.7% for the first 24 hr, 2.9% for the second, and 3.3% during the third 24-hr period. By 84 days 65.5% of the dose had been excreted by this route. Total urinary excretion of radioactivity for 84 days was 1.6%. These results indicate that chlordecone is well absorbed and distributed throughout the body, has a long half-life, and disappears more slowly from the liver than from other tissues. The majority of a dose is eliminated slowly in the feces with very little appearing in the urine. The findings are consistent with the expected pharmacokinetics of a chlorinated hydrocarbon, although there was less of a tendency to localize in fat than anticipated.", "PMID": 74312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5381", "title": "N1--P2 component of the auditory evoked potential during alcohol intoxication and interaction of pyrithioxine in healthy adults.", "content": "The auditory evoked potential was used to assess the effect of alcohol intoxication (1 g/kg) and pyrithioxine (7 mg/kg) on 9 adult subjects. Its components in the latency range 50--250 msec (N1--P2) were studied for 6 g 30 min, during a constant level of alertness. Four periods were considered: alcohol alone, alcohol plus pyrithioxine, pyrithioxine plus alcohol and placebo. With alcohol alone the N1--P2 amplitude was small in the first part of the test and large in the second part as compared to placebo values. Pyrithioxine antagonism was greatest after alcohol had been resorbed. The placebo period indicated that amplitude changes were not due to long-term habituation, when the subject was kept alert.", "contents": "N1--P2 component of the auditory evoked potential during alcohol intoxication and interaction of pyrithioxine in healthy adults. The auditory evoked potential was used to assess the effect of alcohol intoxication (1 g/kg) and pyrithioxine (7 mg/kg) on 9 adult subjects. Its components in the latency range 50--250 msec (N1--P2) were studied for 6 g 30 min, during a constant level of alertness. Four periods were considered: alcohol alone, alcohol plus pyrithioxine, pyrithioxine plus alcohol and placebo. With alcohol alone the N1--P2 amplitude was small in the first part of the test and large in the second part as compared to placebo values. Pyrithioxine antagonism was greatest after alcohol had been resorbed. The placebo period indicated that amplitude changes were not due to long-term habituation, when the subject was kept alert.", "PMID": 74317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5382", "title": "Limbic spindles: genuine cerebral activity or artifact?", "content": "A periodic spindling activity recorded in clinical EEG laboratories from nasopharyngeal (NP) leads has been interpreted as expression of genuine cerebral rhythms originating in the limbic system. Evidence is here presented to suggest that such activity is indeed an artifact. Genuine spindling occasionally occurs in NP leads but this is intimately related to sleep spindles occurring also in other surface electrodes.", "contents": "Limbic spindles: genuine cerebral activity or artifact? A periodic spindling activity recorded in clinical EEG laboratories from nasopharyngeal (NP) leads has been interpreted as expression of genuine cerebral rhythms originating in the limbic system. Evidence is here presented to suggest that such activity is indeed an artifact. Genuine spindling occasionally occurs in NP leads but this is intimately related to sleep spindles occurring also in other surface electrodes.", "PMID": 74318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5383", "title": "Some peculiar changes in the pattern of respiration connected with REM sleep. A preliminary report.", "content": "In the course of polygraphic studies of night sleep the authors recorded respiration through the right and left nostrils by means of two thermoelements. They observed a peculiar and unexpected phenomenon: during the REM sleep phase of the 3rd sleep cycle of 4 healthy persons with 6 full night recordings, respiration through the left nostril stopped, whereas it increased both in frequency and amplitude through the right nostril. This type of respiration continued until awakening. In 2 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy and in 2 others with idiopathic hypersomnia (8 nights recorded) the same phenomenon was observed with the difference that respiration disappeared on the right side and was preserved on the left side. Furthermore, these changes occurred earlier than in healthy persons. The above changes could be explained by congestion of the venous plexi of the nose.", "contents": "Some peculiar changes in the pattern of respiration connected with REM sleep. A preliminary report. In the course of polygraphic studies of night sleep the authors recorded respiration through the right and left nostrils by means of two thermoelements. They observed a peculiar and unexpected phenomenon: during the REM sleep phase of the 3rd sleep cycle of 4 healthy persons with 6 full night recordings, respiration through the left nostril stopped, whereas it increased both in frequency and amplitude through the right nostril. This type of respiration continued until awakening. In 2 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy and in 2 others with idiopathic hypersomnia (8 nights recorded) the same phenomenon was observed with the difference that respiration disappeared on the right side and was preserved on the left side. Furthermore, these changes occurred earlier than in healthy persons. The above changes could be explained by congestion of the venous plexi of the nose.", "PMID": 74319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5384", "title": "Sleep telemetry in the rat: I. a miniaturized FM--AM transmitter for EEG and EMG.", "content": "The article describes a miniature 2-channel FM-AM transmitter for recording EEG and EMG in unrestrained, small animals. Field changes during head movements yield a signal which can serve as a measure of motor activity.", "contents": "Sleep telemetry in the rat: I. a miniaturized FM--AM transmitter for EEG and EMG. The article describes a miniature 2-channel FM-AM transmitter for recording EEG and EMG in unrestrained, small animals. Field changes during head movements yield a signal which can serve as a measure of motor activity.", "PMID": 74320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5385", "title": "Sleep telemetry in the rat. II. Automatic identification and recording of vigilance states.", "content": "An identification system for the vigilance states of the rat is described which uses as inputs the cortical EEG, neck muscle EMG and motor activity, and which allows concomitant monitoring of feeding and drinking behaviour. State identification and data recording are performed in an on-line and an off-line stage which are designed to accommodate a large number of data for computer processing.", "contents": "Sleep telemetry in the rat. II. Automatic identification and recording of vigilance states. An identification system for the vigilance states of the rat is described which uses as inputs the cortical EEG, neck muscle EMG and motor activity, and which allows concomitant monitoring of feeding and drinking behaviour. State identification and data recording are performed in an on-line and an off-line stage which are designed to accommodate a large number of data for computer processing.", "PMID": 74321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5386", "title": "Quantitative analysis of intracerebral recordings in epilepsia partialis continua.", "content": "A 14-year-old female with epilepsia partialis continua was explored stereo-electroencephalographically (SEEG). SEEG, EEG and EMG were recorded synchronously on a 32-channel machine and stored on magnetic tape for off-line analysis. The beginning of the myoclonus was used as trigger for the analysis of the intracerebral activity, which was analysed by averaging. Thereby the generating potentials of the jerks became evident. They had different maxima and latencies relative to the facial and hand muscles: that for m. orbicularis oculi was located in the precentral gyrus, the beginning of its positive deflection was 17 msec earlier than the muscle action potential; that for the thenar muscles had a latency of 24 msec, appeared at first in the premotor cortex and with a slight delay, but with greater amplitude in the corona radiata and capsula interna. Stimulation of the lateral area 4 elicited myoclonus which corresponded to the spontaneous one in distribution and latency. Stimulation of the thalamic VL nucleus had no effect. During deep sleep the frequency of the myoclonus was diminished. REM sleep was preceded and followed by a definite increase of jerking. The pattern, topography and latency of the generating potentials in waking and sleeping were very similar. In this way quantitative evidence of the neocortical origin of Epc is given and therefore a precise delineation of the epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of intracerebral recordings in epilepsia partialis continua. A 14-year-old female with epilepsia partialis continua was explored stereo-electroencephalographically (SEEG). SEEG, EEG and EMG were recorded synchronously on a 32-channel machine and stored on magnetic tape for off-line analysis. The beginning of the myoclonus was used as trigger for the analysis of the intracerebral activity, which was analysed by averaging. Thereby the generating potentials of the jerks became evident. They had different maxima and latencies relative to the facial and hand muscles: that for m. orbicularis oculi was located in the precentral gyrus, the beginning of its positive deflection was 17 msec earlier than the muscle action potential; that for the thenar muscles had a latency of 24 msec, appeared at first in the premotor cortex and with a slight delay, but with greater amplitude in the corona radiata and capsula interna. Stimulation of the lateral area 4 elicited myoclonus which corresponded to the spontaneous one in distribution and latency. Stimulation of the thalamic VL nucleus had no effect. During deep sleep the frequency of the myoclonus was diminished. REM sleep was preceded and followed by a definite increase of jerking. The pattern, topography and latency of the generating potentials in waking and sleeping were very similar. In this way quantitative evidence of the neocortical origin of Epc is given and therefore a precise delineation of the epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 74322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5387", "title": "The effects of ablations on primary and secondary epileptic discharges in commissure-sectioned rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Nine monkeys underwent division of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, massa intermedia, and posterior commissure. At the same operation, in seven of these animals aluminium hydroxide was applied to the left posterior parietal-prestriate cortex. Monthly EEG recordings were taken from all animals. All seven animals with epileptogenic implants gave evidence of primary abnormal discharges (i.e. from the ipsilateral hemisphere) and secondary (i.e. from the contralateral hemisphere) discharges. The secondary events were of two types: transmitted, i.e. synchronous with primary events; independent, i.e. asynchronous with primary events. After intervals varying from 4 to 22 months all seven monkeys underwent wide ablation of the posterior parietal cortex: on the left in four animals, on the right in three animals. EEG recordings were taken for a further 6 months. All recordings were quantitatively analysed, the number of primary, transmitted secondary and independent secondary events being counted separately. This analysis indicated the following: (1) Primary and transmitted secondary discharges ceased after primary ablations but were unaffected by removal of the secondary cortex. (2) Independent secondary discharges persisted after removal of the primary focus but were abolished by secondary ablations. Possible mechanisms for the development of transmitted and independent secondary discharges are considered.", "contents": "The effects of ablations on primary and secondary epileptic discharges in commissure-sectioned rhesus monkeys. Nine monkeys underwent division of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, massa intermedia, and posterior commissure. At the same operation, in seven of these animals aluminium hydroxide was applied to the left posterior parietal-prestriate cortex. Monthly EEG recordings were taken from all animals. All seven animals with epileptogenic implants gave evidence of primary abnormal discharges (i.e. from the ipsilateral hemisphere) and secondary (i.e. from the contralateral hemisphere) discharges. The secondary events were of two types: transmitted, i.e. synchronous with primary events; independent, i.e. asynchronous with primary events. After intervals varying from 4 to 22 months all seven monkeys underwent wide ablation of the posterior parietal cortex: on the left in four animals, on the right in three animals. EEG recordings were taken for a further 6 months. All recordings were quantitatively analysed, the number of primary, transmitted secondary and independent secondary events being counted separately. This analysis indicated the following: (1) Primary and transmitted secondary discharges ceased after primary ablations but were unaffected by removal of the secondary cortex. (2) Independent secondary discharges persisted after removal of the primary focus but were abolished by secondary ablations. Possible mechanisms for the development of transmitted and independent secondary discharges are considered.", "PMID": 74323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5388", "title": "Contingent negative variation and alpha attenuation responses in children with different abilities to concentrate.", "content": "In three paralleled groups, each of seven children (age, 11 years) with reliable high, average and low ability to concentrate, measured by psychological tests, the contingent negative variation (CNV) and the concomitant alpha attenuation responses were studied in warned reaction time experiments. Stimuli were tone (S1) and patterned light (S2). In half of the trials, S2 was a square, in the other half a triagle, stimuli being projected in random order onto the fixation point. In two experiments the children had to react (a) to each type of S2, and (b) selectively to one type of S2. Significant group differences were found. In comparison to the children with low ability to concentrate, the children with average and especially those with high ability to concentrate showed: (1) stronger central occipital alpha attenuation responses to the warning stimulus, but no differences in the early CNVs; (2) more occipital alpha reduction and enhanced development of central negativity before the imperative stimulus; (3) task-specific modulation of these responses, i.e. larger pre-S2 rise in negativity in the simple reaction task, and stronger pre-S2 reduction of alpha amplitudes in the discriminative reaction task.", "contents": "Contingent negative variation and alpha attenuation responses in children with different abilities to concentrate. In three paralleled groups, each of seven children (age, 11 years) with reliable high, average and low ability to concentrate, measured by psychological tests, the contingent negative variation (CNV) and the concomitant alpha attenuation responses were studied in warned reaction time experiments. Stimuli were tone (S1) and patterned light (S2). In half of the trials, S2 was a square, in the other half a triagle, stimuli being projected in random order onto the fixation point. In two experiments the children had to react (a) to each type of S2, and (b) selectively to one type of S2. Significant group differences were found. In comparison to the children with low ability to concentrate, the children with average and especially those with high ability to concentrate showed: (1) stronger central occipital alpha attenuation responses to the warning stimulus, but no differences in the early CNVs; (2) more occipital alpha reduction and enhanced development of central negativity before the imperative stimulus; (3) task-specific modulation of these responses, i.e. larger pre-S2 rise in negativity in the simple reaction task, and stronger pre-S2 reduction of alpha amplitudes in the discriminative reaction task.", "PMID": 74324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5389", "title": "Phase of the theta wave in relation to different limb movements in awake rats.", "content": "A significant relationship was observed between the moment of self-initiated pressing or releasing of a lever and the phase of the hippocampal theta wave recorded concurrently in rats. In addition, the phase of the theta wave at which lever pressing was most likely to occur was opposite to that at which lever releasing was most likely to occur. These findings imply that, in rats, sensorimotor integration occurs not continuously, but intermittently and rhythmically, in phasic relation to hippocampal theta activity.", "contents": "Phase of the theta wave in relation to different limb movements in awake rats. A significant relationship was observed between the moment of self-initiated pressing or releasing of a lever and the phase of the hippocampal theta wave recorded concurrently in rats. In addition, the phase of the theta wave at which lever pressing was most likely to occur was opposite to that at which lever releasing was most likely to occur. These findings imply that, in rats, sensorimotor integration occurs not continuously, but intermittently and rhythmically, in phasic relation to hippocampal theta activity.", "PMID": 74326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5390", "title": "Rhythmical activity of the rat's tongue in sleep and wakefulness.", "content": "Nine chronically implanted rats were used to study rhythmical activity of suprahyoidal muscles controlling tongue motility. This muscle group exhibited a fixed, regular rhythm of 5--8 c/sec during PS, not during SWS, resembling that observed when the awake rat drank, ate or groomed. In PS the tongue rhythm occurred less frequently than did eye movements and phasic nasolabial muscle activity; when it did, it was associated with such eye movements 80% of the time and 20% of the time before or after an episode of eye movements. A respiratory-related suprahyoidal EMG was observed in one rat to precede the onset of the diaphragm's EMG. Mechanisms for entraining phasic activity of extraocular, nasolabial and suprahyoidal muscles in PS are discussed.", "contents": "Rhythmical activity of the rat's tongue in sleep and wakefulness. Nine chronically implanted rats were used to study rhythmical activity of suprahyoidal muscles controlling tongue motility. This muscle group exhibited a fixed, regular rhythm of 5--8 c/sec during PS, not during SWS, resembling that observed when the awake rat drank, ate or groomed. In PS the tongue rhythm occurred less frequently than did eye movements and phasic nasolabial muscle activity; when it did, it was associated with such eye movements 80% of the time and 20% of the time before or after an episode of eye movements. A respiratory-related suprahyoidal EMG was observed in one rat to precede the onset of the diaphragm's EMG. Mechanisms for entraining phasic activity of extraocular, nasolabial and suprahyoidal muscles in PS are discussed.", "PMID": 74328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5391", "title": "The 3'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing encephalomyocarditis virus RNA functions as an excellent template for cDNA synthesis in vitro with an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the presence of an oligothymidylate primer. Under appropriate conditions, discrete transcripts of increasing chain length were obtained, suitable for sequence analysis. A limited cDNA fragment of 36 nucleotides, primer (dT)10 included, was synthesized when dGTP was omitted from the reaction mixture and its primary structure was elucidated using direct DNA-sequencing methods. The complement corresponds to the 3' end of encephalomyocarditis RNA. The hexanucleotide (5'-3')(A-A-U-A-A-A) found in this sequence is also present in all 3' non-coding regions of poly(A)-containing eukaryotic mRNAs studied until now, in nearly identical positions relative to the poly(A) tail. The possible biological significance of this structural homology is discussed.", "contents": "The 3'-Terminal nucleotide sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. Poly(A)-containing encephalomyocarditis virus RNA functions as an excellent template for cDNA synthesis in vitro with an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the presence of an oligothymidylate primer. Under appropriate conditions, discrete transcripts of increasing chain length were obtained, suitable for sequence analysis. A limited cDNA fragment of 36 nucleotides, primer (dT)10 included, was synthesized when dGTP was omitted from the reaction mixture and its primary structure was elucidated using direct DNA-sequencing methods. The complement corresponds to the 3' end of encephalomyocarditis RNA. The hexanucleotide (5'-3')(A-A-U-A-A-A) found in this sequence is also present in all 3' non-coding regions of poly(A)-containing eukaryotic mRNAs studied until now, in nearly identical positions relative to the poly(A) tail. The possible biological significance of this structural homology is discussed.", "PMID": 74334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5392", "title": "Modifications of serum glycoproteins the days following a prolonged physical exercise and the influence of physical training.", "content": "Eight male subjects (mean age 24.1 +/- 2.6 years) performed at intervals of 2 weeks successively a 3 h and two 2 h runs of different running speed. The days following the running there were moderate elevations of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, coeruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and plasminogen. There were small or no changes of albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and hemopexin. The elevations of the \"acute phase reactants\" were examined in three male subjects following a 2 h run before and after an endurance training period of 9 weeks. This demonstrated a decreased acute phase response after training as illustrated by the changes of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in spite of higher posttraining running speeds. Well-trained athletes have elevated levels of the serum protease inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and C1-inhibitor. These antiproteolytic glycoproteins might limit exercise-induced inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Modifications of serum glycoproteins the days following a prolonged physical exercise and the influence of physical training. Eight male subjects (mean age 24.1 +/- 2.6 years) performed at intervals of 2 weeks successively a 3 h and two 2 h runs of different running speed. The days following the running there were moderate elevations of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, coeruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and plasminogen. There were small or no changes of albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and hemopexin. The elevations of the \"acute phase reactants\" were examined in three male subjects following a 2 h run before and after an endurance training period of 9 weeks. This demonstrated a decreased acute phase response after training as illustrated by the changes of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in spite of higher posttraining running speeds. Well-trained athletes have elevated levels of the serum protease inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and C1-inhibitor. These antiproteolytic glycoproteins might limit exercise-induced inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 74333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5393", "title": "Noradrenaline innervation of the spinal cord studied by the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining.", "content": "The origin of the spinal cord noradrenaline (NA) has been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with monoamine oxidase staining (Glenner) to identify the NA neurons. Following the injection of HRP to the various levels of rat spinal cord, cervical to sacral cord, A1-3, 5-7 NA neuron groups were labeled with HRP. They showed almost the same distribution pattern regardless of difference in the injected segment. Labeled NA neurons in A6 were concentrated in the ventral division of the locus coeruleus, which continued to the labeled NA neurons in the subcoeruleus area. The HRP positive neurons in the pons outnumbered those of the medulla oblongata. As the NA neurons described above were considered to be the source of NA in the forebrain, such as the hypothalamus and preoptic area, the possibility that the same NA neurons might innervate both the forebrain and spinal cord has been presented.", "contents": "Noradrenaline innervation of the spinal cord studied by the horseradish peroxidase method combined with monoamine oxidase staining. The origin of the spinal cord noradrenaline (NA) has been investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with monoamine oxidase staining (Glenner) to identify the NA neurons. Following the injection of HRP to the various levels of rat spinal cord, cervical to sacral cord, A1-3, 5-7 NA neuron groups were labeled with HRP. They showed almost the same distribution pattern regardless of difference in the injected segment. Labeled NA neurons in A6 were concentrated in the ventral division of the locus coeruleus, which continued to the labeled NA neurons in the subcoeruleus area. The HRP positive neurons in the pons outnumbered those of the medulla oblongata. As the NA neurons described above were considered to be the source of NA in the forebrain, such as the hypothalamus and preoptic area, the possibility that the same NA neurons might innervate both the forebrain and spinal cord has been presented.", "PMID": 74341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5394", "title": "Axonal transport in the electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "Studies on the axonal transport of cholinergic cell components were made on the electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata. Choline acetyltransferase was rapidly accumulated at ligatures on Torpedo nerves, both in vivo and in segments incubated in vitro. In vivo accumulation was maximal approximately one month after nerve interruption. Orthograde transport (both in vitro and in vivo) is calculated to have a velocity of 50--140 mm/day, if, as double-ligature experiments suggest, only about 15% of the axoplasmic enzyme is mobile. A small retrograde accumulation of the transferase was demonstrated. Lactate dehydrogenase did not accumulate but a slight reduction of its activity at ligatures was observed. In contrast to mammalian cholinergic nerves, no accumulation of esterase was observed. ACh accumulation proximal to a cut was apparent and may result in part from local synthesis in the presence of elevated levels of its synthesizing enzyme. Measurements have been made on the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brain and all parts of the \"electric system\". In view of these results it is difficult to see how the measured rate of axonal translocation is sufficient to supply the levels of the enzyme found within the electric organ. Within the electromotor cells, choline acetyltransferase is highly concentrated in the axon terminals.", "contents": "Axonal transport in the electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata. Studies on the axonal transport of cholinergic cell components were made on the electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata. Choline acetyltransferase was rapidly accumulated at ligatures on Torpedo nerves, both in vivo and in segments incubated in vitro. In vivo accumulation was maximal approximately one month after nerve interruption. Orthograde transport (both in vitro and in vivo) is calculated to have a velocity of 50--140 mm/day, if, as double-ligature experiments suggest, only about 15% of the axoplasmic enzyme is mobile. A small retrograde accumulation of the transferase was demonstrated. Lactate dehydrogenase did not accumulate but a slight reduction of its activity at ligatures was observed. In contrast to mammalian cholinergic nerves, no accumulation of esterase was observed. ACh accumulation proximal to a cut was apparent and may result in part from local synthesis in the presence of elevated levels of its synthesizing enzyme. Measurements have been made on the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brain and all parts of the \"electric system\". In view of these results it is difficult to see how the measured rate of axonal translocation is sufficient to supply the levels of the enzyme found within the electric organ. Within the electromotor cells, choline acetyltransferase is highly concentrated in the axon terminals.", "PMID": 74342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5395", "title": "The pontine projection to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit.", "content": "The occurrence and distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei were mapped following injections of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase (0.05-0.5 microliter, 50% suspension) in the flocculus, nodulus and the dorsal and ventral paraflocculus in adult albino rabbits. While no labeled cells were found in the pontine nuclei following injections in the nodulus, some were present following injections in the flocculus and a great number following injections in the paraflocculus. The projections onto the flocculus and paraflocculus are precisely organized. Following injections in the paraflocculus labeled neurons are arranged in four columns (E and G in the paramedian pontine nucleus, F in the peduncular and H in the dorsolateral nucleus). Following injections in the ventral paraflocculus labeled cells are present only in parts of column E and F, while columns G and H and parts of E and F project onto the dorsal paraflocculus. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occur in the rostral part of column E only. A comparison between the sites of termination of pontine afferents and the areas giving origin to floccular and parafloccular fibers shows that only few fibers mediating visual impulses end in these pontine areas, while they receive numerous fibers from gyrus cinguli and areas 18 and 19 of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "The pontine projection to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit. The occurrence and distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei were mapped following injections of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase (0.05-0.5 microliter, 50% suspension) in the flocculus, nodulus and the dorsal and ventral paraflocculus in adult albino rabbits. While no labeled cells were found in the pontine nuclei following injections in the nodulus, some were present following injections in the flocculus and a great number following injections in the paraflocculus. The projections onto the flocculus and paraflocculus are precisely organized. Following injections in the paraflocculus labeled neurons are arranged in four columns (E and G in the paramedian pontine nucleus, F in the peduncular and H in the dorsolateral nucleus). Following injections in the ventral paraflocculus labeled cells are present only in parts of column E and F, while columns G and H and parts of E and F project onto the dorsal paraflocculus. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occur in the rostral part of column E only. A comparison between the sites of termination of pontine afferents and the areas giving origin to floccular and parafloccular fibers shows that only few fibers mediating visual impulses end in these pontine areas, while they receive numerous fibers from gyrus cinguli and areas 18 and 19 of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 74343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5396", "title": "Specific and cross-reactive activation of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes by streptococcal vaccines.", "content": "The ability of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to the homologous streptococcal group antigen depends on its presence in culture in the form of vaccine or cell walls thereof. These lymphocytes can also be stimulated in vitro by streptococcal vaccines with chemically related group antigens. The basis for this cross-stimulation apparently resides in shared rhamnose moieties. Activation of these lymphocytes was not achieved by vaccines from unrelated bacteria. There is also the suggestion that rabbits of different genetic origin differentiate between cross-stimulating antigens, probably at the level of antigenic determinants. The data support the view that recognition and response pattern of the immune system rely heavily on a network of antigens.", "contents": "Specific and cross-reactive activation of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes by streptococcal vaccines. The ability of primed rabbit blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to the homologous streptococcal group antigen depends on its presence in culture in the form of vaccine or cell walls thereof. These lymphocytes can also be stimulated in vitro by streptococcal vaccines with chemically related group antigens. The basis for this cross-stimulation apparently resides in shared rhamnose moieties. Activation of these lymphocytes was not achieved by vaccines from unrelated bacteria. There is also the suggestion that rabbits of different genetic origin differentiate between cross-stimulating antigens, probably at the level of antigenic determinants. The data support the view that recognition and response pattern of the immune system rely heavily on a network of antigens.", "PMID": 74347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5397", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by human yolk sac tumor transplanted into nude mice.", "content": "All nude mice bearing primary or secondary transplants of a human yolk sac tumor exhibited a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level. This finding clearly indicates the synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by the human yolk sac tumor and supports an idea that human yolk sac tumor simulates yolk sac endoderm not only morphologically but also functionally.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by human yolk sac tumor transplanted into nude mice. All nude mice bearing primary or secondary transplants of a human yolk sac tumor exhibited a high serum alpha-fetoprotein level. This finding clearly indicates the synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein by the human yolk sac tumor and supports an idea that human yolk sac tumor simulates yolk sac endoderm not only morphologically but also functionally.", "PMID": 74348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5398", "title": "Carcino-fetal proteins and gastric cancer: the site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in gastric cancer.", "content": "Although several investigators have reported serum alpha-fetoprotein positive gastric cancer with or without metastasis to the liver, its site of production is still unclear. We studied on the site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in our cases which showed remarkably high level of serum alpha-fetoprotein, and clarified the presence of alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer by means of direct immunofluorescent technique. However, we also knew the hepatocytes adjacent ot the metastatic lesions could also synthesize alpha-fetoprotein, although these hepatocytes were not known whether under regeneration or degeneration. Through this study, the other carcinofetal proteins such as carcino-placental alkaline phosphatase and CEA were examined using the sera or tumor tissues. Our results will support the idea that cancer is the disease of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Carcino-fetal proteins and gastric cancer: the site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in gastric cancer. Although several investigators have reported serum alpha-fetoprotein positive gastric cancer with or without metastasis to the liver, its site of production is still unclear. We studied on the site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in our cases which showed remarkably high level of serum alpha-fetoprotein, and clarified the presence of alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer by means of direct immunofluorescent technique. However, we also knew the hepatocytes adjacent ot the metastatic lesions could also synthesize alpha-fetoprotein, although these hepatocytes were not known whether under regeneration or degeneration. Through this study, the other carcinofetal proteins such as carcino-placental alkaline phosphatase and CEA were examined using the sera or tumor tissues. Our results will support the idea that cancer is the disease of cell differentiation.", "PMID": 74349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5399", "title": "[Transfemoral catheter embolization of inoperable kidney cancer].", "content": "Ten patients with inoperable renal carcinoma underwent embolization of the renal artery. As embolic material homogenized autologous muscle was used. Besides conventional catheters introduced by the Seldinger technique also flow-directed balloon catheters were employed. The merely palliative purposes of embolization were staunching of otherwise untreatable hematuria in eight and reduction of tumor bulk in two cases. Bleeding could be stopped in all, tumor mass reduced in 6 patients as shown by control angiographies. There was always a recanalization of the renal arteries, the vascular tree, however, being much rarefied. Five patients died of the metastatic cancer within the first seven months after embolization, one patient three days after embolization due to phlegmonous retroperitoneal infection. Further complications consisted in flank pain, reversible rises of body temperature, blood pressure and serum creatinine levels. Thrombotic occlusion of deep veins occurred in two patients. The only true benefit of embolization for the patient consists in a relatively simple, fast and safe way to control an otherwise untreatable hemorrhage from inoperable renal carcinoma. Whether prolongation of survival can be reached remains doubtful in spite of a reduction of the tumor mass.", "contents": "[Transfemoral catheter embolization of inoperable kidney cancer]. Ten patients with inoperable renal carcinoma underwent embolization of the renal artery. As embolic material homogenized autologous muscle was used. Besides conventional catheters introduced by the Seldinger technique also flow-directed balloon catheters were employed. The merely palliative purposes of embolization were staunching of otherwise untreatable hematuria in eight and reduction of tumor bulk in two cases. Bleeding could be stopped in all, tumor mass reduced in 6 patients as shown by control angiographies. There was always a recanalization of the renal arteries, the vascular tree, however, being much rarefied. Five patients died of the metastatic cancer within the first seven months after embolization, one patient three days after embolization due to phlegmonous retroperitoneal infection. Further complications consisted in flank pain, reversible rises of body temperature, blood pressure and serum creatinine levels. Thrombotic occlusion of deep veins occurred in two patients. The only true benefit of embolization for the patient consists in a relatively simple, fast and safe way to control an otherwise untreatable hemorrhage from inoperable renal carcinoma. Whether prolongation of survival can be reached remains doubtful in spite of a reduction of the tumor mass.", "PMID": 74351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5400", "title": "[Treatment of chronic hepatitis. A comparative study of the effect azathioprine and (+)-cyanidanol-3].", "content": "The clinical, biochemical and histological results of the treatment of 2 groups of 8 patients each with chronic hepatitis (persistent or aggressive) treated with azathioprine (100mg daily) or (+)-cyanidanol-3(1.5g daily) are compared. The duration of treatmant was 6 months, with monthly examination during this period. The clinical results were comparable in the 2 groups. Among the liver function tests, (+)-cyanidanol-3 appeared superior in the case of total bilirubin, transaminases and BSP retention and azathioprine was superior as regards reduction of gamma-globulin, IgG and IgM. These different results appear to correspond to their different mechanisms of action. The tolerance was superior in the (+)-cyanidanol-3 group, in which no side effects were observed, whereas in the azathioprine group, treatment had to be temporarily interrupted in 3 patients showing leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia. We therefore believe that it can be asserted that treatment with (+)-cyanidanol-3 yields results similar to those obtained with azathioprine, but being a non-immunosuppressive therapy is devoid of the severe consequences produced by a decrease in immunity in day-to-day clinical practice.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic hepatitis. A comparative study of the effect azathioprine and (+)-cyanidanol-3]. The clinical, biochemical and histological results of the treatment of 2 groups of 8 patients each with chronic hepatitis (persistent or aggressive) treated with azathioprine (100mg daily) or (+)-cyanidanol-3(1.5g daily) are compared. The duration of treatmant was 6 months, with monthly examination during this period. The clinical results were comparable in the 2 groups. Among the liver function tests, (+)-cyanidanol-3 appeared superior in the case of total bilirubin, transaminases and BSP retention and azathioprine was superior as regards reduction of gamma-globulin, IgG and IgM. These different results appear to correspond to their different mechanisms of action. The tolerance was superior in the (+)-cyanidanol-3 group, in which no side effects were observed, whereas in the azathioprine group, treatment had to be temporarily interrupted in 3 patients showing leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia. We therefore believe that it can be asserted that treatment with (+)-cyanidanol-3 yields results similar to those obtained with azathioprine, but being a non-immunosuppressive therapy is devoid of the severe consequences produced by a decrease in immunity in day-to-day clinical practice.", "PMID": 74352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5401", "title": "[Immunological mechanisms for tumor prevention. Changes for immuno therapy].", "content": "Present knowledge about the immune response to cancer is reviewed briefly. Various mechanisms by which tumor cells can escape from immunological destruction are discussed. Immune therapy can be successful only, when new methods and details about immunological mechanisms are available.", "contents": "[Immunological mechanisms for tumor prevention. Changes for immuno therapy]. Present knowledge about the immune response to cancer is reviewed briefly. Various mechanisms by which tumor cells can escape from immunological destruction are discussed. Immune therapy can be successful only, when new methods and details about immunological mechanisms are available.", "PMID": 74353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5402", "title": "Retroviruses and cancer.", "content": "All RNA viruses that cause cancer under natural conditions fall into the \"retro\" category, meaning that the first step in their replication is the \"reverse transcription\" of RNA into DNA. This peculiarity of their biologic behavior has helped explain other intriguing features of these viruses and opened new directions for future research into the role of viruses in altering the infected cell's genetic material and in oncogenesis.", "contents": "Retroviruses and cancer. All RNA viruses that cause cancer under natural conditions fall into the \"retro\" category, meaning that the first step in their replication is the \"reverse transcription\" of RNA into DNA. This peculiarity of their biologic behavior has helped explain other intriguing features of these viruses and opened new directions for future research into the role of viruses in altering the infected cell's genetic material and in oncogenesis.", "PMID": 74354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5403", "title": "Suppression of reaginic antibodies with modified allergens. I. Reduction in allergenicity of protein allergens by conjugation to polyethylene glycol.", "content": "The conjugates of ovalbumin (OA) and of the nondialysable constitutents of the aqueous extract of ragweed pollen (RAG) with polyethylene glycols of molecular weights of 6,000 or 20,000 (PEG6 or PEG20) were shown to be nonantigenic, nonallergenic and nonimmunogenic. Thus, the i.v. administration of OA-PEG and RAG-PEG conjugates into mice did not elicit antibodies to OA and RAG, respectively, and these conjugates were shown to suppress in an immunologically specific manner the capacity of these animals to mount primary as well as secondary IgE responses to sensitizing doses of dinitrophenylated OA or of RAG. Moreover, the Peg-modified antigens did not combine either in vitro or in vivo with IgE antibodies directed against the natural antigens. Hence, OA-PEG and RAG-PEG conjugates were incapable of triggering allergic reactions in animals possessing IgE antibodies to the unmodified antigens. These PEG-modified antigens were also shown to be tolerogenic.", "contents": "Suppression of reaginic antibodies with modified allergens. I. Reduction in allergenicity of protein allergens by conjugation to polyethylene glycol. The conjugates of ovalbumin (OA) and of the nondialysable constitutents of the aqueous extract of ragweed pollen (RAG) with polyethylene glycols of molecular weights of 6,000 or 20,000 (PEG6 or PEG20) were shown to be nonantigenic, nonallergenic and nonimmunogenic. Thus, the i.v. administration of OA-PEG and RAG-PEG conjugates into mice did not elicit antibodies to OA and RAG, respectively, and these conjugates were shown to suppress in an immunologically specific manner the capacity of these animals to mount primary as well as secondary IgE responses to sensitizing doses of dinitrophenylated OA or of RAG. Moreover, the Peg-modified antigens did not combine either in vitro or in vivo with IgE antibodies directed against the natural antigens. Hence, OA-PEG and RAG-PEG conjugates were incapable of triggering allergic reactions in animals possessing IgE antibodies to the unmodified antigens. These PEG-modified antigens were also shown to be tolerogenic.", "PMID": 74362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5404", "title": "Mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "X537A released histamine from isolated histamine-retaining mast cell granules incubated at 37 degrees C in Tris-sodium (150 mM) or Tris-potassium (150 mM), but not in Tris-glucose (300 mM). The release was depressed at 0 degrees C. In contrast, decylamine released all histamine bound to the granules irrespective of the presence of monovalent cations in the incubation medium of temperature. X537A did not release histamine from an artificial heparin-protamine complex when incubated in deionized water. The mechanism of histamine release by X537A can be explained by the ability of the ionophore to carry monovalent cations across cellular membranes, hereby making the ions available for exchange with histamine bound to the granular matrix. This mechanism can be distinguished from that of agents triggering an exchange between cations and bound histamine through a calcium- and energy-dependent exocytotic process on the one hand and through membrane lysis on the other. Based on the observation that the ionophore was able to carry histamine into the bulk of an organic phase, various possibilities exist to explain how histamine escapes from the cells following release from intracellular granular stores.", "contents": "Mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells. X537A released histamine from isolated histamine-retaining mast cell granules incubated at 37 degrees C in Tris-sodium (150 mM) or Tris-potassium (150 mM), but not in Tris-glucose (300 mM). The release was depressed at 0 degrees C. In contrast, decylamine released all histamine bound to the granules irrespective of the presence of monovalent cations in the incubation medium of temperature. X537A did not release histamine from an artificial heparin-protamine complex when incubated in deionized water. The mechanism of histamine release by X537A can be explained by the ability of the ionophore to carry monovalent cations across cellular membranes, hereby making the ions available for exchange with histamine bound to the granular matrix. This mechanism can be distinguished from that of agents triggering an exchange between cations and bound histamine through a calcium- and energy-dependent exocytotic process on the one hand and through membrane lysis on the other. Based on the observation that the ionophore was able to carry histamine into the bulk of an organic phase, various possibilities exist to explain how histamine escapes from the cells following release from intracellular granular stores.", "PMID": 74363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5405", "title": "Ultrastructure of isolated human mast cells during histamine release induced by ionophore A 23187.", "content": "In the presence of calcium, the ionophore A 23187 (10(-7) TO 10(-6) M) causes a dose-dependent histamine release from isolated human mast cells. The accompanying degranulation process is characterized by a formation of channels of fused mast cell granules and by an exocytotic extrusion of altered granule material. Simultaneously, large numbers of newly formed 70 A filaments occur. These filaments probably have a key function in secreting human mast cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of isolated human mast cells during histamine release induced by ionophore A 23187. In the presence of calcium, the ionophore A 23187 (10(-7) TO 10(-6) M) causes a dose-dependent histamine release from isolated human mast cells. The accompanying degranulation process is characterized by a formation of channels of fused mast cell granules and by an exocytotic extrusion of altered granule material. Simultaneously, large numbers of newly formed 70 A filaments occur. These filaments probably have a key function in secreting human mast cells.", "PMID": 74364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5406", "title": "Fc-rosette inhibition by pregnant women's sera and by rabbit anti-beta2-microglobulin.", "content": "Some anti-HLA sera showed Fc-rosette inhibitory activity, which had little correlation with type-specific anti-HLA activity. Cytotoxic titers did not correlate with Fc-rosette inhibition rate and these antisera showed considerable inhibition of rosette formation even after absorption of anti-HLA activity with T lymphocytes. These results suggest that some anti-HLA sera contain B-cell-specific inhibitory activity against Fc-receptor like anti-Ia antibody in mice. Rabbit antiserum against human beta2-microglobulin showed specific inhibition of Fc-rosette formation. It was suggested that Fc-receptor or Ia-like antigen in human has a close relation with beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "Fc-rosette inhibition by pregnant women's sera and by rabbit anti-beta2-microglobulin. Some anti-HLA sera showed Fc-rosette inhibitory activity, which had little correlation with type-specific anti-HLA activity. Cytotoxic titers did not correlate with Fc-rosette inhibition rate and these antisera showed considerable inhibition of rosette formation even after absorption of anti-HLA activity with T lymphocytes. These results suggest that some anti-HLA sera contain B-cell-specific inhibitory activity against Fc-receptor like anti-Ia antibody in mice. Rabbit antiserum against human beta2-microglobulin showed specific inhibition of Fc-rosette formation. It was suggested that Fc-receptor or Ia-like antigen in human has a close relation with beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 74365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5407", "title": "Antigen-, anti-F(ab')2- and anti-IgE-induced histamine release from rat mast cells.", "content": "The existence of IgE antibody molecules on peritoneal mast cells from rats immunized with dinitrophenylated ascaris extract was demonstrated by double antibody immunofluorescence staining and by histamine release induced by anti-IgE antibodies. Cross-linking of the IgE molecules, which are fixed to mast cells, by interaction with either the homologous antigen or with antibodies to the Fab or Fc regions of IgE, triggered in the presence of calcium ions a chain of intracellular reactions which involve cyclic nucleotide modulation and energy-requiring processes leading ultimately to the release of histamine from the granules of these cells. Although there was no apparent difference in the mechanism(s) underlying the reactions triggered by any of these three agents, the extent of histamine release caused by antibodies to the Fc region of the IgE was significantly lower than that induced by cross-linking of IgE molecules through their Fab regions by reactions with either anti-Fab antibodies or antigens.", "contents": "Antigen-, anti-F(ab')2- and anti-IgE-induced histamine release from rat mast cells. The existence of IgE antibody molecules on peritoneal mast cells from rats immunized with dinitrophenylated ascaris extract was demonstrated by double antibody immunofluorescence staining and by histamine release induced by anti-IgE antibodies. Cross-linking of the IgE molecules, which are fixed to mast cells, by interaction with either the homologous antigen or with antibodies to the Fab or Fc regions of IgE, triggered in the presence of calcium ions a chain of intracellular reactions which involve cyclic nucleotide modulation and energy-requiring processes leading ultimately to the release of histamine from the granules of these cells. Although there was no apparent difference in the mechanism(s) underlying the reactions triggered by any of these three agents, the extent of histamine release caused by antibodies to the Fc region of the IgE was significantly lower than that induced by cross-linking of IgE molecules through their Fab regions by reactions with either anti-Fab antibodies or antigens.", "PMID": 74366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5408", "title": "HIDACSYS: computer programs for interactive scanning cytophotometry.", "content": "A description is given of a combination of three programs developed for computer-assisted stage scanning cytophotometry and cytofluorometry of isolated, close-lying, or touching objects in different types of microscopical preparations. The advantages and limitations of the individual programs are discussed, as well as the local specimen conditions determining the optimal application range of each of the programs. The applicability of these programs was investigated by determination of the integrated absorbance values of Feulgen or gallocyanin-chrome alum stained chicken erythrocytes, human leucocytes, and skin biopsy cells in imprint preparations, as well as of guinea pig peritoneal granulocytes which had been submitted to a simultaneous coupling azo dye incubation for alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "HIDACSYS: computer programs for interactive scanning cytophotometry. A description is given of a combination of three programs developed for computer-assisted stage scanning cytophotometry and cytofluorometry of isolated, close-lying, or touching objects in different types of microscopical preparations. The advantages and limitations of the individual programs are discussed, as well as the local specimen conditions determining the optimal application range of each of the programs. The applicability of these programs was investigated by determination of the integrated absorbance values of Feulgen or gallocyanin-chrome alum stained chicken erythrocytes, human leucocytes, and skin biopsy cells in imprint preparations, as well as of guinea pig peritoneal granulocytes which had been submitted to a simultaneous coupling azo dye incubation for alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 74372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5409", "title": "[Peptidases. I. Histochemical investigations with 2-naphthylamides and hexazonium-p-rosanilin (author's transl)].", "content": "Using fresh frozen (with and without semipermeable membranes), freeze-dried or sections from aldehyde fixed material and hexazotized p-rosaniline for simultaneous coupling more than 20 different unsubstituted or substituted L-amino acid naphthylamides are split especially in the microvilli and/or stereocilia of the small intestine, kidney and epididymis from rats. Further sites of positive reactions can be revealed by L-alanyl, L-leucyl, L-lysyl, alpha,L-glutamyl, gamma,L-glutamyl, L-asparaginyl, N-benzoyl-L-arginyl, N-carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl 2-naphthylamide. Among the substituted and unsubstituted peptide 2-naphthylamides L-prolyl-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide is not hydrolysed in visible amounts; L-arginyl-L-arginyl, L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl, L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl, L-histidyl-L-seryl, L-seryl-L-tyrosyl and L-glycy-L-phenylalanyl 2-naphthylamide are metabolized in the renal and intestinal brush border; the reaction pattern obtained with N-carbobenzoxy-L-glycyl-L-glycyl-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide differs from that of N-carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide. In addition L-glycyl-L-prolyl, L-leucyl-L-alanyl, L-lysyl-L-alanyl and L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl 2-naphthylamide are also split in the lysosomes of many organs and the secretion granules of gland cells.", "contents": "[Peptidases. I. Histochemical investigations with 2-naphthylamides and hexazonium-p-rosanilin (author's transl)]. Using fresh frozen (with and without semipermeable membranes), freeze-dried or sections from aldehyde fixed material and hexazotized p-rosaniline for simultaneous coupling more than 20 different unsubstituted or substituted L-amino acid naphthylamides are split especially in the microvilli and/or stereocilia of the small intestine, kidney and epididymis from rats. Further sites of positive reactions can be revealed by L-alanyl, L-leucyl, L-lysyl, alpha,L-glutamyl, gamma,L-glutamyl, L-asparaginyl, N-benzoyl-L-arginyl, N-carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl and N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl 2-naphthylamide. Among the substituted and unsubstituted peptide 2-naphthylamides L-prolyl-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide is not hydrolysed in visible amounts; L-arginyl-L-arginyl, L-alanyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl, L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl, L-histidyl-L-seryl, L-seryl-L-tyrosyl and L-glycy-L-phenylalanyl 2-naphthylamide are metabolized in the renal and intestinal brush border; the reaction pattern obtained with N-carbobenzoxy-L-glycyl-L-glycyl-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide differs from that of N-carbobenzoxy-L-arginyl 2-naphthylamide. In addition L-glycyl-L-prolyl, L-leucyl-L-alanyl, L-lysyl-L-alanyl and L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl 2-naphthylamide are also split in the lysosomes of many organs and the secretion granules of gland cells.", "PMID": 74373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5410", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone in field-collected avian tissues and eggs.", "content": "A procedure is described for determining Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. Samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming H2SO4-concentrated H2SO4. Kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a Florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. The analyses performed on 14 bald eagle carcasses and livers, 3 bald eagle eggs, and 14 osprey eggs show measurable levels which indicate that Kepone accumulates in the tissues of fish-eating birds. Residues were confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone in field-collected avian tissues and eggs. A procedure is described for determining Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. Samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming H2SO4-concentrated H2SO4. Kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a Florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. The analyses performed on 14 bald eagle carcasses and livers, 3 bald eagle eggs, and 14 osprey eggs show measurable levels which indicate that Kepone accumulates in the tissues of fish-eating birds. Residues were confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 74377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5411", "title": "Plasma kallikrein activation and inhibition during typhoid fever.", "content": "As an ancillary part of a typhoid fever vaccine study, 10 healthy adult male volunteers (nonimmunized controls) were serially bled 6 days before to 30 days after ingesting 10(5)Salmonella typhi organisms. Five persons developed typhoid fever 6-10 days after challenge, while five remained well. During the febrile illness, significant changes (P < 0.05) in the following hematological parameters were measured: a rise in alpha(1)-antitrypsin antigen concentration and high molecular weight kininogen clotting activity; a progressive decrease of platelet count (to 60% of the predisease state), functional prekallikrein (55%) and kallikrein inhibitor (47%) with a nadir reached on day 5 of the fever and a subsequent overshoot during convalescence. Despite the drop in functional prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor, there was no change in factor XII clotting activity or antigenic concentrations of prekallikrein and the kallikrein inhibitors, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) and alpha(2)-macroglobulin. Plasma from febrile patients subjected to immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis contained a new complex displaying antigenic characteristics of both prekallikrein and C1-INH; the alpha(2)-macroglobulin, antithrombin III, and alpha(1)-antitrypsin immunoprecipitates were unchanged. Plasma drawn from infected-well subjects showed no significant change in these components of the kinin generating system. The finding of a reduction in functional prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor (C1-INH) and the formation of a kallikrein C1-INH complex is consistent with prekallikrein activation in typhoid fever. The correlation of these changes with the drop in platelet count suggests that a common mechanism may be responsible.", "contents": "Plasma kallikrein activation and inhibition during typhoid fever. As an ancillary part of a typhoid fever vaccine study, 10 healthy adult male volunteers (nonimmunized controls) were serially bled 6 days before to 30 days after ingesting 10(5)Salmonella typhi organisms. Five persons developed typhoid fever 6-10 days after challenge, while five remained well. During the febrile illness, significant changes (P < 0.05) in the following hematological parameters were measured: a rise in alpha(1)-antitrypsin antigen concentration and high molecular weight kininogen clotting activity; a progressive decrease of platelet count (to 60% of the predisease state), functional prekallikrein (55%) and kallikrein inhibitor (47%) with a nadir reached on day 5 of the fever and a subsequent overshoot during convalescence. Despite the drop in functional prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor, there was no change in factor XII clotting activity or antigenic concentrations of prekallikrein and the kallikrein inhibitors, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) and alpha(2)-macroglobulin. Plasma from febrile patients subjected to immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis contained a new complex displaying antigenic characteristics of both prekallikrein and C1-INH; the alpha(2)-macroglobulin, antithrombin III, and alpha(1)-antitrypsin immunoprecipitates were unchanged. Plasma drawn from infected-well subjects showed no significant change in these components of the kinin generating system. The finding of a reduction in functional prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitor (C1-INH) and the formation of a kallikrein C1-INH complex is consistent with prekallikrein activation in typhoid fever. The correlation of these changes with the drop in platelet count suggests that a common mechanism may be responsible.", "PMID": 74379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5412", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Relation to hepatocellular regeneration and development of primary liver cell carcinoma.", "content": "Using a radioimmunoassay technique serum alpha-fetoprotein could be detected in healthy adults in concentrations of less than 20 microgram/l. Of patients with acute, viral hepatitis 43% exhibited a transient rise of serum alpha-fetoprotein, the peak occurring eight to nine days after the maximum recorded serum aspartate transaminase activity. Patients with hepatic damage due to paracetamol poisoning were also shown to have transiently raised levels, the peak occurring earlier than in subjects with viral hepatitis. Six subjects with fatal fulminant hepatitis were studied; the three with the more protracted illness were noted to have increased levels before death. Twenty of 163 cases of chronic liver disease also had raised serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. In four, primary liver cell cancer developed; in two of these the serum alpha-fetoprotein levels rose progressively, and in two it remained raised but at low levels.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Relation to hepatocellular regeneration and development of primary liver cell carcinoma. Using a radioimmunoassay technique serum alpha-fetoprotein could be detected in healthy adults in concentrations of less than 20 microgram/l. Of patients with acute, viral hepatitis 43% exhibited a transient rise of serum alpha-fetoprotein, the peak occurring eight to nine days after the maximum recorded serum aspartate transaminase activity. Patients with hepatic damage due to paracetamol poisoning were also shown to have transiently raised levels, the peak occurring earlier than in subjects with viral hepatitis. Six subjects with fatal fulminant hepatitis were studied; the three with the more protracted illness were noted to have increased levels before death. Twenty of 163 cases of chronic liver disease also had raised serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. In four, primary liver cell cancer developed; in two of these the serum alpha-fetoprotein levels rose progressively, and in two it remained raised but at low levels.", "PMID": 74380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5413", "title": "Chlorinated pesticide residues in milk of Iranian nursing mothers.", "content": "One-hundred-thirty-one samples of human milk were collected during October, 1974, to January, 1976, throughout the Tehran area. Sources included four maternity hospitals as well as individual nursing mothers outside of hospitals. The samples were collected 1 to 8 days after child birth from women 14 to 42 yr old and from all social strata. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. Insecticides 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) (with its metabolites), isomer of benzene hexachloride (gamma BHC), and dieldrin were detected in varying concentration in 101, 108, and 47 samples, respectively. The means and ranges were .024 (.001 to .333) ppm, .008 (.001 to .046) ppm, and (.001 to .028) ppm. These concentrations in human milk represented insecticidal ingestion by infants. The mean dieldrin exceeded the World Health Organization limit and may pose a health hazard. There was no significant relationship between economic status of donors and pesticide in the milk; however, milk from the older nursing mothers contained more DDT than that from young mothers.", "contents": "Chlorinated pesticide residues in milk of Iranian nursing mothers. One-hundred-thirty-one samples of human milk were collected during October, 1974, to January, 1976, throughout the Tehran area. Sources included four maternity hospitals as well as individual nursing mothers outside of hospitals. The samples were collected 1 to 8 days after child birth from women 14 to 42 yr old and from all social strata. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. Insecticides 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) (with its metabolites), isomer of benzene hexachloride (gamma BHC), and dieldrin were detected in varying concentration in 101, 108, and 47 samples, respectively. The means and ranges were .024 (.001 to .333) ppm, .008 (.001 to .046) ppm, and (.001 to .028) ppm. These concentrations in human milk represented insecticidal ingestion by infants. The mean dieldrin exceeded the World Health Organization limit and may pose a health hazard. There was no significant relationship between economic status of donors and pesticide in the milk; however, milk from the older nursing mothers contained more DDT than that from young mothers.", "PMID": 74381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5414", "title": "Tannic acid-metal salt sequences for light and electron microscopic localization of complex carbohydrates.", "content": "Use of tannic acid (TA), in sequence with ferric chloride, uranyl acetate or gold chloride resulted in staining of selective but sometimes different sites in paraffin sections. TA-uranyl acetate of TA-ferric chloride stained sites rich in complex carbohydrates, wherease TA-gold chloride stained the collagen of various connective tissues different shades of red-purple to gray-black. Applied to epoxy-embedded thin sections of tissues fixed with glutaraldehyde and not post-osmicated, TA-uranyl acetate and TA-ferric chloride imparted density to subcellular sites known to contain a high concentration of mucosubstances, such as secretory granules and cisternae of the Golgi complex of certain cells. TA-gold chloride proved unsatisfactory for ultracytochemistry because of its tendency to form globular precipitates on thin sections. The effect of blockage procedures at the light microscopic level indicated that vicinal glycols are not required for binding of TA to tissue sites. Electrostatic forces were shown to be of minimal significance, whereas hydrogen bonding appeared to play a part in both TA-tissue and TA-metal binding mechanisms.", "contents": "Tannic acid-metal salt sequences for light and electron microscopic localization of complex carbohydrates. Use of tannic acid (TA), in sequence with ferric chloride, uranyl acetate or gold chloride resulted in staining of selective but sometimes different sites in paraffin sections. TA-uranyl acetate of TA-ferric chloride stained sites rich in complex carbohydrates, wherease TA-gold chloride stained the collagen of various connective tissues different shades of red-purple to gray-black. Applied to epoxy-embedded thin sections of tissues fixed with glutaraldehyde and not post-osmicated, TA-uranyl acetate and TA-ferric chloride imparted density to subcellular sites known to contain a high concentration of mucosubstances, such as secretory granules and cisternae of the Golgi complex of certain cells. TA-gold chloride proved unsatisfactory for ultracytochemistry because of its tendency to form globular precipitates on thin sections. The effect of blockage procedures at the light microscopic level indicated that vicinal glycols are not required for binding of TA to tissue sites. Electrostatic forces were shown to be of minimal significance, whereas hydrogen bonding appeared to play a part in both TA-tissue and TA-metal binding mechanisms.", "PMID": 74385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5415", "title": "Dual binding specificities in MOPC 384 and 870 murine myeloma immunoglobulins.", "content": "Homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins (IgA, kappa), M 384, and M 870, bind methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside and phosphorylcholine at different subsites. Heterologous recombinant immunoglobulins of these two immunoglobulins with M 603 (a homogeneous IgA, kappa with known phosphorylcholine specificity) also bind phosphorylcholine.", "contents": "Dual binding specificities in MOPC 384 and 870 murine myeloma immunoglobulins. Homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins (IgA, kappa), M 384, and M 870, bind methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside and phosphorylcholine at different subsites. Heterologous recombinant immunoglobulins of these two immunoglobulins with M 603 (a homogeneous IgA, kappa with known phosphorylcholine specificity) also bind phosphorylcholine.", "PMID": 74386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5416", "title": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. IV. Specificity and cross-reactivity of cytotoxic clones.", "content": "Murine cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor cells (CLP) appear to be specificity restricted, yet 2 to 4% of the total pool appears to be activated in a response against a single foreign H-2 alloantigen. The simplest model that provides enough CLP for all possible reactions is that H-2 antigens have cross-reacting determinants. Experimentally, we observed that activation of RNC-nu/+ (H-2k) LN cells with H-2b spleen cells activated 1200 to 1800 CLP per 10(6) LN cells capable of lysing H-2b target cells. Of these, 3 to 4% could also lyse H-2d target cells. In addition, a small number of clones (approximately 25/10(6) LN cells) were activated which could lyse H-2d but not H-2b target cells. However, the total number of such apparent nonspecifically activated clones is small since greater than 80% of all the CLP activated on culturing with H-2b alloantigens will lyse H-2b targets. The results are discussed in terms of specificity restriction and possible subpopulations of CLP.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. IV. Specificity and cross-reactivity of cytotoxic clones. Murine cytotoxic lymphocyte precursor cells (CLP) appear to be specificity restricted, yet 2 to 4% of the total pool appears to be activated in a response against a single foreign H-2 alloantigen. The simplest model that provides enough CLP for all possible reactions is that H-2 antigens have cross-reacting determinants. Experimentally, we observed that activation of RNC-nu/+ (H-2k) LN cells with H-2b spleen cells activated 1200 to 1800 CLP per 10(6) LN cells capable of lysing H-2b target cells. Of these, 3 to 4% could also lyse H-2d target cells. In addition, a small number of clones (approximately 25/10(6) LN cells) were activated which could lyse H-2d but not H-2b target cells. However, the total number of such apparent nonspecifically activated clones is small since greater than 80% of all the CLP activated on culturing with H-2b alloantigens will lyse H-2b targets. The results are discussed in terms of specificity restriction and possible subpopulations of CLP.", "PMID": 74388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5417", "title": "Fragments Ba and Bb derived from guinea pig factor B of the properdin system: purification, characterization, and biologic activities.", "content": "Functionally active guinea pig factor B was purified by a combination of chromatographic steps including Sephadex G-25, QAE A25, QAE A50, CM C50, and Sepharose 4B coupled with purified cobra venom factor. Purified factor B had a m.w. of 106,000 daltons and a single subunit structure. It was heat labile. After cleavage of native B with cobra venom factor coupled to Sepharose 4B in the presence of D, the resulting two fragments, the larger one (Bb) and the smaller one (Ba), were further purified. The m.w. of Bb and Ba was determined as 64,000 and 53,000 daltons, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. Neither of the fragments evoked a contraction of guinea pig ileum or histamine release from rat mast cells. Only the smaller fragment Ba (at a concentration of 120 nM) stimulated guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to respond with increased movement. This activity as well as the antigenicity of Ba were heat stable, but were sensitive to trypsin digestion, whereas the antigenicity of Bb was heat labile.", "contents": "Fragments Ba and Bb derived from guinea pig factor B of the properdin system: purification, characterization, and biologic activities. Functionally active guinea pig factor B was purified by a combination of chromatographic steps including Sephadex G-25, QAE A25, QAE A50, CM C50, and Sepharose 4B coupled with purified cobra venom factor. Purified factor B had a m.w. of 106,000 daltons and a single subunit structure. It was heat labile. After cleavage of native B with cobra venom factor coupled to Sepharose 4B in the presence of D, the resulting two fragments, the larger one (Bb) and the smaller one (Ba), were further purified. The m.w. of Bb and Ba was determined as 64,000 and 53,000 daltons, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. Neither of the fragments evoked a contraction of guinea pig ileum or histamine release from rat mast cells. Only the smaller fragment Ba (at a concentration of 120 nM) stimulated guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to respond with increased movement. This activity as well as the antigenicity of Ba were heat stable, but were sensitive to trypsin digestion, whereas the antigenicity of Bb was heat labile.", "PMID": 74389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5418", "title": "Cellular basis of tolerance to serum albumin in adult mice. I. characterization of T suppressor and T helper cells.", "content": "The surface markers and size of suppressor cells were determined in adult (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice which were tolerized with a single injection of deaggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Suppressor cells from the spleens of tolerazided donors were assayed in a cell transfer system in which graded numbers of cells were injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with limiting numbers of T cells primed to BSA and an excess of B cells primed to DNP-BSA. Adoptive hosts were challenged with DNP-BSA in saline, and the anti-DNP response was measured. Suppressor cells were antigen specific as shown by the inhibitory activity of BSA-tolerant spleen cells on the response to DNP-BSA, but not to DNP-BGG. Suppressor cells were eliminated by in vitro treatment with anti-Thy 1.2, anti-Ly-2.2, anti-I-J subregion antisera and C, but not with anti-Ly-1 or anti-I-A subregion antisera. Neither unprimed nor primed helper T cells were detected in the spleen of tolerized donors after in vitro treatment with anti-Ly-2.2 antisera. Both helper and suppressor T cells from the spleens of primed or tolerized donors, respectively, showed a rapid sedimentation velocity (S greater than 3.7 mm/hr).", "contents": "Cellular basis of tolerance to serum albumin in adult mice. I. characterization of T suppressor and T helper cells. The surface markers and size of suppressor cells were determined in adult (BALB/c x C57BL/Ka)F1 mice which were tolerized with a single injection of deaggregated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Suppressor cells from the spleens of tolerazided donors were assayed in a cell transfer system in which graded numbers of cells were injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with limiting numbers of T cells primed to BSA and an excess of B cells primed to DNP-BSA. Adoptive hosts were challenged with DNP-BSA in saline, and the anti-DNP response was measured. Suppressor cells were antigen specific as shown by the inhibitory activity of BSA-tolerant spleen cells on the response to DNP-BSA, but not to DNP-BGG. Suppressor cells were eliminated by in vitro treatment with anti-Thy 1.2, anti-Ly-2.2, anti-I-J subregion antisera and C, but not with anti-Ly-1 or anti-I-A subregion antisera. Neither unprimed nor primed helper T cells were detected in the spleen of tolerized donors after in vitro treatment with anti-Ly-2.2 antisera. Both helper and suppressor T cells from the spleens of primed or tolerized donors, respectively, showed a rapid sedimentation velocity (S greater than 3.7 mm/hr).", "PMID": 74390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5419", "title": "Antigenicity of the major polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "The major polypeptides (P-1, P-2, and P-6) of HBsAg were isolated from purified preparations of 22-nm HBsAg particles, iodinated, and analyzed by double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assays for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific antigens. Each polypeptide fraction contained both group (a) and subtype (d) specific determinants in common by virtue of their immunoreaction with antiserum to native HBsAg and antisera to the other structural polypeptides. The antigenic and structural similarities of the HBsAg polypeptides establish that they are not each unique gene products of the HBV genome.", "contents": "Antigenicity of the major polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The major polypeptides (P-1, P-2, and P-6) of HBsAg were isolated from purified preparations of 22-nm HBsAg particles, iodinated, and analyzed by double-antibody radioimmunoprecipitation assays for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific antigens. Each polypeptide fraction contained both group (a) and subtype (d) specific determinants in common by virtue of their immunoreaction with antiserum to native HBsAg and antisera to the other structural polypeptides. The antigenic and structural similarities of the HBsAg polypeptides establish that they are not each unique gene products of the HBV genome.", "PMID": 74391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5420", "title": "The distribution and relative immunogenicity of calf alpha-crystallin antigenic determinants on different subunits.", "content": "In the native alpha-crystallin molecule, 45.9% of all reactive antigenic determinants were found to be located on SH-containing subunits. Of these, the majority (35.3%) were reaggregation dependent, and 10.6% were reactive on monomeric subunits. By contrast, only 10.9% of all antigenic determinants were located on SH-free subunits, and the ratio of aggregation-dependent determinants (4.4%) to those of monomeric subunits (6.5%) was reversed compared to SH-containing subunits. Among all antigenic determinants reactive in native alpha-crystallin, 44.1% were dependent on the presence of both types of subunits. These data indicate that the antigenic determinants requiring subunit interaction were formed from SH-containing and SH-free subunits in a ratio of 1:1. Direct analysis showed that in the alpha-crystallin molecule, the ratio of these subunits is 2:1. The experiments indicate that some conformations of subunits in the native molecule persist in separated subunits. The relative immunogenicity of each type of antigenic determinant expressed as the ratio of the percentage of the determinant reactive in the native calf lens alpha-crystallin to the percentage of corresponding antibodies induced by native alpha-crystallin was found to be close to 1.", "contents": "The distribution and relative immunogenicity of calf alpha-crystallin antigenic determinants on different subunits. In the native alpha-crystallin molecule, 45.9% of all reactive antigenic determinants were found to be located on SH-containing subunits. Of these, the majority (35.3%) were reaggregation dependent, and 10.6% were reactive on monomeric subunits. By contrast, only 10.9% of all antigenic determinants were located on SH-free subunits, and the ratio of aggregation-dependent determinants (4.4%) to those of monomeric subunits (6.5%) was reversed compared to SH-containing subunits. Among all antigenic determinants reactive in native alpha-crystallin, 44.1% were dependent on the presence of both types of subunits. These data indicate that the antigenic determinants requiring subunit interaction were formed from SH-containing and SH-free subunits in a ratio of 1:1. Direct analysis showed that in the alpha-crystallin molecule, the ratio of these subunits is 2:1. The experiments indicate that some conformations of subunits in the native molecule persist in separated subunits. The relative immunogenicity of each type of antigenic determinant expressed as the ratio of the percentage of the determinant reactive in the native calf lens alpha-crystallin to the percentage of corresponding antibodies induced by native alpha-crystallin was found to be close to 1.", "PMID": 74392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5421", "title": "Identification of a tumor-associated antigen of the guinea pig L2C leukemia by using syngeneic antisera.", "content": "Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with L2C leukemia cells produced antibodies to L2C cells detected by 125I-protein A assay. L2C-associated tumor antigens were reacted with syngeneic antisera and analyzed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These sera recognized idiotypic determinants on surface IgM molecules of L2C cells but did not recognize any determinants on normal strain 2 spleen cells. Thus, determinants on IgM molecular act as tumor-associated antigens in the L2C system and can be detected by syngeneic sera.", "contents": "Identification of a tumor-associated antigen of the guinea pig L2C leukemia by using syngeneic antisera. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with L2C leukemia cells produced antibodies to L2C cells detected by 125I-protein A assay. L2C-associated tumor antigens were reacted with syngeneic antisera and analyzed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These sera recognized idiotypic determinants on surface IgM molecules of L2C cells but did not recognize any determinants on normal strain 2 spleen cells. Thus, determinants on IgM molecular act as tumor-associated antigens in the L2C system and can be detected by syngeneic sera.", "PMID": 74393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5422", "title": "Expression of group b light chain allotypes in cottontail rabbits.", "content": "Group b allotypic determinants (b4, b5, b6, and b9) were detected on cottontail IgG by several assays including immunodiffusion, radioimmune binding, and inhibition of radiobinding. The results indicate that cottontail IgG possess some but not all of the subspecificities present on domestic rabbit IgG. Several cottontail rabbits exhibited three of the four possible allotypic markers. In these instances, however, only two populations of IgG molecules (i.e., phenogroups) could be detected, each bearing one, two, or three of the allotypes. Five separate and distinctive phenogroups were identified. The results suggest that the phenogroups represent products of multiple allelic genes for the constant region of cottontail rabbit kappa light chain.", "contents": "Expression of group b light chain allotypes in cottontail rabbits. Group b allotypic determinants (b4, b5, b6, and b9) were detected on cottontail IgG by several assays including immunodiffusion, radioimmune binding, and inhibition of radiobinding. The results indicate that cottontail IgG possess some but not all of the subspecificities present on domestic rabbit IgG. Several cottontail rabbits exhibited three of the four possible allotypic markers. In these instances, however, only two populations of IgG molecules (i.e., phenogroups) could be detected, each bearing one, two, or three of the allotypes. Five separate and distinctive phenogroups were identified. The results suggest that the phenogroups represent products of multiple allelic genes for the constant region of cottontail rabbit kappa light chain.", "PMID": 74394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5423", "title": "Human IgG3 allotypes, with special reference to a new allotype related to G3m(g) (G3m21).", "content": "The IgG3 allotype described as L1 (Blanc et al., 1976) occurs on the CH3 region of G3m(g) proteins, in contrast to G3m(g) that is known to be present on the CH2 region. G3m(g) and L1 are, as a rule, present on the same gamma3 heavy chain, just like the G3m(b) subspecificities of the CH2 region, (b1) and (b4), with those of the CH3 region (b0), (b3) and (b5). Several families were investigated that showed inheritance of rare combinations of IgG3 allotypes. The data obtained are suggestive for notation of L1 as (g5), since L1 probably occupies a position antithetical to (b5). The relation of amino acid substitutions to allotypes and isoallotypes is discussed.", "contents": "Human IgG3 allotypes, with special reference to a new allotype related to G3m(g) (G3m21). The IgG3 allotype described as L1 (Blanc et al., 1976) occurs on the CH3 region of G3m(g) proteins, in contrast to G3m(g) that is known to be present on the CH2 region. G3m(g) and L1 are, as a rule, present on the same gamma3 heavy chain, just like the G3m(b) subspecificities of the CH2 region, (b1) and (b4), with those of the CH3 region (b0), (b3) and (b5). Several families were investigated that showed inheritance of rare combinations of IgG3 allotypes. The data obtained are suggestive for notation of L1 as (g5), since L1 probably occupies a position antithetical to (b5). The relation of amino acid substitutions to allotypes and isoallotypes is discussed.", "PMID": 74395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5424", "title": "Quantitative studies of Gm allotypes. II. G1m(1), G3m(5) and G3m(21) in sera from healthy caucasoid blood donors, and in a family with the inheritance of a gene responsible for a weak Gm1,17;..;21 haplotype.", "content": "The quantitative expression of three allotypes--G1m(1), G3m(5) and G3m(21)--has been studied in normal caucasoid sera. A gene dosage effect, previously described for all of these allotypes, is not noticed for G3m(5) in the present study. The different content of G3m(5) and G3m(21) IgG3 molecules in heterozygous Gm5/Gm21 sera has been verified: these contents are respectively 75% and 25% of the IgG3 content. The same allotypes have been studied in a family which shows the inheritance of a weak Gm1,17;21 haplotype. The gene responsible for this abnormality is probably a new regulatory gene, and is transmitted without the 'aimed' haplotype.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of Gm allotypes. II. G1m(1), G3m(5) and G3m(21) in sera from healthy caucasoid blood donors, and in a family with the inheritance of a gene responsible for a weak Gm1,17;..;21 haplotype. The quantitative expression of three allotypes--G1m(1), G3m(5) and G3m(21)--has been studied in normal caucasoid sera. A gene dosage effect, previously described for all of these allotypes, is not noticed for G3m(5) in the present study. The different content of G3m(5) and G3m(21) IgG3 molecules in heterozygous Gm5/Gm21 sera has been verified: these contents are respectively 75% and 25% of the IgG3 content. The same allotypes have been studied in a family which shows the inheritance of a weak Gm1,17;21 haplotype. The gene responsible for this abnormality is probably a new regulatory gene, and is transmitted without the 'aimed' haplotype.", "PMID": 74396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5425", "title": "Combination of cholinesterase staining of nerves and stereoscopic viewing for three-dimensional study of skin innervation on whole mounts.", "content": "A histochemical staining technique for cholinesterases is reported for the visualization of skin innervation on whole mounts in the chick. A method for realization of stereoscopic pictures showing the nerve fiber pattern in the full thickness of preparations is described. The combination of these 2 techniques allows an excellent three-dimensional demonstration of skin innervation.", "contents": "Combination of cholinesterase staining of nerves and stereoscopic viewing for three-dimensional study of skin innervation on whole mounts. A histochemical staining technique for cholinesterases is reported for the visualization of skin innervation on whole mounts in the chick. A method for realization of stereoscopic pictures showing the nerve fiber pattern in the full thickness of preparations is described. The combination of these 2 techniques allows an excellent three-dimensional demonstration of skin innervation.", "PMID": 74397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5426", "title": "Mechanism of densensitization in DNCB-contact sensitive guinea pigs.", "content": "Contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in guinea pigs could be rapidly suppressed by intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DNBSO3). This suppression is transient and antigen-specific. Macrophages from desensitized animals are not inactivated as shown by their ability to react, both in vivo and in vitro to lymphokines produced in a separate system. Therefore, effector lymphocytes are considered the target for the desensitizing antigen. Using an adoptive transfer system it was demonstrated that effector lymphocytes are inactivated by a direct effect of the hapten. Since this inactivation can be reversed by trypsin treatment, a receptor blockade of effector lymphocytes is proposed as the mechanism of desensitization of DNCB-contact sensitive guinea pigs. This does not exclude the possibility that additional mechanisms such as suppressor cells, compartmentalization or endogenous proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes may play an additional role.", "contents": "Mechanism of densensitization in DNCB-contact sensitive guinea pigs. Contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in guinea pigs could be rapidly suppressed by intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DNBSO3). This suppression is transient and antigen-specific. Macrophages from desensitized animals are not inactivated as shown by their ability to react, both in vivo and in vitro to lymphokines produced in a separate system. Therefore, effector lymphocytes are considered the target for the desensitizing antigen. Using an adoptive transfer system it was demonstrated that effector lymphocytes are inactivated by a direct effect of the hapten. Since this inactivation can be reversed by trypsin treatment, a receptor blockade of effector lymphocytes is proposed as the mechanism of desensitization of DNCB-contact sensitive guinea pigs. This does not exclude the possibility that additional mechanisms such as suppressor cells, compartmentalization or endogenous proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes may play an additional role.", "PMID": 74398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5427", "title": "Specific antigens of Lactobacillus acidophilus.", "content": "Antigens specific for Lactobacillus acidophilus were investigated by double immunodiffusion in agar-gel. Antigenic materials were extracted from whole bacteria and some walls with cold trichloroacetic acid. Antisera were prepared by intravenous injection into rabbits of suspensions of whole organisms in solutions of bovine serum albumin, which had been heated and then washed. Four specific antigens were found as precipitinogens and denoted as antigens 11, 12, 13 and 14. Of 43 strains of L. acidophilus studied, 33 strains possessed antigen 11, six strains antigen 12, two strains antigen 13 and two strains antigen 14. Sugar compositions of wall preparations were analysed in an attempt to characterize the determinants of antigens 11 and 12. The walls contained glucose, galactose, hexosamine and sometimes glycerol, but no rhamnose was found. It was considered that alpha-glucopyranose was the major component of the determinant of antigen 11 since trehalose and maltose significantly inhibited the reaction between antibody 11 and its antigen; the determinant of antigen 12 was not clarified.", "contents": "Specific antigens of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Antigens specific for Lactobacillus acidophilus were investigated by double immunodiffusion in agar-gel. Antigenic materials were extracted from whole bacteria and some walls with cold trichloroacetic acid. Antisera were prepared by intravenous injection into rabbits of suspensions of whole organisms in solutions of bovine serum albumin, which had been heated and then washed. Four specific antigens were found as precipitinogens and denoted as antigens 11, 12, 13 and 14. Of 43 strains of L. acidophilus studied, 33 strains possessed antigen 11, six strains antigen 12, two strains antigen 13 and two strains antigen 14. Sugar compositions of wall preparations were analysed in an attempt to characterize the determinants of antigens 11 and 12. The walls contained glucose, galactose, hexosamine and sometimes glycerol, but no rhamnose was found. It was considered that alpha-glucopyranose was the major component of the determinant of antigen 11 since trehalose and maltose significantly inhibited the reaction between antibody 11 and its antigen; the determinant of antigen 12 was not clarified.", "PMID": 74399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5428", "title": "A quantitative micro-complement fixation method in studies of human wart viruses.", "content": "This report offers a description of a quantitative micro-complement fixation method (Cikes, 1975) for detecting human wart virus antigens and their specific antibodies, and proof of the specificity of the reactions being detected. The increased sensitivity demonstrated by chromium-release measurement is compared to the results of visual interpretation of complement fixation.", "contents": "A quantitative micro-complement fixation method in studies of human wart viruses. This report offers a description of a quantitative micro-complement fixation method (Cikes, 1975) for detecting human wart virus antigens and their specific antibodies, and proof of the specificity of the reactions being detected. The increased sensitivity demonstrated by chromium-release measurement is compared to the results of visual interpretation of complement fixation.", "PMID": 74401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5429", "title": "Characteristics of human lymphoblastoid (Namalva) interferon.", "content": "Interferon derived from the human lymphoblastoid cell line, Namalva, was fractionated by antibody affinity chromatography into two antigenically distinct interferon subspecies. At least 13% of the total Namalva interferon activity possessed the F antigenic determinant found on human interferon derived from fibroblast cultures, while the bulk of the Namalva interferon activity had the Le antigenic determinant characteristic for human leukocyte interferon. The separated Le and F subspecies of Namalva interferon differed in the degree of their heterospecific activities on bovine cells. The Le moiety resembled crude leukocyte interferon in that it was highly active in bovine cells. The F component of Namalva interferon showed a lower degree of activity in bovine cells, thus resembling crude fibroblast interferon. When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing, crude Namalva interferon qualitatively resembled crude leukocyte interferon.", "contents": "Characteristics of human lymphoblastoid (Namalva) interferon. Interferon derived from the human lymphoblastoid cell line, Namalva, was fractionated by antibody affinity chromatography into two antigenically distinct interferon subspecies. At least 13% of the total Namalva interferon activity possessed the F antigenic determinant found on human interferon derived from fibroblast cultures, while the bulk of the Namalva interferon activity had the Le antigenic determinant characteristic for human leukocyte interferon. The separated Le and F subspecies of Namalva interferon differed in the degree of their heterospecific activities on bovine cells. The Le moiety resembled crude leukocyte interferon in that it was highly active in bovine cells. The F component of Namalva interferon showed a lower degree of activity in bovine cells, thus resembling crude fibroblast interferon. When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing, crude Namalva interferon qualitatively resembled crude leukocyte interferon.", "PMID": 74402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5430", "title": "Whipple's disease confined to the brain: a case studied clinically and pathologically.", "content": "A 40 year old man developed seizures, intermittent fever, and progressive dementia ending in coma and death after four years. The cerebrospinal fluid showed variable pleocytosis and occasional elevation of protein. The necropsy revealed many lesions characteristic of Whipple's disease confined to the grey matter of the brain. The pathological changes were studied with the light and electron microscope. The findings permitted an understanding of the temporal sequence of changes in the lesions. Involvement of the brain in this condition is rare, but the disease is treatable and the diagnosis can be made by brain biopsy.", "contents": "Whipple's disease confined to the brain: a case studied clinically and pathologically. A 40 year old man developed seizures, intermittent fever, and progressive dementia ending in coma and death after four years. The cerebrospinal fluid showed variable pleocytosis and occasional elevation of protein. The necropsy revealed many lesions characteristic of Whipple's disease confined to the grey matter of the brain. The pathological changes were studied with the light and electron microscope. The findings permitted an understanding of the temporal sequence of changes in the lesions. Involvement of the brain in this condition is rare, but the disease is treatable and the diagnosis can be made by brain biopsy.", "PMID": 74405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5431", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobin H disease.", "content": "Hemoglobin H disease was diagnosed prior to the twenty-second week of gestation in a pregnancy at risk for homozygous alpha-thalassemia using the technique of DNA-DNA hybridization. Fetal DNA was obtained from amniotic fluid fibroblasts obtained during the thirteenth week of gestation and grown in culture. The fetal fibroblast DNA was hybridized to radioactive alpha-globin cDNA. The number of alpha-globin genes present in the fetus was determined by comparing results of hybridization studies on the fetal DNA to similar studies on subjects with well-defined alpha-thalassemia syndromes and with normal subjects. The diagnosis of hemoglobin H disease was confirmed at birth by studies of the cord blood. This study confirms the ability of DNA-DNA hybridization techniques to distinguish the three-gene defect of hemoglobin H disease from the lethal four-gene defect of homozygous alpha-thalassemia.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobin H disease. Hemoglobin H disease was diagnosed prior to the twenty-second week of gestation in a pregnancy at risk for homozygous alpha-thalassemia using the technique of DNA-DNA hybridization. Fetal DNA was obtained from amniotic fluid fibroblasts obtained during the thirteenth week of gestation and grown in culture. The fetal fibroblast DNA was hybridized to radioactive alpha-globin cDNA. The number of alpha-globin genes present in the fetus was determined by comparing results of hybridization studies on the fetal DNA to similar studies on subjects with well-defined alpha-thalassemia syndromes and with normal subjects. The diagnosis of hemoglobin H disease was confirmed at birth by studies of the cord blood. This study confirms the ability of DNA-DNA hybridization techniques to distinguish the three-gene defect of hemoglobin H disease from the lethal four-gene defect of homozygous alpha-thalassemia.", "PMID": 74407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5432", "title": "[A neglected technique for reproducing slides (author's transl)].", "content": "Duplicating x-ray films is a matter of interest to all physicians, even if they are not radiologists. The impossibility of a direct reading is a major drawback of reproduction in the form of slides. By contrast, a transparency is an irreplaceable teaching tool. Contact printing of slides on counterpart film is a process within the reach of all departments of radiology. In one single step, this process gives a plate of 100 transparencies on counterpart film costing about 2.20 dollars.", "contents": "[A neglected technique for reproducing slides (author's transl)]. Duplicating x-ray films is a matter of interest to all physicians, even if they are not radiologists. The impossibility of a direct reading is a major drawback of reproduction in the form of slides. By contrast, a transparency is an irreplaceable teaching tool. Contact printing of slides on counterpart film is a process within the reach of all departments of radiology. In one single step, this process gives a plate of 100 transparencies on counterpart film costing about 2.20 dollars.", "PMID": 74410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5433", "title": "[A simplified technique for reproducing slides (author's transl)].", "content": "By making use of the film of the substractive screen in contact printing, it is possible to reverse the films into negatives, and to obtain in this manner excellent slides at low cost.", "contents": "[A simplified technique for reproducing slides (author's transl)]. By making use of the film of the substractive screen in contact printing, it is possible to reverse the films into negatives, and to obtain in this manner excellent slides at low cost.", "PMID": 74411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5434", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and properties of a labile hydrolysis product of the antitumor nucleoside, 5-azacytidine.", "content": "The antitumor nucleoside, 5-azacytidine (5-AC), is best administered clinically by prolonged intravenous infusion to minimize toxic effects. In opposition to this administration technique is facile drug decomposition in aqueous formulations giving products of unknown toxicity. Analysis of 24-h-old water solutions of 5-AC with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated a threefold mixture of 5-AC, N-(formylamidino)-N'-beta-D-ribofuranosylurea (RGU-CHO), and 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea (RGU). Preparative HPLC allowed the isolation and subsequent identification of each component in the mixture, including RGU-CHO which until now has not been available for chemical and biological study. It was shown that RGU-CHO in water solution readily equilibrates to 5-AC and more slowly deformylates to give RGU irreversibly. The latter hydrolysis produce exhibited no pronounced toxicity when tested either in vitro or in vivo. Although RGU-CHO showed considerable antitumor activity against murine L1210 leukemia, hydrolysis studies indicated that all of the observed activity could be attributed to 5-AC formed by in vivo equilibration from RGU-CHO. Moreover, RGU-CHO seemed to impart to test animals a toxicity which was no greater than that anticipated from its ability to generate 5-AC.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and properties of a labile hydrolysis product of the antitumor nucleoside, 5-azacytidine. The antitumor nucleoside, 5-azacytidine (5-AC), is best administered clinically by prolonged intravenous infusion to minimize toxic effects. In opposition to this administration technique is facile drug decomposition in aqueous formulations giving products of unknown toxicity. Analysis of 24-h-old water solutions of 5-AC with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated a threefold mixture of 5-AC, N-(formylamidino)-N'-beta-D-ribofuranosylurea (RGU-CHO), and 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea (RGU). Preparative HPLC allowed the isolation and subsequent identification of each component in the mixture, including RGU-CHO which until now has not been available for chemical and biological study. It was shown that RGU-CHO in water solution readily equilibrates to 5-AC and more slowly deformylates to give RGU irreversibly. The latter hydrolysis produce exhibited no pronounced toxicity when tested either in vitro or in vivo. Although RGU-CHO showed considerable antitumor activity against murine L1210 leukemia, hydrolysis studies indicated that all of the observed activity could be attributed to 5-AC formed by in vivo equilibration from RGU-CHO. Moreover, RGU-CHO seemed to impart to test animals a toxicity which was no greater than that anticipated from its ability to generate 5-AC.", "PMID": 74412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5435", "title": "Estrogen receptor and alpha-fetoprotein in human breast cancer: brief communication.", "content": "Concentrations of estrogen receptor (ER) and alpha-fetoprotein were determined by dextran-coated charcoal assay and analyzed with Scatchard plots and radioimmunoassay, respectively, in cytosols of 72 human breast cancers. The values for ER ranged from 0 to 340 fmoles/mg cytosol protein. The concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein, which were low in all tumor cytosols examined, ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.1 ng/mg cytosol protein. No positive relationship was found between ER and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. These results show that ER, but not alpha-fetoprotein, usually accounts for most of the high estrogen-binding capacity in cytosols of human breast cancers.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor and alpha-fetoprotein in human breast cancer: brief communication. Concentrations of estrogen receptor (ER) and alpha-fetoprotein were determined by dextran-coated charcoal assay and analyzed with Scatchard plots and radioimmunoassay, respectively, in cytosols of 72 human breast cancers. The values for ER ranged from 0 to 340 fmoles/mg cytosol protein. The concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein, which were low in all tumor cytosols examined, ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.1 ng/mg cytosol protein. No positive relationship was found between ER and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. These results show that ER, but not alpha-fetoprotein, usually accounts for most of the high estrogen-binding capacity in cytosols of human breast cancers.", "PMID": 74414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5436", "title": "Particle--lamella complexes in a case of human benign prostate hyperplasia: brief communication.", "content": "Particle--lamella complexes (PLC's), described for the first time, were found in glandular epithelial cells of the hyperplastic prostate tissues from a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PLC's observed in this patient were similar to those seen in human hematopoietic neoplastic cells. They showed cylindroid forms and were composed of concentrically arranged lamellae and particles found in rows between these lamellae. PLC is closely related to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and some PLC's were completely surrounded by RER. Particles approximately 25--30 nm in diameter were similar to ribosomes in size, shape, and electron density; lamellae approximately 10 nm thick appeared circular in cross sections and lamellar in longitudinal sections. Although the nature and function of PLC's are as yet unknown, the present observation indicated that PLC's are not a characteristic structure restricted to malignant tumors of hematopoietic origin.", "contents": "Particle--lamella complexes in a case of human benign prostate hyperplasia: brief communication. Particle--lamella complexes (PLC's), described for the first time, were found in glandular epithelial cells of the hyperplastic prostate tissues from a patient with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PLC's observed in this patient were similar to those seen in human hematopoietic neoplastic cells. They showed cylindroid forms and were composed of concentrically arranged lamellae and particles found in rows between these lamellae. PLC is closely related to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and some PLC's were completely surrounded by RER. Particles approximately 25--30 nm in diameter were similar to ribosomes in size, shape, and electron density; lamellae approximately 10 nm thick appeared circular in cross sections and lamellar in longitudinal sections. Although the nature and function of PLC's are as yet unknown, the present observation indicated that PLC's are not a characteristic structure restricted to malignant tumors of hematopoietic origin.", "PMID": 74415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5437", "title": "Comparisons of the chemical and biologic properties of triaziquone and triaziquone-protein conjugates.", "content": "Prepared with nonimmunospecific proteins were covalent conjugates of triaziquone [2,3,4-tris(1-aziridinyl)-p-benzoquinone] (hereafter referred to by the tradename, Trenimon). The bound Trenimon that absorbs maximally at 350 nm (epsilon = 8,200) was assayed by titration of the acid uptake during alkylation of thiosulfate ion and by the color produced during alkylation of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. Conjugates of Trenimon with nonimmune IgG were toxic to cells in culture, although no firm binding of conjugate to cell surface could be measured by fluorescein labeling. Inhibition of cellular pinocytotic activity with cytochalasin B had no effect on the cytotoxic response. Polyoma virus-transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells that were threefold more resistant to the action of a conjugate than was the parent cell line were as sensitive as normal BHK cells when grown in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or when acted on in suspension by the conjugate. These conditions did not affect the response of the parent BHK line. Cysteine acted to protect both cell lines. The results suggest that Trenimon bound to nonimmmune protein reacted primarily with a component of the cell surface. The reaction did not appear to depend on a firm attachment of the conjugate to the cell.", "contents": "Comparisons of the chemical and biologic properties of triaziquone and triaziquone-protein conjugates. Prepared with nonimmunospecific proteins were covalent conjugates of triaziquone [2,3,4-tris(1-aziridinyl)-p-benzoquinone] (hereafter referred to by the tradename, Trenimon). The bound Trenimon that absorbs maximally at 350 nm (epsilon = 8,200) was assayed by titration of the acid uptake during alkylation of thiosulfate ion and by the color produced during alkylation of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. Conjugates of Trenimon with nonimmune IgG were toxic to cells in culture, although no firm binding of conjugate to cell surface could be measured by fluorescein labeling. Inhibition of cellular pinocytotic activity with cytochalasin B had no effect on the cytotoxic response. Polyoma virus-transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells that were threefold more resistant to the action of a conjugate than was the parent cell line were as sensitive as normal BHK cells when grown in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or when acted on in suspension by the conjugate. These conditions did not affect the response of the parent BHK line. Cysteine acted to protect both cell lines. The results suggest that Trenimon bound to nonimmmune protein reacted primarily with a component of the cell surface. The reaction did not appear to depend on a firm attachment of the conjugate to the cell.", "PMID": 74416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5438", "title": "Catalytically and noncatalytically treated automobile exhaust: biological effects in rats.", "content": "Chronic exposure to catalytically treated or noncatalytically treated automobile exhaust significantly depressed the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) of rats. Exposure to H2SO4 alone or CO at comparable levels did not alter the SLA. Exposure to noncatalytically treated exhaust resulted in significant reductions in growth rate and food and water intake. However, these effects were not evident in the exposure to catalytically treated exhaust or in the control H2SO4 and CO exposures. Blood acid-base analyses indicated that exposure to either catalytically treated exhaust or H2SO4 elicits a metabolic alkalosis, while exposure to CO alone results in a metabolic acidosis. All acid-base parameters were within the normal range several weeks after the termination of exposure.", "contents": "Catalytically and noncatalytically treated automobile exhaust: biological effects in rats. Chronic exposure to catalytically treated or noncatalytically treated automobile exhaust significantly depressed the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) of rats. Exposure to H2SO4 alone or CO at comparable levels did not alter the SLA. Exposure to noncatalytically treated exhaust resulted in significant reductions in growth rate and food and water intake. However, these effects were not evident in the exposure to catalytically treated exhaust or in the control H2SO4 and CO exposures. Blood acid-base analyses indicated that exposure to either catalytically treated exhaust or H2SO4 elicits a metabolic alkalosis, while exposure to CO alone results in a metabolic acidosis. All acid-base parameters were within the normal range several weeks after the termination of exposure.", "PMID": 74417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5439", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous type C RNA virus of mink (Mv1Lu) cells.", "content": "Cells of the established MvlLu mink line spontaneously released a reverse transcriptase-containing virus after long-term passage in tissue culture. By molecular hybridization, DNA of normal mink cells was found to possess extensive nucleotide sequence homology with a reverse-transcription product of the viral genome, demonstrating that the new isolate was an endogenous virus of mink origin. The mink virus shared antigenic determinants with the major structural proteins of known mammalian type C viruses. Double-antibody competition radioimmunoassays were developed by utilizing the purified major structural protein, p30, of the mink endogenous virus. The virus was shown to possess antigenic determinants unique from those of other known mammalian type C viruses. It exhibited a higher degree of immunological cross-reactivity with endogenous rat type C and horizontally transmitted feline leukemia viruses than with other mammalian type C viruses tested. The finding that mink cells can remain nonvirus producing for many cell generations argues that there normally exists some cellular restriction to endogenous virus expression in this species.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous type C RNA virus of mink (Mv1Lu) cells. Cells of the established MvlLu mink line spontaneously released a reverse transcriptase-containing virus after long-term passage in tissue culture. By molecular hybridization, DNA of normal mink cells was found to possess extensive nucleotide sequence homology with a reverse-transcription product of the viral genome, demonstrating that the new isolate was an endogenous virus of mink origin. The mink virus shared antigenic determinants with the major structural proteins of known mammalian type C viruses. Double-antibody competition radioimmunoassays were developed by utilizing the purified major structural protein, p30, of the mink endogenous virus. The virus was shown to possess antigenic determinants unique from those of other known mammalian type C viruses. It exhibited a higher degree of immunological cross-reactivity with endogenous rat type C and horizontally transmitted feline leukemia viruses than with other mammalian type C viruses tested. The finding that mink cells can remain nonvirus producing for many cell generations argues that there normally exists some cellular restriction to endogenous virus expression in this species.", "PMID": 74420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5440", "title": "A replication-defective variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus. I. Biological characterization.", "content": "We have studied the virus produced by a clone, termed 8A, that was isolated from a culture of murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse cells after superinfection with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV-M). Clone 8A produced high levels of type C virus particles, but only a low titer of infectious murine sarcoma virus and almost no infectious MuLV. When fresh cultures of mouse cells were infected with undiluted clone 8A culture fluids, they released no detectable pogeny virus for several weeks after infection. Fully infectious MuLV was then produced in these cultures. This virus was indistinguishable from MuLV-M by nucleic acid hybridization tests and in its insensitivity to Fv-1 restriction. It also induced thymic lymphomas in BALB/c mice. To explain these results, we propose that cone 8A is infected with a replication-defective variant of MuLV-M. Particles produced by clone 8A, containing this defective genome, can establish an infection in fresh cells but cannot produce progency virus at detectable levels. Several weeks after infection, the defect in the viral genome is corrected by back-mutation or by recombination with endogenous viral genomes, resulting in the formation of fully infectious progeny MuLV. The progeny MuLV'S that arose in two different experiments were found to be genetically different from each other. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, in each experiment, the progeny virus is formed clone 8A cells and assayed for infectivity by the calcium phosphate transfection technique. No detectable MuLV was produced by cells treated with this DNA. This finding, along with positive results obtained in control experiments, indicates that clone 8A cells do not contain a normal MuLV provirus.", "contents": "A replication-defective variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus. I. Biological characterization. We have studied the virus produced by a clone, termed 8A, that was isolated from a culture of murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse cells after superinfection with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV-M). Clone 8A produced high levels of type C virus particles, but only a low titer of infectious murine sarcoma virus and almost no infectious MuLV. When fresh cultures of mouse cells were infected with undiluted clone 8A culture fluids, they released no detectable pogeny virus for several weeks after infection. Fully infectious MuLV was then produced in these cultures. This virus was indistinguishable from MuLV-M by nucleic acid hybridization tests and in its insensitivity to Fv-1 restriction. It also induced thymic lymphomas in BALB/c mice. To explain these results, we propose that cone 8A is infected with a replication-defective variant of MuLV-M. Particles produced by clone 8A, containing this defective genome, can establish an infection in fresh cells but cannot produce progency virus at detectable levels. Several weeks after infection, the defect in the viral genome is corrected by back-mutation or by recombination with endogenous viral genomes, resulting in the formation of fully infectious progeny MuLV. The progeny MuLV'S that arose in two different experiments were found to be genetically different from each other. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, in each experiment, the progeny virus is formed clone 8A cells and assayed for infectivity by the calcium phosphate transfection technique. No detectable MuLV was produced by cells treated with this DNA. This finding, along with positive results obtained in control experiments, indicates that clone 8A cells do not contain a normal MuLV provirus.", "PMID": 74421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5441", "title": "Preliminary characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus that produces particles at the restrictive temperature.", "content": "The isolation and preliminary characterization of a new temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, designated ts7, are reported. The infectivity of ts7, determined by a focus-forming unit assay, was reduced at least 100-fold when the virus was assayed at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) as compared with assay at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C). However, several lines of evidence indicated that the diminution of ts7 titer at 39 degrees C is not due to its inability to form virus particles at that temperature. The supernatant from ts7-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C showed significant infectivity when assayed at 34 degrees C; only small reductions in reverse transcriptase activity and fusion ability were observed when compared with supernatant from 34 degrees C ts7-infected cultures. That particles are produced at the nonpermissive temperature was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of the supernatant from ts7-infected cells at 39 degrees C and by transmission electron microscope observations of mature particles trapped in the intercellular spaces of pelleted thin cell section. A possible explanation for the productivity at 39 degrees C of particles that are infectious at 34 degrees C but not at 39 degrees C is that the virus is heat labile at the nonpermissive temperature. Consistent with this hypothesis is the extreme heat lability of virus harvested at 34 degrees C. Such virus, when incubated at 39 degrees C, has a half-life one-sixth that of identical virus incubated at 34 degrees C, or that of wild-type virus at either temperature.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus that produces particles at the restrictive temperature. The isolation and preliminary characterization of a new temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, designated ts7, are reported. The infectivity of ts7, determined by a focus-forming unit assay, was reduced at least 100-fold when the virus was assayed at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) as compared with assay at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C). However, several lines of evidence indicated that the diminution of ts7 titer at 39 degrees C is not due to its inability to form virus particles at that temperature. The supernatant from ts7-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C showed significant infectivity when assayed at 34 degrees C; only small reductions in reverse transcriptase activity and fusion ability were observed when compared with supernatant from 34 degrees C ts7-infected cultures. That particles are produced at the nonpermissive temperature was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of the supernatant from ts7-infected cells at 39 degrees C and by transmission electron microscope observations of mature particles trapped in the intercellular spaces of pelleted thin cell section. A possible explanation for the productivity at 39 degrees C of particles that are infectious at 34 degrees C but not at 39 degrees C is that the virus is heat labile at the nonpermissive temperature. Consistent with this hypothesis is the extreme heat lability of virus harvested at 34 degrees C. Such virus, when incubated at 39 degrees C, has a half-life one-sixth that of identical virus incubated at 34 degrees C, or that of wild-type virus at either temperature.", "PMID": 74422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5442", "title": "Classification of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus into two subtypes.", "content": "We propose a reclassification of five strains of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus into two subtypes designated Concan and Hazelhurst. This subclassification into two subtypes is based on reciprocal differences in antibody neutralization of virion infectivity, nucleotide base sequence homology, oligonucleotide maps of virion RNA, and interference by defective-interfering particles.", "contents": "Classification of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus into two subtypes. We propose a reclassification of five strains of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus into two subtypes designated Concan and Hazelhurst. This subclassification into two subtypes is based on reciprocal differences in antibody neutralization of virion infectivity, nucleotide base sequence homology, oligonucleotide maps of virion RNA, and interference by defective-interfering particles.", "PMID": 74423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5443", "title": "[Continuous automatic ECG analysis using a computer with the cardiac signal directly led in from the patient (II). The diagnosis of heart rhythm disorders using a computer].", "content": "It is shown that appraisal and comparison of the duration of the R-R intervals in continuous surveillance of patients by means of electronic computers on the on-line regimen provides for automatic diagnosis of most types of disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The elaborated criterion of arrhythmic cardiac contraction (ACR-R), which takes into account not only the absolute value of the time between heart contractions but also the trend of the changes in the next R-R interval, provides a high percentage of revealed arrhythmic contractions. Disorders of the rate of cardiac contractions may be diagnosed by means of an electronic computer by comparison between the mean value of intervals of normal duration and the preset threshold values. Disorders of the rhythm may be diagnosed by means of an electronic computer by assessment and comparison of the arrangement of the combinations of short, normal, and long R-R intervals. The elaborated algorithms are described in detail and the block diagrams of the programs are shown.", "contents": "[Continuous automatic ECG analysis using a computer with the cardiac signal directly led in from the patient (II). The diagnosis of heart rhythm disorders using a computer]. It is shown that appraisal and comparison of the duration of the R-R intervals in continuous surveillance of patients by means of electronic computers on the on-line regimen provides for automatic diagnosis of most types of disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The elaborated criterion of arrhythmic cardiac contraction (ACR-R), which takes into account not only the absolute value of the time between heart contractions but also the trend of the changes in the next R-R interval, provides a high percentage of revealed arrhythmic contractions. Disorders of the rate of cardiac contractions may be diagnosed by means of an electronic computer by comparison between the mean value of intervals of normal duration and the preset threshold values. Disorders of the rhythm may be diagnosed by means of an electronic computer by assessment and comparison of the arrangement of the combinations of short, normal, and long R-R intervals. The elaborated algorithms are described in detail and the block diagrams of the programs are shown.", "PMID": 74430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5444", "title": "[Factor VIII activity and factor VIII associated antigen in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "Factor VIII activity and factor VIII associated antigen were determined in healthy term newborns. On the first day of life factor VIII activity was higher than in adults. The activity reached the adult level at about the tenth day. The factor VIII associated antigen was found higher than the activity and did not decrease in the first ten days. Studies of the factor VIII associated antigen of newborns by the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis showed the same pattern as compared to adults.", "contents": "[Factor VIII activity and factor VIII associated antigen in newborns (author's transl)]. Factor VIII activity and factor VIII associated antigen were determined in healthy term newborns. On the first day of life factor VIII activity was higher than in adults. The activity reached the adult level at about the tenth day. The factor VIII associated antigen was found higher than the activity and did not decrease in the first ten days. Studies of the factor VIII associated antigen of newborns by the two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis showed the same pattern as compared to adults.", "PMID": 74433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5445", "title": "Demonstration of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens on mitochondria of lymphoid cells by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The presence of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens on the surfaces of mitochondria isolated from TL+ cells, e.g., RADA 1 leukemia cells, and TL+ normal thymocytes, has been directly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. Reagents used were TL alloantiserum and a hemocyanin conjugate of rabbit antibody to mouse IgG. No hemocyanin labeling was observed on mitochondria obtained from TL- cells, e.g., thymocytes of TL- strains, splenocytes of either TL+ or TL- strains, and TL- leukemia cells. The concurrence of TL antigens on the plasma and mitochondrial membranes was shown by the ability of intact cells to absorb all reactivity toward mitochondria.", "contents": "Demonstration of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens on mitochondria of lymphoid cells by immunoelectron microscopy. The presence of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens on the surfaces of mitochondria isolated from TL+ cells, e.g., RADA 1 leukemia cells, and TL+ normal thymocytes, has been directly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. Reagents used were TL alloantiserum and a hemocyanin conjugate of rabbit antibody to mouse IgG. No hemocyanin labeling was observed on mitochondria obtained from TL- cells, e.g., thymocytes of TL- strains, splenocytes of either TL+ or TL- strains, and TL- leukemia cells. The concurrence of TL antigens on the plasma and mitochondrial membranes was shown by the ability of intact cells to absorb all reactivity toward mitochondria.", "PMID": 74453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5446", "title": "Prophylactic treatment of alcoholism by lithium carbonate. A controlled study.", "content": "Lithium therapy has been shown to have a therapeutic influence in reducing the drinking and incapacity by alcohol in depressive alcoholics in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted over one year, but it had no significant effect on non-depressed patients. Patients in the trial treated by placebo had significantly greater alcoholic morbidity if they were depressive than if they were non-depressive.", "contents": "Prophylactic treatment of alcoholism by lithium carbonate. A controlled study. Lithium therapy has been shown to have a therapeutic influence in reducing the drinking and incapacity by alcohol in depressive alcoholics in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted over one year, but it had no significant effect on non-depressed patients. Patients in the trial treated by placebo had significantly greater alcoholic morbidity if they were depressive than if they were non-depressive.", "PMID": 74457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5447", "title": "Diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss lesions. A common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Mallory-Weiss lesions were considered to be the source of bleeding 21 (13.4%) of 157 unselected patients admitted to a general medical unit because of suspected upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage over a period of 30 months. They represented 16.7% of the 126 patients in whom there was ultimately good evidence of upper gastrointestinal blood-loss. In the total series of 200 suspected bleeding episodes the incidence was 11.5%. It is suggested that endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, peformed as early as possible after resuscitation, enables the diagnosis of the Mallory-Weiss lesion to be made, shows that it is a relatively common source of haemorrhage, and establishes whether bleeding has stopped, thereby helping to identify patients who can be managed without transfusion and those who are likely to require surgery.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss lesions. A common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Mallory-Weiss lesions were considered to be the source of bleeding 21 (13.4%) of 157 unselected patients admitted to a general medical unit because of suspected upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage over a period of 30 months. They represented 16.7% of the 126 patients in whom there was ultimately good evidence of upper gastrointestinal blood-loss. In the total series of 200 suspected bleeding episodes the incidence was 11.5%. It is suggested that endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, peformed as early as possible after resuscitation, enables the diagnosis of the Mallory-Weiss lesion to be made, shows that it is a relatively common source of haemorrhage, and establishes whether bleeding has stopped, thereby helping to identify patients who can be managed without transfusion and those who are likely to require surgery.", "PMID": 74458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5448", "title": "Disturbed oxidative metabolism in organic brain syndrome caused by bismuth in skin creams.", "content": "Two patients are described with an organic brain syndrome thought to be due to bismuth (Bi) absorbed from a skin cream. Both patients had intellectual impairment and memory loss punctuated by periods of confusion, tremulousness, clumsiness, difficulty in walking, and myoclonic jerks. A similar clinical picture has been reported from Australia and France in patients taking insoluble bismuth salts by mouth. Bi was found in cerebral venous blood in both patients and in the cerebrospinal fluid in one. It is suggested that bismuth can cross the blood/brain barrier and disturb oxidative cerebral metabolism, because increased lactate production was found with decreased consumption of oxygen and glucose and lowered cerebral blood-flow.", "contents": "Disturbed oxidative metabolism in organic brain syndrome caused by bismuth in skin creams. Two patients are described with an organic brain syndrome thought to be due to bismuth (Bi) absorbed from a skin cream. Both patients had intellectual impairment and memory loss punctuated by periods of confusion, tremulousness, clumsiness, difficulty in walking, and myoclonic jerks. A similar clinical picture has been reported from Australia and France in patients taking insoluble bismuth salts by mouth. Bi was found in cerebral venous blood in both patients and in the cerebrospinal fluid in one. It is suggested that bismuth can cross the blood/brain barrier and disturb oxidative cerebral metabolism, because increased lactate production was found with decreased consumption of oxygen and glucose and lowered cerebral blood-flow.", "PMID": 74459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5449", "title": "Multiple immune complexes and hypocomplementaemia in dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes have been detected in 100% of 59 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (D.H.), and in 100% of 27 patients with coeliac disease (C.D.). Three methods for detecting immune complexes were employed: radiobioassay, which gave an incidence of 77% in D.H. and 81% in C.D.; C1q binding activity, with which the incidence was 83% and 96%, respectively; and precipitation with 4% polyethylene glycol (69% positivity in D.H., 100% in C.D.). The immune complexes in D.H. and C.D. were compared with those in sera from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.). Multiple complexes of differing properties were found in D.H. and C.D. but not in S.L.E. The varying nature of the complexes in D.H. and C.D. may account for the damage to different tissues (skin, small intestine, reticuloendothelial system). Low third component of complement was found in 49% and low C4 in 20% of D.H. patients. C3 hypocomplementaemia was found in 26% of patients with C.D.", "contents": "Multiple immune complexes and hypocomplementaemia in dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease. Circulating immune complexes have been detected in 100% of 59 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (D.H.), and in 100% of 27 patients with coeliac disease (C.D.). Three methods for detecting immune complexes were employed: radiobioassay, which gave an incidence of 77% in D.H. and 81% in C.D.; C1q binding activity, with which the incidence was 83% and 96%, respectively; and precipitation with 4% polyethylene glycol (69% positivity in D.H., 100% in C.D.). The immune complexes in D.H. and C.D. were compared with those in sera from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.). Multiple complexes of differing properties were found in D.H. and C.D. but not in S.L.E. The varying nature of the complexes in D.H. and C.D. may account for the damage to different tissues (skin, small intestine, reticuloendothelial system). Low third component of complement was found in 49% and low C4 in 20% of D.H. patients. C3 hypocomplementaemia was found in 26% of patients with C.D.", "PMID": 74460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5450", "title": "Variable adherence to normal human urinary-tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary-tract infection.", "content": "The ability to become attached to normal epithelial cells from the urinary tract was much greater in Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis or cystitis than in those isolated from the urine of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Attachment of the bacteria could be prevented by incubation in urine containing antibodies against the strain tested. The ability to attach to uroepithelial cells might be a virulence factor for E. coli strains which cause symptomatic urinary-tract infection.", "contents": "Variable adherence to normal human urinary-tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary-tract infection. The ability to become attached to normal epithelial cells from the urinary tract was much greater in Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis or cystitis than in those isolated from the urine of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Attachment of the bacteria could be prevented by incubation in urine containing antibodies against the strain tested. The ability to attach to uroepithelial cells might be a virulence factor for E. coli strains which cause symptomatic urinary-tract infection.", "PMID": 74461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5451", "title": "Relation of e antigen to infectivity of hBsAg-positive inoculations among medical personnel.", "content": "Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood which contained e antigen, when accidentally inoculated into medical personnel, resulted in hepatitis B or an anti-HBs response in 60% compared to 31% when e antigen was not detected in the inoculum. e antigen was detected in 74% of inocula sustained on chronic renal dialysis and transplantation units compared to 20% on other services and the resultant incidence of hepatitis B varied accordingly--i.e., 22% and 6% respectively. Tests for e antigen can identify the relative infectivity of groups of HBsAg carriers; technical improvements should result in valuable applications to individual cases.", "contents": "Relation of e antigen to infectivity of hBsAg-positive inoculations among medical personnel. Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood which contained e antigen, when accidentally inoculated into medical personnel, resulted in hepatitis B or an anti-HBs response in 60% compared to 31% when e antigen was not detected in the inoculum. e antigen was detected in 74% of inocula sustained on chronic renal dialysis and transplantation units compared to 20% on other services and the resultant incidence of hepatitis B varied accordingly--i.e., 22% and 6% respectively. Tests for e antigen can identify the relative infectivity of groups of HBsAg carriers; technical improvements should result in valuable applications to individual cases.", "PMID": 74462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5452", "title": "Production of pancreatitis in rabbits by intestinal re-instillation of stimulated pancreatic secretion.", "content": "Pathological changes reminiscent of acute pancreatitis in man were observed in rabbits as a result of the intestinal instillation of pancreatic secretion produced by continuous cholinergic stimulation. Both the cause and nature of the pathological changes suggest a bloodborne disease produced by the absorption of digestive enzyme. It is proposed that acute pancreatitis can be the consequence of the absorption of active digestive enzyme in quantities and at rates sufficient to overwhelm natural defence mechanisms.", "contents": "Production of pancreatitis in rabbits by intestinal re-instillation of stimulated pancreatic secretion. Pathological changes reminiscent of acute pancreatitis in man were observed in rabbits as a result of the intestinal instillation of pancreatic secretion produced by continuous cholinergic stimulation. Both the cause and nature of the pathological changes suggest a bloodborne disease produced by the absorption of digestive enzyme. It is proposed that acute pancreatitis can be the consequence of the absorption of active digestive enzyme in quantities and at rates sufficient to overwhelm natural defence mechanisms.", "PMID": 74463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5453", "title": "Inactive renin in human plasma.", "content": "Human plasma contains renin, which is enzymatically active at neutral pH (active renin), and a non-dialysable factor, which has renin-like activity after treatment at low pH (inactive renin). In vitro activated plasma-renin and purified human renal renin showed identical enzyme-kinetic properties. Quantitative estimations of inactive renin in renal venous plasma from 5 patients with renal-artery stenosis demonstrated its release by the kidney. Acute stimulation of renin release by isoprenaline, tilting, or diazoxide in 13 normotensive individuals and in 9 patients with essential hypertension increased active plasma-renin and reduced inactive plasma-renin. Inactive plasma-renin was increased and active plasma-renin decreased during suppression of renin release by propranolol in 12 patients with essential hypertension. In 55 patients with various disorders, inactive and active plasma-renin were directly correlated. However, the concentration of inactive renin, for a given value of active renin, varied widely from patient to patient. These results indicate that so-called inactive renin is indeed physiologically related to active renin. They also suggest that inactive renin can be activated not only in vitro, but also in vivo. Different renin assays measure different relative amounts of active and inactive renin. This may call for reinterpretation of results obtained by various methods, especially in situations where changes in plasma concentrations of the two forms of renin are in opposite directions.", "contents": "Inactive renin in human plasma. Human plasma contains renin, which is enzymatically active at neutral pH (active renin), and a non-dialysable factor, which has renin-like activity after treatment at low pH (inactive renin). In vitro activated plasma-renin and purified human renal renin showed identical enzyme-kinetic properties. Quantitative estimations of inactive renin in renal venous plasma from 5 patients with renal-artery stenosis demonstrated its release by the kidney. Acute stimulation of renin release by isoprenaline, tilting, or diazoxide in 13 normotensive individuals and in 9 patients with essential hypertension increased active plasma-renin and reduced inactive plasma-renin. Inactive plasma-renin was increased and active plasma-renin decreased during suppression of renin release by propranolol in 12 patients with essential hypertension. In 55 patients with various disorders, inactive and active plasma-renin were directly correlated. However, the concentration of inactive renin, for a given value of active renin, varied widely from patient to patient. These results indicate that so-called inactive renin is indeed physiologically related to active renin. They also suggest that inactive renin can be activated not only in vitro, but also in vivo. Different renin assays measure different relative amounts of active and inactive renin. This may call for reinterpretation of results obtained by various methods, especially in situations where changes in plasma concentrations of the two forms of renin are in opposite directions.", "PMID": 74464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5454", "title": "The rhythm of the normal human heart.", "content": "The 24-hour cardiac rhythm was studied in 86 subjects (41 male, 45 female) aged 16-65 years, after exclusion of 15 additional volunteers with suspected abnormalities. The electrocardiogram was recorded continuously for two 24-hour periods. In this apparently normal population, 10 subjects (12%) had disturbances of rhythm which are widely believed to be of serious prognostic significance; they included frequent ventricular ectopic beats, R-on-T and multifocal ventricular ectopic beats, bigeminy, and ventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia, infrequent ventricular ectopic beats, junctional rhythm, and second-degree heart block were also observed, and if these are included most of the subjects showed some disturbance of rhythm. Bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias were equally common in waking hours and during sleep. These disturbances were not confined to the older age-groups. Heart-rate but not the number of arrhythmias was significantly higher in smokers.", "contents": "The rhythm of the normal human heart. The 24-hour cardiac rhythm was studied in 86 subjects (41 male, 45 female) aged 16-65 years, after exclusion of 15 additional volunteers with suspected abnormalities. The electrocardiogram was recorded continuously for two 24-hour periods. In this apparently normal population, 10 subjects (12%) had disturbances of rhythm which are widely believed to be of serious prognostic significance; they included frequent ventricular ectopic beats, R-on-T and multifocal ventricular ectopic beats, bigeminy, and ventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia, infrequent ventricular ectopic beats, junctional rhythm, and second-degree heart block were also observed, and if these are included most of the subjects showed some disturbance of rhythm. Bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias were equally common in waking hours and during sleep. These disturbances were not confined to the older age-groups. Heart-rate but not the number of arrhythmias was significantly higher in smokers.", "PMID": 74472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5455", "title": "Coronary heart-disease after treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Within a group of 1026 men aged 47-54, cause-specific death-rates and the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke in treatment group of 635 hypertensive men (casual systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic B.P. greater than 115 mm Hg on two occasions) treated at a hypertension clinic were compared with those in a control group of 391 men (causal systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic greater than 115 mm Hg on only one occasion) who remained mainly untreated during their 4.3 years of follow-up. The predicted risk of coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) at entry, calculated by a multiple logistic function, was slightly higher in the treatment group. Total death-rate during follow-up was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.3%) than in the control group (6.1%). The difference in death-rate for C.H.D. was of the same relative order (0.8% versus 1.5%), as was the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction (2.8% versus 5.4%), although none of the differences reached statistical significance. However, the pooled incidence of fatal and non-fatal C.H.D. was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.6%) than in the control group (6.9%). The results suggest that antihypertensive treatment might be effective in preventing or postponing C.H.D. in middle-aged men.", "contents": "Coronary heart-disease after treatment of hypertension. Within a group of 1026 men aged 47-54, cause-specific death-rates and the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke in treatment group of 635 hypertensive men (casual systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic B.P. greater than 115 mm Hg on two occasions) treated at a hypertension clinic were compared with those in a control group of 391 men (causal systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic greater than 115 mm Hg on only one occasion) who remained mainly untreated during their 4.3 years of follow-up. The predicted risk of coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) at entry, calculated by a multiple logistic function, was slightly higher in the treatment group. Total death-rate during follow-up was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.3%) than in the control group (6.1%). The difference in death-rate for C.H.D. was of the same relative order (0.8% versus 1.5%), as was the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction (2.8% versus 5.4%), although none of the differences reached statistical significance. However, the pooled incidence of fatal and non-fatal C.H.D. was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.6%) than in the control group (6.9%). The results suggest that antihypertensive treatment might be effective in preventing or postponing C.H.D. in middle-aged men.", "PMID": 74494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5456", "title": "Association of presenile cataracts with heterozygosity for galactosaemic states and with riboflavin deficiency.", "content": "Red cells and the lens of the eye are non-nucleated cells; moreover, they have metabolic similarities. Cataracts develop in childhood in homozygotes for galactosaemic abnormalities, which can be detected by biochemical measurements in red blood-cells. It has not been determined whether heterozygotes for these defects are at greater risk for cataract development later in life. Similarly, riboflavin deficiecy for which the erythrocyte is a sensitive indicator, has been associated with cataracts in animals. Red-cell studies were carried out in 22 patients, aged under 50, with cataracts. Heterozygosity for galactokinase deficiency was detected in 5 patients, for galactose-uridyl transferase in 2, and evidence of an erythrocytic deficiency of riboflavin in 8. Even when Black subjects were excluded from analysis because of their high incidence of polymorphism for galactokinase, these findings are significantly different from those expected from population surveys and suggest that many patients with presenile cataracts have a biochemical abnormality which can be detected by examination of red blood-cells and which may be corrected by dietary restrictions or supplements.", "contents": "Association of presenile cataracts with heterozygosity for galactosaemic states and with riboflavin deficiency. Red cells and the lens of the eye are non-nucleated cells; moreover, they have metabolic similarities. Cataracts develop in childhood in homozygotes for galactosaemic abnormalities, which can be detected by biochemical measurements in red blood-cells. It has not been determined whether heterozygotes for these defects are at greater risk for cataract development later in life. Similarly, riboflavin deficiecy for which the erythrocyte is a sensitive indicator, has been associated with cataracts in animals. Red-cell studies were carried out in 22 patients, aged under 50, with cataracts. Heterozygosity for galactokinase deficiency was detected in 5 patients, for galactose-uridyl transferase in 2, and evidence of an erythrocytic deficiency of riboflavin in 8. Even when Black subjects were excluded from analysis because of their high incidence of polymorphism for galactokinase, these findings are significantly different from those expected from population surveys and suggest that many patients with presenile cataracts have a biochemical abnormality which can be detected by examination of red blood-cells and which may be corrected by dietary restrictions or supplements.", "PMID": 74495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5457", "title": "Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Twelve cardiorespiratory arrests in eight neuropathy are reported. Only one patient died at the time, but two others subsequently died suddenly at home. There was no evidence of myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, or hypoglycaemia at the time of arrest. In most of the episodes there was some interference with respiration, either by anaesthesia, drugs, or bronchopneumonia. Five of the episodes occured during or immediately after anaesthesia. It is suggested that the arrests were caused by defective respiratory rather than cardiovascular reflexes. Cardiorespiratory arrest appears to be a specific feature of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and may contribute to the mortality of this condition.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory arrest and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Twelve cardiorespiratory arrests in eight neuropathy are reported. Only one patient died at the time, but two others subsequently died suddenly at home. There was no evidence of myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, or hypoglycaemia at the time of arrest. In most of the episodes there was some interference with respiration, either by anaesthesia, drugs, or bronchopneumonia. Five of the episodes occured during or immediately after anaesthesia. It is suggested that the arrests were caused by defective respiratory rather than cardiovascular reflexes. Cardiorespiratory arrest appears to be a specific feature of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and may contribute to the mortality of this condition.", "PMID": 74496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5458", "title": "Common precursor molecule as origin for the ectopic-hormone-producing-tumour syndrome.", "content": "When messenger R.N.A. (m-R.N.A.) extracted from various hormone-secreting tumours was injected into Xenopus eggs, the translation products in all cases proved to be a protein of molecular weight 65 00. Analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and specific precipitation reactions with antibodies showed a striking similarity between the various proteins. When translation products of m-R.N.A. from calcitonin-secreting medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.T.C( and the non-secreting anaplastic form of M.T.C. were incubating with specific enzyme systems (the microsomal fraction) from both types of tumour, enzymes from anaplastic M.T.C. had no effect on the translation products, whereas enzymes from differentiated M.T.C. degraded the translation products from both differentiated and anaplastic M.T.C. The results support the hypothesis that the primary gene product of all the different types of carcinoma cell studied is a single large protein (a hormone precursor or prohormone) containing different specificities. The specific enzyme system in each carcinoma cell probably selects the specific hormone liberated from this primary protein.", "contents": "Common precursor molecule as origin for the ectopic-hormone-producing-tumour syndrome. When messenger R.N.A. (m-R.N.A.) extracted from various hormone-secreting tumours was injected into Xenopus eggs, the translation products in all cases proved to be a protein of molecular weight 65 00. Analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and specific precipitation reactions with antibodies showed a striking similarity between the various proteins. When translation products of m-R.N.A. from calcitonin-secreting medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.T.C( and the non-secreting anaplastic form of M.T.C. were incubating with specific enzyme systems (the microsomal fraction) from both types of tumour, enzymes from anaplastic M.T.C. had no effect on the translation products, whereas enzymes from differentiated M.T.C. degraded the translation products from both differentiated and anaplastic M.T.C. The results support the hypothesis that the primary gene product of all the different types of carcinoma cell studied is a single large protein (a hormone precursor or prohormone) containing different specificities. The specific enzyme system in each carcinoma cell probably selects the specific hormone liberated from this primary protein.", "PMID": 74497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5459", "title": "Polyamine interaction with pregnancy serum in suppression of lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Biogenic polyamines interacting with pregnancy serum elicit potent suppression of lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Within the assay limits, activity was first shown after about 15 weeks' gestation and reached its highest level at about 28 weeks. This level was maintained until term. It is thought that specific humoral amine oxidases were the cause. Fetal-cord serum and non-pregnancy serum were inactive. This system may have an immunoregulatory function in pregnancy.", "contents": "Polyamine interaction with pregnancy serum in suppression of lymphocyte transformation. Biogenic polyamines interacting with pregnancy serum elicit potent suppression of lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Within the assay limits, activity was first shown after about 15 weeks' gestation and reached its highest level at about 28 weeks. This level was maintained until term. It is thought that specific humoral amine oxidases were the cause. Fetal-cord serum and non-pregnancy serum were inactive. This system may have an immunoregulatory function in pregnancy.", "PMID": 74498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5460", "title": "Pool-priming: A means of generating T lymphocytes cytotoxin to tumour or virus-infected cells.", "content": "It is proposed that cells cytotoxic for autologous or syngeneic tumour cells can be produced in vitro by sensitisation of lymphocytes to a pool of normal cells from 20 unrelated individuals. Restriction on molecules that can serve as cytotoxic determinants (C.D.), may explain why a random pool of cells from 20 people could present essentially all of the determinants (C.D.) may explain why a random pool of occur because of extensive cross-reactivity of antigens on tumour cells with normal alloantigens present in the stimulating pool.", "contents": "Pool-priming: A means of generating T lymphocytes cytotoxin to tumour or virus-infected cells. It is proposed that cells cytotoxic for autologous or syngeneic tumour cells can be produced in vitro by sensitisation of lymphocytes to a pool of normal cells from 20 unrelated individuals. Restriction on molecules that can serve as cytotoxic determinants (C.D.), may explain why a random pool of cells from 20 people could present essentially all of the determinants (C.D.) may explain why a random pool of occur because of extensive cross-reactivity of antigens on tumour cells with normal alloantigens present in the stimulating pool.", "PMID": 74499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5461", "title": "Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers.", "content": "In 1976, epidemic organophosphate insecticide poisoning due to malathion occurred among 7500 field workers in the Pakistan malaria control programme. In July, the peak month of the epidemic, it is estimated that there were about 2800 cases. In field studies low red-cell cholinesterase activities were associated with the signs and symptoms of organophosphate insecticide intoxication. Toxicity was seen with 3 different formulations of the insecticide and was greatest with the products containing increased amounts of isomalathion, a toxic malathion degradation product. Poor work practices, which had developed when D.D.T. was the primary insecticide for malaria control, resulted in excessive skin contact with and percutaneous absorption of the pesticide. Airborne malathion concentrations were very low. Implementation of good work practices and proscription of use of the 2 pesticide formulations most contaminated with isomalathion halted the epidemic in September. An extensive training programme and surveillance system for pesticide toxicity preceded 1977 spraying operations.", "contents": "Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. In 1976, epidemic organophosphate insecticide poisoning due to malathion occurred among 7500 field workers in the Pakistan malaria control programme. In July, the peak month of the epidemic, it is estimated that there were about 2800 cases. In field studies low red-cell cholinesterase activities were associated with the signs and symptoms of organophosphate insecticide intoxication. Toxicity was seen with 3 different formulations of the insecticide and was greatest with the products containing increased amounts of isomalathion, a toxic malathion degradation product. Poor work practices, which had developed when D.D.T. was the primary insecticide for malaria control, resulted in excessive skin contact with and percutaneous absorption of the pesticide. Airborne malathion concentrations were very low. Implementation of good work practices and proscription of use of the 2 pesticide formulations most contaminated with isomalathion halted the epidemic in September. An extensive training programme and surveillance system for pesticide toxicity preceded 1977 spraying operations.", "PMID": 74508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5462", "title": "Colonic response to dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran.", "content": "Approximately 20 g/day of concentrated dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran, and guar gum was added to the controlled basal diet of nineteen healthy volunteers. Faecal weight increased by 12% on bran, 69% on cabbage, 59% on carrot, 40% on apple, and 20% on guar gum. These changes in faecal weight were correlated with an increased intake of pentose-containing polysaccharides from the fibre. On the basal diet there were pronounced individual differences in faecal weight, and from these the response of subjects to the fibre preparations could be predicted. Addition of fibre shortened mean transit-time through the gut and significantly diluted an inert marker in the faeces. Diet-induced changes in colonic function may explain international differences in the prevalence of colonic disease, whilst personal variation in the response to dietary fibre may determine individual susceptibility to large-bowel disease within a community.", "contents": "Colonic response to dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran. Approximately 20 g/day of concentrated dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran, and guar gum was added to the controlled basal diet of nineteen healthy volunteers. Faecal weight increased by 12% on bran, 69% on cabbage, 59% on carrot, 40% on apple, and 20% on guar gum. These changes in faecal weight were correlated with an increased intake of pentose-containing polysaccharides from the fibre. On the basal diet there were pronounced individual differences in faecal weight, and from these the response of subjects to the fibre preparations could be predicted. Addition of fibre shortened mean transit-time through the gut and significantly diluted an inert marker in the faeces. Diet-induced changes in colonic function may explain international differences in the prevalence of colonic disease, whilst personal variation in the response to dietary fibre may determine individual susceptibility to large-bowel disease within a community.", "PMID": 74533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5463", "title": "Osteomalacia after small-intestinal resection.", "content": "Histological examination of bone from 25 patients with small-intestinal resection showed that 9 (36%) had osteomalacia, which was severe in 5 and mild in 4. The serum-alkaline-phosphatase concentration was raised in all patients with severe osteomalacia, but serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline-phosphatase concentrations were normal in the 4 patients with mild disease, 2 of whom had symptoms. Osteomalacia was diagnosed radiologically in only 3 patients. Osteomalacia appears to be commoner in patients with small-intestinal resection than has previously been thought, and bone biopsy is essential if all cases are detected. Although high-dose parenteral vitamin-D therapy is usually effective in the treatment of osteomalacia after small-intestinal resection, our findings showed that oral vitamin-D metabolites and their analogues may also be effective. This has important practical advantages.", "contents": "Osteomalacia after small-intestinal resection. Histological examination of bone from 25 patients with small-intestinal resection showed that 9 (36%) had osteomalacia, which was severe in 5 and mild in 4. The serum-alkaline-phosphatase concentration was raised in all patients with severe osteomalacia, but serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline-phosphatase concentrations were normal in the 4 patients with mild disease, 2 of whom had symptoms. Osteomalacia was diagnosed radiologically in only 3 patients. Osteomalacia appears to be commoner in patients with small-intestinal resection than has previously been thought, and bone biopsy is essential if all cases are detected. Although high-dose parenteral vitamin-D therapy is usually effective in the treatment of osteomalacia after small-intestinal resection, our findings showed that oral vitamin-D metabolites and their analogues may also be effective. This has important practical advantages.", "PMID": 74542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5464", "title": "Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The incidence of diabetes mellitus was increased in patients with congenital rubella. Experimental congenital rubella infection in rabbits caused histological changes in the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets similar to those found in mice made diabetic by the M variant of the encephalomyocarditis virus. It is concluded that the diabetes seen in congenital rubella is due to viral infection of the pancreatic islet cells.", "contents": "Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was increased in patients with congenital rubella. Experimental congenital rubella infection in rabbits caused histological changes in the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets similar to those found in mice made diabetic by the M variant of the encephalomyocarditis virus. It is concluded that the diabetes seen in congenital rubella is due to viral infection of the pancreatic islet cells.", "PMID": 74564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5465", "title": "A role for purine metabolism in the immune response: Adenosine-deaminase activity and deoxyadenosine catabolism.", "content": "We have investigated a new hypothesis for the association between adenosine deaminase (A.D.A.) deficiency and immunodeficiency--namely, that deoxyadenosine rather than adenosine (an equally effective A.D.A. substrate) is toxic to proliferating cells of lymphoid origin. This possibility was explored in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured with a potent A.D.A. inhibitor, E.H.N.A. (erythro-9[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl] adenine) to simulate A.D.A. deficiency. In this in-vitro system deoxyadenosine was inhibitory at much lower and more physiological concentrations (1 mumol/1), compared with adenosine (100 mumol/1).", "contents": "A role for purine metabolism in the immune response: Adenosine-deaminase activity and deoxyadenosine catabolism. We have investigated a new hypothesis for the association between adenosine deaminase (A.D.A.) deficiency and immunodeficiency--namely, that deoxyadenosine rather than adenosine (an equally effective A.D.A. substrate) is toxic to proliferating cells of lymphoid origin. This possibility was explored in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured with a potent A.D.A. inhibitor, E.H.N.A. (erythro-9[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl] adenine) to simulate A.D.A. deficiency. In this in-vitro system deoxyadenosine was inhibitory at much lower and more physiological concentrations (1 mumol/1), compared with adenosine (100 mumol/1).", "PMID": 74565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5466", "title": "Amitriptyline plasma-concentration and clinical effect. A World Health Organisation Collaborative Study.", "content": "54 patients in five centres participated in a study of the relationship between steady-state plasma-levels of amitriptyline (AT) and its active metabolite nortriptyline (NT) and therapeutic response. The participants were inpatients who, after a 7-12 day period of assessment, were rated greater than or equal to 16 on the Hamilton rating scale for depression. They were given 75 mg of amitriptyline for 3 days and then 150 mg daily for an active-treatment period of 6 weeks. Clinical ratings and plasma-samples were obtained at baseline then at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after starting therapy. Contrary to the findings of three previous trials, no important correlations were found between steady-state plasma-levels and therapeutic outcome or corrected side-effects. Corrected side-effects correlated negatively with therapeutic outcome. There seems little advantage in routine monitoring of AT and NT, since variations in plasma-levels do not account for the considerable variation in therapeutic outcome.", "contents": "Amitriptyline plasma-concentration and clinical effect. A World Health Organisation Collaborative Study. 54 patients in five centres participated in a study of the relationship between steady-state plasma-levels of amitriptyline (AT) and its active metabolite nortriptyline (NT) and therapeutic response. The participants were inpatients who, after a 7-12 day period of assessment, were rated greater than or equal to 16 on the Hamilton rating scale for depression. They were given 75 mg of amitriptyline for 3 days and then 150 mg daily for an active-treatment period of 6 weeks. Clinical ratings and plasma-samples were obtained at baseline then at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after starting therapy. Contrary to the findings of three previous trials, no important correlations were found between steady-state plasma-levels and therapeutic outcome or corrected side-effects. Corrected side-effects correlated negatively with therapeutic outcome. There seems little advantage in routine monitoring of AT and NT, since variations in plasma-levels do not account for the considerable variation in therapeutic outcome.", "PMID": 74566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5467", "title": "Intestinal lymphoma associated with malabsorption.", "content": "Of 18 patients with small-intestinal lymphoma associated with villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of uninvolved mucosa, most presented with acute obstruction or perforation preceded by abdominal pain and weight-loss. Malabsorption, thought to be adult coeliac disease, preceded the diagnosis of lymphoma in 5 cases. The lymphomas were composed of malignant histiocytes and were classified on morphological grounds as malignant histiocytosis. Of particular interest was the finding by immunohistochemical techniques of all major immunoglobulin classes within malignant cells of single tumors. Characterisation of this group of lymphomas as a specific entity should help in the further understanding of the relationship of malabsorption and lymphoma and in the rationalisation of treatment.", "contents": "Intestinal lymphoma associated with malabsorption. Of 18 patients with small-intestinal lymphoma associated with villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of uninvolved mucosa, most presented with acute obstruction or perforation preceded by abdominal pain and weight-loss. Malabsorption, thought to be adult coeliac disease, preceded the diagnosis of lymphoma in 5 cases. The lymphomas were composed of malignant histiocytes and were classified on morphological grounds as malignant histiocytosis. Of particular interest was the finding by immunohistochemical techniques of all major immunoglobulin classes within malignant cells of single tumors. Characterisation of this group of lymphomas as a specific entity should help in the further understanding of the relationship of malabsorption and lymphoma and in the rationalisation of treatment.", "PMID": 74567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5468", "title": "X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid-sulphatase deficiency.", "content": "An assay of cultured skin fibroblasts identified several individuals with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-sulphate sulphatase deficiency. All patients with this inborn error of metabolism had clinically apparent ichthyosis and a family history of this skin disorder compatible with X-linked inheritance. It is concluded that steroid-sulphatase deficiency is the bio-chemical basis of at least some cases of X-linked ichthyosis.", "contents": "X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid-sulphatase deficiency. An assay of cultured skin fibroblasts identified several individuals with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-sulphate sulphatase deficiency. All patients with this inborn error of metabolism had clinically apparent ichthyosis and a family history of this skin disorder compatible with X-linked inheritance. It is concluded that steroid-sulphatase deficiency is the bio-chemical basis of at least some cases of X-linked ichthyosis.", "PMID": 74568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5469", "title": "Upright posture and the efficiency of labour.", "content": "The claim that an upright maternal posture during labour improves the efficiency of the uterus to the benefit of both mother and fetus has been investigated in a randomised prospective study. 40 patients undergoing induction of labour were allocated to a recumbent group or an upright group. No differences were found between the groups in the length of labour, mode of delivery, requirements of oxytocic and analgesic drugs, or fetal and neonatal condition. Our data do not support calls to change conventional intrapartum nursing attitudes.", "contents": "Upright posture and the efficiency of labour. The claim that an upright maternal posture during labour improves the efficiency of the uterus to the benefit of both mother and fetus has been investigated in a randomised prospective study. 40 patients undergoing induction of labour were allocated to a recumbent group or an upright group. No differences were found between the groups in the length of labour, mode of delivery, requirements of oxytocic and analgesic drugs, or fetal and neonatal condition. Our data do not support calls to change conventional intrapartum nursing attitudes.", "PMID": 74569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5470", "title": "Prediction of therapeutic response in acute leukaemia.", "content": "The degree to which anticancer drugs suppressed incorporation of tritiated thymidine into leukaemic cells was measured in 26 patients with acute leukaemia. Subsequent achievement of remission correlated best with suppression by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). 6 of 7 patients with acute myelocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia whose cells demonstrated suppression by ara-C of 3H-thymidine incorporation of 15% or less of control counts subsequently achieved remission, while 4 of 6 patients whose cells showed smaller degrees of inhibition did not achieve remission. Patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia showed a similar pattern.", "contents": "Prediction of therapeutic response in acute leukaemia. The degree to which anticancer drugs suppressed incorporation of tritiated thymidine into leukaemic cells was measured in 26 patients with acute leukaemia. Subsequent achievement of remission correlated best with suppression by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). 6 of 7 patients with acute myelocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia whose cells demonstrated suppression by ara-C of 3H-thymidine incorporation of 15% or less of control counts subsequently achieved remission, while 4 of 6 patients whose cells showed smaller degrees of inhibition did not achieve remission. Patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia showed a similar pattern.", "PMID": 74570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5471", "title": "Nutritional status of patients undergoing valve replacement by open heart surgery.", "content": "In 10 patients undergoing heart-valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass total-body potassium was measured non-invasively with a whole-body monitor, and this measurement was used to derive the lean body mass as an index of the nutritional status. From measurements made before operation and on the 7th postoperative day, the metabolic response to surgery was found to be equivalent to a negative nitrogen balance of 10.8 g of nitrogen a day (50% greater than that calculated from conventional nitrogen-balance studies). 4 patients had a mean preoperative potassium depletion of 17.2%, and this was associated with increased morbidity. Well-nourished patients had a mean postoperative hospital stay of 16 days, whereas those in a depleted state before operation had an increased morbidity, as measured by their mean postoperative stay of 30 days. More attention needs to be given to the preoperative nutritional status of patients undergoing heart-valve replacement.", "contents": "Nutritional status of patients undergoing valve replacement by open heart surgery. In 10 patients undergoing heart-valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass total-body potassium was measured non-invasively with a whole-body monitor, and this measurement was used to derive the lean body mass as an index of the nutritional status. From measurements made before operation and on the 7th postoperative day, the metabolic response to surgery was found to be equivalent to a negative nitrogen balance of 10.8 g of nitrogen a day (50% greater than that calculated from conventional nitrogen-balance studies). 4 patients had a mean preoperative potassium depletion of 17.2%, and this was associated with increased morbidity. Well-nourished patients had a mean postoperative hospital stay of 16 days, whereas those in a depleted state before operation had an increased morbidity, as measured by their mean postoperative stay of 30 days. More attention needs to be given to the preoperative nutritional status of patients undergoing heart-valve replacement.", "PMID": 74571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5472", "title": "Accuracy of grey-scale ultrasound diagnosis of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in 220 patients.", "content": "The accuracy of grey-scale ultrasound in the detection and localisation of abdominal and pelvic abscesses was assessed retrospectively in 220 patients in whom an abscess had been suspected at presentation. Thirty-six out of forty abdominal abscesses were correctly diagnosed (90%), while an abscess was correctly excluded in 112 out of 113 patients (99%). Thirty-two out of thirty-three pelvic abscesses were diagnosed (97%), and a pelvic abscess was correctly excluded in 33 out of 34 patients (97%). Thus the overall accuracy of the method was 96.8%, with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 98.6%.", "contents": "Accuracy of grey-scale ultrasound diagnosis of abdominal and pelvic abscesses in 220 patients. The accuracy of grey-scale ultrasound in the detection and localisation of abdominal and pelvic abscesses was assessed retrospectively in 220 patients in whom an abscess had been suspected at presentation. Thirty-six out of forty abdominal abscesses were correctly diagnosed (90%), while an abscess was correctly excluded in 112 out of 113 patients (99%). Thirty-two out of thirty-three pelvic abscesses were diagnosed (97%), and a pelvic abscess was correctly excluded in 33 out of 34 patients (97%). Thus the overall accuracy of the method was 96.8%, with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 98.6%.", "PMID": 74578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5473", "title": "Beneficial effect of operation-day blood-transfusions on human renal-allograft survival.", "content": "In 56 patients 1-year renal-graft survival was significantly better (71% vs 40%) in those who had received blood before operation, confirming previous observations. In addition, transfusion on the day of operation proved to have been beneficial, both in those previously transfused (82% vs 64%) and in those never previously transfused (71% vs 28%). Irrespective of pretransplant transfusion, 1-year graft survival was significantly better (79% vs 44%) in those transfused on the day of operation.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of operation-day blood-transfusions on human renal-allograft survival. In 56 patients 1-year renal-graft survival was significantly better (71% vs 40%) in those who had received blood before operation, confirming previous observations. In addition, transfusion on the day of operation proved to have been beneficial, both in those previously transfused (82% vs 64%) and in those never previously transfused (71% vs 28%). Irrespective of pretransplant transfusion, 1-year graft survival was significantly better (79% vs 44%) in those transfused on the day of operation.", "PMID": 74601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5474", "title": "Pretransplant lymphocytotoxins and bone-marrow graft rejection.", "content": "A correlation was demonstrated between bone-marrow graft rejection and pretransplant lymphocytotoxins. This finding might prove useful as a test for identification of patients at high risk of rejection who might benefit from more intensive immunosuppression.", "contents": "Pretransplant lymphocytotoxins and bone-marrow graft rejection. A correlation was demonstrated between bone-marrow graft rejection and pretransplant lymphocytotoxins. This finding might prove useful as a test for identification of patients at high risk of rejection who might benefit from more intensive immunosuppression.", "PMID": 74602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5475", "title": "Pressor amines and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors for treatment of postural hypotension in autonomic failure. Limitations and hazards.", "content": "The short-term effects of pressor amines were investigated in four patients with postural hypotension caused by autonomic failure. In supine patients p-tyramine alone or with a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor produced pronounced supine hypertension without abolishing the symptoms associated with a postural fall in blood-pressure. Phenylephrine or ephedrine maintained a normal blood-pressure on standing but caused supine hypertension. Thus the effects of p-tyramine with or without a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor were unpredictable and did not include relief of postural hypotension. Phenylephrine or ephedrine had some beneficial effect, but since all these drugs influence standing pressure only at the expense of pronounced supine hypertension, alternative therapy must be sought.", "contents": "Pressor amines and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors for treatment of postural hypotension in autonomic failure. Limitations and hazards. The short-term effects of pressor amines were investigated in four patients with postural hypotension caused by autonomic failure. In supine patients p-tyramine alone or with a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor produced pronounced supine hypertension without abolishing the symptoms associated with a postural fall in blood-pressure. Phenylephrine or ephedrine maintained a normal blood-pressure on standing but caused supine hypertension. Thus the effects of p-tyramine with or without a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor were unpredictable and did not include relief of postural hypotension. Phenylephrine or ephedrine had some beneficial effect, but since all these drugs influence standing pressure only at the expense of pronounced supine hypertension, alternative therapy must be sought.", "PMID": 74603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5476", "title": "Antibiotic treatment of guinea-pigs infected with agent of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "Erythromycin and rifampicin (rifampin) were able to prevent death of guineapigs given intraperitoneal injections of the agent causing legionnaires' disease. Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin showed no significant effect. On the basis of clinical experience and experimental observations, erythromycin is recommended for patients suspected to have legionnaires' disease. Combined therapy with erythromycin and rifampicin may be justified in patients with confirmed legionnaires' disease who are not responding to erythromycin alone or as part of a controlled antibiotic trial among suspected cases during an outbreak of legionnaires' disease.", "contents": "Antibiotic treatment of guinea-pigs infected with agent of Legionnaires' disease. Erythromycin and rifampicin (rifampin) were able to prevent death of guineapigs given intraperitoneal injections of the agent causing legionnaires' disease. Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin showed no significant effect. On the basis of clinical experience and experimental observations, erythromycin is recommended for patients suspected to have legionnaires' disease. Combined therapy with erythromycin and rifampicin may be justified in patients with confirmed legionnaires' disease who are not responding to erythromycin alone or as part of a controlled antibiotic trial among suspected cases during an outbreak of legionnaires' disease.", "PMID": 74604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5477", "title": "Immune response after splenectomy.", "content": "The immune response to intravenously administered bacteriophage phiX 174 and subcutaneously administered tridecavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was studied in 31 patients with anatomical or functional asplenia. Antibody responses to primary immunisation with phiX 174 were significantly decreased while clearance was normal. Secondary responses were quantitatively normal; however, production of antibody did not switch from IgM to IgG as seen in controls. All groups of asplenic patients accept those patients with Hodgkin's disease demonstrated significant seroconversions in response to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens. One patient with Hodgkin's disease, treated with local irradiation only, demonstrated normal responses to pneumococcal capsular antigens. 10 of the 12 capsular antigens for which antibody was measured stimulated threefold increases in antibody in the 26 asplenic patients without Hodgkin's disease, which is similar to that observed in controls. Since the majority of cases of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, all patients with either anatomical or functional asplenia should receive pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.", "contents": "Immune response after splenectomy. The immune response to intravenously administered bacteriophage phiX 174 and subcutaneously administered tridecavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was studied in 31 patients with anatomical or functional asplenia. Antibody responses to primary immunisation with phiX 174 were significantly decreased while clearance was normal. Secondary responses were quantitatively normal; however, production of antibody did not switch from IgM to IgG as seen in controls. All groups of asplenic patients accept those patients with Hodgkin's disease demonstrated significant seroconversions in response to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens. One patient with Hodgkin's disease, treated with local irradiation only, demonstrated normal responses to pneumococcal capsular antigens. 10 of the 12 capsular antigens for which antibody was measured stimulated threefold increases in antibody in the 26 asplenic patients without Hodgkin's disease, which is similar to that observed in controls. Since the majority of cases of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, all patients with either anatomical or functional asplenia should receive pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.", "PMID": 74605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5478", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of lactoferrin in pancreatic juice as a test for pancreatic diseases.", "content": "Lactoferrin, a protein present in pancreatic juice and other exocrine secretions, was measured by radioimmunoassay in pure pancreatic juice obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Lactoferrin concentrations were high in pancreatic juice from patients with chronic pancreatitis, but they were considerably lower in juice from control subjects and patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. The measurement of lactoferrin concentrations in pure pancreatic juice may be useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of lactoferrin in pancreatic juice as a test for pancreatic diseases. Lactoferrin, a protein present in pancreatic juice and other exocrine secretions, was measured by radioimmunoassay in pure pancreatic juice obtained by endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Lactoferrin concentrations were high in pancreatic juice from patients with chronic pancreatitis, but they were considerably lower in juice from control subjects and patients with carcinoma of the pancreas. The measurement of lactoferrin concentrations in pure pancreatic juice may be useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.", "PMID": 74606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5479", "title": "Acupuncture in gastroscopy.", "content": "The analgesic effect of acupuncture was evaluated by a double-blind controlled trial in 90 patients undergoing gastroscopy. The endoscopy was much easier and better tolerated after real acupuncture had been performed.", "contents": "Acupuncture in gastroscopy. The analgesic effect of acupuncture was evaluated by a double-blind controlled trial in 90 patients undergoing gastroscopy. The endoscopy was much easier and better tolerated after real acupuncture had been performed.", "PMID": 74607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5480", "title": "Identification of dihydrofolate reductase in human central-nervous-system tumours.", "content": "Ten primary and two metastatic central-nervous system (C.N.S.) tumours were assayed. They all contained dihydrofolate reductase. This finding provides a biochemical rationale for antifolate therapy of C.N.S. tumours by methotrexate.", "contents": "Identification of dihydrofolate reductase in human central-nervous-system tumours. Ten primary and two metastatic central-nervous system (C.N.S.) tumours were assayed. They all contained dihydrofolate reductase. This finding provides a biochemical rationale for antifolate therapy of C.N.S. tumours by methotrexate.", "PMID": 74608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5481", "title": "Persistence of drug-resistant malaria parasites.", "content": "Mixtures of drug-resistant and sensitive forms of Plasmodium chabaudi were used to infect mice, and the resulting infections were maintained in the absence of drug. Both chloroquine-resistant and pyrimethamine-resistant mutans were able to survive in such mixed infections. The results of experiments on chloroquine resistance indicated an apparent selective advantage of the resistant over the sensitive form.", "contents": "Persistence of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Mixtures of drug-resistant and sensitive forms of Plasmodium chabaudi were used to infect mice, and the resulting infections were maintained in the absence of drug. Both chloroquine-resistant and pyrimethamine-resistant mutans were able to survive in such mixed infections. The results of experiments on chloroquine resistance indicated an apparent selective advantage of the resistant over the sensitive form.", "PMID": 74609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5482", "title": "Smoking and industrial pollution, and their effects on menopause and ovarian cancer.", "content": "The rodent ovary contains an enzyme system(s) capable of metabolising poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive electrophilic intermediates known to cause cytotoxicity, mutation, and cancer. If the human ovary contains similar enzyme systems, metabolic activation of environmental chemicals could explain the earlier menopause in cigarette smokers and the higher incidence of ovarian cancer in industrialised areas.", "contents": "Smoking and industrial pollution, and their effects on menopause and ovarian cancer. The rodent ovary contains an enzyme system(s) capable of metabolising poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive electrophilic intermediates known to cause cytotoxicity, mutation, and cancer. If the human ovary contains similar enzyme systems, metabolic activation of environmental chemicals could explain the earlier menopause in cigarette smokers and the higher incidence of ovarian cancer in industrialised areas.", "PMID": 74610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5483", "title": "Does ultraviolet-evoked prostaglandin formation protect skin from actinic cancer?", "content": "The role of increased prostaglandin activity which results from exposure of human skin to ultraviolet light is uncertain. Evidence from the effects of prostaglandins on epithelial cells in vitro suggests that prostaglandin E reduces proliferative activity in the epidermis, probably through a cyclic-A.M.P.-dependent mechanism, thus reducing the vulnerability of epidermis to the mutagenic effects of ultraviolet exposure.", "contents": "Does ultraviolet-evoked prostaglandin formation protect skin from actinic cancer? The role of increased prostaglandin activity which results from exposure of human skin to ultraviolet light is uncertain. Evidence from the effects of prostaglandins on epithelial cells in vitro suggests that prostaglandin E reduces proliferative activity in the epidermis, probably through a cyclic-A.M.P.-dependent mechanism, thus reducing the vulnerability of epidermis to the mutagenic effects of ultraviolet exposure.", "PMID": 74611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5484", "title": "Management of malignancy in \"cancer families\".", "content": "A further \"cancer family\" is described. Cancer patients from such a family require careful lifelong follow-up. All members of cancer families should be screened for cancer of the uterus and colon, and they should be educated in methods of cancer detection and the importance of early diagnosis.", "contents": "Management of malignancy in \"cancer families\". A further \"cancer family\" is described. Cancer patients from such a family require careful lifelong follow-up. All members of cancer families should be screened for cancer of the uterus and colon, and they should be educated in methods of cancer detection and the importance of early diagnosis.", "PMID": 74618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5485", "title": "Reduction of mercury vapour in a dental surgery.", "content": "A restricted survey in one dental practice has shown that a considerable reduction in contamination by mercury vapour can be achieved by the use of a fume cupboard. Failure to employ this added protection may have legal implications.", "contents": "Reduction of mercury vapour in a dental surgery. A restricted survey in one dental practice has shown that a considerable reduction in contamination by mercury vapour can be achieved by the use of a fume cupboard. Failure to employ this added protection may have legal implications.", "PMID": 74620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5486", "title": "Hypertension treated by salt restriction.", "content": "31 patients with a diastolic blood-pressure between 95 and 109 mm Hg have been treated for two years with a regimen involving a moderate restriction of salt in the diet. The results are compared with those in a control group and in a drug-treated group. Salt restriction has reduced the diastolic blood-pressure by 7.3+/-1.6 mm Hg, a result similar to that in patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. In the untreated group the diastolic blood-pressure rose by 1.8+/-1.1 mm Hg. Most patients did not achieve the desired amount of salt restriction and a stricter adherence to the diet might have caused further falls in blood-pressure. Excessive salt intake is probably a major cause of the epidemic of hypertension in \"civilised\" countries and a reduction in salt intake may help to control the epidemic. In persons with a diastolic blood-pressure between 90 and 105 mm Hg salt restriction should be tried before drugs.", "contents": "Hypertension treated by salt restriction. 31 patients with a diastolic blood-pressure between 95 and 109 mm Hg have been treated for two years with a regimen involving a moderate restriction of salt in the diet. The results are compared with those in a control group and in a drug-treated group. Salt restriction has reduced the diastolic blood-pressure by 7.3+/-1.6 mm Hg, a result similar to that in patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. In the untreated group the diastolic blood-pressure rose by 1.8+/-1.1 mm Hg. Most patients did not achieve the desired amount of salt restriction and a stricter adherence to the diet might have caused further falls in blood-pressure. Excessive salt intake is probably a major cause of the epidemic of hypertension in \"civilised\" countries and a reduction in salt intake may help to control the epidemic. In persons with a diastolic blood-pressure between 90 and 105 mm Hg salt restriction should be tried before drugs.", "PMID": 74660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5487", "title": "Primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease: an association?", "content": "The association of primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease, not previously reported, was observed in 4 patients. In each case, the two conditions were diagnosed simultaneously, and although symptoms were due to coeliac disease, initial investigation drew attention to the liver condition. All the patients responded to a gluten-free diet and remain well 2 years later. Primary biliary cirrhosis remains asymptomatic in 3 patients, but pruritus has developed in the 4th. The significance of this association is unclear and may merit formal study. Coeliac disease should be considered as a possible cause of unexplained weight loss in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "Primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease: an association? The association of primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease, not previously reported, was observed in 4 patients. In each case, the two conditions were diagnosed simultaneously, and although symptoms were due to coeliac disease, initial investigation drew attention to the liver condition. All the patients responded to a gluten-free diet and remain well 2 years later. Primary biliary cirrhosis remains asymptomatic in 3 patients, but pruritus has developed in the 4th. The significance of this association is unclear and may merit formal study. Coeliac disease should be considered as a possible cause of unexplained weight loss in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 74661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5488", "title": "Improved survival-rates in presensitised recipients of kidney transplants by immunosuppression with maternal-source gamma-globulin.", "content": "The effect on cadaver-kidney transplant survival-rates of a gamma-globulin concentrate, prepared from clotted blood centrifugally expressed from placental tissue recovered from postpartum women, was evaluated in a prospective controlled trial in 195 patients who were also given a standard immunosuppressive regimen. Allograft-survival rates were analysed according to whether or not the recipient had lymphocytotoxic antibodies before transplantation (responders) and whether the graft was a first or second transplant. The graft-survival rate was improved in responder-type recipients of first transplants who had received the gamma-globulin concentrate as adjunctive therapy (control group 28.8+/-10.1% vs. gamma-globulin 55.5 + 9.7% at 2 years, p less than 0.05). The survival-rate of grafts in non-responders was not affected by administration of gamma-globulin and data on its use in recipients of a second graft were insufficient for analysis. These results suggest that the gamma-globulin concentrate was suppressing immunological responses associated with humoral-type rejection.", "contents": "Improved survival-rates in presensitised recipients of kidney transplants by immunosuppression with maternal-source gamma-globulin. The effect on cadaver-kidney transplant survival-rates of a gamma-globulin concentrate, prepared from clotted blood centrifugally expressed from placental tissue recovered from postpartum women, was evaluated in a prospective controlled trial in 195 patients who were also given a standard immunosuppressive regimen. Allograft-survival rates were analysed according to whether or not the recipient had lymphocytotoxic antibodies before transplantation (responders) and whether the graft was a first or second transplant. The graft-survival rate was improved in responder-type recipients of first transplants who had received the gamma-globulin concentrate as adjunctive therapy (control group 28.8+/-10.1% vs. gamma-globulin 55.5 + 9.7% at 2 years, p less than 0.05). The survival-rate of grafts in non-responders was not affected by administration of gamma-globulin and data on its use in recipients of a second graft were insufficient for analysis. These results suggest that the gamma-globulin concentrate was suppressing immunological responses associated with humoral-type rejection.", "PMID": 74662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5489", "title": "Plama-thromboglobulin concentrations in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Abnormally high plasma-concentrations of the platelet protein thromboglobulin were demonstrated in a group of 72 diabetic patients. The highest concentrations were found in patients with clinical evidence of tissue damage. Many diabetic patients, without such complications have elevated thromboglobulin levels, and this blood abnormality may predate recognisable clinical lesions.", "contents": "Plama-thromboglobulin concentrations in diabetes mellitus. Abnormally high plasma-concentrations of the platelet protein thromboglobulin were demonstrated in a group of 72 diabetic patients. The highest concentrations were found in patients with clinical evidence of tissue damage. Many diabetic patients, without such complications have elevated thromboglobulin levels, and this blood abnormality may predate recognisable clinical lesions.", "PMID": 74663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5490", "title": "Elevated beta-thromboglobulin levels and circulating platelet aggregates in diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "beta-Thromboglobulin levels and platelet-aggregate ratios were determined in blood-samples from healthy control subjects and from diabetic patients with and without microangiopathic complications. Patients with diabetic microangiopathy had significantly elevated beta-thromboglobulin levels and also reversible platelet aggregates. In nine newly treated diabetics blood-glucose control was associated with a significant fall in plasma beta-thromboglobulin. Since beta-thromboglobulin is a platelet-specific protein the results indicate that diabetic microangiopathy is associated with evidence of platelet activation and that this may be influenced by the degree of biochemical control.", "contents": "Elevated beta-thromboglobulin levels and circulating platelet aggregates in diabetic microangiopathy. beta-Thromboglobulin levels and platelet-aggregate ratios were determined in blood-samples from healthy control subjects and from diabetic patients with and without microangiopathic complications. Patients with diabetic microangiopathy had significantly elevated beta-thromboglobulin levels and also reversible platelet aggregates. In nine newly treated diabetics blood-glucose control was associated with a significant fall in plasma beta-thromboglobulin. Since beta-thromboglobulin is a platelet-specific protein the results indicate that diabetic microangiopathy is associated with evidence of platelet activation and that this may be influenced by the degree of biochemical control.", "PMID": 74664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5491", "title": "Migraine thrombocytopenia, and serotonin metabolism.", "content": "Among 296 patients with thrombocytopenia, 14 had frequent migraine-like headaches, 6 of them having definite migraine. Only 1 of the 6 patients had had migraine before the onset of the blood disorder, and all 6 had migraine attacks during periods of bruising tendency and low platelet count. Control of thrombocytopenia with splenectomy or steroids was accompanied by dramatic improvement in migraine. It is suggested that migraine attacks are caused by abnormal platelet activity and abnormal serotonin metabolism. It is suggested that the immediate factor producing the abnormal platelet activity in our patients was immunological and that other cases of migraine may have an immunological cause.", "contents": "Migraine thrombocytopenia, and serotonin metabolism. Among 296 patients with thrombocytopenia, 14 had frequent migraine-like headaches, 6 of them having definite migraine. Only 1 of the 6 patients had had migraine before the onset of the blood disorder, and all 6 had migraine attacks during periods of bruising tendency and low platelet count. Control of thrombocytopenia with splenectomy or steroids was accompanied by dramatic improvement in migraine. It is suggested that migraine attacks are caused by abnormal platelet activity and abnormal serotonin metabolism. It is suggested that the immediate factor producing the abnormal platelet activity in our patients was immunological and that other cases of migraine may have an immunological cause.", "PMID": 74665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5492", "title": "Detection of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries by the use of 123I-fibrinogen.", "content": "A non-invasive method for detecting atherosclerotic plaques by the administration of radioactively labelled fibrinogen has been used in a pilot study in one non-atherosclerotic patient and in four patients with unilateral or mainly unilateral atherosclerotic changes. Immediately after 1 mCi 123I-labelled fibrinogen had been given intravenously, the cervical region was examined with a gamma camera and again after 4 h and 20 h. In the control case there was little difference in activity between the left and right carotid regions. The other cases showed a significant increase of activity over the region of the plaque after 4 h. This increased uptake had disappeared after 20 h. Studies to clarify the nature of this uptake and the usefulness of the method are in progress.", "contents": "Detection of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries by the use of 123I-fibrinogen. A non-invasive method for detecting atherosclerotic plaques by the administration of radioactively labelled fibrinogen has been used in a pilot study in one non-atherosclerotic patient and in four patients with unilateral or mainly unilateral atherosclerotic changes. Immediately after 1 mCi 123I-labelled fibrinogen had been given intravenously, the cervical region was examined with a gamma camera and again after 4 h and 20 h. In the control case there was little difference in activity between the left and right carotid regions. The other cases showed a significant increase of activity over the region of the plaque after 4 h. This increased uptake had disappeared after 20 h. Studies to clarify the nature of this uptake and the usefulness of the method are in progress.", "PMID": 74666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5493", "title": "Effect of co-trimoxazole on normal creatinine clearance.", "content": "The effect of co-trimoxazole on creatinine clearance was studied in six individuals with normal kidney function. The mean decrease in creatinine clearance during treatment was 47 ml/min and the mean increase in plasma-creatinine was 0.27 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Although creatinine clearance decreased by 29%, sodium excretion increased by 22%. Discontinuation of co-trimoxazole resulted in a prompt return of creatinine clearance to pretreatment values, and a consistent antinatriuresis.", "contents": "Effect of co-trimoxazole on normal creatinine clearance. The effect of co-trimoxazole on creatinine clearance was studied in six individuals with normal kidney function. The mean decrease in creatinine clearance during treatment was 47 ml/min and the mean increase in plasma-creatinine was 0.27 mg/dl (P less than 0.01). Although creatinine clearance decreased by 29%, sodium excretion increased by 22%. Discontinuation of co-trimoxazole resulted in a prompt return of creatinine clearance to pretreatment values, and a consistent antinatriuresis.", "PMID": 74667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5494", "title": "Aetiology of adenoma--carcinoma sequence in large bowel.", "content": "A hypothesis, based on epidemiological and histopathological data, is proposed to account for the aetiology of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Adenomas are initially caused by an environmental agent which acts on the colorectal cells of adenoma-prone persons, a further environmental agent causes small adenomas to grow, and a carcinogen causes malignancy in a high proportion of large adenomas.", "contents": "Aetiology of adenoma--carcinoma sequence in large bowel. A hypothesis, based on epidemiological and histopathological data, is proposed to account for the aetiology of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Adenomas are initially caused by an environmental agent which acts on the colorectal cells of adenoma-prone persons, a further environmental agent causes small adenomas to grow, and a carcinogen causes malignancy in a high proportion of large adenomas.", "PMID": 74668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5495", "title": "Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of gallstones. Dose-response study and possible mechanism of action.", "content": "To determine the optimum dose for the medical treatment of gallstones with ursodeoxycholic acid (U.D.C.A.), 11 non-obese patients with radiolucent gallstones were given 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg U.D.C.A. kg body-weight-1 day-1 for 6 weeks each. Apart from 3 patients who required surgery for gallstone complications, treatment was well tolerated, and both dyspeptic symptoms and frequency of biliary colic were reduced. Neither diarrhoea nor hypertransaminasaemia occurred during therapy. Of 3 patients completing 6 months' treatment with an average of 8 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1, 1 showed complete and 2 partial dissolution of gallstones. There were significant correlations between the biliary cholesterol-saturation index and (i) daily dose of U.D.C.A. in mg kg-1, (ii) percentage U.D.C.A., and (iii) percentage U.D.C.A. + chenodeoxycholic acid (C.D.C.A.) in biliary bile acids. Mean gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase fell significantly during treatment, whereas other liver-function tests and hepatic histology remained normal. Mean serum-cholesterol levels did not change, and although there was a 13-35% fall in fasting serum-triglycerides, this difference was not statistically significant. U.D.C.A., like C.D.C.A., seems to act by inhibiting hepatic cholesterogenesis. In 5 patients treated with 5 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1 for 1-6 months, mean hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase activity was 28% lower than in untreated gallstone patients. These preliminary results suggest that U.D.C.A. is as effective as C.D.C.A. in 1/2--2/3 the dose and that 10 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1 should be effective in most gallstone patients.", "contents": "Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of gallstones. Dose-response study and possible mechanism of action. To determine the optimum dose for the medical treatment of gallstones with ursodeoxycholic acid (U.D.C.A.), 11 non-obese patients with radiolucent gallstones were given 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg U.D.C.A. kg body-weight-1 day-1 for 6 weeks each. Apart from 3 patients who required surgery for gallstone complications, treatment was well tolerated, and both dyspeptic symptoms and frequency of biliary colic were reduced. Neither diarrhoea nor hypertransaminasaemia occurred during therapy. Of 3 patients completing 6 months' treatment with an average of 8 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1, 1 showed complete and 2 partial dissolution of gallstones. There were significant correlations between the biliary cholesterol-saturation index and (i) daily dose of U.D.C.A. in mg kg-1, (ii) percentage U.D.C.A., and (iii) percentage U.D.C.A. + chenodeoxycholic acid (C.D.C.A.) in biliary bile acids. Mean gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase fell significantly during treatment, whereas other liver-function tests and hepatic histology remained normal. Mean serum-cholesterol levels did not change, and although there was a 13-35% fall in fasting serum-triglycerides, this difference was not statistically significant. U.D.C.A., like C.D.C.A., seems to act by inhibiting hepatic cholesterogenesis. In 5 patients treated with 5 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1 for 1-6 months, mean hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase activity was 28% lower than in untreated gallstone patients. These preliminary results suggest that U.D.C.A. is as effective as C.D.C.A. in 1/2--2/3 the dose and that 10 mg U.D.C.A. kg-1 day-1 should be effective in most gallstone patients.", "PMID": 74722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5496", "title": "Abnormal fatty-acid composition of plasma-lipids in cystic fibrosis. A primary or a secondary defect?", "content": "The percentage fatty-acid composition of the various plasma-lipid fractions from cystic-fibrosis patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency, obligate heterozygotes, and normal subjects was determined. Only the cystic-fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency had significantly abnormal fatty-acid composition. This general observation did not correlate with vitamin-E deficiency, age, sex, or severity of the disease. Thus the altered fatty-acid composition of the different plasma-lipid fractions appears to be a secondary consequence of the pancreatic insufficiency commonly associated with cystic fibrosis and not a direct metabolic defect related to the cystic-fibrosis gene itself.", "contents": "Abnormal fatty-acid composition of plasma-lipids in cystic fibrosis. A primary or a secondary defect? The percentage fatty-acid composition of the various plasma-lipid fractions from cystic-fibrosis patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency, obligate heterozygotes, and normal subjects was determined. Only the cystic-fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency had significantly abnormal fatty-acid composition. This general observation did not correlate with vitamin-E deficiency, age, sex, or severity of the disease. Thus the altered fatty-acid composition of the different plasma-lipid fractions appears to be a secondary consequence of the pancreatic insufficiency commonly associated with cystic fibrosis and not a direct metabolic defect related to the cystic-fibrosis gene itself.", "PMID": 74723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5497", "title": "Cholestasis in acute alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "10 of a series of 108 patients with alcoholic liver disease presented with cholestasis associated with non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease and without evidence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In 7 patients liver histology and the associated conditions presenting as cholestasis were heterogeneous. However, in 3 patients who had been drinking excessively before cholestatic jaundice developed, cholestasis was a major feature of liver histology. The term acute alcoholic cholestasis is suggested for this apparently distinct syndrome of cholestatic jaundice in the absence of hepatitis.", "contents": "Cholestasis in acute alcoholic liver disease. 10 of a series of 108 patients with alcoholic liver disease presented with cholestasis associated with non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease and without evidence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In 7 patients liver histology and the associated conditions presenting as cholestasis were heterogeneous. However, in 3 patients who had been drinking excessively before cholestatic jaundice developed, cholestasis was a major feature of liver histology. The term acute alcoholic cholestasis is suggested for this apparently distinct syndrome of cholestatic jaundice in the absence of hepatitis.", "PMID": 74724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5498", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children: Classification and prognosis.", "content": "Immunological (surface-marker) tests have been used to define four subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) in childhood: T-A.L.L., B-A.L.L., common-A.L.L., and null-A.L.L. A study of 94 children shows that the common-A.L.L. subgroup achieves a much longer duration of remission than T-A.L.L.; our findings also confirm the association of some clinical features with T-cell A.L.L. Within the common-A.L.L. subgroup, initial white-cell count correlates with prognosis.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children: Classification and prognosis. Immunological (surface-marker) tests have been used to define four subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) in childhood: T-A.L.L., B-A.L.L., common-A.L.L., and null-A.L.L. A study of 94 children shows that the common-A.L.L. subgroup achieves a much longer duration of remission than T-A.L.L.; our findings also confirm the association of some clinical features with T-cell A.L.L. Within the common-A.L.L. subgroup, initial white-cell count correlates with prognosis.", "PMID": 74725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5499", "title": "Close genetic linkage between HLA and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency).", "content": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (C.A.H.) with 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease. HLA genotyping of parents and children in six families in which more than 1 child had C.A.H. established that the gene responsible for 21-hydroxylase deficiency is closely linked to HLA. One patient had inherited a maternal HLA-A/B recombinant haplotype and studies in this family indicated that the abnormal gene is close to the HLA-B locus. The findings provide a method for identification of C.A.H. carriers and for prenatal diagnosis of affected children.", "contents": "Close genetic linkage between HLA and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (C.A.H.) with 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease. HLA genotyping of parents and children in six families in which more than 1 child had C.A.H. established that the gene responsible for 21-hydroxylase deficiency is closely linked to HLA. One patient had inherited a maternal HLA-A/B recombinant haplotype and studies in this family indicated that the abnormal gene is close to the HLA-B locus. The findings provide a method for identification of C.A.H. carriers and for prenatal diagnosis of affected children.", "PMID": 74726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5500", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis: Presence of clostridial toxin.", "content": "A toxin was found in the faeces of nine out of nine patients with pseudomembranous colitis and two out of two with antibiotic-associated non-specific colitis. The toxin was neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin but not by a commercial mixture of C. welchii, oedematiens, and septicum antitoxins. The in-vitro and in-vivo properties of pseudomembranous-colitis toxin closely resemble those of the toxin of C. sordellii.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis: Presence of clostridial toxin. A toxin was found in the faeces of nine out of nine patients with pseudomembranous colitis and two out of two with antibiotic-associated non-specific colitis. The toxin was neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin but not by a commercial mixture of C. welchii, oedematiens, and septicum antitoxins. The in-vitro and in-vivo properties of pseudomembranous-colitis toxin closely resemble those of the toxin of C. sordellii.", "PMID": 74727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5501", "title": "Erythrocyte-sedimentation rate before and after in-vitro defibrination: A rapid and simple method for increasing its specificity.", "content": "The erythrocyte-sedimentation rate (E.S.R.) was measured before and after in-vitro defibrination in 107 patients with high E.S.R.S. The reduction in E.S.R. on defibrination correlates with the fibrinogen level while the post-defibrination E.S.R. correlates with the globulin level. The ratio between the post-defibrination E.S.R. and the pre-defibrination, or standard, E.S.R. varies with different diseases; it is highest when an excess of globulins is the cause of the high E.S.R. and lowest when there is an excess of fibrinogen. Measurement of the post-fibrination E.S.R. is quick and easy and may help in the initial investigation of a high E.S.R.", "contents": "Erythrocyte-sedimentation rate before and after in-vitro defibrination: A rapid and simple method for increasing its specificity. The erythrocyte-sedimentation rate (E.S.R.) was measured before and after in-vitro defibrination in 107 patients with high E.S.R.S. The reduction in E.S.R. on defibrination correlates with the fibrinogen level while the post-defibrination E.S.R. correlates with the globulin level. The ratio between the post-defibrination E.S.R. and the pre-defibrination, or standard, E.S.R. varies with different diseases; it is highest when an excess of globulins is the cause of the high E.S.R. and lowest when there is an excess of fibrinogen. Measurement of the post-fibrination E.S.R. is quick and easy and may help in the initial investigation of a high E.S.R.", "PMID": 74728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5502", "title": "Correction of renal hypertension in the rat by prolonged infusion of angiotensin inhibitors.", "content": "Injection of saralasin or converting-enzyme inhibitor produced a small variable reduction of blood-pressure in rats with two-kidney hypertension. Prolonged infusion of the inhibitors gradually reduced blood-pressure to normal. Control infusions of saralasin in normal animals and of dextrose in normal and hypertensive animals did not reduce blood-pressure. Plasma-renin concentration correlated significantly with the early but not with the later fall of blood-pressure. Plasma-concentrations of renin and angiotensin II were closely related except in rats receiving converting-enzyme inhibitor, when angiotensin II was relatively reduced. The gradual reduction of arterial pressure by saralasin was not associated with increased urinary sodium excretion.", "contents": "Correction of renal hypertension in the rat by prolonged infusion of angiotensin inhibitors. Injection of saralasin or converting-enzyme inhibitor produced a small variable reduction of blood-pressure in rats with two-kidney hypertension. Prolonged infusion of the inhibitors gradually reduced blood-pressure to normal. Control infusions of saralasin in normal animals and of dextrose in normal and hypertensive animals did not reduce blood-pressure. Plasma-renin concentration correlated significantly with the early but not with the later fall of blood-pressure. Plasma-concentrations of renin and angiotensin II were closely related except in rats receiving converting-enzyme inhibitor, when angiotensin II was relatively reduced. The gradual reduction of arterial pressure by saralasin was not associated with increased urinary sodium excretion.", "PMID": 74729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5503", "title": "Oestradiol applied locally to ripen the unfavourable cervix.", "content": "The unfavourable cervix in late pregnancy presents a difficult clinical problem if labour has to be induced. In an attempt to improve the outcome, the effect of applying oestradiol directly to the cervix the day before planned induction was investigated. Two groups of twenty-five primigravidas were studied, one group receiving 150 mg oestradiol in viscous gel and the other the viscous gel alone. There was a significant increase in cervical ripeness in the group who received oestradiol and a reduction both in the length of the labour and in the need to resort to caesarean section.", "contents": "Oestradiol applied locally to ripen the unfavourable cervix. The unfavourable cervix in late pregnancy presents a difficult clinical problem if labour has to be induced. In an attempt to improve the outcome, the effect of applying oestradiol directly to the cervix the day before planned induction was investigated. Two groups of twenty-five primigravidas were studied, one group receiving 150 mg oestradiol in viscous gel and the other the viscous gel alone. There was a significant increase in cervical ripeness in the group who received oestradiol and a reduction both in the length of the labour and in the need to resort to caesarean section.", "PMID": 74730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5504", "title": "Corticotropin-like peptides in central nerves and in endocrine cells of gut and pancreas.", "content": "Extrapituitary corticotropin-like peptides have been found in central nerves and in gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells. Previous biological and immunological data strongly indicate that the immunoreactivity present in the central nerves represents corticotropin (A.C.T.H.) or a closely related peptide. In some areas of the brain, the distribution of A.C.T.H. nerves parallels that of nerves containing the endogenous opioid ligand, enkephalin. Since A.C.T.H. fragments bind to the opioid receptor the two neuronal peptides may interact. The antiserum used demonstrates the COOH-terminus of the A.C.T.H. molecule, which is devoid of adrenocortical stimulatory activity. A COOH-terminal A.C.T.H.-peptide, corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (C.L.I.P.), originally isolated from the pars intermedia, has been shown to stimulate release of pancreatic insulin. The presence of C.L.I.P.-like molecules in gut and pancreatic endocrine cells may indicate that C.L.I.P.'s insulin-releasing activity is physiologically important. Further, the occurrence of A.C.T.H.-related molecules in such cells may account for the ectopic A.C.T.H. syndrome associated with some tumours of gut and pancreas.", "contents": "Corticotropin-like peptides in central nerves and in endocrine cells of gut and pancreas. Extrapituitary corticotropin-like peptides have been found in central nerves and in gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells. Previous biological and immunological data strongly indicate that the immunoreactivity present in the central nerves represents corticotropin (A.C.T.H.) or a closely related peptide. In some areas of the brain, the distribution of A.C.T.H. nerves parallels that of nerves containing the endogenous opioid ligand, enkephalin. Since A.C.T.H. fragments bind to the opioid receptor the two neuronal peptides may interact. The antiserum used demonstrates the COOH-terminus of the A.C.T.H. molecule, which is devoid of adrenocortical stimulatory activity. A COOH-terminal A.C.T.H.-peptide, corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (C.L.I.P.), originally isolated from the pars intermedia, has been shown to stimulate release of pancreatic insulin. The presence of C.L.I.P.-like molecules in gut and pancreatic endocrine cells may indicate that C.L.I.P.'s insulin-releasing activity is physiologically important. Further, the occurrence of A.C.T.H.-related molecules in such cells may account for the ectopic A.C.T.H. syndrome associated with some tumours of gut and pancreas.", "PMID": 74731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5505", "title": "Platelet-monoamine-oxidase activity predicts response to lithium in manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Platelet-monoamine-oxidase activity predicts treatment response to lithium in manic-depressive illness. In the treatment-responsive group enzyme activity is similar to that in normal controls, whereas in the treatment-refractory group enzyme activity is significantly less than both control and treatment-responsive groups.", "contents": "Platelet-monoamine-oxidase activity predicts response to lithium in manic-depressive illness. Platelet-monoamine-oxidase activity predicts treatment response to lithium in manic-depressive illness. In the treatment-responsive group enzyme activity is similar to that in normal controls, whereas in the treatment-refractory group enzyme activity is significantly less than both control and treatment-responsive groups.", "PMID": 74733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5506", "title": "Treatment of carcinoid liver metastases by hepatic-artery embolisation.", "content": "Two patients with multiple hepatic carcinoid metastases experienced considerable symptomatic relief after the hepatic artery was embolised with fragments of absorbable gelatin sponge administered through a percutaneous arterial catheter. With adequate pharmacological cover the technique is a safe, effective, and relatively painless treatment for a condition which is usually very difficult to manage.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoid liver metastases by hepatic-artery embolisation. Two patients with multiple hepatic carcinoid metastases experienced considerable symptomatic relief after the hepatic artery was embolised with fragments of absorbable gelatin sponge administered through a percutaneous arterial catheter. With adequate pharmacological cover the technique is a safe, effective, and relatively painless treatment for a condition which is usually very difficult to manage.", "PMID": 74732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5507", "title": "Peripheral vascular disease in cigarette smokers and impaired hepatic metabolism of lipoprotein remnants.", "content": "The metabolism of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons includes the extrahepatic hydrolysis of their triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase. This results in cholesterol-rich \"remnants\" which are further metabolised by the liver. There is experimental evidence that in both patients with type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia and cigarette smokers hepatic-remnant metabolism may be depressed. In type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia the defect is inherited while in smokers it occurs in response to raised blood concentrations of carboxyhaemoglobin. The striking clinical similarity between type-III hyperlipoproteinaemic patients and smokers--namely, a high incidence of peripheral vascular disease--may be due to a common cause, the accumulation of cholesterol-rich remnants in the plasma.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular disease in cigarette smokers and impaired hepatic metabolism of lipoprotein remnants. The metabolism of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons includes the extrahepatic hydrolysis of their triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase. This results in cholesterol-rich \"remnants\" which are further metabolised by the liver. There is experimental evidence that in both patients with type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia and cigarette smokers hepatic-remnant metabolism may be depressed. In type-III hyperlipoproteinaemia the defect is inherited while in smokers it occurs in response to raised blood concentrations of carboxyhaemoglobin. The striking clinical similarity between type-III hyperlipoproteinaemic patients and smokers--namely, a high incidence of peripheral vascular disease--may be due to a common cause, the accumulation of cholesterol-rich remnants in the plasma.", "PMID": 74734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5508", "title": "The failure of preventive medicine.", "content": "The failure to promote public health may be due, not to political or economic opposition, but to the fact that the arguments used to persuade people to change their behaviour or to agree to the passage of enabling legislation are set in a linguistic framework which has no meaning for them--namely, the concept of the future.", "contents": "The failure of preventive medicine. The failure to promote public health may be due, not to political or economic opposition, but to the fact that the arguments used to persuade people to change their behaviour or to agree to the passage of enabling legislation are set in a linguistic framework which has no meaning for them--namely, the concept of the future.", "PMID": 74741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5509", "title": "Interpersonal psychotherapies in medicine.", "content": "One person can sometimes influence another in a face-to-face encounter, and in psychotherapy the aim is to maximise this effect, when appropriate and possible, for relief of distress, modification of disease processes, and/or growth of personality.", "contents": "Interpersonal psychotherapies in medicine. One person can sometimes influence another in a face-to-face encounter, and in psychotherapy the aim is to maximise this effect, when appropriate and possible, for relief of distress, modification of disease processes, and/or growth of personality.", "PMID": 74743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5510", "title": "[The role of the anesthetist in the treatment of chronic pain conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "There are many causes of chronic pain. A clinic for the treatment of chronic pain conditions must therefore be based on the team work of various special disciplines. The anesthetist who is interested in this field may be a very useful member of such a therapeutic team. Chemical blockade of nerves, transcutaneous stimulation of nerves, chordotomy, all belong to his special field. The results of treatment also depend, however, on the personality of the patient and the nature of the disease.", "contents": "[The role of the anesthetist in the treatment of chronic pain conditions (author's transl)]. There are many causes of chronic pain. A clinic for the treatment of chronic pain conditions must therefore be based on the team work of various special disciplines. The anesthetist who is interested in this field may be a very useful member of such a therapeutic team. Chemical blockade of nerves, transcutaneous stimulation of nerves, chordotomy, all belong to his special field. The results of treatment also depend, however, on the personality of the patient and the nature of the disease.", "PMID": 74798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5511", "title": "[Oral longterm therapy with disopyramide phosphate in patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of longterm therapy with disopyramide phosphate (DP) was investigated in a single controlled trial in 34 patients. Of 11 patients with atrial fibrillation, 5 were successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm with DP in the long run. In the treatment of extrasystole, the arrhythmia was eliminated or reduced by 75% in 15 of 23 patients. In 6 cases a moderate improvement was achieved and there was no change in 2. The average daily dose initially was 4.2 capsules, the maximum dose was 5.4, and for longterm therapy 4.3 capsules. With respect to its indications, DP is largely similar to quinidine, but in our experience it is characterized by better tolerance.", "contents": "[Oral longterm therapy with disopyramide phosphate in patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (author's transl)]. The antiarrhythmic effect of longterm therapy with disopyramide phosphate (DP) was investigated in a single controlled trial in 34 patients. Of 11 patients with atrial fibrillation, 5 were successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm with DP in the long run. In the treatment of extrasystole, the arrhythmia was eliminated or reduced by 75% in 15 of 23 patients. In 6 cases a moderate improvement was achieved and there was no change in 2. The average daily dose initially was 4.2 capsules, the maximum dose was 5.4, and for longterm therapy 4.3 capsules. With respect to its indications, DP is largely similar to quinidine, but in our experience it is characterized by better tolerance.", "PMID": 74799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5512", "title": "[Use of high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate in the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer. Clinical experience with 44 cases].", "content": "MAP was used in high doses (1 g/die up to a total dose of 45-50 g) in 44 cases of advanced mammary carcinoma (IIIrd and IVth stage of the T.N.M. classification), evaluated according to the criteria proposed by CBCG. The excellent tolerance to the drug, even at such high doses, is stressed. Therapeutic responses were best in cases of metastasis in the soft and bony tissues and in cases of pulmonary metastasis. It is pointed out that the effectiveness of the treatment is particularly evident in patients in whom the free interval has exceeded two years and in patients in the menopause for more than five years. In the light of results obtained, the possibility of introducing the drug into the therapeutic strategy of this condition is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate in the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer. Clinical experience with 44 cases]. MAP was used in high doses (1 g/die up to a total dose of 45-50 g) in 44 cases of advanced mammary carcinoma (IIIrd and IVth stage of the T.N.M. classification), evaluated according to the criteria proposed by CBCG. The excellent tolerance to the drug, even at such high doses, is stressed. Therapeutic responses were best in cases of metastasis in the soft and bony tissues and in cases of pulmonary metastasis. It is pointed out that the effectiveness of the treatment is particularly evident in patients in whom the free interval has exceeded two years and in patients in the menopause for more than five years. In the light of results obtained, the possibility of introducing the drug into the therapeutic strategy of this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 74811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5513", "title": "[5 years of activity in a small coronary unit. Experiences and considerations].", "content": "Five years' experience at the coronary unit of the S. Angelo Hospital medical division is described. Practical considerations are offered with regard to the management of arrhythmia with drugs, electroconversion and electrostimulation.", "contents": "[5 years of activity in a small coronary unit. Experiences and considerations]. Five years' experience at the coronary unit of the S. Angelo Hospital medical division is described. Practical considerations are offered with regard to the management of arrhythmia with drugs, electroconversion and electrostimulation.", "PMID": 74815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5514", "title": "Limitations of audiovisual aids and educational objectives in a clinical clerkship.", "content": "The several components of a clinical clerkship were analyzed and correlated with Part II National Board scores and career choice. No positive correlations could be made between fulfilling educational objectives, utilization of audiovisual aids, general satisfaction and the clerkship, and eventual career choice or performance on National Board Examinations.", "contents": "Limitations of audiovisual aids and educational objectives in a clinical clerkship. The several components of a clinical clerkship were analyzed and correlated with Part II National Board scores and career choice. No positive correlations could be made between fulfilling educational objectives, utilization of audiovisual aids, general satisfaction and the clerkship, and eventual career choice or performance on National Board Examinations.", "PMID": 74817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5515", "title": "Use of an auditory cue to improve bowling performance of visually handicapped persons.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of an auditory cue on the performance of visually handicapped. Bowling performance was significantly superior with the audible goal locater than without for both 15 acquired and 15 congenitally visually handicapped.", "contents": "Use of an auditory cue to improve bowling performance of visually handicapped persons. This study investigated the effect of an auditory cue on the performance of visually handicapped. Bowling performance was significantly superior with the audible goal locater than without for both 15 acquired and 15 congenitally visually handicapped.", "PMID": 74820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5516", "title": "On validity of hypotheses derived from the rorschach: II. interpretation of card IV as \"father\" card and card VII as \"mother\" card.", "content": "Research testing the validity of the hypothesis that Card IV of the Rorschach can be viewed as the \"father\" card and Card VII, the \"mother\" card was reviewed. Essentially the research suggests that such symbolic interpretation of the Rorschach stimuli is most characteristic of children and in particular emotionally disturbed children, but not adults, either normal or schizophrenic. The assumption that Cards IV and VII have universal symbolic meaning was, thus, called into question. A critical analysis of the research stratagems used in testing this hypothesis was offered and some suggestions made for future research.", "contents": "On validity of hypotheses derived from the rorschach: II. interpretation of card IV as \"father\" card and card VII as \"mother\" card. Research testing the validity of the hypothesis that Card IV of the Rorschach can be viewed as the \"father\" card and Card VII, the \"mother\" card was reviewed. Essentially the research suggests that such symbolic interpretation of the Rorschach stimuli is most characteristic of children and in particular emotionally disturbed children, but not adults, either normal or schizophrenic. The assumption that Cards IV and VII have universal symbolic meaning was, thus, called into question. A critical analysis of the research stratagems used in testing this hypothesis was offered and some suggestions made for future research.", "PMID": 74821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5517", "title": "An optoelectronic slide identifier.", "content": "An inexpensive optoelectronic slide identifier that uses binary code is described. It can be attached to most automatic projectors and provides for automatic indexing of up to two-hundred and fifty-five different coded slides, while each slide is being projectd.", "contents": "An optoelectronic slide identifier. An inexpensive optoelectronic slide identifier that uses binary code is described. It can be attached to most automatic projectors and provides for automatic indexing of up to two-hundred and fifty-five different coded slides, while each slide is being projectd.", "PMID": 74822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5518", "title": "[Benign intracranial hypertension due to thrombosis of a transverse sinus. Diagnosis by scintigraphy using bleomycin labelled with cobalt 57 (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of benign intracranial hypertension with no apparent aetiology, cerebral scintigraphy demonstrated abnormal uptake in the left transverse sinus 24 hours after injection of the isotope. This sinus was seen to be thrombosed by cerebral angiography. On the basis of this case, the role of cerebral venous thrombosis in cases of \"pseudo-tumor cerebri\" is discussed.", "contents": "[Benign intracranial hypertension due to thrombosis of a transverse sinus. Diagnosis by scintigraphy using bleomycin labelled with cobalt 57 (author's transl)]. In a case of benign intracranial hypertension with no apparent aetiology, cerebral scintigraphy demonstrated abnormal uptake in the left transverse sinus 24 hours after injection of the isotope. This sinus was seen to be thrombosed by cerebral angiography. On the basis of this case, the role of cerebral venous thrombosis in cases of \"pseudo-tumor cerebri\" is discussed.", "PMID": 74825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5519", "title": "Moloney leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigen: detection and characterization in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels.", "content": "An experimental procedure for detecting and characterizing tumor-associated, virion, and histocompatibility antigens has been developed. The method takes advantage of the high resolution that proteins, solubilized by Triton X-100 and reduced, display after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The antigens can be detected as distinct molecular weight species by a highly sensitive inhibition of cytotoxic reaction. When coupled to the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact cells, the procedure permits the determination of externally exposed antigens. In the present study, the method has been applied to the Moloney leukemia virus-induced YAC lymphoma cells of strain A mice, which express a Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) in addition to the type C viral proteins gp71, p30, p15, p15(E), p12, and p10. MCSA was identified as an exposed surface protein distinct in size and antigenic determinants from the major envelope and core protein of Moloney leukemia virus and the histocompatibility antigens. Multiple molecular weight species possessing antigenic determinants for MCSA, gp71, and H-2(a) have been detected. These results provide direct confirmation that MCSA is unrelated to the known virion structural proteins or to the H-2(a) antigen. This method should permit the direct identification and molecular weight characterization of any antigen whose determinants are not solely dependent on a complex quaternary structure and for which serological reagents are available.", "contents": "Moloney leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigen: detection and characterization in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. An experimental procedure for detecting and characterizing tumor-associated, virion, and histocompatibility antigens has been developed. The method takes advantage of the high resolution that proteins, solubilized by Triton X-100 and reduced, display after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The antigens can be detected as distinct molecular weight species by a highly sensitive inhibition of cytotoxic reaction. When coupled to the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact cells, the procedure permits the determination of externally exposed antigens. In the present study, the method has been applied to the Moloney leukemia virus-induced YAC lymphoma cells of strain A mice, which express a Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) in addition to the type C viral proteins gp71, p30, p15, p15(E), p12, and p10. MCSA was identified as an exposed surface protein distinct in size and antigenic determinants from the major envelope and core protein of Moloney leukemia virus and the histocompatibility antigens. Multiple molecular weight species possessing antigenic determinants for MCSA, gp71, and H-2(a) have been detected. These results provide direct confirmation that MCSA is unrelated to the known virion structural proteins or to the H-2(a) antigen. This method should permit the direct identification and molecular weight characterization of any antigen whose determinants are not solely dependent on a complex quaternary structure and for which serological reagents are available.", "PMID": 74831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5520", "title": "Evidence for a long-range conformational change induced by antigen binding to IgM antibody.", "content": "The effects of antigen binding on IgM antibody conformation were investigated by measuring the immunological reactivity of the Fc-bound J polypeptide. For such measurements anti-azophenyl-beta-D-lactoside and anti-azobenzenearsonate IgM antibodies were examined in a J chain radioimmunoassay before and after complexing with various hapten-conjugates. The assays showed that (i) the accessibility of J chain determinants is very limited in uncomplexed IgM and (ii) their accessibility is significantly enhanced in the presence of an excess of specific antigen. In both antibody systems, enhanced J chain exposure was achieved with the homologous multi-hapten-substituted antigen (1.9-fold), with a small multivalent antigen in which three to four hapten groups were coupled to a heterologous carrier (1.55-fold), and with monohapten-substituted antigen (1.4-fold). Because the J chain is located in the terminal CH4 Fc domains, these data provide direct evidence that a change in Fc conformation is induced by the binding of antigen to the distant Fab combining sites. Moreover, the data indicate that the changes in J chain exposure do not depend on crosslinking by antigen, but can be induced by the interaction of antigen at individual IgM combining sites.", "contents": "Evidence for a long-range conformational change induced by antigen binding to IgM antibody. The effects of antigen binding on IgM antibody conformation were investigated by measuring the immunological reactivity of the Fc-bound J polypeptide. For such measurements anti-azophenyl-beta-D-lactoside and anti-azobenzenearsonate IgM antibodies were examined in a J chain radioimmunoassay before and after complexing with various hapten-conjugates. The assays showed that (i) the accessibility of J chain determinants is very limited in uncomplexed IgM and (ii) their accessibility is significantly enhanced in the presence of an excess of specific antigen. In both antibody systems, enhanced J chain exposure was achieved with the homologous multi-hapten-substituted antigen (1.9-fold), with a small multivalent antigen in which three to four hapten groups were coupled to a heterologous carrier (1.55-fold), and with monohapten-substituted antigen (1.4-fold). Because the J chain is located in the terminal CH4 Fc domains, these data provide direct evidence that a change in Fc conformation is induced by the binding of antigen to the distant Fab combining sites. Moreover, the data indicate that the changes in J chain exposure do not depend on crosslinking by antigen, but can be induced by the interaction of antigen at individual IgM combining sites.", "PMID": 74832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5521", "title": "[Thyroid gland morphological and functional indices in the experimental action of chromium].", "content": "The influence of chromium added to food (from 3.0 to 2250 microgram per 1 kg of body weight) on the morphology and function of the thyroid gland was studied in experiment on albino male rats. On the basis of the results of study of the histological structure and the thyroid gland weight, the level of the protein-bound iodine and the effective thyroxin coefficient the dose of chromium of 3 microgram per 1 kg of body weight should be considered to be most physiological.", "contents": "[Thyroid gland morphological and functional indices in the experimental action of chromium]. The influence of chromium added to food (from 3.0 to 2250 microgram per 1 kg of body weight) on the morphology and function of the thyroid gland was studied in experiment on albino male rats. On the basis of the results of study of the histological structure and the thyroid gland weight, the level of the protein-bound iodine and the effective thyroxin coefficient the dose of chromium of 3 microgram per 1 kg of body weight should be considered to be most physiological.", "PMID": 74828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5522", "title": "Endogenous New World primate retrovirus: interspecies antigenic determinants shared with the major structural protein of type-D RNA viruses of Old World monkeys.", "content": "A reverse transcriptase-containing virus has recently been isolated from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Molecular hybridization studies demonstrate that the squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) is endogenous to this New World primate, yet lacks detectable nucleotide sequence homology with cellular DNAs of representative Old World primates or with the genomes of previously isolated Old World primate retroviruses. The 35,000-dalton major structural protein (p35) of SMRV was purified and shown to possess antigenic determinants distinct from those of known retroviruses. While SMRV was found to lack antigenic determinants broadly shared among mammalian type-C viruses, immunologic crossreactivity was demonstrated between SMRV p35 and the major structural protein (p26) of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a prototype type-D retrovirus of Old World monkeys. These findings support the concept that SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are evolutionarily related, and raise the possibility that a progenitor of type-D retroviruses became genetically associated with primates at a very early time in their evolution.", "contents": "Endogenous New World primate retrovirus: interspecies antigenic determinants shared with the major structural protein of type-D RNA viruses of Old World monkeys. A reverse transcriptase-containing virus has recently been isolated from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Molecular hybridization studies demonstrate that the squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) is endogenous to this New World primate, yet lacks detectable nucleotide sequence homology with cellular DNAs of representative Old World primates or with the genomes of previously isolated Old World primate retroviruses. The 35,000-dalton major structural protein (p35) of SMRV was purified and shown to possess antigenic determinants distinct from those of known retroviruses. While SMRV was found to lack antigenic determinants broadly shared among mammalian type-C viruses, immunologic crossreactivity was demonstrated between SMRV p35 and the major structural protein (p26) of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a prototype type-D retrovirus of Old World monkeys. These findings support the concept that SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are evolutionarily related, and raise the possibility that a progenitor of type-D retroviruses became genetically associated with primates at a very early time in their evolution.", "PMID": 74833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5523", "title": "Kepone--hazard evaluation.", "content": "Kepone is a persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide which is no longer manufactured in the U.S.A., its uses having been cancelled on April 11, 1977; previous food uses included control of the banana root borer, and non-food uses included control of tobacco wireworm, ants, and cockroaches. An adduct of Kepone, Kelevan, is now distributed by Spiess and Sohn, Chemische Fabrik, Germany, with an as yet unknown manufacturer, for control of the Colorado potato beetle in Eastern Europe and Ireland, and for control of the banana root borer in the cameroons, Caribbean, and South America. Kepone is acutely toxic and induces cumulative and delayed toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive impairment, in a wide range of species including birds, rodents and humans; it is also carcinogenic in rodents. Extensive environmental dispersion, with major evidence of aquatic toxicity has been demonstrated following its recent manufacture in Hopewell, Virginia, U.S.A.", "contents": "Kepone--hazard evaluation. Kepone is a persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide which is no longer manufactured in the U.S.A., its uses having been cancelled on April 11, 1977; previous food uses included control of the banana root borer, and non-food uses included control of tobacco wireworm, ants, and cockroaches. An adduct of Kepone, Kelevan, is now distributed by Spiess and Sohn, Chemische Fabrik, Germany, with an as yet unknown manufacturer, for control of the Colorado potato beetle in Eastern Europe and Ireland, and for control of the banana root borer in the cameroons, Caribbean, and South America. Kepone is acutely toxic and induces cumulative and delayed toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive impairment, in a wide range of species including birds, rodents and humans; it is also carcinogenic in rodents. Extensive environmental dispersion, with major evidence of aquatic toxicity has been demonstrated following its recent manufacture in Hopewell, Virginia, U.S.A.", "PMID": 74851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5524", "title": "Cholestyramine: use as a new therapeutic approach for chlordecone (kepone) poisoning.", "content": "In rats, as reported in humans, chlordecone (Kepone) is excreted predominantly in the feces. Cholestyramine, an anion exchange resin, binds chlordecone in rat intestine, increases its excretion into the feces, and decreases its content in the tissues. The resin appears to offer a practical method for treating chronic poisoning with this and possibly with other lipophilic toxins.", "contents": "Cholestyramine: use as a new therapeutic approach for chlordecone (kepone) poisoning. In rats, as reported in humans, chlordecone (Kepone) is excreted predominantly in the feces. Cholestyramine, an anion exchange resin, binds chlordecone in rat intestine, increases its excretion into the feces, and decreases its content in the tissues. The resin appears to offer a practical method for treating chronic poisoning with this and possibly with other lipophilic toxins.", "PMID": 74852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5525", "title": "[Demonstration of neonatal blood].", "content": "The authors present a method for demonstrating alpha -1- fetoprotein in neonatal blood spots. The results as obtained with the method used since 1973 are referred to as good. The method can be regarded as highly specific if the respective person can be ruled out to have, in particular, hepatic carcinoma. The specificity can be supported by a simultaneous demonstration of fetal haemoglobin. The positive result of the two methods permits to conclude that the blood examined originated from a fetus or a neonate, thus contributing to the resolution of some cases of illegal interruption of pregnancy or murder of a neonate.", "contents": "[Demonstration of neonatal blood]. The authors present a method for demonstrating alpha -1- fetoprotein in neonatal blood spots. The results as obtained with the method used since 1973 are referred to as good. The method can be regarded as highly specific if the respective person can be ruled out to have, in particular, hepatic carcinoma. The specificity can be supported by a simultaneous demonstration of fetal haemoglobin. The positive result of the two methods permits to conclude that the blood examined originated from a fetus or a neonate, thus contributing to the resolution of some cases of illegal interruption of pregnancy or murder of a neonate.", "PMID": 74853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5526", "title": "Malignant hepatoma with disappearance of alpha-fetoproteinaemia after hemihepatectomy: a case report.", "content": "A 62-year-old Black man was found to have a malignant hepatoma localized to the right lobe of the liver but multicentric in origin. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was found to be present in the serum, but, after a right hemi-hepatectomy, it was no longer detectable. The implications are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant hepatoma with disappearance of alpha-fetoproteinaemia after hemihepatectomy: a case report. A 62-year-old Black man was found to have a malignant hepatoma localized to the right lobe of the liver but multicentric in origin. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was found to be present in the serum, but, after a right hemi-hepatectomy, it was no longer detectable. The implications are discussed.", "PMID": 74857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5527", "title": "Analysis of thy-1 variants of murine lymphoma cells.", "content": "Cells obtained from a radiation-induced T-cell lymphoma of BALB/c mice, RLmale-1, were adapted to long-term tissue culture. Clones of cells were obtained in soft agar and a clonally derived population studied for the frequency of mutation in the expression of the surface antigen Thy-1.2 (OC3H) by immunoselection. The mutation rate was 1.05-1.50 X 10(-6) per cell per generation. Antigenic and structural analysis of prototype positive and negative clones demonstrated clear differences between them.", "contents": "Analysis of thy-1 variants of murine lymphoma cells. Cells obtained from a radiation-induced T-cell lymphoma of BALB/c mice, RLmale-1, were adapted to long-term tissue culture. Clones of cells were obtained in soft agar and a clonally derived population studied for the frequency of mutation in the expression of the surface antigen Thy-1.2 (OC3H) by immunoselection. The mutation rate was 1.05-1.50 X 10(-6) per cell per generation. Antigenic and structural analysis of prototype positive and negative clones demonstrated clear differences between them.", "PMID": 74860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5528", "title": "Further studies on hybrid cell-surface antigens associated with human chromosome 11.", "content": "A new human immunogenetic cell-surface activity associated with human chromosome 11 in the AL human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid is described. Like a1, but not a2, it is present on the human erythrocyte. By mutagenesis and selection, specific, stable, variants of the AL hybrid have been prepared exhibiting various combinations of a1, a2, a3, and lactic dehydrogenase A activities. The antigens of the AL system can be demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase system which offers a promising approach to scanning of tissue cells.", "contents": "Further studies on hybrid cell-surface antigens associated with human chromosome 11. A new human immunogenetic cell-surface activity associated with human chromosome 11 in the AL human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid is described. Like a1, but not a2, it is present on the human erythrocyte. By mutagenesis and selection, specific, stable, variants of the AL hybrid have been prepared exhibiting various combinations of a1, a2, a3, and lactic dehydrogenase A activities. The antigens of the AL system can be demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase system which offers a promising approach to scanning of tissue cells.", "PMID": 74861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5529", "title": "Primary mediastinal trophoblastic teratomas.", "content": "Three cases of primary mediastinal trophoblastic teratoma are described. One patient died from respiratory failure during the initial chemotherapy, Another patient with advanced disease is now apparently free from disease after multiple-drug chemotherapy. The third patient is alive and well four years after a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and multiple-drug chemotherapy. In the diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment in these tumours emphasis is placed on the measurement of the tumour cell markers, chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein, by radioimmunoassay. The efficacy of multiple-drug regimens is discussed together with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Primary mediastinal trophoblastic teratomas. Three cases of primary mediastinal trophoblastic teratoma are described. One patient died from respiratory failure during the initial chemotherapy, Another patient with advanced disease is now apparently free from disease after multiple-drug chemotherapy. The third patient is alive and well four years after a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and multiple-drug chemotherapy. In the diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment in these tumours emphasis is placed on the measurement of the tumour cell markers, chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein, by radioimmunoassay. The efficacy of multiple-drug regimens is discussed together with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 74864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5530", "title": "Enhancement of the cancer chemotherapeutic effect by anticancer agents in the form of fat emulsion.", "content": "Utilizing the lipid-adsorbing ability of lymphatic capillaries, anticancer agents were given in the form of fat emulsion in order to deliver them to regional lymph nodes. The emulsion, in which the drug solution is contained as the innermost phase, yielded high drug concentration in the lymphatic system. Intratumoral injection of emulsified anticancer agent resulted in significantly prolonged retension of the drug within the tumor tissue. Therapeutic experiments of the emulsion also disclosed remarkable tumor reduction and cure rate as compared with aqueous solution of drugs. Oral administration of emulsified 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was also attempted for stomach cancer. With 5-FU, the maximum concentration of drug in thoracic lymph and stomach was greater when administered as an emulsion than as an aqueous solution, and a high concentration persisted longer. As a clinical trial of the emulsion method, eight patients with inoperable malignant growth were injected locally with emulsified anticancer agents and 121 patients were given 5-FU emulsion orally. From the clinical and histological findings, it was thought that the emulsion enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect of the anticancer agent on lymph node metastasis.", "contents": "Enhancement of the cancer chemotherapeutic effect by anticancer agents in the form of fat emulsion. Utilizing the lipid-adsorbing ability of lymphatic capillaries, anticancer agents were given in the form of fat emulsion in order to deliver them to regional lymph nodes. The emulsion, in which the drug solution is contained as the innermost phase, yielded high drug concentration in the lymphatic system. Intratumoral injection of emulsified anticancer agent resulted in significantly prolonged retension of the drug within the tumor tissue. Therapeutic experiments of the emulsion also disclosed remarkable tumor reduction and cure rate as compared with aqueous solution of drugs. Oral administration of emulsified 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was also attempted for stomach cancer. With 5-FU, the maximum concentration of drug in thoracic lymph and stomach was greater when administered as an emulsion than as an aqueous solution, and a high concentration persisted longer. As a clinical trial of the emulsion method, eight patients with inoperable malignant growth were injected locally with emulsified anticancer agents and 121 patients were given 5-FU emulsion orally. From the clinical and histological findings, it was thought that the emulsion enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect of the anticancer agent on lymph node metastasis.", "PMID": 74867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5531", "title": "A technique for the simultaneous staining of both nucleolar organizer regions and kinetochores of human chromosomes with silver.", "content": "Pretreatment of human metaphase chromosomes with NaOH at a pH of 8.5, followed by staining with silver nitrate, differentially stains both the nucleolar organizer regions on the 10 acrocentric chromosomes as well as the kinetochore centers on all 46 chromosomes.", "contents": "A technique for the simultaneous staining of both nucleolar organizer regions and kinetochores of human chromosomes with silver. Pretreatment of human metaphase chromosomes with NaOH at a pH of 8.5, followed by staining with silver nitrate, differentially stains both the nucleolar organizer regions on the 10 acrocentric chromosomes as well as the kinetochore centers on all 46 chromosomes.", "PMID": 74868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5532", "title": "A simple stain for myelin in frozen sections: a modification of Mahon's method.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for demonstrating myelinated nerve fibers in frozen sections of the central and peripheral nervous system is described. Material fixed by perfusion with mixed aldehydes gives the best results but the method also works on specimens fixed by immersion in formaldehyde. Frozen sections varying in thickness from 15-50 micron are mounted on slides subbed with chrome alum-gelatin. After hydration (60-120 min), sections are mordanted (20-40 min) in 2.5% iron alum and rinsed briefly in three changes of distilled H2O (total 2 min). Staining is for 60-180 min in 20 cc freshly made 10% alcoholic hematoxylin diluted with 165 cc distilled H2O to which 15 cc saturated Li2CO3 is added. The sections are washed in distilled H2O (5-15 min) and dehydrated in graded alcohols without differentiation in mordant, and covered. Myelin stains a dark blue-purple against a light grey background. Fiber tracts, as well as individual myelinated fibers, are clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "A simple stain for myelin in frozen sections: a modification of Mahon's method. A simple and rapid method for demonstrating myelinated nerve fibers in frozen sections of the central and peripheral nervous system is described. Material fixed by perfusion with mixed aldehydes gives the best results but the method also works on specimens fixed by immersion in formaldehyde. Frozen sections varying in thickness from 15-50 micron are mounted on slides subbed with chrome alum-gelatin. After hydration (60-120 min), sections are mordanted (20-40 min) in 2.5% iron alum and rinsed briefly in three changes of distilled H2O (total 2 min). Staining is for 60-180 min in 20 cc freshly made 10% alcoholic hematoxylin diluted with 165 cc distilled H2O to which 15 cc saturated Li2CO3 is added. The sections are washed in distilled H2O (5-15 min) and dehydrated in graded alcohols without differentiation in mordant, and covered. Myelin stains a dark blue-purple against a light grey background. Fiber tracts, as well as individual myelinated fibers, are clearly demonstrated.", "PMID": 74869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5533", "title": "A method of relating craniofacial sections to topography in embryos.", "content": "The transparent properties of the embedding agent glycol methacrylate facilitate orientation of the complex embryonic craniofacial region. This technique allows for consistent and reproducible section-to-topography orientation. We find it to be a valuable adjunct for envisioning three-dimensional relationships. The contrast of external features of the embryo is enhanced when stained lightly with hematoxylin prior to embedding. The craniofacial region of the embedded embryo is removed with a fine surgical saw and reimbedded. Section-to-topography relationships are readily monitored and documented photographically. Furthermore, it is possible to \"preview\" sections for symmetry and other considerations of orientation by viewing the cutting face of the block under oblique illumination. A relief image of structures is then visible.", "contents": "A method of relating craniofacial sections to topography in embryos. The transparent properties of the embedding agent glycol methacrylate facilitate orientation of the complex embryonic craniofacial region. This technique allows for consistent and reproducible section-to-topography orientation. We find it to be a valuable adjunct for envisioning three-dimensional relationships. The contrast of external features of the embryo is enhanced when stained lightly with hematoxylin prior to embedding. The craniofacial region of the embedded embryo is removed with a fine surgical saw and reimbedded. Section-to-topography relationships are readily monitored and documented photographically. Furthermore, it is possible to \"preview\" sections for symmetry and other considerations of orientation by viewing the cutting face of the block under oblique illumination. A relief image of structures is then visible.", "PMID": 74870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5534", "title": "Differential staining of calcified tissues in plastic embedded microtome sections by a modification of Movat's pentachrome stain.", "content": "Movat's pentachrome I stain has been adapted and modified as a stain for undecalcified bone sections. After embedding in methyl methacrylate, this procedure yields consistently good results, with an excellent and colorful contrast between mineralized and unmineralized compartments of both cartilage and bone. In addition, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other cells and tissue components can easily be differentiated. The staining properties of the lacunar wall surrounding the osteocytes are considered to reflect various states of osteocytic activity. The method is especially useful for the study of bone growth and bone repair, and as a stain for conventional histomorphometry and computer-assisted image analysis in bone biopsies.", "contents": "Differential staining of calcified tissues in plastic embedded microtome sections by a modification of Movat's pentachrome stain. Movat's pentachrome I stain has been adapted and modified as a stain for undecalcified bone sections. After embedding in methyl methacrylate, this procedure yields consistently good results, with an excellent and colorful contrast between mineralized and unmineralized compartments of both cartilage and bone. In addition, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other cells and tissue components can easily be differentiated. The staining properties of the lacunar wall surrounding the osteocytes are considered to reflect various states of osteocytic activity. The method is especially useful for the study of bone growth and bone repair, and as a stain for conventional histomorphometry and computer-assisted image analysis in bone biopsies.", "PMID": 74871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5535", "title": "Flow cytometry: long-term storage of propidium iodide/citrate-stained material.", "content": "Single cell suspensions stained by the propidium iodide/hypotonic citrate method for DNA content analysis by flow cytometry can be mixed with an equal amount of 70% alcohol for long-term storage and shipping without introduction of artifacts or loss of fluorescence.", "contents": "Flow cytometry: long-term storage of propidium iodide/citrate-stained material. Single cell suspensions stained by the propidium iodide/hypotonic citrate method for DNA content analysis by flow cytometry can be mixed with an equal amount of 70% alcohol for long-term storage and shipping without introduction of artifacts or loss of fluorescence.", "PMID": 74872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5536", "title": "Techniques for histological reconstruction of brain stem recording sites.", "content": "The masseter muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was injected with 10 mg of horseradish peroxidase. The electrical activity of the trigeminal motor nucleus was investigated 24-36 hours later using micropipettes filled with a 2.0 M NaCl-7% fast green FCF solution. A parallel series of penetrations at 200 micron intervals was made through the motor complex at known depths. The grid formed from these penetrations was reconstructed using the following techniques. Marks were made at known depths in one or more of the tracts by iontophoresing fast green from the microelectrode tip with a hyperpolarizing current of 10 muA for 10 minutes. To assure proper alignment of the tissue containing the green marks, two agar-India ink plugs were placed caudal and parallel to the recording sites. The frozen tissue was sectioned on a microtome, first through the agar plugs and then through the tissue containing the green marks. The tissue could be incubated for the peroxidase reaction product or stained for Nissl substance. These combined procedures offer a means to correlate the structure and function of brain stem nuclear groups.", "contents": "Techniques for histological reconstruction of brain stem recording sites. The masseter muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was injected with 10 mg of horseradish peroxidase. The electrical activity of the trigeminal motor nucleus was investigated 24-36 hours later using micropipettes filled with a 2.0 M NaCl-7% fast green FCF solution. A parallel series of penetrations at 200 micron intervals was made through the motor complex at known depths. The grid formed from these penetrations was reconstructed using the following techniques. Marks were made at known depths in one or more of the tracts by iontophoresing fast green from the microelectrode tip with a hyperpolarizing current of 10 muA for 10 minutes. To assure proper alignment of the tissue containing the green marks, two agar-India ink plugs were placed caudal and parallel to the recording sites. The frozen tissue was sectioned on a microtome, first through the agar plugs and then through the tissue containing the green marks. The tissue could be incubated for the peroxidase reaction product or stained for Nissl substance. These combined procedures offer a means to correlate the structure and function of brain stem nuclear groups.", "PMID": 74873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5537", "title": "The effects of some drugs--pentamidine, stibocaptate, Hoechst 33258, F 151, compound 'E' and Nifurtimox--on Onchocerca volvulus in chimpanzees.", "content": "Several drugs were investigated for action against Onchocerca volvulus in chimpanzees. Pentamidine at 4 mg/kg daily for 16 days had no filaricidal action; nor did stibocaptate at 10 mg/kg monthly for 8 months. Hoechst 33258, a substituted bis-benzamidazole, showed micro- and macrofilaricidal activity; F151 (an arsenical compound) showed a purely macrofilaricidal action; and Compound E (a reaction product of Hoechst 33258 and F151) was micro- and macrofilaricidal. The toxicity of the three last-mentioned compounds was high, and further trials were not made. Nifurtimox, at doses of up to 40 mg/kg for 10 days, was shown not be microfilaricidal, but there was a suggestion that this drug may have some macrofilaricidal action.", "contents": "The effects of some drugs--pentamidine, stibocaptate, Hoechst 33258, F 151, compound 'E' and Nifurtimox--on Onchocerca volvulus in chimpanzees. Several drugs were investigated for action against Onchocerca volvulus in chimpanzees. Pentamidine at 4 mg/kg daily for 16 days had no filaricidal action; nor did stibocaptate at 10 mg/kg monthly for 8 months. Hoechst 33258, a substituted bis-benzamidazole, showed micro- and macrofilaricidal activity; F151 (an arsenical compound) showed a purely macrofilaricidal action; and Compound E (a reaction product of Hoechst 33258 and F151) was micro- and macrofilaricidal. The toxicity of the three last-mentioned compounds was high, and further trials were not made. Nifurtimox, at doses of up to 40 mg/kg for 10 days, was shown not be microfilaricidal, but there was a suggestion that this drug may have some macrofilaricidal action.", "PMID": 74888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5538", "title": "Cholinesterase activity in the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold.", "content": "The distribution of cholinesterase activity in the microfilaria of the nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti has been described. Using histochemical methods, cholinesterase activity has been demonstrated in the amphids (Mundgebilde), phasmids (Schwanzgebilde), nerve-ring, excretory and anal vesicles of the microfilaria. It has been found that the enzyme activity disappeared completely after treatment with the specific cholinesterase inhibitor eserine. Evidence is presented that the greater amount of the cholinesterase activity detected is related to acetylcholinesterase and the functional significance of the enzyme in the enzyme reactive structures is discussed.", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity in the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold. The distribution of cholinesterase activity in the microfilaria of the nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti has been described. Using histochemical methods, cholinesterase activity has been demonstrated in the amphids (Mundgebilde), phasmids (Schwanzgebilde), nerve-ring, excretory and anal vesicles of the microfilaria. It has been found that the enzyme activity disappeared completely after treatment with the specific cholinesterase inhibitor eserine. Evidence is presented that the greater amount of the cholinesterase activity detected is related to acetylcholinesterase and the functional significance of the enzyme in the enzyme reactive structures is discussed.", "PMID": 74889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5539", "title": "[Combined surgical and cytostatic therapy in patients with advanced metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy were carried out on 18 patients with grossly disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Of the 14 patients so far evaluable, remission was obtained in 13 (92%), complete remission in 7 (50%). Results suggest that even when the disease is advanced, lymphadenectomy is of diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative value.", "contents": "[Combined surgical and cytostatic therapy in patients with advanced metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer (author's transl)]. Lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy were carried out on 18 patients with grossly disseminated nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Of the 14 patients so far evaluable, remission was obtained in 13 (92%), complete remission in 7 (50%). Results suggest that even when the disease is advanced, lymphadenectomy is of diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative value.", "PMID": 74890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5540", "title": "[A bladder-prostate model on which to practice using transurethral resection instruments (author's transl)].", "content": "A metal container, open on the top, with a rubber collar on the front and a place inside for mounting an apple, can be used for practicing the TUR of the prostate with all types of resection instruments. The device can be strapped to the resection table, and all technical aspects of the TUR with the exception of blood stanching, can be simulated. The removal of the prostate as far as the capsule can be accomplished with the apple, which is resected from the core to the peel. In addition, a learning method for actual resection is described.", "contents": "[A bladder-prostate model on which to practice using transurethral resection instruments (author's transl)]. A metal container, open on the top, with a rubber collar on the front and a place inside for mounting an apple, can be used for practicing the TUR of the prostate with all types of resection instruments. The device can be strapped to the resection table, and all technical aspects of the TUR with the exception of blood stanching, can be simulated. The removal of the prostate as far as the capsule can be accomplished with the apple, which is resected from the core to the peel. In addition, a learning method for actual resection is described.", "PMID": 74891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5541", "title": "[Ultrasonic examination of the prostate, with rating apparatus for tumor recognition (author's transl)].", "content": "The prostate was examined by ultrasonic waves to diagnose tumorous changes of the organ. We scanned directly from the abdominal wall through the full bladder (transvesical). The classification of the resulting B-pictures is based on patterns that are specific for normal, adenomatous, or cancerous tissue. The results show that adenomas and carcinomas are recognizable in 85% of the examined patients by ultrasonic waves and can be differentiated from normal prostate tissue. Ultrasonics, Prostate, Recognition of Tumors.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic examination of the prostate, with rating apparatus for tumor recognition (author's transl)]. The prostate was examined by ultrasonic waves to diagnose tumorous changes of the organ. We scanned directly from the abdominal wall through the full bladder (transvesical). The classification of the resulting B-pictures is based on patterns that are specific for normal, adenomatous, or cancerous tissue. The results show that adenomas and carcinomas are recognizable in 85% of the examined patients by ultrasonic waves and can be differentiated from normal prostate tissue. Ultrasonics, Prostate, Recognition of Tumors.", "PMID": 74892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5542", "title": "Submucosal fibromatosis: prostatism in a young boy?", "content": "A seven-year-old boy was seen with a urodynamically significant, obstructing, posterior urethral mass. It was believed to represent either a fibromuscular prostatic enlargement or a nonpedunculated congenital polyp. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Transurethral resection of the mass resulted in decreased voiding pressure and relief of symptoms.", "contents": "Submucosal fibromatosis: prostatism in a young boy? A seven-year-old boy was seen with a urodynamically significant, obstructing, posterior urethral mass. It was believed to represent either a fibromuscular prostatic enlargement or a nonpedunculated congenital polyp. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Transurethral resection of the mass resulted in decreased voiding pressure and relief of symptoms.", "PMID": 74893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5543", "title": "[Molecular mechanisms of mediator secretion].", "content": "A review is presented discussing problems of transmitter localization in nerve endings, their replenishment in synaptic vesicles (SV), reuptake of transmitters and their degradation products from the synaptic cleft, the structural variations in the presynaptic membrane (pre-SM) during rest and excitation and the role of contractile proteins in the mechanism underlying transmitter secretion. A hypothesis is proposed about the universality of the mechanisms involved in transmitter release and utilization and the key role of the membrane ATP-ase system in these processes. During depolarization of the pre-SM the increase in membrane permeability is ascribed to the loosening of protein-lipid bonds and inhibition of ATP-ase activity involved in transport mechanisms. During depolarization the number of complementary contacts between SV and the pre-SM increase probably through the action of myosin-like and actin-like proteins localized on the SV and pre-SM, respectively. The release of transmitters and polypeptides is thought to be initiated by an increased concentration of Ca2+ in the synaptoplasm which induces contraction of the actomyosin-like complex. Changes in the Na-gradient brought about by the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase, are involved in the active reuptake of transmitters from the synaptic cleft. The newly-synthesized transmitters and those taken up from the synaptic cleft are stored in the SV by a Mg-ATP-ase dependent mechanism. Transmitters are stored in SV bound to acid polypeptides containing nucleotides. The presynaptic action of different neurotoxins is also discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanisms of mediator secretion]. A review is presented discussing problems of transmitter localization in nerve endings, their replenishment in synaptic vesicles (SV), reuptake of transmitters and their degradation products from the synaptic cleft, the structural variations in the presynaptic membrane (pre-SM) during rest and excitation and the role of contractile proteins in the mechanism underlying transmitter secretion. A hypothesis is proposed about the universality of the mechanisms involved in transmitter release and utilization and the key role of the membrane ATP-ase system in these processes. During depolarization of the pre-SM the increase in membrane permeability is ascribed to the loosening of protein-lipid bonds and inhibition of ATP-ase activity involved in transport mechanisms. During depolarization the number of complementary contacts between SV and the pre-SM increase probably through the action of myosin-like and actin-like proteins localized on the SV and pre-SM, respectively. The release of transmitters and polypeptides is thought to be initiated by an increased concentration of Ca2+ in the synaptoplasm which induces contraction of the actomyosin-like complex. Changes in the Na-gradient brought about by the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase, are involved in the active reuptake of transmitters from the synaptic cleft. The newly-synthesized transmitters and those taken up from the synaptic cleft are stored in the SV by a Mg-ATP-ase dependent mechanism. Transmitters are stored in SV bound to acid polypeptides containing nucleotides. The presynaptic action of different neurotoxins is also discussed.", "PMID": 74902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5544", "title": "Human granulocyte antigens detected on leukemia cells and a chronic myelogenous cell line.", "content": "Normal human granulocyte alloantigens were found on chronic myelogenous, acute myeloblastic leukemia cells, and a cell line of chronic myeloblastic origin (K562). Antigens were detected by human antisera positive for normal peripheral blood granulocytes but devoid of HLA activity. Very few acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells reacted positively, and none of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells seemed to bear granulocyte surface antigens. The recognition of these normal tissue isoantigens on myeloblastic leukemia cells is a necessary prerequisite for the identification of \"leukemia-specific\" of \"leukemia-associated\" antigens.", "contents": "Human granulocyte antigens detected on leukemia cells and a chronic myelogenous cell line. Normal human granulocyte alloantigens were found on chronic myelogenous, acute myeloblastic leukemia cells, and a cell line of chronic myeloblastic origin (K562). Antigens were detected by human antisera positive for normal peripheral blood granulocytes but devoid of HLA activity. Very few acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells reacted positively, and none of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells seemed to bear granulocyte surface antigens. The recognition of these normal tissue isoantigens on myeloblastic leukemia cells is a necessary prerequisite for the identification of \"leukemia-specific\" of \"leukemia-associated\" antigens.", "PMID": 74903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5545", "title": "Number of B sites generated on group O red cells from adults and newborn infants.", "content": "When red cells from the group O blood of adults and newborn infants (cord blood) were incubated with UDP-galactose and group B serum, over 200,000 B sites per cell were generated on adult O cells but only 40,000--70,000 sites per cell on cord cells. It is concluded that smaller amounts of substrate for the B transferase are present on cord cells.", "contents": "Number of B sites generated on group O red cells from adults and newborn infants. When red cells from the group O blood of adults and newborn infants (cord blood) were incubated with UDP-galactose and group B serum, over 200,000 B sites per cell were generated on adult O cells but only 40,000--70,000 sites per cell on cord cells. It is concluded that smaller amounts of substrate for the B transferase are present on cord cells.", "PMID": 74904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5546", "title": "GcT (Toulouse): a fast variant of the groupspecific system in an Pyrenean family.", "content": "In the course of a genetic investigation carried out in a Pyrenean population, a family with a new allele of the Gc system was found. Electrophoretic analysis revealed a faster migrating variant with a double band pattern. Presumably, this variant represents a mutant of the Gc1 allele. The variant is transmitted as an autosomal codominant trait. This additional allele at the Gc locus is named GcT (TcToulouse).", "contents": "GcT (Toulouse): a fast variant of the groupspecific system in an Pyrenean family. In the course of a genetic investigation carried out in a Pyrenean population, a family with a new allele of the Gc system was found. Electrophoretic analysis revealed a faster migrating variant with a double band pattern. Presumably, this variant represents a mutant of the Gc1 allele. The variant is transmitted as an autosomal codominant trait. This additional allele at the Gc locus is named GcT (TcToulouse).", "PMID": 74905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5547", "title": "Intravenous gamma-globulin infusions in patients with hypo-gamma-globulinemia: prevention of adverse reactions with corticosteroids.", "content": "A gamma-globulin preparation for intravenous use was given to 11 patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. Most of them had reacted earlier to intramuscular injections of normal gamma-globulin. The gamma-globulin employed produced adverse reactions, often quite severe in 8 of 9 intravenous infusions in three patients. After premedication with hydrocortisone, side effects appeared on 18 of 48 occasions in 10 patients, but only twice were they so severe that the infusions had to be interrupted. Thus, it seems that hydrocortisone diminishes the risk of side effects. The intravenously administered gamma-globulin seemed to be just as effective as the preparations for intramuscular use, and no severe infections appeared during the period of observation. There was no indication that the single hydrocortisone injections, usually 200 mg, increased the risk of contracting infections, but still such medication should be used with great caution in antibody-deficient patients.", "contents": "Intravenous gamma-globulin infusions in patients with hypo-gamma-globulinemia: prevention of adverse reactions with corticosteroids. A gamma-globulin preparation for intravenous use was given to 11 patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. Most of them had reacted earlier to intramuscular injections of normal gamma-globulin. The gamma-globulin employed produced adverse reactions, often quite severe in 8 of 9 intravenous infusions in three patients. After premedication with hydrocortisone, side effects appeared on 18 of 48 occasions in 10 patients, but only twice were they so severe that the infusions had to be interrupted. Thus, it seems that hydrocortisone diminishes the risk of side effects. The intravenously administered gamma-globulin seemed to be just as effective as the preparations for intramuscular use, and no severe infections appeared during the period of observation. There was no indication that the single hydrocortisone injections, usually 200 mg, increased the risk of contracting infections, but still such medication should be used with great caution in antibody-deficient patients.", "PMID": 74906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5548", "title": "wVariants of the hepatitis B surface antigen in Israeli populations.", "content": "A survey of w variants of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among native and immigrant Israelis revealed that the subtype ayw2 predominated among asymtpomatic HBsAg carriers (69%), and patients with acute (83%) and chronic active hepatitis B (81%). The subtypes ayw3, ayw4 and adw2, uncommon in native populations, were detected in carriage by immigrants and transients. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of ayw2 among native Israeli carriers (87%), and in particular natives with acute 93%) and chronic active hepatitis B (86%), indicates that the introduction of nonindigenous viral strains has not overtly altered the anticipated geographic distribution of hepatitis B viruses.", "contents": "wVariants of the hepatitis B surface antigen in Israeli populations. A survey of w variants of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among native and immigrant Israelis revealed that the subtype ayw2 predominated among asymtpomatic HBsAg carriers (69%), and patients with acute (83%) and chronic active hepatitis B (81%). The subtypes ayw3, ayw4 and adw2, uncommon in native populations, were detected in carriage by immigrants and transients. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of ayw2 among native Israeli carriers (87%), and in particular natives with acute 93%) and chronic active hepatitis B (86%), indicates that the introduction of nonindigenous viral strains has not overtly altered the anticipated geographic distribution of hepatitis B viruses.", "PMID": 74907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5549", "title": "[Effect of heparinoids on the blood sugar level and blood lipids in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The paper is a clinical experimental work, studying the heparinoid effect upon blood sugar level, blood lipid fractions, endogenic heparin and lipo-brigther-becoming activity in diabetics. Heparinoids are applied in acute experiment. A total of 37 subjects were examined--22 diabetics with adult type of diabetes, 10 clinically healthy subjects and 5 diabetics examined only with 500 ml physiologic salt solution. The same patients were examined with heparin as well for a comparison. Blood sugar, NEFA, lipolyzing activity, total lipids, total cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, total phospholipids, triglycerides and endogenic heparin were determined prior to and post infusion introduction of heparinoids. The results reveal that heparinoids have two basic biochemical effects decrease blood sugar lever in diabetics and change the blood lipid fraction level. They depend on the structural peculiarities of the preparations. Heparinoids stimulate heparin activity as well, through which they realize their biochemical effect to a certain extent. The decreasing effect on blood sugar level of heparinoids is stronger as compared with heparin.", "contents": "[Effect of heparinoids on the blood sugar level and blood lipids in diabetes mellitus]. The paper is a clinical experimental work, studying the heparinoid effect upon blood sugar level, blood lipid fractions, endogenic heparin and lipo-brigther-becoming activity in diabetics. Heparinoids are applied in acute experiment. A total of 37 subjects were examined--22 diabetics with adult type of diabetes, 10 clinically healthy subjects and 5 diabetics examined only with 500 ml physiologic salt solution. The same patients were examined with heparin as well for a comparison. Blood sugar, NEFA, lipolyzing activity, total lipids, total cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins, total phospholipids, triglycerides and endogenic heparin were determined prior to and post infusion introduction of heparinoids. The results reveal that heparinoids have two basic biochemical effects decrease blood sugar lever in diabetics and change the blood lipid fraction level. They depend on the structural peculiarities of the preparations. Heparinoids stimulate heparin activity as well, through which they realize their biochemical effect to a certain extent. The decreasing effect on blood sugar level of heparinoids is stronger as compared with heparin.", "PMID": 74910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5550", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of a chronic pyelonephritis using common antigen].", "content": "By means of the indirect haemagglutination reaction we examined for antibodies against the enterobacterial common antigen 113 sera of blood-donors and 588 sera of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. It could be shown that this antigen is not suitable for the proof of antibodies and thus for the serodiagnostics of a chronic pyelonephritis. Also the combination with the results of the antibody determination against the O-antigen of the homologous strain of the urine is without diagnostic relevance.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of a chronic pyelonephritis using common antigen]. By means of the indirect haemagglutination reaction we examined for antibodies against the enterobacterial common antigen 113 sera of blood-donors and 588 sera of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. It could be shown that this antigen is not suitable for the proof of antibodies and thus for the serodiagnostics of a chronic pyelonephritis. Also the combination with the results of the antibody determination against the O-antigen of the homologous strain of the urine is without diagnostic relevance.", "PMID": 74912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5551", "title": "[The different biochemical course of HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 73 patients with HBsAg negative hepatitis and in 94 patients with HBsAg positive hepatitis (hepatitis B) laboratory findings were compared: GOT, GPT, AP, gamma-GT, bilirubin, sedimentation rate and gamma-globulins. In the beginning of the disease there was little difference. But comparing the maximal values patients with hepatitis B showed significantly higher GOT, GPT, de-Ritis, and bilirubin levels than patients with HBsAg-negative hepatitis. There was a correlation between de Ritis quotient and bilirubin. The difference of HBsAg negative and HBsAg positive hepatitis might be due to different reactions of cellular mediated immunity.", "contents": "[The different biochemical course of HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive hepatitis (author's transl)]. In 73 patients with HBsAg negative hepatitis and in 94 patients with HBsAg positive hepatitis (hepatitis B) laboratory findings were compared: GOT, GPT, AP, gamma-GT, bilirubin, sedimentation rate and gamma-globulins. In the beginning of the disease there was little difference. But comparing the maximal values patients with hepatitis B showed significantly higher GOT, GPT, de-Ritis, and bilirubin levels than patients with HBsAg-negative hepatitis. There was a correlation between de Ritis quotient and bilirubin. The difference of HBsAg negative and HBsAg positive hepatitis might be due to different reactions of cellular mediated immunity.", "PMID": 74913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5552", "title": "[Strain differences in the neuraminidase specificity of subtype N 1].", "content": "Nine strains having neuraminidase of subtype N1 and two strains in which the appurtenance of neuraminidase to subtype N1 was determined in the course of the study were examined for the antigenic specificity of the functional center of the enzyme in the cross neuraminidase activity inhibition test. Neuraminidase of the strains A/Swine/Tatarstan/64 and A/Swine/Ikshurminsk was shown to belong to the subtype N1 but to differ from neuraminidase of the strain A/Swine/Iowa/15/30. Neuraminidase of the strain A/Chicken/USSR/314/67 differs from neuraminidases of A/PR8/34, A/WS/33, and A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 but is related to neuraminidases of the strains A/New Jersey/8/76, A/duck/Germany/1868/68 and A/Chicken/Scotland/59. The A/New Jersey/8/76 neuraminidase is not related to neuraminidases of the strains A/PR8/34 and A/WS/33 but is related to neuraminidases of strains isolated from swine and domestic fowl. The disclosed considerable strain variations in the antigenic specificity of neuraminidases attest to heterogeneity of the subtype N1 and the possibility of its subdivision into groups.", "contents": "[Strain differences in the neuraminidase specificity of subtype N 1]. Nine strains having neuraminidase of subtype N1 and two strains in which the appurtenance of neuraminidase to subtype N1 was determined in the course of the study were examined for the antigenic specificity of the functional center of the enzyme in the cross neuraminidase activity inhibition test. Neuraminidase of the strains A/Swine/Tatarstan/64 and A/Swine/Ikshurminsk was shown to belong to the subtype N1 but to differ from neuraminidase of the strain A/Swine/Iowa/15/30. Neuraminidase of the strain A/Chicken/USSR/314/67 differs from neuraminidases of A/PR8/34, A/WS/33, and A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 but is related to neuraminidases of the strains A/New Jersey/8/76, A/duck/Germany/1868/68 and A/Chicken/Scotland/59. The A/New Jersey/8/76 neuraminidase is not related to neuraminidases of the strains A/PR8/34 and A/WS/33 but is related to neuraminidases of strains isolated from swine and domestic fowl. The disclosed considerable strain variations in the antigenic specificity of neuraminidases attest to heterogeneity of the subtype N1 and the possibility of its subdivision into groups.", "PMID": 74908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5553", "title": "Amniotic fluid total proteins, electrophoretic patterns, total amino acids and creatinine in diabetic women.", "content": "Total proteins, total-acids, creatinine and the five major protein-fractions were determined in amniotic fluid of 9 diabetic mothers and 42 normal women. The mean value of the estimated patterns in the diabetic subgroup of living full-term infants was within normal, except a significant decrease in creatinine, albumin and gamma-globulin. A highly significant decrease in albumin, gamma-globulin and total amino acids in the amniotic fluid of those given stillbirth infants (SB), while a significant increase was found in both of total proteins and albumin in cases developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In addition to a significant increase in creatinine, alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-globulins in both subgroups of SB and RDS. The A/G ratio of the 3 subgroups were significantly decreased especially those of SB.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid total proteins, electrophoretic patterns, total amino acids and creatinine in diabetic women. Total proteins, total-acids, creatinine and the five major protein-fractions were determined in amniotic fluid of 9 diabetic mothers and 42 normal women. The mean value of the estimated patterns in the diabetic subgroup of living full-term infants was within normal, except a significant decrease in creatinine, albumin and gamma-globulin. A highly significant decrease in albumin, gamma-globulin and total amino acids in the amniotic fluid of those given stillbirth infants (SB), while a significant increase was found in both of total proteins and albumin in cases developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In addition to a significant increase in creatinine, alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-globulins in both subgroups of SB and RDS. The A/G ratio of the 3 subgroups were significantly decreased especially those of SB.", "PMID": 74914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5554", "title": "[Virus-like particles in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis and donors with antigenemia].", "content": "Isopicnic centrifugation in cesium chloride gradient produces sufficiently homogeneous fractions of large (42--45 nm) and small (20--22 nm) particles detectable in sera from patients with viral hepatitis and donors with antigenemia. In addition to morphological criteria, differences between these particles were indicated by a greater buoyant density (1.24 g/cm3), higher sensitivity to lower pH values and a lower resistance between. No antigenic determinats inherent in small particles could be found in large particles.", "contents": "[Virus-like particles in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis and donors with antigenemia]. Isopicnic centrifugation in cesium chloride gradient produces sufficiently homogeneous fractions of large (42--45 nm) and small (20--22 nm) particles detectable in sera from patients with viral hepatitis and donors with antigenemia. In addition to morphological criteria, differences between these particles were indicated by a greater buoyant density (1.24 g/cm3), higher sensitivity to lower pH values and a lower resistance between. No antigenic determinats inherent in small particles could be found in large particles.", "PMID": 74909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5555", "title": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human erythrocytes, mediated by blood group alloantibodies: a model for the role of antigen density in target cell lysis.", "content": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human mononuclear cells against human erythrocytes could be obtained with anti-A and anti-D sera. The degree of lysis varied considerably depending on the antigen system and on the experimental conditions. Anti-D mediated in contrast to anti-A mediated ADCC turned out to be very sensitive to conditions which interfere with target cell lysis: for most of the anti-D sera, removal of unbound IgG was found to be crucial to detect their ability to mediate ADCC. Pretreatment of the target cells with various enzymes dramatically improved specific lysis and left spontaneous release and spontaneous cytotoxicity essentially unaffected. In the case of neuraminidase treatment it could be shown that the effect was independent from the exposure of additional binding sites. When enzyme treatment and removal of excess IgG were applied in combination, as little as 10(4) antigenic determinants proved to be sufficient to induce specific lysis.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human erythrocytes, mediated by blood group alloantibodies: a model for the role of antigen density in target cell lysis. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human mononuclear cells against human erythrocytes could be obtained with anti-A and anti-D sera. The degree of lysis varied considerably depending on the antigen system and on the experimental conditions. Anti-D mediated in contrast to anti-A mediated ADCC turned out to be very sensitive to conditions which interfere with target cell lysis: for most of the anti-D sera, removal of unbound IgG was found to be crucial to detect their ability to mediate ADCC. Pretreatment of the target cells with various enzymes dramatically improved specific lysis and left spontaneous release and spontaneous cytotoxicity essentially unaffected. In the case of neuraminidase treatment it could be shown that the effect was independent from the exposure of additional binding sites. When enzyme treatment and removal of excess IgG were applied in combination, as little as 10(4) antigenic determinants proved to be sufficient to induce specific lysis.", "PMID": 74918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5556", "title": "[Resection arthroplasty of the metatarsophalangeal joints after Clayton (10 years of clinical experience) (author's transl)].", "content": "57 resection arthroplasties of the metatarsophalangeal joints using the method of Clayton were performed in arthritic and arthrotic deformities of the forefoot. 43 feet were controlled after an average of 5 years postoperatively. The good postoperative position of the toes changes into a progressive shortening, dorsal transposition and frequently valgus direction of the toes during the first year after operation. The deformity is much less than preoperatively. Passive mobility is good, but there is little active motion. The splay foot deformity is reduced in 50% of the cases. No arthritic recurrences were observed, callosities, clavi and mild pain were rarely found. Foot movements, walking ability was improved in all patients and 50% were wearing standard shoes. The results are influenced negatively by errors in resection technique, particularly lack of plantar rounding, exaggerated resection and unfavourable differencies in length of the metatarsal bones, and occasionally by secondary ossifications.", "contents": "[Resection arthroplasty of the metatarsophalangeal joints after Clayton (10 years of clinical experience) (author's transl)]. 57 resection arthroplasties of the metatarsophalangeal joints using the method of Clayton were performed in arthritic and arthrotic deformities of the forefoot. 43 feet were controlled after an average of 5 years postoperatively. The good postoperative position of the toes changes into a progressive shortening, dorsal transposition and frequently valgus direction of the toes during the first year after operation. The deformity is much less than preoperatively. Passive mobility is good, but there is little active motion. The splay foot deformity is reduced in 50% of the cases. No arthritic recurrences were observed, callosities, clavi and mild pain were rarely found. Foot movements, walking ability was improved in all patients and 50% were wearing standard shoes. The results are influenced negatively by errors in resection technique, particularly lack of plantar rounding, exaggerated resection and unfavourable differencies in length of the metatarsal bones, and occasionally by secondary ossifications.", "PMID": 74919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5557", "title": "[Methods for the biological testing of dental materials on cell cultures].", "content": "This paper discusses some of the methods used by for making basic biological tests of stomatological materials. Although we do not dispense with the use of methods based upon the observation of fixed and, possibly, stained cells and allowing the states assumed by cells in a certain period of time to be noted, yet we believe that far better results may be obtained from tests enabling the development of changes of living cells cultivated in vitro to be followed. The results of the experiments conducted by the authors indicate that it is possible for the final effect to be modified in dependence upon the type of material used, its concentration, or the time allowed to elapse from the preparation of the particular material and that an observation of living cells procides much more information about the character of alterations and, more specifically about the time course of changes. If necessary, this method may be supplemented by an electronmicroscopical analysis of the changes produced.", "contents": "[Methods for the biological testing of dental materials on cell cultures]. This paper discusses some of the methods used by for making basic biological tests of stomatological materials. Although we do not dispense with the use of methods based upon the observation of fixed and, possibly, stained cells and allowing the states assumed by cells in a certain period of time to be noted, yet we believe that far better results may be obtained from tests enabling the development of changes of living cells cultivated in vitro to be followed. The results of the experiments conducted by the authors indicate that it is possible for the final effect to be modified in dependence upon the type of material used, its concentration, or the time allowed to elapse from the preparation of the particular material and that an observation of living cells procides much more information about the character of alterations and, more specifically about the time course of changes. If necessary, this method may be supplemented by an electronmicroscopical analysis of the changes produced.", "PMID": 74921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5558", "title": "Use of electron microscopy for soil microbiology capabilities and limitations.", "content": "Soil dilutions were studied by different techniques: They were retained on cellulose filters and observed either directly by scanning electron microscopy or after inclusion and ultra-thin sectioning by transmission electron microscopy. Morphology and locomotor organs of bacteria were observed after negative staining. They were plated on various culture media in order to isolate and identify most of the nonexacting microorganisms. Results are compared and the use of electron microscopy in soil studies is discussed.", "contents": "Use of electron microscopy for soil microbiology capabilities and limitations. Soil dilutions were studied by different techniques: They were retained on cellulose filters and observed either directly by scanning electron microscopy or after inclusion and ultra-thin sectioning by transmission electron microscopy. Morphology and locomotor organs of bacteria were observed after negative staining. They were plated on various culture media in order to isolate and identify most of the nonexacting microorganisms. Results are compared and the use of electron microscopy in soil studies is discussed.", "PMID": 74922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5559", "title": "[Qualities and application of macromolecular volume substitutes (author's transl)].", "content": "The effective volume substitution in shock requires normalizing of the circulating blood volume as well as the restitution of microcirculation. Saline solutions are unsuited for their missed oncotic efficiency and their short intravenous staying. Also stored blood is unsuitable because of its rheological properties, plasma protein preparations for economical and infectious reasons. The different qualities and effects of the known plasma substitutes on the basis of dextran, gelatine and starch are described, their special indications being explained. Haemodilution and the so-called secondary effects limit the dosage of volume substitution.", "contents": "[Qualities and application of macromolecular volume substitutes (author's transl)]. The effective volume substitution in shock requires normalizing of the circulating blood volume as well as the restitution of microcirculation. Saline solutions are unsuited for their missed oncotic efficiency and their short intravenous staying. Also stored blood is unsuitable because of its rheological properties, plasma protein preparations for economical and infectious reasons. The different qualities and effects of the known plasma substitutes on the basis of dextran, gelatine and starch are described, their special indications being explained. Haemodilution and the so-called secondary effects limit the dosage of volume substitution.", "PMID": 74923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5560", "title": "[Relationships between Streptococcus pyogenes T4-antigens and haptoglobin types (author's transl)].", "content": "Some strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci were agglutinated with high titers (1:200-1:6400) by human sera of the haptoglobin types 2-2 and 2-1. No agglutination or with low titers (up to 1:20) was observed with sera of the haptoglobin type 1-1. This reactivity depends from the contents of Streptococcus pyogenes T-antigens of the T-complex 4,24... This T4-antigen is present in group A streptococci (Strep. pyogenes) of the types 4, 24, 26, 28, 29, 46, 48 and 60 but it may be present also in some strains of streptococcal groups C and G. During a 10-year period we isolated 12 strains of Strep. equisimilis (group C) carrying the T-4 antigen (1.6%) and 50 group-G streptococci with T-4 antigen (6.4%) of all group G streptococci). These strains were agglutinated without an exception with high titers by Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera but not by sera of the haptoglobin type 1-1. The same particuliarity was shown by Streptococcus pyogenes types of the T-complex 4, 24... One strain of type 26 (BC 179) has no T antigen and therefore it was not agglutinated in the above mentioned manner. The phenomenon depends from the medium; it occurs after cultivation of the streptococci in Pope broth or in meat-infusion with glucose but not or only reduced in beef heart-proteose-medium. The agglutination reaction is caused by the haptoglobin but not by agglutinins against the T4-antigens.", "contents": "[Relationships between Streptococcus pyogenes T4-antigens and haptoglobin types (author's transl)]. Some strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci were agglutinated with high titers (1:200-1:6400) by human sera of the haptoglobin types 2-2 and 2-1. No agglutination or with low titers (up to 1:20) was observed with sera of the haptoglobin type 1-1. This reactivity depends from the contents of Streptococcus pyogenes T-antigens of the T-complex 4,24... This T4-antigen is present in group A streptococci (Strep. pyogenes) of the types 4, 24, 26, 28, 29, 46, 48 and 60 but it may be present also in some strains of streptococcal groups C and G. During a 10-year period we isolated 12 strains of Strep. equisimilis (group C) carrying the T-4 antigen (1.6%) and 50 group-G streptococci with T-4 antigen (6.4%) of all group G streptococci). These strains were agglutinated without an exception with high titers by Hp 2-2 and Hp 2-1 sera but not by sera of the haptoglobin type 1-1. The same particuliarity was shown by Streptococcus pyogenes types of the T-complex 4, 24... One strain of type 26 (BC 179) has no T antigen and therefore it was not agglutinated in the above mentioned manner. The phenomenon depends from the medium; it occurs after cultivation of the streptococci in Pope broth or in meat-infusion with glucose but not or only reduced in beef heart-proteose-medium. The agglutination reaction is caused by the haptoglobin but not by agglutinins against the T4-antigens.", "PMID": 74924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5561", "title": "Neutralization of heterologous toxicities in mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from a human pathogen (S. emek).", "content": "Groups of mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from a non-pathogenic Salmonella for mice (S. emek) were infected with S. tymphimurium, S. emek, S. blockley and S. paratyphi A. The mice immunized with the S. typhimurium proteins were, as always protected against infection with the pathogen and resisted the toxicities, which killed the controls, of S. paratyphi A and S. emek but not of S. blockley. The mice immunized with S. emek proteins resisted the toxicity of S. paratyphi A and, to a lesser degree, that of the homologous S. emek. The animals did not resist the toxicity of a similar concentration of S. blockley and the immunized mice died, like the controls, within 20-40 hours. Mice in this group infected with S. typhimurium had a much longer delay before dying, than the controls. Antiprotein antibodies present in the sera of the immunized mice are, apparently, responsible for the neutralization of the toxicities of the heterologous strains and for the eventual protection against infection.", "contents": "Neutralization of heterologous toxicities in mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from a human pathogen (S. emek). Groups of mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from a non-pathogenic Salmonella for mice (S. emek) were infected with S. tymphimurium, S. emek, S. blockley and S. paratyphi A. The mice immunized with the S. typhimurium proteins were, as always protected against infection with the pathogen and resisted the toxicities, which killed the controls, of S. paratyphi A and S. emek but not of S. blockley. The mice immunized with S. emek proteins resisted the toxicity of S. paratyphi A and, to a lesser degree, that of the homologous S. emek. The animals did not resist the toxicity of a similar concentration of S. blockley and the immunized mice died, like the controls, within 20-40 hours. Mice in this group infected with S. typhimurium had a much longer delay before dying, than the controls. Antiprotein antibodies present in the sera of the immunized mice are, apparently, responsible for the neutralization of the toxicities of the heterologous strains and for the eventual protection against infection.", "PMID": 74925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5562", "title": "[In vitro and in vivo activity of tiamulin against leptospires (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal growth inhibiting concentration of tiamulin, a derivative of the diterpen antibiotic pleuromutilin, was evaluated in vitro against 11 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans by twofold serial dilution technique, in comparison to tetracyclin, dihydrostreptomycin and tylosin. The range of the MIC values of tiamulin is between 0.07 and 2.5 microgram/ml and thus comparable to the activities of the standard antibiotics tested (see table 1). The chemotherapeutic efficacy (ED50) of the compound was examined in two experimental leptospiral infections of the Syrian hamster, in comparison to tetracyclin. Both compounds were administered orally for 3 days. In the L. canicola infection, the ED50 values were 103.8 mg/kg and 306.3 mg/kg body-weight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. In the L. grippotyphosa infection, the ED50 values amounted to 35.16 and 277.5 mg/kg bodyweight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. Based on these values, tiamulin in comparison to tetracyclin showed 3-8 fold higher efficacy in vivo after oral administration.", "contents": "[In vitro and in vivo activity of tiamulin against leptospires (author's transl)]. The minimal growth inhibiting concentration of tiamulin, a derivative of the diterpen antibiotic pleuromutilin, was evaluated in vitro against 11 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans by twofold serial dilution technique, in comparison to tetracyclin, dihydrostreptomycin and tylosin. The range of the MIC values of tiamulin is between 0.07 and 2.5 microgram/ml and thus comparable to the activities of the standard antibiotics tested (see table 1). The chemotherapeutic efficacy (ED50) of the compound was examined in two experimental leptospiral infections of the Syrian hamster, in comparison to tetracyclin. Both compounds were administered orally for 3 days. In the L. canicola infection, the ED50 values were 103.8 mg/kg and 306.3 mg/kg body-weight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. In the L. grippotyphosa infection, the ED50 values amounted to 35.16 and 277.5 mg/kg bodyweight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. Based on these values, tiamulin in comparison to tetracyclin showed 3-8 fold higher efficacy in vivo after oral administration.", "PMID": 74926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5563", "title": "[Use of serologic reactions for determining the concentration of the determinants of an antigen and its valence].", "content": "By the serological tests with the erythrocytic diagnostic agents it is possible to estimate the concentration of the determinants in the antigenic preparation under study. For this purpose it is necessary to have at one's disposal the data on the molecular weight and concentration of the reference antigen, valence of erythrocytes loaded with the antigen or antibodies, and antibody heterogeneity index. If these values are known, then one can calculate the concentration of antigenic determinants in terms divided by the valence of the reference antigen. With the aid of pure antibodies preparation obtained with the immunosorption procedure it is possible to measure the determinant concentration of the antigen tested and the valence of the reference antigen. For the capsular antigen of plaque bacilli the valence was estimated by two independent methods and in both cases it was close to 10. The valence of the reference capsular antigen permits to calculate the concentration of the antibody molecules in the hyperimmune sera without isolation of pure antibodies.", "contents": "[Use of serologic reactions for determining the concentration of the determinants of an antigen and its valence]. By the serological tests with the erythrocytic diagnostic agents it is possible to estimate the concentration of the determinants in the antigenic preparation under study. For this purpose it is necessary to have at one's disposal the data on the molecular weight and concentration of the reference antigen, valence of erythrocytes loaded with the antigen or antibodies, and antibody heterogeneity index. If these values are known, then one can calculate the concentration of antigenic determinants in terms divided by the valence of the reference antigen. With the aid of pure antibodies preparation obtained with the immunosorption procedure it is possible to measure the determinant concentration of the antigen tested and the valence of the reference antigen. For the capsular antigen of plaque bacilli the valence was estimated by two independent methods and in both cases it was close to 10. The valence of the reference capsular antigen permits to calculate the concentration of the antibody molecules in the hyperimmune sera without isolation of pure antibodies.", "PMID": 74927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5564", "title": "Nonalcoholic fatty liver with alcoholic hyalin after long-term glucocorticoid therapy.", "content": "Alcoholic hyalin was found in liver of a nonalcoholic patient with fatty liver after long-term glucocorticoid therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hepatocytes including hyalin bodies showed fatty change or vesiculated degeneration. Occasionally, basophilic substance which was recognized in the hepatocytes with or without hyalin was noticed showing the feature quite similar to delicate alcoholic hyalin.", "contents": "Nonalcoholic fatty liver with alcoholic hyalin after long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Alcoholic hyalin was found in liver of a nonalcoholic patient with fatty liver after long-term glucocorticoid therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hepatocytes including hyalin bodies showed fatty change or vesiculated degeneration. Occasionally, basophilic substance which was recognized in the hepatocytes with or without hyalin was noticed showing the feature quite similar to delicate alcoholic hyalin.", "PMID": 74931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5565", "title": "Gastric mucosal histamine in duodenal-ulcer patients: release by secretin.", "content": "In 5 duodenal-ulcer patients with anaphylactic skin reaction to intradermal secretin and in 4 healthy controls, biopsy samples from the fundic region of the stomach were superfused with phosphate buffer alone and with phosphate buffer containing 20 C.U./ml synthetic secretin. In response to secretin, the mucosa from duodenal-ulcer patients released significantly increasing amounts of histamine (P is less than 0.05) whereas control tissue did not respond. Additionally, in duodenal-ulcer patients the histamine content of untreated gastric mucosa was about twice as high as in controls (P is less than 0.02). It is suggested that the elevated mucosal histamine could account for the basal and stimulated gastric hypersecretion of duodenal-ulcer patients. In addition, the results are compatible with the concept that in a certain type of duodenal ulceration, secretin does drive rather than inhibit gastric secretion.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal histamine in duodenal-ulcer patients: release by secretin. In 5 duodenal-ulcer patients with anaphylactic skin reaction to intradermal secretin and in 4 healthy controls, biopsy samples from the fundic region of the stomach were superfused with phosphate buffer alone and with phosphate buffer containing 20 C.U./ml synthetic secretin. In response to secretin, the mucosa from duodenal-ulcer patients released significantly increasing amounts of histamine (P is less than 0.05) whereas control tissue did not respond. Additionally, in duodenal-ulcer patients the histamine content of untreated gastric mucosa was about twice as high as in controls (P is less than 0.02). It is suggested that the elevated mucosal histamine could account for the basal and stimulated gastric hypersecretion of duodenal-ulcer patients. In addition, the results are compatible with the concept that in a certain type of duodenal ulceration, secretin does drive rather than inhibit gastric secretion.", "PMID": 74932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5566", "title": "Coagulative and fibrinolytic studies on postmenopausal women treated with a new non-steroidal oestrogen.", "content": "Treatment of postmenopausal women with a non-steroid oestrogen (P1496) in a dose of 50 mg a day for 2 ,days before operation for prolapse did not suppress the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activator content of the vessel wall. Neither was any change found in the concentration of P&P-complex (prothrombin, factor VII, factor X), factor VIII, antithrombin III, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin or the inhibitors of urokinase induced plasminogen activation. Nothing suggested a thrombogenic effect of this non-steroidal oestrogenic compound.", "contents": "Coagulative and fibrinolytic studies on postmenopausal women treated with a new non-steroidal oestrogen. Treatment of postmenopausal women with a non-steroid oestrogen (P1496) in a dose of 50 mg a day for 2 ,days before operation for prolapse did not suppress the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activator content of the vessel wall. Neither was any change found in the concentration of P&P-complex (prothrombin, factor VII, factor X), factor VIII, antithrombin III, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin or the inhibitors of urokinase induced plasminogen activation. Nothing suggested a thrombogenic effect of this non-steroidal oestrogenic compound.", "PMID": 74933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5567", "title": "A comparison between the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the Nile blue sulphate test in the estimation of fetal maturity.", "content": "Functional fetal maturity was assessed in 72 patients by measuring in amniotic fluid the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the differential cell count. The correlation between these two tests is presented. Only one fetus with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2 or more developed the respiratory distress syndrome after delivery: that was the child of a diabetic mother. The technical limitations of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio meant that it could not be measured in 12% of samples obtained.", "contents": "A comparison between the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the Nile blue sulphate test in the estimation of fetal maturity. Functional fetal maturity was assessed in 72 patients by measuring in amniotic fluid the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the differential cell count. The correlation between these two tests is presented. Only one fetus with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2 or more developed the respiratory distress syndrome after delivery: that was the child of a diabetic mother. The technical limitations of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio meant that it could not be measured in 12% of samples obtained.", "PMID": 74934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5568", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of meshwork structure in human and bovine glomerular basement membranes.", "content": "With the electron microscopic and the negative staining method, the glomerular basement membrane of human and bovine kidneys was shown to have a definite fine meshwork structure. The pores of the meshwork of bovine glomerular basement membrane appeared to be pentagonal or hexagonal in shape. Strands of the meshwork branched three-dimensionally and made up the whole basement membrane. The portion of the sgrand between two neighboring branches was presumed to be a structural unit of the basement membrane. Glomerular basement membrane in man showed a structure similar to that seen in cattle, although the pore size of the meshwork was smaller in man than in cattle.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of meshwork structure in human and bovine glomerular basement membranes. With the electron microscopic and the negative staining method, the glomerular basement membrane of human and bovine kidneys was shown to have a definite fine meshwork structure. The pores of the meshwork of bovine glomerular basement membrane appeared to be pentagonal or hexagonal in shape. Strands of the meshwork branched three-dimensionally and made up the whole basement membrane. The portion of the sgrand between two neighboring branches was presumed to be a structural unit of the basement membrane. Glomerular basement membrane in man showed a structure similar to that seen in cattle, although the pore size of the meshwork was smaller in man than in cattle.", "PMID": 74935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5569", "title": "Demonstration of microorganisms in tissues by the ABT and KOH-ABT topo-optical reactions.", "content": "The aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction, as a selective topo-optical test of vicinal OH and amino-OH groups is suited for the selective demonstration in tissues of microorganisms of polysaccharide containing cells. Alkaline pretreatment of the polysaccharide cell walls, releases, by splitting the O-acyl radicals, further vicinal OH groups for the ABT reaction, thus actually increases the sensitivity of the method. The topo-optical reactions are characterized by a strong birefringence induced by oriented dye-binding, due to the linear arrangement of polysaccharides composing the cell wall. Differences in the character of birefringence have made it possible to work out a new method for the analysis of the cell wall ultrastructure as well as to demonstrate microorganisms in tissues. The practical value of the reactions is illustrated by examples.", "contents": "Demonstration of microorganisms in tissues by the ABT and KOH-ABT topo-optical reactions. The aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction, as a selective topo-optical test of vicinal OH and amino-OH groups is suited for the selective demonstration in tissues of microorganisms of polysaccharide containing cells. Alkaline pretreatment of the polysaccharide cell walls, releases, by splitting the O-acyl radicals, further vicinal OH groups for the ABT reaction, thus actually increases the sensitivity of the method. The topo-optical reactions are characterized by a strong birefringence induced by oriented dye-binding, due to the linear arrangement of polysaccharides composing the cell wall. Differences in the character of birefringence have made it possible to work out a new method for the analysis of the cell wall ultrastructure as well as to demonstrate microorganisms in tissues. The practical value of the reactions is illustrated by examples.", "PMID": 74936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5570", "title": "Demonstration of mast cell granules by the cetylpyridinium chloride-acid dye (CPC-AD) and cetylpyridinium chloride-phosphotungstic acid (CPC-PTA) methods.", "content": "Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CETAB) are bound to polyanionic substances by ionic bonds between the positively charged nitrogen of the quaternary salts and the negative groups of polyanions. The mast cell granules and some other structures treated with CPC or CETAB react selectively with acid dyes and fluorochromes. In ultrathin sections treated with CPC, phosphotungstic  acid (PTA) greatly enhances the electron density of the granules of mast cells. The possible mechanism of acid dye and PTA binding by CPC or CETAB treated tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of mast cell granules by the cetylpyridinium chloride-acid dye (CPC-AD) and cetylpyridinium chloride-phosphotungstic acid (CPC-PTA) methods. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CETAB) are bound to polyanionic substances by ionic bonds between the positively charged nitrogen of the quaternary salts and the negative groups of polyanions. The mast cell granules and some other structures treated with CPC or CETAB react selectively with acid dyes and fluorochromes. In ultrathin sections treated with CPC, phosphotungstic  acid (PTA) greatly enhances the electron density of the granules of mast cells. The possible mechanism of acid dye and PTA binding by CPC or CETAB treated tissues is discussed.", "PMID": 74937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5571", "title": "Topo-optical study of the pulmonary ciliary membrane surface.", "content": "In hydrophilic media of high refraction index the cilia of the epithelium of the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane and the mucous film demonstrate birefringence positive to the longitudinal axis of the mucous membrane owing to the identical orientation the glycoprotein macromolecules and of the fatty acid chains of the ciliary membrane. By means of toluidine blue staining the mucous film and the ciliary zone can be studied selectively by polarization microscopy. The opposite optical character suggests that the dye molecules are perpendicularly connected to the long glycoprotein chains of the mucous, and there is an oriented connection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cilium in its lipid membrane. In smears of bronchial secretion or mucous membrane scrapings after staining, with toluidine blue pH 7.0, the selective optical reaction of the cilia provides a possibility for the study of isolated desquamated ciliary cells. The reaction is given by the lipid membrane boundary of the cilia. In embedded, lipid-extracted sections, the cilia and the mucous film show a minimum of birefringence in the unstained state. After toluidine blue staining or aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction the mucoid surface and the ciliary zone display an opposite optical reaction originating from the dehydrated mucoproteins adsorbed onto the surface of lipid-extracted cilia.", "contents": "Topo-optical study of the pulmonary ciliary membrane surface. In hydrophilic media of high refraction index the cilia of the epithelium of the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane and the mucous film demonstrate birefringence positive to the longitudinal axis of the mucous membrane owing to the identical orientation the glycoprotein macromolecules and of the fatty acid chains of the ciliary membrane. By means of toluidine blue staining the mucous film and the ciliary zone can be studied selectively by polarization microscopy. The opposite optical character suggests that the dye molecules are perpendicularly connected to the long glycoprotein chains of the mucous, and there is an oriented connection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cilium in its lipid membrane. In smears of bronchial secretion or mucous membrane scrapings after staining, with toluidine blue pH 7.0, the selective optical reaction of the cilia provides a possibility for the study of isolated desquamated ciliary cells. The reaction is given by the lipid membrane boundary of the cilia. In embedded, lipid-extracted sections, the cilia and the mucous film show a minimum of birefringence in the unstained state. After toluidine blue staining or aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue (ABT) reaction the mucoid surface and the ciliary zone display an opposite optical reaction originating from the dehydrated mucoproteins adsorbed onto the surface of lipid-extracted cilia.", "PMID": 74938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5572", "title": "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of cardiac intramitochondrial glycogen.", "content": "Authors have observed abnormalities of glycogen localization in cardiac muscle, after normothermic cardiac arrest. The identification of these intramitrochondrial particles as glycogen was confirmed by selective staining with periodic acid-lead citrat, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide protein methods and by their selective removal from tissue sections by alfa-amylase. The intramitochondrial glycogen particles were of beta-type. Some intramitochondrial particles were surrounded by paired membranes which resulted from protrusion of parts of mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of cardiac intramitochondrial glycogen. Authors have observed abnormalities of glycogen localization in cardiac muscle, after normothermic cardiac arrest. The identification of these intramitrochondrial particles as glycogen was confirmed by selective staining with periodic acid-lead citrat, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide protein methods and by their selective removal from tissue sections by alfa-amylase. The intramitochondrial glycogen particles were of beta-type. Some intramitochondrial particles were surrounded by paired membranes which resulted from protrusion of parts of mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 74939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5573", "title": "Stabilization and preservation of the antigenic specificity of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei variant specific surface antigens by mild fixation techniques.", "content": "Living bloodstream trypansomes fixed by suspension in a 1% formalin solution maintain both their morphology and the immunological specificity of their variant specific surface glycoprotein, so allowing precise identification of the variant types present in a trypanosome population by direct or indirect immunofluorescence combined with phase microscopy. The technique is simple, adaptable to the study of low parasitaemias and should facilitate analysis of the phenomenon of antigenic variation both in the field and the laboratory.", "contents": "Stabilization and preservation of the antigenic specificity of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei variant specific surface antigens by mild fixation techniques. Living bloodstream trypansomes fixed by suspension in a 1% formalin solution maintain both their morphology and the immunological specificity of their variant specific surface glycoprotein, so allowing precise identification of the variant types present in a trypanosome population by direct or indirect immunofluorescence combined with phase microscopy. The technique is simple, adaptable to the study of low parasitaemias and should facilitate analysis of the phenomenon of antigenic variation both in the field and the laboratory.", "PMID": 74941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5574", "title": "Purification and some properties of formamidase from rat and pig liver.", "content": "Formamidase was purified 4700-fold from rat liver cytoplasma. Its main molecular and catalytic properties are reported. In pig liver three active forms were observed.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of formamidase from rat and pig liver. Formamidase was purified 4700-fold from rat liver cytoplasma. Its main molecular and catalytic properties are reported. In pig liver three active forms were observed.", "PMID": 74943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5575", "title": "Serological relationships between certain avian and animal paramyxoviruses.", "content": "An avian paramyxovirus designated Robin/Hiddensee/19/75 proved to be related to the Yucaipa virus group in cross haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). Whereas the prototype parainfluenza viruses did not react with the antiserum raised against the Robin virus, a newly isolated bovine parainfluenza 3 virus was shown to be inhibited up to half the homologous titre. Possible antigenic relationships between avian, mammalian and human paramyxoviruses are discussed.", "contents": "Serological relationships between certain avian and animal paramyxoviruses. An avian paramyxovirus designated Robin/Hiddensee/19/75 proved to be related to the Yucaipa virus group in cross haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT). Whereas the prototype parainfluenza viruses did not react with the antiserum raised against the Robin virus, a newly isolated bovine parainfluenza 3 virus was shown to be inhibited up to half the homologous titre. Possible antigenic relationships between avian, mammalian and human paramyxoviruses are discussed.", "PMID": 74944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5576", "title": "Diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not a rare disease. There are several common clinical signs which should alert the physician to a possible diagnosis of SLE and which should condition him to look for specific clinical and laboratory findings. In addition to simple screening tests, useful procedures include a search for antinuclear antibodies, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells, anti-DNA antibodies and low serum complement. Management is determined by the type of course encountered but most patients will do well under the care of their family physician.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not a rare disease. There are several common clinical signs which should alert the physician to a possible diagnosis of SLE and which should condition him to look for specific clinical and laboratory findings. In addition to simple screening tests, useful procedures include a search for antinuclear antibodies, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells, anti-DNA antibodies and low serum complement. Management is determined by the type of course encountered but most patients will do well under the care of their family physician.", "PMID": 74945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5577", "title": "The effects of psychological stress and vagal stimulation with morphine on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the conscious dog.", "content": "Ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation was assessed in 12 conscious dogs in aversive and nonaversive environments using the repetitive extrasystole (RE) threshold method. In the average environment, RE threshold was 45 per cent lower than in the nonaversive setting and heart rate and blood pressure were significantly elevated. This decrease in RE threshold occurred within 10 minutes of exposing the animals to stress. In contrast, the recovery in RE threshold in the nonaversive setting occurred over a 40 minute period. When morphine sulfate (MS) 0.25 mg./Kg was administered to dogs in the aversive environment, the RE threshold was significantly increased. Cholinergic blockade of vagal efferent activity with atropine (0.2 mg./Kg) annulled partially the effect of MS on RE threshold MS was without effect in the nonaversive environment. It is concluded that MS exerts a significant protective effect on increased ventricular vulnerability associated with psychological stress. This effect is mediated by the vagotonic and sedative actions of morphine.", "contents": "The effects of psychological stress and vagal stimulation with morphine on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the conscious dog. Ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation was assessed in 12 conscious dogs in aversive and nonaversive environments using the repetitive extrasystole (RE) threshold method. In the average environment, RE threshold was 45 per cent lower than in the nonaversive setting and heart rate and blood pressure were significantly elevated. This decrease in RE threshold occurred within 10 minutes of exposing the animals to stress. In contrast, the recovery in RE threshold in the nonaversive setting occurred over a 40 minute period. When morphine sulfate (MS) 0.25 mg./Kg was administered to dogs in the aversive environment, the RE threshold was significantly increased. Cholinergic blockade of vagal efferent activity with atropine (0.2 mg./Kg) annulled partially the effect of MS on RE threshold MS was without effect in the nonaversive environment. It is concluded that MS exerts a significant protective effect on increased ventricular vulnerability associated with psychological stress. This effect is mediated by the vagotonic and sedative actions of morphine.", "PMID": 74946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5578", "title": "Group teaching of auscultation. Use of a new wireless stethoscope-type headphone.", "content": "A new technique using infrared light for the transmission of heart sounds and murmurs is described. This method enables the simultaneous transmission of heart sounds and murmurs to large groups of persons without the need for hard-wire connections to the amplifying device. The method facilitates teaching of cardiac auscultation at the bedside as well as in the setting of conferences, seminars or postgraduate education programs.", "contents": "Group teaching of auscultation. Use of a new wireless stethoscope-type headphone. A new technique using infrared light for the transmission of heart sounds and murmurs is described. This method enables the simultaneous transmission of heart sounds and murmurs to large groups of persons without the need for hard-wire connections to the amplifying device. The method facilitates teaching of cardiac auscultation at the bedside as well as in the setting of conferences, seminars or postgraduate education programs.", "PMID": 74948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5579", "title": "Combination of silver and fluorescent staining for metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "A convenient and reliable method for simulatneous visualization of silver staining (Ag-NOR) of the nucleolus organizers and fluorescent bandings in metaphase chromosomes is described. Studies employing this combined procedure on human chromosomes revealed that the Ag-NOR patterns may be characteristic for each chromosome of each individual.", "contents": "Combination of silver and fluorescent staining for metaphase chromosomes. A convenient and reliable method for simulatneous visualization of silver staining (Ag-NOR) of the nucleolus organizers and fluorescent bandings in metaphase chromosomes is described. Studies employing this combined procedure on human chromosomes revealed that the Ag-NOR patterns may be characteristic for each chromosome of each individual.", "PMID": 74950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5580", "title": "Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein elevation with fetal omphalocele and a possible mechanism for its occurrence.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease and congenital malformations has become a major area of study in obstetrics. The assessment of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is useful for the diagnosis of neural tube defects. As more patients have been evaluated abnormal increases have been found in other defects, such as omphalocele, duodenal atresia, and congenital nephrosis. Two patients with omphalocele are reported with AFP measurement. A tenfold elevation of AFP was found in the first patient. In the second case a small omphalocele associated with exstrophy of the cloaca was not accompanied by an abnormal AFP increase. The mechanism of AFP elevation is discussed.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein elevation with fetal omphalocele and a possible mechanism for its occurrence. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease and congenital malformations has become a major area of study in obstetrics. The assessment of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is useful for the diagnosis of neural tube defects. As more patients have been evaluated abnormal increases have been found in other defects, such as omphalocele, duodenal atresia, and congenital nephrosis. Two patients with omphalocele are reported with AFP measurement. A tenfold elevation of AFP was found in the first patient. In the second case a small omphalocele associated with exstrophy of the cloaca was not accompanied by an abnormal AFP increase. The mechanism of AFP elevation is discussed.", "PMID": 74953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5581", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) in partial TBG deficiency.", "content": "An unusual opportunity was afforded to study the effect of endogenous increase in estrogen on thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) throughout pregnancy in a partially TBG-deficient female who conceived subsequent to initial examination. TBG binding of 125I-thyroxine (T4) before and up to four months of pregnancy was low in comparison to normal. Starting from six months and up to the end of pregnancy, TBG activity showed a definite increase although still below normal. TBG binding capacity increased from a low value of 4.2 microgram T4/100 ml ,efore pregnancy to a value 9.3 microgram T4/100 ml in the last month of pregnancy. This was accompanied by an increase in immunoassayable TBG from less than 1 mg/100 ml in the second month of pregnancy to 1.9 mg/100 ml in the last month, and an increase of T4 from 3.1 microgrom/100 ml to 4.3 microgram/100 ml. Two weeks after delivery, TBG binding of 125I-T4 showed a precipitous decline to the abnormally low distribution noted prior to and during the early months of pregnancy. TBG binding activity was normal in the cord blood of the infant. These studies provide the first direct evidence that increase in endogenous estrogen results in detectable increases in TBG concentration in the human with partial TBG deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) in partial TBG deficiency. An unusual opportunity was afforded to study the effect of endogenous increase in estrogen on thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) throughout pregnancy in a partially TBG-deficient female who conceived subsequent to initial examination. TBG binding of 125I-thyroxine (T4) before and up to four months of pregnancy was low in comparison to normal. Starting from six months and up to the end of pregnancy, TBG activity showed a definite increase although still below normal. TBG binding capacity increased from a low value of 4.2 microgram T4/100 ml ,efore pregnancy to a value 9.3 microgram T4/100 ml in the last month of pregnancy. This was accompanied by an increase in immunoassayable TBG from less than 1 mg/100 ml in the second month of pregnancy to 1.9 mg/100 ml in the last month, and an increase of T4 from 3.1 microgrom/100 ml to 4.3 microgram/100 ml. Two weeks after delivery, TBG binding of 125I-T4 showed a precipitous decline to the abnormally low distribution noted prior to and during the early months of pregnancy. TBG binding activity was normal in the cord blood of the infant. These studies provide the first direct evidence that increase in endogenous estrogen results in detectable increases in TBG concentration in the human with partial TBG deficiency.", "PMID": 74952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5582", "title": "Presence of soluble SLA histocompatibility antigen in pig plasma.", "content": "The major histocompatibility antigens of the pigs (SLA 1 and SLA 15) were solubilized by papain and then iodinated according to Greenwood's chloramine T method. These antigen preparations were used in radioimmunoassays for the detection of soluble inhibitors in pig plasma. Specific soluble substances were demonstrated in addition to a certain amount of cross-reactivity with other so far unidentified antigens.", "contents": "Presence of soluble SLA histocompatibility antigen in pig plasma. The major histocompatibility antigens of the pigs (SLA 1 and SLA 15) were solubilized by papain and then iodinated according to Greenwood's chloramine T method. These antigen preparations were used in radioimmunoassays for the detection of soluble inhibitors in pig plasma. Specific soluble substances were demonstrated in addition to a certain amount of cross-reactivity with other so far unidentified antigens.", "PMID": 74960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5583", "title": "A clinical study of concanavalin A-induced histamine release utilizing a single isotopic enzymatic assay of histamine.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced histamine release from cells of subjects with extrinsic asthma, intrinsic asthma or urticaria and normal individuals was examined utilizing a single isotopic enzymatic assay for histamine. Maximum histamine release by Con A occurred with 0.9 to 4.5 microgram/ml. The mean percentage of maximum histamine release by Con A from cells of donors with extrinsic asthma was 36(+/- 19.3)% while that from cells of normal individuals was 21.4(+/- 23.7)%. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. The higher reactivity to Con A of cells from individuals with intrinsic asthma or urticaria was not observed compared to that of the normal group. The histamine release by Con A was not correlated with IgE level in the plasma (r = 0.35). It was observed that compound 48/80 inhibited the enzymatic reaction in the isotopic, enzymatic assay.", "contents": "A clinical study of concanavalin A-induced histamine release utilizing a single isotopic enzymatic assay of histamine. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced histamine release from cells of subjects with extrinsic asthma, intrinsic asthma or urticaria and normal individuals was examined utilizing a single isotopic enzymatic assay for histamine. Maximum histamine release by Con A occurred with 0.9 to 4.5 microgram/ml. The mean percentage of maximum histamine release by Con A from cells of donors with extrinsic asthma was 36(+/- 19.3)% while that from cells of normal individuals was 21.4(+/- 23.7)%. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. The higher reactivity to Con A of cells from individuals with intrinsic asthma or urticaria was not observed compared to that of the normal group. The histamine release by Con A was not correlated with IgE level in the plasma (r = 0.35). It was observed that compound 48/80 inhibited the enzymatic reaction in the isotopic, enzymatic assay.", "PMID": 74962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5584", "title": "Serum angiotensin converting enzyme level in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Using hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine as a substrate analogue, serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was spectrophotometrically estimated in patients with bronchial asthma. The mean level of asthmatic patients was significantly lower than that of the control subjects. The reduced serum ACE activities did not change during an acute asthmatic attack. Significantly lower levels of serum ACE occurred in patients with chronic asthma than in those who only suffered with occasional asthma. Serum ACE activity was not reduced when the patients were taking steroids. Serum ACE activity could not be correlated with either the systolic blood pressure or the diastolic blood pressure of our asthmatic patients. However, serum ACE activity was correlated with the serum beta-globulin fraction in asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Serum angiotensin converting enzyme level in bronchial asthma. Using hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine as a substrate analogue, serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was spectrophotometrically estimated in patients with bronchial asthma. The mean level of asthmatic patients was significantly lower than that of the control subjects. The reduced serum ACE activities did not change during an acute asthmatic attack. Significantly lower levels of serum ACE occurred in patients with chronic asthma than in those who only suffered with occasional asthma. Serum ACE activity was not reduced when the patients were taking steroids. Serum ACE activity could not be correlated with either the systolic blood pressure or the diastolic blood pressure of our asthmatic patients. However, serum ACE activity was correlated with the serum beta-globulin fraction in asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 74963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5585", "title": "[Study of various serum proteins in lung cancer. Immunoglobulins A, G, M, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin].", "content": "A statistical study of the plasma concentration of immunoglobulin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin in 153 patients with primary carcinoma of the lung showed a strong increase in alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and A and C immunoglobulins, whilst alpha-2-macroglobulin increases very moderately, and IgM does not vary. The relationships between variables are also modified, thus there appears a correlation between IgA and IgG to the detriment of the IgG/IgM relationship. Furthermore the coefficient of the correlation IgG/alpha-2-macroblobulin is lower in cancer patients.", "contents": "[Study of various serum proteins in lung cancer. Immunoglobulins A, G, M, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin]. A statistical study of the plasma concentration of immunoglobulin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin in 153 patients with primary carcinoma of the lung showed a strong increase in alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and A and C immunoglobulins, whilst alpha-2-macroglobulin increases very moderately, and IgM does not vary. The relationships between variables are also modified, thus there appears a correlation between IgA and IgG to the detriment of the IgG/IgM relationship. Furthermore the coefficient of the correlation IgG/alpha-2-macroblobulin is lower in cancer patients.", "PMID": 74964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5586", "title": "[Pattern of suspended particles in the air of an urban zone].", "content": "Measurements of suspended particulates have been carried out throughout one year in a fixed station located in a street with medium-high traffic intensity, in a urban area of Rome. Determinations have been made by gravimetric method on samples obtained by filtration through micropores membrane filters. Monthly patterns and weekly and daily patterns of particulates in summer and winter in the monitored area are reported, as well as the frequency distribution in average daily concentration classes over a period of one year.", "contents": "[Pattern of suspended particles in the air of an urban zone]. Measurements of suspended particulates have been carried out throughout one year in a fixed station located in a street with medium-high traffic intensity, in a urban area of Rome. Determinations have been made by gravimetric method on samples obtained by filtration through micropores membrane filters. Monthly patterns and weekly and daily patterns of particulates in summer and winter in the monitored area are reported, as well as the frequency distribution in average daily concentration classes over a period of one year.", "PMID": 74965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5587", "title": "[Determination of atmospheric lead].", "content": "The AA. discuss the analytical determination of airborne lead, pointing out the importance of a good standardization of the sampling conditions to obtain comparable data. Results of an experimental study on several sampling techniques for lead in air particulates are reported. The investigated factors were: location of samplers, time and rate of sampling and type of filter used. The study includes the comparison of low and high volume sampling techniques, as well as the distribution of blank and deposited lead values on the surface of the glass fiber filter used in the high volume sampling technique.", "contents": "[Determination of atmospheric lead]. The AA. discuss the analytical determination of airborne lead, pointing out the importance of a good standardization of the sampling conditions to obtain comparable data. Results of an experimental study on several sampling techniques for lead in air particulates are reported. The investigated factors were: location of samplers, time and rate of sampling and type of filter used. The study includes the comparison of low and high volume sampling techniques, as well as the distribution of blank and deposited lead values on the surface of the glass fiber filter used in the high volume sampling technique.", "PMID": 74966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5588", "title": "[H1 histone - giemsa competition and chromosome labeling].", "content": "The deposit of histone H1 on metaphasic chromosomes in situ or isolated for KB cells shows that there is a H1-Giemsa competition at the same sites of fixation. Different banding techniques show that histone H1 gets fixed uniformly along the chromosomes.", "contents": "[H1 histone - giemsa competition and chromosome labeling]. The deposit of histone H1 on metaphasic chromosomes in situ or isolated for KB cells shows that there is a H1-Giemsa competition at the same sites of fixation. Different banding techniques show that histone H1 gets fixed uniformly along the chromosomes.", "PMID": 74970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5589", "title": "Casein and other tumor markers in relation to cancer of the breast.", "content": "Five tumor markers can be simultaneously determined in the serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), beta-subunit of HCG (beta-HCG) and kappa-casein. In a series of 935 healthy subjects, these antigens remain detectable or are detected within very precise limits. At the start of the clinical evolution of breast cancer, the incidence of pathological concentrations is increased as compared with the highest level observed in normal subjects. This high incidence is mainly due to a concomitant determination of CEA, kappa-casein, HCG and beta-HCG. The alpha-FP test is never positive, while the kappa-casein concentration is particularly high in the first clinical stages of breast cancer and with metastases. The concomitant determination of these tumor markers may be a biological element contributing to the diagnosis of neoplasia, although it is neither an absolute nor a specific criterium. Indeed, a pathological concentration of at least one antigen was observed in 5.5% of the subjects presenting with benign mastopathy. When metastases occur (25 patients), the incidence of pathological concentrations of at least one antigen increases: 88%, the absolute values of these levels increasing simultaneously. The determination of the antigen concentration therefore allows an evaluation of the extension of the disease. Surgical removal reduces the incidence of positivity of these antigens to 34%. Persistence of pathological levels seems to be related to a possibility of relapse or metastatic spreading. Finally, chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied on a tumor which is not excised, does not decrease the incidence of positivity of the tumoral markers, although their levels seem to fluctuate with the clinical evolution.", "contents": "Casein and other tumor markers in relation to cancer of the breast. Five tumor markers can be simultaneously determined in the serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), beta-subunit of HCG (beta-HCG) and kappa-casein. In a series of 935 healthy subjects, these antigens remain detectable or are detected within very precise limits. At the start of the clinical evolution of breast cancer, the incidence of pathological concentrations is increased as compared with the highest level observed in normal subjects. This high incidence is mainly due to a concomitant determination of CEA, kappa-casein, HCG and beta-HCG. The alpha-FP test is never positive, while the kappa-casein concentration is particularly high in the first clinical stages of breast cancer and with metastases. The concomitant determination of these tumor markers may be a biological element contributing to the diagnosis of neoplasia, although it is neither an absolute nor a specific criterium. Indeed, a pathological concentration of at least one antigen was observed in 5.5% of the subjects presenting with benign mastopathy. When metastases occur (25 patients), the incidence of pathological concentrations of at least one antigen increases: 88%, the absolute values of these levels increasing simultaneously. The determination of the antigen concentration therefore allows an evaluation of the extension of the disease. Surgical removal reduces the incidence of positivity of these antigens to 34%. Persistence of pathological levels seems to be related to a possibility of relapse or metastatic spreading. Finally, chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied on a tumor which is not excised, does not decrease the incidence of positivity of the tumoral markers, although their levels seem to fluctuate with the clinical evolution.", "PMID": 74972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5590", "title": "Light microscopical examination of glomerular basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "To obtain as much information as possible from light-microscopy about changes in the glomerular basement-membrane, a thin section microtome attachment is necessary in order to produce 1 to 3 micron sections. The most informative staining method of paraffin embedded tissue is the Muller-Mowry-Masson trichrome (M-M-M) combination stain. The deposits, e.g., in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), stain red, the basement membrane light orange and the endothelial cell cytoplasm light pink. With this stain, as with the Muller-Mowry stain, normal glomeruli show an uninterrupted line of blue acid mucopolysaccharides along the basement membrane, where it is joined by foot processes of the epithelial cells. In contrast, in glomeruli from patients with SLE, focal loss of acid mucopolysaccharides is noted.", "contents": "Light microscopical examination of glomerular basement membrane in systemic lupus erythematosus. To obtain as much information as possible from light-microscopy about changes in the glomerular basement-membrane, a thin section microtome attachment is necessary in order to produce 1 to 3 micron sections. The most informative staining method of paraffin embedded tissue is the Muller-Mowry-Masson trichrome (M-M-M) combination stain. The deposits, e.g., in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), stain red, the basement membrane light orange and the endothelial cell cytoplasm light pink. With this stain, as with the Muller-Mowry stain, normal glomeruli show an uninterrupted line of blue acid mucopolysaccharides along the basement membrane, where it is joined by foot processes of the epithelial cells. In contrast, in glomeruli from patients with SLE, focal loss of acid mucopolysaccharides is noted.", "PMID": 74969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5591", "title": "The development of laboratory tests for cancer in Japan with special reference to carcinoembryonic proteins.", "content": "The present paper describes the present status of clinical tests for cancer in Japan. Since no cancer-specific substance has been found so far the clinical tests for cancer at present are always quantitative but not qualitative. Among these substances, alpha-fetoprotein is one of the most specific substances for cancer and its test is essential for diagnosis of hepatoma beins used worldwide. AFP is a specific product of liver cancer cells. The measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient blood is a hopeful method for cancer diagnosis. This substance is not specifically produced by cancer cells, but the phenomenon of appearance in bloodstream appears to be cancer-specific. This may reflect the invasion of blood vessels in tissues such as colorectum, lung, etc., by infiltration of cancer cell. This is the reason for the appearance of CEA in a wide variety of cancers. There are many other clinical tests at present but these are only secondary aids for the diagnosis of cancer. This is the reason why the description concentrates mostly on AFP and CEA. The companies manufacturing the kits for these tests in Japan are also listed in this paper.", "contents": "The development of laboratory tests for cancer in Japan with special reference to carcinoembryonic proteins. The present paper describes the present status of clinical tests for cancer in Japan. Since no cancer-specific substance has been found so far the clinical tests for cancer at present are always quantitative but not qualitative. Among these substances, alpha-fetoprotein is one of the most specific substances for cancer and its test is essential for diagnosis of hepatoma beins used worldwide. AFP is a specific product of liver cancer cells. The measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient blood is a hopeful method for cancer diagnosis. This substance is not specifically produced by cancer cells, but the phenomenon of appearance in bloodstream appears to be cancer-specific. This may reflect the invasion of blood vessels in tissues such as colorectum, lung, etc., by infiltration of cancer cell. This is the reason for the appearance of CEA in a wide variety of cancers. There are many other clinical tests at present but these are only secondary aids for the diagnosis of cancer. This is the reason why the description concentrates mostly on AFP and CEA. The companies manufacturing the kits for these tests in Japan are also listed in this paper.", "PMID": 74974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5592", "title": "Microbial transformations of styrene and [14C] styrene in soil and enrichment cultures.", "content": "Two different mechanisms were responsible for the disappearance of styrene in enrichment cultures: (i) a mixed population of microorganisms, capable of utilizing styrene as a sole carbon source, oxidized this substrate to phenylethanol and phenylacetic acid; (ii) the culture also mediated polymerization of the monomer to low-molecular-weight styrene oligomers. This chemical reaction probably occurred as the result of microbial degradation of butylcatechol, an antioxidant polymerization inhibitor present in commercial styrene. The resultant polymer material was subsequently metabolized. In soil incubation studies, 14CO2 evolution from applied [8-14C] styrene was used to estimate microbial degradation. Approximately 90 percent of the labeled carbon was evolved from a 0.2 percent addition, and about 75 percent was lost from the 0.5 percent application over a 16-week period.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of styrene and [14C] styrene in soil and enrichment cultures. Two different mechanisms were responsible for the disappearance of styrene in enrichment cultures: (i) a mixed population of microorganisms, capable of utilizing styrene as a sole carbon source, oxidized this substrate to phenylethanol and phenylacetic acid; (ii) the culture also mediated polymerization of the monomer to low-molecular-weight styrene oligomers. This chemical reaction probably occurred as the result of microbial degradation of butylcatechol, an antioxidant polymerization inhibitor present in commercial styrene. The resultant polymer material was subsequently metabolized. In soil incubation studies, 14CO2 evolution from applied [8-14C] styrene was used to estimate microbial degradation. Approximately 90 percent of the labeled carbon was evolved from a 0.2 percent addition, and about 75 percent was lost from the 0.5 percent application over a 16-week period.", "PMID": 74979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5593", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Arthrobacter bacteriophages and their application to phage typing of soil arthrobacters.", "content": "Seventeen bacteriophages, active against 19 Arthrobacter soil isolates, were isolated from concentrated samples of river water and sewage. Attempts to isolate Arthrobacter bacteriophages from filtrates of broth cultures of the soil isolates or from ultraviolet light-irradiated cultures were unsuccessful. Bacteriophages were not detected in either concentrated or unconcentrated soil extracts. Electron microscopic studies of 11 phages showed morphologies characteristic of Bradley's groups B (exhibited by 9 phages) and C (exhibited by 2 phages). Moles percent guanine plus cytosine, calculated from the deoxyribonucleic acid density of three phages, ranged from 60.2 to 65.3. The phages were characterized by their plague and virion morphology, host range, and serological specificity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Arthrobacter bacteriophages and their application to phage typing of soil arthrobacters. Seventeen bacteriophages, active against 19 Arthrobacter soil isolates, were isolated from concentrated samples of river water and sewage. Attempts to isolate Arthrobacter bacteriophages from filtrates of broth cultures of the soil isolates or from ultraviolet light-irradiated cultures were unsuccessful. Bacteriophages were not detected in either concentrated or unconcentrated soil extracts. Electron microscopic studies of 11 phages showed morphologies characteristic of Bradley's groups B (exhibited by 9 phages) and C (exhibited by 2 phages). Moles percent guanine plus cytosine, calculated from the deoxyribonucleic acid density of three phages, ranged from 60.2 to 65.3. The phages were characterized by their plague and virion morphology, host range, and serological specificity.", "PMID": 74980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5594", "title": "Electron microscopical study of psoriasis pustulosa.", "content": "Five cases of psoriasis pustulosa were examined by electron microscopy. The main features within the dermis were dilated capillaries filled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red cells. Neutrophils passed out of the vessels through the gaps and fenestrations and migrated towards the epidermis throughout the distinctly edematous corium. Lymphatic vessels could be found. Histiocytes containing Langerhans granules were observed in the dermis and epidermis. The morphological changes of the epidermis depented on the place examined and were most evident near fully developed pustules in the upper layers. The presence of previously described morphological findings could be confirmed. Perinuclear cytolysis and other changes in the keratinocytes, however, seem to be secondary, resulting from edema and accumulation of neutrophils within the epidermis. Immunological phenomenona may be responsible for the latter event.", "contents": "Electron microscopical study of psoriasis pustulosa. Five cases of psoriasis pustulosa were examined by electron microscopy. The main features within the dermis were dilated capillaries filled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red cells. Neutrophils passed out of the vessels through the gaps and fenestrations and migrated towards the epidermis throughout the distinctly edematous corium. Lymphatic vessels could be found. Histiocytes containing Langerhans granules were observed in the dermis and epidermis. The morphological changes of the epidermis depented on the place examined and were most evident near fully developed pustules in the upper layers. The presence of previously described morphological findings could be confirmed. Perinuclear cytolysis and other changes in the keratinocytes, however, seem to be secondary, resulting from edema and accumulation of neutrophils within the epidermis. Immunological phenomenona may be responsible for the latter event.", "PMID": 74981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5595", "title": "[Concentration of intravenously administered gammaglobulin preparations in dog skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemical modification of standard gammaglobulin with enzyme treatment (pepsin) or stabilization (beta-propiolactone) is able to influence elimination, fragmentation and organ distribution of intravenously administered gammaglobulins as shown in 36 dogs after i.v. application of allogenic and xenogenic gammaglobulin preparations. Pepsin-gammaglobulin was eliminated and fragmented most rapidly. Gammaglobulin concentrations of all preparations in the skin showed as slower decrease than comparable blood concentrations. The highest skin concentrations 10 days after i.v. application were found for beta-propiolactone gammaglobulin with 6.2 +/- 1.6 microgram/g compared to a blood level of 7.9 +/- 0.9 microgram/ml.", "contents": "[Concentration of intravenously administered gammaglobulin preparations in dog skin (author's transl)]. Chemical modification of standard gammaglobulin with enzyme treatment (pepsin) or stabilization (beta-propiolactone) is able to influence elimination, fragmentation and organ distribution of intravenously administered gammaglobulins as shown in 36 dogs after i.v. application of allogenic and xenogenic gammaglobulin preparations. Pepsin-gammaglobulin was eliminated and fragmented most rapidly. Gammaglobulin concentrations of all preparations in the skin showed as slower decrease than comparable blood concentrations. The highest skin concentrations 10 days after i.v. application were found for beta-propiolactone gammaglobulin with 6.2 +/- 1.6 microgram/g compared to a blood level of 7.9 +/- 0.9 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 74982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5596", "title": "Disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins from scales of different forms of ichthyosis.", "content": "In extracts of scales of different forms of ichthyosis, disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins was performed. Number and position of the protein bands correspond with number and position of the bands of extracts of normal keratin and psoriatic scales. However, in comparison to normal keratin, all examined forms of ichthyosis showed in zone II the enriched bands Nos. 6 and 7. This permits a distinct differentiation from psoriasis in which in zone II the bands Nos. 9 and 10 are enriched. In congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and in ichthyosis combined with atopic dermatitis, in zone III the bands, containing gamma globulins, are enriched as an expression of the concomittant exudative process. The protein content of scale extracts of ichthyosis is 2 to 5 times lower than the one of psoriasis.", "contents": "Disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins from scales of different forms of ichthyosis. In extracts of scales of different forms of ichthyosis, disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins was performed. Number and position of the protein bands correspond with number and position of the bands of extracts of normal keratin and psoriatic scales. However, in comparison to normal keratin, all examined forms of ichthyosis showed in zone II the enriched bands Nos. 6 and 7. This permits a distinct differentiation from psoriasis in which in zone II the bands Nos. 9 and 10 are enriched. In congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and in ichthyosis combined with atopic dermatitis, in zone III the bands, containing gamma globulins, are enriched as an expression of the concomittant exudative process. The protein content of scale extracts of ichthyosis is 2 to 5 times lower than the one of psoriasis.", "PMID": 74983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5597", "title": "Failure to detect specific gluten antigens associated with the immune aggregates in the skin in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "The univolved skin of 10 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) was examined for the presence of gluten antigens with the immunofluorescence technique using a rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, human antibodies to wheat and to reticulin conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) and class-specific anti-human IgA immunoglobulin. In all patients, IgA deposits were found in the tips of the dermal papillae of the uninvolved skin. With the anti-wheat and anti-reticulin conjugates, as well as with the rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, no specific immunofluorescence was observed in any of the skin specimens. Skin biopsy sections of three DH patients were treated with an acid solution (pH 3.2) in an effort to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes that might be present. After the elution procedure the sections showed undiminished IgA fluorescence, and retesting with the anti-wheat- and anti-reticulin antisera again gave negative results. The skin eluates, two of which contained IgA, had no antibodies to wheat or reticulin. These findings do not give support to the hypothesis that the antigens in the suspected immune complexes in the DH skin consist of gluten.", "contents": "Failure to detect specific gluten antigens associated with the immune aggregates in the skin in dermatitis herpetiformis. The univolved skin of 10 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) was examined for the presence of gluten antigens with the immunofluorescence technique using a rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, human antibodies to wheat and to reticulin conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) and class-specific anti-human IgA immunoglobulin. In all patients, IgA deposits were found in the tips of the dermal papillae of the uninvolved skin. With the anti-wheat and anti-reticulin conjugates, as well as with the rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, no specific immunofluorescence was observed in any of the skin specimens. Skin biopsy sections of three DH patients were treated with an acid solution (pH 3.2) in an effort to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes that might be present. After the elution procedure the sections showed undiminished IgA fluorescence, and retesting with the anti-wheat- and anti-reticulin antisera again gave negative results. The skin eluates, two of which contained IgA, had no antibodies to wheat or reticulin. These findings do not give support to the hypothesis that the antigens in the suspected immune complexes in the DH skin consist of gluten.", "PMID": 74984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5598", "title": "Oral alimentation following intubation for esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "The nutritional status of 15 patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All patients showed evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition, prior to intubation. Oral alimentation using a formulated hospital ward diet with an elemental dietary supplement reversed the nutritional deficit. A mean daily positive nitrogen balance of seven grams was achieved three weeks following intubation. No episode of tube blockage was observed and the elemental diet supplement was well tolerated.", "contents": "Oral alimentation following intubation for esophageal carcinoma. The nutritional status of 15 patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All patients showed evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition, prior to intubation. Oral alimentation using a formulated hospital ward diet with an elemental dietary supplement reversed the nutritional deficit. A mean daily positive nitrogen balance of seven grams was achieved three weeks following intubation. No episode of tube blockage was observed and the elemental diet supplement was well tolerated.", "PMID": 74985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5599", "title": "Post-extrasystolic potentiation; effect of Ca, histamine, caffeine and epinephrine.", "content": "The influence of caffeine, epinephrine, histamine and high Ca solutions on post-extrasystolic potentiation of guinea-pig's isolated heart muscle was investigated. It was found that caffeine suppressed the potentiation process while epinephrine and high Ca solutions enhanced it. Histamine caused a gradual decrease in post-extrasystolic potentiation. The results support the view that the potentiation process is related to an increased Ca release by the terminal vesicles caused by paired stimulation.", "contents": "Post-extrasystolic potentiation; effect of Ca, histamine, caffeine and epinephrine. The influence of caffeine, epinephrine, histamine and high Ca solutions on post-extrasystolic potentiation of guinea-pig's isolated heart muscle was investigated. It was found that caffeine suppressed the potentiation process while epinephrine and high Ca solutions enhanced it. Histamine caused a gradual decrease in post-extrasystolic potentiation. The results support the view that the potentiation process is related to an increased Ca release by the terminal vesicles caused by paired stimulation.", "PMID": 74986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5600", "title": "Anaerobic dechlorination and degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app. and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) under anaerobic conditions. Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive. With 36Cl-labelled gamma-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4--6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active. Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively gamma-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates. The alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (gamma larger than alpha larger than beta larger than or equal to delta-HCH). All species active in anaerobic degradation of gamma-HCH formed gamma-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found. Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too. The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed.", "contents": "Anaerobic dechlorination and degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app. and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) under anaerobic conditions. Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive. With 36Cl-labelled gamma-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4--6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active. Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively gamma-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates. The alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (gamma larger than alpha larger than beta larger than or equal to delta-HCH). All species active in anaerobic degradation of gamma-HCH formed gamma-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found. Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too. The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed.", "PMID": 74989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5601", "title": "[Changes of some metabolic parameters of the liver in chickens under the influence of Entomoxan].", "content": "From the 3rd week of life Studler-Cornish-breed chickens received a food mixed with Entomoxan (15 ppm HCH-gamma-Isomer in the food) for an 8 weeks period. 2,4,6, and 8 weeks after the beginning of the experiment livers of the chickens were examined for RNA-, DNA-, total protein- and total aminonitrogen contents. The RNA-values decrease constantly where as those of DNA increase up to the 4th week and after that decline. Total protein contents rise up to the 4th week. After 2 and 8 weeks the contents of amino-nitrogen are lower in experimental birds than in controls.", "contents": "[Changes of some metabolic parameters of the liver in chickens under the influence of Entomoxan]. From the 3rd week of life Studler-Cornish-breed chickens received a food mixed with Entomoxan (15 ppm HCH-gamma-Isomer in the food) for an 8 weeks period. 2,4,6, and 8 weeks after the beginning of the experiment livers of the chickens were examined for RNA-, DNA-, total protein- and total aminonitrogen contents. The RNA-values decrease constantly where as those of DNA increase up to the 4th week and after that decline. Total protein contents rise up to the 4th week. After 2 and 8 weeks the contents of amino-nitrogen are lower in experimental birds than in controls.", "PMID": 74990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5602", "title": "[Mast and enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa].", "content": "An attempt has been made to reveal simultaneously both mast and ECL cells in the fundic mucosa of some laboratory animals and man. In Bouin fluid fixed specimens, toluidine blue pH 5.0 and alcian blue pH 1.0 failed to reveal mucosal mast cells in rats and mice only. In those animals mucosal mast cells became demonstrable in Carnoy fluid fixed tissues after staining with alcian blue pH 1.0. A double staining technique has been applied using Grimelius silver method followed by staining either with toluidine blue after acid hydrolysis or with alcian blue. Both mast and ECL cells became visible showing here and there their close arrangement. The latter might be a point for some functional relations between both cell types.", "contents": "[Mast and enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa]. An attempt has been made to reveal simultaneously both mast and ECL cells in the fundic mucosa of some laboratory animals and man. In Bouin fluid fixed specimens, toluidine blue pH 5.0 and alcian blue pH 1.0 failed to reveal mucosal mast cells in rats and mice only. In those animals mucosal mast cells became demonstrable in Carnoy fluid fixed tissues after staining with alcian blue pH 1.0. A double staining technique has been applied using Grimelius silver method followed by staining either with toluidine blue after acid hydrolysis or with alcian blue. Both mast and ECL cells became visible showing here and there their close arrangement. The latter might be a point for some functional relations between both cell types.", "PMID": 74997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5603", "title": "[Endocrine cells of the esophageal glands].", "content": "Distribution of endocrine cells in the human oesophagus was studied histochemically. Large amount of endocrine cells was discovered in terminal parts and excretory ducts of the cardial glands. Endocrine cells of the oesophageal cardial glands are represented, at least, by three types: argentaffine, argyrophil in the reactions of Grimelius and Sevier, Munger and argyrophil in the reaction of Grimelius only. The amount of argentaffine cells in the oesophageal cardial glands was observed to be 5 times as large as that of in the gastric cardial glands. The reason is evidently in functional difference of the oesophageal and gastric cardial glands. The endocrine cells were absent in the mucous glands of the oesophagus.", "contents": "[Endocrine cells of the esophageal glands]. Distribution of endocrine cells in the human oesophagus was studied histochemically. Large amount of endocrine cells was discovered in terminal parts and excretory ducts of the cardial glands. Endocrine cells of the oesophageal cardial glands are represented, at least, by three types: argentaffine, argyrophil in the reactions of Grimelius and Sevier, Munger and argyrophil in the reaction of Grimelius only. The amount of argentaffine cells in the oesophageal cardial glands was observed to be 5 times as large as that of in the gastric cardial glands. The reason is evidently in functional difference of the oesophageal and gastric cardial glands. The endocrine cells were absent in the mucous glands of the oesophagus.", "PMID": 74998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5604", "title": "An enzyme histochemical analysis of human subretinal fluid.", "content": "During rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, two major phagocytic cell populations can be identified in the subretinal fluid. Routine light and electron microscopic studies may be inadequate to assess quantitatively the free-floating retinal pigment epithelial cells and the macrophagic retinal pigment-laden cells. Enzyme histochemical staining permits a simple, rapid, reproducible method of identifying each cell type. This cytologic biochemical differentiation is an important tool for reexamination of the theories associated with subretinal fluid cell activity.", "contents": "An enzyme histochemical analysis of human subretinal fluid. During rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, two major phagocytic cell populations can be identified in the subretinal fluid. Routine light and electron microscopic studies may be inadequate to assess quantitatively the free-floating retinal pigment epithelial cells and the macrophagic retinal pigment-laden cells. Enzyme histochemical staining permits a simple, rapid, reproducible method of identifying each cell type. This cytologic biochemical differentiation is an important tool for reexamination of the theories associated with subretinal fluid cell activity.", "PMID": 74999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5605", "title": "The isolation of Saumarez Reef virus, a new flavivirus, from bird ticks Ornithodoros capensis and Ixodes eudyptidis in Australia.", "content": "Strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name Saumarez Reef Virus is proposed, were isolated from seabird ticks collected from four localities. Two strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ornithodoros capensis Neumann 1901 collected from the nests of Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata Linnaeus 1766 on coral cays off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The other three strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell 1885 taken from two dead Silver Gulls Larus novaehollandiae Stephens 1826 in northern Tasmania. The new virus was compared serologically with 50 other flaviviruses at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and was found to be most closely related to Tyuleniy virus.", "contents": "The isolation of Saumarez Reef virus, a new flavivirus, from bird ticks Ornithodoros capensis and Ixodes eudyptidis in Australia. Strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name Saumarez Reef Virus is proposed, were isolated from seabird ticks collected from four localities. Two strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ornithodoros capensis Neumann 1901 collected from the nests of Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata Linnaeus 1766 on coral cays off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The other three strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell 1885 taken from two dead Silver Gulls Larus novaehollandiae Stephens 1826 in northern Tasmania. The new virus was compared serologically with 50 other flaviviruses at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and was found to be most closely related to Tyuleniy virus.", "PMID": 75000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5606", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical investigations of spindle-shaped corpuscles in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes.", "content": "In connection with various diseases, spindle-shaped or roundish 2-15 micrometer large corpuscles with a yellowish-green, partly brown color are found in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes of various localisation. There are three groups according to staining and ultrastructural characteristics. I. Strongly Fe+++ positive corpucles only, 2. corpuscles with a positive PAS-reaction, Ziehl-Neelsen and Sudan black B stain and slight iron adsorption, 3. particles with irregular stainability. Ultrastructurally, the spindle bodies of Group I have a uniform membrane, double in some sections and a narrow, finely granular rim, in which 50 A large iron micelles are stored. The electrondense center contains structures which may correspond to remainders of cell organelles. The similarly shaped particles of Group 2 have a homogeneous, electron-dense center and sometimes half-moon-shaped, homogeneous, less dense appositions. A dense round center with finely honey-combed translucencies and marginal vacuoles characterizes the irregularly shaped, in part spindly corpuscles of Group 3. The energy-dispersion X-ray analysis indicates only iron for the particles of Group I. A relation of the corpuscles to specific diseases, especially to sarcoidosis and certain therapeutic measures, is not evident.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical investigations of spindle-shaped corpuscles in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes. In connection with various diseases, spindle-shaped or roundish 2-15 micrometer large corpuscles with a yellowish-green, partly brown color are found in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes of various localisation. There are three groups according to staining and ultrastructural characteristics. I. Strongly Fe+++ positive corpucles only, 2. corpuscles with a positive PAS-reaction, Ziehl-Neelsen and Sudan black B stain and slight iron adsorption, 3. particles with irregular stainability. Ultrastructurally, the spindle bodies of Group I have a uniform membrane, double in some sections and a narrow, finely granular rim, in which 50 A large iron micelles are stored. The electrondense center contains structures which may correspond to remainders of cell organelles. The similarly shaped particles of Group 2 have a homogeneous, electron-dense center and sometimes half-moon-shaped, homogeneous, less dense appositions. A dense round center with finely honey-combed translucencies and marginal vacuoles characterizes the irregularly shaped, in part spindly corpuscles of Group 3. The energy-dispersion X-ray analysis indicates only iron for the particles of Group I. A relation of the corpuscles to specific diseases, especially to sarcoidosis and certain therapeutic measures, is not evident.", "PMID": 75003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5607", "title": "Purification, biochemical characterization and serological analysis of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases and a reverse transcriptase from spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome.", "content": "The present study describes the separation and purification of a reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases from the human spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The specific requirements with respect to bivalent cations and template-primers for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta and DNA polymerase-gamma, as well as for the reverse transcriptase, are reported. Sedimentation-velocity measurements of the purified enzymes gave values of 150000, 40000, 100000 and 70000 daltons for DNA polymerase-alpha DNA polymerase-beta, DNA polymerase-gamma and the reverse transcriptase respectively. Serological studies have shown that the reverse transcriptase from human spleen is not antigenically related to cellular DNA polymerase-alpha, -beta or -gamma, but is antigenically related to reverse transcriptase from simian sarcoma virus and gibbon-ape leukaemia virus.", "contents": "Purification, biochemical characterization and serological analysis of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases and a reverse transcriptase from spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The present study describes the separation and purification of a reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases from the human spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The specific requirements with respect to bivalent cations and template-primers for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta and DNA polymerase-gamma, as well as for the reverse transcriptase, are reported. Sedimentation-velocity measurements of the purified enzymes gave values of 150000, 40000, 100000 and 70000 daltons for DNA polymerase-alpha DNA polymerase-beta, DNA polymerase-gamma and the reverse transcriptase respectively. Serological studies have shown that the reverse transcriptase from human spleen is not antigenically related to cellular DNA polymerase-alpha, -beta or -gamma, but is antigenically related to reverse transcriptase from simian sarcoma virus and gibbon-ape leukaemia virus.", "PMID": 75008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5608", "title": "Localization of sites for ionic interaction with lipid in the C-terminal third of the bovine myelin basic protein.", "content": "The myelin basic protein from bovine brain tissue was purified and the two peptides obtained by cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the single tryptophan residue were isolated. The interaction of these peptides and the intact basic protein with complex lipids was investigated by following the solubilization of lipid-protein complexes into chloroform in a biphasic solvent system. The C-terminal peptide fragment (residues 117-170) and the intact basic protein both formed chloroform-soluble complexes with acidic lipids, but not with neutral complex lipids. The N-terminal fragment (residues 1-115) did not form chloroform-soluble complexes with either acidic or neutral complex lipids. The molar ratio of lipid to protein that caused a 50% loss of protein from the upper phase to the lower chloroform phase was the same for the intact basic protein as for the smaller C-terminal peptide fragment. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were approximately twice as efficient as sulphatide at causing protein redistribution to the chloroform phase. The results are interpreted as indicating that the sites for ionic interactions between lipid and charged groups on the basic protein of myelin are located in the C-terminal region of the protein molecule.", "contents": "Localization of sites for ionic interaction with lipid in the C-terminal third of the bovine myelin basic protein. The myelin basic protein from bovine brain tissue was purified and the two peptides obtained by cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the single tryptophan residue were isolated. The interaction of these peptides and the intact basic protein with complex lipids was investigated by following the solubilization of lipid-protein complexes into chloroform in a biphasic solvent system. The C-terminal peptide fragment (residues 117-170) and the intact basic protein both formed chloroform-soluble complexes with acidic lipids, but not with neutral complex lipids. The N-terminal fragment (residues 1-115) did not form chloroform-soluble complexes with either acidic or neutral complex lipids. The molar ratio of lipid to protein that caused a 50% loss of protein from the upper phase to the lower chloroform phase was the same for the intact basic protein as for the smaller C-terminal peptide fragment. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were approximately twice as efficient as sulphatide at causing protein redistribution to the chloroform phase. The results are interpreted as indicating that the sites for ionic interactions between lipid and charged groups on the basic protein of myelin are located in the C-terminal region of the protein molecule.", "PMID": 75009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5609", "title": "[Immunological studies demonstrating the enhancing effect of aristolochic acid on immunoreactions (author's transl)].", "content": "In experimental studies it was shown that aristolochic acid is able to ameliorate or to stimulate immunoreactions. This was studied in vivo with cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions and by measurement of the gamma-globulin formation of treated rabbits; the in vitro system used was the macrophage migration test.", "contents": "[Immunological studies demonstrating the enhancing effect of aristolochic acid on immunoreactions (author's transl)]. In experimental studies it was shown that aristolochic acid is able to ameliorate or to stimulate immunoreactions. This was studied in vivo with cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions and by measurement of the gamma-globulin formation of treated rabbits; the in vitro system used was the macrophage migration test.", "PMID": 75014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5610", "title": "Intratendon sheath corticosteroid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and idiopathic hand flexor tenosynovitis.", "content": "Flexor tenosynovitis (FT) is a common manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to hand deformity and manual dysfunction. The efficacy of intratendon sheath corticosteroids was assessed by reviewing the results of such treatment in 173 episodes of FT documented in 46 patients with definite or classic RA. Ninety-three percent of initial episodes resolved completely for 3 or more months (median: 25 months); tenosynovitis did not recur in 59%. The likelihood of a favorable response did not diminish with treatment of recurrent FT in a given digit. Comparable results were found in 52 FT episodes observed in 38 non-RA patients. No tendon sheath or soft tissue infection or tendon rupture ensued in either treatment group. The response was influenced by the specific corticosteroid preparation selected. Based on this experience, a trial of intratendon sheath corticosteroid injections prior to surgical intervention is recommended for RA patients with FT.", "contents": "Intratendon sheath corticosteroid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and idiopathic hand flexor tenosynovitis. Flexor tenosynovitis (FT) is a common manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to hand deformity and manual dysfunction. The efficacy of intratendon sheath corticosteroids was assessed by reviewing the results of such treatment in 173 episodes of FT documented in 46 patients with definite or classic RA. Ninety-three percent of initial episodes resolved completely for 3 or more months (median: 25 months); tenosynovitis did not recur in 59%. The likelihood of a favorable response did not diminish with treatment of recurrent FT in a given digit. Comparable results were found in 52 FT episodes observed in 38 non-RA patients. No tendon sheath or soft tissue infection or tendon rupture ensued in either treatment group. The response was influenced by the specific corticosteroid preparation selected. Based on this experience, a trial of intratendon sheath corticosteroid injections prior to surgical intervention is recommended for RA patients with FT.", "PMID": 75013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5611", "title": "From object relations to attachment theory: a basis for family therapy.", "content": "This paper describes the essence of object relations theory as developed by Winnicott through his concepts of transtional object, the good enough mother holding a situation for her child and play both solitary and mutual. These concepts are compared and contrasted with the essential features of attachment theory as put forward by Bowlby. It is suggested that Winnicotts object relations concepts and attachment theory each provide a framework to explain similar psychological and interpersonal phenomena. Reasons are put forward for the choice of attachment theory as a basis for family therapy and to suggest hypotheses to investigate the quality and quantity of intrafamilial social interaction and concomitant emotional states. The family in family therapy is described in terms of the interpersonal dynamic suggested by attachment theory. The family is seen as a homoeostatic system of relationships between individuals at different stages of development who share set goals aimed at terminating a specific form of proximity-seeking attachment behaviour and promoting exploratory behaviour.", "contents": "From object relations to attachment theory: a basis for family therapy. This paper describes the essence of object relations theory as developed by Winnicott through his concepts of transtional object, the good enough mother holding a situation for her child and play both solitary and mutual. These concepts are compared and contrasted with the essential features of attachment theory as put forward by Bowlby. It is suggested that Winnicotts object relations concepts and attachment theory each provide a framework to explain similar psychological and interpersonal phenomena. Reasons are put forward for the choice of attachment theory as a basis for family therapy and to suggest hypotheses to investigate the quality and quantity of intrafamilial social interaction and concomitant emotional states. The family in family therapy is described in terms of the interpersonal dynamic suggested by attachment theory. The family is seen as a homoeostatic system of relationships between individuals at different stages of development who share set goals aimed at terminating a specific form of proximity-seeking attachment behaviour and promoting exploratory behaviour.", "PMID": 75018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5612", "title": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism in twin pregnancy.", "content": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism were measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 11 patients with twins and compared with a group of 21 patients with singleton pregnancies. Mean plasma fibrinogen levels were consistently (but not significantly) elevated in the mothers of twins while other parameters showed no differences.", "contents": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism in twin pregnancy. Components of the haemostatic mechanism were measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 11 patients with twins and compared with a group of 21 patients with singleton pregnancies. Mean plasma fibrinogen levels were consistently (but not significantly) elevated in the mothers of twins while other parameters showed no differences.", "PMID": 75019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5613", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in triplet and quadruplet pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher in six triplet pregnancies and three quadruplet pregnancies than in control singleton pregnancies matched for maternal age, parity and time of gestation at which the serum sample was taken. Between 12 and 23 weeks of pregnancy, the average AFP levels among the triplet pregnancies was three times that found in the singleton pregnancies, and the level in the quadruplet pregnancies was even higher. Maternal serum AFP levels appear to be associated with the number of fetuses in utero.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in triplet and quadruplet pregnancy. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher in six triplet pregnancies and three quadruplet pregnancies than in control singleton pregnancies matched for maternal age, parity and time of gestation at which the serum sample was taken. Between 12 and 23 weeks of pregnancy, the average AFP levels among the triplet pregnancies was three times that found in the singleton pregnancies, and the level in the quadruplet pregnancies was even higher. Maternal serum AFP levels appear to be associated with the number of fetuses in utero.", "PMID": 75020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5614", "title": "A spectroscopic investigation of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) derivatives.", "content": "Using a combination of ultraviolet-visible absorption, 1H NMR and ESR techniques we have established that N(1) of the imidazole and N(1) of the pyrimidine residues of bleomycin A2 bind to Cu(II) and Zn(II). The observations coupled with the earlier results that the alpha-amino group of the alpha-amino carboxamide function and the carbamoyl moiety are also Cu(II)-ligating groups makes it possible to reconstruct the detailed geometry and stereochemistry of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2.", "contents": "A spectroscopic investigation of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) derivatives. Using a combination of ultraviolet-visible absorption, 1H NMR and ESR techniques we have established that N(1) of the imidazole and N(1) of the pyrimidine residues of bleomycin A2 bind to Cu(II) and Zn(II). The observations coupled with the earlier results that the alpha-amino group of the alpha-amino carboxamide function and the carbamoyl moiety are also Cu(II)-ligating groups makes it possible to reconstruct the detailed geometry and stereochemistry of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2.", "PMID": 75023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5615", "title": "Polymorphism of parvalbumins and tissue distribution: characterization of component I, isolated from red muscles of Cyprinus carpio L.", "content": "The component I isolated from carp red muscle has been characterized as a true parvalbumin, fairly different from carp parvalbumins described so far. The protein is antigenically related to the parvalbumin III from pike, which belongs to the so called parvalbumin lineage alpha. Immunological investigations on the location of the various carp parvalbumins reveal genuine variation in the pattern of these proteins according to organ and type of muscular tissue.", "contents": "Polymorphism of parvalbumins and tissue distribution: characterization of component I, isolated from red muscles of Cyprinus carpio L. The component I isolated from carp red muscle has been characterized as a true parvalbumin, fairly different from carp parvalbumins described so far. The protein is antigenically related to the parvalbumin III from pike, which belongs to the so called parvalbumin lineage alpha. Immunological investigations on the location of the various carp parvalbumins reveal genuine variation in the pattern of these proteins according to organ and type of muscular tissue.", "PMID": 75026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5616", "title": "Zinc uptake by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.", "content": "Primary cultures of rat liver parenchymal cells maintained as a monolayer in serum-free culture medium were used to investigate the characteristics of zinc accumulation in vitro. Liver parenchymal cells accumulated zinc by a temperature-dependent, saturable process that was inhibited by cyanide, azide, oligomycin, N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide. Cadmium reversibly inhibited zinc accumulation in both serum-free and serum-containing media. Gel filtration chromatographic studies showed that recently accumulated intracellular zinc was present as a low molecular weight complex smaller than metallothionein, the zinc storage protein, but larger than individual amino acids. The quantity of zinc accumulated was affected by preincubation of the cells with various hor?ONES. Dexamethasone, prednisone and prednisolone each increased zinc uptake by 40--50% when either insulin or glucagon was also present. Hydrocortisone, cortisone and sex steroids did not influence zinc accumulation. Removal of the polypeptide hormones from the medium abolished the stimulatory effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid steroid hormones on zinc accumulation.", "contents": "Zinc uptake by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. Primary cultures of rat liver parenchymal cells maintained as a monolayer in serum-free culture medium were used to investigate the characteristics of zinc accumulation in vitro. Liver parenchymal cells accumulated zinc by a temperature-dependent, saturable process that was inhibited by cyanide, azide, oligomycin, N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide. Cadmium reversibly inhibited zinc accumulation in both serum-free and serum-containing media. Gel filtration chromatographic studies showed that recently accumulated intracellular zinc was present as a low molecular weight complex smaller than metallothionein, the zinc storage protein, but larger than individual amino acids. The quantity of zinc accumulated was affected by preincubation of the cells with various hor?ONES. Dexamethasone, prednisone and prednisolone each increased zinc uptake by 40--50% when either insulin or glucagon was also present. Hydrocortisone, cortisone and sex steroids did not influence zinc accumulation. Removal of the polypeptide hormones from the medium abolished the stimulatory effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid steroid hormones on zinc accumulation.", "PMID": 75027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5617", "title": "[Comparative stereometric study of the intramural arterial bed of the human myocardium using injection and non-injection methods].", "content": "Comparative sterometric study of intramural arterial bed of the left ventricle wall of 20 injected and 30 non-injected hearts of practically health adults aged from 24 to 27 years (after violent death) was conducted. The volumetric density index of intramural arterial bed(Vv) of the myocardium of the left ventricle wall was on the average 9 times less in case of non-injected hearts than in the injected ones. The Vv was the greastest in the middle type of the coronary circulation of the heart. The non-linear dependence between the Vv and the age was revealed. The Vv decreased with the increase of the heart weight. With the equal indices of the heart weight the Vv was significantly higher in females than in males. The non-injection sterometric method used for the study of the inorganic arterial bed simplifies and objectifies the estimation of the state of myocardial blood supply and can be used in anatomopathological practice.", "contents": "[Comparative stereometric study of the intramural arterial bed of the human myocardium using injection and non-injection methods]. Comparative sterometric study of intramural arterial bed of the left ventricle wall of 20 injected and 30 non-injected hearts of practically health adults aged from 24 to 27 years (after violent death) was conducted. The volumetric density index of intramural arterial bed(Vv) of the myocardium of the left ventricle wall was on the average 9 times less in case of non-injected hearts than in the injected ones. The Vv was the greastest in the middle type of the coronary circulation of the heart. The non-linear dependence between the Vv and the age was revealed. The Vv decreased with the increase of the heart weight. With the equal indices of the heart weight the Vv was significantly higher in females than in males. The non-injection sterometric method used for the study of the inorganic arterial bed simplifies and objectifies the estimation of the state of myocardial blood supply and can be used in anatomopathological practice.", "PMID": 75029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5618", "title": "The controversy over change.", "content": "The full impact of twentieth century technology upon medical libraries was first felt in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the introduction of electronic automation into library methodology. During those years, often the aura of technology for the sake of technology prevailed, and medical librarians did little to inform themselves of capabilities, potentialities, and limitations in relation to cost-effective library usage of automation. Likewise, currently microforms and audiovisuals are frequently acquired for their own sake instead of for their capacity to transmit messages in the most effective and comprehensive way possible. Controversy has raged and still rages over the pros and cons of applying modern technology to library procedures and over the coexistence of the printed page with electronic media. New systems and methodologies, machine or manual, must realistically be evaluated in terms of increased service output by the library to its clientele. Regardless of technological sophistication, any machine that does not significantly contribute to that specific aim has no place in a library. The tradition of the medical librarian has always been to collect, organize, store, and disseminate information in the most efficient manner that the media of the times have had to offer.", "contents": "The controversy over change. The full impact of twentieth century technology upon medical libraries was first felt in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the introduction of electronic automation into library methodology. During those years, often the aura of technology for the sake of technology prevailed, and medical librarians did little to inform themselves of capabilities, potentialities, and limitations in relation to cost-effective library usage of automation. Likewise, currently microforms and audiovisuals are frequently acquired for their own sake instead of for their capacity to transmit messages in the most effective and comprehensive way possible. Controversy has raged and still rages over the pros and cons of applying modern technology to library procedures and over the coexistence of the printed page with electronic media. New systems and methodologies, machine or manual, must realistically be evaluated in terms of increased service output by the library to its clientele. Regardless of technological sophistication, any machine that does not significantly contribute to that specific aim has no place in a library. The tradition of the medical librarian has always been to collect, organize, store, and disseminate information in the most efficient manner that the media of the times have had to offer.", "PMID": 75031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5619", "title": "Direction and specificity of the axonal and transcellular transport of nucleosides.", "content": "The axoplasmic transport of nucleosides or their derivatives has been examined autoradiographically in avian and mammalian brains. Following injections of [3H]-adenosine or [3H]uridine intravitreally in chicks and rats or into the thalamus or neocortex of rats, three findings emerge: (1) axoplasmic transport of these materials occurs both in the anterograde and retrograde direction in birds and mammals; (2) anterograde transport in the axons of injected cells results in considerable cellular labeling in the region in which the axons terminate. This labeling is not exclusively transsynaptic, but probably results from some less specific, trancellular transport, since glial cells at the terminal site and along the path of the axons also become labeled; (3) injection of [3H]uridine in the chick optic and rat thalamocortical systems results in a pattern of labeling which differs considerably from that seen after injection of [3H]adenosine. After [3H]adenosine injections in the chick eye or rat thalamus, retrograde cell labeling is far more obvious than anterograde, transcellular labeling; after injections of [3H]uridine, anterograde, transcellular labeling is more intense than retrograde cell labeling.", "contents": "Direction and specificity of the axonal and transcellular transport of nucleosides. The axoplasmic transport of nucleosides or their derivatives has been examined autoradiographically in avian and mammalian brains. Following injections of [3H]-adenosine or [3H]uridine intravitreally in chicks and rats or into the thalamus or neocortex of rats, three findings emerge: (1) axoplasmic transport of these materials occurs both in the anterograde and retrograde direction in birds and mammals; (2) anterograde transport in the axons of injected cells results in considerable cellular labeling in the region in which the axons terminate. This labeling is not exclusively transsynaptic, but probably results from some less specific, trancellular transport, since glial cells at the terminal site and along the path of the axons also become labeled; (3) injection of [3H]uridine in the chick optic and rat thalamocortical systems results in a pattern of labeling which differs considerably from that seen after injection of [3H]adenosine. After [3H]adenosine injections in the chick eye or rat thalamus, retrograde cell labeling is far more obvious than anterograde, transcellular labeling; after injections of [3H]uridine, anterograde, transcellular labeling is more intense than retrograde cell labeling.", "PMID": 75037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5620", "title": "Ultrastructure and function in sympathetic ganglia isolated from rats infected with pseudorabies virus.", "content": "(1) After inoculation of the pseudorabies virus in the anterior chamber of the eye of the rat, virions can be found only in the neurons of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and in the sensory ganglion of the fifth nerve on the inoculated side. Other nervous structures--central or peripheral--are not infected. (2) It is shown that the retrograde axonal flow carries the virus from the eye to the sympathetic neurons. (3) The ultrastructure of the infected neuron has been studied at various intervals after inoculation and at different stages of the viral replication. (4) Excised infected ganglia in vitro show a spontaneous electrophysiological activity that can be recorded on both the post- and preganglionic nerve. Such an activity has never been seen in normal excised ganglion of rat. (5) The shape and frequency of the electrophysiological discharges recorded on the postganglionic nerve have been analyzed at various intervals after inoculation. (6) Correlations established between the ultrastructure, the effect of various drugs and the electrophysiological activity permit the proposal of various hypothesis about the abnormal activity of the infected neurons.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and function in sympathetic ganglia isolated from rats infected with pseudorabies virus. (1) After inoculation of the pseudorabies virus in the anterior chamber of the eye of the rat, virions can be found only in the neurons of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and in the sensory ganglion of the fifth nerve on the inoculated side. Other nervous structures--central or peripheral--are not infected. (2) It is shown that the retrograde axonal flow carries the virus from the eye to the sympathetic neurons. (3) The ultrastructure of the infected neuron has been studied at various intervals after inoculation and at different stages of the viral replication. (4) Excised infected ganglia in vitro show a spontaneous electrophysiological activity that can be recorded on both the post- and preganglionic nerve. Such an activity has never been seen in normal excised ganglion of rat. (5) The shape and frequency of the electrophysiological discharges recorded on the postganglionic nerve have been analyzed at various intervals after inoculation. (6) Correlations established between the ultrastructure, the effect of various drugs and the electrophysiological activity permit the proposal of various hypothesis about the abnormal activity of the infected neurons.", "PMID": 75040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5621", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase as a retrogradely-transported, detailed dendritic marker.", "content": "A method is described that produces detailed 'Golgi-like' staining in neurons following retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Of 4 commercially available HRP preparations, which were compared for their ability to produce solid neuronal staining in certain regions of the rabbit thalamus 48 h after striatal injection, two preparations (Miles Laboratories and Serva Biochemical) were found to be most efficient. When dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent for the injected HRP, a significant increase in the number of solidly labeled neurons in the thalamus was realized. Approximately 2% DMSO produced the greatest increase when compared with water as the solvent. Dendritic detail visualized by this method is shown to compare favorably with that produced by Golgi staining.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase as a retrogradely-transported, detailed dendritic marker. A method is described that produces detailed 'Golgi-like' staining in neurons following retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Of 4 commercially available HRP preparations, which were compared for their ability to produce solid neuronal staining in certain regions of the rabbit thalamus 48 h after striatal injection, two preparations (Miles Laboratories and Serva Biochemical) were found to be most efficient. When dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent for the injected HRP, a significant increase in the number of solidly labeled neurons in the thalamus was realized. Approximately 2% DMSO produced the greatest increase when compared with water as the solvent. Dendritic detail visualized by this method is shown to compare favorably with that produced by Golgi staining.", "PMID": 75041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5622", "title": "Encephalitogenic properties of purified preparations of bovine oligodendrocytes tested in guinea pigs.", "content": "The present study has investigated central nervous system disease in guinea pigs inoculated with emulsions containing purified preparations of bovine oligodendroglia and their fractions isolated with or without trypsinization, whole bovine white matter or myelin basic protein (MBP). The MBP content of the oligodendroglial fractions was determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that oligodendroglia prepared from trypsinized fresh brain contained minute amounts of MBP and did not induce disease. The corresponding cell fraction from non-trypsinized frozen brain was rich in MBP and induced disease. Bovine white matter and MBP induced typical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The structural preservation of the non-encephalitogenic trypsinized MBP-poor cells was very good and that of the encephalitogenic MBP-rich non-trypsinized cells very poor. It has been concluded that the encephalitogenicity observed was due to MBP, rather than to a specific oligodendroglial antigen.", "contents": "Encephalitogenic properties of purified preparations of bovine oligodendrocytes tested in guinea pigs. The present study has investigated central nervous system disease in guinea pigs inoculated with emulsions containing purified preparations of bovine oligodendroglia and their fractions isolated with or without trypsinization, whole bovine white matter or myelin basic protein (MBP). The MBP content of the oligodendroglial fractions was determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that oligodendroglia prepared from trypsinized fresh brain contained minute amounts of MBP and did not induce disease. The corresponding cell fraction from non-trypsinized frozen brain was rich in MBP and induced disease. Bovine white matter and MBP induced typical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The structural preservation of the non-encephalitogenic trypsinized MBP-poor cells was very good and that of the encephalitogenic MBP-rich non-trypsinized cells very poor. It has been concluded that the encephalitogenicity observed was due to MBP, rather than to a specific oligodendroglial antigen.", "PMID": 75047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5623", "title": "Pancuronium and histamine release.", "content": "Both d-tubocurarine and pancuronium release histamine in the skin: both have been shown to cause bronchospasm after intravenous injection. It is unlikely that skin testing with either drug will detect an individual susceptibility to bronchospasm, except as a non-specific test for atopy.", "contents": "Pancuronium and histamine release. Both d-tubocurarine and pancuronium release histamine in the skin: both have been shown to cause bronchospasm after intravenous injection. It is unlikely that skin testing with either drug will detect an individual susceptibility to bronchospasm, except as a non-specific test for atopy.", "PMID": 75050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5624", "title": "Treatment of recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva with topical bleomycin.", "content": "Seven patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva underwent treatment with topical bleomycin (NSC 125066-Blenoxane, Bristol Laboratories) ointment. None had an associated invasive carcinoma. Four patients experienced a complete, objective response to this therapy, and one of these has responded completely to treatment of a subsequent recurrence. In two patients the response could not be evaluated. All patients experienced pain in the treated area; one, developed systemic toxicity to bleomycin requiring cessation of therapy. Topical bleomycin appears to benefit selected patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva with topical bleomycin. Seven patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva underwent treatment with topical bleomycin (NSC 125066-Blenoxane, Bristol Laboratories) ointment. None had an associated invasive carcinoma. Four patients experienced a complete, objective response to this therapy, and one of these has responded completely to treatment of a subsequent recurrence. In two patients the response could not be evaluated. All patients experienced pain in the treated area; one, developed systemic toxicity to bleomycin requiring cessation of therapy. Topical bleomycin appears to benefit selected patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva.", "PMID": 75051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5625", "title": "Pulmonary complications after bleomycin, irradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer.", "content": "Eight patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were given radiotherapy of 3000 rads and 120 mg of bleomycin. Esophageal resection was performed five to six weeks later. Four of these patients died within six weeks, three from respiratory failure, and one from complications secondary to an anastomotic fistula. Of the remaining four patients, three showed varying degrees of pulmonary infiltration for several weeks. Interstitial pneumonitis was demonstrated in all the fatal cases. Four patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin doses were only subjected to exploratory surgery. They had no postoperative pulmonary complications. Ten patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin treatment without surgery also showed no pulmonary complications. Sixteen patients received higher doses of radiotherapy and bleomycin. Seven of these developed lung infiltrations terminating fatally in four. The likely mechanism of the observed postoperative pulmonary complications is that the preoperative treatment sensitized the lungs, while the subsequent surgical trauma triggered a reaction in the lungs leading to respiratory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications after bleomycin, irradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer. Eight patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were given radiotherapy of 3000 rads and 120 mg of bleomycin. Esophageal resection was performed five to six weeks later. Four of these patients died within six weeks, three from respiratory failure, and one from complications secondary to an anastomotic fistula. Of the remaining four patients, three showed varying degrees of pulmonary infiltration for several weeks. Interstitial pneumonitis was demonstrated in all the fatal cases. Four patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin doses were only subjected to exploratory surgery. They had no postoperative pulmonary complications. Ten patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin treatment without surgery also showed no pulmonary complications. Sixteen patients received higher doses of radiotherapy and bleomycin. Seven of these developed lung infiltrations terminating fatally in four. The likely mechanism of the observed postoperative pulmonary complications is that the preoperative treatment sensitized the lungs, while the subsequent surgical trauma triggered a reaction in the lungs leading to respiratory failure.", "PMID": 75052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5626", "title": "Location of single neurons containing HRP for electron microscopy.", "content": "A technique is described for finding single neurons containing transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for study in the electron microscope. Tissue chopper sections which have been reacted to demonstrate HRP are cleared in glycerol and examined with darkfield light microscopy. The granular reaction product is clearly seen, enabling accurate drawings to be made for later dissection for ultramicrotomy. The neuron sought can then be found within a few microns of the cutting face of the block. While some distortion does occur, most of the cellular morphology remains intact, enabling recognition of specific organelles such as neurosecretory granules in cells which have transported HRP from the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Location of single neurons containing HRP for electron microscopy. A technique is described for finding single neurons containing transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for study in the electron microscope. Tissue chopper sections which have been reacted to demonstrate HRP are cleared in glycerol and examined with darkfield light microscopy. The granular reaction product is clearly seen, enabling accurate drawings to be made for later dissection for ultramicrotomy. The neuron sought can then be found within a few microns of the cutting face of the block. While some distortion does occur, most of the cellular morphology remains intact, enabling recognition of specific organelles such as neurosecretory granules in cells which have transported HRP from the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 75048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5627", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in black patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between orcein stained liver sections and serology.", "content": "Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded autopsy tissue of liver and tumor from 50 male black mineworkers with hepatocellular carcinoma were examined by orcein stain for the presence of cytoplasmic hepatitis B surface antigen. The results were correlated with the serum hepatitis B antigen (HBAg). In 72% serum HBAg was positive. Orcein staining of nontumor liver cell cytoplasm was present in 18 (36%). Sixteen (89%) of these orcein-positive cases were serum HBAg positive. The two false negative serum HBAg results were obtained by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation. Serum HBAg, measured by radio-immunoassay and hemagglutination, was positive in 14 orcein-negative cases. Six other negative orcein results appeared to be due to sampling error. Orcein staining was noted in tumor cells of three serum HBAg positive patients. Provided the limitations of the technique are realized, orcein staining of liver tissue from hepatocellular carcinoma patients may prove useful for retrospective screening surveys to assess the prevalence of HBAg positivity in these patients.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in black patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between orcein stained liver sections and serology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded autopsy tissue of liver and tumor from 50 male black mineworkers with hepatocellular carcinoma were examined by orcein stain for the presence of cytoplasmic hepatitis B surface antigen. The results were correlated with the serum hepatitis B antigen (HBAg). In 72% serum HBAg was positive. Orcein staining of nontumor liver cell cytoplasm was present in 18 (36%). Sixteen (89%) of these orcein-positive cases were serum HBAg positive. The two false negative serum HBAg results were obtained by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation. Serum HBAg, measured by radio-immunoassay and hemagglutination, was positive in 14 orcein-negative cases. Six other negative orcein results appeared to be due to sampling error. Orcein staining was noted in tumor cells of three serum HBAg positive patients. Provided the limitations of the technique are realized, orcein staining of liver tissue from hepatocellular carcinoma patients may prove useful for retrospective screening surveys to assess the prevalence of HBAg positivity in these patients.", "PMID": 75053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5628", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosis and management of endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary.", "content": "Serum AFP was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 13 patients with ovarian germ cell tumors and in one patient with bilateral pure gonadoblastoma. There were 4 patients with pure dysgerminoma, one with pure endodermal sinus tumor (EST) and 8 with mixed germ cell tumors, all containing EST. The patients with dysgerminoma and gonadoblastoma had normal serum AFP at all times. All patients with tumors containing EST had raised serum AFP, although in most cases it was first determined between 1 and 3 weeks after operation and there was no evidence of metastases. Serum AFP became normal 5 to 7 weeks after operation and began to rise when disease recurred. Serum AFP determinations detected presence of recurrent disease long before it became detectable by other methods. Serum CEA was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 8 of these patients, including 2 who dies with metastases, and was normal on all occasions.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosis and management of endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary. Serum AFP was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 13 patients with ovarian germ cell tumors and in one patient with bilateral pure gonadoblastoma. There were 4 patients with pure dysgerminoma, one with pure endodermal sinus tumor (EST) and 8 with mixed germ cell tumors, all containing EST. The patients with dysgerminoma and gonadoblastoma had normal serum AFP at all times. All patients with tumors containing EST had raised serum AFP, although in most cases it was first determined between 1 and 3 weeks after operation and there was no evidence of metastases. Serum AFP became normal 5 to 7 weeks after operation and began to rise when disease recurred. Serum AFP determinations detected presence of recurrent disease long before it became detectable by other methods. Serum CEA was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 8 of these patients, including 2 who dies with metastases, and was normal on all occasions.", "PMID": 75054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5629", "title": "Amino-terminal sequence of a carcinoembryonic antigen-like glycoprotein isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals.", "content": "A glycoprotein has been isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals that is immunologically equivalent to carcinoembryonic antigen purified from tumor tissue. The NH2-terminal sequence of the glycoprotein from normal colon lavages is Lys-Leu-Thr-lle-Glu-Ser-Thr-Pro-Phe-(Asn)-Val-Ala-Glu-Gly-Lys-Glu-Val-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-Val-(His,Arg?)-?-(Leu,lle). This is homologous to the NH2-terminal sequence of 23 of the first 24 amino acids of carcinoembryonic antigen isolated from tumor tissue.", "contents": "Amino-terminal sequence of a carcinoembryonic antigen-like glycoprotein isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals. A glycoprotein has been isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals that is immunologically equivalent to carcinoembryonic antigen purified from tumor tissue. The NH2-terminal sequence of the glycoprotein from normal colon lavages is Lys-Leu-Thr-lle-Glu-Ser-Thr-Pro-Phe-(Asn)-Val-Ala-Glu-Gly-Lys-Glu-Val-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-Val-(His,Arg?)-?-(Leu,lle). This is homologous to the NH2-terminal sequence of 23 of the first 24 amino acids of carcinoembryonic antigen isolated from tumor tissue.", "PMID": 75056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5630", "title": "Differential sensitivities of five rat hepatoma cell lines to anticancer drugs.", "content": "Five permanent tumor cell lines derived originally from either a solid or an ascites biopsy of rat hepatoma exhibited differential sensitivities to bleomycin, Adriamycin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, hydroxyurea, 1-trans-(2)-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methoylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The cells were least sensitive to hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofurano-sylcytosine, with some cell lines being almost totally resistant to these drugs. However, from 25- to 700-fold differences in survival were obtained between cell lines treated with either bleomycin or Adriamycin.", "contents": "Differential sensitivities of five rat hepatoma cell lines to anticancer drugs. Five permanent tumor cell lines derived originally from either a solid or an ascites biopsy of rat hepatoma exhibited differential sensitivities to bleomycin, Adriamycin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, hydroxyurea, 1-trans-(2)-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methoylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The cells were least sensitive to hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofurano-sylcytosine, with some cell lines being almost totally resistant to these drugs. However, from 25- to 700-fold differences in survival were obtained between cell lines treated with either bleomycin or Adriamycin.", "PMID": 75057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5631", "title": "Quantification of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in mice by changes in lung hydroxyproline content and morphometric histopathology.", "content": "Bleomycin treatment produced dose-dependent changes in lung collagen content and in several measurable histopathological parameters. NIH/Swiss mice were treated twice weekly for 6 weeks with bleomycin, 0, 1, 20, or 40 mg/kg s.c. The two highest doses produced mortalities of 35 and 100%, respectively, as well as loss of body weight and increase in lung wet weight. Lung hydroxyproline content, an index of collagen, increased to 40 to 50% above control levels at 6 and 8 weeks after initiation of treatment with bleomycin 20 mg/kg. Morphometric analysis was applied to the following parameters at light microscopy: number of intraalveolar macrophages and leukocytes, total pulmonary cell count, alveolar wall thickness, and percentage of consolidation of lung parenchyma. The two highest doses produced increases in all of these parameters as compared to controls. The most marked changes occurred in the number of intraalveolar cells, which in the group given 20 mg/kg rose to 150, 190, and 210% of controls at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The lowest dose of bleomycin, 1 mg/kg twice weekly for 6 weeks, evoked no pulmonary or other toxicity by the parameters examined. This model of chronic pulmonary toxicity may be useful in analog development, in testing potential antidotes, and in examining the effects of other factors that might modify the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin.", "contents": "Quantification of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in mice by changes in lung hydroxyproline content and morphometric histopathology. Bleomycin treatment produced dose-dependent changes in lung collagen content and in several measurable histopathological parameters. NIH/Swiss mice were treated twice weekly for 6 weeks with bleomycin, 0, 1, 20, or 40 mg/kg s.c. The two highest doses produced mortalities of 35 and 100%, respectively, as well as loss of body weight and increase in lung wet weight. Lung hydroxyproline content, an index of collagen, increased to 40 to 50% above control levels at 6 and 8 weeks after initiation of treatment with bleomycin 20 mg/kg. Morphometric analysis was applied to the following parameters at light microscopy: number of intraalveolar macrophages and leukocytes, total pulmonary cell count, alveolar wall thickness, and percentage of consolidation of lung parenchyma. The two highest doses produced increases in all of these parameters as compared to controls. The most marked changes occurred in the number of intraalveolar cells, which in the group given 20 mg/kg rose to 150, 190, and 210% of controls at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The lowest dose of bleomycin, 1 mg/kg twice weekly for 6 weeks, evoked no pulmonary or other toxicity by the parameters examined. This model of chronic pulmonary toxicity may be useful in analog development, in testing potential antidotes, and in examining the effects of other factors that might modify the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin.", "PMID": 75060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5632", "title": "In vitro lymphocyte stimulation and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes with drug-induced antigenic lymphomas.", "content": "New antigenic specificities, not detectable on parental cells and transmissible after the withdrawal of the drug treatment, have been induced in mouse lymphomas. Studies were conducted of proliferative stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL's) in a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture system by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC)-induced antigens in L1210 and EL4 leukemia sublines. The DTIC-induced antigens were observed to stimulate [3H]thymidine uptake by normal and primed syngeneic lymphocytes and to generate specific CL's to DTIC-altered cells. The specificity of the in vitro immune reactivity was demonstrated. Characteristics of lymphocyte triggering, including the optimal ratio of stimulating cells to responding cells, the kinetics of CL activation, and the quantitation of CL activity, were also evaluated. DTIC antigens on leukemic cells can activate syngeneic lymphocytes and can act as target antigens in cell-mediated immunity. The experimental data support the transplantation antigen-like nature of DTIC-induced antigens.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocyte stimulation and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes with drug-induced antigenic lymphomas. New antigenic specificities, not detectable on parental cells and transmissible after the withdrawal of the drug treatment, have been induced in mouse lymphomas. Studies were conducted of proliferative stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL's) in a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture system by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC)-induced antigens in L1210 and EL4 leukemia sublines. The DTIC-induced antigens were observed to stimulate [3H]thymidine uptake by normal and primed syngeneic lymphocytes and to generate specific CL's to DTIC-altered cells. The specificity of the in vitro immune reactivity was demonstrated. Characteristics of lymphocyte triggering, including the optimal ratio of stimulating cells to responding cells, the kinetics of CL activation, and the quantitation of CL activity, were also evaluated. DTIC antigens on leukemic cells can activate syngeneic lymphocytes and can act as target antigens in cell-mediated immunity. The experimental data support the transplantation antigen-like nature of DTIC-induced antigens.", "PMID": 75062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5633", "title": "Studies on secretory glycoproteins in the rat exocrine pancreas. II. Identification of a fetuin: fucosyl transferase in the smooth microsomal fraction.", "content": "A fetuin, fucosyl transferase has been identified in the smooth microsomal fraction from the rat exocrine pancreas. This enzyme is involved in the glycosylation of secretory proteins and is bound to membranes, predominantly of the Golgi complex. Optimal in vitro conditions for the assay of the enzyme activity were established: a pH of 5.5-6.0, a temperature of 21 degrees C and concentrations of Mg++ at 5.0 mM and ATP at 2.0 mM.", "contents": "Studies on secretory glycoproteins in the rat exocrine pancreas. II. Identification of a fetuin: fucosyl transferase in the smooth microsomal fraction. A fetuin, fucosyl transferase has been identified in the smooth microsomal fraction from the rat exocrine pancreas. This enzyme is involved in the glycosylation of secretory proteins and is bound to membranes, predominantly of the Golgi complex. Optimal in vitro conditions for the assay of the enzyme activity were established: a pH of 5.5-6.0, a temperature of 21 degrees C and concentrations of Mg++ at 5.0 mM and ATP at 2.0 mM.", "PMID": 75066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5634", "title": "Stimulation of secretion of epidermal growth factor and amylase of cyclocytidine.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays and immunocytochemical techniques were used to assess the effect of cyclocytidine, an antitumor agent, on the level and localization of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of cyclocytidine caused, within 6 h, a degranulation of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT) cells and reduced the concentration of immunoreactive EGF in gland extracts by more than 90%. This effect was largely abolished by the administration of dibenzyline but not by propranolol, indicating that the secretory effect of the drug on the GCT cells is mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors. By immunocytochemical staining revealed the same trends in changes in EGF concentration as the radioimmunoassays. However, even at the peak of the cyclocytidine effect there were cells which retained their secretory granules and apparently their EGF complement. In addition, there was a lobular variation in the secretory response. Cyclocytidine caused a transiet increase in the blood level of EGF. Furthermore, it stimulated amylase secretion from the gland, which also involved alpha-adrenergic receptors. Cyclocytidine will be useful in future analyses of the release of various biologically active substances from the GCT cells of the mouse submandibular gland.", "contents": "Stimulation of secretion of epidermal growth factor and amylase of cyclocytidine. Radioimmunoassays and immunocytochemical techniques were used to assess the effect of cyclocytidine, an antitumor agent, on the level and localization of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of cyclocytidine caused, within 6 h, a degranulation of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT) cells and reduced the concentration of immunoreactive EGF in gland extracts by more than 90%. This effect was largely abolished by the administration of dibenzyline but not by propranolol, indicating that the secretory effect of the drug on the GCT cells is mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors. By immunocytochemical staining revealed the same trends in changes in EGF concentration as the radioimmunoassays. However, even at the peak of the cyclocytidine effect there were cells which retained their secretory granules and apparently their EGF complement. In addition, there was a lobular variation in the secretory response. Cyclocytidine caused a transiet increase in the blood level of EGF. Furthermore, it stimulated amylase secretion from the gland, which also involved alpha-adrenergic receptors. Cyclocytidine will be useful in future analyses of the release of various biologically active substances from the GCT cells of the mouse submandibular gland.", "PMID": 75067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5635", "title": "Localization of thyrotropin (TSH) in the dog pituitary gland.", "content": "Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (beta) subunits of bovine and rat TSH, selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in a specific cell population in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. These TSH cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. With the performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2) -PAS-orange G procedure these cells stained blue-purple, demonstrating FSH/LH cells (blue or turquoise), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The TSH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunocytochemical double staining. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the TSH cells were mostly shown to be smaller in size and less numerous than in bitches in the anestrous phase of the sexual cycle. Moreover, cytological alterations in the immunoreactive thyrotrophs in the pituitary of male and female dogs generally paralleled the spontaneous changes in thyroid function associated with thyroid atrophy and/or pituitary insufficiency, and thyroid hyperplasia or goiter. In conclusion, because of their specificity and high potency, the antisera to the beta-subunits of bovine and rat TSH represent an effective tool for the selective immunocytochemical localization of TSH in the dog pituitary. This allows the study of the morphology and function of TSH cells under different physiological, pathological and experimental conditions.", "contents": "Localization of thyrotropin (TSH) in the dog pituitary gland. Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (beta) subunits of bovine and rat TSH, selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in a specific cell population in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. These TSH cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. With the performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2) -PAS-orange G procedure these cells stained blue-purple, demonstrating FSH/LH cells (blue or turquoise), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The TSH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunocytochemical double staining. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the TSH cells were mostly shown to be smaller in size and less numerous than in bitches in the anestrous phase of the sexual cycle. Moreover, cytological alterations in the immunoreactive thyrotrophs in the pituitary of male and female dogs generally paralleled the spontaneous changes in thyroid function associated with thyroid atrophy and/or pituitary insufficiency, and thyroid hyperplasia or goiter. In conclusion, because of their specificity and high potency, the antisera to the beta-subunits of bovine and rat TSH represent an effective tool for the selective immunocytochemical localization of TSH in the dog pituitary. This allows the study of the morphology and function of TSH cells under different physiological, pathological and experimental conditions.", "PMID": 75068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5636", "title": "A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of actinopterygii.", "content": "The preoptic area of a primitive actinopterygian, the polypteriform, Calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi, and of the teleost, Anguilla anguilla L., have been studied by Golgi and other neurohistological and histochemical methods. In the preoptic area two regions can be recognized: a cell rich median region and a lateral one, composed mostly of fiber systems. After Golgi staining a varied population of neurons is seen, including: (1) magnocellular neurons, endowed with a number of dendrites and an axon emerging from the main dendritic shaft; (2) lophodendritic tufted or pyriform neurons of variable morphology (often of the midget type); (3) cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons; (4) bipolar and horizontal neurons. Of relevant interest is also the observation of commissural neurons, of a distinct precommissural necleus, and of bipolar neurons, the axons of which course toward the ventral hypopallium.", "contents": "A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of actinopterygii. The preoptic area of a primitive actinopterygian, the polypteriform, Calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi, and of the teleost, Anguilla anguilla L., have been studied by Golgi and other neurohistological and histochemical methods. In the preoptic area two regions can be recognized: a cell rich median region and a lateral one, composed mostly of fiber systems. After Golgi staining a varied population of neurons is seen, including: (1) magnocellular neurons, endowed with a number of dendrites and an axon emerging from the main dendritic shaft; (2) lophodendritic tufted or pyriform neurons of variable morphology (often of the midget type); (3) cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons; (4) bipolar and horizontal neurons. Of relevant interest is also the observation of commissural neurons, of a distinct precommissural necleus, and of bipolar neurons, the axons of which course toward the ventral hypopallium.", "PMID": 75069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5637", "title": "Mistranslation in a eucaryotic organism.", "content": "Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that a subclass of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, those containing the drug fragment paromamine, stimulates mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from eucaryotic cells. We report here experiments which show that the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (formerly T. pyriformis, syngen 1) is sensitive to the paromamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. The drugs are active with respect to growth inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis in the whole organism, inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro and the stimulation of mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Because of their misreading properties, these drugs may be useful in isolating and propagating strains carrying mutations which can be translationally suppressed (that is, missense and nonsense mutations).", "contents": "Mistranslation in a eucaryotic organism. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that a subclass of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, those containing the drug fragment paromamine, stimulates mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from eucaryotic cells. We report here experiments which show that the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (formerly T. pyriformis, syngen 1) is sensitive to the paromamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. The drugs are active with respect to growth inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis in the whole organism, inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro and the stimulation of mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Because of their misreading properties, these drugs may be useful in isolating and propagating strains carrying mutations which can be translationally suppressed (that is, missense and nonsense mutations).", "PMID": 75070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5638", "title": "HLA antigen frequencies in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "The frequency of HLA antigens in twenty-two Caucasian patients with allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sixty-nine unrelated Caucasian controls was determined. The results indicated that there was no increased frequency of a specific HLA antigen in patients with ABPA. Moreover, studies in thirteen families of ABPA patients also demonstrated that, within families, there was no consistent association between a specific haplotype and asthma, allergies or hay fever.", "contents": "HLA antigen frequencies in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The frequency of HLA antigens in twenty-two Caucasian patients with allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sixty-nine unrelated Caucasian controls was determined. The results indicated that there was no increased frequency of a specific HLA antigen in patients with ABPA. Moreover, studies in thirteen families of ABPA patients also demonstrated that, within families, there was no consistent association between a specific haplotype and asthma, allergies or hay fever.", "PMID": 75074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5639", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein, with special reference to iodination and purification techniques.", "content": "We report a relatively simple and convenient method for iodinating human alpha-fetoprotein and for purifying the 125I-labeled material. The label is incorporated into human alpha-fetoprotein enzymatically by use of lactoperoxidase. Before each assay the labeled material is purified over two successive short columns: Sepharcryl S-200 Superfine and cellulose. This procedure removes both free iodine and \"damaged\" fetoprotein. With the purified material we developed a sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in serum and amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein, with special reference to iodination and purification techniques. We report a relatively simple and convenient method for iodinating human alpha-fetoprotein and for purifying the 125I-labeled material. The label is incorporated into human alpha-fetoprotein enzymatically by use of lactoperoxidase. Before each assay the labeled material is purified over two successive short columns: Sepharcryl S-200 Superfine and cellulose. This procedure removes both free iodine and \"damaged\" fetoprotein. With the purified material we developed a sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in serum and amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 75075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5640", "title": "Ethacrynic acid inhibitable Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated membrane adenosine triphosphatase in rat mast cells.", "content": "A crude plasma membrane fraction from the homogenate of purified rat mast cells demonstrates a high degree of Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. The microsomal and mitochondrial fractions show negligible amounts of the Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated ATPases. The broad ATPase inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, effectively blocks the mast cell ATPase activity while ouabain demonstrates little inhibitory effect. Correspondingly, ethacrynic acid inhibits histamine release from antigen-challenged mast cells while ouabain does not. Both ATPase inhibition and histamine release inhibition by ethacrynic acid require the presence of the olefinic bond in the ethacrynic acid molecule.", "contents": "Ethacrynic acid inhibitable Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated membrane adenosine triphosphatase in rat mast cells. A crude plasma membrane fraction from the homogenate of purified rat mast cells demonstrates a high degree of Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. The microsomal and mitochondrial fractions show negligible amounts of the Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated ATPases. The broad ATPase inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, effectively blocks the mast cell ATPase activity while ouabain demonstrates little inhibitory effect. Correspondingly, ethacrynic acid inhibits histamine release from antigen-challenged mast cells while ouabain does not. Both ATPase inhibition and histamine release inhibition by ethacrynic acid require the presence of the olefinic bond in the ethacrynic acid molecule.", "PMID": 75076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5641", "title": "Intellective characteristics of mothers of failure-to-thrive syndrome children.", "content": "The intelligence levels of three groups of mothers were ascertained by the vocabulary test of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Eight mothers having children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to non-organic reasons (FTT-E), eight mothers with children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to physically traceable reasons (FTT-O), and eight mothers with children hospitalized due to reasons other than failure-to-thrive (C), were contrasted on intelligence, age, education and the presence or absence of the father in the home. Hypotheses regarding a disadvantage of FTT-E mothers on the four variables were supported. Implications of the results were discussed regarding programmes dealing with failure-to-thrive children and mothers. Further investigation in this area was proposed.", "contents": "Intellective characteristics of mothers of failure-to-thrive syndrome children. The intelligence levels of three groups of mothers were ascertained by the vocabulary test of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Eight mothers having children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to non-organic reasons (FTT-E), eight mothers with children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to physically traceable reasons (FTT-O), and eight mothers with children hospitalized due to reasons other than failure-to-thrive (C), were contrasted on intelligence, age, education and the presence or absence of the father in the home. Hypotheses regarding a disadvantage of FTT-E mothers on the four variables were supported. Implications of the results were discussed regarding programmes dealing with failure-to-thrive children and mothers. Further investigation in this area was proposed.", "PMID": 75073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5642", "title": "The thymic microenvironment: localization of a biologically active insoluble fraction.", "content": "An insoluble component of the thymus, previously shown to be capable of enhancing stem cell immigration into that organ, has been localized by immunofluorescence in perivascular basement membranes of the thymic medulla. It was found to be antigenically distinct from soluble thymic factor and from thymocyte membranes, and is thought to be responsible, in T-cell maturation, for the differentiation step preceding that imparted by thymic hormone.", "contents": "The thymic microenvironment: localization of a biologically active insoluble fraction. An insoluble component of the thymus, previously shown to be capable of enhancing stem cell immigration into that organ, has been localized by immunofluorescence in perivascular basement membranes of the thymic medulla. It was found to be antigenically distinct from soluble thymic factor and from thymocyte membranes, and is thought to be responsible, in T-cell maturation, for the differentiation step preceding that imparted by thymic hormone.", "PMID": 75077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5643", "title": "Cryosurgery for cancer.", "content": "Cryosurgery has a wide range of uses for the destruction of tumours. Acceptability among dermatologists for the treatment of skin cancer appears high. In the treatment of oral cancer, cryosurgery is not yet widely accepted, but it should be more commonly used for early cancer and in the management of selected problems in therapy. It has established a reasonably firm place in the treatment of prostatic cancer, perhaps because of continued interest in the immunologic benefits, while its use in gynecologic organs is limited to carcinoma in situ or to selected patients with advanced cancer. In all these areas, it has been used with surprisingly good results in selected patients who were high risks under conventional methods of therapy. The trial of cryosurgery in the treatment of bone tumors should prove its efficacy. Today's interest in cryosurgery is consistent with the current trend to conservatism in cancer surgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for cancer. Cryosurgery has a wide range of uses for the destruction of tumours. Acceptability among dermatologists for the treatment of skin cancer appears high. In the treatment of oral cancer, cryosurgery is not yet widely accepted, but it should be more commonly used for early cancer and in the management of selected problems in therapy. It has established a reasonably firm place in the treatment of prostatic cancer, perhaps because of continued interest in the immunologic benefits, while its use in gynecologic organs is limited to carcinoma in situ or to selected patients with advanced cancer. In all these areas, it has been used with surprisingly good results in selected patients who were high risks under conventional methods of therapy. The trial of cryosurgery in the treatment of bone tumors should prove its efficacy. Today's interest in cryosurgery is consistent with the current trend to conservatism in cancer surgery.", "PMID": 75080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5644", "title": "Olfactory memory in patients with anterior temporal lobectomy.", "content": "Right and left temporal lobectomy patients, matched in age and intelligence, made more errors in odor recall than a control group. Patients with right temporal lobe excisions recalled significantly fewer odors correctly than patients with left temporal lobe excisions. Olfactory memory scores were not related to other memory deficits associated with left or right temporal lobe dysfunction or to intelligence or lesion size. However, in patients with right temporal lobectomy, percent of odors recalled correctly correlated positively with a general memory index. The findings presented are consistent with previous reports that the right temporal lobe is more involved with nonverbal memory than the left temporal lobe.", "contents": "Olfactory memory in patients with anterior temporal lobectomy. Right and left temporal lobectomy patients, matched in age and intelligence, made more errors in odor recall than a control group. Patients with right temporal lobe excisions recalled significantly fewer odors correctly than patients with left temporal lobe excisions. Olfactory memory scores were not related to other memory deficits associated with left or right temporal lobe dysfunction or to intelligence or lesion size. However, in patients with right temporal lobectomy, percent of odors recalled correctly correlated positively with a general memory index. The findings presented are consistent with previous reports that the right temporal lobe is more involved with nonverbal memory than the left temporal lobe.", "PMID": 75082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5645", "title": "Estimation of the sizes of polymorphic C-bands in man by measurement of DNA content of whole chromosomes.", "content": "A method is proposed for estimating the sizes of polymorphic C-bands of human chromosomes by microdensitometric measurement of the DNA content of whole chromosomes. The method requires measurements of: a chromosome known not to by polymorphic, as a standard against which to normalize all measurements; the polymorphic chromosomes of interest; and a homologous polymorphic chromosome lacking the C-band. In an example studies here, the C-band of chromosome 9 was estimated to contain about 0.0296 pg of DNA.", "contents": "Estimation of the sizes of polymorphic C-bands in man by measurement of DNA content of whole chromosomes. A method is proposed for estimating the sizes of polymorphic C-bands of human chromosomes by microdensitometric measurement of the DNA content of whole chromosomes. The method requires measurements of: a chromosome known not to by polymorphic, as a standard against which to normalize all measurements; the polymorphic chromosomes of interest; and a homologous polymorphic chromosome lacking the C-band. In an example studies here, the C-band of chromosome 9 was estimated to contain about 0.0296 pg of DNA.", "PMID": 75083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5646", "title": "Visualization of centriole-bodies using silver stain.", "content": "Duplicate staining of human metaphase chromosomes, first with Giemsa followed by silver, revealed the presence of two small silver-stained bodies not seen in the Giemsa stained metaphases. Similar bodies were subsequently found in the metaphases of several animal groups. The size, structure, spatial relationships to the nucleus, behavior throughout the cell cycle, and apparent universal presence of these bodies suggest that they are either centrioles or associated centriolar structures. These centriole-bodies can be seen throughout the cell cycle, even in hypotonically spread C-metaphase chromosome plates. The silver stain procedure allows enough resolution to distinguish parent and daughter centriole-bodies at interphase, thus permitting visualization of the replication, maturation and separation stages of these bodies with the light microscope.", "contents": "Visualization of centriole-bodies using silver stain. Duplicate staining of human metaphase chromosomes, first with Giemsa followed by silver, revealed the presence of two small silver-stained bodies not seen in the Giemsa stained metaphases. Similar bodies were subsequently found in the metaphases of several animal groups. The size, structure, spatial relationships to the nucleus, behavior throughout the cell cycle, and apparent universal presence of these bodies suggest that they are either centrioles or associated centriolar structures. These centriole-bodies can be seen throughout the cell cycle, even in hypotonically spread C-metaphase chromosome plates. The silver stain procedure allows enough resolution to distinguish parent and daughter centriole-bodies at interphase, thus permitting visualization of the replication, maturation and separation stages of these bodies with the light microscope.", "PMID": 75084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5647", "title": "Lack of bilateral coherence of mu rhythm.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out in 25 normal subjects on quantitative differences of mu rhythm and alpha rhythm parameters. The parameters were frequency, average power over 102 sec and bilateral coherence. It was found that: (1) in the majority of cases the frequencies of the mu rhythms were higher than those of the alpha rhythms; (2) in the majority of subjects the average power was smaller for the mu rhythms for the alpha rhythms; (3) in none of the subjects was bilateral coherence of mu rhythms observed while in the majority the alpha rhythms were obviously bilaterally coherent. It is proposed that the latter difference represents a fundamental difference in the origin of alpha and mu rhythms.", "contents": "Lack of bilateral coherence of mu rhythm. An investigation has been carried out in 25 normal subjects on quantitative differences of mu rhythm and alpha rhythm parameters. The parameters were frequency, average power over 102 sec and bilateral coherence. It was found that: (1) in the majority of cases the frequencies of the mu rhythms were higher than those of the alpha rhythms; (2) in the majority of subjects the average power was smaller for the mu rhythms for the alpha rhythms; (3) in none of the subjects was bilateral coherence of mu rhythms observed while in the majority the alpha rhythms were obviously bilaterally coherent. It is proposed that the latter difference represents a fundamental difference in the origin of alpha and mu rhythms.", "PMID": 75087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5648", "title": "Late components of the visual evoked potential to search in short-term memory.", "content": "The present paper investigated the changes in the morphology of the VEP as a function of the amount of search in short-term memory. The task required that the subject responds with a \"yes\" or \"no\", depending on whether a test digit has been part of a set of digits he had just seen. Six sizes of sets were used, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. EEG was recorded from C3, C4, T3, T4, Cz, Pz and Oz, and sampled every 4 msec to obtain VEP to the test digit. Two late components were found to increase in latency with increasing set size: (a) P270, which was masked by the P350 component for small set sizes; it preceded P350 for longer memory sets and its latency increased up to set 7 with an average slope of 20.5 msec per item and (b) P350, which increased in latency up to set size 7 with an average slope of 22 msec per item. It was suggested that P270 reflects the serial search process. When search is terminated another general processor is called into action. This process is reflected in the P300 and is believed to be independent of the memory set size. Amplitude did not correlate with the amount of search. The morphology of the VEP changed for sets above short-terms span, and latency changes in P270 and P350 no longer predicted RT changes. Since subject's strategy was not controlled for supra-span sets, no definite conclusions were offered.", "contents": "Late components of the visual evoked potential to search in short-term memory. The present paper investigated the changes in the morphology of the VEP as a function of the amount of search in short-term memory. The task required that the subject responds with a \"yes\" or \"no\", depending on whether a test digit has been part of a set of digits he had just seen. Six sizes of sets were used, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. EEG was recorded from C3, C4, T3, T4, Cz, Pz and Oz, and sampled every 4 msec to obtain VEP to the test digit. Two late components were found to increase in latency with increasing set size: (a) P270, which was masked by the P350 component for small set sizes; it preceded P350 for longer memory sets and its latency increased up to set 7 with an average slope of 20.5 msec per item and (b) P350, which increased in latency up to set size 7 with an average slope of 22 msec per item. It was suggested that P270 reflects the serial search process. When search is terminated another general processor is called into action. This process is reflected in the P300 and is believed to be independent of the memory set size. Amplitude did not correlate with the amount of search. The morphology of the VEP changed for sets above short-terms span, and latency changes in P270 and P350 no longer predicted RT changes. Since subject's strategy was not controlled for supra-span sets, no definite conclusions were offered.", "PMID": 75088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5649", "title": "Visual evoked cortical potentials in men during compression and saturation in He-O2 equivalent to 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 feet of sea water.", "content": "Visual evoked cortical potentials and related EEG activity were recorded from subjects during rapid compression and exposure to pressures of 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 fsw. In one phase, subjects made repeated excursions to 1200 fsw from a base at 800 fsw; in the second phase, the saturated base was 1200 fsw with excursions to 1600 fsw. The results included: (1) For the visual evoked potentials, sizeable and significant decreases in amplitude and increases in latency of the response with depth; (2) Changes in the visual evoked potentials which varied systematically with depth but not with related changes in compression rate or decompression. The changes were small but consistent alterations of normal responses to visual stimulation; and (3) Theta activity in discrete EEG recordings increased progressively with depth. With all subjects showed increases in theta activity the pattern of increase varied individually.", "contents": "Visual evoked cortical potentials in men during compression and saturation in He-O2 equivalent to 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 feet of sea water. Visual evoked cortical potentials and related EEG activity were recorded from subjects during rapid compression and exposure to pressures of 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 fsw. In one phase, subjects made repeated excursions to 1200 fsw from a base at 800 fsw; in the second phase, the saturated base was 1200 fsw with excursions to 1600 fsw. The results included: (1) For the visual evoked potentials, sizeable and significant decreases in amplitude and increases in latency of the response with depth; (2) Changes in the visual evoked potentials which varied systematically with depth but not with related changes in compression rate or decompression. The changes were small but consistent alterations of normal responses to visual stimulation; and (3) Theta activity in discrete EEG recordings increased progressively with depth. With all subjects showed increases in theta activity the pattern of increase varied individually.", "PMID": 75089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5650", "title": "Normal sensory conduction in the saphenous nerve in man.", "content": "Measurements of the sensory conduction velocity and the parameters of nerve action potentials in the saphenous nerve offer many advantages, compared with measurements in other nerves of the leg, regarding accuracy and the time required to complete the investigations. Therefore, the electroneurographical examination of the saphenous nerve is recommended in the early diagnosis of polyneuropathies and is indispensable in the exact diagnosis of proximal neuropathies and lesions of the femoral nerve. In the present study we indicate the proximal and distal segments of the saphenous nerve and illustrate the nerve action potentials from 70 normal subjects.", "contents": "Normal sensory conduction in the saphenous nerve in man. Measurements of the sensory conduction velocity and the parameters of nerve action potentials in the saphenous nerve offer many advantages, compared with measurements in other nerves of the leg, regarding accuracy and the time required to complete the investigations. Therefore, the electroneurographical examination of the saphenous nerve is recommended in the early diagnosis of polyneuropathies and is indispensable in the exact diagnosis of proximal neuropathies and lesions of the femoral nerve. In the present study we indicate the proximal and distal segments of the saphenous nerve and illustrate the nerve action potentials from 70 normal subjects.", "PMID": 75090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5651", "title": "Factors that affect the amplitudes and latencies of the vertex short latency acoustic responses in the cat.", "content": "The latencies and amplitude of the short latency (less than 10 msec) acoustic evoked responses recorded from the vertex of the cat have been studied as a function of acoustic stimulus parameters. A change in the stimulus intensity, duration, or rate of repetition resulted in parallel changes in the first 5 evoked responses, i.e., the latencies shifted the same amount and the amplitudes were modified in the same proportion. Comparison of responses to monaural versus binaural stimuli indicated an occlusive effect of binaural stimulation only in potential 4.", "contents": "Factors that affect the amplitudes and latencies of the vertex short latency acoustic responses in the cat. The latencies and amplitude of the short latency (less than 10 msec) acoustic evoked responses recorded from the vertex of the cat have been studied as a function of acoustic stimulus parameters. A change in the stimulus intensity, duration, or rate of repetition resulted in parallel changes in the first 5 evoked responses, i.e., the latencies shifted the same amount and the amplitudes were modified in the same proportion. Comparison of responses to monaural versus binaural stimuli indicated an occlusive effect of binaural stimulation only in potential 4.", "PMID": 75091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5652", "title": "Spinal evoked potential in the cat: effects of asphyxia, strychnine, cord section and compression.", "content": "Averaged evoked potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation and to direct stimulation of the cervical spinal cord were recorded from the dura and skin over the spinal cord and cauda equina in bipolar and common reference leads in cats and compared. Response waveform and conduction characteristics are described. The effects of increasing stimulus intensity, asphyxia and strychnine on these potentials are related. Alterations in these potentials produced by spinal cord at one or two levels are also described. These potentials are compared to similar potentials which have been recorded in man and the possible clinical application of some of these methods is discussed.", "contents": "Spinal evoked potential in the cat: effects of asphyxia, strychnine, cord section and compression. Averaged evoked potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation and to direct stimulation of the cervical spinal cord were recorded from the dura and skin over the spinal cord and cauda equina in bipolar and common reference leads in cats and compared. Response waveform and conduction characteristics are described. The effects of increasing stimulus intensity, asphyxia and strychnine on these potentials are related. Alterations in these potentials produced by spinal cord at one or two levels are also described. These potentials are compared to similar potentials which have been recorded in man and the possible clinical application of some of these methods is discussed.", "PMID": 75092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5653", "title": "Signal to noise ratio and response variability measurements in single trial evoked potentials.", "content": "Techniques were developed for measurement of signal to noise ratio and response variability in single trial evoked potentials. These techniques were extended and verified using a digital computer simulation of signal plus noise trials. When applied to real data the measures appear to have high reliability and to demonstrate that human evoked potentials are more variable than would be expected from background noise variation alone. Empirical equations are presented which can be applied to existing single trial EP data to estimate both signal-to-noise ratio and its expected variance.", "contents": "Signal to noise ratio and response variability measurements in single trial evoked potentials. Techniques were developed for measurement of signal to noise ratio and response variability in single trial evoked potentials. These techniques were extended and verified using a digital computer simulation of signal plus noise trials. When applied to real data the measures appear to have high reliability and to demonstrate that human evoked potentials are more variable than would be expected from background noise variation alone. Empirical equations are presented which can be applied to existing single trial EP data to estimate both signal-to-noise ratio and its expected variance.", "PMID": 75094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5654", "title": "Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation.", "content": "The effects of prolonged hemodialysis and kidney transplantation on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG frequency were assessed. Significant changes were found in both amplitude and latency characteristics of evoked potentials recorded from eight hemodialysis patients. Their evoked potentials tended to be of longer latency and larger amplitude when compared to responses of an age-matched control group. This was true for visual and somatosensory responses recorded from several scalp locations. A correlational analysis revealed no consistent relationship between blood chemistries and evoked potential characteristics. EEG power spectral analysis showed that the dominant frequency of five of the eight dialysis patients was in the 8-10 c/sec range. Two other patients demonstrated EEG frequencies which were scattered across the 3-12 c/sec range while for another subject the dominant frequency was 7-8 c/sec. The evoked potential latencies and amplitudes of patients with successful kidney transplant tended to return to the normal range and their predominant EEG frequency increased to around 10 c/sec. A depression of function in those neural systems underlying the visual and somatosensory modalities, along with a reduction in the cortical suppression of afferent stimulation normally exerted by the thalamic reticular system and the basal ganglia were postulated to account for the reported findings.", "contents": "Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. The effects of prolonged hemodialysis and kidney transplantation on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG frequency were assessed. Significant changes were found in both amplitude and latency characteristics of evoked potentials recorded from eight hemodialysis patients. Their evoked potentials tended to be of longer latency and larger amplitude when compared to responses of an age-matched control group. This was true for visual and somatosensory responses recorded from several scalp locations. A correlational analysis revealed no consistent relationship between blood chemistries and evoked potential characteristics. EEG power spectral analysis showed that the dominant frequency of five of the eight dialysis patients was in the 8-10 c/sec range. Two other patients demonstrated EEG frequencies which were scattered across the 3-12 c/sec range while for another subject the dominant frequency was 7-8 c/sec. The evoked potential latencies and amplitudes of patients with successful kidney transplant tended to return to the normal range and their predominant EEG frequency increased to around 10 c/sec. A depression of function in those neural systems underlying the visual and somatosensory modalities, along with a reduction in the cortical suppression of afferent stimulation normally exerted by the thalamic reticular system and the basal ganglia were postulated to account for the reported findings.", "PMID": 75095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5655", "title": "Negative effects of chronic hemicerebellectomy of epileptiform after-discharges elicited by focal cortical stimulation in baboons (Papio papio).", "content": "The influence of chronic hemicerebellectomy on cortical epileptiform after-discharge (AD) induced by focal electrical stimulation was studied in the baboon. These preliminary results include 22 ADs elicited from motor cortex and 22 ADs elicited from premotor cortex before and after hemicerebellectomy. Only full-developed, generalized seizures with postictal silence were considered. EEG morphology, average duration and average current threshold were compared for each set of ictal events. No significant differences were found before and after hemicerebellectomy.", "contents": "Negative effects of chronic hemicerebellectomy of epileptiform after-discharges elicited by focal cortical stimulation in baboons (Papio papio). The influence of chronic hemicerebellectomy on cortical epileptiform after-discharge (AD) induced by focal electrical stimulation was studied in the baboon. These preliminary results include 22 ADs elicited from motor cortex and 22 ADs elicited from premotor cortex before and after hemicerebellectomy. Only full-developed, generalized seizures with postictal silence were considered. EEG morphology, average duration and average current threshold were compared for each set of ictal events. No significant differences were found before and after hemicerebellectomy.", "PMID": 75096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5656", "title": "The effects of low spinal injury on somatosensory evoked potentials from forelimb stimulation.", "content": "Spinal cord transection below C6 in anesthetized cats results in an alteration in the configuration of the SEP following direct or percutaneous stimulation of the median or radial nerves. The most significant alterations were in components occurring at latencies from 40 to 60 msec. The results of these experiments support the general conclusion that the spinal cord and supraspinal structures act as a functional unit and that the SEP is not solely determined by input over segmental pathways In addition, the alteration in the SEP produced by median nerve stimulation following spinal cord injury below C6 may serve clinically as a monitor of events at the site of injury in cases where an SEP from lower limb stimulation is no longer obtainable.", "contents": "The effects of low spinal injury on somatosensory evoked potentials from forelimb stimulation. Spinal cord transection below C6 in anesthetized cats results in an alteration in the configuration of the SEP following direct or percutaneous stimulation of the median or radial nerves. The most significant alterations were in components occurring at latencies from 40 to 60 msec. The results of these experiments support the general conclusion that the spinal cord and supraspinal structures act as a functional unit and that the SEP is not solely determined by input over segmental pathways In addition, the alteration in the SEP produced by median nerve stimulation following spinal cord injury below C6 may serve clinically as a monitor of events at the site of injury in cases where an SEP from lower limb stimulation is no longer obtainable.", "PMID": 75097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5657", "title": "Computer assisted unit data acquistion/reduction.", "content": "A computer system for unit data acquisition and reduction (CAUDAR) is presented. This system digitally processes uninterrupted, continuous unit data with attention to waveform detail. Several units in a multiunit field are recognized by evaluation of spike waveform and amplitude. High-speed computer graphics provides almost instantaneous figures of good quality for illustration. The system affords a great economy of the user's time because the computer performs all data processing.", "contents": "Computer assisted unit data acquistion/reduction. A computer system for unit data acquisition and reduction (CAUDAR) is presented. This system digitally processes uninterrupted, continuous unit data with attention to waveform detail. Several units in a multiunit field are recognized by evaluation of spike waveform and amplitude. High-speed computer graphics provides almost instantaneous figures of good quality for illustration. The system affords a great economy of the user's time because the computer performs all data processing.", "PMID": 75098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5658", "title": "A new approach to spike detection using a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques.", "content": "For the detection of spikes and other types of transient signal, a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques can be used. The inverse filter improves the signal to noise (spike to EEG) ratio; the matched filter makes it possible to classify different types of spikes. When compared, the combined inverse matched filter techniques gave a higher detection rate than the inverse filter technique alone, for the same error probability. Both simulated and patient data were used for testing the methods.", "contents": "A new approach to spike detection using a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques. For the detection of spikes and other types of transient signal, a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques can be used. The inverse filter improves the signal to noise (spike to EEG) ratio; the matched filter makes it possible to classify different types of spikes. When compared, the combined inverse matched filter techniques gave a higher detection rate than the inverse filter technique alone, for the same error probability. Both simulated and patient data were used for testing the methods.", "PMID": 75099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5659", "title": "A new method of manufacturing multi-barrelled micropipettes with projecting recording barrel.", "content": "We describe a method which allows projection of the recording barrel of a multi-barrelled micropipette. The method does not require the assembly of two electrodes previously manufactured. It simply suffices to stick together, in a particular way, glass tube of given diameter and after fusing and pulling to break all tips except one.", "contents": "A new method of manufacturing multi-barrelled micropipettes with projecting recording barrel. We describe a method which allows projection of the recording barrel of a multi-barrelled micropipette. The method does not require the assembly of two electrodes previously manufactured. It simply suffices to stick together, in a particular way, glass tube of given diameter and after fusing and pulling to break all tips except one.", "PMID": 75100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5660", "title": "Androphilic proteins in cytosols of human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "To examine the properties of androphilic proteins in human benign prostatic hypertrophy, the binding capacity and affinity of the proteins were determined after acetone-treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographies of DEAE and Sephadex G-200. Androphilic proteins in the extract of acetone-dried cytosol from the hypertrophic human prostate was precipitated at 30-50% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The binding of this fraction to dihydrotestosterone and testosterone was high affinity, but the binidng to estradiol-17 beta was the one of non-specific. Androphilic proteins in the 30-50% fraction were eluted from DEAE-cellulose column by buffer containing 0.05 M KCL. On Sephadex G-200 chromatography of 30-50% fraction, the androphilic proteins were observed in three peaks; one was eluted in the void volume and other two were eluted at the sites of IgG and albumin. The amount and ratio of proteins eluted in the void volume and the site of IgG from Sephadex G-200 column were variable in individual tissue samples. The chromatographic behavior of the 30-50% fraction in Sephadex G-200 was not changed significantly by introducing 0.4 M KCl in the system. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was applied for further separation of the proteins.", "contents": "Androphilic proteins in cytosols of human benign prostatic hypertrophy. To examine the properties of androphilic proteins in human benign prostatic hypertrophy, the binding capacity and affinity of the proteins were determined after acetone-treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographies of DEAE and Sephadex G-200. Androphilic proteins in the extract of acetone-dried cytosol from the hypertrophic human prostate was precipitated at 30-50% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The binding of this fraction to dihydrotestosterone and testosterone was high affinity, but the binidng to estradiol-17 beta was the one of non-specific. Androphilic proteins in the 30-50% fraction were eluted from DEAE-cellulose column by buffer containing 0.05 M KCL. On Sephadex G-200 chromatography of 30-50% fraction, the androphilic proteins were observed in three peaks; one was eluted in the void volume and other two were eluted at the sites of IgG and albumin. The amount and ratio of proteins eluted in the void volume and the site of IgG from Sephadex G-200 column were variable in individual tissue samples. The chromatographic behavior of the 30-50% fraction in Sephadex G-200 was not changed significantly by introducing 0.4 M KCl in the system. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was applied for further separation of the proteins.", "PMID": 75101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5661", "title": "Febrile convulsions and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.", "content": "Three single CSF proteins with different molecular size (albumin, immunoglobulin G, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were determined by the method of electroimmunoassay in 61 children with febrile convulsions (FC) in order to evaluate the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Forty-two children with acute extracerebral infection served as controls. In contrast to a group of 22 children who suffered from acute meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, the CSF values of 48 children with FC were within normal limits. Thus even a very mild form of inflammatory encephalopathy-undetectable with conventional CSF investigation-was excluded in the majority of the children with FC. In 11 patients, however, CSF concentrations of albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin were abnormally raised, indicating a B-CSF-B distrubance. Elevated albumin values were found most frequently. In several children with FC lasting more than 20-30 min, B-CSF-B damage was probably caused by prolonged seizure activity since there is a linear correlation between albumin concentration and duration of convulsions. Several other factors known to raise the children's risk of developing epilepsy in later life were associated with the protein pattern of B-CSF-B disturbance in some of the children. In these cases, the cause of abnormal permeability of B-CSF-B is unknown and the condition might have existed prior to the occurrence of seizures.", "contents": "Febrile convulsions and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Three single CSF proteins with different molecular size (albumin, immunoglobulin G, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were determined by the method of electroimmunoassay in 61 children with febrile convulsions (FC) in order to evaluate the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Forty-two children with acute extracerebral infection served as controls. In contrast to a group of 22 children who suffered from acute meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, the CSF values of 48 children with FC were within normal limits. Thus even a very mild form of inflammatory encephalopathy-undetectable with conventional CSF investigation-was excluded in the majority of the children with FC. In 11 patients, however, CSF concentrations of albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin were abnormally raised, indicating a B-CSF-B distrubance. Elevated albumin values were found most frequently. In several children with FC lasting more than 20-30 min, B-CSF-B damage was probably caused by prolonged seizure activity since there is a linear correlation between albumin concentration and duration of convulsions. Several other factors known to raise the children's risk of developing epilepsy in later life were associated with the protein pattern of B-CSF-B disturbance in some of the children. In these cases, the cause of abnormal permeability of B-CSF-B is unknown and the condition might have existed prior to the occurrence of seizures.", "PMID": 75103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5662", "title": "Haemostatic prostatic adenomectomy.", "content": "1,500 cases of retropubic adenomectomy with preventive ligation of the prostatic arterial pedicles and trigonisation of the posterior urethra are presented. The technical details are described. The mortality rate is 0.7%. One of the most frequent complications is pulmonary embolus, lethal in only 0.3% of the cases. In moderate and large adenomas, by the efficiency of haemostatic control and the quality of the late results, the procedure has given more satisfaction than other types of surgical or endoscopic adenomectomies.", "contents": "Haemostatic prostatic adenomectomy. 1,500 cases of retropubic adenomectomy with preventive ligation of the prostatic arterial pedicles and trigonisation of the posterior urethra are presented. The technical details are described. The mortality rate is 0.7%. One of the most frequent complications is pulmonary embolus, lethal in only 0.3% of the cases. In moderate and large adenomas, by the efficiency of haemostatic control and the quality of the late results, the procedure has given more satisfaction than other types of surgical or endoscopic adenomectomies.", "PMID": 75104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5663", "title": "Asynchronous conduction in the human His bundle.", "content": "2 patients with symptoms of paroxysmal AV block showed widening, splitting, slurring and decreasing amplitude of the His potential. Concomitantly, this was followed by different patterns of bundle branch block. In one of the patients it was obvious that a left bundle branch block was related to a Wenckebach phenomenon in the His bundle, and in the other patient different bundle branch block patterns were related to the occurrence of the intra-His bundle conduction delay. It is suggested that the present electrophysiological findings reflect asynchronous conduction in the His bundle causing a critical conduction delay in parts of the bundle branches leading to bundle branch block.", "contents": "Asynchronous conduction in the human His bundle. 2 patients with symptoms of paroxysmal AV block showed widening, splitting, slurring and decreasing amplitude of the His potential. Concomitantly, this was followed by different patterns of bundle branch block. In one of the patients it was obvious that a left bundle branch block was related to a Wenckebach phenomenon in the His bundle, and in the other patient different bundle branch block patterns were related to the occurrence of the intra-His bundle conduction delay. It is suggested that the present electrophysiological findings reflect asynchronous conduction in the His bundle causing a critical conduction delay in parts of the bundle branches leading to bundle branch block.", "PMID": 75106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5664", "title": "Development of surface antigen during maturation of bone marrow neutrophil granulocytes.", "content": "The presence of neutrophil surface antigens on maturing bone marrow granulocytes was examined by indirect immunofluorescence and cellular immunoadsorption using heterologous antibody to mature neutrophil granulocytes. The results show that bone marrow neutrophils possess surface antigens that appear during cell maturation from myeloblasts. Fluorescent antibody capping and patching, indicators of antigen mobility, were more pronounced in mature than in immature cells. Neutrophil surface antigen development could also be demonstrated during granulocyte maturation in vitro.", "contents": "Development of surface antigen during maturation of bone marrow neutrophil granulocytes. The presence of neutrophil surface antigens on maturing bone marrow granulocytes was examined by indirect immunofluorescence and cellular immunoadsorption using heterologous antibody to mature neutrophil granulocytes. The results show that bone marrow neutrophils possess surface antigens that appear during cell maturation from myeloblasts. Fluorescent antibody capping and patching, indicators of antigen mobility, were more pronounced in mature than in immature cells. Neutrophil surface antigen development could also be demonstrated during granulocyte maturation in vitro.", "PMID": 75111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5665", "title": "Hypotensive activity of some dihydroxycoumarins and their congeners.", "content": "Evaluation of the hypotensive activity of dihydroxy coumarins and their congeners reveal that the naturally occurring dimethoxy coumarin Scoparone has maximal activity, more significant than L-alpha-methyl dopa. Structure activity relationship studies are reported with an attempt to offer a probable mechanism of action.", "contents": "Hypotensive activity of some dihydroxycoumarins and their congeners. Evaluation of the hypotensive activity of dihydroxy coumarins and their congeners reveal that the naturally occurring dimethoxy coumarin Scoparone has maximal activity, more significant than L-alpha-methyl dopa. Structure activity relationship studies are reported with an attempt to offer a probable mechanism of action.", "PMID": 75113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5666", "title": "Standardization of assays of neuraminidase and its antibody.", "content": "The effect of various factors on the reproducibility of neuraminidase and NI antibody assays has been investigated. These factors include the substrate, strain of virus, nature of virus, i.e. whole, subunit or recombinant, temperature and pH. In assaying antibody levels the challenge virus should be standardized by a method other than optical density. It is recommended that a collaborative study should be set up to establish an international standard for neuraminidase and that this should incorporate a comparison of different methods.", "contents": "Standardization of assays of neuraminidase and its antibody. The effect of various factors on the reproducibility of neuraminidase and NI antibody assays has been investigated. These factors include the substrate, strain of virus, nature of virus, i.e. whole, subunit or recombinant, temperature and pH. In assaying antibody levels the challenge virus should be standardized by a method other than optical density. It is recommended that a collaborative study should be set up to establish an international standard for neuraminidase and that this should incorporate a comparison of different methods.", "PMID": 75119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5667", "title": "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers.", "content": "A new antigen-antibody system associated with the hepatitis B virus and immunologically distinct from the HB surface, core, and e systems is reported. The new antigen, termed delta, was detected by direct immunofluorescence only in the liver cell nuclei of patients with HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. At present, the intrahepatic expression of HBcAg and delta antigen appears to be mutually exclusive. No ultrastructural aspect corresponding to the delta antigen could be identified under the electron microscope. delta antibody was found in the serum of chronic HBsAg carriers, with a higher prevalence in patients with liver damage. The nuclear fluorescence patterns of HBcAg and delta antigen were similar; it is only possible to discriminate between the two antigens by using the respective specific antisera.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. A new antigen-antibody system associated with the hepatitis B virus and immunologically distinct from the HB surface, core, and e systems is reported. The new antigen, termed delta, was detected by direct immunofluorescence only in the liver cell nuclei of patients with HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. At present, the intrahepatic expression of HBcAg and delta antigen appears to be mutually exclusive. No ultrastructural aspect corresponding to the delta antigen could be identified under the electron microscope. delta antibody was found in the serum of chronic HBsAg carriers, with a higher prevalence in patients with liver damage. The nuclear fluorescence patterns of HBcAg and delta antigen were similar; it is only possible to discriminate between the two antigens by using the respective specific antisera.", "PMID": 75123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5668", "title": "[Thromboplastin. A short review of new findings].", "content": "Recent findings of thromboplastin (TRPL) investigations are presented in a brief survey. After enumerating the possibilities of separating this lipoprotein into two shares, the chemical characterization of protein and lipid fraction is represented, the possibilities and conditions of recombining both shares are mentioned and the effectiveness of TRPL in the exogenous coagulation system is illustrated. Furthermore, the liberation of TRPL by leukocytes is referred to and feasible mechanisms of this liberation are discussed. Finally the relations of TRPL to tumour cell materials promoting coagulation and from amnion liquid are discussed.", "contents": "[Thromboplastin. A short review of new findings]. Recent findings of thromboplastin (TRPL) investigations are presented in a brief survey. After enumerating the possibilities of separating this lipoprotein into two shares, the chemical characterization of protein and lipid fraction is represented, the possibilities and conditions of recombining both shares are mentioned and the effectiveness of TRPL in the exogenous coagulation system is illustrated. Furthermore, the liberation of TRPL by leukocytes is referred to and feasible mechanisms of this liberation are discussed. Finally the relations of TRPL to tumour cell materials promoting coagulation and from amnion liquid are discussed.", "PMID": 75126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5669", "title": "[Haptoglobin in various diseases].", "content": "The clinical significance of haptoglobin (Hp) can be seen in the fact that its serum concentration shows a specific pattern in certain diseases and under various therapeutic measures. The determination of Hp is not only indicated in haemolytic anaemias, but also in liver and kidney diseases, infections, diseases of the connective tissue, malignant tumours, and under certain therapeutic conditions.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin in various diseases]. The clinical significance of haptoglobin (Hp) can be seen in the fact that its serum concentration shows a specific pattern in certain diseases and under various therapeutic measures. The determination of Hp is not only indicated in haemolytic anaemias, but also in liver and kidney diseases, infections, diseases of the connective tissue, malignant tumours, and under certain therapeutic conditions.", "PMID": 75127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5670", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural morphometric studies of micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts.", "content": "One hundred lymphoblastoid and one hundred micromyeloblastoid paramyeloblasts, isolated from peripheral blood of untreated leukaemia patients, were studied by electron microscopic morphometry. Considerable differences are to be found between the micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts as regards the size of the nucleolar \"apparatus\", both in the absolute average values and in the index showing the ratio of the nucleolous of the remaining nuclear surface (4.76% for myeloblastoid and 9.96% for lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts). The central heterochromatin (scattered), which is discussed to be essential for the detection of an early prophase, was found in 3% of the myeloblastoid cells and in 14% of lymphoblastoid ones. The effect of cytostatic therapy is discussed by taking these data into consideration.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural morphometric studies of micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts. One hundred lymphoblastoid and one hundred micromyeloblastoid paramyeloblasts, isolated from peripheral blood of untreated leukaemia patients, were studied by electron microscopic morphometry. Considerable differences are to be found between the micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts as regards the size of the nucleolar \"apparatus\", both in the absolute average values and in the index showing the ratio of the nucleolous of the remaining nuclear surface (4.76% for myeloblastoid and 9.96% for lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts). The central heterochromatin (scattered), which is discussed to be essential for the detection of an early prophase, was found in 3% of the myeloblastoid cells and in 14% of lymphoblastoid ones. The effect of cytostatic therapy is discussed by taking these data into consideration.", "PMID": 75128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5671", "title": "Preservation of rat bone marrow with dimethylsulphoxide at -150 degrees C.", "content": "The authors tested preserving properties of three concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (15%, 10% and 7.5%) in preservation of rat bone marrow cells at -150 degrees C. Cells of rat bone marrow were frozen at 1 degree C/min to -20 degrees C, 5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and then placed directly at -150 degrees C and held at such temperature for 6 months. Vitality of cells was checked monthly for a period of 6 months by means of several vitality tests with dyes (eosin and trypane blue), autoradiography and erythrophagocytosis. It was found that cells capable of cleavage could be equally preserved at such low temperature with all the three DMSO concentrations while mature cells (granulocytes, reticular cells) revealed considerably higher erythrophagocytic activity when preserved at 15% DMSO and lower activity at 10% and 7.5% DMSO.", "contents": "Preservation of rat bone marrow with dimethylsulphoxide at -150 degrees C. The authors tested preserving properties of three concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (15%, 10% and 7.5%) in preservation of rat bone marrow cells at -150 degrees C. Cells of rat bone marrow were frozen at 1 degree C/min to -20 degrees C, 5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and then placed directly at -150 degrees C and held at such temperature for 6 months. Vitality of cells was checked monthly for a period of 6 months by means of several vitality tests with dyes (eosin and trypane blue), autoradiography and erythrophagocytosis. It was found that cells capable of cleavage could be equally preserved at such low temperature with all the three DMSO concentrations while mature cells (granulocytes, reticular cells) revealed considerably higher erythrophagocytic activity when preserved at 15% DMSO and lower activity at 10% and 7.5% DMSO.", "PMID": 75130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5672", "title": "[Recurrence-free phases and survival times in children with cytochemically varying acute lymphatic leukemias. Note on the prognostic evaluation of leukemias].", "content": "The recidive-free phases, survival times and the number of long surviging patients were recorded in 64 children with cytochemically differentiated ALL. A significantly more favourable course of ALL of PAS type could be observed as compared with the undifferentiated type and partially with the esterase type, too. According to the present findings the cytochemical examinations of ALL can be recommended in the initial phase of leukaemia as a prognostic evaluation.", "contents": "[Recurrence-free phases and survival times in children with cytochemically varying acute lymphatic leukemias. Note on the prognostic evaluation of leukemias]. The recidive-free phases, survival times and the number of long surviging patients were recorded in 64 children with cytochemically differentiated ALL. A significantly more favourable course of ALL of PAS type could be observed as compared with the undifferentiated type and partially with the esterase type, too. According to the present findings the cytochemical examinations of ALL can be recommended in the initial phase of leukaemia as a prognostic evaluation.", "PMID": 75131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5673", "title": "[Anemia in female adolescents].", "content": "Investigations for exploring the frequency and pathogenesis of anaemia were carried out in 164 female pupils of a minicipal grammar school for girls aged from 14 to 20 years. There were lowered haematocrit values below 37% in 81 cases (49%), which were due to iron deficiency in 31 girls. Only in one case a lowered vitamin B12 level was detected and in 8 girls there was a lowered folic acid content in the serum. The frequency of anaemia in girls of school age mainly caused by iron deficiency is emphasized.", "contents": "[Anemia in female adolescents]. Investigations for exploring the frequency and pathogenesis of anaemia were carried out in 164 female pupils of a minicipal grammar school for girls aged from 14 to 20 years. There were lowered haematocrit values below 37% in 81 cases (49%), which were due to iron deficiency in 31 girls. Only in one case a lowered vitamin B12 level was detected and in 8 girls there was a lowered folic acid content in the serum. The frequency of anaemia in girls of school age mainly caused by iron deficiency is emphasized.", "PMID": 75132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5674", "title": "[Geophagia sideropenica].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of geophagia (45 years old mother and her 25 years old daughter). Both suffered from an anaemia of medium degree only (case 1: 3.77 million of erythrocytes, Hb 8.5 g%; case 2: 3.34 million of erythrocytes, Hb 10 g%), there was a serious iron deficiency (46 and 35 microgram % respectively of serum iron). Both were blood donors, the mother 7 times and the daughter 31 times. In both cases the iron deficiency existed before geophagia. The desire for eating argillacecous earth already disappeared after the application of some ampules of Ferrlecit injected intravenously, even before the values of the serum iron and the number of erythrocytes had changed. The number of erythrocytes, the Hb value and that of haematocrit as well as the values of the serum iron normalized completely. EEG changes were observed in both cases, which could be influenced by the ferrotherapy. The authors recommend the serum iron estimation in all blood donors as well as the introduction of their routine treatment with iron preparations.", "contents": "[Geophagia sideropenica]. The authors describe two cases of geophagia (45 years old mother and her 25 years old daughter). Both suffered from an anaemia of medium degree only (case 1: 3.77 million of erythrocytes, Hb 8.5 g%; case 2: 3.34 million of erythrocytes, Hb 10 g%), there was a serious iron deficiency (46 and 35 microgram % respectively of serum iron). Both were blood donors, the mother 7 times and the daughter 31 times. In both cases the iron deficiency existed before geophagia. The desire for eating argillacecous earth already disappeared after the application of some ampules of Ferrlecit injected intravenously, even before the values of the serum iron and the number of erythrocytes had changed. The number of erythrocytes, the Hb value and that of haematocrit as well as the values of the serum iron normalized completely. EEG changes were observed in both cases, which could be influenced by the ferrotherapy. The authors recommend the serum iron estimation in all blood donors as well as the introduction of their routine treatment with iron preparations.", "PMID": 75133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5675", "title": "[Hepatogenic polyglobulinemias and polycythemias].", "content": "The authors distinguish three kinds of hepatogenous polyglobulia: Polycythaemia caused by Budd-Chiari syndrome, polycythaemia caused by a Mosse syndrome (cirrhosis without liver venous thrombosis) and polyglobulia caused by liver tumours. In all three cases the same mechanism is likely to induce polycythaemia or polyglobulia respectively. In addition to the three cases of the Mosse syndrome published in 1966, the present paper deals with three cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Twice the Budd-Chiari syndrome was followed by a polycythaemia, once a Budd-Chiari syndrome was developed in the course of a polycythaemia vera.", "contents": "[Hepatogenic polyglobulinemias and polycythemias]. The authors distinguish three kinds of hepatogenous polyglobulia: Polycythaemia caused by Budd-Chiari syndrome, polycythaemia caused by a Mosse syndrome (cirrhosis without liver venous thrombosis) and polyglobulia caused by liver tumours. In all three cases the same mechanism is likely to induce polycythaemia or polyglobulia respectively. In addition to the three cases of the Mosse syndrome published in 1966, the present paper deals with three cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Twice the Budd-Chiari syndrome was followed by a polycythaemia, once a Budd-Chiari syndrome was developed in the course of a polycythaemia vera.", "PMID": 75134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5676", "title": "Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency.", "content": "Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness were studied in 3 patients with combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in 3 patients with combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency. The first three patients belonged to three different kindreds whereas the second group belonged to the same kindred. Serotonin C14 uptake and release was also found to be normal in these patients. These studies indicate that platelet function is normal in combined defects of factor VIII. These findings were in agreement with the presence of a normal bleeding time and a normal factor VIII antigen level in all these patients.", "contents": "Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency. Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness were studied in 3 patients with combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in 3 patients with combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency. The first three patients belonged to three different kindreds whereas the second group belonged to the same kindred. Serotonin C14 uptake and release was also found to be normal in these patients. These studies indicate that platelet function is normal in combined defects of factor VIII. These findings were in agreement with the presence of a normal bleeding time and a normal factor VIII antigen level in all these patients.", "PMID": 75135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5677", "title": "Apparent decrease of \"inhibition\" in the dilution curve system with the increase of anticoagulation. A paradox that is against the presence of inhibitors in coumarin treated patients.", "content": "The apparent \"inhibition\" found in coumarin plasma by means of the dilution curve system seems to decrease with the increase of anticoagulation. Three groups of anticoagulated patients with a P/N prothrombin time ratio of less than 1.8, between 1.8 and 2.3 and over 2.3, showed an \"inhibition\" of 1.6, 1.1 and 0.9 conventional units, respectively. An inverse correlation was found to exist between Thrombotest clotting times, P/N ratio, antigen/activity ratios on one side and inhibition units on the other side. These findings do not confirm the presence of \"inhibitors\" in coumarin treated patients.", "contents": "Apparent decrease of \"inhibition\" in the dilution curve system with the increase of anticoagulation. A paradox that is against the presence of inhibitors in coumarin treated patients. The apparent \"inhibition\" found in coumarin plasma by means of the dilution curve system seems to decrease with the increase of anticoagulation. Three groups of anticoagulated patients with a P/N prothrombin time ratio of less than 1.8, between 1.8 and 2.3 and over 2.3, showed an \"inhibition\" of 1.6, 1.1 and 0.9 conventional units, respectively. An inverse correlation was found to exist between Thrombotest clotting times, P/N ratio, antigen/activity ratios on one side and inhibition units on the other side. These findings do not confirm the presence of \"inhibitors\" in coumarin treated patients.", "PMID": 75136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5678", "title": "[A method for the isolation of sterile Coombs serum].", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative losses are involved in the steril filtration and long-time storage of Coombs serum. Therefore, a method of producing high-titer steril serum without steril filtration was devised, which enables losses to be avoided or to be reduced.", "contents": "[A method for the isolation of sterile Coombs serum]. Quantitative and qualitative losses are involved in the steril filtration and long-time storage of Coombs serum. Therefore, a method of producing high-titer steril serum without steril filtration was devised, which enables losses to be avoided or to be reduced.", "PMID": 75137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5679", "title": "Quinacrine and acridine-R banding without a fluorescence microscope.", "content": "A technique is described in which a standard fluorescence microscope equipped with a high-pressure mercury lamp is replaced with an ordinary laboratory microscope fitted with a quartz-iodine lamp. A dark field condenser and a set of three filters, including an FITC interference filter, complete a 'fluorescence' microscope. The microscope has proved itself satisfactory in the study of Y-chromatin, chromosome Q-bands including Q-polymorphism, and acridine-R band. It is very easy to operate and does not emit ultraviolet light, which might harm operators. Total cost of the quartz-iodine lamp's outfit, filters, and a dark-field condenser is much less than that of a standard fluorescence microscope. The cost is especially low when a laboratory microscope with a quartz-iodine lamp is already at hand. Spectrofluorometric studies of QM and Q indicate that the present system will show even better performance if an interference filter with a transmission range of about 400 to 440--450 nm is designed and used in combination with a 455--475 nm barrier filter.", "contents": "Quinacrine and acridine-R banding without a fluorescence microscope. A technique is described in which a standard fluorescence microscope equipped with a high-pressure mercury lamp is replaced with an ordinary laboratory microscope fitted with a quartz-iodine lamp. A dark field condenser and a set of three filters, including an FITC interference filter, complete a 'fluorescence' microscope. The microscope has proved itself satisfactory in the study of Y-chromatin, chromosome Q-bands including Q-polymorphism, and acridine-R band. It is very easy to operate and does not emit ultraviolet light, which might harm operators. Total cost of the quartz-iodine lamp's outfit, filters, and a dark-field condenser is much less than that of a standard fluorescence microscope. The cost is especially low when a laboratory microscope with a quartz-iodine lamp is already at hand. Spectrofluorometric studies of QM and Q indicate that the present system will show even better performance if an interference filter with a transmission range of about 400 to 440--450 nm is designed and used in combination with a 455--475 nm barrier filter.", "PMID": 75161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5680", "title": "Silver-staining specificity in metaphases after incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR).", "content": "Silver staining is reported to be reduced in chromatin substituted by BUDR. This quenching effect allows for the demonstration of replication patterns and differential chromatid staining. Though the differentiation, as compared to other staining techniques, is of inferior quality, it is of theoretical importance concerning the effect of BUDR incorporation into chromatin.", "contents": "Silver-staining specificity in metaphases after incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). Silver staining is reported to be reduced in chromatin substituted by BUDR. This quenching effect allows for the demonstration of replication patterns and differential chromatid staining. Though the differentiation, as compared to other staining techniques, is of inferior quality, it is of theoretical importance concerning the effect of BUDR incorporation into chromatin.", "PMID": 75162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5681", "title": "Differential silver carbonate staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted chromsomes.", "content": "Differential staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted human chromosomes is demonstrated by an ammoniacal silver carbonate procedure. With this method the chromosomes exhibit a subchromatid structure. Because proteolytic treatment indicated that the silver carbonate binds the chromosome proteins, changes of these components may be inferred in the BrdU-substituted chromosomes. Sister chromatid exchanges could be identified.", "contents": "Differential silver carbonate staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted chromsomes. Differential staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted human chromosomes is demonstrated by an ammoniacal silver carbonate procedure. With this method the chromosomes exhibit a subchromatid structure. Because proteolytic treatment indicated that the silver carbonate binds the chromosome proteins, changes of these components may be inferred in the BrdU-substituted chromosomes. Sister chromatid exchanges could be identified.", "PMID": 75163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5682", "title": "[Cell transformation by viruses and the development of tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The history of tumour virology and some main points of recent experimentation are described. First, a definition of the term virus is presented. Subsequently, four main topics are discussed: The tumour virus and the integration of its nucleic acid; The mechanism of transformation; The genes of the tumour virus and their products; The importance of the genetic background of animals and cells for transformation and tumour development. The mutual influence of cell and virus genomes is in the focus of consideration. The particulare tumour virus, at least for limited periods of time, comes under the influence of the cell genome. The theories about tumour development by viruses and the possibility of prophylactic measures are described.", "contents": "[Cell transformation by viruses and the development of tumours (author's transl)]. The history of tumour virology and some main points of recent experimentation are described. First, a definition of the term virus is presented. Subsequently, four main topics are discussed: The tumour virus and the integration of its nucleic acid; The mechanism of transformation; The genes of the tumour virus and their products; The importance of the genetic background of animals and cells for transformation and tumour development. The mutual influence of cell and virus genomes is in the focus of consideration. The particulare tumour virus, at least for limited periods of time, comes under the influence of the cell genome. The theories about tumour development by viruses and the possibility of prophylactic measures are described.", "PMID": 75171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5683", "title": "Induction of a T-cell specific antigen on bone marrow lymphocytes with thymus RNA.", "content": "Expression of a rabbit T-cell specific antigen can be induced on bone marrow lymphocytes following exposure to an RNA extract obtained from the thymuses of young rabbits. The presence of the antigen was demonstrated using goat anti-rabbit T-cell serum in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. The T-cell antigen first appeared 3 h after addition of the thymus RNA to bone marrow cell cultures and the maximum number of cells expressing the T-cell antigen was observed within 24 h. RNA obtained from a source other than the thymus was found to be ineffective in inducing expression of the T-cell antigen. The induction of the antigen appears to be dependent on the presence of intact thymus RNA, as RNase treatment but not trypsin treatment, destroyed the ability of the RNA to induce the T-cell antigen.", "contents": "Induction of a T-cell specific antigen on bone marrow lymphocytes with thymus RNA. Expression of a rabbit T-cell specific antigen can be induced on bone marrow lymphocytes following exposure to an RNA extract obtained from the thymuses of young rabbits. The presence of the antigen was demonstrated using goat anti-rabbit T-cell serum in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. The T-cell antigen first appeared 3 h after addition of the thymus RNA to bone marrow cell cultures and the maximum number of cells expressing the T-cell antigen was observed within 24 h. RNA obtained from a source other than the thymus was found to be ineffective in inducing expression of the T-cell antigen. The induction of the antigen appears to be dependent on the presence of intact thymus RNA, as RNase treatment but not trypsin treatment, destroyed the ability of the RNA to induce the T-cell antigen.", "PMID": 75176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5684", "title": "The requirement of specific antibody for the killing of E. coli by the alternate complement pathway in bovine serum.", "content": "Experiments using the selective divalent cation chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) showed that the alternate complement pathway was involved in the bactericidal action of bovine serum on two strains of E. coli. The bactericidal system was shown, in experiments involving EGTA and epsilon-amino caproic acid, to be independent of Ca++ and the C1 unit of complement. The fixation of the complement components C3-C9 by endotoxin does not require a functional classical pathway ((C1, C4 and C2). In the case of one coliform strain (W1) however, there was an almost total dependence on a factor absorbable at 0 degrees with homologous bacteria, and which appeared to be a natural antibody. These results suggest that in certain circumstances in the cow, gamma globulins may be directly involved in the activation of the alternate complement pathway.", "contents": "The requirement of specific antibody for the killing of E. coli by the alternate complement pathway in bovine serum. Experiments using the selective divalent cation chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) showed that the alternate complement pathway was involved in the bactericidal action of bovine serum on two strains of E. coli. The bactericidal system was shown, in experiments involving EGTA and epsilon-amino caproic acid, to be independent of Ca++ and the C1 unit of complement. The fixation of the complement components C3-C9 by endotoxin does not require a functional classical pathway ((C1, C4 and C2). In the case of one coliform strain (W1) however, there was an almost total dependence on a factor absorbable at 0 degrees with homologous bacteria, and which appeared to be a natural antibody. These results suggest that in certain circumstances in the cow, gamma globulins may be directly involved in the activation of the alternate complement pathway.", "PMID": 75177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5685", "title": "The regulation of the immune response of mice to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "The regulation of age-related antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HITB-PS) was studied by measuring the splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) following immunization with this capsular polysaccharide. The magnitude of PFC response to HITB-PS was found to be dose-related, enhanced by Freund's complete adjuvant and influenced by the genetic strain of mice. Priming with a low dose of HITB-PS did not induce a state of immunological unresponsiveness. Treatment with antilymphocyte serum significantly increased the PFC response to HITB-PS. Athymic nude mice showed an enhanced ability to induce both IgG and IgA-PFC responses as well as a significant increase in the biosynthesis of protein and mitogenicity in spleen cells. These findings suggest that the immune response to HITB-PS is regulated by the suppressor T cell. The magnitude of the IgM-PFC response induced by HITB-PS in mice increased gradually from two weeks of age and reached a plateau at 8 weeks. Treatment with fetuin resulted in the inhibition of direct IgM and IgG-PFC responses to HITB-PS; the suppressive effect on the immune response was more profound and lasting in young than in adult mice.", "contents": "The regulation of the immune response of mice to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. The regulation of age-related antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HITB-PS) was studied by measuring the splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) following immunization with this capsular polysaccharide. The magnitude of PFC response to HITB-PS was found to be dose-related, enhanced by Freund's complete adjuvant and influenced by the genetic strain of mice. Priming with a low dose of HITB-PS did not induce a state of immunological unresponsiveness. Treatment with antilymphocyte serum significantly increased the PFC response to HITB-PS. Athymic nude mice showed an enhanced ability to induce both IgG and IgA-PFC responses as well as a significant increase in the biosynthesis of protein and mitogenicity in spleen cells. These findings suggest that the immune response to HITB-PS is regulated by the suppressor T cell. The magnitude of the IgM-PFC response induced by HITB-PS in mice increased gradually from two weeks of age and reached a plateau at 8 weeks. Treatment with fetuin resulted in the inhibition of direct IgM and IgG-PFC responses to HITB-PS; the suppressive effect on the immune response was more profound and lasting in young than in adult mice.", "PMID": 75178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5686", "title": "Lymphoid antigenic determinants of the chicken. Cellular representation and tissue localization.", "content": "Antisera were prepared against a variety of chicken tissues with a view to detecting antigens specific for subpopulations of T and B cells at different maturation stages. By appropriate absorption analysis, the following antigens were defined: (a) thymus organ-specific antigen (CTOA); (b) T lymphocyte-specific antigen (CTLA); (c) B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CBLA); (d) mature B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CMBLA); (e) a foetal-associated antigen (CFAA) present on embryonic haemopoietic cells, and adult bone marrow and immature bursa cells, suggesting the cell types concerned may be at an early stage of development, possibly including precursors. For comparison with the above antigens, cells were also examined for surface Ig and IgG. T cells were found in periarteriolar sheaths in the spleen, and predominantly in the sub-epithelium and sub-mucosa of the caecal tonsil of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). B cells were localized in periellipsoidal sheaths and germinal centres in the spleen, and in primary follicles or germinal centres in the GALT. The thymic and bursal medullas contained the mature populations of T and B lymphocytes respectively.", "contents": "Lymphoid antigenic determinants of the chicken. Cellular representation and tissue localization. Antisera were prepared against a variety of chicken tissues with a view to detecting antigens specific for subpopulations of T and B cells at different maturation stages. By appropriate absorption analysis, the following antigens were defined: (a) thymus organ-specific antigen (CTOA); (b) T lymphocyte-specific antigen (CTLA); (c) B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CBLA); (d) mature B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CMBLA); (e) a foetal-associated antigen (CFAA) present on embryonic haemopoietic cells, and adult bone marrow and immature bursa cells, suggesting the cell types concerned may be at an early stage of development, possibly including precursors. For comparison with the above antigens, cells were also examined for surface Ig and IgG. T cells were found in periarteriolar sheaths in the spleen, and predominantly in the sub-epithelium and sub-mucosa of the caecal tonsil of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). B cells were localized in periellipsoidal sheaths and germinal centres in the spleen, and in primary follicles or germinal centres in the GALT. The thymic and bursal medullas contained the mature populations of T and B lymphocytes respectively.", "PMID": 75180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5687", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide peptides in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide (CB) peptides was studied in guinea-pigs using cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Responses were largely independent of molecular conformation in animals immunized with either native or denatured collagen, and reactions obtained with CB peptides 8, 9, 10 and 12 suggested that sites in the central regions of collagen chains were recognized in CMI. Antibodies to collagen were detected by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence only in animals immunized with native molecule and not in animals immunized with denatured or CB-digested material. Humoral and CMI responses were similar in that neither recognized the pepsin-labile non-helical regions of the molecule. The responses differed in that humoral reactions were conformation-dependent and type-specific and CMI reactions were not.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide peptides in guinea-pigs. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide (CB) peptides was studied in guinea-pigs using cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Responses were largely independent of molecular conformation in animals immunized with either native or denatured collagen, and reactions obtained with CB peptides 8, 9, 10 and 12 suggested that sites in the central regions of collagen chains were recognized in CMI. Antibodies to collagen were detected by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence only in animals immunized with native molecule and not in animals immunized with denatured or CB-digested material. Humoral and CMI responses were similar in that neither recognized the pepsin-labile non-helical regions of the molecule. The responses differed in that humoral reactions were conformation-dependent and type-specific and CMI reactions were not.", "PMID": 75183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5688", "title": "Mediation of cytotoxic functions by classes and subclasses of sheep antibody reactive with cell surface immunoglobulin idiotypic and constant region determinants.", "content": "Sheep antibodies, reactive with either the idiotypic or constant region antigenic determinants of the immunoglobulin light chain on guinea-pig L2C leukaemic cells, were separated into IgM and into the two subclasses of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2. Antibody of both IgG subclasses inhibited the migration of L2C cells along plastic surfaces; IgM was only weakly inhibitory. Antibody of class IgM and of subclass IgG1 mediated complement cytotoxicity against the L2C cells whereas only that of subclass IgG2 mediated K-cell cytotoxicity; the effector arms were rabbit complement and sheep peripheral leucocytes, respectively.", "contents": "Mediation of cytotoxic functions by classes and subclasses of sheep antibody reactive with cell surface immunoglobulin idiotypic and constant region determinants. Sheep antibodies, reactive with either the idiotypic or constant region antigenic determinants of the immunoglobulin light chain on guinea-pig L2C leukaemic cells, were separated into IgM and into the two subclasses of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2. Antibody of both IgG subclasses inhibited the migration of L2C cells along plastic surfaces; IgM was only weakly inhibitory. Antibody of class IgM and of subclass IgG1 mediated complement cytotoxicity against the L2C cells whereas only that of subclass IgG2 mediated K-cell cytotoxicity; the effector arms were rabbit complement and sheep peripheral leucocytes, respectively.", "PMID": 75184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5689", "title": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans: isolation of a serotype-specific and a cross-reactive antigen from walls of strain V-100 (serotype e).", "content": "Two cell wall-associated polysaccharide antigens were extracted from purified cell walls of Streptococcus mutans serotype e strain V-100. One of these purified antigens (I) is specific for serotype e, whereas the other (II) has antigenic determinants reactive with both heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5) and the homologous (e) serum. When crude formamide extracts of V-100 cell walls were loaded onto a Cellex-D column and eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium carbonate (0.02 to 0.40 M), the two products mentioned above could be recovered. The purified, antigenically reactive products (I and II) were each composed only of rhamnose and glucose in approximately a 2:1 molar ratio. Immunoelectrophoresis of the crude formamide extract, peak I, and peak II showed the purified fractions to have opposite mobilities and the crude extract to have a mobility that encompassed both purified peaks when reacted with homologous antiserum (V-100). When these three fractions were immunoelectrophoresed and reacted with heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5), only the anodic portion of the crude V-100 formamide extract and purified peak II formed precipitates. Ouchterlony analysis with homologous antiserum produced precipitin patterns between the crude formamide extract and both purified peaks, indicating complete identity. However, only crude extracts of V-100 and the purified peak II material reacted with heterologous (c) antiserum; peak I did not cross-react in these Ouchterlony assays. Hapten inhibition studies revealed that a beta-glucosyl moiety is the immunodeterminant for serotype e and is present on each purified fraction. The basis of the cross-reaction between anti-c sera and the purified antigen II of e is discussed.", "contents": "Antigens of Streptococcus mutans: isolation of a serotype-specific and a cross-reactive antigen from walls of strain V-100 (serotype e). Two cell wall-associated polysaccharide antigens were extracted from purified cell walls of Streptococcus mutans serotype e strain V-100. One of these purified antigens (I) is specific for serotype e, whereas the other (II) has antigenic determinants reactive with both heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5) and the homologous (e) serum. When crude formamide extracts of V-100 cell walls were loaded onto a Cellex-D column and eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium carbonate (0.02 to 0.40 M), the two products mentioned above could be recovered. The purified, antigenically reactive products (I and II) were each composed only of rhamnose and glucose in approximately a 2:1 molar ratio. Immunoelectrophoresis of the crude formamide extract, peak I, and peak II showed the purified fractions to have opposite mobilities and the crude extract to have a mobility that encompassed both purified peaks when reacted with homologous antiserum (V-100). When these three fractions were immunoelectrophoresed and reacted with heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5), only the anodic portion of the crude V-100 formamide extract and purified peak II formed precipitates. Ouchterlony analysis with homologous antiserum produced precipitin patterns between the crude formamide extract and both purified peaks, indicating complete identity. However, only crude extracts of V-100 and the purified peak II material reacted with heterologous (c) antiserum; peak I did not cross-react in these Ouchterlony assays. Hapten inhibition studies revealed that a beta-glucosyl moiety is the immunodeterminant for serotype e and is present on each purified fraction. The basis of the cross-reaction between anti-c sera and the purified antigen II of e is discussed.", "PMID": 75187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5690", "title": "Phage-induced changes in Vibrio cholerae: serotype and biotype conversions.", "content": "Phage infection of Vibrio cholerae resulted in antigenic changes. A strain of biotype cholerae serotype Ogawa was converted into serotype Hikojima and gained the ability to synthesize antigenic factor C. Some phage-converted strains remained stable after subculture and were immune to superinfection with the same phage. The stable converted strains were lysogenic and released phage having a host range similar to the phage of the donor strain. Reinfection of unstable converted strains which had \"lost\" antigen C yielded types able to again synthesize this antigen. The polymyxin resistance character was expressed in the biotype cholerae strain after infection with some phage preparations. These polymyxin-resistant strains possessed three main characteristics of El Tor vibrios. The phage-induced changes described provide V. cholerae with the potential for innumerable genetic combinations.", "contents": "Phage-induced changes in Vibrio cholerae: serotype and biotype conversions. Phage infection of Vibrio cholerae resulted in antigenic changes. A strain of biotype cholerae serotype Ogawa was converted into serotype Hikojima and gained the ability to synthesize antigenic factor C. Some phage-converted strains remained stable after subculture and were immune to superinfection with the same phage. The stable converted strains were lysogenic and released phage having a host range similar to the phage of the donor strain. Reinfection of unstable converted strains which had \"lost\" antigen C yielded types able to again synthesize this antigen. The polymyxin resistance character was expressed in the biotype cholerae strain after infection with some phage preparations. These polymyxin-resistant strains possessed three main characteristics of El Tor vibrios. The phage-induced changes described provide V. cholerae with the potential for innumerable genetic combinations.", "PMID": 75188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5691", "title": "Role of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall antigens in the stimulation of delayed hypersensitivity after staphylococcal infection.", "content": "In Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice, prior treatment with cyclophosphamide enhanced delayed hypersensitivity to cell walls and peptidoglycan. S. aureus did not cross react with S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus.", "contents": "Role of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall antigens in the stimulation of delayed hypersensitivity after staphylococcal infection. In Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice, prior treatment with cyclophosphamide enhanced delayed hypersensitivity to cell walls and peptidoglycan. S. aureus did not cross react with S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus.", "PMID": 75189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5692", "title": "Genetic analysis of in vitro leukemogenesis induced by thymus epithelial reticulum cells transmitting murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "Lymphatic leukemia developed in C57BL/6 mice following inoculation of normal thymocytes that and been co-cultured on leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells. Using thymocytes genetically marked in Ly membrane antigens, we showed that the thymomas which developed were produced by the co-cultured thymocytes rather than by leukemic cells derived from the monolayer. Thus, leukemogenic conversion of normal thymocytes took place in vitro. Inoculation of cultured leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells (LTER) gave rise mainly to reticulum cell sarcomas and myeloid leukemias, rather than to lymphatic leukemias (which developed following inoculation of thymocytes that had been cultured on the LTER monolayers). Thus LTER cells may themselves be tumor cells capable of producing RCNA (reticulum cell neoplasm type A) or myeloid tumors in addition to their ability to convert normal thymocytes into leukemic cells.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of in vitro leukemogenesis induced by thymus epithelial reticulum cells transmitting murine leukemia viruses. Lymphatic leukemia developed in C57BL/6 mice following inoculation of normal thymocytes that and been co-cultured on leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells. Using thymocytes genetically marked in Ly membrane antigens, we showed that the thymomas which developed were produced by the co-cultured thymocytes rather than by leukemic cells derived from the monolayer. Thus, leukemogenic conversion of normal thymocytes took place in vitro. Inoculation of cultured leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells (LTER) gave rise mainly to reticulum cell sarcomas and myeloid leukemias, rather than to lymphatic leukemias (which developed following inoculation of thymocytes that had been cultured on the LTER monolayers). Thus LTER cells may themselves be tumor cells capable of producing RCNA (reticulum cell neoplasm type A) or myeloid tumors in addition to their ability to convert normal thymocytes into leukemic cells.", "PMID": 75190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5693", "title": "The effect of biogenic monomines on rapid axonal transport in the rabbit optic nerve.", "content": "Since L-dopa and serotonin have been reported to increase the rate of axonal transport in rat sciatic nerve, we decided to study the effect of these monoamines on rapid orthograde transport in the rattit optic nerve. To do this, tritiated leucine was injected into the vitreous of both eyes of 56 albino rabbits, and arrival of radioactive labeled proteins at the superior colliculus was measured at various intervals by liquid scintillation counting. Rabbits were studied 24 hr after intraperitoneal injections of (1) Sinemet + L-dopa, (2) Sinemet + 5-hydroxytryptophan, or (3) pargyline. There were 14 rabbits in each group compared to 14 controls that received no monoamies. In the monoamine-treated groups, transported labeled proteins arrived at the superior colliculus earlier, and an increased amount of radioactivity accumulated during the next several hours. The maximum amount of radioactive proteins accumulating in drug-treated animals did not differ significantly from the maximum amount in control animals. As judged by autoradiographic densitometry, retinal ganglion cell synthesis was similar in control and drug-treated animals. We suspect that the rate of rapid axonal transport is increased by monoamines, although an increased rate of ganglion cell protein synthesis is another possibility.", "contents": "The effect of biogenic monomines on rapid axonal transport in the rabbit optic nerve. Since L-dopa and serotonin have been reported to increase the rate of axonal transport in rat sciatic nerve, we decided to study the effect of these monoamines on rapid orthograde transport in the rattit optic nerve. To do this, tritiated leucine was injected into the vitreous of both eyes of 56 albino rabbits, and arrival of radioactive labeled proteins at the superior colliculus was measured at various intervals by liquid scintillation counting. Rabbits were studied 24 hr after intraperitoneal injections of (1) Sinemet + L-dopa, (2) Sinemet + 5-hydroxytryptophan, or (3) pargyline. There were 14 rabbits in each group compared to 14 controls that received no monoamies. In the monoamine-treated groups, transported labeled proteins arrived at the superior colliculus earlier, and an increased amount of radioactivity accumulated during the next several hours. The maximum amount of radioactive proteins accumulating in drug-treated animals did not differ significantly from the maximum amount in control animals. As judged by autoradiographic densitometry, retinal ganglion cell synthesis was similar in control and drug-treated animals. We suspect that the rate of rapid axonal transport is increased by monoamines, although an increased rate of ganglion cell protein synthesis is another possibility.", "PMID": 75194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5694", "title": "Intranephronic calculosis in the Brazilian squirrel monkey.", "content": "Brazilian squirrel monkey kidneys removed before and after administration of parathormone were studied by microdissection, polarizing microscopy, alizarin red and von Kossa's stains, and microchemical analysis. Intralumenal crystalline-matrix masses were observed in both groups but were increased in frequency after parathormone administration. Specific staining showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus, and specific chemical tests suggested the presence of uric acid or urate salts. Refractile alizarin red positive droplets were observed in the tubular cells of the pars convoluta in parathormone-treated animals. Urinary stone formation in these animals is unique in that the location and types of stones produced are similar to that seen in man. The squirrel monkey is a good experimental model to study renal stone disease and further studies of its etiology, structure, composition, and means of control should be performed.", "contents": "Intranephronic calculosis in the Brazilian squirrel monkey. Brazilian squirrel monkey kidneys removed before and after administration of parathormone were studied by microdissection, polarizing microscopy, alizarin red and von Kossa's stains, and microchemical analysis. Intralumenal crystalline-matrix masses were observed in both groups but were increased in frequency after parathormone administration. Specific staining showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus, and specific chemical tests suggested the presence of uric acid or urate salts. Refractile alizarin red positive droplets were observed in the tubular cells of the pars convoluta in parathormone-treated animals. Urinary stone formation in these animals is unique in that the location and types of stones produced are similar to that seen in man. The squirrel monkey is a good experimental model to study renal stone disease and further studies of its etiology, structure, composition, and means of control should be performed.", "PMID": 75195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5695", "title": "Immunochemical detection of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. Methodology and clinical evaluation.", "content": "An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid prosphatase is described. Purified acid phosphatase was isolated from cancerous human prostate. A specific antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits. The antiserum to postatic acid phosphatase did not react with acid phosphatase originating from other tissues. A counter immunolectrophoresis, utilizing the specific antibodies and a chemical staining technique, has been developed and clinically evaluated. Sera from patients with prostatic carcinoma (6/20 of stage B, 27/49 of stage C, and 98/125 of stage D) gave positive results. Sera from 19 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, from 89 patients with other tumors, from 12 patients with Gaucher's disease, from 107 healthy volunteers, and from 50 normal age-matched men all gave negative results. The sensitivity of this method was 0.4 IU of enzyme activity or 20 ng per ml of prostatic acid phosphatase protein. Further clinical evaluation of patients in the early stage of prostatic cancer and of patients undergoing chemotherapy is in progress.", "contents": "Immunochemical detection of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. Methodology and clinical evaluation. An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid prosphatase is described. Purified acid phosphatase was isolated from cancerous human prostate. A specific antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits. The antiserum to postatic acid phosphatase did not react with acid phosphatase originating from other tissues. A counter immunolectrophoresis, utilizing the specific antibodies and a chemical staining technique, has been developed and clinically evaluated. Sera from patients with prostatic carcinoma (6/20 of stage B, 27/49 of stage C, and 98/125 of stage D) gave positive results. Sera from 19 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, from 89 patients with other tumors, from 12 patients with Gaucher's disease, from 107 healthy volunteers, and from 50 normal age-matched men all gave negative results. The sensitivity of this method was 0.4 IU of enzyme activity or 20 ng per ml of prostatic acid phosphatase protein. Further clinical evaluation of patients in the early stage of prostatic cancer and of patients undergoing chemotherapy is in progress.", "PMID": 75196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5696", "title": "Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement.", "content": "Important features of the origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement (BPH) remain unclarified, partly because of imprecision in previous morphologic observations. Precise, quantitative analysis was applied to BPH development in 63 autopsy prostates. BPH nodules originated selectively from a very small region, near a cylindrical urethral sphincter above the verumontanum, and usually on the outer aspect of that sphincter laterally. They arose in a newly described transition zone, in which the unique mingling of prostatic glands with sphincteric stroma may be implicated in BPH pathogenesis. Nodules originate through eccentric duct budding toward a focus, suggesting local stromal inductive effects. BPH evolved through three processes: early diffuse gland growth, small nodule proliferation, and later nodule enlargement. If these are independent processes, BPH etiology may be multifactorial.", "contents": "Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Important features of the origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement (BPH) remain unclarified, partly because of imprecision in previous morphologic observations. Precise, quantitative analysis was applied to BPH development in 63 autopsy prostates. BPH nodules originated selectively from a very small region, near a cylindrical urethral sphincter above the verumontanum, and usually on the outer aspect of that sphincter laterally. They arose in a newly described transition zone, in which the unique mingling of prostatic glands with sphincteric stroma may be implicated in BPH pathogenesis. Nodules originate through eccentric duct budding toward a focus, suggesting local stromal inductive effects. BPH evolved through three processes: early diffuse gland growth, small nodule proliferation, and later nodule enlargement. If these are independent processes, BPH etiology may be multifactorial.", "PMID": 75197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5697", "title": "[Fungus diagnostics in practice].", "content": "For the practising dermatologist the following examinations for the diagnosis of a fungus infection are recommended: unstained and stained preparations, as well as cultural differentiation of the causative organisms. In case of a first negative culture of a cutaneous mycosis histological examination is advised. The section should be stained by the PAS method. In all mycotic diseases of the skin, skin appendages and mucous membranes, which are resistant to therapy, an intracutaneous test with the specific antigen should be performed to examine the cellular immunity against the cultured organism.", "contents": "[Fungus diagnostics in practice]. For the practising dermatologist the following examinations for the diagnosis of a fungus infection are recommended: unstained and stained preparations, as well as cultural differentiation of the causative organisms. In case of a first negative culture of a cutaneous mycosis histological examination is advised. The section should be stained by the PAS method. In all mycotic diseases of the skin, skin appendages and mucous membranes, which are resistant to therapy, an intracutaneous test with the specific antigen should be performed to examine the cellular immunity against the cultured organism.", "PMID": 75199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5698", "title": "Sudan Black B: chemical structure and histochemistry of the blue main components.", "content": "Sudan Black B contains two blue main components, SSB-I and SSB-II. Their chemical structures were determinated by the aid of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, absorption, IR, mass, H1-NMR, and C13-NMR spectroscopy and were proved by alternate synthesis. SSB-I has been found to be 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl4-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azol]-1H-perimidine. For SSB-II was confirmed the known structure 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo]-1H-permidine. Relations of chemical structure of SSB-I and SSB-II to their staining properties are discussed.", "contents": "Sudan Black B: chemical structure and histochemistry of the blue main components. Sudan Black B contains two blue main components, SSB-I and SSB-II. Their chemical structures were determinated by the aid of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, absorption, IR, mass, H1-NMR, and C13-NMR spectroscopy and were proved by alternate synthesis. SSB-I has been found to be 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl4-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azol]-1H-perimidine. For SSB-II was confirmed the known structure 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo]-1H-permidine. Relations of chemical structure of SSB-I and SSB-II to their staining properties are discussed.", "PMID": 75201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5699", "title": "Appraisals and pitfalls of myoepithelial cell staining by Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN.", "content": "In the search for specific staining of myoepithelial cells in human normal and pathologic mammary tissue we applied the milling dye Levanol (Supranol) Fast Cyanine 5RN. Reports from literature on this staining method were considered, and efforts were made to improve the procedure. Different fixatives were tested, and the pretreatment of the sections was modified. Five nuclear stains were tried but were finally omitted. Counterstain of the connective tissue proved useful. The advantages of the different modifications are discussed.", "contents": "Appraisals and pitfalls of myoepithelial cell staining by Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN. In the search for specific staining of myoepithelial cells in human normal and pathologic mammary tissue we applied the milling dye Levanol (Supranol) Fast Cyanine 5RN. Reports from literature on this staining method were considered, and efforts were made to improve the procedure. Different fixatives were tested, and the pretreatment of the sections was modified. Five nuclear stains were tried but were finally omitted. Counterstain of the connective tissue proved useful. The advantages of the different modifications are discussed.", "PMID": 75202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5700", "title": "[Morphological changes in the middle ear and tubal lining through antibiotic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemotherapy has not only changes the clinical picture but also the pathological features of otitis media. As a consequence, reactive forms of the middle ear mucosa include purulent inflammation as well as cellular proliferation and granulation. Complications result from defective healing caused by the inability of the mucosa to organize clearance of the tympanic cleft. Because of a lack of drainage, the effusion remains in situ and alters the function of the middle ear mucosa. Subsequently, the inflammatory reaction diminishes, as can be seen on smears from tympanic effusions. Leucocytes are more or less displaced by phagocytes. We also gave special attention to morphological details in the Eustachian tube. We could demonstrate the great importance of the mucosa as a defence mechanism against infection. The so-called tubal tonsil is an important part of the local immune organ system. The salivary glands adjacent to the tube provide a secretion, which allows the ciliary activity to function. Surface active substances in the secretion influence the opening mechanism of the tube. In disease states, disturbances of this secretion may prevent ventilation of the tympanic cleft.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the middle ear and tubal lining through antibiotic treatment (author's transl)]. Chemotherapy has not only changes the clinical picture but also the pathological features of otitis media. As a consequence, reactive forms of the middle ear mucosa include purulent inflammation as well as cellular proliferation and granulation. Complications result from defective healing caused by the inability of the mucosa to organize clearance of the tympanic cleft. Because of a lack of drainage, the effusion remains in situ and alters the function of the middle ear mucosa. Subsequently, the inflammatory reaction diminishes, as can be seen on smears from tympanic effusions. Leucocytes are more or less displaced by phagocytes. We also gave special attention to morphological details in the Eustachian tube. We could demonstrate the great importance of the mucosa as a defence mechanism against infection. The so-called tubal tonsil is an important part of the local immune organ system. The salivary glands adjacent to the tube provide a secretion, which allows the ciliary activity to function. Surface active substances in the secretion influence the opening mechanism of the tube. In disease states, disturbances of this secretion may prevent ventilation of the tympanic cleft.", "PMID": 75203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5701", "title": "Plasma volume and intravascular protein masses in trained boys and fit young men.", "content": "Plasma volumes and intravascular protein masses were measured in eight well-trained boys (VO2 max = 59.6 +/- 6.5 ml/kg body wt) aged 13-15 yr and compared with two groups of adult athletes aged 17-20 yr (VO2 max = 61.8 +/- 3.4 ml/kg body wt) and 24-30 yr (VO2 max = 63.3 +/- 4.1 ml/kg body wt), respectively. The trained boys had larger plasma volumes and increased intravascular masses of albumin and hepatogenic globulins as compared with values available for children with normal physical activity. There was no significant difference between the boys and the adults concerning maximal oxygen uptake, plasma volume, albumin, immunoglobins, and haptoglobin, when allowance was made for differences in body dimensions; probably due to the young age, however, the boys had considerably higher relative alpha2-macroglobulin and transferrin masses. Endurance training apparently elicits the same response of the plasma protein system regardless of age, at least after pubertal age has been attained. The overall effect of these changes implies an increase of the water binding capacity of the plasma", "contents": "Plasma volume and intravascular protein masses in trained boys and fit young men. Plasma volumes and intravascular protein masses were measured in eight well-trained boys (VO2 max = 59.6 +/- 6.5 ml/kg body wt) aged 13-15 yr and compared with two groups of adult athletes aged 17-20 yr (VO2 max = 61.8 +/- 3.4 ml/kg body wt) and 24-30 yr (VO2 max = 63.3 +/- 4.1 ml/kg body wt), respectively. The trained boys had larger plasma volumes and increased intravascular masses of albumin and hepatogenic globulins as compared with values available for children with normal physical activity. There was no significant difference between the boys and the adults concerning maximal oxygen uptake, plasma volume, albumin, immunoglobins, and haptoglobin, when allowance was made for differences in body dimensions; probably due to the young age, however, the boys had considerably higher relative alpha2-macroglobulin and transferrin masses. Endurance training apparently elicits the same response of the plasma protein system regardless of age, at least after pubertal age has been attained. The overall effect of these changes implies an increase of the water binding capacity of the plasma", "PMID": 75204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5702", "title": "The development of eosinophils in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck.", "content": "The eosinophils present in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck were classified into various maturational stages according to the shape of their nuclei and the content of their cytoplasm. The granules appeared to develop from dilations located at the extremities of the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, whence they broke free, forming vesicles. By condensation they progressed from a flocculent type of granule to the definitive spherical homogeneous primary granule. Various staining techniques were applied in this study and it was found that, as in mammals, granules of two distinct types were present in developing avian eosinophils, and that they matured by transition from a primary granule to a specific stage.", "contents": "The development of eosinophils in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck. The eosinophils present in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck were classified into various maturational stages according to the shape of their nuclei and the content of their cytoplasm. The granules appeared to develop from dilations located at the extremities of the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, whence they broke free, forming vesicles. By condensation they progressed from a flocculent type of granule to the definitive spherical homogeneous primary granule. Various staining techniques were applied in this study and it was found that, as in mammals, granules of two distinct types were present in developing avian eosinophils, and that they matured by transition from a primary granule to a specific stage.", "PMID": 75207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5703", "title": "Chromatography of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid on complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-cellulose.", "content": "DNA complementary to ovalbumin mRNA and covalently bound to cellulose (cDNA-cellulose) was synthesized using avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. High concentrations of actinomycin D (200 migrogram/ml) were required to produce 97% inhibition of double-stranded DNA synthesis, but mRNA transcription was only slightly inhibited (14%). The conditions used for binding of mRNA to cDNA-cellulose permitted complete hybridization of ovalbumin mRNA in 10 min while stable poly(A):(dT) hybrids failed to form. The temperature at which 50% of the ovalbumin mRNA activity was eluted from cDNA-cellulose was 62 degrees in 0.01 M Tris.HCl. When a batchwise procedure of hybridization and elution was used, the total recovery of ovalbumin mRNA activity applied to the cDNA-cellulose was greater than 98%, indicating little if any degradation of mRNA. Ovalbumin mRNA activity eluted in each chromatographic run was 50 to 70% of that originally used for the synthesis of the cDNA-cellulose. When total polysomal RNA was subjected to chromatography, the bound fraction consisted of ovalbumin mRNA, rRNA, and material behaving like fragments of ovalbumin mRNA. Applying this fraction to cDNA-cellulose a second time eliminated the rRNA but not the presumptive fragments. Ovalbumin mRNA purified either once or twice was enriched between 43- and 56-fold over polysomal RNA in translational activity.", "contents": "Chromatography of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid on complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-cellulose. DNA complementary to ovalbumin mRNA and covalently bound to cellulose (cDNA-cellulose) was synthesized using avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. High concentrations of actinomycin D (200 migrogram/ml) were required to produce 97% inhibition of double-stranded DNA synthesis, but mRNA transcription was only slightly inhibited (14%). The conditions used for binding of mRNA to cDNA-cellulose permitted complete hybridization of ovalbumin mRNA in 10 min while stable poly(A):(dT) hybrids failed to form. The temperature at which 50% of the ovalbumin mRNA activity was eluted from cDNA-cellulose was 62 degrees in 0.01 M Tris.HCl. When a batchwise procedure of hybridization and elution was used, the total recovery of ovalbumin mRNA activity applied to the cDNA-cellulose was greater than 98%, indicating little if any degradation of mRNA. Ovalbumin mRNA activity eluted in each chromatographic run was 50 to 70% of that originally used for the synthesis of the cDNA-cellulose. When total polysomal RNA was subjected to chromatography, the bound fraction consisted of ovalbumin mRNA, rRNA, and material behaving like fragments of ovalbumin mRNA. Applying this fraction to cDNA-cellulose a second time eliminated the rRNA but not the presumptive fragments. Ovalbumin mRNA purified either once or twice was enriched between 43- and 56-fold over polysomal RNA in translational activity.", "PMID": 75208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5704", "title": "Immunological relatedness of high mobility group chromosomal proteins from calf thymus.", "content": "The non-histone proteins HMG-1, HMG-2, HMG-3, HMB-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 (Goodwin, G. H., SANDERS, C., and Johns, E. W. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 38, 14) were purified from calf thymus. The apparent molecular weights on polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the high mobility group (HMB) proteins were determined. Those for HBG-1 and HMG-2 agreed with the molecular weights determined by sedimentation; that for HMG-17 was anomalously high. Antibodies against HMG-1 were elicited in rabbits. The interaction between HMG-1 and anti-HBG-1 was measured by quantitative precipitation and by the microcomplement fixation technique. Quantitative microcomplement fixation assays revealed that the indices of dissimilarity between HMG-1 and HMG-2, HMG-3, HMG-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 were 2.0, 1.0, 3.8, 10.0, and 6.1, respectively. These correspond to 6%, 0%, 12%, 20%, and 16% sequence difference between HMG-1 and the other five HMG proteins, although the immunological distance between HMG-1 and HMG-14 may be too large to allow a good correlation between the sequence and the immunological reaction. Antibodies to HMB-1 bind to chromatin purified from calf thymus. Therefore, we suggest that the in situ organization of HMG proteins in chromatin and chromosomes may be studied by serological techniques.", "contents": "Immunological relatedness of high mobility group chromosomal proteins from calf thymus. The non-histone proteins HMG-1, HMG-2, HMG-3, HMB-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 (Goodwin, G. H., SANDERS, C., and Johns, E. W. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 38, 14) were purified from calf thymus. The apparent molecular weights on polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the high mobility group (HMB) proteins were determined. Those for HBG-1 and HMG-2 agreed with the molecular weights determined by sedimentation; that for HMG-17 was anomalously high. Antibodies against HMG-1 were elicited in rabbits. The interaction between HMG-1 and anti-HBG-1 was measured by quantitative precipitation and by the microcomplement fixation technique. Quantitative microcomplement fixation assays revealed that the indices of dissimilarity between HMG-1 and HMG-2, HMG-3, HMG-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 were 2.0, 1.0, 3.8, 10.0, and 6.1, respectively. These correspond to 6%, 0%, 12%, 20%, and 16% sequence difference between HMG-1 and the other five HMG proteins, although the immunological distance between HMG-1 and HMG-14 may be too large to allow a good correlation between the sequence and the immunological reaction. Antibodies to HMB-1 bind to chromatin purified from calf thymus. Therefore, we suggest that the in situ organization of HMG proteins in chromatin and chromosomes may be studied by serological techniques.", "PMID": 75209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5705", "title": "Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining of spindles during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro.", "content": "Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining has been used to follow nuclear progression from dictyate to metaphase II during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Antibody directed against tubulin isolated from sea-urchin eggs decorates the metaphase I and metaphase II spindles, as well as the cytoplasmic bridge, midbody, and polar body of the maturing mouse oocytes. Changes in the tubulin-specific staining pattern during meiotic maturation in vitro take place in a highly reproducible manner. Oocytes exposed continuously to cytochalasin B arrest at metaphase I and display a spindle which by immunofluorescent staining is virtually indistinguishable from the spindle of untreated oocytes.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining of spindles during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining has been used to follow nuclear progression from dictyate to metaphase II during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Antibody directed against tubulin isolated from sea-urchin eggs decorates the metaphase I and metaphase II spindles, as well as the cytoplasmic bridge, midbody, and polar body of the maturing mouse oocytes. Changes in the tubulin-specific staining pattern during meiotic maturation in vitro take place in a highly reproducible manner. Oocytes exposed continuously to cytochalasin B arrest at metaphase I and display a spindle which by immunofluorescent staining is virtually indistinguishable from the spindle of untreated oocytes.", "PMID": 75210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5706", "title": "Fluorescent staining of fungal nuclei with a benzimidazol derivative.", "content": "A direct staining procedure is described for fluorescence microscopy of fungal nuclei, chromosomes and mitochondria. The fluorochrome is a benzimidazol derivative (33258 Hoechst) known to bind selectively to deoxyribonucleic acid at neutral pH. The advantages of 33258 Hoechst  relative to Feulgen compounds used previously to stain these structures include a greater intensity of fluorescence, the absence of fading or rapid quenching of the fluorescence, and the omission of acid hydrolysis from the procedure for removal of ribonucleic acid. 33258 Hoechst has been evaluated as a nuclear stain with a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a filamentous fungus (Agaricus bisporus) and appears to penetrate easily vegetative cells and spores of both fungi.", "contents": "Fluorescent staining of fungal nuclei with a benzimidazol derivative. A direct staining procedure is described for fluorescence microscopy of fungal nuclei, chromosomes and mitochondria. The fluorochrome is a benzimidazol derivative (33258 Hoechst) known to bind selectively to deoxyribonucleic acid at neutral pH. The advantages of 33258 Hoechst  relative to Feulgen compounds used previously to stain these structures include a greater intensity of fluorescence, the absence of fading or rapid quenching of the fluorescence, and the omission of acid hydrolysis from the procedure for removal of ribonucleic acid. 33258 Hoechst has been evaluated as a nuclear stain with a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a filamentous fungus (Agaricus bisporus) and appears to penetrate easily vegetative cells and spores of both fungi.", "PMID": 75211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5707", "title": "Development and evaluation of an immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of systemic zygomycosis (mucormycosis): preliminary report.", "content": "An antigen analysis with filtrate and homogenate precipitinogens of single isolates of the zygomycetes Absidia corymbifera, Mucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Rhizopus oryzae demonstrated the presence of common antigens among the three genera as well as antigens which permit their differentiation. Selected homogenate antigens were valuable in developing a diagnostic immunodiffusion (ID) test for systemic zygomycosis. When sera from 43 patients with various proven mycoses other than zygomycosis were tested against each of the antigens, none formed precipitin bands identical to those formed by A. cormybifera, M. pusillus, and the Rhizopus spp. rabbit reference antisera. Sera from 23 normal persons and 25 diabetics did not react with any of the antigens. Homogenate antigens detected antibody in 8 of the 11 sera (73%) from suspected or proven cases of zygomycosis, whereas ID tests with filtrate antigens detected antibody in only 2 of the 11 sera (18%). Of the eight sera that reacted with the homogenate antigens, five only reacted with a specific Rhizopus sp. antigen, two only reacted with a specific M. pusillus antigen, and one only reacted with a specific A. corymbifera antigen. Study results show the ID test with homogenate antigens to be more specific and sensitive than the ID test with filtrate antigens and indicate that the former is a promising technique for diagnosing human zygomycosis.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of an immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of systemic zygomycosis (mucormycosis): preliminary report. An antigen analysis with filtrate and homogenate precipitinogens of single isolates of the zygomycetes Absidia corymbifera, Mucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Rhizopus oryzae demonstrated the presence of common antigens among the three genera as well as antigens which permit their differentiation. Selected homogenate antigens were valuable in developing a diagnostic immunodiffusion (ID) test for systemic zygomycosis. When sera from 43 patients with various proven mycoses other than zygomycosis were tested against each of the antigens, none formed precipitin bands identical to those formed by A. cormybifera, M. pusillus, and the Rhizopus spp. rabbit reference antisera. Sera from 23 normal persons and 25 diabetics did not react with any of the antigens. Homogenate antigens detected antibody in 8 of the 11 sera (73%) from suspected or proven cases of zygomycosis, whereas ID tests with filtrate antigens detected antibody in only 2 of the 11 sera (18%). Of the eight sera that reacted with the homogenate antigens, five only reacted with a specific Rhizopus sp. antigen, two only reacted with a specific M. pusillus antigen, and one only reacted with a specific A. corymbifera antigen. Study results show the ID test with homogenate antigens to be more specific and sensitive than the ID test with filtrate antigens and indicate that the former is a promising technique for diagnosing human zygomycosis.", "PMID": 75212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5708", "title": "Alpha1-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of hepatoma: statistical and cost benefit aspects.", "content": "A rational comparison of different serum concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein (S-AFP) in the diagnosis of hepatoma must be made. We took data on the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic S-AFP concentrations from the literature and evaluated them statistically and by Bayesian analysis. In our patients (hepatoma prevalence 0.028) a sensitive diagnostic concentration (30-50 ng/ml) will misdiagnose hepatoma so often that a positive test will indicate hepatoma in only 10% of cases. A positive test at a specific diagnostic concentration (500 ng/ml) indicates hepatoma in 100% of cases and is preferable in terms of cost benefit. Although the lower concentration will diagnose a larger proportion of patients with hepatoma (74% compared with 59%) the 'costs' of excluding false positives are considerable (A$2545 per extra case with 2.5% of patients suffering significant morbidity). In western societies, where the prevalence of hepatoma is low, a higher, less sensitive but more specific diagnostic S-AFP concentration is appropriate.", "contents": "Alpha1-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of hepatoma: statistical and cost benefit aspects. A rational comparison of different serum concentrations of alpha1-fetoprotein (S-AFP) in the diagnosis of hepatoma must be made. We took data on the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic S-AFP concentrations from the literature and evaluated them statistically and by Bayesian analysis. In our patients (hepatoma prevalence 0.028) a sensitive diagnostic concentration (30-50 ng/ml) will misdiagnose hepatoma so often that a positive test will indicate hepatoma in only 10% of cases. A positive test at a specific diagnostic concentration (500 ng/ml) indicates hepatoma in 100% of cases and is preferable in terms of cost benefit. Although the lower concentration will diagnose a larger proportion of patients with hepatoma (74% compared with 59%) the 'costs' of excluding false positives are considerable (A$2545 per extra case with 2.5% of patients suffering significant morbidity). In western societies, where the prevalence of hepatoma is low, a higher, less sensitive but more specific diagnostic S-AFP concentration is appropriate.", "PMID": 75213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5709", "title": "Cross contamination of cytological smears, with automated staining machines and bulk manual staining procedures. With a specific study of the problems of the Cytotek and the Shandon Elliott staining machines.", "content": "Further development of an individual staining machine is to be strongly encouraged but meanwhile, using bulk stainers, frequent changing of wash fluids and staining solutions, particularly leading up to and following the haematoxylin pot, is essential to reduce the risk of cross contamination. Certain smears, such as from semen or from serous fluids where malignancy is suspected or known, must be stained on separate racks. In some laboratories it is the rule not to stain semen or serous fluids in bulk staining machines at all and this may have to become the rule everywhere until we are provided with safe individual slide stainers.", "contents": "Cross contamination of cytological smears, with automated staining machines and bulk manual staining procedures. With a specific study of the problems of the Cytotek and the Shandon Elliott staining machines. Further development of an individual staining machine is to be strongly encouraged but meanwhile, using bulk stainers, frequent changing of wash fluids and staining solutions, particularly leading up to and following the haematoxylin pot, is essential to reduce the risk of cross contamination. Certain smears, such as from semen or from serous fluids where malignancy is suspected or known, must be stained on separate racks. In some laboratories it is the rule not to stain semen or serous fluids in bulk staining machines at all and this may have to become the rule everywhere until we are provided with safe individual slide stainers.", "PMID": 75214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5710", "title": "Developmental retardation in infants as a concomitant of physical child abuse.", "content": "The impact of child abuse on the developmental functioning of infants was investigated. Thirty verified cases of physically abused children were compared to a reference group of 30 nonabused children matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Abused children scored significantly lower in terms of cognitive and motor development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Development delays on three of the four sectors of the Denver Developmental Screening Test, personal-social, language, and gross motor, were also found in the abused children. There were, however, relatively few item differences between the two groups on the 30 more general behavioral variables constituting the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Results appear to confirm clinical observation of abused children as developmentally retarded with specific delays in the language and gross motor areas. Although methodologically complex, longitudinal studies are clearly indicated to assess the stability and/or reversibility of the present findings.", "contents": "Developmental retardation in infants as a concomitant of physical child abuse. The impact of child abuse on the developmental functioning of infants was investigated. Thirty verified cases of physically abused children were compared to a reference group of 30 nonabused children matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Abused children scored significantly lower in terms of cognitive and motor development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Development delays on three of the four sectors of the Denver Developmental Screening Test, personal-social, language, and gross motor, were also found in the abused children. There were, however, relatively few item differences between the two groups on the 30 more general behavioral variables constituting the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Results appear to confirm clinical observation of abused children as developmentally retarded with specific delays in the language and gross motor areas. Although methodologically complex, longitudinal studies are clearly indicated to assess the stability and/or reversibility of the present findings.", "PMID": 75219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5711", "title": "Tissue fixation and staining with osmium tetroxide: the role of phenolic compounds.", "content": "It has been postulated that phenol-containing areas of plant and animal tissues were osmiophilic, but proof of direct interaction between osmium tetroxide and phenolic materials, or the nature of such reactions, has been lacking. We find that, under conditions similar to those of normal tissue fixation, osmium tetroxide reacts rapidly with those phenols containing o-dihydroxy groups (including such species found in plant tissues) to give very stable chelate complexes. We conclude that these complexes are responsible for the observed electron-density in phenol-containing areas of tissue treated with osmium tetroxide, so that such phenols are indeed osmiophilic.", "contents": "Tissue fixation and staining with osmium tetroxide: the role of phenolic compounds. It has been postulated that phenol-containing areas of plant and animal tissues were osmiophilic, but proof of direct interaction between osmium tetroxide and phenolic materials, or the nature of such reactions, has been lacking. We find that, under conditions similar to those of normal tissue fixation, osmium tetroxide reacts rapidly with those phenols containing o-dihydroxy groups (including such species found in plant tissues) to give very stable chelate complexes. We conclude that these complexes are responsible for the observed electron-density in phenol-containing areas of tissue treated with osmium tetroxide, so that such phenols are indeed osmiophilic.", "PMID": 75221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5712", "title": "Investigation of the antigenic composition of the cells and the exotoxin of Sh. dysenteriae (Shiga) by agar immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.", "content": "Using the method of immunoelectrophoresis in agar, we established the presence of 12 soluble antigens in Sh. dysenteriae (Shiga). We differentiated among them 3 specific antigens situated in the cathodic region. One of them is the somatic O antigen while the other two are thermolabile surface K antigens of these bacteria. K antigens of Grigoryev-Shiga bacteria differ from the earlier described K antigens of the Newcastle and Boyd Shigellae in their positive electric charge, in greater lability in relation to temperature and chemical effects and evidently also in their chemical character. The remaining protein antigens are common for either the genus of Shigella or for the family of enterobacteria. The exotoxin preparation isolated from the R strain of Sh. dysenteriae (Voile 30) by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid is represented in the immunophoreogram by five precipitation lines. Disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel made possible the investigation of the composition of the exotoxin and isolation of the two fractions responsible for its toxic effect. The method of preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel can evidently be used for obtaining purified Sh. dysenteriae exotoxin preparations.", "contents": "Investigation of the antigenic composition of the cells and the exotoxin of Sh. dysenteriae (Shiga) by agar immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Using the method of immunoelectrophoresis in agar, we established the presence of 12 soluble antigens in Sh. dysenteriae (Shiga). We differentiated among them 3 specific antigens situated in the cathodic region. One of them is the somatic O antigen while the other two are thermolabile surface K antigens of these bacteria. K antigens of Grigoryev-Shiga bacteria differ from the earlier described K antigens of the Newcastle and Boyd Shigellae in their positive electric charge, in greater lability in relation to temperature and chemical effects and evidently also in their chemical character. The remaining protein antigens are common for either the genus of Shigella or for the family of enterobacteria. The exotoxin preparation isolated from the R strain of Sh. dysenteriae (Voile 30) by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid is represented in the immunophoreogram by five precipitation lines. Disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel made possible the investigation of the composition of the exotoxin and isolation of the two fractions responsible for its toxic effect. The method of preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel can evidently be used for obtaining purified Sh. dysenteriae exotoxin preparations.", "PMID": 75222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5713", "title": "Tolerance to azobenzenearsonate: preferential loss of the major normal cross-reactive idiotype.", "content": "A specific tolerant state was induced in A/J mice to the hapten p-aminobenzenearsonate (Ars) by the injection of deaggregated conjugates of Ars and human gemma-globulin (Ars-DHGG). The kinetics of tolerance to Ars-DHGG was found to be identical to that of B cell tolerance to human gamma-globulin alone. The ability to produce antibody (anti-Ars) bearing the major normal cross-reactive idiotype was found to be preferentially lost. In addition, recovery of the ability to produce anti-Ars bearing this cross-reactive idiotype was found to be delayed as compared to the total anti-Ars response upon spontaneous loss of tolerance.", "contents": "Tolerance to azobenzenearsonate: preferential loss of the major normal cross-reactive idiotype. A specific tolerant state was induced in A/J mice to the hapten p-aminobenzenearsonate (Ars) by the injection of deaggregated conjugates of Ars and human gemma-globulin (Ars-DHGG). The kinetics of tolerance to Ars-DHGG was found to be identical to that of B cell tolerance to human gamma-globulin alone. The ability to produce antibody (anti-Ars) bearing the major normal cross-reactive idiotype was found to be preferentially lost. In addition, recovery of the ability to produce anti-Ars bearing this cross-reactive idiotype was found to be delayed as compared to the total anti-Ars response upon spontaneous loss of tolerance.", "PMID": 75223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5714", "title": "Specific suppression of the immune response by a factor obtained from spleen cells of mice tolerant to human gamma-globulin.", "content": "An antigen-specific suppressive factor was extracted from spleen cells of mice made tolerant by injection of deaggregated human gamma-globulin (HGG). The active material could be prepared from T cells, obtained by passaging spleen cells through an anti-immunoglobulin column, although not from cells adherent to the column nor from spleen cells pretreated with anti-Thy-1 serum and C. This factor was antigen-specific since it was retained on immunoadsorbents containing HGG, but not on columns coated with antibody to HGG or with irrelevant antigens. Despite its specificity for antigen it did not bear any classical immunoglobulin determinants. Its m.w. ranged between 30,000 and 55,000 daltons. It was a product of the I region of the major histocompatibility complex since it carried Ia determinants. The properties of this factor are very similar to those reported elsewhere for suppressive factors obtained from primed T cells, cells from nonresponder mice, and allotype-specific cells. This suggest the existence of a major class of immunoregulatory molecules, nonimmunoglobulin in nature, and responsible for the mediation of antigen-specific T cell-dependent suppression.", "contents": "Specific suppression of the immune response by a factor obtained from spleen cells of mice tolerant to human gamma-globulin. An antigen-specific suppressive factor was extracted from spleen cells of mice made tolerant by injection of deaggregated human gamma-globulin (HGG). The active material could be prepared from T cells, obtained by passaging spleen cells through an anti-immunoglobulin column, although not from cells adherent to the column nor from spleen cells pretreated with anti-Thy-1 serum and C. This factor was antigen-specific since it was retained on immunoadsorbents containing HGG, but not on columns coated with antibody to HGG or with irrelevant antigens. Despite its specificity for antigen it did not bear any classical immunoglobulin determinants. Its m.w. ranged between 30,000 and 55,000 daltons. It was a product of the I region of the major histocompatibility complex since it carried Ia determinants. The properties of this factor are very similar to those reported elsewhere for suppressive factors obtained from primed T cells, cells from nonresponder mice, and allotype-specific cells. This suggest the existence of a major class of immunoregulatory molecules, nonimmunoglobulin in nature, and responsible for the mediation of antigen-specific T cell-dependent suppression.", "PMID": 75224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5715", "title": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. I.V. Comparison of homologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibody.", "content": "Homologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies against the PC-binding BALB/c myeloma protein HOPC-8  were raised in A/He and BALB/c mice, respectively. Isologous and homologous anti-HOPC-8 serum suppressed the response to PC in vitro specifically. The antibodies were purified by using HOPC-8 immunoabsorbent. Purified isologous and homologous anti-idiotypic antibody were labeled with 125I and compared for Ig class composition and idiotype-binding specificity. Both kinds of anti-idiotypic antibodies were predominantly IgG1, were highly specific for the HOPC-8 idiotype, and had a smiliar affinities for the PC-binding site. These findings demonstrate that anti-HOPC-8 antibodies raised in A/He and BALB/c mice are very similar in their biologic and immunochemical poperties.", "contents": "Immune response to phosphorylcholine. I.V. Comparison of homologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibody. Homologous and isologous anti-idiotypic antibodies against the PC-binding BALB/c myeloma protein HOPC-8  were raised in A/He and BALB/c mice, respectively. Isologous and homologous anti-HOPC-8 serum suppressed the response to PC in vitro specifically. The antibodies were purified by using HOPC-8 immunoabsorbent. Purified isologous and homologous anti-idiotypic antibody were labeled with 125I and compared for Ig class composition and idiotype-binding specificity. Both kinds of anti-idiotypic antibodies were predominantly IgG1, were highly specific for the HOPC-8 idiotype, and had a smiliar affinities for the PC-binding site. These findings demonstrate that anti-HOPC-8 antibodies raised in A/He and BALB/c mice are very similar in their biologic and immunochemical poperties.", "PMID": 75225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5716", "title": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma: in vitro production of specific killer cells is dependent on active T lymphocytes.", "content": "The mode of production of specifically armed monocytic killer cells was investigated with the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma in syngeneic DBA/2 mice. After overnight in vitro incubation of cells from the spleen but not from the lymph nodes, blood, or from the peritoneal cavity produced specific killer cells. The activation of spleen cells was inhibited by pretreatment with anti-theta serum and C; however, already activated specific killer cells were not sensitive to the same treatment. Removal of phagocytic cells did not significantly affect the cytotoxicity of the splenic killer cells whereas removal of rayon-wool adherent cells greatly reduced both the total cytotoxicity, and to a lesser extent, the cytotoxicity indices. Overnight co-cultivation of normal peritoneal-exudate cells with the lymph node cells from tumor-bearers, although neither class of cells alone was cytotoxic to T1699 cells in vitro, produced specific monocytic killer cells, through steps dependent on active T lymphocyte function. Culture spupernatants of tumor-bearer's spleen cells also contained factor(s) which induced cytotoxicity mediated by normal peritoneal-exudate cells against T1699 cells in vitro; and the production of the factor(s) was also inhibited by pretreatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum but not by anti-mouse IgG or anti-mouse whole gamma-globulins serum and C.", "contents": "Immunologic responses to a murine mammary adenocarcinoma: in vitro production of specific killer cells is dependent on active T lymphocytes. The mode of production of specifically armed monocytic killer cells was investigated with the T1699 mammary adenocarcinoma in syngeneic DBA/2 mice. After overnight in vitro incubation of cells from the spleen but not from the lymph nodes, blood, or from the peritoneal cavity produced specific killer cells. The activation of spleen cells was inhibited by pretreatment with anti-theta serum and C; however, already activated specific killer cells were not sensitive to the same treatment. Removal of phagocytic cells did not significantly affect the cytotoxicity of the splenic killer cells whereas removal of rayon-wool adherent cells greatly reduced both the total cytotoxicity, and to a lesser extent, the cytotoxicity indices. Overnight co-cultivation of normal peritoneal-exudate cells with the lymph node cells from tumor-bearers, although neither class of cells alone was cytotoxic to T1699 cells in vitro, produced specific monocytic killer cells, through steps dependent on active T lymphocyte function. Culture spupernatants of tumor-bearer's spleen cells also contained factor(s) which induced cytotoxicity mediated by normal peritoneal-exudate cells against T1699 cells in vitro; and the production of the factor(s) was also inhibited by pretreatment of the spleen cells with anti-theta serum but not by anti-mouse IgG or anti-mouse whole gamma-globulins serum and C.", "PMID": 75226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5717", "title": "On the cross-reactivity of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C.", "content": "Strong cross-reactions were demonstrated for staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) and C1 (SEC1) by antigen-binding capacity and by competitive binding ability. Both SEB and SEC1 combined completely with the heterologous antibody although requiring four times as much antiserum as the homologous enterotoxin and both displaced about one-third of the other enterotoxin from a heterologous antigen-antibody system. It is proposed that one of the three major antigenic determinants of these enterotoxins possesses a significant similarity but probably not an identity of structure. SEB and SEC1 did not combine with antiserum to enterotoxin A nor inhibit the reaction of SEA with anti-SEA. SEA had no intrinsic binding capacity for anti-SEB or anti SEC1 nor did it inhibit the binding of either enterotoxin to its own antibody. Affinity chromatography was employed to demonstrate that a small apparent binding of SEA to anti-SEB was due to antibody to SEA in the anti-SEB serum and that an almost complete displacement of SEC1 binding to anti-SEC1 was caused by contaminating SEC (about 0.01%) in preparations of enterotoxin A.", "contents": "On the cross-reactivity of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C. Strong cross-reactions were demonstrated for staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) and C1 (SEC1) by antigen-binding capacity and by competitive binding ability. Both SEB and SEC1 combined completely with the heterologous antibody although requiring four times as much antiserum as the homologous enterotoxin and both displaced about one-third of the other enterotoxin from a heterologous antigen-antibody system. It is proposed that one of the three major antigenic determinants of these enterotoxins possesses a significant similarity but probably not an identity of structure. SEB and SEC1 did not combine with antiserum to enterotoxin A nor inhibit the reaction of SEA with anti-SEA. SEA had no intrinsic binding capacity for anti-SEB or anti SEC1 nor did it inhibit the binding of either enterotoxin to its own antibody. Affinity chromatography was employed to demonstrate that a small apparent binding of SEA to anti-SEB was due to antibody to SEA in the anti-SEB serum and that an almost complete displacement of SEC1 binding to anti-SEC1 was caused by contaminating SEC (about 0.01%) in preparations of enterotoxin A.", "PMID": 75229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5718", "title": "Differential expression of an equivalent clonotype among BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "The primary anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) response in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and congenic and recombinant inbred strains of these parental types has been examined in the splenic focus system. The frequencies of PC-specific precursors were shown to vary among these strains from 2 to 20 precursors per 10(6) splenic B cells. The distribution of these frequencies suggests that elements closely linked to or within the major histocompatibility complex may play a role in the determination of this parameter, although additional experiments are necessary to adequately assess this possibility. Moreover, all strains tested, regardless of immunoglobulin allotype, expressed monoclonal antibodies indistinguishable from the TEPC 15 myeloma protein (T15) clonotype. Further, the frequency of this clonotype in a given strain did not appear related to allotype, since both high and low T15 frequencies were found among strains of either the BALB/c (a(1)) or C57BL/6 (a(2)) allotype. The examination of normal serum for the T15 idiotype, however, revealed that only mice of the BALB/c allotype (a(1)) expressed the T15 idiotype in detectable quantities. After immunization with Diplococcus pneumoniae, sera from mice of the a(1) allotype consistently contained large quantities of the T15 idiotype, whereas sera from mice of the a(2) allotype exhibited various degrees of cross-reactivity with anti-T15 antibody. These results suggest that: (a) the allotype of an individual, although closely related to serum levels of an idiotype, is unrelated to the proportion of the precursor population which expresses that idiotype and; (b) the serum expression of a given idiotype may reflect regulatory processes, which act either during or before antigenic stimulation, rather than the actual clonotype representation in the repertoire. These findings indicate that distinctions must be made between the expression of idiotypic determinants within precursor B-cell populations and elements which regulate the subsequent appearance of those idiotypes in serum antibodies.", "contents": "Differential expression of an equivalent clonotype among BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The primary anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) response in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and congenic and recombinant inbred strains of these parental types has been examined in the splenic focus system. The frequencies of PC-specific precursors were shown to vary among these strains from 2 to 20 precursors per 10(6) splenic B cells. The distribution of these frequencies suggests that elements closely linked to or within the major histocompatibility complex may play a role in the determination of this parameter, although additional experiments are necessary to adequately assess this possibility. Moreover, all strains tested, regardless of immunoglobulin allotype, expressed monoclonal antibodies indistinguishable from the TEPC 15 myeloma protein (T15) clonotype. Further, the frequency of this clonotype in a given strain did not appear related to allotype, since both high and low T15 frequencies were found among strains of either the BALB/c (a(1)) or C57BL/6 (a(2)) allotype. The examination of normal serum for the T15 idiotype, however, revealed that only mice of the BALB/c allotype (a(1)) expressed the T15 idiotype in detectable quantities. After immunization with Diplococcus pneumoniae, sera from mice of the a(1) allotype consistently contained large quantities of the T15 idiotype, whereas sera from mice of the a(2) allotype exhibited various degrees of cross-reactivity with anti-T15 antibody. These results suggest that: (a) the allotype of an individual, although closely related to serum levels of an idiotype, is unrelated to the proportion of the precursor population which expresses that idiotype and; (b) the serum expression of a given idiotype may reflect regulatory processes, which act either during or before antigenic stimulation, rather than the actual clonotype representation in the repertoire. These findings indicate that distinctions must be made between the expression of idiotypic determinants within precursor B-cell populations and elements which regulate the subsequent appearance of those idiotypes in serum antibodies.", "PMID": 75230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5719", "title": "Antigen-specific T-cell-mediated suppression. I. Induction of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 specific suppressor T cells in vitro requires both antigen-specific T-cell-suppressor factor and antigen.", "content": "A combination of in vitro and in vivo techniques were used to explore the mode of action of both crude and purified suppressive extracts specific for the random copolymer L-giutamic acid(60)-L-alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT- T(s)F) obtained from nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2(q)) mice. Normal DBA/1 spleen cells were incubated under modified Mishell-Dutton culture conditions for 2 days together with crude or purified GAT-T(s)F, and in the presence or absence of free GAT. These cells were then washed extensively and 3 x 10(6) viable cells transferred to syngeneic recipients, which were challenged at the same time with the immunogenic form of GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). GAT-specific IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were assayed 7 days later. In agreement with earlier in vitro studies on the action of GAT-T(s)F, it was demonstrated that under these conditions, low concentrations of GAT-T(s)F stimulated the development of cells which, aider transfer, are able to suppress the GAT PFC response to GAT-MBSA. The cells responsible for this suppression were shown to be T lymphocytes by using nylon wool-purified T cells for suppressor cell induction and by eliminating suppressive activity in cells cultured with crude GAT-T(s)F by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 plus C before transfer. The suppressor T cells act in a specific manner failing to suppress significantly either anti-sheep erythrocyte or trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin primary PFC responses. For the induction of GAT-specific suppressor T cells in culture, a moiety bearing H- 2(K(q) or I(q)) determinants and also GAT, either bound to the crude GAT- T(s)F or added in nanogram amounts to antigen (GAT)-free purified GAT-T(s)F, were both required.", "contents": "Antigen-specific T-cell-mediated suppression. I. Induction of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 specific suppressor T cells in vitro requires both antigen-specific T-cell-suppressor factor and antigen. A combination of in vitro and in vivo techniques were used to explore the mode of action of both crude and purified suppressive extracts specific for the random copolymer L-giutamic acid(60)-L-alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT- T(s)F) obtained from nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2(q)) mice. Normal DBA/1 spleen cells were incubated under modified Mishell-Dutton culture conditions for 2 days together with crude or purified GAT-T(s)F, and in the presence or absence of free GAT. These cells were then washed extensively and 3 x 10(6) viable cells transferred to syngeneic recipients, which were challenged at the same time with the immunogenic form of GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). GAT-specific IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were assayed 7 days later. In agreement with earlier in vitro studies on the action of GAT-T(s)F, it was demonstrated that under these conditions, low concentrations of GAT-T(s)F stimulated the development of cells which, aider transfer, are able to suppress the GAT PFC response to GAT-MBSA. The cells responsible for this suppression were shown to be T lymphocytes by using nylon wool-purified T cells for suppressor cell induction and by eliminating suppressive activity in cells cultured with crude GAT-T(s)F by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 plus C before transfer. The suppressor T cells act in a specific manner failing to suppress significantly either anti-sheep erythrocyte or trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin primary PFC responses. For the induction of GAT-specific suppressor T cells in culture, a moiety bearing H- 2(K(q) or I(q)) determinants and also GAT, either bound to the crude GAT- T(s)F or added in nanogram amounts to antigen (GAT)-free purified GAT-T(s)F, were both required.", "PMID": 75231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5720", "title": "A suppressor T cell of the mixed lymphocyte reaction in man specific for the stimulating alloantigen. Evidence that identity at HLA-D between suppressor and responder is required for suppression.", "content": "It has previously been shown that J.H., a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Dw2 homozygous multiparous woman, fails to respond in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to her Dw1 homozygous husband W.H., and that her T cells suppress the responses of HLA matched responders to W.H. The present studies take advantage of the observation that J.H. suppressor cells resist a dose of gamma-irradiation which functionally eliminates her MLR responder cells. J.H. cells, depleted of alloreactive cells, suppress the responses of Dw2 heterozygous or homozygous cells to W.H., regardless of their associated HLA-A or B antigens. Only when W.H. or a few other cells are present as the irradiated stimulator is J.H. suppression of Dw2 responses detected. Thus, the J.H. suppressor T cell recognizes determinants in the irradiated stimulator cells as well as D locus products in the responder.", "contents": "A suppressor T cell of the mixed lymphocyte reaction in man specific for the stimulating alloantigen. Evidence that identity at HLA-D between suppressor and responder is required for suppression. It has previously been shown that J.H., a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Dw2 homozygous multiparous woman, fails to respond in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to her Dw1 homozygous husband W.H., and that her T cells suppress the responses of HLA matched responders to W.H. The present studies take advantage of the observation that J.H. suppressor cells resist a dose of gamma-irradiation which functionally eliminates her MLR responder cells. J.H. cells, depleted of alloreactive cells, suppress the responses of Dw2 heterozygous or homozygous cells to W.H., regardless of their associated HLA-A or B antigens. Only when W.H. or a few other cells are present as the irradiated stimulator is J.H. suppression of Dw2 responses detected. Thus, the J.H. suppressor T cell recognizes determinants in the irradiated stimulator cells as well as D locus products in the responder.", "PMID": 75232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5721", "title": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. V. Thymus cell involvement in the functional maturation of B-lymphocytes from fetal mice transferred into adult irradiated hosts.", "content": "Lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with adult thymus cells and neonatal or fetal liver cells produce an anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl or anti-bovine gamma globulin response of restricted heterogeneity of affinity in comparison with the response of mice reconstituted with B cells from adult donors. In addition, mice reconstituted with day 15 fetal B cells and adult thymus cells produce relatively few indirect plaque-forming cells (PFC). It was found that B cells acquire the capacity to produce a heterogeneous response, of predominantly indirect PFC within 7 days of transfer only when thymus cells are transferred along with the B cells. B cells from fetal or neonatal donors transferred without young adult thymus cells develop the capacity to generate indirect PFC within 13 days after transfer to adult recipients, but continue to produce a response of restricted heterogeneity of affinity for up to 28 days after transfer. Thus, it has been shown that cells present in the thymus facilitate, or are necessary for the functional maturation of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the data suggest that maturation of the B-cell population to produce a heterogeneous response is controlled independently of its maturation to be capable of producing indirect PFC.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. V. Thymus cell involvement in the functional maturation of B-lymphocytes from fetal mice transferred into adult irradiated hosts. Lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with adult thymus cells and neonatal or fetal liver cells produce an anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl or anti-bovine gamma globulin response of restricted heterogeneity of affinity in comparison with the response of mice reconstituted with B cells from adult donors. In addition, mice reconstituted with day 15 fetal B cells and adult thymus cells produce relatively few indirect plaque-forming cells (PFC). It was found that B cells acquire the capacity to produce a heterogeneous response, of predominantly indirect PFC within 7 days of transfer only when thymus cells are transferred along with the B cells. B cells from fetal or neonatal donors transferred without young adult thymus cells develop the capacity to generate indirect PFC within 13 days after transfer to adult recipients, but continue to produce a response of restricted heterogeneity of affinity for up to 28 days after transfer. Thus, it has been shown that cells present in the thymus facilitate, or are necessary for the functional maturation of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the data suggest that maturation of the B-cell population to produce a heterogeneous response is controlled independently of its maturation to be capable of producing indirect PFC.", "PMID": 75233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5722", "title": "Alloantigen receptors on activated T cells in mice. I. Binding of alloantigens and anti-idiotypic antibodies to the same receptors.", "content": "B6 alloantigens in supernates from one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures of AKR T cells against B6 lymph node cells rebound specifically to (B6)AKR-T-cell blasts after overnight incubation and recovery of these blasts from trypsin treatment. A similar specificity was observed with the binding of SJL alloantigens to (SJL)AKR-T-cell blasts. In both cases, the corresponding alloantigens were rebound several-fold more efficiently than control alloantigens. In a different assay system, T-cell receptors were studied with anti-idiotypic sera. These antisera were raised by repeated injection of purified (B6)AKR-T-cell blasts into (AKR X B6)F1 hybrid mice. These F1a(AKRaB6) sera reacted with the majority of (B6)AKR-T and (B6)(AKR X SJL)F1-T-cell blasts. They also reacted with a lower, though sizable, number of (SJL)AKR-T- and (SJL)(AKR X B6)F1-T-cell blasts. No reaction was observed with (B6)SJL-T, concanavalin A-activated AKR T-cell blasts, normal B6, (AKR X B6)F1, and (AKR X SJL)F1 T cells. Normal AKR T cells were positive only minimally above background. F1a(AKRaB6) sera could be made specific for (B6)AKR-T and (B6)(AKR X SJL)F1-T-cell blasts by absorption of contaminating antibodies with (SJL)AKR-T-cell blasts. Finally, it was shown by competition experiments that the receptors on MLR-activated T-cell blasts that bind alloantigens were the same as those binding anti-idiotypic antibodies. In addition, it was found that at least a fraction of alloantibodies share common idiotypic determinants with receptors on MLR-activated T-cell blasts.", "contents": "Alloantigen receptors on activated T cells in mice. I. Binding of alloantigens and anti-idiotypic antibodies to the same receptors. B6 alloantigens in supernates from one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures of AKR T cells against B6 lymph node cells rebound specifically to (B6)AKR-T-cell blasts after overnight incubation and recovery of these blasts from trypsin treatment. A similar specificity was observed with the binding of SJL alloantigens to (SJL)AKR-T-cell blasts. In both cases, the corresponding alloantigens were rebound several-fold more efficiently than control alloantigens. In a different assay system, T-cell receptors were studied with anti-idiotypic sera. These antisera were raised by repeated injection of purified (B6)AKR-T-cell blasts into (AKR X B6)F1 hybrid mice. These F1a(AKRaB6) sera reacted with the majority of (B6)AKR-T and (B6)(AKR X SJL)F1-T-cell blasts. They also reacted with a lower, though sizable, number of (SJL)AKR-T- and (SJL)(AKR X B6)F1-T-cell blasts. No reaction was observed with (B6)SJL-T, concanavalin A-activated AKR T-cell blasts, normal B6, (AKR X B6)F1, and (AKR X SJL)F1 T cells. Normal AKR T cells were positive only minimally above background. F1a(AKRaB6) sera could be made specific for (B6)AKR-T and (B6)(AKR X SJL)F1-T-cell blasts by absorption of contaminating antibodies with (SJL)AKR-T-cell blasts. Finally, it was shown by competition experiments that the receptors on MLR-activated T-cell blasts that bind alloantigens were the same as those binding anti-idiotypic antibodies. In addition, it was found that at least a fraction of alloantibodies share common idiotypic determinants with receptors on MLR-activated T-cell blasts.", "PMID": 75234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5723", "title": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness with purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. II. An analysis of the effects measured at the cellular and serological levels.", "content": "T lymphoblasts specific for foreign histocompatibility antigens and purified via mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and 1 g velocity sedimentation procedures can be used as autoimmunogen to produce specific immunological unresponsiveness in adult animals. This unresponsiveness is positively correlated to the production of autoanti-idiotypic antibodies in the blast immunized animals and no evidence of coexisting alloimmunity was found. We consider this autoanti-idiotypic immunity to be the specific inducing agent of the immune tolerance. The blast immunization procedure will lead to selective reduction in T-cell reactivity against the relevant alloantigens as measured by MLC, cell-mediated lympholysis, or graft-versus-host assays. However, in individual animals, dichtomy in suppression between two T-cell assays could sometimes be observed indicating elimination of only a select group of idiotypic functionally distinct population of T cells in these blast-immunized animals. Attempts to abrogate already immune animals by the autoblast procedure were successful, in part suggesting the use of the present procedure when trying to induce in accelerated reversion of such immunity.", "contents": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness with purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. II. An analysis of the effects measured at the cellular and serological levels. T lymphoblasts specific for foreign histocompatibility antigens and purified via mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and 1 g velocity sedimentation procedures can be used as autoimmunogen to produce specific immunological unresponsiveness in adult animals. This unresponsiveness is positively correlated to the production of autoanti-idiotypic antibodies in the blast immunized animals and no evidence of coexisting alloimmunity was found. We consider this autoanti-idiotypic immunity to be the specific inducing agent of the immune tolerance. The blast immunization procedure will lead to selective reduction in T-cell reactivity against the relevant alloantigens as measured by MLC, cell-mediated lympholysis, or graft-versus-host assays. However, in individual animals, dichtomy in suppression between two T-cell assays could sometimes be observed indicating elimination of only a select group of idiotypic functionally distinct population of T cells in these blast-immunized animals. Attempts to abrogate already immune animals by the autoblast procedure were successful, in part suggesting the use of the present procedure when trying to induce in accelerated reversion of such immunity.", "PMID": 75235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5724", "title": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness with purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. III. Proof for the existence of autoanti-idiotypic killer T cells and transfer of suppression to normal syngeneic recipients by T or B lymphocytes.", "content": "Specific immune unresponsiveness against a given set of histocompatibility antigens can be induced by immunization with autologous, antigen-specific T lymphoblasts. Such unresponsiveness can be transferred by lymphoid cells from autoblast-immunized donors to normal syngeneic recipients. The cells being most efficient in transferring the selective suppression are T lymphocytes from the spleen, especially if of Ly 1-2+3+ phenotype. By using such T lymphocytes we deem it likely that the actual underlying mechanism is one of actual transfer of autoanti-idiotypic killer T cells. In support for this view is the fact that such T cells endowed with exquisite specific, cytolytic reactivity towards autologous idiotype-positive T target cells exist in autoblast immune animals. Significant suppression may also be transferred with T cells of Ly 1+2-3- phenotype or with B cells. Here, we consider the suppressive mechanism to be one of production of autoanti-idiotypic antibodies. By using affinity fraction procedures, it was finally possible to prove that all T-cell suppressive activity resides in a population with true antigen-binding-specific receptors for the relevant idiotypes.", "contents": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness with purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. III. Proof for the existence of autoanti-idiotypic killer T cells and transfer of suppression to normal syngeneic recipients by T or B lymphocytes. Specific immune unresponsiveness against a given set of histocompatibility antigens can be induced by immunization with autologous, antigen-specific T lymphoblasts. Such unresponsiveness can be transferred by lymphoid cells from autoblast-immunized donors to normal syngeneic recipients. The cells being most efficient in transferring the selective suppression are T lymphocytes from the spleen, especially if of Ly 1-2+3+ phenotype. By using such T lymphocytes we deem it likely that the actual underlying mechanism is one of actual transfer of autoanti-idiotypic killer T cells. In support for this view is the fact that such T cells endowed with exquisite specific, cytolytic reactivity towards autologous idiotype-positive T target cells exist in autoblast immune animals. Significant suppression may also be transferred with T cells of Ly 1+2-3- phenotype or with B cells. Here, we consider the suppressive mechanism to be one of production of autoanti-idiotypic antibodies. By using affinity fraction procedures, it was finally possible to prove that all T-cell suppressive activity resides in a population with true antigen-binding-specific receptors for the relevant idiotypes.", "PMID": 75236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5725", "title": "H-2-restricted cytotoxic effectors generated in vitro by the addition of trinitrophenyl-conjugated soluble proteins.", "content": "Murine spleen cells from normal donors were cultured in vitro with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-conjugated soluble proteins, i.e., bovine gamma globulin (TNP-BGG) or bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). Addition of 100 mug of any of these TNP-proteins to the spleen cell cultures led to the generation of cytotoxic T-cell effectors which were H-2-restricted and TNP- specific. The lytic potential of such effectors was comparable to that generated by sensitization with TNBS-modified syngeneic cells, and was restricted to haplotypes shared at the K or K plus I-A, or the D regions of the H-2 complex. Greater effecter cell activity was generated by addition of TNP-BGG against TNBS-modified targets which shared K plus I-A than against modified targets which shared the D region with the responding cells, which suggests that the same immune response genes are involved when the response is generated by the addition of TNP-conjugated soluble proteins or of TNBS- modified cells. H-2-restricted, TNP-specific effecter cells were generated by culturing mouse spleen cells with syngeneic cells which had been preincubated with TNP- BGG or TNP-BSA for 1.5 h. The addition of unconjugated soluble proteins to the cultures did not result in cytotoxic effectors detectable on H-2-matched targets, whether the targets were prepared by modification with TNBS, or by incubation with either the unconjugated or TNP-conjugated proteins. Depletion of phagocytic cells in the tumor preparation by Sephadex G-10 column fractionation before incubation with TNP-BSA had no effect on their lysis by the relevant effector cells. Immunofluorescent staining of tumor target cells with anti-TNP antibodies indicated that TNP could be detected on the tumor cells within 10 rain of incubation with TNP-BSA. The cytotoxic response generated by addition of the TNP-proteins to spleen cell cultures was found to be T-cell dependent at the effector phase, as shown by the sensitivity of the lytic phase to absorbed RAMB and complement. Furthermore, the response did not appear to be attributable to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Three mechanisms were considered which could account for the generation of H-2-restricted, TNP-specific, cytotoxic T-cell effectors by the addition of soluble TNP-proteins. These include covalent linkage of activated TNP groups from the soluble proteins to cell surface components, macrophage processing of the soluble conjugates and presentation to the responding lymphocytes in association with H-2-coded self structures, or hydrophobic interaction of the TNP-proteins to cell surfaces. Results obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns indicating that cell-bound TNP was still linked to BSA, and the observation that phagocytic-depleted cells could interact with the soluble TNP-proteins and function as H-2-restricted targets, appear not to favor the first two proposed mechanisms.", "contents": "H-2-restricted cytotoxic effectors generated in vitro by the addition of trinitrophenyl-conjugated soluble proteins. Murine spleen cells from normal donors were cultured in vitro with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-conjugated soluble proteins, i.e., bovine gamma globulin (TNP-BGG) or bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). Addition of 100 mug of any of these TNP-proteins to the spleen cell cultures led to the generation of cytotoxic T-cell effectors which were H-2-restricted and TNP- specific. The lytic potential of such effectors was comparable to that generated by sensitization with TNBS-modified syngeneic cells, and was restricted to haplotypes shared at the K or K plus I-A, or the D regions of the H-2 complex. Greater effecter cell activity was generated by addition of TNP-BGG against TNBS-modified targets which shared K plus I-A than against modified targets which shared the D region with the responding cells, which suggests that the same immune response genes are involved when the response is generated by the addition of TNP-conjugated soluble proteins or of TNBS- modified cells. H-2-restricted, TNP-specific effecter cells were generated by culturing mouse spleen cells with syngeneic cells which had been preincubated with TNP- BGG or TNP-BSA for 1.5 h. The addition of unconjugated soluble proteins to the cultures did not result in cytotoxic effectors detectable on H-2-matched targets, whether the targets were prepared by modification with TNBS, or by incubation with either the unconjugated or TNP-conjugated proteins. Depletion of phagocytic cells in the tumor preparation by Sephadex G-10 column fractionation before incubation with TNP-BSA had no effect on their lysis by the relevant effector cells. Immunofluorescent staining of tumor target cells with anti-TNP antibodies indicated that TNP could be detected on the tumor cells within 10 rain of incubation with TNP-BSA. The cytotoxic response generated by addition of the TNP-proteins to spleen cell cultures was found to be T-cell dependent at the effector phase, as shown by the sensitivity of the lytic phase to absorbed RAMB and complement. Furthermore, the response did not appear to be attributable to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Three mechanisms were considered which could account for the generation of H-2-restricted, TNP-specific, cytotoxic T-cell effectors by the addition of soluble TNP-proteins. These include covalent linkage of activated TNP groups from the soluble proteins to cell surface components, macrophage processing of the soluble conjugates and presentation to the responding lymphocytes in association with H-2-coded self structures, or hydrophobic interaction of the TNP-proteins to cell surfaces. Results obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns indicating that cell-bound TNP was still linked to BSA, and the observation that phagocytic-depleted cells could interact with the soluble TNP-proteins and function as H-2-restricted targets, appear not to favor the first two proposed mechanisms.", "PMID": 75237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5726", "title": "Demonstration and quantitation of activation of the first component of complement in human serum.", "content": "Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) in human sera can be readily detected in double immunodiffusion studies with anti-C1q, anti- C1r, and anti-C1s as it produces a characteristic pattern quite different from that of precursor C1. Native macromolecular C1 gives a continuous line of precipitation with antisera to C1q, C1r, and C1s in double diffusion studies. After activation of C1 by incubation of serum with complement activators, three major changes occurred in the Ouchterlony pattern. First, spurring of the C1s precipitin line over that of macromolecular C1, indicating release of C1s from C1, was observed with low doses of activator. Release of C1s was quantitated by single radial diffusion and shown to be complete with the highest activator dose examined. Second, C1q was released with larger activator doses as shown also by spurring of the precipitin line due to this component over the remaining macromolecular C1. Third, and most surprising, C1r antigenicity was progressively lost as the activator dose was increased and no C1r line remained with the highest dose of activator tested. This was not true with C1s as there was no change in the total C1s concentration in serum incubated with various activator doses. These observations provide two approaches to the quantitation of C1 activation in human serum. First, C1r and C1s can be quantitated by single radial diffusion. A decrease in the C1r:C1s ratio correlates with activation. Second, C1s released by the activation can be quantitated by single radial diffusion if the agarose contains high concentrations of anti-C1q to confine C1, also containing C1s, to the area near the application well, and lesser concentrations of anti-C1s to permit free C1s to produce a measurable ring. The extent of release of C1s also correlates with activation. These immunochemical techniques to quantitate C1 activation directly inserum do not require specialized reagents. It is hoped that they will be useful in screening pathological sera and in monitoring the status of the complement system in patients.", "contents": "Demonstration and quantitation of activation of the first component of complement in human serum. Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) in human sera can be readily detected in double immunodiffusion studies with anti-C1q, anti- C1r, and anti-C1s as it produces a characteristic pattern quite different from that of precursor C1. Native macromolecular C1 gives a continuous line of precipitation with antisera to C1q, C1r, and C1s in double diffusion studies. After activation of C1 by incubation of serum with complement activators, three major changes occurred in the Ouchterlony pattern. First, spurring of the C1s precipitin line over that of macromolecular C1, indicating release of C1s from C1, was observed with low doses of activator. Release of C1s was quantitated by single radial diffusion and shown to be complete with the highest activator dose examined. Second, C1q was released with larger activator doses as shown also by spurring of the precipitin line due to this component over the remaining macromolecular C1. Third, and most surprising, C1r antigenicity was progressively lost as the activator dose was increased and no C1r line remained with the highest dose of activator tested. This was not true with C1s as there was no change in the total C1s concentration in serum incubated with various activator doses. These observations provide two approaches to the quantitation of C1 activation in human serum. First, C1r and C1s can be quantitated by single radial diffusion. A decrease in the C1r:C1s ratio correlates with activation. Second, C1s released by the activation can be quantitated by single radial diffusion if the agarose contains high concentrations of anti-C1q to confine C1, also containing C1s, to the area near the application well, and lesser concentrations of anti-C1s to permit free C1s to produce a measurable ring. The extent of release of C1s also correlates with activation. These immunochemical techniques to quantitate C1 activation directly inserum do not require specialized reagents. It is hoped that they will be useful in screening pathological sera and in monitoring the status of the complement system in patients.", "PMID": 75238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5727", "title": "Increased synthesis and expression of H-2 antigens on thymocytes as a result of radiation leukemia virus infection: a possible mechanism for H-2 linked control of virus-induced neoplasia.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have mapped resistance and/or susceptibility to radiation-induced leukemia virus (RadLV)-induced neoplasia to the H-2D region. H-2 linked effects on virus replication can be detected subsequent to the initial virus infection, and clear-cut differences in numbers of virus infected thymus cells can be detected as early as 5 wk after RadLV inoculation. Rapid increases in cellular synthesis and cell surface expression of H-2 antigens are detectable immediately after virus inoculation. These changes have been studied by immunofluorescence, absorption, cell surface iodination followed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of internally labeled lymphocyte proteins. Expression of H-2K molecules is significantly increased in cells of susceptible and resistant animals. However, significant increases in expression of H-2D antigens occurs only on thymus cells from resistant strains (H-2Dd). Transformed cells of resistant and susceptible H-2 haplotypes adapted to tissue culture lack detectable H-2 antigens as determined by serological absorption studies. It is argued that altered expression of H-2 antigens plays a very significant role in the mechanism of host defense to virus infection.", "contents": "Increased synthesis and expression of H-2 antigens on thymocytes as a result of radiation leukemia virus infection: a possible mechanism for H-2 linked control of virus-induced neoplasia. Previous studies from this laboratory have mapped resistance and/or susceptibility to radiation-induced leukemia virus (RadLV)-induced neoplasia to the H-2D region. H-2 linked effects on virus replication can be detected subsequent to the initial virus infection, and clear-cut differences in numbers of virus infected thymus cells can be detected as early as 5 wk after RadLV inoculation. Rapid increases in cellular synthesis and cell surface expression of H-2 antigens are detectable immediately after virus inoculation. These changes have been studied by immunofluorescence, absorption, cell surface iodination followed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of internally labeled lymphocyte proteins. Expression of H-2K molecules is significantly increased in cells of susceptible and resistant animals. However, significant increases in expression of H-2D antigens occurs only on thymus cells from resistant strains (H-2Dd). Transformed cells of resistant and susceptible H-2 haplotypes adapted to tissue culture lack detectable H-2 antigens as determined by serological absorption studies. It is argued that altered expression of H-2 antigens plays a very significant role in the mechanism of host defense to virus infection.", "PMID": 75239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5728", "title": "Characterization of human high molecular weight kininogen. Procoagulant activity associated with the light chain of kinin-free high molecular weight kininogen.", "content": "Human high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen has been isolated and was found to be a single chain protein of approximately equal to 120,000 daltons. Upon digestion with plasma kallikrein bradykinin is generated, and SDS gel electrophoresis of the kinin-free protein reveals an apparent loss in size of 15,000 daltons. The kinin-free kininogen retains full activity as a coagulation factor and consists of two chains: a heavy chain of approximately equal to 66,000 daltons disulfide-linked to a light chain of 37,000 daltons. The heavy chain of HMW kininogen shares antigenic determinants with LMW kininogen and possesses no detectable coagulant activity. The isolated light chain is shown to be responsible for the coagulant activity of HMW kininogen and contains a unique antigenic determinant that distinguishes HMW kininogen from low molecular weight kininogen.", "contents": "Characterization of human high molecular weight kininogen. Procoagulant activity associated with the light chain of kinin-free high molecular weight kininogen. Human high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen has been isolated and was found to be a single chain protein of approximately equal to 120,000 daltons. Upon digestion with plasma kallikrein bradykinin is generated, and SDS gel electrophoresis of the kinin-free protein reveals an apparent loss in size of 15,000 daltons. The kinin-free kininogen retains full activity as a coagulation factor and consists of two chains: a heavy chain of approximately equal to 66,000 daltons disulfide-linked to a light chain of 37,000 daltons. The heavy chain of HMW kininogen shares antigenic determinants with LMW kininogen and possesses no detectable coagulant activity. The isolated light chain is shown to be responsible for the coagulant activity of HMW kininogen and contains a unique antigenic determinant that distinguishes HMW kininogen from low molecular weight kininogen.", "PMID": 75240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5729", "title": "Human migration inhibitory factor: purification and immunochemical characterization.", "content": "Using gel filtration and preparative isotachophoresis, the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was highly purified from human lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A. MIF is an acidic protein with a mol wt of approximately equal to 25,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration and analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The protein inhibits migration of macrophages in the capillary test and in addition, has a slowing effect on the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Rabbit antibodies specific for this protein, as determined by immunochemical techniques, neutralized the biological effect of MIF on migration and on the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages.", "contents": "Human migration inhibitory factor: purification and immunochemical characterization. Using gel filtration and preparative isotachophoresis, the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was highly purified from human lymphocytes activated with concanavalin A. MIF is an acidic protein with a mol wt of approximately equal to 25,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration and analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The protein inhibits migration of macrophages in the capillary test and in addition, has a slowing effect on the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Rabbit antibodies specific for this protein, as determined by immunochemical techniques, neutralized the biological effect of MIF on migration and on the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages.", "PMID": 75241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5730", "title": "The role of H-2 linked genes in helper T-cell function. II. Isolation on antigen-pulsed macrophages of two separate populations of F1 helper T cells each specific for antigen and one set of parental H-2 products.", "content": "A method was established for isolating antigen-specific murine helper T cells by selective binding to antigen-pulsed macrophage (Mphi) monolayers. Sheep erythrocyte (SRBC)-primed T cells, which remained strongly adherent to SRBC-pulsed syngeneic Mphi after 20 h in culture, were markedly enriched for helper activity when tested in the in vitro antitrinitrophenol (TNP) response to TNP-SRBC. Successful binding and enrichment occurred only if the Mphi were pulsed with the specific antigen to which the T-cell donors had been primed. The genetic control governing helper function in this system was then examined by using primed F1 T cells isolated on Mphi monolayers from congenic strains bearing parental H-2 haplotypes. SRBC-primed BDF1 (H-2b X H-2d) T cells, which bound to SRBC-pulsed H-2d Mphi, subsequently functioned as helper cells in cultures containing H-2d B cells and Mphi, but not in those containing H-2b B cells and Mphi. They remained unable to collaborate with B cells of the H-2B haplotype even in the presence of additional H-2d Mphi, indicating that H-2 restriction occurs at least at the level of the B cell. Similary, primed BDF1 T cells isolated on H-2b Mphi cooperated preferentially with H-2b B cells and Mphi. In both cases, the haplotype preference of the T cell was not due to alloreactive suppressor activity. These results suggest that primed F1 mice contain individual populations of helper T cells, each of which recognize antigen in association with a parental H-2 gene product(s) expressed during both Mphi-T cell and T cell-B cell interactions.", "contents": "The role of H-2 linked genes in helper T-cell function. II. Isolation on antigen-pulsed macrophages of two separate populations of F1 helper T cells each specific for antigen and one set of parental H-2 products. A method was established for isolating antigen-specific murine helper T cells by selective binding to antigen-pulsed macrophage (Mphi) monolayers. Sheep erythrocyte (SRBC)-primed T cells, which remained strongly adherent to SRBC-pulsed syngeneic Mphi after 20 h in culture, were markedly enriched for helper activity when tested in the in vitro antitrinitrophenol (TNP) response to TNP-SRBC. Successful binding and enrichment occurred only if the Mphi were pulsed with the specific antigen to which the T-cell donors had been primed. The genetic control governing helper function in this system was then examined by using primed F1 T cells isolated on Mphi monolayers from congenic strains bearing parental H-2 haplotypes. SRBC-primed BDF1 (H-2b X H-2d) T cells, which bound to SRBC-pulsed H-2d Mphi, subsequently functioned as helper cells in cultures containing H-2d B cells and Mphi, but not in those containing H-2b B cells and Mphi. They remained unable to collaborate with B cells of the H-2B haplotype even in the presence of additional H-2d Mphi, indicating that H-2 restriction occurs at least at the level of the B cell. Similary, primed BDF1 T cells isolated on H-2b Mphi cooperated preferentially with H-2b B cells and Mphi. In both cases, the haplotype preference of the T cell was not due to alloreactive suppressor activity. These results suggest that primed F1 mice contain individual populations of helper T cells, each of which recognize antigen in association with a parental H-2 gene product(s) expressed during both Mphi-T cell and T cell-B cell interactions.", "PMID": 75242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5731", "title": "Learning modules as a supplement to existing audiovisual aids.", "content": "The development and use of supplementary learning modules for audiovisual aids designed for wider audiences was found to be a feasible approach for the education of family practice residents. This approach allows programs to direct learner attention to areas of greatest interest in family practice. It was not excessively time consuming to develop the two modules and extensive technical expertise with media was not required. It was found that the modules were adaptable to individual or group use. This teaching method appears to be an excellent learning tool for residents. Supplementary learning modules may be useful for medical students and other health-care providers in family practice. Further economy of time and other innovations using this basic approach could result from recruiting family practice residents and other students to develop their own learning modules on topics of individual interest.", "contents": "Learning modules as a supplement to existing audiovisual aids. The development and use of supplementary learning modules for audiovisual aids designed for wider audiences was found to be a feasible approach for the education of family practice residents. This approach allows programs to direct learner attention to areas of greatest interest in family practice. It was not excessively time consuming to develop the two modules and extensive technical expertise with media was not required. It was found that the modules were adaptable to individual or group use. This teaching method appears to be an excellent learning tool for residents. Supplementary learning modules may be useful for medical students and other health-care providers in family practice. Further economy of time and other innovations using this basic approach could result from recruiting family practice residents and other students to develop their own learning modules on topics of individual interest.", "PMID": 75243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5732", "title": "Suppression of murine leukaemia virus production by ouabain and interferon in mouse cells.", "content": "Ouabain markedly inhibited the growth of the mouse cell lines K3b and JLS-V9 and the production of murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) in them. The inhibition of MuLV production was abolished by exposing the cells to normal medium or by adding a high concentration (43 mM) of K+ ions to the ouabain-containing medium. MuLV production was reduced by ouabain more rapidly than host cell directed protein synthesis. After treatment of cells with ouabain (0.5 mM) for 7 h, extracellular reverse transcriptase reverse transcriptase activities were reduced by 87 to 92%. However, the intracellular level of polymerase activities remained almost unchanged (77 to 98% relative to the control). Mouse interferon inhibited the production of MuLV in K3b cells and this antiviral action was not blocked by 0.5 mM-ouabain.", "contents": "Suppression of murine leukaemia virus production by ouabain and interferon in mouse cells. Ouabain markedly inhibited the growth of the mouse cell lines K3b and JLS-V9 and the production of murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) in them. The inhibition of MuLV production was abolished by exposing the cells to normal medium or by adding a high concentration (43 mM) of K+ ions to the ouabain-containing medium. MuLV production was reduced by ouabain more rapidly than host cell directed protein synthesis. After treatment of cells with ouabain (0.5 mM) for 7 h, extracellular reverse transcriptase reverse transcriptase activities were reduced by 87 to 92%. However, the intracellular level of polymerase activities remained almost unchanged (77 to 98% relative to the control). Mouse interferon inhibited the production of MuLV in K3b cells and this antiviral action was not blocked by 0.5 mM-ouabain.", "PMID": 75244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5733", "title": "The specific reduction of a and d antigenic determinants after periodate treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "HBsAg antigenicity was found to be sensitive to periodate treatment. Antigenic determinants a and d were especially sensitive, losing almost all of their activity, while determinants r and w were found to be quite stable. Also, it is now possible to prepare the monospecific antibodies, anti-r and anti-w, by the use of this new, simpler procedure.", "contents": "The specific reduction of a and d antigenic determinants after periodate treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg antigenicity was found to be sensitive to periodate treatment. Antigenic determinants a and d were especially sensitive, losing almost all of their activity, while determinants r and w were found to be quite stable. Also, it is now possible to prepare the monospecific antibodies, anti-r and anti-w, by the use of this new, simpler procedure.", "PMID": 75245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5734", "title": "Infection of human cell cultures with bovine visna virus.", "content": "Fibroblastoid cell cultures derived from leukaemic bone marrow were successfully infected with BVV. After 2 months of subcultivation the cultures showed the appearance of foci of altered cells, suggestive of malignant transformation. Such foci were absent in non-inoculated cultures. Both control and inoculated cultures had a limited life span, i.e. neither of them could be developed into continuous transformed cell lines. The presence of at least some BVV genome functions in the inoculated cells was demonstrated (i) by immunofluorescence using a reference BVV serum, (ii) by detection in the supernatant culture fluid of sedimentable particles bearing RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity with preference for Mg2+ ions, and (iii) by electron microscopic detection of scarce cell-associated virus particles in one of the infected cultures. Infectious BVV could not be rescued. In contrast to leukaemic bone marrow cultures, diploid human embryonic fibroblasts of various origin could not be infected with BVV.", "contents": "Infection of human cell cultures with bovine visna virus. Fibroblastoid cell cultures derived from leukaemic bone marrow were successfully infected with BVV. After 2 months of subcultivation the cultures showed the appearance of foci of altered cells, suggestive of malignant transformation. Such foci were absent in non-inoculated cultures. Both control and inoculated cultures had a limited life span, i.e. neither of them could be developed into continuous transformed cell lines. The presence of at least some BVV genome functions in the inoculated cells was demonstrated (i) by immunofluorescence using a reference BVV serum, (ii) by detection in the supernatant culture fluid of sedimentable particles bearing RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity with preference for Mg2+ ions, and (iii) by electron microscopic detection of scarce cell-associated virus particles in one of the infected cultures. Infectious BVV could not be rescued. In contrast to leukaemic bone marrow cultures, diploid human embryonic fibroblasts of various origin could not be infected with BVV.", "PMID": 75246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5735", "title": "Influence of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on acute pain.", "content": "Using transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) simple surgical procedures such as tooth extractions and nerve biopsies can be performed without the usual anesthetics. Estimation of threshold and suprathreshold intensities of painful electrical stimuli show no significant change during TNS. Only the threshold for non-painful electrical stimuli is slightly increased. Cortical potentials evoked by electrical peripheral nerve stimulation are not significantly modulated by TNS. Latencies of the early components 0, I--III are unchanged, the amplitudes only slightly reduced. These observations are in contradiction to the 'gate-control' theory of pain.", "contents": "Influence of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on acute pain. Using transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) simple surgical procedures such as tooth extractions and nerve biopsies can be performed without the usual anesthetics. Estimation of threshold and suprathreshold intensities of painful electrical stimuli show no significant change during TNS. Only the threshold for non-painful electrical stimuli is slightly increased. Cortical potentials evoked by electrical peripheral nerve stimulation are not significantly modulated by TNS. Latencies of the early components 0, I--III are unchanged, the amplitudes only slightly reduced. These observations are in contradiction to the 'gate-control' theory of pain.", "PMID": 75247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5736", "title": "Relationship between arteriosclerosis and cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Computed tomographic examinations of parkinsonian patients revealed a high incidence of cerebral atrophy, in most cases a combination of cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement. The present study considered the relationship between cerebral atrophy and physical signs indicating or promoting arteriosclerosis such as overweight, electrocardiographic changes, hypertension, calcification of the internal carotid artery and aorta as well as elongation of the aorta. The study is based on 173 treated and untreated parkinsonian patients (89 men, 84 women) aged from 37--84 years (mean 64.6), on whom CT was performed about 5.4 years after the onset of the first symptoms of the illness. The results demonstrate an increase of pathological CT findings as well as of calcification in the carotid siphon with advanced age. No correlation was found between the other items and increasing age. Further analysis of the relationship between cerebral atrophy and signs of arteriosclerosis revealed only a statistically relevant correlation with calcification of the carotid siphon, especially with calcification of the media. Since pathological CT findings and calcification of the internal carotid artery are both related to advanced age, whereas all the other items which may be considered to be indications of arteriosclerosis do not have any clear relationship, it is concluded that the cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease is not caused by arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Relationship between arteriosclerosis and cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease. Computed tomographic examinations of parkinsonian patients revealed a high incidence of cerebral atrophy, in most cases a combination of cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement. The present study considered the relationship between cerebral atrophy and physical signs indicating or promoting arteriosclerosis such as overweight, electrocardiographic changes, hypertension, calcification of the internal carotid artery and aorta as well as elongation of the aorta. The study is based on 173 treated and untreated parkinsonian patients (89 men, 84 women) aged from 37--84 years (mean 64.6), on whom CT was performed about 5.4 years after the onset of the first symptoms of the illness. The results demonstrate an increase of pathological CT findings as well as of calcification in the carotid siphon with advanced age. No correlation was found between the other items and increasing age. Further analysis of the relationship between cerebral atrophy and signs of arteriosclerosis revealed only a statistically relevant correlation with calcification of the carotid siphon, especially with calcification of the media. Since pathological CT findings and calcification of the internal carotid artery are both related to advanced age, whereas all the other items which may be considered to be indications of arteriosclerosis do not have any clear relationship, it is concluded that the cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease is not caused by arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 75248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5737", "title": "Electrophysiological recovery after compression ischemia of the rat brain.", "content": "Cerebral ischemia of 15 min was produced in rats by increasing intracranial pressure above the systolic blood pressure level by infusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna. Pulmonary edema was prevented by blocking the vasomotor response with a ganglioplegic agent, and reducing the fluid load by peritoneal dialysis. The EEG flattened after 10.1 +/- 1.5 sec. followed by a dilatation of the pupils after 1--2 min. The EEG began to recover in 21 of 32 rats after 8 to 35 min of recirculation. Spectral analysis revealed an initial return of slow waves and spindles followed by continuous fast frequency activity. The EEG did not recover or was secondarily suppressed in 12 animals after a few hours. Electrophysiological recovery depended on the cardiocirculatory and respiratory state, the recovery being optimal in animals with mild hypertension and a normal acid-base status of the blood.", "contents": "Electrophysiological recovery after compression ischemia of the rat brain. Cerebral ischemia of 15 min was produced in rats by increasing intracranial pressure above the systolic blood pressure level by infusing artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna. Pulmonary edema was prevented by blocking the vasomotor response with a ganglioplegic agent, and reducing the fluid load by peritoneal dialysis. The EEG flattened after 10.1 +/- 1.5 sec. followed by a dilatation of the pupils after 1--2 min. The EEG began to recover in 21 of 32 rats after 8 to 35 min of recirculation. Spectral analysis revealed an initial return of slow waves and spindles followed by continuous fast frequency activity. The EEG did not recover or was secondarily suppressed in 12 animals after a few hours. Electrophysiological recovery depended on the cardiocirculatory and respiratory state, the recovery being optimal in animals with mild hypertension and a normal acid-base status of the blood.", "PMID": 75250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5738", "title": "A case of demyelinating encephalomyelitis with some resemblance to collagen disease.", "content": "A woman, aged 26 years, who died of progressively worsening demyelinating encephalomyelitis in the course of 4 years is reported. The neuropathological findings included large subcortical softenings in the cerebral hemispheres, tiny perivenous demyelinated foci in their neighborhood and scattered in the white matter. There was an acute vasculitis with fibrinoid exudation in the affected as well as unaffected areas. Focal perivenous mononuclear cell infiltrations are conspicuous in the white matter. The laboratory and postmortem examinations suggested a collagen disease like SLE. The abnormalities included marked increase of serum gamma-globulin, especially of IgG, and elevation of CRP, RA, and ANA titer, moderate thickening of the basement membranes of the renal glomeruli, onion skin-like periarteriolar fibrosis in the spleen, fibrous pericarditis and periadventitial fibrosis of myocardial arteries. Bilateral degeneration of the spinal posterior columns and dorsal roots was also observed. A probable relationship of the modified features in this example of demyelinating encephalomyelitis with abnormal immune mechanisms in the background is discussed.", "contents": "A case of demyelinating encephalomyelitis with some resemblance to collagen disease. A woman, aged 26 years, who died of progressively worsening demyelinating encephalomyelitis in the course of 4 years is reported. The neuropathological findings included large subcortical softenings in the cerebral hemispheres, tiny perivenous demyelinated foci in their neighborhood and scattered in the white matter. There was an acute vasculitis with fibrinoid exudation in the affected as well as unaffected areas. Focal perivenous mononuclear cell infiltrations are conspicuous in the white matter. The laboratory and postmortem examinations suggested a collagen disease like SLE. The abnormalities included marked increase of serum gamma-globulin, especially of IgG, and elevation of CRP, RA, and ANA titer, moderate thickening of the basement membranes of the renal glomeruli, onion skin-like periarteriolar fibrosis in the spleen, fibrous pericarditis and periadventitial fibrosis of myocardial arteries. Bilateral degeneration of the spinal posterior columns and dorsal roots was also observed. A probable relationship of the modified features in this example of demyelinating encephalomyelitis with abnormal immune mechanisms in the background is discussed.", "PMID": 75251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5739", "title": "[Age, duration of disease and survival period of patients with involvement of the nervous system by malignant lymphomas. A statistical comparison of mycosis fungoides with lymphogranulomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical comparison dealing with age, duration of disease and survival period of patients with involvement of the nervous system by malignant lymphomas revealed the following data: 1. With mycosis fungoides, involvement of the nervous system occurs later in life than with lymphogranulomatosis; this difference is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). 2. There is no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05) in the duration of either type of malignant lymphoma before the nervous system becomes involved. 3. It is of high statistical significance (P less than 0.001) that, once the nervous system has become involved, the survival period is lower with mycosis fungoides than with lymphogranulomatosis. It can be expected that involvement of the nervous system by mycosis fungoides leads with 79% probability (confidential limits 99% = 47.29--96.22%) to death within 6 months.", "contents": "[Age, duration of disease and survival period of patients with involvement of the nervous system by malignant lymphomas. A statistical comparison of mycosis fungoides with lymphogranulomatosis (author's transl)]. A statistical comparison dealing with age, duration of disease and survival period of patients with involvement of the nervous system by malignant lymphomas revealed the following data: 1. With mycosis fungoides, involvement of the nervous system occurs later in life than with lymphogranulomatosis; this difference is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). 2. There is no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05) in the duration of either type of malignant lymphoma before the nervous system becomes involved. 3. It is of high statistical significance (P less than 0.001) that, once the nervous system has become involved, the survival period is lower with mycosis fungoides than with lymphogranulomatosis. It can be expected that involvement of the nervous system by mycosis fungoides leads with 79% probability (confidential limits 99% = 47.29--96.22%) to death within 6 months.", "PMID": 75252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5740", "title": "Bilateral symmetrical softening of the thalamus.", "content": "The clinical and pathological data of a 48 year old patient who survived 40 days are reported. Her disturbance of consciousness corresponded to an apallic syndrome, which 12 days later bacame akinetic mutism. Symmetrical softening involving the medial thalamic nuclei from the plane of the corpora mamillaria to the red nuclei was found. The ischemic lesion might be explained by transient circulatory collapse combined with hypoplasia of the vertebrobasialr arteries. On the EEG slight irregular alpha activity was recorded (alpha coma) and external stimuli elicited theta-delta waves (paradox activation). A survey of the literature of akinetic mutism is included and the correlation between non-hypnoid unconsciousness and EEG is discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral symmetrical softening of the thalamus. The clinical and pathological data of a 48 year old patient who survived 40 days are reported. Her disturbance of consciousness corresponded to an apallic syndrome, which 12 days later bacame akinetic mutism. Symmetrical softening involving the medial thalamic nuclei from the plane of the corpora mamillaria to the red nuclei was found. The ischemic lesion might be explained by transient circulatory collapse combined with hypoplasia of the vertebrobasialr arteries. On the EEG slight irregular alpha activity was recorded (alpha coma) and external stimuli elicited theta-delta waves (paradox activation). A survey of the literature of akinetic mutism is included and the correlation between non-hypnoid unconsciousness and EEG is discussed.", "PMID": 75253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5741", "title": "The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, first described in 1968 by Marinacci, is characterized by a compression of the deep peroneal nerve under the inferior extensor retinaculum. The patients complaint of pains on the dorsum of the foot, especially at night. Clinically result sensory deficits in the involved area between the first and second toes as well as paresis and atrophy of the extensor digitorum brevis. The distal latency of the deep peroneal nerve is increased, the EMG shows active and chronic denervation of the extensor digitorum brevis. In cases with partial anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome only the motoric branch to the extensor digitorum brevis or only the sensory branch of the deep peroneal nerve after the division under the inferior extensor retinaculum is compressed. Two cases with complete and one with partial anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome are presented, etiology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome. The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, first described in 1968 by Marinacci, is characterized by a compression of the deep peroneal nerve under the inferior extensor retinaculum. The patients complaint of pains on the dorsum of the foot, especially at night. Clinically result sensory deficits in the involved area between the first and second toes as well as paresis and atrophy of the extensor digitorum brevis. The distal latency of the deep peroneal nerve is increased, the EMG shows active and chronic denervation of the extensor digitorum brevis. In cases with partial anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome only the motoric branch to the extensor digitorum brevis or only the sensory branch of the deep peroneal nerve after the division under the inferior extensor retinaculum is compressed. Two cases with complete and one with partial anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome are presented, etiology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 75254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5742", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrofocusing of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins.", "content": "The combination of the high separation capacity of isoelectric focusing and the specificity of immunoelectrophoresis gives a valuable tool for protein studies. This technic can be applied to immunoglobulin examinations by using KOCN-treated antibodies isoelectric at pH 5 and performing the immunoelectrophoretic procedure at this pH. CSF and serum samples of patients exhibiting CSF immunoglobulin abnormalities and blood-CSF barrier damages were examined by this method.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrofocusing of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins. The combination of the high separation capacity of isoelectric focusing and the specificity of immunoelectrophoresis gives a valuable tool for protein studies. This technic can be applied to immunoglobulin examinations by using KOCN-treated antibodies isoelectric at pH 5 and performing the immunoelectrophoretic procedure at this pH. CSF and serum samples of patients exhibiting CSF immunoglobulin abnormalities and blood-CSF barrier damages were examined by this method.", "PMID": 75256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5743", "title": "Electrophysiological studies on the \"stiff-man\" syndrome.", "content": "In addition to anamnestic and clinical data electrophysiological and pharmacokinetic investigations may be necessary for the diagnosis of stiff man syndrome. Continuous activity of motor units with superimposed bursts during muscular spasms was found by electromyography in the two patients reported. Rigidity and continuous activity disappears during sleep, after i.v. application of Tubocurarine and Diazepam, during Thiopenal anesthesia and after neural block with Procaine. Dipropylacetate and Baclofen improved the condition but did not lead to complete relaxation. Biperidenlactat and Magnesiumlaevulinat have only a temporary effect on rigidity. Neostigmine, Phenytoine, Glycine, Dopa and 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan had no effect. Passive shortening or stretching of the m. biceps brachii as well as touching the skin increased motor activity which spread to other segments and to the contralateral side. The H/M ratio was increased but the silent period was normal. A combination of Diazepam and Dipropylacetate or Clonazepam was therapeutically effective in the cases reported. A central genesis, of the pathogenetic mechanisms discussed, is the most probable in our cases.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies on the \"stiff-man\" syndrome. In addition to anamnestic and clinical data electrophysiological and pharmacokinetic investigations may be necessary for the diagnosis of stiff man syndrome. Continuous activity of motor units with superimposed bursts during muscular spasms was found by electromyography in the two patients reported. Rigidity and continuous activity disappears during sleep, after i.v. application of Tubocurarine and Diazepam, during Thiopenal anesthesia and after neural block with Procaine. Dipropylacetate and Baclofen improved the condition but did not lead to complete relaxation. Biperidenlactat and Magnesiumlaevulinat have only a temporary effect on rigidity. Neostigmine, Phenytoine, Glycine, Dopa and 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan had no effect. Passive shortening or stretching of the m. biceps brachii as well as touching the skin increased motor activity which spread to other segments and to the contralateral side. The H/M ratio was increased but the silent period was normal. A combination of Diazepam and Dipropylacetate or Clonazepam was therapeutically effective in the cases reported. A central genesis, of the pathogenetic mechanisms discussed, is the most probable in our cases.", "PMID": 75257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5744", "title": "Effects of hemodialytic treatment on uremic polyneuropathy. A clinical and electrophysiological follow-up study.", "content": "The involvement of peripheral motor and sensory nerve, at least on a subclinical level, is nearly constant event with chronic renal failure. The study of the motor and sensory propagation velocity indicates that a widespread functional lesion of the axon with a peripheral point of attack and secondary demyelination, may be the basic pathogenetic event of uremic polyneuropathy. Prolonged hemodialytic treatment is substantially unable to influence the evolution of uremic polyneuropathy. The electrophysiological follow-up study of the peripheral nerve does not seem to be an index of adequate dialysis.", "contents": "Effects of hemodialytic treatment on uremic polyneuropathy. A clinical and electrophysiological follow-up study. The involvement of peripheral motor and sensory nerve, at least on a subclinical level, is nearly constant event with chronic renal failure. The study of the motor and sensory propagation velocity indicates that a widespread functional lesion of the axon with a peripheral point of attack and secondary demyelination, may be the basic pathogenetic event of uremic polyneuropathy. Prolonged hemodialytic treatment is substantially unable to influence the evolution of uremic polyneuropathy. The electrophysiological follow-up study of the peripheral nerve does not seem to be an index of adequate dialysis.", "PMID": 75258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5745", "title": "Follow-up study of myasthenic children after thymectomy.", "content": "The results of thymectomy of 28 myasthenic children observed from 1 to 9 years after operation are discussed. Improvement was obtained in 19 cases (67.8%), with full remission in 12 cases (42.8%). Six children died. No correlation was found between the results of thymectomy and the duration of the disease, sex or histological findings in the thymus. No increase of incidence or severity of infections were observed in thymectomized children. Caution is recommended regarding vaccination of myasthenic children.", "contents": "Follow-up study of myasthenic children after thymectomy. The results of thymectomy of 28 myasthenic children observed from 1 to 9 years after operation are discussed. Improvement was obtained in 19 cases (67.8%), with full remission in 12 cases (42.8%). Six children died. No correlation was found between the results of thymectomy and the duration of the disease, sex or histological findings in the thymus. No increase of incidence or severity of infections were observed in thymectomized children. Caution is recommended regarding vaccination of myasthenic children.", "PMID": 75259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5746", "title": "The influence of local cooling on neuromuscular transmission in the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton and Lambert.", "content": "The effect of local cooling was studied in two patients with the Eaton-Lambert syndrome. We stimulated the ulnar nerve and registered the compound muscle action potential, the twitch force, and the maximum tetanic force. A distinct improvement of neuromuscular transmission occurred after cooling. The amplitude of the muscle action potential and the twitch force were larger and the time of the postactivation facilitation was longer. This effect of cooling is similar to the effect of guanidine on neuromuscular transmission. The release of acetylcholine at the nerve terminal is probably enhanced by cooling.", "contents": "The influence of local cooling on neuromuscular transmission in the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton and Lambert. The effect of local cooling was studied in two patients with the Eaton-Lambert syndrome. We stimulated the ulnar nerve and registered the compound muscle action potential, the twitch force, and the maximum tetanic force. A distinct improvement of neuromuscular transmission occurred after cooling. The amplitude of the muscle action potential and the twitch force were larger and the time of the postactivation facilitation was longer. This effect of cooling is similar to the effect of guanidine on neuromuscular transmission. The release of acetylcholine at the nerve terminal is probably enhanced by cooling.", "PMID": 75262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5747", "title": "Tumor-specific antigens on rat liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "With the use of membrane immunofluorescence and xenogeneic antisera, tumor-specific membrane antigens were detected on rat epithelial-like liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens. These antigens were not detected in 10-, 15-, and 19-day rat fetuses. Xenogeneic antisera were produced in rabbits by immunization of the rabbits with cultivated BD rat liver cells transformed by dimethylnitrosamine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The specific antisera against tumor-associated antigen(s) were obtained by in vivo absorption in syngeneic male rats and by in vitro absorption with various cell lines. One tumor-specific individual antigen and two tumor-specific cross-reacting antigens were shown to be present on the surface of chemically and/or spontaneously transformed rat liver cell lines. They were not detected on liver and spleen cells of normal BD adult rats, on fetal liver cells, or on liver and intestinal carcinoma cells of Wistar rats. Sera from multiparous pregnant rats had no antibodies against these tumor antigens (although they reacted with fetal cells).", "contents": "Tumor-specific antigens on rat liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens. With the use of membrane immunofluorescence and xenogeneic antisera, tumor-specific membrane antigens were detected on rat epithelial-like liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens. These antigens were not detected in 10-, 15-, and 19-day rat fetuses. Xenogeneic antisera were produced in rabbits by immunization of the rabbits with cultivated BD rat liver cells transformed by dimethylnitrosamine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The specific antisera against tumor-associated antigen(s) were obtained by in vivo absorption in syngeneic male rats and by in vitro absorption with various cell lines. One tumor-specific individual antigen and two tumor-specific cross-reacting antigens were shown to be present on the surface of chemically and/or spontaneously transformed rat liver cell lines. They were not detected on liver and spleen cells of normal BD adult rats, on fetal liver cells, or on liver and intestinal carcinoma cells of Wistar rats. Sera from multiparous pregnant rats had no antibodies against these tumor antigens (although they reacted with fetal cells).", "PMID": 75266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5748", "title": "Morphologic and cytochemical comparison of human lymphoblastoid T-cell and B-cell lines: light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Human lymphoblastoid cell lines characterized as T- or B-cells by various markers were compared morphologically and cytochemically by light and electron microscopy. Distinct differences in nuclear morphology, amount of cytoplasm, pyroninophilia, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining enabled us to discriminate between T- and B-cell lines. T-cells had nuclei with an irregular configuration, stippled heterochromatin, and small or absent nucleoli. The scanty cytoplasm of T-cells contained intensely stained, PAS-positive globules and was less pyroninophilic than the cytoplasm of B-cells. B-cells had more rounded, uniform, vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and peripheral heterochromatin. The cytoplasm of B-cells was abundant and strongly pyroninophilic. Transmission electron microscopy generally confirmed these morphologic differences. These findings supported our contention that consistent cytologic features concordant with immunologic markers make it possible to identify certain lymphomas as being of B- or T-cell origin on purely morphologic grounds.", "contents": "Morphologic and cytochemical comparison of human lymphoblastoid T-cell and B-cell lines: light and electron microscopy. Human lymphoblastoid cell lines characterized as T- or B-cells by various markers were compared morphologically and cytochemically by light and electron microscopy. Distinct differences in nuclear morphology, amount of cytoplasm, pyroninophilia, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining enabled us to discriminate between T- and B-cell lines. T-cells had nuclei with an irregular configuration, stippled heterochromatin, and small or absent nucleoli. The scanty cytoplasm of T-cells contained intensely stained, PAS-positive globules and was less pyroninophilic than the cytoplasm of B-cells. B-cells had more rounded, uniform, vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and peripheral heterochromatin. The cytoplasm of B-cells was abundant and strongly pyroninophilic. Transmission electron microscopy generally confirmed these morphologic differences. These findings supported our contention that consistent cytologic features concordant with immunologic markers make it possible to identify certain lymphomas as being of B- or T-cell origin on purely morphologic grounds.", "PMID": 75268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5749", "title": "In vitro alpha-fetoprotein synthesis by monkey hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Five monkeys were treated ip with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA), and one was treated with 1-nitrosopiperidine (PIP), starting within 2 months of birth, until hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed. All animals except the PIP-treated monkey had much elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values. Fresh, minced, biopsy-derived tumor was cultured with L-[14C]leucine and L-[14C]lysine. Synthesis of AFP was determined by radioimmunoassay and by specifically precipitable [14C]AFP. Good agreement between these two parameters was obtained for the 4 DENA-induced tumors synthesizing AFP in culture. Tumor from 1 DENA-treated monkey did not synthesize AFP. In addition, neither normal liver nor tumor from the PIP-treated monkey showed AFP synthesis. Rates of synthesis were 0.37-5.50 ng AFP/mg tumor/day, or 0.0012-0.0183 pg AFP/cell/day (if one assumes 3.0 X 10(5) cells/mg tissue) over 48 or 72 hours. Different nodules from the same animal had similar rates of synthesis. For tumors that synthesized AFP in culture, a positive correlation was generally found between rate of synthesis and serum AFP level. The rate of in vitro AFP synthesis observed was lower than that of immunoglobulin synthesis in human myeloma or of AFP synthesis in a rat HCC, but it was close to the estimated rate of AFP synthesis in a monkey HCC line in long-term culture.", "contents": "In vitro alpha-fetoprotein synthesis by monkey hepatocellular carcinoma. Five monkeys were treated ip with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA), and one was treated with 1-nitrosopiperidine (PIP), starting within 2 months of birth, until hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed. All animals except the PIP-treated monkey had much elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values. Fresh, minced, biopsy-derived tumor was cultured with L-[14C]leucine and L-[14C]lysine. Synthesis of AFP was determined by radioimmunoassay and by specifically precipitable [14C]AFP. Good agreement between these two parameters was obtained for the 4 DENA-induced tumors synthesizing AFP in culture. Tumor from 1 DENA-treated monkey did not synthesize AFP. In addition, neither normal liver nor tumor from the PIP-treated monkey showed AFP synthesis. Rates of synthesis were 0.37-5.50 ng AFP/mg tumor/day, or 0.0012-0.0183 pg AFP/cell/day (if one assumes 3.0 X 10(5) cells/mg tissue) over 48 or 72 hours. Different nodules from the same animal had similar rates of synthesis. For tumors that synthesized AFP in culture, a positive correlation was generally found between rate of synthesis and serum AFP level. The rate of in vitro AFP synthesis observed was lower than that of immunoglobulin synthesis in human myeloma or of AFP synthesis in a rat HCC, but it was close to the estimated rate of AFP synthesis in a monkey HCC line in long-term culture.", "PMID": 75269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5750", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition of tumor antigen and purified protein derivative reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized to line 10 hepatocarcinoma and BCG.", "content": "Agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to measure reactivity against line 10 hepatocarcinoma antigens and purified protein derivative (PPD) with the use of peripheral blood leukocytes from line 10 and/or BCG-sensitized syngeneic guinea pigs. The assay was quite sensitive and detected leukocyte migration inhibition with concentrations as low as 12.6 ng protein/ml of the crude sonicate of the line 10 tumor and 0.1 pg PPD. Specificity was shown by lack of reactivity in leukocytes of line 10 and/or BCG-sensitized animals with antigen preparations of L2C leukemia cells or normal syngeneic liver. Furthermore, leukocytes from normal control guinea pigs failed to react with any antigen. The results also suggested antigen cross-reactivity between line 10 tumor and BCG. Leukocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to only BCG became LMI reactive to the line 10 sonicate as well as PPD. No reactivity was observed with leukocytes of the animals in simultaneous tests with a sonicate of guinea pig L2C leukemia cells. The results demonstrated the usefulness of this microassay in detection of LMI reactivity with low antigen concentrations and small volumes of whole blood.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition of tumor antigen and purified protein derivative reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized to line 10 hepatocarcinoma and BCG. Agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to measure reactivity against line 10 hepatocarcinoma antigens and purified protein derivative (PPD) with the use of peripheral blood leukocytes from line 10 and/or BCG-sensitized syngeneic guinea pigs. The assay was quite sensitive and detected leukocyte migration inhibition with concentrations as low as 12.6 ng protein/ml of the crude sonicate of the line 10 tumor and 0.1 pg PPD. Specificity was shown by lack of reactivity in leukocytes of line 10 and/or BCG-sensitized animals with antigen preparations of L2C leukemia cells or normal syngeneic liver. Furthermore, leukocytes from normal control guinea pigs failed to react with any antigen. The results also suggested antigen cross-reactivity between line 10 tumor and BCG. Leukocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to only BCG became LMI reactive to the line 10 sonicate as well as PPD. No reactivity was observed with leukocytes of the animals in simultaneous tests with a sonicate of guinea pig L2C leukemia cells. The results demonstrated the usefulness of this microassay in detection of LMI reactivity with low antigen concentrations and small volumes of whole blood.", "PMID": 75270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5751", "title": "Reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. V. In vitro proteolysis of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus and isolation of a polypeptide manifesting only RNase H activity.", "content": "Purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase contains two subunits that are structurally related. The large subunit, beta (molecular weight, 95,000), was converted in vitro by chymotrypsin into a polypeptide of molecular weight 63,000. This polypeptide was indistinguishable from the small subunit, alpha (molecular weight, 65,000), in its chromatographic behavior on the phosphocellulose column and its tryptic peptide composition. During this proteolytic conversion, a polypeptide of molecular weight 32,000 (fragment B) was obtained. It was composed of tryptic peptides unique to beta and appeared to be derived from the portion of the beta subunit that was cleaved off during the conversion of beta into alpha. Upon continued proteolysis, a smaller polypeptide of molecular weight 24,000 (fragment A) was generated. This polypeptide manifested only RNase H activity and shared common amino acid sequences with beta and alpha subunits. Fragment A did not share any amino acid sequence homology with fragment B.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. V. In vitro proteolysis of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus and isolation of a polypeptide manifesting only RNase H activity. Purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase contains two subunits that are structurally related. The large subunit, beta (molecular weight, 95,000), was converted in vitro by chymotrypsin into a polypeptide of molecular weight 63,000. This polypeptide was indistinguishable from the small subunit, alpha (molecular weight, 65,000), in its chromatographic behavior on the phosphocellulose column and its tryptic peptide composition. During this proteolytic conversion, a polypeptide of molecular weight 32,000 (fragment B) was obtained. It was composed of tryptic peptides unique to beta and appeared to be derived from the portion of the beta subunit that was cleaved off during the conversion of beta into alpha. Upon continued proteolysis, a smaller polypeptide of molecular weight 24,000 (fragment A) was generated. This polypeptide manifested only RNase H activity and shared common amino acid sequences with beta and alpha subunits. Fragment A did not share any amino acid sequence homology with fragment B.", "PMID": 75271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5752", "title": "Vagal preganglionic innervation of the cat heart--an attempt to identify the medullary \"heart area\" by the retrograde axoplasmic transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The medullary \"heart area\", origins of the vagal preganglionic fibers innervating the heart, were identified in 19 cats with the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a retrograde axonal tracer. When HRP was injected in the A-V node area, S-A node area, right atrial wall and right ventricular wall, the labeled neurons were principally found in the lateral half of the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) and in the medial solitary nucleus (MSN), were almost the same in number bilaterally, and were chiefly from the calamus scriptorius to the upper cervical cord. They showed no anatomical proof for asymmetric distribution. When HRP was injected in the left ventricular wall or the apex, few labeled neurons were identified in the DMN. Labeled neurons were not found in the nucleus ambiguus. This study suggests the labeled neurons in the DMN and MSN are origins of the dually innervating vagal preganglionic fibers to the heart.", "contents": "Vagal preganglionic innervation of the cat heart--an attempt to identify the medullary \"heart area\" by the retrograde axoplasmic transport of horseradish peroxidase. The medullary \"heart area\", origins of the vagal preganglionic fibers innervating the heart, were identified in 19 cats with the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a retrograde axonal tracer. When HRP was injected in the A-V node area, S-A node area, right atrial wall and right ventricular wall, the labeled neurons were principally found in the lateral half of the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) and in the medial solitary nucleus (MSN), were almost the same in number bilaterally, and were chiefly from the calamus scriptorius to the upper cervical cord. They showed no anatomical proof for asymmetric distribution. When HRP was injected in the left ventricular wall or the apex, few labeled neurons were identified in the DMN. Labeled neurons were not found in the nucleus ambiguus. This study suggests the labeled neurons in the DMN and MSN are origins of the dually innervating vagal preganglionic fibers to the heart.", "PMID": 75272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5753", "title": "Effects of passive antibody in bee venom anaphylaxis.", "content": "Twelve patients allergic to honeybees were challenged by injections of bee venom; five responded systemically to the venom, with symptoms ranging from angioedema to respiratory distress. These patients were given intramuscular or intravenous infusions of gamma-globulin obtained from the plasma of hyperimmune beekeepers who had high levels of antibody to an allergen (phospholipase A) in the venom. Post-infusion, all five patients tolerated 1.5 to 5 times the venom dose that previously elicited adverse reactions. The quantity of passive IgG antibody infused did not impair the patient's own immune response to venom. These results represent the best available evidence for a direct role for IgG blocking antibodies in clinical protection against anaphylaxis occurring as a result of parenteral antigenic challenge as may be observed in penicillin and insect hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Effects of passive antibody in bee venom anaphylaxis. Twelve patients allergic to honeybees were challenged by injections of bee venom; five responded systemically to the venom, with symptoms ranging from angioedema to respiratory distress. These patients were given intramuscular or intravenous infusions of gamma-globulin obtained from the plasma of hyperimmune beekeepers who had high levels of antibody to an allergen (phospholipase A) in the venom. Post-infusion, all five patients tolerated 1.5 to 5 times the venom dose that previously elicited adverse reactions. The quantity of passive IgG antibody infused did not impair the patient's own immune response to venom. These results represent the best available evidence for a direct role for IgG blocking antibodies in clinical protection against anaphylaxis occurring as a result of parenteral antigenic challenge as may be observed in penicillin and insect hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 75280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5754", "title": "[Detection of alpha2H-globulin in the blood serum in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The content of alpha2H-globulin in the plasma of 53 patients with macrofocal and 33 patients with microfocal myocardial infarction was determined in dynamics by the immunochemical method, with due account for the form and severity of the disease, the extent of involvement of the heart muscle, and the presence of complications and concomitant pathologic conditions of the lungs and kidneys. The frequency of alpha2H-globulin detection was 62% in macrofocal and 21% in microfocal myocardial infarction. In transmural myocardial infarction alpha2H-globulin is detected within the first 3 days of the disease in 37.5% of cases. The appearance of alpha2H-globulin in the blood plasma of patients with myocardial infarction is evidently associated with hypoxia and cell regeneration.", "contents": "[Detection of alpha2H-globulin in the blood serum in myocardial infarct]. The content of alpha2H-globulin in the plasma of 53 patients with macrofocal and 33 patients with microfocal myocardial infarction was determined in dynamics by the immunochemical method, with due account for the form and severity of the disease, the extent of involvement of the heart muscle, and the presence of complications and concomitant pathologic conditions of the lungs and kidneys. The frequency of alpha2H-globulin detection was 62% in macrofocal and 21% in microfocal myocardial infarction. In transmural myocardial infarction alpha2H-globulin is detected within the first 3 days of the disease in 37.5% of cases. The appearance of alpha2H-globulin in the blood plasma of patients with myocardial infarction is evidently associated with hypoxia and cell regeneration.", "PMID": 75281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5755", "title": "[Limited diffusion of dye between choroid and retina during animal experiments after injection of fluorescein and rhodamin (author's transl)].", "content": "For contributing to the question of an existence of a diffusion of the unbound part of the fluorescein between choroid and retina in fluorescein angiography, on pigmented rats, after intravenous injection of Fluorescein sodium and Rhodamine B respectively, comparing observations were effectuated. Rhodamine B in its unbound form showed a distinct diffusion between choroid and retina and coloured all retinal layers in the late phases whereas in the case of the Fluorescein sodium, only a poor diffusion was observable. The similar spectral bands of the primary and secondary fluorescences render difficult the observation of the behaviour of the fluorescein dye.", "contents": "[Limited diffusion of dye between choroid and retina during animal experiments after injection of fluorescein and rhodamin (author's transl)]. For contributing to the question of an existence of a diffusion of the unbound part of the fluorescein between choroid and retina in fluorescein angiography, on pigmented rats, after intravenous injection of Fluorescein sodium and Rhodamine B respectively, comparing observations were effectuated. Rhodamine B in its unbound form showed a distinct diffusion between choroid and retina and coloured all retinal layers in the late phases whereas in the case of the Fluorescein sodium, only a poor diffusion was observable. The similar spectral bands of the primary and secondary fluorescences render difficult the observation of the behaviour of the fluorescein dye.", "PMID": 75284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5756", "title": "[Quantitative estimation of cationic leukocyte antigen (cla) and lysozyme in leukaemic leukocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Cationic lysosomal proteins such as cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) and lysozyme were estimated in leukocyte lysates of acute and chronic leukaemics using quantitative enzymatic and immunoprecipitation techniques. The studies demonstrate that both lysosomal conponents are markers of non-lymphatic leukaemias. Therefore the determination of CLA and lysozyme is valuable for the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias. The intracellular cationic protein contents showed characteristic kinetic variations as showing during X-irradiation of the spleen in cases of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. White cells in leukocytosis could be distinguished from normals by remarkably low cationic protein contents in leukocyte lysates. The results are interpreted in the light of current results revealed by immunofluorescent analyses.", "contents": "[Quantitative estimation of cationic leukocyte antigen (cla) and lysozyme in leukaemic leukocytes (author's transl)]. Cationic lysosomal proteins such as cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) and lysozyme were estimated in leukocyte lysates of acute and chronic leukaemics using quantitative enzymatic and immunoprecipitation techniques. The studies demonstrate that both lysosomal conponents are markers of non-lymphatic leukaemias. Therefore the determination of CLA and lysozyme is valuable for the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias. The intracellular cationic protein contents showed characteristic kinetic variations as showing during X-irradiation of the spleen in cases of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. White cells in leukocytosis could be distinguished from normals by remarkably low cationic protein contents in leukocyte lysates. The results are interpreted in the light of current results revealed by immunofluorescent analyses.", "PMID": 75285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5757", "title": "Cytochemical study of human lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in function of donor age.", "content": "The 3H-AM binding reflects the structural changes involved in the cellular differentiation. This parameter was studied during blastic transformation of human lymphocytes, in relation to the age of the donor. Although they are individual variations, the 3H-AM binding is higher in the young group than in the aged subjects, as well as the blast transformation score. These results indicate that the weak lymphocyte response to the mitogen lectine (PHA) stimulation could be related to some age-induced structural alterations of the chromatin, resulting in an irreversible blockage in G1, at least in some of the T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of human lymphocytes stimulated by PHA in function of donor age. The 3H-AM binding reflects the structural changes involved in the cellular differentiation. This parameter was studied during blastic transformation of human lymphocytes, in relation to the age of the donor. Although they are individual variations, the 3H-AM binding is higher in the young group than in the aged subjects, as well as the blast transformation score. These results indicate that the weak lymphocyte response to the mitogen lectine (PHA) stimulation could be related to some age-induced structural alterations of the chromatin, resulting in an irreversible blockage in G1, at least in some of the T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 75332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5758", "title": "Post-thyroidectomy thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "94 patients with postoperative recurrent hyperthyroidism were evaluated for duration of remission, goitre size, and response to radio-iodine (131I). 6 patients required 131I therapy within twelve months of operation--5 had large remnants because of inadequate surgery. 57% of patients relapsed within 5 years, but 16% relapsed after 20 years and 8% after more than 30 years. Estimated goitre weights ranged from 4 g to 65 g, and goitre size was unrelated to the duration of remission. All patients were treated with 131I. 23% of the patients became hypothyroid in the first postoperative year and 10% in the second year. The results indicate that postoperative thyrotoxicosis can recur decades after operation. Operation seems to sensitise the thyroid to the early effects of radiation by 131I.", "contents": "Post-thyroidectomy thyrotoxicosis. 94 patients with postoperative recurrent hyperthyroidism were evaluated for duration of remission, goitre size, and response to radio-iodine (131I). 6 patients required 131I therapy within twelve months of operation--5 had large remnants because of inadequate surgery. 57% of patients relapsed within 5 years, but 16% relapsed after 20 years and 8% after more than 30 years. Estimated goitre weights ranged from 4 g to 65 g, and goitre size was unrelated to the duration of remission. All patients were treated with 131I. 23% of the patients became hypothyroid in the first postoperative year and 10% in the second year. The results indicate that postoperative thyrotoxicosis can recur decades after operation. Operation seems to sensitise the thyroid to the early effects of radiation by 131I.", "PMID": 75333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5759", "title": "Return of epidemic A1 (H1N1) influenza virus.", "content": "Limited outbreaks of influenza were reported in the far east of the U.S.S.R. early in November, 1977, and a week or two later in cities in Siberia and the European parts of the U.S.S.R. The majority of influenza-virus isolates belonged to the H1N1 subtype of influenza-A virus, though strains of the current H3N2 subtype were also isolated. A moderate epidemic of H1N1 influenza spread throughout the country in the middle of December. Mainly children over 5 years and young adults were infected.", "contents": "Return of epidemic A1 (H1N1) influenza virus. Limited outbreaks of influenza were reported in the far east of the U.S.S.R. early in November, 1977, and a week or two later in cities in Siberia and the European parts of the U.S.S.R. The majority of influenza-virus isolates belonged to the H1N1 subtype of influenza-A virus, though strains of the current H3N2 subtype were also isolated. A moderate epidemic of H1N1 influenza spread throughout the country in the middle of December. Mainly children over 5 years and young adults were infected.", "PMID": 75334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5760", "title": "Should cholecystectomy be combined with vagotomy and pyloroplasty?", "content": "Duodenal ulcers and gallstones, two of the commonest surgical conditions, affect respectively 10% of men and up to 20% of the population. Although many detailed studies of the treatment of these conditions have been conducted, there is no report of the results of surgery when the conditions coexist. 60 patients who had undergone vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and cholecystectomy were compared with age and sex matched controls who had undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty alone or cholecystectomy alone. In the early postoperative period after the combined procedure there was a very high incidence of post-vagotomy diarrhoea (48.3%, P equal to 0.00013) and bile-reflux gastritis. The findings implicate bile-acids--their excretion and handling by the small intestine--in the aetiology of post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Where the conditions coexist truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty should be avoided in the treatment of the duodenal ulcer because of the risk of post-vagotomy diarrhoea and bile-reflux gastritis.", "contents": "Should cholecystectomy be combined with vagotomy and pyloroplasty? Duodenal ulcers and gallstones, two of the commonest surgical conditions, affect respectively 10% of men and up to 20% of the population. Although many detailed studies of the treatment of these conditions have been conducted, there is no report of the results of surgery when the conditions coexist. 60 patients who had undergone vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and cholecystectomy were compared with age and sex matched controls who had undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty alone or cholecystectomy alone. In the early postoperative period after the combined procedure there was a very high incidence of post-vagotomy diarrhoea (48.3%, P equal to 0.00013) and bile-reflux gastritis. The findings implicate bile-acids--their excretion and handling by the small intestine--in the aetiology of post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Where the conditions coexist truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty should be avoided in the treatment of the duodenal ulcer because of the risk of post-vagotomy diarrhoea and bile-reflux gastritis.", "PMID": 75335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5761", "title": "Subtraction potential difference: In-vivo assay for mineralocorticoid activity.", "content": "Parallel fluctuations of potential difference (P.D.) across oral and rectal mucosa are probably related to the activity of autonomic nerves rather than adrenal steroids. Unlike rectal mucosa, oral mucosa does not respond to exogenous or endogenous aldosterone. Therefore subtraction of oral P.D. from rectal P.D. gives a closer indication of mineralocorticoid activity than does rectal P.D. alone. In normal subjects plasma-aldosterone correlated well with subtraction P.D. (r = 0.74; P is less than 0.001). A subtraction P.D. higher than 26 mV in subjects on a normal sodium intake indicated primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism; if the level was lower than 11 mV four hours after intramuscular injection of 0.25 mg tetracosactrin this suggested mineralocorticoid deficiency. Measurement of oral and rectal P.D. permits rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of aldosterone excess and deficiency. The method may also be used in study of the mineralocorticoid effect of other adrenal steroids: as assessed with this bioassay, the plasma 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone, which is raised in some patients with essential hypertension, lacked any in vivo mineralocorticoid activity.", "contents": "Subtraction potential difference: In-vivo assay for mineralocorticoid activity. Parallel fluctuations of potential difference (P.D.) across oral and rectal mucosa are probably related to the activity of autonomic nerves rather than adrenal steroids. Unlike rectal mucosa, oral mucosa does not respond to exogenous or endogenous aldosterone. Therefore subtraction of oral P.D. from rectal P.D. gives a closer indication of mineralocorticoid activity than does rectal P.D. alone. In normal subjects plasma-aldosterone correlated well with subtraction P.D. (r = 0.74; P is less than 0.001). A subtraction P.D. higher than 26 mV in subjects on a normal sodium intake indicated primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism; if the level was lower than 11 mV four hours after intramuscular injection of 0.25 mg tetracosactrin this suggested mineralocorticoid deficiency. Measurement of oral and rectal P.D. permits rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of aldosterone excess and deficiency. The method may also be used in study of the mineralocorticoid effect of other adrenal steroids: as assessed with this bioassay, the plasma 18-OH-deoxycorticosterone, which is raised in some patients with essential hypertension, lacked any in vivo mineralocorticoid activity.", "PMID": 75336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5762", "title": "Light-microscopical diagnosis of rabies. A reappraisal.", "content": "The validity of reports suggesting that Lyssa and Negri bodies are non-specific in the light-microscopical diagnosis of rabies was investigated. With Seller's impression technique, a substantial proportion of speciments found to be non-rabid with the fluorescent-antibody technique showed structures indistinguishable from Lyssa or Negri bodies. Neither histological examination nor inoculation of animals with non-rabid Seller-positive material explained the nature of these rabies-like structures. The simplicity and reliability of the fluorescent-antibody technique and the occasional serious complications of prophylactic anti-rabies measures make the diagnostic use of Seller's method at best undesirable and at worst dangerous.", "contents": "Light-microscopical diagnosis of rabies. A reappraisal. The validity of reports suggesting that Lyssa and Negri bodies are non-specific in the light-microscopical diagnosis of rabies was investigated. With Seller's impression technique, a substantial proportion of speciments found to be non-rabid with the fluorescent-antibody technique showed structures indistinguishable from Lyssa or Negri bodies. Neither histological examination nor inoculation of animals with non-rabid Seller-positive material explained the nature of these rabies-like structures. The simplicity and reliability of the fluorescent-antibody technique and the occasional serious complications of prophylactic anti-rabies measures make the diagnostic use of Seller's method at best undesirable and at worst dangerous.", "PMID": 75337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5763", "title": "Common manifestations of cow's milk allergy in children.", "content": "Cow's milk allergy was diagnosed in 79 patients, all of whom had signs and symptoms of allergies other than milk intolerance. In addition to difficulties with infant feeding and diarrhoea, clinical features included constipation, vomiting, intestinal colic, growth retardation, and psychological disturbance, as well as eczema and asthma. All were reversible after milk withdrawal, which suggests that the allergic basis of such symptoms may have been underestimated. In most cases, one or both parents were atopic and the child had been bottle-fed from birth. There were no breast-fed children of non-atopic parents in this series.", "contents": "Common manifestations of cow's milk allergy in children. Cow's milk allergy was diagnosed in 79 patients, all of whom had signs and symptoms of allergies other than milk intolerance. In addition to difficulties with infant feeding and diarrhoea, clinical features included constipation, vomiting, intestinal colic, growth retardation, and psychological disturbance, as well as eczema and asthma. All were reversible after milk withdrawal, which suggests that the allergic basis of such symptoms may have been underestimated. In most cases, one or both parents were atopic and the child had been bottle-fed from birth. There were no breast-fed children of non-atopic parents in this series.", "PMID": 75338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5764", "title": "In-vitro synthesis of anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody by thymic lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Cultures of thymic tissue or thymic lymphocytes from nine patients undergoing thymectomy for myasthenia gravis were examined for evidence of anti-acetylcholine-receptor-antibody synthesis. One of four thymic tissues and three of five thymic lymphocyte preparations synthesised this antibody.", "contents": "In-vitro synthesis of anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody by thymic lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. Cultures of thymic tissue or thymic lymphocytes from nine patients undergoing thymectomy for myasthenia gravis were examined for evidence of anti-acetylcholine-receptor-antibody synthesis. One of four thymic tissues and three of five thymic lymphocyte preparations synthesised this antibody.", "PMID": 75339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5765", "title": "Vagotomy for treatment of severe obesity.", "content": "Three women weighing 137, 133, and 135 kg underwent truncal vagotomy; after 16, 20, and 24 weeks they had lost 10, 17, and 19 kg respectively without serious side-effects. No dietary restrictions have been imposed, but they are eating less than they were preoperatively and report a total lack of hunger. Truncal vagotomy may be a useful treatment for severe obesity.", "contents": "Vagotomy for treatment of severe obesity. Three women weighing 137, 133, and 135 kg underwent truncal vagotomy; after 16, 20, and 24 weeks they had lost 10, 17, and 19 kg respectively without serious side-effects. No dietary restrictions have been imposed, but they are eating less than they were preoperatively and report a total lack of hunger. Truncal vagotomy may be a useful treatment for severe obesity.", "PMID": 75340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5766", "title": "Hyperinsulinism, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory distress of the newborn: A common link?", "content": "Hyperinsulinism may reduce glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate production and thus impair phospholipid synthesis and surfactant production in the lung. This mechanism could be responsible for the increased incidence of respiratory-distress syndrome in the infants of diabetic mothers.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinism, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory distress of the newborn: A common link? Hyperinsulinism may reduce glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate production and thus impair phospholipid synthesis and surfactant production in the lung. This mechanism could be responsible for the increased incidence of respiratory-distress syndrome in the infants of diabetic mothers.", "PMID": 75341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5767", "title": "Respiratory-cancer clustering associated with localised industrial air pollution.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1974 there was a significantly large number of deaths from respiratory cancer among members of a Scottish community living near and downwind from a steel foundry. The air in that area was polluted by metallic particles from the foundry.", "contents": "Respiratory-cancer clustering associated with localised industrial air pollution. Between 1968 and 1974 there was a significantly large number of deaths from respiratory cancer among members of a Scottish community living near and downwind from a steel foundry. The air in that area was polluted by metallic particles from the foundry.", "PMID": 75349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5768", "title": "Trial of prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors in primary dysmenorrhoea.", "content": "The prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid, were compared with the analgesic, dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol, in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in a double-blind crossover trial. Results were assessed in 30 patients who took each drug during menstruation for three consecutive cycles. The patients' assessment of each drug suggests that both mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid are more effective than the other analgesic for general relief of symptoms and for most of nine individual symptoms subjectively assessed by the patient. There was less absenteeism from work or school during mefenamic-acid treatment and fewer capsules of mefenamic acid were taken compared with the other two drugs. Patients took significantly fewer additional analgesics during mefenamic-acid therapy than during treatment with the other two drugs. 5 patients had possible side-effects--3 patients on mefenamic acid and 2 on dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol.", "contents": "Trial of prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors in primary dysmenorrhoea. The prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid, were compared with the analgesic, dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol, in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in a double-blind crossover trial. Results were assessed in 30 patients who took each drug during menstruation for three consecutive cycles. The patients' assessment of each drug suggests that both mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid are more effective than the other analgesic for general relief of symptoms and for most of nine individual symptoms subjectively assessed by the patient. There was less absenteeism from work or school during mefenamic-acid treatment and fewer capsules of mefenamic acid were taken compared with the other two drugs. Patients took significantly fewer additional analgesics during mefenamic-acid therapy than during treatment with the other two drugs. 5 patients had possible side-effects--3 patients on mefenamic acid and 2 on dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol.", "PMID": 75391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5769", "title": "Flufenamic acid in treatment of primary spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. A double-blind crossover study.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial of flufenamic acid three times a day (200 mg) was carried out in forty-four patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. While on flufenamic for 3 months 82% of patients experienced significant pain relief. Associated gastrointestinal symptoms, i.e--vomiting and diarrhoea--were relieved in 66% and 52% patients respectively while on flufenamic acid. It is concluded that the fenamates are useful and safe drugs in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.", "contents": "Flufenamic acid in treatment of primary spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. A double-blind crossover study. A double-blind cross-over trial of flufenamic acid three times a day (200 mg) was carried out in forty-four patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. While on flufenamic for 3 months 82% of patients experienced significant pain relief. Associated gastrointestinal symptoms, i.e--vomiting and diarrhoea--were relieved in 66% and 52% patients respectively while on flufenamic acid. It is concluded that the fenamates are useful and safe drugs in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.", "PMID": 75392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5770", "title": "Contact with hospital, drugs, and chemicals as aetiological factors in leukaemia.", "content": "45 adults with acute leukaemia or chronic myeloid leukaemia and a control group of patients from the same hospital were asked about the people they had close social contact with before their illness, and about their use of drugs and chemicals. 18 (40%) leukaemia and 6 (13%) control patients had close social contact with hospital personnel or leukaemia patients. 8 (18%) leukaemia patients, but no control patients, had been in close contact with haemotological ward personnel. These differences were statistically significant. 9 (20%) leukaemia and 4 (9%) control patients lived in the same house as healthy persons working in a hospital. No conclusion could be drawn from differences between the two groups in their use of drugs, since the possibility that they were used to treat initial symptoms of leukaemia could not be excluded. Exposure to chemicals, including weed-killers and agricultural insecticides containing a benzene-ring known to be leukaemogenic, was about the same in the two groups.", "contents": "Contact with hospital, drugs, and chemicals as aetiological factors in leukaemia. 45 adults with acute leukaemia or chronic myeloid leukaemia and a control group of patients from the same hospital were asked about the people they had close social contact with before their illness, and about their use of drugs and chemicals. 18 (40%) leukaemia and 6 (13%) control patients had close social contact with hospital personnel or leukaemia patients. 8 (18%) leukaemia patients, but no control patients, had been in close contact with haemotological ward personnel. These differences were statistically significant. 9 (20%) leukaemia and 4 (9%) control patients lived in the same house as healthy persons working in a hospital. No conclusion could be drawn from differences between the two groups in their use of drugs, since the possibility that they were used to treat initial symptoms of leukaemia could not be excluded. Exposure to chemicals, including weed-killers and agricultural insecticides containing a benzene-ring known to be leukaemogenic, was about the same in the two groups.", "PMID": 75393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5771", "title": "Hycanthone dose-response in Schistosoma mansoni infection in Kenya.", "content": "The recommended doses of the drugs now used to cure schistosomiasis mansoni may be associated with toxic side-effects. Since Schistosoma mansoni does not multiply in the human host and the disease seems to be closely associated with the intensity of infection, it may not be necessary to use 100% lethal antischistosomal doses, particularly in endemic areas. A dose-response to the antischistosomal drug, hycanthone was established for three different doses in 169 patients with heavy S. mansoni infections in the Machakos district of Kenya. The highest dose used (1.5 mg/kg or half the recommended package-insert dose) resulted in a 96% decrease in egg output (equivalent ot death of the worms); 0.75 mg/kg in an 85% decrease; and 0.375 mg/kg in an 11% decrease one month after treatment. In contrast to the vomiting common with the package-insert dose (3.0 mg/kg), there were no side-effects with any of the lower doses.", "contents": "Hycanthone dose-response in Schistosoma mansoni infection in Kenya. The recommended doses of the drugs now used to cure schistosomiasis mansoni may be associated with toxic side-effects. Since Schistosoma mansoni does not multiply in the human host and the disease seems to be closely associated with the intensity of infection, it may not be necessary to use 100% lethal antischistosomal doses, particularly in endemic areas. A dose-response to the antischistosomal drug, hycanthone was established for three different doses in 169 patients with heavy S. mansoni infections in the Machakos district of Kenya. The highest dose used (1.5 mg/kg or half the recommended package-insert dose) resulted in a 96% decrease in egg output (equivalent ot death of the worms); 0.75 mg/kg in an 85% decrease; and 0.375 mg/kg in an 11% decrease one month after treatment. In contrast to the vomiting common with the package-insert dose (3.0 mg/kg), there were no side-effects with any of the lower doses.", "PMID": 75394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5772", "title": "Association between treatment-resistant kidney-allograft rejection and post-transplant appearance of antibodies to donor B-lymphocyte alloantigens.", "content": "In 18 kidney-allograft recipients the post-transplant appearance of antibodies to B-lymphocyte (DRw) alloantigens of the kidney donor was significantly associated with the rejection of the graft within 1 month of transplantation or the poor recovery of graft function, despite treatment for rejection. None of the 10 recipients whose grafts were accepted or whose renal function recovered well after treatment for rejection made antibodies to donor B-lymphocyte antigens after transplantation. DRw antigens are thus targets for the host's immune response to a graft and may be responsible for kidney rejection in patients who do not respond to rejection therapy.", "contents": "Association between treatment-resistant kidney-allograft rejection and post-transplant appearance of antibodies to donor B-lymphocyte alloantigens. In 18 kidney-allograft recipients the post-transplant appearance of antibodies to B-lymphocyte (DRw) alloantigens of the kidney donor was significantly associated with the rejection of the graft within 1 month of transplantation or the poor recovery of graft function, despite treatment for rejection. None of the 10 recipients whose grafts were accepted or whose renal function recovered well after treatment for rejection made antibodies to donor B-lymphocyte antigens after transplantation. DRw antigens are thus targets for the host's immune response to a graft and may be responsible for kidney rejection in patients who do not respond to rejection therapy.", "PMID": 75395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5773", "title": "Treatment of agoraphobia by subliminal and supraliminal exposure to phobic cine film.", "content": "Three groups of 5 chronically agoraphobic patients were treated by repeated exposure to cine film at weekly intervals for six weeks. A supraliminal group saw an agoraphobic film specially made for the study illustrating a range of phobic situations. A subliminal group viewed the same film at a level of illumination below the threshold of awareness. A control group saw a blank screen with no filmed material for the same length of time. The films were screened five times at each treatment and were alternated with neutral film shown under normal viewing conditions. Ratings of phobic and other symptoms were made by a separate assessor who was unaware of the patient's treatment. The supraliminal and subliminal groups improved significantly more than the control group with regard to phobic fears, avoidance, and overall assessment.", "contents": "Treatment of agoraphobia by subliminal and supraliminal exposure to phobic cine film. Three groups of 5 chronically agoraphobic patients were treated by repeated exposure to cine film at weekly intervals for six weeks. A supraliminal group saw an agoraphobic film specially made for the study illustrating a range of phobic situations. A subliminal group viewed the same film at a level of illumination below the threshold of awareness. A control group saw a blank screen with no filmed material for the same length of time. The films were screened five times at each treatment and were alternated with neutral film shown under normal viewing conditions. Ratings of phobic and other symptoms were made by a separate assessor who was unaware of the patient's treatment. The supraliminal and subliminal groups improved significantly more than the control group with regard to phobic fears, avoidance, and overall assessment.", "PMID": 75397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5774", "title": "Occlusion, carbon dioxide, and fungal skin infections.", "content": "Occlusion of the skin renders it susceptible to acute fungal skin infections (dermatophytosis and candidiasis). Occlusion also raised carbon-dioxide (CO2) tensions at the skin's surface. Comparable CO2 tnesions have a pronounced effect on the morphology and metabolism of dermatophytes in vitro. It is postulated that dermatophyte conida and hyphae produce infective units under conditions of raised CO2 tensions, and that occlusion of the skin produces the concentrations of CO2 required for the conversion. Fungal skin infections might be prevented or controlled by interference with the action of CO2 or by prevention of its accumulation under wet, occlusive clothing.", "contents": "Occlusion, carbon dioxide, and fungal skin infections. Occlusion of the skin renders it susceptible to acute fungal skin infections (dermatophytosis and candidiasis). Occlusion also raised carbon-dioxide (CO2) tensions at the skin's surface. Comparable CO2 tnesions have a pronounced effect on the morphology and metabolism of dermatophytes in vitro. It is postulated that dermatophyte conida and hyphae produce infective units under conditions of raised CO2 tensions, and that occlusion of the skin produces the concentrations of CO2 required for the conversion. Fungal skin infections might be prevented or controlled by interference with the action of CO2 or by prevention of its accumulation under wet, occlusive clothing.", "PMID": 75398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5775", "title": "A double-blind controlled crossover trial of an antigen-avoidance diet in atopic eczema.", "content": "20 out of 36 children (aged two to eight years) with atopic eczema completed a twelve-week, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of an egg and cows' milk exclusion diet. During the first and third four-week periods, patients on an egg and cows' milk exclusion diet received a soya-based milk substitute (trial period) or an egg and cows' milk preparation (control period). Response was assessed in terms of eczema activity, number of areas affected, pruritus, sleeplessness, and antihistamine usage while on the two diets. During the middle period patients resumed their normal diet to minimise any carry-over effect. 14 patients responded more favourably to the antigen-avoidance diet than to the control diet, whereas only 1 responded more favourably to the control diet than the trial diet. Patients experienced more benefit during the first diet period than the second, whatever the nature of the diet. There was no correlation between a positive prick test to egg and cows' milk antigen and response to the trial diet.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled crossover trial of an antigen-avoidance diet in atopic eczema. 20 out of 36 children (aged two to eight years) with atopic eczema completed a twelve-week, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of an egg and cows' milk exclusion diet. During the first and third four-week periods, patients on an egg and cows' milk exclusion diet received a soya-based milk substitute (trial period) or an egg and cows' milk preparation (control period). Response was assessed in terms of eczema activity, number of areas affected, pruritus, sleeplessness, and antihistamine usage while on the two diets. During the middle period patients resumed their normal diet to minimise any carry-over effect. 14 patients responded more favourably to the antigen-avoidance diet than to the control diet, whereas only 1 responded more favourably to the control diet than the trial diet. Patients experienced more benefit during the first diet period than the second, whatever the nature of the diet. There was no correlation between a positive prick test to egg and cows' milk antigen and response to the trial diet.", "PMID": 75438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5776", "title": "Maintenance treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer by cimetidine.", "content": "68 patients with chronic peptic ulcer took part in a double-blind trial in which 32 received the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, (400 mg twice daily) and 36 received a placebo, for a year. 6 of those on cimetidine had an endoscopically proven recurrent ulcer within a mean of 7 months, while 30 of those on placebo had one after a mean of 4 months (P less than 0.0005). 1 patient on cimetidine had two recurrences compared with 12 patients on placebo (P less than 0.0005). No patient in the cimetidine group had complications compared to 4 patients in the placebo group, 2 of whom had melaena and haematemesis and 2 melaena alone (P less than 0.05). 15 patients on placebo and 1 on cimetidine were referred for surgery during the trial because of symptoms from their recurrent ulcers. Day and night ulcer pain and antacid consumption were significantly less, and general wellbeing better, in cimetidine group. The only probable side-effect of cimetidine was reversible drug-induced liver damage of hypersensitivity type in 1 patient.", "contents": "Maintenance treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer by cimetidine. 68 patients with chronic peptic ulcer took part in a double-blind trial in which 32 received the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, (400 mg twice daily) and 36 received a placebo, for a year. 6 of those on cimetidine had an endoscopically proven recurrent ulcer within a mean of 7 months, while 30 of those on placebo had one after a mean of 4 months (P less than 0.0005). 1 patient on cimetidine had two recurrences compared with 12 patients on placebo (P less than 0.0005). No patient in the cimetidine group had complications compared to 4 patients in the placebo group, 2 of whom had melaena and haematemesis and 2 melaena alone (P less than 0.05). 15 patients on placebo and 1 on cimetidine were referred for surgery during the trial because of symptoms from their recurrent ulcers. Day and night ulcer pain and antacid consumption were significantly less, and general wellbeing better, in cimetidine group. The only probable side-effect of cimetidine was reversible drug-induced liver damage of hypersensitivity type in 1 patient.", "PMID": 75439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5777", "title": "Beta-blockade and blood-levels after low-dose oral propranolol: The hepatic \"first-pass\" threshold revisited.", "content": "Heart-rate, arterial pressure, and plasmarenin activity were determined in six normal subjects at rest and after an injection of 8 microgram isoprenaline with and without prior propranolol administered orally in a dose of 5 mg 8-hourly for a total of five doses. After propranolol, resting heart-rate, systolic pressure, and plasma-renin activity all fell significantly (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001). When the isoprenaline-induced changes of heart-rate, diastolic pressure, and plasma renin activity without propranolol were compared to those with propranolol, these responses were greatly diminished (P less than 0.01 to less than 0.001). The percent blockade by propranolol of the isoprenaline-induced changes ranged from 65% for diastolic pressure to 77% for heart rate and 78% for plasma-renin activity. Propranolol levels determined by conventional fluorometry were below accurate detection limits, whereas those determined by gas-liquid chromatography ranged from 2.3 to 8.5 ng/ml. These findings, which demonstrate beta-blockade with low-dose propranolol, are not consistent with the existence of a postulated threshold for the hepatic \"first-pass effect\" in man, which is said to require saturation by single doses of 30 mg or more before propranolol enters the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Beta-blockade and blood-levels after low-dose oral propranolol: The hepatic \"first-pass\" threshold revisited. Heart-rate, arterial pressure, and plasmarenin activity were determined in six normal subjects at rest and after an injection of 8 microgram isoprenaline with and without prior propranolol administered orally in a dose of 5 mg 8-hourly for a total of five doses. After propranolol, resting heart-rate, systolic pressure, and plasma-renin activity all fell significantly (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001). When the isoprenaline-induced changes of heart-rate, diastolic pressure, and plasma renin activity without propranolol were compared to those with propranolol, these responses were greatly diminished (P less than 0.01 to less than 0.001). The percent blockade by propranolol of the isoprenaline-induced changes ranged from 65% for diastolic pressure to 77% for heart rate and 78% for plasma-renin activity. Propranolol levels determined by conventional fluorometry were below accurate detection limits, whereas those determined by gas-liquid chromatography ranged from 2.3 to 8.5 ng/ml. These findings, which demonstrate beta-blockade with low-dose propranolol, are not consistent with the existence of a postulated threshold for the hepatic \"first-pass effect\" in man, which is said to require saturation by single doses of 30 mg or more before propranolol enters the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 75440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5778", "title": "Legionnaires' disease in renal-transplant recipients.", "content": "Legionnaires' disease is reported in five renal-transplant recipients. All had febrile respiratory illnesses with pulmonary infiltrates and one died. The diagnosis was made on clinical features and by indirect fluorescent antibody titres. Symptoms started after maximum immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease in renal-transplant recipients. Legionnaires' disease is reported in five renal-transplant recipients. All had febrile respiratory illnesses with pulmonary infiltrates and one died. The diagnosis was made on clinical features and by indirect fluorescent antibody titres. Symptoms started after maximum immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 75441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5779", "title": "Pulmonary oedema after radiological investigation of peripheral occlusive vascular disease. Adverse reaction to contrast media.", "content": "5 patients developed pulmonary oedema after retrograde femoral arteriography under general anesthesia. Because of the haemodynamic changes associated with radiographic contrast media, a good preoperative cardiological assessment is essential. The volume and nature of the contrast media injected and any other fluid administered should be carefully monitored. There is no apparent safe maximum dose of radiographic contrast media, but this work suggests that for 'Conray 420' (sodium iothalamate 70% w/v) a total dose should be less than 200 ml in a fit patient. The dose should be substantially smaller in patients with a history of evidence of myocardial infarction, myocardial insufficiency, myocardial ischaemia, or hypertension.", "contents": "Pulmonary oedema after radiological investigation of peripheral occlusive vascular disease. Adverse reaction to contrast media. 5 patients developed pulmonary oedema after retrograde femoral arteriography under general anesthesia. Because of the haemodynamic changes associated with radiographic contrast media, a good preoperative cardiological assessment is essential. The volume and nature of the contrast media injected and any other fluid administered should be carefully monitored. There is no apparent safe maximum dose of radiographic contrast media, but this work suggests that for 'Conray 420' (sodium iothalamate 70% w/v) a total dose should be less than 200 ml in a fit patient. The dose should be substantially smaller in patients with a history of evidence of myocardial infarction, myocardial insufficiency, myocardial ischaemia, or hypertension.", "PMID": 75442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5780", "title": "Sex of first child as a prognostic factor in breast cancer.", "content": "The sex of the first child of patients who underwent mastectomy for potentially curable breast cancer appeared to be a valuable prognostic factor: patients whose first child was a boy had a better outcome than those whose first child was a girl. The difference was statistically significant. This may have been because the male/female sex ratio among first children was significantly higher in those patients without node involvement than in those with node involvement. But the favourable effect of a male first birth was still seen when only patients with an equal degree of node involvement (greater than or equal to 4 nodes) were studied. The \"protection\" resulting from a male first-born could be the result of fetal testicular secretions. This protection did not apply to the risk of breast cancer--the male/female sex ratio of first children in our series was 1.08, a figure not statistically different from that of the overall French population (1.05).", "contents": "Sex of first child as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. The sex of the first child of patients who underwent mastectomy for potentially curable breast cancer appeared to be a valuable prognostic factor: patients whose first child was a boy had a better outcome than those whose first child was a girl. The difference was statistically significant. This may have been because the male/female sex ratio among first children was significantly higher in those patients without node involvement than in those with node involvement. But the favourable effect of a male first birth was still seen when only patients with an equal degree of node involvement (greater than or equal to 4 nodes) were studied. The \"protection\" resulting from a male first-born could be the result of fetal testicular secretions. This protection did not apply to the risk of breast cancer--the male/female sex ratio of first children in our series was 1.08, a figure not statistically different from that of the overall French population (1.05).", "PMID": 75443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5781", "title": "Plasmapheresis in Raynaud's disease.", "content": "Understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment of Raynaud's disease is confused and unsatisfactory, and no success in treatment can be promised. Five patients with severe Raynaud's disease, who had not responded to other forms of treatment, were treated by plasmapheresis, which produced a striking improvement. Ultrasonic velocimetry showed that segments of digital arteries which had been thought to be permanently occluded became patent and remained patent after plasmapheresis.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in Raynaud's disease. Understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment of Raynaud's disease is confused and unsatisfactory, and no success in treatment can be promised. Five patients with severe Raynaud's disease, who had not responded to other forms of treatment, were treated by plasmapheresis, which produced a striking improvement. Ultrasonic velocimetry showed that segments of digital arteries which had been thought to be permanently occluded became patent and remained patent after plasmapheresis.", "PMID": 75444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5782", "title": "Disequilibrium in control of proteolysis as a cause of pre-eclampsia.", "content": "The interrelated systems which control proteolysis may go into disequilibrium during pregnancy so that a renin-like enzyme in the plasma produces effects such as the early clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia; the overactivity of the reninlike enzyme may in turn lead to undue activity of other physiological systems including those of the coagulation and complement systems.", "contents": "Disequilibrium in control of proteolysis as a cause of pre-eclampsia. The interrelated systems which control proteolysis may go into disequilibrium during pregnancy so that a renin-like enzyme in the plasma produces effects such as the early clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia; the overactivity of the reninlike enzyme may in turn lead to undue activity of other physiological systems including those of the coagulation and complement systems.", "PMID": 75445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5783", "title": "\"Food allergy\": Fact or Fiction?", "content": "Six patients with longstanding physical and mental symptoms who had not been helped by many years of conventional medical investigation and treatment experienced immediate relief of symptoms when they avoided certain foodstuffs. This clinical study supports the view that some foods may cause widespread and disabling symptoms in people who are sensitive to them.", "contents": "\"Food allergy\": Fact or Fiction? Six patients with longstanding physical and mental symptoms who had not been helped by many years of conventional medical investigation and treatment experienced immediate relief of symptoms when they avoided certain foodstuffs. This clinical study supports the view that some foods may cause widespread and disabling symptoms in people who are sensitive to them.", "PMID": 75452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5784", "title": "Susceptibility to diphtheria.", "content": "Schick tests and antitoxin titrations have been carried out to investigate what percentage of individuals in each of 9 small groups were susceptible to diphtheria. Overall, 33% were susceptible: 26% among those below and 44% among those above 35 years of age. These results suggest that about 35% of the population of the United Kingdom are susceptible to diphtheria.", "contents": "Susceptibility to diphtheria. Schick tests and antitoxin titrations have been carried out to investigate what percentage of individuals in each of 9 small groups were susceptible to diphtheria. Overall, 33% were susceptible: 26% among those below and 44% among those above 35 years of age. These results suggest that about 35% of the population of the United Kingdom are susceptible to diphtheria.", "PMID": 75453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5785", "title": "Respiratory hazards from papain.", "content": "Late-onset asthma occurred in a non-atopic worker in a factory where papain powder was packed. The patient had had 3 attacks of asthma since first being exposed to atmospheric papain dust. He gave a positive immediate reaction to skin-prick tests with solutions of papain which were appreciably weaker than solutions which caused no reaction in unexposed individuals. These results, together with his history and the fact that symptoms stopped when he was not exposed to papain, suggest that he had extrinsic allergic asthma caused by sensitisation to papain. Shortly after re-exposure to papain a worker in another factory died during an attack of asthma. Measures to prevent the inhalation of papain dust must be taken in factories where papain is handled, not only to avoid the proteolytic effects of the material but also to prevent workers from becoming sensitised.", "contents": "Respiratory hazards from papain. Late-onset asthma occurred in a non-atopic worker in a factory where papain powder was packed. The patient had had 3 attacks of asthma since first being exposed to atmospheric papain dust. He gave a positive immediate reaction to skin-prick tests with solutions of papain which were appreciably weaker than solutions which caused no reaction in unexposed individuals. These results, together with his history and the fact that symptoms stopped when he was not exposed to papain, suggest that he had extrinsic allergic asthma caused by sensitisation to papain. Shortly after re-exposure to papain a worker in another factory died during an attack of asthma. Measures to prevent the inhalation of papain dust must be taken in factories where papain is handled, not only to avoid the proteolytic effects of the material but also to prevent workers from becoming sensitised.", "PMID": 75454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5786", "title": "Failure of the reaction of beta2-microglobulin with staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "Because beta2-microglobulin is structurally similar to IgG, the reaction of beta2-microglobulin with Staphylococcal Protein A, which is known to react with the Fc region of IgG, was examined. 125I-beta2-microglobulin did not bind to Protein A. This may due to the difference in the amino acid sequence between beta2-microglobulin and the Fc region of IgG.", "contents": "Failure of the reaction of beta2-microglobulin with staphylococcal protein A. Because beta2-microglobulin is structurally similar to IgG, the reaction of beta2-microglobulin with Staphylococcal Protein A, which is known to react with the Fc region of IgG, was examined. 125I-beta2-microglobulin did not bind to Protein A. This may due to the difference in the amino acid sequence between beta2-microglobulin and the Fc region of IgG.", "PMID": 75495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5787", "title": "Phase II study of subcutaneously administered 5-azacytidine (NSC-102816) in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.", "content": "Thirty (30) patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma refractory to DTIC (NSC-45388) and a nitrosourea were treated with 5-azacytidine (NSC-102816). 5-Azacytidine was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 100 mg/m2/day for 10 days. Twenty-six (26) patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Major organ toxicities were hematologic, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous; no antitumor activity was noted.", "contents": "Phase II study of subcutaneously administered 5-azacytidine (NSC-102816) in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Thirty (30) patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma refractory to DTIC (NSC-45388) and a nitrosourea were treated with 5-azacytidine (NSC-102816). 5-Azacytidine was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 100 mg/m2/day for 10 days. Twenty-six (26) patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Major organ toxicities were hematologic, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous; no antitumor activity was noted.", "PMID": 75498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5788", "title": "Cytogenetic and other effects of the chemosterilants tepa, metepa, apholate an hempa in insects (a review).", "content": "A review of the literature revealed that the chemosterilants tepa (tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide), metepa (tris(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl) phosphineoxide), apholate (2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis(1-aziridinyl)-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexahydro-1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine), and hempa (hexamethylmelamine) affected both reproductive and somatic tissues in over 65 species of insects. The effects were cytological, physiological, and genetic and varied from slight to severe. In some cases the deleterious effects may have been species-specific, but in general, they appeared to be dose-dependent. More than 150 publications are cited.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and other effects of the chemosterilants tepa, metepa, apholate an hempa in insects (a review). A review of the literature revealed that the chemosterilants tepa (tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide), metepa (tris(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl) phosphineoxide), apholate (2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis(1-aziridinyl)-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexahydro-1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine), and hempa (hexamethylmelamine) affected both reproductive and somatic tissues in over 65 species of insects. The effects were cytological, physiological, and genetic and varied from slight to severe. In some cases the deleterious effects may have been species-specific, but in general, they appeared to be dose-dependent. More than 150 publications are cited.", "PMID": 75501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5789", "title": "The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin (BLM) in human lymphocytes was studied after exposure to different doses during the G0 and G2 phases. BLM produced a marked specific effect on the cell cycle. The main aberration types after exposure in tg0 were dicentrics and deletions; and after exposure in G2, open chromatid breaks. A linear dose--response was calculated for all these aberration types as well as for the number of aberrant cells. In the G2 experiments, partially and totally pulverized cells also increased linearly with dose. The intercellular distributions of the most frequent aberration types after exposure in G0 and G2--the dicentrics and chromatid breaks, respectively--showed over-dispersion. These results show that the cytogenetic effect of BLM may be compared with that of densely ionizing irradiation. Preliminary results of chromosome analysis of three cancer patients in the course of BLM therapy showed effects similar to those in the G0 experiments.", "contents": "The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin (BLM) in human lymphocytes was studied after exposure to different doses during the G0 and G2 phases. BLM produced a marked specific effect on the cell cycle. The main aberration types after exposure in tg0 were dicentrics and deletions; and after exposure in G2, open chromatid breaks. A linear dose--response was calculated for all these aberration types as well as for the number of aberrant cells. In the G2 experiments, partially and totally pulverized cells also increased linearly with dose. The intercellular distributions of the most frequent aberration types after exposure in G0 and G2--the dicentrics and chromatid breaks, respectively--showed over-dispersion. These results show that the cytogenetic effect of BLM may be compared with that of densely ionizing irradiation. Preliminary results of chromosome analysis of three cancer patients in the course of BLM therapy showed effects similar to those in the G0 experiments.", "PMID": 75502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5790", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of azurophilic and specific granule markers in the giant granules of Chediak-Higashi neutrophils.", "content": "We used immunofluorescent microscopy to characterize the abnormal granules in neutrophils from five patients with Chediak-Higashi disease. Monospecific antiserums to the azurophilic markers myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin G and lysozyme, and to the specific granule markers lactoferrin and lysozyme, were labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine and were used to demonstrate two antigens in the same cell simultaneously. The abnormal granules in Chediak-Higashi neutrophils contained both azurophilic and specific granule markers. Normal-appearing lactoferrin-positive granules were also present, but normal azurophilic granules were not seen. Analysis of bone-marrow samples from two of these patients suggested that the abnormal granules were formed during granulocyte maturation by the progressive aggregation and fusion of normally formed azurophilic and specific granules. These results are consistent with a membrane abnormality or a defect of microtubular function leading to inappropriate granule fusion, and suggest that the granular abnormality is more generalized than previously appreciated.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of azurophilic and specific granule markers in the giant granules of Chediak-Higashi neutrophils. We used immunofluorescent microscopy to characterize the abnormal granules in neutrophils from five patients with Chediak-Higashi disease. Monospecific antiserums to the azurophilic markers myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin G and lysozyme, and to the specific granule markers lactoferrin and lysozyme, were labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine and were used to demonstrate two antigens in the same cell simultaneously. The abnormal granules in Chediak-Higashi neutrophils contained both azurophilic and specific granule markers. Normal-appearing lactoferrin-positive granules were also present, but normal azurophilic granules were not seen. Analysis of bone-marrow samples from two of these patients suggested that the abnormal granules were formed during granulocyte maturation by the progressive aggregation and fusion of normally formed azurophilic and specific granules. These results are consistent with a membrane abnormality or a defect of microtubular function leading to inappropriate granule fusion, and suggest that the granular abnormality is more generalized than previously appreciated.", "PMID": 75504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5791", "title": "[Unusual clinical aspects of hyperthyroidism. Apathic hyperthryroidism].", "content": "The principal data in the literature regarding apathic hyperthyroidism are summarised and commented on 3 personal cases are then reported. The nosography of these forms is discussed and emphasis laid on pathogenetic hypotheses and diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Diagnosis should be precise and early so as to prevent the extremely serious course which is a characteristic of this rare, but not exceptional variant of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Unusual clinical aspects of hyperthyroidism. Apathic hyperthryroidism]. The principal data in the literature regarding apathic hyperthyroidism are summarised and commented on 3 personal cases are then reported. The nosography of these forms is discussed and emphasis laid on pathogenetic hypotheses and diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Diagnosis should be precise and early so as to prevent the extremely serious course which is a characteristic of this rare, but not exceptional variant of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 75526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5792", "title": "Antibodies to bacterial L-asparaginases.", "content": "Complement fixation has been shown to occur when asparaginase reacts with specific antibody. This is as a result of an antigenic determinant common to the four bacterial asparaginases. Patients on asparaginase therapy may produce antibodies and these could be demonstrated by complement fixation.", "contents": "Antibodies to bacterial L-asparaginases. Complement fixation has been shown to occur when asparaginase reacts with specific antibody. This is as a result of an antigenic determinant common to the four bacterial asparaginases. Patients on asparaginase therapy may produce antibodies and these could be demonstrated by complement fixation.", "PMID": 75527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5793", "title": "Amniography in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "Amniography for the visualization and confirmation of suspected neural tube defect was performed in 9 midtrimester gravidas. In all cases, amniotic fluid alpha-feto protein (AFP) was abnormally elevated. Four cases of anencephaly and one of spina bifida were demonstrated by amniography. These pregnancies were terminated and the defects were confirmed by gross pathologic examination. In 4 remaining cases, amniography was normal. Three of these pregnancies proceeded to term, culminating in the birth of a normal child. The fourth patient had spontaneous abortion of a normal fetus at 23 weeks of gestation. The experience reported here suggests that amniography is an important adjunctive diagnostic technique in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defect, and if used correctly, may significantly reduce the chance of false-positive diagnosis.", "contents": "Amniography in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Amniography for the visualization and confirmation of suspected neural tube defect was performed in 9 midtrimester gravidas. In all cases, amniotic fluid alpha-feto protein (AFP) was abnormally elevated. Four cases of anencephaly and one of spina bifida were demonstrated by amniography. These pregnancies were terminated and the defects were confirmed by gross pathologic examination. In 4 remaining cases, amniography was normal. Three of these pregnancies proceeded to term, culminating in the birth of a normal child. The fourth patient had spontaneous abortion of a normal fetus at 23 weeks of gestation. The experience reported here suggests that amniography is an important adjunctive diagnostic technique in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defect, and if used correctly, may significantly reduce the chance of false-positive diagnosis.", "PMID": 75528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5794", "title": "Physiologic jaundice of the newborn. Relation to maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein determinations were made at or near term. There appears to be a correlation between elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein and physiologic jaundice of the newborn. It is suggested that this assay might be used as an index of fetal liver maturity when considering elective cesarean section or induction.", "contents": "Physiologic jaundice of the newborn. Relation to maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein determinations were made at or near term. There appears to be a correlation between elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein and physiologic jaundice of the newborn. It is suggested that this assay might be used as an index of fetal liver maturity when considering elective cesarean section or induction.", "PMID": 75529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5795", "title": "Comparison and evaluation of fluorescent antibody techniques in the detection of herpes simplex virus in oral infection.", "content": "This article deals with the reliability and applicability of fluoroscopy in the diagnosis of herpetic lesions of the oral cavity. The reported results are based on a clinical experiment performed on fifty-two lesions suspected to be of herpetic origin. Three different methods were compared for detection of the possible presence of the virus--cytologic, virologic, and immunofluorescent. The greater reliability and speed of the last technique are demonstrated by our findings. Such features acquire special importance in the differential diagnosis of a number of diseases.", "contents": "Comparison and evaluation of fluorescent antibody techniques in the detection of herpes simplex virus in oral infection. This article deals with the reliability and applicability of fluoroscopy in the diagnosis of herpetic lesions of the oral cavity. The reported results are based on a clinical experiment performed on fifty-two lesions suspected to be of herpetic origin. Three different methods were compared for detection of the possible presence of the virus--cytologic, virologic, and immunofluorescent. The greater reliability and speed of the last technique are demonstrated by our findings. Such features acquire special importance in the differential diagnosis of a number of diseases.", "PMID": 75530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5796", "title": "Brief screening for developmentally delayed preschoolers.", "content": "23 preschool boys and girls with developmental delays were administered the Peabody-A, Riley Design, McCarthy Designs, and the Riley human figure. Correlations among scores ranged from .58 to .80 suggesting preliminary screening might be undertaken by a qualified teacher though this sample was very small and special.", "contents": "Brief screening for developmentally delayed preschoolers. 23 preschool boys and girls with developmental delays were administered the Peabody-A, Riley Design, McCarthy Designs, and the Riley human figure. Correlations among scores ranged from .58 to .80 suggesting preliminary screening might be undertaken by a qualified teacher though this sample was very small and special.", "PMID": 75533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5797", "title": "Selection of patients for coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "We have tried to present a rational approach to selection of patients for coronary bypass surgery. An evaluation of both the anatomic and the clinical status of a patient in whom coronary arteriography has been performed, along with consideration of known results of medical and surgical forms of treatment of coronary artery disease in large series, determines which therapy is preferable. In all instances, the goal of treatment is threefold: relief of pain, preservation of myocardium and prolongation of life. In properly selected patients, pain can be relieved by surgery 90% of the time. Preservation of myocardium is a reality in some groups of patients treated surgically. Current data indicate that prolongation of life by coronary bypass surgery occurs in patients with left main coronary or triple-vessel disease, and as more data are collected, other subgroups may be included.", "contents": "Selection of patients for coronary bypass surgery. We have tried to present a rational approach to selection of patients for coronary bypass surgery. An evaluation of both the anatomic and the clinical status of a patient in whom coronary arteriography has been performed, along with consideration of known results of medical and surgical forms of treatment of coronary artery disease in large series, determines which therapy is preferable. In all instances, the goal of treatment is threefold: relief of pain, preservation of myocardium and prolongation of life. In properly selected patients, pain can be relieved by surgery 90% of the time. Preservation of myocardium is a reality in some groups of patients treated surgically. Current data indicate that prolongation of life by coronary bypass surgery occurs in patients with left main coronary or triple-vessel disease, and as more data are collected, other subgroups may be included.", "PMID": 75538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5798", "title": "Radiotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Treatment of carcinoma of the lung to cure or even to prolong survival time to a satisfactory degree is not yet a reality. For squamous cell carcinoma confined to the lung, radical surgery offers the best possibility of cure. When surgery is not feasible in such a case for other than technical reasons (eg, poor general condition of the patient), radical (megavoltage) radiotherapy offers a good possibility of cure. For anaplastic or oat cell carcinoma confined to the lung, cure by surgery or radiotherapy is less likely and there is little advantage of one or the other of these modalities. Once metastasis has occurred, surgery is largely precluded and radiotherapy becomes a measure of last resort that offers a good possibility of relief of distressing symptoms and some hope of prolonging worthwhile life.", "contents": "Radiotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Treatment of carcinoma of the lung to cure or even to prolong survival time to a satisfactory degree is not yet a reality. For squamous cell carcinoma confined to the lung, radical surgery offers the best possibility of cure. When surgery is not feasible in such a case for other than technical reasons (eg, poor general condition of the patient), radical (megavoltage) radiotherapy offers a good possibility of cure. For anaplastic or oat cell carcinoma confined to the lung, cure by surgery or radiotherapy is less likely and there is little advantage of one or the other of these modalities. Once metastasis has occurred, surgery is largely precluded and radiotherapy becomes a measure of last resort that offers a good possibility of relief of distressing symptoms and some hope of prolonging worthwhile life.", "PMID": 75539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5799", "title": "Chemotherapy for lung cancer.", "content": "Oat cell carcinoma is the one variety of primary lung cancer which is sufficiently responsive to a variety of drugs and drug combinations that a very high rate of response and significant prolongation of survival can be consistently achieved. The question of whether anyone has been \"cured\" by drug treatment awaits more study and the passage of time. Progress in the treatment of the other varieties of bronchogenic carcinoma is less encouraging. There is only the hope that more fundamental knowledge about the nature of the disease will bring greater progress.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for lung cancer. Oat cell carcinoma is the one variety of primary lung cancer which is sufficiently responsive to a variety of drugs and drug combinations that a very high rate of response and significant prolongation of survival can be consistently achieved. The question of whether anyone has been \"cured\" by drug treatment awaits more study and the passage of time. Progress in the treatment of the other varieties of bronchogenic carcinoma is less encouraging. There is only the hope that more fundamental knowledge about the nature of the disease will bring greater progress.", "PMID": 75540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5800", "title": "Whipple's disease in a female with impaired cell-mediated immunity unresponsive to co-trimoxazole and levamisole therapy.", "content": "A case of Whipple's disease in a female is described. Malabsorption of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and fat was present. These abnormalities reverted to normal after introduction of co-trimoxazole therapy. The patient's humoral immune system was normal, in contrast to impairment of cell-mediated immunity, which has not improved in spite of co-trimoxazole treatment for 2 years, and a therapeutic trial of levamisole. These findings are further evidence that there may be a primary immune deficiency in patients with Whipple's disease.", "contents": "Whipple's disease in a female with impaired cell-mediated immunity unresponsive to co-trimoxazole and levamisole therapy. A case of Whipple's disease in a female is described. Malabsorption of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and fat was present. These abnormalities reverted to normal after introduction of co-trimoxazole therapy. The patient's humoral immune system was normal, in contrast to impairment of cell-mediated immunity, which has not improved in spite of co-trimoxazole treatment for 2 years, and a therapeutic trial of levamisole. These findings are further evidence that there may be a primary immune deficiency in patients with Whipple's disease.", "PMID": 75542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5801", "title": "Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide.", "content": "The tridecamer d(A-A-T-G-G-T-A-A-A-A-T-G-G), which is complementary to 13 nucleotides of the 3'- and 5'-reiterated terminal sequences of Rous sarcoma virus 35S RNA, was added to chick embryo fibroblast tissue cultures infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Inhibition of virus production resulted. The inference emerges that the tridecamer and its counterpart with blocked 3'- and 5'-hydroxyl termini enter the chick fibroblast cells, hybridize with the terminal reiterated sequences at the 3' and 5' ends of the 35S RNA, and interfere with one or more steps involved in viral production and cell transformation. Likely sites of action are (i) the circularization step of the proviral DNA intermediate, and (ii) the initiation of translation, the latter being described in the following communication [Stephenson, M. L. & Zamecnik, P. C. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 285--288].", "contents": "Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide. The tridecamer d(A-A-T-G-G-T-A-A-A-A-T-G-G), which is complementary to 13 nucleotides of the 3'- and 5'-reiterated terminal sequences of Rous sarcoma virus 35S RNA, was added to chick embryo fibroblast tissue cultures infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Inhibition of virus production resulted. The inference emerges that the tridecamer and its counterpart with blocked 3'- and 5'-hydroxyl termini enter the chick fibroblast cells, hybridize with the terminal reiterated sequences at the 3' and 5' ends of the 35S RNA, and interfere with one or more steps involved in viral production and cell transformation. Likely sites of action are (i) the circularization step of the proviral DNA intermediate, and (ii) the initiation of translation, the latter being described in the following communication [Stephenson, M. L. & Zamecnik, P. C. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 285--288].", "PMID": 75545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5802", "title": "Inhibition of Rous sarcoma viral RNA translation by a specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide.", "content": "A tridecamer oligodeoxynucleotide, d(A-A-T-G-G-T-A-A-A-A-T-G-G), which is complementary to reiterated 3'- and 5'-terminal nucleotides of Rous sarcoma virus 35S RNA, is an efficient inhibitor of the translation of proteins specified by the viral RNA in the wheat embryo cell-free system. The inhibition specificity for oncornavirus RNA is greater than for rabbit reticulocyte mRNA or brome mosaic virus RNA. Other oligodeoxynucleotides of similar size have little or no specific effect on the RNA-directed translation. The tridecamer acts as a primer for the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase when Rous sarcoma virus heated 70S RNA is used as a template, offering evidence that it can hybridize to the RNA. The possible use of such an oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization competitor to inhibit Rous sarcoma virus replication is described in the preceding paper [Zamecnik, P. C. & Stephenson, M. L. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75, 280--284].", "contents": "Inhibition of Rous sarcoma viral RNA translation by a specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide. A tridecamer oligodeoxynucleotide, d(A-A-T-G-G-T-A-A-A-A-T-G-G), which is complementary to reiterated 3'- and 5'-terminal nucleotides of Rous sarcoma virus 35S RNA, is an efficient inhibitor of the translation of proteins specified by the viral RNA in the wheat embryo cell-free system. The inhibition specificity for oncornavirus RNA is greater than for rabbit reticulocyte mRNA or brome mosaic virus RNA. Other oligodeoxynucleotides of similar size have little or no specific effect on the RNA-directed translation. The tridecamer acts as a primer for the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase when Rous sarcoma virus heated 70S RNA is used as a template, offering evidence that it can hybridize to the RNA. The possible use of such an oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization competitor to inhibit Rous sarcoma virus replication is described in the preceding paper [Zamecnik, P. C. & Stephenson, M. L. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75, 280--284].", "PMID": 75546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5803", "title": "Periodic loss of reactivity of a myeloma tumor with cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "During each transplantation passage of a line of mouse myeloma tumor MOPC-315 through syngeneic (BALB/c) hosts, the tumor cells lose reactivity with cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes directed against products of the BALB/c major histocompatibility complex (H-2d) and regain reactivity on transfer to fresh hosts. In contrast to this cyclical change, the tumor cells remain uniformly reactive with anti-H-2d alloantisera throughout the transplantation cycle.", "contents": "Periodic loss of reactivity of a myeloma tumor with cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes. During each transplantation passage of a line of mouse myeloma tumor MOPC-315 through syngeneic (BALB/c) hosts, the tumor cells lose reactivity with cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes directed against products of the BALB/c major histocompatibility complex (H-2d) and regain reactivity on transfer to fresh hosts. In contrast to this cyclical change, the tumor cells remain uniformly reactive with anti-H-2d alloantisera throughout the transplantation cycle.", "PMID": 75547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5804", "title": "Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system.", "content": "We analyzed the subcellular distributions of proteins that are transported down the axons of rabbit retinal ganglion cells and compared these distributions to those of enzyme markers for endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. The proteins of each of five previously identified transport groups were uniquely distributed through the subcellular fractions, suggesting that each transport group is associated with different subcellular organelles. In particular, all of the observed group I polypeptides (the most rapidly moving, group, maximum velocity greater than 240 mm/day) were associated with material of hydrodynamic properties similar to those of the plasma membrane. The proteins of group II (maximum velocity = 34--68 mm/day) were heterogenous in their subcellular distributions but included mitochondrial proteins. Groups III and IV (maximum velocity = 4--8 and 2--4 mm/day, respectively) included materials that may be involved in motile processes; group V (maximum velocity = 0.7--1.1 mm/day) contained material of very high density which may be associated with neurofilaments.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system. We analyzed the subcellular distributions of proteins that are transported down the axons of rabbit retinal ganglion cells and compared these distributions to those of enzyme markers for endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. The proteins of each of five previously identified transport groups were uniquely distributed through the subcellular fractions, suggesting that each transport group is associated with different subcellular organelles. In particular, all of the observed group I polypeptides (the most rapidly moving, group, maximum velocity greater than 240 mm/day) were associated with material of hydrodynamic properties similar to those of the plasma membrane. The proteins of group II (maximum velocity = 34--68 mm/day) were heterogenous in their subcellular distributions but included mitochondrial proteins. Groups III and IV (maximum velocity = 4--8 and 2--4 mm/day, respectively) included materials that may be involved in motile processes; group V (maximum velocity = 0.7--1.1 mm/day) contained material of very high density which may be associated with neurofilaments.", "PMID": 75548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5805", "title": "Physicians' attitudes toward early intervention.", "content": "Fourteen pediatricians serving Boston neighborhood health centers and fourteen pediatric neurologists in the greater Boston area were interviewed in order to determine their attitudes toward early intervention for infants with developmental disorders. The two groups differed significantly over the potential of early treatment for promoting optimal motor, cognitive, and affective development in the disadvantaged infant. Both groups viewed prevention of musculoskeletal deformities as appropriate for physically handicapped children and supported early intervention for the parents. When referral for treatment was delayed or withheld, the prime reasons given were an expression of a maturationist viewpoint, a desire for a definitive diagnosis prior to initiating treatment, the assumption that an adequate family can function without professional involvement, and misinterpretation of professional roles.", "contents": "Physicians' attitudes toward early intervention. Fourteen pediatricians serving Boston neighborhood health centers and fourteen pediatric neurologists in the greater Boston area were interviewed in order to determine their attitudes toward early intervention for infants with developmental disorders. The two groups differed significantly over the potential of early treatment for promoting optimal motor, cognitive, and affective development in the disadvantaged infant. Both groups viewed prevention of musculoskeletal deformities as appropriate for physically handicapped children and supported early intervention for the parents. When referral for treatment was delayed or withheld, the prime reasons given were an expression of a maturationist viewpoint, a desire for a definitive diagnosis prior to initiating treatment, the assumption that an adequate family can function without professional involvement, and misinterpretation of professional roles.", "PMID": 75550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5806", "title": "Effect of heptabarbital on bioavailability of bishydroxycoumarin in the rat.", "content": "The influence of oral administration of heptabarbital on the gastrointestinal absorption of bishydroxycoumarin (BHC) was investigated in rats. Pretreatment of the animals with 20 mg/kg heptabarbital twice dialy for three days prior to the administration of 50 mg/kg BHC resulted in a 40% decrease from controls in the area under the BHC plasma concentration time curve (AUC). Preliminary studies indicated that a similar decrease in gastrointestinal absorption of BHC could be seen following a single oral dose of heptabarbital administered concomitantly with the anticoagulant.", "contents": "Effect of heptabarbital on bioavailability of bishydroxycoumarin in the rat. The influence of oral administration of heptabarbital on the gastrointestinal absorption of bishydroxycoumarin (BHC) was investigated in rats. Pretreatment of the animals with 20 mg/kg heptabarbital twice dialy for three days prior to the administration of 50 mg/kg BHC resulted in a 40% decrease from controls in the area under the BHC plasma concentration time curve (AUC). Preliminary studies indicated that a similar decrease in gastrointestinal absorption of BHC could be seen following a single oral dose of heptabarbital administered concomitantly with the anticoagulant.", "PMID": 75557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5807", "title": "Age-dependent presence of fetuin in bovine nasal secretion.", "content": "At least two age-dependent proteins were detected in nasal secretion (NS) of young calves by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. One of them was identified as fetuin. The other one was not identified. The concentration of fetuin in NS was found to increase in cases where a sample of NS had been obtained at birth and a second sample taken within 11 days. Thereafter a decrease was always found towards day 15 or 30.", "contents": "Age-dependent presence of fetuin in bovine nasal secretion. At least two age-dependent proteins were detected in nasal secretion (NS) of young calves by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. One of them was identified as fetuin. The other one was not identified. The concentration of fetuin in NS was found to increase in cases where a sample of NS had been obtained at birth and a second sample taken within 11 days. Thereafter a decrease was always found towards day 15 or 30.", "PMID": 75558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5808", "title": "[Palliative treatment of a series of 103 cases of paralysis from elongation of the brachial plexus. Spontaneous changes and results].", "content": "The authors have observed 103 cases of brachial plexus paralysis due to trauma. There were 65 total and 38 partial paralysis. The follow-up was for more than 5 years in half of the cases. Twenty-one of the 65 total paralysis showed no recovery. Total or partial recovery occurred in other cases. Recovery was more complete when it began earlier, within a few days or weeks, but, in a number of cases, isolated muscles such as biceps recovered after two, three or even four years. The authors analyse the results of peripheral surgery. Amputation did not improve patient function. Arthrodesis of the shoulder, tendon transfers for the restoration of finger extension and Stenidler procedures at the elbow gave good results. Tendon transfers at the shoulder (Clark procedure), operations for restoration of opposition of the thumb and transfers of triceps to biceps were beneficial. Poor results were obtained after arthrodesis of the wrist, complex tendon transfers in the hand and transfers of latissimus dorsi and teres major. A direct surgical approach to the lesion is indicated when there is no recovery after two months.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of a series of 103 cases of paralysis from elongation of the brachial plexus. Spontaneous changes and results]. The authors have observed 103 cases of brachial plexus paralysis due to trauma. There were 65 total and 38 partial paralysis. The follow-up was for more than 5 years in half of the cases. Twenty-one of the 65 total paralysis showed no recovery. Total or partial recovery occurred in other cases. Recovery was more complete when it began earlier, within a few days or weeks, but, in a number of cases, isolated muscles such as biceps recovered after two, three or even four years. The authors analyse the results of peripheral surgery. Amputation did not improve patient function. Arthrodesis of the shoulder, tendon transfers for the restoration of finger extension and Stenidler procedures at the elbow gave good results. Tendon transfers at the shoulder (Clark procedure), operations for restoration of opposition of the thumb and transfers of triceps to biceps were beneficial. Poor results were obtained after arthrodesis of the wrist, complex tendon transfers in the hand and transfers of latissimus dorsi and teres major. A direct surgical approach to the lesion is indicated when there is no recovery after two months.", "PMID": 75555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5809", "title": "Heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography of human post-heparin plasma. Characterization of the elution pattern with immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "content": "Immunochemical methods including fused rocket-, crossed-, and tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis, have been used to characterize the elution pattern from heparin-Sepharose affinity, chromatography of human post-heparin plasma. Hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) but not lipoprotein lipase (LPL) could be visualized with beta-naphthyl acetate after immunoelectrophoresis. Two proteins were found to elute together with the lipolytic enzymes. The amino acid composition of fractions containing these proteins was nearly identical to that of antithrombin III. These results indicate that the removal of antithrombin III is the major problem in the purification of H-TGL and LPL from human post-heparin plasma by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography of human post-heparin plasma. Characterization of the elution pattern with immunoelectrophoretic methods. Immunochemical methods including fused rocket-, crossed-, and tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis, have been used to characterize the elution pattern from heparin-Sepharose affinity, chromatography of human post-heparin plasma. Hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) but not lipoprotein lipase (LPL) could be visualized with beta-naphthyl acetate after immunoelectrophoresis. Two proteins were found to elute together with the lipolytic enzymes. The amino acid composition of fractions containing these proteins was nearly identical to that of antithrombin III. These results indicate that the removal of antithrombin III is the major problem in the purification of H-TGL and LPL from human post-heparin plasma by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 75564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5810", "title": "Three new cases of an inborn qualitative fibrinogen defect (fibrinogen Oslo II).", "content": "An autosomally inherited, qualitative fibrinogen defect is presented. It is associated with prolonged thrombin clotting time, low plasma fibrinogen when assayed by a fibrin polymerization test and large amounts of fibrinogen antigen determinants in the supernatant after clotting. The plasma fibrinogen level was normal when assayed by an immunological technique or by quantitation of insoluble fibrin under conditions in which fibrin polymerization in enhanced. As judged from N-terminal amino acid analyses, fibrinopeptides were split off at normal speed, and the subunit chains of the fibrinogen appeared normal when examined on polyacrylamide gels. The abnormality was not associated with bleeding tendency, and other routine coagulation tests gave normal results. The findings are in accordance with the concept of defective fibrin polymerization.", "contents": "Three new cases of an inborn qualitative fibrinogen defect (fibrinogen Oslo II). An autosomally inherited, qualitative fibrinogen defect is presented. It is associated with prolonged thrombin clotting time, low plasma fibrinogen when assayed by a fibrin polymerization test and large amounts of fibrinogen antigen determinants in the supernatant after clotting. The plasma fibrinogen level was normal when assayed by an immunological technique or by quantitation of insoluble fibrin under conditions in which fibrin polymerization in enhanced. As judged from N-terminal amino acid analyses, fibrinopeptides were split off at normal speed, and the subunit chains of the fibrinogen appeared normal when examined on polyacrylamide gels. The abnormality was not associated with bleeding tendency, and other routine coagulation tests gave normal results. The findings are in accordance with the concept of defective fibrin polymerization.", "PMID": 75566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5811", "title": "Immunogenicity of cows' milk in man. (Influence of age and of disease on serum antibodies to five cows' milk proteins).", "content": "Passive haemagglutination has been used to measure serum antibodies to the five proteins of cows' milk--bovine serum albumin, bovine gamma-globulin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and casein. Titres of antibodies to these proteins, and a composite cows' milk antibody (CMA) score, have been measured in 1,087 sera from children and adults. Antibodies to all five proteins were detected in many specimens. Age and disease influenced not only the absolute titres of antibody, but also the relative distribution of antibodies to the five antigens. In infants aged 2 months the typical pattern was of antibodies only to casein but in the sera of older children and adults antibodies to casein and to BSA were found in low titres and less frequently than antibodies to the other proteins. Children with coeliac disease had higher titres of antibody to bovine gamma-globulin than to other antigens. Serial studies in a patient with cows' milk intolerance illustrate how the pattern of antibodies varies with age, diet and disease.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of cows' milk in man. (Influence of age and of disease on serum antibodies to five cows' milk proteins). Passive haemagglutination has been used to measure serum antibodies to the five proteins of cows' milk--bovine serum albumin, bovine gamma-globulin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and casein. Titres of antibodies to these proteins, and a composite cows' milk antibody (CMA) score, have been measured in 1,087 sera from children and adults. Antibodies to all five proteins were detected in many specimens. Age and disease influenced not only the absolute titres of antibody, but also the relative distribution of antibodies to the five antigens. In infants aged 2 months the typical pattern was of antibodies only to casein but in the sera of older children and adults antibodies to casein and to BSA were found in low titres and less frequently than antibodies to the other proteins. Children with coeliac disease had higher titres of antibody to bovine gamma-globulin than to other antigens. Serial studies in a patient with cows' milk intolerance illustrate how the pattern of antibodies varies with age, diet and disease.", "PMID": 75562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5812", "title": "Suppression of immunological activities by mouse amniotic fluid.", "content": "Mouse amniotic fluid (MAF) was shown to be capable of suppressing those antibody responses observed in euthymic or athymic mouse spleen cell cultures to the T-independent antigens dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) and trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) and to the polyclonal B-cell activators LPS and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Titration experiments demonstrated that the suppressive capacity of MAF for either LPS or DNP-Ficoll responses was maintained up to a MAF dilution of 1:120. Preincubation of spleen cells obtained from athymic mice with MAF for 8 h significantly suppressed polyclonal B-cell activation of such cells induced by LPS, although suppression was greater when MAF was present during the entire culture period. In addition, the suppressive activity that MAF demonstrated for antibody production induced by DNP-Ficoll or LPS was not lost as a result of dialysis. MAF also suppressed the secondary in vitro proliferative responses of lymph node cells sensitized to the T-dependent antigen human gamma globulin (HGG). HGG-induced proliferation of such cells appeared to be more susceptible to suppression effected by MAF than concanavalin-A-induced proliferation.", "contents": "Suppression of immunological activities by mouse amniotic fluid. Mouse amniotic fluid (MAF) was shown to be capable of suppressing those antibody responses observed in euthymic or athymic mouse spleen cell cultures to the T-independent antigens dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) and trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) and to the polyclonal B-cell activators LPS and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Titration experiments demonstrated that the suppressive capacity of MAF for either LPS or DNP-Ficoll responses was maintained up to a MAF dilution of 1:120. Preincubation of spleen cells obtained from athymic mice with MAF for 8 h significantly suppressed polyclonal B-cell activation of such cells induced by LPS, although suppression was greater when MAF was present during the entire culture period. In addition, the suppressive activity that MAF demonstrated for antibody production induced by DNP-Ficoll or LPS was not lost as a result of dialysis. MAF also suppressed the secondary in vitro proliferative responses of lymph node cells sensitized to the T-dependent antigen human gamma globulin (HGG). HGG-induced proliferation of such cells appeared to be more susceptible to suppression effected by MAF than concanavalin-A-induced proliferation.", "PMID": 75567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5813", "title": "Direct demonstration and quantitation of the first complement component in human serum.", "content": "The first component of complement, C1, can be demonstrated and quantitated in normal and pathological human serums by simple immunochemical techniques. All of the C1q, C1r, and C1s detected in normal serum was found to be in the C1 complex. A simple modification of these methods permitted the quantitation of free C1s in the presence of macromolecular C1, a technique which may prove useful in screening pathological serums.", "contents": "Direct demonstration and quantitation of the first complement component in human serum. The first component of complement, C1, can be demonstrated and quantitated in normal and pathological human serums by simple immunochemical techniques. All of the C1q, C1r, and C1s detected in normal serum was found to be in the C1 complex. A simple modification of these methods permitted the quantitation of free C1s in the presence of macromolecular C1, a technique which may prove useful in screening pathological serums.", "PMID": 75568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5814", "title": "Carbon monoxide automobile emissions measured from the interior of a traveling automobile.", "content": "During a procedure to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations inside a traveling car, it was discovered that CO emissions from individual passing vehicles produced accurately measurable increases in the CO concentration. The CO produced by individual vehicles varied by three orders of magnitude; this finding demonstrates that a relatively small number of cars can be responsible for a high percentage of total vehicle CO Emissions.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide automobile emissions measured from the interior of a traveling automobile. During a procedure to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations inside a traveling car, it was discovered that CO emissions from individual passing vehicles produced accurately measurable increases in the CO concentration. The CO produced by individual vehicles varied by three orders of magnitude; this finding demonstrates that a relatively small number of cars can be responsible for a high percentage of total vehicle CO Emissions.", "PMID": 75569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5815", "title": "Endosteal marrow: a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Hematopoietic cells isolated from the endosteal bone surface, that is,the endosteal marrow cells, were found to consist mainly (60 to 80 percent) of lymphoid and late-stage normoblast-like cells. Unlike the cells they resemble, the endosteal marrow cells showed an affinity for Sudan black, demonstrable nucleoli (Feulgen reaction), and an absence of hemoglobin. Assays showed that over one-half of the endosteal marrow cell population may be the colony-forming units, the CFU-S of Till and McCulloch. Thus, high concentrations of stem cells could be obtained from the endosteal bone surface by means of the present isolation technique.", "contents": "Endosteal marrow: a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic cells isolated from the endosteal bone surface, that is,the endosteal marrow cells, were found to consist mainly (60 to 80 percent) of lymphoid and late-stage normoblast-like cells. Unlike the cells they resemble, the endosteal marrow cells showed an affinity for Sudan black, demonstrable nucleoli (Feulgen reaction), and an absence of hemoglobin. Assays showed that over one-half of the endosteal marrow cell population may be the colony-forming units, the CFU-S of Till and McCulloch. Thus, high concentrations of stem cells could be obtained from the endosteal bone surface by means of the present isolation technique.", "PMID": 75570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5816", "title": "Ocular findings in Whipple's disease.", "content": "A 53-year-old man with treated, biopsy-proven Whipple's disease is described during the exacerbation of the disease, and several new findings not previously reported in association with this disease are presented. The unique combination of ocular signs included uveitis, glaucoma, epiphora, superficial punctate keratitis, and an unusual fibrovascular pannus involving the anterior chamber angles and corneal periphery of both eyes. These ocular abnormalities emphasize the need for thorough ophthalmologic evaluation of all patients with Whipple's disease.", "contents": "Ocular findings in Whipple's disease. A 53-year-old man with treated, biopsy-proven Whipple's disease is described during the exacerbation of the disease, and several new findings not previously reported in association with this disease are presented. The unique combination of ocular signs included uveitis, glaucoma, epiphora, superficial punctate keratitis, and an unusual fibrovascular pannus involving the anterior chamber angles and corneal periphery of both eyes. These ocular abnormalities emphasize the need for thorough ophthalmologic evaluation of all patients with Whipple's disease.", "PMID": 75573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5817", "title": "Rectal resection for tumour with transanal anastomosis and sphincter preservation.", "content": "Resection of the rectum, with restoration of continuity by means of a primary, transanal, anocolic anastomosis, is a useful method in the treatment of certain rectal tumours. It particularly fills a need in the management of tumours of the lower rectum where anterior resection is indicated but is technically difficult and liable to complications, or where it is not possible and would be abandoned in favour of abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with a permanent colostomy. The pathological criteria, technical factors and functional results which justify the use of this procedure are discussed. The principles of the operation are described, and 2 illustrative cases are reported. The large size, low site and pathological nature of both the malignant carcinoid tumour and the leiomyoma were such that total rectal resection was obligatory, the object being palliation in the former and cure in the latter. Both patients were continent after the operation. The place of this operation in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum is discussed.", "contents": "Rectal resection for tumour with transanal anastomosis and sphincter preservation. Resection of the rectum, with restoration of continuity by means of a primary, transanal, anocolic anastomosis, is a useful method in the treatment of certain rectal tumours. It particularly fills a need in the management of tumours of the lower rectum where anterior resection is indicated but is technically difficult and liable to complications, or where it is not possible and would be abandoned in favour of abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with a permanent colostomy. The pathological criteria, technical factors and functional results which justify the use of this procedure are discussed. The principles of the operation are described, and 2 illustrative cases are reported. The large size, low site and pathological nature of both the malignant carcinoid tumour and the leiomyoma were such that total rectal resection was obligatory, the object being palliation in the former and cure in the latter. Both patients were continent after the operation. The place of this operation in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum is discussed.", "PMID": 75574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5818", "title": "Purine mutants of mammalian cell lines: III. Control of purine biosynthesis in adenine phosphoribosyl transferase mutants of CHO cells.", "content": "Spontaneous and mutagen-induced 2,6-diaminopurine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were isolated. Such mutants fell into two classes: spontaneous and ethylmethane-sulfonate-induced mutants had approximately 5% wild-type adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) activity, whereas ICR-170G-induced mutants had barely detectable APRT activity. Since it has been reported that human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and APRT mutants over-produce purines, we examined the control and rate of purine biosynthesis in the Chinese hamster mutants. End product inhibition by adenine could not be demonstrated in such mutants, indicating that the active feedback inhibitor is a nucleotide rather than the free purine base, HGPRT activity was normal in all mutants examined except in one isolate. Purine biosynthesis as measured by the accumulation of the purine biosynthetic intermediate phosphoribosyl formylglycineamide was not elevated in the mutants as might have been predicted from work with Lesch-Nyhan cells. The data also suggest that our strain of CHO-K1 is physically or functionally haploid for the APRT locus.", "contents": "Purine mutants of mammalian cell lines: III. Control of purine biosynthesis in adenine phosphoribosyl transferase mutants of CHO cells. Spontaneous and mutagen-induced 2,6-diaminopurine-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were isolated. Such mutants fell into two classes: spontaneous and ethylmethane-sulfonate-induced mutants had approximately 5% wild-type adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) activity, whereas ICR-170G-induced mutants had barely detectable APRT activity. Since it has been reported that human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and APRT mutants over-produce purines, we examined the control and rate of purine biosynthesis in the Chinese hamster mutants. End product inhibition by adenine could not be demonstrated in such mutants, indicating that the active feedback inhibitor is a nucleotide rather than the free purine base, HGPRT activity was normal in all mutants examined except in one isolate. Purine biosynthesis as measured by the accumulation of the purine biosynthetic intermediate phosphoribosyl formylglycineamide was not elevated in the mutants as might have been predicted from work with Lesch-Nyhan cells. The data also suggest that our strain of CHO-K1 is physically or functionally haploid for the APRT locus.", "PMID": 75575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5819", "title": "Mutations affecting the antigenic properties of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in cultured Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Cells of the mutant Chinese hamster strain RJK10 do not contain either hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity (HGPRT) or protein that cross-reacts immunologically with HGPRT. HGPRT+ revertants have been isolated from RJK10 and those strains produce HGPRT with altered antigenic properties. HGPRT from the revertant cells is less reactive with anti-HGPRT serum than enzyme from the wild-type cells, and enzymes from the two sources are immunoprecipitated independently from mixtures of cell extracts. Thus one or more of the antigenic determinants present on Chinese hamster HGPRT are either missing or present in an altered form on HGPRT from revertants of RJK10. This indicates that RJK10 carries a mutation in the structural gene for HGPRT and that secondary mutations in the gene give rise to the revertants that produce the antigenically altered enzymes.", "contents": "Mutations affecting the antigenic properties of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Cells of the mutant Chinese hamster strain RJK10 do not contain either hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity (HGPRT) or protein that cross-reacts immunologically with HGPRT. HGPRT+ revertants have been isolated from RJK10 and those strains produce HGPRT with altered antigenic properties. HGPRT from the revertant cells is less reactive with anti-HGPRT serum than enzyme from the wild-type cells, and enzymes from the two sources are immunoprecipitated independently from mixtures of cell extracts. Thus one or more of the antigenic determinants present on Chinese hamster HGPRT are either missing or present in an altered form on HGPRT from revertants of RJK10. This indicates that RJK10 carries a mutation in the structural gene for HGPRT and that secondary mutations in the gene give rise to the revertants that produce the antigenically altered enzymes.", "PMID": 75576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5820", "title": "The craniofacial skeleton in anencephalic human fetuses. II. Calvarium.", "content": "A detailed study of the calvarium of twelve anencephalic and four normal human fetuses 26 to 40 weeks gestational age using gross dissection, alizarin red S staining, silver nitrate radiography and histology revealed dramatic alterations in the presence, form, location and relationship of the individual bones. In the larger dorsal cranial defects the interparietal portions of the occipital bone were relocated anteriorly to approximate the frontal bone. The occipital components were rotated anterolaterally and inferiorly with lack of fusion of the chondrocranium posterior to the foramen magnum. The squamae of the frontal bone were collapsed horizontally and reduced in size to lie peripheral to the anterior cranial fossa forming most of the orbital roofs. In anencephaly the bones derived from the chondrocranium were not as severely affected morphologically as those derived from the neurocranium. The sutures were narrow and smooth instead of wide and serrated as in the normally developing calvarium. In general the degree of maldevelopment was proportional to the extent of the dorsal cranial defect in anencephaly.", "contents": "The craniofacial skeleton in anencephalic human fetuses. II. Calvarium. A detailed study of the calvarium of twelve anencephalic and four normal human fetuses 26 to 40 weeks gestational age using gross dissection, alizarin red S staining, silver nitrate radiography and histology revealed dramatic alterations in the presence, form, location and relationship of the individual bones. In the larger dorsal cranial defects the interparietal portions of the occipital bone were relocated anteriorly to approximate the frontal bone. The occipital components were rotated anterolaterally and inferiorly with lack of fusion of the chondrocranium posterior to the foramen magnum. The squamae of the frontal bone were collapsed horizontally and reduced in size to lie peripheral to the anterior cranial fossa forming most of the orbital roofs. In anencephaly the bones derived from the chondrocranium were not as severely affected morphologically as those derived from the neurocranium. The sutures were narrow and smooth instead of wide and serrated as in the normally developing calvarium. In general the degree of maldevelopment was proportional to the extent of the dorsal cranial defect in anencephaly.", "PMID": 75578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5821", "title": "The craniofacial skeleton in anencephalic human fetuses. III. Facial skeleton.", "content": "A sample of 12 anencephalic fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 40 weeks and exhibiting varying degrees of severity of the dorsal cranial defect was compared to three normal fetuses of comparable gestational ages with regard to the morphology and positional relationships of the maxillofacial skeletal complex. Gross dissection, alizarin red S staining, radiographs, cephalometric tracings, and histologic techniques were utilized. It was found that some facial bones were severely affected in morphology, size, spatial and angular relationships. The manner in which these were altered suggests that their morphogenesis is an adaptation to the primary defect of the neurocranium.", "contents": "The craniofacial skeleton in anencephalic human fetuses. III. Facial skeleton. A sample of 12 anencephalic fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 40 weeks and exhibiting varying degrees of severity of the dorsal cranial defect was compared to three normal fetuses of comparable gestational ages with regard to the morphology and positional relationships of the maxillofacial skeletal complex. Gross dissection, alizarin red S staining, radiographs, cephalometric tracings, and histologic techniques were utilized. It was found that some facial bones were severely affected in morphology, size, spatial and angular relationships. The manner in which these were altered suggests that their morphogenesis is an adaptation to the primary defect of the neurocranium.", "PMID": 75579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5822", "title": "MLC (HLA-D) typing: a family study.", "content": "The genetics of five HLA-D specificities (Dw1, Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and Dw6) have been assessed in 21 normal families with four or more children. The HLA-D traits, as defined by typing response against homozygous typing cells, normally behave as dominant characters. The data support the concept of allelic factors. The locial flaw in the basic algorithm of MLC typing (HLA-D typing), i.e. to draw positive conclusions from negative observations, has been amply reinforced in the following studies. Five assignments could not be verified genetically under the assumption of dominant traits. Homozygous lack of specific response genes is among the mechanisms proposed as a cause for the phenomenon which has not yet been fully explained. The estimated magnitude of the frequency of false assignments is approximately 10%.", "contents": "MLC (HLA-D) typing: a family study. The genetics of five HLA-D specificities (Dw1, Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and Dw6) have been assessed in 21 normal families with four or more children. The HLA-D traits, as defined by typing response against homozygous typing cells, normally behave as dominant characters. The data support the concept of allelic factors. The locial flaw in the basic algorithm of MLC typing (HLA-D typing), i.e. to draw positive conclusions from negative observations, has been amply reinforced in the following studies. Five assignments could not be verified genetically under the assumption of dominant traits. Homozygous lack of specific response genes is among the mechanisms proposed as a cause for the phenomenon which has not yet been fully explained. The estimated magnitude of the frequency of false assignments is approximately 10%.", "PMID": 75583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5823", "title": "Bf types of HLA haplotyped individuals in an isolated Newfoundland population.", "content": "Five hundred and fourteen individuals from an isolated NewFoundland population have been typed and haplotyped for HLA and Factor B (Bf locus). The Bf gene frequencies were: S0.704, F0.226, F1 0.052 and S1 0.018. Tracing the haplotypes backwards on the various pedigrees it was shown that 202 HLA/Bf haplotypes had been introduced into the study population. Some HLA alleles always appeared in association with particular Bf alleles and vice versa. Bf S1 had entered the population four times, always with HLA--A9, B12. Bf F1 had entered three times, always with HLA--B18. There were 17 entries of HLA--Al, B8 that had given rise to the 78 such haplotypes that were now present in the population; all were Bf S. There were 68 family units informative for Bf. They accounted for 240 children and 304 informative meioses. There were three recombinants in the HLA region but none could be shown to have occurred between the HLA-B and Bf loci.", "contents": "Bf types of HLA haplotyped individuals in an isolated Newfoundland population. Five hundred and fourteen individuals from an isolated NewFoundland population have been typed and haplotyped for HLA and Factor B (Bf locus). The Bf gene frequencies were: S0.704, F0.226, F1 0.052 and S1 0.018. Tracing the haplotypes backwards on the various pedigrees it was shown that 202 HLA/Bf haplotypes had been introduced into the study population. Some HLA alleles always appeared in association with particular Bf alleles and vice versa. Bf S1 had entered the population four times, always with HLA--A9, B12. Bf F1 had entered three times, always with HLA--B18. There were 17 entries of HLA--Al, B8 that had given rise to the 78 such haplotypes that were now present in the population; all were Bf S. There were 68 family units informative for Bf. They accounted for 240 children and 304 informative meioses. There were three recombinants in the HLA region but none could be shown to have occurred between the HLA-B and Bf loci.", "PMID": 75584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5824", "title": "Definition of 17 Rhesus monkey histocompatibility antigens, including one new antigen.", "content": "The lymphocytotoxic activity of 144 rhesus allonantisera was evaluated in 112 unrelated rhesus monkeys and 33 pedigreed rhesus families. This study was conducted using a standard complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay. A computer-assisted chi2 analysis of the reactivity of these sera in the unrelated monkeys generated 23 groups of highly correlated antisera. The two-locus model of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex was assumed for the monkey, and genetic criteria for RhLA antigens were determined prior to study. Seventeen groups of antisera met these predetermined criteria. Six were products of the B locus and 11 were products of the A locus. Sixteen were similar or identical to antigens previously described by us or by Balner and coworkers in The Netherlands. One has not been previously described. A frequency analysis indicated that these 17 antigens represented approximately 74% of the total expression of these two loci.", "contents": "Definition of 17 Rhesus monkey histocompatibility antigens, including one new antigen. The lymphocytotoxic activity of 144 rhesus allonantisera was evaluated in 112 unrelated rhesus monkeys and 33 pedigreed rhesus families. This study was conducted using a standard complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay. A computer-assisted chi2 analysis of the reactivity of these sera in the unrelated monkeys generated 23 groups of highly correlated antisera. The two-locus model of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex was assumed for the monkey, and genetic criteria for RhLA antigens were determined prior to study. Seventeen groups of antisera met these predetermined criteria. Six were products of the B locus and 11 were products of the A locus. Sixteen were similar or identical to antigens previously described by us or by Balner and coworkers in The Netherlands. One has not been previously described. A frequency analysis indicated that these 17 antigens represented approximately 74% of the total expression of these two loci.", "PMID": 75585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5825", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture search for HLA-D homozygous typing cells in the Hungarian inbred population of Iv\u00e1d.", "content": "Six functionally HLA-D homozygous typing cells were identified by a restricted investigation into the Hungarian inbred population of Iv\u00e1d. These putative HLA-D homozygous typing cells were then tested against a highly selected Scandinavian population sample of 60 individuals previously typed by histocompatibility reference reagents. The different HLA-D specificities could thus be identified: one closely matching HLA-Dw5, another resembling the Oslo LDoH specificity, while the last seems to be unique. Only one of the typing cells thus ascertained were HLA-B homozygous and were selected on the basis of the Iv\u00e1d family structure and not on the basis of serological HLA typing.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture search for HLA-D homozygous typing cells in the Hungarian inbred population of Iv\u00e1d. Six functionally HLA-D homozygous typing cells were identified by a restricted investigation into the Hungarian inbred population of Iv\u00e1d. These putative HLA-D homozygous typing cells were then tested against a highly selected Scandinavian population sample of 60 individuals previously typed by histocompatibility reference reagents. The different HLA-D specificities could thus be identified: one closely matching HLA-Dw5, another resembling the Oslo LDoH specificity, while the last seems to be unique. Only one of the typing cells thus ascertained were HLA-B homozygous and were selected on the basis of the Iv\u00e1d family structure and not on the basis of serological HLA typing.", "PMID": 75586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5826", "title": "Bw21 partition and crossreactivity of the components.", "content": "Available lymphocytotoxic antisera permitted the clear partition of the Bw21 antigen into two distinct components, Bw21.1 and Bw21.2. Bw21.1 is associated with W4 and is approximately twofold more frequent than the W6-associated Bw21.2. Cells of either Bw21 subtype were capable of absorbing specific anti-Bw21.1, anti-Bw21.2, and anti Bw21 (21.1 + 21.2) antibodies. Further, an F(ab')2 fragment prepared from an anti-Bw21.1 serum blocked cytotoxicity of anti-Bw21.1, anti-Bw21.2 and anti-Bw21 (21.1 + 21.2) sera. Based on the crossreactivity (by absorption) and blocking data, a model is proposed relating the Bw21 subtypes and the W4 and W6 antigens.", "contents": "Bw21 partition and crossreactivity of the components. Available lymphocytotoxic antisera permitted the clear partition of the Bw21 antigen into two distinct components, Bw21.1 and Bw21.2. Bw21.1 is associated with W4 and is approximately twofold more frequent than the W6-associated Bw21.2. Cells of either Bw21 subtype were capable of absorbing specific anti-Bw21.1, anti-Bw21.2, and anti Bw21 (21.1 + 21.2) antibodies. Further, an F(ab')2 fragment prepared from an anti-Bw21.1 serum blocked cytotoxicity of anti-Bw21.1, anti-Bw21.2 and anti-Bw21 (21.1 + 21.2) sera. Based on the crossreactivity (by absorption) and blocking data, a model is proposed relating the Bw21 subtypes and the W4 and W6 antigens.", "PMID": 75587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5827", "title": "Localization of genetic control in mice over response to liver-specific F antigen.", "content": "Antibody production to the liver-specific F antigen was tested in recombinant strains of mice of different H-2 types to determine whether a histocompatibility-linked immune response (Ir) gene controlled responsiveness to this antigen. Responseiveness was found to be controlled by an Ir gene located in the K end (K and/or I-A subregions) of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Localization of genetic control in mice over response to liver-specific F antigen. Antibody production to the liver-specific F antigen was tested in recombinant strains of mice of different H-2 types to determine whether a histocompatibility-linked immune response (Ir) gene controlled responsiveness to this antigen. Responseiveness was found to be controlled by an Ir gene located in the K end (K and/or I-A subregions) of the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 75588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5828", "title": "HLA and mycobacterial infection: increased frequency of B8 in Japanese leprosy.", "content": "A total of 60 leprosy patients, 28 of lepromatous and 32 of tuberculoid form, and 70 active tuberculosis patients was compared with a control of 184 for 34 HLA specificities. The most interesting finding was an increased frequency (10.0%) for HLA-B8 (corrected P = 0.062, relative risk = 20.3) in the leprosy patients as compared with the control group, despite the fact that the frequency of HLA-B8 was extremely low in Japanese. Furthermore, all leprosy patients with B8 had leprous member(s) in their family.", "contents": "HLA and mycobacterial infection: increased frequency of B8 in Japanese leprosy. A total of 60 leprosy patients, 28 of lepromatous and 32 of tuberculoid form, and 70 active tuberculosis patients was compared with a control of 184 for 34 HLA specificities. The most interesting finding was an increased frequency (10.0%) for HLA-B8 (corrected P = 0.062, relative risk = 20.3) in the leprosy patients as compared with the control group, despite the fact that the frequency of HLA-B8 was extremely low in Japanese. Furthermore, all leprosy patients with B8 had leprous member(s) in their family.", "PMID": 75590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5829", "title": "Alcoholic hepatitis with and without alcoholic hyaline.", "content": "Sixteen cases of alcoholic hepatitis with alcoholic hyaline (Group I) and 13 cases without alcoholic hyaline (Group II) have been collected since 1970. These were most frequently found in the fifth decade in both groups. One female was found in Group I. Cases of about two-thirds of both groups were comsumers of 110 g or more of alcohol per day. No significant differences except fever and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were found in clinical and laboratory changes between both groups. Fatty change in liver biopsy specimens were more frequently seen in Group I than in Group II. The wedged hepatic venous pressure was markedly elevated in alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis and moderately elevated in alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis. Wedged hepatic venography showed the main portal trunk and extrahepatic collaterals, namely, reversal of the portal flow or such tendency in 2 out of 5 patients of Group I.", "contents": "Alcoholic hepatitis with and without alcoholic hyaline. Sixteen cases of alcoholic hepatitis with alcoholic hyaline (Group I) and 13 cases without alcoholic hyaline (Group II) have been collected since 1970. These were most frequently found in the fifth decade in both groups. One female was found in Group I. Cases of about two-thirds of both groups were comsumers of 110 g or more of alcohol per day. No significant differences except fever and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were found in clinical and laboratory changes between both groups. Fatty change in liver biopsy specimens were more frequently seen in Group I than in Group II. The wedged hepatic venous pressure was markedly elevated in alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis and moderately elevated in alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis. Wedged hepatic venography showed the main portal trunk and extrahepatic collaterals, namely, reversal of the portal flow or such tendency in 2 out of 5 patients of Group I.", "PMID": 75593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5830", "title": "Evaluation of the antigen specific to the mycelial phase of Candida albicans in the serodiagnosis of candidiasis.", "content": "We demonstrated 2 different antibodies against Candida albicans in patients' sera, the detection rates  were proportional to the severity of candidiasis. One antibody was directed toward antigen shared by Candida in both blastospore and mycelial phases and the other was directed against antigen found only in the mycelial phase of Candida. The presence of the latter may reflect the invasive form of candidiasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of the antigen specific to the mycelial phase of Candida albicans in the serodiagnosis of candidiasis. We demonstrated 2 different antibodies against Candida albicans in patients' sera, the detection rates  were proportional to the severity of candidiasis. One antibody was directed toward antigen shared by Candida in both blastospore and mycelial phases and the other was directed against antigen found only in the mycelial phase of Candida. The presence of the latter may reflect the invasive form of candidiasis.", "PMID": 75594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5831", "title": "Subcellular localization of 57Co-bleomycin in normal and tumor tissues.", "content": "57Co-bleomycin appears to be one of the best tumor detecting agents at the moment. The localization within the cells is not yet known. This preclinical investigation had the aim to study the subcellular distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in liver, spleen and tumors of rats and mice. Mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma and osteosarcoma were used and rats with transplanted rhabdomyosarcoma. The concentration of 57Co-bleomycin was 2 to 10 times higher in the tumors as compared to the (normal) liver. This accumulation property was not found with the control substance: 57CoCl2. The highest radioactivity of 57Co-bleomycin (cpm/mg protein) was observed in subcellular fractions containing mitocohndria and lysosomes. After treatment of these fractions with hypertonic solutions it could be shown that enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix remained inside the vesicles under conditions of almost complete release of 57Co-bleomycin. Half of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase was released too. From these experiments it is concluded that 57Co-bleomycin is preferentially localized in heavy secondary lysomes which are more fragile than the lighter lysosomes in the cells.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of 57Co-bleomycin in normal and tumor tissues. 57Co-bleomycin appears to be one of the best tumor detecting agents at the moment. The localization within the cells is not yet known. This preclinical investigation had the aim to study the subcellular distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in liver, spleen and tumors of rats and mice. Mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma and osteosarcoma were used and rats with transplanted rhabdomyosarcoma. The concentration of 57Co-bleomycin was 2 to 10 times higher in the tumors as compared to the (normal) liver. This accumulation property was not found with the control substance: 57CoCl2. The highest radioactivity of 57Co-bleomycin (cpm/mg protein) was observed in subcellular fractions containing mitocohndria and lysosomes. After treatment of these fractions with hypertonic solutions it could be shown that enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix remained inside the vesicles under conditions of almost complete release of 57Co-bleomycin. Half of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase was released too. From these experiments it is concluded that 57Co-bleomycin is preferentially localized in heavy secondary lysomes which are more fragile than the lighter lysosomes in the cells.", "PMID": 75596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5832", "title": "[Results from radiation therapy of 68 inoperable brain tumors (1950 to 1975) (author's transl)].", "content": "68 patients suffering from inoperable brain tumor were irradiated from 1950 to 1975. (In 21 cases the tumor was localized in the bridge, in eight cases in the pineal). When the total treatment dose was considered sufficient (more than 4000 rd) the 5-year survival rate was 42% (n = 47). Quality of life was good in 75% (n = 20) over at more than five years.", "contents": "[Results from radiation therapy of 68 inoperable brain tumors (1950 to 1975) (author's transl)]. 68 patients suffering from inoperable brain tumor were irradiated from 1950 to 1975. (In 21 cases the tumor was localized in the bridge, in eight cases in the pineal). When the total treatment dose was considered sufficient (more than 4000 rd) the 5-year survival rate was 42% (n = 47). Quality of life was good in 75% (n = 20) over at more than five years.", "PMID": 75597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5833", "title": "Study on the \"toxic oxygen effect\" of Janus green B in mouse ascites tumour cells.", "content": "10(7) mouse ascites tumor cells/ml incubated at 37 degrees C in 0.5 to 1.0 X 10(-4) M Janus green B or in 1.0 X 10(-4) M phenazine methosulphate are destroyed in 100 per cent oxygen atmosphere but remain transplantable in nitrogen atmosphere. The \"sensitizing\" effect of oxygen can be substituted by SH inhibitors (iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and their spinlabelled variants) as well as by some nitroxide free radicals. The \"oxygen effect\" is blocked by mercaptoethanole or cooling. Compared with the spectrum of native cells a more symmetrical singlet of larger amplitude, approximately g = 2 value, arose in the ESR spectrum of Janus green B treated cells. The \"oxygen effect\" observed in the presence of Janus green B differs in several ways from the oxygen effect of ionizing radiation and from the \"photodynamic\" effect.", "contents": "Study on the \"toxic oxygen effect\" of Janus green B in mouse ascites tumour cells. 10(7) mouse ascites tumor cells/ml incubated at 37 degrees C in 0.5 to 1.0 X 10(-4) M Janus green B or in 1.0 X 10(-4) M phenazine methosulphate are destroyed in 100 per cent oxygen atmosphere but remain transplantable in nitrogen atmosphere. The \"sensitizing\" effect of oxygen can be substituted by SH inhibitors (iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and their spinlabelled variants) as well as by some nitroxide free radicals. The \"oxygen effect\" is blocked by mercaptoethanole or cooling. Compared with the spectrum of native cells a more symmetrical singlet of larger amplitude, approximately g = 2 value, arose in the ESR spectrum of Janus green B treated cells. The \"oxygen effect\" observed in the presence of Janus green B differs in several ways from the oxygen effect of ionizing radiation and from the \"photodynamic\" effect.", "PMID": 75598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5834", "title": "[Percentage of plasma protein-bound and free 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone during the sexual cycle and during pregnancy in cows].", "content": "Examined were 12 cows with normal sexual cycle and other 12 cows in the last 20 days of pregnancy, all animals belonging to the Black-Pied breed. It was found that plasma protein bound 17-beta estradiol, progesteron, and testosteron during the sexual cycle were 94.726 +/- 0.076, 94-500 +/- 0.125 and 94.122 +/- 0.066 per cent, respectively. In the last twenty days of pregnancy these values rose - 96.911 +/- 0.058, 96.124 +/- 0.074, and 96.040 +/- 0.115, respectively. In testing the binding capacity of the bovine serum albumin it was found that it fixed almost 100 per cent the three ovarial hormones, while the bovine alpha, beta- and gamma-globulin's capacity in this respect was expressed in a negligible percent.", "contents": "[Percentage of plasma protein-bound and free 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone during the sexual cycle and during pregnancy in cows]. Examined were 12 cows with normal sexual cycle and other 12 cows in the last 20 days of pregnancy, all animals belonging to the Black-Pied breed. It was found that plasma protein bound 17-beta estradiol, progesteron, and testosteron during the sexual cycle were 94.726 +/- 0.076, 94-500 +/- 0.125 and 94.122 +/- 0.066 per cent, respectively. In the last twenty days of pregnancy these values rose - 96.911 +/- 0.058, 96.124 +/- 0.074, and 96.040 +/- 0.115, respectively. In testing the binding capacity of the bovine serum albumin it was found that it fixed almost 100 per cent the three ovarial hormones, while the bovine alpha, beta- and gamma-globulin's capacity in this respect was expressed in a negligible percent.", "PMID": 75605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5835", "title": "[Introduction of an additional H-agglutinating test antigen for the differentiation of specific positive reactions in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis].", "content": "Explored were the possibilities to differentiate the specific positive reactions in case of pullorum disease in experimentally infected (Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis) birds with the use of a typhoid test antigen and two H test antigens, obtained by the routinely employed method with formalin from Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella adeoyo. It was demonstrated that the H-agglutinating antibodies persisted in the peripheral blood of the experimentally infected birds for at least 30 days (as long as the test lasted). The H test antigen of S. enteritidis proved unsuitable to detect the H-agglutinating antibodies only as it retained to a large extent the O antigens. By means of the S. adeoyo H test antigen only the H-agglutinating antibodies in the peripheral blood of S. enteritidis-infected birds could be quickly and precisely demonstrated. A combined serologic examination of serum with the thyphoid test antigen and the S. adeoyo test antigen could be carried out to differentiate the specific positive reactions for establishing pullorum disease from the concomitant agglutination reactions observed in cases of experimental salmonellosis in birds caused by S. enteritidis.", "contents": "[Introduction of an additional H-agglutinating test antigen for the differentiation of specific positive reactions in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis]. Explored were the possibilities to differentiate the specific positive reactions in case of pullorum disease in experimentally infected (Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis) birds with the use of a typhoid test antigen and two H test antigens, obtained by the routinely employed method with formalin from Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella adeoyo. It was demonstrated that the H-agglutinating antibodies persisted in the peripheral blood of the experimentally infected birds for at least 30 days (as long as the test lasted). The H test antigen of S. enteritidis proved unsuitable to detect the H-agglutinating antibodies only as it retained to a large extent the O antigens. By means of the S. adeoyo H test antigen only the H-agglutinating antibodies in the peripheral blood of S. enteritidis-infected birds could be quickly and precisely demonstrated. A combined serologic examination of serum with the thyphoid test antigen and the S. adeoyo test antigen could be carried out to differentiate the specific positive reactions for establishing pullorum disease from the concomitant agglutination reactions observed in cases of experimental salmonellosis in birds caused by S. enteritidis.", "PMID": 75606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5836", "title": "The obsolescent renal glomerulus--collapse, sclerosis, hyalinosis, fibrosis. A light- and electron microscopical study on human biopsies.", "content": "By light and electron microscopical examination it is shown that four structural components can contribute to obsolescent glomeruli: capillary basement membranes, enriched mesangium matrix, \"vascular\" hyalin and collagen fibers. Each of these components can bring about glomerular damage alone. One non-reactive form--a glomerular collapse with only basement membrane remnants--can be separated from three reactive forms: the accumulation of mesangium matrix (sclerosis or matrix-sclerosis), deposition of vascular hyalin (hyalinosis in the narrow sense), and fiber development within the former urinary space (fibrosis or fibro-sclerosis). The use of the term \"fibrinoid\" in place of the descriptive term \"hyalin\" is not supported by objective results. Knowledge of the various constituents which accumulate in the reactive types of glomerular obsolescence might be important in the diagnosis of the underlying disease, though mixed pictures were often observed. To avoid terminological overlap we suggest that the term \"hyalinization\" is replaced by \"obsolescence\" or \"scarring\" with specification of the structural components involved.", "contents": "The obsolescent renal glomerulus--collapse, sclerosis, hyalinosis, fibrosis. A light- and electron microscopical study on human biopsies. By light and electron microscopical examination it is shown that four structural components can contribute to obsolescent glomeruli: capillary basement membranes, enriched mesangium matrix, \"vascular\" hyalin and collagen fibers. Each of these components can bring about glomerular damage alone. One non-reactive form--a glomerular collapse with only basement membrane remnants--can be separated from three reactive forms: the accumulation of mesangium matrix (sclerosis or matrix-sclerosis), deposition of vascular hyalin (hyalinosis in the narrow sense), and fiber development within the former urinary space (fibrosis or fibro-sclerosis). The use of the term \"fibrinoid\" in place of the descriptive term \"hyalin\" is not supported by objective results. Knowledge of the various constituents which accumulate in the reactive types of glomerular obsolescence might be important in the diagnosis of the underlying disease, though mixed pictures were often observed. To avoid terminological overlap we suggest that the term \"hyalinization\" is replaced by \"obsolescence\" or \"scarring\" with specification of the structural components involved.", "PMID": 75608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5837", "title": "Form and function of sarcoid granulomas.", "content": "The pathological feature of sarcoidosis is the presence of granulomas in more than one system. What is a granuloma? Morphologically a granuloma consists of a focal collection of mononuclear, epithelioid cells, sometimes giant cells, odmixed and surrounding lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibro-blasts. Inclusion bodies, Schaumann and asteroid, may be present. Necrosis may be present or absent. All are features of chronic inflammation, and unfortunately are not diagnositc of any one causative agent. The cell characteristic of granulomatous inflammation is the bone marrow derived epithelioid cell. Epithelioid cells are metabolically active and in some diseases, such is tuberculosis, behave as phagocytic macrophages. What is the function of epithelioid cells in sarcoidosis? It is potentially phagocytic but has never been shown to contain any indentifiable infective agents. It has all the potentials of a synthesising cell whose products may well influence persistence of the granulomas. A detailed study of the nature and function of epithelioid cells in sarcoidosis will be presented based on light and electron microscopy, histochemistry and tests of lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Form and function of sarcoid granulomas. The pathological feature of sarcoidosis is the presence of granulomas in more than one system. What is a granuloma? Morphologically a granuloma consists of a focal collection of mononuclear, epithelioid cells, sometimes giant cells, odmixed and surrounding lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibro-blasts. Inclusion bodies, Schaumann and asteroid, may be present. Necrosis may be present or absent. All are features of chronic inflammation, and unfortunately are not diagnositc of any one causative agent. The cell characteristic of granulomatous inflammation is the bone marrow derived epithelioid cell. Epithelioid cells are metabolically active and in some diseases, such is tuberculosis, behave as phagocytic macrophages. What is the function of epithelioid cells in sarcoidosis? It is potentially phagocytic but has never been shown to contain any indentifiable infective agents. It has all the potentials of a synthesising cell whose products may well influence persistence of the granulomas. A detailed study of the nature and function of epithelioid cells in sarcoidosis will be presented based on light and electron microscopy, histochemistry and tests of lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 75613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5838", "title": "Serum proteins and amino-acid pattern in alloxan-diabetic rats.", "content": "Serum total proteins as well as its electrophoretic separated fractions were determined in alloxan-diabetic rats. The total and individual serum amino acids were estimated. Certain abnormalities, with no specific pattern, for total and individual fractions were observed in alloxan-diabetic rats. Most of the free serum amono acids showed low values which was attributed to direct reaction of alloxan with amino acids, urinary loss of amino and/or diverse hormonal and metabolic changes.", "contents": "Serum proteins and amino-acid pattern in alloxan-diabetic rats. Serum total proteins as well as its electrophoretic separated fractions were determined in alloxan-diabetic rats. The total and individual serum amino acids were estimated. Certain abnormalities, with no specific pattern, for total and individual fractions were observed in alloxan-diabetic rats. Most of the free serum amono acids showed low values which was attributed to direct reaction of alloxan with amino acids, urinary loss of amino and/or diverse hormonal and metabolic changes.", "PMID": 75614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5839", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of immunosuppressive therapy for glomerulonephritis].", "content": "Possibility and necessity of the immunosuppressive treatment is considerably determined by the underlying pathologo-anatomical substrate. The uncertainty concerning the chances of the success of such a therapy for the individual patient at least still at present allows a latitude of estimation. From this results the demand for a particularly intensive conscience of the responsibility taken on by us in finding the decision.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of immunosuppressive therapy for glomerulonephritis]. Possibility and necessity of the immunosuppressive treatment is considerably determined by the underlying pathologo-anatomical substrate. The uncertainty concerning the chances of the success of such a therapy for the individual patient at least still at present allows a latitude of estimation. From this results the demand for a particularly intensive conscience of the responsibility taken on by us in finding the decision.", "PMID": 75620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5840", "title": "[Use of viscous dye solutions for the vital staining of lymphnodes].", "content": "Animal-experimental and clinical results after applications of viscous solution with Fluorescein-Sodium and Erythrosin for representation of lympho-nodes and lymphatic ducts were published. In the frame of lymphography this application in form of a second infusion becomes possible preoperatively as well as intraoperatively. The lymphonodi inguinale, iliaci and lumbales represented even by lymphography were contrasty stained by this method over limited period.", "contents": "[Use of viscous dye solutions for the vital staining of lymphnodes]. Animal-experimental and clinical results after applications of viscous solution with Fluorescein-Sodium and Erythrosin for representation of lympho-nodes and lymphatic ducts were published. In the frame of lymphography this application in form of a second infusion becomes possible preoperatively as well as intraoperatively. The lymphonodi inguinale, iliaci and lumbales represented even by lymphography were contrasty stained by this method over limited period.", "PMID": 75622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5841", "title": "[Pregnancy proteins].", "content": "Proteins, which are elevated in their blood concentration in pregnant women and patients suffering from malignant tumours, are reported because of their growing significance for the clinical practice. At present mainly are the following \"pregnancy\" proteins of clinical relevance: human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), placental heatstable alkaline phosphatase (HAP), pegnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (\"pregnancy zone\" protein, PZ), socalled pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) and alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP). Applications to the clinical practice may be the surveillance of normal pregnancy, the recognition of dangerous conditions for mother and fetus, the inhibition of graft rejection, the induction of abortion, antibodies against pregnancy proteins as abortifacient and antifertilizer as well as the tumour diagnosis including the control of treatment and recognition of recidives.", "contents": "[Pregnancy proteins]. Proteins, which are elevated in their blood concentration in pregnant women and patients suffering from malignant tumours, are reported because of their growing significance for the clinical practice. At present mainly are the following \"pregnancy\" proteins of clinical relevance: human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), placental heatstable alkaline phosphatase (HAP), pegnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (\"pregnancy zone\" protein, PZ), socalled pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) and alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP). Applications to the clinical practice may be the surveillance of normal pregnancy, the recognition of dangerous conditions for mother and fetus, the inhibition of graft rejection, the induction of abortion, antibodies against pregnancy proteins as abortifacient and antifertilizer as well as the tumour diagnosis including the control of treatment and recognition of recidives.", "PMID": 75623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5842", "title": "[Specific and general antigenic determinants of flagellin of certain Salmonellae].", "content": "As known, in typing of salmonellae H-antigens play an important role. Flagellae bear on their surface specific antigenic determinants, this permitting to differentiate H-antigens serologically. Monomeric form of H-antigens d,a,b,1,2 bear on their surface not only specific, but also common for the given H-antigens determinant group. Common flagellin determinant group in the flagella is screened.", "contents": "[Specific and general antigenic determinants of flagellin of certain Salmonellae]. As known, in typing of salmonellae H-antigens play an important role. Flagellae bear on their surface specific antigenic determinants, this permitting to differentiate H-antigens serologically. Monomeric form of H-antigens d,a,b,1,2 bear on their surface not only specific, but also common for the given H-antigens determinant group. Common flagellin determinant group in the flagella is screened.", "PMID": 75625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5843", "title": "[Antigenic characteristics and various biological properties of glycoprotein from Neisseria meningitidis of serological group A].", "content": "It was shown that the antigen determining the group specificity of meningococcus belonging to serological group A was of mixed polysaccharide-protein nature. Carbohydrate component is responsible for the interaction with the group-specific antibodies in this antigen. Glycoprotein can be isolated both from the cells and from the culture fluid where it passes during the N. meningitidis cultivation in fluid nutrient medium. The described antigen possesses no properties of endotoxin.", "contents": "[Antigenic characteristics and various biological properties of glycoprotein from Neisseria meningitidis of serological group A]. It was shown that the antigen determining the group specificity of meningococcus belonging to serological group A was of mixed polysaccharide-protein nature. Carbohydrate component is responsible for the interaction with the group-specific antibodies in this antigen. Glycoprotein can be isolated both from the cells and from the culture fluid where it passes during the N. meningitidis cultivation in fluid nutrient medium. The described antigen possesses no properties of endotoxin.", "PMID": 75626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5844", "title": "[Role of serum factors in decreasing the reaction of peripheral blood lymphocytes in schizophrenia to PHA stimulation].", "content": "The blood serum of schizophrenic patients and three of its studied fractions (gamma-globulins and remaining after elimination of gamma-globulins and ultrafiltrate protein fractions) inhibit the lymphocyte response of normals to PHA stimulation (an increase of the DNA content in cells). An insignificant inhibitor effect in the blood serum of normals was seen only in the protein fraction. The PHA precipitating activity of the blood serum in schizophrenic patients which is mainly connected with its protein fraction is increased by 30%. However, there are no correlations between this blood serum activity and its capability to inhibit the response of lymphocytes to PHA stimulation.", "contents": "[Role of serum factors in decreasing the reaction of peripheral blood lymphocytes in schizophrenia to PHA stimulation]. The blood serum of schizophrenic patients and three of its studied fractions (gamma-globulins and remaining after elimination of gamma-globulins and ultrafiltrate protein fractions) inhibit the lymphocyte response of normals to PHA stimulation (an increase of the DNA content in cells). An insignificant inhibitor effect in the blood serum of normals was seen only in the protein fraction. The PHA precipitating activity of the blood serum in schizophrenic patients which is mainly connected with its protein fraction is increased by 30%. However, there are no correlations between this blood serum activity and its capability to inhibit the response of lymphocytes to PHA stimulation.", "PMID": 75627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5845", "title": "Studies on guinea pig skin cell cultures. VII. Statistical analysis of growth and maturation.", "content": "Thymidine uptake; incorporation of amino acids into perchloric acid extract and HCl extract (corresponding grossly to poorly and highly organized proteins respectively); cell fraction DNA and cell fraction protein contents have all been measured daily from day 1 to day 8 in primary cultures of epidermal keratinocytes (EK) and dermal fibroblasts (DF). Correlations between these five biochemical parameters (or variables) have been sought when using the statistical method of principal component analysis. The analysis of whole data of EK and DF populations taken together revealed that DNA content is a major distinguishing factor between these two cell types.  The analysis of variables of each cell type taken independently showed that DF are essentially characterizable by their tendency to synthesize both poorly and highly organized proteins, whereas EK are more prone to DNA and highly organized protein synthesis. Thus, EK and DF in culture can be readily distinguished statistically by analysing their growth and maturation characteristics. It is even likely that time study of thymidine and amino acid incorporation would suffice to characterize these two cell types in vitro.", "contents": "Studies on guinea pig skin cell cultures. VII. Statistical analysis of growth and maturation. Thymidine uptake; incorporation of amino acids into perchloric acid extract and HCl extract (corresponding grossly to poorly and highly organized proteins respectively); cell fraction DNA and cell fraction protein contents have all been measured daily from day 1 to day 8 in primary cultures of epidermal keratinocytes (EK) and dermal fibroblasts (DF). Correlations between these five biochemical parameters (or variables) have been sought when using the statistical method of principal component analysis. The analysis of whole data of EK and DF populations taken together revealed that DNA content is a major distinguishing factor between these two cell types.  The analysis of variables of each cell type taken independently showed that DF are essentially characterizable by their tendency to synthesize both poorly and highly organized proteins, whereas EK are more prone to DNA and highly organized protein synthesis. Thus, EK and DF in culture can be readily distinguished statistically by analysing their growth and maturation characteristics. It is even likely that time study of thymidine and amino acid incorporation would suffice to characterize these two cell types in vitro.", "PMID": 75628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5846", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes from psoriasis patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was analysed in peripheral lymphocytes from patients receiving 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave ultraviolet light (UVA) against psoriasis. The average SCE frequency in 14 patients after 3-10 weeks of clinical treatment did not differ statistically from that before treatment. UVA irradiation in vitro of blood from patients receiving 8-MOP caused a significant increase in the number of SCE. Such an increase was not observed after systemic administration of 8-MOP excluding UVA irradiation in vitro, nor after UVA irradiation in vitro in the absence of 8-MOP. Thus, the combination of oral 8-MOP administration and subsequent UVA irradiation in vitro promotes SCE in peripheral lymphocytes. However, this effect is not seen after clinical irradiation to the skin in vivo. The reason for this may be that the accumulated dose of UVA light in circulating lymphocytes, even after several weeks of clinical therapy, is not large enough to produce a significant amount of DNA damage leading to SCE, or else that DNA damage caused by the treatment is efficiency repaired during the intervals between treatments.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes from psoriasis patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was analysed in peripheral lymphocytes from patients receiving 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and longwave ultraviolet light (UVA) against psoriasis. The average SCE frequency in 14 patients after 3-10 weeks of clinical treatment did not differ statistically from that before treatment. UVA irradiation in vitro of blood from patients receiving 8-MOP caused a significant increase in the number of SCE. Such an increase was not observed after systemic administration of 8-MOP excluding UVA irradiation in vitro, nor after UVA irradiation in vitro in the absence of 8-MOP. Thus, the combination of oral 8-MOP administration and subsequent UVA irradiation in vitro promotes SCE in peripheral lymphocytes. However, this effect is not seen after clinical irradiation to the skin in vivo. The reason for this may be that the accumulated dose of UVA light in circulating lymphocytes, even after several weeks of clinical therapy, is not large enough to produce a significant amount of DNA damage leading to SCE, or else that DNA damage caused by the treatment is efficiency repaired during the intervals between treatments.", "PMID": 75629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5847", "title": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy resin oligomers in the guinea pig.", "content": "Low molecular weight oligomers of an epoxy resin of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether type were isolated by gel permeation chromatography. The sensitizing capacity of these oligomers was assessed with the \"guinea pig maximization test\". The oligomer with the molecular weight of 340 sensitized 80% to 100% of the animals, but produced no cross reactions to the other oligomers. The MW 624 oligomer sensitized 56-60% of the animals and 30% of these showed cross reactions to the MW 340 oligomer. The MW 908 and MW 1192 oligomers elicited no reactions. It was shown that sensitization with epoxy resin mixtures of high average molecular weight depends mainly on the content of the MW 340 oligomer.", "contents": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy resin oligomers in the guinea pig. Low molecular weight oligomers of an epoxy resin of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether type were isolated by gel permeation chromatography. The sensitizing capacity of these oligomers was assessed with the \"guinea pig maximization test\". The oligomer with the molecular weight of 340 sensitized 80% to 100% of the animals, but produced no cross reactions to the other oligomers. The MW 624 oligomer sensitized 56-60% of the animals and 30% of these showed cross reactions to the MW 340 oligomer. The MW 908 and MW 1192 oligomers elicited no reactions. It was shown that sensitization with epoxy resin mixtures of high average molecular weight depends mainly on the content of the MW 340 oligomer.", "PMID": 75630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5848", "title": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: localization of soluble epidermal carrier proteins by macrophage migration test.", "content": "The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from picrylchloride-sensitive guinea pigs was inhibited by heteroantigenic components which were isolated by antinormal guinea pig epidermis antibody immunoadsorbent from soluble epidermal proteins of picrylchloride painted guinea pigs. The components were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence study to localize in the intercellular spaces of guinea pig epidermis. It is consequently suggested that carrier protein(s) of contact hypersensitivity reside on the cell surface of epidermis.", "contents": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: localization of soluble epidermal carrier proteins by macrophage migration test. The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from picrylchloride-sensitive guinea pigs was inhibited by heteroantigenic components which were isolated by antinormal guinea pig epidermis antibody immunoadsorbent from soluble epidermal proteins of picrylchloride painted guinea pigs. The components were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence study to localize in the intercellular spaces of guinea pig epidermis. It is consequently suggested that carrier protein(s) of contact hypersensitivity reside on the cell surface of epidermis.", "PMID": 75631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5849", "title": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: in vivo sensitization with soluble epidermal proteins as carrier proteins.", "content": "Contact hypersensitivity to picrylchloride was induced in guinea pigs by the subcutaneous injection of heteroantigenic components which were isolated by antibody immunoadsorbent from soluble epidermal proteins of picrylchloride painted guinea pigs. The injection of non-heterantinenic components obtained from the picrylchloride treated guinea pig epidermis did not elicit contact sensitization to picrylchloride in guinea pigs. These results corroborate previous findings obtained when utilizing the in vitro migration inhibition assay.", "contents": "Studies on carrier protein in contact dermatitis: in vivo sensitization with soluble epidermal proteins as carrier proteins. Contact hypersensitivity to picrylchloride was induced in guinea pigs by the subcutaneous injection of heteroantigenic components which were isolated by antibody immunoadsorbent from soluble epidermal proteins of picrylchloride painted guinea pigs. The injection of non-heterantinenic components obtained from the picrylchloride treated guinea pig epidermis did not elicit contact sensitization to picrylchloride in guinea pigs. These results corroborate previous findings obtained when utilizing the in vitro migration inhibition assay.", "PMID": 75632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5850", "title": "Early fine structural changes in human epidermis following application of croton oil.", "content": "Early epidermal changes in human subjects following application of 10% croton oil in acetone were studied by electron microscopy. The prominent changes observed at 1 and 5 hours were degeneration of epidermal cells and intercellular edema in the basal and spinous layers. One type of degeneration was homogenization and aggregation of the tonofilaments of keratinocytes at 1 hour, which may explain the presence of dyskeratotic cells at 5 hours. Another type was of a cytolytic nature as evidenced by severe perinuclear edema of keratinocytes and destruction of Langerhans' cells with outpouring of Birbeck's granules in the intercellular spaces.", "contents": "Early fine structural changes in human epidermis following application of croton oil. Early epidermal changes in human subjects following application of 10% croton oil in acetone were studied by electron microscopy. The prominent changes observed at 1 and 5 hours were degeneration of epidermal cells and intercellular edema in the basal and spinous layers. One type of degeneration was homogenization and aggregation of the tonofilaments of keratinocytes at 1 hour, which may explain the presence of dyskeratotic cells at 5 hours. Another type was of a cytolytic nature as evidenced by severe perinuclear edema of keratinocytes and destruction of Langerhans' cells with outpouring of Birbeck's granules in the intercellular spaces.", "PMID": 75633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5851", "title": "Submicroscopic aspects of the keratinization, dyskeratinization and acantholysis of fogo selvagem.", "content": "Histopathological, cytomorphological and electron microscopic analyses in a case of fogo selvagem are reported. Contradictory to the light microscopical findings, the acantholysis as seen with the electron microscope involves the basal layer but not the subcorneal layers--at least not the most superficial part of the granular layer. A conspicuous disintegration of the tonofilament-desmosome complexes give rise to the concomitant dyskeratosis. This aberrant process, including an association between retracing tonofilaments and defective Odland bodies, results in the terminal stage of monstrous defective and specific keratohyalin. In cytoplasm, target-like structures similar to virions of the herpes virus group were observed. The dynamics of the pathological process is discussed.", "contents": "Submicroscopic aspects of the keratinization, dyskeratinization and acantholysis of fogo selvagem. Histopathological, cytomorphological and electron microscopic analyses in a case of fogo selvagem are reported. Contradictory to the light microscopical findings, the acantholysis as seen with the electron microscope involves the basal layer but not the subcorneal layers--at least not the most superficial part of the granular layer. A conspicuous disintegration of the tonofilament-desmosome complexes give rise to the concomitant dyskeratosis. This aberrant process, including an association between retracing tonofilaments and defective Odland bodies, results in the terminal stage of monstrous defective and specific keratohyalin. In cytoplasm, target-like structures similar to virions of the herpes virus group were observed. The dynamics of the pathological process is discussed.", "PMID": 75634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5852", "title": "Intercellular and circulating antibodies in patients with dyskeratosis follicularis, Darier's disease.", "content": "Skin biopsies from 6 patients, and biopsies of the palatal mucosa of 4 of these patients with dyskeratosis follicularis (DF) (Dariers disease) were examined for in vivo bound antibodies by means of a direct immunofluorescence (IF) technique. Antibodies located in the intercellular substance of the epidermis were found in the skin lesions of all patients. Immunoglobulins of the classes IgG, IgA and IgM as well as C3 were found in all lesions. No antibodies reacting with the palatal mucosa were found. Sera from 6 patients with DF and 10 control persons were tested by an indirect IF technique for circulating antibodies. Guinea pig lip and normal oral mucosa and skin were used as antigens. All patients sera and one control serum reacted with the basal cell of the guinea pig lip. Three DF sera--but no control sera--reacted with the basal cells of human oral mucosa. None of the sera reacted with human skin.", "contents": "Intercellular and circulating antibodies in patients with dyskeratosis follicularis, Darier's disease. Skin biopsies from 6 patients, and biopsies of the palatal mucosa of 4 of these patients with dyskeratosis follicularis (DF) (Dariers disease) were examined for in vivo bound antibodies by means of a direct immunofluorescence (IF) technique. Antibodies located in the intercellular substance of the epidermis were found in the skin lesions of all patients. Immunoglobulins of the classes IgG, IgA and IgM as well as C3 were found in all lesions. No antibodies reacting with the palatal mucosa were found. Sera from 6 patients with DF and 10 control persons were tested by an indirect IF technique for circulating antibodies. Guinea pig lip and normal oral mucosa and skin were used as antigens. All patients sera and one control serum reacted with the basal cell of the guinea pig lip. Three DF sera--but no control sera--reacted with the basal cells of human oral mucosa. None of the sera reacted with human skin.", "PMID": 75635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5853", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis presenting as Mucha-Habermann disease.", "content": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HMR) is a rare, progressive, fatal reticuleondothelial proliferative disorder. It was diagnosed in a 10-year-old boy who had pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta of Mucha-Haberman which was controlled by dapsone for 2 years. One month after cessation of dapsone therapy, cutaneous tumors associated with fever, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly developed. Tissue biopsy specimens of skin, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and a bone marrow aspirate demonstrated histiocytic erythrophagocytosis and atypical histiocytosis compatible with HMR. A rapidly progressing, fatal course followed despite intensive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis presenting as Mucha-Habermann disease. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HMR) is a rare, progressive, fatal reticuleondothelial proliferative disorder. It was diagnosed in a 10-year-old boy who had pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta of Mucha-Haberman which was controlled by dapsone for 2 years. One month after cessation of dapsone therapy, cutaneous tumors associated with fever, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly developed. Tissue biopsy specimens of skin, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and a bone marrow aspirate demonstrated histiocytic erythrophagocytosis and atypical histiocytosis compatible with HMR. A rapidly progressing, fatal course followed despite intensive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 75636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5854", "title": "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome in five successive generations: Report on a family in Finland.", "content": "A family of 11 members with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRP syndrome) is described. The inheritance in five successive generations was autosomal dominant. The main features of the TRP syndrome noted were: sparse hair, pear-shaped nose and joint deformity with cone-shaped epiphyses at some of the middle phalanges of the hands.", "contents": "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome in five successive generations: Report on a family in Finland. A family of 11 members with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRP syndrome) is described. The inheritance in five successive generations was autosomal dominant. The main features of the TRP syndrome noted were: sparse hair, pear-shaped nose and joint deformity with cone-shaped epiphyses at some of the middle phalanges of the hands.", "PMID": 75637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5855", "title": "Culture diagnosis of gonorrhoea--a comparison between two standard laboratory methods and a commercial gonococcal culture kit (Kvadricult).", "content": "The efficiency of a commercial kit--Kvadricult--intended for the culture diagnosis of gonorrhoea and specially designed to simplify \"bedside\" inoculation, was compared in two laboratories with their standard laboratory gonococcal (GC) culture methods. The yields of specimens inoculated \"bedside\" were compared with those inoculated after transport for 4-18 hrs in a modified Stuart transport medium. The highest positive yield was obtained by \"bedside\" inoculation with approximately equal results for the conventional methods and the Kvadricult system. Compared with \"bedside\" inoculation, the loss of positive specimens after transport was less than 10% in one laboratory but more than 17% in the other, which was found to be due to inferiority of the GC medium used in this laboratory, the reasons for which are discussed. Prolonged transportation of specimens for 2 days increased the loss of positive specimens, rising to as much as 55% even at the laboratory with the more efficient GC medium. These losses can obviously be avoided by transport for less than 24 hours--or better still, by \"bedside\" inoculation. From this point of view we have found the Kvadricult system efficient and easy to handle.", "contents": "Culture diagnosis of gonorrhoea--a comparison between two standard laboratory methods and a commercial gonococcal culture kit (Kvadricult). The efficiency of a commercial kit--Kvadricult--intended for the culture diagnosis of gonorrhoea and specially designed to simplify \"bedside\" inoculation, was compared in two laboratories with their standard laboratory gonococcal (GC) culture methods. The yields of specimens inoculated \"bedside\" were compared with those inoculated after transport for 4-18 hrs in a modified Stuart transport medium. The highest positive yield was obtained by \"bedside\" inoculation with approximately equal results for the conventional methods and the Kvadricult system. Compared with \"bedside\" inoculation, the loss of positive specimens after transport was less than 10% in one laboratory but more than 17% in the other, which was found to be due to inferiority of the GC medium used in this laboratory, the reasons for which are discussed. Prolonged transportation of specimens for 2 days increased the loss of positive specimens, rising to as much as 55% even at the laboratory with the more efficient GC medium. These losses can obviously be avoided by transport for less than 24 hours--or better still, by \"bedside\" inoculation. From this point of view we have found the Kvadricult system efficient and easy to handle.", "PMID": 75638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5856", "title": "Abnormal skin collagen in scleroderma.", "content": "A significant decrease in the content of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine was found in the skin of patients with generalized scleroderma (acrosclerosis), the lowering of Hyp being more marked than that of Hyl. The production of an abnormal collagen or a change from one collagen type to another is suggested to take place.", "contents": "Abnormal skin collagen in scleroderma. A significant decrease in the content of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine was found in the skin of patients with generalized scleroderma (acrosclerosis), the lowering of Hyp being more marked than that of Hyl. The production of an abnormal collagen or a change from one collagen type to another is suggested to take place.", "PMID": 75639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5857", "title": "Measurement of the horny layer turnover after staining with dansyl chloride: description of a new method.", "content": "A simple non-radioactive technique is described. The corneal layers were stained with 5% dansyl chloride ointment during 24-48 h of occlusion. The number of newly formed corneal layers were counted on sections from punch biopsies obtained at various intervals after the staining. The rate of formation is given as layers formed per 24 hours. The technique makes it possible to detect an increase in the turnover rate when it is more than 15-32% above normal. The biological material can also be utilized for comparative studies utilizing biochemical and histological methods. The average rate of formation was 1.15+-0.09 (S.E.M.) layers per 24 hours in a group of 10 subjects.", "contents": "Measurement of the horny layer turnover after staining with dansyl chloride: description of a new method. A simple non-radioactive technique is described. The corneal layers were stained with 5% dansyl chloride ointment during 24-48 h of occlusion. The number of newly formed corneal layers were counted on sections from punch biopsies obtained at various intervals after the staining. The rate of formation is given as layers formed per 24 hours. The technique makes it possible to detect an increase in the turnover rate when it is more than 15-32% above normal. The biological material can also be utilized for comparative studies utilizing biochemical and histological methods. The average rate of formation was 1.15+-0.09 (S.E.M.) layers per 24 hours in a group of 10 subjects.", "PMID": 75640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5858", "title": "Membrane-associated actin in psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "With immunofluorescence technique by using specific antibodies, polymerized actin (F-actin) was found to be present in the peripheral parts of the cells in all layers of epidermis from lesional skin taken from twelve psoriatics, whereas normal epidermis from the same individuals showed no such reactivity. This finding might have some bearing on the induction of these lesions.", "contents": "Membrane-associated actin in psoriatic epidermis. With immunofluorescence technique by using specific antibodies, polymerized actin (F-actin) was found to be present in the peripheral parts of the cells in all layers of epidermis from lesional skin taken from twelve psoriatics, whereas normal epidermis from the same individuals showed no such reactivity. This finding might have some bearing on the induction of these lesions.", "PMID": 75641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5859", "title": "Failure to detect circulating IgG or IgM antibodies to basal cell carcinoma by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Immunofluorescence techniques failed to reveal evidence of anti-tumour antibody in the sera of patients with basal cell carcinima. Although the presence of such antibodies has previously been associated with the absence of metastasis in malignant melanoma, other explanations for the low metaststic potential of basal cell carcinoma should be sought.", "contents": "Failure to detect circulating IgG or IgM antibodies to basal cell carcinoma by immunofluorescence. Immunofluorescence techniques failed to reveal evidence of anti-tumour antibody in the sera of patients with basal cell carcinima. Although the presence of such antibodies has previously been associated with the absence of metastasis in malignant melanoma, other explanations for the low metaststic potential of basal cell carcinoma should be sought.", "PMID": 75642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5860", "title": "Rapid diagnostic tests for cutaneous eruptions of herpes simplex.", "content": "Comparison was made of the results of virus isolation, indirect immunofluorescent staining (IF-test) and Tzanck smears from 32 patients with cutaneous eruptions clinically diagnosed as herpes simplex. Herpesvirus hominis was isolated from 21 patients; IF-test was positive in 22 patients; Tzanch smears were positive in 20 patients. 23 to 25 of the 25 patients in whom one of the diagnostic tests was positive could be identified by a combination of any two of the diagnostic methods employed. No false-positive reactions were observed for IF-test or Tzanck smear.", "contents": "Rapid diagnostic tests for cutaneous eruptions of herpes simplex. Comparison was made of the results of virus isolation, indirect immunofluorescent staining (IF-test) and Tzanck smears from 32 patients with cutaneous eruptions clinically diagnosed as herpes simplex. Herpesvirus hominis was isolated from 21 patients; IF-test was positive in 22 patients; Tzanch smears were positive in 20 patients. 23 to 25 of the 25 patients in whom one of the diagnostic tests was positive could be identified by a combination of any two of the diagnostic methods employed. No false-positive reactions were observed for IF-test or Tzanck smear.", "PMID": 75643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5861", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on skin surface lipids.", "content": "Skin surface lipids in female patients with acne were examined before and after treatment with the oral contraceptive SH 209 AB (2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol) by direct extraction with petrol ether and photometrical determination. A significant reduction in the skin surface lipids was seen, together with a remarkable alleviation of the disease.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on skin surface lipids. Skin surface lipids in female patients with acne were examined before and after treatment with the oral contraceptive SH 209 AB (2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol) by direct extraction with petrol ether and photometrical determination. A significant reduction in the skin surface lipids was seen, together with a remarkable alleviation of the disease.", "PMID": 75644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5862", "title": "Formation of melanin-tyrosinase complex and its possible significance as a model for control of melanin synthesis.", "content": "Previous reports have shown that the tyrosinase activities of melanosomes and soluble tyrosinase isolated from melanoma were diminished when these preparations were incubated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). It was concluded from these results that the tyrosinase activities of these preparations decreased when melanin was synthesized in these systems. The present investigation has revealed that melanin synthesized in vitro from dopa formed a complex with purified mushroom tyrosinase. The addition of melanin diminished the tyrosinase activity of the sample. These results show that the formation of the melanin-tyrosinase complex results in a decrease in the activity of the tyrosinase solution. The tyrosinase activity of the melanin-tyrosinase complex could not be increased by certain procedures which were previously found to enhance the tyrosinase activity of isolated melanosomes.", "contents": "Formation of melanin-tyrosinase complex and its possible significance as a model for control of melanin synthesis. Previous reports have shown that the tyrosinase activities of melanosomes and soluble tyrosinase isolated from melanoma were diminished when these preparations were incubated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). It was concluded from these results that the tyrosinase activities of these preparations decreased when melanin was synthesized in these systems. The present investigation has revealed that melanin synthesized in vitro from dopa formed a complex with purified mushroom tyrosinase. The addition of melanin diminished the tyrosinase activity of the sample. These results show that the formation of the melanin-tyrosinase complex results in a decrease in the activity of the tyrosinase solution. The tyrosinase activity of the melanin-tyrosinase complex could not be increased by certain procedures which were previously found to enhance the tyrosinase activity of isolated melanosomes.", "PMID": 75646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5863", "title": "[Argentaffinity and argentophilia. II. The sensitivity of histochemical argentophilic techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author analyzes the relationship between argentophilia and argentaffinity, showing the importance and significance of the collection in parallel of the data which, only when integrated, make it possible to obtain complete and valid results, especially with regard to argentophilia. He then presents in tabular form and discusses the various situations that can occur in the case of argentophilia, both primary and secondary. As regards the latter, he takes into the consideration the initial and final characteristics, both of argentophilia and of argentaffinity, evaluating the importance of the comparison. The Author then illustrates, both along general lines and in specific application, the advantages and limits of the utilization, in accordance with the criteria considered, of argentophilia as a histochemical reaction. The latter may be compared to an argentaffinity reaction made more sensitive, although less selective, and appears to be valid even if, in certain cases, it cannot lead to precise and definite diagnostic results, but only to a sure distinction between different formations or materials.", "contents": "[Argentaffinity and argentophilia. II. The sensitivity of histochemical argentophilic techniques (author's transl)]. The Author analyzes the relationship between argentophilia and argentaffinity, showing the importance and significance of the collection in parallel of the data which, only when integrated, make it possible to obtain complete and valid results, especially with regard to argentophilia. He then presents in tabular form and discusses the various situations that can occur in the case of argentophilia, both primary and secondary. As regards the latter, he takes into the consideration the initial and final characteristics, both of argentophilia and of argentaffinity, evaluating the importance of the comparison. The Author then illustrates, both along general lines and in specific application, the advantages and limits of the utilization, in accordance with the criteria considered, of argentophilia as a histochemical reaction. The latter may be compared to an argentaffinity reaction made more sensitive, although less selective, and appears to be valid even if, in certain cases, it cannot lead to precise and definite diagnostic results, but only to a sure distinction between different formations or materials.", "PMID": 75653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5864", "title": "Adsorbed proteins mask negatively charged sites of the erythrocyte glycocalyx.", "content": "Protein masking of charged sites of the erythrocyte glycocalyx was studied by means of the colloidal iron affinity. Washed red cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde such as to stabilize their glycocalyx and to inhibit conformational changes during posttreatment. Following the incubation in an ionic protein solution, proteins adsorbed to the cell surface were insolubilized by repeated treatment with low ionic isotonic surcose. Erythrocytes coated with precipitated proteins exhibited a rough surface. Their iron binding capacity was reduced considerably. In comparison with serum albumin, masking by gamma globulin was more efficient, apparently, because of its insolubility in low ionic media. High ionic incubation of coated erythrocytes resolubilized adsorbed proteins and unmasked negatively charged groups of the glycocalyx.", "contents": "Adsorbed proteins mask negatively charged sites of the erythrocyte glycocalyx. Protein masking of charged sites of the erythrocyte glycocalyx was studied by means of the colloidal iron affinity. Washed red cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde such as to stabilize their glycocalyx and to inhibit conformational changes during posttreatment. Following the incubation in an ionic protein solution, proteins adsorbed to the cell surface were insolubilized by repeated treatment with low ionic isotonic surcose. Erythrocytes coated with precipitated proteins exhibited a rough surface. Their iron binding capacity was reduced considerably. In comparison with serum albumin, masking by gamma globulin was more efficient, apparently, because of its insolubility in low ionic media. High ionic incubation of coated erythrocytes resolubilized adsorbed proteins and unmasked negatively charged groups of the glycocalyx.", "PMID": 75654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5865", "title": "[Fate of C-14 labeled hydroxyethyl starch in mice].", "content": "Three preparations of hydroxyethyl starch having MS 0.55, 0.65 and 0.8 respectively and labelled with 14C in hydroxyethyl residue were administered to mice. After 1, 5, 10, 20 and 60 days the mice were sacrificed and radioactivities determined in the following organs and tissues: blood, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and muscles. Most of the initial dose of radioactivity was eliminated from mice within 24 h. The remaining portion was eliminated slowly and even after 60 days 0 07--1.2% of the initial dose could be detected in different organs. The rate of clearance of radioactivity was fastest for hydroxyethyl starch with MS = 0.55 and slowest for the preparation with MS = 0.8. The retention of radioactivity was most conspicous in the muscles.", "contents": "[Fate of C-14 labeled hydroxyethyl starch in mice]. Three preparations of hydroxyethyl starch having MS 0.55, 0.65 and 0.8 respectively and labelled with 14C in hydroxyethyl residue were administered to mice. After 1, 5, 10, 20 and 60 days the mice were sacrificed and radioactivities determined in the following organs and tissues: blood, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and muscles. Most of the initial dose of radioactivity was eliminated from mice within 24 h. The remaining portion was eliminated slowly and even after 60 days 0 07--1.2% of the initial dose could be detected in different organs. The rate of clearance of radioactivity was fastest for hydroxyethyl starch with MS = 0.55 and slowest for the preparation with MS = 0.8. The retention of radioactivity was most conspicous in the muscles.", "PMID": 75652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5866", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans. A histologic and autoradiographic study in man.", "content": "Surgically excised cylindrical specimens from 14 adult patients with osteochondritis dissecans in the knee joint were studied with histologic and autoradiographic techniques. The lesions were found to be composed of normal hyaline cartilage with no pathological changes. In the bone part of the specimens there were well-defined fissures at various distances from the tidemark. On both sides of the fissure, but especially on the OD side, there were scattered osteonecroses in complete disarray. No tetracycline fluorescence activity could be seen in the lesions.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans. A histologic and autoradiographic study in man. Surgically excised cylindrical specimens from 14 adult patients with osteochondritis dissecans in the knee joint were studied with histologic and autoradiographic techniques. The lesions were found to be composed of normal hyaline cartilage with no pathological changes. In the bone part of the specimens there were well-defined fissures at various distances from the tidemark. On both sides of the fissure, but especially on the OD side, there were scattered osteonecroses in complete disarray. No tetracycline fluorescence activity could be seen in the lesions.", "PMID": 75656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5867", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis.", "content": "Three cases of malignant histiocytosis occurring in children aged 2 months, 10 months and 14 years, are described. In all children the diagnosis was based on anaemia, granulocytopenia or thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly and marked erythrophagocytosis by bone marrow and lymph node atypical histiocytes. Two children aged 10 months and 14 years, underwent splenectomy after which combined chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP) was started. In the older child a complete remission was achieved. The younger child died soon after the onset of the treatment. The youngest child was treated with bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). He died of pneumonia and sepsis two months after the start of the treatment.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Three cases of malignant histiocytosis occurring in children aged 2 months, 10 months and 14 years, are described. In all children the diagnosis was based on anaemia, granulocytopenia or thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly and marked erythrophagocytosis by bone marrow and lymph node atypical histiocytes. Two children aged 10 months and 14 years, underwent splenectomy after which combined chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP) was started. In the older child a complete remission was achieved. The younger child died soon after the onset of the treatment. The youngest child was treated with bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (BACOP). He died of pneumonia and sepsis two months after the start of the treatment.", "PMID": 75657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5868", "title": "Specificity of the inhibitory effect of a grand-multipara serum on MLC reactions and on responses to PHA, PWM and PPD.", "content": "An MLC reaction inhibiting serum from a grand-multiparous woman (16 successful pregnancies) is described. The serum producer had the HLA antigen A3;Bw35/Aw19;B18;Dw2 and her husband the antigens A28;Bw35/Aw16;B18;Dw2, and they responded to each other in one-way MLC. The serum had the following characteristics: (1) it inhibited many but not all donors as stimulators in MLC; (2) it usually inhibited these same donors as responders in MLC, but clearly to a lesser degree and with a much lower titre; (3) the inhibition of the stimulating function followed HLA haplotypes in families, and seemed to have HLA-D associated specificity, inhibiting HLA-Dw3 and Dw6 homozygous but not HLA-Dw2 or Dw4 homozygous cells as stimulators; (4) it inhibited more strongly the PWM and PPD responses than the MLC responses of relevant cells; (5) the IgG fraction of the serum had characteristics similar to the non-fractionated serum; (6) the inhibitory effect on MLC reactions and PWM and PPD responses was not absorbable by specific red blood cells or platelets, but could be removed or diminished by specific lymphocytes; (7) the serum was not cytotoxic in the complement-dependent test against non-fractionated mononuclear cells or enriched B-lymphocytes. The findings and the possible biological and clinical significance of human Ia-like antibodies are discussed.", "contents": "Specificity of the inhibitory effect of a grand-multipara serum on MLC reactions and on responses to PHA, PWM and PPD. An MLC reaction inhibiting serum from a grand-multiparous woman (16 successful pregnancies) is described. The serum producer had the HLA antigen A3;Bw35/Aw19;B18;Dw2 and her husband the antigens A28;Bw35/Aw16;B18;Dw2, and they responded to each other in one-way MLC. The serum had the following characteristics: (1) it inhibited many but not all donors as stimulators in MLC; (2) it usually inhibited these same donors as responders in MLC, but clearly to a lesser degree and with a much lower titre; (3) the inhibition of the stimulating function followed HLA haplotypes in families, and seemed to have HLA-D associated specificity, inhibiting HLA-Dw3 and Dw6 homozygous but not HLA-Dw2 or Dw4 homozygous cells as stimulators; (4) it inhibited more strongly the PWM and PPD responses than the MLC responses of relevant cells; (5) the IgG fraction of the serum had characteristics similar to the non-fractionated serum; (6) the inhibitory effect on MLC reactions and PWM and PPD responses was not absorbable by specific red blood cells or platelets, but could be removed or diminished by specific lymphocytes; (7) the serum was not cytotoxic in the complement-dependent test against non-fractionated mononuclear cells or enriched B-lymphocytes. The findings and the possible biological and clinical significance of human Ia-like antibodies are discussed.", "PMID": 75658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5869", "title": "Antibodies against double-stranded DNA in patients with connective tissue diseases. Comparison between Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast immunofluorescence test and Farr technique.", "content": "Antibodies against double-stranded (ds) DNA were demonstrated by an immunofluorescence technique using Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast as antigen, and by means of the Farr technique. Both techniques were used simultaneously in 172 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), temporal arteritis (TA) and from healthy controls. Comparable results were obtained with the two techniques. SLE patients with active disease had higher titres of IgA antibodies than patients with inactive disease. Of the patients with RA and JRA, 10% had significant titres of dsDNA antibodies. Patients with TA and normal controls had either no dsDNA antibodies in their sera or very low titres without complement-fixing properties.", "contents": "Antibodies against double-stranded DNA in patients with connective tissue diseases. Comparison between Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast immunofluorescence test and Farr technique. Antibodies against double-stranded (ds) DNA were demonstrated by an immunofluorescence technique using Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast as antigen, and by means of the Farr technique. Both techniques were used simultaneously in 172 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), temporal arteritis (TA) and from healthy controls. Comparable results were obtained with the two techniques. SLE patients with active disease had higher titres of IgA antibodies than patients with inactive disease. Of the patients with RA and JRA, 10% had significant titres of dsDNA antibodies. Patients with TA and normal controls had either no dsDNA antibodies in their sera or very low titres without complement-fixing properties.", "PMID": 75659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5870", "title": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XVIII. Polarity of donor DNA strands transferred to the recipient as determined by DNA-RNA hybridization.", "content": "Polarity of donor DNA strand transferred into recipient during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12 was determined by DNA-3H-RNA hybridization. Lambda prophage was used as a marker. The defective lysogen Hfr H (lambdat11) as a donor and thermosensitive F- CR34 dnaB strain as recipient were used. Two sets of hybridization experiments, with 1-strand specific lambda mRNA and lambda mRNA specific for both phage strands but with large excess of r-strand specific mRNA, were carried out. Strand 1 of lambda DNA was detected preferentially in recipient cells mated at restrictive temperature, when Hfr transferred its genophore in the order gal-lambda-bio. Thus the genophore is transferred with 5'OH at its origin.", "contents": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XVIII. Polarity of donor DNA strands transferred to the recipient as determined by DNA-RNA hybridization. Polarity of donor DNA strand transferred into recipient during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12 was determined by DNA-3H-RNA hybridization. Lambda prophage was used as a marker. The defective lysogen Hfr H (lambdat11) as a donor and thermosensitive F- CR34 dnaB strain as recipient were used. Two sets of hybridization experiments, with 1-strand specific lambda mRNA and lambda mRNA specific for both phage strands but with large excess of r-strand specific mRNA, were carried out. Strand 1 of lambda DNA was detected preferentially in recipient cells mated at restrictive temperature, when Hfr transferred its genophore in the order gal-lambda-bio. Thus the genophore is transferred with 5'OH at its origin.", "PMID": 75660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5871", "title": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate I. Conjugational separation of different derivative plasmid aggregates and their genetic properties.", "content": "Conjugational transfer of R404 factor, found in Salmonella enteritidis strain, was examined. Six derivative forms differing in resistance pattern were isolated. The manner of conjugational separation during transfer of R404 factor from E. coli to E. coli strain was the same as from the original strain of S. enteritidis to E. coli strain. During following conjugation, all isolated forms except one, could give forms differing in a resistance pattern from the parenteral ones. This one form, from which different conjugational forms could not be separated, was assumed to be a single plasmid and was designated pCK2. All other forms, including the original R404 factor were assumed to be plasmid aggregates.", "contents": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate I. Conjugational separation of different derivative plasmid aggregates and their genetic properties. Conjugational transfer of R404 factor, found in Salmonella enteritidis strain, was examined. Six derivative forms differing in resistance pattern were isolated. The manner of conjugational separation during transfer of R404 factor from E. coli to E. coli strain was the same as from the original strain of S. enteritidis to E. coli strain. During following conjugation, all isolated forms except one, could give forms differing in a resistance pattern from the parenteral ones. This one form, from which different conjugational forms could not be separated, was assumed to be a single plasmid and was designated pCK2. All other forms, including the original R404 factor were assumed to be plasmid aggregates.", "PMID": 75661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5872", "title": "Auxotrophic mutations related to symbiotic properties of Rhizobium meliloti strain L5-30.", "content": "Mutants isolated from effective R. meliloti strain L5-30 which required histidine (his-240), arginine+uracil (arg-55) and cysteine (cys-243, cys-244 and cys-246) showed also loss of effectiveness. Mutant requiring isoleucine+valine (ilv-74) was non-infective. Relation of the metabolic deficiency to the symbiotic properties of these mutants was tested comparing symbiotic response of their prototrophic revertants and transductants. It was found that all revertants and transductants of the strain his-240 were effective which suggests that histidine deficiency was the cause of their ineffectiveness. All revertants and transductants of the cysteine mutants were still ineffective. This result indicates two independent mutations which were not cotransductible. Prototrophic revertants of the mutant arg-55 were ineffective whereas 56.9 percent of transductants appeared effective suggesting close linkage of two mutations. i.e. auxotrophic and the other concerned with symbiotic effectiveness. Though one of 69 prototrophic transductants obtained from the non-nodulating mutant ilv-74 remained non-nodulating, it seems that changes in nodulating ability of the mutant are related to the auxotrophic requirements.", "contents": "Auxotrophic mutations related to symbiotic properties of Rhizobium meliloti strain L5-30. Mutants isolated from effective R. meliloti strain L5-30 which required histidine (his-240), arginine+uracil (arg-55) and cysteine (cys-243, cys-244 and cys-246) showed also loss of effectiveness. Mutant requiring isoleucine+valine (ilv-74) was non-infective. Relation of the metabolic deficiency to the symbiotic properties of these mutants was tested comparing symbiotic response of their prototrophic revertants and transductants. It was found that all revertants and transductants of the strain his-240 were effective which suggests that histidine deficiency was the cause of their ineffectiveness. All revertants and transductants of the cysteine mutants were still ineffective. This result indicates two independent mutations which were not cotransductible. Prototrophic revertants of the mutant arg-55 were ineffective whereas 56.9 percent of transductants appeared effective suggesting close linkage of two mutations. i.e. auxotrophic and the other concerned with symbiotic effectiveness. Though one of 69 prototrophic transductants obtained from the non-nodulating mutant ilv-74 remained non-nodulating, it seems that changes in nodulating ability of the mutant are related to the auxotrophic requirements.", "PMID": 75662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5873", "title": "Structure of nodules induced by auxotrophic and ineffective mutants of Rhizobium meliloti strain L5-30 requiring cysteine, arginine+uracil and histidine.", "content": "Nodules produced by ineffective mutants of R. meliloti strain L5-30 requiring arginine+uracil (arg-55) and cysteine requiring mutants (cys-243, cys-244, cys-246) studied under light microscopy were found to be occupied by bacteria. This indicates on defect in transformation of these mutants into N2 fixing bacteroids. These defects were not associated with auxotrophy. In the nodules induced by histidine requiring mutant (his-240) only few host plant cells were occupied by bacteria. This indicate that his-240 mutant is defective in liberation from the infection thread and its multiplication since supplementation of the plant growth medium with 50 microgram/ml of L-histidine enabled establishment of fully effective association. Prototrophic transductants and revertants were fully effective.", "contents": "Structure of nodules induced by auxotrophic and ineffective mutants of Rhizobium meliloti strain L5-30 requiring cysteine, arginine+uracil and histidine. Nodules produced by ineffective mutants of R. meliloti strain L5-30 requiring arginine+uracil (arg-55) and cysteine requiring mutants (cys-243, cys-244, cys-246) studied under light microscopy were found to be occupied by bacteria. This indicates on defect in transformation of these mutants into N2 fixing bacteroids. These defects were not associated with auxotrophy. In the nodules induced by histidine requiring mutant (his-240) only few host plant cells were occupied by bacteria. This indicate that his-240 mutant is defective in liberation from the infection thread and its multiplication since supplementation of the plant growth medium with 50 microgram/ml of L-histidine enabled establishment of fully effective association. Prototrophic transductants and revertants were fully effective.", "PMID": 75663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5874", "title": "Growth requirements and the effect of organic components of the synthetic medium on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic nisin in Streptococcus lactis strain.", "content": "A synthetic medium SM-3 has been elaborated for growth of Streptococcus lactis strain 51, which contains the minimal number of organic components required for the growth of this strain and nisin production. This medium contains 9 amino acids, 4 vitamins from B group, glucose and mineral salts. Addition of biotin to the medium stimulated the growth of the strain, while the addition of purines and/or pyrimidines had no effect. Hitherto biotin has been considered to be necessary for the growth of S. lactis and purines and pyrimidines were believed to stimulate the growth of these bacteria. In strain 51 the minimal requirements for growth were also the minimal requirements for nisin biosynthesis. Strain 51 produced 3-4 times less nisin in medium SM-3 than in a complex medium. The addition of one of four amino acids (serine, proline, cysteine or cystine) to SM-3 medium increased the amount of antibiotic produced. The addition of all four amino acids simultaneously, caused formation of nisin amounts similar to those produced in complex medium.", "contents": "Growth requirements and the effect of organic components of the synthetic medium on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic nisin in Streptococcus lactis strain. A synthetic medium SM-3 has been elaborated for growth of Streptococcus lactis strain 51, which contains the minimal number of organic components required for the growth of this strain and nisin production. This medium contains 9 amino acids, 4 vitamins from B group, glucose and mineral salts. Addition of biotin to the medium stimulated the growth of the strain, while the addition of purines and/or pyrimidines had no effect. Hitherto biotin has been considered to be necessary for the growth of S. lactis and purines and pyrimidines were believed to stimulate the growth of these bacteria. In strain 51 the minimal requirements for growth were also the minimal requirements for nisin biosynthesis. Strain 51 produced 3-4 times less nisin in medium SM-3 than in a complex medium. The addition of one of four amino acids (serine, proline, cysteine or cystine) to SM-3 medium increased the amount of antibiotic produced. The addition of all four amino acids simultaneously, caused formation of nisin amounts similar to those produced in complex medium.", "PMID": 75664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5875", "title": "Characterization of a complex of hemicellulolytic enzymes produced by some strains of the lower fungi.", "content": "The effect of different temperatures and pH values on the hydrolysis of xylan by culture fluids of five strains of the lower fungi was determined. Xylan in such natural substrates as straw and corn-cobs was also subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The culture filtrate of the most active strain contained, besides xylanolytic enzymes, also cellulolytic, proteolytic and pectinolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Characterization of a complex of hemicellulolytic enzymes produced by some strains of the lower fungi. The effect of different temperatures and pH values on the hydrolysis of xylan by culture fluids of five strains of the lower fungi was determined. Xylan in such natural substrates as straw and corn-cobs was also subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The culture filtrate of the most active strain contained, besides xylanolytic enzymes, also cellulolytic, proteolytic and pectinolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 75665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5876", "title": "Humic-like substances of bacterial origin. I. Some aspects of the formation and nature of humic-like substances produced by Pseudomonas.", "content": "Two bacterial strains Pseudomonas acidovorans No 26 and Pseudomonas sp. No 4 grown in Conn and yeast extract-glucose media, or in the media enriched with tyrosine, were found to produce dark brown pigment. It was shown that in the bacterial cultures numerous phenolic and quinone-type compounds were formed and transformed to humic-like polymers. Formation of humic-like substances started in the bacterial cells and was accompanied by the presence of phenyloxidases in the bacterial cultures. The bacterial \"humic acids\" were obtained from the supernatants in amounts varing from 0.05 to 0.865 mg/1 mg of dry weight of cells and from the cells in amounts of 0.02 to 0.165 mg/1 mg of dry weight of cells, depending on the medium used and time of incubation. The IR spectra of the bacterial \"humic acids\" appeared to be very similar to IR spectrum of the synthetic humic acids (Fluka A.G.) and contained the same chemical groups as the soil humic acids. The culture medium after growth of the strain No 26 was fractionated into \"fulvic, hymatomelanic and humic acid\" fractions. The hydrolysates from the obtained fractions contained amino acids and uronic acids. The amino acid composition appeared to be very similar to that of soil humic acids.", "contents": "Humic-like substances of bacterial origin. I. Some aspects of the formation and nature of humic-like substances produced by Pseudomonas. Two bacterial strains Pseudomonas acidovorans No 26 and Pseudomonas sp. No 4 grown in Conn and yeast extract-glucose media, or in the media enriched with tyrosine, were found to produce dark brown pigment. It was shown that in the bacterial cultures numerous phenolic and quinone-type compounds were formed and transformed to humic-like polymers. Formation of humic-like substances started in the bacterial cells and was accompanied by the presence of phenyloxidases in the bacterial cultures. The bacterial \"humic acids\" were obtained from the supernatants in amounts varing from 0.05 to 0.865 mg/1 mg of dry weight of cells and from the cells in amounts of 0.02 to 0.165 mg/1 mg of dry weight of cells, depending on the medium used and time of incubation. The IR spectra of the bacterial \"humic acids\" appeared to be very similar to IR spectrum of the synthetic humic acids (Fluka A.G.) and contained the same chemical groups as the soil humic acids. The culture medium after growth of the strain No 26 was fractionated into \"fulvic, hymatomelanic and humic acid\" fractions. The hydrolysates from the obtained fractions contained amino acids and uronic acids. The amino acid composition appeared to be very similar to that of soil humic acids.", "PMID": 75666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5877", "title": "Humic-like substances of bacterial origin. II. Fractionation of the bacterial humic-like substances by gel filtration on sephadex gels.", "content": "Humic-like substances obtained from cells of Pseudomonas acidovorans were separated on Sephadex G-25 into two groups of substances of different molecular weight. The substances of the molecular weight  greater than 5000 were successively separated on Sephadex gels G-50, G-75, G-100. Five fractions of different molecular weight were obtained, the percentage of which varied depending on the media used and time of incubation of the bacteria. Most (38%--46%) of the compounds contained in the bacterial humic acids were of approximate molecular weight of 40 000--50 000. The distribution of the fractions in the bacterial \"humic-acids\" was compared with those of the humic acid made by Fluka A. G. The synthetic humic acid contained most (approximately 40%) of the compounds of approximate molecular weight of 8000--10 000. In the bacterial and synthetic material the content of the compounds with the molecular weight above 100 000 was very similar (8%--12%).", "contents": "Humic-like substances of bacterial origin. II. Fractionation of the bacterial humic-like substances by gel filtration on sephadex gels. Humic-like substances obtained from cells of Pseudomonas acidovorans were separated on Sephadex G-25 into two groups of substances of different molecular weight. The substances of the molecular weight  greater than 5000 were successively separated on Sephadex gels G-50, G-75, G-100. Five fractions of different molecular weight were obtained, the percentage of which varied depending on the media used and time of incubation of the bacteria. Most (38%--46%) of the compounds contained in the bacterial humic acids were of approximate molecular weight of 40 000--50 000. The distribution of the fractions in the bacterial \"humic-acids\" was compared with those of the humic acid made by Fluka A. G. The synthetic humic acid contained most (approximately 40%) of the compounds of approximate molecular weight of 8000--10 000. In the bacterial and synthetic material the content of the compounds with the molecular weight above 100 000 was very similar (8%--12%).", "PMID": 75667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5878", "title": "Toxic fatty acid resistant mutant of Trichophyton rubrum.", "content": "A mutant of Trichophyton rubrum which could tolerate high concentration (110 microgram/ml) of undecanoic acid was isolated from undecanoic (27.5 microgram/ml) sensitive parent. The mutant showed cross resistance towards other fatty acids like propionic acid, caprylic acid and undecenoic acid which were toxic for the parent strain. Development of fatty acid resistance in the mutant strain was associated with increased pigment production. There was no difference in colony or cell morphology between fatty acid resistant mutant and fatty acid sensitive parent.", "contents": "Toxic fatty acid resistant mutant of Trichophyton rubrum. A mutant of Trichophyton rubrum which could tolerate high concentration (110 microgram/ml) of undecanoic acid was isolated from undecanoic (27.5 microgram/ml) sensitive parent. The mutant showed cross resistance towards other fatty acids like propionic acid, caprylic acid and undecenoic acid which were toxic for the parent strain. Development of fatty acid resistance in the mutant strain was associated with increased pigment production. There was no difference in colony or cell morphology between fatty acid resistant mutant and fatty acid sensitive parent.", "PMID": 75669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5879", "title": "Evaluation of Streptococcus cremoris for preparing frozen concentrated starter cultures.", "content": "Five strains of Streptococcus cremoris were investigated with respect to their usefulness for frozen concentrated biomass production. APLC medium assured high growth of 3 strains and highest cell concentration i.e. 4--6.7 g of fresh biomass from 1 litre of this medium. Two strains were sensitive to citrate present in APLC medium requiring a lowering of its dose to 0.5% in order to assure the highest biomass accumulation. The viability, endocellular proteolytic activity against casein and acidifying ability of frozen concentrates revealed that the physiological features of cells were preserved and remained unchanged during 2 and 12 weeks of storage at -30 degrees.", "contents": "Evaluation of Streptococcus cremoris for preparing frozen concentrated starter cultures. Five strains of Streptococcus cremoris were investigated with respect to their usefulness for frozen concentrated biomass production. APLC medium assured high growth of 3 strains and highest cell concentration i.e. 4--6.7 g of fresh biomass from 1 litre of this medium. Two strains were sensitive to citrate present in APLC medium requiring a lowering of its dose to 0.5% in order to assure the highest biomass accumulation. The viability, endocellular proteolytic activity against casein and acidifying ability of frozen concentrates revealed that the physiological features of cells were preserved and remained unchanged during 2 and 12 weeks of storage at -30 degrees.", "PMID": 75670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5880", "title": "Bacteriostatic activity in cow's milk from udders infected with Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Milk samples from infected udders contained more lactoperoxidase and more thiocyanate than before infection. Irritation of 10 quarters of 5 cows caused the increase in the bacteriostatic activity of milk. Bacteriostatic activity of milk from the udders infected with staphylococci dropped after several weeks of chronic mastitis.", "contents": "Bacteriostatic activity in cow's milk from udders infected with Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Milk samples from infected udders contained more lactoperoxidase and more thiocyanate than before infection. Irritation of 10 quarters of 5 cows caused the increase in the bacteriostatic activity of milk. Bacteriostatic activity of milk from the udders infected with staphylococci dropped after several weeks of chronic mastitis.", "PMID": 75671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5881", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus I. Effect of the environment and measles virus on migration of monkey leucocytes.", "content": "The parameters of migration inhibition test of leucocytes isolated both from the peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes of monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops were determined. Concentration of measles virus that does not produce nonspecific migration inhibition of leucocyte obtained from sero-negative animals was also defined.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus I. Effect of the environment and measles virus on migration of monkey leucocytes. The parameters of migration inhibition test of leucocytes isolated both from the peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes of monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops were determined. Concentration of measles virus that does not produce nonspecific migration inhibition of leucocyte obtained from sero-negative animals was also defined.", "PMID": 75672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5882", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus II. Immunogenic activity of measles virus.", "content": "Experiments discussed in this paper aimed at obtaining, using Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys information on immunogenic activity of measles virus as well as kinetic and persistence of immunological reaction at active and inactivated virus.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus II. Immunogenic activity of measles virus. Experiments discussed in this paper aimed at obtaining, using Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys information on immunogenic activity of measles virus as well as kinetic and persistence of immunological reaction at active and inactivated virus.", "PMID": 75673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5883", "title": "The application of different cell lines and virus strains for detection of immunofluorescence rubella antibodies.", "content": "Fluorescence antibodies (FA) were titrated in human sera against antigens synthesized in four different infected cell lines: SIRC, RK-13, Vero and BHK-21. The cells infected in suspension by rubella virus attained the optimal concentration of fluorescence staining antigen earlier, fluorescence was more intensive and the titers of the tested human sera were slightly higher than in monolayer cell cultures. FA titers were high and they were correlated with the antibody titers obtained by hemagglutination-inhibition test. Some practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The application of different cell lines and virus strains for detection of immunofluorescence rubella antibodies. Fluorescence antibodies (FA) were titrated in human sera against antigens synthesized in four different infected cell lines: SIRC, RK-13, Vero and BHK-21. The cells infected in suspension by rubella virus attained the optimal concentration of fluorescence staining antigen earlier, fluorescence was more intensive and the titers of the tested human sera were slightly higher than in monolayer cell cultures. FA titers were high and they were correlated with the antibody titers obtained by hemagglutination-inhibition test. Some practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 75674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5884", "title": "Anti-tumor virus activity of copper-binding drugs.", "content": "Several, structurally different, copper-binding ligands can inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and can inactivate the ability of the virus to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. These ligands include the anti-microbial agents, thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and others. Many of these compounds bind to DNA and RNA in the presence of copper, which may play a role in their anti-viral activity. However, not all agents active against RSV bind to nucleic acids and not all ligands that bind to nucleic acids are active against RSV. Some copper-binding ligands are neither active against RSV, nor bind nucleic acids. It appears that there is no simple relationship between the anti-viral activity of copper-binding ligands and their nucleic acid-binding ability. The biological importance of thiosemicarbazone-copper complex binding to nucleic acids is supported by the observation that treatment of intact RSV virions with the complex causes the genome 70S RNA to sediment abnormally in velocity sucrose gradient analysis.", "contents": "Anti-tumor virus activity of copper-binding drugs. Several, structurally different, copper-binding ligands can inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and can inactivate the ability of the virus to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. These ligands include the anti-microbial agents, thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and others. Many of these compounds bind to DNA and RNA in the presence of copper, which may play a role in their anti-viral activity. However, not all agents active against RSV bind to nucleic acids and not all ligands that bind to nucleic acids are active against RSV. Some copper-binding ligands are neither active against RSV, nor bind nucleic acids. It appears that there is no simple relationship between the anti-viral activity of copper-binding ligands and their nucleic acid-binding ability. The biological importance of thiosemicarbazone-copper complex binding to nucleic acids is supported by the observation that treatment of intact RSV virions with the complex causes the genome 70S RNA to sediment abnormally in velocity sucrose gradient analysis.", "PMID": 75679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5885", "title": "Inflammation inhibiting properties of rat alphaM foetoprotein (rat-alpha2 macroglobulin), an acute phase reactant.", "content": "alphaMFoetoprotein of the rat (rat alpha2macroglobulin) is present in serum during foetal development. After birth, alphaMFP declines rapidly, but the protein returns after injury. The injury we used consisted of skin and muscle incision, laparotomy, BaSO4 i.p. The protein occurs also during liverregeneration, livercardinogenesis en during infections. Therefore, alphaMFP can be considered as an acute phase reactant. We found that this protein strongly inhibits inflammatory exudation caused by carrageenin, histamin, prostaglandin E2, 5HT and bradykinin. Furthermore, we found that alphaMFP suppresses completely inflammatory reactions during Ga1.N-hepatitis. In this condition, the primary biochemical lesion, consisting of liver UDPG depletion, does occur in spite of the protective effect of alphaMFP. Thus, the inflammatory inhibiting effects of alphaMFP seem to be an important mechanism reducing inflammatory reaction patterns.", "contents": "Inflammation inhibiting properties of rat alphaM foetoprotein (rat-alpha2 macroglobulin), an acute phase reactant. alphaMFoetoprotein of the rat (rat alpha2macroglobulin) is present in serum during foetal development. After birth, alphaMFP declines rapidly, but the protein returns after injury. The injury we used consisted of skin and muscle incision, laparotomy, BaSO4 i.p. The protein occurs also during liverregeneration, livercardinogenesis en during infections. Therefore, alphaMFP can be considered as an acute phase reactant. We found that this protein strongly inhibits inflammatory exudation caused by carrageenin, histamin, prostaglandin E2, 5HT and bradykinin. Furthermore, we found that alphaMFP suppresses completely inflammatory reactions during Ga1.N-hepatitis. In this condition, the primary biochemical lesion, consisting of liver UDPG depletion, does occur in spite of the protective effect of alphaMFP. Thus, the inflammatory inhibiting effects of alphaMFP seem to be an important mechanism reducing inflammatory reaction patterns.", "PMID": 75682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5886", "title": "Developmental disabilities.", "content": "The concept of developmental disabilities as a group of problems with origins in the stages of human development has been broadened by recent legislation to include mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, dyslexia, and other neurological impairments. The debate continues on whether or not specific disability categories should be named, but the functional aspects of the problems seem to be generally accepted. Potential implications of this legislation for occupational therapy are discussed in this paper. Numerous programs supported by a variety of governmental units and private agencies will need qualified professionals. This paper concludes with a brief list of six developmental disability programs of the University of Michigan University Affiliated Facility and an outline of three models of field placement in developmental disabilities for occupational therapy students.", "contents": "Developmental disabilities. The concept of developmental disabilities as a group of problems with origins in the stages of human development has been broadened by recent legislation to include mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, dyslexia, and other neurological impairments. The debate continues on whether or not specific disability categories should be named, but the functional aspects of the problems seem to be generally accepted. Potential implications of this legislation for occupational therapy are discussed in this paper. Numerous programs supported by a variety of governmental units and private agencies will need qualified professionals. This paper concludes with a brief list of six developmental disability programs of the University of Michigan University Affiliated Facility and an outline of three models of field placement in developmental disabilities for occupational therapy students.", "PMID": 75685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5887", "title": "[Influence of combined application of antilymphocyte globulin and plasmatic alpha-globulin fraction on precipitin formation in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "In the experiments on rabbits immunized with human albumin the effect of combined application of both antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and plasmatic alpha-globulin fraction (agf) on antibody formation was studied. The course of immune response had been compared to groups administered the above preparation alone, and to controls which had been applied saline. It was found that both ALG alone and AGF were capable to a certain extent of suppressing precipitin formation; a pronounced suppression appeared following the combined effect of both drugs. A strong suppression, however, was likewise attained when a high dose of AGF alone was applied. These findings are discussed in association with other statements that under given experimental conditions the combined application of both drugs, besides the immunosuppressive effect on the formation of antibodies against the antigen used (albumin) showed also an adverse side effect. The latter resulted in a considerably increased level of antibodies against ALG as compared to the group receiving ALG only. The authors point out the necessity of a further follow-up this interesting experience and, unless a more feasible pattern is found which would eliminate the side effects, warn against eventual clinical use of this drug combination under study.", "contents": "[Influence of combined application of antilymphocyte globulin and plasmatic alpha-globulin fraction on precipitin formation in rabbits (author's transl)]. In the experiments on rabbits immunized with human albumin the effect of combined application of both antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and plasmatic alpha-globulin fraction (agf) on antibody formation was studied. The course of immune response had been compared to groups administered the above preparation alone, and to controls which had been applied saline. It was found that both ALG alone and AGF were capable to a certain extent of suppressing precipitin formation; a pronounced suppression appeared following the combined effect of both drugs. A strong suppression, however, was likewise attained when a high dose of AGF alone was applied. These findings are discussed in association with other statements that under given experimental conditions the combined application of both drugs, besides the immunosuppressive effect on the formation of antibodies against the antigen used (albumin) showed also an adverse side effect. The latter resulted in a considerably increased level of antibodies against ALG as compared to the group receiving ALG only. The authors point out the necessity of a further follow-up this interesting experience and, unless a more feasible pattern is found which would eliminate the side effects, warn against eventual clinical use of this drug combination under study.", "PMID": 75686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5888", "title": "Central neurochemical factors related to serotonin metabolism and cardiac ventricular vulnerability for repetitive electrical activity.", "content": "Sympathetic neural activity modifies cardiac excitability and lowers the threshold of the vulnerable period for ventricular fibrillation. Sympathetic neural traffic to the heart can be diminished by administering serotonin precursors that localize in the central nervous system. In this study anesthetized dogs were injected with either of the serotonin precursors L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in conjunction with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pheneizine and the selective peripheral L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa. Ventricular vulnerability was evaluated by measuring the repetitive extrasystole threshold. A sustained increase of 50 percent in this threshold resulted only with use of biochemical measures that presumably increase serotonin levels in the central nervous system. Thus neuropharmacologic measures affecting central sympathetic activity alter cardiac vulnerability and may protect against ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Central neurochemical factors related to serotonin metabolism and cardiac ventricular vulnerability for repetitive electrical activity. Sympathetic neural activity modifies cardiac excitability and lowers the threshold of the vulnerable period for ventricular fibrillation. Sympathetic neural traffic to the heart can be diminished by administering serotonin precursors that localize in the central nervous system. In this study anesthetized dogs were injected with either of the serotonin precursors L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in conjunction with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pheneizine and the selective peripheral L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa. Ventricular vulnerability was evaluated by measuring the repetitive extrasystole threshold. A sustained increase of 50 percent in this threshold resulted only with use of biochemical measures that presumably increase serotonin levels in the central nervous system. Thus neuropharmacologic measures affecting central sympathetic activity alter cardiac vulnerability and may protect against ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 75687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5889", "title": "Experimental myocardial infarction. XVI. The detection of inotropic contractile reserve with postextrasystolic potentiation in acutely ischemic canine myocardium.", "content": "Postextrasystolic potentiation after a single closely coupled extrasystole may identify residual ventricular contractile performance in acutely ischemic myocardium without producing sustained secondary ischemic depression of myocardial function. Postextrasystolic potentiation was systematically used in eight open chest dogs to assess the progression of regional contraction abnormalities during a 10 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Segment function was determined from pressure-length loop areas inscribed during right ventricular pacing at 128 +/- 3 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) beats/min, and after single closely coupled (179 +/- 3 msec) extrasystoles. Despite a 50 percent decrease in border zone segment function, postextrasystolic potentiation consistently augmented mechanical performance to control levels throughout the ischemic period. Central ischemic zone segment function deteriorated more profoundly, with the development of holosystolic aneurysmal bulging within 30 seconds after occlusion. Nonetheless, postextrasystolic potentiation produced marked inotropic augmentation, but not to control levels, for up to 10 minutes of ischemia. These results suggest that latent viability and contractile reserve may exist during brief periods of coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Experimental myocardial infarction. XVI. The detection of inotropic contractile reserve with postextrasystolic potentiation in acutely ischemic canine myocardium. Postextrasystolic potentiation after a single closely coupled extrasystole may identify residual ventricular contractile performance in acutely ischemic myocardium without producing sustained secondary ischemic depression of myocardial function. Postextrasystolic potentiation was systematically used in eight open chest dogs to assess the progression of regional contraction abnormalities during a 10 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Segment function was determined from pressure-length loop areas inscribed during right ventricular pacing at 128 +/- 3 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) beats/min, and after single closely coupled (179 +/- 3 msec) extrasystoles. Despite a 50 percent decrease in border zone segment function, postextrasystolic potentiation consistently augmented mechanical performance to control levels throughout the ischemic period. Central ischemic zone segment function deteriorated more profoundly, with the development of holosystolic aneurysmal bulging within 30 seconds after occlusion. Nonetheless, postextrasystolic potentiation produced marked inotropic augmentation, but not to control levels, for up to 10 minutes of ischemia. These results suggest that latent viability and contractile reserve may exist during brief periods of coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 75688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5890", "title": "Corpora amylacea in adenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor).", "content": "Round or polyhedral, acellular, lamellated or amorphous eosinophilic structures were observed in the cystic spaces of adenolymphomas. These eosinophilic bodies ahd several of the histochemical characteristics of amyloid, viz., pink color with green specific birefringence and bright red fluorescence with alkaline Congo red; positive DMAB-nitrite and DC reactions, and spontaneous autofluorescence. It is suggested that these bodies are derived from spontaneous assembly or polymerization of microfibrils of desquamated epithelial cells lining the cystic spaces of the tumor, as has been described to occur in prostatic corpora amylacea.", "contents": "Corpora amylacea in adenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor). Round or polyhedral, acellular, lamellated or amorphous eosinophilic structures were observed in the cystic spaces of adenolymphomas. These eosinophilic bodies ahd several of the histochemical characteristics of amyloid, viz., pink color with green specific birefringence and bright red fluorescence with alkaline Congo red; positive DMAB-nitrite and DC reactions, and spontaneous autofluorescence. It is suggested that these bodies are derived from spontaneous assembly or polymerization of microfibrils of desquamated epithelial cells lining the cystic spaces of the tumor, as has been described to occur in prostatic corpora amylacea.", "PMID": 75691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5891", "title": "Intra-amniotic urea and prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester abortion: clinical and laboratory evaluation.", "content": "The clinical management of the elective midtrimester abortion continues to be unsatisfactory as judged by either national mortality or morbidity rates. This report documents the results of a randomized series of 19 midtrimester abortions induced by either intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea and 5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) or intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea alone. Pertinent clinical characteristics and biochemical determinations were compared between these two groups. A series of 150 patients were then treated with urea and 5 mg. of PGF2alpha. The clinical results of this series of patients are presented and compared with a previous group who had urea and 10 mg. of PGF2alpha. These studies demonstrate that 5 mg. of PGF2alpha with 80 Gm. of urea achieves injection-abortion intervals that are less than 24 hours.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic urea and prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester abortion: clinical and laboratory evaluation. The clinical management of the elective midtrimester abortion continues to be unsatisfactory as judged by either national mortality or morbidity rates. This report documents the results of a randomized series of 19 midtrimester abortions induced by either intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea and 5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) or intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea alone. Pertinent clinical characteristics and biochemical determinations were compared between these two groups. A series of 150 patients were then treated with urea and 5 mg. of PGF2alpha. The clinical results of this series of patients are presented and compared with a previous group who had urea and 10 mg. of PGF2alpha. These studies demonstrate that 5 mg. of PGF2alpha with 80 Gm. of urea achieves injection-abortion intervals that are less than 24 hours.", "PMID": 75692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5892", "title": "Relation between cholinergic and histaminergic components in reflex vasodilatation in the dog.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that phentolamine is able to reverse the reflex vasodilatation produced by transitory baroreceptor stimulation by blocking sympathetic, histaminergic, and cholinergic components. A direct anticholinergic action of phentolamine has never been described; however, since it is known that this drug is capable of inhibiting histamine release during the reflex vasodilatation, it is possible that its ability to block the cholinergic component of the reflex is related to the latter property. Therefore, this study was undertaken in an attempt to identify possible relationships between cholinergic and histaminergic components of the reflex vasodilatation. Accordingly, in mongrel dogs the gracilis muscle was isolated and perfused and then loaded with 14C-labeled histamine. A transitory systemic hypertension was induced by intravenous injection of norepinephrine; this produced a reflex vasodilatation, shown by the fall in perfusion pressure, which was accompanied by an increase of histamine release from the muscle. Vagal block induced by atropine pretreatment reduced the fall in perfusion pressure induced by the systemic hypertension and produced a reduction of histamine release during the vasodilatation. In another group of animals a vasodilatation in the perfused muscle was induced by injection of acetylcholine. This response was accompanied by an increase in histamine release from the gracilis muscle. Alpha-receptor blockade, which has been shown to inhibit histamine release, reduced this acetyl-choline-induced vasodilatation. These results, while confirming the participation of the cholinergic system in the reflex vasodilatation elicited by transitory stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, seem to demonstrate that this component is mediated almost exclusively by histamine release.", "contents": "Relation between cholinergic and histaminergic components in reflex vasodilatation in the dog. Previous studies have shown that phentolamine is able to reverse the reflex vasodilatation produced by transitory baroreceptor stimulation by blocking sympathetic, histaminergic, and cholinergic components. A direct anticholinergic action of phentolamine has never been described; however, since it is known that this drug is capable of inhibiting histamine release during the reflex vasodilatation, it is possible that its ability to block the cholinergic component of the reflex is related to the latter property. Therefore, this study was undertaken in an attempt to identify possible relationships between cholinergic and histaminergic components of the reflex vasodilatation. Accordingly, in mongrel dogs the gracilis muscle was isolated and perfused and then loaded with 14C-labeled histamine. A transitory systemic hypertension was induced by intravenous injection of norepinephrine; this produced a reflex vasodilatation, shown by the fall in perfusion pressure, which was accompanied by an increase of histamine release from the muscle. Vagal block induced by atropine pretreatment reduced the fall in perfusion pressure induced by the systemic hypertension and produced a reduction of histamine release during the vasodilatation. In another group of animals a vasodilatation in the perfused muscle was induced by injection of acetylcholine. This response was accompanied by an increase in histamine release from the gracilis muscle. Alpha-receptor blockade, which has been shown to inhibit histamine release, reduced this acetyl-choline-induced vasodilatation. These results, while confirming the participation of the cholinergic system in the reflex vasodilatation elicited by transitory stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, seem to demonstrate that this component is mediated almost exclusively by histamine release.", "PMID": 75694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5893", "title": "Extracellular coat in developing human palatal processes: electron microscopy and ruthenium red binding.", "content": "The prefusion epithelium of human palatal processes was examined for evidence of specialization which might facilitate epithelial adherence with the opposing palatal process. A surface coat stained with ruthenium red (RR) was found on all apical aspects of the palatal epithelium. In the prefusion regions, RR staining was also observed in the spaces between the superficial cells of the epithelium and in necrotic cells. Adjacent oral and nasal epithelium excluded the RR below the level of the apical junctional complex. In the absence of RR, a dense material was observed in the most superficial intercellular spaces of the prefusion region. Many superficial cells in the area were in various stages of necrosis. The combination of degenerating surface cells and an accumulation of a poly-anionic substance such as glycoprotein may facilitate epithelial adherence between opposing human palatal processes.", "contents": "Extracellular coat in developing human palatal processes: electron microscopy and ruthenium red binding. The prefusion epithelium of human palatal processes was examined for evidence of specialization which might facilitate epithelial adherence with the opposing palatal process. A surface coat stained with ruthenium red (RR) was found on all apical aspects of the palatal epithelium. In the prefusion regions, RR staining was also observed in the spaces between the superficial cells of the epithelium and in necrotic cells. Adjacent oral and nasal epithelium excluded the RR below the level of the apical junctional complex. In the absence of RR, a dense material was observed in the most superficial intercellular spaces of the prefusion region. Many superficial cells in the area were in various stages of necrosis. The combination of degenerating surface cells and an accumulation of a poly-anionic substance such as glycoprotein may facilitate epithelial adherence between opposing human palatal processes.", "PMID": 75698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5894", "title": "Serologically defined specificities of the pig main histocompatibility complex (SL-A).", "content": "Six antigens detectable by the complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic technique were determined in pigs by six groups of alloimmune sera. It was confirmed that these specificities are controlled by the main histocompatibility region (SL-A). Serological and genetic studies showed that the given specificities (provisionally designated L1 to L6) form at least 6 haplotypes. In addition, family studies confirmed the linkaged between SL-A region and C blood group locus. Maximum lod score values are in recombination fraction omicron = 0.2.", "contents": "Serologically defined specificities of the pig main histocompatibility complex (SL-A). Six antigens detectable by the complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic technique were determined in pigs by six groups of alloimmune sera. It was confirmed that these specificities are controlled by the main histocompatibility region (SL-A). Serological and genetic studies showed that the given specificities (provisionally designated L1 to L6) form at least 6 haplotypes. In addition, family studies confirmed the linkaged between SL-A region and C blood group locus. Maximum lod score values are in recombination fraction omicron = 0.2.", "PMID": 75700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5895", "title": "Neutral red supravital staining for cellular elements in the semen.", "content": "Human seminal fluid besides spermatozoa often contains other cellular elements. A supravital staining method designed to differentiate the above mentioned cellular elements was described. Amongst the spermatogenic cells only spermatocytes were stained with Neutral Red. They displayed two peculiar structures designated as \"Y\" granules and \"Enigmatic Body\". Neutral Red was absorbed by the spermiophage cells and was concentrated by them in the form of cytoplasmic granules. In addition the coarse granules of leukocytes and the gigestive vacuoles of Balantidium Coli and Trichomonads were stained with Neutral Red.", "contents": "Neutral red supravital staining for cellular elements in the semen. Human seminal fluid besides spermatozoa often contains other cellular elements. A supravital staining method designed to differentiate the above mentioned cellular elements was described. Amongst the spermatogenic cells only spermatocytes were stained with Neutral Red. They displayed two peculiar structures designated as \"Y\" granules and \"Enigmatic Body\". Neutral Red was absorbed by the spermiophage cells and was concentrated by them in the form of cytoplasmic granules. In addition the coarse granules of leukocytes and the gigestive vacuoles of Balantidium Coli and Trichomonads were stained with Neutral Red.", "PMID": 75699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5896", "title": "The \"R-on-T\" phenomenon: an update and critical review.", "content": "The \"R-on-T phenomenon\" is the superimposition of an ectopic beat on the T wave of a preceding beat. Early observations suggested that R-on-T was likely to initiate sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. More recent experimental and clinical observations suggest that R-on-T is not a critical determinant of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction; represents few of the initiating beats of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; and represents at worst only a small risk in terms of sudden death. Apparently when the capacity for sustained repetitive beating has not been clinically obvious, R-on-T is quite unlikely to result in ventricular tachyarrhythmias, even in the presence of coronary heart disease. However, in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, inability to always identify the precursors of tachyarrhythmias strengthens the argument for prophylactic treatment of patients.", "contents": "The \"R-on-T\" phenomenon: an update and critical review. The \"R-on-T phenomenon\" is the superimposition of an ectopic beat on the T wave of a preceding beat. Early observations suggested that R-on-T was likely to initiate sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. More recent experimental and clinical observations suggest that R-on-T is not a critical determinant of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction; represents few of the initiating beats of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; and represents at worst only a small risk in terms of sudden death. Apparently when the capacity for sustained repetitive beating has not been clinically obvious, R-on-T is quite unlikely to result in ventricular tachyarrhythmias, even in the presence of coronary heart disease. However, in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, inability to always identify the precursors of tachyarrhythmias strengthens the argument for prophylactic treatment of patients.", "PMID": 75705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5897", "title": "Management of the Menopause.", "content": "Menopause is merely a clinically discernible clue symbolic of the multitude of changes preceding or following the cessation of menses by many years. Because of the time span involved, separating changes observed in the menopausal transition from other age-related maturational events presents serious methodologic problems. Of the host of psychologic and psychosomatic symptoms, only hot flushes and associated sweats occur more frequently in this epoch, while an interplay between hormonal and age-related maturational events presents serious methodologic problems. Of the host of psychologic and psychosomatic symptoms, only hot flushes and associated sweats occur more frequently in this epoch, while an interplay between hormonal and age-related effects is assumed in atrophic changes involving the genitourinary organs. The relation between menopause and osteoporosis is suggestive but by no means proven, as is the risk for cardiovascular disease. Empiric evidence points to the usefullness of estrogen for the management of vasomotor instability, the symptoms associated with atrophy of the genitourinary tract, and in the prophylaxis of osteoporosis, but not in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric disorders.", "contents": "Management of the Menopause. Menopause is merely a clinically discernible clue symbolic of the multitude of changes preceding or following the cessation of menses by many years. Because of the time span involved, separating changes observed in the menopausal transition from other age-related maturational events presents serious methodologic problems. Of the host of psychologic and psychosomatic symptoms, only hot flushes and associated sweats occur more frequently in this epoch, while an interplay between hormonal and age-related maturational events presents serious methodologic problems. Of the host of psychologic and psychosomatic symptoms, only hot flushes and associated sweats occur more frequently in this epoch, while an interplay between hormonal and age-related effects is assumed in atrophic changes involving the genitourinary organs. The relation between menopause and osteoporosis is suggestive but by no means proven, as is the risk for cardiovascular disease. Empiric evidence points to the usefullness of estrogen for the management of vasomotor instability, the symptoms associated with atrophy of the genitourinary tract, and in the prophylaxis of osteoporosis, but not in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric disorders.", "PMID": 75706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5898", "title": "An analysis of the problem-solving process of third year medical students.", "content": "The recognition of pertinent cues and the use of clinical data generated by Junior medical students has been shown to be inconsistent.", "contents": "An analysis of the problem-solving process of third year medical students. The recognition of pertinent cues and the use of clinical data generated by Junior medical students has been shown to be inconsistent.", "PMID": 75707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5899", "title": "A possible mutation of a fluorescence polymorphism.", "content": "The segregation of the Q-band polymorphisms in 32 families have been studied. From 90 matings in these families, there were a total of 208 offspring. In one of these offspring it could be shown that there had been a change of a fluorescent polymorphism, resulting in the loss of fluorescent intensity in the satellite of a chromosome 21. The origin of such a 'mutation' and a consideration of mutation rates is discussed.", "contents": "A possible mutation of a fluorescence polymorphism. The segregation of the Q-band polymorphisms in 32 families have been studied. From 90 matings in these families, there were a total of 208 offspring. In one of these offspring it could be shown that there had been a change of a fluorescent polymorphism, resulting in the loss of fluorescent intensity in the satellite of a chromosome 21. The origin of such a 'mutation' and a consideration of mutation rates is discussed.", "PMID": 75710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5900", "title": "[Biological properties of the modified actinomycins synthesized by the aurantin producer].", "content": "The effect of 2 new modified actinomycins was studied. Actinomycin AuGl had the residue of sarcozin replaced by glycine and actinomycin AuNv had 1 residue of norvaline. It was shown that the new actinomycins had a similar to the actinomycin type effect on the microbial and animal cells. Still, higher concentrations of the antibiotics were required. In concentrations equal to those of actinomycins the new antibiotics were less effective with respect to the bacteriostatic action, suppression of the RNA synthesis and mitotic division of the ascitic hepatoma 22A cells.", "contents": "[Biological properties of the modified actinomycins synthesized by the aurantin producer]. The effect of 2 new modified actinomycins was studied. Actinomycin AuGl had the residue of sarcozin replaced by glycine and actinomycin AuNv had 1 residue of norvaline. It was shown that the new actinomycins had a similar to the actinomycin type effect on the microbial and animal cells. Still, higher concentrations of the antibiotics were required. In concentrations equal to those of actinomycins the new antibiotics were less effective with respect to the bacteriostatic action, suppression of the RNA synthesis and mitotic division of the ascitic hepatoma 22A cells.", "PMID": 75711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5901", "title": "Actinomycin biosynthesis by protoplasts derived from Streptomyces parvulus.", "content": "Conditions are described for the formation of protoplasts from Streptomyces parvulus that are able to synthesize actinomycin D de novo. Antibiotic synthesis by protoplasts, in contrast to that by mycelium, was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D and to a decrease in sucrose concentration. On the other hand, synthesis by mycelium was much more sensitive to inhibition by amino acid analogs (d-valine, cis-3-methylproline, and alpha-methyl-dl-tryptophan). In addition, the uptake of amino acids (l-methionine, sarcosine, and l- and d-valine) by protoplasts was significantly lower than that by mycelium. The advantages and limitations of using protoplasts for studying in vivo actinomycin synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Actinomycin biosynthesis by protoplasts derived from Streptomyces parvulus. Conditions are described for the formation of protoplasts from Streptomyces parvulus that are able to synthesize actinomycin D de novo. Antibiotic synthesis by protoplasts, in contrast to that by mycelium, was sensitive to inhibition by actinomycin D and to a decrease in sucrose concentration. On the other hand, synthesis by mycelium was much more sensitive to inhibition by amino acid analogs (d-valine, cis-3-methylproline, and alpha-methyl-dl-tryptophan). In addition, the uptake of amino acids (l-methionine, sarcosine, and l- and d-valine) by protoplasts was significantly lower than that by mycelium. The advantages and limitations of using protoplasts for studying in vivo actinomycin synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 75712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5902", "title": "Review: surgery for transposition of the great arteries in the first year of life.", "content": "Elective intracardiac repair by the Mustard operation is recommented in patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum in the first year of life (Fig. 1). In patients with associated ventricular septal defect in the first three months of life, early banding followed by early debanding before the first year of life is recommended. When the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is discrete at valvular or subvalvular level, Mustard operation, closure of the ventricular septal defect and direct relief of out-flow obstruction is acceptable, but in patients with an unfavorable left ventricular outflow tract anatomy, a preliminary shunt followed by a Rastelli operation after the age of four years will probably result in a greater salvage. The utilization of surface induced profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest allows for more precise and rapid surgery and is shown to be a definite advantage in the very young infant.", "contents": "Review: surgery for transposition of the great arteries in the first year of life. Elective intracardiac repair by the Mustard operation is recommented in patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum in the first year of life (Fig. 1). In patients with associated ventricular septal defect in the first three months of life, early banding followed by early debanding before the first year of life is recommended. When the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is discrete at valvular or subvalvular level, Mustard operation, closure of the ventricular septal defect and direct relief of out-flow obstruction is acceptable, but in patients with an unfavorable left ventricular outflow tract anatomy, a preliminary shunt followed by a Rastelli operation after the age of four years will probably result in a greater salvage. The utilization of surface induced profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest allows for more precise and rapid surgery and is shown to be a definite advantage in the very young infant.", "PMID": 75716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5903", "title": "[Long-term results of palliative operations and complete cure of tetralogy of Fallot].", "content": "714 cases of Fallot's tetralogy have been encountered over the last thirty years. A closed heart operation was undertaken in 472 patients. The mean age at operation was 5,1 years. In 87% of cases, a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis was carried out. The operative mortality was of the order of 3%. The operative risk was almost three times as large before the age of two years as after. The patients benefit by a demonstrable improvement of function after this operation, but it does not protect them from the complications of the condition (cervica abscess, Osler's disease, cerebro-vascular accidents) or from death. Open heart surgery was carried out in 403 patients. 161 as a primary procedure, and 242 after an initial palliative operation. The mean age at operation was 13.3 years. The operative mortality was 15%. The functional improvement was striking, and the patients appeared to be protected from the usual sequelae of the condition. On the other hand they cannot always be considered as cured: 16 died some time after the operation; 37% had pulmonary incompetence; 15% had a residual BSD; 8% had a block of both bundles, and 3% had a definitive atrio-ventricular block.", "contents": "[Long-term results of palliative operations and complete cure of tetralogy of Fallot]. 714 cases of Fallot's tetralogy have been encountered over the last thirty years. A closed heart operation was undertaken in 472 patients. The mean age at operation was 5,1 years. In 87% of cases, a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis was carried out. The operative mortality was of the order of 3%. The operative risk was almost three times as large before the age of two years as after. The patients benefit by a demonstrable improvement of function after this operation, but it does not protect them from the complications of the condition (cervica abscess, Osler's disease, cerebro-vascular accidents) or from death. Open heart surgery was carried out in 403 patients. 161 as a primary procedure, and 242 after an initial palliative operation. The mean age at operation was 13.3 years. The operative mortality was 15%. The functional improvement was striking, and the patients appeared to be protected from the usual sequelae of the condition. On the other hand they cannot always be considered as cured: 16 died some time after the operation; 37% had pulmonary incompetence; 15% had a residual BSD; 8% had a block of both bundles, and 3% had a definitive atrio-ventricular block.", "PMID": 75717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5904", "title": "[Use of megestrol acetate in estrus synchronization of heifers under industrialized conditions of cattle breeding].", "content": "Daily doses between 30 and 35 mg megestrol acetate were administered to 4,000 heifers over roughly two weeks and produced highly synchronising effects which, however, were lower in response to lower doses. Rectal checks were applied to the ovaries of heifers which had received megestrol acetate and showed that here the number of mature follicles was higher than recorded from animals that had been given chlormadinone acetate. Megestrol acetate, applied in granular form blended into mixed fodder, proved to be the most favourable variant of application. Synchronisation of oestrus on the basis of the above approach was found to yield per animal savings between 4.30 and 22.70 roubles under practice conditions.", "contents": "[Use of megestrol acetate in estrus synchronization of heifers under industrialized conditions of cattle breeding]. Daily doses between 30 and 35 mg megestrol acetate were administered to 4,000 heifers over roughly two weeks and produced highly synchronising effects which, however, were lower in response to lower doses. Rectal checks were applied to the ovaries of heifers which had received megestrol acetate and showed that here the number of mature follicles was higher than recorded from animals that had been given chlormadinone acetate. Megestrol acetate, applied in granular form blended into mixed fodder, proved to be the most favourable variant of application. Synchronisation of oestrus on the basis of the above approach was found to yield per animal savings between 4.30 and 22.70 roubles under practice conditions.", "PMID": 75719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5905", "title": "[Use of megesterol acetate for synchronization of estrus in cows].", "content": "Megestrol acetate has proved to be of positive impact upon synchronisation of oestrus in beef cows. Fodder-borne administration of 35-45 mg megestrol acetate caused oestrus in nursing cows, accompanied by disorders in ovarian function. The physiological condition of the animal at the date of treatment was found to be of major relevance to success. Evidence was produced to the strong action of serum obtained from pregnant mares in which the ratio of total gonadotrophic activity to luteinising activity was between 3:1 and 2.5:1. The use of megestrol acetate is recommended as a method by which to activate sexual function in the context of beef cattle breeding.", "contents": "[Use of megesterol acetate for synchronization of estrus in cows]. Megestrol acetate has proved to be of positive impact upon synchronisation of oestrus in beef cows. Fodder-borne administration of 35-45 mg megestrol acetate caused oestrus in nursing cows, accompanied by disorders in ovarian function. The physiological condition of the animal at the date of treatment was found to be of major relevance to success. Evidence was produced to the strong action of serum obtained from pregnant mares in which the ratio of total gonadotrophic activity to luteinising activity was between 3:1 and 2.5:1. The use of megestrol acetate is recommended as a method by which to activate sexual function in the context of beef cattle breeding.", "PMID": 75720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5906", "title": "[A new biopsy device (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes a pistol-like biopsy-sampling instrument by means of which most rapidly tissue cylinders--after a pre-destinable size in length and width--can be taken exactly and towards all sides with sharp edges without causing any contusion effects. The largest possible prevention of any damage to the adjacent tissue is guaranteed by a special shape of the cutting-knife. Besides, the tissue material taken can be put into a fixation fluid immediately after the sampling in one and the same working process without having to avail of an additional instrument. Correspondingly, the histological slides of such tissue samples are intact in their structure also in their marginal parts. The tissue samples are particularly suited also for electron-optical examinations, as they are kept live-fresh due to their immediate fixation.", "contents": "[A new biopsy device (author's transl)]. The author describes a pistol-like biopsy-sampling instrument by means of which most rapidly tissue cylinders--after a pre-destinable size in length and width--can be taken exactly and towards all sides with sharp edges without causing any contusion effects. The largest possible prevention of any damage to the adjacent tissue is guaranteed by a special shape of the cutting-knife. Besides, the tissue material taken can be put into a fixation fluid immediately after the sampling in one and the same working process without having to avail of an additional instrument. Correspondingly, the histological slides of such tissue samples are intact in their structure also in their marginal parts. The tissue samples are particularly suited also for electron-optical examinations, as they are kept live-fresh due to their immediate fixation.", "PMID": 75722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5907", "title": "Use of tolonium chloride in the diagnosis of malignant gastric ulcers.", "content": "Peroral staining with tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) was performed in 45 patients with suspected gastric ulcer disease. During endoscopy, 19 of 21 malignant ulcers and one of 15 benign ulcers were stained. Following surgery, 18 of 21 malignant ulcers found in the surgical specimens were stained. Eleven patients with benign ulcers underwent surgery and none of these ulcers were found to be stained in the surgical specimens. Normal gastric mucosa and areas of gastritis appeared unchanged. The data suggest that tolonium chloride staining prior to endoscopy or surgery seems to be helful in differentiating between minute benign and malignant gastric ulcers.", "contents": "Use of tolonium chloride in the diagnosis of malignant gastric ulcers. Peroral staining with tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) was performed in 45 patients with suspected gastric ulcer disease. During endoscopy, 19 of 21 malignant ulcers and one of 15 benign ulcers were stained. Following surgery, 18 of 21 malignant ulcers found in the surgical specimens were stained. Eleven patients with benign ulcers underwent surgery and none of these ulcers were found to be stained in the surgical specimens. Normal gastric mucosa and areas of gastritis appeared unchanged. The data suggest that tolonium chloride staining prior to endoscopy or surgery seems to be helful in differentiating between minute benign and malignant gastric ulcers.", "PMID": 75723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5908", "title": "Antigenic relatedness of equine herpes virus types 1 and 3.", "content": "Antiserums prepared in specific pathogen free (SPF) ponies were used in direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and serum neutralization procedures to study the interrelationships of the three types of equine herpes viruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-3). Equine cell cultures infected with each type virus fluoresced when stained with homologous conjugated antiserum. In reciprocal tests EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluoresced, but EHV-2 did not cross-fluoresce. Non-infected cell cultures did not fluoresce when stained with the 3 conjugates. EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluoresced in reciprocal indirect fluorescent antibody tests, but no cross-fluorescence was shown with EHV-2. Antigens representing each type of equine herpes virus reacted with their homologous antiserum in the immunodiffusion test. In reciprocal tests, a common line(s) of identity formed with EHV-1 and EHV-3; however, the precipitin line(s) was not common with EHV-2. Antigen prepared from noninfected embryonic mule skin (EMS) cell cultures did not react with any of the antiserums. Specific complement-fixing antibodies were present in antiserums when tested against their homologous antigens. In reciprocal complement fixation tests EHV-1 and EHV-3 crossreacted, but no cross-reactivity was shown with EHV-2. Significant levels of neutralizing antibody were in an antiserum when tested against homologous virus, whereas cross-neutralization was not detectable in reciprocal tests. These studies indicate that each type of equine herpes virus contains specific antigenic components, and EHV-1 and EHV-3 share a common antigen(s) that is not shared with EHV-2.", "contents": "Antigenic relatedness of equine herpes virus types 1 and 3. Antiserums prepared in specific pathogen free (SPF) ponies were used in direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and serum neutralization procedures to study the interrelationships of the three types of equine herpes viruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, and EHV-3). Equine cell cultures infected with each type virus fluoresced when stained with homologous conjugated antiserum. In reciprocal tests EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluoresced, but EHV-2 did not cross-fluoresce. Non-infected cell cultures did not fluoresce when stained with the 3 conjugates. EHV-1 and EHV-3 cross-fluoresced in reciprocal indirect fluorescent antibody tests, but no cross-fluorescence was shown with EHV-2. Antigens representing each type of equine herpes virus reacted with their homologous antiserum in the immunodiffusion test. In reciprocal tests, a common line(s) of identity formed with EHV-1 and EHV-3; however, the precipitin line(s) was not common with EHV-2. Antigen prepared from noninfected embryonic mule skin (EMS) cell cultures did not react with any of the antiserums. Specific complement-fixing antibodies were present in antiserums when tested against their homologous antigens. In reciprocal complement fixation tests EHV-1 and EHV-3 crossreacted, but no cross-reactivity was shown with EHV-2. Significant levels of neutralizing antibody were in an antiserum when tested against homologous virus, whereas cross-neutralization was not detectable in reciprocal tests. These studies indicate that each type of equine herpes virus contains specific antigenic components, and EHV-1 and EHV-3 share a common antigen(s) that is not shared with EHV-2.", "PMID": 75724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5909", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new rubella variang with DNA polymerase activity.", "content": "A rubella variant (HPV-RV) was isolated from high passage rubella virus preparations propagated at 37 degrees C in baby hamster kidney BHK21/WI-2 cells. HPV-RV formed clear plaques in HeLa cells and primary cells of the Rhesus monkey kidney although wild type rubella virus did not produce plaques in these cells. Cells persistently infected with rubella virus were insensitive to infection by HPV-RV at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees C. HPV-RV agglutinated one day old chick, human group O and sheep erythrocytes. This hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by anti-BHK latent virus serum but not by anti-rubella virus serum. The plaque forming ability of HPV-RV was neutralized by anti-BHK latent virus serum although the same antiserum did not affect the plaque forming ability of wild type rubella virus. Furthermore, HPV-RV was found to have the complement fixation antigen of rubella virus and DNA polymerase activity. From these findings, it is concluded that HPV-RV is a hybrid between rubella virus and a latent virus of BHK21/WI-2 cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new rubella variang with DNA polymerase activity. A rubella variant (HPV-RV) was isolated from high passage rubella virus preparations propagated at 37 degrees C in baby hamster kidney BHK21/WI-2 cells. HPV-RV formed clear plaques in HeLa cells and primary cells of the Rhesus monkey kidney although wild type rubella virus did not produce plaques in these cells. Cells persistently infected with rubella virus were insensitive to infection by HPV-RV at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees C. HPV-RV agglutinated one day old chick, human group O and sheep erythrocytes. This hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by anti-BHK latent virus serum but not by anti-rubella virus serum. The plaque forming ability of HPV-RV was neutralized by anti-BHK latent virus serum although the same antiserum did not affect the plaque forming ability of wild type rubella virus. Furthermore, HPV-RV was found to have the complement fixation antigen of rubella virus and DNA polymerase activity. From these findings, it is concluded that HPV-RV is a hybrid between rubella virus and a latent virus of BHK21/WI-2 cells.", "PMID": 75725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5910", "title": "[Histochemical reactions in the diagnosis of carcinoid of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The comparative effectiveness of 6 histochemical reactions permitting to detect endocrine granules in cells of carcinoids in the gastrointestinal tract were studied. The most sensitive methods were found to include Grimelius argirophilic reaction, staining with toluidine blue after acidic hydrolysis (HCl-TB) and with lead hematoxyline (Pb-H). By these methods endocrine granules were found in all 29 carcinoids examined. A modification of Grimelius argirophilic reaction is described and recommendations for its application in diagnosis of carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, their emboli and micrometastases are given.", "contents": "[Histochemical reactions in the diagnosis of carcinoid of the gastrointestinal tract]. The comparative effectiveness of 6 histochemical reactions permitting to detect endocrine granules in cells of carcinoids in the gastrointestinal tract were studied. The most sensitive methods were found to include Grimelius argirophilic reaction, staining with toluidine blue after acidic hydrolysis (HCl-TB) and with lead hematoxyline (Pb-H). By these methods endocrine granules were found in all 29 carcinoids examined. A modification of Grimelius argirophilic reaction is described and recommendations for its application in diagnosis of carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, their emboli and micrometastases are given.", "PMID": 75726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5911", "title": "Effect of removal of calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from rat mast cells by treatment with sodium glycocholate.", "content": "Sodium glycocholate was shown to remove a Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase from the external surface of the rat mast cell without causing lysis. Sensitized mast cells pretreated with sodium glycocholate showed a decrease in histamine-releasing capacity when triggered with antigen, Synacthen and ATP. Release induced by calcium ionophore A23187 was unaffected.", "contents": "Effect of removal of calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from rat mast cells by treatment with sodium glycocholate. Sodium glycocholate was shown to remove a Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase from the external surface of the rat mast cell without causing lysis. Sensitized mast cells pretreated with sodium glycocholate showed a decrease in histamine-releasing capacity when triggered with antigen, Synacthen and ATP. Release induced by calcium ionophore A23187 was unaffected.", "PMID": 75727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5912", "title": "Interaction of the myelin basic protein with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "content": "The interaction of the myelin basic protein and two peptides derived from it with the anionic detergent SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) was studied. At molar ratios of detergent/protein of up to approx. 20:1 the transient increase in turbidity (as measured by increases in A230) is proportional to the ratio. Between ratios of 30:1 and 100:1 the effect of the detergent is constant and maximal. At molar ratios exceeding 100:1 the transient increase in turbidity decreases with increasing amounts of detergent. With increasing ionic strength the rapid development of turbidity is inhibited, whereas the slow decay of turbidity is not affected. Neither of the peptide fragments produced by cleavage of the myelin basic protein at the single tryptophan residue, nor both when mixed, produce measurable turbidity when mixed with SDS. Under similar conditions poly-L-lysine of similar molecular size to the basic protein shows the increase in turbidity but not the decay. The interaction between the protein and SDS is interpreted in molecular terms, which involve the initial ionic interaction of the detergent with protein resulting in aggregation and turbidity in the solution. Within the aggregated complexes molecules rearrange to maximize hydrophobic interactions.", "contents": "Interaction of the myelin basic protein with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate. The interaction of the myelin basic protein and two peptides derived from it with the anionic detergent SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) was studied. At molar ratios of detergent/protein of up to approx. 20:1 the transient increase in turbidity (as measured by increases in A230) is proportional to the ratio. Between ratios of 30:1 and 100:1 the effect of the detergent is constant and maximal. At molar ratios exceeding 100:1 the transient increase in turbidity decreases with increasing amounts of detergent. With increasing ionic strength the rapid development of turbidity is inhibited, whereas the slow decay of turbidity is not affected. Neither of the peptide fragments produced by cleavage of the myelin basic protein at the single tryptophan residue, nor both when mixed, produce measurable turbidity when mixed with SDS. Under similar conditions poly-L-lysine of similar molecular size to the basic protein shows the increase in turbidity but not the decay. The interaction between the protein and SDS is interpreted in molecular terms, which involve the initial ionic interaction of the detergent with protein resulting in aggregation and turbidity in the solution. Within the aggregated complexes molecules rearrange to maximize hydrophobic interactions.", "PMID": 75728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5913", "title": "The HLA system and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "We referred the data on association between M.S. patients and HLA complex in the different populations. Then we discussed the different aetiopathogenetic hypothesis that centre on the disease. We considered also viral and autoimmunity theory and the possibility that these two hypothesis don't wrangle but complete them.", "contents": "The HLA system and multiple sclerosis. We referred the data on association between M.S. patients and HLA complex in the different populations. Then we discussed the different aetiopathogenetic hypothesis that centre on the disease. We considered also viral and autoimmunity theory and the possibility that these two hypothesis don't wrangle but complete them.", "PMID": 75733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5914", "title": "The diagnostic problem in multiple sclerosis (M.S.): two specific laboratory tests.", "content": "In the present paper are discussed the diagnostic problems in M.S., there has been difficulty in certain diagnostic on the first modest signs in a proportion perhaps as high as 20% and the absence of a specific and reliable laboratory test has long been felt. This study describes two specific laboratory tests in M.S. The MEM-LAD test (macrophage electrophoretic mobility linoleic acid depression) and the E-UFA test (erythrocyte-unsaturated fatty acid). It may be noted that whilst the E-UFA and MEM-LAD test will diagnose (or esclude) M.S. the former is simpler, but is limited to M.S., the latter on the other hand once mastered is applicable in the whole range of clinical immunology were lymphocyte sensitisation is to be measured.", "contents": "The diagnostic problem in multiple sclerosis (M.S.): two specific laboratory tests. In the present paper are discussed the diagnostic problems in M.S., there has been difficulty in certain diagnostic on the first modest signs in a proportion perhaps as high as 20% and the absence of a specific and reliable laboratory test has long been felt. This study describes two specific laboratory tests in M.S. The MEM-LAD test (macrophage electrophoretic mobility linoleic acid depression) and the E-UFA test (erythrocyte-unsaturated fatty acid). It may be noted that whilst the E-UFA and MEM-LAD test will diagnose (or esclude) M.S. the former is simpler, but is limited to M.S., the latter on the other hand once mastered is applicable in the whole range of clinical immunology were lymphocyte sensitisation is to be measured.", "PMID": 75734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5915", "title": "Study of the relationship between rubella virus and encephalitogenic factor in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "The Authors research in the sera of 30 rabbits affected by E.A.E. the connection between encephalitogenic factor and rubella virus. They dose the antibodies against rubella virus and encephalitogenic factor before the challenge by BP, after 15 days and after 30 days. While in the first control no response either to the virus or to BP was evidenced, in the two following controls, the sera of the rabbits recognized immunologically both rubella virus and the myelinic components.", "contents": "Study of the relationship between rubella virus and encephalitogenic factor in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The Authors research in the sera of 30 rabbits affected by E.A.E. the connection between encephalitogenic factor and rubella virus. They dose the antibodies against rubella virus and encephalitogenic factor before the challenge by BP, after 15 days and after 30 days. While in the first control no response either to the virus or to BP was evidenced, in the two following controls, the sera of the rabbits recognized immunologically both rubella virus and the myelinic components.", "PMID": 75735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5916", "title": "In vitro induction of tumour-specific immunity V. Detection of common antigenic determinatnts of murine fibrosarcomas.", "content": "Two 3-methylcholanthrene and a spontaneous BALB/c fibrosarcoma were examined for tumour-associated antigens (TAA) by in vivo and in vitro induction of tumour-immune responses. When BALB/c mice were immunized to these fibrosarcomas by surgical tumour removal, cross-reacting tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) were detected on all 3 tumours. Cytotoxic effector cells (CL) were then induced in vitro by co-culture of BALB/c spleen cells with the spontaneous, or one of the carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas. These CL were shown to be cytotoxic T cells (Tc) and to be directed against cross-reacting TAA on all 3 tumours, by two in vitro 51Cr-release assay systems, direct 51Cr-release cytotoxicity and cellular competitive inhibition of 51Cr release. Further studies demonstrated that the fibrosarcoma TAA involved in in vitro induction of Tc were not present on normal adult or foetal tissues. A secondary cytotoxic response was also detected in vitro when spleen cells from mice immunized to a carcinogen-induced fibrosarcoma were tested. The patterns of cross-reactivity detected by the in vivo and primary in vitro tumour-immune responses suggested that the TAA detected in vivo (TATA) were not identical to the TAA detected in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro induction of tumour-specific immunity V. Detection of common antigenic determinatnts of murine fibrosarcomas. Two 3-methylcholanthrene and a spontaneous BALB/c fibrosarcoma were examined for tumour-associated antigens (TAA) by in vivo and in vitro induction of tumour-immune responses. When BALB/c mice were immunized to these fibrosarcomas by surgical tumour removal, cross-reacting tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) were detected on all 3 tumours. Cytotoxic effector cells (CL) were then induced in vitro by co-culture of BALB/c spleen cells with the spontaneous, or one of the carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas. These CL were shown to be cytotoxic T cells (Tc) and to be directed against cross-reacting TAA on all 3 tumours, by two in vitro 51Cr-release assay systems, direct 51Cr-release cytotoxicity and cellular competitive inhibition of 51Cr release. Further studies demonstrated that the fibrosarcoma TAA involved in in vitro induction of Tc were not present on normal adult or foetal tissues. A secondary cytotoxic response was also detected in vitro when spleen cells from mice immunized to a carcinogen-induced fibrosarcoma were tested. The patterns of cross-reactivity detected by the in vivo and primary in vitro tumour-immune responses suggested that the TAA detected in vivo (TATA) were not identical to the TAA detected in vitro.", "PMID": 75739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5917", "title": "Studies with bleomycin and misonidazole on aerated and hypoxic cells.", "content": "Bleomycin is a chemotherapuetic drug used primarily in the treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma, while misonidazole is an effective radiosensitizer and potent cytotoxic agent selectively affecting hypoxic cells. V79 Chinese hamster cells were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of bleomycin (BLM) under aerated and hypoxic conditions as a function of drug concentration. At a lowered temperature of 17.5 degrees C, or at an elevated temperature of 42.5 degrees C, hypoxic cells are more sensitive to killing by BLM than aerated cells. At either of these temperatures, progression through the cell cycle is inhibited. However, at 37.5 degrees C, mimicking a clinical situation, the sensitivies are reversed, and hypoxic cells are appreciably more resistant. Although many factors are involved, the major reason for this is that aerated cells are cycling while hypoxic cells are not. Aerated cells can progress into phases of the cell cycle where they are more sensitive to killing by BLM. Misoinidazole (=Ro-07-0582) was used in combination with BLM, since its mode of action has been shown to be psecific for killing hypoxic cells. It concomitant use with BLM could be of potential use in chemotherapy when confronted with the hypoxic cell component of solid tumours.", "contents": "Studies with bleomycin and misonidazole on aerated and hypoxic cells. Bleomycin is a chemotherapuetic drug used primarily in the treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma, while misonidazole is an effective radiosensitizer and potent cytotoxic agent selectively affecting hypoxic cells. V79 Chinese hamster cells were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of bleomycin (BLM) under aerated and hypoxic conditions as a function of drug concentration. At a lowered temperature of 17.5 degrees C, or at an elevated temperature of 42.5 degrees C, hypoxic cells are more sensitive to killing by BLM than aerated cells. At either of these temperatures, progression through the cell cycle is inhibited. However, at 37.5 degrees C, mimicking a clinical situation, the sensitivies are reversed, and hypoxic cells are appreciably more resistant. Although many factors are involved, the major reason for this is that aerated cells are cycling while hypoxic cells are not. Aerated cells can progress into phases of the cell cycle where they are more sensitive to killing by BLM. Misoinidazole (=Ro-07-0582) was used in combination with BLM, since its mode of action has been shown to be psecific for killing hypoxic cells. It concomitant use with BLM could be of potential use in chemotherapy when confronted with the hypoxic cell component of solid tumours.", "PMID": 75740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5918", "title": "Alterations in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of steroids upon binding to serum proteins.", "content": "Difference spectra of progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) complexes with progesterone and testosterone were measured. The contributions of steroid and protein to the difference spectra were resolved by use of 5alpha-pregane-3,20-dione and dihydrotestosterone to compensate for the perturbation of PBG. The absorption spectra of seven bound steroids all showed increased extinction coefficients, sharpened absorption bands, a small blue shift, and an increased area implying an enhanced transition moment. This is in contrast to the steroid complexes with the low affinity binders, human serum albumin, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, which exhibit decreased extinction coefficients and reduced transition moments.", "contents": "Alterations in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of steroids upon binding to serum proteins. Difference spectra of progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) complexes with progesterone and testosterone were measured. The contributions of steroid and protein to the difference spectra were resolved by use of 5alpha-pregane-3,20-dione and dihydrotestosterone to compensate for the perturbation of PBG. The absorption spectra of seven bound steroids all showed increased extinction coefficients, sharpened absorption bands, a small blue shift, and an increased area implying an enhanced transition moment. This is in contrast to the steroid complexes with the low affinity binders, human serum albumin, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, which exhibit decreased extinction coefficients and reduced transition moments.", "PMID": 75741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5919", "title": "Purification and characterization of particles containing RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, in the allantoic fluid of uninfected leukosis virus-free chicken eggs.", "content": "The allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs regularly contains particle-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, as shown by its reaction with homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA and by the characterization of the products. The purification of the particles is described. The purified particles are different from the known avian RNA tumor viruses in their protein composition and their sedimentation constant. They do not exhibit biological properties typical for RNA tumour viruses, such as helper activity, interfering properties or infectivity and do not show endogenous DNA synthesis. The particles are discussed as non-viral elements.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of particles containing RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, in the allantoic fluid of uninfected leukosis virus-free chicken eggs. The allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs regularly contains particle-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, as shown by its reaction with homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA and by the characterization of the products. The purification of the particles is described. The purified particles are different from the known avian RNA tumor viruses in their protein composition and their sedimentation constant. They do not exhibit biological properties typical for RNA tumour viruses, such as helper activity, interfering properties or infectivity and do not show endogenous DNA synthesis. The particles are discussed as non-viral elements.", "PMID": 75744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5920", "title": "Binding of latent rheumatoid synovial collagenase to collagen fibrils.", "content": "Collagenase released from rheumatoid synovial cells in culture is in a latent form. Subsequently, it may be activated by limited proteolysis. This study was designed to determine whether latent enzyme could bind to collagen fibrils and await activation. The data showed that latent collagenase bound to fibrils equally well at 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C, but that this represented little more than half the binding achieved by active enzyme at temperatures lower than that at which fibrils can be degraded. Binding was not inhibited by the presence of alpha2 macroglobulin, the principal proteinase inhibitor of plasma which cannot complex with inactive or latent collagenase but readily complexes with active species of enzyme. The data support the hypotheses that inactive forms of collagenase accumulate in tissues by binding to substrate, and that activation by proteases such as plasmin initiates collagen breakdown.", "contents": "Binding of latent rheumatoid synovial collagenase to collagen fibrils. Collagenase released from rheumatoid synovial cells in culture is in a latent form. Subsequently, it may be activated by limited proteolysis. This study was designed to determine whether latent enzyme could bind to collagen fibrils and await activation. The data showed that latent collagenase bound to fibrils equally well at 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C, but that this represented little more than half the binding achieved by active enzyme at temperatures lower than that at which fibrils can be degraded. Binding was not inhibited by the presence of alpha2 macroglobulin, the principal proteinase inhibitor of plasma which cannot complex with inactive or latent collagenase but readily complexes with active species of enzyme. The data support the hypotheses that inactive forms of collagenase accumulate in tissues by binding to substrate, and that activation by proteases such as plasmin initiates collagen breakdown.", "PMID": 75745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5921", "title": "Mass spectrometric analyses and characterization of Kepone in environmental and human samples.", "content": "A specific portion of our environment has been contaminated with Kepone, or chlordecone. Additionally, some specific human exposures to high concentrations of Kepone have been confirmed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry involving chemical ionization and high resolution mass spectrometry were used to detect, identify and confirm the presence of Kepone, Kepone photoproducts and a reduction product of Kepone in environmental and human samples. Field desorption, field ionization and electron impact mass spectrometric methods, as well as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to characterize and identify Kepone hydrate and hemiketal in benzene and methanol solutions, respectively.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric analyses and characterization of Kepone in environmental and human samples. A specific portion of our environment has been contaminated with Kepone, or chlordecone. Additionally, some specific human exposures to high concentrations of Kepone have been confirmed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry involving chemical ionization and high resolution mass spectrometry were used to detect, identify and confirm the presence of Kepone, Kepone photoproducts and a reduction product of Kepone in environmental and human samples. Field desorption, field ionization and electron impact mass spectrometric methods, as well as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to characterize and identify Kepone hydrate and hemiketal in benzene and methanol solutions, respectively.", "PMID": 75747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5922", "title": "[Modified method of differential staining of sister chromatids].", "content": "A modified method of obtaining differential staining of sister chromatids is described. It is simple, rapid, and effective, and at the same time inexpensive and accessible, since it allows one to use available reagents. When 5-bromdeoxyuridine was administered 24 hours before fixation into the Chinese hamster cell culture the percentage of metaphases with a differential chromatid staining constituted 95--98, and when this substance was administered 28 hours before fixation into the human lymphocyte culture this percentage varied from 75 to 92, depending on the individual. The mean number of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes failed to depend on the time of fixation.", "contents": "[Modified method of differential staining of sister chromatids]. A modified method of obtaining differential staining of sister chromatids is described. It is simple, rapid, and effective, and at the same time inexpensive and accessible, since it allows one to use available reagents. When 5-bromdeoxyuridine was administered 24 hours before fixation into the Chinese hamster cell culture the percentage of metaphases with a differential chromatid staining constituted 95--98, and when this substance was administered 28 hours before fixation into the human lymphocyte culture this percentage varied from 75 to 92, depending on the individual. The mean number of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes failed to depend on the time of fixation.", "PMID": 75748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5923", "title": "Urodynamics in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Synchronous urinary flow and pressure studies were carried out on 51 male subjects of whom 12 were normal subjects and 39 had benign prostatic hypertrophy with varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction. A urodynamic scoring system was evolved for accurate and objective diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. The minimum urethral resistance was found to be the most valuable single urodynamic parameter for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. Hitherto this urodynamic parameter was determined through tedious calculations. In the course of the present study a new instrument, the Urethroresistance, was devised for the direct recording of urethral resistance during micturition.", "contents": "Urodynamics in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Synchronous urinary flow and pressure studies were carried out on 51 male subjects of whom 12 were normal subjects and 39 had benign prostatic hypertrophy with varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction. A urodynamic scoring system was evolved for accurate and objective diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. The minimum urethral resistance was found to be the most valuable single urodynamic parameter for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. Hitherto this urodynamic parameter was determined through tedious calculations. In the course of the present study a new instrument, the Urethroresistance, was devised for the direct recording of urethral resistance during micturition.", "PMID": 75752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5924", "title": "Biochemical studies of trophic dependences in crayfish giant axons.", "content": "Data from previous histological studies indicate that long-term survival of crayfish medial giant axons might be due in part to trophic support from cells of the surrounding glial sheath which often hypertrophy in response to transection of the medial giants. The biochemical studies reported herein show that segments from transected ventral nerve cords (VNC) always incorporate more [3H]leucine into protein than do corresponding segments from intact VNCs. Furthermore, the relative amount of [3H]leucine incorporation in severed segments seems to be influenced by distance and direction from the lesion site as well as time after lesioning. Similar spatiotemporal parameters were previously shown to be correlated with extent of glial hypertrophy around severed medial giant axons. Quantitative autoradiography of medial giant axons after incubation in [3H]leucine revealed that the grain density of label in glial sheaths surrounding severed medial giants was over two-fold greater than in sheaths around corresponding control axons. Moreover, the grain density in the axoplasm of severed medial giants was nearly four-fold greater than the grain density in the axoplasm of control axons. Data from experiments using short or long labeling intervals suggests that labeling in the medial giant axoplasm may be due more to transfer from glial sheath cells than from inherent axonal synthetic mechanisms. In light of this and other data, we concluded that long-term survival of severed medial giant axons is probably due to the direct transfer of trophic substances from cells of the glial sheath into the axon.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of trophic dependences in crayfish giant axons. Data from previous histological studies indicate that long-term survival of crayfish medial giant axons might be due in part to trophic support from cells of the surrounding glial sheath which often hypertrophy in response to transection of the medial giants. The biochemical studies reported herein show that segments from transected ventral nerve cords (VNC) always incorporate more [3H]leucine into protein than do corresponding segments from intact VNCs. Furthermore, the relative amount of [3H]leucine incorporation in severed segments seems to be influenced by distance and direction from the lesion site as well as time after lesioning. Similar spatiotemporal parameters were previously shown to be correlated with extent of glial hypertrophy around severed medial giant axons. Quantitative autoradiography of medial giant axons after incubation in [3H]leucine revealed that the grain density of label in glial sheaths surrounding severed medial giants was over two-fold greater than in sheaths around corresponding control axons. Moreover, the grain density in the axoplasm of severed medial giants was nearly four-fold greater than the grain density in the axoplasm of control axons. Data from experiments using short or long labeling intervals suggests that labeling in the medial giant axoplasm may be due more to transfer from glial sheath cells than from inherent axonal synthetic mechanisms. In light of this and other data, we concluded that long-term survival of severed medial giant axons is probably due to the direct transfer of trophic substances from cells of the glial sheath into the axon.", "PMID": 75753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5925", "title": "Characterization of an antiserum to synaptic glomeruli from rat cerebellum.", "content": "Rabbit anti-rat cerebellar synaptic glomeruli antiserum when absorbed with non-neural tissues reacts only with neural tissues when tested by indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections. Further absorption with forebrain results in the antiserum which detectably reacts only with synaptic glomeruli and soma of Purkinje cells of both rat and mouse. The developmental expression of the synaptic glomeruli antigen(s) parallels the formation of synapses between mossy fibers and granule cells. Immature synaptic contacts do not contain recognizable antigen(s), whereas only at postnatal Day 15 glomeruli become antigen-positive. At this stage antigen in Purkinje cells is no longer carried in their dendrites, but becomes confined to the cell soma. Staggerer mutant mice still express the immature pattern of antigen distribution on postnatal Day 18.", "contents": "Characterization of an antiserum to synaptic glomeruli from rat cerebellum. Rabbit anti-rat cerebellar synaptic glomeruli antiserum when absorbed with non-neural tissues reacts only with neural tissues when tested by indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections. Further absorption with forebrain results in the antiserum which detectably reacts only with synaptic glomeruli and soma of Purkinje cells of both rat and mouse. The developmental expression of the synaptic glomeruli antigen(s) parallels the formation of synapses between mossy fibers and granule cells. Immature synaptic contacts do not contain recognizable antigen(s), whereas only at postnatal Day 15 glomeruli become antigen-positive. At this stage antigen in Purkinje cells is no longer carried in their dendrites, but becomes confined to the cell soma. Staggerer mutant mice still express the immature pattern of antigen distribution on postnatal Day 18.", "PMID": 75755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5926", "title": "Combination therapy of advanced head and neck cancer: induction of remissions with diamminedichloroplatinum (II), bleomycin and radiation therapy.", "content": "Patients with unresectable, previously untreated head and neck cancer were given cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP), 3 mg/kg, with mannitol diuresis (day 1), followed by a continuous infusion of bleomycin, 0.25 mg/kg/day, days 3 through 10, after an initial loading dose of 0.25 mg/kg by rapid IV injection on day 3. The DDP was repeated on day 22, following which radiotherapy was delivered using standard doses, fractionations and portals. Patients were evaluated for response on day 22 and again at the conclusion of radiotherapy. Of 21 patients evaluable at day 22, there were four CR and 11 PR (greater than 50% reduction of all measureable disease), for a major response rate of 71%. Of five MR, four showed 30-60% reduction at the primary site. Of 16 who have finished the radiation phase of treatment, there are six CR, five PR and one MR with durations four to eight months. Toxicity in 33 patients included vomiting (33), alopecia (33), WBC less than 3000 (five), platelets less than 100,000 (one), dose-limiting mucositis during bleomycin (six) and peak serum creatinine greater than 2 (five), with one fatality. The regimen thus appears promising as initial therapy for the previously untreated patient. The same chemotherapy has produced much less encouraging results in prviously treated patients.", "contents": "Combination therapy of advanced head and neck cancer: induction of remissions with diamminedichloroplatinum (II), bleomycin and radiation therapy. Patients with unresectable, previously untreated head and neck cancer were given cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (DDP), 3 mg/kg, with mannitol diuresis (day 1), followed by a continuous infusion of bleomycin, 0.25 mg/kg/day, days 3 through 10, after an initial loading dose of 0.25 mg/kg by rapid IV injection on day 3. The DDP was repeated on day 22, following which radiotherapy was delivered using standard doses, fractionations and portals. Patients were evaluated for response on day 22 and again at the conclusion of radiotherapy. Of 21 patients evaluable at day 22, there were four CR and 11 PR (greater than 50% reduction of all measureable disease), for a major response rate of 71%. Of five MR, four showed 30-60% reduction at the primary site. Of 16 who have finished the radiation phase of treatment, there are six CR, five PR and one MR with durations four to eight months. Toxicity in 33 patients included vomiting (33), alopecia (33), WBC less than 3000 (five), platelets less than 100,000 (one), dose-limiting mucositis during bleomycin (six) and peak serum creatinine greater than 2 (five), with one fatality. The regimen thus appears promising as initial therapy for the previously untreated patient. The same chemotherapy has produced much less encouraging results in prviously treated patients.", "PMID": 75760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5927", "title": "Microscopie-controlled excision of cutaneous tumors: chemosurgery, fresh tissue technique.", "content": "A modification of Mohs' chemosurgery which eliminates the zinc chloride paste but follows the careful piece by piece excision, marking, and mapping has been developed for the treatment of cutaneous tumors. The technique is called Microscopic Controlled Exicision (MCE). This 8-year retrospective study reports a 97.2% cure rate for 532 determinant lesions. On hundred eighty-five (35%) of these cases followed for 5 years or longer had a 96% cure rate. The modified technique eliminates the pain of zinc chloride fixative paste, shortens the time required to perform the surgery, removes less uninvolved, normal tissues, and the final defect is a fresh surgical wound which can be repaired immediately. These advantages become highly significant since a high 5-year cure rate can be obtained. It is recommended that this technique be used for all tumors which recur after routine treatment by excision, radiation therapy, curettage and desiccation, or cryosurgery, for tumors with poorly defined clinical borders, for sclerosing basal cell epitheliomas, and for primary cutaneous carcinomas in areas which have a predilection for recurrence.", "contents": "Microscopie-controlled excision of cutaneous tumors: chemosurgery, fresh tissue technique. A modification of Mohs' chemosurgery which eliminates the zinc chloride paste but follows the careful piece by piece excision, marking, and mapping has been developed for the treatment of cutaneous tumors. The technique is called Microscopic Controlled Exicision (MCE). This 8-year retrospective study reports a 97.2% cure rate for 532 determinant lesions. On hundred eighty-five (35%) of these cases followed for 5 years or longer had a 96% cure rate. The modified technique eliminates the pain of zinc chloride fixative paste, shortens the time required to perform the surgery, removes less uninvolved, normal tissues, and the final defect is a fresh surgical wound which can be repaired immediately. These advantages become highly significant since a high 5-year cure rate can be obtained. It is recommended that this technique be used for all tumors which recur after routine treatment by excision, radiation therapy, curettage and desiccation, or cryosurgery, for tumors with poorly defined clinical borders, for sclerosing basal cell epitheliomas, and for primary cutaneous carcinomas in areas which have a predilection for recurrence.", "PMID": 75761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5928", "title": "Detection of viral-like cores from the urine of patients with genito-urinary malignancies.", "content": "Simultaneous detection assays on the core structures derived from the cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with various types of central nervous system tumors have demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in detecting some of the diagnostic features of RNA tumor viruses. Similar assays done on urine samples from patients iwth various types of tumors in their genitourinary tracts have shown that of the 18 such samples from tumor patients, 15 or 83% were found to be positive. The control samples consisted of three from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and four from normal persons. None of these gave a positive reaction. [3H]DNA probes synthesized from the core structures from them hybridized readily to their corresponding polysomal RNAs but no to control tissues. The densities of particles from these samples have been found to be 1.168 g/ml for bladder carcinoma and 1.165 for prostatic carcinoma, the same densities as those found RNA tumor viruses.", "contents": "Detection of viral-like cores from the urine of patients with genito-urinary malignancies. Simultaneous detection assays on the core structures derived from the cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with various types of central nervous system tumors have demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in detecting some of the diagnostic features of RNA tumor viruses. Similar assays done on urine samples from patients iwth various types of tumors in their genitourinary tracts have shown that of the 18 such samples from tumor patients, 15 or 83% were found to be positive. The control samples consisted of three from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and four from normal persons. None of these gave a positive reaction. [3H]DNA probes synthesized from the core structures from them hybridized readily to their corresponding polysomal RNAs but no to control tissues. The densities of particles from these samples have been found to be 1.168 g/ml for bladder carcinoma and 1.165 for prostatic carcinoma, the same densities as those found RNA tumor viruses.", "PMID": 75762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5929", "title": "A new methods for the 3'-deoxygenation of butirosins A and B.", "content": "An aziridine ring-formation involving the reaction of adjacent amino and alcohol groups with triphenylphosphine, carbon tetrachloride, and triethylamine was applied at the 2' and 3' positions of butirosin A (1a) and B (1b). The amino groups at the 2' position of 1a and 1b were p-methoxybenzylated to increase the nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom and to avoid the formation of a P-N linkage, and the N-p-methoxybenzyl derivatives were converted into the aziridine derivatives, which were then subjected to hydrogenolysis and removal of the protecting groups to give 3'-deoxybutirosin A (7a) and B (7b), respectively. This new method is compared with the conventional N,O-protecting method that involves several complex steps.", "contents": "A new methods for the 3'-deoxygenation of butirosins A and B. An aziridine ring-formation involving the reaction of adjacent amino and alcohol groups with triphenylphosphine, carbon tetrachloride, and triethylamine was applied at the 2' and 3' positions of butirosin A (1a) and B (1b). The amino groups at the 2' position of 1a and 1b were p-methoxybenzylated to increase the nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom and to avoid the formation of a P-N linkage, and the N-p-methoxybenzyl derivatives were converted into the aziridine derivatives, which were then subjected to hydrogenolysis and removal of the protecting groups to give 3'-deoxybutirosin A (7a) and B (7b), respectively. This new method is compared with the conventional N,O-protecting method that involves several complex steps.", "PMID": 75763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5930", "title": "Origin of the membrane for the acrosomal process: is actin complexed with membrane precursors?", "content": "The formation of the acrosomal process requires an increase of 40-150% in the plasma membrane limiting the cell body. In freeze fracture replicas and thin sections this new membrane behaves as a typical unit membrane. Since in sperm there are no vesicles or surface projections which could account for the increase in surface, we suggest that the new membrane is generated from precursors stored with the actin in the periacrosomal region. Consistent with this suggestion is the observation that compounds such as didansyl cysteine and N phenyl-1-napthylamine which fluoresce when they enter a hydrophobic environment stain the periacrosomal material.", "contents": "Origin of the membrane for the acrosomal process: is actin complexed with membrane precursors? The formation of the acrosomal process requires an increase of 40-150% in the plasma membrane limiting the cell body. In freeze fracture replicas and thin sections this new membrane behaves as a typical unit membrane. Since in sperm there are no vesicles or surface projections which could account for the increase in surface, we suggest that the new membrane is generated from precursors stored with the actin in the periacrosomal region. Consistent with this suggestion is the observation that compounds such as didansyl cysteine and N phenyl-1-napthylamine which fluoresce when they enter a hydrophobic environment stain the periacrosomal material.", "PMID": 75769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5931", "title": "Proliferative capacity constant of metazoan cells in culture.", "content": "Proliferative capacity of metazoan cells in culture may be defined quantitatively by using GPAG-supplemented medium. For this purpose an expression called proliferative capacity constant (KPC) was introduced. KPC represents the logarithm of GPAG concentration over which the mitotic activity of cells is induced.", "contents": "Proliferative capacity constant of metazoan cells in culture. Proliferative capacity of metazoan cells in culture may be defined quantitatively by using GPAG-supplemented medium. For this purpose an expression called proliferative capacity constant (KPC) was introduced. KPC represents the logarithm of GPAG concentration over which the mitotic activity of cells is induced.", "PMID": 75770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5932", "title": "Differentiation of malignant neuroblastoma cells: evidence for a mitochondrial role.", "content": "Morphological differentiation has been induced in vitro in mouse neuroblastoma cells by quinidine, dinitrophenol and dicoumarol. These agents are known to release calcium from mitochondria. Drugs acting in this way might be exploited in cancer therapy.", "contents": "Differentiation of malignant neuroblastoma cells: evidence for a mitochondrial role. Morphological differentiation has been induced in vitro in mouse neuroblastoma cells by quinidine, dinitrophenol and dicoumarol. These agents are known to release calcium from mitochondria. Drugs acting in this way might be exploited in cancer therapy.", "PMID": 75771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5933", "title": "Repolarization abnormalities in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "Survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) are at high risk for recurrent VF, probably reflecting continued myocardial electrical instability. In this study 12-lead ECGs of 125 VF survivors with coronary heart disease were examined and compared to those of 98 ambulatory post-MI patients. The study was part of an effort to define clinical identifiers of patients likely to develop sudden cardiac death. Ventricular fibrillation survivors were commonly had premature ventricular complexes (PVCs):30% versus 13% (P less than 0.01). In addition, ECGs of VF survivors showed a significantly greater prevalence of ST-segment depression (46% versus 10%), T wave flattening (52% versus 26%), and QTc prolongation (35% versus 18%). It is proposed that these repolarization abnormalities represent asynchronous repolarization, which together with frequent PVCs, may set the stage for re-entrant ventricular dysrhythmias and ultimately VF. It is also possible that repolarization abnormalities together with premature ventricular contractions might serve as markers of patients with coronary heart disease who are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death.", "contents": "Repolarization abnormalities in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) are at high risk for recurrent VF, probably reflecting continued myocardial electrical instability. In this study 12-lead ECGs of 125 VF survivors with coronary heart disease were examined and compared to those of 98 ambulatory post-MI patients. The study was part of an effort to define clinical identifiers of patients likely to develop sudden cardiac death. Ventricular fibrillation survivors were commonly had premature ventricular complexes (PVCs):30% versus 13% (P less than 0.01). In addition, ECGs of VF survivors showed a significantly greater prevalence of ST-segment depression (46% versus 10%), T wave flattening (52% versus 26%), and QTc prolongation (35% versus 18%). It is proposed that these repolarization abnormalities represent asynchronous repolarization, which together with frequent PVCs, may set the stage for re-entrant ventricular dysrhythmias and ultimately VF. It is also possible that repolarization abnormalities together with premature ventricular contractions might serve as markers of patients with coronary heart disease who are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death.", "PMID": 75773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5934", "title": "Relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and angiographic and electrocardiographic indicators of myocardial fibrosis.", "content": "This study was performed to determine the relationships among angiographic, hemodynamic, clinical, and electrocardiographic data and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Arrhythmias were analyzed by 24 hour Holter monitor in 244 patients evaluated for chest pain by coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Using a categorical linear model, the presence of myocardial fibrosis as indicated by both abnormal left ventricular contraction (LVC) and abnormal initial QRS on electrocardiogram was found to be the only independent predictor of both frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmias (P less than .0001). All other descriptors, including the number of diseased vessels (greater than or equal to 75% obstruction), were dependent upon abnormal LVC in their association with PVCs. When the right anterior oblique view of the left ventriculogram was divided into nine segments to allow automated quantiative analysis of LVC, the prevalence of frequent PVCs was directly related to the number of abnormally contracting segments. Of patients with 0 abnormal segments, 11% had greater than or equal to 2 PVC/hr, in contrast to 44%, 73% and 100% of patients with 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 abnormal wall segments, respectively (P less than 0.01). A similar quantitative relationship was found between premature ventricular contractions and abnormal initial forces indicating previous myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and angiographic and electrocardiographic indicators of myocardial fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the relationships among angiographic, hemodynamic, clinical, and electrocardiographic data and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Arrhythmias were analyzed by 24 hour Holter monitor in 244 patients evaluated for chest pain by coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Using a categorical linear model, the presence of myocardial fibrosis as indicated by both abnormal left ventricular contraction (LVC) and abnormal initial QRS on electrocardiogram was found to be the only independent predictor of both frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmias (P less than .0001). All other descriptors, including the number of diseased vessels (greater than or equal to 75% obstruction), were dependent upon abnormal LVC in their association with PVCs. When the right anterior oblique view of the left ventriculogram was divided into nine segments to allow automated quantiative analysis of LVC, the prevalence of frequent PVCs was directly related to the number of abnormally contracting segments. Of patients with 0 abnormal segments, 11% had greater than or equal to 2 PVC/hr, in contrast to 44%, 73% and 100% of patients with 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 abnormal wall segments, respectively (P less than 0.01). A similar quantitative relationship was found between premature ventricular contractions and abnormal initial forces indicating previous myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 75774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5935", "title": "Management of diskogenic pain using epidural and intrathecal steroids.", "content": "The use of methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) injected by the epidural or intrathecal route for the relief of diskogenic back pain with or without radiculopathy is an adjunct to conservative management useful when conservative measures fail and surgical treatment is under consideration. This is especially true when symptoms have been present for only a few months. Corticosteroids injected in the same manner seem to have little effect on patients with symptoms persisting for periods longer than 3 months or in patients treated previously by surgical methods.", "contents": "Management of diskogenic pain using epidural and intrathecal steroids. The use of methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol) injected by the epidural or intrathecal route for the relief of diskogenic back pain with or without radiculopathy is an adjunct to conservative management useful when conservative measures fail and surgical treatment is under consideration. This is especially true when symptoms have been present for only a few months. Corticosteroids injected in the same manner seem to have little effect on patients with symptoms persisting for periods longer than 3 months or in patients treated previously by surgical methods.", "PMID": 75775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5936", "title": "Special topics in clinical pathology.", "content": "The following topics are discussed in this presentation: A. Recent advances in the use and interpretation and methodology of antibiotic susceptibility testing. B. Improvements in sample submittal to obtain accurate results from your laboratory. C. Staining blood, bone marrow, and cytology specimens in the office laboratory. D. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of lipemia. E. Differential diagnosis of abdominal effusions.", "contents": "Special topics in clinical pathology. The following topics are discussed in this presentation: A. Recent advances in the use and interpretation and methodology of antibiotic susceptibility testing. B. Improvements in sample submittal to obtain accurate results from your laboratory. C. Staining blood, bone marrow, and cytology specimens in the office laboratory. D. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of lipemia. E. Differential diagnosis of abdominal effusions.", "PMID": 75783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5937", "title": "[Mechanism of action of synthetic heparinoids: results in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of two synthetic heparinoids, SP-54 and Depot-Thrombocid, on serum lipids was studied in 17 patients with primary hyperlipidaemia (types IIb, IV and V of Fredrickson) and 15 healthy persons. SP-54 had no lipid-lowering effect, neither on oral nor rectal suppository application. Intramuscular injection of Depot-Thrombocid, however, resulted in a decrease of serum triglyceride concentrations of maximally 50% after six hours. There was a marked increase in the activity of the two lipolytic enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase in plasma, as well as an increase in free fatty acids and an extension of thrombin time and PTT. Twenty-four hours after injection all values returned to pretreatment levels. Intramuscular administration of Depot-Thrombocid two or three times a week for seven weeks had no lasting effect on serum lipids. However, there were considerable side effects such as haemorrhagic diatheses, hair loss and thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of synthetic heparinoids: results in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia (author's transl)]. The effect of two synthetic heparinoids, SP-54 and Depot-Thrombocid, on serum lipids was studied in 17 patients with primary hyperlipidaemia (types IIb, IV and V of Fredrickson) and 15 healthy persons. SP-54 had no lipid-lowering effect, neither on oral nor rectal suppository application. Intramuscular injection of Depot-Thrombocid, however, resulted in a decrease of serum triglyceride concentrations of maximally 50% after six hours. There was a marked increase in the activity of the two lipolytic enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase in plasma, as well as an increase in free fatty acids and an extension of thrombin time and PTT. Twenty-four hours after injection all values returned to pretreatment levels. Intramuscular administration of Depot-Thrombocid two or three times a week for seven weeks had no lasting effect on serum lipids. However, there were considerable side effects such as haemorrhagic diatheses, hair loss and thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 75786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5938", "title": "Sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal varices by means of endoscopy.", "content": "From 1.1.1969 up to 1.11.1977, 640 patients with hemorrhage from gastro-oesopheal varices were managed by sclerotherapy of the oesophageal wall. In 90% this method succeeded in stopping hemorrhage or preventing a new bleeding during the next four months. Only 43 patients of the total number were treated because of impending hemorrhage under precise indications. After two or three sessions of sclerotherapy the interval of control can be extended up to one years without new danger of hemorrhage. Overall mortality was 14.5%; main causes of death were liver coma, uncontrollable hemorrhage, mediastinitis and pyothorax.--If liver function improves, a porto-systemic-shunt is performed whenever possible.--416 = 65% of the patients are still alive; 50% longer than one year up to eight years. Thus sclerotherapy seems to be the method of choice in uncurable massive hemorrhage from varicosities from the oesophagus. It is indicated in patients with decompensated liver function, and whenever a shunt procedure is anatomically or clinically impossible or not advisable, too.", "contents": "Sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal varices by means of endoscopy. From 1.1.1969 up to 1.11.1977, 640 patients with hemorrhage from gastro-oesopheal varices were managed by sclerotherapy of the oesophageal wall. In 90% this method succeeded in stopping hemorrhage or preventing a new bleeding during the next four months. Only 43 patients of the total number were treated because of impending hemorrhage under precise indications. After two or three sessions of sclerotherapy the interval of control can be extended up to one years without new danger of hemorrhage. Overall mortality was 14.5%; main causes of death were liver coma, uncontrollable hemorrhage, mediastinitis and pyothorax.--If liver function improves, a porto-systemic-shunt is performed whenever possible.--416 = 65% of the patients are still alive; 50% longer than one year up to eight years. Thus sclerotherapy seems to be the method of choice in uncurable massive hemorrhage from varicosities from the oesophagus. It is indicated in patients with decompensated liver function, and whenever a shunt procedure is anatomically or clinically impossible or not advisable, too.", "PMID": 75791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5939", "title": "Changes in plasminogen levels, plasmin activity and activity of antiplasmins during endotoxin shock in dogs.", "content": "Antiplasmin activity was studied during various stages of lethal canine endotoxin shock by means of assays utilizing a new chromogenic tripeptide derivative (S-2251 AB Kabi Peptide Research Division, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden). By applying a preincubation time of 30 sec and 5 min, respectively, 'immediate' and 'time-dependent' antiplasmin activities were determined. During shock gradually decreasing values of 'immediate' antiplasmin activity was observed. 'Time-dependent' antiplasmin activity also revealed a decreasing pattern, these changes, however, were less pronounced when compared with 'immediate' antiplasmin activity. The changes of plasma antiplasmin activities observed were accompanied by decreasing values of plasminogen and evidence of plasmin activity. alpha-Antitrypsin and alpha2-Macroglobulin quantitated with electroimmunoassay technique also revealed decreasing patterns during shock.", "contents": "Changes in plasminogen levels, plasmin activity and activity of antiplasmins during endotoxin shock in dogs. Antiplasmin activity was studied during various stages of lethal canine endotoxin shock by means of assays utilizing a new chromogenic tripeptide derivative (S-2251 AB Kabi Peptide Research Division, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden). By applying a preincubation time of 30 sec and 5 min, respectively, 'immediate' and 'time-dependent' antiplasmin activities were determined. During shock gradually decreasing values of 'immediate' antiplasmin activity was observed. 'Time-dependent' antiplasmin activity also revealed a decreasing pattern, these changes, however, were less pronounced when compared with 'immediate' antiplasmin activity. The changes of plasma antiplasmin activities observed were accompanied by decreasing values of plasminogen and evidence of plasmin activity. alpha-Antitrypsin and alpha2-Macroglobulin quantitated with electroimmunoassay technique also revealed decreasing patterns during shock.", "PMID": 75792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5940", "title": "Observations on 1,000 Millin prostatectomies.", "content": "1,000 Millin prostatectomies were performed under general anaesthesia and normal conditions of blood pressure (without hypotension) over a period of 6 years. Observations were made as to the blood losses (Davillas and Miliaressis, 1972), the length of hospitalization, the various complications and the death causes in 17 patients (1.7%).", "contents": "Observations on 1,000 Millin prostatectomies. 1,000 Millin prostatectomies were performed under general anaesthesia and normal conditions of blood pressure (without hypotension) over a period of 6 years. Observations were made as to the blood losses (Davillas and Miliaressis, 1972), the length of hospitalization, the various complications and the death causes in 17 patients (1.7%).", "PMID": 75793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5941", "title": "Two str1cturally similar haptens each induce a different inherited idiotype.", "content": "When mice of the A/J strain were immunized with azobenzenearsonate (ABA) directly coupled to a protein, they produced antibodies that share an inherited cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). In the antigenic determinant that induces CRI, ABA is very probably coupled to tyrosine, and the structure that protrudes from the polypeptide backbone has two benzene rings and a molecular weight of 419. When this same structure is separated from the polypeptide backbone by a spacer of 99 daltons, it induces a different inherited idiotype (ABA-HOP-e) in the same strain of mice. Our data suggest that antibodies with the idiotype CRI recognize the terminal benzene ring and the azo group, but do not fit closely around the second ring structure. Antibodies with the idiotype ABA-HOP-e have fine specificity for both benzene rings. Both idiotypes are inherited and both are linked to genes controlling constant regions of the heavy chains.", "contents": "Two str1cturally similar haptens each induce a different inherited idiotype. When mice of the A/J strain were immunized with azobenzenearsonate (ABA) directly coupled to a protein, they produced antibodies that share an inherited cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). In the antigenic determinant that induces CRI, ABA is very probably coupled to tyrosine, and the structure that protrudes from the polypeptide backbone has two benzene rings and a molecular weight of 419. When this same structure is separated from the polypeptide backbone by a spacer of 99 daltons, it induces a different inherited idiotype (ABA-HOP-e) in the same strain of mice. Our data suggest that antibodies with the idiotype CRI recognize the terminal benzene ring and the azo group, but do not fit closely around the second ring structure. Antibodies with the idiotype ABA-HOP-e have fine specificity for both benzene rings. Both idiotypes are inherited and both are linked to genes controlling constant regions of the heavy chains.", "PMID": 75799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5942", "title": "Split unresponsiveness to the trinitrophenyl determinant. I. Manoeuvers which suppress either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses.", "content": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) injected intravenously (i.v.) makes mice fully tolerant to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant. Administration of in vitro TNP-labeled syngeneic erythrocytes or thymocytes renders mice unable to develop contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, while the humoral anti-TNP responses seem to be unaffected. The reverse was found after pretreatment of mice with TNP-labeled isologous IgG (MGG) since only anti-TNP antibody responses, but not contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, were significantly reduced. TNP-coupled macrophages given to animals suppressed both the cell-mediated and humoral responses, and this might be due to the presence on their surface of TNP-labeled cytophilic antibody. TNBS administered i.v. binds to circulating proteins and formed blood elements. Thus the split unresponsiveness affecting either humoral or cell-mediated compartments after the injection of TNP-MGG or of haptenated cells respectively, is presumably due to dissecting events which in vivo after the injection of TNBS, occur simultaneously. These results may be interpreted to indicate that split unresponsive states to TNP determinants are mediated two independent mechanisms which require different tolerogen presentations to be triggered.", "contents": "Split unresponsiveness to the trinitrophenyl determinant. I. Manoeuvers which suppress either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) injected intravenously (i.v.) makes mice fully tolerant to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant. Administration of in vitro TNP-labeled syngeneic erythrocytes or thymocytes renders mice unable to develop contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, while the humoral anti-TNP responses seem to be unaffected. The reverse was found after pretreatment of mice with TNP-labeled isologous IgG (MGG) since only anti-TNP antibody responses, but not contact sensitivity to picryl chloride, were significantly reduced. TNP-coupled macrophages given to animals suppressed both the cell-mediated and humoral responses, and this might be due to the presence on their surface of TNP-labeled cytophilic antibody. TNBS administered i.v. binds to circulating proteins and formed blood elements. Thus the split unresponsiveness affecting either humoral or cell-mediated compartments after the injection of TNP-MGG or of haptenated cells respectively, is presumably due to dissecting events which in vivo after the injection of TNBS, occur simultaneously. These results may be interpreted to indicate that split unresponsive states to TNP determinants are mediated two independent mechanisms which require different tolerogen presentations to be triggered.", "PMID": 75801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5943", "title": "Idiotype-specific neonatal suppression of phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells.", "content": "The effect on neonatal anti-idiotypic suppression on the expression of B cells of the T15 clonotype has been investigated at the level of individual clonal precursor cells. The results indicate that B cells of the T15 clonotype are almost completely eliminated from the repertoire for four months after neonatal injection of allogeneic anti-idiotypic serum. The degree of this suppression is dependent on the amount of anti-idiotypic antibody administered and is less profound if anti-idiotypic antibody is given after the first week of life. No suppression was observed when anti-idiotypic antisera were administered to mice 30 days of age or older, which may indicate that immature B cells are the population most susceptible to suppression. However, since suppression could be reversed by administration of T15 myeloma protein several days after injection of anti-idiotype, the inability to suppress adult BALB/c mice may have been due to the high level of T15 idiotype normally present in their serum. Finally, phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells of identifiable clonotypes other than T15, even a clonotype sharing antigen-combining site determinants with T15, appear unaffected by anti-T15 suppression.", "contents": "Idiotype-specific neonatal suppression of phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells. The effect on neonatal anti-idiotypic suppression on the expression of B cells of the T15 clonotype has been investigated at the level of individual clonal precursor cells. The results indicate that B cells of the T15 clonotype are almost completely eliminated from the repertoire for four months after neonatal injection of allogeneic anti-idiotypic serum. The degree of this suppression is dependent on the amount of anti-idiotypic antibody administered and is less profound if anti-idiotypic antibody is given after the first week of life. No suppression was observed when anti-idiotypic antisera were administered to mice 30 days of age or older, which may indicate that immature B cells are the population most susceptible to suppression. However, since suppression could be reversed by administration of T15 myeloma protein several days after injection of anti-idiotype, the inability to suppress adult BALB/c mice may have been due to the high level of T15 idiotype normally present in their serum. Finally, phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells of identifiable clonotypes other than T15, even a clonotype sharing antigen-combining site determinants with T15, appear unaffected by anti-T15 suppression.", "PMID": 75802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5944", "title": "Evolution of the lymphoid system. II. Evidence for immunoglobulin determinants on all rainbow trout lymphocytes and demonstration of mixed leukocyte reaction.", "content": "Indirect fluorescent antibody analyses utilizing antiserum specific for rainbow trout serum immunoglobulin (Ig) demonstrated that essentially all rainbow trout lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, anterior kidney and peripheral blood possess either Ig determinants or structures which cross-react with those determinants found on serum Ig. Peripheral blood leukocytes from rainbow trout were found to be caple of participating in a mixed leukocyte reaction. This observation is discussed in terms of the evolution of T cell function.", "contents": "Evolution of the lymphoid system. II. Evidence for immunoglobulin determinants on all rainbow trout lymphocytes and demonstration of mixed leukocyte reaction. Indirect fluorescent antibody analyses utilizing antiserum specific for rainbow trout serum immunoglobulin (Ig) demonstrated that essentially all rainbow trout lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, anterior kidney and peripheral blood possess either Ig determinants or structures which cross-react with those determinants found on serum Ig. Peripheral blood leukocytes from rainbow trout were found to be caple of participating in a mixed leukocyte reaction. This observation is discussed in terms of the evolution of T cell function.", "PMID": 75803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5945", "title": "Reconstitution of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity with specific antibodies.", "content": "The apparent nonselective reactions of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) are selective when tested by inhibition of cytotoxicity with competitor cells indicating a recognition of specificities by the effector cell. N cells that mediate this NCMC in humans have most of the characteristics of K cells that mediate antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and possess Fc receptors. IgG antibodies attached loosely to N cells through their Fc region, form part of the class of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin. We hypothesized that ADCC and NCMS involved similar mechanisms but with the specificity of NCMC directed by the natural IgG antibodies already attached to N cells. Removal of the antibodies with trypsin and reconstitution with specific anti-HLA antibodies produced specific effector cells supporting the role of antibodies on N cells as directors of specificity in NCMC.", "contents": "Reconstitution of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity with specific antibodies. The apparent nonselective reactions of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) are selective when tested by inhibition of cytotoxicity with competitor cells indicating a recognition of specificities by the effector cell. N cells that mediate this NCMC in humans have most of the characteristics of K cells that mediate antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and possess Fc receptors. IgG antibodies attached loosely to N cells through their Fc region, form part of the class of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin. We hypothesized that ADCC and NCMS involved similar mechanisms but with the specificity of NCMC directed by the natural IgG antibodies already attached to N cells. Removal of the antibodies with trypsin and reconstitution with specific anti-HLA antibodies produced specific effector cells supporting the role of antibodies on N cells as directors of specificity in NCMC.", "PMID": 75804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5946", "title": "A serum-free medium for the Mishell-Dutton system.", "content": "A serum-free medium which provides high recoveries of plaque-forming cells in the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes is described. In this medium the serum was replaced by heated fetuin and by excess of nonessential amino acids. Glycopeptides, obtained by excessive pronase treatment of fetuin were partially capable of replacing the nonhydrolyzed fetuin.", "contents": "A serum-free medium for the Mishell-Dutton system. A serum-free medium which provides high recoveries of plaque-forming cells in the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes is described. In this medium the serum was replaced by heated fetuin and by excess of nonessential amino acids. Glycopeptides, obtained by excessive pronase treatment of fetuin were partially capable of replacing the nonhydrolyzed fetuin.", "PMID": 75805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5947", "title": "On the synthesis of serine and homoserine samples asymmetrically labelled with tritium and deuterium in the hydroxymethylene group.", "content": "(1R) [1-3H, 2H1] 3-Phenylpropanol, the key intermediate in the synthesis of (4R) [4-3H, 2H1] D,L-homoserine and of the (4S)-isomer, is obtained from (1S) [1-2H1] 3-phenylpropanol and (1RS) [1-3H] ethanol upon incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+; under similar conditions 2-phenylethanol undergoes very small exchange with [1-2H2] ethanol.", "contents": "On the synthesis of serine and homoserine samples asymmetrically labelled with tritium and deuterium in the hydroxymethylene group. (1R) [1-3H, 2H1] 3-Phenylpropanol, the key intermediate in the synthesis of (4R) [4-3H, 2H1] D,L-homoserine and of the (4S)-isomer, is obtained from (1S) [1-2H1] 3-phenylpropanol and (1RS) [1-3H] ethanol upon incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+; under similar conditions 2-phenylethanol undergoes very small exchange with [1-2H2] ethanol.", "PMID": 75808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5948", "title": "Effect of magnitude of daily continuous radiation dose on serum proteins and survival in rats.", "content": "Changes in serum prealbumin, A1-macroglobulin, transferrin, and complement levels were studied in rats irradiated with daily doses of 100R (0.0258 C/kg), 200R (0.0516 C/kg) and 400R (0.1032 C/kg) until death. The daily dose of 100R applied for 39 days produced no changes in prealbumin and transferrin and a rise in the levels of A1-macroglobulin and complement. Shortly before death, i.e., between 39 and 44 days of irradiation, the levels of all four patients dropped. Daily doses of 200 and 400R caused a reduction in the levels of all four proteins since the very beginning. The LD 50 was 4 270R (1.1017 C/kg) at 100R/day, 4 060 R (1.0475 C/kg) at 200R/day, and 4 520 R (1.1342 C/kg) at 400R/day.", "contents": "Effect of magnitude of daily continuous radiation dose on serum proteins and survival in rats. Changes in serum prealbumin, A1-macroglobulin, transferrin, and complement levels were studied in rats irradiated with daily doses of 100R (0.0258 C/kg), 200R (0.0516 C/kg) and 400R (0.1032 C/kg) until death. The daily dose of 100R applied for 39 days produced no changes in prealbumin and transferrin and a rise in the levels of A1-macroglobulin and complement. Shortly before death, i.e., between 39 and 44 days of irradiation, the levels of all four patients dropped. Daily doses of 200 and 400R caused a reduction in the levels of all four proteins since the very beginning. The LD 50 was 4 270R (1.1017 C/kg) at 100R/day, 4 060 R (1.0475 C/kg) at 200R/day, and 4 520 R (1.1342 C/kg) at 400R/day.", "PMID": 75812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5949", "title": "Heterogeneity of circulating human C-peptide.", "content": "Values reported for serum C-peptide immunoreactivity in healthy individuals vary considerably. To assess factors that contribute to this finding, three human C-peptide assay systems were developed utilizing three distinct antisera that react differently with various C-peptide fragments. Preparations of natural pancreatic and synthetic human C-peptide standards were compared immunologically in these systems. The curves of the natural C-peptide and the synthetic preparations were not identical. The relative immunoreactivity of each standard varied, depending on the particular antiserum used. Serum C-peptide concentrations varied when measured in the different assay systems. Furthermore, the results of dilution and recovery tests and stability of the C-peptide during storage showed differences among the three assays. Gel filtration of serum indicated heterogeneity within the major C-peptide peak, and in addition, a smaller peak of lower molecular weight material was present in some samples. Although degradation of serum C-peptide may occur during storage, fragments of C-peptide may also be secreted or arise during in-vivo metabolism. Thus, the present studies indicate the need for careful standardization and checking of each particular assay system before its use in clinical studies.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of circulating human C-peptide. Values reported for serum C-peptide immunoreactivity in healthy individuals vary considerably. To assess factors that contribute to this finding, three human C-peptide assay systems were developed utilizing three distinct antisera that react differently with various C-peptide fragments. Preparations of natural pancreatic and synthetic human C-peptide standards were compared immunologically in these systems. The curves of the natural C-peptide and the synthetic preparations were not identical. The relative immunoreactivity of each standard varied, depending on the particular antiserum used. Serum C-peptide concentrations varied when measured in the different assay systems. Furthermore, the results of dilution and recovery tests and stability of the C-peptide during storage showed differences among the three assays. Gel filtration of serum indicated heterogeneity within the major C-peptide peak, and in addition, a smaller peak of lower molecular weight material was present in some samples. Although degradation of serum C-peptide may occur during storage, fragments of C-peptide may also be secreted or arise during in-vivo metabolism. Thus, the present studies indicate the need for careful standardization and checking of each particular assay system before its use in clinical studies.", "PMID": 75814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5950", "title": "Effect of mast cell degranulation on gastric mucosal damage produced by sodium taurocholate in the rat.", "content": "The source of the histamine released during damage to the gastric mucosa has been investigated in rats using perfused total gastric pouches. Two groups of rats were treated with either intraperitoneal normal saline or compound 48/80, and agent that produces mast cell degranulation, over a 5-day period. On the 5th day, total gastric pouches were prepared and connected to a perfusion circuit that enabled a 20-ml volume to be circulated through the pouches. The experiments consisted of three 30-min periods during which transmucosal potential difference was monitored and ionic (hydrogen and sodium) flux measured; standard acid solution was used in the first two periods and a taurocholate solution in the third. Sodium taurocholate produced a significant increase in ionic flux and fall in the potential difference, the magnitude of the changes being similar in the 48/80- and saline-treated groups. Histamine was released from the mucosa in significantly greater amounts during the taurocholate period, and the increase was similar in both groups of rats. Histological examination of the stomachs confirmed mast cell degranulation in the 48/80-treated groups. We conclude that the histamine released during mucosal damage is probably derived from the \"nonmast cell pool\" and that this histamine may play a role in mediating the mucosal damage.", "contents": "Effect of mast cell degranulation on gastric mucosal damage produced by sodium taurocholate in the rat. The source of the histamine released during damage to the gastric mucosa has been investigated in rats using perfused total gastric pouches. Two groups of rats were treated with either intraperitoneal normal saline or compound 48/80, and agent that produces mast cell degranulation, over a 5-day period. On the 5th day, total gastric pouches were prepared and connected to a perfusion circuit that enabled a 20-ml volume to be circulated through the pouches. The experiments consisted of three 30-min periods during which transmucosal potential difference was monitored and ionic (hydrogen and sodium) flux measured; standard acid solution was used in the first two periods and a taurocholate solution in the third. Sodium taurocholate produced a significant increase in ionic flux and fall in the potential difference, the magnitude of the changes being similar in the 48/80- and saline-treated groups. Histamine was released from the mucosa in significantly greater amounts during the taurocholate period, and the increase was similar in both groups of rats. Histological examination of the stomachs confirmed mast cell degranulation in the 48/80-treated groups. We conclude that the histamine released during mucosal damage is probably derived from the \"nonmast cell pool\" and that this histamine may play a role in mediating the mucosal damage.", "PMID": 75816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5951", "title": "Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma during a clinical follow-up of chronic liver disease: observations in 31 patients.", "content": "In 31 patients with an initial diagnosis of cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was detected after a clinical follow-up of 8 months to 14 years with an average of 59 months. They had had no scintigraphic and biochemical abnormalities suggestive of HCC at the beginning. The follow-up period before the detection of carcinoma was shorter in patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen compared with those negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Analyses of clinical data during the follow-up and liver scans made shortly before tumor detection suggested that in most of these patients HCC became discernible relatively early in the course of cirrhosis or long before cirrhosis reached an advanced stage. A sharp rise in serum alpha-fetoprotein level proved highly diagnostic in 11, it remained low throughout in 7, and tumor was already unresectable in the majority. Although continuous and regular check for alpha-fetoprotein is imperative in patients with chronic liver disease, particularly in those with hepatitis B surface antigenemia, additional diagnostic tools are necessary for the detection of small HCC in its resectable stage.", "contents": "Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma during a clinical follow-up of chronic liver disease: observations in 31 patients. In 31 patients with an initial diagnosis of cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was detected after a clinical follow-up of 8 months to 14 years with an average of 59 months. They had had no scintigraphic and biochemical abnormalities suggestive of HCC at the beginning. The follow-up period before the detection of carcinoma was shorter in patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen compared with those negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Analyses of clinical data during the follow-up and liver scans made shortly before tumor detection suggested that in most of these patients HCC became discernible relatively early in the course of cirrhosis or long before cirrhosis reached an advanced stage. A sharp rise in serum alpha-fetoprotein level proved highly diagnostic in 11, it remained low throughout in 7, and tumor was already unresectable in the majority. Although continuous and regular check for alpha-fetoprotein is imperative in patients with chronic liver disease, particularly in those with hepatitis B surface antigenemia, additional diagnostic tools are necessary for the detection of small HCC in its resectable stage.", "PMID": 75817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5952", "title": "[Use of nifedipine and nitroglycerin during exercise therapy in patients with myocardial infarct. Clinical and hemodynamic studies].", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin and nifedipin and the application of both substances during a long term training program in patients with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and myocardial dysfunction (=48) were studied. Cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure showed no significant changes after application of nitroglycerin and nifedipin. After nitroglycerin, however, there were significant drops of pulmonary arterial pressure and right atrial pressure during rest and exercise, whereas no changes were seen after nifedipin. With the application of nitroglycerin (but not with nifedipin) prior to the daily physical training program on a bicycle ergometer, all patients with angina pectoris and myocardial dysfunction showed an increasing training effect during the long term program and their angina pectoris improved.", "contents": "[Use of nifedipine and nitroglycerin during exercise therapy in patients with myocardial infarct. Clinical and hemodynamic studies]. The hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin and nifedipin and the application of both substances during a long term training program in patients with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and myocardial dysfunction (=48) were studied. Cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure showed no significant changes after application of nitroglycerin and nifedipin. After nitroglycerin, however, there were significant drops of pulmonary arterial pressure and right atrial pressure during rest and exercise, whereas no changes were seen after nifedipin. With the application of nitroglycerin (but not with nifedipin) prior to the daily physical training program on a bicycle ergometer, all patients with angina pectoris and myocardial dysfunction showed an increasing training effect during the long term program and their angina pectoris improved.", "PMID": 75828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5953", "title": "[Antigen-elimination technic. An in vivo method for studies of the human immune response against horse gamma globulin].", "content": "In 20 patients treated with antilymphocyte horse gamma-globulin (ALG) the immune response was tested by means of the antigen elimination technique before, during and after ALG-therapy. The comparison of this method with agargel diffusion test, indirect hemagglutination and skin tests showed that immunization of patients against horse protein is indicated earlier and more reliable with the antigen elimination. Therefore this technique should be utilized during a therapy with foreign proteins especially when the results of other immunological test methods are insufficient.", "contents": "[Antigen-elimination technic. An in vivo method for studies of the human immune response against horse gamma globulin]. In 20 patients treated with antilymphocyte horse gamma-globulin (ALG) the immune response was tested by means of the antigen elimination technique before, during and after ALG-therapy. The comparison of this method with agargel diffusion test, indirect hemagglutination and skin tests showed that immunization of patients against horse protein is indicated earlier and more reliable with the antigen elimination. Therefore this technique should be utilized during a therapy with foreign proteins especially when the results of other immunological test methods are insufficient.", "PMID": 75829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5954", "title": "[Cytoid bodies in the human skin].", "content": "Cytoid bodies represent roundish or polygonal, approximately cell-sized structures in histological sections. Such bodies have been reported to be of pathologic significance in several cutaneous disorders. Histological, immunological and electron microscopic investigations were performed in order to (1) characterize the different types of cytoid bodies in human skin, (2) elucidate their origin and nature and (3) determine their significance in cutaneous histopathology. A distinct identification of elastic globes, Russell bodies, Civatte bodies, amyloid bodies and cytoid fibrin bodies could be made. In addition, other substances such as nuclear or cytoplasmic debris, cytolytic fragments or basement membrane proliferations were found in form of cytoid aggregates in several dermatoses. However, none of the different groups of cytoid bodies was evaluated to be of pathognomonic significance for a specific disease. All of them are rather symptomatic for a number of anatomical or pathological principles and events in the dermo-epidermal junction area. Thus, the presence of cytoid bodies is not a major diagnostic aid in histopathology but may give valuable hints for a better interpretation of the morphogenesis of etiologically unrelated skin disorders.", "contents": "[Cytoid bodies in the human skin]. Cytoid bodies represent roundish or polygonal, approximately cell-sized structures in histological sections. Such bodies have been reported to be of pathologic significance in several cutaneous disorders. Histological, immunological and electron microscopic investigations were performed in order to (1) characterize the different types of cytoid bodies in human skin, (2) elucidate their origin and nature and (3) determine their significance in cutaneous histopathology. A distinct identification of elastic globes, Russell bodies, Civatte bodies, amyloid bodies and cytoid fibrin bodies could be made. In addition, other substances such as nuclear or cytoplasmic debris, cytolytic fragments or basement membrane proliferations were found in form of cytoid aggregates in several dermatoses. However, none of the different groups of cytoid bodies was evaluated to be of pathognomonic significance for a specific disease. All of them are rather symptomatic for a number of anatomical or pathological principles and events in the dermo-epidermal junction area. Thus, the presence of cytoid bodies is not a major diagnostic aid in histopathology but may give valuable hints for a better interpretation of the morphogenesis of etiologically unrelated skin disorders.", "PMID": 75830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5955", "title": "Centromeric banding (C) of sequentially Q- and R-banded human chromosomes.", "content": "A modified C-banding technique is described that produces C bands on human chromosomes after sequential Q and R banding and retains good chromosome morphology. Despite the considerable exposure to UV light during sequential Q and R bandings, clear C bands could still be achieved. Employing the present technique, Q, R, and C polymorphisms can be recorded on a single metaphase.", "contents": "Centromeric banding (C) of sequentially Q- and R-banded human chromosomes. A modified C-banding technique is described that produces C bands on human chromosomes after sequential Q and R banding and retains good chromosome morphology. Despite the considerable exposure to UV light during sequential Q and R bandings, clear C bands could still be achieved. Employing the present technique, Q, R, and C polymorphisms can be recorded on a single metaphase.", "PMID": 75831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5956", "title": "Structure and variability of human chromosomes analyzed by recent techniques.", "content": "Besides the AT-specific fluorochromes, GC-specific fluorescent antibiotics are now available for chromosomal analysis. Chromosomal bands represent large accumulation of DNA sequences with similar AT:GC ratio. These uniform differences from the mean AT:GC ratio in the bands can be explained only by at least partial repetition of short DNA sequences in these regions. By comparison of various staining techniques more information also on the constitutive heterochromatin in man becomes available. The human NOR region exhibits a complex organization when studied by various base-specific fluorochromes and silver staining. The DNA-specific fluorochromes are also useful tools in cytophotometric DNA measurements.", "contents": "Structure and variability of human chromosomes analyzed by recent techniques. Besides the AT-specific fluorochromes, GC-specific fluorescent antibiotics are now available for chromosomal analysis. Chromosomal bands represent large accumulation of DNA sequences with similar AT:GC ratio. These uniform differences from the mean AT:GC ratio in the bands can be explained only by at least partial repetition of short DNA sequences in these regions. By comparison of various staining techniques more information also on the constitutive heterochromatin in man becomes available. The human NOR region exhibits a complex organization when studied by various base-specific fluorochromes and silver staining. The DNA-specific fluorochromes are also useful tools in cytophotometric DNA measurements.", "PMID": 75832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5957", "title": "Analysis of the Gc polymorphism in human populations by isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gels. Demonstration of subtypes of the Gc allele and of additional Gc variants.", "content": "For the study of the group-specific component (Gc) system, serum samples were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by a newly developed immunofixation isoelectrofocusing procedure. Thereby, a greater extent of polymorphic variation was revealed than was known previously. The allele Gc1 could be subdivided into the alleles Gc1F and Gc1S. The distribution of Gc1 subtypes was very different in three populations (Pygmies, Amerindians, and Pyreneans) examined. New variants of the Gc1 and Gc2 genes were also described in the Amerindians and in the Pygmy population, respectively.", "contents": "Analysis of the Gc polymorphism in human populations by isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gels. Demonstration of subtypes of the Gc allele and of additional Gc variants. For the study of the group-specific component (Gc) system, serum samples were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by a newly developed immunofixation isoelectrofocusing procedure. Thereby, a greater extent of polymorphic variation was revealed than was known previously. The allele Gc1 could be subdivided into the alleles Gc1F and Gc1S. The distribution of Gc1 subtypes was very different in three populations (Pygmies, Amerindians, and Pyreneans) examined. New variants of the Gc1 and Gc2 genes were also described in the Amerindians and in the Pygmy population, respectively.", "PMID": 75833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5958", "title": "Adjuvant and immunostimulating activities (in the absence of freund's incomplete adjuvant) of chemically modified low molecular weight mycobacterial peptidoglycans.", "content": "Relatively low molecular weight peptidoglycan fragments extracted from two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis were chemically coupled with lauric acid. The fatty acid conjugates were compared with the native substances with respect to some immunopotentiating activities. In vitro, the mitogenic effect on murine spleen lymphocytes was significantly enhanced following conjugation. One of the lauric acid conjugates stimulated, upon intravenous administration in mice, the formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen, while the native substance was devoid of such activity. In adjuvanticity tests performed in the guinea pig in the absence of mineral oil, the fatty acid conjugates generally exerted a higher adjuvant effect on antibody production or on delayed type hypersensitivity reactions than did the native preparations.", "contents": "Adjuvant and immunostimulating activities (in the absence of freund's incomplete adjuvant) of chemically modified low molecular weight mycobacterial peptidoglycans. Relatively low molecular weight peptidoglycan fragments extracted from two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis were chemically coupled with lauric acid. The fatty acid conjugates were compared with the native substances with respect to some immunopotentiating activities. In vitro, the mitogenic effect on murine spleen lymphocytes was significantly enhanced following conjugation. One of the lauric acid conjugates stimulated, upon intravenous administration in mice, the formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen, while the native substance was devoid of such activity. In adjuvanticity tests performed in the guinea pig in the absence of mineral oil, the fatty acid conjugates generally exerted a higher adjuvant effect on antibody production or on delayed type hypersensitivity reactions than did the native preparations.", "PMID": 75834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5959", "title": "High dose inhibition of the tryptophan peptide induced encephalitogenicity.", "content": "In a previous publication (Immunol. Comm. 3:219, 1974) a hypothesis was proposed that the high dose inhibition of encephalitogenicity in giunea pigs seen with the tryptophan peptide, phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln arg, and not observed with the whole myelin basic protein which contains this sequence, was the result of competitive inhibition by non-encephalitogenic fragments of the tryptophan peptide produced in vivo possibly by exopeptidases. I present data which disagrees with this hypothesis.", "contents": "High dose inhibition of the tryptophan peptide induced encephalitogenicity. In a previous publication (Immunol. Comm. 3:219, 1974) a hypothesis was proposed that the high dose inhibition of encephalitogenicity in giunea pigs seen with the tryptophan peptide, phe ser trp gly ala glu gly gln arg, and not observed with the whole myelin basic protein which contains this sequence, was the result of competitive inhibition by non-encephalitogenic fragments of the tryptophan peptide produced in vivo possibly by exopeptidases. I present data which disagrees with this hypothesis.", "PMID": 75835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5960", "title": "A new protein: macromolecular insoluble could globulin (MICG) derived from mouse thymocytes.", "content": "A novel protein synthesized and isolated from mouse thymocytes is described. The protein can be separated from radiolabelled cell lysates by taking advantage of its insolubility in the cold. It is a macromolecule with a molecular weight of 225,000 daltons, migrates as a beta-globulin on electrophoresis and has unique antigenic determinents as shown by the production of a monospecific antiserum.", "contents": "A new protein: macromolecular insoluble could globulin (MICG) derived from mouse thymocytes. A novel protein synthesized and isolated from mouse thymocytes is described. The protein can be separated from radiolabelled cell lysates by taking advantage of its insolubility in the cold. It is a macromolecule with a molecular weight of 225,000 daltons, migrates as a beta-globulin on electrophoresis and has unique antigenic determinents as shown by the production of a monospecific antiserum.", "PMID": 75836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5961", "title": "Rat lymphocyte differentiation antigens detected by rabbit antiserum to thymocytes and leukaemic cells.", "content": "The lymphocyte differentiation antigens detected by rabbit antisera to rat thymocytes and leukaemic cells have been investigated. Thy-1 was the only such antigen detected by the anti-thymocyte serum, which was predominately directed to two xenoantigenic determinants rather than the Thy-1.1 determinant on this molecule. Two additional antigens were recognized by the anti-leukaemia serum. One of these was found on thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes, but only on 1 per cent of bone marrow cells. The other was found not only on lymphocytes, but also on the nucleated myeloid and erythroid cells of bone marrow.", "contents": "Rat lymphocyte differentiation antigens detected by rabbit antiserum to thymocytes and leukaemic cells. The lymphocyte differentiation antigens detected by rabbit antisera to rat thymocytes and leukaemic cells have been investigated. Thy-1 was the only such antigen detected by the anti-thymocyte serum, which was predominately directed to two xenoantigenic determinants rather than the Thy-1.1 determinant on this molecule. Two additional antigens were recognized by the anti-leukaemia serum. One of these was found on thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes, but only on 1 per cent of bone marrow cells. The other was found not only on lymphocytes, but also on the nucleated myeloid and erythroid cells of bone marrow.", "PMID": 75837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5962", "title": "T- and B-cell surface markers on rabbit lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit thymus, appendix, blood and lymph nodes were characterized using immunological tests: rosette-forming ability with homologous or heterologous red blood cells, surface immunoglobulins, analytical cell-electrophoresis, cell refringency and in vitro mitogen responsiveness. The experiments were conducted on normal rabbits and cyclophosphamide-treated rabbits. Moreover, we tried to separate slow and high mobility cells by free-flow electrophoresis into fractions. These experiments suggest that rabbit lymphocyte behaviour is exceptional among mammals in that the majority of their lymphocytes appeared as B cells and that, in comparison with mouse and man, the proportions of these cells are inversed.", "contents": "T- and B-cell surface markers on rabbit lymphocytes. Rabbit thymus, appendix, blood and lymph nodes were characterized using immunological tests: rosette-forming ability with homologous or heterologous red blood cells, surface immunoglobulins, analytical cell-electrophoresis, cell refringency and in vitro mitogen responsiveness. The experiments were conducted on normal rabbits and cyclophosphamide-treated rabbits. Moreover, we tried to separate slow and high mobility cells by free-flow electrophoresis into fractions. These experiments suggest that rabbit lymphocyte behaviour is exceptional among mammals in that the majority of their lymphocytes appeared as B cells and that, in comparison with mouse and man, the proportions of these cells are inversed.", "PMID": 75838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5963", "title": "Prevention of experimental allergic encephalitis in guinea-pigs with spinal cord protein: optimum pretreatment schedules and appraisal of plausible mechanisms.", "content": "Pretreatment of Hartley guinea-pigs with three injections of 100 microgram of the purified bovine spinal cord protein, (SCP), protected tham from clinical experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) when they were subsequently challenged with 50 microgram of purified bovine myelin basic protein (MyBP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The length of the optimum pretreated schedule was found to be 1 week and the animals were fully protected for 2 weeks. Protection declined thereafter so that by 4 weeks following pretreatment only 40% of the animals were protected. The protected state could be restored several weeks after it had lapsed by repeating the treatment with SCP. Immature animals did not respond well to pretreatment with SCP. Evidence was presented to indicate that specific, non-specific immune suppression or anti-SCP IgG were not involved to a significant extent in protection. SCP-treated guinea-pigs regularly displayed delayed skin hypersensitivity to MyBP after sensitization but there was no correlation between the degree of cutaneous reactivity and protection from disease. Because SCP is localized in the nerve axon, the speculation was advanced that anti-SCP blocking factors might be responsible for preserving axonal function in SCP-treated animals sensitized with MyBP.", "contents": "Prevention of experimental allergic encephalitis in guinea-pigs with spinal cord protein: optimum pretreatment schedules and appraisal of plausible mechanisms. Pretreatment of Hartley guinea-pigs with three injections of 100 microgram of the purified bovine spinal cord protein, (SCP), protected tham from clinical experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) when they were subsequently challenged with 50 microgram of purified bovine myelin basic protein (MyBP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The length of the optimum pretreated schedule was found to be 1 week and the animals were fully protected for 2 weeks. Protection declined thereafter so that by 4 weeks following pretreatment only 40% of the animals were protected. The protected state could be restored several weeks after it had lapsed by repeating the treatment with SCP. Immature animals did not respond well to pretreatment with SCP. Evidence was presented to indicate that specific, non-specific immune suppression or anti-SCP IgG were not involved to a significant extent in protection. SCP-treated guinea-pigs regularly displayed delayed skin hypersensitivity to MyBP after sensitization but there was no correlation between the degree of cutaneous reactivity and protection from disease. Because SCP is localized in the nerve axon, the speculation was advanced that anti-SCP blocking factors might be responsible for preserving axonal function in SCP-treated animals sensitized with MyBP.", "PMID": 75839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5964", "title": "Stimulation and inhibition of macrophages prior to immunization with a hapten-carrier conjugate.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions and antibody-mediated reactions to the carrier and to the hapten have been studied in animals treated with BCG or/and trypan blue before immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. The results show that it is possible to induce, with BCG, at the beginning of the response, an antigenic competition between hapten and carrier moieties of the antigen molecule. Macrophages which modulate the response to the hapten-carrier complex by acting both on T cells involved in cellular immunity and those involved in antibody synthesis, appear to be the target of antigenic competition.", "contents": "Stimulation and inhibition of macrophages prior to immunization with a hapten-carrier conjugate. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions and antibody-mediated reactions to the carrier and to the hapten have been studied in animals treated with BCG or/and trypan blue before immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. The results show that it is possible to induce, with BCG, at the beginning of the response, an antigenic competition between hapten and carrier moieties of the antigen molecule. Macrophages which modulate the response to the hapten-carrier complex by acting both on T cells involved in cellular immunity and those involved in antibody synthesis, appear to be the target of antigenic competition.", "PMID": 75840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5965", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay method for determination of Escherichia coli enterotoxin.", "content": "The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the determination of Escherichia coli enterotoxin(s) is described. Radioiodinated E. coli enterotoxin with about three radioiodine atoms per toxin molecule is, by the criterion of electrophoresis, identical to the unlabeled toxin. Goat anti-E. coli-enterotoxin antibody was coupled to polystyrene tubes and served as a solified toxin binder in the reported procedure. Various conditions necessary for the optimization and standardization of the solid-phase method were established. With the help of this technique it was possible to determine E. coli enterotoxin released from a porcine E. coli strain into culture medium.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay method for determination of Escherichia coli enterotoxin. The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the determination of Escherichia coli enterotoxin(s) is described. Radioiodinated E. coli enterotoxin with about three radioiodine atoms per toxin molecule is, by the criterion of electrophoresis, identical to the unlabeled toxin. Goat anti-E. coli-enterotoxin antibody was coupled to polystyrene tubes and served as a solified toxin binder in the reported procedure. Various conditions necessary for the optimization and standardization of the solid-phase method were established. With the help of this technique it was possible to determine E. coli enterotoxin released from a porcine E. coli strain into culture medium.", "PMID": 75844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5966", "title": "Induction of interferon synthesis in mice by fractions from Nocardia.", "content": "Three fractions of Nocardia, Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen pellet (NWSMP), and the cell wall peptidoglycan, which are mitogenic for B lymphocytes, were able to induce circulating interferon in mice, NWSMP and NWSM being the most active. The peak of interferon appeared about 2 h after injection. The interferon induced by NSWMP and NWSM was acid stable and antigenically related to viral interferon, as shown by neutralization with antibodies directed against Newcastle disease virus-induced interferon.", "contents": "Induction of interferon synthesis in mice by fractions from Nocardia. Three fractions of Nocardia, Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen pellet (NWSMP), and the cell wall peptidoglycan, which are mitogenic for B lymphocytes, were able to induce circulating interferon in mice, NWSMP and NWSM being the most active. The peak of interferon appeared about 2 h after injection. The interferon induced by NSWMP and NWSM was acid stable and antigenically related to viral interferon, as shown by neutralization with antibodies directed against Newcastle disease virus-induced interferon.", "PMID": 75845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5967", "title": "Antigenic relationship between the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Antibodies were found by the OEP-passive hemagglutination test to cross-react with the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera of rabbits immunized with two serotype (Inaba and Ogawa) strains of Vibrio cholerae. The titer in the OEP-passive hemagglutination reaction rose later than did the agglutinin titer and reached a peak of 640 to 1,280. The titers of OEP antibody formation in rabbits immunized with V. cholerae were almost the same as that of P. aeruginosa. The common antigen of P. aeruginosa was confirmed to exist serologically in both strains of V. cholerae as determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test and the agar gel precipitin test. Passive immunization with the V. cholerae immune rabbit serum significantly protected mice against P. aeruginosa infection. Purified antibodies cross-reacting with the OEP of P. aeruginosa derived from the V. cholerae immune rabbit sera by OEP-coupled affinity chromatography protected mice against P. aeruginosa infection as compared with the control group, which was injected with 100 microgram of immunoglobin G not containing OEP antibody. The purified antibodies (2.5 microgram per mouse) protected animals challenged with approximately 10,000 50% lethal doses in the control group. Consequently, the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa proved to be a common antigen of V. cholerae both serologically and in possessing infection protective properties.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship between the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae. Antibodies were found by the OEP-passive hemagglutination test to cross-react with the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera of rabbits immunized with two serotype (Inaba and Ogawa) strains of Vibrio cholerae. The titer in the OEP-passive hemagglutination reaction rose later than did the agglutinin titer and reached a peak of 640 to 1,280. The titers of OEP antibody formation in rabbits immunized with V. cholerae were almost the same as that of P. aeruginosa. The common antigen of P. aeruginosa was confirmed to exist serologically in both strains of V. cholerae as determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test and the agar gel precipitin test. Passive immunization with the V. cholerae immune rabbit serum significantly protected mice against P. aeruginosa infection. Purified antibodies cross-reacting with the OEP of P. aeruginosa derived from the V. cholerae immune rabbit sera by OEP-coupled affinity chromatography protected mice against P. aeruginosa infection as compared with the control group, which was injected with 100 microgram of immunoglobin G not containing OEP antibody. The purified antibodies (2.5 microgram per mouse) protected animals challenged with approximately 10,000 50% lethal doses in the control group. Consequently, the common antigen (OEP) of P. aeruginosa proved to be a common antigen of V. cholerae both serologically and in possessing infection protective properties.", "PMID": 75846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5968", "title": "Granuloma formation by synthetic bacterial cell wall fragment: muramyl dipeptide.", "content": "A synthetic muramyl dipeptide, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, which possesses the same structure as that of a part of the peptidoglycan monomer of wax D of tubercle bacilli or bacterial cell walls was found to induce, when injected in water-in-oil emulsion, massive granulomas often accompanying abscesses in the site of injection and draining lymph nodes of guinea pigs and rats. The granulomas were composed mainly of epithelioid cells 2 weeks after injection and were indistinguishable from those induced by tubercle bacilli. The granulomas induced in rats were less mature than those induced in guinea pigs. Allergic reaction appeared to play no important role in the development of the muarmyl dipeptide-induced granuloma.", "contents": "Granuloma formation by synthetic bacterial cell wall fragment: muramyl dipeptide. A synthetic muramyl dipeptide, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, which possesses the same structure as that of a part of the peptidoglycan monomer of wax D of tubercle bacilli or bacterial cell walls was found to induce, when injected in water-in-oil emulsion, massive granulomas often accompanying abscesses in the site of injection and draining lymph nodes of guinea pigs and rats. The granulomas were composed mainly of epithelioid cells 2 weeks after injection and were indistinguishable from those induced by tubercle bacilli. The granulomas induced in rats were less mature than those induced in guinea pigs. Allergic reaction appeared to play no important role in the development of the muarmyl dipeptide-induced granuloma.", "PMID": 75847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5969", "title": "Insulin and the dextran reaction in the rat.", "content": "Insulin potentiated the dextran anaphylactoid reaction in untreated rats and in rats pretreated with a protein synthesis inhibitor or with a lymphopenic agent. Incubation of rat lymphatic tissue with insulin failed to produce a factor potentiating the histamine-releasing action of dextran when this was studied in both in vivo and in vitro tests. It thus seems that insulin is exerting its potentiating effect on the dextran response through processes not involving synthesis of new protein or interaction with lymphocytes.", "contents": "Insulin and the dextran reaction in the rat. Insulin potentiated the dextran anaphylactoid reaction in untreated rats and in rats pretreated with a protein synthesis inhibitor or with a lymphopenic agent. Incubation of rat lymphatic tissue with insulin failed to produce a factor potentiating the histamine-releasing action of dextran when this was studied in both in vivo and in vitro tests. It thus seems that insulin is exerting its potentiating effect on the dextran response through processes not involving synthesis of new protein or interaction with lymphocytes.", "PMID": 75848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5970", "title": "The inhibition of histamine release by antiallergic drugs.", "content": "Three new antiallergic drugs, Doxantrazole, PRD-92 and N5', as well as disodium cromoglycate, inhibited the IgE-mediated PCA reaction in the rat triggered by the homologous antigen, but did not have an antagonistic effect on histamine itself. Moreover, all the drugs examined caused in vitro inhibition of antigen-mediated histamine release from peritoneal mast cells and chopped lung tissue of sensitized rats producing IgE antibodies. Doxantrazole had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of histamine release by isoproterenol, whereas the other drugs were devoid of this capacity. PRD-92 and N5' inhibited the ionophore A23,187 induced histamine release, but did not have any effect on the D2O-enhanced histamine release which was triggered by antigen.", "contents": "The inhibition of histamine release by antiallergic drugs. Three new antiallergic drugs, Doxantrazole, PRD-92 and N5', as well as disodium cromoglycate, inhibited the IgE-mediated PCA reaction in the rat triggered by the homologous antigen, but did not have an antagonistic effect on histamine itself. Moreover, all the drugs examined caused in vitro inhibition of antigen-mediated histamine release from peritoneal mast cells and chopped lung tissue of sensitized rats producing IgE antibodies. Doxantrazole had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of histamine release by isoproterenol, whereas the other drugs were devoid of this capacity. PRD-92 and N5' inhibited the ionophore A23,187 induced histamine release, but did not have any effect on the D2O-enhanced histamine release which was triggered by antigen.", "PMID": 75849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5971", "title": "Effect of a low protein diet on the capacity of mice to express a type I hypersensitivity response.", "content": "The capacity of Balb/c mice maintained since weaning on a 4% protein diet to express in vivo immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity reactions was compared to that of age-matched animals maintained on a normal (18%) protein diet. The deprived mice had a lower total cellular population and lower mast cell numbers in their peritoneal cavity. However, the mean cellular histamine content was comparable between the two groups. The skin responses of malnourished mice to the histamine liberator 48/80 were depressed but both groups reacted equally to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis when sensitized with serum from immunized mice. These studies indicate that protein deprivation has not inhibited the capacity to synthesize physiologically active amines or to impair the biochemical pathway of amine release from mast cells.", "contents": "Effect of a low protein diet on the capacity of mice to express a type I hypersensitivity response. The capacity of Balb/c mice maintained since weaning on a 4% protein diet to express in vivo immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity reactions was compared to that of age-matched animals maintained on a normal (18%) protein diet. The deprived mice had a lower total cellular population and lower mast cell numbers in their peritoneal cavity. However, the mean cellular histamine content was comparable between the two groups. The skin responses of malnourished mice to the histamine liberator 48/80 were depressed but both groups reacted equally to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis when sensitized with serum from immunized mice. These studies indicate that protein deprivation has not inhibited the capacity to synthesize physiologically active amines or to impair the biochemical pathway of amine release from mast cells.", "PMID": 75850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5972", "title": "Inhibition of allergic reactions by cromoglycate and by a new anti-allergy drug U-42,585E. I. Activity in rats.", "content": "A new inhibitor of IgE-mediated allergic reactions has been studied in rats. This new inhibitor is chemically different from cromoglycate and shows qualitative and quantitative advantages over it. It is 2,500 times more active in rats than disodium cromoglycate and shows oral activity. This new inhibitor possesses no bronchodilator or end-organ antagonism activity and does not raise intracellular cAMP levels but as cromoglycate acts by inhibition of mediator release. Multiple high (25 mg/kg) doses in rats lead to tachyphylaxis. This effect is reversed both by decreasing the first dose and increasing the time between doses. Over a 5- to 10-fold concentration range, this inhibitor in mast cells can be stimulatory or inhibitory to 45Ca++ flux into cells. This ability to inhibit ionophore-induced 45Ca++ flux correlates well with inhibition of histamine release.", "contents": "Inhibition of allergic reactions by cromoglycate and by a new anti-allergy drug U-42,585E. I. Activity in rats. A new inhibitor of IgE-mediated allergic reactions has been studied in rats. This new inhibitor is chemically different from cromoglycate and shows qualitative and quantitative advantages over it. It is 2,500 times more active in rats than disodium cromoglycate and shows oral activity. This new inhibitor possesses no bronchodilator or end-organ antagonism activity and does not raise intracellular cAMP levels but as cromoglycate acts by inhibition of mediator release. Multiple high (25 mg/kg) doses in rats lead to tachyphylaxis. This effect is reversed both by decreasing the first dose and increasing the time between doses. Over a 5- to 10-fold concentration range, this inhibitor in mast cells can be stimulatory or inhibitory to 45Ca++ flux into cells. This ability to inhibit ionophore-induced 45Ca++ flux correlates well with inhibition of histamine release.", "PMID": 75851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5973", "title": "IgE-induced changes in human basophil cyclic AMP levels.", "content": "We studied a unique patient with 77% basophils, not different from normal by a number of criteria, in order to measure the changes in cyclic AMP level associated with IgE-mediated histamine release. In accordance with previous hypothesis and circumstantial evidence, anti-IgE challenge led to a significant fall in the cyclic AMP level which preceded histamine release.", "contents": "IgE-induced changes in human basophil cyclic AMP levels. We studied a unique patient with 77% basophils, not different from normal by a number of criteria, in order to measure the changes in cyclic AMP level associated with IgE-mediated histamine release. In accordance with previous hypothesis and circumstantial evidence, anti-IgE challenge led to a significant fall in the cyclic AMP level which preceded histamine release.", "PMID": 75852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5974", "title": "Possible role of IgG4 in discordant correlations between intracutaneous skin tests and RAST.", "content": "Comparison of intracutaneous skin tests and RAST in 2 groups of patients, one consisting of 16 individuals having multiple allergies to pollen, mold and animal dander and the other of 10 patients allergic to mold only, revealed that skin tests were more sensitive than RAST. Skin reactions of 3+ to 4+ were frequently associated with negative RAST results. This was observed more so in mold-allergic patients. In a few cases (6%) RAST showed 2+ reactions while the skin tests were negative. Leukocytes from allergic individuals who had positive skin tests and negative RAST released a significant amount of histamine upon challenge with specific allergen as well as antihuman IgG4, suggesting that this immunoglobulin is a functional component of some immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Possible role of IgG4 in discordant correlations between intracutaneous skin tests and RAST. Comparison of intracutaneous skin tests and RAST in 2 groups of patients, one consisting of 16 individuals having multiple allergies to pollen, mold and animal dander and the other of 10 patients allergic to mold only, revealed that skin tests were more sensitive than RAST. Skin reactions of 3+ to 4+ were frequently associated with negative RAST results. This was observed more so in mold-allergic patients. In a few cases (6%) RAST showed 2+ reactions while the skin tests were negative. Leukocytes from allergic individuals who had positive skin tests and negative RAST released a significant amount of histamine upon challenge with specific allergen as well as antihuman IgG4, suggesting that this immunoglobulin is a functional component of some immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 75853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5975", "title": "Unique and common tumor-specific transplantation antigens of chemically induced mouse sarcomas.", "content": "Methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c mice express unique tumor specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), and weaker, common TSTA. Antigens of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV) expressed by some of these tumors cannot completely account for these common TSTA. However, MuLV antigens on the immunizing tumor appear to increase the immunogenicity of the common TSTA.", "contents": "Unique and common tumor-specific transplantation antigens of chemically induced mouse sarcomas. Methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c mice express unique tumor specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), and weaker, common TSTA. Antigens of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV) expressed by some of these tumors cannot completely account for these common TSTA. However, MuLV antigens on the immunizing tumor appear to increase the immunogenicity of the common TSTA.", "PMID": 75855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5976", "title": "Production of rabbit antibodies against the viral capsid antigen (VCA) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-producing marmoset cell line B95-8. Following extensive absorption with human EBV-negative cells (HeP-2, Ramos and BJAB), sera were obtained that no longer reacted with cellular or serum proteins of human origin, but gave a single precipitin band with extracts of the human EBV-producing line, P3HR-1. Immunofluorescence tests performed with appropriate parallel human serum controls showed that the rabbit serum contained no activity against EBNA + EA - VCA - Raji cells, or against P3HR-1 virus superinfected, cytosine arabinoside-treated Raji cells that contained EBNA and EA, but not VCA. The sera gave a brilliant indirect immunofluorescence reaction with the virus-producing (EBNA+ EA+ VCA+) P3HR-1 lines. Two-color fluorescence tests, performed with a direct TRITC-labelled VCA conjugate and indirect FITC-staining with the rabbit serum, showed that the same cells reacted in both red and green fluorescence, confirming that the rabbit serum was directed specifically against some antigen formed in the virus-producer cells. Since the synthesis of the relevant antigen was prevented by cytosine arabinoside it cannot be EA and must be a late antigen. The morphology and localization of the antigen support the conclusion that the antigen is VCA or some part of the VCA complex.", "contents": "Production of rabbit antibodies against the viral capsid antigen (VCA) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Rabbits were immunized with nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-producing marmoset cell line B95-8. Following extensive absorption with human EBV-negative cells (HeP-2, Ramos and BJAB), sera were obtained that no longer reacted with cellular or serum proteins of human origin, but gave a single precipitin band with extracts of the human EBV-producing line, P3HR-1. Immunofluorescence tests performed with appropriate parallel human serum controls showed that the rabbit serum contained no activity against EBNA + EA - VCA - Raji cells, or against P3HR-1 virus superinfected, cytosine arabinoside-treated Raji cells that contained EBNA and EA, but not VCA. The sera gave a brilliant indirect immunofluorescence reaction with the virus-producing (EBNA+ EA+ VCA+) P3HR-1 lines. Two-color fluorescence tests, performed with a direct TRITC-labelled VCA conjugate and indirect FITC-staining with the rabbit serum, showed that the same cells reacted in both red and green fluorescence, confirming that the rabbit serum was directed specifically against some antigen formed in the virus-producer cells. Since the synthesis of the relevant antigen was prevented by cytosine arabinoside it cannot be EA and must be a late antigen. The morphology and localization of the antigen support the conclusion that the antigen is VCA or some part of the VCA complex.", "PMID": 75856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5977", "title": "Detection of circulating tumor antigens in mice carrying a highly metastatic pulmonary squamous--cell carcinoma.", "content": "Recently we reported that the highly metastatic MSC-10 (mouse squamous carcinoma) is incapable of inducing transplantation immunity. Studies reported here were undertaken to determine whether or not the tumor is devoid of tumor-associated antigen. We found that sera from MSC-10 tumor-bearing mice contain soluble protein antigens which react with rabbit antisera made against the MSC-10 tumor, as demonstrated by immuno-diffusion. Such proteins were not detected in the sera of normal mice or mice bearing fibrosarcomas. A close temporal relationship was demonstrated between the appearance of circulating antigens and the occurrence of lung metastases. Protein components serologically indistinguishable from the circulating antigens were isolated from tumor cells. The molecular weight of these proteins is between 30,000 and 100,000 daltons. Studies with antisera to mouse leukemia virus showed that hte MSC-10 tumor antigens are not viral proteins. The lack of immunogenicity of this tumor for syngeneic hosts as well as its high metastatic activity may be due to the early appearance of soluble antigens in the circulation.", "contents": "Detection of circulating tumor antigens in mice carrying a highly metastatic pulmonary squamous--cell carcinoma. Recently we reported that the highly metastatic MSC-10 (mouse squamous carcinoma) is incapable of inducing transplantation immunity. Studies reported here were undertaken to determine whether or not the tumor is devoid of tumor-associated antigen. We found that sera from MSC-10 tumor-bearing mice contain soluble protein antigens which react with rabbit antisera made against the MSC-10 tumor, as demonstrated by immuno-diffusion. Such proteins were not detected in the sera of normal mice or mice bearing fibrosarcomas. A close temporal relationship was demonstrated between the appearance of circulating antigens and the occurrence of lung metastases. Protein components serologically indistinguishable from the circulating antigens were isolated from tumor cells. The molecular weight of these proteins is between 30,000 and 100,000 daltons. Studies with antisera to mouse leukemia virus showed that hte MSC-10 tumor antigens are not viral proteins. The lack of immunogenicity of this tumor for syngeneic hosts as well as its high metastatic activity may be due to the early appearance of soluble antigens in the circulation.", "PMID": 75859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5978", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the human developing preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum.", "content": "Using the lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture techniques, the cell contacts of human ovarian cells were examined. The cell contacts between theca interna cells are similar to those seen between luteal cells are composed of septate-like cell contacts and gap junctions. On the other hand granulosa cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. Thus, at least from the viewpoint of cell junctions, it is suggested that the main precursory cells of the luteal cells are the theca interna cells, although there is a general agreement that the luteal cells are derived from the granulosa cells.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the human developing preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum. Using the lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture techniques, the cell contacts of human ovarian cells were examined. The cell contacts between theca interna cells are similar to those seen between luteal cells are composed of septate-like cell contacts and gap junctions. On the other hand granulosa cells are connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. Thus, at least from the viewpoint of cell junctions, it is suggested that the main precursory cells of the luteal cells are the theca interna cells, although there is a general agreement that the luteal cells are derived from the granulosa cells.", "PMID": 75862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5979", "title": "Histochemistry of B663 pigmentation: ceroid-like pigmentation in macrophages.", "content": "Histochemical studies were made of pigmented cutaneous lesions from three cases of lepromatous leprosy treated with B663 to determine the nature and histogenesis of the brown pigmentation which develops as a side effect of the drug. One case of DDS-treated leprosy and four cases of untreated leprosy were also investigated histochemically as controls. The brown pigmentation of the skin is due to deposition of a ceroid-like substance in the macrophages, which is a yellowish-brown, acid-fast lipid pigment. It is insoluble in fat solvents and accepts lipid dyes even after lipid extraction by fat solvents. The macrophages in the B663-treated leprosy contain more neutral fat and less phospholipid than the untreated lepromatous leprosy tissues. Ceroid in the macrophages probably originated from unsaturated fatty acids of the leprosy bacilli through oxidation or their binding with the drug. Crystals of the drug were not found in the macrophages in this series, even on the tissues embedded in carbowax or frozen sections.", "contents": "Histochemistry of B663 pigmentation: ceroid-like pigmentation in macrophages. Histochemical studies were made of pigmented cutaneous lesions from three cases of lepromatous leprosy treated with B663 to determine the nature and histogenesis of the brown pigmentation which develops as a side effect of the drug. One case of DDS-treated leprosy and four cases of untreated leprosy were also investigated histochemically as controls. The brown pigmentation of the skin is due to deposition of a ceroid-like substance in the macrophages, which is a yellowish-brown, acid-fast lipid pigment. It is insoluble in fat solvents and accepts lipid dyes even after lipid extraction by fat solvents. The macrophages in the B663-treated leprosy contain more neutral fat and less phospholipid than the untreated lepromatous leprosy tissues. Ceroid in the macrophages probably originated from unsaturated fatty acids of the leprosy bacilli through oxidation or their binding with the drug. Crystals of the drug were not found in the macrophages in this series, even on the tissues embedded in carbowax or frozen sections.", "PMID": 75860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5980", "title": "Transrectal cytological aspiration biopsy in prostatic disease.", "content": "Of 761 fine-needle biopsy specimens obtained from the prostate by the method of Franz\u00e9n, 303 originated from patients in whom either a histological diagnosis had been obtained or cancer had been confirmed by increased levels of prostatic phosphatases. Among palpable cancers, 83% were diagnosed by this method, and none of them gave falsely negative results. Among the cancers with benign palpatory findings and normal phosphatase levels, cytological examination did not show cancer in any of the cases. It is concluded that the method is unsuited for screening of proctatic cancer, but its use is indicated for the confirmation of the diagnosis in cases with abnormal palpatory findings, and when the diagnosis seems likely from the results of biochemical analysis and/or radiographic studies. On these indications, repeated aspiration should be done if the first biopsy specimen does not reveal cancer.", "contents": "Transrectal cytological aspiration biopsy in prostatic disease. Of 761 fine-needle biopsy specimens obtained from the prostate by the method of Franz\u00e9n, 303 originated from patients in whom either a histological diagnosis had been obtained or cancer had been confirmed by increased levels of prostatic phosphatases. Among palpable cancers, 83% were diagnosed by this method, and none of them gave falsely negative results. Among the cancers with benign palpatory findings and normal phosphatase levels, cytological examination did not show cancer in any of the cases. It is concluded that the method is unsuited for screening of proctatic cancer, but its use is indicated for the confirmation of the diagnosis in cases with abnormal palpatory findings, and when the diagnosis seems likely from the results of biochemical analysis and/or radiographic studies. On these indications, repeated aspiration should be done if the first biopsy specimen does not reveal cancer.", "PMID": 75865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5981", "title": "Characteristics of the Fc receptor induced by herpes simplex virus.", "content": "Studies of the Fc receptor induced by herpes simplex virus using the 7S EA rosette assay reveal that (i) the percentage of cells showing receptor activity is multiplicity-dependent; (ii) the percentage of cells rosetting is independent is independent of the cell cycle phase of the host cell; (iii) RNA and viral protein synthesis, and probably glycosidation, are required for the induction of the receptor but not viral DNA synthesis; and (iv) the receptor is neuraminidase-resistant but trypsin-sensitive.", "contents": "Characteristics of the Fc receptor induced by herpes simplex virus. Studies of the Fc receptor induced by herpes simplex virus using the 7S EA rosette assay reveal that (i) the percentage of cells showing receptor activity is multiplicity-dependent; (ii) the percentage of cells rosetting is independent is independent of the cell cycle phase of the host cell; (iii) RNA and viral protein synthesis, and probably glycosidation, are required for the induction of the receptor but not viral DNA synthesis; and (iv) the receptor is neuraminidase-resistant but trypsin-sensitive.", "PMID": 75867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5982", "title": "[Complete surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies in infants].", "content": "The results of total correction of congenital heart defects in the first year of life are presented. Overall surgical mortality in these generally highly symptomatic infants was 35%. The surgical risk is mainly related to the type of defect: mortality is low (10%) in uncomplicated septal defects and in transpositions of the great vessels, higher in the coarctation syndromes (30%), and considerable in complex heart defects. The weight of the infant seems to be another factor, surgical mortality being high when the patient's weight is less than 4.5 kg. Indications for palliative operation or total repair are discussed on the basis of the presented results.", "contents": "[Complete surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies in infants]. The results of total correction of congenital heart defects in the first year of life are presented. Overall surgical mortality in these generally highly symptomatic infants was 35%. The surgical risk is mainly related to the type of defect: mortality is low (10%) in uncomplicated septal defects and in transpositions of the great vessels, higher in the coarctation syndromes (30%), and considerable in complex heart defects. The weight of the infant seems to be another factor, surgical mortality being high when the patient's weight is less than 4.5 kg. Indications for palliative operation or total repair are discussed on the basis of the presented results.", "PMID": 75869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5983", "title": "Selective arterial infusion of vasoconstrictors for control of traumatic splenic hemorrhage.", "content": "The spleen of each of 20 mongrel dogs was traumatized by creating a wedge laceration, and selective arterial infusion was then performed with vasopressin in four dogs, pituitrin in eight, and epinephrine in eight. Infusion therapy with vasoconstrictors controlled the splenic hemorrhage in 19 of 20 dogs. The 15 dogs surviving the experimental period of four to eight weeks showed well-healed scars at the sites of lacerations. Three dogs had small contracted spleens as a result of massive infarction. The results of this experiment indicate that splenic hemorrhage in the experimental dogs can be controlled by selective infusion of pituitrin or vasopressin, but is more effectively controlled with epinephrine.", "contents": "Selective arterial infusion of vasoconstrictors for control of traumatic splenic hemorrhage. The spleen of each of 20 mongrel dogs was traumatized by creating a wedge laceration, and selective arterial infusion was then performed with vasopressin in four dogs, pituitrin in eight, and epinephrine in eight. Infusion therapy with vasoconstrictors controlled the splenic hemorrhage in 19 of 20 dogs. The 15 dogs surviving the experimental period of four to eight weeks showed well-healed scars at the sites of lacerations. Three dogs had small contracted spleens as a result of massive infarction. The results of this experiment indicate that splenic hemorrhage in the experimental dogs can be controlled by selective infusion of pituitrin or vasopressin, but is more effectively controlled with epinephrine.", "PMID": 75866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5984", "title": "Cytochemistry of the skin of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "The distribution of complex carbohydrates has been investigated at the light and electron microscope levels in sweat glands of normal subjects and patients with Hurler's or Hunter's disease. Normal sweat glands examined with a battery of light microscopic histochemical methods revealed sulphated complex carbohydrate in secretory granules of the dark cells. These granules lacked affinity for dialysed iron (DI) at the light and electron microscope levels. The DI method demonstrated acid complex carbohydrates ultrastructurally on the surface of the intercellular canaliculi and central lumen in normal sweat glands. DI-reactive acidic material, presumably of mucopolysaccharide nature, surrounded and extended between collagen bundles in the stroma of normal skin, but was absent from the band which ensheathed the sweat gland and consisted of individual rather than bundled collagen fibrils. DI-reactive mucopolysaccharide lined and partially filled vacuoles of dark cells showing a laminar distribution in vacuoles of clear cells in sweat glands of a Hunter patient. The DI method also visualized mucopolysaccharide distributed throughout vacuoles in fibroblasts of this patient. DI-reactive acid material covered the luminal surface of the sweat gland, coated collagen bundles in the stroma and spared the periglandular collagenous sheath in skin from Hurler and Hunter patients as in that from normal controls. Acid phosphatase was localized ultrastructually in vacuoles and nearby cytoplasm and on plasmalemmae of clear cells, dark cells and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands from Hurler and Hunter patients. Vacuoles of dermal fibroblasts and Schwann cells in these specimens also exhibited strong acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of the skin of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. The distribution of complex carbohydrates has been investigated at the light and electron microscope levels in sweat glands of normal subjects and patients with Hurler's or Hunter's disease. Normal sweat glands examined with a battery of light microscopic histochemical methods revealed sulphated complex carbohydrate in secretory granules of the dark cells. These granules lacked affinity for dialysed iron (DI) at the light and electron microscope levels. The DI method demonstrated acid complex carbohydrates ultrastructurally on the surface of the intercellular canaliculi and central lumen in normal sweat glands. DI-reactive acidic material, presumably of mucopolysaccharide nature, surrounded and extended between collagen bundles in the stroma of normal skin, but was absent from the band which ensheathed the sweat gland and consisted of individual rather than bundled collagen fibrils. DI-reactive mucopolysaccharide lined and partially filled vacuoles of dark cells showing a laminar distribution in vacuoles of clear cells in sweat glands of a Hunter patient. The DI method also visualized mucopolysaccharide distributed throughout vacuoles in fibroblasts of this patient. DI-reactive acid material covered the luminal surface of the sweat gland, coated collagen bundles in the stroma and spared the periglandular collagenous sheath in skin from Hurler and Hunter patients as in that from normal controls. Acid phosphatase was localized ultrastructually in vacuoles and nearby cytoplasm and on plasmalemmae of clear cells, dark cells and myoepithelial cells of sweat glands from Hurler and Hunter patients. Vacuoles of dermal fibroblasts and Schwann cells in these specimens also exhibited strong acid phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 75871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5985", "title": "Changes in elemental composition of human chromosomes during a G-banding (ASG) and a C-banding (BSG) procedure.", "content": "Human chromosomes fixed in methanol-acetic acid have been examined by X-ray microanalysis, before, during and after a G-banding and a C-banding procedure. Phosphorus (representing mainly DNA), sulphur and calcium are the most prominent elements in untreated chromosomes. In the G-banding procedure, the calcium is lost during 2 x SSC treatment. In the C-banding procedure, calcium is lost in the preliminary HCl treatment. During the following barium hydroxide treatment a large amount of barium becomes attached to the chromosomes, but is lost again during the subsequent 2 x SSC treatment. In both banding techniques Giemsa staining produces large peaks for sulphur (thiazine dyes) and bromine (eosin), showing that both types of dyes are involved in the staining. Reduction in the phosphorus peak during these procedures may be partly due to extraction of DNA and other chromosomal components, but could also be due to absorption of phosphorus X-rays by heavy elements (barium and bromine).", "contents": "Changes in elemental composition of human chromosomes during a G-banding (ASG) and a C-banding (BSG) procedure. Human chromosomes fixed in methanol-acetic acid have been examined by X-ray microanalysis, before, during and after a G-banding and a C-banding procedure. Phosphorus (representing mainly DNA), sulphur and calcium are the most prominent elements in untreated chromosomes. In the G-banding procedure, the calcium is lost during 2 x SSC treatment. In the C-banding procedure, calcium is lost in the preliminary HCl treatment. During the following barium hydroxide treatment a large amount of barium becomes attached to the chromosomes, but is lost again during the subsequent 2 x SSC treatment. In both banding techniques Giemsa staining produces large peaks for sulphur (thiazine dyes) and bromine (eosin), showing that both types of dyes are involved in the staining. Reduction in the phosphorus peak during these procedures may be partly due to extraction of DNA and other chromosomal components, but could also be due to absorption of phosphorus X-rays by heavy elements (barium and bromine).", "PMID": 75872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5986", "title": "Cobalt thiocyanate as a stain for basic proteins and other organic bases on thin sections.", "content": "Thin sections in mouse mast cells and thymic cells are stained with cobalt thiocyanate a compound known to form insoluble complexes with organic bases. Chromatin, nucleolus, ribosomes and mast cell granules are contrasted. Different blockade reactions and enzymatic digestions indicate the staining corresponds to the basic protein amino-groups. The silver methenamine reaction stains the same cellular structures. However, the specificity control reactions show the staining mainly corresponds to protein sulphydryle groups and in a lesser extent to aldehyde and polyanions.", "contents": "Cobalt thiocyanate as a stain for basic proteins and other organic bases on thin sections. Thin sections in mouse mast cells and thymic cells are stained with cobalt thiocyanate a compound known to form insoluble complexes with organic bases. Chromatin, nucleolus, ribosomes and mast cell granules are contrasted. Different blockade reactions and enzymatic digestions indicate the staining corresponds to the basic protein amino-groups. The silver methenamine reaction stains the same cellular structures. However, the specificity control reactions show the staining mainly corresponds to protein sulphydryle groups and in a lesser extent to aldehyde and polyanions.", "PMID": 75873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5987", "title": "A microprobe analysis of Gomori-positive glial cells in the rat arcuate nucleus.", "content": "Astrocytes and microglial cells in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus contain lipofuscin-like granules which react with chrome alum gallocyanin and exhibit endogenous peroxidase activity. These granules were assessed with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and compared to neuronal dense bodies and glial cytoplasm. The granules are distinguished by a consistent content of sulphur and a frequent presence of calcium. The localization of other elements such as iron, copper, potassium and chlorine is impaired by methodical difficulties. The sulphur content as well as the endogenous peroxidase activity is interpreted as indicating a special variant of lipofuscin. The presence of calcium is discussed with respect to recent concepts of glia as a regulator of the ionic environment of the CNS.", "contents": "A microprobe analysis of Gomori-positive glial cells in the rat arcuate nucleus. Astrocytes and microglial cells in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus contain lipofuscin-like granules which react with chrome alum gallocyanin and exhibit endogenous peroxidase activity. These granules were assessed with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and compared to neuronal dense bodies and glial cytoplasm. The granules are distinguished by a consistent content of sulphur and a frequent presence of calcium. The localization of other elements such as iron, copper, potassium and chlorine is impaired by methodical difficulties. The sulphur content as well as the endogenous peroxidase activity is interpreted as indicating a special variant of lipofuscin. The presence of calcium is discussed with respect to recent concepts of glia as a regulator of the ionic environment of the CNS.", "PMID": 75874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5988", "title": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. III. Histochemical studies of beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase (author's transl)].", "content": "The suitability of various azoindoxyl procedures for the light microscopical demonstration of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is described. The incubation media tried consist of 0.5 mg N-Acetyl-(5-bromindol-3-yl)-beta-D-glucosaminide (5-Br-3-indolyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide; 1 mg dissolved in 0.05 ml N,N-dimethylformamide) in 1 ml 0.1 M citric acid phosphate buffer, pH 4.5 or 5. 0.02 ml hexazotized p-rosaniline or new fuchsine/ml or tetrazotized BAXD or 0.5 mg Fast Blue B or Garnet GBC/ml were employed as a coupling reagent. Hexazotized new fuchsine yields the best results independent on the pretreatment of the tissue and the organ investigated followed by hexazonium-p-rosaniline. Compared with the azo dye method using naphthol AS-BI beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide as a substrate and hexazotized p-rosaniline or new fuchsine or tetrazotized BAXD for simultaneous coupling especially the azoindoxyl technique with the new fuchsine is equvialent or superior. When the indolyl glucosaminide is used in the indigogenic, tetrazolium or metal precipitation method the results are mostly inferior with the exception of the tetrazolium reaction using BSPT. However, the main advantage of the azoindoxyl procedure is that at least the azoindoxyl dye deriving from hexazotized p-rosaniline can be osmificated and withstands treatment with organic solvents and resins. Therefore, the reaction product seems to be suitable for the electron microscopic demonstration of glucosaminidase. Among the other reaction principles this can reliably be achieved only with BSPT as a tetrazolium salt followed by osmification of its formazan. After fixation of blocks of tissue in form- or glutaraldehyde beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be localized with 5-Br-3-indoxyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide as a substrate and hexazotized new fuchsine for simultaneous coupling in the lysosomes of many rat organs.", "contents": "[Azoindoxyl methods for the investigation of hydrolases. III. Histochemical studies of beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase (author's transl)]. The suitability of various azoindoxyl procedures for the light microscopical demonstration of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is described. The incubation media tried consist of 0.5 mg N-Acetyl-(5-bromindol-3-yl)-beta-D-glucosaminide (5-Br-3-indolyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide; 1 mg dissolved in 0.05 ml N,N-dimethylformamide) in 1 ml 0.1 M citric acid phosphate buffer, pH 4.5 or 5. 0.02 ml hexazotized p-rosaniline or new fuchsine/ml or tetrazotized BAXD or 0.5 mg Fast Blue B or Garnet GBC/ml were employed as a coupling reagent. Hexazotized new fuchsine yields the best results independent on the pretreatment of the tissue and the organ investigated followed by hexazonium-p-rosaniline. Compared with the azo dye method using naphthol AS-BI beta-D-N-acetyl-glucosaminide as a substrate and hexazotized p-rosaniline or new fuchsine or tetrazotized BAXD for simultaneous coupling especially the azoindoxyl technique with the new fuchsine is equvialent or superior. When the indolyl glucosaminide is used in the indigogenic, tetrazolium or metal precipitation method the results are mostly inferior with the exception of the tetrazolium reaction using BSPT. However, the main advantage of the azoindoxyl procedure is that at least the azoindoxyl dye deriving from hexazotized p-rosaniline can be osmificated and withstands treatment with organic solvents and resins. Therefore, the reaction product seems to be suitable for the electron microscopic demonstration of glucosaminidase. Among the other reaction principles this can reliably be achieved only with BSPT as a tetrazolium salt followed by osmification of its formazan. After fixation of blocks of tissue in form- or glutaraldehyde beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be localized with 5-Br-3-indoxyl-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide as a substrate and hexazotized new fuchsine for simultaneous coupling in the lysosomes of many rat organs.", "PMID": 75875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5989", "title": "Distribution oand pharmacological release of histamine in canine lung in vivo.", "content": "We have examined the physiological effects of stored mediators released from airways by compound 48/80 aerosols in anesthetized dogs. In 13 dogs, both mast cell numbers and tissue histamine were related inversely to bronchial internal diameter (P less than 0.0001). Compound 48/80 aerosols degranulated mast cells and decreased histamine content (-29.0 +/- 10.0%; mean +/- SE) in 5-10 mm bronchi, but not in 3-4 mm bronchi or lung parenchyma. This was associated with increased plasma histamine (31.8 +/- 18.4 ng/ml), increased airflow resistance (Rrs: + 452 +/- 257%), decreased lung compliance (-28 +/- 10%), and decreased arterial blood pressure (-41 +/- 6.5%) at 2 min. The increased Rrs was reversed by beta-adrenergic agonists, indicating it was caused by bronchial smooth muscle contraction; prevented by chlorpheniramine, indicating it was caused by histamine action on H1-receptors; and augmented and prolonged by propranolol, suggesting that histamine triggered sympathetic mechanisms which modulated the effect of 48/80. This experimental approach permits the study of mechanisms in vivo which may be involved in the sequence of reactions initiated by antigen-IgE interaction. However, the latter involve not only stored mediators, but also unstored mediators, neural reflexes, and complex cellular interactions.", "contents": "Distribution oand pharmacological release of histamine in canine lung in vivo. We have examined the physiological effects of stored mediators released from airways by compound 48/80 aerosols in anesthetized dogs. In 13 dogs, both mast cell numbers and tissue histamine were related inversely to bronchial internal diameter (P less than 0.0001). Compound 48/80 aerosols degranulated mast cells and decreased histamine content (-29.0 +/- 10.0%; mean +/- SE) in 5-10 mm bronchi, but not in 3-4 mm bronchi or lung parenchyma. This was associated with increased plasma histamine (31.8 +/- 18.4 ng/ml), increased airflow resistance (Rrs: + 452 +/- 257%), decreased lung compliance (-28 +/- 10%), and decreased arterial blood pressure (-41 +/- 6.5%) at 2 min. The increased Rrs was reversed by beta-adrenergic agonists, indicating it was caused by bronchial smooth muscle contraction; prevented by chlorpheniramine, indicating it was caused by histamine action on H1-receptors; and augmented and prolonged by propranolol, suggesting that histamine triggered sympathetic mechanisms which modulated the effect of 48/80. This experimental approach permits the study of mechanisms in vivo which may be involved in the sequence of reactions initiated by antigen-IgE interaction. However, the latter involve not only stored mediators, but also unstored mediators, neural reflexes, and complex cellular interactions.", "PMID": 75880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5990", "title": "Propagation and histological characterization of a homotypic population of astrocytes derived from neonatal rat brain.", "content": "Tissue derived from the cerebra of 3-4 day old rats was minced, trypsinized and placed in tissue culture medium. Cells attained a monolayer in twelve to fourteen days when plated at a density of 10(2) cells/cm2. Selected culturing procedures designed to inhibit neuronal growth while encouraging glial growth yielded monolayers which consisted almost exclusively of astrocytes. Cells were identified using established morphological criteria for brain cells in culture. These observations were supplemented using certain histological and histochemical techniques frequently employed in investigative work for the identification of glial cells, particularly astrocytes. Results of all the above procedures indicate cell cultures which apparently consist exclusively of astrocytes. The preparation of such a homotypic population of normal, viable astroglial cells, derived from an animal universally used in investigative work on the nervous system, is perceived as an important contribution to the future study of glial characteristics and their interactions at morphological and functional levels.", "contents": "Propagation and histological characterization of a homotypic population of astrocytes derived from neonatal rat brain. Tissue derived from the cerebra of 3-4 day old rats was minced, trypsinized and placed in tissue culture medium. Cells attained a monolayer in twelve to fourteen days when plated at a density of 10(2) cells/cm2. Selected culturing procedures designed to inhibit neuronal growth while encouraging glial growth yielded monolayers which consisted almost exclusively of astrocytes. Cells were identified using established morphological criteria for brain cells in culture. These observations were supplemented using certain histological and histochemical techniques frequently employed in investigative work for the identification of glial cells, particularly astrocytes. Results of all the above procedures indicate cell cultures which apparently consist exclusively of astrocytes. The preparation of such a homotypic population of normal, viable astroglial cells, derived from an animal universally used in investigative work on the nervous system, is perceived as an important contribution to the future study of glial characteristics and their interactions at morphological and functional levels.", "PMID": 75881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5991", "title": "Unilateral ptosis as a conversion reaction.", "content": "This case report affords the dynamic understanding of a patient's conversion reaction of unilateral ptosis of the eye. The specificity of this manifestation of psychopathology is shaped by the patient's unconscious ideas about disease and the suitability of this symptom for the symbolic representation of her primary conflict.", "contents": "Unilateral ptosis as a conversion reaction. This case report affords the dynamic understanding of a patient's conversion reaction of unilateral ptosis of the eye. The specificity of this manifestation of psychopathology is shaped by the patient's unconscious ideas about disease and the suitability of this symptom for the symbolic representation of her primary conflict.", "PMID": 75884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5992", "title": "Further studies on endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D1.", "content": "The purification procedure for endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D was improved to yield an enzyme preparation which was homogeneous upon gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography was 280,000, while SDS-gel electrophoresis after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol gave a value of 150,000. The purified enzyme did not show any chitinase, hyaluronidase or lysozyme activity. In the presence of exoglycosidases removing peripheral sugars, the endoglycosidase acted on serum glycoproteins such as transferrin and fetuin. The enzyme also hydrolyzed an oligosaccharide, (Man)5(GlcNAc)2, indicating that the peptide portion of substrates does not have much effect on susceptibility to the enzyme.", "contents": "Further studies on endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D1. The purification procedure for endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D was improved to yield an enzyme preparation which was homogeneous upon gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography was 280,000, while SDS-gel electrophoresis after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol gave a value of 150,000. The purified enzyme did not show any chitinase, hyaluronidase or lysozyme activity. In the presence of exoglycosidases removing peripheral sugars, the endoglycosidase acted on serum glycoproteins such as transferrin and fetuin. The enzyme also hydrolyzed an oligosaccharide, (Man)5(GlcNAc)2, indicating that the peptide portion of substrates does not have much effect on susceptibility to the enzyme.", "PMID": 75885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5993", "title": "The presence of fatty acids in human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein has been prepared from human fetal tissue by procedures utilizing DEAE-Sephadex, concanavalin A-Sepharose, and isoelectric focusing. A major and a minor component with isoelectric points of 4.7 and 5.3, respectively, have been isolated and are similar to those prepared under various conditions by other investigators. The 4.7 material contains 2.4 mol of fatty acids/mol of protein, whereas the minor component is fat-free. The relative amounts of fatty acid vary somewhat with different preparations. The ranges found in three isolates were as follows: palmitic acid (8 to 11%), stearic acid (2 to 5%), oleic acid (10 to 28%), linoleic acid (7 to 15%), arachidonic acid (12 to 39%), and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (16 to 42%). Human fetal serum albumin contained 0.7 mol of fatty acid/mol of protein, with arachidonic acid and the docosahexaenoic acid comprising only 11.4% of the total. Removal of fatty acids by treatment with charcoal converted alpha-fetoprotein into material with an isoelectric point of pH 5.3. Addition of arachidonic acid to the lipid-free protein restored it to protein with a pH 4.7 isoelectric point, typical of the major native component. The possible role of the fatty acids in alpha-fetoprotein on the inhibition of various lymphocyte functions is projected.", "contents": "The presence of fatty acids in human alpha-fetoprotein. alpha-Fetoprotein has been prepared from human fetal tissue by procedures utilizing DEAE-Sephadex, concanavalin A-Sepharose, and isoelectric focusing. A major and a minor component with isoelectric points of 4.7 and 5.3, respectively, have been isolated and are similar to those prepared under various conditions by other investigators. The 4.7 material contains 2.4 mol of fatty acids/mol of protein, whereas the minor component is fat-free. The relative amounts of fatty acid vary somewhat with different preparations. The ranges found in three isolates were as follows: palmitic acid (8 to 11%), stearic acid (2 to 5%), oleic acid (10 to 28%), linoleic acid (7 to 15%), arachidonic acid (12 to 39%), and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (16 to 42%). Human fetal serum albumin contained 0.7 mol of fatty acid/mol of protein, with arachidonic acid and the docosahexaenoic acid comprising only 11.4% of the total. Removal of fatty acids by treatment with charcoal converted alpha-fetoprotein into material with an isoelectric point of pH 5.3. Addition of arachidonic acid to the lipid-free protein restored it to protein with a pH 4.7 isoelectric point, typical of the major native component. The possible role of the fatty acids in alpha-fetoprotein on the inhibition of various lymphocyte functions is projected.", "PMID": 75886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5994", "title": "Synthesis of double-stranded DNA complementary to lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin mRNAs. Optimization for full length second strand synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I.", "content": "Sequential reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and S1 nuclease reactions can be employed to synthesize double-stranded DNA representing messenger RNA. Using reverse transcriptase products made from partially purified lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin messengers from hen oviduct, we have characterized the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I reaction. We have optimized for a high yield of full length second strands under conditions which require only a small amount of mRNA. The effects of several parameters (time, enzyme levels, salt concentration, monovalent cation, and temperature) on the length of products synthesized by DNA polymerase I have been investigated. Each has a significant influence on the proportion of products which are full length. Under our conditions the three reactions are efficient in synthesizing full length duplex DNA from partially purified mRNA fractions or from total poly(A)-containing RNA.", "contents": "Synthesis of double-stranded DNA complementary to lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin mRNAs. Optimization for full length second strand synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Sequential reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and S1 nuclease reactions can be employed to synthesize double-stranded DNA representing messenger RNA. Using reverse transcriptase products made from partially purified lysozyme, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin messengers from hen oviduct, we have characterized the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I reaction. We have optimized for a high yield of full length second strands under conditions which require only a small amount of mRNA. The effects of several parameters (time, enzyme levels, salt concentration, monovalent cation, and temperature) on the length of products synthesized by DNA polymerase I have been investigated. Each has a significant influence on the proportion of products which are full length. Under our conditions the three reactions are efficient in synthesizing full length duplex DNA from partially purified mRNA fractions or from total poly(A)-containing RNA.", "PMID": 75887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5995", "title": "Efficacy of direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococci from streptococci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci.", "content": "A preponderance of clusters seen on direct Gram stain of blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci was 98% sensitive and 100% specific for identification of staphylococcal species or of Peptococcus. A preponderance of chains, pairs, or both was 100% sensitive and 98% specific for identifying streptococci. Further presumptive identification of either staphylococci or streptococci based on microscopic morphology was unreliable. The direct Gram stain is highly reliable for differentiating staphylococci from streptococci and should be of considerable value to clinicians selecting initial antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Efficacy of direct Gram stain in differentiating staphylococci from streptococci in blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci. A preponderance of clusters seen on direct Gram stain of blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci was 98% sensitive and 100% specific for identification of staphylococcal species or of Peptococcus. A preponderance of chains, pairs, or both was 100% sensitive and 98% specific for identifying streptococci. Further presumptive identification of either staphylococci or streptococci based on microscopic morphology was unreliable. The direct Gram stain is highly reliable for differentiating staphylococci from streptococci and should be of considerable value to clinicians selecting initial antimicrobial therapy.", "PMID": 75888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5996", "title": "Contamination of primary embryonic bovine kidney cell cultures with parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.", "content": "Two different viruses were isolated from bovine embryonic cell cultures after two subcultures from the primary cells. One virus was identified as parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 (SV-5), and the other was identified as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Six months later, stock cultures of pig kidney (PK-15) cells were found to be contaminated with SV-5 virus. We believe that the source of the SV-5 virus in the bovine cells was a cross-contamination from monkey kidneys during preparation of the cell cultures. The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis contamination was probably of endogenous origin. The bovine embryonic cell cultures were the probable source of contamination of the PK-15 cells with SV-5 virus.", "contents": "Contamination of primary embryonic bovine kidney cell cultures with parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Two different viruses were isolated from bovine embryonic cell cultures after two subcultures from the primary cells. One virus was identified as parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 (SV-5), and the other was identified as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Six months later, stock cultures of pig kidney (PK-15) cells were found to be contaminated with SV-5 virus. We believe that the source of the SV-5 virus in the bovine cells was a cross-contamination from monkey kidneys during preparation of the cell cultures. The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis contamination was probably of endogenous origin. The bovine embryonic cell cultures were the probable source of contamination of the PK-15 cells with SV-5 virus.", "PMID": 75889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5997", "title": "Staining clinical specimens for acid-fast bacilli by means of a mechanical conveyor system.", "content": "A Cyto-Tek staining machine designed for Papanicolau staining of cervical smears has been adapted for auramine staining of smears of sputum and other clinical specimens for acid-fast bacilli. The results compared favourably with those obtained by a manual method of staining. Contamination of negative smears by acid-fast bacilli from positive smears was not found. Since this study the machine has continued to be in routine use with a considerable saving in labour.", "contents": "Staining clinical specimens for acid-fast bacilli by means of a mechanical conveyor system. A Cyto-Tek staining machine designed for Papanicolau staining of cervical smears has been adapted for auramine staining of smears of sputum and other clinical specimens for acid-fast bacilli. The results compared favourably with those obtained by a manual method of staining. Contamination of negative smears by acid-fast bacilli from positive smears was not found. Since this study the machine has continued to be in routine use with a considerable saving in labour.", "PMID": 75890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5998", "title": "Organization of the mossy fiber system of the rat studied in extended hippocampi. II. Experimental analysis of fiber distribution with silver impregnation methods.", "content": "The mossy fibers, a major intrinsic hippocampal pathway connecting the dentate granule cells with the pyramidal cells in CA4 and CA3, have been reexamined in rats using mainly Fink-Heimer silver impregnation methods for demonstration of degenerating axons. By extending isolated hippocampi and cutting sections normal to the long axis, simple two-dimensional reconstructions of both the lesions and the resultant degeneration could be made. In the hilus, the zone with the greatest concentration of degenerating boutons was found between the lesioned granule cells and the CA3 pyramidal cells abuting on the hilus; outside this zone the concentration declines rather rapidly. Degenerating boutons were also observed in low concentration up to 200-300 microgram septal and temporal to the lesion. The mossy fibers in CA3 nearest the hilus have an intrapyramidal course and display a lamellar organization with fibers from the granule cells of the medial blade lying deep to those from the dentate crest. These in turn lie deep to those from the graule cells of the lateral blade. A mediolateral difference in the projection of the graule cells on the CA3 pyramidal cells was discovered: fibers from the medial granule cells descend about 600 micrometer in the temporal direction, whereas fibers from the lateral granule cells descend about 1,200 micrometer. This causes a divergence of the fibers from one single level, especially of the part of the fibers, being farthest away from the hilus. The degree of descent of the fibers from each mediolateral position of the granule cells was constant at all septotemporal levels examined.", "contents": "Organization of the mossy fiber system of the rat studied in extended hippocampi. II. Experimental analysis of fiber distribution with silver impregnation methods. The mossy fibers, a major intrinsic hippocampal pathway connecting the dentate granule cells with the pyramidal cells in CA4 and CA3, have been reexamined in rats using mainly Fink-Heimer silver impregnation methods for demonstration of degenerating axons. By extending isolated hippocampi and cutting sections normal to the long axis, simple two-dimensional reconstructions of both the lesions and the resultant degeneration could be made. In the hilus, the zone with the greatest concentration of degenerating boutons was found between the lesioned granule cells and the CA3 pyramidal cells abuting on the hilus; outside this zone the concentration declines rather rapidly. Degenerating boutons were also observed in low concentration up to 200-300 microgram septal and temporal to the lesion. The mossy fibers in CA3 nearest the hilus have an intrapyramidal course and display a lamellar organization with fibers from the granule cells of the medial blade lying deep to those from the dentate crest. These in turn lie deep to those from the graule cells of the lateral blade. A mediolateral difference in the projection of the graule cells on the CA3 pyramidal cells was discovered: fibers from the medial granule cells descend about 600 micrometer in the temporal direction, whereas fibers from the lateral granule cells descend about 1,200 micrometer. This causes a divergence of the fibers from one single level, especially of the part of the fibers, being farthest away from the hilus. The degree of descent of the fibers from each mediolateral position of the granule cells was constant at all septotemporal levels examined.", "PMID": 75894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_5999", "title": "Alterations of clotting factors and platelets during hemofiltration.", "content": "The influence of hemofiltration on the number of platelets and on coagulation factors was investigated in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. These investigations were done on 12 patients during 22 treatments with hemofiltration. Blood samples were taken before hemofiltration, 10, 30 and 120 minutes after the beginning of the treatment and at the end of hemofiltration. In comparison to the original values we found a loss of platelets, a small decrease in the concentration of fibrinogen and a small increase in the fibrin monomer complex, plasminogen, antithrombin III, alpha1-antitrypsin and in alpha2-macroglobulin. The thrombin time, the partial thromboplastin time and Quick's test showed that the blood of these patients contained sufficient hepatin. Use of fibrin plates (Astrup) showed no signs of fibrinolytic activity. Compared to the results, which were obtained some years ago during hemodialysis, we found a smaller extent of alterations of blood coagulation factors and number of platelets.", "contents": "Alterations of clotting factors and platelets during hemofiltration. The influence of hemofiltration on the number of platelets and on coagulation factors was investigated in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. These investigations were done on 12 patients during 22 treatments with hemofiltration. Blood samples were taken before hemofiltration, 10, 30 and 120 minutes after the beginning of the treatment and at the end of hemofiltration. In comparison to the original values we found a loss of platelets, a small decrease in the concentration of fibrinogen and a small increase in the fibrin monomer complex, plasminogen, antithrombin III, alpha1-antitrypsin and in alpha2-macroglobulin. The thrombin time, the partial thromboplastin time and Quick's test showed that the blood of these patients contained sufficient hepatin. Use of fibrin plates (Astrup) showed no signs of fibrinolytic activity. Compared to the results, which were obtained some years ago during hemodialysis, we found a smaller extent of alterations of blood coagulation factors and number of platelets.", "PMID": 75895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6000", "title": "Improving slide illustrated presentations.", "content": "Slide illustrated presentations can be improved with dual image projection. A dissolve control unit can be used to enhance the presentation of sequence material and also can be incorporated into the dual image system of the slide delivery.", "contents": "Improving slide illustrated presentations. Slide illustrated presentations can be improved with dual image projection. A dissolve control unit can be used to enhance the presentation of sequence material and also can be incorporated into the dual image system of the slide delivery.", "PMID": 75896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6001", "title": "The effect of filmed modeling on cooperative play in disadvantaged preschoolers.", "content": "In a series of three studies wer investigated the effect of filmed modeling on cooperative play in disadvantaged preschoolers. These studies were conducted both in a natural (classroom) setting and in a laboratory setting. We were unable to demonstrate a reliable modeling effect with these preschoolers even when an extensive descriptive verbal component was added to the modeling film. In a fourth study we showed that the identical treatment did lead to modeling in middleclass preschoolers but that the content of the extensive verbal component was not related to the effect. These results are discussed in terms of appropriate control procedures for this type of study, the role of an audio component in modeling films, and the implications of the lack of filmed modeling effects for the teaching of disadvantaged preschoolers.", "contents": "The effect of filmed modeling on cooperative play in disadvantaged preschoolers. In a series of three studies wer investigated the effect of filmed modeling on cooperative play in disadvantaged preschoolers. These studies were conducted both in a natural (classroom) setting and in a laboratory setting. We were unable to demonstrate a reliable modeling effect with these preschoolers even when an extensive descriptive verbal component was added to the modeling film. In a fourth study we showed that the identical treatment did lead to modeling in middleclass preschoolers but that the content of the extensive verbal component was not related to the effect. These results are discussed in terms of appropriate control procedures for this type of study, the role of an audio component in modeling films, and the implications of the lack of filmed modeling effects for the teaching of disadvantaged preschoolers.", "PMID": 75899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6002", "title": "Effect of pre-exposure on acute toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides to white mice.", "content": "LD50 and in vitro ChE I50 values of Chlorpyrifos, Leptophos, Phosfolan, and Stirophos against white mice showed that the formulated insecticides were higher in their mammalian toxicity than the corresponding technical materials. Pretreatment of mice with a sublethal dose of Phosfolan potentiated the toxicity of post-treatment with formulated Stirophos, Phosfolan, or Chlorpyrifos, but antagonized the toxicity of post-treatment with Leptophos. On the other hand, pretreatment with sublethal doses of Leptophos resulted in potentiation of Stirophos or Phosfolan, but decreased the toxicity of Chlorpyrifos or Leptophos. Pretreatment of mice by sublethal dose of Phosfolan synergized the in vivo inhibitory power of post-treatment by Phosfolan, Chlorpyrifos or Leptophos against brain and Plasma ChE. On the other hand pretreatment with sublethal doses of Leptophos antagonized the inhibitory power of post-treatment with either Chlorpyrifos, Leptophos or Stirophos against mice brain-ChE.", "contents": "Effect of pre-exposure on acute toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides to white mice. LD50 and in vitro ChE I50 values of Chlorpyrifos, Leptophos, Phosfolan, and Stirophos against white mice showed that the formulated insecticides were higher in their mammalian toxicity than the corresponding technical materials. Pretreatment of mice with a sublethal dose of Phosfolan potentiated the toxicity of post-treatment with formulated Stirophos, Phosfolan, or Chlorpyrifos, but antagonized the toxicity of post-treatment with Leptophos. On the other hand, pretreatment with sublethal doses of Leptophos resulted in potentiation of Stirophos or Phosfolan, but decreased the toxicity of Chlorpyrifos or Leptophos. Pretreatment of mice by sublethal dose of Phosfolan synergized the in vivo inhibitory power of post-treatment by Phosfolan, Chlorpyrifos or Leptophos against brain and Plasma ChE. On the other hand pretreatment with sublethal doses of Leptophos antagonized the inhibitory power of post-treatment with either Chlorpyrifos, Leptophos or Stirophos against mice brain-ChE.", "PMID": 75904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6003", "title": "The in vitro metabolism of lindane by an enzyme preparation from chicken liver.", "content": "The soluble fraction (105,000 x g, 30 min) of chicken liver homogenates contained an enzyme(s), probably a dehydrochlorinase(s), which metabolized lindane in vitro. The reaction was glutathione dependent and took place anaerobically. The enzyme(s) also metabolized the alpha- and delta-isomers but not the beta-isomer. About 66% of the in vitro metabolites were soluble in petroleum ether. From the ether-soluble fraction, o-, p- amd m-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, gamma-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohex-1-ene (gamma-PCCH), 2,3- and 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were identified by comparison of mass spectra and gas chromatographic data with those of reference compounds. Seven additional metabolites were tentatively identified from their mass spectra data. These metabolites were: chlorobenzene, 2 isomers of trichlorocyclohexene, dichlorocyclohexadienetriol, chlorophenol, trichlorocyclohexenol and trichlorocyclohexanediol. The petroleum ether-extracted aqueous phase contained a number of unidentified conjugated metabolites. It was concluded that the metabolic pathway for lindane in the chicken is quite similar to that in the pheasant.", "contents": "The in vitro metabolism of lindane by an enzyme preparation from chicken liver. The soluble fraction (105,000 x g, 30 min) of chicken liver homogenates contained an enzyme(s), probably a dehydrochlorinase(s), which metabolized lindane in vitro. The reaction was glutathione dependent and took place anaerobically. The enzyme(s) also metabolized the alpha- and delta-isomers but not the beta-isomer. About 66% of the in vitro metabolites were soluble in petroleum ether. From the ether-soluble fraction, o-, p- amd m-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, gamma-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohex-1-ene (gamma-PCCH), 2,3- and 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were identified by comparison of mass spectra and gas chromatographic data with those of reference compounds. Seven additional metabolites were tentatively identified from their mass spectra data. These metabolites were: chlorobenzene, 2 isomers of trichlorocyclohexene, dichlorocyclohexadienetriol, chlorophenol, trichlorocyclohexenol and trichlorocyclohexanediol. The petroleum ether-extracted aqueous phase contained a number of unidentified conjugated metabolites. It was concluded that the metabolic pathway for lindane in the chicken is quite similar to that in the pheasant.", "PMID": 75905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6004", "title": "Flow-cytometric analysis of chicken red blood cells.", "content": "Flow-cytometric analysis of acriflavin-Feulgen stained chicken erythrocytes shows a complex distribution of amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid fluorescence, the profile consisting of a main peak and a right hand shoulder. This bimodal distribution, an artifact characteristically seen on analysis of flattened cells using orthogonal flow systems, results from fluorescence emission in preferred directions stemming from the combined effects of refractility and orientation of the cells. The shoulder disappears on analysis of lysed erythrocyte ghosts, also on analysis of cells in a medium whose refractive index approximates that the cells. An orientation effect for matrue erythrocytes was indicated by reanalysis of fractions after sorting on the basis of high and low fluorescence or scatter signals. Both fractions gave the original range of values on reanalysis, although some changes in shape of the profile and in the peak positions for the sorted cells were seen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of stained cells \"loosened\" the cells' structure, yielding lowered scatter values, and fluorescence values approaching those of the shoulder. The average fluorescence emission of the erythrocytes was lower than that of reticulocytes and lymphocytes. The values of the latter correspond closely, although coincidently, to that the erythrocyte shoulder values. Dual parameter analysis of forward light scatter, and fluorescence, which was detected at 90 degrees to the laser beam, showed the low fluorescence to be accompanied by low scatter signal, and the high fluorescence among the cells with the high scatter signal. The lowered forward scatter signal is due to a wider scattering of light from cells oriented edge-on to the detector, and loss of signal beyond the acceptance angle of the detector. These results suggest that the preferred directions for fluorescence are in the plane of the cells, and the values are dependent on the cells' orientation in the stream. These interpretations were supported by the results of analysis of partially oriented cells. The approaches used and conclusions arrived at are similar to those of Gledhill et al (16), Van Dilla et al (37), in their analysis of fluorescence of flat sperm cells although the affects in the case of the erythrocytes are less extreme.", "contents": "Flow-cytometric analysis of chicken red blood cells. Flow-cytometric analysis of acriflavin-Feulgen stained chicken erythrocytes shows a complex distribution of amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid fluorescence, the profile consisting of a main peak and a right hand shoulder. This bimodal distribution, an artifact characteristically seen on analysis of flattened cells using orthogonal flow systems, results from fluorescence emission in preferred directions stemming from the combined effects of refractility and orientation of the cells. The shoulder disappears on analysis of lysed erythrocyte ghosts, also on analysis of cells in a medium whose refractive index approximates that the cells. An orientation effect for matrue erythrocytes was indicated by reanalysis of fractions after sorting on the basis of high and low fluorescence or scatter signals. Both fractions gave the original range of values on reanalysis, although some changes in shape of the profile and in the peak positions for the sorted cells were seen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of stained cells \"loosened\" the cells' structure, yielding lowered scatter values, and fluorescence values approaching those of the shoulder. The average fluorescence emission of the erythrocytes was lower than that of reticulocytes and lymphocytes. The values of the latter correspond closely, although coincidently, to that the erythrocyte shoulder values. Dual parameter analysis of forward light scatter, and fluorescence, which was detected at 90 degrees to the laser beam, showed the low fluorescence to be accompanied by low scatter signal, and the high fluorescence among the cells with the high scatter signal. The lowered forward scatter signal is due to a wider scattering of light from cells oriented edge-on to the detector, and loss of signal beyond the acceptance angle of the detector. These results suggest that the preferred directions for fluorescence are in the plane of the cells, and the values are dependent on the cells' orientation in the stream. These interpretations were supported by the results of analysis of partially oriented cells. The approaches used and conclusions arrived at are similar to those of Gledhill et al (16), Van Dilla et al (37), in their analysis of fluorescence of flat sperm cells although the affects in the case of the erythrocytes are less extreme.", "PMID": 75917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6005", "title": "Geographical distribution of the dermatophytes: a review.", "content": "In these days of rapid transit from continent to continent, and the increasing mobility of people, agents of disease are no longer geographically restricted. Disease contracted half way across the world may become manifest in a country in which the pathogen is not normally found. Thus knowledge of the geographical distribution of pathogens becomes increasingly important when a diagnosis is being made. This is as true of ringworm fungi as of any other group of microorganisms. In the last 12 years, in the Mycological Reference Laboratory, an increasing number of exotic dermatophytes have been seen, related in part at least to the great increase in the number of non-British residents. Not all species of dermatophytes are cosmopolitan in their distribution throughout the world. While some have been recorded from every continent, others have geographically limited areas of greater or lesser extent. Surveys taken at intervals in a country may show a rise and fall in occurrence of several species as habits change, populations move and medical facilities became increasingly well-distributed. There have been few geographical surveys of ringworm fungi that have covered the world. Ajello (1960, 1974) has reviewed the individual species with regard to geographical location, while Vanbreuseghem & de Vroey (1970) attempted to estimate the relative importance of the various species in terms of numbers of isolations reported. This paper therefore reviews the world dermatophyte flora in terms of the dominant agents in the various countries, and some of the changes that have been recorded.", "contents": "Geographical distribution of the dermatophytes: a review. In these days of rapid transit from continent to continent, and the increasing mobility of people, agents of disease are no longer geographically restricted. Disease contracted half way across the world may become manifest in a country in which the pathogen is not normally found. Thus knowledge of the geographical distribution of pathogens becomes increasingly important when a diagnosis is being made. This is as true of ringworm fungi as of any other group of microorganisms. In the last 12 years, in the Mycological Reference Laboratory, an increasing number of exotic dermatophytes have been seen, related in part at least to the great increase in the number of non-British residents. Not all species of dermatophytes are cosmopolitan in their distribution throughout the world. While some have been recorded from every continent, others have geographically limited areas of greater or lesser extent. Surveys taken at intervals in a country may show a rise and fall in occurrence of several species as habits change, populations move and medical facilities became increasingly well-distributed. There have been few geographical surveys of ringworm fungi that have covered the world. Ajello (1960, 1974) has reviewed the individual species with regard to geographical location, while Vanbreuseghem & de Vroey (1970) attempted to estimate the relative importance of the various species in terms of numbers of isolations reported. This paper therefore reviews the world dermatophyte flora in terms of the dominant agents in the various countries, and some of the changes that have been recorded.", "PMID": 75918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6006", "title": "T cell tolerance in the chicken. I. Parameters affecting tolerance induction to human gamma-globulin in agammaglobulinemic and normal chickens.", "content": "T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to human gamma-globulin (HGG) can be induced in chickens by subcutaneous injection of the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In the present work, it has been demonstrated that specific tolerance of the cells mediating this DH can readily be induced in both normal and bursectomized (BX) FP strain chickens by simple i.v. injection of soluble antigen, regardless of the presence of antibody production to the tolerogen. A significant degree of tolerance at the DH and helper T cell levels could be generated in BX birds by injection of as little as 0.5 mg of HGG; such a dose only induced tolerance in normal birds when it had been previously deagregated by ultracentrifugation. Regular, nondeaggregated antigen could produce tolerance in normal animals, but only at doses of greater than 5 mg. The tolerizing injection induced a primary antibody response in normal birds in all cases, but a secondary response could not be obtained in animals rendered tolerant at the T cell level. Establishment of tolerance appeared to be very rapid, and animals remained refractory to induction of DH for at least 3 weeks after the tolerizing injection. The mode in which the antigen was presented to the animals appeared to be crucial in determining whether tolerance or sensitivity would be established.", "contents": "T cell tolerance in the chicken. I. Parameters affecting tolerance induction to human gamma-globulin in agammaglobulinemic and normal chickens. T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to human gamma-globulin (HGG) can be induced in chickens by subcutaneous injection of the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In the present work, it has been demonstrated that specific tolerance of the cells mediating this DH can readily be induced in both normal and bursectomized (BX) FP strain chickens by simple i.v. injection of soluble antigen, regardless of the presence of antibody production to the tolerogen. A significant degree of tolerance at the DH and helper T cell levels could be generated in BX birds by injection of as little as 0.5 mg of HGG; such a dose only induced tolerance in normal birds when it had been previously deagregated by ultracentrifugation. Regular, nondeaggregated antigen could produce tolerance in normal animals, but only at doses of greater than 5 mg. The tolerizing injection induced a primary antibody response in normal birds in all cases, but a secondary response could not be obtained in animals rendered tolerant at the T cell level. Establishment of tolerance appeared to be very rapid, and animals remained refractory to induction of DH for at least 3 weeks after the tolerizing injection. The mode in which the antigen was presented to the animals appeared to be crucial in determining whether tolerance or sensitivity would be established.", "PMID": 75920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6007", "title": "Nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions of IgG: studies of the binding of IgG to IgG immunoadsorbents.", "content": "Nonimmunospecific interactions of IgG and IgG-agarose columns were systematically studied under varying conditions. Nonimmunospecific binding to the columns was primarily due to protein-protein interactions. These nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions of IgG were enhanced with heat-induced or chemical aggregation of IgG, low pH, low ionic strength (at pH above 4), or low temperature. Conversely, this binding was decreased with proteolytic fragmentation of IgG, high ionic strength (at pH above 4), or temperatures above 4 degrees C. Chemical modification of IgG by acetylation, formalinization, carbamylation, or reaction with 1,2-cyclohexanedione significantly decreased these interactions. These observations suggest that above pH 4, ionic interactions caused the protein-protein binding. Below pH 4, hydrophobic interactions presumably play a major role. These results permit the development of rational methodology for avoiding nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions in immunologic procedures for detection, isolation, or quantification of rheumatoid factors and other antibodies to IgG.", "contents": "Nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions of IgG: studies of the binding of IgG to IgG immunoadsorbents. Nonimmunospecific interactions of IgG and IgG-agarose columns were systematically studied under varying conditions. Nonimmunospecific binding to the columns was primarily due to protein-protein interactions. These nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions of IgG were enhanced with heat-induced or chemical aggregation of IgG, low pH, low ionic strength (at pH above 4), or low temperature. Conversely, this binding was decreased with proteolytic fragmentation of IgG, high ionic strength (at pH above 4), or temperatures above 4 degrees C. Chemical modification of IgG by acetylation, formalinization, carbamylation, or reaction with 1,2-cyclohexanedione significantly decreased these interactions. These observations suggest that above pH 4, ionic interactions caused the protein-protein binding. Below pH 4, hydrophobic interactions presumably play a major role. These results permit the development of rational methodology for avoiding nonimmunospecific protein-protein interactions in immunologic procedures for detection, isolation, or quantification of rheumatoid factors and other antibodies to IgG.", "PMID": 75921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6008", "title": "Triggering of histamine release from rat mast cells by divalent antibodies against IgE-receptors.", "content": "Antibodies against receptor molecules for IgE on rat basophilic leukemic (RBL) cells were prepared by immunization of a rabbit with immune precipitates composed of IgE-receptor complexes and anti-IgE. Antibodies against cell surface components were specifically purified by using RBL cells and rendered specific for mast cells by appropriate absorption. The major antibodies in the final preparation (anti-RBL) were directed against receptor molecules. It was found that the F(ab')2 fragments of anti-RBL induced histamine release from rat mast cells and caused immediate skin reactions in normal rats. These reactions by anti-RBL or its F(ab')2 fragments were inhibited if the receptors on mast cells had been saturated with IgE. The Fab' fragments of anti-RBL could bind with receptors on RBL cells and blocked passive sensitization of mast cells with IgE antibodies, but failed to induce skin reactions and histamine release from normal mast cells. Sensitization of normal rat skin with the Fab' fragment followed by an i.v. injection of anti-rabbit IgG induced skin reactions. The results indicated that bridging of receptor molecules by divalent anti-receptor antibody triggered mast cells for histamine release.", "contents": "Triggering of histamine release from rat mast cells by divalent antibodies against IgE-receptors. Antibodies against receptor molecules for IgE on rat basophilic leukemic (RBL) cells were prepared by immunization of a rabbit with immune precipitates composed of IgE-receptor complexes and anti-IgE. Antibodies against cell surface components were specifically purified by using RBL cells and rendered specific for mast cells by appropriate absorption. The major antibodies in the final preparation (anti-RBL) were directed against receptor molecules. It was found that the F(ab')2 fragments of anti-RBL induced histamine release from rat mast cells and caused immediate skin reactions in normal rats. These reactions by anti-RBL or its F(ab')2 fragments were inhibited if the receptors on mast cells had been saturated with IgE. The Fab' fragments of anti-RBL could bind with receptors on RBL cells and blocked passive sensitization of mast cells with IgE antibodies, but failed to induce skin reactions and histamine release from normal mast cells. Sensitization of normal rat skin with the Fab' fragment followed by an i.v. injection of anti-rabbit IgG induced skin reactions. The results indicated that bridging of receptor molecules by divalent anti-receptor antibody triggered mast cells for histamine release.", "PMID": 75922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6009", "title": "Complement-dependent stimulation of normal lymphocytes by immune complexes.", "content": "Normal rabbit lymphocytes were stimulated to proliferate in vitro by antibody-antigen complexes. Stimulation was dependent upon C activity. Heat-inactivation or zymosan-treatment of the serum used in culture caused a 75 to 100% loss of responsiveness to the complexes. Serum-free culture or cultures with less than 1% serum supported only low levels of stimulation, but responsiveness reappeared proportionally with increased serum concentration. The low level dose-dependent responses seen in the absence of active C may have been due to C carried over with the cells or to stimulation independent of C. Aggregated rabbit gamma-globulin tested over a broad dose range failed to stimulate normal lymphocytes more than minimally whether or not C was present. Stimulation with immune complexes was sustained by C4-deficient guinea pig serum, indicating participation of the alternative C pathway. Normal rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node proliferated in response to rabbit antibody-antigen complexes. Normal thymocytes were consistently unresponsive to the complexes.", "contents": "Complement-dependent stimulation of normal lymphocytes by immune complexes. Normal rabbit lymphocytes were stimulated to proliferate in vitro by antibody-antigen complexes. Stimulation was dependent upon C activity. Heat-inactivation or zymosan-treatment of the serum used in culture caused a 75 to 100% loss of responsiveness to the complexes. Serum-free culture or cultures with less than 1% serum supported only low levels of stimulation, but responsiveness reappeared proportionally with increased serum concentration. The low level dose-dependent responses seen in the absence of active C may have been due to C carried over with the cells or to stimulation independent of C. Aggregated rabbit gamma-globulin tested over a broad dose range failed to stimulate normal lymphocytes more than minimally whether or not C was present. Stimulation with immune complexes was sustained by C4-deficient guinea pig serum, indicating participation of the alternative C pathway. Normal rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node proliferated in response to rabbit antibody-antigen complexes. Normal thymocytes were consistently unresponsive to the complexes.", "PMID": 75923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6010", "title": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. IV. The presence of an unexpected chicken immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype: subclass or pseudoallele?", "content": "Low concentrations of allotypic specificity CS-1.1 were detected in the sera of two inbred chicken lines [University of California, Davis (UCD) 7 and Regional Poultry Research Laboratory 15I4] previously reported to lack this specificity. The CS-1.1 alloantigen in 15I4 chickens has the same specificity as the major allotype in a line of chickens (UCD 2) in which it was initially defined. In 15I4 chickens, CS-1.1 allotype is present on a population of molecules distinct from those which carry the major allotype; thus a second 7S Ig H chain locus, CS-2, is proposed. The concentration of CS-1.1-bearing molecules determined by two different methods was 7 microgram/ml and 230 microgram/ml in 15I4, whereas UCD 2 chickens had 4 mg/ml of CS-1.1 molecules. The levels of CS-1.1 inhibitory activity in 15I4 birds remained relatively constant over a 30-day period. The presence of two 7S Ig populations in 15I4 chickens may be interpreted as evidence either for 7S Ig subclasses with shared allotypes or for a pseudoallelic organization of genes controlling expression of 7S Ig H chains. The results were consistent with the presence of redundant C region genes, differing in allotypes, whose expression is under the control of an as yet undefined regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Structural and genetic studies on chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes. IV. The presence of an unexpected chicken immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype: subclass or pseudoallele? Low concentrations of allotypic specificity CS-1.1 were detected in the sera of two inbred chicken lines [University of California, Davis (UCD) 7 and Regional Poultry Research Laboratory 15I4] previously reported to lack this specificity. The CS-1.1 alloantigen in 15I4 chickens has the same specificity as the major allotype in a line of chickens (UCD 2) in which it was initially defined. In 15I4 chickens, CS-1.1 allotype is present on a population of molecules distinct from those which carry the major allotype; thus a second 7S Ig H chain locus, CS-2, is proposed. The concentration of CS-1.1-bearing molecules determined by two different methods was 7 microgram/ml and 230 microgram/ml in 15I4, whereas UCD 2 chickens had 4 mg/ml of CS-1.1 molecules. The levels of CS-1.1 inhibitory activity in 15I4 birds remained relatively constant over a 30-day period. The presence of two 7S Ig populations in 15I4 chickens may be interpreted as evidence either for 7S Ig subclasses with shared allotypes or for a pseudoallelic organization of genes controlling expression of 7S Ig H chains. The results were consistent with the presence of redundant C region genes, differing in allotypes, whose expression is under the control of an as yet undefined regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 75924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6011", "title": "Expression of murine Ia antigens during embryonic development.", "content": "An immunochemical analysis of the kinetics of appearance of Ia antigens during embryonic development was performed. Ia antigens first appear on the surface of embryonic cells 11 days postconception and their expression between days 11 and 16 of gestation is confined to the fetal liver. Ia antigen synthesis by fetal liver cells is detectable at day 14. Ia seems to precede Ig as a surface marker of embryonic liver cells, since Ig cannot be detected until day 16 of gestation. H-2 antigens may be immunoprecipitated from day 10 whole embryo cells. F9 primitive teratocarcinoma cells are Ia negative and H-2 negative.", "contents": "Expression of murine Ia antigens during embryonic development. An immunochemical analysis of the kinetics of appearance of Ia antigens during embryonic development was performed. Ia antigens first appear on the surface of embryonic cells 11 days postconception and their expression between days 11 and 16 of gestation is confined to the fetal liver. Ia antigen synthesis by fetal liver cells is detectable at day 14. Ia seems to precede Ig as a surface marker of embryonic liver cells, since Ig cannot be detected until day 16 of gestation. H-2 antigens may be immunoprecipitated from day 10 whole embryo cells. F9 primitive teratocarcinoma cells are Ia negative and H-2 negative.", "PMID": 75925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6012", "title": "Delineation of spontaneous erythrocyte autoantibody responses of NZB and other strains of mice.", "content": "Four anti-erythrocyte autoantibody responses (anti-X, anti-HB, anti-HOL, and anti-I) that occur spontaneously in mice have been characterized with regard to antigenic specificities, predominant immunoglobulin class, and pathogenetic importance. Each autoantibody response exhibits specificity for an independent erythrocyte membrane autoantigen (X, HB, HOL, or I) or a soluble analogue (SEA-X or SEA-HB) present in the plasma. The anti-X response, unique to NZB mice, is directed to a normally exposed murine erythrocyte autoantigen, whereas the anti-HB response is directed to a cryptic erythrocyte autoantigen exposed by limited enzymatic cleavage of the membrane. The anti-I response also is directed to a cryptic but distinct autoantigen, and anti-HOL autoantibodies react with an erythrocyte autoantigen located at the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. Analysis of the predominant immunoglobulin class of each of the autoantibodies has demonstrated that anti-HB and anti-I antibodies are predominantly of IgM class, whereas anti-X and anti-HOL antibodies are IgG immunoblobulins. Only anti-X and anti-HB autoantibodies are recovered from Coombs' positive erythrocytes from NZB mice and erythrocytes with surface C3 are detected only in NZB mice greater than 9 months of age. These data suggest that only the anti-X and anti-HB responses are pathogenetically implicated in the autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice.", "contents": "Delineation of spontaneous erythrocyte autoantibody responses of NZB and other strains of mice. Four anti-erythrocyte autoantibody responses (anti-X, anti-HB, anti-HOL, and anti-I) that occur spontaneously in mice have been characterized with regard to antigenic specificities, predominant immunoglobulin class, and pathogenetic importance. Each autoantibody response exhibits specificity for an independent erythrocyte membrane autoantigen (X, HB, HOL, or I) or a soluble analogue (SEA-X or SEA-HB) present in the plasma. The anti-X response, unique to NZB mice, is directed to a normally exposed murine erythrocyte autoantigen, whereas the anti-HB response is directed to a cryptic erythrocyte autoantigen exposed by limited enzymatic cleavage of the membrane. The anti-I response also is directed to a cryptic but distinct autoantigen, and anti-HOL autoantibodies react with an erythrocyte autoantigen located at the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. Analysis of the predominant immunoglobulin class of each of the autoantibodies has demonstrated that anti-HB and anti-I antibodies are predominantly of IgM class, whereas anti-X and anti-HOL antibodies are IgG immunoblobulins. Only anti-X and anti-HB autoantibodies are recovered from Coombs' positive erythrocytes from NZB mice and erythrocytes with surface C3 are detected only in NZB mice greater than 9 months of age. These data suggest that only the anti-X and anti-HB responses are pathogenetically implicated in the autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice.", "PMID": 75926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6013", "title": "Suppression of growth of guinea pig line-10 hepatocarcinoma. I. Effect of simultaneous administration of tumor cells and antibodies from normal rabbits.", "content": "Suppression of growth of the line-10 hepatocarcinoma in strain-2 guinea pigs occurred when line-10 cells were injected intradermally together with sera or immunoglobulins derived from normal rabbits. A significant number of animals were resistant to subsequent rechallenge with tumor cells. This immunity was specific, depended on contact of immunoglobulins with tumor cells and on the concentration of immunoglobulins. Repeated injections acted as potent vaccines and resulted in the development of immunity in 84.6% of recipients. Fc receptors were not detected on line-10 cells. Antibodies reacting with line-10 cell unique antigens as well as with antigens common to line-10, line-1 and normal guinea pig spleen cells were found in NRS. Injection of line-10 cells together with rabbit immunoglobulins from which antibodies reacting with antigens derived from line-10 cells had been removed did not result in tumor suppression. The specific antigen(s) recognized by antibodies that suppressed growth of the line-10 tumor in vivo was not determined.", "contents": "Suppression of growth of guinea pig line-10 hepatocarcinoma. I. Effect of simultaneous administration of tumor cells and antibodies from normal rabbits. Suppression of growth of the line-10 hepatocarcinoma in strain-2 guinea pigs occurred when line-10 cells were injected intradermally together with sera or immunoglobulins derived from normal rabbits. A significant number of animals were resistant to subsequent rechallenge with tumor cells. This immunity was specific, depended on contact of immunoglobulins with tumor cells and on the concentration of immunoglobulins. Repeated injections acted as potent vaccines and resulted in the development of immunity in 84.6% of recipients. Fc receptors were not detected on line-10 cells. Antibodies reacting with line-10 cell unique antigens as well as with antigens common to line-10, line-1 and normal guinea pig spleen cells were found in NRS. Injection of line-10 cells together with rabbit immunoglobulins from which antibodies reacting with antigens derived from line-10 cells had been removed did not result in tumor suppression. The specific antigen(s) recognized by antibodies that suppressed growth of the line-10 tumor in vivo was not determined.", "PMID": 75927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6014", "title": "Tolerance induced by TNP-derivatized syngeneic erythrocytes: evidence for cooperation between hapten-specific T and hapten-specific B lymphocytes in the immune response.", "content": "Tolerance to the DNP haptenic determinant was induced with a single i.v. injection of trinitrophenylated syngeneic red blood cells. The tolerant state lasted 1 month and was stable on transfer to irradiated thymectomized syngeneic recipients. Suppressor activity was found soon after injection of tolerogen but was lost before the termination of tolerance. The unresponsive state could be reversed by adding normal thymus cells to tolerant spleen cells but not by normal bone marrow cells. LPS when given with immunogen restored the normal immune response in tolerant mice. Thus the injection of TNP-MRBC induced partial immune unresponsiveness which was characterized by the induction of T cell suppressor activity and by a hapten-specific helper T cells tolerance. Finally, these studies suggest a cooperative interaction between DNP-specific T lymphocytes and DNP-specific B lymphocytes in the immune response to DNP-BGG.", "contents": "Tolerance induced by TNP-derivatized syngeneic erythrocytes: evidence for cooperation between hapten-specific T and hapten-specific B lymphocytes in the immune response. Tolerance to the DNP haptenic determinant was induced with a single i.v. injection of trinitrophenylated syngeneic red blood cells. The tolerant state lasted 1 month and was stable on transfer to irradiated thymectomized syngeneic recipients. Suppressor activity was found soon after injection of tolerogen but was lost before the termination of tolerance. The unresponsive state could be reversed by adding normal thymus cells to tolerant spleen cells but not by normal bone marrow cells. LPS when given with immunogen restored the normal immune response in tolerant mice. Thus the injection of TNP-MRBC induced partial immune unresponsiveness which was characterized by the induction of T cell suppressor activity and by a hapten-specific helper T cells tolerance. Finally, these studies suggest a cooperative interaction between DNP-specific T lymphocytes and DNP-specific B lymphocytes in the immune response to DNP-BGG.", "PMID": 75928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6015", "title": "Leukocyte complement: neoantigens of the membrane attack complex on the surface of human leukocytes prepared from defibrinated blood.", "content": "The neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) which have been identified in the human C5b-9 membranolytic C complex were detected here by the direct fluorescent antibody technique on the surface of 27 +/- 11% of viable peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). The cells were prepared from defibrinated blood by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque. Specificity of the antisera was established by quantitative inhibition of the fluorescent staining reaction, and of agglutination of EAC1-7, by highly purified C5b-9 complex. No inhibition was observed with fresh normal human serum. The majority of the PBL with surface neoAg was found in the B lymphocyte subpopulation that failed to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. NeoAg on B lymphocytes was removed to differing degrees by trypsin, papain, or pepsin treatment, and by maintaining the cells at 4 degree C for 20 hr in serum-free medium. The individual components, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9, were also detected on the surface of PBL. With differential fluorescent stains, C5 and neoAg as well as C8 and neoAg could be detected on the same cells. The results indicate that viable B lymphocytes prepared from defibrinated blood, have the components of the membrane attack complex of C on their surface. The concomitant occurrence of the neoAg indicates that these proteins are present at least in part in the form of the assembled terminal complex.", "contents": "Leukocyte complement: neoantigens of the membrane attack complex on the surface of human leukocytes prepared from defibrinated blood. The neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) which have been identified in the human C5b-9 membranolytic C complex were detected here by the direct fluorescent antibody technique on the surface of 27 +/- 11% of viable peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). The cells were prepared from defibrinated blood by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque. Specificity of the antisera was established by quantitative inhibition of the fluorescent staining reaction, and of agglutination of EAC1-7, by highly purified C5b-9 complex. No inhibition was observed with fresh normal human serum. The majority of the PBL with surface neoAg was found in the B lymphocyte subpopulation that failed to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. NeoAg on B lymphocytes was removed to differing degrees by trypsin, papain, or pepsin treatment, and by maintaining the cells at 4 degree C for 20 hr in serum-free medium. The individual components, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9, were also detected on the surface of PBL. With differential fluorescent stains, C5 and neoAg as well as C8 and neoAg could be detected on the same cells. The results indicate that viable B lymphocytes prepared from defibrinated blood, have the components of the membrane attack complex of C on their surface. The concomitant occurrence of the neoAg indicates that these proteins are present at least in part in the form of the assembled terminal complex.", "PMID": 75929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6016", "title": "Intrinsic tritium labeling of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "The capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b was intrinsically labeled with tritium by a microculture technique with 6-3H-D-glucose and was isolated in radioantigenically pure form by a combination of selective precipitation and molecular sieve chromatography. Labeling with tritated sugar residues approached one-fourth maximum and produced a specific activity 10-fold that previously described for extrinsic labeling methods. In radioantigen-binding assays for antibody, sensitivity depended on the size of the antigen; preparations were readily made that could detect 0.01 microgram Ab/ml in serum samples of 25 microliter. Stability of the labeled antigen appears limited only by the primary radiodecomposition of tritium.", "contents": "Intrinsic tritium labeling of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type B. The capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b was intrinsically labeled with tritium by a microculture technique with 6-3H-D-glucose and was isolated in radioantigenically pure form by a combination of selective precipitation and molecular sieve chromatography. Labeling with tritated sugar residues approached one-fourth maximum and produced a specific activity 10-fold that previously described for extrinsic labeling methods. In radioantigen-binding assays for antibody, sensitivity depended on the size of the antigen; preparations were readily made that could detect 0.01 microgram Ab/ml in serum samples of 25 microliter. Stability of the labeled antigen appears limited only by the primary radiodecomposition of tritium.", "PMID": 75930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6017", "title": "Epidermal metabolism in heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease).", "content": "The epidermal metabolic activity of a patient with a marked generalized ichthyosis associated with heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis has been investigated. Both the in vivo labeling index and the in vitro rates of incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine, proline, histidine and acetate were increased relative to normal indicating a high rate of epidermopoiesis. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of 14C-acetate containing lipid extracts revealed qualitative changes compared with normal. In particular, altered proportions of radioactivities were incorporated into the triglyceride and phospholipid moieties. However, as abnormal patterns of lipogenesis are also seen in autosomal dominant ichthyosis, these changes are probably a reflection of disordered keratinization.", "contents": "Epidermal metabolism in heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease). The epidermal metabolic activity of a patient with a marked generalized ichthyosis associated with heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis has been investigated. Both the in vivo labeling index and the in vitro rates of incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine, proline, histidine and acetate were increased relative to normal indicating a high rate of epidermopoiesis. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of 14C-acetate containing lipid extracts revealed qualitative changes compared with normal. In particular, altered proportions of radioactivities were incorporated into the triglyceride and phospholipid moieties. However, as abnormal patterns of lipogenesis are also seen in autosomal dominant ichthyosis, these changes are probably a reflection of disordered keratinization.", "PMID": 75934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6018", "title": "Localization and synthesis of alphafoetoprotein in post-implantation mouse embryos.", "content": "The localization and synthesis of alphafoetoprotein (AFP) during mouse embryogenesis were studied by immunoperoxidase and by immunoprecipitation after radioactive labelling, using an antiserum prepared against AFP. AFP is first detectable in embryos on the 7th day of gestation (7th day embryos). In 7th and 8th day embryos AFP is confined to visceral (proximal) endoderm cells around the embryonic region of the egg cylinder. Visceral extra-embryonic and parietal (distal) endoderm cells do not contain AFP. By the 9th day of gestation AFP is also present in the extra-embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm and embryonic ectoderm cells around the three cavities of the embryo. These tissues do not synthesize AFP when cultured in isolation, but can adsorb AFP when it is added to the medium. On the 12th day of gestation AFP synthesis is confined to the endoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac. It is concluded that the ability to synthesize AFP is a property which is restricted to the visceral endoderm during early post-implantation development. The presence of AFP in other tissues of the embryo appears to be due to adsorption.", "contents": "Localization and synthesis of alphafoetoprotein in post-implantation mouse embryos. The localization and synthesis of alphafoetoprotein (AFP) during mouse embryogenesis were studied by immunoperoxidase and by immunoprecipitation after radioactive labelling, using an antiserum prepared against AFP. AFP is first detectable in embryos on the 7th day of gestation (7th day embryos). In 7th and 8th day embryos AFP is confined to visceral (proximal) endoderm cells around the embryonic region of the egg cylinder. Visceral extra-embryonic and parietal (distal) endoderm cells do not contain AFP. By the 9th day of gestation AFP is also present in the extra-embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm and embryonic ectoderm cells around the three cavities of the embryo. These tissues do not synthesize AFP when cultured in isolation, but can adsorb AFP when it is added to the medium. On the 12th day of gestation AFP synthesis is confined to the endoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac. It is concluded that the ability to synthesize AFP is a property which is restricted to the visceral endoderm during early post-implantation development. The presence of AFP in other tissues of the embryo appears to be due to adsorption.", "PMID": 75937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6019", "title": "Immunological unresponsiveness to native dextran B512 in young animals of dextran high responder strains is due to lack of Ig receptors expression. Evidence for a nonrandom expression of V-genes.", "content": "Young mice of dextran high responder strains were found to be complete nonresponders to the alpha-1-6 epitope of dextran during 30-40 days after birth. They also failed to respond to thymus-dependent dextran-protein conjugates. Cells from young and adult mice were activated equally well to polyclonal antibody synthesis by the polyclonal B-cell-activating property of dextran. There was no age difference in the immune response to haptens conjugated to dextran, indicating that dextran can function as an efficient carrier also in young mice. Unresponsiveness could not be attributed to suppressor T cells or to a suppressive environment in young animals, as shown by transfer experiments, in which living or irradiated cells from young and adult mice were admixed in various ways and transferred to irradiated recipients of different ages. Cells from young mice did not affect response of adult cells (and the reverse), nor did the age of the irradiated recipient influence the response. When lymphocytes from young and adult mice were polyclonally activated in vitro by lipopolysaccharide, only cells from young mice failed to synthesize antibodies against the alpha-1-6 epitope of dextran, although they produced antibodies of all other specificities tested for. It was concluded that young animals fail to express immunoglobulins directed against the alpha-1-6 epitope during the first 30-40 days after birth. Since the mice possess the VH gene coding for antibodies against this particular epitope, it was concluded that the timing of V gene expression is regulated during development, possibly at the V-C gene translocation level.", "contents": "Immunological unresponsiveness to native dextran B512 in young animals of dextran high responder strains is due to lack of Ig receptors expression. Evidence for a nonrandom expression of V-genes. Young mice of dextran high responder strains were found to be complete nonresponders to the alpha-1-6 epitope of dextran during 30-40 days after birth. They also failed to respond to thymus-dependent dextran-protein conjugates. Cells from young and adult mice were activated equally well to polyclonal antibody synthesis by the polyclonal B-cell-activating property of dextran. There was no age difference in the immune response to haptens conjugated to dextran, indicating that dextran can function as an efficient carrier also in young mice. Unresponsiveness could not be attributed to suppressor T cells or to a suppressive environment in young animals, as shown by transfer experiments, in which living or irradiated cells from young and adult mice were admixed in various ways and transferred to irradiated recipients of different ages. Cells from young mice did not affect response of adult cells (and the reverse), nor did the age of the irradiated recipient influence the response. When lymphocytes from young and adult mice were polyclonally activated in vitro by lipopolysaccharide, only cells from young mice failed to synthesize antibodies against the alpha-1-6 epitope of dextran, although they produced antibodies of all other specificities tested for. It was concluded that young animals fail to express immunoglobulins directed against the alpha-1-6 epitope during the first 30-40 days after birth. Since the mice possess the VH gene coding for antibodies against this particular epitope, it was concluded that the timing of V gene expression is regulated during development, possibly at the V-C gene translocation level.", "PMID": 75938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6020", "title": "In vivo effects of anti-Ia alloantisera. I. Elimination of specific suppression by in vivo administration of antisera specific for I-J controlled determinants.", "content": "The in vivo effects of intravenous administration of alloantisera directed to I-J subregion coded determinants were investigated. In confirmation and extension of our previous results, anti-I-Jk [B10.A(3R) anti-B10.A(5R)] and anti-I-Js ([B10.A(3R) X B10.S(9R)]F1 anti-B10.HTT) antisera, when administered in 1 to 10 microliter amounts at the time of immunization, led to twofold increases in the IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) responses to suboptimal doses of sheep erythrocytes in A/J (I-Jk) and SJL (I-Js) mice, respectively. To assess whether this immunopotentiation was due to a decrease in specific suppression, experiments were carried out using the polypeptide antigens random linear terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine30, and L-tyrosine10 (GAT) and random linear copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), since administration of GAT to the nonresponder strain SJL, or GT to the nonresponder strain CBA fails to induce a primary PFC response and stimulates specific suppressor T cells able to prevent PFC responses to subsequent challenge with the immunogens GAT-methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) or GT-MBSA, respectively. The current study demonstrates that CBA (I-Jk) mice given 100 microgram GT in Maalox-pertussis adjuvant on day 0, and 10 microliter anti-I-Jk antiserum i.v. on days 0, 1, and 2, develop a significant primary specific PFC response on day 7. A similar responsiveness to 10 microgram GAT is found in SJL mice treated with 10 microliter anti-I-Js antiserum for 3 days. This same active anti-I-Js antiserum does not permit CBA mice to respond to GT, demonstrating the specificity of the anti-I-J effect. These data suggest that anti-I-J antiserum treatment at the time of antigen administration reduces suppressor responses to GAT or GT, permitting primary PFC responses. To directly demonstrate such an effect on suppressor activity, SJL or CBA mice treated, respectively, with GAT or GT to induce suppressor cells active on GAT-MBSA or GT-MBSA responses after adoptive transfer to normal syngeneic recipients were also given anti-I-J antisera (10 microliter/day) for 3 days, at which time their spleen cells were tested for suppressive activity upon transfer. Cells from such treated mice failed to show detectable suppressive activity upon transfer to syngeneic recipients challenged with GAT-MBSA or GT-MBSA, confirming the hypothesis of an in vivo effect of anti-I-J antiserum on suppressor activity.", "contents": "In vivo effects of anti-Ia alloantisera. I. Elimination of specific suppression by in vivo administration of antisera specific for I-J controlled determinants. The in vivo effects of intravenous administration of alloantisera directed to I-J subregion coded determinants were investigated. In confirmation and extension of our previous results, anti-I-Jk [B10.A(3R) anti-B10.A(5R)] and anti-I-Js ([B10.A(3R) X B10.S(9R)]F1 anti-B10.HTT) antisera, when administered in 1 to 10 microliter amounts at the time of immunization, led to twofold increases in the IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) responses to suboptimal doses of sheep erythrocytes in A/J (I-Jk) and SJL (I-Js) mice, respectively. To assess whether this immunopotentiation was due to a decrease in specific suppression, experiments were carried out using the polypeptide antigens random linear terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine30, and L-tyrosine10 (GAT) and random linear copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT), since administration of GAT to the nonresponder strain SJL, or GT to the nonresponder strain CBA fails to induce a primary PFC response and stimulates specific suppressor T cells able to prevent PFC responses to subsequent challenge with the immunogens GAT-methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) or GT-MBSA, respectively. The current study demonstrates that CBA (I-Jk) mice given 100 microgram GT in Maalox-pertussis adjuvant on day 0, and 10 microliter anti-I-Jk antiserum i.v. on days 0, 1, and 2, develop a significant primary specific PFC response on day 7. A similar responsiveness to 10 microgram GAT is found in SJL mice treated with 10 microliter anti-I-Js antiserum for 3 days. This same active anti-I-Js antiserum does not permit CBA mice to respond to GT, demonstrating the specificity of the anti-I-J effect. These data suggest that anti-I-J antiserum treatment at the time of antigen administration reduces suppressor responses to GAT or GT, permitting primary PFC responses. To directly demonstrate such an effect on suppressor activity, SJL or CBA mice treated, respectively, with GAT or GT to induce suppressor cells active on GAT-MBSA or GT-MBSA responses after adoptive transfer to normal syngeneic recipients were also given anti-I-J antisera (10 microliter/day) for 3 days, at which time their spleen cells were tested for suppressive activity upon transfer. Cells from such treated mice failed to show detectable suppressive activity upon transfer to syngeneic recipients challenged with GAT-MBSA or GT-MBSA, confirming the hypothesis of an in vivo effect of anti-I-J antiserum on suppressor activity.", "PMID": 75939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6021", "title": "Cellular and genetic restrictions in the immunoregulatory activity of alpha-fetoprotein. I. Selective inhibition of anti-Ia-associated proliferative reactions.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a major alpha-globulin component of fetal and newborn sera, has earlier been shown to exert significant immunosuppressive activity in vitro on T-dependent-immune responses. In the present investigation we have examined the effects of AFP on the recognition and proliferation of T lymphocytes responding in mixed leukocyte culture against histocompatibility-associated alloantigens. Fetal-derived AFP could be shown to exert differential effects on both primary and secondary responses ranging from strong inhibition to occasional enhancement, depending on the stimulating antigens. Proliferative responses against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I region determinants, mediated predominantly by Ly 1 + cells, were markedly suppressed. Suppression was also observed in responses against Mls locus products, an antigenic system whose recognition requires concomitant recognition of I region gene products on the stimulating cells. In contrast, responses against MHC K or D region determinants, mediated predominantly by Ly 2 + cells, were generally unaffected by AFP. Similarly, non-MHC loci alloantigens distinct from Mls locus products also induced T-cell proliferation which was refractive to suppression by AFP. Because neither Ly 1 + nor Ly 2 + cells responding in this latter situation could be inhibited by AFP, we concluded that the mere fact that a T cell expresses a particular Ly phenotype does not predetermine sensitivity to AFP-induced suppression. In any case, AFP exerts a highly selective suppressive activity on I region-associated immune responses. These data may help to resolve the present controversy over the possibility that AFP has an in vivo relevance as an immunosuppressive agent by pointing out the importance of selecting proper genetic situations for study.", "contents": "Cellular and genetic restrictions in the immunoregulatory activity of alpha-fetoprotein. I. Selective inhibition of anti-Ia-associated proliferative reactions. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a major alpha-globulin component of fetal and newborn sera, has earlier been shown to exert significant immunosuppressive activity in vitro on T-dependent-immune responses. In the present investigation we have examined the effects of AFP on the recognition and proliferation of T lymphocytes responding in mixed leukocyte culture against histocompatibility-associated alloantigens. Fetal-derived AFP could be shown to exert differential effects on both primary and secondary responses ranging from strong inhibition to occasional enhancement, depending on the stimulating antigens. Proliferative responses against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I region determinants, mediated predominantly by Ly 1 + cells, were markedly suppressed. Suppression was also observed in responses against Mls locus products, an antigenic system whose recognition requires concomitant recognition of I region gene products on the stimulating cells. In contrast, responses against MHC K or D region determinants, mediated predominantly by Ly 2 + cells, were generally unaffected by AFP. Similarly, non-MHC loci alloantigens distinct from Mls locus products also induced T-cell proliferation which was refractive to suppression by AFP. Because neither Ly 1 + nor Ly 2 + cells responding in this latter situation could be inhibited by AFP, we concluded that the mere fact that a T cell expresses a particular Ly phenotype does not predetermine sensitivity to AFP-induced suppression. In any case, AFP exerts a highly selective suppressive activity on I region-associated immune responses. These data may help to resolve the present controversy over the possibility that AFP has an in vivo relevance as an immunosuppressive agent by pointing out the importance of selecting proper genetic situations for study.", "PMID": 75940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6022", "title": "Immunologic responsiveness of the C3H/HeJ mouse: differential ability of butanol-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evoke LPS-mediated effects.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-protein complex extracted from the cell wall of Escherichia coli K235 by the butanol-water technique has been shown to evoke a mitogenic response in bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes from the C3H/HeJ mouse strain. These mice are resistant to the effects of LPS extracted with phenol. Therefore, the ability of butanol-extracted LPS to modulate a spectrum of C3H/HeJ B-cell functions was investigated. Both butanol-extracted (LPS-B) and phenol-extracted (LPS-P) LPS preparations activated responder C3H/St spleen cell cultures to polyclonal antibody production, while only LPS-B activated C3H/HeJ spleen cells. Both LPS-P and LPS-B acted as adjuvants when injected after aggregated human gamma globulin (HGG) in C3H/St mice, but neither preparation was effective as a adjuvant in C3H/HeJ mice. LPS-P injected with deaggregated HGG (tolerogen) into LPS-sensitive mice has been shown previously to inhibit the induction of tolerance HGG. In the present studies, it was shown that LPS-B, but not LPs-p, was able to inhibit tolerance induction to HGG in the C3H/HeJ, whereas both preparations were effective in the C3H/St. LPS has also been shown to bypass tolerant T cells in LPS-sensitive mice late in tolerance to HGG at a time when B cells are responsive. However, in the C3H/HeJ, neither LPS-B nor LPS-P was capable of this function. The responsiveness of these B cells to HGG was demonstrated in transfer experiments. Thus, in the C3H/HeJ, LPS-B stimulates mitogenesis, polyclonal B-cell activation, and inhibition of tolerance induction, but cannot act as an effective adjuvant or as a bypass mechanism to activate B cells in the presence of tolerant  T cells. The explanation for this pattern of responses may be attributable to yet  another cellular defect in the C3H/HeJ mouse.", "contents": "Immunologic responsiveness of the C3H/HeJ mouse: differential ability of butanol-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evoke LPS-mediated effects. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-protein complex extracted from the cell wall of Escherichia coli K235 by the butanol-water technique has been shown to evoke a mitogenic response in bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes from the C3H/HeJ mouse strain. These mice are resistant to the effects of LPS extracted with phenol. Therefore, the ability of butanol-extracted LPS to modulate a spectrum of C3H/HeJ B-cell functions was investigated. Both butanol-extracted (LPS-B) and phenol-extracted (LPS-P) LPS preparations activated responder C3H/St spleen cell cultures to polyclonal antibody production, while only LPS-B activated C3H/HeJ spleen cells. Both LPS-P and LPS-B acted as adjuvants when injected after aggregated human gamma globulin (HGG) in C3H/St mice, but neither preparation was effective as a adjuvant in C3H/HeJ mice. LPS-P injected with deaggregated HGG (tolerogen) into LPS-sensitive mice has been shown previously to inhibit the induction of tolerance HGG. In the present studies, it was shown that LPS-B, but not LPs-p, was able to inhibit tolerance induction to HGG in the C3H/HeJ, whereas both preparations were effective in the C3H/St. LPS has also been shown to bypass tolerant T cells in LPS-sensitive mice late in tolerance to HGG at a time when B cells are responsive. However, in the C3H/HeJ, neither LPS-B nor LPS-P was capable of this function. The responsiveness of these B cells to HGG was demonstrated in transfer experiments. Thus, in the C3H/HeJ, LPS-B stimulates mitogenesis, polyclonal B-cell activation, and inhibition of tolerance induction, but cannot act as an effective adjuvant or as a bypass mechanism to activate B cells in the presence of tolerant  T cells. The explanation for this pattern of responses may be attributable to yet  another cellular defect in the C3H/HeJ mouse.", "PMID": 75941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6023", "title": "Immunochemical studies on blood groups LXVI. Competitive binding assays of A1 and A2 blood group substances with insolubilized anti-A serum and insolubilized A agglutinin from Dolichos biflorus.", "content": "Competitive binding assays using 3H-labeled blood group A substance and insolubilized Dolichos biflorus lectin or human anti-A were carried out, measuring competition by blood group A1 and A2 glycoproteins, and by unabsorbed anti-A sera, and with these sera absorbed with the A1 and A2 glycoproteins. With Dolichos lectin specific for (formula: see text) A1 substances had about 11 times as many determinants as did A2 substances, but the slopes of the lines in the competitive binding assays were the same. With insolubilized anti-A, A2 substances gave lines of lower slopes. Although individual A1 populations varied in the amounts giving 50% inhibition in the assays, as did A2 substances, the slopes of the lines for the A1 substances were the same and always higher than the slopes of the lines for the A2 substances. Competitive binding assays with unabsorbed anti-A sera and with these sera absorbed with insoluble polyleucyl A1 and A2 substances showed that partial absorption of polyleucyl A1 substances left antibodies of lower slope in the supernate, whereas absorption with polyleucyl A2 substance left antibodies (anti-A1) having the same or an even higher slope than the unabsorbed sera. The findings indicate that human A1 and A2 glycoproteins differ in their determinants, and that A2 specificity is determined by the type 2 chain in which the A trisaccharide (formula: see text) is linked beta 1 leads to 4 to DGlcNAc, whereas the A1 specificity is determined by the type 1 chain in which this trisaccharide is linked beta 1 leads to 3 to DGlcNAc; most of the determinants in the glycoproteins have a second LFuc linked alpha 1 leads to 3 and alpha 1 leads to 4 to the DGlcNAc of the type 2 and type 1 chains, respectively.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on blood groups LXVI. Competitive binding assays of A1 and A2 blood group substances with insolubilized anti-A serum and insolubilized A agglutinin from Dolichos biflorus. Competitive binding assays using 3H-labeled blood group A substance and insolubilized Dolichos biflorus lectin or human anti-A were carried out, measuring competition by blood group A1 and A2 glycoproteins, and by unabsorbed anti-A sera, and with these sera absorbed with the A1 and A2 glycoproteins. With Dolichos lectin specific for (formula: see text) A1 substances had about 11 times as many determinants as did A2 substances, but the slopes of the lines in the competitive binding assays were the same. With insolubilized anti-A, A2 substances gave lines of lower slopes. Although individual A1 populations varied in the amounts giving 50% inhibition in the assays, as did A2 substances, the slopes of the lines for the A1 substances were the same and always higher than the slopes of the lines for the A2 substances. Competitive binding assays with unabsorbed anti-A sera and with these sera absorbed with insoluble polyleucyl A1 and A2 substances showed that partial absorption of polyleucyl A1 substances left antibodies of lower slope in the supernate, whereas absorption with polyleucyl A2 substance left antibodies (anti-A1) having the same or an even higher slope than the unabsorbed sera. The findings indicate that human A1 and A2 glycoproteins differ in their determinants, and that A2 specificity is determined by the type 2 chain in which the A trisaccharide (formula: see text) is linked beta 1 leads to 4 to DGlcNAc, whereas the A1 specificity is determined by the type 1 chain in which this trisaccharide is linked beta 1 leads to 3 to DGlcNAc; most of the determinants in the glycoproteins have a second LFuc linked alpha 1 leads to 3 and alpha 1 leads to 4 to the DGlcNAc of the type 2 and type 1 chains, respectively.", "PMID": 75942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6024", "title": "Deposition of retrovirus associated antigens (p30 and gp70) on cell membranes of feline and murine leukaemia virus infected cells.", "content": "A quantitative estimation of retrovirus associated cell membrane antigens of murine and feline cells infected with their respective type C leukosis virus is presented. Using a radio-immune assay with three broadly reactive antisera, the minimum estimated number of retrovirus associated antigenic determinants on YAC [Moloney leukaemia virus (MuLV) infected murine] and FL-74 [feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infected feline] cells was 1.3 x 10(6) and 1.6 x10(6) determinants per cell respectively. The virus structural proteins p27-30 and gp70 were detected by three component specific antisera on murine and feline cell surfaces in amounts which varied between cell isolates. MuLV infected cells produced as many as 1.9 x 10(5) p30 antigenic determinants and 7.5 x 10(5) gp70 determinants on infected cells. FeLV infected cells (FL-74) expressed 5.6 x 10(5) p27 and 7.5 x 10(5) gp70 antigenic determinants per single cell surface. The major core protein (p27-30) and the major envelope glycoprotein (gp70) antigens are sufficiently physically separated on cell surfaces so that binding of either of the membrane antigens with component specific antibodies does not interfere with binding of antibodies specific for the other. Despite the expression of interspecies determinants for p30, gp70, and other retrovirus associated antigens detected by antibody procedures, interspecies determinants of cell mediated immunity could not be demonstrated in immune mice bearing Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) induced tumours. Furthermore, xenogeneic immunization of mice with FL-74 cells failed to protect mice against the growth of MSV induced lymphoma or sarcoma.", "contents": "Deposition of retrovirus associated antigens (p30 and gp70) on cell membranes of feline and murine leukaemia virus infected cells. A quantitative estimation of retrovirus associated cell membrane antigens of murine and feline cells infected with their respective type C leukosis virus is presented. Using a radio-immune assay with three broadly reactive antisera, the minimum estimated number of retrovirus associated antigenic determinants on YAC [Moloney leukaemia virus (MuLV) infected murine] and FL-74 [feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infected feline] cells was 1.3 x 10(6) and 1.6 x10(6) determinants per cell respectively. The virus structural proteins p27-30 and gp70 were detected by three component specific antisera on murine and feline cell surfaces in amounts which varied between cell isolates. MuLV infected cells produced as many as 1.9 x 10(5) p30 antigenic determinants and 7.5 x 10(5) gp70 determinants on infected cells. FeLV infected cells (FL-74) expressed 5.6 x 10(5) p27 and 7.5 x 10(5) gp70 antigenic determinants per single cell surface. The major core protein (p27-30) and the major envelope glycoprotein (gp70) antigens are sufficiently physically separated on cell surfaces so that binding of either of the membrane antigens with component specific antibodies does not interfere with binding of antibodies specific for the other. Despite the expression of interspecies determinants for p30, gp70, and other retrovirus associated antigens detected by antibody procedures, interspecies determinants of cell mediated immunity could not be demonstrated in immune mice bearing Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) induced tumours. Furthermore, xenogeneic immunization of mice with FL-74 cells failed to protect mice against the growth of MSV induced lymphoma or sarcoma.", "PMID": 75945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6025", "title": "Antigens of hepatitis B virus: failure to detect HBeAg on the surfaces of HBsAg forms.", "content": "The particulate forms of HBsAg were analysed for the presence of HBeAG on their surfaces. By immunodiffusion analysis, anti-HBe did not form precipitin bands with the purified forms of HBSAg and hyperimmune guinea pig antisera to these forms did not react with HBeAg. Lines of non-identity were observed between the HBeAg determinants (e1 and e2) and the Dane particles and filaments isolated from an HBeAg-positive serum. Finally, anti-HBe failed to precipitate the polymerase-positive subpopulation of Dane particles, indicating that anti-HBe has no direct role in virus neutralization.", "contents": "Antigens of hepatitis B virus: failure to detect HBeAg on the surfaces of HBsAg forms. The particulate forms of HBsAg were analysed for the presence of HBeAG on their surfaces. By immunodiffusion analysis, anti-HBe did not form precipitin bands with the purified forms of HBSAg and hyperimmune guinea pig antisera to these forms did not react with HBeAg. Lines of non-identity were observed between the HBeAg determinants (e1 and e2) and the Dane particles and filaments isolated from an HBeAg-positive serum. Finally, anti-HBe failed to precipitate the polymerase-positive subpopulation of Dane particles, indicating that anti-HBe has no direct role in virus neutralization.", "PMID": 75946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6026", "title": "Serological relatedness of monkeypox, variola, and vaccinia viruses.", "content": "Closely related human and monkey orthopoxviruses were differentiated by serologic techniques. Antiviral sera were tested by immunodiffusion for reactivity against six different viral antigens prepared from either infected cell cultures or infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of embryonated eggs. Portions of each antiserum were separately absorbed with heterologous antigens from infected CAMs to remove common reactivity. The absorbed sera formed immunodiffusion precipitates with both types of antigen preparation and revealed specific-character differences that made it possible to classify the viruses as variola, vaccinia, or monkeypox. Cross-complement fixation tests were also used to examine the immunologic reactivities of antisera to detergent-treated, purified preparations of three orthopoxviruses. Only common reactivities were detected by this method, however, and differentiating reactivities were not observed.", "contents": "Serological relatedness of monkeypox, variola, and vaccinia viruses. Closely related human and monkey orthopoxviruses were differentiated by serologic techniques. Antiviral sera were tested by immunodiffusion for reactivity against six different viral antigens prepared from either infected cell cultures or infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of embryonated eggs. Portions of each antiserum were separately absorbed with heterologous antigens from infected CAMs to remove common reactivity. The absorbed sera formed immunodiffusion precipitates with both types of antigen preparation and revealed specific-character differences that made it possible to classify the viruses as variola, vaccinia, or monkeypox. Cross-complement fixation tests were also used to examine the immunologic reactivities of antisera to detergent-treated, purified preparations of three orthopoxviruses. Only common reactivities were detected by this method, however, and differentiating reactivities were not observed.", "PMID": 75947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6027", "title": "Epilepsy in children. An etiological study based on their obstetrical records.", "content": "Events which might have a casual significance for epilepsy were collected from the obstetrical case reports of 100 epileptic children who were born in four hospitals in a large town. 100 healthy children of the same age, who had been born in the same hospitals, served as a control group. The differences were worked out by means of the Chi square test and where small numbers were involved the Yates theory was used. It indicated that some possibilities of damage (e.g. higher age of the mother at birth, toxemia of pregnancy, premature birth, heavy weight at birth) are important either with respect to all patients or to the different types of attacks, whereas other factors (e.g. abnormal positions, instrumental delivery, coiling of the umbilical cord) whose roles are likewise never usually doubted, can be neglected. Exogenous reactions were found most frequently in the case of patients with grand mal and focal attacks, although, as was expected, they were missing in patients with absences, whose main genetic nature is known. It is pointed out that only with extreme caution may the various possibilities of damage be found responsible for epilepsy in children in general or for the individual types of attacks.", "contents": "Epilepsy in children. An etiological study based on their obstetrical records. Events which might have a casual significance for epilepsy were collected from the obstetrical case reports of 100 epileptic children who were born in four hospitals in a large town. 100 healthy children of the same age, who had been born in the same hospitals, served as a control group. The differences were worked out by means of the Chi square test and where small numbers were involved the Yates theory was used. It indicated that some possibilities of damage (e.g. higher age of the mother at birth, toxemia of pregnancy, premature birth, heavy weight at birth) are important either with respect to all patients or to the different types of attacks, whereas other factors (e.g. abnormal positions, instrumental delivery, coiling of the umbilical cord) whose roles are likewise never usually doubted, can be neglected. Exogenous reactions were found most frequently in the case of patients with grand mal and focal attacks, although, as was expected, they were missing in patients with absences, whose main genetic nature is known. It is pointed out that only with extreme caution may the various possibilities of damage be found responsible for epilepsy in children in general or for the individual types of attacks.", "PMID": 75949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6028", "title": "Botulism: clinical neurophysical findings.", "content": "Four cases of mild botulinus type B intoxication are reported with the clinical neurophysiological studies. Electromyographically tetanic stimulation of the N. ulnaris initially led to tetanic potentiation of the muscle action potential. After an interval without any symptoms tetanic reduction became apparent between the fourth and seventh week of the illness. The electroneurographic finding was normal during the observation period of three months. Infrared reflex pupillographic studies revealed that the cholinergic autonomous synapses were disturbed for a period much longer than the symptoms clinically established. The speed at which the pupillographic findings returned to normal varied considerably according to the patient. Electroencephalographic results indicated generalized groups of slow high amplitude waves in three of the four cases during the period of observation. The pathophysiology of botulinus intoxication is discussed with a consideration of the literature and the results of this study.", "contents": "Botulism: clinical neurophysical findings. Four cases of mild botulinus type B intoxication are reported with the clinical neurophysiological studies. Electromyographically tetanic stimulation of the N. ulnaris initially led to tetanic potentiation of the muscle action potential. After an interval without any symptoms tetanic reduction became apparent between the fourth and seventh week of the illness. The electroneurographic finding was normal during the observation period of three months. Infrared reflex pupillographic studies revealed that the cholinergic autonomous synapses were disturbed for a period much longer than the symptoms clinically established. The speed at which the pupillographic findings returned to normal varied considerably according to the patient. Electroencephalographic results indicated generalized groups of slow high amplitude waves in three of the four cases during the period of observation. The pathophysiology of botulinus intoxication is discussed with a consideration of the literature and the results of this study.", "PMID": 75950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6029", "title": "The effect of large doses of dexamethasone on the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial tumors.", "content": "The effect of large doses of dexamethasone (80 mg) on the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was investigated with continuous lumbar CSFP measurement over 24 h in 10 patients with supratentorial cerebral tumors and clinical signs of elevated intracranial pressure. There was a further slight rise in CSFP with an unchanged pressure pattern in the course of observation of the untreated control group. A marked lowering of CSFP was observed within 6 h after initial intravenous administration of dexamethasone to seven of the treated patients. In four of the treated patients an unequivocal and in five only a moderate CSFP lowering was measured at the end of the registration. One patient had a slight rise in pressure. The plateau waves of all the patients treated decreased in height, frequency and duration within the first hours, while fluctuations in pressure level and CSFP amplitude were reduced.", "contents": "The effect of large doses of dexamethasone on the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial tumors. The effect of large doses of dexamethasone (80 mg) on the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was investigated with continuous lumbar CSFP measurement over 24 h in 10 patients with supratentorial cerebral tumors and clinical signs of elevated intracranial pressure. There was a further slight rise in CSFP with an unchanged pressure pattern in the course of observation of the untreated control group. A marked lowering of CSFP was observed within 6 h after initial intravenous administration of dexamethasone to seven of the treated patients. In four of the treated patients an unequivocal and in five only a moderate CSFP lowering was measured at the end of the registration. One patient had a slight rise in pressure. The plateau waves of all the patients treated decreased in height, frequency and duration within the first hours, while fluctuations in pressure level and CSFP amplitude were reduced.", "PMID": 75951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6030", "title": "Adult-onset of Tangier disease: 1. Morphometric and pathologic studies suggesting delayed degradation of neutral lipids after fiber degeneration.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman, with the typical biochemical features of Tangier disease, had a syringomyelia-like syndrome which has now been observed in several patients with symptomatic onset in adult life. She developed progressive facial diplegia, bilateral wasting of hand muscles and loss of sensation over cranial, cervical and brachial dermatomes over 17 years. Nociception alone was first affected, then nociception and thermal discrimination and finally all modalities of sensation. Quantified tests of cutaneous sensation confirmed that sensation was normal in lower limbs but markedly abnormal in upper limbs. Biopsied fascicles of cutaneous nerves from clinically affected (forearm) and from clinically unaffected (leg) regions permitted a comparison of well-advanced and early pathologic lesions, respectively. The selective vulnerability of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers in affected regions in this disorder has been confirmed. The earliest morphologic abnormalities of myelinated fibers, but seen infrequently, were mitochondrial enlargement and structural abnormality, aggregation of mitochondria and dense bodies and clusters of neurofilaments. Increased numbers of sudanophilic lipid droplets did not seem to form in Schwann cell cytoplasm prior to fiber degeneration. On the contrary, for myelinated fibers there appeared to be an altered process of axonal degeneration from that seen in Wallerian degeneration and in other axonal degenerations. Distinctive linear bands of closely-packed, minute, osmiophilic and clear lipid droplets formed and their further degradation appeared delayed. Although less clearly demonstrated, lipid droplets in Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibers also appeared to form following their degeneration. We would propose that in Tangier disease, the degradation of myelin ovoids to neutral lipid in Schwann cells does not appear to be delayed. However, further degradation of neutral lipid or its transport away from Schwann cells appears to be retarded.", "contents": "Adult-onset of Tangier disease: 1. Morphometric and pathologic studies suggesting delayed degradation of neutral lipids after fiber degeneration. A 67-year-old woman, with the typical biochemical features of Tangier disease, had a syringomyelia-like syndrome which has now been observed in several patients with symptomatic onset in adult life. She developed progressive facial diplegia, bilateral wasting of hand muscles and loss of sensation over cranial, cervical and brachial dermatomes over 17 years. Nociception alone was first affected, then nociception and thermal discrimination and finally all modalities of sensation. Quantified tests of cutaneous sensation confirmed that sensation was normal in lower limbs but markedly abnormal in upper limbs. Biopsied fascicles of cutaneous nerves from clinically affected (forearm) and from clinically unaffected (leg) regions permitted a comparison of well-advanced and early pathologic lesions, respectively. The selective vulnerability of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers in affected regions in this disorder has been confirmed. The earliest morphologic abnormalities of myelinated fibers, but seen infrequently, were mitochondrial enlargement and structural abnormality, aggregation of mitochondria and dense bodies and clusters of neurofilaments. Increased numbers of sudanophilic lipid droplets did not seem to form in Schwann cell cytoplasm prior to fiber degeneration. On the contrary, for myelinated fibers there appeared to be an altered process of axonal degeneration from that seen in Wallerian degeneration and in other axonal degenerations. Distinctive linear bands of closely-packed, minute, osmiophilic and clear lipid droplets formed and their further degradation appeared delayed. Although less clearly demonstrated, lipid droplets in Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibers also appeared to form following their degeneration. We would propose that in Tangier disease, the degradation of myelin ovoids to neutral lipid in Schwann cells does not appear to be delayed. However, further degradation of neutral lipid or its transport away from Schwann cells appears to be retarded.", "PMID": 75948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6031", "title": "Erythrocyte ghost (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy (strain C57 BL/64J/dy).", "content": "Erythrocyte ghost (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity was studied in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy (strain C 57 BL 6J/dy) and appropriate controls. No difference was observed in the enzymatic activity between dystrophic and any of the healthy genotypes. Ouabain 5 mM and 0.1 mM inhibited the enzymatic activity and no difference was observed between dystrophic and control animals. The results are discussed in the light of the literature.", "contents": "Erythrocyte ghost (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy (strain C57 BL/64J/dy). Erythrocyte ghost (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity was studied in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy (strain C 57 BL 6J/dy) and appropriate controls. No difference was observed in the enzymatic activity between dystrophic and any of the healthy genotypes. Ouabain 5 mM and 0.1 mM inhibited the enzymatic activity and no difference was observed between dystrophic and control animals. The results are discussed in the light of the literature.", "PMID": 75952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6032", "title": "Immunoglobulin M specific for measles in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and other neurological disease have been tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for immunoglobulin M specific for measles. Only sera of three patients were positive. This feature is of little statistical importance. Nevertheless the authors emphasize the role of a possible viral infection in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M specific for measles in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and other neurological disease have been tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for immunoglobulin M specific for measles. Only sera of three patients were positive. This feature is of little statistical importance. Nevertheless the authors emphasize the role of a possible viral infection in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 75953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6033", "title": "Interactive effects of age and cerebral disease on cognitive performances.", "content": "A battery of mental tests was given to groups of younger (16--44 years) and older (48--60 years) control and cerebral diseased patients. Each patient in the younger cerebral diseased group was matched individually with an older cerebral diseased patient for type and site of lesion. Each patient with cerebral disease was matched individually with a control patient for age, educational level and sex. Differences in level of test performance related to age were generally greater for cerebral diseased than for control patients. Differences in level of test performance related to diagnostic category were generally greater for older than for younger patients. Analysis disclosed a significant overall interactive effect of age and cerebral disease on the performance of mental tests, supporting the hypothesis that acquired cerebral disease has more severe behavioral consequences in older than in younger persons.", "contents": "Interactive effects of age and cerebral disease on cognitive performances. A battery of mental tests was given to groups of younger (16--44 years) and older (48--60 years) control and cerebral diseased patients. Each patient in the younger cerebral diseased group was matched individually with an older cerebral diseased patient for type and site of lesion. Each patient with cerebral disease was matched individually with a control patient for age, educational level and sex. Differences in level of test performance related to age were generally greater for cerebral diseased than for control patients. Differences in level of test performance related to diagnostic category were generally greater for older than for younger patients. Analysis disclosed a significant overall interactive effect of age and cerebral disease on the performance of mental tests, supporting the hypothesis that acquired cerebral disease has more severe behavioral consequences in older than in younger persons.", "PMID": 75954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6034", "title": "Further investigations on benign myopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "content": "Six members of a family suffered from benign myopathy over four generations. The clinical, laboratory, electromyographic, histological and genetic data were consistent with benign myopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance. Congenital torticollis was a feature in one patient. Linkage studies revealed no linkage between the locus of this myopathy and the locus of any of 17 genetic markers investigated. This family was of Polish descent, which indicates a widespread occurrence of this benign hereditary myopathy. The data presented are a strong argument in favor of a specific new disease entity.", "contents": "Further investigations on benign myopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance. Six members of a family suffered from benign myopathy over four generations. The clinical, laboratory, electromyographic, histological and genetic data were consistent with benign myopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance. Congenital torticollis was a feature in one patient. Linkage studies revealed no linkage between the locus of this myopathy and the locus of any of 17 genetic markers investigated. This family was of Polish descent, which indicates a widespread occurrence of this benign hereditary myopathy. The data presented are a strong argument in favor of a specific new disease entity.", "PMID": 75955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6035", "title": "Immunoglobulin abnormalities in relatives of IgA deficient epileptics.", "content": "Serum levels of IgA were found to be reduced in some patients with epilepsy. Further studies revealed that only epileptics with constitutional factors for seizures showed, if ever, IgA deficiency, particularly those treated with hydantoins (up to 25%). In order further to substantiate the association of immunoglobulin alterations with epilepsy nine families in whom the disease was clustered were investigated. An IgA deficiency was detected in 16 of the 19 epileptics (three without hydantoin medication), but in none of their 45 non-epileptic relatives. However, four of the relatives had a low IgM. Seven other families were tested in each of which only one IgA deficient epileptic was known. No other family members were found with a low IgA, but 24 of 58 such relatives had increased IgM serum concentrations. The association of IgA deficiency and epilepsy with IgM imbalances in relatives of IgA deficient epileptics gives additional support for the hypothesis that immune imbalances and certain forms of epilepsy might be linked.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin abnormalities in relatives of IgA deficient epileptics. Serum levels of IgA were found to be reduced in some patients with epilepsy. Further studies revealed that only epileptics with constitutional factors for seizures showed, if ever, IgA deficiency, particularly those treated with hydantoins (up to 25%). In order further to substantiate the association of immunoglobulin alterations with epilepsy nine families in whom the disease was clustered were investigated. An IgA deficiency was detected in 16 of the 19 epileptics (three without hydantoin medication), but in none of their 45 non-epileptic relatives. However, four of the relatives had a low IgM. Seven other families were tested in each of which only one IgA deficient epileptic was known. No other family members were found with a low IgA, but 24 of 58 such relatives had increased IgM serum concentrations. The association of IgA deficiency and epilepsy with IgM imbalances in relatives of IgA deficient epileptics gives additional support for the hypothesis that immune imbalances and certain forms of epilepsy might be linked.", "PMID": 75956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6036", "title": "Simultaneous recording of pupillary hippus and EEG. Report of a case.", "content": "Pupillary hippus was observed and recorded in a man of 44 years, who had epileptic seizures, chronic alcoholism with liver disease and Primidon intoxication, during a period of unconsciousness of 24 h. During this time the simultaneous records of the EEG and pupillogram over a long period of time revealed that the basic EEG rhythm and hippus had the same frequency. Both recordings were temporarily in phase, time-locked, and could be blocked by painful and acoustic stimuli. The etiology and interpretation of hippus are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous recording of pupillary hippus and EEG. Report of a case. Pupillary hippus was observed and recorded in a man of 44 years, who had epileptic seizures, chronic alcoholism with liver disease and Primidon intoxication, during a period of unconsciousness of 24 h. During this time the simultaneous records of the EEG and pupillogram over a long period of time revealed that the basic EEG rhythm and hippus had the same frequency. Both recordings were temporarily in phase, time-locked, and could be blocked by painful and acoustic stimuli. The etiology and interpretation of hippus are discussed.", "PMID": 75957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6037", "title": "Meningoencephalitis syndrome following influenza vaccination.", "content": "Immunological reactions to non-virus substances of vaccines may be of considerable significance to the pathogenesis of neurological complications after anti-influenza vaccination. A 60 year old female patient with a known allergic diathesis developed a meningoencephalitis syndrome a few hours after vaccination. The case history as well as the clinical course suggested an immunopathogenetic mechanism. We therefore analyzed the immune profile. Intracutaneous testing with chicken meat and chicken egg protein lead to a striking local anaphylactic reaction which is discussed in causal relation to the postvaccination complication.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis syndrome following influenza vaccination. Immunological reactions to non-virus substances of vaccines may be of considerable significance to the pathogenesis of neurological complications after anti-influenza vaccination. A 60 year old female patient with a known allergic diathesis developed a meningoencephalitis syndrome a few hours after vaccination. The case history as well as the clinical course suggested an immunopathogenetic mechanism. We therefore analyzed the immune profile. Intracutaneous testing with chicken meat and chicken egg protein lead to a striking local anaphylactic reaction which is discussed in causal relation to the postvaccination complication.", "PMID": 75958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6038", "title": "[Broca's aphasia. The clinical picture and a consideration of the neurolinguistic structure (author's transl)].", "content": "Broca's aphasia is characterized by disorders on the phonemic, syntactic and lexical level of linguistic description. It is not only the patient's speech which is impaired; abilities to comprehend, read and write are likewise impaired. Articulatory disorders (dysarthria) which are due to an impaired innervation of the phonatory and articulatory musculature may exist. However these disorders do not account for all the linguistic deficits found in cases of Broca's aphasia. The characteristic feature enabling a differential diagnosis of Broca's aphasia is agrammatism.", "contents": "[Broca's aphasia. The clinical picture and a consideration of the neurolinguistic structure (author's transl)]. Broca's aphasia is characterized by disorders on the phonemic, syntactic and lexical level of linguistic description. It is not only the patient's speech which is impaired; abilities to comprehend, read and write are likewise impaired. Articulatory disorders (dysarthria) which are due to an impaired innervation of the phonatory and articulatory musculature may exist. However these disorders do not account for all the linguistic deficits found in cases of Broca's aphasia. The characteristic feature enabling a differential diagnosis of Broca's aphasia is agrammatism.", "PMID": 75959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6039", "title": "Diagnostic value of saccadic pursuit eye movement in screening for organic cerebral dysfunction.", "content": "In order to validate the results obtained in a preliminary investigation the saccadation of slow pursuit eye movements was examined in 19 patients with unilateral brain damage, in 25 patients with diffuse cerebral disease and in 26 neurotic patients. The diagnostic significance of saccadation was ascertained in detecting general cerebral dysfunction. By means of a discriminant function combining the parameters, \"number\" and \"size\", of saccades more than 80% of the brain-damaged patients and controls could be identified correctly, but the side of the cerebral lesion could not be determined.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of saccadic pursuit eye movement in screening for organic cerebral dysfunction. In order to validate the results obtained in a preliminary investigation the saccadation of slow pursuit eye movements was examined in 19 patients with unilateral brain damage, in 25 patients with diffuse cerebral disease and in 26 neurotic patients. The diagnostic significance of saccadation was ascertained in detecting general cerebral dysfunction. By means of a discriminant function combining the parameters, \"number\" and \"size\", of saccades more than 80% of the brain-damaged patients and controls could be identified correctly, but the side of the cerebral lesion could not be determined.", "PMID": 75961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6040", "title": "Pain perception in man after long term spinal cord stimulation.", "content": "Thresholds of non-painful and painful perception for electrical stimuli are not altered significantly during dorsal column stimulation either in the area of induced paresthesia or outside it. After long term stimulation of the dorsal column the thresholds for stimuli are significantly higher within the area of induced paresthesia but not outside it. Median nerve evoked somatosensory cortical potentials are not altered by conditioning or simultaneous DC stimulation. During DCS in three of eight patients only the vibration evoked cortical potentials were attenuated in the early three components of the potential.", "contents": "Pain perception in man after long term spinal cord stimulation. Thresholds of non-painful and painful perception for electrical stimuli are not altered significantly during dorsal column stimulation either in the area of induced paresthesia or outside it. After long term stimulation of the dorsal column the thresholds for stimuli are significantly higher within the area of induced paresthesia but not outside it. Median nerve evoked somatosensory cortical potentials are not altered by conditioning or simultaneous DC stimulation. During DCS in three of eight patients only the vibration evoked cortical potentials were attenuated in the early three components of the potential.", "PMID": 75962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6041", "title": "Parkinsonism and dementia with acoustic neurinomas. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of acoustic neurinoma with parkinsonism and dementia are reported. The characteristics of parkinsonism seen in these cases consisted of the rapid development of symptoms and symmetrical rigidity. In all cases there was a marked enlargement of the ventricular system and transient improvement in their mental states was observed following ventriculoperitoneal shunt or removal of the tumor. In an autopsy case there were no pathological findings in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra or pontine nuclei. It was concluded that parkinsonism and dementia in these patients were caused by chronic hydrocephalus due to the acoustic neurinomas.", "contents": "Parkinsonism and dementia with acoustic neurinomas. Report of three cases. Three cases of acoustic neurinoma with parkinsonism and dementia are reported. The characteristics of parkinsonism seen in these cases consisted of the rapid development of symptoms and symmetrical rigidity. In all cases there was a marked enlargement of the ventricular system and transient improvement in their mental states was observed following ventriculoperitoneal shunt or removal of the tumor. In an autopsy case there were no pathological findings in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra or pontine nuclei. It was concluded that parkinsonism and dementia in these patients were caused by chronic hydrocephalus due to the acoustic neurinomas.", "PMID": 75963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6042", "title": "Lymphocyte stimulation by acetylcholine receptor in polymyositis.", "content": "Lymphocytes of twenty-seven patients with polymyositis were incubated in vitro with cholinergic receptor rich membranes obtained from the electric organs of Torpedo Marmorata. Lymphocytes of polymyositic patients were slightly stimulated; positive responses were present mainly in patients affected from more than a year. Sensitization against the nicotinic cholinergic receptor may explain the occurrence of the myasthenic syndrome with polymyositis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte stimulation by acetylcholine receptor in polymyositis. Lymphocytes of twenty-seven patients with polymyositis were incubated in vitro with cholinergic receptor rich membranes obtained from the electric organs of Torpedo Marmorata. Lymphocytes of polymyositic patients were slightly stimulated; positive responses were present mainly in patients affected from more than a year. Sensitization against the nicotinic cholinergic receptor may explain the occurrence of the myasthenic syndrome with polymyositis.", "PMID": 75964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6043", "title": "The sodium pump of erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effect of ouabain on the active sodium flux and on (Na+, K+)ATPase.", "content": "Active ion exchanges across erythrocyte membrane from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied by two methods: --erythrocyte ghosts (Na+,K+)ATPase activity and its sensibility to ouabain, using an enzymatic method; --active sodium outflux and its sensibility to ouabain using a radioisotopic method. (Na+,K+)ATPase activity and active sodium outflux were decreased in dystrophic patients compared to normal sex- and age-matched controls. Enzymatic activity and active sodium outflux were inhibited by ouabain 10(-4) M in patients and in controls. Inhibition of the active sodium outflux was lower in patients than in controls. The results are discussed in light of the literature.", "contents": "The sodium pump of erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effect of ouabain on the active sodium flux and on (Na+, K+)ATPase. Active ion exchanges across erythrocyte membrane from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied by two methods: --erythrocyte ghosts (Na+,K+)ATPase activity and its sensibility to ouabain, using an enzymatic method; --active sodium outflux and its sensibility to ouabain using a radioisotopic method. (Na+,K+)ATPase activity and active sodium outflux were decreased in dystrophic patients compared to normal sex- and age-matched controls. Enzymatic activity and active sodium outflux were inhibited by ouabain 10(-4) M in patients and in controls. Inhibition of the active sodium outflux was lower in patients than in controls. The results are discussed in light of the literature.", "PMID": 75965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6044", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein, prealbumin, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transferrin as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for endodermal sinus tumors.", "content": "According to Gitlin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transferrin are normal products of the human yolk sac. They are expected to reappear in human endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). The synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and other serum proteins by human endodermal sinus tumor was studied in the culture cells and in the tumor tissue transplanted into nude mice. The results gave evidences of synthesis of some of these proteins including alpha-fetoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Serum concentrations of these proteins were studied in eight children having endodermal sinus tumors. Serum AFP levels were abnormally high in all cases, whereas concentrations of other serum proteins were almost within normal ranges. This might be simply reflected by the fact that pre-albumin, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin are already present in large quantities in sera of normal subjects while alpha-fetoprotein is present only in a negligible quantity. Alpha-fetoprotein, as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker of endodermal sinus tumor, showed good correlation to the tumor growth. Serum AFP concentrations declined almost to 0 ng/ml with a half-life of 4 days when surgical removal was complete, whereas serum AFP decreased only to 100-200 ng/ml with radiation and chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein, prealbumin, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transferrin as diagnostic and therapeutic markers for endodermal sinus tumors. According to Gitlin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and transferrin are normal products of the human yolk sac. They are expected to reappear in human endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). The synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein and other serum proteins by human endodermal sinus tumor was studied in the culture cells and in the tumor tissue transplanted into nude mice. The results gave evidences of synthesis of some of these proteins including alpha-fetoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Serum concentrations of these proteins were studied in eight children having endodermal sinus tumors. Serum AFP levels were abnormally high in all cases, whereas concentrations of other serum proteins were almost within normal ranges. This might be simply reflected by the fact that pre-albumin, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin are already present in large quantities in sera of normal subjects while alpha-fetoprotein is present only in a negligible quantity. Alpha-fetoprotein, as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker of endodermal sinus tumor, showed good correlation to the tumor growth. Serum AFP concentrations declined almost to 0 ng/ml with a half-life of 4 days when surgical removal was complete, whereas serum AFP decreased only to 100-200 ng/ml with radiation and chemotherapy alone.", "PMID": 75970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6045", "title": "Raised alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum associated with distension of the fetal bladder caused by absence of urethra.", "content": "Raised alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were found at 29 and 30 weeks' gestation in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum of a woman who presented in her seventh pregnancy with apparent polyhydramnios. The fetus had multiple abnormalities including gross distension of the bladder resulting from absence of the urethra, intestinal artresia, and a congenital heart defect.", "contents": "Raised alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum associated with distension of the fetal bladder caused by absence of urethra. Raised alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were found at 29 and 30 weeks' gestation in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum of a woman who presented in her seventh pregnancy with apparent polyhydramnios. The fetus had multiple abnormalities including gross distension of the bladder resulting from absence of the urethra, intestinal artresia, and a congenital heart defect.", "PMID": 75973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6046", "title": "Cryo-ultramicrotomy and myofibrillar fine structure: a review.", "content": "In the past, the techniques of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have both been very informative about the ultrastructure of the muscle myofibril But X-ray diffraction patterns are difficult to interpret unambiguously and until now specimen preservation in plastic embedded muscle has been sufficiently poor to make it difficult to use electron micrographs of muscle as a means of interpreting the available X-ray diffraction evidence. The possibility of using ultrathin sections of frozen muscle, in which the disruptive steps of chemical dehydration and plastic embedding can be avoided, promises to help to bridge the information gap between present X-ray and electron microscope results. For this reason we here review the application of the cryosectioning technique to muscle, we assess the technique in terms of the improvements in preservation which have so far been obtained and which might be expected and we discuss some of the many potential advantages and uses of this technique for studies of muscle ultrastructure and function. It is concluded that this technique should be developed vigorously since it promises to play a very important role in muscle research in the future.", "contents": "Cryo-ultramicrotomy and myofibrillar fine structure: a review. In the past, the techniques of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have both been very informative about the ultrastructure of the muscle myofibril But X-ray diffraction patterns are difficult to interpret unambiguously and until now specimen preservation in plastic embedded muscle has been sufficiently poor to make it difficult to use electron micrographs of muscle as a means of interpreting the available X-ray diffraction evidence. The possibility of using ultrathin sections of frozen muscle, in which the disruptive steps of chemical dehydration and plastic embedding can be avoided, promises to help to bridge the information gap between present X-ray and electron microscope results. For this reason we here review the application of the cryosectioning technique to muscle, we assess the technique in terms of the improvements in preservation which have so far been obtained and which might be expected and we discuss some of the many potential advantages and uses of this technique for studies of muscle ultrastructure and function. It is concluded that this technique should be developed vigorously since it promises to play a very important role in muscle research in the future.", "PMID": 75977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6047", "title": "Purification and immunologic evaluation of human melnoma-associated antigens.", "content": "Melanoma-associated antigens (MAA) were isolated and their functional immunologic properties were evaluated. Spent fetal calf serum-free culture media and 3-m KCI extracts of cultured human melanoma cells grown in this medium were used as antigen sources. Ultracentrifugal flotation on KBr was used to separate MAA and HLA antigens present in the extracts or spent culture media; thus interference by histocompatibility antigens was prevented in subsequent tests of tumor antigenic activity. MAA purified in this manner retained their immunologic functions as evidenced by their ability to produce delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in patients with melanoma, specifically combine with antimelanoma xenoantibody, and elicit production of functionally specific xenoantibody. Possible structural differences between HLA antigens and MAA were considered in evaluation of the data.", "contents": "Purification and immunologic evaluation of human melnoma-associated antigens. Melanoma-associated antigens (MAA) were isolated and their functional immunologic properties were evaluated. Spent fetal calf serum-free culture media and 3-m KCI extracts of cultured human melanoma cells grown in this medium were used as antigen sources. Ultracentrifugal flotation on KBr was used to separate MAA and HLA antigens present in the extracts or spent culture media; thus interference by histocompatibility antigens was prevented in subsequent tests of tumor antigenic activity. MAA purified in this manner retained their immunologic functions as evidenced by their ability to produce delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in patients with melanoma, specifically combine with antimelanoma xenoantibody, and elicit production of functionally specific xenoantibody. Possible structural differences between HLA antigens and MAA were considered in evaluation of the data.", "PMID": 75978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6048", "title": "Immune responses in human colon cancer. II. Cytotoxic antibody detected in patients' sera.", "content": "Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) were evaluated in patients with colon cancer with the use of a 51Cr release microcytotoxicity assay. We studied the sera and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with colon cancer as well as from normal controls using three separate human colon cancer cell lines as targets. Antibody active in either the CDC or ADCC assay was detected in 11 of 14 (79%) patients with colon cancer, but none was found in 18 normal individuals. The ability of PBL from patients with colon cancer and from normal controls to mediate ADCC and SCMC did not differ significantly.", "contents": "Immune responses in human colon cancer. II. Cytotoxic antibody detected in patients' sera. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) were evaluated in patients with colon cancer with the use of a 51Cr release microcytotoxicity assay. We studied the sera and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with colon cancer as well as from normal controls using three separate human colon cancer cell lines as targets. Antibody active in either the CDC or ADCC assay was detected in 11 of 14 (79%) patients with colon cancer, but none was found in 18 normal individuals. The ability of PBL from patients with colon cancer and from normal controls to mediate ADCC and SCMC did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 75979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6049", "title": "Experimental horizontal transmission of feline leukemia viruses of subgroups A, B, and C.", "content": "Experiments were conducted with cats in metal cages inside plastic isolators to determine whether feline leukemia virus (FeLV) of the three known antigenic subgroups (A, B, and C) is transmitted horizontally from infected cats to normal \"contact\" cats. Blood smears collected at weekly intervals were examined by the fixed-cell, indirect immunofluorescence test for FeLV internal p30 to follow the spread of infection from inoculated cat to contact cats. These studies established that viruses of all three subgroups are transmitted horizontally among kittens and adults with slightly varying degrees of speed. Virus was reisolated from one horizontally infected contact cat of each group, and its envelope antigenic type was the same as that originally inoculated into one cat of the same group. After the cats acquired the infection, they became chronic carriers of virus (viremic) during the observation period of 9 or 11 weeks post inoculation.", "contents": "Experimental horizontal transmission of feline leukemia viruses of subgroups A, B, and C. Experiments were conducted with cats in metal cages inside plastic isolators to determine whether feline leukemia virus (FeLV) of the three known antigenic subgroups (A, B, and C) is transmitted horizontally from infected cats to normal \"contact\" cats. Blood smears collected at weekly intervals were examined by the fixed-cell, indirect immunofluorescence test for FeLV internal p30 to follow the spread of infection from inoculated cat to contact cats. These studies established that viruses of all three subgroups are transmitted horizontally among kittens and adults with slightly varying degrees of speed. Virus was reisolated from one horizontally infected contact cat of each group, and its envelope antigenic type was the same as that originally inoculated into one cat of the same group. After the cats acquired the infection, they became chronic carriers of virus (viremic) during the observation period of 9 or 11 weeks post inoculation.", "PMID": 75981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6050", "title": "[Molecular biological aspects of oncogenesis caused by RNA tumor viruses (author's transl)].", "content": "This article concerns the molecular mechanisms by which RNA tumor viruses, commonly called as oncornaviruses, transfer their genetic information from the genomic RNA (70 s RNA) of the virions to the cellular DNA, leading to neoplastic transformations. The article describes biochemical and serological properties of reverse transcriptase, its role in the life cycle of RNA tumor viruses and broader implications to molecular biology. In this connection, the authors report their own findings on the role of reverse transcriptase in a preleukemic disease, myelofibrosis. This enzyme, discovered in their laboratory, is antigenically closely related to reverse transcriptase of certain primate RNA tumor viruses, and of human leukemic cells. The article also describes the role of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in viral oncogenesis. Of particular interest, is the partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) which has been developed by the authors, and is known to have a very high binding affinity to the viral reverse transcriptase. The implication of these basic data on the clinical effectivity of MPC in human leukemia, documented in a few cases, has been discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular biological aspects of oncogenesis caused by RNA tumor viruses (author's transl)]. This article concerns the molecular mechanisms by which RNA tumor viruses, commonly called as oncornaviruses, transfer their genetic information from the genomic RNA (70 s RNA) of the virions to the cellular DNA, leading to neoplastic transformations. The article describes biochemical and serological properties of reverse transcriptase, its role in the life cycle of RNA tumor viruses and broader implications to molecular biology. In this connection, the authors report their own findings on the role of reverse transcriptase in a preleukemic disease, myelofibrosis. This enzyme, discovered in their laboratory, is antigenically closely related to reverse transcriptase of certain primate RNA tumor viruses, and of human leukemic cells. The article also describes the role of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in viral oncogenesis. Of particular interest, is the partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) which has been developed by the authors, and is known to have a very high binding affinity to the viral reverse transcriptase. The implication of these basic data on the clinical effectivity of MPC in human leukemia, documented in a few cases, has been discussed.", "PMID": 75988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6051", "title": "Evaluation of a patient education program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "An audiovisual instructional program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was evaluated in 65 patients with this disease and 20 patients without lung disease. We found that the program was successful in increasing the factual knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with the attainment of mean scores of 88 and 95% on postteaching tests. Patients with varying educational backgrounds achieved similar gains in knowledge.", "contents": "Evaluation of a patient education program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An audiovisual instructional program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was evaluated in 65 patients with this disease and 20 patients without lung disease. We found that the program was successful in increasing the factual knowledge about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with the attainment of mean scores of 88 and 95% on postteaching tests. Patients with varying educational backgrounds achieved similar gains in knowledge.", "PMID": 76016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6052", "title": "Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "content": "Plasma or serum from 4 patients with acute or chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis (P.T.H.) and from a blood-donor implicated in two cases of P.T.H. was inoculated into 5 chimpanzees. Biochemical and histological evidence of hepatitis developed in these 5 chimpanzees but not in a control animal. The mean incubation period in the chimpanzees was 13.4 weeks, compared with 7.7 weeks in the 4 patients with P.T.H. The peak alanine aminotransferase (A.L.T.) levels in the 5 chimpanzees were 265, 212, 219, 70, and 62 I.U./l. Histological changes ranged from mild to conspicuous hepatitis and generally correlated with the degree of A.L.T. elevation. There was no evidence of clinical disease and all animals went on to biochemical and histological recovery. There was no serological evidence of type A or type B hepatitis. Hepatitis was transmitted by serum derived from patients with chronic as well as acute hepatitis, strongly suggesting a chronic carrier state for the agent responsible for non-A, non-B hepatitis. Non-A, non-B hepatitis thus seems to be due to a transmissible agent which can persist and remain infectious for long periods.", "contents": "Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Plasma or serum from 4 patients with acute or chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis (P.T.H.) and from a blood-donor implicated in two cases of P.T.H. was inoculated into 5 chimpanzees. Biochemical and histological evidence of hepatitis developed in these 5 chimpanzees but not in a control animal. The mean incubation period in the chimpanzees was 13.4 weeks, compared with 7.7 weeks in the 4 patients with P.T.H. The peak alanine aminotransferase (A.L.T.) levels in the 5 chimpanzees were 265, 212, 219, 70, and 62 I.U./l. Histological changes ranged from mild to conspicuous hepatitis and generally correlated with the degree of A.L.T. elevation. There was no evidence of clinical disease and all animals went on to biochemical and histological recovery. There was no serological evidence of type A or type B hepatitis. Hepatitis was transmitted by serum derived from patients with chronic as well as acute hepatitis, strongly suggesting a chronic carrier state for the agent responsible for non-A, non-B hepatitis. Non-A, non-B hepatitis thus seems to be due to a transmissible agent which can persist and remain infectious for long periods.", "PMID": 76017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6053", "title": "Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee.", "content": "Non-A, non-B hepatitis was transmitted to four colony-born chimpanzees by intravenous inoculation of human sera. Two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from a patient with a clinical and serological diagnosis of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis whose blood appeared to transmit this disease to a nurse following accidental needle-stick, and the other two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from either of two former blood-donors whose HBsAg-negative blood appeared to transmit clinically recognisable hepatitis, and who were found to have raised serum-aminotransferase levels 1 1/2 and 5 years later. Serum-aminotransferase levels rose in all four chimpanzees, beginning 2--4 weeks after inoculation: peak alanine-aminotransferase values were 210 to 328 I.U./l. Evidence of hepatitis was present in liver biopsy specimens from all four chimpanzees, beginning 8--10 weeks after inoculation. None showed serological evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.", "contents": "Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee. Non-A, non-B hepatitis was transmitted to four colony-born chimpanzees by intravenous inoculation of human sera. Two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from a patient with a clinical and serological diagnosis of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis whose blood appeared to transmit this disease to a nurse following accidental needle-stick, and the other two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from either of two former blood-donors whose HBsAg-negative blood appeared to transmit clinically recognisable hepatitis, and who were found to have raised serum-aminotransferase levels 1 1/2 and 5 years later. Serum-aminotransferase levels rose in all four chimpanzees, beginning 2--4 weeks after inoculation: peak alanine-aminotransferase values were 210 to 328 I.U./l. Evidence of hepatitis was present in liver biopsy specimens from all four chimpanzees, beginning 8--10 weeks after inoculation. None showed serological evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.", "PMID": 76018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6054", "title": "Low erythrocyte pyridoxal-kinase activity in Blacks: Its possible relation to falciparum malaria.", "content": "The red-cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) activity and red-cell pyridoxal-kinase (P.L.K.) activity of 27 Nigerian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were compared with those of 26 healthy Nigerian children and 6 White adults. The mean P.L.K. activity of the malaria patients was similar to that of the Whites but significantly higher than that of the Nigerian controls. Correction for reduced mean red-cell age in patients was made by comparing the P.L.K.: G.-6-P.D. ratio for those subjects with stable G.-6-P.D. phenotypes. The mean P.L.K.:G.-6-P.D. ratio was the same for malaria patients and adult White but significantly higher than that for the Nigerian controls. These results suggest that the relatively high frequency of low red-cell P.L.K. activity among Blacks may have been selected for by falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Low erythrocyte pyridoxal-kinase activity in Blacks: Its possible relation to falciparum malaria. The red-cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) activity and red-cell pyridoxal-kinase (P.L.K.) activity of 27 Nigerian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were compared with those of 26 healthy Nigerian children and 6 White adults. The mean P.L.K. activity of the malaria patients was similar to that of the Whites but significantly higher than that of the Nigerian controls. Correction for reduced mean red-cell age in patients was made by comparing the P.L.K.: G.-6-P.D. ratio for those subjects with stable G.-6-P.D. phenotypes. The mean P.L.K.:G.-6-P.D. ratio was the same for malaria patients and adult White but significantly higher than that for the Nigerian controls. These results suggest that the relatively high frequency of low red-cell P.L.K. activity among Blacks may have been selected for by falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 76019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6055", "title": "Diagnosis and management of testes in the superficial inguinal pouch.", "content": "A physical sign was assessed and operation findings were noted in boys with testes which tended to deviate lateral to the external ring who were seen over a five-year period. Tensing the abdominal muscles by straight-leg raising not only facilitated palpation of such testes but also helped to domonstrate lateral deviation. The view that testes found lateral to the external ring and which could be pushed some way into the scrotum were merely retractile was questioned. Such testes were deviated by inguinal tethering. The spermatic cord was short enough in over half the tethered testes to require retroperitoneal dissection to achieve the fully descended position, not a significantly different proportion compared with the obstructed group.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of testes in the superficial inguinal pouch. A physical sign was assessed and operation findings were noted in boys with testes which tended to deviate lateral to the external ring who were seen over a five-year period. Tensing the abdominal muscles by straight-leg raising not only facilitated palpation of such testes but also helped to domonstrate lateral deviation. The view that testes found lateral to the external ring and which could be pushed some way into the scrotum were merely retractile was questioned. Such testes were deviated by inguinal tethering. The spermatic cord was short enough in over half the tethered testes to require retroperitoneal dissection to achieve the fully descended position, not a significantly different proportion compared with the obstructed group.", "PMID": 76020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6056", "title": "Aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase inducibility in patients with cancer.", "content": "Aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase (A.H.H.) inducibility has been studied in the peripheral-blood lymphocytes of patients with squamous-cell lung cancer, of patients with cancer at other sites, and of controls matched for age, sex, social class, and smoking habits. The proportion of high inducers was significantly greater among patients with lung cancer (but not patients with other cancers) than among controls, which suggests that, besides smoking, a constitutional factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.", "contents": "Aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase inducibility in patients with cancer. Aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase (A.H.H.) inducibility has been studied in the peripheral-blood lymphocytes of patients with squamous-cell lung cancer, of patients with cancer at other sites, and of controls matched for age, sex, social class, and smoking habits. The proportion of high inducers was significantly greater among patients with lung cancer (but not patients with other cancers) than among controls, which suggests that, besides smoking, a constitutional factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.", "PMID": 76021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6057", "title": "Sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease limited to an area of measles exanthem.", "content": "A female patient with severe idiopathic aplastic anaemia received a successful bone-marrow transplant from her HLA-identical, mixed-lymphocyte-culture-compatible, brother. 8 months after transplantation she had localised cutaneous measles. Chronic sclerodermatous changes developed which were indistinguishable from chronic graft-versus-host disease and were limited to the areas of the original exanthem. Interaction between viral infection and minor histocompatibility differences probably resulted in graft-versus-host disease in this patient.", "contents": "Sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease limited to an area of measles exanthem. A female patient with severe idiopathic aplastic anaemia received a successful bone-marrow transplant from her HLA-identical, mixed-lymphocyte-culture-compatible, brother. 8 months after transplantation she had localised cutaneous measles. Chronic sclerodermatous changes developed which were indistinguishable from chronic graft-versus-host disease and were limited to the areas of the original exanthem. Interaction between viral infection and minor histocompatibility differences probably resulted in graft-versus-host disease in this patient.", "PMID": 76022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6058", "title": "Immunoradiometric assay of procoagulant factor-VIII antigen in plasma and serum and its reduction in haemophilia. Preliminary studies on adult and fetal blood.", "content": "An immunoradiometric assay (I.R.M.A.) for antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII) has been developed which is based on a human inhibitor to procoagulant factor VIII (FVIIIC) which arose in a polytransfused haemophiliac. The assay detected and measured the antigen related to FVIIIC (FVIIICAg) in normal plasma and serum but failed to detect any antigen in samples from five patients with severe haemophilia. In a sixth patient with severe haemophilia a non-parallel dose-response curve was obtained. FVIIICAg was also present in plasma and serum from six samples of cord blood and in two samples of fetal serum obtained after termination of pregnancy. The assay may, therefore, be used to measure FVIIICAg in small serum samples and provides a potential practical method for prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.", "contents": "Immunoradiometric assay of procoagulant factor-VIII antigen in plasma and serum and its reduction in haemophilia. Preliminary studies on adult and fetal blood. An immunoradiometric assay (I.R.M.A.) for antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII) has been developed which is based on a human inhibitor to procoagulant factor VIII (FVIIIC) which arose in a polytransfused haemophiliac. The assay detected and measured the antigen related to FVIIIC (FVIIICAg) in normal plasma and serum but failed to detect any antigen in samples from five patients with severe haemophilia. In a sixth patient with severe haemophilia a non-parallel dose-response curve was obtained. FVIIICAg was also present in plasma and serum from six samples of cord blood and in two samples of fetal serum obtained after termination of pregnancy. The assay may, therefore, be used to measure FVIIICAg in small serum samples and provides a potential practical method for prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.", "PMID": 76023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6059", "title": "Does normoxic pulmonary vasodilatation rather than hypoxic vasoconstriction account for the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia?", "content": "A mediator of the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia has not been found. The pressor phenomenon could be explained if the pulmonary vasodilatation present during normoxia were maintained by a vasodilator substance such as bradykinin. Ventilation of the lungs with air or oxygen causes the release of bradykinin which is rapidly inactivated in the lungs. Inhibition of the inactivating enzyme prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension in response to chronic hypoxia. Bradykinin is formed in the blood and is also present in alveolar macrophages, which arise from precursors in haematopoietic tissue. Formation of bradykinin by granulocytes is critically dependent on the local oxygen tension. The enzyme which inactivates bradykinin also converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus provides a mechanism for interaction between the pulmonary and systemic vasculatures. The rate of inactivation of bradykinin may be altered by small changes in pH. It is postulated that when bradykinin production is reduced during hypoxia the higher tone of the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, maintained by numerous constrictor stimuli, asserts itself.", "contents": "Does normoxic pulmonary vasodilatation rather than hypoxic vasoconstriction account for the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia? A mediator of the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia has not been found. The pressor phenomenon could be explained if the pulmonary vasodilatation present during normoxia were maintained by a vasodilator substance such as bradykinin. Ventilation of the lungs with air or oxygen causes the release of bradykinin which is rapidly inactivated in the lungs. Inhibition of the inactivating enzyme prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension in response to chronic hypoxia. Bradykinin is formed in the blood and is also present in alveolar macrophages, which arise from precursors in haematopoietic tissue. Formation of bradykinin by granulocytes is critically dependent on the local oxygen tension. The enzyme which inactivates bradykinin also converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus provides a mechanism for interaction between the pulmonary and systemic vasculatures. The rate of inactivation of bradykinin may be altered by small changes in pH. It is postulated that when bradykinin production is reduced during hypoxia the higher tone of the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, maintained by numerous constrictor stimuli, asserts itself.", "PMID": 76024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6060", "title": "The hygiene standard for chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "Previous studies, including the analysis on which the current 2 fibres/cm3 hygiene standard is based, may have underestimated the risk of morbidity or mortality following exposure to low levels of asbestos dust. Accurate dose-response data at levels below 2 fibres/cm3 are unlikely to be available for the foreseeable future, and the biologically plausible assumption that excess cancer mortality is approximately proportional to dust level should be provisionally accepted. It may be reasonable, however, to postulate a safe threshold for mortality from asbestosis. If excess mortality from asbestos-related disease is proportional to dust level for each cause, approximately 10% of male asbestos workers might, under certain assumptions, eventually die of asbestos-induced disease after 50 years' exposure at 2 fibres/cm3. Peritoneal mesothelioma is usually due to crocidolite (blue asbestos) or other amphiboles, but exposure to chrysotile (white asbestos) alone may lead to a substantial risk of pleural mesothelioma. These predictions are based on rather small numbers in a single factory, and further studies in other working environments are required. Fibre counts based on optical microscopy are likely to be less relevant than total counts by electron microscopy, and excess mortality is virtually confined to men first exposed more than 20 years ago, when little or no accurate data on dust levels were collected.", "contents": "The hygiene standard for chrysotile asbestos. Previous studies, including the analysis on which the current 2 fibres/cm3 hygiene standard is based, may have underestimated the risk of morbidity or mortality following exposure to low levels of asbestos dust. Accurate dose-response data at levels below 2 fibres/cm3 are unlikely to be available for the foreseeable future, and the biologically plausible assumption that excess cancer mortality is approximately proportional to dust level should be provisionally accepted. It may be reasonable, however, to postulate a safe threshold for mortality from asbestosis. If excess mortality from asbestos-related disease is proportional to dust level for each cause, approximately 10% of male asbestos workers might, under certain assumptions, eventually die of asbestos-induced disease after 50 years' exposure at 2 fibres/cm3. Peritoneal mesothelioma is usually due to crocidolite (blue asbestos) or other amphiboles, but exposure to chrysotile (white asbestos) alone may lead to a substantial risk of pleural mesothelioma. These predictions are based on rather small numbers in a single factory, and further studies in other working environments are required. Fibre counts based on optical microscopy are likely to be less relevant than total counts by electron microscopy, and excess mortality is virtually confined to men first exposed more than 20 years ago, when little or no accurate data on dust levels were collected.", "PMID": 76030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6061", "title": "Critical evaluation of adenoidectomy.", "content": "In two matched groups of thirty-two children, one which had tonsillectomy alone and the other which had tonsillectomy plus adenoidectomy, the symptoms generally attributed to adenoidal hypertrophy were equally common in both groups before operation and improved with equal frequency after operation whether or not the adenoids were removed.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of adenoidectomy. In two matched groups of thirty-two children, one which had tonsillectomy alone and the other which had tonsillectomy plus adenoidectomy, the symptoms generally attributed to adenoidal hypertrophy were equally common in both groups before operation and improved with equal frequency after operation whether or not the adenoids were removed.", "PMID": 76031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6062", "title": "Localisation of insulinomas.", "content": "Small insulinomas may be undetectable by arteriography or palpation of the pancreas. They can be identified, however, by the point at which high insulin levels are detected in the venous effluent sampled at several sites by catheterisation of the splenic and portal veins at laparotomy or via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Diagnosis by catheterisation techniques made it possible to resect only that part of the pancreas containing the tumour (in one patient the head and in another the body of the pancreas). Improved localisation is essential in planning an operation, and often removes the need for lengthy trials of medical therapy before laparotomy.", "contents": "Localisation of insulinomas. Small insulinomas may be undetectable by arteriography or palpation of the pancreas. They can be identified, however, by the point at which high insulin levels are detected in the venous effluent sampled at several sites by catheterisation of the splenic and portal veins at laparotomy or via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Diagnosis by catheterisation techniques made it possible to resect only that part of the pancreas containing the tumour (in one patient the head and in another the body of the pancreas). Improved localisation is essential in planning an operation, and often removes the need for lengthy trials of medical therapy before laparotomy.", "PMID": 76067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6063", "title": "Maternal hyperthermia as a possible cause of anencephaly.", "content": "Mothers of anencephalic infants were asked about febrile illness and sauna bathing during their pregnancies. In 7 of 63 affected pregnancies (11%), a history of maternal hyperthermia near the presumed time of anterior neural-groove closure was given. 5 had fever with a maximum recorded temperature ranging from 38.9 to 40.0 degrees C, each case being secondary to a different type of illness. The other 2 had possible hyperthermia episodes as a consequence of sauna bathing, with no infectious agent involved. The frequencies of hyperthermia at the same period of gestation in two control groups were 0% and 0.1%. This excess frequency of maternal hyperthermia at the period of anterior neural-groove closure, and the differing natures of its causes, imply that hyperthermia itself may be an aetiological factor in anencephaly.", "contents": "Maternal hyperthermia as a possible cause of anencephaly. Mothers of anencephalic infants were asked about febrile illness and sauna bathing during their pregnancies. In 7 of 63 affected pregnancies (11%), a history of maternal hyperthermia near the presumed time of anterior neural-groove closure was given. 5 had fever with a maximum recorded temperature ranging from 38.9 to 40.0 degrees C, each case being secondary to a different type of illness. The other 2 had possible hyperthermia episodes as a consequence of sauna bathing, with no infectious agent involved. The frequencies of hyperthermia at the same period of gestation in two control groups were 0% and 0.1%. This excess frequency of maternal hyperthermia at the period of anterior neural-groove closure, and the differing natures of its causes, imply that hyperthermia itself may be an aetiological factor in anencephaly.", "PMID": 76068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6064", "title": "Pathogenesis of gastric cancer in pernicious anaemia.", "content": "A pathogenetic mechanism to explain the increased incidence of gastric cancer in patients with pernicious anaemia (P.A.) is proposed. Mean nitrite concentration in gastric juice from thirteen fasting patients with P.A. was nearly fiftyfold greater than that of age-matched controls. The number of bacteria in the gastric juice of P.A. patients was also greatly increased. Small amounts of volatile nitrosamines were detected in simulated P.A. gastric juice in vitro, after addition of nitrite to achieve a concentration approximating to that found in vivo. If similar nitrosation occurs in vivo, the intragastric production of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds could explain the high incidence of gastric cancer in patients with P.A.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of gastric cancer in pernicious anaemia. A pathogenetic mechanism to explain the increased incidence of gastric cancer in patients with pernicious anaemia (P.A.) is proposed. Mean nitrite concentration in gastric juice from thirteen fasting patients with P.A. was nearly fiftyfold greater than that of age-matched controls. The number of bacteria in the gastric juice of P.A. patients was also greatly increased. Small amounts of volatile nitrosamines were detected in simulated P.A. gastric juice in vitro, after addition of nitrite to achieve a concentration approximating to that found in vivo. If similar nitrosation occurs in vivo, the intragastric production of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds could explain the high incidence of gastric cancer in patients with P.A.", "PMID": 76069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6065", "title": "Air pollution and cytological changes in sputum.", "content": "The increase in sputum cellularity due to inflammatory and bronchial epithelial cells was compared in two groups of 308 and 399 subjects drawn from populations exposed to air-pollution levels common in industrialised countries. Single morning sputum specimens were examined and the differences in increased sputum cellularity between the two groups, stratified by age, sex, and tobacco consumption was assessed by the summary X2 test of Mantel-Haenszel. The group exposed to heavier air pollution had more increases in alveolar phagocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, but not in eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells. Subjects were also asked to answer a questionnaire on the symptoms of chronic bronchitis; the study showed that the inflammatory response preceded the appearance of symptoms.", "contents": "Air pollution and cytological changes in sputum. The increase in sputum cellularity due to inflammatory and bronchial epithelial cells was compared in two groups of 308 and 399 subjects drawn from populations exposed to air-pollution levels common in industrialised countries. Single morning sputum specimens were examined and the differences in increased sputum cellularity between the two groups, stratified by age, sex, and tobacco consumption was assessed by the summary X2 test of Mantel-Haenszel. The group exposed to heavier air pollution had more increases in alveolar phagocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, but not in eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells. Subjects were also asked to answer a questionnaire on the symptoms of chronic bronchitis; the study showed that the inflammatory response preceded the appearance of symptoms.", "PMID": 76070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6066", "title": "Pulsus paradoxus in asthma.", "content": "Ninety-three patients with asthma were examined on 308 occasions for systolic fluctuation of blood-pressure during quiet breathing. Pulsus paradoxus (fluctuation of 10 mm Hg or greater) was present on 110 occasions. A pulses paradoxus was associated with greater airflow obstruction (average peak expiratory flow-rate 33.6% of the predicted) than an absent pulsus paradoxus which was associated with a peak expiratory flow-rate of 55.4%. However, pulsus paradoxus was often present in mild obstruction and absent in severe obstruction. In six patients the effect of changing respiratory pattern on systolic fluctuation was studied. Systolic fluctuation was directly related to the inspiratory flow-rate. This is probably one of the major reasons why association of airflow obstruction with pulsus paradoxus is not constant.", "contents": "Pulsus paradoxus in asthma. Ninety-three patients with asthma were examined on 308 occasions for systolic fluctuation of blood-pressure during quiet breathing. Pulsus paradoxus (fluctuation of 10 mm Hg or greater) was present on 110 occasions. A pulses paradoxus was associated with greater airflow obstruction (average peak expiratory flow-rate 33.6% of the predicted) than an absent pulsus paradoxus which was associated with a peak expiratory flow-rate of 55.4%. However, pulsus paradoxus was often present in mild obstruction and absent in severe obstruction. In six patients the effect of changing respiratory pattern on systolic fluctuation was studied. Systolic fluctuation was directly related to the inspiratory flow-rate. This is probably one of the major reasons why association of airflow obstruction with pulsus paradoxus is not constant.", "PMID": 76072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6067", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Expression of a genetic receptor disease in utero.", "content": "Cultured amniotic-fluid cells from a fetus at risk for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.) almost completely lacked cell-surface receptors for plasma low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.), as evidenced by direct measurement of binding, uptake, and degradation of 125I-L.D.L. Functional consequences of L.D.L. binding to the receptor--i.e., suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and stimulation of cholesterol esterification--were proportionately reduced when compared with results in cultured amniotic cells from two control fetuses. On the basis of these findings, homozygous F.H. was diagnosed and the pregnancy was terminated at the 20th week. The diagnosis of homozygous F.H. was confirmed by a serum-cholesterol of the aborted fetus of 279 mg/dl, a value 9 times the mean of four control fetuses of similar gestational age. More than 80% of the serum-cholesterol of the affected fetus was contained within L.D.L. Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous F.H. now seems practical; moreover, the finding of a raised serum-L.D.L. in the affected fetus indicates that the L.D.L. receptor is normally functional as early as the 20th week of fetal life.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Expression of a genetic receptor disease in utero. Cultured amniotic-fluid cells from a fetus at risk for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.) almost completely lacked cell-surface receptors for plasma low-density lipoprotein (L.D.L.), as evidenced by direct measurement of binding, uptake, and degradation of 125I-L.D.L. Functional consequences of L.D.L. binding to the receptor--i.e., suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and stimulation of cholesterol esterification--were proportionately reduced when compared with results in cultured amniotic cells from two control fetuses. On the basis of these findings, homozygous F.H. was diagnosed and the pregnancy was terminated at the 20th week. The diagnosis of homozygous F.H. was confirmed by a serum-cholesterol of the aborted fetus of 279 mg/dl, a value 9 times the mean of four control fetuses of similar gestational age. More than 80% of the serum-cholesterol of the affected fetus was contained within L.D.L. Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous F.H. now seems practical; moreover, the finding of a raised serum-L.D.L. in the affected fetus indicates that the L.D.L. receptor is normally functional as early as the 20th week of fetal life.", "PMID": 76071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6068", "title": "Serum-alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase levels in sickle-cell disease and sickle-cell crisis.", "content": "In patients with sickle-cell disease (Hb S/S disease) who are not in crisis, the serum-level of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-H.B.D.) is significantly above normal. The degree of elevation correlates with the severity of the disease. During infarctive crises the level increases still further by a factor of 2 to 3, and it returns to the patient's normal level on recovery. The level of alpha-H.B.D. thus provides an index of the severity of the disease. Also, it allows distinction between true infarctive crisis, infection, and fake symptoms. In 5 patients a rise in the level of alpha-H.B.D. above the patient's normal level was detected several days before the onset of symptoms, which suggests that there may be a \"prodromal\" phase.", "contents": "Serum-alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase levels in sickle-cell disease and sickle-cell crisis. In patients with sickle-cell disease (Hb S/S disease) who are not in crisis, the serum-level of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-H.B.D.) is significantly above normal. The degree of elevation correlates with the severity of the disease. During infarctive crises the level increases still further by a factor of 2 to 3, and it returns to the patient's normal level on recovery. The level of alpha-H.B.D. thus provides an index of the severity of the disease. Also, it allows distinction between true infarctive crisis, infection, and fake symptoms. In 5 patients a rise in the level of alpha-H.B.D. above the patient's normal level was detected several days before the onset of symptoms, which suggests that there may be a \"prodromal\" phase.", "PMID": 76073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6069", "title": "Cholestasis: Pump failure, microvilli defect, or both?", "content": "Cholestasis may result either from a disturbance of the systems responsible for solute transport into the bile canaliculi (for example, the Na+ and K+-ATP-ase system) or from an alteration of canalicular microvilli (for example, that resulting from microfilament dysfunction). Evidence that both mechanisms operate is drawn from the analysis of experimental cholestasis induced by oestrogen, cytochalasin-B, and phalloidin.", "contents": "Cholestasis: Pump failure, microvilli defect, or both? Cholestasis may result either from a disturbance of the systems responsible for solute transport into the bile canaliculi (for example, the Na+ and K+-ATP-ase system) or from an alteration of canalicular microvilli (for example, that resulting from microfilament dysfunction). Evidence that both mechanisms operate is drawn from the analysis of experimental cholestasis induced by oestrogen, cytochalasin-B, and phalloidin.", "PMID": 76074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6070", "title": "Motivation for vasectomy.", "content": "Men under 35 tend to request vasectomy for different reasons from those given by older men. Potential sexual, marital, or ageing problems seemed to motivate older couples, and problems related to family size, recent pregnancy, and difficulty with contraception the younger ones.", "contents": "Motivation for vasectomy. Men under 35 tend to request vasectomy for different reasons from those given by older men. Potential sexual, marital, or ageing problems seemed to motivate older couples, and problems related to family size, recent pregnancy, and difficulty with contraception the younger ones.", "PMID": 76083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6071", "title": "Reduction in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis associated with oral contraceptives. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.", "content": "Analyses of the frequency of reporting of rheumatoid arthritis have been undertaken as part of the continuing major prospective survey of oral contraceptives. The rate of reporting in oral-contraceptive users (takers) is half of the rate in non-users (controls). The rates for ex-takers and controls are not materially different. The expected rise in the rate of reporting in women over 35 is apparent in controls but suppressed in takers. In the absence of any accountable bias, it is concluded that oral contraceptives protect against the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Although the effect is small, the observation may be valuable in understanding the aetiology of the disease and the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Reduction in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis associated with oral contraceptives. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Analyses of the frequency of reporting of rheumatoid arthritis have been undertaken as part of the continuing major prospective survey of oral contraceptives. The rate of reporting in oral-contraceptive users (takers) is half of the rate in non-users (controls). The rates for ex-takers and controls are not materially different. The expected rise in the rate of reporting in women over 35 is apparent in controls but suppressed in takers. In the absence of any accountable bias, it is concluded that oral contraceptives protect against the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Although the effect is small, the observation may be valuable in understanding the aetiology of the disease and the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 76118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6072", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in family members of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in sera from 14 of 21 (67%) patients with multiple sclerosis. A significantly (p less than 0.01) greater frequency of these antibodies was also demonstrated in patients' household members (12 of 18 [67%]) compared to siblings living elsewhere (3 of 14 [21%]) or normal controls (1 of 13 [8%]). No difference in antibody frequency was found between consanguineous and non-consanguineous family members. These findings suggest that the increase frequency of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in these multiple-sclerosis patients and their family members is an indicator of the presence of a transmissible agent, probably a virus, in many patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in family members of patients with multiple sclerosis. Cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in sera from 14 of 21 (67%) patients with multiple sclerosis. A significantly (p less than 0.01) greater frequency of these antibodies was also demonstrated in patients' household members (12 of 18 [67%]) compared to siblings living elsewhere (3 of 14 [21%]) or normal controls (1 of 13 [8%]). No difference in antibody frequency was found between consanguineous and non-consanguineous family members. These findings suggest that the increase frequency of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in these multiple-sclerosis patients and their family members is an indicator of the presence of a transmissible agent, probably a virus, in many patients with multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 76119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6073", "title": "The Lewis system: New histocompatibility antigens in renal transplantation.", "content": "Lewis antigen types (Le, le) were retrospectively determined in 255 first-kidney-transplant recipients. Actuarial survival of grafts at two years was significantly lower in the le/le recipients than in the Le recipients. This indicates that mismatching of these antigens contributes to rejection of kidney transplants. The effects of mismatching for the Lewis and HLA antigen systems seemed to be additive.", "contents": "The Lewis system: New histocompatibility antigens in renal transplantation. Lewis antigen types (Le, le) were retrospectively determined in 255 first-kidney-transplant recipients. Actuarial survival of grafts at two years was significantly lower in the le/le recipients than in the Le recipients. This indicates that mismatching of these antigens contributes to rejection of kidney transplants. The effects of mismatching for the Lewis and HLA antigen systems seemed to be additive.", "PMID": 76120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6074", "title": "Matching for B-cell antigens of the HLA-DR series in cadaver renal transplantation.", "content": "Stored and fresh lymphocytes from 84 donors and recipients of cadaveric renal allografts have been retrospectively typed for 7 HLA-DR antigens. The match between donor and recipient was graded as 2, 1, or 0 identities. Graft function was assessed by (i) failure or success at 3 months, (ii) serum-creatinine at 3 and 6 months, and (iii) the number of rejection episodes occurring within 3 months. All 4 recipients with 2 identities had good 3-month function, and all are still functioning at 5--19 months. Recipients with 1 identity had both a higher success-rate and better quality of function than those with 0 identities. Although the differences do not reach significance, a continuing prospective study of HLA-DR matching is justified, with particular emphasis on performing transplants where two DR antigens are shared between donor and recipient.", "contents": "Matching for B-cell antigens of the HLA-DR series in cadaver renal transplantation. Stored and fresh lymphocytes from 84 donors and recipients of cadaveric renal allografts have been retrospectively typed for 7 HLA-DR antigens. The match between donor and recipient was graded as 2, 1, or 0 identities. Graft function was assessed by (i) failure or success at 3 months, (ii) serum-creatinine at 3 and 6 months, and (iii) the number of rejection episodes occurring within 3 months. All 4 recipients with 2 identities had good 3-month function, and all are still functioning at 5--19 months. Recipients with 1 identity had both a higher success-rate and better quality of function than those with 0 identities. Although the differences do not reach significance, a continuing prospective study of HLA-DR matching is justified, with particular emphasis on performing transplants where two DR antigens are shared between donor and recipient.", "PMID": 76121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6075", "title": "Normal serum-cholesterol but low H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration in young patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Serum-lipoproteins were determined in male and female patients aged under 55 who had survived an attack of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (I.C.D.). The results were compared with findings in healthy controls. Total serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were not increased. However, in the very-low-density lipoprotein fraction increased cholesterol concentrations were found, and the mean value of high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol in I.C.D. patients was 18% lower than in controls. Since a low H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration has been suggested as an independent strong risk factor, it is possible that the susceptibility of I.C.D. patients to atherosclerosis is the result of a low H.D.L. rather than hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "contents": "Normal serum-cholesterol but low H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration in young patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. Serum-lipoproteins were determined in male and female patients aged under 55 who had survived an attack of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (I.C.D.). The results were compared with findings in healthy controls. Total serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were not increased. However, in the very-low-density lipoprotein fraction increased cholesterol concentrations were found, and the mean value of high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol in I.C.D. patients was 18% lower than in controls. Since a low H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration has been suggested as an independent strong risk factor, it is possible that the susceptibility of I.C.D. patients to atherosclerosis is the result of a low H.D.L. rather than hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "PMID": 76122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6076", "title": "Serum-SP1-pregnancy-specific-beta-glycoprotein in choriocarcinoma and other neoplastic disease.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for a plancental glycoprotein, beta1SP1, capable of detecting 2 microgram/l of the glycoprotein in serum was used to measure concentrations of beta1,SP1 in patients with choriocarcinoma, teratoma, colonic cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. 12 out of 94 (13%) healthy men and health non-pregnant women had detectable serum-beta1SP1 concentrations. Concentrations up to 50 000 microgram/l were found in the sera of patients with hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and malignant teratoma. beta1-glycoprotein concentrations were generally much lower than corresponding concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin which is the most reliable marker for trophoblastic tumours. In a few cases, however, beta1-glycoprotein measurements may be useful in the detection of minimal residual tumour. The slightly raised values found in some patients with carcinoma of the colon, breast, or ovary seem unlikely to be useful for diagnostic purposes of for monitoring the course of these cancers.", "contents": "Serum-SP1-pregnancy-specific-beta-glycoprotein in choriocarcinoma and other neoplastic disease. A radioimmunoassay for a plancental glycoprotein, beta1SP1, capable of detecting 2 microgram/l of the glycoprotein in serum was used to measure concentrations of beta1,SP1 in patients with choriocarcinoma, teratoma, colonic cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. 12 out of 94 (13%) healthy men and health non-pregnant women had detectable serum-beta1SP1 concentrations. Concentrations up to 50 000 microgram/l were found in the sera of patients with hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and malignant teratoma. beta1-glycoprotein concentrations were generally much lower than corresponding concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin which is the most reliable marker for trophoblastic tumours. In a few cases, however, beta1-glycoprotein measurements may be useful in the detection of minimal residual tumour. The slightly raised values found in some patients with carcinoma of the colon, breast, or ovary seem unlikely to be useful for diagnostic purposes of for monitoring the course of these cancers.", "PMID": 76123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6077", "title": "Immunodeficiency in familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.", "content": "4 children with familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and hyperlipidaemia were found to have a previously unrecognised immunological deficiency syndrome which included defects in both humoral and cellular immunity and a plasma inhibitor of in-vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. The inhibitory activity was proportional to the increase in the triglyceride concentration in the patients' plasma. Immunological deficiency, to which hyperlipidaemia may be a contributing factor, appears to be a significant feature of familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. 4 children with familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and hyperlipidaemia were found to have a previously unrecognised immunological deficiency syndrome which included defects in both humoral and cellular immunity and a plasma inhibitor of in-vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. The inhibitory activity was proportional to the increase in the triglyceride concentration in the patients' plasma. Immunological deficiency, to which hyperlipidaemia may be a contributing factor, appears to be a significant feature of familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.", "PMID": 76124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6078", "title": "Treatment of idiopathic polyneuritis by a polyunsaturated fatty-acid diet.", "content": "Two children, severely disabled for 6 and 12 months respectively by idiopathic polyneuritis, began to recover within a week of starting on a polyunsaturated fatty-acid diet. Recovery is virtually complete.", "contents": "Treatment of idiopathic polyneuritis by a polyunsaturated fatty-acid diet. Two children, severely disabled for 6 and 12 months respectively by idiopathic polyneuritis, began to recover within a week of starting on a polyunsaturated fatty-acid diet. Recovery is virtually complete.", "PMID": 76125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6079", "title": "Mucotractive effect of lectin.", "content": "The jackbean lectin concanavalin A caused hypersecretion of mucus in the human nose and the rat jejunum, and histology of the latter demonstrated increased emptying of goblet cells. This \"mucotractive\" effect has implications for the fibre hypothesis and might be therapeutically useful in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Mucotractive effect of lectin. The jackbean lectin concanavalin A caused hypersecretion of mucus in the human nose and the rat jejunum, and histology of the latter demonstrated increased emptying of goblet cells. This \"mucotractive\" effect has implications for the fibre hypothesis and might be therapeutically useful in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 76126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6080", "title": "Use of chronic cerebellar stimulation for disorders of disinhibition.", "content": "A review of the clinical results from 200 patients and the neurophysiological results from 42 patients suggests that chronic cerebellar stimulation (c.c.s.) can improve cerebral palsy and reduce intractable seizures. The therapeutic effects of stimulation of the cerebellar surface may not be due to activation of Purkinje cells. There is evidence that stimulation of brainstem structures, particularly the reticular formation, may be associated with thalamic inhibition; such effects would explain the clinical results of c.c.s. as well as the reduction in amplitude of reflexes, evoked potentials, and paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalogram. This hypothesis would explain the prolonged, rebound, paradoxical, and cumulative effects of c.c.s. No clinical disturbance or significant tissue damage has resulted from c.c.s. over 5 years. The technique is an example of the therapeutic manipulation of inhibitory and disinhibitory mechanisms in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Use of chronic cerebellar stimulation for disorders of disinhibition. A review of the clinical results from 200 patients and the neurophysiological results from 42 patients suggests that chronic cerebellar stimulation (c.c.s.) can improve cerebral palsy and reduce intractable seizures. The therapeutic effects of stimulation of the cerebellar surface may not be due to activation of Purkinje cells. There is evidence that stimulation of brainstem structures, particularly the reticular formation, may be associated with thalamic inhibition; such effects would explain the clinical results of c.c.s. as well as the reduction in amplitude of reflexes, evoked potentials, and paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalogram. This hypothesis would explain the prolonged, rebound, paradoxical, and cumulative effects of c.c.s. No clinical disturbance or significant tissue damage has resulted from c.c.s. over 5 years. The technique is an example of the therapeutic manipulation of inhibitory and disinhibitory mechanisms in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 76133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6081", "title": "Is fetal radiography really necessary?", "content": "A survey of fetal radiographs taken in a teaching maternity hospital during one year showed that less than 10% of fetuses were radiographed. This figure could be reduced further if ultrasound were more widely available.", "contents": "Is fetal radiography really necessary? A survey of fetal radiographs taken in a teaching maternity hospital during one year showed that less than 10% of fetuses were radiographed. This figure could be reduced further if ultrasound were more widely available.", "PMID": 76134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6082", "title": "Severe hyponatraemia. A study of 17 patients.", "content": "17 patients with severe hyponatraemia (none had cardiac failure or had lately had an operation) all had excessively high plasma-antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H.). Only 13 had features typical of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of A.D.H. (S.I.A.D.H.). Plasma-A.D.H. was not related to either plasma-sodium or diagnosis. There were as many patients with chest infection as with carcinoma of the lung. Plasma-sodium and plasma-A.D.H. returned rapidly towards normal in the patients with chest infection or volume depletion but these concentrations corrected much more slowly in patients with carcinoma of the lung. The increase in plasma-sodium in patients with chest infection was too rapid to be produced by water-deprivation treatment and was due to return of plasma-A.D.H. to normal. The term S.I.A.D.H. implies an understanding of pathophysiology that does not exist. As a diagnosis it does not help in management or prognosis. A simpler, more descriptive terminology such as \"hyponatraemia with carcinoma of the lung\" would be more useful and less confusing in the clinical situation.", "contents": "Severe hyponatraemia. A study of 17 patients. 17 patients with severe hyponatraemia (none had cardiac failure or had lately had an operation) all had excessively high plasma-antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H.). Only 13 had features typical of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of A.D.H. (S.I.A.D.H.). Plasma-A.D.H. was not related to either plasma-sodium or diagnosis. There were as many patients with chest infection as with carcinoma of the lung. Plasma-sodium and plasma-A.D.H. returned rapidly towards normal in the patients with chest infection or volume depletion but these concentrations corrected much more slowly in patients with carcinoma of the lung. The increase in plasma-sodium in patients with chest infection was too rapid to be produced by water-deprivation treatment and was due to return of plasma-A.D.H. to normal. The term S.I.A.D.H. implies an understanding of pathophysiology that does not exist. As a diagnosis it does not help in management or prognosis. A simpler, more descriptive terminology such as \"hyponatraemia with carcinoma of the lung\" would be more useful and less confusing in the clinical situation.", "PMID": 76164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6083", "title": "Effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonists on delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "The delayed skin-test response to four antigens was assessed before and after 6 weeks' cimetidine therapy in patients with duodenal-ulcer disease. In the eight patients who received cimetidine there was a significant increase in both erythema and induration after six weeks' cimetidine therapy. In contrast, the intensity of delayed-hypersensitivity reactions at 6 weeks was not increased in eight control patients who did not receive cimetidine. These studies indicate that therapy with an H2-receptor antagonist may be associated with an augmentation of delayed hypersensitivity responses.", "contents": "Effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonists on delayed hypersensitivity. The delayed skin-test response to four antigens was assessed before and after 6 weeks' cimetidine therapy in patients with duodenal-ulcer disease. In the eight patients who received cimetidine there was a significant increase in both erythema and induration after six weeks' cimetidine therapy. In contrast, the intensity of delayed-hypersensitivity reactions at 6 weeks was not increased in eight control patients who did not receive cimetidine. These studies indicate that therapy with an H2-receptor antagonist may be associated with an augmentation of delayed hypersensitivity responses.", "PMID": 76165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6084", "title": "Prevention by bedtime cimetidine of duodenal-ulcer relapse.", "content": "45 patients with healed duodenal ulcers completed a six-month double-blind trial to compare the effects of cimetidine and placebo on the prevention of duodenal-ulcer relapse. A single bedtime dose of cimetidine (800 mg) was given and ulcer relapse was assessed endoscopically at regular intervals. At the end of the six-month trial, 16 of the 21 (76%) cimetidine-treated patients remained ulcer-free compared with only 3 of the 24 (12.5%) placebo-treated patients. No untoward effects of this treatment were observed.", "contents": "Prevention by bedtime cimetidine of duodenal-ulcer relapse. 45 patients with healed duodenal ulcers completed a six-month double-blind trial to compare the effects of cimetidine and placebo on the prevention of duodenal-ulcer relapse. A single bedtime dose of cimetidine (800 mg) was given and ulcer relapse was assessed endoscopically at regular intervals. At the end of the six-month trial, 16 of the 21 (76%) cimetidine-treated patients remained ulcer-free compared with only 3 of the 24 (12.5%) placebo-treated patients. No untoward effects of this treatment were observed.", "PMID": 76166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6085", "title": "An in-vitro immunological assay for diagnosis of coeliac disease.", "content": "Production of leucocyte-migration-inhibition factor (L.I.F.) by peripheral-blood lymphocytes in response to challenge with gluten fractions was studied in 55 patients with coeliac disease and in 32 controls. 96% of the patients with coeliac disease demonstrated significant L.I.F. reaction in response to gluten fractions irrespective of their dietary status. Only 2 out of 32 controls had a positive reaction. This was in response to the B2 or B3 fraction, but never to both. The agarose microdroplet method of L.I.F. assay is reliable and technically simple enough for use in most clinical laboratories. The assay of L.I.F. production by peripheral-blood lymphocytes in response to gluten fractions, would be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "contents": "An in-vitro immunological assay for diagnosis of coeliac disease. Production of leucocyte-migration-inhibition factor (L.I.F.) by peripheral-blood lymphocytes in response to challenge with gluten fractions was studied in 55 patients with coeliac disease and in 32 controls. 96% of the patients with coeliac disease demonstrated significant L.I.F. reaction in response to gluten fractions irrespective of their dietary status. Only 2 out of 32 controls had a positive reaction. This was in response to the B2 or B3 fraction, but never to both. The agarose microdroplet method of L.I.F. assay is reliable and technically simple enough for use in most clinical laboratories. The assay of L.I.F. production by peripheral-blood lymphocytes in response to gluten fractions, would be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.", "PMID": 76167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6086", "title": "Long-term effects of small doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "An oral dose of 0.5 microgram of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3) and 4 g of calcium carbonate was given daily to two dialysed patients and three undialysed patients in chronic renal failure with renal osteodystrophy. Treatment was given for 4-16 months. Intestinal calcium absorption became normal in all five patients. Plasma alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were considerably reduced in all of the patients and in four of them these values were restored to normal. Bone histology was improved in all patients after treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3. As well as a dramatic improvement in bone mineralisation, there was remodeling of trabecular architecture and a decrease in fibrosis in patients with initial parathyroid overactivity.", "contents": "Long-term effects of small doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. An oral dose of 0.5 microgram of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3) and 4 g of calcium carbonate was given daily to two dialysed patients and three undialysed patients in chronic renal failure with renal osteodystrophy. Treatment was given for 4-16 months. Intestinal calcium absorption became normal in all five patients. Plasma alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were considerably reduced in all of the patients and in four of them these values were restored to normal. Bone histology was improved in all patients after treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3. As well as a dramatic improvement in bone mineralisation, there was remodeling of trabecular architecture and a decrease in fibrosis in patients with initial parathyroid overactivity.", "PMID": 76168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6087", "title": "Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) in cardiorespiratory disorders.", "content": "The development of a miniature polarographic electrode mounted in the tip of a double-lumen plastic catheter has made possible continuous in-vivo monitoring of oxygen tension. Inexpensive catheters of this type have already proved of value as a means of continuously monitoring arterial oxygen tension in the newborn. In 25 patients with acute respiratory failure we found that these catheters could be safely and easily flow-guided into the pulmonary artery. In this way continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) could be made for a period of several days. In our experience a sustained fall of PvO2 below 40 mm Hg proved to be a reliable indicator of respiratory or cardiac deterioration not always obvious by observation. In the patients described, falls of this order were seen after reductions in inspired oxygen concentration, in acute respiratory failure, in accidental underventilation, and in hypovolaemia and cardiac arrythmias. In some very ill patients routine nursing care involving movement of the patient caused pronounced falls of PvO2. Although electrode drift was an occasional problem, this could be checked by intermittent blood-sampling and recalibration if necessary.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) in cardiorespiratory disorders. The development of a miniature polarographic electrode mounted in the tip of a double-lumen plastic catheter has made possible continuous in-vivo monitoring of oxygen tension. Inexpensive catheters of this type have already proved of value as a means of continuously monitoring arterial oxygen tension in the newborn. In 25 patients with acute respiratory failure we found that these catheters could be safely and easily flow-guided into the pulmonary artery. In this way continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2) could be made for a period of several days. In our experience a sustained fall of PvO2 below 40 mm Hg proved to be a reliable indicator of respiratory or cardiac deterioration not always obvious by observation. In the patients described, falls of this order were seen after reductions in inspired oxygen concentration, in acute respiratory failure, in accidental underventilation, and in hypovolaemia and cardiac arrythmias. In some very ill patients routine nursing care involving movement of the patient caused pronounced falls of PvO2. Although electrode drift was an occasional problem, this could be checked by intermittent blood-sampling and recalibration if necessary.", "PMID": 76169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6088", "title": "Value of bile-acid binding agents in post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "content": "Cholecystectomy increases the incidence of post-vagotomy diarrhoea. The effect of agents which either bind bile acids or prevent their action on the colonic mucosa has been studied in 31 patients with post-vagotomy diarrhoea--15 had had vagotomy and pyloroplasty alone and 16 vagotomy and pyloroplasty and cholecystectomy. Cholestyramine was particularly useful after the combined operation. Aluminium hydroxide in large doses has a similar mechanism of action to cholestyramine and is cheaper and more palatable, but propranolol was of no value. This study suggests that the excretion and chemical composition of bile and the handling of bile acids by the small intestine is of fundamental importance in the pathogenesis of post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "contents": "Value of bile-acid binding agents in post-vagotomy diarrhoea. Cholecystectomy increases the incidence of post-vagotomy diarrhoea. The effect of agents which either bind bile acids or prevent their action on the colonic mucosa has been studied in 31 patients with post-vagotomy diarrhoea--15 had had vagotomy and pyloroplasty alone and 16 vagotomy and pyloroplasty and cholecystectomy. Cholestyramine was particularly useful after the combined operation. Aluminium hydroxide in large doses has a similar mechanism of action to cholestyramine and is cheaper and more palatable, but propranolol was of no value. This study suggests that the excretion and chemical composition of bile and the handling of bile acids by the small intestine is of fundamental importance in the pathogenesis of post-vagotomy diarrhoea.", "PMID": 76170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6089", "title": "Blood-transfusion in group-B streptococcal sepsis.", "content": "Transfusion of fresh whole blood was evaluated as a means of supplying opsonins and lessening the high mortality of group-B streptococcal sepsis in neonates. Pre-transfusion and post-transfusion sera from 22 infants were examined for the presence of opsonins against group-B organisms. Opsonic activity rose only when donor blood containing heat-stable antibody was administered in high volume (greater than 40% of blood-volume). 9 of 9 infants transfused with blood containing antibody to their infecting strain survived septic episodes. 3 of 6 who received blood lacking antibody to their infecting strain died.", "contents": "Blood-transfusion in group-B streptococcal sepsis. Transfusion of fresh whole blood was evaluated as a means of supplying opsonins and lessening the high mortality of group-B streptococcal sepsis in neonates. Pre-transfusion and post-transfusion sera from 22 infants were examined for the presence of opsonins against group-B organisms. Opsonic activity rose only when donor blood containing heat-stable antibody was administered in high volume (greater than 40% of blood-volume). 9 of 9 infants transfused with blood containing antibody to their infecting strain survived septic episodes. 3 of 6 who received blood lacking antibody to their infecting strain died.", "PMID": 76171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6090", "title": "Calcium binding by dietary fibre.", "content": "Dietary fibre from plants low in phytate bound calcium in proportion to its uronic-acid content. This binding by the non-cellulosic fraction of fibre will reduce the availability of calcium for small-intestinal absorption, but the colonic microbial digestion of uronic acids will liberate the calcium. Thus the ability to maintain calcium balance on high-fibre diets may depend on the adaptive capacity of the colon for calcium absorption.", "contents": "Calcium binding by dietary fibre. Dietary fibre from plants low in phytate bound calcium in proportion to its uronic-acid content. This binding by the non-cellulosic fraction of fibre will reduce the availability of calcium for small-intestinal absorption, but the colonic microbial digestion of uronic acids will liberate the calcium. Thus the ability to maintain calcium balance on high-fibre diets may depend on the adaptive capacity of the colon for calcium absorption.", "PMID": 76172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6091", "title": "Free-radical oxidation and antioxidants.", "content": "Cells and tissues are protected against oxidising free radicals by a complexity of antioxidant mechanisms. In disease these mechanisms may fail; or the mechanisms may fail and cause disease. The primary products of free-radical oxidation undergo rapid and spontaneous fragmentation. Many of these fragments are highly active in biological systems. Some may have considerable survival value. Others are potentially lethal.", "contents": "Free-radical oxidation and antioxidants. Cells and tissues are protected against oxidising free radicals by a complexity of antioxidant mechanisms. In disease these mechanisms may fail; or the mechanisms may fail and cause disease. The primary products of free-radical oxidation undergo rapid and spontaneous fragmentation. Many of these fragments are highly active in biological systems. Some may have considerable survival value. Others are potentially lethal.", "PMID": 76178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6092", "title": "Active tuberculosis unrecognised until necropsy.", "content": "12 of the 24 cases of active tuberculosis which came to necropsy in Dundee hospitals from 1968 to 1975 were diagnosed after death. The overall distribution of anatomical types was similar to that in previous surveys, but in those diagnosed at necropsy there was an excess of psoas abscess and miliary, colonic, and adrenal lesions. Class-IV patients and a history of steroid therapy were also more common in cases diagnosed at necropsy. None of these differences is statistically significant.", "contents": "Active tuberculosis unrecognised until necropsy. 12 of the 24 cases of active tuberculosis which came to necropsy in Dundee hospitals from 1968 to 1975 were diagnosed after death. The overall distribution of anatomical types was similar to that in previous surveys, but in those diagnosed at necropsy there was an excess of psoas abscess and miliary, colonic, and adrenal lesions. Class-IV patients and a history of steroid therapy were also more common in cases diagnosed at necropsy. None of these differences is statistically significant.", "PMID": 76179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6093", "title": "Fetal wastage as a result of an alpha-fetoprotein screening programme.", "content": "Amniocentesis was performed in 102 pregnancies in which maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) concentrations were raised. 18 pregnancies were terminated. There were 15 neural-tube defects, 2 gastrointestinal abnormalities (1 of which could have been corrected by surgery), and 1 case of hydrocephaly. There was an association between raised maternal serum-A.F.P. and complications of late pregnancy including premature labour, perinatal death, and severe pre-eclampsia. After amniocentesis there was spontaneous abortion of 3 normal fetuses and 1 abnormal fetus.", "contents": "Fetal wastage as a result of an alpha-fetoprotein screening programme. Amniocentesis was performed in 102 pregnancies in which maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) concentrations were raised. 18 pregnancies were terminated. There were 15 neural-tube defects, 2 gastrointestinal abnormalities (1 of which could have been corrected by surgery), and 1 case of hydrocephaly. There was an association between raised maternal serum-A.F.P. and complications of late pregnancy including premature labour, perinatal death, and severe pre-eclampsia. After amniocentesis there was spontaneous abortion of 3 normal fetuses and 1 abnormal fetus.", "PMID": 76221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6094", "title": "Relation between plasma oestrone and oestradiol and climacteric symptoms.", "content": "Plasma levels of oestrone and oestradiol-17beta were determined at 20 or 30 minute intervals for up to 24 hours in 26 postmenopausal or ovariectomised women of similar age, weight, and number of years since menopause or operation. Results in women with both superficial dyspareunia and flushes were compared with those in women with flushes only, and with those in symptomless women. Women with superficial dyspareunia had significantly lower mean concentrations of plasma-oestradiol, but not of oestrone, than symptomless women. Flushes were not related to plasma-oestrogen. The implications of these findings in relation to the optimum dose of oestrogen for treating climacteric symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "Relation between plasma oestrone and oestradiol and climacteric symptoms. Plasma levels of oestrone and oestradiol-17beta were determined at 20 or 30 minute intervals for up to 24 hours in 26 postmenopausal or ovariectomised women of similar age, weight, and number of years since menopause or operation. Results in women with both superficial dyspareunia and flushes were compared with those in women with flushes only, and with those in symptomless women. Women with superficial dyspareunia had significantly lower mean concentrations of plasma-oestradiol, but not of oestrone, than symptomless women. Flushes were not related to plasma-oestrogen. The implications of these findings in relation to the optimum dose of oestrogen for treating climacteric symptoms are discussed.", "PMID": 76222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6095", "title": "Glucose intolerance during diuretic therapy. Results of trial by the European Working Party on Hypertension in the Elderly.", "content": "119 elderly, hypertensive patients were followed-up for 1 year and 48 for 2 years in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in which they received either placebo or 25-50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50-100 mg of triamterene daily. Half of the active treatment group also received 250 mg to 2 g methyldopa daily. After 2 years the active treatment group had an average increase in fasting blood-sugar of 9.6 mg/dl compared with an average fall of 3.1 mg in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Blood-glucose rose by an average of 26.6 mg/dl in the active group when determined 1 hour after 50 g oral glucose and decreased by an average of 5.3 mg/dl in patients who had been on placebo for two years (p less than 0.05). The hyperglycaemic effect of diuretics appeared to be related to potassium loss since, in both groups, impairment of glucose tolerance was most marked in those in whom the serum-potassium decreased over the 2 years.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance during diuretic therapy. Results of trial by the European Working Party on Hypertension in the Elderly. 119 elderly, hypertensive patients were followed-up for 1 year and 48 for 2 years in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in which they received either placebo or 25-50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50-100 mg of triamterene daily. Half of the active treatment group also received 250 mg to 2 g methyldopa daily. After 2 years the active treatment group had an average increase in fasting blood-sugar of 9.6 mg/dl compared with an average fall of 3.1 mg in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Blood-glucose rose by an average of 26.6 mg/dl in the active group when determined 1 hour after 50 g oral glucose and decreased by an average of 5.3 mg/dl in patients who had been on placebo for two years (p less than 0.05). The hyperglycaemic effect of diuretics appeared to be related to potassium loss since, in both groups, impairment of glucose tolerance was most marked in those in whom the serum-potassium decreased over the 2 years.", "PMID": 76223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6096", "title": "Chemotherapy of sarcoma. A comparison of three regimens.", "content": "Three regimens have been used in the chemotherapeutic management of 75 adults with sarcoma. Methotrexate alone was used in 41 cases, a five-drug regimen was given in 12 cases, and adriamycin, T.I.C.-mustard, and methotrexate were given to 22 patients. Remissions, sometimes prolonged, were achieved with each regimen, and none was obviously better than the others. Because of the higher response-rate of primary or locally recurrent tumours it is suggested that sensitivity to drugs should be assessed earlier in the disease. It is proposed that a randomised study of methotrexate versus combination chemotherapy should be started in particular sarcoma subgroups, such as leiomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of sarcoma. A comparison of three regimens. Three regimens have been used in the chemotherapeutic management of 75 adults with sarcoma. Methotrexate alone was used in 41 cases, a five-drug regimen was given in 12 cases, and adriamycin, T.I.C.-mustard, and methotrexate were given to 22 patients. Remissions, sometimes prolonged, were achieved with each regimen, and none was obviously better than the others. Because of the higher response-rate of primary or locally recurrent tumours it is suggested that sensitivity to drugs should be assessed earlier in the disease. It is proposed that a randomised study of methotrexate versus combination chemotherapy should be started in particular sarcoma subgroups, such as leiomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 76224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6097", "title": "Misleading response of malignant gastric ulcers to cimetidine.", "content": "Four patients who apparently had benign gastric ulcer (G.U.) were treated with cimetidine. The ulcers healed and their symptoms disappeared. However, when cimetidine was stopped the symptoms recurred. Intramucosal cancer was found only at histopathological examination of the resected stomachs in two of the four patients, and in all the cases malignancy had not been detected by the initial serial biopsies and brush cytology. Relief of symptoms of malignant gastric ulcers by cimetidine may delay diagnosis and appropriae treatment.", "contents": "Misleading response of malignant gastric ulcers to cimetidine. Four patients who apparently had benign gastric ulcer (G.U.) were treated with cimetidine. The ulcers healed and their symptoms disappeared. However, when cimetidine was stopped the symptoms recurred. Intramucosal cancer was found only at histopathological examination of the resected stomachs in two of the four patients, and in all the cases malignancy had not been detected by the initial serial biopsies and brush cytology. Relief of symptoms of malignant gastric ulcers by cimetidine may delay diagnosis and appropriae treatment.", "PMID": 76225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6098", "title": "Plasma exchange in the treatment of fulminant idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Rapid plasma exchange in a young man with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura and life-threatening haemorrhage acutely increased the platelet-count and enhanced haemostasis. The patient had not responded to steroids, and massive intra-abdominal bleeding had developed after splenectomy, despite numerous platelet transfusions. After plasma exchange, his haemoglobin concentration became normal without further transfusion and his abdominal girth decreased. Therefore emergency reoperation because of intra-abdominal bleeding was no longer required. A cumulative-sums plot of his platelet-count confirmed that plasmapheresis on 2 occasions was followed by a pronounced rise in mean platelet-count. Neither prednisone nor vincristine therapy altered the slope of the plot. The high initial anti-platelet antibody concentration in this patient fell after plasma exchange. These findings indicate that plasmapheresis accelerated clearance of circulating anti-platelet factors in fulminant idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Plasma exchange in the treatment of fulminant idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura. Rapid plasma exchange in a young man with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura and life-threatening haemorrhage acutely increased the platelet-count and enhanced haemostasis. The patient had not responded to steroids, and massive intra-abdominal bleeding had developed after splenectomy, despite numerous platelet transfusions. After plasma exchange, his haemoglobin concentration became normal without further transfusion and his abdominal girth decreased. Therefore emergency reoperation because of intra-abdominal bleeding was no longer required. A cumulative-sums plot of his platelet-count confirmed that plasmapheresis on 2 occasions was followed by a pronounced rise in mean platelet-count. Neither prednisone nor vincristine therapy altered the slope of the plot. The high initial anti-platelet antibody concentration in this patient fell after plasma exchange. These findings indicate that plasmapheresis accelerated clearance of circulating anti-platelet factors in fulminant idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "PMID": 76226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6099", "title": "Glucose-induced hyperkalaemia: A hazard for diabetics?", "content": "The intravenous injection of glucose as a \"therapeutic test\" in comatose diabetics is reviewed in the light of evidence that it may evoke a paradoxical rise in plasma-potassium in the insulin-deprived diabetic. The plasma-potassium rose promptly after a drink of 50 g glucose in 8 insulin-dependent diabetics who had not had insulin for approximately 14-26 hours. This rise coincided with a rise in plasma-osmolality. In non-diabetic controls, however, plasma-potassium fell after the glucose drink. Osmotic and hormonal mechanisms may account for the rise in plasma-potassium in the diabetics. Since the rise in plasma-potassium may be clinically important, caution with, or abandonment of, the use of intravenous glucose as a therapeutic test is recommended.", "contents": "Glucose-induced hyperkalaemia: A hazard for diabetics? The intravenous injection of glucose as a \"therapeutic test\" in comatose diabetics is reviewed in the light of evidence that it may evoke a paradoxical rise in plasma-potassium in the insulin-deprived diabetic. The plasma-potassium rose promptly after a drink of 50 g glucose in 8 insulin-dependent diabetics who had not had insulin for approximately 14-26 hours. This rise coincided with a rise in plasma-osmolality. In non-diabetic controls, however, plasma-potassium fell after the glucose drink. Osmotic and hormonal mechanisms may account for the rise in plasma-potassium in the diabetics. Since the rise in plasma-potassium may be clinically important, caution with, or abandonment of, the use of intravenous glucose as a therapeutic test is recommended.", "PMID": 76227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6100", "title": "Retention of urine in anogenital herpetic infection.", "content": "In 17 patients, 15 women and 2 men, acute retention of urine developed in association with an attack of anogenital herpes. Constipation, blunting of sensation over the 2nd and 3rd sacral dermatomes, and neuralgic pains in the same area (with absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex in some individuals) suggested localised lumbosacral meningomyelitis with involvement of mainly sacral-nerve roots. The urinary dysfunction persisted on average for ten days and in 4 patients was severe enough to warrant catheterisation. Anogenital herpes should always be considered as a possible cause of acute retention of urine in sexually active young people and the possibility of occult herpetic infection of the cervix and rectum should be investigated.", "contents": "Retention of urine in anogenital herpetic infection. In 17 patients, 15 women and 2 men, acute retention of urine developed in association with an attack of anogenital herpes. Constipation, blunting of sensation over the 2nd and 3rd sacral dermatomes, and neuralgic pains in the same area (with absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex in some individuals) suggested localised lumbosacral meningomyelitis with involvement of mainly sacral-nerve roots. The urinary dysfunction persisted on average for ten days and in 4 patients was severe enough to warrant catheterisation. Anogenital herpes should always be considered as a possible cause of acute retention of urine in sexually active young people and the possibility of occult herpetic infection of the cervix and rectum should be investigated.", "PMID": 76228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6101", "title": "Passive immunisation with serum and immunoglobulins against dental caries in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Active immunisation with Streptococcus mutans induced protection against dental caries in rhesus monkeys, and this was associated with serum antibodies. Passive transfer of immune serum with IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to Strep. mutans failed to induce protection against dental caries. However, when separated IgG, IgM, and IgA sera were given, IgG induced significant protection but IgA or IgM antibodies to Strep. mutans did not. IgA and IgM may compete or interfere with the protective effect of IgG antibodies, and the ratio of IgG/IgA and IgG/IgM antibodies might be an important factor in immunisation against dental caries.", "contents": "Passive immunisation with serum and immunoglobulins against dental caries in rhesus monkeys. Active immunisation with Streptococcus mutans induced protection against dental caries in rhesus monkeys, and this was associated with serum antibodies. Passive transfer of immune serum with IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to Strep. mutans failed to induce protection against dental caries. However, when separated IgG, IgM, and IgA sera were given, IgG induced significant protection but IgA or IgM antibodies to Strep. mutans did not. IgA and IgM may compete or interfere with the protective effect of IgG antibodies, and the ratio of IgG/IgA and IgG/IgM antibodies might be an important factor in immunisation against dental caries.", "PMID": 76229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6102", "title": "Drug-associated primary acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Drug histories were taken from 100 patients in their first attack of acute pancreatitis, and each was matched with a control subject of the same sex who was admitted to hospital as an emergency with acute abdominal pain, whose serum-amylase was within the normal range, and whose age was within three years of the pancreatitis patient's. The major differences between the patient groups was in the use of cardiovascular agents, and this was primarily due to a statistically significant excess of diuretic takers among the pancreatitis patients. There was an associated excess of intake of digoxin and antihypertensive and anti-anginal agents, but neither difference  was statistically significant. Other categories of drugs showed no substantial differences. The difference between the pancreatitic patients and controls is almost entirely accounted for by takers of cyclopenthiazide with potassium chloride and of frusemide, especially the former. Further clinical and experimental evidence is required before the role of diuretics and/or potassium chloride in causing acute pancreatitis can be determined.", "contents": "Drug-associated primary acute pancreatitis. Drug histories were taken from 100 patients in their first attack of acute pancreatitis, and each was matched with a control subject of the same sex who was admitted to hospital as an emergency with acute abdominal pain, whose serum-amylase was within the normal range, and whose age was within three years of the pancreatitis patient's. The major differences between the patient groups was in the use of cardiovascular agents, and this was primarily due to a statistically significant excess of diuretic takers among the pancreatitis patients. There was an associated excess of intake of digoxin and antihypertensive and anti-anginal agents, but neither difference  was statistically significant. Other categories of drugs showed no substantial differences. The difference between the pancreatitic patients and controls is almost entirely accounted for by takers of cyclopenthiazide with potassium chloride and of frusemide, especially the former. Further clinical and experimental evidence is required before the role of diuretics and/or potassium chloride in causing acute pancreatitis can be determined.", "PMID": 76239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6103", "title": "[Peritoneoscopic diagnosis of M. Whipple--making an indirect diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a patient with a malabsorption syndrome. Primary diagnostic procedures including x-ray examinations and endoscopy yielded no results. Alterations of the abdominal lymph vessel system were found during peritoneoscopy giving rise to the hypothetical diagnosis of Whipple's disease. This diagnosis was confirmed by intestinal biopsy yielding macrophages with PAS-positive inclusion bodies. It is pointed out, that peritoneoscopy is a good means to evaluate the abdominal lymph vessel system.", "contents": "[Peritoneoscopic diagnosis of M. Whipple--making an indirect diagnosis (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a patient with a malabsorption syndrome. Primary diagnostic procedures including x-ray examinations and endoscopy yielded no results. Alterations of the abdominal lymph vessel system were found during peritoneoscopy giving rise to the hypothetical diagnosis of Whipple's disease. This diagnosis was confirmed by intestinal biopsy yielding macrophages with PAS-positive inclusion bodies. It is pointed out, that peritoneoscopy is a good means to evaluate the abdominal lymph vessel system.", "PMID": 76275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6104", "title": "[Histochemistry of hepatitis B antigen (HBs-Ag) in routine diagnostic procedures; practical use and interpretation of findings of orcein staining (author's transl)].", "content": "The orcein staining technique was tested in 1 000 unselected liver biopsy specimens in regard to its usefulness as a routine diagnostic procedure. It turned out to be a cheap and uncomplicated screening method for HBs-Ag in liver tissue. 2.8% of the cases gave a positive result. Patients with chronic hepatitis and normal persons showing positive serological reactions for HBs-Ag could be detected by this morphological method as well. Positive results in patients with cirrhosis do allow conclusions in regard to etiology; in our group 15% of all patients with cirrhosis did show a positive result, being the biggest single group. Interpretation of findings, limits of sensitivity, theoretical considerations, and the meaning of positive results in medical expertise are discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemistry of hepatitis B antigen (HBs-Ag) in routine diagnostic procedures; practical use and interpretation of findings of orcein staining (author's transl)]. The orcein staining technique was tested in 1 000 unselected liver biopsy specimens in regard to its usefulness as a routine diagnostic procedure. It turned out to be a cheap and uncomplicated screening method for HBs-Ag in liver tissue. 2.8% of the cases gave a positive result. Patients with chronic hepatitis and normal persons showing positive serological reactions for HBs-Ag could be detected by this morphological method as well. Positive results in patients with cirrhosis do allow conclusions in regard to etiology; in our group 15% of all patients with cirrhosis did show a positive result, being the biggest single group. Interpretation of findings, limits of sensitivity, theoretical considerations, and the meaning of positive results in medical expertise are discussed.", "PMID": 76276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6105", "title": "Toluidine blue staining on Epon semithin sections: effect of an oil differentiation.", "content": "Semithin sections from glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed, Epon embedded tissues were stained by alkaline toluidine blue and subjected to prolonged oil treatment. This procedure resulted in progressive bleaching of sections, while a few cell structures remained highly stained. The possible mechanism of this \"differentiation\" effect induced by the oil treatment is briefly analyzed.", "contents": "Toluidine blue staining on Epon semithin sections: effect of an oil differentiation. Semithin sections from glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed, Epon embedded tissues were stained by alkaline toluidine blue and subjected to prolonged oil treatment. This procedure resulted in progressive bleaching of sections, while a few cell structures remained highly stained. The possible mechanism of this \"differentiation\" effect induced by the oil treatment is briefly analyzed.", "PMID": 76280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6106", "title": "[Colorimetric investigation of microscopic dyestuffs and stainings (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from the colorimetric data of some particular microscopic dyestuff the subtractive color spaces of a number of typical histologic stains are calculated. These results are compared with color specifications of corresponding stained preparations. Thereby, it will be tried to explain the position of color values of stained specimens on the outside of the color spaces or areas.", "contents": "[Colorimetric investigation of microscopic dyestuffs and stainings (author's transl)]. Starting from the colorimetric data of some particular microscopic dyestuff the subtractive color spaces of a number of typical histologic stains are calculated. These results are compared with color specifications of corresponding stained preparations. Thereby, it will be tried to explain the position of color values of stained specimens on the outside of the color spaces or areas.", "PMID": 76282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6107", "title": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. I. Alpha-fetoprotein induction by ethionine.", "content": "The neoplastic cellular phenotype expresses many embryonic features. These features are believed to occur by derepression of embryonic genes during the carcinogenic process. A specific case is the ability of ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen, to induce an embryonic protein known as alpha-fetoprotein. A mechanism is proposed for this derepression process along with supporting evidence. It is hypothesized that the repressor protein for the alpha-fetoprotein gene must be modified (methylated) before it is functional and if for any reason this does not occur, alpha-fetoprotein will be produced. This simple theory can explain a variety of states of the liver cell in which alpha-fetoprotein is expressed namely i) fetal, ii) ethionine-treated, iii) neoplastic, and iv) tyrosinemic liver cells.", "contents": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. I. Alpha-fetoprotein induction by ethionine. The neoplastic cellular phenotype expresses many embryonic features. These features are believed to occur by derepression of embryonic genes during the carcinogenic process. A specific case is the ability of ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen, to induce an embryonic protein known as alpha-fetoprotein. A mechanism is proposed for this derepression process along with supporting evidence. It is hypothesized that the repressor protein for the alpha-fetoprotein gene must be modified (methylated) before it is functional and if for any reason this does not occur, alpha-fetoprotein will be produced. This simple theory can explain a variety of states of the liver cell in which alpha-fetoprotein is expressed namely i) fetal, ii) ethionine-treated, iii) neoplastic, and iv) tyrosinemic liver cells.", "PMID": 76285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6108", "title": "The effect of growth-promoting alpha-globulin (GPAG) on the incorporation of exogenous DNA into L-cells. I. Incorporation of isologous and heterologous 3H-DNA.", "content": "Isologous and heterologous 3H-DNA (optimum concentration 25 microgram/ml of medium) are incorporated into L-cells from the medium during short-term incubation (up to 60 min). The incorporation of DNA is stimulated by a protein complex from calf serum--the growth-promoting alpha-globulin (GPAG) in the concentration 0.8 mg/ml of medium), which is rapidly taken into cells by pinocytosis. GPAG increases the frequency of incorporation of exogenous 3H-DNA into L-cells and the quantity of DNA incorporated. The quantity of 3H-DNA incorporated is further increased on the incubation of L-cells in a medium containing the complex 3H-DNA + GPAG, which is formed by the joint preincubation of the two components at 37 degrees C (20 hr); under these conditions the quantity of DNA incorporated is 150% greater than when 3H-DNA is used alone. GPAG acts as an activator of exogenous DNA transfer, stimulates its pinocytosis by the cells, and at the same time accelerates its intracellular transfer to the cell nuclei.", "contents": "The effect of growth-promoting alpha-globulin (GPAG) on the incorporation of exogenous DNA into L-cells. I. Incorporation of isologous and heterologous 3H-DNA. Isologous and heterologous 3H-DNA (optimum concentration 25 microgram/ml of medium) are incorporated into L-cells from the medium during short-term incubation (up to 60 min). The incorporation of DNA is stimulated by a protein complex from calf serum--the growth-promoting alpha-globulin (GPAG) in the concentration 0.8 mg/ml of medium), which is rapidly taken into cells by pinocytosis. GPAG increases the frequency of incorporation of exogenous 3H-DNA into L-cells and the quantity of DNA incorporated. The quantity of 3H-DNA incorporated is further increased on the incubation of L-cells in a medium containing the complex 3H-DNA + GPAG, which is formed by the joint preincubation of the two components at 37 degrees C (20 hr); under these conditions the quantity of DNA incorporated is 150% greater than when 3H-DNA is used alone. GPAG acts as an activator of exogenous DNA transfer, stimulates its pinocytosis by the cells, and at the same time accelerates its intracellular transfer to the cell nuclei.", "PMID": 76291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6109", "title": "[The smear method for histological diagnosis of the tumors of the central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "The smear method for rapid diagnosis of tumors of the central nervous system at operation is not popular in this country, although this has been widely used in North America and Europe since 1930s. During the period from 1958 to 1976 we experienced 1447 histologically verified tumors of the central nervous system. This smear preparation stained by eosin and methylene blue was made for rapid diagnosis in 718 cases of them. We reviewed these cases and described microscopical findings of various kinds of tumors. In over 90% of cases the correct diagnosis will be obtained from the smears. It can be said that the smear method is appropriate for intraoperative rapid diagnosis of neurosurgical cases.", "contents": "[The smear method for histological diagnosis of the tumors of the central nervous system (author's transl)]. The smear method for rapid diagnosis of tumors of the central nervous system at operation is not popular in this country, although this has been widely used in North America and Europe since 1930s. During the period from 1958 to 1976 we experienced 1447 histologically verified tumors of the central nervous system. This smear preparation stained by eosin and methylene blue was made for rapid diagnosis in 718 cases of them. We reviewed these cases and described microscopical findings of various kinds of tumors. In over 90% of cases the correct diagnosis will be obtained from the smears. It can be said that the smear method is appropriate for intraoperative rapid diagnosis of neurosurgical cases.", "PMID": 76293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6110", "title": "[Mitogenic activity in vitro of lysosomal proteins of peripheral blood granulocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Incorporation of 3H thymidine was investigated in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of 33 multiple sclerosis patients and 20 healthy controls in presence of PHA or lysosomal proteins from granulocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was determined also in the peripheral blood of these patients. A rise was observed in the mitogenic activity of proteins obtained from lysosomal granules of granulocytes of multiple sclerosis patients at the time of disease exacerbation with a fall of this activity at the time of remission. At the same time a fall of T-lymphocyte count was observed in the blood of multiple sclerosis patients. The correlations between 3H-thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes in vitro, and the mitogenic activity of proteins obtained from lysosomal granules of granulocytes and the count of T lymphocytes are discussed.", "contents": "[Mitogenic activity in vitro of lysosomal proteins of peripheral blood granulocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Incorporation of 3H thymidine was investigated in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of 33 multiple sclerosis patients and 20 healthy controls in presence of PHA or lysosomal proteins from granulocytes. The number of T lymphocytes was determined also in the peripheral blood of these patients. A rise was observed in the mitogenic activity of proteins obtained from lysosomal granules of granulocytes of multiple sclerosis patients at the time of disease exacerbation with a fall of this activity at the time of remission. At the same time a fall of T-lymphocyte count was observed in the blood of multiple sclerosis patients. The correlations between 3H-thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes in vitro, and the mitogenic activity of proteins obtained from lysosomal granules of granulocytes and the count of T lymphocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 76292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6111", "title": "XXXIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: drusen of the optic disc and aberrant axoplasmic transport.", "content": "In summary, we believe that axoplasmic transport alteration is the anatomic substrate for formation of drusen of the optic disc. In familial cases the cause of axoplasmic transport alteration may be related to the presence of a genetically determined, small, crowded optic nerve head. We believe that these congenitally elevated nerve heads evolve over a period of many years through stages of atrophy and drusen formation. It appears that vascular malformations in the familial cases are primarily developmental; however, secondary vascular alterations may occur as the drusen enlarge. In retinitis pigmentosa, the drusen may be cuased by diminished production of axoplasmic material by the ganglion cell. As a general principle, chronic alterations in axonal transport from any cause seem to produce aggregates of swollen nerve fibers which impart a yellow-white appearance to the disc tissue, and account for the yellow filled-in appearance of the disc in patients with drusen, chronic atrophic papilledema and melanocytomas and, in part, for the \"waxy yellow\" appearance of the disc in retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "XXXIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: drusen of the optic disc and aberrant axoplasmic transport. In summary, we believe that axoplasmic transport alteration is the anatomic substrate for formation of drusen of the optic disc. In familial cases the cause of axoplasmic transport alteration may be related to the presence of a genetically determined, small, crowded optic nerve head. We believe that these congenitally elevated nerve heads evolve over a period of many years through stages of atrophy and drusen formation. It appears that vascular malformations in the familial cases are primarily developmental; however, secondary vascular alterations may occur as the drusen enlarge. In retinitis pigmentosa, the drusen may be cuased by diminished production of axoplasmic material by the ganglion cell. As a general principle, chronic alterations in axonal transport from any cause seem to produce aggregates of swollen nerve fibers which impart a yellow-white appearance to the disc tissue, and account for the yellow filled-in appearance of the disc in patients with drusen, chronic atrophic papilledema and melanocytomas and, in part, for the \"waxy yellow\" appearance of the disc in retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 76301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6112", "title": "Differentiation of irregular rhythms by frequency distribution analysis.", "content": "Distinctive electrocardiographic patterns for atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles, sinus arrhythmia and atrial flutter were found by analysing the frequency distribution of cycle lengths of the electrocardiogram. Frequency distribution analysis, demonstrated that atrial fibrillation is not completely irregular, but shows more long cycles than expected by chance and often a mode at the lower end of the distribution. Irregular atrial flutter is similar. Sinus arrhythmia has more variable organization, but usually there is a centrally situated mode with decreasing observations to the two extremities, and positive skewing. Examples of sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles usually have a mode at the upper end of the distribution with a secondary concentration of observations at the lower extremity. Ratios derived from the frequency distributions were of value in differentiating these arrhythmias. It is suggested that such information will improve computer identification of arrhythmia.", "contents": "Differentiation of irregular rhythms by frequency distribution analysis. Distinctive electrocardiographic patterns for atrial fibrillation, sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles, sinus arrhythmia and atrial flutter were found by analysing the frequency distribution of cycle lengths of the electrocardiogram. Frequency distribution analysis, demonstrated that atrial fibrillation is not completely irregular, but shows more long cycles than expected by chance and often a mode at the lower end of the distribution. Irregular atrial flutter is similar. Sinus arrhythmia has more variable organization, but usually there is a centrally situated mode with decreasing observations to the two extremities, and positive skewing. Examples of sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles usually have a mode at the upper end of the distribution with a secondary concentration of observations at the lower extremity. Ratios derived from the frequency distributions were of value in differentiating these arrhythmias. It is suggested that such information will improve computer identification of arrhythmia.", "PMID": 76311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6113", "title": "Endogenous New World primate type C viruses isolated from owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) kidney cell line.", "content": "A type C virus (OMC-1) detected in a culture of owl monkey kidney cells resembled typical type C viruses morphologically, but was slightly larger than previously characterized mammalian type C viruses. OMC-1 can be transmitted to bat lung cells and cat embryo fibroblasts. The virions band at a density of 1.16 g/ml in isopycnic sucrose density gradients and contain reverse transcriptase and a 60-65S RNA genome composed of approximately 32S subunits. The reverse transcriptase is immunologically and biochemically distinct from the polymerases of othe retroviruses. Radioimmunoassays directed to the interspecies antigenic determinants of the major structure proteins of other type C viruses do not detect a related antigen in OMC-1. Nucleic acid hybridization experiments using labeled viral genomic RNA or proviral cDNA transcripts to normal cellular DNA of different species show that OMC-1 is an endogenous virus with multiple virogene copies (20-50 per haploid genome) present in normal owl monkey cells and is distinct from previously isolated type C and D viruses. Sequences related to the OMC-1 genome can be detected in other New World monkeys. Thus, similar to the Old World primates (e.g., baboons as a prototype), the New World monkeys contain endogenous type C viral genes that appear to have been transmitted in the primate germ line.", "contents": "Endogenous New World primate type C viruses isolated from owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) kidney cell line. A type C virus (OMC-1) detected in a culture of owl monkey kidney cells resembled typical type C viruses morphologically, but was slightly larger than previously characterized mammalian type C viruses. OMC-1 can be transmitted to bat lung cells and cat embryo fibroblasts. The virions band at a density of 1.16 g/ml in isopycnic sucrose density gradients and contain reverse transcriptase and a 60-65S RNA genome composed of approximately 32S subunits. The reverse transcriptase is immunologically and biochemically distinct from the polymerases of othe retroviruses. Radioimmunoassays directed to the interspecies antigenic determinants of the major structure proteins of other type C viruses do not detect a related antigen in OMC-1. Nucleic acid hybridization experiments using labeled viral genomic RNA or proviral cDNA transcripts to normal cellular DNA of different species show that OMC-1 is an endogenous virus with multiple virogene copies (20-50 per haploid genome) present in normal owl monkey cells and is distinct from previously isolated type C and D viruses. Sequences related to the OMC-1 genome can be detected in other New World monkeys. Thus, similar to the Old World primates (e.g., baboons as a prototype), the New World monkeys contain endogenous type C viral genes that appear to have been transmitted in the primate germ line.", "PMID": 76312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6114", "title": "Genetic recombination between mouse type C RNA viruses: a mechanism for endogenous viral gene amplification in mammalian cells.", "content": "A strategy based on the identification of type-specific antigenic determinants in the transitional products of gag (p15, p12, and p30 proteins), pol (reverse transcriptase), and env (gp70 glycoproteins) genes of mammalian type C viruses has been used to study genetic recombination between these RNA viruses. By this approach, recombinants involving exogenous and endogenous mouse type C viruses have been identified and genetically mapped. Analogous techniques have been applied to investigate the genetic relationships between different classes of endogenous virus that exist within  the same mouse cells. Proteins of the inducible class of xenotropic virus were shown to exhibit extensive antigenic homology with the gag but not the env gene products of the ecotropic virus class. Instead, the env gene-coded glycoproteins of the inducible and noninducible xenotropic virus classes possessed striking antigenic relatedness. These results, as well as supporting findings from molecular hybridization, favor the concept that the inducible xenotropic virus of mouse cells arose by a recombinational mechanism involving the progenitors of the other two endogenous virus classes.", "contents": "Genetic recombination between mouse type C RNA viruses: a mechanism for endogenous viral gene amplification in mammalian cells. A strategy based on the identification of type-specific antigenic determinants in the transitional products of gag (p15, p12, and p30 proteins), pol (reverse transcriptase), and env (gp70 glycoproteins) genes of mammalian type C viruses has been used to study genetic recombination between these RNA viruses. By this approach, recombinants involving exogenous and endogenous mouse type C viruses have been identified and genetically mapped. Analogous techniques have been applied to investigate the genetic relationships between different classes of endogenous virus that exist within  the same mouse cells. Proteins of the inducible class of xenotropic virus were shown to exhibit extensive antigenic homology with the gag but not the env gene products of the ecotropic virus class. Instead, the env gene-coded glycoproteins of the inducible and noninducible xenotropic virus classes possessed striking antigenic relatedness. These results, as well as supporting findings from molecular hybridization, favor the concept that the inducible xenotropic virus of mouse cells arose by a recombinational mechanism involving the progenitors of the other two endogenous virus classes.", "PMID": 76313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6115", "title": "The spectrophotometric determination of streptomycins.", "content": "The spectra produced by the acid treatment and alkaline treatment of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin have been investigated to obtain suitable methods for their determination. Mixtures of the two antibiotics have been successfully determined in the UV region. Thus, using the orthogonal function method, dihydrostreptomycin has been determined after acid treatment whereas streptomycin has been determined after alkaline treatment followed by immediate neutralization.", "contents": "The spectrophotometric determination of streptomycins. The spectra produced by the acid treatment and alkaline treatment of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin have been investigated to obtain suitable methods for their determination. Mixtures of the two antibiotics have been successfully determined in the UV region. Thus, using the orthogonal function method, dihydrostreptomycin has been determined after acid treatment whereas streptomycin has been determined after alkaline treatment followed by immediate neutralization.", "PMID": 76315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6116", "title": "High-resolution chromosome analysis in clinical medicine.", "content": "The field of human cytogenetics has expanded considerably in the past few years due, to a large extent, to the application of the metaphase banding techniques. Among many advances, the chromosomal abnormalities involved in over thirty newly discovered syndromes have been defined and consistent chromosome defects have been observed in several neoplasias. Very recent improvements in culture techniques through cell synchronization and in chromosome treatments, such as the use of minimal exposure to colcemid and/or the use of agents that inhibit chromosome condensation, allow for the routine utilization of highly elongated and finely banded prophase chromosomes. These new techniques are being used clinically to uncover previously undetectable chromosome defects, to localize the exact break points involved in numerous duplication-deficiencies known in man, and to establish possible phenotype-genotype relationships at a refined level.", "contents": "High-resolution chromosome analysis in clinical medicine. The field of human cytogenetics has expanded considerably in the past few years due, to a large extent, to the application of the metaphase banding techniques. Among many advances, the chromosomal abnormalities involved in over thirty newly discovered syndromes have been defined and consistent chromosome defects have been observed in several neoplasias. Very recent improvements in culture techniques through cell synchronization and in chromosome treatments, such as the use of minimal exposure to colcemid and/or the use of agents that inhibit chromosome condensation, allow for the routine utilization of highly elongated and finely banded prophase chromosomes. These new techniques are being used clinically to uncover previously undetectable chromosome defects, to localize the exact break points involved in numerous duplication-deficiencies known in man, and to establish possible phenotype-genotype relationships at a refined level.", "PMID": 76322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6117", "title": "[Complement system in disseminated lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The levels of C3, C4 and CH50 in patients with lupus erythematosus disseminatus (LED) were lower than in the controls. However, although in many patients these levels were below the normal values, there was no statistically significant difference between the two group. The levels are reduced during the acute phases and in some patients they remain high. On the whole, C3 was lower in patients with nephropathy (p less than 0,025) than in patients presenting with clinical activity (p less than 0,02). The positive relationship existing between C3 and C4 (r = 0,641, p less than 0,01) suggests activation of the complement system in LED via the classic route. In cases with concurrent lupus nephropathy a relationship between C3 and C3PA was seen, suggesting that in this case the alternative route is involved.", "contents": "[Complement system in disseminated lupus erythematosus]. The levels of C3, C4 and CH50 in patients with lupus erythematosus disseminatus (LED) were lower than in the controls. However, although in many patients these levels were below the normal values, there was no statistically significant difference between the two group. The levels are reduced during the acute phases and in some patients they remain high. On the whole, C3 was lower in patients with nephropathy (p less than 0,025) than in patients presenting with clinical activity (p less than 0,02). The positive relationship existing between C3 and C4 (r = 0,641, p less than 0,01) suggests activation of the complement system in LED via the classic route. In cases with concurrent lupus nephropathy a relationship between C3 and C3PA was seen, suggesting that in this case the alternative route is involved.", "PMID": 76330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6118", "title": "In vitro sensitization and mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa.", "content": "Sera from 3 allergic patients with specific IgE antibodies as shown by RAST were used to sensitize jejunal mucosa obtained from surgical patients. The sensitized specimens were challenged with the appropriate antigens to the specific IgE shown in the sera, Non-challenged sensitized specimens were used as controls to determine mast cell degranulation. The mast cells were counted in a defined area in the mucosa immediately adjacent to the muscularis mucosa. Mast cell degranulation was 47 percent in a timothy pollen system, 40 percent in an eggwhite system, and 33 percent in a codfish system. The results of the investigation indicates that mast cells in the human jejunal mucosa are able to react in the same manner as mast cells in the human lung. The experimental model described appears suitable for studying the allergic reaction in the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of pharmacotherapy in this respect.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization and mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa. Sera from 3 allergic patients with specific IgE antibodies as shown by RAST were used to sensitize jejunal mucosa obtained from surgical patients. The sensitized specimens were challenged with the appropriate antigens to the specific IgE shown in the sera, Non-challenged sensitized specimens were used as controls to determine mast cell degranulation. The mast cells were counted in a defined area in the mucosa immediately adjacent to the muscularis mucosa. Mast cell degranulation was 47 percent in a timothy pollen system, 40 percent in an eggwhite system, and 33 percent in a codfish system. The results of the investigation indicates that mast cells in the human jejunal mucosa are able to react in the same manner as mast cells in the human lung. The experimental model described appears suitable for studying the allergic reaction in the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of pharmacotherapy in this respect.", "PMID": 76331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6119", "title": "Strong association between the HLA-Dw3-related B cell alloantigen -DRw3 and coeliac disease.", "content": "The frequency of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens, of -DRw3 and the associated B-lymphocyte alloantigen -DRw3 has been studied in 68 children with coeliac disease (CD). CD was found to be primarily associated with the B-lymphocyte alloantigen, the relative risk being calculated to 54. The possible relation between the B-lymphocyte alloantigen DRw3 and -Dw3 is discussed. The high relative risk and the fact that 95% of the patients with probable or definite CD had the B-lymphocyte alloantigen DRw3, underline the diagnostic value of B-lymphocyte typing in coeliac disease.", "contents": "Strong association between the HLA-Dw3-related B cell alloantigen -DRw3 and coeliac disease. The frequency of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens, of -DRw3 and the associated B-lymphocyte alloantigen -DRw3 has been studied in 68 children with coeliac disease (CD). CD was found to be primarily associated with the B-lymphocyte alloantigen, the relative risk being calculated to 54. The possible relation between the B-lymphocyte alloantigen DRw3 and -Dw3 is discussed. The high relative risk and the fact that 95% of the patients with probable or definite CD had the B-lymphocyte alloantigen DRw3, underline the diagnostic value of B-lymphocyte typing in coeliac disease.", "PMID": 76332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6120", "title": "Urine proteins in renal disease. II. Alpha 2-microgiobulins in tubular proteinurias with special reference to endemic nephropathy.", "content": "Urine microglobulins were analyzed in 145 patients with a variety of chronic renal disease, 58 of whom had endemic nephropathy. On agarose-gel electrophoresis, the urinary-protein patterns of either tubular or mixed tubulo-glomerular type invariably showed two to three discrete alpha 2-migrating bands differing slightly in net charge. Marked differences in their relative concentrations occurred from one case to another and, following prolonged storage at 4 degrees C, in the same urine as well. All three fractions showed only a single precipitation line on immunoelectrophoresis when tested against antisera to urinary proteins; thus it would appear that they represent differently charged, but antigenically identical molecular forms of a protein of low molecular weight. The results also suggest that their detection might be used as an indicator for clinical purpose of impaired tubular function.", "contents": "Urine proteins in renal disease. II. Alpha 2-microgiobulins in tubular proteinurias with special reference to endemic nephropathy. Urine microglobulins were analyzed in 145 patients with a variety of chronic renal disease, 58 of whom had endemic nephropathy. On agarose-gel electrophoresis, the urinary-protein patterns of either tubular or mixed tubulo-glomerular type invariably showed two to three discrete alpha 2-migrating bands differing slightly in net charge. Marked differences in their relative concentrations occurred from one case to another and, following prolonged storage at 4 degrees C, in the same urine as well. All three fractions showed only a single precipitation line on immunoelectrophoresis when tested against antisera to urinary proteins; thus it would appear that they represent differently charged, but antigenically identical molecular forms of a protein of low molecular weight. The results also suggest that their detection might be used as an indicator for clinical purpose of impaired tubular function.", "PMID": 76329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6121", "title": "Dynamics of the interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and components of the immune response. I. Capping and endocytosis; influence of inhibiting and accelerating factors; variation of the expression of surface antigens.", "content": "The possible implications of cell membrane dynamics in the host--parasite relationship has been studied. Entamoeba histolytica rapidly redistributed and internalized antibodies and Con A bound to its surface. The process was dependent on temperature, cell metabolism and changes of pH in the environment. Phagocytizing amoebae displayed a higher rate of membrane perturbations, which were similarly affected by temperature, cell metabolism and pH variations. Cytochalasin B partially inhibited the redistribution whereas colchicine did not. Colchicine in combination with Cytochalasin B augmented the inhibitory effect of Cytochalasin B alone. The expression of antigens at the surface of the amoeba showed cyclic fluctuations during cell growth.", "contents": "Dynamics of the interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and components of the immune response. I. Capping and endocytosis; influence of inhibiting and accelerating factors; variation of the expression of surface antigens. The possible implications of cell membrane dynamics in the host--parasite relationship has been studied. Entamoeba histolytica rapidly redistributed and internalized antibodies and Con A bound to its surface. The process was dependent on temperature, cell metabolism and changes of pH in the environment. Phagocytizing amoebae displayed a higher rate of membrane perturbations, which were similarly affected by temperature, cell metabolism and pH variations. Cytochalasin B partially inhibited the redistribution whereas colchicine did not. Colchicine in combination with Cytochalasin B augmented the inhibitory effect of Cytochalasin B alone. The expression of antigens at the surface of the amoeba showed cyclic fluctuations during cell growth.", "PMID": 76334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6122", "title": "Subtypes of HBsAg among hepatitis patients.", "content": "Serum samples from 94 Finnish hospital patients with hepatitis B were investigated for subtypes of HBsAg. Subtype ay predominated in patients with acute hepatitis (77%). All drug abusers had the ay subtype. Of 11 patients with chronic liver disease, 10 (91%) had the ad subtype. Five of 7 hepatitis cases associated with blood transfusion had subtype ay, although this determinant has not been detected among Finnish non-paid blood donors. These results suggest that blood donors who incubate hepatitis B (HBsAg not yet detectable) are an important source of transfusion hepatitis.", "contents": "Subtypes of HBsAg among hepatitis patients. Serum samples from 94 Finnish hospital patients with hepatitis B were investigated for subtypes of HBsAg. Subtype ay predominated in patients with acute hepatitis (77%). All drug abusers had the ay subtype. Of 11 patients with chronic liver disease, 10 (91%) had the ad subtype. Five of 7 hepatitis cases associated with blood transfusion had subtype ay, although this determinant has not been detected among Finnish non-paid blood donors. These results suggest that blood donors who incubate hepatitis B (HBsAg not yet detectable) are an important source of transfusion hepatitis.", "PMID": 76335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6123", "title": "R-factor involvement in a local outbreak of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae infections.", "content": "In a Swedish nursery 11 of 15 children harboured non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx. Six children had ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Five of these children had otitis whereas one was healthy. In order to identify the origin of the H. influenzae isolates their O-antigen determinants were studied by an immunodiffusion technique. 18 different rabbit antisera were used. For each isolate an O-antigen pattern was recorded. Five of the 6 resistant isolates had the same O-antigen pattern, indicating that their origin was one strain. The 6th isolate was from another strain. Different isolates from the same strain were found to be either sensitive or resistant to ampicillin. In one child the H. influenzae lost its resistance during trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole treatment. It is concluded that an R-factor may have been involved in the distribution of ampicillin resistance in the H. influenzae studied. Previous in-vitro studies have shown that beta-lactamase production can be transmitted by a plasmid among H. influenzae strains.", "contents": "R-factor involvement in a local outbreak of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae infections. In a Swedish nursery 11 of 15 children harboured non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx. Six children had ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase-producing isolates. Five of these children had otitis whereas one was healthy. In order to identify the origin of the H. influenzae isolates their O-antigen determinants were studied by an immunodiffusion technique. 18 different rabbit antisera were used. For each isolate an O-antigen pattern was recorded. Five of the 6 resistant isolates had the same O-antigen pattern, indicating that their origin was one strain. The 6th isolate was from another strain. Different isolates from the same strain were found to be either sensitive or resistant to ampicillin. In one child the H. influenzae lost its resistance during trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole treatment. It is concluded that an R-factor may have been involved in the distribution of ampicillin resistance in the H. influenzae studied. Previous in-vitro studies have shown that beta-lactamase production can be transmitted by a plasmid among H. influenzae strains.", "PMID": 76336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6124", "title": "A simple photometric method for determination of blood loss during transurethral surgery.", "content": "A new method for determining blood loss during transurethral operations is presented. Its basic principle is photometry of blood concentrations in haemolysed irrigating fluid. At test study was run on 50 patients who underwent transurethral prostatic resection because of hyperplasia. The photometer was of a type commonly used for routine determination of a haemoglobin concentration in blood. The apparatus for the test is therefore readily available. The test is simple to perform and gives highly reliable results within a few minutes. In seven cases double sampling was done. Since the results within each pair of samples were practically identical, double sampling was considered superfluous for the rest of the case series. Visual estimation of blood loss during transurethral operations seems to be customary in most urologic units in Sweden. We found this method to be unreliable, with underestimates of about 100% in several cases.", "contents": "A simple photometric method for determination of blood loss during transurethral surgery. A new method for determining blood loss during transurethral operations is presented. Its basic principle is photometry of blood concentrations in haemolysed irrigating fluid. At test study was run on 50 patients who underwent transurethral prostatic resection because of hyperplasia. The photometer was of a type commonly used for routine determination of a haemoglobin concentration in blood. The apparatus for the test is therefore readily available. The test is simple to perform and gives highly reliable results within a few minutes. In seven cases double sampling was done. Since the results within each pair of samples were practically identical, double sampling was considered superfluous for the rest of the case series. Visual estimation of blood loss during transurethral operations seems to be customary in most urologic units in Sweden. We found this method to be unreliable, with underestimates of about 100% in several cases.", "PMID": 76337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6125", "title": "[Therapy resisting pains. Drug therapy of cancer pain].", "content": "A pain may seem to resist all kinds of therapy without necessarily being absolutely refractory to treatment. The factors are discussed which may contribute to the \"refractoriness\" of a pain to therapy in the area of pain due to carcinoma, i.e. lack of understanding of modern pain concepts, inability to diagnose pain as due to conversion, failure to recognize the influence of the affects anxiety, hopelessness etc. on pain intensity, administration of analgesics in situations where another form of therapy would be indicated, e.g. plexus blockade, and insufficient knowledge of the effects, side effects, dosage and timing of the administration of mild analgesics, neuroleptics, antidepressives and narcotics.", "contents": "[Therapy resisting pains. Drug therapy of cancer pain]. A pain may seem to resist all kinds of therapy without necessarily being absolutely refractory to treatment. The factors are discussed which may contribute to the \"refractoriness\" of a pain to therapy in the area of pain due to carcinoma, i.e. lack of understanding of modern pain concepts, inability to diagnose pain as due to conversion, failure to recognize the influence of the affects anxiety, hopelessness etc. on pain intensity, administration of analgesics in situations where another form of therapy would be indicated, e.g. plexus blockade, and insufficient knowledge of the effects, side effects, dosage and timing of the administration of mild analgesics, neuroleptics, antidepressives and narcotics.", "PMID": 76338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6126", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the management of pancreatitis pain.", "content": "The application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to the abdomen produced prompt and sustained relief of the pain associated with pancreatitis in five patients and in another patient with probable acute pancreatitis. The disorder was acute in two patients and recurrent in four. Multiple hospitalizations, including the need for analgesics and opiates, had been required during previous attacks in five patients. In view of the simple and noninvasive nature of such treatment, more extensive clinical trials appear to be warranted. Some of the possible mechanisms of action for TENS analgesia are reviewed.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the management of pancreatitis pain. The application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to the abdomen produced prompt and sustained relief of the pain associated with pancreatitis in five patients and in another patient with probable acute pancreatitis. The disorder was acute in two patients and recurrent in four. Multiple hospitalizations, including the need for analgesics and opiates, had been required during previous attacks in five patients. In view of the simple and noninvasive nature of such treatment, more extensive clinical trials appear to be warranted. Some of the possible mechanisms of action for TENS analgesia are reviewed.", "PMID": 76340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6127", "title": "A new approach to the preparation of ACTH antibody by immunization of the rabbit with an antigen-antibody complex.", "content": "Immunization with antigen-antibody complex of ACTH produced sensitive ACTH antibody applicable to the radioimmunoassay. The antibody prepared by immunization with the synthetic 1-24 ACTH was mixed with the antigen porcine ACTH, and the mixture was incubated to form the antigen and antibody complex. Two rabbits were initially immunized with this complex, then further immunized with only the porcine ACTH. Both rabbits produced the ACTH antibody with a titer of 1:25,000, which could detect ACTH of 5 pg per tube when applied to the radioimmunoassay of the human ACTH. This antibody showed a strong crossreaction with synthetic 1-24 ACTH, which was confirmed by radioimmunoassay method and immunostaining technique. On the other hand, control animals immunized with only procine ACTH from the beginning showed no production of ACTH antibody. It was concluded that addition of ACTH antibody to the antigen for the first immunization took an important role in eliciting production of the antibody. Possible roles of the antigen-antibody complex for immunization were discussed.", "contents": "A new approach to the preparation of ACTH antibody by immunization of the rabbit with an antigen-antibody complex. Immunization with antigen-antibody complex of ACTH produced sensitive ACTH antibody applicable to the radioimmunoassay. The antibody prepared by immunization with the synthetic 1-24 ACTH was mixed with the antigen porcine ACTH, and the mixture was incubated to form the antigen and antibody complex. Two rabbits were initially immunized with this complex, then further immunized with only the porcine ACTH. Both rabbits produced the ACTH antibody with a titer of 1:25,000, which could detect ACTH of 5 pg per tube when applied to the radioimmunoassay of the human ACTH. This antibody showed a strong crossreaction with synthetic 1-24 ACTH, which was confirmed by radioimmunoassay method and immunostaining technique. On the other hand, control animals immunized with only procine ACTH from the beginning showed no production of ACTH antibody. It was concluded that addition of ACTH antibody to the antigen for the first immunization took an important role in eliciting production of the antibody. Possible roles of the antigen-antibody complex for immunization were discussed.", "PMID": 76344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6128", "title": "Tyramine-like effect of cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride), an antineoplastic agent.", "content": "Since cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride) was introduced as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of lymphatic leukemia, sinus acceleration and an increase in systemic blood pressure has been reported as its systemic effects in the clinical cases. These cardiovascular effects of cyclocytidine were observed also in anesthetized dogs, but not in reserpine-pretreated animals. Increases in heart rate and in systemic blood pressure were prevented by propranolol and phentolamine, respectively. The mechanism of these sympathomimetic effects was further analysed in the excised, blood-perfused canine sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations with a support dog. Positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to cyclocytidine were abolished by desipramine, propanolol, and pretreatment with reserpine but not by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. The tyramine-like actions of cyclocytidine at adrenergic neuronal terminals were discussed in conjunction with the uptake mechanism of the drug into the tumor cells.", "contents": "Tyramine-like effect of cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride), an antineoplastic agent. Since cyclocytidine (2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride) was introduced as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of lymphatic leukemia, sinus acceleration and an increase in systemic blood pressure has been reported as its systemic effects in the clinical cases. These cardiovascular effects of cyclocytidine were observed also in anesthetized dogs, but not in reserpine-pretreated animals. Increases in heart rate and in systemic blood pressure were prevented by propranolol and phentolamine, respectively. The mechanism of these sympathomimetic effects was further analysed in the excised, blood-perfused canine sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations with a support dog. Positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to cyclocytidine were abolished by desipramine, propanolol, and pretreatment with reserpine but not by tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium. The tyramine-like actions of cyclocytidine at adrenergic neuronal terminals were discussed in conjunction with the uptake mechanism of the drug into the tumor cells.", "PMID": 76345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6129", "title": "[Does cancer therapy program its failure, too? (author's transl)].", "content": "Is seems indispensable, in consideration of the present investigation results, to revise our actual therapeutic conception for cancer therapy! While palliative cancer therapy was greatly successful, it was not possible to obtain any decisive improvement of cancer recovery rates (in relation to similar stages or tumor volumes), in spite of all the therapeutic endeavour through the last twenty or twenty-five years. From almost 3000 analyses of metastatic growth and from numerous other experimental or clinical observations results as an explication that surgical treatment itself, on certain conditions, may release a relatively great number of metastases. Thus, the failure of our therapeutical endeavor is programmed, too, by the treatment! Consequences for diagnostics, precautions and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Does cancer therapy program its failure, too? (author's transl)]. Is seems indispensable, in consideration of the present investigation results, to revise our actual therapeutic conception for cancer therapy! While palliative cancer therapy was greatly successful, it was not possible to obtain any decisive improvement of cancer recovery rates (in relation to similar stages or tumor volumes), in spite of all the therapeutic endeavour through the last twenty or twenty-five years. From almost 3000 analyses of metastatic growth and from numerous other experimental or clinical observations results as an explication that surgical treatment itself, on certain conditions, may release a relatively great number of metastases. Thus, the failure of our therapeutical endeavor is programmed, too, by the treatment! Consequences for diagnostics, precautions and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 76348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6130", "title": "Radiation treatment of liver metastases.", "content": "19 patients with cancer of the liver treated with palliative irradiation are presented. In five of eleven cases jaundice disappeared (4) or diminished (1). In two of the eight patients with pain as the chief symptom pain disappeared, and in one case the enlarged liver diminished considerably. A total of eight of 19 cases responded to radiation treatment.", "contents": "Radiation treatment of liver metastases. 19 patients with cancer of the liver treated with palliative irradiation are presented. In five of eleven cases jaundice disappeared (4) or diminished (1). In two of the eight patients with pain as the chief symptom pain disappeared, and in one case the enlarged liver diminished considerably. A total of eight of 19 cases responded to radiation treatment.", "PMID": 76349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6131", "title": "Modulation of T-dependent cell-mediated immune responses by antigen-reactive cell opsonization and active suppression.", "content": "We have studied both specific and non-specific suppression in allogeneic combinations. On the one hand, achievement of specific suppression may circumvent both HVGR and GVHR, while on the other, Cy-resistant suppressor cells may exacerbate the GVHR in bone marrow graft recipients. A greater understanding of both of these aspects of modulation of immune responsiveness will be important in clinical bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Modulation of T-dependent cell-mediated immune responses by antigen-reactive cell opsonization and active suppression. We have studied both specific and non-specific suppression in allogeneic combinations. On the one hand, achievement of specific suppression may circumvent both HVGR and GVHR, while on the other, Cy-resistant suppressor cells may exacerbate the GVHR in bone marrow graft recipients. A greater understanding of both of these aspects of modulation of immune responsiveness will be important in clinical bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 76350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6132", "title": "Close genetic relationships between determinants of the HLA-D region detected by MLR-I, MLR-II, and B-lymphocyte serology.", "content": "The human Ia equivalent (Ly-Li system) or a very closely linked gene plays a preponderant role in secondary MLR, and also has an additive effect on the intensity of the primary MLR. PLTs developed in Li phenoidentity seem to detect still other determinants.", "contents": "Close genetic relationships between determinants of the HLA-D region detected by MLR-I, MLR-II, and B-lymphocyte serology. The human Ia equivalent (Ly-Li system) or a very closely linked gene plays a preponderant role in secondary MLR, and also has an additive effect on the intensity of the primary MLR. PLTs developed in Li phenoidentity seem to detect still other determinants.", "PMID": 76352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6133", "title": "[Bladder outlet obstructions: the value of urodynamics (author's transl)].", "content": "The uroflowmetry has value (1) as a screening procedure in bladder outlet diseases, and (2) in assessing results of treatment. The results of measurement depend: (1) on the circumstances of micturition; (2) on the bladder volume, and (3) on how far the patient is cooperative. The interpretation of measurements must be related not only to maximum flow and micturition time, but also to a specific micturition pattern. As an isolated method the uroflowmetry has limitations. The value of this procedure may increase by pressure measurements during micturition. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting a resistance factor. Extensive information is presented by simultaneous cine-pressure-flow measurement. Additional urodynamic procedures, especially the urethra pressure profile, are of no value in bladder outlet obstructions.", "contents": "[Bladder outlet obstructions: the value of urodynamics (author's transl)]. The uroflowmetry has value (1) as a screening procedure in bladder outlet diseases, and (2) in assessing results of treatment. The results of measurement depend: (1) on the circumstances of micturition; (2) on the bladder volume, and (3) on how far the patient is cooperative. The interpretation of measurements must be related not only to maximum flow and micturition time, but also to a specific micturition pattern. As an isolated method the uroflowmetry has limitations. The value of this procedure may increase by pressure measurements during micturition. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting a resistance factor. Extensive information is presented by simultaneous cine-pressure-flow measurement. Additional urodynamic procedures, especially the urethra pressure profile, are of no value in bladder outlet obstructions.", "PMID": 76355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6134", "title": "Role of urinary alpha1-globulin fraction in formation of urinary calculi. With special reference to aggregating effect of serum alpha1-globulin on calcium carbonate suspension.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine if urinary protein can produce urinary stones and what types of protein have such an effect. Normal human serum was fractionated first with ammonium sulfate and then with DEAE-cellulose. The stone-forming action of each fraction was estimated by calculating their ability to alter the sedimentation rate and zeta-potential of a calcium carbonate suspension. Finally, the proteins in each fraction were identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The most marked aggregating and precipitating effect on a CaCO3 suspension was observed with a mixture of proteins of alpha1-globulin and albumin fractions. However, beta- and gamma-fractions had little aggregating effect on the CaCO3 suspension.", "contents": "Role of urinary alpha1-globulin fraction in formation of urinary calculi. With special reference to aggregating effect of serum alpha1-globulin on calcium carbonate suspension. The present study was undertaken to determine if urinary protein can produce urinary stones and what types of protein have such an effect. Normal human serum was fractionated first with ammonium sulfate and then with DEAE-cellulose. The stone-forming action of each fraction was estimated by calculating their ability to alter the sedimentation rate and zeta-potential of a calcium carbonate suspension. Finally, the proteins in each fraction were identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The most marked aggregating and precipitating effect on a CaCO3 suspension was observed with a mixture of proteins of alpha1-globulin and albumin fractions. However, beta- and gamma-fractions had little aggregating effect on the CaCO3 suspension.", "PMID": 76356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6135", "title": "Chemotherapy for disseminated testicular cancer.", "content": "Fifty patients with disseminated testicular cancer were treated with a three-drug combination consisting of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Three patients were considered unevaluable due to early death. This chemotherapy regimen produced 74 per cent complete and 26 per cent partial remissions. Furthermore, five patients in partial remission became disease-free following the surgical removal of residual disease, producing an overall 85 per cent disease-free status. Toxicity, although significant during remission induction with cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin, was usually manageable. Maintenance therapy with vinblastine and BCG was very well tolerated, and only two patients in complete remission have experienced a relapse on maintenance therapy, one of whom had a central nervous system relapse. Thirty eight of these patients remain alive, and 32 remain alive and disease-free 6+ to 30+ months. We feel that this regimen represents a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for disseminated testicular cancer. Fifty patients with disseminated testicular cancer were treated with a three-drug combination consisting of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Three patients were considered unevaluable due to early death. This chemotherapy regimen produced 74 per cent complete and 26 per cent partial remissions. Furthermore, five patients in partial remission became disease-free following the surgical removal of residual disease, producing an overall 85 per cent disease-free status. Toxicity, although significant during remission induction with cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin, was usually manageable. Maintenance therapy with vinblastine and BCG was very well tolerated, and only two patients in complete remission have experienced a relapse on maintenance therapy, one of whom had a central nervous system relapse. Thirty eight of these patients remain alive, and 32 remain alive and disease-free 6+ to 30+ months. We feel that this regimen represents a major advance in the management of patients with disseminated testicular cancer.", "PMID": 76358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6136", "title": "Biology of testicular tumors.", "content": "Testicular tumors arise from the germ cell line and therefore exhibit characteristics of both neoplastic and normal growth and differentiation. Experimental model systems of animal and human tumors have been reviewed with emphasis on the biologic characteristics of these tumors. The embryonal carcinoma cell is the totipotential stem cell that resembles normal germ cells in many ways and is capable of differentiating along the somatic pathways to form endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm cell types (teratoma) or along extraembryonic pathways to form trophoblast (choriocarcinoma) or yolk sac (endodermal sinus tumor). Markers of the extraembryonic cell types have been defined, and the cell surface characteristics of embryonal carcinoma cells are being intensively studied. Clarification of the biology of testicular tumors will provide the basis for future rational therapy.", "contents": "Biology of testicular tumors. Testicular tumors arise from the germ cell line and therefore exhibit characteristics of both neoplastic and normal growth and differentiation. Experimental model systems of animal and human tumors have been reviewed with emphasis on the biologic characteristics of these tumors. The embryonal carcinoma cell is the totipotential stem cell that resembles normal germ cells in many ways and is capable of differentiating along the somatic pathways to form endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm cell types (teratoma) or along extraembryonic pathways to form trophoblast (choriocarcinoma) or yolk sac (endodermal sinus tumor). Markers of the extraembryonic cell types have been defined, and the cell surface characteristics of embryonal carcinoma cells are being intensively studied. Clarification of the biology of testicular tumors will provide the basis for future rational therapy.", "PMID": 76359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6137", "title": "[Histologic components of benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph) in relation to the androgen-estrogen status (author's transl)].", "content": "Histometric microscopic quantifications of stromal and glandular portions of BPH revealed a significant correlation of the amount of the stromal portion to the individual estrogens in the serum and to the estrogen secretion in the urine. The serum androgen level, the so-called androgen/estrogen ratio, and age had no influence.", "contents": "[Histologic components of benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph) in relation to the androgen-estrogen status (author's transl)]. Histometric microscopic quantifications of stromal and glandular portions of BPH revealed a significant correlation of the amount of the stromal portion to the individual estrogens in the serum and to the estrogen secretion in the urine. The serum androgen level, the so-called androgen/estrogen ratio, and age had no influence.", "PMID": 76360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6138", "title": "[Complications following transfemoral embolization of renal carcinoma. Survey and experience (author's transl)].", "content": "A comprehensive survey of the complications following 151 transfemoral embolizations of renal carcinoma is presented, including 9 of our own patients. The main side effects seen after this procedure are (in decreasing frequency): elevation of body temperature, transient elevation of arterial blood pressure, impairment of renal function, infection of the necrotic tumor, thromboembolic incidents, and accidental embolization of other organs. Total lethality is about 3.3%. Possible contraindications and precautionary measures are derived from the discussion of the pathophysiologic reactions in the course of the complication: avoidance of therapeutic embolization immediately after diagnostic angiography, strict asepsis, addition of antibiotics to the embolization mixture, prophylactic administration of heparin, and the use of flowdirected balloon catheters.", "contents": "[Complications following transfemoral embolization of renal carcinoma. Survey and experience (author's transl)]. A comprehensive survey of the complications following 151 transfemoral embolizations of renal carcinoma is presented, including 9 of our own patients. The main side effects seen after this procedure are (in decreasing frequency): elevation of body temperature, transient elevation of arterial blood pressure, impairment of renal function, infection of the necrotic tumor, thromboembolic incidents, and accidental embolization of other organs. Total lethality is about 3.3%. Possible contraindications and precautionary measures are derived from the discussion of the pathophysiologic reactions in the course of the complication: avoidance of therapeutic embolization immediately after diagnostic angiography, strict asepsis, addition of antibiotics to the embolization mixture, prophylactic administration of heparin, and the use of flowdirected balloon catheters.", "PMID": 76361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6139", "title": "Hematologic screening tests in patients with operative prostatic disease.", "content": "One hundred sixty-five patients with operative prostatic disease were investigated for hematologic abnormalities. The tests were useful in the clinical management of 6 (3.7 per cent) patients. Preoperative hematologic screening tests are recommended in patients with prostatic cancer, potential sepsis, and in patients with a known bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Hematologic screening tests in patients with operative prostatic disease. One hundred sixty-five patients with operative prostatic disease were investigated for hematologic abnormalities. The tests were useful in the clinical management of 6 (3.7 per cent) patients. Preoperative hematologic screening tests are recommended in patients with prostatic cancer, potential sepsis, and in patients with a known bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 76362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6140", "title": "The efficacy of showers for control of ectoparasites of sheep.", "content": "Ectoparasites of sheep in Britain include the tick Ixodes ricinus, the blowfly, Lucilia sericata, the ked, Melophagus ovinus and the lice, Damalinia ovis and Linognathus ovillus. The most important ectoparasite, however, is the mite Psoroptes communis ovis which causes sheep scab. This notifiable disease was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but was reported again in 1973. The control of ectoparasites depends largely on the efficient application of insecticide to the fleece and skin. Plunge dipping in a bath is generally regarded as the most efficient method and is compulsory for the control of sheep scab but it is not always the most convenient. After the eradication of sheep scab in 1952 plunge dipping was no longer compulsory and jetting, spraying and showering techniques were then employed for the other ectoparasites.", "contents": "The efficacy of showers for control of ectoparasites of sheep. Ectoparasites of sheep in Britain include the tick Ixodes ricinus, the blowfly, Lucilia sericata, the ked, Melophagus ovinus and the lice, Damalinia ovis and Linognathus ovillus. The most important ectoparasite, however, is the mite Psoroptes communis ovis which causes sheep scab. This notifiable disease was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but was reported again in 1973. The control of ectoparasites depends largely on the efficient application of insecticide to the fleece and skin. Plunge dipping in a bath is generally regarded as the most efficient method and is compulsory for the control of sheep scab but it is not always the most convenient. After the eradication of sheep scab in 1952 plunge dipping was no longer compulsory and jetting, spraying and showering techniques were then employed for the other ectoparasites.", "PMID": 76363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6141", "title": "Xanthosis, an abnormal pigmentation of cattle.", "content": "Xanthosis is seen in cattle in the abattoir. It is characterised by a dark brown colour of the heart muscle and certain skeletal muscles such as the masseter because of the presence of lipofuscin pigment. In a survey of its prevalence in 1000 cattle of varying breeds xanthosis was identified in about 25 per cent of Ayrshire cattle and the occasional Ayrshire cross. It was not seen in other breeds. The incidence of one affected and three normal suggests that this condition may result from the inheritance of a simple recessive gene. The relationship of xanthosis to brown atrophy is discussed.", "contents": "Xanthosis, an abnormal pigmentation of cattle. Xanthosis is seen in cattle in the abattoir. It is characterised by a dark brown colour of the heart muscle and certain skeletal muscles such as the masseter because of the presence of lipofuscin pigment. In a survey of its prevalence in 1000 cattle of varying breeds xanthosis was identified in about 25 per cent of Ayrshire cattle and the occasional Ayrshire cross. It was not seen in other breeds. The incidence of one affected and three normal suggests that this condition may result from the inheritance of a simple recessive gene. The relationship of xanthosis to brown atrophy is discussed.", "PMID": 76364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6142", "title": "[Resorption of colostral gamma-globulins and detection of antibodies to Bact. rhusiopathiaesuis, S. cholerasuis and beta-hemolytic Esch. coli in newborn pigs].", "content": "Traced was the resorption of colostral globulins and the production of antibodies against Bacterium rhusiopathiae suis, S. choleraesuis, and beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli organisms in newborn pigs. It was found that in the newborn pigs that had not yet started sucking there were no gamma-globulins and specific antibodies against the agents mentioned above. Such were observed after the animals had begun to suck, the titers of antibodies reaching their peak levels by the 10th--15th hour (erysipelothrix and paratyphoid) and the 24th--48th hour (hemolytic Escherichia coli). As against their mothers the titer of the antibodies in the sucklings was two to four times as lower. The gamma-lactoglobulins are resorbed along the whole intestinal mucous membrane, however, resorption is most intense in the duodenum and the jejunum in the course of the first 2 days after farrowing; from the fifth day on it ceases.", "contents": "[Resorption of colostral gamma-globulins and detection of antibodies to Bact. rhusiopathiaesuis, S. cholerasuis and beta-hemolytic Esch. coli in newborn pigs]. Traced was the resorption of colostral globulins and the production of antibodies against Bacterium rhusiopathiae suis, S. choleraesuis, and beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli organisms in newborn pigs. It was found that in the newborn pigs that had not yet started sucking there were no gamma-globulins and specific antibodies against the agents mentioned above. Such were observed after the animals had begun to suck, the titers of antibodies reaching their peak levels by the 10th--15th hour (erysipelothrix and paratyphoid) and the 24th--48th hour (hemolytic Escherichia coli). As against their mothers the titer of the antibodies in the sucklings was two to four times as lower. The gamma-lactoglobulins are resorbed along the whole intestinal mucous membrane, however, resorption is most intense in the duodenum and the jejunum in the course of the first 2 days after farrowing; from the fifth day on it ceases.", "PMID": 76366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6143", "title": "[Passive immunization in heterakidosis].", "content": "The sera of Heterakis-infected birds influence the course of the infection caused by the parasite, lowering its survival rate and delaying the shed of its eggs. Sera containing higher amounts of gamma-globulins from five-month-old birds confer higher resistance even when applied on the 12th day of Heterakis infection to intact birds as compared to sera containing lower amounts of gamma-globulins from one-month-old birds when applied on the 30th day of infection. The drop of the survival rate of the Heterakis parasite in injecting the birds with sera from Heterakis-infected birds is due to the activation of the caecum response.", "contents": "[Passive immunization in heterakidosis]. The sera of Heterakis-infected birds influence the course of the infection caused by the parasite, lowering its survival rate and delaying the shed of its eggs. Sera containing higher amounts of gamma-globulins from five-month-old birds confer higher resistance even when applied on the 12th day of Heterakis infection to intact birds as compared to sera containing lower amounts of gamma-globulins from one-month-old birds when applied on the 30th day of infection. The drop of the survival rate of the Heterakis parasite in injecting the birds with sera from Heterakis-infected birds is due to the activation of the caecum response.", "PMID": 76367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6144", "title": "[Group and type antigenic specificity of bovine adenovirus type 1 hexons].", "content": "Hexones were obtained from the bovine serotypes 1 and 3. They were investigated through the complement-fixation test along with intact virions in the presence of a hemotype and a heterotype antiserum. It was shown that the free hexones were twice as reactogenic in the homotype system as compared to the heterotype one. The hexones were found to possess two antigenic determinants--a typespecific one and a group-specific one. The latter proved sensitive to chymotrypsin. Intact vicions reacted chiefly type-specifically. Discussed is the problem of the space disposition of the type -and group-specific antigen determinants of the hexones in sito in the virions.", "contents": "[Group and type antigenic specificity of bovine adenovirus type 1 hexons]. Hexones were obtained from the bovine serotypes 1 and 3. They were investigated through the complement-fixation test along with intact virions in the presence of a hemotype and a heterotype antiserum. It was shown that the free hexones were twice as reactogenic in the homotype system as compared to the heterotype one. The hexones were found to possess two antigenic determinants--a typespecific one and a group-specific one. The latter proved sensitive to chymotrypsin. Intact vicions reacted chiefly type-specifically. Discussed is the problem of the space disposition of the type -and group-specific antigen determinants of the hexones in sito in the virions.", "PMID": 76368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6145", "title": "[Postoperative fructose infusion in a case of presumed hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)].", "content": "Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) was diagnosed in a 61 year-old male patient on account of liver dysfunction followed by prolonged shock immediately after the administration of a fructose and lactose infusion postoperatively. The diagnosis of HFI was based on an increased value of fructose, hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis and diminution of the phosphate level in combination with the typical family history. The patient's children showed a normal reaction to fructose administration. The therapy included glucose, insulin and heparin administration, balance of acidosis and partial exchange of blood, which resulted in improvement in the glucose level, coagulation factors and acidosis, but could not prevent further liver damage and uraemia with a fatal outcome.", "contents": "[Postoperative fructose infusion in a case of presumed hereditary fructose intolerance (author's transl)]. Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) was diagnosed in a 61 year-old male patient on account of liver dysfunction followed by prolonged shock immediately after the administration of a fructose and lactose infusion postoperatively. The diagnosis of HFI was based on an increased value of fructose, hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis and diminution of the phosphate level in combination with the typical family history. The patient's children showed a normal reaction to fructose administration. The therapy included glucose, insulin and heparin administration, balance of acidosis and partial exchange of blood, which resulted in improvement in the glucose level, coagulation factors and acidosis, but could not prevent further liver damage and uraemia with a fatal outcome.", "PMID": 76370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6146", "title": "[Vascularization of the ganglion spirale cochleae of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigation into the vascularization of the Ganglion spirale of the rat showed an irregular, loose network of capillaries, with a somewhat denser vacularization of the marginal areas of the ganglion; the horseradish peroxidase benzidine test according to Sugar was used to demonstrate the vessels. At least of the blood supply of the ganglion is effected via the vessels which run parallel to the nerve fibres through the osseous canals from the modiolus into the Rosenthal canal. The density of vascularization of the Ganglion spirale is surprisingly small, namely 1.89% by volume. The comparative figure for the Ganglion spirale, also measured by means of stereological methods, is approximately 6.8% by volume, whilst the vessels in the Nervus cochlearis occupy 2.1% by volume. The vascularization density of the ganglion corresponds roughly to that of the Cortex cerebri. Electro-microscopical tests have shown that there are unfenestrated capillaries with a small number of pinocytotic vesicles. Possible conclusions as to the permeability of the capillaries are discussed in the paper. The blood supply of the Ganglion spirale has so far received only little attention. In the case of internal ear diseases of vascular genesis, attention is mainly given to changes in the vessels of the lateral wall of the cochlea. Experimental findings, however, show the high sensitivity of the nervous apparatus of the cochlea in the case of disturbed blood supply.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the ganglion spirale cochleae of the rat (author's transl)]. Investigation into the vascularization of the Ganglion spirale of the rat showed an irregular, loose network of capillaries, with a somewhat denser vacularization of the marginal areas of the ganglion; the horseradish peroxidase benzidine test according to Sugar was used to demonstrate the vessels. At least of the blood supply of the ganglion is effected via the vessels which run parallel to the nerve fibres through the osseous canals from the modiolus into the Rosenthal canal. The density of vascularization of the Ganglion spirale is surprisingly small, namely 1.89% by volume. The comparative figure for the Ganglion spirale, also measured by means of stereological methods, is approximately 6.8% by volume, whilst the vessels in the Nervus cochlearis occupy 2.1% by volume. The vascularization density of the ganglion corresponds roughly to that of the Cortex cerebri. Electro-microscopical tests have shown that there are unfenestrated capillaries with a small number of pinocytotic vesicles. Possible conclusions as to the permeability of the capillaries are discussed in the paper. The blood supply of the Ganglion spirale has so far received only little attention. In the case of internal ear diseases of vascular genesis, attention is mainly given to changes in the vessels of the lateral wall of the cochlea. Experimental findings, however, show the high sensitivity of the nervous apparatus of the cochlea in the case of disturbed blood supply.", "PMID": 76371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6147", "title": "[Report on the application of various Kveim antigens in diagnostic of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Novi Sad, a total number of 1500 patients was tested with a Kveim antigen prepared in this institute. Simultaneously these patients were tested with other antigens (SILTZBACH, BEHREND, DOUGLAS). Almost identical results could be found. In patients with sarcoidosis the Kveim test was positive in 60 to over 90%, depending on the stage of the disease. Within a cooperation 230 patients of the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Berlin-Buch, were tested with several Kveim antigens since 1972. 2/3 of these patients were suffering from sarcoidosis. All patients received Kveim antigen prepared in Novi Sad; one part of them was also tested with Kveim antigens prepared in Berlin-Buch. Dependent on the quality of the material processed the percentage of positive results was different. They varied from 65 to 30%. If there were less granulomas in the original material, as for the tissue of a spleen, used in Berlin-Buch, only 30% of sarcoidosis patients showed positive results. Therefore it is profitable to analyse the difficulties and the possibilities of improving the Kveim test as a valuable and rather simple diagnostical method.", "contents": "[Report on the application of various Kveim antigens in diagnostic of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. In the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Novi Sad, a total number of 1500 patients was tested with a Kveim antigen prepared in this institute. Simultaneously these patients were tested with other antigens (SILTZBACH, BEHREND, DOUGLAS). Almost identical results could be found. In patients with sarcoidosis the Kveim test was positive in 60 to over 90%, depending on the stage of the disease. Within a cooperation 230 patients of the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Berlin-Buch, were tested with several Kveim antigens since 1972. 2/3 of these patients were suffering from sarcoidosis. All patients received Kveim antigen prepared in Novi Sad; one part of them was also tested with Kveim antigens prepared in Berlin-Buch. Dependent on the quality of the material processed the percentage of positive results was different. They varied from 65 to 30%. If there were less granulomas in the original material, as for the tissue of a spleen, used in Berlin-Buch, only 30% of sarcoidosis patients showed positive results. Therefore it is profitable to analyse the difficulties and the possibilities of improving the Kveim test as a valuable and rather simple diagnostical method.", "PMID": 76374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6148", "title": "Analysis and function of T and B cells subpopulations in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Various technical procedure were applied to the purification of T and B lymphocytes subpopulation in sarcoidosis. Patients were selected according to the presence of a characterized deficit in cell-mediated immune functions. These purified lymphocytes populations were further analysed for their ability to release lymphokines in the presence of Con-A-sepharose or specific antigens. Among these factors, MIF, LIF and mitogenic factor (MF) were looked for. For the determination of MIF and LIF, a newly elaborated technique was deviced which allows a semi-quantitative approach of the lymphokine production. The following results were obtained: A decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed among all our patients, and a increase in the number of Ig producing cells. A rather large percent (15 to 40%) of null cells which were carrying characteristic features of quiescent, non activable monocytes. The ability of T lymphocytes to release lymphokines was impaired in the presence of these monocytes but could be restored to normal levels when cells were removed. The results suggest that T cell function might be impaired, in sarcoidosis, by a non identified monocytes abnormal behaviour.", "contents": "Analysis and function of T and B cells subpopulations in sarcoidosis. Various technical procedure were applied to the purification of T and B lymphocytes subpopulation in sarcoidosis. Patients were selected according to the presence of a characterized deficit in cell-mediated immune functions. These purified lymphocytes populations were further analysed for their ability to release lymphokines in the presence of Con-A-sepharose or specific antigens. Among these factors, MIF, LIF and mitogenic factor (MF) were looked for. For the determination of MIF and LIF, a newly elaborated technique was deviced which allows a semi-quantitative approach of the lymphokine production. The following results were obtained: A decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed among all our patients, and a increase in the number of Ig producing cells. A rather large percent (15 to 40%) of null cells which were carrying characteristic features of quiescent, non activable monocytes. The ability of T lymphocytes to release lymphokines was impaired in the presence of these monocytes but could be restored to normal levels when cells were removed. The results suggest that T cell function might be impaired, in sarcoidosis, by a non identified monocytes abnormal behaviour.", "PMID": 76375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6149", "title": "On the unmyelinated nerve glomuses in the bird's palate.", "content": "The studies on the structure and morphological variability of nerve endings in the palate mucosa of Streptopelia decaocto Friv, have been carried out. Besides single loose or dense, irregular glomuses one can observe complex glomuses as well. The former and the latter do not possess of neither capsules nor tactile cells. The author suppose that both types of glomuses can correspond to free nerve endings and receptors in which the feeling of pain is coded.", "contents": "On the unmyelinated nerve glomuses in the bird's palate. The studies on the structure and morphological variability of nerve endings in the palate mucosa of Streptopelia decaocto Friv, have been carried out. Besides single loose or dense, irregular glomuses one can observe complex glomuses as well. The former and the latter do not possess of neither capsules nor tactile cells. The author suppose that both types of glomuses can correspond to free nerve endings and receptors in which the feeling of pain is coded.", "PMID": 76376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6150", "title": "[Health education through the teacher: recent development in the canton of Berne].", "content": "In the Canton of Berne, two working groups are currently developing a concept of school health education, in which the individual teacher assumes the principal role. In terms of documentation and availability of teaching aids, he is assisted by three addiction information centers, as well as other health institutions. Teaching goals are being formulated, socio-cultural conditions are being considered, and based on these, age specific lesson plans and exercises are being developed. On the other hand, the opportunity of a general reform of teacher training is being taken advantage of, in order to define main ideas, teaching goals and instructional contents for teacher training in human biology and health. The aim of teacher training in health education is twofold: on the one hand, it is to prepare the future teacher to include health education in his teaching skills; on the other hand, it is to enable the teacher to act appropriately, when faced with diseased or disabled pupils. The latter point becomes particularly important, as disabled children are being integrated into normal classes.", "contents": "[Health education through the teacher: recent development in the canton of Berne]. In the Canton of Berne, two working groups are currently developing a concept of school health education, in which the individual teacher assumes the principal role. In terms of documentation and availability of teaching aids, he is assisted by three addiction information centers, as well as other health institutions. Teaching goals are being formulated, socio-cultural conditions are being considered, and based on these, age specific lesson plans and exercises are being developed. On the other hand, the opportunity of a general reform of teacher training is being taken advantage of, in order to define main ideas, teaching goals and instructional contents for teacher training in human biology and health. The aim of teacher training in health education is twofold: on the one hand, it is to prepare the future teacher to include health education in his teaching skills; on the other hand, it is to enable the teacher to act appropriately, when faced with diseased or disabled pupils. The latter point becomes particularly important, as disabled children are being integrated into normal classes.", "PMID": 76378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6151", "title": "[Researches on possible applications of mycoserological methods of diagnosis in phytopathology. III. Information: about relations between the number of reacting epitops and the specificity of the reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "Several immunsera of rabbit were developed against 8 Fusarium ssp. on the basis of 10 intravenous injections with an increasing dose of the antigen. By means of these it was possible to differentiate several antigen-epitops by using the method of multidimensional double-diffusion. The number and the specificity of these epitops allows to get an insight as well into the reaction-behaviour of the Fusarium-species on test as in there serological relationship. Finally the serological result were discussed in comparison with the classification of the species within the present classification systems of Fusarium.", "contents": "[Researches on possible applications of mycoserological methods of diagnosis in phytopathology. III. Information: about relations between the number of reacting epitops and the specificity of the reactions (author's transl)]. Several immunsera of rabbit were developed against 8 Fusarium ssp. on the basis of 10 intravenous injections with an increasing dose of the antigen. By means of these it was possible to differentiate several antigen-epitops by using the method of multidimensional double-diffusion. The number and the specificity of these epitops allows to get an insight as well into the reaction-behaviour of the Fusarium-species on test as in there serological relationship. Finally the serological result were discussed in comparison with the classification of the species within the present classification systems of Fusarium.", "PMID": 76379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6152", "title": "Demonstration of glycocalyx in the sweat gland.", "content": "Skin specimens were taken without any anaesthesia from four volunteers before and after a 1 hour's exposure to heat. No glycocalyx could be demonstrated in the resting gland, but it usually appeared, however, after one hour of thermal sweating--although not in all the sections. The possible implication of this phenomenon is briefly discussed and new problems outlined.", "contents": "Demonstration of glycocalyx in the sweat gland. Skin specimens were taken without any anaesthesia from four volunteers before and after a 1 hour's exposure to heat. No glycocalyx could be demonstrated in the resting gland, but it usually appeared, however, after one hour of thermal sweating--although not in all the sections. The possible implication of this phenomenon is briefly discussed and new problems outlined.", "PMID": 76386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6153", "title": "Hydroxyproline to hydroxylysine molar ratio indicates collagen type.", "content": "By using the molar ratio Hyp to Hyl, types I and II of collagen can be differentiated in 0.5 to 10 mg of dried, defatted tissue. Analyses on human skin, tendon, bone, aorta, cartilage, as well as nucleus pulposus, and annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs are reported. Analyses of collagen of mesenchymal tissues of other vertebrates are also reported. From amino acid analysis of purified collagen samples published in the literature, the molar ratio Hyp/Hyl was calculated. Type I and type III collagen were differentiated from type II, and the latter was differentiated from type IV collagen. The molar ratios obtained with our analyses followed closely the values from previously reported amino acid analyses on purified collagen.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline to hydroxylysine molar ratio indicates collagen type. By using the molar ratio Hyp to Hyl, types I and II of collagen can be differentiated in 0.5 to 10 mg of dried, defatted tissue. Analyses on human skin, tendon, bone, aorta, cartilage, as well as nucleus pulposus, and annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs are reported. Analyses of collagen of mesenchymal tissues of other vertebrates are also reported. From amino acid analysis of purified collagen samples published in the literature, the molar ratio Hyp/Hyl was calculated. Type I and type III collagen were differentiated from type II, and the latter was differentiated from type IV collagen. The molar ratios obtained with our analyses followed closely the values from previously reported amino acid analyses on purified collagen.", "PMID": 76387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6154", "title": "Immunofluorescence of the skin in allergic diseases: an investigation of patients with contact dermatitis, allergic vasculitis and atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Skin biopsies for immunofluorescent studies were taken from patients with contact dermatitis (positive patch tests), atopic dermatitis and allergic vasculitis for comparison with normal-appearing skin from the same patients, and from healthy controls. A variety of deposits of immunoglobulins, complement  components and fibrinogen were demonstrated in 6 out of 20 patients with contact dermatitis, 7 out of 10 with atopic dermatitis, 8 out of 10 with allergic vasculitis, and in 4 out of 20 control individuals. No diagnostic pattern of deposits was found. Elevated serum IgE and eosinophilic counts were found in patients with atopic dermatitis, and high serum IgA and fibrinogen levels were found in the allergic vasculitis group.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of the skin in allergic diseases: an investigation of patients with contact dermatitis, allergic vasculitis and atopic dermatitis. Skin biopsies for immunofluorescent studies were taken from patients with contact dermatitis (positive patch tests), atopic dermatitis and allergic vasculitis for comparison with normal-appearing skin from the same patients, and from healthy controls. A variety of deposits of immunoglobulins, complement  components and fibrinogen were demonstrated in 6 out of 20 patients with contact dermatitis, 7 out of 10 with atopic dermatitis, 8 out of 10 with allergic vasculitis, and in 4 out of 20 control individuals. No diagnostic pattern of deposits was found. Elevated serum IgE and eosinophilic counts were found in patients with atopic dermatitis, and high serum IgA and fibrinogen levels were found in the allergic vasculitis group.", "PMID": 76388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6155", "title": "Studies on the cutaneous sensitization reaction of guinea pigs to purified aromatic chemicals.", "content": "The sensitization reactions to purified cinnamic aldehyde and its chemically related substances were investigated using the maximization test on guinea pigs. Mutual cross-sensitivities were also examined. Cinnamic aldehyde was found to be the most potent sensitizer in this series, and a strong cross-sensitizer. From the chemical structures of these substances, the following speculations were made. There was a tendency that as the number of hydrocarbons of alkyl groups replacing the alpha-hydrogen in the molecule increased, the rate of sensitization reaction declined. The conjugated system of double bonds was suspected to be a determinant factor in relation to the sensitization ability of the substances in this series.", "contents": "Studies on the cutaneous sensitization reaction of guinea pigs to purified aromatic chemicals. The sensitization reactions to purified cinnamic aldehyde and its chemically related substances were investigated using the maximization test on guinea pigs. Mutual cross-sensitivities were also examined. Cinnamic aldehyde was found to be the most potent sensitizer in this series, and a strong cross-sensitizer. From the chemical structures of these substances, the following speculations were made. There was a tendency that as the number of hydrocarbons of alkyl groups replacing the alpha-hydrogen in the molecule increased, the rate of sensitization reaction declined. The conjugated system of double bonds was suspected to be a determinant factor in relation to the sensitization ability of the substances in this series.", "PMID": 76389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6156", "title": "Drug phototoxicity in mice.", "content": "A series of agents with alleged photosensitizing properties has been studied in mice by a quantitative in vivo method for acute drug phototoxicity. The method, originally developed for phenothiazine studies, was found suitable for several drug groups with varying mechanism of action, such as tetracyclines, protoporphyrin and psoralens. In the sulfa group only sulfanilamide was active, although weakly. Phototoxicity in vivo, hitherto not demonstrated, was observed with griseofulvin, nalidixic acid, imperatorin, kynurenic acid and amiodarone.", "contents": "Drug phototoxicity in mice. A series of agents with alleged photosensitizing properties has been studied in mice by a quantitative in vivo method for acute drug phototoxicity. The method, originally developed for phenothiazine studies, was found suitable for several drug groups with varying mechanism of action, such as tetracyclines, protoporphyrin and psoralens. In the sulfa group only sulfanilamide was active, although weakly. Phototoxicity in vivo, hitherto not demonstrated, was observed with griseofulvin, nalidixic acid, imperatorin, kynurenic acid and amiodarone.", "PMID": 76390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6157", "title": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation and itching.", "content": "The response to transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS)--a method used for treatment of chronic pain--was studied in 41 patients with itching of diverse etiology. At a first trial, 63% of the patients found that TNS ameliorated their itching, 20% reported complete relief. As a rule the effect lasted for many hours, although TNS was given only for 5-30 min. In 15 of the patients, having suffered from extensive pruritus for more than one year, TNS was given several times a day for 5-47 days. During this time the effect declined. Twelve patients were relieved initially, either partially or completely, but ultimately only 6 had a partial relief and in none had the itching disappeared completely. Only one patient wanted to continue the TNS therapy. The decreasing efficacy is discussed; probably there was an initial placebo effect which declined during the course of treatment. The results indicate that TNS is of limited value for treating chronic itching.", "contents": "Transcutaneous nerve stimulation and itching. The response to transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS)--a method used for treatment of chronic pain--was studied in 41 patients with itching of diverse etiology. At a first trial, 63% of the patients found that TNS ameliorated their itching, 20% reported complete relief. As a rule the effect lasted for many hours, although TNS was given only for 5-30 min. In 15 of the patients, having suffered from extensive pruritus for more than one year, TNS was given several times a day for 5-47 days. During this time the effect declined. Twelve patients were relieved initially, either partially or completely, but ultimately only 6 had a partial relief and in none had the itching disappeared completely. Only one patient wanted to continue the TNS therapy. The decreasing efficacy is discussed; probably there was an initial placebo effect which declined during the course of treatment. The results indicate that TNS is of limited value for treating chronic itching.", "PMID": 76391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6158", "title": "The effect of occlusion on carbon dioxide emission from human skin.", "content": "The effect of occlusion on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate (CDER) of human skin was determined. Occlusive plastic tape elevated the CDER 4.5 times (90nl/cm2/hr) over the normal CDER (20nl/cm2/hr). This increase was noted within a 3-hour period. Non-occlusive paper tape had no effect on CDER. Quantitation of the amount of CO2 under plastic tape revealed that CO2 was present at a concentration of 8-10%. Removal of the plastic tape after 24 hours allowed the CDER to return to approximately normal values within 2 hours. The mechanism by which occlusive plastic tape mediates this dramatic effect on CDER as well as the significance of elevated CO2 concentrations under occlusion are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of occlusion on carbon dioxide emission from human skin. The effect of occlusion on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rate (CDER) of human skin was determined. Occlusive plastic tape elevated the CDER 4.5 times (90nl/cm2/hr) over the normal CDER (20nl/cm2/hr). This increase was noted within a 3-hour period. Non-occlusive paper tape had no effect on CDER. Quantitation of the amount of CO2 under plastic tape revealed that CO2 was present at a concentration of 8-10%. Removal of the plastic tape after 24 hours allowed the CDER to return to approximately normal values within 2 hours. The mechanism by which occlusive plastic tape mediates this dramatic effect on CDER as well as the significance of elevated CO2 concentrations under occlusion are discussed.", "PMID": 76392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6159", "title": "The clinical significance of cutaneous reactions to trichophytin in dermatophytosis.", "content": "An intracutaneous test was performed in 114 patients with dermatophytosis verified by culture and in 32 control subjects, unsing purified trichophytin (according to the ethylene glycol method) and commercially available trichophytin. Immediate reactions occurred with both trichophytin antigens at a similar frequency in 12-14% of cases. Delayed reactions occurred significantly more often to the purified trichophytin in patients with dermatophytosis (36%) but in none of the controls. Immediate reactions to purified trichophytin occurred in 26% of the chronically infected patients. Delayed reactions were correlated to patients with tinea cruris (50% positive reactions), to infections with Epidermophyton floccosum (50%) and to patients not chronically infected. Thus, chronic dermatophytosis was characterized by immediate reactions to purified trichophytin and few delayed reactions. In contrast, patients not chronically infected were characterized by delayed reactions and few immediate reactions.", "contents": "The clinical significance of cutaneous reactions to trichophytin in dermatophytosis. An intracutaneous test was performed in 114 patients with dermatophytosis verified by culture and in 32 control subjects, unsing purified trichophytin (according to the ethylene glycol method) and commercially available trichophytin. Immediate reactions occurred with both trichophytin antigens at a similar frequency in 12-14% of cases. Delayed reactions occurred significantly more often to the purified trichophytin in patients with dermatophytosis (36%) but in none of the controls. Immediate reactions to purified trichophytin occurred in 26% of the chronically infected patients. Delayed reactions were correlated to patients with tinea cruris (50% positive reactions), to infections with Epidermophyton floccosum (50%) and to patients not chronically infected. Thus, chronic dermatophytosis was characterized by immediate reactions to purified trichophytin and few delayed reactions. In contrast, patients not chronically infected were characterized by delayed reactions and few immediate reactions.", "PMID": 76393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6160", "title": "Dose-dependent effect of topical corticosteroids on blood flow in human cutaneous tissue.", "content": "In seven healthy subjects the dorsum of the hand was treated with beta-methasone valerate cream in increasing concentrations, from 0.1 to 1.0%, and with hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% with or without plastic occlusion. Under conditions of controlled room temperature, blood flow in treated, placebo-treated, and untreated cutaneous tissue was measured using the local 133Xenon wash-out technique. Placebo creams did not affect cutaneous blood flow, but beta-methasone valerate 0.1% reduced blood flow and 1.0% increased it. An increase in blood flow was also observed after use of hydrocortisone butyrate under plastic occlusion. The results indicate a dual effect of potent corticosteroids on cutaneous blood flow.", "contents": "Dose-dependent effect of topical corticosteroids on blood flow in human cutaneous tissue. In seven healthy subjects the dorsum of the hand was treated with beta-methasone valerate cream in increasing concentrations, from 0.1 to 1.0%, and with hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% with or without plastic occlusion. Under conditions of controlled room temperature, blood flow in treated, placebo-treated, and untreated cutaneous tissue was measured using the local 133Xenon wash-out technique. Placebo creams did not affect cutaneous blood flow, but beta-methasone valerate 0.1% reduced blood flow and 1.0% increased it. An increase in blood flow was also observed after use of hydrocortisone butyrate under plastic occlusion. The results indicate a dual effect of potent corticosteroids on cutaneous blood flow.", "PMID": 76394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6161", "title": "Plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen and phototoxicity studies during PUVA treatment of psoriasis with meladinin tablets.", "content": "A new tablet formulation of 8-methoxypsoralen was used in PUVA treatment for psoriasis. The 8-Mop plasma level showed a maximum at about 1 hour after ingestion (mean values: 1/2 hr, 284 microgram/1; 1 hr, 275 microgram/1; 1 1/2 hr, 198 microgram/1; 2 hrs, 129 microgram/1). Phototoxicity tests showed the optimal time for exposure to be about 1 hour after peroral intake of 8-MOP.", "contents": "Plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen and phototoxicity studies during PUVA treatment of psoriasis with meladinin tablets. A new tablet formulation of 8-methoxypsoralen was used in PUVA treatment for psoriasis. The 8-Mop plasma level showed a maximum at about 1 hour after ingestion (mean values: 1/2 hr, 284 microgram/1; 1 hr, 275 microgram/1; 1 1/2 hr, 198 microgram/1; 2 hrs, 129 microgram/1). Phototoxicity tests showed the optimal time for exposure to be about 1 hour after peroral intake of 8-MOP.", "PMID": 76395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6162", "title": "The effect of transfer factor on cystic acne.", "content": "A chromatographically purified component of human dialysable transfer factor, previously described as causing a non-specific stimulation of cell-mediated immunity, was used as a therapeutic agent in three cases of stage IV cystic acne. The treatment caused a marked strengthening of skin test responses and had a promising effect on skin eruption in each case.", "contents": "The effect of transfer factor on cystic acne. A chromatographically purified component of human dialysable transfer factor, previously described as causing a non-specific stimulation of cell-mediated immunity, was used as a therapeutic agent in three cases of stage IV cystic acne. The treatment caused a marked strengthening of skin test responses and had a promising effect on skin eruption in each case.", "PMID": 76396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6163", "title": "Oral zinc therapy in geriatric patients with selected skin manifestations and a low plasma zinc level.", "content": "A geriatric population comprising 585 inhabitants of an institution for the aged was studied. Twenty-six persons with a mean age of 82 years were selected because of skin manifestations suggestive of chronic zinc deficiency. In 10 of the patients a subnormal plasma zinc level was found. This hypozincaemic group underwent a 4 week trial with zinc sulphate tablets, 0.6 g daily. The therapy failed to alleviate the skin condition in any of the patients, thus indicating that the changes were not caused by zinc deficiency. In the hypozincaemic group, plasma albumin was subnormal in all patients and significantly lower than in the normozincaemic subjects. The correlation between plasma zinc and plasma albumin levels in all 34 patients studied was highly significant (rs = 0.69, p less than 0.001). As plasma albumin tends to fall to subnormal concentrations with age, this explains why plasma zinc may be low in the elderly without indicating a state of zinc deficiency. After 2 and 4 weeks' zinc therapy, the mean plasma zinc concentration of the hypozincaemic group rose significantly from 9.5 to 17.6 and 23.4 mumol/1. This increase is higher than the rise observed in younger patients receiving an identical zinc sulphate dosage.", "contents": "Oral zinc therapy in geriatric patients with selected skin manifestations and a low plasma zinc level. A geriatric population comprising 585 inhabitants of an institution for the aged was studied. Twenty-six persons with a mean age of 82 years were selected because of skin manifestations suggestive of chronic zinc deficiency. In 10 of the patients a subnormal plasma zinc level was found. This hypozincaemic group underwent a 4 week trial with zinc sulphate tablets, 0.6 g daily. The therapy failed to alleviate the skin condition in any of the patients, thus indicating that the changes were not caused by zinc deficiency. In the hypozincaemic group, plasma albumin was subnormal in all patients and significantly lower than in the normozincaemic subjects. The correlation between plasma zinc and plasma albumin levels in all 34 patients studied was highly significant (rs = 0.69, p less than 0.001). As plasma albumin tends to fall to subnormal concentrations with age, this explains why plasma zinc may be low in the elderly without indicating a state of zinc deficiency. After 2 and 4 weeks' zinc therapy, the mean plasma zinc concentration of the hypozincaemic group rose significantly from 9.5 to 17.6 and 23.4 mumol/1. This increase is higher than the rise observed in younger patients receiving an identical zinc sulphate dosage.", "PMID": 76397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6164", "title": "Topical treatment of penile condylomata acuminata with podophyllin, podophyllotoxin and colchicine. A comparative study.", "content": "The effect of alcoholic solutions with 20% podophyllin from Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi, 8% podophyllotoxin, and 8% colchicine, when applied to penile condylomata acuminata in 227 men, were statistically alike. Of the patients initially judged to be cured after 1-2 applications, 13% showed recurrence, thus bringing down the permanent cure frequency to only 43%. Local side effects were absent after only half the series of colchicine applications, whereas as much as about 3/4 of the treatment course with podophyllin and pure podophyllotoxin could be completed without provoking discomfort. Warts in the urinary meatus healed significantly less well than warts on the other genital mucous membranes. Eighty-nine per cent of patients who had previously been cured of concylomata became wart-free after 1-2 treatments, as opposed to only 40% of those who had never had this wart type previously. The use of the commercially available colchicine offers an opportunity to establish a standardized therapy; following application of an 8% solution, rinsing off should be performed after 6-8 hours.", "contents": "Topical treatment of penile condylomata acuminata with podophyllin, podophyllotoxin and colchicine. A comparative study. The effect of alcoholic solutions with 20% podophyllin from Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi, 8% podophyllotoxin, and 8% colchicine, when applied to penile condylomata acuminata in 227 men, were statistically alike. Of the patients initially judged to be cured after 1-2 applications, 13% showed recurrence, thus bringing down the permanent cure frequency to only 43%. Local side effects were absent after only half the series of colchicine applications, whereas as much as about 3/4 of the treatment course with podophyllin and pure podophyllotoxin could be completed without provoking discomfort. Warts in the urinary meatus healed significantly less well than warts on the other genital mucous membranes. Eighty-nine per cent of patients who had previously been cured of concylomata became wart-free after 1-2 treatments, as opposed to only 40% of those who had never had this wart type previously. The use of the commercially available colchicine offers an opportunity to establish a standardized therapy; following application of an 8% solution, rinsing off should be performed after 6-8 hours.", "PMID": 76398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6165", "title": "Multiple keratoacanthomata. A unique case and review of the current classification.", "content": "A case of multiple keratoacanthomata is described, with involvement of the palms and soles, and erosive lesions of the eyelids and penis. Several lesions healed spontaneously, leaving circular scars. Some were atypical clinically, taking the form of keratotic tumors. Methotrexate produced marked improvement of all lesions but had to be abandoned because of thrombocytopenia. The current classification of keratoacanthomata is reviewed.", "contents": "Multiple keratoacanthomata. A unique case and review of the current classification. A case of multiple keratoacanthomata is described, with involvement of the palms and soles, and erosive lesions of the eyelids and penis. Several lesions healed spontaneously, leaving circular scars. Some were atypical clinically, taking the form of keratotic tumors. Methotrexate produced marked improvement of all lesions but had to be abandoned because of thrombocytopenia. The current classification of keratoacanthomata is reviewed.", "PMID": 76399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6166", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men attending a venereal disease clinic: a culture and therapeutic study.", "content": "Urethral specimens from 459 male patients attending a venereal disease clinic were studied for presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Of the 459 patients, 362 had symptoms suggestive of urethritis. In these 362, gonorrhoea was diagnosed in 78 (22%), while 88 (24%) harboured C. trachomatis; 15 harboured both organisms. Of those patients from whom C. trachomatis was isolated, 17% had no subjective symptoms of urethritis; the same percentage of symptomless carriers of gonococci was found. Watery discharge occurred more frequently in patients with chlamydial urethritis than in patients with gonorrhoea, while in the latter condition purulent discharge was more often found. Treatment with doxycycline for 9 days rendered 28 of 29 chlamydia-positive patients culture negative at control.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men attending a venereal disease clinic: a culture and therapeutic study. Urethral specimens from 459 male patients attending a venereal disease clinic were studied for presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Of the 459 patients, 362 had symptoms suggestive of urethritis. In these 362, gonorrhoea was diagnosed in 78 (22%), while 88 (24%) harboured C. trachomatis; 15 harboured both organisms. Of those patients from whom C. trachomatis was isolated, 17% had no subjective symptoms of urethritis; the same percentage of symptomless carriers of gonococci was found. Watery discharge occurred more frequently in patients with chlamydial urethritis than in patients with gonorrhoea, while in the latter condition purulent discharge was more often found. Treatment with doxycycline for 9 days rendered 28 of 29 chlamydia-positive patients culture negative at control.", "PMID": 76400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6167", "title": "Third generation infantile syphilis--an unusual presentation.", "content": "A case of third generation early congenital syphilis with unusual features is reported and discussed. The infant presented with Livedo reticularis and an ulcer on the right forearm since birth; the underlying radius and ulna showed osteomyelitic changes with sequestrum formation and a pathological fracture. The rest of the skeletal system was normal. The blood STS (VDRL) was reactive at 1:64. The child showed no other evidence of congenital syphilis. Livedo reticularis and bony lesions resolved promptly with penicillin therapy, but abnormal movements at the wrist joint persisted. The mother had pathognomic Hutchinsonian incisors and a reactive VDRL test.", "contents": "Third generation infantile syphilis--an unusual presentation. A case of third generation early congenital syphilis with unusual features is reported and discussed. The infant presented with Livedo reticularis and an ulcer on the right forearm since birth; the underlying radius and ulna showed osteomyelitic changes with sequestrum formation and a pathological fracture. The rest of the skeletal system was normal. The blood STS (VDRL) was reactive at 1:64. The child showed no other evidence of congenital syphilis. Livedo reticularis and bony lesions resolved promptly with penicillin therapy, but abnormal movements at the wrist joint persisted. The mother had pathognomic Hutchinsonian incisors and a reactive VDRL test.", "PMID": 76401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6168", "title": "Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen 2 hours after oral administration.", "content": "Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were determined 2 hours after oral administration and found to vary considerably among psoriatic patients. There was no definite correlation between the 8-MOP serum level, the dose of 8-MOP/kg body weight ingested, and the minimal phototoxic UVA dose.", "contents": "Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen 2 hours after oral administration. Serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were determined 2 hours after oral administration and found to vary considerably among psoriatic patients. There was no definite correlation between the 8-MOP serum level, the dose of 8-MOP/kg body weight ingested, and the minimal phototoxic UVA dose.", "PMID": 76402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6169", "title": "Periodic, functional disuse of limbs: report of a case.", "content": "The case is presented of a patient who developed periodic loss of function in individual limbs, and associated cyanosis and hyperkeratosis. Investigation excluded organic disease, and the condition responded to physiotherapy.", "contents": "Periodic, functional disuse of limbs: report of a case. The case is presented of a patient who developed periodic loss of function in individual limbs, and associated cyanosis and hyperkeratosis. Investigation excluded organic disease, and the condition responded to physiotherapy.", "PMID": 76403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6170", "title": "Oral injury caused by fellatio.", "content": "A 34-year-old Caucasian woman is presented with a circular hemorrhagic lesion located on the soft palate and caused by fellatio. The lesion consisted of erythema, petechiae, dilated blood vessels and vesicles. It healed in a few days. No evidence of the major clinical alternatives such as thrombocytopenia, venereal disease, candida infection or pathomimia were found. Injuries due to fellatio must be considered as an etiological factor to hemorrhagic changes of the oral mucosa, and with a positive history, patients can be spared from other investigations.", "contents": "Oral injury caused by fellatio. A 34-year-old Caucasian woman is presented with a circular hemorrhagic lesion located on the soft palate and caused by fellatio. The lesion consisted of erythema, petechiae, dilated blood vessels and vesicles. It healed in a few days. No evidence of the major clinical alternatives such as thrombocytopenia, venereal disease, candida infection or pathomimia were found. Injuries due to fellatio must be considered as an etiological factor to hemorrhagic changes of the oral mucosa, and with a positive history, patients can be spared from other investigations.", "PMID": 76404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6171", "title": "Parakeratosis in some epidermal tumors: fine structural and immunohistochemical similarity between parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure.", "content": "Both parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure are basic histopathologic changes found in a variety of skin lesions. In order to investigate more closely the architecture and components of these two structures, three cases of epidermal tumor which showed both parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure were studied by using routine histology and histochemistry, immunofluorescence technique, and electron microscopy. In the intercellular space of the stratum corneum in these two structures, diastase-resistant PAS-positive substance was found. This substance also showed positive immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopically, this substance was moderately electron-dense and fine granular, and was located in the intercellular space and in part in the cytoplasm of the horny cells. On the basis of these findings, this substance was judged more likely to be derived from the components of plasma protein than a result of the degeneration of epidermal cells. Only quantitative difference was observed between these two structure. This substance was considered to play an important role on the increased cohesiveness of the horny cells. However, whether this is a product of antigen-antibody reactions, or the result of the process similar to blood coagulation, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Parakeratosis in some epidermal tumors: fine structural and immunohistochemical similarity between parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure. Both parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure are basic histopathologic changes found in a variety of skin lesions. In order to investigate more closely the architecture and components of these two structures, three cases of epidermal tumor which showed both parakeratosis and \"Hornmark\" -like structure were studied by using routine histology and histochemistry, immunofluorescence technique, and electron microscopy. In the intercellular space of the stratum corneum in these two structures, diastase-resistant PAS-positive substance was found. This substance also showed positive immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrinogen. Electron microscopically, this substance was moderately electron-dense and fine granular, and was located in the intercellular space and in part in the cytoplasm of the horny cells. On the basis of these findings, this substance was judged more likely to be derived from the components of plasma protein than a result of the degeneration of epidermal cells. Only quantitative difference was observed between these two structure. This substance was considered to play an important role on the increased cohesiveness of the horny cells. However, whether this is a product of antigen-antibody reactions, or the result of the process similar to blood coagulation, remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 76406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6172", "title": "Operating room nurses' psychomotor and driving skills after occupational exposure to halothane and nitrous oxide.", "content": "Concentrations of halothane and nitrous oxide were assayed by gas chromatography throughout a working day in three operating theatres and in the end-tidal air of 19 nurses 15 and 60 min after leaving the theatres. Perceptual, psychomotor and driving skills were measured in these nurses and in 11 younger nurses working in the wards of the same hospital. A complicated psychomotor test battery and a driving simulator were used. End-tidal air concentrations of halothane and nitrous oxide were positively correlated with the exposure level of these gases in the operating theatres. Some of the operating room nurses had greater amounts of halothane in their end-tidal air (average 15 to 10 ppm) than student volunteers 4.5 h after 3.5 min of general anaesthesia with a combination of halothanenitrous-oxide oxygen (10 ppm halothane). These volunteers had worse psychomotor and driving performances when measured than controls who had not been anaesthetized. No correlations were found between the concentrations of halothane or nitrous oxide in end-tidal air and psychomotor or driving performance. Despite their higher age and exposure to the operating room environment, the driving skills of the operating room nurses were similar to those of the ward nurses. The results suggest that tolerance to anaesthetic gases develops among operating room personnel. No impairment of driving skills can be expected after daily exposure to halothan and nitrous oxide among long-term employees in operating theatres.", "contents": "Operating room nurses' psychomotor and driving skills after occupational exposure to halothane and nitrous oxide. Concentrations of halothane and nitrous oxide were assayed by gas chromatography throughout a working day in three operating theatres and in the end-tidal air of 19 nurses 15 and 60 min after leaving the theatres. Perceptual, psychomotor and driving skills were measured in these nurses and in 11 younger nurses working in the wards of the same hospital. A complicated psychomotor test battery and a driving simulator were used. End-tidal air concentrations of halothane and nitrous oxide were positively correlated with the exposure level of these gases in the operating theatres. Some of the operating room nurses had greater amounts of halothane in their end-tidal air (average 15 to 10 ppm) than student volunteers 4.5 h after 3.5 min of general anaesthesia with a combination of halothanenitrous-oxide oxygen (10 ppm halothane). These volunteers had worse psychomotor and driving performances when measured than controls who had not been anaesthetized. No correlations were found between the concentrations of halothane or nitrous oxide in end-tidal air and psychomotor or driving performance. Despite their higher age and exposure to the operating room environment, the driving skills of the operating room nurses were similar to those of the ward nurses. The results suggest that tolerance to anaesthetic gases develops among operating room personnel. No impairment of driving skills can be expected after daily exposure to halothan and nitrous oxide among long-term employees in operating theatres.", "PMID": 76408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6173", "title": "Concentration elimination of anaesthetic gases in operating theratres. Influence of anaesthesia apparatus leakages.", "content": "Halothane and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were measured in operating theatres, in the areas corresponding to theinhalation zones of the anaesthetists and operating nurses. The measurements were performed in an operating theatre with a non-recirculating air exchange rate of 20/h. This was performed partly in model experiments and partly during the administration of anaesthesia by intubation. In the model experiments. the measurements were taken both with and without a specially constructed scavenging system. During anaesthesia, the measurements were taken exclusively with the scavenging system, although well-defined leakages were fitted into the otherwise gas-tight anaesthetic system. The results were supplemented by smoke experiments which showed the air distribution patterns. The investigation showed that the gases were concentrated over and around the operating table. Activities during surgery diluted this concentration. Furthermore, it was shown that leakage in the anaesthetic system significantly influences the achieving of a low gas-air mixture. Halothane concentrations in the inhalation zone of the anaesthetist and operating nurse can be reduced to 0.02 and 0.01 p.p.m. respectively, if the anaesthetic system is completely gas-tight.", "contents": "Concentration elimination of anaesthetic gases in operating theratres. Influence of anaesthesia apparatus leakages. Halothane and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were measured in operating theatres, in the areas corresponding to theinhalation zones of the anaesthetists and operating nurses. The measurements were performed in an operating theatre with a non-recirculating air exchange rate of 20/h. This was performed partly in model experiments and partly during the administration of anaesthesia by intubation. In the model experiments. the measurements were taken both with and without a specially constructed scavenging system. During anaesthesia, the measurements were taken exclusively with the scavenging system, although well-defined leakages were fitted into the otherwise gas-tight anaesthetic system. The results were supplemented by smoke experiments which showed the air distribution patterns. The investigation showed that the gases were concentrated over and around the operating table. Activities during surgery diluted this concentration. Furthermore, it was shown that leakage in the anaesthetic system significantly influences the achieving of a low gas-air mixture. Halothane concentrations in the inhalation zone of the anaesthetist and operating nurse can be reduced to 0.02 and 0.01 p.p.m. respectively, if the anaesthetic system is completely gas-tight.", "PMID": 76409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6174", "title": "Nerves and nerve endings in the skin of tropical cattle.", "content": "The nerves and nerve endings in the skin of tropical cattle were studied using histological and histochemical techniques. Many nerve trunks and fibres were present in the reticular and papillary dermis in both hairy and non-hairy skin sites. In non-hairy skin locations such as the muzzle and lower lip, encapsulated endings akin to Krause and Ruffini end bulbs, which arise from myelinated nerve trunks situated lower down the dermis were observed at the upper papillary layer level. Some fibre trunks seen at this level extended upwards to terminate within dermal papillae as bulb-shaped longitudinally lamellated Pacinian-type endings, while other onion-shaped lamellated nerve structures were located either within dermal papillae or near the dermo-epidermal area. Intraepidermal free-ending nerve fibres, appearing non-myelinated were observed in areas with thick epidermis. Intraepidermal free-ending nerve fibres, appearing non-myelinated were observed in areas with thick epidermis. On hairy skin sites, however, organized nerve endings or intraepidermal nerve endings were not readily identifiable.", "contents": "Nerves and nerve endings in the skin of tropical cattle. The nerves and nerve endings in the skin of tropical cattle were studied using histological and histochemical techniques. Many nerve trunks and fibres were present in the reticular and papillary dermis in both hairy and non-hairy skin sites. In non-hairy skin locations such as the muzzle and lower lip, encapsulated endings akin to Krause and Ruffini end bulbs, which arise from myelinated nerve trunks situated lower down the dermis were observed at the upper papillary layer level. Some fibre trunks seen at this level extended upwards to terminate within dermal papillae as bulb-shaped longitudinally lamellated Pacinian-type endings, while other onion-shaped lamellated nerve structures were located either within dermal papillae or near the dermo-epidermal area. Intraepidermal free-ending nerve fibres, appearing non-myelinated were observed in areas with thick epidermis. Intraepidermal free-ending nerve fibres, appearing non-myelinated were observed in areas with thick epidermis. On hairy skin sites, however, organized nerve endings or intraepidermal nerve endings were not readily identifiable.", "PMID": 76410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6175", "title": "A sliver-gold impregnation technique for routine neuropathological use.", "content": "A silver-gold impregnation technique for routine neuropathological use is presented. It is easy to perform, gives reproducible results and the ingredients are chemically well characterized. It has been successfully applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from human brain, where nerve cell processes, neurofibrillary changes and melanin-containing neurons are distinctly visualized. Axons in peripheral nerves are impregnated and cross striations in muscle cells can also be demonstrated.", "contents": "A sliver-gold impregnation technique for routine neuropathological use. A silver-gold impregnation technique for routine neuropathological use is presented. It is easy to perform, gives reproducible results and the ingredients are chemically well characterized. It has been successfully applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from human brain, where nerve cell processes, neurofibrillary changes and melanin-containing neurons are distinctly visualized. Axons in peripheral nerves are impregnated and cross striations in muscle cells can also be demonstrated.", "PMID": 76411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6176", "title": "Translative and transformative growth of the rat mandible.", "content": "The growth of the rat mandible was studied during a period from 14 to 30 days of age. Roentgencephalometric and alizarin vital staining techniques were employed. Growth in length doubles the growth in breadth; the angle between the mandibular halves decreases slightly. Bone remodeling patterns were revealed with the alizarin technique. Posteriorly facing surfaces and the anterior end of the incisal process show apposition. Lateral facing surfaces of the posterior part of the mandibles were resorptive. A medio-posterior growth direction of these parts were found. The intermandibular articulation plays no role in the translative growth movements, in contrast to other articulations between skull bones as sutures and synchondroses, but serves primarily during biting and chewing.", "contents": "Translative and transformative growth of the rat mandible. The growth of the rat mandible was studied during a period from 14 to 30 days of age. Roentgencephalometric and alizarin vital staining techniques were employed. Growth in length doubles the growth in breadth; the angle between the mandibular halves decreases slightly. Bone remodeling patterns were revealed with the alizarin technique. Posteriorly facing surfaces and the anterior end of the incisal process show apposition. Lateral facing surfaces of the posterior part of the mandibles were resorptive. A medio-posterior growth direction of these parts were found. The intermandibular articulation plays no role in the translative growth movements, in contrast to other articulations between skull bones as sutures and synchondroses, but serves primarily during biting and chewing.", "PMID": 76412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6177", "title": "An evaluation of the quantitative parameters applied in bone histology.", "content": "An evaluation of the following histomorphometric parameters: absolute trabecular bone volume (ATBV), osteoid surfaces (OS), osteoid volume (OV), resorption surfaces (RS), and mean size of periosteocytic lacunae (POL) was carried out. Double determination on sections, obtained from an area 2 cm below the summit and 2 cm behind the anterior, superior, spine of the iliac crest from 20 normal individuals aged 20-40 years, showed that the precision of method by far outweighed the inter-individual variation. Parameters obtained from 9 different localizations within the iliac bone revealed that the volume of bone was the only parameter which was influenced if the bone specimen was removed more than 2 cm below or behind the standard localization. Randomly selected sections alternately stained with Masson trichrome and toluidin blue were used for the study of the influence of the staining method on the osteoid parameters. It was shown that Masson trichrome staining would generally result in a slightly higher value of osteoid surfaces. There was, however, a high correlation between the parameters obtained with the two methods. (OS: r = 0.96; OV: r = 0.87).", "contents": "An evaluation of the quantitative parameters applied in bone histology. An evaluation of the following histomorphometric parameters: absolute trabecular bone volume (ATBV), osteoid surfaces (OS), osteoid volume (OV), resorption surfaces (RS), and mean size of periosteocytic lacunae (POL) was carried out. Double determination on sections, obtained from an area 2 cm below the summit and 2 cm behind the anterior, superior, spine of the iliac crest from 20 normal individuals aged 20-40 years, showed that the precision of method by far outweighed the inter-individual variation. Parameters obtained from 9 different localizations within the iliac bone revealed that the volume of bone was the only parameter which was influenced if the bone specimen was removed more than 2 cm below or behind the standard localization. Randomly selected sections alternately stained with Masson trichrome and toluidin blue were used for the study of the influence of the staining method on the osteoid parameters. It was shown that Masson trichrome staining would generally result in a slightly higher value of osteoid surfaces. There was, however, a high correlation between the parameters obtained with the two methods. (OS: r = 0.96; OV: r = 0.87).", "PMID": 76414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6178", "title": "Histomorphometric analysis of normal bone from the iliac crest.", "content": "Bone specimens from a standardized area of the iliac crest were obtained at autopsy in 105 individuals after sudden unexpected death and at biopsy in 30 living volunteers. Seven micron thick sections of the plastic embedded undecalcified material were produced and stained. The amount of cancellous and cortical bone and the parameters attached to description of bone remodelling were determined by point counting and simple measurements, in order to establish normal mean values and range in a Danish population. A decrease in the amount of bone, trabecular as well as cortical, was found with increasing age in both males and females. The extent, volume and width of osteoid seams and the osteoclastic resorption were found to be age-independent. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone in males decreased, however, with increasing age. The reported values are of the greatest importance for the use of histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies as a diagnostic tool in metabolic bone diseases. It is stressed, however, that supplementary information of the dynamic aspects of the bone remodelling would be necessary for the understanding of the pathogenesis of bone changes. Such information might be obtained by using tetracyline double labelling.", "contents": "Histomorphometric analysis of normal bone from the iliac crest. Bone specimens from a standardized area of the iliac crest were obtained at autopsy in 105 individuals after sudden unexpected death and at biopsy in 30 living volunteers. Seven micron thick sections of the plastic embedded undecalcified material were produced and stained. The amount of cancellous and cortical bone and the parameters attached to description of bone remodelling were determined by point counting and simple measurements, in order to establish normal mean values and range in a Danish population. A decrease in the amount of bone, trabecular as well as cortical, was found with increasing age in both males and females. The extent, volume and width of osteoid seams and the osteoclastic resorption were found to be age-independent. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone in males decreased, however, with increasing age. The reported values are of the greatest importance for the use of histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies as a diagnostic tool in metabolic bone diseases. It is stressed, however, that supplementary information of the dynamic aspects of the bone remodelling would be necessary for the understanding of the pathogenesis of bone changes. Such information might be obtained by using tetracyline double labelling.", "PMID": 76415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6179", "title": "Quantitation of human granulocyte protease inhibitors in non-purulent bronchial lavage fluids.", "content": "The predominant inhibitors of granulocyte proteases in plasma (alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were quantitated in unconcentrated bronchial lavage fluids obtained from non-infected individuals, together with the acid-stable low molecular weight inhibitor with activity against granulocyte elastolytic and chymotrypsin-like enzymes. This latter inhibitor accounted for about 90% of the total molar concentration of granulocyte protease inhibitors in the bronchial lavage fluids. The remaining 10% consisted mostly of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin. About 85% of the bronchial inhibitor was in a free form with preserved enzyme reactivity. The remaining 15% of the immunoreactive bronchial inhibitor exhibited a molecular size indicating complexation with enzymes. The major portion of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin showed electrophoretic mobilities and molecular sizes similar to the native proteins but had no enzyme reactivity.", "contents": "Quantitation of human granulocyte protease inhibitors in non-purulent bronchial lavage fluids. The predominant inhibitors of granulocyte proteases in plasma (alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were quantitated in unconcentrated bronchial lavage fluids obtained from non-infected individuals, together with the acid-stable low molecular weight inhibitor with activity against granulocyte elastolytic and chymotrypsin-like enzymes. This latter inhibitor accounted for about 90% of the total molar concentration of granulocyte protease inhibitors in the bronchial lavage fluids. The remaining 10% consisted mostly of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin. About 85% of the bronchial inhibitor was in a free form with preserved enzyme reactivity. The remaining 15% of the immunoreactive bronchial inhibitor exhibited a molecular size indicating complexation with enzymes. The major portion of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin showed electrophoretic mobilities and molecular sizes similar to the native proteins but had no enzyme reactivity.", "PMID": 76413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6180", "title": "Plasmid borne virulence of Enterobacter hafniae.", "content": "The strain classified as Enterobacter hafniae has been isolated in a severe epidemy of porcine diarrhoea. Its pathogenicity has been found to be cotransmissible with resistance to oxytetracycline when the strain was grown in a mixed culture with some nonpathogenic E. hafniae strains as well as with Escherichia coli. Toxinogenity seems to be responsible for virulence of the strain.", "contents": "Plasmid borne virulence of Enterobacter hafniae. The strain classified as Enterobacter hafniae has been isolated in a severe epidemy of porcine diarrhoea. Its pathogenicity has been found to be cotransmissible with resistance to oxytetracycline when the strain was grown in a mixed culture with some nonpathogenic E. hafniae strains as well as with Escherichia coli. Toxinogenity seems to be responsible for virulence of the strain.", "PMID": 76419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6181", "title": "Studies on the experimental infection of Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch) ticks with tick-born encephalitis virus.", "content": "The replication dynamics of 4 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus, differing in neurovirulence towards white mice, and their penetration to the salivary glands and ovaries of H. dromedarii were examined. The ticks were infected by being artificially fed a large dose of the virus and were observed for 44 days. The virus actively multiplied in whole ticks and examined organs. A relation between the neurovirulence of the strains towards white mice and persistence of infection in the ticks and their organs was observed.", "contents": "Studies on the experimental infection of Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch) ticks with tick-born encephalitis virus. The replication dynamics of 4 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus, differing in neurovirulence towards white mice, and their penetration to the salivary glands and ovaries of H. dromedarii were examined. The ticks were infected by being artificially fed a large dose of the virus and were observed for 44 days. The virus actively multiplied in whole ticks and examined organs. A relation between the neurovirulence of the strains towards white mice and persistence of infection in the ticks and their organs was observed.", "PMID": 76420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6182", "title": "An attempt at the use of immunological methods for the detection of enzymes of BCG substrains.", "content": "Immunological methods have been used to visualize peroxidase and dehydrogenase activities of substrains of BCG mycobacteria. Immunodiffusion (ID) and immunoelectrophoresis (IE) in agar gel and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IE) in agarose gel were employed. In all these tests part of the ID, IE, and 2D-IE preparations were stained with Amido Black 10B (AB 10B) to visualize the total number of precipitin lines and part were stained at the same time with histochemical methods for vizualization of peroxidase and dehydrogenase activities.", "contents": "An attempt at the use of immunological methods for the detection of enzymes of BCG substrains. Immunological methods have been used to visualize peroxidase and dehydrogenase activities of substrains of BCG mycobacteria. Immunodiffusion (ID) and immunoelectrophoresis (IE) in agar gel and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IE) in agarose gel were employed. In all these tests part of the ID, IE, and 2D-IE preparations were stained with Amido Black 10B (AB 10B) to visualize the total number of precipitin lines and part were stained at the same time with histochemical methods for vizualization of peroxidase and dehydrogenase activities.", "PMID": 76421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6183", "title": "The use of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis for the characterization of antigens of BCG substrains.", "content": "The usefulness of the method of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IEP) in comparative studies and characterization of the antigenic spectra of various BCG substrains have been estimated. The BCG substrains used were: substrain BCG-Rio de Janeiro, substrain BCG-Poland, form-rough (R) and substrain BCG-Poland, form-smooth (S). The 2D-IEP technique was found to give characteristic immunoelectrophoretic patterns of antigenic composition of the different BCG substrains. The number of precipitin peaks was usually over 20, that is more than detected by conventional immunoprecipitation techniques such as immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel (ID, IE).", "contents": "The use of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis for the characterization of antigens of BCG substrains. The usefulness of the method of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IEP) in comparative studies and characterization of the antigenic spectra of various BCG substrains have been estimated. The BCG substrains used were: substrain BCG-Rio de Janeiro, substrain BCG-Poland, form-rough (R) and substrain BCG-Poland, form-smooth (S). The 2D-IEP technique was found to give characteristic immunoelectrophoretic patterns of antigenic composition of the different BCG substrains. The number of precipitin peaks was usually over 20, that is more than detected by conventional immunoprecipitation techniques such as immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel (ID, IE).", "PMID": 76422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6184", "title": "Some properties of partially purified phytase from Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Phytase was purified from Aspergillus niger culture fluid by molecular sieve filtration on Sephadex G-200, followed by thermal inactivation of acid phosphatase and CM-cellulose chromatography. The 12-fold purified enzyme had two pH optima at 2.7 and 5.5 and was characterized by high thermal stability in alkaline environment and broad substrate specificity. The Michaelis constant of phytase relative to myo-inositol hexaphosphate sodium salt is 4.8 X 10(-4) M and activation energy 9,217 cal/mole. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated at 200,000.", "contents": "Some properties of partially purified phytase from Aspergillus niger. Phytase was purified from Aspergillus niger culture fluid by molecular sieve filtration on Sephadex G-200, followed by thermal inactivation of acid phosphatase and CM-cellulose chromatography. The 12-fold purified enzyme had two pH optima at 2.7 and 5.5 and was characterized by high thermal stability in alkaline environment and broad substrate specificity. The Michaelis constant of phytase relative to myo-inositol hexaphosphate sodium salt is 4.8 X 10(-4) M and activation energy 9,217 cal/mole. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated at 200,000.", "PMID": 76423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6185", "title": "Glucose oxidase activity of actinomycetes.", "content": "The ability of 311 actiomycete, belonging to 12 species to produce glucose oxidase was studied. It was found that 174 of them formed exoenzymes on solid medium and 133 in liquid medium. The composition of the nutrient medium has an essential effect on the amount of enzyme formed. Strains with considerably higher activity form a greater amount of exoenzymes on soya meal medium and on synthetic medium with KNO2. The highest activity of the culture liquid of some strains was observed between the 6th and 7th day of cultivation. During this phase of growth the highest productivity of the biomas was established.", "contents": "Glucose oxidase activity of actinomycetes. The ability of 311 actiomycete, belonging to 12 species to produce glucose oxidase was studied. It was found that 174 of them formed exoenzymes on solid medium and 133 in liquid medium. The composition of the nutrient medium has an essential effect on the amount of enzyme formed. Strains with considerably higher activity form a greater amount of exoenzymes on soya meal medium and on synthetic medium with KNO2. The highest activity of the culture liquid of some strains was observed between the 6th and 7th day of cultivation. During this phase of growth the highest productivity of the biomas was established.", "PMID": 76424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6186", "title": "Nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pure cultures.", "content": "Strains of Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium meliloti were tested for their asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ability. From among ten tested strains two R. trifolii and one R. meliloti expressed nitrogenase activity within the range of 1.3--9.3 nM C2H4/h/mg protein. Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation was affected by the composition of the medium.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pure cultures. Strains of Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium meliloti were tested for their asymbiotic nitrogen fixation ability. From among ten tested strains two R. trifolii and one R. meliloti expressed nitrogenase activity within the range of 1.3--9.3 nM C2H4/h/mg protein. Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation was affected by the composition of the medium.", "PMID": 76425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6187", "title": "Extracellular release in Chlorella vulgaris culture and the role of bacteria accompanying - algae in this process.", "content": "The effect of different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus on extracellular release was investigated. Phosphorus induced the enhanced extracellular release of metabolites by Chlorella vulgaris. No influence of nitrogen on extracellular release was observed. In the initial stages of C. vulgaris culture the algae release was observed. In the initial stages of C. vulgaris culture the algae release compounds readily assimilated by the accompanying bacteria, hence the observed drop of percentage of extracellular release (PER) in culture medium caused by the bacteria. Both, the glycolic acid and the products of photoassimilation released to the environment in the first stages of cultivation were assimilated by the bacteria accompanying-algae at a similar rate. The ageing of C. vulgaris culture resulted in the accumulation of extracellularly released metabolites and increase of PER. These products were not assimilated by the bacteria present in the algal culture.", "contents": "Extracellular release in Chlorella vulgaris culture and the role of bacteria accompanying - algae in this process. The effect of different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus on extracellular release was investigated. Phosphorus induced the enhanced extracellular release of metabolites by Chlorella vulgaris. No influence of nitrogen on extracellular release was observed. In the initial stages of C. vulgaris culture the algae release was observed. In the initial stages of C. vulgaris culture the algae release compounds readily assimilated by the accompanying bacteria, hence the observed drop of percentage of extracellular release (PER) in culture medium caused by the bacteria. Both, the glycolic acid and the products of photoassimilation released to the environment in the first stages of cultivation were assimilated by the bacteria accompanying-algae at a similar rate. The ageing of C. vulgaris culture resulted in the accumulation of extracellularly released metabolites and increase of PER. These products were not assimilated by the bacteria present in the algal culture.", "PMID": 76426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6188", "title": "Primary production and extracellular release by phytoplankton in some lakes of the Masurian Lake District, Poland.", "content": "The primary production and extracellular release by phytoplankton were measured at different depths of Miko\u0142ajskie Lake, Ry\u0144skie Lake and Be\u0142dany Lake (Masurian Lake District, Poland). The release of dissolved organic compounds was found to be related to the rates of primary production. The percentage of extracellular release (PER) of organic matter in the photic zone showed an inverse relationship with particulate production and chlorophyll alpha concentration. The highest PER was determined in the epilimnion of the studied lakes, where also increased release was observed. The higher release of algal products of photosynthesis in the photic zone than in the profundal is probably caused by the inhibition of physiological activity of bacteria by antibacterial substances produced by algae. The substances released by algae in the profundal are taken up by aquatic bacteria which explains the lower release and PER measured.", "contents": "Primary production and extracellular release by phytoplankton in some lakes of the Masurian Lake District, Poland. The primary production and extracellular release by phytoplankton were measured at different depths of Miko\u0142ajskie Lake, Ry\u0144skie Lake and Be\u0142dany Lake (Masurian Lake District, Poland). The release of dissolved organic compounds was found to be related to the rates of primary production. The percentage of extracellular release (PER) of organic matter in the photic zone showed an inverse relationship with particulate production and chlorophyll alpha concentration. The highest PER was determined in the epilimnion of the studied lakes, where also increased release was observed. The higher release of algal products of photosynthesis in the photic zone than in the profundal is probably caused by the inhibition of physiological activity of bacteria by antibacterial substances produced by algae. The substances released by algae in the profundal are taken up by aquatic bacteria which explains the lower release and PER measured.", "PMID": 76427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6189", "title": "[Studies on antigenspecific immunosuppression: Influence of 6-mercaptopurine-BGG-conjugates on BGG binding cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The rosette forming cell (RFC) response of different lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, peripheral blood) of guinea pigs was examined by immunocytoadherence. The method has been adapted to work with the soluble antigen BGG. The number of antigen binding cells following immunization with BGG in CFA reached the highest level on day 6 in Ln. popliteus and on the 10th day in spleen and peripheral blood. It is shown that the highest level of antigen binding cells appears generally before the maximum of circulating antibodies. After i.p.-immunization to alum-adsorbed BGG we only detected a small number of RFCs. After pretreatment with 6-mercaptopurineI-25-BGG (MP-BGG) and a control substance (toluylI-25-BGG) over 8 days and in increasing doses we obtained an antigenspecific suppression of BGG binding cells following MP-BGG treatment. In contrast to these findings the antibody titres were only slightly decreased in the beginning of the immune response.", "contents": "[Studies on antigenspecific immunosuppression: Influence of 6-mercaptopurine-BGG-conjugates on BGG binding cells (author's transl)]. The rosette forming cell (RFC) response of different lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, peripheral blood) of guinea pigs was examined by immunocytoadherence. The method has been adapted to work with the soluble antigen BGG. The number of antigen binding cells following immunization with BGG in CFA reached the highest level on day 6 in Ln. popliteus and on the 10th day in spleen and peripheral blood. It is shown that the highest level of antigen binding cells appears generally before the maximum of circulating antibodies. After i.p.-immunization to alum-adsorbed BGG we only detected a small number of RFCs. After pretreatment with 6-mercaptopurineI-25-BGG (MP-BGG) and a control substance (toluylI-25-BGG) over 8 days and in increasing doses we obtained an antigenspecific suppression of BGG binding cells following MP-BGG treatment. In contrast to these findings the antibody titres were only slightly decreased in the beginning of the immune response.", "PMID": 76446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6190", "title": "Sea-blue histiocytes in a patient with lymphoma.", "content": "A middle-aged man with lymphocytic lymphoma had numerous sea-blue histiocytes in his bone marrow, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. Thus, his illness mimicked that of patients with the primary syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte. However, the paucity of sea-blue histiocytes in his spleen, the absence of neurologic disease, his age and the ultrastructure of his abnormal histiocytes were all evidence for the presence of the acquired syndrome. The pathogenesis of sea-blue histiocytosis and the relationship between acquired cases and the primary syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Sea-blue histiocytes in a patient with lymphoma. A middle-aged man with lymphocytic lymphoma had numerous sea-blue histiocytes in his bone marrow, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. Thus, his illness mimicked that of patients with the primary syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte. However, the paucity of sea-blue histiocytes in his spleen, the absence of neurologic disease, his age and the ultrastructure of his abnormal histiocytes were all evidence for the presence of the acquired syndrome. The pathogenesis of sea-blue histiocytosis and the relationship between acquired cases and the primary syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 76448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6191", "title": "Histology and histochemistry of the normal superficial corneal epithelium of rabbit.", "content": "The superficial epithelial cells of normal cornea are in a process of gradual metabolic shutdown. Nuclear DNA may be depolymerized. Loss of DNA also occurs by extrusion in small quantities into the cytoplasm. There is a small quantity of RNA in these cells. The cytoplasm shows the presence of some vicglycols. The superficial corneal epithelial cells do not keratinize.", "contents": "Histology and histochemistry of the normal superficial corneal epithelium of rabbit. The superficial epithelial cells of normal cornea are in a process of gradual metabolic shutdown. Nuclear DNA may be depolymerized. Loss of DNA also occurs by extrusion in small quantities into the cytoplasm. There is a small quantity of RNA in these cells. The cytoplasm shows the presence of some vicglycols. The superficial corneal epithelial cells do not keratinize.", "PMID": 76450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6192", "title": "Pituitary cytology of the Indian carp Labeo rohita (Ham.).", "content": "In the adenohypophysis of Labeo rohita eight cell types could be identified on the basis of their different tinctorial response to various staining techniques. The rostral pars distalis has 3 types of cells. Type 1 is stained with erythrosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin. Type 2 cells are lead hematoxylin positive and give an amphiphilic reaction in response to tri and tetrachrome techniques. Type 3 cells are stainable with PAS, ATh, AB, AF, and aniline blue and are distributed in an area comprises of anteroventral RPD and anterodorsal PPD. Apart from type 3, the PPD has two more cell types. The classical acidophils forming the type 4 cells readily take up orange G, erythrosin and acid fuchsin. Type 5 cells have affinity for PAS, ATh, AB, AF and aniline blue as that of type 3 cells, but they are relatively smaller. Pars intermedia has type 6 and 7 cells which are PbH and lightly PAS + ve respectively. Eight cell type is constituted by the chromophobes which are seen in all the components of the adenohypophysis, they might be the immature or degranulated chromophils. On the basis of colour reactions cell types 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Labeo rohita are comparable to the prolactin, ACTH, TSH, STH and gonadotropin secreting cells described in other teleosts by earlier workers using comparable techniques. However, functional interpretation based on staining reactions is tentative and needs experimental verification.", "contents": "Pituitary cytology of the Indian carp Labeo rohita (Ham.). In the adenohypophysis of Labeo rohita eight cell types could be identified on the basis of their different tinctorial response to various staining techniques. The rostral pars distalis has 3 types of cells. Type 1 is stained with erythrosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin. Type 2 cells are lead hematoxylin positive and give an amphiphilic reaction in response to tri and tetrachrome techniques. Type 3 cells are stainable with PAS, ATh, AB, AF, and aniline blue and are distributed in an area comprises of anteroventral RPD and anterodorsal PPD. Apart from type 3, the PPD has two more cell types. The classical acidophils forming the type 4 cells readily take up orange G, erythrosin and acid fuchsin. Type 5 cells have affinity for PAS, ATh, AB, AF and aniline blue as that of type 3 cells, but they are relatively smaller. Pars intermedia has type 6 and 7 cells which are PbH and lightly PAS + ve respectively. Eight cell type is constituted by the chromophobes which are seen in all the components of the adenohypophysis, they might be the immature or degranulated chromophils. On the basis of colour reactions cell types 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Labeo rohita are comparable to the prolactin, ACTH, TSH, STH and gonadotropin secreting cells described in other teleosts by earlier workers using comparable techniques. However, functional interpretation based on staining reactions is tentative and needs experimental verification.", "PMID": 76451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6193", "title": "The cingulate bridge between allocortex, isocortex and thalamus.", "content": "The Fink-Heimer silver impregnation and the autoradiographic methods were used to study the fiber projections of the cingulate cortex in the squirrel monkey. It was found that this cortex provides inputs to the straitum, thalamus and several areas of isocortex. Evidence was found for a number of fiber projections (1) Fibers from the anterior limbic area were traced to the central part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, septum, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, anterior hypothalamus and lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala. (2) Projections from the cingulate area were traced to the lateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and to the centromedian, anterior, lateral dorsal, and lateral ventral thalamic nuclei and to medial nuclei of the base of the pons. (3) There were porjections from the retrosplenial area of the anterior, lateral dorsal, dorsomedial, and posterior thalamic nuclei and lateral nuclei of the pons. These results indicate that most of the cingulate gyrus is an intermediate structure between the thalamus and overlying cortex. The anterior limbic area forms a bridge between the thalamus and other areas of the cingulate gyrus and the frontal cortex. (4) the retrosplenial area and the posterior part of the cingulate area bridge the adjacent visual snesory association cortex and pelvic areas of the snesory motor cortex, respectively. These areas of the cingulate gyrus project directly to the striatum as well as to the thalamus, structurally providing limbic system input to subcortical motor structures.", "contents": "The cingulate bridge between allocortex, isocortex and thalamus. The Fink-Heimer silver impregnation and the autoradiographic methods were used to study the fiber projections of the cingulate cortex in the squirrel monkey. It was found that this cortex provides inputs to the straitum, thalamus and several areas of isocortex. Evidence was found for a number of fiber projections (1) Fibers from the anterior limbic area were traced to the central part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, septum, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, anterior hypothalamus and lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala. (2) Projections from the cingulate area were traced to the lateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and to the centromedian, anterior, lateral dorsal, and lateral ventral thalamic nuclei and to medial nuclei of the base of the pons. (3) There were porjections from the retrosplenial area of the anterior, lateral dorsal, dorsomedial, and posterior thalamic nuclei and lateral nuclei of the pons. These results indicate that most of the cingulate gyrus is an intermediate structure between the thalamus and overlying cortex. The anterior limbic area forms a bridge between the thalamus and other areas of the cingulate gyrus and the frontal cortex. (4) the retrosplenial area and the posterior part of the cingulate area bridge the adjacent visual snesory association cortex and pelvic areas of the snesory motor cortex, respectively. These areas of the cingulate gyrus project directly to the striatum as well as to the thalamus, structurally providing limbic system input to subcortical motor structures.", "PMID": 76452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6194", "title": "Pleural effusion from malignancy.", "content": "Pleural effusion from metastatic malignancy can cause major impairment of respiratory function and eventual death. Although cure is not possible, successful palliative treatment allows months to years of productive life, obviating the need for continuous hospitalization and repeated thoracenteses. Successful palliative treatment requires obliteration of the pleural space. Literature survey indicates that a wide variety of medical agents and surgical methods have been used with variable success. Medical methods include instillation of antineoplastic agents, antimicrobial agents, or colloidal radioisotopes into the pleural space; quinacrine and tetracycline are moderately to highly effective agents, but the toxicity of the former is substantial. Bedside talc poudrage with thoracostomy-tube drainage is a safe and highly effective alternative. Pleurectomy is the definitive method of preventing reaccumulation of pleural fluid that results from metastatic malignancy, even when other methods have failed, but thehigh morbidity and mortality of the procedures mandate careful patient selection.", "contents": "Pleural effusion from malignancy. Pleural effusion from metastatic malignancy can cause major impairment of respiratory function and eventual death. Although cure is not possible, successful palliative treatment allows months to years of productive life, obviating the need for continuous hospitalization and repeated thoracenteses. Successful palliative treatment requires obliteration of the pleural space. Literature survey indicates that a wide variety of medical agents and surgical methods have been used with variable success. Medical methods include instillation of antineoplastic agents, antimicrobial agents, or colloidal radioisotopes into the pleural space; quinacrine and tetracycline are moderately to highly effective agents, but the toxicity of the former is substantial. Bedside talc poudrage with thoracostomy-tube drainage is a safe and highly effective alternative. Pleurectomy is the definitive method of preventing reaccumulation of pleural fluid that results from metastatic malignancy, even when other methods have failed, but thehigh morbidity and mortality of the procedures mandate careful patient selection.", "PMID": 76455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6195", "title": "[Demonstration of Q bands on mitotic chromosomes of the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles poireti Gervais, after staining with quinacrine mustard. Comparison with Pleurodeles waltii].", "content": "Preparations of metaphase chromosomes of the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles poireti were obtained by squashing cells from tailbuds of ten days old embryos which had been in 50% acetic acid. The Q-bands karyotype is described. Frequently the induced secondary constrictions exhibit a bright fluorescence, as do the centromeres, except for that of chromosome XII. In contrast, satellites on chromosomes III, IV, and XI exhibit little fluorescence. This pattern is compared with that in Pleurodeles waltlii. Differences are observable in centromeres of chromosomes III and XII and the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome VII, differences which can be used as chromosome marker in case of hybridization.", "contents": "[Demonstration of Q bands on mitotic chromosomes of the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles poireti Gervais, after staining with quinacrine mustard. Comparison with Pleurodeles waltii]. Preparations of metaphase chromosomes of the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles poireti were obtained by squashing cells from tailbuds of ten days old embryos which had been in 50% acetic acid. The Q-bands karyotype is described. Frequently the induced secondary constrictions exhibit a bright fluorescence, as do the centromeres, except for that of chromosome XII. In contrast, satellites on chromosomes III, IV, and XI exhibit little fluorescence. This pattern is compared with that in Pleurodeles waltlii. Differences are observable in centromeres of chromosomes III and XII and the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome VII, differences which can be used as chromosome marker in case of hybridization.", "PMID": 76459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6196", "title": "Improved microbiological assay procedures for dihydrostreptomycin residues in milk and dairy products.", "content": "Because dihydrostreptomycin can remain as a slowly removed antibiotic residue in dairy animals and because of the need for more sensitive procedures with which to provide information concerning antibiotic residues in food products, procedures were developed in more sensitive assays of dihydrostreptomycin in milk and some representative dairy products. The cleanup procedures that aided these improvements were (i) precipitation of milk proteins by acidification and (ii) centrifugation to extract cheeses and to remove physical barriers to diffusion in the cylinder plate assay. In addition, a thin, single seeded assay layer was used to maximize diffusion. Levels of dihydrostreptomycin as low as 0.06 microgram/ml in milk and 0.2 to 0.4 microgram/g in cheeses were measurable; these levels were some fourfold more sensitive than those presently recommended by the Food and Drug Administration.", "contents": "Improved microbiological assay procedures for dihydrostreptomycin residues in milk and dairy products. Because dihydrostreptomycin can remain as a slowly removed antibiotic residue in dairy animals and because of the need for more sensitive procedures with which to provide information concerning antibiotic residues in food products, procedures were developed in more sensitive assays of dihydrostreptomycin in milk and some representative dairy products. The cleanup procedures that aided these improvements were (i) precipitation of milk proteins by acidification and (ii) centrifugation to extract cheeses and to remove physical barriers to diffusion in the cylinder plate assay. In addition, a thin, single seeded assay layer was used to maximize diffusion. Levels of dihydrostreptomycin as low as 0.06 microgram/ml in milk and 0.2 to 0.4 microgram/g in cheeses were measurable; these levels were some fourfold more sensitive than those presently recommended by the Food and Drug Administration.", "PMID": 76460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6197", "title": "[Evaluation of the contractile reserve of the myocardium by post-extrasystolic potentiation in aortic insufficiency].", "content": "Calculations were made of the indices of ventricular performance during the ejectional phase in 10 patients with a normal left ventricle and in 24 patients with aortic aneurysm, both under basal conditions and in the presence of extrasystoles produced incidentally during left biplanar cineventriculography. The fact that these indices were constantly raised implies the presence of post-extrasystole potentiation associated with an increase in contractility without significant changes in load. This technique, which provides a dynamic study of the behavior of the left ventricle in aortic incompetence allows us to assess the contractile reserve, and thus to give a more accurate prediction of the potential for recovery after operation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the contractile reserve of the myocardium by post-extrasystolic potentiation in aortic insufficiency]. Calculations were made of the indices of ventricular performance during the ejectional phase in 10 patients with a normal left ventricle and in 24 patients with aortic aneurysm, both under basal conditions and in the presence of extrasystoles produced incidentally during left biplanar cineventriculography. The fact that these indices were constantly raised implies the presence of post-extrasystole potentiation associated with an increase in contractility without significant changes in load. This technique, which provides a dynamic study of the behavior of the left ventricle in aortic incompetence allows us to assess the contractile reserve, and thus to give a more accurate prediction of the potential for recovery after operation.", "PMID": 76461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6198", "title": "[Prognosis in severe dyslexia].", "content": "37 children with a mean reading retardation of 4,3 years were placed full time in a specialized centre. All had failed in school in spite of remedial training and/or psychotherapy. The goal of the centre is to separate linguistic and non-linguistic subjects. The non-linguistic subjects were taught with the aid of audio-visual methods in order to relieve the dyslexics of the burden of written language. If progress with reading and spelling was slow, audio-visual instruction enabled these children to reach or exceed 5th grade level in non-linguistic subjects. 80% of them were able to go on to vocational schools. At the same time, there was a very favorable improvement in their behavior (P less than 0.001), which is a prerequisite in the prevention of juvenile delinquency and an essential step in social and professional integration. These favorable results emphasize the part audio-visual instruction should play in severe dyslexia.", "contents": "[Prognosis in severe dyslexia]. 37 children with a mean reading retardation of 4,3 years were placed full time in a specialized centre. All had failed in school in spite of remedial training and/or psychotherapy. The goal of the centre is to separate linguistic and non-linguistic subjects. The non-linguistic subjects were taught with the aid of audio-visual methods in order to relieve the dyslexics of the burden of written language. If progress with reading and spelling was slow, audio-visual instruction enabled these children to reach or exceed 5th grade level in non-linguistic subjects. 80% of them were able to go on to vocational schools. At the same time, there was a very favorable improvement in their behavior (P less than 0.001), which is a prerequisite in the prevention of juvenile delinquency and an essential step in social and professional integration. These favorable results emphasize the part audio-visual instruction should play in severe dyslexia.", "PMID": 76462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6199", "title": "Changes in plasma proteins during pregnancy.", "content": "Changes in maternal plasma proteins during pregnancy are now well documented. These changes may be quantitative, as seen in the electrophoretically separated fractions of serum and in the various binding globulins; or they may be represented by the appearance of a protein which is present only in the serum of pregnant women. These include the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase, oxytocinase, human chorionic gonadotropin and the \"pregnancy-associated plasma proteins.\" Other constituents, such as alpha-fetoprotein, salivary amylase, prolactin and the proteins of the \"pregnancy zone,\" which are present in small quantities in non-pregnant women as well as in men, show a substantial increase in concentration in the maternal circulation during pregnancy. An important factor in the etiology of protein changes is the effect of hormones, especially estrogen, on the synthesis and degradation of these proteins. While certain quantitative changes such as those seen in hormone binding proteins may interfere with diagnostic procedures, a number of pregnancy-associated changes in protein composition of the maternal circulation may be used to follow the course of pregnancy by monitoring placental function as well as fetal maturity and well being.", "contents": "Changes in plasma proteins during pregnancy. Changes in maternal plasma proteins during pregnancy are now well documented. These changes may be quantitative, as seen in the electrophoretically separated fractions of serum and in the various binding globulins; or they may be represented by the appearance of a protein which is present only in the serum of pregnant women. These include the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase, oxytocinase, human chorionic gonadotropin and the \"pregnancy-associated plasma proteins.\" Other constituents, such as alpha-fetoprotein, salivary amylase, prolactin and the proteins of the \"pregnancy zone,\" which are present in small quantities in non-pregnant women as well as in men, show a substantial increase in concentration in the maternal circulation during pregnancy. An important factor in the etiology of protein changes is the effect of hormones, especially estrogen, on the synthesis and degradation of these proteins. While certain quantitative changes such as those seen in hormone binding proteins may interfere with diagnostic procedures, a number of pregnancy-associated changes in protein composition of the maternal circulation may be used to follow the course of pregnancy by monitoring placental function as well as fetal maturity and well being.", "PMID": 76457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6200", "title": "[Study of PLi genes action on the cell wall structure of \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" Hansen (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the composition of cell walls extracted from a wild strain and three mutant strains \"smooth colony\" of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had been done. It points out differences in the mannose/glucose ratio and in the concentration of some other components of the cell wall in the mutant strains. The immunological study of the cell wall shows that \"smooth colonies\" mutants and wild strains differs in their mannoproteins.", "contents": "[Study of PLi genes action on the cell wall structure of \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" Hansen (author's transl)]. A study of the composition of cell walls extracted from a wild strain and three mutant strains \"smooth colony\" of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had been done. It points out differences in the mannose/glucose ratio and in the concentration of some other components of the cell wall in the mutant strains. The immunological study of the cell wall shows that \"smooth colonies\" mutants and wild strains differs in their mannoproteins.", "PMID": 76456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6201", "title": "Immunoperoxidase techniques: practical and theoretical aspects.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase methods have much in common with established immunofluorescence procedures. Both have the potential for specific demonstration of cell and tissue antigens, with similar limitations demanding rigorous control of specificity. In any study the choice of an immunofluorescence method or an immunoperoxidase method can be made on rational grounds, according to the desired objective, the degree of morphologic detail required, the material available for study, and the ease of access to specialized ultraviolet microscopy. In this article the relative merits of the various immunoperoxidase procedures are examined, and theoretical and practical aspects governing the application of these methods are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase techniques: practical and theoretical aspects. Immunoperoxidase methods have much in common with established immunofluorescence procedures. Both have the potential for specific demonstration of cell and tissue antigens, with similar limitations demanding rigorous control of specificity. In any study the choice of an immunofluorescence method or an immunoperoxidase method can be made on rational grounds, according to the desired objective, the degree of morphologic detail required, the material available for study, and the ease of access to specialized ultraviolet microscopy. In this article the relative merits of the various immunoperoxidase procedures are examined, and theoretical and practical aspects governing the application of these methods are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 76464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6202", "title": "Ectopic hypophyseal hormonal cells in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Light microscopic histochemical dye staining and immunoperoxidase cytochemistry.", "content": "Histologic study of the hypophyseal component of a benign cystic ovarian teratoma disclosed elements that resembled sellar adenohypophysis, pars intermedia, and neurohypophysis. Histochemical dye methods revealed secretory cells with cytologic and granule-staining characteristics of somatotrophs, mammotrophs, melanocorticotrophs, and thyrotrophs. Nongranulated follicular cells and salivary gland rest cells also were present. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining with monospecific antisera to anterior pituitary hormones revealed abundant prolactin-containing cells, which comprised more than 50% of all chromophilic cells, as well as numerous cells that contained growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Gonadotrophic cells could not be demonstrated by either tinctorial stains or immunostaining.", "contents": "Ectopic hypophyseal hormonal cells in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. Light microscopic histochemical dye staining and immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. Histologic study of the hypophyseal component of a benign cystic ovarian teratoma disclosed elements that resembled sellar adenohypophysis, pars intermedia, and neurohypophysis. Histochemical dye methods revealed secretory cells with cytologic and granule-staining characteristics of somatotrophs, mammotrophs, melanocorticotrophs, and thyrotrophs. Nongranulated follicular cells and salivary gland rest cells also were present. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining with monospecific antisera to anterior pituitary hormones revealed abundant prolactin-containing cells, which comprised more than 50% of all chromophilic cells, as well as numerous cells that contained growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Gonadotrophic cells could not be demonstrated by either tinctorial stains or immunostaining.", "PMID": 76465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6203", "title": "The clinical significance of human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Deviations from the normal of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in fetal serum, amniotic fluid, maternal serum and adult human serum can be explained by understanding the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of AFP synthesis and metabolism. AFP is the prototype of oncofetal markers. Emphasis is given to the usefulness of elevated serum AFP levels on the diagnosis and management of primary hepatomas and tumors of germ cell origin. The ability to detect neural tube defects early in gestation by monitoring maternal serum and amniotic fluid AFP concentrations is discussed.", "contents": "The clinical significance of human alpha-fetoprotein. Deviations from the normal of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in fetal serum, amniotic fluid, maternal serum and adult human serum can be explained by understanding the normal physiology and the pathophysiology of AFP synthesis and metabolism. AFP is the prototype of oncofetal markers. Emphasis is given to the usefulness of elevated serum AFP levels on the diagnosis and management of primary hepatomas and tumors of germ cell origin. The ability to detect neural tube defects early in gestation by monitoring maternal serum and amniotic fluid AFP concentrations is discussed.", "PMID": 76458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6204", "title": "Continuing experience with palliative chemical splanchnicectomy.", "content": "Forty-one patients underwent open phenol splanchnicectomy for control of pain at the time of initial laparotomy for what was thought to be unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Twenty-three patients underwent concomitant biliary and/or intestinal bypass procedures. In no patient was laparotomy performed only for the purpose of performing splanchnicectomy. The operative mortality was 15%. In no patient could the addition of splanchnicectomy be implicated as the cause of death. Eighty-eight per cent of patients experienced relief of pain postoperatively. The mean duration of pain control was 4.3 months. The mean postoperative survival was five months. No postoperative complications could be attributed to the addition of splanchnicectomy. Open phenol splanchnicectomy is a highly successful and safe ancillary procedure for control of pain and is recommended at the time of initial laparotomy in patients found to have advanced intra-abdominal neoplasm.", "contents": "Continuing experience with palliative chemical splanchnicectomy. Forty-one patients underwent open phenol splanchnicectomy for control of pain at the time of initial laparotomy for what was thought to be unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Twenty-three patients underwent concomitant biliary and/or intestinal bypass procedures. In no patient was laparotomy performed only for the purpose of performing splanchnicectomy. The operative mortality was 15%. In no patient could the addition of splanchnicectomy be implicated as the cause of death. Eighty-eight per cent of patients experienced relief of pain postoperatively. The mean duration of pain control was 4.3 months. The mean postoperative survival was five months. No postoperative complications could be attributed to the addition of splanchnicectomy. Open phenol splanchnicectomy is a highly successful and safe ancillary procedure for control of pain and is recommended at the time of initial laparotomy in patients found to have advanced intra-abdominal neoplasm.", "PMID": 76467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6205", "title": "Pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis. Two- to 21-year follow-up.", "content": "Between 1954 and 1975, 80 pancreaticojejunostomies were performed on 77 patients for intractable pain of chronic pancreatitis. All patients had a history of chronic alcoholism. Drainage operations done primarily for pseudocysts were excluded. Operative procedures included seven caudal pancreaticojejunostomies, 42 longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomies with splenectomy and implantation of the pancreas into the jejunum, and 31 side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomies. Eighty-one percent of the patients noted substantial improvement or complete resolution of their abdominal pain on follow-up that ranged up to 21 years. The operative mortality was 5%. Thirty-two patients died during the period of the follow-up. Continued alcohol abuse, carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease were the leading causes of mortality. Data from this review confirm the effectiveness of pancreaticojejunostomy in relieving the pain of chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis. Two- to 21-year follow-up. Between 1954 and 1975, 80 pancreaticojejunostomies were performed on 77 patients for intractable pain of chronic pancreatitis. All patients had a history of chronic alcoholism. Drainage operations done primarily for pseudocysts were excluded. Operative procedures included seven caudal pancreaticojejunostomies, 42 longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomies with splenectomy and implantation of the pancreas into the jejunum, and 31 side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomies. Eighty-one percent of the patients noted substantial improvement or complete resolution of their abdominal pain on follow-up that ranged up to 21 years. The operative mortality was 5%. Thirty-two patients died during the period of the follow-up. Continued alcohol abuse, carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease were the leading causes of mortality. Data from this review confirm the effectiveness of pancreaticojejunostomy in relieving the pain of chronic relapsing pancreatitis.", "PMID": 76468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6206", "title": "[The role of mepartricin in the medical treatment of benign prostatic adenoma].", "content": "A \"cross over\" study was carried out in a group of 22 subjects with prostatic hypertrophy in different stages, first treated with chloroformic extract of Pygeum Africanum (4 capsules/die for 30 days) and afterwards, when the symptoms reappeared, with mepartricin (3 gastroresistant tablets of 50,000 U. each/die for 30 days). Both substances proved to be active against the urinary symptomatology; however the polyene induced a significant decrease in the prostate size (evaluated by cystography), justifying the 77% of \"excellent\" results against the 13% obtained with the reference drug.", "contents": "[The role of mepartricin in the medical treatment of benign prostatic adenoma]. A \"cross over\" study was carried out in a group of 22 subjects with prostatic hypertrophy in different stages, first treated with chloroformic extract of Pygeum Africanum (4 capsules/die for 30 days) and afterwards, when the symptoms reappeared, with mepartricin (3 gastroresistant tablets of 50,000 U. each/die for 30 days). Both substances proved to be active against the urinary symptomatology; however the polyene induced a significant decrease in the prostate size (evaluated by cystography), justifying the 77% of \"excellent\" results against the 13% obtained with the reference drug.", "PMID": 76466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6207", "title": "Neoantigen of the membrane attack complex of human complement: Occurrence on peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Since complement activation and hematological abnormalities occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the present study is an investigation of whether the membrane attack complex of complement might be bound to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in vivo. Assembly of the membrane attack complex results in the generation of neoantigen (neoAg) which is complex-specific and not expressed by any of the individual complement proteins. FITC antiserum specific to neoAg was employed to detect the membrane attack complex on PBL from 7 normal donors, 12 patients with SLE, and 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 3 +/- 1% of normal, 25 +/- 13% of SLE, and 23 +/- 11% of RA PBL were positive. The majority of the neoAg positive PBL in SLE were polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as shown by adherence to plastic, phagocytosis of carbonyl iron, and differential cell counts. The PBL were greater than 98% viable as indicated by the trypan blue exclusion technique. These observations strongly suggest that the membrane attack complex may be bound to viable PBL in patients with SLE and RA, and further raise the possibility that the membrane attack complex, may have a function other than lysis.", "contents": "Neoantigen of the membrane attack complex of human complement: Occurrence on peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Since complement activation and hematological abnormalities occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the present study is an investigation of whether the membrane attack complex of complement might be bound to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in vivo. Assembly of the membrane attack complex results in the generation of neoantigen (neoAg) which is complex-specific and not expressed by any of the individual complement proteins. FITC antiserum specific to neoAg was employed to detect the membrane attack complex on PBL from 7 normal donors, 12 patients with SLE, and 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 3 +/- 1% of normal, 25 +/- 13% of SLE, and 23 +/- 11% of RA PBL were positive. The majority of the neoAg positive PBL in SLE were polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as shown by adherence to plastic, phagocytosis of carbonyl iron, and differential cell counts. The PBL were greater than 98% viable as indicated by the trypan blue exclusion technique. These observations strongly suggest that the membrane attack complex may be bound to viable PBL in patients with SLE and RA, and further raise the possibility that the membrane attack complex, may have a function other than lysis.", "PMID": 76471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6208", "title": "Eye hue and the oculocardiac reflex.", "content": "During operations for squint nodal rhythm and other more serious arrhythmias such as heart block and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, are shown to occur more frequently in patients with brown or hazel eyes than in patients with blue or grey eyes.", "contents": "Eye hue and the oculocardiac reflex. During operations for squint nodal rhythm and other more serious arrhythmias such as heart block and multifocal ventricular extrasystoles, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, are shown to occur more frequently in patients with brown or hazel eyes than in patients with blue or grey eyes.", "PMID": 76477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6209", "title": "The emission yields of delayed and prompt fluorescence from chloroplasts.", "content": "1. The decay of delayed fluorescence from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and uncoupled with gramicidin has been measured in the time range 0.75--45 ms by use of a laser phosphoroscope. 2. The decays have been analysed as the sum of three first-order components of approximate half-lives 0.2, 2.5 and 300 ms by a computer-assisted least-squares fit procedure. 3. The prompt fluorescence yield of the chloroplasts was manipulated by changing the cation concentration of the chloroplast-suspending medium. 4. Analysis of the concentration dependence of the components of the delayed fluorescence decay and of the prompt fluorescence inductions indicates that the emission yield of the intermediate (tau approximately 2.5 ms) component of the decay is equal to the fluorescence yield of a Photosystem II photosynthetic unit with an open trap, and that for the slow (tau approximately 300 ms) component the emission yield is equal to the total Photosystem II prompt fluorescence yield. 5. It is concluded that the delayed fluorescence yield in the time range studied is a complex function of time, which may be due to there being different mechanisms leading to delayed fluorescence production at short and long times after cessation of illumination.", "contents": "The emission yields of delayed and prompt fluorescence from chloroplasts. 1. The decay of delayed fluorescence from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and uncoupled with gramicidin has been measured in the time range 0.75--45 ms by use of a laser phosphoroscope. 2. The decays have been analysed as the sum of three first-order components of approximate half-lives 0.2, 2.5 and 300 ms by a computer-assisted least-squares fit procedure. 3. The prompt fluorescence yield of the chloroplasts was manipulated by changing the cation concentration of the chloroplast-suspending medium. 4. Analysis of the concentration dependence of the components of the delayed fluorescence decay and of the prompt fluorescence inductions indicates that the emission yield of the intermediate (tau approximately 2.5 ms) component of the decay is equal to the fluorescence yield of a Photosystem II photosynthetic unit with an open trap, and that for the slow (tau approximately 300 ms) component the emission yield is equal to the total Photosystem II prompt fluorescence yield. 5. It is concluded that the delayed fluorescence yield in the time range studied is a complex function of time, which may be due to there being different mechanisms leading to delayed fluorescence production at short and long times after cessation of illumination.", "PMID": 76478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6210", "title": "Occurrence of novel branched-chain fatty acids in Refsum's disease.", "content": "Two novel branched-chain fatty acids, which appear to be unsaturated analogs of phytanic acid, have been observed in sera and urine of patients with Refsum's disease. They occur in both phospholipids and neutral lipids, and have been isolated and characterized.", "contents": "Occurrence of novel branched-chain fatty acids in Refsum's disease. Two novel branched-chain fatty acids, which appear to be unsaturated analogs of phytanic acid, have been observed in sera and urine of patients with Refsum's disease. They occur in both phospholipids and neutral lipids, and have been isolated and characterized.", "PMID": 76480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6211", "title": "Renaturation of a reduced Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin.", "content": "Refolding of a denatured protein obtained by reducing cardiotoxin from the Taiwan cobra with mercaptoethanol has been carried out in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. Oxidation of the reduced protein in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) resulted in isolating an active protein which showed, as compared to native cardiotoxin, identical conformation and biological activities such as lethality, antigenicity and muscle contracture inducing activity. On the other hand, the reduced protein was undergoing incorrect SS-pairing and several inactive products were formed in a mixture of 1,2-ethanediol and 1-propanol (1 : 1; v/v).", "contents": "Renaturation of a reduced Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin. Refolding of a denatured protein obtained by reducing cardiotoxin from the Taiwan cobra with mercaptoethanol has been carried out in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. Oxidation of the reduced protein in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) resulted in isolating an active protein which showed, as compared to native cardiotoxin, identical conformation and biological activities such as lethality, antigenicity and muscle contracture inducing activity. On the other hand, the reduced protein was undergoing incorrect SS-pairing and several inactive products were formed in a mixture of 1,2-ethanediol and 1-propanol (1 : 1; v/v).", "PMID": 76481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6212", "title": "Simultaneous determination of hydromorphone, hydrocodone and their 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxy metabolites in urine using selected ion recording with methane chemical ionization.", "content": "A selected ion recording using chemical ionization (methane) is described for the simultaneous measurement of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and their respective 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxymetabolites in human urine. The samples were acid-hydrolyzed, extracted and derivatized by silylation. Only partial resolution of the components on 3% OV-17 was achieved but was sufficient for their determination. The [M+1]+ ions of the drugs and metabolites as well as the [M+29]+ ion of the internal standard were recorded. The assay was sensitive down to c. 0.01 microgram ml-1. The relative standard deviation of standards processed along with the samples ranged from 4.5-8.2%. Hydrocodone was found to be metabolized in man primarily by O-demethylation and 6-keto reduction. Hydromorphone was excreted mainly in the unchanged form (after acid-hydrolysis) with only minor amounts of the 6-hydroxymetabolites being detected. A lack of stereoselectivity in the metabolic reduction ofhydrocodone was observed.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of hydromorphone, hydrocodone and their 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxy metabolites in urine using selected ion recording with methane chemical ionization. A selected ion recording using chemical ionization (methane) is described for the simultaneous measurement of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and their respective 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxymetabolites in human urine. The samples were acid-hydrolyzed, extracted and derivatized by silylation. Only partial resolution of the components on 3% OV-17 was achieved but was sufficient for their determination. The [M+1]+ ions of the drugs and metabolites as well as the [M+29]+ ion of the internal standard were recorded. The assay was sensitive down to c. 0.01 microgram ml-1. The relative standard deviation of standards processed along with the samples ranged from 4.5-8.2%. Hydrocodone was found to be metabolized in man primarily by O-demethylation and 6-keto reduction. Hydromorphone was excreted mainly in the unchanged form (after acid-hydrolysis) with only minor amounts of the 6-hydroxymetabolites being detected. A lack of stereoselectivity in the metabolic reduction ofhydrocodone was observed.", "PMID": 76483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6213", "title": "[Haptoglobin- and group-specific component-phenotypes in healthy carriers of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "No significant differences could be observed when the haptoglobine and group-specific component phenotypes of 51 unrelated, healthy carriers of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen were compared with normal controls. These findings are contradictory to the suggestion of Prokop [2].", "contents": "[Haptoglobin- and group-specific component-phenotypes in healthy carriers of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (author's transl)]. No significant differences could be observed when the haptoglobine and group-specific component phenotypes of 51 unrelated, healthy carriers of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen were compared with normal controls. These findings are contradictory to the suggestion of Prokop [2].", "PMID": 76490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6214", "title": "The influence of myoneural blockers on intracranial dynamics.", "content": "A series of animals was studied to evaluate the effect of commonly used myoneural blockers (curare, succinylcholine, gallamine, and pancuronium) on intracranial physical dynamics. Of this group, only curare alters intracranial pressure. Histamine release secondary to curare administration results in bronchoconstriction with subsequent major alterations in pulmonary ventilation. Resultant hypercarbia along with a decreased cerebral vascular resistance affects intracranial dynamics by alterations in cerebral blood flow; changes in CSF flow patterns passively reflect the alterations in intracranial pressure. These changes can be blocked by prior treatment with antihistamines.", "contents": "The influence of myoneural blockers on intracranial dynamics. A series of animals was studied to evaluate the effect of commonly used myoneural blockers (curare, succinylcholine, gallamine, and pancuronium) on intracranial physical dynamics. Of this group, only curare alters intracranial pressure. Histamine release secondary to curare administration results in bronchoconstriction with subsequent major alterations in pulmonary ventilation. Resultant hypercarbia along with a decreased cerebral vascular resistance affects intracranial dynamics by alterations in cerebral blood flow; changes in CSF flow patterns passively reflect the alterations in intracranial pressure. These changes can be blocked by prior treatment with antihistamines.", "PMID": 76491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6215", "title": "Intra-axonal ferric ion-ferrocyanide staining of nodes of Ranvier and initial segments in central myelinated fibers.", "content": "Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used to stain central nervous tissue from the spinal cords of rats following fixation in cacodylate-buffered aldehydes. At the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated fibers, the stain was localized primarily on the inner surface of the unmyelinated nodal axolemma, as had been reported previously for peripheral nodes. Unmyelinated initial segments of myelinated neurons were similarly stained, but the axon hillock, cell body and dendrites were not stained. Synapses also exhibited no staining. Details of stain localization and comparison of these results with other ultrastructural data suggest that the stain is specific for the node of Ranvier and the axon initial segment, and are consistent with the idea that the axolemma at these sites may be structurally different from the cell membrane in other regions of the neuron, including paranodal and internodal regions of the axon. The electron-dense substance underlying the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane at the nodes and initial segments may represent a substrate that serves to bind together membrane structures in specialized regions of the axolemma.", "contents": "Intra-axonal ferric ion-ferrocyanide staining of nodes of Ranvier and initial segments in central myelinated fibers. Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used to stain central nervous tissue from the spinal cords of rats following fixation in cacodylate-buffered aldehydes. At the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated fibers, the stain was localized primarily on the inner surface of the unmyelinated nodal axolemma, as had been reported previously for peripheral nodes. Unmyelinated initial segments of myelinated neurons were similarly stained, but the axon hillock, cell body and dendrites were not stained. Synapses also exhibited no staining. Details of stain localization and comparison of these results with other ultrastructural data suggest that the stain is specific for the node of Ranvier and the axon initial segment, and are consistent with the idea that the axolemma at these sites may be structurally different from the cell membrane in other regions of the neuron, including paranodal and internodal regions of the axon. The electron-dense substance underlying the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane at the nodes and initial segments may represent a substrate that serves to bind together membrane structures in specialized regions of the axolemma.", "PMID": 76497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6216", "title": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins in rapid axoplasmic transport.", "content": "Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has allowed high resolution analysis of the protein species rapidly transported in the frog sciatic nerve. The 7th, 8th and 9th dorsal root ganglia were selectively labeled with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine in one compartment of a lucite chamber. Transport of TCA-precipitable material was monitored in the spinal roots and sciatic nerve kept in another compartment. Fastest transport rates were 75-90 mm/day at 18 decrees C. Ligation of the nerve 30 mm distal to the 8th ganglion at the beginning of the experiment resulted in accumulation of label during a 24 h period. This material was subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (pI 5-8; mol.wt. 10(4)-10(5) daltons) in 3 mm nerve segments. Autoradiographs or fluorographs from segments proximal to the ligature yielded a pattern of about 140 spots. Of these, at least 60 were considered to be independent protein species. Neither actin nor tubulin were present among these rapidly-transported, labeled proteins. No pattern was observed from segments distal to the ligature. Blocking protein synthesis with 18 micrometer anisomycin reduced the accumulation of label proximal to the ligature by 98%. Direct labeling of nerve segments produced patterns significantly different from the pattern of transported proteins.", "contents": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins in rapid axoplasmic transport. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has allowed high resolution analysis of the protein species rapidly transported in the frog sciatic nerve. The 7th, 8th and 9th dorsal root ganglia were selectively labeled with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine in one compartment of a lucite chamber. Transport of TCA-precipitable material was monitored in the spinal roots and sciatic nerve kept in another compartment. Fastest transport rates were 75-90 mm/day at 18 decrees C. Ligation of the nerve 30 mm distal to the 8th ganglion at the beginning of the experiment resulted in accumulation of label during a 24 h period. This material was subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (pI 5-8; mol.wt. 10(4)-10(5) daltons) in 3 mm nerve segments. Autoradiographs or fluorographs from segments proximal to the ligature yielded a pattern of about 140 spots. Of these, at least 60 were considered to be independent protein species. Neither actin nor tubulin were present among these rapidly-transported, labeled proteins. No pattern was observed from segments distal to the ligature. Blocking protein synthesis with 18 micrometer anisomycin reduced the accumulation of label proximal to the ligature by 98%. Direct labeling of nerve segments produced patterns significantly different from the pattern of transported proteins.", "PMID": 76500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6217", "title": "Thalamic afferents to the limbic cortex in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Thalamic afferents to the limbic cortex in the cat were studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The anterior limbic region receives fibers largely from the anteromedial nucleus and partly from the anterodorsal and anteroventral nuclei. There appears to be a dorsoventral organization of cortical projections of the anteromedial nucleus to the anterior limbic region. The cingular area has its main input from the anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei. The lower bank and fundus of the splenial sulcus receive fibers from the anteroventral nucleus, particularly its parvocellular part. The retrosplenial area receives projections from the naterodorsal, anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei. The agranular retrosplenial area (area 30) recieves hardly any fibers from the anterior thalamic nuclei. The postsubicular and presubicular areas receive cortical afferents from the anterodorsal, anteroventral (both magnocellular and parvocellular parts) and anteromedial nuclei. In addition, the limbic cortex receives many fibers from the dorsal lateral, medial pulvinar and lateral pulvinar nuclei, and few fibers from the intralaminar and midline nuclei.", "contents": "Thalamic afferents to the limbic cortex in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Thalamic afferents to the limbic cortex in the cat were studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The anterior limbic region receives fibers largely from the anteromedial nucleus and partly from the anterodorsal and anteroventral nuclei. There appears to be a dorsoventral organization of cortical projections of the anteromedial nucleus to the anterior limbic region. The cingular area has its main input from the anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei. The lower bank and fundus of the splenial sulcus receive fibers from the anteroventral nucleus, particularly its parvocellular part. The retrosplenial area receives projections from the naterodorsal, anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei. The agranular retrosplenial area (area 30) recieves hardly any fibers from the anterior thalamic nuclei. The postsubicular and presubicular areas receive cortical afferents from the anterodorsal, anteroventral (both magnocellular and parvocellular parts) and anteromedial nuclei. In addition, the limbic cortex receives many fibers from the dorsal lateral, medial pulvinar and lateral pulvinar nuclei, and few fibers from the intralaminar and midline nuclei.", "PMID": 76501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6218", "title": "Fluorescent probes of chromosome structure and replication.", "content": "Procedures employing fluorescent dyes or Giemsa stain have been utilized to differentiate methaphase chromosomes into longitudinal segments termed bands. In spite of the immense practical utility of chromosome banding, the chemical basis of banding patterns remains incompletely understood. Physical chemical studies have elucidated the modes and specificities of the interaction of fluorescent dyes such as quinacrine, 33258 Hoechst, daunomycin, chromomycin A3 and 7-aminoactinomycin D with DNA and chromatin. However, it is not clear that all aspects of chromosome staining are explainable in terms of the optical properties of soluble dye-DNA complexes. BrdU-dye techniques in which chromosome staining depends on the schedule of BrdU incorporation by cells, have been used for cytological studies of chromosome structure and replication. These procedures have revealed a close association between quinacrine or Giemsa bands and late replicating chromosomal regions. Biochemical studies on chromatin differentially labelled according to replication timing may thus prove useful for investigating the molecular basis of chromosome banding.", "contents": "Fluorescent probes of chromosome structure and replication. Procedures employing fluorescent dyes or Giemsa stain have been utilized to differentiate methaphase chromosomes into longitudinal segments termed bands. In spite of the immense practical utility of chromosome banding, the chemical basis of banding patterns remains incompletely understood. Physical chemical studies have elucidated the modes and specificities of the interaction of fluorescent dyes such as quinacrine, 33258 Hoechst, daunomycin, chromomycin A3 and 7-aminoactinomycin D with DNA and chromatin. However, it is not clear that all aspects of chromosome staining are explainable in terms of the optical properties of soluble dye-DNA complexes. BrdU-dye techniques in which chromosome staining depends on the schedule of BrdU incorporation by cells, have been used for cytological studies of chromosome structure and replication. These procedures have revealed a close association between quinacrine or Giemsa bands and late replicating chromosomal regions. Biochemical studies on chromatin differentially labelled according to replication timing may thus prove useful for investigating the molecular basis of chromosome banding.", "PMID": 76502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6219", "title": "Reticuloendothelial system function and humoral factor deficiency following acute hemorrhage.", "content": "The present study has shown that following acute hemorrhage (equivalent to 3% body weight withdrawn over 20 min) in the rat, there is a large reduction (56% of control) in circulating alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity. The reduction in this plasma opsonic activity was near maximal by the completion of blood withdrawal and was maintained throughout a 2-h hypotension period. There was no trend toward recovery of the opsonic activity when evaluated 15 min following reinfusion of shed blood in animals that were hypotensive for 0, 30, and 120 min. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function, as assessed from the carbon clearance rate (phagocytic index) following reinfusion of the shed blood, was depressed in animals that were hypotensive for 0, 30, and 120 min. Thus, phagocytic index followed a time course similar to the depression of opsonic activity. The observed close temporal relationship between alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic deficiency and depression of RES clearance further supports the possible role of a humoral opsonic deficiency in mediating the RES phagocytic depression during circulatory shock.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial system function and humoral factor deficiency following acute hemorrhage. The present study has shown that following acute hemorrhage (equivalent to 3% body weight withdrawn over 20 min) in the rat, there is a large reduction (56% of control) in circulating alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic activity. The reduction in this plasma opsonic activity was near maximal by the completion of blood withdrawal and was maintained throughout a 2-h hypotension period. There was no trend toward recovery of the opsonic activity when evaluated 15 min following reinfusion of shed blood in animals that were hypotensive for 0, 30, and 120 min. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function, as assessed from the carbon clearance rate (phagocytic index) following reinfusion of the shed blood, was depressed in animals that were hypotensive for 0, 30, and 120 min. Thus, phagocytic index followed a time course similar to the depression of opsonic activity. The observed close temporal relationship between alpha-2-glycoprotein opsonic deficiency and depression of RES clearance further supports the possible role of a humoral opsonic deficiency in mediating the RES phagocytic depression during circulatory shock.", "PMID": 76503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6220", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of a choriogonadotropin-like protein in bacteria isolated from cancer patients.", "content": "By the use of specific antibody to human chorionic gonadotropin (CG) as well as to its beta-subunit, and the application of the indirect fluorescein-labeled and peroxidase-labeled antibody techniques, we have demonstrated the presence of a membrane (wall)-associated CG-similar immunoreactive protein in 15 strains of bacteria isolated from tissues of patients bearing malignant neoplasms. These microorganisms were classified as S. epidermidis, (12) E. coli (2), and a single strain of P. maltophilia (ATCC 13637). The absence of the CG-like antigen in other \"cancer associated bacteria\", Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 12818) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (from patient with cancer of  colon), demonstrated that not every \"cancer associated bacteria\" has the capability to synthesize the trophoblastic-like protein. The negative results obtained with a number of \"noncancer control\" bacteria of known origin, obtained from ATCC and from clinical samples, strongly supported the idea that the existance of these CG-like protein producing microorganisms is not a ubiquitous finding. The demonstration of a de novo bacterial biosynthesis of a protein having similar antigenic and biophysical properties to those of the human trophoblastic hormone, has great biological implications, especially if its biosynthesis is proven only in bacterial strains growing in the presence of cancer cells in which we have already demonstrated the presence of a similar antigen. The explanation of the phenomenon is unknown. Because of their origin, the potential of \"genetic exchange\" with subsequent expression of the mammalian gene by the bacterial cells becomes a possibility. It is also possible that the gene coding for the CG-like protein is normally present but inactive or repressed in all bacteria.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of a choriogonadotropin-like protein in bacteria isolated from cancer patients. By the use of specific antibody to human chorionic gonadotropin (CG) as well as to its beta-subunit, and the application of the indirect fluorescein-labeled and peroxidase-labeled antibody techniques, we have demonstrated the presence of a membrane (wall)-associated CG-similar immunoreactive protein in 15 strains of bacteria isolated from tissues of patients bearing malignant neoplasms. These microorganisms were classified as S. epidermidis, (12) E. coli (2), and a single strain of P. maltophilia (ATCC 13637). The absence of the CG-like antigen in other \"cancer associated bacteria\", Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 12818) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (from patient with cancer of  colon), demonstrated that not every \"cancer associated bacteria\" has the capability to synthesize the trophoblastic-like protein. The negative results obtained with a number of \"noncancer control\" bacteria of known origin, obtained from ATCC and from clinical samples, strongly supported the idea that the existance of these CG-like protein producing microorganisms is not a ubiquitous finding. The demonstration of a de novo bacterial biosynthesis of a protein having similar antigenic and biophysical properties to those of the human trophoblastic hormone, has great biological implications, especially if its biosynthesis is proven only in bacterial strains growing in the presence of cancer cells in which we have already demonstrated the presence of a similar antigen. The explanation of the phenomenon is unknown. Because of their origin, the potential of \"genetic exchange\" with subsequent expression of the mammalian gene by the bacterial cells becomes a possibility. It is also possible that the gene coding for the CG-like protein is normally present but inactive or repressed in all bacteria.", "PMID": 76504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6221", "title": "Chondroma of soft parts.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 104 cases of chondroma of soft parts are presented. The tumor occurred predominately in the third and fourth decades, was slightly more common in male (61%) than in female patients, and affected chiefly the soft tissues of the hand (64%) and feet (20%). The presenting  symptom was usually a slowly and insidiously growing mass, occasionally causing tenderness or pain. Nearly always the tumor was well demarcated and  lobulated and measured between 1 and 2 cm in greatest diameter. Microscopically, most of the tumors were composed of adult-type hyaline cartilage,  undergoing calcification in a large percentage of cases. In addition, histologic variants with giant cell proliferation and chondroblastic activity could be distinguished. Despite the slight cellular pleomorphism and the plump appearance of many cartilage cells in the chondroblastic variants, there was no evidence that these tumors behaved differently from the tumors composed predominately of adult-type hyaline cartilage. Of the 56 patients with follow-up information (median follow-up period, 5.7 years) 44 were alive and well with no evidence of recurrence in the follow-up period. In 10 patients the tumor had recurred once. Multiple recurrences or metastatic lesions were no observed. Two patients died of unrelated cause. Complete local excision appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Chondroma of soft parts. The clinical and pathological features of 104 cases of chondroma of soft parts are presented. The tumor occurred predominately in the third and fourth decades, was slightly more common in male (61%) than in female patients, and affected chiefly the soft tissues of the hand (64%) and feet (20%). The presenting  symptom was usually a slowly and insidiously growing mass, occasionally causing tenderness or pain. Nearly always the tumor was well demarcated and  lobulated and measured between 1 and 2 cm in greatest diameter. Microscopically, most of the tumors were composed of adult-type hyaline cartilage,  undergoing calcification in a large percentage of cases. In addition, histologic variants with giant cell proliferation and chondroblastic activity could be distinguished. Despite the slight cellular pleomorphism and the plump appearance of many cartilage cells in the chondroblastic variants, there was no evidence that these tumors behaved differently from the tumors composed predominately of adult-type hyaline cartilage. Of the 56 patients with follow-up information (median follow-up period, 5.7 years) 44 were alive and well with no evidence of recurrence in the follow-up period. In 10 patients the tumor had recurred once. Multiple recurrences or metastatic lesions were no observed. Two patients died of unrelated cause. Complete local excision appears to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 76505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6222", "title": "Malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic type: a clinicopathologic study of 84 cases with suggested criteria for intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Clinical and histopathologic findings were reviewed in 84 cases of malignant lymphoma of the small (well differentiated) lymphocytic type. The slides were studied without clinical information, and the following morphologic features were evaluated: pattern of growth, number of large lymphocytes, mitotic rate, degree of capsular involvement, presence of plasma cells and/or plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and presence of residual germinal centers. Subsequently, clinical information was obtained. The minimum follow-up period on living patients was 5 years. The patients were divided into 3 clinical categories: 1) monoclonal gammopathy (MG)-11 cases, 2) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) without MG-56 cases, and 3) those without MG or CLL at the time of lymph node biopsy-17 cases. The criterion for CLL was an initial absolute lymphocyte count less than 4000/mm3. Four of the patients with MG also had CLL, and 6 of those in the third group later developed CLL, from 1 to 61 months after lymph node biopsy. Generalized lymphadenopathy was the usual presentation in all 3 groups, and bone marrow examination was positive in all but 1 of the 49 cases, representing all 3 groups, in which it was performed. Median survival for the 84 patients was 51 months. The only clinical parameters which showed a significant association with poorer survival were age above 60 and anemia (Hb. conc. less than 11.0). There was no significant relationship between morphologic characteristics and clinical categories other than the association of plasmacytoid cells with MG in 6 cases. A mitotic rate of 30 or more mitoses per 20 high power fields (HPF), found in 5 cases with at least 1 in each clinical category, showed a highly significant association with decreased survival (p = .01). Variations in mitotic rate between 0 and 29 mitoses per 20 HPF and other morphologic parameters did not show a significant relationship with prognosis. It was concluded that malignant lymphoma of the small lymphocytic type is a definite clinicopathologic entity which may or may not exhibit MG or CLL, and it is proposed that the term \"intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma\" be applied only to those cases showing histopathologic characteristics of small lymphocytic lymphoma and a mitotic rate of 30 or more mitoses per 20 HPF.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic type: a clinicopathologic study of 84 cases with suggested criteria for intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma. Clinical and histopathologic findings were reviewed in 84 cases of malignant lymphoma of the small (well differentiated) lymphocytic type. The slides were studied without clinical information, and the following morphologic features were evaluated: pattern of growth, number of large lymphocytes, mitotic rate, degree of capsular involvement, presence of plasma cells and/or plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and presence of residual germinal centers. Subsequently, clinical information was obtained. The minimum follow-up period on living patients was 5 years. The patients were divided into 3 clinical categories: 1) monoclonal gammopathy (MG)-11 cases, 2) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) without MG-56 cases, and 3) those without MG or CLL at the time of lymph node biopsy-17 cases. The criterion for CLL was an initial absolute lymphocyte count less than 4000/mm3. Four of the patients with MG also had CLL, and 6 of those in the third group later developed CLL, from 1 to 61 months after lymph node biopsy. Generalized lymphadenopathy was the usual presentation in all 3 groups, and bone marrow examination was positive in all but 1 of the 49 cases, representing all 3 groups, in which it was performed. Median survival for the 84 patients was 51 months. The only clinical parameters which showed a significant association with poorer survival were age above 60 and anemia (Hb. conc. less than 11.0). There was no significant relationship between morphologic characteristics and clinical categories other than the association of plasmacytoid cells with MG in 6 cases. A mitotic rate of 30 or more mitoses per 20 high power fields (HPF), found in 5 cases with at least 1 in each clinical category, showed a highly significant association with decreased survival (p = .01). Variations in mitotic rate between 0 and 29 mitoses per 20 HPF and other morphologic parameters did not show a significant relationship with prognosis. It was concluded that malignant lymphoma of the small lymphocytic type is a definite clinicopathologic entity which may or may not exhibit MG or CLL, and it is proposed that the term \"intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma\" be applied only to those cases showing histopathologic characteristics of small lymphocytic lymphoma and a mitotic rate of 30 or more mitoses per 20 HPF.", "PMID": 76506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6223", "title": "Detection in human ovary and prostate tumors of DNA polymerase activity that copies poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate.", "content": "Particulate DNA polymerase activity that copied poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate and banded at a density of 1.15 to 1.20 g/ml in sucrose gradients was detected in 8 of 16 human ovary tumors and in 11 of 16 malignant prostate tissues. None of the 10 nonmalignant ovary and prostate tissues examined contained detectable particulate DNA polymerase activity that copied poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate. Since poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate is effectively copied by oncornavirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) although not by the known species of human cell DNA polymerase, these results are interpreted as supporting the concept that some malignant human tissues contain particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity.", "contents": "Detection in human ovary and prostate tumors of DNA polymerase activity that copies poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate. Particulate DNA polymerase activity that copied poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate and banded at a density of 1.15 to 1.20 g/ml in sucrose gradients was detected in 8 of 16 human ovary tumors and in 11 of 16 malignant prostate tissues. None of the 10 nonmalignant ovary and prostate tissues examined contained detectable particulate DNA polymerase activity that copied poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate. Since poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) . oligodeoxyguanylate is effectively copied by oncornavirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) although not by the known species of human cell DNA polymerase, these results are interpreted as supporting the concept that some malignant human tissues contain particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity.", "PMID": 76507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6224", "title": "Early histological and functional alterations of ethionine liver carcinogenesis in rats fed a choline-deficient diet.", "content": "The effects of feeding a choline-deficient (CD) or a choline-supplemented diet upon the early stages of DL-ethionine carcinogenesis in rat liver were investigated. Low levels of DL-ethionine (0.05 and 0.10%) when fed with a CD diet were found to induce within 4 weeks a massive proliferation of oval cells without significant cell necrosis or presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates. The same levels of ethionine when fed with a choline-supplemented diet caused no significant histological alteration of the liver. In rats fed the CD plus ethionine diets concomitant with the proliferation of oval cells, there was a marked elevation in the content of alpha1-fetoprotein in both liver and plasma. After specific immunofluorescence staining, oval cells stained intensely for albumin and alpha1-fetoprotein. Hepatocytes stained only for albumin, and bile duct cells stained for neither albumin nor alpha1-fetoprotein. These results indicate that a diet deficient in choline markedly alters the response of rat liver to carcinogenetic doses of ethionine. Thus, ethionine hepatocarcinogenesis in rats fed a CD diet may be a useful model for the exploration of the mechanism(s) whereby a dietary factor influences hepatocarcinogenesis.", "contents": "Early histological and functional alterations of ethionine liver carcinogenesis in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. The effects of feeding a choline-deficient (CD) or a choline-supplemented diet upon the early stages of DL-ethionine carcinogenesis in rat liver were investigated. Low levels of DL-ethionine (0.05 and 0.10%) when fed with a CD diet were found to induce within 4 weeks a massive proliferation of oval cells without significant cell necrosis or presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates. The same levels of ethionine when fed with a choline-supplemented diet caused no significant histological alteration of the liver. In rats fed the CD plus ethionine diets concomitant with the proliferation of oval cells, there was a marked elevation in the content of alpha1-fetoprotein in both liver and plasma. After specific immunofluorescence staining, oval cells stained intensely for albumin and alpha1-fetoprotein. Hepatocytes stained only for albumin, and bile duct cells stained for neither albumin nor alpha1-fetoprotein. These results indicate that a diet deficient in choline markedly alters the response of rat liver to carcinogenetic doses of ethionine. Thus, ethionine hepatocarcinogenesis in rats fed a CD diet may be a useful model for the exploration of the mechanism(s) whereby a dietary factor influences hepatocarcinogenesis.", "PMID": 76508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6225", "title": "Identification of type C viruses by electron microscopy.", "content": "The cores of a small proportion of the particles in purified preparations of type C viruses are characterized by two concentric shells that have a \"double-ring\" appearance in specimens prepared for electron microscopy by negative staining or thin sectioning techniques. This distinctive feature allows such particles to be recognized as viral in impure preparations. Detectability of double-ring particles is considerably enhanced by treating the specimens with a non-ionic detergent before fixation and negative staining. The limit of detectablity of type C virus (identified by the double-ring feature) in the presence of a large excess of nonviral particulates of similar size and density was assessed.", "contents": "Identification of type C viruses by electron microscopy. The cores of a small proportion of the particles in purified preparations of type C viruses are characterized by two concentric shells that have a \"double-ring\" appearance in specimens prepared for electron microscopy by negative staining or thin sectioning techniques. This distinctive feature allows such particles to be recognized as viral in impure preparations. Detectability of double-ring particles is considerably enhanced by treating the specimens with a non-ionic detergent before fixation and negative staining. The limit of detectablity of type C virus (identified by the double-ring feature) in the presence of a large excess of nonviral particulates of similar size and density was assessed.", "PMID": 76509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6226", "title": "Identification of beta-oncofetal antigen in cervical squamous cancer and its demonstration in neoplastic and normal tissues.", "content": "An extract of a human cervical squamous carcinoma was used to produce rabbit antiserum with immunoreactivity against an antigen in several types of normal and neoplastic tissues. This antigen was abundant in cervical cancer as well as in normal adult and fetal kidney and liver. The antigen had a beta mobility in immunoelectrophoresis and a molecular weight range of 74, 000 to 90,000 as determined by gel chromatography. Since some of its properties were similar to those of the beta-oncofetal antigen described by Fritsche and Mach, a comparison was undertaken that indeed revealed identical immunoreactivity of the anti-beta-oncofetal antigen and anti-cervical cancer antisera when reacted in immunodiffusion against a cervical cancer extract. These results do not support the designation of this antigen as an oncofetal antigen.", "contents": "Identification of beta-oncofetal antigen in cervical squamous cancer and its demonstration in neoplastic and normal tissues. An extract of a human cervical squamous carcinoma was used to produce rabbit antiserum with immunoreactivity against an antigen in several types of normal and neoplastic tissues. This antigen was abundant in cervical cancer as well as in normal adult and fetal kidney and liver. The antigen had a beta mobility in immunoelectrophoresis and a molecular weight range of 74, 000 to 90,000 as determined by gel chromatography. Since some of its properties were similar to those of the beta-oncofetal antigen described by Fritsche and Mach, a comparison was undertaken that indeed revealed identical immunoreactivity of the anti-beta-oncofetal antigen and anti-cervical cancer antisera when reacted in immunodiffusion against a cervical cancer extract. These results do not support the designation of this antigen as an oncofetal antigen.", "PMID": 76510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6227", "title": "Interaction of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide with DNA and inhibition of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and cellular nucleic acid polymerases.", "content": "4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide (AMSA) (NSC 141549), an acridine derivative with activity against a variety of laboratory tumors in vivo, is presently undergoing Phase 1 clinical evaluation. The interaction of AMSA with DNA and its effects on nucleic acid-polymerizing enzymes were examined in an attempt to define the site of cytotoxicity of AMSA. Binding of AMSA to DNA, as demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometric methods, appears to be similar to other aminoacridines, in that two types of binding sites (type 1 and type 2) were observed. Fluorescence studies and thermal denaturation studies gave strong evidence that AMSA type 1 binding was by intercalation into DNA. The binding of AMSA to DNA was without marked base-pair specificity. Furthermore, the effect of AMSA on nucleic acid-polymerizing enzyme activities (mouse embryo DNA polymerase alpha, avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase) was studied. Inhibition of enzyme activity by AMSA appeared to be independent of DNA base sequence. The relatively high concentrations of AMSA required for inhibition of these enzymes as compared to the concentrations of AMSA necessary for cytotoxicity in vitro suggest that the interaction with DNA alone might not fully explain its antitumor activity.", "contents": "Interaction of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide with DNA and inhibition of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and cellular nucleic acid polymerases. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide (AMSA) (NSC 141549), an acridine derivative with activity against a variety of laboratory tumors in vivo, is presently undergoing Phase 1 clinical evaluation. The interaction of AMSA with DNA and its effects on nucleic acid-polymerizing enzymes were examined in an attempt to define the site of cytotoxicity of AMSA. Binding of AMSA to DNA, as demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometric methods, appears to be similar to other aminoacridines, in that two types of binding sites (type 1 and type 2) were observed. Fluorescence studies and thermal denaturation studies gave strong evidence that AMSA type 1 binding was by intercalation into DNA. The binding of AMSA to DNA was without marked base-pair specificity. Furthermore, the effect of AMSA on nucleic acid-polymerizing enzyme activities (mouse embryo DNA polymerase alpha, avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase) was studied. Inhibition of enzyme activity by AMSA appeared to be independent of DNA base sequence. The relatively high concentrations of AMSA required for inhibition of these enzymes as compared to the concentrations of AMSA necessary for cytotoxicity in vitro suggest that the interaction with DNA alone might not fully explain its antitumor activity.", "PMID": 76512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6228", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of a large molecular fragment of thyroglobulin in parafollicular cells.", "content": "Thyroglobulin-like immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was studied by an immunoperoxidase bridge technique using antisera against dog thyroglobulin fragments. 1. The dog parafollicular cells were specifically stained by anti-peak I (27S and larger components fraction) antiserum absorbed with peak II (19S fraction). By this method, they were easily distinguishable from the non-reactive follicular cells and colloid droplets. More sensitive staining of the parafollicular cells was possible with anti-peak I'' (larger components fraction) antiserum. The staining reactions indicated that the antigenic material responsible for immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was due to larger molecular components of thyroglobulin corresponding to 32S, 37S or greater than 37S, and was not due to either the 19S thyroglobulin or to the 27S iodoprotein. 2. A conspicuous decrease of the immunoreactive material in the parafollicular cells occurred in the dog after both chronically induced hypercalcemia and antithyroid drug treatment. This coincided with movement of secretory granules containing calcitonin as shown by staining with silver impregnation, HCl-basic dye, and lead-hematoxylin. 3. The antisera against larger molecular components of dog thyroglobulin showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to the parafollicular cells of most of the mammalian species investigated; rats, rabbits, hamsters, mice, cats, lions, goats, cows, and human.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical study of a large molecular fragment of thyroglobulin in parafollicular cells. Thyroglobulin-like immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was studied by an immunoperoxidase bridge technique using antisera against dog thyroglobulin fragments. 1. The dog parafollicular cells were specifically stained by anti-peak I (27S and larger components fraction) antiserum absorbed with peak II (19S fraction). By this method, they were easily distinguishable from the non-reactive follicular cells and colloid droplets. More sensitive staining of the parafollicular cells was possible with anti-peak I'' (larger components fraction) antiserum. The staining reactions indicated that the antigenic material responsible for immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was due to larger molecular components of thyroglobulin corresponding to 32S, 37S or greater than 37S, and was not due to either the 19S thyroglobulin or to the 27S iodoprotein. 2. A conspicuous decrease of the immunoreactive material in the parafollicular cells occurred in the dog after both chronically induced hypercalcemia and antithyroid drug treatment. This coincided with movement of secretory granules containing calcitonin as shown by staining with silver impregnation, HCl-basic dye, and lead-hematoxylin. 3. The antisera against larger molecular components of dog thyroglobulin showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to the parafollicular cells of most of the mammalian species investigated; rats, rabbits, hamsters, mice, cats, lions, goats, cows, and human.", "PMID": 76516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6229", "title": "The alpha2-plasmin inhibitor levels in liver diseases.", "content": "Concentrations of alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor, which is a primary and fast-reacting inhibitor of plasmin, were measured immunochemically in sera of patients with liver diseases and compared with normal controls. Serum level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was significantly decreased in liver cirrhosis and other severely affected liver diseases. The decrease appeared to be dependent upon the extent of liver damage, and the level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was closely correlated with parameters of liver functions of protein synthesis such as albumin concentration and cholinesterase activity in serum. The level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was fairly well correlated with the fibrinolysis inhibitor activity of serum. In contrast to alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, levels of alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin were increased significantly in liver cirrhosis. It was suggested that the reduction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor level contributes substantially to the increased fibrinolytic activity observed in liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "The alpha2-plasmin inhibitor levels in liver diseases. Concentrations of alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor, which is a primary and fast-reacting inhibitor of plasmin, were measured immunochemically in sera of patients with liver diseases and compared with normal controls. Serum level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was significantly decreased in liver cirrhosis and other severely affected liver diseases. The decrease appeared to be dependent upon the extent of liver damage, and the level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was closely correlated with parameters of liver functions of protein synthesis such as albumin concentration and cholinesterase activity in serum. The level of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was fairly well correlated with the fibrinolysis inhibitor activity of serum. In contrast to alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, levels of alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin were increased significantly in liver cirrhosis. It was suggested that the reduction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor level contributes substantially to the increased fibrinolytic activity observed in liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 76519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6230", "title": "Intracellular distribution of 57Co-bleomycin.", "content": "Since the first promising results of Nouel et al. 1972, additional positive experience has been obtained with 57Co-Bleomycin (57Co-BLM) as a tumour-localizing agent. In this preclinical study, mice with transplanted osteosarcoma and lymphosarcoma were used and rats with transplanted rhabdomyosarcoma. 57CoCl2 served as a control substance. 57Co-BLM had concentrated in the tumours with a factor 2 to 10 as compared to the (normal) liver of the animals. No preferential concentration in the tumours was found when 57CoCl2 was used. The highest specific activity of 57Co-BLM (cpm/mg protein) was found in a fraction containing mitochondria and lysosomes. Evidence for a lysosomal localization of this diagnostic compound was obtained from experiments in which the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction was treated with hypertonic media of different osmolarities. Conditions could be found in which many lysosomes burst while almost all mitochondrial were intact. From these experiments it appeared that the radioactivity in the particles obtained from animals injected wtih 57Co-BLM was released very rapidly. It is concluded that 57Co-BLM is preferentially localized in the heavy lysosomes sedimenting together with most of the mitochondria of the cell and that these structures are more fragile than the light lysosomes.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of 57Co-bleomycin. Since the first promising results of Nouel et al. 1972, additional positive experience has been obtained with 57Co-Bleomycin (57Co-BLM) as a tumour-localizing agent. In this preclinical study, mice with transplanted osteosarcoma and lymphosarcoma were used and rats with transplanted rhabdomyosarcoma. 57CoCl2 served as a control substance. 57Co-BLM had concentrated in the tumours with a factor 2 to 10 as compared to the (normal) liver of the animals. No preferential concentration in the tumours was found when 57CoCl2 was used. The highest specific activity of 57Co-BLM (cpm/mg protein) was found in a fraction containing mitochondria and lysosomes. Evidence for a lysosomal localization of this diagnostic compound was obtained from experiments in which the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction was treated with hypertonic media of different osmolarities. Conditions could be found in which many lysosomes burst while almost all mitochondrial were intact. From these experiments it appeared that the radioactivity in the particles obtained from animals injected wtih 57Co-BLM was released very rapidly. It is concluded that 57Co-BLM is preferentially localized in the heavy lysosomes sedimenting together with most of the mitochondria of the cell and that these structures are more fragile than the light lysosomes.", "PMID": 76527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6231", "title": "Association of nucleolus organizer chromosomes in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) shown by silver staining.", "content": "The nucleolus organizer regions of domestic sheep (Ovis aries), as shown by silver staining, are located terminally on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 25. Significant differences between individuals in the number of Ag-NORs per cell were found. The frequency of involvement of individual chromosome pairs in nucleolar organization was found to be a characteristic of individual animals. Association frequencies of individual chromosomes were accounted for by their frequency of participation in nucleolar organization. No evidence for nonrandom association of chromosome pairs was found.", "contents": "Association of nucleolus organizer chromosomes in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) shown by silver staining. The nucleolus organizer regions of domestic sheep (Ovis aries), as shown by silver staining, are located terminally on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 25. Significant differences between individuals in the number of Ag-NORs per cell were found. The frequency of involvement of individual chromosome pairs in nucleolar organization was found to be a characteristic of individual animals. Association frequencies of individual chromosomes were accounted for by their frequency of participation in nucleolar organization. No evidence for nonrandom association of chromosome pairs was found.", "PMID": 76528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6232", "title": "Conservation and chromosomal localization of DNA satellites in balenopterid whales.", "content": "DNA satellites were isolated from three balenopterid species, viz. the minke, sei, and fine whales. In each of them at least two DNA satellites were recognizable with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl of rho = 1.702/1.703 and rho = 1.710/1;711, respectively. cRNAs from each satellite group were used for filter and in situ hybridisations. Homo-and heterologous DNA-cRNA hybrids within each satellite group yielded virtually identical melting curve profiles showing conservation of at least a considerable part of the DNA satellite sequences. There was no evident sequence homology between the rho = 1.702/1.703 and the rho = 1.710/1;711 satellites by filter hybridisation.--The in situ hybridisation showed that in each species the rho = 1.702/1.703 satellite was located in centromeric-paracentromeric C-bands in a few pairs, whereas the rho = 1.710/1.711 satellite was located in terminal C-bands throughout the karyotypes.--The data on the whale DNA satellites indicate that the quantitative evolution of the sateliite DNA sequences preceded species divergence of the balenopterids and that the satellite sequences have remained relatively unaltered since the divergence took place. The function of satellite DNA is considered to imply the introduction of both chromosomal and genic polymorphisms and thus being of great importance in speciation, Based upon these concepts a model is postulated for the function of satellite DNA. According to this model at meiotic pairing euchromatinheterochromatin overlapping between homologous chromosomes is considered to be of a general occurrence. This overlapping is presumed to be accentuated by the size heteromorphism frequently observed between homologous heterochromatic segments (C-bands). In the region of such euchromatinheterochromatin overlapping, cross-over would be excluded. The overlapping is suggested to be rectified progresssively in the chromosome arms, leaving unaffected crossing-over distant to the euchromatin-heterochromatin junctions. The consequence of this will be that genes in the proximity of the junctions are collectively inherited and selected, whereas genes distant to the the heterochromatin will be independently assorted and selected.", "contents": "Conservation and chromosomal localization of DNA satellites in balenopterid whales. DNA satellites were isolated from three balenopterid species, viz. the minke, sei, and fine whales. In each of them at least two DNA satellites were recognizable with buoyant densities in neutral CsCl of rho = 1.702/1.703 and rho = 1.710/1;711, respectively. cRNAs from each satellite group were used for filter and in situ hybridisations. Homo-and heterologous DNA-cRNA hybrids within each satellite group yielded virtually identical melting curve profiles showing conservation of at least a considerable part of the DNA satellite sequences. There was no evident sequence homology between the rho = 1.702/1.703 and the rho = 1.710/1;711 satellites by filter hybridisation.--The in situ hybridisation showed that in each species the rho = 1.702/1.703 satellite was located in centromeric-paracentromeric C-bands in a few pairs, whereas the rho = 1.710/1.711 satellite was located in terminal C-bands throughout the karyotypes.--The data on the whale DNA satellites indicate that the quantitative evolution of the sateliite DNA sequences preceded species divergence of the balenopterids and that the satellite sequences have remained relatively unaltered since the divergence took place. The function of satellite DNA is considered to imply the introduction of both chromosomal and genic polymorphisms and thus being of great importance in speciation, Based upon these concepts a model is postulated for the function of satellite DNA. According to this model at meiotic pairing euchromatinheterochromatin overlapping between homologous chromosomes is considered to be of a general occurrence. This overlapping is presumed to be accentuated by the size heteromorphism frequently observed between homologous heterochromatic segments (C-bands). In the region of such euchromatinheterochromatin overlapping, cross-over would be excluded. The overlapping is suggested to be rectified progresssively in the chromosome arms, leaving unaffected crossing-over distant to the euchromatin-heterochromatin junctions. The consequence of this will be that genes in the proximity of the junctions are collectively inherited and selected, whereas genes distant to the the heterochromatin will be independently assorted and selected.", "PMID": 76532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6233", "title": "The immediate effects of intravenous specific nutrients on EEG sleep.", "content": "This study examined the immediate influence of intravenous amino acids and glucose on sleep as measured by all-night EEG recording. The study on 9 normal female subjects was of a latin-square design. Slow wave sleep (SWS) was increased by both solutions whilst dream sleep (REM) was decreased by amino acids and increased by glucose. Total sleep time was not affected. Subjective feelings as to restlessness, quality and depth of sleep under the impact of the various solutions were gathered. The work further elucidates the effect of nutrition on sleep and supports certain theories as to the function of the main sleep component.", "contents": "The immediate effects of intravenous specific nutrients on EEG sleep. This study examined the immediate influence of intravenous amino acids and glucose on sleep as measured by all-night EEG recording. The study on 9 normal female subjects was of a latin-square design. Slow wave sleep (SWS) was increased by both solutions whilst dream sleep (REM) was decreased by amino acids and increased by glucose. Total sleep time was not affected. Subjective feelings as to restlessness, quality and depth of sleep under the impact of the various solutions were gathered. The work further elucidates the effect of nutrition on sleep and supports certain theories as to the function of the main sleep component.", "PMID": 76534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6234", "title": "[Temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges in the child. I. Biotelemetric recordings during wakefulness].", "content": "Based on telemetric recordings performed on 6 children, a study of the time distribution of intra-clinical paroxysmal discharges was carried out. It was tested whether  this distribution is stochastic, and if not so, whether is depends upon an internal biological rhythm or upon environmental and behavioural factors. The times of occurrence of paroxysmal discharges, generalized and/or focal or partial, were located by visual inspection, and fed into a computer for statistical evaluation. Discharges and intervals were thus quantified for the overall recording time, for one situation or for groups of situations; the chronological distribution of discharges during successive 300 sec epochs was also computed. In all the cases, the discharge density varied from one moment to the next, but not in random fashion: the hypothesis of an internal modulation of the discharges was verified in some specific cases, more often, the changes in the discharge chronology seemed to be related to modifications of psychophysiological states observed during the successive experimental situations. The factors involved, namely, alertness, specific attention, stress, posture, etc., seemed to play a different role in each case; no simple correlation with the topography of discharges could be established. One explanation does not exclude the other: modulation of the discharges by biological rhythms could at any time be masked by variations due to environmental factors and to the subject's specific reaction to the latter. This type of study presents considerable methodological and interpretative difficulties which tend to emphasize individual differences rather than allowing to draw general laws.", "contents": "[Temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges in the child. I. Biotelemetric recordings during wakefulness]. Based on telemetric recordings performed on 6 children, a study of the time distribution of intra-clinical paroxysmal discharges was carried out. It was tested whether  this distribution is stochastic, and if not so, whether is depends upon an internal biological rhythm or upon environmental and behavioural factors. The times of occurrence of paroxysmal discharges, generalized and/or focal or partial, were located by visual inspection, and fed into a computer for statistical evaluation. Discharges and intervals were thus quantified for the overall recording time, for one situation or for groups of situations; the chronological distribution of discharges during successive 300 sec epochs was also computed. In all the cases, the discharge density varied from one moment to the next, but not in random fashion: the hypothesis of an internal modulation of the discharges was verified in some specific cases, more often, the changes in the discharge chronology seemed to be related to modifications of psychophysiological states observed during the successive experimental situations. The factors involved, namely, alertness, specific attention, stress, posture, etc., seemed to play a different role in each case; no simple correlation with the topography of discharges could be established. One explanation does not exclude the other: modulation of the discharges by biological rhythms could at any time be masked by variations due to environmental factors and to the subject's specific reaction to the latter. This type of study presents considerable methodological and interpretative difficulties which tend to emphasize individual differences rather than allowing to draw general laws.", "PMID": 76535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6235", "title": "On and off effects in the background EEG activity during one-second photic stimulation.", "content": "The changes in alpha band power of the background EEG activity during 1-sec light stimulation were investigated in 10 normal human subjects. The EEG data were band-pass filtered, centering on the alpha range, and the time-dependent power changes were evaluated for their significance. The most significant finding was a light-on power decrease (on-effect) occurring in occipital areas 250--500 msec after onset of the stimulus, observed in all subjects, and reaching values of 72.2 +/- 13.2% decrease, with reference to power in the pre-stimulus interval. In 8 subjects there was also a significant light-off power decrease occuring 250--500 msec after offset of the photic stimulus (average across subjects: 41.8 +/- 24.4%) also in the occipital region. Similar on- and off-effects were observed in central regions, with lesser statistical significance. This pattern of light-on and  -off power decreases was consistent and reproducible, with small inter- and intraindividual variability.", "contents": "On and off effects in the background EEG activity during one-second photic stimulation. The changes in alpha band power of the background EEG activity during 1-sec light stimulation were investigated in 10 normal human subjects. The EEG data were band-pass filtered, centering on the alpha range, and the time-dependent power changes were evaluated for their significance. The most significant finding was a light-on power decrease (on-effect) occurring in occipital areas 250--500 msec after onset of the stimulus, observed in all subjects, and reaching values of 72.2 +/- 13.2% decrease, with reference to power in the pre-stimulus interval. In 8 subjects there was also a significant light-off power decrease occuring 250--500 msec after offset of the photic stimulus (average across subjects: 41.8 +/- 24.4%) also in the occipital region. Similar on- and off-effects were observed in central regions, with lesser statistical significance. This pattern of light-on and  -off power decreases was consistent and reproducible, with small inter- and intraindividual variability.", "PMID": 76537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6236", "title": "Spectral analysis of the electromyogram of the temporal muscle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Spontaneous EMG activity of one mandibular elevator and postural muscle, the anterior temporalis, was recorded from 20 unanesthetized rhesus monkeys subjected to 4 experimental protocols. The EMG activity was analyzed with a spectral analyzer to determine changes in particular frequency bandwidths after (1) administering a dissociative drug, (2) placing weights on the mandible, (3) detaching the muscle, and (4) adaptation of the muscle to oral respiration. The mean distribution of frequency components indicated that ketamine--HCl increased the power of all frequencies below 400 c/sec, particularly those at 20--40 c/sec. A period of hyperactivity and increased recruitment and discharge of motor units occurred within the first 30 min following administration of the drug. Passive and sustained lowering of the jaw with increased weights indicated that increasing the front incisor distance 2--4 cm significantly decreased the frequency components below 400 c/sec accompanying a decrease in active motor units. Comparison of frequency components of the temporalis EMG before and within 40 days after detachment suggested some subtle variations in the mean distributions predominantly around 200 c/sec but without significant changes. Comparison of the mean spectral distribution between 8 nasal-breathing and 8 oral-breathing monkeys indicated a significant loss of power in the normal dominant frequency range of 20--100 c/sec in the oral respiratory group except for enhancement of the 20 c/sec bandwidth. The results suggest that the anterior temporalis alters its EMG activity during both short (i.e., min, h) and long-term (i.e., months, year) adaptations of the muscle.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of the electromyogram of the temporal muscle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Spontaneous EMG activity of one mandibular elevator and postural muscle, the anterior temporalis, was recorded from 20 unanesthetized rhesus monkeys subjected to 4 experimental protocols. The EMG activity was analyzed with a spectral analyzer to determine changes in particular frequency bandwidths after (1) administering a dissociative drug, (2) placing weights on the mandible, (3) detaching the muscle, and (4) adaptation of the muscle to oral respiration. The mean distribution of frequency components indicated that ketamine--HCl increased the power of all frequencies below 400 c/sec, particularly those at 20--40 c/sec. A period of hyperactivity and increased recruitment and discharge of motor units occurred within the first 30 min following administration of the drug. Passive and sustained lowering of the jaw with increased weights indicated that increasing the front incisor distance 2--4 cm significantly decreased the frequency components below 400 c/sec accompanying a decrease in active motor units. Comparison of frequency components of the temporalis EMG before and within 40 days after detachment suggested some subtle variations in the mean distributions predominantly around 200 c/sec but without significant changes. Comparison of the mean spectral distribution between 8 nasal-breathing and 8 oral-breathing monkeys indicated a significant loss of power in the normal dominant frequency range of 20--100 c/sec in the oral respiratory group except for enhancement of the 20 c/sec bandwidth. The results suggest that the anterior temporalis alters its EMG activity during both short (i.e., min, h) and long-term (i.e., months, year) adaptations of the muscle.", "PMID": 76538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6237", "title": "On-line statistical detection of average evoked potentials: application to evoked response audiometry (ERA).", "content": "An objective method of EP detection in averaged EEG epochs is described which is based on the statistical properties of the averaged EEG in the absence of time-locked EP activity. The statistical properties of the subject's averaged background EEG are summarized by making a set of comparisons between two consecutive EEG epochs immediately preceding each stimulus presentation. After every stimulus presentation, a second set of comparisons is made between the post-stimulus EEG epoch and the immediately preceding pre-stimulus EEG epoch. These two sets of comparisons are then examined to determine whether the latter differ significantly from the former. The technique has been programmed for on-line use on a 12-bit minicomputer, validated on cooperative adult subjects and used for ERA threshold determinations in young children. Using response detection criteria yielding an empirically determined false positive error rate of between 1 and 4%, threshold estimates averaged about 10 dB higher than psychophysical thresholds. The efficiency with which such ERA thresholds may be obtained with this method is substantially greater than that of conventional ERA procedures employing subjective evaluation of averages. Further, the technique allows variation of detection criteria to suit non-audiometric needs and empirical determination of the false-positive error rate under any set of conditions.", "contents": "On-line statistical detection of average evoked potentials: application to evoked response audiometry (ERA). An objective method of EP detection in averaged EEG epochs is described which is based on the statistical properties of the averaged EEG in the absence of time-locked EP activity. The statistical properties of the subject's averaged background EEG are summarized by making a set of comparisons between two consecutive EEG epochs immediately preceding each stimulus presentation. After every stimulus presentation, a second set of comparisons is made between the post-stimulus EEG epoch and the immediately preceding pre-stimulus EEG epoch. These two sets of comparisons are then examined to determine whether the latter differ significantly from the former. The technique has been programmed for on-line use on a 12-bit minicomputer, validated on cooperative adult subjects and used for ERA threshold determinations in young children. Using response detection criteria yielding an empirically determined false positive error rate of between 1 and 4%, threshold estimates averaged about 10 dB higher than psychophysical thresholds. The efficiency with which such ERA thresholds may be obtained with this method is substantially greater than that of conventional ERA procedures employing subjective evaluation of averages. Further, the technique allows variation of detection criteria to suit non-audiometric needs and empirical determination of the false-positive error rate under any set of conditions.", "PMID": 76539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6238", "title": "The relationship of head size to alpha frequency with implications to a brain wave model.", "content": "Analogies between brain waves and waves in physical systems suggest that EEG frequency may be partly determined by cortical surface area. Since a number of other physiological and anatomical parameters probably influence EEG frequency, only a weak correlation is to be expected. A study was made of 159 subjects, some of whom had either very large or very small heads. A single number representing head size was determined as the cube root of three linear measurements. Several characteristic EEG frequencies were determined for each subject by means of Fourier analysis. The data indicate that alpha frequency is significantly correlated with head size: larger heads tend to produce slower alpha rhythms. It was also shown that alpha frequency tends to be lower in all subjects above roughly age 60. Subjects above produced significantly less alpha rhythm than the younger group. It is suggested that analogies between brain waves and physical waves may explain a number of phenomena which are typical of EEG.", "contents": "The relationship of head size to alpha frequency with implications to a brain wave model. Analogies between brain waves and waves in physical systems suggest that EEG frequency may be partly determined by cortical surface area. Since a number of other physiological and anatomical parameters probably influence EEG frequency, only a weak correlation is to be expected. A study was made of 159 subjects, some of whom had either very large or very small heads. A single number representing head size was determined as the cube root of three linear measurements. Several characteristic EEG frequencies were determined for each subject by means of Fourier analysis. The data indicate that alpha frequency is significantly correlated with head size: larger heads tend to produce slower alpha rhythms. It was also shown that alpha frequency tends to be lower in all subjects above roughly age 60. Subjects above produced significantly less alpha rhythm than the younger group. It is suggested that analogies between brain waves and physical waves may explain a number of phenomena which are typical of EEG.", "PMID": 76540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6239", "title": "Intermittent photic stimulation. Clinical usefulness of non-convulsive responses.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of non-convulsive responses induced by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) was studied in 46 patients whose evaluation included both electroencephalography (EEG) and computerized cranial tomography (CT scan). Three patterns of photic responses were identified and related to background EEG activity and type of lesion seen on CT scan. An asymmetry in photic driving manifested only by a consistent amplitude difference greater than 50% was rarely associated with other EEG changes such as focal slowing or significant asymmetry in the alpha rhythm. In contrast, an asymmetry in development of the photic response correlated well with ipsilateral focal slowing and CT scan evidence of parenchymatous brain disease. Bilateral, symmetrical high amplitude single spikes evoked by individual light flashes were seen only in patients with diffuse encephalopathies. In no patient with structural brain disease as judged by CT scan was an abnormality in IPS the only EEG finding. There was also no apparent relationship between the anatomical site of a focal cerebral lesion and the type of response induced by IPS. Photic stimulation is of limited value in non-epileptic patients. Little clinical significance can be attached to nonconculsive responses in the absence of associated EEG changes which by themselves are generally more informative.", "contents": "Intermittent photic stimulation. Clinical usefulness of non-convulsive responses. The clinical usefulness of non-convulsive responses induced by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) was studied in 46 patients whose evaluation included both electroencephalography (EEG) and computerized cranial tomography (CT scan). Three patterns of photic responses were identified and related to background EEG activity and type of lesion seen on CT scan. An asymmetry in photic driving manifested only by a consistent amplitude difference greater than 50% was rarely associated with other EEG changes such as focal slowing or significant asymmetry in the alpha rhythm. In contrast, an asymmetry in development of the photic response correlated well with ipsilateral focal slowing and CT scan evidence of parenchymatous brain disease. Bilateral, symmetrical high amplitude single spikes evoked by individual light flashes were seen only in patients with diffuse encephalopathies. In no patient with structural brain disease as judged by CT scan was an abnormality in IPS the only EEG finding. There was also no apparent relationship between the anatomical site of a focal cerebral lesion and the type of response induced by IPS. Photic stimulation is of limited value in non-epileptic patients. Little clinical significance can be attached to nonconculsive responses in the absence of associated EEG changes which by themselves are generally more informative.", "PMID": 76541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6240", "title": "The cumulative inhibitory effect of repetitively flashed stimuli on the recovery process of the human visual evoked potential to a test stimulus.", "content": "Cumulative inhibitory effects produced by visual response to flashed conditioning stimuli were measured by means of the amplitude reduction of the visual evoked potential (VEP) to a test stimulus. Four kinds of conditioning stimuli were used: a single conditioning stimulus and 3 repetitive conditioning stimuli with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 100, 200 and 400 msec, respectively. The VEP amplitude for the test stimulus was reduced most when the stimulus was paired with the single conditioning stimulus. It still remained small when the test stimulus was paired with the repetitive conditioning stimulus of 400 msec ISI, increased significantly when the ISI was shortened from 400 to 200 msec. Explanations of the VEP behaviors in terms of the stimulus relevance, task difficulty and the recovery rate of the cortical excitability were discussed.", "contents": "The cumulative inhibitory effect of repetitively flashed stimuli on the recovery process of the human visual evoked potential to a test stimulus. Cumulative inhibitory effects produced by visual response to flashed conditioning stimuli were measured by means of the amplitude reduction of the visual evoked potential (VEP) to a test stimulus. Four kinds of conditioning stimuli were used: a single conditioning stimulus and 3 repetitive conditioning stimuli with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 100, 200 and 400 msec, respectively. The VEP amplitude for the test stimulus was reduced most when the stimulus was paired with the single conditioning stimulus. It still remained small when the test stimulus was paired with the repetitive conditioning stimulus of 400 msec ISI, increased significantly when the ISI was shortened from 400 to 200 msec. Explanations of the VEP behaviors in terms of the stimulus relevance, task difficulty and the recovery rate of the cortical excitability were discussed.", "PMID": 76542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6241", "title": "The effects of cerebellectomy on a penicillin epileptogenic focus in the cerebral cortex of the rat.", "content": "(1) Total removal of the cerebellum from the rat anaesthetised with urethane was found to increase the duration of epileptiform foci produced by injection of 25 U of Penicillin into the cerebral cortex. (2) This was not due to reduction in blood pressure nor to non-specific brain damage resulting from the cerebellectomy. (3) The effects of total cerebellectomy are not due to the removal of the inhibitory influence of the Purkinje cells on the intracerebellar nuclei, which from part of an excitatory cortico-cortical circuit. (4) The underlying mechanism is obscure, but it is possible that the cerebellum produces some inhibitory tone, which decreases the lifetime of penicillin foci.", "contents": "The effects of cerebellectomy on a penicillin epileptogenic focus in the cerebral cortex of the rat. (1) Total removal of the cerebellum from the rat anaesthetised with urethane was found to increase the duration of epileptiform foci produced by injection of 25 U of Penicillin into the cerebral cortex. (2) This was not due to reduction in blood pressure nor to non-specific brain damage resulting from the cerebellectomy. (3) The effects of total cerebellectomy are not due to the removal of the inhibitory influence of the Purkinje cells on the intracerebellar nuclei, which from part of an excitatory cortico-cortical circuit. (4) The underlying mechanism is obscure, but it is possible that the cerebellum produces some inhibitory tone, which decreases the lifetime of penicillin foci.", "PMID": 76543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6242", "title": "'Limbic spindles': a re-appraisal.", "content": "Respiration-linked spindles are frequently recorded from nasopharyngeal electrodes and these have been reported to represent neuronally generated limbic activity. Evidence is presented from sphenoidal and nasopharyngeal recordings suggesting that these spindles are artifactual, due to unstable electrode contacts that record palatal vibration during partial airway obstruction.", "contents": "'Limbic spindles': a re-appraisal. Respiration-linked spindles are frequently recorded from nasopharyngeal electrodes and these have been reported to represent neuronally generated limbic activity. Evidence is presented from sphenoidal and nasopharyngeal recordings suggesting that these spindles are artifactual, due to unstable electrode contacts that record palatal vibration during partial airway obstruction.", "PMID": 76545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6243", "title": "A gated, high voltage iontophoresis system with accurate current monitoring.", "content": "A circuit description for a multichannel constant current source for microiontophoresis is presented. The circuitry allows a high voltage compliance, accurate monitoring of ionotophoretic current without use of batteries, and automatic current neutralization. Drugs may be applied either manually or with an external digital gate signal. A monitor to detect current unbalance greater than a preselected level is also included.", "contents": "A gated, high voltage iontophoresis system with accurate current monitoring. A circuit description for a multichannel constant current source for microiontophoresis is presented. The circuitry allows a high voltage compliance, accurate monitoring of ionotophoretic current without use of batteries, and automatic current neutralization. Drugs may be applied either manually or with an external digital gate signal. A monitor to detect current unbalance greater than a preselected level is also included.", "PMID": 76547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6244", "title": "A self-powered, preprogrammable, constant current, electronic stimulator for implantation in conscious and unrestrained, small animals.", "content": "A completely implantable electronic brain stimulator was designed and constructed using commercially available Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor digital, integrated circuits. All stimulation parameters were preprogrammed prior to implantation. They included bipolar pulse width (0.5 msec), constant current intensity (120 muA) and frequency (125 pulses/sec) as well as pulse train length (33 sec) and the interval between pulse trains (70 min). After complete encapsulation, the unit weighed 6.2 g and measured 30 mm X 15 mm X 8 mm. The units were easily implanted under the skin in the flank areas of 300 g rats. The 5 muW power consumption allowed implanted lifetimes of over 6 months. A miniature magnetic switch was included inside the package to allow testing of the unit after implantation. Stimulators were implanted in 17 rats for periods of 4--62 days in a study exploring the relationship between long term electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and the development of arterial pathology.", "contents": "A self-powered, preprogrammable, constant current, electronic stimulator for implantation in conscious and unrestrained, small animals. A completely implantable electronic brain stimulator was designed and constructed using commercially available Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor digital, integrated circuits. All stimulation parameters were preprogrammed prior to implantation. They included bipolar pulse width (0.5 msec), constant current intensity (120 muA) and frequency (125 pulses/sec) as well as pulse train length (33 sec) and the interval between pulse trains (70 min). After complete encapsulation, the unit weighed 6.2 g and measured 30 mm X 15 mm X 8 mm. The units were easily implanted under the skin in the flank areas of 300 g rats. The 5 muW power consumption allowed implanted lifetimes of over 6 months. A miniature magnetic switch was included inside the package to allow testing of the unit after implantation. Stimulators were implanted in 17 rats for periods of 4--62 days in a study exploring the relationship between long term electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and the development of arterial pathology.", "PMID": 76549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6245", "title": "Auditory evoked potential development in early childhood: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Serial recordings of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to clicks were obtained using a vertex-mastoid derivation from 16 normal children during sleep over an age span from near birth to age 3. The AEP components studied were: N0 (38 +/- 10 msec), P1 (79 +/- 24 msec), N1 (109 +/- 39 msec), P2 (186 +/- 35 msec), N2 (409 +/- 97 msec), P3A (554 +/- 116 msec), P3B (757 +/- 121 msec) and P3 (728 +/- 128 msec). Amplitudes and latencies of the components were calculated and regressions of the measures on age were computed for the group as a whole, for each subject and for subsets of the data based on sleep stage, sex, order of stimulus presentation and a rearing/race factor. For the group as a whole the latencies of P1, P2, P3, and P3B decreased with age. The amplitudes of P1N1 and the N2P3 waves increased with age. Most change occurred during the first year of life. In general, the changes with age were also found to hold across all of the factors examined, although individuals varied widely in the degree to which they conformed to the trends found for the data as a whole. The amount contributed by each of the factors mentioned above to the total variance was estimated. The proportions varied for different EP components but, in general, age, sleep state, and subject factors other than rearing/race and sex accounted for most variance. One half to 5/6 of the unexplained variance in AEP latencies and amplitudes (i.e., that not due to age, sleep state, etc.) occurred across rather than within subjects. For both the group as a whole and for individual children, P2 and N2 latencies were found to exhibit the greatest stability across time. The results of the longitudinal study reported here were in good agreement with those of a previous study from this laboratory which utilized a cross-sectional design.", "contents": "Auditory evoked potential development in early childhood: a longitudinal study. Serial recordings of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to clicks were obtained using a vertex-mastoid derivation from 16 normal children during sleep over an age span from near birth to age 3. The AEP components studied were: N0 (38 +/- 10 msec), P1 (79 +/- 24 msec), N1 (109 +/- 39 msec), P2 (186 +/- 35 msec), N2 (409 +/- 97 msec), P3A (554 +/- 116 msec), P3B (757 +/- 121 msec) and P3 (728 +/- 128 msec). Amplitudes and latencies of the components were calculated and regressions of the measures on age were computed for the group as a whole, for each subject and for subsets of the data based on sleep stage, sex, order of stimulus presentation and a rearing/race factor. For the group as a whole the latencies of P1, P2, P3, and P3B decreased with age. The amplitudes of P1N1 and the N2P3 waves increased with age. Most change occurred during the first year of life. In general, the changes with age were also found to hold across all of the factors examined, although individuals varied widely in the degree to which they conformed to the trends found for the data as a whole. The amount contributed by each of the factors mentioned above to the total variance was estimated. The proportions varied for different EP components but, in general, age, sleep state, and subject factors other than rearing/race and sex accounted for most variance. One half to 5/6 of the unexplained variance in AEP latencies and amplitudes (i.e., that not due to age, sleep state, etc.) occurred across rather than within subjects. For both the group as a whole and for individual children, P2 and N2 latencies were found to exhibit the greatest stability across time. The results of the longitudinal study reported here were in good agreement with those of a previous study from this laboratory which utilized a cross-sectional design.", "PMID": 76550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6246", "title": "On how P300 amplitude varies with the utility of the eliciting stimuli.", "content": "The bulk of the relevant evidence indicates that stimuli which elicit the P300 component of the human event-related potential (ERP) tend to be unexpected and task relevant. Yet, contradictory evidence has been presented which implied that P300 amplitude is modulated by the intensity difference between two equally relevant, equally probable feedback stimuli (Adams and Benson, 1973). The two experiments reported here were designed to clarify this contradiction. Subjects were instructed to press a button one second after a cue light. A tone at one of two intensities was presented 200 msec later indicating whether the time estimate was 'correct' or 'incorrect'. The magnitude of P300 varied as a function of the difference in intensity between S+ and S-; the smaller the difference, the smaller was P300, regardless of stimulus meaning (S+ or S-). We attribute this effect to the degree to which the subject chooses to utilize the tones in the performance of the time estimation task. In support of this hypothesis, we found that performance of the subjects as time estimators degraded as the difference between S+ and S- decreased. Moreover, a study of choice reaction times taken for the different pairings of S+ and S- showed that the stimulus pairs were not equally discriminable. It appears that as the S+/S- pairs become increasingly difficult to discriminate, their feedback value decreased and this decrease is positively correlated with a decrease in P300 amplitude. This interpretation received support from Exp. 2 in which the stimulus conditions were the same as in Exp. 1, but the subject's task was to count the \"s+ stimuli. Here, when subject had no option but to process each individual stimulus, the P300 amplitude remained constant despite variations in S- intensity. Thus, it appears that task relevance must be defined in terms of the subject's behavior rather than by the experimenter's instructions to the subject.", "contents": "On how P300 amplitude varies with the utility of the eliciting stimuli. The bulk of the relevant evidence indicates that stimuli which elicit the P300 component of the human event-related potential (ERP) tend to be unexpected and task relevant. Yet, contradictory evidence has been presented which implied that P300 amplitude is modulated by the intensity difference between two equally relevant, equally probable feedback stimuli (Adams and Benson, 1973). The two experiments reported here were designed to clarify this contradiction. Subjects were instructed to press a button one second after a cue light. A tone at one of two intensities was presented 200 msec later indicating whether the time estimate was 'correct' or 'incorrect'. The magnitude of P300 varied as a function of the difference in intensity between S+ and S-; the smaller the difference, the smaller was P300, regardless of stimulus meaning (S+ or S-). We attribute this effect to the degree to which the subject chooses to utilize the tones in the performance of the time estimation task. In support of this hypothesis, we found that performance of the subjects as time estimators degraded as the difference between S+ and S- decreased. Moreover, a study of choice reaction times taken for the different pairings of S+ and S- showed that the stimulus pairs were not equally discriminable. It appears that as the S+/S- pairs become increasingly difficult to discriminate, their feedback value decreased and this decrease is positively correlated with a decrease in P300 amplitude. This interpretation received support from Exp. 2 in which the stimulus conditions were the same as in Exp. 1, but the subject's task was to count the \"s+ stimuli. Here, when subject had no option but to process each individual stimulus, the P300 amplitude remained constant despite variations in S- intensity. Thus, it appears that task relevance must be defined in terms of the subject's behavior rather than by the experimenter's instructions to the subject.", "PMID": 76551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6247", "title": "Components of the frequency-following potential in man.", "content": "The scalp recorded frequency-following potentials (FFP) are a composite of several FFP's which may be distinguished by comparing simultaneously recorded waveforms from vertical and horizontal derivations in response to tones of very low frequently (below 350 Hz). The two most prominent FFP's were designated FFP1 and FFP2. FFP1 was recorded equally well in vertical and horizontal derivations and at a high stimulus intensities tended to be the predominant FFP. FFP2 followed FFP1 usually by about 1.7 msec and was optimally recorded in the vertical derivation. FFP2 threshold was about 10 dB lower than threshold for FFP1 and in several subjects, FFP2 was observed at 25 dB SL. Two other FFP's, a far-field recorded cochlear microphonic potential and a low-amplitude FFP, the latter presumably of neural origin, were also studied.", "contents": "Components of the frequency-following potential in man. The scalp recorded frequency-following potentials (FFP) are a composite of several FFP's which may be distinguished by comparing simultaneously recorded waveforms from vertical and horizontal derivations in response to tones of very low frequently (below 350 Hz). The two most prominent FFP's were designated FFP1 and FFP2. FFP1 was recorded equally well in vertical and horizontal derivations and at a high stimulus intensities tended to be the predominant FFP. FFP2 followed FFP1 usually by about 1.7 msec and was optimally recorded in the vertical derivation. FFP2 threshold was about 10 dB lower than threshold for FFP1 and in several subjects, FFP2 was observed at 25 dB SL. Two other FFP's, a far-field recorded cochlear microphonic potential and a low-amplitude FFP, the latter presumably of neural origin, were also studied.", "PMID": 76552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6248", "title": "Age-related variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal human subjects.", "content": "Auditory evoked potentials were recorded from 47 subjects ranging in age from 6 to 76 years in order to assess the effects of maturation and aging on the evoked (N1 and P2) and event-related (N2 and P3) components. Because of clear differences in the effects of age on the event-related components between children (less than 15 years of age) and adults the subjects were divided into two populations for analysis. For adults there was a systematic increase in the latency and decrease in amplitude of each component with age. Also the rate of the age-related increase in latency was proportional to the latency of the component. The scalp distributions of both the stimulus-evoked and event-related components were found to vary with age yielding a more nearly equipotential distribution for older subjects. For children the latencies of the event-related components decreased with age. The stimulus-evoked components had latencies which were not significantly different from those predicted from the adult data. In contrast to the adult data, age affected the scalp distributions of the stimulus-evoked components differently than the event-related components. These results suggest an aging process is relfected in the auditory evoked potential which is not the simple inverse of maturational processes.", "contents": "Age-related variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal human subjects. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded from 47 subjects ranging in age from 6 to 76 years in order to assess the effects of maturation and aging on the evoked (N1 and P2) and event-related (N2 and P3) components. Because of clear differences in the effects of age on the event-related components between children (less than 15 years of age) and adults the subjects were divided into two populations for analysis. For adults there was a systematic increase in the latency and decrease in amplitude of each component with age. Also the rate of the age-related increase in latency was proportional to the latency of the component. The scalp distributions of both the stimulus-evoked and event-related components were found to vary with age yielding a more nearly equipotential distribution for older subjects. For children the latencies of the event-related components decreased with age. The stimulus-evoked components had latencies which were not significantly different from those predicted from the adult data. In contrast to the adult data, age affected the scalp distributions of the stimulus-evoked components differently than the event-related components. These results suggest an aging process is relfected in the auditory evoked potential which is not the simple inverse of maturational processes.", "PMID": 76553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6249", "title": "Normal variability of the brain-stem auditory evoked response in young and old adult subjects.", "content": "The brain-stem auditory evoked response was studied under three combinations of intensity and rate of click stimulation in 25 young and 25 old adult subjects. The responses show a great intra and inter subject variability. Waves 1, 3 and 5 are constant and reproducible markers of the response while waves 2, 4, 6, and 7 are variable and frequently asymmetrical or absent. Wave peak latencies increase with an increase in stimulation rate, a decrease in stimulus intensity and an increase in age. Interpeak conduction times, except those involving wave 2, are unaffected by a change in stimulus intensity. Wave 1-3 time increases with an increase in stimulus rate and an increase in age while wave 3-5 time is not affected by any change in stimulus parameters or age. Wave amplitude alone is not a reliable measure of normality. Normal values for peak latencies, interpeak conduction times and interear symmetry are presented. One tailed 95 and 99% confidence intervals for normal interpeak conduction times are presented with appropriate corrections for stimulus rate used and patient age. No corrections need to be made for changes in stimulus intensity. This suggests that no correction is necessary when studying patients with conductive type hearing deficits. Laboratories using the same stimulation technique appear to produce equivalent normative conduction time values.", "contents": "Normal variability of the brain-stem auditory evoked response in young and old adult subjects. The brain-stem auditory evoked response was studied under three combinations of intensity and rate of click stimulation in 25 young and 25 old adult subjects. The responses show a great intra and inter subject variability. Waves 1, 3 and 5 are constant and reproducible markers of the response while waves 2, 4, 6, and 7 are variable and frequently asymmetrical or absent. Wave peak latencies increase with an increase in stimulation rate, a decrease in stimulus intensity and an increase in age. Interpeak conduction times, except those involving wave 2, are unaffected by a change in stimulus intensity. Wave 1-3 time increases with an increase in stimulus rate and an increase in age while wave 3-5 time is not affected by any change in stimulus parameters or age. Wave amplitude alone is not a reliable measure of normality. Normal values for peak latencies, interpeak conduction times and interear symmetry are presented. One tailed 95 and 99% confidence intervals for normal interpeak conduction times are presented with appropriate corrections for stimulus rate used and patient age. No corrections need to be made for changes in stimulus intensity. This suggests that no correction is necessary when studying patients with conductive type hearing deficits. Laboratories using the same stimulation technique appear to produce equivalent normative conduction time values.", "PMID": 76554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6250", "title": "Electroencephalographic studies in multiple sclerosis. Specific changes in benign multiple sclerosis.", "content": "EEG changes were analysed in a group of 260 patients with definite multiple sclerosis, 156 women and 104 men, average age 38.8, at different stages of the disease. Among 103 patients with an evolution up to 5 years, 34% had significantly abnormal EEG'S while in 157 patients with an evolution from 5 to 45 years abnormal records were obtained in 47.8%. The larger group showed EEG differences between benign (66 patients), malignant (23 patients) and moderate courses (68 patients) patients. The frequency of abnormal and doubtful EEGs was highest in the benign group (80.4%) and largest in the malignant group (24.1%). The main characteristic in malignant multiple sclerosis in the steadily progressive stage was a flat EEG. There was also a significant correlation between a flat EEG and intellectual deficit. In benign multiple sclerosis the dominant activities were slow (6-10 c/sec) and high voltage (80-180 muV) alpha-theta rhythms spreading all over the cortex, usually associated with \"centrencephalic\" discharges. A self-limiting effect of lesions around the 3rd ventricle on auto-agressive immunological processes is proposed.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic studies in multiple sclerosis. Specific changes in benign multiple sclerosis. EEG changes were analysed in a group of 260 patients with definite multiple sclerosis, 156 women and 104 men, average age 38.8, at different stages of the disease. Among 103 patients with an evolution up to 5 years, 34% had significantly abnormal EEG'S while in 157 patients with an evolution from 5 to 45 years abnormal records were obtained in 47.8%. The larger group showed EEG differences between benign (66 patients), malignant (23 patients) and moderate courses (68 patients) patients. The frequency of abnormal and doubtful EEGs was highest in the benign group (80.4%) and largest in the malignant group (24.1%). The main characteristic in malignant multiple sclerosis in the steadily progressive stage was a flat EEG. There was also a significant correlation between a flat EEG and intellectual deficit. In benign multiple sclerosis the dominant activities were slow (6-10 c/sec) and high voltage (80-180 muV) alpha-theta rhythms spreading all over the cortex, usually associated with \"centrencephalic\" discharges. A self-limiting effect of lesions around the 3rd ventricle on auto-agressive immunological processes is proposed.", "PMID": 76555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6251", "title": "Interhemispheric relationships of reponses to sine wave modulated light in normal subjects and patients.", "content": "(1) The interhemispheric amplitude correlations of the fundamental (A1) and second harmonic (A2) components of responses to sine wave modulated light were determined in the occipital, parietal and temporal scalp areas of a group of normal subjects and a group of patients with unilateral irritative EEG phenomena. The interhemispheric amplitude correlation was computed at 10- and 16-c/sec stimulation frequencies and under 3 conditions: no modulation and no attention (M-, A-), modulation 30%, and no attention (M+, A-) and modulation 30% and attention (M+, A+). The correlations wre expressed in the rank correlation coefficient of Kendall (rK). (2) Analysis of variance revealed that the interhemispheric amplitude correlation of A1 in the normal group was significantly larger than that in the patient group at a stimulation frequency of 10 c/sec and under the conditions (M-, A-) and (M+, A-). (3) Both groups presented the largest correlation coefficients in the occipital scalp area. (4) In the normal group a significant increase of rK occurred under the influence of modulation. Attention caused a decrease of the correlation coefficient of A1. In the group of patients this influence was not clear. (5) The standard deviation of the mean interhemispheric phase differences was considered as a measure of synchrony of the response components between the two hemispheres. The smallest values of standard deviation were found in the occipital scalp area of the normal group at 10 c/sec stimulation frequency. Considerable variations between individuals were observed in both groups. (6) The correlation between the interhemispheric amplitude correlation (rK) and the interhemispheric synchrony was influenced by changing modulation depth from 0 to 30% and by introduction of attention, mostly in the group of normal subjects. This phenomenon was considered to support the theory that in patients with unilateral EEG disturbances the interhemispheric relations are different from those in normal subjects. (7) The findings as to amplitude correlation (rK) were the same under the condition (M-, A-) as under the condition (M+, A-).", "contents": "Interhemispheric relationships of reponses to sine wave modulated light in normal subjects and patients. (1) The interhemispheric amplitude correlations of the fundamental (A1) and second harmonic (A2) components of responses to sine wave modulated light were determined in the occipital, parietal and temporal scalp areas of a group of normal subjects and a group of patients with unilateral irritative EEG phenomena. The interhemispheric amplitude correlation was computed at 10- and 16-c/sec stimulation frequencies and under 3 conditions: no modulation and no attention (M-, A-), modulation 30%, and no attention (M+, A-) and modulation 30% and attention (M+, A+). The correlations wre expressed in the rank correlation coefficient of Kendall (rK). (2) Analysis of variance revealed that the interhemispheric amplitude correlation of A1 in the normal group was significantly larger than that in the patient group at a stimulation frequency of 10 c/sec and under the conditions (M-, A-) and (M+, A-). (3) Both groups presented the largest correlation coefficients in the occipital scalp area. (4) In the normal group a significant increase of rK occurred under the influence of modulation. Attention caused a decrease of the correlation coefficient of A1. In the group of patients this influence was not clear. (5) The standard deviation of the mean interhemispheric phase differences was considered as a measure of synchrony of the response components between the two hemispheres. The smallest values of standard deviation were found in the occipital scalp area of the normal group at 10 c/sec stimulation frequency. Considerable variations between individuals were observed in both groups. (6) The correlation between the interhemispheric amplitude correlation (rK) and the interhemispheric synchrony was influenced by changing modulation depth from 0 to 30% and by introduction of attention, mostly in the group of normal subjects. This phenomenon was considered to support the theory that in patients with unilateral EEG disturbances the interhemispheric relations are different from those in normal subjects. (7) The findings as to amplitude correlation (rK) were the same under the condition (M-, A-) as under the condition (M+, A-).", "PMID": 76556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6252", "title": "Excitatory and inhibitory components of the eyeblink responses to startle evoking stimuli, studied in the human subject.", "content": "Integrated EMG recordings have been used to study the eyeblink component of the human startle reflex. They have shown that the response, to either an auditory or a painful stimulus, consists of an initial excitation followed by a more prolonged period during which a second stimulus, of the same or different sensory modality, fails to evoke a response, or evokes one which is reduced in amplitude. The period of reduced responsiveness does not follow voluntary or spontaneous eyeblinks. Increasing the duration of the startle evoking stimulus has little effect on the excitatory component of the response, but prolongs the subsequent period of reduced responsiveness. When stimuli of one modality are presented repetitively to the subject, the eyeblink response is habituated; the response to a subsequent testing stimulus, of a different sensory modality, is then smaller than that evoked by the testing stimulus alone, but greater than that evoked by the testing stimulus when it follows a single conditioning stimulus. It is concluded that the excitatory and inhibitory components of the startle reflex are at least partially separable and that stimulus novelty has some significance in eliciting a response.", "contents": "Excitatory and inhibitory components of the eyeblink responses to startle evoking stimuli, studied in the human subject. Integrated EMG recordings have been used to study the eyeblink component of the human startle reflex. They have shown that the response, to either an auditory or a painful stimulus, consists of an initial excitation followed by a more prolonged period during which a second stimulus, of the same or different sensory modality, fails to evoke a response, or evokes one which is reduced in amplitude. The period of reduced responsiveness does not follow voluntary or spontaneous eyeblinks. Increasing the duration of the startle evoking stimulus has little effect on the excitatory component of the response, but prolongs the subsequent period of reduced responsiveness. When stimuli of one modality are presented repetitively to the subject, the eyeblink response is habituated; the response to a subsequent testing stimulus, of a different sensory modality, is then smaller than that evoked by the testing stimulus alone, but greater than that evoked by the testing stimulus when it follows a single conditioning stimulus. It is concluded that the excitatory and inhibitory components of the startle reflex are at least partially separable and that stimulus novelty has some significance in eliciting a response.", "PMID": 76557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6253", "title": "[Sleep in children with episodic sleep phenomena: a comparison with the normal child].", "content": "(1) The sleep pattern of 23 children, aged 5-12 years, with episodic nocturnal phenomena (night-terrors, somnambulism, rhythmic movements) was recorded during two successive nights. It was compared with that of a group of 21 normal children of the same age. (2) In the pathological group, slow wave sleep (SLP, stages 3 and 4) was significantly shortened during the 2 nights. This deficit mainly involved the first 3h of sleep. (3) As for the slow wave sleep, REM sleep (SP) modifications prevailed during the first hours of sleep. The first REM period was delayed and preceded by more numerous and atypical partial REM periods. The duration of the first REM period increased faster as a function of its latency than in the normal child. (4) In contrast with this difficulty for REM sleep to occur during the first part of the night, the subsequent REM sleep pattern was similar in the 2 groups (total REM sleep duration, mean REM period duration, mean REM cycle duration). For equal latencies, REM periods had similar duration. Finally, the total REM sleep amount was a linear function of the total sleep time, with more or less identical coefficients for the two groups. (5) The part played by these modifications during the first hours of sleep in the occurrence of night terrors and somnambulism is discussed.", "contents": "[Sleep in children with episodic sleep phenomena: a comparison with the normal child]. (1) The sleep pattern of 23 children, aged 5-12 years, with episodic nocturnal phenomena (night-terrors, somnambulism, rhythmic movements) was recorded during two successive nights. It was compared with that of a group of 21 normal children of the same age. (2) In the pathological group, slow wave sleep (SLP, stages 3 and 4) was significantly shortened during the 2 nights. This deficit mainly involved the first 3h of sleep. (3) As for the slow wave sleep, REM sleep (SP) modifications prevailed during the first hours of sleep. The first REM period was delayed and preceded by more numerous and atypical partial REM periods. The duration of the first REM period increased faster as a function of its latency than in the normal child. (4) In contrast with this difficulty for REM sleep to occur during the first part of the night, the subsequent REM sleep pattern was similar in the 2 groups (total REM sleep duration, mean REM period duration, mean REM cycle duration). For equal latencies, REM periods had similar duration. Finally, the total REM sleep amount was a linear function of the total sleep time, with more or less identical coefficients for the two groups. (5) The part played by these modifications during the first hours of sleep in the occurrence of night terrors and somnambulism is discussed.", "PMID": 76558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6254", "title": "REM sleep in primary depression: a computerized analysis.", "content": "REM sleep in 35 inpatients with primary depression was automatically analyzed for 7 consecutive nights during placebo administration. For the total night of sleep, as well as each individual REM period, the number of REMs, their total voltage integral over time, the sum of their durations and the average REM size were automatically calculated. Validity of these automated REM measures was established by significant correlations with manually scored REM measures. Changes in REM sleep across the night were also investigated. Similar to findings in normal subjects, REM time did not change from REM period to REM period. Average REM size increased significantly from REM period 2-3 and 3-4. Contrary to what is seen in normal subjects, REM frequency was high during the first REM period, significantly decreased from the first to second REM period and then remained constant. Finally, a significant inverse correlation between REM frequency for the first REM period and REM latency was noted. This pattern of REM sleep is interpreted as indicating a high pressure for phasic REM at the beginning of the night which is dissipated by the first REM period.", "contents": "REM sleep in primary depression: a computerized analysis. REM sleep in 35 inpatients with primary depression was automatically analyzed for 7 consecutive nights during placebo administration. For the total night of sleep, as well as each individual REM period, the number of REMs, their total voltage integral over time, the sum of their durations and the average REM size were automatically calculated. Validity of these automated REM measures was established by significant correlations with manually scored REM measures. Changes in REM sleep across the night were also investigated. Similar to findings in normal subjects, REM time did not change from REM period to REM period. Average REM size increased significantly from REM period 2-3 and 3-4. Contrary to what is seen in normal subjects, REM frequency was high during the first REM period, significantly decreased from the first to second REM period and then remained constant. Finally, a significant inverse correlation between REM frequency for the first REM period and REM latency was noted. This pattern of REM sleep is interpreted as indicating a high pressure for phasic REM at the beginning of the night which is dissipated by the first REM period.", "PMID": 76559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6255", "title": "'Alpha-pattern coma' and survival after cardiac arrest.", "content": "A case of survival despite on EEG in the alpha range during coma after cardiac arrest in connection with acute myocardial infarction is reported. The other 5 published cases are referred to. On the basis of the available literature it is concluded that it is impossible to determine the few patients who will survive despite 'alph-pattern coma'.", "contents": "'Alpha-pattern coma' and survival after cardiac arrest. A case of survival despite on EEG in the alpha range during coma after cardiac arrest in connection with acute myocardial infarction is reported. The other 5 published cases are referred to. On the basis of the available literature it is concluded that it is impossible to determine the few patients who will survive despite 'alph-pattern coma'.", "PMID": 76560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6256", "title": "Sleep patterns in cat induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid.", "content": "Intravenous injections of gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) (150-200 mg/kg) induce desynchronized sleep (DS) in the cat. This was shown by recording the EEG, eye-movements, the neck EMG, heart-rate and arterial pressure. The decreases in arterial pressure were not different from those recorded during naturally occurring DS. GHBA, given at doses above 200 mg/kg induced anaesthesia, during which arterial pressure was elevated. At the end of GHBA-induced sleep or anaesthesia there was a stage during which the animals were ataxic. The EEG showed a hypersynchronous spike pattern and arterial pressure was markedly elevated.", "contents": "Sleep patterns in cat induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid. Intravenous injections of gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) (150-200 mg/kg) induce desynchronized sleep (DS) in the cat. This was shown by recording the EEG, eye-movements, the neck EMG, heart-rate and arterial pressure. The decreases in arterial pressure were not different from those recorded during naturally occurring DS. GHBA, given at doses above 200 mg/kg induced anaesthesia, during which arterial pressure was elevated. At the end of GHBA-induced sleep or anaesthesia there was a stage during which the animals were ataxic. The EEG showed a hypersynchronous spike pattern and arterial pressure was markedly elevated.", "PMID": 76561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6257", "title": "A sample and hold amplifier system for stimulus artifact suppression.", "content": "A sample and hold amplifier system has been described which is capable of eliminating stimulus artifacts from a variety of biological recordings which would otherwise be impossible to interpret during electrical stimulation. Factors contributing to the prolongation of stimulus artifact are discussed in relation to the design requirements of this system. The application of this artifact suppression circuit to monitoring EEG seizures during electrical stimulation is demonstrated.", "contents": "A sample and hold amplifier system for stimulus artifact suppression. A sample and hold amplifier system has been described which is capable of eliminating stimulus artifacts from a variety of biological recordings which would otherwise be impossible to interpret during electrical stimulation. Factors contributing to the prolongation of stimulus artifact are discussed in relation to the design requirements of this system. The application of this artifact suppression circuit to monitoring EEG seizures during electrical stimulation is demonstrated.", "PMID": 76562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6258", "title": "Antigenic activity and mobility of bovine pituitary hormones.", "content": "The antigenic activity and mobility of bovine pituitary hormones; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) were studied with the aid of agar gel diffusion and electrophoresis. MSH and ACTH were the only hormones not demonstrating antigenicity. Tests by electrophoresis showed \"gamma\" mobility of the pituitary hormones exhibiting antigenic activity. The observation of antigenic determinants exhibiting identity with immunoglobulins suggests that the bovine pituitary gland houses immunoglobulin molecule and the various pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Antigenic activity and mobility of bovine pituitary hormones. The antigenic activity and mobility of bovine pituitary hormones; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) were studied with the aid of agar gel diffusion and electrophoresis. MSH and ACTH were the only hormones not demonstrating antigenicity. Tests by electrophoresis showed \"gamma\" mobility of the pituitary hormones exhibiting antigenic activity. The observation of antigenic determinants exhibiting identity with immunoglobulins suggests that the bovine pituitary gland houses immunoglobulin molecule and the various pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 76563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6259", "title": "Sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes and recruited T lymphocytes in a cell-mediated immune response to soluble antigen.", "content": "We have investigated the sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes (ITL) and recruited T lymphocytes (RTL) in the development of a T cell-mediated response to soluble antigens. Macrophages were pulsed with soluble antigens and used to sensitize ITL in vitro. The ITL were irradiated to prevent their proliferation and then injected into the footpads of syngeneic mice. Sensitized ITL were found to recruit immunospecific RTL in the draining lymph nodes, as determined by a thymidine uptake assay of the lymph node cells in vitro. The richest source of lymphocytes with ITL activity was the thymus, and progressively less activity was detectable among spleen or lymph node lymphocytes. The magnitude of the subsequent RTL response could be modified by genetic differences between the ITL and the antigen-pulsed macrophages that were used to sensitize them. Thus, ITL conveyed an immunogenic signal to RTL whose magnitude reflected the genotype of the macrophages, but whose specificity was directed by determinants of the soluble antigen.", "contents": "Sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes and recruited T lymphocytes in a cell-mediated immune response to soluble antigen. We have investigated the sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes (ITL) and recruited T lymphocytes (RTL) in the development of a T cell-mediated response to soluble antigens. Macrophages were pulsed with soluble antigens and used to sensitize ITL in vitro. The ITL were irradiated to prevent their proliferation and then injected into the footpads of syngeneic mice. Sensitized ITL were found to recruit immunospecific RTL in the draining lymph nodes, as determined by a thymidine uptake assay of the lymph node cells in vitro. The richest source of lymphocytes with ITL activity was the thymus, and progressively less activity was detectable among spleen or lymph node lymphocytes. The magnitude of the subsequent RTL response could be modified by genetic differences between the ITL and the antigen-pulsed macrophages that were used to sensitize them. Thus, ITL conveyed an immunogenic signal to RTL whose magnitude reflected the genotype of the macrophages, but whose specificity was directed by determinants of the soluble antigen.", "PMID": 76565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6260", "title": "Specificity of helper T cells for different antigens.", "content": "BALB/c nude mice have been injected with 10(6) congenic thymus cells, a number which allows some, but not all mice to respond to any particular T-dependent antigen. These mice have been tested for their ability to respond to three bacteriophages, T4, T7 and phiX, sheep and horse erythrocytes, and alloantigens of C3H and C57BL/6 mice. The number of mice able to respond to each of these antigens was of the same order of magnitude. Sheep and horse erythrocytes showed cross-reactivity at the T cell level, i.e. the responses to these two antigens were not independent. The same was observed for C3H and C57BL/6. Otherwise, the responses were independent showing that the antigens are recognize by different populations of specific helper T cells.", "contents": "Specificity of helper T cells for different antigens. BALB/c nude mice have been injected with 10(6) congenic thymus cells, a number which allows some, but not all mice to respond to any particular T-dependent antigen. These mice have been tested for their ability to respond to three bacteriophages, T4, T7 and phiX, sheep and horse erythrocytes, and alloantigens of C3H and C57BL/6 mice. The number of mice able to respond to each of these antigens was of the same order of magnitude. Sheep and horse erythrocytes showed cross-reactivity at the T cell level, i.e. the responses to these two antigens were not independent. The same was observed for C3H and C57BL/6. Otherwise, the responses were independent showing that the antigens are recognize by different populations of specific helper T cells.", "PMID": 76566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6261", "title": "Effects of hydralazine on canine muscarinic ganglion stimulation.", "content": "The effects of hydralazine upon the caudal pressor responses during occlusion of the abdominal aorta and vena cava evoked by: (1) preganglionic electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain, (2) neostigmine and (3) McN-A-343 were investigated in the anesthetized dog. Hydralazine (10 microgram/kg, i.v.) produced a small but significant reduction of the pressor response to lumbar electrical stimulation prior and following blockade of nicotinic transmission with chlorisondamine (1.0 mg/kg). However, hydralazine was not effective in blocking the pressor responses elicited by neostigmine and McN-A-343. On the other hand, small doses of atropine (20 microgram/kg) produced a blockade of residual pressor responses evoked by all three stimuli. On the basis of these findings, the site of action of hydralazine appears to be different from that of atropine. It is proposed that hydralazine affects ganglionic transmission by acting at sites other than muscarinic in nature.", "contents": "Effects of hydralazine on canine muscarinic ganglion stimulation. The effects of hydralazine upon the caudal pressor responses during occlusion of the abdominal aorta and vena cava evoked by: (1) preganglionic electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain, (2) neostigmine and (3) McN-A-343 were investigated in the anesthetized dog. Hydralazine (10 microgram/kg, i.v.) produced a small but significant reduction of the pressor response to lumbar electrical stimulation prior and following blockade of nicotinic transmission with chlorisondamine (1.0 mg/kg). However, hydralazine was not effective in blocking the pressor responses elicited by neostigmine and McN-A-343. On the other hand, small doses of atropine (20 microgram/kg) produced a blockade of residual pressor responses evoked by all three stimuli. On the basis of these findings, the site of action of hydralazine appears to be different from that of atropine. It is proposed that hydralazine affects ganglionic transmission by acting at sites other than muscarinic in nature.", "PMID": 76567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6262", "title": "Cerebellar afferent projections from the perihypoglossal nuclei: an experimental study with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Details of cerebellar afferent projections from the perihypoglossal nuclei were studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled cells were observed bilaterally (with a preponderance ipsilaterally) in nuclei intercalatus and praepositus hypoglossi following injections in various folia of the entire vermis, paraflocculus, flocculus, fastigial nucleus, and the nucleus interpositus anterior and posterior. Relatively high densities of labeled cells were found in nucleus intercalatus following injections in the anterior part of the vermis, whereas labeled cells in nucleus praepositus hypoglossi were found more frequently following injections in the posterior part of the vermis. Labeled cells in the nucleus of Roller were found only following injections in the anterior lobe vermis, posterior vermal lobules VI and VII, in the flocculus and in the nucleus interpositus anterior. No labeled cells could be detected in the three subdivisions of the perihypoglossal nuclei following HRP injections in crus I, crus II, paramedian lobule, and lateral cerebellar nucleus. The distribution of the HRP positive cells indicated the presence of a topographically organized projection from certain regions of the perihypoglossal nuclei to different parts of the cerebellum. The afferent and efferent connections of the perihypoglossal nuclei in relation to a functional role in eye and head movements are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebellar afferent projections from the perihypoglossal nuclei: an experimental study with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Details of cerebellar afferent projections from the perihypoglossal nuclei were studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled cells were observed bilaterally (with a preponderance ipsilaterally) in nuclei intercalatus and praepositus hypoglossi following injections in various folia of the entire vermis, paraflocculus, flocculus, fastigial nucleus, and the nucleus interpositus anterior and posterior. Relatively high densities of labeled cells were found in nucleus intercalatus following injections in the anterior part of the vermis, whereas labeled cells in nucleus praepositus hypoglossi were found more frequently following injections in the posterior part of the vermis. Labeled cells in the nucleus of Roller were found only following injections in the anterior lobe vermis, posterior vermal lobules VI and VII, in the flocculus and in the nucleus interpositus anterior. No labeled cells could be detected in the three subdivisions of the perihypoglossal nuclei following HRP injections in crus I, crus II, paramedian lobule, and lateral cerebellar nucleus. The distribution of the HRP positive cells indicated the presence of a topographically organized projection from certain regions of the perihypoglossal nuclei to different parts of the cerebellum. The afferent and efferent connections of the perihypoglossal nuclei in relation to a functional role in eye and head movements are discussed.", "PMID": 76569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6263", "title": "Specific reaction of aloe extract with serum proteins of various animals.", "content": "We found that aloe extract contains a lectin-like substance which reacts with serum proteins of various animals. Furthermore, in human serum 2 proteins, alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, were shown to be reactive with aloe extract.", "contents": "Specific reaction of aloe extract with serum proteins of various animals. We found that aloe extract contains a lectin-like substance which reacts with serum proteins of various animals. Furthermore, in human serum 2 proteins, alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, were shown to be reactive with aloe extract.", "PMID": 76572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6264", "title": "Effect of aging on immune and tolerant states.", "content": "A model has been described for studying the effect of aging on the cellular events involved in the induction, maintenance, and termination of a central tolerant state representative of the natural tolerant state to self. This model may permit an approach to the examination of the immune status of subpopulations of T and B cells to self antigens during aging. Prelminary data with NBZ mice, which show signs of accelerated autoimmune disease, suggest a possible defect detected by changes in polyclonal activation of B cells. This defect appears to be at the B cell level and not to involve suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Effect of aging on immune and tolerant states. A model has been described for studying the effect of aging on the cellular events involved in the induction, maintenance, and termination of a central tolerant state representative of the natural tolerant state to self. This model may permit an approach to the examination of the immune status of subpopulations of T and B cells to self antigens during aging. Prelminary data with NBZ mice, which show signs of accelerated autoimmune disease, suggest a possible defect detected by changes in polyclonal activation of B cells. This defect appears to be at the B cell level and not to involve suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 76574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6265", "title": "In vitro correlate of tranplantation immunity: spleen cell migration inhibition in the lizard, Calotes Versicolor.", "content": "Sensitization to skin allografts in the lizard, Calotes versicolor, was assessed using the in vitro capillary migration inhibition (MI) assay. In the presence of the respective donor antigen, an appreciable degree of MI of sensitized spleen cells was observed as early as 4 days after grafting. A maximum level was attained on day 7 and this response was maintained as long as one month after grafting with only slight fluctuations in the level of MI. When the clinical manifestations of graft rejection culminated on day 35, the degree of MI was still at the maximum level. MI of allograft-sensitized spleen cells is an antigen specific event, and the same level of inhibition is observed whether the specific antigen is provided in the form of intact spleen cells or spleen extract.", "contents": "In vitro correlate of tranplantation immunity: spleen cell migration inhibition in the lizard, Calotes Versicolor. Sensitization to skin allografts in the lizard, Calotes versicolor, was assessed using the in vitro capillary migration inhibition (MI) assay. In the presence of the respective donor antigen, an appreciable degree of MI of sensitized spleen cells was observed as early as 4 days after grafting. A maximum level was attained on day 7 and this response was maintained as long as one month after grafting with only slight fluctuations in the level of MI. When the clinical manifestations of graft rejection culminated on day 35, the degree of MI was still at the maximum level. MI of allograft-sensitized spleen cells is an antigen specific event, and the same level of inhibition is observed whether the specific antigen is provided in the form of intact spleen cells or spleen extract.", "PMID": 76578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6266", "title": "Formation of free radicals from carcinogenic benz[c]acridines in the presence of proteins.", "content": "Formation of a free radical from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic benz[c]acridine derivatives in the presence of proteins was examined. When aqueous mixture of benz[c]acridine and protein was stirred for a long period, shielded from light, benz[c]acridines were converted into free radicals. Albumin had the greatest effect in accelerating the free radical formation, and the effect was smaller in globulin, histone, and deoxyribonuclease. The g-value of the free radicals thus obtained was 2.005. Intensity of the electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of the free radical from carcinogenic derivatives was higher than those of the free radical from noncarcinogenic derivatives. There was a corresponding correlation among the ESR signal intensity of the free radical formed from the mixed system of benz[c]acridine and protein, charge of the K-region or ring nitrogen of the compound, and carcinogenicity of benz[c]acridines.", "contents": "Formation of free radicals from carcinogenic benz[c]acridines in the presence of proteins. Formation of a free radical from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic benz[c]acridine derivatives in the presence of proteins was examined. When aqueous mixture of benz[c]acridine and protein was stirred for a long period, shielded from light, benz[c]acridines were converted into free radicals. Albumin had the greatest effect in accelerating the free radical formation, and the effect was smaller in globulin, histone, and deoxyribonuclease. The g-value of the free radicals thus obtained was 2.005. Intensity of the electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of the free radical from carcinogenic derivatives was higher than those of the free radical from noncarcinogenic derivatives. There was a corresponding correlation among the ESR signal intensity of the free radical formed from the mixed system of benz[c]acridine and protein, charge of the K-region or ring nitrogen of the compound, and carcinogenicity of benz[c]acridines.", "PMID": 76583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6267", "title": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of rat bladder cancer, BC-47.", "content": "Effect of clinically available chemotherapeutic agents on transplantable and tissue culture bladder carcinoma cell line, BC-47, which were syngeneic to host animals, was confirmed. Adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin possessed predominant antitumor activity. 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) also reduced the tumor load of the host after which the tumor began to grow at the site of inoculation. Alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard N-oxide (Nitromin), cyclophosphamide, 3,3'-dimesyloxydipropylamine tosylate (864T), and mitomycin-C possessed a weak activity, while antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil, 1-(1'=furyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207), cytosine arabinoside, and behenoylcytosine arabinoside possessed no activity.", "contents": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of rat bladder cancer, BC-47. Effect of clinically available chemotherapeutic agents on transplantable and tissue culture bladder carcinoma cell line, BC-47, which were syngeneic to host animals, was confirmed. Adriamycin, vincristine, and bleomycin possessed predominant antitumor activity. 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) also reduced the tumor load of the host after which the tumor began to grow at the site of inoculation. Alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard N-oxide (Nitromin), cyclophosphamide, 3,3'-dimesyloxydipropylamine tosylate (864T), and mitomycin-C possessed a weak activity, while antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil, 1-(1'=furyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT-207), cytosine arabinoside, and behenoylcytosine arabinoside possessed no activity.", "PMID": 76584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6268", "title": "Enzyme-immunoassay of human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "An enzyme-immunoassay for the quantitation of human alpha-fetoprotein was developed employing the so-called sandwich method using filter paper discs as a solid-phase. Filter paper discs were activated with cyanogen bromide and the specific antibody to alpha-fetoprotein was covalently bound to the discs. The enzyme-labeled antibody was prepared by coupling the antibody to alkaline phosphatase with the aid of glutaraldehyde. The antibody-coated filter paper discs were incubated with the samples containing alpha-fetoprotein, which was bound to the discs, then the discs were incubated with the enzyme-labeled antibody solution. The enzyme activity bound on the discs was then measured, and was found to be proportional to the amount of alpha-fetoprotein in the sample. The present method provided an accurate measurement for human alpha-fetoprotein in test serum in a range of 40 approximately 1,000 ng/ml. The sensitivity was almost comparable to that of radioimmunoassay. alpha-Fetoprotein levels in the normal and patient sera tested with this method were in good agreement with the values obtained by the radioimmunoassay technique.", "contents": "Enzyme-immunoassay of human alpha-fetoprotein. An enzyme-immunoassay for the quantitation of human alpha-fetoprotein was developed employing the so-called sandwich method using filter paper discs as a solid-phase. Filter paper discs were activated with cyanogen bromide and the specific antibody to alpha-fetoprotein was covalently bound to the discs. The enzyme-labeled antibody was prepared by coupling the antibody to alkaline phosphatase with the aid of glutaraldehyde. The antibody-coated filter paper discs were incubated with the samples containing alpha-fetoprotein, which was bound to the discs, then the discs were incubated with the enzyme-labeled antibody solution. The enzyme activity bound on the discs was then measured, and was found to be proportional to the amount of alpha-fetoprotein in the sample. The present method provided an accurate measurement for human alpha-fetoprotein in test serum in a range of 40 approximately 1,000 ng/ml. The sensitivity was almost comparable to that of radioimmunoassay. alpha-Fetoprotein levels in the normal and patient sera tested with this method were in good agreement with the values obtained by the radioimmunoassay technique.", "PMID": 76585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6269", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in benign liver disease. Evidence that normal liver regeneration does not induce AFP synthesis.", "content": "One hundred sera samples, obtained during the early postoperative period from 11 patients after a partial hepatectomy, were assayed for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). None were AFP-positive by radioimmunoassay, despite clinical and biochemical recovery associated with normal liver regeneration. AFP was elevated in 29% of patients with acute hepatitis, 34% of patients with chronic active hepatitis, and in 75% of patients with massive hepatic necrosis. The mechanism and significance of AFP elevations in some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis is uncertain but probably does not reflect normal liver regeneration.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in benign liver disease. Evidence that normal liver regeneration does not induce AFP synthesis. One hundred sera samples, obtained during the early postoperative period from 11 patients after a partial hepatectomy, were assayed for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). None were AFP-positive by radioimmunoassay, despite clinical and biochemical recovery associated with normal liver regeneration. AFP was elevated in 29% of patients with acute hepatitis, 34% of patients with chronic active hepatitis, and in 75% of patients with massive hepatic necrosis. The mechanism and significance of AFP elevations in some patients with acute and chronic hepatitis is uncertain but probably does not reflect normal liver regeneration.", "PMID": 76587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6270", "title": "Hyperviscosity syndrome attributable to hyperglobulinemia in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "A young women with clinical and histological features of chronic active hepatitis was noted to have extremely high levels of immunoglobulin (14.6 g per dl). This was associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome, diffuse coagulation abnormalities, and renal insufficiency in the absence of severe liver disease. Correction of these features occurred with plasmapheresis before corticosteroid therapy was begun. A similar group of persons with very high gamma-globulin levels, described previously under the heading of \"plasma cell hepatitis,\" may form a distinct and rare subgroup of chronic active hepatitis patients.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity syndrome attributable to hyperglobulinemia in chronic active hepatitis. A young women with clinical and histological features of chronic active hepatitis was noted to have extremely high levels of immunoglobulin (14.6 g per dl). This was associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome, diffuse coagulation abnormalities, and renal insufficiency in the absence of severe liver disease. Correction of these features occurred with plasmapheresis before corticosteroid therapy was begun. A similar group of persons with very high gamma-globulin levels, described previously under the heading of \"plasma cell hepatitis,\" may form a distinct and rare subgroup of chronic active hepatitis patients.", "PMID": 76588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6271", "title": "[Selection for fertility under gestagen synchronization of estrus in mice].", "content": "The results of selection of mice for the selection index, with the use of gestagenic synchronization of oestrus for 12 generations, allows to affirm that: The synchronization effect decreases with successive generations, which is connected with the existence of a negative correlation between the synchronizability and fertility. The selection effect in the control population was higher than that in experimental one, subjected to oestrus synchronization. It can be supposed that gestagen dimishes the correlation between the genotype and the phenotype, thus decreasing the selection efficiency in the experimental population. A similar tendency was found for the number of implantations and litter size at the age of 1, 10 and 21 days after birth.", "contents": "[Selection for fertility under gestagen synchronization of estrus in mice]. The results of selection of mice for the selection index, with the use of gestagenic synchronization of oestrus for 12 generations, allows to affirm that: The synchronization effect decreases with successive generations, which is connected with the existence of a negative correlation between the synchronizability and fertility. The selection effect in the control population was higher than that in experimental one, subjected to oestrus synchronization. It can be supposed that gestagen dimishes the correlation between the genotype and the phenotype, thus decreasing the selection efficiency in the experimental population. A similar tendency was found for the number of implantations and litter size at the age of 1, 10 and 21 days after birth.", "PMID": 76591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6272", "title": "A new rapid method for selective extraction of RNA from fixed mammalian tissues.", "content": "Treatment of formalin-fixed mammalian tissues with concentrated or 50% phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20 and 50 min. respectively reveals complete extraction of RNA as judged by methyl green followed by staining with pyronin. This procedure also causes depolymerisation of DNA as indicated by the red staining of the nuclei. Sections treated with concentrated phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 30 min. causes disruption of the double helical structure of DNA what results in the depression of the pyronin staining. Similarly treated sections show Feulgen positive nuclei. Treatment of sections in 25 % phosphoric acid at 60 degrees C for 15 min. followed by staining with methyl green and pyronin show red nuclei, nucleoli and the cytoplasm. This indicates that extraction of RNA is only possible in cold and not at elevated temperature.", "contents": "A new rapid method for selective extraction of RNA from fixed mammalian tissues. Treatment of formalin-fixed mammalian tissues with concentrated or 50% phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20 and 50 min. respectively reveals complete extraction of RNA as judged by methyl green followed by staining with pyronin. This procedure also causes depolymerisation of DNA as indicated by the red staining of the nuclei. Sections treated with concentrated phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 30 min. causes disruption of the double helical structure of DNA what results in the depression of the pyronin staining. Similarly treated sections show Feulgen positive nuclei. Treatment of sections in 25 % phosphoric acid at 60 degrees C for 15 min. followed by staining with methyl green and pyronin show red nuclei, nucleoli and the cytoplasm. This indicates that extraction of RNA is only possible in cold and not at elevated temperature.", "PMID": 76598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6273", "title": "Effect of tepa, shikonin and ecdysone on the alkaline phosphatase in the larvae Aedes aegypti (L.).", "content": "Effect of shikonin, tapa and ecdysone was studied on the activity of alkaline phosphatase by biochemical and histochemical methods. Tepa and shikonin (sterilants) inhibited the enzyme activity while ecdysone slightly increased the activity. This behaviour has been discussed in the present paper.", "contents": "Effect of tepa, shikonin and ecdysone on the alkaline phosphatase in the larvae Aedes aegypti (L.). Effect of shikonin, tapa and ecdysone was studied on the activity of alkaline phosphatase by biochemical and histochemical methods. Tepa and shikonin (sterilants) inhibited the enzyme activity while ecdysone slightly increased the activity. This behaviour has been discussed in the present paper.", "PMID": 76599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6274", "title": "[Rapid cytological staining in gynecology].", "content": "It is reported on a new method of rapid cytological staining permitting valid assessment of pathological changes in the genital area, cytohormonal findings, and criteria of malignancy. The staining technique is simple, inexpensive and quick (2 minutes) and can be performed during daily routine work. The smear can immediately be evaluated and discussed with the patient. For documentation of the results the same criteria apply as in normal cytological diagnosis. Another advantage is the durability of the smears thus permitting later comparison.", "contents": "[Rapid cytological staining in gynecology]. It is reported on a new method of rapid cytological staining permitting valid assessment of pathological changes in the genital area, cytohormonal findings, and criteria of malignancy. The staining technique is simple, inexpensive and quick (2 minutes) and can be performed during daily routine work. The smear can immediately be evaluated and discussed with the patient. For documentation of the results the same criteria apply as in normal cytological diagnosis. Another advantage is the durability of the smears thus permitting later comparison.", "PMID": 76601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6275", "title": "The elimination in dogs of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes inactivated by the Kazal or the Kunitz inhibitor.", "content": "The elimination of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and similar complexes with the trypsin inactivated by low-molecular weight inhibitor was studied in anesthetized dogs. The complex was inactivated either by the Kazal (pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, PSTI) or the Kunitz inhibitor (Trasylol BE). The inhibitors were labelled with 125I and in the case of the trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complex the trypsin was labelled with 125I. All of the inactivated complexes exhibited a half-life of about 5 min in the dog. The elimination in plasma was exponential until 80 - 85% of the initial dose was cleared in 30 min and nearly negligible thereafter as seen by radioactivity measurements. Simultaneously increasing amounts of dialyzable radioactive substances with a lower molecular weight than the inhibitors were recovered in the urine. No significant differences in the elimination of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes were detected in plasma or in the urine before and after inactivation with the Kazal inhibitor (PSTI) or the Kunitz inhibitor (Trasylol BE).", "contents": "The elimination in dogs of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes inactivated by the Kazal or the Kunitz inhibitor. The elimination of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and similar complexes with the trypsin inactivated by low-molecular weight inhibitor was studied in anesthetized dogs. The complex was inactivated either by the Kazal (pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, PSTI) or the Kunitz inhibitor (Trasylol BE). The inhibitors were labelled with 125I and in the case of the trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complex the trypsin was labelled with 125I. All of the inactivated complexes exhibited a half-life of about 5 min in the dog. The elimination in plasma was exponential until 80 - 85% of the initial dose was cleared in 30 min and nearly negligible thereafter as seen by radioactivity measurements. Simultaneously increasing amounts of dialyzable radioactive substances with a lower molecular weight than the inhibitors were recovered in the urine. No significant differences in the elimination of trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes were detected in plasma or in the urine before and after inactivation with the Kazal inhibitor (PSTI) or the Kunitz inhibitor (Trasylol BE).", "PMID": 76602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6276", "title": "Synergistic cytotoxic effects of antibodies directed against different cell surface determinants.", "content": "Three antibody populations were raised in rabbits against surface antigens on guinea-pig L2C leukaemic lymphocytes: against idiotypic determinants on the lambda chain of the surface immunoglobulin, against C region determinants on the lambda chain, and against the surface antigens recognized by conventional anti-lymphocyte sera. Complement and K-cell cytotoxicities effected by the antibodies on L2C cells were studied in vitro. In both cytotoxic systems mixtures of the antibodies revealed synergy, in that the titres of the mixtures exceeded predicted additive titres of their components. The synergy was greater when the mixed antibodies were directed to determinants on the same molecule rather than to determinants on different molecules.", "contents": "Synergistic cytotoxic effects of antibodies directed against different cell surface determinants. Three antibody populations were raised in rabbits against surface antigens on guinea-pig L2C leukaemic lymphocytes: against idiotypic determinants on the lambda chain of the surface immunoglobulin, against C region determinants on the lambda chain, and against the surface antigens recognized by conventional anti-lymphocyte sera. Complement and K-cell cytotoxicities effected by the antibodies on L2C cells were studied in vitro. In both cytotoxic systems mixtures of the antibodies revealed synergy, in that the titres of the mixtures exceeded predicted additive titres of their components. The synergy was greater when the mixed antibodies were directed to determinants on the same molecule rather than to determinants on different molecules.", "PMID": 76604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6277", "title": "Immunodiffusion method for identification of group A streptococci.", "content": "The development of a method suitable for identification of group A streptococci by microprecipitation in gels is described. The method is based on preparation of specific sera containing high antibody levels agains the antigenic determinant characteristic of group A streptococcal polysaccharide. In a comparative study with a counterimmunoelectrophoresis method, the proposed test proved to be specific, easily read, and less complicated. Results were obtained in 2 h.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion method for identification of group A streptococci. The development of a method suitable for identification of group A streptococci by microprecipitation in gels is described. The method is based on preparation of specific sera containing high antibody levels agains the antigenic determinant characteristic of group A streptococcal polysaccharide. In a comparative study with a counterimmunoelectrophoresis method, the proposed test proved to be specific, easily read, and less complicated. Results were obtained in 2 h.", "PMID": 76608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6278", "title": "Existence of multiple immunodeterminants in the type-specific capsular substance of group B type Ia streptococci.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with group B, type Ia streptococci produce two distinct populations of protective antibodies. Evidence is presented indicating that these antibodies are directed against two major immunodeterminants which coexist in the specific type Ia antigen. Immunochemical data, using purified antibody preparations, indicate that the type substance, a sialic acid polymer consisting of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid, possesses two distinct immunodominant determinants, terminal sialic acid residues and a galactosyl oligosaccharide. Antibodies directed against either of these determinants were shown to possess in vivo and in vitro opsonic capabilities.", "contents": "Existence of multiple immunodeterminants in the type-specific capsular substance of group B type Ia streptococci. Rabbits immunized with group B, type Ia streptococci produce two distinct populations of protective antibodies. Evidence is presented indicating that these antibodies are directed against two major immunodeterminants which coexist in the specific type Ia antigen. Immunochemical data, using purified antibody preparations, indicate that the type substance, a sialic acid polymer consisting of galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid, possesses two distinct immunodominant determinants, terminal sialic acid residues and a galactosyl oligosaccharide. Antibodies directed against either of these determinants were shown to possess in vivo and in vitro opsonic capabilities.", "PMID": 76609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6279", "title": "Heterologous radioimmunossay of monkey alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Immunoelectrophoresis showed that rabbit anti-human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) cross-reacts with monkey AFP which was not detectable in the serum from an adult non-pregnant monkey. A heterologous radioimmunoassay of monkey AFP was developed using this antiserum which circumvented the need for purified monkey AFP. The radioimmunoassay is of sufficient sensitivity to measure AFP in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Heterologous radioimmunossay of monkey alpha-fetoprotein. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that rabbit anti-human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) cross-reacts with monkey AFP which was not detectable in the serum from an adult non-pregnant monkey. A heterologous radioimmunoassay of monkey AFP was developed using this antiserum which circumvented the need for purified monkey AFP. The radioimmunoassay is of sufficient sensitivity to measure AFP in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 76610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6280", "title": "Early postoperative bleedings after prostatectomy in the light of statistical figures.", "content": "A statistical analysis of intraoperative and early postoperative bleedings in cases of surgery for prostatic adenoma is presented, consideration being given to the surgical technique and to lethality. It has emerged that all patients having had intraoperative or early postoperative bleedings had been operated on by the Hryntschak method and all were over 60 years of age (average age 68 years). Age-matched patients operated on by the Freyer method had no major bleedings.", "contents": "Early postoperative bleedings after prostatectomy in the light of statistical figures. A statistical analysis of intraoperative and early postoperative bleedings in cases of surgery for prostatic adenoma is presented, consideration being given to the surgical technique and to lethality. It has emerged that all patients having had intraoperative or early postoperative bleedings had been operated on by the Hryntschak method and all were over 60 years of age (average age 68 years). Age-matched patients operated on by the Freyer method had no major bleedings.", "PMID": 76613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6281", "title": "Characterization of changes observed in the corneal endothelium with the specular microscope.", "content": "The specular microscope reveals little of the internal features of the corneal endothelium, but in certain experimental and clinical situations vague markings of four different appearances occur and indicate intracellular disturbances. Comparison of the specular microscopical appearances of the affected cells in vitro with stained flat-mount preparations of the same cells shows that three of the markings are due to intracellular vacuoles and the fourth to cell rupture. The differing specular microscopical appearances of the vacuoles are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of changes observed in the corneal endothelium with the specular microscope. The specular microscope reveals little of the internal features of the corneal endothelium, but in certain experimental and clinical situations vague markings of four different appearances occur and indicate intracellular disturbances. Comparison of the specular microscopical appearances of the affected cells in vitro with stained flat-mount preparations of the same cells shows that three of the markings are due to intracellular vacuoles and the fourth to cell rupture. The differing specular microscopical appearances of the vacuoles are discussed.", "PMID": 76617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6282", "title": "Demonstration of a progestin receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Cytosol from human benign hyperplastic and carcinomatous prostatic tissue has been shown to contain a progestin receptor with a dissociation constant of approximately 10(-9) M. The receptor was measured using 3H-labeled R 5020 (17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) as ligand. Progesterone, cyproterone acetate, and R 1881 (methyltrienolone) were efficient competitors to R 5020 for binding sites on the receptor whereas testosterone, 5 alpha--dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and several hydroxylated and saturated derivatives of progesterone did not compete. The [3H]R 2020-receptor-complex had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 4 S, an isoelectric point of approximately 5, was heat-labile, and was destroyed by treatment with trypsin but not with deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. Seventeen of 21 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and three patients with prostatic carcinoma had 1 to 40 fmoles of specific R 5020-binding sites per mg of cytosol protein. One sample of normal prostatic tissue did not contain significant amounts of progesting receptor. Tissue specimens removed by transvesical adenoma enucleation displayed a larger number of specific R 5020-binding sites than electroresected specimens. The progestin receptor in hyperplastic prostate may be involved in the mechanism of the action of progestins used in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Quantitation of progestin receptor in cancer of the prostate may form part of the basis of a predictive test program for endocrine therapy of prostatic malignancy.", "contents": "Demonstration of a progestin receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma. Cytosol from human benign hyperplastic and carcinomatous prostatic tissue has been shown to contain a progestin receptor with a dissociation constant of approximately 10(-9) M. The receptor was measured using 3H-labeled R 5020 (17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) as ligand. Progesterone, cyproterone acetate, and R 1881 (methyltrienolone) were efficient competitors to R 5020 for binding sites on the receptor whereas testosterone, 5 alpha--dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and several hydroxylated and saturated derivatives of progesterone did not compete. The [3H]R 2020-receptor-complex had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 4 S, an isoelectric point of approximately 5, was heat-labile, and was destroyed by treatment with trypsin but not with deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. Seventeen of 21 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and three patients with prostatic carcinoma had 1 to 40 fmoles of specific R 5020-binding sites per mg of cytosol protein. One sample of normal prostatic tissue did not contain significant amounts of progesting receptor. Tissue specimens removed by transvesical adenoma enucleation displayed a larger number of specific R 5020-binding sites than electroresected specimens. The progestin receptor in hyperplastic prostate may be involved in the mechanism of the action of progestins used in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Quantitation of progestin receptor in cancer of the prostate may form part of the basis of a predictive test program for endocrine therapy of prostatic malignancy.", "PMID": 76618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6283", "title": "An improved Timm sulphide silver method for light and electron microscopic localization of heavy metals in biological tissues.", "content": "Modifications of the Timm sulphide silver method for the demonstration of heavy metals are described. To improve the structural preservation of the tissues perfusion with a glutaraldehyde fixature is employed before perfusion with the sodium sulphide solution. For the subsequent staining for light and electron microscopy, procedures for plastic embedding, paraffin embedding and cryostat sectioning are presented. Examples from several tissues are shown, including the pituitary, pancreas, intestine, tongue, kidney, testis and brain. The staining of autolytic, postmortal human brain tissue is demonstrated.", "contents": "An improved Timm sulphide silver method for light and electron microscopic localization of heavy metals in biological tissues. Modifications of the Timm sulphide silver method for the demonstration of heavy metals are described. To improve the structural preservation of the tissues perfusion with a glutaraldehyde fixature is employed before perfusion with the sodium sulphide solution. For the subsequent staining for light and electron microscopy, procedures for plastic embedding, paraffin embedding and cryostat sectioning are presented. Examples from several tissues are shown, including the pituitary, pancreas, intestine, tongue, kidney, testis and brain. The staining of autolytic, postmortal human brain tissue is demonstrated.", "PMID": 76622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6284", "title": "Adaptation of the Naphthol Yellow S staining for objects with high protein content.", "content": "In measuring isolated rat liver cells stained with Naphthol Yellow S (NYS) at optimal conditions of pH (2.8), the absorbances measured at the absorption peak of 430 nm appeared to be far too high locally to enable accurate cytophotometric measurements. In order to bring down these absorbances, different techniques for flattening the cells, off-peak measurement and NYS staining at non-optimal pH levels have been applied respectively. Using albumin incorporated in polyacrylamide model films, the reliability of off-peak measurements and the quantitative aspects of the modified protein staining procedures have been investigated. It was found that the NYS procedure can be used as a quantitative protein staining not only at pH 2.8, but also at pH 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 respectively. The problem with regard to the cytophotometric measuring of isolated liver cells could only be solved, however, by combining a specially developed flattening procedure (by centrifuging small drops of suspension) with staining at non-optimal pH levels. In contrast to the model film results, off-peak measurements applied in situ appeared to give rather unreliable results. In cases of a combined Feulgen-NYS staining, the Fuelgen-DNA values were not significantly influenced by any of the modifications of the original NYS staining procedure.", "contents": "Adaptation of the Naphthol Yellow S staining for objects with high protein content. In measuring isolated rat liver cells stained with Naphthol Yellow S (NYS) at optimal conditions of pH (2.8), the absorbances measured at the absorption peak of 430 nm appeared to be far too high locally to enable accurate cytophotometric measurements. In order to bring down these absorbances, different techniques for flattening the cells, off-peak measurement and NYS staining at non-optimal pH levels have been applied respectively. Using albumin incorporated in polyacrylamide model films, the reliability of off-peak measurements and the quantitative aspects of the modified protein staining procedures have been investigated. It was found that the NYS procedure can be used as a quantitative protein staining not only at pH 2.8, but also at pH 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 respectively. The problem with regard to the cytophotometric measuring of isolated liver cells could only be solved, however, by combining a specially developed flattening procedure (by centrifuging small drops of suspension) with staining at non-optimal pH levels. In contrast to the model film results, off-peak measurements applied in situ appeared to give rather unreliable results. In cases of a combined Feulgen-NYS staining, the Fuelgen-DNA values were not significantly influenced by any of the modifications of the original NYS staining procedure.", "PMID": 76623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6285", "title": "[Artificial mesh in the reconstruction of the posterior auditory canal wall (author's transl)].", "content": "Mersilene mesh was used in the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal in 12 radical mastoidectomy and attico-antrotomy cavities. Reestablishment of a stable metal wall occurred in 7 patients. In 2 the mesh had to be covered with soft tissue in a second procedure. 3 implants required removal. This technique because of the 25% failure rate can only be recommended reservedly.", "contents": "[Artificial mesh in the reconstruction of the posterior auditory canal wall (author's transl)]. Mersilene mesh was used in the reconstruction of the posterior wall of the auditory canal in 12 radical mastoidectomy and attico-antrotomy cavities. Reestablishment of a stable metal wall occurred in 7 patients. In 2 the mesh had to be covered with soft tissue in a second procedure. 3 implants required removal. This technique because of the 25% failure rate can only be recommended reservedly.", "PMID": 76625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6286", "title": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli division by protein X.", "content": "We propose that protein X provides the connection between damage to Escherichia coli DNA and inhibition of septation and cell division. This connection is needed to guarantee that each new bacterium receives a complete DNA copy. We present several new experiments here which demonstrate that the degree to which septation is inhibited following damage to DNA is correlated with the amount of protein X that is produced. Rifampin selectively blocks protein X production. This drug was shown to allow cells whose DNA had been damaged by nalidixic acid to resume septation. Several mutants formed septa-less filaments and also produced protein X at 42 degrees C; rifampin both inhibited their production of protein X and permitted them to form septa and divide. Essentially complementary results were obtained with a dnaA mutant which at 42 degrees C stopped making DNA, did not produce protein X, and continued to divide; added bleomycin degraded DNA, induced protein X, and inhibited septation. These results, as well as previous observations, are all consistent with the proposal that protein X is produced as a consequence of DNA damage and is an inhibitor of septation. We suggest that septation could require binding of a single-stranded region of DNA to a septum site in the membrane. Protein X could block this binding by combining with the DNA. This control could provide an emergency mechanism in addition to the usually proposed coordination in which completion of DNA synthesis creates a positive effector for a terminal step of septation. Or it could be the sole coordinating mechanism, even under unperturbed growth conditions.", "contents": "Inhibition of Escherichia coli division by protein X. We propose that protein X provides the connection between damage to Escherichia coli DNA and inhibition of septation and cell division. This connection is needed to guarantee that each new bacterium receives a complete DNA copy. We present several new experiments here which demonstrate that the degree to which septation is inhibited following damage to DNA is correlated with the amount of protein X that is produced. Rifampin selectively blocks protein X production. This drug was shown to allow cells whose DNA had been damaged by nalidixic acid to resume septation. Several mutants formed septa-less filaments and also produced protein X at 42 degrees C; rifampin both inhibited their production of protein X and permitted them to form septa and divide. Essentially complementary results were obtained with a dnaA mutant which at 42 degrees C stopped making DNA, did not produce protein X, and continued to divide; added bleomycin degraded DNA, induced protein X, and inhibited septation. These results, as well as previous observations, are all consistent with the proposal that protein X is produced as a consequence of DNA damage and is an inhibitor of septation. We suggest that septation could require binding of a single-stranded region of DNA to a septum site in the membrane. Protein X could block this binding by combining with the DNA. This control could provide an emergency mechanism in addition to the usually proposed coordination in which completion of DNA synthesis creates a positive effector for a terminal step of septation. Or it could be the sole coordinating mechanism, even under unperturbed growth conditions.", "PMID": 76627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6287", "title": "Patient education in the community hospital.", "content": "Recent events have led to a favorable climate for the development of hospital-based patient education. A pilot model program in a community hospital is utilized to illustrate the variety of settings in which patient education is conducted, and includes: group classes, patient clubs, volunteer visits, individual instruction, community outreach, screening and detection programs, and behavior modification workshops. The use of television for inpatient education is highlighted in a discussion of media approaches and needs.", "contents": "Patient education in the community hospital. Recent events have led to a favorable climate for the development of hospital-based patient education. A pilot model program in a community hospital is utilized to illustrate the variety of settings in which patient education is conducted, and includes: group classes, patient clubs, volunteer visits, individual instruction, community outreach, screening and detection programs, and behavior modification workshops. The use of television for inpatient education is highlighted in a discussion of media approaches and needs.", "PMID": 76630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6288", "title": "Comparison of two aqueous biphasic systems used for the partition of biological material.", "content": "Two biphasic systems, both consisting of water, dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) but differing in the molecular weight of the latter polymer, Mr = 35 000 (systems A) and 6000 (systems B), have been studied. The phase diagrams for the two systems at 20 degrees are compared. The partition of proteins influenced by salts and the viscosity of the phases are direct functions of the difference in composition between the upper and the lower phase as measured by the lengths of the tie-lines found for the systems in the phase diagram. The solubility of gamma-globulin is 1.5-2 times larger in an A system than in a B system with corresponding tie-line. In both systems, poly(ethylene glycol) palmitate has less effect on the partition of serum albumin than would be predicted from the distribution of poly(ethylene glycol) and reflects the non-ideality of simple equilibrium models.", "contents": "Comparison of two aqueous biphasic systems used for the partition of biological material. Two biphasic systems, both consisting of water, dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) but differing in the molecular weight of the latter polymer, Mr = 35 000 (systems A) and 6000 (systems B), have been studied. The phase diagrams for the two systems at 20 degrees are compared. The partition of proteins influenced by salts and the viscosity of the phases are direct functions of the difference in composition between the upper and the lower phase as measured by the lengths of the tie-lines found for the systems in the phase diagram. The solubility of gamma-globulin is 1.5-2 times larger in an A system than in a B system with corresponding tie-line. In both systems, poly(ethylene glycol) palmitate has less effect on the partition of serum albumin than would be predicted from the distribution of poly(ethylene glycol) and reflects the non-ideality of simple equilibrium models.", "PMID": 76632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6289", "title": "Androgen receptor content of the normal and hyperplastic canine prostate.", "content": "A procedure was developed for measurement of androgen receptors in cytoplasmic extracts of prostates from intact dogs. The protocol utilized exchange saturation analysis at 15 degrees C employing the synthetic androgen R1881 (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) as the ligand probe and quantitatively detected total cytoplasmic androgen receptor (R(c), androgen-free receptor, and R(c)A, androgen-occupied receptor) present at the initiation of the assay. This protocol was employed in conjunction with a tissue mince saturation analysis procedure (for quantitation of nuclear androgen receptor) to quantitate total androgen receptor content of normal and hyperplastic prostates obtained from young (2.5- or 4.6-yr old) and aged (12.5-yr old) purebred dogs of known birth date. The total cytoplasmic androgen receptor content (picomoles per prostate) of hyperplastic prostates was 4.6-fold greater than that of normal prostates. The total nuclear androgen receptor content of hyperplastic prostates (picomoles per prostate measured in crude nuclear preparations) was either 5.0- (4.6-yr-old dogs) or 7.8-fold (2.5-yr-old dogs) greater than that of normal prostates. However, androgen receptor content per cell was identical for hyperplastic and normal canine prostates, with the exception that nuclear androgen receptor was diminished in prostates from 2.5-yr-old dogs. The cell content per gram dry weight was identical for hyperplastic and normal canine prostates. We conclude that canine prostate hyperplasia is characterized by coordinate proliferation of androgen receptor-positive and androgen receptor-negative cells and is not a consequence of increased accumulation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone due to proliferation of androgen receptors per prostate cell.", "contents": "Androgen receptor content of the normal and hyperplastic canine prostate. A procedure was developed for measurement of androgen receptors in cytoplasmic extracts of prostates from intact dogs. The protocol utilized exchange saturation analysis at 15 degrees C employing the synthetic androgen R1881 (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) as the ligand probe and quantitatively detected total cytoplasmic androgen receptor (R(c), androgen-free receptor, and R(c)A, androgen-occupied receptor) present at the initiation of the assay. This protocol was employed in conjunction with a tissue mince saturation analysis procedure (for quantitation of nuclear androgen receptor) to quantitate total androgen receptor content of normal and hyperplastic prostates obtained from young (2.5- or 4.6-yr old) and aged (12.5-yr old) purebred dogs of known birth date. The total cytoplasmic androgen receptor content (picomoles per prostate) of hyperplastic prostates was 4.6-fold greater than that of normal prostates. The total nuclear androgen receptor content of hyperplastic prostates (picomoles per prostate measured in crude nuclear preparations) was either 5.0- (4.6-yr-old dogs) or 7.8-fold (2.5-yr-old dogs) greater than that of normal prostates. However, androgen receptor content per cell was identical for hyperplastic and normal canine prostates, with the exception that nuclear androgen receptor was diminished in prostates from 2.5-yr-old dogs. The cell content per gram dry weight was identical for hyperplastic and normal canine prostates. We conclude that canine prostate hyperplasia is characterized by coordinate proliferation of androgen receptor-positive and androgen receptor-negative cells and is not a consequence of increased accumulation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone due to proliferation of androgen receptors per prostate cell.", "PMID": 76635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6290", "title": "Induction of allogeneic unresponsiveness in adult dogs. Role of non-DLA histocompatibility variables in conditioning the outcome of bone marrow, kidney, and skin transplantation in radiation chimeras.", "content": "Exposure to supralethal total body irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from a DLA- and pedigree-identical donor have regularly produced successful engraftment and the establishment of stable long-term chimerism in beagles of the Cooperstown colony. Bone marrow allografts performed in pairs of dogs bearing identical DLA haplotypes derived from different pedigree origins (i.e., different classes of the same haplotype) yielded two different results. Depending upon the particular haplotype pedigree combination used, such transplants either led to long-term chimerism or to failures of engraftment, secondary disease, and death of the recipients (i.e., pedigree-incompatible combinations). Radiation chimeras given bone marrow from a DLA-and pedigree-identical donor were challenged within 8-12 h after marrow transplantation with a renal allograft obtained from another DLA- and pedigree-identical donor. The recipients have remained unresponsive to such renal allografts and have survived indefinitely with normal renal function. In contrast, renal allografts obtained from donors bearing the same DLA haplotypes derived from pedigree-incompatible sources were rejected within 25-50 days after transplantation. The long-term surviving recipients have also been unresponsive to skin allografts obtained from their donor of marrow and the kidney donor. Skin grafts obtained from other DLA- and pedigree-identical dogs were rejected within 13-41 days, and grafts from DLA-incompatible donors survived for 10-25 days. These results highlight the potential importance of genetically controlled histocompatibility determinants other than DLA in conditioning allograft reactivity. The determinants uncovered in the present study appear to be linked to the DLA complex, as demonstrated by the ability of the pedigree origins of DLA haplotypes present in individual dogs to serve as an effective marker system for such non-DLA antigen(s). The results also point to the potential usefulness of the early postirradiation period for the induction of allogeneic unresponsiveness in large adult mammals.", "contents": "Induction of allogeneic unresponsiveness in adult dogs. Role of non-DLA histocompatibility variables in conditioning the outcome of bone marrow, kidney, and skin transplantation in radiation chimeras. Exposure to supralethal total body irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from a DLA- and pedigree-identical donor have regularly produced successful engraftment and the establishment of stable long-term chimerism in beagles of the Cooperstown colony. Bone marrow allografts performed in pairs of dogs bearing identical DLA haplotypes derived from different pedigree origins (i.e., different classes of the same haplotype) yielded two different results. Depending upon the particular haplotype pedigree combination used, such transplants either led to long-term chimerism or to failures of engraftment, secondary disease, and death of the recipients (i.e., pedigree-incompatible combinations). Radiation chimeras given bone marrow from a DLA-and pedigree-identical donor were challenged within 8-12 h after marrow transplantation with a renal allograft obtained from another DLA- and pedigree-identical donor. The recipients have remained unresponsive to such renal allografts and have survived indefinitely with normal renal function. In contrast, renal allografts obtained from donors bearing the same DLA haplotypes derived from pedigree-incompatible sources were rejected within 25-50 days after transplantation. The long-term surviving recipients have also been unresponsive to skin allografts obtained from their donor of marrow and the kidney donor. Skin grafts obtained from other DLA- and pedigree-identical dogs were rejected within 13-41 days, and grafts from DLA-incompatible donors survived for 10-25 days. These results highlight the potential importance of genetically controlled histocompatibility determinants other than DLA in conditioning allograft reactivity. The determinants uncovered in the present study appear to be linked to the DLA complex, as demonstrated by the ability of the pedigree origins of DLA haplotypes present in individual dogs to serve as an effective marker system for such non-DLA antigen(s). The results also point to the potential usefulness of the early postirradiation period for the induction of allogeneic unresponsiveness in large adult mammals.", "PMID": 76636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6291", "title": "The assessment of developmentally disabled children with the WISC-R, Binet and other tests.", "content": "Administered the WISC-R, Revised Stanford-Binet, Bender, VMI, and WRAT to 50 children referred for a multidisciplinary evaluation of developmental disabilities. The correlations among the various WISC-R measures (Standard Scores and IQs) and Binet IQ were significant, with relatively strong relationships among the Binet IQ and those WISC-R subtests that require concentration, short-term auditory memory, visual-motor integration, and the acquisition of new learning. Data showed that the Binet MA correlated as well or better with the other tests than did the various scores from the WISC-R.", "contents": "The assessment of developmentally disabled children with the WISC-R, Binet and other tests. Administered the WISC-R, Revised Stanford-Binet, Bender, VMI, and WRAT to 50 children referred for a multidisciplinary evaluation of developmental disabilities. The correlations among the various WISC-R measures (Standard Scores and IQs) and Binet IQ were significant, with relatively strong relationships among the Binet IQ and those WISC-R subtests that require concentration, short-term auditory memory, visual-motor integration, and the acquisition of new learning. Data showed that the Binet MA correlated as well or better with the other tests than did the various scores from the WISC-R.", "PMID": 76637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6292", "title": "Staining properties and stability of a standardised Romanowsky stain.", "content": "An evaluation of the standardised Romanowsky stain of Marshall et al. has been made in a routine haematology laboratory. It was noted that this stain had several advantages over the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa stain used in most British laboratories. These advantages include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time, and reproducibility of results. These results are described in detail. The stability of the stock stain solution and of the 'working' stain (stock + buffer) has been studied by, respectively, thin-layer chromatography and visible spectroscopy. No change was detected in the composition of the stock solution at ambient temperature over a period of six months. Stability was unaffected by the composition of the container (polyethylene, PyrexTM, or soda-glass) or by daylight. The 'working' solution was stable for 3 hours. Thereafter a precipitate is formed, consisting of thiazine dyes and eosin in a molar ratio of approximately 2:1.", "contents": "Staining properties and stability of a standardised Romanowsky stain. An evaluation of the standardised Romanowsky stain of Marshall et al. has been made in a routine haematology laboratory. It was noted that this stain had several advantages over the May-Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa stain used in most British laboratories. These advantages include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time, and reproducibility of results. These results are described in detail. The stability of the stock stain solution and of the 'working' stain (stock + buffer) has been studied by, respectively, thin-layer chromatography and visible spectroscopy. No change was detected in the composition of the stock solution at ambient temperature over a period of six months. Stability was unaffected by the composition of the container (polyethylene, PyrexTM, or soda-glass) or by daylight. The 'working' solution was stable for 3 hours. Thereafter a precipitate is formed, consisting of thiazine dyes and eosin in a molar ratio of approximately 2:1.", "PMID": 76638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6293", "title": "Retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). I. Size and number of somata in eyes of different size.", "content": "Ganglion cell somata were drawn, measured and counted in flat-mounted crucian carp and goldfish retinas stained with cresyl violet or methylene blue. Some diameter histograms suggest that the ganglion cells can be divided into two populations with overlapping soma sizes: a large group of small cells and a small group of large cells, the latter constituting 2.5-5% of all ganglion cells. With increasing distance from the optic disc the mean soma diameter increases while the ganglion cell density decreases. In a peripheral growth zone close to the margin the ganglion cells become smaller again. The total number of ganglion cells in retinas of different size was calculated from the areas of the flat-mounted preparations and the cell densities in two representative regions. In the crucian carp population used in this work the total number of ganglion cells per retina was found to increase from roughly 140,000 (mean of 8 scattered value) to a full 200,000 between eye diameters 4 and 10 mm, this increase taking place mainly between eye diameters of 4 and 6.5 mm. Thus, due to a drastically decreasing cell density, the total number of ganglion cells increases only by a factor of about 1.5 while the retinal area becomes sixfold. During the same growth period the mean soma diameter increases by a factor of about 1.3 and the soma volume more than doubles. The optic nerve of a small crunated and myelinated axons were found. The axons in the optic nerve are, on an average, considerably thicker than the axons on the retinal surface.", "contents": "Retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). I. Size and number of somata in eyes of different size. Ganglion cell somata were drawn, measured and counted in flat-mounted crucian carp and goldfish retinas stained with cresyl violet or methylene blue. Some diameter histograms suggest that the ganglion cells can be divided into two populations with overlapping soma sizes: a large group of small cells and a small group of large cells, the latter constituting 2.5-5% of all ganglion cells. With increasing distance from the optic disc the mean soma diameter increases while the ganglion cell density decreases. In a peripheral growth zone close to the margin the ganglion cells become smaller again. The total number of ganglion cells in retinas of different size was calculated from the areas of the flat-mounted preparations and the cell densities in two representative regions. In the crucian carp population used in this work the total number of ganglion cells per retina was found to increase from roughly 140,000 (mean of 8 scattered value) to a full 200,000 between eye diameters 4 and 10 mm, this increase taking place mainly between eye diameters of 4 and 6.5 mm. Thus, due to a drastically decreasing cell density, the total number of ganglion cells increases only by a factor of about 1.5 while the retinal area becomes sixfold. During the same growth period the mean soma diameter increases by a factor of about 1.3 and the soma volume more than doubles. The optic nerve of a small crunated and myelinated axons were found. The axons in the optic nerve are, on an average, considerably thicker than the axons on the retinal surface.", "PMID": 76639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6294", "title": "Laminar differentiation of the hippocampus, fascia dentata and subiculum in developing rats, observed with the Timm sulphide silver method.", "content": "The laminar staining of the rat hippocampal region with the Timm sulphide silver method is from studies on adult rats known to depend on the various fibersystems terminating in these laminae. In order to illustrate the development of these fibersystems the laminar differentiation of the Timm staining of fascia dentata, hippocampus and subiculum is presented for rats between 1 and 31 days old. Corresponding changes in cytoarchitectonics as revealed by thionin staining are briefly demonstrated. Even on the first postnatal day there are indications of the mature, laminar staining pattern, and between three and nine days all the laminae corresponding to the terminal fields of the major afferent and intrinsic systems appear. After 12 days only minor additions to the laminar pattern develop, but there are adjustments of absolute and relative dimensions of layers and fields, and also the staining densities of individual laminae change. These observations are in good correlation with the available information on both hippocampal neurogenesis and cytodifferentiation, and the few fiber tracing studies performed on the developing hippocampal region. Compared to the latter, which ideally marks only one system or one lamina per animal, the Timm method provides an excellent means for getting an overview of the general developmental situation at the different ages. Thus developmental gradients along septotemporal, medio-lateral and basal-apical axes are found; which should be heeded in future studies on hippocampal synaptogenesis. The observations are discussed in relation to current models for neuronal growth and formation of nervous connections.", "contents": "Laminar differentiation of the hippocampus, fascia dentata and subiculum in developing rats, observed with the Timm sulphide silver method. The laminar staining of the rat hippocampal region with the Timm sulphide silver method is from studies on adult rats known to depend on the various fibersystems terminating in these laminae. In order to illustrate the development of these fibersystems the laminar differentiation of the Timm staining of fascia dentata, hippocampus and subiculum is presented for rats between 1 and 31 days old. Corresponding changes in cytoarchitectonics as revealed by thionin staining are briefly demonstrated. Even on the first postnatal day there are indications of the mature, laminar staining pattern, and between three and nine days all the laminae corresponding to the terminal fields of the major afferent and intrinsic systems appear. After 12 days only minor additions to the laminar pattern develop, but there are adjustments of absolute and relative dimensions of layers and fields, and also the staining densities of individual laminae change. These observations are in good correlation with the available information on both hippocampal neurogenesis and cytodifferentiation, and the few fiber tracing studies performed on the developing hippocampal region. Compared to the latter, which ideally marks only one system or one lamina per animal, the Timm method provides an excellent means for getting an overview of the general developmental situation at the different ages. Thus developmental gradients along septotemporal, medio-lateral and basal-apical axes are found; which should be heeded in future studies on hippocampal synaptogenesis. The observations are discussed in relation to current models for neuronal growth and formation of nervous connections.", "PMID": 76640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6295", "title": "A new concept of triggering mechanisms of IgE-mediated histamine release.", "content": "It is generally accepted that an initial step of reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is a bridging of mast cell--bound IgE antibody molecules by antigen. Since IgE molecules are firmly bound to receptors on mast cells, bridging of cell-bound IgE molecules probably brings receptor molecules into close proximity. A hypothesis was therefore presented that such a local change in membrane structure and/or possible interaction between adjacent receptor molecules may be triggering mechanisms of IgE-mediated histamine release. The hypothesis was tested by use of antibodies against \"exposed portion\" of receptor molecules on rat basophilic leukemia cells. It was found that antireceptor antibodies and its F(ab')2fragments induced noncytotoxic histamine release from normal rat mast cells without participation of IgE, while the monovalent Fab' fragments of the antibody failed to do so. However, sensitization of normal rat skin with the Fab' fragments followed by an intravenous injection of antirabbit IgG induced skin reactions. These findings support the concept that bridging of receptors rather than polymerization of IgE molecules is responsible for the activation of membrane-associated enzymes which in turn leads to histamine release.", "contents": "A new concept of triggering mechanisms of IgE-mediated histamine release. It is generally accepted that an initial step of reaginic hypersensitivity reactions is a bridging of mast cell--bound IgE antibody molecules by antigen. Since IgE molecules are firmly bound to receptors on mast cells, bridging of cell-bound IgE molecules probably brings receptor molecules into close proximity. A hypothesis was therefore presented that such a local change in membrane structure and/or possible interaction between adjacent receptor molecules may be triggering mechanisms of IgE-mediated histamine release. The hypothesis was tested by use of antibodies against \"exposed portion\" of receptor molecules on rat basophilic leukemia cells. It was found that antireceptor antibodies and its F(ab')2fragments induced noncytotoxic histamine release from normal rat mast cells without participation of IgE, while the monovalent Fab' fragments of the antibody failed to do so. However, sensitization of normal rat skin with the Fab' fragments followed by an intravenous injection of antirabbit IgG induced skin reactions. These findings support the concept that bridging of receptors rather than polymerization of IgE molecules is responsible for the activation of membrane-associated enzymes which in turn leads to histamine release.", "PMID": 76642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6296", "title": "Potential genetic risks from stationary magnetic field.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of Dede cell lines (Chinese hamster) was used to study the mutagenic effect of stationary magnetic field (SMF) and the combined effect of SMF and TEPA. Cytogenetic analysis showed a moderate mutagenic effect after exposure to SMF. In combination with TEPA, only the additive effect of the two mutagens was observed.", "contents": "Potential genetic risks from stationary magnetic field. Cytogenetic analysis of Dede cell lines (Chinese hamster) was used to study the mutagenic effect of stationary magnetic field (SMF) and the combined effect of SMF and TEPA. Cytogenetic analysis showed a moderate mutagenic effect after exposure to SMF. In combination with TEPA, only the additive effect of the two mutagens was observed.", "PMID": 76658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6297", "title": "Dissociated and reconstituted subcellular alloantigen capable of stimulating mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Reconstituted subcellular membrane fragments were prepared from sonicated murine lymphoid tissue membrane fragments by detergent solubilization and dialysis. The reconstituted subcellular antigen was compared with sonicated cell membranes and x-irradiated cells for the ability to stimulate the formation of allogeneic cytotoxic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. The results showed that the reconstituted subcellular antigen had properties similar to those reported for the sonicated antigen. Both types of antigen could stimulate immune spleen cells but not normal spleen cells. Furthermore, soluble H-2 antigens, even of membrane origin, were incapable of the stimulation unless reconstituted into membrane fragments large enough to be centrifuged at 48,000 X G for 30 min.", "contents": "Dissociated and reconstituted subcellular alloantigen capable of stimulating mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Reconstituted subcellular membrane fragments were prepared from sonicated murine lymphoid tissue membrane fragments by detergent solubilization and dialysis. The reconstituted subcellular antigen was compared with sonicated cell membranes and x-irradiated cells for the ability to stimulate the formation of allogeneic cytotoxic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. The results showed that the reconstituted subcellular antigen had properties similar to those reported for the sonicated antigen. Both types of antigen could stimulate immune spleen cells but not normal spleen cells. Furthermore, soluble H-2 antigens, even of membrane origin, were incapable of the stimulation unless reconstituted into membrane fragments large enough to be centrifuged at 48,000 X G for 30 min.", "PMID": 76659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6298", "title": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with purified plasma membranes.", "content": "Subcellular fractions were demonstrated to be effective in stimulating primary and secondary allogeneic CTL responses. 5' nucleotidase activity was used to assess purification of plasma membranes and stimulating activity was found to co-purify with the plasma membrane fraction of the cell. Electron micrographs of these purified plasma membranes showed the majority of the material to be in the form of vesicles of relatively heterogeneous size. The cytolytic T lymphocytes generated by incubation with purified plasma membranes demonstrated immunologic specificity.", "contents": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with purified plasma membranes. Subcellular fractions were demonstrated to be effective in stimulating primary and secondary allogeneic CTL responses. 5' nucleotidase activity was used to assess purification of plasma membranes and stimulating activity was found to co-purify with the plasma membrane fraction of the cell. Electron micrographs of these purified plasma membranes showed the majority of the material to be in the form of vesicles of relatively heterogeneous size. The cytolytic T lymphocytes generated by incubation with purified plasma membranes demonstrated immunologic specificity.", "PMID": 76660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6299", "title": "Virus-induced immune complex disease: identification of specific viral antigens and antibodies deposited in complexes during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.", "content": "Structural proteins of LCMV were identified and their role in the immune complex glomerulonephritis of LCMV carrier mice was examined. Purified LCMV contained three major polypeptides, a single nonglycosylated nucleoprotein with an estimated m.w. of 63,000, and two surface glycoproteins of 54,000 and 35,000. Deposition of nucleoprotein antigen in the glomeruli of LCMV carrier mice of several strains was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining with a monospecific antibody. In addition, Ig eluted from kidneys of three strains of LCMV carrier mice was shown by immune precipitation to react against all of major viral polypeptides of LCMV. Antibody from normal mice, and from mice with immune complex disease unrelated to LCMV did not show deposition of LCMV antigen in glomeruli, and Ig eluted from the kidneys of these mice did not react against LCMV antigens. Hence, mice infected at birth with LCMV and persistently infected throughout their life make antibodies to all the known structural polypeptides of the virus.", "contents": "Virus-induced immune complex disease: identification of specific viral antigens and antibodies deposited in complexes during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Structural proteins of LCMV were identified and their role in the immune complex glomerulonephritis of LCMV carrier mice was examined. Purified LCMV contained three major polypeptides, a single nonglycosylated nucleoprotein with an estimated m.w. of 63,000, and two surface glycoproteins of 54,000 and 35,000. Deposition of nucleoprotein antigen in the glomeruli of LCMV carrier mice of several strains was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining with a monospecific antibody. In addition, Ig eluted from kidneys of three strains of LCMV carrier mice was shown by immune precipitation to react against all of major viral polypeptides of LCMV. Antibody from normal mice, and from mice with immune complex disease unrelated to LCMV did not show deposition of LCMV antigen in glomeruli, and Ig eluted from the kidneys of these mice did not react against LCMV antigens. Hence, mice infected at birth with LCMV and persistently infected throughout their life make antibodies to all the known structural polypeptides of the virus.", "PMID": 76662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6300", "title": "The role of H-2 and H-2-like determinants in syngeneic and allogeneic cytostasis.", "content": "Specific sensitization against H-2 determinants was affected by immunizing allogeneic mice with spleen and lymph node cells in H-2 congenic combinations. Lymph nodes from the sensitized and non-sensitized mice were respectively cultured together with H-2 syngeneic tumour cell lines. The growth and viability of the tumour cells was subsequently measured by the amount of radiothymidine incorporation. If the tumour cells incorporated less isotope when cultured with the immune cells than with the normal cells this was termed 'cytostasis'. To identify the H-2 genes controlling the sensitization phase in the cytostasis assay, we studied the effect on different transplantable tumour target cells of lymphoid cells from mice sensitized against different congenic spleen cells. The results suggest that the cytostasis assay can can measure an in vitro specific response to H-2-incompatible sensitizing antigens, and that I--B incompatibility, together with K and/or D, is essential to produce effectors. Furthermore, H-2 allogeneic sensitization could induce cytostasis even against tumour cells syngeneic for the H-2 halotype of the responder strain. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The role of H-2 and H-2-like determinants in syngeneic and allogeneic cytostasis. Specific sensitization against H-2 determinants was affected by immunizing allogeneic mice with spleen and lymph node cells in H-2 congenic combinations. Lymph nodes from the sensitized and non-sensitized mice were respectively cultured together with H-2 syngeneic tumour cell lines. The growth and viability of the tumour cells was subsequently measured by the amount of radiothymidine incorporation. If the tumour cells incorporated less isotope when cultured with the immune cells than with the normal cells this was termed 'cytostasis'. To identify the H-2 genes controlling the sensitization phase in the cytostasis assay, we studied the effect on different transplantable tumour target cells of lymphoid cells from mice sensitized against different congenic spleen cells. The results suggest that the cytostasis assay can can measure an in vitro specific response to H-2-incompatible sensitizing antigens, and that I--B incompatibility, together with K and/or D, is essential to produce effectors. Furthermore, H-2 allogeneic sensitization could induce cytostasis even against tumour cells syngeneic for the H-2 halotype of the responder strain. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 76664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6301", "title": "Human alpha-fetoprotein in the epidermal cells of Bowen's disease.", "content": "Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) was demonstrated in clusters of atypical cells of an extensive Bowen's disease involving the pubic area. Frozen sections were studied by indirect immunofluorescence using monospecific rabbit anti-HAFP antiserum or purified rabbit anti-HAFP antibody followed by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin and by a direct technique using FITC-labeled rabbit anti-HAFP Fab2 fragments. Sections of fetal liver served as positive controls and sections of adult human skin and liver were used as negative controls. Preabsorption of the anti-HAFP antibodies with purified HAFP blocked the fluorescence. This finding adds Bowen's disease to the list of premalignant disorders which possess HAFP as an oncofetal marker of their malignant potential. HAFP might possibly enhance malignant behavior through interference with cellular immunosurveillance mechanisms.", "contents": "Human alpha-fetoprotein in the epidermal cells of Bowen's disease. Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) was demonstrated in clusters of atypical cells of an extensive Bowen's disease involving the pubic area. Frozen sections were studied by indirect immunofluorescence using monospecific rabbit anti-HAFP antiserum or purified rabbit anti-HAFP antibody followed by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin and by a direct technique using FITC-labeled rabbit anti-HAFP Fab2 fragments. Sections of fetal liver served as positive controls and sections of adult human skin and liver were used as negative controls. Preabsorption of the anti-HAFP antibodies with purified HAFP blocked the fluorescence. This finding adds Bowen's disease to the list of premalignant disorders which possess HAFP as an oncofetal marker of their malignant potential. HAFP might possibly enhance malignant behavior through interference with cellular immunosurveillance mechanisms.", "PMID": 76665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6302", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on the human immune response: comparison of one and three daily 1 gm intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone.", "content": "In spite of the increasing use of  single and multiple pharmacologic intravenous pulses of MPS for immunosuppression in various diseases, their immunosuppressive effects have not been documented. We treated two groups of six patients with classic RA unresponsive to conventional therapy with either one or three daily 1 gm intravenous doses of MPS and measured the immune response and clinical activity over 16 weeks. Lymphocytopenia with selective T lymphocyte suppression was noted 2 hr following each infusion, which was maximal at 6 hr with complete recovery 24 hr after each dose beyond which no lymphocytopenia or T lymphocyte depletion was seen. Preservation of skin test positivity to recall antigens such as PPD and histoplasmin, rise in antibody titers to the secondary antigens tetanus and typhoid, and primary antibody response to KLH were found in both groups after treatment. Serum gamma globulin concentrations were unchanged. Five of six patients receiving 3 doses and three of six receiving 1 dose had satisfactory improvement in clinical parameters, with maximal benefit seen within the first 4 days. Six patients still felt better at 4 weeks, and one patient in each group entered a clinical remission greater than 16 weeks. We conclude that higher and repeated doses of MPS caused neither greater lymphocytopenia nor more prolonged suppression of recirculating lymphocytes than the conventional oral doses. The clinical benefits stem from reduction of inflammation, and it is doubtful that pulse therapy by itself induced significant generalized immunosuppression.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on the human immune response: comparison of one and three daily 1 gm intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone. In spite of the increasing use of  single and multiple pharmacologic intravenous pulses of MPS for immunosuppression in various diseases, their immunosuppressive effects have not been documented. We treated two groups of six patients with classic RA unresponsive to conventional therapy with either one or three daily 1 gm intravenous doses of MPS and measured the immune response and clinical activity over 16 weeks. Lymphocytopenia with selective T lymphocyte suppression was noted 2 hr following each infusion, which was maximal at 6 hr with complete recovery 24 hr after each dose beyond which no lymphocytopenia or T lymphocyte depletion was seen. Preservation of skin test positivity to recall antigens such as PPD and histoplasmin, rise in antibody titers to the secondary antigens tetanus and typhoid, and primary antibody response to KLH were found in both groups after treatment. Serum gamma globulin concentrations were unchanged. Five of six patients receiving 3 doses and three of six receiving 1 dose had satisfactory improvement in clinical parameters, with maximal benefit seen within the first 4 days. Six patients still felt better at 4 weeks, and one patient in each group entered a clinical remission greater than 16 weeks. We conclude that higher and repeated doses of MPS caused neither greater lymphocytopenia nor more prolonged suppression of recirculating lymphocytes than the conventional oral doses. The clinical benefits stem from reduction of inflammation, and it is doubtful that pulse therapy by itself induced significant generalized immunosuppression.", "PMID": 76667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6303", "title": "Androgen binding in cytosols and nuclei of human benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue.", "content": "Androgen binding sites have been detected in cytosols and nuclear extracts from human benign hyperplastic prostatic (BPH) tissue with exchange assays using [3H]methyltrienolone and [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone respectively. The concentrations of binding sites and the equilibrium dissociation constants for the [3H]steroid-receptor interactions have been determined and the specificity of the binding has been examined. The observed properties of the binding sites are consistent with those characteristic of androgen receptors. The binding sites are present in nuclear extracts from all BPH tissue samples examined to date. The amount of binding detected in the nuclear fraction is higher than that found in the cytosol.", "contents": "Androgen binding in cytosols and nuclei of human benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Androgen binding sites have been detected in cytosols and nuclear extracts from human benign hyperplastic prostatic (BPH) tissue with exchange assays using [3H]methyltrienolone and [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone respectively. The concentrations of binding sites and the equilibrium dissociation constants for the [3H]steroid-receptor interactions have been determined and the specificity of the binding has been examined. The observed properties of the binding sites are consistent with those characteristic of androgen receptors. The binding sites are present in nuclear extracts from all BPH tissue samples examined to date. The amount of binding detected in the nuclear fraction is higher than that found in the cytosol.", "PMID": 76668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6304", "title": "Some properties of hepatitis B core antigen isolated from serum of infected humans.", "content": "The nucleocapsid of Dane particles (= hepatitis B core antigen; HBcAg) was isolated from human sera either positive or negative for e-antigen (HBeAg)--an apparent marker for the level of infectious hepatitis B virus in serum. HBcAg from the HBeAg-positive serum pool consisted of two distinct populations of particles, one with a buoyant density (d) of 1.358 g/ml and a sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) of approximately 110, and another with d = 1.25 to 1.30 g/ml and S20, w approximately 70. Only the latter type of particles was isolated from an HBeAg-negative serum pool. HBcAg was labelled with 125I-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, dissociated and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major and one minor polypeptide with apparent mol. wt. of 16000 +/- 500 and 68000, respectively, were detected. Another component have the properties of a glycolipid with a mol. wt. in the order of 10(3) was observed. After isoelectric focusing, HBcAg was recovered in fractions with a pH between 4.0 and 5.8, suggesting heterogeneity in isoelectric points.", "contents": "Some properties of hepatitis B core antigen isolated from serum of infected humans. The nucleocapsid of Dane particles (= hepatitis B core antigen; HBcAg) was isolated from human sera either positive or negative for e-antigen (HBeAg)--an apparent marker for the level of infectious hepatitis B virus in serum. HBcAg from the HBeAg-positive serum pool consisted of two distinct populations of particles, one with a buoyant density (d) of 1.358 g/ml and a sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) of approximately 110, and another with d = 1.25 to 1.30 g/ml and S20, w approximately 70. Only the latter type of particles was isolated from an HBeAg-negative serum pool. HBcAg was labelled with 125I-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, dissociated and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major and one minor polypeptide with apparent mol. wt. of 16000 +/- 500 and 68000, respectively, were detected. Another component have the properties of a glycolipid with a mol. wt. in the order of 10(3) was observed. After isoelectric focusing, HBcAg was recovered in fractions with a pH between 4.0 and 5.8, suggesting heterogeneity in isoelectric points.", "PMID": 76670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6305", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXIII: frequency distribution of dicumarol total clearance in rats.", "content": "The total clearance of dicumarol was determined in 172 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Clearance values ranged from 1.46 to 27.0 ml/hr/kg. Statistical analysis of a histogram of the total clearance values indicated a trimodal distribution, with modes at 6.28, 14.8, and 23.7 ml/hr/kg. The percentage of animals in each of these components was 60.5, 33.7, and 5.8. A previous study had shown that the total clearance of dicumarol was proportional to the fraction of nonprotein-bound drug in serum (serum free fraction) and that interindividual differences in total clearance of dicumarol in rats were due almost entirely to corresponding differences in the serum free fraction. Therefore, it is likely that the observed trimodal frequency distribution of total clearance values reflects a similar distribution of serum free fraction values of dicumarol. The frequency distribution curve for dicumarol total clearance is very similar to the trimodal frequency distribution curve for warfarin serum free fraction values in rats. This observation is consistent with the previously demonstrated strong correlation of serum free fraction values of dicumarol and warfarin in individual animals.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of coumarin anticoagulants XXXIII: frequency distribution of dicumarol total clearance in rats. The total clearance of dicumarol was determined in 172 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Clearance values ranged from 1.46 to 27.0 ml/hr/kg. Statistical analysis of a histogram of the total clearance values indicated a trimodal distribution, with modes at 6.28, 14.8, and 23.7 ml/hr/kg. The percentage of animals in each of these components was 60.5, 33.7, and 5.8. A previous study had shown that the total clearance of dicumarol was proportional to the fraction of nonprotein-bound drug in serum (serum free fraction) and that interindividual differences in total clearance of dicumarol in rats were due almost entirely to corresponding differences in the serum free fraction. Therefore, it is likely that the observed trimodal frequency distribution of total clearance values reflects a similar distribution of serum free fraction values of dicumarol. The frequency distribution curve for dicumarol total clearance is very similar to the trimodal frequency distribution curve for warfarin serum free fraction values in rats. This observation is consistent with the previously demonstrated strong correlation of serum free fraction values of dicumarol and warfarin in individual animals.", "PMID": 76673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6306", "title": "Relationship between functional castration and alpha-fetoprotein produced by hepatoma-bearing female rats.", "content": "In rats bearing Morris hepatoma No. 7777, serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) increased as tumour size increased. Hepatoma-bearing females remained in dioestrus once the tumour exceeded a cross-sectional area of 12 cm2. The following changes were seen in tumour-bearing rats compared to control animals: uterine wet weight was significantly decreased, the uterine epithelial mucosa was lower, castration cells developed in the anterior pituitary, and there was a 3- to 23-fold elevation in serum oestrogen levels. We conclude that circulating oestrogen is bound to AFP in hepatoma-bearing female rats and that in this bound state it is unable to exert its normal physiological actions.", "contents": "Relationship between functional castration and alpha-fetoprotein produced by hepatoma-bearing female rats. In rats bearing Morris hepatoma No. 7777, serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) increased as tumour size increased. Hepatoma-bearing females remained in dioestrus once the tumour exceeded a cross-sectional area of 12 cm2. The following changes were seen in tumour-bearing rats compared to control animals: uterine wet weight was significantly decreased, the uterine epithelial mucosa was lower, castration cells developed in the anterior pituitary, and there was a 3- to 23-fold elevation in serum oestrogen levels. We conclude that circulating oestrogen is bound to AFP in hepatoma-bearing female rats and that in this bound state it is unable to exert its normal physiological actions.", "PMID": 76675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6307", "title": "Whipple's disease and ankylosing spondylitis simultaneous occurrence in HLA-B27 positive male.", "content": "A 57 year old male had recurrent arthritis and uveitis for 34 years, spinal symptoms for 10 years, and malabsorption for four months leading to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and Whipple's disease. HLA-B27 was positive. Out of the four cases of Whipple's and ankylosing spondylitis in the literature, only one had been tested for HLA-B27 and was found to be negative.", "contents": "Whipple's disease and ankylosing spondylitis simultaneous occurrence in HLA-B27 positive male. A 57 year old male had recurrent arthritis and uveitis for 34 years, spinal symptoms for 10 years, and malabsorption for four months leading to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and Whipple's disease. HLA-B27 was positive. Out of the four cases of Whipple's and ankylosing spondylitis in the literature, only one had been tested for HLA-B27 and was found to be negative.", "PMID": 76676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6308", "title": "Cellular content of amniotic fluid as predictor of central nervous system malformations.", "content": "Prospective observations on 442 consecutive samples have confirmed that pregnancies with CNS malformations are regularly associated with an abnormal cellular content of amniotic fluid. A crude semiquantitative test of the cell content can give valuable clinical information in relation to borderline amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein values, and help to detect false positive AFP's.", "contents": "Cellular content of amniotic fluid as predictor of central nervous system malformations. Prospective observations on 442 consecutive samples have confirmed that pregnancies with CNS malformations are regularly associated with an abnormal cellular content of amniotic fluid. A crude semiquantitative test of the cell content can give valuable clinical information in relation to borderline amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein values, and help to detect false positive AFP's.", "PMID": 76677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6309", "title": "Topographical studies on intestinal microvillous leucine beta-naphthylamidase on the outer membrane surface.", "content": "The location of leucine beta-naphthylamidase on the outer surface of the microvillous membrane of rabbit small intestine was examined by analyzing the interaction of antibodies against leucine beta-naphthylamidase or another microvillous enzyme, sucrase-isomaltase complex, with microvillous vesicles having different relative amounts of these enzymes, in respect to vesicle agglutination, inhibition of enzyme activity, and electron-microscopic morphology. The results obtained indicate that leucine beta-naphthylamidase, or at least its antigenic sites, protrude about 10 nm from the outer surface of the microvillous membrane.", "contents": "Topographical studies on intestinal microvillous leucine beta-naphthylamidase on the outer membrane surface. The location of leucine beta-naphthylamidase on the outer surface of the microvillous membrane of rabbit small intestine was examined by analyzing the interaction of antibodies against leucine beta-naphthylamidase or another microvillous enzyme, sucrase-isomaltase complex, with microvillous vesicles having different relative amounts of these enzymes, in respect to vesicle agglutination, inhibition of enzyme activity, and electron-microscopic morphology. The results obtained indicate that leucine beta-naphthylamidase, or at least its antigenic sites, protrude about 10 nm from the outer surface of the microvillous membrane.", "PMID": 76678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6310", "title": "Localization of protein in the rabbit yolk sac splanchnopleur by two methods of autoradiography.", "content": "The distribution of protein labelled with radioactive iodine or tritium within cells of the yolk sac, after it was injected into the uterine lumen of pregnant rabbits, was studied by means of two autoradiographic techniques, one using the classical loop method of Caro & vanTubergen (1962), and the other using Normandin's direct deposition method (Normandin, 1973). The resolution of the latter method was found to be approximately 10 times more sensitive than that of the former (Hemmings & Williams, 1976); thus rendering the site of labelled protein easier to locate. Both techniques are reproducible, but the direct deposition method is easier to handle. Location of protein was detected within vacuoles, and sometimes free in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Localization of protein in the rabbit yolk sac splanchnopleur by two methods of autoradiography. The distribution of protein labelled with radioactive iodine or tritium within cells of the yolk sac, after it was injected into the uterine lumen of pregnant rabbits, was studied by means of two autoradiographic techniques, one using the classical loop method of Caro & vanTubergen (1962), and the other using Normandin's direct deposition method (Normandin, 1973). The resolution of the latter method was found to be approximately 10 times more sensitive than that of the former (Hemmings & Williams, 1976); thus rendering the site of labelled protein easier to locate. Both techniques are reproducible, but the direct deposition method is easier to handle. Location of protein was detected within vacuoles, and sometimes free in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 76679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6311", "title": "Characterization of an apparently nononcogenic Marek's disease virus.", "content": "A new isolate of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was described. This virus, SB, and a clone, SB-1, differed from pathogenic isolates in in vitro growth characteristics as described for other apathogenic isolates. Serologically, as with other apathogenic isolates, SB could be distinguished from pathogenic MDV and the avirulent turkey herpesvirus. SB failed to induce lesions characteristic of Marek's disease (MD) during a 6- to 11-week experimental period. Also, SB was nononcogenic in immunosuppressed chickens or in chickens inoculated with this virus in ovo. However, under those conditions, SB caused a cytolytic infection. The term \"nononcogenic\" rather than \"apopathogenic\" was therefore proposed to classify this and similar isolates. SB-1 protected chickens against challenge with either virulent MDV or the non-virus-producing MD tumor transplant, JMV. Possible mechanisms of protection are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of an apparently nononcogenic Marek's disease virus. A new isolate of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was described. This virus, SB, and a clone, SB-1, differed from pathogenic isolates in in vitro growth characteristics as described for other apathogenic isolates. Serologically, as with other apathogenic isolates, SB could be distinguished from pathogenic MDV and the avirulent turkey herpesvirus. SB failed to induce lesions characteristic of Marek's disease (MD) during a 6- to 11-week experimental period. Also, SB was nononcogenic in immunosuppressed chickens or in chickens inoculated with this virus in ovo. However, under those conditions, SB caused a cytolytic infection. The term \"nononcogenic\" rather than \"apopathogenic\" was therefore proposed to classify this and similar isolates. SB-1 protected chickens against challenge with either virulent MDV or the non-virus-producing MD tumor transplant, JMV. Possible mechanisms of protection are discussed.", "PMID": 76680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6312", "title": "A phosphonoacetate-resistant mutant of herpesvirus of turkeys.", "content": "A phosphonoacetate (PA)-resistant mutant of the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) was isolated and characterized. The mutant of HVT resistant to PA (HVTpa) replicated in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) culture in media containing 300 microgram PA/ml, whereas the replication of the wild type of HVT (HVTwt) was completely inhibited in DEF culture in media containing 100 microgram PA/ml. The HVTpa was distinct from the HVTwt in plaque morphology, but was indistinguishable antigenically and showed in vitro temperature sensitivity at 41 degrees C (3741 degrees C efficiency of replication was about 5). It replicated poorly in chickens and failed to provide complete protection against challenge with Marek's disease virus (MDV). The HVTpa-induced DNA polymerase had an apparent inhibition constant for PA, an apparent inhibition constant for pyrophosphate, and an apparent Michaells constant for dCTP about 10, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, greater than the constants for the HVTwt-induced enzyme and was also more thermolabile.", "contents": "A phosphonoacetate-resistant mutant of herpesvirus of turkeys. A phosphonoacetate (PA)-resistant mutant of the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) was isolated and characterized. The mutant of HVT resistant to PA (HVTpa) replicated in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) culture in media containing 300 microgram PA/ml, whereas the replication of the wild type of HVT (HVTwt) was completely inhibited in DEF culture in media containing 100 microgram PA/ml. The HVTpa was distinct from the HVTwt in plaque morphology, but was indistinguishable antigenically and showed in vitro temperature sensitivity at 41 degrees C (3741 degrees C efficiency of replication was about 5). It replicated poorly in chickens and failed to provide complete protection against challenge with Marek's disease virus (MDV). The HVTpa-induced DNA polymerase had an apparent inhibition constant for PA, an apparent inhibition constant for pyrophosphate, and an apparent Michaells constant for dCTP about 10, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, greater than the constants for the HVTwt-induced enzyme and was also more thermolabile.", "PMID": 76681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6313", "title": "Use of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay to evaluate antigenic differences in human breast cancers and melanomas.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition assay was used to compare the antigenic reactivity of 3 M KCl extracts of human tumors. Many extracts demonstrated strong reactivity with patient leukocytes, whereas others demonstrated weak or no reactivity, Extracts prepared from primary tumors or local recurrent tumors were more antigenic than extracts from involved lymph nodes or pleural effusions. The least reactive preparations were extracts made from specimens of liver metastases obtained at autopsy. A large standard extract tested at a standard concentration was useful for the evaluation of antigenic reactivity of human tumor extracts. It served as a point of reference in simultaneous tests with one blood sample from each individual, thus eliminating the influence of patient variation on extract reactivity.", "contents": "Use of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay to evaluate antigenic differences in human breast cancers and melanomas. The leukocyte migration inhibition assay was used to compare the antigenic reactivity of 3 M KCl extracts of human tumors. Many extracts demonstrated strong reactivity with patient leukocytes, whereas others demonstrated weak or no reactivity, Extracts prepared from primary tumors or local recurrent tumors were more antigenic than extracts from involved lymph nodes or pleural effusions. The least reactive preparations were extracts made from specimens of liver metastases obtained at autopsy. A large standard extract tested at a standard concentration was useful for the evaluation of antigenic reactivity of human tumor extracts. It served as a point of reference in simultaneous tests with one blood sample from each individual, thus eliminating the influence of patient variation on extract reactivity.", "PMID": 76682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6314", "title": "Transformation of human embryo cells with the use of cell-free extracts of a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (HUS-2): brief communication.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line HUS-2 caused the transformation of human embryo fibroblasts. This transformation included morphologic alteration, karyotypic change, and an increase in culture longevity. With the use of sex markers, multiple karyotypes confirmed that the human embryo fibroblasts were transformed, and the use of cell-free material further suggested the presence of a transforming virus. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in a particle with a specific gravity of 1.16 g/cm3 indicated the presence of an RNA type C virus. Evidence also suggested that the known mammalian type C viruses, routine cytopathic effect-inducing viruses, or mycoplasma were not the agents responsible for the transformation. That both the donor (HUS-2) and converted (HUE-T) cell lines cross-reacted with antisera prepared against HUE-T indicated a common antigen arising in the process of conversion of HUS-2 cells to HUE-T cells.", "contents": "Transformation of human embryo cells with the use of cell-free extracts of a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (HUS-2): brief communication. Cell-free extracts of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line HUS-2 caused the transformation of human embryo fibroblasts. This transformation included morphologic alteration, karyotypic change, and an increase in culture longevity. With the use of sex markers, multiple karyotypes confirmed that the human embryo fibroblasts were transformed, and the use of cell-free material further suggested the presence of a transforming virus. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in a particle with a specific gravity of 1.16 g/cm3 indicated the presence of an RNA type C virus. Evidence also suggested that the known mammalian type C viruses, routine cytopathic effect-inducing viruses, or mycoplasma were not the agents responsible for the transformation. That both the donor (HUS-2) and converted (HUE-T) cell lines cross-reacted with antisera prepared against HUE-T indicated a common antigen arising in the process of conversion of HUS-2 cells to HUE-T cells.", "PMID": 76683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6315", "title": "Endogenous mink (Mustela vison) type C virus isolated from sarcoma virus-transformed mink cells.", "content": "A previously described type  virus stock (designated PP-1R), isolated by cocultivating baboon cells with mink cells transformed by Kirsten sarcoma virus (64J1), has been further cloned and characterized. End point-diluted stocks of PP-1R have been obtained that are free of focus-forming activity and lack both Kirsten sarcoma and primate type C viral sequences. Nucleic acid hybridization experiments show that the cloned virus (MiLV) is an endogenous, genetically transmitted virus of the mink (Mustela vison). MiLV replicates in canine, feline, and 64J1 mink cells but not in an untransformed mink cell line. Multiple viral gene copies can be detected in the DNA of normal mink cells in culture and in normal mink tissues; related endogenous viral genes are also detected in several related Mustela species. The virus codes for a p30 protein very closely related antigenically to that of feline leukemia virus but contains p15 and p12 proteins that are antigenically distinct. The mink cell line, Mv1Lu, and its Kirsten sarcoma-transformed derivatives, 64J1, express relatively low levels of type C viral RNA related to MiLV and normally do not produce detectable levels of MiLV p30 protein or complete, infectious viral particles. Infection of sarcoma virus-transformed mink cells with baboon type C virus, however, can augment the level of expression of endogenous mink viral RNA and can result in the synthesis and packaging of mink viral RNA and p30 antigen in extracellular virions. Since the Mv1Lu cell line and its tranformed derivatives have become widely used in studies of retroviruses, the possibility of activating endogenous mink viral genes should be considered by investigators working with these cells.", "contents": "Endogenous mink (Mustela vison) type C virus isolated from sarcoma virus-transformed mink cells. A previously described type  virus stock (designated PP-1R), isolated by cocultivating baboon cells with mink cells transformed by Kirsten sarcoma virus (64J1), has been further cloned and characterized. End point-diluted stocks of PP-1R have been obtained that are free of focus-forming activity and lack both Kirsten sarcoma and primate type C viral sequences. Nucleic acid hybridization experiments show that the cloned virus (MiLV) is an endogenous, genetically transmitted virus of the mink (Mustela vison). MiLV replicates in canine, feline, and 64J1 mink cells but not in an untransformed mink cell line. Multiple viral gene copies can be detected in the DNA of normal mink cells in culture and in normal mink tissues; related endogenous viral genes are also detected in several related Mustela species. The virus codes for a p30 protein very closely related antigenically to that of feline leukemia virus but contains p15 and p12 proteins that are antigenically distinct. The mink cell line, Mv1Lu, and its Kirsten sarcoma-transformed derivatives, 64J1, express relatively low levels of type C viral RNA related to MiLV and normally do not produce detectable levels of MiLV p30 protein or complete, infectious viral particles. Infection of sarcoma virus-transformed mink cells with baboon type C virus, however, can augment the level of expression of endogenous mink viral RNA and can result in the synthesis and packaging of mink viral RNA and p30 antigen in extracellular virions. Since the Mv1Lu cell line and its tranformed derivatives have become widely used in studies of retroviruses, the possibility of activating endogenous mink viral genes should be considered by investigators working with these cells.", "PMID": 76684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6316", "title": "Marker rescue of endogenous cellular genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus gene encoding RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "Endogenous cellular genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus gene encoding RNA-directed DNA polymerase was studied, using a marker rescue assay to detect biological activity of subgenomic fragments of virus-related DNAs of uninfected avian cells. Recipient cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts were treated with sonicated DNA fragments and were infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus that encoded a thermolabile DNA polymerase. Wild-type progeny viruses were isolated by marker rescue with fragments of DNA of uninfected chicken, pheasant, quail, and turkey cells. The DNAs of these uninfected avian cells, therefore, appeared to contain endogenous genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase gene.", "contents": "Marker rescue of endogenous cellular genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus gene encoding RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Endogenous cellular genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus gene encoding RNA-directed DNA polymerase was studied, using a marker rescue assay to detect biological activity of subgenomic fragments of virus-related DNAs of uninfected avian cells. Recipient cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts were treated with sonicated DNA fragments and were infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus that encoded a thermolabile DNA polymerase. Wild-type progeny viruses were isolated by marker rescue with fragments of DNA of uninfected chicken, pheasant, quail, and turkey cells. The DNAs of these uninfected avian cells, therefore, appeared to contain endogenous genetic information related to the avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase gene.", "PMID": 76685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6317", "title": "Primate retroviruses: immunological cross-reactivity between major structural proteins of new and old world primate virus isolates.", "content": "The major 35,000-molecular-weight internal antigen (p35) of the squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) was isolated and partially characterized. Immunological analysis of SMRV p35 led to the demonstration of antigenic determinants common to SMRV and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). A broadly reactive competition immunoassay was developed utilizing antiserum to MPMV to precipitate 125I-labeled SMRV p35. Although the major structural proteins of MPMV and SMRV competed with equal efficiency in this assay, type B and type C oncornavirus proteins lacked detectable reactivity. Antibodies reactive with the major structural proteins of both MPMV and SMRV were observed in sera of several normal rhesus monkeys with known prior exposure to MPMV-infected animals. These findings demonstrate the ability of sera from naturally immunized primates to recognize broadly reactive interspecies antigenic determinants shared by the major structural proteins of type D oncornaviruses, and they suggest possible horizontal transmission of MPMV among rhesus monkeys. Although sera from a number of squirrel monkeys contained antibody to SMRV p35, the possibility that this latter reactivity was due to endogenous virus activation rather than horizontal transmission cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Primate retroviruses: immunological cross-reactivity between major structural proteins of new and old world primate virus isolates. The major 35,000-molecular-weight internal antigen (p35) of the squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) was isolated and partially characterized. Immunological analysis of SMRV p35 led to the demonstration of antigenic determinants common to SMRV and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). A broadly reactive competition immunoassay was developed utilizing antiserum to MPMV to precipitate 125I-labeled SMRV p35. Although the major structural proteins of MPMV and SMRV competed with equal efficiency in this assay, type B and type C oncornavirus proteins lacked detectable reactivity. Antibodies reactive with the major structural proteins of both MPMV and SMRV were observed in sera of several normal rhesus monkeys with known prior exposure to MPMV-infected animals. These findings demonstrate the ability of sera from naturally immunized primates to recognize broadly reactive interspecies antigenic determinants shared by the major structural proteins of type D oncornaviruses, and they suggest possible horizontal transmission of MPMV among rhesus monkeys. Although sera from a number of squirrel monkeys contained antibody to SMRV p35, the possibility that this latter reactivity was due to endogenous virus activation rather than horizontal transmission cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 76686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6318", "title": "Radioimmunochemical measurement of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Human acid phosphatases are ubiquitous phosphohydrolases that are present in most respiring tissues and cells. Specifically, human prostatic acid phosphatase is a unique enzyme within a vast family of acid phosphatases concerned with catabolic processes in cellular metabolism. The majority of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatases are of non-prostatic origin and are present chiefly in erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and other maturing cells in the bone marrow. The specific concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow is normally relatively low compared to non-prostatic acid phosphatases. Many falsely positive assays for total serum acid phosphatases and bone marrow acid phosphatases have been reported, particularly after traumatic marrow biopsy procedures and mishandling of blood samples in the clinical laboratory and in hematologic disease states. The disruption and lysis of whole blood and marrow cells can liberate non-specific acid phosphatases into the serum. Since standard enzymatic assays do not discriminate accurately prostatic acid phosphatase from non-prostatic acid phosphatase present in the serum spurious results can be realized. A preliminary experience with a promising radioimmunoassay for the specific measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow and serum is presented.", "contents": "Radioimmunochemical measurement of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase. Human acid phosphatases are ubiquitous phosphohydrolases that are present in most respiring tissues and cells. Specifically, human prostatic acid phosphatase is a unique enzyme within a vast family of acid phosphatases concerned with catabolic processes in cellular metabolism. The majority of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatases are of non-prostatic origin and are present chiefly in erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and other maturing cells in the bone marrow. The specific concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum and bone marrow is normally relatively low compared to non-prostatic acid phosphatases. Many falsely positive assays for total serum acid phosphatases and bone marrow acid phosphatases have been reported, particularly after traumatic marrow biopsy procedures and mishandling of blood samples in the clinical laboratory and in hematologic disease states. The disruption and lysis of whole blood and marrow cells can liberate non-specific acid phosphatases into the serum. Since standard enzymatic assays do not discriminate accurately prostatic acid phosphatase from non-prostatic acid phosphatase present in the serum spurious results can be realized. A preliminary experience with a promising radioimmunoassay for the specific measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow and serum is presented.", "PMID": 76687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6319", "title": "Reversibility of severe bleomycin-induced pneumonitis.", "content": "The use of bleomycin sulfate as an antineoplastic agent has been limited by its substantial pulmonary toxic effects. The exact incidence and prognosis of bleomycin-pneumonitis is unresolved. Although bleomycin pulmonary toxicity is thought to be dose-related, recent reports have emphasized severe reactions at low doses. Furthermore, severe pulmonary toxicity has been suggested to be progressive, irreversible, and ultimately, fatal. We report clinical, roentgenographic, and pathophysiologic recovery after severe, bleomycin-induced pneumonitis.", "contents": "Reversibility of severe bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. The use of bleomycin sulfate as an antineoplastic agent has been limited by its substantial pulmonary toxic effects. The exact incidence and prognosis of bleomycin-pneumonitis is unresolved. Although bleomycin pulmonary toxicity is thought to be dose-related, recent reports have emphasized severe reactions at low doses. Furthermore, severe pulmonary toxicity has been suggested to be progressive, irreversible, and ultimately, fatal. We report clinical, roentgenographic, and pathophysiologic recovery after severe, bleomycin-induced pneumonitis.", "PMID": 76689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6320", "title": "[The significance of beta2-microglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured radioimmunologically in the sera of 79 patients with malignant disorders and 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Elevated levels of beta2m and CEA were found in 11 out of 22 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas, which sets off this malignancy from chronic pancreatitis and other malignant tumors. Only 3 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas exhibited serum levels within the normal range for both parameters and none of the patients with chronic pancreatitis was shown to have elevated levels of beta2m. The simultaneous determination of beta2m and CEA suggests itself for the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy especially in the case of a tentative diagnosis of a pancreatic tumor.", "contents": "[The significance of beta2-microglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The concentration of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured radioimmunologically in the sera of 79 patients with malignant disorders and 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Elevated levels of beta2m and CEA were found in 11 out of 22 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas, which sets off this malignancy from chronic pancreatitis and other malignant tumors. Only 3 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas exhibited serum levels within the normal range for both parameters and none of the patients with chronic pancreatitis was shown to have elevated levels of beta2m. The simultaneous determination of beta2m and CEA suggests itself for the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy especially in the case of a tentative diagnosis of a pancreatic tumor.", "PMID": 76694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6321", "title": "Morphometric and morphologic evaluation of pulmonary lesions in beagle dogs chronically exposed to high ambient levels of air pollutants.", "content": "Beagle dogs (104) comprising one control and seven treatment groups were exposed 16 hours daily for 68 months to filtered air, raw or photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of sulfur or nitrogen, or their combinations. After a further 32 to 36 months in clean air, morphologic examination of lungs by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed two important exposure-related lesions. They were enlargement of air spaces in proximal acinar regions, with and without increases in the number and size of interalveolar pores, and hyperplasia of nonciliated bronchiolar cells. Proximal enlargment of air spaces was most severe, both subjectively and morphometrically, in those dogs exposed to oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, or oxides of sulfur with photochemically reacted auto exhause. In contrast, hyperplasia of nonciliated bronchiolar cells was most severe in dogs exposed to raw auto exhaust alone or with oxides of sulfur. The air space enlargement and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium correlated with functional impairment reported as occurring in these dogs. Foci of ciliary loss with and without squamous metaplasia were occasionally observed in trachea and bronchi. The observations indicate that enlargement of proximal acinar air spaces with some loss of interalveolar septa can develop in the absence of alveolar fenestrations. The persistnt nature of bronchiolar cell proliferations in such circumstances was also demonstrated. Two major toxicologic implications are (1) the production of permanent lung damage by much lower concentrations of pollutants than previously reported and (2) the apparent lack of additive or synergistic effects between oxidant gases and sulfur oxides.", "contents": "Morphometric and morphologic evaluation of pulmonary lesions in beagle dogs chronically exposed to high ambient levels of air pollutants. Beagle dogs (104) comprising one control and seven treatment groups were exposed 16 hours daily for 68 months to filtered air, raw or photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of sulfur or nitrogen, or their combinations. After a further 32 to 36 months in clean air, morphologic examination of lungs by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed two important exposure-related lesions. They were enlargement of air spaces in proximal acinar regions, with and without increases in the number and size of interalveolar pores, and hyperplasia of nonciliated bronchiolar cells. Proximal enlargment of air spaces was most severe, both subjectively and morphometrically, in those dogs exposed to oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, or oxides of sulfur with photochemically reacted auto exhause. In contrast, hyperplasia of nonciliated bronchiolar cells was most severe in dogs exposed to raw auto exhaust alone or with oxides of sulfur. The air space enlargement and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium correlated with functional impairment reported as occurring in these dogs. Foci of ciliary loss with and without squamous metaplasia were occasionally observed in trachea and bronchi. The observations indicate that enlargement of proximal acinar air spaces with some loss of interalveolar septa can develop in the absence of alveolar fenestrations. The persistnt nature of bronchiolar cell proliferations in such circumstances was also demonstrated. Two major toxicologic implications are (1) the production of permanent lung damage by much lower concentrations of pollutants than previously reported and (2) the apparent lack of additive or synergistic effects between oxidant gases and sulfur oxides.", "PMID": 76741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6322", "title": "Home monitoring of blood-glucose. Method for improving diabetic control.", "content": "64 diabetic patients measured their own blood-glucose concentration with \"Dextrostix' (Ames) and an 'Eyetone' (Ames) meter. The records made at home by 53 of these patients have shown that this led to a significant improvement in blood-glucose control. A majority (64%) were able to maintain \"good\" control (80% of blood-glucose recordings equal to or less than 10 mmol/l for periods as long as 478 days). This hitherto unobtainable degree of control of blood-glucose was achieved mostly with conventional insulin regimens of twice-daily 'Actrapid' (Novo Laboratories Ltd.) and 'Leo-Retard' (Leo Laboratories Ltd.). Adjustments of insulin dosage and type were found to be much easier and more predictable than with urine-glucose analysis. No significant complications were encountered. Hypoglycaemic episodes were less frequent. 70% of patients preferred blood-tests to urine tests and 92% would like to buy their own meter \"if the price was right.\" The results suggest that self-monitoring of blood-glucose by diabetics makes possible, for the first time, the achievement of near normoglycaemia. This may reduce the incidence of long-term diabetic complications.", "contents": "Home monitoring of blood-glucose. Method for improving diabetic control. 64 diabetic patients measured their own blood-glucose concentration with \"Dextrostix' (Ames) and an 'Eyetone' (Ames) meter. The records made at home by 53 of these patients have shown that this led to a significant improvement in blood-glucose control. A majority (64%) were able to maintain \"good\" control (80% of blood-glucose recordings equal to or less than 10 mmol/l for periods as long as 478 days). This hitherto unobtainable degree of control of blood-glucose was achieved mostly with conventional insulin regimens of twice-daily 'Actrapid' (Novo Laboratories Ltd.) and 'Leo-Retard' (Leo Laboratories Ltd.). Adjustments of insulin dosage and type were found to be much easier and more predictable than with urine-glucose analysis. No significant complications were encountered. Hypoglycaemic episodes were less frequent. 70% of patients preferred blood-tests to urine tests and 92% would like to buy their own meter \"if the price was right.\" The results suggest that self-monitoring of blood-glucose by diabetics makes possible, for the first time, the achievement of near normoglycaemia. This may reduce the incidence of long-term diabetic complications.", "PMID": 76745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6323", "title": "Self-monitoring of blood-glucose. Improvement of diabetic control.", "content": "An accurate pattern of blood-glucose changes in everyday life is the basis for treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes. 69 patients were taught to obtain their own blood-glucose profiles with a 'Reflomat' Boehringer Mannheim) reflectance meter on one working and one rest day, and to repeat these where necessary after adjustment of treatment. 2 did not complete the study satisfactorily. The other 67 produced profiles on 241 dyas. Even patients with a limited education could use the technique accurately and their readings correlated closely with simultaneous laboratory values (r = 0.96). Self-monitoring was especially useful in elucidating problems in diabetic control, preventing hypoglycaemia, and managing diabetic pregnancy. Unlike the measurement of HbA1c which only detects poor diabetic control, self-monitoring also shows how to improve it. Patients found self-monitoring more informative than urine tests; their active involvement in management of their disease resulted in better motivation, greater understanding of diabetes, and a sustained improvement in control. By the end of the study 32 of the 67 patients ahd profiles in which no more than one blood-glucose value exceeded 10 mmol/l. Smaller and more portable machines will make the technique more widely applicable.", "contents": "Self-monitoring of blood-glucose. Improvement of diabetic control. An accurate pattern of blood-glucose changes in everyday life is the basis for treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes. 69 patients were taught to obtain their own blood-glucose profiles with a 'Reflomat' Boehringer Mannheim) reflectance meter on one working and one rest day, and to repeat these where necessary after adjustment of treatment. 2 did not complete the study satisfactorily. The other 67 produced profiles on 241 dyas. Even patients with a limited education could use the technique accurately and their readings correlated closely with simultaneous laboratory values (r = 0.96). Self-monitoring was especially useful in elucidating problems in diabetic control, preventing hypoglycaemia, and managing diabetic pregnancy. Unlike the measurement of HbA1c which only detects poor diabetic control, self-monitoring also shows how to improve it. Patients found self-monitoring more informative than urine tests; their active involvement in management of their disease resulted in better motivation, greater understanding of diabetes, and a sustained improvement in control. By the end of the study 32 of the 67 patients ahd profiles in which no more than one blood-glucose value exceeded 10 mmol/l. Smaller and more portable machines will make the technique more widely applicable.", "PMID": 76746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6324", "title": "Long-term treatment of parkinsonism with bromocriptine.", "content": "92 patients with parkinsonism have been treated with bromocriptine for up to 30 months. 48 continue to receive bromocriptine with benefit; of these, 35 take bromocriptine (mean dose 53 mg daily) in combination with levodopa and 13 take bromocriptine (mean dose 45 mg daily) without levodopa. In those who were originally on levodopa, addition of bromocriptine allowed a mean 41% reduction in the dose of levodopa; the largest group of patients to benefit from bromocriptine entered the study because of excessive dyskinesia or \"on-off\" phenomena induced by levodopa. In 40 patients bromocriptine was stopped because of adverse reactions, absence of therapeutic response, or non-compliance with the protocol. The main problems were psychiatric disturbance (8 patients) and erythromelalgia (7 patients); these effects tended to occur late (mean 6 months and 10 months, respectively) and with high dosage (mean 66 mg and 115 mg daily). Other frequent adverse effects were dizziness and nausea; these began considerably earlier (at 2 months and 1 month) and with much lower dosage (31 mg and 12 mg daily). 4 patients died, for reasons apparently unrelated to therapy.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of parkinsonism with bromocriptine. 92 patients with parkinsonism have been treated with bromocriptine for up to 30 months. 48 continue to receive bromocriptine with benefit; of these, 35 take bromocriptine (mean dose 53 mg daily) in combination with levodopa and 13 take bromocriptine (mean dose 45 mg daily) without levodopa. In those who were originally on levodopa, addition of bromocriptine allowed a mean 41% reduction in the dose of levodopa; the largest group of patients to benefit from bromocriptine entered the study because of excessive dyskinesia or \"on-off\" phenomena induced by levodopa. In 40 patients bromocriptine was stopped because of adverse reactions, absence of therapeutic response, or non-compliance with the protocol. The main problems were psychiatric disturbance (8 patients) and erythromelalgia (7 patients); these effects tended to occur late (mean 6 months and 10 months, respectively) and with high dosage (mean 66 mg and 115 mg daily). Other frequent adverse effects were dizziness and nausea; these began considerably earlier (at 2 months and 1 month) and with much lower dosage (31 mg and 12 mg daily). 4 patients died, for reasons apparently unrelated to therapy.", "PMID": 76747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6325", "title": "Double-blind controlled trail of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) and simulated E.C.T. in depressive illness.", "content": "40 patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) for treatment of a depressive illness were randomly allocated to two groups. One group had the first two E.C.T. treatments replaced by simulated E.C.T. on a double-blind basis. The results show that E.C.T. is significantly superior to simulated E.C.T. in the treatment of depressive illness.", "contents": "Double-blind controlled trail of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) and simulated E.C.T. in depressive illness. 40 patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) for treatment of a depressive illness were randomly allocated to two groups. One group had the first two E.C.T. treatments replaced by simulated E.C.T. on a double-blind basis. The results show that E.C.T. is significantly superior to simulated E.C.T. in the treatment of depressive illness.", "PMID": 76748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6326", "title": "Dexamethasone-responsive hypertension in young women with suppressed renin and aldosterone.", "content": "Pronounced hypoaldosteronism was found in three young women with hypertension and symptoms of mineralocorticoid overproduction--i.e., hyporeninaemia, hypokalaemia, and a fall in blood-pressure after diuretic therapy. Plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxy-11-dooxycorticosterone concentrations were normal Treatment with dexamethasone induced a return to normal of blood-pressure and plasma-potassium and an increase in plasma-renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion. The data suggest that hypertension in these patients is maintained by overproduction of an unknown adrenocorticotropindependent mineralocortocoid.", "contents": "Dexamethasone-responsive hypertension in young women with suppressed renin and aldosterone. Pronounced hypoaldosteronism was found in three young women with hypertension and symptoms of mineralocorticoid overproduction--i.e., hyporeninaemia, hypokalaemia, and a fall in blood-pressure after diuretic therapy. Plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxy-11-dooxycorticosterone concentrations were normal Treatment with dexamethasone induced a return to normal of blood-pressure and plasma-potassium and an increase in plasma-renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion. The data suggest that hypertension in these patients is maintained by overproduction of an unknown adrenocorticotropindependent mineralocortocoid.", "PMID": 76749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6327", "title": "Manchester regional breast study. Preliminary results.", "content": "1020 patients with early breast cancer were treated between March, 1970, and October, 1975, according to a prospective clinical trial. The results have been recorded after a follow-up of two to seven years. 713 cases of clinical stage-1 cancer were randomly allocated to treatment by simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy, or simple mastectomy alone. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival or in survival without distant metastases between the two groups. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of local recurrence in those who had received early postoperative radiotherapy compared with those who had not. 307 cases of clinical stage-11 cancer were randomly allocated to treatment by simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy or radical mastectomy alone. There was no statistically significant difference in survival or in the incidence of local recurrence or distant metastases between the two groups.", "contents": "Manchester regional breast study. Preliminary results. 1020 patients with early breast cancer were treated between March, 1970, and October, 1975, according to a prospective clinical trial. The results have been recorded after a follow-up of two to seven years. 713 cases of clinical stage-1 cancer were randomly allocated to treatment by simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy, or simple mastectomy alone. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival or in survival without distant metastases between the two groups. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of local recurrence in those who had received early postoperative radiotherapy compared with those who had not. 307 cases of clinical stage-11 cancer were randomly allocated to treatment by simple mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy or radical mastectomy alone. There was no statistically significant difference in survival or in the incidence of local recurrence or distant metastases between the two groups.", "PMID": 76750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6328", "title": "Protruding auricle: A neuromuscular sign.", "content": "A protruding auricle is usually associated with a defect in development or function of the posterior auricular muscle, which normally draws the pinna towards the calvarium. Hence, a protruding auricle may be a sign of a neuromuscular disorder, as is ptosis.", "contents": "Protruding auricle: A neuromuscular sign. A protruding auricle is usually associated with a defect in development or function of the posterior auricular muscle, which normally draws the pinna towards the calvarium. Hence, a protruding auricle may be a sign of a neuromuscular disorder, as is ptosis.", "PMID": 76751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6329", "title": "Acid-phosphatase reaction in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The diagnostic value of the acid-phosphatase reaction was assessed double-blind in 148 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) classified by surface-membrane markers and entered into the M.R.C. U.K. A.L.L. trials. 90% of cases of T-A.L.L. showed a positive reaction in the majority of blast cells, while only 2% of common-A.L.L. and 10% of null-A.L.L. were positive. This cytochemical reaction distinguished the more aggressive form of A.L.L. any may aid the choice of therapy.", "contents": "Acid-phosphatase reaction in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The diagnostic value of the acid-phosphatase reaction was assessed double-blind in 148 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) classified by surface-membrane markers and entered into the M.R.C. U.K. A.L.L. trials. 90% of cases of T-A.L.L. showed a positive reaction in the majority of blast cells, while only 2% of common-A.L.L. and 10% of null-A.L.L. were positive. This cytochemical reaction distinguished the more aggressive form of A.L.L. any may aid the choice of therapy.", "PMID": 76752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6330", "title": "Increased incidence of malignant melanoma after peaks of sunspot activity.", "content": "The age-adjusted incidence-rate for malignant melanoma in the State of Connecticut has risen from 1.1 per 100 000 individuals in 1935 to 6.2 per 100 000 individuals in 1975. Superimposed on a steady rise in incidence are 3-5 year periods in which the rate of increase in incidence rises. These periods have a cycle of 8-11 years and follow times of maximum sunspot activity.", "contents": "Increased incidence of malignant melanoma after peaks of sunspot activity. The age-adjusted incidence-rate for malignant melanoma in the State of Connecticut has risen from 1.1 per 100 000 individuals in 1935 to 6.2 per 100 000 individuals in 1975. Superimposed on a steady rise in incidence are 3-5 year periods in which the rate of increase in incidence rises. These periods have a cycle of 8-11 years and follow times of maximum sunspot activity.", "PMID": 76759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6331", "title": "Gonorrhoea in women. Diagnostic, clinical, and laboratory aspects.", "content": "Examination of the case-notes of all women seen at a large metropolitan clinic during 1976 showed 607 episodes of gonorrhoea (92.3% of all such cases seen in the hospital), of which 3 were in prepubertal girls. Gonorrhoea occurred more often and at an earlier age in Negroids than in Caucasians. In about 30% of patients gonococci could be found in only one of the sites tested (cervix 18%, urethra 6%, rectum 4.8%, and throat 1.5%). Microscopical examination of gram-stained cervical and rectal samples was of value, but that of urethral samples made no significant contribution to the diagnosis. 31% of the gonococcal isolates showed diminished sensitiivty to penicillin, but none showed significant resistance to spectinomycin, kanamycin, or sulphamethoxazole. The complication rate was lower than that reported from the United States. Overall, 40% of patients were symptom-free. The presence of other infection significantly increased the probability of a patient with gonorrhoea having symptoms. \"Epidemiological\" treatment would have led to the unnecessary treatment of 142 females and would have included only 4 of 16 patients with gonorrhoea who defaulted before treatment could be given.", "contents": "Gonorrhoea in women. Diagnostic, clinical, and laboratory aspects. Examination of the case-notes of all women seen at a large metropolitan clinic during 1976 showed 607 episodes of gonorrhoea (92.3% of all such cases seen in the hospital), of which 3 were in prepubertal girls. Gonorrhoea occurred more often and at an earlier age in Negroids than in Caucasians. In about 30% of patients gonococci could be found in only one of the sites tested (cervix 18%, urethra 6%, rectum 4.8%, and throat 1.5%). Microscopical examination of gram-stained cervical and rectal samples was of value, but that of urethral samples made no significant contribution to the diagnosis. 31% of the gonococcal isolates showed diminished sensitiivty to penicillin, but none showed significant resistance to spectinomycin, kanamycin, or sulphamethoxazole. The complication rate was lower than that reported from the United States. Overall, 40% of patients were symptom-free. The presence of other infection significantly increased the probability of a patient with gonorrhoea having symptoms. \"Epidemiological\" treatment would have led to the unnecessary treatment of 142 females and would have included only 4 of 16 patients with gonorrhoea who defaulted before treatment could be given.", "PMID": 76760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6332", "title": "A randomised trial of home-versus-hospital management for patients with suspected myocardial infarction.", "content": "Home and hospital management of patients with suspected myocardial infarction were compared in a randomised trial in which a hospital-based team responded to calls from general practitioners. 500 calls were received, and 349 patients (70%) were suspected of having myocardial infarction. Of these, 24% were excluded from the trial on predetermined medical and social grounds; for the remainder (76%) there was no significant difference in the 6-week mortality between the home group (13%) and the hospital group (11%). For the majority of patients to whom a general practitioner is called because of suspected infarction, hospital admission confers no clear advantage.", "contents": "A randomised trial of home-versus-hospital management for patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Home and hospital management of patients with suspected myocardial infarction were compared in a randomised trial in which a hospital-based team responded to calls from general practitioners. 500 calls were received, and 349 patients (70%) were suspected of having myocardial infarction. Of these, 24% were excluded from the trial on predetermined medical and social grounds; for the remainder (76%) there was no significant difference in the 6-week mortality between the home group (13%) and the hospital group (11%). For the majority of patients to whom a general practitioner is called because of suspected infarction, hospital admission confers no clear advantage.", "PMID": 76794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6333", "title": "Osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy: Evidence for a water-borne aetiological agent, probably aluminium.", "content": "In patients maintained on regular haemodialysis in Newcastle upon Tyne the development of osteomalacia is substantially reduced when water used to prepare dialysate is deionised. After 1--4 years of dialysis, osteomalacia was evident in 15% of patients on deionised water in 70% of patients on softened water from the same source. The close association of dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia suggests a common aetiology. Both diseases occur in centres with a high tap-water aluminium content. Serum-aluminium concentrations were raised in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis in the Northern Region of England. Those using softened water had higher concentrations than those using deionised water. Patients on softened water who had encephalopathy or dementia had serum-aluminium concentrations similar to those of patients using the same water-supplies without symptoms of these diseases, but they had been treated for longer. The evidence that aluminium absorption from dialysate causes osteomalacia and encephalopathy is strong enough to justify the expense of treating water by deionisation, reverse osmosis, or both in centres where tap-water aluminium is high.", "contents": "Osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy: Evidence for a water-borne aetiological agent, probably aluminium. In patients maintained on regular haemodialysis in Newcastle upon Tyne the development of osteomalacia is substantially reduced when water used to prepare dialysate is deionised. After 1--4 years of dialysis, osteomalacia was evident in 15% of patients on deionised water in 70% of patients on softened water from the same source. The close association of dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia suggests a common aetiology. Both diseases occur in centres with a high tap-water aluminium content. Serum-aluminium concentrations were raised in patients undergoing regular haemodialysis in the Northern Region of England. Those using softened water had higher concentrations than those using deionised water. Patients on softened water who had encephalopathy or dementia had serum-aluminium concentrations similar to those of patients using the same water-supplies without symptoms of these diseases, but they had been treated for longer. The evidence that aluminium absorption from dialysate causes osteomalacia and encephalopathy is strong enough to justify the expense of treating water by deionisation, reverse osmosis, or both in centres where tap-water aluminium is high.", "PMID": 76795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6334", "title": "Is pancreatic polypeptide a marker for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?", "content": "Basal human pancreatic polypeptide (H.P.P.) concentrations have been measured in 41 pateints with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Z.E.S.) and in 100 controls. Basal H.P.P. concentrations in controls varied widely from less than 8 pmol/l (assay detection limit) to 313 pmol/l. In controls, but not in the Z.E.S. patients, there was a highly significant positive correlation between basal H.P.P. and age (P less than 0.01). 4 of the Z.E.S. patients (9.8%) and 3 of the controls (3%) had H.P.P. concentrations over 240 pmol/l. These findings indicate that raised basal H.P.P. concentration is an infrequent finding in patients with gastrinomas and therefore it is not a useful tumour marker.", "contents": "Is pancreatic polypeptide a marker for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? Basal human pancreatic polypeptide (H.P.P.) concentrations have been measured in 41 pateints with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Z.E.S.) and in 100 controls. Basal H.P.P. concentrations in controls varied widely from less than 8 pmol/l (assay detection limit) to 313 pmol/l. In controls, but not in the Z.E.S. patients, there was a highly significant positive correlation between basal H.P.P. and age (P less than 0.01). 4 of the Z.E.S. patients (9.8%) and 3 of the controls (3%) had H.P.P. concentrations over 240 pmol/l. These findings indicate that raised basal H.P.P. concentration is an infrequent finding in patients with gastrinomas and therefore it is not a useful tumour marker.", "PMID": 76796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6335", "title": "Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.", "content": "In a double-blind trial in which 45 patients with acute schizophrenia took part the alpha-isomer of flupenthixol (which blocks the dopamine receptor) was found to be significantly more effective than both beta-flupenthixol (which does not) and placebo. The drug effect was confined to the \"positive\" symptoms--delusions, hallucinations, and though disorder--and appeared only in the 3rd and 4th weeks of the trial. It was as great in patients with evidence of deterioration (Feighner-positive patients) as in patients without deterioration and was less in patients who had affective disturbance in addition to schizophrenia symptoms. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dopamine-receptor blockade is the only requirement for antipsychotic activity and suggest that the antipsychotic effect occurs in patients with typically schizophrenic illnesses but may be limited to positive symptoms.", "contents": "Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. In a double-blind trial in which 45 patients with acute schizophrenia took part the alpha-isomer of flupenthixol (which blocks the dopamine receptor) was found to be significantly more effective than both beta-flupenthixol (which does not) and placebo. The drug effect was confined to the \"positive\" symptoms--delusions, hallucinations, and though disorder--and appeared only in the 3rd and 4th weeks of the trial. It was as great in patients with evidence of deterioration (Feighner-positive patients) as in patients without deterioration and was less in patients who had affective disturbance in addition to schizophrenia symptoms. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dopamine-receptor blockade is the only requirement for antipsychotic activity and suggest that the antipsychotic effect occurs in patients with typically schizophrenic illnesses but may be limited to positive symptoms.", "PMID": 76797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6336", "title": "Long-term transfer-factor treatment for multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In groups of 16 patients with multiple sclerosis, 13 months' double-blind treatment with transfer factor from random normal donors differed from placebo treatment only in producing a temporary restoration of lymphocyte reactivity to measles virus antigen, and did not arrest the degeneration of nerve tissue.", "contents": "Long-term transfer-factor treatment for multiple sclerosis. In groups of 16 patients with multiple sclerosis, 13 months' double-blind treatment with transfer factor from random normal donors differed from placebo treatment only in producing a temporary restoration of lymphocyte reactivity to measles virus antigen, and did not arrest the degeneration of nerve tissue.", "PMID": 76798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6337", "title": "A life-threatening complication of the infusion pump.", "content": "Serious disturbances in respiration and venous return developed in 2 infants in whom infusion into a central vein was controlled by a peristalic pump. The effects were the result of extravasation which led to build-up of pressure in the medistinum.", "contents": "A life-threatening complication of the infusion pump. Serious disturbances in respiration and venous return developed in 2 infants in whom infusion into a central vein was controlled by a peristalic pump. The effects were the result of extravasation which led to build-up of pressure in the medistinum.", "PMID": 76799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6338", "title": "Antithrombin-III transfusion in disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Three patients with a severe bleeding disorder and disseminated intravascular coagulation were effectively treated with human antithrombin-III concentrates. This treatment, followed by administration of prothrombin complex and platelet suspensions, resulted in a normal haemostasis, which was maintained during clinical investigations and surgery.", "contents": "Antithrombin-III transfusion in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three patients with a severe bleeding disorder and disseminated intravascular coagulation were effectively treated with human antithrombin-III concentrates. This treatment, followed by administration of prothrombin complex and platelet suspensions, resulted in a normal haemostasis, which was maintained during clinical investigations and surgery.", "PMID": 76800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6339", "title": "Selective deficiency of 3-beta-d-galactosyltransferase (T-transferase) in Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes.", "content": "A single genetic defect in membrane synthesis--namely, a deficiency of 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase--can account for the serological and physicochemical properties of Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes.", "contents": "Selective deficiency of 3-beta-d-galactosyltransferase (T-transferase) in Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes. A single genetic defect in membrane synthesis--namely, a deficiency of 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase--can account for the serological and physicochemical properties of Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes.", "PMID": 76801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6340", "title": "Adverse effects of routine procedures on preterm infants.", "content": "Continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in sick neonates has shown that handling the baby for reason often causes a fall in PaO2. Although the baby usually recovers spontaneously, a series of procedures one following closely upon the other may cause a prolonged fall in PaO2 necessitating respiratory support. This survey showed that infants were being disturbed at hourly or more frequent intervals, often for routine purposes, some of which do not justify the resulting hypoxia. Even simple procedures which are part of neonatal intensive care are hazardous and their routine use should be reconsidered.", "contents": "Adverse effects of routine procedures on preterm infants. Continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in sick neonates has shown that handling the baby for reason often causes a fall in PaO2. Although the baby usually recovers spontaneously, a series of procedures one following closely upon the other may cause a prolonged fall in PaO2 necessitating respiratory support. This survey showed that infants were being disturbed at hourly or more frequent intervals, often for routine purposes, some of which do not justify the resulting hypoxia. Even simple procedures which are part of neonatal intensive care are hazardous and their routine use should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 76807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6341", "title": "Sequelae of covert bacteriuria in schoolgirls. A four-year follow-up study.", "content": "A trial involving 208 girls aged 5-12 who had bacteriuria on screening was carried out to determine the effects of covert bacteriuria on renal growth and scarring. 98 were observed for 4 years without treatment and 110 were treated. 77% of the treated girls,  but only 26% of the untreated controls, were free of infection for at least half of the 4-year follow-up. However, treatment had no effect on the emergence of symptoms, clearance of vesico-ureteric reflux (V.U.R.), kidney growth, or the progression of kidney scars. New kidney scars did not develop in previously unscarred kidneys. 12 (6%) of the 208 girls had progression of re-existing kidney scars; this high-risk group was characterised by kidney scarring on the initial X-ray, a high prevalence of v.u.r., and persistent or recurrent bacteriuria. Screening for covert bacteriuria cannot therefore be recommended in schoolgirls since kidney damage associated with infection arises before the age of 5.", "contents": "Sequelae of covert bacteriuria in schoolgirls. A four-year follow-up study. A trial involving 208 girls aged 5-12 who had bacteriuria on screening was carried out to determine the effects of covert bacteriuria on renal growth and scarring. 98 were observed for 4 years without treatment and 110 were treated. 77% of the treated girls,  but only 26% of the untreated controls, were free of infection for at least half of the 4-year follow-up. However, treatment had no effect on the emergence of symptoms, clearance of vesico-ureteric reflux (V.U.R.), kidney growth, or the progression of kidney scars. New kidney scars did not develop in previously unscarred kidneys. 12 (6%) of the 208 girls had progression of re-existing kidney scars; this high-risk group was characterised by kidney scarring on the initial X-ray, a high prevalence of v.u.r., and persistent or recurrent bacteriuria. Screening for covert bacteriuria cannot therefore be recommended in schoolgirls since kidney damage associated with infection arises before the age of 5.", "PMID": 76841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6342", "title": "Repeated adjuvant chemotherapy with phenylalanine mustard or 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without radiation, after mastectomy for breast cancer.", "content": "172 patients who had had mastectomy for breast cancer were treated by repeated adjuvant chemotherapy, either with phenylalanine mustard (P.A.M.) or a combination of cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (C.F.P.) with and without radiotherapy. Tumours recurred significantly more frequently and mortality tended to be higher in P.A.M.-treated patients than in patients on other treatment. The interval between surgery and disease recurrence was significantly shorter for P.A.M.-treated premenopausal but not postmenopausal patients than for patients of equivalent menstrual status treated with C.F.P. with or without radiation. The associations in premenopausal patients between the mode of treatment and both survival and the disease-free interval were significant before and after adjustment for variations between the treatment groups in the number of involved lymph nodes and the size of the primary tumour.", "contents": "Repeated adjuvant chemotherapy with phenylalanine mustard or 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone with or without radiation, after mastectomy for breast cancer. 172 patients who had had mastectomy for breast cancer were treated by repeated adjuvant chemotherapy, either with phenylalanine mustard (P.A.M.) or a combination of cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone (C.F.P.) with and without radiotherapy. Tumours recurred significantly more frequently and mortality tended to be higher in P.A.M.-treated patients than in patients on other treatment. The interval between surgery and disease recurrence was significantly shorter for P.A.M.-treated premenopausal but not postmenopausal patients than for patients of equivalent menstrual status treated with C.F.P. with or without radiation. The associations in premenopausal patients between the mode of treatment and both survival and the disease-free interval were significant before and after adjustment for variations between the treatment groups in the number of involved lymph nodes and the size of the primary tumour.", "PMID": 76842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6343", "title": "The galactorrhoea-endometriosis syndrome.", "content": "A new syndrome consisting of galactorrhoea and endometriosis is described. Nine patients with endometriosis, eight of whom had galactorrhoea either at diagnosis or after treatment with danazol are reported. Prolactin concentrations were normal in seven patients. Galactorrhoea in a woman with regular menstrual periods should suggest a possible diagnosis of underlying endometriosis,  especially if there is a history of dysmenorrhoea.", "contents": "The galactorrhoea-endometriosis syndrome. A new syndrome consisting of galactorrhoea and endometriosis is described. Nine patients with endometriosis, eight of whom had galactorrhoea either at diagnosis or after treatment with danazol are reported. Prolactin concentrations were normal in seven patients. Galactorrhoea in a woman with regular menstrual periods should suggest a possible diagnosis of underlying endometriosis,  especially if there is a history of dysmenorrhoea.", "PMID": 76843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6344", "title": "Oxygen-15 brain scanning for detection of cerebral involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In 47 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus seen during fifty-one clinical episodes, oxygen-15, a short-lived gamma-emitting isotope, has been employed in a scannng technique to study cerebral oxygen utilisation and blood-flow. Abnormalities in regional distribution of oxygen utilisation and blood-flow were seen in twenty-three out of twenty-four instances of definite central-nervous-system disease, in fourteen out of fifteen instances of suspected C.N.S. lupus, and in ten out of twelve instances in which C.N.S. disease was not clinically apparent. The technique reflected remissions and relapses. It may prove valuable in diagnosis of subclinical cerebral disease, in monitoring of responses to therapy, and in study of the pathophysiology of cerebral lupus.", "contents": "Oxygen-15 brain scanning for detection of cerebral involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. In 47 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus seen during fifty-one clinical episodes, oxygen-15, a short-lived gamma-emitting isotope, has been employed in a scannng technique to study cerebral oxygen utilisation and blood-flow. Abnormalities in regional distribution of oxygen utilisation and blood-flow were seen in twenty-three out of twenty-four instances of definite central-nervous-system disease, in fourteen out of fifteen instances of suspected C.N.S. lupus, and in ten out of twelve instances in which C.N.S. disease was not clinically apparent. The technique reflected remissions and relapses. It may prove valuable in diagnosis of subclinical cerebral disease, in monitoring of responses to therapy, and in study of the pathophysiology of cerebral lupus.", "PMID": 76844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6345", "title": "Brain-aluminium concentration in dialysis encephalopathy.", "content": "Brain-aluminium concentrations were found to be significantly higher in 7 patients dying with dialysis encephalopathy (mean 15.9 microgram aluminium/g dry weight) than in 11 dialysed controls  (4.4 microgram/g) and in 2 uraemic patients who were not dialysed (2.7 microgram/g). The grey matter from the patients with dialysis encephalopathy contained about three times as much aluminium as white matter. The results suggest that dialysis with untreated and/or softened tap-water (aluminium concentration 0.1-1.2 mg/1) makes the major contribution to brain-aluminium levels; dialysis with deionised water (aluminium concentration normally less than 0.02 mg/1) and intake of phosphate-binding AL(OH)3 gel are less important. Brain aluminium levels remain elevated for up to four years after restoration of good renal function by transplantation. The association of dialysis encephalopathy with high levels of aluminium in the brain and in the dialysis water emphasises the potential neurotoxicity of aluminium in man.", "contents": "Brain-aluminium concentration in dialysis encephalopathy. Brain-aluminium concentrations were found to be significantly higher in 7 patients dying with dialysis encephalopathy (mean 15.9 microgram aluminium/g dry weight) than in 11 dialysed controls  (4.4 microgram/g) and in 2 uraemic patients who were not dialysed (2.7 microgram/g). The grey matter from the patients with dialysis encephalopathy contained about three times as much aluminium as white matter. The results suggest that dialysis with untreated and/or softened tap-water (aluminium concentration 0.1-1.2 mg/1) makes the major contribution to brain-aluminium levels; dialysis with deionised water (aluminium concentration normally less than 0.02 mg/1) and intake of phosphate-binding AL(OH)3 gel are less important. Brain aluminium levels remain elevated for up to four years after restoration of good renal function by transplantation. The association of dialysis encephalopathy with high levels of aluminium in the brain and in the dialysis water emphasises the potential neurotoxicity of aluminium in man.", "PMID": 76845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6346", "title": "Do thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins cause non-toxic and toxic multinodular goitre?", "content": "The prevalence of serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (T.S.I.) in a variety of thyroid diseases was determined in 96 patients and 35 normal controls. Significantly elevated levels of T.S.I. were found not only in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis but also in those with non-toxic and toxic multinodular goitre, whereas patients with a single autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, with subacute thyroiditis, and with \"hyperthyroiditis\" had levels which did not differ from those in the controls. We postulate that non-toxic multinodular goitre, like Graves' disease, may result from increased circulating T.S.I., which in some cases may be present in sufficient concentration to cause thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Do thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins cause non-toxic and toxic multinodular goitre? The prevalence of serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (T.S.I.) in a variety of thyroid diseases was determined in 96 patients and 35 normal controls. Significantly elevated levels of T.S.I. were found not only in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis but also in those with non-toxic and toxic multinodular goitre, whereas patients with a single autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, with subacute thyroiditis, and with \"hyperthyroiditis\" had levels which did not differ from those in the controls. We postulate that non-toxic multinodular goitre, like Graves' disease, may result from increased circulating T.S.I., which in some cases may be present in sufficient concentration to cause thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 76846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6347", "title": "Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors in prophylaxis of food intolerance.", "content": "Prophylactic doses of aspirin, indomethacin, or ibuprofen prevented symptoms of food intolerance in five out of six patients who on several occasions had had acute gastrointestinal symptoms after the ingestion of specific foodstuffs. Blood and stool prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha concentrations during unprotected challenge were consistent with the idea that these symptoms were mediated through prostaglandin release. Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors may benefit some patients with specific food intolerance who are unable or unwilling to avoid the offending food.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors in prophylaxis of food intolerance. Prophylactic doses of aspirin, indomethacin, or ibuprofen prevented symptoms of food intolerance in five out of six patients who on several occasions had had acute gastrointestinal symptoms after the ingestion of specific foodstuffs. Blood and stool prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha concentrations during unprotected challenge were consistent with the idea that these symptoms were mediated through prostaglandin release. Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors may benefit some patients with specific food intolerance who are unable or unwilling to avoid the offending food.", "PMID": 76847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6348", "title": "Passive transfer of diabetes mellitus from man to mouse.", "content": "Lymphocytes extracted from peripheral-blood samples from each of six patients with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were transplanted into arthymic nude mice. At one or more sampling times (in the thirty-day study) blood sugar was higher in mice which had received lymphocytes from diabetic patients than in the control mice which had received lymphocytes from non-diabetic donors. Blood-sugar concentrations reached 260 mg/dl in some mice in the experimental group. This study demonstrates that lymphocytes may have an aggressive role in diabetogenesis. With this mouse experimental model mechanisms involved in diabetogenesis, and probably also in other disease in which lymphocytes are suspected of being involved in pathogenesis, could be investigated.", "contents": "Passive transfer of diabetes mellitus from man to mouse. Lymphocytes extracted from peripheral-blood samples from each of six patients with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were transplanted into arthymic nude mice. At one or more sampling times (in the thirty-day study) blood sugar was higher in mice which had received lymphocytes from diabetic patients than in the control mice which had received lymphocytes from non-diabetic donors. Blood-sugar concentrations reached 260 mg/dl in some mice in the experimental group. This study demonstrates that lymphocytes may have an aggressive role in diabetogenesis. With this mouse experimental model mechanisms involved in diabetogenesis, and probably also in other disease in which lymphocytes are suspected of being involved in pathogenesis, could be investigated.", "PMID": 76848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6349", "title": "Role of IgG4 subclass in childhood allergy.", "content": "In 38 asthmatic patients (34 children and 4 adults) raised serum concentrations of IgE and the IgG4 subclass were found to correlate with the clinical picture. 5 children with eczema, asthma, and hayfever had grossly increased concentrations of both immunoglobulins, as did 4 adults who had had atopic eczema as children. Raised concentrations of just one of the immunoglobulin classes (i.e., IgE or IgG4) did not seem to be associated with atopic eczema. 75% of the asthmatic children in whom serum-IgG4 was raised had not shown a satisfactory response to disodium cromoglycate and required steroids to control their asthma; but 82% of patients in whom only IgE was raised responded satisfactorily to disodium cromoglycate.", "contents": "Role of IgG4 subclass in childhood allergy. In 38 asthmatic patients (34 children and 4 adults) raised serum concentrations of IgE and the IgG4 subclass were found to correlate with the clinical picture. 5 children with eczema, asthma, and hayfever had grossly increased concentrations of both immunoglobulins, as did 4 adults who had had atopic eczema as children. Raised concentrations of just one of the immunoglobulin classes (i.e., IgE or IgG4) did not seem to be associated with atopic eczema. 75% of the asthmatic children in whom serum-IgG4 was raised had not shown a satisfactory response to disodium cromoglycate and required steroids to control their asthma; but 82% of patients in whom only IgE was raised responded satisfactorily to disodium cromoglycate.", "PMID": 76849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6350", "title": "Varicose veins: A comparison of surgery and infection/compression sclerotherapy. Five-year follow-up.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial was carried out to compare the clinical outcome 5 years after inpatient surgery and outpatient injection/compression sclerotherapy. 91.3% of those originally treated by injection/compression sclerotherapy and 93.9% of those originally treated surgically were seen at follow-up. 40% of patients treated initially by injection/compression sclerotherapy and 24.2% of those treated surgically were given further treatment. The probability of having no further treatment is significantly greater for those treated surgically. The improved outcome after surgery increased with age, being most striking in those aged over 45. The implications of the 5-year follow-up findings for the long-term cost of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Varicose veins: A comparison of surgery and infection/compression sclerotherapy. Five-year follow-up. A randomised controlled trial was carried out to compare the clinical outcome 5 years after inpatient surgery and outpatient injection/compression sclerotherapy. 91.3% of those originally treated by injection/compression sclerotherapy and 93.9% of those originally treated surgically were seen at follow-up. 40% of patients treated initially by injection/compression sclerotherapy and 24.2% of those treated surgically were given further treatment. The probability of having no further treatment is significantly greater for those treated surgically. The improved outcome after surgery increased with age, being most striking in those aged over 45. The implications of the 5-year follow-up findings for the long-term cost of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 76857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6351", "title": "Self-inflicted bleeding and bruising.", "content": "Of 8 psychiatrically referred patients with bruises and bleeding, self-injury was admitted in 2 cases and the means of self-injury were discovered in 6. All the patients were fairly young, single or unhappily married females, with unresolved emotional problems, most commonly sexual. 22 of 43 female haematology outpatients showed no haemostatic abnormality and were though to be seeking attention.", "contents": "Self-inflicted bleeding and bruising. Of 8 psychiatrically referred patients with bruises and bleeding, self-injury was admitted in 2 cases and the means of self-injury were discovered in 6. All the patients were fairly young, single or unhappily married females, with unresolved emotional problems, most commonly sexual. 22 of 43 female haematology outpatients showed no haemostatic abnormality and were though to be seeking attention.", "PMID": 76858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6352", "title": "Clinical application of human-placental-lactogen values in late pregnancy.", "content": "Human-placental-lactogen (H.P.L.) levels were measured in the blood of 1000 women in the third trimester of pregnancy to see how measurement of H.P.L. could help in the management of an obstetric population in Britain. It was found that in the 93% of the population with a mean H.P.L. level of 4.3 mg/l or above, only 1.1% would have a poor pregnancy and 4.8% a compromised pregnancy. Of the 7% with levels below 4.3 mg/l, 57% woul have a normal outcome and 43% a poor or indifferent outcome. The false-positive rate was considerable, but the results of the study indicate nevertheless that H.P.L. levels are useful in predicting the outcome of pregnancy and that their measurement should be included as part of routine screening in the third trimester.", "contents": "Clinical application of human-placental-lactogen values in late pregnancy. Human-placental-lactogen (H.P.L.) levels were measured in the blood of 1000 women in the third trimester of pregnancy to see how measurement of H.P.L. could help in the management of an obstetric population in Britain. It was found that in the 93% of the population with a mean H.P.L. level of 4.3 mg/l or above, only 1.1% would have a poor pregnancy and 4.8% a compromised pregnancy. Of the 7% with levels below 4.3 mg/l, 57% woul have a normal outcome and 43% a poor or indifferent outcome. The false-positive rate was considerable, but the results of the study indicate nevertheless that H.P.L. levels are useful in predicting the outcome of pregnancy and that their measurement should be included as part of routine screening in the third trimester.", "PMID": 76889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6353", "title": "Cytomegalovirus D.N.A. and adenocarcinoma of the colon: Evidence for latent viral infection.", "content": "The cause of adenocarcinoma of the colon has not been proven and a viral association has not been reported with this disease. A sensitive biochemical technique for the detection of viral nucleic acid was used to determine whether one type of herpesvirus, namely a human strain of cytomegalovirus, was uniquely present in tumour tissue. 24 specimens of colon, obtained at surgery from 14 patients, were analysed by membrane CR.N.A.-D.N.A. hybridisation. 4 of 7 tumours of the colon were definitely positive for C.M.V. D.N.A. (2greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents/cell), or repeatedly showed more than 1 genome-equivalent/cell. Macroscopically normal colon 5 cm from the tumour, as well as histologically normal and abnormal colon from a control population with Crohn's disease were uniformly negative for C.M.V. D.N.A., except for 1 specimen which was macroscopically normal tissue from a patient with carcinoma of the colon. Among patients with conditions that predispose to adenocarcinoma of the colon, 1 of 2 patients with familial polyposis and 1 of 3 with ulcerative colitis harboured in their colon greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents of C.M.V. D.N.A. per cell, and another ulcerative colitis patient had 1-2 genome-equivalents/cell.", "contents": "Cytomegalovirus D.N.A. and adenocarcinoma of the colon: Evidence for latent viral infection. The cause of adenocarcinoma of the colon has not been proven and a viral association has not been reported with this disease. A sensitive biochemical technique for the detection of viral nucleic acid was used to determine whether one type of herpesvirus, namely a human strain of cytomegalovirus, was uniquely present in tumour tissue. 24 specimens of colon, obtained at surgery from 14 patients, were analysed by membrane CR.N.A.-D.N.A. hybridisation. 4 of 7 tumours of the colon were definitely positive for C.M.V. D.N.A. (2greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents/cell), or repeatedly showed more than 1 genome-equivalent/cell. Macroscopically normal colon 5 cm from the tumour, as well as histologically normal and abnormal colon from a control population with Crohn's disease were uniformly negative for C.M.V. D.N.A., except for 1 specimen which was macroscopically normal tissue from a patient with carcinoma of the colon. Among patients with conditions that predispose to adenocarcinoma of the colon, 1 of 2 patients with familial polyposis and 1 of 3 with ulcerative colitis harboured in their colon greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents of C.M.V. D.N.A. per cell, and another ulcerative colitis patient had 1-2 genome-equivalents/cell.", "PMID": 76890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6354", "title": "Relative deficiency of plasma-calcitonin in normal women.", "content": "A new radioimmunoassay technique was used to measure plasma-calcitonin in normal subjects. Plasma-calcitonin concentrations in women were less than 25% of those in men, and were often undetectable. However, during pregnancy or administration of the oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill, plasma-calcitonin equalled or exceeded male concentrations. These findings are consistent with an effect on calcitonin production of normal male testosterone concentrations and concentrations of the sex steroids during pregnancy. Calcitonin may protect the skeleton during calcium stress. Further, although it is unknown whether a deficiency of the hormone plays a role in postmenopausal osteoporosis, this is now a definite possibility which requires urgent investigation.", "contents": "Relative deficiency of plasma-calcitonin in normal women. A new radioimmunoassay technique was used to measure plasma-calcitonin in normal subjects. Plasma-calcitonin concentrations in women were less than 25% of those in men, and were often undetectable. However, during pregnancy or administration of the oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill, plasma-calcitonin equalled or exceeded male concentrations. These findings are consistent with an effect on calcitonin production of normal male testosterone concentrations and concentrations of the sex steroids during pregnancy. Calcitonin may protect the skeleton during calcium stress. Further, although it is unknown whether a deficiency of the hormone plays a role in postmenopausal osteoporosis, this is now a definite possibility which requires urgent investigation.", "PMID": 76891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6355", "title": "Penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid in man.", "content": "The penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid obtained with a skinabrasion technique was studied. Two oral antibiotics, cephalexin and CGP 9000, had similar pharmacology and penetrated the fluid in equivalent amounts. Cefuroxime (33% protein-bound) and cefoxitin (65-79% proteinbound) attained levels in tissue fluid which were very similar to their blood levels. The level of antibiotic in the tissues seems to be closely related to the blood level and is not adversely affected by protein binding.", "contents": "Penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid in man. The penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid obtained with a skinabrasion technique was studied. Two oral antibiotics, cephalexin and CGP 9000, had similar pharmacology and penetrated the fluid in equivalent amounts. Cefuroxime (33% protein-bound) and cefoxitin (65-79% proteinbound) attained levels in tissue fluid which were very similar to their blood levels. The level of antibiotic in the tissues seems to be closely related to the blood level and is not adversely affected by protein binding.", "PMID": 76892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6356", "title": "Transmission of herpes-simplex virus type 1 in a nursery for the newborn. Identification of viral isolates by D.N.A. \"fingerprinting\".", "content": "The occurrence of herpes-simplex-virus type-1 infections in two newborn infants in a nursery within a one-month period suggested the possibility of transmission in the nursery. One infant may have been infected by his father, who had active herpes labialis at the time of the child's birth. The source of the second infant's infection was not apparent. Viruses isolated from the two infants were \"fingerprinted\" by cleaving the virus-specific D.N.A. with several restriction endonucleases and comparing the electrophoretic patterns. Isolates from the two infants were identical and differed from other isolates from epidemiologically unrelated cases. This observation confirmed the possibility of transmission of herpes-simplex virus type 1 in the nursery, but did not define the mode of transmission. Type-1 infections are serious in neonates: one of the infants died and an oesophageal stricture developed in the other. The \"fingerprinting\" technique provides a useful epidemiological technique for tracing the transmission of herpes virus infections.", "contents": "Transmission of herpes-simplex virus type 1 in a nursery for the newborn. Identification of viral isolates by D.N.A. \"fingerprinting\". The occurrence of herpes-simplex-virus type-1 infections in two newborn infants in a nursery within a one-month period suggested the possibility of transmission in the nursery. One infant may have been infected by his father, who had active herpes labialis at the time of the child's birth. The source of the second infant's infection was not apparent. Viruses isolated from the two infants were \"fingerprinted\" by cleaving the virus-specific D.N.A. with several restriction endonucleases and comparing the electrophoretic patterns. Isolates from the two infants were identical and differed from other isolates from epidemiologically unrelated cases. This observation confirmed the possibility of transmission of herpes-simplex virus type 1 in the nursery, but did not define the mode of transmission. Type-1 infections are serious in neonates: one of the infants died and an oesophageal stricture developed in the other. The \"fingerprinting\" technique provides a useful epidemiological technique for tracing the transmission of herpes virus infections.", "PMID": 76893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6357", "title": "Strong association between HLA-DRW2 and antibody-mediated Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "In a study of HLA types in Caucasian patients with nephritis due to antibodies to glomerular basement membrane, antigen frequencies at A, B, or CW loci were normal. However, 15 out of 17 (88%) patients to whom DRW types were definitely assigned had HLA-DRW2 compared with 32 out of 100 Caucasian blood-donors. This difference is highly significant.", "contents": "Strong association between HLA-DRW2 and antibody-mediated Goodpasture's syndrome. In a study of HLA types in Caucasian patients with nephritis due to antibodies to glomerular basement membrane, antigen frequencies at A, B, or CW loci were normal. However, 15 out of 17 (88%) patients to whom DRW types were definitely assigned had HLA-DRW2 compared with 32 out of 100 Caucasian blood-donors. This difference is highly significant.", "PMID": 76894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6358", "title": "Fatal overdosage with disopyramide.", "content": "The most common clinical finding in five patients who died after deliberately taking overdoses of disopyramide was an early loss of consciousness after an apnoeic episode. An initial response to resuscitation and antiarrhythmic drugs in four patients was not sustained and these patients deteriorated rapidly with cardiac arrhythmias and loss of spontaneous respiration. At necropsy the appearance of the lungs in four cases was consistent with pulmonary congestion secondary to left ventricular failure.", "contents": "Fatal overdosage with disopyramide. The most common clinical finding in five patients who died after deliberately taking overdoses of disopyramide was an early loss of consciousness after an apnoeic episode. An initial response to resuscitation and antiarrhythmic drugs in four patients was not sustained and these patients deteriorated rapidly with cardiac arrhythmias and loss of spontaneous respiration. At necropsy the appearance of the lungs in four cases was consistent with pulmonary congestion secondary to left ventricular failure.", "PMID": 76895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6359", "title": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in England and Wales 1976-7.", "content": "In 1976-7 26 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were notified, of which 6 were vaccine-associated. 16 of the 20 non-vaccine-associated cases were due to type-u poliovirus, the type usually associated with outbreaks. The most important factor in the increase was the occurrence of poliomyelitis in unvaccinated persons.", "contents": "Paralytic poliomyelitis in England and Wales 1976-7. In 1976-7 26 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were notified, of which 6 were vaccine-associated. 16 of the 20 non-vaccine-associated cases were due to type-u poliovirus, the type usually associated with outbreaks. The most important factor in the increase was the occurrence of poliomyelitis in unvaccinated persons.", "PMID": 76901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6360", "title": "Biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol intake.", "content": "The serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-G.T.), aspartate transaminase (A.T.), urate, and triglyceride levels and the mean cell volume were estimated in 2034 healthy men. In 14.9% gamma-G.T. was elevated, in 8.0% A.T. was raised, and in 4.2% both enzymes were elevated. Findings were almost identical in a subgroup of 146 whose alcohol intake was known. Both enzymes, serum-urate, and mean cell volume showed a progressive rise with increasing alcohol consumption. The sensitivity of these markers is such that elevated levels are present in those whose alcohol intake would be regarded as normal and who are in no sense alcohol-dependent.", "contents": "Biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol intake. The serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-G.T.), aspartate transaminase (A.T.), urate, and triglyceride levels and the mean cell volume were estimated in 2034 healthy men. In 14.9% gamma-G.T. was elevated, in 8.0% A.T. was raised, and in 4.2% both enzymes were elevated. Findings were almost identical in a subgroup of 146 whose alcohol intake was known. Both enzymes, serum-urate, and mean cell volume showed a progressive rise with increasing alcohol consumption. The sensitivity of these markers is such that elevated levels are present in those whose alcohol intake would be regarded as normal and who are in no sense alcohol-dependent.", "PMID": 76902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6361", "title": "Is measurement of placental function and maternal weight worth while?", "content": "A prospective survey of 1029 women delivered during 1976 at St. Bartholomew's Hospital was undertaken to assess the predictive value of a variety of clinical, ultrasonic, and biochemical variables in the detection of high-risk pregnancies. The best antenatal predictors of fetal risk were severe pre-eclampsia, depressed maternal serum levels of human placental lactogen, low maternal weight at 32 weeks' gestation, and heavy smoking by the mother. 62% of the high-fetal risk group had one or more of these features, but so did 33% of the controls.", "contents": "Is measurement of placental function and maternal weight worth while? A prospective survey of 1029 women delivered during 1976 at St. Bartholomew's Hospital was undertaken to assess the predictive value of a variety of clinical, ultrasonic, and biochemical variables in the detection of high-risk pregnancies. The best antenatal predictors of fetal risk were severe pre-eclampsia, depressed maternal serum levels of human placental lactogen, low maternal weight at 32 weeks' gestation, and heavy smoking by the mother. 62% of the high-fetal risk group had one or more of these features, but so did 33% of the controls.", "PMID": 76930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6362", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.", "content": "Hypercalcaemia is often associated with malignant disease. Causes of elevated serum-calcium levels in the absence of bony metastases include parathyroid-hormone production by the tumour, osteolytic factors made by the tumour, and coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism. By measuring nephrogenous cyclic-A.M.P. excretion to assess parathyroid-hormone function, we have determined the mechanism of such hypercalcaemia in 15 patients. Nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. ranges from 0.05 to 2.40 mumol/g of creatinine in normal subjects, from 2.27 to 8.45 mumol/g in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and from 0.50 to 1.30 mumol/g in patients with proven non-hyperparathyroid hypercalcaemia without malignancy. 9 patients (60%) with hypercalcaemia and malignancy had normal levels of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 0.35-2.07 mumol/g creatinine). The other 6 (40%) had elevated nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 2.70-5.55 mumol/g) consistent with increased parathyroid-hormone secretion. Surgical exploration of the neck in these patients showed that the increased parathyroid-hormone secretion was secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism, not ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Thus, the data indicate that coexistent hyperparathyroidism may be common in patients with hypercalcaemia and malignancy and that the measurement of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. is very useful in identifying patients at risk for hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. Hypercalcaemia is often associated with malignant disease. Causes of elevated serum-calcium levels in the absence of bony metastases include parathyroid-hormone production by the tumour, osteolytic factors made by the tumour, and coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism. By measuring nephrogenous cyclic-A.M.P. excretion to assess parathyroid-hormone function, we have determined the mechanism of such hypercalcaemia in 15 patients. Nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. ranges from 0.05 to 2.40 mumol/g of creatinine in normal subjects, from 2.27 to 8.45 mumol/g in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and from 0.50 to 1.30 mumol/g in patients with proven non-hyperparathyroid hypercalcaemia without malignancy. 9 patients (60%) with hypercalcaemia and malignancy had normal levels of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 0.35-2.07 mumol/g creatinine). The other 6 (40%) had elevated nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 2.70-5.55 mumol/g) consistent with increased parathyroid-hormone secretion. Surgical exploration of the neck in these patients showed that the increased parathyroid-hormone secretion was secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism, not ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Thus, the data indicate that coexistent hyperparathyroidism may be common in patients with hypercalcaemia and malignancy and that the measurement of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. is very useful in identifying patients at risk for hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 76931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6363", "title": "Induction of remission in hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin.", "content": "Doxorubicin (60 mg/m2 at 3-weekly intervals to a maximum total of 550 mg/m2) induced clinical remission in 14 (32%) of 44 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In 3 of those who responded, hepatic arteriography showed clearing of the previously extensive tumour circulation, and in a 4th there was disappearance of the tumour on serial ultrasound examinations. A fall in serum-alpha-fetoprotein level after the initial injection of doxorubicin predicted a favourable clinical response, whereas the level continued to rise in patients who did not respond.", "contents": "Induction of remission in hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin. Doxorubicin (60 mg/m2 at 3-weekly intervals to a maximum total of 550 mg/m2) induced clinical remission in 14 (32%) of 44 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In 3 of those who responded, hepatic arteriography showed clearing of the previously extensive tumour circulation, and in a 4th there was disappearance of the tumour on serial ultrasound examinations. A fall in serum-alpha-fetoprotein level after the initial injection of doxorubicin predicted a favourable clinical response, whereas the level continued to rise in patients who did not respond.", "PMID": 76932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6364", "title": "Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.C.T.) is a tumour of the calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid gland; it affects both lobes, has a variable malignant potential, and is often familial. Despite the availability of diagnostic plasma-calcitonin immunoassays, the condition is rarely considered in the initial assessment of a patient with a thyroid mass so that the is often disseminated by the time it is diagnosed, inadequate surgery is performed, and family members are not investigated. We studied 22 members of a family with M.C.T. and gave alcohol to provoke calcitonin secretion. 3 (excluding the index case) had raised basal calcitonin levels and the diagnosis of M.C.T. was confirmed at operation; their calcitonin levels became undetectable after total thyroidectomy. 3 others had detectable levels after alcohol stimulation and are being re-screened at regular intervals.", "contents": "Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (M.C.T.) is a tumour of the calcitonin-secreting cells of the thyroid gland; it affects both lobes, has a variable malignant potential, and is often familial. Despite the availability of diagnostic plasma-calcitonin immunoassays, the condition is rarely considered in the initial assessment of a patient with a thyroid mass so that the is often disseminated by the time it is diagnosed, inadequate surgery is performed, and family members are not investigated. We studied 22 members of a family with M.C.T. and gave alcohol to provoke calcitonin secretion. 3 (excluding the index case) had raised basal calcitonin levels and the diagnosis of M.C.T. was confirmed at operation; their calcitonin levels became undetectable after total thyroidectomy. 3 others had detectable levels after alcohol stimulation and are being re-screened at regular intervals.", "PMID": 76933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6365", "title": "Treatment of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager syndrome) with indomethacin.", "content": "Four patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (I.O.H.) and one with postural hypotension and diabetes were studied. Plasma-renin activity (P.R.A.) was low and did not rise appropriately with salt restriction and diuretic stimulation. Aldosterone levels were normal and rose with diuretic therapy. Plasma-volume, plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase, urinary catecholamines, metanephrines, and vanillyl mandelic acid (V.M.A) were normal. Treatment with indomethacin (75-150 mg/day) raised the upright blood-pressure (B.P.) by an average of 20-30 mm Hg diastolic and allowed the four patients with I.O.H. to walk about without orthostatic symptoms but it had no effect in the fifth patient. When indomethacin was discontinued in one patient who had been taking it for 9 months with symptomatic relief, the B.P. fell to pretreatment levels within 48 h. When indomethacin was reinstituted the B.P. rose again. Indomethacin was more effective in these patients than either propranolol or fludrocortisone. There may be an absolute or relative excess of certain vasodepressor prostaglandins in the peripheral vessels which results in pooling of blood and orthostatic hypotension. If this is the case indomethacin might improve the orthostatic symptoms of I.O.H. by its inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis, but its mechanism of action remains to be determined.", "contents": "Treatment of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (Shy-Drager syndrome) with indomethacin. Four patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (I.O.H.) and one with postural hypotension and diabetes were studied. Plasma-renin activity (P.R.A.) was low and did not rise appropriately with salt restriction and diuretic stimulation. Aldosterone levels were normal and rose with diuretic therapy. Plasma-volume, plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase, urinary catecholamines, metanephrines, and vanillyl mandelic acid (V.M.A) were normal. Treatment with indomethacin (75-150 mg/day) raised the upright blood-pressure (B.P.) by an average of 20-30 mm Hg diastolic and allowed the four patients with I.O.H. to walk about without orthostatic symptoms but it had no effect in the fifth patient. When indomethacin was discontinued in one patient who had been taking it for 9 months with symptomatic relief, the B.P. fell to pretreatment levels within 48 h. When indomethacin was reinstituted the B.P. rose again. Indomethacin was more effective in these patients than either propranolol or fludrocortisone. There may be an absolute or relative excess of certain vasodepressor prostaglandins in the peripheral vessels which results in pooling of blood and orthostatic hypotension. If this is the case indomethacin might improve the orthostatic symptoms of I.O.H. by its inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis, but its mechanism of action remains to be determined.", "PMID": 76934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6366", "title": "Hypoimmunoglobulinaemia with deficiency of pre-B cells.", "content": "No pre-B cells were found in the marrows of two girls with congenital antibody deficiency who lacked B cells. The presence of variable T-lymphocyte defects in these and thymoma patients lacking pre-B cells favours a metabolic aetiology rather than selective failure of a single cell series.", "contents": "Hypoimmunoglobulinaemia with deficiency of pre-B cells. No pre-B cells were found in the marrows of two girls with congenital antibody deficiency who lacked B cells. The presence of variable T-lymphocyte defects in these and thymoma patients lacking pre-B cells favours a metabolic aetiology rather than selective failure of a single cell series.", "PMID": 76935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6367", "title": "Chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to low doses of paracetamol.", "content": "Chronic hepatic necrosis developed in a man who had been taking 4 g of paracetamol daily for about a year (cumulative dose 1700 g). Liver biopsy done 23 days after the drug was stopped showed prominent diffuse central necrosis and portal changes. Repeat biopsy 5 months later showed chronic active hepatitis. This prompted anti-inflammatory treatment, with subsequent improvement in liver histology. Liver concentrations of reduced glutathione and paracetamol metabolism, assessed 1-1 1/2 years after drug was stopped, were normal; the basis for this patient's drug sensitivity is thus unclear. In some patients, chronic ingestion of therapeutic doses of paracetamol may produce hepatic necrosis and hepatitis which persist long after the drug has been discontinued.", "contents": "Chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to low doses of paracetamol. Chronic hepatic necrosis developed in a man who had been taking 4 g of paracetamol daily for about a year (cumulative dose 1700 g). Liver biopsy done 23 days after the drug was stopped showed prominent diffuse central necrosis and portal changes. Repeat biopsy 5 months later showed chronic active hepatitis. This prompted anti-inflammatory treatment, with subsequent improvement in liver histology. Liver concentrations of reduced glutathione and paracetamol metabolism, assessed 1-1 1/2 years after drug was stopped, were normal; the basis for this patient's drug sensitivity is thus unclear. In some patients, chronic ingestion of therapeutic doses of paracetamol may produce hepatic necrosis and hepatitis which persist long after the drug has been discontinued.", "PMID": 76936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6368", "title": "Mortality from leukaemia and cancer in shipyard nuclear workers.", "content": "A review of death certificates in New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts for 1959-77 yielded a total of 1722 deaths among former workers at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard where nuclear submarines are repaired and refuelled. Next of kin were contacted for 592. All deaths under age 80 were classified as being in former nuclear or non-nuclear workers depending on information supplied by next of kin. With U.S. age-specific proportional cancer mortality for White males as a standard, the observed/expected ratio of leukaemia deaths was 5.62 (6 observed, 1.1 expected) among the 146 former nuclear workers. For all cancer deaths, this ratio was 1.78. Among non-nuclear workers there was no statistically significant increase in proportional mortality from either leukaemia or from all cancers. The excess proportional leukaemia and cancer mortality among nuclear workers exceeds predictions based on previous data of radiation effects in man.", "contents": "Mortality from leukaemia and cancer in shipyard nuclear workers. A review of death certificates in New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts for 1959-77 yielded a total of 1722 deaths among former workers at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard where nuclear submarines are repaired and refuelled. Next of kin were contacted for 592. All deaths under age 80 were classified as being in former nuclear or non-nuclear workers depending on information supplied by next of kin. With U.S. age-specific proportional cancer mortality for White males as a standard, the observed/expected ratio of leukaemia deaths was 5.62 (6 observed, 1.1 expected) among the 146 former nuclear workers. For all cancer deaths, this ratio was 1.78. Among non-nuclear workers there was no statistically significant increase in proportional mortality from either leukaemia or from all cancers. The excess proportional leukaemia and cancer mortality among nuclear workers exceeds predictions based on previous data of radiation effects in man.", "PMID": 76937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6369", "title": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition for detecting specific tumour immunity in early pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Tumour-specific immunity to pancreatic tumour antigens, assayed by an automated tube leucocyte-adherence inhibition assay (L.A.I.), was detected in 3 of 3 patients with localised pancreatic cancer and 3 of 8 patients with more extensive pancreatic cancer. Leucocytes from pancreatic cancer patients with L.A.I. reactivity did not react to antigens of stomach, colon, or lung tumours; leucocytes from patients with stomach, colon, or lung cancer of inflammatory disease of the pancreas and bowel did not show L.A.I. reactivity to pancreatic tumour antigens.", "contents": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition for detecting specific tumour immunity in early pancreatic cancer. Tumour-specific immunity to pancreatic tumour antigens, assayed by an automated tube leucocyte-adherence inhibition assay (L.A.I.), was detected in 3 of 3 patients with localised pancreatic cancer and 3 of 8 patients with more extensive pancreatic cancer. Leucocytes from pancreatic cancer patients with L.A.I. reactivity did not react to antigens of stomach, colon, or lung tumours; leucocytes from patients with stomach, colon, or lung cancer of inflammatory disease of the pancreas and bowel did not show L.A.I. reactivity to pancreatic tumour antigens.", "PMID": 76938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6370", "title": "Uterine cervical cytology and young women.", "content": "9000 women aged 20 years and under who had cervical smears taken in the 10-year period 1967-76 were studied. The number of young women with abnormal smears rose, but this increase was in proportion to the number screened. Abnormal smears were found in 145 (1.6%) cases. Follow-up for periods of up to 10 years showed that in over half the cases subsequent smears had reverted to normal without treatment. 19 of the 145 patients progressed to have smears which were suggestive of malignancy: 16 of these were diagnosed histologically as carcinoma-in-situ, and the other 3 were histological dysplasias. At follow-up no cases of carcinoma-in-situ were found in women under 21. No cases of invasive cancer were found on the initial biopsy. One microinvasive cancer was found in a woman aged 26 on a second biopsy 6 1/2 years after the first atypical smear. The preclinical cases were detected from smears taken during pregnancy, or, in the case of the one possibly nulliparous girl, during a gynaecological consultation. These women did not attend family-planning clinics until after a pregnancy.", "contents": "Uterine cervical cytology and young women. 9000 women aged 20 years and under who had cervical smears taken in the 10-year period 1967-76 were studied. The number of young women with abnormal smears rose, but this increase was in proportion to the number screened. Abnormal smears were found in 145 (1.6%) cases. Follow-up for periods of up to 10 years showed that in over half the cases subsequent smears had reverted to normal without treatment. 19 of the 145 patients progressed to have smears which were suggestive of malignancy: 16 of these were diagnosed histologically as carcinoma-in-situ, and the other 3 were histological dysplasias. At follow-up no cases of carcinoma-in-situ were found in women under 21. No cases of invasive cancer were found on the initial biopsy. One microinvasive cancer was found in a woman aged 26 on a second biopsy 6 1/2 years after the first atypical smear. The preclinical cases were detected from smears taken during pregnancy, or, in the case of the one possibly nulliparous girl, during a gynaecological consultation. These women did not attend family-planning clinics until after a pregnancy.", "PMID": 76944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6371", "title": "Effect of thyroid hormone on the levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in rabbits.", "content": "Levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were determined in experimental hyperthyroidism using a quantitative immunologic technique. Levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and protein binding iodine were simultaneously determined. Thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine were administered to rabbits orally for 30 days. A significant decrease in carbonic anhydrase B type was observed after 30 days, although no significant change was observed in carbonic anhydrase C type. These findings suggest that the steady state level of carbonic anhydrase B type in red cells is affected by thyroid hormone more readily than that of carbonic anhydrase C type. The level of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increased markedly after 10 days of treatment, corresponding to the increase of protein binding iodine. The clinical or pathologic significances were discussed in relation to the changes in the levels of these isozymes and 2,3-diphosphglycerate in red cells.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid hormone on the levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in rabbits. Levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were determined in experimental hyperthyroidism using a quantitative immunologic technique. Levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and protein binding iodine were simultaneously determined. Thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine were administered to rabbits orally for 30 days. A significant decrease in carbonic anhydrase B type was observed after 30 days, although no significant change was observed in carbonic anhydrase C type. These findings suggest that the steady state level of carbonic anhydrase B type in red cells is affected by thyroid hormone more readily than that of carbonic anhydrase C type. The level of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increased markedly after 10 days of treatment, corresponding to the increase of protein binding iodine. The clinical or pathologic significances were discussed in relation to the changes in the levels of these isozymes and 2,3-diphosphglycerate in red cells.", "PMID": 76981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6372", "title": "[Results after resection of left ventricular aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "This resport concerns 105 left ventricular aneurysmectomies, 44 of which were combined with additional operations. Mortality in hospital was 7.6%, the survival rate after 4 years 84%. Postoperative examinations were carried out in 74 patients after an average interval of 21 months. There was a subjective improvement in 2/3 of the cases, only 1/3 returned to work. Angina pectoris was improved in 2/3, principally in the group with additional revascularization. The functional tolerance test showed that only 57% improved their physiological capacity for work. The effect of aneurysmectomy on preoperative cardiac arrhythmias was unreliable and on the whole disappointing.", "contents": "[Results after resection of left ventricular aneurysm (author's transl)]. This resport concerns 105 left ventricular aneurysmectomies, 44 of which were combined with additional operations. Mortality in hospital was 7.6%, the survival rate after 4 years 84%. Postoperative examinations were carried out in 74 patients after an average interval of 21 months. There was a subjective improvement in 2/3 of the cases, only 1/3 returned to work. Angina pectoris was improved in 2/3, principally in the group with additional revascularization. The functional tolerance test showed that only 57% improved their physiological capacity for work. The effect of aneurysmectomy on preoperative cardiac arrhythmias was unreliable and on the whole disappointing.", "PMID": 76986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6373", "title": "Role of complement in the toxicity of dietary legumes.", "content": "On the basis of in vivo data Jayne-Williams (1) has proposed that the toxicity of dietary legumes is due to their content of lectins which are immunosuppressive. On the basis of in vitro data with cultured lymphocytes (2), it is now proposed that ingested lectins bind to cell surfaces and cause autologous complement components to bind to and destroy immunologically competent cells. The hypothesis throws a possible light on the aetiology of favism and Whipple's disease.", "contents": "Role of complement in the toxicity of dietary legumes. On the basis of in vivo data Jayne-Williams (1) has proposed that the toxicity of dietary legumes is due to their content of lectins which are immunosuppressive. On the basis of in vitro data with cultured lymphocytes (2), it is now proposed that ingested lectins bind to cell surfaces and cause autologous complement components to bind to and destroy immunologically competent cells. The hypothesis throws a possible light on the aetiology of favism and Whipple's disease.", "PMID": 76983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6374", "title": "Localization of alpha-fetoprotein by immunofluorescent method during induction of rat liver tumors by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "Localization of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) has been followed in hepatal tissue and tumors during induction of primary hepatomas with the aid of 0.12% 3'-Me-DAB (3'-methyl-4-dimethylammoazobenzene) in Wistar rats. The indirect immunofluorescence method was used for the localization of alpha-FP positive cells. During the course of carcinogenesis, alpha-FP in serum was detected by means of the crossing over immunoelectrophoresis. This study has yielded the following results: Alpha FP positive cells resembling small hepatocytes occurred dispersed and in groups beginning with the 5th week of a carcinogenic diet until the appearance of tumors. No alpha-FP positive oval cells have been found. Alpha-FP positive cells were always found in rats with alpha-FP positive serum, but they were rarely present in rats with alpha-FP negative serum. From the 10th week, tumors of the cholangiohepatoma type began to be formed in which variously scattered alpha-FP positive cells of the type of small hepatocytes were present, with the serum being negative. Between week 14 and 21 hepatoma nodules began to be formed. At week 21 frequent alpha-FP positive cells close to normal hepatocytes were observed both singly and in groups. These are considered to be the sites of developing tumor nodules. In all the hepatoma nodules, the number of positive tumorous cells and the intensity of fluorescence proved to be directly proportional to alpha-FP concentration in serum.", "contents": "Localization of alpha-fetoprotein by immunofluorescent method during induction of rat liver tumors by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Localization of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) has been followed in hepatal tissue and tumors during induction of primary hepatomas with the aid of 0.12% 3'-Me-DAB (3'-methyl-4-dimethylammoazobenzene) in Wistar rats. The indirect immunofluorescence method was used for the localization of alpha-FP positive cells. During the course of carcinogenesis, alpha-FP in serum was detected by means of the crossing over immunoelectrophoresis. This study has yielded the following results: Alpha FP positive cells resembling small hepatocytes occurred dispersed and in groups beginning with the 5th week of a carcinogenic diet until the appearance of tumors. No alpha-FP positive oval cells have been found. Alpha-FP positive cells were always found in rats with alpha-FP positive serum, but they were rarely present in rats with alpha-FP negative serum. From the 10th week, tumors of the cholangiohepatoma type began to be formed in which variously scattered alpha-FP positive cells of the type of small hepatocytes were present, with the serum being negative. Between week 14 and 21 hepatoma nodules began to be formed. At week 21 frequent alpha-FP positive cells close to normal hepatocytes were observed both singly and in groups. These are considered to be the sites of developing tumor nodules. In all the hepatoma nodules, the number of positive tumorous cells and the intensity of fluorescence proved to be directly proportional to alpha-FP concentration in serum.", "PMID": 76994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6375", "title": "[Acute and subacute intracranial hepatoma with hemophilia A--two cases report (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in hemophiliac are presented. Case 1 was a 3-year-old boy, who had a mild trauma and became semicomatous. The carotid angiogram showed the findings of intracerebral hematoma and extravasation of contrast medium from the temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery. Evacuation of hematoma was successfully performed under human AHF administration. Postoperatively, the human AHF was administrated to maintain 30% of the plasma concentration of the VIII factor for 3 weeks. He discharged without any neurological deficit. Case 2 was a 14-year-old boy who had experienced several episodes of hemorrhage in nose and knee joints. He had a minor head trauma. Then, 12 days later, he became drowsy and the left hemiparesis developed. The right carotid angiogram revealed the presence of thin subdural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma. From clinical state, however, the conservative treatment was selected and human AHF was administered. The concentration of plasma VIII factor was kept in 30% with human AHF for 2 weeks like case 1. He completely recovered. The authors believe that the human AHF is very effective and 30% of plasma VIII factor is enough for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage in hemophiliac.", "contents": "[Acute and subacute intracranial hepatoma with hemophilia A--two cases report (author's transl)]. Two cases of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in hemophiliac are presented. Case 1 was a 3-year-old boy, who had a mild trauma and became semicomatous. The carotid angiogram showed the findings of intracerebral hematoma and extravasation of contrast medium from the temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery. Evacuation of hematoma was successfully performed under human AHF administration. Postoperatively, the human AHF was administrated to maintain 30% of the plasma concentration of the VIII factor for 3 weeks. He discharged without any neurological deficit. Case 2 was a 14-year-old boy who had experienced several episodes of hemorrhage in nose and knee joints. He had a minor head trauma. Then, 12 days later, he became drowsy and the left hemiparesis developed. The right carotid angiogram revealed the presence of thin subdural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma. From clinical state, however, the conservative treatment was selected and human AHF was administered. The concentration of plasma VIII factor was kept in 30% with human AHF for 2 weeks like case 1. He completely recovered. The authors believe that the human AHF is very effective and 30% of plasma VIII factor is enough for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage in hemophiliac.", "PMID": 76995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6376", "title": "Intracellular calcium accumulation in Duchenne dystrophy and other myopathies: a study of 567,000 muscle fibers in 114 biopsies.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies have shown plasmalemmal defects in a proportion of non-necrotic muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy, suggesting that intracellular calcium overloading may be an important mechanism of muscle fiber degeneration. To investigate this assumption, we studied the localization of calcium with the von K\u00f3ssa method, with alizarin red, and with glyoxalbis-(o-hydroxyanil) in serial, fresh-frozen sections of 114 biopsy specimens. The biopsy material included Duchenne dystrophy (24 cases), other dystrophies (27 cases), inflammatory myopathies (47 cases), and normal controls (11 cases). Counted in each specimen were every muscle fiber, the so-called large-dark fibers, and all calcium-positive fibers. Separate counts were made of the large-dark, necrotic, and other types of calcium-positive fibers. In Duchenne dystrophy, non-nectotic calcium-positive fibers occurred with a mean frequency of 4.83 percent. For all other groups, the corresponding value was 0.57 percent, with a range of 0.21 percent (normals) to 1.76 percent (scleroderma), p less than 0.001. Large-dark fibers were 12 times more common in Duchenne dystrophy than in all other cases. Forty-three percent of the fibers were calcium-positive in Duchenne dystrophy, whereas calcium-positive large-dark fibers were extremely rare in the other cases.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium accumulation in Duchenne dystrophy and other myopathies: a study of 567,000 muscle fibers in 114 biopsies. Ultrastructural studies have shown plasmalemmal defects in a proportion of non-necrotic muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy, suggesting that intracellular calcium overloading may be an important mechanism of muscle fiber degeneration. To investigate this assumption, we studied the localization of calcium with the von K\u00f3ssa method, with alizarin red, and with glyoxalbis-(o-hydroxyanil) in serial, fresh-frozen sections of 114 biopsy specimens. The biopsy material included Duchenne dystrophy (24 cases), other dystrophies (27 cases), inflammatory myopathies (47 cases), and normal controls (11 cases). Counted in each specimen were every muscle fiber, the so-called large-dark fibers, and all calcium-positive fibers. Separate counts were made of the large-dark, necrotic, and other types of calcium-positive fibers. In Duchenne dystrophy, non-nectotic calcium-positive fibers occurred with a mean frequency of 4.83 percent. For all other groups, the corresponding value was 0.57 percent, with a range of 0.21 percent (normals) to 1.76 percent (scleroderma), p less than 0.001. Large-dark fibers were 12 times more common in Duchenne dystrophy than in all other cases. Forty-three percent of the fibers were calcium-positive in Duchenne dystrophy, whereas calcium-positive large-dark fibers were extremely rare in the other cases.", "PMID": 76996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6377", "title": "Vital staining of coronal dentin in monkey teeth.", "content": "Vital staining of monkey incisor teeth with the incisal dentin exposed to the oral environment by attrition was carried out, with the use of a number of dyes (pH and redox indicators). There was a distinct staining of the coronal dentin, regardless of which dye was introduced into the pulpal cavity. The exposed dentin was stained like the unaffected dentin, with the exception of a narrow centrally located zone that extended from the tip of the original pulp horn to the incisal edge of the tooth. The suggestion is that this zone is not unstained because of exposure of the dentin to the oral environment, but because it coincides with an area of the tissue where the pulpal ends of the dentinal tubules are blocked by atubular hard tissue normally laid down in the pulp horn of incisor teeth.", "contents": "Vital staining of coronal dentin in monkey teeth. Vital staining of monkey incisor teeth with the incisal dentin exposed to the oral environment by attrition was carried out, with the use of a number of dyes (pH and redox indicators). There was a distinct staining of the coronal dentin, regardless of which dye was introduced into the pulpal cavity. The exposed dentin was stained like the unaffected dentin, with the exception of a narrow centrally located zone that extended from the tip of the original pulp horn to the incisal edge of the tooth. The suggestion is that this zone is not unstained because of exposure of the dentin to the oral environment, but because it coincides with an area of the tissue where the pulpal ends of the dentinal tubules are blocked by atubular hard tissue normally laid down in the pulp horn of incisor teeth.", "PMID": 77001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6378", "title": "\"Cold\" lesion in bone scan of an osteogenic metastasis of Wilms' tumour.", "content": "Isolated mandibular metastasis in Wilms' tumour resulted in cold lesion on a bone scan.", "contents": "\"Cold\" lesion in bone scan of an osteogenic metastasis of Wilms' tumour. Isolated mandibular metastasis in Wilms' tumour resulted in cold lesion on a bone scan.", "PMID": 77003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6379", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of DNA complementary to mitochondrial mRNA via reverse transcription.", "content": "The poly(A)-containing mitochondrial mRNAs of rat liver were tested for their ability to serve as templates for the DNA synthesis by means of reverse transcription in the presence of the oligo(dT) primer and the RNA-directed DNA-polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. The mT-mRNA does not support the DNA synthesis in the standard conditions sufficient for effective reverse transcription of rabbit globin mRNA and of poly(A) in the presence of oligo(dT) primers. After a mild alkaline treatment of the mRNA and subsequent polyadenylation of the 3'-termini of the generated fragments with ATP:RNA adenyltransferase from E.coli the poly(A) (+) polyribonucleotides are able to serve as templates for reverse transcription in the presence of oligo(dT) and the reverse transcriptase. A conclusion is made that a \"structural stop\" exists in mitochondrial mRNA non-translable regions adjacent to the poly(A) terminal sequence. The \"structural stop\" is suggested to be caused by post-transcriptional modification of mRNA (methylation, etc.) or by a particularly stable secondary structure in this region of the mRNA molecules.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of DNA complementary to mitochondrial mRNA via reverse transcription. The poly(A)-containing mitochondrial mRNAs of rat liver were tested for their ability to serve as templates for the DNA synthesis by means of reverse transcription in the presence of the oligo(dT) primer and the RNA-directed DNA-polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. The mT-mRNA does not support the DNA synthesis in the standard conditions sufficient for effective reverse transcription of rabbit globin mRNA and of poly(A) in the presence of oligo(dT) primers. After a mild alkaline treatment of the mRNA and subsequent polyadenylation of the 3'-termini of the generated fragments with ATP:RNA adenyltransferase from E.coli the poly(A) (+) polyribonucleotides are able to serve as templates for reverse transcription in the presence of oligo(dT) and the reverse transcriptase. A conclusion is made that a \"structural stop\" exists in mitochondrial mRNA non-translable regions adjacent to the poly(A) terminal sequence. The \"structural stop\" is suggested to be caused by post-transcriptional modification of mRNA (methylation, etc.) or by a particularly stable secondary structure in this region of the mRNA molecules.", "PMID": 77007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6380", "title": "Choosing a drug regimen for obstructive pulmonary disease. 2. Agents other than bronchodilators.", "content": "Cromolyn sodium, oral and inhaled corticosteroids, antibiotics, and mucolytic agents all have a place in treatment of the reversible components of obstructive pulmonary disease. Patient education about the particular condition causing airflow obstruction and the chosen treatment program is extremely important in promoting patient acceptance.", "contents": "Choosing a drug regimen for obstructive pulmonary disease. 2. Agents other than bronchodilators. Cromolyn sodium, oral and inhaled corticosteroids, antibiotics, and mucolytic agents all have a place in treatment of the reversible components of obstructive pulmonary disease. Patient education about the particular condition causing airflow obstruction and the chosen treatment program is extremely important in promoting patient acceptance.", "PMID": 77011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6381", "title": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part X. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-cyclamino-, 6-imidazolyl--and triazolylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acids derivatives.", "content": "The 6(2'-methylpiperidine-, 2',6'-dimethylmorpholino-, imidazolyl- and triazolyl)-2-cyanopyrazines were prepared from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine. The -CN group was then transformed into COOH, CONH2, CSNH2, CONHNH2, CONHOH and C(NOH)NH2 functions. All compounds obtained were of weak tuberculostatic activity. Comp. 13 was active against isoniazide, capreomycin and ethionamide resistent strains at the concentration range of 31.2--62.5 microgram/cm3.", "contents": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part X. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-cyclamino-, 6-imidazolyl--and triazolylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acids derivatives. The 6(2'-methylpiperidine-, 2',6'-dimethylmorpholino-, imidazolyl- and triazolyl)-2-cyanopyrazines were prepared from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine. The -CN group was then transformed into COOH, CONH2, CSNH2, CONHNH2, CONHOH and C(NOH)NH2 functions. All compounds obtained were of weak tuberculostatic activity. Comp. 13 was active against isoniazide, capreomycin and ethionamide resistent strains at the concentration range of 31.2--62.5 microgram/cm3.", "PMID": 77010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6382", "title": "Early events and mechanisms in the induction of bacterial SOS functions: analysis of the phage repressor inactivation process in vivo.", "content": "Different inducing agents and treatments produced distinctly different kinetic patterns of inactivation of prophage repressor molecules. The different patterns were related to differences in the initial altered states of DNA that were produced. The timing of appearance of DNA degradation was correlated with the time needed for repressor inactivation. These characteristics suggest that all the inducing treatments lead to the formation of a final predegradative DNA structure(s) (probably involving scissions) that is acted on by specific DNases, including the recBC DNase, to produce the signals for the induction of prophage.", "contents": "Early events and mechanisms in the induction of bacterial SOS functions: analysis of the phage repressor inactivation process in vivo. Different inducing agents and treatments produced distinctly different kinetic patterns of inactivation of prophage repressor molecules. The different patterns were related to differences in the initial altered states of DNA that were produced. The timing of appearance of DNA degradation was correlated with the time needed for repressor inactivation. These characteristics suggest that all the inducing treatments lead to the formation of a final predegradative DNA structure(s) (probably involving scissions) that is acted on by specific DNases, including the recBC DNase, to produce the signals for the induction of prophage.", "PMID": 77015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6383", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the normal crossreacting antigen: homology of its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence with that of carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "The normal antigen, NCA, which crossreacts with the carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, was purified from normal spleen tissue by an immunochemical purification method using insolubilized antibodies to either CEA or NCA. The highly purified NCA obtained was extensively characterized by immunological tests. The molecular weight of NCA determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was approximately 100,000. The total amount of carbohydrate in NCA was 30%, compared to 60% in CEA. NCA and CEA also differed in sugar composition. The amino acid composition of NCA was nearly identical to that of CEA, except for the apparent presence of methionine in NCA but not in CEA. The sequence of the first 26 NH2-terminal amino acids in NCA was identical to that of CEA except at position 21, where alanine was found in NCA instead of valine in CEA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the normal crossreacting antigen: homology of its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence with that of carcinoembryonic antigen. The normal antigen, NCA, which crossreacts with the carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, was purified from normal spleen tissue by an immunochemical purification method using insolubilized antibodies to either CEA or NCA. The highly purified NCA obtained was extensively characterized by immunological tests. The molecular weight of NCA determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was approximately 100,000. The total amount of carbohydrate in NCA was 30%, compared to 60% in CEA. NCA and CEA also differed in sugar composition. The amino acid composition of NCA was nearly identical to that of CEA, except for the apparent presence of methionine in NCA but not in CEA. The sequence of the first 26 NH2-terminal amino acids in NCA was identical to that of CEA except at position 21, where alanine was found in NCA instead of valine in CEA.", "PMID": 77016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6384", "title": "Growth state-dependent phenotypes of adult hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.", "content": "A proliferation-competent adult rat liver cell monolayer system has been analyzed for tissue-specific functions during its growth cycle. High levels of the adult (L type) form of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and glutathione S-transferase B (\"ligand,\" EC 2.5.1.18) are observed during the early lag phase; they decline markedly during the logarithmic phase and reappear during the stationary phase. By contrast, elevated levels of the fetal (K type) form of pyruvate kinase and alpha1-fetoprotein production appear only after proliferation begins; this pattern diminishes slightly during stationary phase as the adult phenotype is restored. Albumin production continues throughout the entire growth cycle. These in vitro findings simulate those observed during hepatoproliferative transitions in the intact animal and, as such, constitute a developmental program for normal epithelial cells in primary culture.", "contents": "Growth state-dependent phenotypes of adult hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. A proliferation-competent adult rat liver cell monolayer system has been analyzed for tissue-specific functions during its growth cycle. High levels of the adult (L type) form of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and glutathione S-transferase B (\"ligand,\" EC 2.5.1.18) are observed during the early lag phase; they decline markedly during the logarithmic phase and reappear during the stationary phase. By contrast, elevated levels of the fetal (K type) form of pyruvate kinase and alpha1-fetoprotein production appear only after proliferation begins; this pattern diminishes slightly during stationary phase as the adult phenotype is restored. Albumin production continues throughout the entire growth cycle. These in vitro findings simulate those observed during hepatoproliferative transitions in the intact animal and, as such, constitute a developmental program for normal epithelial cells in primary culture.", "PMID": 77017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6385", "title": "Growth of embryonal carcinoma cells in serum-free medium.", "content": "Two mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines, PCC.4 aza-1 and F9, have been grown in serum-free F-12 medium supplemented with Pedersen fetuin, insulin, transferrin, and 2-mercaptoethanol. This medium supports long-term growth of both cell lines. When these cells are transferred from medium containing serum to this serum-free medium, growth continues without any detectable lag. PCC.4 aza-1 grown in this medium for over 20 generations retains the capacity to differentiate in vivo. This medium appears to be a general serum-free medium for the growth of embryonal carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Growth of embryonal carcinoma cells in serum-free medium. Two mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines, PCC.4 aza-1 and F9, have been grown in serum-free F-12 medium supplemented with Pedersen fetuin, insulin, transferrin, and 2-mercaptoethanol. This medium supports long-term growth of both cell lines. When these cells are transferred from medium containing serum to this serum-free medium, growth continues without any detectable lag. PCC.4 aza-1 grown in this medium for over 20 generations retains the capacity to differentiate in vivo. This medium appears to be a general serum-free medium for the growth of embryonal carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 77018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6386", "title": "Immunogenicity of the envelope glycoprotein of avian sarcoma virus.", "content": "The expression of type E-specific glycoprotein in chick-helper factor-positive [chf(+)] chickens is not restricted to a certain stage of embryogenesis but persists in postembryonic life. This finding prompted an investigation of the immunogenicity of the viral envelope glycoprotein of exogenous avian sarcoma virus in chf(+) and chf(-) chickens. Sensitization of both classes of chickens resulted in the induction of detectable antibody reactivity to determinants of the glycoprotein that were type-specific as well as group-specific. Because group-specific determinants are present on type E-specific glycoprotein, these results link immunity to exogenous viral envelope glycoprotein in chf(+) chickens with autoreactivity. A model is proposed to rationalize the induction of reactivity in this system.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of the envelope glycoprotein of avian sarcoma virus. The expression of type E-specific glycoprotein in chick-helper factor-positive [chf(+)] chickens is not restricted to a certain stage of embryogenesis but persists in postembryonic life. This finding prompted an investigation of the immunogenicity of the viral envelope glycoprotein of exogenous avian sarcoma virus in chf(+) and chf(-) chickens. Sensitization of both classes of chickens resulted in the induction of detectable antibody reactivity to determinants of the glycoprotein that were type-specific as well as group-specific. Because group-specific determinants are present on type E-specific glycoprotein, these results link immunity to exogenous viral envelope glycoprotein in chf(+) chickens with autoreactivity. A model is proposed to rationalize the induction of reactivity in this system.", "PMID": 77019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6387", "title": "Components in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid that are detected by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein.", "content": "Components in cerebrospinal fluid that are antigenically related to myelin basic protein have been identified by a technique described recently [Barbarese, E., Braun, P. E. & Carson, J. H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3360-3364] involving separating the cerebrospinal fluid proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and measuring the individual components by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 48 different patients (23 with definite multiple sclerosis, 4 with suspected multiple sclerosis, and 21 with other neurological diseases) were examined by this technique. The results indicate that cerebrospinal fluid can contain at least three separate components that are detected by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. On the basis of their apparent molecular weights, the three components were identified as follows: component I, intact myelin basic protein; component II, proteolytic fragments of myelin basic protein; and component III, a protein of unknown origin with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. Most samples of cerebrospinal fluid (45 of 48) from patients with multiple sclerosis and from patients with other neurological diseases contained components I and II. Component III was detected in all of the samples from patients with definite multiple sclerosis, in three of four samples from patients with suspected multiple sclerosis, and in none of the samples from patients with other neurological diseases. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Components in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid that are detected by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. Components in cerebrospinal fluid that are antigenically related to myelin basic protein have been identified by a technique described recently [Barbarese, E., Braun, P. E. & Carson, J. H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3360-3364] involving separating the cerebrospinal fluid proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and measuring the individual components by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 48 different patients (23 with definite multiple sclerosis, 4 with suspected multiple sclerosis, and 21 with other neurological diseases) were examined by this technique. The results indicate that cerebrospinal fluid can contain at least three separate components that are detected by radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. On the basis of their apparent molecular weights, the three components were identified as follows: component I, intact myelin basic protein; component II, proteolytic fragments of myelin basic protein; and component III, a protein of unknown origin with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. Most samples of cerebrospinal fluid (45 of 48) from patients with multiple sclerosis and from patients with other neurological diseases contained components I and II. Component III was detected in all of the samples from patients with definite multiple sclerosis, in three of four samples from patients with suspected multiple sclerosis, and in none of the samples from patients with other neurological diseases. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 77020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6388", "title": "Crossreacting determinants in variant-specific surface antigens of African trypanosomes.", "content": "A number of variant-specific surface antigens (VSSAs) were purified from clones of Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense and tested for immunological crossreactivity. Anti-VSSA sera were clone-specific when tested by indirect immunofluorescence of living trypanosomes, but they were not clone-specific when tested by radioimmunoassay with purified 125I-labeled VSSAs. In this double-antibody radioimmunoassay every VSSA tested was precipitated by the homologous and all heterologous anti-VSSA sera. Any unlabeled VSSA could inhibit the heterologous precipitation reactions by 100%. The homologous precipitation reactions were effectively inhibited only by unlabeled homologous VSSA. Crossreactions between different VSSA molecules were also revealed by microcomplement fixation tests. The results confirm the presence, in VSSAs, of variable determinants specific to individual VSSAs and also show crossreacting determinants in all VSSAs tested, including those isolated from different species of trypanosomes. These results contrast with previous studies which failed to find evidence for immunological crossreactivity between different VSSA molecules. We suggest that the crossreacting determinants in VSSAs may represent common structural regions. The existence of such regions would have considerable implication for the development of theories and experiments concerning the mechanism of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.", "contents": "Crossreacting determinants in variant-specific surface antigens of African trypanosomes. A number of variant-specific surface antigens (VSSAs) were purified from clones of Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense and tested for immunological crossreactivity. Anti-VSSA sera were clone-specific when tested by indirect immunofluorescence of living trypanosomes, but they were not clone-specific when tested by radioimmunoassay with purified 125I-labeled VSSAs. In this double-antibody radioimmunoassay every VSSA tested was precipitated by the homologous and all heterologous anti-VSSA sera. Any unlabeled VSSA could inhibit the heterologous precipitation reactions by 100%. The homologous precipitation reactions were effectively inhibited only by unlabeled homologous VSSA. Crossreactions between different VSSA molecules were also revealed by microcomplement fixation tests. The results confirm the presence, in VSSAs, of variable determinants specific to individual VSSAs and also show crossreacting determinants in all VSSAs tested, including those isolated from different species of trypanosomes. These results contrast with previous studies which failed to find evidence for immunological crossreactivity between different VSSA molecules. We suggest that the crossreacting determinants in VSSAs may represent common structural regions. The existence of such regions would have considerable implication for the development of theories and experiments concerning the mechanism of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.", "PMID": 77021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6389", "title": "Biosynthesis of reverse transcriptase from Rauscher murine leukemia virus by synthesis and cleavage of a gag-pol read-through viral precursor polyprotein.", "content": "Reverse transcriptase (RT; RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from Rauscher leukemia virus is synthesized in infected cells by way of a read-through poly- rotein of 200,000 molecular weight. This polyprotein (Pr200(gag-pol)) was precipitated by antiserum to RT; in a previous study all the monospecific antisera to gag proteins recognized Pr200(gag-pol). Pr200(gag-pol) contains both p30 and RT peptide sequences. Intermediate RT-related precursors of 145,000 (Pr145(pol)), 135,000 (Pr135(pol)), and 125,000 (Pr125(pol)) molecular weights were specifically recognized by precipitation from infected cell extracts by antiserum to RT. These proteins shared methionine-containing tryptic peptide sequences with a virion polypeptide of 80,000 molecular weight (p80(pol)) precipitate by antiserum to RT. Purification of active RT enzyme from virions labeled with [(3)H]methionine showed that p80(pol) was the major component, based on analysis by gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping experiments. A polypeptide (Pr80(pol)), similar in size to mature viral p80(pol), was also precipitated from infected cells by antiserum to RT. Its peptide map was nearly identical to that of virion p80(pol). Pulse-chase studies showed that Pr80(pol), Pr125(pol), and Pr135(pol) were stable polypeptides, whereas Pr200(gag-pol) and Pr145(pol) were unstable precursors. Pulse-chase studies with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, showed that the processing of Pr200(gag-pol) occurred for a short time in the absence of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of reverse transcriptase from Rauscher murine leukemia virus by synthesis and cleavage of a gag-pol read-through viral precursor polyprotein. Reverse transcriptase (RT; RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) from Rauscher leukemia virus is synthesized in infected cells by way of a read-through poly- rotein of 200,000 molecular weight. This polyprotein (Pr200(gag-pol)) was precipitated by antiserum to RT; in a previous study all the monospecific antisera to gag proteins recognized Pr200(gag-pol). Pr200(gag-pol) contains both p30 and RT peptide sequences. Intermediate RT-related precursors of 145,000 (Pr145(pol)), 135,000 (Pr135(pol)), and 125,000 (Pr125(pol)) molecular weights were specifically recognized by precipitation from infected cell extracts by antiserum to RT. These proteins shared methionine-containing tryptic peptide sequences with a virion polypeptide of 80,000 molecular weight (p80(pol)) precipitate by antiserum to RT. Purification of active RT enzyme from virions labeled with [(3)H]methionine showed that p80(pol) was the major component, based on analysis by gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping experiments. A polypeptide (Pr80(pol)), similar in size to mature viral p80(pol), was also precipitated from infected cells by antiserum to RT. Its peptide map was nearly identical to that of virion p80(pol). Pulse-chase studies showed that Pr80(pol), Pr125(pol), and Pr135(pol) were stable polypeptides, whereas Pr200(gag-pol) and Pr145(pol) were unstable precursors. Pulse-chase studies with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, showed that the processing of Pr200(gag-pol) occurred for a short time in the absence of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 77022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6390", "title": "Regulation of rat alpha-fetoprotein production by methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "Simultaneous and equimolar injections of methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate significantly accelerated the rapid fall of rat serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations after birth. The results were compared with those obtained by administrations of prednisolone and adult tissue extracts. Correlations between a methionine-related metabolic event(s) and the repression of AFP synthesis were discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of rat alpha-fetoprotein production by methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Simultaneous and equimolar injections of methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate significantly accelerated the rapid fall of rat serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations after birth. The results were compared with those obtained by administrations of prednisolone and adult tissue extracts. Correlations between a methionine-related metabolic event(s) and the repression of AFP synthesis were discussed.", "PMID": 77035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6391", "title": "Standardization of Romanowsky stains. The relationship between stain composition and performance.", "content": "A panel of 17 eminent haematologists has assessed the performance of 5 Romanowsky stains prepared from pure component dyes, comparing the suitability and acceptability of these stains for the preparation of routine blood and bone-marrow films. It was found that the results obtained using the stain described by Marshall et al (1975) were comparable to those obtained using a modification of the stain described by Wittekind et al (1976). The performance of the 3 other stains was less acceptable. Variations in stain formulation have been correlated with stain performance.", "contents": "Standardization of Romanowsky stains. The relationship between stain composition and performance. A panel of 17 eminent haematologists has assessed the performance of 5 Romanowsky stains prepared from pure component dyes, comparing the suitability and acceptability of these stains for the preparation of routine blood and bone-marrow films. It was found that the results obtained using the stain described by Marshall et al (1975) were comparable to those obtained using a modification of the stain described by Wittekind et al (1976). The performance of the 3 other stains was less acceptable. Variations in stain formulation have been correlated with stain performance.", "PMID": 77036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6392", "title": "[The treatment of epileptic encephalopathies with gamma globulin in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have treated 10 children presenting with severe epilepsy with repeated large doses of gamma-globulin. They noted a marked improvement in 7 of the children with respect to behaviour and a disappearance of seizures in 8 with comparable EEG improvement. Four children have been able to reduce their conventional anticonvulsant therapy considerably and 2 others havers received no other medication at all for 8 months. The possibility of an immune disturbance in some childhood epilepsies is thus suggested.", "contents": "[The treatment of epileptic encephalopathies with gamma globulin in children (author's transl)]. The authors have treated 10 children presenting with severe epilepsy with repeated large doses of gamma-globulin. They noted a marked improvement in 7 of the children with respect to behaviour and a disappearance of seizures in 8 with comparable EEG improvement. Four children have been able to reduce their conventional anticonvulsant therapy considerably and 2 others havers received no other medication at all for 8 months. The possibility of an immune disturbance in some childhood epilepsies is thus suggested.", "PMID": 77033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6393", "title": "[Measures in cases of suspected rabies exposure].", "content": "Criteria are discussed for evaluating cases in which exposure to rabies is to be suspected. Due to an incubation period generally exceeding 20 days, active immunization can be performed even after exposure. Vaccination programs current in Switzerland and indications for additional passive immune prophylaxis are discussed. In every case, local wound treatment remains essential.", "contents": "[Measures in cases of suspected rabies exposure]. Criteria are discussed for evaluating cases in which exposure to rabies is to be suspected. Due to an incubation period generally exceeding 20 days, active immunization can be performed even after exposure. Vaccination programs current in Switzerland and indications for additional passive immune prophylaxis are discussed. In every case, local wound treatment remains essential.", "PMID": 77038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6394", "title": "Channel structures of gramicidin: characterization of succinyl derivatives.", "content": "Succinyl derivatives of gramicidin were tested for their ability to form channels in planar artificial lipid bilayers. Both N-succinyldeformylgramicidin methyl ester and charged O-succinylgramicidin formed channels, but the channels had markedly different sizes and lifetimes. This implies that gramicidin forms channels by end-to-end association. However, the doubly charged N,O-bissuccinyldeformylgramicidin was inactive, which suggests that only end-to-end association of gramicidin may result in channel formation.", "contents": "Channel structures of gramicidin: characterization of succinyl derivatives. Succinyl derivatives of gramicidin were tested for their ability to form channels in planar artificial lipid bilayers. Both N-succinyldeformylgramicidin methyl ester and charged O-succinylgramicidin formed channels, but the channels had markedly different sizes and lifetimes. This implies that gramicidin forms channels by end-to-end association. However, the doubly charged N,O-bissuccinyldeformylgramicidin was inactive, which suggests that only end-to-end association of gramicidin may result in channel formation.", "PMID": 77040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6395", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.", "content": "Sampling of amniotic fluid, visualization of the fetus, fetal blood sampling, and screening of maternal blood represent successive approaches to the diagnosis of specific genetic disorders in the second trimester of pregnancy. Clinical and ethical concerns about the appropriateness, safety, and efficacy of the techniques have led to multidisciplinary assessments at an early stage. A major growth in demand for medical and educational genetic services can be anticipated.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. Sampling of amniotic fluid, visualization of the fetus, fetal blood sampling, and screening of maternal blood represent successive approaches to the diagnosis of specific genetic disorders in the second trimester of pregnancy. Clinical and ethical concerns about the appropriateness, safety, and efficacy of the techniques have led to multidisciplinary assessments at an early stage. A major growth in demand for medical and educational genetic services can be anticipated.", "PMID": 77042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6396", "title": "Defense of the radical perineal prostatectomy.", "content": "There is sharp disagreement as to what constitutes the proper surgical approach to localized carcinoma of the prostate. We have performed 31 radical perineal prostatectomies in a six-year period with no mortality and minimal morbidity. Thirteen of these patients were understaged preoperatively and had extraprostatic cancer; however, only one has died from his tumor. One patient is incontinent but none has troublesome local symptoms. These patients required an average of 15 postoperative days, none required more than two units of blood, and careful preoperative consultation has minimized the psychologic stress of impotence. These data contrast sharply with the published morbidity and mortality statistics associated with a preliminary staging lymphadenectomy and a definitive radical retropubic prostatectomy. Also, we are convinced that our patients with stage C cancer have been done a real service by removing the prostate gland even though cancer remains in the stumps of the seminal vesicles. Unless the advocates of the staged procedure can demonstrate an improvement in the patients' survival data, we believe the radical perineal prostatectomy remains the procedure of choice for the cure of localized prostatic cancer and we would advocate this operation as an acceptable palliative approach to selected patients with stage C lesions.", "contents": "Defense of the radical perineal prostatectomy. There is sharp disagreement as to what constitutes the proper surgical approach to localized carcinoma of the prostate. We have performed 31 radical perineal prostatectomies in a six-year period with no mortality and minimal morbidity. Thirteen of these patients were understaged preoperatively and had extraprostatic cancer; however, only one has died from his tumor. One patient is incontinent but none has troublesome local symptoms. These patients required an average of 15 postoperative days, none required more than two units of blood, and careful preoperative consultation has minimized the psychologic stress of impotence. These data contrast sharply with the published morbidity and mortality statistics associated with a preliminary staging lymphadenectomy and a definitive radical retropubic prostatectomy. Also, we are convinced that our patients with stage C cancer have been done a real service by removing the prostate gland even though cancer remains in the stumps of the seminal vesicles. Unless the advocates of the staged procedure can demonstrate an improvement in the patients' survival data, we believe the radical perineal prostatectomy remains the procedure of choice for the cure of localized prostatic cancer and we would advocate this operation as an acceptable palliative approach to selected patients with stage C lesions.", "PMID": 77043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6397", "title": "Active enhancement of canine liver allografts with polyspecific antigen.", "content": "Of 34 canine liver allograft recipients, 17 in the control group survived for 6.9 +/- 1.5 days. Six recipients, group 3, were given 780 milligrams per kilogram of body weight polyspecific semisoluble antigen prepared from 20 spleens together with 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weigth prednisolone on days 15, 8 and 1 before transplantation. The mean survival time of this group was 10.1 +/- 2.0 days, p less than 0.01, compared with the control group. Six other recipients, group 4, were similarly treated with antigen from a pool of 70 spleens. Three survived for more than three weeks, and the other three died on days 1, 7 and 8 postoperatively with signs of accelerated rejection. Donors and recipients were not identical for leukocyte defined determinants. The recipients displaying accelerated rejection had markedly higher lymphocytotoxic and hemagglutinating antibodies. In addition, all recipients undergoing progressive rejection showed an inhibition of leukocyte migration. After three antigen dosages, rosette forming lymphocytes were present in increased numbers in peripheral blood and remained unchanged thereafter.", "contents": "Active enhancement of canine liver allografts with polyspecific antigen. Of 34 canine liver allograft recipients, 17 in the control group survived for 6.9 +/- 1.5 days. Six recipients, group 3, were given 780 milligrams per kilogram of body weight polyspecific semisoluble antigen prepared from 20 spleens together with 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weigth prednisolone on days 15, 8 and 1 before transplantation. The mean survival time of this group was 10.1 +/- 2.0 days, p less than 0.01, compared with the control group. Six other recipients, group 4, were similarly treated with antigen from a pool of 70 spleens. Three survived for more than three weeks, and the other three died on days 1, 7 and 8 postoperatively with signs of accelerated rejection. Donors and recipients were not identical for leukocyte defined determinants. The recipients displaying accelerated rejection had markedly higher lymphocytotoxic and hemagglutinating antibodies. In addition, all recipients undergoing progressive rejection showed an inhibition of leukocyte migration. After three antigen dosages, rosette forming lymphocytes were present in increased numbers in peripheral blood and remained unchanged thereafter.", "PMID": 77046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6398", "title": "Effects of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor on fibrin clot lysis. Its comparison with alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The major plasmin inhibitors namely alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin were compared for their effects on lysis of fibrin clot. Plasmin fibrinolytic activity was immediately inhibited by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin inhibited plasmin progressively. Urokinase(plasminogen activator)-induced clot lysis was inhibited efficiently by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor present in the clot. Inhibition of urokinase-induced clot lysis by alpha2-macroglobulin was weak and the molar concentration necessary for alpha2-macroglobulin to achieve the same degree of inhibition as that achieved with alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was about 10 times higher than that of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor. Binding of Lys-plasminogen to fibrin was inhibited by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor but not by alpha2-macroglobulin. Molar concentrations of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor which were effective in inhibiting the binding were 30 times less than that of 6-aminohexanoicacid. alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor was found to interact with Lys-plasminogen to form a weakly-bound complex which is dissociable in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid, suggesting that inhibition of binding of Lys-plasminogen to fibrin by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor may be due to interaction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor with a specific site of the plasminogen molecule and that the site may be 6-aminohexanoic acid-binding site. It is suggested that alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is more reactive and efficient inhibitor of fibrinolysis than alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "contents": "Effects of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor on fibrin clot lysis. Its comparison with alpha2-macroglobulin. The major plasmin inhibitors namely alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin were compared for their effects on lysis of fibrin clot. Plasmin fibrinolytic activity was immediately inhibited by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin inhibited plasmin progressively. Urokinase(plasminogen activator)-induced clot lysis was inhibited efficiently by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor present in the clot. Inhibition of urokinase-induced clot lysis by alpha2-macroglobulin was weak and the molar concentration necessary for alpha2-macroglobulin to achieve the same degree of inhibition as that achieved with alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was about 10 times higher than that of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor. Binding of Lys-plasminogen to fibrin was inhibited by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor but not by alpha2-macroglobulin. Molar concentrations of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor which were effective in inhibiting the binding were 30 times less than that of 6-aminohexanoicacid. alpha2-Plasmin inhibitor was found to interact with Lys-plasminogen to form a weakly-bound complex which is dissociable in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid, suggesting that inhibition of binding of Lys-plasminogen to fibrin by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor may be due to interaction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor with a specific site of the plasminogen molecule and that the site may be 6-aminohexanoic acid-binding site. It is suggested that alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is more reactive and efficient inhibitor of fibrinolysis than alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "PMID": 77050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6399", "title": "Immunofluorescence study on thrombolysis with special reference to the patterns of distribution and the contents of fibrin, plasminogen, alpha2-macroglobulin and urokinase in artificial thrombi.", "content": "By the immunofluorescence technique, fibrin, plasminogen and alpha2-macroglobulin demonstrated a similar basic pattern of distribution in the artificial thrombi, rimming the platelet aggregates in the white part and forming a network structure in the red part. The content of plasminogen seemed to be higher in the red part than in the white part. After superfusion with urokinase solution, urokinase was found in a similar pattern of distribution of that of fibrin. The content of urokinase seemed to be higher in the red part, especially in its outer area, than in the white part. It is concluded that urokinase diffused into the artificial thrombi can convert plasminogen, trapped onto fibrin in threads to plasmin. Poor lysibility of the white part might be due to thick strands of fibrin, a low content of plasminogen and a low diffusibility of plasminogen activator, in addition to the antifibrinolytic activity of platelets.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence study on thrombolysis with special reference to the patterns of distribution and the contents of fibrin, plasminogen, alpha2-macroglobulin and urokinase in artificial thrombi. By the immunofluorescence technique, fibrin, plasminogen and alpha2-macroglobulin demonstrated a similar basic pattern of distribution in the artificial thrombi, rimming the platelet aggregates in the white part and forming a network structure in the red part. The content of plasminogen seemed to be higher in the red part than in the white part. After superfusion with urokinase solution, urokinase was found in a similar pattern of distribution of that of fibrin. The content of urokinase seemed to be higher in the red part, especially in its outer area, than in the white part. It is concluded that urokinase diffused into the artificial thrombi can convert plasminogen, trapped onto fibrin in threads to plasmin. Poor lysibility of the white part might be due to thick strands of fibrin, a low content of plasminogen and a low diffusibility of plasminogen activator, in addition to the antifibrinolytic activity of platelets.", "PMID": 77051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6400", "title": "[Strongyloides westeri Ihle, 1917 (Nematoda: Strongyloididae. II. Parasitological and haematological features of experimental infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental infections using 600,000 infective larvae of Strongyloides westeri were carried out in seven worm-free Shetland ponies, four foals and thee yearlings. In the foals, the prepatent period varied from ten to fourteen days, the patent period ranging from forty-three to eighty-three days. Within approximately two months after infection, a decrease in the concentration of haemoglobin and an increase in the beta-globulin fraction of the protein pattern of the serum, practically coinciding with the maximum S. westeri faecal egg counts, were recorded. In the yearlings, the prepatent period varied from sixteen to eighteen days, the patent period ranging from fifty-five to seventy-three days. The experimental infection by an identical dose in a yearling which had previously had S. westeri infection as a foal, did not become patent. Unlike the foals, the yearlings did not show any changes in the haematological parameters following experimental infection.", "contents": "[Strongyloides westeri Ihle, 1917 (Nematoda: Strongyloididae. II. Parasitological and haematological features of experimental infection (author's transl)]. Experimental infections using 600,000 infective larvae of Strongyloides westeri were carried out in seven worm-free Shetland ponies, four foals and thee yearlings. In the foals, the prepatent period varied from ten to fourteen days, the patent period ranging from forty-three to eighty-three days. Within approximately two months after infection, a decrease in the concentration of haemoglobin and an increase in the beta-globulin fraction of the protein pattern of the serum, practically coinciding with the maximum S. westeri faecal egg counts, were recorded. In the yearlings, the prepatent period varied from sixteen to eighteen days, the patent period ranging from fifty-five to seventy-three days. The experimental infection by an identical dose in a yearling which had previously had S. westeri infection as a foal, did not become patent. Unlike the foals, the yearlings did not show any changes in the haematological parameters following experimental infection.", "PMID": 77053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6401", "title": "[Effectiveness of coumaphos against chorioptes bovis in a horse with foot-mange (author's transl)].", "content": "A horse with foot-mange failed to recover following a number of courses of treatment with coumaphos. Mites isolated from this horse were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to coumaphos and lindane. The mites were resistant to coumaphos and sensitive to lindane. Following treatment with lindane, the horse recovered within four weeks.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of coumaphos against chorioptes bovis in a horse with foot-mange (author's transl)]. A horse with foot-mange failed to recover following a number of courses of treatment with coumaphos. Mites isolated from this horse were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to coumaphos and lindane. The mites were resistant to coumaphos and sensitive to lindane. Following treatment with lindane, the horse recovered within four weeks.", "PMID": 77054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6402", "title": "Bu--a new antigen at the HLA-B locus.", "content": "Evidence is presented for a new allele at the HLA--B locus defining a new antigen, Bu. Population studies indicate a gene frequency of 0.0043 in English Caucasians. No HLA--B locus triplets involving the Bu antigen have been observed. Inheritance of Bu has been established in three informative families, each of at least three generations. Platelet absorption studies and analysis of a large number of multispecific HLA--B antisera suggest that Bu is \"intermediate\" between the well-established antigens Bw15 and Bw21.", "contents": "Bu--a new antigen at the HLA-B locus. Evidence is presented for a new allele at the HLA--B locus defining a new antigen, Bu. Population studies indicate a gene frequency of 0.0043 in English Caucasians. No HLA--B locus triplets involving the Bu antigen have been observed. Inheritance of Bu has been established in three informative families, each of at least three generations. Platelet absorption studies and analysis of a large number of multispecific HLA--B antisera suggest that Bu is \"intermediate\" between the well-established antigens Bw15 and Bw21.", "PMID": 77055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6403", "title": "HLA-A antigens of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "The frequency of HL-A antigens was determined in 31 patients with biopsy-confirmed Wegener's granulomatosis and compared with their frequency in healthy Caucasian control population. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the 24 HL-A antigens tested.", "contents": "HLA-A antigens of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. The frequency of HL-A antigens was determined in 31 patients with biopsy-confirmed Wegener's granulomatosis and compared with their frequency in healthy Caucasian control population. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the 24 HL-A antigens tested.", "PMID": 77056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6404", "title": "On the mapping of PGM3, GLO and HLA.", "content": "In a combined Danish, American and Icelandic study, the odds for the orientation PGM3 :GLO:HLA-B:HLA-A versus GLO:HLA-B:HLA-A:PGM3 are estimated to be 75:1. The GLO:HLA recombination frequency is estimated at 5% for males and 12% for females. The recombination fraction for PGM3:GLO is 12--13% in males and is significantly higher in females (approximately free recombination). The findings are consistent with the large sex differences in recombination frequency between HLA and PGM3.", "contents": "On the mapping of PGM3, GLO and HLA. In a combined Danish, American and Icelandic study, the odds for the orientation PGM3 :GLO:HLA-B:HLA-A versus GLO:HLA-B:HLA-A:PGM3 are estimated to be 75:1. The GLO:HLA recombination frequency is estimated at 5% for males and 12% for females. The recombination fraction for PGM3:GLO is 12--13% in males and is significantly higher in females (approximately free recombination). The findings are consistent with the large sex differences in recombination frequency between HLA and PGM3.", "PMID": 77057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6405", "title": "HL-A markers in the Vietnamese population.", "content": "A total of 126 normal, unrelated individuals from northern central and southern Vietnam have been typed for 32 alleles of the A and B loci, including B HS. The gene, haplotype frequencies and delta values obtained are compared with those of four other Mongoloid populations. The gene frequencies were similar to those found in a Chinese (Cantonese) population.", "contents": "HL-A markers in the Vietnamese population. A total of 126 normal, unrelated individuals from northern central and southern Vietnam have been typed for 32 alleles of the A and B loci, including B HS. The gene, haplotype frequencies and delta values obtained are compared with those of four other Mongoloid populations. The gene frequencies were similar to those found in a Chinese (Cantonese) population.", "PMID": 77058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6406", "title": "HLA-Dw2 as a marker of resistance against juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JDM) is one of the human diseases shown to be associated with histocompatibility antigens. The occurrence of serologically defined HLA antigens B8 Bw15, B18 and Cw3 is increased among these patients (Singal & Blajchman 1973, Nerup et al. 1974, Cudworth & Woodrow 1975). However, lymphocyte defined HLA-D antigens Dw3 and Dw4 (LD 8a and LD w15a), positively associated with these serologically defined antigens, seem to be even stronger markers of susceptibility to this disease (Thomsen et al. 1975).", "contents": "HLA-Dw2 as a marker of resistance against juvenile diabetes mellitus. Juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JDM) is one of the human diseases shown to be associated with histocompatibility antigens. The occurrence of serologically defined HLA antigens B8 Bw15, B18 and Cw3 is increased among these patients (Singal & Blajchman 1973, Nerup et al. 1974, Cudworth & Woodrow 1975). However, lymphocyte defined HLA-D antigens Dw3 and Dw4 (LD 8a and LD w15a), positively associated with these serologically defined antigens, seem to be even stronger markers of susceptibility to this disease (Thomsen et al. 1975).", "PMID": 77059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6407", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of Rhesus monkeys IX. Current concepts of serology and genetics of Ia antigens.", "content": "Eleven Ia or B-cell specificities of rhesus monkeys have been serologically identified. They are probably all controlled by the RhLa complex, but, according to results of a large population and family study, only five or six can be placed in a segregant series, designated as Ia1. Data from recombinant offspring in two rhesus families place the Ia1 locus in the close vicinity of the D or major MLC locus within RhLA. The genetic control of the Ia antigens not defined by the Ia1 locus has not yet been clarified.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of Rhesus monkeys IX. Current concepts of serology and genetics of Ia antigens. Eleven Ia or B-cell specificities of rhesus monkeys have been serologically identified. They are probably all controlled by the RhLa complex, but, according to results of a large population and family study, only five or six can be placed in a segregant series, designated as Ia1. Data from recombinant offspring in two rhesus families place the Ia1 locus in the close vicinity of the D or major MLC locus within RhLA. The genetic control of the Ia antigens not defined by the Ia1 locus has not yet been clarified.", "PMID": 77061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6408", "title": "Modification of HLA antigens in patients with malignancies following hormone therapy.", "content": "In 23 out of 39 patients with various malignancies, treated with hormones (Prednison, Agostiben, Agovirin, separately, or combined; Prednison plus another hormone) modification of HLA antigens was established. Out of 51 patients with hitherto untreated malignancies HLA modification was demonstrated in 12 cases. This variation is statistically significant (P  0.0006), and suggests hormonal therapy to be one of the causes of HLA modification in malignant tumors. The serological pattern of HLA modification varied: in five patients lymphocyte polyreactivity; in 10, loss of HLA antigens; in six, weakening of HLA antigens and in two, transformation of HLA--A2 IN HLA--A28. The modification was transient in character. It occurred most frequently following administration of Prednison, or Prednison combined with some other hormone, and was unrelated to drug dosage.", "contents": "Modification of HLA antigens in patients with malignancies following hormone therapy. In 23 out of 39 patients with various malignancies, treated with hormones (Prednison, Agostiben, Agovirin, separately, or combined; Prednison plus another hormone) modification of HLA antigens was established. Out of 51 patients with hitherto untreated malignancies HLA modification was demonstrated in 12 cases. This variation is statistically significant (P  0.0006), and suggests hormonal therapy to be one of the causes of HLA modification in malignant tumors. The serological pattern of HLA modification varied: in five patients lymphocyte polyreactivity; in 10, loss of HLA antigens; in six, weakening of HLA antigens and in two, transformation of HLA--A2 IN HLA--A28. The modification was transient in character. It occurred most frequently following administration of Prednison, or Prednison combined with some other hormone, and was unrelated to drug dosage.", "PMID": 77062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6409", "title": "Primary affective disorders and HLA antigens.", "content": "In 125 patients with various types of primary affective disorders, 27 HLA antigens of the A, B and C loci were examined. Bw40 occurred more frequently in the primarly form (20.83% against 7.64% in controls) and Cw4 in the unipolar form (25%) and, in disease in general, 16%, against 9.58% in controls. Following correction, however, these differences are statistically insignificant.", "contents": "Primary affective disorders and HLA antigens. In 125 patients with various types of primary affective disorders, 27 HLA antigens of the A, B and C loci were examined. Bw40 occurred more frequently in the primarly form (20.83% against 7.64% in controls) and Cw4 in the unipolar form (25%) and, in disease in general, 16%, against 9.58% in controls. Following correction, however, these differences are statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 77064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6410", "title": "Primed lymphocyte typing (PLT): dichtomizing responses into \"positives\" and \"negatives\".", "content": "In primed lymphocyte typing (PLT), it will often be useful to divide the test cells for any given reagent into a positive and a negative group. Some general problems in PLT analysis are discussed here. The author describes a model for PLT data, to provide a conceptual framework, and suggests a statistical procedure based on the model.", "contents": "Primed lymphocyte typing (PLT): dichtomizing responses into \"positives\" and \"negatives\". In primed lymphocyte typing (PLT), it will often be useful to divide the test cells for any given reagent into a positive and a negative group. Some general problems in PLT analysis are discussed here. The author describes a model for PLT data, to provide a conceptual framework, and suggests a statistical procedure based on the model.", "PMID": 77066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6411", "title": "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin.", "content": "The lymphoblastoid cell line Daudi lacks both HLA-A and B antigens and beta2 microglobulin. Somatic cell hybrids derived from a fusion between this line and D98/AH--2 were shown to express four HLA antigens not detectable on either parent cell, A1, A10(Aw26), Bw16(Bw38, Bw17. The initial definition by direct cytotoxicity assay was confirmed by absorption of reactions against target T lymphocytes, thus avoiding problems due to contaminating Ia antibodies, and by blocking the reactions by pretreatment with a chicken anti-human beta2 microglobulin serum. That the new specificities were due to the Daudi HLA region was confirmed by the finding that interspecific hybrids between Daudi and A9L, containing a single human chromosome 6, expressed A10 and Bw17. This also defined the haplotypes of Daudi as A10(Aw26), Bw17 and A1, Bw16(Bw38). The re-expression of the Daudi HLA-A and B antigens in two independent sets of hybrids indicates that it does not carry a mutation in the HLA region. It has previously been reported that somatic cell hybrids with Daudi, which contain chromosome 15, do not express human beta2 microglobulin. These results suggest that the reason for the lack of HLA-A and B antigens on Daudi is a secondary effect due to the mutation(s) in the beta2 microglobulin gene.", "contents": "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin. The lymphoblastoid cell line Daudi lacks both HLA-A and B antigens and beta2 microglobulin. Somatic cell hybrids derived from a fusion between this line and D98/AH--2 were shown to express four HLA antigens not detectable on either parent cell, A1, A10(Aw26), Bw16(Bw38, Bw17. The initial definition by direct cytotoxicity assay was confirmed by absorption of reactions against target T lymphocytes, thus avoiding problems due to contaminating Ia antibodies, and by blocking the reactions by pretreatment with a chicken anti-human beta2 microglobulin serum. That the new specificities were due to the Daudi HLA region was confirmed by the finding that interspecific hybrids between Daudi and A9L, containing a single human chromosome 6, expressed A10 and Bw17. This also defined the haplotypes of Daudi as A10(Aw26), Bw17 and A1, Bw16(Bw38). The re-expression of the Daudi HLA-A and B antigens in two independent sets of hybrids indicates that it does not carry a mutation in the HLA region. It has previously been reported that somatic cell hybrids with Daudi, which contain chromosome 15, do not express human beta2 microglobulin. These results suggest that the reason for the lack of HLA-A and B antigens on Daudi is a secondary effect due to the mutation(s) in the beta2 microglobulin gene.", "PMID": 77067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6412", "title": "Alphafetoprotein is not a component of the 8 S estradiol receptor from the immature mouse uterus or brain.", "content": "The hypothesis that alphafetoprotein (AFP) could be a consitituent of the estradiol receptor in the uterus and brain of the immature mouse has been tested. Cytosols prepared from 2 week-old mice were depleted of AFP by immunoadsorption with a Sepharose-coupled anti-mouse AFP anti-serum. Aliquots of these cytosols containing nondetectable levels of AFP by RIA were then brought to 0.4 M KCl to convert 8 S estradiol receptors to the 4-5 S forms, reacted either with anti-AFP or with a control anti-IgG immunoadsorbent, labeled with 3H-estradiol, and centrifuged on glycerol gradients. There was no, or very little, loss of estradiol receptors in the experimental as compared to the control cytosols indicating that AFP is not a constituent of the 8 S estradiol receptor.", "contents": "Alphafetoprotein is not a component of the 8 S estradiol receptor from the immature mouse uterus or brain. The hypothesis that alphafetoprotein (AFP) could be a consitituent of the estradiol receptor in the uterus and brain of the immature mouse has been tested. Cytosols prepared from 2 week-old mice were depleted of AFP by immunoadsorption with a Sepharose-coupled anti-mouse AFP anti-serum. Aliquots of these cytosols containing nondetectable levels of AFP by RIA were then brought to 0.4 M KCl to convert 8 S estradiol receptors to the 4-5 S forms, reacted either with anti-AFP or with a control anti-IgG immunoadsorbent, labeled with 3H-estradiol, and centrifuged on glycerol gradients. There was no, or very little, loss of estradiol receptors in the experimental as compared to the control cytosols indicating that AFP is not a constituent of the 8 S estradiol receptor.", "PMID": 77069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6413", "title": "Rat and human embryo and post-natal sera contain a potent endogenous competitor of estrogen-rat alpha-fetoprotein interactions.", "content": "A highly active inhibitor of the binding of estrone and estradiol-17beta to rat alpha-fetoprotein is demonstrated for the first time in embryo, immature and adult rat sera as well as in fetal and adult human sera. The competitive character and the narrow specificity of this inhibition effect is shown. The major compound responsible for this activity is isolated by successive column Sephadex LH20 and thin layer chromatography: it is characterized as a nonpolar, nonphenolic, dialysable and thermostable substance, unreactive towards anti-estrone and anti-estradiol-17beta antibodies. The possible biological role of an endogenous non-estrogen ligand of rodent fetoproteins is discussed.", "contents": "Rat and human embryo and post-natal sera contain a potent endogenous competitor of estrogen-rat alpha-fetoprotein interactions. A highly active inhibitor of the binding of estrone and estradiol-17beta to rat alpha-fetoprotein is demonstrated for the first time in embryo, immature and adult rat sera as well as in fetal and adult human sera. The competitive character and the narrow specificity of this inhibition effect is shown. The major compound responsible for this activity is isolated by successive column Sephadex LH20 and thin layer chromatography: it is characterized as a nonpolar, nonphenolic, dialysable and thermostable substance, unreactive towards anti-estrone and anti-estradiol-17beta antibodies. The possible biological role of an endogenous non-estrogen ligand of rodent fetoproteins is discussed.", "PMID": 77070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6414", "title": "Clinico-pathological study of heartwater in goats.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of heartwater were studied in goats experimentally infected with a Nigerian isolate of Cowdria ruminantium. Significant drop in haemoglobin values and marked leukopaenia caused by lymphopaenia and neutropaenia and a fall in total serum protein were observed during the course of the disease. A significant increase in the alpha-globulins and an apparent fall in the gamma-globulins also occurred. Marked depletion of lymphocytes in the follicles of spleen and lymph nodes was observed in histological sections. A dramatic rise in blood levels of glucose, pyruvate and lactate, and a drop in blood pH occurred terminally and appeared to contribute to the fatal outcome of the disease.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological study of heartwater in goats. The clinico-pathological features of heartwater were studied in goats experimentally infected with a Nigerian isolate of Cowdria ruminantium. Significant drop in haemoglobin values and marked leukopaenia caused by lymphopaenia and neutropaenia and a fall in total serum protein were observed during the course of the disease. A significant increase in the alpha-globulins and an apparent fall in the gamma-globulins also occurred. Marked depletion of lymphocytes in the follicles of spleen and lymph nodes was observed in histological sections. A dramatic rise in blood levels of glucose, pyruvate and lactate, and a drop in blood pH occurred terminally and appeared to contribute to the fatal outcome of the disease.", "PMID": 77071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6415", "title": "A cytofluorometric method of counting trypanosomes.", "content": "A rapid automated method of counting trypanosomes was developed using cytofluorometric methods. Organisms were vitally stained with acridine orange, and DEAE cellulose separated T. congolese were accurately counted at all concentrations. T. congolense in heparinized whole bovine blood were also counted accurately at levels greater than 1,000 per microliter. At lower levels, small fluorescent particles in whole blood interfered with the counts.", "contents": "A cytofluorometric method of counting trypanosomes. A rapid automated method of counting trypanosomes was developed using cytofluorometric methods. Organisms were vitally stained with acridine orange, and DEAE cellulose separated T. congolese were accurately counted at all concentrations. T. congolense in heparinized whole bovine blood were also counted accurately at levels greater than 1,000 per microliter. At lower levels, small fluorescent particles in whole blood interfered with the counts.", "PMID": 77072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6416", "title": "A system of cancer-related urinary glycoproteins: biochemical properties and clinical applications.", "content": "Gel-filtration and immunodiffusion reveal most patients with disseminated cancer excrete 100 to 1000 mg/day of urine proteins, mol wt 10,000-60,000, which are distinct from known plasma proteins and cancer-related antigens. By gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, 5 novel urinary glycoproteins have been isolated which are responsible for about 1/2 the mass of the \"low molecular weight proteinuria\" of patients with advanced cancer: BJC1 and BJC2 (patient B.J., chronic myelocytic leukemia); JBB5 (J.B., metastatic pancreatic carcinoma); EDC1 (E.D., acute myelocytic leukemia); HNC1beta (H.N., acute monocytic leukemia). Mol wts respectively are 29,000, 22,000, 55,000, 27,000 and 33,000, and carbohydrate contents respectively 61%, 23%, 23%, 27% and 40%. Attention to date has focussed on EDC1 and HNC1beta, because their urinary excretion directly reflects the course of the neoplastic disease. EDC1 and HNC1beta possess the same protein but different carbohydrate moieties. They are antigenically related to inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor, mol wt 160,000, which is one of the 6 antiproteolytic proteins in normal human plasma. EDC1 and HNC1beta both possess antitryptic activity. Specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) to these 2 glycoproteins were developed. Normal individuals (n = 210) excreted 0.3 +/- .02 (ave. +/- SE) mg EDC1 per g creatinine. In 18 non-neoplastic diseases (n = 75), urinary EDC1 was .5 +/- .06 mg/g creatinine. In disseminated cancer of 7 types (n = 81) (breast, ovary, colon, squamous of head-neck and lung; melanoma; acute myelocytic leukemia), ave. EDC1 excretion ranged from 10 to 190 mg/g creatinine. A significant increase (P less than .05) was found in the localized stage of squamous cancer of head-neck-lung, but only after regional or distant spread in the other types. Similar results were found with HNC1beta, urinary excretion of which averaged 1/10 that of EDC1. Effective chemotherapy in 5 patients with leukemia or solid tumors caused prompt disappearance of urinary EDC1; the glyco-protein reappeared in the urine several weeks before clinical relapse. (i) EDC1- and HNC1beta-proteinuria is a useful indicator of some types of localized and most types of disseminated cancer; (ii) the degree of this proteinuria reflects the effectiveness of chemotherapy; (iii) the antiproteolytic property of EDC1 and HNC1beta suggests a relation between proteolysis and tumorigenesis.", "contents": "A system of cancer-related urinary glycoproteins: biochemical properties and clinical applications. Gel-filtration and immunodiffusion reveal most patients with disseminated cancer excrete 100 to 1000 mg/day of urine proteins, mol wt 10,000-60,000, which are distinct from known plasma proteins and cancer-related antigens. By gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, 5 novel urinary glycoproteins have been isolated which are responsible for about 1/2 the mass of the \"low molecular weight proteinuria\" of patients with advanced cancer: BJC1 and BJC2 (patient B.J., chronic myelocytic leukemia); JBB5 (J.B., metastatic pancreatic carcinoma); EDC1 (E.D., acute myelocytic leukemia); HNC1beta (H.N., acute monocytic leukemia). Mol wts respectively are 29,000, 22,000, 55,000, 27,000 and 33,000, and carbohydrate contents respectively 61%, 23%, 23%, 27% and 40%. Attention to date has focussed on EDC1 and HNC1beta, because their urinary excretion directly reflects the course of the neoplastic disease. EDC1 and HNC1beta possess the same protein but different carbohydrate moieties. They are antigenically related to inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor, mol wt 160,000, which is one of the 6 antiproteolytic proteins in normal human plasma. EDC1 and HNC1beta both possess antitryptic activity. Specific radioimmunoassays (RIA) to these 2 glycoproteins were developed. Normal individuals (n = 210) excreted 0.3 +/- .02 (ave. +/- SE) mg EDC1 per g creatinine. In 18 non-neoplastic diseases (n = 75), urinary EDC1 was .5 +/- .06 mg/g creatinine. In disseminated cancer of 7 types (n = 81) (breast, ovary, colon, squamous of head-neck and lung; melanoma; acute myelocytic leukemia), ave. EDC1 excretion ranged from 10 to 190 mg/g creatinine. A significant increase (P less than .05) was found in the localized stage of squamous cancer of head-neck-lung, but only after regional or distant spread in the other types. Similar results were found with HNC1beta, urinary excretion of which averaged 1/10 that of EDC1. Effective chemotherapy in 5 patients with leukemia or solid tumors caused prompt disappearance of urinary EDC1; the glyco-protein reappeared in the urine several weeks before clinical relapse. (i) EDC1- and HNC1beta-proteinuria is a useful indicator of some types of localized and most types of disseminated cancer; (ii) the degree of this proteinuria reflects the effectiveness of chemotherapy; (iii) the antiproteolytic property of EDC1 and HNC1beta suggests a relation between proteolysis and tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 77073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6417", "title": "Fucosidosis and I-cell disease: a fine structural and silver-staining study of abnormal inclusion bodies in small-intestinal cells.", "content": "Small-intestinal cells of children with fucosidosis or the I-cell type of lysosomal storage disease were investigated with special attention to the fine structure and silver-staining patterns of abnormal inclusion bodies. The results indicate an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide and or glycoprotein, and lipid materials in the greater part of these inclusion bodies. The significantly enlarged lysosome-like bodies in the absorptive cells of these patients showed the same silver-stain affinity as the Golgi apparatus, apical vesicles and tubules, and the cell coat. This might indicate a crinophagic function of the lysosome-like bodies in the transport or secretion of cell coat material. Additional information is given on the storage of material in the significantly enlarged inclusion bodies in cultured fibroblasts and in the abnormal vacuoles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in I-cell disease.", "contents": "Fucosidosis and I-cell disease: a fine structural and silver-staining study of abnormal inclusion bodies in small-intestinal cells. Small-intestinal cells of children with fucosidosis or the I-cell type of lysosomal storage disease were investigated with special attention to the fine structure and silver-staining patterns of abnormal inclusion bodies. The results indicate an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide and or glycoprotein, and lipid materials in the greater part of these inclusion bodies. The significantly enlarged lysosome-like bodies in the absorptive cells of these patients showed the same silver-stain affinity as the Golgi apparatus, apical vesicles and tubules, and the cell coat. This might indicate a crinophagic function of the lysosome-like bodies in the transport or secretion of cell coat material. Additional information is given on the storage of material in the significantly enlarged inclusion bodies in cultured fibroblasts and in the abnormal vacuoles of peripheral blood lymphocytes in I-cell disease.", "PMID": 77075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6418", "title": "[Study of the antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin of influenza viruses type A by quantitative radioimmunoassay. Comparative study of differences in the specificity of H3 hemagglutinin in epidemiologically active strains].", "content": "Comparative radioimmunoassays (RIA) of hemagglutinin of influenza type A viruses were carried out. The RIA was shown to detect definite type differences of influenza A and B virus hemagglutinin and subtype differences (HO and H3), as well as to determine both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of renewal of determinants within the antigenic drift. The A/Victoria/3/75 strain was found to have more renewed determinants than the A/Scotland/870/74 strain but less than the A/Victoria/112/76 strain which could be considered as a next drift variant. The epidemic strains circulating after 1972 had no more than 10% of the antigenic determinants characteristics of the original A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain. One of the advantages of the RIA was demonstrated to be its high sensitivity and economy as the specific antiserum can be used in dilutions 1:20,000 and higher. The test antigens may be both freshly isolated strains and virus-containing fluids showing no hemagglutinating activity (a titer in HA test 1:0).", "contents": "[Study of the antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin of influenza viruses type A by quantitative radioimmunoassay. Comparative study of differences in the specificity of H3 hemagglutinin in epidemiologically active strains]. Comparative radioimmunoassays (RIA) of hemagglutinin of influenza type A viruses were carried out. The RIA was shown to detect definite type differences of influenza A and B virus hemagglutinin and subtype differences (HO and H3), as well as to determine both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of renewal of determinants within the antigenic drift. The A/Victoria/3/75 strain was found to have more renewed determinants than the A/Scotland/870/74 strain but less than the A/Victoria/112/76 strain which could be considered as a next drift variant. The epidemic strains circulating after 1972 had no more than 10% of the antigenic determinants characteristics of the original A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain. One of the advantages of the RIA was demonstrated to be its high sensitivity and economy as the specific antiserum can be used in dilutions 1:20,000 and higher. The test antigens may be both freshly isolated strains and virus-containing fluids showing no hemagglutinating activity (a titer in HA test 1:0).", "PMID": 77081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6419", "title": "[Virion precipitation reaction based on determination of reverse transcriptase activity: Method of study of membrane antigens of oncornaviruses].", "content": "A method for the study of the envelope antigens of oncornaviruses of C, B, and D types by the virion precipitation test (VPT) based on the measurement of the amount of precipitated virus by its reverse transcriptase activity is described. The method is immunologically specific for titration of antibody to the envelope antigens of oncornaviruses. By means of the VPT it is possible to identify oncornaviruses, to study antigenic relationships between them and to detect some or other antigens in virion coat.", "contents": "[Virion precipitation reaction based on determination of reverse transcriptase activity: Method of study of membrane antigens of oncornaviruses]. A method for the study of the envelope antigens of oncornaviruses of C, B, and D types by the virion precipitation test (VPT) based on the measurement of the amount of precipitated virus by its reverse transcriptase activity is described. The method is immunologically specific for titration of antibody to the envelope antigens of oncornaviruses. By means of the VPT it is possible to identify oncornaviruses, to study antigenic relationships between them and to detect some or other antigens in virion coat.", "PMID": 77082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6420", "title": "[Treatment of burned children--current therapeutic principles (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the working plan of immediate care, parenteral nutrition and surgery in burned children according to experience gained in the treatment of these children at the specialist Burns Unit of the Department of Dermatology (I) of the University of Vienna. Features peculiar to this age group lie in the appropriate recommendations for shock therapy and prophylaxis as well as parenteral nutrition. The guidelines for surgical treatment of burns are basically similar in adults and children.", "contents": "[Treatment of burned children--current therapeutic principles (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the working plan of immediate care, parenteral nutrition and surgery in burned children according to experience gained in the treatment of these children at the specialist Burns Unit of the Department of Dermatology (I) of the University of Vienna. Features peculiar to this age group lie in the appropriate recommendations for shock therapy and prophylaxis as well as parenteral nutrition. The guidelines for surgical treatment of burns are basically similar in adults and children.", "PMID": 77086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6421", "title": "[Serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid concentrations of beta2-microglobulin in patients with normal and complicated pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid beta2-microglobulin contents were measured from normal pregnancies complicated by EPH gestosis, Rh immunisation and pathological serum levels of HPL and alpha1-fetoprotein. We found no changes in high risk pregnancies from normal serum levels. beta2-microglobulin seems to be no parameter in managing complicated pregnancies and fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "[Serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid concentrations of beta2-microglobulin in patients with normal and complicated pregnancies (author's transl)]. Serum, cord blood and amniotic fluid beta2-microglobulin contents were measured from normal pregnancies complicated by EPH gestosis, Rh immunisation and pathological serum levels of HPL and alpha1-fetoprotein. We found no changes in high risk pregnancies from normal serum levels. beta2-microglobulin seems to be no parameter in managing complicated pregnancies and fetal growth retardation.", "PMID": 77088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6422", "title": "[Evolution of H3 antigen of influenza viruses isolated during 1968-1976].", "content": "Influenza viruses type A isolated in 1968--1976 were found to have changes in the content of the antigenic determinant H3. The experiments showed that while in the viruses isolated in 1968--1972 the H3 antigen was dominating, in the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus and some viruses isolated in 1975--1976 this antigen became more and more minor. A correlation was observed between the content of H3 antigen in viruses and the capacity of anti-H3 antiserum to inhibit the infectious activity of viruses. The prepared monospecific serum to H3 antigen contained no antibody to the other two antigenic determinants of virus or to neuraminidase and host cell antigen and was completely free from inhibitors. The serum could be used in HI, CFT, and immunodiffusion tests for the analysis of the antigenic composition of newly isolated influenza viruses.", "contents": "[Evolution of H3 antigen of influenza viruses isolated during 1968-1976]. Influenza viruses type A isolated in 1968--1976 were found to have changes in the content of the antigenic determinant H3. The experiments showed that while in the viruses isolated in 1968--1972 the H3 antigen was dominating, in the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus and some viruses isolated in 1975--1976 this antigen became more and more minor. A correlation was observed between the content of H3 antigen in viruses and the capacity of anti-H3 antiserum to inhibit the infectious activity of viruses. The prepared monospecific serum to H3 antigen contained no antibody to the other two antigenic determinants of virus or to neuraminidase and host cell antigen and was completely free from inhibitors. The serum could be used in HI, CFT, and immunodiffusion tests for the analysis of the antigenic composition of newly isolated influenza viruses.", "PMID": 77084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6423", "title": "The anaphylatoxic peptide C3a of guinea pig complement. I. Purification, physicochemical and antigenetic properties.", "content": "Highly purified guinea pig C3a was obtained after specific cleavage of isolated C3 by the alternative pathway enzyme VF-B in a one step procedure. It turned out to be a low molecular weight peptide with basic character (M.W. 9500; isoelectric point above 9.4). C3a represents an antigenetic determinant of its own in the native C3 molecule, different from the B determinant. Guinea pig C3a resistant to 100 degrees C for 10 minutes. Its smooth muscle contracting activity can be destroyed by trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. These findings indicate that guinea pig C3a is quite similar to human C3a.", "contents": "The anaphylatoxic peptide C3a of guinea pig complement. I. Purification, physicochemical and antigenetic properties. Highly purified guinea pig C3a was obtained after specific cleavage of isolated C3 by the alternative pathway enzyme VF-B in a one step procedure. It turned out to be a low molecular weight peptide with basic character (M.W. 9500; isoelectric point above 9.4). C3a represents an antigenetic determinant of its own in the native C3 molecule, different from the B determinant. Guinea pig C3a resistant to 100 degrees C for 10 minutes. Its smooth muscle contracting activity can be destroyed by trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. These findings indicate that guinea pig C3a is quite similar to human C3a.", "PMID": 77089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6424", "title": "[Antigenic properties of influenza virus type A inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation].", "content": "The effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) on influenza A virus was studied. UVI of influenza A virus purified by adsorption chromatography on porous glass (PG) was found to result in irreversible inactivation of virus. The rate of inactivation directly depended upon the degree of virus purification. A reduction in the neuraminidase, hemagglutinating and antigenic activity of the virus occurred after a considerably longer UVI (over 7--10 min) than that required for inactivation of the purified virus (1--2 min) with the regimen of inactivation used. No changes in specificity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens after UVI were observed. The immunogenic activity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the experimental lots of influenza vaccine purified on PG but inactivated by different means (UVI or formalin) was similar.", "contents": "[Antigenic properties of influenza virus type A inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation]. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) on influenza A virus was studied. UVI of influenza A virus purified by adsorption chromatography on porous glass (PG) was found to result in irreversible inactivation of virus. The rate of inactivation directly depended upon the degree of virus purification. A reduction in the neuraminidase, hemagglutinating and antigenic activity of the virus occurred after a considerably longer UVI (over 7--10 min) than that required for inactivation of the purified virus (1--2 min) with the regimen of inactivation used. No changes in specificity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens after UVI were observed. The immunogenic activity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the experimental lots of influenza vaccine purified on PG but inactivated by different means (UVI or formalin) was similar.", "PMID": 77085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6425", "title": "Antigenic difference between serum amyloid protein SSA and its low molecular weight derivative SAAL revealed by an anti-amyloid A antiserum at different temperatures.", "content": "Serum amyloid protein SAA and its low molecular weight derivate SAAL have been compared in immunodiffusion with an antiserum to amyloid A at different temperatures. At room temperature or at 37 degree C SAAL and SAA did precipitate with anti-AA forming a line of identity. At 4 degrees C, however, only SAAL did react with anti AA. Experiments are described which show that the SAA-derivative SAAL has AA-related antigenic determinants exposed whereas these determinants are hidden in the parent SAA and are only exhibited as result of an unknown temperature-dependent process. Therefore, SAAL can also be distinguished from SAA by the availability of AA-related antigenic determinants for anti-AA antibodies at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Antigenic difference between serum amyloid protein SSA and its low molecular weight derivative SAAL revealed by an anti-amyloid A antiserum at different temperatures. Serum amyloid protein SAA and its low molecular weight derivate SAAL have been compared in immunodiffusion with an antiserum to amyloid A at different temperatures. At room temperature or at 37 degree C SAAL and SAA did precipitate with anti-AA forming a line of identity. At 4 degrees C, however, only SAAL did react with anti AA. Experiments are described which show that the SAA-derivative SAAL has AA-related antigenic determinants exposed whereas these determinants are hidden in the parent SAA and are only exhibited as result of an unknown temperature-dependent process. Therefore, SAAL can also be distinguished from SAA by the availability of AA-related antigenic determinants for anti-AA antibodies at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 77090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6426", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the peripheral arterial blood pressure curve in patients with peripheral obstructive cardiomyopathy after premature beats (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of the brachial artery pressure curves after mechanically released extrasystoles were investigated in 20 patients suffering from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis was confirmed by heart catheterisation and laevocardiography. At the average, the postextrasystolic beat showed a more pronounced reduction of the pressure at the systolic dip and the second systolic peak (19.7 +/- 14.2 and 17.2 +/- 13.8) than at the first systolic peak and the incisure due to the aortic valve closure (8.4 +/- 10.5 and 12.8 +/- 9.9). The diastolic pressure decreased of about 11 +/- 4.9%.--The ejection time of the postextrasystolic beat increased of about 0.029 sec (at rest 0.335 +/- 0.047 sec). Compared to the presystolic beats these changes were significant.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the peripheral arterial blood pressure curve in patients with peripheral obstructive cardiomyopathy after premature beats (author's transl)]. Changes of the brachial artery pressure curves after mechanically released extrasystoles were investigated in 20 patients suffering from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis was confirmed by heart catheterisation and laevocardiography. At the average, the postextrasystolic beat showed a more pronounced reduction of the pressure at the systolic dip and the second systolic peak (19.7 +/- 14.2 and 17.2 +/- 13.8) than at the first systolic peak and the incisure due to the aortic valve closure (8.4 +/- 10.5 and 12.8 +/- 9.9). The diastolic pressure decreased of about 11 +/- 4.9%.--The ejection time of the postextrasystolic beat increased of about 0.029 sec (at rest 0.335 +/- 0.047 sec). Compared to the presystolic beats these changes were significant.", "PMID": 77092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6427", "title": "Ultrastructure of Babesia major vermicules from the tick Haemaphysalis punctata as demonstrated by negative staining.", "content": "The ultrastructure of Babesia major vermicules was studied in samples derived from the haemolymph of Haemaphysalis punctata adults and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. Most of the organelles observed were typical of those found in apicomplexan parasites. These were the apical complex with the polar ring and the ribs, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. The number of ribs was 27 or 28. The outer membrane of the pellicle was composed of a large number of fibrils running along the length of the parasite. The inner membrane had large numbers of irregularly scattered holes. A cytoplasmic organelle similar to the granular body described in Theileria annulata ookinetes was seen for the first time in a B. major vermicule.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Babesia major vermicules from the tick Haemaphysalis punctata as demonstrated by negative staining. The ultrastructure of Babesia major vermicules was studied in samples derived from the haemolymph of Haemaphysalis punctata adults and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. Most of the organelles observed were typical of those found in apicomplexan parasites. These were the apical complex with the polar ring and the ribs, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. The number of ribs was 27 or 28. The outer membrane of the pellicle was composed of a large number of fibrils running along the length of the parasite. The inner membrane had large numbers of irregularly scattered holes. A cytoplasmic organelle similar to the granular body described in Theileria annulata ookinetes was seen for the first time in a B. major vermicule.", "PMID": 77093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6428", "title": "[A contribution to the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bladder neoplasms by means of immunological methods].", "content": "According to the present examinations it is pretty probable that already in early histological forms of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder the EM-test is able to indicate immunologically malignity, i.e. that the papillary non-infiltrating carcinoma of the transitional cell as well as the carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder (23) also immunologically behave like tumors of the bladder. In differential-diagnostic questions concerning the organ localisation of the primary tumor the EM-test seems to give valuable references. Histologically not unequivocally malignant tumors of the bladder with positive results in the EM-test should be submitted to an exacter examination and control.", "contents": "[A contribution to the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bladder neoplasms by means of immunological methods]. According to the present examinations it is pretty probable that already in early histological forms of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder the EM-test is able to indicate immunologically malignity, i.e. that the papillary non-infiltrating carcinoma of the transitional cell as well as the carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder (23) also immunologically behave like tumors of the bladder. In differential-diagnostic questions concerning the organ localisation of the primary tumor the EM-test seems to give valuable references. Histologically not unequivocally malignant tumors of the bladder with positive results in the EM-test should be submitted to an exacter examination and control.", "PMID": 77116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6429", "title": "[Destruction of the colon due to a wrong enema (author's transl)].", "content": "By mistake an enema consisting of 10% potash lye was administered to a patient. A resection of the colon and parts of the rectum and the small intestine had to be performed.", "contents": "[Destruction of the colon due to a wrong enema (author's transl)]. By mistake an enema consisting of 10% potash lye was administered to a patient. A resection of the colon and parts of the rectum and the small intestine had to be performed.", "PMID": 77117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6430", "title": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. I. Communication: selective staining procedures for the directmicroscopic mould count (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important proposed direct microscopic method for the detection of moulds were critically compared in 9 different nonfluid foods, of which 7 were naturally and 2 were artifically moulded.--Neither the Rot fragment test, nor the Howard Mould count or the NaOH treatment method proposed by Mossel (1975) were satisfying with non-fluid foods.--A significant improvement of the direct microscopic detection in the Breed-smear could be achieved by selective product specific staining of the fungi elements.--For low protein foods, a modified Pianese staining, and for low polysaccharide foods the Perjod-Schiff reaction proved to be appropriate and easy to carry out.--The slides of the selectively stained Breed-smears also allow a microscopic examination with high magnifications, so that a differenciation of fungus spores and hyphaes is possible.--Fungus spores, yeast cells and hyphal fragments can be counted by the method of Seck (1976). Hyphal fragments can also be recorded according to the prescription of the Howard Mould Count method.", "contents": "[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. I. Communication: selective staining procedures for the directmicroscopic mould count (author's transl)]. The most important proposed direct microscopic method for the detection of moulds were critically compared in 9 different nonfluid foods, of which 7 were naturally and 2 were artifically moulded.--Neither the Rot fragment test, nor the Howard Mould count or the NaOH treatment method proposed by Mossel (1975) were satisfying with non-fluid foods.--A significant improvement of the direct microscopic detection in the Breed-smear could be achieved by selective product specific staining of the fungi elements.--For low protein foods, a modified Pianese staining, and for low polysaccharide foods the Perjod-Schiff reaction proved to be appropriate and easy to carry out.--The slides of the selectively stained Breed-smears also allow a microscopic examination with high magnifications, so that a differenciation of fungus spores and hyphaes is possible.--Fungus spores, yeast cells and hyphal fragments can be counted by the method of Seck (1976). Hyphal fragments can also be recorded according to the prescription of the Howard Mould Count method.", "PMID": 77118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6431", "title": "A receptor-immunoassay for the determination of the specificity of anti-HCG-beta sera.", "content": "In the receptor-immunoassay, the binding of anti-HCG-beta sera to 125I-HCG and 125I-HLH is measured in the presence of bovine corpus luteum \"receptor\". Anti-sera specific for HCG show little binding with 125I-HLH. The receptor-immunoassay permits an evaluation of specificity, affinity and the ability of anti-HCG-beta sera to compete with the \"receptor\" for binding to 125I-HCG.", "contents": "A receptor-immunoassay for the determination of the specificity of anti-HCG-beta sera. In the receptor-immunoassay, the binding of anti-HCG-beta sera to 125I-HCG and 125I-HLH is measured in the presence of bovine corpus luteum \"receptor\". Anti-sera specific for HCG show little binding with 125I-HLH. The receptor-immunoassay permits an evaluation of specificity, affinity and the ability of anti-HCG-beta sera to compete with the \"receptor\" for binding to 125I-HCG.", "PMID": 77119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6432", "title": "The use of proteolytic enzyme inhibitor (Trasylol) in radioreceptor assay of TSH-its application to measuring thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in thyroid diseases.", "content": "In order to estimate thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in serum, a stable, reproducible and sensitive radioreceptor assay (RRA) capable of detecting 100 micromicron of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been developed using a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor (Trasylol), partially purified human TSH and particulate fractions of human thyroid homogenate. The binding of 125-I-labelled TSH to the crude thyroid membranes was significantly increased from 2-3% to 15-20% in the presence of Trasylol (2000 KIU per tube). Further investigations suggested that Trasylol might inhibit the aggregation of 125I-labelled TSH during incubation with these membranes. With this assay system, the serum immunoglobulins from a great majority of untreated patients with Graves' disease were shown to inhibit the binding of 125I-labelled TSH to those membranes more markedly than those from control subjects. Therefore, this RRA for TSH was considered to provide a sensitive and stable method for detecting TSI.", "contents": "The use of proteolytic enzyme inhibitor (Trasylol) in radioreceptor assay of TSH-its application to measuring thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in thyroid diseases. In order to estimate thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in serum, a stable, reproducible and sensitive radioreceptor assay (RRA) capable of detecting 100 micromicron of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been developed using a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor (Trasylol), partially purified human TSH and particulate fractions of human thyroid homogenate. The binding of 125-I-labelled TSH to the crude thyroid membranes was significantly increased from 2-3% to 15-20% in the presence of Trasylol (2000 KIU per tube). Further investigations suggested that Trasylol might inhibit the aggregation of 125I-labelled TSH during incubation with these membranes. With this assay system, the serum immunoglobulins from a great majority of untreated patients with Graves' disease were shown to inhibit the binding of 125I-labelled TSH to those membranes more markedly than those from control subjects. Therefore, this RRA for TSH was considered to provide a sensitive and stable method for detecting TSI.", "PMID": 77120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6433", "title": "Fluorescence microscopic demonstration of rat mast cells stained with acid dyes.", "content": "The amphoteric acid dyes acid fuchsin, aniline blue WS, azocarmine G, fast green FCF, light green SF and the wholly acid dye thiazine red R were used for fluorochromy of mast cells in sections of formalin or alcohol-formalin fixed rat tongues. By ordinary light the mast cell granules were barely visible. By UV or blue light exitation, however, a selective, secondary fluorescence of varying intensity and contrast against the tissue background manifested itself. By thin layer chromatography each dye revealed 3--7 components. Except for aniline blue WS, the main component(s) of each dye conferred to the granules the same fluorescence as the corresponding whole dye. These results of fluorochromy, together with the findings of methylation and deamination experiments, allowed the assumption that the anionic groups of the dyes were bound to unoccupied basic groups of the mast cell granules.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopic demonstration of rat mast cells stained with acid dyes. The amphoteric acid dyes acid fuchsin, aniline blue WS, azocarmine G, fast green FCF, light green SF and the wholly acid dye thiazine red R were used for fluorochromy of mast cells in sections of formalin or alcohol-formalin fixed rat tongues. By ordinary light the mast cell granules were barely visible. By UV or blue light exitation, however, a selective, secondary fluorescence of varying intensity and contrast against the tissue background manifested itself. By thin layer chromatography each dye revealed 3--7 components. Except for aniline blue WS, the main component(s) of each dye conferred to the granules the same fluorescence as the corresponding whole dye. These results of fluorochromy, together with the findings of methylation and deamination experiments, allowed the assumption that the anionic groups of the dyes were bound to unoccupied basic groups of the mast cell granules.", "PMID": 77121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6434", "title": "The mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells. I. Significance of monovalent cations, calcium, metabolic energy and temperature.", "content": "Histamine release induced by X537A from isolated rat mast cells was dependent on the presence of sodium or potassium but not on calcium in the incubation medium. The rate of release was faster in potassium than in sodium, but the final release was the same after prolonged incubation. Extracellular calcium as well as metabolic inhibitors depressed the rate or release induced by X537A. Pretreatment of mast cells with either EDTA or the ionophore A23187 in the absence of extracellular calcium did not influence subsequent release induced by X537A. The findings of release at 45 degrees C and lack of release at 0 degrees C distinguish the mechanism of action of X537A from calcium- energy-dependent releasing agents like compound 48/80 and A23187 on the one hand and the simple lytic action of decylamine on the other.", "contents": "The mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells. I. Significance of monovalent cations, calcium, metabolic energy and temperature. Histamine release induced by X537A from isolated rat mast cells was dependent on the presence of sodium or potassium but not on calcium in the incubation medium. The rate of release was faster in potassium than in sodium, but the final release was the same after prolonged incubation. Extracellular calcium as well as metabolic inhibitors depressed the rate or release induced by X537A. Pretreatment of mast cells with either EDTA or the ionophore A23187 in the absence of extracellular calcium did not influence subsequent release induced by X537A. The findings of release at 45 degrees C and lack of release at 0 degrees C distinguish the mechanism of action of X537A from calcium- energy-dependent releasing agents like compound 48/80 and A23187 on the one hand and the simple lytic action of decylamine on the other.", "PMID": 77122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6435", "title": "Fulminant hepatic failure associated with methyldopa.", "content": "A patient with fatal submassive hepatic necrosis after methyldopa is described. Patient had positive L.E. cell preparation. The literature and the two previous cases of submassive hepatic necrosis were briefly reviewed. Methyldopa occasionally produces severe hepatitis, chronic active and rarely submassive necrosis.", "contents": "Fulminant hepatic failure associated with methyldopa. A patient with fatal submassive hepatic necrosis after methyldopa is described. Patient had positive L.E. cell preparation. The literature and the two previous cases of submassive hepatic necrosis were briefly reviewed. Methyldopa occasionally produces severe hepatitis, chronic active and rarely submassive necrosis.", "PMID": 77129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6436", "title": "Evidence that e-antigen is not transmitted with hepatitis B infection.", "content": "The correlation between transmission of e-antigen (e-Ag) and hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in primary and secondary cases of type B hepatitis occurring in 15 families. The e-Ag was not consistently transmitted in the familial environment, as were the d and y subtypes of HBsAg, but occurred in erratic fashion among genetically and epidemiologically related cases. It is concluded that e-Ag is probably the non-transmissible product of a specific individual response to hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Evidence that e-antigen is not transmitted with hepatitis B infection. The correlation between transmission of e-antigen (e-Ag) and hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in primary and secondary cases of type B hepatitis occurring in 15 families. The e-Ag was not consistently transmitted in the familial environment, as were the d and y subtypes of HBsAg, but occurred in erratic fashion among genetically and epidemiologically related cases. It is concluded that e-Ag is probably the non-transmissible product of a specific individual response to hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 77133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6437", "title": "Basophil histamine release by RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG examined in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Results compared with basophil counts and antinuclear antibodies.", "content": "Basophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) respond to RNA, DNA and immune complexes (aggregated IgG) with histamine release. The RNA response was well correlated to the clinical activity of the disease, since histamine liberation was found in all patients with severe activity, whereas no liberation was observed in patients with moderate or quiescent activity. A less significant correlation was obtained with DNA and aggregated IgG. In contrast, no response was obtained with RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or in controls. In the RA and the SLE groups no significant correlation was found between the response of RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG and the serum titres of anti-DNA and antinuclear antibodies. No difference in basophil cell count in peripheral blood and basophil histamine content was found between RA, SLE and controls. Our results point to an involvement of an autoimmune type I reaction in the pathogenesis of RA directed against the nuclear components RNA and DNA and against immune complexes.", "contents": "Basophil histamine release by RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG examined in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Results compared with basophil counts and antinuclear antibodies. Basophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) respond to RNA, DNA and immune complexes (aggregated IgG) with histamine release. The RNA response was well correlated to the clinical activity of the disease, since histamine liberation was found in all patients with severe activity, whereas no liberation was observed in patients with moderate or quiescent activity. A less significant correlation was obtained with DNA and aggregated IgG. In contrast, no response was obtained with RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or in controls. In the RA and the SLE groups no significant correlation was found between the response of RNA, DNA and aggregated IgG and the serum titres of anti-DNA and antinuclear antibodies. No difference in basophil cell count in peripheral blood and basophil histamine content was found between RA, SLE and controls. Our results point to an involvement of an autoimmune type I reaction in the pathogenesis of RA directed against the nuclear components RNA and DNA and against immune complexes.", "PMID": 77134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6438", "title": "The role of the anaesthetist in chronic pain management.", "content": "The role of the anaesthetist in the continuing care of patients suffering from chronic pain has been discussed. Many of the techniques, both invasive and non-invasive, which are currently available for the treatment of chronic pain have been reviewed.", "contents": "The role of the anaesthetist in chronic pain management. The role of the anaesthetist in the continuing care of patients suffering from chronic pain has been discussed. Many of the techniques, both invasive and non-invasive, which are currently available for the treatment of chronic pain have been reviewed.", "PMID": 77139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6439", "title": "Comparative clinical evaluation of two salts of quinidine using 24-hour Holter monitor recordings.", "content": "In 13 patients admitted to a coronary care unit, antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of quinidine gluconate in a nonmatrix formulation were compared to placebo and quinidine sulfate. Both quinidine preparations were effective in reducing the number and severity of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles when compared to placebo. Except for a few cases in which quinidine gluconate was significantly more effective, both quinidine preparations appear to have similar clinical antiarrhythmic efficacy and duration of action. A 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring device and electrocardioscanner were utilized in this research. No major unexpected adverse effects were observed.", "contents": "Comparative clinical evaluation of two salts of quinidine using 24-hour Holter monitor recordings. In 13 patients admitted to a coronary care unit, antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of quinidine gluconate in a nonmatrix formulation were compared to placebo and quinidine sulfate. Both quinidine preparations were effective in reducing the number and severity of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles when compared to placebo. Except for a few cases in which quinidine gluconate was significantly more effective, both quinidine preparations appear to have similar clinical antiarrhythmic efficacy and duration of action. A 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring device and electrocardioscanner were utilized in this research. No major unexpected adverse effects were observed.", "PMID": 77140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6440", "title": "Recent advances in antitumor antibiotics.", "content": "An effective treatment schedule with bleomycin in combination with mitomycin and a new effective area in treatment with neocarzinostatin was introduced. Studies on more useful derivatives or analogues of bleomycin and anthracycline antitumor antibiotics were described. Bleomycin PEP thus selected may become a useful agent. Aclacinomycin and various other anthracycline glycosides were isolated from beer fermentation and tested. Future progress in microbiol secondary metabolites useful in cancer treatment was discussed.", "contents": "Recent advances in antitumor antibiotics. An effective treatment schedule with bleomycin in combination with mitomycin and a new effective area in treatment with neocarzinostatin was introduced. Studies on more useful derivatives or analogues of bleomycin and anthracycline antitumor antibiotics were described. Bleomycin PEP thus selected may become a useful agent. Aclacinomycin and various other anthracycline glycosides were isolated from beer fermentation and tested. Future progress in microbiol secondary metabolites useful in cancer treatment was discussed.", "PMID": 77145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6441", "title": "[Selective action of novobiocin on Act. levoris, the producer of levorin and levoristatin].", "content": "The effect of sodium novobiocin on Act. levoris, strain LIA 0868 producing levorin and levoristatin was studied. High lethal effect of the antibiotic on Act. levoris was found. The effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration in the agar from 2 to 6 lambda/ml. The inhibitory effect of novobiocin on Act, levoris was evident from a marked increase in the number of morphologically changed colonies with a low level of levorin production. The selective effect of novobiocin on the organism producing levorin and levoristatin was evident from selection of variants with high levels of levoristatin production on media containing novobiocin.", "contents": "[Selective action of novobiocin on Act. levoris, the producer of levorin and levoristatin]. The effect of sodium novobiocin on Act. levoris, strain LIA 0868 producing levorin and levoristatin was studied. High lethal effect of the antibiotic on Act. levoris was found. The effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration in the agar from 2 to 6 lambda/ml. The inhibitory effect of novobiocin on Act, levoris was evident from a marked increase in the number of morphologically changed colonies with a low level of levorin production. The selective effect of novobiocin on the organism producing levorin and levoristatin was evident from selection of variants with high levels of levoristatin production on media containing novobiocin.", "PMID": 77146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6442", "title": "Selection of treatment in the management of thyrotoxicosis in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "The management of 105 patients between the ages of three and 18 years, 83 females and 22 males, with thyrotoxicosis was reviewed retrospectively (1952-1976) with the intent of identifying criteria that would help predict response to therapy with antithyroid drugs and thereby permit earlier selection of alternative treatment. All patients were initially treated with antithyroid drugs. Twenty-six per cent (27) achieved remission with thioamides, 68% (72) underwent subtotal thyroidectomy with three patients requiring subsequent therapy with radioiodine, 6% (6) received radioiodine with one patient subsequently requiring subtotal thyroidectomy. Failure of remission after thioamide therapy was related to drug toxicity, persistent disease, noncompliance and recurrence after an initial remission. During the last decade there was earlier selection of subtotal thyroidectomy based on prior experience. The most significant discriminants were sex, age, and regression of thyromegaly. Ninety-one per cent of the males, 89% of children over 11 years of age and all patients who had no regression of their thyromegaly after a sustained period of control of their thyrotoxicosis by thioamide therapy received subtotal thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy for control of their thyrotoxicosis. Recognition of these factors at the time of diagnosis should permit earlier selection of the most suitable treatment and expedite patient care. Subtotal thyroidectomy has a low morbidity and is effective treatment for thyrotoxicosis in adolescence and childhood.", "contents": "Selection of treatment in the management of thyrotoxicosis in childhood and adolescence. The management of 105 patients between the ages of three and 18 years, 83 females and 22 males, with thyrotoxicosis was reviewed retrospectively (1952-1976) with the intent of identifying criteria that would help predict response to therapy with antithyroid drugs and thereby permit earlier selection of alternative treatment. All patients were initially treated with antithyroid drugs. Twenty-six per cent (27) achieved remission with thioamides, 68% (72) underwent subtotal thyroidectomy with three patients requiring subsequent therapy with radioiodine, 6% (6) received radioiodine with one patient subsequently requiring subtotal thyroidectomy. Failure of remission after thioamide therapy was related to drug toxicity, persistent disease, noncompliance and recurrence after an initial remission. During the last decade there was earlier selection of subtotal thyroidectomy based on prior experience. The most significant discriminants were sex, age, and regression of thyromegaly. Ninety-one per cent of the males, 89% of children over 11 years of age and all patients who had no regression of their thyromegaly after a sustained period of control of their thyrotoxicosis by thioamide therapy received subtotal thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy for control of their thyrotoxicosis. Recognition of these factors at the time of diagnosis should permit earlier selection of the most suitable treatment and expedite patient care. Subtotal thyroidectomy has a low morbidity and is effective treatment for thyrotoxicosis in adolescence and childhood.", "PMID": 77148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6443", "title": "Aortic insufficiency requiring valve replacement in Whipple's disease.", "content": "Reviews of postmortem reports on patients with Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) describe gross valvular deformity in more than 50% with characteristic histological findings of macrophages containing periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules. Frequently, congestive heart failure characterizes the terminal stages. In a 58-year-old man with well-documented Whipple's disease for 5 years, gastrointestinal, joint, and pericardial involvement apparently resolved with medical therapy. However, 10 years later, severe aortic insufficiency necessitated prosthetic valve replacement, at which time gross and histological examination of the excised valve demonstrated characteristic changes of Whipple's disease. Clinical recognition of the importance of cardiac valvular abnormalities and of possible late cardiac decompensation mandates close observation of patients with Whipple's disease. Corrective operation should improve the patient's chances of survival.", "contents": "Aortic insufficiency requiring valve replacement in Whipple's disease. Reviews of postmortem reports on patients with Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) describe gross valvular deformity in more than 50% with characteristic histological findings of macrophages containing periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules. Frequently, congestive heart failure characterizes the terminal stages. In a 58-year-old man with well-documented Whipple's disease for 5 years, gastrointestinal, joint, and pericardial involvement apparently resolved with medical therapy. However, 10 years later, severe aortic insufficiency necessitated prosthetic valve replacement, at which time gross and histological examination of the excised valve demonstrated characteristic changes of Whipple's disease. Clinical recognition of the importance of cardiac valvular abnormalities and of possible late cardiac decompensation mandates close observation of patients with Whipple's disease. Corrective operation should improve the patient's chances of survival.", "PMID": 77149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6444", "title": "Kinetic haemagglutination inhibition technique as a means of detecting antigenic variations among strains of Nigerian flaviviruses.", "content": "Seven isolates of West Nile virus and an additional isolate tentatively identified at the outset as West Nile virus, were compared by Casals' modified haemagglutination inhibition technique. Two of the isolates were nearly identical; a second set of five isolates cross-reacted among themselves within a wide range and differed from the first two; the last isolate was significantly different from the others.", "contents": "Kinetic haemagglutination inhibition technique as a means of detecting antigenic variations among strains of Nigerian flaviviruses. Seven isolates of West Nile virus and an additional isolate tentatively identified at the outset as West Nile virus, were compared by Casals' modified haemagglutination inhibition technique. Two of the isolates were nearly identical; a second set of five isolates cross-reacted among themselves within a wide range and differed from the first two; the last isolate was significantly different from the others.", "PMID": 77150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6445", "title": "Antigenic differences between strains of Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Comparison of strains of Newcastle disease virus by kinetic neutralization tests and immunodiffusion tests (after virion disruption by ether and Tween 80) enabled antigenic differences to be demonstrated between four out of five strains tested. No correlation was demonstrated between the antigenic structure and virulence of these strains.", "contents": "Antigenic differences between strains of Newcastle disease virus. Comparison of strains of Newcastle disease virus by kinetic neutralization tests and immunodiffusion tests (after virion disruption by ether and Tween 80) enabled antigenic differences to be demonstrated between four out of five strains tested. No correlation was demonstrated between the antigenic structure and virulence of these strains.", "PMID": 77151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6446", "title": "[Method of intravital injection of the internal blood vessels of organs for experimental-morphological research].", "content": "Ten minutes before the injection the rat is given heparin (500 units per 1 kg weight) intradermally. To the narcotized animal, the needle with the 1 ml syringe is inserted and 3--5 ml of blood are aspirated (about 2% of the body mass). Then with the same needle another syringe of 10 ml volume containing filtrated and heated up to 40 degrees C undiluted Indian ink is injected. The amount of the Indian ink injected is 8--10 ml per 100 g of the body mass. We can consider the injection oa success if the mucose of the tongue, the skin of the concha auriculae, the sclera of the eye are promptly stained during the injection and the tail vessels are well filled.", "contents": "[Method of intravital injection of the internal blood vessels of organs for experimental-morphological research]. Ten minutes before the injection the rat is given heparin (500 units per 1 kg weight) intradermally. To the narcotized animal, the needle with the 1 ml syringe is inserted and 3--5 ml of blood are aspirated (about 2% of the body mass). Then with the same needle another syringe of 10 ml volume containing filtrated and heated up to 40 degrees C undiluted Indian ink is injected. The amount of the Indian ink injected is 8--10 ml per 100 g of the body mass. We can consider the injection oa success if the mucose of the tongue, the skin of the concha auriculae, the sclera of the eye are promptly stained during the injection and the tail vessels are well filled.", "PMID": 77152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6447", "title": "[Differential staining of pancreatic islet A- and B-cells using Rouge's fixative and a modified Gomori method].", "content": "Roug's fixative fluid is suggested to fix the pancreas with subsequent staining of the islet A- and B-cells. Rouget's fluid differs from Bouin's fluid in that picric acid is substituted for distilled water, and thus, it is unnecesary to extract the acid from the preparation. The fixation ensures good quality in demonstration specific granulation and preserves it in B-cells. Gormori's modification of the method to stain the slices with aldehyd-fuchsin and subsequent staining with alum carmine and orange G reveals both B- and A-cells. The manipulations presented perfect the quality of histochemical reactions.", "contents": "[Differential staining of pancreatic islet A- and B-cells using Rouge's fixative and a modified Gomori method]. Roug's fixative fluid is suggested to fix the pancreas with subsequent staining of the islet A- and B-cells. Rouget's fluid differs from Bouin's fluid in that picric acid is substituted for distilled water, and thus, it is unnecesary to extract the acid from the preparation. The fixation ensures good quality in demonstration specific granulation and preserves it in B-cells. Gormori's modification of the method to stain the slices with aldehyd-fuchsin and subsequent staining with alum carmine and orange G reveals both B- and A-cells. The manipulations presented perfect the quality of histochemical reactions.", "PMID": 77153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6448", "title": "[Polychromatic method of simultaneously demonstrating all the structural components of a peripheral nerve].", "content": "To study neuro-vessel relations in the nerve conductive system, a combined method revealing myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers and blood vessels was suggested. The method includes the following stages of material treatment: injection of the nerve blood vessels with chloroform emulsion of Paris blue (5--10 g of the dye in 100 g of the solvant); the straightened nerves about 5 mm long are fixed in 12% neutral formalin; etching in the solution of chromium solts; embedding in paraffin and preparation of thin sections (3--5 mcm); staining after Masson's method applied for collagen fiber staining) in the author's modification and mounting in balsam. In the preparations, the axons of the nerve fibers are seen blue--purple, myelin sheaths--light red, connective tissue elements--violet and blood vessels are seen as dark blue rings.", "contents": "[Polychromatic method of simultaneously demonstrating all the structural components of a peripheral nerve]. To study neuro-vessel relations in the nerve conductive system, a combined method revealing myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers and blood vessels was suggested. The method includes the following stages of material treatment: injection of the nerve blood vessels with chloroform emulsion of Paris blue (5--10 g of the dye in 100 g of the solvant); the straightened nerves about 5 mm long are fixed in 12% neutral formalin; etching in the solution of chromium solts; embedding in paraffin and preparation of thin sections (3--5 mcm); staining after Masson's method applied for collagen fiber staining) in the author's modification and mounting in balsam. In the preparations, the axons of the nerve fibers are seen blue--purple, myelin sheaths--light red, connective tissue elements--violet and blood vessels are seen as dark blue rings.", "PMID": 77154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6449", "title": "[Method of staining cation proteins of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes in the histological paraffin sections].", "content": "A method has been proposed for detection of lysosomal cation proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in histological paraffin sections. The method is based on staining of histological sections of Brank fluid-fixed material with an alcohol solution of green fast at pH 8.1. A 0.25% aqueous solution of azure A was used for poststaining of cell nuclei and viable bacteria.", "contents": "[Method of staining cation proteins of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes in the histological paraffin sections]. A method has been proposed for detection of lysosomal cation proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in histological paraffin sections. The method is based on staining of histological sections of Brank fluid-fixed material with an alcohol solution of green fast at pH 8.1. A 0.25% aqueous solution of azure A was used for poststaining of cell nuclei and viable bacteria.", "PMID": 77155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6450", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of ground glass hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Histochemical and electron microscopic examinations of liver punctates from 57 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver were carried out. \"Ground Glass\" hepatocytes were found to occur with similar frequency both in patients with HB-antigen in the blood serum and in patients with alcoholic involvement of the liver and no antigen in the blood serum. The presence of HB-antigen in the cytoplasm of such hepatocytes can be detected by staining of the sections with orsein, aldehydethionine and aldehydefucsin. The latter stain is more specific. Electron microscopically, the \"Ground Glass\" hepatocytes are characterized by marked hyperplasia of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the lumen of which peculiar filaments are found in the presence of HB-antigen.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of ground glass hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. Histochemical and electron microscopic examinations of liver punctates from 57 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver were carried out. \"Ground Glass\" hepatocytes were found to occur with similar frequency both in patients with HB-antigen in the blood serum and in patients with alcoholic involvement of the liver and no antigen in the blood serum. The presence of HB-antigen in the cytoplasm of such hepatocytes can be detected by staining of the sections with orsein, aldehydethionine and aldehydefucsin. The latter stain is more specific. Electron microscopically, the \"Ground Glass\" hepatocytes are characterized by marked hyperplasia of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the lumen of which peculiar filaments are found in the presence of HB-antigen.", "PMID": 77156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6451", "title": "[HB-antigenemia and liver pathology].", "content": "The review deals with liver pathology in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen. Information on the pattern and frequency of liver affection in carriers of HB antigen, on morphological methods for the detection of HB antigen in the liver tissue, on the frequency of the antigen detection in the liver tissue in asymptomatic antigen carriers and in liver diseases with HB antigenemia is presented. The data concerning the clinical and prognostic importance of hepatitis B antigen detection are given.", "contents": "[HB-antigenemia and liver pathology]. The review deals with liver pathology in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen. Information on the pattern and frequency of liver affection in carriers of HB antigen, on morphological methods for the detection of HB antigen in the liver tissue, on the frequency of the antigen detection in the liver tissue in asymptomatic antigen carriers and in liver diseases with HB antigenemia is presented. The data concerning the clinical and prognostic importance of hepatitis B antigen detection are given.", "PMID": 77157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6452", "title": "Proteolytic and peroxidatic reactions of commercial horseradish peroxidase with myelin basic protein.", "content": "Degradation of myelin basic protein during incubations with high concentrations of horseradish peroxidase has been demonstrated [Johnson & Cammer (1977) J. Histochem. Cytochem.25, 329-336]. Possible mechanisms for the interaction of the basic protein with peroxidase were investigated in the present study. Because the peroxidase samples previously observed to degrade basic protein were mixtures of isoenzymes, commercial preparations of the separated isoenzymes were tested, and all three degraded basic protein, but to various extents. Three other basic proteins, P(2) protein from peripheral nerve myelin, lysozyme and cytochrome c, were not degraded by horseradish peroxidase under the same conditions. Inhibitor studies suggested a minor peroxidatic component in the reaction. Therefore the peroxidatic reaction with basic protein was studied by using low concentrations of peroxidase along with H(2)O(2). Horseradish peroxidase plus H(2)O(2) caused the destruction of basic protein, a reaction inhibited by cyanide, azide, ferrocyanide, tyrosine, di-iodotyrosine and catalase. Lactoperoxidase plus H(2)O(2) and myoglobin plus H(2)O(2) were also effective in destroying the myelin basic protein. Low concentrations of horseradish peroxidase plus H(2)O(2) were not active against other basic proteins, but did destroy casein and fibrinogen. Although high concentrations of peroxidase alone degraded basic protein to low-molecular-weight products, suggesting the operation of a proteolytic enzyme contaminant in the absence of H(2)O(2), incubations with catalytic concentrations of peroxidase in the presence of H(2)O(2) converted basic protein into products with high molecular weights. Our data suggest a mechanism for the latter, peroxidatic, reaction where polymers would form by linking the tyrosine side chains in basic-protein molecules. These data show that the myelin basic protein is unusually susceptible to peroxidatic reactions.", "contents": "Proteolytic and peroxidatic reactions of commercial horseradish peroxidase with myelin basic protein. Degradation of myelin basic protein during incubations with high concentrations of horseradish peroxidase has been demonstrated [Johnson & Cammer (1977) J. Histochem. Cytochem.25, 329-336]. Possible mechanisms for the interaction of the basic protein with peroxidase were investigated in the present study. Because the peroxidase samples previously observed to degrade basic protein were mixtures of isoenzymes, commercial preparations of the separated isoenzymes were tested, and all three degraded basic protein, but to various extents. Three other basic proteins, P(2) protein from peripheral nerve myelin, lysozyme and cytochrome c, were not degraded by horseradish peroxidase under the same conditions. Inhibitor studies suggested a minor peroxidatic component in the reaction. Therefore the peroxidatic reaction with basic protein was studied by using low concentrations of peroxidase along with H(2)O(2). Horseradish peroxidase plus H(2)O(2) caused the destruction of basic protein, a reaction inhibited by cyanide, azide, ferrocyanide, tyrosine, di-iodotyrosine and catalase. Lactoperoxidase plus H(2)O(2) and myoglobin plus H(2)O(2) were also effective in destroying the myelin basic protein. Low concentrations of horseradish peroxidase plus H(2)O(2) were not active against other basic proteins, but did destroy casein and fibrinogen. Although high concentrations of peroxidase alone degraded basic protein to low-molecular-weight products, suggesting the operation of a proteolytic enzyme contaminant in the absence of H(2)O(2), incubations with catalytic concentrations of peroxidase in the presence of H(2)O(2) converted basic protein into products with high molecular weights. Our data suggest a mechanism for the latter, peroxidatic, reaction where polymers would form by linking the tyrosine side chains in basic-protein molecules. These data show that the myelin basic protein is unusually susceptible to peroxidatic reactions.", "PMID": 77159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6453", "title": "Measurement of H-2 antigen and immunogenicity of methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas.", "content": "For each of a set of 11 methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of B10 mice, we measured the amount of H-2 antigen by absorption of a specific antiserum, and the strength of the tumour-specific transplantation antigen by a transplantation assay, to see whether they are correlated. No obvious correlation was seen. We showed that cell suspensions of tumours taken directly from the animal are contaminated by host cells which make a substantial contribution in H-2 assays. Since this contamination was lost after several passages in vitro, the amount of H-2 on tumour cells was assayed only after such passages.", "contents": "Measurement of H-2 antigen and immunogenicity of methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas. For each of a set of 11 methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of B10 mice, we measured the amount of H-2 antigen by absorption of a specific antiserum, and the strength of the tumour-specific transplantation antigen by a transplantation assay, to see whether they are correlated. No obvious correlation was seen. We showed that cell suspensions of tumours taken directly from the animal are contaminated by host cells which make a substantial contribution in H-2 assays. Since this contamination was lost after several passages in vitro, the amount of H-2 on tumour cells was assayed only after such passages.", "PMID": 77161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6454", "title": "Circulating levels of alpha-fetoprotein and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein in pregnancies without an embryo.", "content": "Ten patients with depressed serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels at 14 to 15 weeks gestation were found to have no embryo on ultrasonography: two patients had hydatiform moles and the remainder had anembryonic pregnancies (blighted ova). The pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels in serum were measured in all these ten patients. Seven of the eight patients with anembryonic pregnancies and one of the two patients with molar pregnancies had low serum SP1 levels. These observations suggest that the measurement of AFP and SP1 may provide biochemical evidence of pregnancy without an embryo.", "contents": "Circulating levels of alpha-fetoprotein and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein in pregnancies without an embryo. Ten patients with depressed serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels at 14 to 15 weeks gestation were found to have no embryo on ultrasonography: two patients had hydatiform moles and the remainder had anembryonic pregnancies (blighted ova). The pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels in serum were measured in all these ten patients. Seven of the eight patients with anembryonic pregnancies and one of the two patients with molar pregnancies had low serum SP1 levels. These observations suggest that the measurement of AFP and SP1 may provide biochemical evidence of pregnancy without an embryo.", "PMID": 77162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6455", "title": "Existence of common antigenic sites in tropomyosins.", "content": "1. Tropomyosins were extracted from vertebrate and invertebrate muscles, and their immunolo;ical characteristics were compared using antisera against tropomyosins from chicken skeletal and cardiac muscles. 2. Antigenic sites common to those of chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin were found in all the tropomyosins tested, although the reactions of these common antigenic sites in an immunodiffusion test were weak in tropomyosins from phylogenetically distant animals. 3. An immunological difference was found between alpha-tropomyosins from chicken cardiac muscle and rabbit cardiac muscle. Thus they had specific antigenic sites in addition to the common ones. 4. A component was found in a 1 M KCL extract of Tetrahymena pyriformis which reacted with antiserum against chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin.", "contents": "Existence of common antigenic sites in tropomyosins. 1. Tropomyosins were extracted from vertebrate and invertebrate muscles, and their immunolo;ical characteristics were compared using antisera against tropomyosins from chicken skeletal and cardiac muscles. 2. Antigenic sites common to those of chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin were found in all the tropomyosins tested, although the reactions of these common antigenic sites in an immunodiffusion test were weak in tropomyosins from phylogenetically distant animals. 3. An immunological difference was found between alpha-tropomyosins from chicken cardiac muscle and rabbit cardiac muscle. Thus they had specific antigenic sites in addition to the common ones. 4. A component was found in a 1 M KCL extract of Tetrahymena pyriformis which reacted with antiserum against chicken skeletal muscle tropomyosin.", "PMID": 77163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6456", "title": "Fluorescence studies of the interactions of serum albumin and rat alpha1-fetoprotein with aflatoxin B1. Specificity and binding parameters.", "content": "The interaction of bovine serum albumin and rat alpha1-fetoprotein with aflatoxin B1 has been followed by the fluorescence quenching of the protein in presence of the ligand. The binding parameters (n, number of sites and Kd, dissociation constant) have been determined for the bovine serum albumin-alflatoxin B1 system: n = 3.5 and Kd = 3.1 +/- 0.5 . 10(-5) M and for the alpha-fetoprotein-aflatoxin system: n = 4 and Kd = 3.7 +/-0.5 . 10(-5) M. The competition of anilino-naphthalene-sulfonate and aflatoxin B1 for the same hydrophobic sites on bovine serum albumin has been demonstrated. The fluorescence quenching of various proteins (lysozymes, egg-albumin, gamma-globulin) by aflatoxin B1 have shown that there is not a strict specificity of aflatoxin towards proteins.", "contents": "Fluorescence studies of the interactions of serum albumin and rat alpha1-fetoprotein with aflatoxin B1. Specificity and binding parameters. The interaction of bovine serum albumin and rat alpha1-fetoprotein with aflatoxin B1 has been followed by the fluorescence quenching of the protein in presence of the ligand. The binding parameters (n, number of sites and Kd, dissociation constant) have been determined for the bovine serum albumin-alflatoxin B1 system: n = 3.5 and Kd = 3.1 +/- 0.5 . 10(-5) M and for the alpha-fetoprotein-aflatoxin system: n = 4 and Kd = 3.7 +/-0.5 . 10(-5) M. The competition of anilino-naphthalene-sulfonate and aflatoxin B1 for the same hydrophobic sites on bovine serum albumin has been demonstrated. The fluorescence quenching of various proteins (lysozymes, egg-albumin, gamma-globulin) by aflatoxin B1 have shown that there is not a strict specificity of aflatoxin towards proteins.", "PMID": 77164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6457", "title": "Oestrone binding properties of nine molecular variants of rat alpha-foetoprotein.", "content": "Rat alpha-foetoprotein was separated into nine molecular variants by electrophoresis and affinity chromatography on Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin-A. The nine variants are able to bind oestrone with the same capacity of one binding site per alpha-foetoprotein molecule. The association constants seem to vary with the sialic acid composition of the iso-alpha-foetoprotein.", "contents": "Oestrone binding properties of nine molecular variants of rat alpha-foetoprotein. Rat alpha-foetoprotein was separated into nine molecular variants by electrophoresis and affinity chromatography on Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin-A. The nine variants are able to bind oestrone with the same capacity of one binding site per alpha-foetoprotein molecule. The association constants seem to vary with the sialic acid composition of the iso-alpha-foetoprotein.", "PMID": 77165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6458", "title": "Inhibition of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the malignant transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus by thiosemicarbazone-transition metal complexes.", "content": "Several thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes inhibit the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus. Some complexes are equally as active as the free ligand whereas the activity of others is greatly enhanced. The 2-formyl pyridine thiosemicarbazone copper (II) complex is the most potent compound of this class that we tested. Some copper complexes of salicylaldehyde derivatives are very active also, particularly N-n-butyl, N-n-hexyl and N-benzylsalicylaldimine; no nickel complex of any salicylaldehyde compound is active. In addition, other metal ligands, such as dithizone, diacetyl bis (mercaptoethylimine), N-butyl thiocarbamate, 0,0' dimethyl dithiophosphate, potassium dithiooxalate, and cis-PtII(NH3)2Cl2 were tested with varying results.", "contents": "Inhibition of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the malignant transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus by thiosemicarbazone-transition metal complexes. Several thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes inhibit the RNA dependent DNA polymerase and the transforming ability of Rous sarcoma virus. Some complexes are equally as active as the free ligand whereas the activity of others is greatly enhanced. The 2-formyl pyridine thiosemicarbazone copper (II) complex is the most potent compound of this class that we tested. Some copper complexes of salicylaldehyde derivatives are very active also, particularly N-n-butyl, N-n-hexyl and N-benzylsalicylaldimine; no nickel complex of any salicylaldehyde compound is active. In addition, other metal ligands, such as dithizone, diacetyl bis (mercaptoethylimine), N-butyl thiocarbamate, 0,0' dimethyl dithiophosphate, potassium dithiooxalate, and cis-PtII(NH3)2Cl2 were tested with varying results.", "PMID": 77167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6459", "title": "Coordination behaviour of antithyroid drugs against the Fe(I)(NO)2 group in solution: ESR and FT-NMR study.", "content": "The binding sites of some types of antithyroid drugs in the presence of the Fe(I)(NO)2 paramagnetic probe were investigated. Coordination behaviour in solution of different structured ligands was determined by means of ESR parameters and 13C FT-NMR spectra. Selective isotopic substitution with 15NO combined with computer simultation was used to elucidate overlapping ESR patterns. A correlation between chemical structure and antithyroid activity of the pharmacological bases is suggested.", "contents": "Coordination behaviour of antithyroid drugs against the Fe(I)(NO)2 group in solution: ESR and FT-NMR study. The binding sites of some types of antithyroid drugs in the presence of the Fe(I)(NO)2 paramagnetic probe were investigated. Coordination behaviour in solution of different structured ligands was determined by means of ESR parameters and 13C FT-NMR spectra. Selective isotopic substitution with 15NO combined with computer simultation was used to elucidate overlapping ESR patterns. A correlation between chemical structure and antithyroid activity of the pharmacological bases is suggested.", "PMID": 77168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6460", "title": "Fluorescence polarization of stretched polytene chromosomes stained with acridine orange.", "content": "The molecules of the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) bind to DNA in such a way that the absorption and emission dipoles lie on a plane perpendicular to the DNA axis. For this reason, definite fluorescence polarization should correspond to each mode of spatial DNA packing. A chromosome, considered as an axially symmetrical ensemble of DNA, was characterized by two experimental parameters, P parallel and P perpendicular, i.e., by polarizations of fluorescence excited by light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the symmetry axis. In view of the sequential order in the packing levels of DNA fiber in a chromosome, it was suggested that, under mechanical stretching, the highest level is disrupted first, then the others, in the order of their sequence. Isolated chromosomes of Chironomus thummi were stained with AO and stretched with needles of a micromanipulator. From the changes of P parallel and P perpendicular measured during stretching it was concluded the polytene chromosome bands have three, at least, DNA packing levels, tentatively described as 100 A fiber, 250 A coil and chromomere.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization of stretched polytene chromosomes stained with acridine orange. The molecules of the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) bind to DNA in such a way that the absorption and emission dipoles lie on a plane perpendicular to the DNA axis. For this reason, definite fluorescence polarization should correspond to each mode of spatial DNA packing. A chromosome, considered as an axially symmetrical ensemble of DNA, was characterized by two experimental parameters, P parallel and P perpendicular, i.e., by polarizations of fluorescence excited by light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the symmetry axis. In view of the sequential order in the packing levels of DNA fiber in a chromosome, it was suggested that, under mechanical stretching, the highest level is disrupted first, then the others, in the order of their sequence. Isolated chromosomes of Chironomus thummi were stained with AO and stretched with needles of a micromanipulator. From the changes of P parallel and P perpendicular measured during stretching it was concluded the polytene chromosome bands have three, at least, DNA packing levels, tentatively described as 100 A fiber, 250 A coil and chromomere.", "PMID": 77169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6461", "title": "[Concentration of specific antibodies in commercially avaialable immunoglobulins (author's transl)].", "content": "Not significant differences in the composition or concentration of specific antibodies against microbial antigens could be measured in five commercially available human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use. Prediction of prophylactic or therapeutic efficiency of such preparations according to their antibody content seems to be only partially possible. Human immunoglobulins for intravenous use should be free from irregular antibodies against erythrocyte antigens of the Rh-systems, as found in one of the specimens tested.", "contents": "[Concentration of specific antibodies in commercially avaialable immunoglobulins (author's transl)]. Not significant differences in the composition or concentration of specific antibodies against microbial antigens could be measured in five commercially available human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous use. Prediction of prophylactic or therapeutic efficiency of such preparations according to their antibody content seems to be only partially possible. Human immunoglobulins for intravenous use should be free from irregular antibodies against erythrocyte antigens of the Rh-systems, as found in one of the specimens tested.", "PMID": 77170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6462", "title": "Mesencephalic and diencephalic afferents to the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray substance demonstrated by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat.", "content": "The mesencephalic and diencephalic afferent connections to the superior colliculus and the central gray substance in the cat were examined by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After deep collicular injections numerous labeled cells were consistently found in the parabigeminal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra pars reticulata, the nucleus of posterior commissure, the pretectal area, zona incerta, and the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. A smaller number of cells was found in the inferior colluculus, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the central gray substance, nucleus reticularis thalami, the anterior hypothalamic area, and, in some cases, in the contralateral superior colliculus, Forel's field, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Only the parabigeminal nucleus and the pretectal area showed labeled cells following injections in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. In the cats submitted to injections in the central gray substance, labeled cells were consistently found in the contralateral superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra parts reticulata, zona incerta and various hypothalamic areas, especially the ventromedial nucleus. In some cases, HRP-positive cells were seen in the nucleus of posterior commissure, the pretectal area, Forel's field, and nucleus reticularis thalami. A large injection in the mediodorsal part of the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation, which included the superior colliculus and the central gray substance, resulted in numerous labeled cells in nucleus reticularis thalami. The findings are discussed with respect to the suggested functional division of the superior colliculus into deep and superficial layers. Furthermore, the possible implications of labeled cells in zona incerta and the reticular thalamic nucleus are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Mesencephalic and diencephalic afferents to the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray substance demonstrated by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. The mesencephalic and diencephalic afferent connections to the superior colliculus and the central gray substance in the cat were examined by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After deep collicular injections numerous labeled cells were consistently found in the parabigeminal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra pars reticulata, the nucleus of posterior commissure, the pretectal area, zona incerta, and the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. A smaller number of cells was found in the inferior colluculus, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the central gray substance, nucleus reticularis thalami, the anterior hypothalamic area, and, in some cases, in the contralateral superior colliculus, Forel's field, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Only the parabigeminal nucleus and the pretectal area showed labeled cells following injections in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. In the cats submitted to injections in the central gray substance, labeled cells were consistently found in the contralateral superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra parts reticulata, zona incerta and various hypothalamic areas, especially the ventromedial nucleus. In some cases, HRP-positive cells were seen in the nucleus of posterior commissure, the pretectal area, Forel's field, and nucleus reticularis thalami. A large injection in the mediodorsal part of the caudal mesencephalic reticular formation, which included the superior colliculus and the central gray substance, resulted in numerous labeled cells in nucleus reticularis thalami. The findings are discussed with respect to the suggested functional division of the superior colliculus into deep and superficial layers. Furthermore, the possible implications of labeled cells in zona incerta and the reticular thalamic nucleus are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 77176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6463", "title": "The response of cell walls of Bacillus subtilis to metals and to electron-microscopic stains.", "content": "Purified cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were subjected to solutions of 40 independent metals and the metal uptake, the electron-scattering power of thin sections, and the type of staining response evaluated. This was repeated for six typical electron-microscopic stains (uranyl acetate, uranyl magnesium acetate, osmium tetroxide, Os-meth, osmium-dimethylethylenediamine, and ruthenium red) and one new staining reagent (a potassium platinum chloride - dimethylsulfoxide complex) whose specificity is for amine functions. The reaction of select metals can be specific in terms of both uptake and staining response. Of the metals studied most transition elements had a high affinity for the wall fabric and some (i.e., Sc III, most lanthanides, UIV, ZrIV,HfIV, Fe III, Pd II, Ru III, and In III) may be suitable as contrasting agents for electron microscopy. Furthermore, when the thickness of metal-reacted walls was compared to freeze-each and ultracryotomy data, statistical-dimensional differences were commonly seen, which indicates that wall ultrastructure can be profoundly affected by the type of metal and (or) staining reagent.", "contents": "The response of cell walls of Bacillus subtilis to metals and to electron-microscopic stains. Purified cell walls of Bacillus subtilis were subjected to solutions of 40 independent metals and the metal uptake, the electron-scattering power of thin sections, and the type of staining response evaluated. This was repeated for six typical electron-microscopic stains (uranyl acetate, uranyl magnesium acetate, osmium tetroxide, Os-meth, osmium-dimethylethylenediamine, and ruthenium red) and one new staining reagent (a potassium platinum chloride - dimethylsulfoxide complex) whose specificity is for amine functions. The reaction of select metals can be specific in terms of both uptake and staining response. Of the metals studied most transition elements had a high affinity for the wall fabric and some (i.e., Sc III, most lanthanides, UIV, ZrIV,HfIV, Fe III, Pd II, Ru III, and In III) may be suitable as contrasting agents for electron microscopy. Furthermore, when the thickness of metal-reacted walls was compared to freeze-each and ultracryotomy data, statistical-dimensional differences were commonly seen, which indicates that wall ultrastructure can be profoundly affected by the type of metal and (or) staining reagent.", "PMID": 77178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6464", "title": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease with B-CAVE following MOPP failure.", "content": "Between March 1973, and December 1976, 22 patients who developed disease progression during or after MOPP therapy were treated with a new combination, B-CAVe (Bleomycin 5 mg/m2 iv days 1, 28, 35; CCNU 100 mg/m2 po day 1; adriamycin 60 mg/m2 iv day 1; and vinblastine 5 mg/m2 iv day 1). Objective responses were achieved in 17 of 22 patients (77%) and 11 of 22 responses were complete (50%). The actuarial survival for all patients is 16.4 months. For complete responders the median is 24 months with 2 complete responders dead without evidence of Hodgkin's Disease. Median relapse free survival for complete responders has not been reached at 35+ months while that for partial responders is 14 months. Significant adriamycin cardiotoxicity was encountered in two patients. There were no life threatening bacterial infections during B-CAVe. Two patients died of Pneumocystis carinii several months after cessation of therapy. B-CAVe is effective in the therapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease after MOPP failure, and this regimen is comparable to other previously reported MOPP salvage combinations.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease with B-CAVE following MOPP failure. Between March 1973, and December 1976, 22 patients who developed disease progression during or after MOPP therapy were treated with a new combination, B-CAVe (Bleomycin 5 mg/m2 iv days 1, 28, 35; CCNU 100 mg/m2 po day 1; adriamycin 60 mg/m2 iv day 1; and vinblastine 5 mg/m2 iv day 1). Objective responses were achieved in 17 of 22 patients (77%) and 11 of 22 responses were complete (50%). The actuarial survival for all patients is 16.4 months. For complete responders the median is 24 months with 2 complete responders dead without evidence of Hodgkin's Disease. Median relapse free survival for complete responders has not been reached at 35+ months while that for partial responders is 14 months. Significant adriamycin cardiotoxicity was encountered in two patients. There were no life threatening bacterial infections during B-CAVe. Two patients died of Pneumocystis carinii several months after cessation of therapy. B-CAVe is effective in the therapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease after MOPP failure, and this regimen is comparable to other previously reported MOPP salvage combinations.", "PMID": 77180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6465", "title": "Melanoma skin test antigens of improved sensitivity prepared from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected tumor cells.", "content": "Crude membrane (CM) extracts from three different cultured human melanoma lines that were \"virus-augmented\" (infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and subsequently inactivated by ultraviolet light) produced positive skin tests in 17 of 20 (85%), 11 of 20 (55%), and 13 of 18 (72%) tests, respectively, performed in 20 melanoma patients. Identical CM extracts from the same melanoma lines that had not been infected with VSV gave positive skin tests in 2 of 20 (10%), 4 of 20 (20%), and 2 of 18 (11%) tests, respectively, performed in the 20 melanoma patients, and no positive tests in the control patients. The 3 virus-augmented extracts were positive in only 2 of 18 (11%), 0 of 18 (0%), and 1 of 17 (6%) control subjects, respectively. The controls consisted of six normal volunteers and 12 patients with cancers other than melanoma. The \"virus-augmented\" CM extracts thus exhibited markedly greater sensitivity without significant loss of specificity as compared to nonvirus augmented extracts when used as tumor-specific melaonma skin test antigens.", "contents": "Melanoma skin test antigens of improved sensitivity prepared from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected tumor cells. Crude membrane (CM) extracts from three different cultured human melanoma lines that were \"virus-augmented\" (infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and subsequently inactivated by ultraviolet light) produced positive skin tests in 17 of 20 (85%), 11 of 20 (55%), and 13 of 18 (72%) tests, respectively, performed in 20 melanoma patients. Identical CM extracts from the same melanoma lines that had not been infected with VSV gave positive skin tests in 2 of 20 (10%), 4 of 20 (20%), and 2 of 18 (11%) tests, respectively, performed in the 20 melanoma patients, and no positive tests in the control patients. The 3 virus-augmented extracts were positive in only 2 of 18 (11%), 0 of 18 (0%), and 1 of 17 (6%) control subjects, respectively. The controls consisted of six normal volunteers and 12 patients with cancers other than melanoma. The \"virus-augmented\" CM extracts thus exhibited markedly greater sensitivity without significant loss of specificity as compared to nonvirus augmented extracts when used as tumor-specific melaonma skin test antigens.", "PMID": 77181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6466", "title": "Basal cell proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Two cell types are found within glandular acini of the human prostate. These basal and secretory cells can be distinguished in the light microscope by their different affinity for toluidine blue. Toluidine blue exhibits a strong affinity for basal cells while secretory cells are poorly stained. In benign prostatic hyperplasia, toluidine blue stained basal cells commonly form a single layer which rests on the basement membrane of glands. Also present are areas where cell layers located nearer gland lumina, thought to be composed of secretory cells, are occupied by cells with a basal like morphology and which exhibit a strong affinity for toluidine blue. The ultrastructure of these cells resembles that of basal cells. Autoradiographic analysis of 3H-thymidine incorporations by hyperplastic prostatic expants in organ culture shows that within glands only basal cells are active in DNA synthesis. The data suggest that basal cells are capable of proliferating and may be a source of secretory cells.", "contents": "Basal cell proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Two cell types are found within glandular acini of the human prostate. These basal and secretory cells can be distinguished in the light microscope by their different affinity for toluidine blue. Toluidine blue exhibits a strong affinity for basal cells while secretory cells are poorly stained. In benign prostatic hyperplasia, toluidine blue stained basal cells commonly form a single layer which rests on the basement membrane of glands. Also present are areas where cell layers located nearer gland lumina, thought to be composed of secretory cells, are occupied by cells with a basal like morphology and which exhibit a strong affinity for toluidine blue. The ultrastructure of these cells resembles that of basal cells. Autoradiographic analysis of 3H-thymidine incorporations by hyperplastic prostatic expants in organ culture shows that within glands only basal cells are active in DNA synthesis. The data suggest that basal cells are capable of proliferating and may be a source of secretory cells.", "PMID": 77182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6467", "title": "A cytologic study on small cell carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "The cytologic picture of small cell carcinoma primarily arising from the esophagus was studied with 7 cases which were confirmed by histologic examination. Cytomorphologic characteristics of small cell carcinoma of the esophagus are as follows: the arrangement of groups of tumor cells is irregular and overlapping with indistinct cell boundaries. The cytoplasm is small, or sometimes absent. The nuclei are round, oval or occasionally spindle shaped. Nuclear borders are thin. The chromatin of finely granular pattern has increased and is evenly distributed.", "contents": "A cytologic study on small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The cytologic picture of small cell carcinoma primarily arising from the esophagus was studied with 7 cases which were confirmed by histologic examination. Cytomorphologic characteristics of small cell carcinoma of the esophagus are as follows: the arrangement of groups of tumor cells is irregular and overlapping with indistinct cell boundaries. The cytoplasm is small, or sometimes absent. The nuclei are round, oval or occasionally spindle shaped. Nuclear borders are thin. The chromatin of finely granular pattern has increased and is evenly distributed.", "PMID": 77183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6468", "title": "Palliation of hepatic metastasis.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1975, 55 patients underwent palliative radiation therapy for symptomatic hepatic metastasis. Most patients received 2400 rad in 300 rad fractions to the entire liver. There were 31 patients who received concomitant chemotherapy, and 14 who were prior chemotherapy failures. Ninety percent of the patients with symptomatic pain and liver enlargement and significant palliation of their symptoms. The median survival of the entire group was 4.5 months, while those patients experiencing an excellent response (21) had a median survival of 9 months. The median survival of patients having an excellent response to radiation is comparable to that of patients having regional arterial chemotherapy while incuring fewer complications. The overall complication rate of those patients completing therapy (50) was 12%.", "contents": "Palliation of hepatic metastasis. Between 1971 and 1975, 55 patients underwent palliative radiation therapy for symptomatic hepatic metastasis. Most patients received 2400 rad in 300 rad fractions to the entire liver. There were 31 patients who received concomitant chemotherapy, and 14 who were prior chemotherapy failures. Ninety percent of the patients with symptomatic pain and liver enlargement and significant palliation of their symptoms. The median survival of the entire group was 4.5 months, while those patients experiencing an excellent response (21) had a median survival of 9 months. The median survival of patients having an excellent response to radiation is comparable to that of patients having regional arterial chemotherapy while incuring fewer complications. The overall complication rate of those patients completing therapy (50) was 12%.", "PMID": 77184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6469", "title": "A combined assay for the rapid preliminary detection of structural retroviruses.", "content": "This report describes the use of equilibrium gradients, RNA dependent DNA polymerase assays and electron microscopy (EM) in a combined assay for the rapid preliminary detection of intact retroviruses in crude preparations. Positive combined assays of platelets from preleukemic patients corresponded with karyotypic abnormalities found in these patients. Reconstruction experiments with Rauscher Leukemia Virus added to buffer or disrupted mouse spleen demonstrated the ease of detecting 10(9) or greater particles/g crude tissue, and the effects of buffer or added protein.", "contents": "A combined assay for the rapid preliminary detection of structural retroviruses. This report describes the use of equilibrium gradients, RNA dependent DNA polymerase assays and electron microscopy (EM) in a combined assay for the rapid preliminary detection of intact retroviruses in crude preparations. Positive combined assays of platelets from preleukemic patients corresponded with karyotypic abnormalities found in these patients. Reconstruction experiments with Rauscher Leukemia Virus added to buffer or disrupted mouse spleen demonstrated the ease of detecting 10(9) or greater particles/g crude tissue, and the effects of buffer or added protein.", "PMID": 77185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6470", "title": "Maytansine action on fast axoplasmic transport and the ultrastructure of vagal axons.", "content": "Maytansine, an ansa macrolide now in clinical trials as an antineoplastic drug, is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization. Since microtubules are involved in axoplasmic transport, the effect of maytansine on transport was examined. Fast axoplasmic transport of proteins and the axonal ultrastructure was studied in the vagus nerve of cats exposed in vitro to maytansine. Tritiated leucine was microinjected into the nodose ganglion; after 2 hr for incorporation into proteins, nerves were dissected out for transport and ultrastructural studies and incubated for 2.5 hr in Krebs-Ringer solution with 100, 20, 10, 5, or 1 micron maytansine. A reduction in the number of microtubules and a partial blockage of fast axoplasmic transport was observed at 20 and 100 micron maytansine; at 10 micron no detectable changes were observed. These findings show that maytansine in vitro induces alterations of the neurofibrillar elements concomitant with a partial blockage of fast axoplasmic transport.", "contents": "Maytansine action on fast axoplasmic transport and the ultrastructure of vagal axons. Maytansine, an ansa macrolide now in clinical trials as an antineoplastic drug, is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization. Since microtubules are involved in axoplasmic transport, the effect of maytansine on transport was examined. Fast axoplasmic transport of proteins and the axonal ultrastructure was studied in the vagus nerve of cats exposed in vitro to maytansine. Tritiated leucine was microinjected into the nodose ganglion; after 2 hr for incorporation into proteins, nerves were dissected out for transport and ultrastructural studies and incubated for 2.5 hr in Krebs-Ringer solution with 100, 20, 10, 5, or 1 micron maytansine. A reduction in the number of microtubules and a partial blockage of fast axoplasmic transport was observed at 20 and 100 micron maytansine; at 10 micron no detectable changes were observed. These findings show that maytansine in vitro induces alterations of the neurofibrillar elements concomitant with a partial blockage of fast axoplasmic transport.", "PMID": 77186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6471", "title": "Epidermla cell kinetics in hairless mice after bleomycin. I. Perturbations after different single doses.", "content": "Three different doses of bleomycin (BLM) (2,1, and 0.01 mg/animal) were injected ip into groups of hairless mice. Cell kinetic alterations in the basal layer of the epidermis were studied up to 10 days after BLM administration. The two highest doses of BLM affected the epidermal cell kinetics in a similar way but with different time courses. Only a moderate depression of the labeling index was observed during the first 24 hours. The results indicate that cells affected by BLM in the middle of the G1 phase are arrested in their subsequent S phase, and that thereafter an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis may occur in the arrested cells without increasing the number of cells in S phase. The percentage of cell accumulated in S and G2 phases as determined by flow cytofluorometry never exceeded 130% of control values with any of the doses. Phase durations were determined from percentage of labeled mitoses curves after the highest dose of BLM and were not significantly different from normal values, indicating that the accumulated cels are probably out of cycle and unable to proliferate again. Calculations based on cell counts and mitotic rate showed that the cells had a prolonged lifespan. No block and subsequent release of cells specifically caused by BLM were observed. BLM has a complex effect on the epidermis, and therefore does not seem to be a promising agent for cell synchronization as a basis for combination chemotherapy in vivo.", "contents": "Epidermla cell kinetics in hairless mice after bleomycin. I. Perturbations after different single doses. Three different doses of bleomycin (BLM) (2,1, and 0.01 mg/animal) were injected ip into groups of hairless mice. Cell kinetic alterations in the basal layer of the epidermis were studied up to 10 days after BLM administration. The two highest doses of BLM affected the epidermal cell kinetics in a similar way but with different time courses. Only a moderate depression of the labeling index was observed during the first 24 hours. The results indicate that cells affected by BLM in the middle of the G1 phase are arrested in their subsequent S phase, and that thereafter an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis may occur in the arrested cells without increasing the number of cells in S phase. The percentage of cell accumulated in S and G2 phases as determined by flow cytofluorometry never exceeded 130% of control values with any of the doses. Phase durations were determined from percentage of labeled mitoses curves after the highest dose of BLM and were not significantly different from normal values, indicating that the accumulated cels are probably out of cycle and unable to proliferate again. Calculations based on cell counts and mitotic rate showed that the cells had a prolonged lifespan. No block and subsequent release of cells specifically caused by BLM were observed. BLM has a complex effect on the epidermis, and therefore does not seem to be a promising agent for cell synchronization as a basis for combination chemotherapy in vivo.", "PMID": 77187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6472", "title": "Cyclocytidine chemotherapy for malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with cyclocytidine, 240 mg/m2/day sc for 10 days. All partients had received extensive prior chemotherapy. Only one patient achieved a partial remission; the overall response rate (complete plus partial) was 4%. Unusual toxic effects associated with cyclocytidine chemotherapy included the delayed onset of thrombocytopenia, orthostatic hypotension, and jaw pain.", "contents": "Cyclocytidine chemotherapy for malignant melanoma. Twenty-nine patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with cyclocytidine, 240 mg/m2/day sc for 10 days. All partients had received extensive prior chemotherapy. Only one patient achieved a partial remission; the overall response rate (complete plus partial) was 4%. Unusual toxic effects associated with cyclocytidine chemotherapy included the delayed onset of thrombocytopenia, orthostatic hypotension, and jaw pain.", "PMID": 77191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6473", "title": "Use of prostaglandin E1 for emergency palliation of symptomatic coarctation of the Aorta.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was infused into the pulmonary artery in a 1-day-old infant with symptomatic coarctation. Umbilical artery pressure rose from 50/40 mm Hg before infusion to 83/48 mm Hg after infusion, indicating significant improvement in lower-body perfusion. Successful coarctation repair was performed during continued PGE1 infusion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported patient in whom PGE1 has been used for successful emergency palliation of symptomatic coarctation.", "contents": "Use of prostaglandin E1 for emergency palliation of symptomatic coarctation of the Aorta. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was infused into the pulmonary artery in a 1-day-old infant with symptomatic coarctation. Umbilical artery pressure rose from 50/40 mm Hg before infusion to 83/48 mm Hg after infusion, indicating significant improvement in lower-body perfusion. Successful coarctation repair was performed during continued PGE1 infusion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported patient in whom PGE1 has been used for successful emergency palliation of symptomatic coarctation.", "PMID": 77192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6474", "title": "Liver growth, biosynthesis of cytidine nucleotides and level of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.", "content": "The biosynthesis of cytidine nucleotides and the level of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in intact and regenerating rat liver after repeated administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) were compared. In alpha-HCH treated animals the utilization of [2-14C] orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides is suppressed. In 24-h regenerating liver the incorporation of labelled orotic acid into cytidine nucleotides is markedly activated; the degree of activation is lower in regenerating livers of alpha-HCH treated animals. The changes in the level of cytochrome P-450 vary inversely with the changes in the utilization of [2-14C] orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides. The activity of cytidine triphosphate synthetase of liver cytosol increases shortly after the administration of alpha-HCH; uridine-cytidine kinase is enhanced in the later stages of the drug action. Within 15-45 min after the administration of alpha-HCH the uptake of [U-14 C] cytidine into the liver and its incorporation into RNA cytosine are increased. After the administration of the drug the uptake of [2-14 C] uridine and its incorporation into RNA uracil is also enhanced whereas its utilization for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides of the acid-soluble extract as well as for the RNA cytosine are suppressed.", "contents": "Liver growth, biosynthesis of cytidine nucleotides and level of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. The biosynthesis of cytidine nucleotides and the level of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in intact and regenerating rat liver after repeated administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) were compared. In alpha-HCH treated animals the utilization of [2-14C] orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides is suppressed. In 24-h regenerating liver the incorporation of labelled orotic acid into cytidine nucleotides is markedly activated; the degree of activation is lower in regenerating livers of alpha-HCH treated animals. The changes in the level of cytochrome P-450 vary inversely with the changes in the utilization of [2-14C] orotic acid for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides. The activity of cytidine triphosphate synthetase of liver cytosol increases shortly after the administration of alpha-HCH; uridine-cytidine kinase is enhanced in the later stages of the drug action. Within 15-45 min after the administration of alpha-HCH the uptake of [U-14 C] cytidine into the liver and its incorporation into RNA cytosine are increased. After the administration of the drug the uptake of [2-14 C] uridine and its incorporation into RNA uracil is also enhanced whereas its utilization for the synthesis of cytidine nucleotides of the acid-soluble extract as well as for the RNA cytosine are suppressed.", "PMID": 77193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6475", "title": "[The major OLA histocompatibility complex of sheep. Recent results in the genetic study of 11 factors previously defined by microlymphocytotoxicity].", "content": "The genetic study of 11 lymphocyte factors previously described in sheep was continued. 9 factors are the products of alleles at two closely linked loci OLA-A and B. The last two factors are the products of two genes at two distinct loci OL-X and OL-Z. Recombinations between the two closely linked loci are very rare (0.6%); but they are frequent between these two loci and OL-X (26%). The OL-Z locus seems to be independent of the two linked loci OLA-A and B. The allele frequencies at the four loci are given.", "contents": "[The major OLA histocompatibility complex of sheep. Recent results in the genetic study of 11 factors previously defined by microlymphocytotoxicity]. The genetic study of 11 lymphocyte factors previously described in sheep was continued. 9 factors are the products of alleles at two closely linked loci OLA-A and B. The last two factors are the products of two genes at two distinct loci OL-X and OL-Z. Recombinations between the two closely linked loci are very rare (0.6%); but they are frequent between these two loci and OL-X (26%). The OL-Z locus seems to be independent of the two linked loci OLA-A and B. The allele frequencies at the four loci are given.", "PMID": 77194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6476", "title": "Cellular histamine release, specific and total serum IgE levels in hay fever patients and controls.", "content": "The amount of histamine released from blood leucocytes by allergen, the amount of allergen required to release 50% histamine and the total IgE and IgE specific for Dactylis glomerata are compared in nine hay fever patients and five control individuals. The variation with time of total IgE, of specific IgEe and of the percentage of histamine released at a fixed allergen concentration, corresponding to the cellular sensitivity, is shown for one control individual with positive in vitro and skin tests, but without clinical symptoms. For four patients with a low total IgE level the evolution of these parameters during a 1 year treatment period is presented.", "contents": "Cellular histamine release, specific and total serum IgE levels in hay fever patients and controls. The amount of histamine released from blood leucocytes by allergen, the amount of allergen required to release 50% histamine and the total IgE and IgE specific for Dactylis glomerata are compared in nine hay fever patients and five control individuals. The variation with time of total IgE, of specific IgEe and of the percentage of histamine released at a fixed allergen concentration, corresponding to the cellular sensitivity, is shown for one control individual with positive in vitro and skin tests, but without clinical symptoms. For four patients with a low total IgE level the evolution of these parameters during a 1 year treatment period is presented.", "PMID": 77195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6477", "title": "Silica gel radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein.", "content": "1. A radioimmunoassay which relies upon the capacity of silica gel to absorb free human basic protein of myelin (BP) is described. 2. Reagents involved in the assay include unlabelled BP, I-BP, and rabbit anti-BP. The assay is performed in excess normal rabbit serum, and uses 3-4% silica gel for absorption of free I-BP. 3. The assay is simple, reproducible and not particularly time-consuming. It is capable of detecting BP at a level of 1-10 or more nanograms in samples containing varying amounts of serum. The assay is thus highly suitable as a routine test in clinical laboratories interested in detecting BP in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with suspected or proven demyelination.", "contents": "Silica gel radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein. 1. A radioimmunoassay which relies upon the capacity of silica gel to absorb free human basic protein of myelin (BP) is described. 2. Reagents involved in the assay include unlabelled BP, I-BP, and rabbit anti-BP. The assay is performed in excess normal rabbit serum, and uses 3-4% silica gel for absorption of free I-BP. 3. The assay is simple, reproducible and not particularly time-consuming. It is capable of detecting BP at a level of 1-10 or more nanograms in samples containing varying amounts of serum. The assay is thus highly suitable as a routine test in clinical laboratories interested in detecting BP in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with suspected or proven demyelination.", "PMID": 77196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6478", "title": "Isoelectric focussing of proteins on cellulose acetate gel membranes.", "content": "A method is described for analytical isoelectric focussing of proteins on cellulose acetate gel strips pretreated with boron trifluoride in methanol. It is satisfactory for separations requiring narrow pH gradients as well as for those requiring wide gradients. As well as conventional protein staining methods, the use of immunological reagents is described to identify directly specific proteins in a complex separation. The method is extremely quick and easy to perform and requires only low voltage electrophoresis equipment.", "contents": "Isoelectric focussing of proteins on cellulose acetate gel membranes. A method is described for analytical isoelectric focussing of proteins on cellulose acetate gel strips pretreated with boron trifluoride in methanol. It is satisfactory for separations requiring narrow pH gradients as well as for those requiring wide gradients. As well as conventional protein staining methods, the use of immunological reagents is described to identify directly specific proteins in a complex separation. The method is extremely quick and easy to perform and requires only low voltage electrophoresis equipment.", "PMID": 77197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6479", "title": "An investigation into creatine kinase and other plasma enzymes in thyroid disorders.", "content": "The relationship between plasma protein bound iodine (PBI) level and creatine kinase (CK) activity was investigated in 143 males and 528 females suspected of various thyroid disorders; there was significant negative correlation between low PBI level and raised CK activity. CK, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities were determined in plasma from patients with reduced PBI levels; apart from CK, LD was the only enzyme increased in an appreciable number of cases. A further series of specimens was collected from 66 patients with low PBI levels and the CK isoenzymes investigated. In all of these MM was the main form present; a trace of MB was found in 6. These findings do not explain the elevation of CK in hypothyroidism which may be a non-specific effect.", "contents": "An investigation into creatine kinase and other plasma enzymes in thyroid disorders. The relationship between plasma protein bound iodine (PBI) level and creatine kinase (CK) activity was investigated in 143 males and 528 females suspected of various thyroid disorders; there was significant negative correlation between low PBI level and raised CK activity. CK, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities were determined in plasma from patients with reduced PBI levels; apart from CK, LD was the only enzyme increased in an appreciable number of cases. A further series of specimens was collected from 66 patients with low PBI levels and the CK isoenzymes investigated. In all of these MM was the main form present; a trace of MB was found in 6. These findings do not explain the elevation of CK in hypothyroidism which may be a non-specific effect.", "PMID": 77198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6480", "title": "Cytostasis against self-antigens.", "content": "Effector cells from mice of the C57Bl/10 congenic series, alloimmunized against K end- or D end-identical I region incompatible lymphocytes, were cytostatic for tumour and macrophage targets bearing syngeneic K-end and D-end antigens. If incompatibility during immunization was restricted to the I-B subregion only, cytostasis was directed against K end syngeneic antigens; further incompatibility in the I region was required to obtain cytostasis against D-end self-antigens. Cytostasis against self-antigens was also obtained after immunization with syngeneic tumour cells; in one instance this was directed against syngeneic K-end antigens only. The implications of these findings in relation to neoplastic change and autoimmune damage are discussed.", "contents": "Cytostasis against self-antigens. Effector cells from mice of the C57Bl/10 congenic series, alloimmunized against K end- or D end-identical I region incompatible lymphocytes, were cytostatic for tumour and macrophage targets bearing syngeneic K-end and D-end antigens. If incompatibility during immunization was restricted to the I-B subregion only, cytostasis was directed against K end syngeneic antigens; further incompatibility in the I region was required to obtain cytostasis against D-end self-antigens. Cytostasis against self-antigens was also obtained after immunization with syngeneic tumour cells; in one instance this was directed against syngeneic K-end antigens only. The implications of these findings in relation to neoplastic change and autoimmune damage are discussed.", "PMID": 77201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6481", "title": "Evidence for a change in the expression of beta2-microglobulin-assoicated membrane structures on leukaemic human cells.", "content": "Cell-associated and serum beta2-microglobulin was estimated in seven patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The amount of cell-associated beta2-microglobulin was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), due to a decrease in the fraction of beta2-microglobulin that passes unretarded through a concanavalin A affinity column (presumably non-HLA-associated beta2-microglobulin). Serum concentrations of beta2-microglobulin were increased, but no correlation was found between the decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin and the increase in serum beta2-microglobulin. All of the beta2-microglobulin from leukaemic serum was eluted corresponding to a molecular weight of 11,800 and none of it was retarded on a concanavalin A affinity column. The decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin might reflect a change in the qualitative or quantitative expression of beta2-microglobulin-associated membrane structures on the leukaemic cells, perhaps conferring resistance to the cells against hypothetical immunological host defence mechanisms.", "contents": "Evidence for a change in the expression of beta2-microglobulin-assoicated membrane structures on leukaemic human cells. Cell-associated and serum beta2-microglobulin was estimated in seven patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The amount of cell-associated beta2-microglobulin was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), due to a decrease in the fraction of beta2-microglobulin that passes unretarded through a concanavalin A affinity column (presumably non-HLA-associated beta2-microglobulin). Serum concentrations of beta2-microglobulin were increased, but no correlation was found between the decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin and the increase in serum beta2-microglobulin. All of the beta2-microglobulin from leukaemic serum was eluted corresponding to a molecular weight of 11,800 and none of it was retarded on a concanavalin A affinity column. The decrease in cell-associated beta2-microglobulin might reflect a change in the qualitative or quantitative expression of beta2-microglobulin-associated membrane structures on the leukaemic cells, perhaps conferring resistance to the cells against hypothetical immunological host defence mechanisms.", "PMID": 77202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6482", "title": "A new chromosome type replacing the double minutes in a mouse tumor.", "content": "For several years the SEWA mouse ascites tumor has been a carrier of double minute chromosomes (DMs), some 90% of its cells containing from one to several hundred DMs. In one specific subline of this tumor, the cells with DMs had decreased in frequency to less than 5% of the cells. At the same time, the stemline chromosome number had increased from 43 to around 50. This was due to the presence, in addition to the ordinary telocentric chromosomes, of a varying number of medium-sized metacentrics. The fact that these chromosomes deviated from ordinary mouse chromosomes in special features, such as median centromeric position, early DNA replication, and complete lack of centromeric heterochromatin, indicates that they represent a new type of chromosome. Their striking agreement with the DMs in many properties makes it tempting to associate their origin with the disappearance of the DMs.", "contents": "A new chromosome type replacing the double minutes in a mouse tumor. For several years the SEWA mouse ascites tumor has been a carrier of double minute chromosomes (DMs), some 90% of its cells containing from one to several hundred DMs. In one specific subline of this tumor, the cells with DMs had decreased in frequency to less than 5% of the cells. At the same time, the stemline chromosome number had increased from 43 to around 50. This was due to the presence, in addition to the ordinary telocentric chromosomes, of a varying number of medium-sized metacentrics. The fact that these chromosomes deviated from ordinary mouse chromosomes in special features, such as median centromeric position, early DNA replication, and complete lack of centromeric heterochromatin, indicates that they represent a new type of chromosome. Their striking agreement with the DMs in many properties makes it tempting to associate their origin with the disappearance of the DMs.", "PMID": 77207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6483", "title": "The nature of the Ag-staining of nucleolus organizer regions. Electron- and light-microscopic studies on human cells in interphase, mitosis, and meiosis.", "content": "Electron micrographs reveal that the Ag-stainable substance is located on the outside of NOR's or around them but not in the chromosomes themselves. In association figures, the Ag-positive material lies between the acrocentric chromosomes. Light-microscopic studies show that the Ag stainability of the nucleolus in interphase is correlated with the function of the NOR, as seen from inactive and activated lymphocytes. Much more Ag-positive material is seen in prophase than in meta- and anaphase. It starts to increase again in late telophase. In male meiosis the NOR's remain Ag-positive until pachytene. First and second metaphase figures are negative. Experiments using RNase, TCA, and trypsin indicate that the Ag-stainable substance is an acidic protein. The precipitation of Ag granules in interphase nuclei seen in the electron microscope is greatest over the fibrillar component of the nucleolus. The most likely interpretation is that the Ag-stainable material is a component of ribonucleic protein accumulating around active NOR's. In mitosis some of this material remains at the NOR's. In first meiosis it is completely removed before diakinesis.", "contents": "The nature of the Ag-staining of nucleolus organizer regions. Electron- and light-microscopic studies on human cells in interphase, mitosis, and meiosis. Electron micrographs reveal that the Ag-stainable substance is located on the outside of NOR's or around them but not in the chromosomes themselves. In association figures, the Ag-positive material lies between the acrocentric chromosomes. Light-microscopic studies show that the Ag stainability of the nucleolus in interphase is correlated with the function of the NOR, as seen from inactive and activated lymphocytes. Much more Ag-positive material is seen in prophase than in meta- and anaphase. It starts to increase again in late telophase. In male meiosis the NOR's remain Ag-positive until pachytene. First and second metaphase figures are negative. Experiments using RNase, TCA, and trypsin indicate that the Ag-stainable substance is an acidic protein. The precipitation of Ag granules in interphase nuclei seen in the electron microscope is greatest over the fibrillar component of the nucleolus. The most likely interpretation is that the Ag-stainable material is a component of ribonucleic protein accumulating around active NOR's. In mitosis some of this material remains at the NOR's. In first meiosis it is completely removed before diakinesis.", "PMID": 77208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6484", "title": "Testicular cells lysostripped of H-Y antigen organize ovarian follicle-like aggregates.", "content": "A suspension of free testicular cells were obtained by mild trypsin treatment from newborn BALB/c testes, and their plasma membrane H-Y antigen sites were blocked (lysostripped) by an excess of H-Y antibody of proven specificity and potency (45 min in ice). Upon 16 h of the Moscona-type rotation culture, these treated testicular cells yielded primarily spherical aggregates, more than half of which demonstrated a strong resemblance to ovarian follicles. The resemblance was particularly striking between the smallest testicular folliculoids and primordial ovarian follicles that abound in the newborn female gonad. Under the same condition, control serum-treated testicular cells primarily yielded cylindrical tubular structures that can be very long. Over a critical range, concentrations of H-Y antibody apparently influenced the frequency of testicular folliculoid formation. The above directly supports the proposed testis-organizing function of H-Y antigen and is certainly compatible with the genetic situation encountered in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor), that in the functional absence of H-Y antigen, XY gonadal cells readily organize an ovary.", "contents": "Testicular cells lysostripped of H-Y antigen organize ovarian follicle-like aggregates. A suspension of free testicular cells were obtained by mild trypsin treatment from newborn BALB/c testes, and their plasma membrane H-Y antigen sites were blocked (lysostripped) by an excess of H-Y antibody of proven specificity and potency (45 min in ice). Upon 16 h of the Moscona-type rotation culture, these treated testicular cells yielded primarily spherical aggregates, more than half of which demonstrated a strong resemblance to ovarian follicles. The resemblance was particularly striking between the smallest testicular folliculoids and primordial ovarian follicles that abound in the newborn female gonad. Under the same condition, control serum-treated testicular cells primarily yielded cylindrical tubular structures that can be very long. Over a critical range, concentrations of H-Y antibody apparently influenced the frequency of testicular folliculoid formation. The above directly supports the proposed testis-organizing function of H-Y antigen and is certainly compatible with the genetic situation encountered in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor), that in the functional absence of H-Y antigen, XY gonadal cells readily organize an ovary.", "PMID": 77209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6485", "title": "Nucleolus organizer activity and the origin of Robertsonian translocations.", "content": "Chromosomes with active nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's) were identified by combined Q-banding (in some cases), and silver staining in mouse cell lines. NOR-bearing chromosomes were overrepresented among the chromosomes involved in Robertsonian translocations in LM(TK-), A9, and RAG cell lines. Usually only one NOR-bearing chromosome was seen in any biarmed chromosome; relatively few contained two NOR-bearing chromosomes. Thus the nucleolus plays an important role, but nucleolar fusion is relatively unimportant, in the origin of Robertsonian translocations in the mouse.", "contents": "Nucleolus organizer activity and the origin of Robertsonian translocations. Chromosomes with active nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's) were identified by combined Q-banding (in some cases), and silver staining in mouse cell lines. NOR-bearing chromosomes were overrepresented among the chromosomes involved in Robertsonian translocations in LM(TK-), A9, and RAG cell lines. Usually only one NOR-bearing chromosome was seen in any biarmed chromosome; relatively few contained two NOR-bearing chromosomes. Thus the nucleolus plays an important role, but nucleolar fusion is relatively unimportant, in the origin of Robertsonian translocations in the mouse.", "PMID": 77210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6486", "title": "Aneuploidy and ageing: chromosome studies on a random sample of the population using G-banding.", "content": "Chromosome analysis using G-banding was carried out on cells from 65 males and 102 females of all ages from a random sample of the population. The frequency of aneuploid cells showed a significant increase with age in both sexes, and in females the increase in hypodiploidy and hyperdiploidy was more marked than in males, and involved a high proportion of cells that had lost or gained an X chromosome, 45,X cells being much more common than 47,XXX cells. In females, the occurrence of a \"fragment\" of an X chromosome also correlated with increasing age, and this \"fragment\" appears to be an X chromosome that has simply divided prematurely at the centromere. The effects of time in culture and of repeating cultures of blood samples from the same individual on proportions of abnormal cells of various types were also investigated, and the results are discussed in the light of findings from several other \"ageing surveys\".", "contents": "Aneuploidy and ageing: chromosome studies on a random sample of the population using G-banding. Chromosome analysis using G-banding was carried out on cells from 65 males and 102 females of all ages from a random sample of the population. The frequency of aneuploid cells showed a significant increase with age in both sexes, and in females the increase in hypodiploidy and hyperdiploidy was more marked than in males, and involved a high proportion of cells that had lost or gained an X chromosome, 45,X cells being much more common than 47,XXX cells. In females, the occurrence of a \"fragment\" of an X chromosome also correlated with increasing age, and this \"fragment\" appears to be an X chromosome that has simply divided prematurely at the centromere. The effects of time in culture and of repeating cultures of blood samples from the same individual on proportions of abnormal cells of various types were also investigated, and the results are discussed in the light of findings from several other \"ageing surveys\".", "PMID": 77211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6487", "title": "Human tumor and rodent-human hybrid cells with an increased number of active human NORs.", "content": "A human fibrosarcoma line, HT1080-6TG, with a near diploid number of chromosomes, has an average of 7.3 chromosomes with an Ag-stained nucleolus organizer region (NOR). Cells of this line with an increased number of chromosomes have an increased number of Ag-stained NORs. This cell line has been used as the human parent in constructing mouse-human and rat-human hybrids that segregate rodent chromosomes. The hybrid ccell lines, which have 100 or more chromosomes per cell, show a proportionate increase in the number of Ag-stained NORs (means, 11.4--16.8). The frequency of association of acrocentric chromosomes increases in a similar fashion. There is no evidence of inactivation of human NORs in these cells.", "contents": "Human tumor and rodent-human hybrid cells with an increased number of active human NORs. A human fibrosarcoma line, HT1080-6TG, with a near diploid number of chromosomes, has an average of 7.3 chromosomes with an Ag-stained nucleolus organizer region (NOR). Cells of this line with an increased number of chromosomes have an increased number of Ag-stained NORs. This cell line has been used as the human parent in constructing mouse-human and rat-human hybrids that segregate rodent chromosomes. The hybrid ccell lines, which have 100 or more chromosomes per cell, show a proportionate increase in the number of Ag-stained NORs (means, 11.4--16.8). The frequency of association of acrocentric chromosomes increases in a similar fashion. There is no evidence of inactivation of human NORs in these cells.", "PMID": 77212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6488", "title": "Induced Robertsonian fusions and tandem translocations in mammalian cell cultures.", "content": "Cultures of a cattle cell line and a Peromyscus eremicus cell line recovering from a pulse-treatment with mitomycin C, actinomycin D, 33258 Hoechst, and nitrosoguanidine exhibited translocations between chromosomes at the centromeric regions (Robertsonian fusions) as well as between centromere and telomere and between telomeres (tandem translocations). The frequency of Robertsonian fusions was found to be dose-dependent and duration-dependent with the mitomycin treatment. Biarmed chromosomes resulting from fusions may be monocentric or dicentric. Analyses of clones isolated from treated cells suggested that fused chromosomes may perpetuate in the cell populations.", "contents": "Induced Robertsonian fusions and tandem translocations in mammalian cell cultures. Cultures of a cattle cell line and a Peromyscus eremicus cell line recovering from a pulse-treatment with mitomycin C, actinomycin D, 33258 Hoechst, and nitrosoguanidine exhibited translocations between chromosomes at the centromeric regions (Robertsonian fusions) as well as between centromere and telomere and between telomeres (tandem translocations). The frequency of Robertsonian fusions was found to be dose-dependent and duration-dependent with the mitomycin treatment. Biarmed chromosomes resulting from fusions may be monocentric or dicentric. Analyses of clones isolated from treated cells suggested that fused chromosomes may perpetuate in the cell populations.", "PMID": 77213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6489", "title": "Radiation induced isostaining: fact or fiction?", "content": "Two different experiments were set up to induce differential staining in M-1(1) cells or to induce isostaining in M-2 cells after gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes. Neither of these two unusual staining patterns previously described by Luchnik and Porjadkova (1977) were observed. Possible explanations for this disagreement are discussed.", "contents": "Radiation induced isostaining: fact or fiction? Two different experiments were set up to induce differential staining in M-1(1) cells or to induce isostaining in M-2 cells after gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes. Neither of these two unusual staining patterns previously described by Luchnik and Porjadkova (1977) were observed. Possible explanations for this disagreement are discussed.", "PMID": 77215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6490", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its host stage specific antigens. 1. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between S. mansoni adults and larval stages antigens.", "content": "IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was applied to evaluate the immunologic relationship between the different stages in the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni (S.m.). The preparation of antigens and antisera was described. Separated female and male adult worms tested seem to be identical. Eggs, miracidia and cercariae from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina showed varying degree of cross-reactions. The maximal number of pricipitin arcs was observed, when anti-miracidia-serum was checked against all other S.m. antigens.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its host stage specific antigens. 1. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between S. mansoni adults and larval stages antigens. IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was applied to evaluate the immunologic relationship between the different stages in the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni (S.m.). The preparation of antigens and antisera was described. Separated female and male adult worms tested seem to be identical. Eggs, miracidia and cercariae from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina showed varying degree of cross-reactions. The maximal number of pricipitin arcs was observed, when anti-miracidia-serum was checked against all other S.m. antigens.", "PMID": 77218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6491", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its host stage specific antigens. 2. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between hepato-pancreas of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina.", "content": "IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was used for studies on immunological cross-reactions between both Schistosoma mansoni (S. m.) intermediate host snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina. The preparation of antigens and their corresponding antisera from hepato-pancreas of S. m. infected and non infected snails was described as the homologous reactions of both snails either infected or non infected were rather similar, close immunological relationship between B. glabrata and B. alexandrina could be deduced.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its host stage specific antigens. 2. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between hepato-pancreas of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina. IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was used for studies on immunological cross-reactions between both Schistosoma mansoni (S. m.) intermediate host snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina. The preparation of antigens and their corresponding antisera from hepato-pancreas of S. m. infected and non infected snails was described as the homologous reactions of both snails either infected or non infected were rather similar, close immunological relationship between B. glabrata and B. alexandrina could be deduced.", "PMID": 77219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6492", "title": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host stage specific antigens. 3. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between S. mansoni stages and Biomphalaria sp. hepato-pancreas antigens.", "content": "IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was applied for cross-wise checking of the different stages in the life cycle of schistosoma mansoni with extracts of hepato-pancreas from its intermediate host snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina. Only few fractions were common to non infected snail organ and parasite development stage, while more crossreactions were detected with infected snail hepato - pancreas.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion studies on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host stage specific antigens. 3. Immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions between S. mansoni stages and Biomphalaria sp. hepato-pancreas antigens. IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS was applied for cross-wise checking of the different stages in the life cycle of schistosoma mansoni with extracts of hepato-pancreas from its intermediate host snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria alexandrina. Only few fractions were common to non infected snail organ and parasite development stage, while more crossreactions were detected with infected snail hepato - pancreas.", "PMID": 77220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6493", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of blood-group Lewis-specific glycolipids.", "content": "A blood-group Lewis precursor glycolipid was isolated from the plasma of a Lewis-negative individual [Le(a--b--)] and treated with fucosyltransferases from human gastric mucosa and GDP-fucose. Subsequently the glycolipid was adsorbed onto Le(a--b--) erythrocytes and the presence of blood-group Lewis antigens was assessed by passive hemagglutination with anti-Lewis sera. It was shown that the precursor glycolipid was enzymatically transformed to blood-group Lewis a (Lea) and Lewis b (Leb) specific glycolipids. Leb-glycolipid was also synthesized by fucosylation of an isolated Lea-glycolipid. Moreover Le(a--b--) erythrocytes were shown to develop Lea and Leb activities when subjected to enzymatic fucosylation, thus showing that Lewis-negative cells carry blood-group Lewis precursor glycolipid on the surface of their membrane. Le(a + b--) erthrocytes, upon enzymatic fucosylation, acquired Leb activity.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of blood-group Lewis-specific glycolipids. A blood-group Lewis precursor glycolipid was isolated from the plasma of a Lewis-negative individual [Le(a--b--)] and treated with fucosyltransferases from human gastric mucosa and GDP-fucose. Subsequently the glycolipid was adsorbed onto Le(a--b--) erythrocytes and the presence of blood-group Lewis antigens was assessed by passive hemagglutination with anti-Lewis sera. It was shown that the precursor glycolipid was enzymatically transformed to blood-group Lewis a (Lea) and Lewis b (Leb) specific glycolipids. Leb-glycolipid was also synthesized by fucosylation of an isolated Lea-glycolipid. Moreover Le(a--b--) erythrocytes were shown to develop Lea and Leb activities when subjected to enzymatic fucosylation, thus showing that Lewis-negative cells carry blood-group Lewis precursor glycolipid on the surface of their membrane. Le(a + b--) erthrocytes, upon enzymatic fucosylation, acquired Leb activity.", "PMID": 77221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6494", "title": "Yeast DNA polymerases: antigenic relationship, use of RNA primer and associated exonuclease activity.", "content": "Highly purified preparation of DNA polymerases A and B from yeast were compared with respect to antigenic relationship, ability to use ribonucleotide primers and associated nuclease activity. The following results were obtained. 1. Antiserum directed against DNA polymerase A inhibits this enzyme but does not interfere with activity of DNA polymerase B or of mitochondrial DNA polymerase, nor does it precipitate the latter two enzymes. 2. DNA polymerase A is capable of using oligo(ribouridylic acid) as a primer for the polymerization of dTMP. This reaction is not catalyzed by polymerase B to any significant extent. 3. Whereas DNA polymerase A is devoid of nuclease activity, DNA polymerase B catalyses an exonucleolytic release of mononucleotide units from the 3' end of polynucleotides. The results of several experiments suggest that this nuclease activity is associated with the DNA polymerase B molecule.", "contents": "Yeast DNA polymerases: antigenic relationship, use of RNA primer and associated exonuclease activity. Highly purified preparation of DNA polymerases A and B from yeast were compared with respect to antigenic relationship, ability to use ribonucleotide primers and associated nuclease activity. The following results were obtained. 1. Antiserum directed against DNA polymerase A inhibits this enzyme but does not interfere with activity of DNA polymerase B or of mitochondrial DNA polymerase, nor does it precipitate the latter two enzymes. 2. DNA polymerase A is capable of using oligo(ribouridylic acid) as a primer for the polymerization of dTMP. This reaction is not catalyzed by polymerase B to any significant extent. 3. Whereas DNA polymerase A is devoid of nuclease activity, DNA polymerase B catalyses an exonucleolytic release of mononucleotide units from the 3' end of polynucleotides. The results of several experiments suggest that this nuclease activity is associated with the DNA polymerase B molecule.", "PMID": 77222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6495", "title": "beta-Lapachone, an inhibitor of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and eukaryotic DNA polymerase-alpha. Inhibitory effect, thiol dependence and specificity.", "content": "beta-Lapachone is a naturally occuring compound that can be isolated from a number of tropical trees. It is shown to be a potent inhibitor of reverse transcriptase activity from both avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus. In addition, it affects eukaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-alpha activity: 50% inhibition is reached in 60-min incubation time by about 8 micron beta-lapachone. Enzyme activity is inhibited irrespective of the purity of the enzyme used or of the amount or type of template/primer or substrate present. The inhibitory effect of the drug is only observed in the presence of dithiothreitol. The primary site of action of beta-lapachone appears to be the enzyme protein, as is also borne out by the specificity of its action. Eukaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-beta, prokaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase I, several other nucleic acid polymerases and some completely unrelated enzymes are not affected. Reverse transcriptase and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-alpha may be in someway related in possessing similarly exposed '--SH structures' in their active sites. beta-lapachone thus affords a novel means of studying such interrelationships and of further characterizing enzymes.", "contents": "beta-Lapachone, an inhibitor of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and eukaryotic DNA polymerase-alpha. Inhibitory effect, thiol dependence and specificity. beta-Lapachone is a naturally occuring compound that can be isolated from a number of tropical trees. It is shown to be a potent inhibitor of reverse transcriptase activity from both avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus. In addition, it affects eukaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-alpha activity: 50% inhibition is reached in 60-min incubation time by about 8 micron beta-lapachone. Enzyme activity is inhibited irrespective of the purity of the enzyme used or of the amount or type of template/primer or substrate present. The inhibitory effect of the drug is only observed in the presence of dithiothreitol. The primary site of action of beta-lapachone appears to be the enzyme protein, as is also borne out by the specificity of its action. Eukaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-beta, prokaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase I, several other nucleic acid polymerases and some completely unrelated enzymes are not affected. Reverse transcriptase and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase-alpha may be in someway related in possessing similarly exposed '--SH structures' in their active sites. beta-lapachone thus affords a novel means of studying such interrelationships and of further characterizing enzymes.", "PMID": 77223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6496", "title": "Interdependent extrasystoles in a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft.", "content": "This report describes the induction of atrial extrasystoles in the donor heart by preceding ventricular extrasystoles in the recipient heart of a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft. Timing of the ventricular extrasystoles of the recipient heart in relationship to the preceding donor heart systole was critical to the production of donor heart atrial extrasystoles. The mechanism is thought to be a mechanical one resulting from an acute pressure rise in the atrium of the donor heart due to increased mitral regurgitation from the recipient heart resulting from the ventricular extrasystoles.", "contents": "Interdependent extrasystoles in a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft. This report describes the induction of atrial extrasystoles in the donor heart by preceding ventricular extrasystoles in the recipient heart of a patient with a biventricular bypass heterotopic cardiac homograft. Timing of the ventricular extrasystoles of the recipient heart in relationship to the preceding donor heart systole was critical to the production of donor heart atrial extrasystoles. The mechanism is thought to be a mechanical one resulting from an acute pressure rise in the atrium of the donor heart due to increased mitral regurgitation from the recipient heart resulting from the ventricular extrasystoles.", "PMID": 77225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6497", "title": "Effect of paramethasone acetate on women with secondary amenorrhea: a preliminary report.", "content": "Twelve women of normal weight (ages 17 to 36 years) with scanty menstrual bleeding were studied. They had no signs of virilization, gynecologic or endocrine pathology, or past history of hormonal treatment. Five women (group 1) experienced withdrawal bleeding after a 3-day course of chlormadinone acetate (2 mg/day) and the other seven did not (group 2). Daily venous blood samples were obtained 10 to 15 days afterward for 5 consecutive days of no treatment (control period) and during the next 5 days while the women received paramethasone acetate (PA), 2 mg/day (treatment period). In each plasma sample the concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH; LER-907) were determined. The mean plasma E2 levels in group 1 were 35 +/- 8 and 86 +/- 10 pg/ml during the control and treatment periods, respectively (P less than 0.001), and the mean plasma LH levels were 28 +/- 6 and 94 +/- 34 ng/ml, respectively (P less than 0.001). No significant changes in plasma E2 and LH levels were observed in group 2 in either period. During the control period, the plasma E2 level in group 2 (14 +/- 2 pg/ml) was lower than that in group 1 (P less than 0.01); however, plasma LH levels were similar in both groups. The administration of PA for 5 months induced monthly ovulation in group 1 but not in group 2. These data suggest that the best results are obtained in women with optimal pretreatment levels of plasma E2.", "contents": "Effect of paramethasone acetate on women with secondary amenorrhea: a preliminary report. Twelve women of normal weight (ages 17 to 36 years) with scanty menstrual bleeding were studied. They had no signs of virilization, gynecologic or endocrine pathology, or past history of hormonal treatment. Five women (group 1) experienced withdrawal bleeding after a 3-day course of chlormadinone acetate (2 mg/day) and the other seven did not (group 2). Daily venous blood samples were obtained 10 to 15 days afterward for 5 consecutive days of no treatment (control period) and during the next 5 days while the women received paramethasone acetate (PA), 2 mg/day (treatment period). In each plasma sample the concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH; LER-907) were determined. The mean plasma E2 levels in group 1 were 35 +/- 8 and 86 +/- 10 pg/ml during the control and treatment periods, respectively (P less than 0.001), and the mean plasma LH levels were 28 +/- 6 and 94 +/- 34 ng/ml, respectively (P less than 0.001). No significant changes in plasma E2 and LH levels were observed in group 2 in either period. During the control period, the plasma E2 level in group 2 (14 +/- 2 pg/ml) was lower than that in group 1 (P less than 0.01); however, plasma LH levels were similar in both groups. The administration of PA for 5 months induced monthly ovulation in group 1 but not in group 2. These data suggest that the best results are obtained in women with optimal pretreatment levels of plasma E2.", "PMID": 77230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6498", "title": "Demonstration of a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in rabbit morulae.", "content": "Rabbit morulae were treated with specific indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase histochemical techniques. The first antibody in both systems was rabbit anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta-subunit. Negative controls revealed a complete absence of reaction. All morulae incubated with the double-antibody system showed a positive reaction. Rabbit morulae thus present a substance with antigenic determinants similar to the beta-subunit of hCG. The physiologic role of this substance is unknown.", "contents": "Demonstration of a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in rabbit morulae. Rabbit morulae were treated with specific indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase histochemical techniques. The first antibody in both systems was rabbit anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta-subunit. Negative controls revealed a complete absence of reaction. All morulae incubated with the double-antibody system showed a positive reaction. Rabbit morulae thus present a substance with antigenic determinants similar to the beta-subunit of hCG. The physiologic role of this substance is unknown.", "PMID": 77231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6499", "title": "Type I diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The major genetic susceptibility to insulin dependent (Type 1) diabetes is determined by genes in the HLA chromosomal region. An increased relative risk for developing the disease is observed in subjects who are HLA A1, A2, B8, B18, B15, B40, CW3, Bfs, DW3, DW4, DRW3, DRW4 positive. There is an additive relative risk in subjects who possess two \"high risk\" HLA B alleles which has an important influence on the prevalence of the disease in sibships and possibly on the concordance rate in diabetic identical twins. There is also suggestive evidence that particular combinations of \"high risk\" HLA B alleles are associated with increased or persistent antibody production which may reflect enhanced or differential susceptibility. Certain factors (e.g. HLA B7, DW2 and DRW2) are associated with a significantly reduced risk and may exert a \"protective\" mechanism in Type I diabetes, by linkage disequilibrium with genes which reduce immune responsiveness. The significant increases and decreases in respect of the HLA B antigens are probably secondary to the corresponding HLA D and DRW associations which reflect a stronger linkage disequilibrium between the genes which determine these specificities and the putative genes which control susceptibility. Initial damage to the beta cells probably occurs a considerable time before the onset of symptoms and theoretically modification of the immune response early in the disease process may reduce the rate of beta cell destruction.", "contents": "Type I diabetes mellitus. The major genetic susceptibility to insulin dependent (Type 1) diabetes is determined by genes in the HLA chromosomal region. An increased relative risk for developing the disease is observed in subjects who are HLA A1, A2, B8, B18, B15, B40, CW3, Bfs, DW3, DW4, DRW3, DRW4 positive. There is an additive relative risk in subjects who possess two \"high risk\" HLA B alleles which has an important influence on the prevalence of the disease in sibships and possibly on the concordance rate in diabetic identical twins. There is also suggestive evidence that particular combinations of \"high risk\" HLA B alleles are associated with increased or persistent antibody production which may reflect enhanced or differential susceptibility. Certain factors (e.g. HLA B7, DW2 and DRW2) are associated with a significantly reduced risk and may exert a \"protective\" mechanism in Type I diabetes, by linkage disequilibrium with genes which reduce immune responsiveness. The significant increases and decreases in respect of the HLA B antigens are probably secondary to the corresponding HLA D and DRW associations which reflect a stronger linkage disequilibrium between the genes which determine these specificities and the putative genes which control susceptibility. Initial damage to the beta cells probably occurs a considerable time before the onset of symptoms and theoretically modification of the immune response early in the disease process may reduce the rate of beta cell destruction.", "PMID": 77236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6500", "title": "Quantitative immunodiffusion assay of serum protein patterns in protein calorie malnutrition (PCM).", "content": "Serum protein components were evaluated by the specific radial immunodiffusion technique in a number of protein energy malnourished infants and young children, as well as in a group of parallel controls. Results show a drop in both serum prealbumin and albumin in concordance with the severity of the condition in both KWO and marasmus. Serum level of varies as 1-acidic glycoprotein was elevated, being more marked in KWO than in marasmus. Serum oc1-antitrypsin, haemopexin, ceruloplasmin and transferrin were all reduced but to a varying extent in both KWO and marasmus. The levels of serum IgA and IgM were above normal in all disease entities except for a slight decrease of IgA in 2nd grade marasmus. On the other hand, serum IgG was reduced in the majority of cases. The ratio of serum cerutoplasmin to transferrin in KWO was found to be of diagnostic value in different grades of the disease.", "contents": "Quantitative immunodiffusion assay of serum protein patterns in protein calorie malnutrition (PCM). Serum protein components were evaluated by the specific radial immunodiffusion technique in a number of protein energy malnourished infants and young children, as well as in a group of parallel controls. Results show a drop in both serum prealbumin and albumin in concordance with the severity of the condition in both KWO and marasmus. Serum level of varies as 1-acidic glycoprotein was elevated, being more marked in KWO than in marasmus. Serum oc1-antitrypsin, haemopexin, ceruloplasmin and transferrin were all reduced but to a varying extent in both KWO and marasmus. The levels of serum IgA and IgM were above normal in all disease entities except for a slight decrease of IgA in 2nd grade marasmus. On the other hand, serum IgG was reduced in the majority of cases. The ratio of serum cerutoplasmin to transferrin in KWO was found to be of diagnostic value in different grades of the disease.", "PMID": 77240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6501", "title": "A new method for treating prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Since 1969, when I did the first transurethral prostatic incision on a 51-year old man with bladder neck obstruction, 245 patients have undergone this procedure; 220 have been followed for 3 months to 8 years. Almost one-half of these patients were between 70 and 90 years old. Comparison of the first 220 patients who had transurethral incision with 220 patients who had transurethral prostatic resection showed that only two who underwent incision required subsequent resection, while 8 patients in the resection group had to have repeat resection. Contracture of the bladder neck and urinary incontinence did not occur with transurethral incision, and the incidence of epididymo-orchitis and stricture is lower with this method than with resection.", "contents": "A new method for treating prostatic hypertrophy. Since 1969, when I did the first transurethral prostatic incision on a 51-year old man with bladder neck obstruction, 245 patients have undergone this procedure; 220 have been followed for 3 months to 8 years. Almost one-half of these patients were between 70 and 90 years old. Comparison of the first 220 patients who had transurethral incision with 220 patients who had transurethral prostatic resection showed that only two who underwent incision required subsequent resection, while 8 patients in the resection group had to have repeat resection. Contracture of the bladder neck and urinary incontinence did not occur with transurethral incision, and the incidence of epididymo-orchitis and stricture is lower with this method than with resection.", "PMID": 77241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6502", "title": "Serum and tumour ferritins in primary liver cancer.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentrations were found to be raised, often considerably, in 58 of 76 black patients with primary liver cancer (PLC). No correlation could be demonstrated between the serum ferritin concentration and several other measurements, including the following: hepatic iron stores measured chemically, the size of the tumour, serum transaminase values, and the presence or absence of cirrhosis in the non-tumorous liver. There was, however, a negative correlation between serum ferritin and alpha-foetoprotein concentrations. Ferritin was purified from PLC tissue obtained from three patients at necropsy and the distribution of isoferritins was determined by isoelectric focusing. Acidic isoferritins similar to those previously found in PLC tissue were obtained. Their acidic nature was confirmed chromatographically using DEAE cellulose. Because the serum ferritin in patients with PLC probably consists of a mixture of normal and acidic isoferritins, it is likely that the serum assay used in the present study underestimated the actual concentrations present. With the development of an assay which utlises a specific antibody against acidic PLC isoferritins, serum ferritin may prove to be a second marker for PLC.", "contents": "Serum and tumour ferritins in primary liver cancer. Serum ferritin concentrations were found to be raised, often considerably, in 58 of 76 black patients with primary liver cancer (PLC). No correlation could be demonstrated between the serum ferritin concentration and several other measurements, including the following: hepatic iron stores measured chemically, the size of the tumour, serum transaminase values, and the presence or absence of cirrhosis in the non-tumorous liver. There was, however, a negative correlation between serum ferritin and alpha-foetoprotein concentrations. Ferritin was purified from PLC tissue obtained from three patients at necropsy and the distribution of isoferritins was determined by isoelectric focusing. Acidic isoferritins similar to those previously found in PLC tissue were obtained. Their acidic nature was confirmed chromatographically using DEAE cellulose. Because the serum ferritin in patients with PLC probably consists of a mixture of normal and acidic isoferritins, it is likely that the serum assay used in the present study underestimated the actual concentrations present. With the development of an assay which utlises a specific antibody against acidic PLC isoferritins, serum ferritin may prove to be a second marker for PLC.", "PMID": 77242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6503", "title": "Silver staining studies on the short arm variant of human chromosome 17.", "content": "The absence of silver grain precipitation on human chromosome 17, consistently observed in four patients displaying the 17p variant, supports the hypothesis that the 17p variant is a structural heteromorphism rather than translocated satellite material.", "contents": "Silver staining studies on the short arm variant of human chromosome 17. The absence of silver grain precipitation on human chromosome 17, consistently observed in four patients displaying the 17p variant, supports the hypothesis that the 17p variant is a structural heteromorphism rather than translocated satellite material.", "PMID": 77246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6504", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of isolated rat and human fetoproteins.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was purified from rat hepatoma sera and pooled human cord sera. Both AFP-rich fractions prepared by consecutive ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and pure rat AFP prepared by liquid phase immunoabsorption lacked in vitro suppressive activity. Human AFP purified by affinity chromatography was suppressive, but so was similarly purified human cord albumin. Alteration of ionic conditions was shown to affect the activity of both human AFP and cord albumin. The primary mixed lymphocyte response, the generation of the secondary response, and the memory cell, per se, were all found to be sensitive to active human AFP under the appropriate culture conditions.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of isolated rat and human fetoproteins. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was purified from rat hepatoma sera and pooled human cord sera. Both AFP-rich fractions prepared by consecutive ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and pure rat AFP prepared by liquid phase immunoabsorption lacked in vitro suppressive activity. Human AFP purified by affinity chromatography was suppressive, but so was similarly purified human cord albumin. Alteration of ionic conditions was shown to affect the activity of both human AFP and cord albumin. The primary mixed lymphocyte response, the generation of the secondary response, and the memory cell, per se, were all found to be sensitive to active human AFP under the appropriate culture conditions.", "PMID": 77247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6505", "title": "Human alpha-fetoprotein: immunosuppressive activity and microheterogeneity.", "content": "Purified human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) from five patients with hepatoma, one with gastric carcinoma, one with an embryonal cell tumor, and from fetal liver has demonstrated immunosuppressive potencies in vitro which vary over three orders of magnitude. A reversible association of HAFP with the cell surface and a predominant effect on T cells are suggested. No evidence of complex formation between HAFP and mitogen has been found. The microheterogeneity of HAFP has been detailed with crossed immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8M urea, and the immunosuppressive potency of HAFP isolated from a given source can be correlated with the proportion of certain HAFP species contained in it.", "contents": "Human alpha-fetoprotein: immunosuppressive activity and microheterogeneity. Purified human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) from five patients with hepatoma, one with gastric carcinoma, one with an embryonal cell tumor, and from fetal liver has demonstrated immunosuppressive potencies in vitro which vary over three orders of magnitude. A reversible association of HAFP with the cell surface and a predominant effect on T cells are suggested. No evidence of complex formation between HAFP and mitogen has been found. The microheterogeneity of HAFP has been detailed with crossed immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8M urea, and the immunosuppressive potency of HAFP isolated from a given source can be correlated with the proportion of certain HAFP species contained in it.", "PMID": 77248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6506", "title": "Immunosuppressive characteristics of human AFP: effect on tests of cell mediated immunity and induction of human suppressor cells.", "content": "Murine AFP has been reported to be immunosuppressive in a variety of systems. However, the extent and degree of inhibition has varied in different species and laboratories. Therefore, we have examined the potential suppressive effect of purified human AFP on several in vitro tests of cellular immunity and the potential mechanism of its action. AFP purified from fetal and liver cancer sera significantly inhibited mitogen and antigen-induced proliferative responses but had no effect on lymphocyte E rosetting, MIF production or mitogen induced T cell cytotoxicity to Chang target cells. Purified human AFP induced human suppressor cell activity, capable of suppressing a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLC). In contrast to Con A induced suppressor cells, AFP induced suppressor cell activity was overcome by mitogen augmentation of the proliferative response in MLC. These data suggest that the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by human AFP may be mediated by the induction of a subpopulation of human suppressor cells. Furthermore, mitogen induced cell mediated cytotoxicity was partially inhibited by primary liver cancer serum and completely inhibited by newborn cord serum, in contrast to purified fetal or tumor AFP which had no effect. These data suggest that there are other immunosuppressive factors in fetal and tumor serum which require further characterization. These other serum factors may be responsible for some of the immunosuppressive effects attributed to AFP. Although AFP is unlikely to play a major immunosuppressive role physiologically in vivo, its selective effect on proliferative responses, apparently mediated by suppressor cells, may prove to be a useful pharmacologic probe of the mechanism of these in vitro lymphocyte responses and biological interactions.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive characteristics of human AFP: effect on tests of cell mediated immunity and induction of human suppressor cells. Murine AFP has been reported to be immunosuppressive in a variety of systems. However, the extent and degree of inhibition has varied in different species and laboratories. Therefore, we have examined the potential suppressive effect of purified human AFP on several in vitro tests of cellular immunity and the potential mechanism of its action. AFP purified from fetal and liver cancer sera significantly inhibited mitogen and antigen-induced proliferative responses but had no effect on lymphocyte E rosetting, MIF production or mitogen induced T cell cytotoxicity to Chang target cells. Purified human AFP induced human suppressor cell activity, capable of suppressing a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLC). In contrast to Con A induced suppressor cells, AFP induced suppressor cell activity was overcome by mitogen augmentation of the proliferative response in MLC. These data suggest that the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by human AFP may be mediated by the induction of a subpopulation of human suppressor cells. Furthermore, mitogen induced cell mediated cytotoxicity was partially inhibited by primary liver cancer serum and completely inhibited by newborn cord serum, in contrast to purified fetal or tumor AFP which had no effect. These data suggest that there are other immunosuppressive factors in fetal and tumor serum which require further characterization. These other serum factors may be responsible for some of the immunosuppressive effects attributed to AFP. Although AFP is unlikely to play a major immunosuppressive role physiologically in vivo, its selective effect on proliferative responses, apparently mediated by suppressor cells, may prove to be a useful pharmacologic probe of the mechanism of these in vitro lymphocyte responses and biological interactions.", "PMID": 77249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6507", "title": "A population of human cord blood mononuclear cells with surface alpha fetoprotein.", "content": "Suspensions of mononuclear cells from adult peripheral blood (PBL) and mononuclear cells from cord blood (CBL) were examined for the presence of surface alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using a fluoresceinated F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG anti-human AFP. The mean proportion of CBL with AFP was increased (10%) when compared with PBL (1%) although some CBL specimens did not demonstrate such an increase (range 0--15%). The presence of AFP on CBL could be either due to cytophilic AFP attached to a unique surface receptor or intrinsic AFP synthesis. The following observations could not distinguish between these two possibilities: (1) After treatment with trypsin, only minor reappearance of surface AFP could be observed in AFP-free medium in contrast to the larger numbers observed in medium containing AFP. Such selective reappearance depending on the media could be related to either cytophilic attachment of heterologous or homologous AFP or preferential stimulation of intrinsic AFP synthesis. (2) The reappearance of AFP positive CBL following trypsin treatment and incubation in media with or without AFP containing sera was inhibited by cyclohexamide. Such inhibition could be due to inhibition of synthesis of an AFP surface receptor or intrinsic AFP. (3) The shedding of surface AFP observed at 2--4 degrees C could be due to release of exogenous cytophilic AFP or the continued \"turnover\" of intrinsic AFP without concomitant AFP synthesis due to the cold temperature. Finally, the removal of AFP positive cells via selective depletion of B cells using bead columns coated with IgG-anti-IgG and the absence of depletion of AFP positive cells after successive gradient centrifugation of E-rosettes and cells with IgG-Fc receptors are consistent with the identity of AFP positive CBL as cells without IgG-Fc receptors or lymphocytes without conventional T-cell markers as defined by E-rosettes.", "contents": "A population of human cord blood mononuclear cells with surface alpha fetoprotein. Suspensions of mononuclear cells from adult peripheral blood (PBL) and mononuclear cells from cord blood (CBL) were examined for the presence of surface alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using a fluoresceinated F(ab')2 fragment of rabbit IgG anti-human AFP. The mean proportion of CBL with AFP was increased (10%) when compared with PBL (1%) although some CBL specimens did not demonstrate such an increase (range 0--15%). The presence of AFP on CBL could be either due to cytophilic AFP attached to a unique surface receptor or intrinsic AFP synthesis. The following observations could not distinguish between these two possibilities: (1) After treatment with trypsin, only minor reappearance of surface AFP could be observed in AFP-free medium in contrast to the larger numbers observed in medium containing AFP. Such selective reappearance depending on the media could be related to either cytophilic attachment of heterologous or homologous AFP or preferential stimulation of intrinsic AFP synthesis. (2) The reappearance of AFP positive CBL following trypsin treatment and incubation in media with or without AFP containing sera was inhibited by cyclohexamide. Such inhibition could be due to inhibition of synthesis of an AFP surface receptor or intrinsic AFP. (3) The shedding of surface AFP observed at 2--4 degrees C could be due to release of exogenous cytophilic AFP or the continued \"turnover\" of intrinsic AFP without concomitant AFP synthesis due to the cold temperature. Finally, the removal of AFP positive cells via selective depletion of B cells using bead columns coated with IgG-anti-IgG and the absence of depletion of AFP positive cells after successive gradient centrifugation of E-rosettes and cells with IgG-Fc receptors are consistent with the identity of AFP positive CBL as cells without IgG-Fc receptors or lymphocytes without conventional T-cell markers as defined by E-rosettes.", "PMID": 77250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6508", "title": "Immunochemical properties of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and antibodies to autologous AFP.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a strong immunogen when injected into another species, but does not elicit an immune response in the species of origin of the AFP. AFPs from different mammalian species are crossreactive. AFP and albumin show sequence homology. They do not crossreact in their native state, but their unfolded (reduced and carboxamidomethylated) forms are immunologically crossreactive. Antibodies to autologous AFP can be induced in animals by immunization with heterologous or modified homologous AFP. These antibodies eliminate the AFP normally measurable in the serum and delay the elevation of serum AFP caused by hepatomas, but do not protect against such tumors.", "contents": "Immunochemical properties of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and antibodies to autologous AFP. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a strong immunogen when injected into another species, but does not elicit an immune response in the species of origin of the AFP. AFPs from different mammalian species are crossreactive. AFP and albumin show sequence homology. They do not crossreact in their native state, but their unfolded (reduced and carboxamidomethylated) forms are immunologically crossreactive. Antibodies to autologous AFP can be induced in animals by immunization with heterologous or modified homologous AFP. These antibodies eliminate the AFP normally measurable in the serum and delay the elevation of serum AFP caused by hepatomas, but do not protect against such tumors.", "PMID": 77251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6509", "title": "[Clinical experiences with a 6% hydroxyethyl starch 40000 solution; metabolic parameters and tolerance].", "content": "A 6% hycroxyethyl starch solution with a mean molecular weight of 40 000 and a degree of substitution of 0.5--0.55 was tested under controlled conditions at 79 clinics in West Germany. The following parameters were evaluated: tolerance, circulation effectiveness, influence on serum electrolytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit. A total of 779 patients received either 6% HES 40 000 alone, 6% HES 40 000 and electrolyte solution or 6% HES 40 000 solution and other volume effective plasma substitutes for treatment of hypovolemia. The results show that stable circulation can be achieved in 4 to 6 hours during narcosis as well as in the subsequent phase with a sufficient supply of fluid through 6% HES 40 000 solution. One case of flush and a slight chill were reported as side effects related to the hydroxyethyl starch.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with a 6% hydroxyethyl starch 40000 solution; metabolic parameters and tolerance]. A 6% hycroxyethyl starch solution with a mean molecular weight of 40 000 and a degree of substitution of 0.5--0.55 was tested under controlled conditions at 79 clinics in West Germany. The following parameters were evaluated: tolerance, circulation effectiveness, influence on serum electrolytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit. A total of 779 patients received either 6% HES 40 000 alone, 6% HES 40 000 and electrolyte solution or 6% HES 40 000 solution and other volume effective plasma substitutes for treatment of hypovolemia. The results show that stable circulation can be achieved in 4 to 6 hours during narcosis as well as in the subsequent phase with a sufficient supply of fluid through 6% HES 40 000 solution. One case of flush and a slight chill were reported as side effects related to the hydroxyethyl starch.", "PMID": 77256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6510", "title": "Immune competence in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and relapsing toxoplasmosis.", "content": "A 40 year old woman with Hodgkin's disease twice developed signs of encephalitis while being treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide for 10 months. Since on both occasions her Toxoplasma dye test titer was 1 : 8000 or higher, she was treated on suspicion of toxoplasmosis with sulfadizine and pyrimethamine. Her tumor therapy was changed to bleomycin with lower doses of prednisone for 12 months. After death from central pontine myelinolysis, Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus could be isolated, but no lesions attributable to these infectious agents were present. Maintenance of the patient's immune competence suggested an inquiry into the effects of the chemotherapeutic agents and of tumor infiltration for their respective interference with immunity. Using hamsters with chronic latent toxoplasmosis, it was found that both cortisone and cyclophosphamide caused recrudescence of chronic inapparent infection, that vinblastine and bleomycin interfered only slightly with the development of immunity, whereas in infiltrating lymphoma permitted immunity to develop normally. It is concluded that greater attention should be directed to the immunosuppressive effects of tumor treatment. By choice of an effective tumor therapy which is least immunosuppressive, and if necessary under cover of antimicrobial therapy, a patient with Hodgkin's disease can be aided in developing immunities which he may subsequently be able to maintain.", "contents": "Immune competence in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and relapsing toxoplasmosis. A 40 year old woman with Hodgkin's disease twice developed signs of encephalitis while being treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide for 10 months. Since on both occasions her Toxoplasma dye test titer was 1 : 8000 or higher, she was treated on suspicion of toxoplasmosis with sulfadizine and pyrimethamine. Her tumor therapy was changed to bleomycin with lower doses of prednisone for 12 months. After death from central pontine myelinolysis, Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus could be isolated, but no lesions attributable to these infectious agents were present. Maintenance of the patient's immune competence suggested an inquiry into the effects of the chemotherapeutic agents and of tumor infiltration for their respective interference with immunity. Using hamsters with chronic latent toxoplasmosis, it was found that both cortisone and cyclophosphamide caused recrudescence of chronic inapparent infection, that vinblastine and bleomycin interfered only slightly with the development of immunity, whereas in infiltrating lymphoma permitted immunity to develop normally. It is concluded that greater attention should be directed to the immunosuppressive effects of tumor treatment. By choice of an effective tumor therapy which is least immunosuppressive, and if necessary under cover of antimicrobial therapy, a patient with Hodgkin's disease can be aided in developing immunities which he may subsequently be able to maintain.", "PMID": 77257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6511", "title": "Therapeutic and prognostic aspects of cancer of the prostate detected incidentally in the course of adenoma enucleation.", "content": "Though cancer of the prostate is generally regarded as a fairly benign tumour with long survival, many patients die of it. The sovereignty of hormone therapy seems questionable in the light of recent experience. A selected patient material with early stage cancer of the prostate--incidental findings at the Freyer-Hryntschak operation for bladder neck adenoma--is presented for the illustration of the prognostic aspects of this tumour. Androgen control therapy was given postoperatively to every patient.", "contents": "Therapeutic and prognostic aspects of cancer of the prostate detected incidentally in the course of adenoma enucleation. Though cancer of the prostate is generally regarded as a fairly benign tumour with long survival, many patients die of it. The sovereignty of hormone therapy seems questionable in the light of recent experience. A selected patient material with early stage cancer of the prostate--incidental findings at the Freyer-Hryntschak operation for bladder neck adenoma--is presented for the illustration of the prognostic aspects of this tumour. Androgen control therapy was given postoperatively to every patient.", "PMID": 77262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6512", "title": "Ultrastructural carbohydrate cytochemistry of gastric epithelium.", "content": "On examination with ultrastructural methods for visualizing the vicinal glycols and acid groups of complex carbohydrates, the most superficial surface epithelium of the rat gastric corpus displayed biphasic mucous droplets consisting of a cortex of hexose-rich (i.e. periodate-reactive) neutral mucosubstance and an uncharacterized denser core plus monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance. In many surface epithelial cells of the foveolae, the biphasic and monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance intermingled in varying proportions with monophasic droplets showing uniform periodate reactivity, a variable degree of dialyzed iron-binding--demonstrative of acidic glycoconjugate, and high iron--diamine affinity--demonstrative of sulphomucin. Deep foveolar epithelium displayed only monophasic droplets, most of which contained acidic periodate-reactive complex carbohydrate. Underlying cells, designated isthmus cells, exhibited monophasic or occasional biphasic granules containing sulphated, hexose-rich mucosubstance. Nascent droplets or granules near the Golgi zone differed from the mature organelles in the distribution of the glycoconjugate. Mucous neck cells occupied a deeper stratum and displayed a uniform population of monophasic mucous droplets with a loose meshwork of neutral mucosubstance. Techniques for demonstrating hexoses ultrastructurally stained all Golgi cisternae in the mucigenic epithelium, showing increasing reactivity toward the maturing face. Distinctive cisternae with moderate reactivity in the Golgi complex of isthmus cells were interpreted as GERL. Acidic mucosubstances were visualized only in the inner, mature cisternae of the Golgi complex of cells storing acidic glycoconjugates, and not in cisternae interpretable as GERL. The apical plasmalemma of isthmus cells uniquely exhibited abundant sulphated glycoconjugate and that of parietal cells revealed a less prominent, periodic neutral mucosubstance. Lateral and basal plasmalemmae varied from unstained to slightly reactive; basement membranes showed moderate reactivity with methods for visualizing complex carbohydrates. Abundance of glycogen further characterized surface epithelial cells of the corpus and of some parietal cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural carbohydrate cytochemistry of gastric epithelium. On examination with ultrastructural methods for visualizing the vicinal glycols and acid groups of complex carbohydrates, the most superficial surface epithelium of the rat gastric corpus displayed biphasic mucous droplets consisting of a cortex of hexose-rich (i.e. periodate-reactive) neutral mucosubstance and an uncharacterized denser core plus monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance. In many surface epithelial cells of the foveolae, the biphasic and monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance intermingled in varying proportions with monophasic droplets showing uniform periodate reactivity, a variable degree of dialyzed iron-binding--demonstrative of acidic glycoconjugate, and high iron--diamine affinity--demonstrative of sulphomucin. Deep foveolar epithelium displayed only monophasic droplets, most of which contained acidic periodate-reactive complex carbohydrate. Underlying cells, designated isthmus cells, exhibited monophasic or occasional biphasic granules containing sulphated, hexose-rich mucosubstance. Nascent droplets or granules near the Golgi zone differed from the mature organelles in the distribution of the glycoconjugate. Mucous neck cells occupied a deeper stratum and displayed a uniform population of monophasic mucous droplets with a loose meshwork of neutral mucosubstance. Techniques for demonstrating hexoses ultrastructurally stained all Golgi cisternae in the mucigenic epithelium, showing increasing reactivity toward the maturing face. Distinctive cisternae with moderate reactivity in the Golgi complex of isthmus cells were interpreted as GERL. Acidic mucosubstances were visualized only in the inner, mature cisternae of the Golgi complex of cells storing acidic glycoconjugates, and not in cisternae interpretable as GERL. The apical plasmalemma of isthmus cells uniquely exhibited abundant sulphated glycoconjugate and that of parietal cells revealed a less prominent, periodic neutral mucosubstance. Lateral and basal plasmalemmae varied from unstained to slightly reactive; basement membranes showed moderate reactivity with methods for visualizing complex carbohydrates. Abundance of glycogen further characterized surface epithelial cells of the corpus and of some parietal cells.", "PMID": 77267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6513", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase possessing alkaline phosphodiesterase activity and other phosphodiesterases in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "In Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain, single-point mutations in the phoP locus brought about simultaneous losses of the major activities of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and alkaline phosphodiesterase (APDase). Revertants recovered the two activities. APases with APDase activity were purified from the membrane fraction of B. subtilis 6160-BC6 and from the culture fluid of an APase-secreting B. subtilis mutant strain, RAN 1. In addition to these major APases with APDase activity, at least two kinds of phosphodiesterase (PDase) without phosphatase activity were found in the cytoplasmic supernatants of RAN 1 and an APase-less B. subtilis mutant strain, SP25. Another minor APase with a molecular weight of about 80,000, which had almost no PDase activity, was isolated from the membrane fraction of strain 6160-BC6. Enzyme distribution in subcellular fractions from various strains cultured in high- and low-phosphate media was analyzed. The PDases did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum against the RAN 1 APase with APDase activity. The main component of the PDases had a molecular weight of about 80,000 and was most active at pH 8.0. These results suggest that APase with APDase activity is different from PDases detected in cytoplasmic supernatants and that phoP is the structural gene for the phosphate-repressible APase with APDase activity.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase possessing alkaline phosphodiesterase activity and other phosphodiesterases in Bacillus subtilis. In Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain, single-point mutations in the phoP locus brought about simultaneous losses of the major activities of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and alkaline phosphodiesterase (APDase). Revertants recovered the two activities. APases with APDase activity were purified from the membrane fraction of B. subtilis 6160-BC6 and from the culture fluid of an APase-secreting B. subtilis mutant strain, RAN 1. In addition to these major APases with APDase activity, at least two kinds of phosphodiesterase (PDase) without phosphatase activity were found in the cytoplasmic supernatants of RAN 1 and an APase-less B. subtilis mutant strain, SP25. Another minor APase with a molecular weight of about 80,000, which had almost no PDase activity, was isolated from the membrane fraction of strain 6160-BC6. Enzyme distribution in subcellular fractions from various strains cultured in high- and low-phosphate media was analyzed. The PDases did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum against the RAN 1 APase with APDase activity. The main component of the PDases had a molecular weight of about 80,000 and was most active at pH 8.0. These results suggest that APase with APDase activity is different from PDases detected in cytoplasmic supernatants and that phoP is the structural gene for the phosphate-repressible APase with APDase activity.", "PMID": 77271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6514", "title": "Purification and properties of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,4-heptadienoate hydrolase from two strains of Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Growth on phenol of two strains of Pseudomonas putida biotype A, NCIB 10015 and NCIB 9865, elicits the synthesis of an enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,4-heptadienoate to 2-oxopent-4-enoate. The purified enzyme from Pseudomonas NCIB 10015 has a molecular weight of 118,000 and dissociates in sodium dodecyl sulfate to a species of molecular weight 27,700; the enzyme from Pseudomonas NCIB 9865 has a molecular weight of 100,000 and dissociates to a species of 25,000 molecular weight. The hydrolases from both strains have similar Km values, pH optima, and thermal labilities and attack the same range of substrates. Neither hydrolase was stimulated by Mg2+ or Mn2+, and both were inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetamide. Immunodiffusion studies with the purified enzymes and antibodies formed against them show some cross-reaction of Pseudomonas NCIB 9865 enzymes with antibodies to Pseudomonas NCIB 10015, but not vice versa.", "contents": "Purification and properties of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,4-heptadienoate hydrolase from two strains of Pseudomonas putida. Growth on phenol of two strains of Pseudomonas putida biotype A, NCIB 10015 and NCIB 9865, elicits the synthesis of an enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,4-heptadienoate to 2-oxopent-4-enoate. The purified enzyme from Pseudomonas NCIB 10015 has a molecular weight of 118,000 and dissociates in sodium dodecyl sulfate to a species of molecular weight 27,700; the enzyme from Pseudomonas NCIB 9865 has a molecular weight of 100,000 and dissociates to a species of 25,000 molecular weight. The hydrolases from both strains have similar Km values, pH optima, and thermal labilities and attack the same range of substrates. Neither hydrolase was stimulated by Mg2+ or Mn2+, and both were inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetamide. Immunodiffusion studies with the purified enzymes and antibodies formed against them show some cross-reaction of Pseudomonas NCIB 9865 enzymes with antibodies to Pseudomonas NCIB 10015, but not vice versa.", "PMID": 77272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6515", "title": "Platelet-foreign surface interactions: release of granule constituents from adherent platelets.", "content": "The interaction of suspensions of washed pig platelets with nine artificial surfaces (glass, polystyrene, three segmented polyurethanes, and surfaces formed by coating glass with albumin, fibrinogen, gamma-globulin, and collagen) is reported. Platelet adhesion and release from adherent platelets were measured via labeling with 51Cr and 14C-serotonin. The apparatus was a couette flow device allowing observation of surface-platelet effects uncomplicated by transport or flow effects. Using a two-level factorial design the effects of albumin, fibrinogen, red cells, and platelet count on adhesion and release were estimated for each surface. Comparison of the various surfaces showed that collagen and gamma-globulin are the most reactive (mean adhesion, 34 platelets/100 micrometer2, mean release 50% of granule contents). The other surfaces showed lower levels of release (approximately 25%), indistinguishable one from another. The adhesion levels of two hydrophilic polyurethanes and albumin were low, while those of the remaining surfaces were moderate. The effect of albumin was to reduce adhesion for the \"moderate\" group of surfaces. Fibrinogen increased adhesion to nonprotein surfaces and decreased release for collagen and gamma-globulin surfaces. High platelet count increased adhesion to fibrinogen, gamma-globulin, and collagen surfaces. Red cells increased adhesion to all surfaces and increased release for collagen and gamma-globulin.", "contents": "Platelet-foreign surface interactions: release of granule constituents from adherent platelets. The interaction of suspensions of washed pig platelets with nine artificial surfaces (glass, polystyrene, three segmented polyurethanes, and surfaces formed by coating glass with albumin, fibrinogen, gamma-globulin, and collagen) is reported. Platelet adhesion and release from adherent platelets were measured via labeling with 51Cr and 14C-serotonin. The apparatus was a couette flow device allowing observation of surface-platelet effects uncomplicated by transport or flow effects. Using a two-level factorial design the effects of albumin, fibrinogen, red cells, and platelet count on adhesion and release were estimated for each surface. Comparison of the various surfaces showed that collagen and gamma-globulin are the most reactive (mean adhesion, 34 platelets/100 micrometer2, mean release 50% of granule contents). The other surfaces showed lower levels of release (approximately 25%), indistinguishable one from another. The adhesion levels of two hydrophilic polyurethanes and albumin were low, while those of the remaining surfaces were moderate. The effect of albumin was to reduce adhesion for the \"moderate\" group of surfaces. Fibrinogen increased adhesion to nonprotein surfaces and decreased release for collagen and gamma-globulin surfaces. High platelet count increased adhesion to fibrinogen, gamma-globulin, and collagen surfaces. Red cells increased adhesion to all surfaces and increased release for collagen and gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 77273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6516", "title": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. II. Fibrinogen and fibrinogen-containing protein mixtures.", "content": "The adsorption of fibrinogen from single solution and from mixed solution with albumin and gamma-globulin has been followed at the air-buffer, isooctane-buffer, and methylene iodide-buffer interfaces by the pendant drop technique. Fibrinogen is shown to form substantial coherent films on isooctane and methylene iodide, suggesting considerable unfolding and lateral association. From this, a novel hypothesis has been proposed to account for the dominance of fibrinogen adsorption from mixed solutions on certain hydrophobic surfaces, in which the spreading pressure of rapidly unfolding fibrinogen molecules is sufficient to desorb other plasma proteins.", "contents": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. II. Fibrinogen and fibrinogen-containing protein mixtures. The adsorption of fibrinogen from single solution and from mixed solution with albumin and gamma-globulin has been followed at the air-buffer, isooctane-buffer, and methylene iodide-buffer interfaces by the pendant drop technique. Fibrinogen is shown to form substantial coherent films on isooctane and methylene iodide, suggesting considerable unfolding and lateral association. From this, a novel hypothesis has been proposed to account for the dominance of fibrinogen adsorption from mixed solutions on certain hydrophobic surfaces, in which the spreading pressure of rapidly unfolding fibrinogen molecules is sufficient to desorb other plasma proteins.", "PMID": 77274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6517", "title": "Changes in proteoglycan and collagen in cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Articular cartilage from thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied by both light and electron microscopy using recently developed staining techniques for proteoglycan. Normally proteoglycan is concentrated about active chondrocytes, but in the cartilage from these patients it was found to be diminished about most of the chondrocytes while it was increased around a few. Fragmentation of collagen and phagocytosis of the fragments by chondrocytes were also noted. This dissolution of collagen was associated with loss of proteoglycan in the matrix. These findings are consistent with the variable nature of the rheumatoid destructive process and appear to be morphological reflections of biochemical changes which formerly were thought to occur in this disease only at the cartilage-pannus junction.", "contents": "Changes in proteoglycan and collagen in cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis. Articular cartilage from thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied by both light and electron microscopy using recently developed staining techniques for proteoglycan. Normally proteoglycan is concentrated about active chondrocytes, but in the cartilage from these patients it was found to be diminished about most of the chondrocytes while it was increased around a few. Fragmentation of collagen and phagocytosis of the fragments by chondrocytes were also noted. This dissolution of collagen was associated with loss of proteoglycan in the matrix. These findings are consistent with the variable nature of the rheumatoid destructive process and appear to be morphological reflections of biochemical changes which formerly were thought to occur in this disease only at the cartilage-pannus junction.", "PMID": 77275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6518", "title": "The capping of lymphocytes and other cells, studied by an improved method for immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on the capping by lectins and antibodies of surface receptors of mouse splenic T and B lymphocytes and other cells, in which the surface distribution of the lectin or antibody, and the intracellular distribution of myosin or actin, were determined on the same cells by a double fluorescence technique. For this purpose, a general method for intracellular staining was developed which is intended to preserve sensitive antigens and fragile ultrastructural elements. The method involves mild formaldehyde fixation of the cells or tissues, infusion with concentrated sucrose, rapid freezing, and the preparation of frozen sections thinner than 1 micrometer thickness. The immunofluorescent or other appropriate fluorescent reagents are then applied to the thawed section. In the present experiments, intracellular actin was detected using a fluorescent staining method based on the interaction of F-actin with heavy meromyosin, while intracellular myosin was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure. Our findings were that the formation of a cap by each of the lectins or antibody reagents was always accompanied by a concentration of myosin and actin directly under the cap. These and other results suggest that capping is an active process in which actin and myosin participate directly in the formation of all caps. This proposal carries important new implications for the molecular mechanism of capping.", "contents": "The capping of lymphocytes and other cells, studied by an improved method for immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections. Experiments have been carried out on the capping by lectins and antibodies of surface receptors of mouse splenic T and B lymphocytes and other cells, in which the surface distribution of the lectin or antibody, and the intracellular distribution of myosin or actin, were determined on the same cells by a double fluorescence technique. For this purpose, a general method for intracellular staining was developed which is intended to preserve sensitive antigens and fragile ultrastructural elements. The method involves mild formaldehyde fixation of the cells or tissues, infusion with concentrated sucrose, rapid freezing, and the preparation of frozen sections thinner than 1 micrometer thickness. The immunofluorescent or other appropriate fluorescent reagents are then applied to the thawed section. In the present experiments, intracellular actin was detected using a fluorescent staining method based on the interaction of F-actin with heavy meromyosin, while intracellular myosin was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure. Our findings were that the formation of a cap by each of the lectins or antibody reagents was always accompanied by a concentration of myosin and actin directly under the cap. These and other results suggest that capping is an active process in which actin and myosin participate directly in the formation of all caps. This proposal carries important new implications for the molecular mechanism of capping.", "PMID": 77276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6519", "title": "[Efficacy of biliary by-pass operations in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas with jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present state of detection and treatment of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, only palliative surgery is available. The debate concerning the type of bilio-digestive by-pass is far from closed. Although by-passes using the gall bladder remain rare in France, above all reserved for advanced cancer, we prefer to use the common bile duct. The choice of the by-pass depends mainly on the local conditions and on the general state of the patient. Side-to-side choledoco-duodenal anastomosis, provided the technic is perfect and there is no duodenal obstruction, remains the simplest and therefore the most commonly used by-pass. However in cases of large pancreatic carcinomas modifying the relations between the duodenum and the bile duct or stenosing the duodenum, or as a routine whenever possible, it seems to us advisable to undertake a choledoco-jejunostomy on a Y loop (the raised loop is also used for a gastrojejunostomy), and this seems to give the most rapid recovery from the jaundice, a low mortality and ensure the longest survival.", "contents": "[Efficacy of biliary by-pass operations in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas with jaundice (author's transl)]. In the present state of detection and treatment of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, only palliative surgery is available. The debate concerning the type of bilio-digestive by-pass is far from closed. Although by-passes using the gall bladder remain rare in France, above all reserved for advanced cancer, we prefer to use the common bile duct. The choice of the by-pass depends mainly on the local conditions and on the general state of the patient. Side-to-side choledoco-duodenal anastomosis, provided the technic is perfect and there is no duodenal obstruction, remains the simplest and therefore the most commonly used by-pass. However in cases of large pancreatic carcinomas modifying the relations between the duodenum and the bile duct or stenosing the duodenum, or as a routine whenever possible, it seems to us advisable to undertake a choledoco-jejunostomy on a Y loop (the raised loop is also used for a gastrojejunostomy), and this seems to give the most rapid recovery from the jaundice, a low mortality and ensure the longest survival.", "PMID": 77277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6520", "title": "Mycobacterium chelonei iatrogenic infections.", "content": "We report on two outbreaks of Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus cutaneous infections, which occurred between June 1974 and April 1975 in a series of 24 patients (15 studied bacteriologically) subjected to venous stripping for varicose veins. The source of infection was the aqueous solution of merbromin used in presurgical care.", "contents": "Mycobacterium chelonei iatrogenic infections. We report on two outbreaks of Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus cutaneous infections, which occurred between June 1974 and April 1975 in a series of 24 patients (15 studied bacteriologically) subjected to venous stripping for varicose veins. The source of infection was the aqueous solution of merbromin used in presurgical care.", "PMID": 77278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6521", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase for double immunoenzymatic labelling of cellular constituents.", "content": "The use of alkaline phosphatase in an immunoenzymatic procedure for the localisation of antigens in paraffin sections or cell smears is described. The results of this method, when applied to the detection of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, or lactoferrin, were comparable in intensity and clarity to those obtained with the PAP immunoperoxidase procedure. Furthermore, double immunoenzymatic labelling (with alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase) of two cellular constituents in a tissue section is possible, the brown peroxidase reaction product contrasting well with the blue alkaline phosphatase product. Since the two antibody 'sandwiches' are applied simultaneously rather than sequentially the total duration of this double immunostaining procedure is only a few minutes longer than that required for detection of a single antigen. It was also found that the unlabelled antibody immunohistological procedure (whether used in conjunction with alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase) can be shortened without loss of sensitivity by carrying out two of the incubation steps simultaneously.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase for double immunoenzymatic labelling of cellular constituents. The use of alkaline phosphatase in an immunoenzymatic procedure for the localisation of antigens in paraffin sections or cell smears is described. The results of this method, when applied to the detection of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, or lactoferrin, were comparable in intensity and clarity to those obtained with the PAP immunoperoxidase procedure. Furthermore, double immunoenzymatic labelling (with alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase) of two cellular constituents in a tissue section is possible, the brown peroxidase reaction product contrasting well with the blue alkaline phosphatase product. Since the two antibody 'sandwiches' are applied simultaneously rather than sequentially the total duration of this double immunostaining procedure is only a few minutes longer than that required for detection of a single antigen. It was also found that the unlabelled antibody immunohistological procedure (whether used in conjunction with alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase) can be shortened without loss of sensitivity by carrying out two of the incubation steps simultaneously.", "PMID": 77279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6522", "title": "IgM-class rheumatoid factor interference in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella-specific IgM antibodies.", "content": "The interference of IgM-class rheumatoid factor (RF) in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) of rubella virus IgM antibodies was studied. Acute rubella infections did not significantly activate RF. False-positive rubella antibody results were obtained, however, when patients with raised RF levels were tested. If a low rubella IgG antibody titre was present, a high level of RF was required to cause a false-positive IgM result; conversely, in sera with high IgG titres, only a low level of RF was required for interference. Although the false-positive IgM titres obtained were generally low, thet did show a positive correlation to both RF levels and rubella IgG titres. False-positive results were successfully avoided by removing the RF by absorption with heat-aggregated human gamma globulin. The absorption procedure did not affect true rubella IgM antibody titres.", "contents": "IgM-class rheumatoid factor interference in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rubella-specific IgM antibodies. The interference of IgM-class rheumatoid factor (RF) in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) of rubella virus IgM antibodies was studied. Acute rubella infections did not significantly activate RF. False-positive rubella antibody results were obtained, however, when patients with raised RF levels were tested. If a low rubella IgG antibody titre was present, a high level of RF was required to cause a false-positive IgM result; conversely, in sera with high IgG titres, only a low level of RF was required for interference. Although the false-positive IgM titres obtained were generally low, thet did show a positive correlation to both RF levels and rubella IgG titres. False-positive results were successfully avoided by removing the RF by absorption with heat-aggregated human gamma globulin. The absorption procedure did not affect true rubella IgM antibody titres.", "PMID": 77280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6523", "title": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat sciatic alpha-motoneurons after intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Utilizing the centrifugal neuronal transport of intracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have performed a light microscopic (LM) investigation of the intramedullary parts of the axons and axon collaterals of sciatic alpha-motoneurons in the adult cat. The intramedullary parts of the alpha-motor axons had comparatively short internodes (down to 75 microns) and were thinner than reported in earlier studies on the ventral root. Positive correlations were obtained when relating nodal diameters (2.8-7.8 micron) or the mean diameters of the motor axons in the white matter (4.4-9.0 micron) to the diameters of the initial axonal segments (2.3-4.9 micron). Eighty percent of the motor axons gave off one to five collaterals. There was no correlation between the numbers of collaterals and the lengths of the parent motor axons in the gray matter. The branching patterns of the axon collaterals showed considerable variation and the number of end branches from a single collateral ranged between 1 and 39. The rostro-caudal distribution of the collateral end branches was arranged symmetrically within a narrow space (+/- 300 micron) around the origins of the first order collaterals. Outbulgings of the motor axon collaterals, interpreted as synaptic terminals, were found along (59%) or at the ends (41%) of the collateral branches, and were located 200-700 micron away from the origin of the first order collateral. No characteristic LM feature of the outbulgings was distinguished.", "contents": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat sciatic alpha-motoneurons after intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. Utilizing the centrifugal neuronal transport of intracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have performed a light microscopic (LM) investigation of the intramedullary parts of the axons and axon collaterals of sciatic alpha-motoneurons in the adult cat. The intramedullary parts of the alpha-motor axons had comparatively short internodes (down to 75 microns) and were thinner than reported in earlier studies on the ventral root. Positive correlations were obtained when relating nodal diameters (2.8-7.8 micron) or the mean diameters of the motor axons in the white matter (4.4-9.0 micron) to the diameters of the initial axonal segments (2.3-4.9 micron). Eighty percent of the motor axons gave off one to five collaterals. There was no correlation between the numbers of collaterals and the lengths of the parent motor axons in the gray matter. The branching patterns of the axon collaterals showed considerable variation and the number of end branches from a single collateral ranged between 1 and 39. The rostro-caudal distribution of the collateral end branches was arranged symmetrically within a narrow space (+/- 300 micron) around the origins of the first order collaterals. Outbulgings of the motor axon collaterals, interpreted as synaptic terminals, were found along (59%) or at the ends (41%) of the collateral branches, and were located 200-700 micron away from the origin of the first order collateral. No characteristic LM feature of the outbulgings was distinguished.", "PMID": 77281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6524", "title": "Demonstration of specific storage material within cutaneous nerves in metachromatic leukodystrophy.", "content": "Biopsies of clinically unaltered skin from a 5-year-old girl with metachromatic leukodystrophy were studied by light, fluorescence and analytical electron microscopy. Investigation of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections revealed no pathologic changes, but a brown metachromatic material was found within cutaneous nerves after acetic acid cresyl violet staining of frozen sections. In semithin Epon sections small dermal nerve fascicles contained endoneural deposits, which proved to correspond with the typical prismatic, dense or Tuffstein bodies described in other organs of patients suffering from MLD. The inclusions were located mainly within Schwann cells and exhibited a bright orange fluorescence after trypaflavine-phosphotungstic acid-treatment as well as a high electron density in serial ultrathin sections. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed a high sulfur content in the membrane bound granules. These findings demonstrate the presence of the specific storage material also within cutaneous nerves in MLD and thus suggest skin biopsies as an addiitonal and simple diagnostic acid in this disease.", "contents": "Demonstration of specific storage material within cutaneous nerves in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Biopsies of clinically unaltered skin from a 5-year-old girl with metachromatic leukodystrophy were studied by light, fluorescence and analytical electron microscopy. Investigation of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections revealed no pathologic changes, but a brown metachromatic material was found within cutaneous nerves after acetic acid cresyl violet staining of frozen sections. In semithin Epon sections small dermal nerve fascicles contained endoneural deposits, which proved to correspond with the typical prismatic, dense or Tuffstein bodies described in other organs of patients suffering from MLD. The inclusions were located mainly within Schwann cells and exhibited a bright orange fluorescence after trypaflavine-phosphotungstic acid-treatment as well as a high electron density in serial ultrathin sections. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed a high sulfur content in the membrane bound granules. These findings demonstrate the presence of the specific storage material also within cutaneous nerves in MLD and thus suggest skin biopsies as an addiitonal and simple diagnostic acid in this disease.", "PMID": 77283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6525", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of ovine alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Highly purified ovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was used both for radioisotope labelling and as the reference standard in the double antibody radioimmunoassay of ovine AFP. The sensitivity of the assay is 2 ng/ml which is about 8000 times more sensitive than radialimmunodiffusion assay. The assay is of sufficient sensitivity to quantitate AFP in normal adult sheep serum, pregnancy serum, amniotic fluid and fetal lamb serum.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of ovine alpha-fetoprotein. Highly purified ovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was used both for radioisotope labelling and as the reference standard in the double antibody radioimmunoassay of ovine AFP. The sensitivity of the assay is 2 ng/ml which is about 8000 times more sensitive than radialimmunodiffusion assay. The assay is of sufficient sensitivity to quantitate AFP in normal adult sheep serum, pregnancy serum, amniotic fluid and fetal lamb serum.", "PMID": 77294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6526", "title": "Primary immune response of guinea pig spleen cells in vitro.", "content": "Spleen cells of the primed guinea pig, when cultured alone, failed to make a primary immune response against heterologous erythrocytes. When supplemented with lymphocytes obtained from mineral oil induced peritoneal exudate (PEL), a primary immune response against sheep, horse and chicken RBC was obtained. The kinetics, dose response and requirement of PELs for this response are reported.", "contents": "Primary immune response of guinea pig spleen cells in vitro. Spleen cells of the primed guinea pig, when cultured alone, failed to make a primary immune response against heterologous erythrocytes. When supplemented with lymphocytes obtained from mineral oil induced peritoneal exudate (PEL), a primary immune response against sheep, horse and chicken RBC was obtained. The kinetics, dose response and requirement of PELs for this response are reported.", "PMID": 77295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6527", "title": "Measurement of antibody and antigen concentrations with a sodium sulphate glutaraldehyde technique.", "content": "Gamma-globulins can be crosslinked at low concentrations by simultaneous treatment with sodium sulphate and glutaraldehyde (SSG-method). This precipitate can be used for the assay of antibody or antigens. Examples are given for the measurement of (1) anti-dinitrophenyl antibody by reaction of the precipitate with 125I-dinitrophenylovalbumin, (2) IgA by inhibition of an anti-IgA precipitate with an 125I-labelled IgA myeloma protein, (3) idiotypic antibody by inhibition of the binding of a 125I-labelled myeloma protein by an anti-idiotype precipitate.", "contents": "Measurement of antibody and antigen concentrations with a sodium sulphate glutaraldehyde technique. Gamma-globulins can be crosslinked at low concentrations by simultaneous treatment with sodium sulphate and glutaraldehyde (SSG-method). This precipitate can be used for the assay of antibody or antigens. Examples are given for the measurement of (1) anti-dinitrophenyl antibody by reaction of the precipitate with 125I-dinitrophenylovalbumin, (2) IgA by inhibition of an anti-IgA precipitate with an 125I-labelled IgA myeloma protein, (3) idiotypic antibody by inhibition of the binding of a 125I-labelled myeloma protein by an anti-idiotype precipitate.", "PMID": 77296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6528", "title": "A cellulose acetate immunofixation technique.", "content": "A method of immunofixation using CAM as the only substrate is described. It consists of separating the proteins by conventional electrophoresis followed by immersion for a few minutes only in appropriate specific antiserum suitably diluted with barbitone buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). This is followed by washing and staining by Ponceau S or Nigrosin. The advantages of the method used are speed, sensitivity and economy, no expensive equipment or reagents being required. The method has proved helpful in the identification and classification of minor paraprotein bands and in the analysis of multiclonal paraproteinaemias. The technique can be applied as well to other proteins of biological fluids, e.g. phenotyping.", "contents": "A cellulose acetate immunofixation technique. A method of immunofixation using CAM as the only substrate is described. It consists of separating the proteins by conventional electrophoresis followed by immersion for a few minutes only in appropriate specific antiserum suitably diluted with barbitone buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). This is followed by washing and staining by Ponceau S or Nigrosin. The advantages of the method used are speed, sensitivity and economy, no expensive equipment or reagents being required. The method has proved helpful in the identification and classification of minor paraprotein bands and in the analysis of multiclonal paraproteinaemias. The technique can be applied as well to other proteins of biological fluids, e.g. phenotyping.", "PMID": 77297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6529", "title": "TB mice. A model of high and long lasting reaginic responders.", "content": "Reaginic (IgE) antibodies are normally difficult to induce in laboratory rodents. The TB inbred mice constitute an exceptionally suitable model for the study of reaginic responses because of their ability to mount a strong and long lasting (over 4 months) IgE antibody response to hapten carrier conjugates, such as DNP3-OVO, administered in the presence of adjuvant. The maximum individual PCA titres determined for the sera of 8 animals after primary sensitization were in the range of 2,048 to 65,536 (geometric mean: 9,733) and after secondary sensitization the maximum individual PCA titres augmented to a level of 8,192 to 131,072 (geometric mean: 50,490).", "contents": "TB mice. A model of high and long lasting reaginic responders. Reaginic (IgE) antibodies are normally difficult to induce in laboratory rodents. The TB inbred mice constitute an exceptionally suitable model for the study of reaginic responses because of their ability to mount a strong and long lasting (over 4 months) IgE antibody response to hapten carrier conjugates, such as DNP3-OVO, administered in the presence of adjuvant. The maximum individual PCA titres determined for the sera of 8 animals after primary sensitization were in the range of 2,048 to 65,536 (geometric mean: 9,733) and after secondary sensitization the maximum individual PCA titres augmented to a level of 8,192 to 131,072 (geometric mean: 50,490).", "PMID": 77298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6530", "title": "An immunosuppressive factor in serum of rabbits lethally infected with the herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrhal fever.", "content": "Virus-neutralizing antibody does not protect animals challenged with the herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrh; therefore, other parameters of the immune response were investigated. In vitro transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with mitogens and specific antigens was monitored throughout the course of disease in lethally infected New Zealand white rabbits. The whole-blood culture method was used. Transformation with mitogens was normal throughout the incubation period but fell precipitously from the day of disease onset until death. Specific stimulation with viral antigens was not detected at any time following challenge. Purified and washed lymphocytes, however, reesponded normally to mitogens and were transformed in the presence of viral antigens. Acute-phase serum from rabbits inhibited transformation of normal rabbit lymphocytes, but this inhibition was reversible by washing. It is proposed that the development of a serum suppressive factor(s) is important in the determination of whether an animal is capable of controlling infection with this virus.", "contents": "An immunosuppressive factor in serum of rabbits lethally infected with the herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Virus-neutralizing antibody does not protect animals challenged with the herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrh; therefore, other parameters of the immune response were investigated. In vitro transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with mitogens and specific antigens was monitored throughout the course of disease in lethally infected New Zealand white rabbits. The whole-blood culture method was used. Transformation with mitogens was normal throughout the incubation period but fell precipitously from the day of disease onset until death. Specific stimulation with viral antigens was not detected at any time following challenge. Purified and washed lymphocytes, however, reesponded normally to mitogens and were transformed in the presence of viral antigens. Acute-phase serum from rabbits inhibited transformation of normal rabbit lymphocytes, but this inhibition was reversible by washing. It is proposed that the development of a serum suppressive factor(s) is important in the determination of whether an animal is capable of controlling infection with this virus.", "PMID": 77299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6531", "title": "Immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins: a review.", "content": "Several approaches have been undertaken in the study of possible immunologic cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillins. Although the chemical structures of these compounds are similar in several respects, there are distinct differences in their degradation and transformation. Various degrees of cross-reactivity of antibodies produced in response to administration of these drugs have been demonstrated both with test systems that measure IgG and IgM antibodies and with those that measure IgE antibodies. The clinical significance of immune responses to cephalosporins is best understood in regard to immunohematologic abnormalities: positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs') tests occur in only approximately 3% of patients receiving cephalosporins; however, several cases of cephalosporin-induced immune hemolytic anemia have been reported. Clinical studies of the cephalosporins indicated that patients with a history of penicillin allergy have increased incidence of reactivity to cephalosporins, but it is impossible to determine to what extent this finding is due to immunologic cross-reactivity because penicillin-allergic patients have an increased incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs immunologically unrelated to penicillins. In addition, there is evidence of specific immune response to cephalosporins that indicates independently acquired hypersensitivity rather than cross-reactivity in some patients.", "contents": "Immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins: a review. Several approaches have been undertaken in the study of possible immunologic cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillins. Although the chemical structures of these compounds are similar in several respects, there are distinct differences in their degradation and transformation. Various degrees of cross-reactivity of antibodies produced in response to administration of these drugs have been demonstrated both with test systems that measure IgG and IgM antibodies and with those that measure IgE antibodies. The clinical significance of immune responses to cephalosporins is best understood in regard to immunohematologic abnormalities: positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs') tests occur in only approximately 3% of patients receiving cephalosporins; however, several cases of cephalosporin-induced immune hemolytic anemia have been reported. Clinical studies of the cephalosporins indicated that patients with a history of penicillin allergy have increased incidence of reactivity to cephalosporins, but it is impossible to determine to what extent this finding is due to immunologic cross-reactivity because penicillin-allergic patients have an increased incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs immunologically unrelated to penicillins. In addition, there is evidence of specific immune response to cephalosporins that indicates independently acquired hypersensitivity rather than cross-reactivity in some patients.", "PMID": 77300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6532", "title": "A new lymphocyte-activating determinant locus expressed on T cells, and mapping in I-C subregion.", "content": "A new lymphocyte-activating determinant (Lad) locus expressed on T cells was identified, mapping in the I-C subregions of H-2k and H-2d haplotypes. The mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulation could be inhibited by anti-Ia sera made in strains incompatible for this chromosomal segment. Experiments with purified lymphocyte cell populations suggested that this Lad locus was expressed on T cells. Further, only purified T cells were able to remove the inhibiting activity from the anti-Ia sera. I-C subregion gene(s) seem to code for products selectively expressed on a subpopulation of T cells.", "contents": "A new lymphocyte-activating determinant locus expressed on T cells, and mapping in I-C subregion. A new lymphocyte-activating determinant (Lad) locus expressed on T cells was identified, mapping in the I-C subregions of H-2k and H-2d haplotypes. The mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulation could be inhibited by anti-Ia sera made in strains incompatible for this chromosomal segment. Experiments with purified lymphocyte cell populations suggested that this Lad locus was expressed on T cells. Further, only purified T cells were able to remove the inhibiting activity from the anti-Ia sera. I-C subregion gene(s) seem to code for products selectively expressed on a subpopulation of T cells.", "PMID": 77304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6533", "title": "Effect of colchicine on the antibody response. I. Enhancement of antibody formation in mice.", "content": "Colchicine (CC) enhances the antibody response in mice to protein antigens, like diphtheria toxoid and human gamma globulin, as well as to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten. Maximal enhancement was observed when CC was administered to animals on the same day as the injection of antigen. The optimal dose of CC was in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg body weight. The enhanced antibody formation was evident from elevated circulating antibody titers and from an increased number of antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the spleen. The circulating antibody titer of CC-treated animals was higher than that of control animals by a factor of about 3-7 in the primary response, and by a factor of at least 15 in the secondary response. In terms of the number of antibody forming cells, CC enhanced the primary PFC response by approximately equal to 100%, and the secondary PFC response by as high as fivefold. The enhancing effect of CC seemed to be related to its mitosis-blocking capacity since (a) vinblastine another antimitotic drug, was found to be as effective as CC and (b)  lumicolchicine, the non-anti-mitotic structural isomer of CC, was ineffective in potentiating antibody responses. The critical timing in the administration of CC on the same day as antigen suggests that most likely, the mitotic poison was acting on antigen-stimulated early dividing suppressor cells.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on the antibody response. I. Enhancement of antibody formation in mice. Colchicine (CC) enhances the antibody response in mice to protein antigens, like diphtheria toxoid and human gamma globulin, as well as to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten. Maximal enhancement was observed when CC was administered to animals on the same day as the injection of antigen. The optimal dose of CC was in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg body weight. The enhanced antibody formation was evident from elevated circulating antibody titers and from an increased number of antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the spleen. The circulating antibody titer of CC-treated animals was higher than that of control animals by a factor of about 3-7 in the primary response, and by a factor of at least 15 in the secondary response. In terms of the number of antibody forming cells, CC enhanced the primary PFC response by approximately equal to 100%, and the secondary PFC response by as high as fivefold. The enhancing effect of CC seemed to be related to its mitosis-blocking capacity since (a) vinblastine another antimitotic drug, was found to be as effective as CC and (b)  lumicolchicine, the non-anti-mitotic structural isomer of CC, was ineffective in potentiating antibody responses. The critical timing in the administration of CC on the same day as antigen suggests that most likely, the mitotic poison was acting on antigen-stimulated early dividing suppressor cells.", "PMID": 77305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6534", "title": "Localization of T25 glycoprotein in wild-type and Thy 1- mutant cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The wild-type BW5147 (Thy 1+) cell line and its Thy 1- mutant derivative BW5147 (Thy 1-a) were examined by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy for the presence of T25, the glycoprotein which bears the Thy 1 alloantigen. The wild-type cell had T25 predominantly localized on the cell surface. In the mutant cell line, T25 accumulated intracellularly and was present in a clustered distribution throughout the cytoplasm. T25 was not present on the surface of the mutant cell line in significant amount.", "contents": "Localization of T25 glycoprotein in wild-type and Thy 1- mutant cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The wild-type BW5147 (Thy 1+) cell line and its Thy 1- mutant derivative BW5147 (Thy 1-a) were examined by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy for the presence of T25, the glycoprotein which bears the Thy 1 alloantigen. The wild-type cell had T25 predominantly localized on the cell surface. In the mutant cell line, T25 accumulated intracellularly and was present in a clustered distribution throughout the cytoplasm. T25 was not present on the surface of the mutant cell line in significant amount.", "PMID": 77306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6535", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. VIII. Mapping of genes for antibodies to different antigenic regions of nuclease.", "content": "Antibodies to staphylococcal nuclease have been fractionated into two populations on the basis of their ability to bind to the cyanogen bromide cleavage product of nuclease comprising the C-terminal portion of the molecule from the 99th to the 149th amino acid. The two populations of antibodies, anti-nuclease (1-99)n and anti-nuclease (99-149)N, have been prepared from a variety of strains, and analyzed using anti-idiotypic antisera raised against whole anti-nuclease antibodies from strains A/J, SJL, BALB/c, and B10.A(2R). Anti-nuclease (1-99)n, antibodies had the same pattern of reactivity with the anti-idiotypic antisera as did unfractionated antibodies, whereas a different pattern was found for anti-nuclease (99-149)n preparations. On the basis of these studies, five anti-nuclease idiotypes, designated NASE markers, have been identified and defined on the basis of their antigenic specificity and strain distribution. With these additional markers, it has been possible to provide more detailed maps of variable (V) region genes in the strains BALB/c, CB.20, and the recombinant BAB.14. A recombinational event between V region genes during the development of the BAB.14 strain is suggested by the positioning of these NASE markers.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. VIII. Mapping of genes for antibodies to different antigenic regions of nuclease. Antibodies to staphylococcal nuclease have been fractionated into two populations on the basis of their ability to bind to the cyanogen bromide cleavage product of nuclease comprising the C-terminal portion of the molecule from the 99th to the 149th amino acid. The two populations of antibodies, anti-nuclease (1-99)n and anti-nuclease (99-149)N, have been prepared from a variety of strains, and analyzed using anti-idiotypic antisera raised against whole anti-nuclease antibodies from strains A/J, SJL, BALB/c, and B10.A(2R). Anti-nuclease (1-99)n, antibodies had the same pattern of reactivity with the anti-idiotypic antisera as did unfractionated antibodies, whereas a different pattern was found for anti-nuclease (99-149)n preparations. On the basis of these studies, five anti-nuclease idiotypes, designated NASE markers, have been identified and defined on the basis of their antigenic specificity and strain distribution. With these additional markers, it has been possible to provide more detailed maps of variable (V) region genes in the strains BALB/c, CB.20, and the recombinant BAB.14. A recombinational event between V region genes during the development of the BAB.14 strain is suggested by the positioning of these NASE markers.", "PMID": 77307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6536", "title": "Post-exposure local treatment of mice infected with rabies with two axonal flow inhibitors, colchicine and vinblastine.", "content": "Post-exposure protection of rabies-infected mice was observed by proximal application of axonal flow inhibitors, particularly vinblastine, to the local nerve(s). These observations indicate that rabies virus is transported by the axonal flow of the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. Both a fixed virus (CVS) and a street (sylvatic) virus were used. This model in mice could be used to develop an additional post-exposure local treatment of rabies infection in man, by infiltrating local nerves or ganglions with axonal flow inhibitors, with the advantage that it would not interfere with subsequent vaccination as is the case with the administration of hyperimmune serum or immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Post-exposure local treatment of mice infected with rabies with two axonal flow inhibitors, colchicine and vinblastine. Post-exposure protection of rabies-infected mice was observed by proximal application of axonal flow inhibitors, particularly vinblastine, to the local nerve(s). These observations indicate that rabies virus is transported by the axonal flow of the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. Both a fixed virus (CVS) and a street (sylvatic) virus were used. This model in mice could be used to develop an additional post-exposure local treatment of rabies infection in man, by infiltrating local nerves or ganglions with axonal flow inhibitors, with the advantage that it would not interfere with subsequent vaccination as is the case with the administration of hyperimmune serum or immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 77308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6537", "title": "Clinicopathological study of Refsum's disease with particular reference to fatal complications.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in two brothers with biochemically diagnosed Refsum's disease are given. The pathology, in general, was that already described in this condition. An unusual complication in one case was the development of renal failure. Death was caused in the other by heart failure.", "contents": "Clinicopathological study of Refsum's disease with particular reference to fatal complications. The clinical and pathological findings in two brothers with biochemically diagnosed Refsum's disease are given. The pathology, in general, was that already described in this condition. An unusual complication in one case was the development of renal failure. Death was caused in the other by heart failure.", "PMID": 77310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6538", "title": "Effect of ischemia on axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase and on ultrastructural changes of isolated segments of rabbit nerves in situ.", "content": "Axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and ultrastructural degenerative changes were compared in isolated nerve segments of rabbit peroneal nerves kept in vivo for 22 h, either with preserved blood supply (control segments) or under conditions of ischemia (ischemic segments). Ischemia abolished the proximo-distal and disto-proximal axonal transport of AChE and the proximo-distal transport of ChAc which, in control segments, were revealed by accumulations of the enzymes at corresponding ends of the segments. Total activities of AChE and ChAc recovered in isolated segments with intact blood supply corresponded to the activities in normal nerves; in ischemic segments, 50% of ChAc activity was lost in 22 h, whereas all AChE activity was preserved. Ultrastructural changes were found in few fibres in control segments and in many fibres in ischemic segments 22 h after nerve interruption. The early changes in control segments correspond to those described in the literature for peripheral stump of severed nerves. The microtubules, neurofilaments and mitochondria were not affected. In ischemic segments, various stages of axoplasmic disintegration occurred in the myelinated and unmyelinated axons:flocculation and clumping of axoplasmic material, decomposition of neurofilaments and microtubules, swelling, formation of amorphous densities and breakdown of mitochondrial cristae. Swelling, amorphous densities, clumping of nuclear chromatin and necrotic mitochondrial changes appeared also in Schwann cells. It is concluded that ischemia blocks axonal transport and brings about, within 22 h, ultrastructural changes both in nerve fibres and in Schwann cells. Cytoplasmic ChAc is affected earlier by necrotic degeneration of the axons than membrane-bound AChE.", "contents": "Effect of ischemia on axonal transport of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase and on ultrastructural changes of isolated segments of rabbit nerves in situ. Axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and ultrastructural degenerative changes were compared in isolated nerve segments of rabbit peroneal nerves kept in vivo for 22 h, either with preserved blood supply (control segments) or under conditions of ischemia (ischemic segments). Ischemia abolished the proximo-distal and disto-proximal axonal transport of AChE and the proximo-distal transport of ChAc which, in control segments, were revealed by accumulations of the enzymes at corresponding ends of the segments. Total activities of AChE and ChAc recovered in isolated segments with intact blood supply corresponded to the activities in normal nerves; in ischemic segments, 50% of ChAc activity was lost in 22 h, whereas all AChE activity was preserved. Ultrastructural changes were found in few fibres in control segments and in many fibres in ischemic segments 22 h after nerve interruption. The early changes in control segments correspond to those described in the literature for peripheral stump of severed nerves. The microtubules, neurofilaments and mitochondria were not affected. In ischemic segments, various stages of axoplasmic disintegration occurred in the myelinated and unmyelinated axons:flocculation and clumping of axoplasmic material, decomposition of neurofilaments and microtubules, swelling, formation of amorphous densities and breakdown of mitochondrial cristae. Swelling, amorphous densities, clumping of nuclear chromatin and necrotic mitochondrial changes appeared also in Schwann cells. It is concluded that ischemia blocks axonal transport and brings about, within 22 h, ultrastructural changes both in nerve fibres and in Schwann cells. Cytoplasmic ChAc is affected earlier by necrotic degeneration of the axons than membrane-bound AChE.", "PMID": 77311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6539", "title": "The normal cerebrospinal fluid proteins identified by means of thin-layer isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteins from 32 healthy individuals have been examined by isoelectric focusing in a pH-gradient from 3.5--11.0. Seventeen normal proteins have been identified by means of crossed immunoelectrofocusing. The pI-values of the main fractions of these proteins have been determined. On crossed immunoelectrofocusing microheterogeneity was observed for all of the proteins except haemopexin, gamma-trace protein of CSF and prealbumin of serum. Differences between serum and CSF were observed for 6 of the proteins. Prealbumin of CSF had a lower pI-value than in serum and showed partial immunological identity with prealbumin of serum. Transferrin of CSF included several components with lower sialic acid contents than in serum. The conversion of C'3-complement from beta-1-C to beta 1-A was slower in CSF than in serum. Qualitative differences between CSF and serum were also noticed for alpha2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin. IgM was not detected in CSF. In CSF the gamma-trace protein was found on isoelectric focusing in one third of the subjects. Two subjects had 2 close tau-fractions and another two had one unidentified band in the anodal IgG-area. The gamma-trace protein did not show any proteolytic activity, nor any resemblance in charge to 4 basic enzymes or with the histones tested.", "contents": "The normal cerebrospinal fluid proteins identified by means of thin-layer isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing. The cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteins from 32 healthy individuals have been examined by isoelectric focusing in a pH-gradient from 3.5--11.0. Seventeen normal proteins have been identified by means of crossed immunoelectrofocusing. The pI-values of the main fractions of these proteins have been determined. On crossed immunoelectrofocusing microheterogeneity was observed for all of the proteins except haemopexin, gamma-trace protein of CSF and prealbumin of serum. Differences between serum and CSF were observed for 6 of the proteins. Prealbumin of CSF had a lower pI-value than in serum and showed partial immunological identity with prealbumin of serum. Transferrin of CSF included several components with lower sialic acid contents than in serum. The conversion of C'3-complement from beta-1-C to beta 1-A was slower in CSF than in serum. Qualitative differences between CSF and serum were also noticed for alpha2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin. IgM was not detected in CSF. In CSF the gamma-trace protein was found on isoelectric focusing in one third of the subjects. Two subjects had 2 close tau-fractions and another two had one unidentified band in the anodal IgG-area. The gamma-trace protein did not show any proteolytic activity, nor any resemblance in charge to 4 basic enzymes or with the histones tested.", "PMID": 77312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6540", "title": "Malignant glioma and sensorimotor neuropathy.", "content": "A case of sensorimotor neuropathy in a male with malignant glioma is reported. The symptoms of peripheral motor and sensory disturbances preceeded those of the intracranial tumor. The history, clinical findings, electrophysiological and histopathological results are presented, as well as immunological data. A possible causal relationship between glioma and peripheral neuropathy is discussed.", "contents": "Malignant glioma and sensorimotor neuropathy. A case of sensorimotor neuropathy in a male with malignant glioma is reported. The symptoms of peripheral motor and sensory disturbances preceeded those of the intracranial tumor. The history, clinical findings, electrophysiological and histopathological results are presented, as well as immunological data. A possible causal relationship between glioma and peripheral neuropathy is discussed.", "PMID": 77313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6541", "title": "Changes in carotid flow velocity induced by lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "This is a report of changes in blood flow velocity in the carotid system induced by lumbar puncture in five patients who had clinical and neuroradiological signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus. After lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure an increase of carotid flow velocity was found on Doppler hematotachography. These changes of carotid blood flow velocity could not be demonstrated in a control group of four patients with normal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. This method is easy to perform, does not overtax the patient and seems to be indicated for the diagnosis of NPH. It is presented as a new, simple, reproducible aid to the diagnosis of NPH by Doppler hematotachography.", "contents": "Changes in carotid flow velocity induced by lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus. This is a report of changes in blood flow velocity in the carotid system induced by lumbar puncture in five patients who had clinical and neuroradiological signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus. After lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure an increase of carotid flow velocity was found on Doppler hematotachography. These changes of carotid blood flow velocity could not be demonstrated in a control group of four patients with normal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. This method is easy to perform, does not overtax the patient and seems to be indicated for the diagnosis of NPH. It is presented as a new, simple, reproducible aid to the diagnosis of NPH by Doppler hematotachography.", "PMID": 77314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6542", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and malignant neoplasms in the central nervous system: a clinical anatomical report of three cases.", "content": "There is some evidence that the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is more infrequent than amoung the general population. The examination of 3 MS cases with different type of neoplasms in the central nervous system revealed mainly inactive demyelinated plaques. These plaques and the neoplastic lesions were dispersed diffusely and coincidentally all over the brain and spinal cord. The benign course of MS in all three cases is discussed in relation to the malignant diseases.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and malignant neoplasms in the central nervous system: a clinical anatomical report of three cases. There is some evidence that the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is more infrequent than amoung the general population. The examination of 3 MS cases with different type of neoplasms in the central nervous system revealed mainly inactive demyelinated plaques. These plaques and the neoplastic lesions were dispersed diffusely and coincidentally all over the brain and spinal cord. The benign course of MS in all three cases is discussed in relation to the malignant diseases.", "PMID": 77315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6543", "title": "Myoclonic attacks induced by L-dopa and bromocryptin in Parkinson patients: a sleep EEG study.", "content": "Six patients with Parkinson's disease developed nocturnal myoclonic attacks after prolongued treatment with L-Dopa which were electroencephalographically recorded. These symptoms persisted after treatment with 2 bromo-alpha-ergocryptin (Bromocryptin), a dopamine receptor agonist, which was substituted for L-Dopa. Bromocryptin is known to have no pre- or postsynaptic effect on serotonin metabolism. It is proposed that these myoclonic phenomena are the expression of the hypersensitivity of denervated catecholamine receptors in the brainstem to the stimulation of L-Dopa and Bromocryptin. This thesis differs with previous suggestions that serotonin plays a major role in the genesis of myoclonic seizures in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-Dopa.", "contents": "Myoclonic attacks induced by L-dopa and bromocryptin in Parkinson patients: a sleep EEG study. Six patients with Parkinson's disease developed nocturnal myoclonic attacks after prolongued treatment with L-Dopa which were electroencephalographically recorded. These symptoms persisted after treatment with 2 bromo-alpha-ergocryptin (Bromocryptin), a dopamine receptor agonist, which was substituted for L-Dopa. Bromocryptin is known to have no pre- or postsynaptic effect on serotonin metabolism. It is proposed that these myoclonic phenomena are the expression of the hypersensitivity of denervated catecholamine receptors in the brainstem to the stimulation of L-Dopa and Bromocryptin. This thesis differs with previous suggestions that serotonin plays a major role in the genesis of myoclonic seizures in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-Dopa.", "PMID": 77316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6544", "title": "Intrafamilial variability of X-linked progressive muscular dystrophy. Mild and acute form of X-linked muscular dystrophy in the same family.", "content": "Four of five afflicted boys in the family K. suffer from the Becker type of dystrophy and one from a more severe type. All affected boys and their mothers, who are three sisters, have undergone clinical, electromyographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical examination; muscle biopsy was performed in some boys. This family is a rare example of the intrafamilial variability of X-linked progressive muscular dystrophy. The possible explanation of the variability observed is discussed.", "contents": "Intrafamilial variability of X-linked progressive muscular dystrophy. Mild and acute form of X-linked muscular dystrophy in the same family. Four of five afflicted boys in the family K. suffer from the Becker type of dystrophy and one from a more severe type. All affected boys and their mothers, who are three sisters, have undergone clinical, electromyographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical examination; muscle biopsy was performed in some boys. This family is a rare example of the intrafamilial variability of X-linked progressive muscular dystrophy. The possible explanation of the variability observed is discussed.", "PMID": 77317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6545", "title": "Unsuccessful treatment with levodopa of a parkinsonian patient with calcification of the basal ganglia.", "content": "A patient aged 67 had suffered from hypoparathyroidism (tetany and cataracts) following thyroidectomy at the age of 20, although treated with AT 10. During the last few years there had been a change of gait to small steps and general retardation. Nocturnal epileptic attacks occurred in the last year which led to the admission to hospital where a well developed parkinsonian syndrome without tremor was observed. X-rays of the skull, including computed tomograms, revealed calcification of the basal ganglia and dentate nuclei. Treatment with levodopa was ineffective. The mechanism for this is discussed.", "contents": "Unsuccessful treatment with levodopa of a parkinsonian patient with calcification of the basal ganglia. A patient aged 67 had suffered from hypoparathyroidism (tetany and cataracts) following thyroidectomy at the age of 20, although treated with AT 10. During the last few years there had been a change of gait to small steps and general retardation. Nocturnal epileptic attacks occurred in the last year which led to the admission to hospital where a well developed parkinsonian syndrome without tremor was observed. X-rays of the skull, including computed tomograms, revealed calcification of the basal ganglia and dentate nuclei. Treatment with levodopa was ineffective. The mechanism for this is discussed.", "PMID": 77318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6546", "title": "Central core disease: histochemical and ultrastructural study of muscle biopsies of father and daughter.", "content": "Two cases of central core disease, father and daughter, of a family with dominant autosomal inheritance, are presented, one with bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip. Muscle biopsy was performed in both cases. Oxidative enzymes evidenced only type I fibers, most of them presenting a central core and not uncommonly more than one. On electron microscopy the cores generally appeared well demarcated from the surrounding fibrils and were characterized by lack of mitochondria and abnormalities of the Z line. Transitional aspects from normal fibers to completely unstructured cores were observed, as well as from well structured and unstructured cores. These findings are discussed in the light of the previous literature and particular attention is paid to the problem of differentiation between central core and multicore disease. The pathogenesis of the muscular alteration is also discussed in relation with the possibility of their neurogenic origin. Eventually, the histochemical and ultrastructural similarities between central cores and target fibers are focused.", "contents": "Central core disease: histochemical and ultrastructural study of muscle biopsies of father and daughter. Two cases of central core disease, father and daughter, of a family with dominant autosomal inheritance, are presented, one with bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip. Muscle biopsy was performed in both cases. Oxidative enzymes evidenced only type I fibers, most of them presenting a central core and not uncommonly more than one. On electron microscopy the cores generally appeared well demarcated from the surrounding fibrils and were characterized by lack of mitochondria and abnormalities of the Z line. Transitional aspects from normal fibers to completely unstructured cores were observed, as well as from well structured and unstructured cores. These findings are discussed in the light of the previous literature and particular attention is paid to the problem of differentiation between central core and multicore disease. The pathogenesis of the muscular alteration is also discussed in relation with the possibility of their neurogenic origin. Eventually, the histochemical and ultrastructural similarities between central cores and target fibers are focused.", "PMID": 77319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6547", "title": "Carcinomatous encephalomyelopathy in conjunction with encephalomyeloradiculitis.", "content": "A man, aged 63, had an illness which lasted 11 months from onset with pain under the left costal margin which radiated to the epigastrium, until his death from cardiac failure. His symptoms consisted principally of parasthesias and proximal weakness of both upper and lower extremities with atrophy of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. He developed pyramidal tract signs, became euphoric, emotionally unstable and mentally retarded. There was no clinical evidence of cerebellar dysfunction. Bronchogenic carcinoma was suspected from a tomograph of the thorax, but, in spite of extensive clinical and laboratory studies, the diagnosis was verified only postmortem. The CSF cell count was high at first but diminished as the disease progressed. Muscle biopsies revealed chronic generalized denervation without signs of myopathy. Neuropathologically, encephalomyeloradiculoneuritis concentrated on the spinal cord was combined with severe rarefaction of the ganglion cells of the anterior horns and with bilateral degeneration of the lateral pyramidal spinocerebellar and posterior tracts. A more diffuse process was obvious in the anterolateral tracts of the lumbar region. Polyneuropathy concentrated in the distal region was accompanied by slight inflammatory reaction in the sciatic nerve. Cerebellocortical degeneration which exceeded physiological age-related rarefaction was also present. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature.", "contents": "Carcinomatous encephalomyelopathy in conjunction with encephalomyeloradiculitis. A man, aged 63, had an illness which lasted 11 months from onset with pain under the left costal margin which radiated to the epigastrium, until his death from cardiac failure. His symptoms consisted principally of parasthesias and proximal weakness of both upper and lower extremities with atrophy of the shoulder and pelvic girdles. He developed pyramidal tract signs, became euphoric, emotionally unstable and mentally retarded. There was no clinical evidence of cerebellar dysfunction. Bronchogenic carcinoma was suspected from a tomograph of the thorax, but, in spite of extensive clinical and laboratory studies, the diagnosis was verified only postmortem. The CSF cell count was high at first but diminished as the disease progressed. Muscle biopsies revealed chronic generalized denervation without signs of myopathy. Neuropathologically, encephalomyeloradiculoneuritis concentrated on the spinal cord was combined with severe rarefaction of the ganglion cells of the anterior horns and with bilateral degeneration of the lateral pyramidal spinocerebellar and posterior tracts. A more diffuse process was obvious in the anterolateral tracts of the lumbar region. Polyneuropathy concentrated in the distal region was accompanied by slight inflammatory reaction in the sciatic nerve. Cerebellocortical degeneration which exceeded physiological age-related rarefaction was also present. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature.", "PMID": 77320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6548", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: demyelination and myelination inhibition of organotypic tissue cultures of the spinal cord by sera of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.", "content": "Sera from 44 patients with Multiple Sclerosis, of three patients with neurological syndromes compatible with Multiple Sclerosis, of 34 patients suffering from other neurological diseases and of 25 pregnant healthy young women were tested for their demyelinating activity in myelinated tissue cultures. In order to leave the investigators unprejudiced, all sera were coded and intermixed with controls of rabbit EAE serum which had a potent demyelinating capacity. Demyelination was graded (from 0--4), heat lability at 56 degrees C (complement dependency?) was also tested with each serum. Only demyelination of a degree of 2 and more, which was abolished by heating to 56 degrees C, was counted as positive. Six of the 44 sera from MS patients (13.6%), 19 of 37 sera from neurological patients and none of the healthy young women demyelinated. Thus, serum demyelination of tissue cultures seems to be a nonspecific indicator of chronic disease of the nervous system and is of considerable general neurological interest, but does not indicate a demyelinating disease. Myelination inhibition was not observed with any of the human sera tested for it.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: demyelination and myelination inhibition of organotypic tissue cultures of the spinal cord by sera of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Sera from 44 patients with Multiple Sclerosis, of three patients with neurological syndromes compatible with Multiple Sclerosis, of 34 patients suffering from other neurological diseases and of 25 pregnant healthy young women were tested for their demyelinating activity in myelinated tissue cultures. In order to leave the investigators unprejudiced, all sera were coded and intermixed with controls of rabbit EAE serum which had a potent demyelinating capacity. Demyelination was graded (from 0--4), heat lability at 56 degrees C (complement dependency?) was also tested with each serum. Only demyelination of a degree of 2 and more, which was abolished by heating to 56 degrees C, was counted as positive. Six of the 44 sera from MS patients (13.6%), 19 of 37 sera from neurological patients and none of the healthy young women demyelinated. Thus, serum demyelination of tissue cultures seems to be a nonspecific indicator of chronic disease of the nervous system and is of considerable general neurological interest, but does not indicate a demyelinating disease. Myelination inhibition was not observed with any of the human sera tested for it.", "PMID": 77321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6549", "title": "Microzone electrophoresis of the unconcentrated and concentrated CSF.", "content": "Concerning the small methodical range of error and the little expenditure of work microzone electrophoresis of the non-concentrated CSF after staining with nigrosine and after evaluation on non-transparent acetate film should have priority to microzone electrophoresis of concentrated CSF. This paper reports a comparison of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated and concentrated CSF.", "contents": "Microzone electrophoresis of the unconcentrated and concentrated CSF. Concerning the small methodical range of error and the little expenditure of work microzone electrophoresis of the non-concentrated CSF after staining with nigrosine and after evaluation on non-transparent acetate film should have priority to microzone electrophoresis of concentrated CSF. This paper reports a comparison of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated and concentrated CSF.", "PMID": 77322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6550", "title": "Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in children with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Cellular immunity was studied in 17 newborn infants, in eight children aged 1 to 5 years with intrauterine growth retardation, and in age-matched control subjects. At birth T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were decreased, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin was diminished. In vitro PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation was similar to that in control subjects but was greater than in healthy adults. In later childhood the numbers of T lymphocytes were normal, but their proliferative capacity was significantly reduced and cutaneous hypersensitivity was minimal or absent. Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in these children may explain their increased susceptibility to infection and inadequate response to immunization, and predispose to the development of allergic, autoimmune, and neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Cellular immunity was studied in 17 newborn infants, in eight children aged 1 to 5 years with intrauterine growth retardation, and in age-matched control subjects. At birth T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes were decreased, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin was diminished. In vitro PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation was similar to that in control subjects but was greater than in healthy adults. In later childhood the numbers of T lymphocytes were normal, but their proliferative capacity was significantly reduced and cutaneous hypersensitivity was minimal or absent. Prolonged impairment of cellular immunity in these children may explain their increased susceptibility to infection and inadequate response to immunization, and predispose to the development of allergic, autoimmune, and neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 77323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6551", "title": "Evaluation of alpha-fetoprotein in early infancy.", "content": "Serum AFP concentrations of normal subjects were statistically analyzed in order to obtain the normal ranges in early infancy. The 95% prediction band would seem to offer a convenient means of evaluating serum AFP in the age range 0-300 days of life. Some illustrative cases, whose AFP values were formerly considered to be abnormally high but later proved to be within normal range, are presented.", "contents": "Evaluation of alpha-fetoprotein in early infancy. Serum AFP concentrations of normal subjects were statistically analyzed in order to obtain the normal ranges in early infancy. The 95% prediction band would seem to offer a convenient means of evaluating serum AFP in the age range 0-300 days of life. Some illustrative cases, whose AFP values were formerly considered to be abnormally high but later proved to be within normal range, are presented.", "PMID": 77324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6552", "title": "Evidence for H2-receptor-mediated feed-back regulation of histamine release from endocrine cells in the rat stomach.", "content": "1. Pentagastrin reduces the concentration of gastric mucosal histamine in the rat. This effect is counteracted by large doses of histamine H2-receptor agonists which are particularly effective if infused I.V. 2. After blockade of histamine H2-receptors but not of H1-receptors, the pentagastrin-induced reduction of mucosal histamine is greatly augmented and H2-receptor agonists no longer inhibit the response to pentagastrin. 3. It is suggested that in the rat stomach, H2-receptors occur on the histamine storing endocrine cells as well as on parietal cells and that mobilized mucosal histamine inhibits further release of histamine by way of H2-receptor-mediated auto feed-back.", "contents": "Evidence for H2-receptor-mediated feed-back regulation of histamine release from endocrine cells in the rat stomach. 1. Pentagastrin reduces the concentration of gastric mucosal histamine in the rat. This effect is counteracted by large doses of histamine H2-receptor agonists which are particularly effective if infused I.V. 2. After blockade of histamine H2-receptors but not of H1-receptors, the pentagastrin-induced reduction of mucosal histamine is greatly augmented and H2-receptor agonists no longer inhibit the response to pentagastrin. 3. It is suggested that in the rat stomach, H2-receptors occur on the histamine storing endocrine cells as well as on parietal cells and that mobilized mucosal histamine inhibits further release of histamine by way of H2-receptor-mediated auto feed-back.", "PMID": 77328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6553", "title": "Resolution and characterization of intracytoplasmic forms of reverse transcriptase from Rauscher leukemia virus-producing cells.", "content": "The microsomal supernatant fraction obtained from a murine cell line chronically infected with and producing Rauscher leukemia virus (JLSV-10) was found to contain two forms of RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). The two enzyme forms, neither of which is detectable in uninfected cells (JLSV-9), were initially partially purified by poly(C)-agarose chromatography, and their separation was achieved by phosphocellulose chromatography. The enzyme form eluting first from phosphocellulose (0.3 M KCl), designated PC I, was found to be identical in all parameters tested to that form isolated directly from purified virions. The second enzyme peak, designated PC II, eluted from phosphocellulose at 0.5 M KCl and was not detectable in purified virions. The PC II enzyme has a molecular weight, determined by velocity sedimentation, of approximately 109,000, as compared with 70,000 for the PC I enzyme, and could not be further dissociated by exposure to high salt or nonionic detergent. Mixing purified virion or PC I DNA polymerase with uninfected cells followed by fractionation did not produce the PC II form, suggesting that it is neither an artifact of purification nor the result of fortuitous complexing of reverse transcriptase with normal cellular component(s). Both PC I and PC II enzyme forms appeared antigenically similar to virion DNA polymerase, demonstrated identical divalent cation requirements for various template-primers, and were capable of copying heteropolymeric regions of rabbit globin mRNA. However, kinetic studies of heat inactivation revealed that the PC II enzyme was far more heat labile than the PC I form, which appeared identical to the virion enzyme in this respect. Furthermore, whereas the PC I and virion-derived reverse transcriptase copied poly(C).(dG)12-18 most efficiently at a template-to-primer molar nucleotide ratio of 25:1, the PC II enzyme preferred a ratio of 5:1 for optimal rates of poly(dG) synthesis. Therefore, by these criteria, there appear to exist two intracellular forms of reverse transcriptase in the JLSV-10  Rauscher  leukemia  virus-producing  murine  cell  line.", "contents": "Resolution and characterization of intracytoplasmic forms of reverse transcriptase from Rauscher leukemia virus-producing cells. The microsomal supernatant fraction obtained from a murine cell line chronically infected with and producing Rauscher leukemia virus (JLSV-10) was found to contain two forms of RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). The two enzyme forms, neither of which is detectable in uninfected cells (JLSV-9), were initially partially purified by poly(C)-agarose chromatography, and their separation was achieved by phosphocellulose chromatography. The enzyme form eluting first from phosphocellulose (0.3 M KCl), designated PC I, was found to be identical in all parameters tested to that form isolated directly from purified virions. The second enzyme peak, designated PC II, eluted from phosphocellulose at 0.5 M KCl and was not detectable in purified virions. The PC II enzyme has a molecular weight, determined by velocity sedimentation, of approximately 109,000, as compared with 70,000 for the PC I enzyme, and could not be further dissociated by exposure to high salt or nonionic detergent. Mixing purified virion or PC I DNA polymerase with uninfected cells followed by fractionation did not produce the PC II form, suggesting that it is neither an artifact of purification nor the result of fortuitous complexing of reverse transcriptase with normal cellular component(s). Both PC I and PC II enzyme forms appeared antigenically similar to virion DNA polymerase, demonstrated identical divalent cation requirements for various template-primers, and were capable of copying heteropolymeric regions of rabbit globin mRNA. However, kinetic studies of heat inactivation revealed that the PC II enzyme was far more heat labile than the PC I form, which appeared identical to the virion enzyme in this respect. Furthermore, whereas the PC I and virion-derived reverse transcriptase copied poly(C).(dG)12-18 most efficiently at a template-to-primer molar nucleotide ratio of 25:1, the PC II enzyme preferred a ratio of 5:1 for optimal rates of poly(dG) synthesis. Therefore, by these criteria, there appear to exist two intracellular forms of reverse transcriptase in the JLSV-10  Rauscher  leukemia  virus-producing  murine  cell  line.", "PMID": 77332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6554", "title": "Multiple RNase H activities in mammalian type C retravirus lysates.", "content": "Lysates of Moloney murine sarcoma-leukemia virus [M-MSV(MLV)], a virus complex grown in the rat cell line 78A-1, were found to contain three RNase H species separable by polycytidylic acid[poly(C)]-agarose chromatography. RNase H activity (RNase H I) associated with RNA-directed DNA polymerase eluted at 0.23 M KCI from poly(C)-agarose. RNase H II, which eluted from poly(C)-agarose at 0.12 M KCI and was not associated with DNA polymerase activity, was shown to be identical to an RNase H species (designated RNase H II) previously isolated from M-MSV(MLV) by a different procedure (G. F. Gerard and D. P. Grandgenett, J. Virol. 15:785-797, 1975). M-MSV(MLV) RNase H II was established to be a random exohybridase that requires free-chain termini in its hybrid substrate for activity. Lysates of Rickard feline leukemia virus also contained RNase H activity not associated with DNA polymerase activity that eluted from poly(C)-agarose at 0.12 M KCl. A third species of enzyme from M-MSV(MLV) lysates, called RNase H III, did not bind to poly(C)-agarose in 0.06 M KCl. RNase H III was purified from lysates of M-MSV(MLV) and M-MLV (grown in mouse cells) by sequential chromatography on poly(C)-agarose, DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and polyuridylic acid-Sepharose. Purified RNase H III (i) was free of any associated DNA polymerase activity, (ii) had an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, (iii) had an absolute requirement for Mn2+ (1 mM optimum) for the degradation of [3H](A)n.(dT)n, (iv) was inhibited by the presence of any salt in reaction mixtures, and (v) was endoribonucleolytic in its mode of action as indicated by the size distribution of limited degradation products of [3H](A)n.(dT)n. RNase H III was inhibited by antisera prepared against Rauscher MLV and simian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase, and the quantity of RNase H III and RNase H I present in lysates of M-MLV were reduced and increased proportionately if virus was lysed in the presence of the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. These results indicate that RNase H III is a proteolytic cleavage product of DNA polymerase-RNase H. Substantial RNase H activity that did not bind to poly(C)-agarose in 0.06 M KCl was also found in lysates of Harvey MSV(MLV), Rauscher MLV, and Rickard feline leukemia virus, but not in lysates of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "contents": "Multiple RNase H activities in mammalian type C retravirus lysates. Lysates of Moloney murine sarcoma-leukemia virus [M-MSV(MLV)], a virus complex grown in the rat cell line 78A-1, were found to contain three RNase H species separable by polycytidylic acid[poly(C)]-agarose chromatography. RNase H activity (RNase H I) associated with RNA-directed DNA polymerase eluted at 0.23 M KCI from poly(C)-agarose. RNase H II, which eluted from poly(C)-agarose at 0.12 M KCI and was not associated with DNA polymerase activity, was shown to be identical to an RNase H species (designated RNase H II) previously isolated from M-MSV(MLV) by a different procedure (G. F. Gerard and D. P. Grandgenett, J. Virol. 15:785-797, 1975). M-MSV(MLV) RNase H II was established to be a random exohybridase that requires free-chain termini in its hybrid substrate for activity. Lysates of Rickard feline leukemia virus also contained RNase H activity not associated with DNA polymerase activity that eluted from poly(C)-agarose at 0.12 M KCl. A third species of enzyme from M-MSV(MLV) lysates, called RNase H III, did not bind to poly(C)-agarose in 0.06 M KCl. RNase H III was purified from lysates of M-MSV(MLV) and M-MLV (grown in mouse cells) by sequential chromatography on poly(C)-agarose, DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and polyuridylic acid-Sepharose. Purified RNase H III (i) was free of any associated DNA polymerase activity, (ii) had an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, (iii) had an absolute requirement for Mn2+ (1 mM optimum) for the degradation of [3H](A)n.(dT)n, (iv) was inhibited by the presence of any salt in reaction mixtures, and (v) was endoribonucleolytic in its mode of action as indicated by the size distribution of limited degradation products of [3H](A)n.(dT)n. RNase H III was inhibited by antisera prepared against Rauscher MLV and simian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase, and the quantity of RNase H III and RNase H I present in lysates of M-MLV were reduced and increased proportionately if virus was lysed in the presence of the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. These results indicate that RNase H III is a proteolytic cleavage product of DNA polymerase-RNase H. Substantial RNase H activity that did not bind to poly(C)-agarose in 0.06 M KCl was also found in lysates of Harvey MSV(MLV), Rauscher MLV, and Rickard feline leukemia virus, but not in lysates of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "PMID": 77333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6555", "title": "Simian virus 40 (SV40)-specific proteins associated with the nuclear matrix isolated from adenovirus type 2-SV40 hybrid virus-infected HeLa cells carry SV40 U-antigen determinants.", "content": "The distribution of simian virus 40 (SV40)-specific proteins in nuclear subfractions of pulse-chase-labeled HeLa cells infected with nondefective adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-SV40 hybrid viruses was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The SV40-specific proteins of Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND5 specifically associate with the nuclear matrix and are virtually absent from the high-salt nuclear extract. In Ad2+ND4-infected HeLa cells, the SV40-specific proteins with molecular weights of 64,000 (64K) and lower also specifically associate with the nuclear matrix. The SV40-specific 72K, 74K, and 95K proteins were found both in the nuclear matrix and in the high-salt nuclear extract. Analyses of the nuclear matrices isolated from hybrid virus-infected cells by immunofluorescence microscopy showed that SV40 U-antigen-positive sera from SV40 tumor-bearing hamsters react with SV40-specific proteins integrated into nuclear matrices of HeLa cells infected by Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND4, but not with nuclear matrices of HeLa cells infected by Ad2+ND5. This suggests that SV40-specific proteins of Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND4  integrated into the nuclear matrix carry SV40 U-antigen determinants. The apparent discrepancy in the subcellular localization of SV40-specific proteins in hybrid virus-infected cells when analyzed by biochemical cell fractionation procedures and when analyzed by immunofluorescence staining is discussed.", "contents": "Simian virus 40 (SV40)-specific proteins associated with the nuclear matrix isolated from adenovirus type 2-SV40 hybrid virus-infected HeLa cells carry SV40 U-antigen determinants. The distribution of simian virus 40 (SV40)-specific proteins in nuclear subfractions of pulse-chase-labeled HeLa cells infected with nondefective adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-SV40 hybrid viruses was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The SV40-specific proteins of Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND5 specifically associate with the nuclear matrix and are virtually absent from the high-salt nuclear extract. In Ad2+ND4-infected HeLa cells, the SV40-specific proteins with molecular weights of 64,000 (64K) and lower also specifically associate with the nuclear matrix. The SV40-specific 72K, 74K, and 95K proteins were found both in the nuclear matrix and in the high-salt nuclear extract. Analyses of the nuclear matrices isolated from hybrid virus-infected cells by immunofluorescence microscopy showed that SV40 U-antigen-positive sera from SV40 tumor-bearing hamsters react with SV40-specific proteins integrated into nuclear matrices of HeLa cells infected by Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND4, but not with nuclear matrices of HeLa cells infected by Ad2+ND5. This suggests that SV40-specific proteins of Ad2+ND1, Ad2+ND2, and Ad2+ND4  integrated into the nuclear matrix carry SV40 U-antigen determinants. The apparent discrepancy in the subcellular localization of SV40-specific proteins in hybrid virus-infected cells when analyzed by biochemical cell fractionation procedures and when analyzed by immunofluorescence staining is discussed.", "PMID": 77334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6556", "title": "Chemical hypophysectomy for relief of bone pain in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "A series is presented of 10 patients with intractable pain secondary to diffuse metastatic prostatic carcinoma. These patients underwent pituitary ablation by a new method of chemical hypophysectomy, which consisted of multiple injections of absolute alcohol into the pituitary gland under stereotaxic control. Of the 10 patients 9 had good to excellent pain relief. There was no operative mortality. The sequelae are those associated with pituitary destruction, the most significant being diabetes insipidus. Preoperative and postoperative hormonal studies failed to reveal any significant hormonal changes despite good and almost immediate pain relief.", "contents": "Chemical hypophysectomy for relief of bone pain in carcinoma of the prostate. A series is presented of 10 patients with intractable pain secondary to diffuse metastatic prostatic carcinoma. These patients underwent pituitary ablation by a new method of chemical hypophysectomy, which consisted of multiple injections of absolute alcohol into the pituitary gland under stereotaxic control. Of the 10 patients 9 had good to excellent pain relief. There was no operative mortality. The sequelae are those associated with pituitary destruction, the most significant being diabetes insipidus. Preoperative and postoperative hormonal studies failed to reveal any significant hormonal changes despite good and almost immediate pain relief.", "PMID": 77335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6557", "title": "Accuracy of Gram's stain in identifying pneumococci in sputum.", "content": "We prospectively examined the accuracy of Gram-stained sputum for identifying pneumococci in 42 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. We considered the Gram's stain positive if a preponderant flora or more than ten Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococci were seen per oil immersion (x1,000) field. These criteria were met in 18 (62%) of 29 specimens that actually contained pneumococci as determined by a positive quellung reaction, or culture on plates or in mice. The Gram's stain was negative in 11 of 13 specimens that did not contain pneumococci. Of the 20 specimens yielding positive Gram's stains, 18 contained pneumococci. A positive Gram-stained smear of sputum strongly suggests the presence of pneumococci, but will miss 38% of specimens containing pneumococci. Deviation from these criteria substantially reduces the overall accuracy of the test.", "contents": "Accuracy of Gram's stain in identifying pneumococci in sputum. We prospectively examined the accuracy of Gram-stained sputum for identifying pneumococci in 42 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. We considered the Gram's stain positive if a preponderant flora or more than ten Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococci were seen per oil immersion (x1,000) field. These criteria were met in 18 (62%) of 29 specimens that actually contained pneumococci as determined by a positive quellung reaction, or culture on plates or in mice. The Gram's stain was negative in 11 of 13 specimens that did not contain pneumococci. Of the 20 specimens yielding positive Gram's stains, 18 contained pneumococci. A positive Gram-stained smear of sputum strongly suggests the presence of pneumococci, but will miss 38% of specimens containing pneumococci. Deviation from these criteria substantially reduces the overall accuracy of the test.", "PMID": 77336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6558", "title": "Composition of gall-stones-histochemical staining.", "content": "Twenty Six mixed infective and 2 cholesterol gall-stones were stained for cholesterol, calcium, fat and mucoproteins. Calcium and cholesterol were found to be the main constituents of all the calculi. Calcium was found mainly in the centre and mucoprotein in the peripheral layers. The fine crystals of cholesterol were demonstrated in those biliary calculi which did not contain mucoprotein. It appeared that calcium might have acted as a cementing force rather than mucoprotein in this study.", "contents": "Composition of gall-stones-histochemical staining. Twenty Six mixed infective and 2 cholesterol gall-stones were stained for cholesterol, calcium, fat and mucoproteins. Calcium and cholesterol were found to be the main constituents of all the calculi. Calcium was found mainly in the centre and mucoprotein in the peripheral layers. The fine crystals of cholesterol were demonstrated in those biliary calculi which did not contain mucoprotein. It appeared that calcium might have acted as a cementing force rather than mucoprotein in this study.", "PMID": 77337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6559", "title": "Cell cycle dependent response and combined treatment of tumor.", "content": "Attempt was made to summarize data indicating cell cycle dependence of survival response to various antitumor agents. Normalized patterns of survival response permitted us to group agents into two major categories. It was known that effect of agents on cell progression was not only related to respective periods of the cell cycle but also rather specific for each category of agents. The extent of progression inhibition was not compared on a quantitative basis. On the basis of above findings a rational combination and a scheduled administration of agents for effective sterilization of tumor cells were considered.", "contents": "Cell cycle dependent response and combined treatment of tumor. Attempt was made to summarize data indicating cell cycle dependence of survival response to various antitumor agents. Normalized patterns of survival response permitted us to group agents into two major categories. It was known that effect of agents on cell progression was not only related to respective periods of the cell cycle but also rather specific for each category of agents. The extent of progression inhibition was not compared on a quantitative basis. On the basis of above findings a rational combination and a scheduled administration of agents for effective sterilization of tumor cells were considered.", "PMID": 77340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6560", "title": "Combined therapy with bleomycin and selective intra-arterial infusion of mitomycin C in lung cancer.", "content": "Bronchial artery infusion of mitomycin C might be very effective in treating minor tumors but, as a rule, less effective in the treatment of larger tumors. In order to achieve improved effect of treatment, 21 cases (stage II-III/TNM) were given supplementary chemotherapy with bleomycin or vincristine-bleomycin. Preoperative treatment was given to 11 cases in which indications for surgical treatment were primarily uncertain or absent. The other group consisted of 10 patients with inoperable lesions. Combined treatment has proved to have a strong but mainly local effect. Repeated courses (up to 5 times) were more effective than a single one. The regional effect, i.e: on overgrowth onto the mediastinum, pericardium or thoracic wall was weak. The system effect was negligible. Penetrating data about objective response are given.", "contents": "Combined therapy with bleomycin and selective intra-arterial infusion of mitomycin C in lung cancer. Bronchial artery infusion of mitomycin C might be very effective in treating minor tumors but, as a rule, less effective in the treatment of larger tumors. In order to achieve improved effect of treatment, 21 cases (stage II-III/TNM) were given supplementary chemotherapy with bleomycin or vincristine-bleomycin. Preoperative treatment was given to 11 cases in which indications for surgical treatment were primarily uncertain or absent. The other group consisted of 10 patients with inoperable lesions. Combined treatment has proved to have a strong but mainly local effect. Repeated courses (up to 5 times) were more effective than a single one. The regional effect, i.e: on overgrowth onto the mediastinum, pericardium or thoracic wall was weak. The system effect was negligible. Penetrating data about objective response are given.", "PMID": 77341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6561", "title": "Effects of n-decylamine and toluidine blue on the electric capacitance of isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "The electric capacitance of isolated rat mast cells and its change under the influence of either n-decylamine or toluidine blue was investigated. Since the electric circuit employed in the detection unit is the one merely sensitive for the capacitance changes, output signals pertain to the capacitance of the tested cell alone. N-decylamine released histamine without accompanying degranulation; and it caused a marked swelling of mast cells and a striking decrease of capacitance, although electric capacitance is usually proportional to the size of the cell. Morphological changes induced by toluidine blue are seemingly correlated with the changes in capacitance. At the concentrations (25-50 microgram/ml) in which the mast cell became enlarged, electric capacitances exceeded the control value. However, at the concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml in which the cell became shrunken, the capacitance values were less than control value. Pretreatment with DNP (0.1 mM) or oxyphenbutazone (0.05-0.2 mM) was of little effect in inhibiting the histamine release, morphological alterations and capacitance changes due to n-decylamine, but pretreatment with either prevented all of those changes produced by toluidine blue. The mechanism of the capacitance changes in mast cells induced under influence of those compounds is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of n-decylamine and toluidine blue on the electric capacitance of isolated rat mast cells. The electric capacitance of isolated rat mast cells and its change under the influence of either n-decylamine or toluidine blue was investigated. Since the electric circuit employed in the detection unit is the one merely sensitive for the capacitance changes, output signals pertain to the capacitance of the tested cell alone. N-decylamine released histamine without accompanying degranulation; and it caused a marked swelling of mast cells and a striking decrease of capacitance, although electric capacitance is usually proportional to the size of the cell. Morphological changes induced by toluidine blue are seemingly correlated with the changes in capacitance. At the concentrations (25-50 microgram/ml) in which the mast cell became enlarged, electric capacitances exceeded the control value. However, at the concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml in which the cell became shrunken, the capacitance values were less than control value. Pretreatment with DNP (0.1 mM) or oxyphenbutazone (0.05-0.2 mM) was of little effect in inhibiting the histamine release, morphological alterations and capacitance changes due to n-decylamine, but pretreatment with either prevented all of those changes produced by toluidine blue. The mechanism of the capacitance changes in mast cells induced under influence of those compounds is discussed.", "PMID": 77349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6562", "title": "[The function of the retina in malattia leventinese (dominant drusen) (author's transl)].", "content": "Malattia leventinese was studied clinically and by electroretinography in 27 members of an affected family and in two additional cases. Typical changes in the central fundus consist of agglomerations of drusen, varying in size, number and localization. These distinct ophthalmoscopic changes occur in young adults, but characteristically remain asymptomatic for one to five decades. Then, metamorphopsia  and diffuse color vision deficiency introduce a rapid decay in visual acuity. These changes in function are observed in parallel with large fields of confluent drusen, atrophy of the pigment epithelium and of the retina and with patchy pigmentations in the central fundus. The electroretinogram (ERG) of the subjects with drusen revealed \"low normal\" amplitudes of the b-waves of both, the cone- and rod system. These ERG-data suggest discrete but widespread functional abnormalities in the outer and middle layers of the retina well before the onset of the clinical symptomatology. In contrast, subnormal ERGs (b-wave amplitudes below 2 standard deviations of normal controls) were recorded in the advance cases, and reflected the severity of functional and structural changes.", "contents": "[The function of the retina in malattia leventinese (dominant drusen) (author's transl)]. Malattia leventinese was studied clinically and by electroretinography in 27 members of an affected family and in two additional cases. Typical changes in the central fundus consist of agglomerations of drusen, varying in size, number and localization. These distinct ophthalmoscopic changes occur in young adults, but characteristically remain asymptomatic for one to five decades. Then, metamorphopsia  and diffuse color vision deficiency introduce a rapid decay in visual acuity. These changes in function are observed in parallel with large fields of confluent drusen, atrophy of the pigment epithelium and of the retina and with patchy pigmentations in the central fundus. The electroretinogram (ERG) of the subjects with drusen revealed \"low normal\" amplitudes of the b-waves of both, the cone- and rod system. These ERG-data suggest discrete but widespread functional abnormalities in the outer and middle layers of the retina well before the onset of the clinical symptomatology. In contrast, subnormal ERGs (b-wave amplitudes below 2 standard deviations of normal controls) were recorded in the advance cases, and reflected the severity of functional and structural changes.", "PMID": 77352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6563", "title": "The production and use of an attitudinal film in birth control education.", "content": "In order to help improve the effectiveness of birth control education programs, a film \"It Couldn't Happen to Me\" was produced focusing on the psychological motives involved in the non-use of birth control among teenagers. Preliminary evaluation of the film took place with five sample groups: high school students, university students, nursing students, health educators, and Planned Parenthood workers. Survey results indicate that the film is relevant for each of these groups. Pre and posttest measures of the attitudes of the university and nursing samples indicate that the film makes viewers more aware of the psychological factors involved in the non-use of birth control.", "contents": "The production and use of an attitudinal film in birth control education. In order to help improve the effectiveness of birth control education programs, a film \"It Couldn't Happen to Me\" was produced focusing on the psychological motives involved in the non-use of birth control among teenagers. Preliminary evaluation of the film took place with five sample groups: high school students, university students, nursing students, health educators, and Planned Parenthood workers. Survey results indicate that the film is relevant for each of these groups. Pre and posttest measures of the attitudes of the university and nursing samples indicate that the film makes viewers more aware of the psychological factors involved in the non-use of birth control.", "PMID": 77356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6564", "title": "Larynx cancer: a therapeutic policy at the Madras Cancer Institute.", "content": "We studied 145 cases of larynx cancer in relation to their etiology, methods of treatment, and results. It was found that better results were obtained with a combination of radiotherapy and surgery. Any postradiational edema of the larynx should subside within 3 months. If this edema persists or progresses, it always means residual disease in the submucosal plane. We have now improved our results by using intravenous Bleomycin concurrently.", "contents": "Larynx cancer: a therapeutic policy at the Madras Cancer Institute. We studied 145 cases of larynx cancer in relation to their etiology, methods of treatment, and results. It was found that better results were obtained with a combination of radiotherapy and surgery. Any postradiational edema of the larynx should subside within 3 months. If this edema persists or progresses, it always means residual disease in the submucosal plane. We have now improved our results by using intravenous Bleomycin concurrently.", "PMID": 77361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6565", "title": "Common antigens found on fetal cells and viral transformed adult prostatic tissue.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro immunologic cross reactivity between SV40 virus transformed prostatic tissue and fetal antigens of LVG/LAK strain hamsters has been studied. The hamsters immunized with fetal antigens demonstrated significant resistance to tumor growth. Complement-dependent humoral cytotoxicity of target SV40 tumor cells in microtest plates was used to demonstrate the presence of significant antibody titer in fetal-immunized hamsters. When the immune sera were absorbed with SV40 transformed prostatic tissue, cytotoxicity indices were markedly lower than with the unabsorbed immune sera. The transformed prostatic tissue was found to have an elevated tartrate inhibited acid phosphatase indicative of the presence of epithelial components in the transformed tissue. These experiments demonstrate in vivo and in vitro cross reactviity between fetal antigens and tumor associated antigens of transformed prostatic tissue. This study suggests a similarity between fetal antigens and antigens of a specific organ tissue (prostate) transformed by a DNA oncogenic virus.", "contents": "Common antigens found on fetal cells and viral transformed adult prostatic tissue. In vivo and in vitro immunologic cross reactivity between SV40 virus transformed prostatic tissue and fetal antigens of LVG/LAK strain hamsters has been studied. The hamsters immunized with fetal antigens demonstrated significant resistance to tumor growth. Complement-dependent humoral cytotoxicity of target SV40 tumor cells in microtest plates was used to demonstrate the presence of significant antibody titer in fetal-immunized hamsters. When the immune sera were absorbed with SV40 transformed prostatic tissue, cytotoxicity indices were markedly lower than with the unabsorbed immune sera. The transformed prostatic tissue was found to have an elevated tartrate inhibited acid phosphatase indicative of the presence of epithelial components in the transformed tissue. These experiments demonstrate in vivo and in vitro cross reactviity between fetal antigens and tumor associated antigens of transformed prostatic tissue. This study suggests a similarity between fetal antigens and antigens of a specific organ tissue (prostate) transformed by a DNA oncogenic virus.", "PMID": 77362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6566", "title": "Anterior-horn cell degeneration and gross calf hypertrophy with adolescent onset. A new spinal muscular atrophy syndrome.", "content": "A new variant of spinal muscular atrophy (S.M.A.), characterised by adolescent onset, gross hypertrophy of calves, and a slowly progressive clinical course, was found in 5 patients, 3 of them in a series of 102 cases being studied in North-East England. Biopsy and electrophysiological studies indicated the presence of chronic progressive degeneration of anterior-horn cells.", "contents": "Anterior-horn cell degeneration and gross calf hypertrophy with adolescent onset. A new spinal muscular atrophy syndrome. A new variant of spinal muscular atrophy (S.M.A.), characterised by adolescent onset, gross hypertrophy of calves, and a slowly progressive clinical course, was found in 5 patients, 3 of them in a series of 102 cases being studied in North-East England. Biopsy and electrophysiological studies indicated the presence of chronic progressive degeneration of anterior-horn cells.", "PMID": 77364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6567", "title": "Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in females.", "content": "A study of the occupational histories of 52 females with malignant mesothelioma and certain of their relatives, carried out to measure the risk of this disorder attributable to indirect asbestos exposure, showed that a significantly greater number of husbands and fathers of cases than of controls worked in asbestos-related industries, and the relative risk for this factor was 10. The frequency of parental cancer, especially gastrointestinal malignancy, was also significantly greater for cases than for their controls. This raises the possibility of a genetic predisposition to malignant mesothelioma.", "contents": "Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in females. A study of the occupational histories of 52 females with malignant mesothelioma and certain of their relatives, carried out to measure the risk of this disorder attributable to indirect asbestos exposure, showed that a significantly greater number of husbands and fathers of cases than of controls worked in asbestos-related industries, and the relative risk for this factor was 10. The frequency of parental cancer, especially gastrointestinal malignancy, was also significantly greater for cases than for their controls. This raises the possibility of a genetic predisposition to malignant mesothelioma.", "PMID": 77365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6568", "title": "Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Bacterial isolates from 5 patients with pseudomembranous colitis (P.M.C.) were screened for toxin production. Strains of Clostridium from 4 patients produced in vitro a toxin similar to that found in P.M.C. faecal suspension. These were identified as C. difficile. Use of the strains from 2 patients induced a fatal enterocolitis when inoculated orally into hamsters pretreated with vancomycin. The C. difficile that produced the toxin in vitro was then re-isolated from hamster caecal contents. These findings suggest that P.M.C. results from infection with C. difficile and that previous antibiotic therapy produces susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Bacterial isolates from 5 patients with pseudomembranous colitis (P.M.C.) were screened for toxin production. Strains of Clostridium from 4 patients produced in vitro a toxin similar to that found in P.M.C. faecal suspension. These were identified as C. difficile. Use of the strains from 2 patients induced a fatal enterocolitis when inoculated orally into hamsters pretreated with vancomycin. The C. difficile that produced the toxin in vitro was then re-isolated from hamster caecal contents. These findings suggest that P.M.C. results from infection with C. difficile and that previous antibiotic therapy produces susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 77366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6569", "title": "Oral cromoglycate in treatment of adverse reactions to foods.", "content": "20 subjects with adverse reactions to foods were given oral cromoglycate and placebo separately for seven days each. While on each medication they were given, for four consecutive days, a food to which they were sensitive. Adverse reactions were prevented in 14 subjects. These results suggest that oral cromoglycate is of value in the treatment of some patients with adverse reactions to foods.", "contents": "Oral cromoglycate in treatment of adverse reactions to foods. 20 subjects with adverse reactions to foods were given oral cromoglycate and placebo separately for seven days each. While on each medication they were given, for four consecutive days, a food to which they were sensitive. Adverse reactions were prevented in 14 subjects. These results suggest that oral cromoglycate is of value in the treatment of some patients with adverse reactions to foods.", "PMID": 77367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6570", "title": "Drug-induced immunological neutropenia.", "content": "Antineutrophil antibody capable of opsonising normal neutrophils was detected in the sera of 16 neutropenic patients receiving various drugs. A single drug was involved in 10 cases, multiple medication in 6. 4 patients received semisynthetic penicillins, 8 some form of antimicrobial, and 2 antithyroid agents. Neutrophil counts rose, and antineutrophil antibody activity declined or disappeared, after drug therapy was stopped. Opsonisation related to the semisynthetic penicillins was independent of complement but dependent on drug concentration. Complement-dependent opsonic activity was demonstrated in 2 patients (1 receiving methimazole and 1 receiving multiple medication) and in the patient receiving methimazole this activity was shown to reside in the IgM serum-fraction. In another patient receiving multiple drugs, a complement-independent IgG antibody was demonstrated.", "contents": "Drug-induced immunological neutropenia. Antineutrophil antibody capable of opsonising normal neutrophils was detected in the sera of 16 neutropenic patients receiving various drugs. A single drug was involved in 10 cases, multiple medication in 6. 4 patients received semisynthetic penicillins, 8 some form of antimicrobial, and 2 antithyroid agents. Neutrophil counts rose, and antineutrophil antibody activity declined or disappeared, after drug therapy was stopped. Opsonisation related to the semisynthetic penicillins was independent of complement but dependent on drug concentration. Complement-dependent opsonic activity was demonstrated in 2 patients (1 receiving methimazole and 1 receiving multiple medication) and in the patient receiving methimazole this activity was shown to reside in the IgM serum-fraction. In another patient receiving multiple drugs, a complement-independent IgG antibody was demonstrated.", "PMID": 77368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6571", "title": "Is skin preparation necessary before insulin injection?", "content": "The effect of routine skin preparation on skin bacterial flora was measured in thirteen insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 5 seconds of skin cleansing of sites on the leg, arm, and abdomen with 70% isopropyl alcohol reduced bacterial counts by 82-91%. During a 3-5 month observation period the subjects omitted skin preparation before insulin injection every other week. More than 1700 insulin injections were given without skin preparation. No signs of local or systemic infection were observed. These results indicate that routine skin preparation with alcohol before insulin injection markedly reduces skin bacterial-counts but may not be necessary to prevent infection at the injection sites.", "contents": "Is skin preparation necessary before insulin injection? The effect of routine skin preparation on skin bacterial flora was measured in thirteen insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 5 seconds of skin cleansing of sites on the leg, arm, and abdomen with 70% isopropyl alcohol reduced bacterial counts by 82-91%. During a 3-5 month observation period the subjects omitted skin preparation before insulin injection every other week. More than 1700 insulin injections were given without skin preparation. No signs of local or systemic infection were observed. These results indicate that routine skin preparation with alcohol before insulin injection markedly reduces skin bacterial-counts but may not be necessary to prevent infection at the injection sites.", "PMID": 77369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6572", "title": "Acid hydrolases in monocytes from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A sensitive technique was used to estimate two acid hydrolases--N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (N.A.G.) and beta-glucuronidase (B.G.)--produced by peripheral-blood monocytes. Enzyme levels were measured after in-vitro incubation of monocytes with or without stimulation by zymosan and endotoxin. Compared with controls, enzyme production and release in inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis were markedly raised. It is suggested that various stimuli, including immunological ones, may be responsible for the release of such enzymes from monocytes and that such release may be a factor in the production of the chronic inflammation seen in these disorders.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases in monocytes from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. A sensitive technique was used to estimate two acid hydrolases--N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (N.A.G.) and beta-glucuronidase (B.G.)--produced by peripheral-blood monocytes. Enzyme levels were measured after in-vitro incubation of monocytes with or without stimulation by zymosan and endotoxin. Compared with controls, enzyme production and release in inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis were markedly raised. It is suggested that various stimuli, including immunological ones, may be responsible for the release of such enzymes from monocytes and that such release may be a factor in the production of the chronic inflammation seen in these disorders.", "PMID": 77370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6573", "title": "Does pregnancy protect against ovarian cancer?", "content": "A clear inverse relation between average completed family size and mortality from ovarian cancer in different populations of women is seen from one country to another; for successive generations of women living within the same country; in married and single women; and in different social, religious, immigrant, and ethnic groups. The findings suggest that pregnancy--or some component of the child-bearing process--protects directly against ovarian cancer. This protection seems to persist throughout life. The more-than-twofold increase in the age-standardised ovarian-cancer death-rate in England and Wales since 1931 can be explained largely by changes in the average completed family size.", "contents": "Does pregnancy protect against ovarian cancer? A clear inverse relation between average completed family size and mortality from ovarian cancer in different populations of women is seen from one country to another; for successive generations of women living within the same country; in married and single women; and in different social, religious, immigrant, and ethnic groups. The findings suggest that pregnancy--or some component of the child-bearing process--protects directly against ovarian cancer. This protection seems to persist throughout life. The more-than-twofold increase in the age-standardised ovarian-cancer death-rate in England and Wales since 1931 can be explained largely by changes in the average completed family size.", "PMID": 77377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6574", "title": "Cigarette consumption and deaths from coronary heart-disease.", "content": "There is a positive association between cigarette smoking and coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.). In non-fatal myocardial infarction a dose-response relation persists even after the effects of additional variables have been controlled for. The relation between cigarette consumption and deaths from C.H.D. was investigated in a matched-pair case/control study. The overall simple matched-pair risk ratio (R.R.) between current smokers and non-smokers was 1.9 (95% confidence limits 1.5-2.4). For smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 1.2; at a level of 21-40 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 2.3; and for smokers of 41+ cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 4.0. A similar relation was found after adjustment for additional variables. These results suggest that the heaviest smokers could halve their risk of death from C.H.D. by reducing their tobacco consumption to an intermediate level; and that benefit of a similar order would be experienced by smokers of 21-40 cigarettes per day who cut down to less than one pack (20 cigarettes) daily.", "contents": "Cigarette consumption and deaths from coronary heart-disease. There is a positive association between cigarette smoking and coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.). In non-fatal myocardial infarction a dose-response relation persists even after the effects of additional variables have been controlled for. The relation between cigarette consumption and deaths from C.H.D. was investigated in a matched-pair case/control study. The overall simple matched-pair risk ratio (R.R.) between current smokers and non-smokers was 1.9 (95% confidence limits 1.5-2.4). For smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 1.2; at a level of 21-40 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 2.3; and for smokers of 41+ cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 4.0. A similar relation was found after adjustment for additional variables. These results suggest that the heaviest smokers could halve their risk of death from C.H.D. by reducing their tobacco consumption to an intermediate level; and that benefit of a similar order would be experienced by smokers of 21-40 cigarettes per day who cut down to less than one pack (20 cigarettes) daily.", "PMID": 77378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6575", "title": "Comparison of fixed doses of chenodeoxycholic acid for gallstone dissolution.", "content": "96 patients with gallstones have been treated for up to four years with chenodeoxycholic acid in daily doses of 500, 750, or 1000 mg. None of the patients started on 500 mg daily showed complete gallstone dissolution. 8 out of 41 patients on 750 mg daily had complete dissolution of their radiolucent gallbladder stones after six or more months, and a further 4 showed partial dissolution. 5 out of 28 patients on 1000 mg daily had complete dissolution of their radiolucent gallbladder stones after at least six months, and a further 9 showed partial gallstone dissolution. The mean duration of therapy was greater on 750 mg than on 1000 mg/day (1.27 vs. 0.58 years), and when results were analysed after the first six months' therapy the total response-rate was significantly greater for the 1000 mg dose (12 out of 28) than for the 750 mg dose (9 out of 41). The individual response of radiolucent gallabladder stones to therapy could not be predicted from stone size, weight of patient, dosage/kg, orchange in biliary lipids. Treatment of radiolucent gallstones with chenodeoxycholic acid should start at 1000 mg daily.", "contents": "Comparison of fixed doses of chenodeoxycholic acid for gallstone dissolution. 96 patients with gallstones have been treated for up to four years with chenodeoxycholic acid in daily doses of 500, 750, or 1000 mg. None of the patients started on 500 mg daily showed complete gallstone dissolution. 8 out of 41 patients on 750 mg daily had complete dissolution of their radiolucent gallbladder stones after six or more months, and a further 4 showed partial dissolution. 5 out of 28 patients on 1000 mg daily had complete dissolution of their radiolucent gallbladder stones after at least six months, and a further 9 showed partial gallstone dissolution. The mean duration of therapy was greater on 750 mg than on 1000 mg/day (1.27 vs. 0.58 years), and when results were analysed after the first six months' therapy the total response-rate was significantly greater for the 1000 mg dose (12 out of 28) than for the 750 mg dose (9 out of 41). The individual response of radiolucent gallabladder stones to therapy could not be predicted from stone size, weight of patient, dosage/kg, orchange in biliary lipids. Treatment of radiolucent gallstones with chenodeoxycholic acid should start at 1000 mg daily.", "PMID": 77412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6576", "title": "Prophylaxis against postoperative pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis by low-dose heparin.", "content": "The prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin on postoperative fatal and on clinically apparent but non-fatal thromboembolic complications was studied in a double-blind, prospective, randomised study comprising 1296 patients. 16 out of 653 patients in the placebo group had such complications within the treatment period of 1 week, compared with 4 out of 643 in the heparin group. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). 4 cases in the placebo group and 1 in the heparin group were fatal. After prophylactic treatment had been stopped at the end of the first postoperative week, the rate of thromboembolic complications was equal for the 2 groups. Low-dose heparin prophylaxis is thus effective and should be given routinely in patients aged over 40 years; it should also be given for more than 1 week in patients not ambulant by then.", "contents": "Prophylaxis against postoperative pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis by low-dose heparin. The prophylactic effect of low-dose heparin on postoperative fatal and on clinically apparent but non-fatal thromboembolic complications was studied in a double-blind, prospective, randomised study comprising 1296 patients. 16 out of 653 patients in the placebo group had such complications within the treatment period of 1 week, compared with 4 out of 643 in the heparin group. This difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). 4 cases in the placebo group and 1 in the heparin group were fatal. After prophylactic treatment had been stopped at the end of the first postoperative week, the rate of thromboembolic complications was equal for the 2 groups. Low-dose heparin prophylaxis is thus effective and should be given routinely in patients aged over 40 years; it should also be given for more than 1 week in patients not ambulant by then.", "PMID": 77413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6577", "title": "Antibodies to synthetic polyribonucleotides in spouses of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (I.B.D.) and their unaffected spouses bound significantly more synthetic single-stranded (poly.rA) and double-stranded (poly.rA.poly.rU) R.N.A. but not KB cell D.N.A. than did serum from age-matched controls and their spouses. Binding activity resided in Ig fractions and was predominantly of IgM class. A significant corelation was observed between the amount of double-stranded but not single-stranded R.N.A. bound by serum from patients and from their respective spouses. These findings provide indirect support for the presence of R.N.A. viruses in patients with I.B.D. and the transmission of such agents to their close personal contacts.", "contents": "Antibodies to synthetic polyribonucleotides in spouses of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (I.B.D.) and their unaffected spouses bound significantly more synthetic single-stranded (poly.rA) and double-stranded (poly.rA.poly.rU) R.N.A. but not KB cell D.N.A. than did serum from age-matched controls and their spouses. Binding activity resided in Ig fractions and was predominantly of IgM class. A significant corelation was observed between the amount of double-stranded but not single-stranded R.N.A. bound by serum from patients and from their respective spouses. These findings provide indirect support for the presence of R.N.A. viruses in patients with I.B.D. and the transmission of such agents to their close personal contacts.", "PMID": 77414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6578", "title": "Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrhoea but do not produce heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and are non-invasive.", "content": "Three enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E.P.E.C.) strains (O127:K63:H6, O128:K67:H2, and O142:K86:H6) isolated from outbreaks of infantile diarrhoea and one strain from the \"normal\" colonic flora (E. coli HS) of a healthy adult were fed in doses of 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) organisms in NaHCO3 to adult volunteers. The strains, which had been stored for 7--9 years, gave negative results in sensitive tests for heat-labile (L.T.) enterotoxin (Y-1 adrenal-cell test), heat-stable (S.T.) enterotoxin (infant mouse assay), invasiveness (guineapig eye test), and gross fluid accumulation (infant rabbit assay). Two strains (O142 and O127) caused diarrhoea. L.T. or S.T. enterotoxins were not found in E. coli stool isolates from individuals with diarrhoea and no one had a rise in L.T. antitoxin titre; the findings suggest that L.T. and S.T. enterotoxins were not involved in pathogenesis of the diarrhoea. Non-invasive E.P.E.C. strains probably induce diarrhoea by a mechanism (presumably an enterotoxin) distinct from L.T. or S.T. enterotoxins.", "contents": "Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrhoea but do not produce heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and are non-invasive. Three enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E.P.E.C.) strains (O127:K63:H6, O128:K67:H2, and O142:K86:H6) isolated from outbreaks of infantile diarrhoea and one strain from the \"normal\" colonic flora (E. coli HS) of a healthy adult were fed in doses of 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) organisms in NaHCO3 to adult volunteers. The strains, which had been stored for 7--9 years, gave negative results in sensitive tests for heat-labile (L.T.) enterotoxin (Y-1 adrenal-cell test), heat-stable (S.T.) enterotoxin (infant mouse assay), invasiveness (guineapig eye test), and gross fluid accumulation (infant rabbit assay). Two strains (O142 and O127) caused diarrhoea. L.T. or S.T. enterotoxins were not found in E. coli stool isolates from individuals with diarrhoea and no one had a rise in L.T. antitoxin titre; the findings suggest that L.T. and S.T. enterotoxins were not involved in pathogenesis of the diarrhoea. Non-invasive E.P.E.C. strains probably induce diarrhoea by a mechanism (presumably an enterotoxin) distinct from L.T. or S.T. enterotoxins.", "PMID": 77415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6579", "title": "Elevated metabolic rates in obesity.", "content": "The resting metabolic rates (R.M.R.s) of 69 obese patients were measured during a period of weight stability. All except 4 women had a rate, in megajoules per 24 hours, in excess of that for subjects of normal weight. This increased R.M.R. is obscured by the traditional method of expressing R.M.R. per unit surface area. The high R.M.R. in the obese state was related not to the excess fat but to a 36% and 32% increase in the lean body mass of the men and women respectively. The R.M.R.s of 30 patients measured during weight-loss fell. The increase in R.M.R. in obesity is an important mechanism for achieving energy balance, whereas the progressive fall in R.M.R. during slimming demonstrates the need for a permanent reduction in food intake if energy balance is to be maintained on reaching normal weight. Measuring only the R.M.R. in the obese state is unlikely to help in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity.", "contents": "Elevated metabolic rates in obesity. The resting metabolic rates (R.M.R.s) of 69 obese patients were measured during a period of weight stability. All except 4 women had a rate, in megajoules per 24 hours, in excess of that for subjects of normal weight. This increased R.M.R. is obscured by the traditional method of expressing R.M.R. per unit surface area. The high R.M.R. in the obese state was related not to the excess fat but to a 36% and 32% increase in the lean body mass of the men and women respectively. The R.M.R.s of 30 patients measured during weight-loss fell. The increase in R.M.R. in obesity is an important mechanism for achieving energy balance, whereas the progressive fall in R.M.R. during slimming demonstrates the need for a permanent reduction in food intake if energy balance is to be maintained on reaching normal weight. Measuring only the R.M.R. in the obese state is unlikely to help in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity.", "PMID": 77416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6580", "title": "Total support of the circulation of a patient with post-cardiotomy stone-heart syndrome by a partial artificial heart (ALVAD) for 5 days followed by heart and kidney transplantation.", "content": "A patient with acute bacterial endocarditis in whom ischaemic contracture of the left ventricle (stone-heart syndrome) developed during aortic and mitral valve replacement had an emergency implantation of an intracorporeal partial artificial heart (an abdominal left-ventricular assist device of ALVAD). This device functioned as a total artificial heart for nearly 6 days, while a donor heart for transplantation was sought. The ALVAD was then removed, and the patient received allografts of a heart and a kidney. The transplanted heart functioned well, but the patient died 15 days later from gram-negative sepsis. There was no evidence of cardiac or renal allograft rejection.", "contents": "Total support of the circulation of a patient with post-cardiotomy stone-heart syndrome by a partial artificial heart (ALVAD) for 5 days followed by heart and kidney transplantation. A patient with acute bacterial endocarditis in whom ischaemic contracture of the left ventricle (stone-heart syndrome) developed during aortic and mitral valve replacement had an emergency implantation of an intracorporeal partial artificial heart (an abdominal left-ventricular assist device of ALVAD). This device functioned as a total artificial heart for nearly 6 days, while a donor heart for transplantation was sought. The ALVAD was then removed, and the patient received allografts of a heart and a kidney. The transplanted heart functioned well, but the patient died 15 days later from gram-negative sepsis. There was no evidence of cardiac or renal allograft rejection.", "PMID": 77417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6581", "title": "Canine distemper virus and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.), patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.), and controls were examined for virus-neutralising antibodies against measles virus (M.V.) and 2 strains of canine distemper virus (C.D.V.). M.S. and S.S.P.E. patients had higher M.V. antibody titres than controls. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in mean C.D.V.-neutralising antibody titres between M.S. patients and controls. The results, though obtained from a small number of patients, fail to implicate C.D.V. in the aetiology of M.S.", "contents": "Canine distemper virus and multiple sclerosis. Serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (M.S.), patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (S.S.P.E.), and controls were examined for virus-neutralising antibodies against measles virus (M.V.) and 2 strains of canine distemper virus (C.D.V.). M.S. and S.S.P.E. patients had higher M.V. antibody titres than controls. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in mean C.D.V.-neutralising antibody titres between M.S. patients and controls. The results, though obtained from a small number of patients, fail to implicate C.D.V. in the aetiology of M.S.", "PMID": 77418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6582", "title": "Early prenatal diagnosis of neural-tube defects by ultrasound-guided fetoscopy.", "content": "In three fetuses with neural-tube defects (N.T.D.s) the lesions were clearly seen by fetoscopy in the second trimester. In a fourth fetus, in which the diagnosis of N.T.D. was suspected because of raised amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein, spina bifida was excluded by fetoscopic examination and a normal baby was delivered at term. Ultrasound-guided fetoscopy has a place in the diagnosis of N.T.D.s when the results of other investigations are conflicting or inconclusive, and may be useful in assessing the severity of a lesion.", "contents": "Early prenatal diagnosis of neural-tube defects by ultrasound-guided fetoscopy. In three fetuses with neural-tube defects (N.T.D.s) the lesions were clearly seen by fetoscopy in the second trimester. In a fourth fetus, in which the diagnosis of N.T.D. was suspected because of raised amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein, spina bifida was excluded by fetoscopic examination and a normal baby was delivered at term. Ultrasound-guided fetoscopy has a place in the diagnosis of N.T.D.s when the results of other investigations are conflicting or inconclusive, and may be useful in assessing the severity of a lesion.", "PMID": 77419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6583", "title": "Small-intestinal mucosal antibodies against antigens of non-pathogenic luminal or mucosal bacteria in young children with and without diarrhoea.", "content": "Duodenal mucosal antibody against non-pathogenic bacteria, grown either from the luminal juices or the mucosa itself, was demonstrated for the first time in 7 of 8 children with diarrhoea and only 2 of 7 without diarrhoea. Neither group showed significant histological abnormalities on duodenal biopsy. An aetiological relation between the antibody and the persistence of postenteritis diarrhoea is possible.", "contents": "Small-intestinal mucosal antibodies against antigens of non-pathogenic luminal or mucosal bacteria in young children with and without diarrhoea. Duodenal mucosal antibody against non-pathogenic bacteria, grown either from the luminal juices or the mucosa itself, was demonstrated for the first time in 7 of 8 children with diarrhoea and only 2 of 7 without diarrhoea. Neither group showed significant histological abnormalities on duodenal biopsy. An aetiological relation between the antibody and the persistence of postenteritis diarrhoea is possible.", "PMID": 77420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6584", "title": "Altered theophylline pharmacokinetics during acute respiratory viral illness.", "content": "The plasma half-life of theophylline was determined during and 1 month after serologically confirmed upper-respiratory-tract viral illness in six children with chronic asthma. In this group the plasma-theophylline half-life (mean = 419.8 min) was significantly longer during the acute stage of their illness than 1 month later (mean 249.9 min). There was no appreciable change in half-life in 4 patients who were febrile but in whom seroconversion did not occur. These preliminary results suggest that certain upper-respiratory-tract viral infections may affect theophylline metabolism.", "contents": "Altered theophylline pharmacokinetics during acute respiratory viral illness. The plasma half-life of theophylline was determined during and 1 month after serologically confirmed upper-respiratory-tract viral illness in six children with chronic asthma. In this group the plasma-theophylline half-life (mean = 419.8 min) was significantly longer during the acute stage of their illness than 1 month later (mean 249.9 min). There was no appreciable change in half-life in 4 patients who were febrile but in whom seroconversion did not occur. These preliminary results suggest that certain upper-respiratory-tract viral infections may affect theophylline metabolism.", "PMID": 77421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6585", "title": "Clinical outcome of the first ten years of ulcerative colitis and proctitis.", "content": "269 patients with ulcerative colitis and a history of less than 6 months when first seen at St. Mark's Hospital in the decade 1966--75 have been followed for up to 11 years. The outcome has been correlated with the maximum extent of the disease observed within 3 months of presentation. 75 patients required hospital admission, 56 within a year of presentation. Extensive colitis developed in 60 patients. The cumulative probability of the disease being extensive was 21% +/- 3% at 5 years and 29% +/- 4% at 10 years. 25 patients required surgical treatment. The cumulative probability of operation was 8% +/- 2% at 5 years and 15% +/- 4% at 10 years. 19 patients are known to have died. The expected number of deaths was 19.2.", "contents": "Clinical outcome of the first ten years of ulcerative colitis and proctitis. 269 patients with ulcerative colitis and a history of less than 6 months when first seen at St. Mark's Hospital in the decade 1966--75 have been followed for up to 11 years. The outcome has been correlated with the maximum extent of the disease observed within 3 months of presentation. 75 patients required hospital admission, 56 within a year of presentation. Extensive colitis developed in 60 patients. The cumulative probability of the disease being extensive was 21% +/- 3% at 5 years and 29% +/- 4% at 10 years. 25 patients required surgical treatment. The cumulative probability of operation was 8% +/- 2% at 5 years and 15% +/- 4% at 10 years. 19 patients are known to have died. The expected number of deaths was 19.2.", "PMID": 77426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6586", "title": "[The mode of action of bleomycin-cell kinetic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Chemotherapy of malignant ENT tumours with Bleomycin (BLM) alone is not very successful. In the last time however several authors pointed out much better therapeutic results when BLM therapy has been combined with radiation treatment It is farly unknown why this combination should cause a greater therapeutic effect. Therefore we investigated the following questions: 1. In what manner does BLM influence the kinetics of cell proliferation of malignant tissues? 2. Does BLM synchronize the tumour cells or is the greater therapeutic success of a combination of BLM and X rays only depending an an additional effect? 3. Can we find a connection between the effect of BLM and the histology of the tumour? With cell kinetic methods (authoradiography, cytophotometry, mitotic index) and histological technics we examined these problems in 5 human ENT tumours and got the following results: 1. BLM initially causes a partial synchronization of the tumour cells (blockade in the S-phase). During a continuous therapy with BLM however the tumour cells will be collected in the late S- and mainly in the G2-phase. But this peak of cells in G2 is not the expression of synchronization because a lot of these cells are blocked irreversible and will leave the cell cycle (hyperceratotic cells). Ffrom those cells which thereupon have entered the mitotic phase a further part of them will by endomitosis or endoreduplication. Only a small group of the cells originally collected in the G2-phase will devide and enter the G1-phase again. Furthermore we observed a distinct recruitment of G0-cells back into the cell cycle (for details see fig. 9). 2. The greater effect of radiation therapy following the application of BLM is not the result of synchronization but of an additional destruction of premitotic G2-cells which properly would have undergone mitosis. BLM and X rays therefore act additionally. 3. The greater therapeutic success of the combination of BLM and radiation treatment comes true only in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The reason is that BLM destroys the tumour cells by hyperkeratosis and polyploidy. Thus BLM must be ineffective in carcinoma without the ability of keratinizing.", "contents": "[The mode of action of bleomycin-cell kinetic investigations (author's transl)]. Chemotherapy of malignant ENT tumours with Bleomycin (BLM) alone is not very successful. In the last time however several authors pointed out much better therapeutic results when BLM therapy has been combined with radiation treatment It is farly unknown why this combination should cause a greater therapeutic effect. Therefore we investigated the following questions: 1. In what manner does BLM influence the kinetics of cell proliferation of malignant tissues? 2. Does BLM synchronize the tumour cells or is the greater therapeutic success of a combination of BLM and X rays only depending an an additional effect? 3. Can we find a connection between the effect of BLM and the histology of the tumour? With cell kinetic methods (authoradiography, cytophotometry, mitotic index) and histological technics we examined these problems in 5 human ENT tumours and got the following results: 1. BLM initially causes a partial synchronization of the tumour cells (blockade in the S-phase). During a continuous therapy with BLM however the tumour cells will be collected in the late S- and mainly in the G2-phase. But this peak of cells in G2 is not the expression of synchronization because a lot of these cells are blocked irreversible and will leave the cell cycle (hyperceratotic cells). Ffrom those cells which thereupon have entered the mitotic phase a further part of them will by endomitosis or endoreduplication. Only a small group of the cells originally collected in the G2-phase will devide and enter the G1-phase again. Furthermore we observed a distinct recruitment of G0-cells back into the cell cycle (for details see fig. 9). 2. The greater effect of radiation therapy following the application of BLM is not the result of synchronization but of an additional destruction of premitotic G2-cells which properly would have undergone mitosis. BLM and X rays therefore act additionally. 3. The greater therapeutic success of the combination of BLM and radiation treatment comes true only in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The reason is that BLM destroys the tumour cells by hyperkeratosis and polyploidy. Thus BLM must be ineffective in carcinoma without the ability of keratinizing.", "PMID": 77461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6587", "title": "[Distribution studies of 111In labeled bleomycin in the intratumoral and peritumoral treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas in the oto-rhino-larygnological region (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of 111In labeled Bleomycin was studied in 9 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas. The dosis was injected either peritumorally or intramorally. Accumulation of Radiobleomycin in tumor tissue, in blood and in urine was tested. We found a very high accumulation in tumor tissue for a short time within 2 hours, a very rapid excretion of Radiobleomycin in urine and concomitant slowly decrease of 111In Bleomycin in blood was observed.", "contents": "[Distribution studies of 111In labeled bleomycin in the intratumoral and peritumoral treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas in the oto-rhino-larygnological region (author's transl)]. The localization of 111In labeled Bleomycin was studied in 9 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas. The dosis was injected either peritumorally or intramorally. Accumulation of Radiobleomycin in tumor tissue, in blood and in urine was tested. We found a very high accumulation in tumor tissue for a short time within 2 hours, a very rapid excretion of Radiobleomycin in urine and concomitant slowly decrease of 111In Bleomycin in blood was observed.", "PMID": 77462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6588", "title": "57Co-bleomycin imaging study of tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "57Co-Bleomycin (57Co-BLM) was used to visualize malignancies of the head and neck because it does not present the disadvantages of many other radiopharmaceuticals. In a series of 21 patients with 9 control subjects and 12 cases of tumors. 57Co-BLM showed a high and rapid uptake in primary site and metastases of malignant tumors of various histologic types, but not in benign tumors such as angiofibromas. Compared to 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM has many advantages for tumor imaging in the areas of nose, pharynx and larynx: No background activity due to the concentration of 57Co-BLM in normal structures of the head and neck has ever been observed, as opposed to what happens with 67Ga-citrate. Furthermore, the blood clearance of 57Co-BLM is much more rapid than that of 67Ga-citrate, so that an early study may be performed in a 6-24 hr. interval instead of 48-72 hr. with 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM scintigraphy is an easy, non-invasive and sensible diagnostic technique in determining the extent of malignant tumors in ORL patients.", "contents": "57Co-bleomycin imaging study of tumors of the head and neck. 57Co-Bleomycin (57Co-BLM) was used to visualize malignancies of the head and neck because it does not present the disadvantages of many other radiopharmaceuticals. In a series of 21 patients with 9 control subjects and 12 cases of tumors. 57Co-BLM showed a high and rapid uptake in primary site and metastases of malignant tumors of various histologic types, but not in benign tumors such as angiofibromas. Compared to 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM has many advantages for tumor imaging in the areas of nose, pharynx and larynx: No background activity due to the concentration of 57Co-BLM in normal structures of the head and neck has ever been observed, as opposed to what happens with 67Ga-citrate. Furthermore, the blood clearance of 57Co-BLM is much more rapid than that of 67Ga-citrate, so that an early study may be performed in a 6-24 hr. interval instead of 48-72 hr. with 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM scintigraphy is an easy, non-invasive and sensible diagnostic technique in determining the extent of malignant tumors in ORL patients.", "PMID": 77463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6589", "title": "[Transurethral prostatic resection by cold punch technique. Indication and results (author's transl)].", "content": "In men of advancing age benign prostatic hypertrophy is the most frequent cause of obstructive urinary symptoms. Transurethral prostatic resection has been demonstrated as a suitable method to lastingly cure patients with this disease, even if they belong to a high age group or to a so-called high risk group. This report is based on 1490 patients who were operated upon by transurethral prostatic resection utilizing the cold punch technique. The average age was 70.9 years. 5.7% of the patients were 80 years or older. In 38.1% the operative risk was increased. The indication for performing a transurethral prostatic resection is discussed and technical differences between the cold punch technique and the better known electroresection are pointed out. Early and late results as well as complications of the procedure are reported.", "contents": "[Transurethral prostatic resection by cold punch technique. Indication and results (author's transl)]. In men of advancing age benign prostatic hypertrophy is the most frequent cause of obstructive urinary symptoms. Transurethral prostatic resection has been demonstrated as a suitable method to lastingly cure patients with this disease, even if they belong to a high age group or to a so-called high risk group. This report is based on 1490 patients who were operated upon by transurethral prostatic resection utilizing the cold punch technique. The average age was 70.9 years. 5.7% of the patients were 80 years or older. In 38.1% the operative risk was increased. The indication for performing a transurethral prostatic resection is discussed and technical differences between the cold punch technique and the better known electroresection are pointed out. Early and late results as well as complications of the procedure are reported.", "PMID": 77471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6590", "title": "Quantitation of differential sensitivity of human-tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs.", "content": "With a direct in vitro tumor-colony assay developed to measure sensitity of human-tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs, we performed 32 retrospective or prospective clinical studies in nine patients with myeloma and nine with ovarian cancer treated with standard agents that were tested in vitro. The results were clearly correlated (P is less than 0.00001). Unique patterns of sensitivity and resistance to the six drugs tested were observed for individual patients. In eight cases of myeloma and three of obarian carcinoma in vitro sensitivity corresponded with in vivo sensitivity whereas in one case of myeloma it did not. In vitro resistance correlated with clinical resistance in all five comparisons in myeloma and all 15 in ovarian cancer. We conclude that this assay shows sufficient promise to warrant larger-scale testing to determine its efficacy for selection of new agents and individualized cancer chemotherapy regimens.", "contents": "Quantitation of differential sensitivity of human-tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs. With a direct in vitro tumor-colony assay developed to measure sensitity of human-tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs, we performed 32 retrospective or prospective clinical studies in nine patients with myeloma and nine with ovarian cancer treated with standard agents that were tested in vitro. The results were clearly correlated (P is less than 0.00001). Unique patterns of sensitivity and resistance to the six drugs tested were observed for individual patients. In eight cases of myeloma and three of obarian carcinoma in vitro sensitivity corresponded with in vivo sensitivity whereas in one case of myeloma it did not. In vitro resistance correlated with clinical resistance in all five comparisons in myeloma and all 15 in ovarian cancer. We conclude that this assay shows sufficient promise to warrant larger-scale testing to determine its efficacy for selection of new agents and individualized cancer chemotherapy regimens.", "PMID": 77475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6591", "title": "Lung cancer and air pollution.", "content": "The relationship between incidence of lung cancer and the volume of traffic as indicated by auto exhaust concentration was examined; the results, though suggestive, did not yield consistent evidence of the association between them. Traffic jams in Nagoya began 15 years ago, a period that may not be long enough to provide definitive data on the incidence of lung cancer. The high standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of lung cancer was observed in cities with a population of less than 1 million and guns (rural areas) along the coast, although those in the metropolitan areas with populations of more than 1 million were average. The SMR did not correlate with various socioeconomic conditions and industrial air pollution. Meteorologic or geologic conditions and ocean currents were not associated with SMR of lung cancer by city and gun. The population of a gun or of some cities was not large enough to be statistically significant, and the mortality rate of lung cancer was not always stable.", "contents": "Lung cancer and air pollution. The relationship between incidence of lung cancer and the volume of traffic as indicated by auto exhaust concentration was examined; the results, though suggestive, did not yield consistent evidence of the association between them. Traffic jams in Nagoya began 15 years ago, a period that may not be long enough to provide definitive data on the incidence of lung cancer. The high standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of lung cancer was observed in cities with a population of less than 1 million and guns (rural areas) along the coast, although those in the metropolitan areas with populations of more than 1 million were average. The SMR did not correlate with various socioeconomic conditions and industrial air pollution. Meteorologic or geologic conditions and ocean currents were not associated with SMR of lung cancer by city and gun. The population of a gun or of some cities was not large enough to be statistically significant, and the mortality rate of lung cancer was not always stable.", "PMID": 77477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6592", "title": "Development of acquired resistance precipitating antibody in rabbits experimentally infested with females of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae).", "content": "The resistance to the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (parthenogenetic Okayama strain), manifested as a reduction in engorged body weight, developed in rabbits subjected to a series of adult female infestations. A single infestation with females always produced resistance in hosts. This production appeared to depend little on the number of ticks per infestation. Unlike the previous papers, this study revealed that there was no reduction in the mean recovery rate of engorged females when ticks fed on a rabbit repeatedly infested with the ticks. A series of infestations were carried out comparatively to investigate the major biological characters of ticks, such as feeding, oviposition, and hatchability of eggs. As a result, there were no marked differences in these characters among the infestations. Especially, no differences were noticed in the concentration of ingested blood meal in detached females among the infestations. Precipitating antibodies were found in the sera of rabbits resistant to the tick-bite. They were subjected to fractionation by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and tested for sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol. As a result, they were proved to be of immunoglobulin of 7 S class.", "contents": "Development of acquired resistance precipitating antibody in rabbits experimentally infested with females of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). The resistance to the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (parthenogenetic Okayama strain), manifested as a reduction in engorged body weight, developed in rabbits subjected to a series of adult female infestations. A single infestation with females always produced resistance in hosts. This production appeared to depend little on the number of ticks per infestation. Unlike the previous papers, this study revealed that there was no reduction in the mean recovery rate of engorged females when ticks fed on a rabbit repeatedly infested with the ticks. A series of infestations were carried out comparatively to investigate the major biological characters of ticks, such as feeding, oviposition, and hatchability of eggs. As a result, there were no marked differences in these characters among the infestations. Especially, no differences were noticed in the concentration of ingested blood meal in detached females among the infestations. Precipitating antibodies were found in the sera of rabbits resistant to the tick-bite. They were subjected to fractionation by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and tested for sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol. As a result, they were proved to be of immunoglobulin of 7 S class.", "PMID": 77478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6593", "title": "Ethanol-induced alterations in histamine content and release in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "In the rat hypothalamus, histamine content and histidine decarboxylas: activity are enhanced significantly after acute administration (80--160 mg/100g body weight) of ethanol. The effects are less pronounced after chronic treatment (15% v/v in drinking water for 4 weeks). Histamine methyltransferase is unaffected in either case. In hypothalamic slices preloaded with 3H-histamine and superfused with amine free solution the basal and K+-induced efflux of 3H-histamine are inhibited by alcohol. The inhibition of histamine release along with the increased levels of histamine may play an important role in the central effects of alcohol.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced alterations in histamine content and release in the rat hypothalamus. In the rat hypothalamus, histamine content and histidine decarboxylas: activity are enhanced significantly after acute administration (80--160 mg/100g body weight) of ethanol. The effects are less pronounced after chronic treatment (15% v/v in drinking water for 4 weeks). Histamine methyltransferase is unaffected in either case. In hypothalamic slices preloaded with 3H-histamine and superfused with amine free solution the basal and K+-induced efflux of 3H-histamine are inhibited by alcohol. The inhibition of histamine release along with the increased levels of histamine may play an important role in the central effects of alcohol.", "PMID": 77479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6594", "title": "Effects of microfilament-active drugs, phalloidin and the cytochalasins A and B, on exocytosis in mast cells evoked by 48/80 or A23187.", "content": "Rat peritoneal mast cells were used as a model system to study the effect, on exocytosis, of three agents known to interact with microfilaments. Mast cell secretion was evaluated by fluorimetric assay of histamine and by ruthenium red staining, the latter method allowing a direct visualization and quantitation of exocytosis at the light microscopic level. Phalloidin, in concentrations up to 300 microgram/ml, was without effect on either spontaneous or 48/80-evoked secretion, even after cells were exposed to the drug for 28 h. The failure of even high doses of phalloidin to influence cellular morphology and exocytosis in the mast cell may reflect the absence of a specific membrane receptor. Cytochalasin B was likewise without effect on the response to 48/80 in normally respiring cells; but inhibited this response in the presence of Antimycin A. This inhibitory effect probably reflects the ability of cytochalasin B to block glucose transport. In normally respiring cells, neither phalloidin nor cytochalasin B affected the active expulsion of granules from exocytotic pits. Cytochalasin A, without concomitant treatment with Antimycin A, completely inhibited secretion in response to both 48/80 and A23187, and did so in low concentration. Whether this striking inhibitory effect results from an interaction with microfilaments is uncertain for the inhibition could be mimicked by nonpenetrating thiol-oxidizing agents and prevented by impermeant thiol-protecting agents suggesting that cytochalasin A may inhibit histamine release by thiol-oxidation at the cell surface. Possible surface sulfhydryls are important for membrane rearrangements accompanying exocytosis.", "contents": "Effects of microfilament-active drugs, phalloidin and the cytochalasins A and B, on exocytosis in mast cells evoked by 48/80 or A23187. Rat peritoneal mast cells were used as a model system to study the effect, on exocytosis, of three agents known to interact with microfilaments. Mast cell secretion was evaluated by fluorimetric assay of histamine and by ruthenium red staining, the latter method allowing a direct visualization and quantitation of exocytosis at the light microscopic level. Phalloidin, in concentrations up to 300 microgram/ml, was without effect on either spontaneous or 48/80-evoked secretion, even after cells were exposed to the drug for 28 h. The failure of even high doses of phalloidin to influence cellular morphology and exocytosis in the mast cell may reflect the absence of a specific membrane receptor. Cytochalasin B was likewise without effect on the response to 48/80 in normally respiring cells; but inhibited this response in the presence of Antimycin A. This inhibitory effect probably reflects the ability of cytochalasin B to block glucose transport. In normally respiring cells, neither phalloidin nor cytochalasin B affected the active expulsion of granules from exocytotic pits. Cytochalasin A, without concomitant treatment with Antimycin A, completely inhibited secretion in response to both 48/80 and A23187, and did so in low concentration. Whether this striking inhibitory effect results from an interaction with microfilaments is uncertain for the inhibition could be mimicked by nonpenetrating thiol-oxidizing agents and prevented by impermeant thiol-protecting agents suggesting that cytochalasin A may inhibit histamine release by thiol-oxidation at the cell surface. Possible surface sulfhydryls are important for membrane rearrangements accompanying exocytosis.", "PMID": 77480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6595", "title": "Studies on the release of histamine from isolated guinea pig mast cells stimulated by ionophore A23187 or by the anaphylactic reaction.", "content": "The divalent cation ionophore A23187 was found to produce a dose-dependent release of histamine from isolated mesenteric mast cells of the guinea pig. The process showed a specific requirement for calcium ions and was blocked by inhibitors of glycolysis. The effect of cAMP, theophylline, sympathomimetic amines and DSCG on the histamine release induced by the ionophore or by the antigen-antibody reaction was compared. In both cases, the release was inhibited by Bu2cAMP and by theophylline but higher concentrations were required with the ionophore. Adrenaline, isoprenaline and DSCG were effective only in the anaphylactic system. These results are compared with those previously reported for human leucocytes and rat peritoneal mast cells in which the release produced by the ionophore was found not to be inhibited by cAMP and its analogues. On the basis of these findings, the possible role of cAMP in the modulation of histamine release is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the release of histamine from isolated guinea pig mast cells stimulated by ionophore A23187 or by the anaphylactic reaction. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 was found to produce a dose-dependent release of histamine from isolated mesenteric mast cells of the guinea pig. The process showed a specific requirement for calcium ions and was blocked by inhibitors of glycolysis. The effect of cAMP, theophylline, sympathomimetic amines and DSCG on the histamine release induced by the ionophore or by the antigen-antibody reaction was compared. In both cases, the release was inhibited by Bu2cAMP and by theophylline but higher concentrations were required with the ionophore. Adrenaline, isoprenaline and DSCG were effective only in the anaphylactic system. These results are compared with those previously reported for human leucocytes and rat peritoneal mast cells in which the release produced by the ionophore was found not to be inhibited by cAMP and its analogues. On the basis of these findings, the possible role of cAMP in the modulation of histamine release is discussed.", "PMID": 77481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6596", "title": "[Study of the neurons of the supraspinal systems of the cat brain using the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of 18 cats. In all the cases HRP was transported retrogradely to the brain stem neurons in the medial reticular formation, vestibular complex and the red nucleus. The present findings demonstrate that, in addition to the above mentioned groups, there exist several other groups of neurons. Many labelled neurons are present in the locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus, ipsilaterally. These neurons seem to be located in the same position as the monoaminergic (catecholamine-containing) neurons. Labelled HPR-positive neurons are present in the retroambiguous nucleus and in the upper pontine tegmentum adjoining the rubrospinal tract, mainly contralaterally, in the bulbar raphe, the mesencephalic central gray and the hypothalamus, mainly ipsilaterally. The occurrence of retrograde-labelled neurons in the locus coeruleus and the dorsal hypothalamus after HRP injections as far caudally as the lumbar segments, indicates that these cell groups give rise to descending fibres which pass almost the entire length of the spinal cord.", "contents": "[Study of the neurons of the supraspinal systems of the cat brain using the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase]. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of 18 cats. In all the cases HRP was transported retrogradely to the brain stem neurons in the medial reticular formation, vestibular complex and the red nucleus. The present findings demonstrate that, in addition to the above mentioned groups, there exist several other groups of neurons. Many labelled neurons are present in the locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus, ipsilaterally. These neurons seem to be located in the same position as the monoaminergic (catecholamine-containing) neurons. Labelled HPR-positive neurons are present in the retroambiguous nucleus and in the upper pontine tegmentum adjoining the rubrospinal tract, mainly contralaterally, in the bulbar raphe, the mesencephalic central gray and the hypothalamus, mainly ipsilaterally. The occurrence of retrograde-labelled neurons in the locus coeruleus and the dorsal hypothalamus after HRP injections as far caudally as the lumbar segments, indicates that these cell groups give rise to descending fibres which pass almost the entire length of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 77483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6597", "title": "[Study of the pathways of the cat spinal cord using the method of experimental retrograde axon transport of horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "Funicular trajectories of descending brain stem pathways in the cat were identified by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HPR) transport. In sixteen cats TH1 HRP injections preceded by a large C6-C7 lesion sparing the ventral or ventrolateral funiculi and by such a lesion sparing the dorsolateral funiculus were made. It was found that the descending fibres from the nucleus locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus are distributed ipsilaterally through the ventrolateral funiculus. The fibres from the hypothalamus which descend throughout the spinal cord are located mainly in the lateral funiculus, but some of them also descend through the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi. A diagram summarizing the distribution of the descending fibres from the various brain stem cell groups over the different C6-C7 funiculi is presented.", "contents": "[Study of the pathways of the cat spinal cord using the method of experimental retrograde axon transport of horseradish peroxidase]. Funicular trajectories of descending brain stem pathways in the cat were identified by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HPR) transport. In sixteen cats TH1 HRP injections preceded by a large C6-C7 lesion sparing the ventral or ventrolateral funiculi and by such a lesion sparing the dorsolateral funiculus were made. It was found that the descending fibres from the nucleus locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus are distributed ipsilaterally through the ventrolateral funiculus. The fibres from the hypothalamus which descend throughout the spinal cord are located mainly in the lateral funiculus, but some of them also descend through the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi. A diagram summarizing the distribution of the descending fibres from the various brain stem cell groups over the different C6-C7 funiculi is presented.", "PMID": 77484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6598", "title": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in the assessment of renal function.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare the serum beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) as a test of renal function with the plasm creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate as estimated by the 24 hour endogenous creatinine clearance and the single injection 51Cr EDTA clearance method. Of the 33 patients with a variety of renal diseases and the four healthy volunteers studied, an excellent correlation was found between the serum beta2-m concentration (measured by radioimmunoassay) and the plasma creatinine, the creatinine clearance and the 51Cr EDTA clearance. When a more simple and less expensive method becomes available for the measurement of serum beta2-m it could prove a useful test of renal function. The assay of beta2-m in the urine could prove valuable for assessing whether proteinuria is glomerular or tubular in origin.", "contents": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in the assessment of renal function. This study was undertaken to compare the serum beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) as a test of renal function with the plasm creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate as estimated by the 24 hour endogenous creatinine clearance and the single injection 51Cr EDTA clearance method. Of the 33 patients with a variety of renal diseases and the four healthy volunteers studied, an excellent correlation was found between the serum beta2-m concentration (measured by radioimmunoassay) and the plasma creatinine, the creatinine clearance and the 51Cr EDTA clearance. When a more simple and less expensive method becomes available for the measurement of serum beta2-m it could prove a useful test of renal function. The assay of beta2-m in the urine could prove valuable for assessing whether proteinuria is glomerular or tubular in origin.", "PMID": 77514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6599", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein content of amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "Elevation above the normal range of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration in amniotic fluid occurs in the presence of certain fetal anomalies. The value of a new method for radioimmunoassay of APF in amniotic fluid was tested by an analysis of 486 samples taken by amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy. The normal range of concentrations during pregnancy was established by 348 samples from healthy women with normal pregnancies. This was compared with the levels found in the presence of various fetal malformations--Rh-isoimmunization, maternal diabetes, chromosomal anomalies, and fetal death in utero. The findings and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein content of amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Elevation above the normal range of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration in amniotic fluid occurs in the presence of certain fetal anomalies. The value of a new method for radioimmunoassay of APF in amniotic fluid was tested by an analysis of 486 samples taken by amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy. The normal range of concentrations during pregnancy was established by 348 samples from healthy women with normal pregnancies. This was compared with the levels found in the presence of various fetal malformations--Rh-isoimmunization, maternal diabetes, chromosomal anomalies, and fetal death in utero. The findings and their implications are discussed.", "PMID": 77515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6600", "title": "Reverse transcription of tRNA.", "content": "The 3' terminus of tRNA was enzymatically elongated by an oligo(A) tail. A fragment of DNA polymerase I (E. coli) was used in the presence of manganese to phase and synthesize a cleavable primer at the oligo(A)-tRNA template. When the threedimensional structure of oligo(A)-tRNA is being unfolded under conditions where the primer is still hybridized at the oligo(A) tail, the DNA polymerase I fragment transcribes oligo(A)-tRNA into DNA. Reverse transcription is slowed down and its fidelity suspended by the 1-methyladenine in oligo(A)-tRNAPhe(yeast). The reaction is stopped by the highly modified Y-base present in this template. Approximately full length transcripts can be obtained from oligo(A)-tRNA3Gly(E.coli). The transcription products were characterized by sequence analysis.", "contents": "Reverse transcription of tRNA. The 3' terminus of tRNA was enzymatically elongated by an oligo(A) tail. A fragment of DNA polymerase I (E. coli) was used in the presence of manganese to phase and synthesize a cleavable primer at the oligo(A)-tRNA template. When the threedimensional structure of oligo(A)-tRNA is being unfolded under conditions where the primer is still hybridized at the oligo(A) tail, the DNA polymerase I fragment transcribes oligo(A)-tRNA into DNA. Reverse transcription is slowed down and its fidelity suspended by the 1-methyladenine in oligo(A)-tRNAPhe(yeast). The reaction is stopped by the highly modified Y-base present in this template. Approximately full length transcripts can be obtained from oligo(A)-tRNA3Gly(E.coli). The transcription products were characterized by sequence analysis.", "PMID": 77522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6601", "title": "Species-dependent immunological differences between vertebrate brain tubulins.", "content": "The antigenic similarities and differences between highly purified brain tubulins from lamb, mouse, and chick embryo have been examined using rabbit antisera prepared against each of these tubulins. These antisera are capable of binding 125I-labeled tubulin in homologous or heterologous combinations, demonstrating immunological similarity between the tubulins. However, there are quantitative differences in the maximum amount of binding observed. Differences between the tubulins were further resolved by radioimmunoassays, comparing the ability of each of the tubulins to inhibit the binding of each 125I-labeled tubulin to each antiserum. Competition curves generated for all possible combinations revealed quantitative immunological differences between the tubulins that imply different densities of shared antigenic determinants on all three tubulins and a unique determinant on the chick tubulin molecule.", "contents": "Species-dependent immunological differences between vertebrate brain tubulins. The antigenic similarities and differences between highly purified brain tubulins from lamb, mouse, and chick embryo have been examined using rabbit antisera prepared against each of these tubulins. These antisera are capable of binding 125I-labeled tubulin in homologous or heterologous combinations, demonstrating immunological similarity between the tubulins. However, there are quantitative differences in the maximum amount of binding observed. Differences between the tubulins were further resolved by radioimmunoassays, comparing the ability of each of the tubulins to inhibit the binding of each 125I-labeled tubulin to each antiserum. Competition curves generated for all possible combinations revealed quantitative immunological differences between the tubulins that imply different densities of shared antigenic determinants on all three tubulins and a unique determinant on the chick tubulin molecule.", "PMID": 77531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6602", "title": "[Attitude of mothers towards physical punishment as a counseling problem in small children with developmental disorders].", "content": "Using the questionnaire that has been specifically developed to obtain data on parental educational behavior, 294 mothers of 2-year-old children were studied and their attitudes towards corporal punishment correlated with characteristics and symptoms of children as well as with psychosocial factors. Low level of education and lack of domestic happiness proved to be essential conditions for acceptance of corporal punishment. Children with developmental disorders are especially endangered only because of their particular liability to disorders, but on account of the fact that they do not receive the same amount of clemency as do children who are liable to infections. Problems of maleducation should receive greater attention in the elimination of environmental dangers to healthy development of children as well as in counseling.", "contents": "[Attitude of mothers towards physical punishment as a counseling problem in small children with developmental disorders]. Using the questionnaire that has been specifically developed to obtain data on parental educational behavior, 294 mothers of 2-year-old children were studied and their attitudes towards corporal punishment correlated with characteristics and symptoms of children as well as with psychosocial factors. Low level of education and lack of domestic happiness proved to be essential conditions for acceptance of corporal punishment. Children with developmental disorders are especially endangered only because of their particular liability to disorders, but on account of the fact that they do not receive the same amount of clemency as do children who are liable to infections. Problems of maleducation should receive greater attention in the elimination of environmental dangers to healthy development of children as well as in counseling.", "PMID": 77536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6603", "title": "[Comparative study of the plasma levels of alpha-1 fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in chronic liver diseases and malignant neoplasias (author's transl)].", "content": "We have measured the plasma levels of alpha-1 fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinembryonic antigen (CEA) by RIA in 98 chronic liver diseases (20 chronic aggressive hepatitis and 75 cirrhosis), in 46 subjects with several varieties of malignant neoplasias and in 30 normal controls.  In cirrhosis levels higher than the media +/- 2 DS of controls were found in 25.3% for AFP (Max. value 250 ng/ml) and in 36.0% for CEA (Max. value 150 ng/ml). Only in 6 cases of cirrhosis we found high levels of AFP and CEA contemporaneously. High levels of AFP were found in 10/13 primary liver cancers and only in 1 patient with colonic carcinomata. High levels of CEA were found in 4/13 primary liver cancers (1 AFP positive too), 3/4 metastatic liver cancers, 7/17 colonic primary cancers, 3/6 bronchogenic carcinoma, and 3/6 other malignancies.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the plasma levels of alpha-1 fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in chronic liver diseases and malignant neoplasias (author's transl)]. We have measured the plasma levels of alpha-1 fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinembryonic antigen (CEA) by RIA in 98 chronic liver diseases (20 chronic aggressive hepatitis and 75 cirrhosis), in 46 subjects with several varieties of malignant neoplasias and in 30 normal controls.  In cirrhosis levels higher than the media +/- 2 DS of controls were found in 25.3% for AFP (Max. value 250 ng/ml) and in 36.0% for CEA (Max. value 150 ng/ml). Only in 6 cases of cirrhosis we found high levels of AFP and CEA contemporaneously. High levels of AFP were found in 10/13 primary liver cancers and only in 1 patient with colonic carcinomata. High levels of CEA were found in 4/13 primary liver cancers (1 AFP positive too), 3/4 metastatic liver cancers, 7/17 colonic primary cancers, 3/6 bronchogenic carcinoma, and 3/6 other malignancies.", "PMID": 77537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6604", "title": "The immune responses to antigenic variants of Babesia bigemina in the bovine.", "content": "Four Babesia bigemina stabilates were used to determine the immune response of cattle to acute and chronic blood- and tick-borne infections. Thirty-two intact calves were divided into 16 groups of two  and each calf was inoculated with infective B bigemina erythrocytic stabilates. Twenty-eight days later they were challanged with homologous and heterologous stabilates, and monitored for an additional 20 days. The hosts' apparently reduced response to homologous challenge but marked immune response to heterologous challenge indicated antigenic differences between the isolates and confirmed the conclusions reached by examination of the serological data.", "contents": "The immune responses to antigenic variants of Babesia bigemina in the bovine. Four Babesia bigemina stabilates were used to determine the immune response of cattle to acute and chronic blood- and tick-borne infections. Thirty-two intact calves were divided into 16 groups of two  and each calf was inoculated with infective B bigemina erythrocytic stabilates. Twenty-eight days later they were challanged with homologous and heterologous stabilates, and monitored for an additional 20 days. The hosts' apparently reduced response to homologous challenge but marked immune response to heterologous challenge indicated antigenic differences between the isolates and confirmed the conclusions reached by examination of the serological data.", "PMID": 77539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6605", "title": "[Structural characteristics of the blood group N determinant, tested with anti-N lectin from Vicia graminea].", "content": "Crude extracts of Vicia graminea seeds agglutinate human N erythrocytes as anti-N immunsera. The anti-N lectin is purified after precipitations with ammonium sulphate of crude extracts, DE52 Whatman chromatography and sephadex G150 gel filtration. Its homogeneity is demonstrated by physical and immunological methods. The structure determinant for the Vicia graminea anti-N activity was investigated: --with the major glycoprotein of N erythrocytes. --with glycoconjugates isolated from urine of normal human N-blood group as urinary glycoconjugates are probably related to the membrane glycoprotein catabolism. Purification and characterization of glycoconjugates are undertaken by gel filtration and non-exchange chromatography. This purification is checked by hemagglutination-inhibition test with V. graminea lectin. Biochemical characterization of active glycoconjugates gives way to the carbohydrate determinant recognized by anti-N antisera and Vicia graminea lectin.", "contents": "[Structural characteristics of the blood group N determinant, tested with anti-N lectin from Vicia graminea]. Crude extracts of Vicia graminea seeds agglutinate human N erythrocytes as anti-N immunsera. The anti-N lectin is purified after precipitations with ammonium sulphate of crude extracts, DE52 Whatman chromatography and sephadex G150 gel filtration. Its homogeneity is demonstrated by physical and immunological methods. The structure determinant for the Vicia graminea anti-N activity was investigated: --with the major glycoprotein of N erythrocytes. --with glycoconjugates isolated from urine of normal human N-blood group as urinary glycoconjugates are probably related to the membrane glycoprotein catabolism. Purification and characterization of glycoconjugates are undertaken by gel filtration and non-exchange chromatography. This purification is checked by hemagglutination-inhibition test with V. graminea lectin. Biochemical characterization of active glycoconjugates gives way to the carbohydrate determinant recognized by anti-N antisera and Vicia graminea lectin.", "PMID": 77540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6606", "title": "[Study of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in workers exposed to byssinogenic dusts].", "content": "The level of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was determined by radial immunodiffusion in 27 workmen in the flax processing industry, exposed to the risk of byssinosis and 33 retired workmen with a diagnosis of byssinosis. The control lot included 26 blood donors. A significant increase in IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin levels was noted in the active workmen; the increase was not significant in the retired workmen. The high IgM levels was brought about by the immunological processes taking place under the influence of the antigenic components of the dust inhaled; the increase in antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was considered as an acute protein reaction to the presence of inflammatory proteases.", "contents": "[Study of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in workers exposed to byssinogenic dusts]. The level of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was determined by radial immunodiffusion in 27 workmen in the flax processing industry, exposed to the risk of byssinosis and 33 retired workmen with a diagnosis of byssinosis. The control lot included 26 blood donors. A significant increase in IgM, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin levels was noted in the active workmen; the increase was not significant in the retired workmen. The high IgM levels was brought about by the immunological processes taking place under the influence of the antigenic components of the dust inhaled; the increase in antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was considered as an acute protein reaction to the presence of inflammatory proteases.", "PMID": 77544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6607", "title": "[Radiotherapy of brain metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "Brain metastases of malignant extracranial tumors are usually multiple. Very often they require an effective palliative treatment. Radiotherapy of the entire cranium produces improvement of the neurological and psychic symptoms in 80-90% of the patients. The survival time cannot be extended by this treatment. There is no optimum radiation scheme. Indications for the surgical removal of brain metastases are tabulated.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of brain metastases (author's transl)]. Brain metastases of malignant extracranial tumors are usually multiple. Very often they require an effective palliative treatment. Radiotherapy of the entire cranium produces improvement of the neurological and psychic symptoms in 80-90% of the patients. The survival time cannot be extended by this treatment. There is no optimum radiation scheme. Indications for the surgical removal of brain metastases are tabulated.", "PMID": 77548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6608", "title": "Mycobacterium leprae specific antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for demonstration of antibodies against M. leprae specific antigenic determinants. The specificity of the assay was tested with hyperimmune rabbit antisera against other mycobacteria and shown to be very high. The titre of M. leprae specific antibodies in a  lepromatous serum pool was 10(5). Sixty-one of sixty-two lepromatous sera, all of twelve borderline sera and twenty of forty-eight tuberculoid sera were positive in the assay, whereas all of thirty-eight control sera from tuberculin positive individuals from a leprosy non-endemic area were negative. Aplication as a diagnostic test for subclinical infection with M. leprae is discussed. The principle of the test appears promising for serological distinction between pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria.", "contents": "Mycobacterium leprae specific antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay was developed for demonstration of antibodies against M. leprae specific antigenic determinants. The specificity of the assay was tested with hyperimmune rabbit antisera against other mycobacteria and shown to be very high. The titre of M. leprae specific antibodies in a  lepromatous serum pool was 10(5). Sixty-one of sixty-two lepromatous sera, all of twelve borderline sera and twenty of forty-eight tuberculoid sera were positive in the assay, whereas all of thirty-eight control sera from tuberculin positive individuals from a leprosy non-endemic area were negative. Aplication as a diagnostic test for subclinical infection with M. leprae is discussed. The principle of the test appears promising for serological distinction between pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria.", "PMID": 77549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6609", "title": "Reactivity of a rabbit antiserum against highly purified HLA-DR antigens.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum has been raised against highly purified, detergent-solubilized HLA-DR antigens. Externally or internally labelled surface glycoproteins from B-lymphocytes, epidermis, macrophages, and B-lymphoma cell lines reacted with the antiserum which precipitated polypeptide chains with the molecular weights 28,000 and 34,000. Such polypeptide chains were not observed when the antiserum was reacted with T-lymphocytes, T-cell lymphoma lines, kidney, brain, thymus and spermatozoa. Fab-fragments of the antiserum completely abolished the cytotoxic action of HLA-DR allantisera but had no effect on the cytotoxicity mediated by HLA-A,B and C loci antisera. Moreover, the rabbit antiserum reacted with the same molecules as the HLA-DR alloantisera. Fab-fragments of the rabbit antiserum completely abolished the MLR response and from the kinetics of the inhibition it is concluded that the Fab-fragments may interfere primarily with the initial recognition phase of the MLR.", "contents": "Reactivity of a rabbit antiserum against highly purified HLA-DR antigens. A rabbit antiserum has been raised against highly purified, detergent-solubilized HLA-DR antigens. Externally or internally labelled surface glycoproteins from B-lymphocytes, epidermis, macrophages, and B-lymphoma cell lines reacted with the antiserum which precipitated polypeptide chains with the molecular weights 28,000 and 34,000. Such polypeptide chains were not observed when the antiserum was reacted with T-lymphocytes, T-cell lymphoma lines, kidney, brain, thymus and spermatozoa. Fab-fragments of the antiserum completely abolished the cytotoxic action of HLA-DR allantisera but had no effect on the cytotoxicity mediated by HLA-A,B and C loci antisera. Moreover, the rabbit antiserum reacted with the same molecules as the HLA-DR alloantisera. Fab-fragments of the rabbit antiserum completely abolished the MLR response and from the kinetics of the inhibition it is concluded that the Fab-fragments may interfere primarily with the initial recognition phase of the MLR.", "PMID": 77551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6610", "title": "Natural and immune antibodies to rabbit erythrocyte antigens.", "content": "Natural agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes were found in all human sera studied. In the newborn, the antibodies were of IgG class; in the 6-month-old infants they were mainly of IgM class. Older children and adults had both IgG and IgM antibodies. Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes were also found in serum from fourteen of fifteen other species studied. The trichloroacetic acid extract from rabbit erythrocyte stromata (TCA-preparation) contains at least three different antigenic determinants: one which we hitherto to have found only on rabbit erythrocytes, one which is closely related to human blood group B antigen, and one which is closely related to the I antigen. The TCA-preparation did not elicit delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in humans in spite of high titred agglutinins in serum, but did so in immunized guinea-pigs.", "contents": "Natural and immune antibodies to rabbit erythrocyte antigens. Natural agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes were found in all human sera studied. In the newborn, the antibodies were of IgG class; in the 6-month-old infants they were mainly of IgM class. Older children and adults had both IgG and IgM antibodies. Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes were also found in serum from fourteen of fifteen other species studied. The trichloroacetic acid extract from rabbit erythrocyte stromata (TCA-preparation) contains at least three different antigenic determinants: one which we hitherto to have found only on rabbit erythrocytes, one which is closely related to human blood group B antigen, and one which is closely related to the I antigen. The TCA-preparation did not elicit delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in humans in spite of high titred agglutinins in serum, but did so in immunized guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 77552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6611", "title": "Reactions and crossreactions of a rabbit anti-H2 antigen serum.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum raised against highly purified, papain-solubilized H-2d antigens contained two sets of non-crossreacting antibodies directed against each one of the two H-2 antigen subunits. The antiserum recognized only 12,000 and 47,000 dalton polypeptide chains when splenocyte membrane glycoproteins were analysed. Among the molecules precipitated with the rabbit antiserum all H-2K and D antigens were present. In addition to regular H-2K and D antigens minor amounts of material with the typical H-2 antigen subnit structure, but lacking alloantigenic determinants, were precipitated by the antiserum. These 'non-H-2 antigens' were produced in relatively greater amounts by T-cells than by B-cells. Both sets of antibodies in the rabbit antiserum reacted with the TL antigens demonstrating that there is an immunological crossreactivity between the classical alloantigenic H-2 antigen chain and the alloantigenic TL antigen chain. The F9 cell line, believed to represent cells at the morula stage, display H-2 antigen-like structures as revealed by the rabbit antiserum.", "contents": "Reactions and crossreactions of a rabbit anti-H2 antigen serum. A rabbit antiserum raised against highly purified, papain-solubilized H-2d antigens contained two sets of non-crossreacting antibodies directed against each one of the two H-2 antigen subunits. The antiserum recognized only 12,000 and 47,000 dalton polypeptide chains when splenocyte membrane glycoproteins were analysed. Among the molecules precipitated with the rabbit antiserum all H-2K and D antigens were present. In addition to regular H-2K and D antigens minor amounts of material with the typical H-2 antigen subnit structure, but lacking alloantigenic determinants, were precipitated by the antiserum. These 'non-H-2 antigens' were produced in relatively greater amounts by T-cells than by B-cells. Both sets of antibodies in the rabbit antiserum reacted with the TL antigens demonstrating that there is an immunological crossreactivity between the classical alloantigenic H-2 antigen chain and the alloantigenic TL antigen chain. The F9 cell line, believed to represent cells at the morula stage, display H-2 antigen-like structures as revealed by the rabbit antiserum.", "PMID": 77553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6612", "title": "Specificity of Fc-receptors on lymphocytes and monocytes for guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2: phagocytosis of erythrocytes.", "content": "The capacity of guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to induce lymphocyte (K-cell) mediated lysis or monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis of erythrocytes was studied with both human and guinea-pig effector cells. For both species, induction of K-cell mediated lysis was restricted to IgG2 whereas both IgG1 and IgG2 could induce monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis. In competitive inhibition experiments, only complexed IgG2 inhibited lysis mediated by K-cells. The results suggest that the fc-receptors on K-cells only recognize IgG2. In contrast, complexes of both subclasses inhibited phagocytosis by human monocytes, regardless of the subclass of the inducing antibodies. Inhibition of guinea-pig macrophage mediated phagocytosis by IgG2 complexes was also independent of the inducing antibody. Hence, Fc-receptors common for IgG1 and IgG2 seem to be involved in themonocyte/macrophage mediated effector reaction. Free IgG1 was significantly less ingibitory than free IgG2 for human monocytes and hardly at all for guinea-pig macrophages. However, free IgG2, which was cytophilic for these cells, was more aggregated than IgG1. Thus, both molecular structure and state of aggregation determine interaction of IgG with cellular Fc-receptors.", "contents": "Specificity of Fc-receptors on lymphocytes and monocytes for guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2: phagocytosis of erythrocytes. The capacity of guinea-pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to induce lymphocyte (K-cell) mediated lysis or monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis of erythrocytes was studied with both human and guinea-pig effector cells. For both species, induction of K-cell mediated lysis was restricted to IgG2 whereas both IgG1 and IgG2 could induce monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis. In competitive inhibition experiments, only complexed IgG2 inhibited lysis mediated by K-cells. The results suggest that the fc-receptors on K-cells only recognize IgG2. In contrast, complexes of both subclasses inhibited phagocytosis by human monocytes, regardless of the subclass of the inducing antibodies. Inhibition of guinea-pig macrophage mediated phagocytosis by IgG2 complexes was also independent of the inducing antibody. Hence, Fc-receptors common for IgG1 and IgG2 seem to be involved in themonocyte/macrophage mediated effector reaction. Free IgG1 was significantly less ingibitory than free IgG2 for human monocytes and hardly at all for guinea-pig macrophages. However, free IgG2, which was cytophilic for these cells, was more aggregated than IgG1. Thus, both molecular structure and state of aggregation determine interaction of IgG with cellular Fc-receptors.", "PMID": 77554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6613", "title": "[Atypical mycobacterial infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum].", "content": "The case is presented of a 48-year-old woman who, in association with repeated septic temperatures, developed abscesses in the region of the right shoulder and in the right ankly. Histological examination from excisates revealed caseous tuberculoid granulomas. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from the pus of both abscesses. Although the Mycobacterium fortuitum was resistant to nine commonly used tuberculostatics, it was found to be sensitive to ethionamide and capreomycine. The use of these two drugs in combination with local measures proved successful.", "contents": "[Atypical mycobacterial infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum]. The case is presented of a 48-year-old woman who, in association with repeated septic temperatures, developed abscesses in the region of the right shoulder and in the right ankly. Histological examination from excisates revealed caseous tuberculoid granulomas. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from the pus of both abscesses. Although the Mycobacterium fortuitum was resistant to nine commonly used tuberculostatics, it was found to be sensitive to ethionamide and capreomycine. The use of these two drugs in combination with local measures proved successful.", "PMID": 77556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6614", "title": "Primate HLA antibodies are specifically mitogenic for human lymphocytes and act synergistically with beta2m antibodies.", "content": "A monkey antiserum against HLA-A28 was raised by immunization with papain-solubilized antigens. The titre of this serum was 1/370 for beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) 1/750 for A28 and 1/200 for the cross-reacting HLA-A2 determinant. This serum was highly mitogenic for human blood lymphocytes. Mitogenicity was reduced or abolished after absorption of the serum on a beta2m-spharose column. Column-eluted anti-beta2m antibodies were not mitogenic. However, mitogenicity was restored by reconstitution with unabsorbed and absorbed antibodies. Mitogenicity was target cell specific. Tuhs, cells from all individuals were activated by the unabsorbed serum. The absorbed anti-A28 serum was mitogenic only for target cells carrying A28 and/or the cross-reacting determinant A2, but not for cells lacking either of these antigens. A definite gene-dose effect was recorded, since target cells homozygous for A2 responded better to polyclonal activation by the primate serum than cells which were heterozygous.", "contents": "Primate HLA antibodies are specifically mitogenic for human lymphocytes and act synergistically with beta2m antibodies. A monkey antiserum against HLA-A28 was raised by immunization with papain-solubilized antigens. The titre of this serum was 1/370 for beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) 1/750 for A28 and 1/200 for the cross-reacting HLA-A2 determinant. This serum was highly mitogenic for human blood lymphocytes. Mitogenicity was reduced or abolished after absorption of the serum on a beta2m-spharose column. Column-eluted anti-beta2m antibodies were not mitogenic. However, mitogenicity was restored by reconstitution with unabsorbed and absorbed antibodies. Mitogenicity was target cell specific. Tuhs, cells from all individuals were activated by the unabsorbed serum. The absorbed anti-A28 serum was mitogenic only for target cells carrying A28 and/or the cross-reacting determinant A2, but not for cells lacking either of these antigens. A definite gene-dose effect was recorded, since target cells homozygous for A2 responded better to polyclonal activation by the primate serum than cells which were heterozygous.", "PMID": 77555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6615", "title": "Combination chemotherapy including bleomycin in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of nitrogen mustard, a vinca alkaloid (vincristine or vinblastine), procarbazine, prednisone and bleomycin, given in repeated cycles. Complete remission was achieved in 33 out of 53 evaluable patients (62,5%). The complete remission rate in patients who had received prior radiation therapy alone (65%) was similar to that in previously untreated patients (73%). Patients who had previously received combination chemotherapy, either alone or together with radiation therapy, responded less well to this regimen of therapy, with a complete remission rate of less than 40%. The complete remission rate was not influenced by the histological subtype of the Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-three of the 33 responders (70%) remain in continuous complete remission. The median for this group has not been reached but will be in excess of 24 months. Major bleomycin toxicity was not encountered in this study. Lung function was monitored throughout but no consistent changes were encountered. The degree of haematological toxicity caused by treatment was no greater than would have been expected without bloemycin. Although the results obtained with the 5-drug combination were satisfactory, the follow-up to date does not suggest that the addition of bleomycin to the convention 4-drug regimen has significantly affected the outcome.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy including bleomycin in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease. Fifty-six patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of nitrogen mustard, a vinca alkaloid (vincristine or vinblastine), procarbazine, prednisone and bleomycin, given in repeated cycles. Complete remission was achieved in 33 out of 53 evaluable patients (62,5%). The complete remission rate in patients who had received prior radiation therapy alone (65%) was similar to that in previously untreated patients (73%). Patients who had previously received combination chemotherapy, either alone or together with radiation therapy, responded less well to this regimen of therapy, with a complete remission rate of less than 40%. The complete remission rate was not influenced by the histological subtype of the Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-three of the 33 responders (70%) remain in continuous complete remission. The median for this group has not been reached but will be in excess of 24 months. Major bleomycin toxicity was not encountered in this study. Lung function was monitored throughout but no consistent changes were encountered. The degree of haematological toxicity caused by treatment was no greater than would have been expected without bloemycin. Although the results obtained with the 5-drug combination were satisfactory, the follow-up to date does not suggest that the addition of bleomycin to the convention 4-drug regimen has significantly affected the outcome.", "PMID": 77560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6616", "title": "In vitro effects of bleomycin on a carcinoma of the oesophagus cell line.", "content": "A dose of 10 microgram/ml bleomycin inhibited the growth of oesophageal carcinoma cells and non-squamous cells in vitro. Drug concentration, density of cells and the time of exposure to the drug were important variables. The oesophagus cancer cells increased in volume by 2,5 +/- 0,2% per hour until the onset of lysis at 96 hours. The effects of the drug were irreversible even when the exposure time was only 24 hours. A certain proportion of the cell population was resistant to bleomycin and these cells remained resistant when the drug was removed for 48 hours and then replaced. No drug inactivation or uptake could be detected with the use of microbiological assay after 4 days of incubation with 3 cell types. There is poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo results.", "contents": "In vitro effects of bleomycin on a carcinoma of the oesophagus cell line. A dose of 10 microgram/ml bleomycin inhibited the growth of oesophageal carcinoma cells and non-squamous cells in vitro. Drug concentration, density of cells and the time of exposure to the drug were important variables. The oesophagus cancer cells increased in volume by 2,5 +/- 0,2% per hour until the onset of lysis at 96 hours. The effects of the drug were irreversible even when the exposure time was only 24 hours. A certain proportion of the cell population was resistant to bleomycin and these cells remained resistant when the drug was removed for 48 hours and then replaced. No drug inactivation or uptake could be detected with the use of microbiological assay after 4 days of incubation with 3 cell types. There is poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo results.", "PMID": 77562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6617", "title": "Cryosurgery for recurrent carcinoma of the vulva: a case report.", "content": "Cryosurgery in the palliative treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the vulva is described. A plea is made for the greater use of cryosurgery for this condition in peripheral hospitals.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for recurrent carcinoma of the vulva: a case report. Cryosurgery in the palliative treatment of recurrent carcinoma of the vulva is described. A plea is made for the greater use of cryosurgery for this condition in peripheral hospitals.", "PMID": 77563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6618", "title": "Carcinoma of the proximal bile ducts.", "content": "The records of 31 patients with carcinoma of the proximal bile ducts were reviewed and the operative procedures, results, causes of deaths and autopsy findings were analyzed and correlated. Ten poor risk patients were treated by external drainage and died of jaundice or abscesses of the liver within six months. However, one patient survived 13 months after effective bilateral drainage. Twelve patients underwent intubation through the tumor into the hepatic ducts with or without postoperative irradiation. Four patients with irradiation survived 42, 15, 15 and ten months, while eight patients without irradiation died within six months. Autopsy findings of two patients who survived 15 months revealed metastases to the various organs. Four patients underwent resection. A patient who underwent resection of the common hepatic duct and hepaticoduodenostomy died of ascending cholangitis nine months postoperatively, while a patient treated by resection of the common hepatic duct with hepaticojejunostomy died of a recurrence 25 months postoperatively. Two patients underwent left hepatic lobectomy and resection of the right hepatic duct followed by hepatojejunostomy. One patient survived 25 months and died of a reccurrence, while the other patient died of abscesses of the liver ten months postoperatively.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the proximal bile ducts. The records of 31 patients with carcinoma of the proximal bile ducts were reviewed and the operative procedures, results, causes of deaths and autopsy findings were analyzed and correlated. Ten poor risk patients were treated by external drainage and died of jaundice or abscesses of the liver within six months. However, one patient survived 13 months after effective bilateral drainage. Twelve patients underwent intubation through the tumor into the hepatic ducts with or without postoperative irradiation. Four patients with irradiation survived 42, 15, 15 and ten months, while eight patients without irradiation died within six months. Autopsy findings of two patients who survived 15 months revealed metastases to the various organs. Four patients underwent resection. A patient who underwent resection of the common hepatic duct and hepaticoduodenostomy died of ascending cholangitis nine months postoperatively, while a patient treated by resection of the common hepatic duct with hepaticojejunostomy died of a recurrence 25 months postoperatively. Two patients underwent left hepatic lobectomy and resection of the right hepatic duct followed by hepatojejunostomy. One patient survived 25 months and died of a reccurrence, while the other patient died of abscesses of the liver ten months postoperatively.", "PMID": 77564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6619", "title": "[Evaluation of the antigenicity of heart valve leaflets using inbred rat strain combinations (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments with large, non-inbred animals yield no reliable evidence in the antigenicity of heart valves. With inbred strains of rats, however, it is possible to obtain evidence on the immunological reactions of heart valve leaflet transplants. Our experiments were undertaken on the inbred rat strains (CDR, LEW, CAP and BD5, using combinations as follows: syngeneic strain combination (CDF leads to CDF), weakly allogenic (RtH-1-identical) strain cimbination (LEW leads to CDF), strongly allogeneic (RtH-1-incompatible) strain combination (CAP leads to CDF). Strain BD5 was used for the control skin grafts. Either one or two heart valve leaflets were heterotopically intra-aortally transplanted. Sensitization was verified humorally by transplantation antibody titers and cellularly by subsequent donorspecific skin transplants. The following results were achieved: Allogeneic heart valve leaflets are antigenic. Intravascular grafting of one heart valve leaflet induces the same degree of sensitization as the grafting of two leaflets. In the RtH-1-identical system, sensitization is revealed only by subsequent skin grafting, whereas in the RtH-1-incompatible system, sensitization is humorally demonstrated as well. This indicates that in heart valve leaflet transplantation cellmediated reactivity is a more sensitive indicator than the humoral one. The greater the immunological difference is, the clearer the sensitization will be. In the strongly allogeneic system, the sensitization is even demonstrated humorally; skin grafts are rejected as \"white grafts\". Improved long-term results may be expected in allogeneic vital heart valve transplants if consideration is given to the HLA compatibility between donor and recipient; the appearance of delayed insufficiency could be greatly lessened or even deferred.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the antigenicity of heart valve leaflets using inbred rat strain combinations (author's transl)]. Experiments with large, non-inbred animals yield no reliable evidence in the antigenicity of heart valves. With inbred strains of rats, however, it is possible to obtain evidence on the immunological reactions of heart valve leaflet transplants. Our experiments were undertaken on the inbred rat strains (CDR, LEW, CAP and BD5, using combinations as follows: syngeneic strain combination (CDF leads to CDF), weakly allogenic (RtH-1-identical) strain cimbination (LEW leads to CDF), strongly allogeneic (RtH-1-incompatible) strain combination (CAP leads to CDF). Strain BD5 was used for the control skin grafts. Either one or two heart valve leaflets were heterotopically intra-aortally transplanted. Sensitization was verified humorally by transplantation antibody titers and cellularly by subsequent donorspecific skin transplants. The following results were achieved: Allogeneic heart valve leaflets are antigenic. Intravascular grafting of one heart valve leaflet induces the same degree of sensitization as the grafting of two leaflets. In the RtH-1-identical system, sensitization is revealed only by subsequent skin grafting, whereas in the RtH-1-incompatible system, sensitization is humorally demonstrated as well. This indicates that in heart valve leaflet transplantation cellmediated reactivity is a more sensitive indicator than the humoral one. The greater the immunological difference is, the clearer the sensitization will be. In the strongly allogeneic system, the sensitization is even demonstrated humorally; skin grafts are rejected as \"white grafts\". Improved long-term results may be expected in allogeneic vital heart valve transplants if consideration is given to the HLA compatibility between donor and recipient; the appearance of delayed insufficiency could be greatly lessened or even deferred.", "PMID": 77566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6620", "title": "[The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in bronchial carcinoma before and after operation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 53 p.c. of 175 patients with bronchial carcinoma the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated at the time of diagnosis. In patients with small well bordered tumors (T 1/2) 31 p.c. proved pathological CEA-values in comparison to 80 p.c. in patients with heamatogenic metastases. After radical tumor resection (36 patients) elevated CEA-levels returned to normal ranges within 5 weeks. No decrease could be observed after palliative operations (16 patients). If there existed haematogenic metastases normal CEA-values increased postoperative. Such an increase occured up to ten weeks before metastases could be found by other methods. In cases of bronchial carcinoma CEA-measurements are usefull to evaluate the effect of operation and in the follow up time. It should be carried out on principle in those patients which can be considered for a surgical therapy.", "contents": "[The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in bronchial carcinoma before and after operation (author's transl)]. In 53 p.c. of 175 patients with bronchial carcinoma the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated at the time of diagnosis. In patients with small well bordered tumors (T 1/2) 31 p.c. proved pathological CEA-values in comparison to 80 p.c. in patients with heamatogenic metastases. After radical tumor resection (36 patients) elevated CEA-levels returned to normal ranges within 5 weeks. No decrease could be observed after palliative operations (16 patients). If there existed haematogenic metastases normal CEA-values increased postoperative. Such an increase occured up to ten weeks before metastases could be found by other methods. In cases of bronchial carcinoma CEA-measurements are usefull to evaluate the effect of operation and in the follow up time. It should be carried out on principle in those patients which can be considered for a surgical therapy.", "PMID": 77567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6621", "title": "Can anti HLA-A and -B antibodies inhibit the MLC test?", "content": "Eleven lymphocytotoxic pregnancy sera were tested for inhibition in the MLC test. Responder inhibition and stimulator inhibition were analyzed separately by using cells from the serum producer as stimulator and responder respectively. Only three sera showed inhibitionof responder function, whereas all sera showed inhibition of stimulator function. The specificity of the latter inhibition was at least in part attributable to antibodies directed to specificities other than B-cell specificities (presumed to be coded for in the HLA-D region). This was deduced from the fact that platelet eluates devoid of anti B-cell antibodies effectively inhibited in MLC.", "contents": "Can anti HLA-A and -B antibodies inhibit the MLC test? Eleven lymphocytotoxic pregnancy sera were tested for inhibition in the MLC test. Responder inhibition and stimulator inhibition were analyzed separately by using cells from the serum producer as stimulator and responder respectively. Only three sera showed inhibitionof responder function, whereas all sera showed inhibition of stimulator function. The specificity of the latter inhibition was at least in part attributable to antibodies directed to specificities other than B-cell specificities (presumed to be coded for in the HLA-D region). This was deduced from the fact that platelet eluates devoid of anti B-cell antibodies effectively inhibited in MLC.", "PMID": 77568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6622", "title": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. III. HLA antigens of established human cell lines. Attempts at typing by the mixed hemadsorption technique.", "content": "Thirty established cell lines from solid human tumors were typed by the mixed hemadsorption technique with respect to the HLA-A and HLA-B and partly also the HLA-C series. All cultures exhibited unique antigenic patterns. The discriminatory potential was further increased very much taking into consideration one as yet undefined antigen series tentatively named Ek-1 to Ek-11. Sixteen cell lines not designated as HeLa cells but on various non-immunological indications suspected to be HeLa cell contaminants, all gave, with our present test, the same antigenic composition as HeLa cells or clones thereof. The mixed hemadsorption reaction is a highly sensitive and convenient method for immunological typing of cells in monolayer cultures. Some important implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. III. HLA antigens of established human cell lines. Attempts at typing by the mixed hemadsorption technique. Thirty established cell lines from solid human tumors were typed by the mixed hemadsorption technique with respect to the HLA-A and HLA-B and partly also the HLA-C series. All cultures exhibited unique antigenic patterns. The discriminatory potential was further increased very much taking into consideration one as yet undefined antigen series tentatively named Ek-1 to Ek-11. Sixteen cell lines not designated as HeLa cells but on various non-immunological indications suspected to be HeLa cell contaminants, all gave, with our present test, the same antigenic composition as HeLa cells or clones thereof. The mixed hemadsorption reaction is a highly sensitive and convenient method for immunological typing of cells in monolayer cultures. Some important implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 77569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6623", "title": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. IV. Cell surface antigens of tumor cell lines, not obviously belonging to the HLA-system.", "content": "Studies on the HLA pattern of several human tumor cell lines by the mixed hemadsorption test and also studies on the discriminative patterns formed by a collection of sera on a number of cell lines and diploid cells have been reported elsewhere. It was noted during these studies that some sera reacted in a fashion indicating that they did not represent any of the HLA-A or -B series and probably not the HLA-C series either. The corresponding antigenic determinants were tentatively designated Ek-1 to Ek-11. The pattern of these antigens among the cell lines is given in a table and it seems apparent that the Ek-series considerably increases the cell identification potential of the typing results. So far, five of the sera determining the Ek-antigens have failed to be blocked by anti-beta-2-microglobulin, indicating that the antigens do not belong to the HLA-A, B or C series. Preparatory work for HLA-D typing is under way.", "contents": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. IV. Cell surface antigens of tumor cell lines, not obviously belonging to the HLA-system. Studies on the HLA pattern of several human tumor cell lines by the mixed hemadsorption test and also studies on the discriminative patterns formed by a collection of sera on a number of cell lines and diploid cells have been reported elsewhere. It was noted during these studies that some sera reacted in a fashion indicating that they did not represent any of the HLA-A or -B series and probably not the HLA-C series either. The corresponding antigenic determinants were tentatively designated Ek-1 to Ek-11. The pattern of these antigens among the cell lines is given in a table and it seems apparent that the Ek-series considerably increases the cell identification potential of the typing results. So far, five of the sera determining the Ek-antigens have failed to be blocked by anti-beta-2-microglobulin, indicating that the antigens do not belong to the HLA-A, B or C series. Preparatory work for HLA-D typing is under way.", "PMID": 77570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6624", "title": "Genetic control of B-cell alloantigens: evidence for gene(s) linked to the HLA-A locus.", "content": "Families with known HLA recombinant individuals were typed for B-lymphocyte alloantigens. The B-cell alloantigens were found to be inherited with the intact HLA haplotypes. However, the results of the typing of the recombinant individuals indicated that specific antigens are associated with the HLA-A locus and/or with the HLA-B locus. These studies indicate that more than one gene initiates the expression of these antigens and that some of these genes may map between the HLA-A and HLA-B loci.", "contents": "Genetic control of B-cell alloantigens: evidence for gene(s) linked to the HLA-A locus. Families with known HLA recombinant individuals were typed for B-lymphocyte alloantigens. The B-cell alloantigens were found to be inherited with the intact HLA haplotypes. However, the results of the typing of the recombinant individuals indicated that specific antigens are associated with the HLA-A locus and/or with the HLA-B locus. These studies indicate that more than one gene initiates the expression of these antigens and that some of these genes may map between the HLA-A and HLA-B loci.", "PMID": 77571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6625", "title": "Subdivisions of the HLA-B5 and Bw35 complex.", "content": "Population studies in 579 individuals, previously phenotyped to be B5 or Bw35, were carried out with 23 HLA antisera defining the B5-Bw35 complex. The inheritance of five subdivisions in this complex, B5.1, B5.2, B5.y, Bw35 and BHR were tested in 23 families. Differing frequencies of these specificities were observed in American Indians, Blacks, Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese and Mexican Americans.", "contents": "Subdivisions of the HLA-B5 and Bw35 complex. Population studies in 579 individuals, previously phenotyped to be B5 or Bw35, were carried out with 23 HLA antisera defining the B5-Bw35 complex. The inheritance of five subdivisions in this complex, B5.1, B5.2, B5.y, Bw35 and BHR were tested in 23 families. Differing frequencies of these specificities were observed in American Indians, Blacks, Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese and Mexican Americans.", "PMID": 77572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6626", "title": "Effect of lindane on pregnancy in the rabbit and rat.", "content": "There was no evidence of any teratogenic effect of lindane when administered during pregnancy at levels equivalent to 5, and 15 mg/kg body weight to New Zealand White rabbits from days 6 to 18 inclusive, or to CFY rats from days 6 to 16 inclusive. These findings are consistent with the negative teratogenicity results in mice mutagenicity studies and 3-generation rat reproduction studies already reported.", "contents": "Effect of lindane on pregnancy in the rabbit and rat. There was no evidence of any teratogenic effect of lindane when administered during pregnancy at levels equivalent to 5, and 15 mg/kg body weight to New Zealand White rabbits from days 6 to 18 inclusive, or to CFY rats from days 6 to 16 inclusive. These findings are consistent with the negative teratogenicity results in mice mutagenicity studies and 3-generation rat reproduction studies already reported.", "PMID": 77574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6627", "title": "Effects of feeding lindane to dogs for periods of up to 2 years.", "content": "Lindane was administered to male and female Beagle dogs at dietary levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm for 104 weeks, and of 200 ppm for 32 weeks. One death at 25 ppm and one at 200 ppm were not considered to be related to the test compound. At 100 and 200 ppm, SAP levels were raised and the livers were dark, friable and slightly enlarged but without any detected histopathological change. HVSA changes, possibly indicative of non-specific neuronal irritation, were recorded in the EEG tracings at 200 but not at 100 ppm. There were no other indications of an adverse effect of lindane. The negative findings at 50 ppm are consistent with a 'no-effect level' for this species of 1.25 mg/kg body weight, comparable with for the rat, and with proposed human ADI of 0.0125 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "Effects of feeding lindane to dogs for periods of up to 2 years. Lindane was administered to male and female Beagle dogs at dietary levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm for 104 weeks, and of 200 ppm for 32 weeks. One death at 25 ppm and one at 200 ppm were not considered to be related to the test compound. At 100 and 200 ppm, SAP levels were raised and the livers were dark, friable and slightly enlarged but without any detected histopathological change. HVSA changes, possibly indicative of non-specific neuronal irritation, were recorded in the EEG tracings at 200 but not at 100 ppm. There were no other indications of an adverse effect of lindane. The negative findings at 50 ppm are consistent with a 'no-effect level' for this species of 1.25 mg/kg body weight, comparable with for the rat, and with proposed human ADI of 0.0125 mg/kg body weight.", "PMID": 77575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6628", "title": "[Palliative radiotherapy with Strontium-89 in case of extended formation of skeleton metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to allay pains or make them cease, fifteen patients with extended tumors and generalized formation of skeleton metastases were submitted in 1976 to an internal palliative radiotherapy. They received between 0.8 and 2.7 mCi of Sr-89, five patients were treated again after four to five months because the pains had reappeared. The results were relatively good. Two patients showed a prompt effect and were completely free of pains within 48 hours, three patients did not present any demonstrable effect. The analgetic effect remained from four days to four months. Due to the utilization of the pure beta emitter Sr-89, the radiation doses measured in the patients after the application are relatively small: after the application they amount at most to 0.5 mR/h in a distance of 1 m.", "contents": "[Palliative radiotherapy with Strontium-89 in case of extended formation of skeleton metastases (author's transl)]. In order to allay pains or make them cease, fifteen patients with extended tumors and generalized formation of skeleton metastases were submitted in 1976 to an internal palliative radiotherapy. They received between 0.8 and 2.7 mCi of Sr-89, five patients were treated again after four to five months because the pains had reappeared. The results were relatively good. Two patients showed a prompt effect and were completely free of pains within 48 hours, three patients did not present any demonstrable effect. The analgetic effect remained from four days to four months. Due to the utilization of the pure beta emitter Sr-89, the radiation doses measured in the patients after the application are relatively small: after the application they amount at most to 0.5 mR/h in a distance of 1 m.", "PMID": 77576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6629", "title": "[Change in the brain neuron structure of man and other mammals in edema and swelling of the brain substance].", "content": "A correlation was made between literature and obtained light microscopy data relative to the problem concerning the central neuron involvement at edema development and brain tissue swelling at different etiological backgrounds. A polymorphism of neuronic variations was demonstrated determined by a variety of causes including specificity of individual reactivity of central nervous system. Attention is drawn both to the non-identity of the notions: \"hydropic variation (edema) of a neuron\" and the \"brain edema\", and to a non-characteristic nature of \"hard variation\" of nerve cells for histological picture of edema-swelling brain tissue at neurooncologic affection, and to the absence of a strict proportionality between the degree of cerebral edema-swelling and variation intensity of the neuron structure.", "contents": "[Change in the brain neuron structure of man and other mammals in edema and swelling of the brain substance]. A correlation was made between literature and obtained light microscopy data relative to the problem concerning the central neuron involvement at edema development and brain tissue swelling at different etiological backgrounds. A polymorphism of neuronic variations was demonstrated determined by a variety of causes including specificity of individual reactivity of central nervous system. Attention is drawn both to the non-identity of the notions: \"hydropic variation (edema) of a neuron\" and the \"brain edema\", and to a non-characteristic nature of \"hard variation\" of nerve cells for histological picture of edema-swelling brain tissue at neurooncologic affection, and to the absence of a strict proportionality between the degree of cerebral edema-swelling and variation intensity of the neuron structure.", "PMID": 77577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6630", "title": "[Method of differential staining of sister chromatids for the study of the effects of gamma rays on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes].", "content": "Human lymphocytes were incubated during two cycles of replication in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, fixed after a 96 hours cultivation, stained with fluorescenct compound \"Hoechst 33258\", illuminated with sunlight and repeatedly stained with azureosine. After such a treatment, the two chromatids of metaphase chromosomes are stained with different intensity revealing numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) which could be exactly recorded. In spite of the use if tge standard technique, the frequency of SCE was different in two donors. Irradiation after a 47 hours incubation (mainly G2 stage of the first cycle) increased the frequency of SCE, whereas the irradiation 2 hours before fixation (G2 stage of the second cycle) decreased it. The change of the frequence of SCE produced by irradiation was not proportional to the chromosome length.", "contents": "[Method of differential staining of sister chromatids for the study of the effects of gamma rays on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes]. Human lymphocytes were incubated during two cycles of replication in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, fixed after a 96 hours cultivation, stained with fluorescenct compound \"Hoechst 33258\", illuminated with sunlight and repeatedly stained with azureosine. After such a treatment, the two chromatids of metaphase chromosomes are stained with different intensity revealing numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) which could be exactly recorded. In spite of the use if tge standard technique, the frequency of SCE was different in two donors. Irradiation after a 47 hours incubation (mainly G2 stage of the first cycle) increased the frequency of SCE, whereas the irradiation 2 hours before fixation (G2 stage of the second cycle) decreased it. The change of the frequence of SCE produced by irradiation was not proportional to the chromosome length.", "PMID": 77578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6631", "title": "The diagnostic value of serum copper levels and other hematochemical parameters in malignancies.", "content": "An increase in the serum copper (Cu++) level has been described as a sensitive index of disease activity in several hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies. In order to explore the diagnostic value of Cu++ compared to other hematochemical parameters frequently abnormal in malignancies, Cu++, serum alpha2 globulin (alpha2), plasmatic fibrinogen (Fibr), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum iron (Fe++) have been detected and evaluated in 267 patients affected with the following diseases: Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL), Acute Leukemias (AL), Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Myeloma (MM), and Breast Cancer (BC). The best correlation between Cu++ increase and disease activity has been found in HL, NHL, AL, and BC. In these diseases, when the considered parameters were compared, Cu++ and ESR showed a similar pattern, i.e., a high frequency of abnormalities in active disease. It is concluded that Cu++ represents a good complement to some other aspecific parameters in evaluating the activity and diffusion of neoplasias and the therapeutic results, particularly in HL, NHL, AL and BC.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of serum copper levels and other hematochemical parameters in malignancies. An increase in the serum copper (Cu++) level has been described as a sensitive index of disease activity in several hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies. In order to explore the diagnostic value of Cu++ compared to other hematochemical parameters frequently abnormal in malignancies, Cu++, serum alpha2 globulin (alpha2), plasmatic fibrinogen (Fibr), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum iron (Fe++) have been detected and evaluated in 267 patients affected with the following diseases: Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL), Acute Leukemias (AL), Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Myeloma (MM), and Breast Cancer (BC). The best correlation between Cu++ increase and disease activity has been found in HL, NHL, AL, and BC. In these diseases, when the considered parameters were compared, Cu++ and ESR showed a similar pattern, i.e., a high frequency of abnormalities in active disease. It is concluded that Cu++ represents a good complement to some other aspecific parameters in evaluating the activity and diffusion of neoplasias and the therapeutic results, particularly in HL, NHL, AL and BC.", "PMID": 77579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6632", "title": "[Direct vision cold knife internal urethrotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Direct vision cold knife internal urethrotomy avoids injury to neighboring structures with greater certainty than blind urethrotomy and is possible with all urethral strictures regardless of type or origin. The surgery is also easily performed, usually with local anesthesia, and on an ambulatory basis. The recurrence rate of 12% is relatively low and reoperation is easily performed. An important factor is the postoperative therapy, which requires good patient cooperation.", "contents": "[Direct vision cold knife internal urethrotomy (author's transl)]. Direct vision cold knife internal urethrotomy avoids injury to neighboring structures with greater certainty than blind urethrotomy and is possible with all urethral strictures regardless of type or origin. The surgery is also easily performed, usually with local anesthesia, and on an ambulatory basis. The recurrence rate of 12% is relatively low and reoperation is easily performed. An important factor is the postoperative therapy, which requires good patient cooperation.", "PMID": 77582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6633", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of treatment of acute thrombosis of the main veins].", "content": "The experience with antithrombotic conservative treatment of 102 cases of acute thrombosis in the inferior vena cava system and in the deep veins of the lower extremities is generalized here. The suggested method permits to do away with thrombotic condition of hemostasis at a minimal risk of the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of treatment of acute thrombosis of the main veins]. The experience with antithrombotic conservative treatment of 102 cases of acute thrombosis in the inferior vena cava system and in the deep veins of the lower extremities is generalized here. The suggested method permits to do away with thrombotic condition of hemostasis at a minimal risk of the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications.", "PMID": 77583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6634", "title": "[Alpha-fetoprotein serum level in healthy persons].", "content": "Seventy five clinically healthy subjects, aged 12 to 80 (38 males and 37 females) were tested for serum level of alfa phetoprotein in Bulgarians through a radioimmunologic method. The mean values established were 5,16 ng/ml, the upper limit admitted to be up to 12 mg/ml, and positively elevated--values over 15 ng/ml.", "contents": "[Alpha-fetoprotein serum level in healthy persons]. Seventy five clinically healthy subjects, aged 12 to 80 (38 males and 37 females) were tested for serum level of alfa phetoprotein in Bulgarians through a radioimmunologic method. The mean values established were 5,16 ng/ml, the upper limit admitted to be up to 12 mg/ml, and positively elevated--values over 15 ng/ml.", "PMID": 77584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6635", "title": "[Characteristics of the proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy].", "content": "Considerable deviations, qualitative and quantitative, in patients with nephropathy were found with the examination 38 patients with various stages of diabetic nephropathy and 14 other diabetic patients as well as 37 healthy subjects. The urine of those patients is characterized by high content of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins G, A and M and to lesser degree--of alpha 2-macroglobulin. The selectivity of proteinuria is most frequently decreased, especially in the advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Tubular components (light chains, alpha 2- and beta-microglobulins) were also found in the urine of the same patients.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy]. Considerable deviations, qualitative and quantitative, in patients with nephropathy were found with the examination 38 patients with various stages of diabetic nephropathy and 14 other diabetic patients as well as 37 healthy subjects. The urine of those patients is characterized by high content of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins G, A and M and to lesser degree--of alpha 2-macroglobulin. The selectivity of proteinuria is most frequently decreased, especially in the advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Tubular components (light chains, alpha 2- and beta-microglobulins) were also found in the urine of the same patients.", "PMID": 77585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6636", "title": "[Misinterpretation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values in amniotic fluid due to fetal hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "The AFP concentration in the amniotic fluid is elevated after contamination of the sample with fetal blood during a traumatic amniocentesis. Though the calculation of AFP due to fetal hemorrhage is possible by counting the fetal red cells there may be execssive errors resulting from the variability of fetal red cell count, amniotic volume, fetal serum AFP concentration, AFP concentration in the amniotic fluid changing with fetal age. Therefore it is impossible to interpretate elevated AFP values from a sample stained with fetal blood. A repeated amniocentesis is unavoidable. The correct time to do a second punction is still a matter of question.", "contents": "[Misinterpretation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values in amniotic fluid due to fetal hemorrhage (author's transl)]. The AFP concentration in the amniotic fluid is elevated after contamination of the sample with fetal blood during a traumatic amniocentesis. Though the calculation of AFP due to fetal hemorrhage is possible by counting the fetal red cells there may be execssive errors resulting from the variability of fetal red cell count, amniotic volume, fetal serum AFP concentration, AFP concentration in the amniotic fluid changing with fetal age. Therefore it is impossible to interpretate elevated AFP values from a sample stained with fetal blood. A repeated amniocentesis is unavoidable. The correct time to do a second punction is still a matter of question.", "PMID": 77588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6637", "title": "[Methods for the detection of drug allergies].", "content": "The following in vitro methods are predominantly discussed: Specific IgE determination (RAST). The test can be used to detect allergies of the immediate type such as anaphylactic shock and urticaria. Antibodies can be detected to a limited number of drugs such as penicillin, ACTH, TSH, insulin, asparaginase and proteins of animal sources. Degranulation of basophil leucocytes and histaminliberation have been used for many years. The practical value of the test has been limited but improved methods for analysis have given the tests hopes for a come-back. Cellular tests like lymphocyteproliferation and macrophage inhibition test (MIF) do not yet give such information which make them helpful as practical tests to detect drug allergy.", "contents": "[Methods for the detection of drug allergies]. The following in vitro methods are predominantly discussed: Specific IgE determination (RAST). The test can be used to detect allergies of the immediate type such as anaphylactic shock and urticaria. Antibodies can be detected to a limited number of drugs such as penicillin, ACTH, TSH, insulin, asparaginase and proteins of animal sources. Degranulation of basophil leucocytes and histaminliberation have been used for many years. The practical value of the test has been limited but improved methods for analysis have given the tests hopes for a come-back. Cellular tests like lymphocyteproliferation and macrophage inhibition test (MIF) do not yet give such information which make them helpful as practical tests to detect drug allergy.", "PMID": 77590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6638", "title": "[The manual extrathoracal stimulation of the heart. Technique and effect of the precordial thump (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings of the manual extrathoracal stimulation of the heart (precordial thump) among 50 persons, healthy individuals and patients with pacemakers, are reported. By all persons it was possible either to cause \"extrasystoles\" through single blows or to maintain a continuous heart action through a rhythmic stimulation up to 6 minutes (\"Temporary stimulation\"). Through a manual overstimulation the basic rhythm could be blocked out. -To induce a depolarisation through a thump the locally induced pressure or tension on the heart muscle is of primary importance. For this to occur, the precordial chest thump must develop a rise in pressure of at least 15 to 20 mm Hg in the right ventricle. The location at which the precordial thump can best be effective is on the left border of the sternum in the lower third. That is the region where the heart (right ventricle) is nearest to the chest wall. -Subjective or objective side effects were not observed during our investigations and--in particular--there were no ectopic rhythm or conduction disturbance. -The precordial thump is of importance not only as \"initial blow\" at the beginning of cardiac resuscitation but also in form of the temporary stimulation in various causes of asystole. It was demonstrated that the manual stimulation of the heart has the same effect as the electrical stimulation and can be used by certain patients by themselves.", "contents": "[The manual extrathoracal stimulation of the heart. Technique and effect of the precordial thump (author's transl)]. The findings of the manual extrathoracal stimulation of the heart (precordial thump) among 50 persons, healthy individuals and patients with pacemakers, are reported. By all persons it was possible either to cause \"extrasystoles\" through single blows or to maintain a continuous heart action through a rhythmic stimulation up to 6 minutes (\"Temporary stimulation\"). Through a manual overstimulation the basic rhythm could be blocked out. -To induce a depolarisation through a thump the locally induced pressure or tension on the heart muscle is of primary importance. For this to occur, the precordial chest thump must develop a rise in pressure of at least 15 to 20 mm Hg in the right ventricle. The location at which the precordial thump can best be effective is on the left border of the sternum in the lower third. That is the region where the heart (right ventricle) is nearest to the chest wall. -Subjective or objective side effects were not observed during our investigations and--in particular--there were no ectopic rhythm or conduction disturbance. -The precordial thump is of importance not only as \"initial blow\" at the beginning of cardiac resuscitation but also in form of the temporary stimulation in various causes of asystole. It was demonstrated that the manual stimulation of the heart has the same effect as the electrical stimulation and can be used by certain patients by themselves.", "PMID": 77593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6639", "title": "[The Sudeck-Leriche syndrome as a disturbance in distant regions of the body, clinical picture, and histology (author's transl)].", "content": "On the whole, every Sudeck-Leriche syndrome represents a serious complication. The causal noxae are various in nature. In a large case material during a period of observation extending over 26 years a Sudeck-Leriche syndrome was observed as a disturbance in distant regions of the body only in rare cases, for example after herpes zoster, apoplexy, and confusion of the cervical part of the medulla, with cervical and lumbal root irritations, etc. Histological findings in the case of Sudeck-Leriche syndrome are very rarely presented in literature. Histological investigations by the author carried out on muscle tissue in the case of Sudeck-Leriche syndrome yielded remarkable findings with a transition from functional to morphologically irreversible alterations. These alterations were present both in vessels and muscle fibers.", "contents": "[The Sudeck-Leriche syndrome as a disturbance in distant regions of the body, clinical picture, and histology (author's transl)]. On the whole, every Sudeck-Leriche syndrome represents a serious complication. The causal noxae are various in nature. In a large case material during a period of observation extending over 26 years a Sudeck-Leriche syndrome was observed as a disturbance in distant regions of the body only in rare cases, for example after herpes zoster, apoplexy, and confusion of the cervical part of the medulla, with cervical and lumbal root irritations, etc. Histological findings in the case of Sudeck-Leriche syndrome are very rarely presented in literature. Histological investigations by the author carried out on muscle tissue in the case of Sudeck-Leriche syndrome yielded remarkable findings with a transition from functional to morphologically irreversible alterations. These alterations were present both in vessels and muscle fibers.", "PMID": 77594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6640", "title": "[Time-dependant changes in the protein spectrum of blood from living and dead persons by means of electrophoresis in cellulose acetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein electrophoresis on cellulose acetate shows that with increasing hemolysis of ante- and postmortem blood an extragradient in the alpha2-globulin field is created, which influences the relative ratio in the electropherogram. Strong hemolysis causes a fusion of the alpha2- and beta-globulin chains. In order to make a diagnostic interpretation of postmortem blood by means of electrophoresis, it is therefore essential to take into account the degree of hemolysis. Changes in the electrophoretic pattern due to hemolysis correlate best with the period of storage. With regard to timing for forensic purposes, the value is, however, limited.", "contents": "[Time-dependant changes in the protein spectrum of blood from living and dead persons by means of electrophoresis in cellulose acetate (author's transl)]. Protein electrophoresis on cellulose acetate shows that with increasing hemolysis of ante- and postmortem blood an extragradient in the alpha2-globulin field is created, which influences the relative ratio in the electropherogram. Strong hemolysis causes a fusion of the alpha2- and beta-globulin chains. In order to make a diagnostic interpretation of postmortem blood by means of electrophoresis, it is therefore essential to take into account the degree of hemolysis. Changes in the electrophoretic pattern due to hemolysis correlate best with the period of storage. With regard to timing for forensic purposes, the value is, however, limited.", "PMID": 77600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6641", "title": "[Incidence of a persisting prostatic duct following transvesical adenomectomy].", "content": "32 patients underwent an after-examination one to five years after transvesical adenomectomy. In 25 cases thare was a persisting lodge of the prostate. 6 patients with persisting lodge had urethrographically a narrowing in the region of the posterior urethra. There were no pathological values of the residual urine and pathological findings of the urine. In 7 cases a complete retrogression of the lodge to the size of the urethra could be proved radiologically. The healing after adenomectomy without retrogression of the lodge of the prostate is regarded as a normal variant of healing.", "contents": "[Incidence of a persisting prostatic duct following transvesical adenomectomy]. 32 patients underwent an after-examination one to five years after transvesical adenomectomy. In 25 cases thare was a persisting lodge of the prostate. 6 patients with persisting lodge had urethrographically a narrowing in the region of the posterior urethra. There were no pathological values of the residual urine and pathological findings of the urine. In 7 cases a complete retrogression of the lodge to the size of the urethra could be proved radiologically. The healing after adenomectomy without retrogression of the lodge of the prostate is regarded as a normal variant of healing.", "PMID": 77601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6642", "title": "[Early catheter removal in water-tight bladder closure following transversical prostatic adenometomy].", "content": "It is reported on 124 patients in whom after a transvesical adenomectomy an early removal of the catheter was aspired to. A watertight closure of the urinary bladder is one of the most important prerequisites. The 5th day after operation seems to be best suited for the removal of the catheter. A temporary fistulisation lasting 2 days occurred only in one case. Secondary infection of the wound as well as epididymitis could not be observed. 96% of the patients could be discharged with sterile urine. Advantages of the early removal of the catheter: 1. Shortened hospitalisation and shortened convalesence. 2. Reduced danger of a secondary infection of the urinary tract 3. Early symptom-free subjective condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Early catheter removal in water-tight bladder closure following transversical prostatic adenometomy]. It is reported on 124 patients in whom after a transvesical adenomectomy an early removal of the catheter was aspired to. A watertight closure of the urinary bladder is one of the most important prerequisites. The 5th day after operation seems to be best suited for the removal of the catheter. A temporary fistulisation lasting 2 days occurred only in one case. Secondary infection of the wound as well as epididymitis could not be observed. 96% of the patients could be discharged with sterile urine. Advantages of the early removal of the catheter: 1. Shortened hospitalisation and shortened convalesence. 2. Reduced danger of a secondary infection of the urinary tract 3. Early symptom-free subjective condition of the patient.", "PMID": 77602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6643", "title": "[Use of Raveron in adenomectomies].", "content": "The loss of blood during adenectomies was quantitatively measured in 25 prostatic patients with or without Raveron-premediaction. The result in the 11 patients pretreated with Raveron was in comparison to the 14 untreated patients a reduction to one half of the blood lost by gram of the tumour tissue removed. Furthermore we observed a better demarcation of the tumour-tissue and operability together with a postoperative recovery without complications in patients treated with Raveron.", "contents": "[Use of Raveron in adenomectomies]. The loss of blood during adenectomies was quantitatively measured in 25 prostatic patients with or without Raveron-premediaction. The result in the 11 patients pretreated with Raveron was in comparison to the 14 untreated patients a reduction to one half of the blood lost by gram of the tumour tissue removed. Furthermore we observed a better demarcation of the tumour-tissue and operability together with a postoperative recovery without complications in patients treated with Raveron.", "PMID": 77603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6644", "title": "New strains of Clostridium botulinum subtype Af.", "content": "Two new strains of Clostridium botulinum subtype Af have been isolated from soil samples of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Some serological and other biological properties of these new isolates have been studied in comparison with the prototype 84-SC2 strain. No differences in morphology and biochemical activities were found among these three so far known strains of this subtype. Neither serologic differences have been recorded, suggesting that the bispecificity and the type A to type F serologic ratio (A:F) is a stable genetic trait of subtype Af. The three strains were found in well separated areas. None of the type A strains isolated either from soil samples or from human botulism outbreaks in Mendoza have shown such a high degree of toxigenicity as that shown by Af strains. All these facts suggest that this peculiar type is not the product of a recent genetic relationship between types A and F. Rather, it represents a stable type in nature.", "contents": "New strains of Clostridium botulinum subtype Af. Two new strains of Clostridium botulinum subtype Af have been isolated from soil samples of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Some serological and other biological properties of these new isolates have been studied in comparison with the prototype 84-SC2 strain. No differences in morphology and biochemical activities were found among these three so far known strains of this subtype. Neither serologic differences have been recorded, suggesting that the bispecificity and the type A to type F serologic ratio (A:F) is a stable genetic trait of subtype Af. The three strains were found in well separated areas. None of the type A strains isolated either from soil samples or from human botulism outbreaks in Mendoza have shown such a high degree of toxigenicity as that shown by Af strains. All these facts suggest that this peculiar type is not the product of a recent genetic relationship between types A and F. Rather, it represents a stable type in nature.", "PMID": 77604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6645", "title": "[Staining of sulfate-reducing bacteria with hexacyanoferrat-compounds (cultural and cytochemical evidence of Fe) (author's transl)].", "content": "Hexacyanoferrat-compounds are suitable 1. to indicate the valence of Fe-ions in cultures of desulfuricants (Desulfovibrio spec., Desulfotomaculum) in fluid and solid medium before and after inoculation; 2. stain directly the sulfate-reducing bacteria in presence of Fe-ions and give a colour-reaction of those parts of the cell containing Fe-compounds, e.g. FeS. Therefore they act as a cytochemical indicator system. The chemical base of the reactions are as follows: (1) 4HS + SO42 leads to H2S + 2H2O + OH- H2S leads to H+ + HS- leads to 2H+ + S2- (in the bacteria) (2) FeIII-salt + S2-leads to Fe2S3 leads to 2FeIIS + S 2FeIIS + FeIII(CN6) leads to FeIIIFeII(CN)6 (blue complex-compound).", "contents": "[Staining of sulfate-reducing bacteria with hexacyanoferrat-compounds (cultural and cytochemical evidence of Fe) (author's transl)]. Hexacyanoferrat-compounds are suitable 1. to indicate the valence of Fe-ions in cultures of desulfuricants (Desulfovibrio spec., Desulfotomaculum) in fluid and solid medium before and after inoculation; 2. stain directly the sulfate-reducing bacteria in presence of Fe-ions and give a colour-reaction of those parts of the cell containing Fe-compounds, e.g. FeS. Therefore they act as a cytochemical indicator system. The chemical base of the reactions are as follows: (1) 4HS + SO42 leads to H2S + 2H2O + OH- H2S leads to H+ + HS- leads to 2H+ + S2- (in the bacteria) (2) FeIII-salt + S2-leads to Fe2S3 leads to 2FeIIS + S 2FeIIS + FeIII(CN6) leads to FeIIIFeII(CN)6 (blue complex-compound).", "PMID": 77605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6646", "title": "[Protection against infection with Bordetella pertussis by an oligopeptide from Bordetella pertussis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have isolated from Bordetella pertussis an oligopeptide with characteristic amino acid composition. This peptide was applied to mice in standardized tests for pertussis immunization. In three tests with three independent isolates of peptide, a significant and dose dependent protection was observed. One microgram of peptide per mouse produces the same protective effect as 0.1 IU of pertussis vaccine. It is important to note that similar peptides can be isolated from other bacteria and other DNA containing cellular organisms which have specific amino acid compositions and which are antigens specific for the organism from which they were isolated. The antigens are very potent, e.g., one ng of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide is equivalent to one unit of tuberculin. It is conceivable that immunizing effects such as those observed for pertussis are common to the peptides of this group. Since all such peptides are isolated from a group of low molecular weight ribonucleoproteins, as first reported by WILHELM, we propose the term nucleopeptides for this group. Oligopeptides of the nucleopeptide group are now available for sequence analysis. We expect that synthetic peptides of this group will become available in time for diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of a number of diseases.", "contents": "[Protection against infection with Bordetella pertussis by an oligopeptide from Bordetella pertussis (author's transl)]. We have isolated from Bordetella pertussis an oligopeptide with characteristic amino acid composition. This peptide was applied to mice in standardized tests for pertussis immunization. In three tests with three independent isolates of peptide, a significant and dose dependent protection was observed. One microgram of peptide per mouse produces the same protective effect as 0.1 IU of pertussis vaccine. It is important to note that similar peptides can be isolated from other bacteria and other DNA containing cellular organisms which have specific amino acid compositions and which are antigens specific for the organism from which they were isolated. The antigens are very potent, e.g., one ng of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide is equivalent to one unit of tuberculin. It is conceivable that immunizing effects such as those observed for pertussis are common to the peptides of this group. Since all such peptides are isolated from a group of low molecular weight ribonucleoproteins, as first reported by WILHELM, we propose the term nucleopeptides for this group. Oligopeptides of the nucleopeptide group are now available for sequence analysis. We expect that synthetic peptides of this group will become available in time for diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of a number of diseases.", "PMID": 77606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6647", "title": "[Therapy of cancer of the cardia].", "content": "The paper contains analysis on 120 patients with malign neoplasms of cardia and lower third of the esophagus, who have been medicaly treated at the II surgical clinic of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. Diagnose methods are presented and pointed out importance of early diagnosis and indications for operative (surgical) treatment. Criterious of radical and palliative surgical intervention are stated. Radicaly treated patients were 64 (53,4%). Palliatively treated and not operable patients were 56 (46,6%). There were decided that only by resection of gaster and seized esophagus i.e. by remoting of sick tissue radical treatment can be reached. There were stated postoperative complications and early results of palliative treated patients (mortality 19,8%) and radicaly operated patients (postoperative--hospitality mort. 23,4%).", "contents": "[Therapy of cancer of the cardia]. The paper contains analysis on 120 patients with malign neoplasms of cardia and lower third of the esophagus, who have been medicaly treated at the II surgical clinic of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. Diagnose methods are presented and pointed out importance of early diagnosis and indications for operative (surgical) treatment. Criterious of radical and palliative surgical intervention are stated. Radicaly treated patients were 64 (53,4%). Palliatively treated and not operable patients were 56 (46,6%). There were decided that only by resection of gaster and seized esophagus i.e. by remoting of sick tissue radical treatment can be reached. There were stated postoperative complications and early results of palliative treated patients (mortality 19,8%) and radicaly operated patients (postoperative--hospitality mort. 23,4%).", "PMID": 77610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6648", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies on localization of actin-like protein in the mouse brain.", "content": "Localization of actin-like protein in the mouse brain was studied by the immunofluorescence method using FITC-labeled antiactin antibody. Antibody against actin was prepared according to Lazarides (1974). The problem of poor antigenicity and the presence of contaminants in the antigen preparation was circumvented by way of denaturation of the protein with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and subsequent purification of the antigen by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lazarides, 1974). Intense specific fluorescence against actin was noted in the cytoplasma of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, of the ependymal cells of the ventricles, and a little less one in arachnoidea and in leptomeninges, as well as in the muscle layers, endothelial linings, and adventitia of the arteries. Diffuse but weak fluorescence was noted also in the neuropil of the grey matter of the brain. Among the latter, fluorescence in the granular layer of Ammon's horn and of the cerebellum appeared clearer than the diffuse one in the rest of the grey matter. Functional significance of the presence of actin-like protein in the above tissues was discussed.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies on localization of actin-like protein in the mouse brain. Localization of actin-like protein in the mouse brain was studied by the immunofluorescence method using FITC-labeled antiactin antibody. Antibody against actin was prepared according to Lazarides (1974). The problem of poor antigenicity and the presence of contaminants in the antigen preparation was circumvented by way of denaturation of the protein with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and subsequent purification of the antigen by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lazarides, 1974). Intense specific fluorescence against actin was noted in the cytoplasma of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, of the ependymal cells of the ventricles, and a little less one in arachnoidea and in leptomeninges, as well as in the muscle layers, endothelial linings, and adventitia of the arteries. Diffuse but weak fluorescence was noted also in the neuropil of the grey matter of the brain. Among the latter, fluorescence in the granular layer of Ammon's horn and of the cerebellum appeared clearer than the diffuse one in the rest of the grey matter. Functional significance of the presence of actin-like protein in the above tissues was discussed.", "PMID": 77628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6649", "title": "Clinical, hormonal and ultrastructure studies of a virilizing hepatoblastoma.", "content": "Virilizing hepatoblastoma was found to be the cause of precocious puberty in a 3 1/4-year-old boy. Both human chorionic gonadotropins and alphafetoprotein in increased amounts were detected in serum and tumor tissue. These substances disappeared from the blood after removal of the tumor. Ultrastructure studies revealed the presence of dense, membrane bound, secretory granules responsible for the hormone production.", "contents": "Clinical, hormonal and ultrastructure studies of a virilizing hepatoblastoma. Virilizing hepatoblastoma was found to be the cause of precocious puberty in a 3 1/4-year-old boy. Both human chorionic gonadotropins and alphafetoprotein in increased amounts were detected in serum and tumor tissue. These substances disappeared from the blood after removal of the tumor. Ultrastructure studies revealed the presence of dense, membrane bound, secretory granules responsible for the hormone production.", "PMID": 77629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6650", "title": "A sample preparation for automated cervical cancer screening.", "content": "A procedure for cluster disruption, cell dispersal and the production of a monolayer of cells from fluid suspensions for automated cell-scanning machines in an interactive system has been developed. The combination of 0.1 per cent dithiothreitol and 40 per cent alcohol in a balanced salt solution provides a self-limiting form of mucolysis which is completed by a controlled syringing regime to produce an optimally dispersed cell sample without the production of cell debris from the more effete cells. The induction of a positive charge on a microscope slide to attract the negatively charged cells has been achieved by coating the slides with the cationic polymer, polylysine. The cells appear to be sufficiently well attached to permit wet fixation and subsequent stain processing without loss. Quantitative data is given to demonstrate the superior cell presentation that is achieved by this new technique for automated scanning.", "contents": "A sample preparation for automated cervical cancer screening. A procedure for cluster disruption, cell dispersal and the production of a monolayer of cells from fluid suspensions for automated cell-scanning machines in an interactive system has been developed. The combination of 0.1 per cent dithiothreitol and 40 per cent alcohol in a balanced salt solution provides a self-limiting form of mucolysis which is completed by a controlled syringing regime to produce an optimally dispersed cell sample without the production of cell debris from the more effete cells. The induction of a positive charge on a microscope slide to attract the negatively charged cells has been achieved by coating the slides with the cationic polymer, polylysine. The cells appear to be sufficiently well attached to permit wet fixation and subsequent stain processing without loss. Quantitative data is given to demonstrate the superior cell presentation that is achieved by this new technique for automated scanning.", "PMID": 77625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6651", "title": "Glucose and cation transport in rat jejunum, ileum and colon in vivo: effects of anionic and nonionic surfactants, and of desoxycholate.", "content": "Osmotically balanced solutions of glucose (0.5--300 mM) and sodium chloride, containing surfactants, were instilled into the small or large intestine of anaesthetized rats. Net absorption or secretion of glucose, sodium and potassium was studied. The surfactants tested were dodecylsulphate (3.4--17 mM), dioctylsulphosuccinate (1.8--11 m/M), Lubrol WX (0.1--5%), Triton X 100 (0.25%) and desoxycholate (2.5 mM). Qualitatively, the results were similar to those obtained previously with cationic compounds, suggesting a common mode of action for all surfactants studied. 17 mM dodecylsulphate seemed to abolish completely physiological glucose transport in the jejunum and ileum. At a lower concentration, and witth the other surfactants, normal glucose transport was affected to an intermediate extent.", "contents": "Glucose and cation transport in rat jejunum, ileum and colon in vivo: effects of anionic and nonionic surfactants, and of desoxycholate. Osmotically balanced solutions of glucose (0.5--300 mM) and sodium chloride, containing surfactants, were instilled into the small or large intestine of anaesthetized rats. Net absorption or secretion of glucose, sodium and potassium was studied. The surfactants tested were dodecylsulphate (3.4--17 mM), dioctylsulphosuccinate (1.8--11 m/M), Lubrol WX (0.1--5%), Triton X 100 (0.25%) and desoxycholate (2.5 mM). Qualitatively, the results were similar to those obtained previously with cationic compounds, suggesting a common mode of action for all surfactants studied. 17 mM dodecylsulphate seemed to abolish completely physiological glucose transport in the jejunum and ileum. At a lower concentration, and witth the other surfactants, normal glucose transport was affected to an intermediate extent.", "PMID": 77630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6652", "title": "Primary culture of adult rat liver cells. II. Cytological and biochemical properties of primary cultured cells.", "content": "Primary mass culture of isolated cells from adult rat livers by the trypsin-perfusion method uas carried out to investigate cytological and biochemical properties of primary cultured cells. Two main types of cells were found in the course of primary culture of isolated hepatic cells. One was a group of polygonal cells with granular cytoplasm, which appeared to arrange themselves in cords and clusters 3 to 4 days postinoculation and then gradually decreased in number. These cells seemed to be associated with expression of liver specific functions such as higher tyrosine aminotransferase levels and transient increases in albumin production. Another type of cells was relatively small in size and had clear cytoplasm, which grew out rapidly in place of the polygonal cells and proliferated also in subculture. alpha-Fetoprotein was detected in the cultured media of the proliferating clear cells. These results suggest that the polygonal cells and the clear cells may correspond to the mature hepatocytes and the hepatocytic stem cells in vivo, respectively.", "contents": "Primary culture of adult rat liver cells. II. Cytological and biochemical properties of primary cultured cells. Primary mass culture of isolated cells from adult rat livers by the trypsin-perfusion method uas carried out to investigate cytological and biochemical properties of primary cultured cells. Two main types of cells were found in the course of primary culture of isolated hepatic cells. One was a group of polygonal cells with granular cytoplasm, which appeared to arrange themselves in cords and clusters 3 to 4 days postinoculation and then gradually decreased in number. These cells seemed to be associated with expression of liver specific functions such as higher tyrosine aminotransferase levels and transient increases in albumin production. Another type of cells was relatively small in size and had clear cytoplasm, which grew out rapidly in place of the polygonal cells and proliferated also in subculture. alpha-Fetoprotein was detected in the cultured media of the proliferating clear cells. These results suggest that the polygonal cells and the clear cells may correspond to the mature hepatocytes and the hepatocytic stem cells in vivo, respectively.", "PMID": 77631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6653", "title": "Acetic orcein staining of prefixed tissue sections.", "content": "Acetic orcein stains formol- and Carnoy-fixed tissues, coloring mast cells, nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, cerebral corpora amylacea, and cartilage strongly; keratin and erythrocytes moderately; muscle and collagen weakly. Guinea pig Brunner gland and rat colonic goblet cell mucins did not stain. The red nuclear stain contrasts well with the Prussian blue reaction of hemosiderin and the ferric ferricyanide (Turnbull's blue) reaction of enterochromaffin. A weak (0.01%) fast-green FCF stain changes collagen and sometimes smooth muscle to green, without impairing nucleic acid or mast cell staining. Picroindigocarmine gives blue collagen, yellow muscle, and red elastin, nucleic acids and mast cells. Picro-methyl blue tends to override the red nuclear stain. Carnoy fixation is somewhat better for nuclei, formol for basophil cytoplasms.", "contents": "Acetic orcein staining of prefixed tissue sections. Acetic orcein stains formol- and Carnoy-fixed tissues, coloring mast cells, nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, cerebral corpora amylacea, and cartilage strongly; keratin and erythrocytes moderately; muscle and collagen weakly. Guinea pig Brunner gland and rat colonic goblet cell mucins did not stain. The red nuclear stain contrasts well with the Prussian blue reaction of hemosiderin and the ferric ferricyanide (Turnbull's blue) reaction of enterochromaffin. A weak (0.01%) fast-green FCF stain changes collagen and sometimes smooth muscle to green, without impairing nucleic acid or mast cell staining. Picroindigocarmine gives blue collagen, yellow muscle, and red elastin, nucleic acids and mast cells. Picro-methyl blue tends to override the red nuclear stain. Carnoy fixation is somewhat better for nuclei, formol for basophil cytoplasms.", "PMID": 77635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6654", "title": "Staining of PO2 measuring points demonstrated for the rat brain cortex.", "content": "A combined physiological and histological technique was developed in order to determine the exact position of the tip of a microelectrode used for PO2 measurements within the rat brain cortex. Using this method it was possible both to identify the tissue layer where PO2 measurements had been performed as well as obtain information about the blood capillaries within the surrounding tissue. After the PO2 had been measured small quantities of dye (Alcian Blue 8 GX) were injected through a micropipette attached to the PO2 microelectrode (tip-tip distance 2-5 micron). Subsequently the tissue was fixed by perfusion, 5 micron sections were cut and stained with Cresylviolet. The points where measurements had been made could be seen under a light microscope as green coloured spots of about 100 micron in diameter. The capillary pattern could be demonstrated by silver nitrate perfusion. Information about the capillaries, such as length, distance and the gas exchange surface were obtained via computer analysis of a television image. This method was used to analyse the O2 supply of the optical cortex of the rat. Correlation of the local PO2 distribution with the capillary data revealed differences between the archi- and the neocortex of the rat brain.", "contents": "Staining of PO2 measuring points demonstrated for the rat brain cortex. A combined physiological and histological technique was developed in order to determine the exact position of the tip of a microelectrode used for PO2 measurements within the rat brain cortex. Using this method it was possible both to identify the tissue layer where PO2 measurements had been performed as well as obtain information about the blood capillaries within the surrounding tissue. After the PO2 had been measured small quantities of dye (Alcian Blue 8 GX) were injected through a micropipette attached to the PO2 microelectrode (tip-tip distance 2-5 micron). Subsequently the tissue was fixed by perfusion, 5 micron sections were cut and stained with Cresylviolet. The points where measurements had been made could be seen under a light microscope as green coloured spots of about 100 micron in diameter. The capillary pattern could be demonstrated by silver nitrate perfusion. Information about the capillaries, such as length, distance and the gas exchange surface were obtained via computer analysis of a television image. This method was used to analyse the O2 supply of the optical cortex of the rat. Correlation of the local PO2 distribution with the capillary data revealed differences between the archi- and the neocortex of the rat brain.", "PMID": 77632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6655", "title": "Amenorrhea and edema.", "content": "In a 22 year old woman extensive edema developed during evaluation for amenorrhea. It was learned then that she was consuming escessive amounts of a laxative daily. Balance studies were performed which demonstrated that she excreted large amounts of sodium in her liquid stools while taking the dose of laxative she had been using. The presence of increased plasma renin activity and increased urinary aldosterone suggest that in this patient the occurrence of the edema after she discontinued use of the laxative was due to secondary aldosteronism presumably caused by plasma volume depletion.", "contents": "Amenorrhea and edema. In a 22 year old woman extensive edema developed during evaluation for amenorrhea. It was learned then that she was consuming escessive amounts of a laxative daily. Balance studies were performed which demonstrated that she excreted large amounts of sodium in her liquid stools while taking the dose of laxative she had been using. The presence of increased plasma renin activity and increased urinary aldosterone suggest that in this patient the occurrence of the edema after she discontinued use of the laxative was due to secondary aldosteronism presumably caused by plasma volume depletion.", "PMID": 77638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6656", "title": "Congenital corneal anesthesia.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with a visual acuity of 6/30 (20/100) in each eye had a diffuse corneal epithelial disruption that was most severe in the interpalpebral area. Corneal anesthesia was demonstrated with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Artificial tears, lubricant ointments, and taping of the eyelids were unsuccessful in ameliorating the problem. The use of therapeutic soft contact lenses provided visual acuity of R.E.: 6/12 (20/40), and L.E.: 6/6 (20/20), and arrested the epithelial breakdown. The contact lenses were discontinued after one year, and the corneal epithelium remained intact. Once the cycle of recurrent epithelial breakdown in congenital corneal anesthesia is interrupted for a prolonged period of time, one can expect a continued remission when therapeutic measures are discontinued. With early recognition and treatment of this disorder, corneal scarring can be avoided.", "contents": "Congenital corneal anesthesia. A 6-year-old boy with a visual acuity of 6/30 (20/100) in each eye had a diffuse corneal epithelial disruption that was most severe in the interpalpebral area. Corneal anesthesia was demonstrated with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Artificial tears, lubricant ointments, and taping of the eyelids were unsuccessful in ameliorating the problem. The use of therapeutic soft contact lenses provided visual acuity of R.E.: 6/12 (20/40), and L.E.: 6/6 (20/20), and arrested the epithelial breakdown. The contact lenses were discontinued after one year, and the corneal epithelium remained intact. Once the cycle of recurrent epithelial breakdown in congenital corneal anesthesia is interrupted for a prolonged period of time, one can expect a continued remission when therapeutic measures are discontinued. With early recognition and treatment of this disorder, corneal scarring can be avoided.", "PMID": 77640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6657", "title": "The inhibitory action of lidocaine in anaphylaxis.", "content": "The action of lidocaine, a local anesthetic, was investigated during anaphylaxis in guinea pigs after passive sensitization in vitro of lung tissue and trachealis muscle. Pretreatment of the trachealis muscle with 8.54 mM lidocaine resulted in the total inhibition of anaphylactic isometric tension. Full reversal of anaphylactic-induced contractures was rapidly achieved with concentrations of 4.27 mM lidocaine. Release of histamine from both lung tissue and trachealis muscle was inhibited by 73 to 82 per cent, respectively, over concentration ranges of 2.13 to 8.54 mM lidocaine. A bimodal effect on sensitized tissues was noted, with lidocaine causing a slight release of histamine in the trachealis muscle of 1.6 per cent at a concentration of 8.54 mM. Lidocaine did not impair the initial passive sensitization process, nor did it appear to elute antibody once it was cell bound. The dual inhibitory effect on mast-cell release of mediators and on muscle contraction by lidocaine may be related in part to common processes involving the binding or flux of calcium.", "contents": "The inhibitory action of lidocaine in anaphylaxis. The action of lidocaine, a local anesthetic, was investigated during anaphylaxis in guinea pigs after passive sensitization in vitro of lung tissue and trachealis muscle. Pretreatment of the trachealis muscle with 8.54 mM lidocaine resulted in the total inhibition of anaphylactic isometric tension. Full reversal of anaphylactic-induced contractures was rapidly achieved with concentrations of 4.27 mM lidocaine. Release of histamine from both lung tissue and trachealis muscle was inhibited by 73 to 82 per cent, respectively, over concentration ranges of 2.13 to 8.54 mM lidocaine. A bimodal effect on sensitized tissues was noted, with lidocaine causing a slight release of histamine in the trachealis muscle of 1.6 per cent at a concentration of 8.54 mM. Lidocaine did not impair the initial passive sensitization process, nor did it appear to elute antibody once it was cell bound. The dual inhibitory effect on mast-cell release of mediators and on muscle contraction by lidocaine may be related in part to common processes involving the binding or flux of calcium.", "PMID": 77648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6658", "title": "Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses.", "content": "Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and differences in their epidemiological manifestations. Epidemiological studies not only help to define the incidence and prevalence of these disease but also make an important contribution to the determination of their nature. When stachybotryotoxicosis--the \"unknown horse disease\"--was being studied in the mid-thirties, in the Ukraine, the research workers headed by V. G. DROBOTKO, noticed that horses belonging to the Army remained unaffected while in the same localities those belonging to the collective farms were stricken by this \"unknown disease\". This epidemiological phenomenon suggested the hypothesis that the unknown diseases must be due to fodder, which was different for horses belonging to the Army and those belonging to the collective farms. This led members of the team to investigate the mycoflora of the fodder. The collective farmers themselves had noted the link between the disease and the feeding of poor quality musty straw to horses. For that reason in every collective farm where such cases occurred samples of the available fodder were studied. The numerous investigations remained fruitless for a long time until P. D. JATEL discovered straw which had been fed to horses before an outbreak of the disease. This straw contained a blackened layer copiously overgrown with the fungus Stachybotrys alternans. Feeding of fodder infected with that fungus to experimental horses reproduced the pattern of the \"unknown disease\", which thereafter began to be known as \"stachybotryotoxicosis\". When human stachybotryotoxocosis was studied, all the clues in the epidemiological investigation pointed to barley straw as a source of the disease. F. A. LINNIK (1938) noted that immediately before falling sick patients had been in close contact with musty straw. Among collective farmers the disease had a sudden onset and was mainly confined to men. No one contracted the disease who had not something to do with this musty straw. The members of the families of the patients also remained in good health. The disease bore a familial character when farmers had used the straw as litter on their private holdings. In their study of the nature of alimentary toxic aleukia, S. G. MIRONOV and M. K...", "contents": "Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses. Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and differences in their epidemiological manifestations. Epidemiological studies not only help to define the incidence and prevalence of these disease but also make an important contribution to the determination of their nature. When stachybotryotoxicosis--the \"unknown horse disease\"--was being studied in the mid-thirties, in the Ukraine, the research workers headed by V. G. DROBOTKO, noticed that horses belonging to the Army remained unaffected while in the same localities those belonging to the collective farms were stricken by this \"unknown disease\". This epidemiological phenomenon suggested the hypothesis that the unknown diseases must be due to fodder, which was different for horses belonging to the Army and those belonging to the collective farms. This led members of the team to investigate the mycoflora of the fodder. The collective farmers themselves had noted the link between the disease and the feeding of poor quality musty straw to horses. For that reason in every collective farm where such cases occurred samples of the available fodder were studied. The numerous investigations remained fruitless for a long time until P. D. JATEL discovered straw which had been fed to horses before an outbreak of the disease. This straw contained a blackened layer copiously overgrown with the fungus Stachybotrys alternans. Feeding of fodder infected with that fungus to experimental horses reproduced the pattern of the \"unknown disease\", which thereafter began to be known as \"stachybotryotoxicosis\". When human stachybotryotoxocosis was studied, all the clues in the epidemiological investigation pointed to barley straw as a source of the disease. F. A. LINNIK (1938) noted that immediately before falling sick patients had been in close contact with musty straw. Among collective farmers the disease had a sudden onset and was mainly confined to men. No one contracted the disease who had not something to do with this musty straw. The members of the families of the patients also remained in good health. The disease bore a familial character when farmers had used the straw as litter on their private holdings. In their study of the nature of alimentary toxic aleukia, S. G. MIRONOV and M. K...", "PMID": 77650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6659", "title": "Failure of fenoprofen to affect the corneal immunologic reaction.", "content": "In rabbits whose corneas had been subjected with bovine gamma globulin, fenoprofen administered subconjunctivally failed to alter the animals' inflammatory or immunologic responses.", "contents": "Failure of fenoprofen to affect the corneal immunologic reaction. In rabbits whose corneas had been subjected with bovine gamma globulin, fenoprofen administered subconjunctivally failed to alter the animals' inflammatory or immunologic responses.", "PMID": 77651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6660", "title": "[Gm(28), a new allotypic marker on human IgG3: peculiar interest of its study within Negroid populations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new allotype in the Gm system (Gm(28)) was described and studied. Among Caucasoids and Mongoloids, it was found with rare exceptions, in samples containing Gm(21), segregating with Gm1,17,21 and Gm1,2,17,21 haplotypes. This new antigenic determinant was found to be of particular interest among Negroid populations in which its frequency is variable. It can be detected with all--common or uncommon--haplotypes. The degree to which it is associated with some haplotypes in different populations may prove useful in the characterization of Negroid populations. This new allotypic determinant is located on the CH3 homology region of IgG3 subclass.", "contents": "[Gm(28), a new allotypic marker on human IgG3: peculiar interest of its study within Negroid populations (author's transl)]. A new allotype in the Gm system (Gm(28)) was described and studied. Among Caucasoids and Mongoloids, it was found with rare exceptions, in samples containing Gm(21), segregating with Gm1,17,21 and Gm1,2,17,21 haplotypes. This new antigenic determinant was found to be of particular interest among Negroid populations in which its frequency is variable. It can be detected with all--common or uncommon--haplotypes. The degree to which it is associated with some haplotypes in different populations may prove useful in the characterization of Negroid populations. This new allotypic determinant is located on the CH3 homology region of IgG3 subclass.", "PMID": 77655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6661", "title": "Congenital sensory neuropathy with selective loss of small myelinated fibers.", "content": "The results of clinical, electrophysiological, autonomic, and histopathological studies in a 6-year-old patient with congenital sensory neuropathy are presented. Selective loss of pain perception affecting the extremities was noted from infancy. Nerve conduction studies were normal. Small myelinated fibers were selectively reduced in the sural nerve, and unmyelinated fibers were normal.", "contents": "Congenital sensory neuropathy with selective loss of small myelinated fibers. The results of clinical, electrophysiological, autonomic, and histopathological studies in a 6-year-old patient with congenital sensory neuropathy are presented. Selective loss of pain perception affecting the extremities was noted from infancy. Nerve conduction studies were normal. Small myelinated fibers were selectively reduced in the sural nerve, and unmyelinated fibers were normal.", "PMID": 77656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6662", "title": "Glycoproteins in disease.", "content": "The class of carbohydrate macromolecules known as glycoproteins exhibits great structural diversity. Their key role in the function of biological systems includes determination of cell membrane structure and function as well as antigenic determinants. In the recent decade, the detection of inborn errors of metabolism of these macromolecules as well as changes in their composition following mutagenesis and oncogenesis have highlighted the key role they play in the biology of man. The application of analytic techniques for their quantitation and structural characterization has resulted in their increasing utility in diagnostic medicine. They may be used not only as markers of active and inactive disease, but they also have become important in the diagnosis of congenital defects and tumors.", "contents": "Glycoproteins in disease. The class of carbohydrate macromolecules known as glycoproteins exhibits great structural diversity. Their key role in the function of biological systems includes determination of cell membrane structure and function as well as antigenic determinants. In the recent decade, the detection of inborn errors of metabolism of these macromolecules as well as changes in their composition following mutagenesis and oncogenesis have highlighted the key role they play in the biology of man. The application of analytic techniques for their quantitation and structural characterization has resulted in their increasing utility in diagnostic medicine. They may be used not only as markers of active and inactive disease, but they also have become important in the diagnosis of congenital defects and tumors.", "PMID": 77653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6663", "title": "The structure of human immunoglobulins.", "content": "General structural features of human Ig proteins are reviewed. The basic four-chain polypeptide structure is described with particular emphasis on IgG as a model for all Ig classes. The dual biologic role of antibody with antigen-binding and the Fc-associated class-specific effector functions is discussed. Certain aspects of Ig structure are highlighted in order to facilitate understanding of symposium topics related to Ig structure and function. Variable (V) region Ig structure, hypervariable segments in the V-regions, idiotypic determinants, and clonal switch mechanisms which permit the synthesis of IgM, IgG and IgA are presented in greater detail. Summary comments include a brief discussion of the genetic control of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "The structure of human immunoglobulins. General structural features of human Ig proteins are reviewed. The basic four-chain polypeptide structure is described with particular emphasis on IgG as a model for all Ig classes. The dual biologic role of antibody with antigen-binding and the Fc-associated class-specific effector functions is discussed. Certain aspects of Ig structure are highlighted in order to facilitate understanding of symposium topics related to Ig structure and function. Variable (V) region Ig structure, hypervariable segments in the V-regions, idiotypic determinants, and clonal switch mechanisms which permit the synthesis of IgM, IgG and IgA are presented in greater detail. Summary comments include a brief discussion of the genetic control of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "PMID": 77654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6664", "title": "African trials in chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Bleomycin either alone or in combination with radiotherapy was used in the treatment of 24 patients with non-resectable cancer of the oesophagus. Improvement in performance (swallowing) status was observed in 75% of patients, although only 19% were known to be alive after 1 year of follow-up. Patients with liver cancer were treated with adriamycin. The response rate was dose dependent and was 40% at best. Combination of adriamycin with other drugs did not improve the response rate. Intra-arterial adriamycin appears more efficacious and gave a response rate of 60%.", "contents": "African trials in chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Bleomycin either alone or in combination with radiotherapy was used in the treatment of 24 patients with non-resectable cancer of the oesophagus. Improvement in performance (swallowing) status was observed in 75% of patients, although only 19% were known to be alive after 1 year of follow-up. Patients with liver cancer were treated with adriamycin. The response rate was dose dependent and was 40% at best. Combination of adriamycin with other drugs did not improve the response rate. Intra-arterial adriamycin appears more efficacious and gave a response rate of 60%.", "PMID": 77658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6665", "title": "Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula.", "content": "Esophagorespiratory communication developed in 46 patients among 570 with esophageal cancer. Therapy was basically palliative and aimed at mechanical interruption of the fistula, restoration of esophageal continuity, and avoidance of external tubes and appliances. Supportive therapy, gastrostomy, tracheostomy, and esophageal exclusion and diversion procedures resulted in little prolongation of life and poor palliation of the patient. Permanent endoesophageal intubation with tubes of the Celestin variety resulted in best palliation with minimal operative risk for most terminal patients. Colon bypass and occasional resection can accomplish the same goal and possibly provide long-term survival in good-risk, young patients with small tumors.", "contents": "Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula. Esophagorespiratory communication developed in 46 patients among 570 with esophageal cancer. Therapy was basically palliative and aimed at mechanical interruption of the fistula, restoration of esophageal continuity, and avoidance of external tubes and appliances. Supportive therapy, gastrostomy, tracheostomy, and esophageal exclusion and diversion procedures resulted in little prolongation of life and poor palliation of the patient. Permanent endoesophageal intubation with tubes of the Celestin variety resulted in best palliation with minimal operative risk for most terminal patients. Colon bypass and occasional resection can accomplish the same goal and possibly provide long-term survival in good-risk, young patients with small tumors.", "PMID": 77661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6666", "title": "Burn unit management of toxic epidermal necrolysis.", "content": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis is the name given to a group of dermatologic disorders characterized by a separation of epidermis and dermis with a subsequent skin slough. The denuded areas have the appearance of a second-degree burn. The complications of infection, negative nitrogen balance, severe pain, and emotional instability are identical to those seen in the patient with major burns. There are difficulties in patient management and advantages in burn unit care. As with the major burn, care of the patient with skin loss from toxic epidermal necrolysis is extremely complex, requiring the expertise of a burn team along with that of the dermatologist.", "contents": "Burn unit management of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Toxic epidermal necrolysis is the name given to a group of dermatologic disorders characterized by a separation of epidermis and dermis with a subsequent skin slough. The denuded areas have the appearance of a second-degree burn. The complications of infection, negative nitrogen balance, severe pain, and emotional instability are identical to those seen in the patient with major burns. There are difficulties in patient management and advantages in burn unit care. As with the major burn, care of the patient with skin loss from toxic epidermal necrolysis is extremely complex, requiring the expertise of a burn team along with that of the dermatologist.", "PMID": 77662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6667", "title": "Serum biochemical markers in lung cancer.", "content": "The prevalence of elevated serum levels of 5 potential tumour-associated antigens was determined in patients with lung cancer sampled at the time of initial presentation, using age- and sex-matched patients with benign lung disease as controls. Elevated levels (greater than upper 95th centile of controls) were found as follows: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 17%; pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM), 16%; casein 14%; human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 6%; alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), 1.5%. The prevalence of elevated CEA levels (but not other markers) was higher in patients with evidence of extra-thoracic tumour spread (23%) mainly due to anaplastic tumours and adenocarcinomas. A degree of concordance of elevated marker levels occurred with CEA, HCG, casein and AFP, but there was a striking discordance of elevated CEA and PAM levels. Simultaneous assays of CEA and PAM will detect the majority of patients with elevations of any of the markers studied, and are likely to be the most useful biochemical markers in following the response of lung tumours to therapy.", "contents": "Serum biochemical markers in lung cancer. The prevalence of elevated serum levels of 5 potential tumour-associated antigens was determined in patients with lung cancer sampled at the time of initial presentation, using age- and sex-matched patients with benign lung disease as controls. Elevated levels (greater than upper 95th centile of controls) were found as follows: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 17%; pregnancy-associated alpha-macroglobulin (PAM), 16%; casein 14%; human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 6%; alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), 1.5%. The prevalence of elevated CEA levels (but not other markers) was higher in patients with evidence of extra-thoracic tumour spread (23%) mainly due to anaplastic tumours and adenocarcinomas. A degree of concordance of elevated marker levels occurred with CEA, HCG, casein and AFP, but there was a striking discordance of elevated CEA and PAM levels. Simultaneous assays of CEA and PAM will detect the majority of patients with elevations of any of the markers studied, and are likely to be the most useful biochemical markers in following the response of lung tumours to therapy.", "PMID": 77672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6668", "title": "Isolation of human tumour-specific antigens associated with beta2 microglobulin.", "content": "In the present study the tube LAI assay was used to monitor the isolation of the TSA of 4 different types of human cancers. Each tumour antigen was found to be specific for tumours arising in the organ from which the TSA was initially derived and which were histopathologically similar. Immunochemical studies revealed that these molecules co-isolate with normal human HLA antigens and are associated with beta2m. On Sephadex G-150, the majority of the papain-solubilized tumour antigen eluted in the mol. wt range 70,000-150,000. Analysis of this material by SDS-PAGE and 6M guanidine-HC1 column chromatography indicated that the material is composed of smaller subunits with prominent peaks at approximately 40,000, 25,000 and 12,000 mol. wt. Immunoadsorbent affinity chromatography of the solubilized tumour-membrane constituents on AH-Sepharose-linked horse anti-human-beta2m indicated that the tumour antigens, like HLA molecules, contain a beta2m subunit. The specificity of binding of TSA to the immunoadsorbent columns and the immunologically specific abrogation of LAI reactivity were clearly shown. The present study, therefore, indicates that by the isolation of beta2m, human tumour antigens can also be isolated, since human tumour antigens are associated with beta2m. Whether human TSAs may perhaps be modified histocompatibility antigens remains to be answered. Although the change upon malignant transformation in the pattern of the cell-surface proteins expressing the TSA determinant remains obscure, it would appear that for tumours arising within a given organ, a consistent alteration of cell-surface proteins occurs.", "contents": "Isolation of human tumour-specific antigens associated with beta2 microglobulin. In the present study the tube LAI assay was used to monitor the isolation of the TSA of 4 different types of human cancers. Each tumour antigen was found to be specific for tumours arising in the organ from which the TSA was initially derived and which were histopathologically similar. Immunochemical studies revealed that these molecules co-isolate with normal human HLA antigens and are associated with beta2m. On Sephadex G-150, the majority of the papain-solubilized tumour antigen eluted in the mol. wt range 70,000-150,000. Analysis of this material by SDS-PAGE and 6M guanidine-HC1 column chromatography indicated that the material is composed of smaller subunits with prominent peaks at approximately 40,000, 25,000 and 12,000 mol. wt. Immunoadsorbent affinity chromatography of the solubilized tumour-membrane constituents on AH-Sepharose-linked horse anti-human-beta2m indicated that the tumour antigens, like HLA molecules, contain a beta2m subunit. The specificity of binding of TSA to the immunoadsorbent columns and the immunologically specific abrogation of LAI reactivity were clearly shown. The present study, therefore, indicates that by the isolation of beta2m, human tumour antigens can also be isolated, since human tumour antigens are associated with beta2m. Whether human TSAs may perhaps be modified histocompatibility antigens remains to be answered. Although the change upon malignant transformation in the pattern of the cell-surface proteins expressing the TSA determinant remains obscure, it would appear that for tumours arising within a given organ, a consistent alteration of cell-surface proteins occurs.", "PMID": 77673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6669", "title": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic factor as measured by macrophage migration inhibition during tumour induction and growth.", "content": "Spleen-cell sensitivity to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured with the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test over a period of time in hamsters inoculated with SV40-transformed tumour cells and in rats treated with 4-dimethylamino-3'-methylazobenzene.Spleen cells from hamsters receiving 10 or 10(3) SV40 tumour cells gave inhibition of macrophage migration with EF at a significance level of P<0\u00b705 21 days after implantation. Spleen cells from animals receiving 10(5) tumour cells gave inhibition at a significance level of P<0\u00b7001 after the same interval.Spleen-cell sensitivity to EF, and the abrogation of this sensitivity by serum, was investigated over a period of time in rats undergoing hepatocarcinogenesis. Sensitivity to EF was seen in 2/10 animals (20%) with minimal lesions of the liver, in 2/16 animals (12%) with proliferative changes and/or cholangiofibrosis, in 7/15 animals (46%) with dysplastic lesions of portal-tract epithelial cells and in all 5 animals with cholangiocarcinoma. None of a control group of 10 animals showed any response to EF. Autologous serum abrogated the spleen-cell response to EF in one sensitized animal with proliferative changes and cholangiofibrosis, in all 7 sensitized animals with dysplastic hepatic lesions and in 4/5 sensitized animals with cholangiocarcinoma. Autologous serum had no effect on macrophage migration in the 10 control animals.These findings indicate that a progressive increase in sensitization to EF occurs during carcinogenesis and is evident at the point of preneoplastic dysplasia. This has an obviously important bearing on the clinical use of such tests.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic factor as measured by macrophage migration inhibition during tumour induction and growth. Spleen-cell sensitivity to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured with the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test over a period of time in hamsters inoculated with SV40-transformed tumour cells and in rats treated with 4-dimethylamino-3'-methylazobenzene.Spleen cells from hamsters receiving 10 or 10(3) SV40 tumour cells gave inhibition of macrophage migration with EF at a significance level of P<0\u00b705 21 days after implantation. Spleen cells from animals receiving 10(5) tumour cells gave inhibition at a significance level of P<0\u00b7001 after the same interval.Spleen-cell sensitivity to EF, and the abrogation of this sensitivity by serum, was investigated over a period of time in rats undergoing hepatocarcinogenesis. Sensitivity to EF was seen in 2/10 animals (20%) with minimal lesions of the liver, in 2/16 animals (12%) with proliferative changes and/or cholangiofibrosis, in 7/15 animals (46%) with dysplastic lesions of portal-tract epithelial cells and in all 5 animals with cholangiocarcinoma. None of a control group of 10 animals showed any response to EF. Autologous serum abrogated the spleen-cell response to EF in one sensitized animal with proliferative changes and cholangiofibrosis, in all 7 sensitized animals with dysplastic hepatic lesions and in 4/5 sensitized animals with cholangiocarcinoma. Autologous serum had no effect on macrophage migration in the 10 control animals.These findings indicate that a progressive increase in sensitization to EF occurs during carcinogenesis and is evident at the point of preneoplastic dysplasia. This has an obviously important bearing on the clinical use of such tests.", "PMID": 77674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6670", "title": "Bleomycin-specific fragmentation of double-stranded DNA.", "content": "Brief exposure of covalently closed circular duplex PM2 DNA to low concentrations of the clinical bleomycin mixture (Blenoxane) resulted in specific fragmentation of the genome that does not depend on the presence of superhelical turns. The double-strand breaks are in fact produced at several discrete sites on the PM2 genome but frequently occurring near the HpaII restriction endonuclease cleavage site. Initial rates of formation of nicked circular and linear duplex PM2 DNAs are reduced to different extents as the ionic strength of the reaction is increased. Increasing ionic strength is most effective in reducing the initial rate and overall yield of apparent double-strand scissions compared with single-strand scissions in the bleomycin-treated PM2 DNA.", "contents": "Bleomycin-specific fragmentation of double-stranded DNA. Brief exposure of covalently closed circular duplex PM2 DNA to low concentrations of the clinical bleomycin mixture (Blenoxane) resulted in specific fragmentation of the genome that does not depend on the presence of superhelical turns. The double-strand breaks are in fact produced at several discrete sites on the PM2 genome but frequently occurring near the HpaII restriction endonuclease cleavage site. Initial rates of formation of nicked circular and linear duplex PM2 DNAs are reduced to different extents as the ionic strength of the reaction is increased. Increasing ionic strength is most effective in reducing the initial rate and overall yield of apparent double-strand scissions compared with single-strand scissions in the bleomycin-treated PM2 DNA.", "PMID": 77675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6671", "title": "Biochemical and immunochemical characterization of hexosaminidase P.", "content": "Hexasaminidase P, the main isozyme of hexosaminidase in pregnancy serum, was isolated and purified 600--700-fold by a two-step purification procedure--affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound epsilon-aminocaproyl-N-acetylglucosylamine, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified enzyme was subjected to biochemical and immunochemical analysis. Its catalytic property, namely, kinetic behavior, is similar to that of the major isozymes of hexosaminidase, A and B. However, it differs from these isozymes in its electrophoretic mobility and in its apparent molecular weight which is around 150 000 compared with 100 000 of the A and B isozymes. Immunochemical analysis indicates that the P isozymes is antigenically cross-reactive with both A and B isozymes, but it does not contain the A-specific antigenic determinants, and exhibits identical antigenic specificity to hexasaminidase B. Two possible structures are suggested that are compatible with the experimental data: (a) a hexosaminidase B like structure with higher extent of glycosylation; (b) a hexameter of beta chain, possibly arranged as three beta2 subunits.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunochemical characterization of hexosaminidase P. Hexasaminidase P, the main isozyme of hexosaminidase in pregnancy serum, was isolated and purified 600--700-fold by a two-step purification procedure--affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound epsilon-aminocaproyl-N-acetylglucosylamine, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified enzyme was subjected to biochemical and immunochemical analysis. Its catalytic property, namely, kinetic behavior, is similar to that of the major isozymes of hexosaminidase, A and B. However, it differs from these isozymes in its electrophoretic mobility and in its apparent molecular weight which is around 150 000 compared with 100 000 of the A and B isozymes. Immunochemical analysis indicates that the P isozymes is antigenically cross-reactive with both A and B isozymes, but it does not contain the A-specific antigenic determinants, and exhibits identical antigenic specificity to hexasaminidase B. Two possible structures are suggested that are compatible with the experimental data: (a) a hexosaminidase B like structure with higher extent of glycosylation; (b) a hexameter of beta chain, possibly arranged as three beta2 subunits.", "PMID": 77676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6672", "title": "Complete covalent structure of human beta-thromboglobulin.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the platelet-specific protein human beta-thromboglobulin has been determined. beta-Thromboglobulin consists of identical subunits of 81 amino acids, each with a molecular weight of 8851. The amino acid sequence of the beta-thromboglobulin subunit is: Gly-Lys-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ser-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Glu-Leu-Arg-Cys-Met-Cys-Ile-Lys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ile-His-Pro-Lys-Asn-Ile-Gln-Ser-Leu-Glu-Val-Ile-Gly-Lys-Gly-Thr-His-Cys-Asn-Gln-Val-Glu-Val-Ile-Ala-Thr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gly-Arg-Lys-Ile-Cys-Leu-Asp-Pro-Asp-Ala-Pro-Arg-Ile-Lys-Lys-Ile-Val-Gln-Lys-Lys-Leu-Ala-Gly-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ala-Asp. Disulfide bridge-18 to half-cystine-58. The amino acid sequence of beta-thromboglobulin shows a marked homology with that of platelet factor 4. When the sequences are aligned for maximum homology, 42 of the 81 residues of beta-thromboglobulin are identical with those of platelet factor 4, including the position of the four half-cystines.", "contents": "Complete covalent structure of human beta-thromboglobulin. The complete primary structure of the platelet-specific protein human beta-thromboglobulin has been determined. beta-Thromboglobulin consists of identical subunits of 81 amino acids, each with a molecular weight of 8851. The amino acid sequence of the beta-thromboglobulin subunit is: Gly-Lys-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ser-Asp-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Glu-Leu-Arg-Cys-Met-Cys-Ile-Lys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ile-His-Pro-Lys-Asn-Ile-Gln-Ser-Leu-Glu-Val-Ile-Gly-Lys-Gly-Thr-His-Cys-Asn-Gln-Val-Glu-Val-Ile-Ala-Thr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gly-Arg-Lys-Ile-Cys-Leu-Asp-Pro-Asp-Ala-Pro-Arg-Ile-Lys-Lys-Ile-Val-Gln-Lys-Lys-Leu-Ala-Gly-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ala-Asp. Disulfide bridge-18 to half-cystine-58. The amino acid sequence of beta-thromboglobulin shows a marked homology with that of platelet factor 4. When the sequences are aligned for maximum homology, 42 of the 81 residues of beta-thromboglobulin are identical with those of platelet factor 4, including the position of the four half-cystines.", "PMID": 77677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6673", "title": "The biosynthesis of oncovirus proteins.", "content": "The patterns of oncovirus protein biosynthesis are essentially similar for avian and mammalian viruses. In each case the four major internal structural proteins are synthesized as a precursor polypeptide of about 75 000 daltons, the product of the gag gene. Translation occurs on genome-sized mRNA. This polyprotein is cleaved in a series of steps to give the mature proteins. The mechanism and localization of cleavage have not yet been clarified. Viral reverse transcriptase, the product of the pol gene, also is translated on genome-sized mRNA as a precursor, which is a \"read-through\" product of the neighbouring gag gene. The two major envelope proteins are translated as a glycosylated precursor of apparent molecular weight about 90 000 from the env gene located on a sub-genomic RNA species. The precursor is transported to the plasma membrane where it may mark the site of virus budding. It is cleaved in transport or on the membrane, but the resulting two mature envelope proteins remain tied by disulfide bonds. Sarc, the protein product of the src gene that is responsible for transformation, is translated from a different viral mRNA than the structural proteins. Sarc has not been definitively characterized in any system.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of oncovirus proteins. The patterns of oncovirus protein biosynthesis are essentially similar for avian and mammalian viruses. In each case the four major internal structural proteins are synthesized as a precursor polypeptide of about 75 000 daltons, the product of the gag gene. Translation occurs on genome-sized mRNA. This polyprotein is cleaved in a series of steps to give the mature proteins. The mechanism and localization of cleavage have not yet been clarified. Viral reverse transcriptase, the product of the pol gene, also is translated on genome-sized mRNA as a precursor, which is a \"read-through\" product of the neighbouring gag gene. The two major envelope proteins are translated as a glycosylated precursor of apparent molecular weight about 90 000 from the env gene located on a sub-genomic RNA species. The precursor is transported to the plasma membrane where it may mark the site of virus budding. It is cleaved in transport or on the membrane, but the resulting two mature envelope proteins remain tied by disulfide bonds. Sarc, the protein product of the src gene that is responsible for transformation, is translated from a different viral mRNA than the structural proteins. Sarc has not been definitively characterized in any system.", "PMID": 77678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6674", "title": "Kinetic analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence inductions from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea.", "content": "1. The induction of Photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and uncoupled with gramicidin has been measured. 2. In agreement with other authors it was found that the addition of cations to chloroplasts suspended in a low-cation medium not only stimulated the intensity of fluorescence but also changed the shape of the induction from being nearly exponential to being sigmoid. 3. A new theory of the photosynthetic unit of Photosystem II (Paillotin, G. (1976) J. Theor. Biol. 58, 237--252) was used to analyse the fluorescence inductions. 4. A comparison of the results of the Paillotin model with the experimental data suggests that excitation energy is not able to migrate between all the photosynthetic units of a photosynthetic domain. However, it is concluded that excitation energy may migrate from one photosynthetic unit to another, and that the energy migration is in competition with other processes leading to the decay of the excitation within Photosystem II. 5. It is suggested that the size of the \"functional\" photosynthetic unit, defined as the number of chlorophyll molecules that may communicate with a reaction centre, is variable.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence inductions from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 1. The induction of Photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence from chloroplasts blocked with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and uncoupled with gramicidin has been measured. 2. In agreement with other authors it was found that the addition of cations to chloroplasts suspended in a low-cation medium not only stimulated the intensity of fluorescence but also changed the shape of the induction from being nearly exponential to being sigmoid. 3. A new theory of the photosynthetic unit of Photosystem II (Paillotin, G. (1976) J. Theor. Biol. 58, 237--252) was used to analyse the fluorescence inductions. 4. A comparison of the results of the Paillotin model with the experimental data suggests that excitation energy is not able to migrate between all the photosynthetic units of a photosynthetic domain. However, it is concluded that excitation energy may migrate from one photosynthetic unit to another, and that the energy migration is in competition with other processes leading to the decay of the excitation within Photosystem II. 5. It is suggested that the size of the \"functional\" photosynthetic unit, defined as the number of chlorophyll molecules that may communicate with a reaction centre, is variable.", "PMID": 77679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6675", "title": "Immunological properties of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase: immunological identification of rutamycin-sensitive F0.F1ATPase from Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "(1) F0.F1ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) from Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 was solubilized from plasma membranes by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2. (2) The antibiotics rutamycin, Dio-9, quercetin, oligomycin, botrycidin, efrapeptin, leucinostatin, valinomycin, and venturicidin as well as N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dinitrophenol are potent inhibitors of F0.F1ATPase activity.(3) F0.F1ATPase activity is completely inhibited by anti-F1ATPase antibodies. The inhibition is non-competitive. (4) Crossed immunoelectrophoresis reveals a reaction of immunological identity of F0.F1ATPase and F1ATPase indicating that both enzymes have in common antigenic sites.", "contents": "Immunological properties of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase: immunological identification of rutamycin-sensitive F0.F1ATPase from Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. (1) F0.F1ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) from Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 was solubilized from plasma membranes by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2. (2) The antibiotics rutamycin, Dio-9, quercetin, oligomycin, botrycidin, efrapeptin, leucinostatin, valinomycin, and venturicidin as well as N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dinitrophenol are potent inhibitors of F0.F1ATPase activity.(3) F0.F1ATPase activity is completely inhibited by anti-F1ATPase antibodies. The inhibition is non-competitive. (4) Crossed immunoelectrophoresis reveals a reaction of immunological identity of F0.F1ATPase and F1ATPase indicating that both enzymes have in common antigenic sites.", "PMID": 77681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6676", "title": "Molecular orbital studies on nucleoside analogs. II. Conformation of 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "PCILO (Perturbative Configuration Interaction using Localised Orbitals) computations have been carried out for three 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides, 6-azauridine, 6-azacytidine and 6-azathymidine, for both C(2')-endo and C(3')-endo pucker of the sugar ring. The results indicate a syn (chiCN=180 degrees) conformation followed by chiCN=90 degrees and gg conformation for C(3')-endo 6-aza analogs as compareed to the anti (chiCN=0 degrees) and gg conformation preferred by the corresponding pyrimidine nucleosides. For C(2')-endo sugar geometry, 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine prefer, respectively, chiCN=0 degrees (anti) and phi C(4')-C(5')=60 degrees C (gg) and chiCN-240 degrees (syn) and phi C(4')-C(5')=120 degrees. The corresponding nucleosides, uridine and cytidine, show a preference for syn (chiCN=240 degrees) and gg and anti(chiCN=0 degrees) and gg , respectively. The X-ray crystallographic conformations of 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine have been attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding and crystal packing forces. The results of PMR, CD and ORD studies on 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine in aqueous solutions are in agreement with the PCILO predictions.", "contents": "Molecular orbital studies on nucleoside analogs. II. Conformation of 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides. PCILO (Perturbative Configuration Interaction using Localised Orbitals) computations have been carried out for three 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides, 6-azauridine, 6-azacytidine and 6-azathymidine, for both C(2')-endo and C(3')-endo pucker of the sugar ring. The results indicate a syn (chiCN=180 degrees) conformation followed by chiCN=90 degrees and gg conformation for C(3')-endo 6-aza analogs as compareed to the anti (chiCN=0 degrees) and gg conformation preferred by the corresponding pyrimidine nucleosides. For C(2')-endo sugar geometry, 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine prefer, respectively, chiCN=0 degrees (anti) and phi C(4')-C(5')=60 degrees C (gg) and chiCN-240 degrees (syn) and phi C(4')-C(5')=120 degrees. The corresponding nucleosides, uridine and cytidine, show a preference for syn (chiCN=240 degrees) and gg and anti(chiCN=0 degrees) and gg , respectively. The X-ray crystallographic conformations of 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine have been attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding and crystal packing forces. The results of PMR, CD and ORD studies on 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine in aqueous solutions are in agreement with the PCILO predictions.", "PMID": 77682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6677", "title": "Induction of four proteins in eukaryotic cells by kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone).", "content": "Kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) induces the synthesis of four proteins (100 000, 70 000, 35 000 and 25 000 daltons) in normal chick embryo cells. The 70 000 dalton species is produced at the fastest rate 2 hr after exposure to the compound. Pulse-chase experiments revealed neither precursors nor products of these proteins and both actinomycin and cycloheximide inhibited their synthesis. Neither of the two substituents of the inducer, kethoxal or thiosemicarbazide, were active. The four proteins were induced in several other species, but human cells produced only three proteins (100 000, 70 000 and a different 30 000 dalton form).", "contents": "Induction of four proteins in eukaryotic cells by kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone). Kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) induces the synthesis of four proteins (100 000, 70 000, 35 000 and 25 000 daltons) in normal chick embryo cells. The 70 000 dalton species is produced at the fastest rate 2 hr after exposure to the compound. Pulse-chase experiments revealed neither precursors nor products of these proteins and both actinomycin and cycloheximide inhibited their synthesis. Neither of the two substituents of the inducer, kethoxal or thiosemicarbazide, were active. The four proteins were induced in several other species, but human cells produced only three proteins (100 000, 70 000 and a different 30 000 dalton form).", "PMID": 77683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6678", "title": "A rapid assay for neuraminidase. The detection of two differences in activity associated with virus transformation.", "content": "Neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) activity in fibroblast homogenates was measured by a rapid and simple assay with a synthetic substrate. The activity of neuraminidase in virus transformed hamster fibroblasts was increased over the normal counterpart. In addition, the differential activity seen using the synthetic substrate and fetuin made it possible to detect an enzyme activity hitherto not described. The advantages of this assay for metabolic screening are discussed.", "contents": "A rapid assay for neuraminidase. The detection of two differences in activity associated with virus transformation. Neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) activity in fibroblast homogenates was measured by a rapid and simple assay with a synthetic substrate. The activity of neuraminidase in virus transformed hamster fibroblasts was increased over the normal counterpart. In addition, the differential activity seen using the synthetic substrate and fetuin made it possible to detect an enzyme activity hitherto not described. The advantages of this assay for metabolic screening are discussed.", "PMID": 77684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6679", "title": "A comparison of the polypeptide isoelectric points and antigenic determinant sites of the large subunit of fraction 1 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Petunia hybrida.", "content": "The large subunit of Fraction 1 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Petunia hybrida has been examined by isoelectric focusing of the S-carboxymethylated polypeptides, and by double immunodiffusion with antiserum raised against Fraction 1 protein. The immunological results reveal heterogeneity in the large subunit primary structure not identified by isoelectric focusing. A variable phylogeny can be generated depending on whether serological or electrofocusing criteria are used.", "contents": "A comparison of the polypeptide isoelectric points and antigenic determinant sites of the large subunit of fraction 1 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Petunia hybrida. The large subunit of Fraction 1 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Petunia hybrida has been examined by isoelectric focusing of the S-carboxymethylated polypeptides, and by double immunodiffusion with antiserum raised against Fraction 1 protein. The immunological results reveal heterogeneity in the large subunit primary structure not identified by isoelectric focusing. A variable phylogeny can be generated depending on whether serological or electrofocusing criteria are used.", "PMID": 77685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6680", "title": "[The antigen activity and structure of analogues and fragments of angiotensin, which contain enantiomeric forms of amino acids and aza-alpha'-homoamino acids].", "content": "The antigen activity of angiotensin, its fragments and analogues, which contain enantiomeric forms of amino acids and aza-alpha'-homoamino acids is studied by cross reactions with specific antibodies, obtained for angiotensin and its central tetrapeptide. It is found that the inclusion of additional NH-group between alpha carbon and carboxyl group of peptide chain, although in few cases radically changes spatial structure of compounds, does not deprivate their antigen activity. The replacement of NH-group to the C-end of the angiotensin molecule by affection the antigen determinant considerably decreases the antigen activity of the analogues. The important role in the determination of the antigen activity play the tyrosine residue and its specific orientation with respect to the antigen molecule. Low molecular weight fragments and analogues of the central part of angiotensin molecule, which have less \"rigid\" spatial structures, are capable to reorganize their spatial structure during interaction with antibodies.", "contents": "[The antigen activity and structure of analogues and fragments of angiotensin, which contain enantiomeric forms of amino acids and aza-alpha'-homoamino acids]. The antigen activity of angiotensin, its fragments and analogues, which contain enantiomeric forms of amino acids and aza-alpha'-homoamino acids is studied by cross reactions with specific antibodies, obtained for angiotensin and its central tetrapeptide. It is found that the inclusion of additional NH-group between alpha carbon and carboxyl group of peptide chain, although in few cases radically changes spatial structure of compounds, does not deprivate their antigen activity. The replacement of NH-group to the C-end of the angiotensin molecule by affection the antigen determinant considerably decreases the antigen activity of the analogues. The important role in the determination of the antigen activity play the tyrosine residue and its specific orientation with respect to the antigen molecule. Low molecular weight fragments and analogues of the central part of angiotensin molecule, which have less \"rigid\" spatial structures, are capable to reorganize their spatial structure during interaction with antibodies.", "PMID": 77686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6681", "title": "Electrostatic calculations for an ion channel. II. Kinetic behavior of the gramicidin A channel.", "content": "A theoretical model of the gramicidin A channel is presented and the kinetic behavior of the model is derived and compared with previous experimental results. The major assumption of the model is that the only interaction between ions in a multiply-occupied channel is electrostatic. The electrostatic calculations indicate in a multiply-occupied channel is electrostatic. The electrostatic calculations indicate that there will be potential wells at each end of the channel and, at high concentrations, that both wells can be occupied. The kinetics are based on two reaction steps: movement of the ion from the bulk solution to the well and movement between the two wells. The kinetics for this reaction rate approach are identical to those based on the Nernst-Planck equation in the limit where the movement between the two wells is rate limiting. The experimental results for sodium and potassium are consistent with a maximum of two ions per channel. To explain the thallium results it is necessary to allow three ions per channel. It is shown that this case is compatible with the electrostatic calculations if the presence of an anion is included. The theoretical kinetics are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the following experimental measurements: single channel conductance of sodium, potassium, and thallium; bi-ionic potential and permeability ratio between sodium-potassium and potassium-thallium; the limiting conductance of potassium and thallium at high applied voltages; current-voltage curves for sodium and potassium at low (but not high) concentrations; and the inhibition of sodium conductance by thallium. The results suggest that the potential well is located close to the channel mouth and that the conductance is partially limited by the rate going from the bulk solution to the well. For thallium, this entrance rate is probably diffusion limited.", "contents": "Electrostatic calculations for an ion channel. II. Kinetic behavior of the gramicidin A channel. A theoretical model of the gramicidin A channel is presented and the kinetic behavior of the model is derived and compared with previous experimental results. The major assumption of the model is that the only interaction between ions in a multiply-occupied channel is electrostatic. The electrostatic calculations indicate in a multiply-occupied channel is electrostatic. The electrostatic calculations indicate that there will be potential wells at each end of the channel and, at high concentrations, that both wells can be occupied. The kinetics are based on two reaction steps: movement of the ion from the bulk solution to the well and movement between the two wells. The kinetics for this reaction rate approach are identical to those based on the Nernst-Planck equation in the limit where the movement between the two wells is rate limiting. The experimental results for sodium and potassium are consistent with a maximum of two ions per channel. To explain the thallium results it is necessary to allow three ions per channel. It is shown that this case is compatible with the electrostatic calculations if the presence of an anion is included. The theoretical kinetics are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the following experimental measurements: single channel conductance of sodium, potassium, and thallium; bi-ionic potential and permeability ratio between sodium-potassium and potassium-thallium; the limiting conductance of potassium and thallium at high applied voltages; current-voltage curves for sodium and potassium at low (but not high) concentrations; and the inhibition of sodium conductance by thallium. The results suggest that the potential well is located close to the channel mouth and that the conductance is partially limited by the rate going from the bulk solution to the well. For thallium, this entrance rate is probably diffusion limited.", "PMID": 77688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6682", "title": "Interactions in cation permeation through the gramicidin channel. Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li, Tl, H, and effects of anion binding.", "content": "As a prototype for binding and interaction in biological Na and K channels, the single channel conductances for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, H, and Tl and the membrane potentials for Tl-K mixtures are characterized for gramicidin A over wider concentration rangers than previously and analyzed using an \"equilibrium domain\" model that assumes a central rate-determining barrier. Peculiarities in the conductance-concentration relationship for TlF, TlNO3, and TlAc suggest that anions bind to Tl-loaded channels, and the theory is extended to allow for this. For concreteness, the selectivity of cation permeation is characterized in terms of individual binding and rate constants of this model, with the conclusions that the strongest site binds Cs greater than Rb greater than K greater than Na greater than Li, while the next strongest binds Na greater than K greater than Li greater than Rb greater than Cs. However, because Schagina, Grinfeldt, and Lev's recent finding of single filing (personal communication) indicates that the channel sites in gramicidin cannot be at equilibrium with the solution, and work in progress with H\u00e4gglund and Enos (Biophys. J. 21:26a. [Abstr.]) indicates that the simplest model adequate to account for the observed concentration-dependences of flux-ratio, conductance, I--V characteristic, and permeability has three barriers and four sites, some implications of additional rate-determining barriers at the mouth of the channel are discussed. The results are summarized using phenomenological \"experimental\" parameters that provide a model-independent way to represent that data concisely and which can be interpreted physically in terms of any desired model.", "contents": "Interactions in cation permeation through the gramicidin channel. Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li, Tl, H, and effects of anion binding. As a prototype for binding and interaction in biological Na and K channels, the single channel conductances for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, H, and Tl and the membrane potentials for Tl-K mixtures are characterized for gramicidin A over wider concentration rangers than previously and analyzed using an \"equilibrium domain\" model that assumes a central rate-determining barrier. Peculiarities in the conductance-concentration relationship for TlF, TlNO3, and TlAc suggest that anions bind to Tl-loaded channels, and the theory is extended to allow for this. For concreteness, the selectivity of cation permeation is characterized in terms of individual binding and rate constants of this model, with the conclusions that the strongest site binds Cs greater than Rb greater than K greater than Na greater than Li, while the next strongest binds Na greater than K greater than Li greater than Rb greater than Cs. However, because Schagina, Grinfeldt, and Lev's recent finding of single filing (personal communication) indicates that the channel sites in gramicidin cannot be at equilibrium with the solution, and work in progress with H\u00e4gglund and Enos (Biophys. J. 21:26a. [Abstr.]) indicates that the simplest model adequate to account for the observed concentration-dependences of flux-ratio, conductance, I--V characteristic, and permeability has three barriers and four sites, some implications of additional rate-determining barriers at the mouth of the channel are discussed. The results are summarized using phenomenological \"experimental\" parameters that provide a model-independent way to represent that data concisely and which can be interpreted physically in terms of any desired model.", "PMID": 77689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6683", "title": "[Localization of specific antigen in the organs of animals inoculated with different series of live measles vaccine].", "content": "Specific antigen was identified by the immunofluorescent test in the walls of the brain blood vessels, in the neurons, and in the glial cells of albino newborn mice and Syrian hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with 4 different batches of live measles vaccine. The pathomorphological test of the brain tissue revealed mainly vascular disturbances. The data obtained testify to the presence of residual neurotropism in the attenuated measles virus (strain \"L-16\").", "contents": "[Localization of specific antigen in the organs of animals inoculated with different series of live measles vaccine]. Specific antigen was identified by the immunofluorescent test in the walls of the brain blood vessels, in the neurons, and in the glial cells of albino newborn mice and Syrian hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with 4 different batches of live measles vaccine. The pathomorphological test of the brain tissue revealed mainly vascular disturbances. The data obtained testify to the presence of residual neurotropism in the attenuated measles virus (strain \"L-16\").", "PMID": 77691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6684", "title": "[Decreased anaphylactogenic properties of disaggregated gamma-globulin].", "content": "Immunological properties of native, aggregated, and disaggregated (tolerogenic) human gamma-globulin were compared in experiments on mice and guinea pigs. Disaggregated preparation was shown to give diminished local and general hypersensitivity reaction in sensitized animals and had decreased ability to induce secondary humoral immune response.", "contents": "[Decreased anaphylactogenic properties of disaggregated gamma-globulin]. Immunological properties of native, aggregated, and disaggregated (tolerogenic) human gamma-globulin were compared in experiments on mice and guinea pigs. Disaggregated preparation was shown to give diminished local and general hypersensitivity reaction in sensitized animals and had decreased ability to induce secondary humoral immune response.", "PMID": 77692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6685", "title": "[Comparative immunochemical and physicochemical characteristics of human placental chorionic alphal- and alpha2-microglobulins].", "content": "Immunochemical analysis showed chorionic alpha1-microglobulin to be immunologically different from chorionic alpha2-microglobulin. Some physico-chemical properties of these proteins were studied, and they were found to differ from one another by a number of parameters.", "contents": "[Comparative immunochemical and physicochemical characteristics of human placental chorionic alphal- and alpha2-microglobulins]. Immunochemical analysis showed chorionic alpha1-microglobulin to be immunologically different from chorionic alpha2-microglobulin. Some physico-chemical properties of these proteins were studied, and they were found to differ from one another by a number of parameters.", "PMID": 77693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6686", "title": "[Localization of albumin, transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein in normal and regenerating mouse liver].", "content": "An acetone-formol fixation technique with subsequent paraffin-embedding suitable for immunofluorescent study of different antigens, including serum proteins, is described. This technique was used for detection of albumin, transferrin, and alpha-fetoprotein distribution in the normal and regenerating liver of mice. Albumin and transferrin were always found together in the same hepatocytes, both under normal conditions and in regeneration. In the regenerating liver alpha-fetoprotein was encountered independently of the two other proteins, although it was revealed in the same zones. Only in the perinecrotic zone did each alpha-fetoprotein-positive hepatocyte contain albumin and transferrin.", "contents": "[Localization of albumin, transferrin and alpha-fetoprotein in normal and regenerating mouse liver]. An acetone-formol fixation technique with subsequent paraffin-embedding suitable for immunofluorescent study of different antigens, including serum proteins, is described. This technique was used for detection of albumin, transferrin, and alpha-fetoprotein distribution in the normal and regenerating liver of mice. Albumin and transferrin were always found together in the same hepatocytes, both under normal conditions and in regeneration. In the regenerating liver alpha-fetoprotein was encountered independently of the two other proteins, although it was revealed in the same zones. Only in the perinecrotic zone did each alpha-fetoprotein-positive hepatocyte contain albumin and transferrin.", "PMID": 77694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6687", "title": "Development of a practical oral dexamethasone premedication schedule leading to improved granulocyte yields with the continuous-flow centrifugal blood cell separator.", "content": "Studies were conducted to improve the yield of granulocytes collected for transfusion from normal donors by means of the continuous-flow centrifugal blood cell separator. Nonleukapheresed donors were medicated with varying schedules of corticosteroids to learn the magnitude and duration of granulocytosis. Normal donors were medicated with varying schedules of corticosteroids prior to a 4-hr leukapheresis and the granulocyte yields determined. It was found that maximum yields (32.2 x 10(9) granulocytes) were obtained by use of dexamethasone given orally 12 and 3 hr prior to leukapheresis. There was a good correlation between the yields and the circulating granulocyte count at the start and during the procedure.", "contents": "Development of a practical oral dexamethasone premedication schedule leading to improved granulocyte yields with the continuous-flow centrifugal blood cell separator. Studies were conducted to improve the yield of granulocytes collected for transfusion from normal donors by means of the continuous-flow centrifugal blood cell separator. Nonleukapheresed donors were medicated with varying schedules of corticosteroids to learn the magnitude and duration of granulocytosis. Normal donors were medicated with varying schedules of corticosteroids prior to a 4-hr leukapheresis and the granulocyte yields determined. It was found that maximum yields (32.2 x 10(9) granulocytes) were obtained by use of dexamethasone given orally 12 and 3 hr prior to leukapheresis. There was a good correlation between the yields and the circulating granulocyte count at the start and during the procedure.", "PMID": 77695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6688", "title": "Factors influencing postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients treated with bleomycin.", "content": "Patients treated with bleomycin are at risk of developing the acute adult respiratory distress syndrome post-operatively. In a prospective study of 12 patients who had received bleomycin preoperatively and were undergoing removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes or pulmonary metastases several preventive factors were established. These were the use of low concentrations of inspired oxygen during operation and in the immediate postoperative period, careful monitoring of fluid replacement, and restriction of crystalloids in favour of colloids.", "contents": "Factors influencing postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients treated with bleomycin. Patients treated with bleomycin are at risk of developing the acute adult respiratory distress syndrome post-operatively. In a prospective study of 12 patients who had received bleomycin preoperatively and were undergoing removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes or pulmonary metastases several preventive factors were established. These were the use of low concentrations of inspired oxygen during operation and in the immediate postoperative period, careful monitoring of fluid replacement, and restriction of crystalloids in favour of colloids.", "PMID": 77697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6689", "title": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of synapse formation in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellum stained either by Os-UL or by E-PTA.", "content": "Synapse formation was followed in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums stained either by osmium-uranyl-lead (Os-UL) or by ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). The numerical densities of synapses stained by Os-UL were always significantly higher than those stained by E-PTA (from 3 to 35 days in vitro). This difference suggests that some portion of the populations of both immature and mature synapses was not stained by E-PTA. The width of the synaptic cleft (28.4nm) in synapses stained by E-PTA was only 9nm more than that of the cleft in synapses stained by Os-UL (19.4nm), suggesting that some portion of one or both of the synaptic membranes is stained by E-PTA. Analysis of data from 7 other staining procedures utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous solutions demonstrated that the differences in cleft width described above appear to be due to the various affinities of the stains for different portions of synaptic membranes, and do not represent differences due to shrinkage artifact. In examining the parameters of synaptic structure during development of the cultures, a statistically significant increase in both the height and width of the presynaptic dense projections was found. Changes in synaptic morphology during synaptogenesis in this culture system were similar to those reported for the cerebellar cortex in vivo.", "contents": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of synapse formation in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellum stained either by Os-UL or by E-PTA. Synapse formation was followed in dispersed cell cultures of rat cerebellums stained either by osmium-uranyl-lead (Os-UL) or by ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). The numerical densities of synapses stained by Os-UL were always significantly higher than those stained by E-PTA (from 3 to 35 days in vitro). This difference suggests that some portion of the populations of both immature and mature synapses was not stained by E-PTA. The width of the synaptic cleft (28.4nm) in synapses stained by E-PTA was only 9nm more than that of the cleft in synapses stained by Os-UL (19.4nm), suggesting that some portion of one or both of the synaptic membranes is stained by E-PTA. Analysis of data from 7 other staining procedures utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous solutions demonstrated that the differences in cleft width described above appear to be due to the various affinities of the stains for different portions of synaptic membranes, and do not represent differences due to shrinkage artifact. In examining the parameters of synaptic structure during development of the cultures, a statistically significant increase in both the height and width of the presynaptic dense projections was found. Changes in synaptic morphology during synaptogenesis in this culture system were similar to those reported for the cerebellar cortex in vivo.", "PMID": 77699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6690", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase labeling of cat tectotectal cells.", "content": "By means of unilateral intracollicular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the cells of origin of the tectotectal projection in cats were detected in the opposite colliculus. The 9 injected animals were divided into two groups in accordance to the location of their injections along the collicular rostrocaudal axis. The majority of the labeled cells were obtained from two injections performed at the level of the commissure of the superior colliculus (231 cells) whereas 5 injections performed at lower levels led to labeling of 49 cells. In two animals, the injections did not cause labeling of cells, a fact that was attributed to the superficiality of the injections. Concerning the distribution of the labeled cells over the collicular layers and along the collicular rostrocaudal axis, there was no difference between the two groups of animals. Among the 280 labeled cells, 1 cell (0.35%) was found in stratum griseum superficiale, 83 cells (29.64%) in stratum opticum, 182 cells (65.00%) in stratum griseum intermediale and 14 cells (5.00%) in stratum griseum profundum. Ninety-two per cent of the cells were located in the rostral portion of the colliculus, in the region between the collicular rostral tip and the collicular rostral plane that corresponds to the vertical meridian representation. Eight per cent of the cells were concentrated in a zone comprising the lower half of stratum opticum and the upper half of stratum griseum intermediale, a location that corresponds to the transition between the visual-sensory and the visual-motor colliculus. On the basis of laminar segregation of collicular functions, the possibility that the tectotectal projection could be related to visual orienting, following and attentive collicular functions through the suppression of activity (a non-enhancement effect?) of homologous cells in the opposite colliculus is discussed.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase labeling of cat tectotectal cells. By means of unilateral intracollicular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the cells of origin of the tectotectal projection in cats were detected in the opposite colliculus. The 9 injected animals were divided into two groups in accordance to the location of their injections along the collicular rostrocaudal axis. The majority of the labeled cells were obtained from two injections performed at the level of the commissure of the superior colliculus (231 cells) whereas 5 injections performed at lower levels led to labeling of 49 cells. In two animals, the injections did not cause labeling of cells, a fact that was attributed to the superficiality of the injections. Concerning the distribution of the labeled cells over the collicular layers and along the collicular rostrocaudal axis, there was no difference between the two groups of animals. Among the 280 labeled cells, 1 cell (0.35%) was found in stratum griseum superficiale, 83 cells (29.64%) in stratum opticum, 182 cells (65.00%) in stratum griseum intermediale and 14 cells (5.00%) in stratum griseum profundum. Ninety-two per cent of the cells were located in the rostral portion of the colliculus, in the region between the collicular rostral tip and the collicular rostral plane that corresponds to the vertical meridian representation. Eight per cent of the cells were concentrated in a zone comprising the lower half of stratum opticum and the upper half of stratum griseum intermediale, a location that corresponds to the transition between the visual-sensory and the visual-motor colliculus. On the basis of laminar segregation of collicular functions, the possibility that the tectotectal projection could be related to visual orienting, following and attentive collicular functions through the suppression of activity (a non-enhancement effect?) of homologous cells in the opposite colliculus is discussed.", "PMID": 77703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6691", "title": "Vestibular nucleus neurons relaying excitation from the anterior canal to the oculomotor nucleus.", "content": "A morphological approach was undertaken to determine which vestibular nucleus neurons relay excitation from the anterior canal to the IIIrd nucleus. In anesthetized rabbits HRP was iontophoresed into the IIIrd nucleus and cells filled with HRP reaction product (positive cells) searched for within the vestibular nuclear complex. By lesioning the MLF or brachium conjunctivum immediately after iontophoresis it was demonstrated that positive cells in the dorsum of the superior vestibular nucleus are backfilled via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum. By contrast positive cells in the center of the superior nucleus are backfilled via their axons in the MLF. In electrophysiological experiments in the presence of a severed MLF the anterior canal was selectively stimulated for orthodromic, and the 3rd nucleus stimulated for antidromic, activation of vestibular nucleus neurons. Recording extracellularly with glass microelectrodes filled with fast green FCF the only cells both ortho- and antidromically activated were localized to the dorsum of the superior vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that cells dorsally located in the superior nucleus relay the disynaptic excitatory vestibulo-ocular reflex from the anterior canal to the contralateral 3rd nucleus via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum.", "contents": "Vestibular nucleus neurons relaying excitation from the anterior canal to the oculomotor nucleus. A morphological approach was undertaken to determine which vestibular nucleus neurons relay excitation from the anterior canal to the IIIrd nucleus. In anesthetized rabbits HRP was iontophoresed into the IIIrd nucleus and cells filled with HRP reaction product (positive cells) searched for within the vestibular nuclear complex. By lesioning the MLF or brachium conjunctivum immediately after iontophoresis it was demonstrated that positive cells in the dorsum of the superior vestibular nucleus are backfilled via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum. By contrast positive cells in the center of the superior nucleus are backfilled via their axons in the MLF. In electrophysiological experiments in the presence of a severed MLF the anterior canal was selectively stimulated for orthodromic, and the 3rd nucleus stimulated for antidromic, activation of vestibular nucleus neurons. Recording extracellularly with glass microelectrodes filled with fast green FCF the only cells both ortho- and antidromically activated were localized to the dorsum of the superior vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that cells dorsally located in the superior nucleus relay the disynaptic excitatory vestibulo-ocular reflex from the anterior canal to the contralateral 3rd nucleus via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum.", "PMID": 77706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6692", "title": "A sensitive method for histochemical demonstration of horseradish peroxidase in neurons following retrograde axonal transport.", "content": "A study was made on the effects of various fixatives and some other histochemical parameters used in the procedure for demonstrating labeled neurons following retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The enzyme was injected into the tongue of adult mice and the results were obtained by counting labeled hypoglossal neurons following certain variations in the procedure. Paraformaldehyde in the fixative should be avoided since it reduces the number of labeled neurons as compared to glutaraldehyde in a concentration of 1.5-2.5% Fixation for about 4 h is recommended followed by a wash in 5% sucrose buffer overnight. Variables in the histochemical procedure were systematically studied in order to determine optimal pH, buffer type, buffer concentration and substrate concentration. The effect of using a \"preincubation\" in buffer containing only diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) was also examined. These results were used to develop a modified histochemical procedure which produced a substantial increase in the number of detectable HRP-labeled neurons as compared to equivalent sections that were reacted in the incubation medium described by Graham and Karnovsky. The modified histochemical procedure involves incubation (no preincubation with DAB only) of sections in the dark for 30 min in a solution consisting of 10 ml cacodylate buffer (pH 5.1;0.1 M), 20 mg DAB and 0.1 ml of 1% hydrogen peroxide. The Kodak Wratten no. 46 filter is recommended for light-microscopical identification of labeled neurons since it is closely matched to the absorption spectrum of the DAB reaction product and consequently greatly increases the contrast of HRP-labeled neurons.", "contents": "A sensitive method for histochemical demonstration of horseradish peroxidase in neurons following retrograde axonal transport. A study was made on the effects of various fixatives and some other histochemical parameters used in the procedure for demonstrating labeled neurons following retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The enzyme was injected into the tongue of adult mice and the results were obtained by counting labeled hypoglossal neurons following certain variations in the procedure. Paraformaldehyde in the fixative should be avoided since it reduces the number of labeled neurons as compared to glutaraldehyde in a concentration of 1.5-2.5% Fixation for about 4 h is recommended followed by a wash in 5% sucrose buffer overnight. Variables in the histochemical procedure were systematically studied in order to determine optimal pH, buffer type, buffer concentration and substrate concentration. The effect of using a \"preincubation\" in buffer containing only diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) was also examined. These results were used to develop a modified histochemical procedure which produced a substantial increase in the number of detectable HRP-labeled neurons as compared to equivalent sections that were reacted in the incubation medium described by Graham and Karnovsky. The modified histochemical procedure involves incubation (no preincubation with DAB only) of sections in the dark for 30 min in a solution consisting of 10 ml cacodylate buffer (pH 5.1;0.1 M), 20 mg DAB and 0.1 ml of 1% hydrogen peroxide. The Kodak Wratten no. 46 filter is recommended for light-microscopical identification of labeled neurons since it is closely matched to the absorption spectrum of the DAB reaction product and consequently greatly increases the contrast of HRP-labeled neurons.", "PMID": 77707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6693", "title": "Radial glia in the human fetal cerebrum: a combined Golgi, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Golgi techniques, immunofluorescence for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, and electron microscopy (EM) were used to determine the nature of radial glia in the cerebrum of human fetuses ranging from 7 to 20 weeks of ovulation age. Successful Golgi impregnation of radial fibers was achieved in fetuses 12 weeks of age and older. These fibers spanned the entire thickness of the hemisphere. At the pial surface many of them branched and terminated in pyramidal end feet expansions. Indirect immunofluorescent preparations utilizing antiserum to GFA protein, a protein specific for astrocytes, demonstrated numerous radially oriented nearly parallel fluorescent fibres between the ventricular zone and pia mater. GFA protein-positive fibers were demonstrated in all fetal specimens examined with this technique (10 weeks of age and older). Along the outer border of the marginal zone they formed a horizontal GFA protein-containing subpial membrane. By EM there were numerous linear electron lucent astrocytic processes containing 8-9 nm filaments and occasional glycogen granules at all levels of the cerebrum. They were interspersed among smaller and darker neuronal processes containing 20-25 nm neurotubules, and were demonstrable at all fetal ages between 7 and 18 weeks. They formed pericapillary investments and subpial terminal expansions closely abutting basal lamina of pia mater in every specimen examined. On the basis of these combined analyses, we conclude that radial glial fibers in early human fetal cerebrum represent processes of immature astrocytes. Although subsequently undergoing further maturation, radial glia already possess fundamental immunocytochemical and morphological characteristics indicative of astrocytic differentiation. A significant implication of our findings is that the development of astrocytes in the human fetal brain occurs much earlier than formerly believed.", "contents": "Radial glia in the human fetal cerebrum: a combined Golgi, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study. Golgi techniques, immunofluorescence for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, and electron microscopy (EM) were used to determine the nature of radial glia in the cerebrum of human fetuses ranging from 7 to 20 weeks of ovulation age. Successful Golgi impregnation of radial fibers was achieved in fetuses 12 weeks of age and older. These fibers spanned the entire thickness of the hemisphere. At the pial surface many of them branched and terminated in pyramidal end feet expansions. Indirect immunofluorescent preparations utilizing antiserum to GFA protein, a protein specific for astrocytes, demonstrated numerous radially oriented nearly parallel fluorescent fibres between the ventricular zone and pia mater. GFA protein-positive fibers were demonstrated in all fetal specimens examined with this technique (10 weeks of age and older). Along the outer border of the marginal zone they formed a horizontal GFA protein-containing subpial membrane. By EM there were numerous linear electron lucent astrocytic processes containing 8-9 nm filaments and occasional glycogen granules at all levels of the cerebrum. They were interspersed among smaller and darker neuronal processes containing 20-25 nm neurotubules, and were demonstrable at all fetal ages between 7 and 18 weeks. They formed pericapillary investments and subpial terminal expansions closely abutting basal lamina of pia mater in every specimen examined. On the basis of these combined analyses, we conclude that radial glial fibers in early human fetal cerebrum represent processes of immature astrocytes. Although subsequently undergoing further maturation, radial glia already possess fundamental immunocytochemical and morphological characteristics indicative of astrocytic differentiation. A significant implication of our findings is that the development of astrocytes in the human fetal brain occurs much earlier than formerly believed.", "PMID": 77708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6694", "title": "Effect of antisera to beta and gamma goldfish brain proteins on the retention of a newly acquired behavior.", "content": "The metabolism of 3 brain cytoplasmic proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma) increases markedly when goldfish acquire a new pattern of behavior. Antisera specific to beta and beta + gamma proteins were prepared and injected into the fourth ventricle of the brains of trained animals at 8 and 24 h after the initiation of training. When tested 3 days later, such goldfish (N = 98) could not recall the training; whereas trained goldfish (N = 97) receiving non-immunized rabbit serum had complete recall of the behavior. Also no amnesia was obtained in control experiments in which trained goldfish were injected with an antiserum to a neural surface membrane protein NS-6. The fact that antisera to beta + gamma had no toxic effects was demonstrated by injecting them prior to training; no effects on the rate of acquisition and recall of the behavior was found. The antisera to beta + gamma were effective in inhibiting recall of the training when they were injected any time between 3 h up to 48 h after training; no effect was obtained at 72 h post training. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that beta and gamma might have some functional role in the plasticity of the CNS.", "contents": "Effect of antisera to beta and gamma goldfish brain proteins on the retention of a newly acquired behavior. The metabolism of 3 brain cytoplasmic proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma) increases markedly when goldfish acquire a new pattern of behavior. Antisera specific to beta and beta + gamma proteins were prepared and injected into the fourth ventricle of the brains of trained animals at 8 and 24 h after the initiation of training. When tested 3 days later, such goldfish (N = 98) could not recall the training; whereas trained goldfish (N = 97) receiving non-immunized rabbit serum had complete recall of the behavior. Also no amnesia was obtained in control experiments in which trained goldfish were injected with an antiserum to a neural surface membrane protein NS-6. The fact that antisera to beta + gamma had no toxic effects was demonstrated by injecting them prior to training; no effects on the rate of acquisition and recall of the behavior was found. The antisera to beta + gamma were effective in inhibiting recall of the training when they were injected any time between 3 h up to 48 h after training; no effect was obtained at 72 h post training. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that beta and gamma might have some functional role in the plasticity of the CNS.", "PMID": 77709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6695", "title": "Reversible reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme protein during the retrograde reaction in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.", "content": "Changes in the activity and amount of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the A10-mesolimbic system of the rat following electrolytic lesions of their axons. Unilateral hypothalamic lesions in close proximity to the cell bodies resulted, within 24--48 h, in a permanent anterograde reduction of TH to 10--20% of control in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. The retrograde reaction in the A10-DA nerve cell bodies was characterized by an initial increase in TH activity to 133% by 24--48 h followed by a gradual and permanent fall to 50% of control by day 14 due to retrograde cell death of DA neurons. In contrast, lesions of DA axon terminals in the olfactory tubercle resulted in a reversible retrograde reduction of TH activity of the A10. The enzyme activity declined during the first 7 days to 70% of control and then gradually recovered, reaching control levels by 28 days after the operation. The reduction in TH activity in the A10 was demonstrated by immunochemical titration with a specific antibody to TH to be entirely due to reduced amounts of enzyme protein. We conclude that in mesolimbic DA neurons; (a) the anterograde reaction is characterized by a rapid and permanent decline of TH in degenerating terminals; (b) the retrograde reaction is dependent upon the proximity of the lesion to the nerve cell body, and (c) a reversible reduced accumulation of TH characterizes the retrograde reaction in response to lesions of distal axons. The reaction of DA neurons of the mesolimbic system to axonal injury is comparable to that of the nigrostriatal system.", "contents": "Reversible reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme protein during the retrograde reaction in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Changes in the activity and amount of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the A10-mesolimbic system of the rat following electrolytic lesions of their axons. Unilateral hypothalamic lesions in close proximity to the cell bodies resulted, within 24--48 h, in a permanent anterograde reduction of TH to 10--20% of control in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. The retrograde reaction in the A10-DA nerve cell bodies was characterized by an initial increase in TH activity to 133% by 24--48 h followed by a gradual and permanent fall to 50% of control by day 14 due to retrograde cell death of DA neurons. In contrast, lesions of DA axon terminals in the olfactory tubercle resulted in a reversible retrograde reduction of TH activity of the A10. The enzyme activity declined during the first 7 days to 70% of control and then gradually recovered, reaching control levels by 28 days after the operation. The reduction in TH activity in the A10 was demonstrated by immunochemical titration with a specific antibody to TH to be entirely due to reduced amounts of enzyme protein. We conclude that in mesolimbic DA neurons; (a) the anterograde reaction is characterized by a rapid and permanent decline of TH in degenerating terminals; (b) the retrograde reaction is dependent upon the proximity of the lesion to the nerve cell body, and (c) a reversible reduced accumulation of TH characterizes the retrograde reaction in response to lesions of distal axons. The reaction of DA neurons of the mesolimbic system to axonal injury is comparable to that of the nigrostriatal system.", "PMID": 77710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6696", "title": "Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy: antenatal prophylaxis.", "content": "Of 3533 Rh-negative women who began a pregnancy without detectable Rh antibodies, 62 (1.8%) demonstrated evidence of Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery. All denied transfusions as well as abortions or previous pregnancies not followed by the administration of Rh immune globulin. Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery, which will not be prevented by the administration of Rh immune globulin after delivery, is the most important cause of residual Rh isoimmunization. A clinical trial of antenatal administration of Rh immune globulin, initially at 34 weeks's and subsequently at 28 and 34 weeks' gestation, in 1357 Rh-negative pregnant women who were delivered of Rh-positive babies, was effective in preventing the development of Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery. Antenatal prophylaxis  with Rh immune globulin will be necessary if the incidence of Rh isoimmunization is to be reduced to its lowest possible level. Antenatal prophylaxis at 28 weeks' gestation is now an insured service in Manitoba.", "contents": "Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy: antenatal prophylaxis. Of 3533 Rh-negative women who began a pregnancy without detectable Rh antibodies, 62 (1.8%) demonstrated evidence of Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery. All denied transfusions as well as abortions or previous pregnancies not followed by the administration of Rh immune globulin. Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery, which will not be prevented by the administration of Rh immune globulin after delivery, is the most important cause of residual Rh isoimmunization. A clinical trial of antenatal administration of Rh immune globulin, initially at 34 weeks's and subsequently at 28 and 34 weeks' gestation, in 1357 Rh-negative pregnant women who were delivered of Rh-positive babies, was effective in preventing the development of Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy or within 3 days after delivery. Antenatal prophylaxis  with Rh immune globulin will be necessary if the incidence of Rh isoimmunization is to be reduced to its lowest possible level. Antenatal prophylaxis at 28 weeks' gestation is now an insured service in Manitoba.", "PMID": 77714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6697", "title": "Antenatal prophylaxis of Rh isoimmunization: 28-weeks'-gestation service program.", "content": "Two (0.18%) of 1086 Rh-negative primigravidas or multigravidas treated similarly in all previous pregnancies, who were given a single injection of Rh immune globulin (300 mug) at 28 weeks' gestation and subsequently were delivered of Rh-positive babies, had demonstrable Rh isoimmunization at the time of that injection and must be considered \"logistic\" failures of antenatal prophylaxis. The remaining 1084 (who were treated again after delivery) had no evidence of Rh isoimmunization at delivery and none of the 512 screened at 6 months after delivery appeared to be immunized. If the 28th-week injection had not been protective, one would have expected 14 of the 1084 to have been demonstrably Rh isoimmunized and evidence of Rh isoimmunization to have persisted in 6 of the 512 observed 6 months after delivery.Six of 719 Rh-negative multigravidas who had not received Rh immune globulin after previous pregnancies or had been treated only after delivery showed evidence of Rh isoimmunization despite a single injection of Rh immune globulin at 28 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy. In three of the six the cause was most likely \"sensibilization\" due to previous exposure to Rh-positive blood or an untreated Rh-positive pregnancy. in 3 of the remaining 716 (0.42%) there may have been true failure of antenatal Rh prophylaxis administered at the 28th week. One would have expected this figure to be 12 of 716 if antenatal Rh prophylaxis at 28 weeks' gestation were totally unsuccessful.It is concluded that a single intramuscular injection of Rh immune globulin, 300 mug, is 88% effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy in Rh-negative primigravidas and in multigravidas treated antenatally in all previous pregnancies, and is 75% effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization in Rh-negative multigravidas untreated during previous pregnancies. The majority of failures are due to Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy prior to antenatal prophylaxis at 28 weeks.", "contents": "Antenatal prophylaxis of Rh isoimmunization: 28-weeks'-gestation service program. Two (0.18%) of 1086 Rh-negative primigravidas or multigravidas treated similarly in all previous pregnancies, who were given a single injection of Rh immune globulin (300 mug) at 28 weeks' gestation and subsequently were delivered of Rh-positive babies, had demonstrable Rh isoimmunization at the time of that injection and must be considered \"logistic\" failures of antenatal prophylaxis. The remaining 1084 (who were treated again after delivery) had no evidence of Rh isoimmunization at delivery and none of the 512 screened at 6 months after delivery appeared to be immunized. If the 28th-week injection had not been protective, one would have expected 14 of the 1084 to have been demonstrably Rh isoimmunized and evidence of Rh isoimmunization to have persisted in 6 of the 512 observed 6 months after delivery.Six of 719 Rh-negative multigravidas who had not received Rh immune globulin after previous pregnancies or had been treated only after delivery showed evidence of Rh isoimmunization despite a single injection of Rh immune globulin at 28 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy. In three of the six the cause was most likely \"sensibilization\" due to previous exposure to Rh-positive blood or an untreated Rh-positive pregnancy. in 3 of the remaining 716 (0.42%) there may have been true failure of antenatal Rh prophylaxis administered at the 28th week. One would have expected this figure to be 12 of 716 if antenatal Rh prophylaxis at 28 weeks' gestation were totally unsuccessful.It is concluded that a single intramuscular injection of Rh immune globulin, 300 mug, is 88% effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy in Rh-negative primigravidas and in multigravidas treated antenatally in all previous pregnancies, and is 75% effective in preventing Rh isoimmunization in Rh-negative multigravidas untreated during previous pregnancies. The majority of failures are due to Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy prior to antenatal prophylaxis at 28 weeks.", "PMID": 77715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6698", "title": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide (ABVD) after failure of MOPP therapy.", "content": "From June 19, 1975 to December 22, 1976, twenty-seven patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who failed MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) were treated with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide, (ABVD). Complete response (CR) was achieved in 22% of patients and partial response was achieved in 15%. No response was observed in 63% of patients. With a median duration of follow-up for CR patients of only 10.5 months, two of the six CR patients have already relapsed. In this series of patients ABVD was not an effective curative regimen for patients with Hodgkin's disease who have failed MOPP.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide (ABVD) after failure of MOPP therapy. From June 19, 1975 to December 22, 1976, twenty-seven patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who failed MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone) were treated with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide, (ABVD). Complete response (CR) was achieved in 22% of patients and partial response was achieved in 15%. No response was observed in 63% of patients. With a median duration of follow-up for CR patients of only 10.5 months, two of the six CR patients have already relapsed. In this series of patients ABVD was not an effective curative regimen for patients with Hodgkin's disease who have failed MOPP.", "PMID": 77716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6699", "title": "Radiation nephritis following combined abdominal radiation and chemotherapy (bleomycin-vinblastine).", "content": "A 29-year-old man presented with acute glomerulonephritis five weeks following completion of combined chemotherapy (bleomycin-vinblastine) and abdominal radiation for testicular carcinoma. There was no evidence for a post-infectious cause or a systemic collagen disorder. The renal biopsy showed changes consistent with radiation nephritis. The combined radiation and chemotherapy may have, by additive or synergistic action, caused the early appearance of radiation nephritis.", "contents": "Radiation nephritis following combined abdominal radiation and chemotherapy (bleomycin-vinblastine). A 29-year-old man presented with acute glomerulonephritis five weeks following completion of combined chemotherapy (bleomycin-vinblastine) and abdominal radiation for testicular carcinoma. There was no evidence for a post-infectious cause or a systemic collagen disorder. The renal biopsy showed changes consistent with radiation nephritis. The combined radiation and chemotherapy may have, by additive or synergistic action, caused the early appearance of radiation nephritis.", "PMID": 77717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6700", "title": "A phase I study of active specific intralymphatic immunotherapy (ASILI).", "content": "Twenty-one patients with advanced malignancies who had exhausted or refused conventional modalities of treatment were entered in a Phase I toxicology trial of active specific intralymphatic immunotherapy (ASILI). The patients were immunized with 1 X 10(7) to 1.2 X 10(8) viable autochthonous or allogeneic irradiated tumor cells intralymphatically each month and received no other antineoplastic treatment. To date, 274 intralymphatic injections have been performed and except for one case of bacterial lymphangitis, no adverse side effects have been observed. ASILI did not significantly alter peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, absolute E-rosette forming cell levels, or EA-rosette forming cell levels. PHA reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased slightly in all but one patient tested. Seven out of nine patients who had not had delayed hypersensitivity to recall antigens developed positive reactions following ASILI. Sixteen out of twenty patients tested also developed reactivity to their immunizing cells after treatment. Objective regression (greater than 50% reduction of tumor mass) was observed in five out of nineteen evaluable patients. Six patient showed stabilization of tumor growth and eight patients continued to progress under treatment.", "contents": "A phase I study of active specific intralymphatic immunotherapy (ASILI). Twenty-one patients with advanced malignancies who had exhausted or refused conventional modalities of treatment were entered in a Phase I toxicology trial of active specific intralymphatic immunotherapy (ASILI). The patients were immunized with 1 X 10(7) to 1.2 X 10(8) viable autochthonous or allogeneic irradiated tumor cells intralymphatically each month and received no other antineoplastic treatment. To date, 274 intralymphatic injections have been performed and except for one case of bacterial lymphangitis, no adverse side effects have been observed. ASILI did not significantly alter peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, absolute E-rosette forming cell levels, or EA-rosette forming cell levels. PHA reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased slightly in all but one patient tested. Seven out of nine patients who had not had delayed hypersensitivity to recall antigens developed positive reactions following ASILI. Sixteen out of twenty patients tested also developed reactivity to their immunizing cells after treatment. Objective regression (greater than 50% reduction of tumor mass) was observed in five out of nineteen evaluable patients. Six patient showed stabilization of tumor growth and eight patients continued to progress under treatment.", "PMID": 77718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6701", "title": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed and utilized to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates. One hundred-eighteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate in various clinical stages, and fifty with benign prostatic hyperplasia were studied. In patients with carcinoma, levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates were found to correlate well with increasing clinical stage of the disease. Determination of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay may be a valuable adjunct to clinicopathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Bone marrow acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed and utilized to measure prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates. One hundred-eighteen patients with carcinoma of the prostate in various clinical stages, and fifty with benign prostatic hyperplasia were studied. In patients with carcinoma, levels of prostatic acid phosphatase in bone marrow aspirates were found to correlate well with increasing clinical stage of the disease. Determination of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay may be a valuable adjunct to clinicopathologic staging of prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 77719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6702", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in a patient with a primary intracranial germ cell tumor.", "content": "A 17 year old man with a primary intracranial germ cell tumor in the pituitary region is reported. Both serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were found elevated preoperatively. Normal levels of serum AFP and hCG were found after operation and radiotherapy. By indirect immunofluorescence staining of the tumor tissue a slight staining for AFP was localized to the endodermal vesicles, whereas a more intensive staining for hCG could be identified in the giant cells.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in a patient with a primary intracranial germ cell tumor. A 17 year old man with a primary intracranial germ cell tumor in the pituitary region is reported. Both serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were found elevated preoperatively. Normal levels of serum AFP and hCG were found after operation and radiotherapy. By indirect immunofluorescence staining of the tumor tissue a slight staining for AFP was localized to the endodermal vesicles, whereas a more intensive staining for hCG could be identified in the giant cells.", "PMID": 77720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6703", "title": "A comparison of acridine orange and Feulgen cytochemistry of human tumor cell nuclei.", "content": "Specimens of cells derived from tumors of the human female genital tract plus normal cells as standards have been divided into aliquots and stained according to acridine orange or pararosanilin:Feulgen procedures. Acridine orange-stained cells were slit-scanned for 535 nm nuclear fluorescence; Feulgen-stained cells were comb-scanned for 580 nm nuclear absorbance. For each specimen examined, the tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear fluorescence following acridine orange staining was greater than the tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear absorbance following Feulgen staining. The tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear fluorescence ranged from 2.3 for a nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma to 3.9 for a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear absorbance ranged from 1.4 for a mixed mesodermal sarcoma to 2.3 for a small cell squamous cell carcinoma. These results indicate that the elevated nuclear fluorescence intensity from acridine orange-stained tumor cells cannot be explained solely on the basis of elevated Feulgen:DNA content. An alternative hypothesis, consistent with these results, is that DNA is the principal binding substrate for intranuclear acridine orange and that the DNA of certain tumor cells is more accessible to acridine orange than is the DNA of normal cells.", "contents": "A comparison of acridine orange and Feulgen cytochemistry of human tumor cell nuclei. Specimens of cells derived from tumors of the human female genital tract plus normal cells as standards have been divided into aliquots and stained according to acridine orange or pararosanilin:Feulgen procedures. Acridine orange-stained cells were slit-scanned for 535 nm nuclear fluorescence; Feulgen-stained cells were comb-scanned for 580 nm nuclear absorbance. For each specimen examined, the tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear fluorescence following acridine orange staining was greater than the tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear absorbance following Feulgen staining. The tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear fluorescence ranged from 2.3 for a nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma to 3.9 for a keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor cell:normal cell ratio of mean nuclear absorbance ranged from 1.4 for a mixed mesodermal sarcoma to 2.3 for a small cell squamous cell carcinoma. These results indicate that the elevated nuclear fluorescence intensity from acridine orange-stained tumor cells cannot be explained solely on the basis of elevated Feulgen:DNA content. An alternative hypothesis, consistent with these results, is that DNA is the principal binding substrate for intranuclear acridine orange and that the DNA of certain tumor cells is more accessible to acridine orange than is the DNA of normal cells.", "PMID": 77721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6704", "title": "Differences in nucleolar antigens of rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells.", "content": "Antisera to nucleoli of Novikoff hepatoma ascites and normal rat liver cells were produced in rabbits by injection of whole, isolated nucleoli. These antisera have been used to compare the nucleolar antigens that were partially fractionated by differential solubilization from nucleoli. Fourteen antigens were detected by these antisera; ten of these antigens were detected by both antisera. Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis of soluble extracts from normal rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma ascites nucleoli and fetal rat liver nuclei provided evidence for antigens found only in liver extracts, only in tumor extracts, or only in tumor and fetal extracts. Antisera preabsorbed to remove antibodies to common antigens of liver and tumor provided confirmatory evidence for one nucleolar antigen in liver that was not found in tumor or fetal rat liver, one antigen in tumor that was not found in adult or fetal rat liver, and three antigens in both tumor and fetal rat liver that were not found in adult rat liver. In addition, the antitumor nucleolar antiserum preabsorbed with liver nuclear extracts still produced positive nucleolar fluorescence in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells but not in liver cells. Conversely, anti-liver nucleolar antiserum preabsorbed with tumor nucleolar extracts did not produce detectable tumor nucleolar fluorescence but did produce positive fluorescence in liver nucleoli.", "contents": "Differences in nucleolar antigens of rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. Antisera to nucleoli of Novikoff hepatoma ascites and normal rat liver cells were produced in rabbits by injection of whole, isolated nucleoli. These antisera have been used to compare the nucleolar antigens that were partially fractionated by differential solubilization from nucleoli. Fourteen antigens were detected by these antisera; ten of these antigens were detected by both antisera. Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis of soluble extracts from normal rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma ascites nucleoli and fetal rat liver nuclei provided evidence for antigens found only in liver extracts, only in tumor extracts, or only in tumor and fetal extracts. Antisera preabsorbed to remove antibodies to common antigens of liver and tumor provided confirmatory evidence for one nucleolar antigen in liver that was not found in tumor or fetal rat liver, one antigen in tumor that was not found in adult or fetal rat liver, and three antigens in both tumor and fetal rat liver that were not found in adult rat liver. In addition, the antitumor nucleolar antiserum preabsorbed with liver nuclear extracts still produced positive nucleolar fluorescence in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells but not in liver cells. Conversely, anti-liver nucleolar antiserum preabsorbed with tumor nucleolar extracts did not produce detectable tumor nucleolar fluorescence but did produce positive fluorescence in liver nucleoli.", "PMID": 77722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6705", "title": "Radioimmunoassays that demonstrate type-specific and group-specific antigenic reactivities for the major internal structural protein of murine mammary tumor viruses.", "content": "The 28,000-dalton (p28) major structural polypeptide of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was isolated and used to develop a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Under conditions of limiting antibody in competitive binding assays, as little as 50 pg of purified p28, as well as disrupted MMTV virions and mammary tumor extracts, competed specifically with 125I-labeled MMTV p28. The p28 polypeptide was further shown to contain both group-specific and type-specific antigenic determinants, thus also allowing for further differentiation of various MMTV strains.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays that demonstrate type-specific and group-specific antigenic reactivities for the major internal structural protein of murine mammary tumor viruses. The 28,000-dalton (p28) major structural polypeptide of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was isolated and used to develop a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Under conditions of limiting antibody in competitive binding assays, as little as 50 pg of purified p28, as well as disrupted MMTV virions and mammary tumor extracts, competed specifically with 125I-labeled MMTV p28. The p28 polypeptide was further shown to contain both group-specific and type-specific antigenic determinants, thus also allowing for further differentiation of various MMTV strains.", "PMID": 77723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6706", "title": "Comparative antitumor activity of actinomycin analogs in mice bearing Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma or P388 leukemia.", "content": "Actinomycin (Act) analogs, differing in the chemical substitution(s) made at various positions in either their pentapeptide chain(s) or chromophore ring, were evaluated for their antitumor activity in mice bearing either Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma (ROS) or P388 leukemia. Of the analogs tested against advanced (2--3-g) ROS tumors, azetomicin I and Act III caused therapeutic responses which, although variable, were nevertheless indicative of antitumor activities greater than was found using Act D. Several other analogs, Act C2, 2-N-(gamma-hydroxypropyl)-Act D, Act X0delta, and azetomicin II, displayed antitumor activity in ROS-bearing mice which varied, in different experiments, from comparable to superior to that achieved using Act D. Additionally, Act Pip1beta and 3'-(4-cisCl-Pro)-Act were comparable to, and Act-2-hydroxy-C3 inferior to, Act D in activity against ROS. Both azetomicin I and II were as effective as Act D in mice bearing P388 leukemia. Moreover, a subline of P388 that is resistant to Act D was cross-resistant to both azetomicin I and II.", "contents": "Comparative antitumor activity of actinomycin analogs in mice bearing Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma or P388 leukemia. Actinomycin (Act) analogs, differing in the chemical substitution(s) made at various positions in either their pentapeptide chain(s) or chromophore ring, were evaluated for their antitumor activity in mice bearing either Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma (ROS) or P388 leukemia. Of the analogs tested against advanced (2--3-g) ROS tumors, azetomicin I and Act III caused therapeutic responses which, although variable, were nevertheless indicative of antitumor activities greater than was found using Act D. Several other analogs, Act C2, 2-N-(gamma-hydroxypropyl)-Act D, Act X0delta, and azetomicin II, displayed antitumor activity in ROS-bearing mice which varied, in different experiments, from comparable to superior to that achieved using Act D. Additionally, Act Pip1beta and 3'-(4-cisCl-Pro)-Act were comparable to, and Act-2-hydroxy-C3 inferior to, Act D in activity against ROS. Both azetomicin I and II were as effective as Act D in mice bearing P388 leukemia. Moreover, a subline of P388 that is resistant to Act D was cross-resistant to both azetomicin I and II.", "PMID": 77730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6707", "title": "Analysis of a 5' leader sequence on murine leukemia virus 21S RNA: heteroduplex mapping with long reverse transcriptase products.", "content": "The majority of the mRNA that specifies retrovirus glycoproteins is known to be derived from the 3' half of the genome. To examine whether the glycoprotein mRNA of murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) might consist of portions derived from both the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome, we performed hybridization with a 5'-specific probe and heteroduplex analysis with long reverse transcribed DNA. A 5' probe was made by purifying a discrete 50 nucleotide-long reverse transcript attached to its tRNA primer. This probe was found to hybridize to RNA of the size of glycoprotein mRNA--21S, poly(A)-containing RNA--indicating that the mRNA could have a 5' leader sequence. The 5'-specific sequences were studied by electron microscopic examination of hybrids between 21S RNA and the two longest discrete cDNA species synthesized in the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction. One of these species, 8.8 kb long, is only made in the absence of actinomycin D, but it does not contain any self-complementary sequences, and therefore appears to be a complete transcript of the viral genome. The shorter of the two species, 8.2 kb long, is synthesized whether or not actinomycin D is present; it must terminate 500--600 nucleotides internal to the 5' end of the template RNA. The structures observed in heteroduplexes of 21S RNA and these DNAs indicated the presence of a leader sequence approximately 500 nucleotides long at the 5' end of the 21S RNA. Sequences comprising this leader segment in the 21S RNA mapped at the 5' end of the genome RNA; the rest of the 21S RNA consisted of sequences from the 3' portion of the genome. Analysis of heteroduplexes with 8.2 kb DNA suggested that actinomycin D could block the reverse transcription of most of the sequence in the genome RNA that appears as a leader in the 21S RNA.", "contents": "Analysis of a 5' leader sequence on murine leukemia virus 21S RNA: heteroduplex mapping with long reverse transcriptase products. The majority of the mRNA that specifies retrovirus glycoproteins is known to be derived from the 3' half of the genome. To examine whether the glycoprotein mRNA of murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) might consist of portions derived from both the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome, we performed hybridization with a 5'-specific probe and heteroduplex analysis with long reverse transcribed DNA. A 5' probe was made by purifying a discrete 50 nucleotide-long reverse transcript attached to its tRNA primer. This probe was found to hybridize to RNA of the size of glycoprotein mRNA--21S, poly(A)-containing RNA--indicating that the mRNA could have a 5' leader sequence. The 5'-specific sequences were studied by electron microscopic examination of hybrids between 21S RNA and the two longest discrete cDNA species synthesized in the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction. One of these species, 8.8 kb long, is only made in the absence of actinomycin D, but it does not contain any self-complementary sequences, and therefore appears to be a complete transcript of the viral genome. The shorter of the two species, 8.2 kb long, is synthesized whether or not actinomycin D is present; it must terminate 500--600 nucleotides internal to the 5' end of the template RNA. The structures observed in heteroduplexes of 21S RNA and these DNAs indicated the presence of a leader sequence approximately 500 nucleotides long at the 5' end of the 21S RNA. Sequences comprising this leader segment in the 21S RNA mapped at the 5' end of the genome RNA; the rest of the 21S RNA consisted of sequences from the 3' portion of the genome. Analysis of heteroduplexes with 8.2 kb DNA suggested that actinomycin D could block the reverse transcription of most of the sequence in the genome RNA that appears as a leader in the 21S RNA.", "PMID": 77733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6708", "title": "Merocyanine 540 as a fluorescent probe of membranes: staining of electrically excitable cells.", "content": "With the exception of certain blood cells considered in the accompanying paper (Valinsky, Easton and Reich, 1978), merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a fluorescent membrane probe, selectively strains the membranes of a wide variety of electrically excitable cells, but not those of nonexcitable cells. This reaction is Ca2+-dependent when staining is performed in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose, Ca2+-independent when staining proceeds at high ionic strength, inhibited by La3+ and sodium Suramin, enhanced by controlled, low level photosensitization of cell-associated dye and essentially irreversible. These characteristics of the staining reaction depend upon the maintenance of both cell viability and a normal unperturbed membrane structure. Although the mechanisms involved in the staining specificity remain unknown, observation of MC 540 partitioning between benzene and water in model reactions indicates that dye transport into hydrophobic solvents is accompanied by the formation of stoichiometric complexes with cations and phospholipids. These results may suggest the existence of specific, possibly phospholipid-rich membrane domains that mediate complex formation with MC 540 in excitable cells; comparable domains either would not exist, or would be inaccessible at the external surfaces of nonexcitable cells.", "contents": "Merocyanine 540 as a fluorescent probe of membranes: staining of electrically excitable cells. With the exception of certain blood cells considered in the accompanying paper (Valinsky, Easton and Reich, 1978), merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a fluorescent membrane probe, selectively strains the membranes of a wide variety of electrically excitable cells, but not those of nonexcitable cells. This reaction is Ca2+-dependent when staining is performed in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose, Ca2+-independent when staining proceeds at high ionic strength, inhibited by La3+ and sodium Suramin, enhanced by controlled, low level photosensitization of cell-associated dye and essentially irreversible. These characteristics of the staining reaction depend upon the maintenance of both cell viability and a normal unperturbed membrane structure. Although the mechanisms involved in the staining specificity remain unknown, observation of MC 540 partitioning between benzene and water in model reactions indicates that dye transport into hydrophobic solvents is accompanied by the formation of stoichiometric complexes with cations and phospholipids. These results may suggest the existence of specific, possibly phospholipid-rich membrane domains that mediate complex formation with MC 540 in excitable cells; comparable domains either would not exist, or would be inaccessible at the external surfaces of nonexcitable cells.", "PMID": 77734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6709", "title": "The visualization of fluorescent proteins in living cells by video intensification microscopy (VIM).", "content": "A highly sensitive television camera (silicon intensifier target) has been combined with fluorescence microscopy to examine living cultured cells. This system is termed Video Intensification Microscopy (VIM). By using very small amounts of excitation light, one limits the damage to living cells from excessive illumination and is able to visualize fluorescence probes for periods up to 24 hr without bleaching. With VIM, the cellular uptake and fate of two rhodamine-labeled proteins, concanavalin A and alpha2 macroglobulin, have been followed for up to 24 hr. These proteins were first located in endocytic vesicles with a low phase density. Later, at 24 hr, alpha2 macroglobulin was located in phase-dense structures, probably secondary lysosomes. Both the fluorescent endocytic vesicles and lysosomes were observed to undergo saltatory motion. VIM combined with fluorescence promises to have a widespread application in the study of the behavior of living cells.", "contents": "The visualization of fluorescent proteins in living cells by video intensification microscopy (VIM). A highly sensitive television camera (silicon intensifier target) has been combined with fluorescence microscopy to examine living cultured cells. This system is termed Video Intensification Microscopy (VIM). By using very small amounts of excitation light, one limits the damage to living cells from excessive illumination and is able to visualize fluorescence probes for periods up to 24 hr without bleaching. With VIM, the cellular uptake and fate of two rhodamine-labeled proteins, concanavalin A and alpha2 macroglobulin, have been followed for up to 24 hr. These proteins were first located in endocytic vesicles with a low phase density. Later, at 24 hr, alpha2 macroglobulin was located in phase-dense structures, probably secondary lysosomes. Both the fluorescent endocytic vesicles and lysosomes were observed to undergo saltatory motion. VIM combined with fluorescence promises to have a widespread application in the study of the behavior of living cells.", "PMID": 77736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6710", "title": "Merocyanine 540 as a fluorescent probe of membranes: selective staining of leukemic and immature hemopoietic cells.", "content": "We have reported (Easton, Valinsky and Reich, 1978) that merocyanine 540 (MC 540) specifically stains a variety of living excitable cells, but not nonexcitable cells. This paper describes the exceptional permeability to MC 540 of leukemic leukocytes and immature hemopoietic precursor cells. We have used fluorescence microscopy and uptake of radioactive dye to study MC 540 staining of peripheral blood leukocytes from 80 leukemic and 34 normal individuals; leukemic leukocytes stain, whereas normal leukcytes do not. The leukocyte staining reaction differs from that previously described for excitable cells since it is independent of the ionic composition of the staining medium, kinetically complex, enhanced by light, enhanced by oxygen and essentially irreversible. Virtually all circulating nucleated cells from leukemic individuals are stained to approximately the same extent, and there is no qualitative or quantitative distinction between the various forms of leukemia. We have also found that MC 540 interacts with granulopoietic colony-forming cells (CFU-C) and with spleen colony-forming cells derived from mouse bone marrow (CFU-S). We cannot as yet identify a specific property of leukocyte plasma membranes that determines MC 540 permeability; since changes in MC 540 uptake appear to be correlated with cellular maturation during normal hemopoiesis, the retention of staining by leukemic cells, some of which appear morphologically normal, may indicate of failure in membrane maturation during leukemic blood cell development.", "contents": "Merocyanine 540 as a fluorescent probe of membranes: selective staining of leukemic and immature hemopoietic cells. We have reported (Easton, Valinsky and Reich, 1978) that merocyanine 540 (MC 540) specifically stains a variety of living excitable cells, but not nonexcitable cells. This paper describes the exceptional permeability to MC 540 of leukemic leukocytes and immature hemopoietic precursor cells. We have used fluorescence microscopy and uptake of radioactive dye to study MC 540 staining of peripheral blood leukocytes from 80 leukemic and 34 normal individuals; leukemic leukocytes stain, whereas normal leukcytes do not. The leukocyte staining reaction differs from that previously described for excitable cells since it is independent of the ionic composition of the staining medium, kinetically complex, enhanced by light, enhanced by oxygen and essentially irreversible. Virtually all circulating nucleated cells from leukemic individuals are stained to approximately the same extent, and there is no qualitative or quantitative distinction between the various forms of leukemia. We have also found that MC 540 interacts with granulopoietic colony-forming cells (CFU-C) and with spleen colony-forming cells derived from mouse bone marrow (CFU-S). We cannot as yet identify a specific property of leukocyte plasma membranes that determines MC 540 permeability; since changes in MC 540 uptake appear to be correlated with cellular maturation during normal hemopoiesis, the retention of staining by leukemic cells, some of which appear morphologically normal, may indicate of failure in membrane maturation during leukemic blood cell development.", "PMID": 77735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6711", "title": "The HLA-dependent expression of testis- organizing H-Y antigen by human male cells.", "content": "The proposal that the stable expression of organogenesis-directing plasma membrane antigens, such as testis-organizing H-Y antigen, requires beta2-microglobulin-MHC antigen dimers as anchorage sites was tested on Daudi human Burkitt lymphoma cells [46, XY, 15q-, 14q+, beta2-m(-), HLA(-)]. The H-Y antigen level of Daudi was only 20% of that of Raji and Ramos, two human male pseudodiploid Burkitt lymphoma lines that were beta2-m(+), HLA(+). When Daudi is hybridized with beta2-m(+), HLA(+) cell lines, beta2-microglobulin, supplied by the latter, is known to restore the expression of Daudi HLA antigens A10 and BW17. Such restoration of HLA antigen expression markedly elevated H-Y antigen levels in those somatic hybrids. Thus the H-Y antigen level of the Daudi x Raji 8A (male X male) hybrid became equal to that of TetraRaji--the colcemide-induced Raji tetraploid line. Two independently derived Daudi x Hela D98 (male x female) hybrids, DAD 1 and DAD 10, demonstrated even higher H-Y antigen levels comparable to that of normal male peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "The HLA-dependent expression of testis- organizing H-Y antigen by human male cells. The proposal that the stable expression of organogenesis-directing plasma membrane antigens, such as testis-organizing H-Y antigen, requires beta2-microglobulin-MHC antigen dimers as anchorage sites was tested on Daudi human Burkitt lymphoma cells [46, XY, 15q-, 14q+, beta2-m(-), HLA(-)]. The H-Y antigen level of Daudi was only 20% of that of Raji and Ramos, two human male pseudodiploid Burkitt lymphoma lines that were beta2-m(+), HLA(+). When Daudi is hybridized with beta2-m(+), HLA(+) cell lines, beta2-microglobulin, supplied by the latter, is known to restore the expression of Daudi HLA antigens A10 and BW17. Such restoration of HLA antigen expression markedly elevated H-Y antigen levels in those somatic hybrids. Thus the H-Y antigen level of the Daudi x Raji 8A (male X male) hybrid became equal to that of TetraRaji--the colcemide-induced Raji tetraploid line. Two independently derived Daudi x Hela D98 (male x female) hybrids, DAD 1 and DAD 10, demonstrated even higher H-Y antigen levels comparable to that of normal male peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 77737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6712", "title": "Conservation of the primary structure at the 3' end of 18S rRNA from eucaryotic cells.", "content": "DNA sequencing methods have been used to determine a sequence of about 20 nucleotides at the 3' termini of various 18S (small ribosomal subunit) RNA molecules. Polyadenylated rRNA was first synthesized using the enzyme ATP:polynucleotidyl transferase from mainze. Then in the presence of an oligonucleotide primer uniquely complementary to the end of each adenylated rRNA, a cDNA copy was produced using AMV reverse transcriptase. In every case, the cDNA transcript was of finite size, which we ascribe to the appearance of an oligonucleotide containing m62A near the 3' end of the 18S rRNAs. Sequences at the 3' termini of 18S rRNA molecules from the four eucaryotic species examined here (mouse, silk worm, wheat embryo and slime mold) are highly conserved. They also exhibit strong homology to the 3' end of E. coli 16S rRNA. Two important differences, however, are apparent. First, the 16S sequence CCUCC, implicated in mRNA binding by E. coli ribosomes, is absent from each eucaryotic rRNA sequence. Second, a purine-rich region which exhibits extensive complementarity to the 5' noncoding regions of many eucaryotic mRNAs appears consistently.", "contents": "Conservation of the primary structure at the 3' end of 18S rRNA from eucaryotic cells. DNA sequencing methods have been used to determine a sequence of about 20 nucleotides at the 3' termini of various 18S (small ribosomal subunit) RNA molecules. Polyadenylated rRNA was first synthesized using the enzyme ATP:polynucleotidyl transferase from mainze. Then in the presence of an oligonucleotide primer uniquely complementary to the end of each adenylated rRNA, a cDNA copy was produced using AMV reverse transcriptase. In every case, the cDNA transcript was of finite size, which we ascribe to the appearance of an oligonucleotide containing m62A near the 3' end of the 18S rRNAs. Sequences at the 3' termini of 18S rRNA molecules from the four eucaryotic species examined here (mouse, silk worm, wheat embryo and slime mold) are highly conserved. They also exhibit strong homology to the 3' end of E. coli 16S rRNA. Two important differences, however, are apparent. First, the 16S sequence CCUCC, implicated in mRNA binding by E. coli ribosomes, is absent from each eucaryotic rRNA sequence. Second, a purine-rich region which exhibits extensive complementarity to the 5' noncoding regions of many eucaryotic mRNAs appears consistently.", "PMID": 77738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6713", "title": "[Isolation and partial characterization of receptor sites of normal human lymphocytes for lectins].", "content": "Glycoproteins of the lymphocyte surface are involved in many membrane mediated events. Their specific carbohydrate determinants might interact with lectins. Purification of macromolecules released from normal human lymphocytes by trypsin was performed using gel filtration and affinity properties for Ricinus sanguineus agglutinin. Some structural and biochemical characteristics are given. Relation to HLA determinants and surface immunoglobulins is discussed.", "contents": "[Isolation and partial characterization of receptor sites of normal human lymphocytes for lectins]. Glycoproteins of the lymphocyte surface are involved in many membrane mediated events. Their specific carbohydrate determinants might interact with lectins. Purification of macromolecules released from normal human lymphocytes by trypsin was performed using gel filtration and affinity properties for Ricinus sanguineus agglutinin. Some structural and biochemical characteristics are given. Relation to HLA determinants and surface immunoglobulins is discussed.", "PMID": 77744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6714", "title": "Simultaneous determination of phosphatidylglycerol and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid.", "content": "We describe a single-dimension thin-layer chromatographic method by which one can simultaneously determine the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the proportion of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. The phospholipids are conveniently detected by an improved molybdenum-blue spray reagent, which immediately produces blue spots on a white background. The stained phospholipids are stable for at least 90 min after spraying, and densitometry results in symmetrical peaks that are easily quantitated.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of phosphatidylglycerol and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid. We describe a single-dimension thin-layer chromatographic method by which one can simultaneously determine the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the proportion of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. The phospholipids are conveniently detected by an improved molybdenum-blue spray reagent, which immediately produces blue spots on a white background. The stained phospholipids are stable for at least 90 min after spraying, and densitometry results in symmetrical peaks that are easily quantitated.", "PMID": 77745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6715", "title": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Our previous double antibody radioimmunoassay for human AFP was run at 4 degrees C and required 48 h for completion. A method is described which permits the assay to be performed within 5 h due to an increased incubation temperature and the use of polyethylene glycol to precipitate the antigen-antibody complex. The modified radioimmunoassay was standardized against an international reference preparation of human AFP. Characteristics of this assay are discussed.", "contents": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for human alpha-fetoprotein. Our previous double antibody radioimmunoassay for human AFP was run at 4 degrees C and required 48 h for completion. A method is described which permits the assay to be performed within 5 h due to an increased incubation temperature and the use of polyethylene glycol to precipitate the antigen-antibody complex. The modified radioimmunoassay was standardized against an international reference preparation of human AFP. Characteristics of this assay are discussed.", "PMID": 77746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6716", "title": "Placental-like alkaline phosphatase in malignant and benign ovarian tumors.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) components in extracts of seven malignant and eleven benign ovarian tumors were characterized using the criteria of electrophoretic mobility before and after neuraminidase treatment, heat stability, L-phenylalanine inhibition and reactivity against antiplacental ALP antiserum. Seven of the eighteen tumors had ALP components which most closely resembled the ALP isoenzyme normally found in placenta and were clearly distinguished from all other tissue ALPs. The proportion of tumors with the placental-like ALP in the malignant group (five out of seven) was significantly greater than the proportion in the benign group (two out of eleven). The fraction (78%) of the malignant tumors with the isozyme represents a larger percentage than has previously been found by examination of cancer patients' sera. The electrophoretic mobilities of the placental-like ALPs in the tumors were in no case identical to the mobilities of any of the six common placental ALP phenotypes. The tumor ALPs may thus be determined by rare variant alleles at the ALP locus, or alternatively, the enzyme molecules may have been subject to structural modification. At least two of these tumors contained an electrophoretically slow. heat-stable, leucine-sensitive ALP, which may correspond to what has been termed the D-variant of placental ALP found in some other tumors.", "contents": "Placental-like alkaline phosphatase in malignant and benign ovarian tumors. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) components in extracts of seven malignant and eleven benign ovarian tumors were characterized using the criteria of electrophoretic mobility before and after neuraminidase treatment, heat stability, L-phenylalanine inhibition and reactivity against antiplacental ALP antiserum. Seven of the eighteen tumors had ALP components which most closely resembled the ALP isoenzyme normally found in placenta and were clearly distinguished from all other tissue ALPs. The proportion of tumors with the placental-like ALP in the malignant group (five out of seven) was significantly greater than the proportion in the benign group (two out of eleven). The fraction (78%) of the malignant tumors with the isozyme represents a larger percentage than has previously been found by examination of cancer patients' sera. The electrophoretic mobilities of the placental-like ALPs in the tumors were in no case identical to the mobilities of any of the six common placental ALP phenotypes. The tumor ALPs may thus be determined by rare variant alleles at the ALP locus, or alternatively, the enzyme molecules may have been subject to structural modification. At least two of these tumors contained an electrophoretically slow. heat-stable, leucine-sensitive ALP, which may correspond to what has been termed the D-variant of placental ALP found in some other tumors.", "PMID": 77747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6717", "title": "Problems encountered in the measurement of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein.", "content": "Evidence is presented here that variants of the human trophoblastic plasma protein, pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) are detectable in plasma samples from a small percentage of subjects and may be recognised by their capacity to form indistinct immunoprecipitates and give artificially low levels when measured by radioimmunoassay. Urinary PSbetaG shows a marked degree of heterogeneity and is difficult to measure using conventional immunoprecipitation assay techniques. By radioimmunoassay, late pregnancy urinary PSbetaG concentrations have been found to be in the range 0.35 to 6.9 microgram/ml, approximately 3% of the term plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Problems encountered in the measurement of pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein. Evidence is presented here that variants of the human trophoblastic plasma protein, pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) are detectable in plasma samples from a small percentage of subjects and may be recognised by their capacity to form indistinct immunoprecipitates and give artificially low levels when measured by radioimmunoassay. Urinary PSbetaG shows a marked degree of heterogeneity and is difficult to measure using conventional immunoprecipitation assay techniques. By radioimmunoassay, late pregnancy urinary PSbetaG concentrations have been found to be in the range 0.35 to 6.9 microgram/ml, approximately 3% of the term plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 77748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6718", "title": "Haptenic antibody induced by N-phthaloylated ox insulin in the Hartley guinea-pig.", "content": "Female Hartley guinea-pigs were immunized with N-phthaloylated ox insulin (96% NA1,NB1,NB29-triphthaloyl ox insulin) using H. pertussis as adjuvant. Haptenic antibody, which was found in antisera taken 20 days after secondary immunization, was assessed for cross-reaction with a series of N-acylated ox insulins. Cross-reaction readily occurred between haptenic antibody and the partial hapten-bearing antigens, NA1-monophthaloyl and NB1-monophthaloyl ox insulins. The immunochemical data suggested that the NA1-glycyl hapten and the NB1-phenylalanyl hapten were both acting as immune determinants for B-lymphocytes, and the determinant competition was taking place between contralateral facets of the principal immunogen, NA1,NB1,NB29-triphthaloyl ox insulin. The data was also consistent with the view that the overall tertiary structure of N-acylated insulins may be very similar to that of their native insulin, the addition of hapten groups having produced only localized areas of structural perturbation.", "contents": "Haptenic antibody induced by N-phthaloylated ox insulin in the Hartley guinea-pig. Female Hartley guinea-pigs were immunized with N-phthaloylated ox insulin (96% NA1,NB1,NB29-triphthaloyl ox insulin) using H. pertussis as adjuvant. Haptenic antibody, which was found in antisera taken 20 days after secondary immunization, was assessed for cross-reaction with a series of N-acylated ox insulins. Cross-reaction readily occurred between haptenic antibody and the partial hapten-bearing antigens, NA1-monophthaloyl and NB1-monophthaloyl ox insulins. The immunochemical data suggested that the NA1-glycyl hapten and the NB1-phenylalanyl hapten were both acting as immune determinants for B-lymphocytes, and the determinant competition was taking place between contralateral facets of the principal immunogen, NA1,NB1,NB29-triphthaloyl ox insulin. The data was also consistent with the view that the overall tertiary structure of N-acylated insulins may be very similar to that of their native insulin, the addition of hapten groups having produced only localized areas of structural perturbation.", "PMID": 77750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6719", "title": "Drug-induced lupus erythematosus with in vivo lupus erythematosus cells in pleural fluid.", "content": "Pleural involvement in drug-induced lupus erythematosus is not uncommon. Lupus erythematosus cells were found in vivo in the pleural of an elderly patient who had received procainamide (Pronestyl) hydrochloride (2 gm daily) for nine months. Patients who initially have pleural effusions while receiving drugs capable of inducing lupus erythematosus should have the fluid analyzed for lupus erythematosus cells to help clarify the cause of the effusion.", "contents": "Drug-induced lupus erythematosus with in vivo lupus erythematosus cells in pleural fluid. Pleural involvement in drug-induced lupus erythematosus is not uncommon. Lupus erythematosus cells were found in vivo in the pleural of an elderly patient who had received procainamide (Pronestyl) hydrochloride (2 gm daily) for nine months. Patients who initially have pleural effusions while receiving drugs capable of inducing lupus erythematosus should have the fluid analyzed for lupus erythematosus cells to help clarify the cause of the effusion.", "PMID": 77754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6720", "title": "Factors involved in differential Giemsa-staining of sister chromatids.", "content": "Microspectrophotometric evaluation of differentially stained sister chromatids made it possible to analyse precisely the factors involved in the Giemsa methods. The concentration of Hoechst 33258, pH of the mounting medium temperature during UV-exposure and the quality (wavelength)of UV-light influenced the differential staining. Exposure of blacklight of 10(-5) M Hoechst 33528-stained brdU-labeled chromosome specimens mounted in McIlvaine buffer (pH 8.0) at 50 degrees C reproducibly allowed differential staining of sister chromatids within 15 min. On the other hand, Korenberg-Freedlender's method using no Hoechst 33258 was also UV-light-dependent. Thus, photolysis of BrdU-substituted DNA was considered the basic mechanism of the Giemsa methods where the photosensitive Hoechst 33258 played a role as a sensitizer.", "contents": "Factors involved in differential Giemsa-staining of sister chromatids. Microspectrophotometric evaluation of differentially stained sister chromatids made it possible to analyse precisely the factors involved in the Giemsa methods. The concentration of Hoechst 33258, pH of the mounting medium temperature during UV-exposure and the quality (wavelength)of UV-light influenced the differential staining. Exposure of blacklight of 10(-5) M Hoechst 33528-stained brdU-labeled chromosome specimens mounted in McIlvaine buffer (pH 8.0) at 50 degrees C reproducibly allowed differential staining of sister chromatids within 15 min. On the other hand, Korenberg-Freedlender's method using no Hoechst 33258 was also UV-light-dependent. Thus, photolysis of BrdU-substituted DNA was considered the basic mechanism of the Giemsa methods where the photosensitive Hoechst 33258 played a role as a sensitizer.", "PMID": 77756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6721", "title": "Proliferation of hepatocytes.", "content": "Hepatocyte proliferation may be controlled by reversible patterns of endocrine changes, monitored by the liver, involving known hormones and their receptors. A two-programme model of related interactions among nutrients, specific lipoproteins, and highly phosphorylated nucleotides is postulated. This hypothesis stems from in vitro studies of rat hepatocyte proliferation under chemically defined conditions and from in vivo studies using partially hepatectomized, hormone-infused, developing and lipotrope-deficient rats. Certain findings are discussed with regard to receptor systems which show negatively cooperative properties; to problems of proliferative specificity; and to novel approaches for defined studies of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.", "contents": "Proliferation of hepatocytes. Hepatocyte proliferation may be controlled by reversible patterns of endocrine changes, monitored by the liver, involving known hormones and their receptors. A two-programme model of related interactions among nutrients, specific lipoproteins, and highly phosphorylated nucleotides is postulated. This hypothesis stems from in vitro studies of rat hepatocyte proliferation under chemically defined conditions and from in vivo studies using partially hepatectomized, hormone-infused, developing and lipotrope-deficient rats. Certain findings are discussed with regard to receptor systems which show negatively cooperative properties; to problems of proliferative specificity; and to novel approaches for defined studies of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.", "PMID": 77757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6722", "title": "[Immune response to sheep erythrocytes fixed in formaldehyde].", "content": "Treatment of sheep erythrocytes with 1.5% of formaldehyde alter their immunogenic properties. On the background of immune response to nonfixed erythrocytes, the performed studies showed the following peculiarities in the reaction of mice to fixed erythrocytes: 1) the primary response of animals, in ected with fixed erythrocytes, was rather weak after its determination by the number of rosette forming cells (RFC), antibody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and by the of hemagglutinins (HA) in serum; 2) in contrast to the primary response the fixed erythrocytes induced a good secondary response, which was considerably higher/according to the number of RFC and titre of HA/in mice sensibilized by nonfixed erytrocytes in advance than in those presensibilized by fixed cells. Therefore the fixed erythrocytes were weaker inducers of immunologic memory than the nonfixed under equal other conditions. 3) In contrast to the nonfixed the fixed erythrocytes did not induce the formation of large amounts of direct AFC during the secondary response as well even then when the animals were presensibilized by nonfixed form of the antigen.", "contents": "[Immune response to sheep erythrocytes fixed in formaldehyde]. Treatment of sheep erythrocytes with 1.5% of formaldehyde alter their immunogenic properties. On the background of immune response to nonfixed erythrocytes, the performed studies showed the following peculiarities in the reaction of mice to fixed erythrocytes: 1) the primary response of animals, in ected with fixed erythrocytes, was rather weak after its determination by the number of rosette forming cells (RFC), antibody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and by the of hemagglutinins (HA) in serum; 2) in contrast to the primary response the fixed erythrocytes induced a good secondary response, which was considerably higher/according to the number of RFC and titre of HA/in mice sensibilized by nonfixed erytrocytes in advance than in those presensibilized by fixed cells. Therefore the fixed erythrocytes were weaker inducers of immunologic memory than the nonfixed under equal other conditions. 3) In contrast to the nonfixed the fixed erythrocytes did not induce the formation of large amounts of direct AFC during the secondary response as well even then when the animals were presensibilized by nonfixed form of the antigen.", "PMID": 77759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6723", "title": "The calculated radial decline of the extracellular action potential compared with in situ measurements in the human brachial biceps.", "content": "Action potentials from 16 single muscle fibres were recorded with a multi-electrode from the human brachial biceps. Propagation velocity was calculated for 10 of the fibres, and the volume conduction at distances of 79, 152 and 251 micrometer, was measured for 6 of these fibres. The radial decline of the action potentials was calculated from the Fourier transform of the action potential at the origin, simulating the low-pass filter characteristics of the muscle tissue by sections of RC elements. A good agreement was found between the calculated data and the experimental data on the radial decline of the action potentials. The 90% attenuation radius of the action potential recorded with a 25 micrometer electrode, calculated for 16 action potentials, was derived from the volume conduction calculations. The average value found was 191 +/- 20 micrometer. A linear correlation was found between this radius and the peak spectral amplitude of the action potentials. Likewise, a linear correlation between the 90% attenuation radius and the propagation velocity of the fibres was confirmed.", "contents": "The calculated radial decline of the extracellular action potential compared with in situ measurements in the human brachial biceps. Action potentials from 16 single muscle fibres were recorded with a multi-electrode from the human brachial biceps. Propagation velocity was calculated for 10 of the fibres, and the volume conduction at distances of 79, 152 and 251 micrometer, was measured for 6 of these fibres. The radial decline of the action potentials was calculated from the Fourier transform of the action potential at the origin, simulating the low-pass filter characteristics of the muscle tissue by sections of RC elements. A good agreement was found between the calculated data and the experimental data on the radial decline of the action potentials. The 90% attenuation radius of the action potential recorded with a 25 micrometer electrode, calculated for 16 action potentials, was derived from the volume conduction calculations. The average value found was 191 +/- 20 micrometer. A linear correlation was found between this radius and the peak spectral amplitude of the action potentials. Likewise, a linear correlation between the 90% attenuation radius and the propagation velocity of the fibres was confirmed.", "PMID": 77760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6724", "title": "Stretch and Hoffmann reflexes during phasic voluntary contractions of the human soleus muscle.", "content": "Measurements were made of EMG responses in human soleus muscle, following torque disturbances of the foot during phasic voluntary plantarflexions. These were compared with measurements of the Hoffmann reflex during identical voluntary movements. We observe that stretch adequate to evoke a stretch reflex in the relaxed limb often fails to evoke any response during a phasic contraction until about 120 msec after the onset of the stimulus. During this period the H-reflex is facilitated. These findings are discussed in terms of the servo-theory of stretch reflex function and the concept of trans-cortical stretch reflexes.", "contents": "Stretch and Hoffmann reflexes during phasic voluntary contractions of the human soleus muscle. Measurements were made of EMG responses in human soleus muscle, following torque disturbances of the foot during phasic voluntary plantarflexions. These were compared with measurements of the Hoffmann reflex during identical voluntary movements. We observe that stretch adequate to evoke a stretch reflex in the relaxed limb often fails to evoke any response during a phasic contraction until about 120 msec after the onset of the stimulus. During this period the H-reflex is facilitated. These findings are discussed in terms of the servo-theory of stretch reflex function and the concept of trans-cortical stretch reflexes.", "PMID": 77761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6725", "title": "Restraint in primate chair may cause unusual behaviour in baboons; electrocorticographic correlates and corrective effects of diazepam.", "content": "Whereas primates restrained in a chair may usually be considered 'normal', the behaviour of baboons in this position was considerably altered: their eyes were closed and they only slightly reacted to the approach of the experimenter (opening of the eyes), in contrast with their active behaviour when left free to move about in their cage. When the ECoG was recorded from certain cortical areas (particularly somatic area I), an unusual pattern developed during the restrained state: 'drowsiness rhythms', which typically appear in this area during transition from wakefulness to sleep, developed in long sustained sequences. Administration of diazepam, an anxiolytic drug, caused both the behaviour and the ECoG of the restrained animal to return to normal (i.e., attentive behaviour and ECoG characteristic of the true waking state). The prolonged drowsy-like ECoG and behaviour may therefore underline a reaction to the 'stress' conditions brought on by restraint.", "contents": "Restraint in primate chair may cause unusual behaviour in baboons; electrocorticographic correlates and corrective effects of diazepam. Whereas primates restrained in a chair may usually be considered 'normal', the behaviour of baboons in this position was considerably altered: their eyes were closed and they only slightly reacted to the approach of the experimenter (opening of the eyes), in contrast with their active behaviour when left free to move about in their cage. When the ECoG was recorded from certain cortical areas (particularly somatic area I), an unusual pattern developed during the restrained state: 'drowsiness rhythms', which typically appear in this area during transition from wakefulness to sleep, developed in long sustained sequences. Administration of diazepam, an anxiolytic drug, caused both the behaviour and the ECoG of the restrained animal to return to normal (i.e., attentive behaviour and ECoG characteristic of the true waking state). The prolonged drowsy-like ECoG and behaviour may therefore underline a reaction to the 'stress' conditions brought on by restraint.", "PMID": 77762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6726", "title": "Effects of ethanol, caffeine, and placebo on the auditory evoked response.", "content": "A previous paper (Wolpaw and Penry 1975) described separation of the 75-250 msec portion of the AER into N1P2, a product of large areas of cortex, and the T complex, probably a product of secondary auditory cortex. With monaural stimulation, the T complex is larger and earlier on the side contralateral to stimulation and on the right side. Thirty-one normal adults received 3 oz. of ethanol, 300 mg of caffeine, or placebo. Monaural AERs were recorded before intake in all cases, 1 and 4 h after ethanol and 80 min after caffeine or placebo. Blood levels of ethanol and caffeine were measured. Placebo produced mild (20%) decreases in N1P2 amplitude. Caffeine did not decrease N1P2 amplitude. It did produce a statistically significant 2% decrease in Ta peak latency. Ethanol reduced N1P2 amplitude markedly at 1 h and mildly at 4 h. Placebo did not affect hemispheric differences. Caffeine significantly increased the Ta peak ipsilateral vs. contralateral latency difference in 3 of 7 individuals. Ethanol significantly increased it in 3 of 6 subjects at 1 h and in 7 of 10 at 4 h, primarily by increasing ipsilateral latencies.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol, caffeine, and placebo on the auditory evoked response. A previous paper (Wolpaw and Penry 1975) described separation of the 75-250 msec portion of the AER into N1P2, a product of large areas of cortex, and the T complex, probably a product of secondary auditory cortex. With monaural stimulation, the T complex is larger and earlier on the side contralateral to stimulation and on the right side. Thirty-one normal adults received 3 oz. of ethanol, 300 mg of caffeine, or placebo. Monaural AERs were recorded before intake in all cases, 1 and 4 h after ethanol and 80 min after caffeine or placebo. Blood levels of ethanol and caffeine were measured. Placebo produced mild (20%) decreases in N1P2 amplitude. Caffeine did not decrease N1P2 amplitude. It did produce a statistically significant 2% decrease in Ta peak latency. Ethanol reduced N1P2 amplitude markedly at 1 h and mildly at 4 h. Placebo did not affect hemispheric differences. Caffeine significantly increased the Ta peak ipsilateral vs. contralateral latency difference in 3 of 7 individuals. Ethanol significantly increased it in 3 of 6 subjects at 1 h and in 7 of 10 at 4 h, primarily by increasing ipsilateral latencies.", "PMID": 77763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6727", "title": "Computer-assisted interpretation of clinical EEGs.", "content": "A multivariate pattern recognition technique has been developed, to distinguish the EEGs of patients with cerebral pathology from those of normal controls and to localize any abnormalities detected. Two methods of feature extraction have been used, power spectral density and slope descriptor analysis, together with various types of feature compression. These techniques have been evaluated on EEGs from 63 patients with proven pathology. Spectral analysis proved more reliable than slope descriptor analysis and predicted the site of cerebral pathology more accurately than did visual assessment of the EEGs. This apparent improvement over the diagnostic reliability of visual analysis in considered to justify further development and evaluation of this technique.", "contents": "Computer-assisted interpretation of clinical EEGs. A multivariate pattern recognition technique has been developed, to distinguish the EEGs of patients with cerebral pathology from those of normal controls and to localize any abnormalities detected. Two methods of feature extraction have been used, power spectral density and slope descriptor analysis, together with various types of feature compression. These techniques have been evaluated on EEGs from 63 patients with proven pathology. Spectral analysis proved more reliable than slope descriptor analysis and predicted the site of cerebral pathology more accurately than did visual assessment of the EEGs. This apparent improvement over the diagnostic reliability of visual analysis in considered to justify further development and evaluation of this technique.", "PMID": 77764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6728", "title": "Visually evoked cortical potentials in renal failure: transient potentials.", "content": "Transient visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) were recorded from patients with renal disease. Changes in VECP latencies are described for undialyzed patients, patients receiving dialysis therapy, and patients who received kidney transplants. Characteristics of VECP latencies in these patient groups as well as examples of changes in latency values with respect to time for two individual patients are examined. The basic overall finding is that the VECP latencies increase as a patient's clinical condition deteriorates and normalize as the condition improves.", "contents": "Visually evoked cortical potentials in renal failure: transient potentials. Transient visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) were recorded from patients with renal disease. Changes in VECP latencies are described for undialyzed patients, patients receiving dialysis therapy, and patients who received kidney transplants. Characteristics of VECP latencies in these patient groups as well as examples of changes in latency values with respect to time for two individual patients are examined. The basic overall finding is that the VECP latencies increase as a patient's clinical condition deteriorates and normalize as the condition improves.", "PMID": 77766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6729", "title": "Late components of average evoked potentials in children with different abilities to concentrate.", "content": "Three matched groups, each of seven 11-year-old children with good, average and poor ability to concentrate were selected. Evoked potentials and EEG alpha amplitude changes after visual imperative stimuli were studied in warned reaction time experiments. The children with poor ability to concentrate (compared with the other groups) showed longer latencies of the P2 component and reduced amplitudes of the P2-N2 deflection at the vertex. Similar, although attenuated, effects were found in the Fz derivation. No group effects could be established for Oz. These findings are discussed in relation to group differences in pre-stimulus negativity and alpha attenuation, as reported in a previous paper.", "contents": "Late components of average evoked potentials in children with different abilities to concentrate. Three matched groups, each of seven 11-year-old children with good, average and poor ability to concentrate were selected. Evoked potentials and EEG alpha amplitude changes after visual imperative stimuli were studied in warned reaction time experiments. The children with poor ability to concentrate (compared with the other groups) showed longer latencies of the P2 component and reduced amplitudes of the P2-N2 deflection at the vertex. Similar, although attenuated, effects were found in the Fz derivation. No group effects could be established for Oz. These findings are discussed in relation to group differences in pre-stimulus negativity and alpha attenuation, as reported in a previous paper.", "PMID": 77767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6730", "title": "Provoked visual impairment in multiple sclerosis studied by visual evoked responses.", "content": "Pattern-reversal VERs were studied during the visual impairment provoked by exercise in 2 patients with demyelinating optic neuritis. It was found that the transient reduction in visual acuity was correlated  to a transient decrease in the amplitude of the major positive component of the VER, whereas no significant changes could be observed in the latency of the response. The normal VER was not influenced by exercise.", "contents": "Provoked visual impairment in multiple sclerosis studied by visual evoked responses. Pattern-reversal VERs were studied during the visual impairment provoked by exercise in 2 patients with demyelinating optic neuritis. It was found that the transient reduction in visual acuity was correlated  to a transient decrease in the amplitude of the major positive component of the VER, whereas no significant changes could be observed in the latency of the response. The normal VER was not influenced by exercise.", "PMID": 77770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6731", "title": "The EEG's of chronic schizophrenic patients in hospital and in the community.", "content": "EEG's were recorded from chronic schizophrenic inpatients, remitted patients living in the community and normal controls, during resting and auditory stimulation conditions. Chronic impatients had more energy in the slower and fastest wave bands than either remitted patients or normal controls. No differences were found in overall EEG energy and variability between groups of subjects or between sides of the head. It was concluded that any abnormalities were associated with behavioural differences and not with schizophrenic process changes.", "contents": "The EEG's of chronic schizophrenic patients in hospital and in the community. EEG's were recorded from chronic schizophrenic inpatients, remitted patients living in the community and normal controls, during resting and auditory stimulation conditions. Chronic impatients had more energy in the slower and fastest wave bands than either remitted patients or normal controls. No differences were found in overall EEG energy and variability between groups of subjects or between sides of the head. It was concluded that any abnormalities were associated with behavioural differences and not with schizophrenic process changes.", "PMID": 77771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6732", "title": "Wrist actigraphic measures of sleep and rhythms.", "content": "With a piezo-electric activity transducer, wrist activity recordings were made simultaneously with EEG, EOG and EMG recordings. Wrist activity alone was used to estimate Total Sleep Time and blind independent scoring of sleep and wakefulness by EEG-EOG-EMG was done. Correlations between the two methods were termined for minutes of Sleep (r = 0.98), Total Sleep Period (r = 0.95) and minutes of Wake Time Within Sleep (r = 0.85). Continuous wrist activity recordings may thus provide inexpensive but very accurate estimates of Sleep Time.", "contents": "Wrist actigraphic measures of sleep and rhythms. With a piezo-electric activity transducer, wrist activity recordings were made simultaneously with EEG, EOG and EMG recordings. Wrist activity alone was used to estimate Total Sleep Time and blind independent scoring of sleep and wakefulness by EEG-EOG-EMG was done. Correlations between the two methods were termined for minutes of Sleep (r = 0.98), Total Sleep Period (r = 0.95) and minutes of Wake Time Within Sleep (r = 0.85). Continuous wrist activity recordings may thus provide inexpensive but very accurate estimates of Sleep Time.", "PMID": 77772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6733", "title": "A phase locked loop device for automatic detection of sleep spindles and stage 2.", "content": "A method is described using phase-locked loops which, as electronic frequency detection devices, provide the basis of a relatively inexpensive system of automatic sleep spindle detection. It is acceptably reliable at quite high rates of data processing.", "contents": "A phase locked loop device for automatic detection of sleep spindles and stage 2. A method is described using phase-locked loops which, as electronic frequency detection devices, provide the basis of a relatively inexpensive system of automatic sleep spindle detection. It is acceptably reliable at quite high rates of data processing.", "PMID": 77773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6734", "title": "Synopsis of endoscopic and related morphological findings in Whipple's disease.", "content": "Whipple's disease is characterized by typical endoscopic lesions in the duodenal wall. They consist of a thickened and inflamed mucosa with yellowish-white spots, in part solitary, in part confluent. Petechial hemorrhages mark the high mucosal vulnerability. Clumsy and dilated villi with ectatic lymph vessels and PAS-positive macrophages are the corresponding histologic feature. In the ultrastructure numerous rod-shaped micro-organisms are evident. Following treatment with tetracycline the mucosal surface normalizes rapidly, the bacteria disappear, whereas other histologic changes remain over a longer period of time.", "contents": "Synopsis of endoscopic and related morphological findings in Whipple's disease. Whipple's disease is characterized by typical endoscopic lesions in the duodenal wall. They consist of a thickened and inflamed mucosa with yellowish-white spots, in part solitary, in part confluent. Petechial hemorrhages mark the high mucosal vulnerability. Clumsy and dilated villi with ectatic lymph vessels and PAS-positive macrophages are the corresponding histologic feature. In the ultrastructure numerous rod-shaped micro-organisms are evident. Following treatment with tetracycline the mucosal surface normalizes rapidly, the bacteria disappear, whereas other histologic changes remain over a longer period of time.", "PMID": 77774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6735", "title": "Gamma-globulins patterns in CSF of inflammatory neurological diseases in tropical Africa.", "content": "400 CSF electrophoreses were performed on Black West Africans (Ivory Coast) with inflammatory infections of the nervous system. In the normal state, the CSF of the Black African contains a higher concentration of gamma-globulins than the European (15.8% compared to 8--10%). This study permits us to confirm indirectly the classical idea of the extreme rarity of MS in tropical areas: an increase in the gamma-globulins of the CSF has been shown in 22% of the cases and the two principal responsible infections are trypanosomiasis (57.3%) and SSPE (16.8%). The oligoclonal distribution by various authors in trypanosomiases was not found. On the contrary, a nonclonal aspect of gamma-zone was constantly found (49/50). It is possible that the differences are in accordance with the different evolutionary phases of the disease, and that the oligoclonal distribution is a marker of the autoimmune state of the disease.", "contents": "Gamma-globulins patterns in CSF of inflammatory neurological diseases in tropical Africa. 400 CSF electrophoreses were performed on Black West Africans (Ivory Coast) with inflammatory infections of the nervous system. In the normal state, the CSF of the Black African contains a higher concentration of gamma-globulins than the European (15.8% compared to 8--10%). This study permits us to confirm indirectly the classical idea of the extreme rarity of MS in tropical areas: an increase in the gamma-globulins of the CSF has been shown in 22% of the cases and the two principal responsible infections are trypanosomiasis (57.3%) and SSPE (16.8%). The oligoclonal distribution by various authors in trypanosomiases was not found. On the contrary, a nonclonal aspect of gamma-zone was constantly found (49/50). It is possible that the differences are in accordance with the different evolutionary phases of the disease, and that the oligoclonal distribution is a marker of the autoimmune state of the disease.", "PMID": 77776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6736", "title": "Matching for DLA-A, DLA-B and DLA-D antigens and skin allograft survival in unrelated beagle dogs.", "content": "The effect of matching for immunogenetic markers on the survival of skin allografts in unrelated dogs has been studied. Skin grafts in recipients differing from donors for either DLA-A or DLA-B antigens, or both, had mean survival times (MST) of 9.3, 9.7 and 8.5 days, respectively. Differences between these groups were not significant. Prolonged survival of skin grafts, however, was found in SK-LD-indentical (MST: 12.4 days) or SD-identical/LD-different (MST: 12.5 days) donor-recipient combinations. We conclude that dkin allograft survival in dogs appears to be controlled by DLA-A and DLA-B, but not by DLA-D determinants.", "contents": "Matching for DLA-A, DLA-B and DLA-D antigens and skin allograft survival in unrelated beagle dogs. The effect of matching for immunogenetic markers on the survival of skin allografts in unrelated dogs has been studied. Skin grafts in recipients differing from donors for either DLA-A or DLA-B antigens, or both, had mean survival times (MST) of 9.3, 9.7 and 8.5 days, respectively. Differences between these groups were not significant. Prolonged survival of skin grafts, however, was found in SK-LD-indentical (MST: 12.4 days) or SD-identical/LD-different (MST: 12.5 days) donor-recipient combinations. We conclude that dkin allograft survival in dogs appears to be controlled by DLA-A and DLA-B, but not by DLA-D determinants.", "PMID": 77777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6737", "title": "The association between vesical carcinoma and urinary obstruction.", "content": "Signs of bladder-outflow obstruction on intravenous urography were recorded in 199 male patients with carcinoma of the bladder and in an age-matched control group. The indicence of obstruction was significantly higher in the tumour group (p less than 0.05). Possible explanations for this association are discussed.", "contents": "The association between vesical carcinoma and urinary obstruction. Signs of bladder-outflow obstruction on intravenous urography were recorded in 199 male patients with carcinoma of the bladder and in an age-matched control group. The indicence of obstruction was significantly higher in the tumour group (p less than 0.05). Possible explanations for this association are discussed.", "PMID": 77778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6738", "title": "On the presence of cysteinesulfinic acid and 2-aminoethanesulfinic acid in human adenomatous prostate.", "content": "The presence of cysteinesulfinic acid and 2-aminoethanesulfinic acid has never been described in human adenomatous prostate. Results here reported are compared with those in the normal prostate of guinea pigs and rats.", "contents": "On the presence of cysteinesulfinic acid and 2-aminoethanesulfinic acid in human adenomatous prostate. The presence of cysteinesulfinic acid and 2-aminoethanesulfinic acid has never been described in human adenomatous prostate. Results here reported are compared with those in the normal prostate of guinea pigs and rats.", "PMID": 77779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6739", "title": "Improved suprapubic vesical drainage in transvesical prostatectomy.", "content": "An improved drainage is used in transvesical prostatectomy in order to avoid urinary retention after removal of the Novak-type suprapubic drainage with bladder neck cerclage haemostasis (described by some authors in 1975). The causes of urinary retention are analysed, the drainage technique as well as the mechanisms eliminating the above-mentioned complications are described.", "contents": "Improved suprapubic vesical drainage in transvesical prostatectomy. An improved drainage is used in transvesical prostatectomy in order to avoid urinary retention after removal of the Novak-type suprapubic drainage with bladder neck cerclage haemostasis (described by some authors in 1975). The causes of urinary retention are analysed, the drainage technique as well as the mechanisms eliminating the above-mentioned complications are described.", "PMID": 77780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6740", "title": "The number of antibody-producing clones as revealed by the distribution of allelic variants of immunoglobulin light chains.", "content": "A new method of evaluation of the number of clonal precursors of antibody-producing cells based on the phenomenon of allelic exclusion is proposed. The distribution of the allotypes of specific antibodies in the population of heterozygous F1 hybrids depends on the number of clonal precursor cells. The smaller the number of precursors, the larger the variance of the distribution. The frequency of clones producing antibodies to the azobenzoate hapten (approximately 10(-8) after first and approximately 10(-9) after second and third immunizations) in (MSU X August)F1 rats calculated in the present work is in reasonable agreement with the data obtained (for other haptens) by limiting dilution cloning assays. The difference in the numbers of anti-hapten and anti-carrier clones is discussed. The numbers of IgM and IgG-synthesizing clones are calculated from the distributions of the allelic variants of corresponding rat antibodies to lactoside. The data suggest the existence of distinct IgG precursors which contradicts the hypothesis of IgM-IgG switch within the clones only.", "contents": "The number of antibody-producing clones as revealed by the distribution of allelic variants of immunoglobulin light chains. A new method of evaluation of the number of clonal precursors of antibody-producing cells based on the phenomenon of allelic exclusion is proposed. The distribution of the allotypes of specific antibodies in the population of heterozygous F1 hybrids depends on the number of clonal precursor cells. The smaller the number of precursors, the larger the variance of the distribution. The frequency of clones producing antibodies to the azobenzoate hapten (approximately 10(-8) after first and approximately 10(-9) after second and third immunizations) in (MSU X August)F1 rats calculated in the present work is in reasonable agreement with the data obtained (for other haptens) by limiting dilution cloning assays. The difference in the numbers of anti-hapten and anti-carrier clones is discussed. The numbers of IgM and IgG-synthesizing clones are calculated from the distributions of the allelic variants of corresponding rat antibodies to lactoside. The data suggest the existence of distinct IgG precursors which contradicts the hypothesis of IgM-IgG switch within the clones only.", "PMID": 77782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6741", "title": "Human Ia-like DRw lymphocyte antigens stimulating activity in primary mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "The intensity of the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) seems to be influenced by at least two distinct determinants of the HLA-D region: the HLA-Dw stimulating products and the human Ia-like B lymphocyte DR (D-related) antigens. In three families, the primary MLR is significantly higher in case of HLA haploidentity, when stimulating and responding cells differ with regard to both Dw and DRw determinants, than when only Dw products are different. Thus, an additional effect of DR antigens during primary MLR is observed. The role of DRw antigens in primary MLR and the results obtained by a primed lymphocyte test which can discriminate between Dw3 and DRw3, indicate that DRw and Dw products could be distinct determinants.", "contents": "Human Ia-like DRw lymphocyte antigens stimulating activity in primary mixed lymphocyte reaction. The intensity of the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) seems to be influenced by at least two distinct determinants of the HLA-D region: the HLA-Dw stimulating products and the human Ia-like B lymphocyte DR (D-related) antigens. In three families, the primary MLR is significantly higher in case of HLA haploidentity, when stimulating and responding cells differ with regard to both Dw and DRw determinants, than when only Dw products are different. Thus, an additional effect of DR antigens during primary MLR is observed. The role of DRw antigens in primary MLR and the results obtained by a primed lymphocyte test which can discriminate between Dw3 and DRw3, indicate that DRw and Dw products could be distinct determinants.", "PMID": 77783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6742", "title": "Regulation of the immune response. I. Regulatory cell equilibrium in the \"virgin\" state.", "content": "Spleen cells from pairs of inbred mice (age- and sex-matched) were challenged in vitro with a T-independent antigen. The specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in cultures containing cells from both donors was not intermediate to the responses of independently cultured donor spleen cells. Instead, a pattern of significant suppression (67% of pairs tested) or enhancement (22% of pairs tested) was observed. The suppression or enhancement was antigen-specific and did not represent a general phenomenon within the mixed cultures. A suppressive outcome in mixed cell cultures seems to be associated with cells from the donor with the higher individual PFC response. The converse is true for enhancement. The nonadditive nature of the PFC response in mixed cultures and the frequency of suppression to enhancement (3:1) imply that (a) specific, ongoing immunoregulation occurs even in the naive individual, and (b) this regulation is characterized by regular cycles of specific suppression and enhancement.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response. I. Regulatory cell equilibrium in the \"virgin\" state. Spleen cells from pairs of inbred mice (age- and sex-matched) were challenged in vitro with a T-independent antigen. The specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in cultures containing cells from both donors was not intermediate to the responses of independently cultured donor spleen cells. Instead, a pattern of significant suppression (67% of pairs tested) or enhancement (22% of pairs tested) was observed. The suppression or enhancement was antigen-specific and did not represent a general phenomenon within the mixed cultures. A suppressive outcome in mixed cell cultures seems to be associated with cells from the donor with the higher individual PFC response. The converse is true for enhancement. The nonadditive nature of the PFC response in mixed cultures and the frequency of suppression to enhancement (3:1) imply that (a) specific, ongoing immunoregulation occurs even in the naive individual, and (b) this regulation is characterized by regular cycles of specific suppression and enhancement.", "PMID": 77784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6743", "title": "Protection against fulminant sepsis in splenectomized mice by implantation of autochthonous splenic tissue.", "content": "Infection of splenectomized mice with Diplococcus pneumoniae, type III, resulted in a fourfold higher mortality rate than did infection of normal mice. Splenectomized animals were protected against fulminant, fatal sepsis by subcutaneous transplantation of autochthonous splenic tissue at the time of splenectomy. Animals with ectopic splenic tissue, and sham-splenectomized control mice, exhibited normal serum opsonin and leukophilic gamma-globulin activity, with respect to pneumococcus, that was lacking in splenectomized animals.", "contents": "Protection against fulminant sepsis in splenectomized mice by implantation of autochthonous splenic tissue. Infection of splenectomized mice with Diplococcus pneumoniae, type III, resulted in a fourfold higher mortality rate than did infection of normal mice. Splenectomized animals were protected against fulminant, fatal sepsis by subcutaneous transplantation of autochthonous splenic tissue at the time of splenectomy. Animals with ectopic splenic tissue, and sham-splenectomized control mice, exhibited normal serum opsonin and leukophilic gamma-globulin activity, with respect to pneumococcus, that was lacking in splenectomized animals.", "PMID": 77790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6744", "title": "Evidence for the clonal nature of erythropoietic bursts: application of an in situ method for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin in plasma cultures.", "content": "Erythropoietic bursts were produced in plasma cultures seeded with a mixture of male and female murine bone marrow cells. Chromosome spreads of C-metaphases were prepared and stained in situ with a modification of the C-banding technique. In cultures seeded with mixtures of male and female cells, homogeneity of male or female C-metaphases in erythropoietic bursts was established by the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. These results provide evidence that each erythropoietic burst is a clone, and that the erythropoietic burst-forming unit (BFU-E) is a single cell.", "contents": "Evidence for the clonal nature of erythropoietic bursts: application of an in situ method for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin in plasma cultures. Erythropoietic bursts were produced in plasma cultures seeded with a mixture of male and female murine bone marrow cells. Chromosome spreads of C-metaphases were prepared and stained in situ with a modification of the C-banding technique. In cultures seeded with mixtures of male and female cells, homogeneity of male or female C-metaphases in erythropoietic bursts was established by the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. These results provide evidence that each erythropoietic burst is a clone, and that the erythropoietic burst-forming unit (BFU-E) is a single cell.", "PMID": 77791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6745", "title": "The pontocerebellar projection of the uvula in the cat.", "content": "The occurrence of retrogradely labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was mapped following injections of 0.3-0.4 microliter of a horseradish peroxidase suspension (50% weight/volume) into the uvula (lob. IX of Larsell) in the cat. The uvula was found to receive afferents from three pontine cell collections. One of these is situated in the paramedian pontine nucleus close to the midline. It forms a fairly distinctly outlined longitudinal column of cells and is present at all levels of the pons except most rostrally and caudally. Another group, in the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei, extends as a somewhat shorter cell column in the longitudinal direction. The third region consists of cells within the rostral part of the peduncular nucleus in its dorsomedial region. The pontine projection to the uvula is bilateral, with some preponderance of crossed connections. The projection to the uvula is organized according to the pattern determined previously for pontine projections to other parts of the cerebellum. A single lobule or part of its receives afferents from more than one cell group in the pons. The projecting cells are most often arranged in longitudinal columns. Correlations with data on the termination of afferents to the pons permit some conclusions regarding the sources of information reaching the uvula via the pons. Main sources seem to be the superior and inferior colliculi, the intracerebellar nuclei and the sensorimotor cortices.", "contents": "The pontocerebellar projection of the uvula in the cat. The occurrence of retrogradely labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was mapped following injections of 0.3-0.4 microliter of a horseradish peroxidase suspension (50% weight/volume) into the uvula (lob. IX of Larsell) in the cat. The uvula was found to receive afferents from three pontine cell collections. One of these is situated in the paramedian pontine nucleus close to the midline. It forms a fairly distinctly outlined longitudinal column of cells and is present at all levels of the pons except most rostrally and caudally. Another group, in the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei, extends as a somewhat shorter cell column in the longitudinal direction. The third region consists of cells within the rostral part of the peduncular nucleus in its dorsomedial region. The pontine projection to the uvula is bilateral, with some preponderance of crossed connections. The projection to the uvula is organized according to the pattern determined previously for pontine projections to other parts of the cerebellum. A single lobule or part of its receives afferents from more than one cell group in the pons. The projecting cells are most often arranged in longitudinal columns. Correlations with data on the termination of afferents to the pons permit some conclusions regarding the sources of information reaching the uvula via the pons. Main sources seem to be the superior and inferior colliculi, the intracerebellar nuclei and the sensorimotor cortices.", "PMID": 77792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6746", "title": "Subcortical afferents to the prefrontal cortex in rabbits.", "content": "The origins of cells projecting to the prefrontal cortex of the rabbit were studied, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP injected into the prefrontal cortex labeled cells in the basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus area on both sides. Labeled cells appeared also in the nucleus medialis dorsalis of the thalamus and other thalamic nuclei on the injection side.", "contents": "Subcortical afferents to the prefrontal cortex in rabbits. The origins of cells projecting to the prefrontal cortex of the rabbit were studied, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP injected into the prefrontal cortex labeled cells in the basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus area on both sides. Labeled cells appeared also in the nucleus medialis dorsalis of the thalamus and other thalamic nuclei on the injection side.", "PMID": 77793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6747", "title": "Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations by simultaneous E-rosette formation and unspecific acid esterase staining.", "content": "E-rosettes of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained by an unspecific acid esterase stain; 74.5% of the rosette forming cells were esterase positive, while only 30% of the non-rosette forming cells showed a reaction product.", "contents": "Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations by simultaneous E-rosette formation and unspecific acid esterase staining. E-rosettes of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained by an unspecific acid esterase stain; 74.5% of the rosette forming cells were esterase positive, while only 30% of the non-rosette forming cells showed a reaction product.", "PMID": 77795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6748", "title": "[The postnatal development of lamina V pyramidal cells in the sensomotor cortex of the albino rat. 1. Introduction and qualitative studies of Golgi preparations].", "content": "1. It is given an introductory survey about the usual Golgi procedures and modifications, and about the possible quantitative methods in Golgi researches. Upon them a synopsis of the literature about dendrite spine distribution and density in rodents' cortices (mouse, rat, hamster) follows. Concluding the preamble it is informed about the structural changes in spine distribution during postnatal ontogenesis published hitherto. 2. Using Golgi-Cox impregnated brain slices (according the RAMON-MOLINER modification) the differentiation of layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex during the 1st to the 90th day after birth is studied qualitatively. Several types of unknown interpyramidal synaptic contacts are published. Some notices follows about the first occurence of apical dendritic bundles during the postnatal ontogenesis, as well as about the axonal swellings of cortical pyramids.", "contents": "[The postnatal development of lamina V pyramidal cells in the sensomotor cortex of the albino rat. 1. Introduction and qualitative studies of Golgi preparations]. 1. It is given an introductory survey about the usual Golgi procedures and modifications, and about the possible quantitative methods in Golgi researches. Upon them a synopsis of the literature about dendrite spine distribution and density in rodents' cortices (mouse, rat, hamster) follows. Concluding the preamble it is informed about the structural changes in spine distribution during postnatal ontogenesis published hitherto. 2. Using Golgi-Cox impregnated brain slices (according the RAMON-MOLINER modification) the differentiation of layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex during the 1st to the 90th day after birth is studied qualitatively. Several types of unknown interpyramidal synaptic contacts are published. Some notices follows about the first occurence of apical dendritic bundles during the postnatal ontogenesis, as well as about the axonal swellings of cortical pyramids.", "PMID": 77800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6749", "title": "[The postnatal development of lamina V pyramidal cells in the sensomotor cortex of the albino rat. 2. Quantitative studies on Golgi preparations].", "content": "Using Golgi-Cox preparates the postnatal development (1st to 90th day after birth) of the patterns of apical dendrite spines in layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex is represented. Especially it is reported about the evolution of the total amount of apical dendrite spines, of length of apical dendrites, of spine density (spine dendrite quotients, DQ), of interspinous distance (space between two adjacent visible spines, in the proximal dendrite with increasing spine distribution and in the district with crest of spine distribution separately) and finally of cell body length.", "contents": "[The postnatal development of lamina V pyramidal cells in the sensomotor cortex of the albino rat. 2. Quantitative studies on Golgi preparations]. Using Golgi-Cox preparates the postnatal development (1st to 90th day after birth) of the patterns of apical dendrite spines in layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex is represented. Especially it is reported about the evolution of the total amount of apical dendrite spines, of length of apical dendrites, of spine density (spine dendrite quotients, DQ), of interspinous distance (space between two adjacent visible spines, in the proximal dendrite with increasing spine distribution and in the district with crest of spine distribution separately) and finally of cell body length.", "PMID": 77801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6750", "title": "[Quantity of compentent cells in a population of Escherichia coli treated with Ca2+ cations].", "content": "An attempt was made to estimate the number of Escherichia coli K-12 cells rendered permeable to antibiotics under Ca2+ treatment. The effect of cold factor and Ca2+ alone as well as the cell age on the induction of permeability and the energy dependence of the latter were also investigated. About 70-75% and more exponentially growing cells as a result of Ca2+ treatment became sensitive to actinomycin, rubomycin and olivomycin. This number was somewhat lower (40-50%) in sationary phase culture. A fraction (20-30%) of stationary phase cells appeared to be sensitive to antibiotics even without Ca2+ pretreatment. Preincubation of the cells in cold in the absence of Ca2+ cations did not induce the cell permeability. The transport of antibiotics inside the cell was not prevented by an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation --carbonylcyanid-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). It is suggested that the cells which are rendered permeable to tested antibiotics represent the \"compentent\" cells capable to uptake molecules of exogenous DNA as well.", "contents": "[Quantity of compentent cells in a population of Escherichia coli treated with Ca2+ cations]. An attempt was made to estimate the number of Escherichia coli K-12 cells rendered permeable to antibiotics under Ca2+ treatment. The effect of cold factor and Ca2+ alone as well as the cell age on the induction of permeability and the energy dependence of the latter were also investigated. About 70-75% and more exponentially growing cells as a result of Ca2+ treatment became sensitive to actinomycin, rubomycin and olivomycin. This number was somewhat lower (40-50%) in sationary phase culture. A fraction (20-30%) of stationary phase cells appeared to be sensitive to antibiotics even without Ca2+ pretreatment. Preincubation of the cells in cold in the absence of Ca2+ cations did not induce the cell permeability. The transport of antibiotics inside the cell was not prevented by an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation --carbonylcyanid-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). It is suggested that the cells which are rendered permeable to tested antibiotics represent the \"compentent\" cells capable to uptake molecules of exogenous DNA as well.", "PMID": 77802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6751", "title": "Assessment of plasma fibrinolytic system with use of chromogenic substrate.", "content": "A block of tests employing a chromogenic substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S-2251, Kabi AB, Stockholm) is proposed for a quantitative assessment of the plasma fibrinolytic system. It allows measurement of spontaneous plasmin activity, plasminogen content, activator activity (ability of plasma to activate plasminogen), immediate and progressive antiplasmin levels and alpha2-macroglobulin. All these assays could be performed within 45 min using a total of 0.4 ml of plasmin.", "contents": "Assessment of plasma fibrinolytic system with use of chromogenic substrate. A block of tests employing a chromogenic substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S-2251, Kabi AB, Stockholm) is proposed for a quantitative assessment of the plasma fibrinolytic system. It allows measurement of spontaneous plasmin activity, plasminogen content, activator activity (ability of plasma to activate plasminogen), immediate and progressive antiplasmin levels and alpha2-macroglobulin. All these assays could be performed within 45 min using a total of 0.4 ml of plasmin.", "PMID": 77806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6752", "title": "Alterations of plasmin activity, plasminogen levels and activity of antiplasmins during endotoxin shock in dogs.", "content": "Spontaneous plasmin activity and 'fast-reacting' and 'time-dependent' antiplasmin activities were determined during various stages of canine endotoxin shock by means of assays utilizing a chromogenic tripeptide derivative (S-2251, Kabi AB, Peptide Research Division, M\u00f6lndal). During shock, gradually decreasing values of both antiplasmins were found, revealing most pronounced falls of 'fast-reactin' antiplasmin. These changes of plasma antiplasmin activities were accompanied by decreasing values of plasminogen and evidence of plasmin activity. Immunochemical determination of plasma levels of alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and gel filtration studies, demonstrated marked falls in levels of alpha2-M and alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and small reductions of alpha1-AT in this state.", "contents": "Alterations of plasmin activity, plasminogen levels and activity of antiplasmins during endotoxin shock in dogs. Spontaneous plasmin activity and 'fast-reacting' and 'time-dependent' antiplasmin activities were determined during various stages of canine endotoxin shock by means of assays utilizing a chromogenic tripeptide derivative (S-2251, Kabi AB, Peptide Research Division, M\u00f6lndal). During shock, gradually decreasing values of both antiplasmins were found, revealing most pronounced falls of 'fast-reactin' antiplasmin. These changes of plasma antiplasmin activities were accompanied by decreasing values of plasminogen and evidence of plasmin activity. Immunochemical determination of plasma levels of alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and gel filtration studies, demonstrated marked falls in levels of alpha2-M and alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and small reductions of alpha1-AT in this state.", "PMID": 77807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6753", "title": "[Factor XII (HAGEMAN FACTOR)].", "content": "The discovery of factor XII (Hageman factor), the attempts of characterizing it, the knowledge of its presence of absence in the various vertebrate classes are represented in a survey and recent opinions of molecular biology about its structure and composition are discussed. The effect of the activating substances for transferring the Hageman factor into its active form are represented with the role of the pre-kallikrein (Fletcher factor) and of the highly molecular kininogen (Fitzgerald factor) being referred to. Furthermore, the following systems influenced by factor XII are dealt with: 1. The endogenous and exogenous activating system of blood clotting and possible reasons for lower bleedings with factor XII deficiency. 2. Role of the Hageman factor in activating fibrinolysis. 3. Influence on the liberation of kinin. 4. Correlations towards the complement system. 5. Possible inhibitory effect of platelet aggregation. Finally the close connection of all these systems is referred to and the necessity of considering these complicated events in a complex way is stressed.", "contents": "[Factor XII (HAGEMAN FACTOR)]. The discovery of factor XII (Hageman factor), the attempts of characterizing it, the knowledge of its presence of absence in the various vertebrate classes are represented in a survey and recent opinions of molecular biology about its structure and composition are discussed. The effect of the activating substances for transferring the Hageman factor into its active form are represented with the role of the pre-kallikrein (Fletcher factor) and of the highly molecular kininogen (Fitzgerald factor) being referred to. Furthermore, the following systems influenced by factor XII are dealt with: 1. The endogenous and exogenous activating system of blood clotting and possible reasons for lower bleedings with factor XII deficiency. 2. Role of the Hageman factor in activating fibrinolysis. 3. Influence on the liberation of kinin. 4. Correlations towards the complement system. 5. Possible inhibitory effect of platelet aggregation. Finally the close connection of all these systems is referred to and the necessity of considering these complicated events in a complex way is stressed.", "PMID": 77809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6754", "title": "[Environmentally dependent erythrocyte membrane permeability as a source of error in the determination of hematocrit].", "content": "The volume of human red blood cells (RBC) was evaluated by means of the centrifugation method (hematocrit) and 131-J-labelled human serum albumin, respectively. Both of the methods yielded an identical volume of about 107 micron3 of the single RBC, provided the evaluation was performed in autologous plasma. Contrary to the 131-J-albumin method the results of which were found independent of various pretreatments of RBC, the centrifugation hematocrits of RBC previously washed with PBS and resuspended in PBS or saline protein media resulted in a mean cell volume of about 86 micron3. The decrease of the cell volume was associated with an efflux of K+ ions. If the RBC are centrifuged at 800 g instead of 15000 g, their volume will remain unchanged. The assessment of cytodeformability has shown, that RBC in PBS by loss of cell volume could enter a 2.3 micron micropipette completely. RBC in plasma, though traversing a 2.9 micron micropipette were incapable of entering a 2.3 micron channel completely. With pressures ranging from 300 to 350 mm H2O the processes of these cells undergo microspherulation.", "contents": "[Environmentally dependent erythrocyte membrane permeability as a source of error in the determination of hematocrit]. The volume of human red blood cells (RBC) was evaluated by means of the centrifugation method (hematocrit) and 131-J-labelled human serum albumin, respectively. Both of the methods yielded an identical volume of about 107 micron3 of the single RBC, provided the evaluation was performed in autologous plasma. Contrary to the 131-J-albumin method the results of which were found independent of various pretreatments of RBC, the centrifugation hematocrits of RBC previously washed with PBS and resuspended in PBS or saline protein media resulted in a mean cell volume of about 86 micron3. The decrease of the cell volume was associated with an efflux of K+ ions. If the RBC are centrifuged at 800 g instead of 15000 g, their volume will remain unchanged. The assessment of cytodeformability has shown, that RBC in PBS by loss of cell volume could enter a 2.3 micron micropipette completely. RBC in plasma, though traversing a 2.9 micron micropipette were incapable of entering a 2.3 micron channel completely. With pressures ranging from 300 to 350 mm H2O the processes of these cells undergo microspherulation.", "PMID": 77810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6755", "title": "[Extraction of membrane proteins in low ionic strengths].", "content": "Hemoglobin and the low molecular weight proteins 8 and 9 are extracted from ghosts during low ionic washing after the hypotonic hemolysis of erythrocytes. Furthermore, a loss of the proteins 4.5 and 7 was observed. The protein patterns of ghosts after isotonic hemolysis by freezing and thawing resemble the ghost protein patterns after hypotonic hemolysis and incomplete deprivation of Hb. Many if not all membrane proteins are eluted by repeated incubations of the ghosts in solutions of low ionic strength in the presence of EDTA. The spectrins, the proteins 5, 4.5, 7 and residual Hb are extracted preferentially. A selective extraction of the spectrins and the protein 5 is not detectable under these conditions. Often the spectrin bands are subdivided following low ionic incubation.", "contents": "[Extraction of membrane proteins in low ionic strengths]. Hemoglobin and the low molecular weight proteins 8 and 9 are extracted from ghosts during low ionic washing after the hypotonic hemolysis of erythrocytes. Furthermore, a loss of the proteins 4.5 and 7 was observed. The protein patterns of ghosts after isotonic hemolysis by freezing and thawing resemble the ghost protein patterns after hypotonic hemolysis and incomplete deprivation of Hb. Many if not all membrane proteins are eluted by repeated incubations of the ghosts in solutions of low ionic strength in the presence of EDTA. The spectrins, the proteins 5, 4.5, 7 and residual Hb are extracted preferentially. A selective extraction of the spectrins and the protein 5 is not detectable under these conditions. Often the spectrin bands are subdivided following low ionic incubation.", "PMID": 77811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6756", "title": "Coumarin-induced abnormal factor IX: an immunological study in humans.", "content": "An excess of factor IX antigen or protein with respect to factor IX activity is present in coumarin treated patients. The average factor IX antigen value found in a group of 16 patients was 96.2 (S.D. = 24.46) whereas the average clotting activity was 19 (S.D. = 4.54) (p less than 0.001). In the electroimmunoassay system a normal peak or precipitate were seen in every instance. In haemophilia B--no peak or precipitate were seen. The coumarin induced abnormal factor IX shows a more anodic migration in the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis system as compared with the normal counterpart. On the contrary, the factor IX protein present in haemophilia BM or in haemophilie B+ migrates as normal factor IX.", "contents": "Coumarin-induced abnormal factor IX: an immunological study in humans. An excess of factor IX antigen or protein with respect to factor IX activity is present in coumarin treated patients. The average factor IX antigen value found in a group of 16 patients was 96.2 (S.D. = 24.46) whereas the average clotting activity was 19 (S.D. = 4.54) (p less than 0.001). In the electroimmunoassay system a normal peak or precipitate were seen in every instance. In haemophilia B--no peak or precipitate were seen. The coumarin induced abnormal factor IX shows a more anodic migration in the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis system as compared with the normal counterpart. On the contrary, the factor IX protein present in haemophilia BM or in haemophilie B+ migrates as normal factor IX.", "PMID": 77812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6757", "title": "On the nature of fibrinolytic activity of arteries.", "content": "The plasminogen activator of the arterial wall was studied with the histochemical method of TODD. The plasminogen activator was removed from the sections after extraction with M-potassium thiocyanate. By this procedure we suggest that the activator demonstrated by the histochemical method is the same substance as that prepared by the extraction method with thiocyanate of ASTRUP and STAGE. However, a new fibrinolytic activity was restored after treatment of these extracted sections with streptokinase or urokinase. There were no differences in the different types of arteries examined and normal or atherosclerotic arteries. Similar findings were found when kidney or myocardial tissues were examined. It is suggested that the arterial and other tissues contain proactivator-plasminogen which is not extracted from the tissue by potassium thiocyanate and can adsorb streptokinase or urokinase.", "contents": "On the nature of fibrinolytic activity of arteries. The plasminogen activator of the arterial wall was studied with the histochemical method of TODD. The plasminogen activator was removed from the sections after extraction with M-potassium thiocyanate. By this procedure we suggest that the activator demonstrated by the histochemical method is the same substance as that prepared by the extraction method with thiocyanate of ASTRUP and STAGE. However, a new fibrinolytic activity was restored after treatment of these extracted sections with streptokinase or urokinase. There were no differences in the different types of arteries examined and normal or atherosclerotic arteries. Similar findings were found when kidney or myocardial tissues were examined. It is suggested that the arterial and other tissues contain proactivator-plasminogen which is not extracted from the tissue by potassium thiocyanate and can adsorb streptokinase or urokinase.", "PMID": 77813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6758", "title": "Studies on factor XIII antigen in congenital factor XIII deficiency. A tentative classification of the disease in two groups.", "content": "Immunological and immunofluorescent studies carried out on plasma and platelets of three cases of congenital factor XIII deficiency are reported. Two of these patients were originally thought to have normal factor XIII subunit S and no subunit A. However, repeated assays carried out using different lots of antiserum showed that in reality the patients lacked both subunit S and subunit A. The false positive finding was due to the presence of a anti-factor VIII contaminant in the antiserum originally used. The third patient had a normal subunit S and no subunit A. No factor XIII antigen was found by the indirect immunofluorescent technique in normal, factor XIII deficiency and von Willebrand's disease platelets. On the contrary, by using the non-monospecific antiserum a fluorescent pattern similar to that observed by using an anti-factor VIII antiserum, had been noted. On the basis of the data presented in this paper a tentative classification of factor XIII deficiency in two groups is proposed: Type I is characterized by the lack of both factor XIII subunit S and A. Type II is characterized by a normal subunit S and no subunit A. The need for a re-evaluation of published case of factor XIII deficiency by means of monospecific antisera is indicated.", "contents": "Studies on factor XIII antigen in congenital factor XIII deficiency. A tentative classification of the disease in two groups. Immunological and immunofluorescent studies carried out on plasma and platelets of three cases of congenital factor XIII deficiency are reported. Two of these patients were originally thought to have normal factor XIII subunit S and no subunit A. However, repeated assays carried out using different lots of antiserum showed that in reality the patients lacked both subunit S and subunit A. The false positive finding was due to the presence of a anti-factor VIII contaminant in the antiserum originally used. The third patient had a normal subunit S and no subunit A. No factor XIII antigen was found by the indirect immunofluorescent technique in normal, factor XIII deficiency and von Willebrand's disease platelets. On the contrary, by using the non-monospecific antiserum a fluorescent pattern similar to that observed by using an anti-factor VIII antiserum, had been noted. On the basis of the data presented in this paper a tentative classification of factor XIII deficiency in two groups is proposed: Type I is characterized by the lack of both factor XIII subunit S and A. Type II is characterized by a normal subunit S and no subunit A. The need for a re-evaluation of published case of factor XIII deficiency by means of monospecific antisera is indicated.", "PMID": 77814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6759", "title": "[The problem of preparing avid cytotoxic anti-B-lymphocyte serums].", "content": "There were anti-B-lymphocyte toxins in 40 samples (= 7.58%) from 527 examined sera of pregnant women and polytransfused persons without HLA cytotoxins and 84 samples (= 33.2%) from 253 anti-HLA sera. Of 49 specific anti-B sera 27 were suitable for typing B-lymphocyte antigens; with the help of 13 of these sera 5 specific antigens of B-lymphocytes called 1-5 could be determined. These 27 sera produced a positive cytotoxic reaction, mainly with the strength of +++ or ++. Attempts of absorbing HLA antibodies from anti-B lymphocyte sera led to unsatisfactory results. Sometimes the content of anti-B-lymphocyte toxins could also be diminished by a platelet absorption, in other cases the absorption was insufficient and had to be repeated therefore.", "contents": "[The problem of preparing avid cytotoxic anti-B-lymphocyte serums]. There were anti-B-lymphocyte toxins in 40 samples (= 7.58%) from 527 examined sera of pregnant women and polytransfused persons without HLA cytotoxins and 84 samples (= 33.2%) from 253 anti-HLA sera. Of 49 specific anti-B sera 27 were suitable for typing B-lymphocyte antigens; with the help of 13 of these sera 5 specific antigens of B-lymphocytes called 1-5 could be determined. These 27 sera produced a positive cytotoxic reaction, mainly with the strength of +++ or ++. Attempts of absorbing HLA antibodies from anti-B lymphocyte sera led to unsatisfactory results. Sometimes the content of anti-B-lymphocyte toxins could also be diminished by a platelet absorption, in other cases the absorption was insufficient and had to be repeated therefore.", "PMID": 77815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6760", "title": "[Theoretical, methodological and clinical aspects of the growth of granulopoietic cells in agar culture].", "content": "Haematopoietic stem cells are capable of developing colonies of differentiated granulocytes in a semi-stable agar environment under corresponding experimental conditions. Number and size of aggregations developing from a single stem cell in each case called \"in culture Colony Forming Unit (CFU-c)\" enable conclusions to be made about the functional ability of the cultivated human or animal bone marrow. The method is applied in investigating the kinetics in the haematopoietic system and, in addition, it is used for diagnostics, therapy and control of the course in haematological diseases as well as to check the proliferous ability of cryopreserved bone marrow cells. As to the standardization of the procedure the instability of the active principle of the foetal calf serum as well as the essential colony stimulating factor represent limiting items at present.", "contents": "[Theoretical, methodological and clinical aspects of the growth of granulopoietic cells in agar culture]. Haematopoietic stem cells are capable of developing colonies of differentiated granulocytes in a semi-stable agar environment under corresponding experimental conditions. Number and size of aggregations developing from a single stem cell in each case called \"in culture Colony Forming Unit (CFU-c)\" enable conclusions to be made about the functional ability of the cultivated human or animal bone marrow. The method is applied in investigating the kinetics in the haematopoietic system and, in addition, it is used for diagnostics, therapy and control of the course in haematological diseases as well as to check the proliferous ability of cryopreserved bone marrow cells. As to the standardization of the procedure the instability of the active principle of the foetal calf serum as well as the essential colony stimulating factor represent limiting items at present.", "PMID": 77816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6761", "title": "[Fragmented erythrocytes (schizocytes) after surgical interventions].", "content": "Fragmented erythrocytes (schistocytes) develop as a consequence of erythrocytes being damaged mechanically. Cardiac and vessel anomalies as well as diseases of small vessels with disturbances of the microcirculation may be considered as the main causes. Intravasal haemolysis appearing after artificial heart valve replacement is characterized by the appearance of schistocytes. In laboratory chemical respect there are signs of a haemolysis. The treatment depends on the seriousness of clinical symptoms.", "contents": "[Fragmented erythrocytes (schizocytes) after surgical interventions]. Fragmented erythrocytes (schistocytes) develop as a consequence of erythrocytes being damaged mechanically. Cardiac and vessel anomalies as well as diseases of small vessels with disturbances of the microcirculation may be considered as the main causes. Intravasal haemolysis appearing after artificial heart valve replacement is characterized by the appearance of schistocytes. In laboratory chemical respect there are signs of a haemolysis. The treatment depends on the seriousness of clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 77817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6762", "title": "[Quantitative behavior of eosinophil granulocytes in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "Of 31 children affected with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the quantitative behaviour of eosinophilie granulocytes was examined in the course of the disease. Nearly all patients were treated according to a chemotherapy scheme (Memphis IV). During this therapy the eosinophils greatly diminished initially increased significantly to subnormal values and to the values of healthy persons with persisting full remission. Another significant decrease occurred during the relapse and in the pre-final stage. During each following relapse a greater diminution of bone-marrow eosinophils could be observed. Simultaneously the decrease of eosinophils led to a shift in the degree of maturation. In this connection the similar behaviour of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the bone-marrow must be stressed. Eventually, the lbast excrescence in the bone-marrow and its therapy cannot solely be decisive for the findings made. Relations to the lymphocytic system can be referred to.", "contents": "[Quantitative behavior of eosinophil granulocytes in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Of 31 children affected with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the quantitative behaviour of eosinophilie granulocytes was examined in the course of the disease. Nearly all patients were treated according to a chemotherapy scheme (Memphis IV). During this therapy the eosinophils greatly diminished initially increased significantly to subnormal values and to the values of healthy persons with persisting full remission. Another significant decrease occurred during the relapse and in the pre-final stage. During each following relapse a greater diminution of bone-marrow eosinophils could be observed. Simultaneously the decrease of eosinophils led to a shift in the degree of maturation. In this connection the similar behaviour of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the bone-marrow must be stressed. Eventually, the lbast excrescence in the bone-marrow and its therapy cannot solely be decisive for the findings made. Relations to the lymphocytic system can be referred to.", "PMID": 77818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6763", "title": "N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) serum level in the diagnostics of preleukemic states, acute micromyeloblastic leukemias and pancytopenias.", "content": "The levels of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid were determined in patients with preleukemic states, acute micromyeloblastic leukemias and pancytopenias. A statistically significant increase of NANA was found in patients with micromyeloblastic leukemia in comparison with preleukemic states and pancytopenias. A significant rise in the NANA level was observed in preleukemic states in comparison with pancytopenia of other origins. The assay of the NANA level may be employed as a sensitive biochemical test for differential diagnostics of these diseases.", "contents": "N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) serum level in the diagnostics of preleukemic states, acute micromyeloblastic leukemias and pancytopenias. The levels of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid were determined in patients with preleukemic states, acute micromyeloblastic leukemias and pancytopenias. A statistically significant increase of NANA was found in patients with micromyeloblastic leukemia in comparison with preleukemic states and pancytopenias. A significant rise in the NANA level was observed in preleukemic states in comparison with pancytopenia of other origins. The assay of the NANA level may be employed as a sensitive biochemical test for differential diagnostics of these diseases.", "PMID": 77819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6764", "title": "[The karyotype of bone marrow cells in the preleukemic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia].", "content": "The caryotype of bone-marrow cells of 19 patients affected with leukocytosis of obscure origin was examined by means of G-staining. A chronic myelogenous leukaemia in its preleukaemic stage was diagnosed in 11 patients by identifying Ph'-chromosomes in all metaphases observed and a lowered acid leukocyte phosphatase. Besides Ph'-chromosomes an aneuploida (47 chromosomes with trisomia 8) was observed in one patient. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of this pathological caryotype is discussed.", "contents": "[The karyotype of bone marrow cells in the preleukemic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia]. The caryotype of bone-marrow cells of 19 patients affected with leukocytosis of obscure origin was examined by means of G-staining. A chronic myelogenous leukaemia in its preleukaemic stage was diagnosed in 11 patients by identifying Ph'-chromosomes in all metaphases observed and a lowered acid leukocyte phosphatase. Besides Ph'-chromosomes an aneuploida (47 chromosomes with trisomia 8) was observed in one patient. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of this pathological caryotype is discussed.", "PMID": 77820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6765", "title": "[Vitality studies in bone marrow cells by means of fluorescence microscopy].", "content": "In assessing the vitality of bone-marrow cells vital fluorochroming with acridine orange allows a differential, qualitative statement to be made about the degree of cell damage and in addition the single cell compartments to be relatively well differentiated in morphological respect. The stain exclusion test made for the purpose of comparison merely enables an approximate, quantitative evaluation to be obtained.", "contents": "[Vitality studies in bone marrow cells by means of fluorescence microscopy]. In assessing the vitality of bone-marrow cells vital fluorochroming with acridine orange allows a differential, qualitative statement to be made about the degree of cell damage and in addition the single cell compartments to be relatively well differentiated in morphological respect. The stain exclusion test made for the purpose of comparison merely enables an approximate, quantitative evaluation to be obtained.", "PMID": 77821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6766", "title": "[Hematologic complications in acute alcoholism].", "content": "The authors investigated the relations between cell anomalies (vacuolation, increasing sideroblastosis) caused by the uptake of alcohol and the dynamics of haematopoesis in the bone-marrow of 33 alcoholists who had been admitted in a comatose condition and who were neither affected with anaemia nor with chronic hepatitis. In all cases a maturation arrest of erythropoetic and granulopoetic cell elements which was not in accordance with the number of immature vacuolated cells could be observed. 12 test persons showed increased sideroblastic indices and a slightly diminished medullary reticulocytosis. The majority showed a very active thrombocytopoesis contrasting with the normal or even diminished number of thrombocytes in the peripheral blood. The authors come to the conclusion that alcohol will cause a general metabolic damage of haematopoesis and at the same time it will produce a direct toxic effect on the bone-marrow cells (proerythroblasts, promyelocytes) and the peripheral blood (thrombocytes).", "contents": "[Hematologic complications in acute alcoholism]. The authors investigated the relations between cell anomalies (vacuolation, increasing sideroblastosis) caused by the uptake of alcohol and the dynamics of haematopoesis in the bone-marrow of 33 alcoholists who had been admitted in a comatose condition and who were neither affected with anaemia nor with chronic hepatitis. In all cases a maturation arrest of erythropoetic and granulopoetic cell elements which was not in accordance with the number of immature vacuolated cells could be observed. 12 test persons showed increased sideroblastic indices and a slightly diminished medullary reticulocytosis. The majority showed a very active thrombocytopoesis contrasting with the normal or even diminished number of thrombocytes in the peripheral blood. The authors come to the conclusion that alcohol will cause a general metabolic damage of haematopoesis and at the same time it will produce a direct toxic effect on the bone-marrow cells (proerythroblasts, promyelocytes) and the peripheral blood (thrombocytes).", "PMID": 77822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6767", "title": "A clinicopathological study of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas in terms of the Kiel classification.", "content": "A group of 25 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was investigated. Patients diagnosed earlier were reclassified according to the Kiel system. A correlation between age distribution and histological malignancy was found. The time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 1 year on an average. The majority of the patients belonged to stage IV. The survival rate was higher in the low-grade malignancy group than in the high-grade group. When assessing the prognosis, the histological classification as well as the clinical staging ought to be considered. The bone marrow was the most frequent extranodal site of involvement in stage IV. Cytopenic changes were almost invariably accompanied by bone marrow infiltration. All the 7 cases analysed for lymphocyte surface markers proved to be B cell type. No significant difference was seen between the results of single agent and combined chemotherapy.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas in terms of the Kiel classification. A group of 25 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was investigated. Patients diagnosed earlier were reclassified according to the Kiel system. A correlation between age distribution and histological malignancy was found. The time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 1 year on an average. The majority of the patients belonged to stage IV. The survival rate was higher in the low-grade malignancy group than in the high-grade group. When assessing the prognosis, the histological classification as well as the clinical staging ought to be considered. The bone marrow was the most frequent extranodal site of involvement in stage IV. Cytopenic changes were almost invariably accompanied by bone marrow infiltration. All the 7 cases analysed for lymphocyte surface markers proved to be B cell type. No significant difference was seen between the results of single agent and combined chemotherapy.", "PMID": 77823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6768", "title": "The iron status in healthy individuals aging from 18-25 years.", "content": "The haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, transferrin and serum iron values of a group of 65 healthy young people aging from 18-25 years were determined. Ferritin in serum was quantitated by radioimmunoassay to determine the usefulness of this assay in reflecting iron stores of healthy people.", "contents": "The iron status in healthy individuals aging from 18-25 years. The haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, transferrin and serum iron values of a group of 65 healthy young people aging from 18-25 years were determined. Ferritin in serum was quantitated by radioimmunoassay to determine the usefulness of this assay in reflecting iron stores of healthy people.", "PMID": 77824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6769", "title": "[The question of the diagnostic value of increased erythrocyte enzymes in leukemia].", "content": "The investigated erythrocyte enzymes (LDH, pyruvatkinase, Glukose-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase) are moderately to extremely elevated in most cases of leucemia. There exists no significant correlation to the number of reticulocytes and the erythrocyte half life time.", "contents": "[The question of the diagnostic value of increased erythrocyte enzymes in leukemia]. The investigated erythrocyte enzymes (LDH, pyruvatkinase, Glukose-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase) are moderately to extremely elevated in most cases of leucemia. There exists no significant correlation to the number of reticulocytes and the erythrocyte half life time.", "PMID": 77825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6770", "title": "[Anti-allergic activity of 7-acetyl-5-oxo-5H-[1] benzopyrano (2,3-b] pyridine (Y-9000) (author's transl)].", "content": "The IgE mediated reactions such as 48 hr homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and active anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats were inhibited in a dose dependent manner by treatment with 7-acetyl-5-oxo-5H-[1]benzopyranol[2,3-b] pyridine (Y-9000) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) given intraperitoneally. The inhibitory activity of Y-9000 was to the same extent as that seen with DSCG. The IgE mediated reactions were also inhibited by oral treatment with Y-9000 but not with DSCG. In addition, the treatment with Y-9000 resulted in inhibition of IgG mediated reaction such as anaphylactic asthma in the passively sensitized guinea pigs and 4 hr heterologous PCA in rats. However, DSCG failed to prevent these reactions. Y-9000 also inhibited the active systemic anaphylaxis of the mouse and non-immunological reactions in rats such as histamine release after an intraperitoneal injection of dextran, anaphylactoid reaction and paw edema induced by the dextran, egg white or carrageenin. This agent had a stimulating effect on the adrenals, and showed glucocorticoid like activity, but bronchodilator and antagonistic activities on chemical mediators were nil. These results suggest that the anti-allergic activities of Y-9000 are elicited by inhibiting the release of allergic mediators in a manner similar to DSCG, and are partially mediated by stressor activity.", "contents": "[Anti-allergic activity of 7-acetyl-5-oxo-5H-[1] benzopyrano (2,3-b] pyridine (Y-9000) (author's transl)]. The IgE mediated reactions such as 48 hr homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and active anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in rats were inhibited in a dose dependent manner by treatment with 7-acetyl-5-oxo-5H-[1]benzopyranol[2,3-b] pyridine (Y-9000) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) given intraperitoneally. The inhibitory activity of Y-9000 was to the same extent as that seen with DSCG. The IgE mediated reactions were also inhibited by oral treatment with Y-9000 but not with DSCG. In addition, the treatment with Y-9000 resulted in inhibition of IgG mediated reaction such as anaphylactic asthma in the passively sensitized guinea pigs and 4 hr heterologous PCA in rats. However, DSCG failed to prevent these reactions. Y-9000 also inhibited the active systemic anaphylaxis of the mouse and non-immunological reactions in rats such as histamine release after an intraperitoneal injection of dextran, anaphylactoid reaction and paw edema induced by the dextran, egg white or carrageenin. This agent had a stimulating effect on the adrenals, and showed glucocorticoid like activity, but bronchodilator and antagonistic activities on chemical mediators were nil. These results suggest that the anti-allergic activities of Y-9000 are elicited by inhibiting the release of allergic mediators in a manner similar to DSCG, and are partially mediated by stressor activity.", "PMID": 77826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6771", "title": "[Studies on D-penicillamine (1): Inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on the heat-Cu++ induced denaturation of human gamma-globulin (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on the denaturation of human gamma-globulin induced by heat and Cu++ was compared with the action of other agents such as antirheumatic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, SH reagents, SH inhibitors and chelating reagents. The denaturation of human gamma globulin was induced by Cu++ at 10 micrometer (\"Cu++ induced denaturation\") and was further increased by heating at 63 degrees C for 3 hr in the presence of Cu++ (\"total denaturation\"). Thus the value obtained by subtracting \"Cu++ induced denaturation\" from \"total one\" was designated as \"thermal denaturation\". D-Penicillamine enhanced \"thermal denaturation\" at a low concentration but inhibited it with increasing the concentration as well as L-cysteine. SH reagents such as thiomalic acid, 6-mercaptopurine inhibited \"total\" and \"thermal\" denaturation. SH inhibitors and protein binding reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid inhibited the \"total\" and \"thermal\" denaturation of the protein. Chelating reagents such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline inhibited \"total\", \"Cu++ induced\" and \"thermal\" denaturation of the protein. Au+ inhibited \"total denaturation\", but not \"Cu++ induced denaturation\". On the other hand, Au+++ denaturated the protein considerably with or without heating, in the absence of Cu++ but dithiothreitol did so only with heating in the same condition. The anti-inflammatory drugs used herein had no effect on the protein denaturation. D-Penicillamine apparently prevents the denaturation of human gamma-globulin by the chelate formation with Cu++ and the binding to free protein SH, initiator for sulfhydryldisulfide interchange reaction.", "contents": "[Studies on D-penicillamine (1): Inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on the heat-Cu++ induced denaturation of human gamma-globulin (author's transl)]. The inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on the denaturation of human gamma-globulin induced by heat and Cu++ was compared with the action of other agents such as antirheumatic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, SH reagents, SH inhibitors and chelating reagents. The denaturation of human gamma globulin was induced by Cu++ at 10 micrometer (\"Cu++ induced denaturation\") and was further increased by heating at 63 degrees C for 3 hr in the presence of Cu++ (\"total denaturation\"). Thus the value obtained by subtracting \"Cu++ induced denaturation\" from \"total one\" was designated as \"thermal denaturation\". D-Penicillamine enhanced \"thermal denaturation\" at a low concentration but inhibited it with increasing the concentration as well as L-cysteine. SH reagents such as thiomalic acid, 6-mercaptopurine inhibited \"total\" and \"thermal\" denaturation. SH inhibitors and protein binding reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid inhibited the \"total\" and \"thermal\" denaturation of the protein. Chelating reagents such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline inhibited \"total\", \"Cu++ induced\" and \"thermal\" denaturation of the protein. Au+ inhibited \"total denaturation\", but not \"Cu++ induced denaturation\". On the other hand, Au+++ denaturated the protein considerably with or without heating, in the absence of Cu++ but dithiothreitol did so only with heating in the same condition. The anti-inflammatory drugs used herein had no effect on the protein denaturation. D-Penicillamine apparently prevents the denaturation of human gamma-globulin by the chelate formation with Cu++ and the binding to free protein SH, initiator for sulfhydryldisulfide interchange reaction.", "PMID": 77827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6772", "title": "The occurrence of hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions in the nerve cells of the hypoglossal nucleus in human autopsy material.", "content": "Among 440 adults (ranging in age from 41 to 99 years) who were examined for hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions (HCI) within cells of the hypoglossal nuclei of the medulla oblongata, HCI were found in 75 (17.0%). No definite correlation was noted between HCI and specific diseases. The morphological and histochemical descriptions and pathological interpretation as well as frequency of HCI as reported in the literature were reviewed. There was no evidence that the presence of HCI was related to a specific disease, ages or sex.", "contents": "The occurrence of hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions in the nerve cells of the hypoglossal nucleus in human autopsy material. Among 440 adults (ranging in age from 41 to 99 years) who were examined for hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions (HCI) within cells of the hypoglossal nuclei of the medulla oblongata, HCI were found in 75 (17.0%). No definite correlation was noted between HCI and specific diseases. The morphological and histochemical descriptions and pathological interpretation as well as frequency of HCI as reported in the literature were reviewed. There was no evidence that the presence of HCI was related to a specific disease, ages or sex.", "PMID": 77828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6773", "title": "Serum antiproteases and respiratory diseases of the horse.", "content": "The serum antiprotease (AAT) levels are reported in healthy horses and horses with respiratory diseases. Of the methods used, only the STIC test seemed to give useful results; this test showed variations in horses with respiratory diseases, especially in horses with acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "Serum antiproteases and respiratory diseases of the horse. The serum antiprotease (AAT) levels are reported in healthy horses and horses with respiratory diseases. Of the methods used, only the STIC test seemed to give useful results; this test showed variations in horses with respiratory diseases, especially in horses with acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema.", "PMID": 77829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6774", "title": "Suppressor T cells and suppressor factor.", "content": "The ability to suppress antibody response to specific antigens has been found to be inherent in a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. The suppressor pathway has been shown to involve an initial T-cell clone that that elaborates a soluble factor which, in turn, induces a second cohort of effector cells. The implications of this system for autoimmune and neoplastic diseases--and some relevant experiments--are discussed.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells and suppressor factor. The ability to suppress antibody response to specific antigens has been found to be inherent in a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. The suppressor pathway has been shown to involve an initial T-cell clone that that elaborates a soluble factor which, in turn, induces a second cohort of effector cells. The implications of this system for autoimmune and neoplastic diseases--and some relevant experiments--are discussed.", "PMID": 77838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6775", "title": "Antiserum to surface antigens as a marker for cultured rat lung endothelial cells (1).", "content": "Antibodies were developed in rabbits against an established line of endothelial cells from normal adult rat lung. Pre- and postimmunization sera were tested for antibody activity by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Preimmunization serum failed to react with the endothelial cells, whereas the antibody titer of postimmunization serum from two rabbits was 1:512. Organ specificity and species specificity were assessed by absorbing the serum with packed dissociated cells from different organs of the rat and lung cells of other species. Only cells obtained from rat lung absorbed the antibodies completely. The antiserum showed some crossreactivity with the other cultured cells but the pattern of fluorescence was different. In the presence of complement the antiserum was found to be cytotoxic to cultured rat lung endothelial cells but not to the other crossreacting cells.", "contents": "Antiserum to surface antigens as a marker for cultured rat lung endothelial cells (1). Antibodies were developed in rabbits against an established line of endothelial cells from normal adult rat lung. Pre- and postimmunization sera were tested for antibody activity by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Preimmunization serum failed to react with the endothelial cells, whereas the antibody titer of postimmunization serum from two rabbits was 1:512. Organ specificity and species specificity were assessed by absorbing the serum with packed dissociated cells from different organs of the rat and lung cells of other species. Only cells obtained from rat lung absorbed the antibodies completely. The antiserum showed some crossreactivity with the other cultured cells but the pattern of fluorescence was different. In the presence of complement the antiserum was found to be cytotoxic to cultured rat lung endothelial cells but not to the other crossreacting cells.", "PMID": 77839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6776", "title": "Target cell - substratum interaction. I. Effect of primed lymphocytes on a rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cell line.", "content": "The differential effects of normal and immunologically primed lymphocytes on the adherence of trypsinized rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cells (DMBA\"8) to their substratum are described, utilizing both allogeneically and syngeneically primed lymphoid cells as effectors. This observation may illustrate an important immunological phenomenon, and may result in a simplified assay procedure for the detection of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Target cell - substratum interaction. I. Effect of primed lymphocytes on a rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cell line. The differential effects of normal and immunologically primed lymphocytes on the adherence of trypsinized rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cells (DMBA\"8) to their substratum are described, utilizing both allogeneically and syngeneically primed lymphoid cells as effectors. This observation may illustrate an important immunological phenomenon, and may result in a simplified assay procedure for the detection of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 77840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6777", "title": "Specificity of murine delayed-type hypersensitivity to conjugates of large or small haptens on protein carriers bearing lipid groups.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) in the mouse was provoked with different hapten-carrier complexes mixed with the cationic, surface-active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA). DH was measured as footpad swelling. Conjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the small haptens dinitrophenyl (DNP), 'arsonate' (ARS) and 'sulphonate' (SULPH) served to generate strong DH reactions towards the homologous antigen. Insertion of a tripeptide spacer between the hapten and carrier resulted in lower DH reactivity. Optimal dosages and optimal time intervals between sensitization and DH elicitation were determined for the enlarged hapten-carrier complexes. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment, before priming with complexes mixed with DDA, caused a 5-6 day delay in the expression of DH but failed to evoke enhanced DH for any of the antigens tested. A broad array of cross reactions between small and enlarged hapten-carrier complexes showed a relative lack of specificity in these DH responses. The results are compared with others reported in the literature and are explained mainly by the effects of electrostatically bound lipid groups of DDA in the sensitizing conjugates.", "contents": "Specificity of murine delayed-type hypersensitivity to conjugates of large or small haptens on protein carriers bearing lipid groups. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) in the mouse was provoked with different hapten-carrier complexes mixed with the cationic, surface-active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA). DH was measured as footpad swelling. Conjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the small haptens dinitrophenyl (DNP), 'arsonate' (ARS) and 'sulphonate' (SULPH) served to generate strong DH reactions towards the homologous antigen. Insertion of a tripeptide spacer between the hapten and carrier resulted in lower DH reactivity. Optimal dosages and optimal time intervals between sensitization and DH elicitation were determined for the enlarged hapten-carrier complexes. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment, before priming with complexes mixed with DDA, caused a 5-6 day delay in the expression of DH but failed to evoke enhanced DH for any of the antigens tested. A broad array of cross reactions between small and enlarged hapten-carrier complexes showed a relative lack of specificity in these DH responses. The results are compared with others reported in the literature and are explained mainly by the effects of electrostatically bound lipid groups of DDA in the sensitizing conjugates.", "PMID": 77841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6778", "title": "Reaction mechanisms of beta1H globulin.", "content": "The reaction mechanisms of beta1H were studied. The generation of alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases on the cell surface as well as in the fluid phase was inhibited by beta1H globulin. The cell preparation bearing the C3b site could bind beta1H with little effect on the C3b hemolytic activity. Bound beta1H was dissociated by the action of C3bINA and C3bINA-treated C3b bearing cell did not bind beta1H anymore. Cell-bound beta1H was also dissociated by the action of B (or Bb). From these and other results, the following conclusions were obtained. The C3b site-bearing cell could bind beta1H on the C3c region of C3b molecules facilitating the C3bINA action on C3b, and beta1H shared the same binding site with B (or Bb) inhibiting the generation of the alternative pathway convertases competitively.", "contents": "Reaction mechanisms of beta1H globulin. The reaction mechanisms of beta1H were studied. The generation of alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases on the cell surface as well as in the fluid phase was inhibited by beta1H globulin. The cell preparation bearing the C3b site could bind beta1H with little effect on the C3b hemolytic activity. Bound beta1H was dissociated by the action of C3bINA and C3bINA-treated C3b bearing cell did not bind beta1H anymore. Cell-bound beta1H was also dissociated by the action of B (or Bb). From these and other results, the following conclusions were obtained. The C3b site-bearing cell could bind beta1H on the C3c region of C3b molecules facilitating the C3bINA action on C3b, and beta1H shared the same binding site with B (or Bb) inhibiting the generation of the alternative pathway convertases competitively.", "PMID": 77846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6779", "title": "Delay in the development of the allergic response to metals following intratracheal instillation.", "content": "Intracheal intubation with the soluble metal salts potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and nickel sulphate (NiSO4) causes a delay of up to 8 weeks in the development of delayed hypersensitivity to the specific agent. It is suggested that absorption of sensitizers by the respiratory route may, under certain circumstances, induce a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness, rather than necessarily lead to the development of a state of allergic sensitivity.", "contents": "Delay in the development of the allergic response to metals following intratracheal instillation. Intracheal intubation with the soluble metal salts potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and nickel sulphate (NiSO4) causes a delay of up to 8 weeks in the development of delayed hypersensitivity to the specific agent. It is suggested that absorption of sensitizers by the respiratory route may, under certain circumstances, induce a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness, rather than necessarily lead to the development of a state of allergic sensitivity.", "PMID": 77847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6780", "title": "Proteolytic release of antigenic fragments corresponding to normal fecal antigen and non-specific cross-reacting antigen from carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Three immunogenic parts have so far been identified in the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) molecule. These are: determinants cross-reactint with the normal fecal antigen (NFA) (NFA determinant); determinants cross-reacting antigen (NCA) (NCA determinant); and determinants which appear to be more cancer-specific (cancer determinant). The chemical nature of these parts of the CEA molecule was investigated by digestion with proteolytic enzymes together with anti-CEA preparations with which these three immunogenic parts of CEA molecule could be identified. The CEA digest obtained with pepsin did not react in immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay, indicating that pepsin completely destroyed all the antigenic parts. Digestion by pronase E destroyed only the cancer determinant and liberated two antigenic fragments corresponding to the NFA determinant and the NCA determinant, respectively. These results suggest that the cancer determinant may reside in a protein or a peptide part of the molecule. The chemical nature of the NFA and NCA determinant remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Proteolytic release of antigenic fragments corresponding to normal fecal antigen and non-specific cross-reacting antigen from carcinoembryonic antigen. Three immunogenic parts have so far been identified in the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) molecule. These are: determinants cross-reactint with the normal fecal antigen (NFA) (NFA determinant); determinants cross-reacting antigen (NCA) (NCA determinant); and determinants which appear to be more cancer-specific (cancer determinant). The chemical nature of these parts of the CEA molecule was investigated by digestion with proteolytic enzymes together with anti-CEA preparations with which these three immunogenic parts of CEA molecule could be identified. The CEA digest obtained with pepsin did not react in immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay, indicating that pepsin completely destroyed all the antigenic parts. Digestion by pronase E destroyed only the cancer determinant and liberated two antigenic fragments corresponding to the NFA determinant and the NCA determinant, respectively. These results suggest that the cancer determinant may reside in a protein or a peptide part of the molecule. The chemical nature of the NFA and NCA determinant remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 77849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6781", "title": "Orientation of acidic polysaccharides and rhodopsin-oligosaccharides in frog retinal rod outer segments.", "content": "Using topo-optical staining reactions, the presence and molecular order of three structural components of outer segments of frog retina were studied. These components included (1) an acidic polysaccharide texture, (2) free aldehyde groups which arise during formalin fixation and (3) the oligosaccharide chains of rhodopsin. Quantitative measurements of the dye binding and birefringence effects arising from the individual structural components in rod outer segments were made. Results indicated that all three structural components had a rather well-defined orientation within the ROS. The spherulites phagocytized from the apical ends of ROSs by the pigment epithelium also demonstrate preferred orientation of the three structural components investigated.", "contents": "Orientation of acidic polysaccharides and rhodopsin-oligosaccharides in frog retinal rod outer segments. Using topo-optical staining reactions, the presence and molecular order of three structural components of outer segments of frog retina were studied. These components included (1) an acidic polysaccharide texture, (2) free aldehyde groups which arise during formalin fixation and (3) the oligosaccharide chains of rhodopsin. Quantitative measurements of the dye binding and birefringence effects arising from the individual structural components in rod outer segments were made. Results indicated that all three structural components had a rather well-defined orientation within the ROS. The spherulites phagocytized from the apical ends of ROSs by the pigment epithelium also demonstrate preferred orientation of the three structural components investigated.", "PMID": 77856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6782", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of the B subunit of Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthetase.", "content": "A trpE mutant of Serratia marcescens (E-7) was isolated, and the multimeric enzyme tryptophan synthetase (EC 4.2.1.20) was purified to homogeneity from derepressed cells. The A and B subunits were resolved, and the B subunit was partially characterized and compared with the Escherichia coli B subunit as part of a comparative evolution study of the trpB cistron of the trp operon in the Enterobacteriaceae. The S. marcescens B subunit is a dimer (beta(2)), and its molecular weight was estimated to be 89,000. The separate subunits (beta monomers) had molecular weights of approximately 43,000. The B subunit required pyridoxal phosphate for catalytic activity and had an apparent K(m) of 9 x 10(-6) M. The N terminus of the B subunit was unavailable for reaction with terminal amine reagents (blocked), whereas carboxypeptidase digestion released a C-terminal isoleucine. Using S. marcescens B antiserum in agar immunodiffusion gave an almost complete reaction of identity between the B subunits of S. marcescens and E. coli. The antiserum was used in microcomplement fixation, allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the two B subunits. The index of dissimilarity for the heterologous E. coli enzyme compared with the homologous S. marcescens enzyme was 2.4, indicating extensive similarity of the two proteins at their surfaces. Comparative antiserum neutralization of B-subunit enzyme activity showed the E. coli enzyme to cross-react 85% as well as the S. marcescens enzyme. With regard to the biochemical and immunochemical parameters used in this study, the S. marcescens and E. coli B subunits were either identical or very similar. These findings support the idea that the trpB cistron of the trp operon is a relatively conserved gene in the Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of the B subunit of Serratia marcescens tryptophan synthetase. A trpE mutant of Serratia marcescens (E-7) was isolated, and the multimeric enzyme tryptophan synthetase (EC 4.2.1.20) was purified to homogeneity from derepressed cells. The A and B subunits were resolved, and the B subunit was partially characterized and compared with the Escherichia coli B subunit as part of a comparative evolution study of the trpB cistron of the trp operon in the Enterobacteriaceae. The S. marcescens B subunit is a dimer (beta(2)), and its molecular weight was estimated to be 89,000. The separate subunits (beta monomers) had molecular weights of approximately 43,000. The B subunit required pyridoxal phosphate for catalytic activity and had an apparent K(m) of 9 x 10(-6) M. The N terminus of the B subunit was unavailable for reaction with terminal amine reagents (blocked), whereas carboxypeptidase digestion released a C-terminal isoleucine. Using S. marcescens B antiserum in agar immunodiffusion gave an almost complete reaction of identity between the B subunits of S. marcescens and E. coli. The antiserum was used in microcomplement fixation, allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the two B subunits. The index of dissimilarity for the heterologous E. coli enzyme compared with the homologous S. marcescens enzyme was 2.4, indicating extensive similarity of the two proteins at their surfaces. Comparative antiserum neutralization of B-subunit enzyme activity showed the E. coli enzyme to cross-react 85% as well as the S. marcescens enzyme. With regard to the biochemical and immunochemical parameters used in this study, the S. marcescens and E. coli B subunits were either identical or very similar. These findings support the idea that the trpB cistron of the trp operon is a relatively conserved gene in the Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 77857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6783", "title": "Detection, quantitation and contrast enhancement of myocardial infarction utilizing computerized axial tomography: comparison with histochemical staining and 99mTc-pyrophosphate imaging.", "content": "The potential role of the CAT scan in detecting and quantitating acute myocardial infarctions was assessed in the excised hearts of 25 dogs with 48-hour-old myocardial infarctions. The CAT scan detected the infarct in every instance and distinguished subendocardial from transmural infarctions. While the CAT scan slightly underestimated the volume of infarcted tissue, this volume had a close linear relationship to the true volume determined by histochemical staining. On the other hand, the 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintiscans grossly overestimated the volume of infarcted tissue. Intravenous administration of contrast material prior to sacrifice produced contrast enhancement either of the rim or diffusely throughout the infarct. Thus CAT should have an important role not only in detecting but also in estimating the volume of acute myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "Detection, quantitation and contrast enhancement of myocardial infarction utilizing computerized axial tomography: comparison with histochemical staining and 99mTc-pyrophosphate imaging. The potential role of the CAT scan in detecting and quantitating acute myocardial infarctions was assessed in the excised hearts of 25 dogs with 48-hour-old myocardial infarctions. The CAT scan detected the infarct in every instance and distinguished subendocardial from transmural infarctions. While the CAT scan slightly underestimated the volume of infarcted tissue, this volume had a close linear relationship to the true volume determined by histochemical staining. On the other hand, the 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintiscans grossly overestimated the volume of infarcted tissue. Intravenous administration of contrast material prior to sacrifice produced contrast enhancement either of the rim or diffusely throughout the infarct. Thus CAT should have an important role not only in detecting but also in estimating the volume of acute myocardial infarctions.", "PMID": 77854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6784", "title": "Enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine; an initiation complex for gramicidin A biosynthesis.", "content": "Gramicidin A is an antibiotic peptide produced by Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, which also produces tyrocidines. An attempt was made to establish a cell-free enzyme system for gramicidin A synthesis. An enzyme fraction, Component I, was partially purified from crude extracts of the organism and proven to be involved in the synthesis of the formyl-Val-Gly- region of gramicidin A. The initiation of gramicidin A biosynthesis is a function of Component I, which activates valine and binds it as a thioester, and further formylates it in the presence of formyltetrahydrofolic acid. The formylvaline thus synthesized is transferred to the glycine moiety, which is also thioesterified to Component I. Elongation of the peptide chain takes place by a mechanism similar to those found for tyrocidines, gramicidin S, and bacitracin.", "contents": "Enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine; an initiation complex for gramicidin A biosynthesis. Gramicidin A is an antibiotic peptide produced by Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, which also produces tyrocidines. An attempt was made to establish a cell-free enzyme system for gramicidin A synthesis. An enzyme fraction, Component I, was partially purified from crude extracts of the organism and proven to be involved in the synthesis of the formyl-Val-Gly- region of gramicidin A. The initiation of gramicidin A biosynthesis is a function of Component I, which activates valine and binds it as a thioester, and further formylates it in the presence of formyltetrahydrofolic acid. The formylvaline thus synthesized is transferred to the glycine moiety, which is also thioesterified to Component I. Elongation of the peptide chain takes place by a mechanism similar to those found for tyrocidines, gramicidin S, and bacitracin.", "PMID": 77858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6785", "title": "Structure and orientation of cytochrome c oxidase in crystalline membranes. Studies by electron microscopy and by labeling with subunit-specific antibodies.", "content": "The structure and the orientation of cytochrome c oxidase molecules in crystalline cytochrome c oxidase membranes (Vanderkooi, G., Senior, A.E., Capaldi, R.A., and Hayashi, H. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 274, 38-48) were studied by image analysis of electron micrographs and by reacting the crystalline preparations with immune gamma-globulins against individual cytochrome c oxidase subunits. Binding of gamma-globulins to the membranes was detected by the following two methods: (a) electrophoretic identification of gamma-globulin polypeptides in the washed membranes; (b) electron microscopic examination of the negatively stained membranes. The membranes bound immune gamma-globulins against subunit IV (which faces the matrix side in intact mitochondria) but failed to bind immune gamma-globulins against subunits II + III (which face the outer side of the inner membrane in intact mitochondria). In contrast, solubilized cytochrome c oxidase bound either of the two immune gamma-globulins. All cytochrome c oxidase molecules in the crystalline membranes are thus asymmetrically arranged so that subunit IV faces outward and subunits II + III face toward the interior. This orientation is opposite to that found with intact mitochondria. The data also suggest that the crystalline membranes form closed vesicles which are impermeable to externally added gamma-globulins.", "contents": "Structure and orientation of cytochrome c oxidase in crystalline membranes. Studies by electron microscopy and by labeling with subunit-specific antibodies. The structure and the orientation of cytochrome c oxidase molecules in crystalline cytochrome c oxidase membranes (Vanderkooi, G., Senior, A.E., Capaldi, R.A., and Hayashi, H. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 274, 38-48) were studied by image analysis of electron micrographs and by reacting the crystalline preparations with immune gamma-globulins against individual cytochrome c oxidase subunits. Binding of gamma-globulins to the membranes was detected by the following two methods: (a) electrophoretic identification of gamma-globulin polypeptides in the washed membranes; (b) electron microscopic examination of the negatively stained membranes. The membranes bound immune gamma-globulins against subunit IV (which faces the matrix side in intact mitochondria) but failed to bind immune gamma-globulins against subunits II + III (which face the outer side of the inner membrane in intact mitochondria). In contrast, solubilized cytochrome c oxidase bound either of the two immune gamma-globulins. All cytochrome c oxidase molecules in the crystalline membranes are thus asymmetrically arranged so that subunit IV faces outward and subunits II + III face toward the interior. This orientation is opposite to that found with intact mitochondria. The data also suggest that the crystalline membranes form closed vesicles which are impermeable to externally added gamma-globulins.", "PMID": 77860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6786", "title": "Radiologic, clinical and biochemical features of non-seminomatous testicular tumors.", "content": "Current therapy for metastatic non-seminomatous testis tumors is effective but toxic. Careful investigation is needed to select those who need treatment and yet avoid needless toxicity in patients who have no disease. Current radiographic investigations and measurement of two biochemical tumor markers (AFP & BHCG) provided accurate monitoring in 19 patients. Preoperative urography and lymphography correctly predicted the presence or absence of retroperitoneal metastases in 9 of 12 patients but did not show microsocpic metastases in 3. There was good correlation between the clinical, readiographic and biochemical evidence of disease progression and regression. Serial ultrasonography and tumor marker determinations were particularly useful in following asymptomatic abdominal metastases. Radiography and tumor marker determinations each have specific advantages which make them complementary.", "contents": "Radiologic, clinical and biochemical features of non-seminomatous testicular tumors. Current therapy for metastatic non-seminomatous testis tumors is effective but toxic. Careful investigation is needed to select those who need treatment and yet avoid needless toxicity in patients who have no disease. Current radiographic investigations and measurement of two biochemical tumor markers (AFP & BHCG) provided accurate monitoring in 19 patients. Preoperative urography and lymphography correctly predicted the presence or absence of retroperitoneal metastases in 9 of 12 patients but did not show microsocpic metastases in 3. There was good correlation between the clinical, readiographic and biochemical evidence of disease progression and regression. Serial ultrasonography and tumor marker determinations were particularly useful in following asymptomatic abdominal metastases. Radiography and tumor marker determinations each have specific advantages which make them complementary.", "PMID": 77861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6787", "title": "Electron microscope studies of pH effects on assembly of tubulin free of associated proteins. Delineation of substructure by tannic acid staining.", "content": "Bovine brain tubulin, purified by phosphocellulose chromatography (PC), was assembled in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the reaction was monitored turbidimetrically. Samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde-tannic acid after completion of polymerization, as indicated by no further change in absorbance, and then sectioned and studied electron microscopy, with special attention being given to the arrangement of protofilaments in the walls of formed elements. Samples of PC-tubulin were polymerized in buffer having various pH values from 6.0 to 7.7. At the lower pH values, only branched and flattened ribbons of protofilaments are formed. At intermediate values, the ribbons are unbranched, narrower, and more curved in cross section; complete microtubules are also seen. At the higher pH values, the predominate formed elements are complete microtubules. Most of the complete microtubules examined in this study had 14 wall protofilaments. The effect of pH on tubulin assembly was shown not to be an effect of DMSO. The dimers of associated protofilaments in ribbons and microtubules are conceptually viewed as having trapezoidal profiles in cross section, and, as additional dimers are added, the \"C\"-shaped ribbon closes to form a tube. The tilt angle of the lateral surfaces of the \"trapezoidal\" dimers will determine the number of wall protofilaments in the microtubules. At low pH, it is theorized that the trapezoidal profile of the dimer is shifted to a more rectangular configuration such that flat ribbons are formed by the lateral association of dimers. Also, variously shaped ribbon structures are formed at intermediate pH values, including \"S\"- and \"W\"-shaped structures, and elements shaped like a figure \"6,\" all representing ribbons viewed in cross section. By visualizing the trapezoidal dimer in three-dimensions, and by arbitrarily indexing its six binding surfaces, it is possible to discuss interdimer binding in terms of preferred and possible binding interactions.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies of pH effects on assembly of tubulin free of associated proteins. Delineation of substructure by tannic acid staining. Bovine brain tubulin, purified by phosphocellulose chromatography (PC), was assembled in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the reaction was monitored turbidimetrically. Samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde-tannic acid after completion of polymerization, as indicated by no further change in absorbance, and then sectioned and studied electron microscopy, with special attention being given to the arrangement of protofilaments in the walls of formed elements. Samples of PC-tubulin were polymerized in buffer having various pH values from 6.0 to 7.7. At the lower pH values, only branched and flattened ribbons of protofilaments are formed. At intermediate values, the ribbons are unbranched, narrower, and more curved in cross section; complete microtubules are also seen. At the higher pH values, the predominate formed elements are complete microtubules. Most of the complete microtubules examined in this study had 14 wall protofilaments. The effect of pH on tubulin assembly was shown not to be an effect of DMSO. The dimers of associated protofilaments in ribbons and microtubules are conceptually viewed as having trapezoidal profiles in cross section, and, as additional dimers are added, the \"C\"-shaped ribbon closes to form a tube. The tilt angle of the lateral surfaces of the \"trapezoidal\" dimers will determine the number of wall protofilaments in the microtubules. At low pH, it is theorized that the trapezoidal profile of the dimer is shifted to a more rectangular configuration such that flat ribbons are formed by the lateral association of dimers. Also, variously shaped ribbon structures are formed at intermediate pH values, including \"S\"- and \"W\"-shaped structures, and elements shaped like a figure \"6,\" all representing ribbons viewed in cross section. By visualizing the trapezoidal dimer in three-dimensions, and by arbitrarily indexing its six binding surfaces, it is possible to discuss interdimer binding in terms of preferred and possible binding interactions.", "PMID": 77862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6788", "title": "Degradation products of fibrinogen by elastase-like neutral protease from human granulocytes. Characterization and effects on blood coagulation in vitro.", "content": "We investigated the effect of elastase-like neutral protease isolated from human granolocytes on human fibrinogen. Dependent on enzyme concentration and time of incubation, the elastase-like protease induced a progressive degradation of fibrinogen. Analysis of the remaining polypeptide chains showed a high susceptibility of the Aalpha- and low susceptibility of the gamma-chain of fibrinogen towards the proteolytic action of the enzyme. The split products were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. They showed antigenic determinants of fibrinogen and of plasmin-induced proteolysis products D and E. The cleavage fragments isolated by gel chromatography had distinct molecular weights. Coagulability of fibrinogen by thrombin was inhibited according to the concentration of the protease and the time of incubation. Split products of fibrinogen with higher molecular weight prolonged the coagulation time of native fibrinogen, whereas low molecular weight fragments were ineffective.", "contents": "Degradation products of fibrinogen by elastase-like neutral protease from human granulocytes. Characterization and effects on blood coagulation in vitro. We investigated the effect of elastase-like neutral protease isolated from human granolocytes on human fibrinogen. Dependent on enzyme concentration and time of incubation, the elastase-like protease induced a progressive degradation of fibrinogen. Analysis of the remaining polypeptide chains showed a high susceptibility of the Aalpha- and low susceptibility of the gamma-chain of fibrinogen towards the proteolytic action of the enzyme. The split products were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. They showed antigenic determinants of fibrinogen and of plasmin-induced proteolysis products D and E. The cleavage fragments isolated by gel chromatography had distinct molecular weights. Coagulability of fibrinogen by thrombin was inhibited according to the concentration of the protease and the time of incubation. Split products of fibrinogen with higher molecular weight prolonged the coagulation time of native fibrinogen, whereas low molecular weight fragments were ineffective.", "PMID": 77863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6789", "title": "Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections.", "content": "The ascending projections of serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe were analyzed in the rat using the autoradiographic tracing method. Axons of raphe serotonin neurons ascend in the ventral tegmental area and enter the medial forebrain bundle. A number of fibers leave the major group to ascend along the fasciculus retroflexus. Some fibers enter the habenula but the majority turn rostrally in the internal medullary lamina of the thalamus to innervate dorsal thalamus. Two additional large projections leave the medial forebrain bundle in the hypothalamus; the ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle system turns laterally through the internal capsule into the striatal complex, amygdala and the external capsule to reach lateral and posterior cortex, and another system of fibers turns medially to innervate medial hypothalamus and median eminence and form a contrelateral projection via the supraoptic commissures. Rostrally the major group in the medial forebrain bundle divides into several components: fibers entering the stria medullaris to terminate in thalamus; fibers entering the stria terminalis to terminate in the amygdala; fibers traversing the fornix to the hippocampus; fibers running through septum to enter the cingulum and terminate in dorsal and medial cortex and in hippocampus; fibers entering the external capsule to innervate rostral and lateral cortex; and fibers continuing forward in the medial olfactory stria to terminate in the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb.", "contents": "Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections. The ascending projections of serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe were analyzed in the rat using the autoradiographic tracing method. Axons of raphe serotonin neurons ascend in the ventral tegmental area and enter the medial forebrain bundle. A number of fibers leave the major group to ascend along the fasciculus retroflexus. Some fibers enter the habenula but the majority turn rostrally in the internal medullary lamina of the thalamus to innervate dorsal thalamus. Two additional large projections leave the medial forebrain bundle in the hypothalamus; the ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdaloid bundle system turns laterally through the internal capsule into the striatal complex, amygdala and the external capsule to reach lateral and posterior cortex, and another system of fibers turns medially to innervate medial hypothalamus and median eminence and form a contrelateral projection via the supraoptic commissures. Rostrally the major group in the medial forebrain bundle divides into several components: fibers entering the stria medullaris to terminate in thalamus; fibers entering the stria terminalis to terminate in the amygdala; fibers traversing the fornix to the hippocampus; fibers running through septum to enter the cingulum and terminate in dorsal and medial cortex and in hippocampus; fibers entering the external capsule to innervate rostral and lateral cortex; and fibers continuing forward in the medial olfactory stria to terminate in the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb.", "PMID": 77865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6790", "title": "Intravenous gamma globulin in the management of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of plasmin-treated gamma globulin (PG-GG), an intravenous preparation with low anticomplementary activity, was assessed as an antibody replacement therapy in 14 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Seven were studied in 2 treatment periods of 6 and 15 mo on PT-GG with an intervening control period of intramuscular gamma globulin (IM-ISG). Frequency of infusions ranged from 2 to 4 wk to maintain a serum IgG concentration of less than 2.5 mg/ml. Three patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease were removed from the study because of lack of clinical improvement and were placed on single-donor plasma. The remaining 11 patients had a decrease in the number of hospitalizations or severe infections. Five patients had one or more systemic reactions (21/240 infusions). Symptoms abated rapidly with temporary interruption of the infusion. From these results, we conclude that PT-GG represents a relatively safe, efficacious mode of replacement therapy which has had uniformly high acceptance in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Intravenous gamma globulin in the management of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. The safety and efficacy of plasmin-treated gamma globulin (PG-GG), an intravenous preparation with low anticomplementary activity, was assessed as an antibody replacement therapy in 14 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Seven were studied in 2 treatment periods of 6 and 15 mo on PT-GG with an intervening control period of intramuscular gamma globulin (IM-ISG). Frequency of infusions ranged from 2 to 4 wk to maintain a serum IgG concentration of less than 2.5 mg/ml. Three patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease were removed from the study because of lack of clinical improvement and were placed on single-donor plasma. The remaining 11 patients had a decrease in the number of hospitalizations or severe infections. Five patients had one or more systemic reactions (21/240 infusions). Symptoms abated rapidly with temporary interruption of the infusion. From these results, we conclude that PT-GG represents a relatively safe, efficacious mode of replacement therapy which has had uniformly high acceptance in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.", "PMID": 77867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6791", "title": "Fluorescence properties of free and protein bound fluorescein dyes. I. Macrospectrofluorometric measurements.", "content": "Excitation and emission properties of fluorescein derivatives were studied macrofluorometrically. Measurements were performed with solutions of various concentrations (0.07-100 microgram/ml) of free sodium fluorescein prepared from fluorescein diacetate (FDA), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and FITC bound to rabbit gamma-globulin. Both excitation and emission spectra as well as fluorescence intensities at constant excitation/emission wavelengths (496/515 nm) were recorded. The findings indicate that (1) FDA gives about twice the fluorescence intensity compared to equal concentrations of FITC. (2) The fluorescence properties of FITC upon excitation with blue light (lambda = 496 nm) are only slightly altered by the conjugation to rabbit gamma-globulin. (3) Considerable quenching due to conjugation could, however, be shown to occur upon UV excitation (lambda = 340 nm). (4) Fluorescence emission excited by visible blue light (496 nm) increases linearly to dye concentration in a range of 0.07-2.5 microgram/ml. Beginning at 5 microgram/ml (10-(5) M/1) all three compounds show a sharp decrease of fluorescence intensity with further increasing concentration. Practical aspects of these data for the immunofluorescence method are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescence properties of free and protein bound fluorescein dyes. I. Macrospectrofluorometric measurements. Excitation and emission properties of fluorescein derivatives were studied macrofluorometrically. Measurements were performed with solutions of various concentrations (0.07-100 microgram/ml) of free sodium fluorescein prepared from fluorescein diacetate (FDA), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and FITC bound to rabbit gamma-globulin. Both excitation and emission spectra as well as fluorescence intensities at constant excitation/emission wavelengths (496/515 nm) were recorded. The findings indicate that (1) FDA gives about twice the fluorescence intensity compared to equal concentrations of FITC. (2) The fluorescence properties of FITC upon excitation with blue light (lambda = 496 nm) are only slightly altered by the conjugation to rabbit gamma-globulin. (3) Considerable quenching due to conjugation could, however, be shown to occur upon UV excitation (lambda = 340 nm). (4) Fluorescence emission excited by visible blue light (496 nm) increases linearly to dye concentration in a range of 0.07-2.5 microgram/ml. Beginning at 5 microgram/ml (10-(5) M/1) all three compounds show a sharp decrease of fluorescence intensity with further increasing concentration. Practical aspects of these data for the immunofluorescence method are discussed.", "PMID": 77868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6792", "title": "A fixation method for improved antibody penetration in electron microscopical immunoperoxidase studies.", "content": "A fixation method for electron microscopical immunoperoxidase staining has been developed, which (a) allows penetration of antibodies through cell membranes to intracellular antigen sites, (b) provides a reasonable cell preservation and (c) does not alter the antigenic structure in too great an extent. Penetration of the antibodies has been achieved by using saponin as a cell membrane attacking agent. The best results could be obtained after pretreatment of cell monolayers with a mixture of 0.05% saponin, 0.0125%-0.05% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 min at 4 degrees C, and postfixing them with the corresponding fixative without saponin for 45 min at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "A fixation method for improved antibody penetration in electron microscopical immunoperoxidase studies. A fixation method for electron microscopical immunoperoxidase staining has been developed, which (a) allows penetration of antibodies through cell membranes to intracellular antigen sites, (b) provides a reasonable cell preservation and (c) does not alter the antigenic structure in too great an extent. Penetration of the antibodies has been achieved by using saponin as a cell membrane attacking agent. The best results could be obtained after pretreatment of cell monolayers with a mixture of 0.05% saponin, 0.0125%-0.05% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 min at 4 degrees C, and postfixing them with the corresponding fixative without saponin for 45 min at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 77869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6793", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of basic proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "The postformalin ammoniacal silver (AS) and the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (EPTA) techniques were applied in epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi to detect basic proteins at the ultrastructural level. With both techniques, reaction was observed in the nucleus and in some cytoplasmic vacuoles. In the kinetoplast of epimastigotes, reaction was observed only at its periphery. In trypomastigotes, however, an intense reaction was observed in the spherical kinetoplast. With the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid technique, reaction was also observed in ribosomes and at the peripheral doublet microtubules of the flagellum. The filaments which form the paraflagellar structure did not react.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of basic proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. The postformalin ammoniacal silver (AS) and the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (EPTA) techniques were applied in epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi to detect basic proteins at the ultrastructural level. With both techniques, reaction was observed in the nucleus and in some cytoplasmic vacuoles. In the kinetoplast of epimastigotes, reaction was observed only at its periphery. In trypomastigotes, however, an intense reaction was observed in the spherical kinetoplast. With the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid technique, reaction was also observed in ribosomes and at the peripheral doublet microtubules of the flagellum. The filaments which form the paraflagellar structure did not react.", "PMID": 77871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6794", "title": "Use of hydrogen peroxide-egg albumin to eliminate nonspecific staining in immunoperoxidase techniques.", "content": "The application of hydrogen peroxide and egg albumin to paraffin sections before immunostaining prevents nonspecific staining by immunoperoxidase techniques. This method is more effective than pretreating secions with normal sera, or using either egg albumin or hydrogen peroxide separately, or using diluted antisera with prolonged incuabations in the staining procedure.", "contents": "Use of hydrogen peroxide-egg albumin to eliminate nonspecific staining in immunoperoxidase techniques. The application of hydrogen peroxide and egg albumin to paraffin sections before immunostaining prevents nonspecific staining by immunoperoxidase techniques. This method is more effective than pretreating secions with normal sera, or using either egg albumin or hydrogen peroxide separately, or using diluted antisera with prolonged incuabations in the staining procedure.", "PMID": 77872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6795", "title": "Negative staining of whole cells: transmission electron microscopy of peripheral organelles in rat venous endothelial cells.", "content": "The study of whole negatively stained cells has revealed details of cellular organelles in rat venous endothelial cells. In particular, details of surface membrane organelles and small tubular structures were demonstrated. The surface membrane organelles which appeared \"vesicular-like\" were found to be connected with small tubular attachments. These findings were correlated with those described by other techniques. It is significant that this simple technique appears to permit the demonstration of fine details of three-dimensional cytoplasmic structures.", "contents": "Negative staining of whole cells: transmission electron microscopy of peripheral organelles in rat venous endothelial cells. The study of whole negatively stained cells has revealed details of cellular organelles in rat venous endothelial cells. In particular, details of surface membrane organelles and small tubular structures were demonstrated. The surface membrane organelles which appeared \"vesicular-like\" were found to be connected with small tubular attachments. These findings were correlated with those described by other techniques. It is significant that this simple technique appears to permit the demonstration of fine details of three-dimensional cytoplasmic structures.", "PMID": 77873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6796", "title": "Solubilization and partial characterization of a tumor-associated transplantation antigen of the guinea pig L2C leukemia.", "content": "A tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) from guinea pig L2C leukemia cells was solubilized by different methods. It was found that the 3 M KCl extraction yielded the most immunogenic TATA of L2C cells. Immunization of normal strain 2 guinea pigs with this extract in complete Freund's adjuvant gave complete protection against a subsequent challenge with tumor cells. Further fractionation of the KCl extract of L2C cells by Sephadex G-200 chromatography suggested that the immunogenic activity was present in the fraction containing materials with estimated m.w. of less than 20,000 daltons.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial characterization of a tumor-associated transplantation antigen of the guinea pig L2C leukemia. A tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) from guinea pig L2C leukemia cells was solubilized by different methods. It was found that the 3 M KCl extraction yielded the most immunogenic TATA of L2C cells. Immunization of normal strain 2 guinea pigs with this extract in complete Freund's adjuvant gave complete protection against a subsequent challenge with tumor cells. Further fractionation of the KCl extract of L2C cells by Sephadex G-200 chromatography suggested that the immunogenic activity was present in the fraction containing materials with estimated m.w. of less than 20,000 daltons.", "PMID": 77874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6797", "title": "Idiotype-specific transplantation resistance to MOPC-315: abrogation by post-immunization thymectomy.", "content": "The idiotype-specific myeloma transplantation resistance induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with the DNP-binding IgAlambda2 protein produced by plasmacytoma MOPC-315 is ablated by post-immunization thymectomy. Sham-thymectomy has no effect. The ablative effect of thymectomy is observed is observed in mice challenged subcutaneously with MOPC-315 cells either 3 days after thymectomy, or after a rest period of 44 days after thymectomy. These observations suggest that short-lived, thymic-dependent suppressive factors may play a role in the idiotype-specific myeloma graft resistance.", "contents": "Idiotype-specific transplantation resistance to MOPC-315: abrogation by post-immunization thymectomy. The idiotype-specific myeloma transplantation resistance induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with the DNP-binding IgAlambda2 protein produced by plasmacytoma MOPC-315 is ablated by post-immunization thymectomy. Sham-thymectomy has no effect. The ablative effect of thymectomy is observed is observed in mice challenged subcutaneously with MOPC-315 cells either 3 days after thymectomy, or after a rest period of 44 days after thymectomy. These observations suggest that short-lived, thymic-dependent suppressive factors may play a role in the idiotype-specific myeloma graft resistance.", "PMID": 77876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6798", "title": "Murine Ia antigens: identification and mapping of Ia.23 and further definition of the I-E subregion.", "content": "The Ia.23 specificity is a private specificity of the H-2d haplotype which we have assigned to the I-E subregion. It is found on the same Ia molecule that bears Ia.7, a public specificity previously assigned to the I-C subregion of haplotypes H-2d, H-2k, H-2p and H-2r. We suggest a reassignment of specificity Ia.7 to the I-E subregion to simplify the interpretation of the data presented in this paper and elsewhere, and to permit an orderly description of that part of the I region to the right of I-J.", "contents": "Murine Ia antigens: identification and mapping of Ia.23 and further definition of the I-E subregion. The Ia.23 specificity is a private specificity of the H-2d haplotype which we have assigned to the I-E subregion. It is found on the same Ia molecule that bears Ia.7, a public specificity previously assigned to the I-C subregion of haplotypes H-2d, H-2k, H-2p and H-2r. We suggest a reassignment of specificity Ia.7 to the I-E subregion to simplify the interpretation of the data presented in this paper and elsewhere, and to permit an orderly description of that part of the I region to the right of I-J.", "PMID": 77878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6799", "title": "Hapten-specific tolerance induced by hapten conjugates of D-glutamic acid, D-lysine (D-Gl) or isologous gamma-globulin: evidence for central B cell tolerance in the presence of carrier-primed helper T cells.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the well known hapten-specific tolerance systems induced, respectively, by hapten-D-GL or hapten-isologous gamma-globulin conjugates. The principal question addressed in this study concerned the comparative maintenance of B cell tolerance, induced by one or the other method, after adoptive transfer into carrier-primed, irradiated recipient animals and, in addition, what role, if any, might be played by T lymphocytes in the tolerant donor cell population in maintaining such tolerance. The results clearly show that insofar as the hapten-specific B cell is concerned, no obvious difference exists in the capacity to maintain tolerance adoptive transfer between the hapten-D-GL and hapten-isologous gamma-globulin systems; such cells remained tolerant even in the presence of excess helper T cell activity. Moreover, under the conditions employed, depletion of T lymphocytes from the tolerant donor cell population did not affect the maintenance of hapten-specific B cell tolerance after adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients.", "contents": "Hapten-specific tolerance induced by hapten conjugates of D-glutamic acid, D-lysine (D-Gl) or isologous gamma-globulin: evidence for central B cell tolerance in the presence of carrier-primed helper T cells. A comparison has been made of the well known hapten-specific tolerance systems induced, respectively, by hapten-D-GL or hapten-isologous gamma-globulin conjugates. The principal question addressed in this study concerned the comparative maintenance of B cell tolerance, induced by one or the other method, after adoptive transfer into carrier-primed, irradiated recipient animals and, in addition, what role, if any, might be played by T lymphocytes in the tolerant donor cell population in maintaining such tolerance. The results clearly show that insofar as the hapten-specific B cell is concerned, no obvious difference exists in the capacity to maintain tolerance adoptive transfer between the hapten-D-GL and hapten-isologous gamma-globulin systems; such cells remained tolerant even in the presence of excess helper T cell activity. Moreover, under the conditions employed, depletion of T lymphocytes from the tolerant donor cell population did not affect the maintenance of hapten-specific B cell tolerance after adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients.", "PMID": 77880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6800", "title": "Alloantigens determined by a second D region locus elicit a strong in vitro cytotoxic response.", "content": "The newly defined L antigen (previously designated D') has been studied with the CML assay. Balb/c-H-2db mice, which carry a loss mutation in the D region, were found to generate anti-L cytotoxic effector cells when stimulated with wild-type (BALB/c) cells. When the target cells were treated with an antiserum against L, cytolysis by BALB/c-H-2db anti-BALB/c effectors was completely blocked. However, an antiserum against D, the antigen that bears the D region private specificity, had no effect on the anti-L cytotoxic response. In a control CML experiment that was specific for the D antigen, the antiserum to L had no effect, whereas the antiserum to D blocked completely. These results indicate that the L and D antigens are recognized in a CML response as separate entities on the cell surface. In an allogeneic response to the products of the D region, cytotoxic effectors were generated that were specific for L in addition to those specific for D. This conclusion was supported by blocking experiments with either antisera or unlabeled targets. These functional studies thus extend previous co-capping and immunochemical studies, and further support the hypothesis that L is a third transplantation antigen similar to the K and D antigens.", "contents": "Alloantigens determined by a second D region locus elicit a strong in vitro cytotoxic response. The newly defined L antigen (previously designated D') has been studied with the CML assay. Balb/c-H-2db mice, which carry a loss mutation in the D region, were found to generate anti-L cytotoxic effector cells when stimulated with wild-type (BALB/c) cells. When the target cells were treated with an antiserum against L, cytolysis by BALB/c-H-2db anti-BALB/c effectors was completely blocked. However, an antiserum against D, the antigen that bears the D region private specificity, had no effect on the anti-L cytotoxic response. In a control CML experiment that was specific for the D antigen, the antiserum to L had no effect, whereas the antiserum to D blocked completely. These results indicate that the L and D antigens are recognized in a CML response as separate entities on the cell surface. In an allogeneic response to the products of the D region, cytotoxic effectors were generated that were specific for L in addition to those specific for D. This conclusion was supported by blocking experiments with either antisera or unlabeled targets. These functional studies thus extend previous co-capping and immunochemical studies, and further support the hypothesis that L is a third transplantation antigen similar to the K and D antigens.", "PMID": 77881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6801", "title": "Leukocyte-adherence inhibition: a specific assay of cell-mediated immunity dependent on lymphokine-mediated collaboration between T lymphocytes.", "content": "The leukocyte-adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was studied to determine its immunologic relevance and identify the cell populations on which it depends. Two systems were employed: peripheral blood leukocytes from humans immunized with KLH, and lymph node cells from rats immunized with DNP-BCG. In both cases, LAI responses appeared about 3 to 4 days after immunization, reached a peak about 3 to 4 weeks later, and diminished thereafter. Reimmunization resulted in a booster-like response. LAI analysis in both systems showed dose-response dependency. Responses could be elicited only with the immunizing antigen. Virtual depletion of phagocytic cells had no effect on the response. E-rosette-forming cells gave an excellent response to KLH and also produced an active supernatant (lymphokine). Cells not forming spontaneous E-rosettes were inactive and could not produce active supernatants. Only those nonimmune cells that formed E-rosettes could respond to active supernatants. Thus, the LAI response is a specific indicator of cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes probably are required both at the antigen-reactive stage and at the stage of responding to the T cell-dependent lymphokine.", "contents": "Leukocyte-adherence inhibition: a specific assay of cell-mediated immunity dependent on lymphokine-mediated collaboration between T lymphocytes. The leukocyte-adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was studied to determine its immunologic relevance and identify the cell populations on which it depends. Two systems were employed: peripheral blood leukocytes from humans immunized with KLH, and lymph node cells from rats immunized with DNP-BCG. In both cases, LAI responses appeared about 3 to 4 days after immunization, reached a peak about 3 to 4 weeks later, and diminished thereafter. Reimmunization resulted in a booster-like response. LAI analysis in both systems showed dose-response dependency. Responses could be elicited only with the immunizing antigen. Virtual depletion of phagocytic cells had no effect on the response. E-rosette-forming cells gave an excellent response to KLH and also produced an active supernatant (lymphokine). Cells not forming spontaneous E-rosettes were inactive and could not produce active supernatants. Only those nonimmune cells that formed E-rosettes could respond to active supernatants. Thus, the LAI response is a specific indicator of cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes probably are required both at the antigen-reactive stage and at the stage of responding to the T cell-dependent lymphokine.", "PMID": 77883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6802", "title": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. I. A. macrophage-dependent T cell proliferation assay in the mouse.", "content": "The data in this report describe a T cell proliferation assay with nylon wool column-purified murine lymph node lymphocyte from animals immunized by footpad injection of antigen in CFA. It was found that the in vitro immune response of sensitized T cells to soluble protein antigens was functionally dependent on the presence of adherent cells, more specifically macrophages, at all concentrations of in vitro antigen challenge. The response was due to T cells in that cytotoxic treatment of the immune lymphocyte cells with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement effectively eliminated the antigen-specific DNA synthetic responses. The antigen-specific proliferation of murine lymphocytes depleted of adhereent cells could not be reconstituted with either guinea pig macrophages nor murine fibroblasts, indicating the existence of species and cell type specificity. In contrast to previous observations in the guinea pig, soluble products of cultured adherent cells could at least partially replace the function of intact macrophages in the response to antigen.", "contents": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. I. A. macrophage-dependent T cell proliferation assay in the mouse. The data in this report describe a T cell proliferation assay with nylon wool column-purified murine lymph node lymphocyte from animals immunized by footpad injection of antigen in CFA. It was found that the in vitro immune response of sensitized T cells to soluble protein antigens was functionally dependent on the presence of adherent cells, more specifically macrophages, at all concentrations of in vitro antigen challenge. The response was due to T cells in that cytotoxic treatment of the immune lymphocyte cells with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement effectively eliminated the antigen-specific DNA synthetic responses. The antigen-specific proliferation of murine lymphocytes depleted of adhereent cells could not be reconstituted with either guinea pig macrophages nor murine fibroblasts, indicating the existence of species and cell type specificity. In contrast to previous observations in the guinea pig, soluble products of cultured adherent cells could at least partially replace the function of intact macrophages in the response to antigen.", "PMID": 77884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6803", "title": "Safety and immunogenicity of a Neisseria meningitidis type 2 protein vaccine in animals and humans.", "content": "Two Neisseria meningitidis vaccines consisting principally of outer membrane protein (lot 138I-0) or outer membrane protein plus group C polysaccharide (lot 138I-M1) were prepared from the group C type 2 strain 138I. Lipopolysaccharide and lipid were removed by gel filtration in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The vaccines were found to be nontoxic and nonpyrogenic in animals. They provided active protection in mice against mucin-enhanced killing by group B type 2 meningococci and induced good titers of type-specific bactericidal and hemagglutinating antibodies in rabbits. In five volunteers the vaccines were well tolerated and induced significant increases in serum bactericidal activity against both group C and group B strains. Three of five volunteers had a two- to fourfold increase in antibodies to the outer membrane proteins, but these antibodies did not appear to have bactericidal activity. The bactericidal antibodies to both group B and group C strains were directed against the capsular polysaccharides.", "contents": "Safety and immunogenicity of a Neisseria meningitidis type 2 protein vaccine in animals and humans. Two Neisseria meningitidis vaccines consisting principally of outer membrane protein (lot 138I-0) or outer membrane protein plus group C polysaccharide (lot 138I-M1) were prepared from the group C type 2 strain 138I. Lipopolysaccharide and lipid were removed by gel filtration in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The vaccines were found to be nontoxic and nonpyrogenic in animals. They provided active protection in mice against mucin-enhanced killing by group B type 2 meningococci and induced good titers of type-specific bactericidal and hemagglutinating antibodies in rabbits. In five volunteers the vaccines were well tolerated and induced significant increases in serum bactericidal activity against both group C and group B strains. Three of five volunteers had a two- to fourfold increase in antibodies to the outer membrane proteins, but these antibodies did not appear to have bactericidal activity. The bactericidal antibodies to both group B and group C strains were directed against the capsular polysaccharides.", "PMID": 77885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6804", "title": "Conjugation of coxsackievirus type B1-B6 immunoglobulins with fluorescein isothiocyanate by a \"reversed\" dialysis method.", "content": "Immunoglobulins from antisera to coxsackievirus B types 1--6 were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate by a \"reverse\" dialysis method of conjugation. Conjugates thus obtained were labeled at reproducible ratios of fluorescein to protein with weight-weight ratios ranging from 5.0 to 7.1 and estimated molar ratios ranging from 2.1 to 2.9. Conjugates were tested on cover-slip HeLa cell cultures by the direct method of staining. Two types of specific immunofluorescence were observed: intensely fluorescent perinuclear masses and discrete foci of bright fluorescence scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Titers of homotypic conjugates varied from 1:40 to 1:160. Heterotypic staining, consisting of a diffused hazy fluorescence, was observed only at the highest concentrations of conjugate and not above the 1:10 dilution. This technique proved to be specific and sensitive for the detection of group B coxsackievirus antigens in HeLa cells but failed in specific detection of the same antigens in samples of the myocardium obtained by biopsy of three patients clinically ill with idiopathic myocarditis.", "contents": "Conjugation of coxsackievirus type B1-B6 immunoglobulins with fluorescein isothiocyanate by a \"reversed\" dialysis method. Immunoglobulins from antisera to coxsackievirus B types 1--6 were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate by a \"reverse\" dialysis method of conjugation. Conjugates thus obtained were labeled at reproducible ratios of fluorescein to protein with weight-weight ratios ranging from 5.0 to 7.1 and estimated molar ratios ranging from 2.1 to 2.9. Conjugates were tested on cover-slip HeLa cell cultures by the direct method of staining. Two types of specific immunofluorescence were observed: intensely fluorescent perinuclear masses and discrete foci of bright fluorescence scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Titers of homotypic conjugates varied from 1:40 to 1:160. Heterotypic staining, consisting of a diffused hazy fluorescence, was observed only at the highest concentrations of conjugate and not above the 1:10 dilution. This technique proved to be specific and sensitive for the detection of group B coxsackievirus antigens in HeLa cells but failed in specific detection of the same antigens in samples of the myocardium obtained by biopsy of three patients clinically ill with idiopathic myocarditis.", "PMID": 77886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6805", "title": "Secular variation in frequency of premature ventricular contractions in untreated individuals.", "content": "Six-hour electrocardiographic monitorings were initially recorded from 40 ambulatory adult subjects (39 male, one female) on successive days. Thirty-eight of the subjects were monitored 6 weeks to 18 months later. Studies of paired time periods, Poisson modeling, and other statistical examinations were performed. Despite an underlying consistency in the data, there was considerable variation in PVC frequency from hour to hour, day to day, and over longer periods of time.", "contents": "Secular variation in frequency of premature ventricular contractions in untreated individuals. Six-hour electrocardiographic monitorings were initially recorded from 40 ambulatory adult subjects (39 male, one female) on successive days. Thirty-eight of the subjects were monitored 6 weeks to 18 months later. Studies of paired time periods, Poisson modeling, and other statistical examinations were performed. Despite an underlying consistency in the data, there was considerable variation in PVC frequency from hour to hour, day to day, and over longer periods of time.", "PMID": 77888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6806", "title": "Concealed atrial bigeminy and trigeminy.", "content": "Patterns indicative of concealed atrial extrasystoles were observed in two patients with frequent premature atrial depolarizations. In the first patient, the predominant pattern was such that most of the numbers (S) of sinus P waves between atrial extrasystoles satisfied the equation S = 3n-1, where n is any positive integer. This pattern is characteristic of concealed trigeminy. Over a sequence of 49 interectopic intervals, this patient vacillated between concealed atrial trigeminy and bigeminy. A second patient displayed a pattern characteristic of the \"even number\" variant of concealed bigeminy. The numbers of sinus P waves in consecutive interectopic intervals were predominantly even. These various patterns of concealed atrial extrasystoles closely resemble previously reported patterns of concealed ventricular extrasystoles.", "contents": "Concealed atrial bigeminy and trigeminy. Patterns indicative of concealed atrial extrasystoles were observed in two patients with frequent premature atrial depolarizations. In the first patient, the predominant pattern was such that most of the numbers (S) of sinus P waves between atrial extrasystoles satisfied the equation S = 3n-1, where n is any positive integer. This pattern is characteristic of concealed trigeminy. Over a sequence of 49 interectopic intervals, this patient vacillated between concealed atrial trigeminy and bigeminy. A second patient displayed a pattern characteristic of the \"even number\" variant of concealed bigeminy. The numbers of sinus P waves in consecutive interectopic intervals were predominantly even. These various patterns of concealed atrial extrasystoles closely resemble previously reported patterns of concealed ventricular extrasystoles.", "PMID": 77889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6807", "title": "Electrokinetic alteration of the surface of herpes simplex virus infected cells.", "content": "Changes induced in the ionic composition of the surface of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cells were evaluated by whole cell electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The kinetics of the progressive decline in cell electrophoretic mobility (a measurement of negative surface charge density) after infection corresponded to the production of infection virus. The observed HSV-induced increase in cell isoelectric focusing pH demonstrated that the electrokinetic cell surface became ionically more positive. The nature of the ionic changes were investigated using a series of specific reagents in conjunction with cell electrophoresis. Infected cells had 2.4 times surface binding sites for the amino-specific reagent 4-acetamide-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid. A relationship between these virus-induced amino groups and HSV surface antigens was indicated by the similar kinetics of their appearance and electrophoretic neutralization by HSV antibodies.", "contents": "Electrokinetic alteration of the surface of herpes simplex virus infected cells. Changes induced in the ionic composition of the surface of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cells were evaluated by whole cell electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The kinetics of the progressive decline in cell electrophoretic mobility (a measurement of negative surface charge density) after infection corresponded to the production of infection virus. The observed HSV-induced increase in cell isoelectric focusing pH demonstrated that the electrokinetic cell surface became ionically more positive. The nature of the ionic changes were investigated using a series of specific reagents in conjunction with cell electrophoresis. Infected cells had 2.4 times surface binding sites for the amino-specific reagent 4-acetamide-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid. A relationship between these virus-induced amino groups and HSV surface antigens was indicated by the similar kinetics of their appearance and electrophoretic neutralization by HSV antibodies.", "PMID": 77892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6808", "title": "Characterization of virus-like particles released from the hamster cell line CHO-K1 after treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Simple biochemical measurements have been shown to seriously overestimate the production of C-type particles by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. First, most particle-bound DNA polymerase activity released by induced cells was associated with particles which had a different density from C-type particles. Second, when labelled with radioactive uridine, induced CHO cells released small amounts of particle-bound radioactivity. Most of the radioactivity, however, was in DNA and did not sediment with the particle-bound polymerase. Thus, few particles which had RNA, an associated DNA polymerase, and the density typical of RNA tumour viruses were released by BrdUrd-induced CHO cells. In spite of this, some immature C-type forms were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified preparations of DNA polymerase-containing particles from induced CHO cells.", "contents": "Characterization of virus-like particles released from the hamster cell line CHO-K1 after treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Simple biochemical measurements have been shown to seriously overestimate the production of C-type particles by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. First, most particle-bound DNA polymerase activity released by induced cells was associated with particles which had a different density from C-type particles. Second, when labelled with radioactive uridine, induced CHO cells released small amounts of particle-bound radioactivity. Most of the radioactivity, however, was in DNA and did not sediment with the particle-bound polymerase. Thus, few particles which had RNA, an associated DNA polymerase, and the density typical of RNA tumour viruses were released by BrdUrd-induced CHO cells. In spite of this, some immature C-type forms were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified preparations of DNA polymerase-containing particles from induced CHO cells.", "PMID": 77893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6809", "title": "Resistance relationships in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 to phages sensitive or resistant to both chloroform and streptomycin sulphate.", "content": "Four of eight mycobacteriophages did not form plaques after they were exposed to chloroform. Phages sensitive to chloroform did not produce plaques when plated on media containing 1000 microgram/ml of streptomycin sulphate. The same concentration of dihydrostreptomycin sulphate did not interfere with plaque formation. Mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis resistant to each of the eight phages were isolated. Sensitivity or resistance to chloroform and streptomycin sulphate and phage resistant bacterial mutants may provide a basis for classifying the mycobacteriophages.", "contents": "Resistance relationships in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 to phages sensitive or resistant to both chloroform and streptomycin sulphate. Four of eight mycobacteriophages did not form plaques after they were exposed to chloroform. Phages sensitive to chloroform did not produce plaques when plated on media containing 1000 microgram/ml of streptomycin sulphate. The same concentration of dihydrostreptomycin sulphate did not interfere with plaque formation. Mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis resistant to each of the eight phages were isolated. Sensitivity or resistance to chloroform and streptomycin sulphate and phage resistant bacterial mutants may provide a basis for classifying the mycobacteriophages.", "PMID": 77894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6810", "title": "Increased plasma levels of lead in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared with control subjects as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "The levels of lead in plasma were determined in 16 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 control subjects, using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values were 0.52+/-0.22 microgram/100ml (ALS) and 0.37+/-0.13 microgram/100ml (controls), the difference is statistically significant (5% level). The values in both groups are lower than reported earlier for normal subjects. The findings are discussed against the background of the possible pathogenetic significance of retrograde axoplasmic flow in ALS.", "contents": "Increased plasma levels of lead in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared with control subjects as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The levels of lead in plasma were determined in 16 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 control subjects, using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean values were 0.52+/-0.22 microgram/100ml (ALS) and 0.37+/-0.13 microgram/100ml (controls), the difference is statistically significant (5% level). The values in both groups are lower than reported earlier for normal subjects. The findings are discussed against the background of the possible pathogenetic significance of retrograde axoplasmic flow in ALS.", "PMID": 77896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6811", "title": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in regenerating facial motor neurons of the mouse.", "content": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied during regeneration after a crush injury of the facial nerve of the mouse. The circulation time of HRP was 12 to 24 h. HRP injected immediately after the crush diffused into injured axons in the crushed region and accumulated subsequently in perikarya of facial neurons in the brain stem. After a time interval of 1 h or 5 days between the crush and the injection only a faint HRP accumulation occurred in a few facial neurons. After an interval of 7 days a moderate number of neurons had incorporated the tracer, while after more than 9 days the HRP activity in the regenerating neurons was more pronounced than in the contralateral neurons. Ultrastructurally, muscles of the vibrissae showed denervated subneural apparatuses 6 days after the crush. 8 days after the crush regenerating axon terminals containing small clusters of synaptic vesicles, dense cored vesicles and some HRP-labelled vesicles, were found over some gutters and after 10 to 13 days all examined gutters contained axon terminals with large numbers of synaptic vesicles and some HRP-containing vesicles. More than one axon terminal profile was seen in the same synaptic gutter. 32 and 64 days after the crush the neuromuscular junctions had regained a more mature appearance. The calibre spectra of the crushed facial nerves still showed a shift towards smaller diameters 134 days after the crush, at a time when a slight increase in HRP activity in the facial neurons persisted.", "contents": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in regenerating facial motor neurons of the mouse. Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied during regeneration after a crush injury of the facial nerve of the mouse. The circulation time of HRP was 12 to 24 h. HRP injected immediately after the crush diffused into injured axons in the crushed region and accumulated subsequently in perikarya of facial neurons in the brain stem. After a time interval of 1 h or 5 days between the crush and the injection only a faint HRP accumulation occurred in a few facial neurons. After an interval of 7 days a moderate number of neurons had incorporated the tracer, while after more than 9 days the HRP activity in the regenerating neurons was more pronounced than in the contralateral neurons. Ultrastructurally, muscles of the vibrissae showed denervated subneural apparatuses 6 days after the crush. 8 days after the crush regenerating axon terminals containing small clusters of synaptic vesicles, dense cored vesicles and some HRP-labelled vesicles, were found over some gutters and after 10 to 13 days all examined gutters contained axon terminals with large numbers of synaptic vesicles and some HRP-containing vesicles. More than one axon terminal profile was seen in the same synaptic gutter. 32 and 64 days after the crush the neuromuscular junctions had regained a more mature appearance. The calibre spectra of the crushed facial nerves still showed a shift towards smaller diameters 134 days after the crush, at a time when a slight increase in HRP activity in the facial neurons persisted.", "PMID": 77897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6812", "title": "Radiotherapy combined with procarbazine, bleomycin, and CCNU in the treatment of high-grade supratentorial astrocytomas.", "content": "Twenty consecutive patients with supratentorial Grade III and IV astrocytomas were treated with postoperative radiotherapy, and a simultaneous induction chemotherapy with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), procarbazine, bleomycin, and maintenance chemotherapy with CCNU. They were compared to 32 retrospective control patients selected similarly, who had received postoperative radiation therapy alone. The median survival time was 56 weeks for the combined treatment group, and 51 weeks for the control group. There was no statistical difference in survival in the two groups of patients.", "contents": "Radiotherapy combined with procarbazine, bleomycin, and CCNU in the treatment of high-grade supratentorial astrocytomas. Twenty consecutive patients with supratentorial Grade III and IV astrocytomas were treated with postoperative radiotherapy, and a simultaneous induction chemotherapy with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), procarbazine, bleomycin, and maintenance chemotherapy with CCNU. They were compared to 32 retrospective control patients selected similarly, who had received postoperative radiation therapy alone. The median survival time was 56 weeks for the combined treatment group, and 51 weeks for the control group. There was no statistical difference in survival in the two groups of patients.", "PMID": 77898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6813", "title": "Quantitative determinations of two decongestants and an antihistamine in combination using paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A single method for the quantitative determinations of three active ingredients, phenylephrine hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and brompheniramine maleate, and one inactive ingredient (sodium benzoate) in a commercial product for colds is reported. The method is based on paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography using 1-heptanesulfonic acid as the counterion. It is accurate and precise. The relative standard deviations based on six readings are reported. This method is sensitive; less than 1 microgram of each ingredient can be assayed. The peak area of each ingredient is related to its concentration.", "contents": "Quantitative determinations of two decongestants and an antihistamine in combination using paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography. A single method for the quantitative determinations of three active ingredients, phenylephrine hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and brompheniramine maleate, and one inactive ingredient (sodium benzoate) in a commercial product for colds is reported. The method is based on paired ion high-pressure liquid chromatography using 1-heptanesulfonic acid as the counterion. It is accurate and precise. The relative standard deviations based on six readings are reported. This method is sensitive; less than 1 microgram of each ingredient can be assayed. The peak area of each ingredient is related to its concentration.", "PMID": 77900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6814", "title": "Inhibitors of neuronal monoamine uptake. 2. Selective inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by alpha-amino acid esters of phenethyl alcohols.", "content": "A series of alpha-amino acid esters of substituted phenethyl alcohols was prepared and tested as inhibitors of the neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Some of the compounds are potent and very selective in blocking the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, as evidenced by biochemical data and behavioral tests. The most promising agent, alaproclate [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (I, IV)], was selected for further studies as a potential antidepressant agent. A discussion on structure--activity relationships (SAR) is given. In an attempt to explain the selective action on the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by the new inhibitors, their structures are compared with those of the two neurotransmitters. From the tentative pharmacophore and conformations of transmitter (5-HT) and inhibitor (alaproclate) derived from SAR, a hypothetic carrier site for 5-HT uptake is deduced in terms of geometry and electronic properties.", "contents": "Inhibitors of neuronal monoamine uptake. 2. Selective inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by alpha-amino acid esters of phenethyl alcohols. A series of alpha-amino acid esters of substituted phenethyl alcohols was prepared and tested as inhibitors of the neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Some of the compounds are potent and very selective in blocking the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, as evidenced by biochemical data and behavioral tests. The most promising agent, alaproclate [2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (I, IV)], was selected for further studies as a potential antidepressant agent. A discussion on structure--activity relationships (SAR) is given. In an attempt to explain the selective action on the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by the new inhibitors, their structures are compared with those of the two neurotransmitters. From the tentative pharmacophore and conformations of transmitter (5-HT) and inhibitor (alaproclate) derived from SAR, a hypothetic carrier site for 5-HT uptake is deduced in terms of geometry and electronic properties.", "PMID": 77901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6815", "title": "An audiovisual program in cell biology.", "content": "Cell biology has been divided into 19 topics for the purpose of planning audiovisual materials. One of these topics, the structure and function of cell membranes, has been developed as a series of seven self-instructional slide-tape units and tested in five medical schools. Organization of advisers, analysis and definition of objectives and content, and development and evaluation of scripts and storyboards are discussed.", "contents": "An audiovisual program in cell biology. Cell biology has been divided into 19 topics for the purpose of planning audiovisual materials. One of these topics, the structure and function of cell membranes, has been developed as a series of seven self-instructional slide-tape units and tested in five medical schools. Organization of advisers, analysis and definition of objectives and content, and development and evaluation of scripts and storyboards are discussed.", "PMID": 77902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6816", "title": "Ionic selectivity, saturation, and block in gramicidin A channels. II. Saturation behavior of single channel conductances and evidence for the existence of multiple binding sites in the channel.", "content": "A theory, recently developed by Sandblom, Eisenman and Neher (1977) for the conductance of single gramicidin A cha-nelspred icts three limiting behaviors of the relation between conductance and salt concentration. These are: (i) a saturating behavior resembling a simple adsorption isotherm at medium and high concentrations, (ii) a decrease in conductance at the highest obtainable concentrations and (iii) deviations from the isotherm at very low concentrations. Features i and ii have been described before. Experimental evidence for point iii is given here. The new feature points towards interactions among ions in the channel at ionic concentrations as low as 1--10 mM. Particular emphasis is given to the behavior at very low salt concentrations and the experimental problems encountered in this situation. In addition, mutual blocking effects among monovalent ions in symmetrical salt mixtures are characterized and found to be in satisfactory agreement with theoretical expectations, based upon the single salt conductance data presented here and zero-current potentials in salt mixtures to be described in a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Ionic selectivity, saturation, and block in gramicidin A channels. II. Saturation behavior of single channel conductances and evidence for the existence of multiple binding sites in the channel. A theory, recently developed by Sandblom, Eisenman and Neher (1977) for the conductance of single gramicidin A cha-nelspred icts three limiting behaviors of the relation between conductance and salt concentration. These are: (i) a saturating behavior resembling a simple adsorption isotherm at medium and high concentrations, (ii) a decrease in conductance at the highest obtainable concentrations and (iii) deviations from the isotherm at very low concentrations. Features i and ii have been described before. Experimental evidence for point iii is given here. The new feature points towards interactions among ions in the channel at ionic concentrations as low as 1--10 mM. Particular emphasis is given to the behavior at very low salt concentrations and the experimental problems encountered in this situation. In addition, mutual blocking effects among monovalent ions in symmetrical salt mixtures are characterized and found to be in satisfactory agreement with theoretical expectations, based upon the single salt conductance data presented here and zero-current potentials in salt mixtures to be described in a subsequent paper.", "PMID": 77904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6817", "title": "Malar/orbital/zygomatic fracture causing fracture of underlying coronoid process.", "content": "In 1 week two patients with depressed fractures of the malar/orbital/zygomatic complex presented with roentgen evidence of fractures of the underlying coronoid process caused by the transmitted impact of the malar/orbital/zygomatic fragment without direct injury to the mandible. No similar cases had been seen in the previous 12 years, and reports found in the literature stated that this type of fracture occurs in only about 2% of all mandible fractures. Conservative treatment is recommended unless there is obvious displacement.", "contents": "Malar/orbital/zygomatic fracture causing fracture of underlying coronoid process. In 1 week two patients with depressed fractures of the malar/orbital/zygomatic complex presented with roentgen evidence of fractures of the underlying coronoid process caused by the transmitted impact of the malar/orbital/zygomatic fragment without direct injury to the mandible. No similar cases had been seen in the previous 12 years, and reports found in the literature stated that this type of fracture occurs in only about 2% of all mandible fractures. Conservative treatment is recommended unless there is obvious displacement.", "PMID": 77906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6818", "title": "Binding of tRNA to reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses.", "content": "The interaction of tRNA with the reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) of mammalian RNA viruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus, has been studied. Whereas the purified reverse transcriptase of mammalian viruses sedimented in glycerol gradients as a globular protein with a molecular weight of 70,000, after interaction with tRNA the enzyme cosedimented with a protein of 150,000 molecular weight. The twofold increase in molecular weight could be a result of either two reverse transcriptase molecules complexed with a tRNA or, alternatively, several tRNA molecules bound to a single enzyme polypeptide. The enzyme complexes were dissociated in part upon degradation of the tRNA moiety by pancreatic RNase A. The reverse transcriptase released from virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, and avian myeloblastosis virus, by nonionic detergent, migrated faster on glycerol gradients than purified enzyme preparation. This phenomenon was probably due to complex formation between part of the virion enzyme and the tRNA, which is endogenous in virions. Addition of exogenous tRNA was needed, however, to quantitatively complex all the virion reverse transcriptase of Moloney murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma viruses. The reverse transcriptase of Moloney murine leukemia virus did not show tRNA species specificity in the binding reaction when glycerol gradients were used for assay. Thus, several tRNA species of Escherichia coli, yeast, chicken, and rat origin were able to complex with the enzyme. The species specificity in the interaction between tRNA and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase was also examined. We demonstrated that under our experimental conditions, this enzyme binds different tRNA species of E. coli and yeast as well as tRNA of chicken origin.", "contents": "Binding of tRNA to reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. The interaction of tRNA with the reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) of mammalian RNA viruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus, has been studied. Whereas the purified reverse transcriptase of mammalian viruses sedimented in glycerol gradients as a globular protein with a molecular weight of 70,000, after interaction with tRNA the enzyme cosedimented with a protein of 150,000 molecular weight. The twofold increase in molecular weight could be a result of either two reverse transcriptase molecules complexed with a tRNA or, alternatively, several tRNA molecules bound to a single enzyme polypeptide. The enzyme complexes were dissociated in part upon degradation of the tRNA moiety by pancreatic RNase A. The reverse transcriptase released from virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, and avian myeloblastosis virus, by nonionic detergent, migrated faster on glycerol gradients than purified enzyme preparation. This phenomenon was probably due to complex formation between part of the virion enzyme and the tRNA, which is endogenous in virions. Addition of exogenous tRNA was needed, however, to quantitatively complex all the virion reverse transcriptase of Moloney murine leukemia virus and simian sarcoma viruses. The reverse transcriptase of Moloney murine leukemia virus did not show tRNA species specificity in the binding reaction when glycerol gradients were used for assay. Thus, several tRNA species of Escherichia coli, yeast, chicken, and rat origin were able to complex with the enzyme. The species specificity in the interaction between tRNA and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase was also examined. We demonstrated that under our experimental conditions, this enzyme binds different tRNA species of E. coli and yeast as well as tRNA of chicken origin.", "PMID": 77907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6819", "title": "Abrogation of Fv-1b restriction with murine leukemia viruses inactivated by heat or by gamma irradiation.", "content": "Fv-1b restriction in BALB/3T3 cells is temporarily abrogated following infection with N-tropic murine leukemia virus. The mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated by comparing the inactivation rates for viral infectivity and for the ability of the same virus to abrogate Fv-1 restriction. Inactivation of the abrogating ability of N-tropic murine leukemia virus following graduated doses of gamma radiation proceeded at half the rate of that for viral infectivity. This result indicates that viral RNA must function in abrogating Fv-1b restriction but that only a portion of the viral genome is required. The inactivation kinetics of N-tropic murine leukemia virus were also determined following incubation of virus at 43 degrees C. Abrogating ability of N-tropic murine leukemia virus was found to be about six times as stable under these conditions as was viral infectivity. Interestingly, virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity was inactivated at the same rate as was viral infectivity, indicating that this enzyme may not need to function during abrogation. Virus heated at 43 degrees C was used to study the kinetics of the abrogation phenomenon itself. Abrogation was shown to be transient, requiring 6 to 9 h after virus infection to become maximally effective and beginning to disappear after about 18 h. The data reported here confirm the idea that abrogation of Fv-1 restriction can be separated experimentally from virus replication, and they raise the possibility that a separate biochemical pathway exists for incoming viral RNA in Fv-1 restrictive cells.", "contents": "Abrogation of Fv-1b restriction with murine leukemia viruses inactivated by heat or by gamma irradiation. Fv-1b restriction in BALB/3T3 cells is temporarily abrogated following infection with N-tropic murine leukemia virus. The mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated by comparing the inactivation rates for viral infectivity and for the ability of the same virus to abrogate Fv-1 restriction. Inactivation of the abrogating ability of N-tropic murine leukemia virus following graduated doses of gamma radiation proceeded at half the rate of that for viral infectivity. This result indicates that viral RNA must function in abrogating Fv-1b restriction but that only a portion of the viral genome is required. The inactivation kinetics of N-tropic murine leukemia virus were also determined following incubation of virus at 43 degrees C. Abrogating ability of N-tropic murine leukemia virus was found to be about six times as stable under these conditions as was viral infectivity. Interestingly, virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity was inactivated at the same rate as was viral infectivity, indicating that this enzyme may not need to function during abrogation. Virus heated at 43 degrees C was used to study the kinetics of the abrogation phenomenon itself. Abrogation was shown to be transient, requiring 6 to 9 h after virus infection to become maximally effective and beginning to disappear after about 18 h. The data reported here confirm the idea that abrogation of Fv-1 restriction can be separated experimentally from virus replication, and they raise the possibility that a separate biochemical pathway exists for incoming viral RNA in Fv-1 restrictive cells.", "PMID": 77908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6820", "title": "Primate retroviruses: envelope glycoproteins of endogenous type C and type D viruses possess common interspecies antigenic determinants.", "content": "The major 70,000- to 80,000-molecular-weight envelope glycoproteins of the squirrel monkey retrovirus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, and M7 baboon virus and the related endogenous feline virus, RD114, were isolated and immunologically characterized. Immunoprecipitation and competition immunoassay analysis revealed these viral envelope glycoproteins to possess several distinct classes of immunological determinants. These include species-specific determinants, group-specific antigenic determinants unique to endogenous primate type C viruses, and group-specific determinants for type D viruses such as Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey retrovirus. In addition, a class of broadly reactive antigenic determinants shared by envelope glycoproteins of both type C viruses of the baboon/RD114 group and type D viruses of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus/squirrel monkey virus group are described. Other mammalian oncornaviruses tested, including isolates of nonprimate origin and representative type B viruses, lacked these determinants. The demonstration of antigenic determinants specific to envelope glycoproteins of type C and type D primate viruses indicates either that these viruses are evolutionarily related or that genetic recombination occurred between their progenitors. Alternatively, endogenous type D oncornaviruses may be replication defective, and acquisition of endogenous type C viral genetic sequences coding for envelope glycoprotein determinants may be necessary for their isolation as infectious virus.", "contents": "Primate retroviruses: envelope glycoproteins of endogenous type C and type D viruses possess common interspecies antigenic determinants. The major 70,000- to 80,000-molecular-weight envelope glycoproteins of the squirrel monkey retrovirus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, and M7 baboon virus and the related endogenous feline virus, RD114, were isolated and immunologically characterized. Immunoprecipitation and competition immunoassay analysis revealed these viral envelope glycoproteins to possess several distinct classes of immunological determinants. These include species-specific determinants, group-specific antigenic determinants unique to endogenous primate type C viruses, and group-specific determinants for type D viruses such as Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey retrovirus. In addition, a class of broadly reactive antigenic determinants shared by envelope glycoproteins of both type C viruses of the baboon/RD114 group and type D viruses of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus/squirrel monkey virus group are described. Other mammalian oncornaviruses tested, including isolates of nonprimate origin and representative type B viruses, lacked these determinants. The demonstration of antigenic determinants specific to envelope glycoproteins of type C and type D primate viruses indicates either that these viruses are evolutionarily related or that genetic recombination occurred between their progenitors. Alternatively, endogenous type D oncornaviruses may be replication defective, and acquisition of endogenous type C viral genetic sequences coding for envelope glycoprotein determinants may be necessary for their isolation as infectious virus.", "PMID": 77909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6821", "title": "Proteins of Rous-associated virus 61, an avian retrovirus: common precursor for glycoproteins gp85 and gp35 and use of pactamycin to map translational order of proteins in the gag, pol, and env genes.", "content": "Cells infected by Rous-associated virus 61 (RAV-61) contained a precursor-like protein, pr90, that was specifically precipitated by antiserum directed against envelope glycoproteins, gp85 and gp35. Tryptic peptide mapping showed that pr90 contained tryptic sequences of both gp85 and gp35. Pactamycin mapping experiments indicated that the two glycoproteins are translated from the env-mRNA in the order (5') gp85--gp35. The pactamycin mapping experiments also indicated a translational order of p10--(p27, p12)--p15 for the gag proteins; this agreement with the order previously reported from tryptic mapping studies on precursor pr76 of avian myeloblastosis virus implied that the stoichiometry of the core proteins was unchanged when virions were assembled in the presence of pactamycin. The reverse transcriptase proteins, unlike those of the env and gag genes, fell on the right side of the pactamycin map. This result is in accord with the idea that most, if not all, of the reverse transcriptase protein is translated by read-through of the gag(pol) message rather than by translation of a hypothetical pol-mRNA devoted solely to synthesis of that protein.", "contents": "Proteins of Rous-associated virus 61, an avian retrovirus: common precursor for glycoproteins gp85 and gp35 and use of pactamycin to map translational order of proteins in the gag, pol, and env genes. Cells infected by Rous-associated virus 61 (RAV-61) contained a precursor-like protein, pr90, that was specifically precipitated by antiserum directed against envelope glycoproteins, gp85 and gp35. Tryptic peptide mapping showed that pr90 contained tryptic sequences of both gp85 and gp35. Pactamycin mapping experiments indicated that the two glycoproteins are translated from the env-mRNA in the order (5') gp85--gp35. The pactamycin mapping experiments also indicated a translational order of p10--(p27, p12)--p15 for the gag proteins; this agreement with the order previously reported from tryptic mapping studies on precursor pr76 of avian myeloblastosis virus implied that the stoichiometry of the core proteins was unchanged when virions were assembled in the presence of pactamycin. The reverse transcriptase proteins, unlike those of the env and gag genes, fell on the right side of the pactamycin map. This result is in accord with the idea that most, if not all, of the reverse transcriptase protein is translated by read-through of the gag(pol) message rather than by translation of a hypothetical pol-mRNA devoted solely to synthesis of that protein.", "PMID": 77910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6822", "title": "Unwinding-like activity associated with avian retrovirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "The avian retrovirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase contains an activity that is capable of removing hydrogen bonds from duplex nucleic acid molecules. This \"unwinding-like\" activity appears to be specific in its action, affecting RNA.DNA and DNA.DNA duplex molecules but not RNA.RNA duplexes. Studies with defined RNA.DNA hybrid molecules (e.g., Rous sarcoma virus RNA and complementary DNAs representing specific regions of the Rous sarcoma virus genome) and DNA.DNA duplexes indicate that, although this activity can remove a portion of the hydrogen bonds from these double-stranded structures, complete separation of complementary strands is not accomplished. The unwinding-like activity exhibits sensitivities to temperature and monovalent and divalent cation concentrations. It can also remove a specific large oligonucleotide from the 5' end of the viral genome subsequent to RNase H hydrolysis of viral RNA complexed to DNA present at that terminus. This reverse transcriptase-associated unwinding-like activity is discussed with respect to recently proposed models of retrovirus proviral DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Unwinding-like activity associated with avian retrovirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The avian retrovirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase contains an activity that is capable of removing hydrogen bonds from duplex nucleic acid molecules. This \"unwinding-like\" activity appears to be specific in its action, affecting RNA.DNA and DNA.DNA duplex molecules but not RNA.RNA duplexes. Studies with defined RNA.DNA hybrid molecules (e.g., Rous sarcoma virus RNA and complementary DNAs representing specific regions of the Rous sarcoma virus genome) and DNA.DNA duplexes indicate that, although this activity can remove a portion of the hydrogen bonds from these double-stranded structures, complete separation of complementary strands is not accomplished. The unwinding-like activity exhibits sensitivities to temperature and monovalent and divalent cation concentrations. It can also remove a specific large oligonucleotide from the 5' end of the viral genome subsequent to RNase H hydrolysis of viral RNA complexed to DNA present at that terminus. This reverse transcriptase-associated unwinding-like activity is discussed with respect to recently proposed models of retrovirus proviral DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 77911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6823", "title": "Interstrain variation of the major internal structural component (p30gag) of two murine oncornaviruses: comparative immunochemical, biochemical, and biophysical analysis.", "content": "The major internal structural protein (p30(gag)) of the Moloney leukemia virus and the endogenous Y-1 murine oncornavirus was examined for biochemical and biophysical manifestations of interstrain antigenic variation. Although the two viral proteins share murine group-specific antigenic determinants, the Y-1 virus p30 appeared to have both a lower relative number of such determinants and a decreased affinity at the cross-reactive sites for Moloney virus p30 monospecific antibodies. Further, immunological analysis indicated the presence of unique antigenic sites on the Moloney virus p30 not shared by the analogous Y-1 virus molecule. The two polypeptides copurified and had similar isoelectric points (pH 6.2 to 6.3) and sedimentation coefficients (2.47S). However, equilibrium sedimentation yielded a significant mass difference between the two proteins, 28,300 +/- 600 and 31,000 +/- 300 daltons for the Moloney and Y-1 virus molecules, respectively. Amino acid analysis indicated a concomitant increase in total residues for the Y-1 virus p30, although a number of residues appeared to have been conserved between the two viral proteins. Conformational studies and hydrodynamic calculations demonstrated marked secondary and tertiary structural differences; with the Y-1 virus p30 being an asymmetric prolate ellipsoid containing 27 to 28% alpha-helix and Moloney virus p30 being somewhat more spherical and possessing an alpha-helical content of 50 to 55%. Two-dimensional mapping of (125)I-labeled tryptic peptides of each p30 suggested that considerable sequence heterogeneity is responsible for many of the biophysical, biochemical, and immunochemical differences in these two analogous structural proteins.", "contents": "Interstrain variation of the major internal structural component (p30gag) of two murine oncornaviruses: comparative immunochemical, biochemical, and biophysical analysis. The major internal structural protein (p30(gag)) of the Moloney leukemia virus and the endogenous Y-1 murine oncornavirus was examined for biochemical and biophysical manifestations of interstrain antigenic variation. Although the two viral proteins share murine group-specific antigenic determinants, the Y-1 virus p30 appeared to have both a lower relative number of such determinants and a decreased affinity at the cross-reactive sites for Moloney virus p30 monospecific antibodies. Further, immunological analysis indicated the presence of unique antigenic sites on the Moloney virus p30 not shared by the analogous Y-1 virus molecule. The two polypeptides copurified and had similar isoelectric points (pH 6.2 to 6.3) and sedimentation coefficients (2.47S). However, equilibrium sedimentation yielded a significant mass difference between the two proteins, 28,300 +/- 600 and 31,000 +/- 300 daltons for the Moloney and Y-1 virus molecules, respectively. Amino acid analysis indicated a concomitant increase in total residues for the Y-1 virus p30, although a number of residues appeared to have been conserved between the two viral proteins. Conformational studies and hydrodynamic calculations demonstrated marked secondary and tertiary structural differences; with the Y-1 virus p30 being an asymmetric prolate ellipsoid containing 27 to 28% alpha-helix and Moloney virus p30 being somewhat more spherical and possessing an alpha-helical content of 50 to 55%. Two-dimensional mapping of (125)I-labeled tryptic peptides of each p30 suggested that considerable sequence heterogeneity is responsible for many of the biophysical, biochemical, and immunochemical differences in these two analogous structural proteins.", "PMID": 77912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6824", "title": "Production of \"rapid-harvest\" Moloney murine leukemia virus by continuous cell culture on synthetic capillaries.", "content": "Moloney murine leukemia virus was harvested automatically within 60 min of release from chronically infected NIH/3T3 cells (clone 1) cultured on bundles of synthetic capillaries. Production of virus as measured by a determination of reverse transcriptase activity and by the XC syncytia assay demonstrated that highly infectious \"rapid-harvest\" virus was recovered from NIH/3T3 cells (clone 1) grown for periods of up to 10 days.", "contents": "Production of \"rapid-harvest\" Moloney murine leukemia virus by continuous cell culture on synthetic capillaries. Moloney murine leukemia virus was harvested automatically within 60 min of release from chronically infected NIH/3T3 cells (clone 1) cultured on bundles of synthetic capillaries. Production of virus as measured by a determination of reverse transcriptase activity and by the XC syncytia assay demonstrated that highly infectious \"rapid-harvest\" virus was recovered from NIH/3T3 cells (clone 1) grown for periods of up to 10 days.", "PMID": 77913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6825", "title": "Altered androgen metabolism in metastatic prostate cancer.", "content": "Admixture of androgen-sensitive elements from normal or hyperplastic prostatic tissue interferes with biochemical studies of prostate cancer in its primary site. Heterogeneity of cancer tissues, varying in stromal and epithelial elements, also complicates interpretation of data relating to androgen metabolism. Accordingly, we have compared metastatic deposits composed of epithelial cancer cells to the primary biopsies of 4 patients in respect to uptake of 3H-testosterone and its conversion to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone during in vitro incubation. 3H-testosterone uptake was similar for both tissue sites but 3H-dihydrotestosterone formation was reduced by 76% in the metastases compared to primary tissues. This group was not large enough to show statistical significance, whereas a total of 11 such primary studies compared to 6 metastatic specimens was significant. When either primary or secondary tissue results were compared to 12 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia similarly studied the differences were highly significant. These results demonstrate a major impairment in the formation of dihydrotestosterone by metastatic prostatic cancer and a similar but less evident alteration in the primary site. This abnormality in testosterone metabolism is of major importance in the attempt to obtain effective hormonal control of human prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Altered androgen metabolism in metastatic prostate cancer. Admixture of androgen-sensitive elements from normal or hyperplastic prostatic tissue interferes with biochemical studies of prostate cancer in its primary site. Heterogeneity of cancer tissues, varying in stromal and epithelial elements, also complicates interpretation of data relating to androgen metabolism. Accordingly, we have compared metastatic deposits composed of epithelial cancer cells to the primary biopsies of 4 patients in respect to uptake of 3H-testosterone and its conversion to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone during in vitro incubation. 3H-testosterone uptake was similar for both tissue sites but 3H-dihydrotestosterone formation was reduced by 76% in the metastases compared to primary tissues. This group was not large enough to show statistical significance, whereas a total of 11 such primary studies compared to 6 metastatic specimens was significant. When either primary or secondary tissue results were compared to 12 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia similarly studied the differences were highly significant. These results demonstrate a major impairment in the formation of dihydrotestosterone by metastatic prostatic cancer and a similar but less evident alteration in the primary site. This abnormality in testosterone metabolism is of major importance in the attempt to obtain effective hormonal control of human prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 77915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6826", "title": "Direct recording of urethral resistance using the \"urethroresistance\".", "content": "Observations on urethral resistance during micturition in non-obstructed men and in patients with bladder outlet obstruction owing to benign prostatic hypertrophy are presented. The \"Urethroresistance\", a new instrument, was used for the direct recording of urethral resistance. The upper limit for the minimum urethral resistance during micturition for normal non-obstructed men was 0.5 units. Two patterns of urethral resistance were observed solely in non-obstructed subjects and 3 other patterns, which were found solely in patients with a moderate or severe degree of bladder outlet obstruction, were shown to be characteristic of bladder outlet obstruction. While direct recording of urethral resistance is a better test for bladder outlet obstruction than the recording of urinary flow rate the recording of urinary flow is a simple urodynamic test, which remains a useful screening test for bladder outlet obstruction. With the exception of severe obstructive symptoms none of the other clinical methods for the assessment of bladder outlet obstruction--the size of the prostate gland, the volume of post-micturition residual urine and the degree of bladder trabeculation--is reliable to determine the degree of bladder outlet obstruction.", "contents": "Direct recording of urethral resistance using the \"urethroresistance\". Observations on urethral resistance during micturition in non-obstructed men and in patients with bladder outlet obstruction owing to benign prostatic hypertrophy are presented. The \"Urethroresistance\", a new instrument, was used for the direct recording of urethral resistance. The upper limit for the minimum urethral resistance during micturition for normal non-obstructed men was 0.5 units. Two patterns of urethral resistance were observed solely in non-obstructed subjects and 3 other patterns, which were found solely in patients with a moderate or severe degree of bladder outlet obstruction, were shown to be characteristic of bladder outlet obstruction. While direct recording of urethral resistance is a better test for bladder outlet obstruction than the recording of urinary flow rate the recording of urinary flow is a simple urodynamic test, which remains a useful screening test for bladder outlet obstruction. With the exception of severe obstructive symptoms none of the other clinical methods for the assessment of bladder outlet obstruction--the size of the prostate gland, the volume of post-micturition residual urine and the degree of bladder trabeculation--is reliable to determine the degree of bladder outlet obstruction.", "PMID": 77916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6827", "title": "Self-retained internal ureteral stents: a new approach.", "content": "Definitive surgical treatment of ureteral obstruction may not be appropriate in patients with advanced malignancy, complex benign ureteral disease or even simple obstructive disease accompanied by unacceptable operative risk. Endoscopic placement of self-retained internal ureteral catheters (stents) offers satisfactory relief for many of these patients. A new 6F pigtail ureteral stent and placement technique are described. These stents are placed easily, effective and well tolerated for short-term drainage in selected patients with ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Self-retained internal ureteral stents: a new approach. Definitive surgical treatment of ureteral obstruction may not be appropriate in patients with advanced malignancy, complex benign ureteral disease or even simple obstructive disease accompanied by unacceptable operative risk. Endoscopic placement of self-retained internal ureteral catheters (stents) offers satisfactory relief for many of these patients. A new 6F pigtail ureteral stent and placement technique are described. These stents are placed easily, effective and well tolerated for short-term drainage in selected patients with ureteral obstruction.", "PMID": 77917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6828", "title": "The role of the radioimmunoassay of serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the intensive chemotherapy and surgery of metastatic testicular tumors.", "content": "Quantitative measurement of serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin by double antibody radioimmunoassays reflects the efficacy of surgical, radiation and/or chemotherapeutic regimens in patients with bulky disseminated testicular tumors. When these therapies are effective they produce an immediate decrease in serum levels of these markers that reflects the decrease in tumor size and could be as rapid as the catabolic decay rate for alpha-fetoprotein or human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin has a short half-life (20 minutes) and has been used for the first time to localize a recurrent metastatic testicular tumor. Cellular localization of these markers by immunochemical techniques has helped us to understand the natural history of this cancer and the cell types responsible for production of the markers.", "contents": "The role of the radioimmunoassay of serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the intensive chemotherapy and surgery of metastatic testicular tumors. Quantitative measurement of serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin by double antibody radioimmunoassays reflects the efficacy of surgical, radiation and/or chemotherapeutic regimens in patients with bulky disseminated testicular tumors. When these therapies are effective they produce an immediate decrease in serum levels of these markers that reflects the decrease in tumor size and could be as rapid as the catabolic decay rate for alpha-fetoprotein or human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin has a short half-life (20 minutes) and has been used for the first time to localize a recurrent metastatic testicular tumor. Cellular localization of these markers by immunochemical techniques has helped us to understand the natural history of this cancer and the cell types responsible for production of the markers.", "PMID": 77918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6829", "title": "The effect of human serum on 3H-thymidine incorporation in human prostate tumors in tissue culture.", "content": "Human prostatic tumors, 4 adenomas and 4 adenocarcinomas, were established in tissue culture. We used the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid as a measure of cell activity to compare the effects of supplementing the culture media with human or fetal calf serum. 3H-thymidine incorporation was greater with human serum, with up to 120 per cent increase observed. The addition of dihydrotestosterone (10(-8)M.) did not enhance or inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "The effect of human serum on 3H-thymidine incorporation in human prostate tumors in tissue culture. Human prostatic tumors, 4 adenomas and 4 adenocarcinomas, were established in tissue culture. We used the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid as a measure of cell activity to compare the effects of supplementing the culture media with human or fetal calf serum. 3H-thymidine incorporation was greater with human serum, with up to 120 per cent increase observed. The addition of dihydrotestosterone (10(-8)M.) did not enhance or inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation.", "PMID": 77919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6830", "title": "Pharyngeal gram stains in the treatment of sore throats.", "content": "The use of the direct pharyngeal Gram stain for diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis was evaluated. Seventy-five consecutive out-patients presented with pharyngitis (or high fever in infants) were studied with pharyngeal cultures and Gram stains. Gram stains were read as either positive, negative, or indeterminate for streptococcal pharyngitis. When these predictions were correlated with the resulting culture growth of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, the predictive value of a throat smear Gram stain was found to be significant (p less than 0.005). There were two false positives and three false negatives. Approximately one third of the smears were in the indeterminate category. Although the Gram stain of a pharyngeal smear was found to be less sensitive than the routine throat culture, the ability to obtain inexpensive rapid microbiological information suggests that the Gram stain can be used as a quick screening procedure.", "contents": "Pharyngeal gram stains in the treatment of sore throats. The use of the direct pharyngeal Gram stain for diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis was evaluated. Seventy-five consecutive out-patients presented with pharyngitis (or high fever in infants) were studied with pharyngeal cultures and Gram stains. Gram stains were read as either positive, negative, or indeterminate for streptococcal pharyngitis. When these predictions were correlated with the resulting culture growth of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, the predictive value of a throat smear Gram stain was found to be significant (p less than 0.005). There were two false positives and three false negatives. Approximately one third of the smears were in the indeterminate category. Although the Gram stain of a pharyngeal smear was found to be less sensitive than the routine throat culture, the ability to obtain inexpensive rapid microbiological information suggests that the Gram stain can be used as a quick screening procedure.", "PMID": 77930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6831", "title": "Blood-pressure and mortality in a rural Jamaican community.", "content": "1065 men and women aged 35--64 years living in rural Jamaica were first examined in 1962--1963, re-examined 5 and 10 years later, and followed-up until 1976. Overall mortality in 13 years, taking into account blood-pressures at all 3 surveys, showed that mortality was significantly increased only at pressures above 180 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic. It was estimated that without this degree of hypertension the total number of deaths between the ages of 45 and 69 years would have been reduced by about 17%. Unlike other reports, mortality showed no significant association with lower levels of blood-pressure; this difference may be due to a lower incidence in this community of coronary and cerebral thrombosis. The relation between blood-pressure and mortality cannot be assumed to be identical in populations with different profiles of cardiovascular pathology.", "contents": "Blood-pressure and mortality in a rural Jamaican community. 1065 men and women aged 35--64 years living in rural Jamaica were first examined in 1962--1963, re-examined 5 and 10 years later, and followed-up until 1976. Overall mortality in 13 years, taking into account blood-pressures at all 3 surveys, showed that mortality was significantly increased only at pressures above 180 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic. It was estimated that without this degree of hypertension the total number of deaths between the ages of 45 and 69 years would have been reduced by about 17%. Unlike other reports, mortality showed no significant association with lower levels of blood-pressure; this difference may be due to a lower incidence in this community of coronary and cerebral thrombosis. The relation between blood-pressure and mortality cannot be assumed to be identical in populations with different profiles of cardiovascular pathology.", "PMID": 77941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6832", "title": "Importance of pituitary hormones in aetiology of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The role of pituitary hormones in the aetiology of diabetic ketoacidosis was examined by withdrawing insulin from five pituitary-ablated diabetics for a 12-hour period. The rise in blood glucose and ketone-body concentrations was markedly retarded in these patients when compared with five matched juvenile-type diabetic controls with normal pituitary function. When cortisol replacement in the pituitary-ablated patients was increased to reproduce the high plasma concentrations found in severe ketoacidosis, blood ketones and glucose were increased but were still significantly lower than in the control diabetics. It is concluded that pituitary hormones may be important in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Importance of pituitary hormones in aetiology of diabetic ketoacidosis. The role of pituitary hormones in the aetiology of diabetic ketoacidosis was examined by withdrawing insulin from five pituitary-ablated diabetics for a 12-hour period. The rise in blood glucose and ketone-body concentrations was markedly retarded in these patients when compared with five matched juvenile-type diabetic controls with normal pituitary function. When cortisol replacement in the pituitary-ablated patients was increased to reproduce the high plasma concentrations found in severe ketoacidosis, blood ketones and glucose were increased but were still significantly lower than in the control diabetics. It is concluded that pituitary hormones may be important in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 77942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6833", "title": "Circulating lymphocytes and the spread of myeloma. Review of the evidence.", "content": "Patients with myeloma harbour circulating lymphocytes which bear the idiotypic determinants (SIg-id+ cells) of their own myeloma protein. Circulating white cells with abnormal karyotypes have been found in other patients with this disease. SIg-id+ lymphocytes have also been identified in the peripheral blood of myeloma-tumour-bearing mice. Murine myelomas have been propagated in vivo from circulating mononuclear cells that possessed myeloma-tumour-associated antigens. This and other evidence reviewed here points strongly to the involvement of circulating lymphocyte-like stem cells in the spread of human myeloma.", "contents": "Circulating lymphocytes and the spread of myeloma. Review of the evidence. Patients with myeloma harbour circulating lymphocytes which bear the idiotypic determinants (SIg-id+ cells) of their own myeloma protein. Circulating white cells with abnormal karyotypes have been found in other patients with this disease. SIg-id+ lymphocytes have also been identified in the peripheral blood of myeloma-tumour-bearing mice. Murine myelomas have been propagated in vivo from circulating mononuclear cells that possessed myeloma-tumour-associated antigens. This and other evidence reviewed here points strongly to the involvement of circulating lymphocyte-like stem cells in the spread of human myeloma.", "PMID": 77943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6834", "title": "Asymptomatic endemic rotavirus infections in the newborn.", "content": "Between May 1, 1976, and May 14, 1977, 343 (32.5%) of 1056 5-day-old babies in newborn nurseries excreted rotaviruses. The infection-rate was highest during winter (49%). 76% of infected babies at this time were bottle-fed. 41% of neonates excreted low amounts of virus (less than or equal to 10(8) particles/g faeces); older children tended to excrete greater than 10(10) particles/g faeces. Infected breast-fed babies excreted less virus than those who were bottle-fed. Stools of breast-fed babies often contained clumps of complete \"smooth\" rotavirus particles. When the newborn nurseries were transferred to a newly built hospital wing, infection appeared in the new wards, including those admitting only new patients, within a short period. Infection was either mild (8%) or symptomless (92%), and even babies with symptoms required no treatment.", "contents": "Asymptomatic endemic rotavirus infections in the newborn. Between May 1, 1976, and May 14, 1977, 343 (32.5%) of 1056 5-day-old babies in newborn nurseries excreted rotaviruses. The infection-rate was highest during winter (49%). 76% of infected babies at this time were bottle-fed. 41% of neonates excreted low amounts of virus (less than or equal to 10(8) particles/g faeces); older children tended to excrete greater than 10(10) particles/g faeces. Infected breast-fed babies excreted less virus than those who were bottle-fed. Stools of breast-fed babies often contained clumps of complete \"smooth\" rotavirus particles. When the newborn nurseries were transferred to a newly built hospital wing, infection appeared in the new wards, including those admitting only new patients, within a short period. Infection was either mild (8%) or symptomless (92%), and even babies with symptoms required no treatment.", "PMID": 77944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6835", "title": "Prevention of iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia.", "content": "Urinary iron excretion after single intramuscular (i.m.) bolus injections or 12 h subcutaneous (s.c.) infusions of desferrioxamine (D.F.) was determined in sixteen homozygous beta-thalassaemia patients whose ages ranged from 10 months to 23 years. At all ages the s.c. infusions resulted in greater iron loss than identical i.m. doses. With doses of 0.5-1 g of D.F. as s.c. infusions eight out of nine children aged less than 6 years with a total transfusion iron load of less than 10 g excreted sufficient iron to achieve iron balance. These results suggest that iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassaemics may be preventable by the use of an appropriate chelation regimen started early in life.", "contents": "Prevention of iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia. Urinary iron excretion after single intramuscular (i.m.) bolus injections or 12 h subcutaneous (s.c.) infusions of desferrioxamine (D.F.) was determined in sixteen homozygous beta-thalassaemia patients whose ages ranged from 10 months to 23 years. At all ages the s.c. infusions resulted in greater iron loss than identical i.m. doses. With doses of 0.5-1 g of D.F. as s.c. infusions eight out of nine children aged less than 6 years with a total transfusion iron load of less than 10 g excreted sufficient iron to achieve iron balance. These results suggest that iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassaemics may be preventable by the use of an appropriate chelation regimen started early in life.", "PMID": 77945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6836", "title": "Colonic function in patients with diverticular disease.", "content": "Diverticular disease is thought to be associated with prolonged intestinal transit-time, a reduced stool weight, and increased intracolonic pressure. Sixty patients with diverticular disease did not regularly show these features. Variation in colonic function was considerable in these patients and was similar to that in the general population from which the patients were recruited. Constipation may be a complication of diverticular disease and not necessarily part of its aetiology.", "contents": "Colonic function in patients with diverticular disease. Diverticular disease is thought to be associated with prolonged intestinal transit-time, a reduced stool weight, and increased intracolonic pressure. Sixty patients with diverticular disease did not regularly show these features. Variation in colonic function was considerable in these patients and was similar to that in the general population from which the patients were recruited. Constipation may be a complication of diverticular disease and not necessarily part of its aetiology.", "PMID": 77946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6837", "title": "Extensive prolongation of rabbit kidney allograft survival after short-term cyclosporin-A treatment.", "content": "The fungal metabolite cyclosporin A has been administered daily at 25 mg/kg to nephrectomised rabbit recipients of a single renal allograft. After only 4 weeks of daily administration, rejection was prevented for long periods without the need for other immunosuppressive therapy. Renal function has been excellent in all cases, rejection episodes have not been encountered except in a small percentage of animals, and the surviving recipients are still in excellent health 3-6 months after transplantation. The possiblity that clones of responding lymphocytes might be selectively killed by this agent was suggested from earlier experiments and prompted this study. If toxicity is not encountered in man cyclosporin A may prove valuable in preventing rejection of organ and bone-marrow allografts and might be useful in treating some leukaemias of lymphoid origin.", "contents": "Extensive prolongation of rabbit kidney allograft survival after short-term cyclosporin-A treatment. The fungal metabolite cyclosporin A has been administered daily at 25 mg/kg to nephrectomised rabbit recipients of a single renal allograft. After only 4 weeks of daily administration, rejection was prevented for long periods without the need for other immunosuppressive therapy. Renal function has been excellent in all cases, rejection episodes have not been encountered except in a small percentage of animals, and the surviving recipients are still in excellent health 3-6 months after transplantation. The possiblity that clones of responding lymphocytes might be selectively killed by this agent was suggested from earlier experiments and prompted this study. If toxicity is not encountered in man cyclosporin A may prove valuable in preventing rejection of organ and bone-marrow allografts and might be useful in treating some leukaemias of lymphoid origin.", "PMID": 77947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6838", "title": "Prolonged survival of pig orthotopic heart grafts treated with cyclosporin A.", "content": "Cyclosporin A was given to pigs receiving orthotopic cardiac allografts from donors mismatched at the major locus. Median survival in 20 control pigs was only 6 days; in 5 pigs given cyclosporin A at 15 mg/kg on 3 days median survival was 22 days; and when 6 animals were given 25 mg/kg intramuscularly for 2 days and then orally median survival is greater than 68 days, with 4 animals still alive.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of pig orthotopic heart grafts treated with cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A was given to pigs receiving orthotopic cardiac allografts from donors mismatched at the major locus. Median survival in 20 control pigs was only 6 days; in 5 pigs given cyclosporin A at 15 mg/kg on 3 days median survival was 22 days; and when 6 animals were given 25 mg/kg intramuscularly for 2 days and then orally median survival is greater than 68 days, with 4 animals still alive.", "PMID": 77948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6839", "title": "Scintigraphic detection of atherosclerotic lesions and venous thrombi in man by indium-111-labelled autologous platelets.", "content": "Accumulation of autologous platelets labelled with indium-111 at sites of atherosclerosis or venous thrombosis was demonstrated by scintigraphy in three patients. The lesions detected were bilateral ulcerated carotid-artery plaques, iliofemoral venous thrombosis, and renal-vein thrombosis. This technique shows promose as a non-invasive means of diagnosing focal atherosclerotic and thrombotic lesions.", "contents": "Scintigraphic detection of atherosclerotic lesions and venous thrombi in man by indium-111-labelled autologous platelets. Accumulation of autologous platelets labelled with indium-111 at sites of atherosclerosis or venous thrombosis was demonstrated by scintigraphy in three patients. The lesions detected were bilateral ulcerated carotid-artery plaques, iliofemoral venous thrombosis, and renal-vein thrombosis. This technique shows promose as a non-invasive means of diagnosing focal atherosclerotic and thrombotic lesions.", "PMID": 77949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6840", "title": "Prospective study of the treatment of septic shock.", "content": "A study of 113 patients with septic shock admitted to an intensive therapy unit (I.T.U.) during a 3-year period showed that a significant reduction in mortality was achieved after the introduction of a treatment programme which included early intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and aggressive surgery in addition to conventional management with fluids, oxygen, and antibiotics. Vasoactive drugs played an important but not essential role in therapy.", "contents": "Prospective study of the treatment of septic shock. A study of 113 patients with septic shock admitted to an intensive therapy unit (I.T.U.) during a 3-year period showed that a significant reduction in mortality was achieved after the introduction of a treatment programme which included early intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and aggressive surgery in addition to conventional management with fluids, oxygen, and antibiotics. Vasoactive drugs played an important but not essential role in therapy.", "PMID": 77955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6841", "title": "Reduced high-density lipoprotein in women aged 40-41 using oral contraceptives. Consultation Bureau Heart Project.", "content": "In a survey of risk factors for coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) in a Leiden population aged 40-41 years, mean serum-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-cholesterol was significantly higher in 447 women (47.94 mg/dl) than in 471 men (42.40 mg/dl). No association was found between serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol and systolic or diastolic blood-pressure, obesity, or electrocardiographic changes. Cigarette smoking with use of oral contraceptives were strongly associated with reduced serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol. The difference in mean serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations between women who were on oral contraceptives and those who were not was independent of the effect of smoking. The finding of a low mean serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration in pill users who smoke (i.e., similar to that in men of the same age; 43.0 mg/dl and 42.4 mg/dl in women and men, respectively) is disturbing since low serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol is a major C.H.D. risk factor and because of the reported increase in mortality from circulatory diseases in women using oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Reduced high-density lipoprotein in women aged 40-41 using oral contraceptives. Consultation Bureau Heart Project. In a survey of risk factors for coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) in a Leiden population aged 40-41 years, mean serum-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-cholesterol was significantly higher in 447 women (47.94 mg/dl) than in 471 men (42.40 mg/dl). No association was found between serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol and systolic or diastolic blood-pressure, obesity, or electrocardiographic changes. Cigarette smoking with use of oral contraceptives were strongly associated with reduced serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol. The difference in mean serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations between women who were on oral contraceptives and those who were not was independent of the effect of smoking. The finding of a low mean serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration in pill users who smoke (i.e., similar to that in men of the same age; 43.0 mg/dl and 42.4 mg/dl in women and men, respectively) is disturbing since low serum-H.D.L.-cholesterol is a major C.H.D. risk factor and because of the reported increase in mortality from circulatory diseases in women using oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 77991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6842", "title": "Very early abortion by prostaglandins.", "content": "309 women whose menstruation was delayed by 3-35 days were treated with intrauterine or vaginal prostaglandins. Of 275 confirmed pregnancies, 229 were successfully terminated without further abortifacient therapy. A successful outcome was often associated with episodes of vomiting, diarrhoea, and uterine cramps in the 24 hours after prostaglandin administration, but the incidence was related to prostaglandin dosage and gastrointestinal side-effects were more common after vaginal administration. The best results were achieved by the analogue 16:16 dimethyl P.G.E2 as a vaginal pessary. 14 patients (6.1%) required uterine curettage for escessive or prolonged bleeding, while 2 patients required blood transfusion. One patient, who had an intrauterine contraceptive device left in situ during treatment, developed acute pelvic sepsis. No deleterious side-effects occurred in 34 patients who were subsequently proven not to be pregnant at the time of treatment. Treatment by intrauterine or vaginal prostaglandins offers promise as a method of pregnancy termination which avoids much of the physical and emotional trauma associated with surgical termination, and has the advantage of not requiring hospital admission in the majority of cases. The present study shows the safety of the method, and its potential as a self-administration technique.", "contents": "Very early abortion by prostaglandins. 309 women whose menstruation was delayed by 3-35 days were treated with intrauterine or vaginal prostaglandins. Of 275 confirmed pregnancies, 229 were successfully terminated without further abortifacient therapy. A successful outcome was often associated with episodes of vomiting, diarrhoea, and uterine cramps in the 24 hours after prostaglandin administration, but the incidence was related to prostaglandin dosage and gastrointestinal side-effects were more common after vaginal administration. The best results were achieved by the analogue 16:16 dimethyl P.G.E2 as a vaginal pessary. 14 patients (6.1%) required uterine curettage for escessive or prolonged bleeding, while 2 patients required blood transfusion. One patient, who had an intrauterine contraceptive device left in situ during treatment, developed acute pelvic sepsis. No deleterious side-effects occurred in 34 patients who were subsequently proven not to be pregnant at the time of treatment. Treatment by intrauterine or vaginal prostaglandins offers promise as a method of pregnancy termination which avoids much of the physical and emotional trauma associated with surgical termination, and has the advantage of not requiring hospital admission in the majority of cases. The present study shows the safety of the method, and its potential as a self-administration technique.", "PMID": 77992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6843", "title": "Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Malnourished children have thymic atrophy which is reversed by zinc supplementation. To see if their defect in cell-mediated immunity was also associated with zinc deficiency ten children were skin-tested with Candida antigen on both arms. One test site was covered with local zinc sulphate and the other with placebo ointment. There was a highly significant increase in the typical delayed-hypersensitivity reaction at the site covered with zinc. The magnitude of the difference between the supplemented and unsupplemented arms correlated negatively with the plasma-zinc concentration. These data show that zinc deficiency is a cause of the immunoincompetence seen in malnutrition. The normal reactions of the zinc-supplemented side indicate that, of the many nutritional deficits of malnourished children, zinc deficiency specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune system. Local skin-testing with and without zinc may provide a measure of zinc status. Local application of zinc may enhance the reliability of tests to diagnose diseases such as tuberculosis in malnourished patients.", "contents": "Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition. Malnourished children have thymic atrophy which is reversed by zinc supplementation. To see if their defect in cell-mediated immunity was also associated with zinc deficiency ten children were skin-tested with Candida antigen on both arms. One test site was covered with local zinc sulphate and the other with placebo ointment. There was a highly significant increase in the typical delayed-hypersensitivity reaction at the site covered with zinc. The magnitude of the difference between the supplemented and unsupplemented arms correlated negatively with the plasma-zinc concentration. These data show that zinc deficiency is a cause of the immunoincompetence seen in malnutrition. The normal reactions of the zinc-supplemented side indicate that, of the many nutritional deficits of malnourished children, zinc deficiency specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune system. Local skin-testing with and without zinc may provide a measure of zinc status. Local application of zinc may enhance the reliability of tests to diagnose diseases such as tuberculosis in malnourished patients.", "PMID": 77993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6844", "title": "Enhancement of human kidney allografts by cold B-lymphocyte cytotoxins.", "content": "The sera of 233 kidney transplant patients before transplantation were tested by cytotoxicity against a panel of B and T lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The results divided the patients into four groups: those whose sera reacted with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C; those reacting with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C; those reacting with T lymphocytes at 37 degrees C; and those with no antibodies. The patients with pre-transplant antibodies reactive with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C had a significantly higher kidney-transplant survival rate at 6 months (70%) and 1 year (65%) than patients who had no antibodies (47% and 46%, respectively). Patients with antibodies reactive at 37 degrees C had a 6-month survival-rate of 38% when reactive against B cells and 43% when reactive against T lymphocytes. The cold cytotoxins were IgM.", "contents": "Enhancement of human kidney allografts by cold B-lymphocyte cytotoxins. The sera of 233 kidney transplant patients before transplantation were tested by cytotoxicity against a panel of B and T lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The results divided the patients into four groups: those whose sera reacted with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C; those reacting with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C; those reacting with T lymphocytes at 37 degrees C; and those with no antibodies. The patients with pre-transplant antibodies reactive with B lymphocytes at 5 degrees C had a significantly higher kidney-transplant survival rate at 6 months (70%) and 1 year (65%) than patients who had no antibodies (47% and 46%, respectively). Patients with antibodies reactive at 37 degrees C had a 6-month survival-rate of 38% when reactive against B cells and 43% when reactive against T lymphocytes. The cold cytotoxins were IgM.", "PMID": 77994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6845", "title": "Increased adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity in moderately obese men after weight reduction.", "content": "Most of the many metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity are corrected by weight reduction. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity per cell is increased in obesity. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase was significantly higher in seven previously obese men studied at a stable reduced weight than in a control population. In fact, enzyme activity was significantly higher than would have been predicted from the obese men's maximum weight. These results indicate that abnormalities in adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase may have a primary role in the development of obesity.", "contents": "Increased adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity in moderately obese men after weight reduction. Most of the many metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity are corrected by weight reduction. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity per cell is increased in obesity. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase was significantly higher in seven previously obese men studied at a stable reduced weight than in a control population. In fact, enzyme activity was significantly higher than would have been predicted from the obese men's maximum weight. These results indicate that abnormalities in adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase may have a primary role in the development of obesity.", "PMID": 77995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6846", "title": "Sucrose malabsorption in man after ingestion of alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor.", "content": "The effect of an alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-G.H.I.) on intestinal absorption of sucrose was assessed by measuring rises in blood-glucose and intestinal hydrogen production after ingestion of 100 g sucrose. 200 mg alpha-G.H.I. given with the sucrose completely inhibited early postprandial blood-glucose rises, prevented late postprandial dips in blood-glucose, and considerably increased breath-hydrogen levels, which indicates sucrose malabsorption. Thus the inhibitor can be used to study carbohydrate malabsorption and may be useful as a method for retarding carbohydrate absorption.", "contents": "Sucrose malabsorption in man after ingestion of alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor. The effect of an alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-G.H.I.) on intestinal absorption of sucrose was assessed by measuring rises in blood-glucose and intestinal hydrogen production after ingestion of 100 g sucrose. 200 mg alpha-G.H.I. given with the sucrose completely inhibited early postprandial blood-glucose rises, prevented late postprandial dips in blood-glucose, and considerably increased breath-hydrogen levels, which indicates sucrose malabsorption. Thus the inhibitor can be used to study carbohydrate malabsorption and may be useful as a method for retarding carbohydrate absorption.", "PMID": 77996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6847", "title": "Vasopressin in affective illness.", "content": "Animal studies have revealed two important aspects of vasopressin function which make this peptide a suitable candidate for involvement in complex behavioural syndromes: (1) vasopressin deficiency produces deficits of behaviour which are reversed by vasopressin; (2) well-developed systems exist for the distribution of vasopressin throughout the central nervous system (C.N.S.) via either peptidergic neurons or the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) and provide the means by which vasopressin may regulate cells controlling behavioural or physiological processes. Among the processes which vasopressin can influence are several of significance in the symptom-complex of affective illness, including alterations in memory, changes in pain sensitivity, synchronisation of biological rhythms, the timing and quality of R.E.M. sleep, and the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. In addition, vasopressin is functionally linked to monoamine neurotransmitter systems and, like them, is altered by pharmacological agents which affect mood. Some of the pharmacological and clinical data suggest that vasopressin function is diminished in depression and augmented in mania; sometimes, however, alterations in vasopressin function may be detectable only during crucial periods of the manic-depressive cycle. The hypothesis that vasopressin plays a role in disorders of human behaviour, particularly manic-depressive illness, can now be directly tested by radioimmunoassays of vasopressin in C.S.F. and plasma and by the administration of specific vasopressin analogues and inhibitors.", "contents": "Vasopressin in affective illness. Animal studies have revealed two important aspects of vasopressin function which make this peptide a suitable candidate for involvement in complex behavioural syndromes: (1) vasopressin deficiency produces deficits of behaviour which are reversed by vasopressin; (2) well-developed systems exist for the distribution of vasopressin throughout the central nervous system (C.N.S.) via either peptidergic neurons or the cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) and provide the means by which vasopressin may regulate cells controlling behavioural or physiological processes. Among the processes which vasopressin can influence are several of significance in the symptom-complex of affective illness, including alterations in memory, changes in pain sensitivity, synchronisation of biological rhythms, the timing and quality of R.E.M. sleep, and the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. In addition, vasopressin is functionally linked to monoamine neurotransmitter systems and, like them, is altered by pharmacological agents which affect mood. Some of the pharmacological and clinical data suggest that vasopressin function is diminished in depression and augmented in mania; sometimes, however, alterations in vasopressin function may be detectable only during crucial periods of the manic-depressive cycle. The hypothesis that vasopressin plays a role in disorders of human behaviour, particularly manic-depressive illness, can now be directly tested by radioimmunoassays of vasopressin in C.S.F. and plasma and by the administration of specific vasopressin analogues and inhibitors.", "PMID": 77997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6848", "title": "Increases in laryngeal cancer in Britain and Australia in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption trends.", "content": "The incidence of laryngeal and oesophageal cancers has recently risen in Britain and Australia, particularly in younger people, after many decades of steady decline. In view of accruing evidence that head-and-neck cancers are causally related to alcohol and tobacco consumption, particularly in combination, it seems that the upsurge in consumption of alcohol and cigarettes after the 1939-45 war is now reflected in the increases in these two cancers, particularly in young women. The time-trends in sex-specific mortality from cancers of the larynx and oesophagus throughout this century, in both Britain and Australia, show strong correlations with alcohol consumption. By reference to inter-country differences in consumption trends, to differences in consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, to sex differences in cigarette consumption, to trends in types of alcoholic drink consumed, and to the mortality experienced of successive generations, the evidence that alcohol is causally related to laryngeal cancer is strengthened.", "contents": "Increases in laryngeal cancer in Britain and Australia in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption trends. The incidence of laryngeal and oesophageal cancers has recently risen in Britain and Australia, particularly in younger people, after many decades of steady decline. In view of accruing evidence that head-and-neck cancers are causally related to alcohol and tobacco consumption, particularly in combination, it seems that the upsurge in consumption of alcohol and cigarettes after the 1939-45 war is now reflected in the increases in these two cancers, particularly in young women. The time-trends in sex-specific mortality from cancers of the larynx and oesophagus throughout this century, in both Britain and Australia, show strong correlations with alcohol consumption. By reference to inter-country differences in consumption trends, to differences in consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, to sex differences in cigarette consumption, to trends in types of alcoholic drink consumed, and to the mortality experienced of successive generations, the evidence that alcohol is causally related to laryngeal cancer is strengthened.", "PMID": 78006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6849", "title": "Weight-for-age as an index of risk of death in children.", "content": "Between April, 1968, and May, 1973, the Department of International Health of Johns Hopkins University studied the effects of the interaction of nutrition and infection in fourteen villages of Punjab, North India. Serial anthropometric measurements (used as index of nutritional status) and vital statistics of almost 3000 children aged 1-36 months showed that, on average, child mortality doubled with each 10% decline below 80% of the Harvard weight median. The relation between season and mortality showed that mortality-rates were highest just before and during the main (wheat) harvest, reflecting the effects of food scarcity, relative child neglect, and climate on child deaths among those already underweight.", "contents": "Weight-for-age as an index of risk of death in children. Between April, 1968, and May, 1973, the Department of International Health of Johns Hopkins University studied the effects of the interaction of nutrition and infection in fourteen villages of Punjab, North India. Serial anthropometric measurements (used as index of nutritional status) and vital statistics of almost 3000 children aged 1-36 months showed that, on average, child mortality doubled with each 10% decline below 80% of the Harvard weight median. The relation between season and mortality showed that mortality-rates were highest just before and during the main (wheat) harvest, reflecting the effects of food scarcity, relative child neglect, and climate on child deaths among those already underweight.", "PMID": 78007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6850", "title": "Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "The spontaneous production of botulinum toxin in the infant gut by ingested Clostridium botulinum organisms is the underlying cause of infant botulism, recognised as an infectious disease only in late 1976. Because of the recognition of the pathophysiology of this disease and because the known potency and action of botulinum toxin can lead to rapid respiratory arrest, it appeared possible that the in-vivo production of botulinum toxin could cause the sudden death of some infants. To test this hypothesis, serum, selected tissues, and bowel contents from 280 dead infants were examined for the presence of C. botulinum toxin and/or organsisms. We found C. botulinum organisms in 10 infants, all of whom died suddenly and unexpectedly. 9 of these deaths were classified by the forensic pathologist as sudden infant death syndrome (S.I.D.S. or crib death). In 2 of these 10 sudden deaths both C. botulinum organisms and botulinum toxin were identified, and from the spleen of 1, C. botulinum organisms were isolated. Faecal specimens from 160 age-matched healthy infants who served as controls in studies of inpatient infant botulism cases were negative for both C. botulinum organisms and toxin, except for one specimen that contained only C. botulinum type A organisms. The 9 S.I.D.S. cases with evidence of C. botulinum infection comprised 4.3% of the 211 S.I.D.S. cases examined over 12 months. These findings suggest that intestinal production of botulinum toxin by C. botulinum is one cause of S.I.D.S. The strikingly similar age-distribution of 62 inpatient infant botulism cases and the 211 S.I.D.S. cases is also consistent with this concept. The possibility that in-vivo production of botulinum toxin may account for a larger proportion of S.I.D.S. cases is discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal infection and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. The spontaneous production of botulinum toxin in the infant gut by ingested Clostridium botulinum organisms is the underlying cause of infant botulism, recognised as an infectious disease only in late 1976. Because of the recognition of the pathophysiology of this disease and because the known potency and action of botulinum toxin can lead to rapid respiratory arrest, it appeared possible that the in-vivo production of botulinum toxin could cause the sudden death of some infants. To test this hypothesis, serum, selected tissues, and bowel contents from 280 dead infants were examined for the presence of C. botulinum toxin and/or organsisms. We found C. botulinum organisms in 10 infants, all of whom died suddenly and unexpectedly. 9 of these deaths were classified by the forensic pathologist as sudden infant death syndrome (S.I.D.S. or crib death). In 2 of these 10 sudden deaths both C. botulinum organisms and botulinum toxin were identified, and from the spleen of 1, C. botulinum organisms were isolated. Faecal specimens from 160 age-matched healthy infants who served as controls in studies of inpatient infant botulism cases were negative for both C. botulinum organisms and toxin, except for one specimen that contained only C. botulinum type A organisms. The 9 S.I.D.S. cases with evidence of C. botulinum infection comprised 4.3% of the 211 S.I.D.S. cases examined over 12 months. These findings suggest that intestinal production of botulinum toxin by C. botulinum is one cause of S.I.D.S. The strikingly similar age-distribution of 62 inpatient infant botulism cases and the 211 S.I.D.S. cases is also consistent with this concept. The possibility that in-vivo production of botulinum toxin may account for a larger proportion of S.I.D.S. cases is discussed.", "PMID": 78045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6851", "title": "Infant botulism in England.", "content": "A 24-week-old girl presented with an acute illness characterised by constipation at 22 weeks, followed a week later by the sudden onset of generalised weakness, poor feeding, and a weak cry. Laboratory examination of her stools confirmed the clinical diagnosis of infant botulism.", "contents": "Infant botulism in England. A 24-week-old girl presented with an acute illness characterised by constipation at 22 weeks, followed a week later by the sudden onset of generalised weakness, poor feeding, and a weak cry. Laboratory examination of her stools confirmed the clinical diagnosis of infant botulism.", "PMID": 78046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6852", "title": "Matching for HLA antigens of A, B, and DR loci in renal transplantation by Eurotransplant.", "content": "79 patients and their respective cadaveric kidney donors were typed for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR antigens using frozen stored spleen lymphocytes and fresh peripheral-blood lymphocytes. The kidney-graft survival-rate at 3 to 18 months was highest when donor and recipient shared one or two DR antigens and three or four A and B antigens. The graft-survival rate was significantly higher (87 +/- 6%) at 18 months in these patients than in less well matched patients (48 +/- 9%).", "contents": "Matching for HLA antigens of A, B, and DR loci in renal transplantation by Eurotransplant. 79 patients and their respective cadaveric kidney donors were typed for HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR antigens using frozen stored spleen lymphocytes and fresh peripheral-blood lymphocytes. The kidney-graft survival-rate at 3 to 18 months was highest when donor and recipient shared one or two DR antigens and three or four A and B antigens. The graft-survival rate was significantly higher (87 +/- 6%) at 18 months in these patients than in less well matched patients (48 +/- 9%).", "PMID": 78047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6853", "title": "Big renin in plasma of healthy subjects on high sodium intake.", "content": "Normal human plasma contains not only active renin but also an inactive form of renin which, after exposure to low pH, can generate angiotensin I from renin substrate. When healthy volunteers were given first a diet containing 400 mmol sodium and then a diet containing 10 mmol sodium for 4 days the changes in salt intake stimulated large changes in active plasma-renin and smaller changes in inactive renin. Inactive renin comprises a larger fraction of total renin in plasma of salt-loaded healthy subjects than salt depleted subjects. When plasma of healthy men on a high-salt diet was applied to a column of 'Sephadex G-100', renin eluted in two peaks, corresponding to big renin (60 000 daltons) and normal renin of lower molecular weight (40 000 daltons). Active and inactive forms of renin were present in both peaks. Plasma from salt depleted healthy subjects showed a large single peak of renin activity with a maximum at 40 000 daltons. These studies demonstrate that both big and small renin can exist as inactive or active enzyme. Big renin, previously found in certain diseases and in pregnancy, is also present in normal human plasma. These observations suggest a possible physiological role for big renin.", "contents": "Big renin in plasma of healthy subjects on high sodium intake. Normal human plasma contains not only active renin but also an inactive form of renin which, after exposure to low pH, can generate angiotensin I from renin substrate. When healthy volunteers were given first a diet containing 400 mmol sodium and then a diet containing 10 mmol sodium for 4 days the changes in salt intake stimulated large changes in active plasma-renin and smaller changes in inactive renin. Inactive renin comprises a larger fraction of total renin in plasma of salt-loaded healthy subjects than salt depleted subjects. When plasma of healthy men on a high-salt diet was applied to a column of 'Sephadex G-100', renin eluted in two peaks, corresponding to big renin (60 000 daltons) and normal renin of lower molecular weight (40 000 daltons). Active and inactive forms of renin were present in both peaks. Plasma from salt depleted healthy subjects showed a large single peak of renin activity with a maximum at 40 000 daltons. These studies demonstrate that both big and small renin can exist as inactive or active enzyme. Big renin, previously found in certain diseases and in pregnancy, is also present in normal human plasma. These observations suggest a possible physiological role for big renin.", "PMID": 78048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6854", "title": "Familial glucocorticoid deficiency with achalasia of the cardia and deficient tear production.", "content": "Isolated glucocorticoid failure associated with achalasia of the cardia is described in two pairs of siblings in separate families. Defective tear production is also present in three of the patients, and one shows other signs of autonomic dysfunction. Two other families with adrenal insufficiency and achalasia are known. This unusual association probably represents a familial disorder of as yet unknown aetiology.", "contents": "Familial glucocorticoid deficiency with achalasia of the cardia and deficient tear production. Isolated glucocorticoid failure associated with achalasia of the cardia is described in two pairs of siblings in separate families. Defective tear production is also present in three of the patients, and one shows other signs of autonomic dysfunction. Two other families with adrenal insufficiency and achalasia are known. This unusual association probably represents a familial disorder of as yet unknown aetiology.", "PMID": 78049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6855", "title": "Dipyridamole and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors act as antithrombotic agents by potentiating endogenous prostacyclin.", "content": "The antithrombotic effect of dipyridamole is through phosphodiesterase inhibition and depends on stimulation of platelet cyclic A.M.P. by circulating prostacyclin in the bloodstream. Low doses of aspirin selectively inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase and potentiate the antithrombotic effects of dipyridamole and theophylline. High doses of aspirin also prevent prostacyclin formation, thereby abolishing the effects of dipyridamole. Thus, the antithrombotic effectiveness of the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole depends critically on the doses used.", "contents": "Dipyridamole and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors act as antithrombotic agents by potentiating endogenous prostacyclin. The antithrombotic effect of dipyridamole is through phosphodiesterase inhibition and depends on stimulation of platelet cyclic A.M.P. by circulating prostacyclin in the bloodstream. Low doses of aspirin selectively inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase and potentiate the antithrombotic effects of dipyridamole and theophylline. High doses of aspirin also prevent prostacyclin formation, thereby abolishing the effects of dipyridamole. Thus, the antithrombotic effectiveness of the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole depends critically on the doses used.", "PMID": 78050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6856", "title": "Immunoproliferation and cancer: a common macrophage-derived promoter substance.", "content": "It is suggested that a common proliferative factor is required for the growth of clones of both antigen-triggered B lymphocytes and carcinogen-triggered epithelial cells, and that the common growth-promoting substance is secreted by macrophages which have originally differentiated in support of the immune response. This macrophage-derived factor seems to be antigenically distinct from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Identification of the macrophage-derived clonal proliferative factor could provide new understanding of the proliferation of clones of immunocytes and neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Immunoproliferation and cancer: a common macrophage-derived promoter substance. It is suggested that a common proliferative factor is required for the growth of clones of both antigen-triggered B lymphocytes and carcinogen-triggered epithelial cells, and that the common growth-promoting substance is secreted by macrophages which have originally differentiated in support of the immune response. This macrophage-derived factor seems to be antigenically distinct from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Identification of the macrophage-derived clonal proliferative factor could provide new understanding of the proliferation of clones of immunocytes and neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 78051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6857", "title": "Heart-rates of surgeons during operations and other clinical activities and their modification by oxprenolol.", "content": "The heart-rates of surgeons were recorded by ambulatory monitoring methods while they operated and while they conducted surgical outpatient clinics. Heart-rates during operations were also monitored 1 hour after the surgeons had taken an oral dose of 40 mg oxprenolol. During operations the mean heart-rate of 8 surgeons was 121/min with maximum rates in some cases of over 150/min. The tachycardia was abolished by 40 mg of oxprenolol which reduced heart-rates during operations to below those recorded during surgical outpatient clinics. Physical work necessary to reproduce the mean heart-rate whilst operating could not be sustained for more than 10--15 min.", "contents": "Heart-rates of surgeons during operations and other clinical activities and their modification by oxprenolol. The heart-rates of surgeons were recorded by ambulatory monitoring methods while they operated and while they conducted surgical outpatient clinics. Heart-rates during operations were also monitored 1 hour after the surgeons had taken an oral dose of 40 mg oxprenolol. During operations the mean heart-rate of 8 surgeons was 121/min with maximum rates in some cases of over 150/min. The tachycardia was abolished by 40 mg of oxprenolol which reduced heart-rates during operations to below those recorded during surgical outpatient clinics. Physical work necessary to reproduce the mean heart-rate whilst operating could not be sustained for more than 10--15 min.", "PMID": 78094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6858", "title": "Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment.", "content": "Forty-three oophorectomised patients were reviewed 8 years after their initial attendance at a research clinic investigating the aetiology and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fifteen patients who had been treated with an oestrogen did not lose a significant amount of bone during the 8 years of therapy. Patients in the placebo-treated control group initially had bone loss of 2.6% per annum, which later fell to an average of 0.75% per annum. Fourteen patients who had been treated with oestrogen for the first 4 years lost no bone, but on withdrawal of oestrogen their bone mineral content fell over the next 4 years at an average rate of 2.5% per annum. 8 years after their initial attendance there was no significant difference between this group and patients who had received placebo for the full 8 years. The result of this study indicates that long-term prevention of bone loss by oestrogens has important medical, social, economic implications.", "contents": "Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment. Forty-three oophorectomised patients were reviewed 8 years after their initial attendance at a research clinic investigating the aetiology and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fifteen patients who had been treated with an oestrogen did not lose a significant amount of bone during the 8 years of therapy. Patients in the placebo-treated control group initially had bone loss of 2.6% per annum, which later fell to an average of 0.75% per annum. Fourteen patients who had been treated with oestrogen for the first 4 years lost no bone, but on withdrawal of oestrogen their bone mineral content fell over the next 4 years at an average rate of 2.5% per annum. 8 years after their initial attendance there was no significant difference between this group and patients who had received placebo for the full 8 years. The result of this study indicates that long-term prevention of bone loss by oestrogens has important medical, social, economic implications.", "PMID": 78095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6859", "title": "Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria.", "content": "Children with acute malaria were vaccinated with Salmonella typhi and meningococcal vaccines at varying times after the onset of their illness. The immune response to both vaccines was depressed when they were given on the day of presentation at hospital. Immune responsiveness to S. typhi vaccine was rapidly regained after treatment, but a month after the attack the immune response to meningococcal vaccine was still impaired.", "contents": "Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria. Children with acute malaria were vaccinated with Salmonella typhi and meningococcal vaccines at varying times after the onset of their illness. The immune response to both vaccines was depressed when they were given on the day of presentation at hospital. Immune responsiveness to S. typhi vaccine was rapidly regained after treatment, but a month after the attack the immune response to meningococcal vaccine was still impaired.", "PMID": 78096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6860", "title": "Avoidance of anencephalic and spina bifida births by maternal serum-alphafetoprotein screening.", "content": "Screening of 11 585 pregnant women between 16 and 20 completed weeks' gestation for raised serum-alphafetoprotein (A.F.P.) levels showed that the birth of 81.4% of babies with open neural-tube defects could be avoided. The screening test was sensitive enough to detect 93% of those affected and serum-A.F.P. levels above the point at which intervention shouldbe considered were found in 1.7% of pregnancies. After 75.2% of false-positives had been excluded by ultrasonography or by a repeat of the serum test, only 0.63% of pregnancies proceeded to amniocentesis, 46.6% of amniocenteses showed raised amniotic A.F.P. levels due to fetal abnormality. Fetal loss by abortion or perinatal death after amniocentesis occurred in 0.034% of pregnancies screeded, 75% being associated with threatened abortion before amniocentesis. There were no terminations of normal pregnancies due to false-positive amniotic A.F.P. results. It is concluded that voluntary maternal serum-A.F.P. screening has a valuable role in antenatal care.", "contents": "Avoidance of anencephalic and spina bifida births by maternal serum-alphafetoprotein screening. Screening of 11 585 pregnant women between 16 and 20 completed weeks' gestation for raised serum-alphafetoprotein (A.F.P.) levels showed that the birth of 81.4% of babies with open neural-tube defects could be avoided. The screening test was sensitive enough to detect 93% of those affected and serum-A.F.P. levels above the point at which intervention shouldbe considered were found in 1.7% of pregnancies. After 75.2% of false-positives had been excluded by ultrasonography or by a repeat of the serum test, only 0.63% of pregnancies proceeded to amniocentesis, 46.6% of amniocenteses showed raised amniotic A.F.P. levels due to fetal abnormality. Fetal loss by abortion or perinatal death after amniocentesis occurred in 0.034% of pregnancies screeded, 75% being associated with threatened abortion before amniocentesis. There were no terminations of normal pregnancies due to false-positive amniotic A.F.P. results. It is concluded that voluntary maternal serum-A.F.P. screening has a valuable role in antenatal care.", "PMID": 78097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6861", "title": "Synthesis of procoagulant antihaemophilic factor in vitro.", "content": "The cells which produce the procoagulant part of antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII-C) in normal people have remained unknown. Normal blood leucocytes cultured in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin synthesised a procoagulant with the properties of factor VIII-C. The procoagulant was inhibited by human VIII-C inhibitor and itself absorbed human VIII-C inhibitor--properties which are regarded as specific for factor VIII-C. Unexpectedly, cultured leucocytes from haemophiliacs also synthesised the procoagulant in similar amounts. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are briefly considered.", "contents": "Synthesis of procoagulant antihaemophilic factor in vitro. The cells which produce the procoagulant part of antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII-C) in normal people have remained unknown. Normal blood leucocytes cultured in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin synthesised a procoagulant with the properties of factor VIII-C. The procoagulant was inhibited by human VIII-C inhibitor and itself absorbed human VIII-C inhibitor--properties which are regarded as specific for factor VIII-C. Unexpectedly, cultured leucocytes from haemophiliacs also synthesised the procoagulant in similar amounts. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are briefly considered.", "PMID": 78098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6862", "title": "Changes in blood coagulation during total hip replacement.", "content": "In seventeen patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip undergoing total hip replacement clotting factors II, V, and VIII were measured in blood taken from the operated limb and the general systemic circulation during surgery. Concentrations of these clotting factors were consistently significantly higher in the operated limb than in the rest of the circulation. This result indicates that measures to reduce venostasis in the operated leg during surgery may help to prevent deep-vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Changes in blood coagulation during total hip replacement. In seventeen patients with osteoarthrosis of the hip undergoing total hip replacement clotting factors II, V, and VIII were measured in blood taken from the operated limb and the general systemic circulation during surgery. Concentrations of these clotting factors were consistently significantly higher in the operated limb than in the rest of the circulation. This result indicates that measures to reduce venostasis in the operated leg during surgery may help to prevent deep-vein thrombosis.", "PMID": 78099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6863", "title": "Orcein-positive liver deposits in Indian childhood cirrhosis.", "content": "A striking, previously unreported pattern of orcein-positive deposits attributed to excess copper-binding protein was found in liver-biopsy specimens from twelve cases of Indian childhood cirrhosis. A comparable picture was found only in biopsy specimens from patients with Wilson's disease. Deposits seen in about 20% of the two hundred and seventy-nine cases in various control groups, which were associated with prolonged cholestasis, were slight in comparison. This finding could have important therapeutic and pathogenic implications.", "contents": "Orcein-positive liver deposits in Indian childhood cirrhosis. A striking, previously unreported pattern of orcein-positive deposits attributed to excess copper-binding protein was found in liver-biopsy specimens from twelve cases of Indian childhood cirrhosis. A comparable picture was found only in biopsy specimens from patients with Wilson's disease. Deposits seen in about 20% of the two hundred and seventy-nine cases in various control groups, which were associated with prolonged cholestasis, were slight in comparison. This finding could have important therapeutic and pathogenic implications.", "PMID": 78100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6864", "title": "Nocturnal ulcer pain associated with slow-wave sleep.", "content": "It is suggested that the early-morning growth-hormone release associated with slow-wave sleep is due to inhibition of somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus. It is also associated with inhibition of gastrointestinal somatostatin, causing a release of gastrin and insulin. Because the levels of glucocorticoid hormones are concurrently low, the insulin effect is unopposed and increases gut motility through augmented vagal tone. This results in an increased delivery of acid to the duodenum. In duodenal-ulcer patients, whose duodenal buffering capacity is reduced because of a relative deficiency of secretin response, this leads to pain.", "contents": "Nocturnal ulcer pain associated with slow-wave sleep. It is suggested that the early-morning growth-hormone release associated with slow-wave sleep is due to inhibition of somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus. It is also associated with inhibition of gastrointestinal somatostatin, causing a release of gastrin and insulin. Because the levels of glucocorticoid hormones are concurrently low, the insulin effect is unopposed and increases gut motility through augmented vagal tone. This results in an increased delivery of acid to the duodenum. In duodenal-ulcer patients, whose duodenal buffering capacity is reduced because of a relative deficiency of secretin response, this leads to pain.", "PMID": 78101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6865", "title": "Reinterpretation of the haematological effects of anticonvulsant treatment.", "content": "Blood-counts and folate assays were performed on samples from 102 adults at a residential institution for severe mental impairment. 96 of these patients were receiving anticonvulsant therapy and 6 were not. Only 1 subject had a macrocytic blood-picture, and 5 subjects had hypochromic anaemia. No features of incipient metaloblastic haemopoiesis were identified in the remaining samples. However, serum-folate measured by two assay methods was subnormal in 83% of the samples; red-cell folate was subnormal in 40%. It is concluded that the development of macrocytic anaemia in subjects on long-term anticonvulsants therapy is probably not related to the biochemical process which causes their low assayable folate but reflects inadequate nutrition.", "contents": "Reinterpretation of the haematological effects of anticonvulsant treatment. Blood-counts and folate assays were performed on samples from 102 adults at a residential institution for severe mental impairment. 96 of these patients were receiving anticonvulsant therapy and 6 were not. Only 1 subject had a macrocytic blood-picture, and 5 subjects had hypochromic anaemia. No features of incipient metaloblastic haemopoiesis were identified in the remaining samples. However, serum-folate measured by two assay methods was subnormal in 83% of the samples; red-cell folate was subnormal in 40%. It is concluded that the development of macrocytic anaemia in subjects on long-term anticonvulsants therapy is probably not related to the biochemical process which causes their low assayable folate but reflects inadequate nutrition.", "PMID": 78108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6866", "title": "Colonscopy for investigation of unexplained rectal bleeding.", "content": "215 colonsocopic examinations were performed on patients with rectal bleeding whose cause had not been determined by barium enema. The probable or definite source of the bleeding was diagnosed in 41% of cases. 13% had a carcinoma, 14% had one or more colonic polyps, 7% had previously unrecognised inflammatory bowel disease. The remainder had various other colonic conditions. The source of bleeding was twice as likely to be found by colonoscopy in patients presenting with frank rectal blood-loss as in those with occult blood. A carcinoma was found twice as often in those patients with diverticular disease as in those without this condition. A lesion was discovered in the majority of patients who had had two or more negative barium enemas. These results emphasise the importance of rectal bleeding as a symptom of colonic abnormality and the value of colonscopy in its investigation in patients where the results of radiology are negative.", "contents": "Colonscopy for investigation of unexplained rectal bleeding. 215 colonsocopic examinations were performed on patients with rectal bleeding whose cause had not been determined by barium enema. The probable or definite source of the bleeding was diagnosed in 41% of cases. 13% had a carcinoma, 14% had one or more colonic polyps, 7% had previously unrecognised inflammatory bowel disease. The remainder had various other colonic conditions. The source of bleeding was twice as likely to be found by colonoscopy in patients presenting with frank rectal blood-loss as in those with occult blood. A carcinoma was found twice as often in those patients with diverticular disease as in those without this condition. A lesion was discovered in the majority of patients who had had two or more negative barium enemas. These results emphasise the importance of rectal bleeding as a symptom of colonic abnormality and the value of colonscopy in its investigation in patients where the results of radiology are negative.", "PMID": 78109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6867", "title": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer by metiamide. A multicentre trial.", "content": "In a multicentre double-blind trial 68 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulceration received metiamide (36 patients) or placebo (32 patients) for four weeks. Healing of duodenal ulcers was significantly increased in patients receiving metiamide (67%) compared with those on placebo (25%). There was also an assoicated significant decrease in daytime pain and antacid consumption in those on metiamide.", "contents": "Treatment of duodenal ulcer by metiamide. A multicentre trial. In a multicentre double-blind trial 68 patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulceration received metiamide (36 patients) or placebo (32 patients) for four weeks. Healing of duodenal ulcers was significantly increased in patients receiving metiamide (67%) compared with those on placebo (25%). There was also an assoicated significant decrease in daytime pain and antacid consumption in those on metiamide.", "PMID": 78150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6868", "title": "Occurrence of other endocrine tumours in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "In a review of a hundred and nineteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism an unexpectedly high number (17.5%) were found to have evidence of associated endocrine disease and were deemed to have multiple endocrine adenomatosis (M.E.A.). The clinical pattern of hypercalcaemia in no way distinguished these patients from other hyperparathyroid patients. M.E.A. was most commonly found in patients with several diseased parathyroid glands.", "contents": "Occurrence of other endocrine tumours in primary hyperparathyroidism. In a review of a hundred and nineteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism an unexpectedly high number (17.5%) were found to have evidence of associated endocrine disease and were deemed to have multiple endocrine adenomatosis (M.E.A.). The clinical pattern of hypercalcaemia in no way distinguished these patients from other hyperparathyroid patients. M.E.A. was most commonly found in patients with several diseased parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 78151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6869", "title": "Saralasin bolus test. Rapid screening procedure for renin-mediated hypertension.", "content": "The angiotensin-blocking agent, saralasin, was given by rapid intravenous (bolus) injection to 21 hypertensive patients. A marked depressor response (average blood-pressure decrease of 30 mm Hg systolic and 20 mm Hg diastolic at 10 minutes after injection) was noted in 13 patients, of whom 11 had renovascular hypertension and 2 had high-renin essential hypertension. No change from prebolus blood-pressure was apparent at 10 minutes in 8 control patients with essential hypertension and normal or low peripheral plasma-renin activity. In all patients, blood-pressure response to saralasin bolus (10 mg) correlated with blood-pressure response to subsequent infusion of saralasin (10 microgram/kg/min). Blood-pressure response to rapid intravenous injection of saralasin--the \"saralasin bolus test\"--has many characteristics of an ideal screening procedure for renin-mediated hypertension.", "contents": "Saralasin bolus test. Rapid screening procedure for renin-mediated hypertension. The angiotensin-blocking agent, saralasin, was given by rapid intravenous (bolus) injection to 21 hypertensive patients. A marked depressor response (average blood-pressure decrease of 30 mm Hg systolic and 20 mm Hg diastolic at 10 minutes after injection) was noted in 13 patients, of whom 11 had renovascular hypertension and 2 had high-renin essential hypertension. No change from prebolus blood-pressure was apparent at 10 minutes in 8 control patients with essential hypertension and normal or low peripheral plasma-renin activity. In all patients, blood-pressure response to saralasin bolus (10 mg) correlated with blood-pressure response to subsequent infusion of saralasin (10 microgram/kg/min). Blood-pressure response to rapid intravenous injection of saralasin--the \"saralasin bolus test\"--has many characteristics of an ideal screening procedure for renin-mediated hypertension.", "PMID": 78152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6870", "title": "Automation of Salmonella typhi phage typing.", "content": "Two steps in the procedure for bacteriophage typing of Salmonella typhi have been automated. The culture inoculum was applied by flooding the surface of phage agar in a 150x20 mm petri dish and removing the excess liquid with a safety pipettor. This step replaced the older method of manually preparing up to 100 individual areas for inoculation. The number of bacteria per unit area was the same with both methods, so the automated method involved no change in the technique. The second automated step involved use of a bacteriophage applicator which simultaneously dispensed 59 uniform drops of bacteriophages onto the inoculated plate. The automated procedure has reduced personnel time by about 90% with no less in sensitivity or accuracy.", "contents": "Automation of Salmonella typhi phage typing. Two steps in the procedure for bacteriophage typing of Salmonella typhi have been automated. The culture inoculum was applied by flooding the surface of phage agar in a 150x20 mm petri dish and removing the excess liquid with a safety pipettor. This step replaced the older method of manually preparing up to 100 individual areas for inoculation. The number of bacteria per unit area was the same with both methods, so the automated method involved no change in the technique. The second automated step involved use of a bacteriophage applicator which simultaneously dispensed 59 uniform drops of bacteriophages onto the inoculated plate. The automated procedure has reduced personnel time by about 90% with no less in sensitivity or accuracy.", "PMID": 78153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6871", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "In two pregnancies at risk for homozygous beta+ and beta0 thalassaemia, fetal blood mixed with maternal blood was obtained by placental aspiration and was purified to over 90% purity by differential agglutination with anti-i antibodies. Study of globulin-chain synthesis showed absence of beta-globulin chain in both fetuses. The diagnosis of homozygous beta-thalassaemia was made and was confirmed after the pregnancies were terminated. Thus, the defect in beta-globulin-chain synthesis in homozygous beta-thalassaemia is expressed in utero, and prenatal diagnosis is possible.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous beta-thalassaemia. In two pregnancies at risk for homozygous beta+ and beta0 thalassaemia, fetal blood mixed with maternal blood was obtained by placental aspiration and was purified to over 90% purity by differential agglutination with anti-i antibodies. Study of globulin-chain synthesis showed absence of beta-globulin chain in both fetuses. The diagnosis of homozygous beta-thalassaemia was made and was confirmed after the pregnancies were terminated. Thus, the defect in beta-globulin-chain synthesis in homozygous beta-thalassaemia is expressed in utero, and prenatal diagnosis is possible.", "PMID": 78154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6872", "title": "Probenecid and rifampicin serum levels.", "content": "Serum-levels of rifampicin were investigated in patients receiving rifampicin alone or with other antituberculosis drugs. 2 g of probenecid given 30 min before 300 mg of rifampicin did not result in raising serum levels to more than half those achieved with the standard 600 mg dose of rifampicin. Hence probenecid should not be used to reduce rifampicin dosage in antituberculosis therapy.", "contents": "Probenecid and rifampicin serum levels. Serum-levels of rifampicin were investigated in patients receiving rifampicin alone or with other antituberculosis drugs. 2 g of probenecid given 30 min before 300 mg of rifampicin did not result in raising serum levels to more than half those achieved with the standard 600 mg dose of rifampicin. Hence probenecid should not be used to reduce rifampicin dosage in antituberculosis therapy.", "PMID": 78155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6873", "title": "Down syndrome and thyroid function in adults.", "content": "Thyroid function has been studied in 11 middle-aged and elderly subjects with proven Down syndrome. Unequivaocal biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism was found in 6, and of thyrotoxicosis in 1. It is concluded that, in contrast to the situation in children with Down syndrome, thyroid dysfunction is exceedingly common in adults with the syndrome.", "contents": "Down syndrome and thyroid function in adults. Thyroid function has been studied in 11 middle-aged and elderly subjects with proven Down syndrome. Unequivaocal biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism was found in 6, and of thyrotoxicosis in 1. It is concluded that, in contrast to the situation in children with Down syndrome, thyroid dysfunction is exceedingly common in adults with the syndrome.", "PMID": 78156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6874", "title": "Increase of contractile proteins in human cancer cells.", "content": "Human cells from skin and mammary-gland carcinomas show strong immunofluorescent staining with specific antibodies against smooth-muscle actin, myosin heavy meromyosin and light meromyosin, and contain numerous microfilaments as seen by electron microscopy. This increase in the amount of contractile proteins distinguishes cancer cells from the cells of normal tissues.", "contents": "Increase of contractile proteins in human cancer cells. Human cells from skin and mammary-gland carcinomas show strong immunofluorescent staining with specific antibodies against smooth-muscle actin, myosin heavy meromyosin and light meromyosin, and contain numerous microfilaments as seen by electron microscopy. This increase in the amount of contractile proteins distinguishes cancer cells from the cells of normal tissues.", "PMID": 78157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6875", "title": "Polyamines as predictors of success and failure in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Polyamines appear to have clinical utility for monitoring cancer therapy. Investigations on the patterns of urinary excretion of polyamines in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy and studies of the tritiated-thymidine labelling index of tumour cells in a subgroup of these patients form the basis for a hypothesis that spermidine can serve as a marker of tumour-cell kill, whereas putrescine appears to reflect the proliferative behaviour or \"growth fraction\" of the tumour. Although tests of this hypothesis are necessary to establish the predictive value of polyamines for monitoring cancer therapy, it is clear that polyamines may provide important new information on tumour cytokinetic parameters.", "contents": "Polyamines as predictors of success and failure in cancer chemotherapy. Polyamines appear to have clinical utility for monitoring cancer therapy. Investigations on the patterns of urinary excretion of polyamines in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy and studies of the tritiated-thymidine labelling index of tumour cells in a subgroup of these patients form the basis for a hypothesis that spermidine can serve as a marker of tumour-cell kill, whereas putrescine appears to reflect the proliferative behaviour or \"growth fraction\" of the tumour. Although tests of this hypothesis are necessary to establish the predictive value of polyamines for monitoring cancer therapy, it is clear that polyamines may provide important new information on tumour cytokinetic parameters.", "PMID": 78158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6876", "title": "Anesthetic practice and pregnancy. Controlled survey of male anaesthetists in the United Kingdom.", "content": "7949 male doctors in the U.K. were surveyed to determine whether there was a relation between operating-theatre work (exposure) and abnormalities in the obstetric history of their marriages. Paternal exposure did not appear to influence the overall abortion-rate or the frequency of major congenital abnormality and involuntary infertility. The frequency of minor congenital abnormality in the children of exposed fathers was 3.09% compared with 2.35% (non-exposed). Maternal exposure was associated with a 15.5% frequency of abortion. Matching of exposed and non-exposed pregnancies with respect to birth order, maternal age, and smoking-habits suggests that the risk of abortion may increase by 158% to 271% with maternal exposure.", "contents": "Anesthetic practice and pregnancy. Controlled survey of male anaesthetists in the United Kingdom. 7949 male doctors in the U.K. were surveyed to determine whether there was a relation between operating-theatre work (exposure) and abnormalities in the obstetric history of their marriages. Paternal exposure did not appear to influence the overall abortion-rate or the frequency of major congenital abnormality and involuntary infertility. The frequency of minor congenital abnormality in the children of exposed fathers was 3.09% compared with 2.35% (non-exposed). Maternal exposure was associated with a 15.5% frequency of abortion. Matching of exposed and non-exposed pregnancies with respect to birth order, maternal age, and smoking-habits suggests that the risk of abortion may increase by 158% to 271% with maternal exposure.", "PMID": 78166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6877", "title": "Bone disease after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "Bone tissue was examined in 21 patients who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity between 1971 and 1974. 10 patients had osteomalacia with evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical symptoms and biochemical and radiological investigations were often unreliable in diagnosing bone disease, although plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D and plasma-phosphate concentrations were significantly lower and plasma-parathyroid-hormone concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with bone disease. The presence of osteomalacia was unrelated to age, length of time since bypass, or post-bypass weight-loss, and plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels did not correlate closely with bone histological changes. It is concluded that osteomalacia is common after jejuno-ileal bypass and that factors other than simple vitamin-D deficiency may contribute to its development.", "contents": "Bone disease after jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity. Bone tissue was examined in 21 patients who had undergone jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity between 1971 and 1974. 10 patients had osteomalacia with evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical symptoms and biochemical and radiological investigations were often unreliable in diagnosing bone disease, although plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D and plasma-phosphate concentrations were significantly lower and plasma-parathyroid-hormone concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with bone disease. The presence of osteomalacia was unrelated to age, length of time since bypass, or post-bypass weight-loss, and plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels did not correlate closely with bone histological changes. It is concluded that osteomalacia is common after jejuno-ileal bypass and that factors other than simple vitamin-D deficiency may contribute to its development.", "PMID": 78209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6878", "title": "Insulin-reaction test for diagnosis of low renal threshold for glucose in African diabetics.", "content": "Ten randomly selected Nigerian diabetic patients who were given an intramuscular insulin-reaction test (I.M.I.R.T.) to determine their renal threshold for glucose were found to have a very low mean renal threshold. This finding could be of great significance in the clinical management of Nigerian diabetics in whom relatively high urine-sugar levels may be found despite low blood-glucose levels. It is suggested that the I.M.I.R.T. be routinely carried out, where possible, for more accurate management of the Nigerian diabetic patient.", "contents": "Insulin-reaction test for diagnosis of low renal threshold for glucose in African diabetics. Ten randomly selected Nigerian diabetic patients who were given an intramuscular insulin-reaction test (I.M.I.R.T.) to determine their renal threshold for glucose were found to have a very low mean renal threshold. This finding could be of great significance in the clinical management of Nigerian diabetics in whom relatively high urine-sugar levels may be found despite low blood-glucose levels. It is suggested that the I.M.I.R.T. be routinely carried out, where possible, for more accurate management of the Nigerian diabetic patient.", "PMID": 78210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6879", "title": "Acute encephalopathy after initiation of cranial irradiation for meningeal leukaemia.", "content": "Five patients experienced severe encephalopathy within hours of receiving their initial dose of cranial irradiation for the treatment of central-nervous-system leukaemia. Neurological findings included cranial-nerve palsies, seizures, ataxia, depressed consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, and signs of herniation. Symptoms developed within 3-30 hours of the first radiation treatment of 50-200 rad. Each patient had also received one or more injections of intrathecal chemotherapy before encephalopathy developed. The aetiology of this syndrome is uncertain but may involve transient cerebral oedema and/or an altered blood-brain barrier produced by the combination of intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial irradiation.", "contents": "Acute encephalopathy after initiation of cranial irradiation for meningeal leukaemia. Five patients experienced severe encephalopathy within hours of receiving their initial dose of cranial irradiation for the treatment of central-nervous-system leukaemia. Neurological findings included cranial-nerve palsies, seizures, ataxia, depressed consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, and signs of herniation. Symptoms developed within 3-30 hours of the first radiation treatment of 50-200 rad. Each patient had also received one or more injections of intrathecal chemotherapy before encephalopathy developed. The aetiology of this syndrome is uncertain but may involve transient cerebral oedema and/or an altered blood-brain barrier produced by the combination of intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial irradiation.", "PMID": 78211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6880", "title": "Thaw-siphon technique for production of cryoprecipitate concentrate of factor VIII.", "content": "Plasma, which has been deep-frozen in plastic packs as flat slabs, is thawed in a 3-5 degrees C water-bath, and allowed to siphon continually into an attached satellite pack external to the bath. This thaw-siphon procedure is completed within 55-65 min and the cryoprecipitate, retained in the residual 25 ml of frozen plasma, contains 70-100% of the original plasma factor VIII. Clinical observations in haemophilic patients treated with these cryoprecipitates, have confirmed that the higher in-vitro content of factor VIII is associated with enhanced in-vivo effectiveness.", "contents": "Thaw-siphon technique for production of cryoprecipitate concentrate of factor VIII. Plasma, which has been deep-frozen in plastic packs as flat slabs, is thawed in a 3-5 degrees C water-bath, and allowed to siphon continually into an attached satellite pack external to the bath. This thaw-siphon procedure is completed within 55-65 min and the cryoprecipitate, retained in the residual 25 ml of frozen plasma, contains 70-100% of the original plasma factor VIII. Clinical observations in haemophilic patients treated with these cryoprecipitates, have confirmed that the higher in-vitro content of factor VIII is associated with enhanced in-vivo effectiveness.", "PMID": 78212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6881", "title": "Inhibition of active-transport sodium-potassium-A.T.P.ase by myeloma protein.", "content": "Patients with multiple myeloma excrete immunoglobulin light chain (Bence-Jones protein) in the urine. Light chain accumulates in the nephron, and this may result in renal disease, which accounts for the death of between 1 in 4 and 1 in 7 patients with multiple myeloma. Myeloma light chain inhibits transport of paraaminohippurate in the kidney. Evidence is presented here that light chain affects renal transport by inhibiting the active-transport enzyme, ouabain-sensitive Na-K-A.T.P.ase. As a direct consequence, renal A.T.P. content and the maximum rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate are enhanced in the presence of light chain.", "contents": "Inhibition of active-transport sodium-potassium-A.T.P.ase by myeloma protein. Patients with multiple myeloma excrete immunoglobulin light chain (Bence-Jones protein) in the urine. Light chain accumulates in the nephron, and this may result in renal disease, which accounts for the death of between 1 in 4 and 1 in 7 patients with multiple myeloma. Myeloma light chain inhibits transport of paraaminohippurate in the kidney. Evidence is presented here that light chain affects renal transport by inhibiting the active-transport enzyme, ouabain-sensitive Na-K-A.T.P.ase. As a direct consequence, renal A.T.P. content and the maximum rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate are enhanced in the presence of light chain.", "PMID": 78213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6882", "title": "Evidence that a hydatid cyst is seldom \"as old as the patient\".", "content": "Human hydatid disease caused by the strain of Echinococcus granulosus endemic in Australia and New Zeland has been regarded as a very lonstanding condition, and most cysts diagnosed in adults were believed to have resulted from infection in childhood. A significant drop in the number of new cases among people and 25 and over (P less than 0.05) in two hydatid-control programmes makes it necessary to revise this view. In both Tasmania (P greater than 0.50) and New Zealand (0.50 greater than P greater than 0.10) the incidence was halved without significantly altering the age-distribution. These findings indicate that adults are relatively susceptible and that the latent period between infection and diagnosis in many cases is only a few years.", "contents": "Evidence that a hydatid cyst is seldom \"as old as the patient\". Human hydatid disease caused by the strain of Echinococcus granulosus endemic in Australia and New Zeland has been regarded as a very lonstanding condition, and most cysts diagnosed in adults were believed to have resulted from infection in childhood. A significant drop in the number of new cases among people and 25 and over (P less than 0.05) in two hydatid-control programmes makes it necessary to revise this view. In both Tasmania (P greater than 0.50) and New Zealand (0.50 greater than P greater than 0.10) the incidence was halved without significantly altering the age-distribution. These findings indicate that adults are relatively susceptible and that the latent period between infection and diagnosis in many cases is only a few years.", "PMID": 78222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6883", "title": "Lead and morbidity: A dose-response relationship.", "content": "Many laboratory tests have been recommended for monitoring factory workers exposed to lead. To select the most useful test the best predictor of selected measures of morbidity was sought. 639 lead-exposed workers in several factories were questioned about abdominal ache, constipation, and fatigue and were examined for hand tremot. Packed-cell volume, blood-lead, urinary lead, and delta-aminolaevulinic acid were estimated in 489 workers. About half of the values for the latter three tests fell into the \"excessive\" or \"dangerous\" category of lead absorption. Blood-lead was a better predictor of morbidity than any other laboratory test, and further information did not add appreciably to morbidity prediction. The findings suggest that blood-lead measurement is the most meaningful test for monitoring workers exposed to lead. The effect of lead on morbidity does not appear to depend on its action on the porphyrin metabolic pathway.", "contents": "Lead and morbidity: A dose-response relationship. Many laboratory tests have been recommended for monitoring factory workers exposed to lead. To select the most useful test the best predictor of selected measures of morbidity was sought. 639 lead-exposed workers in several factories were questioned about abdominal ache, constipation, and fatigue and were examined for hand tremot. Packed-cell volume, blood-lead, urinary lead, and delta-aminolaevulinic acid were estimated in 489 workers. About half of the values for the latter three tests fell into the \"excessive\" or \"dangerous\" category of lead absorption. Blood-lead was a better predictor of morbidity than any other laboratory test, and further information did not add appreciably to morbidity prediction. The findings suggest that blood-lead measurement is the most meaningful test for monitoring workers exposed to lead. The effect of lead on morbidity does not appear to depend on its action on the porphyrin metabolic pathway.", "PMID": 78229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6884", "title": "Treatment of early breast cancer.", "content": "The early follow-up of patients treated by simple mastectomy alone or simple mastectomy combined with radical radiotherapy is presented. Both groups were well matched for age, menopausal status, duration of symptoms, size of tumour, and lymph-node involvement. There was no significant difference in survival of patients in the two groups at three years, but local recurrence was significantly more frequent (28%) in the mastectomy-alone patients. Early survival was not adversely affected by radiotherapy.", "contents": "Treatment of early breast cancer. The early follow-up of patients treated by simple mastectomy alone or simple mastectomy combined with radical radiotherapy is presented. Both groups were well matched for age, menopausal status, duration of symptoms, size of tumour, and lymph-node involvement. There was no significant difference in survival of patients in the two groups at three years, but local recurrence was significantly more frequent (28%) in the mastectomy-alone patients. Early survival was not adversely affected by radiotherapy.", "PMID": 78260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6885", "title": "Is aplastic anaemia due to abnormality of D.N.A.?", "content": "Lymphocytes from eleven patients with aplastic anaemia were cultured with various agents which interact with D.N.A., and the proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin were measured. Lymphocytes from seven of the eleven patients were unduly sensitive to bleomycin, an agent causing strand breaks in D.N.A. The findings suggest that D.N.A. in these seven patients was abnormal, possibly as a result of an abnormality of D.N.A. repair. It is suggested that in aplastic anaemia D.N.A. damage in stem cells may lead to a failure of proliferation.", "contents": "Is aplastic anaemia due to abnormality of D.N.A.? Lymphocytes from eleven patients with aplastic anaemia were cultured with various agents which interact with D.N.A., and the proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin were measured. Lymphocytes from seven of the eleven patients were unduly sensitive to bleomycin, an agent causing strand breaks in D.N.A. The findings suggest that D.N.A. in these seven patients was abnormal, possibly as a result of an abnormality of D.N.A. repair. It is suggested that in aplastic anaemia D.N.A. damage in stem cells may lead to a failure of proliferation.", "PMID": 78261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6886", "title": "Post-treatment laparotomy in the management of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Tissues obtained by laparotomy and splenectomy from patients with Hodgkin's disease who had received either supradiaphragmatic irradiation for localised disease or combination chemotherapy for advanced disease were examined histologically. 4 of 19 patients considered to be free of abdominal disease after chemotherapy showed residual active Hodgkin's disease; the spleen was the commonest site showing active disease. 2 patients thought to have intra-abdominal disease showed no histological evidence of active disease in the tissue excised. The finding of residual active abdominal disease in patients considered to be in \"clinical\" remission indicates that the interpretation of the result of treatment depends on the definition of response. A proportion of \"relapses\" may, in fact, be patients who never achieve genuine remission of disease, whereas the prognosis for those who do achieve complete remission may be even better than currently accepted, and may even amount to \"cure\". This study shows that histological changes of lymphoreticular tissue can be defined after treatment and may help in determining more accurately the need for further therapy.", "contents": "Post-treatment laparotomy in the management of Hodgkin's disease. Tissues obtained by laparotomy and splenectomy from patients with Hodgkin's disease who had received either supradiaphragmatic irradiation for localised disease or combination chemotherapy for advanced disease were examined histologically. 4 of 19 patients considered to be free of abdominal disease after chemotherapy showed residual active Hodgkin's disease; the spleen was the commonest site showing active disease. 2 patients thought to have intra-abdominal disease showed no histological evidence of active disease in the tissue excised. The finding of residual active abdominal disease in patients considered to be in \"clinical\" remission indicates that the interpretation of the result of treatment depends on the definition of response. A proportion of \"relapses\" may, in fact, be patients who never achieve genuine remission of disease, whereas the prognosis for those who do achieve complete remission may be even better than currently accepted, and may even amount to \"cure\". This study shows that histological changes of lymphoreticular tissue can be defined after treatment and may help in determining more accurately the need for further therapy.", "PMID": 78292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6887", "title": "Sperm basic proteins in cervical carcinogenesis: Correlation with socioeconomic class.", "content": "Two types of basic protein, a histone and a protamine, were separated from single ejaculates of human sperm and a ratio between their contents in a given number of sperm established. The ratio varied widely in different males and correlated with ranking by social class: the lower the social class, the greater the proportion of protamine. Statistically similar correlations link social class with the incidence of venereal disease and the incidence of in-situ carcinoma of the cervix, both of which are epidemiological variables in squamous cervical cancer. The basic proteins of the sperm head, especially the protamines, may thus also have a role in the aetiology of squamous cervical cancer.", "contents": "Sperm basic proteins in cervical carcinogenesis: Correlation with socioeconomic class. Two types of basic protein, a histone and a protamine, were separated from single ejaculates of human sperm and a ratio between their contents in a given number of sperm established. The ratio varied widely in different males and correlated with ranking by social class: the lower the social class, the greater the proportion of protamine. Statistically similar correlations link social class with the incidence of venereal disease and the incidence of in-situ carcinoma of the cervix, both of which are epidemiological variables in squamous cervical cancer. The basic proteins of the sperm head, especially the protamines, may thus also have a role in the aetiology of squamous cervical cancer.", "PMID": 78293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6888", "title": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition test in arthritis.", "content": "Peripheral leucocytes from healthy blood-donors were preincubated in polyarthritic serum or normal serum and their adherence to glass tubes in the presence of synovial extract of control extract was measured. Serum from patients with inflammatory polyarthritis significantly reduced the proportion of leucocytes which adhered in the presence of synovial extract, but not control extract. Serum from patients with polyarthritis with visceral manifestations, patients with degenerative or metabolic polyarthritis or rheumatic fever, and controls did not have this effect. The leucocyte sensitising activity was eluted in the IgG fraction of serum, and could be absorbed by both synovial extract and IgG. It is thus probably IgG rheumatoid factor. In vivo, armed leucocytes in polyarthritic patients may bind to synovial tissue initiating or perpetuating the articular inflammatory process.", "contents": "Leucocyte adherence inhibition test in arthritis. Peripheral leucocytes from healthy blood-donors were preincubated in polyarthritic serum or normal serum and their adherence to glass tubes in the presence of synovial extract of control extract was measured. Serum from patients with inflammatory polyarthritis significantly reduced the proportion of leucocytes which adhered in the presence of synovial extract, but not control extract. Serum from patients with polyarthritis with visceral manifestations, patients with degenerative or metabolic polyarthritis or rheumatic fever, and controls did not have this effect. The leucocyte sensitising activity was eluted in the IgG fraction of serum, and could be absorbed by both synovial extract and IgG. It is thus probably IgG rheumatoid factor. In vivo, armed leucocytes in polyarthritic patients may bind to synovial tissue initiating or perpetuating the articular inflammatory process.", "PMID": 78294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6889", "title": "Effects of therapy on plasma-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In 122 diabetic patients there was a signnificant inverse correlation between plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-Cholesterol concentrations and glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations. In an insulin-treated subgroup improvement in diabetic control, confirmed by a decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations, was accompanied by a significant rise in plasma-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration. This result suggests that improved diabetic control may diminish the risk of premature ischaemic heart-disease. When three groups of patients on different treatments were matched for age, sex, weight, and diabetic control, diabetic patients receiving sulphonylureas had significantly lower plasma-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations than those receiving insulin or on diet alone, or non-diabetic controls. This association suggests that sulphonyl-urea administration may constitute a positive risk factor for ischaemic heart-disease in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Effects of therapy on plasma-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in diabetes mellitus. In 122 diabetic patients there was a signnificant inverse correlation between plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-Cholesterol concentrations and glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations. In an insulin-treated subgroup improvement in diabetic control, confirmed by a decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations, was accompanied by a significant rise in plasma-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration. This result suggests that improved diabetic control may diminish the risk of premature ischaemic heart-disease. When three groups of patients on different treatments were matched for age, sex, weight, and diabetic control, diabetic patients receiving sulphonylureas had significantly lower plasma-H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations than those receiving insulin or on diet alone, or non-diabetic controls. This association suggests that sulphonyl-urea administration may constitute a positive risk factor for ischaemic heart-disease in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 78295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6890", "title": "Immunogenicity and antigenicity of soluble cross-linked enzyme/albumin polymers: Advantages for enzyme therapy.", "content": "Soluble cross-linked polymers of hog-liver uricase and an excess of either rabbit or dog albumin were injected repeatedly into rabbits in order to determine their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Whereas the enzyme in its free form induces antibody production, homologous albumin polymerised with the enzyme renders the complex non-immunogenic and non-antigenic. Dog-albumin/uricase polymers injected into rabbits induce antibody formation against the dog albumin but not against the uricase. The results suggest an important advantage of these soluble enzyme polymers in enzyme-replacement therapy.", "contents": "Immunogenicity and antigenicity of soluble cross-linked enzyme/albumin polymers: Advantages for enzyme therapy. Soluble cross-linked polymers of hog-liver uricase and an excess of either rabbit or dog albumin were injected repeatedly into rabbits in order to determine their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Whereas the enzyme in its free form induces antibody production, homologous albumin polymerised with the enzyme renders the complex non-immunogenic and non-antigenic. Dog-albumin/uricase polymers injected into rabbits induce antibody formation against the dog albumin but not against the uricase. The results suggest an important advantage of these soluble enzyme polymers in enzyme-replacement therapy.", "PMID": 78296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6891", "title": "Combined therapy with salbutamol and beclomethasone inhalers in chronic asthma.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial was carried out to compare the effect of identical placebo with that of salbutamol inhalers used 30 min before inhalation of 100 microgram of beclomethasone dipropionate (B.D.P.) in 18 chronic asthmatics over two consecutive 4-week periods. The salbutamol and B.D.P. combination resulted in a significant improvement in the peak expiratory flow-rate and F.E.V.1, significantly less use of the rescue inhaler, and better control.", "contents": "Combined therapy with salbutamol and beclomethasone inhalers in chronic asthma. A double-blind cross-over trial was carried out to compare the effect of identical placebo with that of salbutamol inhalers used 30 min before inhalation of 100 microgram of beclomethasone dipropionate (B.D.P.) in 18 chronic asthmatics over two consecutive 4-week periods. The salbutamol and B.D.P. combination resulted in a significant improvement in the peak expiratory flow-rate and F.E.V.1, significantly less use of the rescue inhaler, and better control.", "PMID": 78297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6892", "title": "Immune complexes in ovarian cancer.", "content": "Immune complexes have been assayed in ovarian cancer with a polyethylene-glycol (P.E.G.) precipitation assay and a Clq solid-phase assay. Significantly higher levels of immune complexes were detected in patients in relapse compared with those in remission. Remission values were within the range obtained for a control group. Evidence was produced that immune-complex levels rise before the clinical detection of relapse, and it is suggested that the P.E.G. assay could be a useful marker of disease progress.", "contents": "Immune complexes in ovarian cancer. Immune complexes have been assayed in ovarian cancer with a polyethylene-glycol (P.E.G.) precipitation assay and a Clq solid-phase assay. Significantly higher levels of immune complexes were detected in patients in relapse compared with those in remission. Remission values were within the range obtained for a control group. Evidence was produced that immune-complex levels rise before the clinical detection of relapse, and it is suggested that the P.E.G. assay could be a useful marker of disease progress.", "PMID": 78298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6893", "title": "Plasma-secretin in management of cimetidine therapy for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was treated by an H2-receptor blocking drug (cimetidine). Treatment was successfully monitored by plasma-secretin levels which were linearly related to the acid load delivered to the duodenum.", "contents": "Plasma-secretin in management of cimetidine therapy for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was treated by an H2-receptor blocking drug (cimetidine). Treatment was successfully monitored by plasma-secretin levels which were linearly related to the acid load delivered to the duodenum.", "PMID": 78299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6894", "title": "Does endotoxin cause both the disease and parasite death in acute malaria and babesiosis?", "content": "When mice are infected with either of several species of Plasmodium or Babesia the amount of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (L.P.S.) required to kill them is decreased several hundred fold. The higher their parasitaemia the greater their susceptibility. There is indirect evidence that more L.P.S. than usual is present during infection with these parasites. In a very susceptible host this may be sufficient to produce endotoxin shock. Non-antibody mediators able to kill rapidly dividing cells, which are released during endotoxin shock, may then control the parasitaemia of acute primary attacks. This may explain why agents such as B.C.G., which produce responsiveness to abnormally low concentrations of L.P.S., protect against infection with certain of these parasities. It may also explain why host species naturally resistance to L.P.S. become ill only at high parasite concentrations, and why others with a naturally high susceptibility to L.P.S. become ill when infected with relatively few parasites. In the individual host convalescence from certain bacterial infections or concomitant infection with L.P.S.-producing organisms may vary the parasitaemia required to produce illness.", "contents": "Does endotoxin cause both the disease and parasite death in acute malaria and babesiosis? When mice are infected with either of several species of Plasmodium or Babesia the amount of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (L.P.S.) required to kill them is decreased several hundred fold. The higher their parasitaemia the greater their susceptibility. There is indirect evidence that more L.P.S. than usual is present during infection with these parasites. In a very susceptible host this may be sufficient to produce endotoxin shock. Non-antibody mediators able to kill rapidly dividing cells, which are released during endotoxin shock, may then control the parasitaemia of acute primary attacks. This may explain why agents such as B.C.G., which produce responsiveness to abnormally low concentrations of L.P.S., protect against infection with certain of these parasities. It may also explain why host species naturally resistance to L.P.S. become ill only at high parasite concentrations, and why others with a naturally high susceptibility to L.P.S. become ill when infected with relatively few parasites. In the individual host convalescence from certain bacterial infections or concomitant infection with L.P.S.-producing organisms may vary the parasitaemia required to produce illness.", "PMID": 78300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6895", "title": "Post-traumatic skull radiographs. Time for a reappraisal.", "content": "504 patients who had skull radiographs for head injury are included in this study. Only 9 (1.9%) had demonstrable fractures. 129 (25%) of the patients reviewed were admitted to hospital. 93 of these were admitted for up to 24 hours, and 36 for a longer period, usually for conditions unrelated to the head trauma. All but 1 of the patients with a demonstrable skull fracture were admitted to hospital, and the radiographic findings initiated active medical intervention in 2 of these cases. There was no correlation between radiographic findings and the need for hospital admission, and little correlation between radiographic findings and the presenting signs and symptoms. It is, therefore, suggested that the indications for skull radiography in the management of head injuries require reappraisal.", "contents": "Post-traumatic skull radiographs. Time for a reappraisal. 504 patients who had skull radiographs for head injury are included in this study. Only 9 (1.9%) had demonstrable fractures. 129 (25%) of the patients reviewed were admitted to hospital. 93 of these were admitted for up to 24 hours, and 36 for a longer period, usually for conditions unrelated to the head trauma. All but 1 of the patients with a demonstrable skull fracture were admitted to hospital, and the radiographic findings initiated active medical intervention in 2 of these cases. There was no correlation between radiographic findings and the need for hospital admission, and little correlation between radiographic findings and the presenting signs and symptoms. It is, therefore, suggested that the indications for skull radiography in the management of head injuries require reappraisal.", "PMID": 78308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6896", "title": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center.", "content": "Rates of drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding were estimated from data on 16 646 consecutively monitored medical inpatients who had no known predisposing illness. Heparin, warfarin, ethacrynic acid, steroids, and aspirin-containing drugs were associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and were estimated to account for about two-thirds of such bleeds. Major gastrointestinal bleeding, defined as bleeding severe enough to require transfusion, occurred in only 57 patients (0.3%).", "contents": "Drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. Rates of drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding were estimated from data on 16 646 consecutively monitored medical inpatients who had no known predisposing illness. Heparin, warfarin, ethacrynic acid, steroids, and aspirin-containing drugs were associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and were estimated to account for about two-thirds of such bleeds. Major gastrointestinal bleeding, defined as bleeding severe enough to require transfusion, occurred in only 57 patients (0.3%).", "PMID": 78309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6897", "title": "Cyanide exposure in fires.", "content": "The toxic hazard from cyanide produced in fires was assessed in casualties and in firemen exposed to the fire atmosphere. The levels of cyanide and its principal metabolite, thiocyanate, were measured in blood samples from fireman, non-fetal and fatal casualties, and from controls. Although firemen did not differ significantly from controls, casualities showed significant elevation of blood-cyanide, and in a small proportion of fatalities blood-cyanide reached toxic levels.", "contents": "Cyanide exposure in fires. The toxic hazard from cyanide produced in fires was assessed in casualties and in firemen exposed to the fire atmosphere. The levels of cyanide and its principal metabolite, thiocyanate, were measured in blood samples from fireman, non-fetal and fatal casualties, and from controls. Although firemen did not differ significantly from controls, casualities showed significant elevation of blood-cyanide, and in a small proportion of fatalities blood-cyanide reached toxic levels.", "PMID": 78311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6898", "title": "Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis?", "content": "Unlike arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid, C20:4omega-6, A.A.), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5omega-3, E.P.A.) does not induce platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.), probably because of the formation of thromboxane A3 (T.X.A3) which does not have platelet aggregating properties. Moreover, E.P.A., like A.A., can be utilised by the vessel wall to make an anti-aggregating substance, probably a delta17-prostacyclin (P.G.I3). This finding suggests that, in vivo, high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. could lead to an antithrombotic state in which an active P.G.I3 and a non-active T.X.A3 are formed. Eskimos have high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. and they also have a low incidence of myocardial infarction and a tendency to bleed. It is possible that dietary enrichment with E.P.A. will protect against thrombosis.", "contents": "Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis? Unlike arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid, C20:4omega-6, A.A.), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5omega-3, E.P.A.) does not induce platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.), probably because of the formation of thromboxane A3 (T.X.A3) which does not have platelet aggregating properties. Moreover, E.P.A., like A.A., can be utilised by the vessel wall to make an anti-aggregating substance, probably a delta17-prostacyclin (P.G.I3). This finding suggests that, in vivo, high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. could lead to an antithrombotic state in which an active P.G.I3 and a non-active T.X.A3 are formed. Eskimos have high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. and they also have a low incidence of myocardial infarction and a tendency to bleed. It is possible that dietary enrichment with E.P.A. will protect against thrombosis.", "PMID": 78322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6899", "title": "beta-Endorphin in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "beta-endorphin is a brain peptide with potent morphine-like activity structurally related to the anterior pituitary hormone beta-lipotrophin (beta-L.P.H.). We have developed a radioimmunoassay for human beta-endorphin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.). Since the antiserum also reacts with beta-L.P.H., beta-endorphin was distinguished by using a second antiserum which measures beta-L.P.H. alone. With these two immunoassay systems and gel chromatography, we found beta-endorphin in all 20 C.S.F. samples tested at a concentration always higher than, but with no other relationship to, that in plasma. beta-endorphin was found in C.S.F. of patients who had hypopituitarism and undetectable plasma-beta-endorphin, suggesting that it is synthesized in the brain rather in the pituitary.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin in human cerebrospinal fluid. beta-endorphin is a brain peptide with potent morphine-like activity structurally related to the anterior pituitary hormone beta-lipotrophin (beta-L.P.H.). We have developed a radioimmunoassay for human beta-endorphin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.). Since the antiserum also reacts with beta-L.P.H., beta-endorphin was distinguished by using a second antiserum which measures beta-L.P.H. alone. With these two immunoassay systems and gel chromatography, we found beta-endorphin in all 20 C.S.F. samples tested at a concentration always higher than, but with no other relationship to, that in plasma. beta-endorphin was found in C.S.F. of patients who had hypopituitarism and undetectable plasma-beta-endorphin, suggesting that it is synthesized in the brain rather in the pituitary.", "PMID": 78323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6900", "title": "1974 outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease diagnosed in 1977. Clinical and epidemiological features.", "content": "An illness characterized by high fever and pneumonia struck 2.9% of a group of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows attending a convention held in Philadelphia, in September, 1974. The convention headquarters was the hotel where the American Legion met in July, 1976. The epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the illness were nearly identical to those of the disease in American legionnaires in 1976. Illness was significantly associated with attendance at one convention activity held on Monday morning, Sept. 16, 1974, in the grand ballroom of the hotel. A serological survey in February and March, 1977, showed that people who had attended the convention and became ill were more likely to have raised indirect fluorescent antibody titres than persons who had attended and remained well. The illness seen in Odd Fellows members in September, 1974, was caused by the legionnaire's disease organism.", "contents": "1974 outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease diagnosed in 1977. Clinical and epidemiological features. An illness characterized by high fever and pneumonia struck 2.9% of a group of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows attending a convention held in Philadelphia, in September, 1974. The convention headquarters was the hotel where the American Legion met in July, 1976. The epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the illness were nearly identical to those of the disease in American legionnaires in 1976. Illness was significantly associated with attendance at one convention activity held on Monday morning, Sept. 16, 1974, in the grand ballroom of the hotel. A serological survey in February and March, 1977, showed that people who had attended the convention and became ill were more likely to have raised indirect fluorescent antibody titres than persons who had attended and remained well. The illness seen in Odd Fellows members in September, 1974, was caused by the legionnaire's disease organism.", "PMID": 78324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6901", "title": "Sex and prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Prognostic factors at diagnosis were examined in 67 children who presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in 1970-76 and received modern treatment, incorporating prophylactic cranial irradiation and maintenance chemotherapy for at least 2 years. The effects of age and white blood-cell (W.B.C.) count were evident as in many previously reported studies but comparison of lifetables showed that the duration of haematological remission and complete remission was significantly shorter for boys than for girls. The difference in their survival was not significant. The risk of haematological relapse for boys and significantly greater even when relapses associated with the central nervous system or testicular relapse were excluded. The sex differences were not adequately explained by differences in initial W.B.C. count or in age.", "contents": "Sex and prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Prognostic factors at diagnosis were examined in 67 children who presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in 1970-76 and received modern treatment, incorporating prophylactic cranial irradiation and maintenance chemotherapy for at least 2 years. The effects of age and white blood-cell (W.B.C.) count were evident as in many previously reported studies but comparison of lifetables showed that the duration of haematological remission and complete remission was significantly shorter for boys than for girls. The difference in their survival was not significant. The risk of haematological relapse for boys and significantly greater even when relapses associated with the central nervous system or testicular relapse were excluded. The sex differences were not adequately explained by differences in initial W.B.C. count or in age.", "PMID": 78326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6902", "title": "Plasma-prostaglandins in pre-term neonates before and after treatment for patient ductus arteriosus.", "content": "9 pre-term babies with patent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.) and cardiac failure were found to have significantly higher plasma-levels of three prostaglandins (P.G.E, P.G.F, and P.G.FM) than a group of normal pre-term infants of the same age. There was no difference in the plasma-prostaglandin levels before and after surgery in the 5 infants who underwent ligation of the ductus, suggesting that the high P.G. levels are not the result of a patent ductus, but that P.G.S may have a role in the pathogenesis of P.D.A. 3 infants who were treated by indomethacin (a P.G. synthetase inhibitor) showed a sharp initial drop in plasma-levels of the three P.G.S, but levels of P.G.F and P.G.FM had risen either during or within 48 h of completion of the course of indomethacin. These results may explain why high failure-rates have been reported for treatment of P.D.A. by indomethacin.", "contents": "Plasma-prostaglandins in pre-term neonates before and after treatment for patient ductus arteriosus. 9 pre-term babies with patent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.) and cardiac failure were found to have significantly higher plasma-levels of three prostaglandins (P.G.E, P.G.F, and P.G.FM) than a group of normal pre-term infants of the same age. There was no difference in the plasma-prostaglandin levels before and after surgery in the 5 infants who underwent ligation of the ductus, suggesting that the high P.G. levels are not the result of a patent ductus, but that P.G.S may have a role in the pathogenesis of P.D.A. 3 infants who were treated by indomethacin (a P.G. synthetase inhibitor) showed a sharp initial drop in plasma-levels of the three P.G.S, but levels of P.G.F and P.G.FM had risen either during or within 48 h of completion of the course of indomethacin. These results may explain why high failure-rates have been reported for treatment of P.D.A. by indomethacin.", "PMID": 78327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6903", "title": "Cilia and sperm tail abnormalities in Polynesian bronchiectatics.", "content": "Sperm tails and bronchial cilia from Polynesians with bronchiectasis were examined in the electron microscope. The outer doublet tubules of the axonemal skeleton in these organelles either lacked dynein arms or had only partial arms. Various other cilial abnormalities were common. The sperm were immotile and pulmonary mucociliary clearance was reduced or absent.", "contents": "Cilia and sperm tail abnormalities in Polynesian bronchiectatics. Sperm tails and bronchial cilia from Polynesians with bronchiectasis were examined in the electron microscope. The outer doublet tubules of the axonemal skeleton in these organelles either lacked dynein arms or had only partial arms. Various other cilial abnormalities were common. The sperm were immotile and pulmonary mucociliary clearance was reduced or absent.", "PMID": 78328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6904", "title": "Medical screening of old people accepted for residential care.", "content": "Medical screening of 100 old people at the time of their acceptance for admission to residential (part 3) care revealed a great deal of previously unreported yet treatable illness. As a result of screening, alternative care was thought more appropriate in 32 cases--hospital admission in 16, sheltered housing in 4, and remaining at home in 12. It is therefore suggested that the time of translocation of an old person from independent to institutional living is a time when medical screening is particularly appropriate.", "contents": "Medical screening of old people accepted for residential care. Medical screening of 100 old people at the time of their acceptance for admission to residential (part 3) care revealed a great deal of previously unreported yet treatable illness. As a result of screening, alternative care was thought more appropriate in 32 cases--hospital admission in 16, sheltered housing in 4, and remaining at home in 12. It is therefore suggested that the time of translocation of an old person from independent to institutional living is a time when medical screening is particularly appropriate.", "PMID": 78336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6905", "title": "Nitrogen-oxygen saturation therapy in serious cases of compressed-air decompression sickness.", "content": "Decompression sickness and arterial air embolism which follow exposure to raised environmental pressures of compressed air are usually adequately treated by accepted recompression procedures of relatively short durations. With serious cases, however, conventional treatment may not allow sufficient time at depth for the complete resolution of manifestations because of the need to avoid pulmonary oxygen toxicity which is associated with a prolonged period of breathing compressed air. Treatment by nitrogen-oxygen saturation at a pressure equivalent of 30 m (100 ft) sea water is proposed. Based upon the success of three refractory cases treated by this procedure, recommendation are made for the conversion of standard compressed-air chambers into an emergency saturation mode for therapy.", "contents": "Nitrogen-oxygen saturation therapy in serious cases of compressed-air decompression sickness. Decompression sickness and arterial air embolism which follow exposure to raised environmental pressures of compressed air are usually adequately treated by accepted recompression procedures of relatively short durations. With serious cases, however, conventional treatment may not allow sufficient time at depth for the complete resolution of manifestations because of the need to avoid pulmonary oxygen toxicity which is associated with a prolonged period of breathing compressed air. Treatment by nitrogen-oxygen saturation at a pressure equivalent of 30 m (100 ft) sea water is proposed. Based upon the success of three refractory cases treated by this procedure, recommendation are made for the conversion of standard compressed-air chambers into an emergency saturation mode for therapy.", "PMID": 78380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6906", "title": "Long-term follow-up of preterm infants in breech presentation delivered by caesarean section. A prospective study.", "content": "All forty-two breech infants delivered by caesarean section before the 37th gestational week since Jan. 1, 1975, were followed up prospectively. Outcome in this group was compared with that for all forty-eight breech infants delivered vaginally in 1971-74, before the introduction of routine caesarean section. Delivery by caesarean section significantly reduced the frequency of severe prolonged asphyxia, and neonatal mortality was reduced from 14.6% to 4.8%. At 12 months of age 24% of those delivered vaginally had developmental or neurological abnormalities compared with 2.5% of those delivered by caesarean section.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of preterm infants in breech presentation delivered by caesarean section. A prospective study. All forty-two breech infants delivered by caesarean section before the 37th gestational week since Jan. 1, 1975, were followed up prospectively. Outcome in this group was compared with that for all forty-eight breech infants delivered vaginally in 1971-74, before the introduction of routine caesarean section. Delivery by caesarean section significantly reduced the frequency of severe prolonged asphyxia, and neonatal mortality was reduced from 14.6% to 4.8%. At 12 months of age 24% of those delivered vaginally had developmental or neurological abnormalities compared with 2.5% of those delivered by caesarean section.", "PMID": 78381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6907", "title": "Factors influencing lactation performance in rural Gambian mothers.", "content": "Breast-milk consumption has been measured in a rural African community in which breast-feeding on demand is universally practised until the baby is 18 mos old. The mother's long-term capacity for breast-milk production is determined by the end of the second month of lactation, yield being closely correlated with the infant's birth-weight. Other factors significantly influencing output were parity, month of lactation, baby's weight-for-age, season, and maternal diet. Daily milk consumption was limited primarily by the amount delivered per feed, not the frequency of feeding.", "contents": "Factors influencing lactation performance in rural Gambian mothers. Breast-milk consumption has been measured in a rural African community in which breast-feeding on demand is universally practised until the baby is 18 mos old. The mother's long-term capacity for breast-milk production is determined by the end of the second month of lactation, yield being closely correlated with the infant's birth-weight. Other factors significantly influencing output were parity, month of lactation, baby's weight-for-age, season, and maternal diet. Daily milk consumption was limited primarily by the amount delivered per feed, not the frequency of feeding.", "PMID": 78383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6908", "title": "Role of Escherichia coli colonisation factor antigen in acute diarrhoea.", "content": "The role of colonisation factor antigen (C.F.A.) in diarrhoea was studied in volunteers who ingested either E. coli H-10407, which possessed C.F.A., or H-10407-P, which lacked C.F.A. In the first study the dose given was 10(6) C.F.A.+ or C.F.A.- E. coli; in the second study the dose was 10(8) of the same organisms. Diarrhoea, with or without other symptoms, occurred only in those who ingested 10(8) C.F.A.+ E. coli. Those volunteers taking the C.F.A.- strain shed the test organism in the stool for only 2 or 3 days whereas those ingesting the C.F.A+ strain shed the organism until the end of the study (7 days). Antibody responses in those ingesting the C.F.A.+ strain were: anti-C.F.A., 7 of 12 volunteers; antitoxin, 6 of 13; and anti-O78 somatic antigen, 11 of 13. No volunteer ingesting the C.F.A. organism seroconverted to any of the antigens. The study showed the importance of C.F.A. in the pathogenesis of human disease due to toxigenic E. coli.", "contents": "Role of Escherichia coli colonisation factor antigen in acute diarrhoea. The role of colonisation factor antigen (C.F.A.) in diarrhoea was studied in volunteers who ingested either E. coli H-10407, which possessed C.F.A., or H-10407-P, which lacked C.F.A. In the first study the dose given was 10(6) C.F.A.+ or C.F.A.- E. coli; in the second study the dose was 10(8) of the same organisms. Diarrhoea, with or without other symptoms, occurred only in those who ingested 10(8) C.F.A.+ E. coli. Those volunteers taking the C.F.A.- strain shed the test organism in the stool for only 2 or 3 days whereas those ingesting the C.F.A+ strain shed the organism until the end of the study (7 days). Antibody responses in those ingesting the C.F.A.+ strain were: anti-C.F.A., 7 of 12 volunteers; antitoxin, 6 of 13; and anti-O78 somatic antigen, 11 of 13. No volunteer ingesting the C.F.A. organism seroconverted to any of the antigens. The study showed the importance of C.F.A. in the pathogenesis of human disease due to toxigenic E. coli.", "PMID": 78384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6909", "title": "Variations in chemical mediators of hypersensitivity in the sputum of chronic bronchitics: correlation with peak expiratory flow.", "content": "Histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (S.R.S.-A), IgE, eosinophils, and an eosinophil-associated enzyme, arylsulphatase IIB, were measured in sputum from 11 chronic bronchitics at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. The agents were detected in all patients at some time and in the majority at all times throughout the study period although their concentrations varied. The variations in histamine, S.R.S.-A and IgE gave a highly significant negative correlation with the peak expiratory flow-rate, suggesting that chemical mediators of hypersensitivity may play some role in the pathogenesis of airways obstruction in this disease. Sputum eosinophilia correlated with the arylsulphatase IIB concentration but not with the peak expiratory flow-rate, IgE, histamine, or S.R.S.-A, a finding consistent with the view that eosinophils accumulate at the site of type I reactions after the peak of mediator release.", "contents": "Variations in chemical mediators of hypersensitivity in the sputum of chronic bronchitics: correlation with peak expiratory flow. Histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (S.R.S.-A), IgE, eosinophils, and an eosinophil-associated enzyme, arylsulphatase IIB, were measured in sputum from 11 chronic bronchitics at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. The agents were detected in all patients at some time and in the majority at all times throughout the study period although their concentrations varied. The variations in histamine, S.R.S.-A and IgE gave a highly significant negative correlation with the peak expiratory flow-rate, suggesting that chemical mediators of hypersensitivity may play some role in the pathogenesis of airways obstruction in this disease. Sputum eosinophilia correlated with the arylsulphatase IIB concentration but not with the peak expiratory flow-rate, IgE, histamine, or S.R.S.-A, a finding consistent with the view that eosinophils accumulate at the site of type I reactions after the peak of mediator release.", "PMID": 78385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6910", "title": "Crohn's disease in a husband and wife.", "content": "The case-histories of a husband and wife in whom Crohn's disease developed after more than 30 years of marriage are described.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in a husband and wife. The case-histories of a husband and wife in whom Crohn's disease developed after more than 30 years of marriage are described.", "PMID": 78386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6911", "title": "Possible initiation of viral encephalomyelitis in dogs by migrating lymphocytes infected with distemper virus.", "content": "The principal pathways by which viruses spread to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) are considered to be direct invasion along peripheral nerves or the haematogenous route. The latter is thought to involve passive transfer or active replication of virus in C.N.S. endothelial cells. In this study histological evidence of mild perivascular encephalomyelitis was found 8-10 days after infection of dogs with canine distemper virus (C.D.V.). C.D.V. antigen and viral nucleocapsids were detectable in the mononuclear cells infiltrating nervous tissue and C.D.V. was isolated from lymphoid tissue and buffy-coat cells. C.N.S. infection may thus be initiated by migrating virus-infected lymphocytes and this pathway may operate in other viral disorders of the C.N.S.", "contents": "Possible initiation of viral encephalomyelitis in dogs by migrating lymphocytes infected with distemper virus. The principal pathways by which viruses spread to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) are considered to be direct invasion along peripheral nerves or the haematogenous route. The latter is thought to involve passive transfer or active replication of virus in C.N.S. endothelial cells. In this study histological evidence of mild perivascular encephalomyelitis was found 8-10 days after infection of dogs with canine distemper virus (C.D.V.). C.D.V. antigen and viral nucleocapsids were detectable in the mononuclear cells infiltrating nervous tissue and C.D.V. was isolated from lymphoid tissue and buffy-coat cells. C.N.S. infection may thus be initiated by migrating virus-infected lymphocytes and this pathway may operate in other viral disorders of the C.N.S.", "PMID": 78387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6912", "title": "Haemophilus meningitis in Portsmouth.", "content": "The clinical features and follow-up data of all twenty-five children admitted to a Portsmouth hospital from Jan. 1, 1972, to July 1, 1975, with haemophilus meningitis were reviewed. Two children died of meningitis and one of other causes. Four have residual damage--two severe, one definite, and one possible. Outcome tended to be worse in cases with the following features: age less than 9 months at the time of illness, difficult diagnosis, antibiotic treatment before admission, combined treatment with chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and difficulties at home. The continuing high morbidity indicates that children with this disease need careful follow-up.", "contents": "Haemophilus meningitis in Portsmouth. The clinical features and follow-up data of all twenty-five children admitted to a Portsmouth hospital from Jan. 1, 1972, to July 1, 1975, with haemophilus meningitis were reviewed. Two children died of meningitis and one of other causes. Four have residual damage--two severe, one definite, and one possible. Outcome tended to be worse in cases with the following features: age less than 9 months at the time of illness, difficult diagnosis, antibiotic treatment before admission, combined treatment with chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and difficulties at home. The continuing high morbidity indicates that children with this disease need careful follow-up.", "PMID": 78395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6913", "title": "Zinc content of intravenous solutions.", "content": "The zinc, copper, and selenium content of commonly used intravenous solutions, aminoacid solutions, and fresh-frozen plasma was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorimetry. Very small amounts of copper and variable, but substantial, amounts zinc were present in all solutions tested. Zinc contamination could have come from the rubber stoppers for the glass bottles. Selenium could not be detected in any of the solutions. Fresh-frozen plasma contained high levels of zinc and physiological amounts of copper and selenium.", "contents": "Zinc content of intravenous solutions. The zinc, copper, and selenium content of commonly used intravenous solutions, aminoacid solutions, and fresh-frozen plasma was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorimetry. Very small amounts of copper and variable, but substantial, amounts zinc were present in all solutions tested. Zinc contamination could have come from the rubber stoppers for the glass bottles. Selenium could not be detected in any of the solutions. Fresh-frozen plasma contained high levels of zinc and physiological amounts of copper and selenium.", "PMID": 78396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6914", "title": "Thyroid function in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: unexplained low serum thyroxine concentration.", "content": "Thyroid function was studied in 55 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis who were all judged to be clinically euthyroid. The dialysis patients, in comparison to normal control subjects, had significantly lower mean values for serum T4 (4.0 +/- 1.4 [SD] microgram/dl versus 7.9 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl, p less than 0.001), T3 (118 +/- 31 ng/dl versus 147 +/- 28 ng/dl, p less than 0.001), free T4 measured by equilibrium dialysis (1.22 +/- 0.38 ng/dl versus 2.15 +/- 0.67 ng/dl, p less than 0.001), free T3, free T4 index, and free T3 index. Serum TBG, measured by radioimmunoassay, was similar to that of the controls and serum TSH, 2.2 +/- 1.3 micromicron/ml, was also similar to that of control values, 2.0 +/- 1.1 micromicron/ml. The serum PBI did not change during the dialysis procedure, but serum inorganic iodine fell slightly from 2.1 +/- 1.1 microgram/dl before dialysis to 1.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl after dialysis (p less than 0.05). The marked reduction in serum total T4 and free T4 concentrations and the moderate reduction in serum total T3 and free T3 levels in apparently euthyroid patients undergoing hemodialysis has not been explained. The normal serum TSH levels in the face of these low concentrations of thyroid hormone suggests an abnormality in the control of TSH secretion in these patients.", "contents": "Thyroid function in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: unexplained low serum thyroxine concentration. Thyroid function was studied in 55 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis who were all judged to be clinically euthyroid. The dialysis patients, in comparison to normal control subjects, had significantly lower mean values for serum T4 (4.0 +/- 1.4 [SD] microgram/dl versus 7.9 +/- 1.5 microgram/dl, p less than 0.001), T3 (118 +/- 31 ng/dl versus 147 +/- 28 ng/dl, p less than 0.001), free T4 measured by equilibrium dialysis (1.22 +/- 0.38 ng/dl versus 2.15 +/- 0.67 ng/dl, p less than 0.001), free T3, free T4 index, and free T3 index. Serum TBG, measured by radioimmunoassay, was similar to that of the controls and serum TSH, 2.2 +/- 1.3 micromicron/ml, was also similar to that of control values, 2.0 +/- 1.1 micromicron/ml. The serum PBI did not change during the dialysis procedure, but serum inorganic iodine fell slightly from 2.1 +/- 1.1 microgram/dl before dialysis to 1.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl after dialysis (p less than 0.05). The marked reduction in serum total T4 and free T4 concentrations and the moderate reduction in serum total T3 and free T3 levels in apparently euthyroid patients undergoing hemodialysis has not been explained. The normal serum TSH levels in the face of these low concentrations of thyroid hormone suggests an abnormality in the control of TSH secretion in these patients.", "PMID": 78430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6915", "title": "[General amyloidosis associated with Hashimoto-hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "We are reporting a case of perireticular as well as pericollageneous amyloidosis developing in a 65 year old patient with Hashimoto-hypothyroidism. The data presented suggest the presence of two primary, not interrelated disorders. Amyloid deposits were found in liver, rectum and bone marrow biopsies.", "contents": "[General amyloidosis associated with Hashimoto-hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. We are reporting a case of perireticular as well as pericollageneous amyloidosis developing in a 65 year old patient with Hashimoto-hypothyroidism. The data presented suggest the presence of two primary, not interrelated disorders. Amyloid deposits were found in liver, rectum and bone marrow biopsies.", "PMID": 78436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6916", "title": "A kinetically designed chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced refractory lymphoma patients.", "content": "Three patients with Hodgkin disease, eight with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy were treated for remission induction with a new kinetically designed four-drug combination consisting of bleomycin, vincristine, adriamycin, and prednisone and given the acronym \"BOAP.\" Eight patients had prior radiotherapy, included two who had total nodal irradiation. Eight patients (all three with Hodgkin disease and five of eight with non-Hodgkin lymphoma) achieved complete remission (73% of the lymphoma patients). An additional two patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma sustained partial remissions, for an overall response rate of 91%. Toxicity caused the interruption of therapy in three patients and an additional patient might have sustained a drug-related death. This study compares favorably with other studies investigating primary or secondary combination chemotherapy of advanced lymphomas.", "contents": "A kinetically designed chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced refractory lymphoma patients. Three patients with Hodgkin disease, eight with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy were treated for remission induction with a new kinetically designed four-drug combination consisting of bleomycin, vincristine, adriamycin, and prednisone and given the acronym \"BOAP.\" Eight patients had prior radiotherapy, included two who had total nodal irradiation. Eight patients (all three with Hodgkin disease and five of eight with non-Hodgkin lymphoma) achieved complete remission (73% of the lymphoma patients). An additional two patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma sustained partial remissions, for an overall response rate of 91%. Toxicity caused the interruption of therapy in three patients and an additional patient might have sustained a drug-related death. This study compares favorably with other studies investigating primary or secondary combination chemotherapy of advanced lymphomas.", "PMID": 78437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6917", "title": "[Immunochemical comparison of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetases].", "content": "A fraction of immunoglobulins was isolated from the sera of rabbit immunised by a homogeneous beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase (TRSase). The IgG fraction was shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity during aminoacylation of yeast tRNATrp and tryptophan activation. By using the radioimmunoadsorption technique, the interaction of IgG was tested with TRSaes from beef pancreas and identical enzymes from other sources (contained in the total preparation). Beef liver TRSase efficiently inhibited the radioimmunoadsorption reaction of beef pancrease 125J-TRSase that suggests a strong similarity or even identity of the enzymes. When the purified antibodies to beef pancreas TRSase were isolated common antigen determinants were revealed for TRSase from beef pancreas, liver of chick, pig and rat. Enzymatic activity of TRSase from liver of beef, pig and chick was shown to be inhibited by antibodies to beef pancreas. TRSase whereas the enzymes from rat liver and yeast did not change their activity in the presence of these antibodies. Therefore, for several TRAases common antigen determinants have been revealed that suggest the presence of common structural elements in these enzymes; antibody binding inhibits the activity of some TRSases and does not affect that of others.", "contents": "[Immunochemical comparison of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetases]. A fraction of immunoglobulins was isolated from the sera of rabbit immunised by a homogeneous beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase (TRSase). The IgG fraction was shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity during aminoacylation of yeast tRNATrp and tryptophan activation. By using the radioimmunoadsorption technique, the interaction of IgG was tested with TRSaes from beef pancreas and identical enzymes from other sources (contained in the total preparation). Beef liver TRSase efficiently inhibited the radioimmunoadsorption reaction of beef pancrease 125J-TRSase that suggests a strong similarity or even identity of the enzymes. When the purified antibodies to beef pancreas TRSase were isolated common antigen determinants were revealed for TRSase from beef pancreas, liver of chick, pig and rat. Enzymatic activity of TRSase from liver of beef, pig and chick was shown to be inhibited by antibodies to beef pancreas. TRSase whereas the enzymes from rat liver and yeast did not change their activity in the presence of these antibodies. Therefore, for several TRAases common antigen determinants have been revealed that suggest the presence of common structural elements in these enzymes; antibody binding inhibits the activity of some TRSases and does not affect that of others.", "PMID": 78439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6918", "title": "[Relative positions of stainable portions of DNA in deoxyribonucleoprotein fibrils].", "content": "The effect of acridine orange (AO) concentration on fluorescence polarization of DNA, DNP100 and DNP250 solutions (100 A and 249 A thick DNP fibers, respectively) was studied. It was shown that fluorescence depolarization by an excitation energy migration mechanisms is 3.5 times more efficient for DNP250 than for DNP100. Higher efficiency of energy migration may be explained by a tighter packing of stained DNA regions inside the 250 A fiber because both DNP100 and DNP250 have equal numbers of AO binding sites. The calculated average number of packed DNA strands in DNP250 is 3, the average angle between them is 26.5 degrees. A model of the 250 A DNP fiber is proposed. In this model nucleosomes form a tight 250 A coil with a 430 A pitch, internucleosomal DNA strands are oriented approximately along the fiber axis.", "contents": "[Relative positions of stainable portions of DNA in deoxyribonucleoprotein fibrils]. The effect of acridine orange (AO) concentration on fluorescence polarization of DNA, DNP100 and DNP250 solutions (100 A and 249 A thick DNP fibers, respectively) was studied. It was shown that fluorescence depolarization by an excitation energy migration mechanisms is 3.5 times more efficient for DNP250 than for DNP100. Higher efficiency of energy migration may be explained by a tighter packing of stained DNA regions inside the 250 A fiber because both DNP100 and DNP250 have equal numbers of AO binding sites. The calculated average number of packed DNA strands in DNP250 is 3, the average angle between them is 26.5 degrees. A model of the 250 A DNP fiber is proposed. In this model nucleosomes form a tight 250 A coil with a 430 A pitch, internucleosomal DNA strands are oriented approximately along the fiber axis.", "PMID": 78440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6919", "title": "A controlled trial of immunotherapy in insect hypersensitivity.", "content": "Insect hypersensitivity is currently treated by immunization using whole-body extracts. We compared this regimen with immunotherapy using insect venoms or placebo in groups of 20 patients matched for history and sensitivity, as judged by venom skin test, histamine release and IgE antibody to venom. After six to 10 weeks of immunization, systemic reactions to stings occurred in seven of 12, seven of 11, and one of 18 patients treated with placebo, whole-body extract, and venom, respectively. Placebo and whole-body extract gave similar results and were significantly less effective than venom immunotherapy (P less than 0.01). The 14 patients with failure of treatment with whole-body extract and placebo were subsequently provided with venom immunotherapy; one reacted to a subsequent sting. We conclude that venom immunotherapy is clinically superior to therapy on whole-body extract or placebo.", "contents": "A controlled trial of immunotherapy in insect hypersensitivity. Insect hypersensitivity is currently treated by immunization using whole-body extracts. We compared this regimen with immunotherapy using insect venoms or placebo in groups of 20 patients matched for history and sensitivity, as judged by venom skin test, histamine release and IgE antibody to venom. After six to 10 weeks of immunization, systemic reactions to stings occurred in seven of 12, seven of 11, and one of 18 patients treated with placebo, whole-body extract, and venom, respectively. Placebo and whole-body extract gave similar results and were significantly less effective than venom immunotherapy (P less than 0.01). The 14 patients with failure of treatment with whole-body extract and placebo were subsequently provided with venom immunotherapy; one reacted to a subsequent sting. We conclude that venom immunotherapy is clinically superior to therapy on whole-body extract or placebo.", "PMID": 78446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6920", "title": "A method for classification of 5' termini of retroviruses.", "content": "A new method for the classification of retroviruses is presented. The scheme is based on the length and sequence of a DNA transcript of the 5' end of the genome. The method can be used to detect similarities between distantly related viruses as well as to discriminate between very closely related viruses. The method is applied to viruses isolated from mice, baboons, gibbons, a woolly monkey and chickens.", "contents": "A method for classification of 5' termini of retroviruses. A new method for the classification of retroviruses is presented. The scheme is based on the length and sequence of a DNA transcript of the 5' end of the genome. The method can be used to detect similarities between distantly related viruses as well as to discriminate between very closely related viruses. The method is applied to viruses isolated from mice, baboons, gibbons, a woolly monkey and chickens.", "PMID": 78449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6921", "title": "[Limits and possibilities of neoplasm immunotherapy].", "content": "Immunological treatment of malignant human tumors has so far met with little success. Based on methods and insights obtained by investigation of corresponding animal models, this article attempts to elucidate the reasons for this failure and to suggest ways and means to improve immunotherapeutic approaches to human neoplasms.", "contents": "[Limits and possibilities of neoplasm immunotherapy]. Immunological treatment of malignant human tumors has so far met with little success. Based on methods and insights obtained by investigation of corresponding animal models, this article attempts to elucidate the reasons for this failure and to suggest ways and means to improve immunotherapeutic approaches to human neoplasms.", "PMID": 78457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6922", "title": "[The gastric mucosa barrier and gastropathy].", "content": "In addition to a layer of mucus, the gastric mucosa barrier is mainly formed of a tight junction consisting of the surface membranes of epithelial cells. It is this that mainly impedes the flowback of H+ ions. Buffers conveyed by the blood neutralise the small numbers of ions that do flow back, even under physiological conditions. Damage to the barrier results in a considerable backflow of ions that enhance acid secretion and release of histamine and other vasoactive substances, so that further mucosal lesions occur. Such damage may be of exogenous or endogenous origin. Alcohol and acetylsalicylic acid are two examples. The latter is undissociated and hence liposoluble in the highly milieu of the stomach and can easily enter the cells and damage them. Severe hypovolaemia, stress and sepsis are instances of endogenous sources of damage. In the final analysis, the damage caused by sepsis is linked to cell anoxia.", "contents": "[The gastric mucosa barrier and gastropathy]. In addition to a layer of mucus, the gastric mucosa barrier is mainly formed of a tight junction consisting of the surface membranes of epithelial cells. It is this that mainly impedes the flowback of H+ ions. Buffers conveyed by the blood neutralise the small numbers of ions that do flow back, even under physiological conditions. Damage to the barrier results in a considerable backflow of ions that enhance acid secretion and release of histamine and other vasoactive substances, so that further mucosal lesions occur. Such damage may be of exogenous or endogenous origin. Alcohol and acetylsalicylic acid are two examples. The latter is undissociated and hence liposoluble in the highly milieu of the stomach and can easily enter the cells and damage them. Severe hypovolaemia, stress and sepsis are instances of endogenous sources of damage. In the final analysis, the damage caused by sepsis is linked to cell anoxia.", "PMID": 78472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6923", "title": "Delayed recurrence and chemotherapy of a granulosa cell tumor.", "content": "A case of proved delayed recurrence of a granulosa cell tumor 18 years after initial diagnosis is presented. L-Phenylalanine mustard was given after radiation was refused for the unresectable mass. A prolonged complete remission was produced. The present status of palliative therapy of recurrent granulosa cell tumor is discussed with a request for the reporting of experiences with more patients treated with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Delayed recurrence and chemotherapy of a granulosa cell tumor. A case of proved delayed recurrence of a granulosa cell tumor 18 years after initial diagnosis is presented. L-Phenylalanine mustard was given after radiation was refused for the unresectable mass. A prolonged complete remission was produced. The present status of palliative therapy of recurrent granulosa cell tumor is discussed with a request for the reporting of experiences with more patients treated with chemotherapy.", "PMID": 78478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6924", "title": "Negative staining of a non-haemadsorbing strain of African swine fever virus.", "content": "Since the application of negative staining, preceded by fixation, prevents the disruption and distortion of the capsid of the African swine fever virus, improved contrast and evaluation of the appearance and size of virus particles in the electron microscope is possible and, in addition, the icosahedral shape of the virus is demonstrable. The mature virus particle contains at least 2 capsid layers and an outer envelope.", "contents": "Negative staining of a non-haemadsorbing strain of African swine fever virus. Since the application of negative staining, preceded by fixation, prevents the disruption and distortion of the capsid of the African swine fever virus, improved contrast and evaluation of the appearance and size of virus particles in the electron microscope is possible and, in addition, the icosahedral shape of the virus is demonstrable. The mature virus particle contains at least 2 capsid layers and an outer envelope.", "PMID": 78480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6925", "title": "Lymphoblastic conversion in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A child presented with \"acute leukemia\" in which the blast cells resembled lymphoblasts and had negative cytochemical staining (PAS, Sudan black, and myeloperoxidase). Remission was induced and typical adult-type chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) followed. Cytogenetic studies initially and during remission and subsequent \"acute leukemia\" relapses revealed the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality. Terminal transferase assay performed on peripheral blood blast cells was markedly elevated and soft agar culture growth parameters were typical of acute lymphoblastic leukemia T and B cell marker studies revealed no markers. This case report with supportive laboratory studies suggests that a cell line with lymphoid characteristics may predominate during acute leukemic transformation. This type of subclassification of leukemia may be of importance in therapeutic planning.", "contents": "Lymphoblastic conversion in chronic myelogenous leukemia. A child presented with \"acute leukemia\" in which the blast cells resembled lymphoblasts and had negative cytochemical staining (PAS, Sudan black, and myeloperoxidase). Remission was induced and typical adult-type chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) followed. Cytogenetic studies initially and during remission and subsequent \"acute leukemia\" relapses revealed the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality. Terminal transferase assay performed on peripheral blood blast cells was markedly elevated and soft agar culture growth parameters were typical of acute lymphoblastic leukemia T and B cell marker studies revealed no markers. This case report with supportive laboratory studies suggests that a cell line with lymphoid characteristics may predominate during acute leukemic transformation. This type of subclassification of leukemia may be of importance in therapeutic planning.", "PMID": 78481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6926", "title": "Effect of parenteral fat emulsion on the pulmonary and reticuloendothelial systems in the newborn infant.", "content": "Analysis of phospholipids (PL), cholesterol esters, triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA) was performed on plasma and RBCs in two sick low-birth-weight infants who received total parenteral nutrition including Intralipid for the first 9 and 12 weeks of life, respectively. There was an increase in the total concentration of the plasma IG and FFA in the infants receiving Intralipid as compared with controls. These elevated lipid levels were not detected by visual inspection of the plasma. When compared with control infants, higher levels of linoleic acid were found in the plasma and RBCs of infants receiving Intralipid while plasma PL contained less arachidonate. Histological examination of the lung in both infants who received Intralipid revealed numerous globules of sudanophilic material in alveolar macrophages and capillaries. There is a possibility that prolonged administration of Intralipid may be associated with altered pulmonary and reticuloendothelial system function.", "contents": "Effect of parenteral fat emulsion on the pulmonary and reticuloendothelial systems in the newborn infant. Analysis of phospholipids (PL), cholesterol esters, triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA) was performed on plasma and RBCs in two sick low-birth-weight infants who received total parenteral nutrition including Intralipid for the first 9 and 12 weeks of life, respectively. There was an increase in the total concentration of the plasma IG and FFA in the infants receiving Intralipid as compared with controls. These elevated lipid levels were not detected by visual inspection of the plasma. When compared with control infants, higher levels of linoleic acid were found in the plasma and RBCs of infants receiving Intralipid while plasma PL contained less arachidonate. Histological examination of the lung in both infants who received Intralipid revealed numerous globules of sudanophilic material in alveolar macrophages and capillaries. There is a possibility that prolonged administration of Intralipid may be associated with altered pulmonary and reticuloendothelial system function.", "PMID": 78482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6927", "title": "[Relationship between digital necrosis of the upper limbs and malignant conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report six new cases of necrosis of the fingers occurring during the course of a malignant condition. None of the patient was suffering from any other disease which could explain the digital necrosis. They discuss the mechanism of the relationship between the two conditions : blood hyperviscosity, thrombocytosis, polycythaemia, cryoglobulin and the production of immune complexes. The particular role of bleomycin is mentioned. The possibility of a true paraneoplastic syndrome is suggested.", "contents": "[Relationship between digital necrosis of the upper limbs and malignant conditions (author's transl)]. The authors report six new cases of necrosis of the fingers occurring during the course of a malignant condition. None of the patient was suffering from any other disease which could explain the digital necrosis. They discuss the mechanism of the relationship between the two conditions : blood hyperviscosity, thrombocytosis, polycythaemia, cryoglobulin and the production of immune complexes. The particular role of bleomycin is mentioned. The possibility of a true paraneoplastic syndrome is suggested.", "PMID": 78484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6928", "title": "[The influence of the galenic form of 131I administration on the results of radioiodine tests--comparison of 131I in capsules and in solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of thyroid uptake and PB131I in two groups of 20 euthyroid persons each was performed. In one group 131I was administered in the form of capsules and in the other as a solution. The application of 131I in capsule form showed no significant decrease of thyroid uptake at 2, 24 and 48 hr but a significant diminishment of PB131I 48 hr after capsule ingestion (p less than 0,05). In 3 patients the scintiscans of the abdomen 24 hr after administration of three 131I capsules (90 muCi) revealed no circumscribed areas of activity. Because the iodine metabolism is dependent upon the kind of carrier, we conclude that for thyroid uptake measurements and the following 131I therapy the same 131I preparation should be used.", "contents": "[The influence of the galenic form of 131I administration on the results of radioiodine tests--comparison of 131I in capsules and in solutions (author's transl)]. A comparative study of thyroid uptake and PB131I in two groups of 20 euthyroid persons each was performed. In one group 131I was administered in the form of capsules and in the other as a solution. The application of 131I in capsule form showed no significant decrease of thyroid uptake at 2, 24 and 48 hr but a significant diminishment of PB131I 48 hr after capsule ingestion (p less than 0,05). In 3 patients the scintiscans of the abdomen 24 hr after administration of three 131I capsules (90 muCi) revealed no circumscribed areas of activity. Because the iodine metabolism is dependent upon the kind of carrier, we conclude that for thyroid uptake measurements and the following 131I therapy the same 131I preparation should be used.", "PMID": 78485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6929", "title": "\"Nonspecific\" cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in rat tissues: molecular forms, structural and catalytic properties, and significance of the two enzyme systems.", "content": "\"Nonspecific\" cholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8) from various rat tissues has been found to exist in several stable molecular forms that appear as exact counterparts of molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7). The sedimentation pattern of cholinesterase was similar to that of acetylcholinesterase with a small but significant shift between the sedimentation coefficients of the corresponding forms. Extraction yields in different media also demonstrated a close parallelism between the two enzyme systems. Other properties, such as thermal stability and catalytic characteristics, indicated both differences and similarities. In spite of the structural resemblance implied by their physicochemical properties, cholinesterase did not crossreact with antibodies against acetylcholinesterase. The nature of the relationships revealed by these studies and their bearing on the physiological significance of cholinesterases are discussed.", "contents": "\"Nonspecific\" cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in rat tissues: molecular forms, structural and catalytic properties, and significance of the two enzyme systems. \"Nonspecific\" cholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8) from various rat tissues has been found to exist in several stable molecular forms that appear as exact counterparts of molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7). The sedimentation pattern of cholinesterase was similar to that of acetylcholinesterase with a small but significant shift between the sedimentation coefficients of the corresponding forms. Extraction yields in different media also demonstrated a close parallelism between the two enzyme systems. Other properties, such as thermal stability and catalytic characteristics, indicated both differences and similarities. In spite of the structural resemblance implied by their physicochemical properties, cholinesterase did not crossreact with antibodies against acetylcholinesterase. The nature of the relationships revealed by these studies and their bearing on the physiological significance of cholinesterases are discussed.", "PMID": 78492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6930", "title": "Adult murine T cells activated in vitro by alpha-fetoprotein and naturally occurring T cells in newborn mice: identity in function and cell surface differentiation antigens.", "content": "Murine alpha-fetoprotein (alphaFP) has been shown to suppress T cell-dependent antibody responses in vitro but not T cell-independent responses. Our earlier preliminary findings indicated that such inhibitory effects are mediated via activated T cells. In this study, using alphaFP as the inducing agent, we have analyzed cells generated in vitro from adult spleen cells with regard to function and surface markers and compared the cells to the naturally occurring splenic T cells of newborn mice, in which there are high intrinsic concentrations of alphaFP. Both types of T lymphocytes were found to effectively inhibit T cell-dependent antibody responses in vitro but not T cell-independent responses. Moreover, both groups of T cells were found to express the identical differentiation antigen phenotype,Ly 1 + 2-. Thus alphaFP-induced inhibitory T cells from adults could be shown to have the same functional properties and Ly phenotype as splenic T lymphocytes from newborn mice. These findings support the concept that alphaFP might function as an important immunoregulatory agent in vivo during ontogenetic development.", "contents": "Adult murine T cells activated in vitro by alpha-fetoprotein and naturally occurring T cells in newborn mice: identity in function and cell surface differentiation antigens. Murine alpha-fetoprotein (alphaFP) has been shown to suppress T cell-dependent antibody responses in vitro but not T cell-independent responses. Our earlier preliminary findings indicated that such inhibitory effects are mediated via activated T cells. In this study, using alphaFP as the inducing agent, we have analyzed cells generated in vitro from adult spleen cells with regard to function and surface markers and compared the cells to the naturally occurring splenic T cells of newborn mice, in which there are high intrinsic concentrations of alphaFP. Both types of T lymphocytes were found to effectively inhibit T cell-dependent antibody responses in vitro but not T cell-independent responses. Moreover, both groups of T cells were found to express the identical differentiation antigen phenotype,Ly 1 + 2-. Thus alphaFP-induced inhibitory T cells from adults could be shown to have the same functional properties and Ly phenotype as splenic T lymphocytes from newborn mice. These findings support the concept that alphaFP might function as an important immunoregulatory agent in vivo during ontogenetic development.", "PMID": 78493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6931", "title": "A new approach to the structural determination of glycoproteins and polysaccharides: anhydrous HF solvolysis.", "content": "From experiments with glycoproteins containing the glycopeptide linkages, arabinose-O-hydroxyproline and galactose-O-serine (plant cell wall glycopeptides), N-acetylgalactosamine-O-serine/threonine (pig submaxillary mucin), and N-acetyl-glucosamine-N-asparagine (fetuin), it is apparent that anhydrous liquid HF, a reagent commonly used by snythetic peptide chemists for the complete removal of protecting groups from synthetic peptides, cleaves the O-glycosidic linkages of neutral sugars in 1 hr at 0 degrees  C, and the O-glycosidic linkages of amino sugars in 3 hr at 23 degrees C. The N-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine is not cleaved under any conditions that have been tested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of bovine serum albumin treated in HF does not show any degradation of peptide bonds. Some relatively stable enzymes (lysozyme and RNase) have been shown by others to retain most of their enzymic activity after short treatment (1 hr at 0 degrees C) in HF. With the specificity of HF at 0 degrees C for neutral sugars it should be possible to generate di- or trisaccharides in high yield from polysaccharides containing both neutral and amino sugars with neutral sugars as the reducing termini.", "contents": "A new approach to the structural determination of glycoproteins and polysaccharides: anhydrous HF solvolysis. From experiments with glycoproteins containing the glycopeptide linkages, arabinose-O-hydroxyproline and galactose-O-serine (plant cell wall glycopeptides), N-acetylgalactosamine-O-serine/threonine (pig submaxillary mucin), and N-acetyl-glucosamine-N-asparagine (fetuin), it is apparent that anhydrous liquid HF, a reagent commonly used by snythetic peptide chemists for the complete removal of protecting groups from synthetic peptides, cleaves the O-glycosidic linkages of neutral sugars in 1 hr at 0 degrees  C, and the O-glycosidic linkages of amino sugars in 3 hr at 23 degrees C. The N-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine is not cleaved under any conditions that have been tested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of bovine serum albumin treated in HF does not show any degradation of peptide bonds. Some relatively stable enzymes (lysozyme and RNase) have been shown by others to retain most of their enzymic activity after short treatment (1 hr at 0 degrees C) in HF. With the specificity of HF at 0 degrees C for neutral sugars it should be possible to generate di- or trisaccharides in high yield from polysaccharides containing both neutral and amino sugars with neutral sugars as the reducing termini.", "PMID": 78502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6932", "title": "Radiotherapy of carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary system.", "content": "Carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts carry a dismal prognosis. Due to the proximity of a number of vital structures and their early invasion, these tumors are rarely resectable. Long-term survival or cure is an exception. Results of treatment in 11 patients are reported. In 4 patients, radiotherapy was given as an adjuvant to surgery; in 5 patients the aim was palliation, while 2 patients received potentially curative doses of radiation. Good palliation has been achieved. Long-term, disease-free survival has been observed in some radically treated patients. The results suggest that radiotherapy may contribute to cure not only when used as a surgical adjuvant but also as the sole treatment modality in unresectable but still localized carcinomas of the bile ducts.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary system. Carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts carry a dismal prognosis. Due to the proximity of a number of vital structures and their early invasion, these tumors are rarely resectable. Long-term survival or cure is an exception. Results of treatment in 11 patients are reported. In 4 patients, radiotherapy was given as an adjuvant to surgery; in 5 patients the aim was palliation, while 2 patients received potentially curative doses of radiation. Good palliation has been achieved. Long-term, disease-free survival has been observed in some radically treated patients. The results suggest that radiotherapy may contribute to cure not only when used as a surgical adjuvant but also as the sole treatment modality in unresectable but still localized carcinomas of the bile ducts.", "PMID": 78508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6933", "title": "Effect of topical prostaglandins on nasal patency in man.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 and 17 phenyl trinor PGE2 on nasal patency has been studied in healthy volunteers and in patients with vasomotor and allergic rhinitis. Both drugs applied topically increased nasal patency. The effect of a single dose of either compound lasted for several hours. Prostaglandin E1 produced nasal irritation and throbbing, lacrimation, headache and sore throat. Except for occasional brief nasal irritation, these side effects were not encountered with 17 phenyl trinor PGE2.", "contents": "Effect of topical prostaglandins on nasal patency in man. The effect of prostaglandin E1 and 17 phenyl trinor PGE2 on nasal patency has been studied in healthy volunteers and in patients with vasomotor and allergic rhinitis. Both drugs applied topically increased nasal patency. The effect of a single dose of either compound lasted for several hours. Prostaglandin E1 produced nasal irritation and throbbing, lacrimation, headache and sore throat. Except for occasional brief nasal irritation, these side effects were not encountered with 17 phenyl trinor PGE2.", "PMID": 78509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6934", "title": "[Structure of the use of symbols in schizophrenic language].", "content": "The structure of the use of symbols in schizophrenia is examined, based on a recorded text spoken by a 35-year-old schizophrenic teacher (female). At specific points in this text, symbolic usage can be determined. The structural analysis illustrates a schizophrenic alteration which exists in each case through the substitution of a secondary meaning for a primary one. This structure is present in all cases. (In addition, the text also contains a symbol stemming from folk tradition.) This structure is identical with the structure of linguistic alteration in schizophrenics as well as that of the structure of schizophrenic delusions. This present study concentrates on the formal analysis of the use of symbols and does not present a close analysis of the content.", "contents": "[Structure of the use of symbols in schizophrenic language]. The structure of the use of symbols in schizophrenia is examined, based on a recorded text spoken by a 35-year-old schizophrenic teacher (female). At specific points in this text, symbolic usage can be determined. The structural analysis illustrates a schizophrenic alteration which exists in each case through the substitution of a secondary meaning for a primary one. This structure is present in all cases. (In addition, the text also contains a symbol stemming from folk tradition.) This structure is identical with the structure of linguistic alteration in schizophrenics as well as that of the structure of schizophrenic delusions. This present study concentrates on the formal analysis of the use of symbols and does not present a close analysis of the content.", "PMID": 78511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6935", "title": "Starch degradation during germination of Civer arietinum L. seeds.", "content": "The variations in starch and soluble sugar content, in phosphorylase and amylase activities in cotyledons of germinating seeds of Cicer arietinum L. are determined. Results from various experiments prove that the alpha-amylases are chiefly responsible for amylase activity. Phosphorylase plays an important r\u00f4le during the first two days of germination, but it is relegated to a secondary position as the amylase activity increases. Disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel shows the existence of a phosphorylase throughout germination, and detects two alpha-amylases after 48 and 96 h germination respectively. The increase in alpha-amylase activity during germination is due to de novo synthesis of the two isoenzymes, since both are inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomyces D. This de novo synthesis depends on some embryo produced factor, unreplaceable either by giberellic acid or by kinetin.", "contents": "Starch degradation during germination of Civer arietinum L. seeds. The variations in starch and soluble sugar content, in phosphorylase and amylase activities in cotyledons of germinating seeds of Cicer arietinum L. are determined. Results from various experiments prove that the alpha-amylases are chiefly responsible for amylase activity. Phosphorylase plays an important r\u00f4le during the first two days of germination, but it is relegated to a secondary position as the amylase activity increases. Disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel shows the existence of a phosphorylase throughout germination, and detects two alpha-amylases after 48 and 96 h germination respectively. The increase in alpha-amylase activity during germination is due to de novo synthesis of the two isoenzymes, since both are inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomyces D. This de novo synthesis depends on some embryo produced factor, unreplaceable either by giberellic acid or by kinetin.", "PMID": 78513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6936", "title": "Urinary excretion of albumin beta2-microglobulin and free light chains during lithium treatment.", "content": "Albumin, beta2-microglobulin and free light chains were determined in urine in nine manic-depressive patients before and at intervals during three months of lithium treatment (longitudinal study). The same determinations were carried out in twenty-seven manic-depressive patients who had been treated with lithium for 3 months to 20 years and also in a control group (transversal study). There were no statistically significant changes in urinary excretions of albumin, beta2-microglobulin and free light chains during the longitudinal study. In one patient albumin excretion gradually increased during the study and remained elevated on reexamination 1 year later. No significant differences were found between the lithium treated patients and control subjects in the transversal study in either albumin, beta2-microglobulin or free light chain excretion. It is not clear whether the increased and sustained albumin excretion in one of the patients was due to lithium or was conincidental. The study shows that in most patients lithium treatment does not affect renal protein excretion.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of albumin beta2-microglobulin and free light chains during lithium treatment. Albumin, beta2-microglobulin and free light chains were determined in urine in nine manic-depressive patients before and at intervals during three months of lithium treatment (longitudinal study). The same determinations were carried out in twenty-seven manic-depressive patients who had been treated with lithium for 3 months to 20 years and also in a control group (transversal study). There were no statistically significant changes in urinary excretions of albumin, beta2-microglobulin and free light chains during the longitudinal study. In one patient albumin excretion gradually increased during the study and remained elevated on reexamination 1 year later. No significant differences were found between the lithium treated patients and control subjects in the transversal study in either albumin, beta2-microglobulin or free light chain excretion. It is not clear whether the increased and sustained albumin excretion in one of the patients was due to lithium or was conincidental. The study shows that in most patients lithium treatment does not affect renal protein excretion.", "PMID": 78517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6937", "title": "Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin in renal stone patients under normal conditions and during acidosis and alkalosis.", "content": "The urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin was studied under normal conditions and during acidosis and alkalosis in 65 patients with renal stones. Eleven patients were studied under two of these conditions. Four out of 51 patients examined under normal conditions had an increased excretion of beta2-microglobulin in their urine. Four out of five patients with distal acidification defects were found to have an increased excretion of beta2-microglobulin during induced acidosis. During alkalosis, four out of eight patients with acidification defects increased their excretion of the protein. The tubular proteinuria that could be provoked during acute acidosis and alkalosis was considered to be secondary to changes in the acid-base status and may indicate a renal tubular defect.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin in renal stone patients under normal conditions and during acidosis and alkalosis. The urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin was studied under normal conditions and during acidosis and alkalosis in 65 patients with renal stones. Eleven patients were studied under two of these conditions. Four out of 51 patients examined under normal conditions had an increased excretion of beta2-microglobulin in their urine. Four out of five patients with distal acidification defects were found to have an increased excretion of beta2-microglobulin during induced acidosis. During alkalosis, four out of eight patients with acidification defects increased their excretion of the protein. The tubular proteinuria that could be provoked during acute acidosis and alkalosis was considered to be secondary to changes in the acid-base status and may indicate a renal tubular defect.", "PMID": 78518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6938", "title": "[Tonsillar neoplasms].", "content": "While it is generally accepted that the treatment of choice in carcinoma of the tonsil is transcutaneous radiotherapy (including lymphatic drainage), opinion on additional surgical interventions is still divided. The possible operations are extended tonsillectomy followed by radical neck dissection or the composite operation with partial mandibulectomy. The importance of the composite operation for T3 stage tumors is emphasized. Chemotherapy (bleomycin) was rarely used in our patients, and only initially in extensive carcinoma.", "contents": "[Tonsillar neoplasms]. While it is generally accepted that the treatment of choice in carcinoma of the tonsil is transcutaneous radiotherapy (including lymphatic drainage), opinion on additional surgical interventions is still divided. The possible operations are extended tonsillectomy followed by radical neck dissection or the composite operation with partial mandibulectomy. The importance of the composite operation for T3 stage tumors is emphasized. Chemotherapy (bleomycin) was rarely used in our patients, and only initially in extensive carcinoma.", "PMID": 78519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6939", "title": "[Meaningful possibilities of palliative therapy of incurable mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms and their recurrence].", "content": "In incurable cancer of the mouth and oropharynx, reasonable palliative therapy should render the patient's remaining life-span worth living. The following problems impair tumor patient's well-being: 1. pain, 2. ingestive and respiratory difficulties, 3. aspect, 4. odor, 5. psychic trauma resulting from 3 and 4. Pain, either caused by the tumor itself or as a reaction to irradiation or inflammatory response, is of primary importance. Impairment of ingestion, respiration, and speech diminishes the quality of life. Disfigurement of the face or a penetrating odor may sometimes cause additional psychic stress. Besides palliative radio- and chemotherapy, in certain cases palliation can be obtained by surgery, which may reduce the size of a cosmetically disturbing tumor mass or create a clean wound surface easier to care for than a necrotic surface. Furthermore, painful neuralgic nerve branches may be severed. Severe lymphedema of the face and neck may be improved by lumbo-peritoneal shunt operation. Most recently, cryosurgery has won an established place in the management of these problems, although certain restrictions must be observed. Superficial recurrences can be treated without further mutilation of the patient. Painful areas of the tumor can be eradicated. Recurrences in the hypopharynx, which are accessible with difficulty only, can be treated with a cryosonde with little harm to an already impaired patient. Multiple tumor lesions can be iced at the same time. Among the reasonable palliative methods of treatment, synchronized irradiation and chemotherapy as well as implantation of solid radioactive substances must be mentioned.", "contents": "[Meaningful possibilities of palliative therapy of incurable mouth and pharyngeal neoplasms and their recurrence]. In incurable cancer of the mouth and oropharynx, reasonable palliative therapy should render the patient's remaining life-span worth living. The following problems impair tumor patient's well-being: 1. pain, 2. ingestive and respiratory difficulties, 3. aspect, 4. odor, 5. psychic trauma resulting from 3 and 4. Pain, either caused by the tumor itself or as a reaction to irradiation or inflammatory response, is of primary importance. Impairment of ingestion, respiration, and speech diminishes the quality of life. Disfigurement of the face or a penetrating odor may sometimes cause additional psychic stress. Besides palliative radio- and chemotherapy, in certain cases palliation can be obtained by surgery, which may reduce the size of a cosmetically disturbing tumor mass or create a clean wound surface easier to care for than a necrotic surface. Furthermore, painful neuralgic nerve branches may be severed. Severe lymphedema of the face and neck may be improved by lumbo-peritoneal shunt operation. Most recently, cryosurgery has won an established place in the management of these problems, although certain restrictions must be observed. Superficial recurrences can be treated without further mutilation of the patient. Painful areas of the tumor can be eradicated. Recurrences in the hypopharynx, which are accessible with difficulty only, can be treated with a cryosonde with little harm to an already impaired patient. Multiple tumor lesions can be iced at the same time. Among the reasonable palliative methods of treatment, synchronized irradiation and chemotherapy as well as implantation of solid radioactive substances must be mentioned.", "PMID": 78520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6940", "title": "[The problem of the perioperative chemotherapy of the squamous epithelial carcinoma of the mouth].", "content": "In perioperative chemotherapy the question arises if, and to what extent, irritations of the wound-healing process are to be expected, especially after plastic surgery. Our research on wound-healing irritations under bleomycin therapy has been conducted in animal experiments and has resulted in definite recommendations for perioperative management. Taking UMEZAWA's experimental work as a basis, it can be assumed that the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activity in squamous-cell carcinoma is in direct quantitative proportion to the bleomycin effect on these tumors. In clinical and experimental studies the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activities of different squamous-cell carcinomas of the oral cavity have been tested. A lower enzyme activity - and a good clinical effect - has been found in highly differentiated carcinomas than in less differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, with a less good effect. Reports in the literature on vascular support in carcinomas of the oral cavity prompted us to conduct microangiographic studies. Diminished vascularization with avascular regions of different size was found in most of the cases. Differentiated, medullar carcinomas showed a worse supply of blood vessels than undifferentiated and infiltrating carcinomas. The special morphological structures and functional factors of the tumor blood supply of the oral squamous-cell carcinoma are discussed in regard to their relevance for chemotherapy.", "contents": "[The problem of the perioperative chemotherapy of the squamous epithelial carcinoma of the mouth]. In perioperative chemotherapy the question arises if, and to what extent, irritations of the wound-healing process are to be expected, especially after plastic surgery. Our research on wound-healing irritations under bleomycin therapy has been conducted in animal experiments and has resulted in definite recommendations for perioperative management. Taking UMEZAWA's experimental work as a basis, it can be assumed that the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activity in squamous-cell carcinoma is in direct quantitative proportion to the bleomycin effect on these tumors. In clinical and experimental studies the bleomycin-inactivating enzyme activities of different squamous-cell carcinomas of the oral cavity have been tested. A lower enzyme activity - and a good clinical effect - has been found in highly differentiated carcinomas than in less differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, with a less good effect. Reports in the literature on vascular support in carcinomas of the oral cavity prompted us to conduct microangiographic studies. Diminished vascularization with avascular regions of different size was found in most of the cases. Differentiated, medullar carcinomas showed a worse supply of blood vessels than undifferentiated and infiltrating carcinomas. The special morphological structures and functional factors of the tumor blood supply of the oral squamous-cell carcinoma are discussed in regard to their relevance for chemotherapy.", "PMID": 78521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6941", "title": "Substances moved by axonal transport and released by nerve stimulation have an innervation-like effect on muscle.", "content": "Substances which have an innervation-like effect on the cholinesterase activity of organ-cultured rat extensor digitorum longus muscles are moved in nerve by axonal transport, are released from nerve by stimulation, and are present in innervated muscle but apparently absent from denervated muscle. Substances which increase the acetylcholine sensitivity of cultured muscles behave similarly.", "contents": "Substances moved by axonal transport and released by nerve stimulation have an innervation-like effect on muscle. Substances which have an innervation-like effect on the cholinesterase activity of organ-cultured rat extensor digitorum longus muscles are moved in nerve by axonal transport, are released from nerve by stimulation, and are present in innervated muscle but apparently absent from denervated muscle. Substances which increase the acetylcholine sensitivity of cultured muscles behave similarly.", "PMID": 78522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6942", "title": "Estrogenic activity of the insecticide kepone on the chicken oviduct.", "content": "Kepone induces ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis in explants of chick oviduct in vitro by acting as a weak estrogen. It binds to the nuclear estrogen receptor and is antagonized by the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Kepone also induces egg white protein synthesis in vivo by direct interaction with estrogen receptors and by indirectly increasing the concentration of progesterone in the serum.", "contents": "Estrogenic activity of the insecticide kepone on the chicken oviduct. Kepone induces ovalbumin and conalbumin synthesis in explants of chick oviduct in vitro by acting as a weak estrogen. It binds to the nuclear estrogen receptor and is antagonized by the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Kepone also induces egg white protein synthesis in vivo by direct interaction with estrogen receptors and by indirectly increasing the concentration of progesterone in the serum.", "PMID": 78523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6943", "title": "Suppression of chronic allergic encephalomyelitis: relevance to multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The expression of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in strain 13 guinea pigs was suppressed with a single series of injections of myelin basic protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The suppression appeared permanent, and subsequent rechallenge with central nervous system antigen failed to elicit exacerbations.", "contents": "Suppression of chronic allergic encephalomyelitis: relevance to multiple sclerosis. The expression of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in strain 13 guinea pigs was suppressed with a single series of injections of myelin basic protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The suppression appeared permanent, and subsequent rechallenge with central nervous system antigen failed to elicit exacerbations.", "PMID": 78524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6944", "title": "Treatment of constipation in geriatric and chronically ill patients: a comparison.", "content": "The difficulties of adequately managing constipation, particulary in patients with impaired or limited mobility as a result of surgery, cardiovascular or cerebral disease, or advanced age, led us to evaluate the use of stool softeners in a homogeneous group of institutionalized patients. Comparison was made between dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) (Colace), q.d. and b.i.d., and dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate (DCS) (Surfak), q.d. Analysis of results showed 81% of the patients receiving DCS improved, a significant result (P is less than .02) when assessed by the sign test. By contrast, DSS caused no significant improvement over placebo, regardless of whether it was administered once or twice a day. The mean number of natural bowel movements among the DCS group increased approximately 62% over the placebo period, more than twice the 30% increase seen with DSS administered either b.i.d. or q.d. No adverse reactions were reported in any of the groups, and no significant study-induced changes occurred in laboratory measurements.", "contents": "Treatment of constipation in geriatric and chronically ill patients: a comparison. The difficulties of adequately managing constipation, particulary in patients with impaired or limited mobility as a result of surgery, cardiovascular or cerebral disease, or advanced age, led us to evaluate the use of stool softeners in a homogeneous group of institutionalized patients. Comparison was made between dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) (Colace), q.d. and b.i.d., and dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate (DCS) (Surfak), q.d. Analysis of results showed 81% of the patients receiving DCS improved, a significant result (P is less than .02) when assessed by the sign test. By contrast, DSS caused no significant improvement over placebo, regardless of whether it was administered once or twice a day. The mean number of natural bowel movements among the DCS group increased approximately 62% over the placebo period, more than twice the 30% increase seen with DSS administered either b.i.d. or q.d. No adverse reactions were reported in any of the groups, and no significant study-induced changes occurred in laboratory measurements.", "PMID": 78527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6945", "title": "Flutamide therapy for carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "In our three-year experience with the use of flutamide for the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate, 20 patients with previously untreated stage D carcinoma of the prostate were enrolled in a 12-week double-blind study. Seven patients received 1.5 gm of flutamide daily, seven patients received 0.75 gm of flutamide daily, and six patients received 1.0 mg of diethylstilbestrol daily. Two patients receiving flutamide did not complete the 12-week study. Six patients receiving flutamide and three patients receiving diethylstilbestrol had objective evidence of improvement. Of the patients receiving flutamide, 50% were alive at one year, and 43% were alive at two years. Three of the original 14 patients started on flutamide are alive at 36, 33, and 24 months. In addition, we continued clinical evaluation of flutamide as an open study, enrolling six other patients (four with stage D and two with stage C carcinoma of the prostate). All except one of these patients had received previous hormonal therapy. At present, four are still being followed up at 13, 15, 20 and 24 months, demonstrating that flutamide can give positive results to some patients whose condition is deteriorating despite diethylstilbestrol therapy.", "contents": "Flutamide therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. In our three-year experience with the use of flutamide for the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate, 20 patients with previously untreated stage D carcinoma of the prostate were enrolled in a 12-week double-blind study. Seven patients received 1.5 gm of flutamide daily, seven patients received 0.75 gm of flutamide daily, and six patients received 1.0 mg of diethylstilbestrol daily. Two patients receiving flutamide did not complete the 12-week study. Six patients receiving flutamide and three patients receiving diethylstilbestrol had objective evidence of improvement. Of the patients receiving flutamide, 50% were alive at one year, and 43% were alive at two years. Three of the original 14 patients started on flutamide are alive at 36, 33, and 24 months. In addition, we continued clinical evaluation of flutamide as an open study, enrolling six other patients (four with stage D and two with stage C carcinoma of the prostate). All except one of these patients had received previous hormonal therapy. At present, four are still being followed up at 13, 15, 20 and 24 months, demonstrating that flutamide can give positive results to some patients whose condition is deteriorating despite diethylstilbestrol therapy.", "PMID": 78529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6946", "title": "[Use of chlormadinone acetate (CAP) in bovine reproduction (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained with chlormadinone acetate (CAP) in the treatment of dairy cattle with inactive ovaries (anoestrus) and during the puerperium are reported. CAP was administered to eighteen animals with inactive ovaries for fourteen days. Oestrus occurred in fourteen animals within from one to four days after treatment had been completed. Insemination during this oestrus resulted in pregnancy in five animals. CAP was also administered to sixty animals on three farms for fourteen days during the puerperium, treatment starting on the twelfth day post partum. This was done for the purpose of improving subsequent fertility. However, as regards the interval between parturition and first insemination, the conception rate following the first insemination and the interval between parturition and conception, there were no detectable differences between the treated groups and the controls in the same herds (Table 1).", "contents": "[Use of chlormadinone acetate (CAP) in bovine reproduction (author's transl)]. The results obtained with chlormadinone acetate (CAP) in the treatment of dairy cattle with inactive ovaries (anoestrus) and during the puerperium are reported. CAP was administered to eighteen animals with inactive ovaries for fourteen days. Oestrus occurred in fourteen animals within from one to four days after treatment had been completed. Insemination during this oestrus resulted in pregnancy in five animals. CAP was also administered to sixty animals on three farms for fourteen days during the puerperium, treatment starting on the twelfth day post partum. This was done for the purpose of improving subsequent fertility. However, as regards the interval between parturition and first insemination, the conception rate following the first insemination and the interval between parturition and conception, there were no detectable differences between the treated groups and the controls in the same herds (Table 1).", "PMID": 78531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6947", "title": "Studies on the specificity of CML. Report from a CML-workshop.", "content": "In a collaboratory study involving eight different laboratories 30 human, mixed lymphocyte culture educated cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) were identified yielding reproducible cytolysis on allogenic lymphocyte target cells without detectable HLA-A, B (and C) antigenic  sharing between stimulator and target cells. These CTLs were collected in one laboratory (Aarhus) and tested in parallel against a population sample of 100 unrelated, healthy Danes. The testing was only performed once and 11  CTLs did not discriminate in the population, probably due to transportation damage. On the basis of pairwise comparisons between 19 CTLs, three tentative CML-defined specificities could be recognized. These three groups may have defined monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually negative, albeit not significant, correlation and a fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The concept of determinants other than the serologically defined HLA antigens recognized by some CTLs can thus still be maintained as can the approach to CML typing tested in this workshop.", "contents": "Studies on the specificity of CML. Report from a CML-workshop. In a collaboratory study involving eight different laboratories 30 human, mixed lymphocyte culture educated cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) were identified yielding reproducible cytolysis on allogenic lymphocyte target cells without detectable HLA-A, B (and C) antigenic  sharing between stimulator and target cells. These CTLs were collected in one laboratory (Aarhus) and tested in parallel against a population sample of 100 unrelated, healthy Danes. The testing was only performed once and 11  CTLs did not discriminate in the population, probably due to transportation damage. On the basis of pairwise comparisons between 19 CTLs, three tentative CML-defined specificities could be recognized. These three groups may have defined monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually negative, albeit not significant, correlation and a fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The concept of determinants other than the serologically defined HLA antigens recognized by some CTLs can thus still be maintained as can the approach to CML typing tested in this workshop.", "PMID": 78534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6948", "title": "Serological studies of Cw1 and Cw3 expressed on the same haplotype.", "content": "A serological comparison has been made between individuals who are phenotypically Cw1 and Cw3. The first individual is Oriental and carries Cw1 and Cw3 on the same haplotype, the other individuals are Caucasian and carry either Cw1, Cw3 or Cw1 and Cw3 on different haplotypes. No unique specificities could be found on the Oriental Cw1, Cw3 haplotype by reciprocal absorption experiments, inhibition of complement dependent microcytotoxicity by F(ab') 2 fragments prepared from Cw1 and Cw3 antisera or by lysostrip experiments. The blocking and lysostrip experiments also suggested molecular independence of Cw1 and Cw3 determinants coded for by Oriental Cw1 haplotype. The results suggest a recent gene duplication in Oriental populations or two loci in the C region.", "contents": "Serological studies of Cw1 and Cw3 expressed on the same haplotype. A serological comparison has been made between individuals who are phenotypically Cw1 and Cw3. The first individual is Oriental and carries Cw1 and Cw3 on the same haplotype, the other individuals are Caucasian and carry either Cw1, Cw3 or Cw1 and Cw3 on different haplotypes. No unique specificities could be found on the Oriental Cw1, Cw3 haplotype by reciprocal absorption experiments, inhibition of complement dependent microcytotoxicity by F(ab') 2 fragments prepared from Cw1 and Cw3 antisera or by lysostrip experiments. The blocking and lysostrip experiments also suggested molecular independence of Cw1 and Cw3 determinants coded for by Oriental Cw1 haplotype. The results suggest a recent gene duplication in Oriental populations or two loci in the C region.", "PMID": 78535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6949", "title": "Association of HLA antigen a9 with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "Upon evaluation of 40 subjects with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), a significant association of HLA antigens A9 and Aw24 (a subgroup of A9) was found with diffuse scleroderma. HLA-Aw23 (a second subgroup of A9) was also increased in the patients, however, this was not statistically significant. Diffuse scleroderma appears to be one of the few diseases that shows an association with the HLA-A locus.", "contents": "Association of HLA antigen a9 with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Upon evaluation of 40 subjects with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), a significant association of HLA antigens A9 and Aw24 (a subgroup of A9) was found with diffuse scleroderma. HLA-Aw23 (a second subgroup of A9) was also increased in the patients, however, this was not statistically significant. Diffuse scleroderma appears to be one of the few diseases that shows an association with the HLA-A locus.", "PMID": 78536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6950", "title": "A mucoprotein with colon-specific determinants.", "content": "The tissue specificity of colonic mucoprotein antigen (CMA) was examined to determine whether the antigen might have a role as a tissue marker. The immunofluorescent technique, using a rabbit anti-CMA antiserum, was employed to examine a wide range of tissues. Gastrointestinal mucosae as well as non-gastrointestinal mucin producing tissues were positive; however, non-gastrointestinal reactivity could be eliminated by the appropriate absorptions. Mucoproteins were purified separately from each gastrointestinal anatomic region and used to absorb the antiserum. This analysis demonstrated the existence of a family of mucoproteins with a common gastrointestinal specific determinant(s). Mucoproteins from neighboring regions, as seen by this antiserum, showed a greater structural similarity than did mucoproteins from distant regions. Absorption of the antiserum with ileal or cecal mucoprotein allowed the detection of a colon specific determinant present on CMA.", "contents": "A mucoprotein with colon-specific determinants. The tissue specificity of colonic mucoprotein antigen (CMA) was examined to determine whether the antigen might have a role as a tissue marker. The immunofluorescent technique, using a rabbit anti-CMA antiserum, was employed to examine a wide range of tissues. Gastrointestinal mucosae as well as non-gastrointestinal mucin producing tissues were positive; however, non-gastrointestinal reactivity could be eliminated by the appropriate absorptions. Mucoproteins were purified separately from each gastrointestinal anatomic region and used to absorb the antiserum. This analysis demonstrated the existence of a family of mucoproteins with a common gastrointestinal specific determinant(s). Mucoproteins from neighboring regions, as seen by this antiserum, showed a greater structural similarity than did mucoproteins from distant regions. Absorption of the antiserum with ileal or cecal mucoprotein allowed the detection of a colon specific determinant present on CMA.", "PMID": 78537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6951", "title": "Relationship of HLA--D associated B lymphocyte (Ia-like) antigens in the cell membrane.", "content": "The molecular relationship of HLA--D-associated by B lymphocyte antigens was studied in lysostrip, immunofluorescence and MLC inhibition experiments. Two B cell antigens, strongly associated with HLA--Dw2 and Dw3 respectively, redistributed independently of each other in the cell membrane. A more broadly reacting B cell antiserum, which apparently recognized a public antigenic structure present on B cells of different HLA-D phenotypes, coaggregated with the HLA-DW3-associated B cell antigen. Antibodies directed against the HLA-Dw2 and-Dw3 associated cell antigens caused specific stimulating cell inhibition in MLC. Less.inhibition was observed if the target B cell antigen was shared between the responding and stimulating cell donor and thus did not constitute an allogenic difference, indicating that these antigens are MLC stimulating determinants and that they reside on separate molecules in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Relationship of HLA--D associated B lymphocyte (Ia-like) antigens in the cell membrane. The molecular relationship of HLA--D-associated by B lymphocyte antigens was studied in lysostrip, immunofluorescence and MLC inhibition experiments. Two B cell antigens, strongly associated with HLA--Dw2 and Dw3 respectively, redistributed independently of each other in the cell membrane. A more broadly reacting B cell antiserum, which apparently recognized a public antigenic structure present on B cells of different HLA-D phenotypes, coaggregated with the HLA-DW3-associated B cell antigen. Antibodies directed against the HLA-Dw2 and-Dw3 associated cell antigens caused specific stimulating cell inhibition in MLC. Less.inhibition was observed if the target B cell antigen was shared between the responding and stimulating cell donor and thus did not constitute an allogenic difference, indicating that these antigens are MLC stimulating determinants and that they reside on separate molecules in the cell membrane.", "PMID": 78538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6952", "title": "Embedding softened herbarium material in Spurr's resin for histological studies.", "content": "Plant organs, including stems, rhizomes, leaves, roots, petals, sporangia and flower pedicels obtained from dried herbarium specimens of a variety of plant species have been softened with Aerosol OT and subsequently dehydrated in a graded series of acetones and embedded in Spurr's resin. Although the quality of preservation varied, sections of a variety of materials showed excellent cellular preservation. Sections stained through the resin with toluidine blue O and examined with either bright field microscopy or with crossed polarizers showed good cell detail. Histochemical tests for callose, polysaccharides, and cellulosic walls, using sections from which the resin had been removed by sodium methoxide and then viewed with an epifluorescence microscope, gave excellent results.", "contents": "Embedding softened herbarium material in Spurr's resin for histological studies. Plant organs, including stems, rhizomes, leaves, roots, petals, sporangia and flower pedicels obtained from dried herbarium specimens of a variety of plant species have been softened with Aerosol OT and subsequently dehydrated in a graded series of acetones and embedded in Spurr's resin. Although the quality of preservation varied, sections of a variety of materials showed excellent cellular preservation. Sections stained through the resin with toluidine blue O and examined with either bright field microscopy or with crossed polarizers showed good cell detail. Histochemical tests for callose, polysaccharides, and cellulosic walls, using sections from which the resin had been removed by sodium methoxide and then viewed with an epifluorescence microscope, gave excellent results.", "PMID": 78541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6953", "title": "An efficient staining method for ultrathin sections.", "content": "A staining method to handle simultaneously as many as 20 electron microscope grids is described. The devices used are easily constructed of readily obtained inexpensive materials. The volumes of stain and wash water required are very small and drying grids is simplified.", "contents": "An efficient staining method for ultrathin sections. A staining method to handle simultaneously as many as 20 electron microscope grids is described. The devices used are easily constructed of readily obtained inexpensive materials. The volumes of stain and wash water required are very small and drying grids is simplified.", "PMID": 78542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6954", "title": "N-Butyl methacrylate and paraffin as an embedding medium for light microscopy.", "content": "A method of tissue embedding using n-butyl methacrylate and paraffin is described. Following alcohol dehydration and infiltration with the methacrylate monomer, tissues are embedded in gelatin capsules in a mixture consisting of 3.5 g of paraffin for each 10 ml of methacrylate. Benzoyl peroxide (0.2 g for each 10 ml of monomer) is added as the catalyst and the methacrylate polymerized in a 50 C oven for 18--24 h. Following polymerization the block is trimmed and embedded in paraffin to provide a firm support during sectioning. A water trough attached to the microtome knife is essential to facilitate the handling of sections and ribbons. For serial sections a mixture of equal weights of beeswax and paraffin is used to make the sections adhere to each other. Usual staining procedures can be used since the embedding medium is readily soluble in xylene.", "contents": "N-Butyl methacrylate and paraffin as an embedding medium for light microscopy. A method of tissue embedding using n-butyl methacrylate and paraffin is described. Following alcohol dehydration and infiltration with the methacrylate monomer, tissues are embedded in gelatin capsules in a mixture consisting of 3.5 g of paraffin for each 10 ml of methacrylate. Benzoyl peroxide (0.2 g for each 10 ml of monomer) is added as the catalyst and the methacrylate polymerized in a 50 C oven for 18--24 h. Following polymerization the block is trimmed and embedded in paraffin to provide a firm support during sectioning. A water trough attached to the microtome knife is essential to facilitate the handling of sections and ribbons. For serial sections a mixture of equal weights of beeswax and paraffin is used to make the sections adhere to each other. Usual staining procedures can be used since the embedding medium is readily soluble in xylene.", "PMID": 78543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6955", "title": "Malachite green: applications in electron microscopy.", "content": "Incorporation of malachite green into a glutaraldehyde fixative results in enhanced staining of a number of cellular elements. Ribosomes and myofilaments exhibit increased electron density, but cell membranes generally are not stained. In certain tissues, lipid inclusions are uniformly and heavily stained. Other populations of lipid droplets exhibit differential affinity for malachite green, facilitating their division into subclasses. In addition to its function as a dye, malachite green has previously been reported to stabilize lipid elements soluble in aqueous glutaraldehyde. Such a component was observed in the stroma of uterine endometrium. The variety of cell components which exhibit increased contrast after preparation with malachite green suggests that this technique may find widespread application in fine structure studies.", "contents": "Malachite green: applications in electron microscopy. Incorporation of malachite green into a glutaraldehyde fixative results in enhanced staining of a number of cellular elements. Ribosomes and myofilaments exhibit increased electron density, but cell membranes generally are not stained. In certain tissues, lipid inclusions are uniformly and heavily stained. Other populations of lipid droplets exhibit differential affinity for malachite green, facilitating their division into subclasses. In addition to its function as a dye, malachite green has previously been reported to stabilize lipid elements soluble in aqueous glutaraldehyde. Such a component was observed in the stroma of uterine endometrium. The variety of cell components which exhibit increased contrast after preparation with malachite green suggests that this technique may find widespread application in fine structure studies.", "PMID": 78545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6956", "title": "[Drug therapy of thyroid malignomas (author's transl)].", "content": "We may recapitulate: Chemotherapy, first of all with adriamycin, has proved successful in thyroid cancer even after exhaustion of the therapeutic measures used so far. The combination of adriamycin with bleomycin and Velbe, corresponding to our preliminary experiences, seems to be superior to a monotherapy with adriamycin. The side effects remain absolutely tolerable. Hence follows concerning further procedure that chemotherapy has to be applied earlier than practiced up to now, i.e. as soon as criteria for metastasition are observed and/or if the primary treatment--operation and irradiation--does not satisfy. Cytostatic therapy apparently is the optimal treatment technique in medullar carcinoma. But it is necessary, moreover, to search for other effective combinations of chemotherapeutic agents, especially in the case of anaplastic carcinoma. Chemotherapy, assisted by thyroid hormone treatment, can certainly be improved further by a more severe assessment of the indication, by early application and, last not least, by better coordination with surgical and radiotherapeutical action.", "contents": "[Drug therapy of thyroid malignomas (author's transl)]. We may recapitulate: Chemotherapy, first of all with adriamycin, has proved successful in thyroid cancer even after exhaustion of the therapeutic measures used so far. The combination of adriamycin with bleomycin and Velbe, corresponding to our preliminary experiences, seems to be superior to a monotherapy with adriamycin. The side effects remain absolutely tolerable. Hence follows concerning further procedure that chemotherapy has to be applied earlier than practiced up to now, i.e. as soon as criteria for metastasition are observed and/or if the primary treatment--operation and irradiation--does not satisfy. Cytostatic therapy apparently is the optimal treatment technique in medullar carcinoma. But it is necessary, moreover, to search for other effective combinations of chemotherapeutic agents, especially in the case of anaplastic carcinoma. Chemotherapy, assisted by thyroid hormone treatment, can certainly be improved further by a more severe assessment of the indication, by early application and, last not least, by better coordination with surgical and radiotherapeutical action.", "PMID": 78550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6957", "title": "Characterization of unoccupied (R) and occupied (RA) androgen binding components of the hyperplastic human prostate.", "content": "Saturation protocols were developed for measurement of unoccupied (R) and steroid-occupied (RA) androgen binding components of human hyperplastic prostate. The concentration of unoccupied cytoplasmic binding sites (2 hr incubation at 2 degrees C) for the synthetic androgen R1881 (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) and the synthetic progestin R5020 (17alpha,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) respectively was 10.7 +/- 1.4 and 14.3 +/- 3.2 fmoles per mg cytosol protein and the apparent steroid affinity respectively was 9.6 +/- 0.8 and 1.6 +/- 0.4 x 10(8) M-1. Steroid specificity of the unoccupied cytoplasmic R1881 and R5020 binding sites was similar. When R1881 and R5020 were employed as probes of total, R plus RA, cytoplasmic binding components (20-24 hr incubation at 15 degrees C) saturable binding of R5020 was not detectable. Total cytoplasmic R1881 binding site concentration and apparent affinity for R1881 were 51.7 +/- 3.3 fmoles per mg cytosol protein and 2.7 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) M-1. R5020 was a poor inhibitor of R1881 binding to total cytoplasmic R1881 binding components.", "contents": "Characterization of unoccupied (R) and occupied (RA) androgen binding components of the hyperplastic human prostate. Saturation protocols were developed for measurement of unoccupied (R) and steroid-occupied (RA) androgen binding components of human hyperplastic prostate. The concentration of unoccupied cytoplasmic binding sites (2 hr incubation at 2 degrees C) for the synthetic androgen R1881 (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-estra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) and the synthetic progestin R5020 (17alpha,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) respectively was 10.7 +/- 1.4 and 14.3 +/- 3.2 fmoles per mg cytosol protein and the apparent steroid affinity respectively was 9.6 +/- 0.8 and 1.6 +/- 0.4 x 10(8) M-1. Steroid specificity of the unoccupied cytoplasmic R1881 and R5020 binding sites was similar. When R1881 and R5020 were employed as probes of total, R plus RA, cytoplasmic binding components (20-24 hr incubation at 15 degrees C) saturable binding of R5020 was not detectable. Total cytoplasmic R1881 binding site concentration and apparent affinity for R1881 were 51.7 +/- 3.3 fmoles per mg cytosol protein and 2.7 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) M-1. R5020 was a poor inhibitor of R1881 binding to total cytoplasmic R1881 binding components.", "PMID": 78551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6958", "title": "Major transplantation antigens of pig kidney and liver. Comparisons between the whole organs and their parenchymal constituents.", "content": "We have previously shown that cultured renal and hepatic parenchymal cells of the pig differ in the expression of major transplantation antigens. Antigens apparently analogous to those of the mouse I region were detectable on kidney and some peripheral blood lymphocytes but not on liver, platelets, or other peripheral blood lymphocytes. The present study confirms these findings for liver parenchymal cells and for a mixture of kidney tubules and glomeruli prepared from fresh, perfused whole organs. However, homogenates prepared at the same time from the perfused whole organs showed no antigenic disparity. Whole liver homogenate contains I region analogues that are barely detectable on the parenchymal cell membrane. Liver parencymal cells may possess such antigens in a form not patnetly expressed, or the antigens may belong to other types of cell resident in the liver which are not removed by extensive perfusion. Similar results were obtained with liver homogenates derived from an orthotopic transplant to a fully allogeneic recipient and resident for 37 days, suggesting that blood lymphocytes persisting in the normal liver after perfusion could not account for these findings.", "contents": "Major transplantation antigens of pig kidney and liver. Comparisons between the whole organs and their parenchymal constituents. We have previously shown that cultured renal and hepatic parenchymal cells of the pig differ in the expression of major transplantation antigens. Antigens apparently analogous to those of the mouse I region were detectable on kidney and some peripheral blood lymphocytes but not on liver, platelets, or other peripheral blood lymphocytes. The present study confirms these findings for liver parenchymal cells and for a mixture of kidney tubules and glomeruli prepared from fresh, perfused whole organs. However, homogenates prepared at the same time from the perfused whole organs showed no antigenic disparity. Whole liver homogenate contains I region analogues that are barely detectable on the parenchymal cell membrane. Liver parencymal cells may possess such antigens in a form not patnetly expressed, or the antigens may belong to other types of cell resident in the liver which are not removed by extensive perfusion. Similar results were obtained with liver homogenates derived from an orthotopic transplant to a fully allogeneic recipient and resident for 37 days, suggesting that blood lymphocytes persisting in the normal liver after perfusion could not account for these findings.", "PMID": 78552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6959", "title": "A histochemical study of glycosidases in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in prostatic carcinoma in the human.", "content": "In benign hyperplasia marked beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was seen in the prostatic epithelium whereas the reactions for 5 other glycosidases were only slight or negative. The intensity of the reaction for the glycosidases in prostatic carcinoma was dependent upon the degree of the differentiation. The possible importance of glycosidases for the invasiveness of prostatic carcinoma is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A histochemical study of glycosidases in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in prostatic carcinoma in the human. In benign hyperplasia marked beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was seen in the prostatic epithelium whereas the reactions for 5 other glycosidases were only slight or negative. The intensity of the reaction for the glycosidases in prostatic carcinoma was dependent upon the degree of the differentiation. The possible importance of glycosidases for the invasiveness of prostatic carcinoma is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 78561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6960", "title": "Basal cell adenoma of prostate.", "content": "A case of basal cell adenoma originating in the prostate is presented. This lesion might develop from proliferation of basal epithelial cells of the prostate gland under unknown mechanism.", "contents": "Basal cell adenoma of prostate. A case of basal cell adenoma originating in the prostate is presented. This lesion might develop from proliferation of basal epithelial cells of the prostate gland under unknown mechanism.", "PMID": 78562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6961", "title": "[Effect of peridural anesthesia on kidney function].", "content": "A complex study of hemodynamics and renal function in 30 patients with adenoma of the prostate during peridural anesthesia has been carried out. The functional renal reaction depends upon the scope of the sympathetic blocade in peridural anesthesia and bears an intimate relation to hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of the developing blocade. All these changes are of a temporary character and regain values close to the initial ones by the time of the adaptation of the body to peridural anesthesia and stabilization of hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Effect of peridural anesthesia on kidney function]. A complex study of hemodynamics and renal function in 30 patients with adenoma of the prostate during peridural anesthesia has been carried out. The functional renal reaction depends upon the scope of the sympathetic blocade in peridural anesthesia and bears an intimate relation to hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of the developing blocade. All these changes are of a temporary character and regain values close to the initial ones by the time of the adaptation of the body to peridural anesthesia and stabilization of hemodynamics.", "PMID": 78563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6962", "title": "A coated-tube radioimmunoassay (FRC-RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A sandwich-type solid phase radioimmunoassay, FRC-RIA (Finnish Red Cross-RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is described. Polystyrene test tubes coated with sheep anti-HBs gamma-globulin serve as the solid phase. The technique is specific and has a sensitivity of about 1 ng/ml for the subtypes ad and ay of HBsAg when corresponding subtype-specific antibodies are used as reagents. The total incubation time can be shortened from over 20 h to 3 h, with almost equal sensitivity, when the incubation temperature is raised from room temperature to 45 degrees C. The test is economical in reagents and is applicable to routine use.", "contents": "A coated-tube radioimmunoassay (FRC-RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen. A sandwich-type solid phase radioimmunoassay, FRC-RIA (Finnish Red Cross-RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is described. Polystyrene test tubes coated with sheep anti-HBs gamma-globulin serve as the solid phase. The technique is specific and has a sensitivity of about 1 ng/ml for the subtypes ad and ay of HBsAg when corresponding subtype-specific antibodies are used as reagents. The total incubation time can be shortened from over 20 h to 3 h, with almost equal sensitivity, when the incubation temperature is raised from room temperature to 45 degrees C. The test is economical in reagents and is applicable to routine use.", "PMID": 78580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6963", "title": "[Isolation and analysis of encephalitogenic fractions of spinal cord proteins].", "content": "Main encephalitogenic protein was isolated from bovine medulla spinalis and separated into homogenous polypeptide fractions by gel filtration; some of these fractions had the high encephalitogenic activity. The main protein and its fractions, possessing the encephalitogenic activity, caused a development of cross-reacting antibodies and a sensitization to intracutaneous administration of encephalitogenic preparations in animals. Non-encephalitogenic main protein sensitized animals only to this protein and did not induce the formation of distinct amount of antibodies. The amino acid composition of the encephalitogenic polypeptide is exhibited.", "contents": "[Isolation and analysis of encephalitogenic fractions of spinal cord proteins]. Main encephalitogenic protein was isolated from bovine medulla spinalis and separated into homogenous polypeptide fractions by gel filtration; some of these fractions had the high encephalitogenic activity. The main protein and its fractions, possessing the encephalitogenic activity, caused a development of cross-reacting antibodies and a sensitization to intracutaneous administration of encephalitogenic preparations in animals. Non-encephalitogenic main protein sensitized animals only to this protein and did not induce the formation of distinct amount of antibodies. The amino acid composition of the encephalitogenic polypeptide is exhibited.", "PMID": 78578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6964", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of myelin basic protein and synthetic encephalitogenic peptide in guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Effect of antigenic factors of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (alkaline protein of myelin and synthetic encephalitogenic peptide) was studied in guinea pigs with distinct manifestations of the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The animals recovered after prolonged administration of alkaline protein of myelin within 14 days, if they were sensibilized either by bovine alkaline protein of myelin or by synthetic encephalitogenic peptide. Synthetic encephalitogenic peptide was only effective in treatment of the disease caused by the peptide.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of myelin basic protein and synthetic encephalitogenic peptide in guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. Effect of antigenic factors of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (alkaline protein of myelin and synthetic encephalitogenic peptide) was studied in guinea pigs with distinct manifestations of the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The animals recovered after prolonged administration of alkaline protein of myelin within 14 days, if they were sensibilized either by bovine alkaline protein of myelin or by synthetic encephalitogenic peptide. Synthetic encephalitogenic peptide was only effective in treatment of the disease caused by the peptide.", "PMID": 78577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6965", "title": "[Spontaneous deamidation of gamma-globulin].", "content": "gamma-Globulin from human blood serum was incubated in thermostat at 37 degrees within 15, 30, 45, 60 and 72 days. Amount of readily and poorly hydrolyzed amide groups as well as an increase in amino acid content were estimated in the protein at zero time and at these periods. The sterility of the preparation was examined in each case. Spontaneous deamidation of gamma-globulin, observed during incubation, caused an increase in negative charge and altered electrophoretic mobility of the protein molecule. gamma-Globulin was attacked by prothelin more effectively as amount of amide groups was decreased in the protein. Spontaneous deamidation appears to be one of reasons of the protein molecules ageing.", "contents": "[Spontaneous deamidation of gamma-globulin]. gamma-Globulin from human blood serum was incubated in thermostat at 37 degrees within 15, 30, 45, 60 and 72 days. Amount of readily and poorly hydrolyzed amide groups as well as an increase in amino acid content were estimated in the protein at zero time and at these periods. The sterility of the preparation was examined in each case. Spontaneous deamidation of gamma-globulin, observed during incubation, caused an increase in negative charge and altered electrophoretic mobility of the protein molecule. gamma-Globulin was attacked by prothelin more effectively as amount of amide groups was decreased in the protein. Spontaneous deamidation appears to be one of reasons of the protein molecules ageing.", "PMID": 78575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6966", "title": "A rapid, simple, and reliable technique for preparation of antisera against idiotypes of homogeneous immunoglobulins.", "content": "One-step immunization of guinea pigs with homogeneous immunoglobulins partly purified by micro-agar electrophoresis represents a rapid and reliable microtechnique for the preparation of antisera against the idiotype of the homogeneous immunoglobulins. Testing of these antisera by immunodiffusion techniques requires agar plates containing 3% polyethyleneglycol 6000.", "contents": "A rapid, simple, and reliable technique for preparation of antisera against idiotypes of homogeneous immunoglobulins. One-step immunization of guinea pigs with homogeneous immunoglobulins partly purified by micro-agar electrophoresis represents a rapid and reliable microtechnique for the preparation of antisera against the idiotype of the homogeneous immunoglobulins. Testing of these antisera by immunodiffusion techniques requires agar plates containing 3% polyethyleneglycol 6000.", "PMID": 78581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6967", "title": "[Isolation and purification of specific beta1-G-globulin].", "content": "Antigen, specific for trophoblastic tumor, was isolated from retroplacental blood by means of ion exchange  chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, chromatography on hydroxylapatite and CM-cellulose and by preparative isofocusing using ampholines. Distinct heterogeneity of the protein and alteration in several its properties were observed as purity of the preparation was increased in course of isolation. A series of the protein preparations was obtained with 90-95% purity and with similar immunologic properties but the preparations differed in electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric points and some other patterns.", "contents": "[Isolation and purification of specific beta1-G-globulin]. Antigen, specific for trophoblastic tumor, was isolated from retroplacental blood by means of ion exchange  chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, chromatography on hydroxylapatite and CM-cellulose and by preparative isofocusing using ampholines. Distinct heterogeneity of the protein and alteration in several its properties were observed as purity of the preparation was increased in course of isolation. A series of the protein preparations was obtained with 90-95% purity and with similar immunologic properties but the preparations differed in electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric points and some other patterns.", "PMID": 78576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6968", "title": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system--1977.", "content": "A Nomenclature Committee composed of geneticists and immunologists, including specialists in tissue typing, has met after each of the Histocompatibility Testing Workshops beginning with the 3rd Workshop in 1967. The Committee met again, in part under the auspices of the World Health Organisation and for report to the International Union of Immunological Societies, after the 7th Workshop in Oxford in September 1977, with the aim of updating the nomenclature for specificities of the HLA-A, B, C and D loci and establishing a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system--1977. A Nomenclature Committee composed of geneticists and immunologists, including specialists in tissue typing, has met after each of the Histocompatibility Testing Workshops beginning with the 3rd Workshop in 1967. The Committee met again, in part under the auspices of the World Health Organisation and for report to the International Union of Immunological Societies, after the 7th Workshop in Oxford in September 1977, with the aim of updating the nomenclature for specificities of the HLA-A, B, C and D loci and establishing a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 78582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6969", "title": "ND1, a new neutrophil granulocyte antigen.", "content": "The serum of 2 patients suffering from autoimmune neutrophil granulocytopenia contained autoantibodies that were directed against a new granulocyte-specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed that this new antigen was not correlated with the already known neutrophil antigens, NA1, NA2, NB1, NC1 or 9a. This was studied in a four-generation family. In the Dutch population the frequency of the antigen, tentatively called ND1, is 98.5% (n = 67), pointing to a gene frequency of 0.88.", "contents": "ND1, a new neutrophil granulocyte antigen. The serum of 2 patients suffering from autoimmune neutrophil granulocytopenia contained autoantibodies that were directed against a new granulocyte-specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed that this new antigen was not correlated with the already known neutrophil antigens, NA1, NA2, NB1, NC1 or 9a. This was studied in a four-generation family. In the Dutch population the frequency of the antigen, tentatively called ND1, is 98.5% (n = 67), pointing to a gene frequency of 0.88.", "PMID": 78583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6970", "title": "[Antigenic specificity of influenza type A virus hemagglutinin by the method of radioimmunological quantitative analysis].", "content": "The use of a test system o fa highly purified, antigenically homogeneus hemagglutinin of influenza A/MRC-11 virus and monospecific antiserum permitted to evaluate the potentials of competitive radioimmunoassay in model experiments investigating the antigenic characteristics and content of influenza A (H3N2) virus hemagglutinin. The method proved to be sufficiently specific to differentiate influenza virus strains by antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin, as well as highly sensitive, detecting very small (down to 1 ng) amounts of H3 hemagglutinin in a sample.", "contents": "[Antigenic specificity of influenza type A virus hemagglutinin by the method of radioimmunological quantitative analysis]. The use of a test system o fa highly purified, antigenically homogeneus hemagglutinin of influenza A/MRC-11 virus and monospecific antiserum permitted to evaluate the potentials of competitive radioimmunoassay in model experiments investigating the antigenic characteristics and content of influenza A (H3N2) virus hemagglutinin. The method proved to be sufficiently specific to differentiate influenza virus strains by antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin, as well as highly sensitive, detecting very small (down to 1 ng) amounts of H3 hemagglutinin in a sample.", "PMID": 78586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6971", "title": "[Chronic infection caused by the simian Mason-Pfizer virus in primate cell cultures].", "content": "Cell cultures of monkey prepuce (Rhfs) and African green monkey kidney (BSC-1) were infected once with simian Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) and virus expression in the course of establishment of chronic infection was studied. The productive infection was characterized by changes in the cell metabolism (DNA synthesis increased 2-3-fold as early as the \"zero\" passage), the appearance of gs-antigen, formation of virions of type D and high activity of RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. Multinuclear giant cells appeared only in the infected Rhfs cell culture most sensitive to MPV. In human embryo kidney culture (HEK) productive infection was also established however, HEK cultures did not survive after 3-4 passages. No signs of transformation could be found in any of the cultures studied.", "contents": "[Chronic infection caused by the simian Mason-Pfizer virus in primate cell cultures]. Cell cultures of monkey prepuce (Rhfs) and African green monkey kidney (BSC-1) were infected once with simian Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) and virus expression in the course of establishment of chronic infection was studied. The productive infection was characterized by changes in the cell metabolism (DNA synthesis increased 2-3-fold as early as the \"zero\" passage), the appearance of gs-antigen, formation of virions of type D and high activity of RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. Multinuclear giant cells appeared only in the infected Rhfs cell culture most sensitive to MPV. In human embryo kidney culture (HEK) productive infection was also established however, HEK cultures did not survive after 3-4 passages. No signs of transformation could be found in any of the cultures studied.", "PMID": 78587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6972", "title": "[Reversion in the natural variability of influenza A virus].", "content": "In mid-November, 1977, local outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases (ARD) in institutionalized communities began to be recorded in a number of geographical zones of the USSR, and by the end of the month a general increase in the incidence was observed in some areas of the country. The epidemic outbreaks extended gradually and were characterized by moderate development involving mainly young subjects. The strains causing the epidemic had no antigenic relationship with reference A (H3N2) virus and the H1 test were neutralized with antisera to influenza A virus with the antigenic formula H1N1 to 1 1/4 titer. Their neuraminidase was inhibited by the antiserum to the recombinants containing neuraminidase of the subtype N1, especially A/New Jersey 8/76. These results permit to classify the strains causing the epidemic outbreaks in November--December, 1977, as influenza A virus with the antigenic formula H1N1.", "contents": "[Reversion in the natural variability of influenza A virus]. In mid-November, 1977, local outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases (ARD) in institutionalized communities began to be recorded in a number of geographical zones of the USSR, and by the end of the month a general increase in the incidence was observed in some areas of the country. The epidemic outbreaks extended gradually and were characterized by moderate development involving mainly young subjects. The strains causing the epidemic had no antigenic relationship with reference A (H3N2) virus and the H1 test were neutralized with antisera to influenza A virus with the antigenic formula H1N1 to 1 1/4 titer. Their neuraminidase was inhibited by the antiserum to the recombinants containing neuraminidase of the subtype N1, especially A/New Jersey 8/76. These results permit to classify the strains causing the epidemic outbreaks in November--December, 1977, as influenza A virus with the antigenic formula H1N1.", "PMID": 78585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6973", "title": "[Effective urodynamic evaluation in hospital and general practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Urodynamic diagnostic procedure have provided new concepts with consequent advantages for urological patients. The postoperative evaluation of renal pelvic surgery, the detection of functional stenosis of the ureter, stress incontinance, prostatic hypertrophy and postoperative incontinence are typical examples of conditions ideally suited to urodynamic assessment. Urodynamic investigation represents a very important contribution towards the prevention of postoperative failure and enables the achievement of higher diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "[Effective urodynamic evaluation in hospital and general practice (author's transl)]. Urodynamic diagnostic procedure have provided new concepts with consequent advantages for urological patients. The postoperative evaluation of renal pelvic surgery, the detection of functional stenosis of the ureter, stress incontinance, prostatic hypertrophy and postoperative incontinence are typical examples of conditions ideally suited to urodynamic assessment. Urodynamic investigation represents a very important contribution towards the prevention of postoperative failure and enables the achievement of higher diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 78593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6974", "title": "[Microfluorometric method of determining the quality of reference sera labelled with FITC].", "content": "A microfluorimetric method for the determination of the quality of FITC-labeled antisera with the determination of the titer and the optimal working dilution in the FA test is described. Besides, the method permits to determine the confidence factor for any dilution of FITC-antiserum and to compare different lots.", "contents": "[Microfluorometric method of determining the quality of reference sera labelled with FITC]. A microfluorimetric method for the determination of the quality of FITC-labeled antisera with the determination of the titer and the optimal working dilution in the FA test is described. Besides, the method permits to determine the confidence factor for any dilution of FITC-antiserum and to compare different lots.", "PMID": 78590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6975", "title": "[Study of human diploid cell strains for the presence of oncornavirus determinants].", "content": "The WI-38 strain of human diploid cells (HDC) and two strains, L-58 and L-63 isolated in Moscow Research Institute of Virus Preparations were examined in the course of sequential passages for the presence of primate oncornaviruses and their antigens. In parallel, the tumorigenic capacity of the cells was tested by inoculating them into the cheek pouch tissue of Syrian hamsters. In all cases the examined HDC cultures contained no oncornavirus particles or their antigens and in no case showed any infectious activity determined in the KC-test. Only on one subculture of the L-63 strain cells at the 44th passage was a positive result obtained in immunoprecipitation test with antiserum to the LPV oncornavirus. Cells of the L-58 strain which had undergone 27 and 43 passages showed tumorigenicity in hamster experiments. In subsequent passages of these HDC strains no such properties were found. The regular control for the absence of oncogenic message is a necessary condition for the use of HDC strains in virological practice.", "contents": "[Study of human diploid cell strains for the presence of oncornavirus determinants]. The WI-38 strain of human diploid cells (HDC) and two strains, L-58 and L-63 isolated in Moscow Research Institute of Virus Preparations were examined in the course of sequential passages for the presence of primate oncornaviruses and their antigens. In parallel, the tumorigenic capacity of the cells was tested by inoculating them into the cheek pouch tissue of Syrian hamsters. In all cases the examined HDC cultures contained no oncornavirus particles or their antigens and in no case showed any infectious activity determined in the KC-test. Only on one subculture of the L-63 strain cells at the 44th passage was a positive result obtained in immunoprecipitation test with antiserum to the LPV oncornavirus. Cells of the L-58 strain which had undergone 27 and 43 passages showed tumorigenicity in hamster experiments. In subsequent passages of these HDC strains no such properties were found. The regular control for the absence of oncogenic message is a necessary condition for the use of HDC strains in virological practice.", "PMID": 78588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6976", "title": "[Persistence of the Sindbis virus in cultures producing oncornavirus].", "content": "Continuous lines were obtained from primary cultures of BALB/C mouse embryo cells which were found by electron microscope and reverse transcriptase reaction to produce permanently oncoronavirus type C after exogenous infection with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV). Sindbis virus (SV) was inoculated into virogenic cultures 398 days after infection with RLV. The system in characterized by rapid (3-21 days) disappearance of the infectious arbovirus from the medium and the cells, long-term (over 5 months) persistence on SV noninfectious antigen and signs of stimulation of oncornavirus activity. The level of reverse transcriptase activity in cultures in the presence of persisting arbovirus was 1.5-3.3-fold higher than in cultures infected with RLV alone. Two variants of the course of mixed chronic infection of the cultures with oncornavirus and arbovirus differing in the rate of transition of the arbovirus into the noninfectious form and inhibition or stimulation of oncornavirus functions are discussed.", "contents": "[Persistence of the Sindbis virus in cultures producing oncornavirus]. Continuous lines were obtained from primary cultures of BALB/C mouse embryo cells which were found by electron microscope and reverse transcriptase reaction to produce permanently oncoronavirus type C after exogenous infection with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV). Sindbis virus (SV) was inoculated into virogenic cultures 398 days after infection with RLV. The system in characterized by rapid (3-21 days) disappearance of the infectious arbovirus from the medium and the cells, long-term (over 5 months) persistence on SV noninfectious antigen and signs of stimulation of oncornavirus activity. The level of reverse transcriptase activity in cultures in the presence of persisting arbovirus was 1.5-3.3-fold higher than in cultures infected with RLV alone. Two variants of the course of mixed chronic infection of the cultures with oncornavirus and arbovirus differing in the rate of transition of the arbovirus into the noninfectious form and inhibition or stimulation of oncornavirus functions are discussed.", "PMID": 78589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6977", "title": "[Immune ascitic fluids in rats to the Sindbis virus].", "content": "Data are presented concerning preparation of universal immune ascitic fluid (IAF) to Sindbis virus possessing a high activity and specificity in different serological tests: CFT, HI, NT, AGDPT, and direct immunofluorescence test. The advantages of rat IAF over the serum of these animals consists in a higher specific activity, lower amount of nonspecific hemagglutination inhibitors and waste protein substances. Rat IAF may be used for production of highly specific diagnostic preparations.", "contents": "[Immune ascitic fluids in rats to the Sindbis virus]. Data are presented concerning preparation of universal immune ascitic fluid (IAF) to Sindbis virus possessing a high activity and specificity in different serological tests: CFT, HI, NT, AGDPT, and direct immunofluorescence test. The advantages of rat IAF over the serum of these animals consists in a higher specific activity, lower amount of nonspecific hemagglutination inhibitors and waste protein substances. Rat IAF may be used for production of highly specific diagnostic preparations.", "PMID": 78592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6978", "title": "[Use of the immunofluorescence method for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection].", "content": "The method of immunofluorescence for diagnosis of cytomegalic infection vitally and in cases of fatal outcomes of the infection is proposed. Recommendations for the preparation of anticytomegalovirus immune sera for an indirect modification of the method are presented alongside with the characteristics of procedure for the immunofluorescent analysis of cytomegalovirus. The clinico-laboratory diagnostic studies have demonstrated certain advantages of the proposed method over virus isolation from patients.", "contents": "[Use of the immunofluorescence method for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection]. The method of immunofluorescence for diagnosis of cytomegalic infection vitally and in cases of fatal outcomes of the infection is proposed. Recommendations for the preparation of anticytomegalovirus immune sera for an indirect modification of the method are presented alongside with the characteristics of procedure for the immunofluorescent analysis of cytomegalovirus. The clinico-laboratory diagnostic studies have demonstrated certain advantages of the proposed method over virus isolation from patients.", "PMID": 78591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6979", "title": "[Method of preparation and evaluation of antisera for the differential determination of secretory immunoglobulin A and free secretory component in biological fluids].", "content": "One of the pressing tasks in the study of local nonsusceptibility to infectious diseases and immunochemical analysis of the external secretion is recording of the level of various forms of the secretory IgA (SIgA) and of the secretory component (SC) in various biological fluids. Indication and measurment of the concentrations of the mentioned proteins encounter serious difficulties caused by heterogeneity of their molecular forms. It was shown that the antisera to the whole molecule of SIgA and SC are of no use. On the basis of a new method of purification of free SC and technology of preparation of monospecific antisera capable of separation of SIgA and free SC there were obtained diagnostic antisera for the quantitative recording and differentiation of various forms of IgA and SC in biological fluids. A reliable measurement of the SIgA and SC concentration in some external secretion was carried out with the aid of the mentioned preparations without any complicated chromatographic experiments.", "contents": "[Method of preparation and evaluation of antisera for the differential determination of secretory immunoglobulin A and free secretory component in biological fluids]. One of the pressing tasks in the study of local nonsusceptibility to infectious diseases and immunochemical analysis of the external secretion is recording of the level of various forms of the secretory IgA (SIgA) and of the secretory component (SC) in various biological fluids. Indication and measurment of the concentrations of the mentioned proteins encounter serious difficulties caused by heterogeneity of their molecular forms. It was shown that the antisera to the whole molecule of SIgA and SC are of no use. On the basis of a new method of purification of free SC and technology of preparation of monospecific antisera capable of separation of SIgA and free SC there were obtained diagnostic antisera for the quantitative recording and differentiation of various forms of IgA and SC in biological fluids. A reliable measurement of the SIgA and SC concentration in some external secretion was carried out with the aid of the mentioned preparations without any complicated chromatographic experiments.", "PMID": 78603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6980", "title": "[Effectiveness of the tularemia-antibody erythrocyte diagnostic agent for the detection of specific antigen and antibodies to it].", "content": "The authors demonstrated the efficacy of utilization of tularemia antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agent. Data are presented indicating a strict specificity and a high sensitivity of this diagnostic agent for detection of the Vi-antigen both in the tularemia microbe cultures and in the suspensions of the organs of rodents which perished of tularemia, irrespective of the state of cadaver. There was revealed relationship between the sensitivity of the diagnostic agent and the virulence of the tularemia microbe cultures. A possibility of using the diagnostic agent in the antigen neutralization test for detection of specific antibodies in the sera of patients, who sustained the disease, and of the vaccinated humans and animals was revealed.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the tularemia-antibody erythrocyte diagnostic agent for the detection of specific antigen and antibodies to it]. The authors demonstrated the efficacy of utilization of tularemia antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agent. Data are presented indicating a strict specificity and a high sensitivity of this diagnostic agent for detection of the Vi-antigen both in the tularemia microbe cultures and in the suspensions of the organs of rodents which perished of tularemia, irrespective of the state of cadaver. There was revealed relationship between the sensitivity of the diagnostic agent and the virulence of the tularemia microbe cultures. A possibility of using the diagnostic agent in the antigen neutralization test for detection of specific antibodies in the sera of patients, who sustained the disease, and of the vaccinated humans and animals was revealed.", "PMID": 78604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6981", "title": "[Effect of decomplemantation on the course of several allergic skin reactions].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mongrel albino mice; a study was made of the role played by the complement in the development of passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovarie and the so called reverse direct allergic (cytotoxic) reaction. Preliminary animal decomplementation 3 hours before the reactions were conducted failed to alter the intensity of Ovarie reaction, and decreased the intensity of the reverse direct allergic reaction significantly. Reproduction of Ovarie reaction and of the reverse direct allergic reaction on animals 24 hours after the decomplementation did not influence the manifestation of both reactions.", "contents": "[Effect of decomplemantation on the course of several allergic skin reactions]. Experiments were conducted on mongrel albino mice; a study was made of the role played by the complement in the development of passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovarie and the so called reverse direct allergic (cytotoxic) reaction. Preliminary animal decomplementation 3 hours before the reactions were conducted failed to alter the intensity of Ovarie reaction, and decreased the intensity of the reverse direct allergic reaction significantly. Reproduction of Ovarie reaction and of the reverse direct allergic reaction on animals 24 hours after the decomplementation did not influence the manifestation of both reactions.", "PMID": 78605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6982", "title": "[Reasons for the decrease in viral hepatitis morbidity in Orekhovo-Zueve].", "content": "Factors of action on the epidemic process in viral hepatitis in Orekhovo-Zuevo leading to a sharp reduction of the incidence of this disease (which before failed to differ from the mean level in the USSR) -- from 154.0 per 100 thousand residents in 1970 to 36.5 per 100 thousand residents in 1975 are considered from the point of view of discussion of the work of Gromashevsky and Birinboim (ZMEI No. 11, 1976). The decisive significance of measures directed to reduction of the incidence of intestinal infections and gamma-globulin vaccinations is refuted. There was revealed a direct 100% correlation between the incidence of positive benzidine tests for blood contamination of medical instruments and the changes in the viral hepatitis morbidity. Planned measures directed to the elimination of factors of parenteral transmission of the infection carried out intensively from 1970 led to reduction of the incidence of viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Reasons for the decrease in viral hepatitis morbidity in Orekhovo-Zueve]. Factors of action on the epidemic process in viral hepatitis in Orekhovo-Zuevo leading to a sharp reduction of the incidence of this disease (which before failed to differ from the mean level in the USSR) -- from 154.0 per 100 thousand residents in 1970 to 36.5 per 100 thousand residents in 1975 are considered from the point of view of discussion of the work of Gromashevsky and Birinboim (ZMEI No. 11, 1976). The decisive significance of measures directed to reduction of the incidence of intestinal infections and gamma-globulin vaccinations is refuted. There was revealed a direct 100% correlation between the incidence of positive benzidine tests for blood contamination of medical instruments and the changes in the viral hepatitis morbidity. Planned measures directed to the elimination of factors of parenteral transmission of the infection carried out intensively from 1970 led to reduction of the incidence of viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 78606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6983", "title": "[Immunochemical assessment of the antigenic relationship between the pancreatic kallikrein of rodents and carnivores].", "content": "Using quantitative and qualitative immunochemical methods, in combination with isoelectrical focusing, it was shown that antibodies to commercial kallikrein are involved into precipitation reaction with kallikrein in extracts from the pancreas of dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats and mice. Complexes antigen--antibody exhibit similar physico-chemical properties; during isoelectric focusing, they are found in the same pH range as the immunoactive portion of commercial kallikrein. These data indicate antigenic similarity of pancreatic kallikrein in different mammalian species.", "contents": "[Immunochemical assessment of the antigenic relationship between the pancreatic kallikrein of rodents and carnivores]. Using quantitative and qualitative immunochemical methods, in combination with isoelectrical focusing, it was shown that antibodies to commercial kallikrein are involved into precipitation reaction with kallikrein in extracts from the pancreas of dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats and mice. Complexes antigen--antibody exhibit similar physico-chemical properties; during isoelectric focusing, they are found in the same pH range as the immunoactive portion of commercial kallikrein. These data indicate antigenic similarity of pancreatic kallikrein in different mammalian species.", "PMID": 78602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6984", "title": "[Flagellar antigens of E. coli serologically interrlelated to H40, 41 and H41, 42, 43 flagellar antigens of Citrobacter. New H-antigeny E. coli i Citrobacter].", "content": "The authors confirmed the reference of the test strains H13 (P6c) and H22 (A231a) of the international collection of E. coli to Citrobacter; their antigenic formula was established. As shown, strains P6c possessed a variety of the H-antigen which was not described in Citrobacter earlier, designated as H41a, 97. Three types of flagellar antigens characterized by the presence of an interrelationship with the partial factor H41 of the flagellar Citrobacter antigens were revealed in E. coli; the partial composition of H-antigenic components common for E. coli and Citrobacter was studied. Two of three new varieties of the E. coli H-antigen revealed was characterized by a cross correlation and a relation to the standard H19 E. coli antigen. The strain with the third variety of the H-antigen was capable of forming the H-antigenic mutants which acquired the antigenic component identical to the standard H16 E. coli antigen. E. coli strain is recommended for the replacement of the strain P6c in the International collection of E. coli.", "contents": "[Flagellar antigens of E. coli serologically interrlelated to H40, 41 and H41, 42, 43 flagellar antigens of Citrobacter. New H-antigeny E. coli i Citrobacter]. The authors confirmed the reference of the test strains H13 (P6c) and H22 (A231a) of the international collection of E. coli to Citrobacter; their antigenic formula was established. As shown, strains P6c possessed a variety of the H-antigen which was not described in Citrobacter earlier, designated as H41a, 97. Three types of flagellar antigens characterized by the presence of an interrelationship with the partial factor H41 of the flagellar Citrobacter antigens were revealed in E. coli; the partial composition of H-antigenic components common for E. coli and Citrobacter was studied. Two of three new varieties of the E. coli H-antigen revealed was characterized by a cross correlation and a relation to the standard H19 E. coli antigen. The strain with the third variety of the H-antigen was capable of forming the H-antigenic mutants which acquired the antigenic component identical to the standard H16 E. coli antigen. E. coli strain is recommended for the replacement of the strain P6c in the International collection of E. coli.", "PMID": 78607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6985", "title": "[Determination of the quality of fluorescent antibodies against human globulins using an antinuclear antibody standard].", "content": "The authors present data concerning the standardization of the assessment of fluorescent antibodies against human globulins. Fluorescent emision proved to depend on the biochemical indices of the conjugates and on the quality of the initial raw material of crude serum. Materials of quantitative recording of the strength of fluorescence of the nuclear antigen treated with fluorescent antibodies are presented. A difference between the activity and the specific activity (with respect to normal human serum) of the preparations was noted.", "contents": "[Determination of the quality of fluorescent antibodies against human globulins using an antinuclear antibody standard]. The authors present data concerning the standardization of the assessment of fluorescent antibodies against human globulins. Fluorescent emision proved to depend on the biochemical indices of the conjugates and on the quality of the initial raw material of crude serum. Materials of quantitative recording of the strength of fluorescence of the nuclear antigen treated with fluorescent antibodies are presented. A difference between the activity and the specific activity (with respect to normal human serum) of the preparations was noted.", "PMID": 78609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6986", "title": "Demonstration of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in non-disrupted type D-retravirus particles after treatment with EDTA.", "content": "The type D-retraviruses PMF virus (PMFV) and Mason-Pfizer moneky virus (MPMV) show RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (revertase) activity after treatment of the nondisrupted virions with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). In the range of 1 to 5 mM, the effect is dependent on the concentration of EDTA. As compared with Nonidet P40 disrupted particles treatment of PMFV with EDTA results in a revertase activity of about 65%. Simultaneous addition of Mg- or Ca-ions prevents the EDTA effect. Other divalent cation-binding agents (o-phenathroline, thiosemicarbazide) do not induce an EDTA-like effect. It is suggested that EDTA chelates divalent ions responsible for the structural organization of the viral membrane which, after chelation, gets permeable for the exogenous revertase template.", "contents": "Demonstration of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in non-disrupted type D-retravirus particles after treatment with EDTA. The type D-retraviruses PMF virus (PMFV) and Mason-Pfizer moneky virus (MPMV) show RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (revertase) activity after treatment of the nondisrupted virions with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). In the range of 1 to 5 mM, the effect is dependent on the concentration of EDTA. As compared with Nonidet P40 disrupted particles treatment of PMFV with EDTA results in a revertase activity of about 65%. Simultaneous addition of Mg- or Ca-ions prevents the EDTA effect. Other divalent cation-binding agents (o-phenathroline, thiosemicarbazide) do not induce an EDTA-like effect. It is suggested that EDTA chelates divalent ions responsible for the structural organization of the viral membrane which, after chelation, gets permeable for the exogenous revertase template.", "PMID": 78610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6987", "title": "Immunoglobulin-bearing cells in leprosy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 28 untreated and 17 treated patients with different types of leprosy were investigated for the occurrence of immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells by means of a smear method. Seven healthy Africans served as controls. In a later stage a complementary study was performed on 6 tuberculoid and 6 lepromatous leprosy patients by means of a suspension method. The immunofluorescence technique was used for the detection of Ig-bearing cells, In tuberculoid leprosy an increase of Ig-bearing cells seems to occur during treatment, predominantly expressed by an increase in IgD-bearing cells. In lepromatous leprosy no increased percentages of Ig-bearing cells were observed.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-bearing cells in leprosy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 28 untreated and 17 treated patients with different types of leprosy were investigated for the occurrence of immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells by means of a smear method. Seven healthy Africans served as controls. In a later stage a complementary study was performed on 6 tuberculoid and 6 lepromatous leprosy patients by means of a suspension method. The immunofluorescence technique was used for the detection of Ig-bearing cells, In tuberculoid leprosy an increase of Ig-bearing cells seems to occur during treatment, predominantly expressed by an increase in IgD-bearing cells. In lepromatous leprosy no increased percentages of Ig-bearing cells were observed.", "PMID": 78615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6988", "title": "Syringocystadenoma papilliferum: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Light microscopic and electron microscopic studies of a lesion displaying a typical histopathological picture of syringocystadenoma papilliferum (S.P.) are reported. Light microscopic serial sections showed that the tumor parenchyma extended to the epithelium just above the intrafollicular sebaceous duct. The tumor thus presumably develops from the epithelial region corresponding to the intrafollicular duct of the apocrine sweat gland. Electron microscopy revealed a non-keratinized intracytoplasmic cavity and intercellular canaliculi apparently formed as a continuation of this cavity. Keratinized cells were absent from the glandular and duct epithelium and even from the superficial epithelial portion of acanthotic areas. Neither myoepithelial cells nor secretory granules were identified in areas showing tubular, glandular, or sinusoidal structures. It was concluded that the tumor differentiates towards both the intrafollicular and intradermal duct of the embryonic apocrine sweat gland apparatus.", "contents": "Syringocystadenoma papilliferum: light and electron microscopic studies. Light microscopic and electron microscopic studies of a lesion displaying a typical histopathological picture of syringocystadenoma papilliferum (S.P.) are reported. Light microscopic serial sections showed that the tumor parenchyma extended to the epithelium just above the intrafollicular sebaceous duct. The tumor thus presumably develops from the epithelial region corresponding to the intrafollicular duct of the apocrine sweat gland. Electron microscopy revealed a non-keratinized intracytoplasmic cavity and intercellular canaliculi apparently formed as a continuation of this cavity. Keratinized cells were absent from the glandular and duct epithelium and even from the superficial epithelial portion of acanthotic areas. Neither myoepithelial cells nor secretory granules were identified in areas showing tubular, glandular, or sinusoidal structures. It was concluded that the tumor differentiates towards both the intrafollicular and intradermal duct of the embryonic apocrine sweat gland apparatus.", "PMID": 78616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6989", "title": "Antenatal assessment of fetal age and maturity using fetal fat staining cells in amniotic fluid.", "content": "A cross sectional retrospective study of 400 cases of amniocentesis was performed to evaluate the reliability of using fetal fat staining cells as a method for assessment of fetal age and maturity. A sharp rise in the percentage of these cells in amniotic fluid occurred after 37 weeks of gestation and a level of 20 per cent or more indicated fetal age of 38 weeks or more, corresponding to maturity by our definition. The false positive and negative rates were 3.5 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. The pre-eclamptics, diabetics and Rh sensitized groups fell within the distribution of the normal population. The dysmature group, however, showed an earlier rise (20% at 36 weeks). The origin of the fetal fat staining cells and the reasons for the early rise in dysmaturity are discussed. Estimation of fetal fat staining cells in the amniotic fluids using the 20 per cent level is a reliable test for maturity in normal and some abnormal pregnancies, excluding dysmaturity.", "contents": "Antenatal assessment of fetal age and maturity using fetal fat staining cells in amniotic fluid. A cross sectional retrospective study of 400 cases of amniocentesis was performed to evaluate the reliability of using fetal fat staining cells as a method for assessment of fetal age and maturity. A sharp rise in the percentage of these cells in amniotic fluid occurred after 37 weeks of gestation and a level of 20 per cent or more indicated fetal age of 38 weeks or more, corresponding to maturity by our definition. The false positive and negative rates were 3.5 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. The pre-eclamptics, diabetics and Rh sensitized groups fell within the distribution of the normal population. The dysmature group, however, showed an earlier rise (20% at 36 weeks). The origin of the fetal fat staining cells and the reasons for the early rise in dysmaturity are discussed. Estimation of fetal fat staining cells in the amniotic fluids using the 20 per cent level is a reliable test for maturity in normal and some abnormal pregnancies, excluding dysmaturity.", "PMID": 78612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6990", "title": "The inverted follicular keratosis. A surprising variant of seborrheic wart.", "content": "The pathological features of 29 lesions that had been diagnosed as inverted follicular keratoma have been reviewed. The clinical data suggest that these lesions occur predominantly on the face of middle-aged or elderly man. None were correctly diagnosed before removal. The main histological points noted were the presence of an invaginated type of architecture, foci of keratinization (squamous eddies) and areas of basaloid cells which were arranged haphazardly with mitotic figures (Borst-Jadassohn change). All the histological features seen are also observed in irritated or traumatized seborrheic warts and no evidence was found for the original suggestion that these lesions derive from hair follicles.", "contents": "The inverted follicular keratosis. A surprising variant of seborrheic wart. The pathological features of 29 lesions that had been diagnosed as inverted follicular keratoma have been reviewed. The clinical data suggest that these lesions occur predominantly on the face of middle-aged or elderly man. None were correctly diagnosed before removal. The main histological points noted were the presence of an invaginated type of architecture, foci of keratinization (squamous eddies) and areas of basaloid cells which were arranged haphazardly with mitotic figures (Borst-Jadassohn change). All the histological features seen are also observed in irritated or traumatized seborrheic warts and no evidence was found for the original suggestion that these lesions derive from hair follicles.", "PMID": 78617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6991", "title": "Clinical and histopathological studies on spotted grouped pigmented nevi with special reference to eccrine-centered nevus.", "content": "Clinical and histopathological studies on 16 cases of spotted grouped pigmented nevus resulted in this disease being classified into at least three types. Characteristic findings of each type are described in this paper, in particular that nevus cell proliferation, a finding common to each type, is closely related pathogenetically to skin appendages, especially with eccrine sweat ducts. The eccrine-centered nevus characterized by Mishima corresponds to the third type, according to the present author's classification. The similar characteristic histopathological finding was also observed in a specimen taken from a black papule in a case of giant pigmented nevus with disseminated pigment cell nevi. We would like to consider that the cells of eccrine-centered nevus are derived from nevoblasts present in the walls of sweat ducts.", "contents": "Clinical and histopathological studies on spotted grouped pigmented nevi with special reference to eccrine-centered nevus. Clinical and histopathological studies on 16 cases of spotted grouped pigmented nevus resulted in this disease being classified into at least three types. Characteristic findings of each type are described in this paper, in particular that nevus cell proliferation, a finding common to each type, is closely related pathogenetically to skin appendages, especially with eccrine sweat ducts. The eccrine-centered nevus characterized by Mishima corresponds to the third type, according to the present author's classification. The similar characteristic histopathological finding was also observed in a specimen taken from a black papule in a case of giant pigmented nevus with disseminated pigment cell nevi. We would like to consider that the cells of eccrine-centered nevus are derived from nevoblasts present in the walls of sweat ducts.", "PMID": 78618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6992", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) in serous effusions.", "content": "The cytology of two cases of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) involving pleural and ascitic fluids is described. With the Papanicolaou stain, the cells have a \"lymphoid\" appearance. The presence of these cells plus knowledge of the clinical history might help the cytologist and/or hematologist in their identification. A tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain will confirm the true nature of such cells and establish the clinical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Unlike the other members of the leukemia-malignant lymphoma group, the body cavities are rarely involved.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) in serous effusions. The cytology of two cases of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) involving pleural and ascitic fluids is described. With the Papanicolaou stain, the cells have a \"lymphoid\" appearance. The presence of these cells plus knowledge of the clinical history might help the cytologist and/or hematologist in their identification. A tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain will confirm the true nature of such cells and establish the clinical diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Unlike the other members of the leukemia-malignant lymphoma group, the body cavities are rarely involved.", "PMID": 78614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6993", "title": "Mechanism of recurrence of pigmented nevi following dermabrasion.", "content": "A study was made of pigment freckles which recur after skin abrasion of spotted grouped pigmented nevi, according to the lapse of time, chiefly by means of the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. The mechanism of recurrence is summarized as follows. Nearly simultaneously with the epidermal regeneration, dendritic melanin-producing cells derived from hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts appear in the basal and prickle-cell layers of epidermis. These cells then create junction activity in the basal layer of epidermis, in the hair follicles and in the eccrine sweat duct walls. Finally, these nevus cells drop off into the underlying layer of scar tissue along the epidermal appendages. The dendritic melanin-producing cells seen in the early regenerative pigment freckles were thought to be incompletely differentiated nevus cells in the pre-stage of junction nevus formation. Appearance of dendritic melanin-producing cells and formation of junction activity in the eccrine sweat duct walls suggest the following possibilities. (1) In the cases of spotted grouped pigmented nevus which we studied, nevus cell proliferation also occurred eccrine-centrically on pathogenesis. (2) An important role is played by the eccrine sweat ducts in the recurrence of ordinary pigmented nevi after incomplete removal. (3) Eccrine-centered nevus cells are derived from nevoblasts in the eccrine sweat duct walls.", "contents": "Mechanism of recurrence of pigmented nevi following dermabrasion. A study was made of pigment freckles which recur after skin abrasion of spotted grouped pigmented nevi, according to the lapse of time, chiefly by means of the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. The mechanism of recurrence is summarized as follows. Nearly simultaneously with the epidermal regeneration, dendritic melanin-producing cells derived from hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts appear in the basal and prickle-cell layers of epidermis. These cells then create junction activity in the basal layer of epidermis, in the hair follicles and in the eccrine sweat duct walls. Finally, these nevus cells drop off into the underlying layer of scar tissue along the epidermal appendages. The dendritic melanin-producing cells seen in the early regenerative pigment freckles were thought to be incompletely differentiated nevus cells in the pre-stage of junction nevus formation. Appearance of dendritic melanin-producing cells and formation of junction activity in the eccrine sweat duct walls suggest the following possibilities. (1) In the cases of spotted grouped pigmented nevus which we studied, nevus cell proliferation also occurred eccrine-centrically on pathogenesis. (2) An important role is played by the eccrine sweat ducts in the recurrence of ordinary pigmented nevi after incomplete removal. (3) Eccrine-centered nevus cells are derived from nevoblasts in the eccrine sweat duct walls.", "PMID": 78619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6994", "title": "Identification of mononuclear cells infiltrating basal cell carcinomas.", "content": "The identification of mononuclear cells extracted from 12 basal cell carcinomas has been carried out by means of various assays such as the E rosette test, FITC anti-Ig conjugates and peroxidase conjugates viewed at an ultrastructural level. The relative quantities of B and T cells have been determined as well as the morphology of the extracted cells. It was found that the T/B ratio is close to that of a delayed-type reaction to tuberculin, suggesting a possible identical immune mechanism, and also that the morphological appearance of some tissue lymphocytes differs from that of circulating lymphocytes due to the presence of both membrane and cytoplasmic Ig.", "contents": "Identification of mononuclear cells infiltrating basal cell carcinomas. The identification of mononuclear cells extracted from 12 basal cell carcinomas has been carried out by means of various assays such as the E rosette test, FITC anti-Ig conjugates and peroxidase conjugates viewed at an ultrastructural level. The relative quantities of B and T cells have been determined as well as the morphology of the extracted cells. It was found that the T/B ratio is close to that of a delayed-type reaction to tuberculin, suggesting a possible identical immune mechanism, and also that the morphological appearance of some tissue lymphocytes differs from that of circulating lymphocytes due to the presence of both membrane and cytoplasmic Ig.", "PMID": 78620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6995", "title": "The fate of tetrachlorosalicylanilide in photosensitized guinea pigs.", "content": "The distribution and fate of 3, 3', 4', 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) in photosensitized guinea-pig skin following topical application at varying times was investigated by fluorescence microscopy in unfixed, frozen sections. When the site to which TCSA had been applied was irradiated with long-wave UV light, TCSA was detected in the entire epidermis only 3 days after application and in the horny layer up to 10 days. Unless TCSA-treated sites were exposed to light, TCSA was still recognized in the entire epidermis 10 days after application and in the horny layer even at 3 weeks. The irradiated photosensitized guinea pigs in the present study eliminated TCSA more rapidly than normal control animals in our previous work. The mechanism of persistent light reaction was discussed and we concluded that TCSA can remain in the skin for a long time, because it is a prohapten, not a hapten.", "contents": "The fate of tetrachlorosalicylanilide in photosensitized guinea pigs. The distribution and fate of 3, 3', 4', 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) in photosensitized guinea-pig skin following topical application at varying times was investigated by fluorescence microscopy in unfixed, frozen sections. When the site to which TCSA had been applied was irradiated with long-wave UV light, TCSA was detected in the entire epidermis only 3 days after application and in the horny layer up to 10 days. Unless TCSA-treated sites were exposed to light, TCSA was still recognized in the entire epidermis 10 days after application and in the horny layer even at 3 weeks. The irradiated photosensitized guinea pigs in the present study eliminated TCSA more rapidly than normal control animals in our previous work. The mechanism of persistent light reaction was discussed and we concluded that TCSA can remain in the skin for a long time, because it is a prohapten, not a hapten.", "PMID": 78621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6996", "title": "Phototoxic reaction to chlorpromazine as studied with the quantitative mouse tail technique.", "content": "A quantitative in vivo technique for the study of the phototoxic reaction to systemic chlorpromazine has been developed, based on the increasing tissue fluid content of the albino mouse tail. A maximum increase in tissue fluid of about 25% was registered 24 hours after starting the long-wave ultraviolet light exposure. The minimum phototoxic dose of chlorpromazine was 2.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "Phototoxic reaction to chlorpromazine as studied with the quantitative mouse tail technique. A quantitative in vivo technique for the study of the phototoxic reaction to systemic chlorpromazine has been developed, based on the increasing tissue fluid content of the albino mouse tail. A maximum increase in tissue fluid of about 25% was registered 24 hours after starting the long-wave ultraviolet light exposure. The minimum phototoxic dose of chlorpromazine was 2.5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 78622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6997", "title": "The leukocyte migration test in nickel contact dermatitis.", "content": "Ten patients with contact dermatitis to nickel, confirmed by patch testing, were investigated by the leukocyte migration test. Specific inhibition of leukocyte migration was obtained with nickel protein complexes. Bovine albumin, human albumin and human epidermis protein were used as carrier proteins in the complexes. Specific inhibition of leukocytes from patients with positive patch test to nickel could not be demonstrated with the hapten alone.", "contents": "The leukocyte migration test in nickel contact dermatitis. Ten patients with contact dermatitis to nickel, confirmed by patch testing, were investigated by the leukocyte migration test. Specific inhibition of leukocyte migration was obtained with nickel protein complexes. Bovine albumin, human albumin and human epidermis protein were used as carrier proteins in the complexes. Specific inhibition of leukocytes from patients with positive patch test to nickel could not be demonstrated with the hapten alone.", "PMID": 78623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6998", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in acne vulgaris.", "content": "The nitroblue tetrazolium (N.B.T.) test has been studied in 19 patients with moderate or severe acne vulgaris and 18 patients with subclinical or no acne. There was a significant elevation of the N.B.T. score in those patients with moderate or severe acne as compared with the control group. This is probably a result of the inflammatory reaction in and around the involved sebaceous gland follicles.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in acne vulgaris. The nitroblue tetrazolium (N.B.T.) test has been studied in 19 patients with moderate or severe acne vulgaris and 18 patients with subclinical or no acne. There was a significant elevation of the N.B.T. score in those patients with moderate or severe acne as compared with the control group. This is probably a result of the inflammatory reaction in and around the involved sebaceous gland follicles.", "PMID": 78624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_6999", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with trioxsalen baths and dysprosium lamps.", "content": "Photochemotherapeutic treatment of psoriasis with trioxsalen baths (0.5 mg/1) for 15 minutes followed by irradiation with dysprosium lamps (Osram HQI-TS) healed or nearly healed the psoriatic lesions in 18 patients within 3-5 weeks. A control area treated with the Ingram method showed a slower healing in 9 of these patients. Methoxsalen bath was not as effective in healing at the concentration used (1 mg/l). The bath method is easy to administer and cosmetically acceptable. Sensitisation to light is maximal immediately after the bath and disappears more quickly than after painting with an alcoholic trioxsalen solution. By using baths, there is less risk of accidental burns or uneven pigmentation than with the often time-consuming local application of psoralen solutions. Toxic systemic effects, which are possible with oral treatment, are less apt to occur. The dysprosium lamps give high intensity in the UV-A region. Exposure times of 10 seconds to 8 minutes are effective in the treatment of psoriasis, where both the UV-B region itself and the UV-A in combination with trioxsalen have psoriasis-healing properties.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with trioxsalen baths and dysprosium lamps. Photochemotherapeutic treatment of psoriasis with trioxsalen baths (0.5 mg/1) for 15 minutes followed by irradiation with dysprosium lamps (Osram HQI-TS) healed or nearly healed the psoriatic lesions in 18 patients within 3-5 weeks. A control area treated with the Ingram method showed a slower healing in 9 of these patients. Methoxsalen bath was not as effective in healing at the concentration used (1 mg/l). The bath method is easy to administer and cosmetically acceptable. Sensitisation to light is maximal immediately after the bath and disappears more quickly than after painting with an alcoholic trioxsalen solution. By using baths, there is less risk of accidental burns or uneven pigmentation than with the often time-consuming local application of psoralen solutions. Toxic systemic effects, which are possible with oral treatment, are less apt to occur. The dysprosium lamps give high intensity in the UV-A region. Exposure times of 10 seconds to 8 minutes are effective in the treatment of psoriasis, where both the UV-B region itself and the UV-A in combination with trioxsalen have psoriasis-healing properties.", "PMID": 78625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7000", "title": "Necrolytic migratory erythema and glucagon cell tumour of the pancreas: the glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of necrolytic migratory erythema are described. Both patients also suffered from anaemia, weight loss, hypersedimentation and carbohydrate intolerance. A solitary pancreatic tumour was found in both cases-- at autopsy in one and at laparotomy in the other. Microscopic examination of skin biopsies showed necrolysis of superficial epidermis. Both patients had extremely elevated plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon. By means of specific staining and immunofluorescence techniques the tumours were shown to consist of glucagon-containing alpha2-cells. It is concluded that these patients suffered from the newly described glucagonoma syndrome.", "contents": "Necrolytic migratory erythema and glucagon cell tumour of the pancreas: the glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases. Two cases of necrolytic migratory erythema are described. Both patients also suffered from anaemia, weight loss, hypersedimentation and carbohydrate intolerance. A solitary pancreatic tumour was found in both cases-- at autopsy in one and at laparotomy in the other. Microscopic examination of skin biopsies showed necrolysis of superficial epidermis. Both patients had extremely elevated plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon. By means of specific staining and immunofluorescence techniques the tumours were shown to consist of glucagon-containing alpha2-cells. It is concluded that these patients suffered from the newly described glucagonoma syndrome.", "PMID": 78626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7001", "title": "Syndermatotic cataract in patients with psoriasis.", "content": "266 consecutive in-patients, more than 10 years of age (mean age 24.7) and suffering from psoriasis have been examined with slit lamp and ophthalmoscope to determine the incidence of cataract among such patients. 188 (70%) had clear lenses. 66(26%) presented some minute punctate opacities considered as physiological variations. Four had blue-dot cataract, and 6 had congenital or evolutionary small opacities at various sites in the lenses but without blurring of vision. Only one patient, aged 72, had crystalline cataract with slightly impaired vision. The conclusion is drawn that the incidence of cataract among patients with psoriasis does not exceed that in the normal population. Consequently, routine eye examinations for cataract are unnecessary in these patients.", "contents": "Syndermatotic cataract in patients with psoriasis. 266 consecutive in-patients, more than 10 years of age (mean age 24.7) and suffering from psoriasis have been examined with slit lamp and ophthalmoscope to determine the incidence of cataract among such patients. 188 (70%) had clear lenses. 66(26%) presented some minute punctate opacities considered as physiological variations. Four had blue-dot cataract, and 6 had congenital or evolutionary small opacities at various sites in the lenses but without blurring of vision. Only one patient, aged 72, had crystalline cataract with slightly impaired vision. The conclusion is drawn that the incidence of cataract among patients with psoriasis does not exceed that in the normal population. Consequently, routine eye examinations for cataract are unnecessary in these patients.", "PMID": 78627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7002", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis in association with treated coeliac disease.", "content": "The paper describes an adult patient with coeliac disease who developed classical dermatitis herpetiformis while receiving a gluten-free diet. The dermatitis is controlled by sulphapyridine but relapses when this is withdrawn, even though the patient continues with the diet, indicating that a gluten-free diet plays little or no part in controlling the skin condition.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis in association with treated coeliac disease. The paper describes an adult patient with coeliac disease who developed classical dermatitis herpetiformis while receiving a gluten-free diet. The dermatitis is controlled by sulphapyridine but relapses when this is withdrawn, even though the patient continues with the diet, indicating that a gluten-free diet plays little or no part in controlling the skin condition.", "PMID": 78628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7003", "title": "Recurrent bullous eruptions on the lower legs.", "content": "In 15 patients with venous or arterial insufficiency of the legs, bullous eruptions were observed on the lower legs. The bullae were subepidermally situated. Circulating antibodies against the basement membrane zone were not demonstrated in 2 cases investigated. This eruption seems to represent a clinical entity of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Recurrent bullous eruptions on the lower legs. In 15 patients with venous or arterial insufficiency of the legs, bullous eruptions were observed on the lower legs. The bullae were subepidermally situated. Circulating antibodies against the basement membrane zone were not demonstrated in 2 cases investigated. This eruption seems to represent a clinical entity of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 78629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7004", "title": "Metastasizing erythroplasia Queyrat. Report of a case.", "content": "A typical clinical and histologic case of Queyrat's erythroplasia of the glans penis is presented. For several years the patient had been treated for balanitis and inflammation of the glans. A few months before the patient died, the correct diagnosis was established. Shortly after, metastases to the inguinal lymph nodes were found and treated with X-rays. At autopsy, metastases to other organs were revealed. It is concluded that erythroplasia of Queyrat might be Bowen's disease of a mucosal or mucocutaneous area, and this \"carcinoma in situ\" may metastasize. Consequently Queyrat's erythroplasia should be treated as a malignant disorder as soon as the diagnosis is established.", "contents": "Metastasizing erythroplasia Queyrat. Report of a case. A typical clinical and histologic case of Queyrat's erythroplasia of the glans penis is presented. For several years the patient had been treated for balanitis and inflammation of the glans. A few months before the patient died, the correct diagnosis was established. Shortly after, metastases to the inguinal lymph nodes were found and treated with X-rays. At autopsy, metastases to other organs were revealed. It is concluded that erythroplasia of Queyrat might be Bowen's disease of a mucosal or mucocutaneous area, and this \"carcinoma in situ\" may metastasize. Consequently Queyrat's erythroplasia should be treated as a malignant disorder as soon as the diagnosis is established.", "PMID": 78630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7005", "title": "Determination of cyclic AMP in heat-separated human epidermal tissue.", "content": "Heat separation is introduced as a simple, reliable and quick method for obtaining pure epidermis for cyclic AMP analysis. Heating at 60 degrees -65degrees C for 10 min resulted in a distinct separation of epidermis from dermis. The level of cyclic AMP in epidermal tissue from 9 patients was 3.93 +/- 0.31 pmol per mg dry weight. The inter- and intra-assay variations were 10.3% and 8.8%, respectively. The coefficience of variation in eight biopsies from the same piece of skin was 16.2% The sensitivity of the assay was 0.07 pmol. Recovery analyses revealed that 80.5% of labelled cyclic AMP was refound after extraction and purification procedures. Addition of unlabelled cyclic AMP resulted in a recovery of approximately 100%. The specificity of the assay was high without interference from several nucleotides and the validity was confirmed by zero values obtained after addition of phosphodiesterase or charcoal.", "contents": "Determination of cyclic AMP in heat-separated human epidermal tissue. Heat separation is introduced as a simple, reliable and quick method for obtaining pure epidermis for cyclic AMP analysis. Heating at 60 degrees -65degrees C for 10 min resulted in a distinct separation of epidermis from dermis. The level of cyclic AMP in epidermal tissue from 9 patients was 3.93 +/- 0.31 pmol per mg dry weight. The inter- and intra-assay variations were 10.3% and 8.8%, respectively. The coefficience of variation in eight biopsies from the same piece of skin was 16.2% The sensitivity of the assay was 0.07 pmol. Recovery analyses revealed that 80.5% of labelled cyclic AMP was refound after extraction and purification procedures. Addition of unlabelled cyclic AMP resulted in a recovery of approximately 100%. The specificity of the assay was high without interference from several nucleotides and the validity was confirmed by zero values obtained after addition of phosphodiesterase or charcoal.", "PMID": 78631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7006", "title": "Enzymatic liberation of viable cells of human skin.", "content": "To obtain viable cells from normal human skin, clostridial collagenase was used. Crude collagenase digestion of collagen fibres and basal lamina results in free dermal cells and sheets of epidermis. The collagenase was tested at various concentrations, solvents and incubation periods. The specimens digested were either split or full thickness skin of varying size. The optimal result was obtained by using small (3mm across) split skin pieces incubated in 2 mg/ml collagenase. The choice of solvent MEM, MEM supplemented with serum, and Tris buffer, was less important. 3 hours' incubation the epidermis was peeled off in sheets and finally dissociated by trypsin-EDTA. The corium was completely digested after 6 hours. After 6 hours' incubation no viable cells could be seen. The epidermal cells appeared mainly as polygonal cells of various sizes and a few little dendritic cells. The dermal cells had a heterogeneous morphology during the first weeks of cultivation. After 2 weeks the cells appeared as fibroblast-like cells.", "contents": "Enzymatic liberation of viable cells of human skin. To obtain viable cells from normal human skin, clostridial collagenase was used. Crude collagenase digestion of collagen fibres and basal lamina results in free dermal cells and sheets of epidermis. The collagenase was tested at various concentrations, solvents and incubation periods. The specimens digested were either split or full thickness skin of varying size. The optimal result was obtained by using small (3mm across) split skin pieces incubated in 2 mg/ml collagenase. The choice of solvent MEM, MEM supplemented with serum, and Tris buffer, was less important. 3 hours' incubation the epidermis was peeled off in sheets and finally dissociated by trypsin-EDTA. The corium was completely digested after 6 hours. After 6 hours' incubation no viable cells could be seen. The epidermal cells appeared mainly as polygonal cells of various sizes and a few little dendritic cells. The dermal cells had a heterogeneous morphology during the first weeks of cultivation. After 2 weeks the cells appeared as fibroblast-like cells.", "PMID": 78632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7007", "title": "The cytolytic effect of PUVA treatment on PHA-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The morphology of PUVA-treated and PHA-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro was studied by means of the light and electron microscopes. Most cells showed signs of cytolysis, such as pyknotic nuclei and a swollen and decomposed cytoplasm; a few cells, however, appeared as normal lymphoblasts. In the latter, repair-enzyme mechanisms may successfully have rectified alterations in the DNS prior to the inception of S-phase. These findings are discussed with reference to the in vivo effect of PUVA treatment.", "contents": "The cytolytic effect of PUVA treatment on PHA-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. The morphology of PUVA-treated and PHA-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro was studied by means of the light and electron microscopes. Most cells showed signs of cytolysis, such as pyknotic nuclei and a swollen and decomposed cytoplasm; a few cells, however, appeared as normal lymphoblasts. In the latter, repair-enzyme mechanisms may successfully have rectified alterations in the DNS prior to the inception of S-phase. These findings are discussed with reference to the in vivo effect of PUVA treatment.", "PMID": 78633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7008", "title": "Prostaglandins in PUVA-treated psoriasis.", "content": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PG) in biopsies from 9 patients with recalcitrant psoriasis was studied before, during, and after treatment with 8-methoxy-psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). No statistical difference was found between the results obtained before, during, and after the treatment. In PGE1-equivalents, the concentration in involved psoriatic skin was 2.16 +/- 0.31 ng (mean +/- S.E.M.) before, 2.01 +/- 0.33 ng during, and 2.85 +/- 0.31 ng per g wet weight after PUVA. In uninvolved skin the concentrations were 2.38 +/- 0.26 ng, 2.23 +/- 0.15 ng and 3.29 +/- 0.24 ng per g wet weight, respectively. In the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid in the incubation medium the activity formed was higher, but no statistical difference was found between pretreatment values and those obtained during and after PUVA treatment. The hypothesis that PUVA treatment stimulates PG biosynthesis, thus accounting for the beneficial therapeutic antipsoriatic effect, could not be confirmed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in PUVA-treated psoriasis. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PG) in biopsies from 9 patients with recalcitrant psoriasis was studied before, during, and after treatment with 8-methoxy-psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). No statistical difference was found between the results obtained before, during, and after the treatment. In PGE1-equivalents, the concentration in involved psoriatic skin was 2.16 +/- 0.31 ng (mean +/- S.E.M.) before, 2.01 +/- 0.33 ng during, and 2.85 +/- 0.31 ng per g wet weight after PUVA. In uninvolved skin the concentrations were 2.38 +/- 0.26 ng, 2.23 +/- 0.15 ng and 3.29 +/- 0.24 ng per g wet weight, respectively. In the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid in the incubation medium the activity formed was higher, but no statistical difference was found between pretreatment values and those obtained during and after PUVA treatment. The hypothesis that PUVA treatment stimulates PG biosynthesis, thus accounting for the beneficial therapeutic antipsoriatic effect, could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 78634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7009", "title": "Melanocyte mitosis in UVB-irradiated mouse skin.", "content": "Little is known about the mitotic activity of the epidermal melanocyte population. Vincristine sulphate has now been used in vivo to study the frequency of mitosis of epedermal melanocytes in the ear skin of C57BL mice. It is shown that there is continuous formation of new melanocytes in unstimulated skin due to mitosis of pigment-producing epidermal melanocytes. The increase in this mitotic rate following daily UVB irradiation suggests that this is a major mechanism responsible for the UV-induced increase in the epidermal melanocyte population.", "contents": "Melanocyte mitosis in UVB-irradiated mouse skin. Little is known about the mitotic activity of the epidermal melanocyte population. Vincristine sulphate has now been used in vivo to study the frequency of mitosis of epedermal melanocytes in the ear skin of C57BL mice. It is shown that there is continuous formation of new melanocytes in unstimulated skin due to mitosis of pigment-producing epidermal melanocytes. The increase in this mitotic rate following daily UVB irradiation suggests that this is a major mechanism responsible for the UV-induced increase in the epidermal melanocyte population.", "PMID": 78635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7010", "title": "Ultrastructure of giant pigment granules in lentigo simplex.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation of lentigo simplex on the sole revealed the presence in the lesion of giant pigment granules in melanocytes and keratinocytes. The giant granules were membrane-bound bodies containing electron-dense amorphous substances and less electron-dense microvesicles. It was also revealed that compound melanosomes, similar in size and shape to giant pigment granules, were present in melanocytes. Within the compound melanosomes, melanosomes showed disintergration into electron-dense fine particles concomitant with the release of less electron-dense microvesicles. These fine particles then aggregated to the mass of electrondense amorphous substances  which eventually embedded the microvesicles. This evidence strongly suggests that the giant pigment granules are formed by complete degradation of melanosomes in the large compound melanosomes which can arise within melanocytes by autophagy.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of giant pigment granules in lentigo simplex. Electron microscopic observation of lentigo simplex on the sole revealed the presence in the lesion of giant pigment granules in melanocytes and keratinocytes. The giant granules were membrane-bound bodies containing electron-dense amorphous substances and less electron-dense microvesicles. It was also revealed that compound melanosomes, similar in size and shape to giant pigment granules, were present in melanocytes. Within the compound melanosomes, melanosomes showed disintergration into electron-dense fine particles concomitant with the release of less electron-dense microvesicles. These fine particles then aggregated to the mass of electrondense amorphous substances  which eventually embedded the microvesicles. This evidence strongly suggests that the giant pigment granules are formed by complete degradation of melanosomes in the large compound melanosomes which can arise within melanocytes by autophagy.", "PMID": 78636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7011", "title": "Pigmented nevus divided between recipient and donor sites by intermediate skin grafting procedure: a study with fluorescence method (Falck & Hillarp).", "content": "Pigment freckles seen in donor and recipient sites at intermediate skin grafting were studied, chiefly by means of Falck & Hillarp's fluorescence method, with the following results. (1) An important role is played by the regenerative eccrine sweat ducts in the mechanism of recurrence of so-called \"lentigines\" after incomplete removal. (2) Junctional activity, not associated with the regeneration of epidermal appendages, can recommence in the epidermis of intradermal nevi. (3) B-type nevus cells once again actively produce melanin. (4) Specific fluorescence was observed corresponding to the melanin granules distributed in the manner of \"nuclear caps\" in keratinocytes around junctional activities. This latter finding may indicate that melanosomes which still contain DOPA are transferred from melanin-producing cells to keratinocytes.", "contents": "Pigmented nevus divided between recipient and donor sites by intermediate skin grafting procedure: a study with fluorescence method (Falck & Hillarp). Pigment freckles seen in donor and recipient sites at intermediate skin grafting were studied, chiefly by means of Falck & Hillarp's fluorescence method, with the following results. (1) An important role is played by the regenerative eccrine sweat ducts in the mechanism of recurrence of so-called \"lentigines\" after incomplete removal. (2) Junctional activity, not associated with the regeneration of epidermal appendages, can recommence in the epidermis of intradermal nevi. (3) B-type nevus cells once again actively produce melanin. (4) Specific fluorescence was observed corresponding to the melanin granules distributed in the manner of \"nuclear caps\" in keratinocytes around junctional activities. This latter finding may indicate that melanosomes which still contain DOPA are transferred from melanin-producing cells to keratinocytes.", "PMID": 78637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7012", "title": "Pemphigus acantholysis in tissue culture: studies on photo-induction.", "content": "It has previously been shown tha UV irradiation can give rise to fresh skin lesions in the uninvolved skin of patients with pemphigus. In this study no increase of acantholytic activity was found in an organ culture model system for pemphigus in vitro, after in vitro and in vivo irradiation under various experimental conditions. By immunofluorescence no increase in IgG binding in irradiated specimens was observed. From these in vitro findings, which contrast the effect of UV light in pemphigus in vivo, it may be concluded that the circulatory system of the skin plays a major role in the photo induction of acantholysis in pemphigus.", "contents": "Pemphigus acantholysis in tissue culture: studies on photo-induction. It has previously been shown tha UV irradiation can give rise to fresh skin lesions in the uninvolved skin of patients with pemphigus. In this study no increase of acantholytic activity was found in an organ culture model system for pemphigus in vitro, after in vitro and in vivo irradiation under various experimental conditions. By immunofluorescence no increase in IgG binding in irradiated specimens was observed. From these in vitro findings, which contrast the effect of UV light in pemphigus in vivo, it may be concluded that the circulatory system of the skin plays a major role in the photo induction of acantholysis in pemphigus.", "PMID": 78638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7013", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and Crohn's disease.", "content": "A patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) associated with Crohn's disease is presented. The clinical, histological and immunological findings were in keeping with previous reports. However, clinically normal skin and mucosa exhibited deposits of IgG and C3 in the basement-membrane zone. These deposits remained unchanged during the treatment period. It is therefore suggested that immunological mechanisms are implicated in pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and Crohn's disease. A patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) associated with Crohn's disease is presented. The clinical, histological and immunological findings were in keeping with previous reports. However, clinically normal skin and mucosa exhibited deposits of IgG and C3 in the basement-membrane zone. These deposits remained unchanged during the treatment period. It is therefore suggested that immunological mechanisms are implicated in pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 78639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7014", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by nickel sulphate: an in vitro study of subjects with and without a positive nickel patch test.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 8 patients with contact dermatitis and a positive nickel patch test, 7 patients with contact dermatitis due to other factors and with a negative nickel patch test, and 9 other subjects, 7 of whom suffered from other dermatological disorders, were tested with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), using nickel sulphate in various concentrations. All execpt one of the nickel allergics showed a significant response to nickel, whereas the controls showed borderline (3 patients) or no response (12 patients). These observations confirm previous findings indicating that nickel hypersensitivity can be diagnosed in vitro. This may be of importance in cases of acute contact dermatitis where patch testing is undesirable. Some individuals with a negative nickel patch test responded significantly though weakly to nickel in the LTT, indicating that apart from acting as a specific antigen (hapten?) nickel sulphate may also have weak non-specific mitogenic properties.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by nickel sulphate: an in vitro study of subjects with and without a positive nickel patch test. Lymphocytes from 8 patients with contact dermatitis and a positive nickel patch test, 7 patients with contact dermatitis due to other factors and with a negative nickel patch test, and 9 other subjects, 7 of whom suffered from other dermatological disorders, were tested with the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), using nickel sulphate in various concentrations. All execpt one of the nickel allergics showed a significant response to nickel, whereas the controls showed borderline (3 patients) or no response (12 patients). These observations confirm previous findings indicating that nickel hypersensitivity can be diagnosed in vitro. This may be of importance in cases of acute contact dermatitis where patch testing is undesirable. Some individuals with a negative nickel patch test responded significantly though weakly to nickel in the LTT, indicating that apart from acting as a specific antigen (hapten?) nickel sulphate may also have weak non-specific mitogenic properties.", "PMID": 78640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7015", "title": "Local absorption of zinc from wounds treated with various zinc-compounds.", "content": "It is shown that in the rat, zinc is absorbed from excisional wounds into serum, from various locally applied zinc oxide preparations as well as from zinc peroxide and zinc sulphate. The most pronounced absorption of zinc to serum was recorded from wounds treated with zinc peroxide. Microscopically the cellular inflammatory response observed in wounds treated with a gauze sponge impregnated with a zinc sulphate solution was weaker than that found with the other treatment methods used.", "contents": "Local absorption of zinc from wounds treated with various zinc-compounds. It is shown that in the rat, zinc is absorbed from excisional wounds into serum, from various locally applied zinc oxide preparations as well as from zinc peroxide and zinc sulphate. The most pronounced absorption of zinc to serum was recorded from wounds treated with zinc peroxide. Microscopically the cellular inflammatory response observed in wounds treated with a gauze sponge impregnated with a zinc sulphate solution was weaker than that found with the other treatment methods used.", "PMID": 78641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7016", "title": "Generalized pustular toxic erythema: pathogenetic relationship between pustule and epidermal appendage (hair follicle or sweat duct).", "content": "Seven patients are described, who had generalized toxic erythema with sterile pustules. Study of serial sections of the pustules confirmed a specific localization to hair follicle or epidermal sweat duct. Five patients had a past history of medications, exposure to an organic solvent, or infections.", "contents": "Generalized pustular toxic erythema: pathogenetic relationship between pustule and epidermal appendage (hair follicle or sweat duct). Seven patients are described, who had generalized toxic erythema with sterile pustules. Study of serial sections of the pustules confirmed a specific localization to hair follicle or epidermal sweat duct. Five patients had a past history of medications, exposure to an organic solvent, or infections.", "PMID": 78642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7017", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in syphilis.", "content": "13 patients with syphilis were investigated regarding the presence of circulating immune complexes by the methods of C 1q-binding-activity and anticomplementarity. Elevated C1q-binding-activity was demonstrated in 6 of 7 patients with secondary syphilis, a significantly greater incidence than among patients with primary syphilis and neurosyphilis. Anticomplementarity was demonstrated in five of seven patients with secondary syphilis and in two patients with neurosyphilis. Anticomplementarity was found in only one of four patients with primary syphilis. The presence of immune complexes may be of importance in the aetiology of some of the lesions of secondary and perhaps tertiary syphilis.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in syphilis. 13 patients with syphilis were investigated regarding the presence of circulating immune complexes by the methods of C 1q-binding-activity and anticomplementarity. Elevated C1q-binding-activity was demonstrated in 6 of 7 patients with secondary syphilis, a significantly greater incidence than among patients with primary syphilis and neurosyphilis. Anticomplementarity was demonstrated in five of seven patients with secondary syphilis and in two patients with neurosyphilis. Anticomplementarity was found in only one of four patients with primary syphilis. The presence of immune complexes may be of importance in the aetiology of some of the lesions of secondary and perhaps tertiary syphilis.", "PMID": 78643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7018", "title": "5-S-cysteinyldopa and trichochromes in red feathers.", "content": "Red cock feathers (Rhode Island) were found to contain dopa and cysteinyldopa, trichochromes B and C, and two unidentified trichochromes. Trichochromes E and F were not found. Previous findings of trichochromes E and F may be explained as artifacts.", "contents": "5-S-cysteinyldopa and trichochromes in red feathers. Red cock feathers (Rhode Island) were found to contain dopa and cysteinyldopa, trichochromes B and C, and two unidentified trichochromes. Trichochromes E and F were not found. Previous findings of trichochromes E and F may be explained as artifacts.", "PMID": 78644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7019", "title": "Free and bound 5-S-cysteinyldopa and dopa in human malignant melanomas.", "content": "Free dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were extracted from two human melanomas. Subsequent hydrolysis of carefully washed melanoma tissue released dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa, indication the presence of these catechol amino acids in proteins. Cysteinyldopa-containing proteins may represent the antigens previously demonstrated in human melanomas.", "contents": "Free and bound 5-S-cysteinyldopa and dopa in human malignant melanomas. Free dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa were extracted from two human melanomas. Subsequent hydrolysis of carefully washed melanoma tissue released dopa and 5-S-cysteinyldopa, indication the presence of these catechol amino acids in proteins. Cysteinyldopa-containing proteins may represent the antigens previously demonstrated in human melanomas.", "PMID": 78645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7020", "title": "Deposits of complement and immunoglobulins in dermal and synovial vessels in psoriasis.", "content": "Deposits of complement C3 and/or immunoglobulin were found in the vessel walls and/or at the dermal-epidermal junction in skin lesions of all of 11 patients with psoriatic arthritis and guttate psoriasis. Similar deposits were seen in 6 out of 15 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Synovial tissue available from 2 patients revealed deposits in the vessel walls.", "contents": "Deposits of complement and immunoglobulins in dermal and synovial vessels in psoriasis. Deposits of complement C3 and/or immunoglobulin were found in the vessel walls and/or at the dermal-epidermal junction in skin lesions of all of 11 patients with psoriatic arthritis and guttate psoriasis. Similar deposits were seen in 6 out of 15 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Synovial tissue available from 2 patients revealed deposits in the vessel walls.", "PMID": 78646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7021", "title": "Local excision in the treatment of oral discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Oral lesions in eight patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)  were treated with local excision. Ten well-demarcated oral lesions were excised and a primary closure was obtained following the excision. Six patients out of seven became symptom-free following the treatment. The median observation time was 1.0 year. The follow-up examination showed erythema in one case and recurrence in one case at the operation site. In the remaining eight operation sites, a soft scar with no sign of recurrence was seen. These results indicate that the method should be investigated further in order to obtain long-term results. Local excision of oral discoid lesions may be a valuable therapeutic supplement in some cases of DLE.", "contents": "Local excision in the treatment of oral discoid lupus erythematosus. Oral lesions in eight patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)  were treated with local excision. Ten well-demarcated oral lesions were excised and a primary closure was obtained following the excision. Six patients out of seven became symptom-free following the treatment. The median observation time was 1.0 year. The follow-up examination showed erythema in one case and recurrence in one case at the operation site. In the remaining eight operation sites, a soft scar with no sign of recurrence was seen. These results indicate that the method should be investigated further in order to obtain long-term results. Local excision of oral discoid lesions may be a valuable therapeutic supplement in some cases of DLE.", "PMID": 78647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7022", "title": "Atypical necrobiosis lipoidica of the face.", "content": "A 36-year-old healthy man with atypical necrobiosis lipoidica of the face is described. The lesions were annular with a raised erythematous palpable border. The centres were slightly depigmented and atrophic, without telangiectasia or hair loss. Histopathological changes revealed prominent giant cells in small groups without clear granuloma formation. They were located at all levels of the drmis between the collagen bundles.", "contents": "Atypical necrobiosis lipoidica of the face. A 36-year-old healthy man with atypical necrobiosis lipoidica of the face is described. The lesions were annular with a raised erythematous palpable border. The centres were slightly depigmented and atrophic, without telangiectasia or hair loss. Histopathological changes revealed prominent giant cells in small groups without clear granuloma formation. They were located at all levels of the drmis between the collagen bundles.", "PMID": 78648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7023", "title": "Pemphigus vulgaris in a 15-year-old girl.", "content": "Pemphigus vulgaris is uncommon in adolescence and only ten well documented cases in this age group were found in a recent review (5). Because the condition is often more severe in the younger age group it is important to consider it in the differential diagnosis of bullous eruptions of childhood and to perform direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies.", "contents": "Pemphigus vulgaris in a 15-year-old girl. Pemphigus vulgaris is uncommon in adolescence and only ten well documented cases in this age group were found in a recent review (5). Because the condition is often more severe in the younger age group it is important to consider it in the differential diagnosis of bullous eruptions of childhood and to perform direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies.", "PMID": 78649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7024", "title": "Palpebral cellulitis.", "content": "Patients with palpebral cellulitis may turn in the first place to a skin clinic. The clinical picture and the course of disease are illustrated here by four case histories. The importance of differentiating between collateral orbital edema, palpebral cellulitis and orbital cellulitis is stressed.", "contents": "Palpebral cellulitis. Patients with palpebral cellulitis may turn in the first place to a skin clinic. The clinical picture and the course of disease are illustrated here by four case histories. The importance of differentiating between collateral orbital edema, palpebral cellulitis and orbital cellulitis is stressed.", "PMID": 78650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7025", "title": "Thyroid function during pregnancy with special reference to hydatidiform mole and hyperemesis.", "content": "The thyroid function tests, serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), serum triiodothyronine reaction (T3-test) and serum cholesterol were measured in three groups of pregnant women: 1) 57 with normal pregnancy, 2) 35 with hyperemesis and 3) 14 with hydatidiform mole. A pattern of high values of PBI and T3-test and relatively low values of cholesterol in most of the patients with hydatidiform mole, and in almost one third of the patients with hyperemesis was found. A positive correlation of the volume of molar tissue and the values of PBI was observed. The treatment of patients with hyperemesis mostly resulted in normalisation of the thyroid function tests, while this was not the case in patients with mole. It is suggested that there might be a common cause of the thyroid stimulation in patients with mole and hyperemesis.", "contents": "Thyroid function during pregnancy with special reference to hydatidiform mole and hyperemesis. The thyroid function tests, serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), serum triiodothyronine reaction (T3-test) and serum cholesterol were measured in three groups of pregnant women: 1) 57 with normal pregnancy, 2) 35 with hyperemesis and 3) 14 with hydatidiform mole. A pattern of high values of PBI and T3-test and relatively low values of cholesterol in most of the patients with hydatidiform mole, and in almost one third of the patients with hyperemesis was found. A positive correlation of the volume of molar tissue and the values of PBI was observed. The treatment of patients with hyperemesis mostly resulted in normalisation of the thyroid function tests, while this was not the case in patients with mole. It is suggested that there might be a common cause of the thyroid stimulation in patients with mole and hyperemesis.", "PMID": 78652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7026", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein content in liver from rats following hepatotoxin administration and partial hepatectomy.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) contents in liver from hepatotoxin-treated or partially hepatectomized rats were quantitatively measured using a radioimmunoassay by freezing and thawing perfused-liver homogenate in Triton X-100 No significantly increased contents of AFP in injured or regenerating livers were found even with a marked increase in serum AFP concentrations of the treated rats, suggesting that AFP could be rapidly secreted into the circulation identically under the entirely different conditions. Increased contents of AFP in liver could be detected only in newborn rats with serum AFP concentrations of more than 10 microgram/ml.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein content in liver from rats following hepatotoxin administration and partial hepatectomy. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) contents in liver from hepatotoxin-treated or partially hepatectomized rats were quantitatively measured using a radioimmunoassay by freezing and thawing perfused-liver homogenate in Triton X-100 No significantly increased contents of AFP in injured or regenerating livers were found even with a marked increase in serum AFP concentrations of the treated rats, suggesting that AFP could be rapidly secreted into the circulation identically under the entirely different conditions. Increased contents of AFP in liver could be detected only in newborn rats with serum AFP concentrations of more than 10 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 78654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7027", "title": "A case of whipple's disease with repeated operations for ileus and complete cure.", "content": "The authors make a case report of a male patient, 58 of age, whose complaints started 37 years ago; inspite of an operation, repeated medical check-ups and treatment, they had no other choice but to perform a further laparotomy when the patient presented himself with progressive cachexia and signs of an acute abdomen. Taking the history, the operative and histological findings of the patient into consideration, the correct diagnosis could be made: Whipple's disease. The presence of this condition was also proven by postoperative X-rays and immunological examinations. The patient has been restored to health after a year's antibiotic treatment. An impaired defensive ability, mainly of the immune and macrophage system can be proven to exist in Whipple's disease. Two main tasks are essential: 1) to hold the patient under constant control and 2) to continue research with the aim of finding ways of immunocorrection.", "contents": "A case of whipple's disease with repeated operations for ileus and complete cure. The authors make a case report of a male patient, 58 of age, whose complaints started 37 years ago; inspite of an operation, repeated medical check-ups and treatment, they had no other choice but to perform a further laparotomy when the patient presented himself with progressive cachexia and signs of an acute abdomen. Taking the history, the operative and histological findings of the patient into consideration, the correct diagnosis could be made: Whipple's disease. The presence of this condition was also proven by postoperative X-rays and immunological examinations. The patient has been restored to health after a year's antibiotic treatment. An impaired defensive ability, mainly of the immune and macrophage system can be proven to exist in Whipple's disease. Two main tasks are essential: 1) to hold the patient under constant control and 2) to continue research with the aim of finding ways of immunocorrection.", "PMID": 78655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7028", "title": "Changes in fetal supraventricular extrasystoles during uterine contractions in labour.", "content": "The electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded from a fetus exhibiting supraventricular ectopic beats during labour. The ectopic beats showed increased amplitude of the first heart sound (S1) compared to sinus and postectopic beats; the R-S1 interval was prolonged and the mechanical systole, measured as the S1-S2 interval, shortened. During uterine contractions these parameters were measured every 10 sec. The S1 amplitude of the ectopic beats decreased; simultaneously the R-S1 interval increased and the S1-S2 interval shortened. The changes were delayed compared to the amniotic pressure curve. The changes found can be explained by a shift of blood between the fetus and placenta, caused by uterine contraction.", "contents": "Changes in fetal supraventricular extrasystoles during uterine contractions in labour. The electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram were recorded from a fetus exhibiting supraventricular ectopic beats during labour. The ectopic beats showed increased amplitude of the first heart sound (S1) compared to sinus and postectopic beats; the R-S1 interval was prolonged and the mechanical systole, measured as the S1-S2 interval, shortened. During uterine contractions these parameters were measured every 10 sec. The S1 amplitude of the ectopic beats decreased; simultaneously the R-S1 interval increased and the S1-S2 interval shortened. The changes were delayed compared to the amniotic pressure curve. The changes found can be explained by a shift of blood between the fetus and placenta, caused by uterine contraction.", "PMID": 78657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7029", "title": "Pseudo-exfoliation fibrils examined by negative staining.", "content": "Pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material, collected from lenses extracted because of cataract, has been examined by negative staining. The material was fragmented by ultrasound into single fibrils and small collections of fibrils. The fibrils were composed of a small number of filamentous subunits associated with or surrounded by a fuzzy material which had side excrescences at regular intervals of 50--55 nm or 25--30 nm. The side excrescences correspond to the cross-bands of the PE fibrils. It is proposed that the PE fibrils are composed of a few subunits of a fibrillar protein, which form a core to which glycosaminoglycan side chains are attached. The visible periodicity of the PE fibrils, appearing as cross-bands, is thought to be caused by clusters of glycosaminoglycan distributed at regular intervals along the fibrils.", "contents": "Pseudo-exfoliation fibrils examined by negative staining. Pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material, collected from lenses extracted because of cataract, has been examined by negative staining. The material was fragmented by ultrasound into single fibrils and small collections of fibrils. The fibrils were composed of a small number of filamentous subunits associated with or surrounded by a fuzzy material which had side excrescences at regular intervals of 50--55 nm or 25--30 nm. The side excrescences correspond to the cross-bands of the PE fibrils. It is proposed that the PE fibrils are composed of a few subunits of a fibrillar protein, which form a core to which glycosaminoglycan side chains are attached. The visible periodicity of the PE fibrils, appearing as cross-bands, is thought to be caused by clusters of glycosaminoglycan distributed at regular intervals along the fibrils.", "PMID": 78658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7030", "title": "Synthetic disaccharide-protein antigen for production of specific O2 antiserum for immunofluorescence diagnosis of salmonella.", "content": "Antisera from rabbits immunized with the synthetic disaccharide paratose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose, representive of Salmonella O-antigen 2, covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA), were used in indirect immunofluorescence studies for the identification of Salmonella serogroup A (O-antigen 1,2,12) bacteria. Among 1311 enteric bacteria tested, 497 were Salmonella. The anti-paratose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose-BSA serum identified correctly all the 63 serogroup A strains tested. No positive reactions were recorded among 1248 strains respresenting Salmonella other than serogroup A, E. coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Yersinia and Bacteroides. The study illustrates the high specificity of the antiserum elicited by immunization with the synthetic disaccharide-protein immunogen.", "contents": "Synthetic disaccharide-protein antigen for production of specific O2 antiserum for immunofluorescence diagnosis of salmonella. Antisera from rabbits immunized with the synthetic disaccharide paratose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose, representive of Salmonella O-antigen 2, covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA), were used in indirect immunofluorescence studies for the identification of Salmonella serogroup A (O-antigen 1,2,12) bacteria. Among 1311 enteric bacteria tested, 497 were Salmonella. The anti-paratose 1 leads to alpha 3 mannose-BSA serum identified correctly all the 63 serogroup A strains tested. No positive reactions were recorded among 1248 strains respresenting Salmonella other than serogroup A, E. coli, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Yersinia and Bacteroides. The study illustrates the high specificity of the antiserum elicited by immunization with the synthetic disaccharide-protein immunogen.", "PMID": 78659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7031", "title": "Plasma proteins in the period of posttransfusion polycythaemia in rats.", "content": "Plasma proteins in the period of post-transfusion polycythaemia in rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 47-54. The plasma protein of polycythaemic rats with strongly inhibited erythropoiesis and of normal rats was characterized with the use of ion exchanger chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in an NaCl concentration gradient and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Experimental posttransfusion polycythaemia was found to cause considerable changes in the amount and composition of plasma proteins. The amount of gamma and alpha1 globulins increased in polycythaemic animals, whereas albumin content decreased. There also appeared wide differences in the elution profiles obtained from ion exchanger chromatography of both kinds of plasma. Electrophoretic analysis of fractions obtained by chromatography demonstrated a similarity only in the composition of the globulin fractions of both the plasma kinds. The remaining fractions differed widely in their protein composition.", "contents": "Plasma proteins in the period of posttransfusion polycythaemia in rats. Plasma proteins in the period of post-transfusion polycythaemia in rats. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (1): 47-54. The plasma protein of polycythaemic rats with strongly inhibited erythropoiesis and of normal rats was characterized with the use of ion exchanger chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in an NaCl concentration gradient and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Experimental posttransfusion polycythaemia was found to cause considerable changes in the amount and composition of plasma proteins. The amount of gamma and alpha1 globulins increased in polycythaemic animals, whereas albumin content decreased. There also appeared wide differences in the elution profiles obtained from ion exchanger chromatography of both kinds of plasma. Electrophoretic analysis of fractions obtained by chromatography demonstrated a similarity only in the composition of the globulin fractions of both the plasma kinds. The remaining fractions differed widely in their protein composition.", "PMID": 78660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7032", "title": "Local effect of single stranded polyadenylic acid on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice.", "content": "Single stranded polyadenylic acid (Poly A) administered locally inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. In experiments performed by equilibrium dialysis Poly A was able to bind histamine. The association constant of the reaction was determined, Ka = 1.3 +/- 0.2 x 10(5) I/M. One Poly A molecule can bind maximally two molecules of histamine dichloride. Poly A inhibited the antigen-induced release of histamine from the peritoneal rat mast cells when it was given together with sensitizing antibodies.", "contents": "Local effect of single stranded polyadenylic acid on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. Single stranded polyadenylic acid (Poly A) administered locally inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. In experiments performed by equilibrium dialysis Poly A was able to bind histamine. The association constant of the reaction was determined, Ka = 1.3 +/- 0.2 x 10(5) I/M. One Poly A molecule can bind maximally two molecules of histamine dichloride. Poly A inhibited the antigen-induced release of histamine from the peritoneal rat mast cells when it was given together with sensitizing antibodies.", "PMID": 78664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7033", "title": "The effect of sodium 5,6-dimethyl-2-nitroindanedione on anaphylactic reactions in vitro.", "content": "A nitroindanedione (BRL 10833) inhibited the antigen induced release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from passively sensitized human lung at similar concentrations to those required for the inhibition of histamine release by disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). BRL 10833 was more potent than DSCG as an inhibitor of histamine release by antigen from actively and passively sensitized rat peritoneal cells and rat skin fragments.", "contents": "The effect of sodium 5,6-dimethyl-2-nitroindanedione on anaphylactic reactions in vitro. A nitroindanedione (BRL 10833) inhibited the antigen induced release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from passively sensitized human lung at similar concentrations to those required for the inhibition of histamine release by disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). BRL 10833 was more potent than DSCG as an inhibitor of histamine release by antigen from actively and passively sensitized rat peritoneal cells and rat skin fragments.", "PMID": 78665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7034", "title": "Epidemic kepone poisoning in chemical workers.", "content": "From March 1974 through July 1975, 76 (56%) of 133 persons who had worked at a pesticide plant that produced Kepone, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, contracted a previously unrecognized clinical illness characterized by nervousness, tremor, weight loss, opsoclonus, pleuritic and joint pain, and oligospermia. Illness incidence rates for production workers (64%) were significantly higher than for nonproduction personnel (16%). The mean blood Kepone level for workers with illness was 2.53 ppm and for those without disease 0.60 ppm (p less than 0.001). Blood Kepone levels in current workers (mean, 3.12 ppm) were higher than those in former employees (1.22 ppm). Blood Kepone levels for workers in nearby businesses and for residents of a community within 1.6 km of the plant ranged from undetectable to 32.5 ppb. Illness attributable to Kepone was found in two wives of Kepone workers; there was no apparent association between frequency of symptoms and proximity to the plant in the survey of the community population.", "contents": "Epidemic kepone poisoning in chemical workers. From March 1974 through July 1975, 76 (56%) of 133 persons who had worked at a pesticide plant that produced Kepone, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, contracted a previously unrecognized clinical illness characterized by nervousness, tremor, weight loss, opsoclonus, pleuritic and joint pain, and oligospermia. Illness incidence rates for production workers (64%) were significantly higher than for nonproduction personnel (16%). The mean blood Kepone level for workers with illness was 2.53 ppm and for those without disease 0.60 ppm (p less than 0.001). Blood Kepone levels in current workers (mean, 3.12 ppm) were higher than those in former employees (1.22 ppm). Blood Kepone levels for workers in nearby businesses and for residents of a community within 1.6 km of the plant ranged from undetectable to 32.5 ppb. Illness attributable to Kepone was found in two wives of Kepone workers; there was no apparent association between frequency of symptoms and proximity to the plant in the survey of the community population.", "PMID": 78669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7035", "title": "Two pregnancy-associated serum proteins with pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein determinants.", "content": "A protein showing strong antigenic cross-reactivity with the \"pregnancy-specific\" beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) was demonstrated in serum of pregnant women during the second and third trimesters, but not in sera from normal men and nonpregnant women. The described protein had alpha2-electrophoretic mobility and its molecular weight was estimated to be around 200,000 as compared to 80,000 for PSbetaG. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis, using antiserum to PSbetaG, indicated the presence of additional antigenic determinants in PSbetaG not demonstrable in the cross-reacting alpha2-protein. The PSbetaG/alpha2-protein ratio was rather constant in consecutive serum samples from one woman during pregnancy, but showed a marked variation when sera from different women were compared. Results of rocket immunoelectrophoresis gave a rough estimate of the ratio between these two proteins in a sample of pregnancy serum. The reported findings point to the need for development of specific methods for quantitation of the two proteins and the necessity to re-evaluate earlier quantitative PSbetaG data.", "contents": "Two pregnancy-associated serum proteins with pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein determinants. A protein showing strong antigenic cross-reactivity with the \"pregnancy-specific\" beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) was demonstrated in serum of pregnant women during the second and third trimesters, but not in sera from normal men and nonpregnant women. The described protein had alpha2-electrophoretic mobility and its molecular weight was estimated to be around 200,000 as compared to 80,000 for PSbetaG. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis, using antiserum to PSbetaG, indicated the presence of additional antigenic determinants in PSbetaG not demonstrable in the cross-reacting alpha2-protein. The PSbetaG/alpha2-protein ratio was rather constant in consecutive serum samples from one woman during pregnancy, but showed a marked variation when sera from different women were compared. Results of rocket immunoelectrophoresis gave a rough estimate of the ratio between these two proteins in a sample of pregnancy serum. The reported findings point to the need for development of specific methods for quantitation of the two proteins and the necessity to re-evaluate earlier quantitative PSbetaG data.", "PMID": 78670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7036", "title": "Adriamycin alone or in combination in 100 patients with carcinoma of the cervix or vagina.", "content": "One hundred consecutive evaluable patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix or vagina were treated with doxorubicin (Adriamycin) alone or in combination. The use of Adriamycin in conjunction with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil resulted in the highest response rate with all responders continuing to respond.", "contents": "Adriamycin alone or in combination in 100 patients with carcinoma of the cervix or vagina. One hundred consecutive evaluable patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix or vagina were treated with doxorubicin (Adriamycin) alone or in combination. The use of Adriamycin in conjunction with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil resulted in the highest response rate with all responders continuing to respond.", "PMID": 78671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7037", "title": "Improved surgical palliation of advanced carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with far-advanced carcinoma of the esophagus were operated on between the years 1974 and 1976. No attempts were made to resect the lesion. The stomach was used fifty-three times to bypass the lesion and the right colon was used once. In twenty-eight patients the stomach was placed substernally and the anastomosis was done in the neck. Twenty-five patients had the anastomosis to the esophagus done in the chest. The thirty day operative mortality was 7.4 per cent and the average survival was five months. These figures compared favorably with a group of thirty-five patients with far-advanced carcinoma of the esophagus seen between the years 1971 and 1973 and handled with a variety of modalities. In this group the thirty day mortality was 31.4 per cent (11/35) and the average survival was three and a half months.", "contents": "Improved surgical palliation of advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. Fifty-four patients with far-advanced carcinoma of the esophagus were operated on between the years 1974 and 1976. No attempts were made to resect the lesion. The stomach was used fifty-three times to bypass the lesion and the right colon was used once. In twenty-eight patients the stomach was placed substernally and the anastomosis was done in the neck. Twenty-five patients had the anastomosis to the esophagus done in the chest. The thirty day operative mortality was 7.4 per cent and the average survival was five months. These figures compared favorably with a group of thirty-five patients with far-advanced carcinoma of the esophagus seen between the years 1971 and 1973 and handled with a variety of modalities. In this group the thirty day mortality was 31.4 per cent (11/35) and the average survival was three and a half months.", "PMID": 78672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7038", "title": "Hyper-alpha-2-macroglobulinemia in narcotic addicts.", "content": "Significant increases of serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) were detected in narcotic addicts presenting at a methadone treatment center. The mean alpha-2-M level was 341 +/- 14 mg/dl compared with 231 +/- 8 mg/dl in normal persons (p less than 0.01). In a comparable group of alcoholics with laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction the mean alpha-2-M level was 208 +/- 10 mg/dl. Although the serum immunoglobulin M content was also substantially elevated in the narcotic-addict group, no correlation was obtained between the serum content of this protein and alpha-2-M. Similarly, no correlation between alpha-2-M level and serum zinc content was observed. When the values of the trypsin-binding activity of serum measured in 13 addicts, 15 alcoholics with laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction, and 16 normal subjects were plotted against the amount of alpha-2-M measured in the same subjects, a linear correlation was obtained between trypsin-binding activity and alpha-2-M. Thus, the significantly increased serum trypsin-binding activity observed in the addicts is that which might be expected if normal alpha-2-M is being accumulated in large amounts as a result of increased macroglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "Hyper-alpha-2-macroglobulinemia in narcotic addicts. Significant increases of serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) were detected in narcotic addicts presenting at a methadone treatment center. The mean alpha-2-M level was 341 +/- 14 mg/dl compared with 231 +/- 8 mg/dl in normal persons (p less than 0.01). In a comparable group of alcoholics with laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction the mean alpha-2-M level was 208 +/- 10 mg/dl. Although the serum immunoglobulin M content was also substantially elevated in the narcotic-addict group, no correlation was obtained between the serum content of this protein and alpha-2-M. Similarly, no correlation between alpha-2-M level and serum zinc content was observed. When the values of the trypsin-binding activity of serum measured in 13 addicts, 15 alcoholics with laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction, and 16 normal subjects were plotted against the amount of alpha-2-M measured in the same subjects, a linear correlation was obtained between trypsin-binding activity and alpha-2-M. Thus, the significantly increased serum trypsin-binding activity observed in the addicts is that which might be expected if normal alpha-2-M is being accumulated in large amounts as a result of increased macroglobulin synthesis.", "PMID": 78676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7039", "title": "Lymph-node bacilliform bodies resembling those of Whipple's disease in a patient without intestinal involvement.", "content": "A 38-year-old man developed symptoms of arthalgias and arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. An axillary lymph-node biopsy was done in the diagnostic study; a periodic acid Schiff stain, done for evidence of fungal infection, showed periodic acid Schiff reagent-positive macrophages. Electron microscopy showed the typical morphologic features of the bacilliform bodies associated with Whipple's disease to be present in the macrophages of the lymph node. The patient had no intestinal symptoms. The absorption of a variety of substrates was found to be normal. Nine intestinal biopsies showed no organisms similar to those found in his lymph node. On tetracycline therapy, he symptomatically improved. The findings raise the question of the route of infection in Whipple's disease and point up the usefulness of periodic acid Schiff staining of lymph-node biopsies.", "contents": "Lymph-node bacilliform bodies resembling those of Whipple's disease in a patient without intestinal involvement. A 38-year-old man developed symptoms of arthalgias and arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. An axillary lymph-node biopsy was done in the diagnostic study; a periodic acid Schiff stain, done for evidence of fungal infection, showed periodic acid Schiff reagent-positive macrophages. Electron microscopy showed the typical morphologic features of the bacilliform bodies associated with Whipple's disease to be present in the macrophages of the lymph node. The patient had no intestinal symptoms. The absorption of a variety of substrates was found to be normal. Nine intestinal biopsies showed no organisms similar to those found in his lymph node. On tetracycline therapy, he symptomatically improved. The findings raise the question of the route of infection in Whipple's disease and point up the usefulness of periodic acid Schiff staining of lymph-node biopsies.", "PMID": 78678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7040", "title": "The distribution of myelin basic protein in central nervous system lesions of multiple sclerosis and acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "To obtain more information about early events in central nervous system myelin injury in multiple sclerosis (MS), a comparative study was conducted of the distribution of myelin basic protein (BP) in tissue lesions of both MS and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sixteen postmortem specimens containing lesions from 4 persons with MS and the brains of 14 guinea pigs with acute EAE induced with BP were studied. Cryostat sections of quick-frozen material were fixed, treated with rabbit antibody to BP, and processed by immunoperoxidase techniques. The reaction of antibody to BP was reduced or absent in MS lesions but normal in uninvolved surrounding tissue. Alterations in BP generally paralleled changes in staining of myelin by histological methods. Marked diminution of reactivity with anti-BP occurred in early lesions of MS and extended far beyond any identifiable inflammatory elements. In both parenchyma and perivascular areas, lipid-laden macrophages in MS plaques frequently contained BP material in addition to a variable amount of endogenous peroxidatic activity. Compared with MS, BP was relatively well preserved in brains of guinea pigs with EAE. At the light microscopy level, normal-appearing patterns of BP existed adjacent to the perivascular cellular infiltrates, and macrophages containing BP material were rare. The results of this study suggest differences between MS and acute EAE in both removal of BP from the central nervous system and its subsequent disposal.", "contents": "The distribution of myelin basic protein in central nervous system lesions of multiple sclerosis and acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. To obtain more information about early events in central nervous system myelin injury in multiple sclerosis (MS), a comparative study was conducted of the distribution of myelin basic protein (BP) in tissue lesions of both MS and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sixteen postmortem specimens containing lesions from 4 persons with MS and the brains of 14 guinea pigs with acute EAE induced with BP were studied. Cryostat sections of quick-frozen material were fixed, treated with rabbit antibody to BP, and processed by immunoperoxidase techniques. The reaction of antibody to BP was reduced or absent in MS lesions but normal in uninvolved surrounding tissue. Alterations in BP generally paralleled changes in staining of myelin by histological methods. Marked diminution of reactivity with anti-BP occurred in early lesions of MS and extended far beyond any identifiable inflammatory elements. In both parenchyma and perivascular areas, lipid-laden macrophages in MS plaques frequently contained BP material in addition to a variable amount of endogenous peroxidatic activity. Compared with MS, BP was relatively well preserved in brains of guinea pigs with EAE. At the light microscopy level, normal-appearing patterns of BP existed adjacent to the perivascular cellular infiltrates, and macrophages containing BP material were rare. The results of this study suggest differences between MS and acute EAE in both removal of BP from the central nervous system and its subsequent disposal.", "PMID": 78682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7041", "title": "Electron microscope visualization of chromatin and other DNA-protein complexes.", "content": "In this review we have tried to cover the direct mounting techniques currently in use and, through micrographs kindly supplied by our colleagues, to illustrate uses of the different methods. For the novice, it is important to select one technique, taking time to become acquainted with its use in visualizing simple test samples before applying it to examine more complex structures. We have tried to emphasize the importance of controlling the fixation for two reasons. First, confidence in the fixation step allows one to correlate structures observed by EM with structures present in solution. Second, fixation of otherwise labile samples allows one to apply powerful purification techniques.", "contents": "Electron microscope visualization of chromatin and other DNA-protein complexes. In this review we have tried to cover the direct mounting techniques currently in use and, through micrographs kindly supplied by our colleagues, to illustrate uses of the different methods. For the novice, it is important to select one technique, taking time to become acquainted with its use in visualizing simple test samples before applying it to examine more complex structures. We have tried to emphasize the importance of controlling the fixation for two reasons. First, confidence in the fixation step allows one to correlate structures observed by EM with structures present in solution. Second, fixation of otherwise labile samples allows one to apply powerful purification techniques.", "PMID": 78683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7042", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid and ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Immunologic studies.", "content": "A patient with bullous pemphigoid and papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary was studied to determine if patient tumor cells would absorb antiepithelial basement membrane antibody present in patient serum. Absorption of patient serum with trypsinized tumor cells failed to decrease the titer of serum antibasement membrane antibodies. These studies present additional evidence that malignant neoplasms and bullous pemphigoid are not causatively related.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid and ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Immunologic studies. A patient with bullous pemphigoid and papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary was studied to determine if patient tumor cells would absorb antiepithelial basement membrane antibody present in patient serum. Absorption of patient serum with trypsinized tumor cells failed to decrease the titer of serum antibasement membrane antibodies. These studies present additional evidence that malignant neoplasms and bullous pemphigoid are not causatively related.", "PMID": 78684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7043", "title": "Clinical applications of serum carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein levels in children with solid tumours.", "content": "A study was carried out on serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-feto-protein (AFP) levels, both measured by radioimmunoassay, in 88 children with malignant solid tumours and in 26 children with nonmalignant disorders, who presented during the years 1973-77. Slightly or moderately raised CEA levels were found at presentation in 11 of 66 children with malignant tumours, in 2 others with recurrent tumours, and in 4 children with nonmalignant disorders. Raised CEA levels generally indicated advanced malignant disease, often affecting the liver, or other hepatic disorders, but were not associated with a specific tumour type. Except in the first months of life, significantly raised AFP levels were detected only in 11 patients with yolk sac-derived tumours, or hepatomas, and in one child with tyrosinosis who later developed a malignant hepatoma. Serial measurements of AFP accurately reflected the clinical response to treatment and in 2 patients indicated recurrence before this could be detected clinically.", "contents": "Clinical applications of serum carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein levels in children with solid tumours. A study was carried out on serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-feto-protein (AFP) levels, both measured by radioimmunoassay, in 88 children with malignant solid tumours and in 26 children with nonmalignant disorders, who presented during the years 1973-77. Slightly or moderately raised CEA levels were found at presentation in 11 of 66 children with malignant tumours, in 2 others with recurrent tumours, and in 4 children with nonmalignant disorders. Raised CEA levels generally indicated advanced malignant disease, often affecting the liver, or other hepatic disorders, but were not associated with a specific tumour type. Except in the first months of life, significantly raised AFP levels were detected only in 11 patients with yolk sac-derived tumours, or hepatomas, and in one child with tyrosinosis who later developed a malignant hepatoma. Serial measurements of AFP accurately reflected the clinical response to treatment and in 2 patients indicated recurrence before this could be detected clinically.", "PMID": 78685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7044", "title": "Analytical methodology for the determination of Kepone residues in fish, shellfish, and Hi-Vol air filters.", "content": "The recent discovery of the pollution of the environment with Kepone has resulted in a tremendous interest in the development of residue methodology for the compound. Current multiresidue methods for the determination of the common organochlorinated pesticides do not yield good quantitative analytical results for Kepone. The extracting solvents are usually of insufficient polarity to extract Kepone from the various media. This article describes some of the recently developed methodology for Kepone in air filters, finfish, finfish livers and entrails, shellfish, and archival oyster samples. The finfish and archival oyster samples were Soxhlet extracted using diethyl ether/petroleum ether (1:1 v/v) as the extracting solvent. The finfish livers and entrails were macerated in a Duall tissue grinder containing acetonitrile followed by partitioning of the Kepone into benzene. Shellfish samples were analyzed after extracting the sample with acetonitrile and partitioning the Kepone into benzene. The Hi-Vol air samples were extracted with methanol/benzene (1:1 v/v). The coextracting contaminants were removed by micro-Florisil column chromatography and/or acid digestion. The procedural recovery of Kepone from fortified samples averaged 82%.", "contents": "Analytical methodology for the determination of Kepone residues in fish, shellfish, and Hi-Vol air filters. The recent discovery of the pollution of the environment with Kepone has resulted in a tremendous interest in the development of residue methodology for the compound. Current multiresidue methods for the determination of the common organochlorinated pesticides do not yield good quantitative analytical results for Kepone. The extracting solvents are usually of insufficient polarity to extract Kepone from the various media. This article describes some of the recently developed methodology for Kepone in air filters, finfish, finfish livers and entrails, shellfish, and archival oyster samples. The finfish and archival oyster samples were Soxhlet extracted using diethyl ether/petroleum ether (1:1 v/v) as the extracting solvent. The finfish livers and entrails were macerated in a Duall tissue grinder containing acetonitrile followed by partitioning of the Kepone into benzene. Shellfish samples were analyzed after extracting the sample with acetonitrile and partitioning the Kepone into benzene. The Hi-Vol air samples were extracted with methanol/benzene (1:1 v/v). The coextracting contaminants were removed by micro-Florisil column chromatography and/or acid digestion. The procedural recovery of Kepone from fortified samples averaged 82%.", "PMID": 78687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7045", "title": "[\"Torsades de pointe\" and reentry induced by anti-arrhythmia agents].", "content": "Some anti-arrhythmic agents which have a stabilising effect on the membrane, particularly those belonging to Group I of Vaughan William's classification, are likely to cause rythmic disturbances by a re-entry phenomenon (atrial flutter 1/1, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, \"torsades de pointe\", even fatal ventricular fibrillation). The quinidines have been the most often condemned due to their effect on the action potential and on the speed of conduction. The fact that these re-entry phenomena are more frequent at therapeutic doses than at high or toxic doses suggests an individual susceptibility and the interaction of various predisposing factors: renal insufficiency, potassium depletion, pre-existing conduction disturbances, potentialsing drugs. In order to prevent these incidents it is advisable not to prescribe such anti-arrhythmic agents for susceptible patients, to control individual tolerance and to watch for the first ECG signs of conduction disturbances or of re-entry, such as premature contraction with fixed coupling. Treatment consists in an electrosystolic stimulus and the possible administration of potassium and bretylium.", "contents": "[\"Torsades de pointe\" and reentry induced by anti-arrhythmia agents]. Some anti-arrhythmic agents which have a stabilising effect on the membrane, particularly those belonging to Group I of Vaughan William's classification, are likely to cause rythmic disturbances by a re-entry phenomenon (atrial flutter 1/1, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, \"torsades de pointe\", even fatal ventricular fibrillation). The quinidines have been the most often condemned due to their effect on the action potential and on the speed of conduction. The fact that these re-entry phenomena are more frequent at therapeutic doses than at high or toxic doses suggests an individual susceptibility and the interaction of various predisposing factors: renal insufficiency, potassium depletion, pre-existing conduction disturbances, potentialsing drugs. In order to prevent these incidents it is advisable not to prescribe such anti-arrhythmic agents for susceptible patients, to control individual tolerance and to watch for the first ECG signs of conduction disturbances or of re-entry, such as premature contraction with fixed coupling. Treatment consists in an electrosystolic stimulus and the possible administration of potassium and bretylium.", "PMID": 78692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7046", "title": "[The heart diseases of children born to alcoholic mothers].", "content": "The authors present their experience of heart disease in children with congenital abnormalities of alcoholic origin, of which they have seen 50 cases in 3 years. This syndrome, which was first described by Lemoine in 1968, appears to be fairly common. It shows the teratogenic properties of alcohol. It is characterised by facial abnormalities which are easy to recognise, gross failure to gain in height and weight, psychomotor retardation of varying severity and several other malformations. From amongst these, cardiac malformations are the most commonly encountered. These are usually in the form of septal defects (atrial and ventricular septal defects).", "contents": "[The heart diseases of children born to alcoholic mothers]. The authors present their experience of heart disease in children with congenital abnormalities of alcoholic origin, of which they have seen 50 cases in 3 years. This syndrome, which was first described by Lemoine in 1968, appears to be fairly common. It shows the teratogenic properties of alcohol. It is characterised by facial abnormalities which are easy to recognise, gross failure to gain in height and weight, psychomotor retardation of varying severity and several other malformations. From amongst these, cardiac malformations are the most commonly encountered. These are usually in the form of septal defects (atrial and ventricular septal defects).", "PMID": 78693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7047", "title": "[Histological studies on the hypothalamic adenohypophyseal-gonadal system after mestranol and chlormadinone acetate administration in fattening bulls].", "content": "Seventy-six young steers were examined to elucidate the action of the steroid oestrogen Mestranol and the gestagen chloromadinone acetate upon the morphology of hypothalamus, adenohypophysis, testes, and accessory sexual glands. The doses used were those applicable also to real animal husbandry. The mechanisms of action of the above pharmaceutical products are discussed against the background of the experimental results. No pathological alteration was observed that might prohibit application of the tested sexual steroids to young steers.", "contents": "[Histological studies on the hypothalamic adenohypophyseal-gonadal system after mestranol and chlormadinone acetate administration in fattening bulls]. Seventy-six young steers were examined to elucidate the action of the steroid oestrogen Mestranol and the gestagen chloromadinone acetate upon the morphology of hypothalamus, adenohypophysis, testes, and accessory sexual glands. The doses used were those applicable also to real animal husbandry. The mechanisms of action of the above pharmaceutical products are discussed against the background of the experimental results. No pathological alteration was observed that might prohibit application of the tested sexual steroids to young steers.", "PMID": 78694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7048", "title": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis on parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis of hormonally castrated boars. I. Studies on boars treated with chlormadinone acetate].", "content": "A clearly morphokinetic effect was recorded from the parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseo-gonadal axis in boars that had been treated with chloromadinone acetate (CAP). Luteinising hormone release is inhibited by CAP, which is reflected in an increase of luteinising hormone cells in their storage form. This leads to statistically significant decline in androgenic testicular tissue percentage and in the cell nucleus volumes of Leydig's cells. Excessive weight decrease of the testicle is caused primarily by some 60 per cent reduction in tube length. The neurons of the tested hypothalamic nuclear region, that is the nucleus praeopticus medialis, have shown that in treated animals cell nucleus volumes were significantly depressed.", "contents": "[Quantifiable morphokinesis on parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-gonadal axis of hormonally castrated boars. I. Studies on boars treated with chlormadinone acetate]. A clearly morphokinetic effect was recorded from the parts of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseo-gonadal axis in boars that had been treated with chloromadinone acetate (CAP). Luteinising hormone release is inhibited by CAP, which is reflected in an increase of luteinising hormone cells in their storage form. This leads to statistically significant decline in androgenic testicular tissue percentage and in the cell nucleus volumes of Leydig's cells. Excessive weight decrease of the testicle is caused primarily by some 60 per cent reduction in tube length. The neurons of the tested hypothalamic nuclear region, that is the nucleus praeopticus medialis, have shown that in treated animals cell nucleus volumes were significantly depressed.", "PMID": 78696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7049", "title": "[Severe viral hepatitis in childhood: course and prognosis].", "content": "In 22 children with severe acute viral hepatitis, the course of the disease followed 3 patterns: 8 children completely yielded (regenerative hepatitis); 8 died during the first three weeks of evolution (aregenerative hepatitis); 8 had a prolonged evolution (hyporegenerative hepatitis). In the latter group, 6 patients died after an average survival time of 55 days and 2 patients rapidly developped a cirrhosis. This type of evolution was characterized by persistence of liver failure manifestations, in spite of liver regeneration, as indicated by increased levels of alpha-foetoprotein and presence of pseudo-acini, giantcells and nodules at histological examination. During the second week of evolution, the size of liver, levels of clotting factors VII +X and alpha-foetoprotein concentrations seem to constitute important prognostic factors.", "contents": "[Severe viral hepatitis in childhood: course and prognosis]. In 22 children with severe acute viral hepatitis, the course of the disease followed 3 patterns: 8 children completely yielded (regenerative hepatitis); 8 died during the first three weeks of evolution (aregenerative hepatitis); 8 had a prolonged evolution (hyporegenerative hepatitis). In the latter group, 6 patients died after an average survival time of 55 days and 2 patients rapidly developped a cirrhosis. This type of evolution was characterized by persistence of liver failure manifestations, in spite of liver regeneration, as indicated by increased levels of alpha-foetoprotein and presence of pseudo-acini, giantcells and nodules at histological examination. During the second week of evolution, the size of liver, levels of clotting factors VII +X and alpha-foetoprotein concentrations seem to constitute important prognostic factors.", "PMID": 78697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7050", "title": "Rapid methenamine silver stain for Pneumocystis and fungi.", "content": "A rapid modification of the methenamine silver stain for Pneumocystis carinii and fungi employs heat alone to accelerate the silver reduction step and is suitable for both sections and smears.", "contents": "Rapid methenamine silver stain for Pneumocystis and fungi. A rapid modification of the methenamine silver stain for Pneumocystis carinii and fungi employs heat alone to accelerate the silver reduction step and is suitable for both sections and smears.", "PMID": 78698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7051", "title": "[Effects of experimental factors on the tinctorial properties of structural elements of the mammalian cerebral cortex (intravital microscopic study)].", "content": "Effects of a vital dye--methylene blue--on brain neuronal structures were investigated in the alive preparations of mammal brains by means of contact optical microscope in falling polarization light. Tinctorial properties of neuronal cortical structures were studied under the influence of a number of experimental factors (illumination conditions, dye concentration, temperature regime and oxygen supply to the preparation). A certain dependence in the character of dyeing and bleaching neuronal cells on the factors mentioned above was stated. Conditions for appearance of the alternating photodynamical effect and measures to prevent it were clarified. Practical recommendations were given for application methylene blue in prevital morphological investigations of mammal central nervous system.", "contents": "[Effects of experimental factors on the tinctorial properties of structural elements of the mammalian cerebral cortex (intravital microscopic study)]. Effects of a vital dye--methylene blue--on brain neuronal structures were investigated in the alive preparations of mammal brains by means of contact optical microscope in falling polarization light. Tinctorial properties of neuronal cortical structures were studied under the influence of a number of experimental factors (illumination conditions, dye concentration, temperature regime and oxygen supply to the preparation). A certain dependence in the character of dyeing and bleaching neuronal cells on the factors mentioned above was stated. Conditions for appearance of the alternating photodynamical effect and measures to prevent it were clarified. Practical recommendations were given for application methylene blue in prevital morphological investigations of mammal central nervous system.", "PMID": 78699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7052", "title": "[Degeneration of the laminated corpuscles (of Vater--Pacini) following colchicine application to a nerve].", "content": "Laminated pacinian corpuscles from the cat mesentery have been studied morphologically and morphometrically after nerve section and colchicine application to the nerve and the results obtained are represented. Similar interventions in the nerve produce changes in the receptors resembling those of wallerian type degeneration, degeneration rate after sectioning being higher than after colchicine application. At early stages after colchicine application the internal cone and its nuclei increase in size. The data obtained suggest the nuclei of the internal cone to be under neurotrophic control of the sensory neuron that might be realized via axoplasmic transport of substances.", "contents": "[Degeneration of the laminated corpuscles (of Vater--Pacini) following colchicine application to a nerve]. Laminated pacinian corpuscles from the cat mesentery have been studied morphologically and morphometrically after nerve section and colchicine application to the nerve and the results obtained are represented. Similar interventions in the nerve produce changes in the receptors resembling those of wallerian type degeneration, degeneration rate after sectioning being higher than after colchicine application. At early stages after colchicine application the internal cone and its nuclei increase in size. The data obtained suggest the nuclei of the internal cone to be under neurotrophic control of the sensory neuron that might be realized via axoplasmic transport of substances.", "PMID": 78700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7053", "title": "[Morphology and morphophysiology of reactive neuronal states].", "content": "It is stated that nonspecific reactivity of the neuron to the irritating action of an agent is based on some morphological regularity such as dynamics of its structural-tinctorial changes. There exists a definite parallelism between phase development of the dynamics and fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP): invariable correlation and accompany of these phenomena. Therefore, it is possible to treat MP changes as one of stimulating signs of the neuron and consider them as a component in the complex of its nonspecific changes. The data available in literature and those of the author, make it possible to conclude that the phase of nonspecific changes of the neuron directly affects its specific activity.", "contents": "[Morphology and morphophysiology of reactive neuronal states]. It is stated that nonspecific reactivity of the neuron to the irritating action of an agent is based on some morphological regularity such as dynamics of its structural-tinctorial changes. There exists a definite parallelism between phase development of the dynamics and fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP): invariable correlation and accompany of these phenomena. Therefore, it is possible to treat MP changes as one of stimulating signs of the neuron and consider them as a component in the complex of its nonspecific changes. The data available in literature and those of the author, make it possible to conclude that the phase of nonspecific changes of the neuron directly affects its specific activity.", "PMID": 78701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7054", "title": "The radiotherapy of melanoma.", "content": "A retrospective review of a series of cases of malignant melanoma is reported. Two hundred and forty-six records of patients irradiated from 1958 to 1976 inclusive reveal a sex ratio of males to females of 1.59 to 1, with mean ages of 52.4 years and 54.4 years respectively. Three patients are lost to follow-up. Two hundred and twenty are deceased. Of 23 living, nine are diseased and 14 are well. Of 60 patients treated aggressively, 10 survived five years: one of 26 irradiated only; three of 11 irradiated before surgery; and six of 23 irradiated after surgery. Of 168 treated by radiotherapy for palliation of growth restraint, one died of disease after five years, and two are alive and well after 10 years! The primary site was treated in 20 cases, with three patients surviving five years. Secondary sites were treated in 226 cases, with 10 patients surviving five years.", "contents": "The radiotherapy of melanoma. A retrospective review of a series of cases of malignant melanoma is reported. Two hundred and forty-six records of patients irradiated from 1958 to 1976 inclusive reveal a sex ratio of males to females of 1.59 to 1, with mean ages of 52.4 years and 54.4 years respectively. Three patients are lost to follow-up. Two hundred and twenty are deceased. Of 23 living, nine are diseased and 14 are well. Of 60 patients treated aggressively, 10 survived five years: one of 26 irradiated only; three of 11 irradiated before surgery; and six of 23 irradiated after surgery. Of 168 treated by radiotherapy for palliation of growth restraint, one died of disease after five years, and two are alive and well after 10 years! The primary site was treated in 20 cases, with three patients surviving five years. Secondary sites were treated in 226 cases, with 10 patients surviving five years.", "PMID": 78703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7055", "title": "Interaction of urokinase with alpha2-macroglobulin investigated by isoelectric focusing. Evidence for non-specific dissociable binding.", "content": "The binding of urokinase to human alpha2M (alpha2-macroglobulin) was investigated in comparison with the formation of the equimolar trypsin-alpha2M complex. Experiments were performed by molecular-sieving on Sephadex G-200, subunit conversion by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after reduction and isoelectric focusing in linear sucrose gradients with ampholytes pH 3.5-10.0. Urokinase activity was determined with alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and by activation of plasminogen on unheated fibrin plates. alpha2M was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. alpha2M was capable of binding some urokinase by a non-specific type of attachment that could be disrupted by isoelectric focusing but not by gel filtration. The pI of the undissociated trypsin-alpha2M complex was 6.0, and differed from that of the pure alpha2M (5.2-5.4). Likewise the pI of the immunoreactive alpha2M was 5.2 after exposure to urokinase, whereas the dissociated urokinase focused at pI 10.2. This indicated lack of true inhibitor-complex formation, which was also sustained by total absence of subunit conversion. The results are in agreement with our previous findings with pancreatic and urinary kallikreins.", "contents": "Interaction of urokinase with alpha2-macroglobulin investigated by isoelectric focusing. Evidence for non-specific dissociable binding. The binding of urokinase to human alpha2M (alpha2-macroglobulin) was investigated in comparison with the formation of the equimolar trypsin-alpha2M complex. Experiments were performed by molecular-sieving on Sephadex G-200, subunit conversion by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after reduction and isoelectric focusing in linear sucrose gradients with ampholytes pH 3.5-10.0. Urokinase activity was determined with alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and by activation of plasminogen on unheated fibrin plates. alpha2M was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. alpha2M was capable of binding some urokinase by a non-specific type of attachment that could be disrupted by isoelectric focusing but not by gel filtration. The pI of the undissociated trypsin-alpha2M complex was 6.0, and differed from that of the pure alpha2M (5.2-5.4). Likewise the pI of the immunoreactive alpha2M was 5.2 after exposure to urokinase, whereas the dissociated urokinase focused at pI 10.2. This indicated lack of true inhibitor-complex formation, which was also sustained by total absence of subunit conversion. The results are in agreement with our previous findings with pancreatic and urinary kallikreins.", "PMID": 78704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7056", "title": "Contrasting patterns of newer histocompatibility determinants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The Ia alloantigens as measures of different alleles of loci in the major histocompatibility complex were determined in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Ia specificities of reagents used were defined by their pattern of reaction with lymphoblastoid lines derived from normal donors homozygous for HLA-D determinants. The reagent specificities included those associated with a single Dw type as well as those reacting with a single specificity shared by several Dw types. Patients with RA had a marked elevation in the frequency of alloantigens detected by reagent sera that recognize various determinants shared by cell lines from HLA-Dw4, Dw7, or Dw10 individuals (Ia 4-7-10). The frequency of mixed lymphocyte culture alleles Dw4 and Dw10 was found to be increased; however this elevation did not approach the higher frequency for the serologically determined antigens of the Ia 4-7-10 group. In contrast, patients with SLE had an increased frequency of reactions with the reagent alloantisera defined by reactions with either HLA-Dw2 or Dw3 positive cell lines. The data suggest that immunogenetic factors are relevant to both groups of patients, but that these are entirely distinct for each disease.", "contents": "Contrasting patterns of newer histocompatibility determinants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The Ia alloantigens as measures of different alleles of loci in the major histocompatibility complex were determined in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Ia specificities of reagents used were defined by their pattern of reaction with lymphoblastoid lines derived from normal donors homozygous for HLA-D determinants. The reagent specificities included those associated with a single Dw type as well as those reacting with a single specificity shared by several Dw types. Patients with RA had a marked elevation in the frequency of alloantigens detected by reagent sera that recognize various determinants shared by cell lines from HLA-Dw4, Dw7, or Dw10 individuals (Ia 4-7-10). The frequency of mixed lymphocyte culture alleles Dw4 and Dw10 was found to be increased; however this elevation did not approach the higher frequency for the serologically determined antigens of the Ia 4-7-10 group. In contrast, patients with SLE had an increased frequency of reactions with the reagent alloantisera defined by reactions with either HLA-Dw2 or Dw3 positive cell lines. The data suggest that immunogenetic factors are relevant to both groups of patients, but that these are entirely distinct for each disease.", "PMID": 78711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7057", "title": "Immunologic approaches toward detection of type C viral expression in man.", "content": "Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from a large number of mammalian species. These agents may be horizontally transmitted as infectious cancer-inducing agents, or vertically transmitted from one generation to the next, often in an unexpressed form, within the host genome. To date, the translational products of three viral genes have been identified. With purified virus-coded proteins as probes, sensitive and highly specific radioimmunologic assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies and antigens related to the known type C viruses. These techniques have proved valuable in sero-epidemiologic studies of the horizontally transmitted oncogenic viruses of cats, cattle, and gibbons, and have been used to detect translational products of endogenous viruses in tissues of species from which complete virus has yet to be isolated. This review describes the application of radioimmunoassays in the search for immunologic evidence of type C virus expression in man.", "contents": "Immunologic approaches toward detection of type C viral expression in man. Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from a large number of mammalian species. These agents may be horizontally transmitted as infectious cancer-inducing agents, or vertically transmitted from one generation to the next, often in an unexpressed form, within the host genome. To date, the translational products of three viral genes have been identified. With purified virus-coded proteins as probes, sensitive and highly specific radioimmunologic assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies and antigens related to the known type C viruses. These techniques have proved valuable in sero-epidemiologic studies of the horizontally transmitted oncogenic viruses of cats, cattle, and gibbons, and have been used to detect translational products of endogenous viruses in tissues of species from which complete virus has yet to be isolated. This review describes the application of radioimmunoassays in the search for immunologic evidence of type C virus expression in man.", "PMID": 78714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7058", "title": "Persistent measles virus infection in vitro and in man.", "content": "The characteristics of cell lines persistently infected with measles virus are described. Molecular mechanisms for measles virus-persistence in vitro as well as in human disease include defective interfering particles, mutant virus strains, proviral DNA, and nonpermissive cell types. The role of measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and evidence for measles virus infection in multiple sclerosis, Paget's disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed.", "contents": "Persistent measles virus infection in vitro and in man. The characteristics of cell lines persistently infected with measles virus are described. Molecular mechanisms for measles virus-persistence in vitro as well as in human disease include defective interfering particles, mutant virus strains, proviral DNA, and nonpermissive cell types. The role of measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and evidence for measles virus infection in multiple sclerosis, Paget's disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed.", "PMID": 78715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7059", "title": "[The prognosis of intracranial saccular aneurysms in the conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "During the period from June, 1961 to September, 1975, 1080 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms were experienced in Tohoku University. This investigation is based on the follow-up studies of 59 cases which were treated conservatively. On discharge the condition of the cases were classified into the following 5 groups: \"Excellent\", the patients is fully capable for employment, \"Good\", the patient is capable of working, although some neurological deficits remain, \"Fair\", the patient has one or more of three handicaps--Incapability of walking independently, psychic disturbances or aphasia, \"Poor\", the patient is completely incapable of walking even with assistance. The results of 59 cases were evaluated on discharge. The total consisted of 15 excellent cases, 2 good, 2 fair, 2 poor and 38 deaths. The follow up studies were obtained from the all cases which were discharged from the hospital (the follow up rate of 100%). The follow-up periods ranged from six months in minimum to 11 years and 9 months in maximum with the average periods of 3 years and 6 months. The results on follow up studies revealed 13 excellent cases, 0 good, 0 fair, 0 poor, and 8 deaths. Six cases out of 13 which were reported as excellent were unruputured cases. The causes of deaths were attributed to rebleeding in 3, progressive deterioration associated with rupture of aneurysm in 2, neoplasma in 1, acute abdomen in 1, and uncertain cause in 1.", "contents": "[The prognosis of intracranial saccular aneurysms in the conservative treatment (author's transl)]. During the period from June, 1961 to September, 1975, 1080 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms were experienced in Tohoku University. This investigation is based on the follow-up studies of 59 cases which were treated conservatively. On discharge the condition of the cases were classified into the following 5 groups: \"Excellent\", the patients is fully capable for employment, \"Good\", the patient is capable of working, although some neurological deficits remain, \"Fair\", the patient has one or more of three handicaps--Incapability of walking independently, psychic disturbances or aphasia, \"Poor\", the patient is completely incapable of walking even with assistance. The results of 59 cases were evaluated on discharge. The total consisted of 15 excellent cases, 2 good, 2 fair, 2 poor and 38 deaths. The follow up studies were obtained from the all cases which were discharged from the hospital (the follow up rate of 100%). The follow-up periods ranged from six months in minimum to 11 years and 9 months in maximum with the average periods of 3 years and 6 months. The results on follow up studies revealed 13 excellent cases, 0 good, 0 fair, 0 poor, and 8 deaths. Six cases out of 13 which were reported as excellent were unruputured cases. The causes of deaths were attributed to rebleeding in 3, progressive deterioration associated with rupture of aneurysm in 2, neoplasma in 1, acute abdomen in 1, and uncertain cause in 1.", "PMID": 78717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7060", "title": "Histamine challenge and anterior nasal rhinometry: their use in the assessment of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine as nasal decongestants in subjects with hayfever.", "content": "1 Nasal airway resistance (NAR) was measured by anterior rhinometry in ten volunteers with allergic rhinitis. Measurements before and after challenge with three concentrations of histamine diphosphate showed significant rises in NAR for each challenge. 2 In a double-blind, crossover study with the same patients triprolidine (2.5 mg) and pseudoephedrine (60 mg) were shown to be equally effective in reducing the rise in NAR produced by histamine challenge to one nostril; both were significantly better than placebo. 3 The rise in NAR of both nostrils after histamine challenge to one nostril was significantly reduced after pseudoephedrine compared with placebo. This suggests that pseudoephedrine is effective in preventing reflex mucosal congestion in the unchallenged nostril. 4 No increase in the pulse rate or blood pressure of the volunteers was detected after either drug.", "contents": "Histamine challenge and anterior nasal rhinometry: their use in the assessment of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine as nasal decongestants in subjects with hayfever. 1 Nasal airway resistance (NAR) was measured by anterior rhinometry in ten volunteers with allergic rhinitis. Measurements before and after challenge with three concentrations of histamine diphosphate showed significant rises in NAR for each challenge. 2 In a double-blind, crossover study with the same patients triprolidine (2.5 mg) and pseudoephedrine (60 mg) were shown to be equally effective in reducing the rise in NAR produced by histamine challenge to one nostril; both were significantly better than placebo. 3 The rise in NAR of both nostrils after histamine challenge to one nostril was significantly reduced after pseudoephedrine compared with placebo. This suggests that pseudoephedrine is effective in preventing reflex mucosal congestion in the unchallenged nostril. 4 No increase in the pulse rate or blood pressure of the volunteers was detected after either drug.", "PMID": 78718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7061", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin: development and application to studies of platelet release in relation to fibrinopeptide A generation.", "content": "Platelet and fibrinogen survival and turnover studies have shown that platelet activation and fibrin formation may occur to different degrees in different thrombotic disorders. More direct evidence of differential involvement of platelet activation and fibrin formation should be provided by specifically measuring the products of these reactions, i.e. released platelet proteins and fibrinopeptide A. Two platelet proteins, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG), were isolated and characterized, and sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays were developed to measure them. These assays were employed, along with the radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA), to study the release of PF4 and betaTG in relation to FPA cleavage. PF4 and betaTG were released by ADP and collagen with time course and concentration dependence similar to that of [14C]serotonin release. FPA was not cleaved from fibrinogen during ADP or collagen-induced platelet release. Thrombin caused release of PF4 and betaTG as well as cleavage of FPA. Cleavage of FPA occurred with concentrations of thrombin about 100 times less than did release of PF4 and betaTG, and release of [14C]serotinin required still higher thrombin concentrations. Release of [14C]serotonin and platelet proteins was similar as a function of time. Sodium citrate was found to inhibit platelet release induced by thrombin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin: development and application to studies of platelet release in relation to fibrinopeptide A generation. Platelet and fibrinogen survival and turnover studies have shown that platelet activation and fibrin formation may occur to different degrees in different thrombotic disorders. More direct evidence of differential involvement of platelet activation and fibrin formation should be provided by specifically measuring the products of these reactions, i.e. released platelet proteins and fibrinopeptide A. Two platelet proteins, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG), were isolated and characterized, and sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays were developed to measure them. These assays were employed, along with the radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA), to study the release of PF4 and betaTG in relation to FPA cleavage. PF4 and betaTG were released by ADP and collagen with time course and concentration dependence similar to that of [14C]serotonin release. FPA was not cleaved from fibrinogen during ADP or collagen-induced platelet release. Thrombin caused release of PF4 and betaTG as well as cleavage of FPA. Cleavage of FPA occurred with concentrations of thrombin about 100 times less than did release of PF4 and betaTG, and release of [14C]serotinin required still higher thrombin concentrations. Release of [14C]serotonin and platelet proteins was similar as a function of time. Sodium citrate was found to inhibit platelet release induced by thrombin.", "PMID": 78721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7062", "title": "Effect of antabuse (disulfiram) on Rous sarcoma virus and on eukaryotic cells.", "content": "Antabuse (disulfiram) is widely used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. We have examined the effect of this drug on malignant transformation by Rous sarcoma virus, on eukaryotic cell synthesis, and on nucleic acid binding. It was found that: (1) Disulfiram inhibits the activity of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus and inactivates the ability of the virus to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. The monomer of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate does not affect the virus. (2) Disulfiram induced the synthesis of four proteins in normal chick embryo and human foreskin cells. The monomer diethyldithiocarbamate, induced these proteins also. Cellular DNA synthesis is more sensitive to disulfiram than are RNA and protein synthesis. (3) Disulfiram binds to neither DNA or RNA in the presence or absence of copper. However, diethyldithiocarbamate in the presence of, but not in the absence of, copper binds to HeLa cell DNA and to Rous sarcoma virus 70 S genome RNA. These results indicate that this compound, which causes no symptoms in people who do not consume alcohol, may have significant effects on a cellular level.", "contents": "Effect of antabuse (disulfiram) on Rous sarcoma virus and on eukaryotic cells. Antabuse (disulfiram) is widely used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. We have examined the effect of this drug on malignant transformation by Rous sarcoma virus, on eukaryotic cell synthesis, and on nucleic acid binding. It was found that: (1) Disulfiram inhibits the activity of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus and inactivates the ability of the virus to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. The monomer of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate does not affect the virus. (2) Disulfiram induced the synthesis of four proteins in normal chick embryo and human foreskin cells. The monomer diethyldithiocarbamate, induced these proteins also. Cellular DNA synthesis is more sensitive to disulfiram than are RNA and protein synthesis. (3) Disulfiram binds to neither DNA or RNA in the presence or absence of copper. However, diethyldithiocarbamate in the presence of, but not in the absence of, copper binds to HeLa cell DNA and to Rous sarcoma virus 70 S genome RNA. These results indicate that this compound, which causes no symptoms in people who do not consume alcohol, may have significant effects on a cellular level.", "PMID": 78722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7063", "title": "Analysis of larger than tetrameric poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) by a radioimmunoassay in nuclei separated in organic solvents.", "content": "Anitibodies were prepared against poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) of an average chain length of 40 adenosine diphosphoribose units by repeated injection of the polymer mixed with methylated albumin and adjuvants into rabbits. The antibody was present mainly in the 7 S fraction of the immunoglobulins. A membrane binding assay was developed, and its specificity determined for the detection of (adenosine diphosphoribose)ngreater than4 in organs. The method is suitable for the study of the variation of the polymer content of nuclei. The size recognition of the anti-poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) globulin fraction was the same for polymers composed of 4--40 adenosine diphosphoribose units, but smaller oligomers were not detectible. A quantitative extraction technique was developed and applied for radioimmunoassay of nuclear (adenosine diphosphoribose)n greater than 4. Organs were freeze-clamped, freeze dried, broken into subcellular fragments in a colloid mill, and the nuclear fraction was subsequently separated in organic solvents in order to preserve the polymer. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, when administered in vivo, augmented the (adenosine diphosphoribose)n greater than 4 content of rat liver and heart. Tissues of infant pigeons contained larger quantites of (adenosine diphosphoribose)ngreater than4 than tissues of adult rats.", "contents": "Analysis of larger than tetrameric poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) by a radioimmunoassay in nuclei separated in organic solvents. Anitibodies were prepared against poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) of an average chain length of 40 adenosine diphosphoribose units by repeated injection of the polymer mixed with methylated albumin and adjuvants into rabbits. The antibody was present mainly in the 7 S fraction of the immunoglobulins. A membrane binding assay was developed, and its specificity determined for the detection of (adenosine diphosphoribose)ngreater than4 in organs. The method is suitable for the study of the variation of the polymer content of nuclei. The size recognition of the anti-poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) globulin fraction was the same for polymers composed of 4--40 adenosine diphosphoribose units, but smaller oligomers were not detectible. A quantitative extraction technique was developed and applied for radioimmunoassay of nuclear (adenosine diphosphoribose)n greater than 4. Organs were freeze-clamped, freeze dried, broken into subcellular fragments in a colloid mill, and the nuclear fraction was subsequently separated in organic solvents in order to preserve the polymer. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, when administered in vivo, augmented the (adenosine diphosphoribose)n greater than 4 content of rat liver and heart. Tissues of infant pigeons contained larger quantites of (adenosine diphosphoribose)ngreater than4 than tissues of adult rats.", "PMID": 78723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7064", "title": "Template-specific requirements for DNA synthesis by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus DNA polymerase: unique aspects.", "content": "The biochemical properties  of DNA polymerase purified from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus were studied, with respect to synthetic and natural template-primer utilization. Thes studies revealed the following new information about the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme: (a) Mason-Pfizer monkey virus polymerase was found to prefer template: primer molar nucleotide ratios of 2.5-5: 1 for optimal rates of synthesis with poly(C) .(dG)12-18  as template-primer. (b) Poly(A)-directed synthesis was stimulated by the addition of low concentrations of inorganic phosphate to the reaction mixture. (c) Poly(2' -O-methyl-cytidylate), poly(rCm), was the only template studied for which Mn2+ proved the preferred divalent cation. Combinations of divalent cations stimulated rather than inhibited poly(rCm)-directed poly(dG) synthesis by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme. (d) Heteropolymeric regions of rabbit globin mRNA and avian myeloblastosis virus 70 S RNA could be copied by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus polymerase with oligo(dT), oligo(U) or in the case of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA, endogenous primers. In all such studies, Mg2+ was the preferred divalent cation and a distinct preference for the DNA primer in the reverse transcription of natural RNAs was observed. These new findings necessitated comparative studies with the DNA polymerases from Rauscher murine leukemia virus and murine mammary tumor virus, as representative type C and type B retroviruses. Although the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme was found to share some properties in  common with both type C and type B mammalian viral enzymes, certain of the above properties rendered it unique among the polymerases examined.", "contents": "Template-specific requirements for DNA synthesis by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus DNA polymerase: unique aspects. The biochemical properties  of DNA polymerase purified from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus were studied, with respect to synthetic and natural template-primer utilization. Thes studies revealed the following new information about the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme: (a) Mason-Pfizer monkey virus polymerase was found to prefer template: primer molar nucleotide ratios of 2.5-5: 1 for optimal rates of synthesis with poly(C) .(dG)12-18  as template-primer. (b) Poly(A)-directed synthesis was stimulated by the addition of low concentrations of inorganic phosphate to the reaction mixture. (c) Poly(2' -O-methyl-cytidylate), poly(rCm), was the only template studied for which Mn2+ proved the preferred divalent cation. Combinations of divalent cations stimulated rather than inhibited poly(rCm)-directed poly(dG) synthesis by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme. (d) Heteropolymeric regions of rabbit globin mRNA and avian myeloblastosis virus 70 S RNA could be copied by the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus polymerase with oligo(dT), oligo(U) or in the case of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA, endogenous primers. In all such studies, Mg2+ was the preferred divalent cation and a distinct preference for the DNA primer in the reverse transcription of natural RNAs was observed. These new findings necessitated comparative studies with the DNA polymerases from Rauscher murine leukemia virus and murine mammary tumor virus, as representative type C and type B retroviruses. Although the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus enzyme was found to share some properties in  common with both type C and type B mammalian viral enzymes, certain of the above properties rendered it unique among the polymerases examined.", "PMID": 78724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7065", "title": "Synthesis of Sindbis virus complementary DNA by avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase.", "content": "Sindbis virus 42 S RNA was efficiently transcribed into complementary DNA (CDNA) by avian myeloblastosis virus alphabeta DNA polymerase using oligo- (dT) or single-stranded calf thymus DNA as primers. Both of the Sindbis virus cDNA products were able to protect 60% of 125I-labeled Sindbis virus RNA, at near equal weight ratios, from RNAase A and T1 digestion. Using hybridization kinetics, the Crt 1/2 value for hybridization of the calf thymus-primed cDNA product with excess Sindbis RNA was determined to be 1.8 9 10-2 mol . s . 1-1. Thes data demonstrate that the Sindbis virus cDNA products are relatively uniform representations of Sindbis virus RNA sequences.", "contents": "Synthesis of Sindbis virus complementary DNA by avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Sindbis virus 42 S RNA was efficiently transcribed into complementary DNA (CDNA) by avian myeloblastosis virus alphabeta DNA polymerase using oligo- (dT) or single-stranded calf thymus DNA as primers. Both of the Sindbis virus cDNA products were able to protect 60% of 125I-labeled Sindbis virus RNA, at near equal weight ratios, from RNAase A and T1 digestion. Using hybridization kinetics, the Crt 1/2 value for hybridization of the calf thymus-primed cDNA product with excess Sindbis RNA was determined to be 1.8 9 10-2 mol . s . 1-1. Thes data demonstrate that the Sindbis virus cDNA products are relatively uniform representations of Sindbis virus RNA sequences.", "PMID": 78725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7066", "title": "The temperature dependence of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of plasma proteins.", "content": "The surface behavior of aqueous solutions of fibrinogen, transferrin, gamma-globulin and albumin at the liquid-gas interface has been investigated by a modified Wilhelmy technique. The temperature dependence of the surface tension was studied over a temperature range of 20--80 degrees C and a pH range of 2--12. Most pronounced conformational changes of fibrinogen with this technique were found in physiological conditions: 35--45 degrees C and pH 7--8. A conformational change was found for gamma-globulin and transferrin solutions, but at a higher temperature and less pronounced than fibrinogen. Albumin did not undergo conformational transitions to a significant extent.", "contents": "The temperature dependence of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of plasma proteins. The surface behavior of aqueous solutions of fibrinogen, transferrin, gamma-globulin and albumin at the liquid-gas interface has been investigated by a modified Wilhelmy technique. The temperature dependence of the surface tension was studied over a temperature range of 20--80 degrees C and a pH range of 2--12. Most pronounced conformational changes of fibrinogen with this technique were found in physiological conditions: 35--45 degrees C and pH 7--8. A conformational change was found for gamma-globulin and transferrin solutions, but at a higher temperature and less pronounced than fibrinogen. Albumin did not undergo conformational transitions to a significant extent.", "PMID": 78726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7067", "title": "Bovine fetus-specific serum proteins. Purification and characterization of alpha1-fetoprotein and immunological identification of alpha2- and beta-fetoproteins.", "content": "Bovine alpha1-fetoprotein was isolated from fetal calf serum by successive procedures of concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, SP-Sephadex chromatography and preparative disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bovine alpha1-fetoprotein preparation was considered homogeneous by several physicochemical and immunochemical criteria. Bovine alpha1-fetoprotein has a molecular weight of 68 000 with an amino acid composiotn similar to that of other mammalian alhpa1-fetoprotein. In addition, bovine alpha1-fetoprotein was shown to exist as two distinct variants on the basis of carbohydrate heterogeneity. alpha2-Fetoprotein and a new beta-fetoprotein were immunologically identified in fetal calf serum. These fetoproteins, like alpha1-fetoprotein, were not detectable in non-pregnant cow serum by immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Bovine fetus-specific serum proteins. Purification and characterization of alpha1-fetoprotein and immunological identification of alpha2- and beta-fetoproteins. Bovine alpha1-fetoprotein was isolated from fetal calf serum by successive procedures of concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, SP-Sephadex chromatography and preparative disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bovine alpha1-fetoprotein preparation was considered homogeneous by several physicochemical and immunochemical criteria. Bovine alpha1-fetoprotein has a molecular weight of 68 000 with an amino acid composiotn similar to that of other mammalian alhpa1-fetoprotein. In addition, bovine alpha1-fetoprotein was shown to exist as two distinct variants on the basis of carbohydrate heterogeneity. alpha2-Fetoprotein and a new beta-fetoprotein were immunologically identified in fetal calf serum. These fetoproteins, like alpha1-fetoprotein, were not detectable in non-pregnant cow serum by immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 78727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7068", "title": "A catalytic role for heparin. Evidence for a ternary complex of heparin cofactor thrombin and heparin.", "content": "The interaction of heparin with chemically modified thrombin and heparin cofactor is studied. Amidinated heparin cofactor does not bind to heparin-agarose and the reaction rate of the amidinated inhibitor with unmodified thrombin is not affected by heparin. Likewise, thrombin modified with 1,2--cyclohexanedione does not bind to heparin agarose and the reaction rate of the modified enzyme with unmodified inhibitor is not affected by heparin. In the absence of heparin, the modified and unmodified proteins react at the same rate in all possible combinations. Affinity chromatography of diisopropylphosphoryl thrombin on heparin cofactor coupled to Sephadex G--50 is used to study the binding of heparin cofactor and thrombin to heparin. The thrombin for all experiments is tritium-labeled and then inactivated with diispropylfluorophosphate. Thrombin is not bound to heparin cofactor-Sephadex columns. However, after treatment of the columns with a heparin solution, thrombin binds tightly, and is eluted at high ionic strength. Bound thrombin can also be eluted with either excess non-radioactive thrombin or excess free heparin. Heparin-dependent binding of thrombin does not occur if the heparin cofactor-Sephadex is heat-denatured. The ability of heparin to couple solution-phase thrombin to solid-phase heparin cofactor indicates that a ternary complex is formed. Analysis of the binding of the proteins to heparin by a dye displacement method suggests that at least one site on heparin binds to thrombin but not to heparin cofactor. Further support for a catalytic role for heparin derives from the ability of catalytic concentrations of heparin to enhance the rate of hydrolysis of prothrombin by thrombin, another protein pair which bind mutually to heparin.", "contents": "A catalytic role for heparin. Evidence for a ternary complex of heparin cofactor thrombin and heparin. The interaction of heparin with chemically modified thrombin and heparin cofactor is studied. Amidinated heparin cofactor does not bind to heparin-agarose and the reaction rate of the amidinated inhibitor with unmodified thrombin is not affected by heparin. Likewise, thrombin modified with 1,2--cyclohexanedione does not bind to heparin agarose and the reaction rate of the modified enzyme with unmodified inhibitor is not affected by heparin. In the absence of heparin, the modified and unmodified proteins react at the same rate in all possible combinations. Affinity chromatography of diisopropylphosphoryl thrombin on heparin cofactor coupled to Sephadex G--50 is used to study the binding of heparin cofactor and thrombin to heparin. The thrombin for all experiments is tritium-labeled and then inactivated with diispropylfluorophosphate. Thrombin is not bound to heparin cofactor-Sephadex columns. However, after treatment of the columns with a heparin solution, thrombin binds tightly, and is eluted at high ionic strength. Bound thrombin can also be eluted with either excess non-radioactive thrombin or excess free heparin. Heparin-dependent binding of thrombin does not occur if the heparin cofactor-Sephadex is heat-denatured. The ability of heparin to couple solution-phase thrombin to solid-phase heparin cofactor indicates that a ternary complex is formed. Analysis of the binding of the proteins to heparin by a dye displacement method suggests that at least one site on heparin binds to thrombin but not to heparin cofactor. Further support for a catalytic role for heparin derives from the ability of catalytic concentrations of heparin to enhance the rate of hydrolysis of prothrombin by thrombin, another protein pair which bind mutually to heparin.", "PMID": 78728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7069", "title": "Elimination of asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid by the intact rat. Quantitative aspects of the hepatic clearance mechanism.", "content": "The capacity of the liver to eliminate asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid was investigated in intact rats. From plasma radioactivity curve measurements and assays on tissue homogenates the liver is shown to be able to dispose of an average of 19.8 microgram of asialofetuin/min per 100 g body weight. No other major route is identified for the disappearance of asialofetuin from the plasma, although trace amounts of the protein were detectable in the urine. From analyses of the plasma radioactivity curves the elimination process for asialoorosomucoid appears to be comparatively complex because of the existence of extrahepatic disposal routes. Quantification of labelled asialoorosomucoid in liver homogenates indicates, however, that the hepatic clearance rate for asialoorosomucoid is similar to that for asialofetuin. Urinary excretion significantly contributes to the disappearance of asialoorosomucoid from the plasma but the hepatic and renal routes do not account for all the protein lost from this compartment. At plasma concentrations above the maximal eliminative capacity of the liver, the hepatic clearance of asialofetuin obeys zero-order kinetics and is remarkably constant. Elimination of a quantity of asialoglycoprotein which exceeds the calculated total number of binding sites in the liver does not reduce the efficiency of the pathway, and studies of [3H]leucine incorporation indicate that the lectin, unlike the bound asialoglycoprotein, is not destroyed in the elimination process. Cytochalasin B (80 microgram/100 g body wt.) had no measureable effect on the hepatic clearance of asialofetuin. Administration of colchicine (10 mg/100 g body wt.) resulted in transitory accumulations of asialoorosomucoid in the liver, presumably due to interference with the intracellular transport of the endocytised protein.", "contents": "Elimination of asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid by the intact rat. Quantitative aspects of the hepatic clearance mechanism. The capacity of the liver to eliminate asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid was investigated in intact rats. From plasma radioactivity curve measurements and assays on tissue homogenates the liver is shown to be able to dispose of an average of 19.8 microgram of asialofetuin/min per 100 g body weight. No other major route is identified for the disappearance of asialofetuin from the plasma, although trace amounts of the protein were detectable in the urine. From analyses of the plasma radioactivity curves the elimination process for asialoorosomucoid appears to be comparatively complex because of the existence of extrahepatic disposal routes. Quantification of labelled asialoorosomucoid in liver homogenates indicates, however, that the hepatic clearance rate for asialoorosomucoid is similar to that for asialofetuin. Urinary excretion significantly contributes to the disappearance of asialoorosomucoid from the plasma but the hepatic and renal routes do not account for all the protein lost from this compartment. At plasma concentrations above the maximal eliminative capacity of the liver, the hepatic clearance of asialofetuin obeys zero-order kinetics and is remarkably constant. Elimination of a quantity of asialoglycoprotein which exceeds the calculated total number of binding sites in the liver does not reduce the efficiency of the pathway, and studies of [3H]leucine incorporation indicate that the lectin, unlike the bound asialoglycoprotein, is not destroyed in the elimination process. Cytochalasin B (80 microgram/100 g body wt.) had no measureable effect on the hepatic clearance of asialofetuin. Administration of colchicine (10 mg/100 g body wt.) resulted in transitory accumulations of asialoorosomucoid in the liver, presumably due to interference with the intracellular transport of the endocytised protein.", "PMID": 78729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7070", "title": "[Effect of inductors of alkali cation permeability on cytochrome c bound to mitochondrial membrane].", "content": "The effect of inductors of alkali cation permeability--valinomycin, gramicidin A, gramicidin S and its N,N'-diacetyl derivative--on rat liver mitochondria during respiration has been studied. It is shown that valinomycin, gramycidin A and diacetylgramicidin S at optimal concentration for uncoupling cause two-phase activation of mitochondrial respiration and that this effect results from cytochrome c solubilization. Gramicidin S at optimal concentration cannot remove cytochrome c from the respirating mitochondria. It is suggested that this property of gramicidin S is owned to cytochrome c immobilisation in membrane, due to the effect of this compound.", "contents": "[Effect of inductors of alkali cation permeability on cytochrome c bound to mitochondrial membrane]. The effect of inductors of alkali cation permeability--valinomycin, gramicidin A, gramicidin S and its N,N'-diacetyl derivative--on rat liver mitochondria during respiration has been studied. It is shown that valinomycin, gramycidin A and diacetylgramicidin S at optimal concentration for uncoupling cause two-phase activation of mitochondrial respiration and that this effect results from cytochrome c solubilization. Gramicidin S at optimal concentration cannot remove cytochrome c from the respirating mitochondria. It is suggested that this property of gramicidin S is owned to cytochrome c immobilisation in membrane, due to the effect of this compound.", "PMID": 78730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7071", "title": "A case of slow variant bisalbuminmia: study of its composition in amino acids.", "content": "The authors report an observation of slow variant bisalbuminemia. After electrophoretic separation of two varieties, the amino acid chromatographic analysis has permitted them to show that in the slow variant the molecule of albumin has undergone a substitution of several glutamic acid residues by lysine and of several alanine residues by proline. Such an alteration poses the problem of its effect on the antigenic specificity of the molecule and that of its mechanism of production.", "contents": "A case of slow variant bisalbuminmia: study of its composition in amino acids. The authors report an observation of slow variant bisalbuminemia. After electrophoretic separation of two varieties, the amino acid chromatographic analysis has permitted them to show that in the slow variant the molecule of albumin has undergone a substitution of several glutamic acid residues by lysine and of several alanine residues by proline. Such an alteration poses the problem of its effect on the antigenic specificity of the molecule and that of its mechanism of production.", "PMID": 78734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7072", "title": "Hydrodynamic orientation of sperm heads for flow cytometry.", "content": "Two specially shaped sample injection tubes orient flat-shaped mature sperm heads in a flow cytometer. Orientation allows control of a photometric difficulty experienced with some flow cytometers in the measurement of fluorescent and scattered light from sperm and other flat cells. Both relative DNA-stain content and a measure of cell flatness can now be determined simultaneously for each cell at the high rates possible with flow instruments.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic orientation of sperm heads for flow cytometry. Two specially shaped sample injection tubes orient flat-shaped mature sperm heads in a flow cytometer. Orientation allows control of a photometric difficulty experienced with some flow cytometers in the measurement of fluorescent and scattered light from sperm and other flat cells. Both relative DNA-stain content and a measure of cell flatness can now be determined simultaneously for each cell at the high rates possible with flow instruments.", "PMID": 78735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7073", "title": "[Effect of antibodies to denatured DNA on the human bone marrow cells forming colonies in semi-solid agar].", "content": "gamma-globulin from rabbit sera containing antibodies to denatured DNA or cytidine suppressed the efficiency of colony formation in agar cultures of human bone marrow cells. The antibodies to DNA isolated from the immune sera by the immunosorbent produced an analogous effect. gamma-globulin from the sera of intact animals and immune sera after the removal of antibodies to denatured DNA from them produced a different effect. gamma-globulin in a concentration of 0.28 and 5 mg failed to influence the colony-formation of 2.10(5) explanted nucleus-containing cells, by stimulated the colony growth when added in a concentration of 15 mg.", "contents": "[Effect of antibodies to denatured DNA on the human bone marrow cells forming colonies in semi-solid agar]. gamma-globulin from rabbit sera containing antibodies to denatured DNA or cytidine suppressed the efficiency of colony formation in agar cultures of human bone marrow cells. The antibodies to DNA isolated from the immune sera by the immunosorbent produced an analogous effect. gamma-globulin from the sera of intact animals and immune sera after the removal of antibodies to denatured DNA from them produced a different effect. gamma-globulin in a concentration of 0.28 and 5 mg failed to influence the colony-formation of 2.10(5) explanted nucleus-containing cells, by stimulated the colony growth when added in a concentration of 15 mg.", "PMID": 78736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7074", "title": "[Histamine-liberating effect of antihistaminics on the isolated rat mast cells].", "content": "Research Allergological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and Laboratory of Pharmacology, S. Ordzhonikidze Research Chemico-Pharmaceutical Institute, Moscow. Among the tested new antihistaminic drugs (quinuclidine derivatives) quinuclidyl-3-(O-tolyl) carbinol possessed histamine releasing action (HRA) on the isolated rat mast cells. In used concentrations (up to 0.4 mmol) all phenothiazines (promethazine, phenethazine, chlorpromazine, methylene blue) had HRA. There was no correlation between the HRA and the antihistaminic activity of the tested drugs. Histamine release induced by antihistaminic drugs and a steep dose-response curve, was produced at low temperature and was not inhibited under conditions of inhibition of energy-dependent stage of 48/80-induced histamine release. It was concluded that the tested antihistaminic drugs which had HRA were non-selective histamine releasers.", "contents": "[Histamine-liberating effect of antihistaminics on the isolated rat mast cells]. Research Allergological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and Laboratory of Pharmacology, S. Ordzhonikidze Research Chemico-Pharmaceutical Institute, Moscow. Among the tested new antihistaminic drugs (quinuclidine derivatives) quinuclidyl-3-(O-tolyl) carbinol possessed histamine releasing action (HRA) on the isolated rat mast cells. In used concentrations (up to 0.4 mmol) all phenothiazines (promethazine, phenethazine, chlorpromazine, methylene blue) had HRA. There was no correlation between the HRA and the antihistaminic activity of the tested drugs. Histamine release induced by antihistaminic drugs and a steep dose-response curve, was produced at low temperature and was not inhibited under conditions of inhibition of energy-dependent stage of 48/80-induced histamine release. It was concluded that the tested antihistaminic drugs which had HRA were non-selective histamine releasers.", "PMID": 78737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7075", "title": "[Expression of C-type oncornavirus proteins in tumors of CC57BR mice].", "content": "Murine endogenous oncornavirus (C-type) genome expression was investigated in methylcholanthrene-induced (MC-induced) tumours of low-leukemic CC57BR mice by means of the radioimmunodiffusion method, using the precipitating test-systems. The gs-1 antigen of murine C-type viral p30 protein and Gross leukemia virus type-specific antigen (AGLV) served as viral genome markers. The gs-1 antigen was found in the primary and continuous MC-induced sarcomas, whereas AGLV appeared only during the tumour passage. A distinct association was revealed between the quantity of p30 protein (gs-1 antigen titre) and the presence of AGLV. Simultaneously with the appearance of AGLV the gs-1 titre increased markedly and the AGLV disappearance was always accompanied by a decrease of the gs-1 titre. The data presented suggest a coordinated expression of the two investigated proteins of murine C-type endogenous oncornaviruses in the chemically-induced tumours of CC57BR mice.", "contents": "[Expression of C-type oncornavirus proteins in tumors of CC57BR mice]. Murine endogenous oncornavirus (C-type) genome expression was investigated in methylcholanthrene-induced (MC-induced) tumours of low-leukemic CC57BR mice by means of the radioimmunodiffusion method, using the precipitating test-systems. The gs-1 antigen of murine C-type viral p30 protein and Gross leukemia virus type-specific antigen (AGLV) served as viral genome markers. The gs-1 antigen was found in the primary and continuous MC-induced sarcomas, whereas AGLV appeared only during the tumour passage. A distinct association was revealed between the quantity of p30 protein (gs-1 antigen titre) and the presence of AGLV. Simultaneously with the appearance of AGLV the gs-1 titre increased markedly and the AGLV disappearance was always accompanied by a decrease of the gs-1 titre. The data presented suggest a coordinated expression of the two investigated proteins of murine C-type endogenous oncornaviruses in the chemically-induced tumours of CC57BR mice.", "PMID": 78738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7076", "title": "[Effect of alpha fetoprotein on the processes of reparative regeneration of the skin and tubular bones].", "content": "The influence of alpha-fetoprotein of man, dog and cat on the processes of reparative regeneration of the skin and long tubular bones was studied. alpha-fetoprotein was shown to stimulate regenerative processes by forming young connective tissue, but had no strong species specificity. Commercial preparation of human alpha-fetoprotein proved to possess maximum physiological activity in comparison with other alpha-fetoproteins under study.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha fetoprotein on the processes of reparative regeneration of the skin and tubular bones]. The influence of alpha-fetoprotein of man, dog and cat on the processes of reparative regeneration of the skin and long tubular bones was studied. alpha-fetoprotein was shown to stimulate regenerative processes by forming young connective tissue, but had no strong species specificity. Commercial preparation of human alpha-fetoprotein proved to possess maximum physiological activity in comparison with other alpha-fetoproteins under study.", "PMID": 78739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7077", "title": "[Thermostable antigens of malignant tumors and normal tissues of experimental animals].", "content": "Gel precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis tests tests demonstrated the presence of thermostable antigens in dimethylbenzanthracene-induced malignant tumours of the muscle tissues of Wistar rats. These antigens were relatively tissue-specific for the tumours, amniotic fluid and the uterus on the one hand, and for the lung, spleen, and the serum on the other hand. The thermostable antigens of the tumours and the amniotic fluid had the electrophoretic mobility in the zone of alpha and alpha1-globulins.", "contents": "[Thermostable antigens of malignant tumors and normal tissues of experimental animals]. Gel precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis tests tests demonstrated the presence of thermostable antigens in dimethylbenzanthracene-induced malignant tumours of the muscle tissues of Wistar rats. These antigens were relatively tissue-specific for the tumours, amniotic fluid and the uterus on the one hand, and for the lung, spleen, and the serum on the other hand. The thermostable antigens of the tumours and the amniotic fluid had the electrophoretic mobility in the zone of alpha and alpha1-globulins.", "PMID": 78740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7078", "title": "Edinger-Westphal nucleus: projections to the brain stem and spinal cord in the cat.", "content": "The efferent connections of the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the cat have been examined using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport technique. Following injections of [3H]amino acids into the EW nucleus, fibers could be traced from this region to a number of sites in the caudal brain stem and spinal cord heretofore not known to receive an afferent input from this nucleus. Two descending pathways have been identified. One pathway travels in the medialmost aspect to the medial longitudinal bundle and terminates in the dorsal accessory olive. The other pathway leaves the nucleus laterally, coursing through the medial tegmentum, and then shifts to a ventrolateral position in the rostral rhombencephalon. Some fibers of this lateral pathway curve dorsally and terminate in the medial parabrachial nucleus. The remainder of this fiber system lies ventral to the spinal trigeminal complex, with some axons terminating in the subtrigeminal nucleus, while other fibers continue ventral to the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and appear to terminate in the marginal layer and ventromedial part of this nucleus. Another component of this system terminates between the gracile and medial cuneate nuclei. The main pathways from the EW nucleus to the spinal cord include (1) some fibers which course through the dorsal column nuclei into the ventromedial part of the dorsal columns, and (2) other fibers which continue caudally immediately along the ventrolateral aspect of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and then proceed to the spinal cord in the region between the dorsal horn and the lateral cervical nucleus. These EW fibers appear to terminate mainly in Rexed's lamina I (marginal layer); other fibers, from both tracts appear to terminate in lamina V. There was no evidence for any ascending projections from the EW nucleus. Confirmatory data were obtained from a series of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) experiments, in which EW neurons were retrogradely labeled following injections into the dorsal column nuclei, spinal trigeminal nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, or spinal cord. These results clearly indicate that the traditional view of the EW nucleus as merely a parasympathetic preganglionic nucleus should be seriously questioned.", "contents": "Edinger-Westphal nucleus: projections to the brain stem and spinal cord in the cat. The efferent connections of the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the cat have been examined using the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport technique. Following injections of [3H]amino acids into the EW nucleus, fibers could be traced from this region to a number of sites in the caudal brain stem and spinal cord heretofore not known to receive an afferent input from this nucleus. Two descending pathways have been identified. One pathway travels in the medialmost aspect to the medial longitudinal bundle and terminates in the dorsal accessory olive. The other pathway leaves the nucleus laterally, coursing through the medial tegmentum, and then shifts to a ventrolateral position in the rostral rhombencephalon. Some fibers of this lateral pathway curve dorsally and terminate in the medial parabrachial nucleus. The remainder of this fiber system lies ventral to the spinal trigeminal complex, with some axons terminating in the subtrigeminal nucleus, while other fibers continue ventral to the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and appear to terminate in the marginal layer and ventromedial part of this nucleus. Another component of this system terminates between the gracile and medial cuneate nuclei. The main pathways from the EW nucleus to the spinal cord include (1) some fibers which course through the dorsal column nuclei into the ventromedial part of the dorsal columns, and (2) other fibers which continue caudally immediately along the ventrolateral aspect of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and then proceed to the spinal cord in the region between the dorsal horn and the lateral cervical nucleus. These EW fibers appear to terminate mainly in Rexed's lamina I (marginal layer); other fibers, from both tracts appear to terminate in lamina V. There was no evidence for any ascending projections from the EW nucleus. Confirmatory data were obtained from a series of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) experiments, in which EW neurons were retrogradely labeled following injections into the dorsal column nuclei, spinal trigeminal nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, or spinal cord. These results clearly indicate that the traditional view of the EW nucleus as merely a parasympathetic preganglionic nucleus should be seriously questioned.", "PMID": 78743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7079", "title": "Neuronal, non-neuronal and hybrid forms of enolase in brain: structural, immunological and functional comparisons.", "content": "Three forms of the glycolytic enzyme, enolase [2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase (E.C. No. 4.2.1.11)] have been prepared from rat whole brain extract. The most acidic enolase form is neuron specific enolase (NSE) which had previously been designated neuron specific protein (NSP). The least acidic form designated non-neuronal enolase (NNE) has been purified and compared structurally, immunologically and functionally to NSE. NNE is a dimer of 86,500 M.W. consistint of two very similar subunits. The data establish that NNE is larger than NSE which has been shown to be composed of two apparently identical 39,000 molecular weight subunits (78,000). NNE is less acidic than NSE having a pI of 5.9 compared to the value of 4.7 for NSE. Structural and immunological analysis establishes that the NNE subunit is distinct from the NSE subunit, and are therfore products of two separate genes. The structural designation of NSE is (gammagamma) and that of NNE (alpha' alpha'). NSE is strictly localized in neurons indicating that the gene coding for the gamma subunit is only expressed in neuronal cells. The intermediate brain enolase form has been partially purified; structural and immunological evidence indicate that it is a hybrid molecule consisting of one NNE subunit and one NSE subunit (alpha'gamma).", "contents": "Neuronal, non-neuronal and hybrid forms of enolase in brain: structural, immunological and functional comparisons. Three forms of the glycolytic enzyme, enolase [2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase (E.C. No. 4.2.1.11)] have been prepared from rat whole brain extract. The most acidic enolase form is neuron specific enolase (NSE) which had previously been designated neuron specific protein (NSP). The least acidic form designated non-neuronal enolase (NNE) has been purified and compared structurally, immunologically and functionally to NSE. NNE is a dimer of 86,500 M.W. consistint of two very similar subunits. The data establish that NNE is larger than NSE which has been shown to be composed of two apparently identical 39,000 molecular weight subunits (78,000). NNE is less acidic than NSE having a pI of 5.9 compared to the value of 4.7 for NSE. Structural and immunological analysis establishes that the NNE subunit is distinct from the NSE subunit, and are therfore products of two separate genes. The structural designation of NSE is (gammagamma) and that of NNE (alpha' alpha'). NSE is strictly localized in neurons indicating that the gene coding for the gamma subunit is only expressed in neuronal cells. The intermediate brain enolase form has been partially purified; structural and immunological evidence indicate that it is a hybrid molecule consisting of one NNE subunit and one NSE subunit (alpha'gamma).", "PMID": 78744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7080", "title": "Axonal transport of [3H]proteins in a noradrenergic system of the rat brain.", "content": "Proteins synthesized from [3H]leucine injected into the rat nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) were transported through the hypothalamus in 5 successive waves at rates of 72-192, 24-48, 13-20, 3-4 and 1.4-2.9 mm/day (waves I through V, respectively). Waves I through IV began axoplasmic transport in the LC within the first few hours after [3H]protein synthesis began in the LC. Wave V was delayed in onset for 1.7-3.7 days and was also probably transported through the contralateral hypothalamus. Wave IV was not transported within the LC-hypothalamic axons ascending through the dorsal noradrenergic bundle since its transport was not blocked by 6-OHDA lesions in this bundle, as was transport of the other 4 waves. Unilateral dorsal bundle lesions caused a well defined caudal backup of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunofluorescence and a fall in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the ipsilateral frontal cortex and hypothalamus of 55% and 9%, respectively. Bilateral lesions caused only a significantly further reduction in hypothalamic levels indicating crossed innervation of the hypothalamus by the LC of 27%. Waves I and II have been classified as rapid transport and contained 33% of the transported [3H]protein. Wave V was slowly transported and contained 51% of the transported [3H]protein, while wave III was intermediate in rate and contained 16% of transported [3H]proteins.", "contents": "Axonal transport of [3H]proteins in a noradrenergic system of the rat brain. Proteins synthesized from [3H]leucine injected into the rat nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) were transported through the hypothalamus in 5 successive waves at rates of 72-192, 24-48, 13-20, 3-4 and 1.4-2.9 mm/day (waves I through V, respectively). Waves I through IV began axoplasmic transport in the LC within the first few hours after [3H]protein synthesis began in the LC. Wave V was delayed in onset for 1.7-3.7 days and was also probably transported through the contralateral hypothalamus. Wave IV was not transported within the LC-hypothalamic axons ascending through the dorsal noradrenergic bundle since its transport was not blocked by 6-OHDA lesions in this bundle, as was transport of the other 4 waves. Unilateral dorsal bundle lesions caused a well defined caudal backup of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunofluorescence and a fall in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the ipsilateral frontal cortex and hypothalamus of 55% and 9%, respectively. Bilateral lesions caused only a significantly further reduction in hypothalamic levels indicating crossed innervation of the hypothalamus by the LC of 27%. Waves I and II have been classified as rapid transport and contained 33% of the transported [3H]protein. Wave V was slowly transported and contained 51% of the transported [3H]protein, while wave III was intermediate in rate and contained 16% of transported [3H]proteins.", "PMID": 78747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7081", "title": "Antidromic identification of dopaminergic and other output neurons of the rat substantia nigra.", "content": "In the present study dopamine (DA)-containing and other output neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) wer identified by antidromic stimulation from postulated target nuclei, the caudate-putamen, the thalamus, the cortex and the pontine reticular formation. To guide electrode placements, the topography of the nigrostriatal projection system was determined by retrograde tracing methods. Spontaneously active cells present in the SN were then classified in two groups according to the shape of their action potentials and their firing rate. Type I cells were located mainly in the pars compacta and could be antidromically-activated (AD-activated) from various locations along the course of the nigrostriatal pathway (caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, MFB) but not from other brain areas (ventromedial thalamus, motor cortex, pontine reticular formation). These neurons had a slow bursting pattern of firing, a very slow conduction velocity (0.58 m/sec), and a wide action potential. Their firing rate was dramatically reduced following the intravenous administration of apomorphine (ID 50: 9.3 microgram/kg), or the iontophoretic application of DA and GABA. Type II cells were located predominantly in the pars reticulata; most of them could be AD-activated from the ventromedial thalamus and the MFB but not from the motor cortex. A few of these cells could be AD-activated from the pontine reticular formation and the thalamus. A minority of type II cells, located in or near the pars compacta could be AD-activated from the caudate-putamen. In addition, their conduction velocuty was much higher (2.8 m/sec) and their firing rate far in excess of that exhibited by type I neurons. These neurons were inhibited by the iontophoretic application of GABA but not of DA. The microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxin relatively specific against catecholamine-containing neurons) in the vicinity of the MFB blocked selectively the propagation of antidromic spikes in type I but not type II cells. It is concluded that type I cells are the DA neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Type II cells are mainly oupput neurons that project to the ventromedial thalamus, the pons and the forebrain. This telencephalic projection most likely constitutes a second, non-DA, fast-conducting nigrostriatal pathway.", "contents": "Antidromic identification of dopaminergic and other output neurons of the rat substantia nigra. In the present study dopamine (DA)-containing and other output neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) wer identified by antidromic stimulation from postulated target nuclei, the caudate-putamen, the thalamus, the cortex and the pontine reticular formation. To guide electrode placements, the topography of the nigrostriatal projection system was determined by retrograde tracing methods. Spontaneously active cells present in the SN were then classified in two groups according to the shape of their action potentials and their firing rate. Type I cells were located mainly in the pars compacta and could be antidromically-activated (AD-activated) from various locations along the course of the nigrostriatal pathway (caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, MFB) but not from other brain areas (ventromedial thalamus, motor cortex, pontine reticular formation). These neurons had a slow bursting pattern of firing, a very slow conduction velocity (0.58 m/sec), and a wide action potential. Their firing rate was dramatically reduced following the intravenous administration of apomorphine (ID 50: 9.3 microgram/kg), or the iontophoretic application of DA and GABA. Type II cells were located predominantly in the pars reticulata; most of them could be AD-activated from the ventromedial thalamus and the MFB but not from the motor cortex. A few of these cells could be AD-activated from the pontine reticular formation and the thalamus. A minority of type II cells, located in or near the pars compacta could be AD-activated from the caudate-putamen. In addition, their conduction velocuty was much higher (2.8 m/sec) and their firing rate far in excess of that exhibited by type I neurons. These neurons were inhibited by the iontophoretic application of GABA but not of DA. The microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxin relatively specific against catecholamine-containing neurons) in the vicinity of the MFB blocked selectively the propagation of antidromic spikes in type I but not type II cells. It is concluded that type I cells are the DA neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Type II cells are mainly oupput neurons that project to the ventromedial thalamus, the pons and the forebrain. This telencephalic projection most likely constitutes a second, non-DA, fast-conducting nigrostriatal pathway.", "PMID": 78748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7082", "title": "A simple improved method to stain Thiobacillus.", "content": "Best stains are obtained by immersion of the fixed smear in 1.5-2% acid fuchsin at pH 3.2-3.6.", "contents": "A simple improved method to stain Thiobacillus. Best stains are obtained by immersion of the fixed smear in 1.5-2% acid fuchsin at pH 3.2-3.6.", "PMID": 78755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7083", "title": "Altered polyamine profiles in prostatic hyperplasia and in kidney tumors.", "content": "Polyamine concentrations were evaluated in normal human prostatic tissue as well as hyperplastic prostate. Normal tissues had high concentrations of putrescine and spermine with intermediate spermidine concentrations, whereas there was a dramatic increase in the spermine concentration in patients with hypertrophy of the prostate. Although not highly significant, spermidine concentrations were elevated slightly in benign hyperplasia, whereas the putrescine content was decreased compared to normal tissue. Polyamine concentrations were measured also in human kidney tumors and corresponding healthy kidney tissue. The concentration of spermidine in renal carcinomas was significantly elevated when compared to histologically normal areas of the same kidney. The spermine concentration of the tumor was generally lower but not highly significant (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that polyamines are accumulated above normal levels in pathological conditions such as benign hyperplasia of the prostate and renal carcinoma. In both cases, spermidine turnover rate may be influenced by carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Altered polyamine profiles in prostatic hyperplasia and in kidney tumors. Polyamine concentrations were evaluated in normal human prostatic tissue as well as hyperplastic prostate. Normal tissues had high concentrations of putrescine and spermine with intermediate spermidine concentrations, whereas there was a dramatic increase in the spermine concentration in patients with hypertrophy of the prostate. Although not highly significant, spermidine concentrations were elevated slightly in benign hyperplasia, whereas the putrescine content was decreased compared to normal tissue. Polyamine concentrations were measured also in human kidney tumors and corresponding healthy kidney tissue. The concentration of spermidine in renal carcinomas was significantly elevated when compared to histologically normal areas of the same kidney. The spermine concentration of the tumor was generally lower but not highly significant (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that polyamines are accumulated above normal levels in pathological conditions such as benign hyperplasia of the prostate and renal carcinoma. In both cases, spermidine turnover rate may be influenced by carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 78757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7084", "title": "Comparative behavior of simian virus 40 T-antigen and of tumor-specific surface and transplantation antigens during partial purification.", "content": "The simian virus 40-specific T-antigen has been extracted from SV AL/N mouse embryo tissue culture cells by treatment with Triton X-100 detergent. The extracts contained tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and tumor-specific surface antigen. These extracts were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose and phosphocellulose column chromatography and were assayed for the three antigens. We found that T-antigen, TSTA, and much of the tumor-specific surface antigen copurified through all purification steps. This finding is consistent with previous suggestions of the close degree of homology that must exist between the protein species carrying these three antigenic determinants. The antibody-mediated cytolytic assay appears to detect a new type of antigen on the cell surface, different from T-antigen and TSTA; two antigenic fractions were obtained from the phosphocellulose column that had tumor-specific surface antigen activity, but one of these did not have T-antigen or TSTA activities.", "contents": "Comparative behavior of simian virus 40 T-antigen and of tumor-specific surface and transplantation antigens during partial purification. The simian virus 40-specific T-antigen has been extracted from SV AL/N mouse embryo tissue culture cells by treatment with Triton X-100 detergent. The extracts contained tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) and tumor-specific surface antigen. These extracts were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose and phosphocellulose column chromatography and were assayed for the three antigens. We found that T-antigen, TSTA, and much of the tumor-specific surface antigen copurified through all purification steps. This finding is consistent with previous suggestions of the close degree of homology that must exist between the protein species carrying these three antigenic determinants. The antibody-mediated cytolytic assay appears to detect a new type of antigen on the cell surface, different from T-antigen and TSTA; two antigenic fractions were obtained from the phosphocellulose column that had tumor-specific surface antigen activity, but one of these did not have T-antigen or TSTA activities.", "PMID": 78758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7085", "title": "Metabolism and cytotoxicity of 5-azacytidine in cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma and P388 mouse leukemia cells and their enhancement by preincubation with pyrazofurin.", "content": "5-Azacytidine transport into cells was measured in the absence of metabolism in adenosine triphosphate-depleted and uridine kinase-deficient Novikoff cells. Azacytidine is transported with about the same efficiency as uridine and cytidine by the facilitated nucleoside transport system of these cells. The phosphorylation of azacytidine in untreated, wild-type cells, however, is much more inhibited by uridine and cytidine than is its transport into the cell. This inhibition seems to be responsible for the specific protection of cells by these nucleosides from azacytidine toxicity. Azacytidine is incorporated by Novikoff and P388 cells into both RNA and DNA, and this incorporation seems to be responsible for its cytotoxicity; an inhibition of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is not a major contributory factor. Incorporation of azacytidine into nucleic acids is relatively slow, but it is enhanced 3 to 4 times when cells are preincubated with pyrazofurin. Pyrazofurin inhibits de novo pyrimidine synthesis and thus causes a depletion of cellular pyrimidine nucleotides. Azacytidine is largely cytostatic for Novikoff and P388 cells, but a sequential treatment with pyrazofurin and azacytidine markedly increases the cytotoxicity over that observed with drug alone or when administered together with drug, even at higher concentrations. Increased cytotoxicity correlates with the increased incorporation of azacytidine into nucleic acids.", "contents": "Metabolism and cytotoxicity of 5-azacytidine in cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma and P388 mouse leukemia cells and their enhancement by preincubation with pyrazofurin. 5-Azacytidine transport into cells was measured in the absence of metabolism in adenosine triphosphate-depleted and uridine kinase-deficient Novikoff cells. Azacytidine is transported with about the same efficiency as uridine and cytidine by the facilitated nucleoside transport system of these cells. The phosphorylation of azacytidine in untreated, wild-type cells, however, is much more inhibited by uridine and cytidine than is its transport into the cell. This inhibition seems to be responsible for the specific protection of cells by these nucleosides from azacytidine toxicity. Azacytidine is incorporated by Novikoff and P388 cells into both RNA and DNA, and this incorporation seems to be responsible for its cytotoxicity; an inhibition of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is not a major contributory factor. Incorporation of azacytidine into nucleic acids is relatively slow, but it is enhanced 3 to 4 times when cells are preincubated with pyrazofurin. Pyrazofurin inhibits de novo pyrimidine synthesis and thus causes a depletion of cellular pyrimidine nucleotides. Azacytidine is largely cytostatic for Novikoff and P388 cells, but a sequential treatment with pyrazofurin and azacytidine markedly increases the cytotoxicity over that observed with drug alone or when administered together with drug, even at higher concentrations. Increased cytotoxicity correlates with the increased incorporation of azacytidine into nucleic acids.", "PMID": 78761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7086", "title": "Observations on cell lines derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Permanent cell lines have been established from a spleen nodule and lymph node of a male Hodgkin's disease (HD) patient whose father has the same disease. Th in vitro growth pattern morphological and cytogenetic characteristics of these lines maintained continuously for over 2 years are described. The cultures contain a population of mixed cell types that grow in suspension. Between 5 and 10% of the cells have surface immunoglobulins M and D. B-cell alloantigens are also detectable. While the cultures are predominantly lymphoid, some of the large cells, by light and electron microscopy, resemble the Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin's cells of the original biopsies. Although the cells maintain the human diploid karyotype, they are heterotransplantable in nude mice. After 14 months of culture, chromosome rearrangement and losses, commonly seen in leukemic bone marrow, occurred. Close to 100% of the cells are Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen positive, but they lack Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) capsid antigen and EBV-induced early antigen. Nucleic acid hybridization tests indicated that there were no more than two EBV genome equivalents per cell. Tests with HD sera free of anti-EBV were negative. Electron microscope examination of the cells revealed the presence of intracellular as well as extracellular rare pleomorphic particles ranging from 400 to 1200 A. The nature of these particles, which increased in number after the cultures were treated with halogenated pyrimidines but not with dimethyl sulfoxide, remains questionable. The cultures derived from the mouse-passaged HD cells, however, had reverse transcriptase activity and readily identifiable type C particles which were probably of murine origin. These cultures have some unique features that make them useful in studying the perplexing pathological entity of HD.", "contents": "Observations on cell lines derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Permanent cell lines have been established from a spleen nodule and lymph node of a male Hodgkin's disease (HD) patient whose father has the same disease. Th in vitro growth pattern morphological and cytogenetic characteristics of these lines maintained continuously for over 2 years are described. The cultures contain a population of mixed cell types that grow in suspension. Between 5 and 10% of the cells have surface immunoglobulins M and D. B-cell alloantigens are also detectable. While the cultures are predominantly lymphoid, some of the large cells, by light and electron microscopy, resemble the Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin's cells of the original biopsies. Although the cells maintain the human diploid karyotype, they are heterotransplantable in nude mice. After 14 months of culture, chromosome rearrangement and losses, commonly seen in leukemic bone marrow, occurred. Close to 100% of the cells are Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen positive, but they lack Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) capsid antigen and EBV-induced early antigen. Nucleic acid hybridization tests indicated that there were no more than two EBV genome equivalents per cell. Tests with HD sera free of anti-EBV were negative. Electron microscope examination of the cells revealed the presence of intracellular as well as extracellular rare pleomorphic particles ranging from 400 to 1200 A. The nature of these particles, which increased in number after the cultures were treated with halogenated pyrimidines but not with dimethyl sulfoxide, remains questionable. The cultures derived from the mouse-passaged HD cells, however, had reverse transcriptase activity and readily identifiable type C particles which were probably of murine origin. These cultures have some unique features that make them useful in studying the perplexing pathological entity of HD.", "PMID": 78764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7087", "title": "Lactate--a suppressor of differentiation in embryonic cells.", "content": "All kinds of visible differentiation in cultured amphibian embryonic cells are suppressed in the presence of lactate. This effect differs in certain respects from that observed with actinomycin, but like the latter lactate inhibits RNA synthesis. In this communication we present some further observations on the effect of lactate.", "contents": "Lactate--a suppressor of differentiation in embryonic cells. All kinds of visible differentiation in cultured amphibian embryonic cells are suppressed in the presence of lactate. This effect differs in certain respects from that observed with actinomycin, but like the latter lactate inhibits RNA synthesis. In this communication we present some further observations on the effect of lactate.", "PMID": 78767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7088", "title": "The three type of human viral hepatitis.", "content": "Infections with hepatitis A and B viruses are common in all parts of the world and constitute a major public health problem. The identification of specific antigenic markers of these viruses has led to the development of sensitive laboratory tests. These, in turn, have resulted in a better understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunology, and the nature of these common infections. In the case of hepatitis type B, laboratory tests revealed a persistent carrier state of the surface antigen in some 120-175 million people and established the significance of hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of serious chronic liver disease, including a strong association with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in tropical and some subtropical regions. In addition, the specific diagnosis of hepatitis types A and B has revealed a previously unrecognized form of hepatitis which is clearly unrelated to either type. This new form of infection of the liver is now the most common type of hepatitis after the transfusion of blood and blood products in some areas of the world and it also appears to be an important cause of sporadic hepatitis, particularly among adults.", "contents": "The three type of human viral hepatitis. Infections with hepatitis A and B viruses are common in all parts of the world and constitute a major public health problem. The identification of specific antigenic markers of these viruses has led to the development of sensitive laboratory tests. These, in turn, have resulted in a better understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunology, and the nature of these common infections. In the case of hepatitis type B, laboratory tests revealed a persistent carrier state of the surface antigen in some 120-175 million people and established the significance of hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of serious chronic liver disease, including a strong association with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in tropical and some subtropical regions. In addition, the specific diagnosis of hepatitis types A and B has revealed a previously unrecognized form of hepatitis which is clearly unrelated to either type. This new form of infection of the liver is now the most common type of hepatitis after the transfusion of blood and blood products in some areas of the world and it also appears to be an important cause of sporadic hepatitis, particularly among adults.", "PMID": 78770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7089", "title": "Influenza surveillance.", "content": "THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE ARE: to measure the impact of the disease by collection and analysis of epidemiological information on morbidity and mortality, and to anticipate future epidemics and pandemics by the collection and analysis of influenza viruses. The World Health Organization's influenza programme is based on the collaboration of 98 national influenza centres in 70 countries and the 2 WHO Collaborating Centres in Atlanta and London.Epidemiological information may be based on morbidity figures derived from a variety of sources such as returns from physicians or hospitals; mortality statistics or new claims for sickness benefit; school or industrial absenteeism, etc.The laboratory aspects of influenza epidemiology are certainly more uniformly covered than the statistical aspects. Since the advent of the A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus A subtype there have been a number of variants with antigenic \"drift\" but only three succeeded in causing widespread epidemics: A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, and A/Victoria/3/75. In 1972, the influenza B virus also showed some antigenic \"drift\", the new variants being characterized by B/Hong Kong/5/72.Whenever a new variant appears, the degree of protection afforded to the population by the available vaccine is assessed. In the light of these data, WHO publishes annually in the Weekly epidemiological record recommendations formulated by the WHO Collaborating Centres on vaccine composition.", "contents": "Influenza surveillance. THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE ARE: to measure the impact of the disease by collection and analysis of epidemiological information on morbidity and mortality, and to anticipate future epidemics and pandemics by the collection and analysis of influenza viruses. The World Health Organization's influenza programme is based on the collaboration of 98 national influenza centres in 70 countries and the 2 WHO Collaborating Centres in Atlanta and London.Epidemiological information may be based on morbidity figures derived from a variety of sources such as returns from physicians or hospitals; mortality statistics or new claims for sickness benefit; school or industrial absenteeism, etc.The laboratory aspects of influenza epidemiology are certainly more uniformly covered than the statistical aspects. Since the advent of the A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus A subtype there have been a number of variants with antigenic \"drift\" but only three succeeded in causing widespread epidemics: A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, and A/Victoria/3/75. In 1972, the influenza B virus also showed some antigenic \"drift\", the new variants being characterized by B/Hong Kong/5/72.Whenever a new variant appears, the degree of protection afforded to the population by the available vaccine is assessed. In the light of these data, WHO publishes annually in the Weekly epidemiological record recommendations formulated by the WHO Collaborating Centres on vaccine composition.", "PMID": 78771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7090", "title": "[Evolution of anti-Rh antibodies idiotypy in a blood donor over 9 years].", "content": "Anti-idiotypic sera were obtained in Rabbits immunized with Rh antibodies (isolated from the serum sample collected in 1974 from a Blood Donor). The sera agglutinate, at high titers, red cells coated with the immunizing antibodies and, at different titers, cells coated with antibodies from serum samples taken at other periods. Inhibition of hemagglutination of anti-idiotypic sera by different samples from the same Donor was complete with the immunizing serum and partial with other samples. These results show that idiotypes or idiotypic specificities appeared or disappeared during the period studied and represent the first observation on evolution of antibody idiotypy in Man.", "contents": "[Evolution of anti-Rh antibodies idiotypy in a blood donor over 9 years]. Anti-idiotypic sera were obtained in Rabbits immunized with Rh antibodies (isolated from the serum sample collected in 1974 from a Blood Donor). The sera agglutinate, at high titers, red cells coated with the immunizing antibodies and, at different titers, cells coated with antibodies from serum samples taken at other periods. Inhibition of hemagglutination of anti-idiotypic sera by different samples from the same Donor was complete with the immunizing serum and partial with other samples. These results show that idiotypes or idiotypic specificities appeared or disappeared during the period studied and represent the first observation on evolution of antibody idiotypy in Man.", "PMID": 78772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7091", "title": "[Model of the interaction between trypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin of porcine serum].", "content": "A comparative study of the dissociation into subunits of Porcine alpha2 M, either native or bound to trypsin (Tn), has been carried out in order to determine the modifications of the alpha2 M structure due to the formation of the Tn-alpha2 M complex. Analytical ultra-centrifugation at pH 3.5 shows that the dissociation is smaller when alpha 2 M is bound to trypsin. Electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gels, in presence of 0.1% SDS, of alpha2 M and Tn-alpha2 M incubated in 1% SDS leads to the same conclusion; the enzyme must stabilize the quaternay structure of alpha2 M. In presence of SDS + beta-mercaptoethanol, only a molecular weight (M.W.) 200,000 band is revealed in electrophoresis pattern of native alpha2 M. In the case of reduced Tn-alpha2 M, some other bands of M.W. 100,000, 50,000, 30,000 appear. When trypsin is inactivated by TLCK 100,000 M.W. band is present, accompanied by the 200,000 M.W. band whose intensity is function of the alpha2 M concentration. The 100,000 M.W. band appears therefore characteristic of the formation of the complex which must imply a proteolytic cleavage in the middle of the 100,000 polypeptidic chain of alpha2 M. A model of the complex is proposed in which the enzyme forms a proteic bridge between the two halves of the alpha2 M molecule.", "contents": "[Model of the interaction between trypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin of porcine serum]. A comparative study of the dissociation into subunits of Porcine alpha2 M, either native or bound to trypsin (Tn), has been carried out in order to determine the modifications of the alpha2 M structure due to the formation of the Tn-alpha2 M complex. Analytical ultra-centrifugation at pH 3.5 shows that the dissociation is smaller when alpha 2 M is bound to trypsin. Electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gels, in presence of 0.1% SDS, of alpha2 M and Tn-alpha2 M incubated in 1% SDS leads to the same conclusion; the enzyme must stabilize the quaternay structure of alpha2 M. In presence of SDS + beta-mercaptoethanol, only a molecular weight (M.W.) 200,000 band is revealed in electrophoresis pattern of native alpha2 M. In the case of reduced Tn-alpha2 M, some other bands of M.W. 100,000, 50,000, 30,000 appear. When trypsin is inactivated by TLCK 100,000 M.W. band is present, accompanied by the 200,000 M.W. band whose intensity is function of the alpha2 M concentration. The 100,000 M.W. band appears therefore characteristic of the formation of the complex which must imply a proteolytic cleavage in the middle of the 100,000 polypeptidic chain of alpha2 M. A model of the complex is proposed in which the enzyme forms a proteic bridge between the two halves of the alpha2 M molecule.", "PMID": 78773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7092", "title": "[Histofluorescence of catecholamines and visualization of retrograde transported peroxidase in the same tissue section and in the same neuron].", "content": "The demonstration of fluorescent catecholamines and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the same neuron has been achieved in the Rat in two ways: by submitting vibratome sections to a modified glyoxylic acid fluorescence method followed by the usual procedure to reveal HRP; or by combining the last procedure with the cryostat technique of Chiba et coll. After HRP injection into the striatum or the nucleus accumbens of the Rat, non-fluorescent HRP labelled neurons were observed in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area respectively, in addition to the HRP labelled fluorescent dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "[Histofluorescence of catecholamines and visualization of retrograde transported peroxidase in the same tissue section and in the same neuron]. The demonstration of fluorescent catecholamines and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the same neuron has been achieved in the Rat in two ways: by submitting vibratome sections to a modified glyoxylic acid fluorescence method followed by the usual procedure to reveal HRP; or by combining the last procedure with the cryostat technique of Chiba et coll. After HRP injection into the striatum or the nucleus accumbens of the Rat, non-fluorescent HRP labelled neurons were observed in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area respectively, in addition to the HRP labelled fluorescent dopaminergic neurons.", "PMID": 78774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7093", "title": "[Progressive antithrombin activity in rabbit plasma. Role of alpha macroglobulins].", "content": "Immunological methods associated with a kinetic study of blood coagulation allowed us to show the influence of the 2 rabbit alpha macroglobulins on the plasma progressive antithrombin activity. This study allowed the authors to discuss the participation of the alpha macroglobulins during the fibrinoformation and to think that these proteins have an immediate antithrombin activity.", "contents": "[Progressive antithrombin activity in rabbit plasma. Role of alpha macroglobulins]. Immunological methods associated with a kinetic study of blood coagulation allowed us to show the influence of the 2 rabbit alpha macroglobulins on the plasma progressive antithrombin activity. This study allowed the authors to discuss the participation of the alpha macroglobulins during the fibrinoformation and to think that these proteins have an immediate antithrombin activity.", "PMID": 78775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7094", "title": "[Detection of antigenic determinants of membranes using an insoluble peanut lectin].", "content": "The binding of lectins on insoluble supports may be used to detect the interactions occurring between these molecules and the sites of some receptors of membranes. An example is given, using the \"anti-T\" lectin extracted from peanut, to show the presence of determinants with terminal free glactose on the surface of erythrocytes and lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Detection of antigenic determinants of membranes using an insoluble peanut lectin]. The binding of lectins on insoluble supports may be used to detect the interactions occurring between these molecules and the sites of some receptors of membranes. An example is given, using the \"anti-T\" lectin extracted from peanut, to show the presence of determinants with terminal free glactose on the surface of erythrocytes and lymphocytes.", "PMID": 78776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7095", "title": "Gallium and bleomycin scans in the clinical staging of testis tumor.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with testicular tumors had gallium scans prior to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Eleven of 14 patients found to have nodal involvement had positive scans, and 2 of 7 patients with negative nodes had false positive scans. Bleomycin scans were positive in 4 of 5 patients with nodal metastases. While these scans provide a simple, non-invasive and occasionally useful technique for the clinical staging of testis neoplasms, they do not, in our experience, significantly supplement other staging procedures.", "contents": "Gallium and bleomycin scans in the clinical staging of testis tumor. Twenty-one patients with testicular tumors had gallium scans prior to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Eleven of 14 patients found to have nodal involvement had positive scans, and 2 of 7 patients with negative nodes had false positive scans. Bleomycin scans were positive in 4 of 5 patients with nodal metastases. While these scans provide a simple, non-invasive and occasionally useful technique for the clinical staging of testis neoplasms, they do not, in our experience, significantly supplement other staging procedures.", "PMID": 78777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7096", "title": "In vitro histamine and serotonin release by radiographic contrast media (RCM). Complement-dependent and -independent release reaction and changes in ultrastructure of human blood cells.", "content": "Peripheral leucocytes and platelets from twenty healthy volunteers were incubated in vitro with radiographic contrast media (diatrizoate-Hypaque, iothalamate-Conray and iodipamide-Cholografin) under varying conditions. All radiographic contrast media (RCM) were able to induce histamine release from peripheral leucocytes and the release reaction was dose-dependent. There were individual differences in the sensitivity of leucocytes to different RCM. The highest values (up to 80% histamine release) were found with high concentrations (0.07-0.3 M) of diatrizoate. The addition of normal human serum (NHS) to the reaction mixture led to a further increase in histamine release (P is less than 0.01), probably due to complement activation. The mechanism seems to be mediated by proteins of the alternative pathway, because serum depleted of complement components (factor B, factor D, properdin) did not show this synergistic effect. IgG-depleted serum, however, was able to show the augmented release reaction. Washed platelets incubated with RCM released serotonin in a dose- and time-dependent reaction. The most powerful serotonin-releasing RCM was found to be iodipamide, which produced a release reaction in all people investigated at concentrations of 0.04-0.09 M, while diatrizoate and iothalamate were effective only in half of the tested individuals at high concentrations (0.3 and 0.2 M respectively). The addition of plasma proteins to the reaction mixture inhibited the serotonin release quantitatively. There was no difference in inhibitory potency between autologous and heterologous plasma or serum; sera depleted of various complement components showed similar effects as NHS. The serotonin release was not due to platelet lysis, as determined by the concentration of lactic dehydrogenase present in the supernatant during serotonin release. Incubation of the leucocytes with RCM produced ultrastructural changes, including degranulation of basophils, aggregation of platelets and infiltration of the aggregates by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The most prominent changes were observed when complement was present in the reaction mixture.", "contents": "In vitro histamine and serotonin release by radiographic contrast media (RCM). Complement-dependent and -independent release reaction and changes in ultrastructure of human blood cells. Peripheral leucocytes and platelets from twenty healthy volunteers were incubated in vitro with radiographic contrast media (diatrizoate-Hypaque, iothalamate-Conray and iodipamide-Cholografin) under varying conditions. All radiographic contrast media (RCM) were able to induce histamine release from peripheral leucocytes and the release reaction was dose-dependent. There were individual differences in the sensitivity of leucocytes to different RCM. The highest values (up to 80% histamine release) were found with high concentrations (0.07-0.3 M) of diatrizoate. The addition of normal human serum (NHS) to the reaction mixture led to a further increase in histamine release (P is less than 0.01), probably due to complement activation. The mechanism seems to be mediated by proteins of the alternative pathway, because serum depleted of complement components (factor B, factor D, properdin) did not show this synergistic effect. IgG-depleted serum, however, was able to show the augmented release reaction. Washed platelets incubated with RCM released serotonin in a dose- and time-dependent reaction. The most powerful serotonin-releasing RCM was found to be iodipamide, which produced a release reaction in all people investigated at concentrations of 0.04-0.09 M, while diatrizoate and iothalamate were effective only in half of the tested individuals at high concentrations (0.3 and 0.2 M respectively). The addition of plasma proteins to the reaction mixture inhibited the serotonin release quantitatively. There was no difference in inhibitory potency between autologous and heterologous plasma or serum; sera depleted of various complement components showed similar effects as NHS. The serotonin release was not due to platelet lysis, as determined by the concentration of lactic dehydrogenase present in the supernatant during serotonin release. Incubation of the leucocytes with RCM produced ultrastructural changes, including degranulation of basophils, aggregation of platelets and infiltration of the aggregates by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The most prominent changes were observed when complement was present in the reaction mixture.", "PMID": 78780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7097", "title": "Receptors for fluoresceinated human thyroglobulin in peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Fluoresceinated human native and desialylated thyroglobulin were incubated with peripheral blood lymphocytes. 1% of the lymphocytes, in twenty samples from normal human blood donors, showed a bright granular fluorescence where neither the number nor pattern of fluorescence differed from lymphocytes from the blood of thyroiditis patients. Fluoresceinated albumin and gamma-globulin did not bind to the lymphocytes, and a 500-fold excess of native non-fluoresceinated thyroglobulin inhibited the binding and pre-incubation with anti-IgM serum abolished it. Binding with desialylated thyroglobulin was negligible, and the pattern of fluorescence was pale and uniform. Analysis by sucrose gradient centrifugation and double diffusion in agar gel showed that fluorescein dissociates thyroglobulin into 12S fragments and reduces its immunoreaction with autoantibodies. It can therefore be concluded that the 12S molecule produced by fluoresceination maintains its determinants for lymphocyte receptors, whereas further dissociation, as in desialylated fluoresceinated thyroglobulin, leads to a marked reduction in the binding with lymphocytes.", "contents": "Receptors for fluoresceinated human thyroglobulin in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Fluoresceinated human native and desialylated thyroglobulin were incubated with peripheral blood lymphocytes. 1% of the lymphocytes, in twenty samples from normal human blood donors, showed a bright granular fluorescence where neither the number nor pattern of fluorescence differed from lymphocytes from the blood of thyroiditis patients. Fluoresceinated albumin and gamma-globulin did not bind to the lymphocytes, and a 500-fold excess of native non-fluoresceinated thyroglobulin inhibited the binding and pre-incubation with anti-IgM serum abolished it. Binding with desialylated thyroglobulin was negligible, and the pattern of fluorescence was pale and uniform. Analysis by sucrose gradient centrifugation and double diffusion in agar gel showed that fluorescein dissociates thyroglobulin into 12S fragments and reduces its immunoreaction with autoantibodies. It can therefore be concluded that the 12S molecule produced by fluoresceination maintains its determinants for lymphocyte receptors, whereas further dissociation, as in desialylated fluoresceinated thyroglobulin, leads to a marked reduction in the binding with lymphocytes.", "PMID": 78781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7098", "title": "Corticosteroid treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas: how effective? A report on 24 children.", "content": "Twenty-four children with cutaneous hemangiomas were treated with corticosteroids. The indications for therapy included interference with important bodily functions by the hemangioma, thrombocytopenia related to the hemangioma, or serious cosmetic effects secondary to the hemangiomas. Five children had no improvement, twelve had possible improvement, five had probable improvement and two had definite improvement while on corticosteroids. One child had growth retardation as a complication of corticosteroids; this was reversed when the medication wa dicsontinued.", "contents": "Corticosteroid treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas: how effective? A report on 24 children. Twenty-four children with cutaneous hemangiomas were treated with corticosteroids. The indications for therapy included interference with important bodily functions by the hemangioma, thrombocytopenia related to the hemangioma, or serious cosmetic effects secondary to the hemangiomas. Five children had no improvement, twelve had possible improvement, five had probable improvement and two had definite improvement while on corticosteroids. One child had growth retardation as a complication of corticosteroids; this was reversed when the medication wa dicsontinued.", "PMID": 78785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7099", "title": "The effect of various drugs on adenosine triphosphate content and histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells.", "content": "1. Iopanoic acid and iophenoxic acid were potent inhibitors of compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells and caused a parallel dose-related reduction in ATP content of these cells. 2. Lignocaine was less potent and ouabain and probenecid were ineffective in inhibiting histamine release and reducing cellular ATP content. 3. Various drugs can inhibit 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cells and this activity may result from depletion of cellular ATP. It is apparent that little structural specificity is required for activity in this cell system.", "contents": "The effect of various drugs on adenosine triphosphate content and histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells. 1. Iopanoic acid and iophenoxic acid were potent inhibitors of compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cell suspensions rich in mast cells and caused a parallel dose-related reduction in ATP content of these cells. 2. Lignocaine was less potent and ouabain and probenecid were ineffective in inhibiting histamine release and reducing cellular ATP content. 3. Various drugs can inhibit 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal cells and this activity may result from depletion of cellular ATP. It is apparent that little structural specificity is required for activity in this cell system.", "PMID": 78782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7100", "title": "[Open prostatic surgery in patients over 80 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact that a patient needing prostatic surgery is over 80 years old need no longer be a reason why open surgery should not be considered in the treatment programme of the general practitioner or internal physician. Out of 45 men aged between 80 and 92 only two died as a result of surgery. Life expectancy is not reduced by the operation.", "contents": "[Open prostatic surgery in patients over 80 years (author's transl)]. The fact that a patient needing prostatic surgery is over 80 years old need no longer be a reason why open surgery should not be considered in the treatment programme of the general practitioner or internal physician. Out of 45 men aged between 80 and 92 only two died as a result of surgery. Life expectancy is not reduced by the operation.", "PMID": 78792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7101", "title": "[Indications and risks of anti-arrhythmia treatment with propafenone (author's transl)].", "content": "Propafenone, a new anti-arrhythmia drug, was given at an average dose of 70-140 mg (1-2 mg/kg body-weight) to 124 patients with various types of cardiac arrhythmias. It proved successful in patients with ectopic beats and tachycardias of atrial or ventricular origin. Ectopic beats were suppressed in 40 of 81 patients, while sinus rhythm was restored in 15 of 19 patients with paroxysmal tachycardias. On the other hand, sinus rhythm was restored in only 5 of 22 patients with atrial tachy-arrhythmias, while in most of the others in this group the heart rate decreased markedly during propafenone injection. The effect of propafenone was on atrial and ventricular myocardium and on the conduction system, lowering the discharge rate of sinus node and ectopic pacemakers. ECG signs of pre-excitation disappeared in 4 of 9 patients with WPW syndrome given the drug. Propafenone may prolong atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction, as well as cause a transitory decrease in cardiac function and a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure. It should, therefore, not be given to patients in severe heart failure, hypotension or shock, or with high-degree atrioventricular, intraventricular or sinoatrial block.", "contents": "[Indications and risks of anti-arrhythmia treatment with propafenone (author's transl)]. Propafenone, a new anti-arrhythmia drug, was given at an average dose of 70-140 mg (1-2 mg/kg body-weight) to 124 patients with various types of cardiac arrhythmias. It proved successful in patients with ectopic beats and tachycardias of atrial or ventricular origin. Ectopic beats were suppressed in 40 of 81 patients, while sinus rhythm was restored in 15 of 19 patients with paroxysmal tachycardias. On the other hand, sinus rhythm was restored in only 5 of 22 patients with atrial tachy-arrhythmias, while in most of the others in this group the heart rate decreased markedly during propafenone injection. The effect of propafenone was on atrial and ventricular myocardium and on the conduction system, lowering the discharge rate of sinus node and ectopic pacemakers. ECG signs of pre-excitation disappeared in 4 of 9 patients with WPW syndrome given the drug. Propafenone may prolong atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction, as well as cause a transitory decrease in cardiac function and a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure. It should, therefore, not be given to patients in severe heart failure, hypotension or shock, or with high-degree atrioventricular, intraventricular or sinoatrial block.", "PMID": 78793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7102", "title": "[Micro-electrophoresis of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "100 divided samples of cerebrospinal fluid were examined by micro-electrophoresis and conventional paper-electrophoresis. Results of the two tests agreed well for gamma-globulin, albumin, alpha1 and beta fractions, but poorly (because of methodological differences) for pre-albumin, alpha2 and tau fractions.", "contents": "[Micro-electrophoresis of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. 100 divided samples of cerebrospinal fluid were examined by micro-electrophoresis and conventional paper-electrophoresis. Results of the two tests agreed well for gamma-globulin, albumin, alpha1 and beta fractions, but poorly (because of methodological differences) for pre-albumin, alpha2 and tau fractions.", "PMID": 78794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7103", "title": "Comparison of the human evoked electrospinogram recorded from the intrathecal, epidural and cutaneous levels.", "content": "In 30 patients (17 of whom had a clinically normal spinal cord) spinal cord potentials evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation were studied with computer averaging techniques in order to compare the intrathecal, epidural and skin records. In epidural and skin records, segmental spinal cord potentials either recorded from lower cervical or lower thoracic intervertebral levels often had similar shapes and latencies, especially with regard to the first component of the intrathecally recorded responses. The second slow component became less significant and was even absent in some cases. The amplitude of the first component was on average 33% of that recorded intrathecally when recorded epidurally and only 10% when recorded from the skin. In three cases potentials of very prolonged onset latency were recorded epidurally or cutaneously while in the same cases intrathecal records resulted in potentials with normal latencies. Cervical tract responses at the C6--7 intervertebral level after stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve were studied by the 3 recording methods. Epidural and skin records failed to reveal such a response regularly, while intrathecal recording invariably provided the cervical tract response. The 3 recording methods were discussed with respect to clinical applications and research. It can be stated with some reservation that epidural and skin surface recording techniques could be exploited it one could know the time of arrival segmental afferent inputs at the spinal cord.", "contents": "Comparison of the human evoked electrospinogram recorded from the intrathecal, epidural and cutaneous levels. In 30 patients (17 of whom had a clinically normal spinal cord) spinal cord potentials evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation were studied with computer averaging techniques in order to compare the intrathecal, epidural and skin records. In epidural and skin records, segmental spinal cord potentials either recorded from lower cervical or lower thoracic intervertebral levels often had similar shapes and latencies, especially with regard to the first component of the intrathecally recorded responses. The second slow component became less significant and was even absent in some cases. The amplitude of the first component was on average 33% of that recorded intrathecally when recorded epidurally and only 10% when recorded from the skin. In three cases potentials of very prolonged onset latency were recorded epidurally or cutaneously while in the same cases intrathecal records resulted in potentials with normal latencies. Cervical tract responses at the C6--7 intervertebral level after stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve were studied by the 3 recording methods. Epidural and skin records failed to reveal such a response regularly, while intrathecal recording invariably provided the cervical tract response. The 3 recording methods were discussed with respect to clinical applications and research. It can be stated with some reservation that epidural and skin surface recording techniques could be exploited it one could know the time of arrival segmental afferent inputs at the spinal cord.", "PMID": 78796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7104", "title": "EEG studies on patients with chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis before and after psychosurgery (stereotaxic bilateral anterior capsulotomy).", "content": "In 35 patients with chronic severe obsessive-compulsive neurosis the EEG was studied before, shortly after (10 days) and 1--2 years after a psychosurgical intervention (stereotaxic bilateral anterior capsulotomy). The preoperative EEG was completely normal or borderline in most of the patients (94%). After surgery EEG changes appeared in 90% of the patients. In most of them (75%) these consisted in bilaterally synchronous bursts of rhythmic slow waves with a maximum in the frontal regions. No consistent change of the alpha activity could be found. At the follow-up examinations most of the EEGs (79%) showed the same pattern as at the preoperative control. No focal or epileptiform abnormalities were observed, either at the immediate postoperative or at the follow-up examination.", "contents": "EEG studies on patients with chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis before and after psychosurgery (stereotaxic bilateral anterior capsulotomy). In 35 patients with chronic severe obsessive-compulsive neurosis the EEG was studied before, shortly after (10 days) and 1--2 years after a psychosurgical intervention (stereotaxic bilateral anterior capsulotomy). The preoperative EEG was completely normal or borderline in most of the patients (94%). After surgery EEG changes appeared in 90% of the patients. In most of them (75%) these consisted in bilaterally synchronous bursts of rhythmic slow waves with a maximum in the frontal regions. No consistent change of the alpha activity could be found. At the follow-up examinations most of the EEGs (79%) showed the same pattern as at the preoperative control. No focal or epileptiform abnormalities were observed, either at the immediate postoperative or at the follow-up examination.", "PMID": 78797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7105", "title": "Sleep respiratory arrhythmias in control subjects, narcoleptics and non-cataplectic hypersomniacs.", "content": "Normal subjects may present central-type apneas or periodic respiration during sleep (stages I and II and paradoxical sleep). The importance of these respiratory disorders increases with age. Hypersomniac patients can manifest either similar or more significant sleep respiratory disorders than normal subjects. The presence of cataplexy or obesity does not permit the prediction of the existence of respiratory arrhythmias or of their type. Sleep respiratory arrhythmias of central type are not likely to cause hypersomnia; however, an aggravating role may be played by obstructive apneas.", "contents": "Sleep respiratory arrhythmias in control subjects, narcoleptics and non-cataplectic hypersomniacs. Normal subjects may present central-type apneas or periodic respiration during sleep (stages I and II and paradoxical sleep). The importance of these respiratory disorders increases with age. Hypersomniac patients can manifest either similar or more significant sleep respiratory disorders than normal subjects. The presence of cataplexy or obesity does not permit the prediction of the existence of respiratory arrhythmias or of their type. Sleep respiratory arrhythmias of central type are not likely to cause hypersomnia; however, an aggravating role may be played by obstructive apneas.", "PMID": 78798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7106", "title": "Preparation for movement in the cat. I. Unit activity in the cerebral cortex.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded from the 'motor' cortex of cats during performance of a forelimb flexion movement. Two classes of cortical neurons were defined with respect to the onset of electrographic activity associated with this movement. 'Early' unit, first showing changes in firing rates more than 0.5 sec prior to the movement, were found almost exclusively in the medial precruciate cortex. The lateral cortex appears to be made up almost uniformly of 'late' unit, that is, neurons whose activities are more closely related with the actual movement. The medial cortex, on the other hand, contains both 'early' and 'late' units and thus may have the additional function of participating in the neural system which is the substrate for response set.", "contents": "Preparation for movement in the cat. I. Unit activity in the cerebral cortex. Single unit activity was recorded from the 'motor' cortex of cats during performance of a forelimb flexion movement. Two classes of cortical neurons were defined with respect to the onset of electrographic activity associated with this movement. 'Early' unit, first showing changes in firing rates more than 0.5 sec prior to the movement, were found almost exclusively in the medial precruciate cortex. The lateral cortex appears to be made up almost uniformly of 'late' unit, that is, neurons whose activities are more closely related with the actual movement. The medial cortex, on the other hand, contains both 'early' and 'late' units and thus may have the additional function of participating in the neural system which is the substrate for response set.", "PMID": 78799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7107", "title": "Preparation for movement in the cat. II. Unit activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus.", "content": "Of the movement-related units in the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus 30--40% show early (more than 500 msec) onsets of their movement-related activity preceding self-initiated 'elbow'-flexing movements in cats. The medial pericruciate motor cortex and the VL-VA thalamic nuclei display similar distributions of onset times, in contrast to the lateral cruciate cortex where 97% of neurons change their activity much later. The possible significance of the early activity is discussed in relation to the notion of 'response set'. It is suggested that these data support the concept that the basal ganglia participate in the enabling and sequencing of movements rather than in directly causing them to occur.", "contents": "Preparation for movement in the cat. II. Unit activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Of the movement-related units in the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus 30--40% show early (more than 500 msec) onsets of their movement-related activity preceding self-initiated 'elbow'-flexing movements in cats. The medial pericruciate motor cortex and the VL-VA thalamic nuclei display similar distributions of onset times, in contrast to the lateral cruciate cortex where 97% of neurons change their activity much later. The possible significance of the early activity is discussed in relation to the notion of 'response set'. It is suggested that these data support the concept that the basal ganglia participate in the enabling and sequencing of movements rather than in directly causing them to occur.", "PMID": 78800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7108", "title": "Differential hemispheric activation during complex visuomotor performance.", "content": "Bilateral EEGs were recorded from central, temporal and parietal scalp locations from seven male and seven female human subjects (Ss) while they were engaged in verbal and non-verbal tasks. Alpha power was higher in the right hemisphere when Ss listened to verbal material being read to them; the reverse was true when Ss performed in an imaginative block rotation task. Compared with intergame rest periods, alpha power was suppressed in the right hemisphere when Ss either watched or played Pong (TV tennis). Watching Pong was as effective in producing in producing alpha asymmetry as playing the game in the parietal region, but motor involvement enhanced asymmetry at central and temporal leads. Performance was non-linearly related to asymmetry, first increasing and then decreasing as asymmetry increased.", "contents": "Differential hemispheric activation during complex visuomotor performance. Bilateral EEGs were recorded from central, temporal and parietal scalp locations from seven male and seven female human subjects (Ss) while they were engaged in verbal and non-verbal tasks. Alpha power was higher in the right hemisphere when Ss listened to verbal material being read to them; the reverse was true when Ss performed in an imaginative block rotation task. Compared with intergame rest periods, alpha power was suppressed in the right hemisphere when Ss either watched or played Pong (TV tennis). Watching Pong was as effective in producing in producing alpha asymmetry as playing the game in the parietal region, but motor involvement enhanced asymmetry at central and temporal leads. Performance was non-linearly related to asymmetry, first increasing and then decreasing as asymmetry increased.", "PMID": 78801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7109", "title": "A spectral method for removing eye movement artifacts from the EEG.", "content": "A frequency-domain technique for compensating for eye artifacts in mid-line scalp EEG when power spectra are to be calculated is reported. It has been tested in 12 subjects during voluntary and random eye movements. The method which involves calculating the ratio of EEG and EOG spectra adequately controls for low-frequency components in the EEG due to eye artifacts and allows recovery of the dominant peaks in the scalp EEG spectrum.", "contents": "A spectral method for removing eye movement artifacts from the EEG. A frequency-domain technique for compensating for eye artifacts in mid-line scalp EEG when power spectra are to be calculated is reported. It has been tested in 12 subjects during voluntary and random eye movements. The method which involves calculating the ratio of EEG and EOG spectra adequately controls for low-frequency components in the EEG due to eye artifacts and allows recovery of the dominant peaks in the scalp EEG spectrum.", "PMID": 78802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7110", "title": "Electrophysiological localization of central somatosensory lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and selected indices of peripheral nerve function were compared in 30 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 15 normal controls. A high incidence of delayed SEP onset was observed in the MS patients, correlating with sensory loss--particularly of joint position and vibration sense. Using a method for deriving an indirect estimate of spinal cord conduction velocity, the longitudinal level of the sensory disturbance could in many cases be localized either to the spinal or to the supraspinal segment (or both) of the somatosensory pathway. Abnormally low spinal conduction velocity correlated with clinical judgements of spinal cord malfunction, but abnormalities were encountered also in some cases with no clinical evidence of myelopathy. Electrophysiological studies can contribute to the assessment of patients with suspected MS by demonstrating conduction abnormalities in specific segments of the somatosensory pathway.", "contents": "Electrophysiological localization of central somatosensory lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and selected indices of peripheral nerve function were compared in 30 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 15 normal controls. A high incidence of delayed SEP onset was observed in the MS patients, correlating with sensory loss--particularly of joint position and vibration sense. Using a method for deriving an indirect estimate of spinal cord conduction velocity, the longitudinal level of the sensory disturbance could in many cases be localized either to the spinal or to the supraspinal segment (or both) of the somatosensory pathway. Abnormally low spinal conduction velocity correlated with clinical judgements of spinal cord malfunction, but abnormalities were encountered also in some cases with no clinical evidence of myelopathy. Electrophysiological studies can contribute to the assessment of patients with suspected MS by demonstrating conduction abnormalities in specific segments of the somatosensory pathway.", "PMID": 78803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7111", "title": "[Effects of optic nerve section in baboons on the geniculate and cortical spike activity during various states of vigilance].", "content": "Eye movement potentials during wakefulness (EMPs) and so-called spike (PGO) activities were studied in 4 adult baboons before and after optic nerve (ON) section. The latter was performed either in two stages at a 23-day interval or simultaneously. During wakefulness in the intact animal, triphasic EMPs were observed in darkness with smaller amplitude and longer duration than in the light. After section of one ON, the 3 EMP components persisted, but with a smaller amplitude of the first wave. After section of the second ON morphological changes appeared: the amplitude and duration of the potentials were intermediate between those noted in darkness and light but with an intermingled sharp spike. Geniculate EMPs reappeared 11 days after simultaneous ON section, with the same evolution as previously described. During slow wave and REM sleep, intact animals presented lateral geniculate (LG) monophasic and biphasic spikes, called spikes I and II. At the cortex, they occurred either generalized or limited to one area (anterior or posterior) and were called pontogeniculocortical spikes (PGC). After section of one ON, the pattern of occurrence of phasic activities remained identical in LG. Sharp spikes (spike III) appeared; then their occurrence increased. At the end of the second month after the second section, only spikes II and III remained, spike I disappearing, while PGC amplitude diminished. When both ONs were cut simultaneously, spike III was observed from the first day and PGC activity tended to disappear partially for 11 days. Their later evolution was similar to that noted previously. However, changes were seen earlier (the highest rate of spike III occurring at day 35). In both cases, PGC spikes at the cortex increased in amplitude and frequency of occurrence.", "contents": "[Effects of optic nerve section in baboons on the geniculate and cortical spike activity during various states of vigilance]. Eye movement potentials during wakefulness (EMPs) and so-called spike (PGO) activities were studied in 4 adult baboons before and after optic nerve (ON) section. The latter was performed either in two stages at a 23-day interval or simultaneously. During wakefulness in the intact animal, triphasic EMPs were observed in darkness with smaller amplitude and longer duration than in the light. After section of one ON, the 3 EMP components persisted, but with a smaller amplitude of the first wave. After section of the second ON morphological changes appeared: the amplitude and duration of the potentials were intermediate between those noted in darkness and light but with an intermingled sharp spike. Geniculate EMPs reappeared 11 days after simultaneous ON section, with the same evolution as previously described. During slow wave and REM sleep, intact animals presented lateral geniculate (LG) monophasic and biphasic spikes, called spikes I and II. At the cortex, they occurred either generalized or limited to one area (anterior or posterior) and were called pontogeniculocortical spikes (PGC). After section of one ON, the pattern of occurrence of phasic activities remained identical in LG. Sharp spikes (spike III) appeared; then their occurrence increased. At the end of the second month after the second section, only spikes II and III remained, spike I disappearing, while PGC amplitude diminished. When both ONs were cut simultaneously, spike III was observed from the first day and PGC activity tended to disappear partially for 11 days. Their later evolution was similar to that noted previously. However, changes were seen earlier (the highest rate of spike III occurring at day 35). In both cases, PGC spikes at the cortex increased in amplitude and frequency of occurrence.", "PMID": 78804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7112", "title": "[Effects of optic nerve section in baboons on the EEG activity and sleep-waking cycles].", "content": "EEG rhythms recorded during the various states of alertness and sleep--waking cycles were studied in 4 baboons before and after optic nerve section. Visual deafferentation induced a general increase in amplitude of all the cortical rhythms, with general accentuation of pre-existing activities such as occipital eye movement potentials (EMPs), the fronto-rolandic rhythm and the alpha rhythm, spindles, REM ponto-geniculo-cortical (PGC) spikes; an increase in amplitude of the geniculate rhythmic activity, its frequency and occurrence was also noticed. When the blind baboons were placed in a monotonous environment, sleep--waking cycles occurred at any time of the 24 h. Total sleep time and total REM duration were not changed; however, deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) duration decreased (by around 50%) whereas stages 1 and 2 increased. The light factor thus plays a role in the sleep--waking cycle organization. However, its influence does to seem to be essential since its loss can be compensated by auditory stimulation. Finally, light possibly influences the systems involved in slow wave sleep regulation.", "contents": "[Effects of optic nerve section in baboons on the EEG activity and sleep-waking cycles]. EEG rhythms recorded during the various states of alertness and sleep--waking cycles were studied in 4 baboons before and after optic nerve section. Visual deafferentation induced a general increase in amplitude of all the cortical rhythms, with general accentuation of pre-existing activities such as occipital eye movement potentials (EMPs), the fronto-rolandic rhythm and the alpha rhythm, spindles, REM ponto-geniculo-cortical (PGC) spikes; an increase in amplitude of the geniculate rhythmic activity, its frequency and occurrence was also noticed. When the blind baboons were placed in a monotonous environment, sleep--waking cycles occurred at any time of the 24 h. Total sleep time and total REM duration were not changed; however, deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) duration decreased (by around 50%) whereas stages 1 and 2 increased. The light factor thus plays a role in the sleep--waking cycle organization. However, its influence does to seem to be essential since its loss can be compensated by auditory stimulation. Finally, light possibly influences the systems involved in slow wave sleep regulation.", "PMID": 78805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7113", "title": "Human hippocampal formation EEG desynchronizes during attentiveness and movement.", "content": "The relation of the hippocampal EEG to behavior and to the neocortical EEG is being studied in psychomotor epileptics. Hippocampal recordings displaying only rare epileptiform spikes and slow waves are found to follow grossly the simultaneously recorded neocortical EEG, becoming desynchronized during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS), and displaying large irregular slow waves during slow-wave sleep. In the one patient reported in this clinical note, strong rhythmic 5--6 c/sec waves dominated the neocortical and hippocampal EEG during quiet wakefulness. These slow waves were replaced by desynchronized activity during PS and during difficult tasks, suggesting a further desynchronizing influence. The findings in all patients suggest that the rhythmic slow activity ('theta') found in rats and cats during specific behaviors is not observed in the human hippocampal formation during the homologous behaviors.", "contents": "Human hippocampal formation EEG desynchronizes during attentiveness and movement. The relation of the hippocampal EEG to behavior and to the neocortical EEG is being studied in psychomotor epileptics. Hippocampal recordings displaying only rare epileptiform spikes and slow waves are found to follow grossly the simultaneously recorded neocortical EEG, becoming desynchronized during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep (PS), and displaying large irregular slow waves during slow-wave sleep. In the one patient reported in this clinical note, strong rhythmic 5--6 c/sec waves dominated the neocortical and hippocampal EEG during quiet wakefulness. These slow waves were replaced by desynchronized activity during PS and during difficult tasks, suggesting a further desynchronizing influence. The findings in all patients suggest that the rhythmic slow activity ('theta') found in rats and cats during specific behaviors is not observed in the human hippocampal formation during the homologous behaviors.", "PMID": 78806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7114", "title": "Occipital spikes and eye movement activity during paradoxical sleep in visually defective children.", "content": "In visually defective children occipital spikes were analysed in periods with and without eye movements during paradoxical sleep. A decrease was shown in correspondence with eye movements, mainly when the spike rate was low.", "contents": "Occipital spikes and eye movement activity during paradoxical sleep in visually defective children. In visually defective children occipital spikes were analysed in periods with and without eye movements during paradoxical sleep. A decrease was shown in correspondence with eye movements, mainly when the spike rate was low.", "PMID": 78807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7115", "title": "VEP latency and RT as power functions of luminance in the peripheral visual field.", "content": "Behavioral correlates of P1 latency of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were investigated using visual reaction time (RT) as a measure at the fovea, 20 degrees and 40 degrees nasal retinal eccentricities along the horizontal meridian of the right eye. Three luminances of the target in steps of 1 log units were used: 26, 260 and 2600 cd/m2. As luminance increased VEP latency and RT decreased. Further, as eccentricity increased VEP latency and RT increased. The highest product-moment coefficient of correlation (r = 0.998) was found between RT and P1 latency in the fovea, whereas the coefficient of correlation was found to be slightly small in the peripheral loci. The data (both VEPs and RTs) were fitted by the power function of the form: T = kLB + T0 where T, k, L T0 and B indicate VEP latency (or RT, scaling constant, luminance, asymptotic latency and exponent of the power function, respectively. This shows how the VEP latency and the RT can be related to luminance with exponent B. It was found that psychophysical power law governs VEP latency as well as RT with an exponent of about -0.32. It was suggested that both RT AND P1 latencies of VEP originate in the similar nonlinear visual system.", "contents": "VEP latency and RT as power functions of luminance in the peripheral visual field. Behavioral correlates of P1 latency of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were investigated using visual reaction time (RT) as a measure at the fovea, 20 degrees and 40 degrees nasal retinal eccentricities along the horizontal meridian of the right eye. Three luminances of the target in steps of 1 log units were used: 26, 260 and 2600 cd/m2. As luminance increased VEP latency and RT decreased. Further, as eccentricity increased VEP latency and RT increased. The highest product-moment coefficient of correlation (r = 0.998) was found between RT and P1 latency in the fovea, whereas the coefficient of correlation was found to be slightly small in the peripheral loci. The data (both VEPs and RTs) were fitted by the power function of the form: T = kLB + T0 where T, k, L T0 and B indicate VEP latency (or RT, scaling constant, luminance, asymptotic latency and exponent of the power function, respectively. This shows how the VEP latency and the RT can be related to luminance with exponent B. It was found that psychophysical power law governs VEP latency as well as RT with an exponent of about -0.32. It was suggested that both RT AND P1 latencies of VEP originate in the similar nonlinear visual system.", "PMID": 78808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7116", "title": "Update: chronic sphenoidal electrodes.", "content": "A technical modification in the type of material used in the chronic sphenoidal electrode previously described (Ives and Gloor 1977) has further improved their clinical use and benefit of the EEG work-up of epileptic patients. This procedure has become a routine investigation for all patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Hospital.", "contents": "Update: chronic sphenoidal electrodes. A technical modification in the type of material used in the chronic sphenoidal electrode previously described (Ives and Gloor 1977) has further improved their clinical use and benefit of the EEG work-up of epileptic patients. This procedure has become a routine investigation for all patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Hospital.", "PMID": 78809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7117", "title": "Alteration in pattern of EEG activities and convulsant effect of cocaine following chronic adminsitration in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of chronic administration of high doses of cocaine were studied in monkeys (Ss) with electrodes implanted in the brain. The Ss were injected daily with cocaine at a minimal convulsant dose (MCD) during polygraphic recording of EEGs, eye movement, respiratory and heart rates. The initial cocaine MCDs ranged from 3.2 to 6.5 mg/kg i.v. in ten Ss and markedly increased on each successive day following repeated daily injection (75--100% increase within 5--12 days). The elevated daily cocaine MCD was maintained for 1.5--2 months, and thereafter it gradually decreased and stabilized at levels between 20 and 30% above baseline within 2 months. During this period, the duration of daily convulsions evoked by cocaine MCD markedly decreased and stabilized at a constant level (30--35 sec) along with the latency of convulsions. The pattern of daily convulsions evoked by cocaine MCD changed from multiple episodes of intermittent tonic-clonic convulsions, which occurred during the earlier stage (1--2 months) of chronic treatment, to a single episode of sustained tonic-clonic convulsion. The Ss became extremely placid and tame or were profoundly depressed in their overall behavior most of the time. Simultaneously, the Ss continuously showed persistent rhythmic slow waves (5--6 c/sec) predominantly in the neocortex and limbic system structures. The results strongly suggested that chronic cocaine administration at high doses caused relatively permanent alteration of EEGs and behavior in the Ss, and the limbic system structures played an important role in the effect.", "contents": "Alteration in pattern of EEG activities and convulsant effect of cocaine following chronic adminsitration in the rhesus monkey. The effects of chronic administration of high doses of cocaine were studied in monkeys (Ss) with electrodes implanted in the brain. The Ss were injected daily with cocaine at a minimal convulsant dose (MCD) during polygraphic recording of EEGs, eye movement, respiratory and heart rates. The initial cocaine MCDs ranged from 3.2 to 6.5 mg/kg i.v. in ten Ss and markedly increased on each successive day following repeated daily injection (75--100% increase within 5--12 days). The elevated daily cocaine MCD was maintained for 1.5--2 months, and thereafter it gradually decreased and stabilized at levels between 20 and 30% above baseline within 2 months. During this period, the duration of daily convulsions evoked by cocaine MCD markedly decreased and stabilized at a constant level (30--35 sec) along with the latency of convulsions. The pattern of daily convulsions evoked by cocaine MCD changed from multiple episodes of intermittent tonic-clonic convulsions, which occurred during the earlier stage (1--2 months) of chronic treatment, to a single episode of sustained tonic-clonic convulsion. The Ss became extremely placid and tame or were profoundly depressed in their overall behavior most of the time. Simultaneously, the Ss continuously showed persistent rhythmic slow waves (5--6 c/sec) predominantly in the neocortex and limbic system structures. The results strongly suggested that chronic cocaine administration at high doses caused relatively permanent alteration of EEGs and behavior in the Ss, and the limbic system structures played an important role in the effect.", "PMID": 78810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7118", "title": "Visual evoked potentials during hypothermia and prolonged circulatory arrest.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials were recorded in eight children during hypothermia and circulatory arrest. The potentials were lost in all children recorded in late arrest. The evoked potential is a more sensitive indicator of CNS stress as provoked by combined hypothermia and hypoxia than is the EEG. EEG activity persisted in six of the eight children in this series even during circulatory arrest. The EEG had been seen to do the same in more than half of a larger series of children recorded at that stage. The results suggest that evoked potentials may be a sensitive indicator of early impairment of cerebral function and may demonstrate useful change sooner than the EEG. The examination may be useful in following children with illnesses producing hypoxia or anoxia. The N1 component was as easily and as frequently identifiable as the P2 component. Under the stress of this procedure, the latency of the P2 component became more variable than the N1 peak. The results suggest the N1 component may be as useful and perhaps more useful than the P2 wave in following the effect of some CNS stresses in children.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials during hypothermia and prolonged circulatory arrest. Visual evoked potentials were recorded in eight children during hypothermia and circulatory arrest. The potentials were lost in all children recorded in late arrest. The evoked potential is a more sensitive indicator of CNS stress as provoked by combined hypothermia and hypoxia than is the EEG. EEG activity persisted in six of the eight children in this series even during circulatory arrest. The EEG had been seen to do the same in more than half of a larger series of children recorded at that stage. The results suggest that evoked potentials may be a sensitive indicator of early impairment of cerebral function and may demonstrate useful change sooner than the EEG. The examination may be useful in following children with illnesses producing hypoxia or anoxia. The N1 component was as easily and as frequently identifiable as the P2 component. Under the stress of this procedure, the latency of the P2 component became more variable than the N1 peak. The results suggest the N1 component may be as useful and perhaps more useful than the P2 wave in following the effect of some CNS stresses in children.", "PMID": 78811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7119", "title": "Continuous bipolar recording of the EEG in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "The experience gained from continuous bipolar recordings of the EEG in 20 patients with fulminant hepatic failure is described. In most cases the recordings obtained were of good quality and allowed the progression of the disease to be more accurately followed. In six patients, a dramatic change in the EEG as associated with a sudden deterioration in the patients' clinical condition and in four of these patients treatment was instituted more promptly than would have been possible had no EEG monitor been available. In addition to its use as a non-invasive patient monitor, continuous EEG monitoring may be useful in establishing the relation between EEG appearance, raised intracranial pressure, and sudden changes in neurological signs in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "contents": "Continuous bipolar recording of the EEG in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. The experience gained from continuous bipolar recordings of the EEG in 20 patients with fulminant hepatic failure is described. In most cases the recordings obtained were of good quality and allowed the progression of the disease to be more accurately followed. In six patients, a dramatic change in the EEG as associated with a sudden deterioration in the patients' clinical condition and in four of these patients treatment was instituted more promptly than would have been possible had no EEG monitor been available. In addition to its use as a non-invasive patient monitor, continuous EEG monitoring may be useful in establishing the relation between EEG appearance, raised intracranial pressure, and sudden changes in neurological signs in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.", "PMID": 78812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7120", "title": "Sawtooth waves: concomitants of rapid eye movement sleep in monkeys.", "content": "Sawtooth waves, 2--3 c/sec activity of at least 40 micro V, occurred primarily during clusters of REMs in stump-tailed macaques. On the average the activity began well after the onset of REMs but occasionally occurred soon before or immediately after a cluster of REMs. The activity was clearly defined but occupied less than 0.6% of an 8-h sleep record. A sawtooth burst was, on the average, 7.5 sec in duration.", "contents": "Sawtooth waves: concomitants of rapid eye movement sleep in monkeys. Sawtooth waves, 2--3 c/sec activity of at least 40 micro V, occurred primarily during clusters of REMs in stump-tailed macaques. On the average the activity began well after the onset of REMs but occasionally occurred soon before or immediately after a cluster of REMs. The activity was clearly defined but occupied less than 0.6% of an 8-h sleep record. A sawtooth burst was, on the average, 7.5 sec in duration.", "PMID": 78813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7121", "title": "Human magnetic auditory evoked fields.", "content": "Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) averaged auditory evoked fields to click stimuli (N = 512) were recorded from four human subjects. The MEG was recorded with an asymmetric second derivative SQUID gradiometer located in an aluminum shielded room. Unlike conventional EEG auditory evoked potentials, which have a widespread distribution, evoked magnetic fields appear to be localized to the general area of the primary auditory cortex and diminish rapidly in amplitude as the gradiometer is moved away in any direction.", "contents": "Human magnetic auditory evoked fields. Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) averaged auditory evoked fields to click stimuli (N = 512) were recorded from four human subjects. The MEG was recorded with an asymmetric second derivative SQUID gradiometer located in an aluminum shielded room. Unlike conventional EEG auditory evoked potentials, which have a widespread distribution, evoked magnetic fields appear to be localized to the general area of the primary auditory cortex and diminish rapidly in amplitude as the gradiometer is moved away in any direction.", "PMID": 78814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7122", "title": "Time shift evoked potentials (TSEPs): method and basic results.", "content": "A simple technique for generating averaged evoked potentials to auditory signals that appear to move in space is described. Shifts in the apparent location of the signal were created by digitally delaying the output of a white noise generator with a minicomputer. The two channels were reconverted to two analog signals and presented binaurally through headphones. Shifts inthe apparent location of the signal produced a time shifted evoked potential (TSEP) that was not present during monaural control runs. TSEP amplitudes were largest near the vertex and varied as a function of the presentation format.", "contents": "Time shift evoked potentials (TSEPs): method and basic results. A simple technique for generating averaged evoked potentials to auditory signals that appear to move in space is described. Shifts in the apparent location of the signal were created by digitally delaying the output of a white noise generator with a minicomputer. The two channels were reconverted to two analog signals and presented binaurally through headphones. Shifts inthe apparent location of the signal produced a time shifted evoked potential (TSEP) that was not present during monaural control runs. TSEP amplitudes were largest near the vertex and varied as a function of the presentation format.", "PMID": 78815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7123", "title": "A film projecting system as a diagnostic and training technique for eye movements of cerebral palsied children.", "content": "Films are presented for tracking on a translucent screen after reflection from a galvanometer driven mirror. A wave function generator produces picture displacements of amplitude and velocity capable of stimulating selectively (or simultaneously) the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. This audiovisual signal permits prolonged eye movement recording and training sessions because of increased motivation and alertness. Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes can also be tested. An infra-red photoelectric device monitors the horizontal component of eye movement. Records provide the necessary information for syndrome definition and training progress evaluation. Preliminary results show the technique to be perfectly suitable for the diagnosis of functional disorders and sensory-motor training of the cerebral palsied child's oculomotor system.", "contents": "A film projecting system as a diagnostic and training technique for eye movements of cerebral palsied children. Films are presented for tracking on a translucent screen after reflection from a galvanometer driven mirror. A wave function generator produces picture displacements of amplitude and velocity capable of stimulating selectively (or simultaneously) the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. This audiovisual signal permits prolonged eye movement recording and training sessions because of increased motivation and alertness. Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes can also be tested. An infra-red photoelectric device monitors the horizontal component of eye movement. Records provide the necessary information for syndrome definition and training progress evaluation. Preliminary results show the technique to be perfectly suitable for the diagnosis of functional disorders and sensory-motor training of the cerebral palsied child's oculomotor system.", "PMID": 78816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7124", "title": "A single channel method for recording vertical and lateral eye movements.", "content": "A method is described for single channel bipolar recording of EOG which allows the detection of both vertical and lateral eye movements as small as 1 degree of visual angle.", "contents": "A single channel method for recording vertical and lateral eye movements. A method is described for single channel bipolar recording of EOG which allows the detection of both vertical and lateral eye movements as small as 1 degree of visual angle.", "PMID": 78817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7125", "title": "The initial positive component of the scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potential in normal subjects and in patients with neurological disorders.", "content": "The initial positive component of the scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potential to median nerve stimulation was studied in 12 patients with sensory impairment for all modalities of the unilateral extremities due to lesions at or above or below the thalamic level, taking the potentials obtained from eight normal subjects as control. In normal subjects, this potential could be easily obtained in ear reference recordings with a peak latency of 12--15 msec. This finding and positive polarity of this potential indicate that the earlobe could be active for this potential. The wide distribution of this potential was different from the subsequent negative-positive diphasic components. In patients with lesions at or above the thalamic level the p15 potential was of normal configuration and latency to stimulation of the affected side, whilst in patients with lesions in the brain stem or in the cervical cord it could not be obtained to stimualtion of the affected side. These findings and short latency of the p15 potential suggest that it may be the result of activity of the medial lemniscal systems from the medulla to the thalamus.", "contents": "The initial positive component of the scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potential in normal subjects and in patients with neurological disorders. The initial positive component of the scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potential to median nerve stimulation was studied in 12 patients with sensory impairment for all modalities of the unilateral extremities due to lesions at or above or below the thalamic level, taking the potentials obtained from eight normal subjects as control. In normal subjects, this potential could be easily obtained in ear reference recordings with a peak latency of 12--15 msec. This finding and positive polarity of this potential indicate that the earlobe could be active for this potential. The wide distribution of this potential was different from the subsequent negative-positive diphasic components. In patients with lesions at or above the thalamic level the p15 potential was of normal configuration and latency to stimulation of the affected side, whilst in patients with lesions in the brain stem or in the cervical cord it could not be obtained to stimualtion of the affected side. These findings and short latency of the p15 potential suggest that it may be the result of activity of the medial lemniscal systems from the medulla to the thalamus.", "PMID": 78819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7126", "title": "The effects of interaction between large and small diameter fiber systems on the somatosensory evoked potential.", "content": "The effect of interaction between large and small diameter fiber systems on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) was studied in anesthetized cats. Activation of large diameter fibers of the peroneal or radial nerves eliminates the late components of the SEP produced by stimulation of all fibers in the contralateral median or radial nerves. The inhibitory effects of a selective conditioning stimulus to the large diameter fibers of the peroneal nerve on the radial nerve evoked SEP was eliminated by bilateral transection of the dorsal column and spino-cervical tracts. However, interaction could still be obtained following transection when both large and small diameter fibers in the peroneal nerve were stimulated. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a correlation exists between activity in different fiber groups in afferent nerves, their conduction pathways through the cord, and the components of the cortical evoked potential.", "contents": "The effects of interaction between large and small diameter fiber systems on the somatosensory evoked potential. The effect of interaction between large and small diameter fiber systems on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) was studied in anesthetized cats. Activation of large diameter fibers of the peroneal or radial nerves eliminates the late components of the SEP produced by stimulation of all fibers in the contralateral median or radial nerves. The inhibitory effects of a selective conditioning stimulus to the large diameter fibers of the peroneal nerve on the radial nerve evoked SEP was eliminated by bilateral transection of the dorsal column and spino-cervical tracts. However, interaction could still be obtained following transection when both large and small diameter fibers in the peroneal nerve were stimulated. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a correlation exists between activity in different fiber groups in afferent nerves, their conduction pathways through the cord, and the components of the cortical evoked potential.", "PMID": 78821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7127", "title": "Auditory brain stem potentials in monkey (M. mulatta) and man.", "content": "Auditory brain stem potentials were mapped over the head of the rhesus monkey following monaural clicks. Latency and amplitude were dependent upon the recording site. No electrically indifferent point could be found on the head or neck. The results are interpreted as showing that waves I and V originate from single generators, whereas waves, II, III and IV originate from bilateral structures. Latency varied in a linear fashion with changes in intensity and click rate. In contrast there were variations in amplitude of the potentials independent of stimulus change. A comparison was made of auditory brain stem potentials in man, monkey, cat and rat to demonstrate the similarity of the responses across species.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem potentials in monkey (M. mulatta) and man. Auditory brain stem potentials were mapped over the head of the rhesus monkey following monaural clicks. Latency and amplitude were dependent upon the recording site. No electrically indifferent point could be found on the head or neck. The results are interpreted as showing that waves I and V originate from single generators, whereas waves, II, III and IV originate from bilateral structures. Latency varied in a linear fashion with changes in intensity and click rate. In contrast there were variations in amplitude of the potentials independent of stimulus change. A comparison was made of auditory brain stem potentials in man, monkey, cat and rat to demonstrate the similarity of the responses across species.", "PMID": 78822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7128", "title": "Single motor unit activity in extraocular muscles in man during fixation and saccades.", "content": "Extraocular motor unit activity was recorded electromyographically from the lateral and medial rectus muscles in eight normal subjects, together with their EOGs. Twelve motor units showed a discharge pattern characterized by regular firing during positions of fixation, a burst of saccadic \"on\" activity and complete silence during saccades in the \"off\" direction. Two other units seemed to be phasic or predominantly phasic. Interval analysis in 7 of the above 12 units during positions of fixation showed a linear rate position relationship of the units together with an extreme regularity of consecutive discharge intervals. The peak frequency of saccadic motor unit activity occurred at the onset of the burst and increased with increasing size of the saccade up to 15--20 degrees. The motor units stopped firing a few milliseconds before the onset of a saccade in the \"off\" direction but resumed their activity before the end of the eye movement, with an instantaneous discharge rate which was greater than the post-saccadic discharge rate. It was shown that the antagonist muscle plays an active part to end the saccade by serving as a brake.", "contents": "Single motor unit activity in extraocular muscles in man during fixation and saccades. Extraocular motor unit activity was recorded electromyographically from the lateral and medial rectus muscles in eight normal subjects, together with their EOGs. Twelve motor units showed a discharge pattern characterized by regular firing during positions of fixation, a burst of saccadic \"on\" activity and complete silence during saccades in the \"off\" direction. Two other units seemed to be phasic or predominantly phasic. Interval analysis in 7 of the above 12 units during positions of fixation showed a linear rate position relationship of the units together with an extreme regularity of consecutive discharge intervals. The peak frequency of saccadic motor unit activity occurred at the onset of the burst and increased with increasing size of the saccade up to 15--20 degrees. The motor units stopped firing a few milliseconds before the onset of a saccade in the \"off\" direction but resumed their activity before the end of the eye movement, with an instantaneous discharge rate which was greater than the post-saccadic discharge rate. It was shown that the antagonist muscle plays an active part to end the saccade by serving as a brake.", "PMID": 78823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7129", "title": "Myoclonus developing after vermisectomy in photosensitive Papio papio.", "content": "Two vermisectomized photosensitive baboons exhibited two different types of myoclonus, one induced by intermittent light stimulation (ILS) and the other occuring \"spontaneously\". The characteristics of these two types of myoclonus are described from a clinical and from an ECoG point of view. Myoclonus induced by ILS (ML) started at the eyelids and secondarily invaded the face and body; it was always preceded by frontorolandic spike-waves or polyspike-waves. The \"spontaneous\" myoclonus which followed vermisectomy (MV) was \"massive\", but involved firstly the trunk and secondarily the face and limbs; no ECoG paraoxysm accompanied this myoclonus, but we observed a parietal evoked potential of small amplitude, 10--15 msec after its onset. If MLs can be considered as consequences of the fronto-rolandic paroxysmal discharges, MVs seem to originate in the brain stem but appear similar to action myoclonus. This experimental situation showing two types of myoclonus resembles human hereditary degenerative syndromes (dyssynergic cerebellar myoclonus, progressive myoclonic epilepsy), without being exactly comparable. The conditions in which MVs were seen and their modifications during sleep and by different drugs are described. The relationships between MVs and MLs and myoclonic epilepsy are discussed.", "contents": "Myoclonus developing after vermisectomy in photosensitive Papio papio. Two vermisectomized photosensitive baboons exhibited two different types of myoclonus, one induced by intermittent light stimulation (ILS) and the other occuring \"spontaneously\". The characteristics of these two types of myoclonus are described from a clinical and from an ECoG point of view. Myoclonus induced by ILS (ML) started at the eyelids and secondarily invaded the face and body; it was always preceded by frontorolandic spike-waves or polyspike-waves. The \"spontaneous\" myoclonus which followed vermisectomy (MV) was \"massive\", but involved firstly the trunk and secondarily the face and limbs; no ECoG paraoxysm accompanied this myoclonus, but we observed a parietal evoked potential of small amplitude, 10--15 msec after its onset. If MLs can be considered as consequences of the fronto-rolandic paroxysmal discharges, MVs seem to originate in the brain stem but appear similar to action myoclonus. This experimental situation showing two types of myoclonus resembles human hereditary degenerative syndromes (dyssynergic cerebellar myoclonus, progressive myoclonic epilepsy), without being exactly comparable. The conditions in which MVs were seen and their modifications during sleep and by different drugs are described. The relationships between MVs and MLs and myoclonic epilepsy are discussed.", "PMID": 78825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7130", "title": "Muscle reaction to passive shortening in normal man.", "content": "We have studied in 32 healthy subjects the EMG activity of biceps and triceps brachii, wrist flexors and wrist extensors, triceps surae and tibialis anterior, sterno-cleido-mastoideus (SCM) and splenius, during their passive shortening. A shortening reaction was observed more frequently in wrist extensors, SCM and tibialis anterior than in biceps and triceps brachii. The response appeared only when the joint reached a specific angle regardless of the starting point or the speed used to reach this position. During a muscle ischaemia which abolished the tendon reflex the reaction was not modified. During a joint ischaemia produced distal to the examined muscle its amplitude was strongly reduced. Our results support the hypothesis that joint receptors could play a role in its origin, perhaps through a long-loop reflex.", "contents": "Muscle reaction to passive shortening in normal man. We have studied in 32 healthy subjects the EMG activity of biceps and triceps brachii, wrist flexors and wrist extensors, triceps surae and tibialis anterior, sterno-cleido-mastoideus (SCM) and splenius, during their passive shortening. A shortening reaction was observed more frequently in wrist extensors, SCM and tibialis anterior than in biceps and triceps brachii. The response appeared only when the joint reached a specific angle regardless of the starting point or the speed used to reach this position. During a muscle ischaemia which abolished the tendon reflex the reaction was not modified. During a joint ischaemia produced distal to the examined muscle its amplitude was strongly reduced. Our results support the hypothesis that joint receptors could play a role in its origin, perhaps through a long-loop reflex.", "PMID": 78826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7131", "title": "Myoelectric frequency changes in children during static force production.", "content": "Neuromuscular adaptations to a submaximal static contraction for a period of 2 min were investigated using children as subjects to detect changes in the contributing frequency components of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from surface electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the similarity between EMG response patterns of children and published data for adult subjects under similar conditions. Spectral analysis of the EMG signal revealed a shift to lower frequency components and a concurrent increase in total variance of the signal as a response to fatigue. The frequency shift and increase amplitude for the EMG signal were discussed in light of evidence for recruitment and synchronization of motor units and changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity as possible mechanisms.", "contents": "Myoelectric frequency changes in children during static force production. Neuromuscular adaptations to a submaximal static contraction for a period of 2 min were investigated using children as subjects to detect changes in the contributing frequency components of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from surface electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the similarity between EMG response patterns of children and published data for adult subjects under similar conditions. Spectral analysis of the EMG signal revealed a shift to lower frequency components and a concurrent increase in total variance of the signal as a response to fatigue. The frequency shift and increase amplitude for the EMG signal were discussed in light of evidence for recruitment and synchronization of motor units and changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity as possible mechanisms.", "PMID": 78827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7132", "title": "Rapid eye movement sleep cycle, clock time and sleep onset.", "content": "The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC.", "contents": "Rapid eye movement sleep cycle, clock time and sleep onset. The phase of the REM sleep rhythm was studied in 10 normal subjects each of whom was sleep studied for 4 consecutive nights. For analysis, each night of sleep was aligned according to clock time and each minute was scored as REM or non-REM. With these data, REM probability was found as a function of clock time. Fractional harmonic analysis indicates a 90 min periodicity. The REM probability curve shows peaks occurring at 1:30 a.m., 3:15 a.m., 4:30 a.m., 5:45 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Statistical measures comparing the time of REM sleep across subjects suggests that subjects tend to have REM sleep at the same time of the night as each other. The influence of elapsed time after sleep onset on REM sleep is also reestablished. Results indicate that the time of REM sleep is determined by both clock time and time of sleep onset, suggesting two clocks, one sleep dependent and the other related to the basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), which are responsible for driving REM sleep. Furthermore, the similarity of REM times across subjects indicates the possible existence of an extra-personae REM driving force linked to clock time and possibly the BRAC.", "PMID": 78828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7133", "title": "Human auditory sustained potentials. I. The nature of the response.", "content": "In response to a sustained toneburst a negative baseline shift can be recorded from the human fronto-central scalp regions with an onset latency of approximately 150 msec. This auditory sustained potential is distinct both in its scalp distribution and in its stimulus relationships from the transient response occurring at the onset or offset of the toneburst. It differs from the contingent negative variation in that it can occur in the absence of attention or during sleep. Attention to the auditory stimulus can increase the amplitude of the sustained potential, possibly through the addition of an extra negative potential related to auditory expectancy or uncertainty.", "contents": "Human auditory sustained potentials. I. The nature of the response. In response to a sustained toneburst a negative baseline shift can be recorded from the human fronto-central scalp regions with an onset latency of approximately 150 msec. This auditory sustained potential is distinct both in its scalp distribution and in its stimulus relationships from the transient response occurring at the onset or offset of the toneburst. It differs from the contingent negative variation in that it can occur in the absence of attention or during sleep. Attention to the auditory stimulus can increase the amplitude of the sustained potential, possibly through the addition of an extra negative potential related to auditory expectancy or uncertainty.", "PMID": 78829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7134", "title": "Human auditory sustained potentials. II. Stimulus relationships.", "content": "The auditory sustained potential recorded from the human scalp increases in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. At rapid rates of stimulus presentation its amplitude decreases but proportionately less so than the amplitude of the transient onset auditory evoked potential. The frequency specificity of this rate effect is complex, suggesting that there may be two underlying components of the scalp-recorded auditory sustained potential. The amplitude of the auditory sustained potential is smaller when the tonal frequency of the stimulus is higher. With prolonged stimulus durations there is some adaptation of the amplitude of the auditory sustained potential. This potential is larger in amplitude when sounds are presented binaurally than monaurally, and has a symmetrical coronal scalp distribution that is unaffected by the ear of stimulation.", "contents": "Human auditory sustained potentials. II. Stimulus relationships. The auditory sustained potential recorded from the human scalp increases in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. At rapid rates of stimulus presentation its amplitude decreases but proportionately less so than the amplitude of the transient onset auditory evoked potential. The frequency specificity of this rate effect is complex, suggesting that there may be two underlying components of the scalp-recorded auditory sustained potential. The amplitude of the auditory sustained potential is smaller when the tonal frequency of the stimulus is higher. With prolonged stimulus durations there is some adaptation of the amplitude of the auditory sustained potential. This potential is larger in amplitude when sounds are presented binaurally than monaurally, and has a symmetrical coronal scalp distribution that is unaffected by the ear of stimulation.", "PMID": 78830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7135", "title": "Clinical application of compressed spectral array in long-term EEG monitoring of comatose patients.", "content": "To obtain continuous information about the cerebral electrical activity in the early course of coma, an apparatus was designed which included a small fast computer capable of calculating the Fourier transform. The practical application of this system of CSA to 123 comatose patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit overcame the technical difficulties connected both with the patient's and environmental conditions. The advantages of such a technique are mainly due to its capacity of synthetising EEG signals and to its clarity of presentation, which is easily grasped even by people not specifically trained in electroencephalography. Hours of EEG activity are compressed into a pictorial and synoptic representation that shows in real time the distribution and temporal behaviour of frequencies as well as the intensity of total electrical activity. The immediate detection of these parameters permits evaluation of any worsening or improvement of cerebral electrogenesis, as well as of the inter-hemispheric asymmetries at their onset. EEG monitoring thus provides useful elements for assessing the comatose state in individual cases and for adjusting treatment. Finally, the spectrographic aspect of the first 48 h, as a whole, carries a great prognostic significance. The most striking finding from this study was the confirmation that the comatose states that, in their early course, show only a fixed slow-wave EEG activity are far more rare than those that display an electrical activity changing in time.", "contents": "Clinical application of compressed spectral array in long-term EEG monitoring of comatose patients. To obtain continuous information about the cerebral electrical activity in the early course of coma, an apparatus was designed which included a small fast computer capable of calculating the Fourier transform. The practical application of this system of CSA to 123 comatose patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit overcame the technical difficulties connected both with the patient's and environmental conditions. The advantages of such a technique are mainly due to its capacity of synthetising EEG signals and to its clarity of presentation, which is easily grasped even by people not specifically trained in electroencephalography. Hours of EEG activity are compressed into a pictorial and synoptic representation that shows in real time the distribution and temporal behaviour of frequencies as well as the intensity of total electrical activity. The immediate detection of these parameters permits evaluation of any worsening or improvement of cerebral electrogenesis, as well as of the inter-hemispheric asymmetries at their onset. EEG monitoring thus provides useful elements for assessing the comatose state in individual cases and for adjusting treatment. Finally, the spectrographic aspect of the first 48 h, as a whole, carries a great prognostic significance. The most striking finding from this study was the confirmation that the comatose states that, in their early course, show only a fixed slow-wave EEG activity are far more rare than those that display an electrical activity changing in time.", "PMID": 78831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7136", "title": "Occipital rhythmic activity within the alpha band during conditioned externally paced movement.", "content": "The time-dependent behaviour of the power within the alpha band during conditioned movement was studied from the scalp EEG of 9 normal humans. Two tasks were used: (1) button pressing at imperative signal S1 and release at signal S2; (2) button pressing at imperative signal S2, preceded by warning signal S1. Together with a complex correlate of the CNV and EPs, the components of power decrease related to initiation of movement were not clearly identifiable in the central areas. They were sharply isolated in the occipital areas, using tone as the imperative signal. During initiation of movement a significant short-lasting decrease in power of the occipital alpha activities was observed in all 9 subjects. However, 'mu activity', tested in the classical manner and with help of power spectra, was not present in some of these subjects.", "contents": "Occipital rhythmic activity within the alpha band during conditioned externally paced movement. The time-dependent behaviour of the power within the alpha band during conditioned movement was studied from the scalp EEG of 9 normal humans. Two tasks were used: (1) button pressing at imperative signal S1 and release at signal S2; (2) button pressing at imperative signal S2, preceded by warning signal S1. Together with a complex correlate of the CNV and EPs, the components of power decrease related to initiation of movement were not clearly identifiable in the central areas. They were sharply isolated in the occipital areas, using tone as the imperative signal. During initiation of movement a significant short-lasting decrease in power of the occipital alpha activities was observed in all 9 subjects. However, 'mu activity', tested in the classical manner and with help of power spectra, was not present in some of these subjects.", "PMID": 78832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7137", "title": "Averaged evoked potentials and frequency modulation.", "content": "Frequency modulated (FM) auditory stimuli result in average vertex potentials similar to the usual auditory average evoked potential (AEP). For stepwise increase or decrease in tone frequency the AEPs are similar. For FM stimuli modulated by pulses of different durations 'on' responses are evoked by the transition of the stimulus from the longer duration to the shorter duration frequency tone while 'off' responses result when the frequency transition is from the shorter to the longer duration tone. Ramp modulation of the stimulus frequency results in average evoked responses; the amplitude of these responses is proportional to the slope of the ramp as well as the frequency of the tone that precedes the ramp. Thus, if the tone preceding the ramp is also a ramp but of smaller slope the AEP is attenuated and with sufficiently large slope the AEP can be completely extinguished. No AEPs were obtained at the offset of ramp modulated stimuli. The standard deviation (S.D.) of the reaction time (RT) distributions to stimulus onset indicate that the AEP amplitude is inversely proportional to the S.D. values. Thus, the attenuation phenomena appeared to be related to the uncertainty of the subject as to the exact time the stimulus occurred, both of which seem to be the result of sensory difficulty to the type of stimuli used. AEPs to negative ramps were smaller than AEPs to positive ramps; this may be on account of the psychological inequality between the stimuli.", "contents": "Averaged evoked potentials and frequency modulation. Frequency modulated (FM) auditory stimuli result in average vertex potentials similar to the usual auditory average evoked potential (AEP). For stepwise increase or decrease in tone frequency the AEPs are similar. For FM stimuli modulated by pulses of different durations 'on' responses are evoked by the transition of the stimulus from the longer duration to the shorter duration frequency tone while 'off' responses result when the frequency transition is from the shorter to the longer duration tone. Ramp modulation of the stimulus frequency results in average evoked responses; the amplitude of these responses is proportional to the slope of the ramp as well as the frequency of the tone that precedes the ramp. Thus, if the tone preceding the ramp is also a ramp but of smaller slope the AEP is attenuated and with sufficiently large slope the AEP can be completely extinguished. No AEPs were obtained at the offset of ramp modulated stimuli. The standard deviation (S.D.) of the reaction time (RT) distributions to stimulus onset indicate that the AEP amplitude is inversely proportional to the S.D. values. Thus, the attenuation phenomena appeared to be related to the uncertainty of the subject as to the exact time the stimulus occurred, both of which seem to be the result of sensory difficulty to the type of stimuli used. AEPs to negative ramps were smaller than AEPs to positive ramps; this may be on account of the psychological inequality between the stimuli.", "PMID": 78833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7138", "title": "Latency of luminance and contrast evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "Luminance and contrast visual evoked potentials (VEPs), were studied in 18 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 11 healthy subjects. Luminance EPs were recorded to stimulation with noise modulated light (0--60 Hz); contrast EPs were obtained to appearance-disappearance or reversal of a checkerboard pattern with various check sizes and repetition periods. Our results indicate that the apparent latency of luminance EPs to noise modulated light can hardly be used for diagnosis of MS, since the range of normal values scatters widely and greatly overlaps the range of latency values in MS patients (detection rate of 3/13). Our data confirm, on the other hand, that the latency of contrast EPs can be used to discriminate between MS patients and healthy subjects (detection rate of 12/18). We recommend for diagnostic purposes to determine the apparent latency from the phase spectrum of the responses to checkerboard reversal at repetition rates between 5 and 20 Hz, since in this frequency range the failure rate was found to be minimal. The specificity of the apparent latency data can be improved if the wave form of the transient reversal EP at a lower repetition rate (around 2 Hz) is also inspected. We suggest that an increased latency can be ascribed to several causes, only one of these being an increased conduction time due to demyelination. Indirectly this confirms that an increased EP latency is not specific for MS.", "contents": "Latency of luminance and contrast evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis patients. Luminance and contrast visual evoked potentials (VEPs), were studied in 18 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 11 healthy subjects. Luminance EPs were recorded to stimulation with noise modulated light (0--60 Hz); contrast EPs were obtained to appearance-disappearance or reversal of a checkerboard pattern with various check sizes and repetition periods. Our results indicate that the apparent latency of luminance EPs to noise modulated light can hardly be used for diagnosis of MS, since the range of normal values scatters widely and greatly overlaps the range of latency values in MS patients (detection rate of 3/13). Our data confirm, on the other hand, that the latency of contrast EPs can be used to discriminate between MS patients and healthy subjects (detection rate of 12/18). We recommend for diagnostic purposes to determine the apparent latency from the phase spectrum of the responses to checkerboard reversal at repetition rates between 5 and 20 Hz, since in this frequency range the failure rate was found to be minimal. The specificity of the apparent latency data can be improved if the wave form of the transient reversal EP at a lower repetition rate (around 2 Hz) is also inspected. We suggest that an increased latency can be ascribed to several causes, only one of these being an increased conduction time due to demyelination. Indirectly this confirms that an increased EP latency is not specific for MS.", "PMID": 78834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7139", "title": "Recovery function of short latency components of surface and depth recorded somatosensory evoked potentials in the cat.", "content": "Recovery functions of early components of surface and depth recorded somatosensory evoked potentials were studied in the cat. At interstimulus intervals of 50 msec or less differentiation of surface components was optimal. Component I showed less decrement at all ISI's than did component II and recovery curves of both were distinctly different from those of components III (anterior) and IV and the cortical SEP. The latter three potentials had similar recovery curves. Comparisons of latencies and recovery curves of surface recorded potentials with those of depth recorded potentials indicate that component I principally reflects activity in posterior column, that potentials in medial lemniscus, cuneate nucleus, and lateral cuneate nucleus contribute to component II, that the major generator for the contralateral component III is the ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus, and that component IV is largely due to activity in the sensory radiation. The results of this study support previous observations and conclusions about the origin of short latency, surface recorded somatosensory evoked potentials preceding the cortical SEP.", "contents": "Recovery function of short latency components of surface and depth recorded somatosensory evoked potentials in the cat. Recovery functions of early components of surface and depth recorded somatosensory evoked potentials were studied in the cat. At interstimulus intervals of 50 msec or less differentiation of surface components was optimal. Component I showed less decrement at all ISI's than did component II and recovery curves of both were distinctly different from those of components III (anterior) and IV and the cortical SEP. The latter three potentials had similar recovery curves. Comparisons of latencies and recovery curves of surface recorded potentials with those of depth recorded potentials indicate that component I principally reflects activity in posterior column, that potentials in medial lemniscus, cuneate nucleus, and lateral cuneate nucleus contribute to component II, that the major generator for the contralateral component III is the ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus, and that component IV is largely due to activity in the sensory radiation. The results of this study support previous observations and conclusions about the origin of short latency, surface recorded somatosensory evoked potentials preceding the cortical SEP.", "PMID": 78835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7140", "title": "The effects of chiasmal compression on the pattern visual evoked potential.", "content": "The visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern reversal stimulation (26' individual check subtense, 11 degrees total field) have been examined in 10 patients with proven chiasmal compression. Bipolar occipital-sylvian and occipital-parietal recordings were taken with electrodes placed according to the Modified Maudsley system. In all patients abnormalities, taking the form of latency delays or amplitude reductions, were found in response to monocular stimulation which, without exception, were maximal in the traces corresponding to the hemisphere contralateral to the field defect. In seven patients responses to a 13' pattern were also examined. In six of these the lateralisation of abnormality was enhanced. The discrepancy between these and previous findings is discussed, the importance of stimulus and recording parameters being stressed.", "contents": "The effects of chiasmal compression on the pattern visual evoked potential. The visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern reversal stimulation (26' individual check subtense, 11 degrees total field) have been examined in 10 patients with proven chiasmal compression. Bipolar occipital-sylvian and occipital-parietal recordings were taken with electrodes placed according to the Modified Maudsley system. In all patients abnormalities, taking the form of latency delays or amplitude reductions, were found in response to monocular stimulation which, without exception, were maximal in the traces corresponding to the hemisphere contralateral to the field defect. In seven patients responses to a 13' pattern were also examined. In six of these the lateralisation of abnormality was enhanced. The discrepancy between these and previous findings is discussed, the importance of stimulus and recording parameters being stressed.", "PMID": 78837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7141", "title": "A CNV study in a group of patients with traumatic head injuries.", "content": "CNVs were studied in a group of 27 subjects with traumatic head injuries followed by protracted coma. Before CNV recording, all patients were subjected to Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and to Benton's visual retention test. The findings were compared with those obtained from 80 normal subjects. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the CNV area in the group with traumatic lesions. No correlation could be found between CNV parameters and the results of the mental tests. In 7 of the subjects who presented the highest percentage of errors in Benton's test, a large post-imperative negative variation was observed.", "contents": "A CNV study in a group of patients with traumatic head injuries. CNVs were studied in a group of 27 subjects with traumatic head injuries followed by protracted coma. Before CNV recording, all patients were subjected to Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and to Benton's visual retention test. The findings were compared with those obtained from 80 normal subjects. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the CNV area in the group with traumatic lesions. No correlation could be found between CNV parameters and the results of the mental tests. In 7 of the subjects who presented the highest percentage of errors in Benton's test, a large post-imperative negative variation was observed.", "PMID": 78838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7142", "title": "Alpha and the eye.", "content": "It has been suggested by Lippold that the alpha rhythm is the result of a modulation of the corneo-retinal potential by translational eye tremor. We have attempted to replicate a critical test of the ocular origin of the alpha rhythm, altering the magnitude of the corneo-retinal potential while concomitantly measuring alpha amplitude. No changes in alpha amplitude related to changes in corneo-retinal potential could be seen. We are thus unable to confirm Lippold's hypothesis.", "contents": "Alpha and the eye. It has been suggested by Lippold that the alpha rhythm is the result of a modulation of the corneo-retinal potential by translational eye tremor. We have attempted to replicate a critical test of the ocular origin of the alpha rhythm, altering the magnitude of the corneo-retinal potential while concomitantly measuring alpha amplitude. No changes in alpha amplitude related to changes in corneo-retinal potential could be seen. We are thus unable to confirm Lippold's hypothesis.", "PMID": 78839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7143", "title": "EEG feedback training: enhancement of somatosensory cortical activity.", "content": "The mu rhythm is a spontaneous electroencephalographic pattern which can be recorded over human somatosensory cortex in the absence of movement. Power spectral analysis across 50 sessions of EEG feedback training showed that mu activity could be systematically enhanced, whereas the 12--14 c/sec component of low voltage fast activity could not be modified. Results indicate that long-term modification of at least one normal cortical rhythm, initially present in the human EEG, is possible with feedback training but that training cannot produce such a rhythm.", "contents": "EEG feedback training: enhancement of somatosensory cortical activity. The mu rhythm is a spontaneous electroencephalographic pattern which can be recorded over human somatosensory cortex in the absence of movement. Power spectral analysis across 50 sessions of EEG feedback training showed that mu activity could be systematically enhanced, whereas the 12--14 c/sec component of low voltage fast activity could not be modified. Results indicate that long-term modification of at least one normal cortical rhythm, initially present in the human EEG, is possible with feedback training but that training cannot produce such a rhythm.", "PMID": 78840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7144", "title": "EEG signs of cerebrovascular disorder, using physical exercise as a provocative method.", "content": "A group of patients suffering from cerebrovascular insufficiency was submitted to a pilot EEG investigation using physical exercise as a provocative method. Two control groups, one of young (20--30 years) and another of older (more than 50 years) subjects, were also investigated. Quantitative EEG spectral data, determined at rest and during a period after physical exercise, showed that deviations of the frequency distribution of the alpha band were related to cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "EEG signs of cerebrovascular disorder, using physical exercise as a provocative method. A group of patients suffering from cerebrovascular insufficiency was submitted to a pilot EEG investigation using physical exercise as a provocative method. Two control groups, one of young (20--30 years) and another of older (more than 50 years) subjects, were also investigated. Quantitative EEG spectral data, determined at rest and during a period after physical exercise, showed that deviations of the frequency distribution of the alpha band were related to cerebrovascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 78841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7145", "title": "Electronic circuit breaker for recording and stimulation from same electrode.", "content": "An electronic circuit breaker is described which allows stimulation and recording through the same electrode and automatically shifts modes with a minimal delay. This circuit has been used efficiently in the experimental study of convulsive activity (Kindling).", "contents": "Electronic circuit breaker for recording and stimulation from same electrode. An electronic circuit breaker is described which allows stimulation and recording through the same electrode and automatically shifts modes with a minimal delay. This circuit has been used efficiently in the experimental study of convulsive activity (Kindling).", "PMID": 78842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7146", "title": "Cumulative sum technique and its application to the analysis of peristimulus time histograms.", "content": "The cumulative sum procedure introduced by Hurst (1950) involves subtraction of a control reference level from a series of datum points and adding the differences consecutively. The resultant curve shows trends indicating changed levels of points. The technique has been applied to peristimulus time histograms in order to reveal small changes in the probability of spike occurrences normally obscured by random fluctuations. The combined process of cumulative sum and PSTH cuts the overall number of trials needed in real time and reduces the uncertainty of decision making during the experiment.", "contents": "Cumulative sum technique and its application to the analysis of peristimulus time histograms. The cumulative sum procedure introduced by Hurst (1950) involves subtraction of a control reference level from a series of datum points and adding the differences consecutively. The resultant curve shows trends indicating changed levels of points. The technique has been applied to peristimulus time histograms in order to reveal small changes in the probability of spike occurrences normally obscured by random fluctuations. The combined process of cumulative sum and PSTH cuts the overall number of trials needed in real time and reduces the uncertainty of decision making during the experiment.", "PMID": 78843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7147", "title": "Closer correlation between serum triiodothyronine and basal metabolic rate during antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "The correlations between serum triidothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), 131I-triiodothyronine resin sponge uptake (RT3U) or free thyroxine index (T7) and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) during antithyroid drug treatment in 86 patients with Graves' disease were investigated. Although serum T3, T4, RT3U and T7 during therapy with MMI showed significant positive correlations with BMR, the coefficient of correlation (r = 0.6088, P less than 0.001) between T3 and BMR was the highest of all. While the normal range of BMR in control subjects was between -1.9 and +14.9 (the range of mean +/- SD), the corresponding values of T3, T4, RT3U and T7 calculated from the regression lines, ranged from 94.2 to 184.0 ng/dl, from 5.32 to 8.75 microgram/dl, from 26.5 to 28.9% and from 1.57 to 2.47 respectively. On the other hand, when the corresponding values of BMR to normal values of T3 (100-170 ng/dl), T4 (7.6-12.2 microgram/dl), RT3U (26.7-36.5% and T7 (2.29-3.49) in control subjects were calculated from the regression lines, the range of value obtained from the regression line of T3 coincided better with normal value of BMR in control subjects that those calculated from other regression lines (T4, RT3U and T7). These results suggest that serum T3 level would be a better index of evaluation of the thyroid function that T4 or RT3U in patients with Graves' disease under antithyroid drug treatment.", "contents": "Closer correlation between serum triiodothyronine and basal metabolic rate during antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves' disease. The correlations between serum triidothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), 131I-triiodothyronine resin sponge uptake (RT3U) or free thyroxine index (T7) and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) during antithyroid drug treatment in 86 patients with Graves' disease were investigated. Although serum T3, T4, RT3U and T7 during therapy with MMI showed significant positive correlations with BMR, the coefficient of correlation (r = 0.6088, P less than 0.001) between T3 and BMR was the highest of all. While the normal range of BMR in control subjects was between -1.9 and +14.9 (the range of mean +/- SD), the corresponding values of T3, T4, RT3U and T7 calculated from the regression lines, ranged from 94.2 to 184.0 ng/dl, from 5.32 to 8.75 microgram/dl, from 26.5 to 28.9% and from 1.57 to 2.47 respectively. On the other hand, when the corresponding values of BMR to normal values of T3 (100-170 ng/dl), T4 (7.6-12.2 microgram/dl), RT3U (26.7-36.5% and T7 (2.29-3.49) in control subjects were calculated from the regression lines, the range of value obtained from the regression line of T3 coincided better with normal value of BMR in control subjects that those calculated from other regression lines (T4, RT3U and T7). These results suggest that serum T3 level would be a better index of evaluation of the thyroid function that T4 or RT3U in patients with Graves' disease under antithyroid drug treatment.", "PMID": 78844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7148", "title": "Complementation in vitro of mutant and wild-type ATPase of Escherichia coli using isolated subunits.", "content": "1. The inactive ATPases of four different mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been purified to homogeneity. 2. Molecular weights, subunit patterns in sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis and immunological properties of mutant and wild-type proteins are identical. The mutant enzymes compete with the wild-type enzyme for the binding sites on the membrane. 3. On freezing and thawing in salt solutions, the ATPase is split into subunits IA (alpha, gamma, epsilon), IB (delta; alpha, gamma, epsilon), and II (beta). By complementation in vitro of the isolated subunits, it is shown that subcomplex IA (alpha, gamma, epsilon) is altered in the mutant strains described here.", "contents": "Complementation in vitro of mutant and wild-type ATPase of Escherichia coli using isolated subunits. 1. The inactive ATPases of four different mutant strains of Escherichia coli have been purified to homogeneity. 2. Molecular weights, subunit patterns in sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis and immunological properties of mutant and wild-type proteins are identical. The mutant enzymes compete with the wild-type enzyme for the binding sites on the membrane. 3. On freezing and thawing in salt solutions, the ATPase is split into subunits IA (alpha, gamma, epsilon), IB (delta; alpha, gamma, epsilon), and II (beta). By complementation in vitro of the isolated subunits, it is shown that subcomplex IA (alpha, gamma, epsilon) is altered in the mutant strains described here.", "PMID": 78846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7149", "title": "Quantitative determination of single serum proteins during acute hepatitis in childhood.", "content": "Fifteen serum proteins were estimated by linear immunodiffusion in blood samples from children with acute hepatitis. Blood was drawn at the beginning of the disease and three weeks later. The results were compared with results obtained from a group of age-matched normal children. At the beginning of the disease prealbumin and beta-2-glycoprotein I were depressed, whereas alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, cerloplasmin and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein were found to be elevated. Alpha-2-macroglobulin, transferrin and beta-lipoprotein showed a significant elevation after three weeks. Beta-1-A/C, IgM and IgG remain elevated during time of observation. Albumin, haptoglobin and IgA were similar in patients and controls and did not change during the period of observation.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of single serum proteins during acute hepatitis in childhood. Fifteen serum proteins were estimated by linear immunodiffusion in blood samples from children with acute hepatitis. Blood was drawn at the beginning of the disease and three weeks later. The results were compared with results obtained from a group of age-matched normal children. At the beginning of the disease prealbumin and beta-2-glycoprotein I were depressed, whereas alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, cerloplasmin and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein were found to be elevated. Alpha-2-macroglobulin, transferrin and beta-lipoprotein showed a significant elevation after three weeks. Beta-1-A/C, IgM and IgG remain elevated during time of observation. Albumin, haptoglobin and IgA were similar in patients and controls and did not change during the period of observation.", "PMID": 78848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7150", "title": "Postextrasystolic relaxation in the dog heart.", "content": "Left ventricular relaxation was studied in 8 dogs using parameters derived from the left ventricular pressure: the fastest pressure fall and the time constant of pressure decline. Effects of extrasystolic rhythm interventions were examined on the relaxation parameters of the post-relative to the preextrasystolic beat. Postextrasystolic potentiation of these parameters could not be demonstrated. Possible influences of physiologic variables as peak left ventricular pressure, endiastolic aortic and enddiastolic left ventricular pressure on relaxation mechanism were evaluated. The nonselective description of myocardial relaxation by pressure derived parameters is discussed.", "contents": "Postextrasystolic relaxation in the dog heart. Left ventricular relaxation was studied in 8 dogs using parameters derived from the left ventricular pressure: the fastest pressure fall and the time constant of pressure decline. Effects of extrasystolic rhythm interventions were examined on the relaxation parameters of the post-relative to the preextrasystolic beat. Postextrasystolic potentiation of these parameters could not be demonstrated. Possible influences of physiologic variables as peak left ventricular pressure, endiastolic aortic and enddiastolic left ventricular pressure on relaxation mechanism were evaluated. The nonselective description of myocardial relaxation by pressure derived parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 78849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7151", "title": "Cytofluorometric analysis of macrophages activated in vivo or in vitro.", "content": "The relative RNA content of single macrophages was measured by cytofluorometry after differential staining of cellular DNA and RNA with the metachromatic fluorescent dye acridine orange. This method allowed the differentiation of two major groups in the adherent macrophage population differing in their RNA content. After in vivo stimulation of mice (by injection of thioglycollate medium) or guinea pigs (by injection of oil), an increasing percentage of macrophages possessing a high RNA content is recovered. In vitro stimulation of macrophage cultures with lipopolysaccharide had the same enhancing effect on cellular RNA content. Cytofluorometric measurement of RNA content may possibly become an efficient and rapid method of measuring macrophage activation.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric analysis of macrophages activated in vivo or in vitro. The relative RNA content of single macrophages was measured by cytofluorometry after differential staining of cellular DNA and RNA with the metachromatic fluorescent dye acridine orange. This method allowed the differentiation of two major groups in the adherent macrophage population differing in their RNA content. After in vivo stimulation of mice (by injection of thioglycollate medium) or guinea pigs (by injection of oil), an increasing percentage of macrophages possessing a high RNA content is recovered. In vitro stimulation of macrophage cultures with lipopolysaccharide had the same enhancing effect on cellular RNA content. Cytofluorometric measurement of RNA content may possibly become an efficient and rapid method of measuring macrophage activation.", "PMID": 78852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7152", "title": "Induction of immunological tolerance to the penicilloyl antigenic determinant. I. Evaluation of penicilloylated amino acid polymers and copolymers in mice.", "content": "Antibody responses to the penicilloyl (BPO) group, the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy induced in C3H mice by penicilloylated bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant, were reduced or abolished by various amino acid polymers and copolymers of different composition and size carrying BPO groups. Tolerogenic treatment was effective before or after primary immunization and also during anamnestic responses. The unresponsive state was of long duration and persisted even after several booster injections when efficient tolerogens were used. Among the most promising tolerogens are fully penicilloylated oligolysines with a molecular weight below 10 000.", "contents": "Induction of immunological tolerance to the penicilloyl antigenic determinant. I. Evaluation of penicilloylated amino acid polymers and copolymers in mice. Antibody responses to the penicilloyl (BPO) group, the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy induced in C3H mice by penicilloylated bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant, were reduced or abolished by various amino acid polymers and copolymers of different composition and size carrying BPO groups. Tolerogenic treatment was effective before or after primary immunization and also during anamnestic responses. The unresponsive state was of long duration and persisted even after several booster injections when efficient tolerogens were used. Among the most promising tolerogens are fully penicilloylated oligolysines with a molecular weight below 10 000.", "PMID": 78853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7153", "title": "Induction of immunological tolerance to the penicilloyl antigenic determinant. II. Evaluation of stable and unstable penicilloyl dextrans.", "content": "A specific tolerant state to the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy, the penicilloyl group, was induced in C3H mice primarily immunized with penicilloylated bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Tolerance was obtained by intraperitoneal administration of either of two penicilloyl-bearing dextrans of molecular weight 2 X 10(6). One conjugate contained penicilloyl groups stably bound via a 1,6-diaminohexane spacer, the other bore the penicilloyl groups directly bound to the hydroxyl groups of the carrier. These directly bound penicilloyl groups undergo hydrolytic cleavage within 3 days under physiological conditions in neutral aqueous solution. Model experiments showed that the rapid cleavage into carrier and haptenic derivatives also applies to penicilloylated dextran in receptor-bound and particulate form, as may be expected from the highly hydrophilic character of the conjugate. The stable conjugate at 1 mg and the cleavable conjugate at 4 mg doses induced comparable tolerance lasting for at least 8-12 weeks.", "contents": "Induction of immunological tolerance to the penicilloyl antigenic determinant. II. Evaluation of stable and unstable penicilloyl dextrans. A specific tolerant state to the major antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy, the penicilloyl group, was induced in C3H mice primarily immunized with penicilloylated bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Tolerance was obtained by intraperitoneal administration of either of two penicilloyl-bearing dextrans of molecular weight 2 X 10(6). One conjugate contained penicilloyl groups stably bound via a 1,6-diaminohexane spacer, the other bore the penicilloyl groups directly bound to the hydroxyl groups of the carrier. These directly bound penicilloyl groups undergo hydrolytic cleavage within 3 days under physiological conditions in neutral aqueous solution. Model experiments showed that the rapid cleavage into carrier and haptenic derivatives also applies to penicilloylated dextran in receptor-bound and particulate form, as may be expected from the highly hydrophilic character of the conjugate. The stable conjugate at 1 mg and the cleavable conjugate at 4 mg doses induced comparable tolerance lasting for at least 8-12 weeks.", "PMID": 78854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7154", "title": "The relationship of membrane antigens on 141 (NZB) and EL4 (C57BL) lymphoma cells as demonstrated by antibody-induced resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "We have studied the ability of various antisera to induce resistance to complement-dependent lysis (CdL) (lysostripping) of surface antigens of B and T lymphoma cells. Alloantisera, xenoantisera, as well as anti-Rauscher-leukemia virus (RLV) antisera, were used. Whereas all antisera could induce resistance to CdL mediated by the same serum that served for lysostripping (autolysostrip), only some of the tested antisera could induce resistance to CdL by other antisera (co-lysostrip). In some combinations co-lysostrip was unidirectional, i.e., in a pair of antisera, one induced autolysostrip as well as co-lysostrip, whereas the other antiserum induced autolysostrip only. In other combinations co-lysostrip was reciprocal. These investigations do not support the possibility that viral components and alloantigenic determinants are associated on mouse lymphoma cells.", "contents": "The relationship of membrane antigens on 141 (NZB) and EL4 (C57BL) lymphoma cells as demonstrated by antibody-induced resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity. We have studied the ability of various antisera to induce resistance to complement-dependent lysis (CdL) (lysostripping) of surface antigens of B and T lymphoma cells. Alloantisera, xenoantisera, as well as anti-Rauscher-leukemia virus (RLV) antisera, were used. Whereas all antisera could induce resistance to CdL mediated by the same serum that served for lysostripping (autolysostrip), only some of the tested antisera could induce resistance to CdL by other antisera (co-lysostrip). In some combinations co-lysostrip was unidirectional, i.e., in a pair of antisera, one induced autolysostrip as well as co-lysostrip, whereas the other antiserum induced autolysostrip only. In other combinations co-lysostrip was reciprocal. These investigations do not support the possibility that viral components and alloantigenic determinants are associated on mouse lymphoma cells.", "PMID": 78855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7155", "title": "Selection of antigen-specific cells by adherence to allogeneic cell monolayers: cytolytic activity, graft-vs.-host activity and numbers of adherent and nonadherent cells.", "content": "Rat lymph node cells taken at the peak of cytolytic activity following a skin allograft were separated into adherent and nonadherent fractions by incubation on monolayers of thoracic duct lymphocytes either of the same strain as the graft donor or of an Ag-B different strain. In the face of a 3-fold enrichment of cytolytic activity in the adherent cells and a 3-fold depletion in the nonadherent cells there was no detectable partition of graft-vs-host (GVH) activity. Supplementary experiments supported the simplest interpretation of this finding, namely that the antigen receptors on GVH-reactive cells did not influence their adherence in this system. Similarly, there was no partition of the GVH activity of nonimmune lymph node cells by adherence. Labeling lymph node cells with either radioactive uridine or thymidine in vitro, suggested that about 20% of DNA-synthesizing cells in the immune population adhered because of antigen recognition.", "contents": "Selection of antigen-specific cells by adherence to allogeneic cell monolayers: cytolytic activity, graft-vs.-host activity and numbers of adherent and nonadherent cells. Rat lymph node cells taken at the peak of cytolytic activity following a skin allograft were separated into adherent and nonadherent fractions by incubation on monolayers of thoracic duct lymphocytes either of the same strain as the graft donor or of an Ag-B different strain. In the face of a 3-fold enrichment of cytolytic activity in the adherent cells and a 3-fold depletion in the nonadherent cells there was no detectable partition of graft-vs-host (GVH) activity. Supplementary experiments supported the simplest interpretation of this finding, namely that the antigen receptors on GVH-reactive cells did not influence their adherence in this system. Similarly, there was no partition of the GVH activity of nonimmune lymph node cells by adherence. Labeling lymph node cells with either radioactive uridine or thymidine in vitro, suggested that about 20% of DNA-synthesizing cells in the immune population adhered because of antigen recognition.", "PMID": 78856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7156", "title": "Acquired heterophile antigens on the surface of human cell lines.", "content": "Chicken IgM antibodies raised against sheep erythrocytes (SE) reacted with a heterophile carbohydrate antigen designated as \"HC\". This antigen was visualized by SE rosette formation with antibody-sensitized and formaldehyde-fixed target cells. Cells from eight lymphoblastoid lines and ten lines of diverse histogenetic origin all expressed HC on their surface to a greater or lesser degree when grown in fetal calf serum (FCS). Lymphoblastoid cell lines, HSB2 and Namalva, lost most of their HC antigen after three cell divisions when grown in medium which contained normal human serum (NHS) instead of FCS. The acquired origin of HC was demonstrated by the conversion of HSB2-HC- into HSB2-HC+ cells after incubation in the presence of FCS or fetuin for 18 h at 37 degrees C. The acquisition of HC antigen depended on the concentration of fetuin as well as the time and temperature of incubation. The presence of NHS in the culture medium reduced the degree of HC incorporation. The level of HC expressed on the cell surface was reduced by treating HSB2 cells with sodium periodate but not by proteolytic enzymes. Competitive inhibition with hog blood group substance and sheep IgG suggested similar specificity of HC on target cells which had been sensitized with either fetuin or sheep IgM (Eur. J. Immunol. 1977.7:204). The avidity of chicken antibodies to HC in either of these systems was several orders of magnitude lower than the binding to SE.", "contents": "Acquired heterophile antigens on the surface of human cell lines. Chicken IgM antibodies raised against sheep erythrocytes (SE) reacted with a heterophile carbohydrate antigen designated as \"HC\". This antigen was visualized by SE rosette formation with antibody-sensitized and formaldehyde-fixed target cells. Cells from eight lymphoblastoid lines and ten lines of diverse histogenetic origin all expressed HC on their surface to a greater or lesser degree when grown in fetal calf serum (FCS). Lymphoblastoid cell lines, HSB2 and Namalva, lost most of their HC antigen after three cell divisions when grown in medium which contained normal human serum (NHS) instead of FCS. The acquired origin of HC was demonstrated by the conversion of HSB2-HC- into HSB2-HC+ cells after incubation in the presence of FCS or fetuin for 18 h at 37 degrees C. The acquisition of HC antigen depended on the concentration of fetuin as well as the time and temperature of incubation. The presence of NHS in the culture medium reduced the degree of HC incorporation. The level of HC expressed on the cell surface was reduced by treating HSB2 cells with sodium periodate but not by proteolytic enzymes. Competitive inhibition with hog blood group substance and sheep IgG suggested similar specificity of HC on target cells which had been sensitized with either fetuin or sheep IgM (Eur. J. Immunol. 1977.7:204). The avidity of chicken antibodies to HC in either of these systems was several orders of magnitude lower than the binding to SE.", "PMID": 78857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7157", "title": "alpha-globulin follicular fluid proteins within small and large bovine follicles.", "content": "Fluids from small (FF-S) and large (FF-L) bovine ovarian follicles were observed electrophoretically for differences in the alpha-globulin protein profile. FF-L possessed a fast migrating alpha-globulin 3 and a greater percentage of FF-L samples contained a higher number of alpha-globulin bands.", "contents": "alpha-globulin follicular fluid proteins within small and large bovine follicles. Fluids from small (FF-S) and large (FF-L) bovine ovarian follicles were observed electrophoretically for differences in the alpha-globulin protein profile. FF-L possessed a fast migrating alpha-globulin 3 and a greater percentage of FF-L samples contained a higher number of alpha-globulin bands.", "PMID": 78859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7158", "title": "Electron microscopy in the early diagnosis of genetic disorders of the skin.", "content": "Electron microscopy is shown to represent an effective tool in the early diagnosis of genetic disorders. On the basis of ultrastructural findings in various dominant and recessive types of ichthyoses and epidermolyses, defects of structural proteins of the skin proved to form the main intrinsic pathogenetic feature of some dominantly inherited types whereas quantitative impairments characterize their closely resembling recessive counterparts. Most of the diseases concerned severely disable the involved patients. Early diagnosis is therefore of high importance. In those cases where an exact diagnosis in newborn children is difficult or impossible with respect to their clinical features, electron microscopy provides the clinician with reliable and significant criteria to differentiate between closely resembling entities.", "contents": "Electron microscopy in the early diagnosis of genetic disorders of the skin. Electron microscopy is shown to represent an effective tool in the early diagnosis of genetic disorders. On the basis of ultrastructural findings in various dominant and recessive types of ichthyoses and epidermolyses, defects of structural proteins of the skin proved to form the main intrinsic pathogenetic feature of some dominantly inherited types whereas quantitative impairments characterize their closely resembling recessive counterparts. Most of the diseases concerned severely disable the involved patients. Early diagnosis is therefore of high importance. In those cases where an exact diagnosis in newborn children is difficult or impossible with respect to their clinical features, electron microscopy provides the clinician with reliable and significant criteria to differentiate between closely resembling entities.", "PMID": 78862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7159", "title": "Antitumor immunity after surgical removal of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors: correlation between resistance and delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "content": "The relationship between tumor resistance and the antitumor delayed hypersensitivity reaction (TDHR) after resection of the tumor was studied by using the syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumor, MCA-DDD. MCA-DDD was inoculated subcutaneously into the tail of DDD mice and 4 weeks later the tumor-bearing tail was resected. The tumor resistances of the mice were then determined from the diameters of the tumor that developed 14 days after subcutaneous challenge of the mice with tumor cells in the flank. It was found that the mice showed a specific resistance to the tumor until 30 days after tumor resection. In parallel with tests on tumor resistance, TDHR of the mice after tumor resection was examined by the footpad test. The cell-free fraction of sonicated MCA-DDD tumor cells was used as the preparation of tumor antigens. TDHR of the mice appeared soon after tumor resection, reached a maximum on day 7, and then decreased slowly until day 29. Mice that acquired tumor resistance showed rapid increase of TDHR after challenge with fresh tumor cells. TDHR was high on day 4 after the challenge and its level was well correlated with tumor resistance of the mice.", "contents": "Antitumor immunity after surgical removal of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors: correlation between resistance and delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The relationship between tumor resistance and the antitumor delayed hypersensitivity reaction (TDHR) after resection of the tumor was studied by using the syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumor, MCA-DDD. MCA-DDD was inoculated subcutaneously into the tail of DDD mice and 4 weeks later the tumor-bearing tail was resected. The tumor resistances of the mice were then determined from the diameters of the tumor that developed 14 days after subcutaneous challenge of the mice with tumor cells in the flank. It was found that the mice showed a specific resistance to the tumor until 30 days after tumor resection. In parallel with tests on tumor resistance, TDHR of the mice after tumor resection was examined by the footpad test. The cell-free fraction of sonicated MCA-DDD tumor cells was used as the preparation of tumor antigens. TDHR of the mice appeared soon after tumor resection, reached a maximum on day 7, and then decreased slowly until day 29. Mice that acquired tumor resistance showed rapid increase of TDHR after challenge with fresh tumor cells. TDHR was high on day 4 after the challenge and its level was well correlated with tumor resistance of the mice.", "PMID": 78867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7160", "title": "Effect of alpha-benzene hexachloride on 2-fluorenylacetamide carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Studies were made on the effect of 0.06% alpha-benzene hexachloride (alpha-BHC) on hepatic changes, including development of hepatomas, in rats treated with 0.025% 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) at the same time. alpha-BHC inhibited the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas and oval cells infiltration in rats treated with 2-FAA for 5 months. However, it did not inhibit induction of hyperplastic nodules, it induced liver adenocarcinomas in 4 of 11 rats, and it caused remarkable cyst formation in the liver of rats treated with 2-FAA.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-benzene hexachloride on 2-fluorenylacetamide carcinogenesis in rats. Studies were made on the effect of 0.06% alpha-benzene hexachloride (alpha-BHC) on hepatic changes, including development of hepatomas, in rats treated with 0.025% 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) at the same time. alpha-BHC inhibited the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas and oval cells infiltration in rats treated with 2-FAA for 5 months. However, it did not inhibit induction of hyperplastic nodules, it induced liver adenocarcinomas in 4 of 11 rats, and it caused remarkable cyst formation in the liver of rats treated with 2-FAA.", "PMID": 78868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7161", "title": "Tumor-specific skin-reactive antigen solubilized from a syngeneic guinea pig liposarcoma by 3M potassium chloride.", "content": "Tumor-specific and skin-reactive antigen of a syngeneic liposarcoma (H-10) of Hartley/F guinea pig was solubilized with 3M potassium chloride and purified by precipitation with 2M ammonium sulfate, followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The antigenic activity of 7 fractions obtained was estimated by the delayed-type skin reaction elicited in syngeneic animals immunized with H-10 cells admixed with BCG. Accurate relative activity of the fractions comparable to the skin reaction elicited by living H-10 cells was calculated by the parallel line assay method in which the dose-response curves of the fractions are compared with that of living cells. About 30 approximately 50 microgram protein of the 3 fractions eluted slowly from the Sephadex column elicited the skin reaction equivalent to that elicited with 1 X 10(6) of living H-10 cells. Tumor-specific skin reactivity per microgram protein of these 3 fractions was roughly 20 approximately 40 times higher than that of lyophilized cells.", "contents": "Tumor-specific skin-reactive antigen solubilized from a syngeneic guinea pig liposarcoma by 3M potassium chloride. Tumor-specific and skin-reactive antigen of a syngeneic liposarcoma (H-10) of Hartley/F guinea pig was solubilized with 3M potassium chloride and purified by precipitation with 2M ammonium sulfate, followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The antigenic activity of 7 fractions obtained was estimated by the delayed-type skin reaction elicited in syngeneic animals immunized with H-10 cells admixed with BCG. Accurate relative activity of the fractions comparable to the skin reaction elicited by living H-10 cells was calculated by the parallel line assay method in which the dose-response curves of the fractions are compared with that of living cells. About 30 approximately 50 microgram protein of the 3 fractions eluted slowly from the Sephadex column elicited the skin reaction equivalent to that elicited with 1 X 10(6) of living H-10 cells. Tumor-specific skin reactivity per microgram protein of these 3 fractions was roughly 20 approximately 40 times higher than that of lyophilized cells.", "PMID": 78869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7162", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined internal-external drainage in preoperative and palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic intubation and combined internal-external drainage of the biliary system was performed in 15 patients with occlusion of the extrahepatic bile ducts due mainly to cholangiocarcinoma, metastases of the hepatoduodenal ligament, and tumors of the periampullary region. The technique is described and the value of the procedure in temporary decompression and combined internal-external bile drainage prior to radical surgery is demonstrated. Its advantages as a palliative method are evident in far-advanced malignancy when extensive and complicated surgical procedures are ill-advised.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined internal-external drainage in preoperative and palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice. Percutaneous transhepatic intubation and combined internal-external drainage of the biliary system was performed in 15 patients with occlusion of the extrahepatic bile ducts due mainly to cholangiocarcinoma, metastases of the hepatoduodenal ligament, and tumors of the periampullary region. The technique is described and the value of the procedure in temporary decompression and combined internal-external bile drainage prior to radical surgery is demonstrated. Its advantages as a palliative method are evident in far-advanced malignancy when extensive and complicated surgical procedures are ill-advised.", "PMID": 78870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7163", "title": "Whipple's disease: case report with immunological studies.", "content": "A patient with Whipple's disease is described whose small bowel biopsy demonstrated antigenicity to rabbit antisera to groups A, B, C, and G streptococci and Shigella flexneri, but not to antisera to pneumococcus or Shigella sonnei by immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, the patient's lymphocytes responded normally to phytohemagglutinin and to concanavalin A. These studies support the idea what Whipple's disease is mediated by a bacteria-like agent which shares certain antigenic similarities with groups A, B, C, and G streptococci and S. flexneri, and that T cell dysfunction does not appear to be an essential prerequisite for the disease.", "contents": "Whipple's disease: case report with immunological studies. A patient with Whipple's disease is described whose small bowel biopsy demonstrated antigenicity to rabbit antisera to groups A, B, C, and G streptococci and Shigella flexneri, but not to antisera to pneumococcus or Shigella sonnei by immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, the patient's lymphocytes responded normally to phytohemagglutinin and to concanavalin A. These studies support the idea what Whipple's disease is mediated by a bacteria-like agent which shares certain antigenic similarities with groups A, B, C, and G streptococci and S. flexneri, and that T cell dysfunction does not appear to be an essential prerequisite for the disease.", "PMID": 78871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7164", "title": "[Alpha-fetoprotein, HPL, ostriol and SP1 concentrations in prostaglandin-induced mid-trimester abortions (author's transl)].", "content": "Maternal serum concentrations of AFP, HPL, SP1 and Estriol were measured in the course of prostaglandin-induced abortions. Termination of pregnancy between the 13th and 25th week of pregnancy was done for medical reasons. Patients were treated with PGE2, PGF2alpha and with 16-phenoxy-PGE2-methansulfonamid, respectively. Prostaglandins were administered systemically, i. e. intravenously. Current measurement of HPL and AFP-concentrations showed a contrary sense. These changes of concentrations were related to fetal death and membrane rupture in some cases as is demonstrated in four diagrams. Typical and sharply decreasing values of Estriol followed fetal death in patients with intact pregnancies before. As for an anencephalic fetus, AFP-concentrations increased slightly too, HPL values decreased like in other abortions. Only minimal changes of SP1 concentrations were found generally in all patients and during abortion time.", "contents": "[Alpha-fetoprotein, HPL, ostriol and SP1 concentrations in prostaglandin-induced mid-trimester abortions (author's transl)]. Maternal serum concentrations of AFP, HPL, SP1 and Estriol were measured in the course of prostaglandin-induced abortions. Termination of pregnancy between the 13th and 25th week of pregnancy was done for medical reasons. Patients were treated with PGE2, PGF2alpha and with 16-phenoxy-PGE2-methansulfonamid, respectively. Prostaglandins were administered systemically, i. e. intravenously. Current measurement of HPL and AFP-concentrations showed a contrary sense. These changes of concentrations were related to fetal death and membrane rupture in some cases as is demonstrated in four diagrams. Typical and sharply decreasing values of Estriol followed fetal death in patients with intact pregnancies before. As for an anencephalic fetus, AFP-concentrations increased slightly too, HPL values decreased like in other abortions. Only minimal changes of SP1 concentrations were found generally in all patients and during abortion time.", "PMID": 78872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7165", "title": "[Serum concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and alpha-fetoprotein under long-term administration of an oral contraceptive containing cyproterone acetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum prolactin, growth hormone, and alpha-fetoprotein were determined in women taking a new oral contraceptive, consisting of 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 50 microgram of ethinylestradiol. Because these women were suffering from acne vulgaris they were taking this contraceptive containing a gestagen with antiandrogenic activity. Prolatin and growth hormone were determined because both may favour the development and the growth of mammary tumors and because their secretion may be stimulated by estrogenic compounds. Alpha-fetoprotein is a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma, which may be associated with long-term use of oral contraceptives. During one year of treatment with cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol there was a continuous rise of serum concentrations of prolactin. However, this rise did not exceed the normal range. In contrast, serum concentrations of growth hormone did not change significantly. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels remained below the detection limit of the method.", "contents": "[Serum concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and alpha-fetoprotein under long-term administration of an oral contraceptive containing cyproterone acetate (author's transl)]. Serum prolactin, growth hormone, and alpha-fetoprotein were determined in women taking a new oral contraceptive, consisting of 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 50 microgram of ethinylestradiol. Because these women were suffering from acne vulgaris they were taking this contraceptive containing a gestagen with antiandrogenic activity. Prolatin and growth hormone were determined because both may favour the development and the growth of mammary tumors and because their secretion may be stimulated by estrogenic compounds. Alpha-fetoprotein is a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma, which may be associated with long-term use of oral contraceptives. During one year of treatment with cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol there was a continuous rise of serum concentrations of prolactin. However, this rise did not exceed the normal range. In contrast, serum concentrations of growth hormone did not change significantly. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels remained below the detection limit of the method.", "PMID": 78873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7166", "title": "[Polymorphism of immunoglobulin Gm- and Km-allotypes in northern Altaians (western Sibiria)].", "content": "In two small adjacent groups-kumandinias and chelkanians-the distribution of G1m(a), G1m(x), G1m(f), G3m(b1), G3m(b5) and Km(1) serum allotypic markers was studied. Gmf;b haplotype frequency in kumandinians was found to be 0.310; in chelkanians living eastward it was 0.212. Gma and Gmax frequencies were observed to be 0.606 and 0.084 in the former and 0.687 and 0.101 in the latter. Km1 frequency was found to be 0.074 in kumandinians and 0.087 in chelkanians. Unusual Gm(a, f) henotype was observed in both groups with a frequency lesser than 5%.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of immunoglobulin Gm- and Km-allotypes in northern Altaians (western Sibiria)]. In two small adjacent groups-kumandinias and chelkanians-the distribution of G1m(a), G1m(x), G1m(f), G3m(b1), G3m(b5) and Km(1) serum allotypic markers was studied. Gmf;b haplotype frequency in kumandinians was found to be 0.310; in chelkanians living eastward it was 0.212. Gma and Gmax frequencies were observed to be 0.606 and 0.084 in the former and 0.687 and 0.101 in the latter. Km1 frequency was found to be 0.074 in kumandinians and 0.087 in chelkanians. Unusual Gm(a, f) henotype was observed in both groups with a frequency lesser than 5%.", "PMID": 78875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7167", "title": "[Endorphins--endogenous peptides with morphine-like effects. 2. Biological importance, clinical apsects].", "content": "Since 1974 peptides with opiate-like action both in vivo and in vitro have been isolated from the nervous system of various vertebrates and man. The localization of these peptides (endorphins) within the central and peripheral nervous system reflects the possible biological functions in which they may participate: the response of the CNS to painful stimuli (dorsal horn of the spinal cord, central grey matter, thalamus); the control of emotions (limbic system); the regulation of vegetative functions (medulla oblongata); the response of the body to stress the control of endocrine function (hypothalamus, infundibulum, hypophysis); the control of extrapyramidal motor activity (brain stem) or the control of intestinal motility (intramural nervous plexus). Up-to-date knowledge suggests that the endorphins may function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or hormones and that such functions vary according to the special sites of synthesis, storage and action of these various peptides within the body.", "contents": "[Endorphins--endogenous peptides with morphine-like effects. 2. Biological importance, clinical apsects]. Since 1974 peptides with opiate-like action both in vivo and in vitro have been isolated from the nervous system of various vertebrates and man. The localization of these peptides (endorphins) within the central and peripheral nervous system reflects the possible biological functions in which they may participate: the response of the CNS to painful stimuli (dorsal horn of the spinal cord, central grey matter, thalamus); the control of emotions (limbic system); the regulation of vegetative functions (medulla oblongata); the response of the body to stress the control of endocrine function (hypothalamus, infundibulum, hypophysis); the control of extrapyramidal motor activity (brain stem) or the control of intestinal motility (intramural nervous plexus). Up-to-date knowledge suggests that the endorphins may function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or hormones and that such functions vary according to the special sites of synthesis, storage and action of these various peptides within the body.", "PMID": 78879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7168", "title": "The hyaline cell: a distinctive feature of \"mixed\" salivary tumours.", "content": "We have identified and described a distinctive type of cell which is characteristic of the \"mixed\" salivary tumour. This \"hyaline cell\" or plasmacytoid cell is particularly common and conspicuous in \"mixed\" tumours of the palate and other sites in the mouth. It occurs also in tumours of the major glands, but with much lesser frequency. The hyaline cell is found in \"mixed\" salivary-type tumours in other sites, e.g. the skin. It is not present in the other types of salivary tumour, notably adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenolymphoma, mucoepidermoid and acinic tumour. Ultrastructural study suggests that the hyaline cell is an indicator of myoepithelial differentiation. Current concepts of the acceptable pathways of myoepithelial differentiation in \"mixed\" tumours are discussed briefly. The specificity of the hyaline cell will probably prove valuable in separating \"mixed\" tumours from monomorphic adenomas, thus retaining the identity of the latter. The hyaline cell is almost as distinctive a feature of \"mixed\" tumours as is myxochondroid tissue and its specificity is of practical value in the diagnosis and classification of salivary tumours.", "contents": "The hyaline cell: a distinctive feature of \"mixed\" salivary tumours. We have identified and described a distinctive type of cell which is characteristic of the \"mixed\" salivary tumour. This \"hyaline cell\" or plasmacytoid cell is particularly common and conspicuous in \"mixed\" tumours of the palate and other sites in the mouth. It occurs also in tumours of the major glands, but with much lesser frequency. The hyaline cell is found in \"mixed\" salivary-type tumours in other sites, e.g. the skin. It is not present in the other types of salivary tumour, notably adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenolymphoma, mucoepidermoid and acinic tumour. Ultrastructural study suggests that the hyaline cell is an indicator of myoepithelial differentiation. Current concepts of the acceptable pathways of myoepithelial differentiation in \"mixed\" tumours are discussed briefly. The specificity of the hyaline cell will probably prove valuable in separating \"mixed\" tumours from monomorphic adenomas, thus retaining the identity of the latter. The hyaline cell is almost as distinctive a feature of \"mixed\" tumours as is myxochondroid tissue and its specificity is of practical value in the diagnosis and classification of salivary tumours.", "PMID": 78883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7169", "title": "A combined stain for elastin and acid mucopolysaccharides in large blood vessels.", "content": "A reliable, reproducible combined stain for elastin and acid mucopolysaccharides has been developed and is particularly suitable for the study of large blood vessels as muscle and collagen are also stained. The technique is described.", "contents": "A combined stain for elastin and acid mucopolysaccharides in large blood vessels. A reliable, reproducible combined stain for elastin and acid mucopolysaccharides has been developed and is particularly suitable for the study of large blood vessels as muscle and collagen are also stained. The technique is described.", "PMID": 78884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7170", "title": "Health center streamlines use of audiovisual aids.", "content": "Audiovisual aids and programs can be used to help provide effective and efficient in-hospital continuing education programs. The cost of audiovisual equipment can be minimized and use can be maximized by implementing standardization policies that identify and simplify the number and types of equipment to be purchased.", "contents": "Health center streamlines use of audiovisual aids. Audiovisual aids and programs can be used to help provide effective and efficient in-hospital continuing education programs. The cost of audiovisual equipment can be minimized and use can be maximized by implementing standardization policies that identify and simplify the number and types of equipment to be purchased.", "PMID": 78885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7171", "title": "Evidence for subtypic determinants in the HLA-DW3 cluster.", "content": "This study was undertaken to get more insight into the previously suggested heterogeneity of the HLA--DW3 cluster. Preliminary evidence of DW3 heterogeneity was derived from results of intrafamilial mixed lymphocyte culture tests (MLC) where cells of apparently homozygous offspring revealed unexpected stimulations of one of the parents' cells. Therefore, 15 different homozygous typing cells (HTCs) of DW3 specificity were tested against 43 HLA-DW3 heterozygous individuals. The response patterns of the 43 HLA-DW3 heterozygous cells toward 13 HTCs leads to the definition of at least three groups of DW3 stimulating cells. According to these patterns, four groups of responding cells could be classified. These results were confirmed by a MLC checkerboard experiment running all DW3-HTCs against each other. Discussing all possible explanations for these observations, the authors conclude that the existence of DW3 subtypes having some properties in common is the most likely interpretation of the results obtained. Family segregation studies will be needed to define the genotypic situation of the DW3 cluster.", "contents": "Evidence for subtypic determinants in the HLA-DW3 cluster. This study was undertaken to get more insight into the previously suggested heterogeneity of the HLA--DW3 cluster. Preliminary evidence of DW3 heterogeneity was derived from results of intrafamilial mixed lymphocyte culture tests (MLC) where cells of apparently homozygous offspring revealed unexpected stimulations of one of the parents' cells. Therefore, 15 different homozygous typing cells (HTCs) of DW3 specificity were tested against 43 HLA-DW3 heterozygous individuals. The response patterns of the 43 HLA-DW3 heterozygous cells toward 13 HTCs leads to the definition of at least three groups of DW3 stimulating cells. According to these patterns, four groups of responding cells could be classified. These results were confirmed by a MLC checkerboard experiment running all DW3-HTCs against each other. Discussing all possible explanations for these observations, the authors conclude that the existence of DW3 subtypes having some properties in common is the most likely interpretation of the results obtained. Family segregation studies will be needed to define the genotypic situation of the DW3 cluster.", "PMID": 78887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7172", "title": "Comparative large-scale propagation of retroviruses from Old World (Mason-Pfizer monkey virus) and New World (squirrel monkey virus) primates.", "content": "A cell culture method is described for the large-scale (50 to 150 1) production of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey virus, two primate retroviruses. Virus production was achieved with suspension cultures of chronically infected A204 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells harvested and clarified in the logarithmic stages of cell culture growth. Methods for the subsequent purification and concentration of virus material utilizing zonal centrifugation also are described. Applications of these methodologies resulted in products that afforded biochemical comparisons of these agents in a manner such that host cell-derived variations were minimized. These data indicated that high levels of production and efficient recovery and purification of virus material were achieved.", "contents": "Comparative large-scale propagation of retroviruses from Old World (Mason-Pfizer monkey virus) and New World (squirrel monkey virus) primates. A cell culture method is described for the large-scale (50 to 150 1) production of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey virus, two primate retroviruses. Virus production was achieved with suspension cultures of chronically infected A204 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells harvested and clarified in the logarithmic stages of cell culture growth. Methods for the subsequent purification and concentration of virus material utilizing zonal centrifugation also are described. Applications of these methodologies resulted in products that afforded biochemical comparisons of these agents in a manner such that host cell-derived variations were minimized. These data indicated that high levels of production and efficient recovery and purification of virus material were achieved.", "PMID": 78888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7173", "title": "Demonstration of components of serum-free culture medium effecting maximum in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "By using a chemically defined serum-free (SF) medium for propagation of Mm5mtc1 mouse adenocarcinoma cell cultures and clonal derivatives, medium components including hormones, glucose and individual amino acids were evaluated as to modulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) porduction. Insulin, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone each increased MMTV production on a per cell basis over constitutive expression that occurs in SF medium devoid of hormones. Maximum production occurred when all three hormones were present. Hormone-stimulated virus expression also was influenced by glucose concentration. Cell growth and maximum MMTV expression increased when thyroxine, asparagine, proline and serine were omitted from the medium formulation. The resulting modified SF medium provides and ideal system for the propagation of high MMTV-producer clones and for the study of the biochemical regulation of MMTV expression.", "contents": "Demonstration of components of serum-free culture medium effecting maximum in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus. By using a chemically defined serum-free (SF) medium for propagation of Mm5mtc1 mouse adenocarcinoma cell cultures and clonal derivatives, medium components including hormones, glucose and individual amino acids were evaluated as to modulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) porduction. Insulin, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone each increased MMTV production on a per cell basis over constitutive expression that occurs in SF medium devoid of hormones. Maximum production occurred when all three hormones were present. Hormone-stimulated virus expression also was influenced by glucose concentration. Cell growth and maximum MMTV expression increased when thyroxine, asparagine, proline and serine were omitted from the medium formulation. The resulting modified SF medium provides and ideal system for the propagation of high MMTV-producer clones and for the study of the biochemical regulation of MMTV expression.", "PMID": 78889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7174", "title": "Cyclic appearance of antibody-producing cells in the peripheral blood in response to a chemically-defiend polyglycerophosphate antigen.", "content": "Cyclic production of serum antibody and of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of polyglycerophosphate (PGP) specificity was observed in the peripheral blood of rabbits following a single injection of antigen. Individual animals were examined at 4-day intervals up to 28 days post-injection. Direct and indirect PFC displayed initial peaks at 4 days post-injection with an 8-day lag between the first and second peaks and a 12-day lag between the second and third peaks. Serum IgM rose to a peak 4 days after the initial PFC peak and gradually dropped to baseline levels. Serum IgG rose sharply to a peak at 4 days following the initial PFC peak and generally remained at elevated levels for the duration of the experiment. Cycling of background sheep erythrocyte PFC was also observed, but cycles were out of phase with the PGP cycles and with each other.", "contents": "Cyclic appearance of antibody-producing cells in the peripheral blood in response to a chemically-defiend polyglycerophosphate antigen. Cyclic production of serum antibody and of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of polyglycerophosphate (PGP) specificity was observed in the peripheral blood of rabbits following a single injection of antigen. Individual animals were examined at 4-day intervals up to 28 days post-injection. Direct and indirect PFC displayed initial peaks at 4 days post-injection with an 8-day lag between the first and second peaks and a 12-day lag between the second and third peaks. Serum IgM rose to a peak 4 days after the initial PFC peak and gradually dropped to baseline levels. Serum IgG rose sharply to a peak at 4 days following the initial PFC peak and generally remained at elevated levels for the duration of the experiment. Cycling of background sheep erythrocyte PFC was also observed, but cycles were out of phase with the PGP cycles and with each other.", "PMID": 78890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7175", "title": "Purification and characterisation of two proteins from Ascaris suum extract, antigenically different but bearing common allergenic epitopes.", "content": "Two proteins, FI and FVII, have been purified from a whole worm extract of adult Ascaris suum, using ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Both of them provoke reagin formation in mice as tested in presensitized animals with an original immediate hypersensitivity reaction test. They are two chemically and physically different protein molecules showing no cross reaction with a rabbit serum anti-crude extract but bearing common allergenic epitopes as proved when tested in mice.", "contents": "Purification and characterisation of two proteins from Ascaris suum extract, antigenically different but bearing common allergenic epitopes. Two proteins, FI and FVII, have been purified from a whole worm extract of adult Ascaris suum, using ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Both of them provoke reagin formation in mice as tested in presensitized animals with an original immediate hypersensitivity reaction test. They are two chemically and physically different protein molecules showing no cross reaction with a rabbit serum anti-crude extract but bearing common allergenic epitopes as proved when tested in mice.", "PMID": 78891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7176", "title": "[Blood volume replacement and hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch].", "content": "For high molecular hydroxyethylstarch (MW 450000, DS 0.7-0.8) an adequate volume effect has been demonstrated in numerous experimental and clinical studies; this colloid is, therefore, suitable for primary volume replacement as well as for preoperative normovolemic hemodilution. In contrast to colloids hitherto known HES infusion results in hyperamylasemia of probably non-pathogenic importance but significance for differential diagnosis in the post-operative period. Anaphylactoid reactions to HES are infrequent (0.08%). With regard to the manifestation and the degree of severity these reactions are not different from those observed after infusion of other colloids. Since the pathomechanism of anaphylactoid reactions to HES is still unknown prophylactic measures are not available. The elimination of HES from the circulation follows a protracted course, therefore accumulation of HES in tissues may occur after repeated infusions presenting a clear disadvantage of HES. There is, however, evidence that starch-preparations will be available in the future presenting an adequate volume effect while the elimination from the organism occurs rapidly. Low molecular hydroxyethylstarch (HES 450000, DS 0.5-0.55) yields inadequate volume effects; for this, low molecular HES can neither be recommended for long-lasting volume replacement nor for preoperative hemodilution.", "contents": "[Blood volume replacement and hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch]. For high molecular hydroxyethylstarch (MW 450000, DS 0.7-0.8) an adequate volume effect has been demonstrated in numerous experimental and clinical studies; this colloid is, therefore, suitable for primary volume replacement as well as for preoperative normovolemic hemodilution. In contrast to colloids hitherto known HES infusion results in hyperamylasemia of probably non-pathogenic importance but significance for differential diagnosis in the post-operative period. Anaphylactoid reactions to HES are infrequent (0.08%). With regard to the manifestation and the degree of severity these reactions are not different from those observed after infusion of other colloids. Since the pathomechanism of anaphylactoid reactions to HES is still unknown prophylactic measures are not available. The elimination of HES from the circulation follows a protracted course, therefore accumulation of HES in tissues may occur after repeated infusions presenting a clear disadvantage of HES. There is, however, evidence that starch-preparations will be available in the future presenting an adequate volume effect while the elimination from the organism occurs rapidly. Low molecular hydroxyethylstarch (HES 450000, DS 0.5-0.55) yields inadequate volume effects; for this, low molecular HES can neither be recommended for long-lasting volume replacement nor for preoperative hemodilution.", "PMID": 78893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7177", "title": "Degradation of the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide by gonococcal and meningococcal sonic extracts.", "content": "An extract made from the supernatant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gc2 strain 1291 degraded the Gc2 polysaccharide antigen. Chemical analysis of this polysaccharide indicated it contains glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucosamine-6-phosphate, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyotonate, and ethanolamine and is the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide. Degradation of the polysaccharide by sonic extracts resulted either in complete loss of antigenicity and immunogenicity or in partial degradation to subunits that could inhibit the Gc2-specific hemagglutination inhibition. The factors responsible for degradation were destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C for 5 min or by Pronase digestion, but were unaffected by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, Mg2+, Ca2+, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The process was pH dependent, with optimal activity occurring at pH 7. Sonic extract supernatants from group B and C meningococcal strains contained degrading properties, whereas similar extracts produced from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae type II failed to degrade the Gc2 polysaccharide.", "contents": "Degradation of the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide by gonococcal and meningococcal sonic extracts. An extract made from the supernatant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gc2 strain 1291 degraded the Gc2 polysaccharide antigen. Chemical analysis of this polysaccharide indicated it contains glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucosamine-6-phosphate, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyotonate, and ethanolamine and is the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide. Degradation of the polysaccharide by sonic extracts resulted either in complete loss of antigenicity and immunogenicity or in partial degradation to subunits that could inhibit the Gc2-specific hemagglutination inhibition. The factors responsible for degradation were destroyed by heating at 100 degrees C for 5 min or by Pronase digestion, but were unaffected by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, Mg2+, Ca2+, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The process was pH dependent, with optimal activity occurring at pH 7. Sonic extract supernatants from group B and C meningococcal strains contained degrading properties, whereas similar extracts produced from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae type II failed to degrade the Gc2 polysaccharide.", "PMID": 78894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7178", "title": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquire a new principal outer-membrane protein when transformed to resistance to serum bactericidal activity.", "content": "Resistance to the complement-dependent bactericidal activity of normal human serum is found in nearly all Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains causing disseminated gonococcal infection. Transformation of serum-sensitive gonococcal strain NRL 7189 to serum resistance using deoxyribonucleic acid from three separate disseminated-infection gonococci was accompanied by simultaneous structural and antigenic changes in the principal outer-membrane protein (POMP) of the transformants. In each of 10 separate transformations, there was a reduction in subunit molecular weight of the POMP from that in the recipient (39,000) to that in the deoxyribonucleic acid donors (36,500). Also, in each instance the POMP antigenic type, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, converted from that of the recipient to an antigenic type common to each DGI donor strain. This conversion of POMP antigen was reflected in part by changes in the surface fluorescence of the transformed gonococci to the microimmunofluorescence pattern of the donor strains. These results suggested that serum resistance of gonococci is related to the possession of a POMP of characteristic subunit molecular weight and antigenicity.", "contents": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquire a new principal outer-membrane protein when transformed to resistance to serum bactericidal activity. Resistance to the complement-dependent bactericidal activity of normal human serum is found in nearly all Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains causing disseminated gonococcal infection. Transformation of serum-sensitive gonococcal strain NRL 7189 to serum resistance using deoxyribonucleic acid from three separate disseminated-infection gonococci was accompanied by simultaneous structural and antigenic changes in the principal outer-membrane protein (POMP) of the transformants. In each of 10 separate transformations, there was a reduction in subunit molecular weight of the POMP from that in the recipient (39,000) to that in the deoxyribonucleic acid donors (36,500). Also, in each instance the POMP antigenic type, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, converted from that of the recipient to an antigenic type common to each DGI donor strain. This conversion of POMP antigen was reflected in part by changes in the surface fluorescence of the transformed gonococci to the microimmunofluorescence pattern of the donor strains. These results suggested that serum resistance of gonococci is related to the possession of a POMP of characteristic subunit molecular weight and antigenicity.", "PMID": 78895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7179", "title": "Influence of the antigenicity of Brucella preparations on modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The relationship between the expression of surface antigenicity of inactivated Brucella and the immunostimulant properties on the sheep erythrocyte response was studied in mice. The agglutinogenic Brucella abortus B19S preparation was compared to two non-agglutinogenic preparations (B19R and PB), using the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell tests. When Brucella and antigen were injected together, only non-agglutinogenic preparations, even used at low doses, were able to increase the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell responses measured 4 days after immunization. When the interval between the previous injection of non-agglutinogenic preparations and that of the antigen increased or when they were injected 24 h after the antigen, the modification of those two responses was no longer observed. After day 4, for the simultaneous injection of Brucella and antigen, B19S and PB preparations induced the best responses; this effect was dose dependent. Thus, in the present experimental situation, the modification of the day 4 response appeared independent of those of the ensuing days.", "contents": "Influence of the antigenicity of Brucella preparations on modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes. The relationship between the expression of surface antigenicity of inactivated Brucella and the immunostimulant properties on the sheep erythrocyte response was studied in mice. The agglutinogenic Brucella abortus B19S preparation was compared to two non-agglutinogenic preparations (B19R and PB), using the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell tests. When Brucella and antigen were injected together, only non-agglutinogenic preparations, even used at low doses, were able to increase the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell responses measured 4 days after immunization. When the interval between the previous injection of non-agglutinogenic preparations and that of the antigen increased or when they were injected 24 h after the antigen, the modification of those two responses was no longer observed. After day 4, for the simultaneous injection of Brucella and antigen, B19S and PB preparations induced the best responses; this effect was dose dependent. Thus, in the present experimental situation, the modification of the day 4 response appeared independent of those of the ensuing days.", "PMID": 78896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7180", "title": "Antigenic relationship of human foamy virus to the simian foamy viruses.", "content": "A foamy virus isolated by Achong et al. from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma was studied to determine its antigenic relationship to the eight known simiam foamy viruses (SFV). Using reciprocal cross-immunofluorescent and cross-neutralization techniques, we found the human isolate to be closely related to SFV type 6. In a seroepidemiological survey, neutralizing antibody to the human foamy virus was not detected in the sera of animal caretakers or laboratory personnel who routinely handled a wide variety of nonhuman primates. We conclude that the human isolate most probably represents a variant strain of SFV type 6.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship of human foamy virus to the simian foamy viruses. A foamy virus isolated by Achong et al. from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma was studied to determine its antigenic relationship to the eight known simiam foamy viruses (SFV). Using reciprocal cross-immunofluorescent and cross-neutralization techniques, we found the human isolate to be closely related to SFV type 6. In a seroepidemiological survey, neutralizing antibody to the human foamy virus was not detected in the sera of animal caretakers or laboratory personnel who routinely handled a wide variety of nonhuman primates. We conclude that the human isolate most probably represents a variant strain of SFV type 6.", "PMID": 78897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7181", "title": "Strain-specific local and systemic cell-mediated immune responses to cytomegalovirus in humans.", "content": "Employing the techniques of complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and in vitro lymphocyte transformation assay, the antibody and cell-mediated immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were studied in the serum, peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsillar lymphocytes, and cord blood lymphocytes. The study population consisted of 32 children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In the lymphocyte transformation assay, three strains of CMV (AD-169, ADH-1-41, and Davis), herpes simplex type 1, and phytohemagglutinin were employed as antigens. Sixty-five percent of the subjects were found to have CMV-specific antibody activity. The lymphocyte transformation response to phytohemagglutinin was similar in all subjects. No CMV-specific lymphocyte transformation activity was detected in cultures of cord blood lymphocytes. Significant cell-mediated immunity was observed in the tonsillar lymphocytes of 30% (3/10) of the seronegative individuals and in the peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from one such subject. Over 75% (16/21) of the seropositive subjects demonstrated cell-mediated immunity against one or more strains of CMV in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and tonsillar lymphocytes. In the lymphocyte transformation assay, no cross-reactivity was apparent between CMV and herpes simplex type 1. These studies demonstrate the presence of strain-specific systemic and mucosal cell-mediated immune response to CMV in humans. The frequency and distribution of lymphocyte transformation responses to the three CMV strains suggest antigenic heterogeneity of CMV.", "contents": "Strain-specific local and systemic cell-mediated immune responses to cytomegalovirus in humans. Employing the techniques of complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and in vitro lymphocyte transformation assay, the antibody and cell-mediated immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were studied in the serum, peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsillar lymphocytes, and cord blood lymphocytes. The study population consisted of 32 children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In the lymphocyte transformation assay, three strains of CMV (AD-169, ADH-1-41, and Davis), herpes simplex type 1, and phytohemagglutinin were employed as antigens. Sixty-five percent of the subjects were found to have CMV-specific antibody activity. The lymphocyte transformation response to phytohemagglutinin was similar in all subjects. No CMV-specific lymphocyte transformation activity was detected in cultures of cord blood lymphocytes. Significant cell-mediated immunity was observed in the tonsillar lymphocytes of 30% (3/10) of the seronegative individuals and in the peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from one such subject. Over 75% (16/21) of the seropositive subjects demonstrated cell-mediated immunity against one or more strains of CMV in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and tonsillar lymphocytes. In the lymphocyte transformation assay, no cross-reactivity was apparent between CMV and herpes simplex type 1. These studies demonstrate the presence of strain-specific systemic and mucosal cell-mediated immune response to CMV in humans. The frequency and distribution of lymphocyte transformation responses to the three CMV strains suggest antigenic heterogeneity of CMV.", "PMID": 78898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7182", "title": "Determination of virus-specific antigens in extracts from herpes simplex virus-infected cells by a Cr release inhibition test.", "content": "A 51cr release inhibition test (CRIT) was developed for determining herpes simplex virus type 1 antigens in infected cell extracts. Among the factors studied were the optimal concentrations of complement, antibody, and infected target cells. Under standardized conditions, the relationship between antigen content and inhibition of chromium release was linear in a semilogarithmic plot, indicating that the antigen content can be determined from testing two dilutions of a given preparation. Other tests showed that infected cells cryopreserved at -70 degrees C for periods exceeding 3 months can be used in CRIT. Five different batches of infected cell extracts were tested in both CRIT and blocking neutralization tests with comparable results being obtained, suggesting that both tests measure the same activity.", "contents": "Determination of virus-specific antigens in extracts from herpes simplex virus-infected cells by a Cr release inhibition test. A 51cr release inhibition test (CRIT) was developed for determining herpes simplex virus type 1 antigens in infected cell extracts. Among the factors studied were the optimal concentrations of complement, antibody, and infected target cells. Under standardized conditions, the relationship between antigen content and inhibition of chromium release was linear in a semilogarithmic plot, indicating that the antigen content can be determined from testing two dilutions of a given preparation. Other tests showed that infected cells cryopreserved at -70 degrees C for periods exceeding 3 months can be used in CRIT. Five different batches of infected cell extracts were tested in both CRIT and blocking neutralization tests with comparable results being obtained, suggesting that both tests measure the same activity.", "PMID": 78899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7183", "title": "Immunogenic properties of the glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9: kinetic study of inhibition by antibodies.", "content": "An anti-glucosyltransferase serum was prepared against a pure enzyme preparation from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9, which synthesized both soluble and insoluble dextran. Sera, crude gamma globulins, and antibody fractions obtained after gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P200 column were used to study enzyme-antibody interactions. A strong inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity was obtained only with the purified antibody fraction. Kinetics studies showed that the anti-glucosyltransferase antibodies acted as noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to the substrate (sucrose). The addition of primer dextran in the reaction mixture during preincubation produced a diminution of the inhibition, and the antibodies acted as mixed type inhibitors with respect to dextran. The simultaneous addition of dextran and antibodies can protect the enxyme against antibody inhibition.", "contents": "Immunogenic properties of the glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9: kinetic study of inhibition by antibodies. An anti-glucosyltransferase serum was prepared against a pure enzyme preparation from Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9, which synthesized both soluble and insoluble dextran. Sera, crude gamma globulins, and antibody fractions obtained after gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P200 column were used to study enzyme-antibody interactions. A strong inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity was obtained only with the purified antibody fraction. Kinetics studies showed that the anti-glucosyltransferase antibodies acted as noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to the substrate (sucrose). The addition of primer dextran in the reaction mixture during preincubation produced a diminution of the inhibition, and the antibodies acted as mixed type inhibitors with respect to dextran. The simultaneous addition of dextran and antibodies can protect the enxyme against antibody inhibition.", "PMID": 78900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7184", "title": "Specificity of the blastogenic response of human mononuclear cells to herpesvirus antigens.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells from donors with a history of prior infection with herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and/or cytomegalovirus were cultured for 2 to 8 days with glycine-extracted antigens prepared from these viruses and from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The proliferative response of PBM cells from all donors was specific during the first 6 days in culture. During this period the cellular immune responses of the seronegative donors were clearly different from those of the seropositive donors. The responses of PBM cells in culture with any of the human herpesvirus antigens studied was not influenced by prior infection of the donor with one or more other human herpesviruses. In contrast, although no donors had antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, the PBM cells from some of them had a proliferative response to this bovine herpesvirus, which increased with time. This nonspecific response appears to be a host-associated function which may be related to recognition of a common herpesvirus antigen.", "contents": "Specificity of the blastogenic response of human mononuclear cells to herpesvirus antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells from donors with a history of prior infection with herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and/or cytomegalovirus were cultured for 2 to 8 days with glycine-extracted antigens prepared from these viruses and from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The proliferative response of PBM cells from all donors was specific during the first 6 days in culture. During this period the cellular immune responses of the seronegative donors were clearly different from those of the seropositive donors. The responses of PBM cells in culture with any of the human herpesvirus antigens studied was not influenced by prior infection of the donor with one or more other human herpesviruses. In contrast, although no donors had antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, the PBM cells from some of them had a proliferative response to this bovine herpesvirus, which increased with time. This nonspecific response appears to be a host-associated function which may be related to recognition of a common herpesvirus antigen.", "PMID": 78901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7185", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).", "content": "Purification of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) from 200 ml of chimpanzee plasma was accomplished by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose followed by gel filtration. High-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified HBeAg demonstrated two major polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of 22,000 and 55,000. HBeAg labeled with 125I showed a high affinity for protein A-conjugated Sepharose CL-4B. The precipitation reaction between HBeAg and anti-HBe was inhibited by preincubating the purified antigen with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG). These data show that HBeAg is associated with  a serum fraction with the biophysical and antigenic properties of an immunoblobulin of the IgG class. Sedimentation coefficient analysis of purified HbeAg resulted in an S20w value of 11.6 and a molecular weight value of 324,000. These findings, supported by gel filitration and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, revealed that HBeAg has properties analogous to those of a dimer of IgG.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg). Purification of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) from 200 ml of chimpanzee plasma was accomplished by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose followed by gel filtration. High-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified HBeAg demonstrated two major polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of 22,000 and 55,000. HBeAg labeled with 125I showed a high affinity for protein A-conjugated Sepharose CL-4B. The precipitation reaction between HBeAg and anti-HBe was inhibited by preincubating the purified antigen with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG). These data show that HBeAg is associated with  a serum fraction with the biophysical and antigenic properties of an immunoblobulin of the IgG class. Sedimentation coefficient analysis of purified HbeAg resulted in an S20w value of 11.6 and a molecular weight value of 324,000. These findings, supported by gel filitration and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, revealed that HBeAg has properties analogous to those of a dimer of IgG.", "PMID": 78902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7186", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of the anaphylactic degranulation of human basophils from atopic subjects.", "content": "Leukocytes from subjects allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were incubated for 20 min with a solution of D. pteronyssinus extracts. Histamine release was measured at 0, 3, 10 and 20 min. Simultaneously, samples were treated for electron microscopy in such a way as to correlate histamine release and the morphological aspects of basophil leukocytes. The principal features accompanying histamine release were: a progressive activation of the cytoplasmic membrane which showed long processes, densification of the mitochondria, fusion of granulations, progressive dissolution and exocytosis of the contents of the granulations, short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, active Golgi apparatus, and thin membrane-bound granules suggesting resynthesis of mediators.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of the anaphylactic degranulation of human basophils from atopic subjects. Leukocytes from subjects allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were incubated for 20 min with a solution of D. pteronyssinus extracts. Histamine release was measured at 0, 3, 10 and 20 min. Simultaneously, samples were treated for electron microscopy in such a way as to correlate histamine release and the morphological aspects of basophil leukocytes. The principal features accompanying histamine release were: a progressive activation of the cytoplasmic membrane which showed long processes, densification of the mitochondria, fusion of granulations, progressive dissolution and exocytosis of the contents of the granulations, short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, active Golgi apparatus, and thin membrane-bound granules suggesting resynthesis of mediators.", "PMID": 78905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7187", "title": "Characterization of the Hanganutziu-Deicher (serum-sickness) antigen as gangliosides containing n-glycolylneuraminic acid.", "content": "Gangliosides that possess the same sugar sequence but differing in the type of sialic acid (N-acetyl- or N-glycolylneuraminic acid) were compared for their reactivity with Hanganutziu-Deicher ('serum sickness') antibodies by double-diffusion gel precipitation tests. Only N-glycolylneuraminic acid containing gangliosides formed precipitation lines with Hanganutziu-Deicher antibodies, thus suggesting that Hanganutziu-Deicher antigens are gangliosides that contain N-glycolylneuraminic acid.", "contents": "Characterization of the Hanganutziu-Deicher (serum-sickness) antigen as gangliosides containing n-glycolylneuraminic acid. Gangliosides that possess the same sugar sequence but differing in the type of sialic acid (N-acetyl- or N-glycolylneuraminic acid) were compared for their reactivity with Hanganutziu-Deicher ('serum sickness') antibodies by double-diffusion gel precipitation tests. Only N-glycolylneuraminic acid containing gangliosides formed precipitation lines with Hanganutziu-Deicher antibodies, thus suggesting that Hanganutziu-Deicher antigens are gangliosides that contain N-glycolylneuraminic acid.", "PMID": 78906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7188", "title": "Comparison between the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) and the fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) tests in the detection of cancer.", "content": "When peripheral lymphocytes from patients with a history of cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor (EF), in 90% of cases the resulting products reduce the net surface negativity of guinea-pig macrophages, used as detector cells, as revealed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The MEM test is positive in 36% of people with no history of cancer. Formaldehyde-fixed tanned sheep erythrocytes have been used as detector cells in place of guinea-pig macrophages, in a fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) test, with lymphocyte products identical to those used in MEM tests. In patients with a history of cancer, positive results were obtained in 28/42 cases with the FTEEM test compared with 32/42 in the MEM test. In people with no history of cancer, negative results were obtained in 16/18 cases with the FTEEM test, compared with 12/18 in the MEM test in the present series, and 51/69 in a more extensive series. These differences are not significant. Cases in which discrepancies are revealed between the two tests are discussed in terms of individual case histories.", "contents": "Comparison between the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) and the fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) tests in the detection of cancer. When peripheral lymphocytes from patients with a history of cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor (EF), in 90% of cases the resulting products reduce the net surface negativity of guinea-pig macrophages, used as detector cells, as revealed in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The MEM test is positive in 36% of people with no history of cancer. Formaldehyde-fixed tanned sheep erythrocytes have been used as detector cells in place of guinea-pig macrophages, in a fixed tanned erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (FTEEM) test, with lymphocyte products identical to those used in MEM tests. In patients with a history of cancer, positive results were obtained in 28/42 cases with the FTEEM test compared with 32/42 in the MEM test. In people with no history of cancer, negative results were obtained in 16/18 cases with the FTEEM test, compared with 12/18 in the MEM test in the present series, and 51/69 in a more extensive series. These differences are not significant. Cases in which discrepancies are revealed between the two tests are discussed in terms of individual case histories.", "PMID": 78907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7189", "title": "Colonies of EBNA-positive cells in soft agar from peripheral leukocytes of infectious mononucleosis patients.", "content": "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive lymphoblastoid cells grew as colonies in soft agar after seeding of leukocytes from the peripheral blood of four patients with infectious mononucleosis serologically determined to be caused by EBV. In individual cases more colonies were obtained from blood specimens during the acute phase of the disease than during the convalescent phase. Incorporation of human umbilical cord serum, which contained neutralizing antibody to EBV, into the agar medium did not reduce the number of colonies developing. Our observations indicate that colony-forming cells were originally present in the blood samples, and that they were not infected and subsequently transformed in vitro. Cells from less than 20% of the EBNA-positive colonies grew to form lymphoblastoid cell lines, which were EBNA-positive and had B lymphocyte surface markers. However, the majority (over 80%) of the EBNA-positive colonies failed to form immortalized cell lines. No colonies were obtained from 91 blood samples from healthy young adults and from five patients with an IM-like disease unrelated to EBV infections. The present results strongly suggest that already transformed cells or cells very easily transformed by EBV are present in the blood of IM patients.", "contents": "Colonies of EBNA-positive cells in soft agar from peripheral leukocytes of infectious mononucleosis patients. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive lymphoblastoid cells grew as colonies in soft agar after seeding of leukocytes from the peripheral blood of four patients with infectious mononucleosis serologically determined to be caused by EBV. In individual cases more colonies were obtained from blood specimens during the acute phase of the disease than during the convalescent phase. Incorporation of human umbilical cord serum, which contained neutralizing antibody to EBV, into the agar medium did not reduce the number of colonies developing. Our observations indicate that colony-forming cells were originally present in the blood samples, and that they were not infected and subsequently transformed in vitro. Cells from less than 20% of the EBNA-positive colonies grew to form lymphoblastoid cell lines, which were EBNA-positive and had B lymphocyte surface markers. However, the majority (over 80%) of the EBNA-positive colonies failed to form immortalized cell lines. No colonies were obtained from 91 blood samples from healthy young adults and from five patients with an IM-like disease unrelated to EBV infections. The present results strongly suggest that already transformed cells or cells very easily transformed by EBV are present in the blood of IM patients.", "PMID": 78908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7190", "title": "Early increase of serum alpha-fetoprotein in spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "The concentration of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was followed in C3H mice having a high incidence of spontaneous liver-cell cancer. No general elevation of serum AFP level with age was seen in mice without tumor. With a single exception, mice bearing hepatocellular carcinomas had increased serum AFP levels. In some mice this increase followed a biphasic course. Mice killed within 1 month of the time when an elevation of serum AFP was first observed had small tumors or no detectable tumor. Premalignant lesions were present in the livers of 11 out of 16 mice that had elevated AFP but no cancer, while only one out of 14 mice with normal AFP had such alterations. Our results strongly suggest that spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis proceeds through almost the same premalignant lesions as chemically induced carcinogenesis, and that an increase in AFP production occurs early during this process, often preceding macroscopic lesions. Autologous antibodies to AFP were produced in a group of C3H mice by immunization with rat AFP. These anti-AFP antibodies reduced the amount of serum AFP but had no effect on the incidence of spontaneous hepatomas.", "contents": "Early increase of serum alpha-fetoprotein in spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The concentration of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was followed in C3H mice having a high incidence of spontaneous liver-cell cancer. No general elevation of serum AFP level with age was seen in mice without tumor. With a single exception, mice bearing hepatocellular carcinomas had increased serum AFP levels. In some mice this increase followed a biphasic course. Mice killed within 1 month of the time when an elevation of serum AFP was first observed had small tumors or no detectable tumor. Premalignant lesions were present in the livers of 11 out of 16 mice that had elevated AFP but no cancer, while only one out of 14 mice with normal AFP had such alterations. Our results strongly suggest that spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis proceeds through almost the same premalignant lesions as chemically induced carcinogenesis, and that an increase in AFP production occurs early during this process, often preceding macroscopic lesions. Autologous antibodies to AFP were produced in a group of C3H mice by immunization with rat AFP. These anti-AFP antibodies reduced the amount of serum AFP but had no effect on the incidence of spontaneous hepatomas.", "PMID": 78909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7191", "title": "Early detection of tumor-specific antibodies to mammary carcinoma.", "content": "BALB/cfC3H female mice which develop mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced mammary tumors possess not only serun antibodies directed against virus-associated antigens which are expressed on mammary tumor cells but also antibodies directed against antigenic specificities which are unique to each tumor. The possible range of unique specificities is considerable; a survey of serum samples from 18 tumor-bearing females revealed only two which reacted with a tumor-unique specificity of another isologous MTV-induced mammary tumor. A retrospective study revealed that in multiparous females, the serum activity against tumor-unique antigenicity could be detected 1 to 4 months before the tumor was grossly visible. On the other hand, in virgin females, the serum activity was detectable only when the tumor was visible. On the basis of this difference in time of origin of reactivity, we speculate that the mechanism of tumor formation in parous females may involve a longer preneoplastic or latent neoplastic period than in virgin females; in the latter the change from normal to overtly neoplastic appears to be more abrupt.", "contents": "Early detection of tumor-specific antibodies to mammary carcinoma. BALB/cfC3H female mice which develop mammary tumor virus (MTV)-induced mammary tumors possess not only serun antibodies directed against virus-associated antigens which are expressed on mammary tumor cells but also antibodies directed against antigenic specificities which are unique to each tumor. The possible range of unique specificities is considerable; a survey of serum samples from 18 tumor-bearing females revealed only two which reacted with a tumor-unique specificity of another isologous MTV-induced mammary tumor. A retrospective study revealed that in multiparous females, the serum activity against tumor-unique antigenicity could be detected 1 to 4 months before the tumor was grossly visible. On the other hand, in virgin females, the serum activity was detectable only when the tumor was visible. On the basis of this difference in time of origin of reactivity, we speculate that the mechanism of tumor formation in parous females may involve a longer preneoplastic or latent neoplastic period than in virgin females; in the latter the change from normal to overtly neoplastic appears to be more abrupt.", "PMID": 78910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7192", "title": "Mammary leukaemia (ML) antigen isolated from L 1210 leukaemia cells.", "content": "Crude 3 M KCl extracts from L 1210 cells and purified ML antigen were characterized and the presence of ML antigens was verified by various anti-ML sera, as well as by antisera to disrupted MMTV B particles. Selected ML-positive fractions from preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis and purified ML antigen isolated by affinity chromatography were analyzed by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. With both procedures the same sharp band was obtained. The molecular weight of both preparations was found to be 73,500 as estimated. The relationship between ML antigen, MMTV antigenic products and cell-associated viral proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Mammary leukaemia (ML) antigen isolated from L 1210 leukaemia cells. Crude 3 M KCl extracts from L 1210 cells and purified ML antigen were characterized and the presence of ML antigens was verified by various anti-ML sera, as well as by antisera to disrupted MMTV B particles. Selected ML-positive fractions from preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis and purified ML antigen isolated by affinity chromatography were analyzed by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. With both procedures the same sharp band was obtained. The molecular weight of both preparations was found to be 73,500 as estimated. The relationship between ML antigen, MMTV antigenic products and cell-associated viral proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 78912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7193", "title": "EBV antigens in lymphocytes of patients with exudative tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A protocol utilizing isokinetic gradients to isolate human lymphocytes is combined with another that purifies the C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocyte subpopulation, thus enriching the EB virus genome-carrying population. Also, rabbit antisera were prepared to the Epstein-Bar virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) and the early antigen (EA) and utilized in an indirect immunofluorescence test (IIT) to detect these antigens in human lymphocytes isolated from various disease states. Using these methods we demonstrated excellent correlation between standard methods previously employed to detect EB virus-coded antigens and our IIT employing xenogenic antisera. Such tests were done on lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as lymphocytes isolated directly from patients with EB virus lymphoproliferative diseases. Human palatine tonsil-derived lymphocytes from children with exudative tonsillitis and peripheral blood lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis contained only EBNA in C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocytes. However, patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, including Hodgkin's disease, harbored in their spleens and lymph nodes lymphocytes producing both EBNA and EA.", "contents": "EBV antigens in lymphocytes of patients with exudative tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease. A protocol utilizing isokinetic gradients to isolate human lymphocytes is combined with another that purifies the C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocyte subpopulation, thus enriching the EB virus genome-carrying population. Also, rabbit antisera were prepared to the Epstein-Bar virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) and the early antigen (EA) and utilized in an indirect immunofluorescence test (IIT) to detect these antigens in human lymphocytes isolated from various disease states. Using these methods we demonstrated excellent correlation between standard methods previously employed to detect EB virus-coded antigens and our IIT employing xenogenic antisera. Such tests were done on lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as lymphocytes isolated directly from patients with EB virus lymphoproliferative diseases. Human palatine tonsil-derived lymphocytes from children with exudative tonsillitis and peripheral blood lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis contained only EBNA in C3 receptor-bearing B lymphocytes. However, patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, including Hodgkin's disease, harbored in their spleens and lymph nodes lymphocytes producing both EBNA and EA.", "PMID": 78913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7194", "title": "Presence of common surface antigens(s) on endodermal tumors and embryonal tissues of rats, hamsters and mice.", "content": "Antiserum against yolk-sac carcinoma of rat was prepared in rabbits. After appropriate absorption in vitro or in vivo this antiserum was examined on different tumors and normal tissues or rat, hamster and mouse. The methods used were indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase staining and cytotoxicity tests. The immune serum was found to react with the cell membrane of different rat and hamster yolk-sac carcinomas. It reacted also with the cell surface of rat hepatoma cells. By absorption on hyalin and blocking with amniotic fluid it was shown that the antigen was neither a basement membrane component nor alpha-fetoprotein. The antiserum was cytotoxic to yolk-sac carcinoma and hepatoma cells. The immune reaction was limited to the cell membrane, as observed in immunofluorescence and in immunoperoxidase staining. The specificity of the antiserum was proved by cross-absorptions with various tumor lines and by removing its activity with the soluble fraction of yolk-sac carcinoma cells. Non-endodermal rat and hamster tumor lines did not react with the anti-yolk-sac carcinoma immune serum. Most normal adult tissues, including spermatozoa, were negative, but a positive reaction was observed in ovaries and on glandular cells of the uterus. In embryonal tissues this surface antigen(s) was detected in the endoderm of 8-day-old rat embryos 7-day-old mouse embryos and in yolk-sac endoderm of both species. The data indicate that the antigen(s) is associated with endodermal differentiation.", "contents": "Presence of common surface antigens(s) on endodermal tumors and embryonal tissues of rats, hamsters and mice. Antiserum against yolk-sac carcinoma of rat was prepared in rabbits. After appropriate absorption in vitro or in vivo this antiserum was examined on different tumors and normal tissues or rat, hamster and mouse. The methods used were indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase staining and cytotoxicity tests. The immune serum was found to react with the cell membrane of different rat and hamster yolk-sac carcinomas. It reacted also with the cell surface of rat hepatoma cells. By absorption on hyalin and blocking with amniotic fluid it was shown that the antigen was neither a basement membrane component nor alpha-fetoprotein. The antiserum was cytotoxic to yolk-sac carcinoma and hepatoma cells. The immune reaction was limited to the cell membrane, as observed in immunofluorescence and in immunoperoxidase staining. The specificity of the antiserum was proved by cross-absorptions with various tumor lines and by removing its activity with the soluble fraction of yolk-sac carcinoma cells. Non-endodermal rat and hamster tumor lines did not react with the anti-yolk-sac carcinoma immune serum. Most normal adult tissues, including spermatozoa, were negative, but a positive reaction was observed in ovaries and on glandular cells of the uterus. In embryonal tissues this surface antigen(s) was detected in the endoderm of 8-day-old rat embryos 7-day-old mouse embryos and in yolk-sac endoderm of both species. The data indicate that the antigen(s) is associated with endodermal differentiation.", "PMID": 78914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7195", "title": "Antigenic differences between AKR lymphoma and thymus cells leading to detection of a tumor antigen associated with immunological enhancement.", "content": "In an experimental model conditioning for enhancement, an AKR lymphoma was made to grow in BALB/c mice, permitting the simultaneous comparison of tumor-bearing (progressor) and tumor-rejecting (regressor) animals. By immunofluorescence using as target AKR lymphoma and normal thymus cells, both acetone-fixed and unfixed, it was observed that the allogeneic progressor serum contained three antibodies, two of which could be asborbed by thymocytes while the other combined selectively with the acetone-fixed lymphoma target. This tumor-specific antibody could not be detected in regressor serum which, on the other hand, could be completely absorbed by thymocytes. The identification of this acetone-resistant tumor antigen led to the preparation of aceton-treated acellular lymphoma extracts: a precipitate was obtained which upon inoculation in BALB/c mice produced an antiserum that combined selectively with lymphoma targets. In vivo experiments showed that pretreatment with this antigen led to a significant increase in allogeneic tumor incidence, 76% as compared to 37% in the controls. It is concluded that in this allogeneic model, an acetone-resistant tumor-specific antigen and the corresponding antibody are involved in tumor enhancement.", "contents": "Antigenic differences between AKR lymphoma and thymus cells leading to detection of a tumor antigen associated with immunological enhancement. In an experimental model conditioning for enhancement, an AKR lymphoma was made to grow in BALB/c mice, permitting the simultaneous comparison of tumor-bearing (progressor) and tumor-rejecting (regressor) animals. By immunofluorescence using as target AKR lymphoma and normal thymus cells, both acetone-fixed and unfixed, it was observed that the allogeneic progressor serum contained three antibodies, two of which could be asborbed by thymocytes while the other combined selectively with the acetone-fixed lymphoma target. This tumor-specific antibody could not be detected in regressor serum which, on the other hand, could be completely absorbed by thymocytes. The identification of this acetone-resistant tumor antigen led to the preparation of aceton-treated acellular lymphoma extracts: a precipitate was obtained which upon inoculation in BALB/c mice produced an antiserum that combined selectively with lymphoma targets. In vivo experiments showed that pretreatment with this antigen led to a significant increase in allogeneic tumor incidence, 76% as compared to 37% in the controls. It is concluded that in this allogeneic model, an acetone-resistant tumor-specific antigen and the corresponding antibody are involved in tumor enhancement.", "PMID": 78915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7196", "title": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. III. Immunocytochemical demonstration with fluorescein and peroxidase-labelled antibodies.", "content": "There has been disagreement as to the identity of the enzyme responsible for the peroxidate activity in luminal epithelial cells of distal ducts of salivary glands; both peroxidase and catalase could be responsible. Our immunocytochemical investigations using anti-catalase antibodies demonstrate that there are high levels of catalase in these cells in the mouse submandibular gland confirming previous enzyme histochemical studies from this laboratory. Since only relatively small amounts of lactoperoxidase are observed in ductal cells by conventional histochemistry or immunocytochemistry, there can be little doubt that the majority of the peroxidatic activity in striated and excretory duct luminal epithelial cells is due to catalase.", "contents": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. III. Immunocytochemical demonstration with fluorescein and peroxidase-labelled antibodies. There has been disagreement as to the identity of the enzyme responsible for the peroxidate activity in luminal epithelial cells of distal ducts of salivary glands; both peroxidase and catalase could be responsible. Our immunocytochemical investigations using anti-catalase antibodies demonstrate that there are high levels of catalase in these cells in the mouse submandibular gland confirming previous enzyme histochemical studies from this laboratory. Since only relatively small amounts of lactoperoxidase are observed in ductal cells by conventional histochemistry or immunocytochemistry, there can be little doubt that the majority of the peroxidatic activity in striated and excretory duct luminal epithelial cells is due to catalase.", "PMID": 78920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7197", "title": "Saccharide distribution in human trophoblast demonstrated using fluorescein-labelled lectins.", "content": "The reaction of six Flourescein-conjugated lectins with human trophoblast and foetal limb are described. The trophoblast had marked membrane fluorescence after treatment with wheatgerm and Lotus tetragonolobus lectins. Concanavalin A reacted strongly with the trophoblastic cytoplasm but did not react with the nuclei. Most of the lectins had only weak reactions with foetal tissue, apart from the cartilage matrix which fluoresced strongly after treatment with several of the lectins. In addition, concanavalin A reacted with amylase-labile material, probably glycogen, in the skin epidermis and chondrocyte cytoplasm. Various substances were tested in order to determine the nature of the wheatgerm lectin receptor of trophoblast. Several secretory and binding proteins were found not to be responsible, and the identity of the receptor remains unknown.", "contents": "Saccharide distribution in human trophoblast demonstrated using fluorescein-labelled lectins. The reaction of six Flourescein-conjugated lectins with human trophoblast and foetal limb are described. The trophoblast had marked membrane fluorescence after treatment with wheatgerm and Lotus tetragonolobus lectins. Concanavalin A reacted strongly with the trophoblastic cytoplasm but did not react with the nuclei. Most of the lectins had only weak reactions with foetal tissue, apart from the cartilage matrix which fluoresced strongly after treatment with several of the lectins. In addition, concanavalin A reacted with amylase-labile material, probably glycogen, in the skin epidermis and chondrocyte cytoplasm. Various substances were tested in order to determine the nature of the wheatgerm lectin receptor of trophoblast. Several secretory and binding proteins were found not to be responsible, and the identity of the receptor remains unknown.", "PMID": 78921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7198", "title": "Ultrastructural visualization of sulphated complex carbohydrates in blood and epithelial cells with the high iron diamine procedure.", "content": "The high iron diamine (HID) method has been found to impart density at the ultrastructural level selectively to sites known to contain sulphated complex carbohydrates. Thus, immature primary granules in rabbit heterophils, immature precrystalloid granules in rabbit eosinophils, all granules of rabbit basophils, mouse and rat mast cells and the nucleoids of alpha-granules of rabbit platelets were stained by HID. Granules of mast cells in rat cervical lymph node varied in the distribution pattern of the HID-reactive component. Mucous droplets within goblets of mouse colonic epithelial cells varied in HID reactivity. Sites known to contain sialomucin but no sulphates, such as mucous cells and apical plasmalemmae in mouse rectosigmoid colon, failed to stain with HID in contrast to their reactivity of dialysed iron at the ultrastructural level. The surface of mast cells and blood cells lacked affinity for HID, indicating that the dialysed iron binding at the surfaces can be attributed to neuraminic acid. HID proved more effective than dialysed iron in visualizing acid mucosubstance in precursor forms of the crystalloid granules in the eosinophil and in mast cell granules. Inclusion of 0.5% glycerol in the HID solution enhanced staining in mouse colon.", "contents": "Ultrastructural visualization of sulphated complex carbohydrates in blood and epithelial cells with the high iron diamine procedure. The high iron diamine (HID) method has been found to impart density at the ultrastructural level selectively to sites known to contain sulphated complex carbohydrates. Thus, immature primary granules in rabbit heterophils, immature precrystalloid granules in rabbit eosinophils, all granules of rabbit basophils, mouse and rat mast cells and the nucleoids of alpha-granules of rabbit platelets were stained by HID. Granules of mast cells in rat cervical lymph node varied in the distribution pattern of the HID-reactive component. Mucous droplets within goblets of mouse colonic epithelial cells varied in HID reactivity. Sites known to contain sialomucin but no sulphates, such as mucous cells and apical plasmalemmae in mouse rectosigmoid colon, failed to stain with HID in contrast to their reactivity of dialysed iron at the ultrastructural level. The surface of mast cells and blood cells lacked affinity for HID, indicating that the dialysed iron binding at the surfaces can be attributed to neuraminic acid. HID proved more effective than dialysed iron in visualizing acid mucosubstance in precursor forms of the crystalloid granules in the eosinophil and in mast cell granules. Inclusion of 0.5% glycerol in the HID solution enhanced staining in mouse colon.", "PMID": 78922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7199", "title": "[The usefulness of cryotherapy in ORL surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of benefits of cryosurgery and its clinical application based on 125 patients is presented. Cryosurgery was especially appropriate, palliatively and curatively, for lesions of the mouth and pharynx and superficial lesions of facial skin.", "contents": "[The usefulness of cryotherapy in ORL surgery (author's transl)]. A report of benefits of cryosurgery and its clinical application based on 125 patients is presented. Cryosurgery was especially appropriate, palliatively and curatively, for lesions of the mouth and pharynx and superficial lesions of facial skin.", "PMID": 78923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7200", "title": "Pantomimic representation in psychotic children.", "content": "Previous research suggests that verbal deficits among psychotic children may be paralleled by deficits in nonverbal pantomime. However, certain questions such as the level of pantomime exhibited by psychotic children, its susceptibility to modification, and its relation to other symbolic functions have not been systematically examined. To investigate these issues, 24 psychotic children were required to represent absent objects (e.g., toothbrush) via pantomime after receiving verbal instructions or instructions accompanied by a model demonstrating the pantomime. Also, measures of receptive and expressive speech, human figure drawings, and pretend play were obtained. The findings indicated very few complete failures in pantomime; higher pantomime performance when a model was provided although even in this condition most responses consisted of low-level substitutions of a body part in place of the absent object; and significant relationships between pantomime and measures of receptive vocabulary, echolalia, drawing, and play. The relationship of the findings to symbolic functioning in normal children and their relevance to understanding symbolic deficits in psychotic children are discussed.", "contents": "Pantomimic representation in psychotic children. Previous research suggests that verbal deficits among psychotic children may be paralleled by deficits in nonverbal pantomime. However, certain questions such as the level of pantomime exhibited by psychotic children, its susceptibility to modification, and its relation to other symbolic functions have not been systematically examined. To investigate these issues, 24 psychotic children were required to represent absent objects (e.g., toothbrush) via pantomime after receiving verbal instructions or instructions accompanied by a model demonstrating the pantomime. Also, measures of receptive and expressive speech, human figure drawings, and pretend play were obtained. The findings indicated very few complete failures in pantomime; higher pantomime performance when a model was provided although even in this condition most responses consisted of low-level substitutions of a body part in place of the absent object; and significant relationships between pantomime and measures of receptive vocabulary, echolalia, drawing, and play. The relationship of the findings to symbolic functioning in normal children and their relevance to understanding symbolic deficits in psychotic children are discussed.", "PMID": 78926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7201", "title": "Decreased levels of collagen mRNA in rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "We have found that double-stranded cDNA synthesized in extended reactions by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase is suitable substrate for a variety of restriction endonucleases. Experiments in which rabbit reticulocyte mRNA was reverse-transcribed and restricted to generate beta-globin-specifihe nucleotide sequence of beta-globin mRNA. This method has been applied to study collagen mRNA synthesis in normal and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. Characteristic sets of collagen cDNA restriction fragments were produced from RNA fractions rich in collagen message activity. These sets of cDNA fragments, generated by the restriction endonucleases Hae III and Hap II, provided a convenient marker for the presence of collagen mRNA sequences. Equal quantities of high molecular weight mRNA from chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and RSV-CEF were reverse-transcribed and the resulting cDNA was restricted. The relative yields of collagen cDNA fragments from such reactions strongly suggest that the decrease in functional collagen RNA following RSV-induced transformation of CEF represents a decrease in the copy number of collagen messenger sequences. The potential of this approach for the study of regulation in other systems is discussed.", "contents": "Decreased levels of collagen mRNA in rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. We have found that double-stranded cDNA synthesized in extended reactions by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase is suitable substrate for a variety of restriction endonucleases. Experiments in which rabbit reticulocyte mRNA was reverse-transcribed and restricted to generate beta-globin-specifihe nucleotide sequence of beta-globin mRNA. This method has been applied to study collagen mRNA synthesis in normal and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. Characteristic sets of collagen cDNA restriction fragments were produced from RNA fractions rich in collagen message activity. These sets of cDNA fragments, generated by the restriction endonucleases Hae III and Hap II, provided a convenient marker for the presence of collagen mRNA sequences. Equal quantities of high molecular weight mRNA from chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and RSV-CEF were reverse-transcribed and the resulting cDNA was restricted. The relative yields of collagen cDNA fragments from such reactions strongly suggest that the decrease in functional collagen RNA following RSV-induced transformation of CEF represents a decrease in the copy number of collagen messenger sequences. The potential of this approach for the study of regulation in other systems is discussed.", "PMID": 78927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7202", "title": "Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining for identification of rubella virus isolates.", "content": "To explore possible advantages which immunoperoxidase (IP) staining might have over immunofluorescence (IF) staining for identifying rubella virus isolates, direct comparative studies were done on the same coded clinical materials using the same rubella immune rabbit serum as the primary antiserum in both systems. The rubella immune rabbit serum and conjugated anti-rabbit immune globulins could be used more dilute in the IP system than in the IF system. Both IP and IF staining detected rubella antigen in all specimens which were positive by interference. IP staining also detected low levels of rubella antigen in a few additional specimens which had originally been positive for rubella virus, but which on retesting were negative by interference and IF staining. With second-cell-culture-passage material, IP and IF staining showed comparable specificity, and the few specimens which reacted nonspecifically generally did so in both systems. Cell cultures inoculated directly with urine specimens showed greater nonspecificity by IP than by IF, but this activity could be abolished by pretreatment with sodium azide and peroxide; other methods tried for inactivating endogenous peroxidase activity destroyed rubella antigen as well. The intensity of staining for positive specimens was comparable in the two systems. However, more antigen was demonstrable in both systems when BHK-21 cells were inoculated as a cell suspension and then permitted to grow into monolayers than when the same specimens were inoculated into preformed monolayers. IP staining was considered to be a highly satisfactory alternative to IF staining for identification of rubella virus isolates.", "contents": "Comparison of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining for identification of rubella virus isolates. To explore possible advantages which immunoperoxidase (IP) staining might have over immunofluorescence (IF) staining for identifying rubella virus isolates, direct comparative studies were done on the same coded clinical materials using the same rubella immune rabbit serum as the primary antiserum in both systems. The rubella immune rabbit serum and conjugated anti-rabbit immune globulins could be used more dilute in the IP system than in the IF system. Both IP and IF staining detected rubella antigen in all specimens which were positive by interference. IP staining also detected low levels of rubella antigen in a few additional specimens which had originally been positive for rubella virus, but which on retesting were negative by interference and IF staining. With second-cell-culture-passage material, IP and IF staining showed comparable specificity, and the few specimens which reacted nonspecifically generally did so in both systems. Cell cultures inoculated directly with urine specimens showed greater nonspecificity by IP than by IF, but this activity could be abolished by pretreatment with sodium azide and peroxide; other methods tried for inactivating endogenous peroxidase activity destroyed rubella antigen as well. The intensity of staining for positive specimens was comparable in the two systems. However, more antigen was demonstrable in both systems when BHK-21 cells were inoculated as a cell suspension and then permitted to grow into monolayers than when the same specimens were inoculated into preformed monolayers. IP staining was considered to be a highly satisfactory alternative to IF staining for identification of rubella virus isolates.", "PMID": 78928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7203", "title": "Ontogeny of actin and microsomal antigens in gastric parietal cells.", "content": "Six fetal and 10 neonatal rat or mouse stomachs and a 14-week human fetal stomach were examined for immunofluorescence reactivity with four sera containing parietal cell antibody (PCA) and four other sera containing smooth muscle antibody (SMA). In rat and mouse stomachs, parietal cells first reacted with PCA in 19-day fetal stomachs and with SMA in two-day neonatal rat stomachs or newly-born mouse stomachs. SMA reactivity with fetal rodent stomachs was restricted to the cytoplasm of smooth muscle, the apices of gastric mucosal cells, and the cytoplasm of fibroblasts surrounding invaginating gastric pits. In the 14-week human fetal stomach, parietal cells stained with PCA but not with SMA. Specificity of the staining reactions was established by the complete inhibition of PCA staining by serum absorption with a gastric microsomal fraction but not with actin. Conversely, the SMA staining was abolished by serum immunoabsorption with actin but not with microsomal fraction. These observations, indicating that the development of the parietal cell microsomal antigen precedes that of actin, may be used to distinguish between the staining of parietal cells by SMA and PCA.", "contents": "Ontogeny of actin and microsomal antigens in gastric parietal cells. Six fetal and 10 neonatal rat or mouse stomachs and a 14-week human fetal stomach were examined for immunofluorescence reactivity with four sera containing parietal cell antibody (PCA) and four other sera containing smooth muscle antibody (SMA). In rat and mouse stomachs, parietal cells first reacted with PCA in 19-day fetal stomachs and with SMA in two-day neonatal rat stomachs or newly-born mouse stomachs. SMA reactivity with fetal rodent stomachs was restricted to the cytoplasm of smooth muscle, the apices of gastric mucosal cells, and the cytoplasm of fibroblasts surrounding invaginating gastric pits. In the 14-week human fetal stomach, parietal cells stained with PCA but not with SMA. Specificity of the staining reactions was established by the complete inhibition of PCA staining by serum absorption with a gastric microsomal fraction but not with actin. Conversely, the SMA staining was abolished by serum immunoabsorption with actin but not with microsomal fraction. These observations, indicating that the development of the parietal cell microsomal antigen precedes that of actin, may be used to distinguish between the staining of parietal cells by SMA and PCA.", "PMID": 78930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7204", "title": "Enzyme immunoassays with special reference to ELISA techniques.", "content": "In this review outlines are given on various types of enzyme immunoassay. The applications to such enzyme immunoassays, especially ELISA, are dealth with in detail. It is concluded that these techniques have high sensitivity and will be suitable in due course as routine laboratory tests.", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassays with special reference to ELISA techniques. In this review outlines are given on various types of enzyme immunoassay. The applications to such enzyme immunoassays, especially ELISA, are dealth with in detail. It is concluded that these techniques have high sensitivity and will be suitable in due course as routine laboratory tests.", "PMID": 78929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7205", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of bleomycin in man.", "content": "A series of studies were carried out to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycin in patients with neoplastic disorders. Drug was administered by long (four to five days) and short (10 minutes) zero-order infusions, and serial plasma and urine samples were collected. Serum and urine bleomycin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The disposition of bleomycin after the 10-minute infusion was described by a two-compartment open model. However, following multiple-day infusion estimates were obtained that were inconsistent with those from the short infusion. Parameters from the long infusions agreed with those from the short infusion when terminal plasma bleomycin levels less than 10 microunits/ml were excluded. The time to reach steady state following the long infusion (ca. 12 hours) was consistent with the half-life (3 hours) predicted by the short infusion and the long infusion excluding levels less than 10 microunits/ml. Possible explanations include assay interference by an unknown metabolite or strong binding of drug to tissues with release at a rate much less than the apparent rate of elimination of drug from the body.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of bleomycin in man. A series of studies were carried out to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycin in patients with neoplastic disorders. Drug was administered by long (four to five days) and short (10 minutes) zero-order infusions, and serial plasma and urine samples were collected. Serum and urine bleomycin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The disposition of bleomycin after the 10-minute infusion was described by a two-compartment open model. However, following multiple-day infusion estimates were obtained that were inconsistent with those from the short infusion. Parameters from the long infusions agreed with those from the short infusion when terminal plasma bleomycin levels less than 10 microunits/ml were excluded. The time to reach steady state following the long infusion (ca. 12 hours) was consistent with the half-life (3 hours) predicted by the short infusion and the long infusion excluding levels less than 10 microunits/ml. Possible explanations include assay interference by an unknown metabolite or strong binding of drug to tissues with release at a rate much less than the apparent rate of elimination of drug from the body.", "PMID": 78932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7206", "title": "Computed tomography and transabdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of the prostate.", "content": "The prostates of eight patients scheduled to undergo prostatectomies were studied prospectively by transabdominal gray scale ultrasound and computed tomography. Computed tomography gave excellent visualization of prostate morphology and pelvic anatomic relationships. Ultrasound provided more histopathologic information in the cases of carcinoma and prostatitis. Additionally, its capacity to distinguish surgical capsule from adenoma, in benign prostatic hypertrophy, made it more useful for volume determinations.", "contents": "Computed tomography and transabdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of the prostate. The prostates of eight patients scheduled to undergo prostatectomies were studied prospectively by transabdominal gray scale ultrasound and computed tomography. Computed tomography gave excellent visualization of prostate morphology and pelvic anatomic relationships. Ultrasound provided more histopathologic information in the cases of carcinoma and prostatitis. Additionally, its capacity to distinguish surgical capsule from adenoma, in benign prostatic hypertrophy, made it more useful for volume determinations.", "PMID": 78933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7207", "title": "Sources of potential residue problems in dairy herds.", "content": "Drugs and chemicals provide economic benefit to animal and crop production; to derive this benefit they must be used appropriately. Data from the United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Quality Service residue monitoring program indicates certain drugs and chemicals are not being used appropriately by the dairy industry, and residues are occurring in cow carcasses at slaughter. Residues of antibiotics and certain pesticides which are administered intentionally are being found. Dairy cows are also particularly susceptible to inadvertant exposure to chemicals because of certain management practices and physiologic characteristics of dairy cows. Contamination of Michigan dairy cows with polybrominated biphenyls is an example. Methods of controlling both intentional and unintentional exposure of cows to drugs and chemicals will require considerable involvement of producers.", "contents": "Sources of potential residue problems in dairy herds. Drugs and chemicals provide economic benefit to animal and crop production; to derive this benefit they must be used appropriately. Data from the United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Quality Service residue monitoring program indicates certain drugs and chemicals are not being used appropriately by the dairy industry, and residues are occurring in cow carcasses at slaughter. Residues of antibiotics and certain pesticides which are administered intentionally are being found. Dairy cows are also particularly susceptible to inadvertant exposure to chemicals because of certain management practices and physiologic characteristics of dairy cows. Contamination of Michigan dairy cows with polybrominated biphenyls is an example. Methods of controlling both intentional and unintentional exposure of cows to drugs and chemicals will require considerable involvement of producers.", "PMID": 78934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7208", "title": "The direct demonstration of histamine release in allergic reactions in the skin using a skin chamber technique.", "content": "We have adapted a skin chamber technique to permit sampling of fluid at the skin window sites of pollen antigen-induced allergic reactions. Low background levels of histamines are formed in control chambers, whereas significantly increased (p less than 0.01) amounts are found within 30 min following ragweed application in sensitized subjects.", "contents": "The direct demonstration of histamine release in allergic reactions in the skin using a skin chamber technique. We have adapted a skin chamber technique to permit sampling of fluid at the skin window sites of pollen antigen-induced allergic reactions. Low background levels of histamines are formed in control chambers, whereas significantly increased (p less than 0.01) amounts are found within 30 min following ragweed application in sensitized subjects.", "PMID": 78937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7209", "title": "The effect of aldehyde fixation on selected substrates for energy metabolism and amino acids in mouse brain.", "content": "The effect of aldehyde fixation on concentrations of low molecular weight constituents was determined by comparing amounts of selected intermediates in brains of mice exposed to aldehyde fixative solutions with those perfused with phosphate buffer solution alone. Aldehyde perfusion resulted in excellent preservation of cerebral cortex ultrastructure in the presence of dramatic declines in adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate that occureed before exposure of the tissue to aldehyde fixatives. Decreases in hexose were accompanied by approximately a 4-fold increase in lactate and a 2-fold increase in pyruvate. Glycogen levels decreased by about 60% during the initial operative procedure but remained constant after aldehyde fixation. Glycogen content declined approximately 90% in tissues that were not treated with aldehyde. Concentrations of aspartate and glutamate changed only slightly during the initial period (1-5 min) and remained constant for at least 90 min in cerebral cortices fixed with aldehydes. Alanine levels increased in both fixed and unfixed tissue; however, this increase was much smaller in tissues exposed promptly to aldehydes. Total ninhydrin-positive material in perchloric acid extracts of brain decreased in mice exposed to aldehyde solutions but increased in tissues that were not. These results indicated that several amino acids may be measured reliably in tissues preserved for light and electron microscopy. In addition, determination of glutamate: alanine ratios in tissues perfused with aldehydes may provide an indication of the timing of fixation.", "contents": "The effect of aldehyde fixation on selected substrates for energy metabolism and amino acids in mouse brain. The effect of aldehyde fixation on concentrations of low molecular weight constituents was determined by comparing amounts of selected intermediates in brains of mice exposed to aldehyde fixative solutions with those perfused with phosphate buffer solution alone. Aldehyde perfusion resulted in excellent preservation of cerebral cortex ultrastructure in the presence of dramatic declines in adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate that occureed before exposure of the tissue to aldehyde fixatives. Decreases in hexose were accompanied by approximately a 4-fold increase in lactate and a 2-fold increase in pyruvate. Glycogen levels decreased by about 60% during the initial operative procedure but remained constant after aldehyde fixation. Glycogen content declined approximately 90% in tissues that were not treated with aldehyde. Concentrations of aspartate and glutamate changed only slightly during the initial period (1-5 min) and remained constant for at least 90 min in cerebral cortices fixed with aldehydes. Alanine levels increased in both fixed and unfixed tissue; however, this increase was much smaller in tissues exposed promptly to aldehydes. Total ninhydrin-positive material in perchloric acid extracts of brain decreased in mice exposed to aldehyde solutions but increased in tissues that were not. These results indicated that several amino acids may be measured reliably in tissues preserved for light and electron microscopy. In addition, determination of glutamate: alanine ratios in tissues perfused with aldehydes may provide an indication of the timing of fixation.", "PMID": 78939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7210", "title": "Genetic analysis of Ia determinants expressed on Con A-reactive cells.", "content": "Pretreatment of mouse lymphoid cells with anti-Ia sera and C abrogated the proliferative responses of these cells to Con A. Studies were carried out with several anti-Ia reagents and intra-H-2 recombinant mouse strains to map the I subregion(s) whose products are expressed on Con A-reactive cells. Treatment with a (B10.A X A)F1 anti-B10 reagent and C abrogated the ability of BALB/c cells to respond to Con A. Absorption studies on this reagent demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells express Ia determinants coded by the I-A subregion. The results with two additional reagents, B10.A(4R) anti-B10.A(2R) tested on B10.BR cells and (B10 X D2.GD)F1 anti-B10.D2 absorbed with B10.A cells and tested on BALB/c cells, demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells also express Ia determinants encoded to the right of I-A. Several antisera and strain combinations were evaluated in which the antisera could contain antibodies specific for products of genes encoded by the I-J subregion, but the results were inconclusive. These data demonstrate that there are at least two different I subregions, one in I-A and one to the right of I-A, that code for antigens expressed on Con A-reactive cells.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of Ia determinants expressed on Con A-reactive cells. Pretreatment of mouse lymphoid cells with anti-Ia sera and C abrogated the proliferative responses of these cells to Con A. Studies were carried out with several anti-Ia reagents and intra-H-2 recombinant mouse strains to map the I subregion(s) whose products are expressed on Con A-reactive cells. Treatment with a (B10.A X A)F1 anti-B10 reagent and C abrogated the ability of BALB/c cells to respond to Con A. Absorption studies on this reagent demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells express Ia determinants coded by the I-A subregion. The results with two additional reagents, B10.A(4R) anti-B10.A(2R) tested on B10.BR cells and (B10 X D2.GD)F1 anti-B10.D2 absorbed with B10.A cells and tested on BALB/c cells, demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells also express Ia determinants encoded to the right of I-A. Several antisera and strain combinations were evaluated in which the antisera could contain antibodies specific for products of genes encoded by the I-J subregion, but the results were inconclusive. These data demonstrate that there are at least two different I subregions, one in I-A and one to the right of I-A, that code for antigens expressed on Con A-reactive cells.", "PMID": 78940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7211", "title": "Separation and partial characterization of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "Type-specific antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis have been demonstrated by the mouse toxicity prevention test and a variety of immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, biologic activity has been associated with these antigens in terms of type-specific immunity to trachoma infections. This report is the first to describe the detection of a soluble type-specific antigen of C. trachomatis and its separation from those antigens that cross-react among different immunotypes. Test antigens were prepared by labeling the surface components of purified, yolk sac grown organisms with a radioiodinated intermediate (Bolton-Hunter reagent, 125I). The organisms were solubilized with Triton X-100 and gel filtered through Sepharose 6B. All fractions were then tested in radioimmunoassay for binding with rabbit antisera raised against solubilized immunogens prepared from homologous and heterologous strain organisms propagated in BHK-21 cells. A fraction demonstrating homologous binding only was used in subsequent modified procedures for the preparation of quantities of type-specific antigen sufficient for analysis. The antigen appears to be a heat labile, cell surface protein associated  with apparent immunogenic activity during the course of actual chlamydial eye infection.", "contents": "Separation and partial characterization of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis. Type-specific antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis have been demonstrated by the mouse toxicity prevention test and a variety of immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, biologic activity has been associated with these antigens in terms of type-specific immunity to trachoma infections. This report is the first to describe the detection of a soluble type-specific antigen of C. trachomatis and its separation from those antigens that cross-react among different immunotypes. Test antigens were prepared by labeling the surface components of purified, yolk sac grown organisms with a radioiodinated intermediate (Bolton-Hunter reagent, 125I). The organisms were solubilized with Triton X-100 and gel filtered through Sepharose 6B. All fractions were then tested in radioimmunoassay for binding with rabbit antisera raised against solubilized immunogens prepared from homologous and heterologous strain organisms propagated in BHK-21 cells. A fraction demonstrating homologous binding only was used in subsequent modified procedures for the preparation of quantities of type-specific antigen sufficient for analysis. The antigen appears to be a heat labile, cell surface protein associated  with apparent immunogenic activity during the course of actual chlamydial eye infection.", "PMID": 78941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7212", "title": "In vitro secondary MLR. III: Hybrid histocompatibility determinants.", "content": "With cells obtained from long-term mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) we have have demonstrated hybrid histocompatibility determinants that are recognized as mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating determinants. Hybrid determinants can also be detected (1) in an in vitro assay for effector cells that measure inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion by LPS-blasts, and (2) in DTH-like responses of in vitro-primed cells injected into \"B\" mice and challenged in vivo with stimulator cells. The possible implications of these findings for the physiologic function of MLR determinants are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro secondary MLR. III: Hybrid histocompatibility determinants. With cells obtained from long-term mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) we have have demonstrated hybrid histocompatibility determinants that are recognized as mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating determinants. Hybrid determinants can also be detected (1) in an in vitro assay for effector cells that measure inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion by LPS-blasts, and (2) in DTH-like responses of in vitro-primed cells injected into \"B\" mice and challenged in vivo with stimulator cells. The possible implications of these findings for the physiologic function of MLR determinants are discussed.", "PMID": 78942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7213", "title": "Theory of equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody: application to histamine release from basophils.", "content": "We present a theory of equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody in the presence or absence of monovalent hapten. Bivalent haptens can link together antibodies to form linear chains or rings on cell surfaces. We show how to calculate the amount of any complex of bound bivalent hapten, monovalene fraction of antibody involved in complexes made up of two or more antibodies, i.e., the fraction of antibody that is cross-linked (Xpoly). We treat the case when the antibody on the cell surface, which is specific for the hapten, is homogeneous. For this case we prove a number of general properties about Xpoly: 1) Xpoly approaches zero at both high and low bivalent hapten concentration. 2) Xpoly becomes a maximum when the bivalent hapten concentration equals Amax, where Amax = 1/H + B/2. H is twice the equilibrium constant for the binding of a single hapten site to a single antibody site and B is the monovalent hapten concentration. 3) a plot of Xpoly vs the log of the bivalent hapten concentration is symmetric about the maximum value of Xpoly. We use these and other properties of Xpoly in this paper to clarify the relationship between cross-link formation and histamine release.", "contents": "Theory of equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody: application to histamine release from basophils. We present a theory of equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody in the presence or absence of monovalent hapten. Bivalent haptens can link together antibodies to form linear chains or rings on cell surfaces. We show how to calculate the amount of any complex of bound bivalent hapten, monovalene fraction of antibody involved in complexes made up of two or more antibodies, i.e., the fraction of antibody that is cross-linked (Xpoly). We treat the case when the antibody on the cell surface, which is specific for the hapten, is homogeneous. For this case we prove a number of general properties about Xpoly: 1) Xpoly approaches zero at both high and low bivalent hapten concentration. 2) Xpoly becomes a maximum when the bivalent hapten concentration equals Amax, where Amax = 1/H + B/2. H is twice the equilibrium constant for the binding of a single hapten site to a single antibody site and B is the monovalent hapten concentration. 3) a plot of Xpoly vs the log of the bivalent hapten concentration is symmetric about the maximum value of Xpoly. We use these and other properties of Xpoly in this paper to clarify the relationship between cross-link formation and histamine release.", "PMID": 78945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7214", "title": "Histamine release due to bivalent penicilloyl haptens: control by the basophil plasma membrane.", "content": "We describe the characteristics of in vitro histamine release from human basophils passively sensitized with serum from a penicillin-allergic individual. The histamine release is induced by a synthetic bivalent hapten, bis benzylpenicilloyl 1,6 diaminohexane (BPO)2. We present data on the effect of a monovalent hapten, benzylpenicilloyl formyl-L-lysine (BPO)1, on the histamine release. We also examine how histamine release depends on the concentration of serum used for passive sensitization, the source of cells used for passive sensitization, and the time allowed for histamine release. We interpret these experiments in terms of a theory of equilibrium binding of bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody that is presented in the previous paper. The results are consistent with the idea that the amount of histamine release is controlled by the number of cross-linked IgE molecules on the cell surface. In particular, the histamine dose-response curve rises because cross-links rise, has a maximum because the cross-links are a maximum, and falls because the cross-links fall.", "contents": "Histamine release due to bivalent penicilloyl haptens: control by the basophil plasma membrane. We describe the characteristics of in vitro histamine release from human basophils passively sensitized with serum from a penicillin-allergic individual. The histamine release is induced by a synthetic bivalent hapten, bis benzylpenicilloyl 1,6 diaminohexane (BPO)2. We present data on the effect of a monovalent hapten, benzylpenicilloyl formyl-L-lysine (BPO)1, on the histamine release. We also examine how histamine release depends on the concentration of serum used for passive sensitization, the source of cells used for passive sensitization, and the time allowed for histamine release. We interpret these experiments in terms of a theory of equilibrium binding of bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody that is presented in the previous paper. The results are consistent with the idea that the amount of histamine release is controlled by the number of cross-linked IgE molecules on the cell surface. In particular, the histamine dose-response curve rises because cross-links rise, has a maximum because the cross-links are a maximum, and falls because the cross-links fall.", "PMID": 78946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7215", "title": "Intra- and interspecies reactivity of human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) cells can kill certain syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumor targets in short-term 51Cr release assays. In the present study, intra- and interspecies NK activity was analyzed. Ten mouse and five human tissue culture lines were used. In direct cytolytic assays with mouse spleen cells or human PBL effectors, intraspecies was much stronger than interspecies reactivity, as a rule. A certain interspecies activity was obtained, stronger in mouse anti-human (M alpha H) than in human anti-mouse (H alpha M) combinations. In the H alpha M system, activity was associated with the same type of PBL-derived non-B-non-T cell fraction as in the intraspecies H alpha H system. The non-B-non-T cell nature of the M alpha H killer cell has been demonstrated previously. Nonlabeled tumor cells were allowed to compete with isotope-labeled targets in intra- and interspecies cytolytic NK tests. NK-sensitive tumor lines of the same species were superior to xenogeneic competitors in both M alpha M and H alpha H tests. In the M alpha M assay, the competing ability of the same human tumors varied, depending on the genotype of the mouse effector cells. None of the human lines tested competed effectively with strain CBA effectors but some showed a certain competition with C57BL effectors. In the H alpha H assay, strong competition was seen with two of the 10 xenogeneic mouse tumors tested.", "contents": "Intra- and interspecies reactivity of human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells. Natural killer (NK) cells can kill certain syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumor targets in short-term 51Cr release assays. In the present study, intra- and interspecies NK activity was analyzed. Ten mouse and five human tissue culture lines were used. In direct cytolytic assays with mouse spleen cells or human PBL effectors, intraspecies was much stronger than interspecies reactivity, as a rule. A certain interspecies activity was obtained, stronger in mouse anti-human (M alpha H) than in human anti-mouse (H alpha M) combinations. In the H alpha M system, activity was associated with the same type of PBL-derived non-B-non-T cell fraction as in the intraspecies H alpha H system. The non-B-non-T cell nature of the M alpha H killer cell has been demonstrated previously. Nonlabeled tumor cells were allowed to compete with isotope-labeled targets in intra- and interspecies cytolytic NK tests. NK-sensitive tumor lines of the same species were superior to xenogeneic competitors in both M alpha M and H alpha H tests. In the M alpha M assay, the competing ability of the same human tumors varied, depending on the genotype of the mouse effector cells. None of the human lines tested competed effectively with strain CBA effectors but some showed a certain competition with C57BL effectors. In the H alpha H assay, strong competition was seen with two of the 10 xenogeneic mouse tumors tested.", "PMID": 78947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7216", "title": "Structural studies of the protein portion of the H-2-linked Ia glycoprotein antigens of the mouse: tryptic peptide comparison of products from the I-A and I-C subregions of B10-HTT.", "content": "Ia antigens from the I-A8 and I-Ck subregions of the B10.HTT (H-2t3) strain of mice were isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation of arginine-labeled, nonionic detergent-solubilized materials. After biochemical purification the electrophoretically homogeneous 28,000 dalton glycoprotein beta chains from the Ia precipitates were digested with trypsin and the resultant radiolabeled tryptic peptides were compared by analytical ion exchange chromatography. These comparisons reveal that the beta chains of Ia antigens from the A (I-A8) and C (I-Ck) subregions of B10.HTT share only two out of 12 to 14 of their arginine tryptic peptides. Thus these noncross-reactive Ia antigens are structurally quite diverse, and would possess sufficient structural variability to account for their lack of antigenic cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Structural studies of the protein portion of the H-2-linked Ia glycoprotein antigens of the mouse: tryptic peptide comparison of products from the I-A and I-C subregions of B10-HTT. Ia antigens from the I-A8 and I-Ck subregions of the B10.HTT (H-2t3) strain of mice were isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation of arginine-labeled, nonionic detergent-solubilized materials. After biochemical purification the electrophoretically homogeneous 28,000 dalton glycoprotein beta chains from the Ia precipitates were digested with trypsin and the resultant radiolabeled tryptic peptides were compared by analytical ion exchange chromatography. These comparisons reveal that the beta chains of Ia antigens from the A (I-A8) and C (I-Ck) subregions of B10.HTT share only two out of 12 to 14 of their arginine tryptic peptides. Thus these noncross-reactive Ia antigens are structurally quite diverse, and would possess sufficient structural variability to account for their lack of antigenic cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 78948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7217", "title": "Characterization of the proteolytic fragments of bovine colostral IgG1.", "content": "Bovine colostral IgG1 was subjected to both papain and pepsin hydrolysis. Papain digestion appeared to be optimal at pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.01 M cysteine. The molecule was split at the COOH-terminal side of the interchain disulfide bond(s), and in addition to Fab fragments, two Fc fragments, designated Fc(I) and Fc(II), were obtained. Both Fc fragments had an identical NH2-terminal sequence, but differed in m.w. by about 10,000, with Fc(II) being the smaller one. Differences were also observed in their circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in their susceptibility to carboxypeptidase hydrolysis. These results suggested that the distinguishing characteristics of the two Fc fragments resided in the COOH-terminal parts of the molecules. Pepsin hydrolysis yielded the expected F(ab')2 and pFc' fragments. This hydrolysis was found to be dependent upon substrate concentration leading to aggregate formation at IgG1 concentrations below 3%.", "contents": "Characterization of the proteolytic fragments of bovine colostral IgG1. Bovine colostral IgG1 was subjected to both papain and pepsin hydrolysis. Papain digestion appeared to be optimal at pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.01 M cysteine. The molecule was split at the COOH-terminal side of the interchain disulfide bond(s), and in addition to Fab fragments, two Fc fragments, designated Fc(I) and Fc(II), were obtained. Both Fc fragments had an identical NH2-terminal sequence, but differed in m.w. by about 10,000, with Fc(II) being the smaller one. Differences were also observed in their circular dichroism (CD) spectra and in their susceptibility to carboxypeptidase hydrolysis. These results suggested that the distinguishing characteristics of the two Fc fragments resided in the COOH-terminal parts of the molecules. Pepsin hydrolysis yielded the expected F(ab')2 and pFc' fragments. This hydrolysis was found to be dependent upon substrate concentration leading to aggregate formation at IgG1 concentrations below 3%.", "PMID": 78949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7218", "title": "An isotope-release assay and terminal-labeling assay for measuring cell-mediated allograft and tumor immunity to small numbers of adherent target cells.", "content": "A 51Cr-release assay and terminal 51Cr-labeling assay for measuring cell-mediated immunity to adherent target cells is described. Both techniques utilize small 10 microliter-per well microtiter plates, require low numbers of target cells (50-500 per well), and consequently, relatively small numbers of effector cells per well (3x10(3) -1x10(5)). Both assays are objective, quantitative, and simple to perform. The suitability of these techniques for monitoring immunologically specific, cellmediated, cytotoxic response to syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells and normal skin fibroblasts is demonstrated. Lymph node cells, spleen cells and peritoneal exudate cells serve as effectors.", "contents": "An isotope-release assay and terminal-labeling assay for measuring cell-mediated allograft and tumor immunity to small numbers of adherent target cells. A 51Cr-release assay and terminal 51Cr-labeling assay for measuring cell-mediated immunity to adherent target cells is described. Both techniques utilize small 10 microliter-per well microtiter plates, require low numbers of target cells (50-500 per well), and consequently, relatively small numbers of effector cells per well (3x10(3) -1x10(5)). Both assays are objective, quantitative, and simple to perform. The suitability of these techniques for monitoring immunologically specific, cellmediated, cytotoxic response to syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells and normal skin fibroblasts is demonstrated. Lymph node cells, spleen cells and peritoneal exudate cells serve as effectors.", "PMID": 78950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7219", "title": "Technical improvements in the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction with consequent demonstration of high numbers of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in viable preparations of human peripheral blood.", "content": "A modification of the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR) to improve sensitivity as a test for immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing human blood lymphocytes is described. A mean 5.7%, lymphocytes Ig-positive by the MARR when rosettes were formed in medium containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), increased to 20% when rosettes were formed in 5% BSA or by incubating the lymphocytes or indicator erythocytes with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase before rosetting. Under these various rosetting conditions the MARR is as sensitive as the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR). Further, with the MARR, false positive rosette formation due to unusual antimembrane antibodies can be excluded during the mixed antiglobulin rosetting procedure by use of blocking controls. Substitution of F(ab)2 antiglobulin for IgG anti-gamma, anti-alpha and anti-mu did not reduce the number of lymphocytes demonstrable with the MARR, indicating that the MARR does not react with adsorbed Ig molecules on lymphocytes. Summation of the number of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosetting lymphocytes and mixed antiglobulin rosetting lymphocytes approximated 100%, yet in T-enriched preparations a maximum of 4% of lymphocytes were Ig-positive by the MARR, suggesting that null lymphocytes which have been reported to be E-negative and immunofluorescence-negative are B lymphocytes with surface Ig determinants.", "contents": "Technical improvements in the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction with consequent demonstration of high numbers of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes in viable preparations of human peripheral blood. A modification of the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction (MARR) to improve sensitivity as a test for immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing human blood lymphocytes is described. A mean 5.7%, lymphocytes Ig-positive by the MARR when rosettes were formed in medium containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), increased to 20% when rosettes were formed in 5% BSA or by incubating the lymphocytes or indicator erythocytes with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase before rosetting. Under these various rosetting conditions the MARR is as sensitive as the direct antiglobulin rosetting reaction (DARR). Further, with the MARR, false positive rosette formation due to unusual antimembrane antibodies can be excluded during the mixed antiglobulin rosetting procedure by use of blocking controls. Substitution of F(ab)2 antiglobulin for IgG anti-gamma, anti-alpha and anti-mu did not reduce the number of lymphocytes demonstrable with the MARR, indicating that the MARR does not react with adsorbed Ig molecules on lymphocytes. Summation of the number of sheep erythrocyte (E) rosetting lymphocytes and mixed antiglobulin rosetting lymphocytes approximated 100%, yet in T-enriched preparations a maximum of 4% of lymphocytes were Ig-positive by the MARR, suggesting that null lymphocytes which have been reported to be E-negative and immunofluorescence-negative are B lymphocytes with surface Ig determinants.", "PMID": 78951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7220", "title": "Group-specific component [Gc] levels in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum Group-specific component (a probable vitamin D transport protein) concentrations have been measured in 72 patients with chronic liver disease. Low mean values were found in groups of patients with cirrhosis and metastatic liver disease. In a group of patients with biliary tract disease the mean value was not significantly different from normal except for seven patients with severe bone disease who were found to have the lowest levels. The mechanism for the reduction remains to be clarified, but low Group-specific component values may play a contributory role in the osteodystrophy of chronic obstructive liver disease.", "contents": "Group-specific component [Gc] levels in chronic liver disease. Serum Group-specific component (a probable vitamin D transport protein) concentrations have been measured in 72 patients with chronic liver disease. Low mean values were found in groups of patients with cirrhosis and metastatic liver disease. In a group of patients with biliary tract disease the mean value was not significantly different from normal except for seven patients with severe bone disease who were found to have the lowest levels. The mechanism for the reduction remains to be clarified, but low Group-specific component values may play a contributory role in the osteodystrophy of chronic obstructive liver disease.", "PMID": 78953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7221", "title": "Immunological studies of T-cell receptors. I. Specifically induced resistance to graft-versus-host disease in rats mediated by host T-cell immunity to  alloreactive parental T cells.", "content": "The present studies extend our previous efforts to understand the immunological basis of specifically induced graft-versus-host (GVH) resistance in F1 hybrid rats. Immunization of F1 rats with alloreactive T-cell populations of parental strain origin induces a host-mediated T-cell response which is specific for anti-major hostocompatibility complex receptors on parental T cells. This protective immunity is rapid in onset and once induced, it provides a highly effective, specific resistance to lethal GVH disease which is radioresistant and can be adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients.", "contents": "Immunological studies of T-cell receptors. I. Specifically induced resistance to graft-versus-host disease in rats mediated by host T-cell immunity to  alloreactive parental T cells. The present studies extend our previous efforts to understand the immunological basis of specifically induced graft-versus-host (GVH) resistance in F1 hybrid rats. Immunization of F1 rats with alloreactive T-cell populations of parental strain origin induces a host-mediated T-cell response which is specific for anti-major hostocompatibility complex receptors on parental T cells. This protective immunity is rapid in onset and once induced, it provides a highly effective, specific resistance to lethal GVH disease which is radioresistant and can be adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients.", "PMID": 78954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7222", "title": "T-cell populations specifically depleted of alloreactive potential cannot be induced to lyse H-2-different virus-infected target cells.", "content": "Mouse lymphocyte populations of one parental H-2 type (A) were specificially depleted of alloreactive potential by filtration through irradiated A X B F1 recipients, and thoracic duct cells were then stimulated with virus in an A X B F1 environment. Experiments using T cells that had previously been exposed to influenza virus in the context of A established that cross-priming for recognition of viral components expressed on H-2-different (B) target cells does not occur. Furthermore, immunologically naive T cells stimulated with vaccinia virus, subsequent to negative selection for reactivity to B, could not be shown to interact with virus-infected cells of type B. Either there is no significant T-cell repertoire for recognition of virus associated with an H-2 determinant not encountered during ontogeny, or such T cells are also alloreactive and are removed during filtration.", "contents": "T-cell populations specifically depleted of alloreactive potential cannot be induced to lyse H-2-different virus-infected target cells. Mouse lymphocyte populations of one parental H-2 type (A) were specificially depleted of alloreactive potential by filtration through irradiated A X B F1 recipients, and thoracic duct cells were then stimulated with virus in an A X B F1 environment. Experiments using T cells that had previously been exposed to influenza virus in the context of A established that cross-priming for recognition of viral components expressed on H-2-different (B) target cells does not occur. Furthermore, immunologically naive T cells stimulated with vaccinia virus, subsequent to negative selection for reactivity to B, could not be shown to interact with virus-infected cells of type B. Either there is no significant T-cell repertoire for recognition of virus associated with an H-2 determinant not encountered during ontogeny, or such T cells are also alloreactive and are removed during filtration.", "PMID": 78955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7223", "title": "Simultaneous complementary idiotypic responses: absence of reciprocal regulation.", "content": "Complementary antibodies, i.e. antibodies having combining site structures which are at least partially directed against each other, were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (Pc) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or with the Pc-binding IgA myeloma protein, HOPC-8 (H8). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells and assaying serum antibody levels to Pc and H8. Prior immunization with H8 markedly suppressed subsequent immunization with Pc and vice versa; neither plaque-forming cell response was diminished, however, when mice were immunized simultaneously with Pc and H8. Experiments were designed to determine if the absence of reciprocal regulation was due to change in idiotypes. This was determined by measuring inhibition of plaque formation using complementary antibody. Plaque formation by cells was equally inhibited by high dilutions of the appropriate complementary antibody whether cells were from mice immunized with one, the other, or both antigens. Thus, the absence of regulation could not be accounted for by emergence of different idiotypes. Interestingly, sera from mice immunized to have high responses to both antigens were relatively ineffective in inhibiting plaque formation or suppressing immunization to Pc. However, such sera contained complexes of the complementary antibodies; apparently antibody to Pc in such sera quenches or neutralizes the activity of anti-H8 antibody. But the formation of complexes, at least measurable levels of circulating complexes, must be a result rather than the cause for the absence of reciprocal regulation, since regulation was also absent when immunization to Pc was manipulated so that responses were too low to result in detectable levels of circulating antibody to Pc. It is proposed that simultaneous complementary responses may occur in nature to other antigens and antibodies, and that such simultaneous responses may cause pathologic changes.", "contents": "Simultaneous complementary idiotypic responses: absence of reciprocal regulation. Complementary antibodies, i.e. antibodies having combining site structures which are at least partially directed against each other, were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (Pc) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or with the Pc-binding IgA myeloma protein, HOPC-8 (H8). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells and assaying serum antibody levels to Pc and H8. Prior immunization with H8 markedly suppressed subsequent immunization with Pc and vice versa; neither plaque-forming cell response was diminished, however, when mice were immunized simultaneously with Pc and H8. Experiments were designed to determine if the absence of reciprocal regulation was due to change in idiotypes. This was determined by measuring inhibition of plaque formation using complementary antibody. Plaque formation by cells was equally inhibited by high dilutions of the appropriate complementary antibody whether cells were from mice immunized with one, the other, or both antigens. Thus, the absence of regulation could not be accounted for by emergence of different idiotypes. Interestingly, sera from mice immunized to have high responses to both antigens were relatively ineffective in inhibiting plaque formation or suppressing immunization to Pc. However, such sera contained complexes of the complementary antibodies; apparently antibody to Pc in such sera quenches or neutralizes the activity of anti-H8 antibody. But the formation of complexes, at least measurable levels of circulating complexes, must be a result rather than the cause for the absence of reciprocal regulation, since regulation was also absent when immunization to Pc was manipulated so that responses were too low to result in detectable levels of circulating antibody to Pc. It is proposed that simultaneous complementary responses may occur in nature to other antigens and antibodies, and that such simultaneous responses may cause pathologic changes.", "PMID": 78956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7224", "title": "The detection of a spleen focus-forming virus neoantigen by lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis.", "content": "The existence of a nonvirion tumor-associated cell surface antigen (TASA) on cells transformed with Friend (FLV) on Rauscher (RLV) leukemia virus has been difficult to demonstrate. Antisera raised against classically defined Friend- Moloney-Rauscher antigenic determinants have been shown to react with virus structural proteins coded for by genetic information contained in the lymphatic leukemia or helper (LLV) virus genome. The recent development of nontrans-formed fibroblast cell lines which contain the replication-defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) genome, free of replicating LLV, has allowed investigation of an SFFV-specific antigen. We have applied the techniques of mixed tumor-lymphocyte culture stimulation followed by lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis assays to search for the cell surface expression of an antigen coded expressly by SFFV genetic information. SFFV nonproducer-immune, in vitro activated spleen cells were capable of effecting the lysis of SFFV-containing BALB/c 3T3 and Fischer rat epithelial, cloned cell lines. Normal BALB/c 3T3 and BALB/c 3T3 cells infected with three types of ecotropic LLV were unaffected. Syngeneic FLV and RLV-induced murine leukemia cells were also killed by SFFV nonproducer-immune lymphocytes. In addition, Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed, replication-defective and replication-rescued BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts were not susceptible to SFFV antigen-directed cytolysis. Antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytolysis assays using monospecific goat antisera confirmed that SFFV nonproducers lacked cell surface expression of virion structural proteins. These observations suggest that the antigen detected in LMC experiments was not coded for by genetic information contained in the helper component of FLV, and that it represents a true SFFV-specific cell surface antigen. Based upon the recent molecular evaluation of the SFFV genome as consisting of both xenotropic and ecotropic virus sequences, it appears reasonable that xenotropic genetic information may be responsible for expression of the SFFV- specific antigen. Since the replication-defective SFFV genome is also responsible for the malignant transformation associated with FLV-induced erythroleukemia, one might postulate that gene sequences capable of programming transformation may also code for the TASA detected in these studies.", "contents": "The detection of a spleen focus-forming virus neoantigen by lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. The existence of a nonvirion tumor-associated cell surface antigen (TASA) on cells transformed with Friend (FLV) on Rauscher (RLV) leukemia virus has been difficult to demonstrate. Antisera raised against classically defined Friend- Moloney-Rauscher antigenic determinants have been shown to react with virus structural proteins coded for by genetic information contained in the lymphatic leukemia or helper (LLV) virus genome. The recent development of nontrans-formed fibroblast cell lines which contain the replication-defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) genome, free of replicating LLV, has allowed investigation of an SFFV-specific antigen. We have applied the techniques of mixed tumor-lymphocyte culture stimulation followed by lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis assays to search for the cell surface expression of an antigen coded expressly by SFFV genetic information. SFFV nonproducer-immune, in vitro activated spleen cells were capable of effecting the lysis of SFFV-containing BALB/c 3T3 and Fischer rat epithelial, cloned cell lines. Normal BALB/c 3T3 and BALB/c 3T3 cells infected with three types of ecotropic LLV were unaffected. Syngeneic FLV and RLV-induced murine leukemia cells were also killed by SFFV nonproducer-immune lymphocytes. In addition, Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed, replication-defective and replication-rescued BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts were not susceptible to SFFV antigen-directed cytolysis. Antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytolysis assays using monospecific goat antisera confirmed that SFFV nonproducers lacked cell surface expression of virion structural proteins. These observations suggest that the antigen detected in LMC experiments was not coded for by genetic information contained in the helper component of FLV, and that it represents a true SFFV-specific cell surface antigen. Based upon the recent molecular evaluation of the SFFV genome as consisting of both xenotropic and ecotropic virus sequences, it appears reasonable that xenotropic genetic information may be responsible for expression of the SFFV- specific antigen. Since the replication-defective SFFV genome is also responsible for the malignant transformation associated with FLV-induced erythroleukemia, one might postulate that gene sequences capable of programming transformation may also code for the TASA detected in these studies.", "PMID": 78957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7225", "title": "A study of proteases and protease-inhibitor complexes in biological fluids.", "content": "We have (a) screened a variety of cell lines and body fluids for plasminogen activators and (b) studied the activity of proteases bound to alpha2- macroglobulin after exposing the complexes to partial degradation and/or denaturing procedures to unmask proteolytic activity. The respective results show (a) that the plasminogen activators in urine and cell culture media are generally of lower molecular weight than those in plasma; and (b) that proteases bound to alpha2-macroglobulin recover the ability to attack macromolecular substrates after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate while retaining the electrophoretic mobility of the protease inhibitor complex. This indicates that the protease and inhibitor are probably linked by covalent bonds. In contrast, other complexes formed between proteases and inhibitors of lower molecular weight (such as soybean or Kunitz inhibitors) are fully dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experiments described were based on a new procedure for detecting proteolytic enzyme activity in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The method relies on solutions of nonionic detergents for extracting SDS, after which the electrophoretic gel is applied to an indicator gel consisting of a fibrin- agar mixture. The method is sensitive, permitting the detection of proteinases in less than 1 mul of fresh plasma, and it is effective for resolving small differences in molecular weight. The procedure can be quantitated and, with minor modifications appropriate to each particular system, it has been applied to a broad spectrum of serine enzymes and proenzymes, including some that function in the pathways of fibrinolysis, coagulation and kinin-generation. Other potential applications appear likely.", "contents": "A study of proteases and protease-inhibitor complexes in biological fluids. We have (a) screened a variety of cell lines and body fluids for plasminogen activators and (b) studied the activity of proteases bound to alpha2- macroglobulin after exposing the complexes to partial degradation and/or denaturing procedures to unmask proteolytic activity. The respective results show (a) that the plasminogen activators in urine and cell culture media are generally of lower molecular weight than those in plasma; and (b) that proteases bound to alpha2-macroglobulin recover the ability to attack macromolecular substrates after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate while retaining the electrophoretic mobility of the protease inhibitor complex. This indicates that the protease and inhibitor are probably linked by covalent bonds. In contrast, other complexes formed between proteases and inhibitors of lower molecular weight (such as soybean or Kunitz inhibitors) are fully dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experiments described were based on a new procedure for detecting proteolytic enzyme activity in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The method relies on solutions of nonionic detergents for extracting SDS, after which the electrophoretic gel is applied to an indicator gel consisting of a fibrin- agar mixture. The method is sensitive, permitting the detection of proteinases in less than 1 mul of fresh plasma, and it is effective for resolving small differences in molecular weight. The procedure can be quantitated and, with minor modifications appropriate to each particular system, it has been applied to a broad spectrum of serine enzymes and proenzymes, including some that function in the pathways of fibrinolysis, coagulation and kinin-generation. Other potential applications appear likely.", "PMID": 78958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7226", "title": "Evidence for a pathogenic role of a cell-mediated immune mechanism in experimental glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Lewis rats were injected intravenously with rabbit anti-rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antisera in doses that were sufficient to cause glomerular fixation of rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) detectable by immunofluorescence, but which failed to induce histologically detectable lesions. 24 h later, groups of rats received lymph node cells or serum from syngeneic donors that had been immunized with either RGG or ovalbumin; they were injected with [3H]thymidine three times during the next 2 days, and sacrificed 48 or 96 h after transfer. Only the rats given anti-GBM antiserum plus lymph node cells from donors sensitized to RGG showed histological glomerular lesions, in the form of segmental hypercellularly and necrosis. Autoradiographs revealed the greatest number of labeled cells in glomeruli in the same group. In analogous experiments, it was shown that T-cell-enriched populations could induce hypercellular glomerular reactions. On the basis of electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic observations, it appears that the glomerular hypercellularity resulted from both infiltration of mononuclear cells and proliferation of endothelial cells. The findings indicate that interaction of specifically sensitized lymphocytes with glomerular-bound antigen can induce a cell-mediated (delayed-type) reaction in glomeruli.", "contents": "Evidence for a pathogenic role of a cell-mediated immune mechanism in experimental glomerulonephritis. Lewis rats were injected intravenously with rabbit anti-rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antisera in doses that were sufficient to cause glomerular fixation of rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) detectable by immunofluorescence, but which failed to induce histologically detectable lesions. 24 h later, groups of rats received lymph node cells or serum from syngeneic donors that had been immunized with either RGG or ovalbumin; they were injected with [3H]thymidine three times during the next 2 days, and sacrificed 48 or 96 h after transfer. Only the rats given anti-GBM antiserum plus lymph node cells from donors sensitized to RGG showed histological glomerular lesions, in the form of segmental hypercellularly and necrosis. Autoradiographs revealed the greatest number of labeled cells in glomeruli in the same group. In analogous experiments, it was shown that T-cell-enriched populations could induce hypercellular glomerular reactions. On the basis of electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic observations, it appears that the glomerular hypercellularity resulted from both infiltration of mononuclear cells and proliferation of endothelial cells. The findings indicate that interaction of specifically sensitized lymphocytes with glomerular-bound antigen can induce a cell-mediated (delayed-type) reaction in glomeruli.", "PMID": 78959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7227", "title": "Involvement of fusion activity of ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus in formation of target antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "Mice inoculated with ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus mount a cell- mediated immune response to the virus. Cytotoxic T cells specific for Sendai virus can be obtained by in vitro secondary stimulation of primed spleen cells with syngeneic stimulator cells coated with UV-inactivated Sendai virus. Neither in vivo nor in vitro stimulation alone is sufficient to generate specific cytotoxic T cells. Sharing of the H-2 haplotype between cytotoxic T cells and target cells is required for the Sendai virus-specific lysis to occur. The fusion (F) glycoprotein of Sendai virus has been implicated in target antigen formation (20). Ethanol treatment of Sendai virus causes complete inactivation of the cell-fusion and hemolytic activities of the envelope, but does not affect the antigenicity of the F glycoprotein; furthermore, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities of the envelope HANA glycoprotein are also left intact after ethanol treatment. Target cells can be prepared by coating them with various numbers of UV-inactivated Sendai virus that have been treated with ethanol or, as a control, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The amount of virus adsorbed to target cells during the cytotoxicity reaction time using either ethanol-treated or untreated (PBS \"treated\") virions is essentially identical, but target cells coated with ethanol-treated Sendai virus fail to serve as targets for cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that fusion activity of the Sendai virus envelope is essential to the formation of the target antigen and that virus adsorption to cell surfaces without fusion of the envelope with cell membranes is not sufficient to allow killing by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.", "contents": "Involvement of fusion activity of ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus in formation of target antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Mice inoculated with ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus mount a cell- mediated immune response to the virus. Cytotoxic T cells specific for Sendai virus can be obtained by in vitro secondary stimulation of primed spleen cells with syngeneic stimulator cells coated with UV-inactivated Sendai virus. Neither in vivo nor in vitro stimulation alone is sufficient to generate specific cytotoxic T cells. Sharing of the H-2 haplotype between cytotoxic T cells and target cells is required for the Sendai virus-specific lysis to occur. The fusion (F) glycoprotein of Sendai virus has been implicated in target antigen formation (20). Ethanol treatment of Sendai virus causes complete inactivation of the cell-fusion and hemolytic activities of the envelope, but does not affect the antigenicity of the F glycoprotein; furthermore, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities of the envelope HANA glycoprotein are also left intact after ethanol treatment. Target cells can be prepared by coating them with various numbers of UV-inactivated Sendai virus that have been treated with ethanol or, as a control, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The amount of virus adsorbed to target cells during the cytotoxicity reaction time using either ethanol-treated or untreated (PBS \"treated\") virions is essentially identical, but target cells coated with ethanol-treated Sendai virus fail to serve as targets for cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that fusion activity of the Sendai virus envelope is essential to the formation of the target antigen and that virus adsorption to cell surfaces without fusion of the envelope with cell membranes is not sufficient to allow killing by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.", "PMID": 78960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7228", "title": "Interspecies spleen-myeloma hybrid producing monoclonal antibodies against mouse lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, T200.", "content": "A cell hybrid has been selected from fusion of a mouse myeloma and rat spleen cells immunized against mouse lymphoma cells that produces monoclonal antibody against the mouse lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, T200. Antibody binding assays employing the monoclonal antibody show that there are about 50,000-100,000 molecules of T200 glycoprotein on mouse thymocytes and that similar antigens are present on spleen and bone marrow but not detected on nonlymphoid tissues. Examination of the labeled molecules precipitated from detergent extracts of spleen cells and thymocytes iodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique by SDS-PAGE confirm that there are structural differences between the antigens found on B and T lymphocytes. The B-cell glycoprotein consists of at least one component of apparent mol wt 220,000 on SDS-PAGE, while the T-cell glycoprotein has an apparent mol wt of about 190,000.", "contents": "Interspecies spleen-myeloma hybrid producing monoclonal antibodies against mouse lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, T200. A cell hybrid has been selected from fusion of a mouse myeloma and rat spleen cells immunized against mouse lymphoma cells that produces monoclonal antibody against the mouse lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, T200. Antibody binding assays employing the monoclonal antibody show that there are about 50,000-100,000 molecules of T200 glycoprotein on mouse thymocytes and that similar antigens are present on spleen and bone marrow but not detected on nonlymphoid tissues. Examination of the labeled molecules precipitated from detergent extracts of spleen cells and thymocytes iodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique by SDS-PAGE confirm that there are structural differences between the antigens found on B and T lymphocytes. The B-cell glycoprotein consists of at least one component of apparent mol wt 220,000 on SDS-PAGE, while the T-cell glycoprotein has an apparent mol wt of about 190,000.", "PMID": 78961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7229", "title": "In vitro maturation of immature thymocytes into immunocompetent T cells in the absence of direct thymic influence.", "content": "Peanut lectin (PNL) binds to a majority of mouse thymocytes (Thc) in suspension. By using cell affinity chromatography on a column of anti-PNL antibody, Thc populations at least 96 percent pure in PNL + or - cells, as judged by immunofluorescence, were obtained. PNL(+) cells are rich in Thy 1 and poor in H(2) antigens, cortisone sensitive, unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and immunologically incompetent, as judged by mixed lymphocyte reaction, popliteal lymph node graft-versus-host assay, and by testing helper activity in a primary in vitro antibody response to sheep erythrocytes; the converse is true of PNL(-) cells. Thus, PNL(+) and (-) cells appear to correspond to cortical and medullary Thc, respectively, as previously suggested. In culture, PNL(+) Thc show poor viability and a weak proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A), except when supernate (SUP) of 24 h Con A stimulated lymph node lymphocyte cultures, or irradiated lymph node cells, are added, in which cases a strong proliferative response to the mitogen is observed. A variety of control experiments showed that the proliferating cells did not result from preferential stimulation of a few contaminating PNL(-) Thc present in the PNL(+) Thc cultures. The blasts resulting from PNL(+) Thc proliferation display mitogen-induced cytotoxicity, and give rise to a population of medium-sized lymphocytes, mostly PNL(-), poor in Thy 1 and rich in H(2) antigens, PHA responsive, and immunologically competent in the above-mentioned assays. Fresh PNL(+) Thc responded in mixed lymphocyte reaction in the presence of SUP (lectin depleted) and since incubation in SUP alone did not confer reactivity on PNL(+) Thc, it appears therefore that (a) immature Thc possess alloantigen and mitogen-specific surface receptors but lack the capacity to respond by proliferation to receptor triggering without the help of extracellular factor(s) released by mature lymphoid cells stimulated by mitogens (b) cell division is associated with the acquisition of immunological responsiveness, characteristic of mature T lymphocytes. The implications of these findings for the ontogenesis of thymus-derived lymphocytes, and for the possible traffic of Thc within and from the thymus, are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro maturation of immature thymocytes into immunocompetent T cells in the absence of direct thymic influence. Peanut lectin (PNL) binds to a majority of mouse thymocytes (Thc) in suspension. By using cell affinity chromatography on a column of anti-PNL antibody, Thc populations at least 96 percent pure in PNL + or - cells, as judged by immunofluorescence, were obtained. PNL(+) cells are rich in Thy 1 and poor in H(2) antigens, cortisone sensitive, unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and immunologically incompetent, as judged by mixed lymphocyte reaction, popliteal lymph node graft-versus-host assay, and by testing helper activity in a primary in vitro antibody response to sheep erythrocytes; the converse is true of PNL(-) cells. Thus, PNL(+) and (-) cells appear to correspond to cortical and medullary Thc, respectively, as previously suggested. In culture, PNL(+) Thc show poor viability and a weak proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A), except when supernate (SUP) of 24 h Con A stimulated lymph node lymphocyte cultures, or irradiated lymph node cells, are added, in which cases a strong proliferative response to the mitogen is observed. A variety of control experiments showed that the proliferating cells did not result from preferential stimulation of a few contaminating PNL(-) Thc present in the PNL(+) Thc cultures. The blasts resulting from PNL(+) Thc proliferation display mitogen-induced cytotoxicity, and give rise to a population of medium-sized lymphocytes, mostly PNL(-), poor in Thy 1 and rich in H(2) antigens, PHA responsive, and immunologically competent in the above-mentioned assays. Fresh PNL(+) Thc responded in mixed lymphocyte reaction in the presence of SUP (lectin depleted) and since incubation in SUP alone did not confer reactivity on PNL(+) Thc, it appears therefore that (a) immature Thc possess alloantigen and mitogen-specific surface receptors but lack the capacity to respond by proliferation to receptor triggering without the help of extracellular factor(s) released by mature lymphoid cells stimulated by mitogens (b) cell division is associated with the acquisition of immunological responsiveness, characteristic of mature T lymphocytes. The implications of these findings for the ontogenesis of thymus-derived lymphocytes, and for the possible traffic of Thc within and from the thymus, are discussed.", "PMID": 78962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7230", "title": "Association of the H-Y male antigen with beta2-microglobulin on human lymphoid and differentiated mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines.", "content": "The expression of the H-Y antigen has been tested on several human lymphoid lines and mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines during differentiation. The human male lymphoid cell line Raji is a very useful target for studies of the H-Y antigen by lymphocytotoxicity test with rat anti-H-Y sera. With a few exceptions, all cells carrying the Y chromosome were H-Y positive. One of the exceptions is the human Daudi cell line which, besides lacking H-Y antigen, also lacks beta2-microglobulin. We have studied a possible association between the H-Y antigen, beta2-microglobulin, and HLA antigen with redistribution experiments. The results strongly suggest that H-Y antigen is not associated with HLA antigens but with beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "Association of the H-Y male antigen with beta2-microglobulin on human lymphoid and differentiated mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines. The expression of the H-Y antigen has been tested on several human lymphoid lines and mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines during differentiation. The human male lymphoid cell line Raji is a very useful target for studies of the H-Y antigen by lymphocytotoxicity test with rat anti-H-Y sera. With a few exceptions, all cells carrying the Y chromosome were H-Y positive. One of the exceptions is the human Daudi cell line which, besides lacking H-Y antigen, also lacks beta2-microglobulin. We have studied a possible association between the H-Y antigen, beta2-microglobulin, and HLA antigen with redistribution experiments. The results strongly suggest that H-Y antigen is not associated with HLA antigens but with beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 78963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7231", "title": "In a fully H-2 incompatible chimera, T cells of donor origin can respond to minor histocompatibility antigens in association with either donor or host H-2 type.", "content": "Fully H-2 incompatible radiation chimeras were prepared using BALB congenic mice. Such chimeric mice were immunized in vivo against histocompatibility antigens of the C57BL/10Sn (B10) background in association with either of the parental H-2 haplotypes, and their spleen cells subsequently boosted in vitro with the same minor antigens. Strong H-2-restricted cytotoxic activity against minor antigens was detected, and the specificity of the restriction could be to the H-2 haplotype of the donor or the host depending on the cells used for priming or boosting. Cross priming could also be demonstrated in these mice. The results show that fully allogenic radiation chimeras can produce H-2-restricted T-cell responses to minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, and are discussed in relation to contrasting results recently obtained against viral antigens.", "contents": "In a fully H-2 incompatible chimera, T cells of donor origin can respond to minor histocompatibility antigens in association with either donor or host H-2 type. Fully H-2 incompatible radiation chimeras were prepared using BALB congenic mice. Such chimeric mice were immunized in vivo against histocompatibility antigens of the C57BL/10Sn (B10) background in association with either of the parental H-2 haplotypes, and their spleen cells subsequently boosted in vitro with the same minor antigens. Strong H-2-restricted cytotoxic activity against minor antigens was detected, and the specificity of the restriction could be to the H-2 haplotype of the donor or the host depending on the cells used for priming or boosting. Cross priming could also be demonstrated in these mice. The results show that fully allogenic radiation chimeras can produce H-2-restricted T-cell responses to minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, and are discussed in relation to contrasting results recently obtained against viral antigens.", "PMID": 78964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7232", "title": "Relationship of human adenoviruses 12, 18, and 31 as determined by hemagglutination inhibition.", "content": "Adenoviruses 12 and 31, but not Ad18, agglutinate rat blood cells at high titer, providing suitable blood cells be available and a prolonged contact period of virus with the erythrocytes is allowed. Purified virus particles show direct, and virus-free supernatants show direct and indirect, hemagglutination, ie, enhancement of HA by heterologous antiserum. Hemagglutination inhibition with rabbit antisera shows cross-reactions between Ad12 and Ad31 with titers 4--32 times lower than with homologous antigens; Ad18 antisera react with antigens from both of the other serotypes. No cross-reactions were seen with antisera from other adenoviruses. This suggests an antigenic relationship of the three viruses of subgroup IV in their fiber antigen gamma, in addition to the known relation in the hexon (epsilon), which is apparent in cross-neutralization.", "contents": "Relationship of human adenoviruses 12, 18, and 31 as determined by hemagglutination inhibition. Adenoviruses 12 and 31, but not Ad18, agglutinate rat blood cells at high titer, providing suitable blood cells be available and a prolonged contact period of virus with the erythrocytes is allowed. Purified virus particles show direct, and virus-free supernatants show direct and indirect, hemagglutination, ie, enhancement of HA by heterologous antiserum. Hemagglutination inhibition with rabbit antisera shows cross-reactions between Ad12 and Ad31 with titers 4--32 times lower than with homologous antigens; Ad18 antisera react with antigens from both of the other serotypes. No cross-reactions were seen with antisera from other adenoviruses. This suggests an antigenic relationship of the three viruses of subgroup IV in their fiber antigen gamma, in addition to the known relation in the hexon (epsilon), which is apparent in cross-neutralization.", "PMID": 78965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7233", "title": "[Diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Results of neurological, biochemical and genetic studies].", "content": "Neurological and biochemical studies have been performed on four AIP families with 21 members. Five patients suffered from manifested AIP (Uroporphyrinogen Synthase defect and characteristic urine findings); among their relatives five persons with latent AIP were detected and eight carriers of the genetic-enzymic defect (Uroporphyrinogen Synthase defect). Internal and neurological symptoms could be interpreted as a panneuropathy. Acute and chronical polyneuropathies could be observed as well as myelopathies and cerebral co-reactions. A frequent symptom dominating the crisis and the latent state of AIP were etiologically abscure 'myalgias.' The character of the course of AIP is various and dubious: beyond the 'classical' courses with its intermittent porphyric crises we observed one case which was characterized by a permanent crisis and a second case marked by a chronical, slow progredient course without any porphyric attacks.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Results of neurological, biochemical and genetic studies]. Neurological and biochemical studies have been performed on four AIP families with 21 members. Five patients suffered from manifested AIP (Uroporphyrinogen Synthase defect and characteristic urine findings); among their relatives five persons with latent AIP were detected and eight carriers of the genetic-enzymic defect (Uroporphyrinogen Synthase defect). Internal and neurological symptoms could be interpreted as a panneuropathy. Acute and chronical polyneuropathies could be observed as well as myelopathies and cerebral co-reactions. A frequent symptom dominating the crisis and the latent state of AIP were etiologically abscure 'myalgias.' The character of the course of AIP is various and dubious: beyond the 'classical' courses with its intermittent porphyric crises we observed one case which was characterized by a permanent crisis and a second case marked by a chronical, slow progredient course without any porphyric attacks.", "PMID": 78972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7234", "title": "Inflammatory disease of the brain diagnosed by computed tomography.", "content": "Inflammatory disease of the brain, particularly of pyogenic etiology, may be most accurately assessed by the use of computed tomography and contrast enhancement. Examples of cerebritis, evolving and mature intracerebral abcesses, and inflammatory extracerebral collections are presented and discussed, particularly with reference to differential diagnosis and the problem of infectious versus neoplastic etiology. Ancillary studies, particulary selective arteriography, are reviewed where appropriate. The residual changes of inflammatory disease of the brain after medical and/or surgical therapy are illustrated, and the value of serial examinations is emphasized. The rural indigent patient population (American Indian) served by the University of New Mexico Medical Center is a source of case material providing several examples of severe and untreated intracerebral infectious processes heretofore not described in the literature.", "contents": "Inflammatory disease of the brain diagnosed by computed tomography. Inflammatory disease of the brain, particularly of pyogenic etiology, may be most accurately assessed by the use of computed tomography and contrast enhancement. Examples of cerebritis, evolving and mature intracerebral abcesses, and inflammatory extracerebral collections are presented and discussed, particularly with reference to differential diagnosis and the problem of infectious versus neoplastic etiology. Ancillary studies, particulary selective arteriography, are reviewed where appropriate. The residual changes of inflammatory disease of the brain after medical and/or surgical therapy are illustrated, and the value of serial examinations is emphasized. The rural indigent patient population (American Indian) served by the University of New Mexico Medical Center is a source of case material providing several examples of severe and untreated intracerebral infectious processes heretofore not described in the literature.", "PMID": 78973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7235", "title": "In vivo interaction of anticonvulsant drugs. The mathematical correlation of plasma levels of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients.", "content": "The phenytoin plasma levels were measured in 45 epileptic patients whose only treatment was phenytoin. The plasma of 20 other patients receiving both phenytoin and phenobarbital was also tested for concentration of these two drugs and 18 patients treated with phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone were investigated in the same way. The results were used to calculate the plasma levels of phenytoin in relation to dosage and to measure the effect of the simultaneous use of phenobarbital on the phenytoin plasma levels and of primidone together with phenobarbital on phenytoin concentration. The results led to the following conclusions: The population of epileptic patients can be divided into 2 groups. In the first group the patients reach equilibrium at the relatively high phenytoin plasma level for a given dose of phenytoin, and in the second group the phenytoin plasma level tends to be significantly lower for parallel dosages. Both groups, in their behavior, obey mathematically an exponential graph specific for each group. Phenobarbital tends to lower the plasma phenytoin level when the two drugs are used simultaneously. It is also possible, by the graphs produced, to calculate the expected phenytoin plasma levels when using the drugs together. Primidone and phenobarbital together decrease the phenytoin level much more than expected from the effect of phenobarbital alone.", "contents": "In vivo interaction of anticonvulsant drugs. The mathematical correlation of plasma levels of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. The phenytoin plasma levels were measured in 45 epileptic patients whose only treatment was phenytoin. The plasma of 20 other patients receiving both phenytoin and phenobarbital was also tested for concentration of these two drugs and 18 patients treated with phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone were investigated in the same way. The results were used to calculate the plasma levels of phenytoin in relation to dosage and to measure the effect of the simultaneous use of phenobarbital on the phenytoin plasma levels and of primidone together with phenobarbital on phenytoin concentration. The results led to the following conclusions: The population of epileptic patients can be divided into 2 groups. In the first group the patients reach equilibrium at the relatively high phenytoin plasma level for a given dose of phenytoin, and in the second group the phenytoin plasma level tends to be significantly lower for parallel dosages. Both groups, in their behavior, obey mathematically an exponential graph specific for each group. Phenobarbital tends to lower the plasma phenytoin level when the two drugs are used simultaneously. It is also possible, by the graphs produced, to calculate the expected phenytoin plasma levels when using the drugs together. Primidone and phenobarbital together decrease the phenytoin level much more than expected from the effect of phenobarbital alone.", "PMID": 78974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7236", "title": "Intramedullary syndrome due to an extradural neurinoma near the foramen magnum.", "content": "A case of right sided extradural neurinoma at the level of the foramen magnum is reported which presented as an intramedullary spinal cord syndrome. Ischemia of the anterior spinal artery or of the vertebral artery was considered to be an important pathogenic factor in the production of the neurological syndrome. The outer part of the spinothalamic tract, where sensory fibers carrying pain and thermal sensibility from the sacral segments are situated, escaped ischemia as that part is supplied by penetrating branches of the pial arterial plexus. The discrepancy between the level of neurological deficit (C5) and site of the tumor (C1-2) was due to distant ischemia. The lack of a history of root pain and the rapid recovery following removal of the tumor also favor a vascular origin for the neurological deficit.", "contents": "Intramedullary syndrome due to an extradural neurinoma near the foramen magnum. A case of right sided extradural neurinoma at the level of the foramen magnum is reported which presented as an intramedullary spinal cord syndrome. Ischemia of the anterior spinal artery or of the vertebral artery was considered to be an important pathogenic factor in the production of the neurological syndrome. The outer part of the spinothalamic tract, where sensory fibers carrying pain and thermal sensibility from the sacral segments are situated, escaped ischemia as that part is supplied by penetrating branches of the pial arterial plexus. The discrepancy between the level of neurological deficit (C5) and site of the tumor (C1-2) was due to distant ischemia. The lack of a history of root pain and the rapid recovery following removal of the tumor also favor a vascular origin for the neurological deficit.", "PMID": 78975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7237", "title": "Serum-CSF protein gradients, the blood-GSF barrier and the local immune response.", "content": "For the majority of proteins there is a steady state equilbrium between the serum and the CSF compartment which depends upon the hydrodynamic radii of the passively transferred molecules. For clinical purposes the serum-CSF concentration ratios of albumin (Aalb) and alpha2-macroglobulin (Qalpha2 M) have proven to be a reliable barrier parameter, which is more sensitive than the total protein level in certain diseases, e.g. disk protrusions, degenerative processes and metabolic disorders. The immunoglobulins G and A cope with the passive transfer mechanism in both normal conditions and all degrees of pure barrier impairments but deviate in cases with local immunoglobulin production. The method described produces a quantitative differentiation between the locally synthesized and the serum-derived immunoglobulin fractions. A humoral immune response within the central nervous system was found in certain stages of acute infectious diseases and with chronic inflammatory processes such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neurolues and multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Serum-CSF protein gradients, the blood-GSF barrier and the local immune response. For the majority of proteins there is a steady state equilbrium between the serum and the CSF compartment which depends upon the hydrodynamic radii of the passively transferred molecules. For clinical purposes the serum-CSF concentration ratios of albumin (Aalb) and alpha2-macroglobulin (Qalpha2 M) have proven to be a reliable barrier parameter, which is more sensitive than the total protein level in certain diseases, e.g. disk protrusions, degenerative processes and metabolic disorders. The immunoglobulins G and A cope with the passive transfer mechanism in both normal conditions and all degrees of pure barrier impairments but deviate in cases with local immunoglobulin production. The method described produces a quantitative differentiation between the locally synthesized and the serum-derived immunoglobulin fractions. A humoral immune response within the central nervous system was found in certain stages of acute infectious diseases and with chronic inflammatory processes such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neurolues and multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 78976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7238", "title": "Brainstem lesion with coma for five years following manipulation of the cervical spine.", "content": "A woman, aged 38, lost consciousness immediately after manipulation of the cervical spine and remained in coma for nearly 5 years in a combined decorticate and decerebrate state. Cerebral angiography revealed impaired circulation in the vertebrobasilar system. The EEG initially showed generalized cerebral dysrhythmia but tended, over the years, to become more normal with desynchronized fast activity of low voltage. Neuropathological examination postmortem revealed a large cystic lesion in the pressure equalization area of the carotid and basilar circulation in the upper pons, mesencephalon, posterior hypothalamus and basal thalamus. No definite stenosis or occlusion was seen in the cerebral vessels on angiography or at the postmortem examination. The mechanism of the lesion is considered to have been temporary interference with the blood flow in the vertebrobasilar system during manipulation of the cervical spine sufficient to cause ischemia and subsequent infarction of the brainstem. The pathogenesis of vascular lesions of the brain stem following manipulation of the cervical spine is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Brainstem lesion with coma for five years following manipulation of the cervical spine. A woman, aged 38, lost consciousness immediately after manipulation of the cervical spine and remained in coma for nearly 5 years in a combined decorticate and decerebrate state. Cerebral angiography revealed impaired circulation in the vertebrobasilar system. The EEG initially showed generalized cerebral dysrhythmia but tended, over the years, to become more normal with desynchronized fast activity of low voltage. Neuropathological examination postmortem revealed a large cystic lesion in the pressure equalization area of the carotid and basilar circulation in the upper pons, mesencephalon, posterior hypothalamus and basal thalamus. No definite stenosis or occlusion was seen in the cerebral vessels on angiography or at the postmortem examination. The mechanism of the lesion is considered to have been temporary interference with the blood flow in the vertebrobasilar system during manipulation of the cervical spine sufficient to cause ischemia and subsequent infarction of the brainstem. The pathogenesis of vascular lesions of the brain stem following manipulation of the cervical spine is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 78977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7239", "title": "Effect of low lysine diet on rat protein metabolism.", "content": "Prolonged lysine deficiency resulted in inhibition of growth of the rat and in lowered levels of albumin and beta-globulins, but not of total liver proteins. The apparent incorporation of [3H]lysine into total and chromosomal liver proteins, however, was increased in lysine deficient rats relative to pair-fed controls. The concentration of free lysine in neither serum nor liver was altered in lysine deficient rats. The specific radioactivity of liver free lysine 2 hours after administration of [3H]lysine was noticeably elevated in the deficient rats. However, when the pool of liver free lysine is considered, synthesis of all proteins studied was inhibited. The largest inhibitory effect was seen in serum albumin and total liver protein synthesis. Inhibition of snythesis of nuclear chromatin protein was less pronounced. The data indicate an adaptive mechanism operates to preserve liver lysine in rats fed lysine deficient diets for a prolonged period. In spite of retention of lysine, the synthesis of liver and serum proteins was inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of low lysine diet on rat protein metabolism. Prolonged lysine deficiency resulted in inhibition of growth of the rat and in lowered levels of albumin and beta-globulins, but not of total liver proteins. The apparent incorporation of [3H]lysine into total and chromosomal liver proteins, however, was increased in lysine deficient rats relative to pair-fed controls. The concentration of free lysine in neither serum nor liver was altered in lysine deficient rats. The specific radioactivity of liver free lysine 2 hours after administration of [3H]lysine was noticeably elevated in the deficient rats. However, when the pool of liver free lysine is considered, synthesis of all proteins studied was inhibited. The largest inhibitory effect was seen in serum albumin and total liver protein synthesis. Inhibition of snythesis of nuclear chromatin protein was less pronounced. The data indicate an adaptive mechanism operates to preserve liver lysine in rats fed lysine deficient diets for a prolonged period. In spite of retention of lysine, the synthesis of liver and serum proteins was inhibited.", "PMID": 78978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7240", "title": "Reflex neurovascular dystrophy in childhood.", "content": "Reflex neurovascular dystrophy has rarely been recognized in children. During the past eight years we have observed 24 instances of RND in 23 children. Lower extremity involvement was manifested in 20 of them and upper extremity in four. The major complaint was pain; swelling and vasomotor instability were prominent, and exquisite tenderness was characteristic. Chronic trophic changes were not observed. Antecedent illness or trauma could be related to the RND in less than half of the children, but personality factors appeared contributory to the development of RND in most children. Physical therapy was the principal form of treatment; therapy with a corticosteroid or by sympathetic blockade was not employed. Reduction in the evidences of disease, including improvement in function, were present in all children at the termination of therapy; improvement was maintained in all but one child after a mean period of 2.4 years. The excellent response to conservative therapy suggests that RND may be a more benign condition in children than in adults.", "contents": "Reflex neurovascular dystrophy in childhood. Reflex neurovascular dystrophy has rarely been recognized in children. During the past eight years we have observed 24 instances of RND in 23 children. Lower extremity involvement was manifested in 20 of them and upper extremity in four. The major complaint was pain; swelling and vasomotor instability were prominent, and exquisite tenderness was characteristic. Chronic trophic changes were not observed. Antecedent illness or trauma could be related to the RND in less than half of the children, but personality factors appeared contributory to the development of RND in most children. Physical therapy was the principal form of treatment; therapy with a corticosteroid or by sympathetic blockade was not employed. Reduction in the evidences of disease, including improvement in function, were present in all children at the termination of therapy; improvement was maintained in all but one child after a mean period of 2.4 years. The excellent response to conservative therapy suggests that RND may be a more benign condition in children than in adults.", "PMID": 78979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7241", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with negative LE cells and antinuclear factor.", "content": "In the course of a prospective study of 165 patients with SLE a subgroup of eight patients with active SLE yet with persistently negative tests for ANF and LE cells was identified. These patients were characterized by a photosensitive skin rash with a negative lupus band test, a high incidence of arthritis, mild form of renal disease, and a positive family history for connective tissue disease. Antibodies to DNA and cytoplasmic antigens were detected in a few.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with negative LE cells and antinuclear factor. In the course of a prospective study of 165 patients with SLE a subgroup of eight patients with active SLE yet with persistently negative tests for ANF and LE cells was identified. These patients were characterized by a photosensitive skin rash with a negative lupus band test, a high incidence of arthritis, mild form of renal disease, and a positive family history for connective tissue disease. Antibodies to DNA and cytoplasmic antigens were detected in a few.", "PMID": 78982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7242", "title": "Fucosyltransferase activity in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing rat mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Fucosyltransferase levels in 6 established strains of spontaneously metastasizing rat mammary tumors (STMT-058, MT-449, DMBA-4, SMT-077, TMT-081, and SMT-2A) were compared with 4 nonmetastasizing strains (MT-W9B, MT-W9A, MT-100, and MT-66) as controls. Two acceptors were prepared from fetuin for the assay, one by acid hydrolysis of N-acetylneuraminic acid and the other by the stepwise removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid and penultimate galactose by Smith degradation. The enzyme that transfers fucose to the first acceptor was designated fucosyltransferase A, whereas the one that uses the second acceptor was designated fucosyltransferase B. Both types of fucosyltransferases were found in this rat mammary tumor system. Whereas the levels of fucosyltransferase A in the 2 tumor groups were comparable, those of fucosyltransferase B were sixfold to sevenfold higher in the metastasizing tumors. This difference in the level of fucosyltransferase B was not caused either by differential hydrolysis of GDP-fucose by pyrophosphatase in the 2 groups or by hydrolysis of the product by fucosidases. Presence of any other inhibitor(s) or activator(s) of fucosyltransferase was excluded by mixing experiments. Optimal conditions for the assay of this enzyme were determined in a representative strain from each group. Under all circumstances, the activity of fucosyltransferase B was higher in the metastasizing tumors. The enzyme was inhibited by nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, and guanosine nucleotides were the most efficient inhibitors. Subcellular distributions of the two fucosyltransferases were similar, 35-50% of the enzyme activity being present in the crude microsomes. When plasma membrane factions were prepared from the microsomes, the major part (50-70%) of the enzyme was associated with the light and heavy plasma membrane fractions. Increased activity of fucosyltransferase B in the group of metastasizing tumors may have reflected faster synthesis and shedding of fucose-containing glycoprotein antigens. Similar molecules possibly were also synthesized in the nonmetastasizing cells but at a much slower rate, because the antigen is not easily lost from the cell surface. Any alteration of the specificity of this focosyltransferase in the metastasizing tumors, in addition, may have caused antigen modulation.", "contents": "Fucosyltransferase activity in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing rat mammary carcinomas. Fucosyltransferase levels in 6 established strains of spontaneously metastasizing rat mammary tumors (STMT-058, MT-449, DMBA-4, SMT-077, TMT-081, and SMT-2A) were compared with 4 nonmetastasizing strains (MT-W9B, MT-W9A, MT-100, and MT-66) as controls. Two acceptors were prepared from fetuin for the assay, one by acid hydrolysis of N-acetylneuraminic acid and the other by the stepwise removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid and penultimate galactose by Smith degradation. The enzyme that transfers fucose to the first acceptor was designated fucosyltransferase A, whereas the one that uses the second acceptor was designated fucosyltransferase B. Both types of fucosyltransferases were found in this rat mammary tumor system. Whereas the levels of fucosyltransferase A in the 2 tumor groups were comparable, those of fucosyltransferase B were sixfold to sevenfold higher in the metastasizing tumors. This difference in the level of fucosyltransferase B was not caused either by differential hydrolysis of GDP-fucose by pyrophosphatase in the 2 groups or by hydrolysis of the product by fucosidases. Presence of any other inhibitor(s) or activator(s) of fucosyltransferase was excluded by mixing experiments. Optimal conditions for the assay of this enzyme were determined in a representative strain from each group. Under all circumstances, the activity of fucosyltransferase B was higher in the metastasizing tumors. The enzyme was inhibited by nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, and guanosine nucleotides were the most efficient inhibitors. Subcellular distributions of the two fucosyltransferases were similar, 35-50% of the enzyme activity being present in the crude microsomes. When plasma membrane factions were prepared from the microsomes, the major part (50-70%) of the enzyme was associated with the light and heavy plasma membrane fractions. Increased activity of fucosyltransferase B in the group of metastasizing tumors may have reflected faster synthesis and shedding of fucose-containing glycoprotein antigens. Similar molecules possibly were also synthesized in the nonmetastasizing cells but at a much slower rate, because the antigen is not easily lost from the cell surface. Any alteration of the specificity of this focosyltransferase in the metastasizing tumors, in addition, may have caused antigen modulation.", "PMID": 78984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7243", "title": "Polyproteins related to the major core protein of mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "The mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) contains several low-molecular-weight proteins which, together with the genomic RNA, constitute the core structure of the virion. The most abundant protein in the core is the 27,000-dalton protein (p27), and, by analogy to the type C viruses, this protein probably forms the core shell. In mouse mammary tumor cell lines (GR and Mm5MT) producing MuMTV the major p57 antigenic specificity resides in a large protein, which migrates in polyacrylamide gels as a doublet of 77,000 and 75,000 daltons (p 77/75). A series of lower-molecular-weight proteins, p61, p48, p38, and p34, is also present in small amounts and is probably derived by proteolytic cleavage of the p 77/75. These proteins have been identified by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antiserum, and their sequence relatedness to p27 has been determined by an analysis of the peptides after trypsin digestion. After a 15-min pulse with [35S]-methionine, all of the p27-related proteins in these cell lines were labelled and, during a subsequent chase, progressively disappeared. The p27 was labeled poorly during the pulse, but the amount of label in this protein increased during the chase. A quantitation of these experiments suggested that the majority of the p27-related proteins were quite rapidly turned over in these cell lines. Hence, if p27 is derived by a progressive proteolytic cleavage mechanism, then the process is inefficient in the GR cells and only moderately efficient in the Mm5MT cells. When MuMTV was isolated from the culture medium of these cells harvested at 5-min intervals, the major p27-related protein was p34. The p27 accounted for only 29% of the anti-p27 serum immunoprecipitable proteins compared to 95% in virus isolated from an 18-h harvest. Incubation of the rapid-harvest virus at 37 degrees C for 2 h resulted in some conversion of p34 to p27. These results suggest that some of the p27 in MuMTV is formed in the virions by proteolytic cleavage of p34.", "contents": "Polyproteins related to the major core protein of mouse mammary tumor virus. The mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) contains several low-molecular-weight proteins which, together with the genomic RNA, constitute the core structure of the virion. The most abundant protein in the core is the 27,000-dalton protein (p27), and, by analogy to the type C viruses, this protein probably forms the core shell. In mouse mammary tumor cell lines (GR and Mm5MT) producing MuMTV the major p57 antigenic specificity resides in a large protein, which migrates in polyacrylamide gels as a doublet of 77,000 and 75,000 daltons (p 77/75). A series of lower-molecular-weight proteins, p61, p48, p38, and p34, is also present in small amounts and is probably derived by proteolytic cleavage of the p 77/75. These proteins have been identified by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antiserum, and their sequence relatedness to p27 has been determined by an analysis of the peptides after trypsin digestion. After a 15-min pulse with [35S]-methionine, all of the p27-related proteins in these cell lines were labelled and, during a subsequent chase, progressively disappeared. The p27 was labeled poorly during the pulse, but the amount of label in this protein increased during the chase. A quantitation of these experiments suggested that the majority of the p27-related proteins were quite rapidly turned over in these cell lines. Hence, if p27 is derived by a progressive proteolytic cleavage mechanism, then the process is inefficient in the GR cells and only moderately efficient in the Mm5MT cells. When MuMTV was isolated from the culture medium of these cells harvested at 5-min intervals, the major p27-related protein was p34. The p27 accounted for only 29% of the anti-p27 serum immunoprecipitable proteins compared to 95% in virus isolated from an 18-h harvest. Incubation of the rapid-harvest virus at 37 degrees C for 2 h resulted in some conversion of p34 to p27. These results suggest that some of the p27 in MuMTV is formed in the virions by proteolytic cleavage of p34.", "PMID": 78987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7244", "title": "Identification of a common antigen of herpes simplex virus bovine herpes mammillitis virus, and B virus.", "content": "In immunoelectrophoretic analyses one common antigen was demonstrated in antigen preparations from herpes simplex virus types 1- and 2- (HSV-1 and HSV-2), bovine herpes mammillitis (BHM) virus-, and B virus-infected cells solubilized by Triton X-100. The antigen was also demonstrated in solubilized purified HSV-1 and BHM virus. The common antigen was identified as antigen 11 of HSV-1 or HSV-2. Differences were found in the polypeptide composition of the related antigens when isolated from the four different herpesviruses, but a glycopolypeptide with a molecular weight of 125,000 was present in each of the four different antigen preparations, indicating that this polypeptide carried the common antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Identification of a common antigen of herpes simplex virus bovine herpes mammillitis virus, and B virus. In immunoelectrophoretic analyses one common antigen was demonstrated in antigen preparations from herpes simplex virus types 1- and 2- (HSV-1 and HSV-2), bovine herpes mammillitis (BHM) virus-, and B virus-infected cells solubilized by Triton X-100. The antigen was also demonstrated in solubilized purified HSV-1 and BHM virus. The common antigen was identified as antigen 11 of HSV-1 or HSV-2. Differences were found in the polypeptide composition of the related antigens when isolated from the four different herpesviruses, but a glycopolypeptide with a molecular weight of 125,000 was present in each of the four different antigen preparations, indicating that this polypeptide carried the common antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 78988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7245", "title": "Relationship of retrovirus polyprotein cleavages to virion maturation studied with temperature-sensitive murine leukemia virus mutants.", "content": "Murine leukemia virus mutants ts3 (Moloney) and ts24 (Rauscher) both formed late-budding structures on the cell membrane at restrictive temperature. They both accumulated core polyproteins Pr65gag and Pr180gag-pol in cell membranes, but the envelope precursor was rapidly turned over. After shift to permissive temperature in the presence of cycloheximide, the accumulated precursors were sequentially cleaved via discrete intermediates both during the final stages of the budding process and in newly released virions to yield the finished virion core proteins and reverse transcriptase. The precursor form of reverse transcriptase was not enzymatically active and became activated partially or entirely inside released virions.", "contents": "Relationship of retrovirus polyprotein cleavages to virion maturation studied with temperature-sensitive murine leukemia virus mutants. Murine leukemia virus mutants ts3 (Moloney) and ts24 (Rauscher) both formed late-budding structures on the cell membrane at restrictive temperature. They both accumulated core polyproteins Pr65gag and Pr180gag-pol in cell membranes, but the envelope precursor was rapidly turned over. After shift to permissive temperature in the presence of cycloheximide, the accumulated precursors were sequentially cleaved via discrete intermediates both during the final stages of the budding process and in newly released virions to yield the finished virion core proteins and reverse transcriptase. The precursor form of reverse transcriptase was not enzymatically active and became activated partially or entirely inside released virions.", "PMID": 78989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7246", "title": "Identification of an FMR cell surface antigen associated with murine leukemia virus-infected cells.", "content": "FMR antigens are found on the surface of cells infected with Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). These antigens are serologically distinct from the G cell surface antigens that are found on cells infected with endogenous MuLV (AKR and Gross virus). Cell surface antigens of both virus groups are immunogenic in mice, and immunization with appropriate virus-infected cells leads to  the production of cytotoxic antisera. The cytotoxic activity of FMR antisera can be absorbed by disrupted preparations of Rauscher MuLV, but not by AKR MuLV. FMR antisera precipitate the viral envelope proteins gp70, pl5(E), and p12(E) from detergent-disrupted preparations of [3H]leucine-labeled MuLV. The reaction of these antisera with p15(E) and p12(E) proteins is directed against group-specific antigens and can be absorbed with AKR MuLV; in contrast, the reaction of these antisera with gp70 is directed against type-specific antigens and is absorbed only by viruses of the FMR group. In immune precipitation assays with detergent-disrupted 125I surface-labeled cells, FMR antisera react only with type-specific antigens of the viral envelpe protein. On the basis of these findings we conclude that the FMR cell surface antigen is a determinant on the MuLV env gene product.", "contents": "Identification of an FMR cell surface antigen associated with murine leukemia virus-infected cells. FMR antigens are found on the surface of cells infected with Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). These antigens are serologically distinct from the G cell surface antigens that are found on cells infected with endogenous MuLV (AKR and Gross virus). Cell surface antigens of both virus groups are immunogenic in mice, and immunization with appropriate virus-infected cells leads to  the production of cytotoxic antisera. The cytotoxic activity of FMR antisera can be absorbed by disrupted preparations of Rauscher MuLV, but not by AKR MuLV. FMR antisera precipitate the viral envelope proteins gp70, pl5(E), and p12(E) from detergent-disrupted preparations of [3H]leucine-labeled MuLV. The reaction of these antisera with p15(E) and p12(E) proteins is directed against group-specific antigens and can be absorbed with AKR MuLV; in contrast, the reaction of these antisera with gp70 is directed against type-specific antigens and is absorbed only by viruses of the FMR group. In immune precipitation assays with detergent-disrupted 125I surface-labeled cells, FMR antisera react only with type-specific antigens of the viral envelpe protein. On the basis of these findings we conclude that the FMR cell surface antigen is a determinant on the MuLV env gene product.", "PMID": 78990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7247", "title": "Multimodal treatment of advanced testicular tumor with radical reductive surgery and multisequential chemotherapy with cis platinum, bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine and actinomycin D.", "content": "Advanced testicular tumors in 34 patients were treated by combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, cis platinum and actinomycin D. The therapy was divided into 3 phases: 1) induction, 2) consolidation and 3) maintenance. Induction lasted 4 weeks and consisted of 420 mg. bleomycin, 0.2 mg./kg. vinblastine, 4 mg./kg. cis platinum, and 20 mg. prednisone daily. Consolidation lasted 6 weeks and consisted of 5 mg. actinomycin D, 6 mg. vincristine and 6 mg./kg. cis platinum. Maintenance therapy was achieved with 2.5 mg. actinomycin D every 6 weeks and 1 mg./kg. cis platinum every 3 weeks. A tumor reductive operation was done before induction of chemotherapy in 13 patients and after induction of chemotherapy in 12 patients. Nine patients were treated with chemotherapy alone. Three patients with brain metastases received concomitant radiotherapy to the brain (3,000 rads). A previous operation and chemotherapy had failed in 11 patients and previous radiotherapy had failed in 1 patient. All patients treated had at least 1 objective response (34 of 34 or 100 per cent). Partial clinical remission was achieved in 7 of 34 patients (21 per cent). A complete clinical remission was observed in 27 of 34 patients (79 per cent) and of this group 6 had a relapse. At present, 22 of 34 patients are free of disease from 4 to 24 months, with an average of 13 months (65 per cent). The toxicity consisted of nausea, vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, mild leukopenia and tinnitus. This approach seems to be effective in producing long clinical remissions in the majority of patients with advanced disease.", "contents": "Multimodal treatment of advanced testicular tumor with radical reductive surgery and multisequential chemotherapy with cis platinum, bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine and actinomycin D. Advanced testicular tumors in 34 patients were treated by combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, cis platinum and actinomycin D. The therapy was divided into 3 phases: 1) induction, 2) consolidation and 3) maintenance. Induction lasted 4 weeks and consisted of 420 mg. bleomycin, 0.2 mg./kg. vinblastine, 4 mg./kg. cis platinum, and 20 mg. prednisone daily. Consolidation lasted 6 weeks and consisted of 5 mg. actinomycin D, 6 mg. vincristine and 6 mg./kg. cis platinum. Maintenance therapy was achieved with 2.5 mg. actinomycin D every 6 weeks and 1 mg./kg. cis platinum every 3 weeks. A tumor reductive operation was done before induction of chemotherapy in 13 patients and after induction of chemotherapy in 12 patients. Nine patients were treated with chemotherapy alone. Three patients with brain metastases received concomitant radiotherapy to the brain (3,000 rads). A previous operation and chemotherapy had failed in 11 patients and previous radiotherapy had failed in 1 patient. All patients treated had at least 1 objective response (34 of 34 or 100 per cent). Partial clinical remission was achieved in 7 of 34 patients (21 per cent). A complete clinical remission was observed in 27 of 34 patients (79 per cent) and of this group 6 had a relapse. At present, 22 of 34 patients are free of disease from 4 to 24 months, with an average of 13 months (65 per cent). The toxicity consisted of nausea, vomiting, mucositis, alopecia, mild leukopenia and tinnitus. This approach seems to be effective in producing long clinical remissions in the majority of patients with advanced disease.", "PMID": 78991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7248", "title": "The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis.", "content": "Survival factors of 86 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were studied by computer analysis. Cumulative survival was 53 per cent at 6 months, 43 per cent at 1 year, 26 per cent at 2 years and 13 per cent at 5 years. Survival was influenced favorably by confinement of metastases to the lungs, by the absence of local recurrence or persistence of tumor and by a longer interval free of disease after removal of the primary tumor. Medical therapy improved survival during the first year after diagnosis of metastases but no objective regression of tumor was observed. Excision of metastatic foci significantly improved survival for up to 5 years (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.02) after which most patients died of recurrence. Palliative or adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastases was associated with a 6 per cent mortality rate but it increases survival over other patients with metastases at the time of diagnosis of renal carcinoma who did not undergo nephrectomy. This difference was owing to patient selection and survival of  those who had adjunctive nephrectomy was no greater than that of the study population as a whole. However, based on the factors that were associated with improved survival palliative nephrectomy may be beneficial when a limited number of metastases treatable by excision or radiation therapy are present, when effective systemic therapy exists or when the primary tumor produces severe symptoms.", "contents": "The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis. Survival factors of 86 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were studied by computer analysis. Cumulative survival was 53 per cent at 6 months, 43 per cent at 1 year, 26 per cent at 2 years and 13 per cent at 5 years. Survival was influenced favorably by confinement of metastases to the lungs, by the absence of local recurrence or persistence of tumor and by a longer interval free of disease after removal of the primary tumor. Medical therapy improved survival during the first year after diagnosis of metastases but no objective regression of tumor was observed. Excision of metastatic foci significantly improved survival for up to 5 years (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.02) after which most patients died of recurrence. Palliative or adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastases was associated with a 6 per cent mortality rate but it increases survival over other patients with metastases at the time of diagnosis of renal carcinoma who did not undergo nephrectomy. This difference was owing to patient selection and survival of  those who had adjunctive nephrectomy was no greater than that of the study population as a whole. However, based on the factors that were associated with improved survival palliative nephrectomy may be beneficial when a limited number of metastases treatable by excision or radiation therapy are present, when effective systemic therapy exists or when the primary tumor produces severe symptoms.", "PMID": 78992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7249", "title": "Palliative urinary diversion for malignant ureteral obstruction.", "content": "An analysis of 62 palliative urinary diversions for malignant ureteral obstruction is presented. The average postoperative survival was 187 days. Cell type, duration of known disease, tumor grade and stage, renal function and previous therapy did not strongly influence survival. Renal function returned to normal in 64 per cent of the azotemic patients. Morbidity and mortality rates were high, largely because of underlying disease and adjuvant therapy . Nearly two-thirds of the patients left the hospital and this group subsequently spent 84 per cent of their remaining survival time at home. A criterion is presented for patient selection and suggestions are made for the selection of an operative procedure.", "contents": "Palliative urinary diversion for malignant ureteral obstruction. An analysis of 62 palliative urinary diversions for malignant ureteral obstruction is presented. The average postoperative survival was 187 days. Cell type, duration of known disease, tumor grade and stage, renal function and previous therapy did not strongly influence survival. Renal function returned to normal in 64 per cent of the azotemic patients. Morbidity and mortality rates were high, largely because of underlying disease and adjuvant therapy . Nearly two-thirds of the patients left the hospital and this group subsequently spent 84 per cent of their remaining survival time at home. A criterion is presented for patient selection and suggestions are made for the selection of an operative procedure.", "PMID": 78993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7250", "title": "[Relationship between ventricular extrasystole and parasystole].", "content": "Monomorphic ventricular extrasystoles, no less than 30 within an hour, were revealed in 89 of 300 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease during continuous 24-hour ECG recording on magnetic tape. A fixed type of the linkage interval (oscillations of no more than 0.1 sec) was established in 58 (62%) and the variable tupe (oscillations of more than 0.1 sec) in 31 (38%) patients. Oscillations in the linkage interval of more than 0.1 sec gave grounds to suspect parasystole. A deeper analysis revealed parasystole in 8 cases (2.6% of the total number of patients), the remaining cases were included in the group of extrasystoles with a variable non-parasystolic type of the linkage interval. This group of extrasystoles occupies an intermediate position between para- and extrasystole. The large number of transitional forms between extra- and parasystole suggests their common origin.", "contents": "[Relationship between ventricular extrasystole and parasystole]. Monomorphic ventricular extrasystoles, no less than 30 within an hour, were revealed in 89 of 300 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease during continuous 24-hour ECG recording on magnetic tape. A fixed type of the linkage interval (oscillations of no more than 0.1 sec) was established in 58 (62%) and the variable tupe (oscillations of more than 0.1 sec) in 31 (38%) patients. Oscillations in the linkage interval of more than 0.1 sec gave grounds to suspect parasystole. A deeper analysis revealed parasystole in 8 cases (2.6% of the total number of patients), the remaining cases were included in the group of extrasystoles with a variable non-parasystolic type of the linkage interval. This group of extrasystoles occupies an intermediate position between para- and extrasystole. The large number of transitional forms between extra- and parasystole suggests their common origin.", "PMID": 79001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7251", "title": "[Importance of the physical load test for detecting heart rhythm disturbances in patients who have had a myocardial infarct].", "content": "The article discusses the data on the detection of ventricular extrasytole by means of the load test on a bicycle ergometer in 150 patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction. Much more patients with latent disorders of rhythm are detected by the load test than by means of the standard ECG recorded at rest. It was noted that the ventricular extrasystole became more detectable with the increase in the rate of cardiac contractions, in the degree to which the maximum pulse during the load test exceeded the pulse at rest, in the systolic arterial pressure, and with the raise in the level of the load. Patients in whom extrasystole was revealed and the test was discontinued before reaching a high level of cardiac rhythm had more complicated disorders of rhythm and the prognosis in such cases was poorer.", "contents": "[Importance of the physical load test for detecting heart rhythm disturbances in patients who have had a myocardial infarct]. The article discusses the data on the detection of ventricular extrasytole by means of the load test on a bicycle ergometer in 150 patients who had suffered from myocardial infarction. Much more patients with latent disorders of rhythm are detected by the load test than by means of the standard ECG recorded at rest. It was noted that the ventricular extrasystole became more detectable with the increase in the rate of cardiac contractions, in the degree to which the maximum pulse during the load test exceeded the pulse at rest, in the systolic arterial pressure, and with the raise in the level of the load. Patients in whom extrasystole was revealed and the test was discontinued before reaching a high level of cardiac rhythm had more complicated disorders of rhythm and the prognosis in such cases was poorer.", "PMID": 79002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7252", "title": "[Corneal changes in patients on dialysis for renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The corneas of 100 patients on dialysis for renal failure were observed. In 52 patients follow up studies were possible. 55 patients demonstrated limbal changes. On slit lamp biomicroscopy these changes showed to be similar to the white limbus girdle described by Vogt. Small limbal biopsies from five patients on dialysis were studies histopathologically and compared to biopsies from three patients with normal renal function. Only patients on dialysis showed senile elastosis and three of them epithelial and subepithelial hyaline deposits. Calcium deposition was the same in both groups.", "contents": "[Corneal changes in patients on dialysis for renal failure (author's transl)]. The corneas of 100 patients on dialysis for renal failure were observed. In 52 patients follow up studies were possible. 55 patients demonstrated limbal changes. On slit lamp biomicroscopy these changes showed to be similar to the white limbus girdle described by Vogt. Small limbal biopsies from five patients on dialysis were studies histopathologically and compared to biopsies from three patients with normal renal function. Only patients on dialysis showed senile elastosis and three of them epithelial and subepithelial hyaline deposits. Calcium deposition was the same in both groups.", "PMID": 79004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7253", "title": "[Systemic and biochemical manifestations of hepatoblastomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 220 children with malignant solid tumors diagnosed at the University Children Hospital and Department of Pediatric Surgery in Graz six (1,8%) hepatoblastomas were found. All patients were boys. Systemic manifestations may precede the discovery of the abdominal mass and may be important for diagnosis and follow-up.", "contents": "[Systemic and biochemical manifestations of hepatoblastomas (author's transl)]. Among 220 children with malignant solid tumors diagnosed at the University Children Hospital and Department of Pediatric Surgery in Graz six (1,8%) hepatoblastomas were found. All patients were boys. Systemic manifestations may precede the discovery of the abdominal mass and may be important for diagnosis and follow-up.", "PMID": 79006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7254", "title": "Electrophoresis and immuno electrophoresis in leprosy.", "content": "50 cases of leprosy belonging to various subgroups i.e. 10 tuberculoid, 25 lepromatous leprosy, 10 lepra reaction, 5 dimorphic leprosy, and 25 cases or normal individuals were subjected to agar gel electrophoresis. The slides were scanned by densitometry. It showed profound departure from normal in various fractions of electrophoretic patterns. All of them showed rise of gamma globulin. Albumin was markedly decreased in lepromotous leprosy and lepra reaction. In dimorphic leprosy Alfa-1 was decreased. Qualitative immuno electrophoresis was done by using antihuman serum raised in the laboratory, by immunising rabbits. It revealed changes in IgM and IgG arcs. Results are discussed and tried to explain on immunological derangement.", "contents": "Electrophoresis and immuno electrophoresis in leprosy. 50 cases of leprosy belonging to various subgroups i.e. 10 tuberculoid, 25 lepromatous leprosy, 10 lepra reaction, 5 dimorphic leprosy, and 25 cases or normal individuals were subjected to agar gel electrophoresis. The slides were scanned by densitometry. It showed profound departure from normal in various fractions of electrophoretic patterns. All of them showed rise of gamma globulin. Albumin was markedly decreased in lepromotous leprosy and lepra reaction. In dimorphic leprosy Alfa-1 was decreased. Qualitative immuno electrophoresis was done by using antihuman serum raised in the laboratory, by immunising rabbits. It revealed changes in IgM and IgG arcs. Results are discussed and tried to explain on immunological derangement.", "PMID": 79023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7255", "title": "Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia.", "content": "Dopaminergic mechanisms have been investigated in post-mortem brain specimens from nineteen patients with schizophrenia and nineteen controls. Dopamine turnover was not increased in schizophrenic patients but, as assessed by the spiroperidol-binding technique, there was a significant increase in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity. The change in the dopamine receptor occurred in nucleus accumbens, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity was present in five patients who had been free of neuroleptic medication for at least 1 year before death, and therefore may be related to the disease process.", "contents": "Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Dopaminergic mechanisms have been investigated in post-mortem brain specimens from nineteen patients with schizophrenia and nineteen controls. Dopamine turnover was not increased in schizophrenic patients but, as assessed by the spiroperidol-binding technique, there was a significant increase in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity. The change in the dopamine receptor occurred in nucleus accumbens, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity was present in five patients who had been free of neuroleptic medication for at least 1 year before death, and therefore may be related to the disease process.", "PMID": 79025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7256", "title": "Oral vancomycin for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Nine patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis were treated with oral vancomycin. All had severe diarrhoea, tissue-culture evidence of a clostridial toxin in stool, and typical lesions on sigmoidoscopic examination, despite discontinuation of all antimicrobials for periods of 10 days to 8 weeks. Oral vancomycin was given in doses of 2 g daily. All patients showed a good clinical response with gradual resolution of diarrhoea over 7 days and a rapid decrease in concentrations of the toxin in stools. Follow-up sigmoidoscopies in seven patients showed major improvement or complete clearing of lesions after 7-10 days of vancomycin treatment. The mean concentration of vancomycin in twenty-five stools obtained during treatment was 3100 microgram/g, levels in serum being very low. These results suggest a role for oral vancomycin treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis which persists for extended periods despite discontinuation of the incriminated antimicrobial.", "contents": "Oral vancomycin for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Nine patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis were treated with oral vancomycin. All had severe diarrhoea, tissue-culture evidence of a clostridial toxin in stool, and typical lesions on sigmoidoscopic examination, despite discontinuation of all antimicrobials for periods of 10 days to 8 weeks. Oral vancomycin was given in doses of 2 g daily. All patients showed a good clinical response with gradual resolution of diarrhoea over 7 days and a rapid decrease in concentrations of the toxin in stools. Follow-up sigmoidoscopies in seven patients showed major improvement or complete clearing of lesions after 7-10 days of vancomycin treatment. The mean concentration of vancomycin in twenty-five stools obtained during treatment was 3100 microgram/g, levels in serum being very low. These results suggest a role for oral vancomycin treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis which persists for extended periods despite discontinuation of the incriminated antimicrobial.", "PMID": 79026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7257", "title": "Effect of physiotherapy on pulmonary function. A laboratory study.", "content": "33 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were studied within 4 days of admission to hospital. Physiotherapy produced an acute rise in lung volume and conductance, without altering specific conductance. There was no consistent change in arterial-blood gases.", "contents": "Effect of physiotherapy on pulmonary function. A laboratory study. 33 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis were studied within 4 days of admission to hospital. Physiotherapy produced an acute rise in lung volume and conductance, without altering specific conductance. There was no consistent change in arterial-blood gases.", "PMID": 79027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7258", "title": "Comparison of endoscopic retrograde and intravenous cholangiography in diagnosis of biliary calculi.", "content": "The results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (E.R.C.) and intravenous cholangiography (I.V.C.) were compared in patients undergoing surgery for biliary calculi. E.R.C. gave a significantly higher rate of correct diagnosis of gallbladder calculi (p = 0.026) and common bileduct calculi (p = 0.002) than I.V.C. Biliary stones may thus frequently be present in patients with a normal I.V.C. and E.R.C. may reduce the rate of diagnostic errors in patients with symptoms of biliary disease.", "contents": "Comparison of endoscopic retrograde and intravenous cholangiography in diagnosis of biliary calculi. The results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (E.R.C.) and intravenous cholangiography (I.V.C.) were compared in patients undergoing surgery for biliary calculi. E.R.C. gave a significantly higher rate of correct diagnosis of gallbladder calculi (p = 0.026) and common bileduct calculi (p = 0.002) than I.V.C. Biliary stones may thus frequently be present in patients with a normal I.V.C. and E.R.C. may reduce the rate of diagnostic errors in patients with symptoms of biliary disease.", "PMID": 79028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7259", "title": "Persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection in a child with hypergammaglobulinaemia and immunoblastic proliferation associated with a selective defect in immune interferon secretion.", "content": "A 5-year-old girl had a chronic disease characterised by fever, lymphoid hyperplasia, interstitial pneumonitis, thrombocytopenia, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. Evidence for severe, persistent Epstein-Barr virus (E.B.V.) infection was found: titres of antibody to E.B.V. viral capsid antigen (IgM and IgG) and early antigen were extremely high, cells containing E.B.V.-associated nuclear antigen (E.B.N.A.) were found in lymph nodes and blood, and spontaneous permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from both sources over a period of a year. After exacerbation of the polyclonal proliferation of immunoblasts the patient died 19 months after the onset of the disease. No defect in humoral or cellular immunity was detected, except for a selective defect in immune interferon secretion by peripheral mononuclear cells. Our results suggest an important role for immune interferon in host defence against E.B.V. infection and in the regulation of immune responses.", "contents": "Persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection in a child with hypergammaglobulinaemia and immunoblastic proliferation associated with a selective defect in immune interferon secretion. A 5-year-old girl had a chronic disease characterised by fever, lymphoid hyperplasia, interstitial pneumonitis, thrombocytopenia, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. Evidence for severe, persistent Epstein-Barr virus (E.B.V.) infection was found: titres of antibody to E.B.V. viral capsid antigen (IgM and IgG) and early antigen were extremely high, cells containing E.B.V.-associated nuclear antigen (E.B.N.A.) were found in lymph nodes and blood, and spontaneous permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from both sources over a period of a year. After exacerbation of the polyclonal proliferation of immunoblasts the patient died 19 months after the onset of the disease. No defect in humoral or cellular immunity was detected, except for a selective defect in immune interferon secretion by peripheral mononuclear cells. Our results suggest an important role for immune interferon in host defence against E.B.V. infection and in the regulation of immune responses.", "PMID": 79029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7260", "title": "Use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "In a large cohort of women, the risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage was significantly associated both with cigarette smoking and with use of oral contraceptives (O.C.S.). The risk of cigarette smokers was 5.7 times that of non-smokers; for current users of O.C.S. the risk was 6.5 times that of non-users. The risk in women who both smoked cigarettes and used O.C.S was 22 times that of women who neither smoked nor used O.C.S. Past use of O.C.S was also significantly associated with increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, the relative risk being 5.3. There was some evidence that risk may increase with duration of O.C. use. In this series no significant associations were found between occurrence of subarachnoid haemorrhage and history of hypertension or of migraine headache.", "contents": "Use of oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage. In a large cohort of women, the risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage was significantly associated both with cigarette smoking and with use of oral contraceptives (O.C.S.). The risk of cigarette smokers was 5.7 times that of non-smokers; for current users of O.C.S. the risk was 6.5 times that of non-users. The risk in women who both smoked cigarettes and used O.C.S was 22 times that of women who neither smoked nor used O.C.S. Past use of O.C.S was also significantly associated with increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, the relative risk being 5.3. There was some evidence that risk may increase with duration of O.C. use. In this series no significant associations were found between occurrence of subarachnoid haemorrhage and history of hypertension or of migraine headache.", "PMID": 79030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7261", "title": "Abnormal levels of prostaglandins and fatty acids in blood of children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "12 children with cystic fibrosis (C.F.) had lower levels of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, in plasma and in red blood cells, than did control children, and production of prostaglandin F2alpha (P.G.F2alpha) was higher than in controls. After 10 months of oral linoleic-acid supplementation in 6 of the children with C.F., the linoleic-acid levels in plasma, red cells, and platelets were higher and P.G.F2alpha production was lower than in the 6 children with C.F. who received a placebo lipid. Prostaglandin F2alpha is associated with bronchoconstriction and its increased production in children with C.F. might be causally related to their chronic pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Abnormal levels of prostaglandins and fatty acids in blood of children with cystic fibrosis. 12 children with cystic fibrosis (C.F.) had lower levels of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, in plasma and in red blood cells, than did control children, and production of prostaglandin F2alpha (P.G.F2alpha) was higher than in controls. After 10 months of oral linoleic-acid supplementation in 6 of the children with C.F., the linoleic-acid levels in plasma, red cells, and platelets were higher and P.G.F2alpha production was lower than in the 6 children with C.F. who received a placebo lipid. Prostaglandin F2alpha is associated with bronchoconstriction and its increased production in children with C.F. might be causally related to their chronic pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 79031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7262", "title": "Increased unsaturated transcobalamin II in active autoimmune disease.", "content": "Measurements of transcobalamin II (T.C. II) concentrations in 26 patients with lupus erythematosus, 4 with dermatomyositis, 2 with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and in 40 immunosuppressed renal-transplant patients showed that T.C. II levels were raised during active phases of autoimmune disease. Changes in T.C. II levels correlated better with the clinical course of autoimmune disease than did changes in C3, the titre of antinuclear antibody, or native D.N.A.-binding capacity.", "contents": "Increased unsaturated transcobalamin II in active autoimmune disease. Measurements of transcobalamin II (T.C. II) concentrations in 26 patients with lupus erythematosus, 4 with dermatomyositis, 2 with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and in 40 immunosuppressed renal-transplant patients showed that T.C. II levels were raised during active phases of autoimmune disease. Changes in T.C. II levels correlated better with the clinical course of autoimmune disease than did changes in C3, the titre of antinuclear antibody, or native D.N.A.-binding capacity.", "PMID": 79032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7263", "title": "Does bile promote extra-colonic cancer?", "content": "The incidence of biliary-tract cancer and of several other gastrointestinal tumours is increased when conditions favour conversion of bile acids to more active substances. This may indicate that bacterial degradation of bile salts is related to the pathogenesis of cancer in parts of the alimentary tract other than the large bowel.", "contents": "Does bile promote extra-colonic cancer? The incidence of biliary-tract cancer and of several other gastrointestinal tumours is increased when conditions favour conversion of bile acids to more active substances. This may indicate that bacterial degradation of bile salts is related to the pathogenesis of cancer in parts of the alimentary tract other than the large bowel.", "PMID": 79033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7264", "title": "Effectiveness of neonatal screening for congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Despite the examination of neonates for congenital dislocation of the hip, this condition is being diagnosed after the newborn period at a rate not very different from that reported before the introduction of screening. The majority of late-diagnosed cases had been examined after birth, and the sensitivity of the tests used routinely is called into question. Re-examination of all infants at 3-6 months is proposed to reduce the number of missed cases and so minimise late sequelae.", "contents": "Effectiveness of neonatal screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. Despite the examination of neonates for congenital dislocation of the hip, this condition is being diagnosed after the newborn period at a rate not very different from that reported before the introduction of screening. The majority of late-diagnosed cases had been examined after birth, and the sensitivity of the tests used routinely is called into question. Re-examination of all infants at 3-6 months is proposed to reduce the number of missed cases and so minimise late sequelae.", "PMID": 79042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7265", "title": "The paranoid syndrome.", "content": "Paranoid characteristics often prompt the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This paper advises a cautious diagnostic approach aimed at increased awareness of the many and potentially serious illnesses that may present with paranoid features.", "contents": "The paranoid syndrome. Paranoid characteristics often prompt the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This paper advises a cautious diagnostic approach aimed at increased awareness of the many and potentially serious illnesses that may present with paranoid features.", "PMID": 79043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7266", "title": "Comparison of sucrose with glucose in oral therapy of infant diarrhoea.", "content": "In a randomised double-blind trial, 51 5--10% dehydrated infants were rehydrated with oral electrolyte solutions containing sucrose or glucose. Most infants in both groups were successfully rehydrated, but the sucrose solution produced a slower correction of electrolyte abnormalities and a higher percentage of patients who needed more than 24 h of therapy. Where there is adequate knowledge of the oral therapy method sucrose can substitute for glucose in many cases; where there is a choice glucose is recommended.", "contents": "Comparison of sucrose with glucose in oral therapy of infant diarrhoea. In a randomised double-blind trial, 51 5--10% dehydrated infants were rehydrated with oral electrolyte solutions containing sucrose or glucose. Most infants in both groups were successfully rehydrated, but the sucrose solution produced a slower correction of electrolyte abnormalities and a higher percentage of patients who needed more than 24 h of therapy. Where there is adequate knowledge of the oral therapy method sucrose can substitute for glucose in many cases; where there is a choice glucose is recommended.", "PMID": 79080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7267", "title": "Low-dose insulin infusions in diabetic patients with high insulin requirements.", "content": "Six patients with high insulin requirements (range 120-3000 units daily) have been infused with much smaller doses (range 50-63 units daily) of insulin intravenously. All six maintained adequate glucose homoestasis on this regimen. It is suggested that subcutaneous tissue at the site of injection may alter insulin or impair its absorption. Insulin resistance in some patients may be due to these mechanisms.", "contents": "Low-dose insulin infusions in diabetic patients with high insulin requirements. Six patients with high insulin requirements (range 120-3000 units daily) have been infused with much smaller doses (range 50-63 units daily) of insulin intravenously. All six maintained adequate glucose homoestasis on this regimen. It is suggested that subcutaneous tissue at the site of injection may alter insulin or impair its absorption. Insulin resistance in some patients may be due to these mechanisms.", "PMID": 79081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7268", "title": "Spinal-fluid procoagulant activity: a sensitive indicator of central-nervous-system damage.", "content": "Testing the procoagulant activity (P.C.A.) of cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) by measuring its effect on plasma-recalcification time is a useful indicator of central-nervous-system damage. C.S.F. from 22 normal children and adolescents aged 6 months to 17 years had a mean +/- S.D. P.C.A. of 14 +/- 6%. P.C.A. in 13 children with C.N.S. infection was significantly increased to 59 +/- 13%. In 8/13 of these children activity remained high (42 +/- 11%) after therapy. In patients with acute lymphatic leukemia (A.L.L.) 12 aged greater than 2 1/2 years and diagnosis had a normal activity (17 +/- 8%) and 4 patients aged less than 2 1/2 years at diagnosis had an activity of 21 +/- 8%; during C.N.S. prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and/or cranial irradiation, mean activity in these 16 patients rose significantly to 41 +/- 11%. More than 2 years after treatment P.C.A. decreased towards normal in the older children but remained high in the younger group. 5 children with neurological sequelae (including 3 with A.L.L. and the post-irradiation syndrome) had the highest activities. Ether extraction showed that the active material had lipid properties. P.C.A. did not correlate with protein, lactic dehydrogenase, or cell count in C.S.F.", "contents": "Spinal-fluid procoagulant activity: a sensitive indicator of central-nervous-system damage. Testing the procoagulant activity (P.C.A.) of cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) by measuring its effect on plasma-recalcification time is a useful indicator of central-nervous-system damage. C.S.F. from 22 normal children and adolescents aged 6 months to 17 years had a mean +/- S.D. P.C.A. of 14 +/- 6%. P.C.A. in 13 children with C.N.S. infection was significantly increased to 59 +/- 13%. In 8/13 of these children activity remained high (42 +/- 11%) after therapy. In patients with acute lymphatic leukemia (A.L.L.) 12 aged greater than 2 1/2 years and diagnosis had a normal activity (17 +/- 8%) and 4 patients aged less than 2 1/2 years at diagnosis had an activity of 21 +/- 8%; during C.N.S. prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and/or cranial irradiation, mean activity in these 16 patients rose significantly to 41 +/- 11%. More than 2 years after treatment P.C.A. decreased towards normal in the older children but remained high in the younger group. 5 children with neurological sequelae (including 3 with A.L.L. and the post-irradiation syndrome) had the highest activities. Ether extraction showed that the active material had lipid properties. P.C.A. did not correlate with protein, lactic dehydrogenase, or cell count in C.S.F.", "PMID": 79082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7269", "title": "Increased arterial-tissue cholesterol after intestinal bypass in severe obesity.", "content": "Cholesterol content was measured in biopsy specimens of mesenteric artery taken at the time of jejuno-ileal bypass from 4 very obese patients aged 19, 22, 27, and 42. When their body-weight had become stable (mean 22 months) after operation, biopsy specimens of the temporal artery were obtained from 3 patients and of a mesenteric artery from 1. Cholesterol content had increased significantly. The increase in arterial-tissue cholesterol was concomitant with decreases in serum high-density (H.D.L.) and low-density (L.D.L.) lipoprotien cholesterol.", "contents": "Increased arterial-tissue cholesterol after intestinal bypass in severe obesity. Cholesterol content was measured in biopsy specimens of mesenteric artery taken at the time of jejuno-ileal bypass from 4 very obese patients aged 19, 22, 27, and 42. When their body-weight had become stable (mean 22 months) after operation, biopsy specimens of the temporal artery were obtained from 3 patients and of a mesenteric artery from 1. Cholesterol content had increased significantly. The increase in arterial-tissue cholesterol was concomitant with decreases in serum high-density (H.D.L.) and low-density (L.D.L.) lipoprotien cholesterol.", "PMID": 79083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7270", "title": "Noma neonatorum: Its aetiopathogenesis.", "content": "Noma neonatorum, a gangrenous process affecting the nose, lips, mouth, anal region, and occasionally the scrotum and eyelids, affects neonates, especially low-birth-weight and premature ill babies, and is usually fatal 1-3 days after onset. In 35 cases of noma neonatorum Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from blood-culture (86.3%), gangrenous areas (96.0%), rectal swabs (58.3%), and cerebrospinal fluid (60.0%). Blood-vessels in the deep cutis or subcutis were affected and the gangrenous process extended superficially. Noma in older children and adults is caused by fusospirochaetosis but noma neonatorum appears to be due to P. aeruginosa septicaemia.", "contents": "Noma neonatorum: Its aetiopathogenesis. Noma neonatorum, a gangrenous process affecting the nose, lips, mouth, anal region, and occasionally the scrotum and eyelids, affects neonates, especially low-birth-weight and premature ill babies, and is usually fatal 1-3 days after onset. In 35 cases of noma neonatorum Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from blood-culture (86.3%), gangrenous areas (96.0%), rectal swabs (58.3%), and cerebrospinal fluid (60.0%). Blood-vessels in the deep cutis or subcutis were affected and the gangrenous process extended superficially. Noma in older children and adults is caused by fusospirochaetosis but noma neonatorum appears to be due to P. aeruginosa septicaemia.", "PMID": 79084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7271", "title": "Endogenous opioid peptides in neurons of the human brain.", "content": "Immunoreactive leucine-encephalin has been found in nerve terminals and cell bodies of neurons in the human brain. The most intense reaction was found in the globus pallidus, followed by the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. These observations suggest that in man endogenous opioid substances may play an important part in neurotransmission in areas of the central nervous system related to pain and locomotor activity.", "contents": "Endogenous opioid peptides in neurons of the human brain. Immunoreactive leucine-encephalin has been found in nerve terminals and cell bodies of neurons in the human brain. The most intense reaction was found in the globus pallidus, followed by the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. These observations suggest that in man endogenous opioid substances may play an important part in neurotransmission in areas of the central nervous system related to pain and locomotor activity.", "PMID": 79085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7272", "title": "Dopamine and schizophrenia. A therapy revisited and revised.", "content": "Evidence is presented for a modulatory role for dopamine in the C.N.S. and for an indirect rather than a direct involvement of dopaminergic systems in the production of schizophrenic symptoms. The fine structure of dopaminergic fibres indicates that a majority of presynaptic boutons are not in close juxtaposition with postsynaptic neuronal membranes. This points to a wider distribution of receptors than localisation to dense postsynaptic membrane. Preliminary studies of receptor localisation support this conclusion, providing indirect evidence for autoreceptors and evidence for localisation, in the glia, of a substantial number of receptors.", "contents": "Dopamine and schizophrenia. A therapy revisited and revised. Evidence is presented for a modulatory role for dopamine in the C.N.S. and for an indirect rather than a direct involvement of dopaminergic systems in the production of schizophrenic symptoms. The fine structure of dopaminergic fibres indicates that a majority of presynaptic boutons are not in close juxtaposition with postsynaptic neuronal membranes. This points to a wider distribution of receptors than localisation to dense postsynaptic membrane. Preliminary studies of receptor localisation support this conclusion, providing indirect evidence for autoreceptors and evidence for localisation, in the glia, of a substantial number of receptors.", "PMID": 79086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7273", "title": "Adipose tissue, a neglected factor in aetiology of breast cancer?", "content": "The abundant adipose tissue that intimately invests both the alveolar and the ductal epithelium of the mammary gland may function as a slow-release depot for lipid-soluble carcinogenic agents of both endogenous and exogenous origin taken up from the bloodstream.", "contents": "Adipose tissue, a neglected factor in aetiology of breast cancer? The abundant adipose tissue that intimately invests both the alveolar and the ductal epithelium of the mammary gland may function as a slow-release depot for lipid-soluble carcinogenic agents of both endogenous and exogenous origin taken up from the bloodstream.", "PMID": 79087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7274", "title": "Potential contribution of primary-school teachers to the health of a developing country.", "content": "Like many other developing countries, Kenya gives higher priority to primary education than to health services. Thus, in rural areas primary schools are evenly distributed, well attended, and staffed by well-qualified teachers whereas health centres are thinly scattered, inaccessible to many, and staffed largely by people of low educational attainment. The public-health knowledge of school teachers exceeds that of many health workers. It is suggested that teachers of health science, in particular, represent a valuable resource for preventive and promotive medicine which can be exploited at little cost.", "contents": "Potential contribution of primary-school teachers to the health of a developing country. Like many other developing countries, Kenya gives higher priority to primary education than to health services. Thus, in rural areas primary schools are evenly distributed, well attended, and staffed by well-qualified teachers whereas health centres are thinly scattered, inaccessible to many, and staffed largely by people of low educational attainment. The public-health knowledge of school teachers exceeds that of many health workers. It is suggested that teachers of health science, in particular, represent a valuable resource for preventive and promotive medicine which can be exploited at little cost.", "PMID": 79096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7275", "title": "Analysis of some histochemical colour reactions for cytospectrophotometry of basic and acidic proteins in nervous tissue cells.", "content": "Cytospectrophotometric analysis of model systems and of single cells in Carnoy-fixed paraffin sections of the nervous tissue has shown two histochemical colour reactions for basic proteins and two reactions for acidic proteins to obey Bouger-Lambert-Beer's law. Basic proteins can be stoichiometrically stained either with Fast Green FCF, pH 8.2, or with heparin-Alcian Blue; acidic proteins either with Fast Green, FCF, pH 2.6, or with Toluidine Blue o. basing on better reproducibility of cytochemical results and sufficiently good preservation of cell structure, heparine-Alcian Blue is recommended for cytospectrophotometric determinations of basic proteins. To stain acidic proteins both Fast Green, pH 2.6, and Toluidine Blue O are recommended, each of the dyes being characterized by its own advantages and disadvantages.", "contents": "Analysis of some histochemical colour reactions for cytospectrophotometry of basic and acidic proteins in nervous tissue cells. Cytospectrophotometric analysis of model systems and of single cells in Carnoy-fixed paraffin sections of the nervous tissue has shown two histochemical colour reactions for basic proteins and two reactions for acidic proteins to obey Bouger-Lambert-Beer's law. Basic proteins can be stoichiometrically stained either with Fast Green FCF, pH 8.2, or with heparin-Alcian Blue; acidic proteins either with Fast Green, FCF, pH 2.6, or with Toluidine Blue o. basing on better reproducibility of cytochemical results and sufficiently good preservation of cell structure, heparine-Alcian Blue is recommended for cytospectrophotometric determinations of basic proteins. To stain acidic proteins both Fast Green, pH 2.6, and Toluidine Blue O are recommended, each of the dyes being characterized by its own advantages and disadvantages.", "PMID": 79129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7276", "title": "Improvement of the micromethod for the limulus lysate test.", "content": "Frauch's micro-slide method was improved to facilitate the endpoint-determination of the Limulus test. Two precise observations, by inverted phase contrast microscopy and with a staining procedure, were newly performed as additions to the slide test. The staining procedure was proposed as an improved method for the Limulus test since it is simple and convenient. In the staining method, bromophenol blue (BPB) solution was used as the staining solution. A negative (-), a strong positive (++) and a weak positive reaction (+) were characterized by a \"ring\" formation, a \"cloud-like\" spread of gel and a \"spot\" in the \"cloud\" respectively. Since the distinction between (-) and (+) reactions was obvious in the proposed method, determination of the endpoint was easier than in the ordinary tube and Frauch's method. The sensitivity of the present method was equal to or higher than that of other methods. Inverted phase contrast microscopy was utilized to confirm the findings obtained by the staining method. The volume of the lysate used in this method was as little as 1/10 of that used in the tube method.", "contents": "Improvement of the micromethod for the limulus lysate test. Frauch's micro-slide method was improved to facilitate the endpoint-determination of the Limulus test. Two precise observations, by inverted phase contrast microscopy and with a staining procedure, were newly performed as additions to the slide test. The staining procedure was proposed as an improved method for the Limulus test since it is simple and convenient. In the staining method, bromophenol blue (BPB) solution was used as the staining solution. A negative (-), a strong positive (++) and a weak positive reaction (+) were characterized by a \"ring\" formation, a \"cloud-like\" spread of gel and a \"spot\" in the \"cloud\" respectively. Since the distinction between (-) and (+) reactions was obvious in the proposed method, determination of the endpoint was easier than in the ordinary tube and Frauch's method. The sensitivity of the present method was equal to or higher than that of other methods. Inverted phase contrast microscopy was utilized to confirm the findings obtained by the staining method. The volume of the lysate used in this method was as little as 1/10 of that used in the tube method.", "PMID": 79130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7277", "title": "[Lithium-intoxication in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A newborn, whose mother had been treated with lithium carbonate for a manic-depressive illness suffered from hypotonia, poor feeding, weak Moro reflex, hyperexcitability, thyroid enlargement and cyanosis. Symptoms resolved within a few weeks. No malformations could be detected. The psychomotor development of the child was normal up to the age of 18 months.", "contents": "[Lithium-intoxication in a newborn (author's transl)]. A newborn, whose mother had been treated with lithium carbonate for a manic-depressive illness suffered from hypotonia, poor feeding, weak Moro reflex, hyperexcitability, thyroid enlargement and cyanosis. Symptoms resolved within a few weeks. No malformations could be detected. The psychomotor development of the child was normal up to the age of 18 months.", "PMID": 79134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7278", "title": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. II. Perturbations of post-translational nuclear protein modification.", "content": "An hypothesis of carcinogenesis is derived which suggests that carcinogens initially induce derepressions of structional genes of post-translational modifying enzymes. Although the resulting cascade of changes in genic activity would be measureable because of the large number of differentiated cells present in a tissue, only stem cells are vulnerable to the neoplastic array of genic expression by virtue of their repressors being more vulnerable to conformational modification. Furthermore it is derived that there are at least three major classes of repressors and the repressors that are synthesized during embryogenesis are particularly susceptible to derepression mechanisms.", "contents": "Theoretical mechanisms for synthesis of carcinogen-induced embryonic proteins. II. Perturbations of post-translational nuclear protein modification. An hypothesis of carcinogenesis is derived which suggests that carcinogens initially induce derepressions of structional genes of post-translational modifying enzymes. Although the resulting cascade of changes in genic activity would be measureable because of the large number of differentiated cells present in a tissue, only stem cells are vulnerable to the neoplastic array of genic expression by virtue of their repressors being more vulnerable to conformational modification. Furthermore it is derived that there are at least three major classes of repressors and the repressors that are synthesized during embryogenesis are particularly susceptible to derepression mechanisms.", "PMID": 79131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7279", "title": "Genetic activity of bleomycin: differential effects on mitotic recombination and mutations in yeast.", "content": "The genetic effects of the antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin were studied in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was observed that the drug induced a high frequency of mitotic recombination and gene conversion. In contrast, it produced only a few mutations from adenine independence to adenine dependence and histidine dependence (a missense mutant) to histidine independence. In the strains carrying ochre-suppressible auxotrophic markers, no prototrophs were induced by this drug. The results indicating the specific activity of bleomycin are discussed and, in this connection, the usefulness of yeast as a test organism in mutagenicity screening is emphasized.", "contents": "Genetic activity of bleomycin: differential effects on mitotic recombination and mutations in yeast. The genetic effects of the antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin were studied in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was observed that the drug induced a high frequency of mitotic recombination and gene conversion. In contrast, it produced only a few mutations from adenine independence to adenine dependence and histidine dependence (a missense mutant) to histidine independence. In the strains carrying ochre-suppressible auxotrophic markers, no prototrophs were induced by this drug. The results indicating the specific activity of bleomycin are discussed and, in this connection, the usefulness of yeast as a test organism in mutagenicity screening is emphasized.", "PMID": 79138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7280", "title": "Increased transport of (G-14C) cytidine into rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane.", "content": "The transport of cytidine into liver over a wide dose range (0.003--100mumol per animal) proceeds as an nonsaturabel process. After the administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH)1 the transport of (G-14C) cytidine is markedly activated if the concentration of nucleoside administered is low; the differences between the control and experimental group disappear after the administration of higher doses of the nucleoside. The incorporation of (G-14C) cytidine into RNA cytosine is enhanced after the administration of alpha-HCH. The degree of utilization of labeled cytidine for the RNA synthesis decreases in proportion to the logarithm of its dose, both in the control and in the experimental group. Increased transport of (G-14C)cytidine is observable even between the 4th and 6th day after the administration of a single dose of alpha-HCH.", "contents": "Increased transport of (G-14C) cytidine into rat liver after administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. The transport of cytidine into liver over a wide dose range (0.003--100mumol per animal) proceeds as an nonsaturabel process. After the administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH)1 the transport of (G-14C) cytidine is markedly activated if the concentration of nucleoside administered is low; the differences between the control and experimental group disappear after the administration of higher doses of the nucleoside. The incorporation of (G-14C) cytidine into RNA cytosine is enhanced after the administration of alpha-HCH. The degree of utilization of labeled cytidine for the RNA synthesis decreases in proportion to the logarithm of its dose, both in the control and in the experimental group. Increased transport of (G-14C)cytidine is observable even between the 4th and 6th day after the administration of a single dose of alpha-HCH.", "PMID": 79142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7281", "title": "Chlordecone intoxication in man. I. Clinical observations.", "content": "Industrial overexposure to chlordecone, an organochlorine insecticide, caused tremor in 76 of 148 exposed workers. Chlordecone was absorbed through oral, respiratory, and dermal routes, the last possibly the most significant. Epidemiology of this incident disclosed low-level, widespread environmental exposure of man to chlordecone. In 23 workers with chronic chlordecone intoxication, tremor was associated with opsoclonus, pleuritic pain and arthralgia. No seizures were reported. The site of action of chlordecone on the central nervous system is unknown. It concentrates in human adipose and hepatic tissue but is not biodegradable, either in humans or elsewhere in nature.", "contents": "Chlordecone intoxication in man. I. Clinical observations. Industrial overexposure to chlordecone, an organochlorine insecticide, caused tremor in 76 of 148 exposed workers. Chlordecone was absorbed through oral, respiratory, and dermal routes, the last possibly the most significant. Epidemiology of this incident disclosed low-level, widespread environmental exposure of man to chlordecone. In 23 workers with chronic chlordecone intoxication, tremor was associated with opsoclonus, pleuritic pain and arthralgia. No seizures were reported. The site of action of chlordecone on the central nervous system is unknown. It concentrates in human adipose and hepatic tissue but is not biodegradable, either in humans or elsewhere in nature.", "PMID": 79155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7282", "title": "Chlordecone intoxication in man. II. Ultrastructure of peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Tremors, mental changes, opsoclonus, muscle weakness, gait ataxia, incoordination, and slurred speech developed in several employees in a Virginia chemical plant during the summer of 1974. Epidemiologic and clinical studies suggested that the chlorinated insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) was responsible. Severity of symptoms seemed directly related to dose and duration of exposure. Five sural nerve and six muscle biopsy specimens were examined by light microscopy and electronmicroscopy. The sural nerves were also evaluated by computerized morphometry, which showed considerable decrease in the number of unmyelinated fibers and lesser abnormalities of myelinated fibers. Compared with the nerves of the control subjects, those of patients may have had an increase in Reich and Elzholz bodies, and a modest increase in endoneurial collagen. There were occasional \"collagen pockets,\" stacks of Schwann cell cytoplasmic membranes, redundant Schwann cell cytoplasmic folds, and fewer unmyelinated axons. The skeletal muscles contained increased amounts of lipofuscin and lipidlike droplets in subsarcolemmal areas and within intermyofibrillary spaces; the significance of this is unknown. Fiber size variability, type I predominance, and type grouping were present in three cases. All results strongly suggest that chlordecone is a neurotoxic agent predominantly affecting Schwann cells and unmyelinated fibers of peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Chlordecone intoxication in man. II. Ultrastructure of peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle. Tremors, mental changes, opsoclonus, muscle weakness, gait ataxia, incoordination, and slurred speech developed in several employees in a Virginia chemical plant during the summer of 1974. Epidemiologic and clinical studies suggested that the chlorinated insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) was responsible. Severity of symptoms seemed directly related to dose and duration of exposure. Five sural nerve and six muscle biopsy specimens were examined by light microscopy and electronmicroscopy. The sural nerves were also evaluated by computerized morphometry, which showed considerable decrease in the number of unmyelinated fibers and lesser abnormalities of myelinated fibers. Compared with the nerves of the control subjects, those of patients may have had an increase in Reich and Elzholz bodies, and a modest increase in endoneurial collagen. There were occasional \"collagen pockets,\" stacks of Schwann cell cytoplasmic membranes, redundant Schwann cell cytoplasmic folds, and fewer unmyelinated axons. The skeletal muscles contained increased amounts of lipofuscin and lipidlike droplets in subsarcolemmal areas and within intermyofibrillary spaces; the significance of this is unknown. Fiber size variability, type I predominance, and type grouping were present in three cases. All results strongly suggest that chlordecone is a neurotoxic agent predominantly affecting Schwann cells and unmyelinated fibers of peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 79156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7283", "title": "Studies of sarcolemmal integrity in myopathic muscle.", "content": "Studies of sarcolemmal integrity with extracellular Procion Yellow gave evidence of structural defects in a high percentage of muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy and in vitamin E-deficiency myopathy in the guinea pig. The dye entered fibers in these conditions more often than in controls. Myofibrillary clumping occurred in the region of major penetration of the dye. It seems likely that sarcolemmal defects occur in vivo in these conditions, allowing the entry of high concentrations of calcium into the sarcoplasm with consequent fiber damage. The biochemical basis of these sarcolemmal defects remains to be elucidated. Our procedure for biopsy of the vastus medialis muscle may prove useful in preparing a limb muscle for in vitro physiologic studies.", "contents": "Studies of sarcolemmal integrity in myopathic muscle. Studies of sarcolemmal integrity with extracellular Procion Yellow gave evidence of structural defects in a high percentage of muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy and in vitamin E-deficiency myopathy in the guinea pig. The dye entered fibers in these conditions more often than in controls. Myofibrillary clumping occurred in the region of major penetration of the dye. It seems likely that sarcolemmal defects occur in vivo in these conditions, allowing the entry of high concentrations of calcium into the sarcoplasm with consequent fiber damage. The biochemical basis of these sarcolemmal defects remains to be elucidated. Our procedure for biopsy of the vastus medialis muscle may prove useful in preparing a limb muscle for in vitro physiologic studies.", "PMID": 79157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7284", "title": "[Reversible suppression of synaptic function by anti-synaptosome-antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about experiments to isolate Synaptosome-Membranes of the rat cerebellum in order to produce Antibodies directed toward these membranes in rabbits. The raised Antisera were tested in different Complement-fixation-assays. They reacted only with the Synaptosome-Membranes, not with heart, kidney, liver- and spleen-membranes. Different fractions of the isolation-procedure for synatosomal membranes were also checked for their ability to fix Complement. Only Synaptosomes and the synaptosomal membranes gave sufficient Complement fixation, while Mitochondria, soluble brain proteins, synaptic vesicles and braincell nuclei did not. These biochemical and immunological findings are further supported by electrophysiological data, where the transsynaptic component of the parallel fibre-evoked field potential was strongly suppressed by the administration of the immune sera containing antibodies against membranes of synaptosome fractions.", "contents": "[Reversible suppression of synaptic function by anti-synaptosome-antibodies (author's transl)]. We report about experiments to isolate Synaptosome-Membranes of the rat cerebellum in order to produce Antibodies directed toward these membranes in rabbits. The raised Antisera were tested in different Complement-fixation-assays. They reacted only with the Synaptosome-Membranes, not with heart, kidney, liver- and spleen-membranes. Different fractions of the isolation-procedure for synatosomal membranes were also checked for their ability to fix Complement. Only Synaptosomes and the synaptosomal membranes gave sufficient Complement fixation, while Mitochondria, soluble brain proteins, synaptic vesicles and braincell nuclei did not. These biochemical and immunological findings are further supported by electrophysiological data, where the transsynaptic component of the parallel fibre-evoked field potential was strongly suppressed by the administration of the immune sera containing antibodies against membranes of synaptosome fractions.", "PMID": 79161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7285", "title": "Pituitary injection of alcohol for widespread cancer pain.", "content": "Moricca's technique of the pituitary injection of alcohol has been performed 155 times on 92 patients at the Centre for Pain Relief Walton Hospital, Liverpool. There were 4 post-operative death within the first week. The technique is considered to be an exceedingly useful method of relieving pain in patients suffering from widespread inoperable cancer. 40% of the patients treated had complete relief of their pain, half of these (20%) having complete relief for at  least 4 months. 30% of the patients treated had some relief of pain and 30% had none. During injection, it was noted that Myodil injected before the alcohol spread along the  pituitary stalk and the walls of the third ventricle. It eventually broke through into the third ventricle. It is postulated that the alcohol follows this route and the relief of pain is due to destruction of thalamic and hypothalamic nerve pathways.", "contents": "Pituitary injection of alcohol for widespread cancer pain. Moricca's technique of the pituitary injection of alcohol has been performed 155 times on 92 patients at the Centre for Pain Relief Walton Hospital, Liverpool. There were 4 post-operative death within the first week. The technique is considered to be an exceedingly useful method of relieving pain in patients suffering from widespread inoperable cancer. 40% of the patients treated had complete relief of their pain, half of these (20%) having complete relief for at  least 4 months. 30% of the patients treated had some relief of pain and 30% had none. During injection, it was noted that Myodil injected before the alcohol spread along the  pituitary stalk and the walls of the third ventricle. It eventually broke through into the third ventricle. It is postulated that the alcohol follows this route and the relief of pain is due to destruction of thalamic and hypothalamic nerve pathways.", "PMID": 79162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7286", "title": "Scabies in children.", "content": "We are in the midst of a pandemic of scabies. Classic scabies is seen less frequently in the current cycle. The infestation frequently occurs in special forms, the differential diagnosis of which includes nearly every pruritic dermatosis. The cause of the current pandemic is not clear but there is evidence that immunologic factors, particularly delayed hypersensitivity, play a principal role. The diagnosis should be made with certainty, preferably by identifying the mite prior to instituting therapy. The modern scabicides are highly effective. A recent re-evaluation of the risk-benefit relationships of lindane has led to altered therapeutic routines.", "contents": "Scabies in children. We are in the midst of a pandemic of scabies. Classic scabies is seen less frequently in the current cycle. The infestation frequently occurs in special forms, the differential diagnosis of which includes nearly every pruritic dermatosis. The cause of the current pandemic is not clear but there is evidence that immunologic factors, particularly delayed hypersensitivity, play a principal role. The diagnosis should be made with certainty, preferably by identifying the mite prior to instituting therapy. The modern scabicides are highly effective. A recent re-evaluation of the risk-benefit relationships of lindane has led to altered therapeutic routines.", "PMID": 79165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7287", "title": "Alpha2-macroglobulin deficiency in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "A new genetic defect, alpha2-macroglobulin deficiency, was found in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Other members of the family of five exhibiting this abnormality were the mother and one sister. All members, including the patient, had normal serum albumin and alpha1-antitrypsin levels. The deficiency, reported here for the first time, appears to be inherited by an autosomal co-dominant mode. Statistical evaluation of the dihybrid crosses for independent assortment between EDS and hypo-alpha2-macroglobulinemia showed a probability of 0.7 to 0.75. However, a possible link between EDS and hypo-alpha2-macroglobulinemia is suggested since the observed ratios of four siblings are exactly as expected, assuming that double gene defects are linked in the mother's genotype.", "contents": "Alpha2-macroglobulin deficiency in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A new genetic defect, alpha2-macroglobulin deficiency, was found in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Other members of the family of five exhibiting this abnormality were the mother and one sister. All members, including the patient, had normal serum albumin and alpha1-antitrypsin levels. The deficiency, reported here for the first time, appears to be inherited by an autosomal co-dominant mode. Statistical evaluation of the dihybrid crosses for independent assortment between EDS and hypo-alpha2-macroglobulinemia showed a probability of 0.7 to 0.75. However, a possible link between EDS and hypo-alpha2-macroglobulinemia is suggested since the observed ratios of four siblings are exactly as expected, assuming that double gene defects are linked in the mother's genotype.", "PMID": 79166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7288", "title": "Reverse transcriptase: a monitor for perturbation effects of spin labels covalently bound to nucleic acids.", "content": "The sensitive biological assay for reverse transcriptase was used to monitor potential perturbation effects of spin labels covalently bound to various nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogs to the extent of about one label per 100 residues. The inhibitory properties of the spin labeled and unlabeled biopolymers were compared for evaluating possible interference of the reporter group in protein-nucleic acid interaction studies. The amount of inhibitor required for 50% inhibition (ED50) was determined for the competitive inhibitors (U)n, l(U)n, (RUGT,U)n, (Um)n, (A)n, (Am)n, and l(A)n as well as for thenon- or uncompetitive inhibitors (dUfl)n, l(dUfl)n, (dUz)n, and l(dUz)n. The most pronounced inhibition was observed with spin labeled and unlabeled (dUfl)n. The results indicate that the ED50 and the kinetic patterns of inhibition are similar for the spin labeled and unlabeled inhibitors studied. Thus, the presence of a limited number of spin labels in a nucleic acid matrix has little effect, if any, on reverse transcriptase-nucleic acid complexes and most likely on other protein-nucleic acid complexes.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase: a monitor for perturbation effects of spin labels covalently bound to nucleic acids. The sensitive biological assay for reverse transcriptase was used to monitor potential perturbation effects of spin labels covalently bound to various nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogs to the extent of about one label per 100 residues. The inhibitory properties of the spin labeled and unlabeled biopolymers were compared for evaluating possible interference of the reporter group in protein-nucleic acid interaction studies. The amount of inhibitor required for 50% inhibition (ED50) was determined for the competitive inhibitors (U)n, l(U)n, (RUGT,U)n, (Um)n, (A)n, (Am)n, and l(A)n as well as for thenon- or uncompetitive inhibitors (dUfl)n, l(dUfl)n, (dUz)n, and l(dUz)n. The most pronounced inhibition was observed with spin labeled and unlabeled (dUfl)n. The results indicate that the ED50 and the kinetic patterns of inhibition are similar for the spin labeled and unlabeled inhibitors studied. Thus, the presence of a limited number of spin labels in a nucleic acid matrix has little effect, if any, on reverse transcriptase-nucleic acid complexes and most likely on other protein-nucleic acid complexes.", "PMID": 79171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7289", "title": "Somatic cell hybrids producing antibodies specific for the tumor antigen of simian virus 40.", "content": "We have produced somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.8) and spleen cells derived from mice primed with either syngeneic or allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40. Such hybrids produced antibodies specific for simian virus 40 tumor (T) antigen. Only four of twelve independent hybrid cell cultures produced antibodies against simian virus 40 T antigen that crossreacted with the T antigen induced by BK virus, a human papovavirus isolated from patients who had undergone immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Somatic cell hybrids producing antibodies specific for the tumor antigen of simian virus 40. We have produced somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.8) and spleen cells derived from mice primed with either syngeneic or allogeneic cells transformed by simian virus 40. Such hybrids produced antibodies specific for simian virus 40 tumor (T) antigen. Only four of twelve independent hybrid cell cultures produced antibodies against simian virus 40 T antigen that crossreacted with the T antigen induced by BK virus, a human papovavirus isolated from patients who had undergone immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 79181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7290", "title": "Role of Na+ in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblasts transformed by simian virus 40.", "content": "The uptake of alpha-amino[(3)H]isobutyric acid (AIB) was studied in membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblasts transformed by simian virus 40 to examine the features of the Na(+)-stimulated and Na(+)-dependent AIB transport process. The simultaneous addition of NaCl and AIB to these vesicles produced a transient accumulation, or \"overshoot,\" of amino acid 3-4 times the equilibrium value. Both the initial rate of uptake and the rate of fall of intravesicular AIB after maximal accumulation were sensitive to the temperature of incubation. The overshoot of AIB uptake was enhanced with Na(+) salts of highly permeant lipophilic anions, such as SCN(-) and NO(3) (-), and was decreased by the addition of SO(4) (2-), a relatively impermeant ion. Gramicidin D, which enhances the membrane conductance of Na(+) electrogenically, decreased the overshoot, while a potassium diffusion potential, induced by valinomycin (in K(+)-preloaded membrane vesicles), produced a Na(+)-dependent overshoot of AIB uptake. When vesicles were preincubated with both Na(+) and AIB, followed by the generation of an interior negative membrane potential (by the addition of SCN(-)), an overshoot of AIB uptake resulted. However, this did not occur in the absence of Na(+). It is concluded that, apart from its role in the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential, Na(+) is essential for the overshoot of AIB uptake.", "contents": "Role of Na+ in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblasts transformed by simian virus 40. The uptake of alpha-amino[(3)H]isobutyric acid (AIB) was studied in membrane vesicles from mouse fibroblasts transformed by simian virus 40 to examine the features of the Na(+)-stimulated and Na(+)-dependent AIB transport process. The simultaneous addition of NaCl and AIB to these vesicles produced a transient accumulation, or \"overshoot,\" of amino acid 3-4 times the equilibrium value. Both the initial rate of uptake and the rate of fall of intravesicular AIB after maximal accumulation were sensitive to the temperature of incubation. The overshoot of AIB uptake was enhanced with Na(+) salts of highly permeant lipophilic anions, such as SCN(-) and NO(3) (-), and was decreased by the addition of SO(4) (2-), a relatively impermeant ion. Gramicidin D, which enhances the membrane conductance of Na(+) electrogenically, decreased the overshoot, while a potassium diffusion potential, induced by valinomycin (in K(+)-preloaded membrane vesicles), produced a Na(+)-dependent overshoot of AIB uptake. When vesicles were preincubated with both Na(+) and AIB, followed by the generation of an interior negative membrane potential (by the addition of SCN(-)), an overshoot of AIB uptake resulted. However, this did not occur in the absence of Na(+). It is concluded that, apart from its role in the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential, Na(+) is essential for the overshoot of AIB uptake.", "PMID": 79182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7291", "title": "Mechanism of antigen-induced antibody biosynthesis from antibody precursors, the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains.", "content": "The immediate precursors of antibody molecules, the heavy (H) and light (L) peptide chains of the immunoglobulins, combine with each other by means of disulfide bonds formed by dehydrogenation of their cysteine residues. In the absence of an antigen this process yields the heterogeneous mixture of normal immunoglobulins. Antigens or their processed derivatives (Ag) interfere with this stochastic process by noncovalent combination with complementarily fitting H chains. The (Ag.H)(n) complexes thus formed, owing to the loss of rotational and translational freedom, combine preferentially with those L chains whose V(L) regions have some affinity for the determinants of the antigen molecule. Subsequent release of Ag from the (Ag.H.L)(n) complexes yields free antigen and antibody molecules. Each of the released Ag molecules can be used repeatedly for the same reaction cycle and thus can induce the biosynthesis of a large number of antibody molecules. Any macromolecule, natural or synthetic, that has at least a few polar groups and that can penetrate to the nascent H and L chains can thus act as an antigen. Whereas the structure of the H and L chains is genetically determined and transmitted through the germ line, the process induced by the antigen is a phenotypic phenomenon. The antigen acts in this process as a stereospecific cofactor or regulator of the thiol-disulfide transhydrogenation of the combining H and L chains of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Mechanism of antigen-induced antibody biosynthesis from antibody precursors, the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains. The immediate precursors of antibody molecules, the heavy (H) and light (L) peptide chains of the immunoglobulins, combine with each other by means of disulfide bonds formed by dehydrogenation of their cysteine residues. In the absence of an antigen this process yields the heterogeneous mixture of normal immunoglobulins. Antigens or their processed derivatives (Ag) interfere with this stochastic process by noncovalent combination with complementarily fitting H chains. The (Ag.H)(n) complexes thus formed, owing to the loss of rotational and translational freedom, combine preferentially with those L chains whose V(L) regions have some affinity for the determinants of the antigen molecule. Subsequent release of Ag from the (Ag.H.L)(n) complexes yields free antigen and antibody molecules. Each of the released Ag molecules can be used repeatedly for the same reaction cycle and thus can induce the biosynthesis of a large number of antibody molecules. Any macromolecule, natural or synthetic, that has at least a few polar groups and that can penetrate to the nascent H and L chains can thus act as an antigen. Whereas the structure of the H and L chains is genetically determined and transmitted through the germ line, the process induced by the antigen is a phenotypic phenomenon. The antigen acts in this process as a stereospecific cofactor or regulator of the thiol-disulfide transhydrogenation of the combining H and L chains of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 79183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7292", "title": "Proximal versus peripheral hepatic artery embolization experimental study in monkeys.", "content": "A case is described in which extensive embolization of the hepatic artery to reduce insulin production by a metastatic islet-cell tumor resulted in liver failure, intrahepatic abscesses, and death. The difference between proximal and peripheral hepatic artery obstruction was investigated in monkeys by embolizing hepatic arterial beds with Gelfoam and silicone. Gelfoam obstructed proximally, arterial collaterals developed rapidly, and liver function remained normal. Peripheral hepatic artery embolization with silicone produced liver infarction and severe functional abnormalities. Peripheral hepatic artery occlusion was more effective in preventing the development of collateral circulation but involved a significant risk of hepatic failure or abscess.", "contents": "Proximal versus peripheral hepatic artery embolization experimental study in monkeys. A case is described in which extensive embolization of the hepatic artery to reduce insulin production by a metastatic islet-cell tumor resulted in liver failure, intrahepatic abscesses, and death. The difference between proximal and peripheral hepatic artery obstruction was investigated in monkeys by embolizing hepatic arterial beds with Gelfoam and silicone. Gelfoam obstructed proximally, arterial collaterals developed rapidly, and liver function remained normal. Peripheral hepatic artery embolization with silicone produced liver infarction and severe functional abnormalities. Peripheral hepatic artery occlusion was more effective in preventing the development of collateral circulation but involved a significant risk of hepatic failure or abscess.", "PMID": 79188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7293", "title": "Neuropathic injuries to the lower extremities in children.", "content": "Neuropathic injuries of the lower extremities in children due to meningomyelocele, congenital indifference to pain, and peripheral nerve damage were studied in 10 patients. The injuries fell into four categories: (a) fractures of the metaphysis and diaphysis of long bones, (b) epiphyseal separation, (c) Charcot joints, and (d) soft-tissue ulceration. These injuries are often unrecognized; untreated, they can lead to severe disability. For patients with impaired sensation, radiographs should be obtained at any sign of localized soft-tissue swelling, warmth, or hyperemia, especially near a joint. Following diagnosis, immobilization of the limb will lead to prompt healing of fractures and epiphyseal separation.", "contents": "Neuropathic injuries to the lower extremities in children. Neuropathic injuries of the lower extremities in children due to meningomyelocele, congenital indifference to pain, and peripheral nerve damage were studied in 10 patients. The injuries fell into four categories: (a) fractures of the metaphysis and diaphysis of long bones, (b) epiphyseal separation, (c) Charcot joints, and (d) soft-tissue ulceration. These injuries are often unrecognized; untreated, they can lead to severe disability. For patients with impaired sensation, radiographs should be obtained at any sign of localized soft-tissue swelling, warmth, or hyperemia, especially near a joint. Following diagnosis, immobilization of the limb will lead to prompt healing of fractures and epiphyseal separation.", "PMID": 79189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7294", "title": "Studies on the antigenic structure of Bacteroides nodosus.", "content": "The antigenic mosaics of three Bacteroides nodosus isolates (198, 199 and 127) were studied to elucidate the nature of the protective immunogen. In vaccinated sheep the three isolates induced high homologous serum agglutinin titres but it was also apparent that 198 and 199 shared a major surface antigen not present on 217. This major cross-reacting antigen was not detected with rabbit antisera. The fimbriae, consisting predominantly of protein, induced high homologous titres in rabbits and represented the type-specific antigen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from each of the isolates induced low agglutinin titres and high 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive indirect haemagglutinating antibody titres. The heat-stable LPS contained at least two common carbohydrate O antigen determinants but no type-specific O antigens were detected.", "contents": "Studies on the antigenic structure of Bacteroides nodosus. The antigenic mosaics of three Bacteroides nodosus isolates (198, 199 and 127) were studied to elucidate the nature of the protective immunogen. In vaccinated sheep the three isolates induced high homologous serum agglutinin titres but it was also apparent that 198 and 199 shared a major surface antigen not present on 217. This major cross-reacting antigen was not detected with rabbit antisera. The fimbriae, consisting predominantly of protein, induced high homologous titres in rabbits and represented the type-specific antigen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from each of the isolates induced low agglutinin titres and high 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive indirect haemagglutinating antibody titres. The heat-stable LPS contained at least two common carbohydrate O antigen determinants but no type-specific O antigens were detected.", "PMID": 79200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7295", "title": "Anaphylaxis in isolated rabbit lungs.", "content": "Lungs from rabbits sensitized to ovalbumin or bovine gamma-globulin were isolated and perfused with autologous blood. The response to antigen challenge via the perfusate was immunologically specific and characterized by a marked increase in perfusion resistance, a moderate increase in airway resistance and a small decrease in lung compliance. The response could also be elicited by specific antigen challenge in lungs from sensitized rabbits perfused with blood from normal rabbits and in lungs from normal rabbits perfused with blood or plasma from sensitized rabbits. The magnitude of the response was greater when blood or plasma from sensitized animals was used as the perfusate. Therefore, blood and/or plasma factors appear to be the major contributors to the response.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis in isolated rabbit lungs. Lungs from rabbits sensitized to ovalbumin or bovine gamma-globulin were isolated and perfused with autologous blood. The response to antigen challenge via the perfusate was immunologically specific and characterized by a marked increase in perfusion resistance, a moderate increase in airway resistance and a small decrease in lung compliance. The response could also be elicited by specific antigen challenge in lungs from sensitized rabbits perfused with blood from normal rabbits and in lungs from normal rabbits perfused with blood or plasma from sensitized rabbits. The magnitude of the response was greater when blood or plasma from sensitized animals was used as the perfusate. Therefore, blood and/or plasma factors appear to be the major contributors to the response.", "PMID": 79201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7296", "title": "[Ontogeny of the immune response in mice. I. Presence of IgG and alpha fetoprotein in the body fluids of mice of various ages].", "content": "Alpha protein and IgG were determined by radial immunodiffusion in Swiss mice, in the amniotic fluid, milk and serum of the mice at different ages (fetus, neonates, at the age of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days and adults). The highest alpha-protein concentrations were found in the fetal serum (0.20 mg/ml) ; after birth serum levels rapidly fell and at 20 days could no longer be detected ; it was present in the amniotic fluid and milk collected within the first 24 hours after birth. In contrast, IgG was found in small concentrations in the fetal serum (0.60 mg/ml) but increased with age after birth. This immunoglobulin was present in the amniotic fluid and mothers' milk for 15 days. The significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Ontogeny of the immune response in mice. I. Presence of IgG and alpha fetoprotein in the body fluids of mice of various ages]. Alpha protein and IgG were determined by radial immunodiffusion in Swiss mice, in the amniotic fluid, milk and serum of the mice at different ages (fetus, neonates, at the age of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days and adults). The highest alpha-protein concentrations were found in the fetal serum (0.20 mg/ml) ; after birth serum levels rapidly fell and at 20 days could no longer be detected ; it was present in the amniotic fluid and milk collected within the first 24 hours after birth. In contrast, IgG was found in small concentrations in the fetal serum (0.60 mg/ml) but increased with age after birth. This immunoglobulin was present in the amniotic fluid and mothers' milk for 15 days. The significance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 79206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7297", "title": "The repertoire of antibodies to a hapten group in an inbred strain of mouse.", "content": "We have investigated the diversity of antibodies to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten group in the A strain of mouse. The method used consisted of suppressing an idiotype which commonly is observed in the anti-Ar antibodies of all this strain, and then generating anti-idiotypic antisera against the anti-Ar antibodies (lacking the cross-reactive idiotype) which arose after hyperimmunization of the suppressed mice. Anti-idiotypic antibodies prepared against these anti-Ar antibodies were used as a tool to investigate the frequency of recurrence of individual idiotypes in other mice of the same strain. A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay indicated that 3 of the 4 idiotypes studied were virtually undetectable in a panel of 181 A/J mice immunized against the phenylarsonate hapten. A fourth idiotype was found but at very low frequency. The results emphasize the enormous diversity of the immune response to a single hapten group within a strain of mouse. They are interpreted on the basis of hypothesis that the diversity arises through a random series of somatic events. The common cross-reactive idiotype, which is present in the anti-Ar antibodies of all normal A/J mice, is postulated to be the product of a germ-line gene which is closely related to a germ-line gene through a small number of somatic mutations which takes place in every A/J mouse.", "contents": "The repertoire of antibodies to a hapten group in an inbred strain of mouse. We have investigated the diversity of antibodies to the p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten group in the A strain of mouse. The method used consisted of suppressing an idiotype which commonly is observed in the anti-Ar antibodies of all this strain, and then generating anti-idiotypic antisera against the anti-Ar antibodies (lacking the cross-reactive idiotype) which arose after hyperimmunization of the suppressed mice. Anti-idiotypic antibodies prepared against these anti-Ar antibodies were used as a tool to investigate the frequency of recurrence of individual idiotypes in other mice of the same strain. A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay indicated that 3 of the 4 idiotypes studied were virtually undetectable in a panel of 181 A/J mice immunized against the phenylarsonate hapten. A fourth idiotype was found but at very low frequency. The results emphasize the enormous diversity of the immune response to a single hapten group within a strain of mouse. They are interpreted on the basis of hypothesis that the diversity arises through a random series of somatic events. The common cross-reactive idiotype, which is present in the anti-Ar antibodies of all normal A/J mice, is postulated to be the product of a germ-line gene which is closely related to a germ-line gene through a small number of somatic mutations which takes place in every A/J mouse.", "PMID": 79207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7298", "title": "Use of mitogens for the functional characteristization of human lymphocyte subpopulations with special reference to activation of human B lymphocytes by antibodies to beta2microglobulin.", "content": "The paper describes the use of mitogens for the function characterization of human lymphocyte subpopulations with special reference to the activation of human B lymphocytes by antibodies to beta2microglobulin.", "contents": "Use of mitogens for the functional characteristization of human lymphocyte subpopulations with special reference to activation of human B lymphocytes by antibodies to beta2microglobulin. The paper describes the use of mitogens for the function characterization of human lymphocyte subpopulations with special reference to the activation of human B lymphocytes by antibodies to beta2microglobulin.", "PMID": 79215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7299", "title": "Typing for MLC determinants: methods and applications.", "content": "MLC typing of random individuals can be performed using a panel of inactivated HLA-D homozygous cells. Eight different HLA-D specificities are now internationally accepted. The evaluation of the results must take into account both the general responding capacity of the cell to be typed and the general stimulating capacity of the typing cells. An evaluation based on the 75th percentile is discussed in detail and some pitfalls are mentioned. Furthermore a description is given of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT), where cells primed in ordinary MLC cultures to one HLA-D determinant have the ability to respond in an accelerated way to similar HLA-D antigens when re-exposed to such cells in secondary cultures. In our experiments, an excellent correlation is found between these two ways of MLC typing provided that the cells used for priming are well characterized (i.e. HLA-D homozygous cells). Finally, some clinical applications of MLC typing are described, especially in connection with transplantation and association between HLA and various diseases.", "contents": "Typing for MLC determinants: methods and applications. MLC typing of random individuals can be performed using a panel of inactivated HLA-D homozygous cells. Eight different HLA-D specificities are now internationally accepted. The evaluation of the results must take into account both the general responding capacity of the cell to be typed and the general stimulating capacity of the typing cells. An evaluation based on the 75th percentile is discussed in detail and some pitfalls are mentioned. Furthermore a description is given of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT), where cells primed in ordinary MLC cultures to one HLA-D determinant have the ability to respond in an accelerated way to similar HLA-D antigens when re-exposed to such cells in secondary cultures. In our experiments, an excellent correlation is found between these two ways of MLC typing provided that the cells used for priming are well characterized (i.e. HLA-D homozygous cells). Finally, some clinical applications of MLC typing are described, especially in connection with transplantation and association between HLA and various diseases.", "PMID": 79216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7300", "title": "Increased serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in cytomegalovirus infections.", "content": "Among 54 patients with a clinically and serologically verified cytomegalovirus infection, 8 (15%) had raised alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in sera taken after the onset of infection. No raised serum AFP was seen in acute or convalescent sera of 45 patients with other viral diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and acute herpes simplex virus infection. No definite correlation was found between raised AFP and raised S-ALAT values, indicating hepatic damage. The highest single AFP values were seen in two immunosuppressed patients and in a patient who received a blood transfusion. Two possible explanations for this phenomenon are advanced.", "contents": "Increased serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in cytomegalovirus infections. Among 54 patients with a clinically and serologically verified cytomegalovirus infection, 8 (15%) had raised alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in sera taken after the onset of infection. No raised serum AFP was seen in acute or convalescent sera of 45 patients with other viral diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and acute herpes simplex virus infection. No definite correlation was found between raised AFP and raised S-ALAT values, indicating hepatic damage. The highest single AFP values were seen in two immunosuppressed patients and in a patient who received a blood transfusion. Two possible explanations for this phenomenon are advanced.", "PMID": 79217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7301", "title": "Collagenase in synovial fluid.", "content": "Free collagenase activity was demonstrated in all 13 normal, 5 osteoarthrotic and 54 rheumatoid synovial fluids studied. Osteoarthrotic, normal, and rheumatoid fluids showed a free collagenase content increasing in that order. However, the total activities after trypsin activation did not differ significantly. The concentrations of alpha1-at and alpha2-M in synovial fluids reflected those in sera. The complex interactions between serum inhibitors, and free or latent collagenase released from both synovial cells and leukocytes are discussed.", "contents": "Collagenase in synovial fluid. Free collagenase activity was demonstrated in all 13 normal, 5 osteoarthrotic and 54 rheumatoid synovial fluids studied. Osteoarthrotic, normal, and rheumatoid fluids showed a free collagenase content increasing in that order. However, the total activities after trypsin activation did not differ significantly. The concentrations of alpha1-at and alpha2-M in synovial fluids reflected those in sera. The complex interactions between serum inhibitors, and free or latent collagenase released from both synovial cells and leukocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 79218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7302", "title": "Thyroid hormones homeostasis and TSH in autonomic thyroid nodule.", "content": "Thirty patients with autonomic thyroid nodules were studied. Thyroid scintigram, iodine uptake at 2 and 24 hrs, PBI, total thyroxine, serum T3(RIA), basal TSH and 30 minutes after TRH administration were performed. A lack of concordance was found between the clinical signs and the laboratory data. According to the data obtained the patients were grouped into 3 categories: having 1) autonomic thyroid nodules with normal PBI, T4t, T3 values and absent or diminished TSH response to TRH; 2) autonomic thyroid nodules with increased T3 secretion and no response to TRH despite a normal T4 and iodine uptake, 3) hyperfunctional autonomic nodules in which PBI, T4t, T3 and iodine uptake are increased. TSH response to TRH is the most sensitive test for hyperthyroidism, more sensitive than the circulating thyroid hormones assay, and best fitted for adequate therapeutic management. Serum triiodothyronine was found to be increased in 95% of the patients. Thus, there is a T3 thyreotoxicosis in most of the autonomic nodules. TRH test and serum T3 assay being essential elements in starting the treatment, they have to be included among the tests used in autonomic thyroid nodules investigation.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones homeostasis and TSH in autonomic thyroid nodule. Thirty patients with autonomic thyroid nodules were studied. Thyroid scintigram, iodine uptake at 2 and 24 hrs, PBI, total thyroxine, serum T3(RIA), basal TSH and 30 minutes after TRH administration were performed. A lack of concordance was found between the clinical signs and the laboratory data. According to the data obtained the patients were grouped into 3 categories: having 1) autonomic thyroid nodules with normal PBI, T4t, T3 values and absent or diminished TSH response to TRH; 2) autonomic thyroid nodules with increased T3 secretion and no response to TRH despite a normal T4 and iodine uptake, 3) hyperfunctional autonomic nodules in which PBI, T4t, T3 and iodine uptake are increased. TSH response to TRH is the most sensitive test for hyperthyroidism, more sensitive than the circulating thyroid hormones assay, and best fitted for adequate therapeutic management. Serum triiodothyronine was found to be increased in 95% of the patients. Thus, there is a T3 thyreotoxicosis in most of the autonomic nodules. TRH test and serum T3 assay being essential elements in starting the treatment, they have to be included among the tests used in autonomic thyroid nodules investigation.", "PMID": 79214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7303", "title": "Iodide-trapping defect of the thyroid. A case report.", "content": "We describe a grossly hypothyroid 50-year-old woman, mentally retarded since birth. On the basis of her history of recurrent goitre, absence of 131I neck uptake and a low saliva/plasma 131I ratio, congenital hypothyroidism due to a defect of the iodide-trapping mechanism was diagnosed. Other family members studied did not have the defect.", "contents": "Iodide-trapping defect of the thyroid. A case report. We describe a grossly hypothyroid 50-year-old woman, mentally retarded since birth. On the basis of her history of recurrent goitre, absence of 131I neck uptake and a low saliva/plasma 131I ratio, congenital hypothyroidism due to a defect of the iodide-trapping mechanism was diagnosed. Other family members studied did not have the defect.", "PMID": 79224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7304", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein in liver disease.", "content": "Ther serum concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured by radio-immunoassay in 98 patients with liver disease including hepatoma, chronic active hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and acute virus B hepatitis. Raised AFP levels, above 30 ng/ml, were found in 87% of patients with acute viral hepatitis, in 82% of patients with primary liver cell carcinoma, in 58% with chronic active hepatitis and in 14% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, levels above 1 000 ng/ml were found only in patients with hepatoma and in acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein in liver disease. Ther serum concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured by radio-immunoassay in 98 patients with liver disease including hepatoma, chronic active hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and acute virus B hepatitis. Raised AFP levels, above 30 ng/ml, were found in 87% of patients with acute viral hepatitis, in 82% of patients with primary liver cell carcinoma, in 58% with chronic active hepatitis and in 14% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. However, levels above 1 000 ng/ml were found only in patients with hepatoma and in acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 79225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7305", "title": "Liver tumours associated with the use of contraceptive pills.", "content": "The possible association between benign liver tumours and the use of oral contraceptives is reviewed. The possible aetiological role of the pill, the confusion regarding the pathology of these lesions, and the presentation and diagnosis of the 4 clinical categories are discussed. These categories are: an incidental, asymptomatic lesion; a mass in the abdomen; upper abdominal pain; and shock due to rupture, with intraperitoneal haemorrhage. The importance of an awareness of the condition and the use of liver scanning, ultrasound and hepatic angiography in making a diagnosis, are emphasized. Biopsy is essential to establish the diagnosis and to differentiate benign from malignant tumours. A policy of treatment for the patients with different clinical presentations is detailed.", "contents": "Liver tumours associated with the use of contraceptive pills. The possible association between benign liver tumours and the use of oral contraceptives is reviewed. The possible aetiological role of the pill, the confusion regarding the pathology of these lesions, and the presentation and diagnosis of the 4 clinical categories are discussed. These categories are: an incidental, asymptomatic lesion; a mass in the abdomen; upper abdominal pain; and shock due to rupture, with intraperitoneal haemorrhage. The importance of an awareness of the condition and the use of liver scanning, ultrasound and hepatic angiography in making a diagnosis, are emphasized. Biopsy is essential to establish the diagnosis and to differentiate benign from malignant tumours. A policy of treatment for the patients with different clinical presentations is detailed.", "PMID": 79226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7306", "title": "beta-thromboglobulin and deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The measurement of plasma beta-thromboglobulin as a potential diagnostic test for venous thrombosis has been investigated in 16 normal volunteers, 24 patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism and 46 patients screened by 125I fibrinogen test (IFT) for post-operative DVT. The normal mean was 33 ng/ml (range 15-117 ng/ml). Of the 24 patients with clinical thrombotic disease 22 presented with DVT confirmed by phlebogram or IFT and 2 presented with embolism confirmed by lung scan. At the time of first presentation 12 out of 24 had betaTG values greater than 70 ng/ml. All except 3 of this group of 24 patients had values of greater than 70 ng/ml at some stage during a subsequent week of daily sampling. DVT was detected in 13 out of 46 screened post-operative patients. There was a rise om betaTG observed within 24 hr of the IFT becoming positive but the mean rise did not reach significance at the 5% level. An association between DVT and high betaTG values has been confirmed. However, its clinical value cannot yet be fully elucidated until factors, probably related to blood sampling and clearance, are further investigated.", "contents": "beta-thromboglobulin and deep vein thrombosis. The measurement of plasma beta-thromboglobulin as a potential diagnostic test for venous thrombosis has been investigated in 16 normal volunteers, 24 patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism and 46 patients screened by 125I fibrinogen test (IFT) for post-operative DVT. The normal mean was 33 ng/ml (range 15-117 ng/ml). Of the 24 patients with clinical thrombotic disease 22 presented with DVT confirmed by phlebogram or IFT and 2 presented with embolism confirmed by lung scan. At the time of first presentation 12 out of 24 had betaTG values greater than 70 ng/ml. All except 3 of this group of 24 patients had values of greater than 70 ng/ml at some stage during a subsequent week of daily sampling. DVT was detected in 13 out of 46 screened post-operative patients. There was a rise om betaTG observed within 24 hr of the IFT becoming positive but the mean rise did not reach significance at the 5% level. An association between DVT and high betaTG values has been confirmed. However, its clinical value cannot yet be fully elucidated until factors, probably related to blood sampling and clearance, are further investigated.", "PMID": 79229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7307", "title": "The measurement of human plasma antiplasmin activity by radial diffusion assay.", "content": "An assay of human antiplasmins has been developed utilizing radial diffusion of plasma from wells cut in plasmin-enriched, fibrinogen-agarose plates. After diffusion the fibrinogen is clotted. Zones of fibrin protected from background fibrinolysis develop as the result of plasma antiplasmin activity. A pooled plasma standard was taken to contain 100% antiplasmin activity. Antiplasmin activity of 52 normal subjects varied from 64 to 132%. Washed platelets contained 1-5% antiplasmin activity. Using antisera to precipitate individual inhibitors, physical methods of separation, and electrophoresis of plasma in agarose, several different proteins were found to have antiplasmin activity in this assay. Thus, alpha2-macroglobulin contributed 56%, alpha1-antitrypsin 20%, antithrombin III 2%, and other proteins 22% of the total antiplasmin activity. 1 ml of whole plasma neutralized 7.0 CTA units of plasmin.", "contents": "The measurement of human plasma antiplasmin activity by radial diffusion assay. An assay of human antiplasmins has been developed utilizing radial diffusion of plasma from wells cut in plasmin-enriched, fibrinogen-agarose plates. After diffusion the fibrinogen is clotted. Zones of fibrin protected from background fibrinolysis develop as the result of plasma antiplasmin activity. A pooled plasma standard was taken to contain 100% antiplasmin activity. Antiplasmin activity of 52 normal subjects varied from 64 to 132%. Washed platelets contained 1-5% antiplasmin activity. Using antisera to precipitate individual inhibitors, physical methods of separation, and electrophoresis of plasma in agarose, several different proteins were found to have antiplasmin activity in this assay. Thus, alpha2-macroglobulin contributed 56%, alpha1-antitrypsin 20%, antithrombin III 2%, and other proteins 22% of the total antiplasmin activity. 1 ml of whole plasma neutralized 7.0 CTA units of plasmin.", "PMID": 79230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7308", "title": "Nucleoprotein localization by bismuth staining.", "content": "Experiments on isolated mouse liver muclei involving enzyme digestion, the crosslinking of amino groups and alkaline hydrolysis demonstrate that bismuth binds to nucleoproteins through amino and phosphate groups. Analysis of the nucleoproteins extracted with salt and acid solutions in conjunction with bismuth staining after these treatments suggests that: (1) a bismuth amino group interaction occurs on ribonucleo-protein particles, histones and perhaps some non-histone chromosomal proteins, and (2) bismuth phosphate binding is specific for one, or all, of three distinct species of non-histone proteins. These results suggest that histones not tightly bound to DNA through their amino groups are present on interchromatin granules, the presumed transcriptionally active regions of chromatin. Phosphorylated non-histone proteins are also localized at these sites. Staining with heavy metals such as bismuth may be the best method for high resolution localization of nucleoproteins involved with regulating gene activity and maintaining chromatin structure.", "contents": "Nucleoprotein localization by bismuth staining. Experiments on isolated mouse liver muclei involving enzyme digestion, the crosslinking of amino groups and alkaline hydrolysis demonstrate that bismuth binds to nucleoproteins through amino and phosphate groups. Analysis of the nucleoproteins extracted with salt and acid solutions in conjunction with bismuth staining after these treatments suggests that: (1) a bismuth amino group interaction occurs on ribonucleo-protein particles, histones and perhaps some non-histone chromosomal proteins, and (2) bismuth phosphate binding is specific for one, or all, of three distinct species of non-histone proteins. These results suggest that histones not tightly bound to DNA through their amino groups are present on interchromatin granules, the presumed transcriptionally active regions of chromatin. Phosphorylated non-histone proteins are also localized at these sites. Staining with heavy metals such as bismuth may be the best method for high resolution localization of nucleoproteins involved with regulating gene activity and maintaining chromatin structure.", "PMID": 79236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7309", "title": "Indirect cholangiojejunostomy using a Latex T tube for palliation of malignant jaundice.", "content": "Indirect cholangiojejunostomy was carried out using a Latex T tube for palliation of non-curative malignant jaundice and its technique is described. The surgical procedures reported here can separate cholangiojejunostomy which otherwise involves some difficulty into three simple steps: 1) insertion of a Latex T tube into the common bile duct or hepatic duct, 2) Witzel type internal fistulization, and 3) Roux-en-Y jejunostomy. The reported technique can be one of the useful arms for control of obstructive jaundice due to malignancy of the biliary-pancreatic region and may have a special appeal to general practitioners.", "contents": "Indirect cholangiojejunostomy using a Latex T tube for palliation of malignant jaundice. Indirect cholangiojejunostomy was carried out using a Latex T tube for palliation of non-curative malignant jaundice and its technique is described. The surgical procedures reported here can separate cholangiojejunostomy which otherwise involves some difficulty into three simple steps: 1) insertion of a Latex T tube into the common bile duct or hepatic duct, 2) Witzel type internal fistulization, and 3) Roux-en-Y jejunostomy. The reported technique can be one of the useful arms for control of obstructive jaundice due to malignancy of the biliary-pancreatic region and may have a special appeal to general practitioners.", "PMID": 79239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7310", "title": "Effects of lindane upon reproductive function in a 3-generation study in rats.", "content": "A 3-generation study, involving the feeding of lindane at dietary concentrations of 25, 50 or 100 ppm to CD strain rats, did not reveal any adverse effects upon reproductive function as compared with that of control animals. There were no major malformations, while the distribution of minor variants was not compound or dose-related. An examination at 21 days of age of 10 males and 10 females F3B animals in each group revealed a dosage related tendency for increased liver weight and enlarged hepatocytes were seen in some control and treated animals. The relevance of these latter findings was considered of doubtful importance compared with the lack of effects on the growth and reproductive performance of the preceding generations.", "contents": "Effects of lindane upon reproductive function in a 3-generation study in rats. A 3-generation study, involving the feeding of lindane at dietary concentrations of 25, 50 or 100 ppm to CD strain rats, did not reveal any adverse effects upon reproductive function as compared with that of control animals. There were no major malformations, while the distribution of minor variants was not compound or dose-related. An examination at 21 days of age of 10 males and 10 females F3B animals in each group revealed a dosage related tendency for increased liver weight and enlarged hepatocytes were seen in some control and treated animals. The relevance of these latter findings was considered of doubtful importance compared with the lack of effects on the growth and reproductive performance of the preceding generations.", "PMID": 79243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7311", "title": "Histopathological and biochemical changes in guinea pigs after repeated dermal exposure to benzene hexachloride.", "content": "Dermal application of benzene hexachloride in daily doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg for a total period of 30 days caused significant changes in male guinea pigs. The animals exposed to high doses of benzene hexachloride (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) (BHC) (BHC) died within 5--12 days. There was no mortality in 100 mg/kg/day but significant pathologic and biochemical changes were observed in the vital organs of the experimental animals. Massive congestion and thickened blood vessels were seen in liver of the BHC treated animals in comparison to the normal picture of the controls. Similarly, testicular changes included mild to severe pathologic lesions. There was no change in the epididymis, kidney, spleen, brain and lungs. The changes in the skin were mild and no signs of dermatitis were observed in the BHC painted areas. The activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase in liver and serum revealed significant changes from that of the controls. The significance of biochemical changes with the tissue damage of the insecticide exposed animals are discussed.", "contents": "Histopathological and biochemical changes in guinea pigs after repeated dermal exposure to benzene hexachloride. Dermal application of benzene hexachloride in daily doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg for a total period of 30 days caused significant changes in male guinea pigs. The animals exposed to high doses of benzene hexachloride (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) (BHC) (BHC) died within 5--12 days. There was no mortality in 100 mg/kg/day but significant pathologic and biochemical changes were observed in the vital organs of the experimental animals. Massive congestion and thickened blood vessels were seen in liver of the BHC treated animals in comparison to the normal picture of the controls. Similarly, testicular changes included mild to severe pathologic lesions. There was no change in the epididymis, kidney, spleen, brain and lungs. The changes in the skin were mild and no signs of dermatitis were observed in the BHC painted areas. The activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase in liver and serum revealed significant changes from that of the controls. The significance of biochemical changes with the tissue damage of the insecticide exposed animals are discussed.", "PMID": 79244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7312", "title": "Is the presence of serologically defined target cell antigens sufficient for binding of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?", "content": "Target cell parameters that coincide with specific binding (conjugation) of target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes were examined. It was demonstrated that concentrations of formaldehyde (0 to 1.2%) which do not affect the capacity of target cells to exclude dyes and incorporate sodium chromate, or their susceptibility to cellular and humoral immune lysis did not affect target cell conjugation. Treatments with higher formaldehyde concentrations (1.6 to 3.2%) caused similar decreases in all of the above-mentioned target cell parameters. Formaldehyde-treated (over 0.1%) targets that could not cap alloantigens or incorporate macromolecular precursors could still conjugate with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Quantitative changes of serologically detected antigens alone cannot account for the decrease in binding of formaldehyde (greater than 1.2%)-treated target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, since absorption of lytic alloantibodies by formaldehyde-fixed targets was not affected over the fixative range used (0 to 3.2%). From this study, it appears that certain target cell properties related to membrane structure and function and not the apparent expression of serologically defined antigens alone are essential for binding of targets by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, it was shown that target cell susceptibility to immune lysis is retained, as long as their ability to bind to cytotoxic T lymphocytes is not affected.", "contents": "Is the presence of serologically defined target cell antigens sufficient for binding of cytotoxic T lymphocytes? Target cell parameters that coincide with specific binding (conjugation) of target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes were examined. It was demonstrated that concentrations of formaldehyde (0 to 1.2%) which do not affect the capacity of target cells to exclude dyes and incorporate sodium chromate, or their susceptibility to cellular and humoral immune lysis did not affect target cell conjugation. Treatments with higher formaldehyde concentrations (1.6 to 3.2%) caused similar decreases in all of the above-mentioned target cell parameters. Formaldehyde-treated (over 0.1%) targets that could not cap alloantigens or incorporate macromolecular precursors could still conjugate with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Quantitative changes of serologically detected antigens alone cannot account for the decrease in binding of formaldehyde (greater than 1.2%)-treated target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, since absorption of lytic alloantibodies by formaldehyde-fixed targets was not affected over the fixative range used (0 to 3.2%). From this study, it appears that certain target cell properties related to membrane structure and function and not the apparent expression of serologically defined antigens alone are essential for binding of targets by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, it was shown that target cell susceptibility to immune lysis is retained, as long as their ability to bind to cytotoxic T lymphocytes is not affected.", "PMID": 79249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7313", "title": "Xenoantibody directed against molecular components of the HLA system. Quantitation of antibody to serologically defined HLA complexes on the cell surface.", "content": "A quantitative absorption-blocking assay was used to measure the levels of antibody in immune rabbit sera that react with the serologically defined HLA molecular complex on the cell surface. Quantitation was determined by comparing the number of xenoantibody-treated cells with the number of untreated control cells needed to absorb a defined amount of cytolytic alloantibody. Complement-dependent cytolytic titers were used to standardize the total antibody content reactive with cell surface antigens of xenoantisera used to treat absorbing cells. The ability of xenoantibody to \"block\" or inhibit the reaction of alloantibody with the absorbing cell was observed to be the result of concomitant removal of both xeno- and alloantigenic determinants from the cell surface. Immunofluorescence data with xenoantibody suggested that removal was accomplished by temperature-dependent selective redistribution and endocytosis of the serologically defined HLA molecule complex. By using these procedures, xenoantisera have been characterized that contain different amounts of antibody to the two-component HLA complex relative to their total cytolytic antibody content. Variation ranges from a xenoantiserum with little or no blocking capacity to several highly effective serologically defined HLA blocking xenoantisera.", "contents": "Xenoantibody directed against molecular components of the HLA system. Quantitation of antibody to serologically defined HLA complexes on the cell surface. A quantitative absorption-blocking assay was used to measure the levels of antibody in immune rabbit sera that react with the serologically defined HLA molecular complex on the cell surface. Quantitation was determined by comparing the number of xenoantibody-treated cells with the number of untreated control cells needed to absorb a defined amount of cytolytic alloantibody. Complement-dependent cytolytic titers were used to standardize the total antibody content reactive with cell surface antigens of xenoantisera used to treat absorbing cells. The ability of xenoantibody to \"block\" or inhibit the reaction of alloantibody with the absorbing cell was observed to be the result of concomitant removal of both xeno- and alloantigenic determinants from the cell surface. Immunofluorescence data with xenoantibody suggested that removal was accomplished by temperature-dependent selective redistribution and endocytosis of the serologically defined HLA molecule complex. By using these procedures, xenoantisera have been characterized that contain different amounts of antibody to the two-component HLA complex relative to their total cytolytic antibody content. Variation ranges from a xenoantiserum with little or no blocking capacity to several highly effective serologically defined HLA blocking xenoantisera.", "PMID": 79250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7314", "title": "Immunobiology of the graft-versus-host reaction. I. Symptoms of graft-versus-host disease in mice are preceded by delayed-type hypersensitivity to host histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "During initiation of an acute graft-versus-host reaction by injection of C57BL/Rij spleen cells into lethally irradiated (C57BL/Rij X CBA/Rij)F1 hybrid mice, a state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against host histocompatibility (H) antigens occurs. This was demonstrated by means of transfer of host spleen and lymph node cells into C57BL/Rij recipients, which received a challenge with CBA/Rij spleen cells. Initiation and transfer of the graft-versus-host-related DTH reactivity was highly dependent on Thy-1.2+ cells. The development of DTH reactivity started between 8 and 24 hr after semiallogeneic spleen cell transplantation and increased during the days thereafter. In the spleen maximal DTH reactivity was found on day 4, whereas in the lymph nodes maximal reactivity occurred on day 5 after irradiation and reconstitution. Thereafter, the reactivity decreased until there was no further DTH reactivity demonstrable on day 13. The specificity of the DTH reactivity for host H antigens was proved by no reactivity to a challenge of DBA/2 and Swiss spleen cells, which are H-2-incompatible with CBA cells.", "contents": "Immunobiology of the graft-versus-host reaction. I. Symptoms of graft-versus-host disease in mice are preceded by delayed-type hypersensitivity to host histocompatibility antigens. During initiation of an acute graft-versus-host reaction by injection of C57BL/Rij spleen cells into lethally irradiated (C57BL/Rij X CBA/Rij)F1 hybrid mice, a state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against host histocompatibility (H) antigens occurs. This was demonstrated by means of transfer of host spleen and lymph node cells into C57BL/Rij recipients, which received a challenge with CBA/Rij spleen cells. Initiation and transfer of the graft-versus-host-related DTH reactivity was highly dependent on Thy-1.2+ cells. The development of DTH reactivity started between 8 and 24 hr after semiallogeneic spleen cell transplantation and increased during the days thereafter. In the spleen maximal DTH reactivity was found on day 4, whereas in the lymph nodes maximal reactivity occurred on day 5 after irradiation and reconstitution. Thereafter, the reactivity decreased until there was no further DTH reactivity demonstrable on day 13. The specificity of the DTH reactivity for host H antigens was proved by no reactivity to a challenge of DBA/2 and Swiss spleen cells, which are H-2-incompatible with CBA cells.", "PMID": 79251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7315", "title": "Serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in South African Negro adults free from coronary heart disease.", "content": "In Western populations serum alpha 2 globulin concentration has been reported to be significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) compared with those unaffected. In South Africa, since CHD is extremely rare in Negroes in rural areas, it was judged of value to determine serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in I. groups of rural elderly Negroes (men and women), and, for comparison, II. two groups of middle-aged to elderly White men, one free from overt CHD, and the other, patients with CHD. Mean values on the Negroes were significantly higher than those on both the White groups. In the latter, the group with CHD had a significantly higher mean value than the non-CHD group. Possible reasons for high values in the Negro groups are an ethnic difference, early malnutrition, greater exposure to infections, and pattern of habitual diet. It is concluded that interpretation of a raised serum alpha 2 globulin concentration in relation to proneness to CHD is influenced by the population concerned.", "contents": "Serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in South African Negro adults free from coronary heart disease. In Western populations serum alpha 2 globulin concentration has been reported to be significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) compared with those unaffected. In South Africa, since CHD is extremely rare in Negroes in rural areas, it was judged of value to determine serum alpha 2 globulin concentrations in I. groups of rural elderly Negroes (men and women), and, for comparison, II. two groups of middle-aged to elderly White men, one free from overt CHD, and the other, patients with CHD. Mean values on the Negroes were significantly higher than those on both the White groups. In the latter, the group with CHD had a significantly higher mean value than the non-CHD group. Possible reasons for high values in the Negro groups are an ethnic difference, early malnutrition, greater exposure to infections, and pattern of habitual diet. It is concluded that interpretation of a raised serum alpha 2 globulin concentration in relation to proneness to CHD is influenced by the population concerned.", "PMID": 79261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7316", "title": "Simultaneous determination of human sperm morphology and viability: simple office technique.", "content": "Determinations of sperm morphology and viability are useful techniques for assessment of semen quality. In this report eosin-nigrosin is compared with hematoxylin-eosin for effectiveness in characterizing spermatozoa. The results indicate that eosin-nigrosin and hematoxylineosin give comparable results in differentiating spermatozoa. In addition, eosin-nigrosin allows the determination of the per cent of viable cells in each morphologic category. The eosin-nigrosin staining technique is a simple, rapid method which may give additional information in the assessment of male infertility.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of human sperm morphology and viability: simple office technique. Determinations of sperm morphology and viability are useful techniques for assessment of semen quality. In this report eosin-nigrosin is compared with hematoxylin-eosin for effectiveness in characterizing spermatozoa. The results indicate that eosin-nigrosin and hematoxylineosin give comparable results in differentiating spermatozoa. In addition, eosin-nigrosin allows the determination of the per cent of viable cells in each morphologic category. The eosin-nigrosin staining technique is a simple, rapid method which may give additional information in the assessment of male infertility.", "PMID": 79262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7317", "title": "Red cell ABH antigens in leukaemias and lymphomas.", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative determinations of A, B, and H antigens were studied in blood samples of 509 normal subjects and 114 patients. 11 of 53 (20.75%), 3 of 27 (11.11%), and 4 of 34 (11.76%) of adults with leukaemia, children with leukaemia and adults with lymphomas, respectively, show significantly lower antigenic scores than normal controls. Since all A, B and H antigens were found to be independently affected, the destruction of well-developed ABH antigens by a certain substance produced during the course of the disease was suspected.", "contents": "Red cell ABH antigens in leukaemias and lymphomas. The qualitative and quantitative determinations of A, B, and H antigens were studied in blood samples of 509 normal subjects and 114 patients. 11 of 53 (20.75%), 3 of 27 (11.11%), and 4 of 34 (11.76%) of adults with leukaemia, children with leukaemia and adults with lymphomas, respectively, show significantly lower antigenic scores than normal controls. Since all A, B and H antigens were found to be independently affected, the destruction of well-developed ABH antigens by a certain substance produced during the course of the disease was suspected.", "PMID": 79267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7318", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmia during pneumatic dilatation of achalasia of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "ECG was recorded in 38 patients with achalasia of the esophagus before, during and after pneumatic dilatation. During the dilatation both marked increases as well as decreases of heart frequency were observed. The mean values of all patients remained virtually unchanged. The most frequent type of arrhythmia were ventricular extrasystolies (16 patients), whereas supraventricular extrasystolies (4 patients), second degree-av-block (2 patients) and av-dissociation (1 patient) occured infrequently. In none of our patients arrhythmia was critical, even in a patient with preexisting cardiac insufficiency. Thus, patients with achalasia of the esophagus are not endangered to a major degree by cardiac arrhythmia during pneumatic dilatation.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmia during pneumatic dilatation of achalasia of the esophagus (author's transl)]. ECG was recorded in 38 patients with achalasia of the esophagus before, during and after pneumatic dilatation. During the dilatation both marked increases as well as decreases of heart frequency were observed. The mean values of all patients remained virtually unchanged. The most frequent type of arrhythmia were ventricular extrasystolies (16 patients), whereas supraventricular extrasystolies (4 patients), second degree-av-block (2 patients) and av-dissociation (1 patient) occured infrequently. In none of our patients arrhythmia was critical, even in a patient with preexisting cardiac insufficiency. Thus, patients with achalasia of the esophagus are not endangered to a major degree by cardiac arrhythmia during pneumatic dilatation.", "PMID": 79269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7319", "title": "Investigations on the efficacy of two schemes of standard gammaglobulin administration in the prevention of viral hepatitis.", "content": "Prophylactic administration of standard gammaglobulin (G) to over 5,000 children led to a more than 6-fold decrease in the incidence of icteric viral hepatitis (V.H.) as compared with the control group and to the disappearance of the autumn--winter epidemic peak. A 3-fold decrease in the incidence of subclinical forms was also achieved. In another group of 5,000 children G was only given to contacts in epidemic foci; the incidence of icteric V. H. was similar to that recorded in controls, while subclinical forms were 2 times more frequent in children having received G after the infectant contact.", "contents": "Investigations on the efficacy of two schemes of standard gammaglobulin administration in the prevention of viral hepatitis. Prophylactic administration of standard gammaglobulin (G) to over 5,000 children led to a more than 6-fold decrease in the incidence of icteric viral hepatitis (V.H.) as compared with the control group and to the disappearance of the autumn--winter epidemic peak. A 3-fold decrease in the incidence of subclinical forms was also achieved. In another group of 5,000 children G was only given to contacts in epidemic foci; the incidence of icteric V. H. was similar to that recorded in controls, while subclinical forms were 2 times more frequent in children having received G after the infectant contact.", "PMID": 79265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7320", "title": "[Lantern slides (author's transl)].", "content": "Bad projection of lantern slides impairs every paper. Causes are incorrect conception of the slide, insufficient projection. The conditions of optimal projection are discussed in detail (projector, screen, room-image factor, optics, lay out of slides).", "contents": "[Lantern slides (author's transl)]. Bad projection of lantern slides impairs every paper. Causes are incorrect conception of the slide, insufficient projection. The conditions of optimal projection are discussed in detail (projector, screen, room-image factor, optics, lay out of slides).", "PMID": 79277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7321", "title": "[Effect of oral contraceptives on the psyche and on sexuality].", "content": "The problem of whether or not oral contraceptives affect the psychic function of the female is still controversal. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the occurrence of psychic and sexual effects in women taking either Ovosiston (mestranol 0,08 mg + chlormadinone acetate 2, 0 mg) or Non-Ovlon (ethinylestradiol 0,05 mg + norethisterone acetate 1,0 mg). 186 somatically healthy women were subject to two interviews, immediately before the start of therapy and six months after it. Most of the patients recorded distinctly alterations of their mood, their initiative, their elemental desires such as appetite, sleep, need of warmth, and their sexual behaviour. 73 of them noted a change in their emotional pattern, which was positive in 34 and negative in 39 cases. 99 women reported changes in their elemental desires. 136 patients exhibited alterations of their sexual behaviour, which were assessed as an improvement or impairment in 108 and 28 cases, respectively. There is a statistically significant correlation between the impairment of sexual function and the incidence of other untoward side effects. On the other hand, negative suggestion by poor experience of other women on by the influence of mass media seems to play a minor role in producing changes of sexual behaviour. There is, however, a clearcut relationship between negative suggestion and the incidence of unfavourable emotional alterations. The findings are discussed with reference to their clinical significance.", "contents": "[Effect of oral contraceptives on the psyche and on sexuality]. The problem of whether or not oral contraceptives affect the psychic function of the female is still controversal. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the occurrence of psychic and sexual effects in women taking either Ovosiston (mestranol 0,08 mg + chlormadinone acetate 2, 0 mg) or Non-Ovlon (ethinylestradiol 0,05 mg + norethisterone acetate 1,0 mg). 186 somatically healthy women were subject to two interviews, immediately before the start of therapy and six months after it. Most of the patients recorded distinctly alterations of their mood, their initiative, their elemental desires such as appetite, sleep, need of warmth, and their sexual behaviour. 73 of them noted a change in their emotional pattern, which was positive in 34 and negative in 39 cases. 99 women reported changes in their elemental desires. 136 patients exhibited alterations of their sexual behaviour, which were assessed as an improvement or impairment in 108 and 28 cases, respectively. There is a statistically significant correlation between the impairment of sexual function and the incidence of other untoward side effects. On the other hand, negative suggestion by poor experience of other women on by the influence of mass media seems to play a minor role in producing changes of sexual behaviour. There is, however, a clearcut relationship between negative suggestion and the incidence of unfavourable emotional alterations. The findings are discussed with reference to their clinical significance.", "PMID": 79278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7322", "title": "[Detection of antigen of rickettsia of the tick group in bird droppings by antibody neutralization test].", "content": "The author presents methodical materials pointing to a possibility of using a micromethod of the antibody neutralization test for detection in bird pellets of the antigen of rickettsia referred to the Rocky Mountains spotted fever tick group. Specificity of the test, rickettsia antigen and sera was studied. The method is recommended for detection at the territory under study of circulation of the causative agent of tick-borne rickettsiosis by revealing the specific antigen in bird pellets.", "contents": "[Detection of antigen of rickettsia of the tick group in bird droppings by antibody neutralization test]. The author presents methodical materials pointing to a possibility of using a micromethod of the antibody neutralization test for detection in bird pellets of the antigen of rickettsia referred to the Rocky Mountains spotted fever tick group. Specificity of the test, rickettsia antigen and sera was studied. The method is recommended for detection at the territory under study of circulation of the causative agent of tick-borne rickettsiosis by revealing the specific antigen in bird pellets.", "PMID": 79279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7323", "title": "[Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic structure of Sh. sonnei].", "content": "The authors studied the antigenic composition of 105 Sh. sonnei strains freshly isolated from patients suffering from acute dysentery and carriers. Immunophoregrams of pure S-and R-forms species were obtained. Up to 13 antigens differing by electrophoretic and diffusion mobility and immunological specificity were revealed among soluble Sh. sonnei antigens The position of common and specific antigens was determined on the immunophoregram. Along with the thermostable somatic O-antigen detected at the I phase of the S-forms, and two thermolabile O-antigen components at the II phase, and the R-forms, there was revealed a surface, relatively thermolabile, K-antigen of A-type capable of agglutinating live bacteria in the O-antiserum; position of the latter on the immunophoregram was also determined.", "contents": "[Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antigenic structure of Sh. sonnei]. The authors studied the antigenic composition of 105 Sh. sonnei strains freshly isolated from patients suffering from acute dysentery and carriers. Immunophoregrams of pure S-and R-forms species were obtained. Up to 13 antigens differing by electrophoretic and diffusion mobility and immunological specificity were revealed among soluble Sh. sonnei antigens The position of common and specific antigens was determined on the immunophoregram. Along with the thermostable somatic O-antigen detected at the I phase of the S-forms, and two thermolabile O-antigen components at the II phase, and the R-forms, there was revealed a surface, relatively thermolabile, K-antigen of A-type capable of agglutinating live bacteria in the O-antiserum; position of the latter on the immunophoregram was also determined.", "PMID": 79280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7324", "title": "[Experience in studying protein A in staphylococcal cultures].", "content": "Methods of quantitative and qualitative determination of protein A in staphylococcus cultures were studied comparatively. The maximal number of strains positive by protein A were revealed by means of indirect hemagglutination test with cell extracts. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics by protein A can be used in studying the problems of strain and clone heterogeneity of S. aureus. A common antigen was revealed in the reactions with human gamma-globulin in 21 of 38 S. aureus strains, and in 1 of 11 S. epidermidis strains; the presence of this antigen failed to correlate with the quantitative protein A content in the same strains.", "contents": "[Experience in studying protein A in staphylococcal cultures]. Methods of quantitative and qualitative determination of protein A in staphylococcus cultures were studied comparatively. The maximal number of strains positive by protein A were revealed by means of indirect hemagglutination test with cell extracts. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics by protein A can be used in studying the problems of strain and clone heterogeneity of S. aureus. A common antigen was revealed in the reactions with human gamma-globulin in 21 of 38 S. aureus strains, and in 1 of 11 S. epidermidis strains; the presence of this antigen failed to correlate with the quantitative protein A content in the same strains.", "PMID": 79281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7325", "title": "Histochemical observations on the giant neurosecretory cells of the thoracic ganglion of the adult and juvenile crabs, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman).", "content": "The giant neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglion of the adult and juvenile crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman) were histochemically investigated. The secretion is mainly proteinaceous in nature, containing considerable amounts of acid mucosubstances, sulphate esters, lipids and a little carbohydrate but no glycogen. The detailed nature of proteinaceous neurosecretory material in the adult crab was further tested. It appears that the neurosecretory material of these cells contains moderate amounts of sulfhydryl groups and few of disulphide bonds. No trace of tyrosine could be observed. The neurosecretory granules were associated with considerable amounts of cytoplasmic RNA. In general, stronger reactions were obtained in summer and winter than in other seasons.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on the giant neurosecretory cells of the thoracic ganglion of the adult and juvenile crabs, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). The giant neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglion of the adult and juvenile crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman) were histochemically investigated. The secretion is mainly proteinaceous in nature, containing considerable amounts of acid mucosubstances, sulphate esters, lipids and a little carbohydrate but no glycogen. The detailed nature of proteinaceous neurosecretory material in the adult crab was further tested. It appears that the neurosecretory material of these cells contains moderate amounts of sulfhydryl groups and few of disulphide bonds. No trace of tyrosine could be observed. The neurosecretory granules were associated with considerable amounts of cytoplasmic RNA. In general, stronger reactions were obtained in summer and winter than in other seasons.", "PMID": 79282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7326", "title": "Effects of verapamil in ventricular premature beats of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 8 patients affected with acute myocardial infarction verapamil was highly effective in controlling ventricular extrasystoles. Theoretically the drug ought not to be effective if the extrasystoles were related to fast cardiac fibers characterized by a rapid inward Na+ current. The result suggests that in acute myocardial ischemia ventricular extrasystoles are related to slow inward Ca++ currents.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil in ventricular premature beats of acute myocardial infarction. In 8 patients affected with acute myocardial infarction verapamil was highly effective in controlling ventricular extrasystoles. Theoretically the drug ought not to be effective if the extrasystoles were related to fast cardiac fibers characterized by a rapid inward Na+ current. The result suggests that in acute myocardial ischemia ventricular extrasystoles are related to slow inward Ca++ currents.", "PMID": 79283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7327", "title": "Pancreatic duct glands. I. Staining reactions of acid glycoprotein secret.", "content": "The staining properties of secretory granules present in pancreatic duct glands and in secretory cells of pancreatic duct epithelia are studied in cat, dog, and man. The secretory material contains histochemically detectable disulfide groups and tryptophan. The mucosubstance is characterized as GC-mucin B (2.5) A (0.8 MgCl2), in part N (i.e. a sialoglycoprotein with vic-glycols, sialic acid carboxyls, being basophil at pH = 2.5, alcianophil in the presence of 0.8 M MgCl2, and in part sensitive to digestion with alpha-neuraminidase).", "contents": "Pancreatic duct glands. I. Staining reactions of acid glycoprotein secret. The staining properties of secretory granules present in pancreatic duct glands and in secretory cells of pancreatic duct epithelia are studied in cat, dog, and man. The secretory material contains histochemically detectable disulfide groups and tryptophan. The mucosubstance is characterized as GC-mucin B (2.5) A (0.8 MgCl2), in part N (i.e. a sialoglycoprotein with vic-glycols, sialic acid carboxyls, being basophil at pH = 2.5, alcianophil in the presence of 0.8 M MgCl2, and in part sensitive to digestion with alpha-neuraminidase).", "PMID": 79293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7328", "title": "Toluidine blue staining of cartilage proteoglycan subunits.", "content": "Selective binding of toluidine blue to basophilic proteoglycans is the first stage of a staining method which proceeds to the formation of a heavy metal salt of the dyestuff. By means of this procedure matrix complexes of hyalin cartilage were stained such as to display granular subunits about 25 to 35 A in diameter. The findings are interpreted as the demonstration of proteoglycan constituents of chondromucin aggregates.", "contents": "Toluidine blue staining of cartilage proteoglycan subunits. Selective binding of toluidine blue to basophilic proteoglycans is the first stage of a staining method which proceeds to the formation of a heavy metal salt of the dyestuff. By means of this procedure matrix complexes of hyalin cartilage were stained such as to display granular subunits about 25 to 35 A in diameter. The findings are interpreted as the demonstration of proteoglycan constituents of chondromucin aggregates.", "PMID": 79294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7329", "title": "Multiple sclerosis specific antigens in MS brains.", "content": "Antigens in MS and non-MS brains were investigated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Two MS specific antigens were found: a measles antigen which was present in microsomes and cytosole, and an unidentified antigen present only in cytosole.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis specific antigens in MS brains. Antigens in MS and non-MS brains were investigated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Two MS specific antigens were found: a measles antigen which was present in microsomes and cytosole, and an unidentified antigen present only in cytosole.", "PMID": 79296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7330", "title": "Luxol-fast-blue-staining of nerve cell nucleoli as indicator for acidotic lesion in cases of intracranial hypertension?", "content": "The allochromatic behaviour of nerve cell nucleoli in the Luxol-fast-blue-method (blue nucleoli) in cases of raised brain pressure is probably due to a lactacidotic pH-shift basing on cerebral hypoxia. In 109 out of 134 cases with blue nucleoli signs of cerebral hypertension could be observed. The IEP of nerve cell nucleoli was determined in the nuclei pontis. Clinical and pathophysiological data were evaluated.", "contents": "Luxol-fast-blue-staining of nerve cell nucleoli as indicator for acidotic lesion in cases of intracranial hypertension? The allochromatic behaviour of nerve cell nucleoli in the Luxol-fast-blue-method (blue nucleoli) in cases of raised brain pressure is probably due to a lactacidotic pH-shift basing on cerebral hypoxia. In 109 out of 134 cases with blue nucleoli signs of cerebral hypertension could be observed. The IEP of nerve cell nucleoli was determined in the nuclei pontis. Clinical and pathophysiological data were evaluated.", "PMID": 79297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7331", "title": "Inhibitory effects of imidazolines on histamine liberation from human leukocytes and on tracheal smooth muscle tone.", "content": "Antigen-induced IgE-mediated release of histamine from human leukocytes, an in vitro model of allergic reactions, was blocked by imidazole and imidazole-compounds such as oxymetazoline and clonidine. The H-2-antihistamines antagonized this effect of imidazolines. Alpha- and H-1-receptor blocking agents did not antagonize the effect. The contractile effects of the imidazolines were tested on tracheal preparations from the cow and guinea-pig. Imidazole was found to be a rather potent contracting agent, while oxymetazoline only caused weak contractions. Clonidine relaxed the tracheal muscles, when used in the concentration range which were inhibitory in the leukocyte experiments. The contractions caused by imidazolines were non-competitively inhibited by clemastine, while the relaxing effects were blocked by a combination of propranolol, phentolamine and cimethidine. The results suggest that imidazolines which inhibit histamine release and relax bronchial smooth muscles may be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of human allergic disorders.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of imidazolines on histamine liberation from human leukocytes and on tracheal smooth muscle tone. Antigen-induced IgE-mediated release of histamine from human leukocytes, an in vitro model of allergic reactions, was blocked by imidazole and imidazole-compounds such as oxymetazoline and clonidine. The H-2-antihistamines antagonized this effect of imidazolines. Alpha- and H-1-receptor blocking agents did not antagonize the effect. The contractile effects of the imidazolines were tested on tracheal preparations from the cow and guinea-pig. Imidazole was found to be a rather potent contracting agent, while oxymetazoline only caused weak contractions. Clonidine relaxed the tracheal muscles, when used in the concentration range which were inhibitory in the leukocyte experiments. The contractions caused by imidazolines were non-competitively inhibited by clemastine, while the relaxing effects were blocked by a combination of propranolol, phentolamine and cimethidine. The results suggest that imidazolines which inhibit histamine release and relax bronchial smooth muscles may be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of human allergic disorders.", "PMID": 79298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7332", "title": "Absence of C-type virus production in human leukemic B cell, T cell and null cell lines.", "content": "Electron microscope observation of cultured human leukemic B cell, T cell and null cell lines and reverse transcriptase assay of the culture supernatants were all negative for the presence of C-type virus. Bat cell line, which propagates primate C-type viruses well, was cocultivated with the human leukemic cell lines, in the hope of amplification of virus if present. Three weeks after mixed culture, the culture supernatants were again examined for reverse transcriptase activity and the cells were tested for syncytia formation by cocultivation with rat XC, human KC and RSb cell lines. All these tests, except for the positive control using a simian sarcoma virus, were negative, suggesting that no C-type was produced from these human leukemic cell lines.", "contents": "Absence of C-type virus production in human leukemic B cell, T cell and null cell lines. Electron microscope observation of cultured human leukemic B cell, T cell and null cell lines and reverse transcriptase assay of the culture supernatants were all negative for the presence of C-type virus. Bat cell line, which propagates primate C-type viruses well, was cocultivated with the human leukemic cell lines, in the hope of amplification of virus if present. Three weeks after mixed culture, the culture supernatants were again examined for reverse transcriptase activity and the cells were tested for syncytia formation by cocultivation with rat XC, human KC and RSb cell lines. All these tests, except for the positive control using a simian sarcoma virus, were negative, suggesting that no C-type was produced from these human leukemic cell lines.", "PMID": 79301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7333", "title": "Descending course of primary afferent collaterals in the cat's spinal cord.", "content": "After injecting horseradish-peroxidase into the lower thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments of cats, labelled perikarya were found in several spinal ganglia localized cranially to the site of injection. The segmental distance between the injection site and the rostralmost localized ganglion with labelled cells varied depending on the medio-lateral localization of the injection. The longest distance (10 segments) was achieved by medial injections. Primary sensory neurones with long descending collaterals belong to large ganglion cells.", "contents": "Descending course of primary afferent collaterals in the cat's spinal cord. After injecting horseradish-peroxidase into the lower thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments of cats, labelled perikarya were found in several spinal ganglia localized cranially to the site of injection. The segmental distance between the injection site and the rostralmost localized ganglion with labelled cells varied depending on the medio-lateral localization of the injection. The longest distance (10 segments) was achieved by medial injections. Primary sensory neurones with long descending collaterals belong to large ganglion cells.", "PMID": 79302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7334", "title": "[Anterior and posterior medullary analgesic stimulation, using a percutaneous implantation technic].", "content": "The technique of percutaneous implantation of a pain-relieving stimulator reduces the surgical procedure considerably. This advantage is, however, lessened by the absence of precision in placing epidural electrodes, and by the risk of their later displacement leading to inadequate stimulation. To reduce this disadvantage the authors suggest a technique that is a modification of the classical open procedure: it is particularly suitable for implantation at the cervico-dorsal junction. In 12 patients treated by percutaneous implantation, 5 received, from epidural electrodes, an anterior medullary electrical stimulation which caused analgesia without paraesthesiae in the painful ares. The results, however, do not justify a conclusion that anterior medullary stimulation is better than posterior column stimulation.", "contents": "[Anterior and posterior medullary analgesic stimulation, using a percutaneous implantation technic]. The technique of percutaneous implantation of a pain-relieving stimulator reduces the surgical procedure considerably. This advantage is, however, lessened by the absence of precision in placing epidural electrodes, and by the risk of their later displacement leading to inadequate stimulation. To reduce this disadvantage the authors suggest a technique that is a modification of the classical open procedure: it is particularly suitable for implantation at the cervico-dorsal junction. In 12 patients treated by percutaneous implantation, 5 received, from epidural electrodes, an anterior medullary electrical stimulation which caused analgesia without paraesthesiae in the painful ares. The results, however, do not justify a conclusion that anterior medullary stimulation is better than posterior column stimulation.", "PMID": 79303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7335", "title": "Thyroid function in primary depression.", "content": "The thyroid function of 20 female inpatients with primary depression was investigated by the following tests: serum thyroxine, in vitro radioactive triiodothyronine uptake, free-thyroxine index, thyroidal 131I uptake and 48 hours protein-bound 131I. The mean values of serum thyroxine, free-thyroxine index and thyroidal 131I uptake of the patients were found decreased, compared to those of the euthyroid controls (to a statistically significant level for serum thyroxine and free-thyroxine index P less than .001). These findings point to a decreased thyroid activity in primary depression. The possibility of implication of a common neurochemical mechanism in both primary depression and thyroid hypoactivity was discussed.", "contents": "Thyroid function in primary depression. The thyroid function of 20 female inpatients with primary depression was investigated by the following tests: serum thyroxine, in vitro radioactive triiodothyronine uptake, free-thyroxine index, thyroidal 131I uptake and 48 hours protein-bound 131I. The mean values of serum thyroxine, free-thyroxine index and thyroidal 131I uptake of the patients were found decreased, compared to those of the euthyroid controls (to a statistically significant level for serum thyroxine and free-thyroxine index P less than .001). These findings point to a decreased thyroid activity in primary depression. The possibility of implication of a common neurochemical mechanism in both primary depression and thyroid hypoactivity was discussed.", "PMID": 79300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7336", "title": "[Development of a standard model of nutritional liver injuries which could be used in experimental pharmacology].", "content": "This work was undertaken to elaborate a standard model of nutritional liver injury similar to that occurring in the deficiency states in human pathology with regard to functional troubles and morphological lesions. Rats of the Wistar strain were fed two low protein diets (diet A and diet B) containing however the full composition of vitamins and minerals. The diet A showed the most advantages as it provoked mild liver changes; but it proved to induce continuous impairment of the liver function in parallel direction with the parenchymal lesions. The full correlation of the morphological lesions and the functional disturbances observed in experimental animals as well as their intimate ressemblance to the clinical picture and hepatic lesions encountered in the deficiency states in human pathology suggest that present model of nutritional liver injury could be useful in experimental pharmacology.", "contents": "[Development of a standard model of nutritional liver injuries which could be used in experimental pharmacology]. This work was undertaken to elaborate a standard model of nutritional liver injury similar to that occurring in the deficiency states in human pathology with regard to functional troubles and morphological lesions. Rats of the Wistar strain were fed two low protein diets (diet A and diet B) containing however the full composition of vitamins and minerals. The diet A showed the most advantages as it provoked mild liver changes; but it proved to induce continuous impairment of the liver function in parallel direction with the parenchymal lesions. The full correlation of the morphological lesions and the functional disturbances observed in experimental animals as well as their intimate ressemblance to the clinical picture and hepatic lesions encountered in the deficiency states in human pathology suggest that present model of nutritional liver injury could be useful in experimental pharmacology.", "PMID": 79305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7337", "title": "A colloidal iron silver impregnation method for acid mucopolysaccharide.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharide using colloidal iron, sulphosalicylic acid ammoniacal silver is described. Satisfactory staining of human as well as animal tissue was obtained following 10% neutral formol saline fixation and paraffin sections. There were no oxidation or hydrolysis sequences. The staining specificity was controlled using methylation and saponification. The distribution of the acid mucopolysaccharide demonstrated by this method was identical with that obtained by colloidal iron Perls' reaction.", "contents": "A colloidal iron silver impregnation method for acid mucopolysaccharide. A simple and rapid method for the demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharide using colloidal iron, sulphosalicylic acid ammoniacal silver is described. Satisfactory staining of human as well as animal tissue was obtained following 10% neutral formol saline fixation and paraffin sections. There were no oxidation or hydrolysis sequences. The staining specificity was controlled using methylation and saponification. The distribution of the acid mucopolysaccharide demonstrated by this method was identical with that obtained by colloidal iron Perls' reaction.", "PMID": 79306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7338", "title": "[Detection of cell-mediated immunity against protein antigen by the macrophage adherence inhibition test (author's transl)].", "content": "The macrophage adherence inhibition test is a suitable assay for detection of cell-mediated immunity against bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in guinea pigs. The test was performed with peritoneal cells (PC) in hemocytometer chambers. 10 mg/ml BGG were added as antigen. The washing step was performed with a burette. An average standard deviation of 5% was obtained with this washing method. Day-to -day-investigations in individual animals show differences with respect to the degree of cell-mediated immunity against BGG. Supernatants of sensitized spleen cells or lymph node cells produce adherence inhibition in PC of nonimmunized guinea pigs too.", "contents": "[Detection of cell-mediated immunity against protein antigen by the macrophage adherence inhibition test (author's transl)]. The macrophage adherence inhibition test is a suitable assay for detection of cell-mediated immunity against bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in guinea pigs. The test was performed with peritoneal cells (PC) in hemocytometer chambers. 10 mg/ml BGG were added as antigen. The washing step was performed with a burette. An average standard deviation of 5% was obtained with this washing method. Day-to -day-investigations in individual animals show differences with respect to the degree of cell-mediated immunity against BGG. Supernatants of sensitized spleen cells or lymph node cells produce adherence inhibition in PC of nonimmunized guinea pigs too.", "PMID": 79307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7339", "title": "Localization of human pancreatic polypeptide in an argyrophilic fourth cell type in islets of the rat pancreas.", "content": "An argyrophilic fourth cell type in the rat pancreatic islet can be differentiated from other silver-staining cells by using a modification of the Grimelius aqueous silver nitrate technique. Restaining of the tissues using fluorescent techniques with anti-HPP (Human Pancreatic Polypeptide) serum results in bright fluorescence in the fourth cell type.", "contents": "Localization of human pancreatic polypeptide in an argyrophilic fourth cell type in islets of the rat pancreas. An argyrophilic fourth cell type in the rat pancreatic islet can be differentiated from other silver-staining cells by using a modification of the Grimelius aqueous silver nitrate technique. Restaining of the tissues using fluorescent techniques with anti-HPP (Human Pancreatic Polypeptide) serum results in bright fluorescence in the fourth cell type.", "PMID": 79309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7340", "title": "Structural differences of pale and strongly stained motor end-plates of the rat diaphragm.", "content": "According to the staining intensities for AChE, the motor end-plates of the rat diaphragm can be classified into strong (S) and pale (P) types. About 34% of the total end-plates of the rat diaphragm are of S type and 50% of P type. The P end-plates differ from S end-plates in two aspects. First, the secondary subneural clefts of the S end-plates are well developed. They are numerous, long, closely packed and often branched. On the other hand, the secondary subneural clefts of the P end-plates are short, sparse and usually unbranched. Secondly, there seems to be a variation in AChE activity in the P end-plates. Focal negative AChE areas are found in the subneural apparatus of some P end-plates. It is concluded that the less well developed secondary subneural clefts and focal areas of negative AChE activity contribute to the paler staining of the P end-plates.", "contents": "Structural differences of pale and strongly stained motor end-plates of the rat diaphragm. According to the staining intensities for AChE, the motor end-plates of the rat diaphragm can be classified into strong (S) and pale (P) types. About 34% of the total end-plates of the rat diaphragm are of S type and 50% of P type. The P end-plates differ from S end-plates in two aspects. First, the secondary subneural clefts of the S end-plates are well developed. They are numerous, long, closely packed and often branched. On the other hand, the secondary subneural clefts of the P end-plates are short, sparse and usually unbranched. Secondly, there seems to be a variation in AChE activity in the P end-plates. Focal negative AChE areas are found in the subneural apparatus of some P end-plates. It is concluded that the less well developed secondary subneural clefts and focal areas of negative AChE activity contribute to the paler staining of the P end-plates.", "PMID": 79310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7341", "title": "Fetal-maternal distribution of ovine alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "The concentration of ovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in sheep fetal, maternal, and neonatal sera and amniotic fluid by radioimmunoassay. The fetal serum AFP concentration was highest during the first third of pregnancy and continued to decline with fetal and neonatal development. Total fetal synthesis of AFP was highest during the late middle and early latter third of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid AFP concentration was highest during the early middle third of pregnancy. Maternal serum AFP was not elevated above nonpregnant control levels during the first two-thirds of pregnancy, but instead showed a tendency to be elevated only during the last third of pregnancy. The fetal physiological distributions of ovine and human AFP in fetal serum and amniotic fluid appear to be similar, whereas in maternal serum the pattern of AFP levels differs in the two species as a function of gestational age.", "contents": "Fetal-maternal distribution of ovine alpha-fetoprotein. The concentration of ovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in sheep fetal, maternal, and neonatal sera and amniotic fluid by radioimmunoassay. The fetal serum AFP concentration was highest during the first third of pregnancy and continued to decline with fetal and neonatal development. Total fetal synthesis of AFP was highest during the late middle and early latter third of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid AFP concentration was highest during the early middle third of pregnancy. Maternal serum AFP was not elevated above nonpregnant control levels during the first two-thirds of pregnancy, but instead showed a tendency to be elevated only during the last third of pregnancy. The fetal physiological distributions of ovine and human AFP in fetal serum and amniotic fluid appear to be similar, whereas in maternal serum the pattern of AFP levels differs in the two species as a function of gestational age.", "PMID": 79311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7342", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of disulfide-groups in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules.", "content": "The distribution of disulfide-groups was investigated in the tunica propria of human seminifersou tubules by means of a thiosulfation/Alcian Blue + 0.8 Mol MgCl2-staining reaction. Controls had shown the absence of significant amounts of sulfhydryl- or sulfate-groups in the lamina propria, which groups would also be demonstrated by the method employed. The lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules is rich in disulfide groups. The staining reaction decreases in the region of the tubulus rectus, is only faint in the connective tissue which underlies the epithelium of the rete testis, and is absent in the lamina propria of efferent ducts. It is suggested that microfibrils and type IV collagen (both rich in cystine) are the materials responsible for the histochemical reaction described. The occurrence of multiple layers of basal lamina material (type IV collagen) and bundles of microfibrils is shown in comparative electron microscopic studies.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of disulfide-groups in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules. The distribution of disulfide-groups was investigated in the tunica propria of human seminifersou tubules by means of a thiosulfation/Alcian Blue + 0.8 Mol MgCl2-staining reaction. Controls had shown the absence of significant amounts of sulfhydryl- or sulfate-groups in the lamina propria, which groups would also be demonstrated by the method employed. The lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules is rich in disulfide groups. The staining reaction decreases in the region of the tubulus rectus, is only faint in the connective tissue which underlies the epithelium of the rete testis, and is absent in the lamina propria of efferent ducts. It is suggested that microfibrils and type IV collagen (both rich in cystine) are the materials responsible for the histochemical reaction described. The occurrence of multiple layers of basal lamina material (type IV collagen) and bundles of microfibrils is shown in comparative electron microscopic studies.", "PMID": 79313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7343", "title": "Golgi study on cat hippocampal formation.", "content": "The Golgi architecture of the Fascia dentata and hippocampus is described in the cat. The main cell types are like those found in other species. The initial collaterals of granule cell axons were demonstrated and are commented on. The interneurons proved to be of several types and subtypes not observed in lower species. The intrinsic fibers and few of the afferents -- both in the dentate fascia and in the hippocampus -- are discussed.", "contents": "Golgi study on cat hippocampal formation. The Golgi architecture of the Fascia dentata and hippocampus is described in the cat. The main cell types are like those found in other species. The initial collaterals of granule cell axons were demonstrated and are commented on. The interneurons proved to be of several types and subtypes not observed in lower species. The intrinsic fibers and few of the afferents -- both in the dentate fascia and in the hippocampus -- are discussed.", "PMID": 79315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7344", "title": "Some observations of mycobacterial acid-fastness.", "content": "Mycobacterial acid-fastness seems most readily explainable on the basis of a \"lipids barrier principle\" that in the first instance hinders penetration of the water-soluble dyestuff, and in the second, hinders penetration of the bleaching acid. Mycolic acids, and more especially, mycolate salts, in xylene solution complex and solubilize crystal violet, but the complex is demonstrably not stable even to weak acids. Stained mycobacterial preparations are readily bleached by an acidified lipid solvent; the destained preparations are nevertheless contribution to the barrier on which acid-fastness depends appears to reside in the mycoloyl-arabinogalactan of the cell wall.", "contents": "Some observations of mycobacterial acid-fastness. Mycobacterial acid-fastness seems most readily explainable on the basis of a \"lipids barrier principle\" that in the first instance hinders penetration of the water-soluble dyestuff, and in the second, hinders penetration of the bleaching acid. Mycolic acids, and more especially, mycolate salts, in xylene solution complex and solubilize crystal violet, but the complex is demonstrably not stable even to weak acids. Stained mycobacterial preparations are readily bleached by an acidified lipid solvent; the destained preparations are nevertheless contribution to the barrier on which acid-fastness depends appears to reside in the mycoloyl-arabinogalactan of the cell wall.", "PMID": 79318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7345", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of four short-course regimens of chemotherapy for two durations in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: first report: Third East African/British Medical Research Councils study.", "content": "A comparison was made between 4 regimens of chemotherapy given for 6 or 8 months, with a 6-month period of follow-up thus far. One regimen, which had a 2-month initial intensive phase of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide followed by daily administration of thiacetazone and isoniazid, was very effective. Shortening the initial intensive 4-drug phase to 1 month produced a less successful regimen unless the continuation phase was twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. A regimen in which pyrazinamide was omitted from the initial intensive 2-month phase was also less effective. All patients were inpatients for 6 months to ensure that every dose of drug was fully supervised during this period. Increasing the total duration of chemotherapy from 6 months to 8 months was associated with a significant decrease in the early relapse rate in all 4 regimens, although the above differences between the regimen remained. The applicability of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of four short-course regimens of chemotherapy for two durations in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: first report: Third East African/British Medical Research Councils study. A comparison was made between 4 regimens of chemotherapy given for 6 or 8 months, with a 6-month period of follow-up thus far. One regimen, which had a 2-month initial intensive phase of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide followed by daily administration of thiacetazone and isoniazid, was very effective. Shortening the initial intensive 4-drug phase to 1 month produced a less successful regimen unless the continuation phase was twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. A regimen in which pyrazinamide was omitted from the initial intensive 2-month phase was also less effective. All patients were inpatients for 6 months to ensure that every dose of drug was fully supervised during this period. Increasing the total duration of chemotherapy from 6 months to 8 months was associated with a significant decrease in the early relapse rate in all 4 regimens, although the above differences between the regimen remained. The applicability of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 79319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7346", "title": "[Cellular energy metabolism in rats receiving diets contaminated with lindane].", "content": "Young male rats, Wistar CF strain, about 70 g body weight, were fed a well-balanced diet containing 0 (control), 60 or 240 ppm lindane. The day before the experiment, all the animals were fasted, and some of them placed in a restraint wheel forcing them to walk on during 18 hrs; another group was given an i.p. injection of 2.6 g/kg glucose 30 minutes before their sacrifice. The redox and energy potentials of liver and muscle tissues were estimated after the determination of the following compounds: lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate, NADP and NADPH. No effect of lindane was observed on muscle metabolism and the 60 ppm dose was without significant effect on liver metabolism. At the 240 ppm dosage: a. Lindane ingestion increased the liver betaHOB/AcAc ratio and decreased the Lac/pyr ratio. The ATP/ADP ratio was not significantly lowered, although the ATP concentration was diminished and, conversely, the AMP and inorganic P ones were elevated; b. Whereas lindane lowered the glucose effect on the mitochondrial redox potential, it had no influence on the increasing of the ATP/ADP ratio by glucose, or on the antiketogenic effect of this sugar; c. In the animals fed the lindane-contaminated diet, muscular exercise increased the liver betaHOB/AcAc and NADPH/NADP ratios, while the lac/pyr and ATP/ADP ratios were unaltered. But blood pyruvate was increased. The following interpretation has been given. Lindane ingestion inhibits liver mitochondrial activity and increases ketogenesis. The glucose treatment results in a poor glucose utilization for energy needs in the contaminated animals and the forced muscular exercise shows that gluconeogenesis proceeds at a slower rate than in the controls. It is suggested that an increased demand in NADPH, as resulting from the induction of the microsomal enzymes by lindane, is one of the mechanisms by which the pesticide inhibits the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "[Cellular energy metabolism in rats receiving diets contaminated with lindane]. Young male rats, Wistar CF strain, about 70 g body weight, were fed a well-balanced diet containing 0 (control), 60 or 240 ppm lindane. The day before the experiment, all the animals were fasted, and some of them placed in a restraint wheel forcing them to walk on during 18 hrs; another group was given an i.p. injection of 2.6 g/kg glucose 30 minutes before their sacrifice. The redox and energy potentials of liver and muscle tissues were estimated after the determination of the following compounds: lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate, NADP and NADPH. No effect of lindane was observed on muscle metabolism and the 60 ppm dose was without significant effect on liver metabolism. At the 240 ppm dosage: a. Lindane ingestion increased the liver betaHOB/AcAc ratio and decreased the Lac/pyr ratio. The ATP/ADP ratio was not significantly lowered, although the ATP concentration was diminished and, conversely, the AMP and inorganic P ones were elevated; b. Whereas lindane lowered the glucose effect on the mitochondrial redox potential, it had no influence on the increasing of the ATP/ADP ratio by glucose, or on the antiketogenic effect of this sugar; c. In the animals fed the lindane-contaminated diet, muscular exercise increased the liver betaHOB/AcAc and NADPH/NADP ratios, while the lac/pyr and ATP/ADP ratios were unaltered. But blood pyruvate was increased. The following interpretation has been given. Lindane ingestion inhibits liver mitochondrial activity and increases ketogenesis. The glucose treatment results in a poor glucose utilization for energy needs in the contaminated animals and the forced muscular exercise shows that gluconeogenesis proceeds at a slower rate than in the controls. It is suggested that an increased demand in NADPH, as resulting from the induction of the microsomal enzymes by lindane, is one of the mechanisms by which the pesticide inhibits the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "PMID": 79320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7347", "title": "Drusen of the optic nerve head.", "content": "Fifty-two eyes with drusen of the optic nerve head from the autopsy and surgical files of the Eye Pathology Laboratory of the Wilmer Institute from January 1967 through December 1975 were reviewed, and histochemical and electron microscopic studies performed. Histopathologic associations with the drusen included 19 eyes with associated optic nerve atrophy, 16 eyes with peripapillary crowding, one case involving prominent dilated vessels pushed aside by the drusen, and one eye with central retinal vein occlusion. Drusen appear to be composed predominantly of a mucoprotein matrix with significant quantities of acid mucopolysaccharides along with small quantities of ribonucleic acid and, occasionally, iron. The literature is reviewed and various correlations and pathogenetic theories are discussed.", "contents": "Drusen of the optic nerve head. Fifty-two eyes with drusen of the optic nerve head from the autopsy and surgical files of the Eye Pathology Laboratory of the Wilmer Institute from January 1967 through December 1975 were reviewed, and histochemical and electron microscopic studies performed. Histopathologic associations with the drusen included 19 eyes with associated optic nerve atrophy, 16 eyes with peripapillary crowding, one case involving prominent dilated vessels pushed aside by the drusen, and one eye with central retinal vein occlusion. Drusen appear to be composed predominantly of a mucoprotein matrix with significant quantities of acid mucopolysaccharides along with small quantities of ribonucleic acid and, occasionally, iron. The literature is reviewed and various correlations and pathogenetic theories are discussed.", "PMID": 79321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7348", "title": "Soft lens therapy for recurrent erosion syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-three eyes of 25 patients with previously unrelieved recurrent erosion syndrome were treated with soft contact lenses. Marked improvement was obtained in 16 cases, moderate in 6, and 11 patients showed no improvement. Patients with visible anterior membrane dystrophies and spontaneous recurrent erosion syndrome responded best. Patients with posttraumatic recurrent erosion syndrome and with recurrent erosion syndrome and with recurrent erosion syndrome associated with aphakic corneal edema did poorly. In addition to having less frequent episodes of stabbing pain, those patients who were improved also had less minor irritation and some had improved vision.", "contents": "Soft lens therapy for recurrent erosion syndrome. Thirty-three eyes of 25 patients with previously unrelieved recurrent erosion syndrome were treated with soft contact lenses. Marked improvement was obtained in 16 cases, moderate in 6, and 11 patients showed no improvement. Patients with visible anterior membrane dystrophies and spontaneous recurrent erosion syndrome responded best. Patients with posttraumatic recurrent erosion syndrome and with recurrent erosion syndrome and with recurrent erosion syndrome associated with aphakic corneal edema did poorly. In addition to having less frequent episodes of stabbing pain, those patients who were improved also had less minor irritation and some had improved vision.", "PMID": 79322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7349", "title": "[Study of a fraction antigenically unrelated to the immunoglobulins obtained by immunoadsorption from anti-hapten or anti-protein rabbit sera (author's transl)].", "content": "A fraction not antigenically related to the immunoglobulins was obtained together with the antibodies by specific immunoadsorption from either anti-dinitrophenyl or rabbit anti-human gamma globulin antisera. This fraction was called in both cases FIII. It was isolated from specific antibodies by filtration on Sephadex G200. According to the elution volume, its molecular weight is lower than 13,700 daltons. By using specific FIII antisera, it was shown that the FIII derived from anti-DNP antisera is antigenically identical to the FIII derived from anti-IgG antisera. FIII derived from anti-DNP antisera does not react with the free DNP-hapten. FIII was labelled with 125I and it was allowed to react with specific anti-DNP IgG using the radio-immunoelectrophoresis technique technique in which IgG antibodies were revealed by anti-IgG antiserum. It was shown that FIII is combined to the specific precipitate IgG anti-IgG. This result shows that IgG combines either tto the IgG antibodies or to IgG-anti-IgG complexes and suggests that FIII is adsorbed on the immunoadsorbant and not directly through the antigen but through the antibodies or the antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "[Study of a fraction antigenically unrelated to the immunoglobulins obtained by immunoadsorption from anti-hapten or anti-protein rabbit sera (author's transl)]. A fraction not antigenically related to the immunoglobulins was obtained together with the antibodies by specific immunoadsorption from either anti-dinitrophenyl or rabbit anti-human gamma globulin antisera. This fraction was called in both cases FIII. It was isolated from specific antibodies by filtration on Sephadex G200. According to the elution volume, its molecular weight is lower than 13,700 daltons. By using specific FIII antisera, it was shown that the FIII derived from anti-DNP antisera is antigenically identical to the FIII derived from anti-IgG antisera. FIII derived from anti-DNP antisera does not react with the free DNP-hapten. FIII was labelled with 125I and it was allowed to react with specific anti-DNP IgG using the radio-immunoelectrophoresis technique technique in which IgG antibodies were revealed by anti-IgG antiserum. It was shown that FIII is combined to the specific precipitate IgG anti-IgG. This result shows that IgG combines either tto the IgG antibodies or to IgG-anti-IgG complexes and suggests that FIII is adsorbed on the immunoadsorbant and not directly through the antigen but through the antibodies or the antigen-antibody complexes.", "PMID": 79327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7350", "title": "Lack of inhibition by mouse alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) of in vitro induced lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "Mouse amniotic fluids (MAF) were tested for their inhibitory effect on the transformation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, and on mixed lymphocyte cultures. Eight of the thirteen samples tested contained inhibitory activity equal or superior to 50 % of the controls. Pure preparations of mousealpha-foetoprotein (AFP) were obtained from these or other MAF-pools by immunoadsorption and/or by affinity chromatography on oestradiol-Sepharose. None of the isolated samples of AFP, whether originating from immunosuppressive MAF-pools or from pools lacking activity, exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the in vitro transformation of lymphocytes. The suppressive properties of the MAF samples and the non-suppressive activity of samples of pure AFP were not affected by the addition of oestradiol-17 beta or after removal of endogenous oestrogens by exhaustive dialysis against 15 % dioxan solutions.", "contents": "Lack of inhibition by mouse alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) of in vitro induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. Mouse amniotic fluids (MAF) were tested for their inhibitory effect on the transformation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, and on mixed lymphocyte cultures. Eight of the thirteen samples tested contained inhibitory activity equal or superior to 50 % of the controls. Pure preparations of mousealpha-foetoprotein (AFP) were obtained from these or other MAF-pools by immunoadsorption and/or by affinity chromatography on oestradiol-Sepharose. None of the isolated samples of AFP, whether originating from immunosuppressive MAF-pools or from pools lacking activity, exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the in vitro transformation of lymphocytes. The suppressive properties of the MAF samples and the non-suppressive activity of samples of pure AFP were not affected by the addition of oestradiol-17 beta or after removal of endogenous oestrogens by exhaustive dialysis against 15 % dioxan solutions.", "PMID": 79328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7351", "title": "Comparative immunochemical studies of different antigens of deep mycosis pathogens.", "content": "The disintegration of cells of Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Candida albicans by ultrasonical treatment, repeated freezing-thawing or mechanical methods permitted to obtain antigens with a high protein content. The treatment of these fungal cells with beta-naphthol, ethanol, glycerine or alkali makes it possible to isolate antigens containing mainly polysaccharides. The studied antigens turned out to be complex compounds. Proteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and small quantities of phosphorus and nucleic acids were revealed in their composition. The protein-rich antigens were most active as inductors of a cellular and humoral immune response. These preparations turned out to be the most active and specific for DH testing. The polysaccharide-rich antigens were highly active in in vitro reactions but possessed a low immunogenecity. Immunoelectrophoretical analysis showed a mosaic character of antigen assembly in the preparations isolated from fungal cells and culture filtrates. In different antigens of C. immitis there have been revealed 4-7, in H. capsulatum 3-8 and in B. dermatitidis 3-6 components. The culture filtrates and \"cell-saps\" had a more complex antigenic spectrum: coccidioidin 7, histoplasmin 8, blastomycin 6; in C. albicans cell-sap, up to 20 antigens have been revealed. In the antigenic spectrum of C. immitis, H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis common components prevailed, but in C. albicans no cross-reacting antigens have been revealed. Species- and phase-specific antigens have been found in preparations of H. capsulatum.", "contents": "Comparative immunochemical studies of different antigens of deep mycosis pathogens. The disintegration of cells of Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Candida albicans by ultrasonical treatment, repeated freezing-thawing or mechanical methods permitted to obtain antigens with a high protein content. The treatment of these fungal cells with beta-naphthol, ethanol, glycerine or alkali makes it possible to isolate antigens containing mainly polysaccharides. The studied antigens turned out to be complex compounds. Proteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and small quantities of phosphorus and nucleic acids were revealed in their composition. The protein-rich antigens were most active as inductors of a cellular and humoral immune response. These preparations turned out to be the most active and specific for DH testing. The polysaccharide-rich antigens were highly active in in vitro reactions but possessed a low immunogenecity. Immunoelectrophoretical analysis showed a mosaic character of antigen assembly in the preparations isolated from fungal cells and culture filtrates. In different antigens of C. immitis there have been revealed 4-7, in H. capsulatum 3-8 and in B. dermatitidis 3-6 components. The culture filtrates and \"cell-saps\" had a more complex antigenic spectrum: coccidioidin 7, histoplasmin 8, blastomycin 6; in C. albicans cell-sap, up to 20 antigens have been revealed. In the antigenic spectrum of C. immitis, H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis common components prevailed, but in C. albicans no cross-reacting antigens have been revealed. Species- and phase-specific antigens have been found in preparations of H. capsulatum.", "PMID": 79329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7352", "title": "The induction of immunologic tolerance with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide cross-linked or coupled to protein.", "content": "Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide molecules were linked to one another, i. e. cross-linked. The product was essentially insoluble in saline. Large pieces weighing 1-2 mg were inserted into mice. They produced immunologic paralysis or immune tolerance. When placed intraperitoneally in millipore chambers the cross-linked polysaccharide did not have any apparent effect, for the mice were not tolerized. When pneumococcal polysaccharide was linked to a protein, the amount of polysaccharide required to cause tolerance or immunity was essentially the same as the amount of free pure soluble polysaccharide. In addition, Xenopus laevis eggs were injected with a different antigen, bovine gamma globulin, and then with antibody to that antigen. Twelve of the twelve eggs so injected changed shape. Equal numbers of other eggs injected twice with the antigen or twice with the antibody did not change shape.", "contents": "The induction of immunologic tolerance with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide cross-linked or coupled to protein. Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide molecules were linked to one another, i. e. cross-linked. The product was essentially insoluble in saline. Large pieces weighing 1-2 mg were inserted into mice. They produced immunologic paralysis or immune tolerance. When placed intraperitoneally in millipore chambers the cross-linked polysaccharide did not have any apparent effect, for the mice were not tolerized. When pneumococcal polysaccharide was linked to a protein, the amount of polysaccharide required to cause tolerance or immunity was essentially the same as the amount of free pure soluble polysaccharide. In addition, Xenopus laevis eggs were injected with a different antigen, bovine gamma globulin, and then with antibody to that antigen. Twelve of the twelve eggs so injected changed shape. Equal numbers of other eggs injected twice with the antigen or twice with the antibody did not change shape.", "PMID": 79330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7353", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D, carminomycin and bleomycin and their joint use with serotonin and zymosan on the functional state of the peritoneal macrophages].", "content": "The study of the effect of actinomycin D, karminomycin and bleomycin used alone or in combination with zimozan or serotonine on the functional state of the peritoneal macrophages showed that the use of the antibiotics in mice without tumors induced a decrease mainly in the absorptive capacity of the macrophages not changing significantly their digestive activity. The same antibiotics did not significantly change the initial low values of the functional activity of the cells in mice with transplantable tumors. The use of zimozan after completeness of the treatment course with actinomycin D, karminomycin and bleomycin in mice without tumors had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of the macrophages. Zimozan had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of the cells in mice with transplantable tumors only on its use after completeness of the treatment course with actinomycin D or bleomycin. Serotonine in combination with the above antibiotics had no stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages in mice both with and without tumors.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D, carminomycin and bleomycin and their joint use with serotonin and zymosan on the functional state of the peritoneal macrophages]. The study of the effect of actinomycin D, karminomycin and bleomycin used alone or in combination with zimozan or serotonine on the functional state of the peritoneal macrophages showed that the use of the antibiotics in mice without tumors induced a decrease mainly in the absorptive capacity of the macrophages not changing significantly their digestive activity. The same antibiotics did not significantly change the initial low values of the functional activity of the cells in mice with transplantable tumors. The use of zimozan after completeness of the treatment course with actinomycin D, karminomycin and bleomycin in mice without tumors had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of the macrophages. Zimozan had a stimulating effect on the functional activity of the cells in mice with transplantable tumors only on its use after completeness of the treatment course with actinomycin D or bleomycin. Serotonine in combination with the above antibiotics had no stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages in mice both with and without tumors.", "PMID": 79334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7354", "title": "[Immunochemical investigations on the gene expression of horse serum carboxylesterase (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunochemical and enzymatic analyses of horse serum carboxylesterase were carried out with respect to the existence of a silent gene. Sera with positive phenotypic expression of esterase, both heterozygotes and presumed homozygotes, were compared with:--sera with positive phenotypic expression but genotypically +/O;--sera with a negative phenotypic expression, i. e. genotypically O/O;--sera of natural +/O \"hemi-zygotes\": mules (donkey lacking the esterase);--positive sera heated at 60 degrees C;--positive sera after specific inhibition of enzymatic activity. Titration by immunocompetition has shown that sera phenotypically negative do not contain an immunologically active \"dummy\" protein; however, using a sensitive immunotitration (rocket immunoelectrophoresis), traces of active protein could be demonstrated. Sera of +/O genotypes, both horses and mules, contain approximatively half of esterase present in +/+ sera. Heating at 60 degrees destroys the antigenic properties of the esterase almost completely, while, on the contrary, a specific inhibition of enzymatic activity leaves the antigenic properties unaffected.", "contents": "[Immunochemical investigations on the gene expression of horse serum carboxylesterase (author's transl)]. Immunochemical and enzymatic analyses of horse serum carboxylesterase were carried out with respect to the existence of a silent gene. Sera with positive phenotypic expression of esterase, both heterozygotes and presumed homozygotes, were compared with:--sera with positive phenotypic expression but genotypically +/O;--sera with a negative phenotypic expression, i. e. genotypically O/O;--sera of natural +/O \"hemi-zygotes\": mules (donkey lacking the esterase);--positive sera heated at 60 degrees C;--positive sera after specific inhibition of enzymatic activity. Titration by immunocompetition has shown that sera phenotypically negative do not contain an immunologically active \"dummy\" protein; however, using a sensitive immunotitration (rocket immunoelectrophoresis), traces of active protein could be demonstrated. Sera of +/O genotypes, both horses and mules, contain approximatively half of esterase present in +/+ sera. Heating at 60 degrees destroys the antigenic properties of the esterase almost completely, while, on the contrary, a specific inhibition of enzymatic activity leaves the antigenic properties unaffected.", "PMID": 79331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7355", "title": "Killing of intraphagocytic Staphylococcus aureus by dihydrostreptomycin entrapped within liposomes.", "content": "Liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) may serve as vehicles of antibiotic transport to intracellular sites. Liposomes containing entrapped dihydrostreptomycin enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus contained within phagocytic vacuoles.", "contents": "Killing of intraphagocytic Staphylococcus aureus by dihydrostreptomycin entrapped within liposomes. Liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) may serve as vehicles of antibiotic transport to intracellular sites. Liposomes containing entrapped dihydrostreptomycin enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus contained within phagocytic vacuoles.", "PMID": 79336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7356", "title": "Relative susceptibility of stream macroinvertebrates to temephos and chlorpyrifos, determined in laboratory continuous-flow systems.", "content": "Laboratory techniques are described for evaluating the lethal and behavioral impact of pesticides on a range of stream macroinvertebrates under continuous through-flow and simulated stream conditions. The same basic test unit has been used, with slight modifications, to study the reactions of both Simulium larvae and non-target stream invertebrates. On the basis of a standard 1-hr exposure period to different concentrations followed by a 24-hr holding period in a continuous flow of clean water, different test organisms showed wide and consistent differences in tolerance to each of the two insecticides tested. The widest difference between two organisms occurred in the case of the Amphipod, Gammarus pulex (LC90-95, greater than 1 ppm) which was found to be about 5000 x more tolerant to temephos than are nymphs of the mayfly, Baetis rhodani. (LC 90-95, 0.001-0.002 ppm) The widest difference in the reactions of any one species is shown on the part of Gammarus which is about 100 times more susceptible to chlorpyrifos (LC 90-95, 0.05-0.1 ppm) than to temephos. The susceptibility levels of other indicator species such as Agrion, Hydropsyche, Brachycentrus, Ephemera, etc. are discussed in relation to susceptibility levels of Simulium larvae under the same test conditions, and also in relation to current field dosages of the two insecticides in practical and experimental Simulium control.", "contents": "Relative susceptibility of stream macroinvertebrates to temephos and chlorpyrifos, determined in laboratory continuous-flow systems. Laboratory techniques are described for evaluating the lethal and behavioral impact of pesticides on a range of stream macroinvertebrates under continuous through-flow and simulated stream conditions. The same basic test unit has been used, with slight modifications, to study the reactions of both Simulium larvae and non-target stream invertebrates. On the basis of a standard 1-hr exposure period to different concentrations followed by a 24-hr holding period in a continuous flow of clean water, different test organisms showed wide and consistent differences in tolerance to each of the two insecticides tested. The widest difference between two organisms occurred in the case of the Amphipod, Gammarus pulex (LC90-95, greater than 1 ppm) which was found to be about 5000 x more tolerant to temephos than are nymphs of the mayfly, Baetis rhodani. (LC 90-95, 0.001-0.002 ppm) The widest difference in the reactions of any one species is shown on the part of Gammarus which is about 100 times more susceptible to chlorpyrifos (LC 90-95, 0.05-0.1 ppm) than to temephos. The susceptibility levels of other indicator species such as Agrion, Hydropsyche, Brachycentrus, Ephemera, etc. are discussed in relation to susceptibility levels of Simulium larvae under the same test conditions, and also in relation to current field dosages of the two insecticides in practical and experimental Simulium control.", "PMID": 79339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7357", "title": "On ultrastructure of the trabeculae in the interlamellar membranes of nacre conchiolin of the Nautilus shell.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the interlamellar and intercrystalline membranes of nacre conchiolin of Nautilus has been studied on shadow-cast preparations and on ultrathin sections after various fixation and/or decalcification procedures. After immersion in osmium tetroxyde, glutaraldehyde, EDTA, ascorbic acid and CPC solutions, the nautiloid pattern of conchiolin structure (sturdy trabeculae, elongated fenestration) was observed in all samples. The representative ultrastructure of the sectioned trabeculae was composed of micro-meshworks. Microfibrils were not found. In contrast with the other substance, chromium sulphate produces a shrinkage of the nautiloid pattern into continuous rug-like membranes. In the sections, a distinct condensation of the micro-meshworks occurs at the periphery of both interlamellar and intercrystalline membranes. These observations are discussed namely in relation to the problem of structural identification of the EDTA soluble fraction of the nacre conchiolin.", "contents": "On ultrastructure of the trabeculae in the interlamellar membranes of nacre conchiolin of the Nautilus shell. The ultrastructure of the interlamellar and intercrystalline membranes of nacre conchiolin of Nautilus has been studied on shadow-cast preparations and on ultrathin sections after various fixation and/or decalcification procedures. After immersion in osmium tetroxyde, glutaraldehyde, EDTA, ascorbic acid and CPC solutions, the nautiloid pattern of conchiolin structure (sturdy trabeculae, elongated fenestration) was observed in all samples. The representative ultrastructure of the sectioned trabeculae was composed of micro-meshworks. Microfibrils were not found. In contrast with the other substance, chromium sulphate produces a shrinkage of the nautiloid pattern into continuous rug-like membranes. In the sections, a distinct condensation of the micro-meshworks occurs at the periphery of both interlamellar and intercrystalline membranes. These observations are discussed namely in relation to the problem of structural identification of the EDTA soluble fraction of the nacre conchiolin.", "PMID": 79365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7358", "title": "Effect of vasotocin on plasma free fatty acid level in the migrating anadromous sea lamprey.", "content": "The effect of injections of arginine vasotocin (AVT) on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels was studied in anadromous sea lampreys collected in the St. John River, New Brunswick, during their upstream spawning migration. Plasma FFA was significantly higher in lampreys injected with a single dose of 1 000 mU vasotocin/kg body weight than in those receiving only the vehicle solution, the difference being the greater at 90 than at 30 min post-injection. The significance of AVT in migration is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of vasotocin on plasma free fatty acid level in the migrating anadromous sea lamprey. The effect of injections of arginine vasotocin (AVT) on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels was studied in anadromous sea lampreys collected in the St. John River, New Brunswick, during their upstream spawning migration. Plasma FFA was significantly higher in lampreys injected with a single dose of 1 000 mU vasotocin/kg body weight than in those receiving only the vehicle solution, the difference being the greater at 90 than at 30 min post-injection. The significance of AVT in migration is discussed.", "PMID": 79366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7359", "title": "Seasonal changes in serum free fatty acid level in the migratory Canada goose.", "content": "The changes in the serum level of free fatty acids (FFA) in the migratory Canada goose (Branta canadensis interior) breeding in Ft. Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) and wintering in Swan Lake (Missouri, U.S.A.), were studied during the different periods of its yearly life cycle. The lowest serum FFA level was noted during the spring premigratory phase (early March) at Swan Lake, and the highest during moult (early August) at Ft. Churchill. Serum FFA level during the spring postmigratory period (early May at Ft. Churchill) was significantly higher than that during the spring premigratory period and the breeding period (early at Ft. Churchill). No signigicant difference in FFA levels was noted between the fall premigratory (early September at Ft. Churchill) and the fall postmigratory (mid-October at Swan Lake) periods. The significance of the seasonal variations in serum FFA level is discussed in relation to the cyclic physiological events taking place in the bird.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in serum free fatty acid level in the migratory Canada goose. The changes in the serum level of free fatty acids (FFA) in the migratory Canada goose (Branta canadensis interior) breeding in Ft. Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) and wintering in Swan Lake (Missouri, U.S.A.), were studied during the different periods of its yearly life cycle. The lowest serum FFA level was noted during the spring premigratory phase (early March) at Swan Lake, and the highest during moult (early August) at Ft. Churchill. Serum FFA level during the spring postmigratory period (early May at Ft. Churchill) was significantly higher than that during the spring premigratory period and the breeding period (early at Ft. Churchill). No signigicant difference in FFA levels was noted between the fall premigratory (early September at Ft. Churchill) and the fall postmigratory (mid-October at Swan Lake) periods. The significance of the seasonal variations in serum FFA level is discussed in relation to the cyclic physiological events taking place in the bird.", "PMID": 79367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7360", "title": "[Cardiac and vascular reactions provoked by 5-HT in rats].", "content": "In normal rat, anaesthetized with pentobarbital, 5-HT, injected or perfused by intravenous route, provokes different types of cardiovascular responses. These variations are due to the activation of three classes of receptors. The first ones explain the fall of the arterial blood pressure: they are located on arterioles which are dilatated. The second one are para- or perivascular nervous receptors: when stimulated, they induce vago-vagal reflexes (Bezold-Jarisch reflexes) suppressed by vagotomy. The third ones are vasoconstrictor and located on arterioles.", "contents": "[Cardiac and vascular reactions provoked by 5-HT in rats]. In normal rat, anaesthetized with pentobarbital, 5-HT, injected or perfused by intravenous route, provokes different types of cardiovascular responses. These variations are due to the activation of three classes of receptors. The first ones explain the fall of the arterial blood pressure: they are located on arterioles which are dilatated. The second one are para- or perivascular nervous receptors: when stimulated, they induce vago-vagal reflexes (Bezold-Jarisch reflexes) suppressed by vagotomy. The third ones are vasoconstrictor and located on arterioles.", "PMID": 79368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7361", "title": "Determination of useful barley selections in an improvement program for increased lysine content by larvae of Tenebrio molitor L.", "content": "Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., Gembloux strain, race F, were reared for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity. They were fed on each of 22 cultivars of barley, at the protein level occurring in harvested seed and at a protein level of 10% of dietary protein. Growth and body composition of the larvae were correlated positively and significantly with the concentrations of basic amino acids in the barleys and negatively and significantly with the concentrations of leucine. The percentage of crude protein in larval tissues can be used as a measure of available lysine in barley cultivars, and gains in fresh weight of larvae as indices of arginine concentrations. Differences were evident between the biological and chemical estimations of these amino acids. Several of the Saskatoon barley selections, derived from crosses with Hiproly, were equal to Hiproly or Ris\u00f8 varieties in the amounts of lysine available to the larvae.", "contents": "Determination of useful barley selections in an improvement program for increased lysine content by larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. Larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., Gembloux strain, race F, were reared for 4 weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/- 5% relative humidity. They were fed on each of 22 cultivars of barley, at the protein level occurring in harvested seed and at a protein level of 10% of dietary protein. Growth and body composition of the larvae were correlated positively and significantly with the concentrations of basic amino acids in the barleys and negatively and significantly with the concentrations of leucine. The percentage of crude protein in larval tissues can be used as a measure of available lysine in barley cultivars, and gains in fresh weight of larvae as indices of arginine concentrations. Differences were evident between the biological and chemical estimations of these amino acids. Several of the Saskatoon barley selections, derived from crosses with Hiproly, were equal to Hiproly or Ris\u00f8 varieties in the amounts of lysine available to the larvae.", "PMID": 79369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7362", "title": "Human thyrotropin and its alpha and beta subunits.", "content": "A new procedure is described for the isolation of human thyrotropin using ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration only. Thyroid stimulating activity of the final preparation of our human thyrotropin amounted to 0.5 IU/mg by bioassay. The alpha and beta subunit of the hormone were also obtained by a new procedure. In this method the native hormone was incubated in an acidified 8 M urea solution and the chains were then separated by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The amino-terminal residues of the alpha and beta chains were valine and phenylalanine respectively. The beta chain appears shorter at its carboxy-terminal end by one methionine residue than its bovine counterpart. Cross-contamination of the subunit preparations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The beta chain exhibited a contamination of about 3 percent of the alpha subunit by weight. The alpha subunit is contaminated by about one percent of the beta chain by weight.", "contents": "Human thyrotropin and its alpha and beta subunits. A new procedure is described for the isolation of human thyrotropin using ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration only. Thyroid stimulating activity of the final preparation of our human thyrotropin amounted to 0.5 IU/mg by bioassay. The alpha and beta subunit of the hormone were also obtained by a new procedure. In this method the native hormone was incubated in an acidified 8 M urea solution and the chains were then separated by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The amino-terminal residues of the alpha and beta chains were valine and phenylalanine respectively. The beta chain appears shorter at its carboxy-terminal end by one methionine residue than its bovine counterpart. Cross-contamination of the subunit preparations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The beta chain exhibited a contamination of about 3 percent of the alpha subunit by weight. The alpha subunit is contaminated by about one percent of the beta chain by weight.", "PMID": 79370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7363", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the three light chains from carp white muscle myosin.", "content": "Myosin from carp white muscle contains two mol of \"DTNB\" light chain (mol. wt 17 500 daltons) and two mol of \"alkali\" light chains (mol. wt 25 000 and 16 400 daltons). The three light chains have been isolated in pure state and characterized by electrofocusing, ultraviolet absorption, amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping. Our results show a great homology between the two carp alkali light chains whereas LC2 seems chemically more different. But the homology of LC1 and LC3 is not so extensive as in the case of the higher vertebrate myosin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the three light chains from carp white muscle myosin. Myosin from carp white muscle contains two mol of \"DTNB\" light chain (mol. wt 17 500 daltons) and two mol of \"alkali\" light chains (mol. wt 25 000 and 16 400 daltons). The three light chains have been isolated in pure state and characterized by electrofocusing, ultraviolet absorption, amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping. Our results show a great homology between the two carp alkali light chains whereas LC2 seems chemically more different. But the homology of LC1 and LC3 is not so extensive as in the case of the higher vertebrate myosin.", "PMID": 79371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7364", "title": "[Comparison of the effect of acetone and isopropanol on lipid metabolism in rats].", "content": "Isopropanol and acetone administered to rats in conditions leading to a similar blood acetone level differ markedly in their effects on lipid metabolism. Isopropanol administration determines a fatty liver, which is mainly related to a defect in hepatic lipoprotein synthesis. Acetone administration gives only raise to a slight increase in the liver triacylglycerol level. It does not alter the [1-14C] palmitate, [1-14C] glycerol or [U-14C] leucine incorporation into blood lipoproteins. Acetone does thus not appear to play a preminent role in the isopropanol induced fatty liver which seems to be related mainly to a direct action of the alcohol itself.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effect of acetone and isopropanol on lipid metabolism in rats]. Isopropanol and acetone administered to rats in conditions leading to a similar blood acetone level differ markedly in their effects on lipid metabolism. Isopropanol administration determines a fatty liver, which is mainly related to a defect in hepatic lipoprotein synthesis. Acetone administration gives only raise to a slight increase in the liver triacylglycerol level. It does not alter the [1-14C] palmitate, [1-14C] glycerol or [U-14C] leucine incorporation into blood lipoproteins. Acetone does thus not appear to play a preminent role in the isopropanol induced fatty liver which seems to be related mainly to a direct action of the alcohol itself.", "PMID": 79372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7365", "title": "Interferon inhibits C-type virus at a posttranscriptional, prerelease step.", "content": "The mode of action of interferon in JLSV 5-cells, chronically infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV), was studied by examining the fate of preexisting labelled viral RNA in interferon-treated cells and by determining the infectivity/physical particle ratio of cell-associated and extracellular virus. Interferon added together with 3H-uridine inhibited the production of labelled virus particles even when it was only allowed to act after all viral RNA synthesis had been stopped by actinomycin D. This indicated that the interferon-induced antiviral state primarily functions at a posttranscriptional step. When interferon was given after a 3H-uridine pulse label and arrest of label incorporation by glucosamine and unlabelled uridine, it prevented a portion of the preexisting radioactive RNA from occurring in extracellular particles. However, part of the labelled viral RNA had reached a stage beyond which interferon could not prevent it from occurring in extracellular virus particles. The notion that interferon primarily affects release of fully assembled and enveloped MLV particles may be eliminated: interferon-treatment did not affect the release of particle-bound reverse transcriptase in cells treated with cycloheximide after the antiviral state had been established. It was confirmed that interferon-treated JLSV 5-cells contained an increased number of virus particles associated with the cell membrane. However, these particles were found to have a reduced infectivity compared to those associated with control cells, thus confirming the view that virions produced by interferon-treated cells are defective; perhaps lacking in certain components.", "contents": "Interferon inhibits C-type virus at a posttranscriptional, prerelease step. The mode of action of interferon in JLSV 5-cells, chronically infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV), was studied by examining the fate of preexisting labelled viral RNA in interferon-treated cells and by determining the infectivity/physical particle ratio of cell-associated and extracellular virus. Interferon added together with 3H-uridine inhibited the production of labelled virus particles even when it was only allowed to act after all viral RNA synthesis had been stopped by actinomycin D. This indicated that the interferon-induced antiviral state primarily functions at a posttranscriptional step. When interferon was given after a 3H-uridine pulse label and arrest of label incorporation by glucosamine and unlabelled uridine, it prevented a portion of the preexisting radioactive RNA from occurring in extracellular particles. However, part of the labelled viral RNA had reached a stage beyond which interferon could not prevent it from occurring in extracellular virus particles. The notion that interferon primarily affects release of fully assembled and enveloped MLV particles may be eliminated: interferon-treatment did not affect the release of particle-bound reverse transcriptase in cells treated with cycloheximide after the antiviral state had been established. It was confirmed that interferon-treated JLSV 5-cells contained an increased number of virus particles associated with the cell membrane. However, these particles were found to have a reduced infectivity compared to those associated with control cells, thus confirming the view that virions produced by interferon-treated cells are defective; perhaps lacking in certain components.", "PMID": 79409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7366", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization of the basic substance of human dermis].", "content": "The data on ultrastructural organization of the ground substance in the human dermis obtained electron histochemically are represented. Five types of ruthenium positive structures of polysaccharide origin are detected: retinal structure (I), amorfous substance (II), membranes of collagen fibrils (III) and elastic fibres (V), fine ruthenium positive streakness of collagen fibrils (IV). These structures, except fine streakness, form a united polysaccharide system of the dermis participating in maintenance of structural-functional integrity of the connective tissue (collagen-elastic) carcass of the dermis. Two mechanisms, interconnected and oppositely directed, perform this function: the buffer mechanism preventing the connective tissue fibers and collagen fibrils to approach each other, and the binding mechanism preventing the fibrils and fibers to dissociate. The reticular structure performs mainly this function at the level of fibers, and the amorphous substance does it at the level of fibrils.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization of the basic substance of human dermis]. The data on ultrastructural organization of the ground substance in the human dermis obtained electron histochemically are represented. Five types of ruthenium positive structures of polysaccharide origin are detected: retinal structure (I), amorfous substance (II), membranes of collagen fibrils (III) and elastic fibres (V), fine ruthenium positive streakness of collagen fibrils (IV). These structures, except fine streakness, form a united polysaccharide system of the dermis participating in maintenance of structural-functional integrity of the connective tissue (collagen-elastic) carcass of the dermis. Two mechanisms, interconnected and oppositely directed, perform this function: the buffer mechanism preventing the connective tissue fibers and collagen fibrils to approach each other, and the binding mechanism preventing the fibrils and fibers to dissociate. The reticular structure performs mainly this function at the level of fibers, and the amorphous substance does it at the level of fibrils.", "PMID": 79410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7367", "title": "Ocular involvement in Whipple's disease: light and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A 52-year-old man had a prolonged history of nondeforming migratory polyarthritis and a short episode of pericarditis preceding the onset of bilateral vitreitis and retinitis. The clinical course was characterized by progressive deterioration of vision, increasing lethargy, and dementia, leading to coma and death from pneumonia (21 months later). No intestinal manifestations were recorded. Both eyes, which were removed postmortem, disclosed numerous PAS-positive macrophages throughout the inner retina and vitreous. Electron microscopic studies of the macrophages displayed intracytoplasmic, degenerating, rod-shaped bacteria and membranous structures identical to those seen in the intestine, brain, heart, and other tissues of patients with Whipple's disease. Clinicians should include Whipple's disease, and reticulum cell sarcoma, in the differential diagnosis of patients with bilateral retinitis and vitreitis, especially if these disorders are associated with CNS manifestations.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in Whipple's disease: light and electron microscopic observations. A 52-year-old man had a prolonged history of nondeforming migratory polyarthritis and a short episode of pericarditis preceding the onset of bilateral vitreitis and retinitis. The clinical course was characterized by progressive deterioration of vision, increasing lethargy, and dementia, leading to coma and death from pneumonia (21 months later). No intestinal manifestations were recorded. Both eyes, which were removed postmortem, disclosed numerous PAS-positive macrophages throughout the inner retina and vitreous. Electron microscopic studies of the macrophages displayed intracytoplasmic, degenerating, rod-shaped bacteria and membranous structures identical to those seen in the intestine, brain, heart, and other tissues of patients with Whipple's disease. Clinicians should include Whipple's disease, and reticulum cell sarcoma, in the differential diagnosis of patients with bilateral retinitis and vitreitis, especially if these disorders are associated with CNS manifestations.", "PMID": 79412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7368", "title": "The significance of raised maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein in twin pregnancy.", "content": "A hundred twin pregnancies were examined before 27 weeks gestation. The level of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was correlated with outcome of the pregnancy. Forty per cent of all women had elevated plasma AFP levels. At birth the combined infant weights were greater in the women with elevated AFP; the gestational age at delivery was unrelated to the level of AFP in early pregnancy.", "contents": "The significance of raised maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein in twin pregnancy. A hundred twin pregnancies were examined before 27 weeks gestation. The level of maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was correlated with outcome of the pregnancy. Forty per cent of all women had elevated plasma AFP levels. At birth the combined infant weights were greater in the women with elevated AFP; the gestational age at delivery was unrelated to the level of AFP in early pregnancy.", "PMID": 79417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7369", "title": "Neotetrazolium staining of three avian Mycoplasma serotypes for microagglutination test.", "content": "Mycoplasma meleagridis, M. gallisepticum, and M. synoviae antigens were stained with neotetrazolium chloride for use in the microagglutination test. Only the stained antigens of M. gallisepticum were acceptable in color intensity and test readability.", "contents": "Neotetrazolium staining of three avian Mycoplasma serotypes for microagglutination test. Mycoplasma meleagridis, M. gallisepticum, and M. synoviae antigens were stained with neotetrazolium chloride for use in the microagglutination test. Only the stained antigens of M. gallisepticum were acceptable in color intensity and test readability.", "PMID": 79413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7370", "title": "Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels and the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects: a collaborative study of 2180 pregnancies in the Netherlands.", "content": "Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were measured in 2180 patients at risk of fetal abnormality because of previous history, family history, advanced maternal age, suspected fetal growth retardation and hydramnios. In 12 patients investigated before 20 weeks gestation, pregnancy was terminated because of a raised amniotic fluid AFP-level: 11 fetuses had neural tube defects (NTDs) and one had a congenital nephrosis. There were no false negative results in the 1927 patients tested before 20 weeks and with a pregnancy of known outcome. In patients tested after 20 weeks, the amniotic fluid AFP concentration was raised in 20 cases of anencephaly, in 9 fetuses with severe congenital malformations without NTD and in one apparently normal fetus. Of 428 patients with a previous offspring who had a NTD, only 8(1.9 per cent) again had a fetus with a NTD.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels and the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects: a collaborative study of 2180 pregnancies in the Netherlands. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were measured in 2180 patients at risk of fetal abnormality because of previous history, family history, advanced maternal age, suspected fetal growth retardation and hydramnios. In 12 patients investigated before 20 weeks gestation, pregnancy was terminated because of a raised amniotic fluid AFP-level: 11 fetuses had neural tube defects (NTDs) and one had a congenital nephrosis. There were no false negative results in the 1927 patients tested before 20 weeks and with a pregnancy of known outcome. In patients tested after 20 weeks, the amniotic fluid AFP concentration was raised in 20 cases of anencephaly, in 9 fetuses with severe congenital malformations without NTD and in one apparently normal fetus. Of 428 patients with a previous offspring who had a NTD, only 8(1.9 per cent) again had a fetus with a NTD.", "PMID": 79418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7371", "title": "Discrimination of DNA polymerase and RNase H activities in reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "The active sites in reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus have been selectively modified by various chemical reagents. The DNA polymerase activity is very sensitive to hydrophobic sulfhydryl reagents such as 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate but resistant to sulfhydryl reagents with hydrophilic properties. The RNase H activity, on the other hand, is resistant to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents, indicating the absence of cysteinyl residues essential for RNase H activity. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), an amino and sulfhydryl group specific reagent, inactivates both DNA polymerase and RNase H, the later activity being fourfold more stable. Polynucleotides, but not nucleotide triphosphates, protect the two enzymatic activites of reverse transcriptase against NEM. Since pretreatment of the enzyme with 5,5' -dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) does not prevent N-ethylmaleimide from reacting with a residue necessary for DNA polymerase activity, two different reactive groups are probably involved with this enzymatic activity. The pH profile of reverse transcriptase inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide also suggests the involvement of two reactive groups essential for the DNA polymerase activity with apparent pKas of 5.5 and 6.5. Only one reactive group with a pKa of 7.5 is found associated with the RNase H activity.", "contents": "Discrimination of DNA polymerase and RNase H activities in reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus. The active sites in reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus have been selectively modified by various chemical reagents. The DNA polymerase activity is very sensitive to hydrophobic sulfhydryl reagents such as 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate but resistant to sulfhydryl reagents with hydrophilic properties. The RNase H activity, on the other hand, is resistant to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents, indicating the absence of cysteinyl residues essential for RNase H activity. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), an amino and sulfhydryl group specific reagent, inactivates both DNA polymerase and RNase H, the later activity being fourfold more stable. Polynucleotides, but not nucleotide triphosphates, protect the two enzymatic activites of reverse transcriptase against NEM. Since pretreatment of the enzyme with 5,5' -dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) does not prevent N-ethylmaleimide from reacting with a residue necessary for DNA polymerase activity, two different reactive groups are probably involved with this enzymatic activity. The pH profile of reverse transcriptase inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide also suggests the involvement of two reactive groups essential for the DNA polymerase activity with apparent pKas of 5.5 and 6.5. Only one reactive group with a pKa of 7.5 is found associated with the RNase H activity.", "PMID": 79419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7372", "title": "Hydrogen-deuterium substitution and solvent effects on the nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance of gramicidin S: evaluation of secondary structure.", "content": "Complete assignments of nitrogen-15 resonances of gramicidin S have been made in dimethyl sulfoxide, trifluoroethanol, and in a solvent mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (50%) and methanol (50%). The assignments are achieved by utilizing the secondary structure of gramicidin S, by comparing the nitrogen-15 spectrum of gramicidin S with that of di-N-methylphenylalanine-gramicidin S and by taking into account the distinguishable value of nitrogen-15 chemical shift for valine in model compounds. Deuterium substitution for labile peptide protons was performed to delineate solvent shielded and deshielded peptide nitrogens and to substantiate further the signal assignments. The solvent titration on going from dimethyl sulfoxide to trifluoroethanol was also performed and shown to have a large deshielding effect on the peptide nitrogen whose corresponding peptide carbonyl, within the peptide moiety, was accessible to the trifluroethanol solvent.", "contents": "Hydrogen-deuterium substitution and solvent effects on the nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance of gramicidin S: evaluation of secondary structure. Complete assignments of nitrogen-15 resonances of gramicidin S have been made in dimethyl sulfoxide, trifluoroethanol, and in a solvent mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (50%) and methanol (50%). The assignments are achieved by utilizing the secondary structure of gramicidin S, by comparing the nitrogen-15 spectrum of gramicidin S with that of di-N-methylphenylalanine-gramicidin S and by taking into account the distinguishable value of nitrogen-15 chemical shift for valine in model compounds. Deuterium substitution for labile peptide protons was performed to delineate solvent shielded and deshielded peptide nitrogens and to substantiate further the signal assignments. The solvent titration on going from dimethyl sulfoxide to trifluoroethanol was also performed and shown to have a large deshielding effect on the peptide nitrogen whose corresponding peptide carbonyl, within the peptide moiety, was accessible to the trifluroethanol solvent.", "PMID": 79420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7373", "title": "Comparison of the inhibition of thrombin by three plasma protease inhibitors.", "content": "Human alpha-thrombin is inhibited by the circulating protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Kinetic analyses of the inhibitor thrombin interactions were carried out utilizing either fibrinogen or the synthetic substrate Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide as substrates to determine residual thrombin activity. These studies demonstrated that the inhibition of thrombin by alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin followed second-order kinetics. The rate constants for the inhibition of thrombin by alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin are 6.51 +/- 0.38 x 10(3), 3.36 +/- 0.34 x 10(5), and 2.93 +/- 0.02 x 10(4) M-1 min-1, respectively. Comparison of the second-order rate constants and the normal plasma levels of the three inhibitors demonstrates that, under the in vitro conditions utilized, antithrombin III is five times and alpha2-macroglobulin is one-third as effective as alpha1-antitrypsin in the inhibition of thrombin.", "contents": "Comparison of the inhibition of thrombin by three plasma protease inhibitors. Human alpha-thrombin is inhibited by the circulating protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Kinetic analyses of the inhibitor thrombin interactions were carried out utilizing either fibrinogen or the synthetic substrate Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide as substrates to determine residual thrombin activity. These studies demonstrated that the inhibition of thrombin by alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin followed second-order kinetics. The rate constants for the inhibition of thrombin by alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, and alpha2-macroglobulin are 6.51 +/- 0.38 x 10(3), 3.36 +/- 0.34 x 10(5), and 2.93 +/- 0.02 x 10(4) M-1 min-1, respectively. Comparison of the second-order rate constants and the normal plasma levels of the three inhibitors demonstrates that, under the in vitro conditions utilized, antithrombin III is five times and alpha2-macroglobulin is one-third as effective as alpha1-antitrypsin in the inhibition of thrombin.", "PMID": 79421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7374", "title": "[Mediator liberation at the myoneural junctions of the frog sartorius muscle when axoplasmic transport has been disrupted with colchicine].", "content": "Colchicine application to the nerve innervating the frog sartorius muscle leads to reduction of the differences in functional condition of the myoneural synapses of this muscle by the signs of quantum content of the end plate potential (EPP) and by the changes of the EPP amplitudes in high frequency stimulation. Along with this there occurs a rarefaction of the frequency of miniature potential of the end plate, and reduction of its amplitude. Apparently, the latter is caused by reduction of effective resistance of the postsynaptic membrane. Changes of the induced and spontaneous secretion of the mediator are connected with disturbances of the axoplasmic transport just in the somatic nerve fibers.", "contents": "[Mediator liberation at the myoneural junctions of the frog sartorius muscle when axoplasmic transport has been disrupted with colchicine]. Colchicine application to the nerve innervating the frog sartorius muscle leads to reduction of the differences in functional condition of the myoneural synapses of this muscle by the signs of quantum content of the end plate potential (EPP) and by the changes of the EPP amplitudes in high frequency stimulation. Along with this there occurs a rarefaction of the frequency of miniature potential of the end plate, and reduction of its amplitude. Apparently, the latter is caused by reduction of effective resistance of the postsynaptic membrane. Changes of the induced and spontaneous secretion of the mediator are connected with disturbances of the axoplasmic transport just in the somatic nerve fibers.", "PMID": 79423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7375", "title": "[Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis during liver regeneration in adult mice of different strains].", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration was estimated by radial immunodiffusion in agar technique in the sera of adult mice of 12 inbred strains and F1 hybrids (SWR X B10D2 and B10D2 X SWR) during liver regeneration after CCl4 poisoning. Statistically significant difference in the AFP concentration was found in the male and female sera in 6 of 10 mouse strains studied. The following inter-strain differences were also revealed: the AFP mean levels in the sera of C57BL/6 and B10D2 strains were found to be significantly lower than the corresponding levels in the sera of the majority of the strains tested. F1 hybrids showed to occupy an intermediate position by the AFP content between the parental strains. Small, but statistically significant, differences were revealed between the groups of male F1 hybrids from the direct reciprocal crossings. It is suggested that the control of induction of the AFP synthesis during the liver regeneration in adult mice was realized on the polygene basis.", "contents": "[Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis during liver regeneration in adult mice of different strains]. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration was estimated by radial immunodiffusion in agar technique in the sera of adult mice of 12 inbred strains and F1 hybrids (SWR X B10D2 and B10D2 X SWR) during liver regeneration after CCl4 poisoning. Statistically significant difference in the AFP concentration was found in the male and female sera in 6 of 10 mouse strains studied. The following inter-strain differences were also revealed: the AFP mean levels in the sera of C57BL/6 and B10D2 strains were found to be significantly lower than the corresponding levels in the sera of the majority of the strains tested. F1 hybrids showed to occupy an intermediate position by the AFP content between the parental strains. Small, but statistically significant, differences were revealed between the groups of male F1 hybrids from the direct reciprocal crossings. It is suggested that the control of induction of the AFP synthesis during the liver regeneration in adult mice was realized on the polygene basis.", "PMID": 79424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7376", "title": "[DNA synthesis in rat liver following administration of antihepatocytotoxic serum].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on adult female rats. The autoradiographic method was applied to the study of thymidine-3H incorporation into the parenchymatous and reticulo-endothelial cells of the liver under conditions of using low doses (0.06 microgram of protein per 100 of body weight) of antihepatocytotoxic serum (AHCS), gamma-globulin isolated from it (gammaAHCS) and gamma-globulin fraction of normal rabbit serum (gammaNRS) to intact animals and rats with carbon tetrachloride affection of the liver. The labelled nuclei index of both the parenchyma and the reticuloendothelial cells increased in case of gammaAHCS administration, and, to a lesser extent, of AHCS to intact animals. gammaAHCS used against the background of CCl4 administration intensified the reparative regeneration. The action of gammaAHCS has phasic character--the period of the labeled nuclei elevation was followed by their reduction, replaced by new intensification of the proliferative processes.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis in rat liver following administration of antihepatocytotoxic serum]. Experiments were conducted on adult female rats. The autoradiographic method was applied to the study of thymidine-3H incorporation into the parenchymatous and reticulo-endothelial cells of the liver under conditions of using low doses (0.06 microgram of protein per 100 of body weight) of antihepatocytotoxic serum (AHCS), gamma-globulin isolated from it (gammaAHCS) and gamma-globulin fraction of normal rabbit serum (gammaNRS) to intact animals and rats with carbon tetrachloride affection of the liver. The labelled nuclei index of both the parenchyma and the reticuloendothelial cells increased in case of gammaAHCS administration, and, to a lesser extent, of AHCS to intact animals. gammaAHCS used against the background of CCl4 administration intensified the reparative regeneration. The action of gammaAHCS has phasic character--the period of the labeled nuclei elevation was followed by their reduction, replaced by new intensification of the proliferative processes.", "PMID": 79425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7377", "title": "Identification and characterization of a brain-specific antigen enriched in neonatal brain. I. Developmental, regional distribution and molecular weight studies.", "content": "An antiserum raised to the 20--40% ammonium sulfate cut of the soluble proteins extracted from whole neonatal rat brain has been absorbed with liver affinity columns. The absorbed antiserum recognizes a high molecular weight antigen(s) that is (i) restricted to nervous tissue, (ii) enriched in neonatal rat brain, and (iii) present from the 17th day of gestation throughout adult life. The name given to this brain-specific antigen(s) is NABSA, short for 'neonatal-associated brain-specific antigen'. NABSA is immunologically unrelated to S-100 or 14-3-2. NABSA levels in whole rat brain increased soon after birth. The specific activity of NABSA at 2--3 days postpartum reached 3--5-fold higher levels than are found in adult brain. NABSA declined to adult levels by the 10th postnatal day, well before CNS maturation was complete. Regional variations in NABSA levels were found in the rat neonate; highest activities occurred in neonatal cerebellum. Similar variations were observed in adult brain.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of a brain-specific antigen enriched in neonatal brain. I. Developmental, regional distribution and molecular weight studies. An antiserum raised to the 20--40% ammonium sulfate cut of the soluble proteins extracted from whole neonatal rat brain has been absorbed with liver affinity columns. The absorbed antiserum recognizes a high molecular weight antigen(s) that is (i) restricted to nervous tissue, (ii) enriched in neonatal rat brain, and (iii) present from the 17th day of gestation throughout adult life. The name given to this brain-specific antigen(s) is NABSA, short for 'neonatal-associated brain-specific antigen'. NABSA is immunologically unrelated to S-100 or 14-3-2. NABSA levels in whole rat brain increased soon after birth. The specific activity of NABSA at 2--3 days postpartum reached 3--5-fold higher levels than are found in adult brain. NABSA declined to adult levels by the 10th postnatal day, well before CNS maturation was complete. Regional variations in NABSA levels were found in the rat neonate; highest activities occurred in neonatal cerebellum. Similar variations were observed in adult brain.", "PMID": 79429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7378", "title": "Electron microscope autoradiographic evidence for specific transneuronal transport in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb.", "content": "The distribution of radioactive material was examined autoradiographically 8 h after application of [3H] proline to the vomeronasal organ in mice. Labelled material was transported along the axons of the vomeronasal nerves to their terminals in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). A lesser but consistent amount of radioactivity was found in the external plexiform layer (EPL) of the AOB. Electron microscopic autoradiography was used to determine which of the components of the EPL contained this labelled material. The method of proportional grain counts showed that the highest concentration of silver grains lay over the mitral cell dendrites, which are the elements immediately postsynaptic to the vomeronasal nerve axons. However, a fairly high proportion of grains also lay over the peripheral processes of granule cells. By application of a method of 'crossfire analysis' (which is explained in detail) it was possible to show that the observed grain distribution is best explained by the assumption that the radioactive material is confined to mitral cells, and the labelling over granule cell processes is due to crossfire from these sources. Im one animal at 5 days after [3H]proline administration label was found to have extended from mitral cells to granule cells, suggesting that the transsynaptically transported radioactive material, which was confined to the mitral cells at 8 h, may have become further redistributed at longer survivals. In a control experiment, [3H]proline was applied directly to the surface of the AOB. This gave rise to a completely different distribution of radioactivity in the EPL: radioactive material was present in all tissue components.", "contents": "Electron microscope autoradiographic evidence for specific transneuronal transport in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. The distribution of radioactive material was examined autoradiographically 8 h after application of [3H] proline to the vomeronasal organ in mice. Labelled material was transported along the axons of the vomeronasal nerves to their terminals in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). A lesser but consistent amount of radioactivity was found in the external plexiform layer (EPL) of the AOB. Electron microscopic autoradiography was used to determine which of the components of the EPL contained this labelled material. The method of proportional grain counts showed that the highest concentration of silver grains lay over the mitral cell dendrites, which are the elements immediately postsynaptic to the vomeronasal nerve axons. However, a fairly high proportion of grains also lay over the peripheral processes of granule cells. By application of a method of 'crossfire analysis' (which is explained in detail) it was possible to show that the observed grain distribution is best explained by the assumption that the radioactive material is confined to mitral cells, and the labelling over granule cell processes is due to crossfire from these sources. Im one animal at 5 days after [3H]proline administration label was found to have extended from mitral cells to granule cells, suggesting that the transsynaptically transported radioactive material, which was confined to the mitral cells at 8 h, may have become further redistributed at longer survivals. In a control experiment, [3H]proline was applied directly to the surface of the AOB. This gave rise to a completely different distribution of radioactivity in the EPL: radioactive material was present in all tissue components.", "PMID": 79435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7379", "title": "Inhibition by puromycin of transneuronal transport in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb.", "content": "Application of [3H]proline to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in mice results in the transport of labelled material along the vomeronasal axons to their terminals in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). In addition labelled material leaves the vomeronasal nerve terminals and is found over the external plexiform layer (EPL), where a previous electron microscopic autoradiographic study showed that it is preferentially accumulated in mitral cells. Grain densities over the glomerular layer and the EPL were counted in light micrographs. After subtracting background, the overall density of grains in the EPL is about 10% of that over the glomerular layer at 6 h after administration of [3H]proline to the VNO (5 mice). In a further 7 mice, puromycin (or saline) was applied directly to the AOB at hourly intervals during the 6 h after [3H]proline administration. Under these circumstances the labelling in the EPL is only 2--4% of that in the glomerular layer (9% for the 2 saline controls). These observations are evidence that a major part of the transsynaptic transfer mechanism is dependent on protein synthesis, and also favour the view that free amino acids are an important component of the material transferred.", "contents": "Inhibition by puromycin of transneuronal transport in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. Application of [3H]proline to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in mice results in the transport of labelled material along the vomeronasal axons to their terminals in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). In addition labelled material leaves the vomeronasal nerve terminals and is found over the external plexiform layer (EPL), where a previous electron microscopic autoradiographic study showed that it is preferentially accumulated in mitral cells. Grain densities over the glomerular layer and the EPL were counted in light micrographs. After subtracting background, the overall density of grains in the EPL is about 10% of that over the glomerular layer at 6 h after administration of [3H]proline to the VNO (5 mice). In a further 7 mice, puromycin (or saline) was applied directly to the AOB at hourly intervals during the 6 h after [3H]proline administration. Under these circumstances the labelling in the EPL is only 2--4% of that in the glomerular layer (9% for the 2 saline controls). These observations are evidence that a major part of the transsynaptic transfer mechanism is dependent on protein synthesis, and also favour the view that free amino acids are an important component of the material transferred.", "PMID": 79436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7380", "title": "Thy-L antigen expression on rat brain cell lines.", "content": "Cell lines derived from the central nervous system of rats were screened serologically for the presence of Thy-1 (theta), a cell surface differentiation antigen shared by brain and thymus of rats and mice. Both cytotoxicity absorption and indirect immunofluorescence assays were performed using a rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) with Thy-1 specificity. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity of ATS detected a mouse-rat cross-reacting determinant of the molecule bearing the Thy-1 antigen. Of 20 lines tested, 1 of 6 neuronal and 7 of 14 non-neuronal lines expressed Thy-1, as judged by their capacity to absorb ATS cytotoxicity for a Thy-1 positive thymoma line. Similar results were obtained in quantitative absorption assays of these lines employing a mouse anti-Thy 1.1 alloantiserum, but the xenoantiserum (ATS) was more sensitive for detecting the rat molecule bearing Thy-1. Indirect immunofluorescence, which was performed on several of the lines, yielded results in complete agreement with the cytotoxicity absorption assays, and revealed a generalized distribution of antigen in a speckled or patchy pattern over the membrane of cell bodies and processes.", "contents": "Thy-L antigen expression on rat brain cell lines. Cell lines derived from the central nervous system of rats were screened serologically for the presence of Thy-1 (theta), a cell surface differentiation antigen shared by brain and thymus of rats and mice. Both cytotoxicity absorption and indirect immunofluorescence assays were performed using a rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS) with Thy-1 specificity. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity of ATS detected a mouse-rat cross-reacting determinant of the molecule bearing the Thy-1 antigen. Of 20 lines tested, 1 of 6 neuronal and 7 of 14 non-neuronal lines expressed Thy-1, as judged by their capacity to absorb ATS cytotoxicity for a Thy-1 positive thymoma line. Similar results were obtained in quantitative absorption assays of these lines employing a mouse anti-Thy 1.1 alloantiserum, but the xenoantiserum (ATS) was more sensitive for detecting the rat molecule bearing Thy-1. Indirect immunofluorescence, which was performed on several of the lines, yielded results in complete agreement with the cytotoxicity absorption assays, and revealed a generalized distribution of antigen in a speckled or patchy pattern over the membrane of cell bodies and processes.", "PMID": 79437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7381", "title": "Inhibitory effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate on DNA polymerases from murine cells and oncornavirus.", "content": "This report compares the effect of the newly synthesized 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate on the activity of DNA polymerases from mouse cells and oncornavirus. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate inhibited all the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma and viral DNA polymerase. The mode of inhibition of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate as well as 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was competitive to the deoxynucleoside triphosphate with the same base. The inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition of nucleotide incorporation varied with changes in the combination of the inhibitor, substrate(s), and enzyme species.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate on DNA polymerases from murine cells and oncornavirus. This report compares the effect of the newly synthesized 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate on the activity of DNA polymerases from mouse cells and oncornavirus. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate inhibited all the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma and viral DNA polymerase. The mode of inhibition of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine 5'-triphosphate as well as 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate was competitive to the deoxynucleoside triphosphate with the same base. The inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition of nucleotide incorporation varied with changes in the combination of the inhibitor, substrate(s), and enzyme species.", "PMID": 79444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7382", "title": "Distribution of alpha-fetoprotein- and albumin-containing cells in the livers of Fischer rats fed four cycles of N-2-fluorenylacetamide.", "content": "Immunofluorescent localization of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)- and albumin-containing cells was determined in the livers of Fischer rats fed 0.05% N-2-acetylfluorenamide for four 2-weeks-on, 1-week-off cycles. After this exposure multiple changes in the liver include over 1000 neoplastic nodules/liver, as well as extensive production of so-called oval cells and focal zones of atypical hepatocellular hyperplasia. Approximately 1% of the oval cells contain AFP, and about half of the zones of atypical hyperplasia include cells that contain AFP, but none of the neoplastic nodules or normal hepatocytes have any AFP-containing cells. Since up to 60% of the hepatocellular carcinomas developing from this regimen will predictably produce AFP, it is tentatively concluded that hepatocellular carcinoma may arise not only from \"premalignant\" neoplastic nodules but also from oval cells or the atpyical differentiation of hepatocytes.", "contents": "Distribution of alpha-fetoprotein- and albumin-containing cells in the livers of Fischer rats fed four cycles of N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Immunofluorescent localization of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)- and albumin-containing cells was determined in the livers of Fischer rats fed 0.05% N-2-acetylfluorenamide for four 2-weeks-on, 1-week-off cycles. After this exposure multiple changes in the liver include over 1000 neoplastic nodules/liver, as well as extensive production of so-called oval cells and focal zones of atypical hepatocellular hyperplasia. Approximately 1% of the oval cells contain AFP, and about half of the zones of atypical hyperplasia include cells that contain AFP, but none of the neoplastic nodules or normal hepatocytes have any AFP-containing cells. Since up to 60% of the hepatocellular carcinomas developing from this regimen will predictably produce AFP, it is tentatively concluded that hepatocellular carcinoma may arise not only from \"premalignant\" neoplastic nodules but also from oval cells or the atpyical differentiation of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 79445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7383", "title": "Quinacrine fluorescence of Merkel cells in Xenopus laevis.", "content": "It has been shown by electron microscopy that, in Xenopus laevis, Merkel cells are usually situated near the ducts of the skin glands. Cells which fluorescence in ultra-violet light after treatment of the skin with quinacrine can be identified with these Merkel cells by their position, shape and size. The method indicates the presence of purine nucleotides, probably ATP. This result is consistent with the view that \"large opaque vesicles\" are sites of ATP storage.", "contents": "Quinacrine fluorescence of Merkel cells in Xenopus laevis. It has been shown by electron microscopy that, in Xenopus laevis, Merkel cells are usually situated near the ducts of the skin glands. Cells which fluorescence in ultra-violet light after treatment of the skin with quinacrine can be identified with these Merkel cells by their position, shape and size. The method indicates the presence of purine nucleotides, probably ATP. This result is consistent with the view that \"large opaque vesicles\" are sites of ATP storage.", "PMID": 79446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7384", "title": "Analytical particle electrophoresis applied to immunologic research.", "content": "The technique of analytical particle electrophoresis has been applied to the study of membrane phenomena associated with lectin stimulation of lymphocytes. It has been observed that such treatment results in a significant increase in the electrophoretic mobility of murine T-cells. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the mobility changes in most cells are attributable to the release of a factor from relatively few cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that the murine factor has a comparatively low relative molecular mass, is heat-labile, and will alter the mobility of cultured human T-cells.", "contents": "Analytical particle electrophoresis applied to immunologic research. The technique of analytical particle electrophoresis has been applied to the study of membrane phenomena associated with lectin stimulation of lymphocytes. It has been observed that such treatment results in a significant increase in the electrophoretic mobility of murine T-cells. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the mobility changes in most cells are attributable to the release of a factor from relatively few cells. Preliminary evidence suggests that the murine factor has a comparatively low relative molecular mass, is heat-labile, and will alter the mobility of cultured human T-cells.", "PMID": 79452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7385", "title": "Quantitative ultramicro-scale immunoenzymic method for measuring Ig antigenic determinants in single cells.", "content": "The Fluoro Ultra Micro Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay (FUMELIA) allows one routinely and quantitatively to measure a few thousand antigenic determinants on single cells. Highly purified Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase has been coupled to specific antibodies. By use of the Parafilm microcuvette techniuqe, the activity of the antibody-conjugated beta-galactosidase is assayed with a conventional spectrophotofluorometer. Attempts were undertaken to sensitize FUMELIA even further, so as to be able to detect a very few antigenic sites. It seems that even in its present state of development FUMELIA is more sensitive for the quantitation of cell-associated antigens than are techniques in which radiolabeled reagents are used. The potential of FUMELIA is illustrated by the quantitative measurement of membrane-bound immunoglobulins on single lymphocytes. It could be shown that T-cells as well as C-cells can synthesize Ig antigenic determinants. Thus it seems likely that T-cell receptors will, after all, be found to be immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Quantitative ultramicro-scale immunoenzymic method for measuring Ig antigenic determinants in single cells. The Fluoro Ultra Micro Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay (FUMELIA) allows one routinely and quantitatively to measure a few thousand antigenic determinants on single cells. Highly purified Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase has been coupled to specific antibodies. By use of the Parafilm microcuvette techniuqe, the activity of the antibody-conjugated beta-galactosidase is assayed with a conventional spectrophotofluorometer. Attempts were undertaken to sensitize FUMELIA even further, so as to be able to detect a very few antigenic sites. It seems that even in its present state of development FUMELIA is more sensitive for the quantitation of cell-associated antigens than are techniques in which radiolabeled reagents are used. The potential of FUMELIA is illustrated by the quantitative measurement of membrane-bound immunoglobulins on single lymphocytes. It could be shown that T-cells as well as C-cells can synthesize Ig antigenic determinants. Thus it seems likely that T-cell receptors will, after all, be found to be immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 79453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7386", "title": "Quantitative cytochemistry: the basis of sensitive bioassays, for comparison of bio-and immuno-reactive hormone values.", "content": "Cytochemistry now extends biochemistry down to the single-cell level. Special procedures have been developed for cutting sections of uniform thickness with no measurable or detectable artifact. The cytochemical bioassays use chromogenic reactions with the immediate precipitation of the resulting chromophore so that biochemical activity can be related to the individual cells constituting a tissue. This activity, in individual cells, is measured by scanning and integrating microdensitometry which also increases the sensitivity of cytochemical measurement over that of conventional biochemistry. A hormone, or indeed any biologically active substance, acting on its target cell, causes a change in the chemical activity of that cell that mediates the physiological effect of the hormone. By cytochemical methods one can assess such changes in the target cells even if these constitute only a small part of the target-organ; thus such methods are ideally suited to measuring chemical changes of this sort induced by the hormone. Such cytochemical bioassay of polypeptide hormones, done as \"within-animal\" assays, are about 1000-f0ld more sensitive than the equivalent radioimmunoassays and are as precise. Thus they have two advantages: (a) bioreactive hormone is measured rather than a composite of antigenic determinants characteristic of part of the hormone molecule and (b) their increased sensitivity allows discrimination between low normal and subnormal concentrations of the circulating hormone.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemistry: the basis of sensitive bioassays, for comparison of bio-and immuno-reactive hormone values. Cytochemistry now extends biochemistry down to the single-cell level. Special procedures have been developed for cutting sections of uniform thickness with no measurable or detectable artifact. The cytochemical bioassays use chromogenic reactions with the immediate precipitation of the resulting chromophore so that biochemical activity can be related to the individual cells constituting a tissue. This activity, in individual cells, is measured by scanning and integrating microdensitometry which also increases the sensitivity of cytochemical measurement over that of conventional biochemistry. A hormone, or indeed any biologically active substance, acting on its target cell, causes a change in the chemical activity of that cell that mediates the physiological effect of the hormone. By cytochemical methods one can assess such changes in the target cells even if these constitute only a small part of the target-organ; thus such methods are ideally suited to measuring chemical changes of this sort induced by the hormone. Such cytochemical bioassay of polypeptide hormones, done as \"within-animal\" assays, are about 1000-f0ld more sensitive than the equivalent radioimmunoassays and are as precise. Thus they have two advantages: (a) bioreactive hormone is measured rather than a composite of antigenic determinants characteristic of part of the hormone molecule and (b) their increased sensitivity allows discrimination between low normal and subnormal concentrations of the circulating hormone.", "PMID": 79454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7387", "title": "Plasma vitamin D-binding globulin in vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy and chronic liver disease.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of vitamin D-binding globulin were measured by radial immunodiffusion in healthy subjects, pregnancy, and during oestrogen therapy. Subjects with disorders of vitamin D metabolism (dietary deficiency, malabsorption, anticonvulsant therapy, chronic liver disease) were also studied. Neither sex nor age influenced the plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentration in healthy subjects, but there was a significant increase in concentration during pregnancy and oestrogen therapy. Elevated levels were found in vitamin D deficient elderly but not younger subjects, while levels in subjects with chronic liver disease were significantly reduced. Normal levels of vitamin D-binding globulin were present in hypervitaminosis D and no vitamin D-binding globulin was detected in human milk. No correlation was observed between plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels and plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentrations.", "contents": "Plasma vitamin D-binding globulin in vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy and chronic liver disease. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D-binding globulin were measured by radial immunodiffusion in healthy subjects, pregnancy, and during oestrogen therapy. Subjects with disorders of vitamin D metabolism (dietary deficiency, malabsorption, anticonvulsant therapy, chronic liver disease) were also studied. Neither sex nor age influenced the plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentration in healthy subjects, but there was a significant increase in concentration during pregnancy and oestrogen therapy. Elevated levels were found in vitamin D deficient elderly but not younger subjects, while levels in subjects with chronic liver disease were significantly reduced. Normal levels of vitamin D-binding globulin were present in hypervitaminosis D and no vitamin D-binding globulin was detected in human milk. No correlation was observed between plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels and plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentrations.", "PMID": 79455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7388", "title": "The rapid quantitation of serum alpha-fetoprotein by two-site micro enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive and rapid micro two-site enzyme immunoassay procedure for serum alpha-fetoprotein is described. The assay is eminently suitable for the screening of neural tube defects and for the quantitation of AFP as a tumour marker.", "contents": "The rapid quantitation of serum alpha-fetoprotein by two-site micro enzyme immunoassay. A simple, inexpensive and rapid micro two-site enzyme immunoassay procedure for serum alpha-fetoprotein is described. The assay is eminently suitable for the screening of neural tube defects and for the quantitation of AFP as a tumour marker.", "PMID": 79456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7389", "title": "Purification of placental alpha-1-foetoprotein.", "content": "Quantitation of placental alpha-1-foetoprotein was done by the radioimmunoassay technique and gave a mean value of 6060 +/- 22.2 ng/g fresh tissue. The purification process included three methods. (1) Protein precipitation was performed using ammonium sulphate at 50 and 70% saturation. Elution on a Concanavalin A-sepharose column was used to diminish the interference of albumin with alpha-foetoprotein. (2) A coupling immunoadsorption technique using CNBr-activated Sepharose 4-B, antialbumin and antitransferrin, was found to be more reproducible. (3) Counter-immunoelectrophoresis and discontinuous gel electrophoresis gave a 60% yield with a 400-fold purification.", "contents": "Purification of placental alpha-1-foetoprotein. Quantitation of placental alpha-1-foetoprotein was done by the radioimmunoassay technique and gave a mean value of 6060 +/- 22.2 ng/g fresh tissue. The purification process included three methods. (1) Protein precipitation was performed using ammonium sulphate at 50 and 70% saturation. Elution on a Concanavalin A-sepharose column was used to diminish the interference of albumin with alpha-foetoprotein. (2) A coupling immunoadsorption technique using CNBr-activated Sepharose 4-B, antialbumin and antitransferrin, was found to be more reproducible. (3) Counter-immunoelectrophoresis and discontinuous gel electrophoresis gave a 60% yield with a 400-fold purification.", "PMID": 79457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7390", "title": "Further observations on isoelectric focussing of serum proteins using modified cellulose acetate gel membranes, and direct isoenzyme staining.", "content": "1. Treatment of cellulose acetate gel strips by boron trifluoride in methanol has been shown previously to produce a material suitable for isoelectric focusing. Further observations are reported here on the changes in the strips induced by the reagent. It has shown by conventional protein electrophoresis, for example, that not only is the degree of electroendosmosis reduced, but also that other properties are altered. 2. Minor modifications are introduced for the general isoelectric focussing method including improved electrode solutions. 3. Isoenzyme detection following isoelectric focussing of serum proteins is discussed in the light of experience gained using alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase as examples.", "contents": "Further observations on isoelectric focussing of serum proteins using modified cellulose acetate gel membranes, and direct isoenzyme staining. 1. Treatment of cellulose acetate gel strips by boron trifluoride in methanol has been shown previously to produce a material suitable for isoelectric focusing. Further observations are reported here on the changes in the strips induced by the reagent. It has shown by conventional protein electrophoresis, for example, that not only is the degree of electroendosmosis reduced, but also that other properties are altered. 2. Minor modifications are introduced for the general isoelectric focussing method including improved electrode solutions. 3. Isoenzyme detection following isoelectric focussing of serum proteins is discussed in the light of experience gained using alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase as examples.", "PMID": 79458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7391", "title": "A simple method for production of slides of CT images from multiformat radiographs.", "content": "Sixteen on 1 multiformat images of CT scans can be mounted directly into special \"super slide\" 2 by 2 in. mounts. Use of special photographic equipment is thus avoided.", "contents": "A simple method for production of slides of CT images from multiformat radiographs. Sixteen on 1 multiformat images of CT scans can be mounted directly into special \"super slide\" 2 by 2 in. mounts. Use of special photographic equipment is thus avoided.", "PMID": 79465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7392", "title": "Stimulus and response related components of the late positive complex in visual discrimination tasks.", "content": "Visual event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded from 6 subjects aged 10--15 in response to target stimuli in 2 vigilance tasks which differed in their processing requirements. Stimulus- and response-synchronized averages were computed for each subject for each quartile (Q) of that subject's reaction time (RT) distribution. Late positive complexes (LPC) of identical morphology were seen in the brain potentials from each task. In Q1, the LPC was an undifferentiated, large amplitude, positive-going potential with a parietal-maximum topography. As RT increased, the LPC became increasingly differentiated so that by Q3 3 components in the latency range of P300 were visible: two constant-latency peaks, P286 (fronto-central), P341 (parietal); and one variable-latency deflection, P539 (parietal), whose peak latency lengthened as RT increased. An additional constant-latency peak, P198, was also recorded. Principal component analyses of the averaged wave forms confirmed the visual identification of these components. The fixed-latency peaks identified in the brain potentials of these subjects were similar in timing and topography to previously reported late positive components. This study demonstrated. however, that the LPC can be segregated into stimulus-related and response-related components.", "contents": "Stimulus and response related components of the late positive complex in visual discrimination tasks. Visual event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded from 6 subjects aged 10--15 in response to target stimuli in 2 vigilance tasks which differed in their processing requirements. Stimulus- and response-synchronized averages were computed for each subject for each quartile (Q) of that subject's reaction time (RT) distribution. Late positive complexes (LPC) of identical morphology were seen in the brain potentials from each task. In Q1, the LPC was an undifferentiated, large amplitude, positive-going potential with a parietal-maximum topography. As RT increased, the LPC became increasingly differentiated so that by Q3 3 components in the latency range of P300 were visible: two constant-latency peaks, P286 (fronto-central), P341 (parietal); and one variable-latency deflection, P539 (parietal), whose peak latency lengthened as RT increased. An additional constant-latency peak, P198, was also recorded. Principal component analyses of the averaged wave forms confirmed the visual identification of these components. The fixed-latency peaks identified in the brain potentials of these subjects were similar in timing and topography to previously reported late positive components. This study demonstrated. however, that the LPC can be segregated into stimulus-related and response-related components.", "PMID": 79471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7393", "title": "The frequency of bone abnormality in patients on anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Biochemical and bone morphometric measurements were evaluated in 12 patients who were on long-term anticonvulsant therapy with barbiturates. Half of the patients had no symptomatic bone disease, and half presented with bone disease and pain. Serum biochemical values were normal except for a few patients who had an elevated serum level of parathyroid hormone; the concentration of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D was decreased in the majority of patients in whom it was measured. Bone absorptiometric values were normal but proved to be misleading: the Singh Index and videodensitometric measurements indicated that bone mass was below normal in all patients. Bone morphometric data indicated that bone resorption was 3 times greater than normal, and there was no evidence of osteomalacia. Vitamin D and possibly calcium have been suggested as potentially useful agents in the treatment of the bone disease associated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy.", "contents": "The frequency of bone abnormality in patients on anticonvulsant therapy. Biochemical and bone morphometric measurements were evaluated in 12 patients who were on long-term anticonvulsant therapy with barbiturates. Half of the patients had no symptomatic bone disease, and half presented with bone disease and pain. Serum biochemical values were normal except for a few patients who had an elevated serum level of parathyroid hormone; the concentration of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D was decreased in the majority of patients in whom it was measured. Bone absorptiometric values were normal but proved to be misleading: the Singh Index and videodensitometric measurements indicated that bone mass was below normal in all patients. Bone morphometric data indicated that bone resorption was 3 times greater than normal, and there was no evidence of osteomalacia. Vitamin D and possibly calcium have been suggested as potentially useful agents in the treatment of the bone disease associated with chronic anticonvulsant therapy.", "PMID": 79473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7394", "title": "Sleep patterns in the intensive care unit and on the ward after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twelve patients aged 33--70 years (mean 49.5) underwent nightly recordings in the ICU and subsequently on the ward following acute myocardial infarction. Sleep patterns were analyzed according to night after infarct and ICU versus ward environment. Significant differences in nocturnal sleep patterns from matched controls initially after infarction included greater wakefulness, low REM sleep per cent, long REM latency, fewer REM periods, more awakenings, more stage shifts and decreased sleep efficiency. The usual circadian variation in HR was absent, and there was an estimated 8--10 h of unrecorded daytime sleep, which together suggested a quite generalized disruption of biological rhythms. With time, there was loss of daytime sleep, lowered nocturnal wakefulness and increased REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep (sometimes with very long duration delta waves) increased above normal over post-infarction nights 3--9, and sleep was otherwise renormalized by post-infarction night 9. No sudden sleep changes occurred with transfer from ICU to ward. The altered sleep patterns appeared mainly attributable to infarction itself. Twelve nocturnal anginal attacks occurred. Ten began in NREM sleep and two in REM periods without particularly intense phasic activity. Post-infarction nocturnal angina therefore appears to differ in pathogenesis from angina outside this period, which usually occurs in REM sleep. ECG changes could occur during sleep before awakening with pain, and overall decrease in ECG amplitude sometimes accompanied angina. Most attacks (10 of 12) occurred on post-infarction nights 4 and 5, indicating that undetermined that undetermined factors produce a secondary period of heightened risk at that time.", "contents": "Sleep patterns in the intensive care unit and on the ward after acute myocardial infarction. Twelve patients aged 33--70 years (mean 49.5) underwent nightly recordings in the ICU and subsequently on the ward following acute myocardial infarction. Sleep patterns were analyzed according to night after infarct and ICU versus ward environment. Significant differences in nocturnal sleep patterns from matched controls initially after infarction included greater wakefulness, low REM sleep per cent, long REM latency, fewer REM periods, more awakenings, more stage shifts and decreased sleep efficiency. The usual circadian variation in HR was absent, and there was an estimated 8--10 h of unrecorded daytime sleep, which together suggested a quite generalized disruption of biological rhythms. With time, there was loss of daytime sleep, lowered nocturnal wakefulness and increased REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep (sometimes with very long duration delta waves) increased above normal over post-infarction nights 3--9, and sleep was otherwise renormalized by post-infarction night 9. No sudden sleep changes occurred with transfer from ICU to ward. The altered sleep patterns appeared mainly attributable to infarction itself. Twelve nocturnal anginal attacks occurred. Ten began in NREM sleep and two in REM periods without particularly intense phasic activity. Post-infarction nocturnal angina therefore appears to differ in pathogenesis from angina outside this period, which usually occurs in REM sleep. ECG changes could occur during sleep before awakening with pain, and overall decrease in ECG amplitude sometimes accompanied angina. Most attacks (10 of 12) occurred on post-infarction nights 4 and 5, indicating that undetermined that undetermined factors produce a secondary period of heightened risk at that time.", "PMID": 79474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7395", "title": "Conduction time in central somatosensory pathways in man.", "content": "Simultaneous recording of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) from the neck and from the scalp allows investigation of conduction of somatosensory impulses within the central nervous system alone. The early components of the SEP produced by stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist were recorded from standardized electrode locations on the scalp and neck in 21 normal subjects. The peak latency of both the initial negative potential from the scalp, N20 (19.4 +/- 1.1 msec), and the major negative negative potential from the neck, N14 (13.8 +/- 0.9 MSEC), CORRElated positively with arm length and with height. The difference between the peak latencies of N20 and N14 (5.6 +/- 0.5 msec) was independent of both arm length and height. As the latency and distribution of N14 indicate that this potential probably arises from the dorsal column nuclei, the N20--N14 latency difference provides a measure of conduction time within central pathways which is independent of conduction time in the limbs and spinal cord. Recording of the SEP from the neck, simultaneously with that from the scalp, also facilitates clinical investigation of the somatosensory system.", "contents": "Conduction time in central somatosensory pathways in man. Simultaneous recording of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) from the neck and from the scalp allows investigation of conduction of somatosensory impulses within the central nervous system alone. The early components of the SEP produced by stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist were recorded from standardized electrode locations on the scalp and neck in 21 normal subjects. The peak latency of both the initial negative potential from the scalp, N20 (19.4 +/- 1.1 msec), and the major negative negative potential from the neck, N14 (13.8 +/- 0.9 MSEC), CORRElated positively with arm length and with height. The difference between the peak latencies of N20 and N14 (5.6 +/- 0.5 msec) was independent of both arm length and height. As the latency and distribution of N14 indicate that this potential probably arises from the dorsal column nuclei, the N20--N14 latency difference provides a measure of conduction time within central pathways which is independent of conduction time in the limbs and spinal cord. Recording of the SEP from the neck, simultaneously with that from the scalp, also facilitates clinical investigation of the somatosensory system.", "PMID": 79475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7396", "title": "The effect of experimental 'scotomata' on the ipsilateral and contralateral responses to pattern-reversal in one half-field.", "content": "The averaged cortical responses to a reversing checkerboard pattern presented monocularly in either left or right visual half-fields have been recorded from the occipital scalp using a transverse chain of widely spaced electrodes referred to a common mid-frontal electrode. The half-field responses showed a consistent asymmetry, the dominant feature of which was a positive wave (P100) that was widespread on the ipsilateral scalp and maximally recorded from the midline and ipsilateral electrodes. This formed part of the triphasic negative-positive-negative complex, the other two components being an N75 and an N145. On the contralateral scalp it was generally possible to record a triphasic complex of opposite polarity, but this was usually of smaller amplitude and its components (P75, N105, P135) showed greater variation in latency and morphology than the ipsilateral components. With progressive occlusion of the pattern stimulus from the central regions of the visual half-field, the ipsilateral positive wave (P100) was increasingly attenuated, while components of the contralateral complex were relatively unaffected, or, in some cases, enhanced. By contrast, reducing the radius of the stimulated area had relatively little effect on the ipsilateral P100, while the contralaterally recorded response was attenuated. These differential effects on the half-field response components are discussed in relation to the anatomy of the central and paracentral cortical representation of the visual field. The implications for the interpretation of evoked potential recordings in patients with field defects are considered.", "contents": "The effect of experimental 'scotomata' on the ipsilateral and contralateral responses to pattern-reversal in one half-field. The averaged cortical responses to a reversing checkerboard pattern presented monocularly in either left or right visual half-fields have been recorded from the occipital scalp using a transverse chain of widely spaced electrodes referred to a common mid-frontal electrode. The half-field responses showed a consistent asymmetry, the dominant feature of which was a positive wave (P100) that was widespread on the ipsilateral scalp and maximally recorded from the midline and ipsilateral electrodes. This formed part of the triphasic negative-positive-negative complex, the other two components being an N75 and an N145. On the contralateral scalp it was generally possible to record a triphasic complex of opposite polarity, but this was usually of smaller amplitude and its components (P75, N105, P135) showed greater variation in latency and morphology than the ipsilateral components. With progressive occlusion of the pattern stimulus from the central regions of the visual half-field, the ipsilateral positive wave (P100) was increasingly attenuated, while components of the contralateral complex were relatively unaffected, or, in some cases, enhanced. By contrast, reducing the radius of the stimulated area had relatively little effect on the ipsilateral P100, while the contralaterally recorded response was attenuated. These differential effects on the half-field response components are discussed in relation to the anatomy of the central and paracentral cortical representation of the visual field. The implications for the interpretation of evoked potential recordings in patients with field defects are considered.", "PMID": 79476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7397", "title": "Asymmetry in EEG alpha coherence and power: effects of task and sex.", "content": "Male and female subjects performed two spatial and two verbal tasks while EEG was recorded from right and left temporal and parietal sites. Measures of alpha band power asymmetry, coherence and phase angle were derived. Spatial tasks produced increased coherence within the right hemisphere. Interhemispheric coherence was higher for females, and at parietal than at temporal sites. Power asymmetry effects confirmed previous findings, reflected upon sex differences in cerebral lateralisation and upon strategies associated with functional cerebral organisation for task performance. The relation to performance studies and the value of the method in investigating dynamic functional organisation are discussed.", "contents": "Asymmetry in EEG alpha coherence and power: effects of task and sex. Male and female subjects performed two spatial and two verbal tasks while EEG was recorded from right and left temporal and parietal sites. Measures of alpha band power asymmetry, coherence and phase angle were derived. Spatial tasks produced increased coherence within the right hemisphere. Interhemispheric coherence was higher for females, and at parietal than at temporal sites. Power asymmetry effects confirmed previous findings, reflected upon sex differences in cerebral lateralisation and upon strategies associated with functional cerebral organisation for task performance. The relation to performance studies and the value of the method in investigating dynamic functional organisation are discussed.", "PMID": 79477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7398", "title": "Suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions in the rat: alterations in sleep circadian rhythms.", "content": "After continuous control recording (24 h/day) during 5 days, 14 rats received sham, complete or incomplete lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Sleep records were analysed from the 22nd to the 27th day after the lesion. In rats with complete lesions of the SCN, there was a strong decrease in the amplitude of the circadian variation in slow wave (SWS) and paradoxical (PS) sleep. The acrophase of SWS remained unaltered whereas that of PS shifted towards the end of the illumination (7.00--19.00 h) period. The importance of these changes in sleep organization seems to be correlated with the size of the SCN lesion.", "contents": "Suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions in the rat: alterations in sleep circadian rhythms. After continuous control recording (24 h/day) during 5 days, 14 rats received sham, complete or incomplete lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Sleep records were analysed from the 22nd to the 27th day after the lesion. In rats with complete lesions of the SCN, there was a strong decrease in the amplitude of the circadian variation in slow wave (SWS) and paradoxical (PS) sleep. The acrophase of SWS remained unaltered whereas that of PS shifted towards the end of the illumination (7.00--19.00 h) period. The importance of these changes in sleep organization seems to be correlated with the size of the SCN lesion.", "PMID": 79478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7399", "title": "A correlation between hippocampal responses to interhemispheric stimulation, hippocampal slow rhythmic activity and behaviour.", "content": "The spontaneous electrical activity of the hippocampus as well as its responses to commissural stimulation were recorded in waking rats. Changes in magnitude of the early and late components of the response to commissural stimulation were associated with the behavioural state of the rat. The magnitude of the initial potential was higher in non-theta 'states' than in theta 'states', whereas the opposite was true for the late potential.", "contents": "A correlation between hippocampal responses to interhemispheric stimulation, hippocampal slow rhythmic activity and behaviour. The spontaneous electrical activity of the hippocampus as well as its responses to commissural stimulation were recorded in waking rats. Changes in magnitude of the early and late components of the response to commissural stimulation were associated with the behavioural state of the rat. The magnitude of the initial potential was higher in non-theta 'states' than in theta 'states', whereas the opposite was true for the late potential.", "PMID": 79479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7400", "title": "A long term time-lapse video system to document the patients spontaneous clinical seizure synchronized with the EEG.", "content": "A long term audio/video clinical seizure monitoring system is described which is complementary to a previously described EEG seizure monitoring system. The video unit is mobile and based on time-lapsed video recording techniques to extend the unattended continuous video recording of the patient to many days if necessary. The simultaneous coverage of the EEG and behavior of the patient particularly during his seizure has been very useful in the workup of intractable epileptic patients being considered for neurosurgical treatment.", "contents": "A long term time-lapse video system to document the patients spontaneous clinical seizure synchronized with the EEG. A long term audio/video clinical seizure monitoring system is described which is complementary to a previously described EEG seizure monitoring system. The video unit is mobile and based on time-lapsed video recording techniques to extend the unattended continuous video recording of the patient to many days if necessary. The simultaneous coverage of the EEG and behavior of the patient particularly during his seizure has been very useful in the workup of intractable epileptic patients being considered for neurosurgical treatment.", "PMID": 79480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7401", "title": "EEG field mapping.", "content": "A method for plotting isopotential maps of EEG fields is described. Forty-eight EEG channels are recorded, computer-processed, and used to plot a chart of the potential distribution every msec. This technique shows the usual characteristics of the EEG, and also some parameters that are normally hidden, such as the shape, surface and slope of the waves. The components of the visual evoked potential, for example, appear to be 'saltatory', as they do not move from one place of the scalp to another.", "contents": "EEG field mapping. A method for plotting isopotential maps of EEG fields is described. Forty-eight EEG channels are recorded, computer-processed, and used to plot a chart of the potential distribution every msec. This technique shows the usual characteristics of the EEG, and also some parameters that are normally hidden, such as the shape, surface and slope of the waves. The components of the visual evoked potential, for example, appear to be 'saltatory', as they do not move from one place of the scalp to another.", "PMID": 79481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7402", "title": "Sequence of 129 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA.", "content": "The sequence of 129 nucleotides next to the poly(A) tail of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA has been determined by rapid gel sequencing of cDNA synthesized with DNA polymerase I or reverse transcriptase and a phasing primer, [5'-32P]p(dT)8dC. The sequence is in accord with (a) the pyrimidine tracts which were mapped in blocks along the cDNA, (B) the sequences of seven characteristic T1 RNase oligonucleotides in the RNA transcribed from the cDNA with RNA polymerase, and (c) a limited amount of sequence deduced by partial spleen phosphodiesterase digestion and depurination of endonuclease IV oligonucleotides. The 3' end shows little secondary structure on its own. Ten nonsense codons block all three reading frames such that at least 26 nucleotides do not code for protein. The possible function of a homology A-A-U-A-A-A with other polyadenylated RNAs is discussed.", "contents": "Sequence of 129 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. The sequence of 129 nucleotides next to the poly(A) tail of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA has been determined by rapid gel sequencing of cDNA synthesized with DNA polymerase I or reverse transcriptase and a phasing primer, [5'-32P]p(dT)8dC. The sequence is in accord with (a) the pyrimidine tracts which were mapped in blocks along the cDNA, (B) the sequences of seven characteristic T1 RNase oligonucleotides in the RNA transcribed from the cDNA with RNA polymerase, and (c) a limited amount of sequence deduced by partial spleen phosphodiesterase digestion and depurination of endonuclease IV oligonucleotides. The 3' end shows little secondary structure on its own. Ten nonsense codons block all three reading frames such that at least 26 nucleotides do not code for protein. The possible function of a homology A-A-U-A-A-A with other polyadenylated RNAs is discussed.", "PMID": 79485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7403", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in newborn infants. I. The influence of perinatal complications.", "content": "The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasma of 129 newborns were determined. The infants were divided into 3 groups according to their perinatal history. In healthy newborns with an uneventful perinatal history the normal values for alpha1-antitrypsin were 1.97 +/- 0.44 g/l, and for alpha2-macroglobulin 3.11 +/- 0.69 g/l. No changes in these levels were found during the first week of life. The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin showed significant correlation to each other. In healthy newborns with different complications in the obstetric history the levels of alpha1-antitrypsin were not influenced, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin decreased slightly during the first week of life. The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and of alpha2-macroglobulin showed no further correlation to each other. In sick term and preterm newborns (n = 18) alpha1-antitrypsin was increased in 5 of 7 babies suffering from bacterial infections and lowered in 4 of 9 cases with respiratory disturbances. Alpha2-macroglobulin was lowered in 15 babies. These results indicate different kinetics of the two antiproteases in vivo.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in newborn infants. I. The influence of perinatal complications. The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin in the plasma of 129 newborns were determined. The infants were divided into 3 groups according to their perinatal history. In healthy newborns with an uneventful perinatal history the normal values for alpha1-antitrypsin were 1.97 +/- 0.44 g/l, and for alpha2-macroglobulin 3.11 +/- 0.69 g/l. No changes in these levels were found during the first week of life. The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin showed significant correlation to each other. In healthy newborns with different complications in the obstetric history the levels of alpha1-antitrypsin were not influenced, whereas alpha2-macroglobulin decreased slightly during the first week of life. The levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and of alpha2-macroglobulin showed no further correlation to each other. In sick term and preterm newborns (n = 18) alpha1-antitrypsin was increased in 5 of 7 babies suffering from bacterial infections and lowered in 4 of 9 cases with respiratory disturbances. Alpha2-macroglobulin was lowered in 15 babies. These results indicate different kinetics of the two antiproteases in vivo.", "PMID": 79486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7404", "title": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic protein in multiple sclerosis. Correlations with other laboratory characteristics at different disease courses.", "content": "A very suggestive, although non-significant, correlation was found between cellular immunity to encephalitogenic protein in multiple sclerosis and the genetic marker HLA-B7 in patients with no disease activity during at least the past 5 years and in those with a chronic progressive disease course during recent years, but not in patients studied longitudinally after a relapse. Only the latter group showed a significant correlation with parameters indicating intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin. No correlation was demonstrable with a parameter indicating intrathecal synthesis of measles antibodies.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to encephalitogenic protein in multiple sclerosis. Correlations with other laboratory characteristics at different disease courses. A very suggestive, although non-significant, correlation was found between cellular immunity to encephalitogenic protein in multiple sclerosis and the genetic marker HLA-B7 in patients with no disease activity during at least the past 5 years and in those with a chronic progressive disease course during recent years, but not in patients studied longitudinally after a relapse. Only the latter group showed a significant correlation with parameters indicating intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin. No correlation was demonstrable with a parameter indicating intrathecal synthesis of measles antibodies.", "PMID": 79488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7405", "title": "Electrofocusing and electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in CNS disorders of known or probable infectious etiology.", "content": "The CSF and sera of 17 patients with meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, 10 with meningitis or meningomyelitis, 5 subjects with postencephalitic sequelae and 2 with arachnoiditis were studied. Diseases involving the intracranial CNS parenchyma were found to give CSF electrofocusing findings differing from those of the other diagnostic subgroups. Differences regarding subfraction patterns of the gamma-globulin region seemed to be influenced of whether supra- or infratentorial structures were affected. The present study seems to indicate that the abnormal CSF-protein patterns found on electrofocusing were not only influenced by temporal but also by spatial factors.", "contents": "Electrofocusing and electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in CNS disorders of known or probable infectious etiology. The CSF and sera of 17 patients with meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, 10 with meningitis or meningomyelitis, 5 subjects with postencephalitic sequelae and 2 with arachnoiditis were studied. Diseases involving the intracranial CNS parenchyma were found to give CSF electrofocusing findings differing from those of the other diagnostic subgroups. Differences regarding subfraction patterns of the gamma-globulin region seemed to be influenced of whether supra- or infratentorial structures were affected. The present study seems to indicate that the abnormal CSF-protein patterns found on electrofocusing were not only influenced by temporal but also by spatial factors.", "PMID": 79489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7406", "title": "Modulation of immune responses by suppressor T cells.", "content": "The activity of suppressor T cells has been demonstrated in almost every phase of the immune response. These regulatory cells modulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity utilizing antigen-specific and nonspecific mechanisms. For comparative purposes two murine models are described, the nonspecific suppressor T cell stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A and the antigen-specific suppressor T cell stimulated by injection of the synthetic terpolymer acid 60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) in nonresponder mice. These two T cells are similar to expression of Ly alloantigens, ability to inhibit antibody responses, and the mediation of suppression, at least in part, by soluble products. However, differences in radio-resistance and antigenic specificity of the suppressor T cells, as well as differences in molecular characteristics of the soluble factors and their targets suggest that these T cells regulate the immune response by different mechanisms. The relationship of these two suppressor T cells to other nonspecific and antigen-specific suppressor T cells is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of immune responses by suppressor T cells. The activity of suppressor T cells has been demonstrated in almost every phase of the immune response. These regulatory cells modulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity utilizing antigen-specific and nonspecific mechanisms. For comparative purposes two murine models are described, the nonspecific suppressor T cell stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A and the antigen-specific suppressor T cell stimulated by injection of the synthetic terpolymer acid 60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) in nonresponder mice. These two T cells are similar to expression of Ly alloantigens, ability to inhibit antibody responses, and the mediation of suppression, at least in part, by soluble products. However, differences in radio-resistance and antigenic specificity of the suppressor T cells, as well as differences in molecular characteristics of the soluble factors and their targets suggest that these T cells regulate the immune response by different mechanisms. The relationship of these two suppressor T cells to other nonspecific and antigen-specific suppressor T cells is discussed.", "PMID": 79503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7407", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferate when cultured with autologous B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, autologous mitogen-induced lymphoblasts, or autologous non-T blood lymphocytes. This reaction, the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction, has attributes of an immune response possessing both memory and specificity. The capacity to stimulate autologous T lymphocyte proliferation depends on the lineage of the lymphoid cell and not on its establishment in continuous culture or carriage of the EB viral genome. The determinant on non-T lymphocytes which stimulates the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction appears to be an Ia determinant. Thus, allogeneic graft rejection and the allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction are very likely extensions of an immune response expressed within the host.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. Human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferate when cultured with autologous B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, autologous mitogen-induced lymphoblasts, or autologous non-T blood lymphocytes. This reaction, the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction, has attributes of an immune response possessing both memory and specificity. The capacity to stimulate autologous T lymphocyte proliferation depends on the lineage of the lymphoid cell and not on its establishment in continuous culture or carriage of the EB viral genome. The determinant on non-T lymphocytes which stimulates the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction appears to be an Ia determinant. Thus, allogeneic graft rejection and the allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction are very likely extensions of an immune response expressed within the host.", "PMID": 79505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7408", "title": "Treatment of patients bitten by rabid or suspected rabid wolves with inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine and rabies gammaglobulin.", "content": "During 1972-1976 46 persons in 9 foci were bitten by wolves. 39 of them were immunized with antirabies gammaglobulin and tissue culture rabies vaccine; 7 received culture vaccine only. Rabies in wolves was confirmed clinically or in the laboratory in 8 foci. Bites of dangerous localization: face, head or fingers of the hands, predominantly multiple, were noted in 25 humans; 5 of them were young, 7 to 16 years old. Antirabies gammaglobulin was given to 9 people, predominantly in the dose of 0,5 ml per kg of weight, once on the 1st day after exposure (381-538 IU per kg of weight) to 14 people, once on the 2nd day (706-773 IU) to 3 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd to 3 people, once on the 3rd and 5th day to 10 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd day or on the 5th day after exposure. Vaccination course was started 24 hours after administration of gammaglobulin and predominantly in the dose of 5 ml; it lasted for 25 days and was followed by 3 booster injections on the 10th, 20th and 30th day. Titres of virus neutralizing antibody were tested in dynamics in 39 people immunized with gammaglobulin and tissue culture vaccine. Antirabies gammaglobulin induced some inhibitory effect, but 2-3 booster injections of the tissue culture rabies vaccine completely compensated this effect. During the observation period of 10 months to 5 years all the exposed people remained healthy.", "contents": "Treatment of patients bitten by rabid or suspected rabid wolves with inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine and rabies gammaglobulin. During 1972-1976 46 persons in 9 foci were bitten by wolves. 39 of them were immunized with antirabies gammaglobulin and tissue culture rabies vaccine; 7 received culture vaccine only. Rabies in wolves was confirmed clinically or in the laboratory in 8 foci. Bites of dangerous localization: face, head or fingers of the hands, predominantly multiple, were noted in 25 humans; 5 of them were young, 7 to 16 years old. Antirabies gammaglobulin was given to 9 people, predominantly in the dose of 0,5 ml per kg of weight, once on the 1st day after exposure (381-538 IU per kg of weight) to 14 people, once on the 2nd day (706-773 IU) to 3 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd to 3 people, once on the 3rd and 5th day to 10 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd day or on the 5th day after exposure. Vaccination course was started 24 hours after administration of gammaglobulin and predominantly in the dose of 5 ml; it lasted for 25 days and was followed by 3 booster injections on the 10th, 20th and 30th day. Titres of virus neutralizing antibody were tested in dynamics in 39 people immunized with gammaglobulin and tissue culture vaccine. Antirabies gammaglobulin induced some inhibitory effect, but 2-3 booster injections of the tissue culture rabies vaccine completely compensated this effect. During the observation period of 10 months to 5 years all the exposed people remained healthy.", "PMID": 79511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7409", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein screening in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The serum alpha-fetoprotein level was measured by radioimmunoassay in 200 patients when admitted to hospital, 63 with idiopathic hemochromatosis and 137 with liver cirrhosis. In addition, repeated controls were performed in 19 subjects of each group for a mean period of 11 months (range 3--18 months). Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels were observed initially or during the study period in 15 patients, a malignant liver tumor being demonstrated in 12 of them. In 4 of these patients, the abnormal alpha-fetoprotein concentration was the clue to the diagnosis of an unsuspected malignant hepatoma, but in none of these cases could the tumor be resected. The present results indicate that screening the serum alpha-fetoprotein level may contribute to the detection of malignant hepatoma in high-risk clinical groups, but the practical interest of such screenings may keep limited until more efficient therapeutic methods are developed.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein screening in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and liver cirrhosis. The serum alpha-fetoprotein level was measured by radioimmunoassay in 200 patients when admitted to hospital, 63 with idiopathic hemochromatosis and 137 with liver cirrhosis. In addition, repeated controls were performed in 19 subjects of each group for a mean period of 11 months (range 3--18 months). Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels were observed initially or during the study period in 15 patients, a malignant liver tumor being demonstrated in 12 of them. In 4 of these patients, the abnormal alpha-fetoprotein concentration was the clue to the diagnosis of an unsuspected malignant hepatoma, but in none of these cases could the tumor be resected. The present results indicate that screening the serum alpha-fetoprotein level may contribute to the detection of malignant hepatoma in high-risk clinical groups, but the practical interest of such screenings may keep limited until more efficient therapeutic methods are developed.", "PMID": 79512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7410", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels in normal individuals. Relative stability over time.", "content": "Samples of serum were collected at 6- to 12-month intervals in two groups of healthy Africans and the amount of AFP measured by the radioimmunological method. The amounts present were found to remain fairly constant over time. The significance of this stability is discussed with particular reference of the highest levels of AFP observed in normal individuals in relation to primary liver carcinoma and the potential use of the method as a tool for early detection purposes.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels in normal individuals. Relative stability over time. Samples of serum were collected at 6- to 12-month intervals in two groups of healthy Africans and the amount of AFP measured by the radioimmunological method. The amounts present were found to remain fairly constant over time. The significance of this stability is discussed with particular reference of the highest levels of AFP observed in normal individuals in relation to primary liver carcinoma and the potential use of the method as a tool for early detection purposes.", "PMID": 79513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7411", "title": "Specific cell-induced transformation of Paramecium surface antigens.", "content": "Paramecia may induce in other paramecia specific changes in the expression of genes determining surface protein synthesis, probably via cell-to-cell contact. Transformation from one antigenic type to a newly induced one is stimulated by the pretreatment of a cell with 5-fluorouracil. These observations are considered in terms of the regulation of the activity of genes in stable cells and in unstable cells which tend to transform spontaneously.", "contents": "Specific cell-induced transformation of Paramecium surface antigens. Paramecia may induce in other paramecia specific changes in the expression of genes determining surface protein synthesis, probably via cell-to-cell contact. Transformation from one antigenic type to a newly induced one is stimulated by the pretreatment of a cell with 5-fluorouracil. These observations are considered in terms of the regulation of the activity of genes in stable cells and in unstable cells which tend to transform spontaneously.", "PMID": 79514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7412", "title": "Repair of potentially lethal damage after single injection or continuous infusion of bleomycin.", "content": "The repair of potentially lethal damage after administration of bleomycin by a single injection or by continuous infusion was studied in vivo. Experimental tumors were the fifth generation isotransplants of a squamous cell carcinoma which arose spontaneously in a C3Hf/He female mouse. Bleomycin was administered intraperitoneally by a single injection or by 24-hr continuous infusion. Cell survival was assayed by TD50 method. Dose-survival curve after a single injection exhibited a biphasic or upward concave curve. Surviving fraction increased rapidly if tumors were left in situ after treatment and reached a plateau at 5 hr, indicating that tumor cells were able to repair the potentially lethal damage induced by bleomycin. Dose-survival curve after continuous infusion was also biphasic, but had a small shoulder. The repair of potentially lethal damage was slight, if any, when tumors remained in situ for 6 hr after the end of 24-hr continuous infusion. This indicates that potentially lethal damage was being repaired during drug infusion.", "contents": "Repair of potentially lethal damage after single injection or continuous infusion of bleomycin. The repair of potentially lethal damage after administration of bleomycin by a single injection or by continuous infusion was studied in vivo. Experimental tumors were the fifth generation isotransplants of a squamous cell carcinoma which arose spontaneously in a C3Hf/He female mouse. Bleomycin was administered intraperitoneally by a single injection or by 24-hr continuous infusion. Cell survival was assayed by TD50 method. Dose-survival curve after a single injection exhibited a biphasic or upward concave curve. Surviving fraction increased rapidly if tumors were left in situ after treatment and reached a plateau at 5 hr, indicating that tumor cells were able to repair the potentially lethal damage induced by bleomycin. Dose-survival curve after continuous infusion was also biphasic, but had a small shoulder. The repair of potentially lethal damage was slight, if any, when tumors remained in situ for 6 hr after the end of 24-hr continuous infusion. This indicates that potentially lethal damage was being repaired during drug infusion.", "PMID": 79515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7413", "title": "Tube introducer and modified Celestin tube for use in palliative intubation of oesophagogastric neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy.", "content": "A new method for palliative intubation of inoperable neoplasms at or near the cardia is described. A guidewire is passed through the stricture, which is dilated using Eder Puestow metal olive dilators. The tube to be inserted is mounted on an introducer, which grips its distal end from inside, and is slid into position along the wire under radiological control. Twenty-five patients have been intubated with one death directly resulting from the procedure. The method provides a simple and relatively safe means of relieving dysphagia and improving nutrition.", "contents": "Tube introducer and modified Celestin tube for use in palliative intubation of oesophagogastric neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy. A new method for palliative intubation of inoperable neoplasms at or near the cardia is described. A guidewire is passed through the stricture, which is dilated using Eder Puestow metal olive dilators. The tube to be inserted is mounted on an introducer, which grips its distal end from inside, and is slid into position along the wire under radiological control. Twenty-five patients have been intubated with one death directly resulting from the procedure. The method provides a simple and relatively safe means of relieving dysphagia and improving nutrition.", "PMID": 79517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7414", "title": "Intramitochondrial rodlet-like inclusions in human leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Some mitochondria in leukemic cells in two of nine investigated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in one patient with morphologically less usual form of this disease contained unusual rodlet-like inclusion bodies. These structures were always present in the matrix of frequently dilatated intercristal spaces. The width of rodlet-like inclusions ranged between 10 and 20 nm, their maximal length was 114 nm. All observed rodlet-like inclusion bodies appeared to be composed of fine filaments 2...3 nm in width and resembled the DNA containing structures in mitochondria of few other cell types. In mitochondria of leukemic cells, however, these inclusions represent a further structural abnormality.", "contents": "Intramitochondrial rodlet-like inclusions in human leukemic lymphocytes. Some mitochondria in leukemic cells in two of nine investigated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in one patient with morphologically less usual form of this disease contained unusual rodlet-like inclusion bodies. These structures were always present in the matrix of frequently dilatated intercristal spaces. The width of rodlet-like inclusions ranged between 10 and 20 nm, their maximal length was 114 nm. All observed rodlet-like inclusion bodies appeared to be composed of fine filaments 2...3 nm in width and resembled the DNA containing structures in mitochondria of few other cell types. In mitochondria of leukemic cells, however, these inclusions represent a further structural abnormality.", "PMID": 79519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7415", "title": "[Phagocytic granulocyte function in hemoblastoses].", "content": "Judging from the spontaneous NBT reduction, the indices of phagocytosis and NBT, there is a moderate, but statistically significant diminution of these parameters in leukaemia and malignant lymphoma including plasmocytoma. Moreover, further diminutions could be identified during the acute stage of the disease (first diagnosis or recidive) in acute leukaemia and lymphogranulomatosis, but not for chronic myeloic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Phagocytic granulocyte function in hemoblastoses]. Judging from the spontaneous NBT reduction, the indices of phagocytosis and NBT, there is a moderate, but statistically significant diminution of these parameters in leukaemia and malignant lymphoma including plasmocytoma. Moreover, further diminutions could be identified during the acute stage of the disease (first diagnosis or recidive) in acute leukaemia and lymphogranulomatosis, but not for chronic myeloic leukaemia.", "PMID": 79520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7416", "title": "[Complement activity in leukemic patients].", "content": "The in vitro test of heterologous anti-leukaemic sera against human leukaemic cells resulted in the serum of leukaemic patients being able to produce a lysis of leukaemic cells in the leukaemic phase as well as in remission when specific heterologous antibodies were present.", "contents": "[Complement activity in leukemic patients]. The in vitro test of heterologous anti-leukaemic sera against human leukaemic cells resulted in the serum of leukaemic patients being able to produce a lysis of leukaemic cells in the leukaemic phase as well as in remission when specific heterologous antibodies were present.", "PMID": 79521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7417", "title": "[Varying course of pancytopenia after busulfan treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)].", "content": "In 84 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia receiving a cytostatic monotherapy with busulfan, an aplastic syndrome developed which was confirmed by a biopsy of the pelvis crest and examination of the sternal marrow. The time interval until pancytopenia was detected varied considerably in each case, ranging between 6 and 126 months. There are no correlations to the initial doses of busulfan. 3 patients died of the immediate effects of the bone-marrow damage caused by busulfan. In 4 from 6 of the following pancytopenic patients the leukocyte values lay between 12,800/microliter and 80,400 microliter when busulfan adminstration was interrupted. Thus, it is scarcely possible to give any reliable informations about a leukocyte limit value as a standard for an interruption of therapy in order to prevent bone-marrow aplasia. Taking this into account, the conclusion may be drawn that relatively short control intervals have to be made in this monochemotherapy of CML which often can be used successfully for many years.", "contents": "[Varying course of pancytopenia after busulfan treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)]. In 84 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia receiving a cytostatic monotherapy with busulfan, an aplastic syndrome developed which was confirmed by a biopsy of the pelvis crest and examination of the sternal marrow. The time interval until pancytopenia was detected varied considerably in each case, ranging between 6 and 126 months. There are no correlations to the initial doses of busulfan. 3 patients died of the immediate effects of the bone-marrow damage caused by busulfan. In 4 from 6 of the following pancytopenic patients the leukocyte values lay between 12,800/microliter and 80,400 microliter when busulfan adminstration was interrupted. Thus, it is scarcely possible to give any reliable informations about a leukocyte limit value as a standard for an interruption of therapy in order to prevent bone-marrow aplasia. Taking this into account, the conclusion may be drawn that relatively short control intervals have to be made in this monochemotherapy of CML which often can be used successfully for many years.", "PMID": 79522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7418", "title": "[Transplantation of bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated mice. Morphology of megakaryocytes].", "content": "We described morphological changes of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen of lethally irradiated mice, dependent on the time lapse following bone marrow transplantation. The functional active megakaryocytes of various morphological types were found to predominate in the tissues on about day 20 to 25.", "contents": "[Transplantation of bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated mice. Morphology of megakaryocytes]. We described morphological changes of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen of lethally irradiated mice, dependent on the time lapse following bone marrow transplantation. The functional active megakaryocytes of various morphological types were found to predominate in the tissues on about day 20 to 25.", "PMID": 79523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7419", "title": "Deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in neutrophils from patients with precancerous states of the larynx.", "content": "Activity of beta-glucuronidase (GR) and acid phosphatase (AP) has been determined in peripheral blood neutrophils from 24 men with precancerous states of the larynx that is leukoplakia papillomas and pachydermia by means cytochemical methods described by Hayashi et al., and Barka and Anderson, respectively. The results obtained were expressed in terms of absolute counts of enzyme-positive and enzyme-negative cells with regard to enzyme activity variation within the enzyme-positive neutrophil population; the enzyme activity index score has been calculated. The control group consisted of 20 healthy subjects of the same sex. No significant alterations were found so far as AP activity is concerned between the group studied. In contrast, activity of GR in patients with precancerous states exhibited significant lowering. The most striking feature was in almost complete absence from the blood of GR-positive neutrophils with high activity of the enzyme. Majority of these cells showed only traces of the GR activity. According to authors opinion the deficiency of GR in neutrophils of patients with precancerous lesions pertains to problem of neutrophil-mediated cytotoxic effect against mammalian tumour cells.", "contents": "Deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in neutrophils from patients with precancerous states of the larynx. Activity of beta-glucuronidase (GR) and acid phosphatase (AP) has been determined in peripheral blood neutrophils from 24 men with precancerous states of the larynx that is leukoplakia papillomas and pachydermia by means cytochemical methods described by Hayashi et al., and Barka and Anderson, respectively. The results obtained were expressed in terms of absolute counts of enzyme-positive and enzyme-negative cells with regard to enzyme activity variation within the enzyme-positive neutrophil population; the enzyme activity index score has been calculated. The control group consisted of 20 healthy subjects of the same sex. No significant alterations were found so far as AP activity is concerned between the group studied. In contrast, activity of GR in patients with precancerous states exhibited significant lowering. The most striking feature was in almost complete absence from the blood of GR-positive neutrophils with high activity of the enzyme. Majority of these cells showed only traces of the GR activity. According to authors opinion the deficiency of GR in neutrophils of patients with precancerous lesions pertains to problem of neutrophil-mediated cytotoxic effect against mammalian tumour cells.", "PMID": 79524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7420", "title": "A further contribution on nucleoli of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured human lymphocytes were investigated by means of light as well as electron microscopic procedures to provide more information on the structural organization of their nucleoli. The transformation of ring shaped nucleoli to nucleoli with less or more distinct nucleolonemata in PHA stimulated cells was characterized by a marked increase of granular RNP components in number indicating the activation of their production. This phenomenon seems to be related not only to the activation of the ribosomal RNA synthesis but also to its processing. The appearance of fibrillar RNP components in the central area of the ring shaped nucleoli apparently represents the first sign of the nucleolar RNA synthesis in these cells. The proportion of fibrillar and granular nucleolar RNP comonents in PHA inresponsive lymphocytes was similar to that in lymphocytes from patients with the usual type of lymphocytic leukemia. The intranucleolar chromatin areas appeared to be larger in PHA stimulated lymphocytes but the proportion of these areas to the nucleolar body did not show substantial difference as compared to the resting cells.", "contents": "A further contribution on nucleoli of human lymphocytes. Cultured human lymphocytes were investigated by means of light as well as electron microscopic procedures to provide more information on the structural organization of their nucleoli. The transformation of ring shaped nucleoli to nucleoli with less or more distinct nucleolonemata in PHA stimulated cells was characterized by a marked increase of granular RNP components in number indicating the activation of their production. This phenomenon seems to be related not only to the activation of the ribosomal RNA synthesis but also to its processing. The appearance of fibrillar RNP components in the central area of the ring shaped nucleoli apparently represents the first sign of the nucleolar RNA synthesis in these cells. The proportion of fibrillar and granular nucleolar RNP comonents in PHA inresponsive lymphocytes was similar to that in lymphocytes from patients with the usual type of lymphocytic leukemia. The intranucleolar chromatin areas appeared to be larger in PHA stimulated lymphocytes but the proportion of these areas to the nucleolar body did not show substantial difference as compared to the resting cells.", "PMID": 79525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7421", "title": "Haematological changes in experimental hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs.", "content": "Haematological studies were carried out in hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs. 37.5 per cent of animals were found to be LE-positive. It was found that long-term administration of hydralazine caused a decrease of erythrocyte count, a decrease of haemoglobin concentration and a decrease of haemoglobin content in individual red blood cell as well as a decrease of a single erythrocyte volume. A significant leukopenia was shown in LE-positive subgroup of hydralazine-treated guinea pigs. The obtained results confirmed the similarity of hydralazine syndrome to systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Haematological changes in experimental hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs. Haematological studies were carried out in hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs. 37.5 per cent of animals were found to be LE-positive. It was found that long-term administration of hydralazine caused a decrease of erythrocyte count, a decrease of haemoglobin concentration and a decrease of haemoglobin content in individual red blood cell as well as a decrease of a single erythrocyte volume. A significant leukopenia was shown in LE-positive subgroup of hydralazine-treated guinea pigs. The obtained results confirmed the similarity of hydralazine syndrome to systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 79526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7422", "title": "Unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity and serum lysozyme activity during the marrow granulocytes reserve tests.", "content": "Unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) and serum lysozyme activity (LZM) were estimated durinng the endotoxin, prednisone and hydrocortisone marrow granulocyte reserve (MGR) pool tests. Our results showed, that no additional mechanism except the shift of MGR from marrow caused granulocytosis after typhoid vaccine administration. While the prednisone, when given orally diminished additionally the number of the physiologically destroyed neutrophils. The hydrocortisone, however, showed the results very similar to those obtained after typhoid vaccine adminstration. Thus the hydrocortisone test seems to be most useful. It gives as good information as typhoid vaccine test but does not show its side-effects.", "contents": "Unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity and serum lysozyme activity during the marrow granulocytes reserve tests. Unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) and serum lysozyme activity (LZM) were estimated durinng the endotoxin, prednisone and hydrocortisone marrow granulocyte reserve (MGR) pool tests. Our results showed, that no additional mechanism except the shift of MGR from marrow caused granulocytosis after typhoid vaccine administration. While the prednisone, when given orally diminished additionally the number of the physiologically destroyed neutrophils. The hydrocortisone, however, showed the results very similar to those obtained after typhoid vaccine adminstration. Thus the hydrocortisone test seems to be most useful. It gives as good information as typhoid vaccine test but does not show its side-effects.", "PMID": 79527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7423", "title": "Activity of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase in leukocytes of rats exposed to benzene and sodium selenate.", "content": "Chronic exposure to benzene results in rats in the decrease of the lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, the decrease of the beta-glucuronidase (BG) activity both in lymphocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes as well as in the damage to lysosomal apparatus of lymphocytes expressed in diffusion of the enzyme within the cell cytoplasm. Administration of selenium (sodium selenate) in dosis of 1.0 microgram/Kg during consecutive 10 days prior the exposure to benzene resulted in prevention of benzene-induced decrease of the BG activity in granulocytes and of a damage to lymphocyte lysosomes. Application of selenium in dosis of 5.0 microgram/Kg during the same time prior the exposure to benzene prevented the benzene-induced lymphocytopenia, induced the reactive increase of the granulocyte number, and caused, moreover, the prevention of the BG activity decrease in granulocytes. Simultaneously the increase of the BG-positive lymphocyte percentage was noted which was related to the increase of cells exhibiting the cytoplasmatic and extralysosomal localization of the enzyme. The results suggest that only smaller doses of sodium selenate prevented the damage to lysosomal membrane of lymphocytes induced by toxic effect of benzene.", "contents": "Activity of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase in leukocytes of rats exposed to benzene and sodium selenate. Chronic exposure to benzene results in rats in the decrease of the lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, the decrease of the beta-glucuronidase (BG) activity both in lymphocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes as well as in the damage to lysosomal apparatus of lymphocytes expressed in diffusion of the enzyme within the cell cytoplasm. Administration of selenium (sodium selenate) in dosis of 1.0 microgram/Kg during consecutive 10 days prior the exposure to benzene resulted in prevention of benzene-induced decrease of the BG activity in granulocytes and of a damage to lymphocyte lysosomes. Application of selenium in dosis of 5.0 microgram/Kg during the same time prior the exposure to benzene prevented the benzene-induced lymphocytopenia, induced the reactive increase of the granulocyte number, and caused, moreover, the prevention of the BG activity decrease in granulocytes. Simultaneously the increase of the BG-positive lymphocyte percentage was noted which was related to the increase of cells exhibiting the cytoplasmatic and extralysosomal localization of the enzyme. The results suggest that only smaller doses of sodium selenate prevented the damage to lysosomal membrane of lymphocytes induced by toxic effect of benzene.", "PMID": 79528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7424", "title": "[Blood morphology of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). IV. Thrombocytes and their developmental stages].", "content": "By the aid of histological special stainings, cytochemical proofs, phase contrast and electron microscopical methods the thrombocytes (spindle cells) of the European ell (Anguilla anguilla) and their stages of development were described as an independent series of cells. After an artificial blood loss thrombocytoblasts, prothrombocytes and mature thrombocytes could distinctly be demonstrates. Besides the kidney the spleen was found to be the main place of the thrombopoiesis. Phase contrast investigations provided evidence for the relatively strong locomotion of these cells. By means of cytochemical proofs a further differentiation of the thrombocytes from other white blood cells can be made. Electron microscopical investigations of the thrombocytes yielded a great similarity to the thrombocytes of the amphibians. The endoplasmatic ring and particular inclusions could be shown to be characteritstic features of the fine structure.", "contents": "[Blood morphology of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). IV. Thrombocytes and their developmental stages]. By the aid of histological special stainings, cytochemical proofs, phase contrast and electron microscopical methods the thrombocytes (spindle cells) of the European ell (Anguilla anguilla) and their stages of development were described as an independent series of cells. After an artificial blood loss thrombocytoblasts, prothrombocytes and mature thrombocytes could distinctly be demonstrates. Besides the kidney the spleen was found to be the main place of the thrombopoiesis. Phase contrast investigations provided evidence for the relatively strong locomotion of these cells. By means of cytochemical proofs a further differentiation of the thrombocytes from other white blood cells can be made. Electron microscopical investigations of the thrombocytes yielded a great similarity to the thrombocytes of the amphibians. The endoplasmatic ring and particular inclusions could be shown to be characteritstic features of the fine structure.", "PMID": 79529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7425", "title": "Serum copper investigations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Serum copper level (SCL) was studied in 57 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was found that changes in serum copper are to a greater extent related to the clinical course of ALL than to the age of the children examined. The highest mean SCL were obtained in untreated patients (261.2 microgram/100ml). Normalization of myelograms during treatment is accompanied by decrease of SCL. The significant increase of SCL in comparison with SCL in remission (129.8 microgram/100ml) occurred in extramarrow localizations (163.8 microgram/100 ml) and in the group of cases where after 1/2...2 months of maintenance therapy the recurrence of ALL was noted (168.8 microgram/100 ml). These observations suggest that SCL estimation may be useful as a auxiliary test in the clinical evaluation of the disease, for efficiacy of therapy and in predicting recurrences of ALL.", "contents": "Serum copper investigations in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Serum copper level (SCL) was studied in 57 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was found that changes in serum copper are to a greater extent related to the clinical course of ALL than to the age of the children examined. The highest mean SCL were obtained in untreated patients (261.2 microgram/100ml). Normalization of myelograms during treatment is accompanied by decrease of SCL. The significant increase of SCL in comparison with SCL in remission (129.8 microgram/100ml) occurred in extramarrow localizations (163.8 microgram/100 ml) and in the group of cases where after 1/2...2 months of maintenance therapy the recurrence of ALL was noted (168.8 microgram/100 ml). These observations suggest that SCL estimation may be useful as a auxiliary test in the clinical evaluation of the disease, for efficiacy of therapy and in predicting recurrences of ALL.", "PMID": 79530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7426", "title": "Primary sideroblastic anemia masked by bleeding.", "content": "A patient with characteristic features of iron deficiency was unexpectedly found to have circulating siderocytes. Bone marrow iron stain at this time showed absence of both hemosiderin and ringed sideroblasts; electron microscopy revealed absence of mitochondrial iron loading but presence of cytoplasmic ferritin in normoblasts. Replenishment of iron stores led to development of typical sideroblastic anemia. These observations suggest that increased percentage of siderocytes in otherwise typical iron deficiency anemia may signify the presence of a sideroblastic process masked by iron deficiency due to bleeding.", "contents": "Primary sideroblastic anemia masked by bleeding. A patient with characteristic features of iron deficiency was unexpectedly found to have circulating siderocytes. Bone marrow iron stain at this time showed absence of both hemosiderin and ringed sideroblasts; electron microscopy revealed absence of mitochondrial iron loading but presence of cytoplasmic ferritin in normoblasts. Replenishment of iron stores led to development of typical sideroblastic anemia. These observations suggest that increased percentage of siderocytes in otherwise typical iron deficiency anemia may signify the presence of a sideroblastic process masked by iron deficiency due to bleeding.", "PMID": 79531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7427", "title": "[Demonstration of the anti-thrombocyte effect of anti-human lymphocyte serum].", "content": "A report is given how the antithrombocytic effect of 13 charges of human anti-lymphocyte globulin from the horse can be identified. The investigations were performed in mice and with the thrombocyte agglutination test. The test findings in mice correspond with those of the human compatibility control. Therefore, the test in mice is recommended to be used for the laboratory examination of anti-human lymphocyte globulins.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the anti-thrombocyte effect of anti-human lymphocyte serum]. A report is given how the antithrombocytic effect of 13 charges of human anti-lymphocyte globulin from the horse can be identified. The investigations were performed in mice and with the thrombocyte agglutination test. The test findings in mice correspond with those of the human compatibility control. Therefore, the test in mice is recommended to be used for the laboratory examination of anti-human lymphocyte globulins.", "PMID": 79532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7428", "title": "[ATP-content and shape of erythrocytes during preservation with adenine and nucleosides].", "content": "ACD blood with additions of adenine (A, 0.5 mM in blood), ademine + guanosine ((AG, 0.5 mM each) and adenine + guanosine + inosine (IAG, 0.5: 0.5: 18 mM) was stored for 6 weeks at 4 degrees C and the morphological changes in connection with the ATP content were observed. After a storage of 6 weeks 2--3% of the cells were present as diskocytes, 60% as echinocytes, and 40% as spherocytes. The delayed morphological alterations in the ACD-AG blood in comparison with ACD-A blood were also reflected by a higher ATP content of the ACD-AG blood during its storage. The alterations in the form of erythrocytes recorded in the morphological index Im (a subdivision was made according to 6 different stages of form) correlated with the ATP content. The coefficient of correlation amounted to r = 0.85. Thus, Im is a reliable criterium for evaluating possible storage damages of stored erythrocytes.", "contents": "[ATP-content and shape of erythrocytes during preservation with adenine and nucleosides]. ACD blood with additions of adenine (A, 0.5 mM in blood), ademine + guanosine ((AG, 0.5 mM each) and adenine + guanosine + inosine (IAG, 0.5: 0.5: 18 mM) was stored for 6 weeks at 4 degrees C and the morphological changes in connection with the ATP content were observed. After a storage of 6 weeks 2--3% of the cells were present as diskocytes, 60% as echinocytes, and 40% as spherocytes. The delayed morphological alterations in the ACD-AG blood in comparison with ACD-A blood were also reflected by a higher ATP content of the ACD-AG blood during its storage. The alterations in the form of erythrocytes recorded in the morphological index Im (a subdivision was made according to 6 different stages of form) correlated with the ATP content. The coefficient of correlation amounted to r = 0.85. Thus, Im is a reliable criterium for evaluating possible storage damages of stored erythrocytes.", "PMID": 79533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7429", "title": "[Studies of 57-co-bleomycin in patients with carcinoma colli uteri (author's transl)].", "content": "The kinetics of 57Co-Bleomycin was studied in twelve patients with histologically proven carcinoma colli uteri and in ten patients with benign gynaecological conditions. Measurements were carried out on the whole body, on parts of the body and on urine and blood using a whole body counter. Excretion of the tumour-seeking radio-pharmaceutical is predominantly through the kidneys and can be described by a double compartment model. After 48 hours, 2-4% of the applied activity is still present in the body. Radiation exposure to the body, the kidneys and bladder was calculated from the measurements and MIRD tables as 0.02 rad/mci (total body), 0.4 rad/mCi (kidneys) and 0.2 rad/mCi (bladder). In view of the rapid elimination of 57Co-Bleomycin, these figures are lower than data data quoted in the literature. There was no evidence of significantly higher uptake of 57Co-Bleomycin in the carcinomatous epithelium of the collum uteri compared with benign diseases, using the total body counter in the scan node. As possible explanations for this, the authors suggest inadequate geometric resolution of the system and a low tumour/non-tumour distribution ratio.", "contents": "[Studies of 57-co-bleomycin in patients with carcinoma colli uteri (author's transl)]. The kinetics of 57Co-Bleomycin was studied in twelve patients with histologically proven carcinoma colli uteri and in ten patients with benign gynaecological conditions. Measurements were carried out on the whole body, on parts of the body and on urine and blood using a whole body counter. Excretion of the tumour-seeking radio-pharmaceutical is predominantly through the kidneys and can be described by a double compartment model. After 48 hours, 2-4% of the applied activity is still present in the body. Radiation exposure to the body, the kidneys and bladder was calculated from the measurements and MIRD tables as 0.02 rad/mci (total body), 0.4 rad/mCi (kidneys) and 0.2 rad/mCi (bladder). In view of the rapid elimination of 57Co-Bleomycin, these figures are lower than data data quoted in the literature. There was no evidence of significantly higher uptake of 57Co-Bleomycin in the carcinomatous epithelium of the collum uteri compared with benign diseases, using the total body counter in the scan node. As possible explanations for this, the authors suggest inadequate geometric resolution of the system and a low tumour/non-tumour distribution ratio.", "PMID": 79534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7430", "title": "Metabolic response to short periods of starvation in hypo- and hyper-thyroid male rats.", "content": "1) Thyroidectomized rats were fed with a low iodine diet, injected daily with 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body wt., and compared with intact controls. 2) Plasma protein-bound iodine was decreased in the rats given the 0 and 0.1 microgram doses, unchanged in those given the 1.8 microgram doses, unchanged in those given the 1.8 microgram dose increased in those given the 25 microgram one. 3) The liver content of DNA-P, phospholipid-P, proteins and fatty acids was decreased in the rats that did not receive thyroxine, practically recuperated in those receiving 0.1 microgram and normal in those given 1.8 or 25 microgram of thyroxine. 4) 3 h of starvation produced a reduction in the liver content of total fatty acids that disappeared after 24 h. 5) When fed, liver glycogen concentration was low in the rats given 25 microgram of thyroxine. 6) With starvation, the fall in liver glycogen and blood glucose, and the rise in liver acetyl-CoA and citrate and blood glycerol concentrations were faster in the thyroidectomized rats that did not receive thyroxine than in the other groups. 7) The rise in plasma free fatty acid and blood ketone bodies concentrations were similar in all the groups, the greater level of the first parameter being observed after 6 h of starvation in the rats given 25 microgram of thyroxine and in the second one after 24 h in the rats given either 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of thyroxine. 8) The rapid decrease in the availability of carbohydrate stores with starvation in the thyroidectomized rats could be responsible for their fast call for lipid utilization. The slower response to fasting in the hyperthyroid animals is probably a consequence of their reduced amount of endogenous substrates to be mobilized.", "contents": "Metabolic response to short periods of starvation in hypo- and hyper-thyroid male rats. 1) Thyroidectomized rats were fed with a low iodine diet, injected daily with 0, 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of L-thyroxine/100 g body wt., and compared with intact controls. 2) Plasma protein-bound iodine was decreased in the rats given the 0 and 0.1 microgram doses, unchanged in those given the 1.8 microgram doses, unchanged in those given the 1.8 microgram dose increased in those given the 25 microgram one. 3) The liver content of DNA-P, phospholipid-P, proteins and fatty acids was decreased in the rats that did not receive thyroxine, practically recuperated in those receiving 0.1 microgram and normal in those given 1.8 or 25 microgram of thyroxine. 4) 3 h of starvation produced a reduction in the liver content of total fatty acids that disappeared after 24 h. 5) When fed, liver glycogen concentration was low in the rats given 25 microgram of thyroxine. 6) With starvation, the fall in liver glycogen and blood glucose, and the rise in liver acetyl-CoA and citrate and blood glycerol concentrations were faster in the thyroidectomized rats that did not receive thyroxine than in the other groups. 7) The rise in plasma free fatty acid and blood ketone bodies concentrations were similar in all the groups, the greater level of the first parameter being observed after 6 h of starvation in the rats given 25 microgram of thyroxine and in the second one after 24 h in the rats given either 0.1, 1.8 or 25 microgram of thyroxine. 8) The rapid decrease in the availability of carbohydrate stores with starvation in the thyroidectomized rats could be responsible for their fast call for lipid utilization. The slower response to fasting in the hyperthyroid animals is probably a consequence of their reduced amount of endogenous substrates to be mobilized.", "PMID": 79535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7431", "title": "Structural properties of the human MN blood group antigen receptor sites.", "content": "It is shown that the MN blood group antigen determinant of the major human erythrocyte membrane (MN) sialoglycoprotein is located on its N-terminal octaglycopeptide. The only analytically detectable difference between peptides from MM and NN cells are Ser/Leu and Gly/Glu polymorphisms at the first and fifth positions, respectively. Destruction of the antigens by removal of the N-terminal residues suggests that these amino acids represent a part of the receptor areas for various anti-M or -N reagents. Evidence is presented that the N-terminal structure of the Ss glycoprotein is identical with that of MN glycoprotein from NN red cells up to the fifth residue. This provides an explanation for the 'N' antigen on this molecule and direct support for the earlier proposal that the MNSs locus is represented by homologous genes.", "contents": "Structural properties of the human MN blood group antigen receptor sites. It is shown that the MN blood group antigen determinant of the major human erythrocyte membrane (MN) sialoglycoprotein is located on its N-terminal octaglycopeptide. The only analytically detectable difference between peptides from MM and NN cells are Ser/Leu and Gly/Glu polymorphisms at the first and fifth positions, respectively. Destruction of the antigens by removal of the N-terminal residues suggests that these amino acids represent a part of the receptor areas for various anti-M or -N reagents. Evidence is presented that the N-terminal structure of the Ss glycoprotein is identical with that of MN glycoprotein from NN red cells up to the fifth residue. This provides an explanation for the 'N' antigen on this molecule and direct support for the earlier proposal that the MNSs locus is represented by homologous genes.", "PMID": 79537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7432", "title": "A trichrome stain for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "A modified trichrome stain is described for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen; HBsAg containing cells exhibit specific green metachromasia contrasting with the granular brown colour of non infected hepatocytes and with the deep eosinophilic colour of ground glass cells of HBsAg-negative alcoholic or drug hepatitis. The technique is simple and reliable for routine screening of HBsAg positive material; its sensitivity is greater than H & E, similar orcein and inferior to immunohistochemistry as performed on frozen sections. Histological diagnosis can be made on the same slide, since several other morphological details are provided in the trichrome stained preparations. With this technique 387 biopsies from HBsAg seronegative individuals were negative; full cytoplasms metachromasia was mostly seen in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, focal or partial staining in patients with histological evidence of liver cell necrosis. The presence and the staining pattern of HBsAg were of no help in predicting transition to chronicity or a transition from chronic persistent to chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "A trichrome stain for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A modified trichrome stain is described for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen; HBsAg containing cells exhibit specific green metachromasia contrasting with the granular brown colour of non infected hepatocytes and with the deep eosinophilic colour of ground glass cells of HBsAg-negative alcoholic or drug hepatitis. The technique is simple and reliable for routine screening of HBsAg positive material; its sensitivity is greater than H & E, similar orcein and inferior to immunohistochemistry as performed on frozen sections. Histological diagnosis can be made on the same slide, since several other morphological details are provided in the trichrome stained preparations. With this technique 387 biopsies from HBsAg seronegative individuals were negative; full cytoplasms metachromasia was mostly seen in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, focal or partial staining in patients with histological evidence of liver cell necrosis. The presence and the staining pattern of HBsAg were of no help in predicting transition to chronicity or a transition from chronic persistent to chronic active hepatitis.", "PMID": 79538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7433", "title": "Methyl-methacrylate as an embedding medium in histopathology.", "content": "Methyl-methacrylate embedding makes it possible to obtain semi-thin sections rich in detail and without tissue shrinkage. The procedure requires considerable time and labour, and great care must be taken to prevent heat damage to the tissue during the exothermic polymerization process. The original method given by Burkhardt (1966) and later modifications are described and discussed, with special attention to the practical problems encountered and their solutions.", "contents": "Methyl-methacrylate as an embedding medium in histopathology. Methyl-methacrylate embedding makes it possible to obtain semi-thin sections rich in detail and without tissue shrinkage. The procedure requires considerable time and labour, and great care must be taken to prevent heat damage to the tissue during the exothermic polymerization process. The original method given by Burkhardt (1966) and later modifications are described and discussed, with special attention to the practical problems encountered and their solutions.", "PMID": 79539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7434", "title": "Immunofluorescence on resin-embedded material.", "content": "Some antigenic determinants can be preserved in tissues after plastic embedding. In the present study liver tissue was fixed with glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with ethanol and toluene and embedded in araldite which was then polymerized at 37 degrees C. Immunofluorescence was performed on semi-thin sections etched with hydrogen peroxide. This procedure allows correlation with light microscopy (on the same stained semi-thin section) and with electron microscopy (on adjacent ultra-thin section). Good results were obtained with anti-nuclear, anti-mitochondrial, anti-microsomal and anti-alpha1-antitrypsin sera.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence on resin-embedded material. Some antigenic determinants can be preserved in tissues after plastic embedding. In the present study liver tissue was fixed with glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with ethanol and toluene and embedded in araldite which was then polymerized at 37 degrees C. Immunofluorescence was performed on semi-thin sections etched with hydrogen peroxide. This procedure allows correlation with light microscopy (on the same stained semi-thin section) and with electron microscopy (on adjacent ultra-thin section). Good results were obtained with anti-nuclear, anti-mitochondrial, anti-microsomal and anti-alpha1-antitrypsin sera.", "PMID": 79540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7435", "title": "Sequence of action of genes at the secretor, H, ABO and Lewis loci.", "content": "It is argued that Lewis genes are responsible for adding specificity to glycoprotein molecules after the activities of the secretor, H and ABO genes, respectively, have been expressed. This conclusion is based on the results of studies on the expression of ABO and Lewis antigens in salivas from Australian aborigines, and on biochemical results. A simple figure illustrating the antigens determined on red cells and in body secretions as a result of the action of these genes, in their correct order--secretor, H, ABO, Lewis--is presented.", "contents": "Sequence of action of genes at the secretor, H, ABO and Lewis loci. It is argued that Lewis genes are responsible for adding specificity to glycoprotein molecules after the activities of the secretor, H and ABO genes, respectively, have been expressed. This conclusion is based on the results of studies on the expression of ABO and Lewis antigens in salivas from Australian aborigines, and on biochemical results. A simple figure illustrating the antigens determined on red cells and in body secretions as a result of the action of these genes, in their correct order--secretor, H, ABO, Lewis--is presented.", "PMID": 79541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7436", "title": "Gypsy moth cell lines divergent in viral susceptibility. I. Culture and identification.", "content": "A series of cell lines unique in insect virus susceptibility pattern have been isolated from the ovaries of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar: Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on a synthetic medium with mammalian and avian serum supplementation. Growth curves showed the poorest growth occurring on peptone-based media with somewhat better growth on amino-acid-based media. The best growth was obtained with combined media. Serological study distinguished the present cell lines from one another and from cell lines derived from other insect species grown routinely in the same laboratory. Baculovirus susceptibility among the new lines varied from no response to a specific complete replication response upon challenge by the homologous (gypsy moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus.", "contents": "Gypsy moth cell lines divergent in viral susceptibility. I. Culture and identification. A series of cell lines unique in insect virus susceptibility pattern have been isolated from the ovaries of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar: Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on a synthetic medium with mammalian and avian serum supplementation. Growth curves showed the poorest growth occurring on peptone-based media with somewhat better growth on amino-acid-based media. The best growth was obtained with combined media. Serological study distinguished the present cell lines from one another and from cell lines derived from other insect species grown routinely in the same laboratory. Baculovirus susceptibility among the new lines varied from no response to a specific complete replication response upon challenge by the homologous (gypsy moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus.", "PMID": 79542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7437", "title": "Normal immunosuppressive protein: inhibitory effect on immune response against tumour cells.", "content": "Normal immunosuppressive protein isolated from human plasma was found to inhibit the generation of primary cytotoxic effector lymphocytes against allogeneic tumour cells in vitro. Total inhibition was observed when NIP was present during the early stages of the sensitization process. In contrast, the generation of secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro was only slightly inhibited even though large amounts of NIP were used. The inhibition of target cell lysis by sensitized lymphocytes required long preincubation of a relatively small number of effector cells with large amounts of NIP and was most significant when tested at low effector: target cell ratios. Under the same conditions NIP showed no inhibitory effect on the cytotoxic activity of immune macrophages. The present in vitro experiments suggest that NIP exerts its effect through inhibition of DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation and to a limited extent only, by inducing specific suppressor cells.", "contents": "Normal immunosuppressive protein: inhibitory effect on immune response against tumour cells. Normal immunosuppressive protein isolated from human plasma was found to inhibit the generation of primary cytotoxic effector lymphocytes against allogeneic tumour cells in vitro. Total inhibition was observed when NIP was present during the early stages of the sensitization process. In contrast, the generation of secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro was only slightly inhibited even though large amounts of NIP were used. The inhibition of target cell lysis by sensitized lymphocytes required long preincubation of a relatively small number of effector cells with large amounts of NIP and was most significant when tested at low effector: target cell ratios. Under the same conditions NIP showed no inhibitory effect on the cytotoxic activity of immune macrophages. The present in vitro experiments suggest that NIP exerts its effect through inhibition of DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation and to a limited extent only, by inducing specific suppressor cells.", "PMID": 79543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7438", "title": "Generation of immunological memory in tolerant mice.", "content": "Adult mice pretreated with dinitrophenylated isologous gamma globulins respond very poorly to the hapten presented in immunogenic form. However, the responses of such tolerized and primed animals, or the spleen cells from such mice on adoptive transfer, to small doses of soluble antigen revealed normal secondary responsiveness in terms of size of response, relative affinities of the antibodies produced and antigenic sensitivity. In contrast, mice tolerized in early life and subsequently primed showed diminished responsiveness to secondary challenge, both in the original animals and on adoptive transfer. In this instance cells producing high affinity antibodies seemed to be preferentially deleted.", "contents": "Generation of immunological memory in tolerant mice. Adult mice pretreated with dinitrophenylated isologous gamma globulins respond very poorly to the hapten presented in immunogenic form. However, the responses of such tolerized and primed animals, or the spleen cells from such mice on adoptive transfer, to small doses of soluble antigen revealed normal secondary responsiveness in terms of size of response, relative affinities of the antibodies produced and antigenic sensitivity. In contrast, mice tolerized in early life and subsequently primed showed diminished responsiveness to secondary challenge, both in the original animals and on adoptive transfer. In this instance cells producing high affinity antibodies seemed to be preferentially deleted.", "PMID": 79544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7439", "title": "Independent mobility of cholera toxin binding sites and Thy-1 alloantigen on mouse thymocytes.", "content": "The hypothesis that Thy-1.2 carries a carbohydrate antigenic determinant with the same specificity as the monosialoganglioside GM1 was tested by attempting to co-cap Thy-1.2 and GM1 in CBA thymocytes using anti-Thy-1.2 alloantiserum and cholera toxin. Co-capping of these determinants was not observed suggesting that they are on separate molecules. We do not therefore confirm the previous reported association between Thy-1 and GM1 (Thiele, Arndt & Stark, 1977).", "contents": "Independent mobility of cholera toxin binding sites and Thy-1 alloantigen on mouse thymocytes. The hypothesis that Thy-1.2 carries a carbohydrate antigenic determinant with the same specificity as the monosialoganglioside GM1 was tested by attempting to co-cap Thy-1.2 and GM1 in CBA thymocytes using anti-Thy-1.2 alloantiserum and cholera toxin. Co-capping of these determinants was not observed suggesting that they are on separate molecules. We do not therefore confirm the previous reported association between Thy-1 and GM1 (Thiele, Arndt & Stark, 1977).", "PMID": 79545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7440", "title": "Induction and specificity of delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice.", "content": "The induction and specificity of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to Staphylococcus aureus in mice was evaluated in vivo by the footpad (FP) assay and in vitro by spleen cell stimulation. Repeated infections result in a biphasic DH response. The first DH response, observed following three subcutaneous injections, was route and antigen specific, required viable organisms, and could not be enhanced by the incorporation of bacteria in adjuvants. Footpad reactivity was transferred to non-injected recipients by spleen cells but not serum and was inhibited by anti-thymocyte serum but not by cyclophosphamide. Spleen cell stimulation was maximal with homologous antigen, but, some cross reactivity was observed when cells were stimulated with hererologous gram-positive antigens. No cross reactivity was observed when antigens from gram-negative bacteria were used to stimulate spleen cells. The FP reactivity to homologous antigen following 7 injections, the second DH response, is of longer duration than that following 3 injections. Mice given seven injections exhibit a greater degree of cross reactivity to heterologous gram-positive but not gram-negative bacterial antigens. Similar results were observed when spleen cells from mice receiving 7 injections were simulated with gram-positive antigens. Furthermore, the degree of spleen cell stimulation following three of seven injections could be increased by elicitation prior to the vitro experiments.", "contents": "Induction and specificity of delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus in mice. The induction and specificity of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to Staphylococcus aureus in mice was evaluated in vivo by the footpad (FP) assay and in vitro by spleen cell stimulation. Repeated infections result in a biphasic DH response. The first DH response, observed following three subcutaneous injections, was route and antigen specific, required viable organisms, and could not be enhanced by the incorporation of bacteria in adjuvants. Footpad reactivity was transferred to non-injected recipients by spleen cells but not serum and was inhibited by anti-thymocyte serum but not by cyclophosphamide. Spleen cell stimulation was maximal with homologous antigen, but, some cross reactivity was observed when cells were stimulated with hererologous gram-positive antigens. No cross reactivity was observed when antigens from gram-negative bacteria were used to stimulate spleen cells. The FP reactivity to homologous antigen following 7 injections, the second DH response, is of longer duration than that following 3 injections. Mice given seven injections exhibit a greater degree of cross reactivity to heterologous gram-positive but not gram-negative bacterial antigens. Similar results were observed when spleen cells from mice receiving 7 injections were simulated with gram-positive antigens. Furthermore, the degree of spleen cell stimulation following three of seven injections could be increased by elicitation prior to the vitro experiments.", "PMID": 79546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7441", "title": "Reaginic antibody to contact sensitizing agents. Occurrence of cells which supress IgG and not reagin responses.", "content": "Mice painted with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride produce IgG and reaginic or IgE-type antibody. They concomitanly produce suppressor cells which can inhibit IgG responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. These cells were produced between 3 and 7 days after primary sensitization (skin painting) and were T cells, as evidenced by their sensitivity to anti-theta serum and by their passage through nylon wool columns. Although they inhibited IgG responses they did not significantly change IgE titres. This correlates with a previous observation that repeated painting with picryl chloride increased IgE and not IgG responses.", "contents": "Reaginic antibody to contact sensitizing agents. Occurrence of cells which supress IgG and not reagin responses. Mice painted with the contact sensitizing agent picryl chloride produce IgG and reaginic or IgE-type antibody. They concomitanly produce suppressor cells which can inhibit IgG responses of normal mice to picryl chloride. These cells were produced between 3 and 7 days after primary sensitization (skin painting) and were T cells, as evidenced by their sensitivity to anti-theta serum and by their passage through nylon wool columns. Although they inhibited IgG responses they did not significantly change IgE titres. This correlates with a previous observation that repeated painting with picryl chloride increased IgE and not IgG responses.", "PMID": 79547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7442", "title": "On the mechanism of action of adjuvants.", "content": "Evidence is presented that one a way which adjuvants exert their effect is by initiating an enduring increase in the localization of labelled cells in draining lymphoid tissues. Agents not generally considered to be adjuvants (carbon, latex, sheep erythrocytes) but capable of altering lymphocyte recirculation are shown to prevent the induction of tolerance by soluble bovine gamma globulin (BGG). These properties fulfil the criteria for adjuvanticity as defined by Dresser (1968) and link the expression of adjuvanticity to alterations in lymphocyte circulation.", "contents": "On the mechanism of action of adjuvants. Evidence is presented that one a way which adjuvants exert their effect is by initiating an enduring increase in the localization of labelled cells in draining lymphoid tissues. Agents not generally considered to be adjuvants (carbon, latex, sheep erythrocytes) but capable of altering lymphocyte recirculation are shown to prevent the induction of tolerance by soluble bovine gamma globulin (BGG). These properties fulfil the criteria for adjuvanticity as defined by Dresser (1968) and link the expression of adjuvanticity to alterations in lymphocyte circulation.", "PMID": 79548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7443", "title": "Serological and chromatographic analyses of antigenic structures detected in human brain, thymus and lymph nodes.", "content": "In the present paper it is shown that the non-species specific determinant of the antigenic thymus-brain system previously detected in murine and human brain also exists in human thymus. However, in contrast to the situation in mice and rats this antigenic structure is not expressed on suspended thymic lymphocytes, but is associated with thymic tissue largely depleted of thymic lymphocytes. Moreover, this determinant is also detectable in human lymph nodes. Besides the non-species-specific antigenic determinant human thymus and brain also share a species-specific determinant. In contrast to the non species specific determinant this structure is also displayed by suspended thymic lymphocytes, certain peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. The non-species-specific determinant detected in human thymus is borne by a structure, which physico-chemically resembles the thymus-brain antigen isolated from murine brain and thymus as well as from human brain. Although the structure bearing the species specific antigenic determinant has a similar apparent molecular weight both antigens could be separated by ion exchange chromotography indicating their molecular diversity.", "contents": "Serological and chromatographic analyses of antigenic structures detected in human brain, thymus and lymph nodes. In the present paper it is shown that the non-species specific determinant of the antigenic thymus-brain system previously detected in murine and human brain also exists in human thymus. However, in contrast to the situation in mice and rats this antigenic structure is not expressed on suspended thymic lymphocytes, but is associated with thymic tissue largely depleted of thymic lymphocytes. Moreover, this determinant is also detectable in human lymph nodes. Besides the non-species-specific antigenic determinant human thymus and brain also share a species-specific determinant. In contrast to the non species specific determinant this structure is also displayed by suspended thymic lymphocytes, certain peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. The non-species-specific determinant detected in human thymus is borne by a structure, which physico-chemically resembles the thymus-brain antigen isolated from murine brain and thymus as well as from human brain. Although the structure bearing the species specific antigenic determinant has a similar apparent molecular weight both antigens could be separated by ion exchange chromotography indicating their molecular diversity.", "PMID": 79550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7444", "title": "Quantitation of antibodies to IgM, IgD and beta2-microglobulin in antisera to chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit antisera were prepared to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes and were tested for their reaction with radioiodinated, solubilized, cell surface proteins of normal and CLL lymphocytes. A pooled, hyperimmune antiserum precipitated at least 16 polypeptides from both normal and CLL lymphocytes as shown by sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides varied in molecular weight from 11,000 to 180,000. None was prominent or unique to the CLL lymphocytes, although four peptide bands in the CLL cells usually showed more radioactivity than their counterparts in normal cells. Precipitation with antisera of known specificity showed that the cell surface proteins from CLL and normal lymphocytes included HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin. IgM and IgD were found in preparations of normal cells and in cells of 3 of 5 CLL patients. Of cells from the other 2 patients, one showed only IgD and the other no Ig. An antigen-binding capacity test was employed to quantitate the antibody content of a pooled anti-CLL lymphocyte serum. The antiserum reacted with all Ig classes; however, after absorption with light chains and F(ab')2 fragments, the serum retained activity only for IgM and IgD. The absorbed antiserum bound 45 microgram IgM, 1.5 microgram IgD and 4.5 microgram beta2-microglobulin per milliliter. These data indicate that rabbit anti-CLL lymphocyte sera fail to detect a qualitatively unique tumor-specific polypeptide on the surfaces of CLL cells. However, such antisera contain antibodies to many cell surface proteins including IgM, IgD, HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin.", "contents": "Quantitation of antibodies to IgM, IgD and beta2-microglobulin in antisera to chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes. Rabbit antisera were prepared to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes and were tested for their reaction with radioiodinated, solubilized, cell surface proteins of normal and CLL lymphocytes. A pooled, hyperimmune antiserum precipitated at least 16 polypeptides from both normal and CLL lymphocytes as shown by sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides varied in molecular weight from 11,000 to 180,000. None was prominent or unique to the CLL lymphocytes, although four peptide bands in the CLL cells usually showed more radioactivity than their counterparts in normal cells. Precipitation with antisera of known specificity showed that the cell surface proteins from CLL and normal lymphocytes included HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin. IgM and IgD were found in preparations of normal cells and in cells of 3 of 5 CLL patients. Of cells from the other 2 patients, one showed only IgD and the other no Ig. An antigen-binding capacity test was employed to quantitate the antibody content of a pooled anti-CLL lymphocyte serum. The antiserum reacted with all Ig classes; however, after absorption with light chains and F(ab')2 fragments, the serum retained activity only for IgM and IgD. The absorbed antiserum bound 45 microgram IgM, 1.5 microgram IgD and 4.5 microgram beta2-microglobulin per milliliter. These data indicate that rabbit anti-CLL lymphocyte sera fail to detect a qualitatively unique tumor-specific polypeptide on the surfaces of CLL cells. However, such antisera contain antibodies to many cell surface proteins including IgM, IgD, HLA antigens and beta2-microglobulin.", "PMID": 79557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7445", "title": "IgE-mediated cardiac hypersensitivity reactions. An experimental model.", "content": "To investigate the involvement of the heart in acute allergic reactions in a system immunologically analogous to that of humans, a model of cardiac anaphylaxis mediated by IgE antibodies was developed in the guinea pig. Hearts obtained from guinea pigs, passively sensitized with homologous antidinitrophenyl IgE antibodies, were perfused and challenged in vitro with antigen. Challenge resulted in sinus and ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular conduction block and substantial histamine release. The results demonstrate that IgE antibodies can sensitize the heart and that the severity of cardiac dysfunction, which follows challenge with specific antigen, directly correlates with the magnitude of histamine released. Since myocardial ischemia and similar arrhythmias occur during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans, this experimental model will be helpful in the investigation of cardiac involvement in acute allergic reactions.", "contents": "IgE-mediated cardiac hypersensitivity reactions. An experimental model. To investigate the involvement of the heart in acute allergic reactions in a system immunologically analogous to that of humans, a model of cardiac anaphylaxis mediated by IgE antibodies was developed in the guinea pig. Hearts obtained from guinea pigs, passively sensitized with homologous antidinitrophenyl IgE antibodies, were perfused and challenged in vitro with antigen. Challenge resulted in sinus and ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular conduction block and substantial histamine release. The results demonstrate that IgE antibodies can sensitize the heart and that the severity of cardiac dysfunction, which follows challenge with specific antigen, directly correlates with the magnitude of histamine released. Since myocardial ischemia and similar arrhythmias occur during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans, this experimental model will be helpful in the investigation of cardiac involvement in acute allergic reactions.", "PMID": 79558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7446", "title": "Tumor-specific and tumor-associated membrane antigens of Rous sarcoma virus transformed hamster fibroblasts.", "content": "Hamster fibroblasts transformed by an env- strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) express at their surface tumor-associated antigens of unknown origin and a tumor-specific antigen (VCSA) which is not expressed by hamster fibroblasts transformed by unrelated DNA or RNA oncogenic viruses. This antigen was detectable by rabbit antibodies and a complement-dependent 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay and is common to RSV-transformed cells of different animal species. By comparing the anti-VCSA serum which antisera directed against purified gp85, gs-proteins, reverse transcriptase or detergentlysed virus particles, it was shown that VCSA is not a known virion structural protein. Moreover, VCSA expression does not correlate with viral replication since it is not detectable in chick embryo fibroblasts productively infected with the transformation-defective virus RAV-1 which shares virus structural genes with RSV. Finally, in hamster cells transformed by an RSV mutant, temperature-sensitive for the ability to transform the host cell, VCSA expression at the cell surface correlates with the expression of the transforming gene.", "contents": "Tumor-specific and tumor-associated membrane antigens of Rous sarcoma virus transformed hamster fibroblasts. Hamster fibroblasts transformed by an env- strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) express at their surface tumor-associated antigens of unknown origin and a tumor-specific antigen (VCSA) which is not expressed by hamster fibroblasts transformed by unrelated DNA or RNA oncogenic viruses. This antigen was detectable by rabbit antibodies and a complement-dependent 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay and is common to RSV-transformed cells of different animal species. By comparing the anti-VCSA serum which antisera directed against purified gp85, gs-proteins, reverse transcriptase or detergentlysed virus particles, it was shown that VCSA is not a known virion structural protein. Moreover, VCSA expression does not correlate with viral replication since it is not detectable in chick embryo fibroblasts productively infected with the transformation-defective virus RAV-1 which shares virus structural genes with RSV. Finally, in hamster cells transformed by an RSV mutant, temperature-sensitive for the ability to transform the host cell, VCSA expression at the cell surface correlates with the expression of the transforming gene.", "PMID": 79559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7447", "title": "Angiotensin induced changes in blood glucose level.", "content": "Angiotensin given by intravenous route in rabbits caused a marked rise in blood glucose within 45 min. Guanethidine, bretylium, alpha methyl DOPA, adrenalectomy and reserpinization significantly influenced the changes in blood glucose induced by angiotensin II. It is suggested that the rise in blood glucose level induced by angiotensin II appears to be mediated by facilitation of catecholamine release or due to inhibition of reuptake.", "contents": "Angiotensin induced changes in blood glucose level. Angiotensin given by intravenous route in rabbits caused a marked rise in blood glucose within 45 min. Guanethidine, bretylium, alpha methyl DOPA, adrenalectomy and reserpinization significantly influenced the changes in blood glucose induced by angiotensin II. It is suggested that the rise in blood glucose level induced by angiotensin II appears to be mediated by facilitation of catecholamine release or due to inhibition of reuptake.", "PMID": 79554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7448", "title": "Relationship of tumor-specific transplantation antigens to the histocompatibility complex: dissociation of in vitro alloantigen expression and in vivo alloimmunity from tumor-specific transplantation antigen strength.", "content": "The studies reported here explore the relationship between tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) and (1) the expression of serologically defined specificities, and (2) the immunogenicity of H-2K- or H-2D-determined alloantigens on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced murine fibrosarcomas. Expression of H-2K and H-2D serologically-detected private specificities on groups of tumors raised in B10.A, B10.BR or B10.D2 strains varied greatly among tumors. No regular reciprocal or direct relationship to tumor TSTA strength was found. Each tumor, however, expressed H-2K or H-2D alloantigens stably as determined by direct cytotoxicity or absorption techniques. Even those tumors expressing little or no detectable alloantigen by serologic analysis were immunogenic in H-2K or H-2D incompatible congeneic hosts. This was assayed in terms of capacity to evoke primary or secondary tumor resistance, and to induce allo-antibody toward private H-2K or H-2D end specificities. An exception was that B10.BR tumors failed to induce anti-H-2Dk antibody despite strong surface alloantigen expression. While TSTA strength did not correlate with serologically detected alloantigen expression, TSTA strength did tend to correlate inversely with capacity to resist primary growth in the H-2K different host, and directly with resistance in the H-2D different host.", "contents": "Relationship of tumor-specific transplantation antigens to the histocompatibility complex: dissociation of in vitro alloantigen expression and in vivo alloimmunity from tumor-specific transplantation antigen strength. The studies reported here explore the relationship between tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) and (1) the expression of serologically defined specificities, and (2) the immunogenicity of H-2K- or H-2D-determined alloantigens on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced murine fibrosarcomas. Expression of H-2K and H-2D serologically-detected private specificities on groups of tumors raised in B10.A, B10.BR or B10.D2 strains varied greatly among tumors. No regular reciprocal or direct relationship to tumor TSTA strength was found. Each tumor, however, expressed H-2K or H-2D alloantigens stably as determined by direct cytotoxicity or absorption techniques. Even those tumors expressing little or no detectable alloantigen by serologic analysis were immunogenic in H-2K or H-2D incompatible congeneic hosts. This was assayed in terms of capacity to evoke primary or secondary tumor resistance, and to induce allo-antibody toward private H-2K or H-2D end specificities. An exception was that B10.BR tumors failed to induce anti-H-2Dk antibody despite strong surface alloantigen expression. While TSTA strength did not correlate with serologically detected alloantigen expression, TSTA strength did tend to correlate inversely with capacity to resist primary growth in the H-2K different host, and directly with resistance in the H-2D different host.", "PMID": 79560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7449", "title": "Two methods of demonstrating leprosy bacilli in smears.", "content": "Two methods, the carbol fuchsin with acetic acid differentiation and the periodic acid-carbol pararosaniline, were used for demonstrating leprosy bacilli in skin smears. Bacillary smears from 200 long-treated patients with tuberculoid, borderline and lepromatous leprosy were stained with periodic acid-carbol pararosaniline. There were significantly greater BI and MI determinations than with classic carbol fucsin staining. With the former stain bacilli were found in 69 of 96 skin smears in which no bacilli could be seen by the latter stain. It is suggested that under the action of antileprosy drugs some leprosy bacilli may lose their acid-fastness and become chromophobic; chromophobic bacilli can be restored to their staining with periodic acid pretreatment. Leprosy bacilli in their chromophobic form can survive in healing and apparently healed lesions even after prolonged chemotherapy and can be a possible source of relapse.", "contents": "Two methods of demonstrating leprosy bacilli in smears. Two methods, the carbol fuchsin with acetic acid differentiation and the periodic acid-carbol pararosaniline, were used for demonstrating leprosy bacilli in skin smears. Bacillary smears from 200 long-treated patients with tuberculoid, borderline and lepromatous leprosy were stained with periodic acid-carbol pararosaniline. There were significantly greater BI and MI determinations than with classic carbol fucsin staining. With the former stain bacilli were found in 69 of 96 skin smears in which no bacilli could be seen by the latter stain. It is suggested that under the action of antileprosy drugs some leprosy bacilli may lose their acid-fastness and become chromophobic; chromophobic bacilli can be restored to their staining with periodic acid pretreatment. Leprosy bacilli in their chromophobic form can survive in healing and apparently healed lesions even after prolonged chemotherapy and can be a possible source of relapse.", "PMID": 79561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7450", "title": "Properties of delipidated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and preparation of its proteolytic cleavage fragments carrying HBsAg-specific antigenic determinants.", "content": "Treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with either chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) or 50% 1,1',3,3'-tetramethylurea did not affect the morphological integrity of the particles (about 20 nm in diameter), although the major portion of lipids was released as indicated by their increased buoyant density in CsCl (1.27 g/cm3 as compared with 1.20 g/cm3 for intact HBsAg). The antigenicity and polypeptide composition of HBsAg was not altered by delipidation. The carbohydrate chains of HBsAg contain penultimate beta-D-galactosyl residues. HBsAg was cleaved by chymotrypsin into fragments which were smaller than intact HBsAg by two orders of magnitude and which contained both the a and d determinants.", "contents": "Properties of delipidated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and preparation of its proteolytic cleavage fragments carrying HBsAg-specific antigenic determinants. Treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with either chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) or 50% 1,1',3,3'-tetramethylurea did not affect the morphological integrity of the particles (about 20 nm in diameter), although the major portion of lipids was released as indicated by their increased buoyant density in CsCl (1.27 g/cm3 as compared with 1.20 g/cm3 for intact HBsAg). The antigenicity and polypeptide composition of HBsAg was not altered by delipidation. The carbohydrate chains of HBsAg contain penultimate beta-D-galactosyl residues. HBsAg was cleaved by chymotrypsin into fragments which were smaller than intact HBsAg by two orders of magnitude and which contained both the a and d determinants.", "PMID": 79567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7451", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone residues in finfish, shellfish, and crustaceans.", "content": "Finfish, shellfish, and crustacean samples are extracted with isopropanol and benzene; the extract is filtered and then concentrated. The extract, dissolved in hexane, is treated with oleum and extracted with aqueous alkali. The aqueous phase is acidified and extracted with petroleum ether-ethyl ether (1 + 1). The Kepone residue is determined by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Recoveries obtained by 8 laboratories from 15 species of finfish fortified at 0.02-0.23 ppm ranged from 37 to 107% with a mean +/- relative standard deviation of 79.4 +/- 14.5%. For oysters fortified at 0.01-0.10 ppm, recoveries range from 63 to 129% with a mean of 78.8 +/- 20.8%. For crustaceans fortified at 0.05-0.26 ppm, recoveries ranged from 52 to 110% with a mean of 78 +/- 16.4%. The approximate limits of quantitation for finfish and for shellfish and crustaceans are 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively, under the GLC conditions used in this study.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone residues in finfish, shellfish, and crustaceans. Finfish, shellfish, and crustacean samples are extracted with isopropanol and benzene; the extract is filtered and then concentrated. The extract, dissolved in hexane, is treated with oleum and extracted with aqueous alkali. The aqueous phase is acidified and extracted with petroleum ether-ethyl ether (1 + 1). The Kepone residue is determined by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Recoveries obtained by 8 laboratories from 15 species of finfish fortified at 0.02-0.23 ppm ranged from 37 to 107% with a mean +/- relative standard deviation of 79.4 +/- 14.5%. For oysters fortified at 0.01-0.10 ppm, recoveries range from 63 to 129% with a mean of 78.8 +/- 20.8%. For crustaceans fortified at 0.05-0.26 ppm, recoveries ranged from 52 to 110% with a mean of 78 +/- 16.4%. The approximate limits of quantitation for finfish and for shellfish and crustaceans are 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively, under the GLC conditions used in this study.", "PMID": 79570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7452", "title": "The preferential adsorption of hemoglobin to polyethylene.", "content": "Hemoglobin adsorption to foreign surfaces has not previously been considered in studies of blood-material interactions, despite the fact that hemoglobin is the most abundant protein present in blood. A hemoglobin-like protein was detected on a number of surfaces exposed to blood plasma, serum, and red cell suspensions. Hemoglobin adsorption to polyethylene from plasma was found to approximately equal the amount of adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen. The high relative affinity of hemoglobin for polyethylene was further confirmed by adsorption isotherm and direct competition experiments. The data from all four experimental methods support the following ranking of plasma protein affinity for polyethylene: Hemoglobin greater than fibrinogen greater than albumin congruent to gamma-globulin.", "contents": "The preferential adsorption of hemoglobin to polyethylene. Hemoglobin adsorption to foreign surfaces has not previously been considered in studies of blood-material interactions, despite the fact that hemoglobin is the most abundant protein present in blood. A hemoglobin-like protein was detected on a number of surfaces exposed to blood plasma, serum, and red cell suspensions. Hemoglobin adsorption to polyethylene from plasma was found to approximately equal the amount of adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen. The high relative affinity of hemoglobin for polyethylene was further confirmed by adsorption isotherm and direct competition experiments. The data from all four experimental methods support the following ranking of plasma protein affinity for polyethylene: Hemoglobin greater than fibrinogen greater than albumin congruent to gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 79571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7453", "title": "The heterogeneity of human Gc-globulin.", "content": "Gc-globulin or group-specific component, also known as the vitamin D-binding protein, was investigated by the combined use of electrofocusing and immunofixation. Serum of the Gc 2-2 type was found to contain a single protein band whereas serum of the Gc 1-1 type shows two bands with a lower isoelectric point. The Gc 1-2 type contains all three bands known as Gc-2 (pI 5.10), Gc-1Slow (pI 5.03), and Gc-1Fast (pI 4.95). Each apoprotein shows an anodal shift of about 0.07 pH unit after incubation with an excess of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. After treatment with sialidase Gc-1Fast focuses in the position of Gc-1Slow, whereas the position of Gc-2 remains unchanged.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of human Gc-globulin. Gc-globulin or group-specific component, also known as the vitamin D-binding protein, was investigated by the combined use of electrofocusing and immunofixation. Serum of the Gc 2-2 type was found to contain a single protein band whereas serum of the Gc 1-1 type shows two bands with a lower isoelectric point. The Gc 1-2 type contains all three bands known as Gc-2 (pI 5.10), Gc-1Slow (pI 5.03), and Gc-1Fast (pI 4.95). Each apoprotein shows an anodal shift of about 0.07 pH unit after incubation with an excess of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. After treatment with sialidase Gc-1Fast focuses in the position of Gc-1Slow, whereas the position of Gc-2 remains unchanged.", "PMID": 79572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7454", "title": "Calcium-binding protein of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. II. Vitamin K-dependent expression.", "content": "A simple method was devised for the maintenance of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos in organ culture. Explants of CAM survived for up to 5 days in this system and retained the characteristic three-layered morphology (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Induction of the CAM calcium-binding protein (CaBP) by effectors of calcium metabolism was studied in these organ cultures. Vitamin K was found to elicit a seven- to eightfold increase in CaBP, whereas no increase in CaBP activity occurred on supplementation with vitamin A, parathyroid hormone, an analogue of vitamin D, vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites, or with elevated calcium levels. The vitamin K-mediated induction of CaBP was dose-dependent, inhibited by the vitamin K antagonists warfarin and dicoumarol, selective for vitamin K5, and maximal at the developmental stage (13-15 days of incubation) corresponding to the onset of calcium transport by the CAM in vivo. CaBP levels increased after 60-70 h in cultures of 13-15 day CAM supplemented with vitamin K and reached maximal levels around 80-90 h of culture. The CAM ectoderm underwent extensive proliferation and often assumed a villuslike morphology in the vitamin K cultures.", "contents": "Calcium-binding protein of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. II. Vitamin K-dependent expression. A simple method was devised for the maintenance of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos in organ culture. Explants of CAM survived for up to 5 days in this system and retained the characteristic three-layered morphology (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Induction of the CAM calcium-binding protein (CaBP) by effectors of calcium metabolism was studied in these organ cultures. Vitamin K was found to elicit a seven- to eightfold increase in CaBP, whereas no increase in CaBP activity occurred on supplementation with vitamin A, parathyroid hormone, an analogue of vitamin D, vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites, or with elevated calcium levels. The vitamin K-mediated induction of CaBP was dose-dependent, inhibited by the vitamin K antagonists warfarin and dicoumarol, selective for vitamin K5, and maximal at the developmental stage (13-15 days of incubation) corresponding to the onset of calcium transport by the CAM in vivo. CaBP levels increased after 60-70 h in cultures of 13-15 day CAM supplemented with vitamin K and reached maximal levels around 80-90 h of culture. The CAM ectoderm underwent extensive proliferation and often assumed a villuslike morphology in the vitamin K cultures.", "PMID": 79573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7455", "title": "Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. II. Facial lobe connections.", "content": "The second order projections of the gustatory system in catfish were examined using both retrograde (HRP) and anterograde (degeneration and autoradiographic) hodological methods. Golgi-stained material was used to demonstrate the different cell types in the primary gustatory sensory area, the facial lobe. Efferents from the facial lobe gather into ascending and descending secondary gustatory tracts. The descending tract terminates largely in the medial funicular nucleus and the commissural nucleus of Cajal in the region of the obex. A small portion of the descending tract continues caudally to terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The ascending secondary gustatory tract terminates mostly in the ipsilateral superior secondary gustatory nucleus in the isthmic region. A small portion of the ascending tract continues rostrally to terminate in the posterior thalamic nucleus and in the region of the nucleus lobo-bulbaris. Sparser contralateral projections are also seen in the posterior thalamus and isthmic gustatory regions. Three cell types can be discerned in the facial lobe: small, medium and large. The small cells are intrinsic neurons, the medium cells project to the isthmic gustatory nucleus, and the large cells send fibers to  the other terminal areas described above, as summarized in figure 19.", "contents": "Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. II. Facial lobe connections. The second order projections of the gustatory system in catfish were examined using both retrograde (HRP) and anterograde (degeneration and autoradiographic) hodological methods. Golgi-stained material was used to demonstrate the different cell types in the primary gustatory sensory area, the facial lobe. Efferents from the facial lobe gather into ascending and descending secondary gustatory tracts. The descending tract terminates largely in the medial funicular nucleus and the commissural nucleus of Cajal in the region of the obex. A small portion of the descending tract continues caudally to terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The ascending secondary gustatory tract terminates mostly in the ipsilateral superior secondary gustatory nucleus in the isthmic region. A small portion of the ascending tract continues rostrally to terminate in the posterior thalamic nucleus and in the region of the nucleus lobo-bulbaris. Sparser contralateral projections are also seen in the posterior thalamus and isthmic gustatory regions. Three cell types can be discerned in the facial lobe: small, medium and large. The small cells are intrinsic neurons, the medium cells project to the isthmic gustatory nucleus, and the large cells send fibers to  the other terminal areas described above, as summarized in figure 19.", "PMID": 79574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7456", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the projections of visual cortical area 1 to the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus of the rabbit.", "content": "The projections of visual cortical area 1 (vl) to the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus of the rabbit have been studied by Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71) using the  Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods to determine the course and distribution of degenerating nerve fibers. The present study represents a reinvestigation of these same projections utilizing the tracing method of autoradiography. An injection of 3H leucine was produced within a small region of vl in each of 18 adult albino rabbits, and the brains were subsequently processed for autoradiography by the method of Cowan et al. ('72). The results have confirmed the observations of Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71) (1) by showing that vl of the rabbit projects to the thalamic reticular nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; the pulvinar, the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei and the superior colliculus and (2) by showing that a particular retinotopic organization is present in each of these projections. However, unlike Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71), the present autoradiographic study has further revealed (1) that both the ventrolateral and the posterior thalamic nuclei receive inputs from vl and (2) that the nucleus of the optic tract is not innervated by axons originating from vl.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the projections of visual cortical area 1 to the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus of the rabbit. The projections of visual cortical area 1 (vl) to the thalamus, pretectum and superior colliculus of the rabbit have been studied by Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71) using the  Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods to determine the course and distribution of degenerating nerve fibers. The present study represents a reinvestigation of these same projections utilizing the tracing method of autoradiography. An injection of 3H leucine was produced within a small region of vl in each of 18 adult albino rabbits, and the brains were subsequently processed for autoradiography by the method of Cowan et al. ('72). The results have confirmed the observations of Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71) (1) by showing that vl of the rabbit projects to the thalamic reticular nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; the pulvinar, the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei and the superior colliculus and (2) by showing that a particular retinotopic organization is present in each of these projections. However, unlike Giolli and Guthrie ('67, '71), the present autoradiographic study has further revealed (1) that both the ventrolateral and the posterior thalamic nuclei receive inputs from vl and (2) that the nucleus of the optic tract is not innervated by axons originating from vl.", "PMID": 79575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7457", "title": "Cerebellar afferents in teleost catfish (Ictaluridae).", "content": "The cerebellar afferents in the bullhead catfish (Teleostei) were labeled by relying on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in: spinal cord, lateral cuneate nucleus, inferior olive, reticular nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus subeminentialis, n. lateralis valvulae, locus coeruleus, n. mesencephalicus dorsalis, the basal optic nuclei, and a nucleus at the isthmic level which may be equivalent to the pontine nuclei of birds and mammals. Inputs to the molecular layer arise from the inferior olive, locus coeruleus and n. lateralis valvulae in addition to subjacent granule cells. No projections to cerebellum were seen to arise from either the optic tectum or from the inferior lobe. The so-called \"lobo-cerebellar\" tract in teleosts was reported by Goldstein, amongst many others, who mistook the superior secondary gustatory nucleus for a deep cerebellar nucleus.", "contents": "Cerebellar afferents in teleost catfish (Ictaluridae). The cerebellar afferents in the bullhead catfish (Teleostei) were labeled by relying on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in: spinal cord, lateral cuneate nucleus, inferior olive, reticular nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus subeminentialis, n. lateralis valvulae, locus coeruleus, n. mesencephalicus dorsalis, the basal optic nuclei, and a nucleus at the isthmic level which may be equivalent to the pontine nuclei of birds and mammals. Inputs to the molecular layer arise from the inferior olive, locus coeruleus and n. lateralis valvulae in addition to subjacent granule cells. No projections to cerebellum were seen to arise from either the optic tectum or from the inferior lobe. The so-called \"lobo-cerebellar\" tract in teleosts was reported by Goldstein, amongst many others, who mistook the superior secondary gustatory nucleus for a deep cerebellar nucleus.", "PMID": 79576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7458", "title": "A simple method for reproducing Polaroid images as transparencies.", "content": "A method to produce transparencies on radiographic subtraction film from Polaroid images using equipment available in most radiology departments is presented.", "contents": "A simple method for reproducing Polaroid images as transparencies. A method to produce transparencies on radiographic subtraction film from Polaroid images using equipment available in most radiology departments is presented.", "PMID": 79577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7459", "title": "Chronic lymphatic leukemia presenting as atypical rosacea with follicular mucinosis.", "content": "A case is described in which the initial clinical and histological features were suggestive of rosacea. Subsequent progress revealed the diagnosis to be chronic lymphatic leukemia. The initial biopsy specimens were reviewed and small but definite quantities of follicular mucinosis were noted after appropriate staining. If this had been noted earlier the diagnosis would have been made more rapidly. This case demonstrates the importance of detecting follicular mucinosis. We are not aware of follicular mucinosis having been described in association with chronic lymphatic leukemia previously. It is also rare for leukemias other than the monocytic type to present with cutaneous lesions, though skin lesions may occur in established cases.", "contents": "Chronic lymphatic leukemia presenting as atypical rosacea with follicular mucinosis. A case is described in which the initial clinical and histological features were suggestive of rosacea. Subsequent progress revealed the diagnosis to be chronic lymphatic leukemia. The initial biopsy specimens were reviewed and small but definite quantities of follicular mucinosis were noted after appropriate staining. If this had been noted earlier the diagnosis would have been made more rapidly. This case demonstrates the importance of detecting follicular mucinosis. We are not aware of follicular mucinosis having been described in association with chronic lymphatic leukemia previously. It is also rare for leukemias other than the monocytic type to present with cutaneous lesions, though skin lesions may occur in established cases.", "PMID": 79578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7460", "title": "Differential patterns of elastic fibers in scarring and non-scarring alopecias.", "content": "Elastic fiber stain (acid alcoholic orcein) reveals diagnostically significant differences between several types of alopecia of the scalp. A short outline of elastic fiber distribution on the normal hair follicle emphasizes the elastic coat of the follicular isthmus, the sparsity of elastic fibers on the cyclic lower portion of the hair root, and the presence in the neck of the dermal papilla of an elastin-like body which is formed anew with each hair cycle. This body provides a marker of the gradual shortening of successive anagen hairs in male pattern alopecia. Patterns of elastic fibers in the perifollicular and interfollicular dermis are helpful in differentiating idiopathic pseudopelade of Brocq from pseudopeladic states secondary to lupus erythematosus and other disease processes. Within the idiopathic group, the development of elastic fibres on the lower cyclic portion of the hair root identifies a sub-group that may have a different, non-inflammatory pathogenesis and is provisionally designated as fibrosing alopecia.", "contents": "Differential patterns of elastic fibers in scarring and non-scarring alopecias. Elastic fiber stain (acid alcoholic orcein) reveals diagnostically significant differences between several types of alopecia of the scalp. A short outline of elastic fiber distribution on the normal hair follicle emphasizes the elastic coat of the follicular isthmus, the sparsity of elastic fibers on the cyclic lower portion of the hair root, and the presence in the neck of the dermal papilla of an elastin-like body which is formed anew with each hair cycle. This body provides a marker of the gradual shortening of successive anagen hairs in male pattern alopecia. Patterns of elastic fibers in the perifollicular and interfollicular dermis are helpful in differentiating idiopathic pseudopelade of Brocq from pseudopeladic states secondary to lupus erythematosus and other disease processes. Within the idiopathic group, the development of elastic fibres on the lower cyclic portion of the hair root identifies a sub-group that may have a different, non-inflammatory pathogenesis and is provisionally designated as fibrosing alopecia.", "PMID": 79579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7461", "title": "Cytochemical and autoradiographic study of nuclei in zinc-deficient rat buccal epithelium.", "content": "Ammoniacal silver stain showed that there was a decrease in nucleohistones in zinc-deficient rat buccal hyperplastic epithelium as compared to control. Autoradiographic study showed that there was decreased incorporation of 3H-arginine and 3H-lysine in the hyperplastic epithelium.", "contents": "Cytochemical and autoradiographic study of nuclei in zinc-deficient rat buccal epithelium. Ammoniacal silver stain showed that there was a decrease in nucleohistones in zinc-deficient rat buccal hyperplastic epithelium as compared to control. Autoradiographic study showed that there was decreased incorporation of 3H-arginine and 3H-lysine in the hyperplastic epithelium.", "PMID": 79580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7462", "title": "A contribution to the histological study of hypercementosis using metal staining.", "content": "After studying hypercementosis, in detail using metallic staining procedures, the authors reached the following conclusions: (1) The histology of hypercementosis, observed by metallic staining reveals remarkable and characteristic microscopical alterations. (2) The Rio Hortega12 procedures, the mitochondria technique of Polak,10 and the method of Achucarro-Hortega13 are of great value for the study of the morphology of cementum. (3) Among the technical procedures used, we consider the 1916 method of Achucarro-Hortega as affording the best view of cementocytes. (4) The Sharpey fibers, revealing great irregularity in course, shape and size, and frequent interruptions could be clearly observed; heavily stained lacunae were frequently observed along the cementum-dentin border; a direct deposit of cellular cementum on the dentin in the middle third of the root was frequently observed. Curiously, an acellular cementum deposit next to a cellular cementum layer could be observed; we also noted numerous cementocytes of different shapes and sizes, at times exhibiting alterations of a degenerative type, particularly fragmentation of protoplasmic prolongations. (5) The techniques used also showed the frequency of blood vessels in the texture of hyperplastic cementum and the presence of capillaries near cementum-dentin junction.", "contents": "A contribution to the histological study of hypercementosis using metal staining. After studying hypercementosis, in detail using metallic staining procedures, the authors reached the following conclusions: (1) The histology of hypercementosis, observed by metallic staining reveals remarkable and characteristic microscopical alterations. (2) The Rio Hortega12 procedures, the mitochondria technique of Polak,10 and the method of Achucarro-Hortega13 are of great value for the study of the morphology of cementum. (3) Among the technical procedures used, we consider the 1916 method of Achucarro-Hortega as affording the best view of cementocytes. (4) The Sharpey fibers, revealing great irregularity in course, shape and size, and frequent interruptions could be clearly observed; heavily stained lacunae were frequently observed along the cementum-dentin border; a direct deposit of cellular cementum on the dentin in the middle third of the root was frequently observed. Curiously, an acellular cementum deposit next to a cellular cementum layer could be observed; we also noted numerous cementocytes of different shapes and sizes, at times exhibiting alterations of a degenerative type, particularly fragmentation of protoplasmic prolongations. (5) The techniques used also showed the frequency of blood vessels in the texture of hyperplastic cementum and the presence of capillaries near cementum-dentin junction.", "PMID": 79581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7463", "title": "In vitro cytotoxicity of periodontal dressings.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of three periodontal dressings was evaluated by two in vitro cell culture techniques. Fresh and stored materials were found to be cytotoxic by both techniques and it appeared that the mechanism of cytotoxicity was different for the three dressing materials tested.", "contents": "In vitro cytotoxicity of periodontal dressings. The cytotoxicity of three periodontal dressings was evaluated by two in vitro cell culture techniques. Fresh and stored materials were found to be cytotoxic by both techniques and it appeared that the mechanism of cytotoxicity was different for the three dressing materials tested.", "PMID": 79582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7464", "title": "Enhancement of antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release by a mononuclear cell--derived factor.", "content": "Supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells from ragweed-sensitive patients significantly enhanced the release of histamine from antigen-triggered leukocytes of ragweed-sensitive as well as control individuals. Supernatants of mononuclear cells from control individuals did not reveal this enhancing effect, nor was it found with the use of supernatants of unstimulated mononuclear cells of ragweed-sensitive patients or culture media with PHA alone. Supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells of patients sensitive to trees and grass also revealed this enhancing effect. The factor(s) responsible for the enhancement of antigen-induced histamine is heat labile and has a molecular weight of less than 10,000 daltons. The mechanism and site of action of the enhancing factor could involve initiating and/or modulating steps of the leukocyte histamine release reaction. This factor, presumably a lymphokine or a monokine, may constitute a regulating link between cell-mediated immunity and histamine-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in allergic patients.", "contents": "Enhancement of antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release by a mononuclear cell--derived factor. Supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells from ragweed-sensitive patients significantly enhanced the release of histamine from antigen-triggered leukocytes of ragweed-sensitive as well as control individuals. Supernatants of mononuclear cells from control individuals did not reveal this enhancing effect, nor was it found with the use of supernatants of unstimulated mononuclear cells of ragweed-sensitive patients or culture media with PHA alone. Supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells of patients sensitive to trees and grass also revealed this enhancing effect. The factor(s) responsible for the enhancement of antigen-induced histamine is heat labile and has a molecular weight of less than 10,000 daltons. The mechanism and site of action of the enhancing factor could involve initiating and/or modulating steps of the leukocyte histamine release reaction. This factor, presumably a lymphokine or a monokine, may constitute a regulating link between cell-mediated immunity and histamine-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in allergic patients.", "PMID": 79584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7465", "title": "Anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated contrast material.", "content": "A review of the literature involving anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated contrast material (ICM) suggests that the reactions are nonantibody-mediated but that a complex activation of inflammatory mediators occurs. Histamine release and/or complement activation has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. It appears that pretreatment of selected cases (those patients previously exhibiting an anaphylactoid reaction) is effective in reducing the frequency and severity of subsequent reactions when readministration is necessary.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated contrast material. A review of the literature involving anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated contrast material (ICM) suggests that the reactions are nonantibody-mediated but that a complex activation of inflammatory mediators occurs. Histamine release and/or complement activation has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. It appears that pretreatment of selected cases (those patients previously exhibiting an anaphylactoid reaction) is effective in reducing the frequency and severity of subsequent reactions when readministration is necessary.", "PMID": 79585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7466", "title": "Afferent fiber connections from the lower brain stem to the rat cerebellum by the horseradish peroxidase method combined with MAO staining, with special reference to noradrenergic neurons.", "content": "The origin of cerebellar noradrenaline (NA) was investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) staining method to identify the NA neurons. The present study gives clear cut evidence that the main source for cerebellar NA in the rat is the locus coeruleus (Lc), both the dorsal and ventral parts which innervate the entire cerebral cortex and hypothalamus respectively. The present study clearly demonstrates the pontine NA neurons such as the nucleus subcoeruleus (sc) NA neurons also send their axons to the cerebellum. The fact that some neurons in the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and the nucleus commissuralis were labeled by HRP indicates strong possibility that A2 NA neurons also innervate the cerebellum, though direct proof was lacking in this study. Furthermore, some unknown afferent fibers to the cerebellum were found in this study. These are as follows: (1) non-noradrenergic neurons in the Sc area, (2) nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, (3) group 1 (of Meessen and Olszewski), (4) a cell group extending to the ventrolateral region of the reticular formation of the pons, (5) nucleus ambiguug, (6) nucleus nervi facialis.", "contents": "Afferent fiber connections from the lower brain stem to the rat cerebellum by the horseradish peroxidase method combined with MAO staining, with special reference to noradrenergic neurons. The origin of cerebellar noradrenaline (NA) was investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method, combined with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) staining method to identify the NA neurons. The present study gives clear cut evidence that the main source for cerebellar NA in the rat is the locus coeruleus (Lc), both the dorsal and ventral parts which innervate the entire cerebral cortex and hypothalamus respectively. The present study clearly demonstrates the pontine NA neurons such as the nucleus subcoeruleus (sc) NA neurons also send their axons to the cerebellum. The fact that some neurons in the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and the nucleus commissuralis were labeled by HRP indicates strong possibility that A2 NA neurons also innervate the cerebellum, though direct proof was lacking in this study. Furthermore, some unknown afferent fibers to the cerebellum were found in this study. These are as follows: (1) non-noradrenergic neurons in the Sc area, (2) nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus reticularis parvocellularis, (3) group 1 (of Meessen and Olszewski), (4) a cell group extending to the ventrolateral region of the reticular formation of the pons, (5) nucleus ambiguug, (6) nucleus nervi facialis.", "PMID": 79602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7467", "title": "Allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory reaction in the rat.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Listeria monocytogenes was measured in rats that were recipients of syngeneic, semisyngeneic, and allogeneic immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL). DTH could be transferred only to recipients that shared at least one haplotype with the TDL donors. The restriction was expressed in an inability of sensitized lymphoblasts to localize efficiently at antigen injection sites in the pinna of the ear and peritoneal cavity. Failure of allogeneic lymphoblasts to extravasate in more than trace numbers into Listeria-antigen-induced exudates was reflected in an absence of other lymphocyte-mediated expressions of DTH. Thus, lymphocyte-dependent MCA was not detected in Listeria-antigen-induced peritoneal exudates borne by recipients of allogeneic immune TDL and blood monocytes were not recruited in increased numbers into such exudates as they were in exudates borne by syngeneic rats. But allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory response to Listeria antigen was overcome, at least in part, when antigen-presenting macrophages of the same MHC type as the immune TDL donors were implanted in the peritoneal cavity. The results encourage the belief that the observed failure of immune TDL to transfer DTH to allogeneic recipients is related to the inability of sensitized donor T cells to recognize antigen displayed by allogeneic macrophages.", "contents": "Allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory reaction in the rat. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Listeria monocytogenes was measured in rats that were recipients of syngeneic, semisyngeneic, and allogeneic immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL). DTH could be transferred only to recipients that shared at least one haplotype with the TDL donors. The restriction was expressed in an inability of sensitized lymphoblasts to localize efficiently at antigen injection sites in the pinna of the ear and peritoneal cavity. Failure of allogeneic lymphoblasts to extravasate in more than trace numbers into Listeria-antigen-induced exudates was reflected in an absence of other lymphocyte-mediated expressions of DTH. Thus, lymphocyte-dependent MCA was not detected in Listeria-antigen-induced peritoneal exudates borne by recipients of allogeneic immune TDL and blood monocytes were not recruited in increased numbers into such exudates as they were in exudates borne by syngeneic rats. But allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory response to Listeria antigen was overcome, at least in part, when antigen-presenting macrophages of the same MHC type as the immune TDL donors were implanted in the peritoneal cavity. The results encourage the belief that the observed failure of immune TDL to transfer DTH to allogeneic recipients is related to the inability of sensitized donor T cells to recognize antigen displayed by allogeneic macrophages.", "PMID": 79605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7468", "title": "Subclass restriction of murine anti-carbohydrate antibodies.", "content": "Examination of the subclass distribution of murine antibodies directed against groups A and C streptococcal carbohydrate, alpha-(1 leads to 3) dextran and phosphocholine yields the surprising observation that these carbohydrate antigens stimulate IgG responses largely restricted to the rare IgG3 subclass. This subclass restriction is particularly impressive in light of the low circulating levels of IgG3 in nonimmune mouse serum and the failure of a variety of other antigens including proteins and aromatic haptens to stimulate IgG3 antibody production. Attempts to alter the subclass restriction of antibodies with carbohydrate specificity by immunization with carbohydrate-coupled protein have been unsuccessful and indicate that immunoregulation of subclass expression probably occurs at the level of the antibody forming (B) cell. It is therefore conceivable that VH regions of murine immunoglobulins may be restricted to particular IgG subclasses. A similar type of subclass restriction has been reported in human and rat anti-carbohydrate antibodies. This recruitment of a minor immunoglobulin isotype by carbohydrate antigens in several species further supports the concept of immunoregulation at the level of subclass, and suggests that these and other mammals may share a structurally similar isotype with perhaps a common evolutionary origin.", "contents": "Subclass restriction of murine anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Examination of the subclass distribution of murine antibodies directed against groups A and C streptococcal carbohydrate, alpha-(1 leads to 3) dextran and phosphocholine yields the surprising observation that these carbohydrate antigens stimulate IgG responses largely restricted to the rare IgG3 subclass. This subclass restriction is particularly impressive in light of the low circulating levels of IgG3 in nonimmune mouse serum and the failure of a variety of other antigens including proteins and aromatic haptens to stimulate IgG3 antibody production. Attempts to alter the subclass restriction of antibodies with carbohydrate specificity by immunization with carbohydrate-coupled protein have been unsuccessful and indicate that immunoregulation of subclass expression probably occurs at the level of the antibody forming (B) cell. It is therefore conceivable that VH regions of murine immunoglobulins may be restricted to particular IgG subclasses. A similar type of subclass restriction has been reported in human and rat anti-carbohydrate antibodies. This recruitment of a minor immunoglobulin isotype by carbohydrate antigens in several species further supports the concept of immunoregulation at the level of subclass, and suggests that these and other mammals may share a structurally similar isotype with perhaps a common evolutionary origin.", "PMID": 79606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7469", "title": "Human monocyte cytotoxicity to tumor cells. I. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.", "content": "Recent investigations examining mononuclear cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines suggest that K lymphocytes and not monocytes are active in this cytotoxic reaction. We have found, however, that in an allogeneic assay system, human monocyte monolayers as well as lymphocytes mediate substantial lysis of 51Cr-labeled antibody-coated CEM lymphoblast tumor cells. This cytotoxicity is temperature-dependent and rapid, with most 51Cr release occurring in the first 4 hr of co-incubation. Interaction between target cell-bound antibody and the monocyte Fc receptor is necessary as demonstrated by the marked fall in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) produced by staphylococcal protein A, high concentrations of nonspecific immunoglobulin, and dilution of the target cell antiserum. Morphologic and functional characteristics of the monocyte-monolayer preparations establish their relative purity (greater than 95%) and indicate that monocytes and not contaminating lymphocytes are responsible for tumor cell lysis. Furthermore, preincubation of monocyte and lymphocyte preparations with latex particles or low concentrations of immunoglobulin distinguished monocyte from lymphocyte ADCC. Thus, normal human monocytes have the capacity to carry out antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against nucleated malignant target cells.", "contents": "Human monocyte cytotoxicity to tumor cells. I. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Recent investigations examining mononuclear cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines suggest that K lymphocytes and not monocytes are active in this cytotoxic reaction. We have found, however, that in an allogeneic assay system, human monocyte monolayers as well as lymphocytes mediate substantial lysis of 51Cr-labeled antibody-coated CEM lymphoblast tumor cells. This cytotoxicity is temperature-dependent and rapid, with most 51Cr release occurring in the first 4 hr of co-incubation. Interaction between target cell-bound antibody and the monocyte Fc receptor is necessary as demonstrated by the marked fall in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) produced by staphylococcal protein A, high concentrations of nonspecific immunoglobulin, and dilution of the target cell antiserum. Morphologic and functional characteristics of the monocyte-monolayer preparations establish their relative purity (greater than 95%) and indicate that monocytes and not contaminating lymphocytes are responsible for tumor cell lysis. Furthermore, preincubation of monocyte and lymphocyte preparations with latex particles or low concentrations of immunoglobulin distinguished monocyte from lymphocyte ADCC. Thus, normal human monocytes have the capacity to carry out antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against nucleated malignant target cells.", "PMID": 79607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7470", "title": "Antigen-specific T cell-mediated suppression. II. In vitro induction by I-J-coded L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT)-specific T cell suppressor factor (GT-T8F) of suppressor T cells (T82) bearing distinct I-J determinants.", "content": "The induction of new suppressor T cells (Ts2) by suppressive extracts (TsF) from L-glutamic acid50L-tyrosine50 (GT) nonresponder mice was examined. Incubation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic GT-TsF for 2 days in vitro led to the generation of Ts2 cells able to suppress subsequent responses to the immunogen GT-methylated bovine serum albumin (GT-MBSA) in vivo. This induction occurred efficiently when TsF donor and target cells differed at all of H-2, including the I-J subregion. B10.BR (H-2k) GT-TsF, adsorbed on, then acid eluted from GT-Sepharose and anti-I-Jk [B10.A (3R) anti-B10.A (5R)]-Sepharose in a sequential fashion could induce BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cells to become Ts2 only if nanogram quantities of GT were added to the purified GT-TsF. This indicates a requirement for a molecule or molecular complex possessing both I-J determinants and antigen (GT)-binding specificity, together with GT itself, for Ts2 induction. The induced Ts2 are I-J+, since their function can be eliminated by treatment with anti-I-Jk plus C. These I-J determinants are coded for by the precursor of the Ts2 and do not represent passively adsorbed, I-J coded TsF, since anti-Ijk antiserum [(3R X DBA/2)F1 anti-5R] which cannot recognize the BALB/c (I-Jd) TsF used for induction still eliminates the activity of induced A/J (I-Jk) Ts2. These data provide further evidence for and information about the minimum of two T cells involved in antigen-specific suppressor T cell systems.", "contents": "Antigen-specific T cell-mediated suppression. II. In vitro induction by I-J-coded L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT)-specific T cell suppressor factor (GT-T8F) of suppressor T cells (T82) bearing distinct I-J determinants. The induction of new suppressor T cells (Ts2) by suppressive extracts (TsF) from L-glutamic acid50L-tyrosine50 (GT) nonresponder mice was examined. Incubation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic GT-TsF for 2 days in vitro led to the generation of Ts2 cells able to suppress subsequent responses to the immunogen GT-methylated bovine serum albumin (GT-MBSA) in vivo. This induction occurred efficiently when TsF donor and target cells differed at all of H-2, including the I-J subregion. B10.BR (H-2k) GT-TsF, adsorbed on, then acid eluted from GT-Sepharose and anti-I-Jk [B10.A (3R) anti-B10.A (5R)]-Sepharose in a sequential fashion could induce BALB/c (H-2d) spleen cells to become Ts2 only if nanogram quantities of GT were added to the purified GT-TsF. This indicates a requirement for a molecule or molecular complex possessing both I-J determinants and antigen (GT)-binding specificity, together with GT itself, for Ts2 induction. The induced Ts2 are I-J+, since their function can be eliminated by treatment with anti-I-Jk plus C. These I-J determinants are coded for by the precursor of the Ts2 and do not represent passively adsorbed, I-J coded TsF, since anti-Ijk antiserum [(3R X DBA/2)F1 anti-5R] which cannot recognize the BALB/c (I-Jd) TsF used for induction still eliminates the activity of induced A/J (I-Jk) Ts2. These data provide further evidence for and information about the minimum of two T cells involved in antigen-specific suppressor T cell systems.", "PMID": 79609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7471", "title": "Immunity to Plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice. II. Specific and nonspecific cellular and humoral responses during the course of infection.", "content": "The kinetics of various specific and nonspecific immunologic responses were examined in BALB/c mice infected with 17X nonlethal Plasmodium berghei yoelii (a self-limiting infection). The sequence of events after infection was characterized by rapid sensitization of splenic T cells to malaria antigen and polyclonal B cell activation, followed by a period of depressed splenic proliferative responses in vitro to mitogens (PHA and LPS) and malaria (specific) antigen. At the same time, suppressed primary in vitro splenic PFC responses to trinitrophenyl-aminoethylcarbamylmethyl-Ficoll (TNP-F) were seen. This suppression was an active process requiring adherent cells. During this period, levels of antimalarial antibody also increased exponentially. As the infection was cleared, splenic malaria antigen-specific proliferative responses were again observed and splenic PFC and in vitro mitogen responses returned to preinfection levels after variable periods of time. Both splenic proliferative responses to malaria antigen and antimalarial antibody responses remained persistently elevated. In addition, some responses were examined in mice infected with 17X lethal P.b. yoelii (a fatal infection); in comparison to the early responses of mice infected with the nonlethal substrain, there was a decrease and delay in the development of a splenic T cell response to malaria antigen and a blunted antimalarial antibody response.", "contents": "Immunity to Plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice. II. Specific and nonspecific cellular and humoral responses during the course of infection. The kinetics of various specific and nonspecific immunologic responses were examined in BALB/c mice infected with 17X nonlethal Plasmodium berghei yoelii (a self-limiting infection). The sequence of events after infection was characterized by rapid sensitization of splenic T cells to malaria antigen and polyclonal B cell activation, followed by a period of depressed splenic proliferative responses in vitro to mitogens (PHA and LPS) and malaria (specific) antigen. At the same time, suppressed primary in vitro splenic PFC responses to trinitrophenyl-aminoethylcarbamylmethyl-Ficoll (TNP-F) were seen. This suppression was an active process requiring adherent cells. During this period, levels of antimalarial antibody also increased exponentially. As the infection was cleared, splenic malaria antigen-specific proliferative responses were again observed and splenic PFC and in vitro mitogen responses returned to preinfection levels after variable periods of time. Both splenic proliferative responses to malaria antigen and antimalarial antibody responses remained persistently elevated. In addition, some responses were examined in mice infected with 17X lethal P.b. yoelii (a fatal infection); in comparison to the early responses of mice infected with the nonlethal substrain, there was a decrease and delay in the development of a splenic T cell response to malaria antigen and a blunted antimalarial antibody response.", "PMID": 79610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7472", "title": "Sharing of Ia antigens between species. II. Molecular localization of shared Ia determinants implies the existence of more than one I sublocus of the rat MHC.", "content": "A mouse alloantiserum B10.D2 anti-B10.BR (H-2d anti-H-2k) cross-reacted with rat lymphocyte surface glycoproteins with characteristics of Ia antigens. Sequential precipitation analysis on solubilized radiolabeled LEW rat lymphocyte antigens with this cross-reactive mouse alloantiserum and the rat alloantiserum BN anti-LEW (Ag-B3 anti-Ag-B1) revealed that the Ia-like antigen detected by the mouse alloantiserum also reacted with the rat anti-Ia antibodies. It was further shown that the rat alloantiserum also detected another set of Ia-like antigens that did not cross-react with the mouse alloantibody. Precipitation analysis with congenic rat strains confirmed that all Ia-like antigens precipitated by the rat alloantibody were encoded by Ag-B linked genes. Thus the shared Ia-like antigen must also be the product of Ag-B-linked gene(s) or be physically associated with such products. In addition, molecules bearing shared antigenic determinants were separable from at least some of the Ia-like antigens detected by the rat alloantiserum, possibly suggesting the existence of more than one sublocus coding for Ia antigens within the rat MHC.", "contents": "Sharing of Ia antigens between species. II. Molecular localization of shared Ia determinants implies the existence of more than one I sublocus of the rat MHC. A mouse alloantiserum B10.D2 anti-B10.BR (H-2d anti-H-2k) cross-reacted with rat lymphocyte surface glycoproteins with characteristics of Ia antigens. Sequential precipitation analysis on solubilized radiolabeled LEW rat lymphocyte antigens with this cross-reactive mouse alloantiserum and the rat alloantiserum BN anti-LEW (Ag-B3 anti-Ag-B1) revealed that the Ia-like antigen detected by the mouse alloantiserum also reacted with the rat anti-Ia antibodies. It was further shown that the rat alloantiserum also detected another set of Ia-like antigens that did not cross-react with the mouse alloantibody. Precipitation analysis with congenic rat strains confirmed that all Ia-like antigens precipitated by the rat alloantibody were encoded by Ag-B linked genes. Thus the shared Ia-like antigen must also be the product of Ag-B-linked gene(s) or be physically associated with such products. In addition, molecules bearing shared antigenic determinants were separable from at least some of the Ia-like antigens detected by the rat alloantiserum, possibly suggesting the existence of more than one sublocus coding for Ia antigens within the rat MHC.", "PMID": 79611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7473", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in migration inhibition factor (MIF) production against soluble or cellular tumor-associated antigens. I. Characteristics and genetic control of two different mechanisms of stimulating MIF production.", "content": "For MIF production in response to 3 M KCl extracts of tumor, viable and metabolically active macrophages have been shown to be required to interact with the soluble tumor antigens and then come in contact with immune lymphocytes. The Mphi-lymphocyte interaction for MIF production was found to be under the control of genes mapping in the IA subregion of the H-2 complex. However, when intact tumor cells were used as antigen, Mphi were not required for immune lymphocytes to produce MIF. In addition, the interaction of immune lymphocytes with tumor cells for MIF production did not require H-2 compatibility. These and other observations strongly suggest that there are two different mechanisms for MIF production and that these may be mediated by two separate subpopulations of immune lymphocytes.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in migration inhibition factor (MIF) production against soluble or cellular tumor-associated antigens. I. Characteristics and genetic control of two different mechanisms of stimulating MIF production. For MIF production in response to 3 M KCl extracts of tumor, viable and metabolically active macrophages have been shown to be required to interact with the soluble tumor antigens and then come in contact with immune lymphocytes. The Mphi-lymphocyte interaction for MIF production was found to be under the control of genes mapping in the IA subregion of the H-2 complex. However, when intact tumor cells were used as antigen, Mphi were not required for immune lymphocytes to produce MIF. In addition, the interaction of immune lymphocytes with tumor cells for MIF production did not require H-2 compatibility. These and other observations strongly suggest that there are two different mechanisms for MIF production and that these may be mediated by two separate subpopulations of immune lymphocytes.", "PMID": 79613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7474", "title": "\"Silent\" alleles at the HLA-C locus.", "content": "Defined specificities of the HLA-C locus possess a significantly lower immunogenicity as compared with the HLA-A and HLA-B specificities. HLA-C \"blanks\" are not immunogenic at all. Among the possible explanations, the most likely one appears to be a low phenotypic expression of these alleles. C locus antigens as a whole are thus likely to be of minor relevance in donor/recipient matching for transplantation.", "contents": "\"Silent\" alleles at the HLA-C locus. Defined specificities of the HLA-C locus possess a significantly lower immunogenicity as compared with the HLA-A and HLA-B specificities. HLA-C \"blanks\" are not immunogenic at all. Among the possible explanations, the most likely one appears to be a low phenotypic expression of these alleles. C locus antigens as a whole are thus likely to be of minor relevance in donor/recipient matching for transplantation.", "PMID": 79614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7475", "title": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). III. Biochemical and immunochemical characteristics of IBF produced by activated T cells.", "content": "The biochemical characteristics of immunoglobulin binding factor produced by activated cells (ATC) were investigated. For this purpose, supernatants of ATC were purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized IgG and the eluted material was iodinated (125I), treated with mercaptoethanol; and run on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The radioactivity was found in two peaks corresponding to m.w. of 38,000 d and 18,000 d. This result extends and confirms our previous findings that IBF produced by ATC is identical to IBF produced by L-5178-Y internally labeled thymoma cells. The effect of various pH, temperatures, and proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes on the binding properties of 3H-leucine-or H-fucose-labeled IBF to IgG and on the polyacrylamide gel profiles was also studied. By all these criteria, IBF appeared to be a glycoprotein in which the presence of the 38,000 to 40,000 d chain is necessary for the binding to IgG. In the attempt to study the relationships between IBF and I-region products, purified IBF produced by ATC was incubated with anti-Ia immunoadsorbent, and the eluted material was iodinated and run on gels. The 38,000 d and 18,000 d chains characteristic of IBF were found to be specifically retained on the relevant immunoadsorbent. These data favor the hypothesis that IBF bears or is associated with Ia determinants.", "contents": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). III. Biochemical and immunochemical characteristics of IBF produced by activated T cells. The biochemical characteristics of immunoglobulin binding factor produced by activated cells (ATC) were investigated. For this purpose, supernatants of ATC were purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized IgG and the eluted material was iodinated (125I), treated with mercaptoethanol; and run on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The radioactivity was found in two peaks corresponding to m.w. of 38,000 d and 18,000 d. This result extends and confirms our previous findings that IBF produced by ATC is identical to IBF produced by L-5178-Y internally labeled thymoma cells. The effect of various pH, temperatures, and proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes on the binding properties of 3H-leucine-or H-fucose-labeled IBF to IgG and on the polyacrylamide gel profiles was also studied. By all these criteria, IBF appeared to be a glycoprotein in which the presence of the 38,000 to 40,000 d chain is necessary for the binding to IgG. In the attempt to study the relationships between IBF and I-region products, purified IBF produced by ATC was incubated with anti-Ia immunoadsorbent, and the eluted material was iodinated and run on gels. The 38,000 d and 18,000 d chains characteristic of IBF were found to be specifically retained on the relevant immunoadsorbent. These data favor the hypothesis that IBF bears or is associated with Ia determinants.", "PMID": 79616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7476", "title": "Direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring antigenic differences between the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses.", "content": "A direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay, which involves binding of purified radio-labeled IgG to influenza virus hemagglutinins immobilized on Sepharose 4B gel, is described.", "contents": "Direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring antigenic differences between the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses. A direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay, which involves binding of purified radio-labeled IgG to influenza virus hemagglutinins immobilized on Sepharose 4B gel, is described.", "PMID": 79617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7477", "title": "Staining of eosinophil granulocytes in chemotactic studies.", "content": "A fast and reproducible method for the staining of eosinophils on millipore filters for the study of chemotaxis is described. This procedure allows for the easy differentiation of eosinophils from other granulocytes both at the intra-filter level and on the filter surface.", "contents": "Staining of eosinophil granulocytes in chemotactic studies. A fast and reproducible method for the staining of eosinophils on millipore filters for the study of chemotaxis is described. This procedure allows for the easy differentiation of eosinophils from other granulocytes both at the intra-filter level and on the filter surface.", "PMID": 79618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7478", "title": "The role of basophils in inflammatory reactions.", "content": "This review demonstrates that basophils reflect skin and lung mast cell reactivity and show characteristic changes in mediator release associated with clinical disease. Although the numbers of IgE molecules and IgE receptors on basophils have been enumerated, these have, in most instances, little influence on the release of histamine after challenge. There is, rather, a parameter of \"releasability\" that may be a major variable in allergic disease states. Basophils contain and release histamine, the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECFA), a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), and a kallikrein. The release process is controlled by hormone-basophil receptor interactions that determine the cyclic AMP level; plasma and tissue adenosine levels appear prominent in this control. Histamine feeds back to negatively modulate basophil and mast cell release through a specific histamine 2-receptor; it also inhibits lymphocyte and neutrophil function. Like neutrophils, basophils contain beta-glucuronidase while neutrophils contain SRS-A and a low-molecular-weight ECF. The stimuli for primary basophil and neutrophil release are, however, quite different, although phagocytic stimuli, which fail to cause basophil mediator release, potentiate the IgE response. It is concluded that basophols play a significant in vivo role in inflammation by acting as an interface between foreign antigens, the serum cascade systems, and other inflammatory cells.", "contents": "The role of basophils in inflammatory reactions. This review demonstrates that basophils reflect skin and lung mast cell reactivity and show characteristic changes in mediator release associated with clinical disease. Although the numbers of IgE molecules and IgE receptors on basophils have been enumerated, these have, in most instances, little influence on the release of histamine after challenge. There is, rather, a parameter of \"releasability\" that may be a major variable in allergic disease states. Basophils contain and release histamine, the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECFA), a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), and a kallikrein. The release process is controlled by hormone-basophil receptor interactions that determine the cyclic AMP level; plasma and tissue adenosine levels appear prominent in this control. Histamine feeds back to negatively modulate basophil and mast cell release through a specific histamine 2-receptor; it also inhibits lymphocyte and neutrophil function. Like neutrophils, basophils contain beta-glucuronidase while neutrophils contain SRS-A and a low-molecular-weight ECF. The stimuli for primary basophil and neutrophil release are, however, quite different, although phagocytic stimuli, which fail to cause basophil mediator release, potentiate the IgE response. It is concluded that basophols play a significant in vivo role in inflammation by acting as an interface between foreign antigens, the serum cascade systems, and other inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 79620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7479", "title": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antigens: II. Concurrent presence of antigens of different specificities in normal human skin.", "content": "Cytoplasmic antigens of 3 different specificities are expressed concurrently in the epidermis of normal human skin. They differ by their location in distinct layers of the epidermis. One type is present in all epidermal cells, another only in cells of the superficial layers, and the third only in basal cells. All 3 antigens were present in 10 specimens of normal human skin. The superficial and basal cell antigens were absent in 4 basal cell epitheliomas and 3 squamous cell carcinomas. This finding, together with the stratification of the antigens in different layers of the skin, suggests epidermal cytoplasmic antigens are differentiation antigens.", "contents": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antigens: II. Concurrent presence of antigens of different specificities in normal human skin. Cytoplasmic antigens of 3 different specificities are expressed concurrently in the epidermis of normal human skin. They differ by their location in distinct layers of the epidermis. One type is present in all epidermal cells, another only in cells of the superficial layers, and the third only in basal cells. All 3 antigens were present in 10 specimens of normal human skin. The superficial and basal cell antigens were absent in 4 basal cell epitheliomas and 3 squamous cell carcinomas. This finding, together with the stratification of the antigens in different layers of the skin, suggests epidermal cytoplasmic antigens are differentiation antigens.", "PMID": 79622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7480", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of staphylococcal antigen in serum of rabbits with endocraditis due to Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "To aid in the rapid diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for Staphylococcus aureus antigen was developed and evaluated in rabbits with staphylococcal endocarditis. Test specimens containing antigen were added to polystyrene tubes coated with antibody to S. aureus. Antigens immobilized on the tube were detected by adding radiolabeled antibody to S. aureus. Sensitivity for antigen was 0.312 microgram/ml in buffer and 1.25 microgram/ml in 50% rabbit serum. Cross-reactions were not observed with antigens extracted from streptococci; however, antigen extracted from Staphylococcus epidermidis (which contained ribitol-teichoic acid) could also be detected at low concentrations. Antigen was detected in each of 12 rabbits with S. aureus endocarditis but not in control rabbits. This assay is sensitive, specific, reproducible, and capable of detecting antigens in the serum of rabbits with endocarditis.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of staphylococcal antigen in serum of rabbits with endocraditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. To aid in the rapid diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for Staphylococcus aureus antigen was developed and evaluated in rabbits with staphylococcal endocarditis. Test specimens containing antigen were added to polystyrene tubes coated with antibody to S. aureus. Antigens immobilized on the tube were detected by adding radiolabeled antibody to S. aureus. Sensitivity for antigen was 0.312 microgram/ml in buffer and 1.25 microgram/ml in 50% rabbit serum. Cross-reactions were not observed with antigens extracted from streptococci; however, antigen extracted from Staphylococcus epidermidis (which contained ribitol-teichoic acid) could also be detected at low concentrations. Antigen was detected in each of 12 rabbits with S. aureus endocarditis but not in control rabbits. This assay is sensitive, specific, reproducible, and capable of detecting antigens in the serum of rabbits with endocarditis.", "PMID": 79624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7481", "title": "In vitro inhibition of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus by the antiviral agent ribavirin.", "content": "The multiplication in tissue cultures of three isolates of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus as well as the Edmonston strain of measles virus was observed to be inhibited by various concentrations of the antiviral agent ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide). The blockage of viral replication by ribavirin could be reversed by the simultaneous addition of equimolar concentrations of either guanosine or adenosine. Expression of virus-specific antigens was greatly reduced in the presence of the antiviral drug.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus by the antiviral agent ribavirin. The multiplication in tissue cultures of three isolates of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus as well as the Edmonston strain of measles virus was observed to be inhibited by various concentrations of the antiviral agent ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide). The blockage of viral replication by ribavirin could be reversed by the simultaneous addition of equimolar concentrations of either guanosine or adenosine. Expression of virus-specific antigens was greatly reduced in the presence of the antiviral drug.", "PMID": 79625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7482", "title": "Preparation of the major plasma fractions by solid-phase polyelectrolytes.", "content": "The solid-phase ethylene/maleic anhydride PE's E-5 and E-100 were used to developed a flexible integrated system of batch methods for the fractionation of albumin and gamma globulin as well as the clinically important coagulation factors. Each method for the isolation and purification of the fractions or a modification of it could also be used independently or could be added onto another method or methods. Each fraction was prepared in three steps: adsorption on solid-phase PE's elution from the PE's, and concentration by ultrafiltration or by use of PEG or both. Since the methods required no organic solvent but relied primarily on electrostatic bonding, they were essentially nondenaturing. Solid-liquid phase separation was easily accomplished by centrifugation or filtration. The yield and purity of each fraction was as follows: (1) coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X concentrates 63% and 200-fold purified; (2) AHF 43% and 52-fold; (3) vWF 43% and 71-fold; (4) PPF, as albumin, 93% yield and 92% pure; (5) albumin 92% yield and 98.5% pure; and (6) gamma globulin 92% yield and 97.5 pure. During the preparation of gamma globulin the E-100 also tended to adsorb and remove the HBSAg and infectivity, when present.", "contents": "Preparation of the major plasma fractions by solid-phase polyelectrolytes. The solid-phase ethylene/maleic anhydride PE's E-5 and E-100 were used to developed a flexible integrated system of batch methods for the fractionation of albumin and gamma globulin as well as the clinically important coagulation factors. Each method for the isolation and purification of the fractions or a modification of it could also be used independently or could be added onto another method or methods. Each fraction was prepared in three steps: adsorption on solid-phase PE's elution from the PE's, and concentration by ultrafiltration or by use of PEG or both. Since the methods required no organic solvent but relied primarily on electrostatic bonding, they were essentially nondenaturing. Solid-liquid phase separation was easily accomplished by centrifugation or filtration. The yield and purity of each fraction was as follows: (1) coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X concentrates 63% and 200-fold purified; (2) AHF 43% and 52-fold; (3) vWF 43% and 71-fold; (4) PPF, as albumin, 93% yield and 92% pure; (5) albumin 92% yield and 98.5% pure; and (6) gamma globulin 92% yield and 97.5 pure. During the preparation of gamma globulin the E-100 also tended to adsorb and remove the HBSAg and infectivity, when present.", "PMID": 79628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7483", "title": "Demonstration of a cytoplasmic receptor protein for oestrogen in the canine prostate gland.", "content": "A receptor protein that selectively binds oestrogens has been demonstrated in the cytosol of the canine prostate gland. The steroid--receptor complex was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 4--5 S with respect to bovine serum albumin after sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The high affinity and low capacity of the protein for oestrogens was indicated by displacement studies, which gave a value of 3.8 +/- 1.53 (S.D.) X 10(-10) mol/l for the dissociation constant. A metastasizing prostatic tumour was also shown to possess this receptor, with binding properties similar to those exhibited by the receptor in normal prostatic cytosol. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to normal prostatic function in the dog and the virtually inevitable advent of prostatic hyperplasia with age in this species.", "contents": "Demonstration of a cytoplasmic receptor protein for oestrogen in the canine prostate gland. A receptor protein that selectively binds oestrogens has been demonstrated in the cytosol of the canine prostate gland. The steroid--receptor complex was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 4--5 S with respect to bovine serum albumin after sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The high affinity and low capacity of the protein for oestrogens was indicated by displacement studies, which gave a value of 3.8 +/- 1.53 (S.D.) X 10(-10) mol/l for the dissociation constant. A metastasizing prostatic tumour was also shown to possess this receptor, with binding properties similar to those exhibited by the receptor in normal prostatic cytosol. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to normal prostatic function in the dog and the virtually inevitable advent of prostatic hyperplasia with age in this species.", "PMID": 79630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7484", "title": "Relationship between the pituitary gland and gonadal steroids: involvement of a hypophysial factor in reduced alpha 2u-globulin and increased transcortin concentrations in rat serum.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the level of alpha 2u-globulin in the serum of male rats depends, at least in part, on neonatal androgens. After castration of adult animals the concentration of this protein falls but remains measurable, whereas in intact or ovariectomized female rats alpha 2u-globulin cannot be detected. Moreover, alpha 2u-globulin is found in adult male and female rats gonadectomized at birth and treated with a single injection of testosterone propionate immediately thereafter. The mechanism by which neonatal androgens increase the concentration of alpha 2u-globulin has been investigated. Transplantation of a supplementary pituitary gland under the renal capsule of male rats resulted in reduced levels of alpha 2u-globulin and increased levels of transcortin. The changes discussed here were observed only in those animals in which the transplant was functional and they were amplified or reversed by modulators of prolactin secretion such as oestrogens or bromocriptine respectively. The hypothesis is advanced that neonatal androgens stimulate the production of a hypothalamic inhibitory factor that controls the secretion of prolactin, or another hypophysial hormone subjected to similar neuroendocrine control. Measurements in gonadectomized animals and in rats receiving both oestradiol benzoate and bromocriptine indicate that, besides these pituitary-mediated effects, both oestrogens and androgens exert direct effects on the level of alpha 2u-globulin.", "contents": "Relationship between the pituitary gland and gonadal steroids: involvement of a hypophysial factor in reduced alpha 2u-globulin and increased transcortin concentrations in rat serum. Evidence is presented that the level of alpha 2u-globulin in the serum of male rats depends, at least in part, on neonatal androgens. After castration of adult animals the concentration of this protein falls but remains measurable, whereas in intact or ovariectomized female rats alpha 2u-globulin cannot be detected. Moreover, alpha 2u-globulin is found in adult male and female rats gonadectomized at birth and treated with a single injection of testosterone propionate immediately thereafter. The mechanism by which neonatal androgens increase the concentration of alpha 2u-globulin has been investigated. Transplantation of a supplementary pituitary gland under the renal capsule of male rats resulted in reduced levels of alpha 2u-globulin and increased levels of transcortin. The changes discussed here were observed only in those animals in which the transplant was functional and they were amplified or reversed by modulators of prolactin secretion such as oestrogens or bromocriptine respectively. The hypothesis is advanced that neonatal androgens stimulate the production of a hypothalamic inhibitory factor that controls the secretion of prolactin, or another hypophysial hormone subjected to similar neuroendocrine control. Measurements in gonadectomized animals and in rats receiving both oestradiol benzoate and bromocriptine indicate that, besides these pituitary-mediated effects, both oestrogens and androgens exert direct effects on the level of alpha 2u-globulin.", "PMID": 79631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7485", "title": "Endogenous steroid levels in the human prostate from birth to old age: a comparison of normal and diseased tissues.", "content": "The levels of steroids in prostatic tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay after solvent extraction of a single (300--600 mg wet tissue) sample and chromatography of extracts on hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephandex microcolumns. In normal adult prostates (n = 18) the concentrations of steroids (mean +/- S.E.M. ng/g wet tissue) were: testosterone, 0.25 +/- 0.04; androstenedione, 0.13 +/- 0.03; 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione (5alpha-androstanedione), 1.31 +/- 0.30; 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, DHT), 1.22 +/- 0.14; 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol (3alpha-androstanediol), 4.32 +/- 0.49; androsterone, 4.15 +/- 1.07; progestrone, 0.39 +/- 0.07; 17alpha-hydroxyprogestrone, 0.42 +/- 0.06. Concentrations of of steroids tissues from outer-gland regions were within the ranges found in the periurethral regions. In the prostates of newborn boys, the concentrations of all steroids were high, including progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Apart from 3alpha-androstanediol, the levels of which tend to increase after this age, the concentrations of all steroids were lower in the infant and pubertal prostates, but most were re-established to a variable extend in the adult tissues. This was particularly evident with respect to 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone, and it is suggested that these two androgens may have a functional role in the mature prostate. The concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, 5alpha-androstanedione, progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in tissue taken from ten patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were similar to those in normal adult adult tissue. The concentration of DHT was markedly raised (5.33 +/- 0.46 ng/g) and the level of 3alpha-androstanediol and androsterone were reduced (1.40 +/- 0.12 ng/g respectively) in adenomatous compared with normal tissue. The concentrations of various androgens displayed remarkable interelationships which characterize normal and BPH tissues. The concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, DHT and 3alpha-androstanediol were particularly high in the untreated prostatic carcinomatous tissue sample investigated, whereas the concentrations of 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone were very low. After oestrogen treatment, testosterone and androstenedione virtually disappeared, while reduced but significant concentrations of their metabolites remained in similar proportions to those observed in the untreated carcinomatous tissue. Under the conditions of therapy, oestrogens are suggested to influence the uptake of androgens.", "contents": "Endogenous steroid levels in the human prostate from birth to old age: a comparison of normal and diseased tissues. The levels of steroids in prostatic tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay after solvent extraction of a single (300--600 mg wet tissue) sample and chromatography of extracts on hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephandex microcolumns. In normal adult prostates (n = 18) the concentrations of steroids (mean +/- S.E.M. ng/g wet tissue) were: testosterone, 0.25 +/- 0.04; androstenedione, 0.13 +/- 0.03; 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione (5alpha-androstanedione), 1.31 +/- 0.30; 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, DHT), 1.22 +/- 0.14; 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol (3alpha-androstanediol), 4.32 +/- 0.49; androsterone, 4.15 +/- 1.07; progestrone, 0.39 +/- 0.07; 17alpha-hydroxyprogestrone, 0.42 +/- 0.06. Concentrations of of steroids tissues from outer-gland regions were within the ranges found in the periurethral regions. In the prostates of newborn boys, the concentrations of all steroids were high, including progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Apart from 3alpha-androstanediol, the levels of which tend to increase after this age, the concentrations of all steroids were lower in the infant and pubertal prostates, but most were re-established to a variable extend in the adult tissues. This was particularly evident with respect to 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone, and it is suggested that these two androgens may have a functional role in the mature prostate. The concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, 5alpha-androstanedione, progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in tissue taken from ten patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were similar to those in normal adult adult tissue. The concentration of DHT was markedly raised (5.33 +/- 0.46 ng/g) and the level of 3alpha-androstanediol and androsterone were reduced (1.40 +/- 0.12 ng/g respectively) in adenomatous compared with normal tissue. The concentrations of various androgens displayed remarkable interelationships which characterize normal and BPH tissues. The concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, DHT and 3alpha-androstanediol were particularly high in the untreated prostatic carcinomatous tissue sample investigated, whereas the concentrations of 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone were very low. After oestrogen treatment, testosterone and androstenedione virtually disappeared, while reduced but significant concentrations of their metabolites remained in similar proportions to those observed in the untreated carcinomatous tissue. Under the conditions of therapy, oestrogens are suggested to influence the uptake of androgens.", "PMID": 79632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7486", "title": "IgG2a-producing variants of an IgG2b-producing mouse myeloma cell line.", "content": "12 variant cell lines producing an IgG2a (kappa) immunoglobulin derived via different routes from the IgG2b (kappa) synthesizing MPC 11 were studied. These variants all have the parental MPC 11 idiotype as shown by a radioimmunoassay. A comparison of the variants by charge, peptide maps, and assembly patterns has shown that most of them differ from one another, and some can be grouped. One group consists of three primary variants generated with two mutagenic agents: these three have almost indistinguishable peptide maps. Two other primary variants which arose in a similar fashion differ markedly from each other and from this group. A second group is comprised of the four secondary variants which arose from two short heavy chain producing primary variants. Other secondary variants and the one spontaneously arising variant cannot be grouped. Possible genetic mechanisms such as translocation, expression of previously silent genes and recombination are discussed.", "contents": "IgG2a-producing variants of an IgG2b-producing mouse myeloma cell line. 12 variant cell lines producing an IgG2a (kappa) immunoglobulin derived via different routes from the IgG2b (kappa) synthesizing MPC 11 were studied. These variants all have the parental MPC 11 idiotype as shown by a radioimmunoassay. A comparison of the variants by charge, peptide maps, and assembly patterns has shown that most of them differ from one another, and some can be grouped. One group consists of three primary variants generated with two mutagenic agents: these three have almost indistinguishable peptide maps. Two other primary variants which arose in a similar fashion differ markedly from each other and from this group. A second group is comprised of the four secondary variants which arose from two short heavy chain producing primary variants. Other secondary variants and the one spontaneously arising variant cannot be grouped. Possible genetic mechanisms such as translocation, expression of previously silent genes and recombination are discussed.", "PMID": 79633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7487", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses show more restricted specificity for self than for non-self H-2D-coded antigens.", "content": "The specificity of recognition of H-2 antigens by various subsets of Tc cells was investigated with respect to the two separate molecules known to be coded in the H-2D(d) region (a) D which carries the private specificity H-2.4 and (b) D'which carries the public specificity H-2.28. BALB/c.H-2(db) mutant mice express D but not D' on their cell surfaces, whereas wild-type BALB/c mice express both D and D'. H-2 restricted Tc cells specific for viral-plus- H-2D(d)-coded antigens on infected self cells, or minor H-plus-H-2D(d)-coded antigens on H-2-compatible cells apparently recognize D, but do not detectably recognize D. In contrast, BALB/c-H-2(db) anti-BALB/c Tc cell responses do recognize D' (the only known antigen which is not shared by mutant and wild-type); furthermore, D' is also detectably recognized by a significant proportion of the Tc cells that respond in MLR to H-2D(d)-coded antigens. In these latter responses, D' was recognized separately from D, i.e., the response was not \"H-2 restricted\". These results indicate that H-2 restricted Tc cell responses to modified-self cells are more specific for self H-2D(d)-coded antigens then are allogeneic Tc cell responses directed at the same antigens, in that haplotype-unique (private) specificity recognition (of the D molecule) exclusively occurs only in the former, not the latter case. The implications of this specificity of H-2 restricted responses for possible processes of somatic selection of anti-self recognition structures on progenitor Tc cells are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses show more restricted specificity for self than for non-self H-2D-coded antigens. The specificity of recognition of H-2 antigens by various subsets of Tc cells was investigated with respect to the two separate molecules known to be coded in the H-2D(d) region (a) D which carries the private specificity H-2.4 and (b) D'which carries the public specificity H-2.28. BALB/c.H-2(db) mutant mice express D but not D' on their cell surfaces, whereas wild-type BALB/c mice express both D and D'. H-2 restricted Tc cells specific for viral-plus- H-2D(d)-coded antigens on infected self cells, or minor H-plus-H-2D(d)-coded antigens on H-2-compatible cells apparently recognize D, but do not detectably recognize D. In contrast, BALB/c-H-2(db) anti-BALB/c Tc cell responses do recognize D' (the only known antigen which is not shared by mutant and wild-type); furthermore, D' is also detectably recognized by a significant proportion of the Tc cells that respond in MLR to H-2D(d)-coded antigens. In these latter responses, D' was recognized separately from D, i.e., the response was not \"H-2 restricted\". These results indicate that H-2 restricted Tc cell responses to modified-self cells are more specific for self H-2D(d)-coded antigens then are allogeneic Tc cell responses directed at the same antigens, in that haplotype-unique (private) specificity recognition (of the D molecule) exclusively occurs only in the former, not the latter case. The implications of this specificity of H-2 restricted responses for possible processes of somatic selection of anti-self recognition structures on progenitor Tc cells are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 79634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7488", "title": "The immune response of allophenic mice to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-bovine gamma globulin. I. Allotype analysis of anti-DNP antibody.", "content": "The question of whether or not lymphoid cells can cooperate across a histocompatibility difference barrier has been studied in several laboratories. Using an adoptive transfer system, Katz et al. (1) first showed that T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice, primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT), could collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from a high responder, but not a low responder strain, in response to DNP-GLT. The response to GLT is under H- 2-1inked Ir gene control. In contrast, studies with mouse bone marrow chimeras have shown that T cells can interact with H-2-histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (2-4). Another type of chimera, the allophenic mouse, has been used to study possible histoincompatible cell interactions to a number of antigens, including DNP-L- glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine; L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine; L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine; and poly-L (Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L- Ala-poly-L-Lys[T,G)-A-L] (5-9). The response to each of these antigens is under H-2-1inked Ir gene control. It was initially reported (8, 9) that in allophenic mice containing both high and low responder cells, the antibody to (T,G)-A-L was of both the high and low responder allotype. This was interpreted to mean that high responder T cells had cooperated with low responder B cells across a histocompatibility difference barrier in the environment of the allophenic mice. However, Press and McDevitt (10) have recently reported that additional and more accurate analyses of these allophenic mouse sera failed to detect any anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody of the low responder allotype. Moreover, in an experiment using bone marrow chimeras, there was no low responder allotype antibody produced in response to (T,G)-A- L(10). The present study was undertaken to test the immune response of allophonic mice to an antigen, DNP-bovine gamma globulin (DNP(56)BGG), known to be controlled by genes both inside and outside the H-2 complex (11, 12).(1) When high and low responder cells to DNP(56)BGG are present in allophenic mice, only antibody of the high responder allotype is produced. The results suggest that cell cooperation in allophenic mice cannot occur across a histocompatibility difference barrier in response to an antigen whose genetic control is at least partially within the H-2 complex.", "contents": "The immune response of allophenic mice to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-bovine gamma globulin. I. Allotype analysis of anti-DNP antibody. The question of whether or not lymphoid cells can cooperate across a histocompatibility difference barrier has been studied in several laboratories. Using an adoptive transfer system, Katz et al. (1) first showed that T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice, primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT), could collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from a high responder, but not a low responder strain, in response to DNP-GLT. The response to GLT is under H- 2-1inked Ir gene control. In contrast, studies with mouse bone marrow chimeras have shown that T cells can interact with H-2-histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (2-4). Another type of chimera, the allophenic mouse, has been used to study possible histoincompatible cell interactions to a number of antigens, including DNP-L- glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine; L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine; L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine; and poly-L (Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L- Ala-poly-L-Lys[T,G)-A-L] (5-9). The response to each of these antigens is under H-2-1inked Ir gene control. It was initially reported (8, 9) that in allophenic mice containing both high and low responder cells, the antibody to (T,G)-A-L was of both the high and low responder allotype. This was interpreted to mean that high responder T cells had cooperated with low responder B cells across a histocompatibility difference barrier in the environment of the allophenic mice. However, Press and McDevitt (10) have recently reported that additional and more accurate analyses of these allophenic mouse sera failed to detect any anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody of the low responder allotype. Moreover, in an experiment using bone marrow chimeras, there was no low responder allotype antibody produced in response to (T,G)-A- L(10). The present study was undertaken to test the immune response of allophonic mice to an antigen, DNP-bovine gamma globulin (DNP(56)BGG), known to be controlled by genes both inside and outside the H-2 complex (11, 12).(1) When high and low responder cells to DNP(56)BGG are present in allophenic mice, only antibody of the high responder allotype is produced. The results suggest that cell cooperation in allophenic mice cannot occur across a histocompatibility difference barrier in response to an antigen whose genetic control is at least partially within the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 79635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7489", "title": "New technique for measuring dynamic axonal transport and its application to temperature effects.", "content": "A new technique was devised for the dynamic detection of the axoplasmic transport of beta-radioactively labeled materials in which a semiconductor radiation detector was used as the beta-ray counter. The detector element is a silicon p-n junction diode and has a diameter of 2.0 mm. With this detector, the beta-radioactive distribution of axoplasmic transport could be measured in a axon maintained physiologically without cutting nerves. This method makes possible determination of the transport rate using one bundle of peripheral nerves. The rate in the bullfrog was 6.4 mm per hour at 24.0 degrees D. Temperature effects on the bullfrog axoplasmic transport were also observed at different temperatures, ranging from 5.0 to 24.0 degrees C. At these temperatures the rate increased as an exponential function of temperature from 1.1 to 6.4 mm per hour. Within this temperature range, the Q10 is 2.5 and an Arrhenius plot of the natural logarithm of velocity versus the reciprocal of absolute temperature yielded an apparent activation energy of 14.8 Kcal. this technique offers great advantages in permitting direct study of the axoplasmic flow of the axon in a physiological condition.", "contents": "New technique for measuring dynamic axonal transport and its application to temperature effects. A new technique was devised for the dynamic detection of the axoplasmic transport of beta-radioactively labeled materials in which a semiconductor radiation detector was used as the beta-ray counter. The detector element is a silicon p-n junction diode and has a diameter of 2.0 mm. With this detector, the beta-radioactive distribution of axoplasmic transport could be measured in a axon maintained physiologically without cutting nerves. This method makes possible determination of the transport rate using one bundle of peripheral nerves. The rate in the bullfrog was 6.4 mm per hour at 24.0 degrees D. Temperature effects on the bullfrog axoplasmic transport were also observed at different temperatures, ranging from 5.0 to 24.0 degrees C. At these temperatures the rate increased as an exponential function of temperature from 1.1 to 6.4 mm per hour. Within this temperature range, the Q10 is 2.5 and an Arrhenius plot of the natural logarithm of velocity versus the reciprocal of absolute temperature yielded an apparent activation energy of 14.8 Kcal. this technique offers great advantages in permitting direct study of the axoplasmic flow of the axon in a physiological condition.", "PMID": 79636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7490", "title": "Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate, already utilized for serum proteins, has been applied to CSF proteins. The technical modifications which allow the use of unconcentrated CSF are described. By utilizing a particularly suitable supporting medium, a good separation of proteins is achieved; consequently narrow-based peaks are obtained and the isoantigens can be displayed as distinct components in spite of closely similar migration velocities. The preliminary results of this method are given. Particulary interesting appears a beta-migrating protein and the gamma-migrating oligoclonal bands. The first may present an anodic cleavage suggesting that it may be the beta1C/beta1A-globulin. If this hypothesis is confirmed, the relative concentrations of the two components can be investigated. No clear-cut peaks corresponding to the gamma-migrating oligoclonal bands have been observed, their place being taken by a low precipitation line continuous with the IgG peak. The reasons for this phenomenon may be tentatively ascribed to a local specificity of these IgG.", "contents": "Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid. The two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate, already utilized for serum proteins, has been applied to CSF proteins. The technical modifications which allow the use of unconcentrated CSF are described. By utilizing a particularly suitable supporting medium, a good separation of proteins is achieved; consequently narrow-based peaks are obtained and the isoantigens can be displayed as distinct components in spite of closely similar migration velocities. The preliminary results of this method are given. Particulary interesting appears a beta-migrating protein and the gamma-migrating oligoclonal bands. The first may present an anodic cleavage suggesting that it may be the beta1C/beta1A-globulin. If this hypothesis is confirmed, the relative concentrations of the two components can be investigated. No clear-cut peaks corresponding to the gamma-migrating oligoclonal bands have been observed, their place being taken by a low precipitation line continuous with the IgG peak. The reasons for this phenomenon may be tentatively ascribed to a local specificity of these IgG.", "PMID": 79640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7491", "title": "Muscular carnitine synthesis and palmitate metabolism in vitro.", "content": "The carnitine content of the culture media for normal and pathological human muscles, including a case of systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD) was measured and the carnitine concentration was the same in all normal and pathological muscle culture media. Carnitine was never detected in growth medium. Some fibroblasts and myoblasts were filled with neutral lipids in SCD. 14C-palmitate added to the medium was incorporated by SCD fibroblasts or myoblasts to the same concentration as in normal or pathological cells. Factors other than carnitine seem to account for the lipid accumulation of SCD in cell culture.", "contents": "Muscular carnitine synthesis and palmitate metabolism in vitro. The carnitine content of the culture media for normal and pathological human muscles, including a case of systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD) was measured and the carnitine concentration was the same in all normal and pathological muscle culture media. Carnitine was never detected in growth medium. Some fibroblasts and myoblasts were filled with neutral lipids in SCD. 14C-palmitate added to the medium was incorporated by SCD fibroblasts or myoblasts to the same concentration as in normal or pathological cells. Factors other than carnitine seem to account for the lipid accumulation of SCD in cell culture.", "PMID": 79642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7492", "title": "Doppler flow velocity measurements in patients with intracranial hypertension.", "content": "In patients with severe brain lesions monitoring of the intracranial pressure as well as monitoring of cerebral blood flow can be of clinical value. While at the moment there is no atraumatic method for measuring cerebral blood flow in man, it is recommended to measure blood flow velocity with the ultrasound Doppler technic in the common carotid artery. On theoretical grounds a positive correlation between cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity can be expected and the observations presented show that such a correlation exists in normal controls and in neurological patients. In many neurological patients the flow velocity in the common carotid artery decreases with increasing intracranial pressure. This suggests that the autoregulation is disturbed. The demonstration of such a disturbance can have clinical implications.", "contents": "Doppler flow velocity measurements in patients with intracranial hypertension. In patients with severe brain lesions monitoring of the intracranial pressure as well as monitoring of cerebral blood flow can be of clinical value. While at the moment there is no atraumatic method for measuring cerebral blood flow in man, it is recommended to measure blood flow velocity with the ultrasound Doppler technic in the common carotid artery. On theoretical grounds a positive correlation between cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity can be expected and the observations presented show that such a correlation exists in normal controls and in neurological patients. In many neurological patients the flow velocity in the common carotid artery decreases with increasing intracranial pressure. This suggests that the autoregulation is disturbed. The demonstration of such a disturbance can have clinical implications.", "PMID": 79643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7493", "title": "Further histochemical studies characterizing the lipofuscin component of human neuromelanin.", "content": "The residuum of bleached substantia nigra neuromelanin and the nonoxidized and oxidized intraneuronal masses of inferior olive lipofuscin gave sudanophilic staining reactions with oil red O, Sudan black B, and a Sudan III and IV combination stain. The pigments also exhibited oxidation basophilia, each having been stained by Gomori's paraldehyde fuchsin method after bleaching or oxidation with potassium permanganate and by the modified carbol fuchsin method of Barbeito-Lopez after bleaching or oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate. Confirmation of the presence of lipid substances in bleached neuromelanin was obtained by repeatedly staining, decolorizing, and restaining the residuum of the pigment when utilizing the chemically nonreactive beta naphthol type Sudan combination stain, Sudan III and IV. Not only were tinctorial properties characteristic of lipofuscin clearly demonstrated in the bleached residuum of neuromelanin, but additionally, a partial separation was achieved between the relatively soluble beta naphthol type Sudan-staining lipid component and an insoluble component, possibly lipoprotein, staining with Sudan black B and both basic fuchsin dye-containing mixtures. Consideration was given to the idea that the oxidation basophilia  of these neuronal pigments was due to the oxidative formation or exposure of one or more kinds of acidic groups consisting of carboxyls or those containing sulfur or phosphorus.", "contents": "Further histochemical studies characterizing the lipofuscin component of human neuromelanin. The residuum of bleached substantia nigra neuromelanin and the nonoxidized and oxidized intraneuronal masses of inferior olive lipofuscin gave sudanophilic staining reactions with oil red O, Sudan black B, and a Sudan III and IV combination stain. The pigments also exhibited oxidation basophilia, each having been stained by Gomori's paraldehyde fuchsin method after bleaching or oxidation with potassium permanganate and by the modified carbol fuchsin method of Barbeito-Lopez after bleaching or oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate. Confirmation of the presence of lipid substances in bleached neuromelanin was obtained by repeatedly staining, decolorizing, and restaining the residuum of the pigment when utilizing the chemically nonreactive beta naphthol type Sudan combination stain, Sudan III and IV. Not only were tinctorial properties characteristic of lipofuscin clearly demonstrated in the bleached residuum of neuromelanin, but additionally, a partial separation was achieved between the relatively soluble beta naphthol type Sudan-staining lipid component and an insoluble component, possibly lipoprotein, staining with Sudan black B and both basic fuchsin dye-containing mixtures. Consideration was given to the idea that the oxidation basophilia  of these neuronal pigments was due to the oxidative formation or exposure of one or more kinds of acidic groups consisting of carboxyls or those containing sulfur or phosphorus.", "PMID": 79641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7494", "title": "The diagnostic value of the short sleep EEG and other provocative methods following sleep deprivation.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-five EEGs recorded after deprivation of sleep for 24 h were evaluated. Valuable diagnostic information was found in 59% of the EEG recordings; 24% of the EEGs contained seizure activity. The duration of the stages of sleep and the frequency of seizure activity, paroxysmal sharp wave groups and localizing findings were analyzed. The sleep stages A to C (based on the Loomis scale) were reached for about equal duration by an EEG recording of 30--40 min; sleep stage D was reached only shortly and stage E was not observed. Pathological EEG findings appeared for the most part in the sleep stages A and B. Localized findings were pronounced in stage C. No significant differences pertaining to the occurrence and form of EEG patterns were found between patient groups with primary generalized seizures, psychomotor seizures or those with unclarified disturbances of consciousness. The combination of the short sleep EEG following 24 h of sleep deprivation with subsequent use of the additional provocative methods of hyperventilation, photostimulation and hydration, yielded, in all, new information in 50% of the patients. Each of these additional methods contributed nearly equally to this information.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of the short sleep EEG and other provocative methods following sleep deprivation. One hundred and eighty-five EEGs recorded after deprivation of sleep for 24 h were evaluated. Valuable diagnostic information was found in 59% of the EEG recordings; 24% of the EEGs contained seizure activity. The duration of the stages of sleep and the frequency of seizure activity, paroxysmal sharp wave groups and localizing findings were analyzed. The sleep stages A to C (based on the Loomis scale) were reached for about equal duration by an EEG recording of 30--40 min; sleep stage D was reached only shortly and stage E was not observed. Pathological EEG findings appeared for the most part in the sleep stages A and B. Localized findings were pronounced in stage C. No significant differences pertaining to the occurrence and form of EEG patterns were found between patient groups with primary generalized seizures, psychomotor seizures or those with unclarified disturbances of consciousness. The combination of the short sleep EEG following 24 h of sleep deprivation with subsequent use of the additional provocative methods of hyperventilation, photostimulation and hydration, yielded, in all, new information in 50% of the patients. Each of these additional methods contributed nearly equally to this information.", "PMID": 79645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7495", "title": "Supplementary cytodiagnostic analyses of mononuclear cells of the cerebrospinal fluid using cytological markers.", "content": "Various methods of CSF cell differentiation are discussed. These methods provide additional information regarding the origin and, therefore, the types of pathological alterations occurring in the leptomeninges. They include the application of immunological and cytochemical markers to differentiate and identify B and T lymphocytes as well as cells from the monocyte-macrophage series and precursor cells of polymorphnuclear leukocytes. Application of these methods to CSF cells and the differentiation of CSF cells from 16 patients with inflammatory or neoplastic alterations were discussed. B cell or T cell type lymphocytes predominate with multiple sclerosis, T lymphocytes with tubercular meningitis. Varying quantities of B and T lymphocytes are found with viral meningitis. In one case the tumor cells of a reticulum cell sarcoma were identified in the CSF as T cells; in one case of plasmacytoma, tumor cells in the CSF were identified as B lymphocytes. In selected cases of leukemic or carcinomatous infiltration of the meninges and of medulloblastoma, CSF cells did not react to treatment with immunological markers.", "contents": "Supplementary cytodiagnostic analyses of mononuclear cells of the cerebrospinal fluid using cytological markers. Various methods of CSF cell differentiation are discussed. These methods provide additional information regarding the origin and, therefore, the types of pathological alterations occurring in the leptomeninges. They include the application of immunological and cytochemical markers to differentiate and identify B and T lymphocytes as well as cells from the monocyte-macrophage series and precursor cells of polymorphnuclear leukocytes. Application of these methods to CSF cells and the differentiation of CSF cells from 16 patients with inflammatory or neoplastic alterations were discussed. B cell or T cell type lymphocytes predominate with multiple sclerosis, T lymphocytes with tubercular meningitis. Varying quantities of B and T lymphocytes are found with viral meningitis. In one case the tumor cells of a reticulum cell sarcoma were identified in the CSF as T cells; in one case of plasmacytoma, tumor cells in the CSF were identified as B lymphocytes. In selected cases of leukemic or carcinomatous infiltration of the meninges and of medulloblastoma, CSF cells did not react to treatment with immunological markers.", "PMID": 79646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7496", "title": "Quantitative analysis of neurophysiological processes of the aging CNS.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed on 65 aged subjects (62--91 years) and 48 control subjects (18--38 years). The power spectrum of the EEG in the aging persons shows different types, from spectra with a marked peak of alpha activity to spectra of a desynchronized type. Progressive deterioration of the periodicity of the occipital alpha rhythm and also a progressive time shift between the activities of both occipital lobes were found in the aging subjects. The SEP and VEP have prolonged latencies of all components. The amplitudes of all components of the SEP are significantly increased and those of the VEP are within normal limits. There is a more significant involvement of the dominant hemisphere. Transcallosal transmission of the SEP is qualitatively not involved. Quantitatively there is a marked prolongation of the duration of the transmission of certain SEP components. Transmission of the SEP from the specific cortical response area to different areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere is significantly increased. It is assumed that during aging there is an involvement of the cortical neuronal transmitter mechanisms and a progressive decrease of the specific cortical inhibitory processes.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of neurophysiological processes of the aging CNS. Electrophysiological studies were performed on 65 aged subjects (62--91 years) and 48 control subjects (18--38 years). The power spectrum of the EEG in the aging persons shows different types, from spectra with a marked peak of alpha activity to spectra of a desynchronized type. Progressive deterioration of the periodicity of the occipital alpha rhythm and also a progressive time shift between the activities of both occipital lobes were found in the aging subjects. The SEP and VEP have prolonged latencies of all components. The amplitudes of all components of the SEP are significantly increased and those of the VEP are within normal limits. There is a more significant involvement of the dominant hemisphere. Transcallosal transmission of the SEP is qualitatively not involved. Quantitatively there is a marked prolongation of the duration of the transmission of certain SEP components. Transmission of the SEP from the specific cortical response area to different areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere is significantly increased. It is assumed that during aging there is an involvement of the cortical neuronal transmitter mechanisms and a progressive decrease of the specific cortical inhibitory processes.", "PMID": 79647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7497", "title": "Dystrophia myotonica and hypothyroidism.", "content": "Two cases of dystrophia myotonia associated with hypothyroidism are reported. This association is not frequent. In both cases the hypothyroidism precipitated an otherwise mild muscular weakness due to dystrophia myotonia. Treatment with dried thyroid improved the muscular power, while the myotonia remained unchanged. Since dystrophia myotonica and hypothyroidism have many presenting symptoms in common, a complete assessment of the thyroid function in every case of dystrophia myotonica seems worthwhile.", "contents": "Dystrophia myotonica and hypothyroidism. Two cases of dystrophia myotonia associated with hypothyroidism are reported. This association is not frequent. In both cases the hypothyroidism precipitated an otherwise mild muscular weakness due to dystrophia myotonia. Treatment with dried thyroid improved the muscular power, while the myotonia remained unchanged. Since dystrophia myotonica and hypothyroidism have many presenting symptoms in common, a complete assessment of the thyroid function in every case of dystrophia myotonica seems worthwhile.", "PMID": 79648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7498", "title": "Alpha fetoprotein in the differentiation of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia: current status and implications for the pathogenesis of these disorders.", "content": "Neonatal hepatitis (NH) and biliary atresia (BA) are disorders of early infancy that may be difficult to differentiate. Since surgical therapy can be curative if performed early in the disease course of BA, accurate diagnosis is of great importance. Elevated levels of serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) do occur in many cases of NH and may be helpful in differentiating this condition from BA. Evidence is presented which suggests that initially BA and NH may be the same disease. The individual host response determines the final clinical outcome and AFP could be the immunoregulatory substance which affects pathological progression from NH to BA.", "contents": "Alpha fetoprotein in the differentiation of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia: current status and implications for the pathogenesis of these disorders. Neonatal hepatitis (NH) and biliary atresia (BA) are disorders of early infancy that may be difficult to differentiate. Since surgical therapy can be curative if performed early in the disease course of BA, accurate diagnosis is of great importance. Elevated levels of serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) do occur in many cases of NH and may be helpful in differentiating this condition from BA. Evidence is presented which suggests that initially BA and NH may be the same disease. The individual host response determines the final clinical outcome and AFP could be the immunoregulatory substance which affects pathological progression from NH to BA.", "PMID": 79649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7499", "title": "Early effects of cobalt chloride treatment on certain blood parameters and on urine composition.", "content": "The authors studied the variations of some blood parameters and urine composition during the first hours after CoCl2 treatment in rats and rabbits. These showed an increase in hematocrit with a decrease in plasma volume and, at the same time, a decrease in total proteinemia as well as in the albumin (rabbits) and gamma-globulin fractions. On the basis of observations carried out in rabbits, these phenomena are not seen if the cobalt is complexed with cysteine before treatment; moreover, they are at least partly reversed by cysteine administration soon after cobalt. Plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations do not show significant changes in CoCl2-treated rabbits; on the contrary, the excretion of such electrolytes, as well as urinary protein content, decreases. In addition, the urine of CoCl2-treated rabbits contains at least two pigmented substances with different molecular weights, which are separable by dialysis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and both contain cobalt in different percentages. The authors believe that CoCl2 treatment leads to an early and profound increase in vascular permeability with depletion of plasmatic material in the tissues and hemoconcentration; moreover, the above stated phenomena seem to be correlated with the forming of cobalt complexes.", "contents": "Early effects of cobalt chloride treatment on certain blood parameters and on urine composition. The authors studied the variations of some blood parameters and urine composition during the first hours after CoCl2 treatment in rats and rabbits. These showed an increase in hematocrit with a decrease in plasma volume and, at the same time, a decrease in total proteinemia as well as in the albumin (rabbits) and gamma-globulin fractions. On the basis of observations carried out in rabbits, these phenomena are not seen if the cobalt is complexed with cysteine before treatment; moreover, they are at least partly reversed by cysteine administration soon after cobalt. Plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations do not show significant changes in CoCl2-treated rabbits; on the contrary, the excretion of such electrolytes, as well as urinary protein content, decreases. In addition, the urine of CoCl2-treated rabbits contains at least two pigmented substances with different molecular weights, which are separable by dialysis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and both contain cobalt in different percentages. The authors believe that CoCl2 treatment leads to an early and profound increase in vascular permeability with depletion of plasmatic material in the tissues and hemoconcentration; moreover, the above stated phenomena seem to be correlated with the forming of cobalt complexes.", "PMID": 79650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7500", "title": "Further studies on the mode of action of Clostridium welchii type-D epsilon toxin.", "content": "Intradermal injection of Clostridium welchii type-D epsilon toxin increased the permeability of blood vessels in guinea-pig skin to Evans blue dye by a mechanism not dependent on the release of histamine. The toxin was also found to raise the plasma concentration of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in mice. It is concluded that epsilon toxin is an enterotoxin capable of causing widespread damage, after binding to receptor sites on the surface of certain cells, through a mechanism mediated by an adenyl cyclase-cAMP system.", "contents": "Further studies on the mode of action of Clostridium welchii type-D epsilon toxin. Intradermal injection of Clostridium welchii type-D epsilon toxin increased the permeability of blood vessels in guinea-pig skin to Evans blue dye by a mechanism not dependent on the release of histamine. The toxin was also found to raise the plasma concentration of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in mice. It is concluded that epsilon toxin is an enterotoxin capable of causing widespread damage, after binding to receptor sites on the surface of certain cells, through a mechanism mediated by an adenyl cyclase-cAMP system.", "PMID": 79653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7501", "title": "Identification of Gomori-positive glia in autoradiographs.", "content": "Unstained Gomori or paraldehyde fuchsin or chrome-haematoxylin-alum positive granules in the perikaria of so-called Gomori-positive glia of the periventricular zone of the rat hypothalamus, fixed with Bouin's or Carnoy's fluids, have been found to produce a positive chemographic (blackening) effect on autoradiographic emulsion. Similar action was produced by some granules in ependymal cells localized in the ventral part of the third ventricle between optical chiasma and median eminence. It is suggested that this positive chemographic effect can be employed for the identification and characterization of Gomori-positive glia in autoradiographic studies.", "contents": "Identification of Gomori-positive glia in autoradiographs. Unstained Gomori or paraldehyde fuchsin or chrome-haematoxylin-alum positive granules in the perikaria of so-called Gomori-positive glia of the periventricular zone of the rat hypothalamus, fixed with Bouin's or Carnoy's fluids, have been found to produce a positive chemographic (blackening) effect on autoradiographic emulsion. Similar action was produced by some granules in ependymal cells localized in the ventral part of the third ventricle between optical chiasma and median eminence. It is suggested that this positive chemographic effect can be employed for the identification and characterization of Gomori-positive glia in autoradiographic studies.", "PMID": 79654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7502", "title": "Morphology and cytochemistry of acinar secretory granules in normal and isoproterenol-treated rat submandibular glands.", "content": "Several fixation procedures have been utilized in a fine-structural study of rat submandibular glands with the aim of correlating the morphology of granule substructure with its composition. Procedures included fixation with aldehyde in a variety of buffers, with or without fixation additives such as tannic acid or calcium chloride. Both immersion and perfusion fixation studies were performed. Osmium tetroxide postfixed tissue was compared with non-postfixed tissue. Thin sections were stained for carbohydrate-containing constituents by either periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate or tannic acid-ferric chloride sequences. The morphology and cytochemistry of acinar secretory granules were highly dependent upon the fixation procedure utilized. In postfixed tissue, fine filaments and vesicles were the major granule constituents. Filaments often aggregated into fibrils in fixatives containing phosphate buffer or calcium, whereas vesicles were prominent with fixatives containing collidine buffer. Tannic acid, as a fixation additive, imparted enhanced density to the peripheral rim of aggregated filaments. If post fixation was eliminated, an amorphous meshlike material was the major granule component. This stained readily with methods for carbohydrate whereas the granules of post-osmicated tissue did not. Following chronic isoproterenol treatment the degree of filament aggregation in postfixed tissue was augmented, and this corresponded to an increase in amount of material stainable for carbohydrate in non-post-osmicated tissue.", "contents": "Morphology and cytochemistry of acinar secretory granules in normal and isoproterenol-treated rat submandibular glands. Several fixation procedures have been utilized in a fine-structural study of rat submandibular glands with the aim of correlating the morphology of granule substructure with its composition. Procedures included fixation with aldehyde in a variety of buffers, with or without fixation additives such as tannic acid or calcium chloride. Both immersion and perfusion fixation studies were performed. Osmium tetroxide postfixed tissue was compared with non-postfixed tissue. Thin sections were stained for carbohydrate-containing constituents by either periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate or tannic acid-ferric chloride sequences. The morphology and cytochemistry of acinar secretory granules were highly dependent upon the fixation procedure utilized. In postfixed tissue, fine filaments and vesicles were the major granule constituents. Filaments often aggregated into fibrils in fixatives containing phosphate buffer or calcium, whereas vesicles were prominent with fixatives containing collidine buffer. Tannic acid, as a fixation additive, imparted enhanced density to the peripheral rim of aggregated filaments. If post fixation was eliminated, an amorphous meshlike material was the major granule component. This stained readily with methods for carbohydrate whereas the granules of post-osmicated tissue did not. Following chronic isoproterenol treatment the degree of filament aggregation in postfixed tissue was augmented, and this corresponded to an increase in amount of material stainable for carbohydrate in non-post-osmicated tissue.", "PMID": 79655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7503", "title": "Lung carcinoma-reactive antibodies isolated from tumor tissues and pleural effusions of lung cancer patients.", "content": "Low pH elution techniques were used on lung cancer tissues and pleural effusions of lung cancer patients to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes. The immunoglobulins obtained were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence against tissue cultures and fresh cell suspensions of various target cells; they reacted positively, in significant titers, with cells of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung but not with cells of normal adult and fetal lung or of nonpulmonary tumors. Immunoglobulins, similarly dissociated from tumor effusions of other organs, showed no reactivity in indirect immunofluorescence tests against lung carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Lung carcinoma-reactive antibodies isolated from tumor tissues and pleural effusions of lung cancer patients. Low pH elution techniques were used on lung cancer tissues and pleural effusions of lung cancer patients to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes. The immunoglobulins obtained were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence against tissue cultures and fresh cell suspensions of various target cells; they reacted positively, in significant titers, with cells of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung but not with cells of normal adult and fetal lung or of nonpulmonary tumors. Immunoglobulins, similarly dissociated from tumor effusions of other organs, showed no reactivity in indirect immunofluorescence tests against lung carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 79656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7504", "title": "Comparison of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) retrovirus by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "Comparison of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey retrovirus (both candidate type D oncornaviruses) by immunoelectron microscopy revealed that these two viruses do not share common surface antigens.", "contents": "Comparison of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) retrovirus by immunoelectron microscopy. Comparison of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and squirrel monkey retrovirus (both candidate type D oncornaviruses) by immunoelectron microscopy revealed that these two viruses do not share common surface antigens.", "PMID": 79657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7505", "title": "Transmission electron microscopy surveillance of retroviruses in tissue culture cells prepared by the critical-point drying method.", "content": "Tissue culture cells grown on grids were processed by the critical-point drying whole-cell method. With the use of a conventional transmission electron microscope operating at 100 kV, this technique permitted visualization of intracytoplasmic organelles of unsectioned whole cells. The morphology of type C virus in the process of budding and also in extracellular locations closely resembled that revealed in thin sections. Prelimininary results of virus surveillance of tissue culture cells prepared by this technique was corroborated by the levels of reverse transcriptase activity in culture media and by immunofluorescence staining of viral antigens on the cell surface.", "contents": "Transmission electron microscopy surveillance of retroviruses in tissue culture cells prepared by the critical-point drying method. Tissue culture cells grown on grids were processed by the critical-point drying whole-cell method. With the use of a conventional transmission electron microscope operating at 100 kV, this technique permitted visualization of intracytoplasmic organelles of unsectioned whole cells. The morphology of type C virus in the process of budding and also in extracellular locations closely resembled that revealed in thin sections. Prelimininary results of virus surveillance of tissue culture cells prepared by this technique was corroborated by the levels of reverse transcriptase activity in culture media and by immunofluorescence staining of viral antigens on the cell surface.", "PMID": 79658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7506", "title": "[Triiodothyronine, reverse-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, resin-triiodothyronine-uptake and protein bound jodide in the fluid of thyroid cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "T3, rT3, T4, PBI and the saturation of T3-T4-binding proteins in yellow and brown cyst fluids of nontoxic goiters differ from the values in sera. In the brown cyst fluids, resulting from a hemorrhage, T3, rT3, T4, PBI and T3 U are significantly higher than in sera and no correlation could be found with the values in sera. In the yellow cyst fluids T3 and T3 U are significantly higher then in sera, T4 is lower, PBI and rT3 do not differ from the values in sera. Only T3 and rT3 are not correlated. Various reasons for higher concentrations of hormones in the cyst fluid such as destruction of thyroid follicles and lymphvessels, a high protein concentration and direct secretion of hormones and iodoproteins from thyroid tissue in the cyst wall into the cyst fluid are taken into consideration. As these hormones in the cyst fluid may be absorbed, the results are also of clinical value.", "contents": "[Triiodothyronine, reverse-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, resin-triiodothyronine-uptake and protein bound jodide in the fluid of thyroid cysts (author's transl)]. T3, rT3, T4, PBI and the saturation of T3-T4-binding proteins in yellow and brown cyst fluids of nontoxic goiters differ from the values in sera. In the brown cyst fluids, resulting from a hemorrhage, T3, rT3, T4, PBI and T3 U are significantly higher than in sera and no correlation could be found with the values in sera. In the yellow cyst fluids T3 and T3 U are significantly higher then in sera, T4 is lower, PBI and rT3 do not differ from the values in sera. Only T3 and rT3 are not correlated. Various reasons for higher concentrations of hormones in the cyst fluid such as destruction of thyroid follicles and lymphvessels, a high protein concentration and direct secretion of hormones and iodoproteins from thyroid tissue in the cyst wall into the cyst fluid are taken into consideration. As these hormones in the cyst fluid may be absorbed, the results are also of clinical value.", "PMID": 79671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7507", "title": "Evidence for an association between cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia.", "content": "A prospective, controlled study was carried out to determine if there was an association between hiatus hernia and cholelithiasis. The prevalence of gallstones was calculated in 100 patients (50 men and 50 women) with radiological evidence of hiatus hernia. 100 subjects (50 men and 50 women) without hiatus hernia, matched for age, body-weight, and number of pregnancies, acted as controls. Gallstones were twice as common in the former group (34%) as in the control group (17%) (P less than 0.01). Moreover, a comparison of the lipid composition of the gallbladder bile in 15 subjects operated on for hiatus hernia with that in 17 patients operated on for another digestive disease showed that the molar percentage of choelsterol in the bile and the cholesterol saturation index were significantly higher in the patients with hiatus hernia (9.3 +/- 1.1, mean +/- S.E.M., 1.41) than in the control subjects (5.9 +/- 0.5; 0.97) (P less than 0.01). These results suggest an association between hiatus hernia and cholelithiasis. It is likely that common factors, probably related to a low-residue diet, predispose to the two diseases.", "contents": "Evidence for an association between cholelithiasis and hiatus hernia. A prospective, controlled study was carried out to determine if there was an association between hiatus hernia and cholelithiasis. The prevalence of gallstones was calculated in 100 patients (50 men and 50 women) with radiological evidence of hiatus hernia. 100 subjects (50 men and 50 women) without hiatus hernia, matched for age, body-weight, and number of pregnancies, acted as controls. Gallstones were twice as common in the former group (34%) as in the control group (17%) (P less than 0.01). Moreover, a comparison of the lipid composition of the gallbladder bile in 15 subjects operated on for hiatus hernia with that in 17 patients operated on for another digestive disease showed that the molar percentage of choelsterol in the bile and the cholesterol saturation index were significantly higher in the patients with hiatus hernia (9.3 +/- 1.1, mean +/- S.E.M., 1.41) than in the control subjects (5.9 +/- 0.5; 0.97) (P less than 0.01). These results suggest an association between hiatus hernia and cholelithiasis. It is likely that common factors, probably related to a low-residue diet, predispose to the two diseases.", "PMID": 79706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7508", "title": "Vascular-laboratory diagnosis of clinically suspected acute deep-vein thrombosis.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound, impedance plethysmography, and contrast venography were performed in 207 lower limbs suspected of harbouring deep-venous thrombosis, to clarify the diagnostic value and limitations of the non-invasive methods. Doppler ultrasound and impedance plethysmography were accurate in 96% and 95% of normal limbs, respectively. In limbs with venographic evidence of thrombosis requiring treatment, Dopper ultrasound and impedance plethysmography correctly detected thrombosis in 60% and 97%, respectively. Doppler ultrasound was 97% accurate in recognising chronic venous insufficiency. Impedance plethysmography was incorrectly positive in 74% of limbs with chronic venous insufficienv cy which had no venographically detected thrombosis. These findings suggest that, for the accurate diagnosis of clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis, venography is necessary only in patients with chronic venous insufficiency who have normal Doppler ultrasound tests and abnormal impedance plethysmograms and in patients with abnormal cardiac haemodynamics. In this series, 86% of limbs would have been spared venography had non-invasive tests been used. Venography, however, remains the standard test for the detection of minor calf-vein thrombosis. A diagnostic and therapeutic schema is proposed.", "contents": "Vascular-laboratory diagnosis of clinically suspected acute deep-vein thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound, impedance plethysmography, and contrast venography were performed in 207 lower limbs suspected of harbouring deep-venous thrombosis, to clarify the diagnostic value and limitations of the non-invasive methods. Doppler ultrasound and impedance plethysmography were accurate in 96% and 95% of normal limbs, respectively. In limbs with venographic evidence of thrombosis requiring treatment, Dopper ultrasound and impedance plethysmography correctly detected thrombosis in 60% and 97%, respectively. Doppler ultrasound was 97% accurate in recognising chronic venous insufficiency. Impedance plethysmography was incorrectly positive in 74% of limbs with chronic venous insufficienv cy which had no venographically detected thrombosis. These findings suggest that, for the accurate diagnosis of clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis, venography is necessary only in patients with chronic venous insufficiency who have normal Doppler ultrasound tests and abnormal impedance plethysmograms and in patients with abnormal cardiac haemodynamics. In this series, 86% of limbs would have been spared venography had non-invasive tests been used. Venography, however, remains the standard test for the detection of minor calf-vein thrombosis. A diagnostic and therapeutic schema is proposed.", "PMID": 79707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7509", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of five short-course (4-month) chemotherapy regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis. First report of 4th study. East African and British Medical Research Councils.", "content": "Five 4-mo regimens of chemotherapy for tuberculosis are compared. The two regimens in which rifampicin was given throughout the 4 mo were associated with bacteriological-relapse rates of 8% in the first 6 mo after stopping chemotherapy, but the three regimens in which rifampicin was given for only the first 2 mo had relapse-rates of 24-32%. There was no evidence that the addition of pyrazinamide in the second 2 mo of chemotherapy reduced the bacteriological-relapse rate. Removal of the streptomycin from the first 2 mo appeared to reduce the bactericidal and sterilising activity of the regimen, although the differences were not statistically significant. The incidence of adverse reactions was very low with all five regimens.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of five short-course (4-month) chemotherapy regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis. First report of 4th study. East African and British Medical Research Councils. Five 4-mo regimens of chemotherapy for tuberculosis are compared. The two regimens in which rifampicin was given throughout the 4 mo were associated with bacteriological-relapse rates of 8% in the first 6 mo after stopping chemotherapy, but the three regimens in which rifampicin was given for only the first 2 mo had relapse-rates of 24-32%. There was no evidence that the addition of pyrazinamide in the second 2 mo of chemotherapy reduced the bacteriological-relapse rate. Removal of the streptomycin from the first 2 mo appeared to reduce the bactericidal and sterilising activity of the regimen, although the differences were not statistically significant. The incidence of adverse reactions was very low with all five regimens.", "PMID": 79708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7510", "title": "Megaloblastic haemopoiesis in patients receiving nitrous oxide.", "content": "In a prospective study the incidence of megaloblastic change after ventilation with nitrous oxide for periods of up to 24 h has been determined and the cause of the altered D.N.A. synthesis studied with the deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test in 22 patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery. 8 patients who received nitrous oxide and oxygen for 24 h had megaloblastic bone-marrow aspirates and abnormal dU suppression tests at the end of ventilation. 5 patients who received no nitrous oxide had normoblastic aspirates and normal dU suppression test. Of the remaining 9 patients, who received nitrous oxide during the operation only, 3 had abnormal dU suppression tests at 24 h. The abnormality revealed by the dU suppression tests was identical with that found in vitamin-B12 deficiency, but the patients' serum-B12 concentrations were normal. These results suggest that nitrous oxide interferes with the function of vitamin B12. Nitrous oxide oxidises vitamin B12 in vitro, and probably also in vivo when premixed 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen mixture ('Entonox') is given.", "contents": "Megaloblastic haemopoiesis in patients receiving nitrous oxide. In a prospective study the incidence of megaloblastic change after ventilation with nitrous oxide for periods of up to 24 h has been determined and the cause of the altered D.N.A. synthesis studied with the deoxyuridine (dU) suppression test in 22 patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery. 8 patients who received nitrous oxide and oxygen for 24 h had megaloblastic bone-marrow aspirates and abnormal dU suppression tests at the end of ventilation. 5 patients who received no nitrous oxide had normoblastic aspirates and normal dU suppression test. Of the remaining 9 patients, who received nitrous oxide during the operation only, 3 had abnormal dU suppression tests at 24 h. The abnormality revealed by the dU suppression tests was identical with that found in vitamin-B12 deficiency, but the patients' serum-B12 concentrations were normal. These results suggest that nitrous oxide interferes with the function of vitamin B12. Nitrous oxide oxidises vitamin B12 in vitro, and probably also in vivo when premixed 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen mixture ('Entonox') is given.", "PMID": 79709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7511", "title": "Enterotoxigenicity of colonising coliform bacteria in tropical sprue and blind-loop syndrome.", "content": "The enterotoxigenicity of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Escherichia coli, which represented the predominant coliform species isolated from the jejunum of 12 patients with tropical sprue and 5 with the blind-loop syndrome, was quantitatively assessed in terms of the ability of toxin preparations to induce water secretion as assayed by in-vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. All 12 patients with sprue harboured 1 or more highly toxigenic strains--14 of the 16 strains isolated from this group produced heat-labile and/or heat-stable toxins which were as potent as toxins derived from strains isolated from persons with acute diarrhoea and documented as toxigenic. None of the 9 strains isolated from patients with the blind-loop syndrome produced potent toxins. This difference between the coliform bacteria in sprue and the blind-loop syndrome probably accounts, at least partly, for the different intestinal response in these two disorders to contamination by these organisms.", "contents": "Enterotoxigenicity of colonising coliform bacteria in tropical sprue and blind-loop syndrome. The enterotoxigenicity of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Escherichia coli, which represented the predominant coliform species isolated from the jejunum of 12 patients with tropical sprue and 5 with the blind-loop syndrome, was quantitatively assessed in terms of the ability of toxin preparations to induce water secretion as assayed by in-vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. All 12 patients with sprue harboured 1 or more highly toxigenic strains--14 of the 16 strains isolated from this group produced heat-labile and/or heat-stable toxins which were as potent as toxins derived from strains isolated from persons with acute diarrhoea and documented as toxigenic. None of the 9 strains isolated from patients with the blind-loop syndrome produced potent toxins. This difference between the coliform bacteria in sprue and the blind-loop syndrome probably accounts, at least partly, for the different intestinal response in these two disorders to contamination by these organisms.", "PMID": 79710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7512", "title": "Differentiation of thyrotoxicosis induced by thyroid destruction from Graves' disease.", "content": "Thyroid function was tested in untreated patients with Graves' disease or thyrotoxic subacute thyroiditis, and in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis who showed postpartum or spontaneous transient thyrotoxicosis. The serum triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio (T3/T4) was greater than 20 ng/microgram in Graves' disease but less than 20 in all patients with subacute thyroiditis and 9 of 11 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Thus, like radioactive iodine uptake, the serum T3/T4 ratio is useful for differentiating destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis from the stimulation-induced hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease.", "contents": "Differentiation of thyrotoxicosis induced by thyroid destruction from Graves' disease. Thyroid function was tested in untreated patients with Graves' disease or thyrotoxic subacute thyroiditis, and in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis who showed postpartum or spontaneous transient thyrotoxicosis. The serum triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio (T3/T4) was greater than 20 ng/microgram in Graves' disease but less than 20 in all patients with subacute thyroiditis and 9 of 11 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Thus, like radioactive iodine uptake, the serum T3/T4 ratio is useful for differentiating destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis from the stimulation-induced hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease.", "PMID": 79711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7513", "title": "Clinical relevance of coagulation and renal changes in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Changes in coagulation tests (fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, factor-VIII activity, and platelet-count) and in renal function (creatinine clearance and serum concentration, clearance, and fractional reabsorption of urate) were measured in late pregnancy. 10 patients with severe preeclampsia showed changes in both coagulation and renal function when compared with 13 normotensive controls. 18 patients with mild pre-eclampsia had changes in renal function only. Results from 5 patients with essential hypertension did not differ from those of the normotensive group. When results from the patients with severe pre-eclampsia were arranged in order of decreasing protein excretion, only renal-function tests correlated significantly with this ranking. It is suggested that, in the management of patients with established preeclampsia, assessment of renal function may be of greater practical value than measurement of the degree of coagulopathy.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of coagulation and renal changes in pre-eclampsia. Changes in coagulation tests (fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, factor-VIII activity, and platelet-count) and in renal function (creatinine clearance and serum concentration, clearance, and fractional reabsorption of urate) were measured in late pregnancy. 10 patients with severe preeclampsia showed changes in both coagulation and renal function when compared with 13 normotensive controls. 18 patients with mild pre-eclampsia had changes in renal function only. Results from 5 patients with essential hypertension did not differ from those of the normotensive group. When results from the patients with severe pre-eclampsia were arranged in order of decreasing protein excretion, only renal-function tests correlated significantly with this ranking. It is suggested that, in the management of patients with established preeclampsia, assessment of renal function may be of greater practical value than measurement of the degree of coagulopathy.", "PMID": 79712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7514", "title": "Loss of nitroglycerin from intravenous infusion sets.", "content": "During initial studies with nitroglycerin infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, higher doses than previously reported were required to achieve the desired haemodynamic effect. A flow-rate-dependent loss of drug from the plastic infusion set was demonstrated during simulated infusion. This loss was considerably reduced when nitroglycerin was infused from glass syringes through high-density polyethylene tubing.", "contents": "Loss of nitroglycerin from intravenous infusion sets. During initial studies with nitroglycerin infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, higher doses than previously reported were required to achieve the desired haemodynamic effect. A flow-rate-dependent loss of drug from the plastic infusion set was demonstrated during simulated infusion. This loss was considerably reduced when nitroglycerin was infused from glass syringes through high-density polyethylene tubing.", "PMID": 79713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7515", "title": "Value of immune-complex assays in diagnosis and management.", "content": "Two complement-dependent assays for circulating immune complexes, the C1q-binding assay and the conglutinin binding, were used to study patients with suspected immune-complex disease. Complexes were detected most frequently in multisystem disease such as infective endocarditis (69%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (60%), and less frequently in isolated nephritis (26% of membrano-proliferative nephritis). Sequential estimations in 32 patients showed that concentrations of circulating immune complexes correlated with disease activity and were useful in monitoring therapy.", "contents": "Value of immune-complex assays in diagnosis and management. Two complement-dependent assays for circulating immune complexes, the C1q-binding assay and the conglutinin binding, were used to study patients with suspected immune-complex disease. Complexes were detected most frequently in multisystem disease such as infective endocarditis (69%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (60%), and less frequently in isolated nephritis (26% of membrano-proliferative nephritis). Sequential estimations in 32 patients showed that concentrations of circulating immune complexes correlated with disease activity and were useful in monitoring therapy.", "PMID": 79721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7516", "title": "Isolation of an infectious agent from bone-marrows of patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Bone-marrow aspirates from 5 patients with recent episodes of multiple sclerosis (M.S.) contained increased numbers of plasma cells, and aspirates from 3 of these patients contained atypical reticulum cells. When bone-marrow from 4 of the patients was inoculated into cell cultures a cytopathic effect (C.P.E.) was observed, and this effect could be serially passaged to further cultures. The C.P.E. was not observed when ether-treated extracts of cells showing C.P.E. were used for passage or when the passage material was filtered through a 100 nm filter. Appearance of C.P.E. was delayed in cultures inoculated with 220 nm filtrates of inoculum was passed through filters of greater pore size. No C.P.E. was observed after culture of bone-marrow aspirated from each of 7 patients under clinical investigation for disorders other than M.S.", "contents": "Isolation of an infectious agent from bone-marrows of patients with multiple sclerosis. Bone-marrow aspirates from 5 patients with recent episodes of multiple sclerosis (M.S.) contained increased numbers of plasma cells, and aspirates from 3 of these patients contained atypical reticulum cells. When bone-marrow from 4 of the patients was inoculated into cell cultures a cytopathic effect (C.P.E.) was observed, and this effect could be serially passaged to further cultures. The C.P.E. was not observed when ether-treated extracts of cells showing C.P.E. were used for passage or when the passage material was filtered through a 100 nm filter. Appearance of C.P.E. was delayed in cultures inoculated with 220 nm filtrates of inoculum was passed through filters of greater pore size. No C.P.E. was observed after culture of bone-marrow aspirated from each of 7 patients under clinical investigation for disorders other than M.S.", "PMID": 79758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7517", "title": "Plasma-triglycerides in regulation of H.D.L.-cholesterol levels.", "content": "Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol concentrations are lower in patients with coronary-artery disease than in control subjects. In an investigation of the relationship of H.D.L. cholesterol to other lipid and lipoprotein parameters in normal and hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects inverse correlations were found between H.D.L. cholesterol and very-low-density-lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) cholesterol, and between H.D.L. cholesterol and plasma-triglyceride levels. Mean H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations in normal subjects were 50 mg/dl, and in hyperlipoproteinaemic patients they were: type I, 17 mg/dl; type II, 44 mg/dl; type III, 38 mg/dl; type IV, 37 mg/dl; and type V, 27 mg/dl. H.D.L.-cholesterol levels were lowest in patients with fasting chylomicronaemia and were diminished in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects, suggesting a relationship between the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and H.D.L.", "contents": "Plasma-triglycerides in regulation of H.D.L.-cholesterol levels. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol concentrations are lower in patients with coronary-artery disease than in control subjects. In an investigation of the relationship of H.D.L. cholesterol to other lipid and lipoprotein parameters in normal and hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects inverse correlations were found between H.D.L. cholesterol and very-low-density-lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) cholesterol, and between H.D.L. cholesterol and plasma-triglyceride levels. Mean H.D.L.-cholesterol concentrations in normal subjects were 50 mg/dl, and in hyperlipoproteinaemic patients they were: type I, 17 mg/dl; type II, 44 mg/dl; type III, 38 mg/dl; type IV, 37 mg/dl; and type V, 27 mg/dl. H.D.L.-cholesterol levels were lowest in patients with fasting chylomicronaemia and were diminished in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects, suggesting a relationship between the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and H.D.L.", "PMID": 79759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7518", "title": "Anti-prostglandin therapy in prevention of side-effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "The efficacy of an anti-prostaglandin, tolfenamic acid (T.A.), in the prevention of side-effects after insertion of a copper-T200 intrauterine contraceptive device (I.U.D.) was evaluated in a double-blind trial in 160 women. T.A. relieved pain and reduced bleeding after insertion and during three subsequent menstruations without serious side-effects. A scoring system for the assessment of I.U.D. side-effects showed that the acceptability of I.U.D. was significantly better in women treated with T.A. than in those given placebo.", "contents": "Anti-prostglandin therapy in prevention of side-effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices. The efficacy of an anti-prostaglandin, tolfenamic acid (T.A.), in the prevention of side-effects after insertion of a copper-T200 intrauterine contraceptive device (I.U.D.) was evaluated in a double-blind trial in 160 women. T.A. relieved pain and reduced bleeding after insertion and during three subsequent menstruations without serious side-effects. A scoring system for the assessment of I.U.D. side-effects showed that the acceptability of I.U.D. was significantly better in women treated with T.A. than in those given placebo.", "PMID": 79760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7519", "title": "Co-trimoxazole for prevention of infection in acute leukaemia.", "content": "30 patients with acute leukaemia being treated with cytotoxic drugs were investigated in a randomised trial to determine whether oral administration of co-trimoxazole in addition to non-absorbable antibiotics would reduce the rate of infection. Three significant differences were observed between the co-trmoxazole and the control groups: (i) 15 of the 16 (94%) control patients but only 8 of the 14 (57%) patients on co-trimoxazole developed infections and required additional antibiotics intravenously; (ii) although the duration of severe neutropenia (neutrophils less than 0.1 times 10(9)/1) was similar in the two groups, control patients required intravenous antibiotics on average after  2 days of neutropenia, whereas patients receiving co-trimoxazole required these only after 12 days; and (iii) the only 2 patients who died of infection were in the control group. Prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole is important in preventing or delaying the development of infection in neutropenic patients receiving therapy for acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Co-trimoxazole for prevention of infection in acute leukaemia. 30 patients with acute leukaemia being treated with cytotoxic drugs were investigated in a randomised trial to determine whether oral administration of co-trimoxazole in addition to non-absorbable antibiotics would reduce the rate of infection. Three significant differences were observed between the co-trmoxazole and the control groups: (i) 15 of the 16 (94%) control patients but only 8 of the 14 (57%) patients on co-trimoxazole developed infections and required additional antibiotics intravenously; (ii) although the duration of severe neutropenia (neutrophils less than 0.1 times 10(9)/1) was similar in the two groups, control patients required intravenous antibiotics on average after  2 days of neutropenia, whereas patients receiving co-trimoxazole required these only after 12 days; and (iii) the only 2 patients who died of infection were in the control group. Prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole is important in preventing or delaying the development of infection in neutropenic patients receiving therapy for acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 79761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7520", "title": "HLA antigens in severe pre-eclampsia.", "content": "When the HLA types of 80 pre-eclamptic women and their husbands and 83 control couples were compared significantly more pre-eclamptic women had only one identifiable HLA B antigen, and were presumed to be homozygous at this locus. Those who were homozygous for HLA B were more likely to be homozygous for HLA A as well, and more likely to be homozygous for HLA A as well, and to have more severe pre-eclampsia. There was neither increased HLA incompatibility nor greater antigen-sharing between pre-eclamptic women and their husbands, but maternal HLA A and B homozygosity reduced the number of antigenic disparities between pre-eclamptic women and their husbands. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal recessive immune-response genes may contribute to the development of pre-eclampsia. Alternatively maternal HLA homozygosity may predispose to fetal changes comparable to runting.", "contents": "HLA antigens in severe pre-eclampsia. When the HLA types of 80 pre-eclamptic women and their husbands and 83 control couples were compared significantly more pre-eclamptic women had only one identifiable HLA B antigen, and were presumed to be homozygous at this locus. Those who were homozygous for HLA B were more likely to be homozygous for HLA A as well, and more likely to be homozygous for HLA A as well, and to have more severe pre-eclampsia. There was neither increased HLA incompatibility nor greater antigen-sharing between pre-eclamptic women and their husbands, but maternal HLA A and B homozygosity reduced the number of antigenic disparities between pre-eclamptic women and their husbands. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal recessive immune-response genes may contribute to the development of pre-eclampsia. Alternatively maternal HLA homozygosity may predispose to fetal changes comparable to runting.", "PMID": 79762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7521", "title": "Coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.", "content": "Four comatose patients were found to have the Wernicke-Krosakoff syndrome. All had a history of alcoholism, previous alcoholic neurological disease, and poor nutrition. Intravenous or nasogastric tube feeding without vitamin supplements precipitated coma in three. Examination showed a diffuse encephalopathy with intact pupillary light reflexes, no focal neurological signs, and absent doll's eye and caloric responses. The tendon reflexes were uniformly absent. Two patients were hypothermic and one was hypotensive. Although the level of consciousness improved in all after parenteral thiamine, three died and one was left disabled. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome merits wider recognition as a cause of coma and empirical treatment with thiamine in cases of coma of unknown cause is recommended.", "contents": "Coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Four comatose patients were found to have the Wernicke-Krosakoff syndrome. All had a history of alcoholism, previous alcoholic neurological disease, and poor nutrition. Intravenous or nasogastric tube feeding without vitamin supplements precipitated coma in three. Examination showed a diffuse encephalopathy with intact pupillary light reflexes, no focal neurological signs, and absent doll's eye and caloric responses. The tendon reflexes were uniformly absent. Two patients were hypothermic and one was hypotensive. Although the level of consciousness improved in all after parenteral thiamine, three died and one was left disabled. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome merits wider recognition as a cause of coma and empirical treatment with thiamine in cases of coma of unknown cause is recommended.", "PMID": 79763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7522", "title": "Low mortality in burned patients in a Pseudomonas vaccine trial.", "content": "In a controlled clinical trial of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine in burned patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa all 18 vaccinated patients survived, whereas 8 of 20 unvaccinated patients died.", "contents": "Low mortality in burned patients in a Pseudomonas vaccine trial. In a controlled clinical trial of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine in burned patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa all 18 vaccinated patients survived, whereas 8 of 20 unvaccinated patients died.", "PMID": 79764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7523", "title": "Is group-specific meningococcal vaccination resulting in epidemics caused by groups of virulent meningococci?", "content": "In 1976 routine vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and C was started in the Finnish Armed Forces. A case of fulminant, complicated pneumonia caused by group-Y meningococcus in a vaccinated recruit, prompted a study of the distribution of the meningococcal groups isolated from the recruits in the same unit. 14 (46%) of the 31 isolates from 84 recruits were group Y. Group-Y meningococcus was rarely isolated from unvaccinated controls. These results suggest that widespread vaccination against serogroups A and C may have led to an increase in the frequency of meningococcus group Y.", "contents": "Is group-specific meningococcal vaccination resulting in epidemics caused by groups of virulent meningococci? In 1976 routine vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and C was started in the Finnish Armed Forces. A case of fulminant, complicated pneumonia caused by group-Y meningococcus in a vaccinated recruit, prompted a study of the distribution of the meningococcal groups isolated from the recruits in the same unit. 14 (46%) of the 31 isolates from 84 recruits were group Y. Group-Y meningococcus was rarely isolated from unvaccinated controls. These results suggest that widespread vaccination against serogroups A and C may have led to an increase in the frequency of meningococcus group Y.", "PMID": 79765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7524", "title": "Exocrine-gland function and the basic biochemical defect in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A biochemical link is proposed between secretion and reabsorption in exocrine glands, in the form of a factor (kinin E) which initiates ion reabsorption. Activation of this factor involves arginine esterases, and in cystic fibrosis these may be defective, preventing the formation of kinin E. In cystic fibrosis stimulation of exocrine glands produces abnormal reabsorption of ions, leading to the physiological abnormalities and clinical manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Exocrine-gland function and the basic biochemical defect in cystic fibrosis. A biochemical link is proposed between secretion and reabsorption in exocrine glands, in the form of a factor (kinin E) which initiates ion reabsorption. Activation of this factor involves arginine esterases, and in cystic fibrosis these may be defective, preventing the formation of kinin E. In cystic fibrosis stimulation of exocrine glands produces abnormal reabsorption of ions, leading to the physiological abnormalities and clinical manifestations of the disease.", "PMID": 79766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7525", "title": "Does that child really have cystic fibrosis?", "content": "A diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was incorrectly made after false-positive sweat tests in 14 children. 13 of these children had been tested at hospitals where it seems likely that sweat tests were not done very often. All the children had normal sweat-electrolyte values when the test was repeated at a regional paediatric centre where approximately 250 sweat tests are done each year. In 5 cases, detailed testing of pancreatic function was normal. None of the children had typical chest disease and only 2 had gastrointestinal symptoms. In the absence of the typical clinical features of the disease a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should be made with extreme caution and only after meticulous testing of both sweat electrolytes and pancreatic function.", "contents": "Does that child really have cystic fibrosis? A diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was incorrectly made after false-positive sweat tests in 14 children. 13 of these children had been tested at hospitals where it seems likely that sweat tests were not done very often. All the children had normal sweat-electrolyte values when the test was repeated at a regional paediatric centre where approximately 250 sweat tests are done each year. In 5 cases, detailed testing of pancreatic function was normal. None of the children had typical chest disease and only 2 had gastrointestinal symptoms. In the absence of the typical clinical features of the disease a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should be made with extreme caution and only after meticulous testing of both sweat electrolytes and pancreatic function.", "PMID": 79773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7526", "title": "Cow's milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants.", "content": "18 mothers of 19 breast-fed infants with infantile colic were put on a diet free of cow's-milk protein. The colic disappeared promptly from 13; in 12, it reappeared on at least two further indirect challenges (in the form of a diet containing cow's milk to the mother). Most infants became symptom-free at age 2 to 4 months; at 4 months, only 4 reacted with colic when the mother took cow's milk. 5 infants were directly challenged with cow's milk; 4 reacted promptly with colic. Other signs of intolerance to cow's-milk protein developed in 3 infants during weaning. The treatment of infantile colic in breast-fed infants by a diet free of cow's milk for the mother appears worthwhile.", "contents": "Cow's milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants. 18 mothers of 19 breast-fed infants with infantile colic were put on a diet free of cow's-milk protein. The colic disappeared promptly from 13; in 12, it reappeared on at least two further indirect challenges (in the form of a diet containing cow's milk to the mother). Most infants became symptom-free at age 2 to 4 months; at 4 months, only 4 reacted with colic when the mother took cow's milk. 5 infants were directly challenged with cow's milk; 4 reacted promptly with colic. Other signs of intolerance to cow's-milk protein developed in 3 infants during weaning. The treatment of infantile colic in breast-fed infants by a diet free of cow's milk for the mother appears worthwhile.", "PMID": 79803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7527", "title": "Testicular histology after combination chemotherapy in childhood for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A study of testicular histology has been made in 44 boys treated with combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. At the time of testicular biopsy 21 boys were still receiving cytotoxic drugs and 23 had completed their chemotherapy some time earlier. Evidence of leukaemic infiltration was seen in 5 (11%), interstitial fibrosis in 24 (55%), and basement-membrane thickening in 6 (14%). The mean tubular fertility index in the 44 biopsies was 50% of that in age-matched controls, and 18 of the biopsies had a severely depressed tubular fertility index (40% or less). Three variables had a highly significant effect on the tubular fertility index: previous therapy with cyclophosphamide or cytosine arabinoside (greater than 1 g/m2) depressed the tubular fertility index, whereas with increasing time after completion of chemotherapy the tubular fertility index improved. The prognosis for fertility in these subjects is not known. Long-term surveilance is necessary.", "contents": "Testicular histology after combination chemotherapy in childhood for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A study of testicular histology has been made in 44 boys treated with combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. At the time of testicular biopsy 21 boys were still receiving cytotoxic drugs and 23 had completed their chemotherapy some time earlier. Evidence of leukaemic infiltration was seen in 5 (11%), interstitial fibrosis in 24 (55%), and basement-membrane thickening in 6 (14%). The mean tubular fertility index in the 44 biopsies was 50% of that in age-matched controls, and 18 of the biopsies had a severely depressed tubular fertility index (40% or less). Three variables had a highly significant effect on the tubular fertility index: previous therapy with cyclophosphamide or cytosine arabinoside (greater than 1 g/m2) depressed the tubular fertility index, whereas with increasing time after completion of chemotherapy the tubular fertility index improved. The prognosis for fertility in these subjects is not known. Long-term surveilance is necessary.", "PMID": 79804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7528", "title": "Renin and blood-pressure in children with renal scarring and vesicoureteric reflux.", "content": "Plasma-renin-activity (P.R.A.) was raised in 9 of 15 hypertensive children with pyelonephritic scarring secondary to urinary-tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux and also in 8 of 100 normotensive children with such scars. P.R.A. was much less likely to fall with age in normotensive children with renal scarring than in normal children. The identification of hyperreninaemic normotensive children with renal scarring is important, since P.R.A. may prove to be of value in early identification of children at risk of developing hypertension. A longitudinal follow-up is proposed to establish this hypothesis.", "contents": "Renin and blood-pressure in children with renal scarring and vesicoureteric reflux. Plasma-renin-activity (P.R.A.) was raised in 9 of 15 hypertensive children with pyelonephritic scarring secondary to urinary-tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux and also in 8 of 100 normotensive children with such scars. P.R.A. was much less likely to fall with age in normotensive children with renal scarring than in normal children. The identification of hyperreninaemic normotensive children with renal scarring is important, since P.R.A. may prove to be of value in early identification of children at risk of developing hypertension. A longitudinal follow-up is proposed to establish this hypothesis.", "PMID": 79805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7529", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Clonal origin in a committed B-lymphocyte progenitor.", "content": "The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) types of isolated blood-cell populations and normal skin were determined in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (C.L.L.) who were heterozygous at the G.-6-P.D. locus. Normal tissues from each patient manifested both A and B G.-6-P.D. types, but the C.L.L. B-lymphocyte preparation from one patient showed only a single enzyme type, and from the other patient it showed 95% activity of one G.-6-P.D. type. These observations confirm the supposition based on immunoglobulin-marker data that at the time of study C.L.L. has a clonal origin. In contrast to the B lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and T lymphocytes displayed both enzyme types in proportions similar to those found in skin. These findings indicate that C.L.L. involves committed B-lymphocyte progenitors. Thus, the disease stands in contrast to chronic myelocytic leukaemia and other myeloproliferative syndromes, all of which involve multipotent haemopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Clonal origin in a committed B-lymphocyte progenitor. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) types of isolated blood-cell populations and normal skin were determined in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (C.L.L.) who were heterozygous at the G.-6-P.D. locus. Normal tissues from each patient manifested both A and B G.-6-P.D. types, but the C.L.L. B-lymphocyte preparation from one patient showed only a single enzyme type, and from the other patient it showed 95% activity of one G.-6-P.D. type. These observations confirm the supposition based on immunoglobulin-marker data that at the time of study C.L.L. has a clonal origin. In contrast to the B lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and T lymphocytes displayed both enzyme types in proportions similar to those found in skin. These findings indicate that C.L.L. involves committed B-lymphocyte progenitors. Thus, the disease stands in contrast to chronic myelocytic leukaemia and other myeloproliferative syndromes, all of which involve multipotent haemopoietic stem cells.", "PMID": 79806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7530", "title": "Absence of a newly described cytochrome b from neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A unique cytochrome b which becomes incorporated into phagocytic vacuoles has been described in human neutrophils. This cytochrome b appears to be situated in the plasma membrane of these cells, and acts as a component of the microbicidal oxidase system. Absence or gross abnormality of this cytochrome b was demonstrated in all four patients with chronic granulomatous disease who were investigated, and reduced concentrations in two mothers known to be carriers of the disease.", "contents": "Absence of a newly described cytochrome b from neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease. A unique cytochrome b which becomes incorporated into phagocytic vacuoles has been described in human neutrophils. This cytochrome b appears to be situated in the plasma membrane of these cells, and acts as a component of the microbicidal oxidase system. Absence or gross abnormality of this cytochrome b was demonstrated in all four patients with chronic granulomatous disease who were investigated, and reduced concentrations in two mothers known to be carriers of the disease.", "PMID": 79807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7531", "title": "\"Body-brace\" oesophagitis, a complication of kyphoscoliosis therapy.", "content": "Oesophagitis developed in 4 patients, 3 of whom had scoliosis braces and 1 a body cast after surgery for kyphoscoliosis. Symptoms varied from chronic epigastric pain to gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Prophylaxis of oesophageal disease in children undergoing correction of scoliosis may prevent severe oesophagitis.", "contents": "\"Body-brace\" oesophagitis, a complication of kyphoscoliosis therapy. Oesophagitis developed in 4 patients, 3 of whom had scoliosis braces and 1 a body cast after surgery for kyphoscoliosis. Symptoms varied from chronic epigastric pain to gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Prophylaxis of oesophageal disease in children undergoing correction of scoliosis may prevent severe oesophagitis.", "PMID": 79808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7532", "title": "A possible role for propranolol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The effect of propranolol upon parathyroid hormone (P.T.H) concentrations was investigated in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. 9 patients receiving propranolol for the treatment of hypertension or angina pectoris were compared with 25 similar patients not taking the drug. P.T.H. and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were lower in patients receiving propranolol and there was less radiological evidence of renal osteodystrophy in these patients. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether propranolol may be helpful as an adjunct to other therapy in reversing or preventing renal osteodystrophy.", "contents": "A possible role for propranolol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy. The effect of propranolol upon parathyroid hormone (P.T.H) concentrations was investigated in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. 9 patients receiving propranolol for the treatment of hypertension or angina pectoris were compared with 25 similar patients not taking the drug. P.T.H. and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were lower in patients receiving propranolol and there was less radiological evidence of renal osteodystrophy in these patients. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether propranolol may be helpful as an adjunct to other therapy in reversing or preventing renal osteodystrophy.", "PMID": 79809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7533", "title": "Women with positive cervical smears but without surgical intervention. A follow-up study.", "content": "By a collaborative effort among British cytopathologists, 101 women were identified who had had unsuspected \"positive\" cervical smears but who, after at least 2 years, had still escaped biopsy through refusal, default, or failure to trace. Of these, 31 still could not be traced; 10 were traced but could not be further examined (8 because they refused); 7 had clinically diagnosed carcinoma of the cervix; and the remaining 53 had further smears and/or biopsies after a mean interval of 5.2 years. In 19 of the 53 the smear had become negative or biopsy showed no lesion. Regression was confined to women aged under 40 at the time of the initial positive smear. In 20 cases biopsy showed dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ, in 3 microinvasive carcinoma, and in 3 occult invasive carcinoma. Of the 7 women who presented clinically with carcinoma of the cervix, this caused death in 5.", "contents": "Women with positive cervical smears but without surgical intervention. A follow-up study. By a collaborative effort among British cytopathologists, 101 women were identified who had had unsuspected \"positive\" cervical smears but who, after at least 2 years, had still escaped biopsy through refusal, default, or failure to trace. Of these, 31 still could not be traced; 10 were traced but could not be further examined (8 because they refused); 7 had clinically diagnosed carcinoma of the cervix; and the remaining 53 had further smears and/or biopsies after a mean interval of 5.2 years. In 19 of the 53 the smear had become negative or biopsy showed no lesion. Regression was confined to women aged under 40 at the time of the initial positive smear. In 20 cases biopsy showed dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ, in 3 microinvasive carcinoma, and in 3 occult invasive carcinoma. Of the 7 women who presented clinically with carcinoma of the cervix, this caused death in 5.", "PMID": 79818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7534", "title": "Prenatal detection of the 47, XYY karyotype.", "content": "The ethical decisions involved before and after the prenatal diagnosis of a 47, XYY karyotype in the fetus of a 32-year-old woman are discussed. It was decided that the parents should be presented with all the known facts about XYY-associated abnormalities and allowed to choose whether pregnancy should continue; the physician's role would be to support them in their decision and help them carry it out.", "contents": "Prenatal detection of the 47, XYY karyotype. The ethical decisions involved before and after the prenatal diagnosis of a 47, XYY karyotype in the fetus of a 32-year-old woman are discussed. It was decided that the parents should be presented with all the known facts about XYY-associated abnormalities and allowed to choose whether pregnancy should continue; the physician's role would be to support them in their decision and help them carry it out.", "PMID": 79819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7535", "title": "Raised plasma oestradiol and oestrone levels in young survivors of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Of 35 male survivors of myocardial infarction, aged 24-48 years, 34 had higher plasma-oestradiol levels than age-matched controls. 29 of the 35 had higher oestrone levels than controls.", "contents": "Raised plasma oestradiol and oestrone levels in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Of 35 male survivors of myocardial infarction, aged 24-48 years, 34 had higher plasma-oestradiol levels than age-matched controls. 29 of the 35 had higher oestrone levels than controls.", "PMID": 79862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7536", "title": "Natural oestrogen as an effective treatment for type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Seventeen postmenopausal women with raised serum total and low-density-lipoprotein (L.D.L.) cholesterol concentrations were treated with oestradiol valerinate for 6 months. Serum-L.D.L.-cholesterol decreased in sixteen patients--the average change at 6 months was -18%. Serum-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol increased by 30% during treatment and the mean H.D.L./L.D.L. cholesterol molar ratio rose significantly from 0.21 to 0.34. There was a significant positive correlation between the size of the decrease in L.D.L. cholesterol and initial L.D.L.-cholesterol concentration. Serum triglyceride and very-low-density-lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) concentrations were not significantly changed by the treatment. The results suggest that type II hypercholesterolaemia may be taken as another indication for oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women.", "contents": "Natural oestrogen as an effective treatment for type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia in postmenopausal women. Seventeen postmenopausal women with raised serum total and low-density-lipoprotein (L.D.L.) cholesterol concentrations were treated with oestradiol valerinate for 6 months. Serum-L.D.L.-cholesterol decreased in sixteen patients--the average change at 6 months was -18%. Serum-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol increased by 30% during treatment and the mean H.D.L./L.D.L. cholesterol molar ratio rose significantly from 0.21 to 0.34. There was a significant positive correlation between the size of the decrease in L.D.L. cholesterol and initial L.D.L.-cholesterol concentration. Serum triglyceride and very-low-density-lipoprotein (V.L.D.L.) concentrations were not significantly changed by the treatment. The results suggest that type II hypercholesterolaemia may be taken as another indication for oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 79863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7537", "title": "Prevention of acute porphyric attacks by intravenous haematin.", "content": "A thirty-three-year-old female with acute intermittent porphyria (A.I.P.) was having regular attacks of the disease with her menstrual periods. During several of these attacks she received intravenous haematin, which was followed by chemical and clinical remissions. Hormones failed to prevent the regular attacks, which were completely prevented by 200 mg of haematin, given approximately once a week for six months. There were no changes in menstruation. The monthly attacks recurred on withdrawal of haematin.", "contents": "Prevention of acute porphyric attacks by intravenous haematin. A thirty-three-year-old female with acute intermittent porphyria (A.I.P.) was having regular attacks of the disease with her menstrual periods. During several of these attacks she received intravenous haematin, which was followed by chemical and clinical remissions. Hormones failed to prevent the regular attacks, which were completely prevented by 200 mg of haematin, given approximately once a week for six months. There were no changes in menstruation. The monthly attacks recurred on withdrawal of haematin.", "PMID": 79864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7538", "title": "Ingested mutagens from opium and tobacco pyrolysis products and cancer of the oesophagus.", "content": "Substances which are commonly sucked or chewed in two areas where the incidence of oesophageal cancer is high, the Transkei and north-east Iran, were tested in bacterial mutagenicity assays. Pyrolysed substances, opium dross in north-east Iran and tobacco pipe residues in the Transkei, displayed mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of rat liver microsomes.", "contents": "Ingested mutagens from opium and tobacco pyrolysis products and cancer of the oesophagus. Substances which are commonly sucked or chewed in two areas where the incidence of oesophageal cancer is high, the Transkei and north-east Iran, were tested in bacterial mutagenicity assays. Pyrolysed substances, opium dross in north-east Iran and tobacco pipe residues in the Transkei, displayed mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of rat liver microsomes.", "PMID": 79865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7539", "title": "Evidence for sacroiliac disease as a common cause of low backache in women.", "content": "99M Tc stannous pyrophosphate bone scanning with quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy (Q.S.S.) has been used in 50 females with low backache and in 66 symptomless female controls. Mean uptake of radionuclide at the sacroiliac joints was significantly increased in the patients when compared with controls. Q.S.S. gave objective evidence of unilateral sacroiliac disease in 2 of the 66 controls compared with that of unilateral and bilateral sacroiliac disease in 8 and 14 of the 50 patients respectively. Of the 22 patients with abnormal scans, 20 had normal radiographs. An abnormal scan did not correlate with the presence of HLA B27. It is concluded that sacroiliac disease is a common cause of low backache in women, and that it can be objectively diagnosed by Q.S.S. when radiographs are normal.", "contents": "Evidence for sacroiliac disease as a common cause of low backache in women. 99M Tc stannous pyrophosphate bone scanning with quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy (Q.S.S.) has been used in 50 females with low backache and in 66 symptomless female controls. Mean uptake of radionuclide at the sacroiliac joints was significantly increased in the patients when compared with controls. Q.S.S. gave objective evidence of unilateral sacroiliac disease in 2 of the 66 controls compared with that of unilateral and bilateral sacroiliac disease in 8 and 14 of the 50 patients respectively. Of the 22 patients with abnormal scans, 20 had normal radiographs. An abnormal scan did not correlate with the presence of HLA B27. It is concluded that sacroiliac disease is a common cause of low backache in women, and that it can be objectively diagnosed by Q.S.S. when radiographs are normal.", "PMID": 79866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7540", "title": "Abscesses of the frontal lobe of the brain secondary to covert dental sepsis.", "content": "The bacterial species found in pus aspirated from brain abscesses in two patients were typical of those found in dental sepsis. Subsequently apical-root abscesses were demonstrated in the upper jaws of both patients. This evidence strongly suggests that these cerebral abscesses were secondary to dental sepsis which could have spread from the teeth to the frontal lobes by several possible antaomical pathways.", "contents": "Abscesses of the frontal lobe of the brain secondary to covert dental sepsis. The bacterial species found in pus aspirated from brain abscesses in two patients were typical of those found in dental sepsis. Subsequently apical-root abscesses were demonstrated in the upper jaws of both patients. This evidence strongly suggests that these cerebral abscesses were secondary to dental sepsis which could have spread from the teeth to the frontal lobes by several possible antaomical pathways.", "PMID": 79867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7541", "title": "Myoglobinaemia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and carriers: A new adjunct to carrier detection.", "content": "Myoglobinaemia was detected in 14 of 18 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D.M.D.) with a sensitive specific complement-fixation assay. Myoglobinaemia was also detected in 10 of 16 known D.M.D. carriers, including 4 with normal serum-creatine-phosphokinase activity. 9 of 27 possible carriers also had myoglobinaemia. It is suggested that this assay is a useful adjunct to present methods of carrier detection in D.M.D.", "contents": "Myoglobinaemia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and carriers: A new adjunct to carrier detection. Myoglobinaemia was detected in 14 of 18 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D.M.D.) with a sensitive specific complement-fixation assay. Myoglobinaemia was also detected in 10 of 16 known D.M.D. carriers, including 4 with normal serum-creatine-phosphokinase activity. 9 of 27 possible carriers also had myoglobinaemia. It is suggested that this assay is a useful adjunct to present methods of carrier detection in D.M.D.", "PMID": 79868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7542", "title": "Migraine: A blood disorder?", "content": "It is suggested that a primary abnormality of platelet function can account for the diverse clinical, biochemical, and pathological findings reported in migraine.", "contents": "Migraine: A blood disorder? It is suggested that a primary abnormality of platelet function can account for the diverse clinical, biochemical, and pathological findings reported in migraine.", "PMID": 79869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7543", "title": "Medical student concentration during lectures.", "content": "A simple procedure, based on a questionnaire, was used for the assessment of student concentration during lectures. Analysis of 1353 questionnaires from 12 lectures showed that student concentration rose sharply to reach a maximum in 10-15 min, and fell steadily thereafter. The data suggest that the optimum length of a lecture may be 30 instead of 60 min. This method by which student feedback is obtained may also be used to improve lecturing performance.", "contents": "Medical student concentration during lectures. A simple procedure, based on a questionnaire, was used for the assessment of student concentration during lectures. Analysis of 1353 questionnaires from 12 lectures showed that student concentration rose sharply to reach a maximum in 10-15 min, and fell steadily thereafter. The data suggest that the optimum length of a lecture may be 30 instead of 60 min. This method by which student feedback is obtained may also be used to improve lecturing performance.", "PMID": 79879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7544", "title": "Dare we count the cost of cancer chemotherapy?", "content": "During 1972-1976, when the incidence of cancer rose only slightly in the United Kingdom and the number of cancer patients seen at a large metropolitan teaching hospital and oncological centre remained largely unchanged, the use of cytotoxic drugs rose from 5.1% to 14% of the hospital's total drug budget. Most of the rise in cost can be ascribed to the increased use and increased unit cost of four effective but expensive drugs. Although the cost of drugs is but a small proportion of the cost of care of the cancer patient, it is argued that cytotoxic chemotherapy cannot offer a \"cheap alternative\" to surgery and radiotherapy. In a health service with cash spending limits the use of the more expensive cytotoxic drugs should be limited to the treatment of patients in whom \"cure\" or long-term ablation of disease is being attempted or to protocol studies in which their effectiveness is compared with that of other, possibly less expensive, drugs. Further studies are required of the use of the less expensive cytotoxic drugs in order to maximise their usefulness in the palliative treatment of advanced disease.", "contents": "Dare we count the cost of cancer chemotherapy? During 1972-1976, when the incidence of cancer rose only slightly in the United Kingdom and the number of cancer patients seen at a large metropolitan teaching hospital and oncological centre remained largely unchanged, the use of cytotoxic drugs rose from 5.1% to 14% of the hospital's total drug budget. Most of the rise in cost can be ascribed to the increased use and increased unit cost of four effective but expensive drugs. Although the cost of drugs is but a small proportion of the cost of care of the cancer patient, it is argued that cytotoxic chemotherapy cannot offer a \"cheap alternative\" to surgery and radiotherapy. In a health service with cash spending limits the use of the more expensive cytotoxic drugs should be limited to the treatment of patients in whom \"cure\" or long-term ablation of disease is being attempted or to protocol studies in which their effectiveness is compared with that of other, possibly less expensive, drugs. Further studies are required of the use of the less expensive cytotoxic drugs in order to maximise their usefulness in the palliative treatment of advanced disease.", "PMID": 79880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7545", "title": "Remission of relapsed leukaemia during a graft-versus-host reaction. A \"graft-versus-leukaemia reaction\" in man?", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemic in two boys relapsed after engraftment of marrow from siblings identical at HLA A, B, and D loci but went into remission during subsequent graft-versus-host reactions without specific anti-leukaemia therapy. Later leukaemic relapse was primarily in extramedullary sites, with little or no involvement of bone-marrow, liver, or spleen. Cytogenetic studies in both cases showed that the relapsed leukaemic blasts were those of the recipients while marrow cells and blood lymphocytes detected during marrow remission originated from the female donors. Blood lymphocytes from one of the recepients kiled. 51Cr-labelled autologous lymphoblast. The prolonged bone-marrow remission in the face of active and even massive extramedullary leukaemia suggests a graft-versus-leukaemia reaction in these two patients.", "contents": "Remission of relapsed leukaemia during a graft-versus-host reaction. A \"graft-versus-leukaemia reaction\" in man? Acute lymphoblastic leukaemic in two boys relapsed after engraftment of marrow from siblings identical at HLA A, B, and D loci but went into remission during subsequent graft-versus-host reactions without specific anti-leukaemia therapy. Later leukaemic relapse was primarily in extramedullary sites, with little or no involvement of bone-marrow, liver, or spleen. Cytogenetic studies in both cases showed that the relapsed leukaemic blasts were those of the recipients while marrow cells and blood lymphocytes detected during marrow remission originated from the female donors. Blood lymphocytes from one of the recepients kiled. 51Cr-labelled autologous lymphoblast. The prolonged bone-marrow remission in the face of active and even massive extramedullary leukaemia suggests a graft-versus-leukaemia reaction in these two patients.", "PMID": 79913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7546", "title": "Bacterial adherence to periurethral epithelial cells in girls prone to urinary-tract infections.", "content": "Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells from the periurethral region of 48 healthy girls aged over 2 years and of 76 girls with repeated urinary-tract infections was investigated. The infection-prone girls had a significantly higher mean number of adhering bacteria than the healthy controls ( P less than 0.01). This difference was valid irrespective of whether or not the infection-prone girls had urinary-tract infections at the time of investigation. Furthermore, statistically significantly higher numbers of a pyelonephritic strain of Escherichia coli (075:H-:K-non-typable) were found to adhere to washed periurethral cells from infection-prone girls than to cells from healthy controls. These characteristics of the periurethral epithelial cells may facilitate the primary periurethral colonisation which precedes infection of the urinary tract.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence to periurethral epithelial cells in girls prone to urinary-tract infections. Bacterial adherence to epithelial cells from the periurethral region of 48 healthy girls aged over 2 years and of 76 girls with repeated urinary-tract infections was investigated. The infection-prone girls had a significantly higher mean number of adhering bacteria than the healthy controls ( P less than 0.01). This difference was valid irrespective of whether or not the infection-prone girls had urinary-tract infections at the time of investigation. Furthermore, statistically significantly higher numbers of a pyelonephritic strain of Escherichia coli (075:H-:K-non-typable) were found to adhere to washed periurethral cells from infection-prone girls than to cells from healthy controls. These characteristics of the periurethral epithelial cells may facilitate the primary periurethral colonisation which precedes infection of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 79914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7547", "title": "In-vitro lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae of HLA-D-identical siblings of lepromatous leprosy patients.", "content": "Lymphoproliferative responses to Mycobacterium leprae and P.P.D. were measured in 23 lepromatous and borderline lepromatous leprosy patients and in 27 of their normal siblings. At the same time siblings HLA-D-identical with the patients were identified by the absence of a mixed-lymphocyte reaction. The 7 siblings who were HLA-identical to lepromatous patients responded as well to M. leprae as did the 20 HLA-non-identical normal siblings. In contrast, 22 of the 23 lepromatous patients failed to respond to M. leprae but responded normally to P.P.D. The specific unresponsiveness of lepromatous patients thus does not result from an HLA-linked genetic defect and the defective cell-mediated immune response to M. leprae seems to be acquired, not inherited. Lepromatous patients may be high responders to antigens shared by M. leprae and other microorganisms in whom a strong antibody response has blocked the induction of an M. leprae-specific-cell-mediated immune response.", "contents": "In-vitro lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae of HLA-D-identical siblings of lepromatous leprosy patients. Lymphoproliferative responses to Mycobacterium leprae and P.P.D. were measured in 23 lepromatous and borderline lepromatous leprosy patients and in 27 of their normal siblings. At the same time siblings HLA-D-identical with the patients were identified by the absence of a mixed-lymphocyte reaction. The 7 siblings who were HLA-identical to lepromatous patients responded as well to M. leprae as did the 20 HLA-non-identical normal siblings. In contrast, 22 of the 23 lepromatous patients failed to respond to M. leprae but responded normally to P.P.D. The specific unresponsiveness of lepromatous patients thus does not result from an HLA-linked genetic defect and the defective cell-mediated immune response to M. leprae seems to be acquired, not inherited. Lepromatous patients may be high responders to antigens shared by M. leprae and other microorganisms in whom a strong antibody response has blocked the induction of an M. leprae-specific-cell-mediated immune response.", "PMID": 79915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7548", "title": "Haemoglobin A1, blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "content": "In forty insulin-requiring diabetics there was a significant correlation between haemoglobin A1 (HbA1) and blood-glucose measured at the same time and mean clinic blood-glucose measured over the previous year. There was no significant correlation between high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol concentration and HbA1 or blood-glucose. HbA1 is not a good predictor of H.D.L. cholesterol concentration in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "contents": "Haemoglobin A1, blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in insulin-requiring diabetics. In forty insulin-requiring diabetics there was a significant correlation between haemoglobin A1 (HbA1) and blood-glucose measured at the same time and mean clinic blood-glucose measured over the previous year. There was no significant correlation between high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol concentration and HbA1 or blood-glucose. HbA1 is not a good predictor of H.D.L. cholesterol concentration in insulin-requiring diabetics.", "PMID": 79916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7549", "title": "Does hypokalaemia precede delirium tremens?", "content": "Serum-potassium was determined daily in 37 chronic alcoholics when alcohol was withdrawn on admission to hospital. Serum-potassium was normal in all patients at admission but in 26 patients in whom delirium tremens developed a contiuing decrease in serum-potassium led to hypokalaemia, (mean 2.9 mmol/l) when delirium tremens started. At the end of the attack serum-potassium rapidly returned to normal. The change in serum-potassium was not associated with any variation in serum electrolytes or acidbase balance. In the 11 patients in whom delirium tremens did not develop serum-potassium concentration remained unchanged.", "contents": "Does hypokalaemia precede delirium tremens? Serum-potassium was determined daily in 37 chronic alcoholics when alcohol was withdrawn on admission to hospital. Serum-potassium was normal in all patients at admission but in 26 patients in whom delirium tremens developed a contiuing decrease in serum-potassium led to hypokalaemia, (mean 2.9 mmol/l) when delirium tremens started. At the end of the attack serum-potassium rapidly returned to normal. The change in serum-potassium was not associated with any variation in serum electrolytes or acidbase balance. In the 11 patients in whom delirium tremens did not develop serum-potassium concentration remained unchanged.", "PMID": 79917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7550", "title": "Non-specific ileojejunitis in Arequipa, Peru.", "content": "Non-specific ileojejunitis, characterised by mild to moderate structural changes in the intestinal mucosa and often associated with asymptomatic malabsorption, is known to occur in the tropics and in countries with hot climates. This acquired condition is probably related to environmental factors, and some consider it to be a subclinical form of tropical sprue. Changes in the intestinal mucosa typical of non-specific ileojejunitis were found in 10 indigenous Indians as well as 5 people of Latin stock living in the Southern Peruvian sierra, where tropical sprue has not as yet been demonstrated and which has a temperate climate.", "contents": "Non-specific ileojejunitis in Arequipa, Peru. Non-specific ileojejunitis, characterised by mild to moderate structural changes in the intestinal mucosa and often associated with asymptomatic malabsorption, is known to occur in the tropics and in countries with hot climates. This acquired condition is probably related to environmental factors, and some consider it to be a subclinical form of tropical sprue. Changes in the intestinal mucosa typical of non-specific ileojejunitis were found in 10 indigenous Indians as well as 5 people of Latin stock living in the Southern Peruvian sierra, where tropical sprue has not as yet been demonstrated and which has a temperate climate.", "PMID": 79918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7551", "title": "Protective effect of dietary fibre against chemically induced bowel tumours in rats.", "content": "101 rats were fed one of four diets containing graded amounts of dietary fibre. Subcutaeous dimethylhydrazine (D.M.H.) was given to half the rats in each of the diet groups. Stool mass was found to be directly related to the amount of dietary fibre consumed, and the incidence of D.M.H.-induced colon carcinoma was reduced as dietary fibre increased.", "contents": "Protective effect of dietary fibre against chemically induced bowel tumours in rats. 101 rats were fed one of four diets containing graded amounts of dietary fibre. Subcutaeous dimethylhydrazine (D.M.H.) was given to half the rats in each of the diet groups. Stool mass was found to be directly related to the amount of dietary fibre consumed, and the incidence of D.M.H.-induced colon carcinoma was reduced as dietary fibre increased.", "PMID": 79919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7552", "title": "Renal prostaglandins in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis at the prostaglandin synthetase and phospholipase steps could account for acute changes in renal function which are sometimes induced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and high-dose corticosteriids, respectively. Renal function in S.L.E. patients seems to be more susceptible to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis than in normal subjects. This susceptibility, in conjunction with increased urinary excretion of prostaglandin compounds, indicates that renal function in  S.L.E. patients may depend on enhanced renal prostaglandin production for the maintenance of renal haemodynamics.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis at the prostaglandin synthetase and phospholipase steps could account for acute changes in renal function which are sometimes induced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and high-dose corticosteriids, respectively. Renal function in S.L.E. patients seems to be more susceptible to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis than in normal subjects. This susceptibility, in conjunction with increased urinary excretion of prostaglandin compounds, indicates that renal function in  S.L.E. patients may depend on enhanced renal prostaglandin production for the maintenance of renal haemodynamics.", "PMID": 79920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7553", "title": "Drug-induced myopathies in man.", "content": "Drug-induced diseases constitute up to 5% of hospital admissions,a figure which almost certainly understates the total morbidity due to drugs1. Sever drug-induced myopathies are uncommon, but milder forms may be more prevalent than is generally appreciated, since skeletal muscle constitutes some 45% of total body-weight and has a major metabolic role in addition to its mechanical function2. Knowledge of possible effects of drugs on the neuromuscular system is of increasing importance both because the range of therapeutic agents continues to expand and because the resulting syndromes, through usually reversible at the outset, may progress and lead to grave consequences if the drug responsible is not stopped. Drug-induced neuropathies3 will not be considered here, but it will be appreciated that muscle weakness may also be feature of such disorders and that some drugs may cause both a neuropathy and a myopathy. The features of the main drug-induced syndromes are summarised in the table. To these one could justifiably add the unwanted effects of srugs given for the treatment of central-nervous-system or neuromuscular  disorders per se-e.g., the cholinergic block which may be produced by anticholinesterases alone or with corticosteroids in the myasthenic,4 and the profound weakness which may supervene after relief of spasticity with dantrolene sodium5.", "contents": "Drug-induced myopathies in man. Drug-induced diseases constitute up to 5% of hospital admissions,a figure which almost certainly understates the total morbidity due to drugs1. Sever drug-induced myopathies are uncommon, but milder forms may be more prevalent than is generally appreciated, since skeletal muscle constitutes some 45% of total body-weight and has a major metabolic role in addition to its mechanical function2. Knowledge of possible effects of drugs on the neuromuscular system is of increasing importance both because the range of therapeutic agents continues to expand and because the resulting syndromes, through usually reversible at the outset, may progress and lead to grave consequences if the drug responsible is not stopped. Drug-induced neuropathies3 will not be considered here, but it will be appreciated that muscle weakness may also be feature of such disorders and that some drugs may cause both a neuropathy and a myopathy. The features of the main drug-induced syndromes are summarised in the table. To these one could justifiably add the unwanted effects of srugs given for the treatment of central-nervous-system or neuromuscular  disorders per se-e.g., the cholinergic block which may be produced by anticholinesterases alone or with corticosteroids in the myasthenic,4 and the profound weakness which may supervene after relief of spasticity with dantrolene sodium5.", "PMID": 79927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7554", "title": "Critical assessment of dilatation and curettage in 1029 women.", "content": "Of 1029 dilatation-and-curettage operations carried out in a 12-month period, more than half were in women aged under 40, and 38% were for menstrual disturbances. The yield of intrauterine disease in these groups was low--curettage for post-menopausal bleeding or discharge in 150 women detected 15 endomettrial carcinomas and a similar number of other endometrial lesions. The complication-rate resulting from curettage was 1.7%--i.e., equivalent to the overall rate of detection of endometrial carcinoma. Selection of patients submitted to uterine curettage could be better, but postmenopausal bleeding remains an indication for mandatory uterine curettage.", "contents": "Critical assessment of dilatation and curettage in 1029 women. Of 1029 dilatation-and-curettage operations carried out in a 12-month period, more than half were in women aged under 40, and 38% were for menstrual disturbances. The yield of intrauterine disease in these groups was low--curettage for post-menopausal bleeding or discharge in 150 women detected 15 endomettrial carcinomas and a similar number of other endometrial lesions. The complication-rate resulting from curettage was 1.7%--i.e., equivalent to the overall rate of detection of endometrial carcinoma. Selection of patients submitted to uterine curettage could be better, but postmenopausal bleeding remains an indication for mandatory uterine curettage.", "PMID": 79928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7555", "title": "Existence of 28R-antigen in a certain strain of group F streptococcus.", "content": "An inter-Group common antigen was detected between Group A type 28 (Small)- and Group F (21/58/O'Mahoney, Colindale)-streptococcal cells by the T-typing agglutination reaction. The characteristics of this antigen coincide with those of the 28R-antigen, which was first detected in the Group A type 28 (Small) cells by Lancefield in 1943, in the following points: 1) It can be extracted from the cells with HC1 at pH 2.0 at 100 C in a stable state; 2) It can be kept in a stable state by heating in an alkaline solution at pH 7.8; 3) The antigen on the heat-killed cells was not affected by trypsin digestion at pH 7.8 but was destroyed by pepsin digestion at pH 2.0.", "contents": "Existence of 28R-antigen in a certain strain of group F streptococcus. An inter-Group common antigen was detected between Group A type 28 (Small)- and Group F (21/58/O'Mahoney, Colindale)-streptococcal cells by the T-typing agglutination reaction. The characteristics of this antigen coincide with those of the 28R-antigen, which was first detected in the Group A type 28 (Small) cells by Lancefield in 1943, in the following points: 1) It can be extracted from the cells with HC1 at pH 2.0 at 100 C in a stable state; 2) It can be kept in a stable state by heating in an alkaline solution at pH 7.8; 3) The antigen on the heat-killed cells was not affected by trypsin digestion at pH 7.8 but was destroyed by pepsin digestion at pH 2.0.", "PMID": 79974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7556", "title": "Correlation of clinical findings with quinacrine-banded chromosomes in 90 adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: an eight-year study (1970-1977).", "content": "We observed chromosome-banding abnormalities in leukemic cells of 46 of 90 (51 per cent) adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia at initial hospital admission. The difference in survival between 37 treated patients with an initially normal karyotype (10 months) and 43 with an initially abnormal karyotype (four months) was significant (P less than 0.01). When patients were classified as having acute myelogenous leukemia or acute myelomonocytic leukemia, this difference in survival was even more pronounced. Of 16 treated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and a normal karyotype, 11 (69 per cent) had a complete remission and a median survival of 13 months. Of eight patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in whom only abnormal metaphases were observed, none had a complete remission, and the median survival was only two months (P approximately 0.50). Remission rate and median survival were not significantly different in patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia grouped according to initial karyotypes.", "contents": "Correlation of clinical findings with quinacrine-banded chromosomes in 90 adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: an eight-year study (1970-1977). We observed chromosome-banding abnormalities in leukemic cells of 46 of 90 (51 per cent) adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia at initial hospital admission. The difference in survival between 37 treated patients with an initially normal karyotype (10 months) and 43 with an initially abnormal karyotype (four months) was significant (P less than 0.01). When patients were classified as having acute myelogenous leukemia or acute myelomonocytic leukemia, this difference in survival was even more pronounced. Of 16 treated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and a normal karyotype, 11 (69 per cent) had a complete remission and a median survival of 13 months. Of eight patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in whom only abnormal metaphases were observed, none had a complete remission, and the median survival was only two months (P approximately 0.50). Remission rate and median survival were not significantly different in patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia grouped according to initial karyotypes.", "PMID": 79982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7557", "title": "Immune response to Rauscher virus-induced leukemia in DBA mice. II. Correlation between antigenic expression and pathogenesis.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that the Rauscher virus induces a biphasic erythroleukemia in DBA mice, and the regression of the disease is connected with the appearance of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In the present work, attempts were made to reveal the mechanism leading to the lethal exacerbation of the leukemia. In the sera of leukemic mice soluble tumor-specific antigen could be demonstrated in the stages of early progression and regression but not in the stage of exacerbation. The antigen was present in form of immune complexes with free antibodies in excess. The emergence of a new population of leukemia cells has been observed during the stage of regression. On the surface of these cells the antigen receptor sites were masked by sialic acid which resulted in the loss of immunosensitivity and immunogenicity.", "contents": "Immune response to Rauscher virus-induced leukemia in DBA mice. II. Correlation between antigenic expression and pathogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Rauscher virus induces a biphasic erythroleukemia in DBA mice, and the regression of the disease is connected with the appearance of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In the present work, attempts were made to reveal the mechanism leading to the lethal exacerbation of the leukemia. In the sera of leukemic mice soluble tumor-specific antigen could be demonstrated in the stages of early progression and regression but not in the stage of exacerbation. The antigen was present in form of immune complexes with free antibodies in excess. The emergence of a new population of leukemia cells has been observed during the stage of regression. On the surface of these cells the antigen receptor sites were masked by sialic acid which resulted in the loss of immunosensitivity and immunogenicity.", "PMID": 79984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7558", "title": "[Antigenic structure of bacteriophage lambda. Identification of the chief antigens of bacteriophage lambda].", "content": "The antigenic composition of the bacteriophages lambdaC1857 and lambdagt-lambdaC was investigated by modified immunoelectrophoresis in a 1,2% agarose gel involving 1% Triton X-100 and 0,25% sodium desoxycholate. The phages lambdaC1857 and lambdagt-lambdaC were shown to have identical antigenic compositions and to comprise three basic antigens, such as a1, a2, a3. The main structural proteins of the phage such as pE, pV and pD were isolated by preparative electrophoresis in 13% polyacrilamide gel. The immunophoresis of individual proteins indicated the antigens a1, a2 and a3 to be proteins pV, pD and pE, respectively.", "contents": "[Antigenic structure of bacteriophage lambda. Identification of the chief antigens of bacteriophage lambda]. The antigenic composition of the bacteriophages lambdaC1857 and lambdagt-lambdaC was investigated by modified immunoelectrophoresis in a 1,2% agarose gel involving 1% Triton X-100 and 0,25% sodium desoxycholate. The phages lambdaC1857 and lambdagt-lambdaC were shown to have identical antigenic compositions and to comprise three basic antigens, such as a1, a2, a3. The main structural proteins of the phage such as pE, pV and pD were isolated by preparative electrophoresis in 13% polyacrilamide gel. The immunophoresis of individual proteins indicated the antigens a1, a2 and a3 to be proteins pV, pD and pE, respectively.", "PMID": 79980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7559", "title": "Complement-fixing soluble antigen from rat lymphoma (C58NT)D. Preliminary characterization of the antigen and some positive human sera.", "content": "A soluble complement-fixing antigen prepared from the Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma (C58NT)D reacted in complement-fixation with the sera of some patients with different malignancies (particularly acute leukemia) and with the sera of some healthy individuals. Results of gel filtration of crude (C58NT)D antigen on Sephadex G 200 indicate that the antigenic activity is eluted with the void volume of the column, i. e. in fractions corresponding to proteins of low molecular weight. Gel filtration of some positive patient sera indicate that complement-fixing activity of tested sera is associated with fractions corresponding to IgM and/or IgG.", "contents": "Complement-fixing soluble antigen from rat lymphoma (C58NT)D. Preliminary characterization of the antigen and some positive human sera. A soluble complement-fixing antigen prepared from the Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma (C58NT)D reacted in complement-fixation with the sera of some patients with different malignancies (particularly acute leukemia) and with the sera of some healthy individuals. Results of gel filtration of crude (C58NT)D antigen on Sephadex G 200 indicate that the antigenic activity is eluted with the void volume of the column, i. e. in fractions corresponding to proteins of low molecular weight. Gel filtration of some positive patient sera indicate that complement-fixing activity of tested sera is associated with fractions corresponding to IgM and/or IgG.", "PMID": 79985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7560", "title": "Lower gastric secretion and higher incorporation of orotic acid into liver RNA in rats treated with 5-azacytidine and cycloheximide.", "content": "Out of different azapyrimidines tested for their ability to affect metabolism of orotic acid in the liver of rats kept on food only 5-azacytidine resulted in the enhanced incorporation of orotate into liver RNA following 24 hr pretreatment. Similar effect was observed also in cycloheximide-treated animals. No stimulation of orotic acid utilization following 5-azacytidine or cycloheximidine treatment was observed in the liver of starved animals. Both drugs (but not other pyrimidine analogues tested) depressed markedly gastric secretion in rats and caused decreased evacuation of the stomach. The decreased secretion of pepsin and lower gastric acidity resulting in drug-simulated starvation of the treated animals are discussed in relation to the enhanced uptake of orotic acid into liver RNA.", "contents": "Lower gastric secretion and higher incorporation of orotic acid into liver RNA in rats treated with 5-azacytidine and cycloheximide. Out of different azapyrimidines tested for their ability to affect metabolism of orotic acid in the liver of rats kept on food only 5-azacytidine resulted in the enhanced incorporation of orotate into liver RNA following 24 hr pretreatment. Similar effect was observed also in cycloheximide-treated animals. No stimulation of orotic acid utilization following 5-azacytidine or cycloheximidine treatment was observed in the liver of starved animals. Both drugs (but not other pyrimidine analogues tested) depressed markedly gastric secretion in rats and caused decreased evacuation of the stomach. The decreased secretion of pepsin and lower gastric acidity resulting in drug-simulated starvation of the treated animals are discussed in relation to the enhanced uptake of orotic acid into liver RNA.", "PMID": 79986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7561", "title": "Myelin basic protein-stimulated rosette-forming T cells in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A subpopulation of T lymphocytes sensitized to human myelin basic protein in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and cerebrovascular accidents was demonstrated by the antigen-stimulated, rosette-forming T-cell assay. A significant increase in the percent of active rosette-forming T cells was detected after in vitro exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes to human myelin basic protein but not to histones. In contrast, peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy controls and from patients with benign and malignant breast diseases were unresponsive to stimulation by either antigen. These results demonstrate a functionally active T-lymphocyte subpopulation sensitized to myelin basic protein in patients with multiple sclerosis and in patients with certain other CNS diseases.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein-stimulated rosette-forming T cells in multiple sclerosis. A subpopulation of T lymphocytes sensitized to human myelin basic protein in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and cerebrovascular accidents was demonstrated by the antigen-stimulated, rosette-forming T-cell assay. A significant increase in the percent of active rosette-forming T cells was detected after in vitro exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes to human myelin basic protein but not to histones. In contrast, peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy controls and from patients with benign and malignant breast diseases were unresponsive to stimulation by either antigen. These results demonstrate a functionally active T-lymphocyte subpopulation sensitized to myelin basic protein in patients with multiple sclerosis and in patients with certain other CNS diseases.", "PMID": 79987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7562", "title": "[Treatment of algodystrophic syndromes with calcitonin].", "content": "A general account of algodystrophic syndromes is followed by the presentation of results obtained with 160 MRC U/day extracted pig or 100 MRC U/day synthetic salmon calcitonin in 95 patients with the most common form (Sudeck's syndrome). Clinical, biohumoral and radiographic data are reported. There was no difference in the response to the two products. Excellent results were noted, first clinically and then radiographically. Some radiographs are presented.", "contents": "[Treatment of algodystrophic syndromes with calcitonin]. A general account of algodystrophic syndromes is followed by the presentation of results obtained with 160 MRC U/day extracted pig or 100 MRC U/day synthetic salmon calcitonin in 95 patients with the most common form (Sudeck's syndrome). Clinical, biohumoral and radiographic data are reported. There was no difference in the response to the two products. Excellent results were noted, first clinically and then radiographically. Some radiographs are presented.", "PMID": 79988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7563", "title": "[Study of nucleic acid structure by immunochemical methods. I. Antibodies specific for 6-sulfo-5,6-dihydro-4-methoxyaminopyrimidinone-2].", "content": "Immunization of animals with DNA modified by a mixture of bisulphite and O-methylhydroxylamine and methylated bovine serum albumin results in production of antibodies mainly reacting with modified DNA. Antibodies that react with denatured DNA were produced in minute quantity. It was shown that elicited antibodies possess a high specificity and have the ability to recognize only nucleotides with a double modification. The immune sera were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and the antibody activity was demonstrable in the 19S and 7S fractions. The attempts to induce synthesis of antibodies by injection of DNA modified by O-methylhydroxylamine failed.", "contents": "[Study of nucleic acid structure by immunochemical methods. I. Antibodies specific for 6-sulfo-5,6-dihydro-4-methoxyaminopyrimidinone-2]. Immunization of animals with DNA modified by a mixture of bisulphite and O-methylhydroxylamine and methylated bovine serum albumin results in production of antibodies mainly reacting with modified DNA. Antibodies that react with denatured DNA were produced in minute quantity. It was shown that elicited antibodies possess a high specificity and have the ability to recognize only nucleotides with a double modification. The immune sera were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and the antibody activity was demonstrable in the 19S and 7S fractions. The attempts to induce synthesis of antibodies by injection of DNA modified by O-methylhydroxylamine failed.", "PMID": 79979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7564", "title": "Mitomycin C, vincristine, and bleomycin therapy for advanced cervical cancer.", "content": "The Southwest Oncology Group has treated 130 patients with advanced disseminated uterine cervical carcinoma no longer amenable to therapy with further radiation or surgery. Patients received one of three different schedules of mitomycin C, vincristine and bleomycin. A twice weekly schedule of bleomycin and vincristine produced response in 60% of patients. An infusion bleomycin schedule produced response in 39% of patients and a once weekly vincristine bleomycin schedule produced a 25% response rate (45% overall). Responding patients lived significantly longer than nonresponders (30 vs 18 weeks). Toxicities encountered included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal upset, dermatitis, and alopecia. We believe two of the schedules utilized represent an improvement in producing tumor remission induction in this previously recognized refractory carcinoma.", "contents": "Mitomycin C, vincristine, and bleomycin therapy for advanced cervical cancer. The Southwest Oncology Group has treated 130 patients with advanced disseminated uterine cervical carcinoma no longer amenable to therapy with further radiation or surgery. Patients received one of three different schedules of mitomycin C, vincristine and bleomycin. A twice weekly schedule of bleomycin and vincristine produced response in 60% of patients. An infusion bleomycin schedule produced response in 39% of patients and a once weekly vincristine bleomycin schedule produced a 25% response rate (45% overall). Responding patients lived significantly longer than nonresponders (30 vs 18 weeks). Toxicities encountered included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal upset, dermatitis, and alopecia. We believe two of the schedules utilized represent an improvement in producing tumor remission induction in this previously recognized refractory carcinoma.", "PMID": 79991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7565", "title": "Inhibition of oncornavirus functions by poly (2-methylthioinosinic acid).", "content": "Poly (2-methylthioinosinic acid) [poly(ms2I)] was found to markedly inhibit the RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of murine (Moloney, Rauscher) leukemia virus and murine (Moloney) sarcoma virus, while under the same conditions the unsubstituted parent compound poly(I) showed little, if any, inhibitory effect. Copolymers of inosinic acid (I) and 2-methylthioinosinic acid2(ms2I) showed an intermediary effect, depending on the I:ms2I ratio. Poly(ms2I) also inhibited the transformation of normal cells by murine (Moloney) sarcoma virus, as assessed by an infectious center assay.", "contents": "Inhibition of oncornavirus functions by poly (2-methylthioinosinic acid). Poly (2-methylthioinosinic acid) [poly(ms2I)] was found to markedly inhibit the RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of murine (Moloney, Rauscher) leukemia virus and murine (Moloney) sarcoma virus, while under the same conditions the unsubstituted parent compound poly(I) showed little, if any, inhibitory effect. Copolymers of inosinic acid (I) and 2-methylthioinosinic acid2(ms2I) showed an intermediary effect, depending on the I:ms2I ratio. Poly(ms2I) also inhibited the transformation of normal cells by murine (Moloney) sarcoma virus, as assessed by an infectious center assay.", "PMID": 79996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7566", "title": "E. coli tRNAs as inhibitors of viral reverse transcription in vitro.", "content": "Reverse transcription of 70S AMV RNA by AMV reverse transcriptase has been studied in the presence of E. coli tRNAs. We have shown that inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs and that the tRNAs bind to the enzyme and not to the 70S RNA. The results have implications for the control of reverse transcription in vivo.", "contents": "E. coli tRNAs as inhibitors of viral reverse transcription in vitro. Reverse transcription of 70S AMV RNA by AMV reverse transcriptase has been studied in the presence of E. coli tRNAs. We have shown that inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs and that the tRNAs bind to the enzyme and not to the 70S RNA. The results have implications for the control of reverse transcription in vivo.", "PMID": 79997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7567", "title": "Continuity of care for patients with malignant disease.", "content": "The first year of running a new continuing Care Unit for patients with malignant disease demonstrated the importance of continuity of care in their management after curative measures have ceased to be appropriate. This was achieved by regular home visiting by Unit ataff, liaison with home care services and the promise of readmission whenever necessary. As a consequence good relationships with patients, relatives and community services were built up, the average duration of in-patient stay was reduced to 19.6 days and more effective episode care was possible, this being integrated with an understanding of the overall problem.", "contents": "Continuity of care for patients with malignant disease. The first year of running a new continuing Care Unit for patients with malignant disease demonstrated the importance of continuity of care in their management after curative measures have ceased to be appropriate. This was achieved by regular home visiting by Unit ataff, liaison with home care services and the promise of readmission whenever necessary. As a consequence good relationships with patients, relatives and community services were built up, the average duration of in-patient stay was reduced to 19.6 days and more effective episode care was possible, this being integrated with an understanding of the overall problem.", "PMID": 80003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7568", "title": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigen: use of the Ad2+ND1 hybrid virus to identify the protein responsible for simian virus 40 tumor rejection and its genetic origin.", "content": "Cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) possess a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) that has the property of immunizing animals against syngeneic tumor challenge. We find that the early SV40 DNA segment present in the human adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-SV40 hybrid, Ad2+ND1, is sufficient to induce this SV40-specific TSTA in BALB/c mice. Moreover, studies on the intracellular distribution of TSTA activity in Ad2+ND1-infected cells, as determined by the ability of various subcellular fractions to immunize mice against syngeneic tumor challenge, have suggested a correlation between this biological activity and the presence of the SV40-specific 28,000Mr protein in coded by this hybrid virus. Both the TSTA activity and the 28,000 Mr protein are found in the plasma membrane fraction and in the perinuclear region of infected cells but are virtually undetectable in the cytoplasmic fraction. Using a hamster antitumor antiserum that can specifically immunoprecipitate the 28,000 Mr protein, we are able to demonstrate a loss of TSTA activity concomitant with the removal of this SV40-coded protein. Thus, it appears that antigenic determinants responsible for SV40-specific tumor rejection in mice are contained within the 28,000 Mr protein coded for by the early SV40 DNA segment that extends from 0.17 to 0.28 map unit.", "contents": "Tumor-specific transplantation antigen: use of the Ad2+ND1 hybrid virus to identify the protein responsible for simian virus 40 tumor rejection and its genetic origin. Cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) possess a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) that has the property of immunizing animals against syngeneic tumor challenge. We find that the early SV40 DNA segment present in the human adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-SV40 hybrid, Ad2+ND1, is sufficient to induce this SV40-specific TSTA in BALB/c mice. Moreover, studies on the intracellular distribution of TSTA activity in Ad2+ND1-infected cells, as determined by the ability of various subcellular fractions to immunize mice against syngeneic tumor challenge, have suggested a correlation between this biological activity and the presence of the SV40-specific 28,000Mr protein in coded by this hybrid virus. Both the TSTA activity and the 28,000 Mr protein are found in the plasma membrane fraction and in the perinuclear region of infected cells but are virtually undetectable in the cytoplasmic fraction. Using a hamster antitumor antiserum that can specifically immunoprecipitate the 28,000 Mr protein, we are able to demonstrate a loss of TSTA activity concomitant with the removal of this SV40-coded protein. Thus, it appears that antigenic determinants responsible for SV40-specific tumor rejection in mice are contained within the 28,000 Mr protein coded for by the early SV40 DNA segment that extends from 0.17 to 0.28 map unit.", "PMID": 80009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7569", "title": "[Modification of the Heidenhain's method of staining with iron hematoxylin for detection of the A-cells of the islands of Langerhans].", "content": "The authors suggest to use iron hematoxylin according to Haidenhain's prescription, with the subsequent passage of stained and differentiated histological sections through the ammonia solution for detection of A-cells in the pancreatic islets. The A-cells cytoplasm stained dark blue intensively; as to the nuclear structures--they acquired bluish-black tints. The method can be used for the study of morphology, topography and the number of A-cells in the islets.", "contents": "[Modification of the Heidenhain's method of staining with iron hematoxylin for detection of the A-cells of the islands of Langerhans]. The authors suggest to use iron hematoxylin according to Haidenhain's prescription, with the subsequent passage of stained and differentiated histological sections through the ammonia solution for detection of A-cells in the pancreatic islets. The A-cells cytoplasm stained dark blue intensively; as to the nuclear structures--they acquired bluish-black tints. The method can be used for the study of morphology, topography and the number of A-cells in the islets.", "PMID": 80006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7570", "title": "Use of computerized multidimensional scaling to compare immunoelectron microscopy data with protein near-neighbor information: application to the 30S ribosome from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A three-dimensional model of the protein arrangement in the Escherichia coli 30S ribosome was constructed by using computerized multidimensional scaling of immunoelectron microscope data. This enabled data comparison between the new electron microscope technique and other methods such as crosslinking, chemical protection, affinity labeling, energy transfer, and assembly interactions. The immunoelectron microscopy data are reasonably consistent with those from other sources. Reasons for some inconsistent data are discussed and our calculation of the dimensions of the proteins, both globular and elongated, are summarized.", "contents": "Use of computerized multidimensional scaling to compare immunoelectron microscopy data with protein near-neighbor information: application to the 30S ribosome from Escherichia coli. A three-dimensional model of the protein arrangement in the Escherichia coli 30S ribosome was constructed by using computerized multidimensional scaling of immunoelectron microscope data. This enabled data comparison between the new electron microscope technique and other methods such as crosslinking, chemical protection, affinity labeling, energy transfer, and assembly interactions. The immunoelectron microscopy data are reasonably consistent with those from other sources. Reasons for some inconsistent data are discussed and our calculation of the dimensions of the proteins, both globular and elongated, are summarized.", "PMID": 80010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7571", "title": "[Effect of corticosterone on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of a single intraperitoneal administration of corticosterone to rats on the content of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), serotonin turnover in the hypothalamus, mesencephalon, dorsal hyppocampus, frontal and parietal cortex. In a dose of 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight corticosterone increased the content and the turnover of serotonin in the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon 30 min after its administration. 120 min after the administration of the hormone the content of serotonin was restored to control values. Corticosterone produced no influence on serotonin content and its turnover in other regions of the brain. Corticosterone in a dose of 10 mg/kg 30 min after its administration decreased the serotonin content and its turnover in the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon. The 5-HIAA content decreased considerably in the hypothalamus, but rose in the mesencephalon and the hyppocampus. The results obtained indicated that the influence of corticosterone on serotonin metabolism depended on the region of the brain under study, on the dose used and the time lapse after its administration.", "contents": "[Effect of corticosterone on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain]. The authors studied the influence of a single intraperitoneal administration of corticosterone to rats on the content of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), serotonin turnover in the hypothalamus, mesencephalon, dorsal hyppocampus, frontal and parietal cortex. In a dose of 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight corticosterone increased the content and the turnover of serotonin in the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon 30 min after its administration. 120 min after the administration of the hormone the content of serotonin was restored to control values. Corticosterone produced no influence on serotonin content and its turnover in other regions of the brain. Corticosterone in a dose of 10 mg/kg 30 min after its administration decreased the serotonin content and its turnover in the hypothalamus and the mesencephalon. The 5-HIAA content decreased considerably in the hypothalamus, but rose in the mesencephalon and the hyppocampus. The results obtained indicated that the influence of corticosterone on serotonin metabolism depended on the region of the brain under study, on the dose used and the time lapse after its administration.", "PMID": 80007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7572", "title": "Repeating covalent structure of streptococcal M protein.", "content": "We have attempted to identify the covalent structure of the M protein molecule of group A streptococci that is responsible for inducing type-specific, protective immunity. M protein was extracted from type 24 streptococci, purified, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide. Seven cyanogen bromide peptides were purified and further characterized. Together, the peptides account for the entire amino acid content of the M protein molecule. Each of the purified peptides possessed the type-specific determinant that inhibits opsonic antibodies for group A streptococci. The primary structures of the amino-terminal regions of each of the purified peptides was studied by automated Edman degradation. The partial sequences of two of the peptides were found to be identical to each other and to that of the uncleaved M protein molecule through at least the first 27 residues. The amino-terminal sequences of the remaining five peptides were identical to each other through the twentieth residue but completely different from the amino-terminal region of the other two peptides. However, the type-specific immunoreactivity and the incomplete analysis of the primary structure of the seven peptides suggest that the antiphagocytic determinant resides in a repeating amino acid sequence in the M protein molecule.", "contents": "Repeating covalent structure of streptococcal M protein. We have attempted to identify the covalent structure of the M protein molecule of group A streptococci that is responsible for inducing type-specific, protective immunity. M protein was extracted from type 24 streptococci, purified, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide. Seven cyanogen bromide peptides were purified and further characterized. Together, the peptides account for the entire amino acid content of the M protein molecule. Each of the purified peptides possessed the type-specific determinant that inhibits opsonic antibodies for group A streptococci. The primary structures of the amino-terminal regions of each of the purified peptides was studied by automated Edman degradation. The partial sequences of two of the peptides were found to be identical to each other and to that of the uncleaved M protein molecule through at least the first 27 residues. The amino-terminal sequences of the remaining five peptides were identical to each other through the twentieth residue but completely different from the amino-terminal region of the other two peptides. However, the type-specific immunoreactivity and the incomplete analysis of the primary structure of the seven peptides suggest that the antiphagocytic determinant resides in a repeating amino acid sequence in the M protein molecule.", "PMID": 80011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7573", "title": "Study of antibodies against human melanoma produced by somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "We fused spleen lymphocytes obtained from mice immunized against a human melanoma cell line and melanoma-mouse hybrid cells with the P3 X 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma in order to produce hybrids secreting antibodies against a human melanoma. Antibodies secreted by individual hybrids were tested for their reaction with a panel of human melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, and normal cells in an indirect radioimmunoassay, and they displayed different specificities and crossreactivities. Some reacted only with melanomas, whereas others crossreacted with normal human or human colorectal carcinoma cells. By analysis of competitive binding of mixtures of monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to delineate different epitopes on melanomas. Hybrids growing in nude mice and producing antimelanoma antibody suppressed growth of melanoma tumors.", "contents": "Study of antibodies against human melanoma produced by somatic cell hybrids. We fused spleen lymphocytes obtained from mice immunized against a human melanoma cell line and melanoma-mouse hybrid cells with the P3 X 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma in order to produce hybrids secreting antibodies against a human melanoma. Antibodies secreted by individual hybrids were tested for their reaction with a panel of human melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, and normal cells in an indirect radioimmunoassay, and they displayed different specificities and crossreactivities. Some reacted only with melanomas, whereas others crossreacted with normal human or human colorectal carcinoma cells. By analysis of competitive binding of mixtures of monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to delineate different epitopes on melanomas. Hybrids growing in nude mice and producing antimelanoma antibody suppressed growth of melanoma tumors.", "PMID": 80012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7574", "title": "Effects of zinc sulphate pretreatment on gastric acid secretion and lesion formation in rats infused intravenously with graded doses of methacholine.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal pretreatment with zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg) were studied on gastric acid secretion and lesion formation induced by methacholine (125, 250 or 500 microgram/kg/h) infused intravenously in rats with stomachs perfused in situ. Graded infusions of methacholine produced dose-dependent increases in gastric acid secretion and lesion incidence in saline-pretreated control rats. These effects were progressively reduced by increasing pretreatment doses of zinc sulphate. The relationship between these findings and the action of zinc on gastric mast cells is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of zinc sulphate pretreatment on gastric acid secretion and lesion formation in rats infused intravenously with graded doses of methacholine. The effects of intraperitoneal pretreatment with zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg) were studied on gastric acid secretion and lesion formation induced by methacholine (125, 250 or 500 microgram/kg/h) infused intravenously in rats with stomachs perfused in situ. Graded infusions of methacholine produced dose-dependent increases in gastric acid secretion and lesion incidence in saline-pretreated control rats. These effects were progressively reduced by increasing pretreatment doses of zinc sulphate. The relationship between these findings and the action of zinc on gastric mast cells is discussed.", "PMID": 80014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7575", "title": "[Management of bone metastases. Indication for radiotherapy and surgical internal fixation (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiotherapy of bone metastases can achieve in up to 78% of patients complete relief of pain. Recalcification avoids pathological fractures and beginning compression of the spinal cord. Depending on size and site of the osteolytic process a prophylactic surgical stabilisation will be necessary. Bone metastases are a sign of generalized disease. Systemic therapy should be provided in addition to local therapy.", "contents": "[Management of bone metastases. Indication for radiotherapy and surgical internal fixation (author's transl)]. Radiotherapy of bone metastases can achieve in up to 78% of patients complete relief of pain. Recalcification avoids pathological fractures and beginning compression of the spinal cord. Depending on size and site of the osteolytic process a prophylactic surgical stabilisation will be necessary. Bone metastases are a sign of generalized disease. Systemic therapy should be provided in addition to local therapy.", "PMID": 80016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7576", "title": "[Histological technique for intramural ganglia in thick tissue preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple staining technique for gastrointestinal tract neurons in Auerbach's plexus is proposed in thick tissue preparation. The ganglion cells between two muscular layers are easily seen by optical microscope examination in \"spread\" preparations up to 300 micron in thickness, following dehidratation. Routine paraffin sections can be used. Neurons in thicker preparations (over 300 micron) like in human small intestine can also be seen but only by using small to medium magnifications. A special fixation procedure was developed for this technique.", "contents": "[Histological technique for intramural ganglia in thick tissue preparation (author's transl)]. A simple staining technique for gastrointestinal tract neurons in Auerbach's plexus is proposed in thick tissue preparation. The ganglion cells between two muscular layers are easily seen by optical microscope examination in \"spread\" preparations up to 300 micron in thickness, following dehidratation. Routine paraffin sections can be used. Neurons in thicker preparations (over 300 micron) like in human small intestine can also be seen but only by using small to medium magnifications. A special fixation procedure was developed for this technique.", "PMID": 80017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7577", "title": "Separation of anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies according to affinity by fractionated elution from immunoadsorbent using thiocyanate.", "content": "The possibility of fractionating anti-DNP-antibodies according to their affinity by successive elution from a DNP-immunoadsorbent with increasing concentrations of thiocyanate (KSCN) was investigated. Using KSCN at molarities of 0.5 M, 2.0 M and 3.0 M in a stepwise elution procedure, the mean affinity of the eluted antibody fractions was found to increase with increasing molarity of the eluent. The method described is a simple, reliable means of separating antibodies on an affinity basis which is of special value in systems where haptens are not available.", "contents": "Separation of anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies according to affinity by fractionated elution from immunoadsorbent using thiocyanate. The possibility of fractionating anti-DNP-antibodies according to their affinity by successive elution from a DNP-immunoadsorbent with increasing concentrations of thiocyanate (KSCN) was investigated. Using KSCN at molarities of 0.5 M, 2.0 M and 3.0 M in a stepwise elution procedure, the mean affinity of the eluted antibody fractions was found to increase with increasing molarity of the eluent. The method described is a simple, reliable means of separating antibodies on an affinity basis which is of special value in systems where haptens are not available.", "PMID": 80019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7578", "title": "Urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin in a population from an area where Balkan nephropathy is endemic.", "content": "The urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin in a population of 294 persons, living in an area where Balkan nephropathy is endemic, has been studied. In fifty-six (about 19%) of the subjects the beta 2-microglobulin concentration was above the +2 SD level for a reference group of healthy individuals from non-endemic areas. Albumin elevation was found in forty-four (about 15%) of the cases. In twenty-one of the subjects the urinary concentration of both beta 2-microglobulin and albumin were increased, in sixteen of these cases the relationship between the two proteins was consistent with tubular proteinuria. An increased beta 2-microglobulin excretion is considered to be a sign of Balkan nephropathy. Radioimmunoassay of the protein is sensitive enough to detect tubular proteinuria at an early stage and is suggested as a suitable screening test for the disease.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin in a population from an area where Balkan nephropathy is endemic. The urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microglobulin in a population of 294 persons, living in an area where Balkan nephropathy is endemic, has been studied. In fifty-six (about 19%) of the subjects the beta 2-microglobulin concentration was above the +2 SD level for a reference group of healthy individuals from non-endemic areas. Albumin elevation was found in forty-four (about 15%) of the cases. In twenty-one of the subjects the urinary concentration of both beta 2-microglobulin and albumin were increased, in sixteen of these cases the relationship between the two proteins was consistent with tubular proteinuria. An increased beta 2-microglobulin excretion is considered to be a sign of Balkan nephropathy. Radioimmunoassay of the protein is sensitive enough to detect tubular proteinuria at an early stage and is suggested as a suitable screening test for the disease.", "PMID": 80021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7579", "title": "Pre-treatment of serum samples for immunonephelometric analysis by precipitation with polyethylene glycol.", "content": "A pre-treatment schedule for plasma samples to be analysed with immunonephelometry has been worked out using polyethylene glycol 6000 for precipitating the lipoproteins. The pre-treatment conditions have been studied in detail. By decreasing the blanks in immunonephelometric analysis a greater sensitivity of the method was gained. this was shown by performing analyses of S-beta2-microglobulin to concentrations below 1 mg/l. Another advantage with such a pretreatment is that blank determinations can be omitted for S-transferrin analysis and probably other analyses since the blanks in different samples are reduced to almost the same level.", "contents": "Pre-treatment of serum samples for immunonephelometric analysis by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. A pre-treatment schedule for plasma samples to be analysed with immunonephelometry has been worked out using polyethylene glycol 6000 for precipitating the lipoproteins. The pre-treatment conditions have been studied in detail. By decreasing the blanks in immunonephelometric analysis a greater sensitivity of the method was gained. this was shown by performing analyses of S-beta2-microglobulin to concentrations below 1 mg/l. Another advantage with such a pretreatment is that blank determinations can be omitted for S-transferrin analysis and probably other analyses since the blanks in different samples are reduced to almost the same level.", "PMID": 80022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7580", "title": "[Antigens from Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts. Detection and immunoallergic evaluation].", "content": "A suitable technique for the preparation of antigen extracts from Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts is described. The immunoallergic characteristics of the antibodies obtained with these extracts were studied using in vivo and in vitro tests in experimental animals and 50 healthy individuals. It was proved that the human is able to produce antibodies to Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts and also that these antibodies are directed to several antigenic determinants.", "contents": "[Antigens from Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts. Detection and immunoallergic evaluation]. A suitable technique for the preparation of antigen extracts from Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts is described. The immunoallergic characteristics of the antibodies obtained with these extracts were studied using in vivo and in vitro tests in experimental animals and 50 healthy individuals. It was proved that the human is able to produce antibodies to Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts and also that these antibodies are directed to several antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 80018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7581", "title": "Analysis of mechanisms of maintenance of neonatally induced tolerance to foreign alloantigens.", "content": "Mice made tolerant to allogeneic tissues in neonatal life have been examined at different times for their ability to respond to the tolerizing determinants in a variety of assays (in vitro CML, MCL and in vivo GvH assays). All animals were tolerant in terms of their inability to produce CTL to the relevant determinants, and to induce GvH in lethally irradiated F1 recipients. Nevertheless, some mice also showed a normal MLC proliferative response and contained antigen-specific serum inhibitory factors, while other mice contained apparently antigen-specific suppressor cells. The pool of the latter, futhermore, was expanded considerably upon adoptive transfer of tolerant cells (with tolerizing antigens) to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The data are compatible with the notion that suppression of clonal expansion represents the primary mechanism of tolerance maintenance (induction), and that the infrequently observed serum reactivity in such tolerant mice represents a vestige of the means whereby-cell mediated suppression was induced.", "contents": "Analysis of mechanisms of maintenance of neonatally induced tolerance to foreign alloantigens. Mice made tolerant to allogeneic tissues in neonatal life have been examined at different times for their ability to respond to the tolerizing determinants in a variety of assays (in vitro CML, MCL and in vivo GvH assays). All animals were tolerant in terms of their inability to produce CTL to the relevant determinants, and to induce GvH in lethally irradiated F1 recipients. Nevertheless, some mice also showed a normal MLC proliferative response and contained antigen-specific serum inhibitory factors, while other mice contained apparently antigen-specific suppressor cells. The pool of the latter, futhermore, was expanded considerably upon adoptive transfer of tolerant cells (with tolerizing antigens) to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The data are compatible with the notion that suppression of clonal expansion represents the primary mechanism of tolerance maintenance (induction), and that the infrequently observed serum reactivity in such tolerant mice represents a vestige of the means whereby-cell mediated suppression was induced.", "PMID": 80023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7582", "title": "Partial characterization of cell surface idiotypes on alloantigen-activated T lymphoblasts.", "content": "T lymphoblasts of specificity Lewis anti-DA, Lewis anti-BN, BN anti-DA and L.BN anti-DA were purified on Ficoll-Paque from mixed leucocyte cultures on day 5. Blasts were radiolabelled with iodine-125 by the lactoperoxidase method and lysed by the aid of Nonidet P40. Idiotypic molecules were puried from the lysates by the use of anti-idiotypic antiserum of specificity anti-(Lewis anti-DA) and Staphylococcus aureus bearing protein-A. In this way, molecules with a molecular weight of 150,000 and 75,000 daltons could be isolated from Lewis anti-DA and L.BN anti-DA T lymphoblasts but no significant radioactivity was brought down by the same procedure from Lewis Lewis anti-BN or BN anti-DA T lymphoblasts. No additional molecules were detected on the lower molecular weight regions where light chains of Ig type as well as conventional products of the MHC genes would appear. The 150,000 dalton molecules are composed of two single polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of around 75,000 daltons. These data are in complete agreement with earlier results on antigen-binding, idiotypic receptors obtained from normal rat T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Partial characterization of cell surface idiotypes on alloantigen-activated T lymphoblasts. T lymphoblasts of specificity Lewis anti-DA, Lewis anti-BN, BN anti-DA and L.BN anti-DA were purified on Ficoll-Paque from mixed leucocyte cultures on day 5. Blasts were radiolabelled with iodine-125 by the lactoperoxidase method and lysed by the aid of Nonidet P40. Idiotypic molecules were puried from the lysates by the use of anti-idiotypic antiserum of specificity anti-(Lewis anti-DA) and Staphylococcus aureus bearing protein-A. In this way, molecules with a molecular weight of 150,000 and 75,000 daltons could be isolated from Lewis anti-DA and L.BN anti-DA T lymphoblasts but no significant radioactivity was brought down by the same procedure from Lewis Lewis anti-BN or BN anti-DA T lymphoblasts. No additional molecules were detected on the lower molecular weight regions where light chains of Ig type as well as conventional products of the MHC genes would appear. The 150,000 dalton molecules are composed of two single polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of around 75,000 daltons. These data are in complete agreement with earlier results on antigen-binding, idiotypic receptors obtained from normal rat T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 80024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7583", "title": "Studies on the structure of T lymphocyte receptors using xenogeneic anti-idiotype antibodies.", "content": "The present study is an attempt to produce xenogeneic anti-idiotype antibodies (Id) against mouse anti-H2 antibodies. The purpose is to obtain such anti-Id antibodies with reactivity against both B and T cells in quantities which will allow thorough investigation of the biochemical nature of the T cell receptor for alloantigen. Data are presented from experiments performed with an antiserum 5936 which was obtained after immunization with C57B1/6 anti-CBA antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of T lymphocyte receptors using xenogeneic anti-idiotype antibodies. The present study is an attempt to produce xenogeneic anti-idiotype antibodies (Id) against mouse anti-H2 antibodies. The purpose is to obtain such anti-Id antibodies with reactivity against both B and T cells in quantities which will allow thorough investigation of the biochemical nature of the T cell receptor for alloantigen. Data are presented from experiments performed with an antiserum 5936 which was obtained after immunization with C57B1/6 anti-CBA antibodies.", "PMID": 80025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7584", "title": "Induction of specific unresponsiveness to transplantation antigens.", "content": "Transplantation of tissue between non-identical human beings does normally require heavy, non-specific immunosuppressive treatment to be successful. Complications of severe nature are frequently induced by such therapy. Here, procedures allowing a selective immunosuppression of the recipient with regard to the donor's alloantigens would be of paramount importance as to reduce the need for non-specific immunosuppressive agents. Classical pathways to achieve specific reduction of reactivity against transplantation antigens include \"transplantation tolerance\" and \"enhancement\". Although occasional successful when using adult, immunocompetent individuals in experimental animal systems these approaches have so far failed to leave impressive impacts with regard to the human transplantation immunologists. In the present article an entirely new concept will be introduced, namely that of auto-anti-idiotypic immunity leading to specific lack of reactivity towards transplantation antigens. The principle and the underlying results supporting the concept wil be presented and the practical implications will be discussed.", "contents": "Induction of specific unresponsiveness to transplantation antigens. Transplantation of tissue between non-identical human beings does normally require heavy, non-specific immunosuppressive treatment to be successful. Complications of severe nature are frequently induced by such therapy. Here, procedures allowing a selective immunosuppression of the recipient with regard to the donor's alloantigens would be of paramount importance as to reduce the need for non-specific immunosuppressive agents. Classical pathways to achieve specific reduction of reactivity against transplantation antigens include \"transplantation tolerance\" and \"enhancement\". Although occasional successful when using adult, immunocompetent individuals in experimental animal systems these approaches have so far failed to leave impressive impacts with regard to the human transplantation immunologists. In the present article an entirely new concept will be introduced, namely that of auto-anti-idiotypic immunity leading to specific lack of reactivity towards transplantation antigens. The principle and the underlying results supporting the concept wil be presented and the practical implications will be discussed.", "PMID": 80026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7585", "title": "Urinary beta2 microglobulin related to chronic low level exposure to metallic cadmium dust in Finnish cadmium processing workers.", "content": "The determination of urinary beta2 microglobulin is a sensitive method for screening groups which run the risk of developing renal tubular damage due to cadmium exposure. In this study, the urinary beta2 microglobulin excretion of 78 male workers who had been exposed to cadmium dust levels of 6.3-11.0 microgram/m3 from 0.5 to 4 h daily for an average of four years was compared to 35 nonexposed male workers. Possible effects of smoking on renal beta2 micorglobulin excretion were controlled. The results indicate that the levels of cadmium to which the workers were exposed have no measurable renal effects on the health of workers.", "contents": "Urinary beta2 microglobulin related to chronic low level exposure to metallic cadmium dust in Finnish cadmium processing workers. The determination of urinary beta2 microglobulin is a sensitive method for screening groups which run the risk of developing renal tubular damage due to cadmium exposure. In this study, the urinary beta2 microglobulin excretion of 78 male workers who had been exposed to cadmium dust levels of 6.3-11.0 microgram/m3 from 0.5 to 4 h daily for an average of four years was compared to 35 nonexposed male workers. Possible effects of smoking on renal beta2 micorglobulin excretion were controlled. The results indicate that the levels of cadmium to which the workers were exposed have no measurable renal effects on the health of workers.", "PMID": 80031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7586", "title": "[Treatment of gynecologic neoplasms in internal medicine].", "content": "In the treatment of gynecological malignancies, chemotherapy is used with increasing frequency. The palliation in advanced stages is limited, but a marked prolongation of survival is proven in patients who achieve remissions. The remission rates of the commonly used agents and their combinations are listed. The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy is recommended in advanced stages of gynecological malignancies. Hormonal therapy offers a nearly nontoxic but less effective alternative to cytotoxic therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of gynecologic neoplasms in internal medicine]. In the treatment of gynecological malignancies, chemotherapy is used with increasing frequency. The palliation in advanced stages is limited, but a marked prolongation of survival is proven in patients who achieve remissions. The remission rates of the commonly used agents and their combinations are listed. The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy is recommended in advanced stages of gynecological malignancies. Hormonal therapy offers a nearly nontoxic but less effective alternative to cytotoxic therapy.", "PMID": 80032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7587", "title": "[Disorders of supra-ventricular rhythm and of atrioventricular conduction in the aged patient].", "content": "Incidence and features of the disorders of the supraventricular rhythm and of the atrioventricular conduction seen in 429 patients with a 20-months follow-up, the patients being aged 60 to 99. Nature of the associations was described and compared with other similar series.", "contents": "[Disorders of supra-ventricular rhythm and of atrioventricular conduction in the aged patient]. Incidence and features of the disorders of the supraventricular rhythm and of the atrioventricular conduction seen in 429 patients with a 20-months follow-up, the patients being aged 60 to 99. Nature of the associations was described and compared with other similar series.", "PMID": 80034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7588", "title": "Lymphoma of the prostate presenting as benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "A case of lymphocytic lymphoma involving the prostate is reported. Lymphomatous infiltration of the prostate had been mentioned infrequently in the literature, so that the incidence, prognosis, and treatment are not well known. Lymphomatous or leukemic infiltrate should be considered as a causative agent of prostatism, particularly in patients with hematologic abnormalities where chemotherapy may relieve the symptoms.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the prostate presenting as benign prostatic hypertrophy. A case of lymphocytic lymphoma involving the prostate is reported. Lymphomatous infiltration of the prostate had been mentioned infrequently in the literature, so that the incidence, prognosis, and treatment are not well known. Lymphomatous or leukemic infiltrate should be considered as a causative agent of prostatism, particularly in patients with hematologic abnormalities where chemotherapy may relieve the symptoms.", "PMID": 80035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7589", "title": "Evaluation of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein in benign and malignant testicular disorders.", "content": "The marker proteins alpha fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin are useful adjuncts to clinical evaluation of patients with non-seminomatous testicular germ cell malignant growths during and after therapeutic interventions. Measuring both markers is better than measuring either one alone. An elevated marker assay indicates the presence of active disease. A normal marker assay does not exclude active disease being present. Lastly, these markers are of limited usefulness in the evaluation of undiagnosed testicular masses.", "contents": "Evaluation of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein in benign and malignant testicular disorders. The marker proteins alpha fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin are useful adjuncts to clinical evaluation of patients with non-seminomatous testicular germ cell malignant growths during and after therapeutic interventions. Measuring both markers is better than measuring either one alone. An elevated marker assay indicates the presence of active disease. A normal marker assay does not exclude active disease being present. Lastly, these markers are of limited usefulness in the evaluation of undiagnosed testicular masses.", "PMID": 80036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7590", "title": "[Some aspects of the control of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained by a number of methods adopted in the control of atrophic rhinitis in herds in which this disease occurred, are reviewed. The long-term results may be described as disappointing. A number of possible causes of these disappointments are discussed.", "contents": "[Some aspects of the control of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)]. The results obtained by a number of methods adopted in the control of atrophic rhinitis in herds in which this disease occurred, are reviewed. The long-term results may be described as disappointing. A number of possible causes of these disappointments are discussed.", "PMID": 80041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7591", "title": "[Lymph node metastases and ureteral obstructions as prognostic parameters for the percutaneous radiotherapy of the bladder carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a percutaneous radiotherapy of 136 patients with bladder carcinomas who were treated between 1966 and 1972 are presented in a retrospective study. Before the beginning of the treatment, the diagnosis of these patients had been verified by a lympho-cavo-urography. 21% of the patients had a pathological lymphogram and 40% a pathological urogram. The survival time of patients with normal and those with pathological lympho-cavo-urography showed a difference which was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was no patient with inhibited urinary defluxion and demonstrated lymph node metastases who lived longer than 21 months after the treatment. Exclusive percutaneous radiotherapy and primary total cystectomy cannot be considered as curative therapeutic methods. If metastases in the lymph nodes of the regio iliaca communis and paraaortal are demonstrated by lymphography, the prognosis is unfavourable and only palliative methods are justified.", "contents": "[Lymph node metastases and ureteral obstructions as prognostic parameters for the percutaneous radiotherapy of the bladder carcinoma (author's transl)]. The results of a percutaneous radiotherapy of 136 patients with bladder carcinomas who were treated between 1966 and 1972 are presented in a retrospective study. Before the beginning of the treatment, the diagnosis of these patients had been verified by a lympho-cavo-urography. 21% of the patients had a pathological lymphogram and 40% a pathological urogram. The survival time of patients with normal and those with pathological lympho-cavo-urography showed a difference which was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was no patient with inhibited urinary defluxion and demonstrated lymph node metastases who lived longer than 21 months after the treatment. Exclusive percutaneous radiotherapy and primary total cystectomy cannot be considered as curative therapeutic methods. If metastases in the lymph nodes of the regio iliaca communis and paraaortal are demonstrated by lymphography, the prognosis is unfavourable and only palliative methods are justified.", "PMID": 80048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7592", "title": "Active enhancement in the primate by bone marrow I. Ia-like determinants on nucleated bone marrow cells.", "content": "This study investigates the possibility that the active enhancing properties of bone marrow (BM) cells may be related to Ia-like determinants on their surface membranes. Less chromium was released on a cell per cell basis from nucleated baboon BM cells used as targets in complement-dependent cytotoxicity than from labelled lymph node lymphocytes. On the other hand, BM cells stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes in culture more vigorously than lymph node lymphocytes. BM cells with lymphocyte-activating properties could be enriched by fractionation on a discontinous bovine serum albumin gradietnt. BM cells responded poorly to allogeneic cell stimulation in mixed culture. Platelet absorption studies of an alloantiserum supported the conclusion that nucleated BM cells, and particularly BM fractions collected from the less dense interfaces of a bovine serum albumin gradient, express relatively more lymphocyte-activating or Ia-like determinants than \"serologically defined\" determinants.", "contents": "Active enhancement in the primate by bone marrow I. Ia-like determinants on nucleated bone marrow cells. This study investigates the possibility that the active enhancing properties of bone marrow (BM) cells may be related to Ia-like determinants on their surface membranes. Less chromium was released on a cell per cell basis from nucleated baboon BM cells used as targets in complement-dependent cytotoxicity than from labelled lymph node lymphocytes. On the other hand, BM cells stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes in culture more vigorously than lymph node lymphocytes. BM cells with lymphocyte-activating properties could be enriched by fractionation on a discontinous bovine serum albumin gradietnt. BM cells responded poorly to allogeneic cell stimulation in mixed culture. Platelet absorption studies of an alloantiserum supported the conclusion that nucleated BM cells, and particularly BM fractions collected from the less dense interfaces of a bovine serum albumin gradient, express relatively more lymphocyte-activating or Ia-like determinants than \"serologically defined\" determinants.", "PMID": 80050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7593", "title": "Counter immunoelectrophoresis for detection of human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was obtained from benign human prostatic tissue. A specific antiserum to this enzyme was produced in rabbits. A counter immunoelectrophoretic method utilizing the specific antiserum with a chemical staining technique has been developed. Clinical trials have indicated the usefulness of this method for the specific determination of prostatic acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Counter immunoelectrophoresis for detection of human prostatic acid phosphatase. An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid phosphatase is described. Acid phosphatase was obtained from benign human prostatic tissue. A specific antiserum to this enzyme was produced in rabbits. A counter immunoelectrophoretic method utilizing the specific antiserum with a chemical staining technique has been developed. Clinical trials have indicated the usefulness of this method for the specific determination of prostatic acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 80054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7594", "title": "[Sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from swine to aqueous and proteinic solutions of gentamycin].", "content": "Employing a microbiologic method (in vitro) the activity was investigated of Gentamicin DSO Pharmachim, dissolved in water, in normal swine gamma-globulin, and in normal swine polyglobulin with regard to swine strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesis Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Mycoplasms. A strong sensitivity was found to exsist in all tested strains (except for the Mycoplasms) to gentamycin both in a water and in a protein solution. The in vivo testing of the therapeutic effect of the two types of solutions in an experimental infection in albino mice revealed that the differences found in the activity of the various gentamicin solutions were statistically insignificant. The step agglutination test was used to follow up the effect of gentamycin on the OK agglutinating antibodies of a gamma-globulin preparation against oedema disease in pigs. Results showed a slight increase in the agglutinating activity of the gamma-globulin antibodies under the effect of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of microorganisms isolated from swine to aqueous and proteinic solutions of gentamycin]. Employing a microbiologic method (in vitro) the activity was investigated of Gentamicin DSO Pharmachim, dissolved in water, in normal swine gamma-globulin, and in normal swine polyglobulin with regard to swine strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesis Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Mycoplasms. A strong sensitivity was found to exsist in all tested strains (except for the Mycoplasms) to gentamycin both in a water and in a protein solution. The in vivo testing of the therapeutic effect of the two types of solutions in an experimental infection in albino mice revealed that the differences found in the activity of the various gentamicin solutions were statistically insignificant. The step agglutination test was used to follow up the effect of gentamycin on the OK agglutinating antibodies of a gamma-globulin preparation against oedema disease in pigs. Results showed a slight increase in the agglutinating activity of the gamma-globulin antibodies under the effect of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 80055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7595", "title": "A histochemical and ultrastructural study of stored material in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.", "content": "A histochemical and ultrastructural study of five cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) revealed the existence of two related lipopigments differing in some tinctorial properties and ultrastructure. Type I pigment is present in all the tissues affected and corresponds to the pigmentary tertiary lysosomes of well known ultrastructure. Type II pigment occurs exclusively in the neurones of lipophilic cerebral grisea, as a component of the so called protein-myoclonic bodies. It shares with type I certain basic tinctorial properties of lipopigment and its lysosomal localization, but differs in other respects. It stains poorly if at all with the PAS and PAF techniques and is markedly metallophilic, azurophilic and positive for protein. Type II pigment is extremely electron-opaque after staining with heavy metals to the extent that they appear practically amorphous. The possibility that type II material is derived from type I pigment is considered. The amount of type II pigment is highly variable. Both types of pigments are present in residual bodies of various shape and size, including spheroids.", "contents": "A histochemical and ultrastructural study of stored material in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. A histochemical and ultrastructural study of five cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) revealed the existence of two related lipopigments differing in some tinctorial properties and ultrastructure. Type I pigment is present in all the tissues affected and corresponds to the pigmentary tertiary lysosomes of well known ultrastructure. Type II pigment occurs exclusively in the neurones of lipophilic cerebral grisea, as a component of the so called protein-myoclonic bodies. It shares with type I certain basic tinctorial properties of lipopigment and its lysosomal localization, but differs in other respects. It stains poorly if at all with the PAS and PAF techniques and is markedly metallophilic, azurophilic and positive for protein. Type II pigment is extremely electron-opaque after staining with heavy metals to the extent that they appear practically amorphous. The possibility that type II material is derived from type I pigment is considered. The amount of type II pigment is highly variable. Both types of pigments are present in residual bodies of various shape and size, including spheroids.", "PMID": 80056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7596", "title": "[Heterochromatin of the rat-like hamster Tscherskia triton de Winton (Rodentia, Cricetinae), II].", "content": "Differential staining of rat-like hamster chromosomes revealed: 1) C- and G-banding of chromosomes depending upon the Giemsa solvent (distilled H2O and phosphate buffer correspondingly) in case of ordinary staining; 2) dependence of C-banding pattern on the C-method; 3) different resistance of C-bands to trypsin action; 4) dependence of Q-bands on the fluorochroms employed (A, 33258 H, AO), the second non-fluorescent (A, 33258 H) near-centrometric heterochromatic region is brilliantly fluorescing when AO is employed; 5) heterogeneity of C-, G- and Q-bands, i.e. similarly stained region, may differ in their structural-functional peculiarities.", "contents": "[Heterochromatin of the rat-like hamster Tscherskia triton de Winton (Rodentia, Cricetinae), II]. Differential staining of rat-like hamster chromosomes revealed: 1) C- and G-banding of chromosomes depending upon the Giemsa solvent (distilled H2O and phosphate buffer correspondingly) in case of ordinary staining; 2) dependence of C-banding pattern on the C-method; 3) different resistance of C-bands to trypsin action; 4) dependence of Q-bands on the fluorochroms employed (A, 33258 H, AO), the second non-fluorescent (A, 33258 H) near-centrometric heterochromatic region is brilliantly fluorescing when AO is employed; 5) heterogeneity of C-, G- and Q-bands, i.e. similarly stained region, may differ in their structural-functional peculiarities.", "PMID": 80052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7597", "title": "[Changes of platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis during induction of labour at term by prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet function (induced and spontaneous aggregability according to Born and Breddin respectively) and some parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been investiagted during induction of term labour by PgF2alpha i.v. (n = 9) and oxytocin i.v. (n = 9). During infusion of PgF2alpha there was a slight decrease of platelet aggregation with both methods. Desaggregation in the Born-test was increased. On the contrary there was no change of platelet function except a small increase of the speed of aggregation if one applicates oxytocin. The parameters of the plasmatic coagulation system remained almost unchanged in both groups and hint only at a slight increase of the fibrinolytic activity in the oxytocin group. The clinical importance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes of platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis during induction of labour at term by prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin (author's transl)]. Platelet function (induced and spontaneous aggregability according to Born and Breddin respectively) and some parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been investiagted during induction of term labour by PgF2alpha i.v. (n = 9) and oxytocin i.v. (n = 9). During infusion of PgF2alpha there was a slight decrease of platelet aggregation with both methods. Desaggregation in the Born-test was increased. On the contrary there was no change of platelet function except a small increase of the speed of aggregation if one applicates oxytocin. The parameters of the plasmatic coagulation system remained almost unchanged in both groups and hint only at a slight increase of the fibrinolytic activity in the oxytocin group. The clinical importance of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 80063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7598", "title": "[Multiple cartilaginous exostoses and neoplastic degeneration: review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "In about 10% of patients suffering from multiple osteochondroma a malignant degeneration of one osteochondroma occurs. Data of 59 patients are collected from the literature. The malignant degeneration occurs at the age of 31 in average, mostly on the pelvic girdle, less frequently on the shoulder girdle and on the ribs. The development is slow in most cases, at times interrupted. The first clinical signs are an increase in swelling, rarely pain or neurological symptoms. Radiological findings and prognosis correspond well with those of a proliferative chondroma or a primary chondrosarcoma. Recurrences after local treatment are frequent, metastases are rarely found. Regular check-ups and good information of patients suffering from multiple osteochondroma are recommended.", "contents": "[Multiple cartilaginous exostoses and neoplastic degeneration: review of the literature (author's transl)]. In about 10% of patients suffering from multiple osteochondroma a malignant degeneration of one osteochondroma occurs. Data of 59 patients are collected from the literature. The malignant degeneration occurs at the age of 31 in average, mostly on the pelvic girdle, less frequently on the shoulder girdle and on the ribs. The development is slow in most cases, at times interrupted. The first clinical signs are an increase in swelling, rarely pain or neurological symptoms. Radiological findings and prognosis correspond well with those of a proliferative chondroma or a primary chondrosarcoma. Recurrences after local treatment are frequent, metastases are rarely found. Regular check-ups and good information of patients suffering from multiple osteochondroma are recommended.", "PMID": 80065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7599", "title": "[Demonstration of early local vital reactions by combination of morphological investigation methods (author's transl)].", "content": "In extension of earlier Scanning Electron Microscopical findings on local vital reaction, we initially tried conventional microscopic histology. By standard staining methods--generally used in demonstrating fibrins (Ladew IG, PTAH, PAS etc.) fresh fibrinous mashing was hardly demonstrable. Tryptophan reaction as per Adams brought positive results. By modifying Scanning Electron Microscopic preparation techniques, the surface transverse striation could be shown. For dissolution of the complex morphological structural patterns on the wound surface, Transmission Electron Microscopy was used. Identification of fibrinous filaments was done by their interior transverse striation. Mashing of shaped structure components of the blood in vital and post mortal injuries should be more closely analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic techniques are discussed in view of forensic problems and a tentative judgement passed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of early local vital reactions by combination of morphological investigation methods (author's transl)]. In extension of earlier Scanning Electron Microscopical findings on local vital reaction, we initially tried conventional microscopic histology. By standard staining methods--generally used in demonstrating fibrins (Ladew IG, PTAH, PAS etc.) fresh fibrinous mashing was hardly demonstrable. Tryptophan reaction as per Adams brought positive results. By modifying Scanning Electron Microscopic preparation techniques, the surface transverse striation could be shown. For dissolution of the complex morphological structural patterns on the wound surface, Transmission Electron Microscopy was used. Identification of fibrinous filaments was done by their interior transverse striation. Mashing of shaped structure components of the blood in vital and post mortal injuries should be more closely analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic techniques are discussed in view of forensic problems and a tentative judgement passed.", "PMID": 80085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7600", "title": "[Management of acute oesophageal fistulas (author's transl)].", "content": "The observation of 75 patients with acute oesophageal fistulas indicate their great multiformity of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course, complications, underlying oesophageal pathology. Most frequently the fistulas resulted from injuries inflicted during bouginage, cardiodilatation, external and intraoperative trauma. Drug therapy should be started immediately with the making of diagnosis of the suspected oesophageal injury, and then surgery is undertaken if indicated. Drug therapy proved effective only in cases of non deeply penetrating injuries. Palliative interventions as sole procedures permitted to eliminate the acute fistulas in 12 patients, to turn them into chronically behaving--in 17; in the rest of the patients they were ineffective. Twenty-one patients were operated radically, 9 of them following ineffective drug therapy and palliative surgery. The result of radical surgery depends on several factors, and especially on its technique, on the reinforcement and isolation of the sutures by the adjacent tissues with blood supply preservation--diaphragm, pericardium, pleura, muscle-pleural flap, muscles, etc.", "contents": "[Management of acute oesophageal fistulas (author's transl)]. The observation of 75 patients with acute oesophageal fistulas indicate their great multiformity of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course, complications, underlying oesophageal pathology. Most frequently the fistulas resulted from injuries inflicted during bouginage, cardiodilatation, external and intraoperative trauma. Drug therapy should be started immediately with the making of diagnosis of the suspected oesophageal injury, and then surgery is undertaken if indicated. Drug therapy proved effective only in cases of non deeply penetrating injuries. Palliative interventions as sole procedures permitted to eliminate the acute fistulas in 12 patients, to turn them into chronically behaving--in 17; in the rest of the patients they were ineffective. Twenty-one patients were operated radically, 9 of them following ineffective drug therapy and palliative surgery. The result of radical surgery depends on several factors, and especially on its technique, on the reinforcement and isolation of the sutures by the adjacent tissues with blood supply preservation--diaphragm, pericardium, pleura, muscle-pleural flap, muscles, etc.", "PMID": 80087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7601", "title": "[Risks in amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects].", "content": "In 139 patients for prenatal diagnosis 186 amniocenteses were required. The repetiion of amniocentesis followed in 12.3% due to failure of cell growth, in 1.1% due to failure to obtain fluid, and in 10.2% to performe the fetography. In 3 pregnant women 2 repetitions were indicated. Although the amniocentesis were performed without ultrasound, in 92% the first insertion of needle were already succeeded in obtaining fluid. In repeated amniocenteses no significant differences were found. Brownish fluid were observed in 4.7% of the first amniocentesis. With 24.4% it was significantly more frequent in the repeated amniocenteses. Bloody taps appeared in each fifth puncture, but only in 2.8% blood fluid were also withdrawed for cell culture. 82.9% of the first amniocentesis followed between 16 and 19 week's gestational age and the result was present after 20.3 days on an average. The abortion rate was 4.3%. Among the newborns one hydrocephalus with questionable needle mark, one microcephalus and one further child with questionable needle mark were found. In one duodenal atresia and in one achondroplasia an inconclusive result was obtained. Two erroneous diagnoses of sex occurred and no diagnosis was obtained in two women.", "contents": "[Risks in amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects]. In 139 patients for prenatal diagnosis 186 amniocenteses were required. The repetiion of amniocentesis followed in 12.3% due to failure of cell growth, in 1.1% due to failure to obtain fluid, and in 10.2% to performe the fetography. In 3 pregnant women 2 repetitions were indicated. Although the amniocentesis were performed without ultrasound, in 92% the first insertion of needle were already succeeded in obtaining fluid. In repeated amniocenteses no significant differences were found. Brownish fluid were observed in 4.7% of the first amniocentesis. With 24.4% it was significantly more frequent in the repeated amniocenteses. Bloody taps appeared in each fifth puncture, but only in 2.8% blood fluid were also withdrawed for cell culture. 82.9% of the first amniocentesis followed between 16 and 19 week's gestational age and the result was present after 20.3 days on an average. The abortion rate was 4.3%. Among the newborns one hydrocephalus with questionable needle mark, one microcephalus and one further child with questionable needle mark were found. In one duodenal atresia and in one achondroplasia an inconclusive result was obtained. Two erroneous diagnoses of sex occurred and no diagnosis was obtained in two women.", "PMID": 80088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7602", "title": "A retrospective study of carcinoma of the pancreas with special reference to the results of surgical treatment.", "content": "469 patients treated for carcinoma of the pancreas in the County of Stockholm in 1963--73 were analysed for mean survival time, mean hospital-stay, post-operative complications and mortality. The results of treatment with palliative biliary by-pass procedures and radical surgery were compared. The mean survival time after by-pass operation was 5,7 months and after radical surgery 12,8 months. The mean hospital-stay was 39 and 83 days respectively. The post-operative mortality after palliative biliary by-pass procedures was 16%, and the frequence of major post-operative complications 10%. The corresponding figures after radical surgery were 25% and 30% respectively. Despite the longer survival time, it is doubtful if patients benefit from radical surgery.", "contents": "A retrospective study of carcinoma of the pancreas with special reference to the results of surgical treatment. 469 patients treated for carcinoma of the pancreas in the County of Stockholm in 1963--73 were analysed for mean survival time, mean hospital-stay, post-operative complications and mortality. The results of treatment with palliative biliary by-pass procedures and radical surgery were compared. The mean survival time after by-pass operation was 5,7 months and after radical surgery 12,8 months. The mean hospital-stay was 39 and 83 days respectively. The post-operative mortality after palliative biliary by-pass procedures was 16%, and the frequence of major post-operative complications 10%. The corresponding figures after radical surgery were 25% and 30% respectively. Despite the longer survival time, it is doubtful if patients benefit from radical surgery.", "PMID": 80089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7603", "title": "HLA antigens in allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "The relationship between HLA factors and allergic contact dermatitis was examined in a series of 149 patients with unequivocal positive reactions to one or several allergens on epicutaneous testing. Nine statistically significant associations involving 6 different HLA antigens and 6 different allergens were found. Four allergens (chromium, formalin, balsam of Peru and wool alcohol) were positively associated with the B7 antigen. Furthermore chromium allergy was associated with A3, formalin allergy with A2 (negative association) and A9, nickel allergy with B8 and colophony allergy with B27. The B7 antigen and the combination A3+B7 showed significant regressions on number of allergies. The results fit the hypothesis that some HLA factors (like B7) may predispose for multiple contact allergy and others for allergen specific reactions.", "contents": "HLA antigens in allergic contact dermatitis. The relationship between HLA factors and allergic contact dermatitis was examined in a series of 149 patients with unequivocal positive reactions to one or several allergens on epicutaneous testing. Nine statistically significant associations involving 6 different HLA antigens and 6 different allergens were found. Four allergens (chromium, formalin, balsam of Peru and wool alcohol) were positively associated with the B7 antigen. Furthermore chromium allergy was associated with A3, formalin allergy with A2 (negative association) and A9, nickel allergy with B8 and colophony allergy with B27. The B7 antigen and the combination A3+B7 showed significant regressions on number of allergies. The results fit the hypothesis that some HLA factors (like B7) may predispose for multiple contact allergy and others for allergen specific reactions.", "PMID": 80091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7604", "title": "The Langerhans cell: its origin, nature, and function.", "content": "This is the biography of a cell--a cell as elusive and as deceiving as any in medical literature. This is the biography of the Langerhans cell, literally a cell at our fingertips, yet seemingly always beyond our intellectual grasp. Here is the story of a foundling within our epidermis, yet outside our pathologist's daily view. It is the history of a cell whose stain and form belied its function. It is a biography of a cell which virtually hid from us until it came under the revealing beam of the electron microscope.", "contents": "The Langerhans cell: its origin, nature, and function. This is the biography of a cell--a cell as elusive and as deceiving as any in medical literature. This is the biography of the Langerhans cell, literally a cell at our fingertips, yet seemingly always beyond our intellectual grasp. Here is the story of a foundling within our epidermis, yet outside our pathologist's daily view. It is the history of a cell whose stain and form belied its function. It is a biography of a cell which virtually hid from us until it came under the revealing beam of the electron microscope.", "PMID": 80092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7605", "title": "Neurohistological observations on the kidney of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) as revealed by cholinesterase technique.", "content": "The intrinsic innervation of the kidney in Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) has been studied by cholinesterase technique, under various temperatures, incubation periods and different pH values. The percentage of myelinated nerves was rather high in the medulla region, whereas the non-myelinated nerves dominated in association with the uriniferous tubules and their branches, glomerulus and renal vein in the cortex region. Periarterial AChE-positive ganglia were recorded in the medulla region. The perivenous and periglomerulus plexuses were formed by the non-myelinated nerves and their branches.", "contents": "Neurohistological observations on the kidney of Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) as revealed by cholinesterase technique. The intrinsic innervation of the kidney in Rattus rattus rufescens (Indian black rat) has been studied by cholinesterase technique, under various temperatures, incubation periods and different pH values. The percentage of myelinated nerves was rather high in the medulla region, whereas the non-myelinated nerves dominated in association with the uriniferous tubules and their branches, glomerulus and renal vein in the cortex region. Periarterial AChE-positive ganglia were recorded in the medulla region. The perivenous and periglomerulus plexuses were formed by the non-myelinated nerves and their branches.", "PMID": 80095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7606", "title": "Proteins secreted by platelets: significance in detecting thrombosis.", "content": "Because platelet survival measurements are time-consuming and may not completely reflect platelet involvement in hemostasis and thrombosis, other tests have been sought. Measurement of two proteins released by platelets, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG), may provide simpler, more direct means of quantitating platelet involvement. The radioimmunoassays for these proteins reviewed in this paper are sensitive and specific. Although there are technical problems still to be resolved in their clinical application, clinical studies to date suggest that such assays will be useful in studying the pathogenesis and course of thromboembolic disorders. PF4 and betaTG levels apparently do reflect in vivo platelet release. Because release of PF4 and betaTG parallels release of platelet-derived growth factor, plasma PF4 and betaTG levels should also reflect release of that protein. The PF4 and beta TG assays along with an assay for fibrinopeptide A in clinical samples should help elucidate the relative importance of platelet release and fibrin formation in thromboembolic disorders.", "contents": "Proteins secreted by platelets: significance in detecting thrombosis. Because platelet survival measurements are time-consuming and may not completely reflect platelet involvement in hemostasis and thrombosis, other tests have been sought. Measurement of two proteins released by platelets, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG), may provide simpler, more direct means of quantitating platelet involvement. The radioimmunoassays for these proteins reviewed in this paper are sensitive and specific. Although there are technical problems still to be resolved in their clinical application, clinical studies to date suggest that such assays will be useful in studying the pathogenesis and course of thromboembolic disorders. PF4 and betaTG levels apparently do reflect in vivo platelet release. Because release of PF4 and betaTG parallels release of platelet-derived growth factor, plasma PF4 and betaTG levels should also reflect release of that protein. The PF4 and beta TG assays along with an assay for fibrinopeptide A in clinical samples should help elucidate the relative importance of platelet release and fibrin formation in thromboembolic disorders.", "PMID": 80104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7607", "title": "The mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells. II. The relationship between increase of cell volume and histamine release.", "content": "The ionophore X537A induced swelling of isolated rat mast cells parallel to histamine release. Both actions were depressed by extracellular calcium and BSA, temperatures below 37 degrees C, NEM, PMSF, and TTX, and were enhanced by high potassium and pretreatment of the cells with ATP. DSCG, theophylline, and DFP enhanced the histamine release noted after 10 min of incubation without influencing the swelling action of X537A. The swelling action could not be separated from histamine release and it is suggested that it might be inherent in the mechanism of secretion induced by X537A. The present results further distinguish histamine release induced by the two ionophores X537A and A23187.", "contents": "The mechanism of histamine release induced by the ionophore X537A from isolated rat mast cells. II. The relationship between increase of cell volume and histamine release. The ionophore X537A induced swelling of isolated rat mast cells parallel to histamine release. Both actions were depressed by extracellular calcium and BSA, temperatures below 37 degrees C, NEM, PMSF, and TTX, and were enhanced by high potassium and pretreatment of the cells with ATP. DSCG, theophylline, and DFP enhanced the histamine release noted after 10 min of incubation without influencing the swelling action of X537A. The swelling action could not be separated from histamine release and it is suggested that it might be inherent in the mechanism of secretion induced by X537A. The present results further distinguish histamine release induced by the two ionophores X537A and A23187.", "PMID": 80105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7608", "title": "Modulation of the spontaneous histamine release by adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.", "content": "Experiments have been reported on the possible modulation of the spontaneous histamine release by adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. Adrenergic drugs increase the spontaneous histamine release in vivo, and in neoplastic mast cells, in vitro. The mechanism of histamine release appears to be dependent upon the activation of alpha-adrenoceptors. Cholinergic drugs activate the release of histamine in many secretory processes in vivo; in vitro, acetylcholine is one of the most powerful histamine releasers in isolated purified rat mast cells. The release of histamine evoked by acetylcholine in rat mast cells is a calcium-requiring, temperature-dependent exocytosis. The physiological relationship of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and histamine-containing cells are discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of the spontaneous histamine release by adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. Experiments have been reported on the possible modulation of the spontaneous histamine release by adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. Adrenergic drugs increase the spontaneous histamine release in vivo, and in neoplastic mast cells, in vitro. The mechanism of histamine release appears to be dependent upon the activation of alpha-adrenoceptors. Cholinergic drugs activate the release of histamine in many secretory processes in vivo; in vitro, acetylcholine is one of the most powerful histamine releasers in isolated purified rat mast cells. The release of histamine evoked by acetylcholine in rat mast cells is a calcium-requiring, temperature-dependent exocytosis. The physiological relationship of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and histamine-containing cells are discussed.", "PMID": 80107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7609", "title": "[Induction of immune tolerance to protein antigens in mice by 6-mercaptopurine (author's transl)].", "content": "The tolerance induction in mice to human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG) by combined injections of antigen and 6-mercaptopurine is studied. After pretreatment with antigen and mercaptopurine specific unresponsiveness or hyporesponsiveness are observed both in inbred (CBA) and outbred mice. Under the experimental protocol HSA is more tolerogenic than BGG. In CBA-mice tolerance to BGG was only found on the level of IgG-antibodies. The factors which influence the development of a drug-induced immunological unresponsiveness (mice strain, quality of antigen and antigen dosage) and the role of test system are discussed.", "contents": "[Induction of immune tolerance to protein antigens in mice by 6-mercaptopurine (author's transl)]. The tolerance induction in mice to human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG) by combined injections of antigen and 6-mercaptopurine is studied. After pretreatment with antigen and mercaptopurine specific unresponsiveness or hyporesponsiveness are observed both in inbred (CBA) and outbred mice. Under the experimental protocol HSA is more tolerogenic than BGG. In CBA-mice tolerance to BGG was only found on the level of IgG-antibodies. The factors which influence the development of a drug-induced immunological unresponsiveness (mice strain, quality of antigen and antigen dosage) and the role of test system are discussed.", "PMID": 80124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7610", "title": "Early quantification of experimental myocardial infarction with technetium-99m glucoheptonate: scintigraphic and anatomic studies.", "content": "Recent advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial necrosis indicate the need for a noninvasive method that will allow detection and quantification of infarcts in the first few hours after the onset of infarction. Myocardial infarct scintigraphy using technetium-99m glucoheptonate is capable of detecting infarction in dogs and man within 4 to 6 hours of onset. Studies were performed in 45 dogs with acute myocardial infarction: 28 with with an anterior infarct, 5 with an inferior infarct, 6 with an anterior infarct studied after infusion of mannitol and 6 with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary coronary artery and reperfusion of the ischemic area. The dogs were given 20 m Ci of technetium-99m glucoheptonate 1 hour after coronary occlusion, subjected to imaging 5 to 9 hours later and then killed. The experiments revealed that (1) scintigraphic infarct size correlated with infarct weight for anterior (r = 0.85) and inferior (r = 0.88) infarcts; (2) technetium-99m glucoheptonate also concentrated in a rim of myocardium around the infarct that probably represented the ischemic zone; and (3) technetium-99m glucoheptonate uptake by infarcted myocardium could be greatly increased with mannitol and reperfusion.", "contents": "Early quantification of experimental myocardial infarction with technetium-99m glucoheptonate: scintigraphic and anatomic studies. Recent advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial necrosis indicate the need for a noninvasive method that will allow detection and quantification of infarcts in the first few hours after the onset of infarction. Myocardial infarct scintigraphy using technetium-99m glucoheptonate is capable of detecting infarction in dogs and man within 4 to 6 hours of onset. Studies were performed in 45 dogs with acute myocardial infarction: 28 with with an anterior infarct, 5 with an inferior infarct, 6 with an anterior infarct studied after infusion of mannitol and 6 with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary coronary artery and reperfusion of the ischemic area. The dogs were given 20 m Ci of technetium-99m glucoheptonate 1 hour after coronary occlusion, subjected to imaging 5 to 9 hours later and then killed. The experiments revealed that (1) scintigraphic infarct size correlated with infarct weight for anterior (r = 0.85) and inferior (r = 0.88) infarcts; (2) technetium-99m glucoheptonate also concentrated in a rim of myocardium around the infarct that probably represented the ischemic zone; and (3) technetium-99m glucoheptonate uptake by infarcted myocardium could be greatly increased with mannitol and reperfusion.", "PMID": 80126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7611", "title": "Precordial mechanical stimulation for exposing electrical instability in the ischemic heart.", "content": "Sequenital mechanical pulsing of the chest wall with three stimuli failed to induce arrhythmias in normal dogs. After coronary arterial occlusion, this technique evoked in 11 of 12 animals repetitive ventricular tachycardia in 2. These responses corresponded closely to those elicited by electrical testing. In four conscious animals after recovery from myocardial infarction, precordial pulsing induced repetitive ventricular arrhythmias. The type of arrhythmia produced depended on the degree of prematurity of the third pulse in the sequence. The use of precordial mechanical stimulation can perhaps be modified and adapted as a method of detecting persons at high risk for sudden cardiac death.", "contents": "Precordial mechanical stimulation for exposing electrical instability in the ischemic heart. Sequenital mechanical pulsing of the chest wall with three stimuli failed to induce arrhythmias in normal dogs. After coronary arterial occlusion, this technique evoked in 11 of 12 animals repetitive ventricular tachycardia in 2. These responses corresponded closely to those elicited by electrical testing. In four conscious animals after recovery from myocardial infarction, precordial pulsing induced repetitive ventricular arrhythmias. The type of arrhythmia produced depended on the degree of prematurity of the third pulse in the sequence. The use of precordial mechanical stimulation can perhaps be modified and adapted as a method of detecting persons at high risk for sudden cardiac death.", "PMID": 80127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7612", "title": "Hyperglycinuria and hyperglycinemia in two siblings with mild developmental delays.", "content": "Two preschool-age siblings with similar histories of encephalopathy were examined for developmental retardation and found to have elevated levels of urinary and blood glycine. Their inability to convert glycine into serine in the absence of elevated blood and urinary ketone levels was suggestive of a defect in the glycine-cleavage enzyme system (or serine hydroxymethyl transferase). These patients differ significantly from the majority of reported cases of nonketotic hyperglycinemia in that they did not manifest life-threatening neonatal illness, severe mental retardation, or neurological deficits. However, during an oral glycine load, alterations in the electroencephalographic pattern occurred that suggested a relationship between elevated blood glycine levels and pathological involvement of the central nervous system. The ratio of CSF-blood glycine was found to be in the range expected for nonketotic hyperglycinemia.", "contents": "Hyperglycinuria and hyperglycinemia in two siblings with mild developmental delays. Two preschool-age siblings with similar histories of encephalopathy were examined for developmental retardation and found to have elevated levels of urinary and blood glycine. Their inability to convert glycine into serine in the absence of elevated blood and urinary ketone levels was suggestive of a defect in the glycine-cleavage enzyme system (or serine hydroxymethyl transferase). These patients differ significantly from the majority of reported cases of nonketotic hyperglycinemia in that they did not manifest life-threatening neonatal illness, severe mental retardation, or neurological deficits. However, during an oral glycine load, alterations in the electroencephalographic pattern occurred that suggested a relationship between elevated blood glycine levels and pathological involvement of the central nervous system. The ratio of CSF-blood glycine was found to be in the range expected for nonketotic hyperglycinemia.", "PMID": 80128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7613", "title": "Value of B-scan ultrasonography in the diagnosis of liver cancer. Accuracy compared to scintigraphy and angiography.", "content": "Seventy-one patients with liver cancer were examined by B-scan ultrasonography. The presence of liver cancer was assumed through the irregularity and increased intensity of echos. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of liver cancer was 72%, while the diagnostic accuracy of scintigraphy was 85% and angiography 93%. No obvious correlation could be demonstrated between the ultrasonographic patterns and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Ultrasonography is a useful method of detecting liver cancer.", "contents": "Value of B-scan ultrasonography in the diagnosis of liver cancer. Accuracy compared to scintigraphy and angiography. Seventy-one patients with liver cancer were examined by B-scan ultrasonography. The presence of liver cancer was assumed through the irregularity and increased intensity of echos. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of liver cancer was 72%, while the diagnostic accuracy of scintigraphy was 85% and angiography 93%. No obvious correlation could be demonstrated between the ultrasonographic patterns and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Ultrasonography is a useful method of detecting liver cancer.", "PMID": 80130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7614", "title": "Meconium aspiration syndrome. Neonatal and follow-up study.", "content": "One year's experience with MAS in a neonatal intensive-care unit is analyzed with follow-up information. Seventeen patients or 3.7% of all admissions had MAS. Four patients (23.5%) died of acute respiratory failure. Two patients with MAS and persistence of the fetal circulation required cardiac catheterization to exclude cyanotic congenital heart disease. No survivors had persistent chronic lung disease. However, two of three patients with MAS and seizures had significant psychomotor retardation at follow-up examination.", "contents": "Meconium aspiration syndrome. Neonatal and follow-up study. One year's experience with MAS in a neonatal intensive-care unit is analyzed with follow-up information. Seventeen patients or 3.7% of all admissions had MAS. Four patients (23.5%) died of acute respiratory failure. Two patients with MAS and persistence of the fetal circulation required cardiac catheterization to exclude cyanotic congenital heart disease. No survivors had persistent chronic lung disease. However, two of three patients with MAS and seizures had significant psychomotor retardation at follow-up examination.", "PMID": 80135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7615", "title": "The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction. II. Characterization of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovine gamma-globulin-induced skin reaction in guinea pigs.", "content": "Macrophage-chemotactic factors were extracted from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. The most active factor, MCFS--1, was highly purified and found to be a heat-labile protein with a molecular weight of 150,000 and to possess in vivo as well as in vitro activity. This factor was homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the chemotactic activity was associated exclusively with this band. Further characterization revealed that its isoelectric point was 6.7 to 6.9 and made a single arc in the beta-globulin region with rabbit antiserums against guinea pig serum on immunoelectrophoresis. This factor seemed to be antigenically different from immunoglobulin G (IgG) by immunodiffusion and immunoadsorption. On the other hand, the chemotactic activity of MCFS-2 was adsorbed by neither anti-IgG nor anti MCFS-1 and that of euglobulin fraction was partially adsorbed by anti-IgG. These indicate the presence of at least three types of antigenically different chemotactic factors for macrophages in the extracts of delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions.", "contents": "The chemical mediation of delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction. II. Characterization of a macrophage-chemotactic factor from bovine gamma-globulin-induced skin reaction in guinea pigs. Macrophage-chemotactic factors were extracted from delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin in guinea pigs. The most active factor, MCFS--1, was highly purified and found to be a heat-labile protein with a molecular weight of 150,000 and to possess in vivo as well as in vitro activity. This factor was homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the chemotactic activity was associated exclusively with this band. Further characterization revealed that its isoelectric point was 6.7 to 6.9 and made a single arc in the beta-globulin region with rabbit antiserums against guinea pig serum on immunoelectrophoresis. This factor seemed to be antigenically different from immunoglobulin G (IgG) by immunodiffusion and immunoadsorption. On the other hand, the chemotactic activity of MCFS-2 was adsorbed by neither anti-IgG nor anti MCFS-1 and that of euglobulin fraction was partially adsorbed by anti-IgG. These indicate the presence of at least three types of antigenically different chemotactic factors for macrophages in the extracts of delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions.", "PMID": 80137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7616", "title": "Evidence of complement catabolism in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Active proteolytic enzymes are released into the gland parenchyma and surrounding tissues during episodes of acute pancreatitis. Since complement components are potential substrates for active proteases and may be the source of biologically active peptides capable of mediating tissue injury, we have examined sera obtained from 12 patients during 13 episodes of acute pancreatitis for evidence of complement catabolism. In 8 of 13 acute phase sera, there were decreased levels of CH50, C3, C4, or some combination thereof as well as degradation products of C3 (revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis). In convalescent sera, levels of complement components were normal or elevated. Measurements of alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and trypsin inhibitory capacity failed to reveal evidence of protease-antiprotease imbalance. These findings provide evidence of complement catabolism in acute pancreatitis and suggest the possibility that activated complement components may play a role in the pathogenesis of some systemic pathologic changes which occur in this disease.", "contents": "Evidence of complement catabolism in acute pancreatitis. Active proteolytic enzymes are released into the gland parenchyma and surrounding tissues during episodes of acute pancreatitis. Since complement components are potential substrates for active proteases and may be the source of biologically active peptides capable of mediating tissue injury, we have examined sera obtained from 12 patients during 13 episodes of acute pancreatitis for evidence of complement catabolism. In 8 of 13 acute phase sera, there were decreased levels of CH50, C3, C4, or some combination thereof as well as degradation products of C3 (revealed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis). In convalescent sera, levels of complement components were normal or elevated. Measurements of alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and trypsin inhibitory capacity failed to reveal evidence of protease-antiprotease imbalance. These findings provide evidence of complement catabolism in acute pancreatitis and suggest the possibility that activated complement components may play a role in the pathogenesis of some systemic pathologic changes which occur in this disease.", "PMID": 80133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7617", "title": "Adverse reactions to practolol: some observations on the possible relevence to immune mechanisms.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies were determined in patients who had suffered adverse reaction to the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, practolol. No statistically significant differences were observed between these patients and control groups. The latter were selected to include two separate groups, normal random healthy population controls, and controls who had taken practolol with no apparent adverse effects. Patients suffering from the very severe form of reaction, sclerosing peritonitis, were analysed separately from those with other lesion e.g. ocular symptoms, but did not show any significant differences. Altered HLA antigen frequencies were observed for those control patients whose primary diagnosis was hypertension but this was considered to be due to selection bias.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to practolol: some observations on the possible relevence to immune mechanisms. HLA antigen frequencies were determined in patients who had suffered adverse reaction to the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, practolol. No statistically significant differences were observed between these patients and control groups. The latter were selected to include two separate groups, normal random healthy population controls, and controls who had taken practolol with no apparent adverse effects. Patients suffering from the very severe form of reaction, sclerosing peritonitis, were analysed separately from those with other lesion e.g. ocular symptoms, but did not show any significant differences. Altered HLA antigen frequencies were observed for those control patients whose primary diagnosis was hypertension but this was considered to be due to selection bias.", "PMID": 80139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7618", "title": "The anti-anaphylactic action of tiaramide hydrochloride.", "content": "Tiaramide hydrochloride (THC) is a new basic, non-steroidal, anti-flammatory drug. Its anti-anaphylactic action has been investigated using rat mast cells. It was found that THC exerts a strong inhibitory action on antigen-induced and compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a fluorometric assay. Compound 48/80-induced vasodilatation in rat skin is inhibited by prior intradermal injection of THC, as measured by blueing of skin due to intravascular Evans blue dye. THC also inhibits radio-labeled serotonin release from compound 48/80-challenged rat mast cells. In these experimental systems a similar action was exerted by disodium cromoglycate, but higher drug concentrations were needed. Further studies are needed to determine the exact mode of action of this drug and its eventual clinical use in the field of allergic diseases.", "contents": "The anti-anaphylactic action of tiaramide hydrochloride. Tiaramide hydrochloride (THC) is a new basic, non-steroidal, anti-flammatory drug. Its anti-anaphylactic action has been investigated using rat mast cells. It was found that THC exerts a strong inhibitory action on antigen-induced and compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a fluorometric assay. Compound 48/80-induced vasodilatation in rat skin is inhibited by prior intradermal injection of THC, as measured by blueing of skin due to intravascular Evans blue dye. THC also inhibits radio-labeled serotonin release from compound 48/80-challenged rat mast cells. In these experimental systems a similar action was exerted by disodium cromoglycate, but higher drug concentrations were needed. Further studies are needed to determine the exact mode of action of this drug and its eventual clinical use in the field of allergic diseases.", "PMID": 80140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7619", "title": "Electron microscopic toluidine blue staining of the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Incubation in ferricyanide medium of toluidine blue stained erythrocytes produces opaque precipitates lining either aspect of the cell membrane. In addition, granular and needle-shaped precipitates occupy an intra- or extracellular position. Staining of the outer aspect of the membrane may reflect toluidine blue binding of the erythrocyte glycocalyx. Precipitates at the inner leaflet resemble Ca2+ affinity sites which were considered phosphorylated spectrins. Comparison with the light microscopic topo-optical toluidine blue reaction proved most of the electron dense precitates noncontributive to anisotropic staining.", "contents": "Electron microscopic toluidine blue staining of the erythrocyte membrane. Incubation in ferricyanide medium of toluidine blue stained erythrocytes produces opaque precipitates lining either aspect of the cell membrane. In addition, granular and needle-shaped precipitates occupy an intra- or extracellular position. Staining of the outer aspect of the membrane may reflect toluidine blue binding of the erythrocyte glycocalyx. Precipitates at the inner leaflet resemble Ca2+ affinity sites which were considered phosphorylated spectrins. Comparison with the light microscopic topo-optical toluidine blue reaction proved most of the electron dense precitates noncontributive to anisotropic staining.", "PMID": 80141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7620", "title": "Improved homogenization techniques for sputum cytology counts.", "content": "Liquefaction of sputum with dithiothreitol induces regular distribution of cells and facilitates total and differential counting without affecting morphology or staining characteristics. The reagent is cheap and stable. The process is predictable, reasonably quick and obviates the need for examination of multiple preparations, otherwise mandatory in quantitative studies of inflammatory conditions of the lower respiratory tract.", "contents": "Improved homogenization techniques for sputum cytology counts. Liquefaction of sputum with dithiothreitol induces regular distribution of cells and facilitates total and differential counting without affecting morphology or staining characteristics. The reagent is cheap and stable. The process is predictable, reasonably quick and obviates the need for examination of multiple preparations, otherwise mandatory in quantitative studies of inflammatory conditions of the lower respiratory tract.", "PMID": 80143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7621", "title": "Viral infections and IgE levels.", "content": "Six non-atopic patients with respiratory infections to a variety of viruses demonstrated a consistent drop in IgE levels (35% to 87%) in the convalescent phase compared to the acute phase of infection, suggesting that the viral agent affects T lymphocytes to suppress and hence B lymphocytes to secrete IgE immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Viral infections and IgE levels. Six non-atopic patients with respiratory infections to a variety of viruses demonstrated a consistent drop in IgE levels (35% to 87%) in the convalescent phase compared to the acute phase of infection, suggesting that the viral agent affects T lymphocytes to suppress and hence B lymphocytes to secrete IgE immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 80144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7622", "title": "[Hereditary bisalbuminemia. Study of a new familial case in France (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of bisalbuminemia of slow type was discovered in a 41 year old woman with obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. This abnormality was discovered in six other members of the family and was thus hereditary. After a description of the laboratory tests used, the various forms of bisalbuminemia are described together with the circumstances of onset of the acquired forms, the biochemical and metabolic characteristics of the hereditary forms and their mode of transmission. Bisalbumin is present in all races. The mother of our case was of Italian origin, which permitted us to classify this case with others of Italian origin.", "contents": "[Hereditary bisalbuminemia. Study of a new familial case in France (author's transl)]. A case of bisalbuminemia of slow type was discovered in a 41 year old woman with obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. This abnormality was discovered in six other members of the family and was thus hereditary. After a description of the laboratory tests used, the various forms of bisalbuminemia are described together with the circumstances of onset of the acquired forms, the biochemical and metabolic characteristics of the hereditary forms and their mode of transmission. Bisalbumin is present in all races. The mother of our case was of Italian origin, which permitted us to classify this case with others of Italian origin.", "PMID": 80145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7623", "title": "Precipitation of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products by ristocetin.", "content": "Ristocetin, at relatively low concentrations (1.0 mg/ml-1.5 mg/ml), can selectively precipitate fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products (fdp) from plasma without effect on fibrinogen or fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). 125I-labeled fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products were precipitated by ristocetin when their plasma concentrations were greater than 0.25 microgram/ml and 50 microgram/ml, respectively. In order to obtain a visible precipitated, 2 microgram/ml of fibrin monomers of 50 to 100 microgram/ml of fibrin degradation products were necessary. These effects were optimally observed under the following conditions: (1) temperature, 20 C to 37 C; (2) pH, 7.0 to 7.5; and (3) incubation time, 15 to 60 minutes. Late-fibrin degradation products are approximately eight times less sensitive to ristocetin-induced precipitation than early-fibrin degradation products. Plasma medium is essential for the differentiation of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products from fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products by ristocetin. These results suggest that the specific detection of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products in plasma may be easily performed by ristocetin.", "contents": "Precipitation of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products by ristocetin. Ristocetin, at relatively low concentrations (1.0 mg/ml-1.5 mg/ml), can selectively precipitate fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products (fdp) from plasma without effect on fibrinogen or fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). 125I-labeled fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products were precipitated by ristocetin when their plasma concentrations were greater than 0.25 microgram/ml and 50 microgram/ml, respectively. In order to obtain a visible precipitated, 2 microgram/ml of fibrin monomers of 50 to 100 microgram/ml of fibrin degradation products were necessary. These effects were optimally observed under the following conditions: (1) temperature, 20 C to 37 C; (2) pH, 7.0 to 7.5; and (3) incubation time, 15 to 60 minutes. Late-fibrin degradation products are approximately eight times less sensitive to ristocetin-induced precipitation than early-fibrin degradation products. Plasma medium is essential for the differentiation of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products from fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products by ristocetin. These results suggest that the specific detection of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products in plasma may be easily performed by ristocetin.", "PMID": 80134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7624", "title": "[Discussion of the interest of estimation of hydroxyprolinuria in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)].", "content": "24 hour hydroxyprolinuria was measured in 50 chronic alcoholics divided up into those with simple alcoholism and those complicated by cirrhosis. All the patients had a significant increase in hydroxyprolinuria. Without there being any difference between cirrhotics and alcoholics without cirrhosis. Comparison between hydroxyprolinuria and the tests usually used to follow the course of hepatic involvement in chronic alcoholism: IgA, transferrin, electrophoresis of serum proteins, alkaline phosphatase, show that there is no correlation between hydroxyprolinuria and the diagnostic or prognostic tests of an alcoholic liver among which the variable IgA is the most significant. On the other hand, hydroxyprolinuria has a linear correlation with the calciuria, which suggests that the increase in hydroxyprolinuria in chronic alcoholics is more related to changes in the collagen of bone tissue than with those in liver tissue.", "contents": "[Discussion of the interest of estimation of hydroxyprolinuria in chronic alcoholism (author's transl)]. 24 hour hydroxyprolinuria was measured in 50 chronic alcoholics divided up into those with simple alcoholism and those complicated by cirrhosis. All the patients had a significant increase in hydroxyprolinuria. Without there being any difference between cirrhotics and alcoholics without cirrhosis. Comparison between hydroxyprolinuria and the tests usually used to follow the course of hepatic involvement in chronic alcoholism: IgA, transferrin, electrophoresis of serum proteins, alkaline phosphatase, show that there is no correlation between hydroxyprolinuria and the diagnostic or prognostic tests of an alcoholic liver among which the variable IgA is the most significant. On the other hand, hydroxyprolinuria has a linear correlation with the calciuria, which suggests that the increase in hydroxyprolinuria in chronic alcoholics is more related to changes in the collagen of bone tissue than with those in liver tissue.", "PMID": 80146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7625", "title": "[Effects of TSH on thyroid ribonucleic acids (author's transl)].", "content": "Bovine thyroid slices were incubated with TSH (20 mU/ml) in the presence of 0.04 microgram/ml actinomycin D. The incorporation of 3H Adenosine or 3H Uridine in the microsomal RNA fraction was studied. TSH enhanced the labeling of this RNA. After gel electrophoresis in 100% formamide, the distribution of the radioactivity showed a relatively larger incorporation of the precursors in the region corresponding to heavy molecular weight RNA (3 X 10(6) daltons). These data suggest that TSH could exert a specific effect on transcription in the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Effects of TSH on thyroid ribonucleic acids (author's transl)]. Bovine thyroid slices were incubated with TSH (20 mU/ml) in the presence of 0.04 microgram/ml actinomycin D. The incorporation of 3H Adenosine or 3H Uridine in the microsomal RNA fraction was studied. TSH enhanced the labeling of this RNA. After gel electrophoresis in 100% formamide, the distribution of the radioactivity showed a relatively larger incorporation of the precursors in the region corresponding to heavy molecular weight RNA (3 X 10(6) daltons). These data suggest that TSH could exert a specific effect on transcription in the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 80151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7626", "title": "[Search for new antitumor antibiotics in the bleomycin group].", "content": "The culture of Penicillium avellaneum 444 and its bleomycin resistant variant may serve a rather valuable specific test for detecting organisms producing new antitumor antibiotics of the bleomycin group. The organisms producing antitumor antibiotics of the group of anthracyclines (rubomycin and carminomycin), actinomycins and other chemical groups do not inhibit the growth of these test-organisms. Such tests are also resistant to the effect of antibacterial antibiotics.", "contents": "[Search for new antitumor antibiotics in the bleomycin group]. The culture of Penicillium avellaneum 444 and its bleomycin resistant variant may serve a rather valuable specific test for detecting organisms producing new antitumor antibiotics of the bleomycin group. The organisms producing antitumor antibiotics of the group of anthracyclines (rubomycin and carminomycin), actinomycins and other chemical groups do not inhibit the growth of these test-organisms. Such tests are also resistant to the effect of antibacterial antibiotics.", "PMID": 80152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7627", "title": "Hyperpigmentation after bleomycin therapy. Ultrastructural study.", "content": "Pigmentation in a Causasian male, resulting from bleomycin therapy for Hodgkin's disease, has been studied ultrastructurally. The melanocytes, though present in normal numbers, showed several abnormalities; the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were were well developed and the mitochondria were enlarged. Lipid inclusions in the endoplasmic reticulum and numerous autophagocytic vacuoles, some containing lipids were observed. Transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes appeared to be increased. The melanosomes, which measured less than 0.55 mu were dispersed in the cytoplasm and did not form complexes, as has been observed with nitrogen mustard. The increase of melanocytic activity and the disturbance of melanosome transfer are discussed.", "contents": "Hyperpigmentation after bleomycin therapy. Ultrastructural study. Pigmentation in a Causasian male, resulting from bleomycin therapy for Hodgkin's disease, has been studied ultrastructurally. The melanocytes, though present in normal numbers, showed several abnormalities; the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were were well developed and the mitochondria were enlarged. Lipid inclusions in the endoplasmic reticulum and numerous autophagocytic vacuoles, some containing lipids were observed. Transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes appeared to be increased. The melanosomes, which measured less than 0.55 mu were dispersed in the cytoplasm and did not form complexes, as has been observed with nitrogen mustard. The increase of melanocytic activity and the disturbance of melanosome transfer are discussed.", "PMID": 80155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7628", "title": "Histochemistry of the intercellular substance of the normal and psoriatic human epidermis.", "content": "The intercellular substance of skin samples obtained from normal subjects and from psoriatic patients has been studied with histochemical methods for carbohydrate containing substances and checked with enzymatic extractions. The surface coat which makes up most of the intercellular substance was stained with colloidal iron and with Alcian Blue solutions containing up to 0.20 M magnesium chloride; the stainings were heavily affected by the previous treatment of the sections with testicular hyaluronidase, but not with neuraminidase. The staining of the intercellular substance with Alcian Blue solutions containing up to 0.20 M magnesium chloride and the action of the hyaluronidase gives strength to the hypothesis that hyaluronic acid is contained in the substance. In the skin of psoriatic patients intercellular spaces wider than in normal skin and a reduced surface coat, particularly in the higher layers, has been observed.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the intercellular substance of the normal and psoriatic human epidermis. The intercellular substance of skin samples obtained from normal subjects and from psoriatic patients has been studied with histochemical methods for carbohydrate containing substances and checked with enzymatic extractions. The surface coat which makes up most of the intercellular substance was stained with colloidal iron and with Alcian Blue solutions containing up to 0.20 M magnesium chloride; the stainings were heavily affected by the previous treatment of the sections with testicular hyaluronidase, but not with neuraminidase. The staining of the intercellular substance with Alcian Blue solutions containing up to 0.20 M magnesium chloride and the action of the hyaluronidase gives strength to the hypothesis that hyaluronic acid is contained in the substance. In the skin of psoriatic patients intercellular spaces wider than in normal skin and a reduced surface coat, particularly in the higher layers, has been observed.", "PMID": 80156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7629", "title": "Heterogeneous keratohyalin formation in warts.", "content": "The heterogenecity of keratohyalin (KH) has been demonstrated in rats, then in human warts where similar morphological features have been found and among them, dense homogeneous ovo\u00efd single granules (SG) and composite granules (CG) apparently made up of single granules \"coated\" with a matrix. This work compares the ultrastructure of the KH of the tongue of newborn rats with that of common warts with and without post-fixation by OsO4, after oxydation by H2O2 and after pepsin treatment. The osmiophily of the SG is confirmed as well as the absence of osmiophily of the matrix of the CG. In man, however, the SG are resistant to oxydation by H2O2 and the CG matrix is oxydation sensitive whereas the opposite is observed in the case of rats. These differences show that it is impossible to deduce the composition of the KH in human warts from that of the rat despite their close ultrastructural resemblance but that important modification of the keratogenesis and KH formation are induced in the cells parasited by the virus of common warts.", "contents": "Heterogeneous keratohyalin formation in warts. The heterogenecity of keratohyalin (KH) has been demonstrated in rats, then in human warts where similar morphological features have been found and among them, dense homogeneous ovo\u00efd single granules (SG) and composite granules (CG) apparently made up of single granules \"coated\" with a matrix. This work compares the ultrastructure of the KH of the tongue of newborn rats with that of common warts with and without post-fixation by OsO4, after oxydation by H2O2 and after pepsin treatment. The osmiophily of the SG is confirmed as well as the absence of osmiophily of the matrix of the CG. In man, however, the SG are resistant to oxydation by H2O2 and the CG matrix is oxydation sensitive whereas the opposite is observed in the case of rats. These differences show that it is impossible to deduce the composition of the KH in human warts from that of the rat despite their close ultrastructural resemblance but that important modification of the keratogenesis and KH formation are induced in the cells parasited by the virus of common warts.", "PMID": 80157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7630", "title": "Particles from mouse melanoma B16 containing reverse transcriptase and 70S RNA related to human melanoma cytoplasmic RNA.", "content": "The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles possesses homology with RNA isolated from a hamster melanoma and from three human malignant melanomas.", "contents": "Particles from mouse melanoma B16 containing reverse transcriptase and 70S RNA related to human melanoma cytoplasmic RNA. The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles possesses homology with RNA isolated from a hamster melanoma and from three human malignant melanomas.", "PMID": 80158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7631", "title": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Attempted detection by viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay.", "content": "Isolation of type C oncornavirus was attempted from 20 tissues and cell cultures of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chemical inducers, cocultivation and fusion with cells from multiple other species, prolonged subculturing, and the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay for virus detection were used. A type C virus was isolated, but was shown to be the endogenous rat virus. Thus the methods, although generally appropriate, were not specifically permissive for  replication of a human type C virus. This agrees with the failure of other investigators to isolate a virus of undisputed human origin. Combining available evidence, a fundamental role for type C viruses in lupus erythematosus remains an attractive hypothesis.", "contents": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Attempted detection by viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay. Isolation of type C oncornavirus was attempted from 20 tissues and cell cultures of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chemical inducers, cocultivation and fusion with cells from multiple other species, prolonged subculturing, and the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay for virus detection were used. A type C virus was isolated, but was shown to be the endogenous rat virus. Thus the methods, although generally appropriate, were not specifically permissive for  replication of a human type C virus. This agrees with the failure of other investigators to isolate a virus of undisputed human origin. Combining available evidence, a fundamental role for type C viruses in lupus erythematosus remains an attractive hypothesis.", "PMID": 80159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7632", "title": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. III. Isolation of a putative retravirus by triple cell fusion.", "content": "A putative retravirus was isolated from a cell culture derived by fusion of mink and dog cell lines with cultured placental cells from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The virus was detected by reverse transcriptase assay of supernatant medium after prolonged subculturing. Its characterisation, including species of origin, is in progress, but it is probably a new type C virus. Its role, if any, in lupus erythematosus in unknown.", "contents": "Type C oncornavirus isolation studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. III. Isolation of a putative retravirus by triple cell fusion. A putative retravirus was isolated from a cell culture derived by fusion of mink and dog cell lines with cultured placental cells from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The virus was detected by reverse transcriptase assay of supernatant medium after prolonged subculturing. Its characterisation, including species of origin, is in progress, but it is probably a new type C virus. Its role, if any, in lupus erythematosus in unknown.", "PMID": 80160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7633", "title": "Plasma and urinary levels of beta2 microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Plasma and urinary levels of beta2 microglobulin have been investigated in 21 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite a normal renal glomerular function in all patients 50% of them had supranormal plasma beta2 microglobulin levels and 30% had a higher than normal urinary output of beta2 microglobulin generally related to the high plasma level. Plasma beta2 microglobulin levels paralleled closely the lymphocytosis and the 'joint count' both indexes of the severity of the disease. beta2 Microglobulin was normally secreted by the lymphoid tissue and it is suggested that it reflects the increase of the total mass and/or membrane turnover of the lymphoid tissue in RA. beta2 Microglobulin may be considered as a good parameter of the degree of severity of the joint and extra-articular involvement as well as a useful tool for the evaluation of drug efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Plasma and urinary levels of beta2 microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma and urinary levels of beta2 microglobulin have been investigated in 21 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite a normal renal glomerular function in all patients 50% of them had supranormal plasma beta2 microglobulin levels and 30% had a higher than normal urinary output of beta2 microglobulin generally related to the high plasma level. Plasma beta2 microglobulin levels paralleled closely the lymphocytosis and the 'joint count' both indexes of the severity of the disease. beta2 Microglobulin was normally secreted by the lymphoid tissue and it is suggested that it reflects the increase of the total mass and/or membrane turnover of the lymphoid tissue in RA. beta2 Microglobulin may be considered as a good parameter of the degree of severity of the joint and extra-articular involvement as well as a useful tool for the evaluation of drug efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 80161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7634", "title": "Major hepatic resection for neoplasia: personal experience in 108 patients.", "content": "One hundred eight patients have undergone major hepatic resection by the senior author during the eight year period April 1970 to April 1978. Primary liver cancer was present in 36; metastatic colorectal cancer in 25, miscellaneous metastatic cancers in 15, hepatoblastoma in 5, gallbladder cancer in 4, and bile duct cancer in 3. Benign tumors, principally giant hemangioma, were resected in 20 additional patients. The 30 day operative mortality rate was 9% overall. Prior to 1975, 41 of the resections were done using the vascular isolation perfusion technique. The operative mortality rate of 17% for this technique is a reflection of early experience and the advanced stage of disease of many patients. The operative mortality for the standard resection has been only 4%. Subphrenic abscess has developed in only 13% of patients during the past three years. Postoperative hospitalization has been shortened, being a median of 13 days. The resectability rate for malignant disease was 33%. Forty-six percent of the resections were performed with curative intent. Fifty-four per cent were palliative, performed in individuals with regional spread or distant metastasis. After curative surgery, three year survival was 88% for individuals with primary liver cancer and 72% with metastatic colorectal cancer. After palliative resection, the rates were 31 and 0%, respectively. The three year survival rate is 46% overall, being 81% for the curative resection group and 18% for the palliative group. Tumor markers proved useful in monitoring patients after hepatic resection.", "contents": "Major hepatic resection for neoplasia: personal experience in 108 patients. One hundred eight patients have undergone major hepatic resection by the senior author during the eight year period April 1970 to April 1978. Primary liver cancer was present in 36; metastatic colorectal cancer in 25, miscellaneous metastatic cancers in 15, hepatoblastoma in 5, gallbladder cancer in 4, and bile duct cancer in 3. Benign tumors, principally giant hemangioma, were resected in 20 additional patients. The 30 day operative mortality rate was 9% overall. Prior to 1975, 41 of the resections were done using the vascular isolation perfusion technique. The operative mortality rate of 17% for this technique is a reflection of early experience and the advanced stage of disease of many patients. The operative mortality for the standard resection has been only 4%. Subphrenic abscess has developed in only 13% of patients during the past three years. Postoperative hospitalization has been shortened, being a median of 13 days. The resectability rate for malignant disease was 33%. Forty-six percent of the resections were performed with curative intent. Fifty-four per cent were palliative, performed in individuals with regional spread or distant metastasis. After curative surgery, three year survival was 88% for individuals with primary liver cancer and 72% with metastatic colorectal cancer. After palliative resection, the rates were 31 and 0%, respectively. The three year survival rate is 46% overall, being 81% for the curative resection group and 18% for the palliative group. Tumor markers proved useful in monitoring patients after hepatic resection.", "PMID": 80163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7635", "title": "Histamine release in rats after administration of five neuromuscular blocking agents.", "content": "The effect of five neuromuscular blocking agents on histamine levels of various tissues was studied. Blood and tissue samples were taken from male rats previously treated intravenously with neuromuscular blocking agents. d-Tubocurarine proved to be the most potent histamine liberator. Alcuronium, gallamine and succinylcholine were only moderate histamine liberators, whereas pancuronium released practically no histamine. The results  from the individual tissues suggest that the possible sources of increased blood histamine concentrations are tongue and skin with high histamine content. No release of histamine was found from the lung.", "contents": "Histamine release in rats after administration of five neuromuscular blocking agents. The effect of five neuromuscular blocking agents on histamine levels of various tissues was studied. Blood and tissue samples were taken from male rats previously treated intravenously with neuromuscular blocking agents. d-Tubocurarine proved to be the most potent histamine liberator. Alcuronium, gallamine and succinylcholine were only moderate histamine liberators, whereas pancuronium released practically no histamine. The results  from the individual tissues suggest that the possible sources of increased blood histamine concentrations are tongue and skin with high histamine content. No release of histamine was found from the lung.", "PMID": 80164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7636", "title": "Functional role of the cerebral nystagmogenic area in the cat.", "content": "A nystagmogenic area has been identified in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex of the cat. The electrical stimulation of this area induces a horizontal eye nystagmus directed toward the opposite side. The chronic lesion of both cerebral nystagmogenic areas provokes dramatic modifications of the eye nystagmus elicited by optokinetic stimulations. In particular, it has been observed that following the ablation of the two nystagmogenic areas the optokinetic eye nystagmus is abolished being replaced by pendular oscillations of the eyes with intercalated eye jerks in the same direction of the normal optokinetic eye nystagmus.", "contents": "Functional role of the cerebral nystagmogenic area in the cat. A nystagmogenic area has been identified in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex of the cat. The electrical stimulation of this area induces a horizontal eye nystagmus directed toward the opposite side. The chronic lesion of both cerebral nystagmogenic areas provokes dramatic modifications of the eye nystagmus elicited by optokinetic stimulations. In particular, it has been observed that following the ablation of the two nystagmogenic areas the optokinetic eye nystagmus is abolished being replaced by pendular oscillations of the eyes with intercalated eye jerks in the same direction of the normal optokinetic eye nystagmus.", "PMID": 80166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7637", "title": "[Statistical investigation into the methodology at various centres of the microbiological diagnosis of the cerebro-spinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "To survey statistically the bacteriological methods used in the culture of the cerebro-spinal fluid in Italian hospitals, we sent a questionnaire nearly 400 laboratories in various regional, provincial and zonal hospitals. We received 36 replies, which, although not numerous, have furnished the data for present paper.", "contents": "[Statistical investigation into the methodology at various centres of the microbiological diagnosis of the cerebro-spinal fluid (author's transl)]. To survey statistically the bacteriological methods used in the culture of the cerebro-spinal fluid in Italian hospitals, we sent a questionnaire nearly 400 laboratories in various regional, provincial and zonal hospitals. We received 36 replies, which, although not numerous, have furnished the data for present paper.", "PMID": 80162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7638", "title": "Spectra of glutamate dehydrogenase with diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Glutamate dehydrogenase displays hyperchromicity at 256 nm and at 276 nm upon binding of diethylstilbestrol. Increase in absorbancy is linear at both regions up to 250 micrometer DES, and becomes parabolic at higher concentration of DES. ADP in the presence of DES causes decrease in absorbancy at 256 nm; absorbancy at 276 nm increased by DES is not affected by ADP. DES prevents spectral effects produced by GTP (decrease in absorbancy at 254 nm and at 276 nm). ADP still decreases absorbancy at 254 nm, leaving the 276 nm region unchanged. ADP enhances spectral effects produced by GTP. GTP, however, prevents changes produced by ADP.", "contents": "Spectra of glutamate dehydrogenase with diethylstilbestrol. Glutamate dehydrogenase displays hyperchromicity at 256 nm and at 276 nm upon binding of diethylstilbestrol. Increase in absorbancy is linear at both regions up to 250 micrometer DES, and becomes parabolic at higher concentration of DES. ADP in the presence of DES causes decrease in absorbancy at 256 nm; absorbancy at 276 nm increased by DES is not affected by ADP. DES prevents spectral effects produced by GTP (decrease in absorbancy at 254 nm and at 276 nm). ADP still decreases absorbancy at 254 nm, leaving the 276 nm region unchanged. ADP enhances spectral effects produced by GTP. GTP, however, prevents changes produced by ADP.", "PMID": 80167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7639", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of beef thyroid giant RNA].", "content": "Total HMW-RNAs were prepared by three different methods (method with phenol, method with NaClO4, method without phenol using Ultrogel AcA 22 filtration). Giant RNAs were obtained in the void volume by filtration on Sepharose 2B. The giant RNAs/total HMW-RNA ratio is higher (6.77%) with the gel filtration method than with phenol or NaClO4 methods (1.41% and 1.00% respectively). The nucleotide composition of these RNAs is DNA-like and the sedimentation constants are approximately 70-100 S.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of beef thyroid giant RNA]. Total HMW-RNAs were prepared by three different methods (method with phenol, method with NaClO4, method without phenol using Ultrogel AcA 22 filtration). Giant RNAs were obtained in the void volume by filtration on Sepharose 2B. The giant RNAs/total HMW-RNA ratio is higher (6.77%) with the gel filtration method than with phenol or NaClO4 methods (1.41% and 1.00% respectively). The nucleotide composition of these RNAs is DNA-like and the sedimentation constants are approximately 70-100 S.", "PMID": 80168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7640", "title": "[Plasma proteins in young and adult Spermestes c. cucculatus (Swainson) (Aves - Ploceidae - Estrildinae)].", "content": "The blood plasma of Spermestes c. cucullatus (Swainson) analysed electrophoretically on agar shows seven fractions. Immunoelectrophoresis against an antispermestes rabbit serum reveals 16 fractions. Individual variation of the plasma protein fractions is very low, as is also the case for the mobility of the fractions. With age, the alpha-globulins disappear gradually. In the newly hatched bird, the protein variations are more pronounced than in adults. Most important are the lower relative content of albumin and a corresponding relatively higher content of beta- and gamma-globulins. There seems to exist a slight sexual dimorphism in albumin level, which is higher in males than in females. During the reproduction period, both sexes show a fall of the relative concentration of albumin. Injections of gonadotropine hormone produce an increase of the plasma-proteins level and a marked decrease of the relative concentration of albumin. The overall figure is comparable with that of birds in natural breeding condition.", "contents": "[Plasma proteins in young and adult Spermestes c. cucculatus (Swainson) (Aves - Ploceidae - Estrildinae)]. The blood plasma of Spermestes c. cucullatus (Swainson) analysed electrophoretically on agar shows seven fractions. Immunoelectrophoresis against an antispermestes rabbit serum reveals 16 fractions. Individual variation of the plasma protein fractions is very low, as is also the case for the mobility of the fractions. With age, the alpha-globulins disappear gradually. In the newly hatched bird, the protein variations are more pronounced than in adults. Most important are the lower relative content of albumin and a corresponding relatively higher content of beta- and gamma-globulins. There seems to exist a slight sexual dimorphism in albumin level, which is higher in males than in females. During the reproduction period, both sexes show a fall of the relative concentration of albumin. Injections of gonadotropine hormone produce an increase of the plasma-proteins level and a marked decrease of the relative concentration of albumin. The overall figure is comparable with that of birds in natural breeding condition.", "PMID": 80169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7641", "title": "Interaction between vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia (awake rabbits).", "content": "The ventilatory response to a transient hypercapnia was studied in four awake rabbits maintained in a volume displacement plethysmograph : the increase in inspiratory volume (VI) was associated or not with an increase in inspiratory and expiratory durations (TI and TE). These ventilatory variations were consistent with the activation of the peripheral chemoreceptors by carbon dioxide (short latency of the initial response). After vagal blockade by local anaesthesia, relative ventilatory variations were not significantly different from those previously measured. Central activity seems an important factor reducing inhibitory vagal input and favouring peripheral chemoreceptor afferents.", "contents": "Interaction between vagal and chemoreceptors afferents in ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia (awake rabbits). The ventilatory response to a transient hypercapnia was studied in four awake rabbits maintained in a volume displacement plethysmograph : the increase in inspiratory volume (VI) was associated or not with an increase in inspiratory and expiratory durations (TI and TE). These ventilatory variations were consistent with the activation of the peripheral chemoreceptors by carbon dioxide (short latency of the initial response). After vagal blockade by local anaesthesia, relative ventilatory variations were not significantly different from those previously measured. Central activity seems an important factor reducing inhibitory vagal input and favouring peripheral chemoreceptor afferents.", "PMID": 80170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7642", "title": "Post-natal development of brown adipose tissue in the rat bred at 23 degrees C or 28 degrees C.", "content": "In view to study the effects of thermal environment on the development and the thermogenic activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), young rats born at 23 degrees C or 28 degrees C were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 11, 14 or 21 days after birth. The rate of increase in animal weight was quite the same at both temperatures up to the 14th day. The development of BAT and its contents in lipids, in water and in noradrenaline indicate that the energetic activity of the tissue is greatly stimulated in rats kept at 23 degrees C up to the 11th day. It is concluded that in rats bred in the habitual thermal conditions (23 degrees C), the occurrence of non shivering thermogenesis (NST) is important during the period of ten days after birth; in the following period NST could be progressively replaced by other thermoregulatory processes.", "contents": "Post-natal development of brown adipose tissue in the rat bred at 23 degrees C or 28 degrees C. In view to study the effects of thermal environment on the development and the thermogenic activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), young rats born at 23 degrees C or 28 degrees C were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 11, 14 or 21 days after birth. The rate of increase in animal weight was quite the same at both temperatures up to the 14th day. The development of BAT and its contents in lipids, in water and in noradrenaline indicate that the energetic activity of the tissue is greatly stimulated in rats kept at 23 degrees C up to the 11th day. It is concluded that in rats bred in the habitual thermal conditions (23 degrees C), the occurrence of non shivering thermogenesis (NST) is important during the period of ten days after birth; in the following period NST could be progressively replaced by other thermoregulatory processes.", "PMID": 80171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7643", "title": "Body temperature and oxygen uptake in the kinkajou (Potos flavus, Schreber), a nocturnal tropical carnivore.", "content": "Two kinkajous (Potos flavus, Procyonidae) showed marked nycthemeral variations in their rectal temperature. The mean Tr at night was 38.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C SD and 36.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C SD while resting during the day. Body temperature and O2-consumption were measured at ambient temperatures from 5-35 degrees C. With one exception at 35 degrees C, hypo- or hyperthermia was never observed. At air temperatures above 30 degrees C the bears reacted with behavioural responses. O2-consumption was minimal at Ta's from 23-30 degrees C. The mean basal metabolic rate was 0.316 ml O2 g-1 h-1 which is only 65% of the expected value according to the Kleiber formula. Below 23 degrees C heat production followed the equation : y (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 0.727--0.018 Ta. The minimal thermal conductance was 90% of the predicted value according to the formula : C (ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1) = 1.02 W-0.505 (HERREID & KESSEL, 1967). Kinkajous are another distinct exception to the mouse to elephant curve.", "contents": "Body temperature and oxygen uptake in the kinkajou (Potos flavus, Schreber), a nocturnal tropical carnivore. Two kinkajous (Potos flavus, Procyonidae) showed marked nycthemeral variations in their rectal temperature. The mean Tr at night was 38.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C SD and 36.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C SD while resting during the day. Body temperature and O2-consumption were measured at ambient temperatures from 5-35 degrees C. With one exception at 35 degrees C, hypo- or hyperthermia was never observed. At air temperatures above 30 degrees C the bears reacted with behavioural responses. O2-consumption was minimal at Ta's from 23-30 degrees C. The mean basal metabolic rate was 0.316 ml O2 g-1 h-1 which is only 65% of the expected value according to the Kleiber formula. Below 23 degrees C heat production followed the equation : y (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 0.727--0.018 Ta. The minimal thermal conductance was 90% of the predicted value according to the formula : C (ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1) = 1.02 W-0.505 (HERREID & KESSEL, 1967). Kinkajous are another distinct exception to the mouse to elephant curve.", "PMID": 80172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7644", "title": "White platelet arterial thrombus formation is inhibited by indomethacin in vivo.", "content": "White platelet thrombi induced after electrical current application followed by ADP superfusion can be inhibited by indomethacin. These findings suggest that the synthesis of PGG2 and PGH2 is inhibited, which results in less local platelet aggregating activity.", "contents": "White platelet arterial thrombus formation is inhibited by indomethacin in vivo. White platelet thrombi induced after electrical current application followed by ADP superfusion can be inhibited by indomethacin. These findings suggest that the synthesis of PGG2 and PGH2 is inhibited, which results in less local platelet aggregating activity.", "PMID": 80173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7645", "title": "Osmotic thirst suppression elicited by electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain in the dog.", "content": "Reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was measured in conscious dogs chronically implanted with electrodes in the basal forebrain. It was found that the thirst threshold to the osmotic stimulus increases markedly during electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, septum, nucleus accumbens septi, and to smaller degree during stimulation of the nucleus caudatus. The possibility of existence of some inhibitory components in the neural system controlling thirst in the dog is suggested.", "contents": "Osmotic thirst suppression elicited by electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain in the dog. Reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was measured in conscious dogs chronically implanted with electrodes in the basal forebrain. It was found that the thirst threshold to the osmotic stimulus increases markedly during electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, septum, nucleus accumbens septi, and to smaller degree during stimulation of the nucleus caudatus. The possibility of existence of some inhibitory components in the neural system controlling thirst in the dog is suggested.", "PMID": 80174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7646", "title": "Saralasin and SQ 20881 : their effects on central nervous system norepinephrine.", "content": "The effects of the infusion of Saralasin and SQ 20881, two drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system, on the norepinephrine (NE) concentration in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata were studied in male Wistar rats. NE content increased in hypothalamus in response to both drugs, without changes in medulla oblongata catecholamine concentration. These results showed that the NE concentration of certain areas of the central nervous system can be modified, in a short time, by the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Results observed after the infusion of Saralasin could indicate that the receptors, on which the angiotensin acts to produce this alteration, are similar to those of the peripheral blood vessels.", "contents": "Saralasin and SQ 20881 : their effects on central nervous system norepinephrine. The effects of the infusion of Saralasin and SQ 20881, two drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system, on the norepinephrine (NE) concentration in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata were studied in male Wistar rats. NE content increased in hypothalamus in response to both drugs, without changes in medulla oblongata catecholamine concentration. These results showed that the NE concentration of certain areas of the central nervous system can be modified, in a short time, by the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Results observed after the infusion of Saralasin could indicate that the receptors, on which the angiotensin acts to produce this alteration, are similar to those of the peripheral blood vessels.", "PMID": 80175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7647", "title": "Comparison of long term lipogenic effects of two different medium-chain triglycerides (tri C8: O and tri C12 : O) in the growing rat.", "content": "During the growth (35 g-340 g), and as compared to results obtained with a lipid-free diet or a diet containing long-chain fatty acids, high levels of Tri C8 : O or Tri C12 : O did not change the quantitative aspects of proteinogenesis and lipogenesis balances. The incorporation of Tri C8 : O into the diet did not change the fatty acid composition of body lipid stores while the incorporation of Tri C12 : O induced a lipogenesis characterized by the disappearance of about 50% of the n-9 and n-7 unsaturated fatty acids, the emergence of an equivalent amount of saturated fatty acids in C12 and C14, and the decrease of hexadecanoic or palmitic acid concentration. Titers of saturated fatty acids with a melting point higher than 40 degrees C increased from 34% to 64%. Results suggested an efficient inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis de novo by C12 : O, associated with an impossibility for microsomal enzymes to assume the elongation of a sufficient amount of C12 : O to maintain C16 : O concentration and to furnish an important amount of substrate (C18 : O) to delta-9-stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase for oleic acid synthesis. Introducing dodecanoic acid into the diet of growing animals appears to be the most efficient method for increasing the degree of saturation of body lipids without changing the concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Comparison of long term lipogenic effects of two different medium-chain triglycerides (tri C8: O and tri C12 : O) in the growing rat. During the growth (35 g-340 g), and as compared to results obtained with a lipid-free diet or a diet containing long-chain fatty acids, high levels of Tri C8 : O or Tri C12 : O did not change the quantitative aspects of proteinogenesis and lipogenesis balances. The incorporation of Tri C8 : O into the diet did not change the fatty acid composition of body lipid stores while the incorporation of Tri C12 : O induced a lipogenesis characterized by the disappearance of about 50% of the n-9 and n-7 unsaturated fatty acids, the emergence of an equivalent amount of saturated fatty acids in C12 and C14, and the decrease of hexadecanoic or palmitic acid concentration. Titers of saturated fatty acids with a melting point higher than 40 degrees C increased from 34% to 64%. Results suggested an efficient inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis de novo by C12 : O, associated with an impossibility for microsomal enzymes to assume the elongation of a sufficient amount of C12 : O to maintain C16 : O concentration and to furnish an important amount of substrate (C18 : O) to delta-9-stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase for oleic acid synthesis. Introducing dodecanoic acid into the diet of growing animals appears to be the most efficient method for increasing the degree of saturation of body lipids without changing the concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 80196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7648", "title": "Subcellular structure of bovine thyroid gland. VII. A study on the distribution of bovine thyroid plasma membranes by density gradient centrifugation in zonal rotors.", "content": "In order to obtain plasma membrane-rich fractions two methods were tried. Approach A was based on differential pelleting followed by discontinous gradient centrifugation in a B-XIV zonal rotor. In approach B homogeneization was performed in buffered water (NaHCO3, pH 7.4). The 73 300 X g pellet from this homogenate was subjected to buoyant density equilibrium in a HS zonal rotor (continuous sucrose gradient). Using approach A, the highest relative specific activity for plasma membrane markers was found at the 30-37% sucrose interphase. However, an increase for glucose 6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum marker) was also found at that interphase. Using approach B marker profiles different from approach A were found. Approach B results in a subdivision of membrane material in four distinct regions. These regions do not contain completely pure membrane species, although region I seems to be essentially derived from plasma membranes. It is also concluded from approach A that plasma membranes from bovine thyroid tissue are heterogeneous.", "contents": "Subcellular structure of bovine thyroid gland. VII. A study on the distribution of bovine thyroid plasma membranes by density gradient centrifugation in zonal rotors. In order to obtain plasma membrane-rich fractions two methods were tried. Approach A was based on differential pelleting followed by discontinous gradient centrifugation in a B-XIV zonal rotor. In approach B homogeneization was performed in buffered water (NaHCO3, pH 7.4). The 73 300 X g pellet from this homogenate was subjected to buoyant density equilibrium in a HS zonal rotor (continuous sucrose gradient). Using approach A, the highest relative specific activity for plasma membrane markers was found at the 30-37% sucrose interphase. However, an increase for glucose 6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum marker) was also found at that interphase. Using approach B marker profiles different from approach A were found. Approach B results in a subdivision of membrane material in four distinct regions. These regions do not contain completely pure membrane species, although region I seems to be essentially derived from plasma membranes. It is also concluded from approach A that plasma membranes from bovine thyroid tissue are heterogeneous.", "PMID": 80197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7649", "title": "Does the nucleus raphes participate in the regulation of resting and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in the pigeon?", "content": "Extensive multiple electrolytic lesions were placed into the nucleus raphes of the brain stem in the pigeon. Diurnal pituitary-adrenocortical rhythmicity appeared not to be altered and basal plasma corticosterone level remained quite normal in raphe lesioned birds. Electrical stimulations through permanently implanted electrode were delivered in various central nervous structures in unanaesthetized, freely moving pigeons. Stimulations of nucleus raphes and of various parts of formatio reticularis led to a significant rise in plasma corticosterone within 16 to 19 min after the beginning of the stimulating session. Then, plasma B came again to initial level within 15 minutes. Stimulations of the corticotropic area of the hypothalamus (n. posterior medialis hypothalami) and of archistriatum dorsalis induced an early plasma corticosterone increase occurring immediately after the stimulating burst (10 min). Stimulating the n. septum medialis also had an immediate, but reverse (decrease) effect on plasma corticosterone level. Stress-induced pituitary-adrenal cortical activation exhibited a temporal pattern quite similar to that observed after brain stem (n. raphes or formatio reticularis) stimulation. It is suggested that these various limbic and brain stem areas might be involved in some \"limbic system-midbrain circuit\" with two components : The forebrain component might be involved in the regulation and diurnal modulation of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function, the brain-stem component interferring with stress-induced responses.", "contents": "Does the nucleus raphes participate in the regulation of resting and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in the pigeon? Extensive multiple electrolytic lesions were placed into the nucleus raphes of the brain stem in the pigeon. Diurnal pituitary-adrenocortical rhythmicity appeared not to be altered and basal plasma corticosterone level remained quite normal in raphe lesioned birds. Electrical stimulations through permanently implanted electrode were delivered in various central nervous structures in unanaesthetized, freely moving pigeons. Stimulations of nucleus raphes and of various parts of formatio reticularis led to a significant rise in plasma corticosterone within 16 to 19 min after the beginning of the stimulating session. Then, plasma B came again to initial level within 15 minutes. Stimulations of the corticotropic area of the hypothalamus (n. posterior medialis hypothalami) and of archistriatum dorsalis induced an early plasma corticosterone increase occurring immediately after the stimulating burst (10 min). Stimulating the n. septum medialis also had an immediate, but reverse (decrease) effect on plasma corticosterone level. Stress-induced pituitary-adrenal cortical activation exhibited a temporal pattern quite similar to that observed after brain stem (n. raphes or formatio reticularis) stimulation. It is suggested that these various limbic and brain stem areas might be involved in some \"limbic system-midbrain circuit\" with two components : The forebrain component might be involved in the regulation and diurnal modulation of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function, the brain-stem component interferring with stress-induced responses.", "PMID": 80198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7650", "title": "Effects of ammonia on monoamine oxidase and enzymes of GABA metabolism in mouse brain.", "content": "Acute and chronic ammonia toxicity was produced in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of ammonium chloride (200 mg/kg) and by exposure of mice to ammonia vapours (5% v/v) continuously for 2 days and 5 days respectively. The ammonia content was elevated in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem and in liver. In acute ammonia intoxication there was a decrease in the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in all the three regions of brain. In chronic ammonia toxicity (2 days of exposure) a significant increase in the activity of MAO was observed in the cerebral cortex while in cerebellum and brain stem there was a significant decrease. In cerebral cortex and cerebellum there was a rise in the activity of MAO as a result of exposure to ammonia vapours for 5 days. A significant decrease was observed in the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in all the three regions of the brain both in acute and chronic ammonia toxicity (2 days). There was a decrease in the activity of this enzyme only in the cerebral cortex in the animals exposed to ammonia for 5 days. The activity of GABA-aminotransferase (GABA-T) showed a significant rise in cerebellum and a fall in the brain stem in acute ammonia toxicity. In chronic ammonia toxicity GABA-T showed a rise in all the three regions of brain. Chronic ammonia toxicity produced a significant decrease in the content of glutamate in all the three regions without a significant change in the content of aspartate. GABA and glutamine. The content of alanine increased in all the three regions of brain under these experimental conditions. The ratio of glutamate + aspartate/GABA and glutamate/glutamine showed a decrease in all the three regions as a result of ammonia toxicity.", "contents": "Effects of ammonia on monoamine oxidase and enzymes of GABA metabolism in mouse brain. Acute and chronic ammonia toxicity was produced in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of ammonium chloride (200 mg/kg) and by exposure of mice to ammonia vapours (5% v/v) continuously for 2 days and 5 days respectively. The ammonia content was elevated in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem and in liver. In acute ammonia intoxication there was a decrease in the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in all the three regions of brain. In chronic ammonia toxicity (2 days of exposure) a significant increase in the activity of MAO was observed in the cerebral cortex while in cerebellum and brain stem there was a significant decrease. In cerebral cortex and cerebellum there was a rise in the activity of MAO as a result of exposure to ammonia vapours for 5 days. A significant decrease was observed in the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in all the three regions of the brain both in acute and chronic ammonia toxicity (2 days). There was a decrease in the activity of this enzyme only in the cerebral cortex in the animals exposed to ammonia for 5 days. The activity of GABA-aminotransferase (GABA-T) showed a significant rise in cerebellum and a fall in the brain stem in acute ammonia toxicity. In chronic ammonia toxicity GABA-T showed a rise in all the three regions of brain. Chronic ammonia toxicity produced a significant decrease in the content of glutamate in all the three regions without a significant change in the content of aspartate. GABA and glutamine. The content of alanine increased in all the three regions of brain under these experimental conditions. The ratio of glutamate + aspartate/GABA and glutamate/glutamine showed a decrease in all the three regions as a result of ammonia toxicity.", "PMID": 80199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7651", "title": "Spectrum analysis of transient phenomena of the left ventricular pressure.", "content": "The application of \"real time\" spectrum analysis to left ventricular pressure during transient phenomena is described. Transient phenomena generated by the injection of drugs (norepinephrine-isoproterenol), anoxia and occlusion of aorta and carotids show sudden changes in the frequency of heart contraction. Propranolol stabilizes the heart rate in similar circumstances.", "contents": "Spectrum analysis of transient phenomena of the left ventricular pressure. The application of \"real time\" spectrum analysis to left ventricular pressure during transient phenomena is described. Transient phenomena generated by the injection of drugs (norepinephrine-isoproterenol), anoxia and occlusion of aorta and carotids show sudden changes in the frequency of heart contraction. Propranolol stabilizes the heart rate in similar circumstances.", "PMID": 80200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7652", "title": "Effect of increasing duration of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "The increased inorganic phosphate flow, characteristic of denervated gastrocnemius muscle, is shown to have no direct relation with either the loss of muscle mass or with the concentrations of the acid-soluble phosphate fractions. It is shown to increase hyperbolically with the time elapsed since the nerve section. The asymptotic value reached after thirty days suggests the presence of a saturable mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of increasing duration of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat gastrocnemius muscle. The increased inorganic phosphate flow, characteristic of denervated gastrocnemius muscle, is shown to have no direct relation with either the loss of muscle mass or with the concentrations of the acid-soluble phosphate fractions. It is shown to increase hyperbolically with the time elapsed since the nerve section. The asymptotic value reached after thirty days suggests the presence of a saturable mechanism.", "PMID": 80201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7653", "title": "Decoupling of the excitation-contraction link by glycerol procedure in volume-clamped muscle fibers.", "content": "The role of \"osmotic shock\" and vesiculation in the mechanism of disconnection of the T-system tubules by the glycerol procedure was studied in volume-clamped muscle fibres of the crayfish. The transient dilatation of fibres during the wash-out of glycerol was prevented by application of hypertonic sucrose solutions of decreasing osmolarity to hold the fibre volume constant. Under these conditions the fibres were decoupled only partially; the twitch tension was decreased to a steady level of about 40% of the control tension. The decay in tension developed without the transient potentiation observed in fibres allowed to dilate. The decoupling could not be reversed by reapplication of glycerol saline. The structure of volume-clamped fibres differs from the dilated ones in two respects; the vesicles appear smaller and are absent in continuous layers (about 4 micrometer in width) just under the surface and the cleft membranes. Electron microscopy of these regions has revealed the presence of normal T-system tubules communicating with the fibre exterior. The results provide evidence for the secondary role of the osmotic factor and the essential role of the vesiculation in the induction of the detubulation by glycerol procedure.", "contents": "Decoupling of the excitation-contraction link by glycerol procedure in volume-clamped muscle fibers. The role of \"osmotic shock\" and vesiculation in the mechanism of disconnection of the T-system tubules by the glycerol procedure was studied in volume-clamped muscle fibres of the crayfish. The transient dilatation of fibres during the wash-out of glycerol was prevented by application of hypertonic sucrose solutions of decreasing osmolarity to hold the fibre volume constant. Under these conditions the fibres were decoupled only partially; the twitch tension was decreased to a steady level of about 40% of the control tension. The decay in tension developed without the transient potentiation observed in fibres allowed to dilate. The decoupling could not be reversed by reapplication of glycerol saline. The structure of volume-clamped fibres differs from the dilated ones in two respects; the vesicles appear smaller and are absent in continuous layers (about 4 micrometer in width) just under the surface and the cleft membranes. Electron microscopy of these regions has revealed the presence of normal T-system tubules communicating with the fibre exterior. The results provide evidence for the secondary role of the osmotic factor and the essential role of the vesiculation in the induction of the detubulation by glycerol procedure.", "PMID": 80202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7654", "title": "[Cytological classification of lung carcinomata (author's transl)].", "content": "By comparing the cytological examinations and the final histological classification, the author discusses the possibilities of cytological type judgement. Using a staining method invented by himself, he was able to achieve a conformity of the cytological and of the final histological classification in 80 per cent of all cases. Abstaining from the differences in the judgement of maturity, the results of both methods were in conformity even in 89 per cent of all cases. As compared to the biopsy during bronchoscopy the cytological type classification was more exact. The difference had, however, proved to be insignificant (p greater than 0,05). The advantage of the author's own staining method is particularly obvious at the detection of mucus-forming carcinomata. In this way, two out of three mixed forms of epidermoid carcinomata and of adenocarcinomata could be correctly diagnosed.", "contents": "[Cytological classification of lung carcinomata (author's transl)]. By comparing the cytological examinations and the final histological classification, the author discusses the possibilities of cytological type judgement. Using a staining method invented by himself, he was able to achieve a conformity of the cytological and of the final histological classification in 80 per cent of all cases. Abstaining from the differences in the judgement of maturity, the results of both methods were in conformity even in 89 per cent of all cases. As compared to the biopsy during bronchoscopy the cytological type classification was more exact. The difference had, however, proved to be insignificant (p greater than 0,05). The advantage of the author's own staining method is particularly obvious at the detection of mucus-forming carcinomata. In this way, two out of three mixed forms of epidermoid carcinomata and of adenocarcinomata could be correctly diagnosed.", "PMID": 80205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7655", "title": "Pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease. A histologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study.", "content": "Twenty-two pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease were removed by transsphenoidal surgery. In six patients the pituitary tumor had become manifest following adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome). Sixteen tumors were microadenomas measuring from 2 to 9 mm, while two were diffuse invasive adenomas verified at postmortem examination. Light microscopy showed that the tumors were made of basophillic cells containing PAS-positive granules that stained blue with Herlant tetrachrome and lead hematoxylin. Immunocytochemical studies showed that the granules stained positively with antiserum to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or to beta-lipotropic hormone (beta-LPH) and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Electron microscopic study of the tumor cells showed ACTH and beta-LPH containing granules varying in size, shape, and amount. Perinuclear bundles of 70 A microfilaments constituted a specific ultrastructural finding.", "contents": "Pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease. A histologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study. Twenty-two pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease were removed by transsphenoidal surgery. In six patients the pituitary tumor had become manifest following adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome). Sixteen tumors were microadenomas measuring from 2 to 9 mm, while two were diffuse invasive adenomas verified at postmortem examination. Light microscopy showed that the tumors were made of basophillic cells containing PAS-positive granules that stained blue with Herlant tetrachrome and lead hematoxylin. Immunocytochemical studies showed that the granules stained positively with antiserum to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or to beta-lipotropic hormone (beta-LPH) and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Electron microscopic study of the tumor cells showed ACTH and beta-LPH containing granules varying in size, shape, and amount. Perinuclear bundles of 70 A microfilaments constituted a specific ultrastructural finding.", "PMID": 80206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7656", "title": "[Rapid method of combined staining of myelinated fibers and brain cells].", "content": "A modification of the method of combined staining of myelin fibers and nerve tissue cells (Kl\u00fcver and Barrera) is offered. Deparaffinised sections are stained for 1--2 hours in 0.01% acid alcohol solution of luxol blue fast, differentiated in 0.1% sodium tetraborate solution, and poststained with cresyl violet fast according to Nissl. The proposed method considerably shortens the time of staining and simplifies the process of differentiation of stained myelin fibers. The prescription for staining of the brain tissue sections silver-impregnated by the method of Holmes with luxol blue fast and cresyl violet is presented.", "contents": "[Rapid method of combined staining of myelinated fibers and brain cells]. A modification of the method of combined staining of myelin fibers and nerve tissue cells (Kl\u00fcver and Barrera) is offered. Deparaffinised sections are stained for 1--2 hours in 0.01% acid alcohol solution of luxol blue fast, differentiated in 0.1% sodium tetraborate solution, and poststained with cresyl violet fast according to Nissl. The proposed method considerably shortens the time of staining and simplifies the process of differentiation of stained myelin fibers. The prescription for staining of the brain tissue sections silver-impregnated by the method of Holmes with luxol blue fast and cresyl violet is presented.", "PMID": 80207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7657", "title": "[Morphological variants of alcoholic hyalin and possible ways of its evolution].", "content": "Possible ways of alcohol hyalin evolution were studied by repeated electron microscopic examinations of the livers of 2 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis Four types of ultrastructure of alcoholic hyalin were found: parallely oriented fibrillae, randomly oriented fibrillae, fine granular and large granular (spotlike) substance. Examinations of the material from repeated biopsies showed fibrillar hyalin to be \"young\" and to turn into \"old\" hyalin of granular structure. The evolution of alcoholic hyalin from fibrillar to granular is accompanied by hepatocyte necrosis and leukotaxic effect.", "contents": "[Morphological variants of alcoholic hyalin and possible ways of its evolution]. Possible ways of alcohol hyalin evolution were studied by repeated electron microscopic examinations of the livers of 2 patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis Four types of ultrastructure of alcoholic hyalin were found: parallely oriented fibrillae, randomly oriented fibrillae, fine granular and large granular (spotlike) substance. Examinations of the material from repeated biopsies showed fibrillar hyalin to be \"young\" and to turn into \"old\" hyalin of granular structure. The evolution of alcoholic hyalin from fibrillar to granular is accompanied by hepatocyte necrosis and leukotaxic effect.", "PMID": 80208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7658", "title": "[Study of the specific antigen of amyloid fibrils in secondary amyloidosis].", "content": "Amyloid fibrillae yere isolated from the spleen of a patient with secondary amyloidosis and their antigenic specificity was demonstrated. Pure antibody to the specific amyloid antigen was obtained. The possibility of mmunomorphological detecton of amyloid in tissues was proven. Amyloid protein was found to be absent in normal organs of adults and embryos.", "contents": "[Study of the specific antigen of amyloid fibrils in secondary amyloidosis]. Amyloid fibrillae yere isolated from the spleen of a patient with secondary amyloidosis and their antigenic specificity was demonstrated. Pure antibody to the specific amyloid antigen was obtained. The possibility of mmunomorphological detecton of amyloid in tissues was proven. Amyloid protein was found to be absent in normal organs of adults and embryos.", "PMID": 80209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7659", "title": "[Method of preparation and staining of microscopic sections in emergency biopsy].", "content": "To obtain a distinct and sufficiently standard staining of sections in urgent biopsy Harris hematoxylin should be used the preparation of which is based on oxidation of aluminous hematoxylin by mercuric oxide. This solution stains nuclei of the preparations quite rapidly (within 1/2-1 min) and very electively. The use of a fan for drying of sections on slides and other devices described by the author shorten the time of express biopsy preparation to 5-7 minutes.", "contents": "[Method of preparation and staining of microscopic sections in emergency biopsy]. To obtain a distinct and sufficiently standard staining of sections in urgent biopsy Harris hematoxylin should be used the preparation of which is based on oxidation of aluminous hematoxylin by mercuric oxide. This solution stains nuclei of the preparations quite rapidly (within 1/2-1 min) and very electively. The use of a fan for drying of sections on slides and other devices described by the author shorten the time of express biopsy preparation to 5-7 minutes.", "PMID": 80210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7660", "title": "[Method of counterstaining preparations for immunofluorescent studies of the pituitary].", "content": "To elucidate nonfluorescent structural elements of the hypophyseal parenchyma for immunofluorescent investigations, properties of some dyes most commonly applied for hypophysis staining have been studied. Such dyes as paraldehide-fuchsin, light green, orange G, chromotrop 2R, hematoxylin, eosin, fuchsin, azocarmin possess their own intensive luminescence and block immunofluorescence completely. Some other dyes (trypan blue, bromthymol blue, aniline blue, malachite green, methyl green) though not blocking immunofluorescence, they do not reveal hypophyseal cellular elements distinctly enough. Good results have been obtained with 0.3% water solution of toluidine blue, 0.5% solution of methylene light blue, methylene blue, as well as with Gram--Weigert's staining and with gallocyanin after Einarson. For special staining of corticotropocytes, the authors recommend 0.1% solution of bromphenol blue in barate buffer, pH 8.2.", "contents": "[Method of counterstaining preparations for immunofluorescent studies of the pituitary]. To elucidate nonfluorescent structural elements of the hypophyseal parenchyma for immunofluorescent investigations, properties of some dyes most commonly applied for hypophysis staining have been studied. Such dyes as paraldehide-fuchsin, light green, orange G, chromotrop 2R, hematoxylin, eosin, fuchsin, azocarmin possess their own intensive luminescence and block immunofluorescence completely. Some other dyes (trypan blue, bromthymol blue, aniline blue, malachite green, methyl green) though not blocking immunofluorescence, they do not reveal hypophyseal cellular elements distinctly enough. Good results have been obtained with 0.3% water solution of toluidine blue, 0.5% solution of methylene light blue, methylene blue, as well as with Gram--Weigert's staining and with gallocyanin after Einarson. For special staining of corticotropocytes, the authors recommend 0.1% solution of bromphenol blue in barate buffer, pH 8.2.", "PMID": 80211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7661", "title": "Drusen in the optic nerve head. Verification by computerized tomography.", "content": "Five patients with a clinical diagnosis of buried or exposed drusen of the optic nerve head were examined by computerized tomography (CT). The relative x-ray absorption within their nerve heads was significantly larger than in controls, reflecting the high calcium content of drusen. Computerized tomography, and particularly high-definition CT, therefore merits consideration in the investigation of disc swelling.", "contents": "Drusen in the optic nerve head. Verification by computerized tomography. Five patients with a clinical diagnosis of buried or exposed drusen of the optic nerve head were examined by computerized tomography (CT). The relative x-ray absorption within their nerve heads was significantly larger than in controls, reflecting the high calcium content of drusen. Computerized tomography, and particularly high-definition CT, therefore merits consideration in the investigation of disc swelling.", "PMID": 80212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7662", "title": "The distribution of Feulgen stained nuclei in the periphery of human head and neck tumours--cytophotometric investigations.", "content": "With single cell cytophotometry we investigated the distribution of Feulgen stained cell nuclei of ENT tumours. In the periphery of exophytically growing tumours these cells seem to be distributed homogeneously. Because of the difficulties in determination of the DNA synthesizing cells Feulgen cytophotometry should be completed by other cell kinetic methods e.g. pulse cytophotometry and autoradiography.", "contents": "The distribution of Feulgen stained nuclei in the periphery of human head and neck tumours--cytophotometric investigations. With single cell cytophotometry we investigated the distribution of Feulgen stained cell nuclei of ENT tumours. In the periphery of exophytically growing tumours these cells seem to be distributed homogeneously. Because of the difficulties in determination of the DNA synthesizing cells Feulgen cytophotometry should be completed by other cell kinetic methods e.g. pulse cytophotometry and autoradiography.", "PMID": 80213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7663", "title": "Physical and chemical properties of human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "Alpha2-M (alpha2-macroglobulin) was purified from human plasma by two different procedures. As well as having no detectable impurities by the usual criteria for testing the homogeneity of protein preparations, these alpha2M preparations showed a single component, after reduction in urea, of 185000 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the alpha2M was found to be 718000 by sedimentation equilibrium experiments using the gravimetrically determined -v of 0.731 ml/g. The interaction of several proteinases with alpha2M was studied by using a novel discontinuous polyacrylamide-gel system, which showed clear separation of the enzyme-complexed alpha2M from the free alpha2M. These studies indicated that urokinase, as well as trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and thrombin forms complexes with alphaM. The cleavage of the 185000-dalton subunit to a 85000-dalton species on interaction of trypsin with alpha2M was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after reduction of the alpha2M-trypsin complex in urea. The amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, absorption coefficient at 280 nm, the specific refractive increment and the sedimentation coefficient for these alpha2M preparations were measured. The stability of the trypsin-binding activity of the alpha2M preparations was also studied under several storage situations.", "contents": "Physical and chemical properties of human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin. Alpha2-M (alpha2-macroglobulin) was purified from human plasma by two different procedures. As well as having no detectable impurities by the usual criteria for testing the homogeneity of protein preparations, these alpha2M preparations showed a single component, after reduction in urea, of 185000 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the alpha2M was found to be 718000 by sedimentation equilibrium experiments using the gravimetrically determined -v of 0.731 ml/g. The interaction of several proteinases with alpha2M was studied by using a novel discontinuous polyacrylamide-gel system, which showed clear separation of the enzyme-complexed alpha2M from the free alpha2M. These studies indicated that urokinase, as well as trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and thrombin forms complexes with alphaM. The cleavage of the 185000-dalton subunit to a 85000-dalton species on interaction of trypsin with alpha2M was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after reduction of the alpha2M-trypsin complex in urea. The amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, absorption coefficient at 280 nm, the specific refractive increment and the sedimentation coefficient for these alpha2M preparations were measured. The stability of the trypsin-binding activity of the alpha2M preparations was also studied under several storage situations.", "PMID": 80217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7664", "title": "Supression of ventricular extrasystoles by perhexiline.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effects of perhexiline were investigated in 13 of 20 patients with frequent and long standing ventricular extrasystoles in a double blind crossover trial using 24-hour electrocardiograph tape recordings, routine electrocardiograms, and treadmill exercise testing. With a dose of 300 to 400 mg per day, there was a significant decrease (mean 41%) in the number of ventricular extrasystoles per 24 hours. There were large differences in the individual responses to perhexiline, which were significantly related to the diurnal variations of ventricular extrasystoles: those patients whose ventricular extrasystoles disappeared spontaneously during sleep were less likely to respond to perhexiline than those whose ventricular extrasystoles persisted throughout the night. Suppression of ventricular extrasystoles was also apparent from the routine electrocardiogram and the exercise tests. Side effects (dizziness and unsteadiness) were troublesome in 5 of 20 patients. It is concluded that in selected patients perhexiline is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, and is likely to be most useful in patients with coexisting angina and ventricular extrasystoles. Because of its potential toxicity, it should not be used as a drug of first choice.", "contents": "Supression of ventricular extrasystoles by perhexiline. The antiarrhythmic effects of perhexiline were investigated in 13 of 20 patients with frequent and long standing ventricular extrasystoles in a double blind crossover trial using 24-hour electrocardiograph tape recordings, routine electrocardiograms, and treadmill exercise testing. With a dose of 300 to 400 mg per day, there was a significant decrease (mean 41%) in the number of ventricular extrasystoles per 24 hours. There were large differences in the individual responses to perhexiline, which were significantly related to the diurnal variations of ventricular extrasystoles: those patients whose ventricular extrasystoles disappeared spontaneously during sleep were less likely to respond to perhexiline than those whose ventricular extrasystoles persisted throughout the night. Suppression of ventricular extrasystoles was also apparent from the routine electrocardiogram and the exercise tests. Side effects (dizziness and unsteadiness) were troublesome in 5 of 20 patients. It is concluded that in selected patients perhexiline is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, and is likely to be most useful in patients with coexisting angina and ventricular extrasystoles. Because of its potential toxicity, it should not be used as a drug of first choice.", "PMID": 80219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7665", "title": "Vectorcardiographic features of ventricular extrasystoles correlated with conventional scalar electrocardiographic interpretation.", "content": "Horizontal and frontal plane QRS loops of patients in sinus rhythm with uniform ventricular extrasystoles were constructed from digitised Frank orthogonal electrocardiograms. In 4 patients ventricular extrasystoles were indistinguishable from right bundle-branch complexes, and in another they were indistinguishable from left bundle-branch complexes. In 25 patients ventricular extrasystoles showed an initial delay (greater than or equal to 20 ms) of the QRS, followed by an R loop, which in 13 patients resembled left bundle-branch block complexes, and in 12 patients resembled right bundle-branch block complexes, with an anterior clockwise loop in the horizontal plane. However, the frontal plane loop often did not resemble that of either right or left bundle-branch block. In 51 patients ventricular extrasystoles had an initial delay which was prolonged into the efferent limb of the QRS loop with acceleration of the afferent limb, and/or the QRS loop was directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left. Conventional recordings of these extrasystoles usually showed an initial slow upstroke (or downstroke) of the QRS resembling a delta wave. Apparently uniform ventricular extrasystoles on scalar recordings were shown to be multiform vectorcardiographically though in all such cases the direction of the initial 40 ms forces was constant. It is suggested that the slow initial inscription of ventricular extrasystoles is the result of excitation of ventricular muscle directly and not through specialised His-Purkinje fibres, and that the direction of such initial forces may indicate the ventricular origin of ventricular extrasystoles.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic features of ventricular extrasystoles correlated with conventional scalar electrocardiographic interpretation. Horizontal and frontal plane QRS loops of patients in sinus rhythm with uniform ventricular extrasystoles were constructed from digitised Frank orthogonal electrocardiograms. In 4 patients ventricular extrasystoles were indistinguishable from right bundle-branch complexes, and in another they were indistinguishable from left bundle-branch complexes. In 25 patients ventricular extrasystoles showed an initial delay (greater than or equal to 20 ms) of the QRS, followed by an R loop, which in 13 patients resembled left bundle-branch block complexes, and in 12 patients resembled right bundle-branch block complexes, with an anterior clockwise loop in the horizontal plane. However, the frontal plane loop often did not resemble that of either right or left bundle-branch block. In 51 patients ventricular extrasystoles had an initial delay which was prolonged into the efferent limb of the QRS loop with acceleration of the afferent limb, and/or the QRS loop was directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left. Conventional recordings of these extrasystoles usually showed an initial slow upstroke (or downstroke) of the QRS resembling a delta wave. Apparently uniform ventricular extrasystoles on scalar recordings were shown to be multiform vectorcardiographically though in all such cases the direction of the initial 40 ms forces was constant. It is suggested that the slow initial inscription of ventricular extrasystoles is the result of excitation of ventricular muscle directly and not through specialised His-Purkinje fibres, and that the direction of such initial forces may indicate the ventricular origin of ventricular extrasystoles.", "PMID": 80220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7666", "title": "Mahaim conduction producing left axis deviation and normal QRS.", "content": "An unusual patient is described in whom electrophysiological studies strongly suggest the occurrence of Mahaim conduction. The patient whose electrocardiogram previously showed a left anterior hemiblock pattern then developed advanced atrioventricular (AV) block (AH block). Beats conducted through the atrioventricular node always had a short HV interval (20 ms) and QRS complexes of left anterior hemiblock pattern. Junctional escape beats always had a normal HV interval (50 ms) with normal intraventricular conduction. His bundle pacing showed the StV interval and QRS contour of escape beats. These findings suggest the existence of an accessory pathway (Mahaim fibres) passing from the area of block, presumably the uppermost portion of the His bundle, to the posteroinferior division of the left bundle-branch. The surface electrocardiogram did not show the characteristic delta wave of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Our observations suggest that patients in whom there is conduction along Mahaim fibres may show only the pattern of intraventricular conduction defect without a delta wave.", "contents": "Mahaim conduction producing left axis deviation and normal QRS. An unusual patient is described in whom electrophysiological studies strongly suggest the occurrence of Mahaim conduction. The patient whose electrocardiogram previously showed a left anterior hemiblock pattern then developed advanced atrioventricular (AV) block (AH block). Beats conducted through the atrioventricular node always had a short HV interval (20 ms) and QRS complexes of left anterior hemiblock pattern. Junctional escape beats always had a normal HV interval (50 ms) with normal intraventricular conduction. His bundle pacing showed the StV interval and QRS contour of escape beats. These findings suggest the existence of an accessory pathway (Mahaim fibres) passing from the area of block, presumably the uppermost portion of the His bundle, to the posteroinferior division of the left bundle-branch. The surface electrocardiogram did not show the characteristic delta wave of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Our observations suggest that patients in whom there is conduction along Mahaim fibres may show only the pattern of intraventricular conduction defect without a delta wave.", "PMID": 80221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7667", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in hepatocellular cancer.", "content": "Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations were found to be raised in 28 of 72 black patients (39%) with hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The degree of elevation was slight or moderate, except in 3 patients in whom values greater than 20 ng/ml were recorded. No significant correlation could be demonstrated in individual patients between the serum CEA concentration and various tests of liver function. The mean CEA value in the patients with cirrhosis in the non-tumorous liver was slightly higher than that in those without cirrhosis, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no correlation between serum CEA and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) levels.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in hepatocellular cancer. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations were found to be raised in 28 of 72 black patients (39%) with hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The degree of elevation was slight or moderate, except in 3 patients in whom values greater than 20 ng/ml were recorded. No significant correlation could be demonstrated in individual patients between the serum CEA concentration and various tests of liver function. The mean CEA value in the patients with cirrhosis in the non-tumorous liver was slightly higher than that in those without cirrhosis, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no correlation between serum CEA and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) levels.", "PMID": 80223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7668", "title": "Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein screening for fetal neural tube defects.", "content": "Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening for fetal neural tube defects (NTD) was used as a part of routine antenatal care in three hospitals over a 26 month period. Blood samples were obtained for plasma AFP measurement at 15 to 20 weeks gestation from 6377 women, representing 79 per cent of antenatal bookings. The outcome of pregnancy was ascertained in 96 per cent of patients: 13 cases of anencephaly and 7 of open spina bifida were detected by plasma screening and a further 3 cases of open NTD through the mother's previous medical history and amniotic fluid determination. Four fetuses with open NTDs and four with closed NTDS were not detected by plasma AFP measurement and the detection efficiency for open NTDs was thus 83 per cent. Integration of screening into the existing pattern of antenatal care required only minor alterations in clinic schedules. Some extra time was needed for explanation of the objectives of the study, for ultrasound examination and for amniocentesis. Eight patients declined the offer of a plasma test, while only one refused an amniocentesis.", "contents": "Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein screening for fetal neural tube defects. Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening for fetal neural tube defects (NTD) was used as a part of routine antenatal care in three hospitals over a 26 month period. Blood samples were obtained for plasma AFP measurement at 15 to 20 weeks gestation from 6377 women, representing 79 per cent of antenatal bookings. The outcome of pregnancy was ascertained in 96 per cent of patients: 13 cases of anencephaly and 7 of open spina bifida were detected by plasma screening and a further 3 cases of open NTD through the mother's previous medical history and amniotic fluid determination. Four fetuses with open NTDs and four with closed NTDS were not detected by plasma AFP measurement and the detection efficiency for open NTDs was thus 83 per cent. Integration of screening into the existing pattern of antenatal care required only minor alterations in clinic schedules. Some extra time was needed for explanation of the objectives of the study, for ultrasound examination and for amniocentesis. Eight patients declined the offer of a plasma test, while only one refused an amniocentesis.", "PMID": 80224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7669", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and birth weight in twin pregnancies.", "content": "In 102 twin pregnancies the mean birth weight of each pair showed a statistically significant negative association with maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels early in pregnancy. Women with AFP levels of four or more times the median value for singleton pregnancies gave birth to infants with a median birth weight 660 g less than that of infants born to women with AFP levels between 1.0 and 1.5 times the median for singleton pregnancies. Maternal serum AFP has been shown to be an early predictor of low birth weight delivery in singleton pregnancies. Our results indicate that this is also true in twin pregnancies.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and birth weight in twin pregnancies. In 102 twin pregnancies the mean birth weight of each pair showed a statistically significant negative association with maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels early in pregnancy. Women with AFP levels of four or more times the median value for singleton pregnancies gave birth to infants with a median birth weight 660 g less than that of infants born to women with AFP levels between 1.0 and 1.5 times the median for singleton pregnancies. Maternal serum AFP has been shown to be an early predictor of low birth weight delivery in singleton pregnancies. Our results indicate that this is also true in twin pregnancies.", "PMID": 80225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7670", "title": "Effect of chelating agents and metal ions on the degradation of DNA by bleomycin.", "content": "The degradation of DNA by bleomycin was studied in the absence and in the presence of added reducing agents, including 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, H2O2, and ascorbate, and in the presence of a superoxide anion generating system consisting of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine. In all cases, breakage of DNA was inhibited by low concentrations of chelators; where examined in detail, deferoxamine mesylate was considerably more potent than (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid. Iron was found to be present in significant quantities in all reaction mixtures. Thus, the pattern of inhibition observed is attributed to the involvement of contaminating iron in the degradation of DNA by bleomycin. Cu(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) inhibit degradation of DNA by bleomycin and Fe(II) in the absence of added reducing agents. A model is proposed in which the degradation of DNA in these systems is dependent on the oxidation of an Fe(II)-bleomycin-DNA complex.", "contents": "Effect of chelating agents and metal ions on the degradation of DNA by bleomycin. The degradation of DNA by bleomycin was studied in the absence and in the presence of added reducing agents, including 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, H2O2, and ascorbate, and in the presence of a superoxide anion generating system consisting of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine. In all cases, breakage of DNA was inhibited by low concentrations of chelators; where examined in detail, deferoxamine mesylate was considerably more potent than (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid. Iron was found to be present in significant quantities in all reaction mixtures. Thus, the pattern of inhibition observed is attributed to the involvement of contaminating iron in the degradation of DNA by bleomycin. Cu(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) inhibit degradation of DNA by bleomycin and Fe(II) in the absence of added reducing agents. A model is proposed in which the degradation of DNA in these systems is dependent on the oxidation of an Fe(II)-bleomycin-DNA complex.", "PMID": 80226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7671", "title": "Unique human glycoprotein, alpha1-microglycoprotein: isolation from the urine of a cancer patient and its characterization.", "content": "A human glycoprotein was isolated from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. It appears pure and homogeneous when examined by immunoelectrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn.HCl), and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. It has a brown color due to a tightly (most likely covalently) bound chromophore group(s) and migrates to the alpha1 region in immunoelectrophoresis. A molecular weight (mol wt) of 27 000 was obtained for the glycoprotein by gel filtration in 6 M Gdn.HCl. Its approximate mol wt determined by Na-DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 29 000 on 5% and 7.5% and 10% gels. Amino acid and hexosamine analyses showed that it is a glycoprotein and indicated that it contains four half-cystine residues per molecule. Based on the above observations we designated it \"alpha1-microglycoprotein\" (alpha1-MGP). Isoelectric focusing of alpha1-MGP showed a significant charge heterogeneity, although only a single NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained for alpha1-MGP, i.e., Gly-Pro-Val-Pro-( )-Pro-Pro-Asx-Asx-Ile-Glx-Val-Glx-Glx-Asx-Phe-Phe-Ile-(Ser or Ala)-Arg. The alpha1-MGP was found in significant concentrations in the urine of many patients with neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Unique human glycoprotein, alpha1-microglycoprotein: isolation from the urine of a cancer patient and its characterization. A human glycoprotein was isolated from the urine of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. It appears pure and homogeneous when examined by immunoelectrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn.HCl), and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. It has a brown color due to a tightly (most likely covalently) bound chromophore group(s) and migrates to the alpha1 region in immunoelectrophoresis. A molecular weight (mol wt) of 27 000 was obtained for the glycoprotein by gel filtration in 6 M Gdn.HCl. Its approximate mol wt determined by Na-DodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 29 000 on 5% and 7.5% and 10% gels. Amino acid and hexosamine analyses showed that it is a glycoprotein and indicated that it contains four half-cystine residues per molecule. Based on the above observations we designated it \"alpha1-microglycoprotein\" (alpha1-MGP). Isoelectric focusing of alpha1-MGP showed a significant charge heterogeneity, although only a single NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained for alpha1-MGP, i.e., Gly-Pro-Val-Pro-( )-Pro-Pro-Asx-Asx-Ile-Glx-Val-Glx-Glx-Asx-Phe-Phe-Ile-(Ser or Ala)-Arg. The alpha1-MGP was found in significant concentrations in the urine of many patients with neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 80228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7672", "title": "Inhibitor of trypsin and chymotrypsin in cultures of HeLa cells.", "content": "An inhibitor of trypsin and chymotrypsin with apparent molecular weight of 68 000 and a mobility similar to alpha1-globulin on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was isolated from serum-free supernatant preparations from HeLa cells. Immunoelectrophoresis assays indicated that the inhibitor differed serologically from known inhibitors of serine proteinases in plasma and urine but shared antigenic determinants with an unidentified protein in these body fluids and with an inhibitor recently isolated from cultures of lung.", "contents": "Inhibitor of trypsin and chymotrypsin in cultures of HeLa cells. An inhibitor of trypsin and chymotrypsin with apparent molecular weight of 68 000 and a mobility similar to alpha1-globulin on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was isolated from serum-free supernatant preparations from HeLa cells. Immunoelectrophoresis assays indicated that the inhibitor differed serologically from known inhibitors of serine proteinases in plasma and urine but shared antigenic determinants with an unidentified protein in these body fluids and with an inhibitor recently isolated from cultures of lung.", "PMID": 80230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7673", "title": "Clostridiopeptidase B inhibition by plasma marcroglobulins and microbial antiproteases.", "content": "Clostridiopeptidase B (EC 3.4.22.8) was not inhibited by stoichiometric amounts of lima bean trypsin inhibitor, ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, Kuntiz bovine trypsin inhibotor, Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor or ovoinhibitor. Activity was diminished at relatively high concentrations of the three latter inhibitors. Human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin inhibited both the amidase and protease activity of the enzyme. Rat and dog plasmas contained high molecular weight inhibitors, presumably macroglobulins as well. Inhibition by this component was greater in rat plasma than in dog plasma, which may be related to the observation that clostridiopeptidase B-induced generation of kinin activity is indirect in the former plasma, but direct in the later. Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal) and antipain ([S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl] carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-argininal) inhibited clostridiopeptidase B (Ki of 2 . 10(-8) and 3 . 10(-8) M, respectively). They were potent inhibitors of clostridiopeptidase B-induced kinin release in dog plasma.", "contents": "Clostridiopeptidase B inhibition by plasma marcroglobulins and microbial antiproteases. Clostridiopeptidase B (EC 3.4.22.8) was not inhibited by stoichiometric amounts of lima bean trypsin inhibitor, ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, Kuntiz bovine trypsin inhibotor, Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor or ovoinhibitor. Activity was diminished at relatively high concentrations of the three latter inhibitors. Human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin inhibited both the amidase and protease activity of the enzyme. Rat and dog plasmas contained high molecular weight inhibitors, presumably macroglobulins as well. Inhibition by this component was greater in rat plasma than in dog plasma, which may be related to the observation that clostridiopeptidase B-induced generation of kinin activity is indirect in the former plasma, but direct in the later. Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal) and antipain ([S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl] carbamoyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L-argininal) inhibited clostridiopeptidase B (Ki of 2 . 10(-8) and 3 . 10(-8) M, respectively). They were potent inhibitors of clostridiopeptidase B-induced kinin release in dog plasma.", "PMID": 80231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7674", "title": "Isolation of tau-phosphohistidine from a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate of human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "The carbethoxylation of prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) was accompanied by modification of histidine residues and the inactivation of the enzyme. These findings are consistent with photoinactivation experiments described earlier (Rybarska, J. and Ostrowski, W (1974) Acta Biochim, Polon. 21, 377--390). Prostatic acid phosphatase was phosphorylated at alkaline pH using p-nitrophenyl [32P]phosphate as substrate. Phosphoryl enzyme is stable in alkaline solutions and undergoes dephosphorylation at acidic pH. After hydrolysis of phosphoryl enzyme in strong alkaline solution, a single phosphoryl amino acid was isolated from hydrolyzate and identified as the tau-phosphohistidine.", "contents": "Isolation of tau-phosphohistidine from a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate of human prostatic acid phosphatase. The carbethoxylation of prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2) was accompanied by modification of histidine residues and the inactivation of the enzyme. These findings are consistent with photoinactivation experiments described earlier (Rybarska, J. and Ostrowski, W (1974) Acta Biochim, Polon. 21, 377--390). Prostatic acid phosphatase was phosphorylated at alkaline pH using p-nitrophenyl [32P]phosphate as substrate. Phosphoryl enzyme is stable in alkaline solutions and undergoes dephosphorylation at acidic pH. After hydrolysis of phosphoryl enzyme in strong alkaline solution, a single phosphoryl amino acid was isolated from hydrolyzate and identified as the tau-phosphohistidine.", "PMID": 80232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7675", "title": "The in vitro interactions of rat pancreatic elastase and normal and inflammatory ray serum.", "content": "The partition of labelled rat pancreatic elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) between the different protease inhibitors of rat plasma was studied at different levels of saturation of the inhibitors of rat plasma was studied at different levels of saturation of the inhibitor capacity of plasma with the enzyme. The reaction mixtures were analysed by immunoelectrophoretic methods utilizing specific antisera against the different inhibitors and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Rat serum was shown to contain four elastase binding  proteins. alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-macroglobulin and alpha 2-acute phase protein and alpha 1-inhibitor 3 which exhibits immunologic cross-reaction with human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and is of similar molecular weight. With minute amounts of labelled elastase the partition among the binding protein was alpha 1-macroglobulin 60%, alpha 1-antitrypsin 24% and alpha 1-I3 16%. The 60% value of alpha 1-M bound radioactivity in normal serum corresponds to the sum of alpha 1-M and alpha 2-AP labelling in inflammatory serum.", "contents": "The in vitro interactions of rat pancreatic elastase and normal and inflammatory ray serum. The partition of labelled rat pancreatic elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) between the different protease inhibitors of rat plasma was studied at different levels of saturation of the inhibitors of rat plasma was studied at different levels of saturation of the inhibitor capacity of plasma with the enzyme. The reaction mixtures were analysed by immunoelectrophoretic methods utilizing specific antisera against the different inhibitors and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Rat serum was shown to contain four elastase binding  proteins. alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-macroglobulin and alpha 2-acute phase protein and alpha 1-inhibitor 3 which exhibits immunologic cross-reaction with human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and is of similar molecular weight. With minute amounts of labelled elastase the partition among the binding protein was alpha 1-macroglobulin 60%, alpha 1-antitrypsin 24% and alpha 1-I3 16%. The 60% value of alpha 1-M bound radioactivity in normal serum corresponds to the sum of alpha 1-M and alpha 2-AP labelling in inflammatory serum.", "PMID": 80233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7676", "title": "Effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide-copper complex on Rous sarcoma virus and its genome RNA.", "content": "The copper complex of the antituberculous drug, insonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), inhibits the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus and inactivates its ability to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. The INH-copper complex binds to the 70S genome RNA of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which may account for its ability to inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The complex binds RNA more effectively than DNA in contrast to M-IBT-copper complexes, which bind both types of nucleic acids equally. The homopolymers, poly rA and poly rU, are bound by the INH-copper complex to a greater extent than poly rC. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide alone and CuSO4 alone bind neither DNA, RNA, poly (rA), poly (rU), nor poly (rC). However, CuSO4 alone binds poly (rI); INH alone does not. In addition to viral DNA synthesis, chick-embryo cell DNA synthesis is inhibited by the INH-copper complex. The extent of inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis is greater than that of cellular RNA and protein synthesis. No selective inhibition of transformation in cells previously infected with Rous sarcoma virus is observed.", "contents": "Effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide-copper complex on Rous sarcoma virus and its genome RNA. The copper complex of the antituberculous drug, insonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), inhibits the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus and inactivates its ability to malignantly transform chick embryo cells. The INH-copper complex binds to the 70S genome RNA of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which may account for its ability to inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The complex binds RNA more effectively than DNA in contrast to M-IBT-copper complexes, which bind both types of nucleic acids equally. The homopolymers, poly rA and poly rU, are bound by the INH-copper complex to a greater extent than poly rC. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide alone and CuSO4 alone bind neither DNA, RNA, poly (rA), poly (rU), nor poly (rC). However, CuSO4 alone binds poly (rI); INH alone does not. In addition to viral DNA synthesis, chick-embryo cell DNA synthesis is inhibited by the INH-copper complex. The extent of inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis is greater than that of cellular RNA and protein synthesis. No selective inhibition of transformation in cells previously infected with Rous sarcoma virus is observed.", "PMID": 80234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7677", "title": "Serum protein changes associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "Using a radial immunodiffusion technique, the concentrations of eight serum proteins have been measured in sera from 60 chest clinic patients previously shown to have abnormally low alpha1-antitrypsin levels, and in 60 age and sex matched control sera. Of the proteins, only alpha2-macroglobulin showed a highly significant increase in the alpha1-antitrypsin deficient group. The findings confirm a previously reported association between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and increased alpha2-macroglobulin, and lend support to the suggestion that the rise in alpha2-macroglobulin is a specific compensatory response.", "contents": "Serum protein changes associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Using a radial immunodiffusion technique, the concentrations of eight serum proteins have been measured in sera from 60 chest clinic patients previously shown to have abnormally low alpha1-antitrypsin levels, and in 60 age and sex matched control sera. Of the proteins, only alpha2-macroglobulin showed a highly significant increase in the alpha1-antitrypsin deficient group. The findings confirm a previously reported association between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and increased alpha2-macroglobulin, and lend support to the suggestion that the rise in alpha2-macroglobulin is a specific compensatory response.", "PMID": 80235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7678", "title": "Search for endogenous C-type viruses in cultures of non leukemic human cells.", "content": "Cultures of cells derived from non-leukemic human tissues were submitted to treatments known to induce endogenous C-type viruses of a number of animal species. Virus expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase (RT) assays in the growth medium. Of 20 cultures treated or untreated with bromodeoxyuridine, 18 were totally negative in RT assays. Of the 2 positive cultures, one was a human-mouse hybrid in which the induction of RT activity coincided with the expression of murine antigens. The other culture, a diploid strain which exhibited borderline enzymatic activity, was subjected to more detailed analysis after treatment with several chemical inducers and/or irradiation, but none of these procedures gave clearly positive results. The apparent lack of an endogenous virus synthesis in these human cells is discussed.", "contents": "Search for endogenous C-type viruses in cultures of non leukemic human cells. Cultures of cells derived from non-leukemic human tissues were submitted to treatments known to induce endogenous C-type viruses of a number of animal species. Virus expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase (RT) assays in the growth medium. Of 20 cultures treated or untreated with bromodeoxyuridine, 18 were totally negative in RT assays. Of the 2 positive cultures, one was a human-mouse hybrid in which the induction of RT activity coincided with the expression of murine antigens. The other culture, a diploid strain which exhibited borderline enzymatic activity, was subjected to more detailed analysis after treatment with several chemical inducers and/or irradiation, but none of these procedures gave clearly positive results. The apparent lack of an endogenous virus synthesis in these human cells is discussed.", "PMID": 80236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7679", "title": "[Tissue specific antigen of the caudal lobe of the chicken adenohypophysis].", "content": "The tissue-specific water-soluble antigen of the chick pituitary gland was revealed by immunochemical analysis. The content of this antigen was found to be predominant in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis. The antigen was found from the 13th day of embryogenesis by immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence. Two kinds of the antigen (with high and low relative electrophoretic mobility) were discovered in the chick adenohypophysis. A conclusion was drawn that the adenohypophysis cells differed by the differentiation level.", "contents": "[Tissue specific antigen of the caudal lobe of the chicken adenohypophysis]. The tissue-specific water-soluble antigen of the chick pituitary gland was revealed by immunochemical analysis. The content of this antigen was found to be predominant in the caudal lobe of the adenohypophysis. The antigen was found from the 13th day of embryogenesis by immunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence. Two kinds of the antigen (with high and low relative electrophoretic mobility) were discovered in the chick adenohypophysis. A conclusion was drawn that the adenohypophysis cells differed by the differentiation level.", "PMID": 80240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7680", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine: the effects of impaired synthesis on its metabolism and release in rat.", "content": "1 Control rats given L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) showed a smaller increase of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) than its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). However, when brain 5-HT concentrations were depleted by 40-50% after treatment with the synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (150 mg/kg) L-tryptophan caused a considerable increase in 5-HT but no change in 5-HIAA. Similar results were obtained following depletion of brain 5-HT by pretreatment with p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg).2 Electrical stimulation of the median raphe nucleus of control rats significantly increased 5-HIAA in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and striatum. However, stimulation of PCPA (200 mg/kg) pretreated animals did not significantly increase 5-H1AA either 24 or 72 h after administration of the drug.3 Pretreatment of rats with PCPA (200 mg/kg) increased striatal synaptosomal uptake of [(3)H]-5HT by 30% and reduced 5-HT concentration in the rest of the brain by 62%.4 PCPA (150 mg/kg) markedly reduced the acute behavioural response (-76%) to p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg) although brain 5-HT was only moderately reduced (-36%). L-Tryptophan (100 mg/kg) given 15 min before p-chloroamphetamine restored both brain 5-HT and the behavioural effects of p-chloroamphetamine in PCPA pretreated rats and enhanced the behavioural response to p-chloroamphetamine in control rats.5 The results suggest that newly synthesized 5-HT is less rapidly metabolized in rats with low brain 5-HT. The possible reasons for this and the relevance of the results to the use of L-tryptophan in the treatment of depressive illness are discussed.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine: the effects of impaired synthesis on its metabolism and release in rat. 1 Control rats given L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) showed a smaller increase of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) than its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). However, when brain 5-HT concentrations were depleted by 40-50% after treatment with the synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (150 mg/kg) L-tryptophan caused a considerable increase in 5-HT but no change in 5-HIAA. Similar results were obtained following depletion of brain 5-HT by pretreatment with p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg).2 Electrical stimulation of the median raphe nucleus of control rats significantly increased 5-HIAA in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and striatum. However, stimulation of PCPA (200 mg/kg) pretreated animals did not significantly increase 5-H1AA either 24 or 72 h after administration of the drug.3 Pretreatment of rats with PCPA (200 mg/kg) increased striatal synaptosomal uptake of [(3)H]-5HT by 30% and reduced 5-HT concentration in the rest of the brain by 62%.4 PCPA (150 mg/kg) markedly reduced the acute behavioural response (-76%) to p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg) although brain 5-HT was only moderately reduced (-36%). L-Tryptophan (100 mg/kg) given 15 min before p-chloroamphetamine restored both brain 5-HT and the behavioural effects of p-chloroamphetamine in PCPA pretreated rats and enhanced the behavioural response to p-chloroamphetamine in control rats.5 The results suggest that newly synthesized 5-HT is less rapidly metabolized in rats with low brain 5-HT. The possible reasons for this and the relevance of the results to the use of L-tryptophan in the treatment of depressive illness are discussed.", "PMID": 80243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7681", "title": "Mechanism of histamine release from rat mast cells induced by the ionophore A23187: effects of calcium and temperature.", "content": "1 The mechanism of histamine release from a pure population of rat mast cells induced by the lipid soluble antibiotic, A23187, has been studied and compared with data for anaphylactic histamine release reported in the literature. 2 Histamine release induced by A23187 in the presence of calcium 10(-3) mol/l was completed in 10 minutes. By preincubation of the mast cells with A23187 for 10 min in the absence of calcium the histamine release induced by calcium, 10(-3) mol/l or 5 x 10(-3) mol/l, was completed in 90 s and 45 s, respectively. 3 A23187-induced histamine release was maximal with calcium 10(-3) mol/l when the cells were incubated at 33 to 39 degrees C for 10 minutes. 4 The cellular mechanism, which was stimulated by A23187 and calcium for the release of histamine, was irreversibly inactivated by incubation at 45 degrees C. 5 An inhibition of energy metabolism was excluded as the cause of the heat inactivation. 6 The dependence of A23187-induced histamine release on calcium and temperature, the time course of histamine release and the heat inactivation are consistent with the view that the same mechanism is involved in A23187-induced and anaphylactic histamine release.", "contents": "Mechanism of histamine release from rat mast cells induced by the ionophore A23187: effects of calcium and temperature. 1 The mechanism of histamine release from a pure population of rat mast cells induced by the lipid soluble antibiotic, A23187, has been studied and compared with data for anaphylactic histamine release reported in the literature. 2 Histamine release induced by A23187 in the presence of calcium 10(-3) mol/l was completed in 10 minutes. By preincubation of the mast cells with A23187 for 10 min in the absence of calcium the histamine release induced by calcium, 10(-3) mol/l or 5 x 10(-3) mol/l, was completed in 90 s and 45 s, respectively. 3 A23187-induced histamine release was maximal with calcium 10(-3) mol/l when the cells were incubated at 33 to 39 degrees C for 10 minutes. 4 The cellular mechanism, which was stimulated by A23187 and calcium for the release of histamine, was irreversibly inactivated by incubation at 45 degrees C. 5 An inhibition of energy metabolism was excluded as the cause of the heat inactivation. 6 The dependence of A23187-induced histamine release on calcium and temperature, the time course of histamine release and the heat inactivation are consistent with the view that the same mechanism is involved in A23187-induced and anaphylactic histamine release.", "PMID": 80244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7682", "title": "Cells of origin of propriospinal fibers and of fibers ascending to supraspinal levels. A HRP study in cat and rhesus monkey.", "content": "In the spinal cord of cat and rhesus monkey the cells of origin of long and short propriospinal fibers and those of the spinal fibers ascending to supraspinal levels were identified by means of retrograde HRP labeling after large unilateral HRP-injections, i.e. in the spinal white and grey matter at different levels, in the pons and in the dorsal column nuclei. The findings indicate the existence of the following arrangement. Long ascending supraspinal fibers arise mainly from neurons in the dorsal grey (laminae I-IV and the medial parts of laminae V and VI) as well as from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), in Clarke's column and in the spinal border cell area. Some neurons in the dorsal grey projects to the dorsal column nuclei, which in turn distribute fibers back to the spinal cord. Long propriospinal fibers mainly derived from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), while short propriospinal fibers are characteristically derived from neurons in the intermediate zone (lateral halves of laminae V and VI and lamina VII). The neurons located laterally in laminae V-VII distribute fibers mainly ipsilaterally, while those located medially in lamina VII distribute them to some degree bilaterally. The findings in cats with transections of either the dorsal or the ventral halves of the spinal white matter (both above and below the injected segment), show that the fibers from the dorsal grey and the lateral parts of laminae V-VII travel mainly through the dorsal half of the white matter, while those from the medial part of lamina VII and from lamina VIII travel mainly through the ventral half.", "contents": "Cells of origin of propriospinal fibers and of fibers ascending to supraspinal levels. A HRP study in cat and rhesus monkey. In the spinal cord of cat and rhesus monkey the cells of origin of long and short propriospinal fibers and those of the spinal fibers ascending to supraspinal levels were identified by means of retrograde HRP labeling after large unilateral HRP-injections, i.e. in the spinal white and grey matter at different levels, in the pons and in the dorsal column nuclei. The findings indicate the existence of the following arrangement. Long ascending supraspinal fibers arise mainly from neurons in the dorsal grey (laminae I-IV and the medial parts of laminae V and VI) as well as from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), in Clarke's column and in the spinal border cell area. Some neurons in the dorsal grey projects to the dorsal column nuclei, which in turn distribute fibers back to the spinal cord. Long propriospinal fibers mainly derived from neurons in the medial part of the ventral grey (lamina VIII), while short propriospinal fibers are characteristically derived from neurons in the intermediate zone (lateral halves of laminae V and VI and lamina VII). The neurons located laterally in laminae V-VII distribute fibers mainly ipsilaterally, while those located medially in lamina VII distribute them to some degree bilaterally. The findings in cats with transections of either the dorsal or the ventral halves of the spinal white matter (both above and below the injected segment), show that the fibers from the dorsal grey and the lateral parts of laminae V-VII travel mainly through the dorsal half of the white matter, while those from the medial part of lamina VII and from lamina VIII travel mainly through the ventral half.", "PMID": 80246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7683", "title": "Brain stem nuclei giving fibers to lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis.", "content": "The HRP method has been used to identify all the brain stem nuclei, which may project to lobule VI and/or VII of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Three tentative degrees of labeling of the different structures have been assigned: 'massive', 'clear' and 'discrete'. (1) Massive projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the inferior olive and lobule VII only from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. (2) Clear projections have been found to reach lobule VI only from the pontine nuclei, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the nucleus reticularis lateralis and the reticularis paramedianus; lobule VII only from the raphe nuclei, and both VI and VII from the perihypoglossal and vestibular nuclei. (3) Discrete projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the deep cerebellar nuclei; lobule VI only from the nucleus tracti solitarii and nucleus cuneatus externus; lobule VII only from the nucleus lemnisci lateralis pars ventralis, the nuclei parabrachiales and the nucleus subcoeruleus.", "contents": "Brain stem nuclei giving fibers to lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis. The HRP method has been used to identify all the brain stem nuclei, which may project to lobule VI and/or VII of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Three tentative degrees of labeling of the different structures have been assigned: 'massive', 'clear' and 'discrete'. (1) Massive projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the inferior olive and lobule VII only from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. (2) Clear projections have been found to reach lobule VI only from the pontine nuclei, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, the nucleus reticularis lateralis and the reticularis paramedianus; lobule VII only from the raphe nuclei, and both VI and VII from the perihypoglossal and vestibular nuclei. (3) Discrete projections have been found to reach lobule VI and VII from the deep cerebellar nuclei; lobule VI only from the nucleus tracti solitarii and nucleus cuneatus externus; lobule VII only from the nucleus lemnisci lateralis pars ventralis, the nuclei parabrachiales and the nucleus subcoeruleus.", "PMID": 80249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7684", "title": "[Evidence for polypeptide synthesis during cytotoxic reactions in sipunculid worms].", "content": "The occurence of a polypeptidic synthesis during the in vitro cytotoxic reaction of sipunculid worns is demonstrated. Some drugs such as actinomycin D, cycloheximide, cytochalasin B, Colchicine, vinblastine and iodoacetate have been tested. Hypothesis are expressed on the use of the products synthetized by leukocytes.", "contents": "[Evidence for polypeptide synthesis during cytotoxic reactions in sipunculid worms]. The occurence of a polypeptidic synthesis during the in vitro cytotoxic reaction of sipunculid worns is demonstrated. Some drugs such as actinomycin D, cycloheximide, cytochalasin B, Colchicine, vinblastine and iodoacetate have been tested. Hypothesis are expressed on the use of the products synthetized by leukocytes.", "PMID": 80257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7685", "title": "Direct-acting mutagens in automobile exhaust.", "content": "Particulate matter in city air contains chemicals which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. In residential urban areas, the principal mutagens in air do not require liver enzymes to be activated. The source of these liver independent (direct-acting) mutagens may be automobile exhaust because (1) the mutagenic activities were correlated to the lead content or air, (2) the mutagens were found exhaust samples from automobiles and from an experimental CFR single-cylinder gasoline engine, and (3) these mutagens were not found in fuel or unused motor oil, but were found in used motor oil. The strain specificity and the fact that liver enzymes were not required for activation indicated that the exhaust and airborne mutagens were not unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aromatic amines, alkylnitrosamines or aliphatic epoxides, peroxides and hydroepoxides. A number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames test, and it is possible that nitration of PAH in exhaust may form the compounds observed here. We synthesized 6-nitrobenzo [a] pyrene and found it to be a potent, direct-acting mutagen with activity comparable to that of benzo-[a] pyrene.", "contents": "Direct-acting mutagens in automobile exhaust. Particulate matter in city air contains chemicals which are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay. In residential urban areas, the principal mutagens in air do not require liver enzymes to be activated. The source of these liver independent (direct-acting) mutagens may be automobile exhaust because (1) the mutagenic activities were correlated to the lead content or air, (2) the mutagens were found exhaust samples from automobiles and from an experimental CFR single-cylinder gasoline engine, and (3) these mutagens were not found in fuel or unused motor oil, but were found in used motor oil. The strain specificity and the fact that liver enzymes were not required for activation indicated that the exhaust and airborne mutagens were not unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aromatic amines, alkylnitrosamines or aliphatic epoxides, peroxides and hydroepoxides. A number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames test, and it is possible that nitration of PAH in exhaust may form the compounds observed here. We synthesized 6-nitrobenzo [a] pyrene and found it to be a potent, direct-acting mutagen with activity comparable to that of benzo-[a] pyrene.", "PMID": 80258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7686", "title": "Type D primate retroviruses: a review.", "content": "The prototype virus of the type D retroviruses is the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). MPMV was originally isolated from a breast carcinoma of a female rhesus monkey (an Old World monkey). MPMV is of obvious importance in that it is the only retrovirus thus far isolated from a mammary tumor of a primate and has been shown to have transforming potential for primate cells in vitro. Subsequent to the isolation of MPMV viruses morphologically and immunologically indistinguishable from MPMV have been isolated from normal placenta and lactating mammary glands of other rhesus monkeys in captivity. Recently, viruses morphologically resembling MPMV have been isolated from a langur monkey (another Old World monkey) and from squirrel monkeys (a New World monkey). Based on nucleic acid hybridization studies, the latter 2 viruses represent endogenous viruses in their species of origin, whereas MPMV appears to be a horizontally related to the langur monkey isolate. Studies on the immunological relatedness of the type D retroviruses have demonstrated interspecies cross-reactivities between the major internal and external proteins of the viruses. Furthermore, these viruses also share cross-reactivity of their major external glycoproteins with those of the type C baboon endogenous virus. These interspecies reactivities can also be demonstrated in natural sera from both imported and laboratory-bred monkeys. The demonstration of these interspecies cross-reactivities shared by distantly related primate retroviruses provides a means for detecting determinants that are representative of all primate retroviruses presently known and yet to be isolated and may provide new assays for detection of a human retrovirus.", "contents": "Type D primate retroviruses: a review. The prototype virus of the type D retroviruses is the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). MPMV was originally isolated from a breast carcinoma of a female rhesus monkey (an Old World monkey). MPMV is of obvious importance in that it is the only retrovirus thus far isolated from a mammary tumor of a primate and has been shown to have transforming potential for primate cells in vitro. Subsequent to the isolation of MPMV viruses morphologically and immunologically indistinguishable from MPMV have been isolated from normal placenta and lactating mammary glands of other rhesus monkeys in captivity. Recently, viruses morphologically resembling MPMV have been isolated from a langur monkey (another Old World monkey) and from squirrel monkeys (a New World monkey). Based on nucleic acid hybridization studies, the latter 2 viruses represent endogenous viruses in their species of origin, whereas MPMV appears to be a horizontally related to the langur monkey isolate. Studies on the immunological relatedness of the type D retroviruses have demonstrated interspecies cross-reactivities between the major internal and external proteins of the viruses. Furthermore, these viruses also share cross-reactivity of their major external glycoproteins with those of the type C baboon endogenous virus. These interspecies reactivities can also be demonstrated in natural sera from both imported and laboratory-bred monkeys. The demonstration of these interspecies cross-reactivities shared by distantly related primate retroviruses provides a means for detecting determinants that are representative of all primate retroviruses presently known and yet to be isolated and may provide new assays for detection of a human retrovirus.", "PMID": 80259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7687", "title": "Accelerated growth of mammary tumor cells in normal and athymic mice after treatment in vitro with dexamethasone.", "content": "The tumorigenicity of dexamethasone-treated tissue-cultured mammary tumor cells was compared to that of untreated mammary tumor cells. The dexamethasone-induced cells progressed faster in normal syngeneic animals than did untreated mammary tumor cells. The fact that the growth rate differential was also observed in athymic mice suggests that T-lymphocyte-mediated  immunity was not a factor in the accelerated progression in vivo of the tumor cells that had been cultured in the presence of dexamethasone.", "contents": "Accelerated growth of mammary tumor cells in normal and athymic mice after treatment in vitro with dexamethasone. The tumorigenicity of dexamethasone-treated tissue-cultured mammary tumor cells was compared to that of untreated mammary tumor cells. The dexamethasone-induced cells progressed faster in normal syngeneic animals than did untreated mammary tumor cells. The fact that the growth rate differential was also observed in athymic mice suggests that T-lymphocyte-mediated  immunity was not a factor in the accelerated progression in vivo of the tumor cells that had been cultured in the presence of dexamethasone.", "PMID": 80260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7688", "title": "Copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "The copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoproteins, which were purified from umbilical cord serum and from ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient, was examined by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration methods. The pH dependence of the copper(II)-binding ability of alpha-fetoprotein was quite similar to that of albumin. Alpha-fetoprotein bound 1 mol of copper(II) ion per mol of protein above pH 6.0 and 0.5 mol of copper(II) ion at pH 5.4, which is close to the pK value of the imidazole group of histidine. Photooxidation of alpha-fetoprotein in the presence of methylene blue resulted in the loss of the copper(II)-binding ability of the protein in parallel with the destruction of the histidyl residues. A synthetic amino-terminal undecapeptide of alpha-fetoprotein also bound copper(II) ion. These results indicate that the histidyl residue at the amino-terminal region of alpha-fetoprotein plays an important role in the copper(II)-binding ability of the protein.", "contents": "Copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoprotein. The copper(II)-binding ability of human alpha-fetoproteins, which were purified from umbilical cord serum and from ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient, was examined by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration methods. The pH dependence of the copper(II)-binding ability of alpha-fetoprotein was quite similar to that of albumin. Alpha-fetoprotein bound 1 mol of copper(II) ion per mol of protein above pH 6.0 and 0.5 mol of copper(II) ion at pH 5.4, which is close to the pK value of the imidazole group of histidine. Photooxidation of alpha-fetoprotein in the presence of methylene blue resulted in the loss of the copper(II)-binding ability of the protein in parallel with the destruction of the histidyl residues. A synthetic amino-terminal undecapeptide of alpha-fetoprotein also bound copper(II) ion. These results indicate that the histidyl residue at the amino-terminal region of alpha-fetoprotein plays an important role in the copper(II)-binding ability of the protein.", "PMID": 80265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7689", "title": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in evaluating the effects of tetrahydrouridine on 5-azacytidine chemotherapy in L1210 leukemic mice.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of 5-azacytidine (5-azaCR) and tetrahydrouridine (THU) were considered in evaluating the effect of THU on chemotherapy with 5-azaCR in L1210 leukemia mice. The administration of three different dose levels of THU and 5-azaCR ip in either a 6- or 72-hour infusion gave minimal increases in therapeutic effect. At the high-dose combinations (except in the 72-hour infusion), THU appeared to enhance toxicity. Toxicity, however, occurred only after exceeding a theoretic plasma concentration for 5-azaCR of 61 microgram/ml. THU was effective in increasing the excretion of 5-azaCR by sixfold and in altering its urinary metabolites when given simultaneously with or up to 1 hour prior to 5-azaCR.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in evaluating the effects of tetrahydrouridine on 5-azacytidine chemotherapy in L1210 leukemic mice. The pharmacokinetics of 5-azacytidine (5-azaCR) and tetrahydrouridine (THU) were considered in evaluating the effect of THU on chemotherapy with 5-azaCR in L1210 leukemia mice. The administration of three different dose levels of THU and 5-azaCR ip in either a 6- or 72-hour infusion gave minimal increases in therapeutic effect. At the high-dose combinations (except in the 72-hour infusion), THU appeared to enhance toxicity. Toxicity, however, occurred only after exceeding a theoretic plasma concentration for 5-azaCR of 61 microgram/ml. THU was effective in increasing the excretion of 5-azaCR by sixfold and in altering its urinary metabolites when given simultaneously with or up to 1 hour prior to 5-azaCR.", "PMID": 80268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7690", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and bleomycin in the treatment of esophageal carcinomas.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-DDP) and bleomycin by infusion. cis-DDP at a dose of 3 mg/kg with mannitol and prehydration was given on Day 1. On Day 3, bleomycin was started as a 10--15-unit/m2 loading dose followed by a 10--15-unit/m2 24-hour infusion for 4--7 days. Three groups of patients were treated: group 1 (no clinical evidence of metastatic disease) included 25 patients, all with no prior therapy; group 2 (measurable metastatic disease) included 13 patients, eight previously treated with surgery and/or radiation; group 3 (known nonmeasurable metastatic disease) included nine patients, all previously treated with surgery and/or radiation and/or chemotherapy. A second course of therapy was given on Day 28 to groups 2 and 3, and as soon after surgery as possible in group 1. Nineteen percent of patients had complete or partial responses with another 44% having minor regressions. Toxic effects were mainly renal effects, alopecia, nausea and vomiting, and stomatitis. There were two drug-related deaths. The combination of cis-DDP and bleomycin is useful in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and bleomycin in the treatment of esophageal carcinomas. Forty-seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with a combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-DDP) and bleomycin by infusion. cis-DDP at a dose of 3 mg/kg with mannitol and prehydration was given on Day 1. On Day 3, bleomycin was started as a 10--15-unit/m2 loading dose followed by a 10--15-unit/m2 24-hour infusion for 4--7 days. Three groups of patients were treated: group 1 (no clinical evidence of metastatic disease) included 25 patients, all with no prior therapy; group 2 (measurable metastatic disease) included 13 patients, eight previously treated with surgery and/or radiation; group 3 (known nonmeasurable metastatic disease) included nine patients, all previously treated with surgery and/or radiation and/or chemotherapy. A second course of therapy was given on Day 28 to groups 2 and 3, and as soon after surgery as possible in group 1. Nineteen percent of patients had complete or partial responses with another 44% having minor regressions. Toxic effects were mainly renal effects, alopecia, nausea and vomiting, and stomatitis. There were two drug-related deaths. The combination of cis-DDP and bleomycin is useful in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.", "PMID": 80269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7691", "title": "Phase II study of the failure of vincristine and bleomycin for previously treated children with metastatic neuroblastoma: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with previously treated but progressive stage IV neuroblastoma received combination therapy with vincristine (1.0 mg/m2) followed in 6 hours by bleomycin (15 mg/m2). Therapy was administered twice weekly. No responses were seen in the 19 patients who received four or more doses of the bleomycin-vincristine combination.", "contents": "Phase II study of the failure of vincristine and bleomycin for previously treated children with metastatic neuroblastoma: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Twenty-two patients with previously treated but progressive stage IV neuroblastoma received combination therapy with vincristine (1.0 mg/m2) followed in 6 hours by bleomycin (15 mg/m2). Therapy was administered twice weekly. No responses were seen in the 19 patients who received four or more doses of the bleomycin-vincristine combination.", "PMID": 80272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7692", "title": "Phase II study of adriamycin and bleomycin in patients with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with far-advanced multiple myeloma, resistant to standard agents, were treated with either adriamycin (eight patients) or bleomycin (19 patients). Adriamycin was given iv at a dose of 60 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and bleomycin was administered im at a dose of 15 mg/m2 weekly. Drug toxicity was modest. One partial response was seen with each agent, both occurring in \"good-risk\" patients.", "contents": "Phase II study of adriamycin and bleomycin in patients with multiple myeloma. Twenty-seven patients with far-advanced multiple myeloma, resistant to standard agents, were treated with either adriamycin (eight patients) or bleomycin (19 patients). Adriamycin was given iv at a dose of 60 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and bleomycin was administered im at a dose of 15 mg/m2 weekly. Drug toxicity was modest. One partial response was seen with each agent, both occurring in \"good-risk\" patients.", "PMID": 80275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7693", "title": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. III. Regio praesubicularis.", "content": "Cortical lamination and parcellation of the human presubicular region is described with the aid of stereomicroscopical analysis of pigment preparations up to 1000 micrometers thick. The region can be subdivided into three major territories each of which is strongly influenced by the adjoining cortical tissue. The three subregions are: 1) the presubiculum sensu stricto. It lies near the subiculum at its medial margin and can be subdivided into 6 areas. 2) the parasubiculum. It borders on the entorhinal region and is composed of 5 areas. 3) the transsubiculum. It forms a transitional zone between allocortical and isocortical fields and consists of 3 areas. The presubicular region is characterized by a conspicuous layer of small and densely packed cells which--except the marginal parts of the subiculum--does not appear outside this region. Besides this autochthonous parvopyramidal layer, the presubicular cortex is composed of \"foreign\" cell layers which penetrate in varying number and to a varying extent into the region from the surrounding fields. The presubicular cortex shows extensive and incessant local variations, in so far as each one of its layers is very variable in breadth. In spite of this, a reliable parcellation can be achieved when only those layers are taken into consideration whose marginal parts are clearly recognizable. Hence, the proposed parcellation is based on the changing pattern of lamination which is depicted in diagrams for easy recognition of the various areas.", "contents": "Pigment architecture of the human telencephalic cortex. III. Regio praesubicularis. Cortical lamination and parcellation of the human presubicular region is described with the aid of stereomicroscopical analysis of pigment preparations up to 1000 micrometers thick. The region can be subdivided into three major territories each of which is strongly influenced by the adjoining cortical tissue. The three subregions are: 1) the presubiculum sensu stricto. It lies near the subiculum at its medial margin and can be subdivided into 6 areas. 2) the parasubiculum. It borders on the entorhinal region and is composed of 5 areas. 3) the transsubiculum. It forms a transitional zone between allocortical and isocortical fields and consists of 3 areas. The presubicular region is characterized by a conspicuous layer of small and densely packed cells which--except the marginal parts of the subiculum--does not appear outside this region. Besides this autochthonous parvopyramidal layer, the presubicular cortex is composed of \"foreign\" cell layers which penetrate in varying number and to a varying extent into the region from the surrounding fields. The presubicular cortex shows extensive and incessant local variations, in so far as each one of its layers is very variable in breadth. In spite of this, a reliable parcellation can be achieved when only those layers are taken into consideration whose marginal parts are clearly recognizable. Hence, the proposed parcellation is based on the changing pattern of lamination which is depicted in diagrams for easy recognition of the various areas.", "PMID": 80278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7694", "title": "The ultrastructure of the accessory sex organs of the male rat. XII. Nuclear alterations of prostatic epithelial cells induced by anti-androgens.", "content": "The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied after administration of three different anit-androgenic compounds. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Different types of intranuclear inclusions were found. The various alterations observed were often encountered within the same section. This may indicate that the nuclear alterations occur in the same compartment of the cell, and represent a dysfunction of integrated biochemical events occurring within this compartment. The findings support a view that the stimulatory secretory effect of androgens is mediated via a \"secretory center\", located within the nucleolus-associated chromatin. Within this \"secretory center\", the initial steps of the secretory process, the binding of the DHT receptor complex to DNA is assumed to occur.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the accessory sex organs of the male rat. XII. Nuclear alterations of prostatic epithelial cells induced by anti-androgens. The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied after administration of three different anit-androgenic compounds. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Different types of intranuclear inclusions were found. The various alterations observed were often encountered within the same section. This may indicate that the nuclear alterations occur in the same compartment of the cell, and represent a dysfunction of integrated biochemical events occurring within this compartment. The findings support a view that the stimulatory secretory effect of androgens is mediated via a \"secretory center\", located within the nucleolus-associated chromatin. Within this \"secretory center\", the initial steps of the secretory process, the binding of the DHT receptor complex to DNA is assumed to occur.", "PMID": 80279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7695", "title": "The reversible effect of colchicine on the taste bud cells of the central circumvallate papilla in the rat.", "content": "It is believed that differentiation and maintenance of taste buds in vertebrates is dependent on the trophic function of their sensory nerve supply. In the present work, colchicine was injected into the circumvallate papilla of the rat. This produced a reversible blockade of neuroplasmic transport and disappearance of taste buds. Colchicine inhibited the further differentiation of bud cells, but apparently did not change the life cycle of the cells present already at the time of injection. It is speculated that the neurotrophic factors in this particular cell system are effective to induce cell differentiation only.", "contents": "The reversible effect of colchicine on the taste bud cells of the central circumvallate papilla in the rat. It is believed that differentiation and maintenance of taste buds in vertebrates is dependent on the trophic function of their sensory nerve supply. In the present work, colchicine was injected into the circumvallate papilla of the rat. This produced a reversible blockade of neuroplasmic transport and disappearance of taste buds. Colchicine inhibited the further differentiation of bud cells, but apparently did not change the life cycle of the cells present already at the time of injection. It is speculated that the neurotrophic factors in this particular cell system are effective to induce cell differentiation only.", "PMID": 80280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7696", "title": "High frequency of aberrant expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus in clonal infections.", "content": "Clones of cells were isolated from single virus-single cell infections of NIH/3T3 cells with Moloney murine leukemia virus. Approximately one third of such clones aberrantly expressed viral gene functions. One clone produced virus with altered plaque morphology, while others failed to produce particles able to make plaques on XC cells. In addition, clones that made particles lacking reverse transcriptase were found, and these did not synthesize the reverse transcriptase precursor Pr180 gag-pol. One clone (M23) lacked any detectable glycoprotein or reverse transcriptase. Despite these defects, each clone released particles of type C morphology, suggesting that gag gene function alone may be sufficient for particle production. All the particles contained viral RNA of 60-70S that was composed of the normal 35S size subunits except for M23, which had a deletion in the viral genome of approximately 1000-1500 nucleotides. A variety of defective clones were also isolated following infection of rat cells with Moloney virus. It is apparent that the murine leukemia virus genome is ofter mutated by spontaneous processes generating a wide range of phenotypes.", "contents": "High frequency of aberrant expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus in clonal infections. Clones of cells were isolated from single virus-single cell infections of NIH/3T3 cells with Moloney murine leukemia virus. Approximately one third of such clones aberrantly expressed viral gene functions. One clone produced virus with altered plaque morphology, while others failed to produce particles able to make plaques on XC cells. In addition, clones that made particles lacking reverse transcriptase were found, and these did not synthesize the reverse transcriptase precursor Pr180 gag-pol. One clone (M23) lacked any detectable glycoprotein or reverse transcriptase. Despite these defects, each clone released particles of type C morphology, suggesting that gag gene function alone may be sufficient for particle production. All the particles contained viral RNA of 60-70S that was composed of the normal 35S size subunits except for M23, which had a deletion in the viral genome of approximately 1000-1500 nucleotides. A variety of defective clones were also isolated following infection of rat cells with Moloney virus. It is apparent that the murine leukemia virus genome is ofter mutated by spontaneous processes generating a wide range of phenotypes.", "PMID": 80281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7697", "title": "Expression of a Forssman antigenic specificity in the preimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "A monoclonal antibody recognizing a Forssman antigenic specificity has been shown to react with cells of the preimplantation mouse embryo. The antigen is believed to be carried on glycolipid molecules on teratocarcinoma stem cells. This antigen is first detected on the trophectoderm of the early blastocyst. The topography of the expression on the trophectoderm is striking and novel. The antigen is no longer found on these cells after the blastocyst has hatched from the zona pellucida in utero. Inner cell masses are antigen-positive at all times. This is the first study of the distribution of a single antigenic determinant in early mouse embryogenesis.", "contents": "Expression of a Forssman antigenic specificity in the preimplantation mouse embryo. A monoclonal antibody recognizing a Forssman antigenic specificity has been shown to react with cells of the preimplantation mouse embryo. The antigen is believed to be carried on glycolipid molecules on teratocarcinoma stem cells. This antigen is first detected on the trophectoderm of the early blastocyst. The topography of the expression on the trophectoderm is striking and novel. The antigen is no longer found on these cells after the blastocyst has hatched from the zona pellucida in utero. Inner cell masses are antigen-positive at all times. This is the first study of the distribution of a single antigenic determinant in early mouse embryogenesis.", "PMID": 80282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7698", "title": "Collection of insulin, EGF and alpha2-macroglobulin in the same patches on the surface of cultured fibroblasts and common internalization.", "content": "We have used video intensification microscopy to observe fluorescent derivatives of insulin, epidermal growth factor and alpha2-macroglobulin added to Swiss 3T3-4 cells. At 4 degrees C, each of these polypeptides binds diffusely to specific receptors on the cell surface. When the cells are warmed to 23 or 37 degrees C, the bound insulin epidermal growth factor or alpha2-macroglobulin rapidly forms patches on the cell surface and is internalized. Using fluorescein-labeled alpha2-macroglobulin and rhodamine-labeled derivatives of insulin and epidermal growth factor, we show that all three polypeptides are internalized within the same vesicles by a common pathway. The mechanism for the internalization of these molecules is discussed.", "contents": "Collection of insulin, EGF and alpha2-macroglobulin in the same patches on the surface of cultured fibroblasts and common internalization. We have used video intensification microscopy to observe fluorescent derivatives of insulin, epidermal growth factor and alpha2-macroglobulin added to Swiss 3T3-4 cells. At 4 degrees C, each of these polypeptides binds diffusely to specific receptors on the cell surface. When the cells are warmed to 23 or 37 degrees C, the bound insulin epidermal growth factor or alpha2-macroglobulin rapidly forms patches on the cell surface and is internalized. Using fluorescein-labeled alpha2-macroglobulin and rhodamine-labeled derivatives of insulin and epidermal growth factor, we show that all three polypeptides are internalized within the same vesicles by a common pathway. The mechanism for the internalization of these molecules is discussed.", "PMID": 80283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7699", "title": "A gene (Bevi) on human chromosome 6 is an integration site for baboon type C DNA provirus in human cells.", "content": "Human VA-2 cells infected with baboon type C virus were cloned and fused to Syrian hamster cells, and 33 primary hybrid colonies were obtained. These cells segregated human chromosomes and retained the complete hamster genome. Assays for type C viral p30 antigen and reverse transcriptase were performed in conjunction with analyses of 30 gene-enzyme systems representing 22 different human chromosomes. The results comfirmed that a gene, Bevi, previously assigned to human chromosome 6, dominantly controls baboon type C virus expression in hybrid cells. Representative hybrid colones were studied by nucleic acid hybridization techniques for the presence of integrated proviral DNA using complementary 3H-DNA transcripts of the baboon viral RNA genome. For each of 12 clones examined, there was a concordance between the presence of human chromosome 6, the presence of baboon type C proviral DNA sequences and virus expression. Clones which segregated chromosome 6 as judged by isozyme and karyological analyses lost detectable proviral DNA sequences and failed to produce virus. No syntenic association between the replication of baboon virus and the presence of 21 other human chromosomes was deteced. We conclude that Bevi is a preferred integration site for the baboon type C provirus in the human genome.", "contents": "A gene (Bevi) on human chromosome 6 is an integration site for baboon type C DNA provirus in human cells. Human VA-2 cells infected with baboon type C virus were cloned and fused to Syrian hamster cells, and 33 primary hybrid colonies were obtained. These cells segregated human chromosomes and retained the complete hamster genome. Assays for type C viral p30 antigen and reverse transcriptase were performed in conjunction with analyses of 30 gene-enzyme systems representing 22 different human chromosomes. The results comfirmed that a gene, Bevi, previously assigned to human chromosome 6, dominantly controls baboon type C virus expression in hybrid cells. Representative hybrid colones were studied by nucleic acid hybridization techniques for the presence of integrated proviral DNA using complementary 3H-DNA transcripts of the baboon viral RNA genome. For each of 12 clones examined, there was a concordance between the presence of human chromosome 6, the presence of baboon type C proviral DNA sequences and virus expression. Clones which segregated chromosome 6 as judged by isozyme and karyological analyses lost detectable proviral DNA sequences and failed to produce virus. No syntenic association between the replication of baboon virus and the presence of 21 other human chromosomes was deteced. We conclude that Bevi is a preferred integration site for the baboon type C provirus in the human genome.", "PMID": 80284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7700", "title": "[Experience with a technic using basic fuchsin for the demonstration of early myocardial ischemia].", "content": "A series of 156 patients dying suddenly and unexpectedly was analysed with respect to the occurrence of fibres staining with basic fuchsin with the method of Lie et al. (6). The findings were correlated with the cause of death, coronary sclerosis and heart weight. Positive staining was revealed in the form of contraction bands or perinuclear segments. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the occurrence of positive fibres on the one hand and regressive myocardial changes due to coronary and extracoronary insufficiency or other causes on the other hand.", "contents": "[Experience with a technic using basic fuchsin for the demonstration of early myocardial ischemia]. A series of 156 patients dying suddenly and unexpectedly was analysed with respect to the occurrence of fibres staining with basic fuchsin with the method of Lie et al. (6). The findings were correlated with the cause of death, coronary sclerosis and heart weight. Positive staining was revealed in the form of contraction bands or perinuclear segments. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the occurrence of positive fibres on the one hand and regressive myocardial changes due to coronary and extracoronary insufficiency or other causes on the other hand.", "PMID": 80285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7701", "title": "Epidemiology of endemic goitre in western Colombia.", "content": "This paper reports on recent epidemiological observations in western Colombia, which further demonstrate the presence of naturally-occurring goitrogens contaminating water supplies in areas where goitre persists despite prolonged and continuous iodine supplementation. 'Prospective' and 'cross-sectional' studies in 41 localities where the populations have been on a uniform and adequate iodine supplementation for the last 10-20 years indicate that, in the endemia of western Colombia, environmental factors other than nutritional iodine deficiency are responsible for differences in goitre prevalence. Further epidemiological studies to determine the causal factors for the persistence of the endemia established a correlation between the sources of drinking water and goitre prevalence rates. Organic compounds containing sulfur with marked thionamide-like antithyroid activity were isolated from water supplying endemic goitre districts, and results are presented supporting the hypothesis that sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter are the main source of water-borne goitrogens. Bacteriological investigations showed that the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in drinking water and bacterial concentration were related significantly with goitre prevalence only in the presence of other variables, particularly the presence of sedimentary rocks. In the light of these epidemiological observations and experimental studies it may be concluded that, at present, endemic goitre in western Colombia is not due to nutritional iodine deficiency, but that water supplies are contaminated with sulfur-bearing organic compounds with thionamide-like antithyroid activity most probably deriving from sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter and that these compounds are the main factor underlying the endemia.", "contents": "Epidemiology of endemic goitre in western Colombia. This paper reports on recent epidemiological observations in western Colombia, which further demonstrate the presence of naturally-occurring goitrogens contaminating water supplies in areas where goitre persists despite prolonged and continuous iodine supplementation. 'Prospective' and 'cross-sectional' studies in 41 localities where the populations have been on a uniform and adequate iodine supplementation for the last 10-20 years indicate that, in the endemia of western Colombia, environmental factors other than nutritional iodine deficiency are responsible for differences in goitre prevalence. Further epidemiological studies to determine the causal factors for the persistence of the endemia established a correlation between the sources of drinking water and goitre prevalence rates. Organic compounds containing sulfur with marked thionamide-like antithyroid activity were isolated from water supplying endemic goitre districts, and results are presented supporting the hypothesis that sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter are the main source of water-borne goitrogens. Bacteriological investigations showed that the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in drinking water and bacterial concentration were related significantly with goitre prevalence only in the presence of other variables, particularly the presence of sedimentary rocks. In the light of these epidemiological observations and experimental studies it may be concluded that, at present, endemic goitre in western Colombia is not due to nutritional iodine deficiency, but that water supplies are contaminated with sulfur-bearing organic compounds with thionamide-like antithyroid activity most probably deriving from sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter and that these compounds are the main factor underlying the endemia.", "PMID": 80287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7702", "title": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1977.", "content": "This article gives the decisions of the WHO nomenclature committee on leukocyte antigens, in particular concerning (a) the upgrading of certain HLA-A and HLA-B specificities to full HLA status, (b) the designation of new provisional specificities of the HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D loci, and (c) the establishment of a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1977. This article gives the decisions of the WHO nomenclature committee on leukocyte antigens, in particular concerning (a) the upgrading of certain HLA-A and HLA-B specificities to full HLA status, (b) the designation of new provisional specificities of the HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-D loci, and (c) the establishment of a nomenclature for the new specificities identified by serological techniques on B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 80288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7703", "title": "[Degradation of ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli by ribonuclease U2 and in vitro transcription of \"RNA-fragments\" into complementary DNA].", "content": "Under well defined conditions ribosomal RNAs purified from Escherichia coli can be degraded by ribonuclease U2 giving rise to RNA fragments of 60--70 nucleotides. In vitro, these fragments are efficiently transcribed into a complementary DNA by DNA polymerase RNA dependent, partially purified from extracts of E. coli. In vivo, \"RNA-fragments-U2\" inhibit the development of plant tumors.", "contents": "[Degradation of ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli by ribonuclease U2 and in vitro transcription of \"RNA-fragments\" into complementary DNA]. Under well defined conditions ribosomal RNAs purified from Escherichia coli can be degraded by ribonuclease U2 giving rise to RNA fragments of 60--70 nucleotides. In vitro, these fragments are efficiently transcribed into a complementary DNA by DNA polymerase RNA dependent, partially purified from extracts of E. coli. In vivo, \"RNA-fragments-U2\" inhibit the development of plant tumors.", "PMID": 80289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7704", "title": "Mechanisms of ventricular parasystole.", "content": "Eight cases of ventricular parasystole are reported. In all these cases, regardless of whether parasystole seems intermittent or \"continuous,\" the presence of second degree entrance block of the Mobitz type I was suggested. Parasystole alternated with concealed extrasystolic bigeminy showing occasional reentrant extrasystoles. Such intermittent parasystole appears to originate in the reentrant path of extrasystoles. Reentrant extrasystolic bigeminy was seen in a comparatively rapid sinus rhythm, whereas parasystolic bigeminy was seen in a comparatively slow sinus rhythm. The difference between the interectopic intervals during parasystolic bigeminy and during (manifest or concealed) extrasystolic bigeminy was comparatively small so that occasionally the difference was not distinct; on such an occasion the case showed a seemingly \"continuous\" parasystole. These observations strongly suggest the possibility that most cases of parasystole, whether intermittent or \"continuous,\" may be governed by incomplete entrance block of the second degree.", "contents": "Mechanisms of ventricular parasystole. Eight cases of ventricular parasystole are reported. In all these cases, regardless of whether parasystole seems intermittent or \"continuous,\" the presence of second degree entrance block of the Mobitz type I was suggested. Parasystole alternated with concealed extrasystolic bigeminy showing occasional reentrant extrasystoles. Such intermittent parasystole appears to originate in the reentrant path of extrasystoles. Reentrant extrasystolic bigeminy was seen in a comparatively rapid sinus rhythm, whereas parasystolic bigeminy was seen in a comparatively slow sinus rhythm. The difference between the interectopic intervals during parasystolic bigeminy and during (manifest or concealed) extrasystolic bigeminy was comparatively small so that occasionally the difference was not distinct; on such an occasion the case showed a seemingly \"continuous\" parasystole. These observations strongly suggest the possibility that most cases of parasystole, whether intermittent or \"continuous,\" may be governed by incomplete entrance block of the second degree.", "PMID": 80290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7705", "title": "Double irregular ventricular parasystole: rate-dependent entrance block and \"supernormal\" exit conduction.", "content": "An analysis of electrocardiograms from a patient with spontaneous double irregular ventricular parasystole is presented. Irregularity in one of the two parasystoles was produced by intermittence based on rate-dependent (phase 3) entrance block, and in the other parasystole it was attributed to \"supernormal\" exist conduction. Critical analysis of electrocardiograms revealed that first degree block, rate-dependent block, and \"supernormal\" conduction in the exit pathway may account for the alterations in the arrangement and manifestation of the parasystolic beats. An electrocardiographic approach to these properties of the parasystolic structure and demonstration of double ventricular parasystole with irregularity in both parasystoles has not previously been found in the literature.", "contents": "Double irregular ventricular parasystole: rate-dependent entrance block and \"supernormal\" exit conduction. An analysis of electrocardiograms from a patient with spontaneous double irregular ventricular parasystole is presented. Irregularity in one of the two parasystoles was produced by intermittence based on rate-dependent (phase 3) entrance block, and in the other parasystole it was attributed to \"supernormal\" exist conduction. Critical analysis of electrocardiograms revealed that first degree block, rate-dependent block, and \"supernormal\" conduction in the exit pathway may account for the alterations in the arrangement and manifestation of the parasystolic beats. An electrocardiographic approach to these properties of the parasystolic structure and demonstration of double ventricular parasystole with irregularity in both parasystoles has not previously been found in the literature.", "PMID": 80291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7706", "title": "46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with non-fluorescent Y chromosome.", "content": "A 46,XY karyotype with a non-fluorescent Y chromosome was found in an infantile girl aged 16 with primary amenorrhea. Identification of the Y chromosome was made by different staining techniques and a photometric scanning method. The histology of the streak gonad also indicated the Y character of the chromosome. The authors' interpretation is a 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with a non-fluorescent Y chromosome.", "contents": "46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with non-fluorescent Y chromosome. A 46,XY karyotype with a non-fluorescent Y chromosome was found in an infantile girl aged 16 with primary amenorrhea. Identification of the Y chromosome was made by different staining techniques and a photometric scanning method. The histology of the streak gonad also indicated the Y character of the chromosome. The authors' interpretation is a 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with a non-fluorescent Y chromosome.", "PMID": 80294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7707", "title": "Ontogenic development and tissue distribution of renal proximal tubule brush border membrane antigens in the dog.", "content": "Using an antibody raised against highly purified dog renal proximal tubule brush border membranes, we have investigated the tissue distribution and ontogenic development of antigens sharing specificity with those in the renal brush border membrane. The antigens have been found in the small intestine, gall bladder, epididymis, pancreas, salivary gland, lacrimal gland, liver and spleen. Examination of embryos at various stages of gestation has revealed that the antigens make their appearance early in organogenesis, and are present in the cytoplasm as well as on the membrane during foetal development. Absorption studies have shown that at least two populations of antigens are present in the kidney: one appears to be kidney-specific and the other is shared by many epithelia. Maltase has been identified as one of the shared antigens.", "contents": "Ontogenic development and tissue distribution of renal proximal tubule brush border membrane antigens in the dog. Using an antibody raised against highly purified dog renal proximal tubule brush border membranes, we have investigated the tissue distribution and ontogenic development of antigens sharing specificity with those in the renal brush border membrane. The antigens have been found in the small intestine, gall bladder, epididymis, pancreas, salivary gland, lacrimal gland, liver and spleen. Examination of embryos at various stages of gestation has revealed that the antigens make their appearance early in organogenesis, and are present in the cytoplasm as well as on the membrane during foetal development. Absorption studies have shown that at least two populations of antigens are present in the kidney: one appears to be kidney-specific and the other is shared by many epithelia. Maltase has been identified as one of the shared antigens.", "PMID": 80295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7708", "title": "Class-specific antibody titres (ELISA) against the primary immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) in man.", "content": "Using the indirect ELISA technique, IgM, IgG and IgA antibody titres against the primary test immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) could be measured. All twenty-seven normal volunteers (age range 26-74 years) developed maximal or high IgM, IgG and IgA antibody titres 2 weeks after primary immunization with 1.0 mg HPH subcutaneously. Lower dose immunization resulted in submaximal responses. Titre kinetics in the three Ig classes correlated in height and time per person. There was no significant difference in antibody response between two adult age groups. Secondary immunization after 6 weeks, again with 1.0 mg HPH, when high titres were still present, resulted in a small titre increase in all three Ig classes. Comparison with the tanned red cell agglutination technique used previously, in combination with the 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of sera, showed the unreliability of 7S titres measured thus early in the primary immune response. Investigation of four patients with humoral immunodeficiency confirmed the class specificity of the test.", "contents": "Class-specific antibody titres (ELISA) against the primary immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) in man. Using the indirect ELISA technique, IgM, IgG and IgA antibody titres against the primary test immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH) could be measured. All twenty-seven normal volunteers (age range 26-74 years) developed maximal or high IgM, IgG and IgA antibody titres 2 weeks after primary immunization with 1.0 mg HPH subcutaneously. Lower dose immunization resulted in submaximal responses. Titre kinetics in the three Ig classes correlated in height and time per person. There was no significant difference in antibody response between two adult age groups. Secondary immunization after 6 weeks, again with 1.0 mg HPH, when high titres were still present, resulted in a small titre increase in all three Ig classes. Comparison with the tanned red cell agglutination technique used previously, in combination with the 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of sera, showed the unreliability of 7S titres measured thus early in the primary immune response. Investigation of four patients with humoral immunodeficiency confirmed the class specificity of the test.", "PMID": 80296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7709", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease in man: synthesis of a deleted gamma3 immunoglobulin by lymphoid cells in short and long term tissue culture.", "content": "Bone marrow cells were obtained from a patient with gamma heavy chain disease (HCD) whose serum contained a deleted immunoglobulin heavy chain. Incubation of the marrow cells with radioactive amino acids in short term tissue culture resulted in the synthesis of the labelled HCD protein. A permanent cell line was established from the peripheral blood of the patient. Similar labelling studies with the cell line and its cloned progeny demonstrated the synthesis of a protein identical in size and antigenicity to that synthesized by the marrow cells and found in the patient's serum. These experiments clearly demonstrated that, in this case of heavy chain disease, the deleted protein was the synthetic product of a clone of malignant lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease in man: synthesis of a deleted gamma3 immunoglobulin by lymphoid cells in short and long term tissue culture. Bone marrow cells were obtained from a patient with gamma heavy chain disease (HCD) whose serum contained a deleted immunoglobulin heavy chain. Incubation of the marrow cells with radioactive amino acids in short term tissue culture resulted in the synthesis of the labelled HCD protein. A permanent cell line was established from the peripheral blood of the patient. Similar labelling studies with the cell line and its cloned progeny demonstrated the synthesis of a protein identical in size and antigenicity to that synthesized by the marrow cells and found in the patient's serum. These experiments clearly demonstrated that, in this case of heavy chain disease, the deleted protein was the synthetic product of a clone of malignant lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 80297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7710", "title": "Dynamic ventriculography in patients with ischaemic heart disease. II. Influence of postextrasystolic potentiation on left ventricular function.", "content": "The effect of postextrasystolic potentiation [PESP] on left ventricular [LV] function was assessed by means of left ventricular cineangiography in 26 patients with ischaemic heart disease. Ventricular extrasystoles were induced by a catheter inserted into the LV during injection of the contrast agent. The values of parameters of segmental and global function of LV, found in potentiated and nonpotentiated sinus contractions, were compared. Segmental disturbances present at rest in 13 patients improved or disappeared after extrasystole in 8 patients. Improvements in contraction also took place in segments with normal resting contraction. Global LV function improved significantly; an improvement was observed even without an increase in the LV end-diastolic volume in the postextrasystolic beat. The advantages and limitations of the method for preoperative estimation of the effect of intended myocardial revascularization on the LV function are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic ventriculography in patients with ischaemic heart disease. II. Influence of postextrasystolic potentiation on left ventricular function. The effect of postextrasystolic potentiation [PESP] on left ventricular [LV] function was assessed by means of left ventricular cineangiography in 26 patients with ischaemic heart disease. Ventricular extrasystoles were induced by a catheter inserted into the LV during injection of the contrast agent. The values of parameters of segmental and global function of LV, found in potentiated and nonpotentiated sinus contractions, were compared. Segmental disturbances present at rest in 13 patients improved or disappeared after extrasystole in 8 patients. Improvements in contraction also took place in segments with normal resting contraction. Global LV function improved significantly; an improvement was observed even without an increase in the LV end-diastolic volume in the postextrasystolic beat. The advantages and limitations of the method for preoperative estimation of the effect of intended myocardial revascularization on the LV function are discussed.", "PMID": 80300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7711", "title": "[The effect of early appearing extrasystoles on systemic and coronary circulation].", "content": "In 10 anaesthesized dwarf pigs with an open thorax the effects of extrasystoles on systemic and coronary circulation were investigated. The actual effect of an extrasystole depends on the time of its onset. Early extrasystoles hamper the cardiac blood perfusion, with decreases in the stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, coronary blood flow, and elevation of coronary resistance. Extrasystoles setting on later are of minor haemodynamic and coronarodynamic importance. The effects of bigeminy and 2:1 extrasystolia are more adverse than the consequences of extrasystoles with later onset. With cumulation of several consecutive extrasystoles also adverse the haemodynamic coronarodynamic sequelae increase, in dependence on the magnitude of the quotient coupling time /extrasystolic excitation period [ greater than 1.1], or of the quotient: duration of pre- and postextrasystolic intervals/ normal interval of heart action [ greater than 1.5]. The authors point out the importance of haemodynamic findings during early extrasystoles in ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "[The effect of early appearing extrasystoles on systemic and coronary circulation]. In 10 anaesthesized dwarf pigs with an open thorax the effects of extrasystoles on systemic and coronary circulation were investigated. The actual effect of an extrasystole depends on the time of its onset. Early extrasystoles hamper the cardiac blood perfusion, with decreases in the stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, coronary blood flow, and elevation of coronary resistance. Extrasystoles setting on later are of minor haemodynamic and coronarodynamic importance. The effects of bigeminy and 2:1 extrasystolia are more adverse than the consequences of extrasystoles with later onset. With cumulation of several consecutive extrasystoles also adverse the haemodynamic coronarodynamic sequelae increase, in dependence on the magnitude of the quotient coupling time /extrasystolic excitation period [ greater than 1.1], or of the quotient: duration of pre- and postextrasystolic intervals/ normal interval of heart action [ greater than 1.5]. The authors point out the importance of haemodynamic findings during early extrasystoles in ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 80301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7712", "title": "Immunological characterization of Na+ and K+ mediated structural states of rat kidney Na+-k+-ATPase.", "content": "As different structural states of the Na+-K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) may lead to a changed reactivity to antibodies, the influence of different ligands on the reaction between highly purified membrane-bound Na+-K+-ATPase and specific antibodies was investigated. The antigen antibody reaction was registered by measuring the antibody inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity. It was found that Na+ decreased and K+ increased the antibody inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the membrane-bound enzyme if both Mg++ and ATP were present during the antigen antibody reaction. These effects were not observed if ATP was replaced by ADP or by the ATP analog adenylyl (beta-gamma-methylene) diphosphonate. If a solubilized enzyme preparation with the same specific activity was used the effects of Na+ or K+ which were demonstrated in the membrane-bound enzyme could not be detected. The study suggests that the Na+-K+-ATPase structure is altered by Na+ and K+, provided Mg++ and specifically the nucleotide ATP are also present. These structural changes are likely to occur during Na+-K+-transport and do not seem to be necessarily linked to the Na+, K+ and Mg++ stimulated ATP splitting of the enzyme.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of Na+ and K+ mediated structural states of rat kidney Na+-k+-ATPase. As different structural states of the Na+-K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) may lead to a changed reactivity to antibodies, the influence of different ligands on the reaction between highly purified membrane-bound Na+-K+-ATPase and specific antibodies was investigated. The antigen antibody reaction was registered by measuring the antibody inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity. It was found that Na+ decreased and K+ increased the antibody inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the membrane-bound enzyme if both Mg++ and ATP were present during the antigen antibody reaction. These effects were not observed if ATP was replaced by ADP or by the ATP analog adenylyl (beta-gamma-methylene) diphosphonate. If a solubilized enzyme preparation with the same specific activity was used the effects of Na+ or K+ which were demonstrated in the membrane-bound enzyme could not be detected. The study suggests that the Na+-K+-ATPase structure is altered by Na+ and K+, provided Mg++ and specifically the nucleotide ATP are also present. These structural changes are likely to occur during Na+-K+-transport and do not seem to be necessarily linked to the Na+, K+ and Mg++ stimulated ATP splitting of the enzyme.", "PMID": 80302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7713", "title": "Decrease of DNA synthesis in amniotic fluid cells during the middle part of S-phase revealed by differential chromosome staining after incorporation of BrdU.", "content": "The time sequence of DNA replication in partially synchronized human amniotic fluid cells has been analysed, employing BrdU incorporation techniques.--Regardless of the interval between removal of the methotrexate/uridine block and addition of BrdU during S-phase, the treatment results in an R-type replication pattern. Conversely, replacement of BrdU containing medium by another one with thymidine yields G-type replication patterns. A thymidine pulse during the first 4 h of S-phase results in R-type replication patterns; from 7--10 h after block removal it produces G-type pattern. In between, only faint red staining dots can be found indicating a marked decrease of replicational activity during the middle part of the S-phase.", "contents": "Decrease of DNA synthesis in amniotic fluid cells during the middle part of S-phase revealed by differential chromosome staining after incorporation of BrdU. The time sequence of DNA replication in partially synchronized human amniotic fluid cells has been analysed, employing BrdU incorporation techniques.--Regardless of the interval between removal of the methotrexate/uridine block and addition of BrdU during S-phase, the treatment results in an R-type replication pattern. Conversely, replacement of BrdU containing medium by another one with thymidine yields G-type replication patterns. A thymidine pulse during the first 4 h of S-phase results in R-type replication patterns; from 7--10 h after block removal it produces G-type pattern. In between, only faint red staining dots can be found indicating a marked decrease of replicational activity during the middle part of the S-phase.", "PMID": 80310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7714", "title": "Localization of the synaptonemal complex under the light microscope.", "content": "The use of osmium tetroxide fixation followed by postreatment with p-phenylenediamine gives an opportunity of locating the synaptonemal complex (SC) under the light microscope in mouse testes and Allium cepa anthers. When semi-thin sections from these materials were observed under phase contrast optics or dark field microscopy, fine threads in the pachytene nuclei were clearly visible. Post-staining of semi-thin sections with ammoniacal silver increased the contrast of the SC and allowed for observations using a bright field illumination. Ultrathin sections of osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine treated material showed that, under the electron microscope, this technique stains preferentially elements of the synaptonemal complex, while the surrounding chromatin remains unstained.", "contents": "Localization of the synaptonemal complex under the light microscope. The use of osmium tetroxide fixation followed by postreatment with p-phenylenediamine gives an opportunity of locating the synaptonemal complex (SC) under the light microscope in mouse testes and Allium cepa anthers. When semi-thin sections from these materials were observed under phase contrast optics or dark field microscopy, fine threads in the pachytene nuclei were clearly visible. Post-staining of semi-thin sections with ammoniacal silver increased the contrast of the SC and allowed for observations using a bright field illumination. Ultrathin sections of osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine treated material showed that, under the electron microscope, this technique stains preferentially elements of the synaptonemal complex, while the surrounding chromatin remains unstained.", "PMID": 80311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7715", "title": "Interaction of anthracyclines with DNA and chromosomes.", "content": "Daunomycin and adriamycin were previously found to produce Q-like banding patterns on chromosomes. The interaction of several anthracyclines with both natural and synthetic DNAs and chromosomes has been investigated in more detail. Daunomycin fluorescence is almost completely quenched by natural DNAs with varying base composition from 31 to 72% G-C and by the alternating polymer poly-d(G-C).poly-d(G-C). In contrast, daunomycin fluorescence is quenched by only 50% when the dye interacts with synthetic A-T polymers. Thus, differential quenching of daunomycin fluorescence can account for the production of bright bands at contiguous A-T sequences along the chromosome. Slight differences in fluorescence quenching between the repeating and homopolymeric A-T duplex DNAs were observed which can be attributed to differences in affinity of daunomycin for these DNAs. The aminosugar moiety of daunomycin, daunosamine, increases the binding of daunomycin to DNA and also enhances chromosome banding.--Nogalamycin, which displays no differential quenching with the different DNAs in solution, also fails to produce bands on chromosomes.--These findings suggest that non-random nucleotide sequence arrangements along the chromosome are a basic determinant for dye interaction to produce the observed banding patterns. Specific banding procedures may determine the accessibility of these sites within the chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of anthracyclines with DNA and chromosomes. Daunomycin and adriamycin were previously found to produce Q-like banding patterns on chromosomes. The interaction of several anthracyclines with both natural and synthetic DNAs and chromosomes has been investigated in more detail. Daunomycin fluorescence is almost completely quenched by natural DNAs with varying base composition from 31 to 72% G-C and by the alternating polymer poly-d(G-C).poly-d(G-C). In contrast, daunomycin fluorescence is quenched by only 50% when the dye interacts with synthetic A-T polymers. Thus, differential quenching of daunomycin fluorescence can account for the production of bright bands at contiguous A-T sequences along the chromosome. Slight differences in fluorescence quenching between the repeating and homopolymeric A-T duplex DNAs were observed which can be attributed to differences in affinity of daunomycin for these DNAs. The aminosugar moiety of daunomycin, daunosamine, increases the binding of daunomycin to DNA and also enhances chromosome banding.--Nogalamycin, which displays no differential quenching with the different DNAs in solution, also fails to produce bands on chromosomes.--These findings suggest that non-random nucleotide sequence arrangements along the chromosome are a basic determinant for dye interaction to produce the observed banding patterns. Specific banding procedures may determine the accessibility of these sites within the chromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 80312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7716", "title": "Biochemical and cytological studies of bleomycin actions on chromatin and chromosomes.", "content": "Interaction of bleomycin with nuclei isolated from a variety of mammalian cells resulted in the release of nucleosomes. When isolated mononucleosomes (core plus linker) were re-treated with bleomycin, no further degradation of DNA occurred. The results suggest that the bleomycin cleavage sites in chromatin are present only in the linker region and that there are probably only one or two cleavage sites per linker. The repeat lengths of nucleosomal DNA released by bleomycin from nuclei of different species are different; this variability is considered to reflect the length of the linker. Incorporation of BrdU into DNA did not alter the bleomycin action on nucleosomes. When mitotic cells were held at metaphase for a prolonged period, bleomycin caused a gradual disintegration of chromosomes, although the bleomycin cleavage sites in metaphase chromosomes were found to be the same as those in interphase nuclei.", "contents": "Biochemical and cytological studies of bleomycin actions on chromatin and chromosomes. Interaction of bleomycin with nuclei isolated from a variety of mammalian cells resulted in the release of nucleosomes. When isolated mononucleosomes (core plus linker) were re-treated with bleomycin, no further degradation of DNA occurred. The results suggest that the bleomycin cleavage sites in chromatin are present only in the linker region and that there are probably only one or two cleavage sites per linker. The repeat lengths of nucleosomal DNA released by bleomycin from nuclei of different species are different; this variability is considered to reflect the length of the linker. Incorporation of BrdU into DNA did not alter the bleomycin action on nucleosomes. When mitotic cells were held at metaphase for a prolonged period, bleomycin caused a gradual disintegration of chromosomes, although the bleomycin cleavage sites in metaphase chromosomes were found to be the same as those in interphase nuclei.", "PMID": 80313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7717", "title": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity of the cytochromes P-450 solubilized from untreated rat liver.", "content": "When the hepatic microsomes prepared from one or two untreated male rats were incubated for 3 hr at room temperature in buffered Emulgen 911, cholate, glycerol, and EDTA, almost complete recovery of the cytochromes P-450 in solubilized form was obtained. The intact cytochromes P-450 in this preparation were retained by Sephadex G-200. They could be resolved by anion-exchange chromatography into four fractions with 70--80% recovery of cytochrome P-450 and little or no conversion to P-420. In the process, the p-450 hemoproteins were separated from cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and hemoglobulin. Each of the four fractions of cytochrome P-450 could be further resolved by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide into numerous protein bands, more than eight of which stained for heme. Extracts from focused gels retained P-450 spectral character. Mixtures of the various fractions electrofocused additively. Added hematin focused only in the acidic region of the gels. Although these results indicate extensive heterogeneity in the cytochromes P-450, the complexities of electrofocusing in the presence of detergent warrants cautious interpretation. These methods, however, should provide a basis for subsequent chemical, physical, catalytic, and immunological investigations of the heterogeneity, and its significance.", "contents": "Chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity of the cytochromes P-450 solubilized from untreated rat liver. When the hepatic microsomes prepared from one or two untreated male rats were incubated for 3 hr at room temperature in buffered Emulgen 911, cholate, glycerol, and EDTA, almost complete recovery of the cytochromes P-450 in solubilized form was obtained. The intact cytochromes P-450 in this preparation were retained by Sephadex G-200. They could be resolved by anion-exchange chromatography into four fractions with 70--80% recovery of cytochrome P-450 and little or no conversion to P-420. In the process, the p-450 hemoproteins were separated from cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and hemoglobulin. Each of the four fractions of cytochrome P-450 could be further resolved by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide into numerous protein bands, more than eight of which stained for heme. Extracts from focused gels retained P-450 spectral character. Mixtures of the various fractions electrofocused additively. Added hematin focused only in the acidic region of the gels. Although these results indicate extensive heterogeneity in the cytochromes P-450, the complexities of electrofocusing in the presence of detergent warrants cautious interpretation. These methods, however, should provide a basis for subsequent chemical, physical, catalytic, and immunological investigations of the heterogeneity, and its significance.", "PMID": 80314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7718", "title": "A comparison between naturally occurring macroamylasaemia and macroamylasaemia induced by hydroxyethyl-starch.", "content": "Macroamylasaemia was produced in vitro by incubation of hydroxyethylstarch with serum, and in vivo by intravenous infusion of hydroxyethylstarch. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 revealed distinct differences in molecular size distribution between such hydroxyethylstarch-induced macroamylase and the usual form of naturally occurring macroamylase which was observed in a few patients from our hospital. Further studies demonstrated that the gel filtration elution pattern of amylase activity in serum containing hydroxyethylstarch-induced macroamylase is significantly altered with time in vitro and in vivo, probably because of an enzymatic degradation of the hydroxyethylstarch components of the macromolecular complexes. In a healthy volunteer the serum amylase activity was elevated to a maximum of 797 u/l and the renal clearance rate of amylase was diminished to a minimum of 0.3 ml/min after infusion of 500 ml of a 6% solution of hydroxyethylstarch, as compared to 300 u/l, and 0.95 ml/min, respectively, during the  pre-infusion period.", "contents": "A comparison between naturally occurring macroamylasaemia and macroamylasaemia induced by hydroxyethyl-starch. Macroamylasaemia was produced in vitro by incubation of hydroxyethylstarch with serum, and in vivo by intravenous infusion of hydroxyethylstarch. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 revealed distinct differences in molecular size distribution between such hydroxyethylstarch-induced macroamylase and the usual form of naturally occurring macroamylase which was observed in a few patients from our hospital. Further studies demonstrated that the gel filtration elution pattern of amylase activity in serum containing hydroxyethylstarch-induced macroamylase is significantly altered with time in vitro and in vivo, probably because of an enzymatic degradation of the hydroxyethylstarch components of the macromolecular complexes. In a healthy volunteer the serum amylase activity was elevated to a maximum of 797 u/l and the renal clearance rate of amylase was diminished to a minimum of 0.3 ml/min after infusion of 500 ml of a 6% solution of hydroxyethylstarch, as compared to 300 u/l, and 0.95 ml/min, respectively, during the  pre-infusion period.", "PMID": 80321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7719", "title": "In vitro induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis: characterization of a primary T lymhocyte response against testicular self antigens.", "content": "Lymphocytes from normal, young adult rats were autosensitized in vitro against trypsin-dissociated autologous testis cells. The autoimmune response had been assayed both by determination of the lymphocyte proliferation, using a (3H)thymidine incorporation test, as well as by determination of their specific cytostatic activity against monolayer-forming testis cells which was measured in a terminal 51Cr uptake assay. The actively responding cells in this system are T lymphocytes. Non-T cells can exert additional, non-specific cytostasis. The immune specificity of the in vitro experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has been demonstrated on two levels. First, the responding T lymphocytes were found to specifically adhere around cells from one particular testis subpopulation which morphologically resemble Sertoli cells. The rosetting lymphocytes respond only to testicular self antigen, but not to allogeneic lymphocytes. Second, specificity to the effector T lymphocytes was revealed in transfer experiments. Autosensitized EAO effector T cells cytostatically affected only major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC)-compatible testis cells. Their reactivity against MHC-different testis cells or MHC-compatible nontesticular fibroblasts was significantly decreased which suggests both tissue as well as MHC specificity of the EAO response.", "contents": "In vitro induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis: characterization of a primary T lymhocyte response against testicular self antigens. Lymphocytes from normal, young adult rats were autosensitized in vitro against trypsin-dissociated autologous testis cells. The autoimmune response had been assayed both by determination of the lymphocyte proliferation, using a (3H)thymidine incorporation test, as well as by determination of their specific cytostatic activity against monolayer-forming testis cells which was measured in a terminal 51Cr uptake assay. The actively responding cells in this system are T lymphocytes. Non-T cells can exert additional, non-specific cytostasis. The immune specificity of the in vitro experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has been demonstrated on two levels. First, the responding T lymphocytes were found to specifically adhere around cells from one particular testis subpopulation which morphologically resemble Sertoli cells. The rosetting lymphocytes respond only to testicular self antigen, but not to allogeneic lymphocytes. Second, specificity to the effector T lymphocytes was revealed in transfer experiments. Autosensitized EAO effector T cells cytostatically affected only major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC)-compatible testis cells. Their reactivity against MHC-different testis cells or MHC-compatible nontesticular fibroblasts was significantly decreased which suggests both tissue as well as MHC specificity of the EAO response.", "PMID": 80322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7720", "title": "Quantification of antigen-reactive cells among human T lymphocytes.", "content": "The number of antigen-reactive cells among human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was estimated by a limiting dilution analysis. Antigen-induced lymphocyte activation was measured by means of incorporation of tritiated thymidine [3H]dThd. We have studied the frequency of memory T cells for the bacterial antigens tuberculin PPD and tetanus toxoid in immune donors, as well as the frequency of alloantigen-reactive T cells. In 11 different donors, the observed frequencies of the antigen-reactive T cell ranged between 1:300 and 1:16 000 for PPD; for tetanus toxoid values, between 1:750 and 1:11 500 were obtained in 5 different donors. The frequency of alloantigen-reactive T cells was found to be higher: between 1:200 and 1:600 (n = 10). For 3 donors, the estimated frequencies proved to be reproducible over a period of several months. Finally, a correlation could be demonstrated between the frequency of PPD-reactive T cells and the [3H]dThd incorporation of 4 X 10(4) PPD-stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Quantification of antigen-reactive cells among human T lymphocytes. The number of antigen-reactive cells among human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was estimated by a limiting dilution analysis. Antigen-induced lymphocyte activation was measured by means of incorporation of tritiated thymidine [3H]dThd. We have studied the frequency of memory T cells for the bacterial antigens tuberculin PPD and tetanus toxoid in immune donors, as well as the frequency of alloantigen-reactive T cells. In 11 different donors, the observed frequencies of the antigen-reactive T cell ranged between 1:300 and 1:16 000 for PPD; for tetanus toxoid values, between 1:750 and 1:11 500 were obtained in 5 different donors. The frequency of alloantigen-reactive T cells was found to be higher: between 1:200 and 1:600 (n = 10). For 3 donors, the estimated frequencies proved to be reproducible over a period of several months. Finally, a correlation could be demonstrated between the frequency of PPD-reactive T cells and the [3H]dThd incorporation of 4 X 10(4) PPD-stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 80324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7721", "title": "Evidence for the endogenous production of T cell receptors bearing idiotypic determinants.", "content": "Unprimed thymus-derived (T) cells from spleens of either conventional TEPC 15+ (T15+) BALB/c mice or neonatally suppressed T15- BALB/c mice were used to reconstitute neonatally suppressed T15- BALB/c nude mice and conventional T15+ BALB/c nude mice, respectively. In so doing, the idiotypes produced by phosphorycholine (PC)-specific bone marrow-derived (B) cells were dissociated from idiotypes putatively produced by PC-specific T cells. Subsequent to priming of the reconstituted BALB/c nude mice with either anti-T15 antisera or PC-MOPC 315, their splenic T cells were assessed for PC-specific helper activity and expression of the T15 idiotype. Our results indicate that expression of the T15 idiotype by T cells as determined by (a) the ability to prime PC-specific helper cells with anti-T15 antibodies, and (b) the ability to inhibit PC-specific helper function with anti-T15 antibodies, depended on the idiotype of the unprimed donor T cell source and not that of the B cells in the reconstituted recipients. We conclude that the idiotype-bearing T cell receptor specific for PC is not a passively adsorbed B cell product.", "contents": "Evidence for the endogenous production of T cell receptors bearing idiotypic determinants. Unprimed thymus-derived (T) cells from spleens of either conventional TEPC 15+ (T15+) BALB/c mice or neonatally suppressed T15- BALB/c mice were used to reconstitute neonatally suppressed T15- BALB/c nude mice and conventional T15+ BALB/c nude mice, respectively. In so doing, the idiotypes produced by phosphorycholine (PC)-specific bone marrow-derived (B) cells were dissociated from idiotypes putatively produced by PC-specific T cells. Subsequent to priming of the reconstituted BALB/c nude mice with either anti-T15 antisera or PC-MOPC 315, their splenic T cells were assessed for PC-specific helper activity and expression of the T15 idiotype. Our results indicate that expression of the T15 idiotype by T cells as determined by (a) the ability to prime PC-specific helper cells with anti-T15 antibodies, and (b) the ability to inhibit PC-specific helper function with anti-T15 antibodies, depended on the idiotype of the unprimed donor T cell source and not that of the B cells in the reconstituted recipients. We conclude that the idiotype-bearing T cell receptor specific for PC is not a passively adsorbed B cell product.", "PMID": 80325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7722", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone and its application for clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone has been developed. The antiserum used was obtained by immunizing rabbits with betamethasone-3-oxime-human serum albumin (BM-3-oxime-HSA) conjugate. The sensitivity was 20 pg and a standard curve was established with a useful range from 20 pg to 4 ng. The cross reactivity of all tested endogenous steroids was less than 0.2%. Cortisol with a cross reactivity of 0.14% caused slight interference at very high concentrations, but this factor is negligible when plasma cortisol level is less than 30 microgram/dl. The calculated interference by cortisol was less than 10%, and plasma not receiving BM consistently gave blanks which were less than 20 pg/tube. Reliability criteria were satisfactory. By this method plasma BM could be measured directly in dichloromethane extract of plasma. The plasma concentrations of BM were measured in normal subjects and patients with liver diseases following oral administration of BM. The peaks of the plasma concentrations for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM were 345 +/- 40 (n = 3) and 710 +/- 200 ng/dl (n = 5) respectively within 2 hours after administration in normal subjects. After the peak level, plasma BM rapidly fell and disappeared 24 hours after administration in all examined normal subjects. In patients with chronic active hepatitis, the peak levels for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM were 428 +/- 48 (n = 4) and 837 +/- 83 ng/dl (n = 7) respectively within 2 hours after administration. However, the peak levels of plasma BM were higher than those of normal subjects, and the disappearance of BM from the blood was markedly delayed, reaching a level of 318 +/- 88 nad 622 +/- 148 ng/dl respectively for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM at 5 hours. The relatively high plasma concentration of BM, ranging from 135 to 170 ng/dl was maintained even 24 hours after administration in all patients with chronic active hepatitis. The disappearance of cortisol from the blood also rapidly fell in normal subjects, but was markedly delayed in patients with chronic active hepatitis. There was good correlation between the severity of the liver disease as measured by the ICG retention at fifteen minutes and removals of BM and cortisol from the blood.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone and its application for clinical study (author's transl)]. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone has been developed. The antiserum used was obtained by immunizing rabbits with betamethasone-3-oxime-human serum albumin (BM-3-oxime-HSA) conjugate. The sensitivity was 20 pg and a standard curve was established with a useful range from 20 pg to 4 ng. The cross reactivity of all tested endogenous steroids was less than 0.2%. Cortisol with a cross reactivity of 0.14% caused slight interference at very high concentrations, but this factor is negligible when plasma cortisol level is less than 30 microgram/dl. The calculated interference by cortisol was less than 10%, and plasma not receiving BM consistently gave blanks which were less than 20 pg/tube. Reliability criteria were satisfactory. By this method plasma BM could be measured directly in dichloromethane extract of plasma. The plasma concentrations of BM were measured in normal subjects and patients with liver diseases following oral administration of BM. The peaks of the plasma concentrations for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM were 345 +/- 40 (n = 3) and 710 +/- 200 ng/dl (n = 5) respectively within 2 hours after administration in normal subjects. After the peak level, plasma BM rapidly fell and disappeared 24 hours after administration in all examined normal subjects. In patients with chronic active hepatitis, the peak levels for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM were 428 +/- 48 (n = 4) and 837 +/- 83 ng/dl (n = 7) respectively within 2 hours after administration. However, the peak levels of plasma BM were higher than those of normal subjects, and the disappearance of BM from the blood was markedly delayed, reaching a level of 318 +/- 88 nad 622 +/- 148 ng/dl respectively for 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg of BM at 5 hours. The relatively high plasma concentration of BM, ranging from 135 to 170 ng/dl was maintained even 24 hours after administration in all patients with chronic active hepatitis. The disappearance of cortisol from the blood also rapidly fell in normal subjects, but was markedly delayed in patients with chronic active hepatitis. There was good correlation between the severity of the liver disease as measured by the ICG retention at fifteen minutes and removals of BM and cortisol from the blood.", "PMID": 80333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7723", "title": "Ontogeny of macrophage function. I. Phagocytic activity and A-cell activity of newborn and adult mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Phagocytic activity and immune-participating A-cell activity of newborn and adult mouse macrophages were investigated under in vitro conditions. Thioglycollate medium-stimulated newborn (SNB) or adult (SA), and nonstimulated adult (NA) peritoneal macrophages were used. Immune complexes of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), aldehyde-fixed SRBC, and latex beads were employed in phagocytosis tests. A-cell activity was estimated as the capacity to support primary or secondary responses of macrophage-deprived adult spleen cells to SRBC. Results obtained were: 1) phagocytic activity of NA macrophages was highest and that of SNB macrophages was higher than SA macrophages, 2) no difference was observed in A-cell activity for secondary response among SNB, SA, and NA macrophages, and 3) SNB macrophages were lacking in A-cell activity for primary response. These results suggest that the substantial A-cell function should be evaluated in primary responses, and that the A-cell and pahgocytic functions do not necessarily accompany each other.", "contents": "Ontogeny of macrophage function. I. Phagocytic activity and A-cell activity of newborn and adult mouse peritoneal macrophages. Phagocytic activity and immune-participating A-cell activity of newborn and adult mouse macrophages were investigated under in vitro conditions. Thioglycollate medium-stimulated newborn (SNB) or adult (SA), and nonstimulated adult (NA) peritoneal macrophages were used. Immune complexes of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), aldehyde-fixed SRBC, and latex beads were employed in phagocytosis tests. A-cell activity was estimated as the capacity to support primary or secondary responses of macrophage-deprived adult spleen cells to SRBC. Results obtained were: 1) phagocytic activity of NA macrophages was highest and that of SNB macrophages was higher than SA macrophages, 2) no difference was observed in A-cell activity for secondary response among SNB, SA, and NA macrophages, and 3) SNB macrophages were lacking in A-cell activity for primary response. These results suggest that the substantial A-cell function should be evaluated in primary responses, and that the A-cell and pahgocytic functions do not necessarily accompany each other.", "PMID": 80335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7724", "title": "Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm.", "content": "The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.", "contents": "Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm. The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.", "PMID": 80336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7725", "title": "[Electron microscopical demonstration of polysaccharides in rotifers (Aschelminthes) with the use of OsO4-ferricyanide (author's transl)].", "content": "Three species of rotifers were fixed with glutaraldehyde and postfixed in a OsO4-ferricyanide solution. This procedure results in staining of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the surface coat of muscle cells as well as in staining of the surface coat of glands and nerve cells. Section-staining with leadcitrate increased the electron opacity of the precipitates, which are interpreted as polysaccharides. The partial decrease of staining of polysaccharides, which sometimes is observed, may be related to processes of function. The precipitates within the SR are considered as glycogen-beta-particles.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical demonstration of polysaccharides in rotifers (Aschelminthes) with the use of OsO4-ferricyanide (author's transl)]. Three species of rotifers were fixed with glutaraldehyde and postfixed in a OsO4-ferricyanide solution. This procedure results in staining of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the surface coat of muscle cells as well as in staining of the surface coat of glands and nerve cells. Section-staining with leadcitrate increased the electron opacity of the precipitates, which are interpreted as polysaccharides. The partial decrease of staining of polysaccharides, which sometimes is observed, may be related to processes of function. The precipitates within the SR are considered as glycogen-beta-particles.", "PMID": 80337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7726", "title": "Biological horizons in molecular microscopy.", "content": "The purpose envisaged in this report is not to provide a comprehensive monography but rather to give a survey, especially for biologists, of the state of the art and of current research trends in molecular microscopy. Following a brief discussion of the obvious discrepancy between instrumental capabilities and the limits of biologically significant information, a definition of the diversifying field is attempted. Four main topics are discussed. First, recent progress in the field of \"low noise\" specimen supports is reviewed. It is emphasized that a minimum background structure is an important but not the sole criterion for a satisfactory support. It is the ability to adsorb molecules in a predeterminable and orderly fashion which will attract wider attention in the future; positional and orientational order figure as crucial points in the strategem of low dose microscopy. Second, the problem of achieving adequate contrast without the expense of an unfaithful representation of molecular structures is discussed. Contrast is a problem of optimum imaging modes as well as of preparatory techniques. The third topic of discussion is specimen dehydration. Several avenues to circumvent or at least to alleviate dehydration artifacts are outlined. The last chapter focusses on the most fundamental problem in molecular microscopy:radiation damage. A brief synopsis of the physical and physico-chemical processes involved in damaging interactions is given and an attempt is made to tesselate the true picture of radiation damage to lipids and proteins. This might serve as a guidance in assessing the degree of structural fidelity to be expected for a given electron dose. Possibilities to overcome the radiation damage problem are adumbrated.", "contents": "Biological horizons in molecular microscopy. The purpose envisaged in this report is not to provide a comprehensive monography but rather to give a survey, especially for biologists, of the state of the art and of current research trends in molecular microscopy. Following a brief discussion of the obvious discrepancy between instrumental capabilities and the limits of biologically significant information, a definition of the diversifying field is attempted. Four main topics are discussed. First, recent progress in the field of \"low noise\" specimen supports is reviewed. It is emphasized that a minimum background structure is an important but not the sole criterion for a satisfactory support. It is the ability to adsorb molecules in a predeterminable and orderly fashion which will attract wider attention in the future; positional and orientational order figure as crucial points in the strategem of low dose microscopy. Second, the problem of achieving adequate contrast without the expense of an unfaithful representation of molecular structures is discussed. Contrast is a problem of optimum imaging modes as well as of preparatory techniques. The third topic of discussion is specimen dehydration. Several avenues to circumvent or at least to alleviate dehydration artifacts are outlined. The last chapter focusses on the most fundamental problem in molecular microscopy:radiation damage. A brief synopsis of the physical and physico-chemical processes involved in damaging interactions is given and an attempt is made to tesselate the true picture of radiation damage to lipids and proteins. This might serve as a guidance in assessing the degree of structural fidelity to be expected for a given electron dose. Possibilities to overcome the radiation damage problem are adumbrated.", "PMID": 80338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7727", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein concentration in maternal serum and abortion via VA and PGF2alpha.", "content": "Most women undergoing abortion by vacuum aspiration (VA), extraamniotic prostaglandin instillation or vaginal prostaglandin suppositories showed a significant rise in their serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations during the procedure. We suggest this rise is due to a fetomaternal hemorrhage during the abortion procedure. Few women undergoing VA before 9 weeks' gestation showed this rise in serum AFP. To avoid fetomaternal hemorrhage during pregnancy termination, we recommend abortion by VA in early pregnancy.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein concentration in maternal serum and abortion via VA and PGF2alpha. Most women undergoing abortion by vacuum aspiration (VA), extraamniotic prostaglandin instillation or vaginal prostaglandin suppositories showed a significant rise in their serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations during the procedure. We suggest this rise is due to a fetomaternal hemorrhage during the abortion procedure. Few women undergoing VA before 9 weeks' gestation showed this rise in serum AFP. To avoid fetomaternal hemorrhage during pregnancy termination, we recommend abortion by VA in early pregnancy.", "PMID": 80339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7728", "title": "Immunosuppressive factors in serum of patients with gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Sera from patients with gastric carcinoma markedly suppressed the normal lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) when compared with normal sera. The effect of this inhibition was well correlated with the degree of advance of the disease. Fractionation of normal and cancerous sera was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography using a continuous concave gradient. The elution patterns of the two kinds of sera were quite similar and separated into nine fractions. Protein analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion showed no difference in subfractions between normal and cancerous sera. However, inhibitory activities of cancerous sera on PHA response of normal lymphocytes were found in alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin fractions. On the other hand, in the fractions from normal serum, alpha- and beta-globulin fractions showed a similar degree of inhibition to PHA response of normal lymphocytes, but alpha2-macroglobulin fraction had no inhibitory activity. Such inhibitory fractions showed an immunosuppressive activity not only to PHA response of normal lymphocytes in vitro, but also due to the induction of splenic plaque-forming cells in vivo. The electrofocusing patterns of alpha2-macroglobulin fractions obtained from normal and cancerous sera showed a remarkable difference in protein composition. These results indicated that the function of lymphocytes may be regulated by a variety of humoral factors and, especially in patients with gastric carcinoma, the cell-mediated immunity may be modified by some factors not present in normal serum.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factors in serum of patients with gastric carcinoma. Sera from patients with gastric carcinoma markedly suppressed the normal lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) when compared with normal sera. The effect of this inhibition was well correlated with the degree of advance of the disease. Fractionation of normal and cancerous sera was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography using a continuous concave gradient. The elution patterns of the two kinds of sera were quite similar and separated into nine fractions. Protein analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion showed no difference in subfractions between normal and cancerous sera. However, inhibitory activities of cancerous sera on PHA response of normal lymphocytes were found in alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, and alpha2-macroglobulin fractions. On the other hand, in the fractions from normal serum, alpha- and beta-globulin fractions showed a similar degree of inhibition to PHA response of normal lymphocytes, but alpha2-macroglobulin fraction had no inhibitory activity. Such inhibitory fractions showed an immunosuppressive activity not only to PHA response of normal lymphocytes in vitro, but also due to the induction of splenic plaque-forming cells in vivo. The electrofocusing patterns of alpha2-macroglobulin fractions obtained from normal and cancerous sera showed a remarkable difference in protein composition. These results indicated that the function of lymphocytes may be regulated by a variety of humoral factors and, especially in patients with gastric carcinoma, the cell-mediated immunity may be modified by some factors not present in normal serum.", "PMID": 80341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7729", "title": "Beta2-microglobulin levels of serum and ascites in malignant diseases.", "content": "Serum beta2-microglobulin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in patients with various malignant neoplasms, ascitic patients, and also patients with definite or suspected hepatoma showing variable levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Elevated serum beta2-microglobulin levels greater than 2.5 mg/liter were found in various malignant neoplasms, especially in multiple myeloma (66.6%) and hepatoma (60.4%) The ascites/serum ratio of beta2-microglobulin levels in the patients with malignant ascites is significantly higher than in those with non-malignant ascites. However, ascites/serum ratios of total protein, IgG, albumin, creatinine levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Levels of serum beta2-microglobulin were correlated well with those of alpha-fetoprotein in the patients with definite or suspected hepatoma (r=0.72, P less than 0.001). From these results it was concluded that (1) high levels of serum beta2-microglobulin in these patients could be attributed to its hyperproduction by tumor cells or by the cells which had been infiltrated and activated, (2) it is useful to estimate the ascites/serum ratio of beta2-microglobulin levels in differentiating malignant from non-malignant ascites, and (3) it might suggest that a function of beta2-microglobulin is in some way related to that of alpha-fetoprotein, and the alpha-fetoprotein-synthesizing cells secrete a great deal of beta2-microglobulin, although its function remains unclear.", "contents": "Beta2-microglobulin levels of serum and ascites in malignant diseases. Serum beta2-microglobulin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in patients with various malignant neoplasms, ascitic patients, and also patients with definite or suspected hepatoma showing variable levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Elevated serum beta2-microglobulin levels greater than 2.5 mg/liter were found in various malignant neoplasms, especially in multiple myeloma (66.6%) and hepatoma (60.4%) The ascites/serum ratio of beta2-microglobulin levels in the patients with malignant ascites is significantly higher than in those with non-malignant ascites. However, ascites/serum ratios of total protein, IgG, albumin, creatinine levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Levels of serum beta2-microglobulin were correlated well with those of alpha-fetoprotein in the patients with definite or suspected hepatoma (r=0.72, P less than 0.001). From these results it was concluded that (1) high levels of serum beta2-microglobulin in these patients could be attributed to its hyperproduction by tumor cells or by the cells which had been infiltrated and activated, (2) it is useful to estimate the ascites/serum ratio of beta2-microglobulin levels in differentiating malignant from non-malignant ascites, and (3) it might suggest that a function of beta2-microglobulin is in some way related to that of alpha-fetoprotein, and the alpha-fetoprotein-synthesizing cells secrete a great deal of beta2-microglobulin, although its function remains unclear.", "PMID": 80342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7730", "title": "Effect of x-irradiation of recipients on in vivo neutralization of syngeneic tumors by spleen cells nonspecificially immunized with allogeneic tumors.", "content": "Spleen cells from WKA rats immunized with allogeneic Donryu tumor (AH66), when examined by the Winn test, inhibited lethal growth of admixed antigenically unrelated syngeneic tumor (KMT-17) only when a mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells was injected into pre-irradiated recipients. On the other hand, spleen cells specificially sensitized to KMT-17 inhibited growth of admixed KMT-17 cells either in irradiated or non-irradiated rats.", "contents": "Effect of x-irradiation of recipients on in vivo neutralization of syngeneic tumors by spleen cells nonspecificially immunized with allogeneic tumors. Spleen cells from WKA rats immunized with allogeneic Donryu tumor (AH66), when examined by the Winn test, inhibited lethal growth of admixed antigenically unrelated syngeneic tumor (KMT-17) only when a mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells was injected into pre-irradiated recipients. On the other hand, spleen cells specificially sensitized to KMT-17 inhibited growth of admixed KMT-17 cells either in irradiated or non-irradiated rats.", "PMID": 80344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7731", "title": "The influence of serum content in the medium on the survival of human bone marrow in suspension in vitro.", "content": "Samples of human bone marrow cells from patients with various diseases were cultivated in vitro by means of a simple stationary suspension method. Medium Eagle MEM with the addition of allogeneic serum and borosilicate glass were used. The cells survived significantly longer in samples with 50 per cent of serum than in samples with 30 per cent of serum only. Monocytes showed the longest survival (max. 95 days) in cultures with 50 per cent of serum. Myelocytes and segmented neutrophils as well as normoblasts survived till 45th day and plasmocytes till 66th day. Mitoses in monocytes were found till 50th day. Moreover so called \"satellitosis\" of plasmacytes around a macrophage was observed in cases with reactive plasmacytosis.", "contents": "The influence of serum content in the medium on the survival of human bone marrow in suspension in vitro. Samples of human bone marrow cells from patients with various diseases were cultivated in vitro by means of a simple stationary suspension method. Medium Eagle MEM with the addition of allogeneic serum and borosilicate glass were used. The cells survived significantly longer in samples with 50 per cent of serum than in samples with 30 per cent of serum only. Monocytes showed the longest survival (max. 95 days) in cultures with 50 per cent of serum. Myelocytes and segmented neutrophils as well as normoblasts survived till 45th day and plasmocytes till 66th day. Mitoses in monocytes were found till 50th day. Moreover so called \"satellitosis\" of plasmacytes around a macrophage was observed in cases with reactive plasmacytosis.", "PMID": 80354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7732", "title": "The effect of endotoxin on the colony stimulating activity (CSA) in sera of mice.", "content": "We found one peak of a new molecular form of CSA after chromatography on Sephadex G-200 in the serum of mice treated with endotoxin. Total activity and two peaks of CSA were much higher than controls.", "contents": "The effect of endotoxin on the colony stimulating activity (CSA) in sera of mice. We found one peak of a new molecular form of CSA after chromatography on Sephadex G-200 in the serum of mice treated with endotoxin. Total activity and two peaks of CSA were much higher than controls.", "PMID": 80355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7733", "title": "Inhibition of absorption capacity of HLA antigens on in vitro hormone-treated lymphocytes.", "content": "Hydrocortisone, Agostilben, Agovirin, Neolutin and Superanabolon partially to completely inhibit the absorption capacity of HLA antigens on the lymphocytes in vitro. The effect is directly proportional to the duration of lymphocyte treatment and the type of hormone, yet unrelated to the type of antigen. The importance of this phenomenon for HLA antigen typing in hormones-treated patients is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of absorption capacity of HLA antigens on in vitro hormone-treated lymphocytes. Hydrocortisone, Agostilben, Agovirin, Neolutin and Superanabolon partially to completely inhibit the absorption capacity of HLA antigens on the lymphocytes in vitro. The effect is directly proportional to the duration of lymphocyte treatment and the type of hormone, yet unrelated to the type of antigen. The importance of this phenomenon for HLA antigen typing in hormones-treated patients is discussed.", "PMID": 80356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7734", "title": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Report of a case with pleural effusion.", "content": "A 78-year old man is presented with a characteristic case history and physical and laboratory findings typical of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD). The disease had an acute onset with constitutional symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. The presence of a large pleural effusion was of particular interest. Histologically the distinctive feature was a pronounced proliferation of small blood vessels and immunoblasts in the lymph nodes. Management of patient with AILD is problematic. Since AILD is a non-neoplastic process, symptomatic treatment with small doses of steroids, if necessary, would seem to be the best therapeutic approach. However, in our patient, as well as in other cases reported in the literature, a rapid and long standing (18 months so far in our case) complete remission was obtained with a short cycle of chemiotherapy.", "contents": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Report of a case with pleural effusion. A 78-year old man is presented with a characteristic case history and physical and laboratory findings typical of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD). The disease had an acute onset with constitutional symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. The presence of a large pleural effusion was of particular interest. Histologically the distinctive feature was a pronounced proliferation of small blood vessels and immunoblasts in the lymph nodes. Management of patient with AILD is problematic. Since AILD is a non-neoplastic process, symptomatic treatment with small doses of steroids, if necessary, would seem to be the best therapeutic approach. However, in our patient, as well as in other cases reported in the literature, a rapid and long standing (18 months so far in our case) complete remission was obtained with a short cycle of chemiotherapy.", "PMID": 80357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7735", "title": "[Non-secreting plasmacytomas].", "content": "In non-secernent plasmocytomas there are no characteristic changes of serum protein. Diagnostic difficulties may be overcome by cytomorphological examinations, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. By referring to 4 own observations the value of the electron microscopic characteristics of plasma cells is demonstrated. Subtile investigations in protein diagnostics are required for avoiding incomplete monoclonal immunoglobulins which may greatly enter the kidneys to be overlooked. Generally the prognosis of non-secernent plasmocytomas is not worse than that of other forms.", "contents": "[Non-secreting plasmacytomas]. In non-secernent plasmocytomas there are no characteristic changes of serum protein. Diagnostic difficulties may be overcome by cytomorphological examinations, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. By referring to 4 own observations the value of the electron microscopic characteristics of plasma cells is demonstrated. Subtile investigations in protein diagnostics are required for avoiding incomplete monoclonal immunoglobulins which may greatly enter the kidneys to be overlooked. Generally the prognosis of non-secernent plasmocytomas is not worse than that of other forms.", "PMID": 80358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7736", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and glycoproteins in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "In the serum of 27 patients with malignant lymphogranulomatosis the authors determined the serum level of glycoproteid-carbohydrate components (hexose, hexosamine, sialin acid, and seromucoid) and the concentration of 11 different glycoproteids. In the early stage of the disease the immunoglobulin level is moderately increased in the serum, whereas a diminution can be observed in stage IV. The concentrations of ceruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and orosomucoid were already increased significantly in stage III. The increase did not continue in stage IV. In the final stage of the disease the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and haemopexin turned out to be increased considerably. A significant decrease in the transferrin level could be registered in stage III with this diminution also continuing in the further course. Changes of beta-C-globulin and haptoglobin concentrations could not be evaluated statistically. The content of carbohydrate components in the glycoproteids will already increase in the early stage of the disease with this increase continuing in the further course. Among histological types there was a more significant increase of immunoglobulins in those forms rich of lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and glycoproteins in lymphogranulomatosis]. In the serum of 27 patients with malignant lymphogranulomatosis the authors determined the serum level of glycoproteid-carbohydrate components (hexose, hexosamine, sialin acid, and seromucoid) and the concentration of 11 different glycoproteids. In the early stage of the disease the immunoglobulin level is moderately increased in the serum, whereas a diminution can be observed in stage IV. The concentrations of ceruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and orosomucoid were already increased significantly in stage III. The increase did not continue in stage IV. In the final stage of the disease the concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin and haemopexin turned out to be increased considerably. A significant decrease in the transferrin level could be registered in stage III with this diminution also continuing in the further course. Changes of beta-C-globulin and haptoglobin concentrations could not be evaluated statistically. The content of carbohydrate components in the glycoproteids will already increase in the early stage of the disease with this increase continuing in the further course. Among histological types there was a more significant increase of immunoglobulins in those forms rich of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 80359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7737", "title": "[Clinical treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia by means of extracorporeal blood irradiation].", "content": "A chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) with hepato-splenomegaly was treated in a 76 years old female patient by means of extracorporeal irradiation of blood (ECIB), after which a complete involution of the tumour in the spleen had taken place. Leukocytes initially increased to 35,500/mm3, amounting to 10,700/mm3 later on. The patient died of pneumonia in general cachexia. No signs of CLL could be found macroscopically after autopsy. An involution of the lymphatic infiltration could be identified microscopically in the bone-marrow.", "contents": "[Clinical treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia by means of extracorporeal blood irradiation]. A chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) with hepato-splenomegaly was treated in a 76 years old female patient by means of extracorporeal irradiation of blood (ECIB), after which a complete involution of the tumour in the spleen had taken place. Leukocytes initially increased to 35,500/mm3, amounting to 10,700/mm3 later on. The patient died of pneumonia in general cachexia. No signs of CLL could be found macroscopically after autopsy. An involution of the lymphatic infiltration could be identified microscopically in the bone-marrow.", "PMID": 80360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7738", "title": "[Contribution to central nervous system tumor diagnosis by means of cytocentrifuged cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "The cytocentrifugation of the liquor cerebrospinalis provides a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate benign from malign diseases of the central nervous system. The method is illustrated with liquor analyses in the field of pediatric oncology: medulloblastoma, leptomeninx sarcoma, plexuspapilloma, astrocytoma, Abt-Letterer-Siwe, ALL, reticulum cell sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, retinoblastoma. The speed and ease of the processing, the highest possible cellular yield and the good preservation of the cellular characteristics are great advantages of this new method.", "contents": "[Contribution to central nervous system tumor diagnosis by means of cytocentrifuged cerebrospinal fluid]. The cytocentrifugation of the liquor cerebrospinalis provides a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate benign from malign diseases of the central nervous system. The method is illustrated with liquor analyses in the field of pediatric oncology: medulloblastoma, leptomeninx sarcoma, plexuspapilloma, astrocytoma, Abt-Letterer-Siwe, ALL, reticulum cell sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, retinoblastoma. The speed and ease of the processing, the highest possible cellular yield and the good preservation of the cellular characteristics are great advantages of this new method.", "PMID": 80361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7739", "title": "[The appearance of immature cell leukemias after radiologic and cytostatic intensive therapy of Hodgkin's lymphoma].", "content": "Among 106 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma in stage IIIB and IVB treated from September 1969 to June 1977 by a working team for hematology and oncology at the clinic and outpatients clinic of the Medical School of Erfurt, there were two cases (=1.9%) showing a final transition to leukaemia with immature cells. A third neoplasia which had developed in a former field of irradiation was additionally observed in one patient. The various possibilities arising from an oncologic effect of ionizing rays and those substances having a cytostatic effect are discussed. After frequent reports on the occurrence of secondary tumours following intensive radiological and cytostatic therapy of advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma the enhanced risk of a secondary tumour being induced by this combined therapy cannot be excluded. Various conclusions are drawn from that by the authors.", "contents": "[The appearance of immature cell leukemias after radiologic and cytostatic intensive therapy of Hodgkin's lymphoma]. Among 106 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma in stage IIIB and IVB treated from September 1969 to June 1977 by a working team for hematology and oncology at the clinic and outpatients clinic of the Medical School of Erfurt, there were two cases (=1.9%) showing a final transition to leukaemia with immature cells. A third neoplasia which had developed in a former field of irradiation was additionally observed in one patient. The various possibilities arising from an oncologic effect of ionizing rays and those substances having a cytostatic effect are discussed. After frequent reports on the occurrence of secondary tumours following intensive radiological and cytostatic therapy of advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma the enhanced risk of a secondary tumour being induced by this combined therapy cannot be excluded. Various conclusions are drawn from that by the authors.", "PMID": 80362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7740", "title": "[Maintenance of anti-streptococcal activity of haptoglobins after addition of hemoglobin].", "content": "The antibody-like activity of haptoglobin types hp 2-2 and hp 2-1 for streptococci having the T4 antigen is not reduced by saturation with hemoglobin.", "contents": "[Maintenance of anti-streptococcal activity of haptoglobins after addition of hemoglobin]. The antibody-like activity of haptoglobin types hp 2-2 and hp 2-1 for streptococci having the T4 antigen is not reduced by saturation with hemoglobin.", "PMID": 80363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7741", "title": "[Method for the stabilization of E-rosettes with glutaraldehyde].", "content": "A technically simple method of fixing E-rosettes is represented. Under the influence of glutaraldehyde of 0.5% the E-rosettes being themselves very fragile assume a solid form and may be firmly spread to smears. Comparative examinations made on fresh and panoptically stained preparations showed a good accordance of results. The advantages of this method consist in its easy handling, possible simultaneous or alternative application of two counting procedures and the possibility of having the test results registered in archives.", "contents": "[Method for the stabilization of E-rosettes with glutaraldehyde]. A technically simple method of fixing E-rosettes is represented. Under the influence of glutaraldehyde of 0.5% the E-rosettes being themselves very fragile assume a solid form and may be firmly spread to smears. Comparative examinations made on fresh and panoptically stained preparations showed a good accordance of results. The advantages of this method consist in its easy handling, possible simultaneous or alternative application of two counting procedures and the possibility of having the test results registered in archives.", "PMID": 80364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7742", "title": "[A new method for the determination of thrombocyte function in patients and in preserved blood].", "content": "In a circulating thrombocytic plasma the pressure in front of a defined mesh filter depends on the combined capacity of adhesion and aggregation of thrombocytes. A new clinical in vitro test is based on this principle which comes nearest to the conditions to be found in hemostasis dependent on thrombocytes. Judging from the preliminary results of investigations performed on stored blood, blood donors, patients with thrombocytopenia, disturbances of blood flow and patients under anticoagulant therapy, the time until the pressure rise after administering ADP and the maximal pressure amplitude proved to be the most significant parameters of the new procedure.", "contents": "[A new method for the determination of thrombocyte function in patients and in preserved blood]. In a circulating thrombocytic plasma the pressure in front of a defined mesh filter depends on the combined capacity of adhesion and aggregation of thrombocytes. A new clinical in vitro test is based on this principle which comes nearest to the conditions to be found in hemostasis dependent on thrombocytes. Judging from the preliminary results of investigations performed on stored blood, blood donors, patients with thrombocytopenia, disturbances of blood flow and patients under anticoagulant therapy, the time until the pressure rise after administering ADP and the maximal pressure amplitude proved to be the most significant parameters of the new procedure.", "PMID": 80365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7743", "title": "[Results of a new platelet function test in various clinical diseases and in preserved blood].", "content": "In healthy persons, patients with thrombocytopenia and patients with arterial disturbances of blood flow with and without administration of Falithrom the pressure recording was carried out after the combined aggregation and adhesion of thrombocytes. The reaction time particularly observed after administration of ADP revealed marked differences in the groups examined, likewise the maximal pressure amplitude in front of the pumped through filter. When Falithrom was administered the thrombocyte functions were clearly impaired. The reduction of the capacity of platelets to obstruct filter pores can impressively be proved even in those thrombocytes stored in ACD-AG-plasma.", "contents": "[Results of a new platelet function test in various clinical diseases and in preserved blood]. In healthy persons, patients with thrombocytopenia and patients with arterial disturbances of blood flow with and without administration of Falithrom the pressure recording was carried out after the combined aggregation and adhesion of thrombocytes. The reaction time particularly observed after administration of ADP revealed marked differences in the groups examined, likewise the maximal pressure amplitude in front of the pumped through filter. When Falithrom was administered the thrombocyte functions were clearly impaired. The reduction of the capacity of platelets to obstruct filter pores can impressively be proved even in those thrombocytes stored in ACD-AG-plasma.", "PMID": 80366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7744", "title": "No change of whole blood of plasma viscosity in cardiac patients after subcutaneous calcium heparin.", "content": "Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and haematocrit were studied in a group of cardiac patients before and during subcutaneous heparin treatment. No significant change was noted in any of the parameters investigated. Relative viscosity (whole blood viscosity/plasma viscosity ratio) was also unaffected. These data indicate that heparin has no effect on the rheology of blood in vitro.", "contents": "No change of whole blood of plasma viscosity in cardiac patients after subcutaneous calcium heparin. Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and haematocrit were studied in a group of cardiac patients before and during subcutaneous heparin treatment. No significant change was noted in any of the parameters investigated. Relative viscosity (whole blood viscosity/plasma viscosity ratio) was also unaffected. These data indicate that heparin has no effect on the rheology of blood in vitro.", "PMID": 80367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7745", "title": "[Measurements of storage-induced morphologic changes in preserved blood by means of light scattering].", "content": "This study is concerned with changes in diffuse backscattering of white light caused by laminarly streaming or resting banked blood stored for periods up to 7 weeks. The most pronounced changes, i.e. a steep rise of scattering intensity, were found at the beginning of storage. Under streaming conditions such as resulting in a maximum of backscattering and effective disaggregation of rouleaux the temporal changes of scattering intensity obviously were not simply related to morphological properties of the blood. In addition, there was considerable individual variation in the amount of backscattering from various preserves. This invalidates an assessment of banked blood by means of light scattering by a single-data type measurement.", "contents": "[Measurements of storage-induced morphologic changes in preserved blood by means of light scattering]. This study is concerned with changes in diffuse backscattering of white light caused by laminarly streaming or resting banked blood stored for periods up to 7 weeks. The most pronounced changes, i.e. a steep rise of scattering intensity, were found at the beginning of storage. Under streaming conditions such as resulting in a maximum of backscattering and effective disaggregation of rouleaux the temporal changes of scattering intensity obviously were not simply related to morphological properties of the blood. In addition, there was considerable individual variation in the amount of backscattering from various preserves. This invalidates an assessment of banked blood by means of light scattering by a single-data type measurement.", "PMID": 80368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7746", "title": "[Evaluation of internationally used blood stabilizers for effective erythrocyte substitution].", "content": "Haemotherapy developed in the direction of transfusing pure blood cell preparations, if possible and enlarging the therapy with plasma fraction considerably. Quality losses of haemotherapeutics will already occur when they are prepared. This is mainly due to the conditions of blood collecting, blood stabiliser, duration and storage temperature from the blood collecting to further processing as well as biological variability of the composition of the donor's blood. The amount of substrate available to erythrocytes differs in various blood stabilisers. Deplasmatized erythrocyte concentrates can be used after several weeks of storage, if a high glucose concentration is present in the blood stabiliser. In CPD media the function of erythrocytes, the oxygen supply of the tissue, will remain intact a week longer than in ACD media. This effect will be increased by xylitol and pyruvate as well as by adding bicarbonate simultaneously. In future a primary importance will have to be attached to an improved storage of erythrocytes in the form of resuspended buffy coat-free erythrocyte concentrates.", "contents": "[Evaluation of internationally used blood stabilizers for effective erythrocyte substitution]. Haemotherapy developed in the direction of transfusing pure blood cell preparations, if possible and enlarging the therapy with plasma fraction considerably. Quality losses of haemotherapeutics will already occur when they are prepared. This is mainly due to the conditions of blood collecting, blood stabiliser, duration and storage temperature from the blood collecting to further processing as well as biological variability of the composition of the donor's blood. The amount of substrate available to erythrocytes differs in various blood stabilisers. Deplasmatized erythrocyte concentrates can be used after several weeks of storage, if a high glucose concentration is present in the blood stabiliser. In CPD media the function of erythrocytes, the oxygen supply of the tissue, will remain intact a week longer than in ACD media. This effect will be increased by xylitol and pyruvate as well as by adding bicarbonate simultaneously. In future a primary importance will have to be attached to an improved storage of erythrocytes in the form of resuspended buffy coat-free erythrocyte concentrates.", "PMID": 80369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7747", "title": "[Effect of dihydroxyacetone on metabolic parameters and survival of resuspended erythrocytes after storage at 25 degrees and 4 degrees].", "content": "Erythrocyte concentrates from CPD blood were resuspended after separating the leukocyte-thrombocyte layer and stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The solutions for resuspension differed in the content of substrate, pH, condition of sterilization and the resuspension volume used, 1 or 4 volumes of cell concentrate to 1 volume of resuspension solution. At 4 degrees C, there was no effect of DHA on the the 2.3 bisphosphoglycerate content (P2G content). The decreased activity of triokinase at low temperature, phosphate deficiency and a partial disintegration of DHA during the autoclave as well as the difference of the commercial DHA preparations are discussed as underlying causes. At 25 degrees C DHA delayed the P2G decrease during storage. The enhanced triokinase activity above 15 degrees C is principally considered to be the cause for it. High rates of haemolysis, rapid ATP decrease, survival rates of 56% after a storage of three weeks for erythrocyte resuspensions with DHA in used compositions render a clinical application impossible at present. It could be well suitable as a substrate for resynthesizing P2G. An addition of ascorbate + nicotinamid + adenin at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C had no influence on the P2G content. A resuspension solution on the basis of xylitol with additions of sorbitol, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate, pyruvate, adenine and guanosine showed the best properties in the content of P2G and ATP, lactate formation and survival rate during a storage at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effect of dihydroxyacetone on metabolic parameters and survival of resuspended erythrocytes after storage at 25 degrees and 4 degrees]. Erythrocyte concentrates from CPD blood were resuspended after separating the leukocyte-thrombocyte layer and stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The solutions for resuspension differed in the content of substrate, pH, condition of sterilization and the resuspension volume used, 1 or 4 volumes of cell concentrate to 1 volume of resuspension solution. At 4 degrees C, there was no effect of DHA on the the 2.3 bisphosphoglycerate content (P2G content). The decreased activity of triokinase at low temperature, phosphate deficiency and a partial disintegration of DHA during the autoclave as well as the difference of the commercial DHA preparations are discussed as underlying causes. At 25 degrees C DHA delayed the P2G decrease during storage. The enhanced triokinase activity above 15 degrees C is principally considered to be the cause for it. High rates of haemolysis, rapid ATP decrease, survival rates of 56% after a storage of three weeks for erythrocyte resuspensions with DHA in used compositions render a clinical application impossible at present. It could be well suitable as a substrate for resynthesizing P2G. An addition of ascorbate + nicotinamid + adenin at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C had no influence on the P2G content. A resuspension solution on the basis of xylitol with additions of sorbitol, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate, pyruvate, adenine and guanosine showed the best properties in the content of P2G and ATP, lactate formation and survival rate during a storage at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 80370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7748", "title": "The anticlastogenic effect of various combinations of cysteamine, AET, HCT, and amino acids on chromosome damage by trenimon and bleomycin in human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The protective activity of the combined application of anticlastogens against the chromosome-damaging action of Trenimon and bleomycin was studied by analyzing more than 32000 metaphases from cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes. Screening tests with the combinations cysteine/cysteamine/AET, cysteine/methionine/asparagine, cysteine/serine/HCT, and AET/HCT, with Trenimon as clastogen, in no case revealed a hyperadditive (synergistic) effect. From the results of detailed analyses of the action of the combination AET/HCT it was concluded that the (nonsynergistic) anticlastogenic effects observed were induced due to intracellular biologic mechanism, and not due to a reaction in the culture fluid between clastogens and anticlastogens. Although the observations gained with Trenimon or bleomycin differed in some respects, the anticlastogens apparently act via a mechanism at least common to AET and HCT, i.e., they manifest their effect in lymphocyte cultures by a limited interaction with the process of aberration formation, rather than by influencing repair processes, which are blocked by caffeine.", "contents": "The anticlastogenic effect of various combinations of cysteamine, AET, HCT, and amino acids on chromosome damage by trenimon and bleomycin in human lymphocytes in vitro. The protective activity of the combined application of anticlastogens against the chromosome-damaging action of Trenimon and bleomycin was studied by analyzing more than 32000 metaphases from cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes. Screening tests with the combinations cysteine/cysteamine/AET, cysteine/methionine/asparagine, cysteine/serine/HCT, and AET/HCT, with Trenimon as clastogen, in no case revealed a hyperadditive (synergistic) effect. From the results of detailed analyses of the action of the combination AET/HCT it was concluded that the (nonsynergistic) anticlastogenic effects observed were induced due to intracellular biologic mechanism, and not due to a reaction in the culture fluid between clastogens and anticlastogens. Although the observations gained with Trenimon or bleomycin differed in some respects, the anticlastogens apparently act via a mechanism at least common to AET and HCT, i.e., they manifest their effect in lymphocyte cultures by a limited interaction with the process of aberration formation, rather than by influencing repair processes, which are blocked by caffeine.", "PMID": 80373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7749", "title": "Concerning the linkage relationships of the Gc and MNSs loci.", "content": "Lod scores for the linkage relationships of the Gc and MNSs loci are presented for data from a number of published pedigrees and 103 new families. Linkage may be excluded at a recombination frequency of less than 25% in males and 30% in females.", "contents": "Concerning the linkage relationships of the Gc and MNSs loci. Lod scores for the linkage relationships of the Gc and MNSs loci are presented for data from a number of published pedigrees and 103 new families. Linkage may be excluded at a recombination frequency of less than 25% in males and 30% in females.", "PMID": 80374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7750", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of collagen fibers in ascorbic-acid-fed cell cultures.", "content": "Nine cultures of fibroblast cell types and 13 epithelial-like cell types were maintained for 1 week in media supplemented with L-asborbic acid (50 microgram per ml). All fibroblast-like cultures produced extracellular fibers that stained positively by a silver-impregnation reticulin stain. Nine of the 13 epithelial-like cultures produced fibers that stained positively for reticulin. Nearly all cultures not supplemented with ascorbic acid showed no fiber staining. Those few lines that stained positively for reticulin in the absence of ascorbic-acid supplementation demonstrated only slight reticulin formation. Reticulin from one fibroblast culture and one epithelial culture was examined by electron microscopy, and the silver-impregnated fibrils were morphologically identical to collagen. The reticulin was digestible with collagenase, providing further evidence that the silver-impregnation reticulin stain identifies collagen in culture. The demonstartion of collagen can be performed easily in histology laboratories using Formalin-fixed cells, and provides a means of assaying a functional property of cells in culture which is characteristic of connective tissue fibroblasts in general as well as certain specialized epithelia.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of collagen fibers in ascorbic-acid-fed cell cultures. Nine cultures of fibroblast cell types and 13 epithelial-like cell types were maintained for 1 week in media supplemented with L-asborbic acid (50 microgram per ml). All fibroblast-like cultures produced extracellular fibers that stained positively by a silver-impregnation reticulin stain. Nine of the 13 epithelial-like cultures produced fibers that stained positively for reticulin. Nearly all cultures not supplemented with ascorbic acid showed no fiber staining. Those few lines that stained positively for reticulin in the absence of ascorbic-acid supplementation demonstrated only slight reticulin formation. Reticulin from one fibroblast culture and one epithelial culture was examined by electron microscopy, and the silver-impregnated fibrils were morphologically identical to collagen. The reticulin was digestible with collagenase, providing further evidence that the silver-impregnation reticulin stain identifies collagen in culture. The demonstartion of collagen can be performed easily in histology laboratories using Formalin-fixed cells, and provides a means of assaying a functional property of cells in culture which is characteristic of connective tissue fibroblasts in general as well as certain specialized epithelia.", "PMID": 80377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7751", "title": "Cholera toxin effects on fluid secretion, adenylate cyclase, and cyclic AMP in porcine small intestine.", "content": "The effects of cholera toxin on mucosal cyclic nucleotide concentrations and on net fluid secretion in the porcine small intestine are reported. Cholera toxin causes net secretion of fluid into the small intestine of weanling pigs, and secretory rates are dependent on the dose of the toxin placed in intestinal loops. Intestinal secretion due to cholera toxin exposure was not consistently accompanied by elevated concentrations of mucosal cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Net fluid fluxes in individual loops did not correlate with mucosal cyclic AMP concentration in the same loop. Jejunal adenylate cyclase was activated to a lesser extent in pigs, compared with rabbits, after in vivo treatment with cholera toxin. In vitro activation in cell-free homogenates was similar for both species. Papaverine was similar to cholera toxin in causing fluid secretion without cyclic AMP accumulations, but 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine significantly increased cyclic AMP concentration and induced fluid secretion in pigs. Weanling pigs appeared to differ from rabbits in having a secretory response to cholera toxin which was independent of elevations in total mucosal cyclic AMP concentration.", "contents": "Cholera toxin effects on fluid secretion, adenylate cyclase, and cyclic AMP in porcine small intestine. The effects of cholera toxin on mucosal cyclic nucleotide concentrations and on net fluid secretion in the porcine small intestine are reported. Cholera toxin causes net secretion of fluid into the small intestine of weanling pigs, and secretory rates are dependent on the dose of the toxin placed in intestinal loops. Intestinal secretion due to cholera toxin exposure was not consistently accompanied by elevated concentrations of mucosal cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Net fluid fluxes in individual loops did not correlate with mucosal cyclic AMP concentration in the same loop. Jejunal adenylate cyclase was activated to a lesser extent in pigs, compared with rabbits, after in vivo treatment with cholera toxin. In vitro activation in cell-free homogenates was similar for both species. Papaverine was similar to cholera toxin in causing fluid secretion without cyclic AMP accumulations, but 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine significantly increased cyclic AMP concentration and induced fluid secretion in pigs. Weanling pigs appeared to differ from rabbits in having a secretory response to cholera toxin which was independent of elevations in total mucosal cyclic AMP concentration.", "PMID": 80378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7752", "title": "Possible role of Fc receptors on cells infected and transformed by herpesvirus: escape from immune cytolysis.", "content": "Receptors for the Fc portion of nonimmune immunoglobulin G were demonstrated on B103 rat brain neuroma cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) KOS by a radioimmunoassay using 125I-labeled heat-aggregated Fc fragments. Immune F(ab')2 fragments specific for HSV antigens competed efficiently for Fc binding sites, suggesting that the binding of Fc fragments to infected cells is specific for viral cell-surface antigens. It has been suggested that the binding of immune complexes to Fc receptors on the surfaces of tumor cells in vivo plays a role in protecting these cells from immune destruction. In vitro evidence is presented for the ability of aggregated immunoglobulin G molecules bound to cell-surface Fc receptors to protect both HSV-infected and HSV-transformed cells against complement-dependent and cell-mediated immune lysis.", "contents": "Possible role of Fc receptors on cells infected and transformed by herpesvirus: escape from immune cytolysis. Receptors for the Fc portion of nonimmune immunoglobulin G were demonstrated on B103 rat brain neuroma cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) KOS by a radioimmunoassay using 125I-labeled heat-aggregated Fc fragments. Immune F(ab')2 fragments specific for HSV antigens competed efficiently for Fc binding sites, suggesting that the binding of Fc fragments to infected cells is specific for viral cell-surface antigens. It has been suggested that the binding of immune complexes to Fc receptors on the surfaces of tumor cells in vivo plays a role in protecting these cells from immune destruction. In vitro evidence is presented for the ability of aggregated immunoglobulin G molecules bound to cell-surface Fc receptors to protect both HSV-infected and HSV-transformed cells against complement-dependent and cell-mediated immune lysis.", "PMID": 80379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7753", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses in human chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers.", "content": "The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), the nature of T-cell function, and specific cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg were determined and evaluated serially in groups of subjects with chronic HBsAg carrier states and in seronegative controls. The techniques of in vitro lymphocyte transformation, spontaneous rosette formation, radioimmunoassay, reverse passive hemagglutination, passive hemagglutination, rheophoresis, and liver function tests were employed for these studies. For the lymphocyte transformation assay, multiple concentrations of phytohemagglutinin and purified HBsAg were used as stimulants. Cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg was detectable in 50% of the chronic HBsAg carriers (responders) at one or more concentrations of HBsAg. The remaining carriers (nonresponders) and controls failed to manifest HBsAg-specific lymphocyte transformation activity. The profile of the responders was characterized by elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, the presence of anti-HBe, high HBsAg titers, and the conspicuous absence of HBeAg in the serum. The nonresponders were characterized by normal serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, the presence of HBeAg and anti-HBe, and lower HBsAg titers. These observations demonstrate the presence of specific cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg in chronic HBsAg carriers who manifest biochemical evidence of liver disease.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses in human chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), the nature of T-cell function, and specific cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg were determined and evaluated serially in groups of subjects with chronic HBsAg carrier states and in seronegative controls. The techniques of in vitro lymphocyte transformation, spontaneous rosette formation, radioimmunoassay, reverse passive hemagglutination, passive hemagglutination, rheophoresis, and liver function tests were employed for these studies. For the lymphocyte transformation assay, multiple concentrations of phytohemagglutinin and purified HBsAg were used as stimulants. Cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg was detectable in 50% of the chronic HBsAg carriers (responders) at one or more concentrations of HBsAg. The remaining carriers (nonresponders) and controls failed to manifest HBsAg-specific lymphocyte transformation activity. The profile of the responders was characterized by elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, the presence of anti-HBe, high HBsAg titers, and the conspicuous absence of HBeAg in the serum. The nonresponders were characterized by normal serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels, the presence of HBeAg and anti-HBe, and lower HBsAg titers. These observations demonstrate the presence of specific cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg in chronic HBsAg carriers who manifest biochemical evidence of liver disease.", "PMID": 80380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7754", "title": "Stimulation of cyclic AMP secretion in Vero cells by enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The morphological response of Vero cells to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin was similar to that of cholera toxin and was accompanied by increases in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. The effects of both enterotoxins were enhanced by the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitor and inhibited by heat or specific antisera. Accumulation of cyclic AMP preceded the morphological response.", "contents": "Stimulation of cyclic AMP secretion in Vero cells by enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. The morphological response of Vero cells to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin was similar to that of cholera toxin and was accompanied by increases in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. The effects of both enterotoxins were enhanced by the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitor and inhibited by heat or specific antisera. Accumulation of cyclic AMP preceded the morphological response.", "PMID": 80381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7755", "title": "Significance of noncapsular antigens in protection against experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: cross-reactivity.", "content": "A bacterial strain, tentatively identified as an Actinobacillus species, was found to asymptomatically colonize the pharynx of some rats and to bear cell wall antigens which cross-react with noncapsular antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb). The cross-reacting antigens appeared to be a heterogeneous mixture with varying molecular size and charge. The antigenic moieties are probably carbohydrate in nature. Antisera raised with this strain had both immunochemical and biological (bactericidal, opsonizing, and protective against experimental infection) activity against HIb. These findings lend further evidence to the idea that noncapsular antigens are important in the induction of resistance to HIb disease. The findings also raise the possibility of using bacteria which cross-react with noncapsular antigens for immunization against HIb disease in humans through nasopharyngeal or enteric colonization.", "contents": "Significance of noncapsular antigens in protection against experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: cross-reactivity. A bacterial strain, tentatively identified as an Actinobacillus species, was found to asymptomatically colonize the pharynx of some rats and to bear cell wall antigens which cross-react with noncapsular antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb). The cross-reacting antigens appeared to be a heterogeneous mixture with varying molecular size and charge. The antigenic moieties are probably carbohydrate in nature. Antisera raised with this strain had both immunochemical and biological (bactericidal, opsonizing, and protective against experimental infection) activity against HIb. These findings lend further evidence to the idea that noncapsular antigens are important in the induction of resistance to HIb disease. The findings also raise the possibility of using bacteria which cross-react with noncapsular antigens for immunization against HIb disease in humans through nasopharyngeal or enteric colonization.", "PMID": 80382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7756", "title": "New surface-associated heat-labile colonization factor antigen (CFA/II) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O6 and O8.", "content": "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) belonging to serogroups O6 and O8 do not possess the H-10407-type colonization factor antigen (CFA/I). However, these frequently isolated ETEC were found to possess a second and distinct heat-labile surface-associated colonization factor antigen, termed CFA/II. Whereas CFA/I mediates mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human group A erythrocytes, CFA/II does not. CFA/II mediates mannose-resistant hemagglutination of bovine erythrocytes, and mannose-resistant hemagglutination is rapid only at reduced temperature (4 degrees C). Because CFA/II, like CFA/I, is spontaneously lost by many ETEC isolates in the laboratory, it was possible to produce specific anti-CFA/II serum by preparing antiserum against living cells of a prototype strain (PB-176) and adsorbing this serum with living and heat-treated cells of its CFA/II-negative derivative strain PB-176-P. This serum, which neutralized the colonization factor activity of CFA/II-positive strains in infant rabbits, was employed to confirm the presence of CFA/II on ETEC which exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination of bovine but not human erythrocytes. CFA/II, like CFA/I, mediates adherence of the bacteria to the mucosal surface of the small intestine, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. CFA/II appears to be an important virulence factor for humans since CFA/II-positive ETEC are frequently isolated from diarrhea cases, particularly travelers' diarrhea, in Mexico; these ETEC were not uncommon in a collection of isolates from Bangladesh. The O6:H16 strain of ETEC responsible for an outbreak of diarrhea in the United States was also shown to be CFA/II positive. CFA/I and CFA/II were never found on the same serotypes of ETEC, but 98% of the heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxin-producing ETEC belonging to the frequently isolated serogroups O6, O8, O15, O25, O63, and O78 were positive for either CFA/I or CFA/II.", "contents": "New surface-associated heat-labile colonization factor antigen (CFA/II) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O6 and O8. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) belonging to serogroups O6 and O8 do not possess the H-10407-type colonization factor antigen (CFA/I). However, these frequently isolated ETEC were found to possess a second and distinct heat-labile surface-associated colonization factor antigen, termed CFA/II. Whereas CFA/I mediates mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human group A erythrocytes, CFA/II does not. CFA/II mediates mannose-resistant hemagglutination of bovine erythrocytes, and mannose-resistant hemagglutination is rapid only at reduced temperature (4 degrees C). Because CFA/II, like CFA/I, is spontaneously lost by many ETEC isolates in the laboratory, it was possible to produce specific anti-CFA/II serum by preparing antiserum against living cells of a prototype strain (PB-176) and adsorbing this serum with living and heat-treated cells of its CFA/II-negative derivative strain PB-176-P. This serum, which neutralized the colonization factor activity of CFA/II-positive strains in infant rabbits, was employed to confirm the presence of CFA/II on ETEC which exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination of bovine but not human erythrocytes. CFA/II, like CFA/I, mediates adherence of the bacteria to the mucosal surface of the small intestine, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. CFA/II appears to be an important virulence factor for humans since CFA/II-positive ETEC are frequently isolated from diarrhea cases, particularly travelers' diarrhea, in Mexico; these ETEC were not uncommon in a collection of isolates from Bangladesh. The O6:H16 strain of ETEC responsible for an outbreak of diarrhea in the United States was also shown to be CFA/II positive. CFA/I and CFA/II were never found on the same serotypes of ETEC, but 98% of the heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxin-producing ETEC belonging to the frequently isolated serogroups O6, O8, O15, O25, O63, and O78 were positive for either CFA/I or CFA/II.", "PMID": 80383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7757", "title": "Progressive vaccinia: immunological aspects and transfer factor therapy.", "content": "Progressive vaccinia is a rare and serious complication of smallpox vaccination. Depressed immune function can generally be found as an underlying disorder; thus adequate immuno-correction may be expected to be therapeutically effective. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity was repeatedly examined in one case throughout the course of the disease. Results indicated partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. No therapeutic effect was achieved by using human antivaccinia immunoglobulin and N-methylisatin beta-thiosemicarbazone. Transfer factor therapy was also attempted. Treatment with a non-specific transfer factor preparation was followed by a transitory clinical improvement. A specific transfer factor preparation given during the last month of life, however, had no therapeutic effect. The patient died on the 145th day after vaccination. Autopsy findings pointed to combined immune deficiency.", "contents": "Progressive vaccinia: immunological aspects and transfer factor therapy. Progressive vaccinia is a rare and serious complication of smallpox vaccination. Depressed immune function can generally be found as an underlying disorder; thus adequate immuno-correction may be expected to be therapeutically effective. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity was repeatedly examined in one case throughout the course of the disease. Results indicated partial deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. No therapeutic effect was achieved by using human antivaccinia immunoglobulin and N-methylisatin beta-thiosemicarbazone. Transfer factor therapy was also attempted. Treatment with a non-specific transfer factor preparation was followed by a transitory clinical improvement. A specific transfer factor preparation given during the last month of life, however, had no therapeutic effect. The patient died on the 145th day after vaccination. Autopsy findings pointed to combined immune deficiency.", "PMID": 80384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7758", "title": "Tumours of the urinary bladder accidentally diagnosed during prostatectomy.", "content": "By analysing 1472 prostatectomies, the authors have stated a coexistence of tumour of the bladder in 31 cases (2.11%). In 11 patients (0.75%) the tumours were accidentally diagnosed, as late as during the operation itself. Eight patients were operated transvesically. The tumour was diagnosed immediately after opening the bladder. The tumour was removed first and then the adenoma. Three patients were operated on according to Millin's method, their tumours having been detected only after enucleation of adenoma of the prostate. In five cases cancer of the bladder was diagnosed and in six papillary tumour of the bladder was found. The bladder cancers were treated by partial excision of the bladder or by deep electrocoagulation. The authors maintain that the small percentage of accidentally diagnosed tumours is no indication for a routine performance of cystoscopy in every case of adenoma of the prostate before intended prostatectomy.", "contents": "Tumours of the urinary bladder accidentally diagnosed during prostatectomy. By analysing 1472 prostatectomies, the authors have stated a coexistence of tumour of the bladder in 31 cases (2.11%). In 11 patients (0.75%) the tumours were accidentally diagnosed, as late as during the operation itself. Eight patients were operated transvesically. The tumour was diagnosed immediately after opening the bladder. The tumour was removed first and then the adenoma. Three patients were operated on according to Millin's method, their tumours having been detected only after enucleation of adenoma of the prostate. In five cases cancer of the bladder was diagnosed and in six papillary tumour of the bladder was found. The bladder cancers were treated by partial excision of the bladder or by deep electrocoagulation. The authors maintain that the small percentage of accidentally diagnosed tumours is no indication for a routine performance of cystoscopy in every case of adenoma of the prostate before intended prostatectomy.", "PMID": 80389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7759", "title": "Biochemical methods for the assessment of the selectivity of proteinuria.", "content": "The authors have elaborated a biochemical technique for the assessment of the selectivity of proteinuria by means of the clearances of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and albumin. The results obtained in 69 patients were compared to those established by the method of Cameron and Blanford, as well as by the clearance of alpha2-macroglobulin. No significant differences were found in the indices of proteinuria, as determined by the proposed biochemical technique and by the method of Cameron and Blanford. Thus the diagnostic value of both methods to assess the selectivity of proteinuria could be considered as equal. The additional measurement of the selectivity of proteinuria by means of proteins with considerably high molecular weight (haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin) gave the possibility of recording cases with severely impaired glomerular permeability. In this respect, the use of the clearance of haptoglobulin, particularly the phenotype Hp 2--2, provided valuable diagnostic information in cases in which the routine methods gave borderline values for the index of proteinuria.", "contents": "Biochemical methods for the assessment of the selectivity of proteinuria. The authors have elaborated a biochemical technique for the assessment of the selectivity of proteinuria by means of the clearances of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and albumin. The results obtained in 69 patients were compared to those established by the method of Cameron and Blanford, as well as by the clearance of alpha2-macroglobulin. No significant differences were found in the indices of proteinuria, as determined by the proposed biochemical technique and by the method of Cameron and Blanford. Thus the diagnostic value of both methods to assess the selectivity of proteinuria could be considered as equal. The additional measurement of the selectivity of proteinuria by means of proteins with considerably high molecular weight (haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin) gave the possibility of recording cases with severely impaired glomerular permeability. In this respect, the use of the clearance of haptoglobulin, particularly the phenotype Hp 2--2, provided valuable diagnostic information in cases in which the routine methods gave borderline values for the index of proteinuria.", "PMID": 80390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7760", "title": "[Florid oral papillomatosis. A contribution to cytostatic therapy].", "content": "Based on the recent clinical experience in treating florid oral papillomatosis (FOP), the only successful therapy appears to be the use of cytostatic agents. The case report of a patient with clinically and histologically confirmed FOP is described to emphasize the advantages of administering Bleomycin intra-arterially (external carotid artery) by means of a Holter catheter. This catheter is used to release pressure in the treatment of internal hydrocephalus and is designed to remain in place for a number of years. The successful treatment of FOP points out the possibility of employing a Holter catheter for administering cytostatic agents in the treatment of malignant neoplasms in the facial area. Cytophotometric examinations of the prickle cells within the FOP mass showed a diploid pattern of DNA distribution similar to that of benigh tumors. However, it is not possible to definitely establish the malignant or benign nature of FOP in this manner.", "contents": "[Florid oral papillomatosis. A contribution to cytostatic therapy]. Based on the recent clinical experience in treating florid oral papillomatosis (FOP), the only successful therapy appears to be the use of cytostatic agents. The case report of a patient with clinically and histologically confirmed FOP is described to emphasize the advantages of administering Bleomycin intra-arterially (external carotid artery) by means of a Holter catheter. This catheter is used to release pressure in the treatment of internal hydrocephalus and is designed to remain in place for a number of years. The successful treatment of FOP points out the possibility of employing a Holter catheter for administering cytostatic agents in the treatment of malignant neoplasms in the facial area. Cytophotometric examinations of the prickle cells within the FOP mass showed a diploid pattern of DNA distribution similar to that of benigh tumors. However, it is not possible to definitely establish the malignant or benign nature of FOP in this manner.", "PMID": 80392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7761", "title": "The histochemical specificity of Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC.", "content": "Treatment of tissue sections with enzymes wich degrade specific types of glycosaminoglycans should provide a means for localizing glycosaminoglycans in tissue sections. The feasibility of this technique was examined by utilizing endogenously labelled glycosaminoglycans in chick and quail embryos. Less than 8% of the total glycosaminoglycans appear to be lost non-specifically during fixation and dehydration. Both Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC degraded more than 90% of their respective substrates and demonstrated minimal non-specific extraction of other glycosaminoglycans. The selectivity of chondroitinase ABC for sulphated glycosaminoglycans was substantially increased by raising the pH of the incubation buffer to 8.6. At this pH, chondroitinase ABC degraded negligible amounts of hyaluronic acid. Use of both Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC confirmed that embryonic hyaluronic acid binds Alcian Blue under conditions that were previously believed specific for sulphated glycosaminoglycans. We suggest that this may be due to the increased molecular weight of embryonic hyaluronic acid compared to the hyaluronic acid in adult tissues. The results presented suggest that treatment of adjacent sections with buffer, chondroitinase ABC at pH 8.6, and Streptomyces hyaluronidase and subsequent staining with Alcian Blue provides a method for localizing and quantitating glycosaminoglycans in tissue sections.", "contents": "The histochemical specificity of Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC. Treatment of tissue sections with enzymes wich degrade specific types of glycosaminoglycans should provide a means for localizing glycosaminoglycans in tissue sections. The feasibility of this technique was examined by utilizing endogenously labelled glycosaminoglycans in chick and quail embryos. Less than 8% of the total glycosaminoglycans appear to be lost non-specifically during fixation and dehydration. Both Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC degraded more than 90% of their respective substrates and demonstrated minimal non-specific extraction of other glycosaminoglycans. The selectivity of chondroitinase ABC for sulphated glycosaminoglycans was substantially increased by raising the pH of the incubation buffer to 8.6. At this pH, chondroitinase ABC degraded negligible amounts of hyaluronic acid. Use of both Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC confirmed that embryonic hyaluronic acid binds Alcian Blue under conditions that were previously believed specific for sulphated glycosaminoglycans. We suggest that this may be due to the increased molecular weight of embryonic hyaluronic acid compared to the hyaluronic acid in adult tissues. The results presented suggest that treatment of adjacent sections with buffer, chondroitinase ABC at pH 8.6, and Streptomyces hyaluronidase and subsequent staining with Alcian Blue provides a method for localizing and quantitating glycosaminoglycans in tissue sections.", "PMID": 80394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7762", "title": "The aldehyde fuchsin and colloidal iron staining reactions in the canine thyroid C cell.", "content": "The cytochemically reactive groups which are responsible for Aldehyde Fuchsin (AF) and colloidal iron (CI) staining of C cells were investigated in the canine thyroid gland. To this end, stains for proteoglycans and peptide groups were utilized in conjuction with hydrolysis of glycosidic and amide bonds. In addition, the following procedures were used: acetylation, benzoylation, nitrozation, aldehyde blockade, sulphydryl blockade, methylation and mild acid hydrolysis. No acidic proteoglycan, sialic acid, polyphosphate or polysaccharide ester sulphate were detected in C cells; the results suggest that AF staining, after an oxidation step, and CI staining are due to polypeptides. Sulphydryl and carboxyl groups together are necessary for mediating the attachment of AF in C cells and it is adduced that this attachment is due to the combined charges of sulphonic and carboxylic acids. Methylation and acetylation inhibit CI staining and those staining reactions that depend upon carboxylic acid (TB) and hydroxyl groups (PAS) for their dye attachment in C cells. Acid hydrolysis, which increases the demonstration of carboxylic acid in C cells, decreases the attachment of hydroxyferric ions. I speculate that this inhibition is due to extraction of iron sites in the C cell and conclude that it is not solely carboxylic acids in C cells that are responsible for CI staining.", "contents": "The aldehyde fuchsin and colloidal iron staining reactions in the canine thyroid C cell. The cytochemically reactive groups which are responsible for Aldehyde Fuchsin (AF) and colloidal iron (CI) staining of C cells were investigated in the canine thyroid gland. To this end, stains for proteoglycans and peptide groups were utilized in conjuction with hydrolysis of glycosidic and amide bonds. In addition, the following procedures were used: acetylation, benzoylation, nitrozation, aldehyde blockade, sulphydryl blockade, methylation and mild acid hydrolysis. No acidic proteoglycan, sialic acid, polyphosphate or polysaccharide ester sulphate were detected in C cells; the results suggest that AF staining, after an oxidation step, and CI staining are due to polypeptides. Sulphydryl and carboxyl groups together are necessary for mediating the attachment of AF in C cells and it is adduced that this attachment is due to the combined charges of sulphonic and carboxylic acids. Methylation and acetylation inhibit CI staining and those staining reactions that depend upon carboxylic acid (TB) and hydroxyl groups (PAS) for their dye attachment in C cells. Acid hydrolysis, which increases the demonstration of carboxylic acid in C cells, decreases the attachment of hydroxyferric ions. I speculate that this inhibition is due to extraction of iron sites in the C cell and conclude that it is not solely carboxylic acids in C cells that are responsible for CI staining.", "PMID": 80395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7763", "title": "Concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine-periodic acid-m-aminophenol-fast black salt K: a method for the dual staining of neutral complex carbohydrates.", "content": "A method has been developed for the dual staining of neutral complex carbohydrates in light microscopy. It combines a concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (Con A-PO-DAB) method with a period acid-m-aminophenol-Fast Black salt K (PA-AP-FBK) sequence. With the combined method it is possible to stain alpha-D-glycosyl and alpha-D-mannosyl residues brown and 1,2-glycol groups of neutral complex carbohydrates blackish purple. The validity of the method has been confirmed with appropriate histochemical controls and enzyme digestions on test tissues.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine-periodic acid-m-aminophenol-fast black salt K: a method for the dual staining of neutral complex carbohydrates. A method has been developed for the dual staining of neutral complex carbohydrates in light microscopy. It combines a concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (Con A-PO-DAB) method with a period acid-m-aminophenol-Fast Black salt K (PA-AP-FBK) sequence. With the combined method it is possible to stain alpha-D-glycosyl and alpha-D-mannosyl residues brown and 1,2-glycol groups of neutral complex carbohydrates blackish purple. The validity of the method has been confirmed with appropriate histochemical controls and enzyme digestions on test tissues.", "PMID": 80396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7764", "title": "The histochemistry of thiols and disulphides. II. Methodology of differential staining.", "content": "The reduction of disulphide bonds by various mercaptans and tri-n-butyl-phosphine (TBP) has been examined in paraffin sections of rat tissues. A \"re-reduction' procedure demonstrating any residual disulphides shows that nearly equivalent endpoints are reached by all of the reagents at pH 8.5 and room temperature, though at greatly differing rates. TBP is the reductant of choice in that it acts rapidly, cannot cause the thiolation which is more or less pronounced with certain mercaptans and least reverses the prior alkylation of native thiol groups by iodoacetate or N-substituted malemides. Supporting studies establish that, except in highly compact structures, native as well as generated thiol groups can be visualized with satisfactory completeness and specificity by N-(4-aminophenyl)maleimide followed by a diazotization and coupling sequence. These findings provide the basis for the selective staining of disulphides, either alone or differentiated from native thiols in the same section.", "contents": "The histochemistry of thiols and disulphides. II. Methodology of differential staining. The reduction of disulphide bonds by various mercaptans and tri-n-butyl-phosphine (TBP) has been examined in paraffin sections of rat tissues. A \"re-reduction' procedure demonstrating any residual disulphides shows that nearly equivalent endpoints are reached by all of the reagents at pH 8.5 and room temperature, though at greatly differing rates. TBP is the reductant of choice in that it acts rapidly, cannot cause the thiolation which is more or less pronounced with certain mercaptans and least reverses the prior alkylation of native thiol groups by iodoacetate or N-substituted malemides. Supporting studies establish that, except in highly compact structures, native as well as generated thiol groups can be visualized with satisfactory completeness and specificity by N-(4-aminophenyl)maleimide followed by a diazotization and coupling sequence. These findings provide the basis for the selective staining of disulphides, either alone or differentiated from native thiols in the same section.", "PMID": 80397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7765", "title": "The histochemistry of thiols and disulphides. III. Staining patterns in rat tissues.", "content": "With the aid of new staining methods, thiol groups produced by the reduction of disulphide bonds were positively distinguished from pre-existing groups in paraffin sections of several organs of the rat. Good preservation of structures in which the natural thiol-disulphide balance had been maintained was sought by fixing the tissues in neutral formalin containing an organomercurial. After dissociation of the resulting mercaptide bonds that protected the native thiols, these were shown in one colour and then disulphide sites in another within the same sections. Intracellular granules and extracellular membranes rich in disulphides thereby stood out in red against the predominantly blue labelling of the cellular ground plasm. Intimate mixtures of the two forms in some places and the presumed transformation of thiols to disulphides in others, notably the keratinizing epithelium of the tongue, were readily seen. Supplemented by separate visualization of thiols and disulphides along with suitable controls for specificity of staining, the results obtained diverged in some major respects from those of previous investigations.", "contents": "The histochemistry of thiols and disulphides. III. Staining patterns in rat tissues. With the aid of new staining methods, thiol groups produced by the reduction of disulphide bonds were positively distinguished from pre-existing groups in paraffin sections of several organs of the rat. Good preservation of structures in which the natural thiol-disulphide balance had been maintained was sought by fixing the tissues in neutral formalin containing an organomercurial. After dissociation of the resulting mercaptide bonds that protected the native thiols, these were shown in one colour and then disulphide sites in another within the same sections. Intracellular granules and extracellular membranes rich in disulphides thereby stood out in red against the predominantly blue labelling of the cellular ground plasm. Intimate mixtures of the two forms in some places and the presumed transformation of thiols to disulphides in others, notably the keratinizing epithelium of the tongue, were readily seen. Supplemented by separate visualization of thiols and disulphides along with suitable controls for specificity of staining, the results obtained diverged in some major respects from those of previous investigations.", "PMID": 80398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7766", "title": "Conjugation of lectins with fluorochromes: an approach to histochemical double labeling of carbohydrate components.", "content": "Methodical investigations on the coupling of lectins (Con A, LcL, WGA, RcA) to tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyan ate (TRITC) are reported. 20-microgram of TRITC per mg of lectin were found to be the optimal amount of TRITC for the conjugation. With this fluorochrome: protein ratio conjugates were produced which resulted in a specific and brilliant fluorescence in tissue staining. The optimally conjugated lectins were separated on DEAE-Sephadex-A 50. Using two different lectins which were conjugated with TRITC or FITC, respectively, a double labeling of different lectin-binding sites in tissue sections was achieved.", "contents": "Conjugation of lectins with fluorochromes: an approach to histochemical double labeling of carbohydrate components. Methodical investigations on the coupling of lectins (Con A, LcL, WGA, RcA) to tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyan ate (TRITC) are reported. 20-microgram of TRITC per mg of lectin were found to be the optimal amount of TRITC for the conjugation. With this fluorochrome: protein ratio conjugates were produced which resulted in a specific and brilliant fluorescence in tissue staining. The optimally conjugated lectins were separated on DEAE-Sephadex-A 50. Using two different lectins which were conjugated with TRITC or FITC, respectively, a double labeling of different lectin-binding sites in tissue sections was achieved.", "PMID": 80399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7767", "title": "On the specificity of alcoholic acidic silver nitrate reagent for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid. A reappraisal.", "content": "The specificity of the alcoholic acidic silver nitrate staining method for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid was reappraised. It was found that the method is by and large better suited for the localization of ascorbic acid in both animal and plant tissues due to its greater specificity, which is ensured by employing reagent made in carbon dioxide saturated glass distilled water as well as by carrying out the reaction at a low temperature (0-4 degrees C) and at a pH of 2-2.5.", "contents": "On the specificity of alcoholic acidic silver nitrate reagent for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid. A reappraisal. The specificity of the alcoholic acidic silver nitrate staining method for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid was reappraised. It was found that the method is by and large better suited for the localization of ascorbic acid in both animal and plant tissues due to its greater specificity, which is ensured by employing reagent made in carbon dioxide saturated glass distilled water as well as by carrying out the reaction at a low temperature (0-4 degrees C) and at a pH of 2-2.5.", "PMID": 80400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7768", "title": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. III. Antitumor activity of tallysomycins A and B.", "content": "The antitumor activity of tallysomycins A and B was determined in five experimental tumor systems in mice. Tallysomycins A and B were highly active against B16 melanoma, sarcoma 180 ascites tumor and Lewis lung carcinoma, and moderately active against P388 leukemia but were without effect on lymphoid leukemia L1210. The antitumor activity of tallysomycin A was 2 to 3 times that of tallysomycin B and 3 to 17 times that of bleomycin. Tallysomycin A was about 1.5 and 4 times more toxic for mice than tallysomycin B and bleomycin, respectively, in terms of subacute LD50 values.", "contents": "Tallysomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic complex related to bleomycin. III. Antitumor activity of tallysomycins A and B. The antitumor activity of tallysomycins A and B was determined in five experimental tumor systems in mice. Tallysomycins A and B were highly active against B16 melanoma, sarcoma 180 ascites tumor and Lewis lung carcinoma, and moderately active against P388 leukemia but were without effect on lymphoid leukemia L1210. The antitumor activity of tallysomycin A was 2 to 3 times that of tallysomycin B and 3 to 17 times that of bleomycin. Tallysomycin A was about 1.5 and 4 times more toxic for mice than tallysomycin B and bleomycin, respectively, in terms of subacute LD50 values.", "PMID": 80402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7769", "title": "Bibliographic control of nonprint educational material.", "content": "AVLINE is an on-line data base maintained by the National Library of Medicine containing references to over 5,000 nationally available nonprint materials. Each title is screened for technical quality, processed according to NLM's categorization, and undergoes descriptive and subject cataloging. In addition to the bibliographic control, an assessment is made of educational potential and content validity by the peer appraisal process of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). AVLINE is available through the computer network that supports the MEDLINE system. The data base offers the use of a wide range of sophisticated retrieval possibilities.", "contents": "Bibliographic control of nonprint educational material. AVLINE is an on-line data base maintained by the National Library of Medicine containing references to over 5,000 nationally available nonprint materials. Each title is screened for technical quality, processed according to NLM's categorization, and undergoes descriptive and subject cataloging. In addition to the bibliographic control, an assessment is made of educational potential and content validity by the peer appraisal process of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). AVLINE is available through the computer network that supports the MEDLINE system. The data base offers the use of a wide range of sophisticated retrieval possibilities.", "PMID": 80405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7770", "title": "The in vivo transfer of antigen-induced airway reactions by bronchial lumen cells.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys with airway responses to aerosol challenge with Ascaris antigen constitute a primate model of inhalant asthma. Previous studies have shown that bronchial lavage cells from airway-reactive animals will release histamine or a slow-reactive substance of anaphylaxis after challenge with antigen. Because these bronchial lumen cells are the first cells in contact with inhaled antigen, they may play a role in induction of antigen-induced airway responses. To evaluate this possibility, bronchial lumen lavage cells from animals with airway reactivity were transferred to the bronchial lumens of animals with negative airway responses to antigen challenge. The transfer of the bronchial lumen cells resulted in transient airway reactivity of the recipients to aerosol antigen challenge. It is suggested that the mast cells which constitute a component of the bronchial lumen cells may be the active cell alone, or in combination with other cells, which results in this primate immunoglobulin E-mediated airway response and its transfer to nonreactivie recipients.", "contents": "The in vivo transfer of antigen-induced airway reactions by bronchial lumen cells. Rhesus monkeys with airway responses to aerosol challenge with Ascaris antigen constitute a primate model of inhalant asthma. Previous studies have shown that bronchial lavage cells from airway-reactive animals will release histamine or a slow-reactive substance of anaphylaxis after challenge with antigen. Because these bronchial lumen cells are the first cells in contact with inhaled antigen, they may play a role in induction of antigen-induced airway responses. To evaluate this possibility, bronchial lumen lavage cells from animals with airway reactivity were transferred to the bronchial lumens of animals with negative airway responses to antigen challenge. The transfer of the bronchial lumen cells resulted in transient airway reactivity of the recipients to aerosol antigen challenge. It is suggested that the mast cells which constitute a component of the bronchial lumen cells may be the active cell alone, or in combination with other cells, which results in this primate immunoglobulin E-mediated airway response and its transfer to nonreactivie recipients.", "PMID": 80408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7771", "title": "Histamine release reaction of basophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Induction by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin E, concanavaline A, and phytohaemagglutinin; effect of heavy water.", "content": "Basophils possess membrane bound IgE molecules, and immunological activation leads to a secretory process with cell degranulation and histamine release. Heterologous anti IgE, concanavaline A, and phytohaemagglutinin are potent non-cytotoxic releasing agents. They operate by a mechanism similar to that of immunological activation. Heavy water is not a histamine releasing inducer but it increases histamine release of the cells. We studied the histamine release reaction of leukaemic basophils in 10 patients and found a physiological response such as that previously reported with normal human basophils.", "contents": "Histamine release reaction of basophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Induction by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin E, concanavaline A, and phytohaemagglutinin; effect of heavy water. Basophils possess membrane bound IgE molecules, and immunological activation leads to a secretory process with cell degranulation and histamine release. Heterologous anti IgE, concanavaline A, and phytohaemagglutinin are potent non-cytotoxic releasing agents. They operate by a mechanism similar to that of immunological activation. Heavy water is not a histamine releasing inducer but it increases histamine release of the cells. We studied the histamine release reaction of leukaemic basophils in 10 patients and found a physiological response such as that previously reported with normal human basophils.", "PMID": 80409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7772", "title": "Histological demonstration of copper and copper-associated protein in chronic liver diseases.", "content": "Liver copper concentrations in percutaneous biopsy specimens were measured by neutron activation analysis and compared with histological staining for copper by rubeanic acid and rhodanine, and with copper-associated protein stained by orcein. Liver copper concentrations were elevated in 31 of 35 biopsies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and discrimination between normal and elevated liver copper was correct in 32 of the 35 biopsies by staining with rubeanic acid, and 31 of the 35 by staining with rhodanine. Orcein staining of copper-associated protein was positive in 33 of the 35 biopsies. All 17 biopsy specimens from patients with Wilson's disease had high liver copper concentrations, but only nine had positive staining for copper, and six were orcein positive. Similarly, histological stains gave little indication of the liver copper concentrations in tissue from 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis. Staining of liver sections can be useful in detecting elevation of liver copper in PBC, but not in Wilson's disease, where the absolute concentration must be measured. Excess copper appears to accumulate in the liver in different chemical forms in PBC and Wilson's disease.", "contents": "Histological demonstration of copper and copper-associated protein in chronic liver diseases. Liver copper concentrations in percutaneous biopsy specimens were measured by neutron activation analysis and compared with histological staining for copper by rubeanic acid and rhodanine, and with copper-associated protein stained by orcein. Liver copper concentrations were elevated in 31 of 35 biopsies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and discrimination between normal and elevated liver copper was correct in 32 of the 35 biopsies by staining with rubeanic acid, and 31 of the 35 by staining with rhodanine. Orcein staining of copper-associated protein was positive in 33 of the 35 biopsies. All 17 biopsy specimens from patients with Wilson's disease had high liver copper concentrations, but only nine had positive staining for copper, and six were orcein positive. Similarly, histological stains gave little indication of the liver copper concentrations in tissue from 16 patients with chronic active hepatitis. Staining of liver sections can be useful in detecting elevation of liver copper in PBC, but not in Wilson's disease, where the absolute concentration must be measured. Excess copper appears to accumulate in the liver in different chemical forms in PBC and Wilson's disease.", "PMID": 80410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7773", "title": "The islands of Calleja: organization and connections.", "content": "The islands of Calleja (IC) in the rate are composed of seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band. The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the IC and surrounding cells, studied using Nissl-stained and Golgi-Kopsch material, are described. In addition, the afferent and efferent connections of the IC were analyzed using fluorescence histochemistry, the autoradiographic tracing method, and the anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Topographically organized projections to the IC from the dopamine-containing cells of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area are demonstrated by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method and the autoradiographic tracing technique. Anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase studies provide evidence for reciprocal, topographically organized interconnections between the IC and the septum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and piriform cortex. These observations indicate that the IC constitute a unique population of granule cells, located in the olfactory tubercle, innervated by dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon and interconnected with olfactory and non-olfactory components of the basal forebrain.", "contents": "The islands of Calleja: organization and connections. The islands of Calleja (IC) in the rate are composed of seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band. The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the IC and surrounding cells, studied using Nissl-stained and Golgi-Kopsch material, are described. In addition, the afferent and efferent connections of the IC were analyzed using fluorescence histochemistry, the autoradiographic tracing method, and the anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Topographically organized projections to the IC from the dopamine-containing cells of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area are demonstrated by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method and the autoradiographic tracing technique. Anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase studies provide evidence for reciprocal, topographically organized interconnections between the IC and the septum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and piriform cortex. These observations indicate that the IC constitute a unique population of granule cells, located in the olfactory tubercle, innervated by dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon and interconnected with olfactory and non-olfactory components of the basal forebrain.", "PMID": 80412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7774", "title": "Immunostaining of growth hormone and prolactin in paraffin-embedded and stored or previously stained materials.", "content": "In attempts to evaluate immunocytochemically autopsy and biopsy material previously obtained and processed for conventional histologic staining, we had to resort to immunostaining of tissues embedded years ago or even sections already stained with hematoxylin-eosin or aldehyde thionin-PAS-orange G. Hypophysial growth hormone and prolactin proved remarkably resistant to such prior treatment with regard to their antigenic properties, and could be readily immunostained in tissue embedded in paraffin 3-4 years earlier, and after destaining of sections prepared up to 7 years earlier. The results of such \"retrospective\" immunocytochemical evaluation of autopsy and biopsy materail is illustrated with the staining of \"pregnancy cells\" for prolactin in the hypophysis of a woman postpartum, the immunostaining for prolactin in the cells of adenomas associated with marked hyperprolactinemia, the staining for growth hormone in adenomas removed from children with gigantism, and the immunostaining for prolactin, growth hormone or both in several adenomas that were discovered at autopsy and not associated with a known clinical history of endocrine aberrations.", "contents": "Immunostaining of growth hormone and prolactin in paraffin-embedded and stored or previously stained materials. In attempts to evaluate immunocytochemically autopsy and biopsy material previously obtained and processed for conventional histologic staining, we had to resort to immunostaining of tissues embedded years ago or even sections already stained with hematoxylin-eosin or aldehyde thionin-PAS-orange G. Hypophysial growth hormone and prolactin proved remarkably resistant to such prior treatment with regard to their antigenic properties, and could be readily immunostained in tissue embedded in paraffin 3-4 years earlier, and after destaining of sections prepared up to 7 years earlier. The results of such \"retrospective\" immunocytochemical evaluation of autopsy and biopsy materail is illustrated with the staining of \"pregnancy cells\" for prolactin in the hypophysis of a woman postpartum, the immunostaining for prolactin in the cells of adenomas associated with marked hyperprolactinemia, the staining for growth hormone in adenomas removed from children with gigantism, and the immunostaining for prolactin, growth hormone or both in several adenomas that were discovered at autopsy and not associated with a known clinical history of endocrine aberrations.", "PMID": 80416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7775", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of oncodevelopmental proteins in human germ cell and hepatic tumors.", "content": "In a combined tissue and serum study alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and alpha-fetoprotein are demonstrated in parallel within tumor tissue inclusions in both endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors and malignant hepatomas, and AAT is demonstrated as a marker in both neoplastic and preneoplastic liver lesions occurring in oral contraceptive users, all in association with normal serum AAT phenotype. The tumor inclusions in the first two instances differ immunocytochemically from AAT liver cell globules found in inherited AAT deficiency, which are unreactive for alpha-fetoprotein. It is concluded that unlike the molecular basis of storage associated with AAT phenotypic variation, the tumor inclusions reflect a separate, nongenetic mechanism of AAT storage, which may be epigenetic in nature. AAT and alpha-fetoprotein both are synthesized normally in yolk sac and fetal liver, a parallelism which disappears soon after birth. The reexpression of both proteins in two distinct tumor types arising from endodermal origins (yolk sac and liver), suggests that these markers may represent reemerging fetal gene products, a phenomenon previously proposed only for alpha-fetoprotein, a prototypic \"oncofetal antigen.\"", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of oncodevelopmental proteins in human germ cell and hepatic tumors. In a combined tissue and serum study alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and alpha-fetoprotein are demonstrated in parallel within tumor tissue inclusions in both endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors and malignant hepatomas, and AAT is demonstrated as a marker in both neoplastic and preneoplastic liver lesions occurring in oral contraceptive users, all in association with normal serum AAT phenotype. The tumor inclusions in the first two instances differ immunocytochemically from AAT liver cell globules found in inherited AAT deficiency, which are unreactive for alpha-fetoprotein. It is concluded that unlike the molecular basis of storage associated with AAT phenotypic variation, the tumor inclusions reflect a separate, nongenetic mechanism of AAT storage, which may be epigenetic in nature. AAT and alpha-fetoprotein both are synthesized normally in yolk sac and fetal liver, a parallelism which disappears soon after birth. The reexpression of both proteins in two distinct tumor types arising from endodermal origins (yolk sac and liver), suggests that these markers may represent reemerging fetal gene products, a phenomenon previously proposed only for alpha-fetoprotein, a prototypic \"oncofetal antigen.\"", "PMID": 80417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7776", "title": "Immunohistochemical detection of a cross-reacting virus antigen in mouse mammary tumors and human breast carcinomas.", "content": "An indirect immunoperoxidase method was first used to localize mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigens in paraffin sections of mammary tumors of Paris RIII and CD8F1 mice. By using the same method, an antigen with cross-reactivity to a group-specific antigen (gp52, a 52,000 dalton glycoprotein) of MMTV was detected in paraffin sections of human breast carcinomas. The specificity of this reaction with antibody against MMTV was examined by absorption of the IgG with: a) purified gp52; b) several relevant and irrelevant viral preparations; c) normal human plasma, leukocytes, breast tissue, milk, actin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid; d) sheep erythrocytes, bovine mucin and fetal calf serum. Only MMTV and prufied gp52 eliminated the immunohistochemical reaction in human breast tumors. Positive reactions were seen in 73 of 191 (38%) breast carcinomas of various histopathologic types, while negative reactions were obtained in all 137 normal and benign cases tested. A positive reaction of uncertain specificity was observed in foci of apocrine metaplasia. With one exception, 99 carcinomas from 13 organs other than breast and eight cystosarcomas were negative.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical detection of a cross-reacting virus antigen in mouse mammary tumors and human breast carcinomas. An indirect immunoperoxidase method was first used to localize mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigens in paraffin sections of mammary tumors of Paris RIII and CD8F1 mice. By using the same method, an antigen with cross-reactivity to a group-specific antigen (gp52, a 52,000 dalton glycoprotein) of MMTV was detected in paraffin sections of human breast carcinomas. The specificity of this reaction with antibody against MMTV was examined by absorption of the IgG with: a) purified gp52; b) several relevant and irrelevant viral preparations; c) normal human plasma, leukocytes, breast tissue, milk, actin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid; d) sheep erythrocytes, bovine mucin and fetal calf serum. Only MMTV and prufied gp52 eliminated the immunohistochemical reaction in human breast tumors. Positive reactions were seen in 73 of 191 (38%) breast carcinomas of various histopathologic types, while negative reactions were obtained in all 137 normal and benign cases tested. A positive reaction of uncertain specificity was observed in foci of apocrine metaplasia. With one exception, 99 carcinomas from 13 organs other than breast and eight cystosarcomas were negative.", "PMID": 80418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7777", "title": "Palladium chloride as a stain for elastin at the ultrastructural level.", "content": "Palladium chloride in aqueous solution stains elastic fibers in thin sections of Epon-embedded tissues. When palladium chloride is used with a lead citrate counterstain, high contrast sections with gray to black elastic fibers are obtained. The stain was tested on newborn and adult mammalian tissues and on adult tissues from lower animals. Sections were mounted on stainless steel grids, stained with 1% palladium chloride solution for 5 to 15 min, rinsed thoroughly, and counterstained with lead citrate for 7 min. Palladium chloride staining solution is stable for several months at room temperature and if the stain is filtered immediately before use, contamination of sections is not a problem. Chemical studies indicate that palladium binds directly to purified bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin and that this binding is not affected by glutaraldehyde fixation or by sodium borohydride reduction of elastin. Osmium post-fixation of glutaraldehyde-fixed elastin did significantly lower the amount of palladium bound. Palladium was shown to be chemically bound to sites on the elastin and not weakly associated. The nature of these sites is discussed.", "contents": "Palladium chloride as a stain for elastin at the ultrastructural level. Palladium chloride in aqueous solution stains elastic fibers in thin sections of Epon-embedded tissues. When palladium chloride is used with a lead citrate counterstain, high contrast sections with gray to black elastic fibers are obtained. The stain was tested on newborn and adult mammalian tissues and on adult tissues from lower animals. Sections were mounted on stainless steel grids, stained with 1% palladium chloride solution for 5 to 15 min, rinsed thoroughly, and counterstained with lead citrate for 7 min. Palladium chloride staining solution is stable for several months at room temperature and if the stain is filtered immediately before use, contamination of sections is not a problem. Chemical studies indicate that palladium binds directly to purified bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin and that this binding is not affected by glutaraldehyde fixation or by sodium borohydride reduction of elastin. Osmium post-fixation of glutaraldehyde-fixed elastin did significantly lower the amount of palladium bound. Palladium was shown to be chemically bound to sites on the elastin and not weakly associated. The nature of these sites is discussed.", "PMID": 80419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7778", "title": "An evaluation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue as a stain for quantitative microdensitometry of protein in section.", "content": "The specificity and stoichiometry of the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) to protein in section has been examined using both frozen protein matrices and plant material. The maximum adsorbance of the stain, bound and in solution, was found to be 620 nm although variation in the results at this wavelength necessitated measurements to be made at 600 nm. After enzyme treatments of sectioned plant material embedded in resin, all CBB-binding biological material was shown to be sensitive to non-specific protease. The relationship between optical density at 600 nm and section thickness was tested statistically against the Lambert-Beer law, using microdensitometry of cryostat-sectioned, frozen genatine solution. The analyses showed conclusively that, under these conditions, CBB adheres strongly to the Lambert-Beer relationship. CBB may thus be considered as a very specific protein stain, eminently suited both to cytological observation and quantitative microdensitometry.", "contents": "An evaluation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue as a stain for quantitative microdensitometry of protein in section. The specificity and stoichiometry of the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) to protein in section has been examined using both frozen protein matrices and plant material. The maximum adsorbance of the stain, bound and in solution, was found to be 620 nm although variation in the results at this wavelength necessitated measurements to be made at 600 nm. After enzyme treatments of sectioned plant material embedded in resin, all CBB-binding biological material was shown to be sensitive to non-specific protease. The relationship between optical density at 600 nm and section thickness was tested statistically against the Lambert-Beer law, using microdensitometry of cryostat-sectioned, frozen genatine solution. The analyses showed conclusively that, under these conditions, CBB adheres strongly to the Lambert-Beer relationship. CBB may thus be considered as a very specific protein stain, eminently suited both to cytological observation and quantitative microdensitometry.", "PMID": 80420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7779", "title": "Antigen-specific regulation of myeloma cell differentiation in vivo by carrier-specific T cell factors and macrophages.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated that: i) the TNP-binding myeloma MOPC-315 differentiated during in vivo growth in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted i.p. into normal BALB/c mice, and ii) the myeloma cell differentiation was regulatable by carrier-specific presentation of TNP to MOPC-315 cells in carrier-primed mice. In those studies, promotion and suppression of MOPC-315 differentiation occurred in the presence of carrier-specific helper and suppressor activities, respectively. In the present studies, we demonstrate that carrier-specific regulation of MOPC-315 differentiation can be adoptively transferred to normal mice with carrier-primed T lymphocytes. In addition, the induced regulation of MOPC-315 differentiation is abrogated when macrophages are not present with MOPC-315 cells in the DC. These studies establish the immunologic basis of myeloma cell regulation and suggest that soluble, carrier-specific helper and suppressor factors of T cell origin regulate MOPC-315 differentiation directly or in collaboration with macrophages.", "contents": "Antigen-specific regulation of myeloma cell differentiation in vivo by carrier-specific T cell factors and macrophages. Previous studies demonstrated that: i) the TNP-binding myeloma MOPC-315 differentiated during in vivo growth in diffusion chambers (DC) implanted i.p. into normal BALB/c mice, and ii) the myeloma cell differentiation was regulatable by carrier-specific presentation of TNP to MOPC-315 cells in carrier-primed mice. In those studies, promotion and suppression of MOPC-315 differentiation occurred in the presence of carrier-specific helper and suppressor activities, respectively. In the present studies, we demonstrate that carrier-specific regulation of MOPC-315 differentiation can be adoptively transferred to normal mice with carrier-primed T lymphocytes. In addition, the induced regulation of MOPC-315 differentiation is abrogated when macrophages are not present with MOPC-315 cells in the DC. These studies establish the immunologic basis of myeloma cell regulation and suggest that soluble, carrier-specific helper and suppressor factors of T cell origin regulate MOPC-315 differentiation directly or in collaboration with macrophages.", "PMID": 80422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7780", "title": "Rabbit latent group a allotypes: characterization and relationship to nominal group a allotypic specificities.", "content": "Latent group a allotypes were detected with a sensitive radioimmune inhibition assay. Sera, IgG preparations, and antibody fractions containing these allotypes inhibited the binding of insolubilized allotypic antisera to various radiolabeled antigens including IgG pools, homogeneous antibodies, and, in the case of a3, a VH fragment from a3/b4 IgG. Several different group a antiallotypic sera were used in the assays and all gave similar results. Comparison of inhibition curves for nominal and latent allotypes indicated that the full spectrum of allotypic subspecificities may be expressed in latent allotypes. Hemagglutination studies carried out with five sera containing high levels of latent allotypes confirmed the results obtained with the radioimmunoassay and indicated that inhibition values did not, at least in four of the five samples studied, reflect the presence of antiallotype antibodies.", "contents": "Rabbit latent group a allotypes: characterization and relationship to nominal group a allotypic specificities. Latent group a allotypes were detected with a sensitive radioimmune inhibition assay. Sera, IgG preparations, and antibody fractions containing these allotypes inhibited the binding of insolubilized allotypic antisera to various radiolabeled antigens including IgG pools, homogeneous antibodies, and, in the case of a3, a VH fragment from a3/b4 IgG. Several different group a antiallotypic sera were used in the assays and all gave similar results. Comparison of inhibition curves for nominal and latent allotypes indicated that the full spectrum of allotypic subspecificities may be expressed in latent allotypes. Hemagglutination studies carried out with five sera containing high levels of latent allotypes confirmed the results obtained with the radioimmunoassay and indicated that inhibition values did not, at least in four of the five samples studied, reflect the presence of antiallotype antibodies.", "PMID": 80425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7781", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. VI. The effect of anti-TNP antibody on T cell responses to TNP-conjugated macrophages.", "content": "In this paper we examined the effect of anti-TNP antibody on guinea pig T cell proliferation in response to TNP-modified macrophages in vitro. The addition of anti-TNP to TNP-modified macrophages immediately after conjugation inhibited their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cell proliferation. This inhibition appeared to be specific for the TNP response since anti-TNP had no effect on the ability of TNP-modified macrophages pulsed with either PPD or TNP-Ova to stimulate efficient PPD or Ova T cell responses. On the other hand, anti-TNP had no effect on the TNP-specific response to TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight before addition to primed T cells or to macrophages which had been pulsed with TNP-Ova. We also demonstrated that the same TNP-specific T cell subpopulation responds to both freshly TNP-modified macrophages and overnight cultured TNP-modified macrophages. These results suggest that the relevant TNP-determinants recognized by T cells are not exposed on the macrophage surface and raise the possibility that macrophages must process membrane-conjugated TNP to create the immunogen recognized by T cells.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. VI. The effect of anti-TNP antibody on T cell responses to TNP-conjugated macrophages. In this paper we examined the effect of anti-TNP antibody on guinea pig T cell proliferation in response to TNP-modified macrophages in vitro. The addition of anti-TNP to TNP-modified macrophages immediately after conjugation inhibited their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cell proliferation. This inhibition appeared to be specific for the TNP response since anti-TNP had no effect on the ability of TNP-modified macrophages pulsed with either PPD or TNP-Ova to stimulate efficient PPD or Ova T cell responses. On the other hand, anti-TNP had no effect on the TNP-specific response to TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight before addition to primed T cells or to macrophages which had been pulsed with TNP-Ova. We also demonstrated that the same TNP-specific T cell subpopulation responds to both freshly TNP-modified macrophages and overnight cultured TNP-modified macrophages. These results suggest that the relevant TNP-determinants recognized by T cells are not exposed on the macrophage surface and raise the possibility that macrophages must process membrane-conjugated TNP to create the immunogen recognized by T cells.", "PMID": 80426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7782", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. VII. Evidence for an association between TNP-conjugated macrophage membrane components and Ia antigens.", "content": "In the present study we examined the effects of anti-sera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens on the ability of TNP-conjugated macrophages to stimulate TNP-specific T lymphocyte proliferation. Treatment of macrophages with anti-Ia sera for 1 hr before, 1 hr immediately after, or as late as 24 hr after TNP-modification resulted in a reduced ability to stimulate the TNP-specific T cell. The inhibition produced by anti-Ia sera was specific and did not result from interference with the ability of macrophages to process TNP-conjugated membrane antigens in a nonspecific manner. Brief treatment with anti-Ia serum did not result in inhibition of Ia-antigen synthesis nor could evidence of carry-over of anti-Ia antibody into the lymphocyte cultures be obtained. These results demonstrate that anti-Ia sera interfere with the development of a TNP-specific immunogen on the macrophage surface and strongly suggest that an association exists between TNP-modified membrane proteins and Ia antigens on the macrophage surface.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. VII. Evidence for an association between TNP-conjugated macrophage membrane components and Ia antigens. In the present study we examined the effects of anti-sera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens on the ability of TNP-conjugated macrophages to stimulate TNP-specific T lymphocyte proliferation. Treatment of macrophages with anti-Ia sera for 1 hr before, 1 hr immediately after, or as late as 24 hr after TNP-modification resulted in a reduced ability to stimulate the TNP-specific T cell. The inhibition produced by anti-Ia sera was specific and did not result from interference with the ability of macrophages to process TNP-conjugated membrane antigens in a nonspecific manner. Brief treatment with anti-Ia serum did not result in inhibition of Ia-antigen synthesis nor could evidence of carry-over of anti-Ia antibody into the lymphocyte cultures be obtained. These results demonstrate that anti-Ia sera interfere with the development of a TNP-specific immunogen on the macrophage surface and strongly suggest that an association exists between TNP-modified membrane proteins and Ia antigens on the macrophage surface.", "PMID": 80427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7783", "title": "Inosiplex, a stimulating agent for normal human T cells and human leukocytes.", "content": "The influence of inosiplex upon various in vitro leucocyte assays was studied in normal individuals. It was found that the drug increases the response of bidirectional and unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures at concentrations of 200, 300, and 500 microgram/ml. It also significantly increases the percentage of active T rosettes (concentration range: 50 to 500 microgram/ml) and the percentage of autologous red cell T rosettes (concentration: 100 microgram/ml). In contrast, inosiplex did not modify the percentage of total T rosettes and EAC rosettes. Inosiplex increases the number of nonadherent leucocytes in the leucocyte adherence inhibition test at a concentration range between 100 and 300 microgram/ml. Finally, inosiplex also increases the percentage of monocytes phagocytizing yeast at a concentration between 50 and 500 microgram/ml. These data indicate that inosiplex enhances the function of normal human T cells, monocytes, and possibly neutrophils. Therefore inosiplex appears to have immunostimulant properties.", "contents": "Inosiplex, a stimulating agent for normal human T cells and human leukocytes. The influence of inosiplex upon various in vitro leucocyte assays was studied in normal individuals. It was found that the drug increases the response of bidirectional and unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures at concentrations of 200, 300, and 500 microgram/ml. It also significantly increases the percentage of active T rosettes (concentration range: 50 to 500 microgram/ml) and the percentage of autologous red cell T rosettes (concentration: 100 microgram/ml). In contrast, inosiplex did not modify the percentage of total T rosettes and EAC rosettes. Inosiplex increases the number of nonadherent leucocytes in the leucocyte adherence inhibition test at a concentration range between 100 and 300 microgram/ml. Finally, inosiplex also increases the percentage of monocytes phagocytizing yeast at a concentration between 50 and 500 microgram/ml. These data indicate that inosiplex enhances the function of normal human T cells, monocytes, and possibly neutrophils. Therefore inosiplex appears to have immunostimulant properties.", "PMID": 80429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7784", "title": "Independent analysis of T helper and T killer cell function in young and old NZB mice.", "content": "With age, NZB mice lose their ability to develop a cytotoxic response after alloimmunization in vitro. This decline is shown to coincide with a diminution of T-helper cell activity as assessed by proliferation in mixed lymphocyte culture or in response to PHA. When cytotoxic T cell precursors are activated with the polyclonal activator Con A, there is no reduction in the number of cytotoxic effector T cells that develop. No autoreactive cytotoxic cells are seen in Con A-activated cultures. These findings are related to previous work on cell-mediated immunity in NZB and B/W mice.", "contents": "Independent analysis of T helper and T killer cell function in young and old NZB mice. With age, NZB mice lose their ability to develop a cytotoxic response after alloimmunization in vitro. This decline is shown to coincide with a diminution of T-helper cell activity as assessed by proliferation in mixed lymphocyte culture or in response to PHA. When cytotoxic T cell precursors are activated with the polyclonal activator Con A, there is no reduction in the number of cytotoxic effector T cells that develop. No autoreactive cytotoxic cells are seen in Con A-activated cultures. These findings are related to previous work on cell-mediated immunity in NZB and B/W mice.", "PMID": 80432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7785", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and serum-mediated blocking: evidence that their associated determinants on human tumor cells are different.", "content": "The preceding paper showed that patients with gliomas may have lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity (LMC) directed against at least two determinants on the glioma cell surface. The present study showed that serum from patients with gliomas could block this LMC. The blocking activity, however, was specific for different determinants on the glioma cell than those to which the LMC was directed. Blocking activity was specific for tumor cells homotypic to those of the serum donor. It was effective, however, in blocking the cytotoxic activity against these cells of lymphocytes from patients with tumors either homotypic or heterotypic to that of the serum donor. Likewise, although patients with glioblastomas or melanomas had LMC against fetal glial cells, sera from such patients were unable to block the LMC against these fetal glial targets. The specificity of the blocking activity was confirmed by absorption of the sera with various normal and neoplastic cells. These studies have thus shown an immunologic functional dichotomy among different determinants on the glioma cell surface.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and serum-mediated blocking: evidence that their associated determinants on human tumor cells are different. The preceding paper showed that patients with gliomas may have lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity (LMC) directed against at least two determinants on the glioma cell surface. The present study showed that serum from patients with gliomas could block this LMC. The blocking activity, however, was specific for different determinants on the glioma cell than those to which the LMC was directed. Blocking activity was specific for tumor cells homotypic to those of the serum donor. It was effective, however, in blocking the cytotoxic activity against these cells of lymphocytes from patients with tumors either homotypic or heterotypic to that of the serum donor. Likewise, although patients with glioblastomas or melanomas had LMC against fetal glial cells, sera from such patients were unable to block the LMC against these fetal glial targets. The specificity of the blocking activity was confirmed by absorption of the sera with various normal and neoplastic cells. These studies have thus shown an immunologic functional dichotomy among different determinants on the glioma cell surface.", "PMID": 80433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7786", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAG) and antibody (anti-HBe).", "content": "A solid phase micro-immunoradiometric assay (micro-SPIRA) for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody has been developed. Chimpanzee anti-HBe/2 was developed by repeated immunizations with purified antigen containing HBeAg/1 and HBeAg/2. An anti-HBe/2 titer of 1:4 was determined by immunodiffusion (ID) analysis. Anti-HBe/1 was not detected. The anti-HBe IgG used in the assay was purified from plasma by a combination of DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography. The sensitivity of the micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody was 193 ng/ml and 65 ng/ml, respectively. By comparing relative endpoint titers obtained by ID to micro-SPIRA, it was determined that micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody is 320 and greater than 1300 times more sensitive, respectively, than ID. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the examination of various non-B specimens. The application of the assay to a panel of 50 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive specimens resulted in an increase in positivity of 18% for antigen and 22% for antibody.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAG) and antibody (anti-HBe). A solid phase micro-immunoradiometric assay (micro-SPIRA) for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody has been developed. Chimpanzee anti-HBe/2 was developed by repeated immunizations with purified antigen containing HBeAg/1 and HBeAg/2. An anti-HBe/2 titer of 1:4 was determined by immunodiffusion (ID) analysis. Anti-HBe/1 was not detected. The anti-HBe IgG used in the assay was purified from plasma by a combination of DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography. The sensitivity of the micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody was 193 ng/ml and 65 ng/ml, respectively. By comparing relative endpoint titers obtained by ID to micro-SPIRA, it was determined that micro-SPIRA for antigen and antibody is 320 and greater than 1300 times more sensitive, respectively, than ID. The specificity of the assay was ascertained by the examination of various non-B specimens. The application of the assay to a panel of 50 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive specimens resulted in an increase in positivity of 18% for antigen and 22% for antibody.", "PMID": 80434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7787", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated activation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production.", "content": "Among the many activities of antigen-triggered lymphocytes may be the control of fibroblast function. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes challenged with the specific antigen, dinitrophenylated ovalbumin or tetanus toxoid produced a nondialyzable factor(s) capable of causing dermal fibroblasts to undergo DNA synthesis. These fibroblasts, which exhibit basal proliferative levels in the absence of serum, responded to the lymphocyte factor with maximal thymidine incorporation at 48 to 72 hr. In addition, these activated fibroblasts significantly increased their production of protein of both the collagenous and noncollagenous types. This increase in protein synthesis preceded maximal proliferation. Thus, the fibroplasia consisting of increased numbers of fibroblasts and of increased collagen deposition associated with chronic inflammatory diseases may be the direct consequence of a specific antigenic challenge.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated activation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Among the many activities of antigen-triggered lymphocytes may be the control of fibroblast function. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes challenged with the specific antigen, dinitrophenylated ovalbumin or tetanus toxoid produced a nondialyzable factor(s) capable of causing dermal fibroblasts to undergo DNA synthesis. These fibroblasts, which exhibit basal proliferative levels in the absence of serum, responded to the lymphocyte factor with maximal thymidine incorporation at 48 to 72 hr. In addition, these activated fibroblasts significantly increased their production of protein of both the collagenous and noncollagenous types. This increase in protein synthesis preceded maximal proliferation. Thus, the fibroplasia consisting of increased numbers of fibroblasts and of increased collagen deposition associated with chronic inflammatory diseases may be the direct consequence of a specific antigenic challenge.", "PMID": 80435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7788", "title": "Apparent lack of H-2 restriction of allograft rejection.", "content": "BALB/c ByJ (H-2d) mice immunized with tail skin grafts of either B10.D2 (H-2d) or B10 (H-2b) demonstrated similar second set rejection of B10.D2 tail skin. This apparent lack of H-2 restriction was not due to the induction of a new population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc) since 450R given 24 hr before the challenge graft did not abrogate the second set reactivity. Host macrophage processing or anti-Qa-2 reactivity was also not the explanation for the lack of H-2 restriction since immunization of BALB/c Li mice with either B10.D2 or B10 tail skin grafts resulted in second set rejection of B10 tail skin. Shared public H-2 specificities of H-2d and H-2b may result in cross-reactive Tc, thus causing the apparent lack of H-2 restriction. However, no H-2 restriction of allograft rejection is observed when only one public H-2 specificity is shared between the recipient and the allogeneic challenge graft (H-2f and H-2k combination). These results suggest that H-2 restriction of T cell cytotoxicity has little relevance in allograft rejection because 1) one public H-2 specificity is sufficient to cause cross-reactivity or 2) Tc are not the major effectors of allograft rejection.", "contents": "Apparent lack of H-2 restriction of allograft rejection. BALB/c ByJ (H-2d) mice immunized with tail skin grafts of either B10.D2 (H-2d) or B10 (H-2b) demonstrated similar second set rejection of B10.D2 tail skin. This apparent lack of H-2 restriction was not due to the induction of a new population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc) since 450R given 24 hr before the challenge graft did not abrogate the second set reactivity. Host macrophage processing or anti-Qa-2 reactivity was also not the explanation for the lack of H-2 restriction since immunization of BALB/c Li mice with either B10.D2 or B10 tail skin grafts resulted in second set rejection of B10 tail skin. Shared public H-2 specificities of H-2d and H-2b may result in cross-reactive Tc, thus causing the apparent lack of H-2 restriction. However, no H-2 restriction of allograft rejection is observed when only one public H-2 specificity is shared between the recipient and the allogeneic challenge graft (H-2f and H-2k combination). These results suggest that H-2 restriction of T cell cytotoxicity has little relevance in allograft rejection because 1) one public H-2 specificity is sufficient to cause cross-reactivity or 2) Tc are not the major effectors of allograft rejection.", "PMID": 80436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7789", "title": "Sequential precipitation of mouse thymocyte extracts with anti-Lyt-2 and anti-Lyt-3 sera. I. Lyt-2.1 and Lyt-3.1 antigenic determinants reside on separable molecular species.", "content": "Anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera were employed for sequential precipitation of NP-40 extracts of 125I-labeled C57BL/6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a thymocytes (Lyt-2.1, Lyt-3.1) to determine whether these alloantigenic determinants are present on the same or different molecular species. Treatment of extracts with anti-Lyt-3.1 serum and SaCI completely precipitated both Lyt-3.1 and Lyt-2.1-specific components, whereas treatment with anti-Lyt-2.1 serum reduced by approximately 37% the quantity of labeled species subsequently precipitable by anti-Lyt-3.1 serum. When 125I-labeled thymocytes were subjected to mild trypsinization before NP-40 extraction, the quantity of radioactive components precipitated by anti-Lyt-2.1 serum was essentially unchanged, but that of anti-Lyt-3.1-precipitable components was greatly reduced. Moreover, sequential precipitation of extracts of trypsinized thymocytes with anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera demonstrated that these molecular species were precipitated independently. Thus 1) Lyt-2.1 and Lyt-3.1 antigenic determinants appear to reside on different molecular species; 2) some Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive molecules appear to be complexed with each other in the NP-40 extract; and 3) this association of Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive species was dependent upon components that were labile to trypsinization of intact thymocytes.", "contents": "Sequential precipitation of mouse thymocyte extracts with anti-Lyt-2 and anti-Lyt-3 sera. I. Lyt-2.1 and Lyt-3.1 antigenic determinants reside on separable molecular species. Anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera were employed for sequential precipitation of NP-40 extracts of 125I-labeled C57BL/6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a thymocytes (Lyt-2.1, Lyt-3.1) to determine whether these alloantigenic determinants are present on the same or different molecular species. Treatment of extracts with anti-Lyt-3.1 serum and SaCI completely precipitated both Lyt-3.1 and Lyt-2.1-specific components, whereas treatment with anti-Lyt-2.1 serum reduced by approximately 37% the quantity of labeled species subsequently precipitable by anti-Lyt-3.1 serum. When 125I-labeled thymocytes were subjected to mild trypsinization before NP-40 extraction, the quantity of radioactive components precipitated by anti-Lyt-2.1 serum was essentially unchanged, but that of anti-Lyt-3.1-precipitable components was greatly reduced. Moreover, sequential precipitation of extracts of trypsinized thymocytes with anti-Lyt-2.1 and anti-Lyt-3.1 sera demonstrated that these molecular species were precipitated independently. Thus 1) Lyt-2.1 and Lyt-3.1 antigenic determinants appear to reside on different molecular species; 2) some Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive molecules appear to be complexed with each other in the NP-40 extract; and 3) this association of Lyt-2.1- and Lyt-3.1-positive species was dependent upon components that were labile to trypsinization of intact thymocytes.", "PMID": 80437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7790", "title": "The correlation of bacteriophage types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with guinea-pig virulence and in vitro-indicators of virulence.", "content": "Among 58 isoniazid-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from India, Burma and East Africa, 23 were of phage type A, 31 of type I (intermediate), 4 of type B and none of type C. Type I strains differed from type A strains in being attenuated in the guinea-pig, susceptible to H2O2, sensitive to thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and resistant to thiacetazone and p-aminosalicylic acid; the content of strongly acidic lipids and of sulphatide lipids was low and the attenuation indicator lipid was present. The pattern of results with the type B strains did not correspond to the patterns for types A or I. Strains of type I appear to be a distinct group within the species M. tuberculosis.", "contents": "The correlation of bacteriophage types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with guinea-pig virulence and in vitro-indicators of virulence. Among 58 isoniazid-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from India, Burma and East Africa, 23 were of phage type A, 31 of type I (intermediate), 4 of type B and none of type C. Type I strains differed from type A strains in being attenuated in the guinea-pig, susceptible to H2O2, sensitive to thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and resistant to thiacetazone and p-aminosalicylic acid; the content of strongly acidic lipids and of sulphatide lipids was low and the attenuation indicator lipid was present. The pattern of results with the type B strains did not correspond to the patterns for types A or I. Strains of type I appear to be a distinct group within the species M. tuberculosis.", "PMID": 80440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7791", "title": "Effect of interferon on mouse cells chronically infected with murine leukaemia virus: kinetic studies on virus production and virus RNA synthesis.", "content": "NIH/3T3 cells chronically infected with the Moloney strain of murine leukaemia virus were incubated with interferon (IF). There was no effect on virus production during the first 4 h, but thereafter an antiviral state gradually developed, reaching a maximum at about 12 h. When IF was removed, the antiviral state (expressed in terms of inhibition of release of virus) remained constant for 10 h, after which there was an abrupt return to the normal rate of virus release. Analysis of IF-treated cells showed that there was a three to fourfold increase in the amount of virus RNA in the nucleus at 48 h after IF addition, and still a slight increase at 72 h. There were no increases in the amounts of virus RNA in the cytoplasm during 72 h after the addition of IF. These results agree with the postulate that IF inhibits a late stage in the maturation of virus in chronically infected cells.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on mouse cells chronically infected with murine leukaemia virus: kinetic studies on virus production and virus RNA synthesis. NIH/3T3 cells chronically infected with the Moloney strain of murine leukaemia virus were incubated with interferon (IF). There was no effect on virus production during the first 4 h, but thereafter an antiviral state gradually developed, reaching a maximum at about 12 h. When IF was removed, the antiviral state (expressed in terms of inhibition of release of virus) remained constant for 10 h, after which there was an abrupt return to the normal rate of virus release. Analysis of IF-treated cells showed that there was a three to fourfold increase in the amount of virus RNA in the nucleus at 48 h after IF addition, and still a slight increase at 72 h. There were no increases in the amounts of virus RNA in the cytoplasm during 72 h after the addition of IF. These results agree with the postulate that IF inhibits a late stage in the maturation of virus in chronically infected cells.", "PMID": 80442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7792", "title": "Isolation and purification of a polymeric form of the glycoprotein of rabies virus.", "content": "Of the three major proteins associated with the rabies virus membrane, only the glycoprotein was found to be located on the external surface of the virus membrane. Glycoprotein prepared by treatment of rabies virus with Triton X-100 and purified by isoelectric focusing was found to be homogeneous with respect to size and isoelectric point. This material, which is free of phospholipids, is able to protect in vaccination experiments against a lethal challenge infection with rabies virus. The apparent mol. wt. of this component isolated under non-denaturing conditions is approx. 400000. The same material analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was found to consist solely of polypeptide chains of the G protein (mol. wt. 80000). A minor glycoprotein (gp 50), detected by PAGE of the Triton X-100 released material, appeared to be a breakdown product of the G-protein. Therefore the detergent released material represents homopolymers of the G-protein. Whether the antigenic determinants reside on the monomeric subunit or are a property of the polymeric form of the G-protein is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of a polymeric form of the glycoprotein of rabies virus. Of the three major proteins associated with the rabies virus membrane, only the glycoprotein was found to be located on the external surface of the virus membrane. Glycoprotein prepared by treatment of rabies virus with Triton X-100 and purified by isoelectric focusing was found to be homogeneous with respect to size and isoelectric point. This material, which is free of phospholipids, is able to protect in vaccination experiments against a lethal challenge infection with rabies virus. The apparent mol. wt. of this component isolated under non-denaturing conditions is approx. 400000. The same material analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was found to consist solely of polypeptide chains of the G protein (mol. wt. 80000). A minor glycoprotein (gp 50), detected by PAGE of the Triton X-100 released material, appeared to be a breakdown product of the G-protein. Therefore the detergent released material represents homopolymers of the G-protein. Whether the antigenic determinants reside on the monomeric subunit or are a property of the polymeric form of the G-protein is discussed.", "PMID": 80443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7793", "title": "A direct plaque assay for hog cholera virus.", "content": "Direct plaque formation with representative strains of hog cholera virus (HCV) has been obtained using several pig kidney cell lines under agar overlay. HCV-infected cells appear as hazy plaques when viewed against an indirect light source, and as white plaques after neutral red staining. HCV assay by direct plaque procedure is rapid and convenient and gives infectivity titres identical to the fluorescent focus assay technique.", "contents": "A direct plaque assay for hog cholera virus. Direct plaque formation with representative strains of hog cholera virus (HCV) has been obtained using several pig kidney cell lines under agar overlay. HCV-infected cells appear as hazy plaques when viewed against an indirect light source, and as white plaques after neutral red staining. HCV assay by direct plaque procedure is rapid and convenient and gives infectivity titres identical to the fluorescent focus assay technique.", "PMID": 80444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7794", "title": "Virus-like particles associated with the mitochondria of ethidium bromide treated transformed cells.", "content": "A cell line resistant to ethidium bromide has been developed from baby hamster kidney cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. The parental cells are normally non-producers but the resistant cell line appears to produce virus-like particles that are associated with the mitochondria as visualized by electron microscopy and determined biochemically.", "contents": "Virus-like particles associated with the mitochondria of ethidium bromide treated transformed cells. A cell line resistant to ethidium bromide has been developed from baby hamster kidney cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. The parental cells are normally non-producers but the resistant cell line appears to produce virus-like particles that are associated with the mitochondria as visualized by electron microscopy and determined biochemically.", "PMID": 80445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7795", "title": "Studies on Cotia virus--an unclassified poxvirus.", "content": "This paper is a report of studies on Cotia virus; this had been first isolated in 1965 in Brazil and was subsequently shown to be a poxvirus. Cotia virus grew in a wide range of cell cultures and on the chick chorioallantois (CAM), Its growth characteristics are similar to those of other poxviruses. Microscopy showed virus factories or type B inclusions appearing before infectious progeny virus could be demonstrated. Type A inclusions appeared later, after development of progeny virus; these were shown by electron microscopy to differ from the type A inclusions of cowpox and other poxviruses and they have been termed Cotia bodies. Immunofluorescent staining also showed ring structures which appeared before the development of Cotia bodies. The growth of Cotia virus in human embryo lung (HEL) cells was sensitive to inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis but was resistant to a concentration of rifampicin which inhibited vaccinia virus. Sharing of antigens between the Cotia virus and vaccinia virus was shown by gel precipitation tests and immunofluorescent staining. There was no cross neutralization between Cotia virus and vaccinia virus nor did anti-Cotia sera neutralize representatives of other poxvirus groups.", "contents": "Studies on Cotia virus--an unclassified poxvirus. This paper is a report of studies on Cotia virus; this had been first isolated in 1965 in Brazil and was subsequently shown to be a poxvirus. Cotia virus grew in a wide range of cell cultures and on the chick chorioallantois (CAM), Its growth characteristics are similar to those of other poxviruses. Microscopy showed virus factories or type B inclusions appearing before infectious progeny virus could be demonstrated. Type A inclusions appeared later, after development of progeny virus; these were shown by electron microscopy to differ from the type A inclusions of cowpox and other poxviruses and they have been termed Cotia bodies. Immunofluorescent staining also showed ring structures which appeared before the development of Cotia bodies. The growth of Cotia virus in human embryo lung (HEL) cells was sensitive to inhibitors of DNA and protein synthesis but was resistant to a concentration of rifampicin which inhibited vaccinia virus. Sharing of antigens between the Cotia virus and vaccinia virus was shown by gel precipitation tests and immunofluorescent staining. There was no cross neutralization between Cotia virus and vaccinia virus nor did anti-Cotia sera neutralize representatives of other poxvirus groups.", "PMID": 80446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7796", "title": "Further evidence for deletion of envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) sequences in formation of Moloney-murine sarcoma virus.", "content": "Moloney-murine sarcoma virus (S+L- strain of M-MSV) has been nonproductively cloned in murine and non-murine host cells (S+L- cells) and the expression of Moloney leukaemia virus (M-MuLV) 30000 mol. wt. core protein (p30) and envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) were studied by radioimmunoassay. Antigenic determinants of the M-MuLV p30 were associated with the sarcoma virus genome in these non-productively transformed cell clones studied, while the determinants of M-MuLV gp69/71 were not. The absence of envelope-associated glycoprotein expression in sarcoma virus transformed cells was confirmation of biological studies demonstrating that rescued sarcoma virions acquire envelope-associated properties of host range, neutralization and interference from rescuing helper virus, and further evidence that the M-MuLV gp69/71 sequences have been deleted during the formation of the M-MSV. During the course of these studies, it was also found that S+L- dog cells were releasing into culture supernatant large amounts of the p30 antigenic determinant, apparently as a soluble antigen.", "contents": "Further evidence for deletion of envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) sequences in formation of Moloney-murine sarcoma virus. Moloney-murine sarcoma virus (S+L- strain of M-MSV) has been nonproductively cloned in murine and non-murine host cells (S+L- cells) and the expression of Moloney leukaemia virus (M-MuLV) 30000 mol. wt. core protein (p30) and envelope glycoprotein (gp69/71) were studied by radioimmunoassay. Antigenic determinants of the M-MuLV p30 were associated with the sarcoma virus genome in these non-productively transformed cell clones studied, while the determinants of M-MuLV gp69/71 were not. The absence of envelope-associated glycoprotein expression in sarcoma virus transformed cells was confirmation of biological studies demonstrating that rescued sarcoma virions acquire envelope-associated properties of host range, neutralization and interference from rescuing helper virus, and further evidence that the M-MuLV gp69/71 sequences have been deleted during the formation of the M-MSV. During the course of these studies, it was also found that S+L- dog cells were releasing into culture supernatant large amounts of the p30 antigenic determinant, apparently as a soluble antigen.", "PMID": 80447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7797", "title": "Anoxic block and recovery of axoplasmic transport and electrical excitability of nerve.", "content": "Axoplasmic transport of cat sciatic nerves was studied in vitro in a chamber in which maximal alpha action potentials could also be elicited. After initiation of N2 anoxia, electrical responses fell to zero at an average time of 22 min. A shorter time to zero of 11 min was seen during a second period of anoxia. A good recovery of both action potential responses and axoplasmic transport occurs after a period of anoxia lasting 1--1.5 hr. An apparent failure of recovery of axoplasmic transport was seen after 2 hr of anoxia with a good recovery of electrical responses. Axoplasmic transport tended to return toward normal when more time was allowed for recovery after anoxia. An adequate supply of approximately P was shown to be present by measurement of ATP and creatine phosphate levels. The delay in recovery of transport thus signifies a failure of utilization of approximately P by the transport mechanism. Longer periods of anoxia and recovery were limited in vitro and for this reason, ischemic anoxia was produced in vivo. Blood pressure cuffs were placed on the upper thigh of cats and maintained for times of 1--8 hr at pressures of 300-310 mm Hg. Then, recovery times up to 7 days were allowed. It was shown that axoplasmic transport could gradually recovery after an anoxia lasting up to 6-7 hr if sufficient recovery times were allowed. A possible explanation for the delay in the recovery of axoplasmic transport and the disassociation in the earlier recovery of electrical responses as against the recovery of transport was discussed.", "contents": "Anoxic block and recovery of axoplasmic transport and electrical excitability of nerve. Axoplasmic transport of cat sciatic nerves was studied in vitro in a chamber in which maximal alpha action potentials could also be elicited. After initiation of N2 anoxia, electrical responses fell to zero at an average time of 22 min. A shorter time to zero of 11 min was seen during a second period of anoxia. A good recovery of both action potential responses and axoplasmic transport occurs after a period of anoxia lasting 1--1.5 hr. An apparent failure of recovery of axoplasmic transport was seen after 2 hr of anoxia with a good recovery of electrical responses. Axoplasmic transport tended to return toward normal when more time was allowed for recovery after anoxia. An adequate supply of approximately P was shown to be present by measurement of ATP and creatine phosphate levels. The delay in recovery of transport thus signifies a failure of utilization of approximately P by the transport mechanism. Longer periods of anoxia and recovery were limited in vitro and for this reason, ischemic anoxia was produced in vivo. Blood pressure cuffs were placed on the upper thigh of cats and maintained for times of 1--8 hr at pressures of 300-310 mm Hg. Then, recovery times up to 7 days were allowed. It was shown that axoplasmic transport could gradually recovery after an anoxia lasting up to 6-7 hr if sufficient recovery times were allowed. A possible explanation for the delay in the recovery of axoplasmic transport and the disassociation in the earlier recovery of electrical responses as against the recovery of transport was discussed.", "PMID": 80448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7798", "title": "Gliotoxin analogues as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 1. Effect of lipophilicity.", "content": "The reaction scheme, developed for the synthesis of the gliotoxin analogue 2, was found to be of general applicability for analogues with varying substituents at N(1) and C(2). Analogues 11b-g prepared by this method are inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase). Their inhibitory activity seems to be related to the lipophilicity of the effector molecules: the most lipophilic compound is the most active inhibitor. The techniques of reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with silylated, precoated plates as well as reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to measure the relative lipophilicities; both techniques gave analogous results.", "contents": "Gliotoxin analogues as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 1. Effect of lipophilicity. The reaction scheme, developed for the synthesis of the gliotoxin analogue 2, was found to be of general applicability for analogues with varying substituents at N(1) and C(2). Analogues 11b-g prepared by this method are inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase). Their inhibitory activity seems to be related to the lipophilicity of the effector molecules: the most lipophilic compound is the most active inhibitor. The techniques of reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with silylated, precoated plates as well as reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to measure the relative lipophilicities; both techniques gave analogous results.", "PMID": 80449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7799", "title": "Gliotoxin analogues as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 2. Resolution and X-ray crystal structure determination.", "content": "A novel, simple, and efficient method for the chemical resolution of epidithiodioxopiperazines is reported, which is based upon covalent formation of diastereomers. This method might be a general one for the resolution of chiral cyclic disulfides. Dithiol 5, prepared from 2 by reduction with NaBH4, was allowed to react with the disulfenyl chloride 8 to yield 9 and 10, which were separated by short-column chromatography on silica gel. From these, the optically pure enantiomers 11 and 12, respectively, were obtained by reduction with NaBH4, followed by reoxidation with I2-pyridine. In this way the precursor 7 of the resolving agent could also be recovered. The absolute configurations of 11 and 12 were derived from CD spectra. Kinetic asymmetric transformation of the gliotoxin analogue 2 with the diphosphine 6 gave a 19% enrichment in one enantiomer of the starting material. Surprisingly, both enantiomers were found to inhibit reverse transcriptase, the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, to the same degree, indicating that there is no relation between this property of epidithiodioxopiperazines and their bridgehead configurations. From the X-ray crystal structure determination it can be seen that there is a considerable torsional and conformational strain in compound 2, which might enhance the ease of cleavage of the S-S bond. A possible relationship between this property and the biological activity of 2 is discussed.", "contents": "Gliotoxin analogues as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 2. Resolution and X-ray crystal structure determination. A novel, simple, and efficient method for the chemical resolution of epidithiodioxopiperazines is reported, which is based upon covalent formation of diastereomers. This method might be a general one for the resolution of chiral cyclic disulfides. Dithiol 5, prepared from 2 by reduction with NaBH4, was allowed to react with the disulfenyl chloride 8 to yield 9 and 10, which were separated by short-column chromatography on silica gel. From these, the optically pure enantiomers 11 and 12, respectively, were obtained by reduction with NaBH4, followed by reoxidation with I2-pyridine. In this way the precursor 7 of the resolving agent could also be recovered. The absolute configurations of 11 and 12 were derived from CD spectra. Kinetic asymmetric transformation of the gliotoxin analogue 2 with the diphosphine 6 gave a 19% enrichment in one enantiomer of the starting material. Surprisingly, both enantiomers were found to inhibit reverse transcriptase, the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, to the same degree, indicating that there is no relation between this property of epidithiodioxopiperazines and their bridgehead configurations. From the X-ray crystal structure determination it can be seen that there is a considerable torsional and conformational strain in compound 2, which might enhance the ease of cleavage of the S-S bond. A possible relationship between this property and the biological activity of 2 is discussed.", "PMID": 80450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7800", "title": "Underutilization and misuse of audiovisual modes of communication by senior faculty.", "content": "Guest lectures by 10 chairmen of medical school departments, five professors, and five associate professors were videotaped. Their means of communication were than analyzed in detail. The faculty did best when using the written word for lecture synopses. The majority misused or underutilized audiovisual methods at least part of the time. A number of basic mistakes were made during slide presentations, including intermixing of illegible slides with very clear ones. All of the speakers projected still photos (slides) but relied very little on movie films and videotapes. The sampling reported here implies that audience preferences and needs are not being met well by some faculty members, who may benefit from workshops or other training in audiovisual modes of communications.", "contents": "Underutilization and misuse of audiovisual modes of communication by senior faculty. Guest lectures by 10 chairmen of medical school departments, five professors, and five associate professors were videotaped. Their means of communication were than analyzed in detail. The faculty did best when using the written word for lecture synopses. The majority misused or underutilized audiovisual methods at least part of the time. A number of basic mistakes were made during slide presentations, including intermixing of illegible slides with very clear ones. All of the speakers projected still photos (slides) but relied very little on movie films and videotapes. The sampling reported here implies that audience preferences and needs are not being met well by some faculty members, who may benefit from workshops or other training in audiovisual modes of communications.", "PMID": 80451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7801", "title": "Antibody-linked cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer: current status and future prospects.", "content": "Antibodies against tumor cell surface antigens have been used as selective carriers of anticancer drugs, which themselves lack selectivity. Although such antibodies have been demonstrated in tumor hosts, xenogeneic antitumor sera should provide larger yields of better-defined antitumor antibodies for therapeutic purposes. This review examined factors that influence the immune response to tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) and the methods for rendering tumor cells more immunogenic. Consideration was also given to techniques for elimination of irrelevant immunoglobulin molecules. These could involve purification of both antitumor sera and TATA fractions for immunization, as well as tailoring of the immunization protocol. Various toxic agents that have been linked to antitumor globulins with retention of agent and antibody activity were tabulated: alkylating drugs, antibiotics, antimetabolites, cell surface agents, protein synthesis inhibitors, and unconventional anticancer agents that selectively convert nontoxic arsenicals or halides into cytocidal derivatives. The methods by which effective conjugates can be produced and their possible mode of action were described for the different types of agents. Several problems inherent in this modality of tumor therapy include: 1) the necessity of binding therapeutically effective amounts of antitumor agent, 2) ensuring of delivery of drug in active form to target sites, 3) avoidance of host reactions to foreign proteins, and 4) possible emergence of resistant tumor cell populations. Antibody-linked cytotoxic agents may find their greatest use in the eradication of small numbers of circulating tumor cells and micrometastases remaining after removal of primary tumors.", "contents": "Antibody-linked cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer: current status and future prospects. Antibodies against tumor cell surface antigens have been used as selective carriers of anticancer drugs, which themselves lack selectivity. Although such antibodies have been demonstrated in tumor hosts, xenogeneic antitumor sera should provide larger yields of better-defined antitumor antibodies for therapeutic purposes. This review examined factors that influence the immune response to tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) and the methods for rendering tumor cells more immunogenic. Consideration was also given to techniques for elimination of irrelevant immunoglobulin molecules. These could involve purification of both antitumor sera and TATA fractions for immunization, as well as tailoring of the immunization protocol. Various toxic agents that have been linked to antitumor globulins with retention of agent and antibody activity were tabulated: alkylating drugs, antibiotics, antimetabolites, cell surface agents, protein synthesis inhibitors, and unconventional anticancer agents that selectively convert nontoxic arsenicals or halides into cytocidal derivatives. The methods by which effective conjugates can be produced and their possible mode of action were described for the different types of agents. Several problems inherent in this modality of tumor therapy include: 1) the necessity of binding therapeutically effective amounts of antitumor agent, 2) ensuring of delivery of drug in active form to target sites, 3) avoidance of host reactions to foreign proteins, and 4) possible emergence of resistant tumor cell populations. Antibody-linked cytotoxic agents may find their greatest use in the eradication of small numbers of circulating tumor cells and micrometastases remaining after removal of primary tumors.", "PMID": 80453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7802", "title": "Immunologic methods for the identification of cell types. II. Expression of normal mouse mammary epithelial cell antigens in mammary neoplasia.", "content": "Mouse mammary epithelial (MME) cell antigens were cell type-specific and were retained, to a large extent, by MME cells after neoplastic transformation. These MME cell antigens were expressed in mammary tumors of BALB/c, C3H, GRS/A, RIII, and Is/Bi mice tested and were not expressed in tumors whose normal counterpart was other than mammary tissue. They were not dependent on cell culture conditions or on the presence of murine mammary tumor virus; therefore, they can be used in an ubiquitous cell type marker for MME cells in both normal and neoplastic tissues.", "contents": "Immunologic methods for the identification of cell types. II. Expression of normal mouse mammary epithelial cell antigens in mammary neoplasia. Mouse mammary epithelial (MME) cell antigens were cell type-specific and were retained, to a large extent, by MME cells after neoplastic transformation. These MME cell antigens were expressed in mammary tumors of BALB/c, C3H, GRS/A, RIII, and Is/Bi mice tested and were not expressed in tumors whose normal counterpart was other than mammary tissue. They were not dependent on cell culture conditions or on the presence of murine mammary tumor virus; therefore, they can be used in an ubiquitous cell type marker for MME cells in both normal and neoplastic tissues.", "PMID": 80454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7803", "title": "In vivo modulation of thymus-leukemia antigens on mouse leukemia cells and thymocytes: retention of modulating antibody on the cell surface.", "content": "Inoculation of RADA1, ASL1, and ERLD murine leukemia cells into the peritoneal cavities of (C57BL/6J x A/TL--)F1 mice hyperimmunized against thymus-leukemia (TL) cell-surface antigens rendered most cells insensitive to lysis in vitro by guinea pig complement even in the presence of TL antiserum. Thymocytes of A/J mice were similarly modulated by passive injection of TL antiserum. In all cases, retention of some modulating antibody on the surfaces of most cells modulated in vivo for 1--27 days was indicated by: 1) acquisition of sensitivity of modulated cells to lysis by absorbed rabbit complement; 2) positive immunofluorescence reactions for mouse IgG on the surfaces of modulated cells; and 3) release of cytolytically active TL antibody from cells into the circulation of unimmunized mice following transfer of modulated cells. Reversal of modulation of RADA1 cells was complete in some experiments within 24 hours after transfer to unimmunized mice, by which time all indications of cell-bound TL antibody were lost. These results indicate that even long-term modulation of TL antigenicity in vivo does not result in a complete loss of modulating antibody (presumably attached to TL antigens) from the cell surface.", "contents": "In vivo modulation of thymus-leukemia antigens on mouse leukemia cells and thymocytes: retention of modulating antibody on the cell surface. Inoculation of RADA1, ASL1, and ERLD murine leukemia cells into the peritoneal cavities of (C57BL/6J x A/TL--)F1 mice hyperimmunized against thymus-leukemia (TL) cell-surface antigens rendered most cells insensitive to lysis in vitro by guinea pig complement even in the presence of TL antiserum. Thymocytes of A/J mice were similarly modulated by passive injection of TL antiserum. In all cases, retention of some modulating antibody on the surfaces of most cells modulated in vivo for 1--27 days was indicated by: 1) acquisition of sensitivity of modulated cells to lysis by absorbed rabbit complement; 2) positive immunofluorescence reactions for mouse IgG on the surfaces of modulated cells; and 3) release of cytolytically active TL antibody from cells into the circulation of unimmunized mice following transfer of modulated cells. Reversal of modulation of RADA1 cells was complete in some experiments within 24 hours after transfer to unimmunized mice, by which time all indications of cell-bound TL antibody were lost. These results indicate that even long-term modulation of TL antigenicity in vivo does not result in a complete loss of modulating antibody (presumably attached to TL antigens) from the cell surface.", "PMID": 80455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7804", "title": "Metabolism of concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants of alpha-fetoprotein in rats.", "content": "Serum half-lives of unfractionated rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), concanavalin A (Con A)-nonreactive AFP, and Con A-reactive AFP in normal 45- to 55-day-old male and female F344 rats were determined to be 19 hours. No significant differences were seen between the half-lives of unfractionated AFP and either of the two Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP studied. No evidence of interconversion of the Con A-affinity AFP variants during 24 hours in the circulation was found. These results supported the conclusion that the proportions of Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP in the sera of fetal, newborn, and hematoma-bearing rats result from differences in the relative synthesis rates of the two variants.", "contents": "Metabolism of concanavalin A-affinity molecular variants of alpha-fetoprotein in rats. Serum half-lives of unfractionated rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), concanavalin A (Con A)-nonreactive AFP, and Con A-reactive AFP in normal 45- to 55-day-old male and female F344 rats were determined to be 19 hours. No significant differences were seen between the half-lives of unfractionated AFP and either of the two Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP studied. No evidence of interconversion of the Con A-affinity AFP variants during 24 hours in the circulation was found. These results supported the conclusion that the proportions of Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP in the sera of fetal, newborn, and hematoma-bearing rats result from differences in the relative synthesis rates of the two variants.", "PMID": 80456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7805", "title": "Secondary in vitro generation of cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL's) in the murine sarcoma virus system. Virus-specific CTL induction across the H-2 barrier.", "content": "Following in vitro stimulation of murine sarcoma virus Moloney isolate (M-MuSV)-immune spleen cells with syngeneic antigenically related Moloney leukemia cells, highly efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL's) were generated. The cytotoxic effect was directed only against H-2-compatible target cells bearing M-MuSV tumor-associated antigens (TAA). However, in a cold target competition assay a weak but detectable capacity to block CTL activity was also obtained when allogeneic Moloney leukemia cells were added. Moreover, when M-MuSV-immune spleen cells from mice inoculated with virus 14 days previously were stimulated by allogeneic Moloney leukemia cells, a strong cytotoxic effect toward syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells bearing M-MuSV TAA was elicited.", "contents": "Secondary in vitro generation of cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL's) in the murine sarcoma virus system. Virus-specific CTL induction across the H-2 barrier. Following in vitro stimulation of murine sarcoma virus Moloney isolate (M-MuSV)-immune spleen cells with syngeneic antigenically related Moloney leukemia cells, highly efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL's) were generated. The cytotoxic effect was directed only against H-2-compatible target cells bearing M-MuSV tumor-associated antigens (TAA). However, in a cold target competition assay a weak but detectable capacity to block CTL activity was also obtained when allogeneic Moloney leukemia cells were added. Moreover, when M-MuSV-immune spleen cells from mice inoculated with virus 14 days previously were stimulated by allogeneic Moloney leukemia cells, a strong cytotoxic effect toward syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells bearing M-MuSV TAA was elicited.", "PMID": 80457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7806", "title": "Type-common CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus is associated with a 59,000-molecular-weight envelope glycoprotein.", "content": "The CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a glycoprotein found in the soluble portion of infected cells, in detergent extracts of infected cell membranes, and in the envelope of purified virus. Antisera were prepared against a further purified form of CP-1 prepared from HSV soluble antigen mix; a glycoprotein, gp52, isolated from detergent-treated infected cells; and detergent extracts of purified virus. Each of the antisera reacted with CP-1 to give a single immunoprecipitin band of identity, and each antiserum neutralized the infectivity of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Our results suggested that the type-common determinants involved in the stimulation of neutralizing antibody resided on a 52,000-molecular-weight (52K) glycoprotein. The envelope of HSV contains several glycoproteins: one component at 59K and a complex of two or three components at 130K, none of which corresponds in molecular weight to gp52. Using the antisera as immunological probes, we performed pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]methionine-labeled HSV-1-infected cells and followed the disposition of the glycoproteins during the infectious cycle. Each antiserum immunoprecipitated a (35)S-labeled 52K protein from lysates of cells pulse-labeled at 5 h after infection. By 10 h, the label was chased into a 59K protein also precipitable by each of the three antisera. The results suggest that gp52 is a precursor of gp59 and that the latter corresponds in molecular weight to one of the major glycoproteins of the virion envelope.", "contents": "Type-common CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus is associated with a 59,000-molecular-weight envelope glycoprotein. The CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a glycoprotein found in the soluble portion of infected cells, in detergent extracts of infected cell membranes, and in the envelope of purified virus. Antisera were prepared against a further purified form of CP-1 prepared from HSV soluble antigen mix; a glycoprotein, gp52, isolated from detergent-treated infected cells; and detergent extracts of purified virus. Each of the antisera reacted with CP-1 to give a single immunoprecipitin band of identity, and each antiserum neutralized the infectivity of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Our results suggested that the type-common determinants involved in the stimulation of neutralizing antibody resided on a 52,000-molecular-weight (52K) glycoprotein. The envelope of HSV contains several glycoproteins: one component at 59K and a complex of two or three components at 130K, none of which corresponds in molecular weight to gp52. Using the antisera as immunological probes, we performed pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]methionine-labeled HSV-1-infected cells and followed the disposition of the glycoproteins during the infectious cycle. Each antiserum immunoprecipitated a (35)S-labeled 52K protein from lysates of cells pulse-labeled at 5 h after infection. By 10 h, the label was chased into a 59K protein also precipitable by each of the three antisera. The results suggest that gp52 is a precursor of gp59 and that the latter corresponds in molecular weight to one of the major glycoproteins of the virion envelope.", "PMID": 80458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7807", "title": "Inhibition of reverse transcription of 70S and 35S avian myeloblastosis RNAs by nonprimer tRNA's.", "content": "We studied the kinetics of the reverse transcription of 70S and 35S RNA of avian myeloblastosis virus in the presence and absence of various tRNA's. All tRNA's inhibited synthesis. tRNA's from Escherichia coli and yeast exhibited a noncompetitive type of inhibition, i.e., they bound reversibly and randomly and did not alter the affinity of the viral RNA for the polymerase. Nonprimer tRNA's obtained from 70S RNA molecules produced a complex pattern of inhibition. The results show that the nonprimer tRNA's which bound to the reverse transcriptase decreased the affinity of the viral RNA for the enzyme. The maximum rate of synthesis with 70S RNA as the template was less than that with 35S RNA, presumably because the former contains nonprimer tRNA's which can interact with the polymerase.", "contents": "Inhibition of reverse transcription of 70S and 35S avian myeloblastosis RNAs by nonprimer tRNA's. We studied the kinetics of the reverse transcription of 70S and 35S RNA of avian myeloblastosis virus in the presence and absence of various tRNA's. All tRNA's inhibited synthesis. tRNA's from Escherichia coli and yeast exhibited a noncompetitive type of inhibition, i.e., they bound reversibly and randomly and did not alter the affinity of the viral RNA for the polymerase. Nonprimer tRNA's obtained from 70S RNA molecules produced a complex pattern of inhibition. The results show that the nonprimer tRNA's which bound to the reverse transcriptase decreased the affinity of the viral RNA for the enzyme. The maximum rate of synthesis with 70S RNA as the template was less than that with 35S RNA, presumably because the former contains nonprimer tRNA's which can interact with the polymerase.", "PMID": 80459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7808", "title": "Induction of type C RNA virus from cultured rabbit lymphosarcoma cells.", "content": "Type C RNA virus(es) was readily released from primary lymphosarcoma cell cultures of WH/J rabbits after induction with halogenated pyrimidines. The virus contained an RNA-directed DNA polymerase and the p30 structural protein. The rabbit virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase and p30 protein shared antigenic homologies with other mammalian type C oncornaviruses but appear to also possess unique antigenic determinants. Normal rabbit liver contained DNA homologous to a 3H-labeled complementary DNA transcript of the rabbit viral genome, indicating that type C viral genetic information is present in at least the WH/J strain of rabbits.", "contents": "Induction of type C RNA virus from cultured rabbit lymphosarcoma cells. Type C RNA virus(es) was readily released from primary lymphosarcoma cell cultures of WH/J rabbits after induction with halogenated pyrimidines. The virus contained an RNA-directed DNA polymerase and the p30 structural protein. The rabbit virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase and p30 protein shared antigenic homologies with other mammalian type C oncornaviruses but appear to also possess unique antigenic determinants. Normal rabbit liver contained DNA homologous to a 3H-labeled complementary DNA transcript of the rabbit viral genome, indicating that type C viral genetic information is present in at least the WH/J strain of rabbits.", "PMID": 80460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7809", "title": "Origin and biological properties of a new BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus.", "content": "A focus-forming virus previously isolated from a BALB/c mouse hemangiosarcoma has been shown to be replication defective. Analysis of individual BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus (BALB-MSV) nonproducer transformants for expression of helper virus-coded proteins revealed genetically stable variants that expressed two, three, or all four gag gene products in the absence of detectable helper viral env gene expression. The type-specific antigenic determinants of helper viral proteins encoded by the BALB-MSV genome and by the B-tropic virus isolated from the BALB-MSV stock were demonstrated to be indistinguishable from those of BALB:virus-1, a known endogenous virus of BALB/c cells. These findings imply that a BALB/c endogenous virus was involved in the generation of BALB-MSV. By the same immunological approach, the presence of at least a portion of the Moloney-MuLV gag gene has been identified in two other transforming viruses--Moloney-MSV and Abelson lymphosarcoma virus--previously isolated from the BALB/c strain. The tissue culture properties of cells transformed by these defective viruses were also shown to be distinguishable. These findings indicate that transforming virus isolates of the same inbred strain differ in their transforming activities as well as in the helper viral sequences stably associated with their genomes.", "contents": "Origin and biological properties of a new BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus. A focus-forming virus previously isolated from a BALB/c mouse hemangiosarcoma has been shown to be replication defective. Analysis of individual BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus (BALB-MSV) nonproducer transformants for expression of helper virus-coded proteins revealed genetically stable variants that expressed two, three, or all four gag gene products in the absence of detectable helper viral env gene expression. The type-specific antigenic determinants of helper viral proteins encoded by the BALB-MSV genome and by the B-tropic virus isolated from the BALB-MSV stock were demonstrated to be indistinguishable from those of BALB:virus-1, a known endogenous virus of BALB/c cells. These findings imply that a BALB/c endogenous virus was involved in the generation of BALB-MSV. By the same immunological approach, the presence of at least a portion of the Moloney-MuLV gag gene has been identified in two other transforming viruses--Moloney-MSV and Abelson lymphosarcoma virus--previously isolated from the BALB/c strain. The tissue culture properties of cells transformed by these defective viruses were also shown to be distinguishable. These findings indicate that transforming virus isolates of the same inbred strain differ in their transforming activities as well as in the helper viral sequences stably associated with their genomes.", "PMID": 80461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7810", "title": "Evidence for membrane potential changes in isolated synaptic membrane ghosts monitored with a merocyanine dye.", "content": "Changes in the fluorescence intensity of merocyanine-540 were measured in suspensions of synaptic plasma membrane ghosts isolated from rat brain cortex. With preincubation of the membrane ghosts in isotonic KCl or NaCl solution, K- and Na-enriched ghosts samples were prepared. In suspensions of both sort of synaptic membrane ghosts, merocyanine-540 showed a fluorescnece emission peak at a wavelength of 590 nm. Under a fixed total concentration of NaCl and KCl, high external K+ induced an increase in the fluorescence intensity, such an increase being proportional to logarithm of K+ concentration. Replacing K+ by Rb+, NH4+ or Cs+, a similar effect was observed. Rb+ was about as effective as K+ ; NH4 is about 2/3 and Cs+ 1/4 as effective. But the changes in fluorescence with increasing K+ concentration were larger in K-ghosts than in Na-ghosts. K+-induced fluorescence changes were very small when gramicidin D was added to the suspension. K+-induced fluorescence changes were not observed in ultrasonicated ghost suspensions. Such findings seem to indicates that the K+-ions induced fluorescence increase reflect the depolarization in the isolated synaptic plasma membrane ghosts. Furthermore, the permeability ratio PNa/PK (PNa, PK: the permeability constant for Na+ and K+) was estimated to be smaller than 0.03.", "contents": "Evidence for membrane potential changes in isolated synaptic membrane ghosts monitored with a merocyanine dye. Changes in the fluorescence intensity of merocyanine-540 were measured in suspensions of synaptic plasma membrane ghosts isolated from rat brain cortex. With preincubation of the membrane ghosts in isotonic KCl or NaCl solution, K- and Na-enriched ghosts samples were prepared. In suspensions of both sort of synaptic membrane ghosts, merocyanine-540 showed a fluorescnece emission peak at a wavelength of 590 nm. Under a fixed total concentration of NaCl and KCl, high external K+ induced an increase in the fluorescence intensity, such an increase being proportional to logarithm of K+ concentration. Replacing K+ by Rb+, NH4+ or Cs+, a similar effect was observed. Rb+ was about as effective as K+ ; NH4 is about 2/3 and Cs+ 1/4 as effective. But the changes in fluorescence with increasing K+ concentration were larger in K-ghosts than in Na-ghosts. K+-induced fluorescence changes were very small when gramicidin D was added to the suspension. K+-induced fluorescence changes were not observed in ultrasonicated ghost suspensions. Such findings seem to indicates that the K+-ions induced fluorescence increase reflect the depolarization in the isolated synaptic plasma membrane ghosts. Furthermore, the permeability ratio PNa/PK (PNa, PK: the permeability constant for Na+ and K+) was estimated to be smaller than 0.03.", "PMID": 80466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7811", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmias in exposure to +Gz loads after immersion].", "content": "The frequency and pattern of cardiac arrhythmias were studied during an exposure to acceleration +3 Gz for 5 min before and after 3- and 13-day dry immersion. Following immersion the frequency of extrasystolic arrhythmias increased four-fold and more severe arrhythmias--group and systemic extrasystoles--developed as compared with control exposures. The following factors--increased in the parasympathetic tone, disorders in the systemic and regional circulation and fluid-electrolyte balance--seemed to be mainly responsible for distrubed regulation of the cardiovasucular rhythm during a post-immersion exposure to acceleration.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmias in exposure to +Gz loads after immersion]. The frequency and pattern of cardiac arrhythmias were studied during an exposure to acceleration +3 Gz for 5 min before and after 3- and 13-day dry immersion. Following immersion the frequency of extrasystolic arrhythmias increased four-fold and more severe arrhythmias--group and systemic extrasystoles--developed as compared with control exposures. The following factors--increased in the parasympathetic tone, disorders in the systemic and regional circulation and fluid-electrolyte balance--seemed to be mainly responsible for distrubed regulation of the cardiovasucular rhythm during a post-immersion exposure to acceleration.", "PMID": 80470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7812", "title": "Management of malignant pleural effusion.", "content": "A pleural effusion is a frequent complication of malignant disease. Essential to the care of oncology patients is a fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of such effusions. This article discusses the current thoughts concerning the occurrence of malignant effusions, outlines the current available methods and agents employed for control, and presents a modification of the thoracostomy procedure that appears to be more effective than the standard procedure.", "contents": "Management of malignant pleural effusion. A pleural effusion is a frequent complication of malignant disease. Essential to the care of oncology patients is a fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of such effusions. This article discusses the current thoughts concerning the occurrence of malignant effusions, outlines the current available methods and agents employed for control, and presents a modification of the thoracostomy procedure that appears to be more effective than the standard procedure.", "PMID": 80514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7813", "title": "Scabies and pediculosis.", "content": "There has been a recent notable increase in scabies and pediculosis pubis and pediculosis capitis. Once the diagnosis is established (preferably by demonstrating the mite or louse), therapy includes consideration of a risk to benefit ratio, explanation of the nature of the infestation to the patient, application of appropriate therapeutic techniques, and follow-up procedures. Resistance of the Sarcoptes mite to modern scabicides has been suggested but not proved. Resistance of the head louse and body louse to modern pediculicides has been reported in other countries but not in the United States.", "contents": "Scabies and pediculosis. There has been a recent notable increase in scabies and pediculosis pubis and pediculosis capitis. Once the diagnosis is established (preferably by demonstrating the mite or louse), therapy includes consideration of a risk to benefit ratio, explanation of the nature of the infestation to the patient, application of appropriate therapeutic techniques, and follow-up procedures. Resistance of the Sarcoptes mite to modern scabicides has been suggested but not proved. Resistance of the head louse and body louse to modern pediculicides has been reported in other countries but not in the United States.", "PMID": 80516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7814", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin production among isolates of Escherichia coli in the Far East.", "content": "The frequency of association between transferable extrachromosomal D.N.A. (plasmid) mediated antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin productin is unknown. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 176 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from 57 children and adults in the Philippines, Korea, Taiwan, and Indonesia has been examined. 126 isolates (72%) were resistant to one or more antibiotic(s); 77 (44%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics. 43 E. coli which produced both heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, 110 isolates which produced only heat-labile toxin, and 23 which produced only heat-stable toxin were frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics. 25 of 31 resistant isolates tested, 80% transferred antibiotic resistance in bacterial mating experiments. In 35% of the matings transferring antibiotic resistance, the ability to produce enterotoxin was also conferred on the recipients. This in-vitro observation suggests that the widespread use of antibiotics could increase the distribution of enterotoxigenic E. coli, as genes coding for antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are frequently transferred together.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin production among isolates of Escherichia coli in the Far East. The frequency of association between transferable extrachromosomal D.N.A. (plasmid) mediated antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin productin is unknown. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 176 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from 57 children and adults in the Philippines, Korea, Taiwan, and Indonesia has been examined. 126 isolates (72%) were resistant to one or more antibiotic(s); 77 (44%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics. 43 E. coli which produced both heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, 110 isolates which produced only heat-labile toxin, and 23 which produced only heat-stable toxin were frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics. 25 of 31 resistant isolates tested, 80% transferred antibiotic resistance in bacterial mating experiments. In 35% of the matings transferring antibiotic resistance, the ability to produce enterotoxin was also conferred on the recipients. This in-vitro observation suggests that the widespread use of antibiotics could increase the distribution of enterotoxigenic E. coli, as genes coding for antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are frequently transferred together.", "PMID": 80523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7815", "title": "Percutaneous liver biopsy and chronic liver disease in haemophiliacs.", "content": "Systematic screening of forty-seven haemophiliacs in Sheffield revealed abnormal liver-function tests in thirty-six (77%), with a tendency for these abnormalities to persist. To assess the importance of these abnormalities, percutaneous liver biopsy was carried out on eight symptom-free patients under factor-VIII cover. A wide spectrum of chronic liver disease was demonstrated, including chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis. The liver pathology bore no relation to clinical history or to biochemical findings. Hepatitis-B-virus markers were common, but evidence suggests that this is not the only factor contributing to the development of liver disease. The high incidence of chronic liver disease seems to be a recent development and is probably related to factor-concentrate replacement therapy.", "contents": "Percutaneous liver biopsy and chronic liver disease in haemophiliacs. Systematic screening of forty-seven haemophiliacs in Sheffield revealed abnormal liver-function tests in thirty-six (77%), with a tendency for these abnormalities to persist. To assess the importance of these abnormalities, percutaneous liver biopsy was carried out on eight symptom-free patients under factor-VIII cover. A wide spectrum of chronic liver disease was demonstrated, including chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis. The liver pathology bore no relation to clinical history or to biochemical findings. Hepatitis-B-virus markers were common, but evidence suggests that this is not the only factor contributing to the development of liver disease. The high incidence of chronic liver disease seems to be a recent development and is probably related to factor-concentrate replacement therapy.", "PMID": 80524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7816", "title": "Comparison of tienilic acid with cyclopenthiazide in hyperuricaemic hypertensive patients.", "content": "Tienilic acid, a diuretic with uricosuric properties, was compared with cyclopenthiazide, in an open, random-order, within-patient crossover study (3 months on each drug) in 36 hyperuricaemic hypertensive patients. All were on an established dose of cyclopenthiazide; most were also on a beta-blocker which they continued to take in their usual dose. A mean dose of 210 mg of tienilic acid gave the same antihypertensive and diuretic effect as a mean dose of 0.41 mg of cyclopenthiazide. Serum uric acid was very much lower when patients were on tienilic acid (0.29 mmol/l) than on cyclopenthiazide (0.50 mmol/l). Apart from slightly higher serum-chloride and serum-urea during the period on tienilic acid, no major differences in serum-electrolytes, renal-function tests, glucose tolerance, and fasting lipids were observed. Audiometric tests showed that tienilic acid was not ototoxic. S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T. rose to pathological values in 3 women when they were on tienilic acid, to a lesser extent, in 2 men when they were on cyclopenthiazide. There is no definite evidence that the changes in the transaminases were related to tienilic acid. Some postural hypotension or slight fluid retention occurred during the initial, dose-finding period, and 3 patients had mild indigestion but no patient had to discontinue the trial because of side-effects.", "contents": "Comparison of tienilic acid with cyclopenthiazide in hyperuricaemic hypertensive patients. Tienilic acid, a diuretic with uricosuric properties, was compared with cyclopenthiazide, in an open, random-order, within-patient crossover study (3 months on each drug) in 36 hyperuricaemic hypertensive patients. All were on an established dose of cyclopenthiazide; most were also on a beta-blocker which they continued to take in their usual dose. A mean dose of 210 mg of tienilic acid gave the same antihypertensive and diuretic effect as a mean dose of 0.41 mg of cyclopenthiazide. Serum uric acid was very much lower when patients were on tienilic acid (0.29 mmol/l) than on cyclopenthiazide (0.50 mmol/l). Apart from slightly higher serum-chloride and serum-urea during the period on tienilic acid, no major differences in serum-electrolytes, renal-function tests, glucose tolerance, and fasting lipids were observed. Audiometric tests showed that tienilic acid was not ototoxic. S.G.O.T. and S.G.P.T. rose to pathological values in 3 women when they were on tienilic acid, to a lesser extent, in 2 men when they were on cyclopenthiazide. There is no definite evidence that the changes in the transaminases were related to tienilic acid. Some postural hypotension or slight fluid retention occurred during the initial, dose-finding period, and 3 patients had mild indigestion but no patient had to discontinue the trial because of side-effects.", "PMID": 80525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7817", "title": "Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms.", "content": "In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, clonidine eliminated objective signs and subjective symptoms of opiate withdrawal for 240--360 min in eleven addicts in a hospital setting. In an open pilot study of the effects of clonidine on longer-term opiate abstinence and symptoms, the same patients did well while taking clonidine for one week. There was only one documented instance of heroin use, in a patient who did not take clonidine after hospital discharge. 6 weeks or more after the study, four patients were back on reduced doses of methadone, one was on tricyclic antidepressants, and seven were off of all opiates. All eleven patients were doing well. These data suggest that opiate withdrawal is due to increased neuronal activity in areas such as the locus coeruleus which are regulated by both alpha-2 adrenergic and opiate receptors.", "contents": "Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, clonidine eliminated objective signs and subjective symptoms of opiate withdrawal for 240--360 min in eleven addicts in a hospital setting. In an open pilot study of the effects of clonidine on longer-term opiate abstinence and symptoms, the same patients did well while taking clonidine for one week. There was only one documented instance of heroin use, in a patient who did not take clonidine after hospital discharge. 6 weeks or more after the study, four patients were back on reduced doses of methadone, one was on tricyclic antidepressants, and seven were off of all opiates. All eleven patients were doing well. These data suggest that opiate withdrawal is due to increased neuronal activity in areas such as the locus coeruleus which are regulated by both alpha-2 adrenergic and opiate receptors.", "PMID": 80526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7818", "title": "A syndrome of hypertension, convulsion, and cerebral haemorrhage in thalassaemic patients after multiple blood-transfusions.", "content": "Various combinations of hypertension, convulsion, severe headache, and cerebral haemorrhage appeared in eight thalassaemic patients after they had received 3--7 units of blood in preparation for splenectomy. Intracranial haemorrhage definitely developed in four patients, three of whom died. At necropsy the brains showed changes similar to those of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage and hypertensive encephalopathy. It is believed that hypertension initiates this syndrome. Since the episodes often occurred days, as long as 15 days, after the last unit of blood was transfused, hypertension did not seem to result from volume overload, but probably from vasopressive substances provided by or occurring in association with multiple blood-transfusions. Host factors may also contribute.", "contents": "A syndrome of hypertension, convulsion, and cerebral haemorrhage in thalassaemic patients after multiple blood-transfusions. Various combinations of hypertension, convulsion, severe headache, and cerebral haemorrhage appeared in eight thalassaemic patients after they had received 3--7 units of blood in preparation for splenectomy. Intracranial haemorrhage definitely developed in four patients, three of whom died. At necropsy the brains showed changes similar to those of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage and hypertensive encephalopathy. It is believed that hypertension initiates this syndrome. Since the episodes often occurred days, as long as 15 days, after the last unit of blood was transfused, hypertension did not seem to result from volume overload, but probably from vasopressive substances provided by or occurring in association with multiple blood-transfusions. Host factors may also contribute.", "PMID": 80527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7819", "title": "Cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than methicillin plus an aminoglycoside.", "content": "In a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial to determine if cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than methicillin plus an aminoglycoside, patients were assigned to one of four treatment groups: cephalothin and gentamicin (C.G.), cephalothin and tobramycin (C.T.), methicillin and gentamicin (M.G.), or methicillin and tobramycin (M.T.). The incidence of definite nephrotoxicity was: C.G., 7/23 (30.4%); C.T., 5/24 (20.8%); M.G., 2/20 (10%); and M.T., 1/23 (4.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in nephrotoxicity between the combined gentamicin groups (C.G. and M.G.) and the combined tobramycin groups (C.T. and M.T.). Definite nephrotoxicity developed in 12/47 (25.5%) of the combined cephalothin groups (C.G. and C.T.) and in only 3/43 (7%) of the combined methicilllin groups (M.G. and M.T.). The combination of cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is therefore more nephrotoxic than the combination of methicillin plus an aminoglycoside.", "contents": "Cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than methicillin plus an aminoglycoside. In a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial to determine if cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than methicillin plus an aminoglycoside, patients were assigned to one of four treatment groups: cephalothin and gentamicin (C.G.), cephalothin and tobramycin (C.T.), methicillin and gentamicin (M.G.), or methicillin and tobramycin (M.T.). The incidence of definite nephrotoxicity was: C.G., 7/23 (30.4%); C.T., 5/24 (20.8%); M.G., 2/20 (10%); and M.T., 1/23 (4.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in nephrotoxicity between the combined gentamicin groups (C.G. and M.G.) and the combined tobramycin groups (C.T. and M.T.). Definite nephrotoxicity developed in 12/47 (25.5%) of the combined cephalothin groups (C.G. and C.T.) and in only 3/43 (7%) of the combined methicilllin groups (M.G. and M.T.). The combination of cephalothin plus an aminoglycoside is therefore more nephrotoxic than the combination of methicillin plus an aminoglycoside.", "PMID": 80528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7820", "title": "Abnormal rectal immunoglobulin pattern in Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "The immunoglobulin content of rectal biopsy tissue and secretions from twelve neonates in whom Hirschsprung's disease was suspected was determined by an organ-culture technique and radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive IgG content of explanted rectal tissue and its secretions in those six children who proved to have Hirschsprung's disease was much higher than in those with other types of obstructive lower-intestinal disease. Increased amounts of IgG may represent maternally derived antibody associated with neonatal gut neural elements. This seems to be the first report of an immunological abnormality in Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Abnormal rectal immunoglobulin pattern in Hirschsprung's disease. The immunoglobulin content of rectal biopsy tissue and secretions from twelve neonates in whom Hirschsprung's disease was suspected was determined by an organ-culture technique and radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive IgG content of explanted rectal tissue and its secretions in those six children who proved to have Hirschsprung's disease was much higher than in those with other types of obstructive lower-intestinal disease. Increased amounts of IgG may represent maternally derived antibody associated with neonatal gut neural elements. This seems to be the first report of an immunological abnormality in Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 80529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7821", "title": "Role of mononuclear infiltrating cells in pathogenesis of hepatitis.", "content": "Mice that have been injected with Corynebacterium parvum have mononuclear-cell infiltrates in the liver lobules. In such mice a small dose of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin produced a lethal hepatitis, with high serum-transaminase concentrations, glycogen depletion, and hypoglycaemia. It is suggested that lipopolysaccharide triggers the release from the infiltrating mononuclear cells of factors toxic for hepatocytes. Similarly certain parasitic and virus infections and graft-versus-host reactions can sensitise mice to the induction of hepatitis by exposure to small doses of lipopolysaccharide. This model may be applicable to human hepatitis.", "contents": "Role of mononuclear infiltrating cells in pathogenesis of hepatitis. Mice that have been injected with Corynebacterium parvum have mononuclear-cell infiltrates in the liver lobules. In such mice a small dose of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin produced a lethal hepatitis, with high serum-transaminase concentrations, glycogen depletion, and hypoglycaemia. It is suggested that lipopolysaccharide triggers the release from the infiltrating mononuclear cells of factors toxic for hepatocytes. Similarly certain parasitic and virus infections and graft-versus-host reactions can sensitise mice to the induction of hepatitis by exposure to small doses of lipopolysaccharide. This model may be applicable to human hepatitis.", "PMID": 80531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7822", "title": "Colitis.", "content": "The disability caused by proctitis or colitis has been assessed among patients attending a hospital outpatient clinic. Although bowel frequency was a common and troublesome symptom, urgency of defaecation with a tendency to precipitate incontinence was a major factor limiting working life and leisure and social activities. Abdominal or rectal pain and lassitude were the other main symptoms. In every aspect of life studied the disability was as great for patients with proctitis or distal colitis as for those with more extensive inflammation of the colon. As a result of symptoms about a fifth of the patients had a reduced earning capacity and quarter were restricted in their social or leisure activities even when symptoms were at their least bad. The social disability of proctitis or colitis may be underestimated because patients do not mention their fear of incontinence and because their complaint of lassitude does not always correlate with the apparent activity or extent of the disease.", "contents": "Colitis. The disability caused by proctitis or colitis has been assessed among patients attending a hospital outpatient clinic. Although bowel frequency was a common and troublesome symptom, urgency of defaecation with a tendency to precipitate incontinence was a major factor limiting working life and leisure and social activities. Abdominal or rectal pain and lassitude were the other main symptoms. In every aspect of life studied the disability was as great for patients with proctitis or distal colitis as for those with more extensive inflammation of the colon. As a result of symptoms about a fifth of the patients had a reduced earning capacity and quarter were restricted in their social or leisure activities even when symptoms were at their least bad. The social disability of proctitis or colitis may be underestimated because patients do not mention their fear of incontinence and because their complaint of lassitude does not always correlate with the apparent activity or extent of the disease.", "PMID": 80539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7823", "title": "The continuing risk of vitamin-D intoxication.", "content": "Eight cases of vitamin-D poisoning are described. In six patients this therapy was unnecessary and in the remaining two patients inadequate supervision of the treatment resulted in overdosage. In five cases the history of vitamin-D therapy was either unknown or not appreciated by the referring clinician so that three surgical procedures of dubious value were performed on two patients. Large doses of vitamin D should only be used when strictly indicated and on the understanding that close biochemical and clinical supervision is necessary.", "contents": "The continuing risk of vitamin-D intoxication. Eight cases of vitamin-D poisoning are described. In six patients this therapy was unnecessary and in the remaining two patients inadequate supervision of the treatment resulted in overdosage. In five cases the history of vitamin-D therapy was either unknown or not appreciated by the referring clinician so that three surgical procedures of dubious value were performed on two patients. Large doses of vitamin D should only be used when strictly indicated and on the understanding that close biochemical and clinical supervision is necessary.", "PMID": 80540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7824", "title": "Breast-milk monitoring to measure Michigan's contamination with polybrominated biphenyls.", "content": "In 1973 and 1974, several thousand Michigan dairy farms were contaminated by polybrominated biphenyls (P.B.B.) as the result of an industrial accident. An unknown quantity of contaminated meat and dairy products entered the food chain before contaminated farms were quarantined. To determine the extent of human exposure, P.B.B. concentrations were measured in human breast milk, which was collected in a random-sample survey from nursing mothers throughout Michigan. 96% of 53 samples from Michigan's lower peninsula and 43% of 42 samples from the less densely populated upper peninsula contained detectable levels of P.B.B. These data indicate that about 8 million of Michigan's 9.1 million residents have detectable body burdens of P.B.B.", "contents": "Breast-milk monitoring to measure Michigan's contamination with polybrominated biphenyls. In 1973 and 1974, several thousand Michigan dairy farms were contaminated by polybrominated biphenyls (P.B.B.) as the result of an industrial accident. An unknown quantity of contaminated meat and dairy products entered the food chain before contaminated farms were quarantined. To determine the extent of human exposure, P.B.B. concentrations were measured in human breast milk, which was collected in a random-sample survey from nursing mothers throughout Michigan. 96% of 53 samples from Michigan's lower peninsula and 43% of 42 samples from the less densely populated upper peninsula contained detectable levels of P.B.B. These data indicate that about 8 million of Michigan's 9.1 million residents have detectable body burdens of P.B.B.", "PMID": 80575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7825", "title": "Aminoglutethimide in treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "42 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were treated with aminoglutethimide, which inhibits adrenal steroid hormone synthesis. Treatment was stopped in 2 patients before response could be assessed; of the other 40, 15 (37.5%) had an objective response, 1 (2.5%) showed a response in bone but not in soft tissue, and 4 (10%) had complete or very great relief of metastatic bone pain but no radiological evidence of improvement. 19 (53%) of 36 patients with bone metastases responded to treatment (15 had X-ray evidence and 4 had pain relief), as did 5 (45%) of 11 patients with soft tissue metastases, 2 (25%) of 8 with malignant marrow infiltration, 1 (14%) of 7 with lung metastases, and none of 13 with liver metastases. Response was commonest in patients who had previously responded to other forms of endocrine therapy. Side-effects, usually mild and transient, occurred in a few patients; the most important were an initial period of somnolence in 9 patients and a rash in 5.", "contents": "Aminoglutethimide in treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma. 42 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were treated with aminoglutethimide, which inhibits adrenal steroid hormone synthesis. Treatment was stopped in 2 patients before response could be assessed; of the other 40, 15 (37.5%) had an objective response, 1 (2.5%) showed a response in bone but not in soft tissue, and 4 (10%) had complete or very great relief of metastatic bone pain but no radiological evidence of improvement. 19 (53%) of 36 patients with bone metastases responded to treatment (15 had X-ray evidence and 4 had pain relief), as did 5 (45%) of 11 patients with soft tissue metastases, 2 (25%) of 8 with malignant marrow infiltration, 1 (14%) of 7 with lung metastases, and none of 13 with liver metastases. Response was commonest in patients who had previously responded to other forms of endocrine therapy. Side-effects, usually mild and transient, occurred in a few patients; the most important were an initial period of somnolence in 9 patients and a rash in 5.", "PMID": 80576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7826", "title": "Response of plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin D to ultraviolet irradiation in long-stay geriatric patients.", "content": "The response of plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to different exposures to ultraviolet irradiation has been studied in patients in long-stay geriatric wards. Increases sufficient to bring the plasma-25(OH)D into the normal range may be obtained with doses less than those required to produce erythema. The provision of such background irradiation may be a suitable method of preventing vitamin-D deficiency in elderly subjects who receive very little exposure to sunlight.", "contents": "Response of plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin D to ultraviolet irradiation in long-stay geriatric patients. The response of plasma-25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to different exposures to ultraviolet irradiation has been studied in patients in long-stay geriatric wards. Increases sufficient to bring the plasma-25(OH)D into the normal range may be obtained with doses less than those required to produce erythema. The provision of such background irradiation may be a suitable method of preventing vitamin-D deficiency in elderly subjects who receive very little exposure to sunlight.", "PMID": 80577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7827", "title": "Hepatitis B outbreak among chimpanzees at the London Zoo.", "content": "Persistent carriage of hepatitis B virus in extremely high titre was identified in 5 out of 9 chimpanzees kept at the London Zoo. Antibody to this virus was present in the other 4 chimpanzees. Serological survey of the other primates in the Regent's Park collection did not reveal the presence of the surface antigen in 2 gorillas, 11 orang-utans, and 2 gibbons, although surface antibody was present in the serum of 1 gorilla and 2 orang-utans. 3 of the carrier chimpanzees were born at the Zoo and were the offspring of either a carrier mother or a carrier father, and perinatal transmission may have occurred. A strict safety code of practice was introduced and hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given at intervals to designated staff members. Sero-conversion did not occur in any of the 38 staff members under surveillance for more than 2 years. Treatment of the carrier state in the chimpanzees was attempted with human leucocyte interferon, with and without ribavirin ('Virazole'), and with adenine arabinoside, but the effects were mostly temporary.", "contents": "Hepatitis B outbreak among chimpanzees at the London Zoo. Persistent carriage of hepatitis B virus in extremely high titre was identified in 5 out of 9 chimpanzees kept at the London Zoo. Antibody to this virus was present in the other 4 chimpanzees. Serological survey of the other primates in the Regent's Park collection did not reveal the presence of the surface antigen in 2 gorillas, 11 orang-utans, and 2 gibbons, although surface antibody was present in the serum of 1 gorilla and 2 orang-utans. 3 of the carrier chimpanzees were born at the Zoo and were the offspring of either a carrier mother or a carrier father, and perinatal transmission may have occurred. A strict safety code of practice was introduced and hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given at intervals to designated staff members. Sero-conversion did not occur in any of the 38 staff members under surveillance for more than 2 years. Treatment of the carrier state in the chimpanzees was attempted with human leucocyte interferon, with and without ribavirin ('Virazole'), and with adenine arabinoside, but the effects were mostly temporary.", "PMID": 80578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7828", "title": "The mechanism of placebo analgesia.", "content": "The effect of naloxone on dental postoperative pain was studied to examine the hypothesis that endorphins mediate placebo analgesia. All patients had extraction of impacted mandibular third molars with diazepam, N2O, and local block with mepivacaine. 3 h and 4 h after surgery naloxone or a placebo was given under randomised, double-blind conditions. Pain was evaluated on a visual analogue scale. Patients given naloxone reported significantly greater pain than those given placebo. Patients given placebo as their first drug was either placebo responders, whose pain was reduced or unchanged, or nonresponders whose pain increased. Naloxone given as a second drug produced no additional increase in pain levels in nonresponders but did increase pain levels of placebo responders. Nonresponders had a final mean pain rating identical to that of responders who received naloxone as their second drug. Thus the enhancement of reported pain produced by naloxone can be entirely accounted for by its effect on placebo responders. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that endorphin release mediates placebo analgesia for dental postoperative pain.", "contents": "The mechanism of placebo analgesia. The effect of naloxone on dental postoperative pain was studied to examine the hypothesis that endorphins mediate placebo analgesia. All patients had extraction of impacted mandibular third molars with diazepam, N2O, and local block with mepivacaine. 3 h and 4 h after surgery naloxone or a placebo was given under randomised, double-blind conditions. Pain was evaluated on a visual analogue scale. Patients given naloxone reported significantly greater pain than those given placebo. Patients given placebo as their first drug was either placebo responders, whose pain was reduced or unchanged, or nonresponders whose pain increased. Naloxone given as a second drug produced no additional increase in pain levels in nonresponders but did increase pain levels of placebo responders. Nonresponders had a final mean pain rating identical to that of responders who received naloxone as their second drug. Thus the enhancement of reported pain produced by naloxone can be entirely accounted for by its effect on placebo responders. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that endorphin release mediates placebo analgesia for dental postoperative pain.", "PMID": 80579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7829", "title": "Repeated failure of nickel-containing prosthetic heart valves in a patient allergic to nickel.", "content": "Life-threatening peri-prosthetic incompetence developed with two successive nickel-containing mitral-valve prostheses in a patient allergic to nickel. Neither prosthesis had been incorporated satisfactorily. Her present nickel-free prosthesis seems to be satisfactory 22 months after insertion. Since allergy to nickel may have been involved in the failure of these prostheses, it is recommended that nickel-sensitive patients should be given nickel-free prostheses.", "contents": "Repeated failure of nickel-containing prosthetic heart valves in a patient allergic to nickel. Life-threatening peri-prosthetic incompetence developed with two successive nickel-containing mitral-valve prostheses in a patient allergic to nickel. Neither prosthesis had been incorporated satisfactorily. Her present nickel-free prosthesis seems to be satisfactory 22 months after insertion. Since allergy to nickel may have been involved in the failure of these prostheses, it is recommended that nickel-sensitive patients should be given nickel-free prostheses.", "PMID": 80580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7830", "title": "Mitochondrial inheritance and disease.", "content": "Spontaneously occurring variants of the D.N.A. content of mitochondria may be responsible for human disease. Among the prime candidates for such a mitochondrial aetiology are certain drug-induced blood dyscrasias, particularly that due to chloramphenicol. Because mitochondria are generally inherited from the female parent, such disorders should be clustered among matroclinally related individuals. The clinical manifestations of such diseases are a function of the manner in which mitochondria are allocated to somatic cells and tissues during development.", "contents": "Mitochondrial inheritance and disease. Spontaneously occurring variants of the D.N.A. content of mitochondria may be responsible for human disease. Among the prime candidates for such a mitochondrial aetiology are certain drug-induced blood dyscrasias, particularly that due to chloramphenicol. Because mitochondria are generally inherited from the female parent, such disorders should be clustered among matroclinally related individuals. The clinical manifestations of such diseases are a function of the manner in which mitochondria are allocated to somatic cells and tissues during development.", "PMID": 80581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7831", "title": "Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Mesenteric lymph-nodes from 27 patients with Crohn's disease, 13 with ulcerative colitis, and 11 without inflammatory bowel disease were cultured for mycobacteria. A node from a patient with Crohn's disease yielded a strain of Mycobacterium kansasii. Cultures from 22 other patients with Crohn's disease, 7 with ulcerative colitis, and 1 control subject yielded pleomorphic organisms with the electron-microscopic appearances of cell-wall-deficient organisms. Further culture and characterisation of these organisms has so far proved unsuccesful. Skin tests with tuberculin were positive in a smaller proportion of patients with Crohn's disease than in healthy control subjects. Conversely, the patients gave a higher proportion of positive reactions to a reagent prepared from the strain of M. kansasii isolated. No differences in the proportion of positive test were found between patients and controls with reagents prepared from 16 other mycobacteria. Cell-wall-deficient mycobacteria are a possible causative agent of inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease. Mesenteric lymph-nodes from 27 patients with Crohn's disease, 13 with ulcerative colitis, and 11 without inflammatory bowel disease were cultured for mycobacteria. A node from a patient with Crohn's disease yielded a strain of Mycobacterium kansasii. Cultures from 22 other patients with Crohn's disease, 7 with ulcerative colitis, and 1 control subject yielded pleomorphic organisms with the electron-microscopic appearances of cell-wall-deficient organisms. Further culture and characterisation of these organisms has so far proved unsuccesful. Skin tests with tuberculin were positive in a smaller proportion of patients with Crohn's disease than in healthy control subjects. Conversely, the patients gave a higher proportion of positive reactions to a reagent prepared from the strain of M. kansasii isolated. No differences in the proportion of positive test were found between patients and controls with reagents prepared from 16 other mycobacteria. Cell-wall-deficient mycobacteria are a possible causative agent of inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 80630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7832", "title": "Search by immunofluorescence for antigens of Rotavirus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacterium kansasii in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Crohn's-disease tissue was tested by indirect immunofluorescence for antigens of rotavirus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacterium kansasii. No reactions were obtained with anti-serum to P. maltophilia and M. kansasii, and a granular fluorescence seen with rotavirus antibody was probably non-specific.", "contents": "Search by immunofluorescence for antigens of Rotavirus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacterium kansasii in Crohn's disease. Crohn's-disease tissue was tested by indirect immunofluorescence for antigens of rotavirus, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Mycobacterium kansasii. No reactions were obtained with anti-serum to P. maltophilia and M. kansasii, and a granular fluorescence seen with rotavirus antibody was probably non-specific.", "PMID": 80631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7833", "title": "Subcutaneous ancrod in prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after operation for fractured neck of femur.", "content": "In a randomised double-blind controlled trial 53 patients received 5 daily subcutaneous injections of ancrod ('Arvin') after operation for fractured neck of femur, and 52 patients received saline fractured neck of femur, and 52 patients received saline injections. Deep-vein thrombosis (D.V.T.) was detected by bilateral ascending venography or necropsy 6--16 days after surgery. The frequency of D.V.T. and bilateral D.V.T. was significantly lower in the ancrod group (P less than 0.01). The frequency of major D.V.T. (thrombi in veins proximal to the calf, or calf-vein thrombi more than 3 cm long) was also significantly lower in the ancrod group (P less than 0.001). No complications of ancrod prophylaxis occurred. Ancrod reduced plasma-fibrinogen, and hence plasma and blood viscosity, during the first week after surgery; preoperative levels of fibrinogen and viscosity were not associated with post-operative D.V.T. Subcutaneous ancrod is a simple and effective alternative to oral anticoagulants for the reduction of the frequency of D.V.T. after operation for hip fracture, and merits assessment in other high-risk groups of patients.", "contents": "Subcutaneous ancrod in prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after operation for fractured neck of femur. In a randomised double-blind controlled trial 53 patients received 5 daily subcutaneous injections of ancrod ('Arvin') after operation for fractured neck of femur, and 52 patients received saline fractured neck of femur, and 52 patients received saline injections. Deep-vein thrombosis (D.V.T.) was detected by bilateral ascending venography or necropsy 6--16 days after surgery. The frequency of D.V.T. and bilateral D.V.T. was significantly lower in the ancrod group (P less than 0.01). The frequency of major D.V.T. (thrombi in veins proximal to the calf, or calf-vein thrombi more than 3 cm long) was also significantly lower in the ancrod group (P less than 0.001). No complications of ancrod prophylaxis occurred. Ancrod reduced plasma-fibrinogen, and hence plasma and blood viscosity, during the first week after surgery; preoperative levels of fibrinogen and viscosity were not associated with post-operative D.V.T. Subcutaneous ancrod is a simple and effective alternative to oral anticoagulants for the reduction of the frequency of D.V.T. after operation for hip fracture, and merits assessment in other high-risk groups of patients.", "PMID": 80632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7834", "title": "Deterioration of renal function during treatment of chronic renal failure with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "A controlled study of the effects of the potent vitamin-D metabolite, 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3), and vitamin D3 was done in 18 non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure (C.R.F.). Patients with a creatinine clearance below 35 ml/min and mild renal osteodystrophy were selected. After 6 months' observation of the spontaneous course the patients were randomly allocated to 6 months' oral treatment with either 1, 25 (OH)2D3 or vitamin D3 in initial daily doses of 1microgram and 4000 I.U., respectively, combined with 0.5 g calcium. 1,25(OH)2D3 quickly corrected hypocalcaemia, reduced serum-alkaline-phosphatases and serum-immunoreactive-parathyroid-hormone, and more than doubled the urinary excretion rate of calcium. D3 had similar, but less pronounced effects. 7 out of 8 patients on 1,25(OH)2D3, developed hypercalcaemia which necessitated a reduction in dosage. None of the patients on D3 treatment developed hypercalcaemia. The percentage fall in creatinine clearance was greater during treatment than before treatment in all patients on 1, 25 (OH)2D3 (P less than 0.01) and in 7 of 9 patients on vitamin D3 treatment (though the group change here was not significant). Deterioration of renal function is a major limitation of the clinical use of 1, 25(OH)2D3 and D3 in non-dialysed patients with C.R.F. In fact, the decrased formation of 1, 25(OH)2D3 seen in C.R.F. might protect renal function at the expense of abnormalities in mineral metabolism.", "contents": "Deterioration of renal function during treatment of chronic renal failure with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A controlled study of the effects of the potent vitamin-D metabolite, 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3), and vitamin D3 was done in 18 non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure (C.R.F.). Patients with a creatinine clearance below 35 ml/min and mild renal osteodystrophy were selected. After 6 months' observation of the spontaneous course the patients were randomly allocated to 6 months' oral treatment with either 1, 25 (OH)2D3 or vitamin D3 in initial daily doses of 1microgram and 4000 I.U., respectively, combined with 0.5 g calcium. 1,25(OH)2D3 quickly corrected hypocalcaemia, reduced serum-alkaline-phosphatases and serum-immunoreactive-parathyroid-hormone, and more than doubled the urinary excretion rate of calcium. D3 had similar, but less pronounced effects. 7 out of 8 patients on 1,25(OH)2D3, developed hypercalcaemia which necessitated a reduction in dosage. None of the patients on D3 treatment developed hypercalcaemia. The percentage fall in creatinine clearance was greater during treatment than before treatment in all patients on 1, 25 (OH)2D3 (P less than 0.01) and in 7 of 9 patients on vitamin D3 treatment (though the group change here was not significant). Deterioration of renal function is a major limitation of the clinical use of 1, 25(OH)2D3 and D3 in non-dialysed patients with C.R.F. In fact, the decrased formation of 1, 25(OH)2D3 seen in C.R.F. might protect renal function at the expense of abnormalities in mineral metabolism.", "PMID": 80633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7835", "title": "Innappropriate renin secretion unmasked by captopril (SQ 14 225) in hypertension of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Captopril (SQ 14 225), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, was given to 7 hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure whose plasma-creatinine ranged from 1.5--7.4 mg/dl; whose plasma-renin activity was normal; whose hypertension was not controlled by previous therapy consisting in 5 patients of three or more antihypertensive drugs; and whose blood-pressures averaged 176/111 +/- 11/3 mm Hg. Inhibition of converting enzyme by oral captopril, 200 mg twice daily, reduced blood-pressure to 156/100 +/- 9/5 mm Hg. 5 patients needed additional treatment by frusemide 40--250 mg/day orally. With this combined regimen the blood-pressure of all patients averaged 126/85 +/- 4/3 mm Hg after 8 +/- 2 weeks of captopril. The drug was well tolerated. These results suggest that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with or without sodium depletion is an efficient treatment for hypertension associated with chronic renal failure. It appears that although renin levels in patients with this condition may be \"normal\", they are inappropriate in relation to the subtle degree of sodium retention that occurs with this disorder.", "contents": "Innappropriate renin secretion unmasked by captopril (SQ 14 225) in hypertension of chronic renal failure. Captopril (SQ 14 225), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, was given to 7 hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure whose plasma-creatinine ranged from 1.5--7.4 mg/dl; whose plasma-renin activity was normal; whose hypertension was not controlled by previous therapy consisting in 5 patients of three or more antihypertensive drugs; and whose blood-pressures averaged 176/111 +/- 11/3 mm Hg. Inhibition of converting enzyme by oral captopril, 200 mg twice daily, reduced blood-pressure to 156/100 +/- 9/5 mm Hg. 5 patients needed additional treatment by frusemide 40--250 mg/day orally. With this combined regimen the blood-pressure of all patients averaged 126/85 +/- 4/3 mm Hg after 8 +/- 2 weeks of captopril. The drug was well tolerated. These results suggest that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with or without sodium depletion is an efficient treatment for hypertension associated with chronic renal failure. It appears that although renin levels in patients with this condition may be \"normal\", they are inappropriate in relation to the subtle degree of sodium retention that occurs with this disorder.", "PMID": 80634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7836", "title": "Acute colitis related to penicillin and penicillin derivatives.", "content": "5 cases of acute transient colitis associated with the ingestion of ampicillin, an ampicillin derivative, and penicillin are discussed. The clinical presentation, course, and radiographic and sigmoidoscopic findings are distinct from those in pseudomembranous colitis. The colonic changes may be related to an allergic reaction in the intestine which results primarily in transient ischaemia. The presenting symptom is blood diarrhoea, and barium enema is the most productive diagnostic examination.", "contents": "Acute colitis related to penicillin and penicillin derivatives. 5 cases of acute transient colitis associated with the ingestion of ampicillin, an ampicillin derivative, and penicillin are discussed. The clinical presentation, course, and radiographic and sigmoidoscopic findings are distinct from those in pseudomembranous colitis. The colonic changes may be related to an allergic reaction in the intestine which results primarily in transient ischaemia. The presenting symptom is blood diarrhoea, and barium enema is the most productive diagnostic examination.", "PMID": 80635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7837", "title": "Evidence of acquired immune deficiencies in Mediterranean lymphoma. A possible aetiological link.", "content": "Patients with Mediterranean lymphoma (M.L.) had a significant reduction in humoral immunity (IgG and IgM) as well as impaired cellular immunity (50% were anergic to three antigens--P.P.D., mumps, and dinitrochlorobenzene). Any hypothesis for the pathogenesis of M.L. has to account for the peculiar geographic distribution of the disease, the age and sex incidence, the plasma-cell nature of the tumours, the associated heavy plasmacytic proliferation with relatively intact intestinal mucosa, involvement of the proximal small intestine, and alpha-chain production in a large proportion of patients. All areas in which M.L. is common are currently involved in the seventh cholera pandemic. Vibrio cholerae toxin inhibits both immediate and delayed immune reaction in vitro through its effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate. V. cholerae antigens stimulate the proliferation of IgA-producing immunocytes in the mucosa without deeply penetrating the mucosa. The proximal small bowel is usually affected by the disease but there is little epithelial damage. The population in endemic areas is continuously exposed to V. cholerae antigens and toxins. It is suggested that such exposure, under certain genetic or other circumstances, may produce a state of immunosuppression in the gut thus accelerating, predisposing to, or producing lymphoplasmacytic neoplasia.", "contents": "Evidence of acquired immune deficiencies in Mediterranean lymphoma. A possible aetiological link. Patients with Mediterranean lymphoma (M.L.) had a significant reduction in humoral immunity (IgG and IgM) as well as impaired cellular immunity (50% were anergic to three antigens--P.P.D., mumps, and dinitrochlorobenzene). Any hypothesis for the pathogenesis of M.L. has to account for the peculiar geographic distribution of the disease, the age and sex incidence, the plasma-cell nature of the tumours, the associated heavy plasmacytic proliferation with relatively intact intestinal mucosa, involvement of the proximal small intestine, and alpha-chain production in a large proportion of patients. All areas in which M.L. is common are currently involved in the seventh cholera pandemic. Vibrio cholerae toxin inhibits both immediate and delayed immune reaction in vitro through its effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate. V. cholerae antigens stimulate the proliferation of IgA-producing immunocytes in the mucosa without deeply penetrating the mucosa. The proximal small bowel is usually affected by the disease but there is little epithelial damage. The population in endemic areas is continuously exposed to V. cholerae antigens and toxins. It is suggested that such exposure, under certain genetic or other circumstances, may produce a state of immunosuppression in the gut thus accelerating, predisposing to, or producing lymphoplasmacytic neoplasia.", "PMID": 80636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7838", "title": "Drug treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "The difficulties of the drug treatment of epilepsy include the high prevalence of the disorder, poor prognosis, prolonged multidrug treatment, chronic toxicity, and uncertainty of the relative efficacy and toxicity of individual anticonvulsants. These problems are reviewed in relation to recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the drugs, the application of which offers the possibility of a more simple, rational, and effective approach to therapy. There is considerable potential for monotherapy assisted by drug-level monitoring.", "contents": "Drug treatment of epilepsy. The difficulties of the drug treatment of epilepsy include the high prevalence of the disorder, poor prognosis, prolonged multidrug treatment, chronic toxicity, and uncertainty of the relative efficacy and toxicity of individual anticonvulsants. These problems are reviewed in relation to recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the drugs, the application of which offers the possibility of a more simple, rational, and effective approach to therapy. There is considerable potential for monotherapy assisted by drug-level monitoring.", "PMID": 80643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7839", "title": "Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in special-care baby unit.", "content": "In December, 1977, an outbreak of echovirus 11 infection occurred in the special-care baby unit of the Cambridge Maternity Hospital. 3 neonates died, and of 24 infants on the ward during the epidemic 6 others were infected, 3 with symptoms. 3 infants had similar symptoms but virus could not be isolated. The pathological changes in the 3 fatal infections, have not previously been reported for echovirus 11; nor have fatal infections occurred in an epidemic in a special-care baby unit.", "contents": "Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in special-care baby unit. In December, 1977, an outbreak of echovirus 11 infection occurred in the special-care baby unit of the Cambridge Maternity Hospital. 3 neonates died, and of 24 infants on the ward during the epidemic 6 others were infected, 3 with symptoms. 3 infants had similar symptoms but virus could not be isolated. The pathological changes in the 3 fatal infections, have not previously been reported for echovirus 11; nor have fatal infections occurred in an epidemic in a special-care baby unit.", "PMID": 80644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7840", "title": "Natural history of perforated duodenal ulcers treated by suture closure.", "content": "Of 50 patients with a perforated duodenal ulcer treated with simple suture closure, 36 (72%) had symptoms before the perforation for a mean period of 9.9 years. 24 of the 36 (66.6%) acquired further symptoms or complications at 1--48 months (mean 11 months) after the operation, whereas only 2 of the 14 patients (14%) who were symptom-free preoperatively had further complications. At follow-up 48% of the patients were still free of symptoms. Simple suture closure with a \"wait and see\" policy remains the treatment of choice, and a prospective clinical study to evaluate definitive emergency surgery for duodenal ulcer has been cancelled.", "contents": "Natural history of perforated duodenal ulcers treated by suture closure. Of 50 patients with a perforated duodenal ulcer treated with simple suture closure, 36 (72%) had symptoms before the perforation for a mean period of 9.9 years. 24 of the 36 (66.6%) acquired further symptoms or complications at 1--48 months (mean 11 months) after the operation, whereas only 2 of the 14 patients (14%) who were symptom-free preoperatively had further complications. At follow-up 48% of the patients were still free of symptoms. Simple suture closure with a \"wait and see\" policy remains the treatment of choice, and a prospective clinical study to evaluate definitive emergency surgery for duodenal ulcer has been cancelled.", "PMID": 80681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7841", "title": "Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy.", "content": "In a multicentre, randomised trial of prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy of undetermined aetiology (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome), 21 patients were treated with prednisolone (60 mg daily for one week, 40 mg daily for four days, and then 30 mg daily for three days) and 19 did not have steroid treatment. Patients were graded on a six-point scale by one of two neurologists who had no knowledge of the treatment schedule. Reassessment at one, three, and twelve months consistently showed greater improvement in the control than the prednisolone group but the only statistically significant result was in the improvement at three months among patients entered to the trial within a week of onset of illness. The 6 control patients had improved by 2.5 +/- 0.43 grades by three months from entry to the trial whereas the 10 prednisolone patients had only improved by 0.9 +/- 0.46 grades (P less than 0.05). There was 1 death related to the polyneuropathy in each group, and 1 suicide in a control patient during convalescence. 6 prednisolone patients were left with considerable disability compared with 1 control patient. There were 3 relapses in the prednisolone group, but none in the control group. The results indicate that steroid treatment is not beneficial and can be detrimental in acute neuropathy of undetermined aetiology.", "contents": "Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. In a multicentre, randomised trial of prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy of undetermined aetiology (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome), 21 patients were treated with prednisolone (60 mg daily for one week, 40 mg daily for four days, and then 30 mg daily for three days) and 19 did not have steroid treatment. Patients were graded on a six-point scale by one of two neurologists who had no knowledge of the treatment schedule. Reassessment at one, three, and twelve months consistently showed greater improvement in the control than the prednisolone group but the only statistically significant result was in the improvement at three months among patients entered to the trial within a week of onset of illness. The 6 control patients had improved by 2.5 +/- 0.43 grades by three months from entry to the trial whereas the 10 prednisolone patients had only improved by 0.9 +/- 0.46 grades (P less than 0.05). There was 1 death related to the polyneuropathy in each group, and 1 suicide in a control patient during convalescence. 6 prednisolone patients were left with considerable disability compared with 1 control patient. There were 3 relapses in the prednisolone group, but none in the control group. The results indicate that steroid treatment is not beneficial and can be detrimental in acute neuropathy of undetermined aetiology.", "PMID": 80682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7842", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and lymphoma.", "content": "In 4 women lymphomas developed 2 months to 12 years after the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. An association between the two diseases had previously been reported in 14 cases, in 6 of which the lymphoma either preceded or was diagnosed at the same time as the autoimmune disease. In systemic lupus erythematous early biopsy of suspect lymph-nodes is recommended.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and lymphoma. In 4 women lymphomas developed 2 months to 12 years after the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. An association between the two diseases had previously been reported in 14 cases, in 6 of which the lymphoma either preceded or was diagnosed at the same time as the autoimmune disease. In systemic lupus erythematous early biopsy of suspect lymph-nodes is recommended.", "PMID": 80683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7843", "title": "Enzymatic basis of typical X-linked icthyosis.", "content": "Steroid sulphatase activity was determined in cultured fibroblasts from 25 individuals with X-linked ichthyosis from four countries. All those with X-linked disease had markedly reduced enzyme levels compared with controls and patients with other types of ichthyosis. X-linked ichthyosis seems to be the result of a common mutation affecting the expression of steroid-sulphatase activity.", "contents": "Enzymatic basis of typical X-linked icthyosis. Steroid sulphatase activity was determined in cultured fibroblasts from 25 individuals with X-linked ichthyosis from four countries. All those with X-linked disease had markedly reduced enzyme levels compared with controls and patients with other types of ichthyosis. X-linked ichthyosis seems to be the result of a common mutation affecting the expression of steroid-sulphatase activity.", "PMID": 80684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7844", "title": "Single lead for permanent physiological cardiac pacing.", "content": "A method of achieving permanent pacing by the use of a single bipolar transvenous lead is described, the atrial and ventricular electrodes being located on the same lead 14--17 cm apart. The new leads have been implanted successfully in two patients.", "contents": "Single lead for permanent physiological cardiac pacing. A method of achieving permanent pacing by the use of a single bipolar transvenous lead is described, the atrial and ventricular electrodes being located on the same lead 14--17 cm apart. The new leads have been implanted successfully in two patients.", "PMID": 80685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7845", "title": "Possible diagnostic test for Crohn's disease by use of buccal mucosa.", "content": "Immunofluorescent tracing was used on buccal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease to investigate some of its immunological characteristics, and to compare these with those of mucosa from controls. Normal buccal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease, incubated with its own serum then stained for deposited antibody by the fluorescent technique, showed a positive reaction, not observed in buccal mucosa from normal persons or patients with ulcerative colitis. These observations could provide the basis of a diagnostic test.", "contents": "Possible diagnostic test for Crohn's disease by use of buccal mucosa. Immunofluorescent tracing was used on buccal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease to investigate some of its immunological characteristics, and to compare these with those of mucosa from controls. Normal buccal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease, incubated with its own serum then stained for deposited antibody by the fluorescent technique, showed a positive reaction, not observed in buccal mucosa from normal persons or patients with ulcerative colitis. These observations could provide the basis of a diagnostic test.", "PMID": 80686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7846", "title": "Diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy by gastrointestinal clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Alpha1-antitrypsin was assessed, in 10 patients with protein-losing enteropathy and 13 control subjects, as an endogenous marker of plasma-protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract. Both faecal alpha1-A.T. concentrations and faecal alpha1-A.T. clearance were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Wtih clearance there was no overlap between the groups. Over 10 days the normal gastrointestinal clearance of alpha1-A.T. was 3.07 +/- 2.25 (S.D.) ml/day. Measurement of alpha1-A.T. clearance is easy and requires no radioisotopes.", "contents": "Diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy by gastrointestinal clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin. Alpha1-antitrypsin was assessed, in 10 patients with protein-losing enteropathy and 13 control subjects, as an endogenous marker of plasma-protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract. Both faecal alpha1-A.T. concentrations and faecal alpha1-A.T. clearance were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Wtih clearance there was no overlap between the groups. Over 10 days the normal gastrointestinal clearance of alpha1-A.T. was 3.07 +/- 2.25 (S.D.) ml/day. Measurement of alpha1-A.T. clearance is easy and requires no radioisotopes.", "PMID": 80688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7847", "title": "The human rumen.", "content": "The cow is a ruminant, and cow's milk has evolved to promote bacterial growth in the upper small bowel; whereas human milk has evolved to discourage bacterial growth. Examination of the constituents of the two milks shows that their differences can be accounted for in terms of this difference in function. Children who are fed a calf's diet tend to develop a rumen. This may lead to chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition and may be a factor in diarrhoea ascribed to cow's-milk-protein allergy and lactose intolerance.", "contents": "The human rumen. The cow is a ruminant, and cow's milk has evolved to promote bacterial growth in the upper small bowel; whereas human milk has evolved to discourage bacterial growth. Examination of the constituents of the two milks shows that their differences can be accounted for in terms of this difference in function. Children who are fed a calf's diet tend to develop a rumen. This may lead to chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition and may be a factor in diarrhoea ascribed to cow's-milk-protein allergy and lactose intolerance.", "PMID": 80689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7848", "title": "Mortality from carcinoma of cervix uteri in Britain.", "content": "A review of age-specific mortality-rates from cervical cancer in England and Wales and in Scotland in 1968--76 shows a decline, striking at some ages. In England and Wales, however, there has been an increase at ages 25--34 and, possibly, at 15--24. Signs of such an increase are also seen in Scotland for the age-groups 25--34 when figures for two regions with well-established screening programmes are removed. Indeed trends in these regions compared with those for the rest of Scotland support the benefit of cervical screening.", "contents": "Mortality from carcinoma of cervix uteri in Britain. A review of age-specific mortality-rates from cervical cancer in England and Wales and in Scotland in 1968--76 shows a decline, striking at some ages. In England and Wales, however, there has been an increase at ages 25--34 and, possibly, at 15--24. Signs of such an increase are also seen in Scotland for the age-groups 25--34 when figures for two regions with well-established screening programmes are removed. Indeed trends in these regions compared with those for the rest of Scotland support the benefit of cervical screening.", "PMID": 80695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7849", "title": "Cervical cancer in younger women.", "content": "Cervical cancer does not begin in women at some vague mid-procreative term, but is a concomitant of early sexual activity. In Brighton the mean age of patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the cervix has been falling, from 50 in 1967 to 35 by 1977. In one year abnormal cells were found in cervical smears from 24 teenage girls (5 aged 16, 2 aged 17, 8 aged 18 and 9 aged 19), and in 4 of these teenage cases malignancy was subsequently proved histologically. Until the aetiology of the  disease is established no lower age limit should be set for cervical screening; all young women should be entitled and encouraged to have cervical cytology tests.", "contents": "Cervical cancer in younger women. Cervical cancer does not begin in women at some vague mid-procreative term, but is a concomitant of early sexual activity. In Brighton the mean age of patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the cervix has been falling, from 50 in 1967 to 35 by 1977. In one year abnormal cells were found in cervical smears from 24 teenage girls (5 aged 16, 2 aged 17, 8 aged 18 and 9 aged 19), and in 4 of these teenage cases malignancy was subsequently proved histologically. Until the aetiology of the  disease is established no lower age limit should be set for cervical screening; all young women should be entitled and encouraged to have cervical cytology tests.", "PMID": 80696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7850", "title": "Suppression of serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations following thyroidectomy and cold exposure by passive immunization with antiserum to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rats.", "content": "Administration of antiserum to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to thyroidectomized rats caused a significant depression of serum thyrotropin (TSH). Serum TSH and triiodothyronine (T3) responses to cold exposure (4 +/- 1 C) were abolished by administration of anti-TRH serum. In addition, synthetic TRH lost its biological activity when bound to the gamma globulin fraction from the anti-TRH serum. These observations provide evidence that TRH is involved in the mechanism of enhanced TSH secretion from the pituitary following thyroidectomy and cold exposure.", "contents": "Suppression of serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations following thyroidectomy and cold exposure by passive immunization with antiserum to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rats. Administration of antiserum to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to thyroidectomized rats caused a significant depression of serum thyrotropin (TSH). Serum TSH and triiodothyronine (T3) responses to cold exposure (4 +/- 1 C) were abolished by administration of anti-TRH serum. In addition, synthetic TRH lost its biological activity when bound to the gamma globulin fraction from the anti-TRH serum. These observations provide evidence that TRH is involved in the mechanism of enhanced TSH secretion from the pituitary following thyroidectomy and cold exposure.", "PMID": 80734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7851", "title": "[Experiences with the electrophoretic mobility test in children. A diagnostic help in pediatric oncology? (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphocyte sensitisation to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was determined in 131 children with the electrophoretic mobility test (EM-test) to find out, whether this test may be helpful in the diagnosis of malignant disease in children. None of 34 healthy controls showed a decrease of electrophoretic mobility of more than 5%, while all 10 children with malignant solid tumors showed a slowing of more than 5%. 3 of 54 patients with non malignant disease showed a slowing of more than 5% in the EM-test. Children with malignant solid tumors during therapy and children with leukemia during different stages of the disease often showed a slowing of less than 5% in the EM-test. The possible diagnostic help of the EM-test is shown in a case history. Finally some technical remarks are made on improving this test, and further studies are suggested.", "contents": "[Experiences with the electrophoretic mobility test in children. A diagnostic help in pediatric oncology? (author's transl)]. Lymphocyte sensitisation to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was determined in 131 children with the electrophoretic mobility test (EM-test) to find out, whether this test may be helpful in the diagnosis of malignant disease in children. None of 34 healthy controls showed a decrease of electrophoretic mobility of more than 5%, while all 10 children with malignant solid tumors showed a slowing of more than 5%. 3 of 54 patients with non malignant disease showed a slowing of more than 5% in the EM-test. Children with malignant solid tumors during therapy and children with leukemia during different stages of the disease often showed a slowing of less than 5% in the EM-test. The possible diagnostic help of the EM-test is shown in a case history. Finally some technical remarks are made on improving this test, and further studies are suggested.", "PMID": 80743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7852", "title": "Responses of radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to lethal effects of bleomycin.", "content": "Haploid and diploid strains of yeast containing genes conferring radiation-sensitivity were studied under growing and nongrowing experimental conditions for their relative sensitivities to growth-inhibitory effects of bleomycin (BM). The rad1, rad2, rad3, rad4, rad5 (and allelic rev2), rad7, rad10, rad11, rad 12, rad14, rad15, rad16 and rev3 strains exhibited responses similar to normal (Rad+) yeast strains. It is concluded from these findings that the excision-repair function deficient in several of these mutant strains is not important for repair of bleomycin-induced damages in yeast. The sensitive strains contained rad6, rad9, rad18, rad22, rad50, rad51, rad52, rad53, rad54, rad55, rad56, rad57 and rs1. Strains bearing rad8 or rad19 could not be classified unambiguously. With one exception, all rad mutants found very sensitive to BM were sensitive to X-rays, suggesting that some aspect of the repair of BM- and X-ray-induced damages in yeast may be similar. Sensitivities to BM and radiation co-segregated in pedigrees following meiosis, and several BM-resistant revertants isolated from two rad6 mutant strains sensitive to BM, X-rays and UV were cross-resistant to all three agents. These results confirm that the rad mutants were responsible for the cross-sensitivities in the original strains.", "contents": "Responses of radiation-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to lethal effects of bleomycin. Haploid and diploid strains of yeast containing genes conferring radiation-sensitivity were studied under growing and nongrowing experimental conditions for their relative sensitivities to growth-inhibitory effects of bleomycin (BM). The rad1, rad2, rad3, rad4, rad5 (and allelic rev2), rad7, rad10, rad11, rad 12, rad14, rad15, rad16 and rev3 strains exhibited responses similar to normal (Rad+) yeast strains. It is concluded from these findings that the excision-repair function deficient in several of these mutant strains is not important for repair of bleomycin-induced damages in yeast. The sensitive strains contained rad6, rad9, rad18, rad22, rad50, rad51, rad52, rad53, rad54, rad55, rad56, rad57 and rs1. Strains bearing rad8 or rad19 could not be classified unambiguously. With one exception, all rad mutants found very sensitive to BM were sensitive to X-rays, suggesting that some aspect of the repair of BM- and X-ray-induced damages in yeast may be similar. Sensitivities to BM and radiation co-segregated in pedigrees following meiosis, and several BM-resistant revertants isolated from two rad6 mutant strains sensitive to BM, X-rays and UV were cross-resistant to all three agents. These results confirm that the rad mutants were responsible for the cross-sensitivities in the original strains.", "PMID": 80746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7853", "title": "[Protein fractions and total proteins in serum of rats on high fat diets].", "content": "This paper deals with the behaviour of serum protein fractions in rats fed 22 resp. 52 weeks a 50% or 3% fat diet using Millipore electrophoresis. The total serum protein concentration was also estimated. In rats on the high-fat diet the albumin fraction significantly dropped, while elevated levels of alpha 1- and gamma-globulin fraction were found. Serum protein content was slightly elevated in rats fed the diet 22 weeks, but this elevation was only significant after 52 weeks feeding. Within the same diet group there were no significant differences observed.", "contents": "[Protein fractions and total proteins in serum of rats on high fat diets]. This paper deals with the behaviour of serum protein fractions in rats fed 22 resp. 52 weeks a 50% or 3% fat diet using Millipore electrophoresis. The total serum protein concentration was also estimated. In rats on the high-fat diet the albumin fraction significantly dropped, while elevated levels of alpha 1- and gamma-globulin fraction were found. Serum protein content was slightly elevated in rats fed the diet 22 weeks, but this elevation was only significant after 52 weeks feeding. Within the same diet group there were no significant differences observed.", "PMID": 80747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7854", "title": "Synthesis of an ovalbumin-like protein by Escherichia coli K12 harbouring a recombinant plasmid.", "content": "A cloned DNA transcript of ovalbumin mRNA was cut a few nucleotides away from the initiator codon, and fused in phase to the beginning of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. The hybrid gene has been cloned in E. coli where it produces large amounts of an ovalbumin-like protein.", "contents": "Synthesis of an ovalbumin-like protein by Escherichia coli K12 harbouring a recombinant plasmid. A cloned DNA transcript of ovalbumin mRNA was cut a few nucleotides away from the initiator codon, and fused in phase to the beginning of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. The hybrid gene has been cloned in E. coli where it produces large amounts of an ovalbumin-like protein.", "PMID": 80751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7855", "title": "Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on DNA synthesis in mouse lymphatic tissues.", "content": "5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-3H administered i. p. to mice is preferentially incorporated into nucleic acids in the spleen and thymus. The labeling of the spleen is maximal during first hours after drug administration and decreases rapidly thereafter. Following administration, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is metabolized giving rise to several new compounds. The incorporation of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is blocked by the simultaneously administered deoxycytidine to a lesser degree than that of deoxycytidine by the analogue. Maximal inhibition of deoxycytidine incorporation by the drug was observed in the spleen; the incorporation of thymidine under similar conditions was diminished only about 20%. However, pretreatment of the animals with the analogue resulted in a strong inhibition of thymidine incorporation (about 80%) both in the spleen and the thymus. Simultaneously the activity of thymidine and thymidylate kinases in cell-free spleen extracts was markedly depressed.", "contents": "Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on DNA synthesis in mouse lymphatic tissues. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-3H administered i. p. to mice is preferentially incorporated into nucleic acids in the spleen and thymus. The labeling of the spleen is maximal during first hours after drug administration and decreases rapidly thereafter. Following administration, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is metabolized giving rise to several new compounds. The incorporation of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is blocked by the simultaneously administered deoxycytidine to a lesser degree than that of deoxycytidine by the analogue. Maximal inhibition of deoxycytidine incorporation by the drug was observed in the spleen; the incorporation of thymidine under similar conditions was diminished only about 20%. However, pretreatment of the animals with the analogue resulted in a strong inhibition of thymidine incorporation (about 80%) both in the spleen and the thymus. Simultaneously the activity of thymidine and thymidylate kinases in cell-free spleen extracts was markedly depressed.", "PMID": 80754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7856", "title": "The retrovirus particles in human myeloma cells RPMI8226: morphological, biochemical, immunological and infective transmission studies.", "content": "The retrovirus designated RPMI8226V (isolated from human myeloma cells RPMI8226) has been characterized with respect to its morphological, biochemical and immunological properties as well as its propagation in various animal and human cells. The myeloma cells RPMI8226 produce intracytoplasmatic A-type particles and extracellular particles. The extracellular particles have been classified as immature particles with translucent core center, typical mammalian C-type virus particles and C-type particles with intermediate membrane. However, the budded particles in secondarily infected human neoplastic cells contained complete doughnut-shaped nucleoids. This type of budding is rather characteristic for B-type particles. The 3H-uridine labeled RPMI8226 viral particles have a buoyant density 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradient containing high molecular weight RNA and the distribution of viral structural proteins in SDS-PAGE is characteristic for oncornaviruses. The internal structural proteins according to MW are ranged from 13 000 to 30 000 daltons. The virus contains a magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase. The cellular homogenate and viral concentrate from RPMI8226 cultures do not react with antibodies against ALSV, MuLV, FeLV, RD114, MP-MV and SiSLV. The only reaction was scored with anti BLV antibodies. However, anti BLV serum inhibiting the reverse transcriptase activity of BLV to 60% does not cross-react with the reverse transcriptase of RPMI8226V. In contrast to BLV concentrates, neither XC nor KC cells show syncytia formation by RPMI8226V. The RPMI8226V replication is restricted to human tumor and normal human glia-like cells. The possible origin of the virus is discussed.", "contents": "The retrovirus particles in human myeloma cells RPMI8226: morphological, biochemical, immunological and infective transmission studies. The retrovirus designated RPMI8226V (isolated from human myeloma cells RPMI8226) has been characterized with respect to its morphological, biochemical and immunological properties as well as its propagation in various animal and human cells. The myeloma cells RPMI8226 produce intracytoplasmatic A-type particles and extracellular particles. The extracellular particles have been classified as immature particles with translucent core center, typical mammalian C-type virus particles and C-type particles with intermediate membrane. However, the budded particles in secondarily infected human neoplastic cells contained complete doughnut-shaped nucleoids. This type of budding is rather characteristic for B-type particles. The 3H-uridine labeled RPMI8226 viral particles have a buoyant density 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradient containing high molecular weight RNA and the distribution of viral structural proteins in SDS-PAGE is characteristic for oncornaviruses. The internal structural proteins according to MW are ranged from 13 000 to 30 000 daltons. The virus contains a magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase. The cellular homogenate and viral concentrate from RPMI8226 cultures do not react with antibodies against ALSV, MuLV, FeLV, RD114, MP-MV and SiSLV. The only reaction was scored with anti BLV antibodies. However, anti BLV serum inhibiting the reverse transcriptase activity of BLV to 60% does not cross-react with the reverse transcriptase of RPMI8226V. In contrast to BLV concentrates, neither XC nor KC cells show syncytia formation by RPMI8226V. The RPMI8226V replication is restricted to human tumor and normal human glia-like cells. The possible origin of the virus is discussed.", "PMID": 80755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7857", "title": "Checking of carcinoma patients with the leukocyte migration technique (LMT) under agarose.", "content": "Leukocyte migration tests under agarose (Clausen technique) were performed in 28 patients tentatively diagnosed as having any malignancy with the use of a 3 M KCl-extract panel prepared from bronchogenic, gastric, colonic, renal, and mammary carcinoma, corresponding normal tissues, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and human encephalitogenic protein (HEP). 17 out of 22 proven carcinoma patients showed sensitization by reaction with optimal concentrated KCl-extract of cancer from the same organ type as their own tumor. In some cases positive reactions could be observed also with normal tissue antigen (NTA) of tumor organ type (7/22) or with an additional carcinoma extract of organ type differing from patients own primary tumor (8/22). Gastrointestinal carcinomas, especially, showed sensitization to CEA (7/12) contrary to nongastrointestinal carcinomas (1/10). With HEP no positive reactivity could be found (0/10). With the use of tumor antigen panel (5 antigens) only few positive reactions (MI less than 0.80 or greater than 1.20) could be observed in 6 patients with nonmalignant diseases (1/30 tests) and 8 healthy blood donors (1/40 tests). A widespread individual screening program using tissue antigens for patients suspected of malignancies could give a pattern of reactivities and improve the recognition of cell-mediated sensitization against tumor tissues.", "contents": "Checking of carcinoma patients with the leukocyte migration technique (LMT) under agarose. Leukocyte migration tests under agarose (Clausen technique) were performed in 28 patients tentatively diagnosed as having any malignancy with the use of a 3 M KCl-extract panel prepared from bronchogenic, gastric, colonic, renal, and mammary carcinoma, corresponding normal tissues, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and human encephalitogenic protein (HEP). 17 out of 22 proven carcinoma patients showed sensitization by reaction with optimal concentrated KCl-extract of cancer from the same organ type as their own tumor. In some cases positive reactions could be observed also with normal tissue antigen (NTA) of tumor organ type (7/22) or with an additional carcinoma extract of organ type differing from patients own primary tumor (8/22). Gastrointestinal carcinomas, especially, showed sensitization to CEA (7/12) contrary to nongastrointestinal carcinomas (1/10). With HEP no positive reactivity could be found (0/10). With the use of tumor antigen panel (5 antigens) only few positive reactions (MI less than 0.80 or greater than 1.20) could be observed in 6 patients with nonmalignant diseases (1/30 tests) and 8 healthy blood donors (1/40 tests). A widespread individual screening program using tissue antigens for patients suspected of malignancies could give a pattern of reactivities and improve the recognition of cell-mediated sensitization against tumor tissues.", "PMID": 80756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7858", "title": "[Treatment of malignant lesions of the esophagus with the thermoprobe].", "content": "In inoperable stenosing tumours of the oesophagus the problem arises of maintaining oral food intake. As malignant cells are more cold-sensitive than normal cells oesophageal tumours may  be \"cold-coagulated\" with special probes. Preliminary results with this treatment in 28 patients are reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant lesions of the esophagus with the thermoprobe]. In inoperable stenosing tumours of the oesophagus the problem arises of maintaining oral food intake. As malignant cells are more cold-sensitive than normal cells oesophageal tumours may  be \"cold-coagulated\" with special probes. Preliminary results with this treatment in 28 patients are reported.", "PMID": 80769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7859", "title": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis: nine years experience.", "content": "The advent of techniques for the prenatal diagnosis of disease represents one of the most important advances in clinical genetics of the past decade. It has made it increasingly possible for parents to make informed decisions about reproduction. Physicians should think of genetic amniocentesis as one more method of assessing the status of a fetus at risk. It should be undertaken for a medical indication only, but the safety and accuracy are sufficiently established for it to be considered an integral part of providing high risk obstetrical care.", "contents": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis: nine years experience. The advent of techniques for the prenatal diagnosis of disease represents one of the most important advances in clinical genetics of the past decade. It has made it increasingly possible for parents to make informed decisions about reproduction. Physicians should think of genetic amniocentesis as one more method of assessing the status of a fetus at risk. It should be undertaken for a medical indication only, but the safety and accuracy are sufficiently established for it to be considered an integral part of providing high risk obstetrical care.", "PMID": 80771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7860", "title": "Neural tube defects: maternal serum screening and prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "Neural tube defects represent some of the most common and serious of the congenital malformations. Although elevation of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is not diagnostic, it does indicate an abnormality of the fetus in a very high proportion of cases. A normal level, however, does not exclude the possibility of a closed neural tube defect. It is therefore recommended that all amniocenteses performed between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation include measurement of alpha-fetoprotein. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein assay is a screening test and pilot studies will be necessary to determine its value as a routine prenatal blood test.", "contents": "Neural tube defects: maternal serum screening and prenatal diagnosis. Neural tube defects represent some of the most common and serious of the congenital malformations. Although elevation of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is not diagnostic, it does indicate an abnormality of the fetus in a very high proportion of cases. A normal level, however, does not exclude the possibility of a closed neural tube defect. It is therefore recommended that all amniocenteses performed between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation include measurement of alpha-fetoprotein. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein assay is a screening test and pilot studies will be necessary to determine its value as a routine prenatal blood test.", "PMID": 80780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7861", "title": "Some guidelines for uses of hypnotherapy in pediatrics.", "content": "Hypnotherapy has many uses in pediatrics, and its value, not only as a adjunct but also as a primary therapy for certain conditions, justifies its inclusion in pediatric training programs. Suggestion and expectation have long been related to therapeutic outcomes in medicine, but not all physicians know how to apply them constructively and systematically in communication with patients. In pediatrics there is a tendency to overlook opportunities in which hypnosis might be the treatment of choice. Because children engage in imagination and fantasy easily without the cognitive inhibitions of adults, they are able to use hypnosis more readily than adults. More research into the imaginative skills of children may facilitate understanding of learning mechanisms and make it possible for professionals to prevent the loss of the natural imaginative capacities in children and, therefore, enhance the ability of mature members of society to use these skills. In addition to reduction of specific symptoms through hypnotherapy, children benefit by the sense of mastery which they acquire, a sense which is surely needed to overcome the feelings of hopelessness, loss of control, and depression induced by many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in medicine.", "contents": "Some guidelines for uses of hypnotherapy in pediatrics. Hypnotherapy has many uses in pediatrics, and its value, not only as a adjunct but also as a primary therapy for certain conditions, justifies its inclusion in pediatric training programs. Suggestion and expectation have long been related to therapeutic outcomes in medicine, but not all physicians know how to apply them constructively and systematically in communication with patients. In pediatrics there is a tendency to overlook opportunities in which hypnosis might be the treatment of choice. Because children engage in imagination and fantasy easily without the cognitive inhibitions of adults, they are able to use hypnosis more readily than adults. More research into the imaginative skills of children may facilitate understanding of learning mechanisms and make it possible for professionals to prevent the loss of the natural imaginative capacities in children and, therefore, enhance the ability of mature members of society to use these skills. In addition to reduction of specific symptoms through hypnotherapy, children benefit by the sense of mastery which they acquire, a sense which is surely needed to overcome the feelings of hopelessness, loss of control, and depression induced by many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in medicine.", "PMID": 80783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7862", "title": "Sequence specific cleavage of DNA by the antitumor antibiotics neocarzinostatin and bleomycin.", "content": "We have investigated the sites of DNA damage by the antitumor antibiotics neocarzinostatin and bleomycin by using a 5'-end-labeled DNA fragment of defined sequence as a substrate. At the high drug concentrations used here, neocarzinostatin creates single-strand breaks in DNA at positions of adenine and thymine in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, and bleomycin cleaves DNA at GC and GT sequences and to a lesser extent at TA sequences with its degradative activity enhanced by 2-mercaptoethanol. In the presence of ferrous ions, bleomycin cleaves DNA at TT, AT, and TA, as well as at GC and GT sequences. Both antibiotics make double-strand breaks in DNA at specific sites and it is likely that these result from two independent single-strand breaks at nearby sites on opposite strands of the DNA.", "contents": "Sequence specific cleavage of DNA by the antitumor antibiotics neocarzinostatin and bleomycin. We have investigated the sites of DNA damage by the antitumor antibiotics neocarzinostatin and bleomycin by using a 5'-end-labeled DNA fragment of defined sequence as a substrate. At the high drug concentrations used here, neocarzinostatin creates single-strand breaks in DNA at positions of adenine and thymine in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, and bleomycin cleaves DNA at GC and GT sequences and to a lesser extent at TA sequences with its degradative activity enhanced by 2-mercaptoethanol. In the presence of ferrous ions, bleomycin cleaves DNA at TT, AT, and TA, as well as at GC and GT sequences. Both antibiotics make double-strand breaks in DNA at specific sites and it is likely that these result from two independent single-strand breaks at nearby sites on opposite strands of the DNA.", "PMID": 80799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7863", "title": "Association of mitochondria with microtubules in cultured cells.", "content": "By indirect immunofluorescence techniques, microtubules and mitochondria were localized in normal rat kidney cells, human WI38 fibroblasts, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and a putative smooth muscle rat cell line, in monolayer culture. The mitochondria were found to be arranged along the cytoplasmic microtubules in each cell type. Disruption of the microtubules with colcemid caused a redistribution of the mitochondria in these cells. There was no correlation between the location of the mitochondria and actin-containing filaments. This evidence suggests that mitochondria are directly or indirectly associated with microtubules in these cells.", "contents": "Association of mitochondria with microtubules in cultured cells. By indirect immunofluorescence techniques, microtubules and mitochondria were localized in normal rat kidney cells, human WI38 fibroblasts, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and a putative smooth muscle rat cell line, in monolayer culture. The mitochondria were found to be arranged along the cytoplasmic microtubules in each cell type. Disruption of the microtubules with colcemid caused a redistribution of the mitochondria in these cells. There was no correlation between the location of the mitochondria and actin-containing filaments. This evidence suggests that mitochondria are directly or indirectly associated with microtubules in these cells.", "PMID": 80800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7864", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in large calf agglomerations.", "content": "The zinc sulphate turbidity test was used to establish the total immunoglobulin levels of calves from birth to 4 months of age. Colostral immunity fell rapidly and the lowest levels were found in the third and fourth week of life. During the fifth week there was a significant increase. 25% of animals were hypogammaglobulinaemic in the first week of life. This ratio increased to 50% in the third week of life. At the age of two months the lowest immunoglobulin levels almost vanished. These findings are discussed as basic information for the appropriate management of calf agglomerations. Animals should be agglomerated only after the first months of life. When this is not possible, the pens for large agglomerations should have individual housing for the newly admitted calves. The importance of appropriate epizootological measures to reduce infections are pointed out.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in large calf agglomerations. The zinc sulphate turbidity test was used to establish the total immunoglobulin levels of calves from birth to 4 months of age. Colostral immunity fell rapidly and the lowest levels were found in the third and fourth week of life. During the fifth week there was a significant increase. 25% of animals were hypogammaglobulinaemic in the first week of life. This ratio increased to 50% in the third week of life. At the age of two months the lowest immunoglobulin levels almost vanished. These findings are discussed as basic information for the appropriate management of calf agglomerations. Animals should be agglomerated only after the first months of life. When this is not possible, the pens for large agglomerations should have individual housing for the newly admitted calves. The importance of appropriate epizootological measures to reduce infections are pointed out.", "PMID": 80804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7865", "title": "Massive postoperative facial edema in a rhytidectomy. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of massive facial edema secondary to an uncomplicated face-lift procedure, and we discuss the mechanisms of histamine release.", "contents": "Massive postoperative facial edema in a rhytidectomy. Case report. We present a case of massive facial edema secondary to an uncomplicated face-lift procedure, and we discuss the mechanisms of histamine release.", "PMID": 80805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7866", "title": "Parental symbolism in the doctor image of asthmatic patients.", "content": "In a group of asthmatic adult subjects (n = 88) the maternal and paternal aspects in the doctor image have been invesigated. The Semantic Differential Parental, an item list consisting of 18 paternal and 18 maternal items, was employed. With this item list the following concepts were scored: the doctor, the father, the ideal father, the mother, and the ideal mother. In the formation of the doctor image, the contribution of maternal and paternal qualities were both qualitatively as well as quantitatively studied and compared with the parental images. The acquired data are interpreted in comparison with the findings of former studies, with the same methodology, in groups of neurotic, schizophrenic and mixed psychosomatic patients. It appears that asthmatic patients consider the doctor mostly as a minimally differentiated omnipotent figure, possessing all parental qualities, but excelling by paternity, instrumental and nurturance functions. We notice a close likeness with the doctor image of the mixed group of psychosomatic patients. In contrast to neurotics, who project on the doctor more the norm giving pole of paternity and the receptivity pole of maternity, for asthmatics and psychosomatic patients in general the doctor figure is invested with the all-embracing power qualities of both parents.", "contents": "Parental symbolism in the doctor image of asthmatic patients. In a group of asthmatic adult subjects (n = 88) the maternal and paternal aspects in the doctor image have been invesigated. The Semantic Differential Parental, an item list consisting of 18 paternal and 18 maternal items, was employed. With this item list the following concepts were scored: the doctor, the father, the ideal father, the mother, and the ideal mother. In the formation of the doctor image, the contribution of maternal and paternal qualities were both qualitatively as well as quantitatively studied and compared with the parental images. The acquired data are interpreted in comparison with the findings of former studies, with the same methodology, in groups of neurotic, schizophrenic and mixed psychosomatic patients. It appears that asthmatic patients consider the doctor mostly as a minimally differentiated omnipotent figure, possessing all parental qualities, but excelling by paternity, instrumental and nurturance functions. We notice a close likeness with the doctor image of the mixed group of psychosomatic patients. In contrast to neurotics, who project on the doctor more the norm giving pole of paternity and the receptivity pole of maternity, for asthmatics and psychosomatic patients in general the doctor figure is invested with the all-embracing power qualities of both parents.", "PMID": 80806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7867", "title": "Quantification of gastrin-producing cells (G cells) and parietal cells in relation to histopathological alterations in resected stomachs from patients with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The distribution and numbers of G cells and of parietal cells were related to the distribution and severity of histopathological alterations (inflammatory cell infiltration, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) in corresponding mucosal tissue blocks from resected stomachs (12 patients with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ulcer, and 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia). In all patients the histopathological features were more severe in the pyloric antrum than in the body, and the change in severity corresponded well with the disapperance of G cells at the body-antrum border. The transitional body-antrum zone was histopathologically similar to the remaining antrum. A marked individual heterogeneity of the histopathological alterations was observed. An increasing grade of atrophy was associated with increased severity of inflammation, and the presence of intestinal metaplasia was especially associated with atrophy. No significant correlation was found between the antral G-cell number and the grade of antral inflammatory cell infiltration, whereas there was a reduction in cell number with increasing grade of atrophy in all patient categories. The parietal-cell density in the body mucosa was decreased with increasing grade of inflammation as well as with increasing grade of atrophy. The presence of patchy intestinal metaplasia resulted in a complete absence of G cells and of parietal cells from the corresponding part of the mucosa in the antrum and body respectively.", "contents": "Quantification of gastrin-producing cells (G cells) and parietal cells in relation to histopathological alterations in resected stomachs from patients with peptic ulcer disease. The distribution and numbers of G cells and of parietal cells were related to the distribution and severity of histopathological alterations (inflammatory cell infiltration, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) in corresponding mucosal tissue blocks from resected stomachs (12 patients with gastric ulcer, 11 with duodenal ulcer, and 14 with duodenal ulcer and uremia). In all patients the histopathological features were more severe in the pyloric antrum than in the body, and the change in severity corresponded well with the disapperance of G cells at the body-antrum border. The transitional body-antrum zone was histopathologically similar to the remaining antrum. A marked individual heterogeneity of the histopathological alterations was observed. An increasing grade of atrophy was associated with increased severity of inflammation, and the presence of intestinal metaplasia was especially associated with atrophy. No significant correlation was found between the antral G-cell number and the grade of antral inflammatory cell infiltration, whereas there was a reduction in cell number with increasing grade of atrophy in all patient categories. The parietal-cell density in the body mucosa was decreased with increasing grade of inflammation as well as with increasing grade of atrophy. The presence of patchy intestinal metaplasia resulted in a complete absence of G cells and of parietal cells from the corresponding part of the mucosa in the antrum and body respectively.", "PMID": 80819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7868", "title": "Serum hormone levels in benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "The peripheral serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and total estrone (sum of free + conjugated estrone, mainly estrone sulphate) were determined in 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) aged 59--79 years and in 49 healthy men aged 58--79 years. There were no significant differences in the levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. The level of total estrone was significantly higher in the BPH group (p less than 0.05). The results are in accordance with our previous study on the urinary estrogen excretion in BPH and give additional support to the hypotheses concerning a role of the estrogens in the etiology of BPH.", "contents": "Serum hormone levels in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The peripheral serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and total estrone (sum of free + conjugated estrone, mainly estrone sulphate) were determined in 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) aged 59--79 years and in 49 healthy men aged 58--79 years. There were no significant differences in the levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. The level of total estrone was significantly higher in the BPH group (p less than 0.05). The results are in accordance with our previous study on the urinary estrogen excretion in BPH and give additional support to the hypotheses concerning a role of the estrogens in the etiology of BPH.", "PMID": 80820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7869", "title": "[Prenatal alpha fetoprotein screening for defects in the neural tube].", "content": "Abnormally increased alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) in the serum of women in the 16th--18th week of pregnancy defines a group of individuals with a high risk for open neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly). Repeated measurement of AFP, ultrasound and further clinical examination serve to exclude other situations associated with high serum AFP such as threatened or missed abortion, wrongly estimated duration of pregnancy, twins, etc. Suspicion of fetal neural tube defect can be substantiated by measurement of AFP in the amniotic fluid following amniocentesis to an extent which renders interruption of pregnancy justifiable. A symposium held in Zurich is reported whose purpose was to summarize the present state of knowledge and discuss the possibility of a screening program for Switzerland. It is estimated that in this country 0.8--1.3 cases of spina bifida and 0.1--1 case of anencephaly per 1000 births occur, rendering screening justifiable. The points which prompted most discussion were ethical questions. A Swiss study group was constituted for further evaluation of the matter.", "contents": "[Prenatal alpha fetoprotein screening for defects in the neural tube]. Abnormally increased alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) in the serum of women in the 16th--18th week of pregnancy defines a group of individuals with a high risk for open neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly). Repeated measurement of AFP, ultrasound and further clinical examination serve to exclude other situations associated with high serum AFP such as threatened or missed abortion, wrongly estimated duration of pregnancy, twins, etc. Suspicion of fetal neural tube defect can be substantiated by measurement of AFP in the amniotic fluid following amniocentesis to an extent which renders interruption of pregnancy justifiable. A symposium held in Zurich is reported whose purpose was to summarize the present state of knowledge and discuss the possibility of a screening program for Switzerland. It is estimated that in this country 0.8--1.3 cases of spina bifida and 0.1--1 case of anencephaly per 1000 births occur, rendering screening justifiable. The points which prompted most discussion were ethical questions. A Swiss study group was constituted for further evaluation of the matter.", "PMID": 80821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7870", "title": "[Antibodies against various antigenic determinants in the factor VIII molecule (proceedings)].", "content": "Specific antibodies against human factor VIII have been prepared in rabbits and ducks. These antibodies differ from each other in that duck anti VIII antibody precipitates human and rabbit factor VIII, whereas rabbit antibody does not precipitate its own factor VIII. It is possible that the two antisera detect carriers differently.", "contents": "[Antibodies against various antigenic determinants in the factor VIII molecule (proceedings)]. Specific antibodies against human factor VIII have been prepared in rabbits and ducks. These antibodies differ from each other in that duck anti VIII antibody precipitates human and rabbit factor VIII, whereas rabbit antibody does not precipitate its own factor VIII. It is possible that the two antisera detect carriers differently.", "PMID": 80822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7871", "title": "Biological properties of virus-induced interferons.", "content": "Both mouse and human cells elaborate more than one molecular species of interferon. Mouse interferon consists of a number of polypeptides which all probably have antiviral activity. Human fibroblast interferon is a single polypeptide, but other human cells produce special species of interferons, which show different physical and biological properties. The human interferons certainly differ in their extent of glycosylation and hydrophobicity, and may have different amino-acid sequences, since it has recently been reported that when the messenger RNAs extracted from fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cells are translated in Xenopus oocytes, the products are antigenically distinguishable (26,29,40). If the polypeptide sequences are different, then there may be at least two structural genes for human interferon. Both the antiviral and anticellular activities of mouse and human interferon probably reside in the same molecule.", "contents": "Biological properties of virus-induced interferons. Both mouse and human cells elaborate more than one molecular species of interferon. Mouse interferon consists of a number of polypeptides which all probably have antiviral activity. Human fibroblast interferon is a single polypeptide, but other human cells produce special species of interferons, which show different physical and biological properties. The human interferons certainly differ in their extent of glycosylation and hydrophobicity, and may have different amino-acid sequences, since it has recently been reported that when the messenger RNAs extracted from fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cells are translated in Xenopus oocytes, the products are antigenically distinguishable (26,29,40). If the polypeptide sequences are different, then there may be at least two structural genes for human interferon. Both the antiviral and anticellular activities of mouse and human interferon probably reside in the same molecule.", "PMID": 80828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7872", "title": "Some properties of interferons induced by stimulants of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Murine interferons induced by viruses and by non viral substances such as lectins, tilorone, lipopolysaccharide and Brucella have been analysed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose coupled to anti-bodies directed against viral interferon. B cell stimulants induced interferons which are antigenically related to viral interferon and T cell dependent mitogens induced an interferon species which appears to be antigenically and physicochemically different. Despite their antigenic differences, both kinds of interferon seem to follow similar pathways for the induction of the antiviral state (sensitivity to antimetabolites, and in vitro phosphorylation of a 67 000 MW protein).", "contents": "Some properties of interferons induced by stimulants of T and B lymphocytes. Murine interferons induced by viruses and by non viral substances such as lectins, tilorone, lipopolysaccharide and Brucella have been analysed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose coupled to anti-bodies directed against viral interferon. B cell stimulants induced interferons which are antigenically related to viral interferon and T cell dependent mitogens induced an interferon species which appears to be antigenically and physicochemically different. Despite their antigenic differences, both kinds of interferon seem to follow similar pathways for the induction of the antiviral state (sensitivity to antimetabolites, and in vitro phosphorylation of a 67 000 MW protein).", "PMID": 80830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7873", "title": "Mitral stenosis in Whipple's disease.", "content": "A patient who died of Whipple's disease had moderate mitral stenosis with large firm yellow vegetations on the contact area of the mitral leaflets. Light microsocopy showed PAS positive macrophages within the thickened cusps and overlying vegetations. Negative images of rod-shaped bodies were visible in the cytoplasm of the histiocytes. No Aschoff bodies were seen, and there was no history of rheumatic fever. The findings in this patient lend support to the concept that chronic rheumatic type valvar deformity may result from a persistent intrinsic infectious agent.", "contents": "Mitral stenosis in Whipple's disease. A patient who died of Whipple's disease had moderate mitral stenosis with large firm yellow vegetations on the contact area of the mitral leaflets. Light microsocopy showed PAS positive macrophages within the thickened cusps and overlying vegetations. Negative images of rod-shaped bodies were visible in the cytoplasm of the histiocytes. No Aschoff bodies were seen, and there was no history of rheumatic fever. The findings in this patient lend support to the concept that chronic rheumatic type valvar deformity may result from a persistent intrinsic infectious agent.", "PMID": 80832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7874", "title": "False HLA--D assignments may be caused by cytotoxic responder lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes from a healthy female repeatedly giving rise to MLC-typing response against HLA--D homozygous typing cells of three different specificities were investigated for cytotoxic capacity by the direct CML technique. Testing against a panel indicated the presence of circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes with specificity towards HLA--A2. When tested against selected HLA--D homozygous typing cells, the pattern of CML reactivity closely resembled the pattern of MLC-typing responses, i.e. typing responses were mostly restricted by the presence of HLA--A2 on the stimulator cells. This pattern was also found when time course studies of Cr--51 release were performed using experimental conditions identical to ordinary MLC typing, but involving chromium-51 labeled, irradiated homozygous typing cells as targets. These studies indicate that the presence of in vivo educated cytotoxic lymphocytes among the responder lymphocytes may in some instances mimic typing responses. Such lymphocytes are thought to lyse relevant stimulator lymphocytes prior to initiation of the proliferative response.", "contents": "False HLA--D assignments may be caused by cytotoxic responder lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from a healthy female repeatedly giving rise to MLC-typing response against HLA--D homozygous typing cells of three different specificities were investigated for cytotoxic capacity by the direct CML technique. Testing against a panel indicated the presence of circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes with specificity towards HLA--A2. When tested against selected HLA--D homozygous typing cells, the pattern of CML reactivity closely resembled the pattern of MLC-typing responses, i.e. typing responses were mostly restricted by the presence of HLA--A2 on the stimulator cells. This pattern was also found when time course studies of Cr--51 release were performed using experimental conditions identical to ordinary MLC typing, but involving chromium-51 labeled, irradiated homozygous typing cells as targets. These studies indicate that the presence of in vivo educated cytotoxic lymphocytes among the responder lymphocytes may in some instances mimic typing responses. Such lymphocytes are thought to lyse relevant stimulator lymphocytes prior to initiation of the proliferative response.", "PMID": 80833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7875", "title": "Low responsiveness in MLC induced by certain HLA--A antigens on the stimulator cells.", "content": "An individual, BK, repeatedly gave typing responses against homozygous typing cells representing more than two HLA--D antigens. Family studies showed that she had inherited the HLA--Dw2 and Dw7 determinants, in agreement with results from primed lymphocyte typing. The HLA--A, B, C types of the stimulators giving rise to unexpected typing responses all involved the HLA--A1, A3 or A11 antigens. The hypothesis of this specificity in low-responsiveness was confirmed in the independent stimulator sample provided by the 7th workshop homozygous typing cell panel. The same pattern was observed when BK was tested as a responder towards related and unrelated heterozygous stimulators. Furthermore, in three-cell experiments it was found that BK cells were able to suppress the response to the Dw-identical individual, BS, towards stimulators carrying HLA--A1, A3, or A11. This effect of BK's cells appeared to be radiosensitive. We were not able to demonstrate suppressive supernatant factors in the relevant cultures, neither were we able to find circulating cytotoxic cells by the direct CML-technique, nor an accelerated cytotoxic response by the indirect CML-technique against targets carrying HLA--A1 or A3. This is the first demonstration of induction of suppressor cells in MLC by HLA--A, B, C antigens in the stimulator cells.", "contents": "Low responsiveness in MLC induced by certain HLA--A antigens on the stimulator cells. An individual, BK, repeatedly gave typing responses against homozygous typing cells representing more than two HLA--D antigens. Family studies showed that she had inherited the HLA--Dw2 and Dw7 determinants, in agreement with results from primed lymphocyte typing. The HLA--A, B, C types of the stimulators giving rise to unexpected typing responses all involved the HLA--A1, A3 or A11 antigens. The hypothesis of this specificity in low-responsiveness was confirmed in the independent stimulator sample provided by the 7th workshop homozygous typing cell panel. The same pattern was observed when BK was tested as a responder towards related and unrelated heterozygous stimulators. Furthermore, in three-cell experiments it was found that BK cells were able to suppress the response to the Dw-identical individual, BS, towards stimulators carrying HLA--A1, A3, or A11. This effect of BK's cells appeared to be radiosensitive. We were not able to demonstrate suppressive supernatant factors in the relevant cultures, neither were we able to find circulating cytotoxic cells by the direct CML-technique, nor an accelerated cytotoxic response by the indirect CML-technique against targets carrying HLA--A1 or A3. This is the first demonstration of induction of suppressor cells in MLC by HLA--A, B, C antigens in the stimulator cells.", "PMID": 80834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7876", "title": "Proliferative response of H-2 incompatible leukocytes to an Abelson virus-induced lymphoma cell line apparently not expressing Ia-antigens.", "content": "The proliferative response of normal lymph node cells from different mouse strains to an Abelson virus-induced leukemic cell line (MLVA) in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) has been investigated. MLVA leukemic cells do stimulate a specific response and the stimulating determinants are controlled, most likely, by genes in the K-end of the H--2 complex. However, using two different anti-Ia sera and different assay systems, we were unable to detect the expression of Ia-antigens on MLVA. In addition, an alloantiserum raised against MLVA, and absorbed with P815, a nonstimulating mastocytoma cell line, showed no residual activity against MLVA cells.", "contents": "Proliferative response of H-2 incompatible leukocytes to an Abelson virus-induced lymphoma cell line apparently not expressing Ia-antigens. The proliferative response of normal lymph node cells from different mouse strains to an Abelson virus-induced leukemic cell line (MLVA) in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) has been investigated. MLVA leukemic cells do stimulate a specific response and the stimulating determinants are controlled, most likely, by genes in the K-end of the H--2 complex. However, using two different anti-Ia sera and different assay systems, we were unable to detect the expression of Ia-antigens on MLVA. In addition, an alloantiserum raised against MLVA, and absorbed with P815, a nonstimulating mastocytoma cell line, showed no residual activity against MLVA cells.", "PMID": 80835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7877", "title": "Studies of the HLA complex in families of children with congenital heart disease.", "content": "In order to test the hypothesis that HLA-linked developmental determinants are involved in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease, we performed tissue typing on 10 families in which two or more siblings had cardiac malformations. No association between the occurrence of congenital heart disease and the HLA complex was found.", "contents": "Studies of the HLA complex in families of children with congenital heart disease. In order to test the hypothesis that HLA-linked developmental determinants are involved in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease, we performed tissue typing on 10 families in which two or more siblings had cardiac malformations. No association between the occurrence of congenital heart disease and the HLA complex was found.", "PMID": 80836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7878", "title": "New HLA--D specificity included in Dw7.", "content": "An HLA--D homozygous typing cell -- MS -- was found to induce typing responses with a phenotype frequency of 7% tested in a panel of 202 random individuals. All but two of these were positive for HLA--Dw7, which implies that the MS cell defines a split of Dw7. The new subgroups, MS, is associated with B12. Three individuals positive for MS but lacking Dw7 were found to be B13 positive. The relationship of the MS specificity to HLA--Dw11 has yet to be defined.", "contents": "New HLA--D specificity included in Dw7. An HLA--D homozygous typing cell -- MS -- was found to induce typing responses with a phenotype frequency of 7% tested in a panel of 202 random individuals. All but two of these were positive for HLA--Dw7, which implies that the MS cell defines a split of Dw7. The new subgroups, MS, is associated with B12. Three individuals positive for MS but lacking Dw7 were found to be B13 positive. The relationship of the MS specificity to HLA--Dw11 has yet to be defined.", "PMID": 80837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7879", "title": "HLA and Japanese MS.", "content": "Determination of HLA-A, -B and -C types in 43 Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and of DR type in 25 MS patients was carried out using antisera from the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop. The results were compared with 46 controls typed simultaneously. Twenty-three patients were also tested for HLA-Dw2. The conclusions were: 1) There were no significantly higher occurrences of HLA-A3, B7, Dw2 or DRw2 in Japanese MS. 2) Japanese MS might nevertheless be associated with the human major histocompatibility complex, because HLA-B40 was significantly less frequent in MS and two anti HLA-DRw sera, 7w008 and 034, reacted positively more often against lymphocytes from MS patients.", "contents": "HLA and Japanese MS. Determination of HLA-A, -B and -C types in 43 Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and of DR type in 25 MS patients was carried out using antisera from the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop. The results were compared with 46 controls typed simultaneously. Twenty-three patients were also tested for HLA-Dw2. The conclusions were: 1) There were no significantly higher occurrences of HLA-A3, B7, Dw2 or DRw2 in Japanese MS. 2) Japanese MS might nevertheless be associated with the human major histocompatibility complex, because HLA-B40 was significantly less frequent in MS and two anti HLA-DRw sera, 7w008 and 034, reacted positively more often against lymphocytes from MS patients.", "PMID": 80838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7880", "title": "Studies of HLA alloantigens of the Navajo Indians of North America. I. Variance of association between HLA-DRW (WIA) and HLA-DW specificities.", "content": "As a part of the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop, 49 randomly selected Navajo Indians were B-cell (DR) typed. Thirty-three of these individuals were also HLA-D (L.D.) typed with the Caucasian derived Copenhagen homozygous testing cell panel. DRW 2, 7, and WIA 8 were clearly defined while DRW 3 and 4 were less well defined and DRW 1, 5, and 6 were not defined in this population by the Workshop antisera. There was highly significant correlation between DRW 7/DW 7 and WIA 8/DW 8 but no correlation at all between DRW 2/DW 2, DRW 3/DW 3 and DRW 4/DW4. These results, in part, were discordant with the finding of the 7th Workshop and suggest that either DRW (WIA) and DW alloantigens are the product of more than one gene locus or that these antigens are a product of one gene locus but that each antigen molecule has multiple factors.", "contents": "Studies of HLA alloantigens of the Navajo Indians of North America. I. Variance of association between HLA-DRW (WIA) and HLA-DW specificities. As a part of the 7th International Histocompatibility Workshop, 49 randomly selected Navajo Indians were B-cell (DR) typed. Thirty-three of these individuals were also HLA-D (L.D.) typed with the Caucasian derived Copenhagen homozygous testing cell panel. DRW 2, 7, and WIA 8 were clearly defined while DRW 3 and 4 were less well defined and DRW 1, 5, and 6 were not defined in this population by the Workshop antisera. There was highly significant correlation between DRW 7/DW 7 and WIA 8/DW 8 but no correlation at all between DRW 2/DW 2, DRW 3/DW 3 and DRW 4/DW4. These results, in part, were discordant with the finding of the 7th Workshop and suggest that either DRW (WIA) and DW alloantigens are the product of more than one gene locus or that these antigens are a product of one gene locus but that each antigen molecule has multiple factors.", "PMID": 80839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7881", "title": "A conjugate of cellulase with fluorescein isothiocyanate: a specific stain for cellulose.", "content": "A fluorescent technique has been developed for in situ staining of cellulose. The staining agent in conjugate of cellulase and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Application of this agent does not disturb intercellular or intracellular substances. The technique depends on the specific binding of the fluorescent labeled enzyme to its substrate. The stain has been tested on cell-free noncellulose polysaccharides similar to cellulose and does not stain them. The technique has been used to localize cellulose during the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum with results that correspond to previous work using other methods.", "contents": "A conjugate of cellulase with fluorescein isothiocyanate: a specific stain for cellulose. A fluorescent technique has been developed for in situ staining of cellulose. The staining agent in conjugate of cellulase and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Application of this agent does not disturb intercellular or intracellular substances. The technique depends on the specific binding of the fluorescent labeled enzyme to its substrate. The stain has been tested on cell-free noncellulose polysaccharides similar to cellulose and does not stain them. The technique has been used to localize cellulose during the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum with results that correspond to previous work using other methods.", "PMID": 80840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7882", "title": "Effects of hydrogen ion dissociation and concentration of the reactivity of dichromate-fixed tissue components to the PAS procedure: recommendations for reducing undesirable background staining.", "content": "The undesirable PAS reactivity of cytoplasmic aldehydes after dichromate fixation can be suppressed without affecting selective staining by lowering the pH of Lillie's Cold Schiff reagent to 1.5. Alternatively, dilution of pH 2.2 Cold Schiff reagent with distilled water (1:2) is recommended. Hydrogen ion concentration and dissociation effect the rate of color formation in various PAS positive sites differentially with respect to the time of incubation in Schiff reagent. Based on the experiments, aldehydes exposed in different tissue components appear to be chemically distinct and separable depending on the rate of color formation and duration of incubation in Schiff reagent.", "contents": "Effects of hydrogen ion dissociation and concentration of the reactivity of dichromate-fixed tissue components to the PAS procedure: recommendations for reducing undesirable background staining. The undesirable PAS reactivity of cytoplasmic aldehydes after dichromate fixation can be suppressed without affecting selective staining by lowering the pH of Lillie's Cold Schiff reagent to 1.5. Alternatively, dilution of pH 2.2 Cold Schiff reagent with distilled water (1:2) is recommended. Hydrogen ion concentration and dissociation effect the rate of color formation in various PAS positive sites differentially with respect to the time of incubation in Schiff reagent. Based on the experiments, aldehydes exposed in different tissue components appear to be chemically distinct and separable depending on the rate of color formation and duration of incubation in Schiff reagent.", "PMID": 80841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7883", "title": "Identification of oleoresin in epoxy-embedded slash pine tissue.", "content": "Sudan black B stains oleoresin blue-black in epoxy-embedded material as well as in living tissue. The Sudan black B staining properties of oleoresin are similar to those of lipid, but it can be distinguished from tannin, which stains brown. Pratically all oleoresin present in resin  ducts and intercellular spaces, and much of that contained in epithelial and ray cells, is extracted in preparatory procedure for electron microscopy. A fixation procedure is proposed which preserves significantly more oleoresin in situ. The use of Sudan black B enables one to localize oleoresin by light microscopy, and permits direct comparison of adjacent sections of epoxy-embedded material at the ultrastructure level. Ultrastructurally oleoresin and lipid possess similar electron densities and can be distinguished from the highly electron-opaque tannin deposits.", "contents": "Identification of oleoresin in epoxy-embedded slash pine tissue. Sudan black B stains oleoresin blue-black in epoxy-embedded material as well as in living tissue. The Sudan black B staining properties of oleoresin are similar to those of lipid, but it can be distinguished from tannin, which stains brown. Pratically all oleoresin present in resin  ducts and intercellular spaces, and much of that contained in epithelial and ray cells, is extracted in preparatory procedure for electron microscopy. A fixation procedure is proposed which preserves significantly more oleoresin in situ. The use of Sudan black B enables one to localize oleoresin by light microscopy, and permits direct comparison of adjacent sections of epoxy-embedded material at the ultrastructure level. Ultrastructurally oleoresin and lipid possess similar electron densities and can be distinguished from the highly electron-opaque tannin deposits.", "PMID": 80844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7884", "title": "Improved nuclear staining with mordant blue 3 as a hematoxylin substitute.", "content": "For progressive staining 1 g mordant blue 3, 0.5 g iron a alum and 10 ml hydrochloric acid are combined to make 1 liter with distlled water. Paraffin sections are stained 5 minutes blued in 0.5% sodium acetate for 30 seconds and counterstained with eosin. For regressive staining, 1 g dye, 9 g iron alum and 50 ml acetic acid are combined to make 1 liter with distilled water. Staining time is 5 minutes followed by differentiation in 1% acid alcohol and blueing in 0.5% sodium acetate. Counterstain with eosin. In both cases results very closely results very resemble a good hematoxylin and eosin.", "contents": "Improved nuclear staining with mordant blue 3 as a hematoxylin substitute. For progressive staining 1 g mordant blue 3, 0.5 g iron a alum and 10 ml hydrochloric acid are combined to make 1 liter with distlled water. Paraffin sections are stained 5 minutes blued in 0.5% sodium acetate for 30 seconds and counterstained with eosin. For regressive staining, 1 g dye, 9 g iron alum and 50 ml acetic acid are combined to make 1 liter with distilled water. Staining time is 5 minutes followed by differentiation in 1% acid alcohol and blueing in 0.5% sodium acetate. Counterstain with eosin. In both cases results very closely results very resemble a good hematoxylin and eosin.", "PMID": 80845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7885", "title": "Enhancing aniline blue fluorescent staining of cell wall structures.", "content": "Prior staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, toluidine blue O, Congo red, or Calcofluor White M2R New, or reduction by NaBH4 do not interfere with aniline blue-induced fluorescence of sieve plates, new cell walls, pit fields or tracheids in compression wood of conifers. Detail of such fluorescent structures is improved by these treatments because of increased contrast, reduced flare, and a quenching of autofluorescence.", "contents": "Enhancing aniline blue fluorescent staining of cell wall structures. Prior staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, toluidine blue O, Congo red, or Calcofluor White M2R New, or reduction by NaBH4 do not interfere with aniline blue-induced fluorescence of sieve plates, new cell walls, pit fields or tracheids in compression wood of conifers. Detail of such fluorescent structures is improved by these treatments because of increased contrast, reduced flare, and a quenching of autofluorescence.", "PMID": 80846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7886", "title": "Simple and durable staining of thick sections of the human brain for macroscopic study.", "content": "Observations on gross morphology of the brain is greatly facilitated by enhancing the contrast between gray and white matter. The proposed technique is much more simple than the generally recommended Mulligan method and it variations. Moreover, there is no loss of stain since the fugitive surface impregnation, obtained by the Mulligan method, is replaced by a thoroughgoing block-staining procedure with the nonfading copper phathalocyanine dye astra blue. Staining procedure: wash formalin-fixed brain slices overnight in running tap water. Place slices in performic acid for 1 hour. Wash in running tap water. Place slices individually in staining solution consisting of 0.1 g astra blue (Merck) in 1000 cc distilled water and 1 cc HCl (37%), for 12-24 hours. Wash in running tap water. Embed in gelatin and mount in plastic cuvettes.", "contents": "Simple and durable staining of thick sections of the human brain for macroscopic study. Observations on gross morphology of the brain is greatly facilitated by enhancing the contrast between gray and white matter. The proposed technique is much more simple than the generally recommended Mulligan method and it variations. Moreover, there is no loss of stain since the fugitive surface impregnation, obtained by the Mulligan method, is replaced by a thoroughgoing block-staining procedure with the nonfading copper phathalocyanine dye astra blue. Staining procedure: wash formalin-fixed brain slices overnight in running tap water. Place slices in performic acid for 1 hour. Wash in running tap water. Place slices individually in staining solution consisting of 0.1 g astra blue (Merck) in 1000 cc distilled water and 1 cc HCl (37%), for 12-24 hours. Wash in running tap water. Embed in gelatin and mount in plastic cuvettes.", "PMID": 80847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7887", "title": "Methods of preparation of fossil bone samples for light and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The methods described make possible the preparation of fossil samples for light nad transmission electron microscopy. To obtain good images with ground sections of bone, both the grinding process and classical bone staining techniques were modified, the latter by staining already made ground sections. Ground sections of suitable thickness were etched with a 4:1 mixture of 5% HNO3 and 2% OsO4 at a lowered temperature, thereby obtaining isolated osteocytes with a complete network of processes. Using the same method with thicker ground sections, the contents of vascular canals were isolated. The contents retained spatial relations permitting complete reconstruction of the vascular system of the bone in question. The isolated osteocytes, the vascular canal contents, and the isolated remnants of the intercellular organic part of this bone, subsequently embedded in Epon 812 and in methacrylate, made possible sections suitable for detailed analysis of the image of the surfaces of these elements. Polished surfaces of the fossil bone were replicated by the so-called clearing replicas technique adapted to fossil bone. The latter facilitated analysis of the ultrastructure of the surfaces of the vascular canals, isolated osteocytes and their processes, and analysis of the immediate proximity of these elements, since the technique preserves the mutual spatial relations intact.", "contents": "Methods of preparation of fossil bone samples for light and transmission electron microscopy. The methods described make possible the preparation of fossil samples for light nad transmission electron microscopy. To obtain good images with ground sections of bone, both the grinding process and classical bone staining techniques were modified, the latter by staining already made ground sections. Ground sections of suitable thickness were etched with a 4:1 mixture of 5% HNO3 and 2% OsO4 at a lowered temperature, thereby obtaining isolated osteocytes with a complete network of processes. Using the same method with thicker ground sections, the contents of vascular canals were isolated. The contents retained spatial relations permitting complete reconstruction of the vascular system of the bone in question. The isolated osteocytes, the vascular canal contents, and the isolated remnants of the intercellular organic part of this bone, subsequently embedded in Epon 812 and in methacrylate, made possible sections suitable for detailed analysis of the image of the surfaces of these elements. Polished surfaces of the fossil bone were replicated by the so-called clearing replicas technique adapted to fossil bone. The latter facilitated analysis of the ultrastructure of the surfaces of the vascular canals, isolated osteocytes and their processes, and analysis of the immediate proximity of these elements, since the technique preserves the mutual spatial relations intact.", "PMID": 80848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7888", "title": "[Efficiency of radiation therapy in the treatment of epipharyngeal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiotherapeutic results of 38 patients with malignant tumours of the epipharynx are analyzed. Only five patients had T1 and T2 lesions, while all the others suffered from more advanced tumours. Five patients revealed distant metastases at the beginning of palliative radiotherapy. For this reason, the 5-year survival rate was only 16%. Conversely, a local tumour control was achieved in more than two thirds of the patients (27/38). This result gives support to the suggestion that radiotherapy, either in combination with surgery or without it, is to be considered at this time as the most effective method of treatment for malignant tumours of the epipharynx.", "contents": "[Efficiency of radiation therapy in the treatment of epipharyngeal tumors (author's transl)]. The radiotherapeutic results of 38 patients with malignant tumours of the epipharynx are analyzed. Only five patients had T1 and T2 lesions, while all the others suffered from more advanced tumours. Five patients revealed distant metastases at the beginning of palliative radiotherapy. For this reason, the 5-year survival rate was only 16%. Conversely, a local tumour control was achieved in more than two thirds of the patients (27/38). This result gives support to the suggestion that radiotherapy, either in combination with surgery or without it, is to be considered at this time as the most effective method of treatment for malignant tumours of the epipharynx.", "PMID": 80849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7889", "title": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and myelin structure. II. Azimuth characteristic of surviving nerve fibers].", "content": "The dependence of fluorescence polarization of stained nerve fibres on the angle between the fibre axis and electrical vector of exciting light (azimuth characteristics) has been considered. Evidence is provided that the azimuth characteristics of stained nerve fibres depends on dye molecules adsorbed on the myelin sheath membranes. From the previous calculations it may be concluded that part of the dye molecules are oriented at a small angle to the geometrical axis of the nerve fibre.", "contents": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and myelin structure. II. Azimuth characteristic of surviving nerve fibers]. The dependence of fluorescence polarization of stained nerve fibres on the angle between the fibre axis and electrical vector of exciting light (azimuth characteristics) has been considered. Evidence is provided that the azimuth characteristics of stained nerve fibres depends on dye molecules adsorbed on the myelin sheath membranes. From the previous calculations it may be concluded that part of the dye molecules are oriented at a small angle to the geometrical axis of the nerve fibre.", "PMID": 80850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7890", "title": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and myelin structure. III. Effect of temperature changes on the orientation of dye molecules in nerve fibers].", "content": "The temperature dependence of fluorescence polarization of stained nerve fibres has been studied. As has been previously demonstrated by the authors, the dependence of fluorescence polarization on the angle between the electrical vector of exciting light and the fibre axis (azimuth characteristics) is associated with the molecular orientation of dyes adsorbed on the membranes of the myelin sheath. This permits an indirect conclusion to be made about the structure and structural changes of an adsorbent. The experiments with changing temperature show that the molecular orientation of dyes decreases with decline of temperature from the room temperature to the freezing point of the Ringer solution. The structure of myelin membranes is suggested to be stabilized through hydrophobic interaction.", "contents": "[Fluorescence anisotropy and myelin structure. III. Effect of temperature changes on the orientation of dye molecules in nerve fibers]. The temperature dependence of fluorescence polarization of stained nerve fibres has been studied. As has been previously demonstrated by the authors, the dependence of fluorescence polarization on the angle between the electrical vector of exciting light and the fibre axis (azimuth characteristics) is associated with the molecular orientation of dyes adsorbed on the membranes of the myelin sheath. This permits an indirect conclusion to be made about the structure and structural changes of an adsorbent. The experiments with changing temperature show that the molecular orientation of dyes decreases with decline of temperature from the room temperature to the freezing point of the Ringer solution. The structure of myelin membranes is suggested to be stabilized through hydrophobic interaction.", "PMID": 80851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7891", "title": "[Immunochemical characteristics of the peroxidases of several mouse tissues].", "content": "Enzymes catalyzing peroxidase reaction of a lysosomal fraction in bone marrow, leucocytes, spleen, thyroid gland, stomach, kidney, heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle of mice were investigated by immunochemical methods. A high level of peroxidase activity was discovered in leucocytes, bone marrow, spleen, heart and lung, a lower activity appeared to be characteristic of liver, thyroid gland and kidney. The peroxidase activities in brain, skeletal muscle and stomach were low. The reaction of immunoprecipitation with myeloperoxidase-specific antiserum revealed considerable antigenic distinctions between the enzymes catalysing peroxidase reaction in various tissues of mice.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characteristics of the peroxidases of several mouse tissues]. Enzymes catalyzing peroxidase reaction of a lysosomal fraction in bone marrow, leucocytes, spleen, thyroid gland, stomach, kidney, heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle of mice were investigated by immunochemical methods. A high level of peroxidase activity was discovered in leucocytes, bone marrow, spleen, heart and lung, a lower activity appeared to be characteristic of liver, thyroid gland and kidney. The peroxidase activities in brain, skeletal muscle and stomach were low. The reaction of immunoprecipitation with myeloperoxidase-specific antiserum revealed considerable antigenic distinctions between the enzymes catalysing peroxidase reaction in various tissues of mice.", "PMID": 80853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7892", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects through amniotic fluid measurements.", "content": "On the basis of our experience with 1314 prospective diagnoses for neural tube defects, we continue to rely on amniotic fluid AFD as the primary and most reliable indicator. The problem of fetal blood contamination has to be tackled in a quantitative manner, and an attempt made to estimate the likely contribution from fetal serum based on measurements of the proportion of fetal erythrocytes in the mixture. We also recommend estimation of the macrophage proportion at 18 hours in the cultured amniotic fluid cells, and a detailed examination of the morphology of cells that adhere, at this time, to the culture surface. An outline of the procedure that we currently employ in handling amniocentesis samples is shown in Figure 3.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects through amniotic fluid measurements. On the basis of our experience with 1314 prospective diagnoses for neural tube defects, we continue to rely on amniotic fluid AFD as the primary and most reliable indicator. The problem of fetal blood contamination has to be tackled in a quantitative manner, and an attempt made to estimate the likely contribution from fetal serum based on measurements of the proportion of fetal erythrocytes in the mixture. We also recommend estimation of the macrophage proportion at 18 hours in the cultured amniotic fluid cells, and a detailed examination of the morphology of cells that adhere, at this time, to the culture surface. An outline of the procedure that we currently employ in handling amniocentesis samples is shown in Figure 3.", "PMID": 80856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7893", "title": "The importance of accurate gestational age estimation in screening for fetal neural tube defects using maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.", "content": "Estimates of gestational age based on menstrual history are often in error, often by as much as 4 weeks. The effect of this problem with respect to a screening program for neural tube defects based on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein determination is examined. The variance of alpha-fetoprotein values for serum samples assigned to gestational age categories from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation based on menstrual history and that of samples classified according to sonographic estimates do not show clear-cut differences. However, when an individual sample is referred to a calibration curve of normal values, errors in gestational age estimates significantly increase the possibility of a false positive/false negative decision for high-level percentile classification. The effect of such an error is least at 16 to 17 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "The importance of accurate gestational age estimation in screening for fetal neural tube defects using maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Estimates of gestational age based on menstrual history are often in error, often by as much as 4 weeks. The effect of this problem with respect to a screening program for neural tube defects based on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein determination is examined. The variance of alpha-fetoprotein values for serum samples assigned to gestational age categories from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation based on menstrual history and that of samples classified according to sonographic estimates do not show clear-cut differences. However, when an individual sample is referred to a calibration curve of normal values, errors in gestational age estimates significantly increase the possibility of a false positive/false negative decision for high-level percentile classification. The effect of such an error is least at 16 to 17 weeks of gestation.", "PMID": 80862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7894", "title": "Pitfalls and problems in the interpretation of AFP data--myths and misuse of the \"normal range\".", "content": "Drawing a line more intelligently for AFP data means using as a denominator two fairly well-defined populations (abnormal and normal), instead of one ill-defined normal population. The line is drawn at the intersect between two curves to minimize the error of misclassification; this replaces an arbitrarily defined cutoff level (multiples of the standard deviation unit). Moving the line to the right reduces the false positive error when screening for NTD, whereas moving the line to the left provides a sensitive alert signal for routine screening of maternal sera by AFP determinations for fetal distress. Adjustment of the line for cost and benefit factors and the use of probability statements that include the prevalence of specific conditions all help sharpen medical classification and decisions. Cross-sectional analysis is separated from longitudinal analysis. A benefit from this discussion may be the replacement of the normal range with a simple plot of AFP results or a percentile distribution, which would be more meaningful and more easily understood by all.", "contents": "Pitfalls and problems in the interpretation of AFP data--myths and misuse of the \"normal range\". Drawing a line more intelligently for AFP data means using as a denominator two fairly well-defined populations (abnormal and normal), instead of one ill-defined normal population. The line is drawn at the intersect between two curves to minimize the error of misclassification; this replaces an arbitrarily defined cutoff level (multiples of the standard deviation unit). Moving the line to the right reduces the false positive error when screening for NTD, whereas moving the line to the left provides a sensitive alert signal for routine screening of maternal sera by AFP determinations for fetal distress. Adjustment of the line for cost and benefit factors and the use of probability statements that include the prevalence of specific conditions all help sharpen medical classification and decisions. Cross-sectional analysis is separated from longitudinal analysis. A benefit from this discussion may be the replacement of the normal range with a simple plot of AFP results or a percentile distribution, which would be more meaningful and more easily understood by all.", "PMID": 80864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7895", "title": "Biologic tumor markers in management of testicular and bladder cancer.", "content": "The role of biologic markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer has been described. alpha--fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin when used together have been extremely helpful in detecting recurrence, staging, and monitoring of testicular cancer. The cellular localization of these markers by immunoperoxidase has also been an aid in understanding the natural history of these tumors. The cell surface antigens in bladder cancer have been useful predictors as to whether or not Stage A bladder cancer will develop into more invasive cancer when compared with the conventional histopathologic examination of the bladder tumor. In the last six years we have prospectively utilized these markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer. The clinical and laboratory findings of these prospective studies are reviewed.", "contents": "Biologic tumor markers in management of testicular and bladder cancer. The role of biologic markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer has been described. alpha--fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin when used together have been extremely helpful in detecting recurrence, staging, and monitoring of testicular cancer. The cellular localization of these markers by immunoperoxidase has also been an aid in understanding the natural history of these tumors. The cell surface antigens in bladder cancer have been useful predictors as to whether or not Stage A bladder cancer will develop into more invasive cancer when compared with the conventional histopathologic examination of the bladder tumor. In the last six years we have prospectively utilized these markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer. The clinical and laboratory findings of these prospective studies are reviewed.", "PMID": 80871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7896", "title": "Detrusor pressure in bladder outlet obstruction.", "content": "Synchronous urinary flow and pressure studies were done on 51 male adults consiting of 12 normal subjects and 39 patients with varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Mean maximum detrusor pressure levels of 50 mm. Hg and above were found to be indicative of bladder outlet obstruction. Elevated mean maximum detrusor pressure fell preoperatively within normal limits after prostatecomy. Chronic retention of urine was not associated with poor contraction of the detrusor muscle. Clinical findings of obstruction were shown to be inadequate for estimation of maximum detrusor pressure. Recording the detrusor pressure was found to be a better urodynamic test for bladder outlet obstruction than recording the urinary flow rate. Recording urinary flow is, however, a simple test and should remain a screening test for impaired drainage of the bladder outlet.", "contents": "Detrusor pressure in bladder outlet obstruction. Synchronous urinary flow and pressure studies were done on 51 male adults consiting of 12 normal subjects and 39 patients with varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Mean maximum detrusor pressure levels of 50 mm. Hg and above were found to be indicative of bladder outlet obstruction. Elevated mean maximum detrusor pressure fell preoperatively within normal limits after prostatecomy. Chronic retention of urine was not associated with poor contraction of the detrusor muscle. Clinical findings of obstruction were shown to be inadequate for estimation of maximum detrusor pressure. Recording the detrusor pressure was found to be a better urodynamic test for bladder outlet obstruction than recording the urinary flow rate. Recording urinary flow is, however, a simple test and should remain a screening test for impaired drainage of the bladder outlet.", "PMID": 80872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7897", "title": "Effect of periodate oxidation on specific activities and carbohydrate components of human blood group N- and M-specific glycoproteins and glycopeptides.", "content": "Mild as well as strong periodate oxidation of isolated erythrocyte N and M glycoproteins and glycopeptides gave extensive to complete destruction of N-specificities as measured with Vicia graminea extracts and of N- as well as M- activities determined with all but 1 of 8 animal anti-N and 13 anti-M sera. Results with human antisera differed somewhat, while the specificity of mildly oxidized N-glycoprotein was completely destroyed as determined with all 8 human anti-N sera used, that of strongly oxidized N-active substance was completely inactivated towards one of the human antisera; the remainder showed 63--94% destruction, and 2 sera indicated no effect of oxidation. Similarly, while 10 of 14 human anti-M indicated complete inactivation of M-specific glycoproteins and glycopeptides after mild or strong oxidation, 2 showed partial inactivation and 2 human anti-M sera showed no inactivating effect of oxidation. The most relevant findings of quantitative carbohydrate analysis of periodate oxidized N- and M-specific substance were extensive transformation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) to its C8 and C1 analogues on mild oxidation and pronounced destruction of NAN and its analogues on strong oxidation; however, some intact NAN always remained. In all instances galactose (Gal) was destroyed to a much larger extent in N-derived than in M-derived glycoproteins and glycopeptides.", "contents": "Effect of periodate oxidation on specific activities and carbohydrate components of human blood group N- and M-specific glycoproteins and glycopeptides. Mild as well as strong periodate oxidation of isolated erythrocyte N and M glycoproteins and glycopeptides gave extensive to complete destruction of N-specificities as measured with Vicia graminea extracts and of N- as well as M- activities determined with all but 1 of 8 animal anti-N and 13 anti-M sera. Results with human antisera differed somewhat, while the specificity of mildly oxidized N-glycoprotein was completely destroyed as determined with all 8 human anti-N sera used, that of strongly oxidized N-active substance was completely inactivated towards one of the human antisera; the remainder showed 63--94% destruction, and 2 sera indicated no effect of oxidation. Similarly, while 10 of 14 human anti-M indicated complete inactivation of M-specific glycoproteins and glycopeptides after mild or strong oxidation, 2 showed partial inactivation and 2 human anti-M sera showed no inactivating effect of oxidation. The most relevant findings of quantitative carbohydrate analysis of periodate oxidized N- and M-specific substance were extensive transformation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) to its C8 and C1 analogues on mild oxidation and pronounced destruction of NAN and its analogues on strong oxidation; however, some intact NAN always remained. In all instances galactose (Gal) was destroyed to a much larger extent in N-derived than in M-derived glycoproteins and glycopeptides.", "PMID": 80880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7898", "title": "New hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes inside the ad category.", "content": "In addition to the 10 HBs Ag subtypes already described, 2 new subtypes were defined by using the q determinant. Exceptions to the rule generally accepted were found in that the q determinant was only lacking in HBs Ag/adw4. These exceptions occurred in adw and adr categories. These 2 new subtypes are adw q positive and adr q negative. Out of 98 HBs Ag/adw4 from silent carries and patients from different parts of the world, mainly from France (79), 6 were found q positive. 3 out of these 6 cases came from Montpellier (South of France) and another 3 from Germany. The 92 other cases were found q negative. Further studies will be necessary to better know the location of this new subtype adw4 q positive, but it seems to be present only in certain parts of Europe. Out of 86 HBs Ag/adr from silent carriers from Asia (58), Oceania (17), France (10, most of them contaminated in Asia) and R\u00e9union (1), 10 were found q negative. All these 10 cases were detected in Oceania, 2 out of 2 in carriers from New Caledonia and 8 out of 13 from French Polynesia. The new subtype adr q negative seems localized in Melanesia and Polynesia and absent from Asia. These 2 new markers of hepatitis B virus will allow better epidemiological and geographical studies.", "contents": "New hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes inside the ad category. In addition to the 10 HBs Ag subtypes already described, 2 new subtypes were defined by using the q determinant. Exceptions to the rule generally accepted were found in that the q determinant was only lacking in HBs Ag/adw4. These exceptions occurred in adw and adr categories. These 2 new subtypes are adw q positive and adr q negative. Out of 98 HBs Ag/adw4 from silent carries and patients from different parts of the world, mainly from France (79), 6 were found q positive. 3 out of these 6 cases came from Montpellier (South of France) and another 3 from Germany. The 92 other cases were found q negative. Further studies will be necessary to better know the location of this new subtype adw4 q positive, but it seems to be present only in certain parts of Europe. Out of 86 HBs Ag/adr from silent carriers from Asia (58), Oceania (17), France (10, most of them contaminated in Asia) and R\u00e9union (1), 10 were found q negative. All these 10 cases were detected in Oceania, 2 out of 2 in carriers from New Caledonia and 8 out of 13 from French Polynesia. The new subtype adr q negative seems localized in Melanesia and Polynesia and absent from Asia. These 2 new markers of hepatitis B virus will allow better epidemiological and geographical studies.", "PMID": 80881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7899", "title": "[Changes in antigenic determinant H3 in type A influenza virus].", "content": "The analysis of immune and hyperimmune rabbit sera to influenza A/USSR/0249/75. A/Victoria/3/75, and A/Tokyo/1/75 viruses showed the H3 antigenic determinant common for hemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the Hong Kong variety to be poorly manifest in viruses isolated in 1975 in contrast to type A viruses isolated in previous years. Antibody to the H3 antigen is usually absent in immune sera and appears only in hyperimmune sera after reimmunization of the animals. The quantitative decrease of the H3 antigen in viruses isolated in 1975 was also clearly detected in tests of adsorption of anti-H3 monoreceptor sera.", "contents": "[Changes in antigenic determinant H3 in type A influenza virus]. The analysis of immune and hyperimmune rabbit sera to influenza A/USSR/0249/75. A/Victoria/3/75, and A/Tokyo/1/75 viruses showed the H3 antigenic determinant common for hemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the Hong Kong variety to be poorly manifest in viruses isolated in 1975 in contrast to type A viruses isolated in previous years. Antibody to the H3 antigen is usually absent in immune sera and appears only in hyperimmune sera after reimmunization of the animals. The quantitative decrease of the H3 antigen in viruses isolated in 1975 was also clearly detected in tests of adsorption of anti-H3 monoreceptor sera.", "PMID": 80884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7900", "title": "[Electrophoretic mobility of polypeptides in different strains on human influenza  A and B viruses].", "content": "The method of electrophoresis in a single polyacrylamide gel plate was used for comparative study on virion polypeptides mobility in human influenza A and B virus strains. Molecular masses of individual polypeptides and their portion in the virion were determined. No variations in the migration speed of nucleoprotein (NP) and membrane protein (MP) were found in strains belonging to the same genus, but there were differences in the migration speed of these proteins in the genus A and genus B. Significant differences in migration and the content of glycoproteins, particularly of the heavy chain of hemagglutinin (HAI) in the genus A strain having different subtypes of hemagglutinin, including strains A/WS/33 (HONI), A/FM/1/47 (HINI), A/Sing/1/57 (H2N2), A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2), as well as in the genus B in strains B/Lee/40, B/Yamagata/1/73, and B/Johanesbourg/56. No differences in the mobility of glycoproteins in strains similar in the antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were found. On the basis of the comparative analysis of virion polypeptide electrophoregrams, three new strains on influenza A virus isolated in December, 1977, were identified as belonging to the species A (HINI).", "contents": "[Electrophoretic mobility of polypeptides in different strains on human influenza  A and B viruses]. The method of electrophoresis in a single polyacrylamide gel plate was used for comparative study on virion polypeptides mobility in human influenza A and B virus strains. Molecular masses of individual polypeptides and their portion in the virion were determined. No variations in the migration speed of nucleoprotein (NP) and membrane protein (MP) were found in strains belonging to the same genus, but there were differences in the migration speed of these proteins in the genus A and genus B. Significant differences in migration and the content of glycoproteins, particularly of the heavy chain of hemagglutinin (HAI) in the genus A strain having different subtypes of hemagglutinin, including strains A/WS/33 (HONI), A/FM/1/47 (HINI), A/Sing/1/57 (H2N2), A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2), as well as in the genus B in strains B/Lee/40, B/Yamagata/1/73, and B/Johanesbourg/56. No differences in the mobility of glycoproteins in strains similar in the antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were found. On the basis of the comparative analysis of virion polypeptide electrophoregrams, three new strains on influenza A virus isolated in December, 1977, were identified as belonging to the species A (HINI).", "PMID": 80885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7901", "title": "Pesticide (hexachlorocyclohexane) inhibition of growth and nitrogen fixation in blue-green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides.", "content": "The effects of the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the nitrogen fixing blue-green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides commonly found as blooms in fish ponds were studied. These algae were very sensitive to HCH, and a distinct decrease in growth rate was observed on prolonged incubation. Lower concentrations (10 microgram/ml) were algistatic and higher concentrations (60 microgram/ml) were algicidal. The inhibition of nitrogen fixation indicated that the presence of HCH might affect overall nitrogen economy of inland waters.", "contents": "Pesticide (hexachlorocyclohexane) inhibition of growth and nitrogen fixation in blue-green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides. The effects of the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the nitrogen fixing blue-green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaena aphanizomenoides commonly found as blooms in fish ponds were studied. These algae were very sensitive to HCH, and a distinct decrease in growth rate was observed on prolonged incubation. Lower concentrations (10 microgram/ml) were algistatic and higher concentrations (60 microgram/ml) were algicidal. The inhibition of nitrogen fixation indicated that the presence of HCH might affect overall nitrogen economy of inland waters.", "PMID": 80890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7902", "title": "[Report of a study tour in India (author's transl)].", "content": "The informant gives an account of the situation of tuberculosis in India (Epidemiology, Tuberculosis Control). Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of tuberculosis are still high. The results of antituberculosis therapy are in general rather poor. There is existing still a serious problem of chronic tuberculosis. Drug resistant mycobacteria are often found. Nonspecific pulmonary diseases are frequent in spite of a low frequency of smoking.", "contents": "[Report of a study tour in India (author's transl)]. The informant gives an account of the situation of tuberculosis in India (Epidemiology, Tuberculosis Control). Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of tuberculosis are still high. The results of antituberculosis therapy are in general rather poor. There is existing still a serious problem of chronic tuberculosis. Drug resistant mycobacteria are often found. Nonspecific pulmonary diseases are frequent in spite of a low frequency of smoking.", "PMID": 80891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7903", "title": "[Detection of common antigenic determinants in the envelopes of mammalian type D (Mason--Pfizer) and type C virions by using the virion precipitation reaction].", "content": "Immune sera to Mason-Pfizer virus (M-PMV) are capable of precipitating type C viruses of mice (NIH-MuLV, G-MuLV, and to a lower degree R-MuLV), cats  (FeLV, RD-114), and monkeys (SSV-1, GALV, BEV). The immune sera to RD-114, BEV, SSV-1 and GALV viruses can precipitate M-PMV virions. The adsorption analysis suggests that cross-reactions between M-PMV, RD-114, NIH-MuLV, and G-MuLV viruses depend on common virus-specific antigenic determinants in the envelopes of the virions. The relationship between M-PMV and type C viruses decreases in the series RD-114--NIG-MuLV--G-MuLV. Type C viruses of mammals have common envelope antigenic determinants lacking in M-PMV. No common antigenic determinants with M-PMV have been found in the envelope of virions of bovine leukemia virus, type B virus of mice (MMTV), or type C avian virus (Pr-RSV).", "contents": "[Detection of common antigenic determinants in the envelopes of mammalian type D (Mason--Pfizer) and type C virions by using the virion precipitation reaction]. Immune sera to Mason-Pfizer virus (M-PMV) are capable of precipitating type C viruses of mice (NIH-MuLV, G-MuLV, and to a lower degree R-MuLV), cats  (FeLV, RD-114), and monkeys (SSV-1, GALV, BEV). The immune sera to RD-114, BEV, SSV-1 and GALV viruses can precipitate M-PMV virions. The adsorption analysis suggests that cross-reactions between M-PMV, RD-114, NIH-MuLV, and G-MuLV viruses depend on common virus-specific antigenic determinants in the envelopes of the virions. The relationship between M-PMV and type C viruses decreases in the series RD-114--NIG-MuLV--G-MuLV. Type C viruses of mammals have common envelope antigenic determinants lacking in M-PMV. No common antigenic determinants with M-PMV have been found in the envelope of virions of bovine leukemia virus, type B virus of mice (MMTV), or type C avian virus (Pr-RSV).", "PMID": 80888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7904", "title": "[Internistic cancer therapy--introduction to the theme].", "content": "The importance of internal medicine for the care of patients with carcinoma increases. This is particularly connected with the rapid development of the antineoplastic drug therapy. However, these are not the only tasks of the internal specialists. He is responsible for the ascertainment of the diagnosis, the judgment of the anatomical extension of the tumour with clinical means (classification of stages) and the diagnostics and treatment of concomitant diseases as prerequisites of a rational therapeutic planning. In the oncological team the internal specialist not only represents the specifically internal possibilities of treatment, but is in charge of the continuous general medical and psychic care of the patient. The internal specialist plays an important role in the entire coordination of the specialised care. This refers to the documentation of findings in the carcinoma register of the hospital, to planning and evaluation of controlled clinical experiments, special oncologic consulting hours and consulting functions as a competent specialist also outside oncologic centres, which should be established in district hospitals and teaching hospitals as a common task of all participating disciplines. For this a profound specialisation within the field of internal medicine is necessary. A subspecialisation acknowledged by the state would be a stimulus, but it is not compulsorily necessary. This introduction into the topic shall the internal  specialist make clear his role and responsibility in the oncologic care and facilitate the communication with other specialities.", "contents": "[Internistic cancer therapy--introduction to the theme]. The importance of internal medicine for the care of patients with carcinoma increases. This is particularly connected with the rapid development of the antineoplastic drug therapy. However, these are not the only tasks of the internal specialists. He is responsible for the ascertainment of the diagnosis, the judgment of the anatomical extension of the tumour with clinical means (classification of stages) and the diagnostics and treatment of concomitant diseases as prerequisites of a rational therapeutic planning. In the oncological team the internal specialist not only represents the specifically internal possibilities of treatment, but is in charge of the continuous general medical and psychic care of the patient. The internal specialist plays an important role in the entire coordination of the specialised care. This refers to the documentation of findings in the carcinoma register of the hospital, to planning and evaluation of controlled clinical experiments, special oncologic consulting hours and consulting functions as a competent specialist also outside oncologic centres, which should be established in district hospitals and teaching hospitals as a common task of all participating disciplines. For this a profound specialisation within the field of internal medicine is necessary. A subspecialisation acknowledged by the state would be a stimulus, but it is not compulsorily necessary. This introduction into the topic shall the internal  specialist make clear his role and responsibility in the oncologic care and facilitate the communication with other specialities.", "PMID": 80893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7905", "title": "Study on the nerve endings in the pancreas of Rattus rattus refescens and Gallus domsticus as revealed by the cholinesterase technique.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken to study the nerve endings in the pancreas of Rattus rattus rufescens and Gallus domesticus by cholinesterase technique. Bulb-like nerve ending in the connective tissue (negatively stained) and dot-like nerve ending in the lobular cells were recorded in Rattus. Dot-like nerve ending on the periphery of the lobular cells and bulb like nerve endings connected with nerve bundle, were recorded in Gallus. Nerve endings were AChE-positive in nature in both Rattus and Gallus.", "contents": "Study on the nerve endings in the pancreas of Rattus rattus refescens and Gallus domsticus as revealed by the cholinesterase technique. An investigation was undertaken to study the nerve endings in the pancreas of Rattus rattus rufescens and Gallus domesticus by cholinesterase technique. Bulb-like nerve ending in the connective tissue (negatively stained) and dot-like nerve ending in the lobular cells were recorded in Rattus. Dot-like nerve ending on the periphery of the lobular cells and bulb like nerve endings connected with nerve bundle, were recorded in Gallus. Nerve endings were AChE-positive in nature in both Rattus and Gallus.", "PMID": 80895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7906", "title": "[Late results following palliative vascular embolization in inoperable kidney tumors. (Preliminary report)].", "content": "During 18 months in 15 patients with inoperable renal tumours palliative therapeutic vascular embolisations were carried out with the help of an own catheter technique. In contrast to preoperative embolisation (16 patients) in the inoperable cases a non-absorpable polyvinyl alcohol foam substance (\"Ivalon\") was used, which leads to a secure permanent vascular occlusion. The haematuria occurring in all patients which many times threateningly increased was removed in all cases. There did not appear any essential complications. However, on account of the formation of a symptomatology of renal infarction a clinical after-treatment is necessary. In 12 patients regulary clinical and paraclinical control examinations during an observation period of on an average 11 months were carried out (minimum 6 months, maximum 18 months). 11 of these patients were still alive at the end of the report and had a tolerable or even improved general condition. In angiographical after-controls of 4 patients, and in one case by autopsy, permanent vascular occlusions with formation of necroses of a large area and partly considerable restriction of the tumour kidneys were found. In these cases the therapeutic embolisation led to a provable damage of the tumorous process. An influence of metastases distant from the primary tumour was not observed.", "contents": "[Late results following palliative vascular embolization in inoperable kidney tumors. (Preliminary report)]. During 18 months in 15 patients with inoperable renal tumours palliative therapeutic vascular embolisations were carried out with the help of an own catheter technique. In contrast to preoperative embolisation (16 patients) in the inoperable cases a non-absorpable polyvinyl alcohol foam substance (\"Ivalon\") was used, which leads to a secure permanent vascular occlusion. The haematuria occurring in all patients which many times threateningly increased was removed in all cases. There did not appear any essential complications. However, on account of the formation of a symptomatology of renal infarction a clinical after-treatment is necessary. In 12 patients regulary clinical and paraclinical control examinations during an observation period of on an average 11 months were carried out (minimum 6 months, maximum 18 months). 11 of these patients were still alive at the end of the report and had a tolerable or even improved general condition. In angiographical after-controls of 4 patients, and in one case by autopsy, permanent vascular occlusions with formation of necroses of a large area and partly considerable restriction of the tumour kidneys were found. In these cases the therapeutic embolisation led to a provable damage of the tumorous process. An influence of metastases distant from the primary tumour was not observed.", "PMID": 80897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7907", "title": "[Various epidemiological principles of the spread of viral hepatitis in the Astrakhan district].", "content": "Analysis of many-year changes in the vitral hepatitis incidence in the Astrakhan region showed a significant cyclicity of the epidemic process: its incidence rose 4 times during the period of from 1957 to 1976; four of these elevations were comparatively high (in 1960, 1964, and 1974). Lately the group of children aged from 3 to 7 years has been of the greatest epidemiological significance, but at present greatest incidence of the disease fell on the group of persons aged from 8 to 14 years. This can be connected with gamma-globulin vaccinations given to children aged under 10 years. Seasonal distribution of morbidity in different are groups was about the same and reflected the general automn-winter seasonal prevalence.", "contents": "[Various epidemiological principles of the spread of viral hepatitis in the Astrakhan district]. Analysis of many-year changes in the vitral hepatitis incidence in the Astrakhan region showed a significant cyclicity of the epidemic process: its incidence rose 4 times during the period of from 1957 to 1976; four of these elevations were comparatively high (in 1960, 1964, and 1974). Lately the group of children aged from 3 to 7 years has been of the greatest epidemiological significance, but at present greatest incidence of the disease fell on the group of persons aged from 8 to 14 years. This can be connected with gamma-globulin vaccinations given to children aged under 10 years. Seasonal distribution of morbidity in different are groups was about the same and reflected the general automn-winter seasonal prevalence.", "PMID": 80899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7908", "title": "[Prevention of complications of smallpox vaccination].", "content": "In observance of the rules of vaccination and unfavourable anamnesis in the vaccinated serve as the main causes of postvaccinal complications (30 and 22%, respectively). The great majority of complications occurs at the age of 1 to 3 years (76%). In 94% of cases complications are recorded in primarily vaccinated individuals. Solution of such problems as introduction into wide practice of sparing methods of immunization and special scheme of preliminary preparation to the vaccination of weak children and those with conditioned contraindications is necessary for the purpose of prevention of complications; a possibility of using, along with gamma-globulin, of synthetic preparations, and of subjecting older children to primary vaccination for prevention of complications is discussed.", "contents": "[Prevention of complications of smallpox vaccination]. In observance of the rules of vaccination and unfavourable anamnesis in the vaccinated serve as the main causes of postvaccinal complications (30 and 22%, respectively). The great majority of complications occurs at the age of 1 to 3 years (76%). In 94% of cases complications are recorded in primarily vaccinated individuals. Solution of such problems as introduction into wide practice of sparing methods of immunization and special scheme of preliminary preparation to the vaccination of weak children and those with conditioned contraindications is necessary for the purpose of prevention of complications; a possibility of using, along with gamma-globulin, of synthetic preparations, and of subjecting older children to primary vaccination for prevention of complications is discussed.", "PMID": 80900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7909", "title": "Influence of chronic doses of mercuric acetate and lead acetate on the number and activity of Gomori-positive glial cells in the mouse brain.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of mercuric acetate or lead acetate in doses of 0.2 mg daily during 14 and 21 days caused statistically significant rise in the number of the Gomori-positive glial cells around the third cerebral ventricle of mice. In addition, the nuclei of the Gomori-positive glial cells markedly increased in volume.", "contents": "Influence of chronic doses of mercuric acetate and lead acetate on the number and activity of Gomori-positive glial cells in the mouse brain. Intraperitoneal injections of mercuric acetate or lead acetate in doses of 0.2 mg daily during 14 and 21 days caused statistically significant rise in the number of the Gomori-positive glial cells around the third cerebral ventricle of mice. In addition, the nuclei of the Gomori-positive glial cells markedly increased in volume.", "PMID": 80901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7910", "title": "Uptake and degradation of asialo-fetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "125I-labelled asialo-fetuin was taken up by isolated rat hepatocytes by a saturable process. Half maximum uptake was seen at about 3 . 10(-8) M asialo-fetuin. Rate of uptake of asialo-fetuin exceeded rate of degradation at all concentrations of asialo-fetuin tested. Degradation of asialo-fetuin, as indicated by release of acid-soluble radioactivity from the cells, was inhibited by NH4Cl and chloroquine. The intracellular distribution of labelled asialo-fetuin was studied by differential and density gradient centrifuging. The distribution curves for radioactivity indicated that asialo-fetuin was present in lysosomes about 1 h after the uptake had started. Chloroquine and ammonium ions seemed to inhibit the uptake of asialo-fetuin into the lysosomes, possibly by interfering with the fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of asialo-fetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes. 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin was taken up by isolated rat hepatocytes by a saturable process. Half maximum uptake was seen at about 3 . 10(-8) M asialo-fetuin. Rate of uptake of asialo-fetuin exceeded rate of degradation at all concentrations of asialo-fetuin tested. Degradation of asialo-fetuin, as indicated by release of acid-soluble radioactivity from the cells, was inhibited by NH4Cl and chloroquine. The intracellular distribution of labelled asialo-fetuin was studied by differential and density gradient centrifuging. The distribution curves for radioactivity indicated that asialo-fetuin was present in lysosomes about 1 h after the uptake had started. Chloroquine and ammonium ions seemed to inhibit the uptake of asialo-fetuin into the lysosomes, possibly by interfering with the fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes.", "PMID": 80902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7911", "title": "Inhibition of glycoprotein catabolism in vivo and in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Leupeptin is a peptide which inhibits several of the lysosomal proteases. When this compound was added in low concentrations to a perfused liver, the degradation of 125I-asialo-fetuin by the liver was dramatically slowed. When 5 mg leupeptin were added to the perfusate 1 h prior to the radioactive glycoprotein, the liver retained from 70 to 90% or the radioisotope 60 min after infusing 125I-asialo-fetuin. However, untreated livers contained less than 20% of the radioactivity at that time. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that the radioactivity accumulated in the heavy and light mitochondrial fractions (ML) of the homogenate. At 80 min after the glycoprotein was added, almost 40% of the radioactivity was still located with these fractions. Very similar inhibitory effects were seen upon treating rats intravenously with 5 mg of leupeptin 60 min prior to injection of 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin. A 7 fold increase in liver radioactivity was observed 6 hrs after the glycoprotein had been given to the treated animals. Purified human liver cathepsin B digested fetuin to about 3% of total hydrolysis and the major peptide fragment produced had an SDS-electrophoretic mobility equivalent to that of ovalbumin.", "contents": "Inhibition of glycoprotein catabolism in vivo and in the perfused rat liver. Leupeptin is a peptide which inhibits several of the lysosomal proteases. When this compound was added in low concentrations to a perfused liver, the degradation of 125I-asialo-fetuin by the liver was dramatically slowed. When 5 mg leupeptin were added to the perfusate 1 h prior to the radioactive glycoprotein, the liver retained from 70 to 90% or the radioisotope 60 min after infusing 125I-asialo-fetuin. However, untreated livers contained less than 20% of the radioactivity at that time. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that the radioactivity accumulated in the heavy and light mitochondrial fractions (ML) of the homogenate. At 80 min after the glycoprotein was added, almost 40% of the radioactivity was still located with these fractions. Very similar inhibitory effects were seen upon treating rats intravenously with 5 mg of leupeptin 60 min prior to injection of 125I-labelled asialo-fetuin. A 7 fold increase in liver radioactivity was observed 6 hrs after the glycoprotein had been given to the treated animals. Purified human liver cathepsin B digested fetuin to about 3% of total hydrolysis and the major peptide fragment produced had an SDS-electrophoretic mobility equivalent to that of ovalbumin.", "PMID": 80903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7912", "title": "A comparison of methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids.", "content": "Using rat spinal cord as test material 4 methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids with simple basic dyes have been compared. Two of these methods--a perchloric acid procedure for tissue blocks and a Ba(OH)2 technic for sections--block staining of RNA. The other two-immersion of sections in solutions of dichlorodiammine Pt II or in 10% zirconyl chloride-blocked staining of both RNA and DNA. None of these methods hydrolyze DNA sufficiently to produce a positive Feulgen and no loss of protein could be demonstrated. With the three metal containing procedures some metal could be demonstrated in the sections. This deposition was primarily in nucleic acid containing structures and was greatest and most widespread with the zirconyl chloride. The latter method altered the color of all hematoxylin technics to a deep red. The separation of nuclear stains on the basis of their bonding characteristics into three groups (Lillie et al. 1976) was confirmed.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids. Using rat spinal cord as test material 4 methods for blocking staining of nucleic acids with simple basic dyes have been compared. Two of these methods--a perchloric acid procedure for tissue blocks and a Ba(OH)2 technic for sections--block staining of RNA. The other two-immersion of sections in solutions of dichlorodiammine Pt II or in 10% zirconyl chloride-blocked staining of both RNA and DNA. None of these methods hydrolyze DNA sufficiently to produce a positive Feulgen and no loss of protein could be demonstrated. With the three metal containing procedures some metal could be demonstrated in the sections. This deposition was primarily in nucleic acid containing structures and was greatest and most widespread with the zirconyl chloride. The latter method altered the color of all hematoxylin technics to a deep red. The separation of nuclear stains on the basis of their bonding characteristics into three groups (Lillie et al. 1976) was confirmed.", "PMID": 80907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7913", "title": "[Essay of proteins after aldehyde treatment in biological objects (author's transl)].", "content": "Following fixation with formalin or glutaraldehyde, the protein content of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, non-disintegrated yeast cells and liver nuclei of mice is determined by means of a brom-phenol blue staining procedure and the widely used Lowry-technique. The bromphenol blue technique permits determinations of soluble as well as particulate proteins or protein mixtures fixed with up to 6% formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde. Recovery rates differ no more than 20% as related to unfixed controls. Using the bromphenol blue method it is not necessary to separate aldehyde or any interfering material by additional steps prior to determination. Factors for correcting protein content of biological material after aldehyde treatment are available. In this way, comparative biochemical as well as cyto- and histochemical investigations of enzymatic activities after aldehyde fixation are possible. Some advantages of the bromphenol blue technique with special reference to the analysis of particulate and/or aldehyde-fixed specimens are discussed.", "contents": "[Essay of proteins after aldehyde treatment in biological objects (author's transl)]. Following fixation with formalin or glutaraldehyde, the protein content of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, non-disintegrated yeast cells and liver nuclei of mice is determined by means of a brom-phenol blue staining procedure and the widely used Lowry-technique. The bromphenol blue technique permits determinations of soluble as well as particulate proteins or protein mixtures fixed with up to 6% formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde. Recovery rates differ no more than 20% as related to unfixed controls. Using the bromphenol blue method it is not necessary to separate aldehyde or any interfering material by additional steps prior to determination. Factors for correcting protein content of biological material after aldehyde treatment are available. In this way, comparative biochemical as well as cyto- and histochemical investigations of enzymatic activities after aldehyde fixation are possible. Some advantages of the bromphenol blue technique with special reference to the analysis of particulate and/or aldehyde-fixed specimens are discussed.", "PMID": 80908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7914", "title": "[The cytospectrophotometrical determination of proteins by the tetrazonium coupling reaction. I. Optimization of the staining method (author's transl)].", "content": "The tetrazonium coupling reaction using Fast blue salt B and the sodium salt of 6-hydroxy-naphthalinsulfonic acid-(2) serves as a method for histochemical demonstration of proteins. Fast blue salt B reacts with histidin, tyrosin and in a slighter extent also with tryptophan. It is shown in this paper, that the histochemical tetrazonium reaction carried out under the optimal conditions is a specific staining for proteins and highly reproducible. The maximum of absorption at lambda = 530 nm of the azo dyes generated by the coupling reaction followes the Lambert-Beer's law. Nucleic acids as well as protein-SH-groups do not react with Fast blue salt B under the conditions described. Due to the exact reproducibility and specifity the tetrazonium coupling reactions seems to be a suitable method for at least comparative, microspectrometric protein determination within one species of cells.", "contents": "[The cytospectrophotometrical determination of proteins by the tetrazonium coupling reaction. I. Optimization of the staining method (author's transl)]. The tetrazonium coupling reaction using Fast blue salt B and the sodium salt of 6-hydroxy-naphthalinsulfonic acid-(2) serves as a method for histochemical demonstration of proteins. Fast blue salt B reacts with histidin, tyrosin and in a slighter extent also with tryptophan. It is shown in this paper, that the histochemical tetrazonium reaction carried out under the optimal conditions is a specific staining for proteins and highly reproducible. The maximum of absorption at lambda = 530 nm of the azo dyes generated by the coupling reaction followes the Lambert-Beer's law. Nucleic acids as well as protein-SH-groups do not react with Fast blue salt B under the conditions described. Due to the exact reproducibility and specifity the tetrazonium coupling reactions seems to be a suitable method for at least comparative, microspectrometric protein determination within one species of cells.", "PMID": 80909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7915", "title": "[Pulse cytophotometric determination of lipids in cultivated animal cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of lipids in cultivated animal cells (aortic smooth muscle cells and L cells) by pulse cytophotometry is described. The cells were stained with phosphene 3 R and benzopyrene caffeine. By standardization of the procedure a reproducible quantitative evaluation was possible.", "contents": "[Pulse cytophotometric determination of lipids in cultivated animal cells (author's transl)]. The determination of lipids in cultivated animal cells (aortic smooth muscle cells and L cells) by pulse cytophotometry is described. The cells were stained with phosphene 3 R and benzopyrene caffeine. By standardization of the procedure a reproducible quantitative evaluation was possible.", "PMID": 80910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7916", "title": "A neuronal nucleolar trigger mechanism traceable by a routine staining method.", "content": "In experimental Wilson's disease produced by the intracardiac injection of copper sulphate, it is seen that the glia-neuronal interactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of neural lesions. A \"trigger\" copper-RNA particle is transferred from the oligodendroglial nucleus to activate the neuronal nucleolus causing a flooding of the neurone with RNA. This trigger particle stains differently with Mason's trichrome, giving a bright red colour. This altered reaction gives an insight into the feedback process for the formation of ribosomal RNA in the neurones. The alteration appears to lead to a block in the repressor activity of the neuronal RNA formation.", "contents": "A neuronal nucleolar trigger mechanism traceable by a routine staining method. In experimental Wilson's disease produced by the intracardiac injection of copper sulphate, it is seen that the glia-neuronal interactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of neural lesions. A \"trigger\" copper-RNA particle is transferred from the oligodendroglial nucleus to activate the neuronal nucleolus causing a flooding of the neurone with RNA. This trigger particle stains differently with Mason's trichrome, giving a bright red colour. This altered reaction gives an insight into the feedback process for the formation of ribosomal RNA in the neurones. The alteration appears to lead to a block in the repressor activity of the neuronal RNA formation.", "PMID": 80911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7917", "title": "Concentric lamellated psammoma-like bodies in the third ventricle of the European mole rat (spalax leucodon, Nordmann 1840).", "content": "Concentric lamellated bodies are described in the third ventricle of the European mole rat. These bodies show most staining characteristics of true psammoma bodies found in humans but were never calcified in the mole rat.", "contents": "Concentric lamellated psammoma-like bodies in the third ventricle of the European mole rat (spalax leucodon, Nordmann 1840). Concentric lamellated bodies are described in the third ventricle of the European mole rat. These bodies show most staining characteristics of true psammoma bodies found in humans but were never calcified in the mole rat.", "PMID": 80912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7918", "title": "Vital staining properties of neutral red. Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva.", "content": "Vital staining by instillation in the conjunctival sac of 1% neutral red in 54 normal and 153 differently affected eyes was studied by slit lamp examination. Of these, 134 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% tetrazolium and 1/4% alcian blue and 73 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% rose bengal and 1% fluorescein. Microscopy of a further 10 conjunctival scrapings and 40 mucous conjunctival threads disclosed neutral-red-stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and the granulocytes. In the slit lamp the cornea and the conjunctiva were seen to be stained only rarely and, if so, poorly by neutral red, both in normal and affected eyes. Better staining was obtained with tetrazolium, and the best with rose bengal. The plica semilunaris, Marx' line, and the mucous thread were stained by neutral red, more intensely by rose bengal, and the least by tetrazolium. The inferior fornix and the tarsus were rarely stained by any of the three dyes. Neutral red seems to offer no diagnostic advantages over the vital stains with which the dye has been compared in the present study. More particularly we found no pathological processes that were stained more intensely by neutral red than by the other vital stains.", "contents": "Vital staining properties of neutral red. Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Vital staining by instillation in the conjunctival sac of 1% neutral red in 54 normal and 153 differently affected eyes was studied by slit lamp examination. Of these, 134 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% tetrazolium and 1/4% alcian blue and 73 eyes were after-stained by a mixture of 1% rose bengal and 1% fluorescein. Microscopy of a further 10 conjunctival scrapings and 40 mucous conjunctival threads disclosed neutral-red-stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and the granulocytes. In the slit lamp the cornea and the conjunctiva were seen to be stained only rarely and, if so, poorly by neutral red, both in normal and affected eyes. Better staining was obtained with tetrazolium, and the best with rose bengal. The plica semilunaris, Marx' line, and the mucous thread were stained by neutral red, more intensely by rose bengal, and the least by tetrazolium. The inferior fornix and the tarsus were rarely stained by any of the three dyes. Neutral red seems to offer no diagnostic advantages over the vital stains with which the dye has been compared in the present study. More particularly we found no pathological processes that were stained more intensely by neutral red than by the other vital stains.", "PMID": 80913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7919", "title": "Early morphological changes in organ cultured human corneal endothelium.", "content": "Nineteen human cadaver corneas with few damaged endothelial cells were incubated under tissue culture conditions for time periods ranging from five min to 48 h. Morphological alterations of the endothelial cells were studied in whole wet mounts stained by alizarine red-alkohol-trypane blue and by scanning electron microscopy. Joint meetings of three cells are characteristic for normal corneal endothelium. After 15--60 min of incubation, damaged cells were expelled from the coherent cell sheet by expanding neighbouring cells. Joint meetings of 5--8 expanding cells were formed. After 24 h of incubation, joint meetings of four cells were the dominating morphological abnormality. Morphological changes during reduction of the numbers of cells in joint meetings are described.", "contents": "Early morphological changes in organ cultured human corneal endothelium. Nineteen human cadaver corneas with few damaged endothelial cells were incubated under tissue culture conditions for time periods ranging from five min to 48 h. Morphological alterations of the endothelial cells were studied in whole wet mounts stained by alizarine red-alkohol-trypane blue and by scanning electron microscopy. Joint meetings of three cells are characteristic for normal corneal endothelium. After 15--60 min of incubation, damaged cells were expelled from the coherent cell sheet by expanding neighbouring cells. Joint meetings of 5--8 expanding cells were formed. After 24 h of incubation, joint meetings of four cells were the dominating morphological abnormality. Morphological changes during reduction of the numbers of cells in joint meetings are described.", "PMID": 80914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7920", "title": "The precision of unbiased estimates of numerical density of endothelial cells in donor cornea.", "content": "The precision of estimates of central corneal endothelial density was studied in 16 human corneas stained by alizarine red and trypane blue. Estimates based on central counts and estimates based on peripheral counts were considered separately. The numerical density was estimated employing an unbiased sampling technique. From central counts estimates with an error of less than five per cent could be obtained. From peripheral counts a maximum precision of mean +/- 12.2 per cent could be obtained. The theoretical maximum precision was calculated by application of a variance component model. The precision of estimates was calculated for 1, 2 and 4 test areas of different sizes. Economy of sampling was evaluated by comparison of the actual precision to the theoretical maximum precision of estimates.", "contents": "The precision of unbiased estimates of numerical density of endothelial cells in donor cornea. The precision of estimates of central corneal endothelial density was studied in 16 human corneas stained by alizarine red and trypane blue. Estimates based on central counts and estimates based on peripheral counts were considered separately. The numerical density was estimated employing an unbiased sampling technique. From central counts estimates with an error of less than five per cent could be obtained. From peripheral counts a maximum precision of mean +/- 12.2 per cent could be obtained. The theoretical maximum precision was calculated by application of a variance component model. The precision of estimates was calculated for 1, 2 and 4 test areas of different sizes. Economy of sampling was evaluated by comparison of the actual precision to the theoretical maximum precision of estimates.", "PMID": 80915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7921", "title": "Contaminants in human milk.", "content": "There is a paucity of information regarding excretion of contaminants in human milk, due to experimental difficulties and until recently a general lack of interest. Because of the high fat content of milk and as its acidity is higher than that of plasma, nearly all liposoluble and basic agents consumed by the mother will be excreted in the milk. Distinction must be made between, on the one hand drugs and social toxicants such as smoking and alcohol, whose intake can be stopped or limited during pregnancy and lactation, and ecological toxicants present in a polluted environment to which the mother is exposed. Cases have occurred of heavy prenatal and postnatal intoxication of infants with hexachlorobenzene in Turkey and methylmercury in Iraq due to consumption of fungicide-treated seed wheat by pregnant and lactating mothers. Recent attention has been concentrated on contamination of milk with organochlorine compounds such as DDT and PCB's, that are found in many parts of the world. The heaviest contamination with DDT has been found in Guatemala, resulting in suckling infants consuming many times the Acceptable Daily Intake of this compound proposed by WHO, with unknown future effects.", "contents": "Contaminants in human milk. There is a paucity of information regarding excretion of contaminants in human milk, due to experimental difficulties and until recently a general lack of interest. Because of the high fat content of milk and as its acidity is higher than that of plasma, nearly all liposoluble and basic agents consumed by the mother will be excreted in the milk. Distinction must be made between, on the one hand drugs and social toxicants such as smoking and alcohol, whose intake can be stopped or limited during pregnancy and lactation, and ecological toxicants present in a polluted environment to which the mother is exposed. Cases have occurred of heavy prenatal and postnatal intoxication of infants with hexachlorobenzene in Turkey and methylmercury in Iraq due to consumption of fungicide-treated seed wheat by pregnant and lactating mothers. Recent attention has been concentrated on contamination of milk with organochlorine compounds such as DDT and PCB's, that are found in many parts of the world. The heaviest contamination with DDT has been found in Guatemala, resulting in suckling infants consuming many times the Acceptable Daily Intake of this compound proposed by WHO, with unknown future effects.", "PMID": 80916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7922", "title": "Transient intestinal lymphangiectasia.", "content": "Intestinal lymphangiectasia may be more protean in clinical manifestations and less rare than earlier suspected. A recent report points out that there are two types of the disorder, one congenital and the other acquired and transitory. A case is reported which fulfills the current clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological criteria for the diagnosis of the disease, and represents the first report in Scandinavia of transient intestinal lymphangiectasis with rapid and complete recovery within a few months after initiation of MCT diet.", "contents": "Transient intestinal lymphangiectasia. Intestinal lymphangiectasia may be more protean in clinical manifestations and less rare than earlier suspected. A recent report points out that there are two types of the disorder, one congenital and the other acquired and transitory. A case is reported which fulfills the current clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological criteria for the diagnosis of the disease, and represents the first report in Scandinavia of transient intestinal lymphangiectasis with rapid and complete recovery within a few months after initiation of MCT diet.", "PMID": 80917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7923", "title": "Fluorescent labelling of cell membranes and cytoplasmic proteins in living cells.", "content": "Primary amino groups may be selectively labelled in living cell cytoplasmic components by staining with the covalently binding fluorochrome reagent fluorescamine. The reaction is extremely rapid and occurs at very low reagent concentrations. Cells survive such treatment and gradually remove or metabolize the labelled substances. Nuclei and nucleoli are not labelled, while lamellar cytoplasm, which contains little actual cytoplasm, is well demarcated, thus indicating that the method is useful for studies of cell membrane components. Labelled cell membranes can be prepared for further purification after preliminary external fixation of cell membranes with a supravital polyaldehyde fixative. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a solvent for fluorescamine allows much longer survival of the cells than the use of acetone as a solvent. In addition, the use of high pH and borate buffer was not necessary to the labelling phenomenon.", "contents": "Fluorescent labelling of cell membranes and cytoplasmic proteins in living cells. Primary amino groups may be selectively labelled in living cell cytoplasmic components by staining with the covalently binding fluorochrome reagent fluorescamine. The reaction is extremely rapid and occurs at very low reagent concentrations. Cells survive such treatment and gradually remove or metabolize the labelled substances. Nuclei and nucleoli are not labelled, while lamellar cytoplasm, which contains little actual cytoplasm, is well demarcated, thus indicating that the method is useful for studies of cell membrane components. Labelled cell membranes can be prepared for further purification after preliminary external fixation of cell membranes with a supravital polyaldehyde fixative. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a solvent for fluorescamine allows much longer survival of the cells than the use of acetone as a solvent. In addition, the use of high pH and borate buffer was not necessary to the labelling phenomenon.", "PMID": 80918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7924", "title": "[Study of thyroid function using diverse methods of separation of plasma radioiodine compounds in rats].", "content": "We compared the fractionations obtained by three different methods of dosage of thyroid hormones and we concluded that trichloracetic PBI is very rapid, (about 15 minutes) excluding the length of calculation of radio activity), is easy to execute, and uses inexpensive materials. Separation by exchanging resins of ions is also very rapid (15 min.), a little more precise, but the cost of operation is much higher. Separation by sephadex G25 is very time consuming (one day), and much more meticulous; its cost is equally high.", "contents": "[Study of thyroid function using diverse methods of separation of plasma radioiodine compounds in rats]. We compared the fractionations obtained by three different methods of dosage of thyroid hormones and we concluded that trichloracetic PBI is very rapid, (about 15 minutes) excluding the length of calculation of radio activity), is easy to execute, and uses inexpensive materials. Separation by exchanging resins of ions is also very rapid (15 min.), a little more precise, but the cost of operation is much higher. Separation by sephadex G25 is very time consuming (one day), and much more meticulous; its cost is equally high.", "PMID": 80920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7925", "title": "Drug-induced neutropenia in the Stockholm region 1973-75: frequency and causes.", "content": "The records of 133 patients, discharged with a diagnosis of \"agranulocytosis\" (i.e. blood neutrophil levels less than 1.0 x 109/1) during the years 1973-75 in the Stockholm county region, were reviewed. In 45 cases the neutropenia was probably caused by drugs other than cytostatics, giving an annual incidence of drug-induced neutropenia of 0.01%. The most common drugs were thenalidine, sulfonamides and thyreostatics. Only one of the 45 patients died during the neutropenic phase. It is concluded that the pattern of drugs causing neutropenia has changed in Sweden compared with studies from the latter half of the 1960's, and only about 40% of the cases have been reported to the authorities.", "contents": "Drug-induced neutropenia in the Stockholm region 1973-75: frequency and causes. The records of 133 patients, discharged with a diagnosis of \"agranulocytosis\" (i.e. blood neutrophil levels less than 1.0 x 109/1) during the years 1973-75 in the Stockholm county region, were reviewed. In 45 cases the neutropenia was probably caused by drugs other than cytostatics, giving an annual incidence of drug-induced neutropenia of 0.01%. The most common drugs were thenalidine, sulfonamides and thyreostatics. Only one of the 45 patients died during the neutropenic phase. It is concluded that the pattern of drugs causing neutropenia has changed in Sweden compared with studies from the latter half of the 1960's, and only about 40% of the cases have been reported to the authorities.", "PMID": 80921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7926", "title": "Bacterial decomposition of synthetic 14C-labeled lignin and lignin monomer derivatives.", "content": "Nocardia sp. which was isolated from soil is capable of degrading synthetic lignin and utilizing its monomer derivatives. Decomposition was monitored by measuring the 14CO2 evolved and O2 consumed, when the bacterium was grown on a medium containing specifically 14C-labeled ligning or monomer phenolic compounds as major carbon source. The time course of the 14CO2 release and O2 uptake indicates a significant depolymerization and utilization of lignin by the Nocardia sp.", "contents": "Bacterial decomposition of synthetic 14C-labeled lignin and lignin monomer derivatives. Nocardia sp. which was isolated from soil is capable of degrading synthetic lignin and utilizing its monomer derivatives. Decomposition was monitored by measuring the 14CO2 evolved and O2 consumed, when the bacterium was grown on a medium containing specifically 14C-labeled ligning or monomer phenolic compounds as major carbon source. The time course of the 14CO2 release and O2 uptake indicates a significant depolymerization and utilization of lignin by the Nocardia sp.", "PMID": 80922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7927", "title": "The effect of certain mannich N-bases, derivatives of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone, on the replication of vaccinia virus in in vitro studies.", "content": "Twenty-three Mannich mono- and bis-N-bases, derivatives of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT), were synthetized. Eighteen of these were tested for their inhibitory effect on the replication of vaccinia virus (IHD strain) in cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. All the compounds studied showed antiviral activity, demonstrated by the agar-diffusion method (screening). The concentrations that reduced the number of viral plaques to 50% (PRD50) and the values of the therapeutic index (Th.i.) of the compounds tested were determined by the methyl-cellulose technique. The results obtained permitted analysis of their pharmaceutical effect relative to the chemical structure of the molecule, under the described experimental conditions.", "contents": "The effect of certain mannich N-bases, derivatives of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone, on the replication of vaccinia virus in in vitro studies. Twenty-three Mannich mono- and bis-N-bases, derivatives of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT), were synthetized. Eighteen of these were tested for their inhibitory effect on the replication of vaccinia virus (IHD strain) in cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. All the compounds studied showed antiviral activity, demonstrated by the agar-diffusion method (screening). The concentrations that reduced the number of viral plaques to 50% (PRD50) and the values of the therapeutic index (Th.i.) of the compounds tested were determined by the methyl-cellulose technique. The results obtained permitted analysis of their pharmaceutical effect relative to the chemical structure of the molecule, under the described experimental conditions.", "PMID": 80923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7928", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an evidence of immunological response to measles virus. III. Statistical analysis.", "content": "Two-way analysis of variance with replications was used for comparing the size of leucocyte migration areas in the samples of blood of monkeys before and after immunization of animals with measles virus. The areas in control samples were compared with those with antigen. Size of migration areas differed significantly between control samples and those with antigen only after the immunization of animals. Interaction between individual monkeys and presence or absence of antigen was significant only 28 days after the immunization of animals.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an evidence of immunological response to measles virus. III. Statistical analysis. Two-way analysis of variance with replications was used for comparing the size of leucocyte migration areas in the samples of blood of monkeys before and after immunization of animals with measles virus. The areas in control samples were compared with those with antigen. Size of migration areas differed significantly between control samples and those with antigen only after the immunization of animals. Interaction between individual monkeys and presence or absence of antigen was significant only 28 days after the immunization of animals.", "PMID": 80924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7929", "title": "Some factors affecting the heterotrophic activity of bacteria in lake.", "content": "The heterotrophic activity of aquatic bacteria was measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine, uptake of 14C-sodium acetate and mineralization of 14C-acetate. The temperature of water, oxygen content and concentration of chlorophyll a were also measured in the studied lakes. The obtained results of the studied processes in the surface layer and epilimnion were distinguished by negative correlation coefficients. A distinctive feature is the relation between chlorophyll a concentration in the water bodies and heterotrophic activity of bacteria. This indicates a negative dependence between these processes and phytoplankton activity in the photic zone. In contrast a positive relationship between phytoplankton activity and heterotrophic activity of bacteria was found in the metalimnion and hypolimnion of the studied lakes.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the heterotrophic activity of bacteria in lake. The heterotrophic activity of aquatic bacteria was measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine, uptake of 14C-sodium acetate and mineralization of 14C-acetate. The temperature of water, oxygen content and concentration of chlorophyll a were also measured in the studied lakes. The obtained results of the studied processes in the surface layer and epilimnion were distinguished by negative correlation coefficients. A distinctive feature is the relation between chlorophyll a concentration in the water bodies and heterotrophic activity of bacteria. This indicates a negative dependence between these processes and phytoplankton activity in the photic zone. In contrast a positive relationship between phytoplankton activity and heterotrophic activity of bacteria was found in the metalimnion and hypolimnion of the studied lakes.", "PMID": 80925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7930", "title": "The estimation of extracellular release by phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity of aquatic bacteria.", "content": "The actual extracellular release of organic matter by algae was determined in water samples in which the heterotrophic activity of bacteria was inhibited by gentamycin. Gentamycin rapidly and efficiently inhibited the activity of aquatic bacteria without affecting phytoplankton metabolism. Aquatic bacteria utilized the products of algal extracellular release. The amount of algal photosynthetic products metabolized by bacteria can be taken as a measure of their heterotrophic activity in waters.", "contents": "The estimation of extracellular release by phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity of aquatic bacteria. The actual extracellular release of organic matter by algae was determined in water samples in which the heterotrophic activity of bacteria was inhibited by gentamycin. Gentamycin rapidly and efficiently inhibited the activity of aquatic bacteria without affecting phytoplankton metabolism. Aquatic bacteria utilized the products of algal extracellular release. The amount of algal photosynthetic products metabolized by bacteria can be taken as a measure of their heterotrophic activity in waters.", "PMID": 80926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7931", "title": "Effect of copper and tri- and hexavalent chromium on the work of an activated sludge.", "content": "The effect of metals (Cu2+, Cr3+, Cr6+) on the work of an activated sludge grown in crude oil refining or synthetic wastes was examined. The activated sludge method was found to be applicable for the purification of wastes carrying up to 0.8 mgCu2+/1,15mgCr3+/1, or 20mgCr6+/1. Higher concentrations of these metals inhibited the work of the activated sludge which was evident in inferior purification and reduced intensity of respiration of the activated sludge microorganisms.", "contents": "Effect of copper and tri- and hexavalent chromium on the work of an activated sludge. The effect of metals (Cu2+, Cr3+, Cr6+) on the work of an activated sludge grown in crude oil refining or synthetic wastes was examined. The activated sludge method was found to be applicable for the purification of wastes carrying up to 0.8 mgCu2+/1,15mgCr3+/1, or 20mgCr6+/1. Higher concentrations of these metals inhibited the work of the activated sludge which was evident in inferior purification and reduced intensity of respiration of the activated sludge microorganisms.", "PMID": 80927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7932", "title": "The effect of cyclohexane derivatives on selection of bacterial groups forming activated sludge microflora.", "content": "The effect of cyclohexanol, cyclohekxanon and cyclohexylamine on the selection of bacteria in a model population composed of bacteria isolated from activated sludge was examined. The initial population consisted of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The latter, which accounted for 90-97% of the population, belonged mainly to three Pseudomonas groups and the Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio-Aeromonas, Achromobacter-Alcaligenes and Flavobacterium groups. Seven day growth in medium containing cyclohexane derivatives caused pronounced qualitative changes in the population. The compounds favored the development of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and inhibited the growth of all other gram-negative bacteria. The direction of selection was independent of the type of cyclohexane derivative.", "contents": "The effect of cyclohexane derivatives on selection of bacterial groups forming activated sludge microflora. The effect of cyclohexanol, cyclohekxanon and cyclohexylamine on the selection of bacteria in a model population composed of bacteria isolated from activated sludge was examined. The initial population consisted of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The latter, which accounted for 90-97% of the population, belonged mainly to three Pseudomonas groups and the Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio-Aeromonas, Achromobacter-Alcaligenes and Flavobacterium groups. Seven day growth in medium containing cyclohexane derivatives caused pronounced qualitative changes in the population. The compounds favored the development of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and inhibited the growth of all other gram-negative bacteria. The direction of selection was independent of the type of cyclohexane derivative.", "PMID": 80928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7933", "title": "Studies on the sterilization of pharmaceutical base materials with ionizing radiation and ethylene oxide.", "content": "The use of ionizing radiation and ethylene oxide for the sterilization of pharmaceutical base materials of animal origin, used to produce organopreparations, was studied. The materials included liver extract, pancreas extract, dried thyroid and intrinsic factor. The effective sterilizing doses for the examined materials and dependence between effective ionizing radiation dose and primary contamination were determined.", "contents": "Studies on the sterilization of pharmaceutical base materials with ionizing radiation and ethylene oxide. The use of ionizing radiation and ethylene oxide for the sterilization of pharmaceutical base materials of animal origin, used to produce organopreparations, was studied. The materials included liver extract, pancreas extract, dried thyroid and intrinsic factor. The effective sterilizing doses for the examined materials and dependence between effective ionizing radiation dose and primary contamination were determined.", "PMID": 80929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7934", "title": "Genetic transformation in Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "Markers controlling the synthesis of amino acids and organic bases as well as streptomycin resistance and sensitivity to acriflavine were transformed in Rhizobium trifolii. The results indicate that the str marker was transformed independently of leu, his, ade and trp markers. Co-transformation of leu and utra markers ranged from 3 to 7%, whereas that of thi and acr was 10%.", "contents": "Genetic transformation in Rhizobium trifolii. Markers controlling the synthesis of amino acids and organic bases as well as streptomycin resistance and sensitivity to acriflavine were transformed in Rhizobium trifolii. The results indicate that the str marker was transformed independently of leu, his, ade and trp markers. Co-transformation of leu and utra markers ranged from 3 to 7%, whereas that of thi and acr was 10%.", "PMID": 80930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7935", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of R6K plasmid deletion mutants.", "content": "Several deletion mutants of R6K have been isolated by mutagen treatment of bacterial host carrying wild type of the plasmid and search for clones that lost ampicillin or streptomycin resistance. The molecular weight of the mutants as estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis was 15 times 10(6) minus 23 times 10(6) compared to 26 times 10(6) for the parental plasmid. The mutants were characterized in respect of the level of resistance to ampicillin and frequency of conjugational transfer. Some of the mutants were found to differ in Eco RI digestion pattern from the wild type.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of R6K plasmid deletion mutants. Several deletion mutants of R6K have been isolated by mutagen treatment of bacterial host carrying wild type of the plasmid and search for clones that lost ampicillin or streptomycin resistance. The molecular weight of the mutants as estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis was 15 times 10(6) minus 23 times 10(6) compared to 26 times 10(6) for the parental plasmid. The mutants were characterized in respect of the level of resistance to ampicillin and frequency of conjugational transfer. Some of the mutants were found to differ in Eco RI digestion pattern from the wild type.", "PMID": 80931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7936", "title": "Lipopolysaccharides of Shigella flexneri 6 as phage receptors.", "content": "Seven bacteriophages specifically lytic for representative strains of Shigella flexneri serotype 6 were studied. Cross hemagglutination experiments and chemical analysis of isolated lipopolysaccharides showed that strains 975 and 323 are smooth and strains 288, 551 and 488--rough. Lipopolysaccharides isolated from the smooth strains inactivated phages F10 and \"a\" whereas those from the rough strains demonstrated poor inactivation of specific bacteriophages. The lipopolysaccharides of both the smooth and rough strains were found to be phage \"a\" receptors. The results indicate that the varied sensitivity of S. flexneri 6 depends on the roughness of the strains.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharides of Shigella flexneri 6 as phage receptors. Seven bacteriophages specifically lytic for representative strains of Shigella flexneri serotype 6 were studied. Cross hemagglutination experiments and chemical analysis of isolated lipopolysaccharides showed that strains 975 and 323 are smooth and strains 288, 551 and 488--rough. Lipopolysaccharides isolated from the smooth strains inactivated phages F10 and \"a\" whereas those from the rough strains demonstrated poor inactivation of specific bacteriophages. The lipopolysaccharides of both the smooth and rough strains were found to be phage \"a\" receptors. The results indicate that the varied sensitivity of S. flexneri 6 depends on the roughness of the strains.", "PMID": 80932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7937", "title": "Studies on the action of myelin basic protein (MBP) in rat brain.", "content": "The specificity of I125-MBP uptake and subcellular distribution on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient, compared to those of histone H 4 and cytochrome c, showed a high affinity of MBP for mitochondria and heavy synaptosomes, and of histone H 4 for lighter synaptosomes. One heavier synaptosomal subpopulation was almost equally labelled by both proteins. Cytochrome c showed only a low uptake into particular material. Receptor interaction studies of MBP with H3-labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine and naloxone gave negative results.", "contents": "Studies on the action of myelin basic protein (MBP) in rat brain. The specificity of I125-MBP uptake and subcellular distribution on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient, compared to those of histone H 4 and cytochrome c, showed a high affinity of MBP for mitochondria and heavy synaptosomes, and of histone H 4 for lighter synaptosomes. One heavier synaptosomal subpopulation was almost equally labelled by both proteins. Cytochrome c showed only a low uptake into particular material. Receptor interaction studies of MBP with H3-labelled 5-hydroxytryptamine and naloxone gave negative results.", "PMID": 80935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7938", "title": "In vivo incorporation of 32P into myelin basic protein from normal and quaking mice.", "content": "Myelin basic protein in normal mice is phosphorylated. Since phosphorylation can decrease the net positive charge of the myelin basic protein, this could affect molecular interactions between this protein and other myelin components. In this study 32P incorporation into small and large components of the myelin basic protein was studied in immature and young adult mice and also in Quaking mutants which have a severe myelin deficit. We found a short half-life of 32P in myelin basic protein. The 32P specific activity of myelin basic protein was higher in immature and Quaking mice than in young adult animals. Of the 32P-labeled basic proteins of control and Quaking mice, the small component had a slightly higher specific activity than the large component. Although the small basic protein is quantitatively decreased in Quaking mice, the ratio of specific activity of small to large basic protein is similar in control and Quaking animals. Since Quaking and immature mice have many uncompacted myelin lamellae, these preliminary results suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation could be involved in compaction mechanisms.", "contents": "In vivo incorporation of 32P into myelin basic protein from normal and quaking mice. Myelin basic protein in normal mice is phosphorylated. Since phosphorylation can decrease the net positive charge of the myelin basic protein, this could affect molecular interactions between this protein and other myelin components. In this study 32P incorporation into small and large components of the myelin basic protein was studied in immature and young adult mice and also in Quaking mutants which have a severe myelin deficit. We found a short half-life of 32P in myelin basic protein. The 32P specific activity of myelin basic protein was higher in immature and Quaking mice than in young adult animals. Of the 32P-labeled basic proteins of control and Quaking mice, the small component had a slightly higher specific activity than the large component. Although the small basic protein is quantitatively decreased in Quaking mice, the ratio of specific activity of small to large basic protein is similar in control and Quaking animals. Since Quaking and immature mice have many uncompacted myelin lamellae, these preliminary results suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation could be involved in compaction mechanisms.", "PMID": 80936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7939", "title": "Biosynthesis of myelin and neurotoxic factors in the serum of multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "The in vitro synthesis of myelin proteins has been studied by measuring the incorporation of [3H] lysine in developing rat brain slices. This incorporation system has been used to assay potentially gliotoxic and myelinolytic agents. A reduced incorporation of the labelled amino acid into myelin proteins occurs in the presence of anti-myelin anti-serum and anti-basic protein anti-serum. Diphtheria toxin has been found to inhibit the synthesis of myelin basic and proteolipid protein in the white matter slices of developing rats. Recent experiments with serum samples from multiple sclerosis patients in exacerbation suggest the presence of a factor which interferes with the synthesis of myelin in white matter slices.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of myelin and neurotoxic factors in the serum of multiple sclerosis patients. The in vitro synthesis of myelin proteins has been studied by measuring the incorporation of [3H] lysine in developing rat brain slices. This incorporation system has been used to assay potentially gliotoxic and myelinolytic agents. A reduced incorporation of the labelled amino acid into myelin proteins occurs in the presence of anti-myelin anti-serum and anti-basic protein anti-serum. Diphtheria toxin has been found to inhibit the synthesis of myelin basic and proteolipid protein in the white matter slices of developing rats. Recent experiments with serum samples from multiple sclerosis patients in exacerbation suggest the presence of a factor which interferes with the synthesis of myelin in white matter slices.", "PMID": 80937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7940", "title": "Conformation of myelin basic protein and its role in myelin formation.", "content": "High resolution 13C and 1H NMR spectra of myelin basic protein over a range of pH and concentrations indicate that intramolecular folding of the polypeptide chain occurs in aqueous solution in the region of residues 85 to 116. At pH 4 in D2O solution, the 13C resonances due to nonprotonated carbons of phenylalanine and tryptophan are broadened and chemically shifted compared to the same resonances when the protein is dissolved in 6M guanidinium hydrochloride. These residues occur in the region of the polypeptide chain in which the intramolecular folding may occur. As the pH is raised and the positive charge on the protein reduced from 28 to 18, intermolecular aggregation occurs, which appears to involve these same folded regions. Data on T1 (longitudinal relaxation times) of protons indicate also that amino-acid sidechains vary considerably in their motional freedoms. The concentration dependence of the proton NMR spectra provides further information on association of protein monomers. The region of the protein involved in folding, polymerization and substrate specificities is conservative in various species and we can surmise that it may have a specialized role in protein-lipid interactions in the myelin membrane. We suggest that the protein forms dimers across the cytoplasmic apposition during the formation of myelin. Estimates of the repulsive energies of interaction between approaching membranes suggest that some special mechanism of this kind is required to overcome the repulsive forces due to breakdown of water structure and electrostatic interaction.", "contents": "Conformation of myelin basic protein and its role in myelin formation. High resolution 13C and 1H NMR spectra of myelin basic protein over a range of pH and concentrations indicate that intramolecular folding of the polypeptide chain occurs in aqueous solution in the region of residues 85 to 116. At pH 4 in D2O solution, the 13C resonances due to nonprotonated carbons of phenylalanine and tryptophan are broadened and chemically shifted compared to the same resonances when the protein is dissolved in 6M guanidinium hydrochloride. These residues occur in the region of the polypeptide chain in which the intramolecular folding may occur. As the pH is raised and the positive charge on the protein reduced from 28 to 18, intermolecular aggregation occurs, which appears to involve these same folded regions. Data on T1 (longitudinal relaxation times) of protons indicate also that amino-acid sidechains vary considerably in their motional freedoms. The concentration dependence of the proton NMR spectra provides further information on association of protein monomers. The region of the protein involved in folding, polymerization and substrate specificities is conservative in various species and we can surmise that it may have a specialized role in protein-lipid interactions in the myelin membrane. We suggest that the protein forms dimers across the cytoplasmic apposition during the formation of myelin. Estimates of the repulsive energies of interaction between approaching membranes suggest that some special mechanism of this kind is required to overcome the repulsive forces due to breakdown of water structure and electrostatic interaction.", "PMID": 80938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7941", "title": "Cross-linking of lipid bilayers by central nervous system myelin basic protein: aggregation of free and vesicle-bound protein.", "content": "Central nervous system myelin basic protein binds to the zwitterionic lipid, egg diacylphosphatidylcholine, over a wide range of pH and ionic strength. Lipid vesicles containing the protein have been observed to increase in size and to aggregate. The size increase is most marked at very low ionic strengths whereas aggregation is evident at ionic strengths from 0.001 to 0.35. The pH and ionic-strength dependence of this aggregation closely follows that of the self-association of the protein, suggesting that vesicle association is mediated by binding between polypeptides attached to different vesicles. Basic protein is monomeric at low pH but above pH 6 self-associates yielding primarily small oligomers (probably dimers) and minor amounts of higher species. It is envisaged that each protein molecule possesses two distinct binding sites, one capable of association with lipid bilayers and the second with another protein molecule. Basic protein is found predominantly on the intracellular surface of the myelin membrane. Given the ability of the protein to act as a bridge between lipid bilayer vesicles in vitro it is proposed that it may perform a similar function in vivo, serving to cross-link the inner surfaces of the oligodendroglial cell membrane. This protein function could lead to formation of the long cellular processes which encircle the nerve cell axon and could assist in stabilizing the highly ordered myelin structure which results.", "contents": "Cross-linking of lipid bilayers by central nervous system myelin basic protein: aggregation of free and vesicle-bound protein. Central nervous system myelin basic protein binds to the zwitterionic lipid, egg diacylphosphatidylcholine, over a wide range of pH and ionic strength. Lipid vesicles containing the protein have been observed to increase in size and to aggregate. The size increase is most marked at very low ionic strengths whereas aggregation is evident at ionic strengths from 0.001 to 0.35. The pH and ionic-strength dependence of this aggregation closely follows that of the self-association of the protein, suggesting that vesicle association is mediated by binding between polypeptides attached to different vesicles. Basic protein is monomeric at low pH but above pH 6 self-associates yielding primarily small oligomers (probably dimers) and minor amounts of higher species. It is envisaged that each protein molecule possesses two distinct binding sites, one capable of association with lipid bilayers and the second with another protein molecule. Basic protein is found predominantly on the intracellular surface of the myelin membrane. Given the ability of the protein to act as a bridge between lipid bilayer vesicles in vitro it is proposed that it may perform a similar function in vivo, serving to cross-link the inner surfaces of the oligodendroglial cell membrane. This protein function could lead to formation of the long cellular processes which encircle the nerve cell axon and could assist in stabilizing the highly ordered myelin structure which results.", "PMID": 80939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7942", "title": "Molecular organisation in central nerve myelin.", "content": "Pertinent data from the literature and in press is summarised and used to construct a model for the molecular arrangement of lipid and protein in the lamellae of compact central nerve myelin. For the lipid phase of myelin the available data is best interpreted in terms of a bilayer arrangement while physical studies suggest that the lipids are in an intermediate fluid state maintained by the presence of cholesterol and water in the system. Lipids will interact to maintain this condition. The proteins of myelin differ in their membrane locations. The high molecular weight proteins are considered to be intrinsic components with at least part of their polypeptide chains in the lipid phase. The proteolipid protein is also intrinsic and may be completely buried in the lipid phase. The basic protein of myelin is an extrinsic component and must be localised at the surface of the lipid phase at either the external or cytoplasmic face of the lamellae. Present results suggest an elusive location at the cytoplasmic apposition region. The lipid-interacting properties of the basic protein are segregated on the polypeptide chain of the molecule and this may be important for the possible role of the basic protein in bridging adjacent lamellae at the cytoplasmic apposition. It is speculated that association of the proteolipid protein with the basic protein in a 1:1 molar ratio would form an effective lipid-complexing nucleus in the lipid rich myelin lamellae but experimental data to support this idea is lacking at present.", "contents": "Molecular organisation in central nerve myelin. Pertinent data from the literature and in press is summarised and used to construct a model for the molecular arrangement of lipid and protein in the lamellae of compact central nerve myelin. For the lipid phase of myelin the available data is best interpreted in terms of a bilayer arrangement while physical studies suggest that the lipids are in an intermediate fluid state maintained by the presence of cholesterol and water in the system. Lipids will interact to maintain this condition. The proteins of myelin differ in their membrane locations. The high molecular weight proteins are considered to be intrinsic components with at least part of their polypeptide chains in the lipid phase. The proteolipid protein is also intrinsic and may be completely buried in the lipid phase. The basic protein of myelin is an extrinsic component and must be localised at the surface of the lipid phase at either the external or cytoplasmic face of the lamellae. Present results suggest an elusive location at the cytoplasmic apposition region. The lipid-interacting properties of the basic protein are segregated on the polypeptide chain of the molecule and this may be important for the possible role of the basic protein in bridging adjacent lamellae at the cytoplasmic apposition. It is speculated that association of the proteolipid protein with the basic protein in a 1:1 molar ratio would form an effective lipid-complexing nucleus in the lipid rich myelin lamellae but experimental data to support this idea is lacking at present.", "PMID": 80940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7943", "title": "Autoimmunity in multiple slcerosis: do we have an experimental model?", "content": "Experimental autoimmunity of the CNS has been well characterized--the antigen has been identified, effector cell specificity has been defined, and the relationship between cellular sensitization and antibody production has been partially clarified. In the guinea pig, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced by one injection of myelin basic protein in complete Freund's adjuvant (BP/CFA). If BP/CFA is preceded by repeated injections of basic protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (BP/IFA), EAE is not induced; the guinea pigs survive and ultimately produce antibody. Induction and prevention of EAE as well as antibody induction by this schedule are dependent on the presence of the intact encephalitogenic (T-cell) site in the polypeptide used for sensitization and preimmunization. In contrast, B cell sites (those peptide sequences which bind antibody) are independent of the T-cell site. At least 5 specific antigenic regions (B-cell sites) have been demonstrated in the BP molecule. High mycobacteria levels bypass the specificity requirement of helper T-cells but cannot bypass the specificity requirement of effector T-cells. In spite of the sophisticated immunologic techniques available, our knowledge of humoral and cellular sensitivity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is very limited. The experimental demonstration of an analogy between EAE and MS is weak: a) Demonstration of BP-sensitized cells or BP-specific antibodies in peripheral blood of MS patients has not been successful. b) Anti-myelin serum factors reported to be associated with both disease states (experimental autoimmunity and MS) are clearly not identical. Nevertheless, successful treatment of EAE in animals by BP/IFA injections has encouraged consideration of clinical trials to test the therapeutic value of BP injections in MS patients. If successful, the question will be answered: if unsuccessful, the dilemma still remains.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in multiple slcerosis: do we have an experimental model? Experimental autoimmunity of the CNS has been well characterized--the antigen has been identified, effector cell specificity has been defined, and the relationship between cellular sensitization and antibody production has been partially clarified. In the guinea pig, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced by one injection of myelin basic protein in complete Freund's adjuvant (BP/CFA). If BP/CFA is preceded by repeated injections of basic protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (BP/IFA), EAE is not induced; the guinea pigs survive and ultimately produce antibody. Induction and prevention of EAE as well as antibody induction by this schedule are dependent on the presence of the intact encephalitogenic (T-cell) site in the polypeptide used for sensitization and preimmunization. In contrast, B cell sites (those peptide sequences which bind antibody) are independent of the T-cell site. At least 5 specific antigenic regions (B-cell sites) have been demonstrated in the BP molecule. High mycobacteria levels bypass the specificity requirement of helper T-cells but cannot bypass the specificity requirement of effector T-cells. In spite of the sophisticated immunologic techniques available, our knowledge of humoral and cellular sensitivity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is very limited. The experimental demonstration of an analogy between EAE and MS is weak: a) Demonstration of BP-sensitized cells or BP-specific antibodies in peripheral blood of MS patients has not been successful. b) Anti-myelin serum factors reported to be associated with both disease states (experimental autoimmunity and MS) are clearly not identical. Nevertheless, successful treatment of EAE in animals by BP/IFA injections has encouraged consideration of clinical trials to test the therapeutic value of BP injections in MS patients. If successful, the question will be answered: if unsuccessful, the dilemma still remains.", "PMID": 80941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7944", "title": "Molecular bases for the difference in the potency of myelin basic protein from different species in Lewis rats.", "content": "The results of this study define the chemical bases for the difference in the encephalitogenic potency reported for the bovine and guinea pig myelin basic proteins. Studies with synthetic peptides showed that the sequence of peptide S53, H-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, which is native to the guinea pig basic protein, is the minimum amino acid sequence necessary for inducing EAE in Lewis rats. The results of this study further showed that specific sequence modifications rendered the native bovine sequence highly encephalitogenic.", "contents": "Molecular bases for the difference in the potency of myelin basic protein from different species in Lewis rats. The results of this study define the chemical bases for the difference in the encephalitogenic potency reported for the bovine and guinea pig myelin basic proteins. Studies with synthetic peptides showed that the sequence of peptide S53, H-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn-OH, which is native to the guinea pig basic protein, is the minimum amino acid sequence necessary for inducing EAE in Lewis rats. The results of this study further showed that specific sequence modifications rendered the native bovine sequence highly encephalitogenic.", "PMID": 80942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7945", "title": "Clearance of myelin basic protein from blood of normal and EAE rabbits.", "content": "The rate of clearance of porcine myelin basic protein (MBP) from plasma of rabbits was determined following intravenous injection of 20 mg MBP. The MBP level in the plasma was measured by a 2-site immunoradiometric assay with specific antibody to guinea pig MBP produced in rabbits. Plasma MBP-antibody levels were determined by competitive binding radioimmune assay (RIA). Unsensitized and those sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with porcine MBP in CFA, and with whole porcine spinal cord in CFA were studied. Unsensitized and CFA sensitized rabbits exhibited maximum MBP levels in the plasma within two minutes after injection with rapid decrease to undetectable levels in one hour. Thirty-nine of the unsensitized (control) rabbits exhibited normal, rapid clearance and no subsequent physical signs of EAE while one of the control rabbits exhibited a slightly retarded clearance rate. Histologic examination of autopsy tissues from the control group revealed that five rabbits showed lesions which could be attributed to Encephalitozoan cuniculi or Toxoplasma and one rabbit autopsied 65 days after clearance had minimal EAE lesions. Rabbits sensitized with MBP exhibited a retarded rate of clearance at the acute stage of EAE and following recovery. Rabbits sensitized with whole spinal cord in CFA also exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Anti (MBP) antibodies were detected in the plasma of all rabbits which exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Significant rates of retardation were not detected until approximately three weeks after sensitization with CFA-MBP or CFA-spinal cord. While MBP antibody levels in most animals were not detected by the immunodiffusion technique, antibodies were demonstrated by RIA. The 20 mg MBP given intravenously is probably in great antigen excess and conducive to the formation of soluble MBP-anti (MBP) complexes in the blood.", "contents": "Clearance of myelin basic protein from blood of normal and EAE rabbits. The rate of clearance of porcine myelin basic protein (MBP) from plasma of rabbits was determined following intravenous injection of 20 mg MBP. The MBP level in the plasma was measured by a 2-site immunoradiometric assay with specific antibody to guinea pig MBP produced in rabbits. Plasma MBP-antibody levels were determined by competitive binding radioimmune assay (RIA). Unsensitized and those sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with porcine MBP in CFA, and with whole porcine spinal cord in CFA were studied. Unsensitized and CFA sensitized rabbits exhibited maximum MBP levels in the plasma within two minutes after injection with rapid decrease to undetectable levels in one hour. Thirty-nine of the unsensitized (control) rabbits exhibited normal, rapid clearance and no subsequent physical signs of EAE while one of the control rabbits exhibited a slightly retarded clearance rate. Histologic examination of autopsy tissues from the control group revealed that five rabbits showed lesions which could be attributed to Encephalitozoan cuniculi or Toxoplasma and one rabbit autopsied 65 days after clearance had minimal EAE lesions. Rabbits sensitized with MBP exhibited a retarded rate of clearance at the acute stage of EAE and following recovery. Rabbits sensitized with whole spinal cord in CFA also exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Anti (MBP) antibodies were detected in the plasma of all rabbits which exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Significant rates of retardation were not detected until approximately three weeks after sensitization with CFA-MBP or CFA-spinal cord. While MBP antibody levels in most animals were not detected by the immunodiffusion technique, antibodies were demonstrated by RIA. The 20 mg MBP given intravenously is probably in great antigen excess and conducive to the formation of soluble MBP-anti (MBP) complexes in the blood.", "PMID": 80944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7946", "title": "Baisc protein hydrolysis in lymphocytes of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) contain high amounts of acid and neutral proteinases which hydrolyze myelin basic protein. The activity at neutral pH is also expressed by whole lymphocytes in isotonic medium, with about 50% more activity released by homogenization. Neutral proteinase activity in lymphocytes increases with the onset of acute EAE while the activity of those from Freund's adjuvant-injected controls increases somewhat later. The total neutral proteinase activity appears to be membrane-bound, most likely in the lysosomes, but half the total was associated with the nuclear fraction. The basic protein proteinase was compared with an enzyme described earlier, especially active toward polylysine, and some differences were noted. It appears that two enzymes may be present in lymphocytes which hydrolyze basic protein at a neutral pH. An increase in neutral proteinase activity was observed in some, but not all, lymphocyte preparations from patients in various stages of multiple sclerosis. The finding that whole activated lymphocytes are capable of hydrolyzing basic protein suggests that these cells which are believed to be precursors of mononuclear cells migrating into the central nervous system may be active agents in the early stages of myelin dissolution in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. At present, such a mechanism is only theoretical, and the possibility that activated lymphocytes may be a factor in demyelination in multiple sclerosis is even more speculative.", "contents": "Baisc protein hydrolysis in lymphocytes of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Lymphocytes from lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) contain high amounts of acid and neutral proteinases which hydrolyze myelin basic protein. The activity at neutral pH is also expressed by whole lymphocytes in isotonic medium, with about 50% more activity released by homogenization. Neutral proteinase activity in lymphocytes increases with the onset of acute EAE while the activity of those from Freund's adjuvant-injected controls increases somewhat later. The total neutral proteinase activity appears to be membrane-bound, most likely in the lysosomes, but half the total was associated with the nuclear fraction. The basic protein proteinase was compared with an enzyme described earlier, especially active toward polylysine, and some differences were noted. It appears that two enzymes may be present in lymphocytes which hydrolyze basic protein at a neutral pH. An increase in neutral proteinase activity was observed in some, but not all, lymphocyte preparations from patients in various stages of multiple sclerosis. The finding that whole activated lymphocytes are capable of hydrolyzing basic protein suggests that these cells which are believed to be precursors of mononuclear cells migrating into the central nervous system may be active agents in the early stages of myelin dissolution in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. At present, such a mechanism is only theoretical, and the possibility that activated lymphocytes may be a factor in demyelination in multiple sclerosis is even more speculative.", "PMID": 80945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7947", "title": "Neutral proteinases secreted by macrophages degrade basic protein: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination.", "content": "In the inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, demyelination occurs in the vicinity of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Although the histopathology is characteristic of each disease, the general observation that myelin destruction in inflammatory lesions begins prior to phagocytosis suggests a common mechanism for myelinolysis in these diseases. Recent studies show that stimulated macrophages secrete several neutral proteinases, including plasminogen (Plg) activator. We have tested the possibility that these proteinases could, directly or indirectly, initiate myelin destruction. Isolated brain myelin was incubated with supernatant media from cultures of stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of Plg. Cell supernatants alone caused some degradation of basic protein (BP) in myelin. The amount degraded was considerably enhanced in the presence of Plg. The other myelin proteins remained essentially intact. While the Plg-independent proteolytic activity in the supernatants was abolished by EDTA, known to inhibit the neutral proteinases, the Plg-dependent hydrolysis was inhibited by p-nitrophenylguanidinobenzoate, an inhibitor of Plg activator and plasmin. These results suggested that the Plg activator secreted by the macrophages generated plasmin, which selectively degraded BP. This interpretation was confirmed by the observation that urokinase, a Plg activator, plus Plg was effective in degrading BP in myelin. We propose that the action of neutral proteinases released by stimulated macrophages, and its amplification by the Plg-plasmin system, may play a significant role in several inflammatory demyelinating diseases; and that the relative specificity of these reactions for myelin lies in the extreme susceptibility of BP to proteolysis.", "contents": "Neutral proteinases secreted by macrophages degrade basic protein: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination. In the inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, demyelination occurs in the vicinity of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Although the histopathology is characteristic of each disease, the general observation that myelin destruction in inflammatory lesions begins prior to phagocytosis suggests a common mechanism for myelinolysis in these diseases. Recent studies show that stimulated macrophages secrete several neutral proteinases, including plasminogen (Plg) activator. We have tested the possibility that these proteinases could, directly or indirectly, initiate myelin destruction. Isolated brain myelin was incubated with supernatant media from cultures of stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of Plg. Cell supernatants alone caused some degradation of basic protein (BP) in myelin. The amount degraded was considerably enhanced in the presence of Plg. The other myelin proteins remained essentially intact. While the Plg-independent proteolytic activity in the supernatants was abolished by EDTA, known to inhibit the neutral proteinases, the Plg-dependent hydrolysis was inhibited by p-nitrophenylguanidinobenzoate, an inhibitor of Plg activator and plasmin. These results suggested that the Plg activator secreted by the macrophages generated plasmin, which selectively degraded BP. This interpretation was confirmed by the observation that urokinase, a Plg activator, plus Plg was effective in degrading BP in myelin. We propose that the action of neutral proteinases released by stimulated macrophages, and its amplification by the Plg-plasmin system, may play a significant role in several inflammatory demyelinating diseases; and that the relative specificity of these reactions for myelin lies in the extreme susceptibility of BP to proteolysis.", "PMID": 80946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7948", "title": "Effect of diphtheritic demyelination on axonal transport in the sciatic nerve and subsequent muscle changes in the chicken.", "content": "Chicken sciatic nerves undergo demyelination following intraneural injection of diphtheria toxin and subsequent atrophy of some muscular cells. Paresis occurs after one week and lasts approximately three weeks; at the height of the lesion C14-leucine was injected into the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord. The axonal transport of fast flowing labelled proteins was followed down the sciatic nerve axons and flow rates at two different times were measured. Muscle cells were stained for succinic dehydrogenase and ATPase; fibre diameters, total protein, and total radioactivity associated with the nerves were also measured. The results showed that the fast flowing labelled proteins accumulated at the demyelination site while the muscle cells supplied by these nerves showed reduction of fibre diameter and evidence of degeneration. Further studies are in progress on slow moving proteins and muscle cells.", "contents": "Effect of diphtheritic demyelination on axonal transport in the sciatic nerve and subsequent muscle changes in the chicken. Chicken sciatic nerves undergo demyelination following intraneural injection of diphtheria toxin and subsequent atrophy of some muscular cells. Paresis occurs after one week and lasts approximately three weeks; at the height of the lesion C14-leucine was injected into the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord. The axonal transport of fast flowing labelled proteins was followed down the sciatic nerve axons and flow rates at two different times were measured. Muscle cells were stained for succinic dehydrogenase and ATPase; fibre diameters, total protein, and total radioactivity associated with the nerves were also measured. The results showed that the fast flowing labelled proteins accumulated at the demyelination site while the muscle cells supplied by these nerves showed reduction of fibre diameter and evidence of degeneration. Further studies are in progress on slow moving proteins and muscle cells.", "PMID": 80947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7949", "title": "Cellular and humoral responses to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis: a dichotomy.", "content": "The macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay and a counterimmunodiffusion assay were utilized to measure immune responses to human myelin basic protein in 75 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 120 control subjects. Eight out of ten MS patients in acute exacerbation and one out of seventeen convalescent, but none of chronically ill MS patients gave positive results in the MIF test. Forty-six percent of the patients with negative MIF assays but only 22% of those with positive assays had positive antibody results. In the counterimmunodiffusion assay, myelin basic protein antibody was demonstrated in almost 2/3 of patients during convalescence but it was not present in those whose illness had been stable for 6 months or longer. While no correlation with the stage or duration of the illness was present in other disorders, in MS an inverse correlation with clinical activity and in vitro evidence of cellular sensitization to encephalitogenic basic protein was apparent.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral responses to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis: a dichotomy. The macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay and a counterimmunodiffusion assay were utilized to measure immune responses to human myelin basic protein in 75 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 120 control subjects. Eight out of ten MS patients in acute exacerbation and one out of seventeen convalescent, but none of chronically ill MS patients gave positive results in the MIF test. Forty-six percent of the patients with negative MIF assays but only 22% of those with positive assays had positive antibody results. In the counterimmunodiffusion assay, myelin basic protein antibody was demonstrated in almost 2/3 of patients during convalescence but it was not present in those whose illness had been stable for 6 months or longer. While no correlation with the stage or duration of the illness was present in other disorders, in MS an inverse correlation with clinical activity and in vitro evidence of cellular sensitization to encephalitogenic basic protein was apparent.", "PMID": 80948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7950", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "We have previously reported that myelin basic protein appears in CSF during acute attacks of multiple sclerosis. These studies have been extended to over 700 patients, 91 with multiple sclerosis. The data continues to indicate that myelin basic protein is released into cerebrospinal fluid during acute attacks of multiple sclerosis. We are currently characterizing the basic protein in the CSF.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein and multiple sclerosis. We have previously reported that myelin basic protein appears in CSF during acute attacks of multiple sclerosis. These studies have been extended to over 700 patients, 91 with multiple sclerosis. The data continues to indicate that myelin basic protein is released into cerebrospinal fluid during acute attacks of multiple sclerosis. We are currently characterizing the basic protein in the CSF.", "PMID": 80949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7951", "title": "Proteolytic activity in CSF.", "content": "Proteolytic enzyme activity, present at both acid and neutral pH values, in cerebrospinal fluid, can be measured by a sensitive assay, which monitors the rate of 125I-basic protein breakdown on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CSF cellular neutral proteinase and supernatant acid proteinase are increased in acute multiple sclerosis and in CNS infections.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity in CSF. Proteolytic enzyme activity, present at both acid and neutral pH values, in cerebrospinal fluid, can be measured by a sensitive assay, which monitors the rate of 125I-basic protein breakdown on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CSF cellular neutral proteinase and supernatant acid proteinase are increased in acute multiple sclerosis and in CNS infections.", "PMID": 80950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7952", "title": "Isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis for investigation of CSF and serum proteins in demyelinating and infectious neurological diseases.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and isotachophoresis (ITP), two methods with excellent separation capacities, have been adapted during recent years for the analysis of CSF proteins. The fractions separated by these techniques can be further studied by e.g. immunological methods. ITP has besides its high separation capacity several valuable advantages: very small samples are needed, unconcentrated CSF can be examined, the analyses are quickly performed and the results are immediately obtained on a recorder. Examinations by thin-layer IEF in a series of about 2,000 patients have afforded much new information about the CSF and serum proteins in many neurological diseases. Different complex CSF protein aberrations have been found in the gammaglobulin range as well as in more anodal positions in MS, infectious neurological diseases and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndromes. These aberrations are probably the result of several interacting factors, e.g. the temporal and spatial characteristics of the disease, the release of decomposition products from destroyed tissues, the genetically determined reactivity of the individual and the type of etiological agent.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis for investigation of CSF and serum proteins in demyelinating and infectious neurological diseases. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and isotachophoresis (ITP), two methods with excellent separation capacities, have been adapted during recent years for the analysis of CSF proteins. The fractions separated by these techniques can be further studied by e.g. immunological methods. ITP has besides its high separation capacity several valuable advantages: very small samples are needed, unconcentrated CSF can be examined, the analyses are quickly performed and the results are immediately obtained on a recorder. Examinations by thin-layer IEF in a series of about 2,000 patients have afforded much new information about the CSF and serum proteins in many neurological diseases. Different complex CSF protein aberrations have been found in the gammaglobulin range as well as in more anodal positions in MS, infectious neurological diseases and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndromes. These aberrations are probably the result of several interacting factors, e.g. the temporal and spatial characteristics of the disease, the release of decomposition products from destroyed tissues, the genetically determined reactivity of the individual and the type of etiological agent.", "PMID": 80951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7953", "title": "Studies on myelin proteins in human peripheral nerve.", "content": "The myelin fraction from human peripheral nerve was prepared. Two basic protein fractions (BF-P2 and PB) were isolated from acid extracts of the myelin fraction and three glycoproteins (BR-PO, PASII and Y protein) were purified from its acid-insoluble residue. In biochemical analysis the human BF-P2 protein (M.W.13,000) showed similar but not identical properties to bovine BF-P2 protein. The PB fraction was suggested to include the encephalitogenic CNS-BP (M.W.18,000) and another, new protein of similar molecular weight. Both the human BR-PO protein (M.W.28,000) and PASII protein (M.W.13,000) showed similar biochemical properties to the corresponding myelin proteins of bovine peripheral nerve, while they both are clearly different from other myelin proteins. Close relationship between the BR-PO protein and the Y protein (M.W.22,000) was suggested by amino acid analysis. Injection of the myelin fraction of bovine peripheral nerve with the complete adjuvant produced EAN while the CNS-BP induced EAE in laboratory animals. However, all three purified proteins, BF-P2, BR-PO and PASII, from bovine peripheral nerve myelin were inactive in inducing demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "Studies on myelin proteins in human peripheral nerve. The myelin fraction from human peripheral nerve was prepared. Two basic protein fractions (BF-P2 and PB) were isolated from acid extracts of the myelin fraction and three glycoproteins (BR-PO, PASII and Y protein) were purified from its acid-insoluble residue. In biochemical analysis the human BF-P2 protein (M.W.13,000) showed similar but not identical properties to bovine BF-P2 protein. The PB fraction was suggested to include the encephalitogenic CNS-BP (M.W.18,000) and another, new protein of similar molecular weight. Both the human BR-PO protein (M.W.28,000) and PASII protein (M.W.13,000) showed similar biochemical properties to the corresponding myelin proteins of bovine peripheral nerve, while they both are clearly different from other myelin proteins. Close relationship between the BR-PO protein and the Y protein (M.W.22,000) was suggested by amino acid analysis. Injection of the myelin fraction of bovine peripheral nerve with the complete adjuvant produced EAN while the CNS-BP induced EAE in laboratory animals. However, all three purified proteins, BF-P2, BR-PO and PASII, from bovine peripheral nerve myelin were inactive in inducing demyelinating diseases.", "PMID": 80952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7954", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of type D oncovirus from continuous J-96 cells.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of J-96 virus and an extract of J-96 cells in the homologous and heterologous systems aimed at detecting antigenic determinants of p25 of Mason-Pfizer virus, as well as group-specific and interspecies antigenic determinants p30 of Rauscher leukaemia virus demonstrated that (1) J-96 virus contains a major internal protein immunologically identical with p25 protein of Mason-Pfizer virus based on the antigenic determinants detectable by the radioimmunoassay used; and (2) no interspecies antigenic determinants characteristic of the major internal protein of mammalian type C viruses were detectable in the J-96 virus or the J-96 cell extract.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of type D oncovirus from continuous J-96 cells. Radioimmunoassay of J-96 virus and an extract of J-96 cells in the homologous and heterologous systems aimed at detecting antigenic determinants of p25 of Mason-Pfizer virus, as well as group-specific and interspecies antigenic determinants p30 of Rauscher leukaemia virus demonstrated that (1) J-96 virus contains a major internal protein immunologically identical with p25 protein of Mason-Pfizer virus based on the antigenic determinants detectable by the radioimmunoassay used; and (2) no interspecies antigenic determinants characteristic of the major internal protein of mammalian type C viruses were detectable in the J-96 virus or the J-96 cell extract.", "PMID": 80955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7955", "title": "The prevention and reversal of digoxin intoxication with specific antibodies.", "content": "The formation of digoxin-specific antibodies was induced in sheep by immunization with a digoxin-albumin conjugate. The efficacy of the antibodies was investigated in anesthetized cats. When the digoxin-specific antibodies were administered prophylactically as a gammaglobulin, IgG or F (ab')2 preparation, the dose of digoxin needed to induce ventricular dysrhythmia was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) for the pretreated animals than for the controls. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, the animals were digitalized with digoxin over a period of three days and were given digoxin injections on the fourth day to provoke ventricular tachycardia. Of the control animals, three died before two hours had elapsed and the arrhythmia persisted in the two remaining animals. By contrast, a stable sinus rhythm was restored in all animals which were treated with F (ab')2 fragment of the digoxin-specific antibodies after onset of ventricular tachycardia. The doses of digoxin required to trigger renewed ventricular dysrhythmia in these animals were greater than those required at the start of the experiment. The potential clinical use of digoxin-specific antibodies is discussed in the light of these results and reports in the literature.", "contents": "The prevention and reversal of digoxin intoxication with specific antibodies. The formation of digoxin-specific antibodies was induced in sheep by immunization with a digoxin-albumin conjugate. The efficacy of the antibodies was investigated in anesthetized cats. When the digoxin-specific antibodies were administered prophylactically as a gammaglobulin, IgG or F (ab')2 preparation, the dose of digoxin needed to induce ventricular dysrhythmia was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) for the pretreated animals than for the controls. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, the animals were digitalized with digoxin over a period of three days and were given digoxin injections on the fourth day to provoke ventricular tachycardia. Of the control animals, three died before two hours had elapsed and the arrhythmia persisted in the two remaining animals. By contrast, a stable sinus rhythm was restored in all animals which were treated with F (ab')2 fragment of the digoxin-specific antibodies after onset of ventricular tachycardia. The doses of digoxin required to trigger renewed ventricular dysrhythmia in these animals were greater than those required at the start of the experiment. The potential clinical use of digoxin-specific antibodies is discussed in the light of these results and reports in the literature.", "PMID": 80956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7956", "title": "The cytochemistry of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Technical considerations.", "content": "Cytochemical demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity is essential for the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. In order to perform this test correctly and to interpret the results propertly, it is necessary to understand the technical details of the cytochemical methods thoroughly. The method using naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--fast garnet GBC is recommended for this purpose, and factors crucial to the cytochemical study, such as fixation, substrate, coupler, pH and temperature of incubation buffer, counterstains, and mounting media are examined and discussed. Conventional methods for acid phosphatase in the presence and absence of L(+) tartaric acid are also critically examined. The naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--fast garnet GBC method is sensitive, technically simple and easily reproducible. Its reaction product is highly chromogenic and is most suitable for cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in cytologic preparations. The naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--pararosaniline method is highly specific and is best for histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in tissue sections.", "contents": "The cytochemistry of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Technical considerations. Cytochemical demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity is essential for the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. In order to perform this test correctly and to interpret the results propertly, it is necessary to understand the technical details of the cytochemical methods thoroughly. The method using naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--fast garnet GBC is recommended for this purpose, and factors crucial to the cytochemical study, such as fixation, substrate, coupler, pH and temperature of incubation buffer, counterstains, and mounting media are examined and discussed. Conventional methods for acid phosphatase in the presence and absence of L(+) tartaric acid are also critically examined. The naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--fast garnet GBC method is sensitive, technically simple and easily reproducible. Its reaction product is highly chromogenic and is most suitable for cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in cytologic preparations. The naphthol--ASBI phosphoric acid--pararosaniline method is highly specific and is best for histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in tissue sections.", "PMID": 80957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7957", "title": "Cytochemical study of estrogen receptor in human mammary cancer.", "content": "A 17beta-estradiol-6-carboxymethyl-oxime-bovine serum albumin--fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate is prepared by attaching on the average 11 moles of the fluorescein dye and 24 moles of the steroid hormone to each mole of the protein carrier. This fluorescent estradiol conjugate is used as a tracer to detect estrogen receptor of human mammary cancer cells in frozen sections. The cytochemical findings indicate that mammary carcinomas are composed of heterogeneous populations of receptor-positive and receptor-negative cancer cells in varying proportions and probably should be classified according to the percentages of receptor-positive cells in the cancer cell populations for better correlation with endocrine therapies.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of estrogen receptor in human mammary cancer. A 17beta-estradiol-6-carboxymethyl-oxime-bovine serum albumin--fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate is prepared by attaching on the average 11 moles of the fluorescein dye and 24 moles of the steroid hormone to each mole of the protein carrier. This fluorescent estradiol conjugate is used as a tracer to detect estrogen receptor of human mammary cancer cells in frozen sections. The cytochemical findings indicate that mammary carcinomas are composed of heterogeneous populations of receptor-positive and receptor-negative cancer cells in varying proportions and probably should be classified according to the percentages of receptor-positive cells in the cancer cell populations for better correlation with endocrine therapies.", "PMID": 80958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7958", "title": "[Postoperative cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "13 male patients suffering from arteriosclerotic heart disease and/or arterial hypertension were monitored continuously before and after vascular surgical procedures using an arrhythmia computer. Heart rate, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardias, ventricular fibrillation and prematurity index (QnQe/QTn) were recorded numerically. Ventricular arrhythmias were detected as follows preoperatively in 12 patients, after operation in all patients, paired ventricular extrasystoles or episodes of ventricular tachycardia were found in 5 cases before and in 7 after operation, ventricular fibrillation in one case. The incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias increased significantly (p less than 0.05) early after operation, as did the heart rate during the observed postoperative period (p less than 0.001). The prematurity index dropped below 1.0 during the two days following operation. This differed significantly from the preoperative value (p less than 0.05). The incidence of ventricular extrasystoles was related to postoperative myocardial infarction and heart failure (p less than 0.01), which occurred in 6 cases, with a lethal outcome in three. Only occasionally controlled by trained staff in a normal surgical ward the \"Servomed Dysrhythmiemonitor\" yielded reliable numerical results during the main part of the monitored period. In two cases it led to immediate detection and rapid institution of treatment of severe tachyar rhythmias.", "contents": "[Postoperative cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)]. 13 male patients suffering from arteriosclerotic heart disease and/or arterial hypertension were monitored continuously before and after vascular surgical procedures using an arrhythmia computer. Heart rate, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardias, ventricular fibrillation and prematurity index (QnQe/QTn) were recorded numerically. Ventricular arrhythmias were detected as follows preoperatively in 12 patients, after operation in all patients, paired ventricular extrasystoles or episodes of ventricular tachycardia were found in 5 cases before and in 7 after operation, ventricular fibrillation in one case. The incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias increased significantly (p less than 0.05) early after operation, as did the heart rate during the observed postoperative period (p less than 0.001). The prematurity index dropped below 1.0 during the two days following operation. This differed significantly from the preoperative value (p less than 0.05). The incidence of ventricular extrasystoles was related to postoperative myocardial infarction and heart failure (p less than 0.01), which occurred in 6 cases, with a lethal outcome in three. Only occasionally controlled by trained staff in a normal surgical ward the \"Servomed Dysrhythmiemonitor\" yielded reliable numerical results during the main part of the monitored period. In two cases it led to immediate detection and rapid institution of treatment of severe tachyar rhythmias.", "PMID": 80961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7959", "title": "Gene clusters in the blood group system B of cattle.", "content": "In this report the linear order of genetic determinants for the blood group system B of cattle has been worked out in more detail. Two groups of antigenic specificities--inclusion groups--showing serologic relationship are described. Recombination frequencies do suggest that these specificities are controlled by two clusters of genetic determinants. The structures of these inclusion groups and clusters are compared with those of antigenic complexes in other species, especially in mice. Several similarities and also dissimilarities between the blood group system B of cattle and the H-2 system in mice are described.", "contents": "Gene clusters in the blood group system B of cattle. In this report the linear order of genetic determinants for the blood group system B of cattle has been worked out in more detail. Two groups of antigenic specificities--inclusion groups--showing serologic relationship are described. Recombination frequencies do suggest that these specificities are controlled by two clusters of genetic determinants. The structures of these inclusion groups and clusters are compared with those of antigenic complexes in other species, especially in mice. Several similarities and also dissimilarities between the blood group system B of cattle and the H-2 system in mice are described.", "PMID": 80965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7960", "title": "The effect of nasal decongestant on nasal mucous velocity.", "content": "Nasal mucous velocity was measured in 13 healthy nonsmokers before and 10 min after topical application of 2 alpha adrenergic nasal decongestant sprays, phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline. Phenylephrine increased nasal mucous velocity from 8.4 +/- 2.7 mm per min (mean +/- SD) to 13.7 +/- 4.8 mm per min and tetrahydrozoline from 8.1 +/- 3.8 mm per min (mean +/- SD) to 13.8 +/- 5.1 mm per min. These increases were significant (P less than 0.01) when compared to topical application of phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline vehicles, normal saline, and sham (empty aerosol container).", "contents": "The effect of nasal decongestant on nasal mucous velocity. Nasal mucous velocity was measured in 13 healthy nonsmokers before and 10 min after topical application of 2 alpha adrenergic nasal decongestant sprays, phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline. Phenylephrine increased nasal mucous velocity from 8.4 +/- 2.7 mm per min (mean +/- SD) to 13.7 +/- 4.8 mm per min and tetrahydrozoline from 8.1 +/- 3.8 mm per min (mean +/- SD) to 13.8 +/- 5.1 mm per min. These increases were significant (P less than 0.01) when compared to topical application of phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline vehicles, normal saline, and sham (empty aerosol container).", "PMID": 80967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7961", "title": "[Food manducation--psychological manducation].", "content": "Food \"manducation\" is the fundamental act of the living process. Through assimilation, the inert nutriment taken from outside the body will wind up as elements making up part of our living being. This merging, incorporating, assimilating process gets unconsciously translated into the everyday language, and provides a share of its vocabulary. It gets likewise translated into various social practices such as greeting and kissing. Those observations in basic anthropology will help substantiating the analysis of pedagogical techniques in the orality civilizations; and particularly--while following in Marcel Jousse's footsteps--in the civilization of that ancient people of the Bible. It comes to light that integrating, memorizing, learning, on the one hand, and teaching, on the other, have but one same psycho-physiological basis. This basis gives rise to a pedagogical system the end and means of which are, on their own plane, a perfect carbon copy of the eating act. Hence, in that ethic group, the analogical parallelism between the physical subsistence, maintained through food manducation, and the intellectual subsistence nourished and enriched through psychological manducation. Thus, such frequently used expressions as: \"To eat the lesson\", \"To eat the teacher while he is instructing\", no longer sound obscure. Going beyond, an attempt is made, and this, solely from the anthropological standpoint, to apply these data to the religious and mystical act of Eucharistic Manducation.", "contents": "[Food manducation--psychological manducation]. Food \"manducation\" is the fundamental act of the living process. Through assimilation, the inert nutriment taken from outside the body will wind up as elements making up part of our living being. This merging, incorporating, assimilating process gets unconsciously translated into the everyday language, and provides a share of its vocabulary. It gets likewise translated into various social practices such as greeting and kissing. Those observations in basic anthropology will help substantiating the analysis of pedagogical techniques in the orality civilizations; and particularly--while following in Marcel Jousse's footsteps--in the civilization of that ancient people of the Bible. It comes to light that integrating, memorizing, learning, on the one hand, and teaching, on the other, have but one same psycho-physiological basis. This basis gives rise to a pedagogical system the end and means of which are, on their own plane, a perfect carbon copy of the eating act. Hence, in that ethic group, the analogical parallelism between the physical subsistence, maintained through food manducation, and the intellectual subsistence nourished and enriched through psychological manducation. Thus, such frequently used expressions as: \"To eat the lesson\", \"To eat the teacher while he is instructing\", no longer sound obscure. Going beyond, an attempt is made, and this, solely from the anthropological standpoint, to apply these data to the religious and mystical act of Eucharistic Manducation.", "PMID": 80968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7962", "title": "An optimised radioimmunoassay for maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein using polyethylene glycol.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for alpha1-fetoprotein in human maternal serum at 15-20 weeks' gestation using polyethylene glycol to separate bound and free antigen is described. A number of variables has been investigated to define optimal conditions for use at this gestation. The method gives results which agree with those from a double-antibody technique. It has good precision in the critical concentration range, and recoveries are satisfactory. The importance of including sufficient serum protein in the analytical system is stressed. There were systematic differences between three standard preparations of alpha1-fetoprotein, but three out of four antisera tested gave very similar results. The implications for screening for neural tube defects in early pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "An optimised radioimmunoassay for maternal serum alpha1-fetoprotein using polyethylene glycol. A radioimmunoassay for alpha1-fetoprotein in human maternal serum at 15-20 weeks' gestation using polyethylene glycol to separate bound and free antigen is described. A number of variables has been investigated to define optimal conditions for use at this gestation. The method gives results which agree with those from a double-antibody technique. It has good precision in the critical concentration range, and recoveries are satisfactory. The importance of including sufficient serum protein in the analytical system is stressed. There were systematic differences between three standard preparations of alpha1-fetoprotein, but three out of four antisera tested gave very similar results. The implications for screening for neural tube defects in early pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 80971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7963", "title": "Effect of low concentrations of dihydrostreptomycin on drug resistance in enteric bacteria.", "content": "Beagle dogs were fed a diet containing 0, 2, or 10 mug of dihydrostreptomycin (DSM) per g of feed. The 2-mug/g level was selected to represent a residue level of the antibiotic. In both treatment groups, medicated feed resulted in a shift from a predominantly streptomycin (SM)-susceptible coliform fecal population to an SM-resistant population. The proportion of resistant organisms was significant (P < 0.01) for both treatment groups. A definitive response did not occur with animals maintained on DSM-free diets. An increase in the prevalence of DSM-resistant organisms was observed after 15 days of DSM-supplemented feeding and persisted during the posttreatment phase of the study. The predominant pattern of resistance was SM-sulfamethoxypyridazine. Fifty-nine percent of SM-resistant strains transferred resistant determinants by conjugation to Escherichia coli K-12 recipients.", "contents": "Effect of low concentrations of dihydrostreptomycin on drug resistance in enteric bacteria. Beagle dogs were fed a diet containing 0, 2, or 10 mug of dihydrostreptomycin (DSM) per g of feed. The 2-mug/g level was selected to represent a residue level of the antibiotic. In both treatment groups, medicated feed resulted in a shift from a predominantly streptomycin (SM)-susceptible coliform fecal population to an SM-resistant population. The proportion of resistant organisms was significant (P < 0.01) for both treatment groups. A definitive response did not occur with animals maintained on DSM-free diets. An increase in the prevalence of DSM-resistant organisms was observed after 15 days of DSM-supplemented feeding and persisted during the posttreatment phase of the study. The predominant pattern of resistance was SM-sulfamethoxypyridazine. Fifty-nine percent of SM-resistant strains transferred resistant determinants by conjugation to Escherichia coli K-12 recipients.", "PMID": 80973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7964", "title": "Alcohol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium organophilum.", "content": "The alcohol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium organophilum, a facultative methane-oxidizing bacterium, has been purified to homogeneity as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. It has several properties in common with the alcohol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic bacteria. The active enzyme is a dimeric protein, both subunits having molecular weights of about 62,000. The enzyme exhibits broad substrate specificity for primary alcohols and catalyzes the two-step oxidation of methanol to formate. The apparent Michaelis constants of the enzyme are 2.9 x 10(-5) M for methanol and 8.2 x 10(-5) M for formaldehyde. Activity of the purified enzyme is dependent on phenazine methosulfate. Certain characteristics of this enzyme distinguish it from the other alcohol dehydrogenases of other methylotrophic bacteria. Ammonia is not required for, but stimulates the activity of newly purified enzyme. An absolute dependence on ammonia develops after storage of the purified enzyme. Activity is not inhibited by phosphate. The fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme indicates that it and the cofactor associated with it may be chemically different from the alcohol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic bacteria. The alcohol dehydrogenases of Hyphomicrobium WC-65, Pseudomonas methanica, Methylosinus trichosporium, and several facultative methylotrophs are serologically related to the enzyme purified in this study. The enzymes of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila and of organisms of the Methylococcus group did not cross-react with the antiserum prepared against the alcohol dehydrogenase of M. organophilum.", "contents": "Alcohol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium organophilum. The alcohol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium organophilum, a facultative methane-oxidizing bacterium, has been purified to homogeneity as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. It has several properties in common with the alcohol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic bacteria. The active enzyme is a dimeric protein, both subunits having molecular weights of about 62,000. The enzyme exhibits broad substrate specificity for primary alcohols and catalyzes the two-step oxidation of methanol to formate. The apparent Michaelis constants of the enzyme are 2.9 x 10(-5) M for methanol and 8.2 x 10(-5) M for formaldehyde. Activity of the purified enzyme is dependent on phenazine methosulfate. Certain characteristics of this enzyme distinguish it from the other alcohol dehydrogenases of other methylotrophic bacteria. Ammonia is not required for, but stimulates the activity of newly purified enzyme. An absolute dependence on ammonia develops after storage of the purified enzyme. Activity is not inhibited by phosphate. The fluorescence spectrum of the enzyme indicates that it and the cofactor associated with it may be chemically different from the alcohol dehydrogenases from other methylotrophic bacteria. The alcohol dehydrogenases of Hyphomicrobium WC-65, Pseudomonas methanica, Methylosinus trichosporium, and several facultative methylotrophs are serologically related to the enzyme purified in this study. The enzymes of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila and of organisms of the Methylococcus group did not cross-react with the antiserum prepared against the alcohol dehydrogenase of M. organophilum.", "PMID": 80974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7965", "title": "[Antigenic relations between human papilloma viruses (HPV): experimental study in guinea-pigs (author's transl].", "content": "A study of specific immune response in guinea-pigs after immunization with human papilloma viruses (HPV) purified from plantar warts, hand warts and condyloma acuminata is reported. The respective viruses induced the production of high antibody titres as well as specific cellular immunity as demonstrated by intradermal tests in all the animals. Formalin-inactivated HPV gave similar results. The antigenic cross reactions between the different viruses were evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion tests and delayed hypersentitivity reactions. Serologically the results showed viral heterogeneity between condylomata and hand warts, and partial heterogeneity between condylomata plantar warts, and between hand and plantar warts. In skin-hypersensitivity reactions, however, the different viruses appeared as homologous antigens. This experimental study in guinea-pigs showed marked variance of specificity between delayed hypersensitivity reactions and humoral immunity for HPV.", "contents": "[Antigenic relations between human papilloma viruses (HPV): experimental study in guinea-pigs (author's transl]. A study of specific immune response in guinea-pigs after immunization with human papilloma viruses (HPV) purified from plantar warts, hand warts and condyloma acuminata is reported. The respective viruses induced the production of high antibody titres as well as specific cellular immunity as demonstrated by intradermal tests in all the animals. Formalin-inactivated HPV gave similar results. The antigenic cross reactions between the different viruses were evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion tests and delayed hypersentitivity reactions. Serologically the results showed viral heterogeneity between condylomata and hand warts, and partial heterogeneity between condylomata plantar warts, and between hand and plantar warts. In skin-hypersensitivity reactions, however, the different viruses appeared as homologous antigens. This experimental study in guinea-pigs showed marked variance of specificity between delayed hypersensitivity reactions and humoral immunity for HPV.", "PMID": 80972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7966", "title": "Comparative study of SQ 18 506 with other nitroheterocyclic compounds on experimental Chagas' disease.", "content": "The activity of the 5-nitrovinylfuran, SQ 18 506, is compared in vivo and in vitro with lampit (a 5-nitrofuran), Ro 7-1051 (a 2-nitroimidazole) and metronidazole (a 5-nitroimidazole). The order of activities on a weight basis was: SQ 18 506 greater than lampit greater than Ro 7-1051 greater than metronidazole. Concern about possible mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, however, has precluded the use of SQ 18 506 in clinical trials.", "contents": "Comparative study of SQ 18 506 with other nitroheterocyclic compounds on experimental Chagas' disease. The activity of the 5-nitrovinylfuran, SQ 18 506, is compared in vivo and in vitro with lampit (a 5-nitrofuran), Ro 7-1051 (a 2-nitroimidazole) and metronidazole (a 5-nitroimidazole). The order of activities on a weight basis was: SQ 18 506 greater than lampit greater than Ro 7-1051 greater than metronidazole. Concern about possible mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, however, has precluded the use of SQ 18 506 in clinical trials.", "PMID": 80977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7967", "title": "Oxygen availability, dietary restriction and transport of glucose 3-O-methylglucose and fructose in the isolated small intestine of rat.", "content": "The influences of PO2 of the incubating medium on glucose, 3-O-methylglucose and fructose transport by everted small intestine sacs in semistarved and rats fed ad libitum (controls) was investigated. Moreover fructose uptake and conversion to glucose by intestinal sacs was also studied. The results showed that intestinal sacs from semistarved rats transported larger amounts of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose and took up more fructose than controls, when PO2 of the incubating medium was 150 mm Hg. There was greater fructose conversion to glucose in the intestine of semistarved rats than in controls at all PO2's considered. The greater functional capacity of intestinal tissue of semistarved rats in comparison to controls has been related to larger O2 availability in their intestinal wall.", "contents": "Oxygen availability, dietary restriction and transport of glucose 3-O-methylglucose and fructose in the isolated small intestine of rat. The influences of PO2 of the incubating medium on glucose, 3-O-methylglucose and fructose transport by everted small intestine sacs in semistarved and rats fed ad libitum (controls) was investigated. Moreover fructose uptake and conversion to glucose by intestinal sacs was also studied. The results showed that intestinal sacs from semistarved rats transported larger amounts of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose and took up more fructose than controls, when PO2 of the incubating medium was 150 mm Hg. There was greater fructose conversion to glucose in the intestine of semistarved rats than in controls at all PO2's considered. The greater functional capacity of intestinal tissue of semistarved rats in comparison to controls has been related to larger O2 availability in their intestinal wall.", "PMID": 80978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7968", "title": "Histone inhibition of mitochondrial proton transport.", "content": "Histone blocks proton uptake by mitochondria incubated in the presence of valinomycin or DNP. In the presence of DNP valinomycin-induced H+ uptake is not affected by histone. H+ uptake induced by nigericin is not affected by histone as well. Postulated mechanism of histone action involves the immobilization of proton translocation in mitochondrial membrane and induction of local change in H+ concentration, the prevention of the interaction between H+ and natural K+-carrier and Mg2+ transport system or valinomycin.", "contents": "Histone inhibition of mitochondrial proton transport. Histone blocks proton uptake by mitochondria incubated in the presence of valinomycin or DNP. In the presence of DNP valinomycin-induced H+ uptake is not affected by histone. H+ uptake induced by nigericin is not affected by histone as well. Postulated mechanism of histone action involves the immobilization of proton translocation in mitochondrial membrane and induction of local change in H+ concentration, the prevention of the interaction between H+ and natural K+-carrier and Mg2+ transport system or valinomycin.", "PMID": 80979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7969", "title": "[Complications of cryosurgery in the treatment of prostatic tumors].", "content": "Most of the complications in cryosurgery (pyelonephritis, peritonitis, perforations and haemorrhages) are caused by an indequate control of the freezing process or by the use of unsuitable cryosurgical techniques. To this effect, an important role is played by the unsuitable choice of the kind of freezing probe and the use of an unsuitable freezing time. Only endoscopic cryosurgery enables a precise and exact control by means of viewing through the endoscopic trocar along with simultaneous rectal feeling, both of which enable us to achieve an exact supervision of the size of the subvesically-formed freezing sphere adjacent to the rectum. Short, repeated freezings prevent the risk of necrosis (called \"sloughts\" by English authors). There is a 2% mortality, bearing in mind that the casuistry in cryosurgery is similar to the normal one in open prostate surgery with the difference in favour of the former that these patients generally belong to the so-called inoperable group or with a special surgical risk and aged between 70 and 80 years old. On the other hand, in both groups of our casuistry, the U.T.R. produced a mortality of only 0.3%.", "contents": "[Complications of cryosurgery in the treatment of prostatic tumors]. Most of the complications in cryosurgery (pyelonephritis, peritonitis, perforations and haemorrhages) are caused by an indequate control of the freezing process or by the use of unsuitable cryosurgical techniques. To this effect, an important role is played by the unsuitable choice of the kind of freezing probe and the use of an unsuitable freezing time. Only endoscopic cryosurgery enables a precise and exact control by means of viewing through the endoscopic trocar along with simultaneous rectal feeling, both of which enable us to achieve an exact supervision of the size of the subvesically-formed freezing sphere adjacent to the rectum. Short, repeated freezings prevent the risk of necrosis (called \"sloughts\" by English authors). There is a 2% mortality, bearing in mind that the casuistry in cryosurgery is similar to the normal one in open prostate surgery with the difference in favour of the former that these patients generally belong to the so-called inoperable group or with a special surgical risk and aged between 70 and 80 years old. On the other hand, in both groups of our casuistry, the U.T.R. produced a mortality of only 0.3%.", "PMID": 80975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7970", "title": "Histone-produced magnesium extrusion from mitochondria and magnesium binding to histone.", "content": "Histone (60 microgram/mg mit. protein) extrudes Mg2+ from mitochondria by 30% with the utilization of endogenous substrates; in the presence of rotenone extrusion drops to about 18%. Dinitrophenol and ADP prevent this effect of histone. Mg2+ extrusion produced by histone depends on histone concentration being at a maximum (100% extrusion) at 107 microgram histone/mit. protein. It was found also that histone alone binds Mg2+ (1.6 nmol Mg2+/microgram histone).", "contents": "Histone-produced magnesium extrusion from mitochondria and magnesium binding to histone. Histone (60 microgram/mg mit. protein) extrudes Mg2+ from mitochondria by 30% with the utilization of endogenous substrates; in the presence of rotenone extrusion drops to about 18%. Dinitrophenol and ADP prevent this effect of histone. Mg2+ extrusion produced by histone depends on histone concentration being at a maximum (100% extrusion) at 107 microgram histone/mit. protein. It was found also that histone alone binds Mg2+ (1.6 nmol Mg2+/microgram histone).", "PMID": 80980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7971", "title": "[Value of alpha-2 globulin, as a biological tracer in the urothelial carcinoma].", "content": "We present a series of 63 patients suffering from urothelial carcinoma (53 of the bladder and 10 of the superior urinary tract) in different stages of development. We compare the serum alpha-2 globulin figures with the different parameters making up the TNM classification of the U.I.C.C (period 1974-1979), observing that there is a hyperalpha-2 globulinemia in 40% of the tumours in the superior urinary tract and that, on the other hand, the data obtained for the bladder carcinomas are not conclusive.", "contents": "[Value of alpha-2 globulin, as a biological tracer in the urothelial carcinoma]. We present a series of 63 patients suffering from urothelial carcinoma (53 of the bladder and 10 of the superior urinary tract) in different stages of development. We compare the serum alpha-2 globulin figures with the different parameters making up the TNM classification of the U.I.C.C (period 1974-1979), observing that there is a hyperalpha-2 globulinemia in 40% of the tumours in the superior urinary tract and that, on the other hand, the data obtained for the bladder carcinomas are not conclusive.", "PMID": 80976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7972", "title": "Facilitated transport of urea across the gall-bladder luminal membrane.", "content": "Counterflow experiments demonstrate the existence of urea counter-transport on the epithelium luminal surface. This phenomenon disappears when 10(-4) M phloretin is added to the perfusion fluid. Moreover counterflow experiments made using thiourea as elicitor, demonstrate that the phenomenon is specific for the urea.", "contents": "Facilitated transport of urea across the gall-bladder luminal membrane. Counterflow experiments demonstrate the existence of urea counter-transport on the epithelium luminal surface. This phenomenon disappears when 10(-4) M phloretin is added to the perfusion fluid. Moreover counterflow experiments made using thiourea as elicitor, demonstrate that the phenomenon is specific for the urea.", "PMID": 80981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7973", "title": "Studies on rheomelanins. V. Hemolysis associated with the transformation of catechol into rheomelanin in human blood.", "content": "Incubation of 2 mg amounts of catechol in 5 ml samples of heparinated blood plasma from four subjects at 38 degrees C for 24 h produced plasma-soluble rheomelanins. These solutions had the brown color and the yellow-green fluorescence in ultraviolet light of 366 nm of other rheomelanins. Their differential ultraviolet and visible spectra showed a rheomelanin absorption maximum at 344 nm. Paper chromatograms of the rheomelanin-plasma solutions in 5% methanol-95% water showed elongated spots of rheomelanins with RF values of 0.82, on Whatman No. 1 paper. Using heparinated distilled water adjusted to pH 7.4 with sodium bicarbonate instead of human blood plasma gave markedly different findings from those obtained with the plasma rheomelanin solutions. Incubation of 4 mg amounts of catechol in 10 ml samples of heparinated whole blood from four subjects for 24, 32 and 48 at 38 degrees C produced rheomelanins as found in the plasma separated from the blood after incubation. The differential ultraviolet and visible spectra of these solutions revealed hemolysis caused by the catechol rheomelanins; this was more marked with longer incubations. The hemolysis was manifested by two absorption peaks at about 270 and 400 nm. Paper chromatography revealed the brown elongated spots of catechol rheomelanins with an RF value of 0.82. Other spots owing to the products of hemolysis were also present.", "contents": "Studies on rheomelanins. V. Hemolysis associated with the transformation of catechol into rheomelanin in human blood. Incubation of 2 mg amounts of catechol in 5 ml samples of heparinated blood plasma from four subjects at 38 degrees C for 24 h produced plasma-soluble rheomelanins. These solutions had the brown color and the yellow-green fluorescence in ultraviolet light of 366 nm of other rheomelanins. Their differential ultraviolet and visible spectra showed a rheomelanin absorption maximum at 344 nm. Paper chromatograms of the rheomelanin-plasma solutions in 5% methanol-95% water showed elongated spots of rheomelanins with RF values of 0.82, on Whatman No. 1 paper. Using heparinated distilled water adjusted to pH 7.4 with sodium bicarbonate instead of human blood plasma gave markedly different findings from those obtained with the plasma rheomelanin solutions. Incubation of 4 mg amounts of catechol in 10 ml samples of heparinated whole blood from four subjects for 24, 32 and 48 at 38 degrees C produced rheomelanins as found in the plasma separated from the blood after incubation. The differential ultraviolet and visible spectra of these solutions revealed hemolysis caused by the catechol rheomelanins; this was more marked with longer incubations. The hemolysis was manifested by two absorption peaks at about 270 and 400 nm. Paper chromatography revealed the brown elongated spots of catechol rheomelanins with an RF value of 0.82. Other spots owing to the products of hemolysis were also present.", "PMID": 80982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7974", "title": "[Relations between urinary 3-methoxytyramine and the peripheral metabolism of dopamine in human adults and children].", "content": "3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT), the direct metabolite of dopamine (DA) is present in human urines at birth. The rate of its urinary excretion (microgram/24 h) increases highly from birth to 12 months of age; in the next period of infancy, the increase is slower and parallel to that of creatininury; after 15 years, the urinary amounts of 3-MT remain nearly constant, with advancing age. The analysis of the possible sources of urinary 3-MT, lead us to suggest that this compound has essentially a peripheral origin. On the other hand the comparison between urinary data of 3-MT and DA in normal infants and adult subjects has shown that 3-MT excretion is less affected by dietary input than DA itself, so that it can be concluded that urinary 3-MT is a better indication of peripheral dopaminergic activity than urinary DA, chiefly in the young child.", "contents": "[Relations between urinary 3-methoxytyramine and the peripheral metabolism of dopamine in human adults and children]. 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT), the direct metabolite of dopamine (DA) is present in human urines at birth. The rate of its urinary excretion (microgram/24 h) increases highly from birth to 12 months of age; in the next period of infancy, the increase is slower and parallel to that of creatininury; after 15 years, the urinary amounts of 3-MT remain nearly constant, with advancing age. The analysis of the possible sources of urinary 3-MT, lead us to suggest that this compound has essentially a peripheral origin. On the other hand the comparison between urinary data of 3-MT and DA in normal infants and adult subjects has shown that 3-MT excretion is less affected by dietary input than DA itself, so that it can be concluded that urinary 3-MT is a better indication of peripheral dopaminergic activity than urinary DA, chiefly in the young child.", "PMID": 80983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7975", "title": "Effects of two different medium-chain triglycerides (tri C8:O and tri C12:O) on liver lipids in the growing rat.", "content": "Results presented in this study emphasize the long-term effects of dietary fatty acid chain length on some biochemical parameters of the liver in the growing rat. High levels of medium-chain fatty acids feeding (C8:O and C12:O) from 40 to 340 g of body weight induced liver growth and lipid contents intermediary between values recorded with a lipid-free diet and with a diet containing long-chain fatty acids. No steatosis was recorded but neutral lipid contents appeared to be correlated with the dietary fatty acid chain length while phospholipid contents remained much more stable. In the four tested nutritional conditions, only dodecano\u00efc or lauric acid (C12:O) feeding induced important alterations in the fatty acid pattern of liver neutral lipids. Medium-chain fatty acids, and even lauric acid which was intensely esterified in adipose tissue triglycerides, did not appreciably modify the fatty acid composition of liver phospholipids and were not esterified in it.", "contents": "Effects of two different medium-chain triglycerides (tri C8:O and tri C12:O) on liver lipids in the growing rat. Results presented in this study emphasize the long-term effects of dietary fatty acid chain length on some biochemical parameters of the liver in the growing rat. High levels of medium-chain fatty acids feeding (C8:O and C12:O) from 40 to 340 g of body weight induced liver growth and lipid contents intermediary between values recorded with a lipid-free diet and with a diet containing long-chain fatty acids. No steatosis was recorded but neutral lipid contents appeared to be correlated with the dietary fatty acid chain length while phospholipid contents remained much more stable. In the four tested nutritional conditions, only dodecano\u00efc or lauric acid (C12:O) feeding induced important alterations in the fatty acid pattern of liver neutral lipids. Medium-chain fatty acids, and even lauric acid which was intensely esterified in adipose tissue triglycerides, did not appreciably modify the fatty acid composition of liver phospholipids and were not esterified in it.", "PMID": 80984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7976", "title": "Effect of acidosis on heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "content": "The effect of acidosis on cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in perfused hearts from normal and reserpinized rats has been investigated. The results were compared to the effect of acidosis on myocardial contractility under the same conditions. The results showed that acidosis increases the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in normal hearts. This increase was abolished when the hearts were depleted of norepinephrine by previous treatment with reserpine. As regards myocardial contractility, there was a similar decrease by acidosis either in normal hearts with increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity or in reserpinized hearts in which the increase in protein kinase activity was prevented. Two alternative hypotheses are suggested: (1) a dissociation between contractility and cAMP levels, or (2) a \"blockade\" by acidosis of the mechanical effect of increasing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.", "contents": "Effect of acidosis on heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The effect of acidosis on cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in perfused hearts from normal and reserpinized rats has been investigated. The results were compared to the effect of acidosis on myocardial contractility under the same conditions. The results showed that acidosis increases the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in normal hearts. This increase was abolished when the hearts were depleted of norepinephrine by previous treatment with reserpine. As regards myocardial contractility, there was a similar decrease by acidosis either in normal hearts with increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity or in reserpinized hearts in which the increase in protein kinase activity was prevented. Two alternative hypotheses are suggested: (1) a dissociation between contractility and cAMP levels, or (2) a \"blockade\" by acidosis of the mechanical effect of increasing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.", "PMID": 80985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7977", "title": "[Influence of environmental salinity on the diffusion fluxes of water in the Isopod Sphaeroma serratum (Frabricius)].", "content": "1.--In Sphaeroma serratum, the diffusion fluxes of water are 3 or 4 times more important in sea water (SW) than in diluted (50%) sea water. In 100% and in 50% SW influx equals the outflux. 2.--When the animal is quickly transferred from 100% SW to 50% SW, and from 50% SW to 100% SW, the outflux is instantaneously and entirely reset. 3.--The main factor of the instantaneous resettlement of the outflux seems to be the variation of the concentration of Na+ or Cl- or both together in the external medium; the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations do not seem to have any effect on the diffusion flux. 4.--The validity of our results is discussed (theory of unstirred layers, blood-circulation, oxygen interchange, ultrastructure). Our results are compared with those obtained in other Crustaceans and in Fishes.", "contents": "[Influence of environmental salinity on the diffusion fluxes of water in the Isopod Sphaeroma serratum (Frabricius)]. 1.--In Sphaeroma serratum, the diffusion fluxes of water are 3 or 4 times more important in sea water (SW) than in diluted (50%) sea water. In 100% and in 50% SW influx equals the outflux. 2.--When the animal is quickly transferred from 100% SW to 50% SW, and from 50% SW to 100% SW, the outflux is instantaneously and entirely reset. 3.--The main factor of the instantaneous resettlement of the outflux seems to be the variation of the concentration of Na+ or Cl- or both together in the external medium; the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations do not seem to have any effect on the diffusion flux. 4.--The validity of our results is discussed (theory of unstirred layers, blood-circulation, oxygen interchange, ultrastructure). Our results are compared with those obtained in other Crustaceans and in Fishes.", "PMID": 80986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7978", "title": "Pulmonary vascular changes following air embolism in the dog.", "content": "The effect of an intravenous injection of air in a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight was determined in 15 healthy mongrel dogs. In 4 control dogs the mean pulmonary artery pressure rose to 2-3 times the resting values at 30 seconds, and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume decreased by half. In the animals pretreated either with heparin or with methysergide (antiserotonin group) the results were the same as in the control animals. In the vagotomized dogs, the rise in pulmonary artery pressure was not significant, and the decrease in pulmonary capillary blood volume was of lesser magnitude and shorter duration than in the control and the antiserotonin dogs. It is concluded that the intravenous injection of air in supine dogs causes a transient obstruction of small pulmonary arteries. Evidence is presented to implicate a vagal mechanism in both main aspects of the response, namely the pulmonary artery pressure rise, and the partial obstruction of the pulmonary capillary bed. These studies offer additional explanation of the symptoms of respiratory distress observed in rapid decompression.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular changes following air embolism in the dog. The effect of an intravenous injection of air in a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight was determined in 15 healthy mongrel dogs. In 4 control dogs the mean pulmonary artery pressure rose to 2-3 times the resting values at 30 seconds, and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume decreased by half. In the animals pretreated either with heparin or with methysergide (antiserotonin group) the results were the same as in the control animals. In the vagotomized dogs, the rise in pulmonary artery pressure was not significant, and the decrease in pulmonary capillary blood volume was of lesser magnitude and shorter duration than in the control and the antiserotonin dogs. It is concluded that the intravenous injection of air in supine dogs causes a transient obstruction of small pulmonary arteries. Evidence is presented to implicate a vagal mechanism in both main aspects of the response, namely the pulmonary artery pressure rise, and the partial obstruction of the pulmonary capillary bed. These studies offer additional explanation of the symptoms of respiratory distress observed in rapid decompression.", "PMID": 80987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7979", "title": "Kinetics of D-histidine diffusion across rat intestine in vitro.", "content": "A five-compartment linear model for diffusion in vitro across rat jejunum has been proposed for the study of the kinetic constants of D-histidine transport. Once preliminary experiments using 2,4-dinitrophenol and L-methionine have proved that D-histidine gives rise to passive transport only, the validity of the model was tested and its parameters estimated through a best-fitting procedure by using experimental data concerning D-histidine transport. D-Histidine diffusion was studied in everted and unreverted loops mounted in an oxygenated bath system. Both mucosa to serosa and seroa to mucosa movements of D-histidine (3-30 mM) were evaluated by measuring chemically the amount of D-histidine transported into intestinal lumen every 5 min for 60 min. Results obtained proved that D-histidine transport in each direction (mucosa to seroa or seroa to mucosa) was dependent-concentration process. Nevertheless different values of gain and time constants were estimated for the transport in the two directions.", "contents": "Kinetics of D-histidine diffusion across rat intestine in vitro. A five-compartment linear model for diffusion in vitro across rat jejunum has been proposed for the study of the kinetic constants of D-histidine transport. Once preliminary experiments using 2,4-dinitrophenol and L-methionine have proved that D-histidine gives rise to passive transport only, the validity of the model was tested and its parameters estimated through a best-fitting procedure by using experimental data concerning D-histidine transport. D-Histidine diffusion was studied in everted and unreverted loops mounted in an oxygenated bath system. Both mucosa to serosa and seroa to mucosa movements of D-histidine (3-30 mM) were evaluated by measuring chemically the amount of D-histidine transported into intestinal lumen every 5 min for 60 min. Results obtained proved that D-histidine transport in each direction (mucosa to seroa or seroa to mucosa) was dependent-concentration process. Nevertheless different values of gain and time constants were estimated for the transport in the two directions.", "PMID": 80988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7980", "title": "[Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in rats. I. Subacute intoxication. Absence of effect on incorporation of plasma phosphates into the acid-soluble phosphates of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle, in anatomic continuity and after neural section].", "content": "The subcutaneous injection of acrylamide (30 mg kg-1 day-1) in adult male rats induces a severe impairment of the general state of health and a progressive polyneuropathy at the cumulative dose of 180 mg/kg. At the cumulative dose of 400 mg acrylamide does not interfere with the incorporation of plasma inorganic phosphate into the inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of either the gastrocnemius muscle or the sciatic nerve Schwann cells. Nor does it modify the characteristic metabolic response of these fractions to Wallerian degeneration and neurogenic muscle atrophy.", "contents": "[Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in rats. I. Subacute intoxication. Absence of effect on incorporation of plasma phosphates into the acid-soluble phosphates of the sciatic nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle, in anatomic continuity and after neural section]. The subcutaneous injection of acrylamide (30 mg kg-1 day-1) in adult male rats induces a severe impairment of the general state of health and a progressive polyneuropathy at the cumulative dose of 180 mg/kg. At the cumulative dose of 400 mg acrylamide does not interfere with the incorporation of plasma inorganic phosphate into the inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of either the gastrocnemius muscle or the sciatic nerve Schwann cells. Nor does it modify the characteristic metabolic response of these fractions to Wallerian degeneration and neurogenic muscle atrophy.", "PMID": 80989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7981", "title": "Changes in rodent thyroid hormones and cyclic-AMP following treatment with pineal indolic compounds.", "content": "Treatment of rats with pineal indolic compounds 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-hydroxytryptophol and serotonin brought about a significant increase in serum thyroxine levels, while serotonin and melatonin caused an increase in thyroid cAMP content with corresponding decrease in the gland's hormones. The total quantity of cAMP in the thyroid was also increased by melatonin in the organ culture system. All these findings would indicate that some of the pineal indoleamines elicit a direct action on the thyroid by stimulating the adenyl cyclase activity and intrathyroidal cAMP, bringing about increased release of thyroxine into the blood stream, and that this is usually not accompanied by adequate synthesis in the gland. Our observation that continuous darkness, which stimulates pineal activity, also brought about an increase in cAMP, concours with our finding of a stimulatory effect of the indolic compounds on thyroid hormone release.", "contents": "Changes in rodent thyroid hormones and cyclic-AMP following treatment with pineal indolic compounds. Treatment of rats with pineal indolic compounds 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-hydroxytryptophol and serotonin brought about a significant increase in serum thyroxine levels, while serotonin and melatonin caused an increase in thyroid cAMP content with corresponding decrease in the gland's hormones. The total quantity of cAMP in the thyroid was also increased by melatonin in the organ culture system. All these findings would indicate that some of the pineal indoleamines elicit a direct action on the thyroid by stimulating the adenyl cyclase activity and intrathyroidal cAMP, bringing about increased release of thyroxine into the blood stream, and that this is usually not accompanied by adequate synthesis in the gland. Our observation that continuous darkness, which stimulates pineal activity, also brought about an increase in cAMP, concours with our finding of a stimulatory effect of the indolic compounds on thyroid hormone release.", "PMID": 80990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7982", "title": "Loss of the lipoprotein lipase activating ability of rat serum after administration of some fatty liver inducing drugs.", "content": "The effects of the administration of different fatty liver inducing drugs on the serum lipoprotein lipase activating ability was investigated in rats. Addition of serum from 2-mercaptoethanol-, 2-mercaptoacetate-, ethionine- or D-galactosamine- treated rats failed to activate heart and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase from control rats. The activating effect of serum was only slightly reduced in isopropanol-treated rats, whereas it was found unaffected in ethanol-treated ones. Electrophoresis of the lipoproteins and of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) fraction of sera from 2-mercaptoethanol-, 2-mercaptoacetate-, isopropanol-, ethionine- and D-galactosamine-treated rats suggest that the lack of lipoprotein lipase activation ability of these sera is most probably related to the impairing effects of these drugs upon VLDL metabolism, i.e. reduction of VLDL secretion in the case of 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoacetate and isopropanol, production of abnormal VLDL in the case of D-galactosamine and both decreased VLDL secretion and production of abnormal VLDL in the case of ethionine.", "contents": "Loss of the lipoprotein lipase activating ability of rat serum after administration of some fatty liver inducing drugs. The effects of the administration of different fatty liver inducing drugs on the serum lipoprotein lipase activating ability was investigated in rats. Addition of serum from 2-mercaptoethanol-, 2-mercaptoacetate-, ethionine- or D-galactosamine- treated rats failed to activate heart and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase from control rats. The activating effect of serum was only slightly reduced in isopropanol-treated rats, whereas it was found unaffected in ethanol-treated ones. Electrophoresis of the lipoproteins and of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) fraction of sera from 2-mercaptoethanol-, 2-mercaptoacetate-, isopropanol-, ethionine- and D-galactosamine-treated rats suggest that the lack of lipoprotein lipase activation ability of these sera is most probably related to the impairing effects of these drugs upon VLDL metabolism, i.e. reduction of VLDL secretion in the case of 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoacetate and isopropanol, production of abnormal VLDL in the case of D-galactosamine and both decreased VLDL secretion and production of abnormal VLDL in the case of ethionine.", "PMID": 80991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7983", "title": "Unlike effects of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat slow and fast muscles.", "content": "The increased inorganic phosphate flow, characteristic of denervated gastrocnemius muscle is shown to be present in additional denervated fast muscles, i.e. the plantaris, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles. The response of the soleus, a slow muscle, to denervation is biphasic. After an initial decrease of the phosphate flow at the end of the first postoperative day, there is a secondary rise which has the same general characteristics as the rise observed in fast muscles i.e. an exponential or hyperbolic increase to an asymptotic value reached after thirty days. The denervated fast and slow muscles are not converging to an intermediate metabolic pattern. The changes in phosphate flow induced by denervation are reversible in the soleus as well as in the gastrocnemius muscles.", "contents": "Unlike effects of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat slow and fast muscles. The increased inorganic phosphate flow, characteristic of denervated gastrocnemius muscle is shown to be present in additional denervated fast muscles, i.e. the plantaris, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles. The response of the soleus, a slow muscle, to denervation is biphasic. After an initial decrease of the phosphate flow at the end of the first postoperative day, there is a secondary rise which has the same general characteristics as the rise observed in fast muscles i.e. an exponential or hyperbolic increase to an asymptotic value reached after thirty days. The denervated fast and slow muscles are not converging to an intermediate metabolic pattern. The changes in phosphate flow induced by denervation are reversible in the soleus as well as in the gastrocnemius muscles.", "PMID": 80992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7984", "title": "Relationship between the resting blood pressure and depressor responses evoked by stimulation of the aortic nerve.", "content": "Correlations between the resting blood pressure and magnitude of depressor responses evoked by graded stimulation of the aortic nerve, were studied in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. The strength of stimulation ranged from 1 to 10 times the threshold, and activated the myelinated afferents. The frequency of stimulation was 5 and 50 cycles/sec. At lower frequency of stimulation the correlations become significant when the intensity of stimulation is 3 times the threshold and they increase at the highest strengths of stimulation. Correlation coefficients calculated for responses obtained at the frequency of 50 cycles/sec are significant in 8 out of 9 intensities of stimulation. With increase in the strength of stimulation they increase, attain their maximum at twice the threshold and decrease at the largest used stimulus strengths. The changes in the values of the correlation coefficients are not paralleled by alterations in the mean size of depressor responses. Since all correlation coefficients are positive, it is inferred that the depressor responses produced by stimulation of the aortic nerve follow WILDER's \"law of initial value\". The conformity with this rule is the better the higher the values of the correlation coefficients. The strength of relationship between the resting blood pressure and the size of depressor responses is considered to reflect the efficiency of the homeostatic circulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Relationship between the resting blood pressure and depressor responses evoked by stimulation of the aortic nerve. Correlations between the resting blood pressure and magnitude of depressor responses evoked by graded stimulation of the aortic nerve, were studied in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. The strength of stimulation ranged from 1 to 10 times the threshold, and activated the myelinated afferents. The frequency of stimulation was 5 and 50 cycles/sec. At lower frequency of stimulation the correlations become significant when the intensity of stimulation is 3 times the threshold and they increase at the highest strengths of stimulation. Correlation coefficients calculated for responses obtained at the frequency of 50 cycles/sec are significant in 8 out of 9 intensities of stimulation. With increase in the strength of stimulation they increase, attain their maximum at twice the threshold and decrease at the largest used stimulus strengths. The changes in the values of the correlation coefficients are not paralleled by alterations in the mean size of depressor responses. Since all correlation coefficients are positive, it is inferred that the depressor responses produced by stimulation of the aortic nerve follow WILDER's \"law of initial value\". The conformity with this rule is the better the higher the values of the correlation coefficients. The strength of relationship between the resting blood pressure and the size of depressor responses is considered to reflect the efficiency of the homeostatic circulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 80993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7985", "title": "Influence of salinity on the lipid composition and the fatty-acid pattern of muscle and hepatopancreas of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis.", "content": "The values of principal lipids and fatty acids from muscle and hepatopancreas of crab E. sinensis living in fresh water or in sea water are determined. Lipid content from these two tissues does not significantly change following a variation in the salinity of the external medium. Nevertheless a slight decrease in the triglyceride concentration (+/- 20%) of hepatopancreas and a very slight increase in the polyunsaturated fatty-acid amount of phospholipids isolated from muscle and hepatopancreas are noted when the crab is transferred from fresh water to sea water.", "contents": "Influence of salinity on the lipid composition and the fatty-acid pattern of muscle and hepatopancreas of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis. The values of principal lipids and fatty acids from muscle and hepatopancreas of crab E. sinensis living in fresh water or in sea water are determined. Lipid content from these two tissues does not significantly change following a variation in the salinity of the external medium. Nevertheless a slight decrease in the triglyceride concentration (+/- 20%) of hepatopancreas and a very slight increase in the polyunsaturated fatty-acid amount of phospholipids isolated from muscle and hepatopancreas are noted when the crab is transferred from fresh water to sea water.", "PMID": 80994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7986", "title": "[Immunological problems of influenza virus infections].", "content": "Reference is made to results reported in literature as well as to some of the author's own findings for a summary account of specific immune responses to influenza virus infections. Some introductory comments on the correlations that exist between morphology and function of structural components of the influenza virus as well as on the pathogenesis and its relevance to the immunological responses are followed by a description of the humoral immune response. An assured correlation has been found to exist between the titres of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies with responses specific of subtypes and of strains for the protection against homologous influenza virus infection in terms of prevention of outbreak or mitigation of the pathological course. Anti-neuraminidase antibodies have influence upon virus expansion in the organism and in the given population as well as upon the severity of the disease. Particular importance has been attributed to the secretory immunoglobulins. Used in conjunction with interferone, they obviously had an infection-preventing function, wheras the primary role of serum anibodies was a reduction of severity. The studies into cell-mediated immune responses were much less intensive than those conducted into antibody formation. Cell-mediated immune response is thought to emanate from induction of hemagglutinin and is directed against the latter. Sufficient results have not become available as yet on the importance of cellular immune response to protection.", "contents": "[Immunological problems of influenza virus infections]. Reference is made to results reported in literature as well as to some of the author's own findings for a summary account of specific immune responses to influenza virus infections. Some introductory comments on the correlations that exist between morphology and function of structural components of the influenza virus as well as on the pathogenesis and its relevance to the immunological responses are followed by a description of the humoral immune response. An assured correlation has been found to exist between the titres of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies with responses specific of subtypes and of strains for the protection against homologous influenza virus infection in terms of prevention of outbreak or mitigation of the pathological course. Anti-neuraminidase antibodies have influence upon virus expansion in the organism and in the given population as well as upon the severity of the disease. Particular importance has been attributed to the secretory immunoglobulins. Used in conjunction with interferone, they obviously had an infection-preventing function, wheras the primary role of serum anibodies was a reduction of severity. The studies into cell-mediated immune responses were much less intensive than those conducted into antibody formation. Cell-mediated immune response is thought to emanate from induction of hemagglutinin and is directed against the latter. Sufficient results have not become available as yet on the importance of cellular immune response to protection.", "PMID": 81042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7987", "title": "A modified tetrachrome staining technique for the adenohypophysis of dogs, rats and rabbits.", "content": "A staining technique is described to differentiate between the various types of cell in the anterior pituitary (growth hormone and prolactin producing cells, gonadotrophic, thyrotrophic and ACTY cells) in dogs, rats and rabbits. The method proved to be well reproducible and suitable for the routinely processed pituitary gland. The differentiating characteristics of this method for the prolactin and growth hormone producing cells were confirmed by the immuno-enzyme cytochemical technique in which specific anticanine prolactin and growth hormone sera were used. With this staining technique, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the different types of hypophyseal cells at various functional and hormonal stages, under physiological and pathological conditions, can be studied. Effects of progesterone or oestrogen treatment on the morphology of the pituitary gland are illustrated in the photomicrographs.", "contents": "A modified tetrachrome staining technique for the adenohypophysis of dogs, rats and rabbits. A staining technique is described to differentiate between the various types of cell in the anterior pituitary (growth hormone and prolactin producing cells, gonadotrophic, thyrotrophic and ACTY cells) in dogs, rats and rabbits. The method proved to be well reproducible and suitable for the routinely processed pituitary gland. The differentiating characteristics of this method for the prolactin and growth hormone producing cells were confirmed by the immuno-enzyme cytochemical technique in which specific anticanine prolactin and growth hormone sera were used. With this staining technique, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the different types of hypophyseal cells at various functional and hormonal stages, under physiological and pathological conditions, can be studied. Effects of progesterone or oestrogen treatment on the morphology of the pituitary gland are illustrated in the photomicrographs.", "PMID": 81043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7988", "title": "Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species.", "content": "Utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. FIPV was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and FIPV were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). An interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronaviruses selected for this study fell into one of two antigenically distinct groups. Viruses in each group were antigenically related to each other to varying degrees, but were antigenically unrelated to coronaviruses of the second group. The first antigenically related group was comprised of mouse hepatitis virus, type 3 (MHV-3), hemeagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus 67N (HEV-67N) of swine, calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV), and human coronavirus 0C43 (HCV-OC43). The second antigenically related group was comprised of FIPV, TGEV, HCV-229E and CCV.", "contents": "Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species. Utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. FIPV was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and FIPV were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). An interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronaviruses selected for this study fell into one of two antigenically distinct groups. Viruses in each group were antigenically related to each other to varying degrees, but were antigenically unrelated to coronaviruses of the second group. The first antigenically related group was comprised of mouse hepatitis virus, type 3 (MHV-3), hemeagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus 67N (HEV-67N) of swine, calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV), and human coronavirus 0C43 (HCV-OC43). The second antigenically related group was comprised of FIPV, TGEV, HCV-229E and CCV.", "PMID": 81044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7989", "title": "Gomori's trichrome stain. Its use with myelin sheaths.", "content": "We report the use of Gomori's one-step trichrome stain as a method for staining myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves. The stain is simple to perform and allows myelin sheaths to be easily detected and evaluated.", "contents": "Gomori's trichrome stain. Its use with myelin sheaths. We report the use of Gomori's one-step trichrome stain as a method for staining myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves. The stain is simple to perform and allows myelin sheaths to be easily detected and evaluated.", "PMID": 81046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7990", "title": "[Citrate and acid phosphatase in the ejaculate in prostatic carcinoma and adenoma].", "content": "The simultaneous determination of acid phosphatase and citrate concentration in the seminal fluid obtained from 16 patients with prostatic adenoma showed normal values, 6 patiients with prostatic carcinoma (cytologically and histologically verified) however extremely low values. The difference between persons with prostatic cancer and those with adenoma became particulary obvious with both experimental results evaluated in the way of a twodimensional diagram. This clear separation of both clusters by the simultaneouse estimation of both biochemical parameters may possible get useful diagnostic significance.", "contents": "[Citrate and acid phosphatase in the ejaculate in prostatic carcinoma and adenoma]. The simultaneous determination of acid phosphatase and citrate concentration in the seminal fluid obtained from 16 patients with prostatic adenoma showed normal values, 6 patiients with prostatic carcinoma (cytologically and histologically verified) however extremely low values. The difference between persons with prostatic cancer and those with adenoma became particulary obvious with both experimental results evaluated in the way of a twodimensional diagram. This clear separation of both clusters by the simultaneouse estimation of both biochemical parameters may possible get useful diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 81063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7991", "title": "[Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae Urbach-Wiethe].", "content": "This report deals with the description of a typical case of hyalinosis cutis et mucosae Urbach-Wiethe and with the clinical and histological differential diagnosis to erythropoetic protoporphyria.", "contents": "[Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae Urbach-Wiethe]. This report deals with the description of a typical case of hyalinosis cutis et mucosae Urbach-Wiethe and with the clinical and histological differential diagnosis to erythropoetic protoporphyria.", "PMID": 81064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7992", "title": "Evaluation of toluidine blue for measuring erythrocyte membrane loss during in vivo ageing.", "content": "A simple method using a cationic dye, toluidine blue (TB), to quantify changes of red cell membrane area has been developed and tested for its validity. After incubating a glucose-depleted red cell suspension with a fixed quantity of TB at 37 degrees C for 10 min, the remaining TB was measured spectrophotometrically at 640 nm. Using this technique, we were able to show differences in TB uptake by populations of young and old red cells. The exact mechanism for TB uptake by the red cells is not clear. Treatment of the cells with bromelin, papain and trypsin reduced the uptake of TB, but neuraminidase and ficin had little or no effect. No inhibition of TB removal by red cells was observed using heparin, D-glucose, glucuronic acid, or N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Evaluation of toluidine blue for measuring erythrocyte membrane loss during in vivo ageing. A simple method using a cationic dye, toluidine blue (TB), to quantify changes of red cell membrane area has been developed and tested for its validity. After incubating a glucose-depleted red cell suspension with a fixed quantity of TB at 37 degrees C for 10 min, the remaining TB was measured spectrophotometrically at 640 nm. Using this technique, we were able to show differences in TB uptake by populations of young and old red cells. The exact mechanism for TB uptake by the red cells is not clear. Treatment of the cells with bromelin, papain and trypsin reduced the uptake of TB, but neuraminidase and ficin had little or no effect. No inhibition of TB removal by red cells was observed using heparin, D-glucose, glucuronic acid, or N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 81069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7993", "title": "Transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene in male rat liver nuclei in vitro.", "content": "Alpha2u-globulin is a male rat liver protein under multihormonal control which represents approximately 1% of hepatic protein synthesis. We have measured the rate of transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene using a nuclear cell-free transcriptional system with mercurated CTP as substrate for the endogenous RNA polymerases. The newly synthesized, mercurated RNA was purified free of endogenous RNA by chromatography on sulfhydryl agarose and hybridized to 3H-labeled alpha2u-globulin cDNA. It was found that, in male rat liver nuclei, alpha2u-globulin RNA sequences represent 0.005% of the total newly synthesized RNA. Actinomycin D or alpha-amanitin completely blocks the synthesis of alpha2u-globulin RNA in these nuclei. No alpha2u-globulin RNA synthesis was detectable in female rat liver nuclei. Thus, within the limits of our detection the absence of hepatic alpha2u-globulin mRNA in female rats appears to be due to a lack of transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene in these animals.", "contents": "Transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene in male rat liver nuclei in vitro. Alpha2u-globulin is a male rat liver protein under multihormonal control which represents approximately 1% of hepatic protein synthesis. We have measured the rate of transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene using a nuclear cell-free transcriptional system with mercurated CTP as substrate for the endogenous RNA polymerases. The newly synthesized, mercurated RNA was purified free of endogenous RNA by chromatography on sulfhydryl agarose and hybridized to 3H-labeled alpha2u-globulin cDNA. It was found that, in male rat liver nuclei, alpha2u-globulin RNA sequences represent 0.005% of the total newly synthesized RNA. Actinomycin D or alpha-amanitin completely blocks the synthesis of alpha2u-globulin RNA in these nuclei. No alpha2u-globulin RNA synthesis was detectable in female rat liver nuclei. Thus, within the limits of our detection the absence of hepatic alpha2u-globulin mRNA in female rats appears to be due to a lack of transcription of the alpha2u-globulin gene in these animals.", "PMID": 81070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7994", "title": "A critical examination of possible fractionations of human DNA according to base composition.", "content": "Human DNA has been fractionated according to base composition by sedimentation equilibrium in an HgCl2/Cs2SO4 density gradient, followed by sedimentation equilibrium in an actinomycin/cesium formate density gradient. The fractions of different base composition resulting from this procedure were subsequently analyzed by sedimentation equilibrium in CsCl, DNA renaturation kinetics, and electron microscopy. All fractions contain similar kinetic classes of repeated DNA sequences as judged by renaturation studies. Short (300 nucleotides) interspersed repeated sequences are found in all fractions with no noticeable enrichment for these sequences in any fraction. Repeated sequences from fractions of different base composition are partially able to cross-hybridize, demonstrating that nearly identical repeated sequences occur in molecules of different base composition. These findings are critically compared to reports of successful density gradient fractionations of different human DNA sequence classes.", "contents": "A critical examination of possible fractionations of human DNA according to base composition. Human DNA has been fractionated according to base composition by sedimentation equilibrium in an HgCl2/Cs2SO4 density gradient, followed by sedimentation equilibrium in an actinomycin/cesium formate density gradient. The fractions of different base composition resulting from this procedure were subsequently analyzed by sedimentation equilibrium in CsCl, DNA renaturation kinetics, and electron microscopy. All fractions contain similar kinetic classes of repeated DNA sequences as judged by renaturation studies. Short (300 nucleotides) interspersed repeated sequences are found in all fractions with no noticeable enrichment for these sequences in any fraction. Repeated sequences from fractions of different base composition are partially able to cross-hybridize, demonstrating that nearly identical repeated sequences occur in molecules of different base composition. These findings are critically compared to reports of successful density gradient fractionations of different human DNA sequence classes.", "PMID": 81071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7995", "title": "Reductive dechlorination and degradation of mirex and kepone with Vitamin B12.", "content": "Vitamin B12s effects the reductive dechlorination of mirex (dechlorane) in protic solvent systems, under both catalytic and stoichiometric conditions, mainly to yield compounds of composition C10Cl12-nHn, with n = 1-8, in which the basic dihomocubane cage structure is retained; the formation of cage-opened, reductively dehalogenated derivatives of 4,7-methanoindene occurs only to a very minor extent. The corresponding reactions of kepone (chlordecone), in contrast, occur with predominant formation of indene derivatives. Under certain mild conditions, vitamin B12s induces a fragmentation of kepone leading to the destruction of the dihomocubane moiety and the formation of an isolable organocobalamin having a C3Cl3H2 residue attached to the cobalt atom. In strongly alkaline media, the reaction of kepone with vitamin B12s may in addition yield high-molecular-weight condensation products of unknown constitution. Reactions of this type are of interest as prototypes of soil-decontamination processes.", "contents": "Reductive dechlorination and degradation of mirex and kepone with Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12s effects the reductive dechlorination of mirex (dechlorane) in protic solvent systems, under both catalytic and stoichiometric conditions, mainly to yield compounds of composition C10Cl12-nHn, with n = 1-8, in which the basic dihomocubane cage structure is retained; the formation of cage-opened, reductively dehalogenated derivatives of 4,7-methanoindene occurs only to a very minor extent. The corresponding reactions of kepone (chlordecone), in contrast, occur with predominant formation of indene derivatives. Under certain mild conditions, vitamin B12s induces a fragmentation of kepone leading to the destruction of the dihomocubane moiety and the formation of an isolable organocobalamin having a C3Cl3H2 residue attached to the cobalt atom. In strongly alkaline media, the reaction of kepone with vitamin B12s may in addition yield high-molecular-weight condensation products of unknown constitution. Reactions of this type are of interest as prototypes of soil-decontamination processes.", "PMID": 81074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7996", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein in multiple pregnancy.", "content": "The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 42 multiple pregnancies. No concentrations above 1.4 microgram/ml were detected in maternal sera. Although there was a significant inverse correlation between cord AFP levels and gestational age, large intrapair discrepancies were common and these were not influenced by birth order, weight, or malformations. Intrapair AFP ratios were higher amongst dizygotic (DZ) than monozygotic (MZ) twins. In a pair discordant for neonatal hepatitis, the affected twin had the lower level of AFP in cord serum, but AFP was still detectable at 55 days.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein in multiple pregnancy. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 42 multiple pregnancies. No concentrations above 1.4 microgram/ml were detected in maternal sera. Although there was a significant inverse correlation between cord AFP levels and gestational age, large intrapair discrepancies were common and these were not influenced by birth order, weight, or malformations. Intrapair AFP ratios were higher amongst dizygotic (DZ) than monozygotic (MZ) twins. In a pair discordant for neonatal hepatitis, the affected twin had the lower level of AFP in cord serum, but AFP was still detectable at 55 days.", "PMID": 81075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7997", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the pituitrin induced osmotic flow of water through the wall of the frog urinary bladder].", "content": "The role of intercellular pathways in the ADH-dependent water transport was studied on the frog urinary bladder by means of acetylcholine (AC) and other cholinergic compounds. AC (10(-3) M) was found to cause a strong suppression of the pituitrin-stimulated water flow. Analogous effect was produced by AC on the osmotic flow stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and theolin. The antipituitrin effect was not reproduced either by nicotine, nor by potent M-cholinomimetic agents (methylfurmetide and F-2268), and was not prevented by M- and N-cholynolytic drugs (atropine, metacin, flaxedil, hexamethonium). However, the antipituitrin effect of AC was completely removed by the anticholinesterase drugs with different mode of action (eserine, proserine, armin, acridine iodmethylate, GD-42) in concentrations of 10(-6)--10(-3) M. It was concluded that the smooth muscles contraction with the subsequent closure of the intercellular spaces was not responsible for the antipituitrinic action of AC. This effect appears to be connected with cholinesterase activation. A possible role of the phosphoinositides in the water permeability regulation of the urinary bladder wall is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the pituitrin induced osmotic flow of water through the wall of the frog urinary bladder]. The role of intercellular pathways in the ADH-dependent water transport was studied on the frog urinary bladder by means of acetylcholine (AC) and other cholinergic compounds. AC (10(-3) M) was found to cause a strong suppression of the pituitrin-stimulated water flow. Analogous effect was produced by AC on the osmotic flow stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and theolin. The antipituitrin effect was not reproduced either by nicotine, nor by potent M-cholinomimetic agents (methylfurmetide and F-2268), and was not prevented by M- and N-cholynolytic drugs (atropine, metacin, flaxedil, hexamethonium). However, the antipituitrin effect of AC was completely removed by the anticholinesterase drugs with different mode of action (eserine, proserine, armin, acridine iodmethylate, GD-42) in concentrations of 10(-6)--10(-3) M. It was concluded that the smooth muscles contraction with the subsequent closure of the intercellular spaces was not responsible for the antipituitrinic action of AC. This effect appears to be connected with cholinesterase activation. A possible role of the phosphoinositides in the water permeability regulation of the urinary bladder wall is discussed.", "PMID": 81076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7998", "title": "[Size of the \"distortion\" area of the membrane close to the ion channel formed by gramicidin A].", "content": "Young's modolus of the bilayer membrane (BLM) in the direction normal to membrane plane approximately E perpendicular changes if gramicidin A molecules are incorporated into BLM. The plot of approximately E perpendicular on membrane conductivity is a monotonic curve with saturation at BLM conductivity corresponding distances between gramicidin A dimers about 1000 angstrom. The conclusion is made that dimer formation generates drastic reorganization of BLM structure, the size of distortion zone of the membrane near the ionic channel is of the same value.", "contents": "[Size of the \"distortion\" area of the membrane close to the ion channel formed by gramicidin A]. Young's modolus of the bilayer membrane (BLM) in the direction normal to membrane plane approximately E perpendicular changes if gramicidin A molecules are incorporated into BLM. The plot of approximately E perpendicular on membrane conductivity is a monotonic curve with saturation at BLM conductivity corresponding distances between gramicidin A dimers about 1000 angstrom. The conclusion is made that dimer formation generates drastic reorganization of BLM structure, the size of distortion zone of the membrane near the ionic channel is of the same value.", "PMID": 81072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_7999", "title": "[Antigenic marker of human erythrokaryocytes similar to mouse erythroblastosis antigen].", "content": "Identical antigenic determinants are discovered on the surface of human erythrokaryocytes with antibodies against specific antigen of murine erythroblasts (Ag-Ed), previously revealed in study of Rauscher leukemia, in the immunofluorescent and cytotoxic tests. The antigen is present on the membranes of the majority of human embryonic liver and adult bone marrow nuclear erythroid cells, but is not found in fetal thymocytes, newborn kidney cells, adult human hepatic cells and in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Ag-Eb appears to possess an inter-species determinant, shared by mammalian nuclear erythroid cells, and may be used as their specific marker.", "contents": "[Antigenic marker of human erythrokaryocytes similar to mouse erythroblastosis antigen]. Identical antigenic determinants are discovered on the surface of human erythrokaryocytes with antibodies against specific antigen of murine erythroblasts (Ag-Ed), previously revealed in study of Rauscher leukemia, in the immunofluorescent and cytotoxic tests. The antigen is present on the membranes of the majority of human embryonic liver and adult bone marrow nuclear erythroid cells, but is not found in fetal thymocytes, newborn kidney cells, adult human hepatic cells and in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Ag-Eb appears to possess an inter-species determinant, shared by mammalian nuclear erythroid cells, and may be used as their specific marker.", "PMID": 81077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8000", "title": "[Comparison of two means of identifying satellite associations in man].", "content": "Two methods of identifying satellite associations were compared in ten normal donors. Conventional Giemsa stain proved to identify by 31% less of 3-chromosomal associations, by 50% less of 4- and 5-, and by 66.6% less of 6-chromosomal associations than in staining with ammoniacal silver, whereas the number of 2-chromosomal associations was by 10% greater, this conditioning the prevalence of small associations. Silver staining used to expose intersatellite associations revealed acrocentric chromosomes mutually oriented, placed close to one another, but without any intersatellite connection. In Giemsa-stained preparations these are considered to be associating, which increases the number of multiple groups. Both errors of the conventional Giemsa method cannot be corrected. Identification of associations according to intersatellite connections is free of these errors after silver staining.", "contents": "[Comparison of two means of identifying satellite associations in man]. Two methods of identifying satellite associations were compared in ten normal donors. Conventional Giemsa stain proved to identify by 31% less of 3-chromosomal associations, by 50% less of 4- and 5-, and by 66.6% less of 6-chromosomal associations than in staining with ammoniacal silver, whereas the number of 2-chromosomal associations was by 10% greater, this conditioning the prevalence of small associations. Silver staining used to expose intersatellite associations revealed acrocentric chromosomes mutually oriented, placed close to one another, but without any intersatellite connection. In Giemsa-stained preparations these are considered to be associating, which increases the number of multiple groups. Both errors of the conventional Giemsa method cannot be corrected. Identification of associations according to intersatellite connections is free of these errors after silver staining.", "PMID": 81078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8001", "title": "Blood lead levels in sheep exposed to automotive emissions.", "content": "The lead content of whole blood of 62 sheep grazed continuously for 6 months near a major highway was compared with 38 sheep from a nearby uncontaminated area. Mean values of 0.90 and 0.20 microgram/ml were obtained. Four sheep from the contaminated area were placed in an uncontaminated paddock and the lead content of the blood decreased rapidly during the first 10 days and thereafter more slowly. After 185 days, blood lead levels had still not quite reached normal levels. Animal from an uncontaminated area showed an immediate rise in the blood lead levels when placed near a major highway. Sheep placed in a concrete pen away from motor vehicle exhaust emissions showed a rise in lead levels when fed with forage cut from the verges of a busy highway. Sheep placed near a highway and fed with forage from an uncontaminated area showed an increase of lead levels in the blood, comparable to that of the previous experiment. It was concluded that lead uptake by ingestion of polluted forage and by inhalation of airborne particulates are both mechanisms responsible for enhanced lead levels in ovine blood.", "contents": "Blood lead levels in sheep exposed to automotive emissions. The lead content of whole blood of 62 sheep grazed continuously for 6 months near a major highway was compared with 38 sheep from a nearby uncontaminated area. Mean values of 0.90 and 0.20 microgram/ml were obtained. Four sheep from the contaminated area were placed in an uncontaminated paddock and the lead content of the blood decreased rapidly during the first 10 days and thereafter more slowly. After 185 days, blood lead levels had still not quite reached normal levels. Animal from an uncontaminated area showed an immediate rise in the blood lead levels when placed near a major highway. Sheep placed in a concrete pen away from motor vehicle exhaust emissions showed a rise in lead levels when fed with forage cut from the verges of a busy highway. Sheep placed near a highway and fed with forage from an uncontaminated area showed an increase of lead levels in the blood, comparable to that of the previous experiment. It was concluded that lead uptake by ingestion of polluted forage and by inhalation of airborne particulates are both mechanisms responsible for enhanced lead levels in ovine blood.", "PMID": 81080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8002", "title": "A screening technique for assessing effects of pesticides on population and activities of non-target soil microorganisms.", "content": "A simplified technique for assessing the effect of pesticides on non-target soil microorganisms was developed. Changes in microbial population determined by the dilution plate method, in nitrification by the soil perfusion technique, and in oxygen consumption using a differential respirometer are the only measurements required. A comparison of the effects observed for three pesticides, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos and Vorlex, in three soil types with those produced by an antibiotic, a fungicide, a nitrification inhibitor and steam pasteurization of the soil clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the simple technique.", "contents": "A screening technique for assessing effects of pesticides on population and activities of non-target soil microorganisms. A simplified technique for assessing the effect of pesticides on non-target soil microorganisms was developed. Changes in microbial population determined by the dilution plate method, in nitrification by the soil perfusion technique, and in oxygen consumption using a differential respirometer are the only measurements required. A comparison of the effects observed for three pesticides, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos and Vorlex, in three soil types with those produced by an antibiotic, a fungicide, a nitrification inhibitor and steam pasteurization of the soil clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the simple technique.", "PMID": 81082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8003", "title": "The value of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein in patients with colorectal cancer.", "content": "Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2PAG) levels have been measured in 67 patients with colorectal cancer. Postoperative changes in alpha2PAG concentrations were observed in patients undergoing apparently curative surgery and compared with results in patients with residual local or metastatic tumour. Significant increase in alpha2PAG levels were found only in those patients with residual or disseminated tumour. In this study alpha2PAG levels closely paralleled the clinical course of the disease in many patients.", "contents": "The value of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein in patients with colorectal cancer. Serum pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2PAG) levels have been measured in 67 patients with colorectal cancer. Postoperative changes in alpha2PAG concentrations were observed in patients undergoing apparently curative surgery and compared with results in patients with residual local or metastatic tumour. Significant increase in alpha2PAG levels were found only in those patients with residual or disseminated tumour. In this study alpha2PAG levels closely paralleled the clinical course of the disease in many patients.", "PMID": 81085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8004", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay in diagnosing and excluding hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were estimated by sensitive radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with cirrhosis complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma and in 100 patients with cirrhosis in whom malignancy was excluded. Twenty-nine of the 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had concentrations above 10 IU/ml (10.5 ng/ml) (median 3500 IU/ml (3675 ng/ml)), whereas only one of the 100 patients with cirrhosis and no tumour development had a raised concentration. Eleven out of 20 patients in whom hepatocellular carcinoma had developed in an apparently normal liver had raised AFP concentrations. In this group the differential diagnosis is usually secondary carcinoma, and three of 50 such patients had AFP concentrations above 10 IU/ml. Noting raised AFP concentrations is thus of considerable value both in detecting and in excluding hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis, for in this case such concentrations gave only 1% false-positive and 3% false-negative results. They are less useful, however, in distinguishing between primary tumours arising in patients without cirrhosis and secondary hepatic deposits, giving 6% false-positive and 45% false-negative results.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay in diagnosing and excluding hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were estimated by sensitive radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with cirrhosis complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma and in 100 patients with cirrhosis in whom malignancy was excluded. Twenty-nine of the 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had concentrations above 10 IU/ml (10.5 ng/ml) (median 3500 IU/ml (3675 ng/ml)), whereas only one of the 100 patients with cirrhosis and no tumour development had a raised concentration. Eleven out of 20 patients in whom hepatocellular carcinoma had developed in an apparently normal liver had raised AFP concentrations. In this group the differential diagnosis is usually secondary carcinoma, and three of 50 such patients had AFP concentrations above 10 IU/ml. Noting raised AFP concentrations is thus of considerable value both in detecting and in excluding hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis, for in this case such concentrations gave only 1% false-positive and 3% false-negative results. They are less useful, however, in distinguishing between primary tumours arising in patients without cirrhosis and secondary hepatic deposits, giving 6% false-positive and 45% false-negative results.", "PMID": 81086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8005", "title": "Distribution of neurons projecting to the retina of Caiman crocodilus.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the vitreous of the eye, the orbital cavity, or the optic tectum of Caiman crocodilus. Following intravitreal injections, retrograde transport of the enzyme was observed bilaterally, but predominantly contralaterally, in a large oblong field of cells at the isthmic level of the midbrain, bounded medially by the trochlear nucleus and laterally by the nucleus isthmi. Control injections of HRP into the orbital cavity and eye muscles labelled motoneurons of the extraocular muscles but not cells of this isthmic field. The field is therefore the source of a projection efferent to the retina in Caiman. Injections of HRP into the dorsal optic tectum produced a fine pattern of anterograde labelling in fibers projecting to the region in which retinopetal cells were identified, but no retrograde labelling of cells in this area. In contrast, the nucleus isthmi showed dense anterograde labelling of fibers and terminals as well as retrograde labelling of cells following tectal injections. These results extend recent evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between the order Crocodilia and modern birds, since birds also possess a well-developed retinopetal system derived from a cell group in the isthmic midbrain.", "contents": "Distribution of neurons projecting to the retina of Caiman crocodilus. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the vitreous of the eye, the orbital cavity, or the optic tectum of Caiman crocodilus. Following intravitreal injections, retrograde transport of the enzyme was observed bilaterally, but predominantly contralaterally, in a large oblong field of cells at the isthmic level of the midbrain, bounded medially by the trochlear nucleus and laterally by the nucleus isthmi. Control injections of HRP into the orbital cavity and eye muscles labelled motoneurons of the extraocular muscles but not cells of this isthmic field. The field is therefore the source of a projection efferent to the retina in Caiman. Injections of HRP into the dorsal optic tectum produced a fine pattern of anterograde labelling in fibers projecting to the region in which retinopetal cells were identified, but no retrograde labelling of cells in this area. In contrast, the nucleus isthmi showed dense anterograde labelling of fibers and terminals as well as retrograde labelling of cells following tectal injections. These results extend recent evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between the order Crocodilia and modern birds, since birds also possess a well-developed retinopetal system derived from a cell group in the isthmic midbrain.", "PMID": 81087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8006", "title": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of various exogenous macromolecules in normal and crushed hypoglossal nerves.", "content": "Macromolecular tracers were injected into the tongue or around a crush in mouse hypoglossal nerves. At various times thereafter, the tracers were histochemically localized on the basis of peroxidase activity. The distribution of reaction product was then examined using light microscopy in order to study the influence of molecular charge and size on uptake and retrograde axonal transport from the periphery or from the crushed axon. Of various proteins with peroxidase activity, horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome-c showed the greatest penetration into axons proximal to the crush. Following injection into the tongue, intra-axonal cytochrome-c was detectable in some of the peripheral branches but not any of the other proteins. Retrograde transport to the nerve cell bodies was demonstrated for horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome-c, both from the tongue and from the axonal crush but not for microperoxidase, myoglobin, hemoglobin, lactoperoxidase and catalase. The number of neuronal cell bodies having detectable reaction product was higher for peroxidase-injected than for cytochrome-c-injected animals. Ferritin and iron-dextran (Imferon) also accumulated in hypoglossal neurons, but this could be detected only after repeated injections into the tongue. Uptake and retrograde transport from the tongue or from the crush occurred both for anionic and for cationic horseradish peroxidase. This is interpreted as evidence against absolute specificity in the uptake and transport of macromolecules on the basis of electrical charge.", "contents": "Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of various exogenous macromolecules in normal and crushed hypoglossal nerves. Macromolecular tracers were injected into the tongue or around a crush in mouse hypoglossal nerves. At various times thereafter, the tracers were histochemically localized on the basis of peroxidase activity. The distribution of reaction product was then examined using light microscopy in order to study the influence of molecular charge and size on uptake and retrograde axonal transport from the periphery or from the crushed axon. Of various proteins with peroxidase activity, horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome-c showed the greatest penetration into axons proximal to the crush. Following injection into the tongue, intra-axonal cytochrome-c was detectable in some of the peripheral branches but not any of the other proteins. Retrograde transport to the nerve cell bodies was demonstrated for horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome-c, both from the tongue and from the axonal crush but not for microperoxidase, myoglobin, hemoglobin, lactoperoxidase and catalase. The number of neuronal cell bodies having detectable reaction product was higher for peroxidase-injected than for cytochrome-c-injected animals. Ferritin and iron-dextran (Imferon) also accumulated in hypoglossal neurons, but this could be detected only after repeated injections into the tongue. Uptake and retrograde transport from the tongue or from the crush occurred both for anionic and for cationic horseradish peroxidase. This is interpreted as evidence against absolute specificity in the uptake and transport of macromolecules on the basis of electrical charge.", "PMID": 81088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8007", "title": "CSF electrophoresis: an adaptation using cellulose acetate for the identification of oligoclonal banding.", "content": "An adaptation of cellulose acetate electrophoresis for studying concentrated cerebrospinal fluid is described. Two hundred and twenty-one patients have been studied, and the specificity for multiple sclerosis and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis is discussed. This has been positive for oligoclonal banding (OB) in 79% of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "CSF electrophoresis: an adaptation using cellulose acetate for the identification of oligoclonal banding. An adaptation of cellulose acetate electrophoresis for studying concentrated cerebrospinal fluid is described. Two hundred and twenty-one patients have been studied, and the specificity for multiple sclerosis and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis is discussed. This has been positive for oligoclonal banding (OB) in 79% of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 81098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8008", "title": "Effectiveness of local radiotherapy in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "The records of 144 patients with colorectal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy were reviewed. Ninety-two patients received treatment for palliative purposes only (bleeding, pain, mucus discharge, tenesmus, mass). Good palliation was achieved in the majority of patients with a dose on the range of 1200 to 1400 rets. Thirty-seven patients received radical doses of radiation for recurrent or inoperable cancer. Five out of 37 (14%) are alive without evidence of disease, 24 to 84 months following radiotherapy. Fifteen patients received pre- or postoperative radiotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery. Six out of the 15 (40%) are alive without evidence of disease.", "contents": "Effectiveness of local radiotherapy in colorectal carcinoma. The records of 144 patients with colorectal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy were reviewed. Ninety-two patients received treatment for palliative purposes only (bleeding, pain, mucus discharge, tenesmus, mass). Good palliation was achieved in the majority of patients with a dose on the range of 1200 to 1400 rets. Thirty-seven patients received radical doses of radiation for recurrent or inoperable cancer. Five out of 37 (14%) are alive without evidence of disease, 24 to 84 months following radiotherapy. Fifteen patients received pre- or postoperative radiotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery. Six out of the 15 (40%) are alive without evidence of disease.", "PMID": 81099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8009", "title": "Radiation treatment of primary carcinoma of the female urethra.", "content": "Because of the rarity of the primary carcinoma of the female urethra, there has been limited experience of individual institutions in management of this disease. Treatment by radiation alone required radium implant skill in early cases and individualized consideration for integrating external and internal irradiation in more advanced cases. From 1961 to 1975 a total of 16 women with histologically verified primary urethral carcinoma were given radiation treatment at the University of Maryland Hospital. Six of 16 patients were primarily treated for palliation only and 10 were receiving curative radiation treatment. The results show an excellent local control in anterior urethral disease (3/3), entire urethral disease (2/3) and urethral disease with involvement of vulva and/or vagina (3/3). Bladder neck, parametrial, inguinal lymph node, or paraortic involvement represents a poor prognosis and failure is close to 100%. Eight of 10 patients who were treated with aggressive radium alone or combination of external irradiation and interstitial therapy show complete control of disease (80%). Total dosage between 5500 to 6500 rad appears to be adequate to control the disease. Palliative treatment by irradiation alone can only offer a short term symptom-free result, and should be considered as an occasional alternative modality of choice.", "contents": "Radiation treatment of primary carcinoma of the female urethra. Because of the rarity of the primary carcinoma of the female urethra, there has been limited experience of individual institutions in management of this disease. Treatment by radiation alone required radium implant skill in early cases and individualized consideration for integrating external and internal irradiation in more advanced cases. From 1961 to 1975 a total of 16 women with histologically verified primary urethral carcinoma were given radiation treatment at the University of Maryland Hospital. Six of 16 patients were primarily treated for palliation only and 10 were receiving curative radiation treatment. The results show an excellent local control in anterior urethral disease (3/3), entire urethral disease (2/3) and urethral disease with involvement of vulva and/or vagina (3/3). Bladder neck, parametrial, inguinal lymph node, or paraortic involvement represents a poor prognosis and failure is close to 100%. Eight of 10 patients who were treated with aggressive radium alone or combination of external irradiation and interstitial therapy show complete control of disease (80%). Total dosage between 5500 to 6500 rad appears to be adequate to control the disease. Palliative treatment by irradiation alone can only offer a short term symptom-free result, and should be considered as an occasional alternative modality of choice.", "PMID": 81100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8010", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the small and large bowel.", "content": "From 1950 through 1974, a total of 108 cases of primary intestinal leiomyosarcoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Most of these uncommon tumors occurred in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and more of them in men than in women (2.6:1). There were 73% in the small bowel, 25% in the large bowel, and 2% in the anus. Gastrointestinal bleeding and pain were the two most common signs at presentation, and they led to surgical exploration in all cases where they appeared. By the time surgery was performed, only 48% of the tumors could be resected with hope of cure. Within that group of cases, 50% of the patients survived 5 years, but only 35% survived 10 years, late recurrence being common. The histologic grade of the tumor affected survival to erroneous early optimism in prognosis.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the small and large bowel. From 1950 through 1974, a total of 108 cases of primary intestinal leiomyosarcoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Most of these uncommon tumors occurred in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and more of them in men than in women (2.6:1). There were 73% in the small bowel, 25% in the large bowel, and 2% in the anus. Gastrointestinal bleeding and pain were the two most common signs at presentation, and they led to surgical exploration in all cases where they appeared. By the time surgery was performed, only 48% of the tumors could be resected with hope of cure. Within that group of cases, 50% of the patients survived 5 years, but only 35% survived 10 years, late recurrence being common. The histologic grade of the tumor affected survival to erroneous early optimism in prognosis.", "PMID": 81101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8011", "title": "Specificity of response in hamster cells induced to produce plasminogen activator by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "A phorbol ester promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, enhances plasminogen activator production in hamster cell lines that synthesize plasminogen activator immunologically identical with plasminogen activator of normal hamster lung cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate exhibits a high degree of specificity in the type of plasminogen activator evoked, which is always of the lung form. No enhancement of plasminogen activator production was detected in hamster cell lines synthesizing plasminogen activator of different antigenic form, although in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, cells of one such line initiated synthesis of plasminogen activator of the lung form.", "contents": "Specificity of response in hamster cells induced to produce plasminogen activator by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. A phorbol ester promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, enhances plasminogen activator production in hamster cell lines that synthesize plasminogen activator immunologically identical with plasminogen activator of normal hamster lung cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate exhibits a high degree of specificity in the type of plasminogen activator evoked, which is always of the lung form. No enhancement of plasminogen activator production was detected in hamster cell lines synthesizing plasminogen activator of different antigenic form, although in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, cells of one such line initiated synthesis of plasminogen activator of the lung form.", "PMID": 81105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8012", "title": "Enhancement of DNA chain breakage by bleomycin A2 in the presence of microsomes and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.", "content": "Chain breakage in DNA induced by bleomycin A2 (BLM) was enhanced more than 150-fold by the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent electron transport system of rat liver microsomes. However, the enhancement effect on DNA was partially reduced by the preincubation of BLM with the microsomal systems. BLM-Cu2+ was found to stimulate considerably microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde formation, whereas BLM inhibited both of the effects. These findings suggest that the pharmacological action of BLM is strongly affected by a membrane system, such as microsomes, that produces free radicals.", "contents": "Enhancement of DNA chain breakage by bleomycin A2 in the presence of microsomes and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Chain breakage in DNA induced by bleomycin A2 (BLM) was enhanced more than 150-fold by the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent electron transport system of rat liver microsomes. However, the enhancement effect on DNA was partially reduced by the preincubation of BLM with the microsomal systems. BLM-Cu2+ was found to stimulate considerably microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde formation, whereas BLM inhibited both of the effects. These findings suggest that the pharmacological action of BLM is strongly affected by a membrane system, such as microsomes, that produces free radicals.", "PMID": 81106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8013", "title": "Dihydrotestosterone concentration in prostate cancer tissue as a predictor of tumor differentiation and hormonal dependency.", "content": "Tissue dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-reductase (delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-oxidoreductase) levels have been measured in prostates of patients with cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy; significant decreases in average values for both of these biochemical parameters were noted in prostate cancer compared to benign prostatic hypertrophy, although individual values overlapped in both groups. Prostate cancer tissue dihydrotestosterone levels appeared to correlate better than did either histological tumor grading or 5alpha-reductase with the ultimate clinical response to antiandrogen therapy. These results suggest that assay of tissue dihydrotestosterone levels in prostate cancer should be further explored as a possible marker for tumor differentiation.", "contents": "Dihydrotestosterone concentration in prostate cancer tissue as a predictor of tumor differentiation and hormonal dependency. Tissue dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-reductase (delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-oxidoreductase) levels have been measured in prostates of patients with cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy; significant decreases in average values for both of these biochemical parameters were noted in prostate cancer compared to benign prostatic hypertrophy, although individual values overlapped in both groups. Prostate cancer tissue dihydrotestosterone levels appeared to correlate better than did either histological tumor grading or 5alpha-reductase with the ultimate clinical response to antiandrogen therapy. These results suggest that assay of tissue dihydrotestosterone levels in prostate cancer should be further explored as a possible marker for tumor differentiation.", "PMID": 81107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8014", "title": "Feline sarcoma virus in vitro infection of human cells. Influence of chemical carcinogens on focus formation.", "content": "Human fibroblast cells treated with benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide (A-AAF) inhibited Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV) focus formation. Inhibition of focus formation resulting from chemical treatment was not related to cytotoxic concentrations of chemicals in that little or not effect on cells surviving treatment was observed. Maximum inhibition of focus formation occurred with BP when the cells were treated before infection. By contrast, maximum inhibition of focus formation occurred with A-AAF and AFB1 when the cells were treated after virus infection. Inhibition of focus formation by BP and AFB1 was eliminated when virus infected cells were treated 48-96 h post-infection. While no infectious virus was detected in either chemical treated or untreated ST-FeSV virus infected cultures, comparable levels of virus-directed RNA dependent DNA polymerase enzyme assay (RDDP) activity were found in both treated and untreated cultures. The data show that the inhibitory effect on focus formation is chemically mediated while the inhibition of virus synthesis is not.", "contents": "Feline sarcoma virus in vitro infection of human cells. Influence of chemical carcinogens on focus formation. Human fibroblast cells treated with benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide (A-AAF) inhibited Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV) focus formation. Inhibition of focus formation resulting from chemical treatment was not related to cytotoxic concentrations of chemicals in that little or not effect on cells surviving treatment was observed. Maximum inhibition of focus formation occurred with BP when the cells were treated before infection. By contrast, maximum inhibition of focus formation occurred with A-AAF and AFB1 when the cells were treated after virus infection. Inhibition of focus formation by BP and AFB1 was eliminated when virus infected cells were treated 48-96 h post-infection. While no infectious virus was detected in either chemical treated or untreated ST-FeSV virus infected cultures, comparable levels of virus-directed RNA dependent DNA polymerase enzyme assay (RDDP) activity were found in both treated and untreated cultures. The data show that the inhibitory effect on focus formation is chemically mediated while the inhibition of virus synthesis is not.", "PMID": 81113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8015", "title": "Gut endocrinology: correlation of physiology and morphology.", "content": "The gastrointestinal tract is a large and complex endocrine organ. Elucidation of its nature, and the actions of its individual hormonal components, has advanced in recent years following the purification and sequencing of six probable hormones and the subsequent development of radioimmunoassay techniques for their measurement and immunocytochemistry for the determination of their cellular origin. Immunoassay and immunocytochemistry are clearly complimentary to each other in providing a fuller understanding of the dynamics of endocrine function at the cellular level. This is illustrated in the examples described in this paper.", "contents": "Gut endocrinology: correlation of physiology and morphology. The gastrointestinal tract is a large and complex endocrine organ. Elucidation of its nature, and the actions of its individual hormonal components, has advanced in recent years following the purification and sequencing of six probable hormones and the subsequent development of radioimmunoassay techniques for their measurement and immunocytochemistry for the determination of their cellular origin. Immunoassay and immunocytochemistry are clearly complimentary to each other in providing a fuller understanding of the dynamics of endocrine function at the cellular level. This is illustrated in the examples described in this paper.", "PMID": 81114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8016", "title": "Serum steroids in normal males and patients with prostatic diseases.", "content": "The subjects investigated comprised 57 normal males between 30 and 80 years of age; 40 patients between 50 and 80 years of age suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and 11 untreated prostatic carcinoma (Ca) patients aged between 57 and 79 years. Serum concentrations of oestradiol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and androsterone were determined from a single serum sample (1.6 ml). Oestradiol was determined by an automated non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay, while other steroids were determined by radioimmunoassays, after solvent extraction and chromatographic purification on Lipidex-5000TM microcolumns. When patient groups were compared with the 25 normal males between 50 and 80 years of age, several conclusions could be drawn. Serum concentrations of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (P less than 0.001) were both significantly higher in the BPH patients when compared with the normal males. This trend was also apparent in the serum concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in the older BPH patients. Although the mean concentrations of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were slightly higher in carcinoma patients than normal males, these differences were not statistically significant. No differences were seen in the concentrations of pregnenolone, androstenedione, androsterone and oestradiol between normal subjects and patients with BPH or prostatic Ca.", "contents": "Serum steroids in normal males and patients with prostatic diseases. The subjects investigated comprised 57 normal males between 30 and 80 years of age; 40 patients between 50 and 80 years of age suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and 11 untreated prostatic carcinoma (Ca) patients aged between 57 and 79 years. Serum concentrations of oestradiol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and androsterone were determined from a single serum sample (1.6 ml). Oestradiol was determined by an automated non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay, while other steroids were determined by radioimmunoassays, after solvent extraction and chromatographic purification on Lipidex-5000TM microcolumns. When patient groups were compared with the 25 normal males between 50 and 80 years of age, several conclusions could be drawn. Serum concentrations of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01) and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (P less than 0.001) were both significantly higher in the BPH patients when compared with the normal males. This trend was also apparent in the serum concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in the older BPH patients. Although the mean concentrations of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were slightly higher in carcinoma patients than normal males, these differences were not statistically significant. No differences were seen in the concentrations of pregnenolone, androstenedione, androsterone and oestradiol between normal subjects and patients with BPH or prostatic Ca.", "PMID": 81115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8017", "title": "Sex determination in nuclei of amnion fluid cells.", "content": "Hypotonic treatment of amnion fluid cell-nuclei was found to enhance demonstration of Y chromatin and of autosomal fluorescence in interphase cell-nuclei following quinacrine mustard staining. In contrast, visualization of the Barr body was not improved by this treatment. Nuclear sex determination on cellular material from 200 samples of amniotic fluid was unequivocal in 197 cases; in only 3 cases were the findings uncertain. There were no erroneous determinations. In one instance maternal cellular tissue was observed in smear preparations. Nuclear sex determination presents a simple method of supplementing and substantiating prenatal chromosomal diagnosis.", "contents": "Sex determination in nuclei of amnion fluid cells. Hypotonic treatment of amnion fluid cell-nuclei was found to enhance demonstration of Y chromatin and of autosomal fluorescence in interphase cell-nuclei following quinacrine mustard staining. In contrast, visualization of the Barr body was not improved by this treatment. Nuclear sex determination on cellular material from 200 samples of amniotic fluid was unequivocal in 197 cases; in only 3 cases were the findings uncertain. There were no erroneous determinations. In one instance maternal cellular tissue was observed in smear preparations. Nuclear sex determination presents a simple method of supplementing and substantiating prenatal chromosomal diagnosis.", "PMID": 81116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8018", "title": "The effect of mercury derivatives of fluorescencein on allotransplant kidney in experiment.", "content": "Mercurascan (MSC), a mercury derivative of fluorescein, was studied as to its effect on the survival of allogeneic kidney grafts in dogs. A single perfusion of the donor's kidney with saline solution with MSC added in a ratio of 1 mg/100 ml was found to have significantly extended the graft survival time from 10.8 days (SE +/- 0.6) to 15.4 days (SE +/- 1.6). Graft survival time extension proved to be even more significant after a single dose of MSC given to the donor (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) and repeated administration of an equal MSC dose to the recipient twice weekly. Listed are detailed morphological changes in tissue specimens from the kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, and many other organs of a dog surviving for 42 days. A very moderate rejection lesion with merely tiny lymphocytic infiltrates was proved in the kidney. Lymph node structure was almost entirely obliterated with lymphoid tissue extinction. There was loss of white pulp in the spleen. The absence of morphological changes in the other organs suggested good tolerance of the preparation. More studies are called for to elucidate the complex MSC intervention in the process of rejection.", "contents": "The effect of mercury derivatives of fluorescencein on allotransplant kidney in experiment. Mercurascan (MSC), a mercury derivative of fluorescein, was studied as to its effect on the survival of allogeneic kidney grafts in dogs. A single perfusion of the donor's kidney with saline solution with MSC added in a ratio of 1 mg/100 ml was found to have significantly extended the graft survival time from 10.8 days (SE +/- 0.6) to 15.4 days (SE +/- 1.6). Graft survival time extension proved to be even more significant after a single dose of MSC given to the donor (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) and repeated administration of an equal MSC dose to the recipient twice weekly. Listed are detailed morphological changes in tissue specimens from the kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, and many other organs of a dog surviving for 42 days. A very moderate rejection lesion with merely tiny lymphocytic infiltrates was proved in the kidney. Lymph node structure was almost entirely obliterated with lymphoid tissue extinction. There was loss of white pulp in the spleen. The absence of morphological changes in the other organs suggested good tolerance of the preparation. More studies are called for to elucidate the complex MSC intervention in the process of rejection.", "PMID": 81122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8019", "title": "Influence of food on the bioavailability of drugs.", "content": "Food intake exerts a complex influence on the bioavailability of drugs. It may interfere not only with tablet disintegration, drug dissolution and drug transit through the gastrointestinal tract, but may also affect the metabolic transformation of drugs in the gastrointestinal wall and in the liver. Different food components can have different effects, and food may interact in opposite ways, even with drugs that are chemically related. Therefore, the net effect of food on drug bioavailability can be predicted only by direct clinical studies of the drug in question. As judged mainly from single meal, single dose studies, food intake enhances the bioavailability of several different drugs, such as propranolol, metoprolol, hydrallazine, hydrochlorothiazide, canrenone (from spironolactone), nitrofurantoin, erythromycin (stearate), dicoumarol, phenytoin and carbamazepine, but reduces that of drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, tetracycline, penicillin and ampicillin, while having no consistent effect on the bioavailability of metronidazole, oxazepam, melperone, propylthiouracil, sulphasomidine and sulphonylureas. For some drugs such as digoxin and paracetamol, the rate but not the extent of absorption is reduced. Food may enhance bioavailability even though, or rather because, the rate of gastric emptying is reduced; this is apparently the case with hydrochlorothiazide and nitrofurantoin. The food induced enhancement of bioavailability of propranolol, metoprolol and hydrallazine is probably due to reduced first pass metabolism of these drugs, while food induced improvement of drug dissolution may explain the enhanced bioavailability of carbamazepine, canrenone, dicoumarol and phenytoin. An increased gastrointestinal pH may be in part the cause of the food induced reduction of the bioavailability of drugs such as isoniazid and tetracycline. In addition to single meal effects, repeated intake of protein-rich meals enhance, while carbohydrate-rich meals reduce, the rate of oxidation of antipyrine and theophylline. Moreover, intake of charcoal broiled meat markedly accelerates the oxidation of phenacetin and variably accelerates elimination of theophylline. Thus, food and its components and contaminants may have both short and long term effects on both the absorptive and biotransformation processes influencing systemic availability of drugs.", "contents": "Influence of food on the bioavailability of drugs. Food intake exerts a complex influence on the bioavailability of drugs. It may interfere not only with tablet disintegration, drug dissolution and drug transit through the gastrointestinal tract, but may also affect the metabolic transformation of drugs in the gastrointestinal wall and in the liver. Different food components can have different effects, and food may interact in opposite ways, even with drugs that are chemically related. Therefore, the net effect of food on drug bioavailability can be predicted only by direct clinical studies of the drug in question. As judged mainly from single meal, single dose studies, food intake enhances the bioavailability of several different drugs, such as propranolol, metoprolol, hydrallazine, hydrochlorothiazide, canrenone (from spironolactone), nitrofurantoin, erythromycin (stearate), dicoumarol, phenytoin and carbamazepine, but reduces that of drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, tetracycline, penicillin and ampicillin, while having no consistent effect on the bioavailability of metronidazole, oxazepam, melperone, propylthiouracil, sulphasomidine and sulphonylureas. For some drugs such as digoxin and paracetamol, the rate but not the extent of absorption is reduced. Food may enhance bioavailability even though, or rather because, the rate of gastric emptying is reduced; this is apparently the case with hydrochlorothiazide and nitrofurantoin. The food induced enhancement of bioavailability of propranolol, metoprolol and hydrallazine is probably due to reduced first pass metabolism of these drugs, while food induced improvement of drug dissolution may explain the enhanced bioavailability of carbamazepine, canrenone, dicoumarol and phenytoin. An increased gastrointestinal pH may be in part the cause of the food induced reduction of the bioavailability of drugs such as isoniazid and tetracycline. In addition to single meal effects, repeated intake of protein-rich meals enhance, while carbohydrate-rich meals reduce, the rate of oxidation of antipyrine and theophylline. Moreover, intake of charcoal broiled meat markedly accelerates the oxidation of phenacetin and variably accelerates elimination of theophylline. Thus, food and its components and contaminants may have both short and long term effects on both the absorptive and biotransformation processes influencing systemic availability of drugs.", "PMID": 81118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8020", "title": "[Rubella in pregnancy: experimental studies on the value of gamma-globulin after rubella wild virus infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Rubella infection was produced with a wild rubella virus in 24 volunteers by intranasal application. Some of the subjects were given gamma-globulin intramuscular 24 hours later. In the control group clinically manifest rubella with massive viral excretion in the throat occurred in all in whom infection had taken place. In the majority of subjects rubella virus could be demonstrated in blood shortly before the skin rash appeared. High antibody titres occurred already 20 days after the infection. In subjects who were given gamma-globulin there were no clinical signs of rubella, viral excretion in the throat was diminished and shortened and viraemia was never demonstrated, antibody response was delayed and lower. But there was no significant decrease in the infection rate after gamma-globluin administration. It is concluded that early administration of a sufficient amount of rubella antibodies achieves inhibition of rubella virus multiplication and thus decreases significantly the risk of damage to the fetus.", "contents": "[Rubella in pregnancy: experimental studies on the value of gamma-globulin after rubella wild virus infection (author's transl)]. Rubella infection was produced with a wild rubella virus in 24 volunteers by intranasal application. Some of the subjects were given gamma-globulin intramuscular 24 hours later. In the control group clinically manifest rubella with massive viral excretion in the throat occurred in all in whom infection had taken place. In the majority of subjects rubella virus could be demonstrated in blood shortly before the skin rash appeared. High antibody titres occurred already 20 days after the infection. In subjects who were given gamma-globulin there were no clinical signs of rubella, viral excretion in the throat was diminished and shortened and viraemia was never demonstrated, antibody response was delayed and lower. But there was no significant decrease in the infection rate after gamma-globluin administration. It is concluded that early administration of a sufficient amount of rubella antibodies achieves inhibition of rubella virus multiplication and thus decreases significantly the risk of damage to the fetus.", "PMID": 81125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8021", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of beta2-microglobulin in monoclonal gammopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentration of beta2m were measured by radioimmunoassay in 78 healthy subjects and 80 patients with monoclonal gammopathies. The beta2m levels of normal sera were normally distributed with a mean concentration of 1610 microgram/l. 77% of values were between 1200 and 2000 microgram/l. The serum beta2m levels of patients with monoclonal gammopathies were significantly higher than those of the healthy subjects, but there was no significant difference when comparing the Ig class or the light-chain type. Urinary beta2m excretion of patients with monoclonal gammopathies (3--5400 microgram/l) were slightly higher than normal (15--113 microgram/l). Serum beta2m levels did not correlate with the serum levels of monoclonal immunoglobulins. This supports the hypothesis of the mutual independence of beta2m and Ig production.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of beta2-microglobulin in monoclonal gammopathies (author's transl)]. Serum concentration of beta2m were measured by radioimmunoassay in 78 healthy subjects and 80 patients with monoclonal gammopathies. The beta2m levels of normal sera were normally distributed with a mean concentration of 1610 microgram/l. 77% of values were between 1200 and 2000 microgram/l. The serum beta2m levels of patients with monoclonal gammopathies were significantly higher than those of the healthy subjects, but there was no significant difference when comparing the Ig class or the light-chain type. Urinary beta2m excretion of patients with monoclonal gammopathies (3--5400 microgram/l) were slightly higher than normal (15--113 microgram/l). Serum beta2m levels did not correlate with the serum levels of monoclonal immunoglobulins. This supports the hypothesis of the mutual independence of beta2m and Ig production.", "PMID": 81126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8022", "title": "[Changes in the activity of histamine-liberating enzymes in acute experimental anaphylaxis].", "content": "The authors examined the changes in the histamine level, DAO (diaminoxidase) activity and N--MT (N-methyltransferase) activity in blood (plasma) and tissues of lung and liver (N--MT was examined only in the indicated tissues) in 105 guinea pigs, 45 of whom were healthy and 60 sensibilised and examined during the anaphylactic shock. It was established that during the acute anaphylactic shock there was demonstrative hyperhistanemia and hyperhistaminasemia, which were not observed during experimental anaphylactic shock with subacute course. The activity of lung and liver N--MT in animals with acute and subacute anaphylactic shock did not differ from that of the healthy guinea pigs. The complete inhibition of DAO activity in healthy animals and those with anaphylactic shock did not induce change in the activity of N--MT as well. The latter did not alter after sharp or high level or moderate elevation of the tissue histamine for several days. This histamine was a specific substrate for this enzyme. N--MT is an inductive enzyme, which apparently does not participate in histamine metabolism during acute and subacute anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. For its change, probably, is necessary longer time.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of histamine-liberating enzymes in acute experimental anaphylaxis]. The authors examined the changes in the histamine level, DAO (diaminoxidase) activity and N--MT (N-methyltransferase) activity in blood (plasma) and tissues of lung and liver (N--MT was examined only in the indicated tissues) in 105 guinea pigs, 45 of whom were healthy and 60 sensibilised and examined during the anaphylactic shock. It was established that during the acute anaphylactic shock there was demonstrative hyperhistanemia and hyperhistaminasemia, which were not observed during experimental anaphylactic shock with subacute course. The activity of lung and liver N--MT in animals with acute and subacute anaphylactic shock did not differ from that of the healthy guinea pigs. The complete inhibition of DAO activity in healthy animals and those with anaphylactic shock did not induce change in the activity of N--MT as well. The latter did not alter after sharp or high level or moderate elevation of the tissue histamine for several days. This histamine was a specific substrate for this enzyme. N--MT is an inductive enzyme, which apparently does not participate in histamine metabolism during acute and subacute anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. For its change, probably, is necessary longer time.", "PMID": 81127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8023", "title": "[Audiovisual recordings of electromyographic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The presented method is to be an aid in the recording and documentation of single EMG examination results by the possibility of adding acoustic and clinical details to the previous method which was purely an optical method. This recording method is especially good for continuing education courses and for detailed storing of certain results, because the method may be reprodused indefinately. The method is not suitable for conventional documentation because 1) it is too costly and 2) it does not fulfill the qualitative requirements of a documentation.", "contents": "[Audiovisual recordings of electromyographic examinations (author's transl)]. The presented method is to be an aid in the recording and documentation of single EMG examination results by the possibility of adding acoustic and clinical details to the previous method which was purely an optical method. This recording method is especially good for continuing education courses and for detailed storing of certain results, because the method may be reprodused indefinately. The method is not suitable for conventional documentation because 1) it is too costly and 2) it does not fulfill the qualitative requirements of a documentation.", "PMID": 81128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8024", "title": "Carcinogens and dicumarol: opposite effects on rat liver NAD(P)H dehydrogenation.", "content": "The carcinogens, N-acetyl-aminofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 3,4-benzpyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene, increase the activity of the soluble enzyme D-T-diaphorase. This action is observed 24 h after the administration of these chemicals to rats. Dicumarol blocks this effect. Dicumarol does not inhibit the increase in activity of the microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase system as elicited by 3,4-benz(a)pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene. The functional significance of these findings and the possible role of cytosolic enzymic changes in chemical toxicity are discussed.", "contents": "Carcinogens and dicumarol: opposite effects on rat liver NAD(P)H dehydrogenation. The carcinogens, N-acetyl-aminofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 3,4-benzpyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene, increase the activity of the soluble enzyme D-T-diaphorase. This action is observed 24 h after the administration of these chemicals to rats. Dicumarol blocks this effect. Dicumarol does not inhibit the increase in activity of the microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase system as elicited by 3,4-benz(a)pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene. The functional significance of these findings and the possible role of cytosolic enzymic changes in chemical toxicity are discussed.", "PMID": 81130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8025", "title": "The effects of extracellular potassium and several drugs on the premature action potential and postextrasystolic potentiation.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of postextrasystolic potentiation of contraction (PESP), the effects of extracellular K concentration, isoproterenol, verapamil and caffeine were examined in canine ventricular muscle. The muscles were driven at 1 Hz, then a premature stimulus was applied to elicit a premature action potential and after a compensatory pause postextrasystolic stimulus was applied to induce PESP. At 5.9 mM K the premature action potential had a longer plateau than the preceding control action potential. The prolongation was dependent on the proximity, i.e. the interval between the premature stimulus and the preceding control action potential; the maximal enhancement of about 25% was obtained with a proximity of 70 ms. In parallel with this prolongation the post-extrasystolic contraction was increased more than 5-fold. However, PESP was obtained without prolongation of the premature action potential when [K]0 was reduced to 1.2 mM. Similarly, PESP under the effect of 10(-6) g/ml isoproterenol or 10(-5) M verapamil was not accompanied by prolongation of the premature action potential. Thus it is difficult to explain the PESP solely by the increased Ca influx during the premature action potential. Since caffeine abolished PESP, some other effects of the premature beat on sarcoplasmic reticulum might be responsible for the PESP.", "contents": "The effects of extracellular potassium and several drugs on the premature action potential and postextrasystolic potentiation. To investigate the mechanism of postextrasystolic potentiation of contraction (PESP), the effects of extracellular K concentration, isoproterenol, verapamil and caffeine were examined in canine ventricular muscle. The muscles were driven at 1 Hz, then a premature stimulus was applied to elicit a premature action potential and after a compensatory pause postextrasystolic stimulus was applied to induce PESP. At 5.9 mM K the premature action potential had a longer plateau than the preceding control action potential. The prolongation was dependent on the proximity, i.e. the interval between the premature stimulus and the preceding control action potential; the maximal enhancement of about 25% was obtained with a proximity of 70 ms. In parallel with this prolongation the post-extrasystolic contraction was increased more than 5-fold. However, PESP was obtained without prolongation of the premature action potential when [K]0 was reduced to 1.2 mM. Similarly, PESP under the effect of 10(-6) g/ml isoproterenol or 10(-5) M verapamil was not accompanied by prolongation of the premature action potential. Thus it is difficult to explain the PESP solely by the increased Ca influx during the premature action potential. Since caffeine abolished PESP, some other effects of the premature beat on sarcoplasmic reticulum might be responsible for the PESP.", "PMID": 81131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8026", "title": "Mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias, past and present.", "content": "Several hypotheses, developed in the early years of arrhythmology, and frequently used for the explanation of many types of clinical tachyarrhythmias, are often based on experiments on unusual models, unphysiologic interventions, or, in some instances, on erroneously interpreted histologic findings. However, it can be demonstrated that several of these hypotheses are valid. Focal activity, unidirectional block, extremely slow conduction velocity, differences in conduction velocity in closely adjacent regions, reentry of the excitation wave, circulating excitation waves in small or large regions of the heart and other postulated mechanisms as, for example, entrance and exit block, local ventricular fibrillation, appear to be involved in the causative mechanisms of clinical tachyarrhythmias. A multicausal genesis of at least some of these must be considered seriously, particularly those which occur in acute or chronic coronary heart disease. A recent suggestion that the injury current might be involved in the genesis of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction is supported by observations on several properties of this current. Progress has been made in recent years but large gaps in our knowledge of mechanisms causing arrhythmias are still present.", "contents": "Mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias, past and present. Several hypotheses, developed in the early years of arrhythmology, and frequently used for the explanation of many types of clinical tachyarrhythmias, are often based on experiments on unusual models, unphysiologic interventions, or, in some instances, on erroneously interpreted histologic findings. However, it can be demonstrated that several of these hypotheses are valid. Focal activity, unidirectional block, extremely slow conduction velocity, differences in conduction velocity in closely adjacent regions, reentry of the excitation wave, circulating excitation waves in small or large regions of the heart and other postulated mechanisms as, for example, entrance and exit block, local ventricular fibrillation, appear to be involved in the causative mechanisms of clinical tachyarrhythmias. A multicausal genesis of at least some of these must be considered seriously, particularly those which occur in acute or chronic coronary heart disease. A recent suggestion that the injury current might be involved in the genesis of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction is supported by observations on several properties of this current. Progress has been made in recent years but large gaps in our knowledge of mechanisms causing arrhythmias are still present.", "PMID": 81132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8027", "title": "Monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to murine cell surface antigens: identification of novel leukocyte differentiation antigens.", "content": "Hybrid myeloma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to mouse cell surface antigens have been prepared. Spleen cells from a DA rat immunized with B10 mouse spleen cells that had been enriched for T cells were fused to cells from a nonsecreting mouse myeloma line (NSI). The presence in the culture supernatants of antibodies binding to mouse spleen cells was tested by a binding assay with 125I-labeled anti-rat IgG. From a large number of positive cultures, ten independent hybrid clones were purified, each secreting a different antibody. Each antigenic target was analyzed by (a) gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated 125 I-labeled cell surface molecules, (b) heat stability, (c) strain and species distribution and (d) cross-inhibition of binding of different monoclonal antibodies. It was concluded that the ten monoclonal antibodies regognized four types of antigen. One was the heterophile, heat-stable, Forssman antigen. The second (mol.wt. 210 000) appears to be a major 125I-labeled lymphoid cell surface protein. The third, a minor component of spleen cells, was precipitated as two polypeptides of mol.wt. 190 000 and 105 000. Five IgG-secreting clones identify the fourth antigen, a heat-stable, possibly glycolipid component expressed on mouse red blood cells and also on thymocytes. Cross-inhibition studies suggest that these last monoclonal antibodies bind to overlapping, but not identical, determinants. The class and chain composition of the monoclonal antibodies were studied by gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and ability to lyse red blood cells and thymocytes.", "contents": "Monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to murine cell surface antigens: identification of novel leukocyte differentiation antigens. Hybrid myeloma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to mouse cell surface antigens have been prepared. Spleen cells from a DA rat immunized with B10 mouse spleen cells that had been enriched for T cells were fused to cells from a nonsecreting mouse myeloma line (NSI). The presence in the culture supernatants of antibodies binding to mouse spleen cells was tested by a binding assay with 125I-labeled anti-rat IgG. From a large number of positive cultures, ten independent hybrid clones were purified, each secreting a different antibody. Each antigenic target was analyzed by (a) gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated 125 I-labeled cell surface molecules, (b) heat stability, (c) strain and species distribution and (d) cross-inhibition of binding of different monoclonal antibodies. It was concluded that the ten monoclonal antibodies regognized four types of antigen. One was the heterophile, heat-stable, Forssman antigen. The second (mol.wt. 210 000) appears to be a major 125I-labeled lymphoid cell surface protein. The third, a minor component of spleen cells, was precipitated as two polypeptides of mol.wt. 190 000 and 105 000. Five IgG-secreting clones identify the fourth antigen, a heat-stable, possibly glycolipid component expressed on mouse red blood cells and also on thymocytes. Cross-inhibition studies suggest that these last monoclonal antibodies bind to overlapping, but not identical, determinants. The class and chain composition of the monoclonal antibodies were studied by gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and ability to lyse red blood cells and thymocytes.", "PMID": 81133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8028", "title": "ATP in cholinergic nerves:evidence for the axonal transport of a stable pool.", "content": "The ATP content of the cholinergic electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata has been measured. After freezing and thawing of pieces of nerve, their ATP content dropped rapidly to about 5% of that of pieces extracted immediately. The amount of ATP in nerves incubated in Torpedo Ringer remains at a high level over a long period. In nerves ligated for seven days there is no accumulation of total ATP above the ligature. If, however, the ligated nerves are frozen and thawed for 20 min before extraction, the residual ATP shows significant proximal accumulation at the ligature. This transport is not due to the accumulation of mitochondria at the ligature.Acetylcholine, measured in the same nerve extracts of nerve segments, is also axonally transported. The ATP which is resistant to hydrolysis is probably sequestered within a subcellular organelle. The possibility that its accumulation at ligatures may indicate movement of cholinergic synaptic vesicles which are known to contain ATP and acetylcholine is considered.", "contents": "ATP in cholinergic nerves:evidence for the axonal transport of a stable pool. The ATP content of the cholinergic electromotor nerves of Torpedo marmorata has been measured. After freezing and thawing of pieces of nerve, their ATP content dropped rapidly to about 5% of that of pieces extracted immediately. The amount of ATP in nerves incubated in Torpedo Ringer remains at a high level over a long period. In nerves ligated for seven days there is no accumulation of total ATP above the ligature. If, however, the ligated nerves are frozen and thawed for 20 min before extraction, the residual ATP shows significant proximal accumulation at the ligature. This transport is not due to the accumulation of mitochondria at the ligature.Acetylcholine, measured in the same nerve extracts of nerve segments, is also axonally transported. The ATP which is resistant to hydrolysis is probably sequestered within a subcellular organelle. The possibility that its accumulation at ligatures may indicate movement of cholinergic synaptic vesicles which are known to contain ATP and acetylcholine is considered.", "PMID": 81136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8029", "title": "Alpha benzene hexachloride inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. A preliminary report.", "content": "Alpha benzene hexachloride protected against the development of liver carcinoma in male albino Fisher rats ingesting aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Alpha benzene hexachloride inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. A preliminary report. Alpha benzene hexachloride protected against the development of liver carcinoma in male albino Fisher rats ingesting aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 81137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8030", "title": "Binding bovine immunoglobulins to anterior lobe cells of the hypophysis.", "content": "Cells of the anterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis, show an affinity for immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM. The phenomenon either provides a message to stimulate cellular secretion or to excite mechanisms associated with the synthesis and release of Ig's or their determinants.", "contents": "Binding bovine immunoglobulins to anterior lobe cells of the hypophysis. Cells of the anterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis, show an affinity for immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM. The phenomenon either provides a message to stimulate cellular secretion or to excite mechanisms associated with the synthesis and release of Ig's or their determinants.", "PMID": 81138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8031", "title": "The kinetics of ion movements in the gramicidin channel.", "content": "The main features of the ion permeability of gramicidin channels are summarized. The significance of maximums in the single channel conductance-concentration curves, of concentration-dependent permeability ratios, and or current-voltage curves with concentration-dependent form, as well as of other features, is discussed in terms of the mechanism of the ion transfer processes. The observations are then shown to be accounted for by rate theory expressions derived for a model pore consisting of two sites in series and in which ions are not permitted to pass each other. The status of other models is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "The kinetics of ion movements in the gramicidin channel. The main features of the ion permeability of gramicidin channels are summarized. The significance of maximums in the single channel conductance-concentration curves, of concentration-dependent permeability ratios, and or current-voltage curves with concentration-dependent form, as well as of other features, is discussed in terms of the mechanism of the ion transfer processes. The observations are then shown to be accounted for by rate theory expressions derived for a model pore consisting of two sites in series and in which ions are not permitted to pass each other. The status of other models is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 81148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8032", "title": "Ion channels formed by chemical analogs of gramicidin A.", "content": "Channel-forming peptides such as gramicidin A offer the opportunity to study the relationship between chemical structure and transport properties of an ion channel. This article summarizes a number of recent experiments with chemical analogs and derivatives of gramicidin A using artificial lipid bilayer membranes. The introduction of negative charges near the channel mouth leads to an increase in the cation transport rate. Hybrid channels consisting of a neutral and a negatively charged or of a positively and a negatively charged half-channel may be formed. The current-voltage characteristic of these hybrid channels exhibits a pronounced asymmetry. Experiments with charged derivatives of gramicidin A have been used in order to distinguish between different structural models of the dimeric channel; these studies strongly support Urry's model of a single-stranded, head-to-head associated helical dimer. In a further set of experiments gramicidin analogs with modified amino acid sequence were studied. It was found that a single substitution (tryptophan replaced by phenylalanine) leads to marked changes in the conductance of the channel. Analogs with a simplified amino acid sequence such as (L-Trp-D-Leu)7-L-Trp or L-Trp-Gly-(L-Trp-D-Leu)6-L-Trp are able to form cation permeable channels with similar properties as gramicidin A.", "contents": "Ion channels formed by chemical analogs of gramicidin A. Channel-forming peptides such as gramicidin A offer the opportunity to study the relationship between chemical structure and transport properties of an ion channel. This article summarizes a number of recent experiments with chemical analogs and derivatives of gramicidin A using artificial lipid bilayer membranes. The introduction of negative charges near the channel mouth leads to an increase in the cation transport rate. Hybrid channels consisting of a neutral and a negatively charged or of a positively and a negatively charged half-channel may be formed. The current-voltage characteristic of these hybrid channels exhibits a pronounced asymmetry. Experiments with charged derivatives of gramicidin A have been used in order to distinguish between different structural models of the dimeric channel; these studies strongly support Urry's model of a single-stranded, head-to-head associated helical dimer. In a further set of experiments gramicidin analogs with modified amino acid sequence were studied. It was found that a single substitution (tryptophan replaced by phenylalanine) leads to marked changes in the conductance of the channel. Analogs with a simplified amino acid sequence such as (L-Trp-D-Leu)7-L-Trp or L-Trp-Gly-(L-Trp-D-Leu)6-L-Trp are able to form cation permeable channels with similar properties as gramicidin A.", "PMID": 81149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8033", "title": "Identification of A1 macroglobulin and A2 macroglobulin in rat serum by a two-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel.", "content": "A1 macroglobulin was identified in rat serum by a two-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing monovalent anti-A1M rat serum. A second serum macroglobulin A2M antigenically related to A1M was identified in turpentine-stimulated or irradiated rats.", "contents": "Identification of A1 macroglobulin and A2 macroglobulin in rat serum by a two-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. A1 macroglobulin was identified in rat serum by a two-dimensional quantitative immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing monovalent anti-A1M rat serum. A second serum macroglobulin A2M antigenically related to A1M was identified in turpentine-stimulated or irradiated rats.", "PMID": 81150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8034", "title": "Immunological studies with the HA1 and HA2 polypeptides of influenza A virus haemagglutinin.", "content": "HA1 and HA2 polypeptides of influenza A virus haemagglutinin (HA) were separated in purified form using electrophoresis in SDS containing polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) or chloroform-methanol extraction. The populations of HA1 polypeptides were immunogenic but considerably less so than the intact HA molecule and induced antibody which cross-reacted with influenza A and B viruses. After absorption with heterologous influenza B virus, the cross-reacting antibodies were removed and the HA1 antisera then possessed antibodies which reacted only with the cross-reactive (CR) determinants of the HA of the homologous influenza A virus and viruses of the same subtype. Neither strain-specific (SS) nor virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in these anti-HA1 sera. HA2 polypeptides were less immunogenic and anti-HA2 antisera after absorption with influenza B virus failed to react with influenza A virus in immuno double diffusion tests and only reacted with partially denatured HA in the more sensitive single radial diffusion tests.", "contents": "Immunological studies with the HA1 and HA2 polypeptides of influenza A virus haemagglutinin. HA1 and HA2 polypeptides of influenza A virus haemagglutinin (HA) were separated in purified form using electrophoresis in SDS containing polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) or chloroform-methanol extraction. The populations of HA1 polypeptides were immunogenic but considerably less so than the intact HA molecule and induced antibody which cross-reacted with influenza A and B viruses. After absorption with heterologous influenza B virus, the cross-reacting antibodies were removed and the HA1 antisera then possessed antibodies which reacted only with the cross-reactive (CR) determinants of the HA of the homologous influenza A virus and viruses of the same subtype. Neither strain-specific (SS) nor virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in these anti-HA1 sera. HA2 polypeptides were less immunogenic and anti-HA2 antisera after absorption with influenza B virus failed to react with influenza A virus in immuno double diffusion tests and only reacted with partially denatured HA in the more sensitive single radial diffusion tests.", "PMID": 81152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8035", "title": "Carcinosarcomas and mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of six cases.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study of three ovarian carcinosarcomas and three mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary is presented. None of the patients survived for more than 1 year, irrespective of chemotherapeutic treatment or the extent of surgery. No prognostic differences were noted between the histologic patterns of varying tumor sizes of carcinosarcomas and mixed mesodermal tumors. The association of these two entities with other neoplasms of M\u00fcllerian nature suggests a multicentric tumor response of M\u00fcllerian tract derivatives. The necessity of adequate sampling, both for correct diagnosis and to exclude the possibility of teratoma (which behaves in a more benign fashion), is emphasized.", "contents": "Carcinosarcomas and mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. A clinicopathologic study of three ovarian carcinosarcomas and three mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary is presented. None of the patients survived for more than 1 year, irrespective of chemotherapeutic treatment or the extent of surgery. No prognostic differences were noted between the histologic patterns of varying tumor sizes of carcinosarcomas and mixed mesodermal tumors. The association of these two entities with other neoplasms of M\u00fcllerian nature suggests a multicentric tumor response of M\u00fcllerian tract derivatives. The necessity of adequate sampling, both for correct diagnosis and to exclude the possibility of teratoma (which behaves in a more benign fashion), is emphasized.", "PMID": 81153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8036", "title": "A comparison of the short-term effects of ibuprofen and diclofenac in spondylosis.", "content": "In this controlled, single-blind parallel group study, the effect of ibuprofen 1200 mg daily was compared with diclofenac 75 mg daily. Thirty patients entered the study, randomized into two groups, each group receiving one tablet three times daily for two weeks. A one-week wash-out period (i.e. a drug-free period during which only physiotherapy was given), preceded and followed the treatment on active drug. Assessments were made by the same clinician throughout who was unaware of the treatment of individual patients. Statistically significant improvement was shown by patients receiving ibuprofen for the degree of pain relief at rest and improvement was also shown for the degree of pain at rest and during exercise, for pain relief during exercise and for spinal flexion. Patients who received diclofenac showed statistically significant improvement for forward flexion, together with improvement for the degree of pain on exercise. Side-effects were very few.", "contents": "A comparison of the short-term effects of ibuprofen and diclofenac in spondylosis. In this controlled, single-blind parallel group study, the effect of ibuprofen 1200 mg daily was compared with diclofenac 75 mg daily. Thirty patients entered the study, randomized into two groups, each group receiving one tablet three times daily for two weeks. A one-week wash-out period (i.e. a drug-free period during which only physiotherapy was given), preceded and followed the treatment on active drug. Assessments were made by the same clinician throughout who was unaware of the treatment of individual patients. Statistically significant improvement was shown by patients receiving ibuprofen for the degree of pain relief at rest and improvement was also shown for the degree of pain at rest and during exercise, for pain relief during exercise and for spinal flexion. Patients who received diclofenac showed statistically significant improvement for forward flexion, together with improvement for the degree of pain on exercise. Side-effects were very few.", "PMID": 81154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8037", "title": "Analgesic efficacy and acceptability of fenoprofen combined with paracetamol and compared with dihydrocodeine tartrate in general practice.", "content": "A single-blind between-patient study in general practice was made to examine the acceptability and analgesic efficacy of a combination of fenoprofen (200 mg) and paracetamol (500 mg) given 3 to 4 times daily for a period of 4 to 14 days in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. The combination was compared with dihydrocodeine tartrate (30 mg) in two groups of 75 patients suffering from a wide variety of presenting conditions, including osteo-arthritis, spondylitis, lumbago, sciatica, non-articular rheumatism and trauma. Clinical and patient assessment indicated that the combination was an effective analgesic combination, significantly better in success rate than dihydrocodeine tartrate and with a much lower incidence of side-effects (13% of patients receiving fenoprofen and paracetamol reported side-effects compared to 37% for the dihydrocodeine group). The combination demonstrated particular success in the treatment of non-articular rheumatism.", "contents": "Analgesic efficacy and acceptability of fenoprofen combined with paracetamol and compared with dihydrocodeine tartrate in general practice. A single-blind between-patient study in general practice was made to examine the acceptability and analgesic efficacy of a combination of fenoprofen (200 mg) and paracetamol (500 mg) given 3 to 4 times daily for a period of 4 to 14 days in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. The combination was compared with dihydrocodeine tartrate (30 mg) in two groups of 75 patients suffering from a wide variety of presenting conditions, including osteo-arthritis, spondylitis, lumbago, sciatica, non-articular rheumatism and trauma. Clinical and patient assessment indicated that the combination was an effective analgesic combination, significantly better in success rate than dihydrocodeine tartrate and with a much lower incidence of side-effects (13% of patients receiving fenoprofen and paracetamol reported side-effects compared to 37% for the dihydrocodeine group). The combination demonstrated particular success in the treatment of non-articular rheumatism.", "PMID": 81155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8038", "title": "The acute effect of insulin on renal haemodynamics and protein excretion in diabetics.", "content": "The effect of IV injection of 7 to 8 I. U. of insulin on renal haemodynamics and on urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and of albumin was examined in 5 juvenile diabetics. Plasma glucose decreased from a mean value of 250 mg/100 ml to 117 mg/100 ml during the first 85 min after insulin. None of the patients had symptoms of hypoglycaemia and plasma adrenaline did not increase. There was no change in arterial blood pressure after insulin whereas pulse rate increased from 66/min to a maximum of 75/min. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were decreased by 9 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, during the first 90 min after insulin (2 p less than 0.01). There was also a statistically significant decrease in urine flow and urine secretion of several electrolytes, while filtration fraction remained almost constant. IV insulin decreased urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and increased albumin excretion (2 p less than 0.05). The albumin excretion induced by insulin is most likely due to increased amounts of filtered albumin, the mechanism of which remains unexplained.", "contents": "The acute effect of insulin on renal haemodynamics and protein excretion in diabetics. The effect of IV injection of 7 to 8 I. U. of insulin on renal haemodynamics and on urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and of albumin was examined in 5 juvenile diabetics. Plasma glucose decreased from a mean value of 250 mg/100 ml to 117 mg/100 ml during the first 85 min after insulin. None of the patients had symptoms of hypoglycaemia and plasma adrenaline did not increase. There was no change in arterial blood pressure after insulin whereas pulse rate increased from 66/min to a maximum of 75/min. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were decreased by 9 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, during the first 90 min after insulin (2 p less than 0.01). There was also a statistically significant decrease in urine flow and urine secretion of several electrolytes, while filtration fraction remained almost constant. IV insulin decreased urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin and increased albumin excretion (2 p less than 0.05). The albumin excretion induced by insulin is most likely due to increased amounts of filtered albumin, the mechanism of which remains unexplained.", "PMID": 81157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8039", "title": "Early idiopathic hemochromatosis with absent stainable bone marrow iron stores.", "content": "Early idiopathic hemochromatosis was diagnosed in a 52-year-old woman during the course of a hospitalization for another disorder. Quantitative studies revealed massive hepatic parenchymal siderosis and absent stainable marrow iron. Additionally, intestinal absorption and hepatic sequestration of radiolabeled iron were elevated. These studies in a patient with very early hemochromatosis, before organ damage, complement observations previously made in patients with advanced disease and provide further support for the concept that this disorder may result from impaired reticuloendothelial handling of iron.", "contents": "Early idiopathic hemochromatosis with absent stainable bone marrow iron stores. Early idiopathic hemochromatosis was diagnosed in a 52-year-old woman during the course of a hospitalization for another disorder. Quantitative studies revealed massive hepatic parenchymal siderosis and absent stainable marrow iron. Additionally, intestinal absorption and hepatic sequestration of radiolabeled iron were elevated. These studies in a patient with very early hemochromatosis, before organ damage, complement observations previously made in patients with advanced disease and provide further support for the concept that this disorder may result from impaired reticuloendothelial handling of iron.", "PMID": 81158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8040", "title": "Sequential staining of DNA-aldehyde with Schiff's reagent and acriflavine-SO2.", "content": "Acid hydrolysed DNA of rat liver was stained with Schiff's reagent at pHs 1.7 or 3.0 followed by staining with acriflavine-SO2 at pH 2.0 as well as with acriflavine-SO2 followed by Schiff's reagent at pH 1.7 or 3.0. Nuclei stained with Schiff's reagent at pH 1.7 were brown-yellow and an analysis of their absorption characteristics revealed two peaks--one at 470 nm and the other at 570 nm. Although nuclei stained with Schiff's reagent at pH 3.0 followed by acriflavine-SO2 were deep magenta in colour, they also showed similar peaks of maximum absorption. Identical peaks were also seen when the sequence of staining was reversed. It is suggested that in the conventional Feulgen-type reactions only some of the DNA-aldehyde molecules are stained; the remaining molecules can be stained by sequential application of another Schiff or Schiff-type reagent such as acriflavine-SO2. The possible mechanism of staining in these cases has been discussed.", "contents": "Sequential staining of DNA-aldehyde with Schiff's reagent and acriflavine-SO2. Acid hydrolysed DNA of rat liver was stained with Schiff's reagent at pHs 1.7 or 3.0 followed by staining with acriflavine-SO2 at pH 2.0 as well as with acriflavine-SO2 followed by Schiff's reagent at pH 1.7 or 3.0. Nuclei stained with Schiff's reagent at pH 1.7 were brown-yellow and an analysis of their absorption characteristics revealed two peaks--one at 470 nm and the other at 570 nm. Although nuclei stained with Schiff's reagent at pH 3.0 followed by acriflavine-SO2 were deep magenta in colour, they also showed similar peaks of maximum absorption. Identical peaks were also seen when the sequence of staining was reversed. It is suggested that in the conventional Feulgen-type reactions only some of the DNA-aldehyde molecules are stained; the remaining molecules can be stained by sequential application of another Schiff or Schiff-type reagent such as acriflavine-SO2. The possible mechanism of staining in these cases has been discussed.", "PMID": 81160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8041", "title": "Studies on the Indian sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund): mucopolysaccharides of the tegumental glands.", "content": "The tegumental glands are imbedded in the connective tissue below the epithelium of oesophagus. Each gland is made up of cells which are conical in shape with their narrow ends directed towards the lumen of the gland. In the centre of each gland there is a cavity which communicates with intracellular duct. Similar glands have been found in the hind-gut region also. These glands secrete both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and to some extent glycoproteins. The glands are charged mostly with the task of secreting weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides and neutral mucopolysaccharides which are confined to the apices and central cavity of the gland. The acidic nature is partly due to sialic acid and partly due to hyaluronic acid. These weak acids do not seem to play any role in digestion but lubricate the lumen of the oesophagus for easy passage of food and keep the lining of the oesophagus slimy. In the hind-gut they help in binding the faecal matter into pellets.", "contents": "Studies on the Indian sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund): mucopolysaccharides of the tegumental glands. The tegumental glands are imbedded in the connective tissue below the epithelium of oesophagus. Each gland is made up of cells which are conical in shape with their narrow ends directed towards the lumen of the gland. In the centre of each gland there is a cavity which communicates with intracellular duct. Similar glands have been found in the hind-gut region also. These glands secrete both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and to some extent glycoproteins. The glands are charged mostly with the task of secreting weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides and neutral mucopolysaccharides which are confined to the apices and central cavity of the gland. The acidic nature is partly due to sialic acid and partly due to hyaluronic acid. These weak acids do not seem to play any role in digestion but lubricate the lumen of the oesophagus for easy passage of food and keep the lining of the oesophagus slimy. In the hind-gut they help in binding the faecal matter into pellets.", "PMID": 81161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8042", "title": "Cytogenetic examination of the NOR activity in a proband with 13/13 translocation and in her relatives.", "content": "NOR activity in a proband with 13/13 translocation and in her relatives was examined by NOR silver impregnation and by determination of the association frequencies. In the proband, besides the fused chromosomes 13, also a chromosome 14 and a 15 showed no NOR staining. Therefore the possibility could be ruled out that the loss of NORs was compensated by the activation of inactive NORs. However, in the proband, one chromosome 22 seemed to be more intensively stained by silver nitrate than in her parents. As in the proband, the association frequency remained constant because of an increased association tendency of chromosomes 22. The possibility is discussed that the loss of NORs was compensated by a higher NOR activity of one chromosome 22.", "contents": "Cytogenetic examination of the NOR activity in a proband with 13/13 translocation and in her relatives. NOR activity in a proband with 13/13 translocation and in her relatives was examined by NOR silver impregnation and by determination of the association frequencies. In the proband, besides the fused chromosomes 13, also a chromosome 14 and a 15 showed no NOR staining. Therefore the possibility could be ruled out that the loss of NORs was compensated by the activation of inactive NORs. However, in the proband, one chromosome 22 seemed to be more intensively stained by silver nitrate than in her parents. As in the proband, the association frequency remained constant because of an increased association tendency of chromosomes 22. The possibility is discussed that the loss of NORs was compensated by a higher NOR activity of one chromosome 22.", "PMID": 81168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8043", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Meckel syndrome.", "content": "The three main features of Meckel syndrome are encephalocele, polycystic kidneys, and polydactyly. Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with Meckel syndrome was made in the 16th week of gestation by means of amniotic fluid alpha1 fetoprotein estimation. The indication for amniocentesis was a previous child with an occipital meningocele and polycystic kidneys. Interpretation of the alpha1-fetoprotein value (240 microgram/ml) was difficult due to fetal blood contamination. Prenatal diagnosis is indicated in any pregnancy following the birth of a child with only two major symptoms of Meckel syndrome.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Meckel syndrome. The three main features of Meckel syndrome are encephalocele, polycystic kidneys, and polydactyly. Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with Meckel syndrome was made in the 16th week of gestation by means of amniotic fluid alpha1 fetoprotein estimation. The indication for amniocentesis was a previous child with an occipital meningocele and polycystic kidneys. Interpretation of the alpha1-fetoprotein value (240 microgram/ml) was difficult due to fetal blood contamination. Prenatal diagnosis is indicated in any pregnancy following the birth of a child with only two major symptoms of Meckel syndrome.", "PMID": 81169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8044", "title": "Reactions of rabbit antisera to human beta2-microglobulin (beta2-M) with platelets.", "content": "Reactions of rabbit antisera to human beta2-M against human platelets and man-mouse hybrid cells were studied by MA tests and cytolysis tests. Evidence is presented that the beta2-M act as species-specific cell surface antigens, some of which are most likely shared by cell surface proteins determined by genes on chromosomes other than the chromosome 15.", "contents": "Reactions of rabbit antisera to human beta2-microglobulin (beta2-M) with platelets. Reactions of rabbit antisera to human beta2-M against human platelets and man-mouse hybrid cells were studied by MA tests and cytolysis tests. Evidence is presented that the beta2-M act as species-specific cell surface antigens, some of which are most likely shared by cell surface proteins determined by genes on chromosomes other than the chromosome 15.", "PMID": 81176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8045", "title": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. II. Determination of the antigenic specificity patterns of the IgG, IgA and IgM autoantibodies for the subclasses of IgG.", "content": "The specificity and reactivity patterns of monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies isolated from the serum of one patient (Gil) have been determined for IgGs of the four gamma chain subclasses. The haemagglutination produced by the interaction of the Gil anti-IgGs and anti-Rh IgG coated erythrocytes was inhibited by a panel of intact IgGs, their polypeptide chains, and enzymatic fragments which included purified heavy chain constant region domains. Intact IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 produced the same patterns of reactivity with the Gil anti-IgGs. When partially reduced and alkylated IgG1 heavy chains and its tryptic digests were tested, these were much more reactive than Fc fragments isolated from IgG of the four subclasses which were weaker inhibitors, and gamma chain constant region domains which were totally non-reactive. In all instances and by use of two anti-Rh antisera, the specificity patterns obtained for the Gil anti-IgGs were identical. The data combined with previous knowledge of the identity of the Gil light chains suggests that the antibody combining sites of these molecules are very similar if not identical.", "contents": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. II. Determination of the antigenic specificity patterns of the IgG, IgA and IgM autoantibodies for the subclasses of IgG. The specificity and reactivity patterns of monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies isolated from the serum of one patient (Gil) have been determined for IgGs of the four gamma chain subclasses. The haemagglutination produced by the interaction of the Gil anti-IgGs and anti-Rh IgG coated erythrocytes was inhibited by a panel of intact IgGs, their polypeptide chains, and enzymatic fragments which included purified heavy chain constant region domains. Intact IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 produced the same patterns of reactivity with the Gil anti-IgGs. When partially reduced and alkylated IgG1 heavy chains and its tryptic digests were tested, these were much more reactive than Fc fragments isolated from IgG of the four subclasses which were weaker inhibitors, and gamma chain constant region domains which were totally non-reactive. In all instances and by use of two anti-Rh antisera, the specificity patterns obtained for the Gil anti-IgGs were identical. The data combined with previous knowledge of the identity of the Gil light chains suggests that the antibody combining sites of these molecules are very similar if not identical.", "PMID": 81177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8046", "title": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. III. Determination of the clonal persistence of the IgM autoantibody for a four and one-half year period.", "content": "The persistence in the structure of IgM anti-IgGs obtained from the serum of a patient (Gil) with Felty's syndrome was studied. Co-isoelectric focusing experiments showed that intact IgM from early (1970) and late (1973) sera, and their heavy and light chains had identical isoelectric points (pI). Light chains from 1970, 1973, and 1974 IgM-Gil had identical amino terminal amino acid sequences and belonged to the v Kappa II light chain subgroup. Specificity studies of IgM-Gil isolated from serum obtained in 1970, 1972 and 1974 showed identical patterns of reactivity with IgG and IgG subunits of all gamma chain subclasses. Finally, by haemagglutination-inhibition, antisera specific for idiotypic determinants of IgM-Gil-1970 were shown to be shared by IgM from 1970, 1972 and 1974 sera. The data support the notion that autoantibody-producing cell clones persist unaltered during the course of an untreated autoimmune disease, in this instance for 4 1/2 years.", "contents": "Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. III. Determination of the clonal persistence of the IgM autoantibody for a four and one-half year period. The persistence in the structure of IgM anti-IgGs obtained from the serum of a patient (Gil) with Felty's syndrome was studied. Co-isoelectric focusing experiments showed that intact IgM from early (1970) and late (1973) sera, and their heavy and light chains had identical isoelectric points (pI). Light chains from 1970, 1973, and 1974 IgM-Gil had identical amino terminal amino acid sequences and belonged to the v Kappa II light chain subgroup. Specificity studies of IgM-Gil isolated from serum obtained in 1970, 1972 and 1974 showed identical patterns of reactivity with IgG and IgG subunits of all gamma chain subclasses. Finally, by haemagglutination-inhibition, antisera specific for idiotypic determinants of IgM-Gil-1970 were shown to be shared by IgM from 1970, 1972 and 1974 sera. The data support the notion that autoantibody-producing cell clones persist unaltered during the course of an untreated autoimmune disease, in this instance for 4 1/2 years.", "PMID": 81178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8047", "title": "Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr virus. IV. Induction of a specific antigen by EBV from two transformed marmoset cell lines in Ramos cells.", "content": "Infection of cells of the EBV-genome-negative human B-lymphoma Ramos line with viral isolates obtained from two EBV-transformed marmoset cell lines (B95/8; Nyevu) resulted in the induction of a nuclear antigen (RAM-ag) apparently different from other EBV-associated antigen complexes. This antigen is revealed by indirect immunofluorescence and shows no detectable cross-antigenicity with EBNA or any other known EBV-associated antigen. EBV-isolates from P3HR-1 cells fail to induce a similar antigen in Ramos cells although they induce EBNA. No RAM-ag was expressed, either after infection of cells of another EBV-genome-negative human B-lymphoma line BJAB with B95-8 EBV or in a series of EBV-harbouring cell lines. Thus the antigen appears to be cell-line-specific for Ramos cells. It is also induced upon infection of either B95-8 or P3HR-1 converted Ramos sublines with EBV from B95-8 cells. All human sera with RAM-ag-reactivity revealed antibodies against VCA. However, sera from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis containing high anti-VCA-antibodies did not react with RAM-ag. Seroconversion for this antigen apparently more closely coincides with the appearance of EBNA-directed antibodies.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr virus. IV. Induction of a specific antigen by EBV from two transformed marmoset cell lines in Ramos cells. Infection of cells of the EBV-genome-negative human B-lymphoma Ramos line with viral isolates obtained from two EBV-transformed marmoset cell lines (B95/8; Nyevu) resulted in the induction of a nuclear antigen (RAM-ag) apparently different from other EBV-associated antigen complexes. This antigen is revealed by indirect immunofluorescence and shows no detectable cross-antigenicity with EBNA or any other known EBV-associated antigen. EBV-isolates from P3HR-1 cells fail to induce a similar antigen in Ramos cells although they induce EBNA. No RAM-ag was expressed, either after infection of cells of another EBV-genome-negative human B-lymphoma line BJAB with B95-8 EBV or in a series of EBV-harbouring cell lines. Thus the antigen appears to be cell-line-specific for Ramos cells. It is also induced upon infection of either B95-8 or P3HR-1 converted Ramos sublines with EBV from B95-8 cells. All human sera with RAM-ag-reactivity revealed antibodies against VCA. However, sera from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis containing high anti-VCA-antibodies did not react with RAM-ag. Seroconversion for this antigen apparently more closely coincides with the appearance of EBNA-directed antibodies.", "PMID": 81181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8048", "title": "Identification and behavior of the precipitating BLV antibodies in sera of leukotic cattle.", "content": "Precipitating bovine leukemia virus antibodies isolated from bovine leukemic sera by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography were identified as immunoglobulins of the IgG1 subclass and IgA class. They proved to be different with regard to molecular size and electrical charge. Immunoglobulins IgG2 and IgM as well as low-molecular components ranging in the microglobulin regions (less than 4S) failed to precipitate BLV antigens. Individual bovine leukemic sera showed differing precipitating activities against p24 and gp69 antigens. Precipitating monospecific gp69 antibodies represented exclusively the IgG1 subclass. Some unidentified antigens in disrupted BLV preparations showed serological relationship to p24 and gp69, respectively.", "contents": "Identification and behavior of the precipitating BLV antibodies in sera of leukotic cattle. Precipitating bovine leukemia virus antibodies isolated from bovine leukemic sera by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography were identified as immunoglobulins of the IgG1 subclass and IgA class. They proved to be different with regard to molecular size and electrical charge. Immunoglobulins IgG2 and IgM as well as low-molecular components ranging in the microglobulin regions (less than 4S) failed to precipitate BLV antigens. Individual bovine leukemic sera showed differing precipitating activities against p24 and gp69 antigens. Precipitating monospecific gp69 antibodies represented exclusively the IgG1 subclass. Some unidentified antigens in disrupted BLV preparations showed serological relationship to p24 and gp69, respectively.", "PMID": 81182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8049", "title": "Surface expression of murine leukemia virus structural polypeptides on host cells and the virion.", "content": "The expression of murine leukemia virus structural polypeptides on the surface of cells producing exogenous Friend leukemia virus, endogenous ecotropic AKR and xenotropic BALB/c virus was investigated. Antisera to Friend virus gp71, p30, p15E, p12 and p10 were employed in a complement-dependent chromium release assay and to immunoprecipitate lactoperoxidase iodinated surface polypeptides prior to analysis in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the latter technique gag-gene encoded proteins and their precursors were not discovered on the viral and cellular surface membranes. Only env-gene encoded polypeptides gp85, gp71, and p15E were detectable. p15E is embedded into the lipid membrane. gp85 is formed by disulfide linkage of p15E to surface-exposed gp71. The ratio of gp71 to gp85 is variable and apparently determined by the host cell. Antibodies of strong cytotoxicity are those against type- and group-specific epitopes of gp71 as well as type-specific epitopes of p12.", "contents": "Surface expression of murine leukemia virus structural polypeptides on host cells and the virion. The expression of murine leukemia virus structural polypeptides on the surface of cells producing exogenous Friend leukemia virus, endogenous ecotropic AKR and xenotropic BALB/c virus was investigated. Antisera to Friend virus gp71, p30, p15E, p12 and p10 were employed in a complement-dependent chromium release assay and to immunoprecipitate lactoperoxidase iodinated surface polypeptides prior to analysis in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the latter technique gag-gene encoded proteins and their precursors were not discovered on the viral and cellular surface membranes. Only env-gene encoded polypeptides gp85, gp71, and p15E were detectable. p15E is embedded into the lipid membrane. gp85 is formed by disulfide linkage of p15E to surface-exposed gp71. The ratio of gp71 to gp85 is variable and apparently determined by the host cell. Antibodies of strong cytotoxicity are those against type- and group-specific epitopes of gp71 as well as type-specific epitopes of p12.", "PMID": 81184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8050", "title": "Specific cytotoxic lymphocytes against syngeneic tumors are generated in culture in the presence of syngeneic, but not xenogeneic, serum.", "content": "Experiments were performed to test the effect of xenogeneic (fetal calf) serum (FCS) , as compared to syngeneic mouse serum (SMS) on the generation in culture of specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) against syngeneic tumors. Sensitization in FCS against 3LL tumor cells resulted in CL cross-reacting with B-16 tumor cells and vice versa. Anti-syngeneic fibroblast CL also cross-reacted with 3LL. Such cross-reactivities were shown to be derived from CL directed against FCS determinants. In contrast, sensitization in the presence of SMS resulted in CL directed against tumor-specific antigens. Anti-3LL generated in SMS lysed 3LL targets but not B-16, and anti-B-16 lysed B-16 but not 3LL. The two types of CL had two distinct reactivities in vivo. Anti-3LL CL generated in FCS enhanced tumor growth in vivo, whereas anti-3LL CL generated in SMS had an inhibiting effect on the growth of tumor cells. These results indicate that the application of syngeneic serum during in vitro sensitization against syngeneic tumors may open up new possibilities for the analysis of tumor-specific antigens and for eliciting specific immune reactions against such antigens.", "contents": "Specific cytotoxic lymphocytes against syngeneic tumors are generated in culture in the presence of syngeneic, but not xenogeneic, serum. Experiments were performed to test the effect of xenogeneic (fetal calf) serum (FCS) , as compared to syngeneic mouse serum (SMS) on the generation in culture of specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) against syngeneic tumors. Sensitization in FCS against 3LL tumor cells resulted in CL cross-reacting with B-16 tumor cells and vice versa. Anti-syngeneic fibroblast CL also cross-reacted with 3LL. Such cross-reactivities were shown to be derived from CL directed against FCS determinants. In contrast, sensitization in the presence of SMS resulted in CL directed against tumor-specific antigens. Anti-3LL generated in SMS lysed 3LL targets but not B-16, and anti-B-16 lysed B-16 but not 3LL. The two types of CL had two distinct reactivities in vivo. Anti-3LL CL generated in FCS enhanced tumor growth in vivo, whereas anti-3LL CL generated in SMS had an inhibiting effect on the growth of tumor cells. These results indicate that the application of syngeneic serum during in vitro sensitization against syngeneic tumors may open up new possibilities for the analysis of tumor-specific antigens and for eliciting specific immune reactions against such antigens.", "PMID": 81185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8051", "title": "Expression of oncofetal antigens on murine sarcomas characterized for expression of endogenous MuLV.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum raised by repeated immunization with BALB/c fetuses obtained at 10-14 days of gestation was used to search for oncofetal antigens (OFA) in murine sarcomas which had previously been characterized for the expression of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Iodinated protein A from staphylococcus aureus (IPA) was used to quantitate binding of the antiserum to cultured tumor or fetal cells or to saline extracts of tumors and fetuses. Use of the \"antigen\" extracts facilitated the assay: the extracts bound to plastic and served as targets for the binding assay, eliminating the need to establish tumors in culture. After absorbtion in vitro and in vivo with adult tissues the rabbit antiserum bound to day 10-14 fetal cells and extract but not to endogenous MuLV (BALB virus 1). The antiserum bound equally well to MuLV-negative and MuLV-positive sublines of MCA-induced sarcomas 1420 and 1414 but not to Moloney sarcoma cells and MCA-induced sarcoma 1386. Thus, the absorbed antiserum detects a class of common cross-reacting antigens which are serologically distinct from MuLV-associated antigens.", "contents": "Expression of oncofetal antigens on murine sarcomas characterized for expression of endogenous MuLV. A rabbit antiserum raised by repeated immunization with BALB/c fetuses obtained at 10-14 days of gestation was used to search for oncofetal antigens (OFA) in murine sarcomas which had previously been characterized for the expression of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Iodinated protein A from staphylococcus aureus (IPA) was used to quantitate binding of the antiserum to cultured tumor or fetal cells or to saline extracts of tumors and fetuses. Use of the \"antigen\" extracts facilitated the assay: the extracts bound to plastic and served as targets for the binding assay, eliminating the need to establish tumors in culture. After absorbtion in vitro and in vivo with adult tissues the rabbit antiserum bound to day 10-14 fetal cells and extract but not to endogenous MuLV (BALB virus 1). The antiserum bound equally well to MuLV-negative and MuLV-positive sublines of MCA-induced sarcomas 1420 and 1414 but not to Moloney sarcoma cells and MCA-induced sarcoma 1386. Thus, the absorbed antiserum detects a class of common cross-reacting antigens which are serologically distinct from MuLV-associated antigens.", "PMID": 81187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8052", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions of cancer patients to antigens on lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Four-hundred and fifty nine cancer patients were skin tested with extracts from five lymphoid cell lines. More than 50% of patients with lymphoma had positive skin tests with the extracts prepared from the cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and more than 50% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients reacted to the NPC-derived cell line extracts. Although the significant association between patient diagnosis and orgin of cell lines suggested that tumor-associated antigens were responsible for the pattern of delayed hypersensitivity, problems in standardization of antigen potency and non-specificity need to be resolved before this in vivo assay achieves its full potential.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions of cancer patients to antigens on lymphoid cell lines. Four-hundred and fifty nine cancer patients were skin tested with extracts from five lymphoid cell lines. More than 50% of patients with lymphoma had positive skin tests with the extracts prepared from the cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and more than 50% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients reacted to the NPC-derived cell line extracts. Although the significant association between patient diagnosis and orgin of cell lines suggested that tumor-associated antigens were responsible for the pattern of delayed hypersensitivity, problems in standardization of antigen potency and non-specificity need to be resolved before this in vivo assay achieves its full potential.", "PMID": 81188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8053", "title": "Immunological characterization of the low-molecular-weight DNA binding protein of mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "p14, a low-molecular-weight MMTV protein previously identified as having DNA-binding properties and encoded by the gag region of the MMTV genome, was purified by affinity chromatography on DNA-sepharose. Immunological characterization of the purified protein showed that MMTV p14 shares no cross-reactivity with gp52, gp36 and p10, antigens associated with the MMTV envelope, nor with p27 antigen found in the virion core. Purified MMTV p14 did show cross-reactivity with purified intracytoplasmic A particles, supporting the concept that A particles are morphological precursors to MMTV cores. In addition, shared antigenic determinants between intracytoplasmic A particles and MMTV p27, p20 and p10 were demonstrated. MMTV p14 did not cross-react with the low-molecular-weight DNA-binding proteins of MuLV or of type-C or -D viruses of higher mammals.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of the low-molecular-weight DNA binding protein of mouse mammary tumor virus. p14, a low-molecular-weight MMTV protein previously identified as having DNA-binding properties and encoded by the gag region of the MMTV genome, was purified by affinity chromatography on DNA-sepharose. Immunological characterization of the purified protein showed that MMTV p14 shares no cross-reactivity with gp52, gp36 and p10, antigens associated with the MMTV envelope, nor with p27 antigen found in the virion core. Purified MMTV p14 did show cross-reactivity with purified intracytoplasmic A particles, supporting the concept that A particles are morphological precursors to MMTV cores. In addition, shared antigenic determinants between intracytoplasmic A particles and MMTV p27, p20 and p10 were demonstrated. MMTV p14 did not cross-react with the low-molecular-weight DNA-binding proteins of MuLV or of type-C or -D viruses of higher mammals.", "PMID": 81189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8054", "title": "Combined chemotherapy for unresectable carcinoma of the lung: a randomized trial.", "content": "A selected case file of 32 patients with carcinoma of the lung which had passed the stage of surgical cure was randomized in 3 arms and treated with different schedules: regimen A, adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide; regimen B, the BACON combination, slightly modified; regimen CVP, cyclophosphamide plus vincristine plus prednisone. Response rate and survival curves were analyzed. Statistical evaluation showed a significant increase in survival of B versus A, but not versus CVP, while other factors such as the initial performance status and the response rate seemed to have a marked influence on survival time. No significant correlation was observed with different histiotypes within each regimen. All three regimens compare favorably with patients who received only supportive treatment.", "contents": "Combined chemotherapy for unresectable carcinoma of the lung: a randomized trial. A selected case file of 32 patients with carcinoma of the lung which had passed the stage of surgical cure was randomized in 3 arms and treated with different schedules: regimen A, adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide; regimen B, the BACON combination, slightly modified; regimen CVP, cyclophosphamide plus vincristine plus prednisone. Response rate and survival curves were analyzed. Statistical evaluation showed a significant increase in survival of B versus A, but not versus CVP, while other factors such as the initial performance status and the response rate seemed to have a marked influence on survival time. No significant correlation was observed with different histiotypes within each regimen. All three regimens compare favorably with patients who received only supportive treatment.", "PMID": 81190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8055", "title": "A contribution to immunological tumour diagnostics in urology.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with malignant and other diseases of the urinary bladder and the prostate were examined for lymphocyte sensitization by means of electrophoretic mobility test (EM test). In this antigens from brain tissue (EF) and from malignomas of kidney, urinary bladder and prostate were used. Positive HEP values were obtained in 40 patients out of 42 with malignant tumours and in 5 patients out of 12 with other kidney diseases. With the corresponding tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in the EM-test, the histological tumour diagnosis could be confirmed in every case. Positive findings after using EF as well as the corresponding TAA are with great probability an indication of a malignant disease.", "contents": "A contribution to immunological tumour diagnostics in urology. Fifty-four patients with malignant and other diseases of the urinary bladder and the prostate were examined for lymphocyte sensitization by means of electrophoretic mobility test (EM test). In this antigens from brain tissue (EF) and from malignomas of kidney, urinary bladder and prostate were used. Positive HEP values were obtained in 40 patients out of 42 with malignant tumours and in 5 patients out of 12 with other kidney diseases. With the corresponding tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in the EM-test, the histological tumour diagnosis could be confirmed in every case. Positive findings after using EF as well as the corresponding TAA are with great probability an indication of a malignant disease.", "PMID": 81191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8056", "title": "Axoplasmic flow during chronic experimental glaucoma. 1. Light and electron microscopic studies of the monkey optic nervehead during development of glaucomatous cupping.", "content": "The anterior optic nerve and the macular region of the retina of glaucomatous eyes of five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The experimental glaucoma had been induced by argon laser treatment of the anterior chamber angle. The eyes were examined 3 to 11 weeks after the onset of sustained elevation of intraocular pressure above 20 mm Hg. Severe degenerative changes were seen in eyes with higher intraocular pressure and longer duration of glaucoma. Eyes with a lesser elevation of intraocular pressure and shorter duration of glaucoma showed changes sharply localized to the axon bundles in the scleral lamina cribrosa. Accumulation of mitochondria and dense bodies occurred anterior and posterior to collagenous septae. The location of these changes is in agreement with the localization of block of axoplasmic transport identified by autoradiographic studies. It is speculated that these cytologic changes reflect blockage of axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve of eyes with glaucoma.", "contents": "Axoplasmic flow during chronic experimental glaucoma. 1. Light and electron microscopic studies of the monkey optic nervehead during development of glaucomatous cupping. The anterior optic nerve and the macular region of the retina of glaucomatous eyes of five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The experimental glaucoma had been induced by argon laser treatment of the anterior chamber angle. The eyes were examined 3 to 11 weeks after the onset of sustained elevation of intraocular pressure above 20 mm Hg. Severe degenerative changes were seen in eyes with higher intraocular pressure and longer duration of glaucoma. Eyes with a lesser elevation of intraocular pressure and shorter duration of glaucoma showed changes sharply localized to the axon bundles in the scleral lamina cribrosa. Accumulation of mitochondria and dense bodies occurred anterior and posterior to collagenous septae. The location of these changes is in agreement with the localization of block of axoplasmic transport identified by autoradiographic studies. It is speculated that these cytologic changes reflect blockage of axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve of eyes with glaucoma.", "PMID": 81192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8057", "title": "Localization of nervous system antigens in retina by immunohistology.", "content": "Several antigens expressed in the nervous system were localized in tissue sections of developing and adult mouse retina by indirect immunofluorescence. Two antigens expressed in oligodendrocytes, basic protein of myelin, and NS-1 are not detectable. Antisera against nervous system-3, -4, and -7 antigens (NS-3, NS-4, and NS-7) give a uniformly intense reaction on all retinal cell structures. Large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein is present on blood vessels. Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein is absent at birth but is found after day 4 in cells of the ganglion cell and nerve fiber layers. GFA protein--positive cells extend in parallel from inner to outer limiting membranes only at the ora serrata and around the optic nerve. No other glial elements contain GFA antigen, suggesting two distinct populations of astrocytes. Neurofilament (NF) protein--positive cells are present in the adult retina in outer plexiform and ganglion cell layers. By day 4 the ganglion cell layer and the ependymal zone have become NF-positive.", "contents": "Localization of nervous system antigens in retina by immunohistology. Several antigens expressed in the nervous system were localized in tissue sections of developing and adult mouse retina by indirect immunofluorescence. Two antigens expressed in oligodendrocytes, basic protein of myelin, and NS-1 are not detectable. Antisera against nervous system-3, -4, and -7 antigens (NS-3, NS-4, and NS-7) give a uniformly intense reaction on all retinal cell structures. Large, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein is present on blood vessels. Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein is absent at birth but is found after day 4 in cells of the ganglion cell and nerve fiber layers. GFA protein--positive cells extend in parallel from inner to outer limiting membranes only at the ora serrata and around the optic nerve. No other glial elements contain GFA antigen, suggesting two distinct populations of astrocytes. Neurofilament (NF) protein--positive cells are present in the adult retina in outer plexiform and ganglion cell layers. By day 4 the ganglion cell layer and the ependymal zone have become NF-positive.", "PMID": 81193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8058", "title": "The relationship between cholera toxin receptor and the Thy-1 antigen determinants.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of the Thy-1 antigenic determinants to the cell surface ganglioside GM1. Exposure of either thymus or bone marrow cells to Thy-1 alloantiserum partially inhibited the binding of [125I]cholera toxin (CT) by the cells. Xenoantibodies to Thy-1 antigens failed to affect the binding of [125I]CT to mouse thymus cells. In the reverse experiments, treatment of either thymus cells or brain homogenate with CT did not alter their capacity to absorb Thy-1 allo- and xenoantibodies. It is concluded that GM1 ganglioside does not constitute a Thy-1 antigenic determinant.", "contents": "The relationship between cholera toxin receptor and the Thy-1 antigen determinants. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of the Thy-1 antigenic determinants to the cell surface ganglioside GM1. Exposure of either thymus or bone marrow cells to Thy-1 alloantiserum partially inhibited the binding of [125I]cholera toxin (CT) by the cells. Xenoantibodies to Thy-1 antigens failed to affect the binding of [125I]CT to mouse thymus cells. In the reverse experiments, treatment of either thymus cells or brain homogenate with CT did not alter their capacity to absorb Thy-1 allo- and xenoantibodies. It is concluded that GM1 ganglioside does not constitute a Thy-1 antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 81194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8059", "title": "Classification of rotaviruses: report from the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Comparative Virology Program.", "content": "The Reoviridae working team was established under the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Comparative Virology Program in 1975. The generic name rotavirus has been adopted for the reovirus-like agents associated with diarrhea in man and animals, and the Nebraska calf diarrheal virus strain of bovine rotavirus has been selected as a candidate reference virus. Stocks of this virus and of gnotobiotic calf antiserum have been prepared. Antigenic differences among rotaviruses isolated from different species were recognized on the basis of virus-neutralization tests; a possible association between antigen specificity and variation in the RNA segments and structural proteins of rotaviruses was noticed.", "contents": "Classification of rotaviruses: report from the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Comparative Virology Program. The Reoviridae working team was established under the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Comparative Virology Program in 1975. The generic name rotavirus has been adopted for the reovirus-like agents associated with diarrhea in man and animals, and the Nebraska calf diarrheal virus strain of bovine rotavirus has been selected as a candidate reference virus. Stocks of this virus and of gnotobiotic calf antiserum have been prepared. Antigenic differences among rotaviruses isolated from different species were recognized on the basis of virus-neutralization tests; a possible association between antigen specificity and variation in the RNA segments and structural proteins of rotaviruses was noticed.", "PMID": 81198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8060", "title": "Studies on gramicidin S synthetase. Purification of the heavy enzyme obtained from some mutants of Bacillus brevis.", "content": "The heavy enzyme of gramicidin S synthetase was purified to an almost homogeneous state by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ornithine-Sepharose 4B chromatography, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Ultrogel AcA 22 chromatography. The enzyme was proved to be essentially homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The heavy enzymes of gramicidin S synthetase from various groups of mutant strains lacking the ability to form gramicidin S were also purified to a similar extent. The sedimentation rates of the purified enzymes from a wild strain and the mutant strains (BI-3, BII-3, BI-9) were studied by analytical centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzymes from the wild strain and these mutant strains were all found to have an S20,W value of 12.2 at a protein concentration of 2.5 mg per ml. These results strongly suggest that the failure of specific amino acid activation in the heavy enzyme of these gramicidin-lacking mutants might be due to some modification at the active center of the corresponding amino acid-activating enzyme rather than to a complete absence of the amino acid-activating enzyme protein in the heavy enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on gramicidin S synthetase. Purification of the heavy enzyme obtained from some mutants of Bacillus brevis. The heavy enzyme of gramicidin S synthetase was purified to an almost homogeneous state by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ornithine-Sepharose 4B chromatography, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and Ultrogel AcA 22 chromatography. The enzyme was proved to be essentially homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The heavy enzymes of gramicidin S synthetase from various groups of mutant strains lacking the ability to form gramicidin S were also purified to a similar extent. The sedimentation rates of the purified enzymes from a wild strain and the mutant strains (BI-3, BII-3, BI-9) were studied by analytical centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzymes from the wild strain and these mutant strains were all found to have an S20,W value of 12.2 at a protein concentration of 2.5 mg per ml. These results strongly suggest that the failure of specific amino acid activation in the heavy enzyme of these gramicidin-lacking mutants might be due to some modification at the active center of the corresponding amino acid-activating enzyme rather than to a complete absence of the amino acid-activating enzyme protein in the heavy enzyme.", "PMID": 81200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8061", "title": "Studies on gramicidin S synthetase. Purification and properties of the light enzyme obtained from some mutants of Bacillus brevis.", "content": "The phenylalanine-activating and/or-racemizing enzyme, i.e., the light enzyme, of gramicidin S synthetase was purified to a homogenous state by D-phenylalanine-Sepharose 4B chromatography from a wild and some gramicidin S-lacking mutant strains of Bacillus brevis. The light enzyme obtained from a mutant strain E-1 could activate phenylalanine but not racemize it, and had no phenylalanine-dependent ATP-[14C]AMP exchange activity, whereas the same enzyme obtained from other mutants and the wild strain had all three activities. Furthermore, the light enzyme of the mutant E-1 could form only acid-labile enzyme-bound phenylalanine, while the same fraction of the wild strain carried half of the enzyme-bound phenylalanine as acid-labile adenylate and half as a acid-stable thioester. These results suggest that the thiol site of the light enzyme of mutant E-1 might be damaged.", "contents": "Studies on gramicidin S synthetase. Purification and properties of the light enzyme obtained from some mutants of Bacillus brevis. The phenylalanine-activating and/or-racemizing enzyme, i.e., the light enzyme, of gramicidin S synthetase was purified to a homogenous state by D-phenylalanine-Sepharose 4B chromatography from a wild and some gramicidin S-lacking mutant strains of Bacillus brevis. The light enzyme obtained from a mutant strain E-1 could activate phenylalanine but not racemize it, and had no phenylalanine-dependent ATP-[14C]AMP exchange activity, whereas the same enzyme obtained from other mutants and the wild strain had all three activities. Furthermore, the light enzyme of the mutant E-1 could form only acid-labile enzyme-bound phenylalanine, while the same fraction of the wild strain carried half of the enzyme-bound phenylalanine as acid-labile adenylate and half as a acid-stable thioester. These results suggest that the thiol site of the light enzyme of mutant E-1 might be damaged.", "PMID": 81201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8062", "title": "Bone changes incident to blade-vent implants.", "content": "This research was undertaken to study the dynamics of bone changes in relation to endosseous blade-vent implants with vital labeling technique. Three mandibular premolars were bilaterally extracted in six two years old dogs. Subsequently each healed edentulous space was implanted with a titanium endosteal blade. One blade in each dog had the post extending into the mouth; the other had the post cut at the level of the neck and covered by the mucoperiosteal flap. The animals received I.V. Pyrrolidin-Methyl-Tetracycline and Alizarine Red S labelings at 15 and 30 days intervals. Dogs 1, 3 and 5 were sacrificed on the 97th day; dogs 2, 4 and 6 on the 52nd day. On ground sections of the mandibular bone which included the blades under U.V. light, it was observed that the implants were surrounded by remodeled trabecular bone of cancellous nature containing the labeling lines of Tetracycline (yellow) and Alizarine (red). The bone-metal interface consisted mainly of a thick layer of non mineralized tissue of about 70 micrometer. The labeling results showed that the new bone apposition began early (at least by the 15th day) and continued for a long time, being still present at the moment of the last injection (90th day). No difference was recognized between the bone responses to the implants jutting out and those submerged. This confirms that implant failure is mainly linked to irregular traumatism and inflammatory infiltration which occurs over a more prolonged duration.", "contents": "Bone changes incident to blade-vent implants. This research was undertaken to study the dynamics of bone changes in relation to endosseous blade-vent implants with vital labeling technique. Three mandibular premolars were bilaterally extracted in six two years old dogs. Subsequently each healed edentulous space was implanted with a titanium endosteal blade. One blade in each dog had the post extending into the mouth; the other had the post cut at the level of the neck and covered by the mucoperiosteal flap. The animals received I.V. Pyrrolidin-Methyl-Tetracycline and Alizarine Red S labelings at 15 and 30 days intervals. Dogs 1, 3 and 5 were sacrificed on the 97th day; dogs 2, 4 and 6 on the 52nd day. On ground sections of the mandibular bone which included the blades under U.V. light, it was observed that the implants were surrounded by remodeled trabecular bone of cancellous nature containing the labeling lines of Tetracycline (yellow) and Alizarine (red). The bone-metal interface consisted mainly of a thick layer of non mineralized tissue of about 70 micrometer. The labeling results showed that the new bone apposition began early (at least by the 15th day) and continued for a long time, being still present at the moment of the last injection (90th day). No difference was recognized between the bone responses to the implants jutting out and those submerged. This confirms that implant failure is mainly linked to irregular traumatism and inflammatory infiltration which occurs over a more prolonged duration.", "PMID": 81202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8063", "title": "Rotational relaxation of free and protease-bound alpha2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The recently described triplet probe depolarization technique has been utilized to investigated the rotational relaxation of free and protease-bound alpha2-macroglobulin. The molecular Stokes radius of the free globulin was found to be 88 A, a value which, when compared to the dry radius, indicates a high degree of hydration. The correlation time of alpha2-macroglobulin does not change after its binding with chymotrypsin, but slightly increases in the presence of plasmin. In the presence of 4 M urea, alpha2-macroglobulin dissociates into subunits and this dissociation does not lead to a release of the bound proteases.", "contents": "Rotational relaxation of free and protease-bound alpha2-macroglobulin. The recently described triplet probe depolarization technique has been utilized to investigated the rotational relaxation of free and protease-bound alpha2-macroglobulin. The molecular Stokes radius of the free globulin was found to be 88 A, a value which, when compared to the dry radius, indicates a high degree of hydration. The correlation time of alpha2-macroglobulin does not change after its binding with chymotrypsin, but slightly increases in the presence of plasmin. In the presence of 4 M urea, alpha2-macroglobulin dissociates into subunits and this dissociation does not lead to a release of the bound proteases.", "PMID": 81204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8064", "title": "Glucocorticoid induction of hepatic alpha2u-globulin synthesis and messenger RNA level in castrated male rats in vivo.", "content": "alpha2u-Globulin is a male rat liver protein of Mr = 20,000 which is synthesized in the liver of adult male rats, secreted into the serum, and excreted in the urine. Its function is unknown. The hepatic synthesis of this protein is under complex hormonal control. We had previously shown that castration of male rats diminishes hepatic alpha2u-globulin synthesis and the level of its mRNA, and that administration of androgen to these castrated animals results in the reinduction of the synthesis of this protein and the level of its mRNA. We now report that alpha2u-globulin synthesis and the level of its mRNA can be fully reinduced in castrated males by administration of glucocorticoid alone. This induction is much more rapid than the androgenic induction and is inhibited by the glucocorticoid antagonist progesterone. Administration of glucocorticoid to intact male animals does not induce alpha2u-globulin synthesis above normal levels; however, if alpha2u-globulin synthesis has been depressed in intact male rats by pretreatment with estrogen or cyproterone acetate, the level of this protein can be reinduced by administration of glucocorticoids. The implications for the control of alpha2u-globulin gene expression are discussed.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid induction of hepatic alpha2u-globulin synthesis and messenger RNA level in castrated male rats in vivo. alpha2u-Globulin is a male rat liver protein of Mr = 20,000 which is synthesized in the liver of adult male rats, secreted into the serum, and excreted in the urine. Its function is unknown. The hepatic synthesis of this protein is under complex hormonal control. We had previously shown that castration of male rats diminishes hepatic alpha2u-globulin synthesis and the level of its mRNA, and that administration of androgen to these castrated animals results in the reinduction of the synthesis of this protein and the level of its mRNA. We now report that alpha2u-globulin synthesis and the level of its mRNA can be fully reinduced in castrated males by administration of glucocorticoid alone. This induction is much more rapid than the androgenic induction and is inhibited by the glucocorticoid antagonist progesterone. Administration of glucocorticoid to intact male animals does not induce alpha2u-globulin synthesis above normal levels; however, if alpha2u-globulin synthesis has been depressed in intact male rats by pretreatment with estrogen or cyproterone acetate, the level of this protein can be reinduced by administration of glucocorticoids. The implications for the control of alpha2u-globulin gene expression are discussed.", "PMID": 81207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8065", "title": "Cholinergic stimulation of skeletal muscle alanine and glutamine formation and release. Evidence for mediation by a nicotinic cholinergic receptor and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate.", "content": "The mechanism of cholinergic stimulation of alanine and glutamine formation and release from skeletal muscle was studied using rat epitrochlaris preparations. The increased alanine and glutamine release produced by carbamylcholine (10(-6) M) was reproduced by tetramethylammonium (10(-6) M) but not by pilocarpine (10(-6) M) and was blocked by hexamethonium (10(-4) M) but not by atropine (10(-7) M). This increased alanine and glutamine release was not associated with altered muscle cAMP levels. However, carbamylcholine (10(-6) M) and tetramethylammonium (10(-6) M) did not increase levels of cGMP, 134% and 101%, respectively, and these increments in cGMP were blocked by hexamethonium but not by atropine. Carbamylcholine produced a concentration-dependent increase in cGMP levels. Methylisobutylxanthine and theophylline augmented the increased amino acid release and increased cGMP levels produced by carbamylcholine. Neither xanthine derivative alone altered alanine and glutamine release or cyclic nucleotide levels. Added cGMP increased amino acid release and the uptake of [U-14C]alanine and alpha-amino[14C]isobutyric acid. Carbamylcholine did not alter muscle phosphorylase a activity, glycogen levels, or basal adenylate cyclase activity. These data indicate that cholinergic stimulation of muscle alanine and glutamine formation and release involves a nicotinic cholinergic receptor and may be mediated by increased levels of cGMP, which in turn may result from a cholinergic stimulation of muscle guanylyl cyclase.", "contents": "Cholinergic stimulation of skeletal muscle alanine and glutamine formation and release. Evidence for mediation by a nicotinic cholinergic receptor and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate. The mechanism of cholinergic stimulation of alanine and glutamine formation and release from skeletal muscle was studied using rat epitrochlaris preparations. The increased alanine and glutamine release produced by carbamylcholine (10(-6) M) was reproduced by tetramethylammonium (10(-6) M) but not by pilocarpine (10(-6) M) and was blocked by hexamethonium (10(-4) M) but not by atropine (10(-7) M). This increased alanine and glutamine release was not associated with altered muscle cAMP levels. However, carbamylcholine (10(-6) M) and tetramethylammonium (10(-6) M) did not increase levels of cGMP, 134% and 101%, respectively, and these increments in cGMP were blocked by hexamethonium but not by atropine. Carbamylcholine produced a concentration-dependent increase in cGMP levels. Methylisobutylxanthine and theophylline augmented the increased amino acid release and increased cGMP levels produced by carbamylcholine. Neither xanthine derivative alone altered alanine and glutamine release or cyclic nucleotide levels. Added cGMP increased amino acid release and the uptake of [U-14C]alanine and alpha-amino[14C]isobutyric acid. Carbamylcholine did not alter muscle phosphorylase a activity, glycogen levels, or basal adenylate cyclase activity. These data indicate that cholinergic stimulation of muscle alanine and glutamine formation and release involves a nicotinic cholinergic receptor and may be mediated by increased levels of cGMP, which in turn may result from a cholinergic stimulation of muscle guanylyl cyclase.", "PMID": 81208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8066", "title": "Metastatic tumors involving the cervical vertebrae: surgical palliation.", "content": "Pain, weakness, or paralysis from involvement of the spinal cord and nerve roots secondary to invasion of the vertebrae by a malignant tumor often can be avoided or alleviated by stabilization of the spine. Twelve patients with neoplastic infiltration of the cervical vertebrae were so treated. The operation of wiring, augmentation bone-grafting, and decompression of the spinal cord was successful after conservative methods failed. Indications for operation were: (1) unremitting pain in the neck, not relieved by bracing or radiation therapy; (2) a major degree of vertebral destruction with loss, or impending loss, of support for the head; (3) collapse of a vertebral body; or (4) neural deficit from local tumor invasion. A classification of our twelve patients into three groups helped to delineate the surgical procedure needed. The value of obtaining spinal stability and a solid fusion above and below the tumor was evident in eleven patients. For almost all of their survival time, they were comfortable. Surgical treatment may not appreciably extend the lenght of a patient's survival, but it generally improves the patient's quality of life.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors involving the cervical vertebrae: surgical palliation. Pain, weakness, or paralysis from involvement of the spinal cord and nerve roots secondary to invasion of the vertebrae by a malignant tumor often can be avoided or alleviated by stabilization of the spine. Twelve patients with neoplastic infiltration of the cervical vertebrae were so treated. The operation of wiring, augmentation bone-grafting, and decompression of the spinal cord was successful after conservative methods failed. Indications for operation were: (1) unremitting pain in the neck, not relieved by bracing or radiation therapy; (2) a major degree of vertebral destruction with loss, or impending loss, of support for the head; (3) collapse of a vertebral body; or (4) neural deficit from local tumor invasion. A classification of our twelve patients into three groups helped to delineate the surgical procedure needed. The value of obtaining spinal stability and a solid fusion above and below the tumor was evident in eleven patients. For almost all of their survival time, they were comfortable. Surgical treatment may not appreciably extend the lenght of a patient's survival, but it generally improves the patient's quality of life.", "PMID": 81209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8067", "title": "Specific glycoprotein changes during development of the chick neural retina.", "content": "After separation of whole proteins of chick neural retina by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a number of glycoproteins can be detected by staining the gels with 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and other lectins. The glycoprotein patterns show both quantitative and qualitative changes between days 7 and 13 of development. Some of these glycoproteins can be separated by chromatography on columns of insolubilized lectins. These observations suggest that purification of some of these glycoproteins identified by staining with radioactive lectins would yield retinal antigens which may be specific for developmental stage and cell type.", "contents": "Specific glycoprotein changes during development of the chick neural retina. After separation of whole proteins of chick neural retina by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a number of glycoproteins can be detected by staining the gels with 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and other lectins. The glycoprotein patterns show both quantitative and qualitative changes between days 7 and 13 of development. Some of these glycoproteins can be separated by chromatography on columns of insolubilized lectins. These observations suggest that purification of some of these glycoproteins identified by staining with radioactive lectins would yield retinal antigens which may be specific for developmental stage and cell type.", "PMID": 81210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8068", "title": "New staining method for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in BrdU-labelled chromosomes.", "content": "A direct Giemsa technique is described for the selective staining of Brd-U-substituted chromatin. It can advantageously be used for sister-chromatid exchange analysis and for the detailed cytological study of the mouse kinetochores. Presumptive inversions within the centromeric region of chromosomes 4 and 18 in the C57Black/6J mouse are described.", "contents": "New staining method for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in BrdU-labelled chromosomes. A direct Giemsa technique is described for the selective staining of Brd-U-substituted chromatin. It can advantageously be used for sister-chromatid exchange analysis and for the detailed cytological study of the mouse kinetochores. Presumptive inversions within the centromeric region of chromosomes 4 and 18 in the C57Black/6J mouse are described.", "PMID": 81211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8069", "title": "Detection of goitrin and its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture, electrolytic conductivity and sulfur detectors.", "content": "The separation of goitrin by two gas-liquid chromatographic columns, the response of different detectors and the use of the heptafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydride derivative of goitrin to improve sensitivity was investigated. The non-polar 3% OV-1 and the intermediate 4% SE-30/6% SP-2401 on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W HP gave comparable results and were considered interchangeable. The sensitivities of the electron capture, sulfur 394 nm emission, chlorine and nitrogen Coulson electrolytic conductivity detectors were inadequate for goitrin per se. Chromatography and sensitivity of all detectors to goitrin were greatly improved by using by using the HFB derivative. It was possible to detect 1 to 60 ng of goitrin-HFB in standard solutions. Application of the technique to goitrin-spiked (2 ppm) milk, cleaned up by high-performance liquid chromatography, encountered no problems and was considered satisfactory for all four detectors.", "contents": "Detection of goitrin and its heptafluorobutyryl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture, electrolytic conductivity and sulfur detectors. The separation of goitrin by two gas-liquid chromatographic columns, the response of different detectors and the use of the heptafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydride derivative of goitrin to improve sensitivity was investigated. The non-polar 3% OV-1 and the intermediate 4% SE-30/6% SP-2401 on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W HP gave comparable results and were considered interchangeable. The sensitivities of the electron capture, sulfur 394 nm emission, chlorine and nitrogen Coulson electrolytic conductivity detectors were inadequate for goitrin per se. Chromatography and sensitivity of all detectors to goitrin were greatly improved by using by using the HFB derivative. It was possible to detect 1 to 60 ng of goitrin-HFB in standard solutions. Application of the technique to goitrin-spiked (2 ppm) milk, cleaned up by high-performance liquid chromatography, encountered no problems and was considered satisfactory for all four detectors.", "PMID": 81212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8070", "title": "Coagglutination test for identification of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia.", "content": "Two serogroups (B and E) of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle were differentiated by a coagglutination test with antibody-coated staphylococci. The group antigen was soluble and heat stable. It was not detectable in unencapsulated cells or their heated extracts. Adsorbed onto human type O erythrocytes, it could be demonstrated by an indirect hemagglutination test with specific antiserum or by coagglutination with specific antibody-coated staphylococci. Antibody-coated staphylococci could detect the soluble group antigen in the plasma and liver extract of mice experimentally infected with P. multocida. The group antigen did not affix to mouse erythrocytes in vivo.", "contents": "Coagglutination test for identification of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia. Two serogroups (B and E) of Pasteurella multocida associated with hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle were differentiated by a coagglutination test with antibody-coated staphylococci. The group antigen was soluble and heat stable. It was not detectable in unencapsulated cells or their heated extracts. Adsorbed onto human type O erythrocytes, it could be demonstrated by an indirect hemagglutination test with specific antiserum or by coagglutination with specific antibody-coated staphylococci. Antibody-coated staphylococci could detect the soluble group antigen in the plasma and liver extract of mice experimentally infected with P. multocida. The group antigen did not affix to mouse erythrocytes in vivo.", "PMID": 81214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8071", "title": "Specificity of exoantigens for identifying cultures of Coccidioides immitis.", "content": "Forty-nine isolates of arthroconidial fungi other than Coccidioides immitis did not produce immunodiffusion lines of identity with the reference system for that fungus.", "contents": "Specificity of exoantigens for identifying cultures of Coccidioides immitis. Forty-nine isolates of arthroconidial fungi other than Coccidioides immitis did not produce immunodiffusion lines of identity with the reference system for that fungus.", "PMID": 81215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8072", "title": "A Golgi study of goldfish optic tectum.", "content": "A study of goldfish optic tectum was performed with rapid-Golgi, Golgi-Kopsch and a modified Golgi-Cox impregnation which proved quite suitable to impregnate cells in the middle tectal layers and to study more closely axonal properties. Fifteen cell types are distinguished, based upon the position of dendritic trees and axonal properties. Two cell types are found with dendrites in the marginal layer: type I with an axon terminating in the central gray layer and type II without an impregnated axon. Three cell types (III, IV and V) have dendrites in a single, specific tectal layer and an axon terminating within the tectum. Five cell types (VI-X) have dendrites in two horizontal planes. Two of them have myelinated axons leaving the tectum, whereas the axons of the remaining three types project to different tectal layers. While these first ten cell types have dendrites almost exclusively in the superficial half of the tectum, the remaining five types have dendrites in deeper layers too. This especially holds for the most conspicuous tectal cells (types XII and XIII), which have dendritic trees branching at three or more horizontal levels and a myelinated axon leaving the tectum, with sometimes a very peculiar course (XIII1). Also type XI has three or more dendritic trees, but its axon was not found. The numerous cells with cell bodies in the deepest tectal layer (type XIV) have dendrites and axonal terminations anywhere in the tectum, except in the most superficial and the deepest layer. However, most dendrites occur in the optic layers, whereas the axons, always originating from the dendritic shaft in the superficial tectal half, generally terminate in the middle tectal layers. Type XV cells have their soma in the deepest tectal layer as well, but their dendrites do not reach the optic layers. Per tectal lobe the following numbers are estimated: type I : 5,000-20,000 neurons; Type III : 2,500-10,000; types IV--XIII : each 500-2,000 and type XIV : 1,000,000-2,000,000. The total number of myelinated tectal efferents is estimated at 2,000-8,000. Comparison with other Golgi studies in teleosts leads to the conclusion that the tecta of these species of fish are basically similar.", "contents": "A Golgi study of goldfish optic tectum. A study of goldfish optic tectum was performed with rapid-Golgi, Golgi-Kopsch and a modified Golgi-Cox impregnation which proved quite suitable to impregnate cells in the middle tectal layers and to study more closely axonal properties. Fifteen cell types are distinguished, based upon the position of dendritic trees and axonal properties. Two cell types are found with dendrites in the marginal layer: type I with an axon terminating in the central gray layer and type II without an impregnated axon. Three cell types (III, IV and V) have dendrites in a single, specific tectal layer and an axon terminating within the tectum. Five cell types (VI-X) have dendrites in two horizontal planes. Two of them have myelinated axons leaving the tectum, whereas the axons of the remaining three types project to different tectal layers. While these first ten cell types have dendrites almost exclusively in the superficial half of the tectum, the remaining five types have dendrites in deeper layers too. This especially holds for the most conspicuous tectal cells (types XII and XIII), which have dendritic trees branching at three or more horizontal levels and a myelinated axon leaving the tectum, with sometimes a very peculiar course (XIII1). Also type XI has three or more dendritic trees, but its axon was not found. The numerous cells with cell bodies in the deepest tectal layer (type XIV) have dendrites and axonal terminations anywhere in the tectum, except in the most superficial and the deepest layer. However, most dendrites occur in the optic layers, whereas the axons, always originating from the dendritic shaft in the superficial tectal half, generally terminate in the middle tectal layers. Type XV cells have their soma in the deepest tectal layer as well, but their dendrites do not reach the optic layers. Per tectal lobe the following numbers are estimated: type I : 5,000-20,000 neurons; Type III : 2,500-10,000; types IV--XIII : each 500-2,000 and type XIV : 1,000,000-2,000,000. The total number of myelinated tectal efferents is estimated at 2,000-8,000. Comparison with other Golgi studies in teleosts leads to the conclusion that the tecta of these species of fish are basically similar.", "PMID": 81216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8073", "title": "Development of distinct cell types in the feline red nucleus: a Golgi-Cox and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The feline RN contains neurons which fall into three size categories: giant (40--80 micrometer), medium (25--35 micrometer) and small (6--20 micrometer). These three populations of rubral neurons are distinguishable on the basis of a number of ultrastructural criteria and form classes not dissimilar from the traditional three divisions of cell types. Each of the three populations of rubral neurons can be further divided into three subgroups on the basis of a large number of configurational criteria discernible by the Golgi-Cox method. Each of these nine cell types are clearly separate, distinguishable by at least three criteria, and are found in different regions of the RN. It is shown that in the 5-day prenatal kitten, rubral neurons are already organized into the aforementioned three size categories. At this age most of the subpopulations are also distinguishable by the Golgi-Cox method. However, the giant rubral neurons (about 30 micrometer) and the medium sized cells (about 20 micrometer) are much smaller than in the adult cat. The dendrites elaborate many fine processes which emerge from multiple varicosities. The neuropil differs strikingly from that of the adult in that the vast majority of axons are small and unmyelinated. A number of changes in the RN are apparent as the kitten matures. The larger rubral cells undergo configurational changes before the smaller neurons, yet the giant cells continue to grow for a longer period of time. In the perinatal period, the extent of arborization of the dendritic trees diminishes, the number of spines decreases, and the long dendritic spines shorten. Somatic spines first appear in the giant cells at about one week after birth. In prenatal kittens, large cells frequently elaborate a tuft of fine branching processes in one region of the soma. These tufts later diminish in size and disappear by one week postnatal. Recent investigations (Pompeiano, '59; Cond\u00e9, '66; King et al., '73' Sadun, '75) indicate that the RN of the cat is highly organized and very heterogenous. Afferent terminals are restricted to certain regions of certain cell types which are themselves specifically located within the RN. This specificity is apparent in perinatal kittens, despite the manifest immature appearance of the RN.", "contents": "Development of distinct cell types in the feline red nucleus: a Golgi-Cox and electron microscopic study. The feline RN contains neurons which fall into three size categories: giant (40--80 micrometer), medium (25--35 micrometer) and small (6--20 micrometer). These three populations of rubral neurons are distinguishable on the basis of a number of ultrastructural criteria and form classes not dissimilar from the traditional three divisions of cell types. Each of the three populations of rubral neurons can be further divided into three subgroups on the basis of a large number of configurational criteria discernible by the Golgi-Cox method. Each of these nine cell types are clearly separate, distinguishable by at least three criteria, and are found in different regions of the RN. It is shown that in the 5-day prenatal kitten, rubral neurons are already organized into the aforementioned three size categories. At this age most of the subpopulations are also distinguishable by the Golgi-Cox method. However, the giant rubral neurons (about 30 micrometer) and the medium sized cells (about 20 micrometer) are much smaller than in the adult cat. The dendrites elaborate many fine processes which emerge from multiple varicosities. The neuropil differs strikingly from that of the adult in that the vast majority of axons are small and unmyelinated. A number of changes in the RN are apparent as the kitten matures. The larger rubral cells undergo configurational changes before the smaller neurons, yet the giant cells continue to grow for a longer period of time. In the perinatal period, the extent of arborization of the dendritic trees diminishes, the number of spines decreases, and the long dendritic spines shorten. Somatic spines first appear in the giant cells at about one week after birth. In prenatal kittens, large cells frequently elaborate a tuft of fine branching processes in one region of the soma. These tufts later diminish in size and disappear by one week postnatal. Recent investigations (Pompeiano, '59; Cond\u00e9, '66; King et al., '73' Sadun, '75) indicate that the RN of the cat is highly organized and very heterogenous. Afferent terminals are restricted to certain regions of certain cell types which are themselves specifically located within the RN. This specificity is apparent in perinatal kittens, despite the manifest immature appearance of the RN.", "PMID": 81217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8074", "title": "Correlation of computed tomography and serum tumor markers in metastatic retroperitoneal testicular tumor.", "content": "Preliminary findings of an apparently good correlation between computed tomography and serum tumor markers--human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein--are presented. These findings are from an ongoing prospective randomized study evaluating the efficacy of intensive chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery in metastatic retroperitoneal testicular germ cell tumors.", "contents": "Correlation of computed tomography and serum tumor markers in metastatic retroperitoneal testicular tumor. Preliminary findings of an apparently good correlation between computed tomography and serum tumor markers--human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein--are presented. These findings are from an ongoing prospective randomized study evaluating the efficacy of intensive chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery in metastatic retroperitoneal testicular germ cell tumors.", "PMID": 81218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8075", "title": "Reactivity of ragweed allergens with IgE antibodies. Analyses by leukocyte histamine release and the radioallergosorbent test and determination of cross-reactivity.", "content": "Five distinct proteins with allergenic activity have been isolated from short ragweed pollen. We initially tested three of these, AgE, AgK, and Ra3, for reactivity with IgE antibodies by leukocyte histamine release and by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). We found highly significant correlations between the reactivities of these allergens by leukocyte histamine release and by the RAST, consistent with the view that both procedures detected comparable allergenic activity. We next tested the allergenic cross-reactivity of all five ragweed allergens. AgE, AgK, Ra3, Ra4, and Ra5, by RAST inhibition. With solid-phase AgE the only nonhomologous inhibitor was AgK, which cross-reacted weakly and required a 140-fold mass excess of AgK compared to AgE. With solid-phase AgK both AgK and AgE produced significant inhibition; AgE was slightly more potent than the homologous AgK, Ra3 and Ra5 were allergenically unique, because only the homologous allergen produced 50% inhibition. Ra4 was weakly inhibited by AgE, Ra3, and Ra5 when these allergens were added in 300- to 5---fold mass excesses; this weak inhibition may represent either cross-reaction or cross-contamination. We found that RAST inhibition could be used as an assay for the individual ragweed allergens and we demonstrated the presence of all of the allergens in a whole ragweed extract. The sensitivity of the RAST inhibition assay ranged from 10 ng to 100 ng for 50% inhibition. Finally, the solid-phase ragweed allergens were used to determine the frequency of elevated IgE antibody levels in 65 patients with ragweed hay fever. Virtually all of the patients reacted with AgE (97%), while 88% reacted with AgK, 51% reacted with Ra3, 28% reacted with Ra4, and 17% reacted with Ra5. These results highlight the usefulness of the RAST as a specific and sensitive tool for immunochemical studies of allergens.", "contents": "Reactivity of ragweed allergens with IgE antibodies. Analyses by leukocyte histamine release and the radioallergosorbent test and determination of cross-reactivity. Five distinct proteins with allergenic activity have been isolated from short ragweed pollen. We initially tested three of these, AgE, AgK, and Ra3, for reactivity with IgE antibodies by leukocyte histamine release and by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). We found highly significant correlations between the reactivities of these allergens by leukocyte histamine release and by the RAST, consistent with the view that both procedures detected comparable allergenic activity. We next tested the allergenic cross-reactivity of all five ragweed allergens. AgE, AgK, Ra3, Ra4, and Ra5, by RAST inhibition. With solid-phase AgE the only nonhomologous inhibitor was AgK, which cross-reacted weakly and required a 140-fold mass excess of AgK compared to AgE. With solid-phase AgK both AgK and AgE produced significant inhibition; AgE was slightly more potent than the homologous AgK, Ra3 and Ra5 were allergenically unique, because only the homologous allergen produced 50% inhibition. Ra4 was weakly inhibited by AgE, Ra3, and Ra5 when these allergens were added in 300- to 5---fold mass excesses; this weak inhibition may represent either cross-reaction or cross-contamination. We found that RAST inhibition could be used as an assay for the individual ragweed allergens and we demonstrated the presence of all of the allergens in a whole ragweed extract. The sensitivity of the RAST inhibition assay ranged from 10 ng to 100 ng for 50% inhibition. Finally, the solid-phase ragweed allergens were used to determine the frequency of elevated IgE antibody levels in 65 patients with ragweed hay fever. Virtually all of the patients reacted with AgE (97%), while 88% reacted with AgK, 51% reacted with Ra3, 28% reacted with Ra4, and 17% reacted with Ra5. These results highlight the usefulness of the RAST as a specific and sensitive tool for immunochemical studies of allergens.", "PMID": 81221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8076", "title": "[The present state of prevention of rhesus immunisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Rhesus factor immunisation and its complications should disappear if the indications and the techniques for abolishing it are followed. The indications follow from the usual mechanism by which immunisation occurs. This is the passage of Rh positive fetal red blood cells into the maternal circulation where they are detected by Kleihauer's test. If in pregnancy uterine bleeding, of accidental trauma occur or if amniocentesis, versions, operations on the pregnant uterus are performed or intrauterine death occurs, the necessary preventive action has to be performed on a rhesus negative woman. When pregnancy comes to an end, be it because of delivery at term when every rhesus negative woman who has not been immunised has to be treated (if the infant is rhesus positive) so the same applies after spontaneous abortion, extra-uterine pregnancy and especially after therapeutic termination of pregnancy after which it is often forgotten. The technique is simple: Within 72 hours a dose of 85 micrograms of anti D globulin is enough if injected intravenously or intramuscularly. Sometimes this quantity has to be increased, however, when the Kleihauer test has shown that more than 5 ml of rhesus positive blood has passed into the maternal circulation, or if blood of the wrong group has been transfused. The dose to neutralise 1 ml of blood is 10 micrograms.", "contents": "[The present state of prevention of rhesus immunisation (author's transl)]. Rhesus factor immunisation and its complications should disappear if the indications and the techniques for abolishing it are followed. The indications follow from the usual mechanism by which immunisation occurs. This is the passage of Rh positive fetal red blood cells into the maternal circulation where they are detected by Kleihauer's test. If in pregnancy uterine bleeding, of accidental trauma occur or if amniocentesis, versions, operations on the pregnant uterus are performed or intrauterine death occurs, the necessary preventive action has to be performed on a rhesus negative woman. When pregnancy comes to an end, be it because of delivery at term when every rhesus negative woman who has not been immunised has to be treated (if the infant is rhesus positive) so the same applies after spontaneous abortion, extra-uterine pregnancy and especially after therapeutic termination of pregnancy after which it is often forgotten. The technique is simple: Within 72 hours a dose of 85 micrograms of anti D globulin is enough if injected intravenously or intramuscularly. Sometimes this quantity has to be increased, however, when the Kleihauer test has shown that more than 5 ml of rhesus positive blood has passed into the maternal circulation, or if blood of the wrong group has been transfused. The dose to neutralise 1 ml of blood is 10 micrograms.", "PMID": 81222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8077", "title": "Cellular immunity in infectious mononucleosis. II. Specific reactivity to Epstein-Barr Virus antigens and correlation with clinical and hematologic parameters.", "content": "Infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive and seronegative healthy donors, and patients with other viral infections were tested for lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) with phytohemagglutinin and six EBV (virus concentrate, culture supernatant, and soluble [S] antigen) or control antigens. Fluorescent antibodies to EBV viral capsid antigen of IgG, IgM, IgA specificities, to nuclear antigen (EBNA), and heterophile antibodies were also assayed. These were correlated with clinical parameters (fever, pharyngitis, adenopathy, hepatitis, splenomegaly, atypical lymphocytes, and total mononuclear cell counts). EBV viral and S antigen-induced LB was significantly greater in seropositive donors. IM patients had antigenspecific LB below that of seropositive donors initially and low responses for the acute phase of illness when clinical symptoms were present and antibody titers were maximal. Specific LB rose to a peak at 3.5 to 9 weeks when the patients had recovered, most laboratory findings had returned to normal, and antibodies had declined. At peak, specific LB in IM patients exceeded that of seropositive donors, but later declined. These results demonstrate specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to EBV, and indicate that this develops slowly in IM and contrasts with the evolution of the clinical events and humoral immunity. This correlation supports the hypothesis that CMI is the mechanism of terminating lymphoproliferation in IM.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in infectious mononucleosis. II. Specific reactivity to Epstein-Barr Virus antigens and correlation with clinical and hematologic parameters. Infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive and seronegative healthy donors, and patients with other viral infections were tested for lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) with phytohemagglutinin and six EBV (virus concentrate, culture supernatant, and soluble [S] antigen) or control antigens. Fluorescent antibodies to EBV viral capsid antigen of IgG, IgM, IgA specificities, to nuclear antigen (EBNA), and heterophile antibodies were also assayed. These were correlated with clinical parameters (fever, pharyngitis, adenopathy, hepatitis, splenomegaly, atypical lymphocytes, and total mononuclear cell counts). EBV viral and S antigen-induced LB was significantly greater in seropositive donors. IM patients had antigenspecific LB below that of seropositive donors initially and low responses for the acute phase of illness when clinical symptoms were present and antibody titers were maximal. Specific LB rose to a peak at 3.5 to 9 weeks when the patients had recovered, most laboratory findings had returned to normal, and antibodies had declined. At peak, specific LB in IM patients exceeded that of seropositive donors, but later declined. These results demonstrate specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to EBV, and indicate that this develops slowly in IM and contrasts with the evolution of the clinical events and humoral immunity. This correlation supports the hypothesis that CMI is the mechanism of terminating lymphoproliferation in IM.", "PMID": 81224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8078", "title": "Genetic control of tolerance induction to human gamma-globulin in mice.", "content": "Susceptibility to tolerance induction with monomeric human gamma-globulin (HGG) was tested in different inbred strains of mice. The results indicated a differential tolerance susceptibility among the strains and that the basis for the variation is genetic in nature. By using a protocol that permits genetic analysis, F1, F2, and backcross generations of the parental strains SJL/J and C3H/Bi were examined. A multigenic control model by H-2-linked and non-H-2-linked genes showing Mendelian autosomal inheritance is proposed.", "contents": "Genetic control of tolerance induction to human gamma-globulin in mice. Susceptibility to tolerance induction with monomeric human gamma-globulin (HGG) was tested in different inbred strains of mice. The results indicated a differential tolerance susceptibility among the strains and that the basis for the variation is genetic in nature. By using a protocol that permits genetic analysis, F1, F2, and backcross generations of the parental strains SJL/J and C3H/Bi were examined. A multigenic control model by H-2-linked and non-H-2-linked genes showing Mendelian autosomal inheritance is proposed.", "PMID": 81225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8079", "title": "Radioimmunochemical characterization of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya: unique antigenic determinants located on hybrid hemoglobins.", "content": "Antisera were produced in rabbits to the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins, which contain hybrid delta-beta non-alpha-chains, and to hemoglobin Kenya, which has a hybrid gamma-beta non-alpha-chain. By using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, the absorbed antisera were shown to contain an antibody population that was specific for the hybrid hemoglobin and did not cross-react with normal hemoglobins. However, with the absorbed Lepore-specific antisera, the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins were antigenically indistinguishable from each other, suggesting that antibodies are not produced to the primary structural differences which define the three non-alpha-chains of the Lepore hemoglobins. These studies demonstrate that the non-alpha-subunits of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya possess unique antigenic determinant sites, evidently resulting from an altered polypeptide conformation.", "contents": "Radioimmunochemical characterization of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya: unique antigenic determinants located on hybrid hemoglobins. Antisera were produced in rabbits to the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins, which contain hybrid delta-beta non-alpha-chains, and to hemoglobin Kenya, which has a hybrid gamma-beta non-alpha-chain. By using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, the absorbed antisera were shown to contain an antibody population that was specific for the hybrid hemoglobin and did not cross-react with normal hemoglobins. However, with the absorbed Lepore-specific antisera, the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins were antigenically indistinguishable from each other, suggesting that antibodies are not produced to the primary structural differences which define the three non-alpha-chains of the Lepore hemoglobins. These studies demonstrate that the non-alpha-subunits of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya possess unique antigenic determinant sites, evidently resulting from an altered polypeptide conformation.", "PMID": 81226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8080", "title": "Cellular basis for a hapten-specific state of tolerance induced in vitro.", "content": "A hapten-specific unresponsive state was induced in vitro by the incubation of normal murine spleen cells with highly conjugated dinitrophenylated bovine gamma-globulin (DNP-BGG) or a dinitrophenylated copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP-D-GL) for 24 hr. After this incubation period spleen cells were washed and cultured for 4 days with the thymic-independent antigen dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads (DNP-PAA) or the thymic-dependent antigen trinitrophenylated burro the erythrocytes (TNP-BRBC). Preincubation with either DNP-BGG or DNP-D-GL led to a specific depression of the in vitro anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response. The degree of depression was dependent upon the concentration of the tolerogen and the duration of preincubation. The response to DNP-PAA or TNP-PAA beads was depressed to a greater degree than was the response to TNP-BRBC. The cellular basis of the immunologic unresponsiveness induced by DNP-BGG was attributable to an inhibition of B cell function whereas the unresponsive state induced with DNP-D-GL was due to both a specific inhibition of B cell function and the activation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Cellular basis for a hapten-specific state of tolerance induced in vitro. A hapten-specific unresponsive state was induced in vitro by the incubation of normal murine spleen cells with highly conjugated dinitrophenylated bovine gamma-globulin (DNP-BGG) or a dinitrophenylated copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP-D-GL) for 24 hr. After this incubation period spleen cells were washed and cultured for 4 days with the thymic-independent antigen dinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads (DNP-PAA) or the thymic-dependent antigen trinitrophenylated burro the erythrocytes (TNP-BRBC). Preincubation with either DNP-BGG or DNP-D-GL led to a specific depression of the in vitro anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response. The degree of depression was dependent upon the concentration of the tolerogen and the duration of preincubation. The response to DNP-PAA or TNP-PAA beads was depressed to a greater degree than was the response to TNP-BRBC. The cellular basis of the immunologic unresponsiveness induced by DNP-BGG was attributable to an inhibition of B cell function whereas the unresponsive state induced with DNP-D-GL was due to both a specific inhibition of B cell function and the activation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 81228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8081", "title": "Liposomes as model membrane systems for immune attack. I. Transfer of antigenic determinants to lymphocyte membranes after interactions with hapten-bearing liposomes.", "content": "The interaction of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with liposomes containing DNP-aminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine together with either egg yolk or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been investigated. When lymphocytes were incubated with liposomes at 37 degrees C, the aqueous compartment (86Rb+) and the lipid portion (3H-lipid) of the liposomes became cell associated to an equivalent extent. At 0 degrees C, however, the incorporation of 3H-lipid exceeded that of 86Rb+. Lymphocyte-liposome interactions were accompanied by the transfer of DNP to the surface of the lymphoid cell as measured by susceptibility to complement in the presence of anti-DNP antibody. Hapten transfer was not limited to liposome interactions with lymphocytes, but occurred also with other cells (e.g., Chang cells). Hapten transfer could also be demonstrated by susceptibility to K cell-mediated lysis. These findings suggest that liposomes may prove to be a useful vehicle for the transfer of new antigenic determinants onto cell surfaces. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of using liposomes as targets for cell-mediated cytotoxic attack.", "contents": "Liposomes as model membrane systems for immune attack. I. Transfer of antigenic determinants to lymphocyte membranes after interactions with hapten-bearing liposomes. The interaction of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with liposomes containing DNP-aminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine together with either egg yolk or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been investigated. When lymphocytes were incubated with liposomes at 37 degrees C, the aqueous compartment (86Rb+) and the lipid portion (3H-lipid) of the liposomes became cell associated to an equivalent extent. At 0 degrees C, however, the incorporation of 3H-lipid exceeded that of 86Rb+. Lymphocyte-liposome interactions were accompanied by the transfer of DNP to the surface of the lymphoid cell as measured by susceptibility to complement in the presence of anti-DNP antibody. Hapten transfer was not limited to liposome interactions with lymphocytes, but occurred also with other cells (e.g., Chang cells). Hapten transfer could also be demonstrated by susceptibility to K cell-mediated lysis. These findings suggest that liposomes may prove to be a useful vehicle for the transfer of new antigenic determinants onto cell surfaces. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of using liposomes as targets for cell-mediated cytotoxic attack.", "PMID": 81230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8082", "title": "Release of arylsulfatase A but not B from rat mast cells by noncytolytic secretory stimuli.", "content": "The net percentage of release of arylsulfatase activity from purified rat mast cells induced by rabbit anti-rat F(ab')2 was consistently only about 1/3 that of histamine. Isoelectric focusing of the released and residual arylsulfatase activities demonstrated specific release of the A type without B and a net percentage of immunologic release of arylsulfatase A equivalent to that of histamine. When the net percentage of histamine and arylsulfatase A release were nearly maximal (88 and 76%) in response to the calcium ionophore A23187, specific release of arylsulfatase B did not occur. Thus, arylsulfatase A and not B was associated with the secretory granule released from the rat mast cell by reversed anaphylaxis or the calcium ionophore. In contrast, subcellular fractionation of water-lysed mast cells yielded arylsulfatase B with the heparin- and chymase-containing granule fraction and arylsulfatase A in the aqueous fraction comprised of cell sap and granule water eluate. It may be that arylsulfatase B resides in a minor second granule, whereas arylsulfatase A is loosely associated with the predominant secretory granule of the rat mast cell.", "contents": "Release of arylsulfatase A but not B from rat mast cells by noncytolytic secretory stimuli. The net percentage of release of arylsulfatase activity from purified rat mast cells induced by rabbit anti-rat F(ab')2 was consistently only about 1/3 that of histamine. Isoelectric focusing of the released and residual arylsulfatase activities demonstrated specific release of the A type without B and a net percentage of immunologic release of arylsulfatase A equivalent to that of histamine. When the net percentage of histamine and arylsulfatase A release were nearly maximal (88 and 76%) in response to the calcium ionophore A23187, specific release of arylsulfatase B did not occur. Thus, arylsulfatase A and not B was associated with the secretory granule released from the rat mast cell by reversed anaphylaxis or the calcium ionophore. In contrast, subcellular fractionation of water-lysed mast cells yielded arylsulfatase B with the heparin- and chymase-containing granule fraction and arylsulfatase A in the aqueous fraction comprised of cell sap and granule water eluate. It may be that arylsulfatase B resides in a minor second granule, whereas arylsulfatase A is loosely associated with the predominant secretory granule of the rat mast cell.", "PMID": 81231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8083", "title": "Induction and mechanism of tolerance to bovine serum albumin in mice given total lymphoid irradiation (TLI).", "content": "BALB/c mice given total lymphoid irradiations (TLI) were injected i.p. with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline, and challenged with DNP-BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant 6 weeks later. The latter animals made no anti-DNP antibody response as measured by a modified Farr assay, but made a normal anti-DNP response after challenge with DNP-BGG in adjuvant. Normal mice or mice given whole body irradiation were not tolerized by the i.p. injection of BSA in saline. Spleen cells from unresponsive mice (TLI + BSA in saline) suppressed the adoptive secondary anti-DNP response of sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts given BSA-primed T cells, DNP-BSA-primed B cells, and DNP-BSA in saline. The suppressor cells were antigen specific, and were inactivated by in vitro treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum and complement. The findings suggest that soluble antigens administered to mice after TLI evoke a state of tolerance that is maintained by antigen-specific suppressor T cells. A similar mechanism may be involved in the maintenance of tolerance to allografts. These findings may have important clinical implications for patients treated with TLI for lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Induction and mechanism of tolerance to bovine serum albumin in mice given total lymphoid irradiation (TLI). BALB/c mice given total lymphoid irradiations (TLI) were injected i.p. with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline, and challenged with DNP-BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant 6 weeks later. The latter animals made no anti-DNP antibody response as measured by a modified Farr assay, but made a normal anti-DNP response after challenge with DNP-BGG in adjuvant. Normal mice or mice given whole body irradiation were not tolerized by the i.p. injection of BSA in saline. Spleen cells from unresponsive mice (TLI + BSA in saline) suppressed the adoptive secondary anti-DNP response of sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts given BSA-primed T cells, DNP-BSA-primed B cells, and DNP-BSA in saline. The suppressor cells were antigen specific, and were inactivated by in vitro treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum and complement. The findings suggest that soluble antigens administered to mice after TLI evoke a state of tolerance that is maintained by antigen-specific suppressor T cells. A similar mechanism may be involved in the maintenance of tolerance to allografts. These findings may have important clinical implications for patients treated with TLI for lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 81232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8084", "title": "Production of antisera specific for idiotype(s) of murine anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A--L were raised in C57BL/10 and C3H.SW mice. For each strain, the anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies from 10 animals were pooled, affinity purified on a (T,G)-A--L-Sepharose column, and used to immunize Lewis rats. The resulting rat antisera were adsorbed with insolubilized normal mouse globulin in order to remove anti-isotypic and anti-allotypic antibodies. The residual antibodies specifically inhibited the binding of (T,G)-A--L by anti-(T,G)-A--L as measured by a radioimmunoassay. The specificity of this inhibition was demonstrated as follows: 1) failure of the anti-(T,G)-A--L anti-idiotype to inhibit the binding of nuclease to anti-nuclease antibody of the same allotype; 2) failure of Lewis anti-[B10 anti-(T,G)-A--L] to inhibit C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L and vice versa; 3) ability to absorb anti-C3H.SW anti-idiotypic activity on insolubilized C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L but not on B10 anti-(T,G)-A--L. The same or cross-reactive idiotype(s) was present in the majority of individuals of each of these strains.", "contents": "Production of antisera specific for idiotype(s) of murine anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies. Antibodies to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A--L were raised in C57BL/10 and C3H.SW mice. For each strain, the anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies from 10 animals were pooled, affinity purified on a (T,G)-A--L-Sepharose column, and used to immunize Lewis rats. The resulting rat antisera were adsorbed with insolubilized normal mouse globulin in order to remove anti-isotypic and anti-allotypic antibodies. The residual antibodies specifically inhibited the binding of (T,G)-A--L by anti-(T,G)-A--L as measured by a radioimmunoassay. The specificity of this inhibition was demonstrated as follows: 1) failure of the anti-(T,G)-A--L anti-idiotype to inhibit the binding of nuclease to anti-nuclease antibody of the same allotype; 2) failure of Lewis anti-[B10 anti-(T,G)-A--L] to inhibit C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L and vice versa; 3) ability to absorb anti-C3H.SW anti-idiotypic activity on insolubilized C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L but not on B10 anti-(T,G)-A--L. The same or cross-reactive idiotype(s) was present in the majority of individuals of each of these strains.", "PMID": 81233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8085", "title": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with specificity for p-azophenylarsonate coupled syngeneic cells.", "content": "Conditions are described for diazonium linkage of the hapten p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) to mouse lymphocytes for the purpose of induction of syngeneic cytolytic T lymphocytes. These cytolytic effector cells do not lyse target cells that are coupled with an unrelated hapten, trinitrophenyl. Cell lysis can be blocked by the addition of anti-Ar antiserum. Only those target cells that share H-2 K or D end antigens with the stimulating cell population are susceptible to lysis. Several methods were used in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of the Ar cross-reactive idiotype on CTL induced in A/J mice.", "contents": "The induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes with specificity for p-azophenylarsonate coupled syngeneic cells. Conditions are described for diazonium linkage of the hapten p-azophenylarsonate (Ar) to mouse lymphocytes for the purpose of induction of syngeneic cytolytic T lymphocytes. These cytolytic effector cells do not lyse target cells that are coupled with an unrelated hapten, trinitrophenyl. Cell lysis can be blocked by the addition of anti-Ar antiserum. Only those target cells that share H-2 K or D end antigens with the stimulating cell population are susceptible to lysis. Several methods were used in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of the Ar cross-reactive idiotype on CTL induced in A/J mice.", "PMID": 81234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8086", "title": "Isolation and antigenic characterization of the product of a third polymorphic H-2 locus, H-2L.", "content": "The serology, immunochemistry, and genetics of the product(s) of a third H-2 locus, H-2L (previously designated D') have been studied by using an antiserum raised in BALB/c H-2db mutant mice against tissues from the wild type strain, BALB/c. Genetic mapping studies and sequential immunoprecipitation experiments both indicate that this antiserum reacts specifically with L molecules. These results imply that an H-2L product is antigenically undetectable in BALB/c-H-2db mice and that the lesion in this mutant is confined to the H-2L and not the H-2D locus. Two new specificities, H-2.64 and H-2.65, are defined by the reactivity of anti-L serum on allogeneic cells, and the strain distribution of these specificities suggests the existence of at least three H-2L alleles. This third H-2 locls is therefore polymorphic and in view of this and other similarities to the H-2K and H-2D loci, it must be considered in any evolutionary models dealing with the origin of multiple subloci of the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Isolation and antigenic characterization of the product of a third polymorphic H-2 locus, H-2L. The serology, immunochemistry, and genetics of the product(s) of a third H-2 locus, H-2L (previously designated D') have been studied by using an antiserum raised in BALB/c H-2db mutant mice against tissues from the wild type strain, BALB/c. Genetic mapping studies and sequential immunoprecipitation experiments both indicate that this antiserum reacts specifically with L molecules. These results imply that an H-2L product is antigenically undetectable in BALB/c-H-2db mice and that the lesion in this mutant is confined to the H-2L and not the H-2D locus. Two new specificities, H-2.64 and H-2.65, are defined by the reactivity of anti-L serum on allogeneic cells, and the strain distribution of these specificities suggests the existence of at least three H-2L alleles. This third H-2 locls is therefore polymorphic and in view of this and other similarities to the H-2K and H-2D loci, it must be considered in any evolutionary models dealing with the origin of multiple subloci of the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 81236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8087", "title": "Measurement of immunoperoxidase activity. A rapid and reproducible immunoassay for quantitation of cellular antigens.", "content": "A procedure is described making it possible to obtain quantitative data with the immunohistochemical peroxidase anti--peroxidase (PAP) technique. After applying PAP on fixed fibroblast preparations, peroxidase enzymic activity is measured on solubilized immune-complexes. The results show this technique to be sensitive and reproducible. Differences in the amounts of the same antigen (alpha2-macroglobulin) are detected in differently treated fibroblast preparations. The value of the technique for the demonstration of cellular antigens is discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of immunoperoxidase activity. A rapid and reproducible immunoassay for quantitation of cellular antigens. A procedure is described making it possible to obtain quantitative data with the immunohistochemical peroxidase anti--peroxidase (PAP) technique. After applying PAP on fixed fibroblast preparations, peroxidase enzymic activity is measured on solubilized immune-complexes. The results show this technique to be sensitive and reproducible. Differences in the amounts of the same antigen (alpha2-macroglobulin) are detected in differently treated fibroblast preparations. The value of the technique for the demonstration of cellular antigens is discussed.", "PMID": 81240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8088", "title": "Affinity chromatographic purification of the pregnancy zone protein.", "content": "An immunospecific affinity chromatographic method for purification of human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) directly from serum is described. Highly purified goat-anti-human PZP-immunoglobulin was applied as a ligand. Recovery of PZP varied from 56--75%. The impurities constituted maximally 5--10% of the total protein in the eluate. The purification factor was approximately 100.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic purification of the pregnancy zone protein. An immunospecific affinity chromatographic method for purification of human pregnancy zone protein (PZP) directly from serum is described. Highly purified goat-anti-human PZP-immunoglobulin was applied as a ligand. Recovery of PZP varied from 56--75%. The impurities constituted maximally 5--10% of the total protein in the eluate. The purification factor was approximately 100.", "PMID": 81241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8089", "title": "Cytoplasmic immunofluorescent staining: a micromethod with counterstain.", "content": "A method of immunofluorescent staining of intra-cytoplasmic Ig in cytocentrifuged cells is described which requires as little as 3 microliter of conjugated antisera.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic immunofluorescent staining: a micromethod with counterstain. A method of immunofluorescent staining of intra-cytoplasmic Ig in cytocentrifuged cells is described which requires as little as 3 microliter of conjugated antisera.", "PMID": 81242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8090", "title": "Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin.", "content": "Intradermal injection of synthetic substance P (10(-7)--10(-5) M in humans produced flare, wheal and itching. These responses were inhibited by oral pretreatment of the subjects with an antihistaminic drug (chlorcyclizine) or by local pretreatment with Compound 48/80 administered to deplete the local stores of mast-cell bound histamine. The findings indicate that the responses induced by substance P were mainly mediated by histamine released from the dermal mast cells. In contrast to previously studied histamine liberators, substance P was less potent when acting on rat mast cells in vitro than on human skin mast cells in vivo. When incubated with rat peritoneal mast cells, about 100 times higher concentrations (10(-5) M) were required to induce histamine release than in the in vivo studies on humans. It was concluded that substance P is a potent histamine liberator in human skin.", "contents": "Flare and itch induced by substance P in human skin. Intradermal injection of synthetic substance P (10(-7)--10(-5) M in humans produced flare, wheal and itching. These responses were inhibited by oral pretreatment of the subjects with an antihistaminic drug (chlorcyclizine) or by local pretreatment with Compound 48/80 administered to deplete the local stores of mast-cell bound histamine. The findings indicate that the responses induced by substance P were mainly mediated by histamine released from the dermal mast cells. In contrast to previously studied histamine liberators, substance P was less potent when acting on rat mast cells in vitro than on human skin mast cells in vivo. When incubated with rat peritoneal mast cells, about 100 times higher concentrations (10(-5) M) were required to induce histamine release than in the in vivo studies on humans. It was concluded that substance P is a potent histamine liberator in human skin.", "PMID": 81243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8091", "title": "Cold urticaria: inhibition of cold-induced histamine release by doxantrazole.", "content": "Thirteen patients with cold urticaria were studied to assess the effect of the systemic drug doxantrazole, which has actions resembling disodium cromoglycate, on cold evoked histamine release. The patients, all of whom developed an immediate local whealing response after cooling of the forearm, demonstrated release of histamine into venous blood draining that forearm. Following doxantrazole treatment, significant suppression of histamine release occurred. In some but not all patients this was accompanied by diminution of urtication in response to cooling. A double-blind study was carried out in 3 subjects, all of whom showed diminished cold-stimulated histamine release after doxantrazole. Two of these showed clinical improvement. Doxantrazole had no effect on erythema due to intradermal histamine, but did suppress the erythematous reaction to intradermal injection of compound 48/80. Our results suggest that doxantrazole or related anti-allergic agents might be useful in the treatment of cold urticaria.", "contents": "Cold urticaria: inhibition of cold-induced histamine release by doxantrazole. Thirteen patients with cold urticaria were studied to assess the effect of the systemic drug doxantrazole, which has actions resembling disodium cromoglycate, on cold evoked histamine release. The patients, all of whom developed an immediate local whealing response after cooling of the forearm, demonstrated release of histamine into venous blood draining that forearm. Following doxantrazole treatment, significant suppression of histamine release occurred. In some but not all patients this was accompanied by diminution of urtication in response to cooling. A double-blind study was carried out in 3 subjects, all of whom showed diminished cold-stimulated histamine release after doxantrazole. Two of these showed clinical improvement. Doxantrazole had no effect on erythema due to intradermal histamine, but did suppress the erythematous reaction to intradermal injection of compound 48/80. Our results suggest that doxantrazole or related anti-allergic agents might be useful in the treatment of cold urticaria.", "PMID": 81244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8092", "title": "Effect of ozone on lysosomal enzymes of alveolar macrophages engaged in phagocytosis and killing of inhaled Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The role of lysosomal enzymes in the inactivation of inhaled bacteria by alveolar macrophages was studied in rats infected with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus and then exposed for 5 hr to 2.5 ppm of ozone to determine whether pollutant-induced defects in phagocytic killing were associated with reduction in enzyme activity. Rates of bacterial ingestion and the activities of cellular acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were measured simultaneously in in situ perfused right lungs by sequential staining of frozen sections for enzyme and bacteria. Quantitative measurements of enzyme activity within macrophages without ingested bacteria were made with a computer-controlled cytospectrophotometry system. Exposure to ozone resulted in diminished rates of bacterial clearance and ingestion, large increases in numbers of intra- and extracellular staphylococcal microcolonies, and an absence of enzyme activity for macrophages containing bacterial microcolonies. Enzyme activity was unimpaired in macrophages without ingested bacteria. These results, in which absence of enzyme activity occurred only in macrophages subjected to the dual insults of ozone exposure and ingested bacteria, prove a relationship between impairment in bactericidal capacity and cellular activities of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of ozone on lysosomal enzymes of alveolar macrophages engaged in phagocytosis and killing of inhaled Staphylococcus aureus. The role of lysosomal enzymes in the inactivation of inhaled bacteria by alveolar macrophages was studied in rats infected with aerosols of Staphylococcus aureus and then exposed for 5 hr to 2.5 ppm of ozone to determine whether pollutant-induced defects in phagocytic killing were associated with reduction in enzyme activity. Rates of bacterial ingestion and the activities of cellular acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were measured simultaneously in in situ perfused right lungs by sequential staining of frozen sections for enzyme and bacteria. Quantitative measurements of enzyme activity within macrophages without ingested bacteria were made with a computer-controlled cytospectrophotometry system. Exposure to ozone resulted in diminished rates of bacterial clearance and ingestion, large increases in numbers of intra- and extracellular staphylococcal microcolonies, and an absence of enzyme activity for macrophages containing bacterial microcolonies. Enzyme activity was unimpaired in macrophages without ingested bacteria. These results, in which absence of enzyme activity occurred only in macrophages subjected to the dual insults of ozone exposure and ingested bacteria, prove a relationship between impairment in bactericidal capacity and cellular activities of lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 81245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8093", "title": "Antigen-specific serotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantitate pilus antigens on gonococci.", "content": "Purified pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate human or rabbit antibodies to pili; amounts of pilus antigen on different gonococci were quantitated, and yields of pili during purification were determined in ELISA by the degree of inhibition of optical density. The amount of pilus antigen expressed on the surface of colony type 1 or 2 gonococci of three different strains varied from 450 to 9,000 ng/600 microliter of a 200-Klett unit suspension. The quantity of pilus antigen was correlated directly with the extent of piliation as determined by electron microscopy. No pilus antigen was found by ELISA in colony type 4 organisms (devoid of pili) of three different strains. No more than 10% shared antigenicity was observed for antigenically different pili. Present purification procedures for gonococcal pili provide a yield of approximately 15%. ELISA may allow better evaluation and quantitation of the potential roles of antibody to pili in the killing or opsonization of gonococci or in the inhibition of gonococcal attachment to human cells.", "contents": "Antigen-specific serotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantitate pilus antigens on gonococci. Purified pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate human or rabbit antibodies to pili; amounts of pilus antigen on different gonococci were quantitated, and yields of pili during purification were determined in ELISA by the degree of inhibition of optical density. The amount of pilus antigen expressed on the surface of colony type 1 or 2 gonococci of three different strains varied from 450 to 9,000 ng/600 microliter of a 200-Klett unit suspension. The quantity of pilus antigen was correlated directly with the extent of piliation as determined by electron microscopy. No pilus antigen was found by ELISA in colony type 4 organisms (devoid of pili) of three different strains. No more than 10% shared antigenicity was observed for antigenically different pili. Present purification procedures for gonococcal pili provide a yield of approximately 15%. ELISA may allow better evaluation and quantitation of the potential roles of antibody to pili in the killing or opsonization of gonococci or in the inhibition of gonococcal attachment to human cells.", "PMID": 81246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8094", "title": "Clinical trial of intra-arterial polychemotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oral cavity.", "content": "Following studies of problems regarding the phenomenon of synchronization and cell recruitment, the authors present the results obtained using antimitotic polychemotherapy (VCR, MTX, BLM, ADM or MTC) administered to 47 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. This treatment resulted in a regression in 29/47 patients (61.7 %). All patients were subjected to X-ray therapy, while only a part of the responders were subjected to surgery. Survival after 18 months from the beginning of the treatment has been 24/47 patients (51.0%). Since the majority of patients were beyond the limits of surgery and/or radiotherapy, this can be considered as a positive result, even though the risk of death due to polychemotherapy has been rather high.", "contents": "Clinical trial of intra-arterial polychemotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oral cavity. Following studies of problems regarding the phenomenon of synchronization and cell recruitment, the authors present the results obtained using antimitotic polychemotherapy (VCR, MTX, BLM, ADM or MTC) administered to 47 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. This treatment resulted in a regression in 29/47 patients (61.7 %). All patients were subjected to X-ray therapy, while only a part of the responders were subjected to surgery. Survival after 18 months from the beginning of the treatment has been 24/47 patients (51.0%). Since the majority of patients were beyond the limits of surgery and/or radiotherapy, this can be considered as a positive result, even though the risk of death due to polychemotherapy has been rather high.", "PMID": 81254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8095", "title": "Modulation of alphafetoprotein synthesis in the early postimplantation mouse embryo.", "content": "The visceral endoderm of mouse egg cylinders on the 7th and 8th days of gestation is divided into the visceral embryonic (VE) endoderm cell population which synthesizes alphafetoprotein (AFP), and the visceral extra-embryonic (VEX) endoderm population which does not synthesize AFP. Embryonic (E) and extra-embryonic (EX) ectoderm and visceral endoderm tissues were enzymically separated, reassociated in different combinations, and cultured in vitro for 48 h. The immunoperoxidase reaction on sections of cultured tissues showed that both VE and VEX endoderm cells synthesize high levels of AFP when cultured in isolation or in association with E ectoderm, but do not synthesize AFP when in close association with EX ectoderm. Both 7th and 8th day VEX endoderm cells synthesize detectable levels of AFP 12 h after isolation, and contain high levels by 24 h. It is concluded that both VE and VEX endoderm cells have the ability to synthesize AFP, but modulation of expression occurs through an inhibitory influence of the EX ectoderm.", "contents": "Modulation of alphafetoprotein synthesis in the early postimplantation mouse embryo. The visceral endoderm of mouse egg cylinders on the 7th and 8th days of gestation is divided into the visceral embryonic (VE) endoderm cell population which synthesizes alphafetoprotein (AFP), and the visceral extra-embryonic (VEX) endoderm population which does not synthesize AFP. Embryonic (E) and extra-embryonic (EX) ectoderm and visceral endoderm tissues were enzymically separated, reassociated in different combinations, and cultured in vitro for 48 h. The immunoperoxidase reaction on sections of cultured tissues showed that both VE and VEX endoderm cells synthesize high levels of AFP when cultured in isolation or in association with E ectoderm, but do not synthesize AFP when in close association with EX ectoderm. Both 7th and 8th day VEX endoderm cells synthesize detectable levels of AFP 12 h after isolation, and contain high levels by 24 h. It is concluded that both VE and VEX endoderm cells have the ability to synthesize AFP, but modulation of expression occurs through an inhibitory influence of the EX ectoderm.", "PMID": 81255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8096", "title": "Cellular and genetic restrictions in the immunoregulatory activity of alpha-fetoprotein. II. Alpha-fetoprotein-induced suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte development.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a major component of fetal and newborn sera, was shown to exert significant immunosuppressive activity on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This suppression proved independent of the suppressibility of the mixed leukocyte culture activation phase, since strain combinations whose proliferative responses were refractive to AFP-induced suppression also failed to develop demonstrable CTLs in the presence of AFP. Several strain combinations were also found in which normal generation of CTLs occurred in cultures containing AFP. This refractive nature correlated with the presence of nonsuppressible lymphocyte-stimulating alloantigenic systems on the stimulating cell population. These data provide the basis for proposing several possible mechanisms for AFP-induced suppression of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, as well as suggesting that the primary target of this suppression is the proliferating helper T cell precommited to respond towards the major histocompatibility complex-associated lymphocyte-activating determinants.", "contents": "Cellular and genetic restrictions in the immunoregulatory activity of alpha-fetoprotein. II. Alpha-fetoprotein-induced suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte development. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a major component of fetal and newborn sera, was shown to exert significant immunosuppressive activity on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This suppression proved independent of the suppressibility of the mixed leukocyte culture activation phase, since strain combinations whose proliferative responses were refractive to AFP-induced suppression also failed to develop demonstrable CTLs in the presence of AFP. Several strain combinations were also found in which normal generation of CTLs occurred in cultures containing AFP. This refractive nature correlated with the presence of nonsuppressible lymphocyte-stimulating alloantigenic systems on the stimulating cell population. These data provide the basis for proposing several possible mechanisms for AFP-induced suppression of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, as well as suggesting that the primary target of this suppression is the proliferating helper T cell precommited to respond towards the major histocompatibility complex-associated lymphocyte-activating determinants.", "PMID": 81256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8097", "title": "Induction and mode of action of suppressor cells generated against human gamma globulin. I. An immunologic unresponsive state devoid of demonstrable suppressor cells.", "content": "A model of unresponsiveness to human gamma-globulin (HGG) which is maintained in the absence of demonstrable suppressor cells has been described. A/J mice were tolerized with deaggregated HGG purified from a variety of sources. The spleen cells from these tolerized mice were assessed for their ability to suppress the response of normal spleen cells to HGG when transferred into lethally irradiated mice. All of the HGG preparations obtained from commercial sources as Cohn fraction II of pooled, outdated plasma induced suppressor cells to HGG, although not of equal magnitude. However, suppressor cells could not be demonstrated in the spleens of mice tolerized with deaggregated HGG purified from the plasma of a healthy individual. This inability to detect suppression was independent of the method of purification of the HGG and of the time of assessment of the putative suppressor cells after tolerization. Similarly, deaggregated HGG isolated from an IgG1 lambda-myeloma protein induced unresponsiveness to HGG but did not stimulate demonstrable suppressor cells. These data suggest that suppressor T cells are not involved in the maintenance of tolerance to this antigen, although they may play a regulatory role in the immune response to HGG. Support for this concept was obtained by assessing the duration of unresponsiveness in the T and B lymphocytes of mice tolerized with the various HGG preparations. Mice tolerized with the HGG preparations that stimulated little or no suppression were among the last to recover responsiveness. Indeed, there was no consistent correlation between the level of suppressor cell activity and the degree of unresponsiveness in either the splenic T or B lymphocytes. Thus, although certain HGG preparations may provide a tool for the generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells, the utilization of these suppressive preparations may be inappropriate for the investigation of the mechanisms of the induction and maintenance of the unresponsive state.", "contents": "Induction and mode of action of suppressor cells generated against human gamma globulin. I. An immunologic unresponsive state devoid of demonstrable suppressor cells. A model of unresponsiveness to human gamma-globulin (HGG) which is maintained in the absence of demonstrable suppressor cells has been described. A/J mice were tolerized with deaggregated HGG purified from a variety of sources. The spleen cells from these tolerized mice were assessed for their ability to suppress the response of normal spleen cells to HGG when transferred into lethally irradiated mice. All of the HGG preparations obtained from commercial sources as Cohn fraction II of pooled, outdated plasma induced suppressor cells to HGG, although not of equal magnitude. However, suppressor cells could not be demonstrated in the spleens of mice tolerized with deaggregated HGG purified from the plasma of a healthy individual. This inability to detect suppression was independent of the method of purification of the HGG and of the time of assessment of the putative suppressor cells after tolerization. Similarly, deaggregated HGG isolated from an IgG1 lambda-myeloma protein induced unresponsiveness to HGG but did not stimulate demonstrable suppressor cells. These data suggest that suppressor T cells are not involved in the maintenance of tolerance to this antigen, although they may play a regulatory role in the immune response to HGG. Support for this concept was obtained by assessing the duration of unresponsiveness in the T and B lymphocytes of mice tolerized with the various HGG preparations. Mice tolerized with the HGG preparations that stimulated little or no suppression were among the last to recover responsiveness. Indeed, there was no consistent correlation between the level of suppressor cell activity and the degree of unresponsiveness in either the splenic T or B lymphocytes. Thus, although certain HGG preparations may provide a tool for the generation of antigen-specific suppressor T cells, the utilization of these suppressive preparations may be inappropriate for the investigation of the mechanisms of the induction and maintenance of the unresponsive state.", "PMID": 81257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8098", "title": "T-cell-specific murine Ia antigens: serology of I-J and I-E subregion specificities.", "content": "(B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice were immunized with B10.A(5R) concanavalin A-stimulated thymocyte blasts. The genetic disparity between donor and recipient was restricted to the I-J and I-E subregions of the murine major histocompatibility (H-2) complex. A high-titered, T-cell-specific anti I-JkEk serum was obtained. The antiserum lysed 27-30% of haplotype k, q, or s lymph node cells, 5.3 +/- 2% of haplotype k spleen cells, and did not lyse thymocytes. Nylon wool-passed lymph node or spleen cells (H-2k) showed considerable reactivity with anti-I-JkEk serum (35-40% lysis); anti-Thy1.2 plus complement-treated spleen cells did not react (less than 5% lysis). I-Ek antibody was detected by B10.A(3R) lymph node cell reactivity (20% lysis), whereas reaction with H-2k lymph node cells after B10.A(3R) absorption demonstrated IJk antibody (12% lysis). Lymphocyte activation with alloantigen or mitogen led to increased anti-I-JkEk serum reactivity. These results, showing antibody production to at least two T-cell Ia antigenic determinants by concanavalin A thmocyte blast immunization, suggest that a group of I-region-encoded T-cell specificities may not have been detected using conventional immunization protocols because they would not have comprised a major antigenic component of the immunizing cell population. The existence of multiple Ia antigenic determinants unique to T lymphocytes would have important implications for serological and functional studies of T-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "T-cell-specific murine Ia antigens: serology of I-J and I-E subregion specificities. (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice were immunized with B10.A(5R) concanavalin A-stimulated thymocyte blasts. The genetic disparity between donor and recipient was restricted to the I-J and I-E subregions of the murine major histocompatibility (H-2) complex. A high-titered, T-cell-specific anti I-JkEk serum was obtained. The antiserum lysed 27-30% of haplotype k, q, or s lymph node cells, 5.3 +/- 2% of haplotype k spleen cells, and did not lyse thymocytes. Nylon wool-passed lymph node or spleen cells (H-2k) showed considerable reactivity with anti-I-JkEk serum (35-40% lysis); anti-Thy1.2 plus complement-treated spleen cells did not react (less than 5% lysis). I-Ek antibody was detected by B10.A(3R) lymph node cell reactivity (20% lysis), whereas reaction with H-2k lymph node cells after B10.A(3R) absorption demonstrated IJk antibody (12% lysis). Lymphocyte activation with alloantigen or mitogen led to increased anti-I-JkEk serum reactivity. These results, showing antibody production to at least two T-cell Ia antigenic determinants by concanavalin A thmocyte blast immunization, suggest that a group of I-region-encoded T-cell specificities may not have been detected using conventional immunization protocols because they would not have comprised a major antigenic component of the immunizing cell population. The existence of multiple Ia antigenic determinants unique to T lymphocytes would have important implications for serological and functional studies of T-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 81258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8099", "title": "Spatial requirements between haptenic and carrier determinants for T-dependent antibody responses.", "content": "To gauge the proximity between cooperating T and B cells required for effective triggering of antibody production, guinea pigs were immunized with bifunctional antigens in which the haptenic and carrier determinants were separated by rigid spacers of varied dimension. These took the form 2,4-dinitrophenol-(proline)n-L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate, where n varied from 1 to 40 proline residues. Animals immunized with n = 10 and n = 22 compounds made strong anti-DNP antibody responses, whereas animals immunized with bifunctional compounds containing longer spacers did not make antibody detectable by precipitation. It can be calculated on the basis of very strong physicochemical evidence for the rigidity and axial translation of poly-L-proline chains in solution that the cut-off point for effective interaction between T and B cells lies between 69 and 97 A U.", "contents": "Spatial requirements between haptenic and carrier determinants for T-dependent antibody responses. To gauge the proximity between cooperating T and B cells required for effective triggering of antibody production, guinea pigs were immunized with bifunctional antigens in which the haptenic and carrier determinants were separated by rigid spacers of varied dimension. These took the form 2,4-dinitrophenol-(proline)n-L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate, where n varied from 1 to 40 proline residues. Animals immunized with n = 10 and n = 22 compounds made strong anti-DNP antibody responses, whereas animals immunized with bifunctional compounds containing longer spacers did not make antibody detectable by precipitation. It can be calculated on the basis of very strong physicochemical evidence for the rigidity and axial translation of poly-L-proline chains in solution that the cut-off point for effective interaction between T and B cells lies between 69 and 97 A U.", "PMID": 81259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8100", "title": "Shared antigenic determinants by mitogen receptors and antibody molecules to the same thymus-independent antigen.", "content": "The antibody response to dextran B1355 is thymus independent, and in high responder mice, over 90% of the antibodies carry the idiotype of an alpha-1,3 binding myeloma protein (J558). The present experiments demonstrate: (a) dextran B1355 is a B-cell mitogen both in a strain which carries the J558 idiotype on antibodies and in a low-responder strain which does not express that idiotype on antibodies to dextran; (b) anti-idiotypic antibodies to J558 recognize a dextran-specific surface receptor on 10--15% of all splenic B cells in those two strains as well as in all strains so far tested; (c) as shown by inhibition experiments such surface receptors cross-react with J558, and (d) anti-idiotypic antibodies are mitogenic for spleen cells of both strains resulting in B-cell proliferation and maturation to polyclonal antibody secretion.", "contents": "Shared antigenic determinants by mitogen receptors and antibody molecules to the same thymus-independent antigen. The antibody response to dextran B1355 is thymus independent, and in high responder mice, over 90% of the antibodies carry the idiotype of an alpha-1,3 binding myeloma protein (J558). The present experiments demonstrate: (a) dextran B1355 is a B-cell mitogen both in a strain which carries the J558 idiotype on antibodies and in a low-responder strain which does not express that idiotype on antibodies to dextran; (b) anti-idiotypic antibodies to J558 recognize a dextran-specific surface receptor on 10--15% of all splenic B cells in those two strains as well as in all strains so far tested; (c) as shown by inhibition experiments such surface receptors cross-react with J558, and (d) anti-idiotypic antibodies are mitogenic for spleen cells of both strains resulting in B-cell proliferation and maturation to polyclonal antibody secretion.", "PMID": 81260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8101", "title": "Purification of functional, determinant-specific, idiotype-bearing murine T cells.", "content": "Strain A/J mice immunized with azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-mouse IgG conjugates develop suppression for anti-trinitrophenyl(TNP) responses to doubly conjugated (ABA,TNP) proteins. This suppression is specific for the ABA epitope and is mediated by T cells in cell transfer experiments. ABA-binding T cells from suppressed animals were purified by a two-stage procedure in which B cells were removed from spleen cell populations by adherence to plastic surfaces coated with anti-mouse Ig antibody, followed by binding the nonadherent population (more 95 percent Thy-1-positive) to surfaces coated with ABA-protein conjugates. Approximately 90 percent of the cells recovered by temperature-dependent elution from the ABA plates (similar to 2 percent of the spleen cells) bound antigen immediately afterward, and up to 50 percent of the cells bound anti-cross-reactive idiotype antibody. On the other hand, the nonadherent T-cell population was completely negative in the antigen- binding and idiotype assays. Another distinguishing feature of the two T-cell populations was that 78 percent of the adherent cells, but only 2 percent of the nonadherent cells, were Ia positive, although the specific I-region marker(s) expressed on the cells was not identified. The biological function of the antigen-binding T cells was investigated using a standard cell transfer protocol. Suppressor cells were enriched in the adherent population by a factor of at least 25, establishing that functional, epitope-specific, idiotype-bearing T cells can be significantly purified by this procedure. Note Added in Proof. We have recently isolated two types of ABA-binding molecules biosynthetically labeled with (35)S-methionine from NP-40 lysates of purified antigen-specific T cells. The molecules were purified by adsorption onto an ABA-Sepharose immunoadsorbent followed by elution with 9 M urea. Autoradiograms of SDS-PAGE of the eluates revealed components with tool wt of approximately 60,000 and 33,000 dahons. These molecules were not present in eluates from a bovine IgG-Sepharose control immunoadsorbent and thus represent specific ABA-binding products synthesized by T cells.", "contents": "Purification of functional, determinant-specific, idiotype-bearing murine T cells. Strain A/J mice immunized with azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-mouse IgG conjugates develop suppression for anti-trinitrophenyl(TNP) responses to doubly conjugated (ABA,TNP) proteins. This suppression is specific for the ABA epitope and is mediated by T cells in cell transfer experiments. ABA-binding T cells from suppressed animals were purified by a two-stage procedure in which B cells were removed from spleen cell populations by adherence to plastic surfaces coated with anti-mouse Ig antibody, followed by binding the nonadherent population (more 95 percent Thy-1-positive) to surfaces coated with ABA-protein conjugates. Approximately 90 percent of the cells recovered by temperature-dependent elution from the ABA plates (similar to 2 percent of the spleen cells) bound antigen immediately afterward, and up to 50 percent of the cells bound anti-cross-reactive idiotype antibody. On the other hand, the nonadherent T-cell population was completely negative in the antigen- binding and idiotype assays. Another distinguishing feature of the two T-cell populations was that 78 percent of the adherent cells, but only 2 percent of the nonadherent cells, were Ia positive, although the specific I-region marker(s) expressed on the cells was not identified. The biological function of the antigen-binding T cells was investigated using a standard cell transfer protocol. Suppressor cells were enriched in the adherent population by a factor of at least 25, establishing that functional, epitope-specific, idiotype-bearing T cells can be significantly purified by this procedure. Note Added in Proof. We have recently isolated two types of ABA-binding molecules biosynthetically labeled with (35)S-methionine from NP-40 lysates of purified antigen-specific T cells. The molecules were purified by adsorption onto an ABA-Sepharose immunoadsorbent followed by elution with 9 M urea. Autoradiograms of SDS-PAGE of the eluates revealed components with tool wt of approximately 60,000 and 33,000 dahons. These molecules were not present in eluates from a bovine IgG-Sepharose control immunoadsorbent and thus represent specific ABA-binding products synthesized by T cells.", "PMID": 81261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8102", "title": "Immunological studies of aging. IV. The contribution of thymic involution to the immune deficiencies of aging mice and reversal with thymopoietin32-36.", "content": "Aged mice preferentially lose the capacity to make IgG and high affinity PFC after immunization with the T-dependent antigen DNP-BGG. We have found that thymectomy accelerates the appearances of these immune deficiencies associated with aging. When splenocytes from old mice are transferred to young lethally irradiated, syngeneic mice and the recipients immunized 7 wk later, the number of IgG and high affinity PFC was increased compared to the response of old splenocytes transferred to young thymectomized mice. These immune deficiencies of aged mice were also reversed when old mice were treated with thymopoietin in vivo or splenocytes from old mice were incubated with thymopoietin before adoptive transfer to young irradiated, thymectomized syngeneic mice. The T-cell independent response to DNP-Ficoll was less impaired than the T-cell dependent response to DNP-BGG in old animals. These data suggest that a decline in thymic function that occurs during aging may contribute to the immunological deficiencies of old animals.", "contents": "Immunological studies of aging. IV. The contribution of thymic involution to the immune deficiencies of aging mice and reversal with thymopoietin32-36. Aged mice preferentially lose the capacity to make IgG and high affinity PFC after immunization with the T-dependent antigen DNP-BGG. We have found that thymectomy accelerates the appearances of these immune deficiencies associated with aging. When splenocytes from old mice are transferred to young lethally irradiated, syngeneic mice and the recipients immunized 7 wk later, the number of IgG and high affinity PFC was increased compared to the response of old splenocytes transferred to young thymectomized mice. These immune deficiencies of aged mice were also reversed when old mice were treated with thymopoietin in vivo or splenocytes from old mice were incubated with thymopoietin before adoptive transfer to young irradiated, thymectomized syngeneic mice. The T-cell independent response to DNP-Ficoll was less impaired than the T-cell dependent response to DNP-BGG in old animals. These data suggest that a decline in thymic function that occurs during aging may contribute to the immunological deficiencies of old animals.", "PMID": 81262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8103", "title": "Expression of an onco-developmental antegen among avian species.", "content": "Rabbit antisera directed against an onco-developmental antigen on chicken red blood cells have been serologically dissected through specific adsorptions. It is now possible to detect 13 antigenic determinants with the fractionated antisera. The onco-developmental antigen referred to as chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is fetal-specific in the white Leghorn chicken, being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-leukemic birds. However, one or more of the onco-developmental antigenic determinants have been detected on adult peripheral red blood cells of non-Gallus avian species, as well as on red blood cells from two adult chicken varieties. For phylogenetic purposes, red blood cells from avian species were characterized for their combinations of CFA determinants. Comparisons among species revealed specific patterns of antigenic expression within phylogenetic groups. Several CFA determinants were restricted in their occurrence to species within a single family, and one determinant was found in all cases where CFA was expressed. The distribution of CFA determinants was used to determine immunological distances among four Galliform species. These distances agreed with the immunological relationships established using different serological markers.", "contents": "Expression of an onco-developmental antegen among avian species. Rabbit antisera directed against an onco-developmental antigen on chicken red blood cells have been serologically dissected through specific adsorptions. It is now possible to detect 13 antigenic determinants with the fractionated antisera. The onco-developmental antigen referred to as chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is fetal-specific in the white Leghorn chicken, being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-leukemic birds. However, one or more of the onco-developmental antigenic determinants have been detected on adult peripheral red blood cells of non-Gallus avian species, as well as on red blood cells from two adult chicken varieties. For phylogenetic purposes, red blood cells from avian species were characterized for their combinations of CFA determinants. Comparisons among species revealed specific patterns of antigenic expression within phylogenetic groups. Several CFA determinants were restricted in their occurrence to species within a single family, and one determinant was found in all cases where CFA was expressed. The distribution of CFA determinants was used to determine immunological distances among four Galliform species. These distances agreed with the immunological relationships established using different serological markers.", "PMID": 81263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8104", "title": "Interaction of ions and water in gramicidin A channels: streaming potentials across lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "For very narrow channels in which ions and water cannot overtake one another (single-file transport), electrokinetic measurements provide information about the number of water molecules within a channel. Gramicidin A is believed to form such narrow channels in lipid bilayer membranes. In 0.01 and 0.1 M solutions of CsCl, KCL, and NaCl, streaming potentials of 3.0 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference (created by urea, glycerol, or glucose) appear across gramicidin A-treated membranes. This implies that there are six to seven water molecules within a gramicidin channel. Electroosmotic experiments, in which the water flux assoicated with current flow across gramicidin-treated membranes is measured, corroborate this result. In 1 M salt solutions, streaming potentials are 2.35 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference instead of 3.0 mV. The smaller value may indicate multiple ion occupancy of the gramicidin channel at high salt concentrations. Apparent deviations from ideal cationic selectivity observed while attempting to measure single-salt dilution potentials across gramicidin-treated membranes result from streaming potential effects.", "contents": "Interaction of ions and water in gramicidin A channels: streaming potentials across lipid bilayer membranes. For very narrow channels in which ions and water cannot overtake one another (single-file transport), electrokinetic measurements provide information about the number of water molecules within a channel. Gramicidin A is believed to form such narrow channels in lipid bilayer membranes. In 0.01 and 0.1 M solutions of CsCl, KCL, and NaCl, streaming potentials of 3.0 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference (created by urea, glycerol, or glucose) appear across gramicidin A-treated membranes. This implies that there are six to seven water molecules within a gramicidin channel. Electroosmotic experiments, in which the water flux assoicated with current flow across gramicidin-treated membranes is measured, corroborate this result. In 1 M salt solutions, streaming potentials are 2.35 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference instead of 3.0 mV. The smaller value may indicate multiple ion occupancy of the gramicidin channel at high salt concentrations. Apparent deviations from ideal cationic selectivity observed while attempting to measure single-salt dilution potentials across gramicidin-treated membranes result from streaming potential effects.", "PMID": 81264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8105", "title": "Water permeability of gramicidin A-treated lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "In membranes containing aqueous pores (channels), the osmotic water permeability coefficient, P f, is greater than the diffusive water permeability coefficient, P d. In fact, the magnitude of P f/P d is commonly used to determine pore radius. Although, for membranes studied to date, P f/P d monotonically declines with decreasing pore radius, there is controversy over the value it theoretically assumes when that radius is so small that water molecules cannot overtake one another within the channel (single-file transport). In one view it should equal 1, and in another view it should equal N, the number of water molecules in the pore. Gramicidin A forms, in lipid bilayer membranes, narrow aqueous channels through which single-file transport may occur. For these channels we find that P f/P d approximately 5. In contrast, for the wider nystatin and amphotericin B pores, P f/P d approximately 3. These findings offer experimental support for the view that P f/P d = N for single-file transport, and we therefore conclude that there are approximately five water molecules in a gramicidin A channel. A similar conclusion was reached independently from streaming potential data. Using single-channel conductance data, we calculate the water permeability of an individual gramicidin A channel. In the Appendix we report that there is a wide range of channel sizes and lifetimes in cholesterol-containing membranes.", "contents": "Water permeability of gramicidin A-treated lipid bilayer membranes. In membranes containing aqueous pores (channels), the osmotic water permeability coefficient, P f, is greater than the diffusive water permeability coefficient, P d. In fact, the magnitude of P f/P d is commonly used to determine pore radius. Although, for membranes studied to date, P f/P d monotonically declines with decreasing pore radius, there is controversy over the value it theoretically assumes when that radius is so small that water molecules cannot overtake one another within the channel (single-file transport). In one view it should equal 1, and in another view it should equal N, the number of water molecules in the pore. Gramicidin A forms, in lipid bilayer membranes, narrow aqueous channels through which single-file transport may occur. For these channels we find that P f/P d approximately 5. In contrast, for the wider nystatin and amphotericin B pores, P f/P d approximately 3. These findings offer experimental support for the view that P f/P d = N for single-file transport, and we therefore conclude that there are approximately five water molecules in a gramicidin A channel. A similar conclusion was reached independently from streaming potential data. Using single-channel conductance data, we calculate the water permeability of an individual gramicidin A channel. In the Appendix we report that there is a wide range of channel sizes and lifetimes in cholesterol-containing membranes.", "PMID": 81265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8106", "title": "Pre-lytic release of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cytoplasmic blebs.", "content": "The pre-lytic release mechanism of foot-and-mouth disease virus was investigated by immunofluorescence, acridine orange staining, and electron microscopy in infected bovine and porcine kidney coverslip cultures. Cells with cytoplasmic fluorescence and which were positive for single stranded RNA with acridine orange staining were observed at 2 h after infection. Scanning electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic blebs in all cultures examined 2 h after infection. Rounded cells with virus inclusions began to appear 3 h after infection. Rounded cells and cytoplasmic blebs were shown to have single stranded RNA by acridine orange staining. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy with immunoferritin tagging demonstrated foot-and-mouth disease virus in cytoplasmic blebs. This study presents evidence for a pre-lytic release of foot-and-mouth disease virus through virus-containing cytoplasmic blebs emerging from infected cells.", "contents": "Pre-lytic release of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cytoplasmic blebs. The pre-lytic release mechanism of foot-and-mouth disease virus was investigated by immunofluorescence, acridine orange staining, and electron microscopy in infected bovine and porcine kidney coverslip cultures. Cells with cytoplasmic fluorescence and which were positive for single stranded RNA with acridine orange staining were observed at 2 h after infection. Scanning electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic blebs in all cultures examined 2 h after infection. Rounded cells with virus inclusions began to appear 3 h after infection. Rounded cells and cytoplasmic blebs were shown to have single stranded RNA by acridine orange staining. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy with immunoferritin tagging demonstrated foot-and-mouth disease virus in cytoplasmic blebs. This study presents evidence for a pre-lytic release of foot-and-mouth disease virus through virus-containing cytoplasmic blebs emerging from infected cells.", "PMID": 81266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8107", "title": "Novel influenza A viruses isolated from Canadian feral ducks: including strains antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw1N1) viruses.", "content": "Twelve influenza A viruses, antigenically related to the Ho, H1 and Hsw1 subtypes, were isolated from cloacal samples of feral ducks in Canada. Antigenic comparisons showed that these viruses were most closely related to the recent HSW1N1 isolates from man and pigs, whereas in vivo pathogenicity tests revealed differences between the Hsw1N1 viruses from the ducks and those from humans and pigs. Antigenic characterization of 94 additional influenza A viruses from the ducks showed four haemagglutinin subtypes (Hav1, Hav4, Hav5 and Hav7), an unclassified haemagglutinin, and six neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq2, Nav1, Nav2 and Nav5) in various combinations, some of which are novel and have not previously been reported. Three of these duck influenza viruses possessed a haemagglutinin antigenically related to that of classical fowl plaque virus. A much higher percentage of virus isolations were from juvenile ducks (18.5%) than from adults (5%). All of the ducks, from which viruses were isolated, appeared healthy at the time of sampling. Serological studies on a limited number of humans and domestic birds living in close proximity to the Canadian ducks revealed no evidence of interspecies transmission. Our findings suggest that these birds serve as a substantial reservoir of antigenically diverse influenza viruses, including isolates antigenically related to the current human and animal influenza viruses. This reservoir in nature may be perpetuated by a cycle involving annual infection of juvenile birds followed by transmission to the remaining susceptible birds until the next congregation during the breeding season.", "contents": "Novel influenza A viruses isolated from Canadian feral ducks: including strains antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw1N1) viruses. Twelve influenza A viruses, antigenically related to the Ho, H1 and Hsw1 subtypes, were isolated from cloacal samples of feral ducks in Canada. Antigenic comparisons showed that these viruses were most closely related to the recent HSW1N1 isolates from man and pigs, whereas in vivo pathogenicity tests revealed differences between the Hsw1N1 viruses from the ducks and those from humans and pigs. Antigenic characterization of 94 additional influenza A viruses from the ducks showed four haemagglutinin subtypes (Hav1, Hav4, Hav5 and Hav7), an unclassified haemagglutinin, and six neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq2, Nav1, Nav2 and Nav5) in various combinations, some of which are novel and have not previously been reported. Three of these duck influenza viruses possessed a haemagglutinin antigenically related to that of classical fowl plaque virus. A much higher percentage of virus isolations were from juvenile ducks (18.5%) than from adults (5%). All of the ducks, from which viruses were isolated, appeared healthy at the time of sampling. Serological studies on a limited number of humans and domestic birds living in close proximity to the Canadian ducks revealed no evidence of interspecies transmission. Our findings suggest that these birds serve as a substantial reservoir of antigenically diverse influenza viruses, including isolates antigenically related to the current human and animal influenza viruses. This reservoir in nature may be perpetuated by a cycle involving annual infection of juvenile birds followed by transmission to the remaining susceptible birds until the next congregation during the breeding season.", "PMID": 81267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8108", "title": "Evidence for a precursor-product relationship between intracytoplasmic A particles and mouse mammary tumour virus cores.", "content": "This report presents evidence which supports a relationship between intracytoplasmic A particles (CAP) and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Three MMTV-specific antigenic determinants in CAP (MMTV p27, p14 and p10) uere detected by immunodiffusion. No structural proteins of comparable mol. wt. were found in CAP; however, exposure of CAP to trypsin resulted in the cleavage of the CAP structural proteins to MMTV-like polypeptides. This process was accompanied by the preservation of MMTV-specific antigen determinants. Disulphide bonds were necessary for the structural maintenance of CAP. Reducing agents destroyed the organized structure of CAP, whereupon processing of CAP proteins to MMTV-like polypeptides by trypsin was prevented. CAP p82, possessed only MMTV p27 antigenic determinants, while CAP polypeptides p20--18 possessed p10 antigenic determinants. Following processing of CAP structural proteins by trypsin, MMTV-specific p27 antigenic determinants were shifted from CAP p82 to CAP p27; MMTV-p10 antigenic determinants were found with CAP p15--10. These results suggest a model wherein CAP structural proteins are modified by protease during maturation, resulting in the shift of their proteins to sizes consistent with those which have been currently identified as the major internal components of the virion and that this phenomenon is largely predicated on the folding of CAP proteins into the morphologically intact A particle.", "contents": "Evidence for a precursor-product relationship between intracytoplasmic A particles and mouse mammary tumour virus cores. This report presents evidence which supports a relationship between intracytoplasmic A particles (CAP) and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Three MMTV-specific antigenic determinants in CAP (MMTV p27, p14 and p10) uere detected by immunodiffusion. No structural proteins of comparable mol. wt. were found in CAP; however, exposure of CAP to trypsin resulted in the cleavage of the CAP structural proteins to MMTV-like polypeptides. This process was accompanied by the preservation of MMTV-specific antigen determinants. Disulphide bonds were necessary for the structural maintenance of CAP. Reducing agents destroyed the organized structure of CAP, whereupon processing of CAP proteins to MMTV-like polypeptides by trypsin was prevented. CAP p82, possessed only MMTV p27 antigenic determinants, while CAP polypeptides p20--18 possessed p10 antigenic determinants. Following processing of CAP structural proteins by trypsin, MMTV-specific p27 antigenic determinants were shifted from CAP p82 to CAP p27; MMTV-p10 antigenic determinants were found with CAP p15--10. These results suggest a model wherein CAP structural proteins are modified by protease during maturation, resulting in the shift of their proteins to sizes consistent with those which have been currently identified as the major internal components of the virion and that this phenomenon is largely predicated on the folding of CAP proteins into the morphologically intact A particle.", "PMID": 81268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8109", "title": "Antigenic sites related to human serum proteins in HBsAg: isolation from normal human serum of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein reacting with antialbumin.", "content": "A novel minor constituent was isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography on columns of insolubilized concanavalin A and antibodies to albumin, followed by rate zonal centrifugation. This component has the following properties: a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 31; a diameter of 14--22 nm, and a buoyant density of 1.302 gm/cu cm. It contains about 1% neutral sugars and is electrophoretically heterogeneous, since two populations of particles with isoelectric points of pH 4.95 and 5.75 were separated by isoelectric focusing. It contains a single major glycopeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 72,000 daltons. Its amino acid composition is distinct from that of albumin. It elicited the formation of antibodies that also reacted with HBsAg.", "contents": "Antigenic sites related to human serum proteins in HBsAg: isolation from normal human serum of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein reacting with antialbumin. A novel minor constituent was isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography on columns of insolubilized concanavalin A and antibodies to albumin, followed by rate zonal centrifugation. This component has the following properties: a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 31; a diameter of 14--22 nm, and a buoyant density of 1.302 gm/cu cm. It contains about 1% neutral sugars and is electrophoretically heterogeneous, since two populations of particles with isoelectric points of pH 4.95 and 5.75 were separated by isoelectric focusing. It contains a single major glycopeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 72,000 daltons. Its amino acid composition is distinct from that of albumin. It elicited the formation of antibodies that also reacted with HBsAg.", "PMID": 81269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8110", "title": "Relationships between abnormal IgG index, oligoclonal bands, acute phase reactants and some clinical data in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The IgG-index and acute phase reactants were measured and oligoclonal bands were looked for in 30 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and were compared with the clinical data. IgG-index was found elevated in 77% against 22% in a comparable material of patients with other neurological diseases. Oligoclonal bands were found in 74 and 17%, respectively. No correlation was found between these parameters and age, duration of illness, disability, coefficient of progression or age of onset. A statistical evaluation defines the specificity, sensitivity and validity of the methods used. CRP could no be demonstrated in 28, the rest had normal values. C3A was normal in all cases, but appeared to be elevated a little with increasing age, and to be positively correlated to the albumin-index, indicative of a defective blood-brain barrier. No correlation was found between CRP, C3A and the clinical data.", "contents": "Relationships between abnormal IgG index, oligoclonal bands, acute phase reactants and some clinical data in multiple sclerosis. The IgG-index and acute phase reactants were measured and oligoclonal bands were looked for in 30 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and were compared with the clinical data. IgG-index was found elevated in 77% against 22% in a comparable material of patients with other neurological diseases. Oligoclonal bands were found in 74 and 17%, respectively. No correlation was found between these parameters and age, duration of illness, disability, coefficient of progression or age of onset. A statistical evaluation defines the specificity, sensitivity and validity of the methods used. CRP could no be demonstrated in 28, the rest had normal values. C3A was normal in all cases, but appeared to be elevated a little with increasing age, and to be positively correlated to the albumin-index, indicative of a defective blood-brain barrier. No correlation was found between CRP, C3A and the clinical data.", "PMID": 81272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8111", "title": "Giant cell arteritis (cranial arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica).", "content": "Giant cell arteritis, which is probably due to disturbed immune mechanisms, has a spectrum of clinical symptoms in elderly people. In nearly all cases such general signs as loss of appetite, loss of weight and fever are present. The sedimentation rate is almost without exception about 100 mm in the first hour. The two most frequent and typical clinical syndromes are polymyalgia rheumatica and cranial arteritis. The polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by periarticular pain which is mostly symmetrical and accentuated in the shoulder girdle. Increasingly severe temporal headache and ocular distrubances are found with cranial arteritis in more than 50% of cases. A combination of both diseases is frequent. Other arterial branches are rarely involved. The course of the disease is over a period of 1 1/2 to 2 years. Treatment with corticosteroids is indicated mainly because of the severe ocular complications with blindness. It should begin immediately, be intensive and last over a long period. Regular followup is necessary over several years in order to avoid relapses.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis (cranial arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica). Giant cell arteritis, which is probably due to disturbed immune mechanisms, has a spectrum of clinical symptoms in elderly people. In nearly all cases such general signs as loss of appetite, loss of weight and fever are present. The sedimentation rate is almost without exception about 100 mm in the first hour. The two most frequent and typical clinical syndromes are polymyalgia rheumatica and cranial arteritis. The polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by periarticular pain which is mostly symmetrical and accentuated in the shoulder girdle. Increasingly severe temporal headache and ocular distrubances are found with cranial arteritis in more than 50% of cases. A combination of both diseases is frequent. Other arterial branches are rarely involved. The course of the disease is over a period of 1 1/2 to 2 years. Treatment with corticosteroids is indicated mainly because of the severe ocular complications with blindness. It should begin immediately, be intensive and last over a long period. Regular followup is necessary over several years in order to avoid relapses.", "PMID": 81271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8112", "title": "The enhancing effect of multiple sclerosis brain homogenates on the active E rosette forming lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 15 of 17 patients with clinically well defined multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to all four MS brain homogenates as assayed by active E rosette test. Lymphocytes from only one neurological patient, out of 18 tested, responded to MS brain homogenates. The nature of the stimulating agent from MS brains remains to be determined.", "contents": "The enhancing effect of multiple sclerosis brain homogenates on the active E rosette forming lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from 15 of 17 patients with clinically well defined multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to all four MS brain homogenates as assayed by active E rosette test. Lymphocytes from only one neurological patient, out of 18 tested, responded to MS brain homogenates. The nature of the stimulating agent from MS brains remains to be determined.", "PMID": 81273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8113", "title": "Transient muscular weakness in severe recessive myotonia congenita. Improvement of isometric muscle force by drugs relieving myotomic stiffness.", "content": "The maximum force of voluntary muscle contraction was registered under isometric conditions in nine patients with recessive myotonia congenita. The recordings were made on the upper arm. Five patients with severe myotonia had a transient weakness after muscle rest. Electromyographic registrations with wire electrodes showed that the myotonic muscle fiber discharges disappeared during the transient weakness. Medication improving myotonic stiffness also improved the weakness. The cause of transient weakness seems to be similar to that of myotonic stiffness. It is known that an increasing depolarization of the myotonic muscle fiber membrane leads to the myotonic discharges and myotonic stiffness. In severe myotonia the progressing depolarization could cause a loss of excitability of the muscle fiber membrane and thereby a transient paresis of a more or less large number of muscle fibers.", "contents": "Transient muscular weakness in severe recessive myotonia congenita. Improvement of isometric muscle force by drugs relieving myotomic stiffness. The maximum force of voluntary muscle contraction was registered under isometric conditions in nine patients with recessive myotonia congenita. The recordings were made on the upper arm. Five patients with severe myotonia had a transient weakness after muscle rest. Electromyographic registrations with wire electrodes showed that the myotonic muscle fiber discharges disappeared during the transient weakness. Medication improving myotonic stiffness also improved the weakness. The cause of transient weakness seems to be similar to that of myotonic stiffness. It is known that an increasing depolarization of the myotonic muscle fiber membrane leads to the myotonic discharges and myotonic stiffness. In severe myotonia the progressing depolarization could cause a loss of excitability of the muscle fiber membrane and thereby a transient paresis of a more or less large number of muscle fibers.", "PMID": 81274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8114", "title": "Hereditary bimanual synkinesis combined with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia in four brothers.", "content": "A new genetic syndrome of the combined occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anosmia (Kallmann syndrome) and congenital mirror movements in four brothers is presented. Mirror movements were manifest only within the distal parts of the upper extremities and resembled congenital mirror movements described for isolated or familial cases or those occurring in combination with other genetic defects. The hypothesis is supported, that a midline fusion disorder with preponderance of uncrossed pyramidal tract fibers is a major pathogenetic factor for the occurrence of congenital mirror movements.", "contents": "Hereditary bimanual synkinesis combined with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia in four brothers. A new genetic syndrome of the combined occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anosmia (Kallmann syndrome) and congenital mirror movements in four brothers is presented. Mirror movements were manifest only within the distal parts of the upper extremities and resembled congenital mirror movements described for isolated or familial cases or those occurring in combination with other genetic defects. The hypothesis is supported, that a midline fusion disorder with preponderance of uncrossed pyramidal tract fibers is a major pathogenetic factor for the occurrence of congenital mirror movements.", "PMID": 81275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8115", "title": "Microsphere analysis of local cerebral and extracerebral blood flow after complete ischemia of the cat brain for one hour.", "content": "In normothermic anesthetized cats complete cerebral circulatory arrest for one h was produced and followed by blood recirculation of the brain for 30 min to 4 h. Total and local blood flow of the brain, kidney, heart and liver were measured before and after ischemia using radioactive labelled microspheres. Before ischemia blood flow of the brain was 39.1 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g/min, of the kidney 307.2 +/- 28.3 ml/100 g/min, of the heart 241.1 +/- 32.5 ml/100 g/mmin and of the liver 87.8 +/- 25.6 ml/100 g/min (means +/- SEM). Regional flow rates within the brain varied between 35 and 51 ml/100 g/min. Reactive hyperemia was present in the brain 30 min after the beginning of recirculation following ischemia for 1 h. Local cerebral flow rates increased three to five times above the control flow, depending on the respective region. Mean cerebral blood flow returned to or slightly below normal, 2 to 4 h after ischemia, but there was considerable redistribution of flow rates within the brain. The filter capacity of the brain for microspheres of 15 mu and 50 mu diameter did not change after ischemia indicating that postischemic blood recirculation was not accompanied by an opening of arteriovenous shunts.", "contents": "Microsphere analysis of local cerebral and extracerebral blood flow after complete ischemia of the cat brain for one hour. In normothermic anesthetized cats complete cerebral circulatory arrest for one h was produced and followed by blood recirculation of the brain for 30 min to 4 h. Total and local blood flow of the brain, kidney, heart and liver were measured before and after ischemia using radioactive labelled microspheres. Before ischemia blood flow of the brain was 39.1 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g/min, of the kidney 307.2 +/- 28.3 ml/100 g/min, of the heart 241.1 +/- 32.5 ml/100 g/mmin and of the liver 87.8 +/- 25.6 ml/100 g/min (means +/- SEM). Regional flow rates within the brain varied between 35 and 51 ml/100 g/min. Reactive hyperemia was present in the brain 30 min after the beginning of recirculation following ischemia for 1 h. Local cerebral flow rates increased three to five times above the control flow, depending on the respective region. Mean cerebral blood flow returned to or slightly below normal, 2 to 4 h after ischemia, but there was considerable redistribution of flow rates within the brain. The filter capacity of the brain for microspheres of 15 mu and 50 mu diameter did not change after ischemia indicating that postischemic blood recirculation was not accompanied by an opening of arteriovenous shunts.", "PMID": 81276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8116", "title": "Retrograde changes of nerve fibers with the carpal tunnel syndrome. An electroneurographic investigation.", "content": "In the CTS the motor nerve conduction velocity proximal to the wrist is reduced in proportion to the degree of severity of the nerve lesion. Furthermore the evoked nerve action potential is significantly reduced when recordings are made from the median nerve at the elbow and when the compound nerve is stimulated proximal to the lesion at the wrist. The extent of the retrograde changes correlates with the degree of severity and duration of nerve compression. Measurement of the evoked nerve action potential in the proximal nerve segment enables us to estimate the extent of the retrograde nerve fiber degeneration and therefore might be important for prognosis.", "contents": "Retrograde changes of nerve fibers with the carpal tunnel syndrome. An electroneurographic investigation. In the CTS the motor nerve conduction velocity proximal to the wrist is reduced in proportion to the degree of severity of the nerve lesion. Furthermore the evoked nerve action potential is significantly reduced when recordings are made from the median nerve at the elbow and when the compound nerve is stimulated proximal to the lesion at the wrist. The extent of the retrograde changes correlates with the degree of severity and duration of nerve compression. Measurement of the evoked nerve action potential in the proximal nerve segment enables us to estimate the extent of the retrograde nerve fiber degeneration and therefore might be important for prognosis.", "PMID": 81277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8117", "title": "Encephalomyelitis with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A case of thyrotoxicosis associated with neuropathy and encephalomyelitis is reported which gradually improved as regards the hyperthyroidism and the neurological deficit during treatment with Tapazole. The possible role of the nervous system of an excess of thyroxine or an autoimmune factor as a cause of the involvement is discussed.", "contents": "Encephalomyelitis with thyrotoxicosis. A case of thyrotoxicosis associated with neuropathy and encephalomyelitis is reported which gradually improved as regards the hyperthyroidism and the neurological deficit during treatment with Tapazole. The possible role of the nervous system of an excess of thyroxine or an autoimmune factor as a cause of the involvement is discussed.", "PMID": 81278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8118", "title": "Interaction of nitrofurantoin with diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Left-sided motor seizures in a patient with an operated brain tumor were controlled with 300 mg/d DPH. The introduction of antimicrobial therapy with nitrofurantoin caused a fall of serum DPH levels and the recurrence of seizures, at the same time serum gammaGT values were increased. These changes were reversible after nitrofurantoin treatment was terminated. Both increased DPH metabolism or impaired absorption could be responsible for this effect. The concomittant increase of gammaGT could be interpreted as indirect evidence of hepatic enzyme induction with increased metabolism of DPH. It is important to note the possibility of such interaction so that better anticonvulsant control can be achieved.", "contents": "Interaction of nitrofurantoin with diphenylhydantoin. Left-sided motor seizures in a patient with an operated brain tumor were controlled with 300 mg/d DPH. The introduction of antimicrobial therapy with nitrofurantoin caused a fall of serum DPH levels and the recurrence of seizures, at the same time serum gammaGT values were increased. These changes were reversible after nitrofurantoin treatment was terminated. Both increased DPH metabolism or impaired absorption could be responsible for this effect. The concomittant increase of gammaGT could be interpreted as indirect evidence of hepatic enzyme induction with increased metabolism of DPH. It is important to note the possibility of such interaction so that better anticonvulsant control can be achieved.", "PMID": 81279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8119", "title": "Consciousness and disturbances of consciousness.", "content": "The problem of consciousness is discussed briefly, including the contrary views of consciousness as a transcendental phenomenon and as an animistic fiction. Measurement of consciousness is possible only indirectly by means of quantitative assessment of accompanying behavioral deficits. Knowledge of the structural basis of consciousness is incomplete. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is necessary for the maintenance of the state of consciousness. The monoamine and a great number of descending projections modulate the ARAS. The contents of consciousness depend also on telencephalic structures, primarily on the telencephalic cortex. Certain localized telencephalic lesions bring about disturbances of consciousness. The role of the corpus callosum in the problem of consciousness is discussed (one brain--two minds hypothesis). Then a classification of the various disturbances of consciousness is proposed. The term \"disturbances of vigilance\" is used for all disturbances of consciousness which are caused by a lesion in or a functional disorder of the ARAS or any of its modulating subsystems. The term \"disturbances of the contents of consciousness\" refers to disturbances of consciousness due to global or localized lesions or functional disorders of telencephalic structures. A list of characteristic features is given for each class of disturbances of consciousness.", "contents": "Consciousness and disturbances of consciousness. The problem of consciousness is discussed briefly, including the contrary views of consciousness as a transcendental phenomenon and as an animistic fiction. Measurement of consciousness is possible only indirectly by means of quantitative assessment of accompanying behavioral deficits. Knowledge of the structural basis of consciousness is incomplete. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is necessary for the maintenance of the state of consciousness. The monoamine and a great number of descending projections modulate the ARAS. The contents of consciousness depend also on telencephalic structures, primarily on the telencephalic cortex. Certain localized telencephalic lesions bring about disturbances of consciousness. The role of the corpus callosum in the problem of consciousness is discussed (one brain--two minds hypothesis). Then a classification of the various disturbances of consciousness is proposed. The term \"disturbances of vigilance\" is used for all disturbances of consciousness which are caused by a lesion in or a functional disorder of the ARAS or any of its modulating subsystems. The term \"disturbances of the contents of consciousness\" refers to disturbances of consciousness due to global or localized lesions or functional disorders of telencephalic structures. A list of characteristic features is given for each class of disturbances of consciousness.", "PMID": 81280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8120", "title": "Clinical studies of the movement-related cortical potential (MP) and the relationship between the dentatorubrothalamic pathway and readiness potential (RP).", "content": "In order to investigate the influence of basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement on the preparatory state of the cerebral cortex for voluntary movement, the cortical potential preceding finger movement was studied in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease and 20 patients with cerebellar ataxia. Readiness potential (RP) was abnormal in 90% of the Parkinson group and in 55% of the cerebellar ataxia group. The most frequent abnormality was a depressed amplitude and earlier onset of RP in both groups. The most remarkable finding in the present study was the complete absence of RP with dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica (presumed Ramsay Hunt syndrome) whereas normal RP was obtained with cerebellar cortical degeneration. In addition, RP was absent or severely depressed in patients with a unilateral vascular lesion of the midbrain (Benedikt's syndrome) and in patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent unilateral intermedioventral (Vim) thalamotomy. These facts suggest a possible important role of the dentatorubrothalamic or dentatothalamic pathway in the physiogenesis of RP.", "contents": "Clinical studies of the movement-related cortical potential (MP) and the relationship between the dentatorubrothalamic pathway and readiness potential (RP). In order to investigate the influence of basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement on the preparatory state of the cerebral cortex for voluntary movement, the cortical potential preceding finger movement was studied in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease and 20 patients with cerebellar ataxia. Readiness potential (RP) was abnormal in 90% of the Parkinson group and in 55% of the cerebellar ataxia group. The most frequent abnormality was a depressed amplitude and earlier onset of RP in both groups. The most remarkable finding in the present study was the complete absence of RP with dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica (presumed Ramsay Hunt syndrome) whereas normal RP was obtained with cerebellar cortical degeneration. In addition, RP was absent or severely depressed in patients with a unilateral vascular lesion of the midbrain (Benedikt's syndrome) and in patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent unilateral intermedioventral (Vim) thalamotomy. These facts suggest a possible important role of the dentatorubrothalamic or dentatothalamic pathway in the physiogenesis of RP.", "PMID": 81281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8121", "title": "The geographical distribution of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis in Sardinia: climatic and socioeconomic factors.", "content": "The comparative geography of multiple sclerosis (MS) and nonneurological diseases considered to be autoimmune is of great interest. But there are few appropriate investigations. Some have found an increase in the frequency of MS, rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic heart disease depending on the geographic latitude. Nevertheless, the significance of the latitude effect as an indicator of a possible etiological relationship between MS and these conditions has been questioned. In this paper, the frequency of MS, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis is reported from Sardinia where appreciable differences in climatic and socioeconomic conditions exist. There was a positive correlation of the distribution of MS with the distribution of rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis. On the other hand, no correlation was found with the distribution of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "The geographical distribution of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis in Sardinia: climatic and socioeconomic factors. The comparative geography of multiple sclerosis (MS) and nonneurological diseases considered to be autoimmune is of great interest. But there are few appropriate investigations. Some have found an increase in the frequency of MS, rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic heart disease depending on the geographic latitude. Nevertheless, the significance of the latitude effect as an indicator of a possible etiological relationship between MS and these conditions has been questioned. In this paper, the frequency of MS, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis is reported from Sardinia where appreciable differences in climatic and socioeconomic conditions exist. There was a positive correlation of the distribution of MS with the distribution of rheumatic heart disease and poststreptococcal nephritis. On the other hand, no correlation was found with the distribution of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 81282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8122", "title": "Nemaline bodies in a progressive infantile neuromuscular disorder.", "content": "Nemaline bodies are described in a case of a progressive neuromuscular disorder, which is difficult to classify. The clinical syndrome is not characteristic of a nemaline myopathy. It is argued that the finding of nemaline bodies is in itself not specific of any neuromuscular disease.", "contents": "Nemaline bodies in a progressive infantile neuromuscular disorder. Nemaline bodies are described in a case of a progressive neuromuscular disorder, which is difficult to classify. The clinical syndrome is not characteristic of a nemaline myopathy. It is argued that the finding of nemaline bodies is in itself not specific of any neuromuscular disease.", "PMID": 81283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8123", "title": "Thalamic EEG recordings in patients with chronic pain.", "content": "Thalamic EEG recordings were made in 10 patients; the therapeutic goal of the implantation was the electrical stimulation treatment for pain. The patients' ages ranged from 37 to 72 years; seven patients had thalamic pain (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome), two had chronic spinal arachnoiditis and one had facial anaesthesia dolorosa. Platinum-iridium electrodes were stereotaxically inserted; the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus including the ventral posterior zone was the target of the implant. Excessive thalamic slowing was found in four of seven patients with Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and also in two of three cases with other causes of pain. One patient had marked rhythmical intermittent delta activity in the thalamus which was often triggered by arousing stimuli. Thalamic spindle activity was sometimes noted without concomitant spindle activity on the scalp and would occasionally occur in states of early drowsiness.", "contents": "Thalamic EEG recordings in patients with chronic pain. Thalamic EEG recordings were made in 10 patients; the therapeutic goal of the implantation was the electrical stimulation treatment for pain. The patients' ages ranged from 37 to 72 years; seven patients had thalamic pain (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome), two had chronic spinal arachnoiditis and one had facial anaesthesia dolorosa. Platinum-iridium electrodes were stereotaxically inserted; the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus including the ventral posterior zone was the target of the implant. Excessive thalamic slowing was found in four of seven patients with Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and also in two of three cases with other causes of pain. One patient had marked rhythmical intermittent delta activity in the thalamus which was often triggered by arousing stimuli. Thalamic spindle activity was sometimes noted without concomitant spindle activity on the scalp and would occasionally occur in states of early drowsiness.", "PMID": 81284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8124", "title": "Hyperreactive (hyaline, opaque, dark) muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy. A biopsy study of 16 dystrophy and 205 other neuronmuscular disease cases and controls.", "content": "Biopsies of 16 patients with Duchenne dystrophy and 205 consecutive biopsies of other neuromuscular diseases and controls were studied for the presence of hyperreactive (hyaline, dark, opaque) fibers. All biopsies of Duchenne dystrophy showed hyperreactive fibers; the percentage varies between values below 1 up to 19 (median 3.5%). In 11 (69%) of the 16 biopsies the percentage was more than 1. Only in 34 (17%) of the 205 consecutive biopsies were hyperreactive fibers found. In 30 of these 34 biopsies the percentage of hyperreactive fibers was below 1. A positive or negative correlation between the increased level of serum-CPK or the early stage of Duchenne dystrophy and the number of hyperreactive fibers could not be demonstrated. Obviously the hyperreactive fibers are not specific for Duchenne dystrophy. On the other hand a value of 1% supports this diagnosis. Delta lesions were demonstrated in 54% of the hyperreactive fibers.", "contents": "Hyperreactive (hyaline, opaque, dark) muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy. A biopsy study of 16 dystrophy and 205 other neuronmuscular disease cases and controls. Biopsies of 16 patients with Duchenne dystrophy and 205 consecutive biopsies of other neuromuscular diseases and controls were studied for the presence of hyperreactive (hyaline, dark, opaque) fibers. All biopsies of Duchenne dystrophy showed hyperreactive fibers; the percentage varies between values below 1 up to 19 (median 3.5%). In 11 (69%) of the 16 biopsies the percentage was more than 1. Only in 34 (17%) of the 205 consecutive biopsies were hyperreactive fibers found. In 30 of these 34 biopsies the percentage of hyperreactive fibers was below 1. A positive or negative correlation between the increased level of serum-CPK or the early stage of Duchenne dystrophy and the number of hyperreactive fibers could not be demonstrated. Obviously the hyperreactive fibers are not specific for Duchenne dystrophy. On the other hand a value of 1% supports this diagnosis. Delta lesions were demonstrated in 54% of the hyperreactive fibers.", "PMID": 81285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8125", "title": "Evaluation of the jitter phenomenon in myasthenic patients and their relatives.", "content": "Single fiber electromyography with jitter measurements and blocking evaluation was used for investigating 23 myasthenic patients, their 29 healthy relatives, coming from 10 families, and a control group of 10 subjects. Blocking was never seen in the healthy controls, and the jitter averaged some 30 microsec. Blocking was present in the myasthenic patients in 25.4% of the recorded potential pairs and there was a pathological jitter, which often extended over a few hundred microsec. The records of ten healthy relatives of patients were suggestive of slight but unquestionable abnormalities of neuromuscular transmission, viz. blocking and a jitter of over 60 microsec or more. The results demonstrate subclinical derangements of neuromuscular transmission in families of myasthenic patients, which points to a familial factor as involved in the pathomechanism of the disease.", "contents": "Evaluation of the jitter phenomenon in myasthenic patients and their relatives. Single fiber electromyography with jitter measurements and blocking evaluation was used for investigating 23 myasthenic patients, their 29 healthy relatives, coming from 10 families, and a control group of 10 subjects. Blocking was never seen in the healthy controls, and the jitter averaged some 30 microsec. Blocking was present in the myasthenic patients in 25.4% of the recorded potential pairs and there was a pathological jitter, which often extended over a few hundred microsec. The records of ten healthy relatives of patients were suggestive of slight but unquestionable abnormalities of neuromuscular transmission, viz. blocking and a jitter of over 60 microsec or more. The results demonstrate subclinical derangements of neuromuscular transmission in families of myasthenic patients, which points to a familial factor as involved in the pathomechanism of the disease.", "PMID": 81286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8126", "title": "Antifibrinolytic therapy of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intrathecal administration of p-aminomethylbenzoic acid.", "content": "In patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intrathecal administration of p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (PAMBA) was found to produce hemostatically effective concentrations of the antifibrinolytic agent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The early clinical findings speak in favor of this mode of administration.", "contents": "Antifibrinolytic therapy of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intrathecal administration of p-aminomethylbenzoic acid. In patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intrathecal administration of p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (PAMBA) was found to produce hemostatically effective concentrations of the antifibrinolytic agent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The early clinical findings speak in favor of this mode of administration.", "PMID": 81287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8127", "title": "Myotonia induced with clofibrate in rats.", "content": "Myotonia was induced in rats with clofibrate given in daily subcutaneous injections of 0.4 g/kg. The first myotonic discharges were recorded electromyographically from the extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles after 4 days on clofibrate, but from the soleus not until after 11 days. Clofibrate induced myotonic activity in chronically denervated muscle also. During repetitive nerve stimulation the electrical response of the muscle was declining in all myotonic rats. It did so also when repetitive stimulation was applied directly to the muscle, which would seem to suggest a myotonic defect as the cause. Several drugs were tested and diphenylhydantoin proved to inhibit myotonia most effectively. Animals on an extended clofibrate schedule (12 weeks) had ECG abnormalities resembling those seen in patients with myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Myotonia induced with clofibrate in rats. Myotonia was induced in rats with clofibrate given in daily subcutaneous injections of 0.4 g/kg. The first myotonic discharges were recorded electromyographically from the extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles after 4 days on clofibrate, but from the soleus not until after 11 days. Clofibrate induced myotonic activity in chronically denervated muscle also. During repetitive nerve stimulation the electrical response of the muscle was declining in all myotonic rats. It did so also when repetitive stimulation was applied directly to the muscle, which would seem to suggest a myotonic defect as the cause. Several drugs were tested and diphenylhydantoin proved to inhibit myotonia most effectively. Animals on an extended clofibrate schedule (12 weeks) had ECG abnormalities resembling those seen in patients with myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 81288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8128", "title": "Anterior fusion for cervical spondylosis.", "content": "Anterior fusion was performed on 138 patients as treatment for degenerative changes of the cervical vertebral column. The results were checked after up to 11 years in 122 patients and were found to be good in 55%, fair in 3895% and poor in 6.5%. There were complications of phonetic paralysis in one case, Horner syndrome in two cases, 2 wound infections, and complaints about the iliac crest in 3 patients. Kyphosis at the fused segment occurred 26.1% of cases, the average angle being 15.3 degrees, but it did not influence the clinical results. Mortality was 2%. Inadequate visualization of the nerve roots at operation was probably the reason for the segmental deficits and suggestions were made to avoid this by EMG, microsurgical technic, uncusectomy and hemifacetectomy. The results in the presence of myelopathy were much poorer, presumably because of associated degenerative changes in the older patients.", "contents": "Anterior fusion for cervical spondylosis. Anterior fusion was performed on 138 patients as treatment for degenerative changes of the cervical vertebral column. The results were checked after up to 11 years in 122 patients and were found to be good in 55%, fair in 3895% and poor in 6.5%. There were complications of phonetic paralysis in one case, Horner syndrome in two cases, 2 wound infections, and complaints about the iliac crest in 3 patients. Kyphosis at the fused segment occurred 26.1% of cases, the average angle being 15.3 degrees, but it did not influence the clinical results. Mortality was 2%. Inadequate visualization of the nerve roots at operation was probably the reason for the segmental deficits and suggestions were made to avoid this by EMG, microsurgical technic, uncusectomy and hemifacetectomy. The results in the presence of myelopathy were much poorer, presumably because of associated degenerative changes in the older patients.", "PMID": 81289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8129", "title": "Screening of patients with Huntington's chorea by pneumoencephalography: criteria for decision and probability of error.", "content": "The problem of making a decision in case of two clinical hypotheses is treated by the application of the Neyman-Pearson criterion. As an example, a pneumoencephalographic index (frontal horn width divided by septum-caudate distance) of two different diseases, Huntington's chorea and Parkinsonism, is analyzed. As the aim of the investigator is to detect the maximum number of cases of Huntington's chorea, an appropriately high alpha, (the probability of \"false alarm\") should be chosen, and maximization of 1-beta (the probability of detection of Huntington's chorea) carried out.", "contents": "Screening of patients with Huntington's chorea by pneumoencephalography: criteria for decision and probability of error. The problem of making a decision in case of two clinical hypotheses is treated by the application of the Neyman-Pearson criterion. As an example, a pneumoencephalographic index (frontal horn width divided by septum-caudate distance) of two different diseases, Huntington's chorea and Parkinsonism, is analyzed. As the aim of the investigator is to detect the maximum number of cases of Huntington's chorea, an appropriately high alpha, (the probability of \"false alarm\") should be chosen, and maximization of 1-beta (the probability of detection of Huntington's chorea) carried out.", "PMID": 81290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8130", "title": "Myotonic myopathy with painful muscle contractions and decrease of symptoms by cold.", "content": "Myotonic reaction and paresis accompanied by painful muscle contractions limited to the upper limbs, which decrease remarkably in the cold, were observed in a 29 year old man. The histological investigation revealed minimal non-specific signs of myopathy. The biochemical studies of muscular tissue contained a normal amount of myophosphorylase, acid maltase and glycogen. Ischemic work induced normal elevation of venous lactate. The activities of CPK, LDH and SGOT in the blood serum were occasionally increased. The EMG showed typical myotonic bursts and electrical silence during painful muscle contractions. Repetitive high frequency stimulation demonstrated a clear initial increase of the amplitude of action potentials followed by a decrease in the contracted muscle. The father of the patient suffered from dystrophia myotonica. This coincidnece suggests that this myotonic myopathy is a variant of dystrophia myotonica.", "contents": "Myotonic myopathy with painful muscle contractions and decrease of symptoms by cold. Myotonic reaction and paresis accompanied by painful muscle contractions limited to the upper limbs, which decrease remarkably in the cold, were observed in a 29 year old man. The histological investigation revealed minimal non-specific signs of myopathy. The biochemical studies of muscular tissue contained a normal amount of myophosphorylase, acid maltase and glycogen. Ischemic work induced normal elevation of venous lactate. The activities of CPK, LDH and SGOT in the blood serum were occasionally increased. The EMG showed typical myotonic bursts and electrical silence during painful muscle contractions. Repetitive high frequency stimulation demonstrated a clear initial increase of the amplitude of action potentials followed by a decrease in the contracted muscle. The father of the patient suffered from dystrophia myotonica. This coincidnece suggests that this myotonic myopathy is a variant of dystrophia myotonica.", "PMID": 81291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8131", "title": "Oligodendroglioma with a twenty-two year history. Clinicopathological case report.", "content": "Clinico-pathologic report of a patient with an oligodendroglioma who ran a 22-year course characterized by focal epileptic seizures of the Jaksonian type. The EEG remained normal for many years. Since the tumor had not been influenced by therapeutic measures, the histologic picture permitted considering some basic problems of origin, growth, and differentiation of oligodendrogliomas.", "contents": "Oligodendroglioma with a twenty-two year history. Clinicopathological case report. Clinico-pathologic report of a patient with an oligodendroglioma who ran a 22-year course characterized by focal epileptic seizures of the Jaksonian type. The EEG remained normal for many years. Since the tumor had not been influenced by therapeutic measures, the histologic picture permitted considering some basic problems of origin, growth, and differentiation of oligodendrogliomas.", "PMID": 81292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8132", "title": "A case of epidermoid of the fourth ventricle.", "content": "The case of woman, aged 52, who had a fourth ventricular epidermoid, which eluded definite diagnosis for six years because of spontaneous remissions, is reported. Computed tomography may be misleading in such cases with spontaneous remission of symptoms because of the low electron density of the tumor which is not enhanced by intravenous contrast medium. Other diagnostic means such as ventriculography should not be neglected.", "contents": "A case of epidermoid of the fourth ventricle. The case of woman, aged 52, who had a fourth ventricular epidermoid, which eluded definite diagnosis for six years because of spontaneous remissions, is reported. Computed tomography may be misleading in such cases with spontaneous remission of symptoms because of the low electron density of the tumor which is not enhanced by intravenous contrast medium. Other diagnostic means such as ventriculography should not be neglected.", "PMID": 81293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8133", "title": "alpha-Albumin (glial fibrillary acidic protein) in normal and pathological human brain and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "alpha-Albumin, a specific brain protein observed after agar gel electrophoresis and shown to be identical to the later described GFA, has been determined in normal and pathological human central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. The outcome of this study underlines the value of the detection of specific proteins of the brain in biological fluids.", "contents": "alpha-Albumin (glial fibrillary acidic protein) in normal and pathological human brain and cerebrospinal fluid. alpha-Albumin, a specific brain protein observed after agar gel electrophoresis and shown to be identical to the later described GFA, has been determined in normal and pathological human central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. The outcome of this study underlines the value of the detection of specific proteins of the brain in biological fluids.", "PMID": 81294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8134", "title": "Eosinophilic granulocytes in cerebrospinal fluid: analysis of 94 cerebrospinal fluid specimens and review of the literature.", "content": "Eosinophilic granulocytes in the CSF were observed in 94 of approximately 10,000 qualitative cytologic preparations. Those cases of eosinophilia which occurred in the context of a parasitic disease or a puncture-related hemorrhage were excluded. CSF eosinophilia exceeding 1% was found in 57.5% of the cases and 5% in 23.5%. Increased cell counts were observed in 67.7% of the cases; elevated CSF protein values, in 68% to 73%; blood eosinophils, in 10.4%. There was no reason to suspect a relationship between these findings and the number of eosinophils in the CSF.--Fifty-two percent of the cases involved inflammatory diseases of the nervous system; the 18 cases of abacterial inflammation of unknown etiology were particularly striking. In the remaining cases, eosinophils were found in conjunction with cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage, with tumors, and in a relatively high percentage of children (21%). The frequency of occurrence with drained or undrained hydrocephalus was striking. A review of the pathophysiological function of eosinophils indicated that revived or corpuscular antigens were present in all cases of CSF eosinophilia in which an eosinophilic reaction was induced. Nothing can be said at this time, however, concerning the classification of the antigens.", "contents": "Eosinophilic granulocytes in cerebrospinal fluid: analysis of 94 cerebrospinal fluid specimens and review of the literature. Eosinophilic granulocytes in the CSF were observed in 94 of approximately 10,000 qualitative cytologic preparations. Those cases of eosinophilia which occurred in the context of a parasitic disease or a puncture-related hemorrhage were excluded. CSF eosinophilia exceeding 1% was found in 57.5% of the cases and 5% in 23.5%. Increased cell counts were observed in 67.7% of the cases; elevated CSF protein values, in 68% to 73%; blood eosinophils, in 10.4%. There was no reason to suspect a relationship between these findings and the number of eosinophils in the CSF.--Fifty-two percent of the cases involved inflammatory diseases of the nervous system; the 18 cases of abacterial inflammation of unknown etiology were particularly striking. In the remaining cases, eosinophils were found in conjunction with cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage, with tumors, and in a relatively high percentage of children (21%). The frequency of occurrence with drained or undrained hydrocephalus was striking. A review of the pathophysiological function of eosinophils indicated that revived or corpuscular antigens were present in all cases of CSF eosinophilia in which an eosinophilic reaction was induced. Nothing can be said at this time, however, concerning the classification of the antigens.", "PMID": 81295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8135", "title": "Hepatic synthesis and urinary excretion of alpha2u-globulin by male rats: diurnal rhythm and response to fasting and refeeding.", "content": "The urine of sexually mature male rats contains a protein of hepatic origin, alpha2u-globulin, not found in the urine of immature or female rats; output of this protein is greatly reduced by fasting. We have examined the effects of feeding and of fasting for various lengths of time on urinary output and hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin. Rats eating ad libitum showed diurnal rhythms of urinary alpha2u-globulin excretion reaching maxima between 2000 and 0800 hours, thus coinciding with the daily feeding period of the rat. Fasting for 12 hours extinguished this diurnal rhythm. When fasting was prolonged up to 36 hours, urinary excretion of alpha2u-globulin was reduced to very low levels. Hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin under these nutritional conditions was investigated by incubating liver polyribosomes with [3H]leucine and a preparation of soluble enzymes for protein synthesis and separating the labeled alpha2u-globulin peptides by immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. By this technique, it was shown that only membrane-bound ribosomes in the livers of mature male rats make this protein. Semi-quantitative measurement suggested that the proportion of liver polyribosomes synthesizing alpha2u-globulin was unchanged after 12 hours of fasting, but was reduced after 24 and 36 hours of fasting. It is proposed that the diurnal rhythm in alpha2u-globulin output in the urine represents translational control of its synthesis in the liver, whereas the more extensive reduction with prolonged fasting is partly due to a selective reduction in transcription of the messenger RNA for this protein.", "contents": "Hepatic synthesis and urinary excretion of alpha2u-globulin by male rats: diurnal rhythm and response to fasting and refeeding. The urine of sexually mature male rats contains a protein of hepatic origin, alpha2u-globulin, not found in the urine of immature or female rats; output of this protein is greatly reduced by fasting. We have examined the effects of feeding and of fasting for various lengths of time on urinary output and hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin. Rats eating ad libitum showed diurnal rhythms of urinary alpha2u-globulin excretion reaching maxima between 2000 and 0800 hours, thus coinciding with the daily feeding period of the rat. Fasting for 12 hours extinguished this diurnal rhythm. When fasting was prolonged up to 36 hours, urinary excretion of alpha2u-globulin was reduced to very low levels. Hepatic synthesis of alpha2u-globulin under these nutritional conditions was investigated by incubating liver polyribosomes with [3H]leucine and a preparation of soluble enzymes for protein synthesis and separating the labeled alpha2u-globulin peptides by immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. By this technique, it was shown that only membrane-bound ribosomes in the livers of mature male rats make this protein. Semi-quantitative measurement suggested that the proportion of liver polyribosomes synthesizing alpha2u-globulin was unchanged after 12 hours of fasting, but was reduced after 24 and 36 hours of fasting. It is proposed that the diurnal rhythm in alpha2u-globulin output in the urine represents translational control of its synthesis in the liver, whereas the more extensive reduction with prolonged fasting is partly due to a selective reduction in transcription of the messenger RNA for this protein.", "PMID": 81296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8136", "title": "The longitudinal course of congenital rubella encephalitis in nonretarded children.", "content": "The neurologic course of congenital rubella syndrome was traced in 29 nonretarded children to 9 to 12 years. During the first two years, manifestations involved abnormal tone and reflexes (69%), motor delays (66%), feeding difficulties (48%), and abnormal clinical behavior (45%). Hearing loss was documented in 76%. From three to seven years, poor balance, motor incoordination (69%), and behavioral disturbances (66%) predominated. Hearing losses increased to 86%. Currently, at 9 to 12 years, 25 have residua which include learning deficits (52%), behavioral disturbances (48%), poor balance (61%), muscle weakness (54%), and deficits in tactile perception (41%). Two additional children now have hearing loss. The encephalitic manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome are diverse. Overriding problems differ at each phase of childhood. Current deficits influence progress in educational and home environments. For these children, adequate intelligence alone does not guarantee academic success.", "contents": "The longitudinal course of congenital rubella encephalitis in nonretarded children. The neurologic course of congenital rubella syndrome was traced in 29 nonretarded children to 9 to 12 years. During the first two years, manifestations involved abnormal tone and reflexes (69%), motor delays (66%), feeding difficulties (48%), and abnormal clinical behavior (45%). Hearing loss was documented in 76%. From three to seven years, poor balance, motor incoordination (69%), and behavioral disturbances (66%) predominated. Hearing losses increased to 86%. Currently, at 9 to 12 years, 25 have residua which include learning deficits (52%), behavioral disturbances (48%), poor balance (61%), muscle weakness (54%), and deficits in tactile perception (41%). Two additional children now have hearing loss. The encephalitic manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome are diverse. Overriding problems differ at each phase of childhood. Current deficits influence progress in educational and home environments. For these children, adequate intelligence alone does not guarantee academic success.", "PMID": 81297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8137", "title": "Fast axoplasmic transport of noradrenaline and dopamine in mammalian peripheral nerve.", "content": "A fast transport of noradrenaline (NA) at a velocity of 392 mm/day was found in cat peroneal nerve using a double-ligation technique and a new sensitive radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines. The velocity of transport of NA is sufficiently close to that of 410 mm/day found for labelled proteins and polypeptides to be considered as moving down within the nerve fibres by the same transport mechanism. In addition, dopamine (DA) was also found to be moved down by anterograde transport at a fast, but not well defined, rate. Disulfiram, a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibiting agent, reduced NA levels and increased DA both in control nerve segments and within the portion of the nerve isolated by ligations where NA-containing densecore vesicles are present. The results are considered to support a dynamic turnover of NA and DA in the dense-core vesicles as they are trasnported in the axons.", "contents": "Fast axoplasmic transport of noradrenaline and dopamine in mammalian peripheral nerve. A fast transport of noradrenaline (NA) at a velocity of 392 mm/day was found in cat peroneal nerve using a double-ligation technique and a new sensitive radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines. The velocity of transport of NA is sufficiently close to that of 410 mm/day found for labelled proteins and polypeptides to be considered as moving down within the nerve fibres by the same transport mechanism. In addition, dopamine (DA) was also found to be moved down by anterograde transport at a fast, but not well defined, rate. Disulfiram, a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibiting agent, reduced NA levels and increased DA both in control nerve segments and within the portion of the nerve isolated by ligations where NA-containing densecore vesicles are present. The results are considered to support a dynamic turnover of NA and DA in the dense-core vesicles as they are trasnported in the axons.", "PMID": 81300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8138", "title": "Kinetic properties of normal and perturbed axonal transport of serotonin in a single identified axon.", "content": "1. The axonal transport of pulses of [3H]serotonin was studied in an axon of the serotonergic giant cerebral neurone (GCN) of Aplysia californica. 2. [3H]serotonin was transported as a discrete peak which was followed by a relatively low, smooth trail. 3. The peak broadened as it moved along the axon, sometimes skewing in the proximal direction. 4. The velocity of the transport was highly dependent on temperature, but the rate of peak broadening was not. The velocity was 130 mm per day at 23 degrees C and 48 mm per day at 14 degrees C. The rate of broadening was 143 micrometer per mm transport at 23 degrees C and 156 micrometer per mm transport at 14 degrees C. 5. In another series of experiments, almost the entire length of the lip nerve, which contained the axon of GCN, was maintained at 1--3 degrees C to block transport. The GCN's cell body and the proximal few millimetres of the nerve were maintained at 23 degrees C. As a result, the amount of [3H]serotonin in the proximal segment of the nerve increased manyfold during periods of up to 4 hr. The concentrated pulse of [3H]serotonin resulting from this treatment was transported more slowly than normal after the cooling was terminated. Sometimes, a minor peak split from the major peak of radioactivity and was transported a normal velocity. 6. Incubation of the cerebral ganglion and nerves for 16 hr in the presence of anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, reduced by nearly fourfold the amount of [3H]serotonin subsequently exported into the axon of the GCN. The transport velocity at this reduced concentration was less than half the normal value. If the concentration of [3H]serotonin in the axon was restored to normal in the presence of anisomycin, the velocity of transport was also returned to normal. 7. We conclude that the velocity of transport of serotonergic vesicles in the axon of the GCN is positively dependent on the local concentration of vesicles, except at very high concentrations, where the dependence is negative. The results are interpreted in the context of a model for transport in which the serotonergic vesicle is translocated along the axon in an intermittent fashion, alternating between moving and stationary states. The local concentration of the vesicles along the axon would control the observed velocity of transport by altering the partitioning between the two states, that is, by changing the percentage of time vesicles spend in each state.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of normal and perturbed axonal transport of serotonin in a single identified axon. 1. The axonal transport of pulses of [3H]serotonin was studied in an axon of the serotonergic giant cerebral neurone (GCN) of Aplysia californica. 2. [3H]serotonin was transported as a discrete peak which was followed by a relatively low, smooth trail. 3. The peak broadened as it moved along the axon, sometimes skewing in the proximal direction. 4. The velocity of the transport was highly dependent on temperature, but the rate of peak broadening was not. The velocity was 130 mm per day at 23 degrees C and 48 mm per day at 14 degrees C. The rate of broadening was 143 micrometer per mm transport at 23 degrees C and 156 micrometer per mm transport at 14 degrees C. 5. In another series of experiments, almost the entire length of the lip nerve, which contained the axon of GCN, was maintained at 1--3 degrees C to block transport. The GCN's cell body and the proximal few millimetres of the nerve were maintained at 23 degrees C. As a result, the amount of [3H]serotonin in the proximal segment of the nerve increased manyfold during periods of up to 4 hr. The concentrated pulse of [3H]serotonin resulting from this treatment was transported more slowly than normal after the cooling was terminated. Sometimes, a minor peak split from the major peak of radioactivity and was transported a normal velocity. 6. Incubation of the cerebral ganglion and nerves for 16 hr in the presence of anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, reduced by nearly fourfold the amount of [3H]serotonin subsequently exported into the axon of the GCN. The transport velocity at this reduced concentration was less than half the normal value. If the concentration of [3H]serotonin in the axon was restored to normal in the presence of anisomycin, the velocity of transport was also returned to normal. 7. We conclude that the velocity of transport of serotonergic vesicles in the axon of the GCN is positively dependent on the local concentration of vesicles, except at very high concentrations, where the dependence is negative. The results are interpreted in the context of a model for transport in which the serotonergic vesicle is translocated along the axon in an intermittent fashion, alternating between moving and stationary states. The local concentration of the vesicles along the axon would control the observed velocity of transport by altering the partitioning between the two states, that is, by changing the percentage of time vesicles spend in each state.", "PMID": 81302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8139", "title": "Influence of illness on developmental progress in children under two.", "content": "Illnesses occurring in children under two were recorded in relation to a systematic programme of child surveillance in one general practice.The most important result of this study was that although illness does have a detectable effect on developmental progress, the degree of that influence is for the most part small.Illnesses experienced between 0 and 7 months have less influence upon seven-month developmental scores than upon 24-month developmental scores, but have a greater influence upon the latter than do illnesses experienced between 7 and 24 months.There was a significantly higher consultation rate for boys and for children from social classes 3b, 4, and 5.", "contents": "Influence of illness on developmental progress in children under two. Illnesses occurring in children under two were recorded in relation to a systematic programme of child surveillance in one general practice.The most important result of this study was that although illness does have a detectable effect on developmental progress, the degree of that influence is for the most part small.Illnesses experienced between 0 and 7 months have less influence upon seven-month developmental scores than upon 24-month developmental scores, but have a greater influence upon the latter than do illnesses experienced between 7 and 24 months.There was a significantly higher consultation rate for boys and for children from social classes 3b, 4, and 5.", "PMID": 81303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8140", "title": "Chondroma rodens in a dog.", "content": "The clinical and pathological characteristics of a chondroma rodens affecting the internal occipital protruberance, cerebellar meninges and the cerebellum of a dog, are described. The principle clinical findings were Horner's syndrome and ataxia. The histopathologic differentiation of this tumour from other fibro-osseous growths, is discussed.", "contents": "Chondroma rodens in a dog. The clinical and pathological characteristics of a chondroma rodens affecting the internal occipital protruberance, cerebellar meninges and the cerebellum of a dog, are described. The principle clinical findings were Horner's syndrome and ataxia. The histopathologic differentiation of this tumour from other fibro-osseous growths, is discussed.", "PMID": 81305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8141", "title": "Effect of calcium on the H+/K+ ATPase of hog gastric microsomes.", "content": "The K+-stimulated, ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity present in vesicles of microsomal fractions from hog gastric mucosa can be demonstrated in fresh preparations by adding Ca2+ (micron range) to the incubation medium. Ca2+ effect is similar but not additive to the effect of gramicidin or freezing. High Ca2+ concentrations (1 mM) produce an inhibitory effect on the K+-stimulated ATPase activity. This effect is not seen in the presence of gramicidin. Calcium increases the magnitude of ATP-driven H+ uptake in vesicles exposed to K+ for periods of time up to 60 min. At longer times of exposure (120 min) the response does not differ from controls. It is concluded that Ca2+ at low concentrations (micron range) enhances the K+ permeability of the vesicular membrane. At higher concentrations (mM range), Ca2+ becomes inhibitory to the K+ permeability. A role for Ca2+ as a second messenger in stimulus-secretion coupling in the parietal cell is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on the H+/K+ ATPase of hog gastric microsomes. The K+-stimulated, ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity present in vesicles of microsomal fractions from hog gastric mucosa can be demonstrated in fresh preparations by adding Ca2+ (micron range) to the incubation medium. Ca2+ effect is similar but not additive to the effect of gramicidin or freezing. High Ca2+ concentrations (1 mM) produce an inhibitory effect on the K+-stimulated ATPase activity. This effect is not seen in the presence of gramicidin. Calcium increases the magnitude of ATP-driven H+ uptake in vesicles exposed to K+ for periods of time up to 60 min. At longer times of exposure (120 min) the response does not differ from controls. It is concluded that Ca2+ at low concentrations (micron range) enhances the K+ permeability of the vesicular membrane. At higher concentrations (mM range), Ca2+ becomes inhibitory to the K+ permeability. A role for Ca2+ as a second messenger in stimulus-secretion coupling in the parietal cell is discussed.", "PMID": 81306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8142", "title": "Purification and characterization of a human lung tumor-associated antigen.", "content": "A human lung tumor-associated antigen was purified from a saline extract of a lung adenocarcinoma. The antigen was demonstrated in extracts of lung adenocarcinoma. The antigen was demonstrated in extracts of lung tumors with the use of an absorbed antiserum by double-diffusion immunoprecipitation. The antiserum did not react with extracts of normal lung or other normal tissues, and the antigen was immunologically distinct from other tumor-associated antigens. Purification was achieved by antibody affinity chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolation procedures were monitored by immunoreactivity with absorbed monospecific antiserum. The antigen was labeled with 125I and judged homogeneous by 1) polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis in detergent and nondetergent gels, 2) molecular sieve chromatography, 3) ion exchange chromatography, and 4) sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. A molecular weight of 77,000 was calculated from the s20.w value of 4.24S and from the D20.w value of 5.0X10(-7) cm2/sec. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated a subunit molecular weight of 42,000. The Stokes radius of the antigen was 40 A and the frictional ratio was 1.42, indicating a nonspherical molecule. The purified radioiodinated antigen could be quantitatively precipitated with specific antiserum.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a human lung tumor-associated antigen. A human lung tumor-associated antigen was purified from a saline extract of a lung adenocarcinoma. The antigen was demonstrated in extracts of lung adenocarcinoma. The antigen was demonstrated in extracts of lung tumors with the use of an absorbed antiserum by double-diffusion immunoprecipitation. The antiserum did not react with extracts of normal lung or other normal tissues, and the antigen was immunologically distinct from other tumor-associated antigens. Purification was achieved by antibody affinity chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolation procedures were monitored by immunoreactivity with absorbed monospecific antiserum. The antigen was labeled with 125I and judged homogeneous by 1) polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis in detergent and nondetergent gels, 2) molecular sieve chromatography, 3) ion exchange chromatography, and 4) sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. A molecular weight of 77,000 was calculated from the s20.w value of 4.24S and from the D20.w value of 5.0X10(-7) cm2/sec. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicated a subunit molecular weight of 42,000. The Stokes radius of the antigen was 40 A and the frictional ratio was 1.42, indicating a nonspherical molecule. The purified radioiodinated antigen could be quantitatively precipitated with specific antiserum.", "PMID": 81307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8143", "title": "Rabbit antiserum against a non-T, non-B leukemia cell line that carries the Ph1 chromosome (NALM-1): antibody specific to a non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen.", "content": "Rabbit immune sera against human cells of a non-T, non-B leukemia cell line bearing the Ph1 chromosome (NALM-1) were characterized. After proper and exhaustive absorption, the sera were tested by indirect membrane immunofluorescence on a panel of 19 human hematopoietic cell lines with T-, B-, or non-T, non-B cell surface characteristics. The absorbed sera reacted specifically with NALM-1 cells but not with cells of another Ph1-positive cell line, K-562. Four of the 6 leukemia T-cell lines, 2 of the 4 leukemia-lymphoma B-cell lines, all of 4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines with non-T, non-B cell characteristics, and uncultured cells of all patients with non-T, non-B cell ALL were reactive with the antisera. A cross-absorption study of the antisera suggested that a single antigenic complex is involved in this antigen specificity. The antigen involved appears to be a common non-T, non-B ALL one that has been described previously.", "contents": "Rabbit antiserum against a non-T, non-B leukemia cell line that carries the Ph1 chromosome (NALM-1): antibody specific to a non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen. Rabbit immune sera against human cells of a non-T, non-B leukemia cell line bearing the Ph1 chromosome (NALM-1) were characterized. After proper and exhaustive absorption, the sera were tested by indirect membrane immunofluorescence on a panel of 19 human hematopoietic cell lines with T-, B-, or non-T, non-B cell surface characteristics. The absorbed sera reacted specifically with NALM-1 cells but not with cells of another Ph1-positive cell line, K-562. Four of the 6 leukemia T-cell lines, 2 of the 4 leukemia-lymphoma B-cell lines, all of 4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines with non-T, non-B cell characteristics, and uncultured cells of all patients with non-T, non-B cell ALL were reactive with the antisera. A cross-absorption study of the antisera suggested that a single antigenic complex is involved in this antigen specificity. The antigen involved appears to be a common non-T, non-B ALL one that has been described previously.", "PMID": 81309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8144", "title": "The surgical management of patients with carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus.", "content": "Clinical and pathological findings in 15 patients with carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus were analyzed. The author concluded that preoperative radiotherapy reduces tumor size and improves resectability. Longer follow-up is required to determine whether or not preoperative radiotherapy improves survival rates in these patients.", "contents": "The surgical management of patients with carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus. Clinical and pathological findings in 15 patients with carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus were analyzed. The author concluded that preoperative radiotherapy reduces tumor size and improves resectability. Longer follow-up is required to determine whether or not preoperative radiotherapy improves survival rates in these patients.", "PMID": 81310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8145", "title": "Abate--its value as a cyclopscide.", "content": "Guinea worm disease is highly endemic in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. The effect of Abate on the vector cyclops was studied and was found to be very encouraging.", "contents": "Abate--its value as a cyclopscide. Guinea worm disease is highly endemic in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. The effect of Abate on the vector cyclops was studied and was found to be very encouraging.", "PMID": 81311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8146", "title": "Inhibition by RNA of RNase H activity associated with reverse transcriptase in Rauscher murine leukemia virus cores.", "content": "We reported earlier that core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus, when separated on an isopycnic sucrose gradient, did not contain detectable levels of RNase H activity, while retaining high levels of reverse transcriptase activity. We reexamined this phenomenon, and the earlier observation was found to be reproducible. However, when doubly banded preparations of viral cores were solubilized and reverse transcriptase was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, a coincident peak of a nuclease activity with the specificity of RNase H was observed, which indicated that RNase H was selectively inhibited in the core fractions. By direct activity measurements using the purified reverse transcriptase-RNase H from cores, this endogenous inhibitor has been identified as the viral RNA. Viral 70S RNA strongly inhibited RNase H activity purified either from whole virions or from prefractionated cores. Other RNAs tested that had inhibitory effects were yeast tRNA, polyadenylic acid, and polyguanylic acid. Polyuridylic acid and polyadenylic acid were moderately inhibitory, and polycytidylic acid did not inhibit the RNase H. A rabbit anti-reverse transcriptase immunoglobulin G inhibited both the reverse transcriptase and RNase H activities of the enzyme purified from cores. These data provide a rational explanation for the failure to detect RNase H activity in core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the idea that the RNase H and reverse transcriptase activities purified from cores reside on the same protein molecule. Possible biological implications of the observed inhibition of RNase H by RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by RNA of RNase H activity associated with reverse transcriptase in Rauscher murine leukemia virus cores. We reported earlier that core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus, when separated on an isopycnic sucrose gradient, did not contain detectable levels of RNase H activity, while retaining high levels of reverse transcriptase activity. We reexamined this phenomenon, and the earlier observation was found to be reproducible. However, when doubly banded preparations of viral cores were solubilized and reverse transcriptase was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, a coincident peak of a nuclease activity with the specificity of RNase H was observed, which indicated that RNase H was selectively inhibited in the core fractions. By direct activity measurements using the purified reverse transcriptase-RNase H from cores, this endogenous inhibitor has been identified as the viral RNA. Viral 70S RNA strongly inhibited RNase H activity purified either from whole virions or from prefractionated cores. Other RNAs tested that had inhibitory effects were yeast tRNA, polyadenylic acid, and polyguanylic acid. Polyuridylic acid and polyadenylic acid were moderately inhibitory, and polycytidylic acid did not inhibit the RNase H. A rabbit anti-reverse transcriptase immunoglobulin G inhibited both the reverse transcriptase and RNase H activities of the enzyme purified from cores. These data provide a rational explanation for the failure to detect RNase H activity in core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the idea that the RNase H and reverse transcriptase activities purified from cores reside on the same protein molecule. Possible biological implications of the observed inhibition of RNase H by RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 81312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8147", "title": "Reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H activity. II. Inhibition by natural and synthetic RNA.", "content": "The RNase H activity associated with purified avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases is inhibited by homopolymeric RNA molecules, although the efficiency of inhibition by each homopolymer appears enzyme specific. Formation of duplex RNA molecules abolished the inhibitory activity. In contrast to these results, DNA polymerase-independent RNase H activities, such as the RNase H-II from Rauscher murine leukemia virus and calf thymus RNase H, were unaffected by the addition of exogenous RNA molecules to reaction mixtures. These results support the concept (M. J. Modak and S. L. Marcus, J. Virol. 22:253--256, 1977) that the catalytic site of DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity may be that which is also involved in template binding. Naturally occurring RNA molecules of oncornaviral, procaryotic, or eucaryotic origin also proved to be efficient inhibitors of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity. In contrast to this result, naturally occurring RNA molecules, at concentrations which inhibited the avian myeloblastosis virus enzyme, did not inhibit Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase-catalyzed RNase H activity. This finding represents a new biochemical distinction between the two reverse transcriptases, and may be indicative of differences in the relative affinities of these enzymes for natural RNA molecules.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H activity. II. Inhibition by natural and synthetic RNA. The RNase H activity associated with purified avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases is inhibited by homopolymeric RNA molecules, although the efficiency of inhibition by each homopolymer appears enzyme specific. Formation of duplex RNA molecules abolished the inhibitory activity. In contrast to these results, DNA polymerase-independent RNase H activities, such as the RNase H-II from Rauscher murine leukemia virus and calf thymus RNase H, were unaffected by the addition of exogenous RNA molecules to reaction mixtures. These results support the concept (M. J. Modak and S. L. Marcus, J. Virol. 22:253--256, 1977) that the catalytic site of DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity may be that which is also involved in template binding. Naturally occurring RNA molecules of oncornaviral, procaryotic, or eucaryotic origin also proved to be efficient inhibitors of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity. In contrast to this result, naturally occurring RNA molecules, at concentrations which inhibited the avian myeloblastosis virus enzyme, did not inhibit Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase-catalyzed RNase H activity. This finding represents a new biochemical distinction between the two reverse transcriptases, and may be indicative of differences in the relative affinities of these enzymes for natural RNA molecules.", "PMID": 81313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8148", "title": "Mammalian retrovirus-associated RNase H is virus coded.", "content": "RNase H of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rauscher murine leukemia virus is thermolabile, establishing this activity as a virus-coded function of the mammalian type C virus reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "Mammalian retrovirus-associated RNase H is virus coded. RNase H of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rauscher murine leukemia virus is thermolabile, establishing this activity as a virus-coded function of the mammalian type C virus reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 81314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8149", "title": "Analysis of translational products of Friend strain of spleen focus-forming virus.", "content": "We have analyzed normal rat kidney cells nonproductively infected with the Friend strain of spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) for the presence of murine leukemia virus-specific type C viral proteins. SFFV was found to code for the p15 and p12 proteins of Friend-murine leukemia virus as determined by immunological typing of their antigenic determinants. Molecular-size analysis of p15 and p12 proteins in SFFV nonproductively infected normal rat kidney cells indicated that these proteins are translated as parts of polyprotein molecules. The apparent molecular weights of the polypeptides bearing p12 antigenic determinants revealed the presence of translational products of the SFFV genome that could not be accounted for by know type C virus helper structural proteins.", "contents": "Analysis of translational products of Friend strain of spleen focus-forming virus. We have analyzed normal rat kidney cells nonproductively infected with the Friend strain of spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) for the presence of murine leukemia virus-specific type C viral proteins. SFFV was found to code for the p15 and p12 proteins of Friend-murine leukemia virus as determined by immunological typing of their antigenic determinants. Molecular-size analysis of p15 and p12 proteins in SFFV nonproductively infected normal rat kidney cells indicated that these proteins are translated as parts of polyprotein molecules. The apparent molecular weights of the polypeptides bearing p12 antigenic determinants revealed the presence of translational products of the SFFV genome that could not be accounted for by know type C virus helper structural proteins.", "PMID": 81315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8150", "title": "Virus-coded origin of a 32,000-dalton protein from avian retrovirus cores: structural relatedness of p32 and the beta polypeptide of the avian retrovirus DNA polymerase.", "content": "A 32,000-dalton protein (p32) located in avian retrovirus cores was immunoprecipitated from [35S]methionine-labeled avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) propagated in cultured chicken embryo fibroblast cells by an antiserum preparation (sarc III) derived from tumor-bearing hamsters injected with cloned and passaged cells from an avian sarcoma virus-induced primary hamster tumor. Since sarc III serum apparently contained antibodies only to virus-coded proteins and not to chicken cellular proteins, the immunoprecipitation of p32 from AMV by sarc III serum strongly suggested that p32 is virus coded. The origin of p32 was more definitively established by demonstrating the existence of a structural relationship between p32 and the AMV DNA polymerase. AMV p32 cross-reacted with the beta polypeptide of AMV alphabeta DNA polymerase in radioimmunoprecipitation and radioimmunoprecipitation inhibition assays, indicating that p32 and beta share common antigenic determinants. This relationship was clarified by sodium do-decyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the peptides generated by limited proteolysis of 125I-labeled AMV DNA polymerase polypeptides and of 125I-labeled AMV p32 by chymotrypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease. The peptides which appeared during proteolytic digestion of p32 were a subset of those produced by digestion of the beta polypeptide; however, p32 had no discernible peptides in common with the alpha polypeptide. Further, all of the peptides produced by limited proteolysis of beta were present in the digests of either p32 or alpha. Our findings suggest that p32 is apparently derived by cleavage of the beta polypeptide of AMV DNA polymerase, presumably at a site near or identical to that at which alpha is generated from beta by proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "Virus-coded origin of a 32,000-dalton protein from avian retrovirus cores: structural relatedness of p32 and the beta polypeptide of the avian retrovirus DNA polymerase. A 32,000-dalton protein (p32) located in avian retrovirus cores was immunoprecipitated from [35S]methionine-labeled avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) propagated in cultured chicken embryo fibroblast cells by an antiserum preparation (sarc III) derived from tumor-bearing hamsters injected with cloned and passaged cells from an avian sarcoma virus-induced primary hamster tumor. Since sarc III serum apparently contained antibodies only to virus-coded proteins and not to chicken cellular proteins, the immunoprecipitation of p32 from AMV by sarc III serum strongly suggested that p32 is virus coded. The origin of p32 was more definitively established by demonstrating the existence of a structural relationship between p32 and the AMV DNA polymerase. AMV p32 cross-reacted with the beta polypeptide of AMV alphabeta DNA polymerase in radioimmunoprecipitation and radioimmunoprecipitation inhibition assays, indicating that p32 and beta share common antigenic determinants. This relationship was clarified by sodium do-decyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the peptides generated by limited proteolysis of 125I-labeled AMV DNA polymerase polypeptides and of 125I-labeled AMV p32 by chymotrypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease. The peptides which appeared during proteolytic digestion of p32 were a subset of those produced by digestion of the beta polypeptide; however, p32 had no discernible peptides in common with the alpha polypeptide. Further, all of the peptides produced by limited proteolysis of beta were present in the digests of either p32 or alpha. Our findings suggest that p32 is apparently derived by cleavage of the beta polypeptide of AMV DNA polymerase, presumably at a site near or identical to that at which alpha is generated from beta by proteolytic cleavage.", "PMID": 81316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8151", "title": "Molecular diversity among five different endogenous primate retroviruses.", "content": "Genetically transmitted retroviruses of Old and New World monkeys include type C viruses isolated from baboons (M7), macaque (MAC-1), and owl monkeys (OMC-1) and type D viruses from langurs (PO-1-Lu) and squirrel monkeys (SMRV, M534). Each of these isolates is unrelated to the others by nucleic acid hybridization criteria and contains a unique array of virion-associated proteins which can be resolved by agarose gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The major structural protein of each virus has a distinct primary structure, as determined by two-dimensional tryptic peptide analysis, and is antigenically different from the others. The major virion phosphoproteins of endogenous primate type C viruses (pp15) are also different from those of type D viruses (pp13-pp14). Immunological and structural analyses show that the endogenous langur virus and the horizontally transmitted Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys are closely related to one another, consistent with the sequence homology detected in their RNA genomes. Although certain radioimmunoassays detect interspecies antigenic determinants common to either the p30 or gp70 proteins of some of these viruses, no one assay has yet been designed which can detect all groups of endogenous primate retroviridae. The data lead to the conclusion that primates contain a minimum of three different sets of genetically transmitted type C and type D retroviral genes.", "contents": "Molecular diversity among five different endogenous primate retroviruses. Genetically transmitted retroviruses of Old and New World monkeys include type C viruses isolated from baboons (M7), macaque (MAC-1), and owl monkeys (OMC-1) and type D viruses from langurs (PO-1-Lu) and squirrel monkeys (SMRV, M534). Each of these isolates is unrelated to the others by nucleic acid hybridization criteria and contains a unique array of virion-associated proteins which can be resolved by agarose gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The major structural protein of each virus has a distinct primary structure, as determined by two-dimensional tryptic peptide analysis, and is antigenically different from the others. The major virion phosphoproteins of endogenous primate type C viruses (pp15) are also different from those of type D viruses (pp13-pp14). Immunological and structural analyses show that the endogenous langur virus and the horizontally transmitted Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys are closely related to one another, consistent with the sequence homology detected in their RNA genomes. Although certain radioimmunoassays detect interspecies antigenic determinants common to either the p30 or gp70 proteins of some of these viruses, no one assay has yet been designed which can detect all groups of endogenous primate retroviridae. The data lead to the conclusion that primates contain a minimum of three different sets of genetically transmitted type C and type D retroviral genes.", "PMID": 81317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8152", "title": "Characterization of K virus and its comparison with polyoma virus.", "content": "The antigenic relationship between the two murine papovaviruses, K virus and polyoma virus, was examined by serological techniques to determine whether they shared any antigenic components. No cross-reactivity was found associated with the viral (V) antigens by the indirect immunofluorescence, neutralization, or hemagglutination-inhibition tests. The tumor (T) antigens expressed in transformed cells or cells productively infected by either K or polyoma virus did not cross-react by indirect immunofluorescence. An antigenic relationship was detected, however, among the late proteins of K virus, polyoma virus, simian virus 40, and the human papovavirus BKV, when tested with either hyperimmune sera prepared against polyoma virus and simian virus 40 or sera prepared against disrupted virions. The nucleic acids of K and polyoma viruses were compared by agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease analysis. No nucleotide sequence homology between the genomes of these two viruses was detectable by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques under stringent conditions. The genome of K virus was found to be slightly smaller than that of polyoma virus, and the cleavage patterns of the viral DNAs with six restriction endonucleases were different. These findings indicate that there is little relationship between these two murine papovaviruses.", "contents": "Characterization of K virus and its comparison with polyoma virus. The antigenic relationship between the two murine papovaviruses, K virus and polyoma virus, was examined by serological techniques to determine whether they shared any antigenic components. No cross-reactivity was found associated with the viral (V) antigens by the indirect immunofluorescence, neutralization, or hemagglutination-inhibition tests. The tumor (T) antigens expressed in transformed cells or cells productively infected by either K or polyoma virus did not cross-react by indirect immunofluorescence. An antigenic relationship was detected, however, among the late proteins of K virus, polyoma virus, simian virus 40, and the human papovavirus BKV, when tested with either hyperimmune sera prepared against polyoma virus and simian virus 40 or sera prepared against disrupted virions. The nucleic acids of K and polyoma viruses were compared by agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease analysis. No nucleotide sequence homology between the genomes of these two viruses was detectable by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques under stringent conditions. The genome of K virus was found to be slightly smaller than that of polyoma virus, and the cleavage patterns of the viral DNAs with six restriction endonucleases were different. These findings indicate that there is little relationship between these two murine papovaviruses.", "PMID": 81318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8153", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a virus-specific ribonucleoprotein complex from reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed chicken bone marrow cells.", "content": "Chicken bone marrow cells transformed by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) produce in the cytoplasm a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex which has a sedimentation value of approximately 80 to 100S and a density of 1.23 g/cm3. This RNP complex is not derived from the mature virion. An endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity is associated with the RNP complex. The enzyme activity was completely neutralized by anti-REV DNA polymerase antibody but not by anti-avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase antibody. The DNA product from the endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase reaction of the RNP complex hybridized to REV RNA but not to avian leukosis virus RNA. The RNA extracted from the RNP hybridized only to REV-specific complementary DNA synthesized from an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction of purified REV. The size of the RNA in the RNP is 30 to 35S, which represents the subunit size of the genomic RNA. No 60S mature genomic RNA was found within the RNP complex. The significance of finding the endogenous DNA polymerase activity in the viral RNP in infected cells and the maturation process of 60S virion RNA of REV are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a virus-specific ribonucleoprotein complex from reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed chicken bone marrow cells. Chicken bone marrow cells transformed by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) produce in the cytoplasm a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex which has a sedimentation value of approximately 80 to 100S and a density of 1.23 g/cm3. This RNP complex is not derived from the mature virion. An endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity is associated with the RNP complex. The enzyme activity was completely neutralized by anti-REV DNA polymerase antibody but not by anti-avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase antibody. The DNA product from the endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase reaction of the RNP complex hybridized to REV RNA but not to avian leukosis virus RNA. The RNA extracted from the RNP hybridized only to REV-specific complementary DNA synthesized from an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction of purified REV. The size of the RNA in the RNP is 30 to 35S, which represents the subunit size of the genomic RNA. No 60S mature genomic RNA was found within the RNP complex. The significance of finding the endogenous DNA polymerase activity in the viral RNP in infected cells and the maturation process of 60S virion RNA of REV are discussed.", "PMID": 81319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8154", "title": "Papain solubilization of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced membrane antigen.", "content": "The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced membrane antigen (MA) was successfully solubilized from the membranes of viable EBV-infected Raji cells by treatment with papain (5 to 6 U per 1 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(7) cells). The loss of MA from viable cells was monitored by membrane immunofluorescence and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Soluble MA was demonstrated in papain digests through inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and by inhibition of the binding of anti-MA antibodies to cells as detected by use of 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A. Approximately 75% of the MA activity in the extracts was not sedimentable at 100,000 X g,, indicating that the majority of EBV MA activity that was released by this procedure was associated with small-molecular-weight material. Antiserum prepared from an owl monkey immunized with these papain extracts contained antibody to MA and neutralizing antibodies, but lacked detectable antibodies against viral capsid antigens and EBV-induced early antigens.", "contents": "Papain solubilization of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced membrane antigen. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced membrane antigen (MA) was successfully solubilized from the membranes of viable EBV-infected Raji cells by treatment with papain (5 to 6 U per 1 X 10(7) to 2 X 10(7) cells). The loss of MA from viable cells was monitored by membrane immunofluorescence and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Soluble MA was demonstrated in papain digests through inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and by inhibition of the binding of anti-MA antibodies to cells as detected by use of 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A. Approximately 75% of the MA activity in the extracts was not sedimentable at 100,000 X g,, indicating that the majority of EBV MA activity that was released by this procedure was associated with small-molecular-weight material. Antiserum prepared from an owl monkey immunized with these papain extracts contained antibody to MA and neutralizing antibodies, but lacked detectable antibodies against viral capsid antigens and EBV-induced early antigens.", "PMID": 81320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8155", "title": "A comparison of serum immunoglobulins from patients with non-neoplastic prostates and prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The major immunoglobulin classes were surveyed among 23 patients with carcinoma of the prostate, 14 patients with clinically manifest benign prostatic hyperplasia and 23 healthy, elderly men without evidence of prostatic disease to determine if differences in immunoglobulin levels existed. Levels of IgG,IgA and IgM were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Serum IgM levels were depressed in patients with all stages of carcinoma of the prostate as compared to levels in controls. These depressions were significant statistically for the tumor group considered as a whole and for patients with stages A and B tumors; the depression of IgM levels in patients with stages C and D tumors bordered on statistical significance. Serum IgG levels were depressed significantly in patients with stages A and B carcinoma of the prostate as compared to controls. Levels in patients with stages C and D lesions exceeded control levels but the difference was not statistically significant. Serum IgA levels in patients with stages A and B tumors were comparable to control levels but levels in patients with stages C and D lesions were significantly higher than controls.", "contents": "A comparison of serum immunoglobulins from patients with non-neoplastic prostates and prostatic carcinoma. The major immunoglobulin classes were surveyed among 23 patients with carcinoma of the prostate, 14 patients with clinically manifest benign prostatic hyperplasia and 23 healthy, elderly men without evidence of prostatic disease to determine if differences in immunoglobulin levels existed. Levels of IgG,IgA and IgM were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Serum IgM levels were depressed in patients with all stages of carcinoma of the prostate as compared to levels in controls. These depressions were significant statistically for the tumor group considered as a whole and for patients with stages A and B tumors; the depression of IgM levels in patients with stages C and D tumors bordered on statistical significance. Serum IgG levels were depressed significantly in patients with stages A and B carcinoma of the prostate as compared to controls. Levels in patients with stages C and D lesions exceeded control levels but the difference was not statistically significant. Serum IgA levels in patients with stages A and B tumors were comparable to control levels but levels in patients with stages C and D lesions were significantly higher than controls.", "PMID": 81321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8156", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis following transurethral resection of the prostate: diagnosis by phleborheography.", "content": "Deep venous thrombosis is a potential complication of transurethral resection of the prostate. We evaluated 150 paients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign and malignant disease to determine the postoperative incidence of deep vein thrombosis, using phleborheography as the instrument of detection. Phleborheography is an accurate, inexpensive, non-invasive method that uses low pressure transducers to detect volumetric changes in the lower extremity through recording cuffs. A 4.6 per cent incidence of deep venous thrombosis was detected by this technique. At the time this complication was discovered no patient exhibited clinical signs of thrombophlebitis, which reinforces the belief that clinical diagnosis alone is not a reliable screening technique for deep venous thrombosis. Anticoagulant therapy appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of this postoperative complication.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis following transurethral resection of the prostate: diagnosis by phleborheography. Deep venous thrombosis is a potential complication of transurethral resection of the prostate. We evaluated 150 paients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign and malignant disease to determine the postoperative incidence of deep vein thrombosis, using phleborheography as the instrument of detection. Phleborheography is an accurate, inexpensive, non-invasive method that uses low pressure transducers to detect volumetric changes in the lower extremity through recording cuffs. A 4.6 per cent incidence of deep venous thrombosis was detected by this technique. At the time this complication was discovered no patient exhibited clinical signs of thrombophlebitis, which reinforces the belief that clinical diagnosis alone is not a reliable screening technique for deep venous thrombosis. Anticoagulant therapy appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of this postoperative complication.", "PMID": 81322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8157", "title": "Prevention of bacteriuria after transurethral prostatectomy with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals.", "content": "Of 40 patients who underwent transurethral prostatectomy without receiving antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis 13 had significant bacteriuria at some time in the postoperative course. Of 47 patients given nitrofurantoin none of the 42 for whom culture results were available had bacteriuria. This difference between the 2 groups is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Nitrofurantoin prevents post-prostatectomy bacteriuria and has a theoretical advantage over agents such as the cephalosporins in that its action is limited to the urinary tract.", "contents": "Prevention of bacteriuria after transurethral prostatectomy with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals. Of 40 patients who underwent transurethral prostatectomy without receiving antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis 13 had significant bacteriuria at some time in the postoperative course. Of 47 patients given nitrofurantoin none of the 42 for whom culture results were available had bacteriuria. This difference between the 2 groups is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Nitrofurantoin prevents post-prostatectomy bacteriuria and has a theoretical advantage over agents such as the cephalosporins in that its action is limited to the urinary tract.", "PMID": 81323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8158", "title": "Herpesvirus type2: study of semen in male subjects with recurrent infections.", "content": "Semen from 30 healthy male subjects with recurrent infections with herpesvirus type 2 was obtained when subjects were free of lesions and surveyed by tissue culture for an infectious virus in an attempt to elucidate the transmission of this disease. Inclusion bodies compatible with herpesvirus were found in tissue cultures of semen from 2 participants but an infectious virus could not be cultured directly from any sample. The data suggest that herpevirus type 2 is not ubiquitous in semen of male subjects with recurrent genital infections. The possible role of seminal inhibitors and a defective virus in causing the observed results is discussed, as are the current theories of herpesvirus type 2 transmission.", "contents": "Herpesvirus type2: study of semen in male subjects with recurrent infections. Semen from 30 healthy male subjects with recurrent infections with herpesvirus type 2 was obtained when subjects were free of lesions and surveyed by tissue culture for an infectious virus in an attempt to elucidate the transmission of this disease. Inclusion bodies compatible with herpesvirus were found in tissue cultures of semen from 2 participants but an infectious virus could not be cultured directly from any sample. The data suggest that herpevirus type 2 is not ubiquitous in semen of male subjects with recurrent genital infections. The possible role of seminal inhibitors and a defective virus in causing the observed results is discussed, as are the current theories of herpesvirus type 2 transmission.", "PMID": 81324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8159", "title": "[Determination of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein for diagnosis and control of tumours in childhood].", "content": "Of 31 patients with solid, malignant tumours, 15 were shown to have over 0.5 mg/100 ml Serum concentration of alpha-2 pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG). These increased values were found for patients with neuroblastomas, Wilms tumours and rhabdomyosarcomas. However, for several different lymphomas and haemoblastoses, alpha2-PAG could not be demonstrated with the electroimmunodiffusion technique used (Laurell). From 230 children with non-neoplastic diseases, 62 had demonstrable concentrations of alpha2-PAG, of 38 healthy children, 2 were positive, while from 50 newborn infants, with different illnesses no increased values were found. Post-operative controls using repeated determination of d2-PAG are complicated by the slow change in concentration, and by the influence of chemotherapy. The determination of alpha2-PAG for the initial diagnosis of malignant diseases in childhood and for post-operative monitoring of the disease, is therefore of only limited value at least until further investigations have been carried out.", "contents": "[Determination of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein for diagnosis and control of tumours in childhood]. Of 31 patients with solid, malignant tumours, 15 were shown to have over 0.5 mg/100 ml Serum concentration of alpha-2 pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG). These increased values were found for patients with neuroblastomas, Wilms tumours and rhabdomyosarcomas. However, for several different lymphomas and haemoblastoses, alpha2-PAG could not be demonstrated with the electroimmunodiffusion technique used (Laurell). From 230 children with non-neoplastic diseases, 62 had demonstrable concentrations of alpha2-PAG, of 38 healthy children, 2 were positive, while from 50 newborn infants, with different illnesses no increased values were found. Post-operative controls using repeated determination of d2-PAG are complicated by the slow change in concentration, and by the influence of chemotherapy. The determination of alpha2-PAG for the initial diagnosis of malignant diseases in childhood and for post-operative monitoring of the disease, is therefore of only limited value at least until further investigations have been carried out.", "PMID": 81333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8160", "title": "Limited cleavage of human immunoglobulins by elastase of human neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Possible modulator of immune complex disease.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear lysosomal granules contain a neutral protease which is capable of digesting human immunoglobulins. The protease is located in the azurophil granules and enzymatically cleaves IgG, producing a Fab-like piece which is recoverable. The Fc-like fragment is not crystallized. The Fab-like fragment competes effectively for ligands formed by native antibody from which the fragments were produced.", "contents": "Limited cleavage of human immunoglobulins by elastase of human neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Possible modulator of immune complex disease. Human polymorphonuclear lysosomal granules contain a neutral protease which is capable of digesting human immunoglobulins. The protease is located in the azurophil granules and enzymatically cleaves IgG, producing a Fab-like piece which is recoverable. The Fc-like fragment is not crystallized. The Fab-like fragment competes effectively for ligands formed by native antibody from which the fragments were produced.", "PMID": 81354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8161", "title": "Successful palliation using partial cardiopulmonary bypass in a two-day-old infant with type B interruption of the aortic arch.", "content": "Partial cardiopulmonary bypass from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta was used successfully for resuscitation and aortic arch reconstruction in a 2-day-old infant with type B interrupted aortic arch. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass interrupted the fatal progression to acidosis and death caused by hypoperfusion of structures distal to the ductus arteriosus in this \"ductus dependent\" infant, and this approach provided time for an accurate dissection and anastomosis. The natural history, pathophysiology, and currently available surgical alternatives are considered in suggesting a possible role for partial bypass in the treatment interrupted aortic arch.", "contents": "Successful palliation using partial cardiopulmonary bypass in a two-day-old infant with type B interruption of the aortic arch. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta was used successfully for resuscitation and aortic arch reconstruction in a 2-day-old infant with type B interrupted aortic arch. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass interrupted the fatal progression to acidosis and death caused by hypoperfusion of structures distal to the ductus arteriosus in this \"ductus dependent\" infant, and this approach provided time for an accurate dissection and anastomosis. The natural history, pathophysiology, and currently available surgical alternatives are considered in suggesting a possible role for partial bypass in the treatment interrupted aortic arch.", "PMID": 81356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8162", "title": "Mast cells of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Morphology, histamine content and role of calcium in the histamine release process.", "content": "The fine structure, histamine conten;, and role of calcium in the histamine release process were studied in peritoneal mast cells of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Stereological methods were applied to obtain quantitative data on their structure. The findings were compared with results obtained from the same type of cells in the rat. The gerbil mast cells were smaller in size (mean volume 242 micrometer3 vs 684 micrometer3 in the rat), and the nuclei were also smaller (55 micrometer3 vs 102 micrometer3). There were fewer granules in the gerbil mast cells and their diameter averaged 0.54 micrometer as compared with 0.78 micrometer in the rat). Only 20% of the cytoplasm of the gerbil mast cell was occupied by granules. This figure is approximately one third of that obtained in rat mast cells. The mean total histamine content per cell was 9 pg as compared to an estimated 30 pg/cell in rats. Calculated molar concentration of histamine in the mast granules, however, was higher in the gerbil than in the rat (2.3 M vs. 0.9 M). The mast cells of the gerbil were much more sensitive to the histamine-releasing agent compound 48/80 and in contrast to rat mast cells they were entirely dependent on calcium for their amine release. The fine cellular structure of both species showed multitudinous plasma membrane folds on their surfaces. In addition gerbil mast cells showed extensive surface invaginations. Apart from this were no major differences at the ultrastructural level between unstimulated cells of the two species. During histamine release, however, the mast cells of the gerbil showed a much greater tendency to form large, intracytoplasmic vacuoles and a decreased propensity for fusion of perigranular and plasma membranes (exocytosis) as compared with the corresponding cells in the rat.", "contents": "Mast cells of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Morphology, histamine content and role of calcium in the histamine release process. The fine structure, histamine conten;, and role of calcium in the histamine release process were studied in peritoneal mast cells of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Stereological methods were applied to obtain quantitative data on their structure. The findings were compared with results obtained from the same type of cells in the rat. The gerbil mast cells were smaller in size (mean volume 242 micrometer3 vs 684 micrometer3 in the rat), and the nuclei were also smaller (55 micrometer3 vs 102 micrometer3). There were fewer granules in the gerbil mast cells and their diameter averaged 0.54 micrometer as compared with 0.78 micrometer in the rat). Only 20% of the cytoplasm of the gerbil mast cell was occupied by granules. This figure is approximately one third of that obtained in rat mast cells. The mean total histamine content per cell was 9 pg as compared to an estimated 30 pg/cell in rats. Calculated molar concentration of histamine in the mast granules, however, was higher in the gerbil than in the rat (2.3 M vs. 0.9 M). The mast cells of the gerbil were much more sensitive to the histamine-releasing agent compound 48/80 and in contrast to rat mast cells they were entirely dependent on calcium for their amine release. The fine cellular structure of both species showed multitudinous plasma membrane folds on their surfaces. In addition gerbil mast cells showed extensive surface invaginations. Apart from this were no major differences at the ultrastructural level between unstimulated cells of the two species. During histamine release, however, the mast cells of the gerbil showed a much greater tendency to form large, intracytoplasmic vacuoles and a decreased propensity for fusion of perigranular and plasma membranes (exocytosis) as compared with the corresponding cells in the rat.", "PMID": 81358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8163", "title": "Sensitisation to halothane-altered liver components in severe hepatic necrosis after halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "In-vitro sensitisation (inhibiton or stimulation of leucocyte migration) in response to a liver homogenate obtained from rabbits pretreated with halothane was found in eight of twelve patients with halothane-associated hepatitis. Sensitisation was not observed when the homogenates were obtained from animals pretreated with ether. Furthermore, leucocyte migration in response to \"halothane homogenate\" was normal in eleven patients who had shown no abnormality in liver function after halothane anaesthesia and in thirty patients with other liver diseases. These studies provide direct evidence that sensitisation to halothane-altered liver-cell components is present in those occasional patients in whom severe liver damage develops after halothane anaesthesia.", "contents": "Sensitisation to halothane-altered liver components in severe hepatic necrosis after halothane anaesthesia. In-vitro sensitisation (inhibiton or stimulation of leucocyte migration) in response to a liver homogenate obtained from rabbits pretreated with halothane was found in eight of twelve patients with halothane-associated hepatitis. Sensitisation was not observed when the homogenates were obtained from animals pretreated with ether. Furthermore, leucocyte migration in response to \"halothane homogenate\" was normal in eleven patients who had shown no abnormality in liver function after halothane anaesthesia and in thirty patients with other liver diseases. These studies provide direct evidence that sensitisation to halothane-altered liver-cell components is present in those occasional patients in whom severe liver damage develops after halothane anaesthesia.", "PMID": 81359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8164", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase: A new approach to the screening of hypertensive patients for renal disease.", "content": "Urinary activity of the enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (N.A.G.) was examined as a screening test for renal disease in patients with hypertension. Renal disease was present in 64% of patients with increased N.A.G., compared with only 14% of patients with normal N.A.G. The measurement of N.A.G. is cheap and convenient and this simple test warrants further assessment in hypertension as a guide to the need for further investigation.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase: A new approach to the screening of hypertensive patients for renal disease. Urinary activity of the enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (N.A.G.) was examined as a screening test for renal disease in patients with hypertension. Renal disease was present in 64% of patients with increased N.A.G., compared with only 14% of patients with normal N.A.G. The measurement of N.A.G. is cheap and convenient and this simple test warrants further assessment in hypertension as a guide to the need for further investigation.", "PMID": 81360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8165", "title": "Lipid-lowering effect of carnitine in patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Serum-lipid concentrations were determined in patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia treated with 900 mg/day oral DL-carnitine chloride. Serum-triglyceride was significantly reduced and concentrations continued to decline as carnitine administration continued. Total and esterified cholesterol concentrations did not change. Intravenous infusion of carnitine produced the same effects. The results suggest that carnitine is of value in the therapy of type-IV hyperliproteinaemia. Increased oxidation of free fatty acids in the tissues seems to account for the effects of carnitine on serum-lipid concentrations.", "contents": "Lipid-lowering effect of carnitine in patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Serum-lipid concentrations were determined in patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia treated with 900 mg/day oral DL-carnitine chloride. Serum-triglyceride was significantly reduced and concentrations continued to decline as carnitine administration continued. Total and esterified cholesterol concentrations did not change. Intravenous infusion of carnitine produced the same effects. The results suggest that carnitine is of value in the therapy of type-IV hyperliproteinaemia. Increased oxidation of free fatty acids in the tissues seems to account for the effects of carnitine on serum-lipid concentrations.", "PMID": 81361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8166", "title": "Alterations in human high-density lipoproteins, with or without increased plasma-cholesterol, induced by diets high in cholesterol.", "content": "High-density lipoproteins (d=1.095--1.21) (H.D.L.( were isolated from six healthy men and women who added 4 to 6 eggs per day to their diet for 4 weeks and from five individuals who gradually increased their egg consumption to 3 per day over an 18-week period. Pre-diet and post-diet H.D.L.-binding activities for the cell-surface receptors of fibroblasts were compared by determining the quantity of 125I-labelled low-density lipoprotein which was competitively displaced by H.D.L. in binding, internalisation, and degradation assays. Irrespective of whether plasmacholesterol changed during the course of the diet, the binding activity of the post-diet H.D.L. was enhanced 2.6-fold to 4-fold compared with pre-diet activity. Furthermore, the increased binding activity in the H.D.L. could be accounted for by a minor, but potent, H.D.L. subfraction precipitated by heparin/manganese. Both binding activity and heparin precipitability appeared to correlate with an increase in arginine-rich apoprotein (apo-E) in the active H.D.L. subfraction. These data show that consumption of large numbers of eggs, whether or not it leads to an increase in plasma-cholesterol, does alter the properties of human H.D.L.", "contents": "Alterations in human high-density lipoproteins, with or without increased plasma-cholesterol, induced by diets high in cholesterol. High-density lipoproteins (d=1.095--1.21) (H.D.L.( were isolated from six healthy men and women who added 4 to 6 eggs per day to their diet for 4 weeks and from five individuals who gradually increased their egg consumption to 3 per day over an 18-week period. Pre-diet and post-diet H.D.L.-binding activities for the cell-surface receptors of fibroblasts were compared by determining the quantity of 125I-labelled low-density lipoprotein which was competitively displaced by H.D.L. in binding, internalisation, and degradation assays. Irrespective of whether plasmacholesterol changed during the course of the diet, the binding activity of the post-diet H.D.L. was enhanced 2.6-fold to 4-fold compared with pre-diet activity. Furthermore, the increased binding activity in the H.D.L. could be accounted for by a minor, but potent, H.D.L. subfraction precipitated by heparin/manganese. Both binding activity and heparin precipitability appeared to correlate with an increase in arginine-rich apoprotein (apo-E) in the active H.D.L. subfraction. These data show that consumption of large numbers of eggs, whether or not it leads to an increase in plasma-cholesterol, does alter the properties of human H.D.L.", "PMID": 81362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8167", "title": "Microscopic examination of urine.", "content": "Two methods of expressing microscopically observed leucocytes, erythrocytes, and casts in urine, both with centrifugation, one quantitatively (per ml) and the other per high-power field (H.P.F.), were compared for reliability in predicting renal functional abnormalities. In a series of 88 duplicate urines, abnormal numbers of casts or white or red blood-cells were detected by the quantitative method im 74% of patients with abnormal renal function but in only 36% by the N.P.F. method. The hourly excretion-rate of leucocytes over 3 1/2 h correlated very closely with the leucocyte concentration (cells/ml) measured by the quantitative method, so that a timed collection of urine was unnecessary. Unless findings from urinary microscopy can be relied upon, through adoption of a quantitative method, abnormal urines may be judged normal and some cases of glomerulonephritis may be falsely designated \"clinically silent\".", "contents": "Microscopic examination of urine. Two methods of expressing microscopically observed leucocytes, erythrocytes, and casts in urine, both with centrifugation, one quantitatively (per ml) and the other per high-power field (H.P.F.), were compared for reliability in predicting renal functional abnormalities. In a series of 88 duplicate urines, abnormal numbers of casts or white or red blood-cells were detected by the quantitative method im 74% of patients with abnormal renal function but in only 36% by the N.P.F. method. The hourly excretion-rate of leucocytes over 3 1/2 h correlated very closely with the leucocyte concentration (cells/ml) measured by the quantitative method, so that a timed collection of urine was unnecessary. Unless findings from urinary microscopy can be relied upon, through adoption of a quantitative method, abnormal urines may be judged normal and some cases of glomerulonephritis may be falsely designated \"clinically silent\".", "PMID": 81363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8168", "title": "The MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase as an indicator of severity of myocardial ischaemia.", "content": "86 patients with ischaemic heart-disease were assessed for the presence of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (C.K.-MB). Raised C.K.-MB levels with normal total C.K. were found in 10 patients with a clinical picture, but no electrocardiographic evidence, of acute myocardial infarction. 4 of these patients later had an infarction, but the remaining 6 have remained undiagnosed. Of 26 patients with unstable angina, 11 (42%) had high levels of C.K.-MB in the presence of normal total C.K. Of 50 patients with effort angina and a positive ergometric stress test, 3 (6%) with crescendo angina had high C.K.-MB levels in the presence of normal total C.K. In patients with angina, myocardial necrosis was excluded by normal serum-myoglobin levels. In both groups with angina, those with raised C.K.-MB levels had a more severe clinical picture, greater depressions of the ST segment, and lower threshold to ergometry. Raised C.K.-MB levels may indicate myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "The MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase as an indicator of severity of myocardial ischaemia. 86 patients with ischaemic heart-disease were assessed for the presence of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (C.K.-MB). Raised C.K.-MB levels with normal total C.K. were found in 10 patients with a clinical picture, but no electrocardiographic evidence, of acute myocardial infarction. 4 of these patients later had an infarction, but the remaining 6 have remained undiagnosed. Of 26 patients with unstable angina, 11 (42%) had high levels of C.K.-MB in the presence of normal total C.K. Of 50 patients with effort angina and a positive ergometric stress test, 3 (6%) with crescendo angina had high C.K.-MB levels in the presence of normal total C.K. In patients with angina, myocardial necrosis was excluded by normal serum-myoglobin levels. In both groups with angina, those with raised C.K.-MB levels had a more severe clinical picture, greater depressions of the ST segment, and lower threshold to ergometry. Raised C.K.-MB levels may indicate myocardial ischaemia.", "PMID": 81364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8169", "title": "Role of pineal gland in aetiology and treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "The hypothesis that diminished function of the pineal gland may promote the development of breast cancer in human beings is suggested by the relation between breast cancer and prolonged oestrogen excess, and by the observation that the pineal secretion, melatonin, inhibits ovarian oestrogen production, pituitary gonadotrophin production, and sexual development and maturation. The hypothesis is supported by the following points. (1) Pineal calcification is commonest in countries with high rates of breast cancer and lowest in areas with a low incidence; the incidences of pineal calcification and of breast cancer are moderate among the black population in the United States. (2) Chlorpromazine raises serum-melatonin; there are reports that psychiatric patients taking chlorpromazine have a lower incidence of breast cancer. (3) Although information is lacking on breast cancer, the pineal and melatonin may influence tumour induction and growth in experimental animals. (4) The demonstration of a melatonin receptor in human ovary suggests a direct influence of this hormone on the ovarian function, and possibly oestrogen production. (5) Impaired pineal secretion is believed to be an important factor triggering puberty (early menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer).", "contents": "Role of pineal gland in aetiology and treatment of breast cancer. The hypothesis that diminished function of the pineal gland may promote the development of breast cancer in human beings is suggested by the relation between breast cancer and prolonged oestrogen excess, and by the observation that the pineal secretion, melatonin, inhibits ovarian oestrogen production, pituitary gonadotrophin production, and sexual development and maturation. The hypothesis is supported by the following points. (1) Pineal calcification is commonest in countries with high rates of breast cancer and lowest in areas with a low incidence; the incidences of pineal calcification and of breast cancer are moderate among the black population in the United States. (2) Chlorpromazine raises serum-melatonin; there are reports that psychiatric patients taking chlorpromazine have a lower incidence of breast cancer. (3) Although information is lacking on breast cancer, the pineal and melatonin may influence tumour induction and growth in experimental animals. (4) The demonstration of a melatonin receptor in human ovary suggests a direct influence of this hormone on the ovarian function, and possibly oestrogen production. (5) Impaired pineal secretion is believed to be an important factor triggering puberty (early menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer).", "PMID": 81365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8170", "title": "Team approach to long-term intravenous feeding in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "A system has been developed for the prolonged administration of intravenous feeding in general wards. The service is coordinated by a clinician, specialist nurse, and pharmacist. Under local anaesthesia a silicone-rubber catheter is introduced through an infraclavicular incision to create a skin tunnel. By this technique 22 of 27 treatment periods (mean duration 42 days) required the use of only one catheter each. Ward care is simplified by the use of 3 litre bags containing aminoacids, glucose, electrolytes, and trace elements. The bags are prepared under laminar-flow conditions by a pharmacist in a specially designed room. Vitamins are added to the mixture and 'Intralipid\" is infused separately as needed. In 38 treatment periods over a total of 1551 days weight-gain and gain in fat-free mass when required were satisfactory; the weight-gain correlated with increase in arm-muscle cross-sectional area (r = 0.72). Patients who have learnt to use the catheter have left the hospital for periods of up to 3 days, and 2 patients have given themselves intravenous supplements regularly at night in their homes.", "contents": "Team approach to long-term intravenous feeding in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. A system has been developed for the prolonged administration of intravenous feeding in general wards. The service is coordinated by a clinician, specialist nurse, and pharmacist. Under local anaesthesia a silicone-rubber catheter is introduced through an infraclavicular incision to create a skin tunnel. By this technique 22 of 27 treatment periods (mean duration 42 days) required the use of only one catheter each. Ward care is simplified by the use of 3 litre bags containing aminoacids, glucose, electrolytes, and trace elements. The bags are prepared under laminar-flow conditions by a pharmacist in a specially designed room. Vitamins are added to the mixture and 'Intralipid\" is infused separately as needed. In 38 treatment periods over a total of 1551 days weight-gain and gain in fat-free mass when required were satisfactory; the weight-gain correlated with increase in arm-muscle cross-sectional area (r = 0.72). Patients who have learnt to use the catheter have left the hospital for periods of up to 3 days, and 2 patients have given themselves intravenous supplements regularly at night in their homes.", "PMID": 81374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8171", "title": "Hepatitis \"C\" antigen in non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis.", "content": "Evidence for a new hepatitis-specific antigen has been obtained from double immunodiffusion assays between acute and convalescent sera obtained from patients with non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. The designation hepatitis C (HC) antigen is proposed. HC was found in the acute-phase sera of all 13 non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis patients with longer incubation and duration periods (type 2) tested, but only transiently in 4 out of 10 acutephase sera obtained from patients with type 1 non-A, non-B hepatitis, with shorter incubation and duration periods. The antigen was also detected in 2 out of 16 single specimens obtained during the acute phase from acute hepatitis patients who had not received a blood-transfusion. This suggests presence of a carrier state. No patients with alcoholic hepatitis and no healthy blood-donor carried HC antigen. The antigen seems distinct from those of hepatitis A and B (surface and core). It migrated in the serum beta-globulin region and had a buoyant density of 1.30 and a molecular weight between 100 000 and 300 000. Antibodies against HC antigen were found in only 30% of the type-2 non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis patients and did not persist for long. However, these antibodies were directed specifically against HC antigen and moved in a manner similar to 7S globulin on rate-zonal centrifugation.", "contents": "Hepatitis \"C\" antigen in non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Evidence for a new hepatitis-specific antigen has been obtained from double immunodiffusion assays between acute and convalescent sera obtained from patients with non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. The designation hepatitis C (HC) antigen is proposed. HC was found in the acute-phase sera of all 13 non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis patients with longer incubation and duration periods (type 2) tested, but only transiently in 4 out of 10 acutephase sera obtained from patients with type 1 non-A, non-B hepatitis, with shorter incubation and duration periods. The antigen was also detected in 2 out of 16 single specimens obtained during the acute phase from acute hepatitis patients who had not received a blood-transfusion. This suggests presence of a carrier state. No patients with alcoholic hepatitis and no healthy blood-donor carried HC antigen. The antigen seems distinct from those of hepatitis A and B (surface and core). It migrated in the serum beta-globulin region and had a buoyant density of 1.30 and a molecular weight between 100 000 and 300 000. Antibodies against HC antigen were found in only 30% of the type-2 non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis patients and did not persist for long. However, these antibodies were directed specifically against HC antigen and moved in a manner similar to 7S globulin on rate-zonal centrifugation.", "PMID": 81409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8172", "title": "Cholera, non-vibrio cholera, and stomach acid.", "content": "Fasting and postprandial stomach acid production were low in 16 of 37 Bangalees convalescing from cholera or non-vibrio cholera. Gastric juice of hypochlorhydric patients did not kill cholera vibrios in vitro, whereas that from normochlorhydric patients rapidly killed vibrios in concentrations up to 10(10)/ml. To determine whether hypoacidity resulted from cholera or was a common predisposing factor, basal and betazole-hydrochloride-stimulated acid production were measured before and after cholera in a second group of patients consisting of American volunteers participating in a vaccine development programme. Cholera did not alter the stomach acid secretion of American volunteers, but low precholera basal acid production predispose to severe cholera. The results indicate that hypochlorhydria observed in convalescent Bangalee cholera patients is not caused by cholera, and must therefore have preceded it. Idiopathic tropical hypochlorhydria may be a major factor accounting for the high incidence of diarrhoea due to acid-sensitive pathogens in developing countries.", "contents": "Cholera, non-vibrio cholera, and stomach acid. Fasting and postprandial stomach acid production were low in 16 of 37 Bangalees convalescing from cholera or non-vibrio cholera. Gastric juice of hypochlorhydric patients did not kill cholera vibrios in vitro, whereas that from normochlorhydric patients rapidly killed vibrios in concentrations up to 10(10)/ml. To determine whether hypoacidity resulted from cholera or was a common predisposing factor, basal and betazole-hydrochloride-stimulated acid production were measured before and after cholera in a second group of patients consisting of American volunteers participating in a vaccine development programme. Cholera did not alter the stomach acid secretion of American volunteers, but low precholera basal acid production predispose to severe cholera. The results indicate that hypochlorhydria observed in convalescent Bangalee cholera patients is not caused by cholera, and must therefore have preceded it. Idiopathic tropical hypochlorhydria may be a major factor accounting for the high incidence of diarrhoea due to acid-sensitive pathogens in developing countries.", "PMID": 81410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8173", "title": "Cannabis, hypochlorhydria, and cholera.", "content": "In 90 volunteers participating in a vaccine-development programme consumption of beer more than 3 days a week was linked with high stomach acid output, and smoking of cannabis greater than 2 days a week was linked with low acid output. In 92 volunteers challenged with Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, heavy use of cannabis was associated with more voluminous diarrhoea. Cannabis use may be an important factor predisposing to severe diarrhoea.", "contents": "Cannabis, hypochlorhydria, and cholera. In 90 volunteers participating in a vaccine-development programme consumption of beer more than 3 days a week was linked with high stomach acid output, and smoking of cannabis greater than 2 days a week was linked with low acid output. In 92 volunteers challenged with Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, heavy use of cannabis was associated with more voluminous diarrhoea. Cannabis use may be an important factor predisposing to severe diarrhoea.", "PMID": 81411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8174", "title": "Controlled study of hypertransfusion during remission induction in childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "In a prospective, controlled trial 26 anaemic, neutropenic children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukaemia were randomised in pairs to receive either transfusion to a haemoglobin of 10--12 g/dl where clinically indicated (group A) or hypertransfusion to a haemoglobin of 16--18 g/dl (group B). Compared with group A (11 of 13 transfused), group B (all transfused) had a significantly more rapid rise in neutrophils at 7 and 10 days post-transfusion, a lower incidence of infection, and less interruption to chemotherapy. Hypertransfusion restored the myeloid/erythroid ratio to normal in bone-marrow of 5 of 6 children and the proportion of early myeloid precursors was greater than in controls.", "contents": "Controlled study of hypertransfusion during remission induction in childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia. In a prospective, controlled trial 26 anaemic, neutropenic children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukaemia were randomised in pairs to receive either transfusion to a haemoglobin of 10--12 g/dl where clinically indicated (group A) or hypertransfusion to a haemoglobin of 16--18 g/dl (group B). Compared with group A (11 of 13 transfused), group B (all transfused) had a significantly more rapid rise in neutrophils at 7 and 10 days post-transfusion, a lower incidence of infection, and less interruption to chemotherapy. Hypertransfusion restored the myeloid/erythroid ratio to normal in bone-marrow of 5 of 6 children and the proportion of early myeloid precursors was greater than in controls.", "PMID": 81412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8175", "title": "Inhibitor of in-vitro granulopoiesis in plasma of patients with renal failure.", "content": "Plasmas from 31 patients with moderately severe to severe renal failure inhibited granulopoietic colony formation in human marrow in vitro. The inhibitory activity could not be removed by in-vitro dialysis but was present in an ultrafiltered fraction of molecular weight less than 25 000 daltons. It inhibited the production of colony-stimulating activity (C.S.A.) by leucocytes in the culture system but had little or no effect on preformed C.S.A. or on the granulopoietic colony-forming cell itself. The level of plasma inhibitory activity correlated with the degree of azotaemia but not with the neutrophil or monocyte counts. Despite the potency with which granulopoiesis was inhibited in vitro, none of the patients was severely neutropenic, and only 4 had mild neutropenia (neutrophil count 1.5--2.1 x 10(9)/1).", "contents": "Inhibitor of in-vitro granulopoiesis in plasma of patients with renal failure. Plasmas from 31 patients with moderately severe to severe renal failure inhibited granulopoietic colony formation in human marrow in vitro. The inhibitory activity could not be removed by in-vitro dialysis but was present in an ultrafiltered fraction of molecular weight less than 25 000 daltons. It inhibited the production of colony-stimulating activity (C.S.A.) by leucocytes in the culture system but had little or no effect on preformed C.S.A. or on the granulopoietic colony-forming cell itself. The level of plasma inhibitory activity correlated with the degree of azotaemia but not with the neutrophil or monocyte counts. Despite the potency with which granulopoiesis was inhibited in vitro, none of the patients was severely neutropenic, and only 4 had mild neutropenia (neutrophil count 1.5--2.1 x 10(9)/1).", "PMID": 81413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8176", "title": "A defect in catecholamine neurons in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Although basal plasma concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma are normal, responses to oral bromocriptine are not. 1 and 2 h after bromocriptine, plasma concentrations of these three catecholamines are decreased in normal men but not in patients with hyperprolactinaemia secondary to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma or in normoprolactinaemic patients in whom a pituitary adenoma has been removed. Patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma probably have a defect in the regulation of brain catecholamine metabolism.", "contents": "A defect in catecholamine neurons in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Although basal plasma concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma are normal, responses to oral bromocriptine are not. 1 and 2 h after bromocriptine, plasma concentrations of these three catecholamines are decreased in normal men but not in patients with hyperprolactinaemia secondary to prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma or in normoprolactinaemic patients in whom a pituitary adenoma has been removed. Patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma probably have a defect in the regulation of brain catecholamine metabolism.", "PMID": 81414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8177", "title": "Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: deficiency of plasma factor(s) regulating prostacyclin activity?", "content": "It is suggested that patients with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and related disorders (such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) lack a plasma factor which stimulates prostacyclin (P.G.I2) activity. Normal plasma would supply the missing factor and is a rational treatment for some life-threatening symptoms (thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia, hypertension) of this syndrome.", "contents": "Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: deficiency of plasma factor(s) regulating prostacyclin activity? It is suggested that patients with the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and related disorders (such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) lack a plasma factor which stimulates prostacyclin (P.G.I2) activity. Normal plasma would supply the missing factor and is a rational treatment for some life-threatening symptoms (thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia, hypertension) of this syndrome.", "PMID": 81415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8178", "title": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen. Report of a Medical Research Council Working Party.", "content": "The M.R.C. Working Party has coordinated randomised clinical trials to assess hyperbaric oxygen as a sensitiser in radiotherapy. 1669 patients were registered in these studies between 1963 and 1976. Hyperbaric oxygen significantly improved both survival and local tumour control after radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumours and for advanced carcinoma of the cervix. In carcinoma of the bronchus there seemed to be some improvement in survival but this was not statistically singificant. In carcinoma of the bladder hyperbaric oxygen has shown no benefit. Centres already equipped with hyperbaric chambers should continue to use them for those types of tumour shown to benefit. Since hyperbaric oxygen treatment makes great demands on medical and other staff, extension of its use must await comparison with other methods for improving radiotherapy which are now being evaluated.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen. Report of a Medical Research Council Working Party. The M.R.C. Working Party has coordinated randomised clinical trials to assess hyperbaric oxygen as a sensitiser in radiotherapy. 1669 patients were registered in these studies between 1963 and 1976. Hyperbaric oxygen significantly improved both survival and local tumour control after radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumours and for advanced carcinoma of the cervix. In carcinoma of the bronchus there seemed to be some improvement in survival but this was not statistically singificant. In carcinoma of the bladder hyperbaric oxygen has shown no benefit. Centres already equipped with hyperbaric chambers should continue to use them for those types of tumour shown to benefit. Since hyperbaric oxygen treatment makes great demands on medical and other staff, extension of its use must await comparison with other methods for improving radiotherapy which are now being evaluated.", "PMID": 81424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8179", "title": "Educating deaf and partially hearing children individually in ordinary schools.", "content": "Research in North London and elsewhere has shown that nearly all hearing impaired children, when adequately supported, can be better educated in their local ordinary schools than in deaf schools or units.", "contents": "Educating deaf and partially hearing children individually in ordinary schools. Research in North London and elsewhere has shown that nearly all hearing impaired children, when adequately supported, can be better educated in their local ordinary schools than in deaf schools or units.", "PMID": 81425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8180", "title": "Ribonucleic acid in the immune response.", "content": "In the studies of experimental salmonellosis, immunization of mice with a live vaccine SER of S. enteritidis was found to be effective against further infection with virulent S. enteritidis 116--54. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue or liver of immunized mice inhibited intracellular growth of bacteria and resisted cell degeneration caused by engulfment of virulent 116--54 bacteria. This immunity was called cellular immunity. We discovered by chance in 1961 a transfer agent of immunity (TA) from the culture fluid of immunized macrophages. This agent is RNA in nature and can be extracted from the spleen, peritoneal exudate cells or the lymph node of immunized animals and is called immune (i) RNA. We could demonstrate antibody activity in macrophages treated in vitro or in vivo with iRNA by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique. Cellulr immunity against tumor cells could be transferred in vitro or in vivo to lymphocytes through iRNA prepared from the spleen cells of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic animals immunized with the tumor cells. We prepared iRNA against antigens capable of inducing humoral antibody production in animals, i.e., RBCs, bacterial toxin, bacterial flagella and hapten-protein conjugates. Serum antibody was not demonstrated in recipient animals of iRNA's by single or repeated injections of these agents. However, in these animals an increase in the number of specific antibody-carrying cells was found as rosette-formers. It was found further that prior injection of iRNA could induce immunologic memory and produced a high titer of humoral antibody after a boosting stimulation with a small dose of the corresponding antigen. The required interval between the first iRNA and the second antigenic stimulation, and the minimal effective doses of iRNA and antigen are described. We studied the interaction of iRNA with either T- or B-cells and with both cells using adoptive transfer system, athymic nude mice and neonatally thymectomized (NT) mice. Immune rna's against T-dependent and T-independent antigens could not induce the proliferation of antibody-carrying cells in cyclophosphamide-treated (B-cell depleted) mice. But these agents could induce the proliferation of rosette-formers, implying that iRNA's can replace some role of T-cells even against T dependent antigens. B-cells can be directly activated by treatment with iRNA against both T-dependent and T-independnet antigens, and they differentiated into rosette-formers. Passive transfers of iRNA were successful in establishing immunity against infection with S. enteritidis, or immunity to Salmonella flagella, RBCs and hapten-protein conjugates. The ability of iRNA to confer a secondary response of antibody formation is serially and passively transmissible in recipient animals. These facts suggest the presence of some mechanism that is responsible for the amplification of antigenic stimulation in the immune response...", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid in the immune response. In the studies of experimental salmonellosis, immunization of mice with a live vaccine SER of S. enteritidis was found to be effective against further infection with virulent S. enteritidis 116--54. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue or liver of immunized mice inhibited intracellular growth of bacteria and resisted cell degeneration caused by engulfment of virulent 116--54 bacteria. This immunity was called cellular immunity. We discovered by chance in 1961 a transfer agent of immunity (TA) from the culture fluid of immunized macrophages. This agent is RNA in nature and can be extracted from the spleen, peritoneal exudate cells or the lymph node of immunized animals and is called immune (i) RNA. We could demonstrate antibody activity in macrophages treated in vitro or in vivo with iRNA by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique. Cellulr immunity against tumor cells could be transferred in vitro or in vivo to lymphocytes through iRNA prepared from the spleen cells of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic animals immunized with the tumor cells. We prepared iRNA against antigens capable of inducing humoral antibody production in animals, i.e., RBCs, bacterial toxin, bacterial flagella and hapten-protein conjugates. Serum antibody was not demonstrated in recipient animals of iRNA's by single or repeated injections of these agents. However, in these animals an increase in the number of specific antibody-carrying cells was found as rosette-formers. It was found further that prior injection of iRNA could induce immunologic memory and produced a high titer of humoral antibody after a boosting stimulation with a small dose of the corresponding antigen. The required interval between the first iRNA and the second antigenic stimulation, and the minimal effective doses of iRNA and antigen are described. We studied the interaction of iRNA with either T- or B-cells and with both cells using adoptive transfer system, athymic nude mice and neonatally thymectomized (NT) mice. Immune rna's against T-dependent and T-independent antigens could not induce the proliferation of antibody-carrying cells in cyclophosphamide-treated (B-cell depleted) mice. But these agents could induce the proliferation of rosette-formers, implying that iRNA's can replace some role of T-cells even against T dependent antigens. B-cells can be directly activated by treatment with iRNA against both T-dependent and T-independnet antigens, and they differentiated into rosette-formers. Passive transfers of iRNA were successful in establishing immunity against infection with S. enteritidis, or immunity to Salmonella flagella, RBCs and hapten-protein conjugates. The ability of iRNA to confer a secondary response of antibody formation is serially and passively transmissible in recipient animals. These facts suggest the presence of some mechanism that is responsible for the amplification of antigenic stimulation in the immune response...", "PMID": 81465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8181", "title": "[Electron microscopic structure of the mycelium of Actinomyces chrysomallus, the producer of the antibiotic chrysomallin, during the stab fermentation process].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the mycelium of Actinomyces (Streptomyces) chrysomallus 2703 producing the antibiotic chrysomallin in the process of submerged fermentation are described. When the antibiotic was produced at a high rate, most hyphae remained viable for a long period of time and had the ultrastructure typical of the young cells of actinomycetes. At the same time, a number of degenerative changes due to aging were observed; these resulted in autolysis. A decrease in the antibiotic titre was accompanied with intensive sporulation in a considerable number of the submerged hyphae. Structural changes in the sporeforming hyphae distinctly differed from those in the vegetative ones: the cell walls became thicker and numerous septa were formed. The exogenous formation of submerged spores in the culture under study has been studied in detail for the first time.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic structure of the mycelium of Actinomyces chrysomallus, the producer of the antibiotic chrysomallin, during the stab fermentation process]. Ultrastructural changes in the mycelium of Actinomyces (Streptomyces) chrysomallus 2703 producing the antibiotic chrysomallin in the process of submerged fermentation are described. When the antibiotic was produced at a high rate, most hyphae remained viable for a long period of time and had the ultrastructure typical of the young cells of actinomycetes. At the same time, a number of degenerative changes due to aging were observed; these resulted in autolysis. A decrease in the antibiotic titre was accompanied with intensive sporulation in a considerable number of the submerged hyphae. Structural changes in the sporeforming hyphae distinctly differed from those in the vegetative ones: the cell walls became thicker and numerous septa were formed. The exogenous formation of submerged spores in the culture under study has been studied in detail for the first time.", "PMID": 81463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8182", "title": "[The therapeutic importance of cimetidine (Tagamet) (author's transl)].", "content": "An overview of the development, actions and clinical applications of cimetidine, a new histamine H2 receptor antagonist, is given with reference to the literature. The experience of various investigators with this drug in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease are compared with each other and further indications described. The present results suggest a high therapeutic efficacy with trifling side effects. The latter is discussed with reference to two of our own observations. As long as the side effects are not sufficiently known, it is recommended that indications should be restricted to serious recurrent ulcer disease, reflux disease, prophylaxis and treatment of acute life-threatening hemorrhages and for palliative therapy of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "[The therapeutic importance of cimetidine (Tagamet) (author's transl)]. An overview of the development, actions and clinical applications of cimetidine, a new histamine H2 receptor antagonist, is given with reference to the literature. The experience of various investigators with this drug in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease are compared with each other and further indications described. The present results suggest a high therapeutic efficacy with trifling side effects. The latter is discussed with reference to two of our own observations. As long as the side effects are not sufficiently known, it is recommended that indications should be restricted to serious recurrent ulcer disease, reflux disease, prophylaxis and treatment of acute life-threatening hemorrhages and for palliative therapy of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 81467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8183", "title": "Immunodiagnostics of malignant disease. VI. Electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) in malignant melanoma.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) is an in vitro assay for demonstrating cellular immunity. In the presence of tumor antigens lymphocytes of tumor patients liberate lymphokines, which reduce the charge of indicator particles resulting in a measurable reduction of their eletrophoretic mobility. Lymphocytes of 174 patients were tested by EMT. The antigens used were a basic myelin protein termed encephalitogenic factor (EF) and a 3M KCl extract from melanoma tissue. In 91% of the cancer patients there was a positive lymphocyte response. In contrast to this the controls and non-malignant diseases showed a positive result in only 8.7% of the cases. Using the 3M KCl extract from melanoma tissue as tissue as antigen 1 of the benign controls, 3 patients with nonmalignant diseases and none of the 49 patients with malignant diseases reacted positively, whereas in the melanoma group 86% showed a positive lymphocyte response. The results show the possibility of demonstrating tumor specific immune reaction in the EMT.", "contents": "Immunodiagnostics of malignant disease. VI. Electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) in malignant melanoma. The electrophoretic mobility test (EMT) is an in vitro assay for demonstrating cellular immunity. In the presence of tumor antigens lymphocytes of tumor patients liberate lymphokines, which reduce the charge of indicator particles resulting in a measurable reduction of their eletrophoretic mobility. Lymphocytes of 174 patients were tested by EMT. The antigens used were a basic myelin protein termed encephalitogenic factor (EF) and a 3M KCl extract from melanoma tissue. In 91% of the cancer patients there was a positive lymphocyte response. In contrast to this the controls and non-malignant diseases showed a positive result in only 8.7% of the cases. Using the 3M KCl extract from melanoma tissue as tissue as antigen 1 of the benign controls, 3 patients with nonmalignant diseases and none of the 49 patients with malignant diseases reacted positively, whereas in the melanoma group 86% showed a positive lymphocyte response. The results show the possibility of demonstrating tumor specific immune reaction in the EMT.", "PMID": 81476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8184", "title": "Antibodies to N6-(delta2-isopentenyl) adenosine and its nucleotide: interaction with purified tRNAs and with bases, nucleosides and nucleotides of the isopentenyladenosine family.", "content": "The interaction of antibodies directed toward N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine, i6Ado, or its nucleotide with related bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and purified tRNAs is described. The selectivity of the antibody preparation was tested in inhibition experiments utilizing a sensitive radioimmunoassay to quantitate the binding of [3H]i6Ado to the antibody. Purified tRNAs containing various modified nucleosides adjacent to the 3'-end of the anticodon were tested to provide information about the selectivity of the antibody preparation toward nucleotides in this position of the tRNA chain. Antibodies directed against the nucleotide hapten were used to purify tRNAs which contain i6Ado and to quantitate the amount of that nucleotide. The same order of selectivity was expressed whether the nucleotides were free or in a tRNA molecule. Interaction of the antibody with compounds from the i6Ado family demonstrated dominance of the hydrophobic isopentenyl group and the importance of positional differences of modifications.", "contents": "Antibodies to N6-(delta2-isopentenyl) adenosine and its nucleotide: interaction with purified tRNAs and with bases, nucleosides and nucleotides of the isopentenyladenosine family. The interaction of antibodies directed toward N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine, i6Ado, or its nucleotide with related bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and purified tRNAs is described. The selectivity of the antibody preparation was tested in inhibition experiments utilizing a sensitive radioimmunoassay to quantitate the binding of [3H]i6Ado to the antibody. Purified tRNAs containing various modified nucleosides adjacent to the 3'-end of the anticodon were tested to provide information about the selectivity of the antibody preparation toward nucleotides in this position of the tRNA chain. Antibodies directed against the nucleotide hapten were used to purify tRNAs which contain i6Ado and to quantitate the amount of that nucleotide. The same order of selectivity was expressed whether the nucleotides were free or in a tRNA molecule. Interaction of the antibody with compounds from the i6Ado family demonstrated dominance of the hydrophobic isopentenyl group and the importance of positional differences of modifications.", "PMID": 81480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8185", "title": "Hepatic function testing.", "content": "The clinical situation determines the choice of hepatic function tests. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) tests serve to detect disease, and when used in combination with a gammaglutamyl transferase (GGTP) test, to exclude it. The combination of ALP, GOT, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, globulin, and GGTP tests is useful for routine differential diagnosis. Prothrombin time indicates severity of disease. Interpretation is facilitated by attention to ALP or GOT predominance; the relationship of LDH, ALP, and bilirubin; and the ratio of GGTP to ALP. Abnormalities on routine tests frequently do no more than point out the need for more definitive procedures.", "contents": "Hepatic function testing. The clinical situation determines the choice of hepatic function tests. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) tests serve to detect disease, and when used in combination with a gammaglutamyl transferase (GGTP) test, to exclude it. The combination of ALP, GOT, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, globulin, and GGTP tests is useful for routine differential diagnosis. Prothrombin time indicates severity of disease. Interpretation is facilitated by attention to ALP or GOT predominance; the relationship of LDH, ALP, and bilirubin; and the ratio of GGTP to ALP. Abnormalities on routine tests frequently do no more than point out the need for more definitive procedures.", "PMID": 81485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8186", "title": "3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA determined by reverse transcriptase and chain-terminating inhibitors.", "content": "We have adapted the chain-termination method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA of Sanger, Nicklen, and Coulson [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463--5467] for use with reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) on RNA templates. With this method and using a primer (the octanucleotide pdT7rC) directed at the 3'-terminal poly(A), we have determined a sequence of 166 residues in the genomic RNA of the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus.", "contents": "3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA determined by reverse transcriptase and chain-terminating inhibitors. We have adapted the chain-termination method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA of Sanger, Nicklen, and Coulson [(1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5463--5467] for use with reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase) on RNA templates. With this method and using a primer (the octanucleotide pdT7rC) directed at the 3'-terminal poly(A), we have determined a sequence of 166 residues in the genomic RNA of the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus.", "PMID": 81487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8187", "title": "Ultrastructural antibody localization of alpha2-macroglobulin in membrane-limited vesicles in cultured cells.", "content": "We have been developing a procedure for localizing intracellular antigens in cultured cells, by using peroxidase-labeled antibodies, that allows good morphologic preservation. Although useful, our previous technique did not preserve the morphology of membranes, and the location of the peroxidase reaction product was difficult to establish. In this paper, we report major improvements on the basic technique that markedly enhance the quality of localization and of morphology. Saponin is used to permeabilize membranes without destroying their morphology. The amount of reaction product is enhanced with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase label. The clarity of morphologic detail and contrast of reaction product density are increased by using postsectioning staining with the osmium/thiocarbohydrazide/osmium and uranyl acetate/lead citrate procedures. We have applied this technique to the ultrastructural localization of alpha2-macroglobulin and demonstrated that it is localized in membrane-limited vesicles. We have also used this method to improve the preservation of structures for localization by fluorescence microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural antibody localization of alpha2-macroglobulin in membrane-limited vesicles in cultured cells. We have been developing a procedure for localizing intracellular antigens in cultured cells, by using peroxidase-labeled antibodies, that allows good morphologic preservation. Although useful, our previous technique did not preserve the morphology of membranes, and the location of the peroxidase reaction product was difficult to establish. In this paper, we report major improvements on the basic technique that markedly enhance the quality of localization and of morphology. Saponin is used to permeabilize membranes without destroying their morphology. The amount of reaction product is enhanced with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase label. The clarity of morphologic detail and contrast of reaction product density are increased by using postsectioning staining with the osmium/thiocarbohydrazide/osmium and uranyl acetate/lead citrate procedures. We have applied this technique to the ultrastructural localization of alpha2-macroglobulin and demonstrated that it is localized in membrane-limited vesicles. We have also used this method to improve the preservation of structures for localization by fluorescence microscopy.", "PMID": 81488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8188", "title": "H-2.28, an alloantigenic marker allelic to H-2.1, is expressed on all three known types of H-2 molecules.", "content": "Each allele at the K or D region of the H-2 complex produces two kinds of \"allelic\" or mutually exclusive antigenic characteristics: its unique private specificity and a public specificity(ies) of either the H-2.28 or H-2.1 family. The private specificities of the K and D regions are expressed on H-2K and H-2D molecules, respectively. The D region produces another molecule, H-2L, which lacks the H-2K and H-2D private specificity but exhibits the H-2.28 or H-2.1 specificity. We analyzed the expression of the H-2.28 determinants on H-2K, H-2D, and H-2L molecules. When an antiserum against H-2.28 is used to sensitize cells where it can react with only H-2K molecules or H-2D molecules, by subsequent elution antibodies against H-2.28 are recovered that can also react with H-2L molecules. Hence, determinants reactive with antibodies against H-2.28 are present on H-2L as well as on H-2K and H-2D molecules. The expression of the H-2.28/H-2.1 polymorphism on all three known types of H-2 molecules, without some obvious relation to the private specificities, suggests that the antigenic determinants of these two kinds of allelic systems (private in contrast to H-2.28/H-2.1) may be controlled by separate genes, even when they are expressed on the same molecule.", "contents": "H-2.28, an alloantigenic marker allelic to H-2.1, is expressed on all three known types of H-2 molecules. Each allele at the K or D region of the H-2 complex produces two kinds of \"allelic\" or mutually exclusive antigenic characteristics: its unique private specificity and a public specificity(ies) of either the H-2.28 or H-2.1 family. The private specificities of the K and D regions are expressed on H-2K and H-2D molecules, respectively. The D region produces another molecule, H-2L, which lacks the H-2K and H-2D private specificity but exhibits the H-2.28 or H-2.1 specificity. We analyzed the expression of the H-2.28 determinants on H-2K, H-2D, and H-2L molecules. When an antiserum against H-2.28 is used to sensitize cells where it can react with only H-2K molecules or H-2D molecules, by subsequent elution antibodies against H-2.28 are recovered that can also react with H-2L molecules. Hence, determinants reactive with antibodies against H-2.28 are present on H-2L as well as on H-2K and H-2D molecules. The expression of the H-2.28/H-2.1 polymorphism on all three known types of H-2 molecules, without some obvious relation to the private specificities, suggests that the antigenic determinants of these two kinds of allelic systems (private in contrast to H-2.28/H-2.1) may be controlled by separate genes, even when they are expressed on the same molecule.", "PMID": 81489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8189", "title": "Protection by zinc sulphate against reserpine-induced ulceration and other gastric effects in the rat.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal pretreatment, 48 h beforehand, with zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg) were studied on gastric ulceration, gastric secretion and changes in stomach wall mast cell counts induced after 4 h by reserpine (5 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally to intact (unoperated for pylorus occlusion) or pylorus-occluded rats. Zinc sulphate dose-dependently antagonised the gastric actions of reserpine by preventing ulceration in the ruminal and glandular segments of the stomach, reducing acid secretion, and inhibiting mast cell degranulation which occurred mainly in the glandular mucosal layer. The relationship between these findings and the action of zinc on gastric mast cell is discussed.", "contents": "Protection by zinc sulphate against reserpine-induced ulceration and other gastric effects in the rat. The effects of intraperitoneal pretreatment, 48 h beforehand, with zinc sulphate (22, 44 or 88 mg/kg) were studied on gastric ulceration, gastric secretion and changes in stomach wall mast cell counts induced after 4 h by reserpine (5 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally to intact (unoperated for pylorus occlusion) or pylorus-occluded rats. Zinc sulphate dose-dependently antagonised the gastric actions of reserpine by preventing ulceration in the ruminal and glandular segments of the stomach, reducing acid secretion, and inhibiting mast cell degranulation which occurred mainly in the glandular mucosal layer. The relationship between these findings and the action of zinc on gastric mast cell is discussed.", "PMID": 81490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8190", "title": "[Cerebellopontile angle symptomology in plasmocytoma: a case report].", "content": "The author reports on a patient with cerebellopontile angular symptomatology in the case of a plasmocytoma. The diagnosis of plasmocytoma was established from the pathological results of gamma globulin subfractionation and immune electrophoresis. Also commented in this discussion is the problem of essential cryptogenetic paraproteinosis.", "contents": "[Cerebellopontile angle symptomology in plasmocytoma: a case report]. The author reports on a patient with cerebellopontile angular symptomatology in the case of a plasmocytoma. The diagnosis of plasmocytoma was established from the pathological results of gamma globulin subfractionation and immune electrophoresis. Also commented in this discussion is the problem of essential cryptogenetic paraproteinosis.", "PMID": 81491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8191", "title": "Enhancement of anaphylactic mediator release from guinea-pig perfused lungs by fatty acid hydroperoxides.", "content": "Fragments of chopped lung from indomethacin treated guinea-pigs had an anti-aggregating effect when added to human platelet rich plasma (PRP), probably due to the production of prostacyclin (PGI2) since the effect was inhibited by 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (15-HPAA, 10 micrograms ml(-1)). Both 15-HPAA (1-20 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)) and 13-hydroperoxy linoleic acid (13-HPLA, 20 micrograms ml(-1) min(-1)) caused a marked enhancement of the anaphylactic release of histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) from guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. This enhancement was not reversed by the concomitant infusion of either PGI2 (5 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)) or 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 5 micrograms ml(-1) min(-1)). Anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from guinea-pig perfused lungs was not inhibited by PGI2 (10 ng - 10 microgram ml(-1) min(-1)) but was inhibited by PGE2 (5 and 10 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)). Antiserum raised to 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin (PGI1) in rabbits, which also binds PGI2, had no effect on the release of anaphylactic mediators. The fatty acid hydroperoxides may enhance mediator release either indirectly by augmenting thromboxane production or by a direct effect on sensitized cells. Further experiments to distinguish between these alternatives are described in the accompanying paper (27).", "contents": "Enhancement of anaphylactic mediator release from guinea-pig perfused lungs by fatty acid hydroperoxides. Fragments of chopped lung from indomethacin treated guinea-pigs had an anti-aggregating effect when added to human platelet rich plasma (PRP), probably due to the production of prostacyclin (PGI2) since the effect was inhibited by 15-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (15-HPAA, 10 micrograms ml(-1)). Both 15-HPAA (1-20 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)) and 13-hydroperoxy linoleic acid (13-HPLA, 20 micrograms ml(-1) min(-1)) caused a marked enhancement of the anaphylactic release of histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) from guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. This enhancement was not reversed by the concomitant infusion of either PGI2 (5 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)) or 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 5 micrograms ml(-1) min(-1)). Anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS-A from guinea-pig perfused lungs was not inhibited by PGI2 (10 ng - 10 microgram ml(-1) min(-1)) but was inhibited by PGE2 (5 and 10 micrograms ml(-1) min (-1)). Antiserum raised to 5,6-dihydro prostacyclin (PGI1) in rabbits, which also binds PGI2, had no effect on the release of anaphylactic mediators. The fatty acid hydroperoxides may enhance mediator release either indirectly by augmenting thromboxane production or by a direct effect on sensitized cells. Further experiments to distinguish between these alternatives are described in the accompanying paper (27).", "PMID": 81494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8192", "title": "The mechanism of enhancement by fatty acid hydroperoxides of anaphylactic mediator release.", "content": "Indomethacin augmented the release of histamine and SRS-A but abolished synthesis of TxB2. Compound CLI that inhibited both cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism did not augment release of anaphylactic mediators. 13-HPLA enhanced mediator release from lungs in which arachidonic acid metabolism was blocked by compount CLI. Thus, it is concluded that 13-HPLA enhances mediator release not by altering the balance of arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g. by inhibiting synthesis of prostacyclin, but by a direct effect on lung mast cells. A corollary to this conclusion is that the fatty acid hydroperoxide (HPETE) formed by lipoxygenase from arachidonic acid may also augment the release of anaphylactic mediators. Thus, the enhancement of mediator release by indomethacin may be attributed to increased synthesis of HPETE following inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.", "contents": "The mechanism of enhancement by fatty acid hydroperoxides of anaphylactic mediator release. Indomethacin augmented the release of histamine and SRS-A but abolished synthesis of TxB2. Compound CLI that inhibited both cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism did not augment release of anaphylactic mediators. 13-HPLA enhanced mediator release from lungs in which arachidonic acid metabolism was blocked by compount CLI. Thus, it is concluded that 13-HPLA enhances mediator release not by altering the balance of arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g. by inhibiting synthesis of prostacyclin, but by a direct effect on lung mast cells. A corollary to this conclusion is that the fatty acid hydroperoxide (HPETE) formed by lipoxygenase from arachidonic acid may also augment the release of anaphylactic mediators. Thus, the enhancement of mediator release by indomethacin may be attributed to increased synthesis of HPETE following inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.", "PMID": 81495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8193", "title": "A review of the bleomycin experience in the United States.", "content": "As bleomycin has up to now proved effective when used alone, the main thrust of current clinical investigations predominantly concerns its use in combination with other drugs. This has occurred along three broad patterns: 1) combination with vinca alkaloids which has been mainly in testicular carcinoma; 2) as part of multidrug regimens where bleomycin added for its lack of myelosuppression. This has occurred in the malignant lymphomas, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer; 3) in combination with radiotherapy which has taken place mostly in head and neck cervix cancer. To date, the combination of velban and bleomycin has had a major impact in improving the ability to induce complete remissions in advanced testicular carcinoma. Other drugs such as cis-platinum diaminedichloride and actinomycin D have been added and no definitive combination has been established. In the lymphomas the addition of bleomycin to the MOPP or CVP regimen has given higher complete response rates, but long-term survival data are still awaited.", "contents": "A review of the bleomycin experience in the United States. As bleomycin has up to now proved effective when used alone, the main thrust of current clinical investigations predominantly concerns its use in combination with other drugs. This has occurred along three broad patterns: 1) combination with vinca alkaloids which has been mainly in testicular carcinoma; 2) as part of multidrug regimens where bleomycin added for its lack of myelosuppression. This has occurred in the malignant lymphomas, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer; 3) in combination with radiotherapy which has taken place mostly in head and neck cervix cancer. To date, the combination of velban and bleomycin has had a major impact in improving the ability to induce complete remissions in advanced testicular carcinoma. Other drugs such as cis-platinum diaminedichloride and actinomycin D have been added and no definitive combination has been established. In the lymphomas the addition of bleomycin to the MOPP or CVP regimen has given higher complete response rates, but long-term survival data are still awaited.", "PMID": 81499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8194", "title": "Combined use of bleomycin with radiation in the treatment of cancer.", "content": "1. The data accumulated in this study up to the present time shows that combined treatment of radiation and bleomycin in intra-oral carcinoma resulted in marked tumor regression and a significantly higher tumor disappearance rate as compared with radiotherapy alone. The 18 month survival rate for the combined treatment group exceeded the rate for the control group by about 20%. 2. In esophagal carcinoma, bleomycin in combination with radiation markedly improved the regression rate of polypoid type tumor, while no significant improvement was observed in other types. The 18 month survival rate of the control group was about 10% higher than that of the combined treatment group. 3. In bronchogenic carcinoma, no significant difference was observed in tumor regression or survival rate of either group.", "contents": "Combined use of bleomycin with radiation in the treatment of cancer. 1. The data accumulated in this study up to the present time shows that combined treatment of radiation and bleomycin in intra-oral carcinoma resulted in marked tumor regression and a significantly higher tumor disappearance rate as compared with radiotherapy alone. The 18 month survival rate for the combined treatment group exceeded the rate for the control group by about 20%. 2. In esophagal carcinoma, bleomycin in combination with radiation markedly improved the regression rate of polypoid type tumor, while no significant improvement was observed in other types. The 18 month survival rate of the control group was about 10% higher than that of the combined treatment group. 3. In bronchogenic carcinoma, no significant difference was observed in tumor regression or survival rate of either group.", "PMID": 81500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8195", "title": "A sequential combination of bleomycin and mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced squamous cancers.", "content": "The 49 patients with squamous cell type of cervical, lung, esophagus and head and neck cancers were treated with a sequential combination of bleomycin (BLM) and mitomycin C (MMC) as follows; 5 mg of BLM daily for 5 or 7 days followed by a single injection of 10 mg of MMC on day 6 or day 8. After one week of rest period, this course was repeated two to five times depending on the response or adverse effects. For cervical cancer, 17 patients out of 18 (94%) responded with complete remission (CR) in 13 (72%) and partial remission (PR) in 4 (22%). For lung cancer, four patients out of five responded. In two of the responders, metastatic tumors disappeared completely, but primary tumors decrease to about 10% in volume. For esophagal cancer, one patient out of 3 had CR after combining the BLM and MMC treatment with radiotherapy. For head and neck cancer, these were some differences in the response rates between two hospitals. In one hospital, 12 patients out of 22 (53%) responded, with CR in 4 (18%), whereas in the other hospital, 10 patients out of 11 (94%) responded, including eight with CR (72%). Regarding the toxicity, the overall incidence was very low, although lung complications were frequent. These results are promising with hopeful prospects for the control of advanced squamous cancers with metastasis.", "contents": "A sequential combination of bleomycin and mitomycin C in the treatment of advanced squamous cancers. The 49 patients with squamous cell type of cervical, lung, esophagus and head and neck cancers were treated with a sequential combination of bleomycin (BLM) and mitomycin C (MMC) as follows; 5 mg of BLM daily for 5 or 7 days followed by a single injection of 10 mg of MMC on day 6 or day 8. After one week of rest period, this course was repeated two to five times depending on the response or adverse effects. For cervical cancer, 17 patients out of 18 (94%) responded with complete remission (CR) in 13 (72%) and partial remission (PR) in 4 (22%). For lung cancer, four patients out of five responded. In two of the responders, metastatic tumors disappeared completely, but primary tumors decrease to about 10% in volume. For esophagal cancer, one patient out of 3 had CR after combining the BLM and MMC treatment with radiotherapy. For head and neck cancer, these were some differences in the response rates between two hospitals. In one hospital, 12 patients out of 22 (53%) responded, with CR in 4 (18%), whereas in the other hospital, 10 patients out of 11 (94%) responded, including eight with CR (72%). Regarding the toxicity, the overall incidence was very low, although lung complications were frequent. These results are promising with hopeful prospects for the control of advanced squamous cancers with metastasis.", "PMID": 81501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8196", "title": "Experimental results with the combination of bleomycin plus mitomycin C.", "content": "This investigation has established the following: 1. Bleomycin, in combination with mitomycin C or other quinone-containing anticancer agents, stimulated the damage to KB cells in culture. 2. In AH66 tumor-bearing rats, the simultaneous treatments of bleomycin plus mitomycin C extend the lifespan. 3. The bleomycin-induced DNA chain breakage was enhanced by the NADPH-dependent microsomal electron transport system. The enhancement was also observed at the level of isolated nuclei and cells. Vitamin K2 and mitomycin C increased breakage at the cellular level by bleomycin and NADPH. 4. Bleomycin-Cu2+ had tendency to increase the lipid peroxidation reaction by the microsomes. However, the reaction was effectively inhibited by antioxidants. 5. Bleomycin induced aldehyde formation from DNA breakage. The formation was effectively inhibited by scavenging reactions with hydralazine hydrochloride or isoniazid. The possibility of suppressing the side effect of bleomycin was discussed in relation to TBA reactive compounds.", "contents": "Experimental results with the combination of bleomycin plus mitomycin C. This investigation has established the following: 1. Bleomycin, in combination with mitomycin C or other quinone-containing anticancer agents, stimulated the damage to KB cells in culture. 2. In AH66 tumor-bearing rats, the simultaneous treatments of bleomycin plus mitomycin C extend the lifespan. 3. The bleomycin-induced DNA chain breakage was enhanced by the NADPH-dependent microsomal electron transport system. The enhancement was also observed at the level of isolated nuclei and cells. Vitamin K2 and mitomycin C increased breakage at the cellular level by bleomycin and NADPH. 4. Bleomycin-Cu2+ had tendency to increase the lipid peroxidation reaction by the microsomes. However, the reaction was effectively inhibited by antioxidants. 5. Bleomycin induced aldehyde formation from DNA breakage. The formation was effectively inhibited by scavenging reactions with hydralazine hydrochloride or isoniazid. The possibility of suppressing the side effect of bleomycin was discussed in relation to TBA reactive compounds.", "PMID": 81503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8197", "title": "Clinical evaluation of new antitumor antibiotics.", "content": "The clinical evaluation of new antibiotics and their analogs requires detailed analysis with respect to the best therapeutic strategy. In the case of anthracycline, diminished cardiac toxicity is as important an aim as increased activity. In the evaluation of cardiac toxicity the most important parameter must be the time to toxicity rather than the total dose. The new endomyocardial biopsy technique may be helpful in the study of analogs such as rubidazone, carminomycin and AD32. Actinomycin D analogs are also of interest, since this drug is part of several curative regimens, but its use has been limited by its severe acute toxicity. In the case of bleomycin, analogs with diminished pulmonary toxicity should be sought.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of new antitumor antibiotics. The clinical evaluation of new antibiotics and their analogs requires detailed analysis with respect to the best therapeutic strategy. In the case of anthracycline, diminished cardiac toxicity is as important an aim as increased activity. In the evaluation of cardiac toxicity the most important parameter must be the time to toxicity rather than the total dose. The new endomyocardial biopsy technique may be helpful in the study of analogs such as rubidazone, carminomycin and AD32. Actinomycin D analogs are also of interest, since this drug is part of several curative regimens, but its use has been limited by its severe acute toxicity. In the case of bleomycin, analogs with diminished pulmonary toxicity should be sought.", "PMID": 81505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8198", "title": "Antitumor antibiotic bioactivation, biotransformation and derivatization by microbial systems.", "content": "Microbial transformations refer to reactions catalyzed by microbial enzymes, especially when specific and useful metabolites accumulate in fermentation media. These transformations have tremendous potential for use in the development of new antitumor drugs and these can also be used as models of mammalial metabolism. Microbial transformation experiments with antibiotics such as bleomycin, anthracyclines and with a variety of plant products are described.", "contents": "Antitumor antibiotic bioactivation, biotransformation and derivatization by microbial systems. Microbial transformations refer to reactions catalyzed by microbial enzymes, especially when specific and useful metabolites accumulate in fermentation media. These transformations have tremendous potential for use in the development of new antitumor drugs and these can also be used as models of mammalial metabolism. Microbial transformation experiments with antibiotics such as bleomycin, anthracyclines and with a variety of plant products are described.", "PMID": 81506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8199", "title": "[When a physician becomes the \"disciple\" of an undisciplined patient. Apropos of 8 cases of mandibular fracture].", "content": "The authors analyse the possibilities of avoiding active treatment of certin isolated fractures of the dentulous part of the mandible. They report 8 cases in which consolidation was obtained without problems, perfectly illustrating their analysis.", "contents": "[When a physician becomes the \"disciple\" of an undisciplined patient. Apropos of 8 cases of mandibular fracture]. The authors analyse the possibilities of avoiding active treatment of certin isolated fractures of the dentulous part of the mandible. They report 8 cases in which consolidation was obtained without problems, perfectly illustrating their analysis.", "PMID": 81510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8200", "title": "Studies on the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in plasma and its complex with trypsin in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Complexes between human or canine trypsin and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) from the same species were studied in vitro and in vivo. The following results were obtained. (1) Human or dog PSTI-trypsin complex without serum did not show any signs of dissociation after 3 h incubation at room temperature. (2) Immediate separation of reaction mixtures of human or canine serum and the corresponding PSTI-trypsin complexes by gel filtration showed that 60--70% of the trypsin was found in complex with alpha2-macroglobulin and the remainder in equal amounts in complex with alpha1-antitrypsin and PSTI, respectively. (3) The results of in vivo studies in dog indicated a similar rapid dissociation of the complexes in the circulation. (4) The elimination for intravenously administered 125I-labelled PSTI was rapid to about 20% of the initial value with a half-life of about 8 min for the initial part of the curve. No organ accumulation of the labelled inhibitor was found. (5) Most of the radioactivity injected was recovered in the urine bound to degradation products but part of it was bound to biologically active inhibitor.", "contents": "Studies on the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in plasma and its complex with trypsin in vivo and in vitro. Complexes between human or canine trypsin and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) from the same species were studied in vitro and in vivo. The following results were obtained. (1) Human or dog PSTI-trypsin complex without serum did not show any signs of dissociation after 3 h incubation at room temperature. (2) Immediate separation of reaction mixtures of human or canine serum and the corresponding PSTI-trypsin complexes by gel filtration showed that 60--70% of the trypsin was found in complex with alpha2-macroglobulin and the remainder in equal amounts in complex with alpha1-antitrypsin and PSTI, respectively. (3) The results of in vivo studies in dog indicated a similar rapid dissociation of the complexes in the circulation. (4) The elimination for intravenously administered 125I-labelled PSTI was rapid to about 20% of the initial value with a half-life of about 8 min for the initial part of the curve. No organ accumulation of the labelled inhibitor was found. (5) Most of the radioactivity injected was recovered in the urine bound to degradation products but part of it was bound to biologically active inhibitor.", "PMID": 81511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8201", "title": "Histochemical and radiologic studies of the human fetal mandibular condyle.", "content": "Histochemical investigations on the mandibular condyle were performed on 72 human embryos and fetuses of crown-rump lengths (CRL) ranging from 26 to 186 mm, representing skeletal maturity indices expressed in CNO values (CNO = composite number of ossified bones in the hand and foot) ranging from 0-0 to 19-12. The development of the mandibular condyle is described according to morphology and to histochemical reactions for glycosaminoglucuronglycans, collagen, glycogen, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and nonspecific AS esterase. The development is described for (1) the bony component of the mandibular condyle, (2) the condylar cartilage, and (3) the fibrous cover of the mandibular condyle. For each tissue component, maturation steps are set up and included in the total evaluation of the condylar maturity stages. The developmental sequence set up on the basis of the morphologic and histochemical findings was followed by all condyles investigated. From this it may be presumed that the developmental sequence in human mandibular condylar components is constant during the former half of the prenatal period. The material available did not justify a description of skeletal development in the mandibular condyle as a function of fetal size, CRL, or skeletal maturity in the hand and foot.", "contents": "Histochemical and radiologic studies of the human fetal mandibular condyle. Histochemical investigations on the mandibular condyle were performed on 72 human embryos and fetuses of crown-rump lengths (CRL) ranging from 26 to 186 mm, representing skeletal maturity indices expressed in CNO values (CNO = composite number of ossified bones in the hand and foot) ranging from 0-0 to 19-12. The development of the mandibular condyle is described according to morphology and to histochemical reactions for glycosaminoglucuronglycans, collagen, glycogen, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and nonspecific AS esterase. The development is described for (1) the bony component of the mandibular condyle, (2) the condylar cartilage, and (3) the fibrous cover of the mandibular condyle. For each tissue component, maturation steps are set up and included in the total evaluation of the condylar maturity stages. The developmental sequence set up on the basis of the morphologic and histochemical findings was followed by all condyles investigated. From this it may be presumed that the developmental sequence in human mandibular condylar components is constant during the former half of the prenatal period. The material available did not justify a description of skeletal development in the mandibular condyle as a function of fetal size, CRL, or skeletal maturity in the hand and foot.", "PMID": 81512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8202", "title": "Possible detection of HLA-DR alloantigenic specificities in man with unabsorbed rabbit antisera.", "content": "Thirty-six rabbits were immunized with precipitin lines formed between detergent solubilized membrane fractions from HLA-D-homozygous cells and a rabbit antiserum to human B cells (anti-p 23/30). Thirty-one of the rabbits produced B-cell specific cytotoxic antibodies and twelve of the antibodies were also precipitating in gel diffusion. In cytotoxicity tests six of the antisera showed clear preferential reactivity with the immunizing HLA-D (DR) antigen. Thus immunization of rabbits might prove valuable for the production of HLA-DR typing reagents.", "contents": "Possible detection of HLA-DR alloantigenic specificities in man with unabsorbed rabbit antisera. Thirty-six rabbits were immunized with precipitin lines formed between detergent solubilized membrane fractions from HLA-D-homozygous cells and a rabbit antiserum to human B cells (anti-p 23/30). Thirty-one of the rabbits produced B-cell specific cytotoxic antibodies and twelve of the antibodies were also precipitating in gel diffusion. In cytotoxicity tests six of the antisera showed clear preferential reactivity with the immunizing HLA-D (DR) antigen. Thus immunization of rabbits might prove valuable for the production of HLA-DR typing reagents.", "PMID": 81513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8203", "title": "Islet-cell antibodies (ICA) in diabetes mellitus (evidence of an autoantigen common to all cells in the islet of Langerhans).", "content": "Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (ICA) are important markers for two subtypes of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and stain the entire islet in the standard immunofluorescence test. This could indicate either a mixture of antibodies each directed against one cell type, or a population of antibodies reacting with a single antigen common to the endocrine pancreas. In the present experiments such a common antigen was demonstrated visually by application of animal antisera raised to each of the 4 pancreatic hormones, together with ICA-positive sera in a four-layer double immunofluorescent technique employing green and red anti-Ig conjugates. Double exposure photographs demonstrated that the patients' sera reacted equally with the different endocrine cells. The ICA antigen did not cross-react with gastric glucagon- or somatostatin-cells. By contrast, human antibodies against glucagon-cells (GCA) or somatostatin-cells (SCA) reacted with discrete antigens specific to each cell type and in 50% of cases the antibodies also stained the respective endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. These refined discriminatory properties of human autoantibodies may lead to a better understanding of the intracellular membrane systems in these important endocrine organs.", "contents": "Islet-cell antibodies (ICA) in diabetes mellitus (evidence of an autoantigen common to all cells in the islet of Langerhans). Pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (ICA) are important markers for two subtypes of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and stain the entire islet in the standard immunofluorescence test. This could indicate either a mixture of antibodies each directed against one cell type, or a population of antibodies reacting with a single antigen common to the endocrine pancreas. In the present experiments such a common antigen was demonstrated visually by application of animal antisera raised to each of the 4 pancreatic hormones, together with ICA-positive sera in a four-layer double immunofluorescent technique employing green and red anti-Ig conjugates. Double exposure photographs demonstrated that the patients' sera reacted equally with the different endocrine cells. The ICA antigen did not cross-react with gastric glucagon- or somatostatin-cells. By contrast, human antibodies against glucagon-cells (GCA) or somatostatin-cells (SCA) reacted with discrete antigens specific to each cell type and in 50% of cases the antibodies also stained the respective endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. These refined discriminatory properties of human autoantibodies may lead to a better understanding of the intracellular membrane systems in these important endocrine organs.", "PMID": 81509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8204", "title": "Polymeric IgA is complexed with secretory component (SC) on the surface of human intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "Viable suspensions of columnar cells were obtained from the surface and outer crypt epithelium of human colon mucosa by a combined treatment with citrate and EDTA solutions and mechanical disruption, but without the use of enzymes. A substantial fraction of the isolated cells contained free SC and secretory IgA in a cytoplasmic distribution that corresponded to previously reported immunohistochemical and immunoelectron-microscopical results obtained with tissue sections. On their surface the same cells were shown to bear SC complexed with J-chain-containing polymeric IgA, whereas only occasional traces of free SC were found. IgM was detected in the surface patches which contained the largest concentrations of SC and IgA. These findings demonstrate that in SC-producing epithelial cells SC molecules become exposed on the plasma membrane, thereby being able to bind specifically J-chain-containing IgA and IgM present in the tissue fluid. Such adsorptive complexing is probably a prerequisite for the selective pinocytotic transport of these two Ig classes through glandular epithelium in man.", "contents": "Polymeric IgA is complexed with secretory component (SC) on the surface of human intestinal epithelial cells. Viable suspensions of columnar cells were obtained from the surface and outer crypt epithelium of human colon mucosa by a combined treatment with citrate and EDTA solutions and mechanical disruption, but without the use of enzymes. A substantial fraction of the isolated cells contained free SC and secretory IgA in a cytoplasmic distribution that corresponded to previously reported immunohistochemical and immunoelectron-microscopical results obtained with tissue sections. On their surface the same cells were shown to bear SC complexed with J-chain-containing polymeric IgA, whereas only occasional traces of free SC were found. IgM was detected in the surface patches which contained the largest concentrations of SC and IgA. These findings demonstrate that in SC-producing epithelial cells SC molecules become exposed on the plasma membrane, thereby being able to bind specifically J-chain-containing IgA and IgM present in the tissue fluid. Such adsorptive complexing is probably a prerequisite for the selective pinocytotic transport of these two Ig classes through glandular epithelium in man.", "PMID": 81514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8205", "title": "HLA-D restriction of the macrophage-dependent response of immune human T lymphocytes to PPD in vitro: inhibition by anti-HLA-DR antisera.", "content": "The response of T cells from sensitized individuals to low doses of PPD in vitro is macrophage-dependent. By testing different allogeneic combinations of macrophages and T lymphocytes, it was found that an optimal response required that antigen be presented by macrophages sharing at least one of the HLA-D determinants of the T cell donor. Antisera recognizing HLA-A, -B or -DR antigens were found to be able to inhibit this proliferative response. The anti-HLA-DR antisera were found to exert their inhibitory effect only when directed towards an antigen shared by the donors of the T lymphocytes and the macrophages. Anti-HLA-A and -B sera, however, had an inhibitory effect when reactive with the responding T lymphocytes, irrespective of their reactivity with the cooperating macrophages. It is concluded that an optimal secondary response of in-vivo-immunized T lymphocytes to PPD requires the combined recognition of the antigen and 'self' membrane structures encoded by the HLA-D locus.", "contents": "HLA-D restriction of the macrophage-dependent response of immune human T lymphocytes to PPD in vitro: inhibition by anti-HLA-DR antisera. The response of T cells from sensitized individuals to low doses of PPD in vitro is macrophage-dependent. By testing different allogeneic combinations of macrophages and T lymphocytes, it was found that an optimal response required that antigen be presented by macrophages sharing at least one of the HLA-D determinants of the T cell donor. Antisera recognizing HLA-A, -B or -DR antigens were found to be able to inhibit this proliferative response. The anti-HLA-DR antisera were found to exert their inhibitory effect only when directed towards an antigen shared by the donors of the T lymphocytes and the macrophages. Anti-HLA-A and -B sera, however, had an inhibitory effect when reactive with the responding T lymphocytes, irrespective of their reactivity with the cooperating macrophages. It is concluded that an optimal secondary response of in-vivo-immunized T lymphocytes to PPD requires the combined recognition of the antigen and 'self' membrane structures encoded by the HLA-D locus.", "PMID": 81515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8206", "title": "Relationship of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) to peripheral blood leucocytes.", "content": "The high molecular weight plasma glycoprotein pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) can be demonstrated on the surface of blood leucocytes and is synthesized by oestrogen-stimulated cells in culture. By the use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique, pretreatment of leucocytes with anti-alpha2-PAG IgG revealed alpha2-PAG on C3 rosette-forming cells and monocytes but not on E rosettes. Lymphocytes treated with anti-alpha2-PAG showed markedly diminished ability to form Fc rosettes. A percentage ranging from 15% to 20% of leucocytes from normal adults of both sexes, pregnant and oestrogen-treated females were positive for alpha2-PAG but no obvious correlatin was observed between the incidence of alpha2-PAG bearing cells and plasma levels of the protein.", "contents": "Relationship of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) to peripheral blood leucocytes. The high molecular weight plasma glycoprotein pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) can be demonstrated on the surface of blood leucocytes and is synthesized by oestrogen-stimulated cells in culture. By the use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique, pretreatment of leucocytes with anti-alpha2-PAG IgG revealed alpha2-PAG on C3 rosette-forming cells and monocytes but not on E rosettes. Lymphocytes treated with anti-alpha2-PAG showed markedly diminished ability to form Fc rosettes. A percentage ranging from 15% to 20% of leucocytes from normal adults of both sexes, pregnant and oestrogen-treated females were positive for alpha2-PAG but no obvious correlatin was observed between the incidence of alpha2-PAG bearing cells and plasma levels of the protein.", "PMID": 81516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8207", "title": "beta2-Microglobulin from normal and leukaemic guinea-pig lymphocytes.", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin has been isolated in useful quantities from the urine of strain-2 guinea-pigs after either treatment with sodium chromate or induction of the L2C leukaemia. Antibodies raised against the beta2-microglobulin were used to set up a radioimmunoassay which measured its export into culture fluid by normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Material containing beta2-microglobulin was also obtained by digestion of the lymphocytic surfaces with papain; fractionation demonstrated both free and combined forms, with no qualitative difference between those from normal and those from leukaemic cells.", "contents": "beta2-Microglobulin from normal and leukaemic guinea-pig lymphocytes. beta2-Microglobulin has been isolated in useful quantities from the urine of strain-2 guinea-pigs after either treatment with sodium chromate or induction of the L2C leukaemia. Antibodies raised against the beta2-microglobulin were used to set up a radioimmunoassay which measured its export into culture fluid by normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Material containing beta2-microglobulin was also obtained by digestion of the lymphocytic surfaces with papain; fractionation demonstrated both free and combined forms, with no qualitative difference between those from normal and those from leukaemic cells.", "PMID": 81517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8208", "title": "Characterization of the DNA-synthesizing cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "DNA-synthesizing cells from the rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue of 7 patients and from 5 patients with traumatic and degenerative joint lesions were studied by incubating fresh synovial tissue samples with tritiated thymidine. Labelled cells were identified using autoradiography. The tissue sections were stained with methyl green pyronine. It was found that 0.66% (range 0.38-1.4) of the cells were labelled with 3H-thymidine whereas in control materials the percentage was 0.17 (range 0-0.38). Approximately half of the labelled subsynovial cells in rheumatoid patients (range 37-67%) were small lymphocytes, according to morphological criteria. About one-tenth of the labelled cells (range 0-17%) looked like medium-sized lymphocytes, while the rest had the characteristics of fibroblasts or were unidentifiable.", "contents": "Characterization of the DNA-synthesizing cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue. DNA-synthesizing cells from the rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue of 7 patients and from 5 patients with traumatic and degenerative joint lesions were studied by incubating fresh synovial tissue samples with tritiated thymidine. Labelled cells were identified using autoradiography. The tissue sections were stained with methyl green pyronine. It was found that 0.66% (range 0.38-1.4) of the cells were labelled with 3H-thymidine whereas in control materials the percentage was 0.17 (range 0-0.38). Approximately half of the labelled subsynovial cells in rheumatoid patients (range 37-67%) were small lymphocytes, according to morphological criteria. About one-tenth of the labelled cells (range 0-17%) looked like medium-sized lymphocytes, while the rest had the characteristics of fibroblasts or were unidentifiable.", "PMID": 81518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8209", "title": "Serum beta-2-microglobulin in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "The serum concentration of beta-2-microglobulin was determined with a radioimmunoassay in 52 patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 29 of whom had Sj\u00f6gren's syndrone. Eleven (38%) of the patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome had high serum values. These cases had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of the complete triad of Sj\u00f6gren's and of antinuclear antibodies than had the lower value cases. The sicca components per se did not seem to influence the serum concentration of beta-2-microglobulin. Most of the few complications occurred in patients with high values.", "contents": "Serum beta-2-microglobulin in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The serum concentration of beta-2-microglobulin was determined with a radioimmunoassay in 52 patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 29 of whom had Sj\u00f6gren's syndrone. Eleven (38%) of the patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome had high serum values. These cases had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of the complete triad of Sj\u00f6gren's and of antinuclear antibodies than had the lower value cases. The sicca components per se did not seem to influence the serum concentration of beta-2-microglobulin. Most of the few complications occurred in patients with high values.", "PMID": 81519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8210", "title": "[Therapeutic progress. Critical analysis of controled and non-controled clinical studies].", "content": "Methods used in the evaluation of therapeutic results in clinical oncology are criticized on the basis of recent examples of studies including the most-used antitumor agents. The need for random allocation of patients in comparative studies is underlined and the practical, statistical, and ethical limitations on randomization procedures are reviewed.", "contents": "[Therapeutic progress. Critical analysis of controled and non-controled clinical studies]. Methods used in the evaluation of therapeutic results in clinical oncology are criticized on the basis of recent examples of studies including the most-used antitumor agents. The need for random allocation of patients in comparative studies is underlined and the practical, statistical, and ethical limitations on randomization procedures are reviewed.", "PMID": 81520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8211", "title": "[Medical treatment of primary pulmonary neoplasms].", "content": "Primary cancer of the lung is the most frequent malignant tumor in Switzerland among males and its frequency is rapidly increasing among females. The rate of failure after curative treatment including surgery and/or radiotherapy is about 80%. A large proportion of lung tumors are already inoperable at the time of diagnosis, a fact which accounts for the importance of chemotherapy as a palliative treatment for lung cancer. Single drug chemotherapies are relatively ineffective, with an overall response rate of 20% and a response rate of up to 50% for small cell tumors. Combination chemotherapies attain a 50 to 90% response rate in small cell tumors while the rate of failure is 50% or more in other cell types. Published results of post-surgical adjuvant chemotherapy of lung cancer are equivocal, possibly due to unwanted differences in the selection of patients and in therapeutic schedule. It is still not demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy improves lung cancer treatment.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of primary pulmonary neoplasms]. Primary cancer of the lung is the most frequent malignant tumor in Switzerland among males and its frequency is rapidly increasing among females. The rate of failure after curative treatment including surgery and/or radiotherapy is about 80%. A large proportion of lung tumors are already inoperable at the time of diagnosis, a fact which accounts for the importance of chemotherapy as a palliative treatment for lung cancer. Single drug chemotherapies are relatively ineffective, with an overall response rate of 20% and a response rate of up to 50% for small cell tumors. Combination chemotherapies attain a 50 to 90% response rate in small cell tumors while the rate of failure is 50% or more in other cell types. Published results of post-surgical adjuvant chemotherapy of lung cancer are equivocal, possibly due to unwanted differences in the selection of patients and in therapeutic schedule. It is still not demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy improves lung cancer treatment.", "PMID": 81521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8212", "title": "[The fiberoptic-endocopic intubation for the palliatuve treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis].", "content": "Fibreoptic-endoscopic dilatation and intubation is a relatively new and safe palliative treatment for patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. The procedure is described at length in three patients in whom it produced instant relief of dysphagia and rapid improvement of nutrition. The stay in hospital is reduced to a minimum. Possible complications are discussed.", "contents": "[The fiberoptic-endocopic intubation for the palliatuve treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis]. Fibreoptic-endoscopic dilatation and intubation is a relatively new and safe palliative treatment for patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. The procedure is described at length in three patients in whom it produced instant relief of dysphagia and rapid improvement of nutrition. The stay in hospital is reduced to a minimum. Possible complications are discussed.", "PMID": 81522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8213", "title": "Slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins: impairment of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile administration.", "content": "beta,beta'-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) administration prevented normal slow axonal transport of [35S]methionine- or [3H]leucine-labeled proteins in rat sciatic motor axons. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic studies showed that the neurofilament triplet proteins in particular were retained within the initial 5 millimeters of the axons, resulting in neurofilament-filled axonal swellings. Fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport were not affected. The IDPN thus selectively impaired slow axonal transport. The neurofibrillary pathology in this model is the result of the defective slow transport of neurofilaments.", "contents": "Slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins: impairment of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile administration. beta,beta'-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) administration prevented normal slow axonal transport of [35S]methionine- or [3H]leucine-labeled proteins in rat sciatic motor axons. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic studies showed that the neurofilament triplet proteins in particular were retained within the initial 5 millimeters of the axons, resulting in neurofilament-filled axonal swellings. Fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport were not affected. The IDPN thus selectively impaired slow axonal transport. The neurofibrillary pathology in this model is the result of the defective slow transport of neurofilaments.", "PMID": 81524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8214", "title": "Palliation of inoperable head and heck cancer: combined intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and irradiation.", "content": "Palliation of unresectable head and neck cancer remains a difficult problem. Because of excellent results reported by others with infusion of vinblastine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil into the external carotid artery followed by irradiation before curative surgery, we applied this technic to 22 patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Fifteen patients from this group who had chemotherapy infusion followed by radiation therapy are compared with 21 patients who received radiation therapy alone. Both groups were similar in distribution of primary site, histology, and TNM stage. Of 15 patients, 14 (93%) had partial or complete tumor regression after both arterial chemotherapy infusion and irradiation, while 14 of 17 patients (82%) receiving primary irradiation had partial or complete response. Drug toxicity and complications related to infusion occurred in all patients. Most patients in both groups had short survivals (mean of 14.1 months in infusion chemotherapy and radiation vs 9.1 months in primary irradiation). One patient remains alive in the infusion group and two in the control group; however, all have recurrent disease. Results indicate a slight increase in survival time with the addition of infusionchemotherapy to irradiation in palliative treatment of head and heck cancer.", "contents": "Palliation of inoperable head and heck cancer: combined intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and irradiation. Palliation of unresectable head and neck cancer remains a difficult problem. Because of excellent results reported by others with infusion of vinblastine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil into the external carotid artery followed by irradiation before curative surgery, we applied this technic to 22 patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Fifteen patients from this group who had chemotherapy infusion followed by radiation therapy are compared with 21 patients who received radiation therapy alone. Both groups were similar in distribution of primary site, histology, and TNM stage. Of 15 patients, 14 (93%) had partial or complete tumor regression after both arterial chemotherapy infusion and irradiation, while 14 of 17 patients (82%) receiving primary irradiation had partial or complete response. Drug toxicity and complications related to infusion occurred in all patients. Most patients in both groups had short survivals (mean of 14.1 months in infusion chemotherapy and radiation vs 9.1 months in primary irradiation). One patient remains alive in the infusion group and two in the control group; however, all have recurrent disease. Results indicate a slight increase in survival time with the addition of infusionchemotherapy to irradiation in palliative treatment of head and heck cancer.", "PMID": 81527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8215", "title": "Pharmacologic dilatation of the ductus arteriosus with prostaglandin E1 in infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used for successful palliation in nine infants with congenital heart disease. Seven patients had pulmonary atresia with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow. In this group, systemic O2 saturation increased from a mean value of 45% to 79% after infusion of PGE1, and surgical palliation was successfully done with the infants in stable condition, without hypoxemia or acidemia. An additional patient with coarctation of the aorta had marked ductal dilatation after PGE1 infusion as indicated by umbilical artery pulse pressure. The coarctation was repaired, with the infant in stable condition. The final patient had neonatal tricuspid insufficiency with right to left atrial shunting. Systemic O2 saturation was improved after PGE1 infusion, though the ductus was closed. The improved oxygenation was believed to be due to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance by PGE1. Prostaglandin E1 provides a powerful new tool for palliation of critical congenital heart disease in infants whose ductal constriction can markedly influence their clinical status.", "contents": "Pharmacologic dilatation of the ductus arteriosus with prostaglandin E1 in infants with congenital heart disease. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used for successful palliation in nine infants with congenital heart disease. Seven patients had pulmonary atresia with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow. In this group, systemic O2 saturation increased from a mean value of 45% to 79% after infusion of PGE1, and surgical palliation was successfully done with the infants in stable condition, without hypoxemia or acidemia. An additional patient with coarctation of the aorta had marked ductal dilatation after PGE1 infusion as indicated by umbilical artery pulse pressure. The coarctation was repaired, with the infant in stable condition. The final patient had neonatal tricuspid insufficiency with right to left atrial shunting. Systemic O2 saturation was improved after PGE1 infusion, though the ductus was closed. The improved oxygenation was believed to be due to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance by PGE1. Prostaglandin E1 provides a powerful new tool for palliation of critical congenital heart disease in infants whose ductal constriction can markedly influence their clinical status.", "PMID": 81528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8216", "title": "Pacreaticoduodenectomy.", "content": "Pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple operation, is a reasonable operation for carcinoma if used in the absence of distant metastases or regional spread to vital structures. It can be performed with an acceptable in-hospital mortality. It is primarily a palliative surgical procedure. Occasionally, a patient will survive more than five years. At times, the operation is fully justified or cannot be avoided for nonmalignant conditions.", "contents": "Pacreaticoduodenectomy. Pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple operation, is a reasonable operation for carcinoma if used in the absence of distant metastases or regional spread to vital structures. It can be performed with an acceptable in-hospital mortality. It is primarily a palliative surgical procedure. Occasionally, a patient will survive more than five years. At times, the operation is fully justified or cannot be avoided for nonmalignant conditions.", "PMID": 81531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8217", "title": "Fluids in the anterior part of the optic nerve in health and disease.", "content": "New techniques have recently made it possible to study the flow of fluids (blood, axoplasm, and interstitial fluid) in the anterior part of the optic nerve. Blood flow has been reviewed previously; axoplasm and interstitial fluid are considered in this review. General concepts of axoplasmic transport (anterograde and retrograde) are outlined, and the role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogeneses of optic disc edema of various types, in glaucoma, and in ischemic and toxic optic neuropathies is discussed. The probable sources of interstitial fluid in the anterior part of the optic nerve are capillaries in the nerve itself, peripapillary choroid, vitreous, cerebrospinal fluid and possibly axoplasm in the local axons; the flow is defined by various barrier systems. The role of the interstitial fluid in the pathogeneses of optic edema (and associated phenomena) and in serous retinal detachment in the macular region associated with optic disc pit is discussed. Its involvement in the process of diffusion of retrobulbar medication into the optic nerve and vitreous is also considered.", "contents": "Fluids in the anterior part of the optic nerve in health and disease. New techniques have recently made it possible to study the flow of fluids (blood, axoplasm, and interstitial fluid) in the anterior part of the optic nerve. Blood flow has been reviewed previously; axoplasm and interstitial fluid are considered in this review. General concepts of axoplasmic transport (anterograde and retrograde) are outlined, and the role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogeneses of optic disc edema of various types, in glaucoma, and in ischemic and toxic optic neuropathies is discussed. The probable sources of interstitial fluid in the anterior part of the optic nerve are capillaries in the nerve itself, peripapillary choroid, vitreous, cerebrospinal fluid and possibly axoplasm in the local axons; the flow is defined by various barrier systems. The role of the interstitial fluid in the pathogeneses of optic edema (and associated phenomena) and in serous retinal detachment in the macular region associated with optic disc pit is discussed. Its involvement in the process of diffusion of retrobulbar medication into the optic nerve and vitreous is also considered.", "PMID": 81532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8218", "title": "Cheyletiellosis in long-haired cats.", "content": "Among 41 catteries, the majority of which were investigated because of problems of chronic pruritus, 27 proved to be infected by Cheyletiella mites. The skin lesions consisted of small erythematous papules with crusts and some loose hairs. After removal of the loose hairs Cheyletiella mites could be collected with adhesive tape for microscopic examination. Human involvement (papular urticaria) was observed in 20% of the cases. Bathing with Lindane was an effective mode of treatment.", "contents": "Cheyletiellosis in long-haired cats. Among 41 catteries, the majority of which were investigated because of problems of chronic pruritus, 27 proved to be infected by Cheyletiella mites. The skin lesions consisted of small erythematous papules with crusts and some loose hairs. After removal of the loose hairs Cheyletiella mites could be collected with adhesive tape for microscopic examination. Human involvement (papular urticaria) was observed in 20% of the cases. Bathing with Lindane was an effective mode of treatment.", "PMID": 81538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8219", "title": "Inhibition of MLC responder and stimulator function with allo-antisera in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Ten antisera containing antibodies directed against specificities controlled by the Ia1 locus of rhesus monkeys were tested for their ability to inhibit the MLC reaction. In cultures with responding cells from the serum producer, all sera with anti-Ia1 activity depressed the stimulatory capacity of cells carrying the Ia1 antigen in question. In other responder/stimulator combinations, the stimulation-inhibition was Ia1-related for the majority of the antisera. These data provide further evidence for a possible identity (or close association on the cell membrane) between Ia1 and D locus determinants of rhesus monkeys. In addition, some sera showed an inhibitory effect also on responder cells (with cells from the serum producer as stimulators). There was no apparent relation of response inhibition to the Ia1 specificities detected by antisera.", "contents": "Inhibition of MLC responder and stimulator function with allo-antisera in rhesus monkeys. Ten antisera containing antibodies directed against specificities controlled by the Ia1 locus of rhesus monkeys were tested for their ability to inhibit the MLC reaction. In cultures with responding cells from the serum producer, all sera with anti-Ia1 activity depressed the stimulatory capacity of cells carrying the Ia1 antigen in question. In other responder/stimulator combinations, the stimulation-inhibition was Ia1-related for the majority of the antisera. These data provide further evidence for a possible identity (or close association on the cell membrane) between Ia1 and D locus determinants of rhesus monkeys. In addition, some sera showed an inhibitory effect also on responder cells (with cells from the serum producer as stimulators). There was no apparent relation of response inhibition to the Ia1 specificities detected by antisera.", "PMID": 81539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8220", "title": "Quantitation of HLA-D differences.", "content": "The predictability of MLC non-reactivity by HTC typing was tested in a single checkerboard experiment which involved 39 unrelated individuals belonging to 12 different groups of HLA-D identical phenotypes. The strength of one-way MLC reactions in all possible responder-stimulator combinations (39 X 39) was quantitated by the Linear Clustering Analysis Program. Individuals who, by HTC typing, were identical for two HLA-D antigens gave 51% negative, 36% intermediate and 13% strong positive MLC responses. Identity for only one HLA-D antigen resulted in 3% negative, 40% intermediate and 57% strong MLC reactions. When no HLA-D antigen was shared, 88% of the reactions were strongly positive. HLA-D antigens behaved as equipotent stimulators in MLC between half-identical pairs. The only exception consisted of the higher frequency of weak responses displayed by the Dw5 positive individuals against stimulators differing by LD107. The same pattern was observed when LD107 homozygous cells were used as stimulators, suggesting that determinants of this specificity might be partially included in Dw5.", "contents": "Quantitation of HLA-D differences. The predictability of MLC non-reactivity by HTC typing was tested in a single checkerboard experiment which involved 39 unrelated individuals belonging to 12 different groups of HLA-D identical phenotypes. The strength of one-way MLC reactions in all possible responder-stimulator combinations (39 X 39) was quantitated by the Linear Clustering Analysis Program. Individuals who, by HTC typing, were identical for two HLA-D antigens gave 51% negative, 36% intermediate and 13% strong positive MLC responses. Identity for only one HLA-D antigen resulted in 3% negative, 40% intermediate and 57% strong MLC reactions. When no HLA-D antigen was shared, 88% of the reactions were strongly positive. HLA-D antigens behaved as equipotent stimulators in MLC between half-identical pairs. The only exception consisted of the higher frequency of weak responses displayed by the Dw5 positive individuals against stimulators differing by LD107. The same pattern was observed when LD107 homozygous cells were used as stimulators, suggesting that determinants of this specificity might be partially included in Dw5.", "PMID": 81541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8221", "title": "Toxicity of the hexachlorocyclohexane in rats.", "content": "Three groups, with 10 sixty-day-old male rats each, were given dietary levels of technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 0, 0.9 and 900 ppm for 90 days. Observations were made on blood glucose, live glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), organ weights, histology and histochemistry of different tissues. Significant findings included growth retardation at 900 ppm, increased relative liver weight at the same dietary level, reduction of blood glucose levels at 0.9 ppm while liver glycogen and G-6-Pase levels were not affected in any dosage. Histological and histochemical changes were seen only in liver and kidneys, including steatosis and gutular hyaline degeneration in the kidneys of animals receiving dietary levels of technical HCH 900 ppm.", "contents": "Toxicity of the hexachlorocyclohexane in rats. Three groups, with 10 sixty-day-old male rats each, were given dietary levels of technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 0, 0.9 and 900 ppm for 90 days. Observations were made on blood glucose, live glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), organ weights, histology and histochemistry of different tissues. Significant findings included growth retardation at 900 ppm, increased relative liver weight at the same dietary level, reduction of blood glucose levels at 0.9 ppm while liver glycogen and G-6-Pase levels were not affected in any dosage. Histological and histochemical changes were seen only in liver and kidneys, including steatosis and gutular hyaline degeneration in the kidneys of animals receiving dietary levels of technical HCH 900 ppm.", "PMID": 81543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8222", "title": "Immune response-associated antigens on mouse leukemia cells. I. Detection of Ia antigens on GRSL cells.", "content": "The expression of immune response-associated (Ia) antigens on the surface of mouse strain GR (H-2dx) ascites leukemia (GRSL) cell lines was studied by cytotoxic tests, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. Ia expression varied among the three GRSL cells lines (GRSL 2, GRSL 14, and GRSL 15) studied by cytotoxic assay. GRSL 14 cells showed the strongest expression of Ia antigens among these three cell lines. A time-course study of tumor growth in mice revealed that Ia antigens on the tumor cells demonstrated the strongest expression 10 days after injection of GRSL cells into GR mice, and that subsequently it decreased until the death of the animal. Cells treated with neuraminidase exhibited more readily detectable Ia antigens, expecially in the late stages of leukemia, which suggested that Ia antigens had been masked by sialic acid. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that Ia molecules on the leukemia cell had the same molecular weight as those on the normal lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies disclosed that Ia antigens were distributed diffusely on the surface of the tumor cells.", "contents": "Immune response-associated antigens on mouse leukemia cells. I. Detection of Ia antigens on GRSL cells. The expression of immune response-associated (Ia) antigens on the surface of mouse strain GR (H-2dx) ascites leukemia (GRSL) cell lines was studied by cytotoxic tests, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. Ia expression varied among the three GRSL cells lines (GRSL 2, GRSL 14, and GRSL 15) studied by cytotoxic assay. GRSL 14 cells showed the strongest expression of Ia antigens among these three cell lines. A time-course study of tumor growth in mice revealed that Ia antigens on the tumor cells demonstrated the strongest expression 10 days after injection of GRSL cells into GR mice, and that subsequently it decreased until the death of the animal. Cells treated with neuraminidase exhibited more readily detectable Ia antigens, expecially in the late stages of leukemia, which suggested that Ia antigens had been masked by sialic acid. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that Ia molecules on the leukemia cell had the same molecular weight as those on the normal lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies disclosed that Ia antigens were distributed diffusely on the surface of the tumor cells.", "PMID": 81549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8223", "title": "Specificity of cellular migration into cardiac allografts in rats.", "content": "The question has not been previously investigated as to whether host lymphocytes infiltrate vascularized organ allografts in indiscriminate fashion, or whether they are retained selectively because of specific antigenic recognition sites on their surfaces. By using a dual cardiac allograft model in LEW rats, we have examined this problem by two methods: (1) detection of preferentially accumulating cells selectively cytotoxic to allografts bearing specific transplantation antigens as compared with \"third-party\" allografts; and (2) examination of trafficking patterns of separate radiolabeled populations of sensitized cells adoptively transferred into double heart-grafted recipients. In the first series of experiments, using BN and BUF rats as donors, differences in specific cytotoxicity mounted by infiltrating lymphocytes harvested from the appropriate and inappropriate graft were moderately significant (P less than 0.05). Because the question of cross-reactivity betweeen BUF and BN antigen was raised, lymphocytes sensitized to BN and WF donors were differentially labeled in vitro with 3H- or 14C-thymidine. After mixture and adoptive transfer, the ratio of specific to third-party labels was measured in each graft. In this second series of experiments, significant (P less than 0.001) preferential accumulation of specifically sensitized cells were found in the appropriate vascularized organ allograft. These experiments confirm the results of other experimental models, and demonstrate that sensitized lymphocytes accumulate selectively in specific vascularized organ allografts.", "contents": "Specificity of cellular migration into cardiac allografts in rats. The question has not been previously investigated as to whether host lymphocytes infiltrate vascularized organ allografts in indiscriminate fashion, or whether they are retained selectively because of specific antigenic recognition sites on their surfaces. By using a dual cardiac allograft model in LEW rats, we have examined this problem by two methods: (1) detection of preferentially accumulating cells selectively cytotoxic to allografts bearing specific transplantation antigens as compared with \"third-party\" allografts; and (2) examination of trafficking patterns of separate radiolabeled populations of sensitized cells adoptively transferred into double heart-grafted recipients. In the first series of experiments, using BN and BUF rats as donors, differences in specific cytotoxicity mounted by infiltrating lymphocytes harvested from the appropriate and inappropriate graft were moderately significant (P less than 0.05). Because the question of cross-reactivity betweeen BUF and BN antigen was raised, lymphocytes sensitized to BN and WF donors were differentially labeled in vitro with 3H- or 14C-thymidine. After mixture and adoptive transfer, the ratio of specific to third-party labels was measured in each graft. In this second series of experiments, significant (P less than 0.001) preferential accumulation of specifically sensitized cells were found in the appropriate vascularized organ allograft. These experiments confirm the results of other experimental models, and demonstrate that sensitized lymphocytes accumulate selectively in specific vascularized organ allografts.", "PMID": 81550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8224", "title": "Antigenic determinants of C3 and C4 complement components on washed erythrocytes from normal persons.", "content": "Well-washed erythrocytes from normal persons were agglutinated by antisera to C3, C3d, and C4, and this agglutination was specifically inhibited by the corresponding C3 or C4 protein. C3 and C4 antigenic determinants were present on the red blood cells of freshly shed blood promptly anticoagulated with EDTA, heparin, ACD, or CPD, and no significant changes in degree of agglutination were observed on storage of EDTA or CPD blood for two weeks at 4 C. Marked differences in degree of agglutination by anti-C3, anti-C3d, and anti-C4 were observed when erythrocytes of 16 normal persons were assayed, and significant correlations were obtained when the quantitative results with any two antisera were compared. Anti-C3c did not agglutinate erythrocytes from normal persons, suggesting that the C3 antigens detected on normal cells are carried by the C3d fragment. To avoid significant agglutination of the erythrocytes from some normal persons, very dilute preparations of anti-C3, -C3d, and -C4 had to be used for instrumented diagnostic direct antiglobulin tests. Stronger reagents could be used for indirect antiglobulin tests when the result of a suitable control could be subtracted.", "contents": "Antigenic determinants of C3 and C4 complement components on washed erythrocytes from normal persons. Well-washed erythrocytes from normal persons were agglutinated by antisera to C3, C3d, and C4, and this agglutination was specifically inhibited by the corresponding C3 or C4 protein. C3 and C4 antigenic determinants were present on the red blood cells of freshly shed blood promptly anticoagulated with EDTA, heparin, ACD, or CPD, and no significant changes in degree of agglutination were observed on storage of EDTA or CPD blood for two weeks at 4 C. Marked differences in degree of agglutination by anti-C3, anti-C3d, and anti-C4 were observed when erythrocytes of 16 normal persons were assayed, and significant correlations were obtained when the quantitative results with any two antisera were compared. Anti-C3c did not agglutinate erythrocytes from normal persons, suggesting that the C3 antigens detected on normal cells are carried by the C3d fragment. To avoid significant agglutination of the erythrocytes from some normal persons, very dilute preparations of anti-C3, -C3d, and -C4 had to be used for instrumented diagnostic direct antiglobulin tests. Stronger reagents could be used for indirect antiglobulin tests when the result of a suitable control could be subtracted.", "PMID": 81545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8225", "title": "[Significance of the embolization of the arteria renalis for the treatment of kidney tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 patients with malignant kidney tumours percutaneous embolizations of the arteria renalis were performed in about 1 year. The material for embolization was gelatine-sponge-particles. The embolization was done pre-operatively, usually in connection with the arteriographic examination of kidney tumours (hypernephroid carcinoma). In 2 patients without operation it was done as a palliative measure. Our favourable results to improve the operability of tumours agree with reports in the literature. According to our opinion the pre-operative embolization of the arteria renalis with kidney tumours offers the possibility of a blood-sparing operation and a reduction of tumour-cell outwashings.", "contents": "[Significance of the embolization of the arteria renalis for the treatment of kidney tumours (author's transl)]. In 24 patients with malignant kidney tumours percutaneous embolizations of the arteria renalis were performed in about 1 year. The material for embolization was gelatine-sponge-particles. The embolization was done pre-operatively, usually in connection with the arteriographic examination of kidney tumours (hypernephroid carcinoma). In 2 patients without operation it was done as a palliative measure. Our favourable results to improve the operability of tumours agree with reports in the literature. According to our opinion the pre-operative embolization of the arteria renalis with kidney tumours offers the possibility of a blood-sparing operation and a reduction of tumour-cell outwashings.", "PMID": 81553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8226", "title": "Post-prostatectomy incontinence.", "content": "Urinary continence is maintained by the smooth-muscled system of the \"internal sphincter\". The striated external sphincter is not primarily responsible for continence. One of the chief functions of the external sphincter is the initiation of voluntary micturition. Its other functions are: random interruption of the urinary stream, reflex control during an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (such as coughing, sneezing, larghing, lifting) complete emp;ying of the urethra after micturition and stabilization of the posterior urethra in the urogenital diaphragm. After prostatectomy an intact external sphincter is important in order to support the smooth-muscled system which continues to be primarily responsible for continence to function as efficiently as possible. In approximately 90% of all postprostatectomy incontinences the external sphincter is intact and this cames a good prognosis following our correcture surgery without the need for prostheses. Only in rare post-prostatectomy incontinence cases (aprox. 10%) is the external sphincter also injured. Incontinence surgery according to our method has not been satisfactory in these cases.", "contents": "Post-prostatectomy incontinence. Urinary continence is maintained by the smooth-muscled system of the \"internal sphincter\". The striated external sphincter is not primarily responsible for continence. One of the chief functions of the external sphincter is the initiation of voluntary micturition. Its other functions are: random interruption of the urinary stream, reflex control during an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (such as coughing, sneezing, larghing, lifting) complete emp;ying of the urethra after micturition and stabilization of the posterior urethra in the urogenital diaphragm. After prostatectomy an intact external sphincter is important in order to support the smooth-muscled system which continues to be primarily responsible for continence to function as efficiently as possible. In approximately 90% of all postprostatectomy incontinences the external sphincter is intact and this cames a good prognosis following our correcture surgery without the need for prostheses. Only in rare post-prostatectomy incontinence cases (aprox. 10%) is the external sphincter also injured. Incontinence surgery according to our method has not been satisfactory in these cases.", "PMID": 81555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8227", "title": "Steroid receptors in human prostatic cancer a preliminary evaluation.", "content": "The determination of steriod-receptors in human prostatic tissue from 68 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 36 patients with prostatic cancer by the method of cold agargel-electrophoresis is described. The results are discussed in the light of several problems inherent to this assay. There are certain indications that there is a correlation between steroid-receptor values and response to endocrine therapy.", "contents": "Steroid receptors in human prostatic cancer a preliminary evaluation. The determination of steriod-receptors in human prostatic tissue from 68 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 36 patients with prostatic cancer by the method of cold agargel-electrophoresis is described. The results are discussed in the light of several problems inherent to this assay. There are certain indications that there is a correlation between steroid-receptor values and response to endocrine therapy.", "PMID": 81556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8228", "title": "[Use of heterologous antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in treating suppurative mastitis].", "content": "The effectiveness of heterologic antistaphylococcal gammaglobulin was studied in the clinic in 67 cases of acute lactogenous mastitis. The activity of the preparation was 200 A. E/ml. The Bezredko method of injection was used--l ml once a day during 5 days. The treatment resulted in the decrease of intoxication, purification of the surgical wound, normalization on non-specific protection factors, rise of antistaphylococcal antitoxin titers and decrease of autosensitization phenomena.", "contents": "[Use of heterologous antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in treating suppurative mastitis]. The effectiveness of heterologic antistaphylococcal gammaglobulin was studied in the clinic in 67 cases of acute lactogenous mastitis. The activity of the preparation was 200 A. E/ml. The Bezredko method of injection was used--l ml once a day during 5 days. The treatment resulted in the decrease of intoxication, purification of the surgical wound, normalization on non-specific protection factors, rise of antistaphylococcal antitoxin titers and decrease of autosensitization phenomena.", "PMID": 81560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8229", "title": "Site of initiation of the plasma cell reaction in the rabbit lymph node. Ultrastructural evidence for two distinct antibody forming cell precursors.", "content": "Two times sublethal total body-X-irradiation with weekly local thymus irradiation established a T-cell deprived experimental model in rabbits. Humoral immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes have been analyzed histologically and at the submicroscopical level after challenge with Salmonella Java vaccine, horse spleen ferritin, horse-gamma-globulin, a chemical sensitizer oxazolone (2 phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone) and after skin allografting respectively. The time sequence studies in these animals with an 'isolated B-cell system' are compared with similar experiments in normal non-irradiated rabbits. The site of initiation of the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent plasma cell response is established in the lymph node. The (ultra)structural features of the antibody forming (-B-)cell precursors, the marginal zone cells, are described and discussed. The differentiating off-spring of two (sub)microscopically recognizable plasma cell lines is presented.", "contents": "Site of initiation of the plasma cell reaction in the rabbit lymph node. Ultrastructural evidence for two distinct antibody forming cell precursors. Two times sublethal total body-X-irradiation with weekly local thymus irradiation established a T-cell deprived experimental model in rabbits. Humoral immunity reactions in draining lymph nodes have been analyzed histologically and at the submicroscopical level after challenge with Salmonella Java vaccine, horse spleen ferritin, horse-gamma-globulin, a chemical sensitizer oxazolone (2 phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5-oxazolone) and after skin allografting respectively. The time sequence studies in these animals with an 'isolated B-cell system' are compared with similar experiments in normal non-irradiated rabbits. The site of initiation of the thymus-independent and thymus-dependent plasma cell response is established in the lymph node. The (ultra)structural features of the antibody forming (-B-)cell precursors, the marginal zone cells, are described and discussed. The differentiating off-spring of two (sub)microscopically recognizable plasma cell lines is presented.", "PMID": 81561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8230", "title": "Histophysiology of cellular immunity reactions in B-cell deprived rabbits. An X-irradiation model for delineation of an 'isolated T-cell system'.", "content": "Three times sublethal total body X-irradiation with thymus shielding--at 2 weeks' intervals--delineated a temporarily B-cell deprived animal model, only reconstituted with recently thymus-derived cells. The thymusdependent areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue-repleted with T-cells--are described. The cellular immune capacity of these animals with an \"isolated T-cell system\" was analyzed by means of skin allografting. Histological and autoradiographic studies were performed in draining lymph nodes after a variety of antigenic stimuli: skin allografts, S. java vaccin, horse-gamma-globulin, horse spleen ferritin and a contact sensitizer (Oxazolone).", "contents": "Histophysiology of cellular immunity reactions in B-cell deprived rabbits. An X-irradiation model for delineation of an 'isolated T-cell system'. Three times sublethal total body X-irradiation with thymus shielding--at 2 weeks' intervals--delineated a temporarily B-cell deprived animal model, only reconstituted with recently thymus-derived cells. The thymusdependent areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue-repleted with T-cells--are described. The cellular immune capacity of these animals with an \"isolated T-cell system\" was analyzed by means of skin allografting. Histological and autoradiographic studies were performed in draining lymph nodes after a variety of antigenic stimuli: skin allografts, S. java vaccin, horse-gamma-globulin, horse spleen ferritin and a contact sensitizer (Oxazolone).", "PMID": 81562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8231", "title": "[Effect of streptovaricin on the multiplication of L line cells].", "content": "An inhibitor of the reverse trascriptase-streptovaricin in a dose of 4 mkg/ml would induce an increase of the DNA amount in L cell nuclei, while its dosage of 8 mkg/ml decrease the amount of DNA, resulting in the differentiation of some population cells. Streptovaricin inhibited the L cell multiplication, rendering no significant effect on that of normal fibroblasts of C3H mice culture.", "contents": "[Effect of streptovaricin on the multiplication of L line cells]. An inhibitor of the reverse trascriptase-streptovaricin in a dose of 4 mkg/ml would induce an increase of the DNA amount in L cell nuclei, while its dosage of 8 mkg/ml decrease the amount of DNA, resulting in the differentiation of some population cells. Streptovaricin inhibited the L cell multiplication, rendering no significant effect on that of normal fibroblasts of C3H mice culture.", "PMID": 81565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8232", "title": "[Sideeffects of colloids (author's transl)].", "content": "A prospective controlled trial during 1975 and 1976 has revealed that none of the colloids in clinical use (plasma protein solution, gelatine, hydroxyethylstarch and dextran) is free from the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. Even though the incidence of anaphylactoid reactions is low (0.03%), lethal outcome might be encountered. Between the colloids differences exist as far as manifestation (skin, circulatory and respiratory system) and degree of severity (I--IV) of anaphylactoid reactions are concerned. Since the underlying pathomechanisms have not been elucidated yet, true prophylactic measures are unknown. Therefore, it is mandatory to control the patient very carefully at the beginning of infusion; early symptoms of anaphylactoid reactions should trigger immediate therapeutic measures. Recent findings showed that the anaphylactoid reactions to dextran might be elicited by immune complexes. A new model was developed to investigate the chances of specific prophylactic procedures.", "contents": "[Sideeffects of colloids (author's transl)]. A prospective controlled trial during 1975 and 1976 has revealed that none of the colloids in clinical use (plasma protein solution, gelatine, hydroxyethylstarch and dextran) is free from the risk of anaphylactoid reactions. Even though the incidence of anaphylactoid reactions is low (0.03%), lethal outcome might be encountered. Between the colloids differences exist as far as manifestation (skin, circulatory and respiratory system) and degree of severity (I--IV) of anaphylactoid reactions are concerned. Since the underlying pathomechanisms have not been elucidated yet, true prophylactic measures are unknown. Therefore, it is mandatory to control the patient very carefully at the beginning of infusion; early symptoms of anaphylactoid reactions should trigger immediate therapeutic measures. Recent findings showed that the anaphylactoid reactions to dextran might be elicited by immune complexes. A new model was developed to investigate the chances of specific prophylactic procedures.", "PMID": 81575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8233", "title": "[Cryosurgical treatment of rectal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "After comprehensive experimental especially morphological studies in animals, we started cryo-therapy of rectal carcinoma in 1972. We now present the first critical 5-years review concerning indication, clinical results and cryo-immunological features. In strongly indicated cases local tumour destruction by extremely low temperatures is superior to other palliative methods. Of 67 patients with rectal carcinoma treated with cryosurgery, 37 survived, 12 more than 36 months and 16 more than 24 months. Though there are only few hints indicating an increased immunological response following cryo-surgery, our investigations suggest a general influence on host's immunity by cryo-therapy.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical treatment of rectal carcinoma (author's transl)]. After comprehensive experimental especially morphological studies in animals, we started cryo-therapy of rectal carcinoma in 1972. We now present the first critical 5-years review concerning indication, clinical results and cryo-immunological features. In strongly indicated cases local tumour destruction by extremely low temperatures is superior to other palliative methods. Of 67 patients with rectal carcinoma treated with cryosurgery, 37 survived, 12 more than 36 months and 16 more than 24 months. Though there are only few hints indicating an increased immunological response following cryo-surgery, our investigations suggest a general influence on host's immunity by cryo-therapy.", "PMID": 81576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8234", "title": "[Therapy and therapeutic results in malignant ovarian tumors (exerience report 1945--1976)].", "content": "The study is the result of the medical histories from the Womens Hospital Cottbus from 1945 to 1976 with 387 malignoms of the ovary. The patients material is classified according therapeutic groups. The 5-year survival rates of 345 patients from 1945 to 1971 are 25,9%. The therapy of the ovarian malignoma consists of a combination therapy comprising, according to the stage, operation, radiation therapy and, since 1959 application of cytostatica.", "contents": "[Therapy and therapeutic results in malignant ovarian tumors (exerience report 1945--1976)]. The study is the result of the medical histories from the Womens Hospital Cottbus from 1945 to 1976 with 387 malignoms of the ovary. The patients material is classified according therapeutic groups. The 5-year survival rates of 345 patients from 1945 to 1971 are 25,9%. The therapy of the ovarian malignoma consists of a combination therapy comprising, according to the stage, operation, radiation therapy and, since 1959 application of cytostatica.", "PMID": 81577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8235", "title": "[Demonstration of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-rhombencephalic junction in rats by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to demonstrate the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain connection of the rat. Following HRP injections into the region of the dorsal columns nuclei labeled cells were observed in the caudal part of the paraventricular nucleus and in the lateral hypothalmic area. Hypothalamo-hindbrain projections are predominantly uncrossed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-rhombencephalic junction in rats by the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase]. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to demonstrate the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain connection of the rat. Following HRP injections into the region of the dorsal columns nuclei labeled cells were observed in the caudal part of the paraventricular nucleus and in the lateral hypothalmic area. Hypothalamo-hindbrain projections are predominantly uncrossed.", "PMID": 81578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8236", "title": "Anti-thyroxine and anti-triiodothyronine antibodies in three cases of Hashimotos thyroiditis.", "content": "Antibodies against thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3) were detected in 3 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. One of the patients had both anti-T4 and anti-T3 antibodies and the other 2 patients had only anti-T3 antibody. Serum T4 or T3 antibodies and the other 2 patients had only anti-T3 antibody. Serum T4 or T3 values measured by the single antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), were low or nil in these patients. One patient was mildly hypothyroid. The other 2 patients were clinically euthyroid, but they were considered latent hypothyroid because of a slight elevation in serum TSH. On extraction of the sera with ethanol, high or normal values of T3 were obtained in all cases. Recovery of T4 or T3 added to the patients' sera determined by RIA was significantly low. The binding of [125I]T4 or [125I]T3 to the patients' sera was demonstrated by the polyethylene glycol method and by using RIA kits without adding the antibody provided. The binding activity was localized in the IgG fraction by column chromatography and by immunoprecipitation. T4- or T3-binding protein in two sera migrated in the gammaglobulin region on paper electrophoresis and was found in 7S fraction on Sephadex G-200 chromatography. In one serum containing both anti-T4 and anti-T3 antibodies, the association constants (Ka) for binding of T4 and T3 were 3.8 x 10(8) l/mol and 1.7 x 10(8) l/mol, respectively. The binding capacities in the serum were 8.2 microgram of T4 and 1.9 microgram of T3 per 100 ml of serum. For two sera containing anti-T3 antibody, Ka were 5.5 x 10(8) l/mol and 7.4 x 10(10) l/mol, and the binding capacities were 0.6 microgram/100 ml serum and 0.7 microgram/100 ml serum respectively. The clinical significance of these antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "Anti-thyroxine and anti-triiodothyronine antibodies in three cases of Hashimotos thyroiditis. Antibodies against thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3) were detected in 3 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. One of the patients had both anti-T4 and anti-T3 antibodies and the other 2 patients had only anti-T3 antibody. Serum T4 or T3 antibodies and the other 2 patients had only anti-T3 antibody. Serum T4 or T3 values measured by the single antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), were low or nil in these patients. One patient was mildly hypothyroid. The other 2 patients were clinically euthyroid, but they were considered latent hypothyroid because of a slight elevation in serum TSH. On extraction of the sera with ethanol, high or normal values of T3 were obtained in all cases. Recovery of T4 or T3 added to the patients' sera determined by RIA was significantly low. The binding of [125I]T4 or [125I]T3 to the patients' sera was demonstrated by the polyethylene glycol method and by using RIA kits without adding the antibody provided. The binding activity was localized in the IgG fraction by column chromatography and by immunoprecipitation. T4- or T3-binding protein in two sera migrated in the gammaglobulin region on paper electrophoresis and was found in 7S fraction on Sephadex G-200 chromatography. In one serum containing both anti-T4 and anti-T3 antibodies, the association constants (Ka) for binding of T4 and T3 were 3.8 x 10(8) l/mol and 1.7 x 10(8) l/mol, respectively. The binding capacities in the serum were 8.2 microgram of T4 and 1.9 microgram of T3 per 100 ml of serum. For two sera containing anti-T3 antibody, Ka were 5.5 x 10(8) l/mol and 7.4 x 10(10) l/mol, and the binding capacities were 0.6 microgram/100 ml serum and 0.7 microgram/100 ml serum respectively. The clinical significance of these antibodies is discussed.", "PMID": 81582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8237", "title": "[Should we still operate small cell carcinoma of the lung? (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred and nineteen cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung are reviewed. The 5-year survival rate is less than 5%. Four patients survived more than 5 years, among 9 tumors resected with curative intention. Palliative resections do not enhance the survival rate. Combined radiotherapy and polychimiotherapy have a high response rate and tend to extend the median survival interval. Thus, small cell carcinoma require an accurate pathological diagnosis and extensive staging. Only small, localized peripherical tumors (T1N0M0, T2N0M0) should be resected.", "contents": "[Should we still operate small cell carcinoma of the lung? (author's transl)]. Two hundred and nineteen cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung are reviewed. The 5-year survival rate is less than 5%. Four patients survived more than 5 years, among 9 tumors resected with curative intention. Palliative resections do not enhance the survival rate. Combined radiotherapy and polychimiotherapy have a high response rate and tend to extend the median survival interval. Thus, small cell carcinoma require an accurate pathological diagnosis and extensive staging. Only small, localized peripherical tumors (T1N0M0, T2N0M0) should be resected.", "PMID": 81579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8238", "title": "[Surgical treatment of rectal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report there surgical experience with rectal cancer. From 1963 to 1974, 346 patients were hospitalized, of which 359 were operated, which constitute a operatory rate of 98%. A exeresis was performed in 85% of the cases. Briefly, the authors use two types of operation : an anterior resection and an abdominoperineal amputation of the rectum with two synchronized teams--the operation of Lloyd-Davies--which constitutes an obvious progress compared to the operation of Miles. The overall postoperatory mortality remained high : 8.8% which represents 10.1% for the operation of Lloyd-Davies, and 6.7% for the anterior resection. Two hundred and twenty-four patients have been operated with a follow-up of at least 5 years; 4 [1.6%] were not reseen and are considered deceased. The overall survival at 5 years was 36.4%. The survival rate at 5 years, not corrected, of operations including an exeresis was 43.1% which represents 37.2% for the operation of Lloyd-Davies and 51.2% for the anterior resection. This survival rate includes all patients operated and not only those who survived the operation.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of rectal cancer (author's transl)]. The authors report there surgical experience with rectal cancer. From 1963 to 1974, 346 patients were hospitalized, of which 359 were operated, which constitute a operatory rate of 98%. A exeresis was performed in 85% of the cases. Briefly, the authors use two types of operation : an anterior resection and an abdominoperineal amputation of the rectum with two synchronized teams--the operation of Lloyd-Davies--which constitutes an obvious progress compared to the operation of Miles. The overall postoperatory mortality remained high : 8.8% which represents 10.1% for the operation of Lloyd-Davies, and 6.7% for the anterior resection. Two hundred and twenty-four patients have been operated with a follow-up of at least 5 years; 4 [1.6%] were not reseen and are considered deceased. The overall survival at 5 years was 36.4%. The survival rate at 5 years, not corrected, of operations including an exeresis was 43.1% which represents 37.2% for the operation of Lloyd-Davies and 51.2% for the anterior resection. This survival rate includes all patients operated and not only those who survived the operation.", "PMID": 81580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8239", "title": "Alteration of developing and adult rat muscle membranes by zuclomiphene and other hypocholesterolemic agents.", "content": "The present study presents evidence for a third hypocholesterolemic drug, zuclomiphene, being able to induce an experimental myotonic condition. Other drugs used singly or in combination were AY-9944, Triparanol and 20, 25-diazacholesterol. It has also been demonstrated for the first time that experimental myotonia can be induced in developing rats as well as adults. Developing rats received the initial intraperitoneal injections of drug at 5 days of age and were examined at 50 days of age. Adult rats were treated for 5 weeks. Two injections were given per week. Positive electromyography findings were observed in the developing and adult animals receiving 20, 25-diazacholesterol and zuclomiphene. The electromyography data of the other regimens of treatment were equivocal with regard to myotonia. Histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic examination of the muscle demonstrated no important changes. estimation of sterol composition showed that desmosterol was a major sterol in muscle after 20, 25-diazacholesterol or zuclomiphene treatment, thus furthering the concept that it is desmosterol in the muscle membrane, and not the drug, that is responsible for the myotonic condition.", "contents": "Alteration of developing and adult rat muscle membranes by zuclomiphene and other hypocholesterolemic agents. The present study presents evidence for a third hypocholesterolemic drug, zuclomiphene, being able to induce an experimental myotonic condition. Other drugs used singly or in combination were AY-9944, Triparanol and 20, 25-diazacholesterol. It has also been demonstrated for the first time that experimental myotonia can be induced in developing rats as well as adults. Developing rats received the initial intraperitoneal injections of drug at 5 days of age and were examined at 50 days of age. Adult rats were treated for 5 weeks. Two injections were given per week. Positive electromyography findings were observed in the developing and adult animals receiving 20, 25-diazacholesterol and zuclomiphene. The electromyography data of the other regimens of treatment were equivocal with regard to myotonia. Histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic examination of the muscle demonstrated no important changes. estimation of sterol composition showed that desmosterol was a major sterol in muscle after 20, 25-diazacholesterol or zuclomiphene treatment, thus furthering the concept that it is desmosterol in the muscle membrane, and not the drug, that is responsible for the myotonic condition.", "PMID": 81585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8240", "title": "The effect of supervised tooth cleansing every second week on dental caries in Danish school children.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a program of regular plaque control carried out by a group of school children, supervised and assisted by dental personnel. Approximately 200 children 5--13 years of age were randomly assigned to two groups. Children in the experimental group performed supervised toothbrushing every second week during the school year, using a disclosing solution. Following this, a disclosing solution was reapplied and the remaining plaque removed by dental personnel. Both groups participated in fortnightly fluoride rinses, regular toothbrushing instruction and various educational activities. Mean dental caries increment at the precavitation level during the 2-year experimental period was 19 per cent lower in the experimental group than in the control group. At the cavitation level the difference was 17 per cent. None of these differences were statistically significant. The conclusion of the present study was that only limited effect of regular removal of dental plaque as performed by school children could be demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of supervised tooth cleansing every second week on dental caries in Danish school children. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a program of regular plaque control carried out by a group of school children, supervised and assisted by dental personnel. Approximately 200 children 5--13 years of age were randomly assigned to two groups. Children in the experimental group performed supervised toothbrushing every second week during the school year, using a disclosing solution. Following this, a disclosing solution was reapplied and the remaining plaque removed by dental personnel. Both groups participated in fortnightly fluoride rinses, regular toothbrushing instruction and various educational activities. Mean dental caries increment at the precavitation level during the 2-year experimental period was 19 per cent lower in the experimental group than in the control group. At the cavitation level the difference was 17 per cent. None of these differences were statistically significant. The conclusion of the present study was that only limited effect of regular removal of dental plaque as performed by school children could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 81586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8241", "title": "[Bacteremia and tonsillectomy].", "content": "A comparative study on the course of bacteremia and the postoperative behavior in 132 patients requiring tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy has been conducted. A control group including 33 patients was compared to three groups of an even number of cases treated with either doxycycline or amoxycyllin, or receiving gamma globulin immunotheraphy. Choice was guided by (1) the occurrence of bacteremia during surgery and the search for the various microbial strains involved, and (2) the confirmation of the advantages of the drug used within the first week of treatment.", "contents": "[Bacteremia and tonsillectomy]. A comparative study on the course of bacteremia and the postoperative behavior in 132 patients requiring tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy has been conducted. A control group including 33 patients was compared to three groups of an even number of cases treated with either doxycycline or amoxycyllin, or receiving gamma globulin immunotheraphy. Choice was guided by (1) the occurrence of bacteremia during surgery and the search for the various microbial strains involved, and (2) the confirmation of the advantages of the drug used within the first week of treatment.", "PMID": 81588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8242", "title": "The anal transitional zone. A method for macroscopic demonstration.", "content": "The anal canal extends from the upper to the lower border of the internal sphincter. The canal can histologically be divided into three zones according to the epithelial lining, being of colo-rectal type in the upper part and squamous in the lower part, while the middle part, where the epithelium varies, is called the anal transitional zone (ATZ). This zone can be demonstrated macroscopically using whole mount staining with Alcian dyes, which reveal it as light green or blue, contrasting to the dark stained rectal type mucosa above and the unstained squamous epithelium below. Comparison with histological section shows that this zone corresponds with reasonable accuracy to the anal transitional zone.", "contents": "The anal transitional zone. A method for macroscopic demonstration. The anal canal extends from the upper to the lower border of the internal sphincter. The canal can histologically be divided into three zones according to the epithelial lining, being of colo-rectal type in the upper part and squamous in the lower part, while the middle part, where the epithelium varies, is called the anal transitional zone (ATZ). This zone can be demonstrated macroscopically using whole mount staining with Alcian dyes, which reveal it as light green or blue, contrasting to the dark stained rectal type mucosa above and the unstained squamous epithelium below. Comparison with histological section shows that this zone corresponds with reasonable accuracy to the anal transitional zone.", "PMID": 81589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8243", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Neisseria meningitidis antigens and of corresponding antibodies in patients with meningococcal disease.", "content": "Sixty-three different antigens of Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B and C were demonstrated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antiserum. The group-specific polysaccharides A and C were identified in the immunoprecipitate pattern. The majority of the remaining antigens were common to all three groups of meningococci. A clearcut rise in antibodies was found in all of 27 patients with meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia. These antibodies were directed against both group-specific antigens and common antigens. No such rise was seen among the 22 patients with purulent meningitis of non-meningococcal etiology. Altogether 15 precipitins were detected in the patients with meningococcal disease. Nine of these antibodies could be identified by comparison with the rabbit antiserum. The antibody rise was semiquantified by means of a scoring system. The rise in the precipitin score of antibodies against common antigens in patients infected with group B meningococci was significantly higher than in patients infected with group A meningococci.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Neisseria meningitidis antigens and of corresponding antibodies in patients with meningococcal disease. Sixty-three different antigens of Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B and C were demonstrated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antiserum. The group-specific polysaccharides A and C were identified in the immunoprecipitate pattern. The majority of the remaining antigens were common to all three groups of meningococci. A clearcut rise in antibodies was found in all of 27 patients with meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia. These antibodies were directed against both group-specific antigens and common antigens. No such rise was seen among the 22 patients with purulent meningitis of non-meningococcal etiology. Altogether 15 precipitins were detected in the patients with meningococcal disease. Nine of these antibodies could be identified by comparison with the rabbit antiserum. The antibody rise was semiquantified by means of a scoring system. The rise in the precipitin score of antibodies against common antigens in patients infected with group B meningococci was significantly higher than in patients infected with group A meningococci.", "PMID": 81590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8244", "title": "Fluorescent staining of hair cells with ethidium bromide.", "content": "The present study evaluated ethidium bromide, a nucleic acid-specific fluorescing stain for cochlear applications. Tissue exposed to acoustic stimulation did not exhibit the loss of fluorescence in hair cells described in studies on other fluorescing stains. The ethidium bromide fluorescence technique was, however, found to be useful in detecting subtle damage in cell nuclei even before gross structural alterations in cochlear cytoarchitecture appeared. The implications of the use to ethidium bromide staining for histologists are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescent staining of hair cells with ethidium bromide. The present study evaluated ethidium bromide, a nucleic acid-specific fluorescing stain for cochlear applications. Tissue exposed to acoustic stimulation did not exhibit the loss of fluorescence in hair cells described in studies on other fluorescing stains. The ethidium bromide fluorescence technique was, however, found to be useful in detecting subtle damage in cell nuclei even before gross structural alterations in cochlear cytoarchitecture appeared. The implications of the use to ethidium bromide staining for histologists are discussed.", "PMID": 81587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8245", "title": "Competence-related increased enzyme release from Streptococcus sanguis (Wicky) cells.", "content": "The ablity of competent and noncompetent Streptococcus sanguis (strain Wicky) cells to release enzymes to the environment was studied. Both competent and noncompetent cells leaked the enzymes tested (aldolase, phosphatase and deoxyribonuclease), but the activities liberated from the competent cells were always roughly 2-fold higher than those released from noncompetent cells. This increased enzyme leakage from competent cells occured in all kinds of media and procedures employed. The leakage of enzymes followed a time-dependent kinetics (different for aldolase and phosphatase), was temperature sensitive and had a pH optimum. The increased enzyme release was most likely not due to cell disruption, but seemed to be rather a consequence of alteration in cell barrier permeability. These results strongly support the \"unmasking\" model proposed for explanation of competence development in bacteria.", "contents": "Competence-related increased enzyme release from Streptococcus sanguis (Wicky) cells. The ablity of competent and noncompetent Streptococcus sanguis (strain Wicky) cells to release enzymes to the environment was studied. Both competent and noncompetent cells leaked the enzymes tested (aldolase, phosphatase and deoxyribonuclease), but the activities liberated from the competent cells were always roughly 2-fold higher than those released from noncompetent cells. This increased enzyme leakage from competent cells occured in all kinds of media and procedures employed. The leakage of enzymes followed a time-dependent kinetics (different for aldolase and phosphatase), was temperature sensitive and had a pH optimum. The increased enzyme release was most likely not due to cell disruption, but seemed to be rather a consequence of alteration in cell barrier permeability. These results strongly support the \"unmasking\" model proposed for explanation of competence development in bacteria.", "PMID": 81592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8246", "title": "Respiratory mutation and galactose metabolism in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Restriction in growth on galactose as unique source of energy due to respiratory deficiency resulting from mutation in a gene gal probably different from gal 3 is described.", "contents": "Respiratory mutation and galactose metabolism in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Restriction in growth on galactose as unique source of energy due to respiratory deficiency resulting from mutation in a gene gal probably different from gal 3 is described.", "PMID": 81593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8247", "title": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. II. Separation of plasmids by transformation.", "content": "Transformational separation of plasmids from R404 plasmid aggregate found in Salmonella enteritidis strain was performed. Three classes of transformants differing in their resistance patterns were isolated. Genetic properties of the transformants suggest that their resistance is determined by single plasmids. Plasmid pCK3 (Tra-ApCbCrSuSm) and pCK4 (Tra-ApCbCrCm) are nonconjugative while plasmid pCG1 (TraApCbCrSuSmTcKmNm) is conjugative. Separation of all plasmids of R404 plasmid aggregate allowed to determine their genetic properties and the manner of conjugational transfer of R404 plasmid aggregate R-determinants.", "contents": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. II. Separation of plasmids by transformation. Transformational separation of plasmids from R404 plasmid aggregate found in Salmonella enteritidis strain was performed. Three classes of transformants differing in their resistance patterns were isolated. Genetic properties of the transformants suggest that their resistance is determined by single plasmids. Plasmid pCK3 (Tra-ApCbCrSuSm) and pCK4 (Tra-ApCbCrCm) are nonconjugative while plasmid pCG1 (TraApCbCrSuSmTcKmNm) is conjugative. Separation of all plasmids of R404 plasmid aggregate allowed to determine their genetic properties and the manner of conjugational transfer of R404 plasmid aggregate R-determinants.", "PMID": 81594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8248", "title": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. I. Taxonomy and fermentative production.", "content": "In surface cultures on NK/2-Sym's medium, the isolate No. 26a of Bacillus subtilis from the intestinal tract of Galleria mellonella larvae produced three antibacterial substances which were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column. The major bioactive compound named 26a had a close resemblance to bacitracin family of polypeptide antibiotics. Two minor active compounds, i.e. a bacteriolytic enzyme with endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidglycanohydrolase (EC. 3. 2. 1. 17) activity and other unidentified factor were usually synthetized in trace amounts. Maximum yield of 26a generally occurred after 120 hour incubation, when the producer reached the stationary growth phase and general sporulation of the bacterial cultures was found. The basal medium of NK/2-Sym supplemented by addition of manganese ions (10(-4) M), d-glucose (1%) and inorganic nitrogen beneficially resulted in antibiotic potency of the fermentation broth. The antibiotics produced by other isolates (Nos 5AK, 15 and 92) have been also analyzed and from their properties they can be tentatively classified as members of bacitracin group polypeptides. A possible role of the antibiotics produced by intestinal Bacillus spp in the formation process of typical gut microflora of G. mellonella is discussed.", "contents": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. I. Taxonomy and fermentative production. In surface cultures on NK/2-Sym's medium, the isolate No. 26a of Bacillus subtilis from the intestinal tract of Galleria mellonella larvae produced three antibacterial substances which were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column. The major bioactive compound named 26a had a close resemblance to bacitracin family of polypeptide antibiotics. Two minor active compounds, i.e. a bacteriolytic enzyme with endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidglycanohydrolase (EC. 3. 2. 1. 17) activity and other unidentified factor were usually synthetized in trace amounts. Maximum yield of 26a generally occurred after 120 hour incubation, when the producer reached the stationary growth phase and general sporulation of the bacterial cultures was found. The basal medium of NK/2-Sym supplemented by addition of manganese ions (10(-4) M), d-glucose (1%) and inorganic nitrogen beneficially resulted in antibiotic potency of the fermentation broth. The antibiotics produced by other isolates (Nos 5AK, 15 and 92) have been also analyzed and from their properties they can be tentatively classified as members of bacitracin group polypeptides. A possible role of the antibiotics produced by intestinal Bacillus spp in the formation process of typical gut microflora of G. mellonella is discussed.", "PMID": 81595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8249", "title": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. II. Isolation and purification procedures.", "content": "Both the analytical and preparative methods by which the preparations of 26a bydrochloride salt with a high antibacterial activity and 20--30% recovery have been obtained from the fermentation fluids of Bacillus subtilis are presented. On an industrial scale the antibiotic can be yielded by absorption of bioactivity on Amberlite CG-50I column and precipitation with picric acid of crude substance from active elutes as adduct which was divided on equilibrated CM--cellulose and finally purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column. The purified preparation gave a single band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and one ninhydrin-positive spot by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G plates corresponding to single zones of bioactivity on bioautograms, and moved as a single peak of almost constant antibacterial activity on Sephadex G-75, G-100 and G-200 columns. The potency of the purest preparations, lot Sephadex G-25, was 6,500--7,000 arbitrary units/mg, and were characterized as follows: purification factor, 57; purity of 98--100% by densitometer scans of SDS-polyacrylamide gels; MIC for Sarcina lutea by twofold agar dilution assay, 0.306 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. II. Isolation and purification procedures. Both the analytical and preparative methods by which the preparations of 26a bydrochloride salt with a high antibacterial activity and 20--30% recovery have been obtained from the fermentation fluids of Bacillus subtilis are presented. On an industrial scale the antibiotic can be yielded by absorption of bioactivity on Amberlite CG-50I column and precipitation with picric acid of crude substance from active elutes as adduct which was divided on equilibrated CM--cellulose and finally purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 column. The purified preparation gave a single band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and one ninhydrin-positive spot by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G plates corresponding to single zones of bioactivity on bioautograms, and moved as a single peak of almost constant antibacterial activity on Sephadex G-75, G-100 and G-200 columns. The potency of the purest preparations, lot Sephadex G-25, was 6,500--7,000 arbitrary units/mg, and were characterized as follows: purification factor, 57; purity of 98--100% by densitometer scans of SDS-polyacrylamide gels; MIC for Sarcina lutea by twofold agar dilution assay, 0.306 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 81596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8250", "title": "Effect of various nitrogen salts in beet pulp medium on polygalacturonase activity of Penicillium sp. 7/4B/EI 1 mutant.", "content": "The highest PG activity was obtained in beet pulp with (NH4)2HPO4 in amount equivalent to 0.14--0.28% N after 7 days of growth; At optimal concentration, (NH4)2HPO4 did not influence the biomass production, but increased the pH of the culture media to above 6.0. The PG was an extracellular enzyme, acting mainly on highly esterified pectin. The attack was of a random manner, characteristic for the endo-enzymes. The enzyme was active at temperature 20 degrees C--40 degrees C and pH 5.0--6.0.", "contents": "Effect of various nitrogen salts in beet pulp medium on polygalacturonase activity of Penicillium sp. 7/4B/EI 1 mutant. The highest PG activity was obtained in beet pulp with (NH4)2HPO4 in amount equivalent to 0.14--0.28% N after 7 days of growth; At optimal concentration, (NH4)2HPO4 did not influence the biomass production, but increased the pH of the culture media to above 6.0. The PG was an extracellular enzyme, acting mainly on highly esterified pectin. The attack was of a random manner, characteristic for the endo-enzymes. The enzyme was active at temperature 20 degrees C--40 degrees C and pH 5.0--6.0.", "PMID": 81597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8251", "title": "Activity and distribution of bacteriolytic N-acetyl-muramidase during growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii in axenic culture.", "content": "Bacteriolytic endo N-acetylmuramidase of Acanthamoeba castellanii has been studied. In amoeba cells the enzyme, like exo N-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase, is attached to the lysosomes, as it is sedimentable when homogenates are prepared in medium containing sucrose. The sedimentability could be abolished by treatment with Triton X-100, thermal disintegration or by osmotic shock. The sedimentability and acid pH optima of the enzyme are highly characteristic of lysosomes. However, in young cultures over 50 per cent of enzyme activity was secreted by amoeba cells to the environment. The enzyme activity changed with the phase of growth cycle. The activity of enzyme expressed as units per mg of amoeba protein or per constant number of cells has been found to increase over 10 fold on aging of amoeba cultures. The increase in enzyme activity was stopped by actidione. The possible mechanisms of the regulation of the activity of lysosomal enzyme synthesis by amoebae are discussed.", "contents": "Activity and distribution of bacteriolytic N-acetyl-muramidase during growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii in axenic culture. Bacteriolytic endo N-acetylmuramidase of Acanthamoeba castellanii has been studied. In amoeba cells the enzyme, like exo N-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase, is attached to the lysosomes, as it is sedimentable when homogenates are prepared in medium containing sucrose. The sedimentability could be abolished by treatment with Triton X-100, thermal disintegration or by osmotic shock. The sedimentability and acid pH optima of the enzyme are highly characteristic of lysosomes. However, in young cultures over 50 per cent of enzyme activity was secreted by amoeba cells to the environment. The enzyme activity changed with the phase of growth cycle. The activity of enzyme expressed as units per mg of amoeba protein or per constant number of cells has been found to increase over 10 fold on aging of amoeba cultures. The increase in enzyme activity was stopped by actidione. The possible mechanisms of the regulation of the activity of lysosomal enzyme synthesis by amoebae are discussed.", "PMID": 81598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8252", "title": "Fluorescent pigments in the newly isolated methylotrophs: Pseudomonas J16 and Methylomonas Pl1.", "content": "The pigments showing fluorescence maxima at 390, 366, 450-460 and 520 nm at excitation wavelength 254, 366 and 450 nm respectively, were detected in the cells and culture media of the obligate methylotroph Methylomonas Pl1 and facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas J26. The maximum at 520 nm is associated with the occurrence of a flavin pigment enabling growth of Lactobacillus casei E ATCC-7469 on the vitamin B2 deficient medium. The remaining fluorescence maxima are related to the prosthetic group of methanol dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Fluorescent pigments in the newly isolated methylotrophs: Pseudomonas J16 and Methylomonas Pl1. The pigments showing fluorescence maxima at 390, 366, 450-460 and 520 nm at excitation wavelength 254, 366 and 450 nm respectively, were detected in the cells and culture media of the obligate methylotroph Methylomonas Pl1 and facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas J26. The maximum at 520 nm is associated with the occurrence of a flavin pigment enabling growth of Lactobacillus casei E ATCC-7469 on the vitamin B2 deficient medium. The remaining fluorescence maxima are related to the prosthetic group of methanol dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 81599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8253", "title": "Studies on the morphology of colonies of bacilli of BCG-Poland substrain. I. The influence of iron on the type of BCG-Poland colonies.", "content": "The influence of iron concentration in Sauton's medium solidified with agar on the type of colonies of BCG-Poland substrains, BCG-Rio de Janeiro, BCG-France, BCG-Denmark and BCG-Japan substrains has been examined. Of all the studied BCG substrains only the BCG-Poland substrain formed rough (R) and smooth (S) colonies. In the investigated substrains rough colonies became smaller with the decrease of iron concentration but they retained their characteristic surface roughness. The smooth colonies which in the same conditions appeared only in BCG-Poland substrain did not display such dependency on iron concentration. When the incubation period was prolonged secondary rough colonies appeared among the smooth ones, regardless of the iron concentration in the medium.", "contents": "Studies on the morphology of colonies of bacilli of BCG-Poland substrain. I. The influence of iron on the type of BCG-Poland colonies. The influence of iron concentration in Sauton's medium solidified with agar on the type of colonies of BCG-Poland substrains, BCG-Rio de Janeiro, BCG-France, BCG-Denmark and BCG-Japan substrains has been examined. Of all the studied BCG substrains only the BCG-Poland substrain formed rough (R) and smooth (S) colonies. In the investigated substrains rough colonies became smaller with the decrease of iron concentration but they retained their characteristic surface roughness. The smooth colonies which in the same conditions appeared only in BCG-Poland substrain did not display such dependency on iron concentration. When the incubation period was prolonged secondary rough colonies appeared among the smooth ones, regardless of the iron concentration in the medium.", "PMID": 81600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8254", "title": "Studies on the morphology of colonies of bacilli of BCG-Poland substrain. II. Dissociation of BCG-Poland substrain on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen egg medium.", "content": "The dissociation of colonies of the substrain BCG-Poland on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium has been studied. It had been stated previously (Lipi\u0144ska and Rzucid\u0142o, 1974) that BCG-Poland substrain undergoes a process of dissociation which manifests itself in the appearance of smooth colonies alongside typical rough colonies. Attempts have been made to obtain pure culture of both colony types. Pure cultures composed of smooth or rough colonies respectively were obtained. The morphology and diameter of the smooth colonies depended on the size of the seed inoculum spread on the medium.", "contents": "Studies on the morphology of colonies of bacilli of BCG-Poland substrain. II. Dissociation of BCG-Poland substrain on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen egg medium. The dissociation of colonies of the substrain BCG-Poland on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium has been studied. It had been stated previously (Lipi\u0144ska and Rzucid\u0142o, 1974) that BCG-Poland substrain undergoes a process of dissociation which manifests itself in the appearance of smooth colonies alongside typical rough colonies. Attempts have been made to obtain pure culture of both colony types. Pure cultures composed of smooth or rough colonies respectively were obtained. The morphology and diameter of the smooth colonies depended on the size of the seed inoculum spread on the medium.", "PMID": 81601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8255", "title": "Extracellular release of organic products and growth of bacteria in Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga) culture.", "content": "The studies were made with stationary cultures of Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga). The bacterial microflora accompanying blue-green algae is subject to succession and elimination in the course of growth. The bacteria are able to utilize organic products released by the blue-green algae. The products released by A. cylindrica to the environment are peptide-like compounds.", "contents": "Extracellular release of organic products and growth of bacteria in Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga) culture. The studies were made with stationary cultures of Anabaena cylindrica (blue-green alga). The bacterial microflora accompanying blue-green algae is subject to succession and elimination in the course of growth. The bacteria are able to utilize organic products released by the blue-green algae. The products released by A. cylindrica to the environment are peptide-like compounds.", "PMID": 81602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8256", "title": "Antigenic glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus haemagglutinin. II. Reactivity with rabbit sera against intact virus and purified undissociated haemagglutinin.", "content": "Rabbit sera produced against either intact virus or purified undissociated haemagglutinin were examined for reactivity with highly purified haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides. Sensitive radioimmunoassay for 125I-labelled glycopolypeptides revealed antibody reactive with either glycopolypeptide HA1, or glycopolypeptide HA2. Antibodies against the carbohydrate moiety were responsible only for a part of the binding activity. Under the conditions employed, the binding activity for glycopolypeptide HA2 was much stronger than for glycopolypeptide HA1. Competition assays suggested that immune reactivities were due to distinct antibody populations (i.e. with a specifity for glycopolypeptide HA1 and glycopolypeptide HA2, respectively). The immune reactivity to both haemagglutinin constituents, glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2, was also shown by gel double diffusion. The precipitin line(s) corresponding to glycopolypeptide HA1 was (were) usually more distinct than precipitin line(s) corresponding to glycopolypeptide HA2. The glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2 showed the reaction of nonidentity in immunodiffusion analysis.", "contents": "Antigenic glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus haemagglutinin. II. Reactivity with rabbit sera against intact virus and purified undissociated haemagglutinin. Rabbit sera produced against either intact virus or purified undissociated haemagglutinin were examined for reactivity with highly purified haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides. Sensitive radioimmunoassay for 125I-labelled glycopolypeptides revealed antibody reactive with either glycopolypeptide HA1, or glycopolypeptide HA2. Antibodies against the carbohydrate moiety were responsible only for a part of the binding activity. Under the conditions employed, the binding activity for glycopolypeptide HA2 was much stronger than for glycopolypeptide HA1. Competition assays suggested that immune reactivities were due to distinct antibody populations (i.e. with a specifity for glycopolypeptide HA1 and glycopolypeptide HA2, respectively). The immune reactivity to both haemagglutinin constituents, glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2, was also shown by gel double diffusion. The precipitin line(s) corresponding to glycopolypeptide HA1 was (were) usually more distinct than precipitin line(s) corresponding to glycopolypeptide HA2. The glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2 showed the reaction of nonidentity in immunodiffusion analysis.", "PMID": 81606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8257", "title": "Demonstration of neurosecretory substance in previously scanned specimens: adaptation of the Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin method for correlative SEM/TEM/LM histochemistry.", "content": "The Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) method for selective staining of neurosecretory substance (NSS) has been adapted to tissue previously prepared for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). The procedure results in precise correlation of light microscopic (LM) histochemistry with SEM/TEM of the same tissue.", "contents": "Demonstration of neurosecretory substance in previously scanned specimens: adaptation of the Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin method for correlative SEM/TEM/LM histochemistry. The Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) method for selective staining of neurosecretory substance (NSS) has been adapted to tissue previously prepared for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). The procedure results in precise correlation of light microscopic (LM) histochemistry with SEM/TEM of the same tissue.", "PMID": 81609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8258", "title": "Indirect methods of assessing thyroid function. Protein-bound iodine and thyroxine by column chromatography, a 1976 CAP survey.", "content": "An assessment of the infrequently performed protein-bound iodine determinations (PBI) and thyroxine (T4) determinations by column chromatography is presented after analysis of data contributed by participants in the 1976 College of American Pathologists Chemistry Survey Programs. The two technics yield comparable mean concentrations, but there is considerable interlaboratory variance within method groups, especially among laboratories performing column chromatographic T4 iodine assays.", "contents": "Indirect methods of assessing thyroid function. Protein-bound iodine and thyroxine by column chromatography, a 1976 CAP survey. An assessment of the infrequently performed protein-bound iodine determinations (PBI) and thyroxine (T4) determinations by column chromatography is presented after analysis of data contributed by participants in the 1976 College of American Pathologists Chemistry Survey Programs. The two technics yield comparable mean concentrations, but there is considerable interlaboratory variance within method groups, especially among laboratories performing column chromatographic T4 iodine assays.", "PMID": 81610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8259", "title": "Comparison of the effects of sleep, exercise and autonomic drugs on ventricular extrasystoles, using ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram.", "content": "Ambulatory monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 12 untreated patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles showed a significant decrease in both ventricular extrasystoles and heart rate during sleep. The decrease in ventricular extrasystoles correlated more closely with the change in heart rate than with the level of arousal. During wakefulness, similar changes in ventricular extrasystoles and heart rate could be produced by the intravenous administration of propranolol and, to a lesser extent, by phenylephrine. Exercise produced an initial increase in ventricular extrasystoles, with suppression at higher levels in most patients. Thus, the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles is usually reduced at both extremes of heart rate, and the changes that occur during sleep can be explained by autonomic mediation, with the sympathetic limb of the autonomic nervous system having a greater effect than the vagus.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of sleep, exercise and autonomic drugs on ventricular extrasystoles, using ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. Ambulatory monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 12 untreated patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles showed a significant decrease in both ventricular extrasystoles and heart rate during sleep. The decrease in ventricular extrasystoles correlated more closely with the change in heart rate than with the level of arousal. During wakefulness, similar changes in ventricular extrasystoles and heart rate could be produced by the intravenous administration of propranolol and, to a lesser extent, by phenylephrine. Exercise produced an initial increase in ventricular extrasystoles, with suppression at higher levels in most patients. Thus, the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles is usually reduced at both extremes of heart rate, and the changes that occur during sleep can be explained by autonomic mediation, with the sympathetic limb of the autonomic nervous system having a greater effect than the vagus.", "PMID": 81611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8260", "title": "Whipple's disease of the lung.", "content": "Described here is a unique case of Whipple's disease in a 54 year old man with chronic severe cough and gastrointestinal symptoms in whom the initial diagnosis of Whipple's disease was made by lung biopsy. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case in which the bacilliform structures of Whipple's disease have been demonstrated in tissues from other than the gastrointestinal tract of lymph nodes. Subsequently, a peroral biopsy of the small intestine was performed and revealed identical and pathognomonic features of Whipple's disease. The pulmonary roentgenologic findings are described and the histologic differential diagnosis of histiocytic infiltrates in the lung, which may be histologically similar to Whipple's disease, are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Whipple's disease of the lung. Described here is a unique case of Whipple's disease in a 54 year old man with chronic severe cough and gastrointestinal symptoms in whom the initial diagnosis of Whipple's disease was made by lung biopsy. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case in which the bacilliform structures of Whipple's disease have been demonstrated in tissues from other than the gastrointestinal tract of lymph nodes. Subsequently, a peroral biopsy of the small intestine was performed and revealed identical and pathognomonic features of Whipple's disease. The pulmonary roentgenologic findings are described and the histologic differential diagnosis of histiocytic infiltrates in the lung, which may be histologically similar to Whipple's disease, are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 81613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8261", "title": "Automated treatment for flight phobia: a 3 1/2 year follow-up.", "content": "The authors contacted 43 patients who had been given audiovisual treatment for flight phobia 3 1/2--5 1/2 years previously. Of the 26 subjects who had flown successfully by the end of treatment, 23 had maintained their ability to fly at follow-up. Eighteen said their attitude toward flying was more positive since treatment, and 21 rated their comfort level while flying as \"much better\" or \"better\"; however, only 3 said they were \"cured.\" Eleven patients said the treatment had helped to alleviate other fears or anxieties.", "contents": "Automated treatment for flight phobia: a 3 1/2 year follow-up. The authors contacted 43 patients who had been given audiovisual treatment for flight phobia 3 1/2--5 1/2 years previously. Of the 26 subjects who had flown successfully by the end of treatment, 23 had maintained their ability to fly at follow-up. Eighteen said their attitude toward flying was more positive since treatment, and 21 rated their comfort level while flying as \"much better\" or \"better\"; however, only 3 said they were \"cured.\" Eleven patients said the treatment had helped to alleviate other fears or anxieties.", "PMID": 81615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8262", "title": "Treatment of liver cancer with regional intraarterial 5-FU infusion.", "content": "The results of a retrospective three year study of forty-six patients with cancer of the liver treated with regional intraarterial infusion of 5-FU are reported. No primary mortality was noted. Oblective overall remission rate was 43 per cent. Overall median survival from onset of treatment was six months. The one year survival rate  was 33 per cent and the two year survival rate 11 per cent. Patients with an objective response had a significantly prolonged survival as compared with nonresponders, especially in the colorectal group: sixteen months versus four months. Survival was not related to tumor size and involvement of the liver. During treatment 42 per cent of the patients developed extrahepatic metastases. Quality of life was improved in 63 per cent of the patients. The results indicate that infusion therapy induces reasonable response and palliation but is inadequate for the control of extrahepatic tumor growth.", "contents": "Treatment of liver cancer with regional intraarterial 5-FU infusion. The results of a retrospective three year study of forty-six patients with cancer of the liver treated with regional intraarterial infusion of 5-FU are reported. No primary mortality was noted. Oblective overall remission rate was 43 per cent. Overall median survival from onset of treatment was six months. The one year survival rate  was 33 per cent and the two year survival rate 11 per cent. Patients with an objective response had a significantly prolonged survival as compared with nonresponders, especially in the colorectal group: sixteen months versus four months. Survival was not related to tumor size and involvement of the liver. During treatment 42 per cent of the patients developed extrahepatic metastases. Quality of life was improved in 63 per cent of the patients. The results indicate that infusion therapy induces reasonable response and palliation but is inadequate for the control of extrahepatic tumor growth.", "PMID": 81616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8263", "title": "Histopathologic findings after cis-platinum bleomycin therapy in advanced previously untreated head and neck carcinoma.", "content": "Eleven patients with unresectable or marginally resectable (stage III and IV) cancer of the head and neck were treated according to protocol with preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection, and postoperative radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of a combination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cis-DDP), 120 mg/M2, and bleomycin, 15 mg/M2, given sequentially during a three week treatment period. Seven patients initially had unresectable lesions which became amenable to surgical resection after chemotherapy. All eleven patients had approximately a 25 to 100 per cent reduction in tumor size. Histopathologic examination after chemotherapy showed a marked tendency towards cellular differentiation and keratin formation. Tumor necrosis was conspicuous by its absence. These histologic changes appear to be different from those seen after the use of other chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. The histopathologic results closely resemble those found after the administration of bleomycin alone, although considerably accentuated.", "contents": "Histopathologic findings after cis-platinum bleomycin therapy in advanced previously untreated head and neck carcinoma. Eleven patients with unresectable or marginally resectable (stage III and IV) cancer of the head and neck were treated according to protocol with preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection, and postoperative radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of a combination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cis-DDP), 120 mg/M2, and bleomycin, 15 mg/M2, given sequentially during a three week treatment period. Seven patients initially had unresectable lesions which became amenable to surgical resection after chemotherapy. All eleven patients had approximately a 25 to 100 per cent reduction in tumor size. Histopathologic examination after chemotherapy showed a marked tendency towards cellular differentiation and keratin formation. Tumor necrosis was conspicuous by its absence. These histologic changes appear to be different from those seen after the use of other chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. The histopathologic results closely resemble those found after the administration of bleomycin alone, although considerably accentuated.", "PMID": 81617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8264", "title": "Standardization of allergen extracts with appropriate methods. The combined use of skin prick testing and radio-allergosorbent tests.", "content": "The paper presents recommendations for standardization of allergen extract by the combined use of skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests. These tests provide appropriate means for quantitation of the total allergenic activity of an extract. Advantages and limitations are discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "Standardization of allergen extracts with appropriate methods. The combined use of skin prick testing and radio-allergosorbent tests. The paper presents recommendations for standardization of allergen extract by the combined use of skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests. These tests provide appropriate means for quantitation of the total allergenic activity of an extract. Advantages and limitations are discussed with reference to the literature.", "PMID": 81622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8265", "title": "Cerebellar afferents from the paramedian reticular nucleus studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Details in the cerebellar projections from the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN) were studied in cats and monkeys by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the cat the majority of the fibres projects to the anterior lobe and to the vermis of the posterior lobe (with the exception of lobules VIIB and VIIIA). A less conspicuous projection was found to the lobulus simplex, the crura and the flocculus. The cerebellar nuclei, the paramedian lobule and the paraflocculus appear to be weakly connected with the PRN. A similar distribution of the cerebellar afferent fibres was found in the monkey material. The three subgroups of the PRN in the cat are not equal in their projection. The dorsal group appears to be connected with the greater part of the cerebellar cortex and with all nuclei. The ventral group lacks a connection with lobulus IX, the flocculus and the paraflocculus, and the accessory group appears to have its strongest connection with lobulus I (lingula), the flocculus and the vermal lobules VII-X. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the nucleus.", "contents": "Cerebellar afferents from the paramedian reticular nucleus studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Details in the cerebellar projections from the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN) were studied in cats and monkeys by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In the cat the majority of the fibres projects to the anterior lobe and to the vermis of the posterior lobe (with the exception of lobules VIIB and VIIIA). A less conspicuous projection was found to the lobulus simplex, the crura and the flocculus. The cerebellar nuclei, the paramedian lobule and the paraflocculus appear to be weakly connected with the PRN. A similar distribution of the cerebellar afferent fibres was found in the monkey material. The three subgroups of the PRN in the cat are not equal in their projection. The dorsal group appears to be connected with the greater part of the cerebellar cortex and with all nuclei. The ventral group lacks a connection with lobulus IX, the flocculus and the paraflocculus, and the accessory group appears to have its strongest connection with lobulus I (lingula), the flocculus and the vermal lobules VII-X. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the nucleus.", "PMID": 81628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8266", "title": "The effect of cromolyn sodium on hypoxia-induced histamine release.", "content": "In 16 guinea pigs the pulmonary circulation was isolated from the pulmonary systemic circulation and perfused with Tris buffer or with Tris buffer containing cromolyn sodium. The lungs were first ventilated with 100% O2 and then 100% N2 to induce alveolar hypoxia. The effluent was collected from the aorta and assayed for histamine by the fluorometric method. In all seven animals perfused with Tris alone (no cromolyn) a marked elevation of the effluent histamine was demonstrated. In the group perfused with buffer containing cromolyn there was a substantial diminution in the response to hypoxia. Therefore, cromolyn sodium partially blocked hypoxia-mediated histamine release.", "contents": "The effect of cromolyn sodium on hypoxia-induced histamine release. In 16 guinea pigs the pulmonary circulation was isolated from the pulmonary systemic circulation and perfused with Tris buffer or with Tris buffer containing cromolyn sodium. The lungs were first ventilated with 100% O2 and then 100% N2 to induce alveolar hypoxia. The effluent was collected from the aorta and assayed for histamine by the fluorometric method. In all seven animals perfused with Tris alone (no cromolyn) a marked elevation of the effluent histamine was demonstrated. In the group perfused with buffer containing cromolyn there was a substantial diminution in the response to hypoxia. Therefore, cromolyn sodium partially blocked hypoxia-mediated histamine release.", "PMID": 81629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8267", "title": "Immediate (IgE-mediated) skin testing in the diagnosis of allergic disease.", "content": "Immediate (IgE-mediated) skin tests are widely used in the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Skin tests correlate well with more specialized studies (RAST, histamine release and provocation tests) in the diagnosis of allergic disease. Lack of standardization and quantitation of biologic potency of allergens make critical comparison of skin test results impossible. A survey of practicing allergists yielded widely divergent opinions concerning the effect of anti-allergic drugs on skin tests. The results of published studies indicate that only antihistamines cause significant depression of skin reactivity. Therefore, therapy for asthma may be continued while diagnostic skin testing is in progress, avoiding the possible morbidity associated with discontinuing pharmacologic therapy.", "contents": "Immediate (IgE-mediated) skin testing in the diagnosis of allergic disease. Immediate (IgE-mediated) skin tests are widely used in the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Skin tests correlate well with more specialized studies (RAST, histamine release and provocation tests) in the diagnosis of allergic disease. Lack of standardization and quantitation of biologic potency of allergens make critical comparison of skin test results impossible. A survey of practicing allergists yielded widely divergent opinions concerning the effect of anti-allergic drugs on skin tests. The results of published studies indicate that only antihistamines cause significant depression of skin reactivity. Therefore, therapy for asthma may be continued while diagnostic skin testing is in progress, avoiding the possible morbidity associated with discontinuing pharmacologic therapy.", "PMID": 81630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8268", "title": "[Allergy to suxamethonium. Case report].", "content": "The authors describe a clinical case of an allergy to suxamethonium (succinylcholine) chloride which prompted--a posteriori--an allergological work-up. This, in turn, demonstrated all the factors favoring histamine-release: atopic predisposition, tendency of nonspecific histamine-release, and real allergy to the muscle relaxant. This study has enabled the induction of anaesthesia without any problems, by avoiding the allergens through preventive therapy.", "contents": "[Allergy to suxamethonium. Case report]. The authors describe a clinical case of an allergy to suxamethonium (succinylcholine) chloride which prompted--a posteriori--an allergological work-up. This, in turn, demonstrated all the factors favoring histamine-release: atopic predisposition, tendency of nonspecific histamine-release, and real allergy to the muscle relaxant. This study has enabled the induction of anaesthesia without any problems, by avoiding the allergens through preventive therapy.", "PMID": 81632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8269", "title": "[The humoral immune response in recent pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The average serum concentration of immunoglobulins, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, calculated in 45 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis increased in a variable way for each of the six parameters studied. Tuberculosis does not induce new correlations between the parameters but modifies the intensity of existing links.", "contents": "[The humoral immune response in recent pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. The average serum concentration of immunoglobulins, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, calculated in 45 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis increased in a variable way for each of the six parameters studied. Tuberculosis does not induce new correlations between the parameters but modifies the intensity of existing links.", "PMID": 81633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8270", "title": "Therapeutic efficacy of inosiplex (Isoprinosine) in rhinovirus infection.", "content": "Inosiplex (Isoprinosine), the paracetamidobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol, has shown antiviral activity in cell culture and in animals. Controlled challenge studies using the drug in a prophylactic fashion, however, have been disappointing. In vitro studies, as well as uncontrolled clinical trials, have suggested that the drug might be more effective when used therapeutically. We therefore undertook to test inosiplex in a controlled, double-blind, therapeutic study of volunteers challenged with rhinovirus. Thirty-nine volunteers were randomly divided into groups receiving either inosiplex or placebo tablets. Drug or placebo was started either at the time of, or 48 hours after challenge with rhinovirus Type 21. Illness was assessed in terms of the classical common cold symptoms, and infection was also determined by viral isolation from daily nasal wash specimens and by serum antibody rises. Five of 19 volunteers in the inosiplex group became ill, whereas 14 of 20 in the placebo group were sick (p less than 0.01). There was no difference between the control and inosiplex groups in the number of volunteers from whom rhinovirus was isolated. There was, however, a reduction in the duration of virus shedding in the inosiplex group. Seroconversion was also slightly less common in the inosiplex group. Immunologic studies suggest that inosiplex stimulates the lymphocyte mitogenic response. The results suggest that inosiplex exerts significant therapeutic benefits in rhinovirus infection.", "contents": "Therapeutic efficacy of inosiplex (Isoprinosine) in rhinovirus infection. Inosiplex (Isoprinosine), the paracetamidobenzoic acid salt of inosine dimethylaminoisopropanol, has shown antiviral activity in cell culture and in animals. Controlled challenge studies using the drug in a prophylactic fashion, however, have been disappointing. In vitro studies, as well as uncontrolled clinical trials, have suggested that the drug might be more effective when used therapeutically. We therefore undertook to test inosiplex in a controlled, double-blind, therapeutic study of volunteers challenged with rhinovirus. Thirty-nine volunteers were randomly divided into groups receiving either inosiplex or placebo tablets. Drug or placebo was started either at the time of, or 48 hours after challenge with rhinovirus Type 21. Illness was assessed in terms of the classical common cold symptoms, and infection was also determined by viral isolation from daily nasal wash specimens and by serum antibody rises. Five of 19 volunteers in the inosiplex group became ill, whereas 14 of 20 in the placebo group were sick (p less than 0.01). There was no difference between the control and inosiplex groups in the number of volunteers from whom rhinovirus was isolated. There was, however, a reduction in the duration of virus shedding in the inosiplex group. Seroconversion was also slightly less common in the inosiplex group. Immunologic studies suggest that inosiplex stimulates the lymphocyte mitogenic response. The results suggest that inosiplex exerts significant therapeutic benefits in rhinovirus infection.", "PMID": 81636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8271", "title": "Base specificity in the inhibition of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and cellular nucleic acid polymerases by antitumor drugs.", "content": "Adriamycin, daunomycin, acridylmethanesulfonanilide, and alkoxybenzophenanthridine alkaloids (coralyne acetosulfate, fagaronine chloride, and nitidine chloride) inhibit template-directed nucleic acid polymerizing enzyme activities like reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase. Enzyme reactions with poly(dA-dT), poly(rA)-oligo(dT) and poly(dA)-oligo(dT) are more strongly inhibited by the drugs than those with poly(dC)-poly(dG) and poly(rC)-oligo(dG). These results suggest that the antitumor drugs inhibit nucleic acid polymerases by a specific interaction with A:T base pairs of the templates.", "contents": "Base specificity in the inhibition of oncornavirus reverse transcriptase and cellular nucleic acid polymerases by antitumor drugs. Adriamycin, daunomycin, acridylmethanesulfonanilide, and alkoxybenzophenanthridine alkaloids (coralyne acetosulfate, fagaronine chloride, and nitidine chloride) inhibit template-directed nucleic acid polymerizing enzyme activities like reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase. Enzyme reactions with poly(dA-dT), poly(rA)-oligo(dT) and poly(dA)-oligo(dT) are more strongly inhibited by the drugs than those with poly(dC)-poly(dG) and poly(rC)-oligo(dG). These results suggest that the antitumor drugs inhibit nucleic acid polymerases by a specific interaction with A:T base pairs of the templates.", "PMID": 81641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8272", "title": "Inactivation and inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus by copper-binding ligands: thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide.", "content": "We have shown that three types of copper-binding ligands, thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide and their copper complexes, inactivate the transforming ability of RSV and inhibit its RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Three other compounds, 2-pyridine thiosemicarbazone, 1-formyl isoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, and diphenyl thiocarbazone inhibit transformation by RSV intracellularly. Most but not all of these compounds bind to nucleic acids in the presence of copper, which may be important in their mode of action.", "contents": "Inactivation and inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus by copper-binding ligands: thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide. We have shown that three types of copper-binding ligands, thiosemicarbazones, 8-hydroxyquinolines, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide and their copper complexes, inactivate the transforming ability of RSV and inhibit its RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Three other compounds, 2-pyridine thiosemicarbazone, 1-formyl isoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, and diphenyl thiocarbazone inhibit transformation by RSV intracellularly. Most but not all of these compounds bind to nucleic acids in the presence of copper, which may be important in their mode of action.", "PMID": 81642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8273", "title": "Interruption of oncornavirus replication by modified rifamycin antibiotics.", "content": "Thirteen rifamycin SV derivatives containing 3'-alkylaminomethyl substituents fail to inhibit the activities of the simian sarcoma virus Type 1 DNA polymerase, and of cellular DNA, RNA, and poly(A) polymerases prepared from NIH Swiss mouse embryos. These compounds show a range in their toxicities for NIH Swiss mouse 3T3 cells and in their capacities to inhibit production of foci of morphologically altered cells by murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Three compounds--the N-methyl-N-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, the N,N-dimethyl-aminomethyl, and the N4-methylpiperazinomethyl rifamycin derivatives--are comparable to adenine arabinoside and ribavirin in their toxicity for 3T3 cells, but these compounds show superior focus inhibition. These compounds inhibit oncornavirus production apparently by exacerbation of a delay in growth that results from infection of 3T3 cells with MSV.", "contents": "Interruption of oncornavirus replication by modified rifamycin antibiotics. Thirteen rifamycin SV derivatives containing 3'-alkylaminomethyl substituents fail to inhibit the activities of the simian sarcoma virus Type 1 DNA polymerase, and of cellular DNA, RNA, and poly(A) polymerases prepared from NIH Swiss mouse embryos. These compounds show a range in their toxicities for NIH Swiss mouse 3T3 cells and in their capacities to inhibit production of foci of morphologically altered cells by murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Three compounds--the N-methyl-N-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, the N,N-dimethyl-aminomethyl, and the N4-methylpiperazinomethyl rifamycin derivatives--are comparable to adenine arabinoside and ribavirin in their toxicity for 3T3 cells, but these compounds show superior focus inhibition. These compounds inhibit oncornavirus production apparently by exacerbation of a delay in growth that results from infection of 3T3 cells with MSV.", "PMID": 81643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8274", "title": "Basic aspects of calcium chemistry and membrane interaction: on the messenger role of calcium.", "content": "To summarize the perspective developed in this lecture we begin by considering it as axiomatic: (1) that aqueous domains delimited by lipid membranes typify cellular structure; (2) that different compositions of extracellular and intracellular aqueous domains and differences among intracellular aqueous domains require selective permeation of lipid membranes; and (3) that inorganic ion movements across lipid membranes are a common denominator in permeation. This set of axioms lead to the following set of postulates: (1) Evolutionary solutions to the problematic apposition of ions and lipid barriers are fundamental aspects of cell function. (2) An effective messenger role for communication between aqueous domains requires (a) meticulous modulation of movement across lipid membranes and (b) selective interactions within aqueous domains. (3) An ion would be an effective messenger. In a search for an appropriate ionic messenger it is noted that inorganic cations have a wider range of interactions with biomolecules than anions, that the prevalent monovalent cations have too high a flux across lipid membranes and too weak an interaction with molecules in aqueous domains, that trivalent cations cannot as effectively be transported across lipid membranes, that divalent cation movement across lipid membranes can be well modulated and their divalent charge allows for a wide range of binding constants with biological molecules, and that for reasons of radius-compatibility with polypeptide chelation and due to the lack of stringent crystal field requirements, Ca2+ is a most suitable divalent cation for a messenger role.", "contents": "Basic aspects of calcium chemistry and membrane interaction: on the messenger role of calcium. To summarize the perspective developed in this lecture we begin by considering it as axiomatic: (1) that aqueous domains delimited by lipid membranes typify cellular structure; (2) that different compositions of extracellular and intracellular aqueous domains and differences among intracellular aqueous domains require selective permeation of lipid membranes; and (3) that inorganic ion movements across lipid membranes are a common denominator in permeation. This set of axioms lead to the following set of postulates: (1) Evolutionary solutions to the problematic apposition of ions and lipid barriers are fundamental aspects of cell function. (2) An effective messenger role for communication between aqueous domains requires (a) meticulous modulation of movement across lipid membranes and (b) selective interactions within aqueous domains. (3) An ion would be an effective messenger. In a search for an appropriate ionic messenger it is noted that inorganic cations have a wider range of interactions with biomolecules than anions, that the prevalent monovalent cations have too high a flux across lipid membranes and too weak an interaction with molecules in aqueous domains, that trivalent cations cannot as effectively be transported across lipid membranes, that divalent cation movement across lipid membranes can be well modulated and their divalent charge allows for a wide range of binding constants with biological molecules, and that for reasons of radius-compatibility with polypeptide chelation and due to the lack of stringent crystal field requirements, Ca2+ is a most suitable divalent cation for a messenger role.", "PMID": 81649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8275", "title": "Phase specific proteins in human malignant neoplasms.", "content": "This is a review of the following human gene products which appear in the prenatal period, subsequently are repressed, and reappear in malignant neoplasms: alpha fetal protein; carcinoembryonic antigen; Regan's isoenzyme; fetal sulfoglycoprotein; a fetal liver ferroprotein; beta-S-fetoprotein; gamma-fetoprotein; carcinofetal glial antigen; leukemoembryonic antigens; fetal pancreatic carcinoma antigens; universally reacting oncofetal antigens; and potential oncofetal markers.", "contents": "Phase specific proteins in human malignant neoplasms. This is a review of the following human gene products which appear in the prenatal period, subsequently are repressed, and reappear in malignant neoplasms: alpha fetal protein; carcinoembryonic antigen; Regan's isoenzyme; fetal sulfoglycoprotein; a fetal liver ferroprotein; beta-S-fetoprotein; gamma-fetoprotein; carcinofetal glial antigen; leukemoembryonic antigens; fetal pancreatic carcinoma antigens; universally reacting oncofetal antigens; and potential oncofetal markers.", "PMID": 81650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8276", "title": "[Differential spectrophotometric method of analysing levorin in the culture broth and in the mycelium].", "content": "It was shown on model experiments that the microbiological method was not applicable for determination of levorin content in industrial intermediate products containing in addition levoristatin, since the presence of the latter made higher the results of the microbiological assay. Because of this till to the present date the quantitative content of levorin in the industrial intermediate products was determined photometrically using alcohol (pure solvent) as the reference solution. Still, this method also made higher the results of the assay, especially when the content of levorin was determined in the fermentation broth. In the solid phase levorin is contained in the mycelium which occupies only 1 to 2 per cent of the fermentation broth, while the liquid phase or the fermentation broth filtrate occupies 98 to 99 per cent. It was found that the fermentation broth filtrate contained protein admixtures which coagulated on addition of alcohol to the fermentation broth and formed fine colloid solutions. As a result the absorption values became higher. In the present study not the pure solvent but an extract of the fermentation broth filtrate containing neither levorin, nor levoristatin was used as the reference solution. Such a differential method provided elimination of all errors due to the presence of various metabolites in the fermentation broth filtrate which varied both qualitatively and quantitatively.", "contents": "[Differential spectrophotometric method of analysing levorin in the culture broth and in the mycelium]. It was shown on model experiments that the microbiological method was not applicable for determination of levorin content in industrial intermediate products containing in addition levoristatin, since the presence of the latter made higher the results of the microbiological assay. Because of this till to the present date the quantitative content of levorin in the industrial intermediate products was determined photometrically using alcohol (pure solvent) as the reference solution. Still, this method also made higher the results of the assay, especially when the content of levorin was determined in the fermentation broth. In the solid phase levorin is contained in the mycelium which occupies only 1 to 2 per cent of the fermentation broth, while the liquid phase or the fermentation broth filtrate occupies 98 to 99 per cent. It was found that the fermentation broth filtrate contained protein admixtures which coagulated on addition of alcohol to the fermentation broth and formed fine colloid solutions. As a result the absorption values became higher. In the present study not the pure solvent but an extract of the fermentation broth filtrate containing neither levorin, nor levoristatin was used as the reference solution. Such a differential method provided elimination of all errors due to the presence of various metabolites in the fermentation broth filtrate which varied both qualitatively and quantitatively.", "PMID": 81654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8277", "title": "Associated problems of protein electrophoresis, staining and densitometry.", "content": "The process of electrophoresis, a separation phenomenon, is mistakenly understood to include the sequential processes ancillary to analyte resolution, that is, staining and quantification, where the latter could be elution followed by photometry or integrating-calculating-densitometry. The theories involved in electrophoresis itself are well worked out and equally well understood but the problems which are associated with separation, chemical reaction to generate a chromogen and quantification, perhaps partly forgotten and perhaps partly ignored, are taken up and described here. They include albumin trail, resolution, unequivalent staining, prestaining and the densitometry problems associated with band widths, opacity effects and polychromaticities.", "contents": "Associated problems of protein electrophoresis, staining and densitometry. The process of electrophoresis, a separation phenomenon, is mistakenly understood to include the sequential processes ancillary to analyte resolution, that is, staining and quantification, where the latter could be elution followed by photometry or integrating-calculating-densitometry. The theories involved in electrophoresis itself are well worked out and equally well understood but the problems which are associated with separation, chemical reaction to generate a chromogen and quantification, perhaps partly forgotten and perhaps partly ignored, are taken up and described here. They include albumin trail, resolution, unequivalent staining, prestaining and the densitometry problems associated with band widths, opacity effects and polychromaticities.", "PMID": 81651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8278", "title": "Inosiplex for localized herpes zoster in childhood cancer patients: preliminary controlled study.", "content": "By multiple criteria, inosiplex-a reputed stimulator of virus-sensitized lymphocytes-had no demonstrable therapeutic effects in a preliminary controlled study of patients with localized herpes zoster and cancer. Lymphocytes from the six drug-treated patients were no more responsive to varicella-zoster antigen and phytohemagglutinin than were lymphocytes from seven patients who received a placebo.", "contents": "Inosiplex for localized herpes zoster in childhood cancer patients: preliminary controlled study. By multiple criteria, inosiplex-a reputed stimulator of virus-sensitized lymphocytes-had no demonstrable therapeutic effects in a preliminary controlled study of patients with localized herpes zoster and cancer. Lymphocytes from the six drug-treated patients were no more responsive to varicella-zoster antigen and phytohemagglutinin than were lymphocytes from seven patients who received a placebo.", "PMID": 81655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8279", "title": "Nursing care of the infant in surgery.", "content": "The operating room nurse, as an important team member, actively participates in the specialized care of the infant undergoing surgical intervention. Using the steps of the nursing process, he or she initiates the assessment preoperatively, collecting data about the health status of the patient. Based on these data, the nurse plans and prepares for the intraoperative phase and implements nursing actions while continuously and systematically reassessing the patient's condition and environment. In general, the most significant areas to consider in assessment, planning, and implementing care for infants undergoing surgical procedures are temperature regulation, fluid balance, readiness of the OR to receive the patient, prevention of infection, safe and reliable monitoring devices, careful tissue handling, and organization of priorities and interventions, especially to make efficient use of time.", "contents": "Nursing care of the infant in surgery. The operating room nurse, as an important team member, actively participates in the specialized care of the infant undergoing surgical intervention. Using the steps of the nursing process, he or she initiates the assessment preoperatively, collecting data about the health status of the patient. Based on these data, the nurse plans and prepares for the intraoperative phase and implements nursing actions while continuously and systematically reassessing the patient's condition and environment. In general, the most significant areas to consider in assessment, planning, and implementing care for infants undergoing surgical procedures are temperature regulation, fluid balance, readiness of the OR to receive the patient, prevention of infection, safe and reliable monitoring devices, careful tissue handling, and organization of priorities and interventions, especially to make efficient use of time.", "PMID": 81657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8280", "title": "Curative and palliative surgical treatment of pancreaticoduodenal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "In the period 1965 to 1976 inclusive, 55 patients suffering from duodenopancreatic adenocarcinoma were surgically treated at the Free University Hospital. Twenty of these patients underwent a 'curative' Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy for a resectable tumor. The difference in survival time makes a differentiation important between carcinomas occurring in the head of the pancreas and those of the peri-ampullary region. In our series, 11 of the former were found and 9 of the latter group. Of each group one patient died within 30 days of the operation. The average survival time of 9 patients, operated on for a tumor in the head of the pancreas, was 10.2 months, with a range from 2 to 23 months. One patient is still alive 23 months after the operation. The average survival time of 5 patients with a periampullary tumor was 22 months with a range from 6 to 52 months. Three patients are still alive, one more than 12 years and 2 more than 19 months after operation. Considering the bad results, and the fact that 30 percent of pancreatic carcinomas are multifocal, it would seem that the classical Whipple operation is a thing of the past. One can then make a plea for total pancreaticoduodenectomy or even for a regional pancreatectomy. Thirty-five patients underwent a palliative procedure, consisting of a biliary bypass combined in a number of cases with a gastroenterostomy. Five patients died within 30 days of the operation. The average survival time for the remaining patients was 9.5 months with a range of 1.5 to 30 months.", "contents": "Curative and palliative surgical treatment of pancreaticoduodenal adenocarcinoma. In the period 1965 to 1976 inclusive, 55 patients suffering from duodenopancreatic adenocarcinoma were surgically treated at the Free University Hospital. Twenty of these patients underwent a 'curative' Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy for a resectable tumor. The difference in survival time makes a differentiation important between carcinomas occurring in the head of the pancreas and those of the peri-ampullary region. In our series, 11 of the former were found and 9 of the latter group. Of each group one patient died within 30 days of the operation. The average survival time of 9 patients, operated on for a tumor in the head of the pancreas, was 10.2 months, with a range from 2 to 23 months. One patient is still alive 23 months after the operation. The average survival time of 5 patients with a periampullary tumor was 22 months with a range from 6 to 52 months. Three patients are still alive, one more than 12 years and 2 more than 19 months after operation. Considering the bad results, and the fact that 30 percent of pancreatic carcinomas are multifocal, it would seem that the classical Whipple operation is a thing of the past. One can then make a plea for total pancreaticoduodenectomy or even for a regional pancreatectomy. Thirty-five patients underwent a palliative procedure, consisting of a biliary bypass combined in a number of cases with a gastroenterostomy. Five patients died within 30 days of the operation. The average survival time for the remaining patients was 9.5 months with a range of 1.5 to 30 months.", "PMID": 81663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8281", "title": "Organophosphorus pesticide poisonings in humans: determination of residues and metabolites in tissues and urine.", "content": "The analyses of four organophosphorus pesticide poisoning cases, three of which resulted in death, are reported. The case histories of the subjects, along with the analysis of tissues, urine, and blood for the levels of pesticides and metabolites are given. The pesticides involved include dicrotophos, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and parathion. The methods of analysis were adapted from previously published methods that provide a very rapid means of identification of organophosphorus pesticides in the tissues or in the blood of poisoned patients.", "contents": "Organophosphorus pesticide poisonings in humans: determination of residues and metabolites in tissues and urine. The analyses of four organophosphorus pesticide poisoning cases, three of which resulted in death, are reported. The case histories of the subjects, along with the analysis of tissues, urine, and blood for the levels of pesticides and metabolites are given. The pesticides involved include dicrotophos, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and parathion. The methods of analysis were adapted from previously published methods that provide a very rapid means of identification of organophosphorus pesticides in the tissues or in the blood of poisoned patients.", "PMID": 81664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8282", "title": "[Infusion therapy complications in newborn and nursing infants].", "content": "The case histories of 306 babies dying at the age under 6 months were analysed. All the babies were given medicinal and nutrient solutions mainly via the subclavical veins for different diseases. In the process of the infusion therapy complications were observed which were distributed into 5 groups: 1--traumatic injuries, 2--air embolism, 3--thrombosis, 4--diffuse hyalin thrombi predominantly in the lung vessels, 5--acute renal insufficiency (ARI). Formation of the hyalin thrombi appeared to be due to the damaging effect of the administered solutions on the vascular endothelium and changes in the properties of erythrocytes and blood plasma. In the development of ARI some importance is ascribed to infusion overloading of the structurally and functionally immature kidneys of young infants.", "contents": "[Infusion therapy complications in newborn and nursing infants]. The case histories of 306 babies dying at the age under 6 months were analysed. All the babies were given medicinal and nutrient solutions mainly via the subclavical veins for different diseases. In the process of the infusion therapy complications were observed which were distributed into 5 groups: 1--traumatic injuries, 2--air embolism, 3--thrombosis, 4--diffuse hyalin thrombi predominantly in the lung vessels, 5--acute renal insufficiency (ARI). Formation of the hyalin thrombi appeared to be due to the damaging effect of the administered solutions on the vascular endothelium and changes in the properties of erythrocytes and blood plasma. In the development of ARI some importance is ascribed to infusion overloading of the structurally and functionally immature kidneys of young infants.", "PMID": 81668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8283", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of 'psuedo' hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis has revealed qualitative differences in the elemental composition between so-called hyaline bodies occurring in the connective tissue wall of an odontogenic cyst and hyaline bodies occurring within the epithelial lining of these cysts.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of 'psuedo' hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts. X-ray microanalysis has revealed qualitative differences in the elemental composition between so-called hyaline bodies occurring in the connective tissue wall of an odontogenic cyst and hyaline bodies occurring within the epithelial lining of these cysts.", "PMID": 81669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8284", "title": "Physicochemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from different tumour sources.", "content": "The physical, chemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) purified from hepatic metastases of eight tumours, originating in the colon (6), stomach (1) and lung (1), have been examined. Differences were observed in the overall molecular charge, and also in the carbohydrate composition of the different preparations (both total % carbohydrate, and mole % of the individual sugars). Negligible differences in amino acid composition were found. Gel filtration analysis of these CEA preparations and an additional four partially purified preparations (from pancreatic, hepatic, breast and oesophageal tumour tissues) revealed a single CEA-active peak of similar molecular weight (about 200,000-300,000 daltons) in all preparations. Radioimmunoassay data for the twelve CEA preparations indicated that all preparations contain the same antigenic determinants, as detected by our antiserum, but that there are differences in the expression of these determinants in different preparations.", "contents": "Physicochemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from different tumour sources. The physical, chemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) purified from hepatic metastases of eight tumours, originating in the colon (6), stomach (1) and lung (1), have been examined. Differences were observed in the overall molecular charge, and also in the carbohydrate composition of the different preparations (both total % carbohydrate, and mole % of the individual sugars). Negligible differences in amino acid composition were found. Gel filtration analysis of these CEA preparations and an additional four partially purified preparations (from pancreatic, hepatic, breast and oesophageal tumour tissues) revealed a single CEA-active peak of similar molecular weight (about 200,000-300,000 daltons) in all preparations. Radioimmunoassay data for the twelve CEA preparations indicated that all preparations contain the same antigenic determinants, as detected by our antiserum, but that there are differences in the expression of these determinants in different preparations.", "PMID": 81670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8285", "title": "The effects of triton WR1339 and asialo-fetuin on the hepatic uptake of circulating native and asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Uptake of carcinoembryonic antigen from the circulation of the mouse is inhibited by treatment of the animal with Triton WR1339, but not by asialo-fetuin. Uptake of asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen is inhibited by asialo-fetuin, but not by Triton WR1339. These results reflect the different mechanisms of uptake of the glycoproteins. The presence or absence of sialic acid does not seem to be important in governing Kupffer-cell uptake, but when terminal galactoses are exposed on a glycoprotein, uptake by hepatocytes is preferred. Kupffer-cell uptake of carcinoembryonic antigen is not due to the formation of high-molecular-weight complexes in the blood stream. The effect of asialo-fetuin and Triton WR1339 on the biliary excretion of carcinoembryonic antigen and asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of triton WR1339 and asialo-fetuin on the hepatic uptake of circulating native and asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen. Uptake of carcinoembryonic antigen from the circulation of the mouse is inhibited by treatment of the animal with Triton WR1339, but not by asialo-fetuin. Uptake of asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen is inhibited by asialo-fetuin, but not by Triton WR1339. These results reflect the different mechanisms of uptake of the glycoproteins. The presence or absence of sialic acid does not seem to be important in governing Kupffer-cell uptake, but when terminal galactoses are exposed on a glycoprotein, uptake by hepatocytes is preferred. Kupffer-cell uptake of carcinoembryonic antigen is not due to the formation of high-molecular-weight complexes in the blood stream. The effect of asialo-fetuin and Triton WR1339 on the biliary excretion of carcinoembryonic antigen and asialo-carcinoembryonic antigen is discussed.", "PMID": 81672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8286", "title": "Resurgence of killing and in vivo protection mediated by lymphocytes cultured from lymph nodes draining Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "We have previously documented the development and subsequent disappearance of cytolytic activity mediated by lymphocytes from lymph nodes draining Moloney sarcomas destined either to regress or grow progressively. We now report that these tumour-draining lymphnode cells (LNC) that were no longer cytotoxic, spontaneously regenerated peak levels of killing after culture in vitro for 4 days in the absence of exogenous tumour antigen. Cytolytic activity, which was antigenically specific, was mediated by T lymphocytes. Resurgence of cytolytic activity in vitro was accompanied by proliferative changes (DNA synthesis, blast transformation, cell division) which peaked on the 3rd day of culture. Although normal, nonimmune LNC underwent quantitatively similar proliferative changes in culture, the killing that developed was weak and antigenically nonspecific. Transfer of cultured, tumour-draining LNC to immunologically compromised, syngeneic mice conferred complete protection from Moloney sarcoma progression. Adoptive transfer could be delayed for 6 days after tumour induction without loss of protection. These results suggest that there exists in Moloney sarcoma-bearing mice a mechanism that limits the differentiation of pre-killer cells into cytolytically active T lymphocytes, and that such inhibition is eliminated when LNC are explanted into culture.", "contents": "Resurgence of killing and in vivo protection mediated by lymphocytes cultured from lymph nodes draining Moloney sarcomas. We have previously documented the development and subsequent disappearance of cytolytic activity mediated by lymphocytes from lymph nodes draining Moloney sarcomas destined either to regress or grow progressively. We now report that these tumour-draining lymphnode cells (LNC) that were no longer cytotoxic, spontaneously regenerated peak levels of killing after culture in vitro for 4 days in the absence of exogenous tumour antigen. Cytolytic activity, which was antigenically specific, was mediated by T lymphocytes. Resurgence of cytolytic activity in vitro was accompanied by proliferative changes (DNA synthesis, blast transformation, cell division) which peaked on the 3rd day of culture. Although normal, nonimmune LNC underwent quantitatively similar proliferative changes in culture, the killing that developed was weak and antigenically nonspecific. Transfer of cultured, tumour-draining LNC to immunologically compromised, syngeneic mice conferred complete protection from Moloney sarcoma progression. Adoptive transfer could be delayed for 6 days after tumour induction without loss of protection. These results suggest that there exists in Moloney sarcoma-bearing mice a mechanism that limits the differentiation of pre-killer cells into cytolytically active T lymphocytes, and that such inhibition is eliminated when LNC are explanted into culture.", "PMID": 81673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8287", "title": "Restricted autologous lymphocytotoxicity in lung neoplasia.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from 47 patients with lung carcinoma have been tested for cytotoxicity against cells isolated from the autologous tumour. Significant cytotoxic potential was found in 15 cases. The effectors were also tested against allogeneic tumour targets from lung and other sites. Reactions were only rarely detected (2/32 positive against lung and 1/13 positive against non-lung cells). The restriction of cytotoxicity to the autologous combination was also apparent in in vitro-generated effectors. Blood lymphocytes were co-cultivated with autologous tumour and subsequently tested against autologous or allogeneic targets. Cytotoxicity was found in 13/17 lung tumours against autologous tumour, with no reactions recorded against allogeneic tumour targets, but one case positive against the K562 cell line. These data suggest either the expression of individually distinct antigens on human pulmonary neoplasms, or the requirement for histocompatibility between target and effector in cytotoxicity reactions in man, and therefore differ from previously described patterns of lymphocytotoxicity against human tumours.", "contents": "Restricted autologous lymphocytotoxicity in lung neoplasia. Blood lymphocytes from 47 patients with lung carcinoma have been tested for cytotoxicity against cells isolated from the autologous tumour. Significant cytotoxic potential was found in 15 cases. The effectors were also tested against allogeneic tumour targets from lung and other sites. Reactions were only rarely detected (2/32 positive against lung and 1/13 positive against non-lung cells). The restriction of cytotoxicity to the autologous combination was also apparent in in vitro-generated effectors. Blood lymphocytes were co-cultivated with autologous tumour and subsequently tested against autologous or allogeneic targets. Cytotoxicity was found in 13/17 lung tumours against autologous tumour, with no reactions recorded against allogeneic tumour targets, but one case positive against the K562 cell line. These data suggest either the expression of individually distinct antigens on human pulmonary neoplasms, or the requirement for histocompatibility between target and effector in cytotoxicity reactions in man, and therefore differ from previously described patterns of lymphocytotoxicity against human tumours.", "PMID": 81674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8288", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to encephalitogenic factor (MMI test) in women with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: the effects of serum.", "content": "Lymphocyte sensitivity to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured with the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test in 60 women with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the cervix, in 10 women with invasive cervical carcinoma, and in 20 women with a variety of benign gynaecological conditions. Significant migration inhibition with EF (P less than 0.01) was seen with lymphocytes taken from 7/13 (54%) women with mild and/or moderate dysplasia, from 22/47 (47%) women with severe dysplasia and/or carcinoma in situ, from 6/10 (60%) women with invasive cervical carcinoma and from 3/20 (15%) women with benign gynaecological conditions. Autologous serum was seen to abrogate EF-mediated migration inhibition in 3/4 sensitized women with mild and/or moderate dysplasia, in 5/7 sensitized women with severe dysplasia and/or csrcinoma in situ and in 2/3 sensitized women with invasive cervical carcinoma. Autologous serum from 2 sensitized women with benign gynaecological conditions did not abrogate the response of their lymphocytes to EF.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to encephalitogenic factor (MMI test) in women with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: the effects of serum. Lymphocyte sensitivity to encephalitogenic factor (EF) was measured with the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test in 60 women with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the cervix, in 10 women with invasive cervical carcinoma, and in 20 women with a variety of benign gynaecological conditions. Significant migration inhibition with EF (P less than 0.01) was seen with lymphocytes taken from 7/13 (54%) women with mild and/or moderate dysplasia, from 22/47 (47%) women with severe dysplasia and/or carcinoma in situ, from 6/10 (60%) women with invasive cervical carcinoma and from 3/20 (15%) women with benign gynaecological conditions. Autologous serum was seen to abrogate EF-mediated migration inhibition in 3/4 sensitized women with mild and/or moderate dysplasia, in 5/7 sensitized women with severe dysplasia and/or csrcinoma in situ and in 2/3 sensitized women with invasive cervical carcinoma. Autologous serum from 2 sensitized women with benign gynaecological conditions did not abrogate the response of their lymphocytes to EF.", "PMID": 81675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8289", "title": "Surface antigens of rat liver epithelial cells grown in medium containing foetal bovine serum.", "content": "Cultured rat liver cells induced a strong antibody response in syngeneic rats, directed against foetal calf serum components which were incorporated into the liver cell surface from the cell-culture medium. This antibody could be removed by absorption with liver cells or glutaraldehyde-fixed foetal calf serum. It is possible that the antigenic cross-reactivity observed in earlier studies with cultured cells treated with carcinogens could be due to this foetal calf serum component.", "contents": "Surface antigens of rat liver epithelial cells grown in medium containing foetal bovine serum. Cultured rat liver cells induced a strong antibody response in syngeneic rats, directed against foetal calf serum components which were incorporated into the liver cell surface from the cell-culture medium. This antibody could be removed by absorption with liver cells or glutaraldehyde-fixed foetal calf serum. It is possible that the antigenic cross-reactivity observed in earlier studies with cultured cells treated with carcinogens could be due to this foetal calf serum component.", "PMID": 81676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8290", "title": "Influence of hydrocortisone on the modulation of the inflammatory response.", "content": "In vitro hydrocortisone, in pharmacologically attainable concentrations, binds nonspecifically to rat peritoneal mast cells and amplifies the stimulating effects of PGE1 on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. As a consequence, the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in the target cells increases and histamine release is markedly reduced. Deoxycorticosterone, at the same concentrations, has no effect. These findings may in part explain the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory steroids, possibly related to the modulating effects of E-type prostaglandins.", "contents": "Influence of hydrocortisone on the modulation of the inflammatory response. In vitro hydrocortisone, in pharmacologically attainable concentrations, binds nonspecifically to rat peritoneal mast cells and amplifies the stimulating effects of PGE1 on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase. As a consequence, the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in the target cells increases and histamine release is markedly reduced. Deoxycorticosterone, at the same concentrations, has no effect. These findings may in part explain the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory steroids, possibly related to the modulating effects of E-type prostaglandins.", "PMID": 81677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8291", "title": "On the latency of tumour cells.", "content": "The present experiments demonstrate that animals carrying large peripheral intramuscular tumours were free of spontaneous pulmonary metastases. Secondaries in the lung emerged, however, after administration of agents such as trypsin, 10% dextrose or antiserum to alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG). Such metastases also appeared in animals treated with trypsin after amputation of the tumour-bearing limb. It is believed that the pulmonary vessels of tumour-bearing animals are lined with a layer of tumour-associated AMG. The presence of this peptide on vascular endothelium blocks the transmigration of tumour cells. Tumour emboli may remain dormant, i.e. unattached, in the vascular lumen. Agents inactivating AMG or enhancing vascular permeability (proteases, antisera to AMG or vasodilators) may promote the emergence of a latent tumour cell into an overt state. This is confirmed by the above experiments and by the microscopic appearance of the pulmonary vessels of test animals (shift of tumour cells from the intravascular to the perivascular space). It is suggested that latency is determined by the state of permeability of the vessels harbouring tumour emboli.", "contents": "On the latency of tumour cells. The present experiments demonstrate that animals carrying large peripheral intramuscular tumours were free of spontaneous pulmonary metastases. Secondaries in the lung emerged, however, after administration of agents such as trypsin, 10% dextrose or antiserum to alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG). Such metastases also appeared in animals treated with trypsin after amputation of the tumour-bearing limb. It is believed that the pulmonary vessels of tumour-bearing animals are lined with a layer of tumour-associated AMG. The presence of this peptide on vascular endothelium blocks the transmigration of tumour cells. Tumour emboli may remain dormant, i.e. unattached, in the vascular lumen. Agents inactivating AMG or enhancing vascular permeability (proteases, antisera to AMG or vasodilators) may promote the emergence of a latent tumour cell into an overt state. This is confirmed by the above experiments and by the microscopic appearance of the pulmonary vessels of test animals (shift of tumour cells from the intravascular to the perivascular space). It is suggested that latency is determined by the state of permeability of the vessels harbouring tumour emboli.", "PMID": 81678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8292", "title": "Effects of corticosteroids on the growth and metabolism of fibroblasts cultured from human skin.", "content": "Hydrocortisone, betamethasone 17-valerate, clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate were tested in vitro for effects on the proliferation and metabolism of six strains of fibroblasts from normal human skin. The different cell strains gave similar results: hydrocortisone and betamethasone valerate slightly enhanced growth at all concentrations (0.0001-10 microgram/ml), but high concentrations of clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate significantly reduced proliferation. Secretion of acid mucopolysaccharide was most inhibited by clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate, then by betamethasone valerate, with hydrocortisone having the least effect. Clobetasol propionate and betamethasone valerate at 10 microgram/ml both reduced collagen synthesis by about 50%; other protein synthesis was less affected.", "contents": "Effects of corticosteroids on the growth and metabolism of fibroblasts cultured from human skin. Hydrocortisone, betamethasone 17-valerate, clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate were tested in vitro for effects on the proliferation and metabolism of six strains of fibroblasts from normal human skin. The different cell strains gave similar results: hydrocortisone and betamethasone valerate slightly enhanced growth at all concentrations (0.0001-10 microgram/ml), but high concentrations of clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate significantly reduced proliferation. Secretion of acid mucopolysaccharide was most inhibited by clobetasone butyrate and clobetasol propionate, then by betamethasone valerate, with hydrocortisone having the least effect. Clobetasol propionate and betamethasone valerate at 10 microgram/ml both reduced collagen synthesis by about 50%; other protein synthesis was less affected.", "PMID": 81679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8293", "title": "The aniline blue fluorescence staining of eosinophilic granulocytes.", "content": "An aniline blue fluorescence staining technique specific for eosinophils was compared to haematoxylin and eosin to determine the percentages of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic or with allergic contact dermatitis. The aniline blue technique proved to be excellent for demonstrating eosinophilic granulocytes. Although the eosinophilic granulocytes were reasonably demonstrable in thin layers stained with haematoxylin and eosin, the aniline blue staining seems to be better in cases of doubt. Using the same techniques the presence of eosinophil granulocytes was studied in 5 punch biopsies taken from positive patch tests (after 48 h) and 5 biopsies from positive skin reactions after and intradermal injection with an atopic allergen (after 20--30 min). In all punch biopsies taken after an intradermal injection with an atopic allergen, eosinophilic granulocytes, often numerous, were seen in the vessels of the dermis. In punch biopsies taken from positive patch tests the eosinophilic granulocytes were seen scattered through the dermis in variable numbers.", "contents": "The aniline blue fluorescence staining of eosinophilic granulocytes. An aniline blue fluorescence staining technique specific for eosinophils was compared to haematoxylin and eosin to determine the percentages of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic or with allergic contact dermatitis. The aniline blue technique proved to be excellent for demonstrating eosinophilic granulocytes. Although the eosinophilic granulocytes were reasonably demonstrable in thin layers stained with haematoxylin and eosin, the aniline blue staining seems to be better in cases of doubt. Using the same techniques the presence of eosinophil granulocytes was studied in 5 punch biopsies taken from positive patch tests (after 48 h) and 5 biopsies from positive skin reactions after and intradermal injection with an atopic allergen (after 20--30 min). In all punch biopsies taken after an intradermal injection with an atopic allergen, eosinophilic granulocytes, often numerous, were seen in the vessels of the dermis. In punch biopsies taken from positive patch tests the eosinophilic granulocytes were seen scattered through the dermis in variable numbers.", "PMID": 81680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8294", "title": "Platelet and plasma beta thromboglobulin in myeloproliferative syndromes and secondary thrombocytosis.", "content": "Elevated plasma beta thromboglobulin (betatg) and decreased intracellular platelet betatg were found in patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. In secondary thrombocytosis, similar, but less marked changes were found. The abnormalities were increased during episodes of clinical thrombosis and could be suppressed in two-thirds of cases by aspirin therapy.", "contents": "Platelet and plasma beta thromboglobulin in myeloproliferative syndromes and secondary thrombocytosis. Elevated plasma beta thromboglobulin (betatg) and decreased intracellular platelet betatg were found in patients with various myeloproliferative disorders. In secondary thrombocytosis, similar, but less marked changes were found. The abnormalities were increased during episodes of clinical thrombosis and could be suppressed in two-thirds of cases by aspirin therapy.", "PMID": 81681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8295", "title": "Release of beta-thromboglobulin from human platelets by therapeutic intensities of ultrasound.", "content": "The effects of therapeutic intensities of ultrasound on human platelets in whole blood were investigated by monitoring the release of the platelet specific protein beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG). More beta-TG was released as the intensity of the ultrasound was increased and also as the driving frequency was decreased from 3.0 to 0.75 MHz. Some beta-TG was released at spatially-averaged intensities as low as 0.6 W/cm2 at 0.75 MHz, a value significantly lower than that observed for the onset of aggregation of platelet rich plasma (obtained from the same volunteer) in the same exposure system. Liberation of beta-TG by ultrasound was diminished but not abolished in the presence of inhibitors which rendered the platelets functionally inert. Our data suggests that beta-TG is liberated in two ways, firstly as a result of platelet disruption by cavitation, and subsequently by potent aggregating agents, liberated in parallel with beta-TG, inducing the physiological release reaction in adjacent platelets. The low therapeutic intensities and short exposure times (30 s or less) necessary to liberate beta-TG from normal human platelets in vitro, suggests that patients with abnormally sensitive platelets and/or 'hypercoagulable state' could be at risk if subjected to high therapeutic intensities of ultrasound.", "contents": "Release of beta-thromboglobulin from human platelets by therapeutic intensities of ultrasound. The effects of therapeutic intensities of ultrasound on human platelets in whole blood were investigated by monitoring the release of the platelet specific protein beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG). More beta-TG was released as the intensity of the ultrasound was increased and also as the driving frequency was decreased from 3.0 to 0.75 MHz. Some beta-TG was released at spatially-averaged intensities as low as 0.6 W/cm2 at 0.75 MHz, a value significantly lower than that observed for the onset of aggregation of platelet rich plasma (obtained from the same volunteer) in the same exposure system. Liberation of beta-TG by ultrasound was diminished but not abolished in the presence of inhibitors which rendered the platelets functionally inert. Our data suggests that beta-TG is liberated in two ways, firstly as a result of platelet disruption by cavitation, and subsequently by potent aggregating agents, liberated in parallel with beta-TG, inducing the physiological release reaction in adjacent platelets. The low therapeutic intensities and short exposure times (30 s or less) necessary to liberate beta-TG from normal human platelets in vitro, suggests that patients with abnormally sensitive platelets and/or 'hypercoagulable state' could be at risk if subjected to high therapeutic intensities of ultrasound.", "PMID": 81682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8296", "title": "Fundus signs in temporal arteritis.", "content": "A patient with temporal arteritis developed a variety of ischaemic lesions in the eyes. Infarction of the inner retina and optic nerve head was delineated on presentation by white swelling in the retinal nerve fibre layer. The role of interrupted axoplasmic transport in the production of this sign is discussed. Outer retinal infarction was also noted on presentation and subsequently gave rise to striking pigmented scars.", "contents": "Fundus signs in temporal arteritis. A patient with temporal arteritis developed a variety of ischaemic lesions in the eyes. Infarction of the inner retina and optic nerve head was delineated on presentation by white swelling in the retinal nerve fibre layer. The role of interrupted axoplasmic transport in the production of this sign is discussed. Outer retinal infarction was also noted on presentation and subsequently gave rise to striking pigmented scars.", "PMID": 81684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8297", "title": "Transition-metal binding site of bleomycin A2. A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the zinc(II) and copper(II) derivatives.", "content": "The 13C NMR spectra at 25.2 MHz of the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin A2 are discussed. Complexation of the drug to Zn(II) causes 38 of the 52 resonance lines of bleomycin A2 to shift to new positions. All but ten of these shifted lines have been assigned in the Zn(II) bleomycin complex. Although the specific donor sites of the drug cannot be identified from the 13C NMR data, the analysis clearly shows that the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the molecule is affected by chelation. This finding is in agreement with the previously reported metal-binding site of the antibiotic. The analysis also shows that carbon atoms which have large through-bond distances from the binding site can experience substantial chemical-shift changes upon metal binding. Complexation of the drug to Cu(II) eliminates 23 resonances from the spectrum of the molecule. All of these resonances emanate from carbon atoms which are located in the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the drug.", "contents": "Transition-metal binding site of bleomycin A2. A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the zinc(II) and copper(II) derivatives. The 13C NMR spectra at 25.2 MHz of the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin A2 are discussed. Complexation of the drug to Zn(II) causes 38 of the 52 resonance lines of bleomycin A2 to shift to new positions. All but ten of these shifted lines have been assigned in the Zn(II) bleomycin complex. Although the specific donor sites of the drug cannot be identified from the 13C NMR data, the analysis clearly shows that the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the molecule is affected by chelation. This finding is in agreement with the previously reported metal-binding site of the antibiotic. The analysis also shows that carbon atoms which have large through-bond distances from the binding site can experience substantial chemical-shift changes upon metal binding. Complexation of the drug to Cu(II) eliminates 23 resonances from the spectrum of the molecule. All of these resonances emanate from carbon atoms which are located in the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the drug.", "PMID": 81685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8298", "title": "Number of water molecules coupled to the transport of sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions via gramicidin, nonactin or valinomycin.", "content": "The number of water molecules (n) coupled to the transport of cations across lipid membranes was determined in two different wats: directly from the electro-osmotic volume flux per ion, and by the use of Onsager's relation, from the open circuit streaming potential produced by an osmotic pressure difference. The results of the two approaches were in general agreement. Monoolein membranes were formed on the ends of polyethylene or Teflon tubing connected to a microliter syringe and the volume change necessary to keep the membrane at a fixed position was measured. It was necessary to make corrections for unstirred layer effects. The results for gramicidin were: n approximately 12 for 0.15 M KCl and NaCl, n approximately 6 for 3.0 M KCl and NaCl, and n approximately 0 for 0.01 M HCl. For nonactin, n approximately 4 for both 0.15 and 3.0 M KCl and NaCl. Valinomycin (for 0.15 M KCl) behaved like nonactin. It is shown that for a channel mechanism, in general, n is less than or equal to the number of water molecules in a channel that does not contain any cations. Thus, the n of 12 for the 0.15 M salts implies that the gramicidin channel can hold at least 12 water molecules. This places an important constraint on models of the channel structure. The n of 0 for HCl is consistent with a process in which protons jump along a continuous row of water molecules. The decrease of n with the 3.0 M salts may indicate that the channel becomes multiply occupied at high salt concentrations. The n of 4 for nonactin and valinomycin means that at least four water molecules are associated with the carrier . cation complex, probably in the interstices between the complex and the disordered lipid.", "contents": "Number of water molecules coupled to the transport of sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions via gramicidin, nonactin or valinomycin. The number of water molecules (n) coupled to the transport of cations across lipid membranes was determined in two different wats: directly from the electro-osmotic volume flux per ion, and by the use of Onsager's relation, from the open circuit streaming potential produced by an osmotic pressure difference. The results of the two approaches were in general agreement. Monoolein membranes were formed on the ends of polyethylene or Teflon tubing connected to a microliter syringe and the volume change necessary to keep the membrane at a fixed position was measured. It was necessary to make corrections for unstirred layer effects. The results for gramicidin were: n approximately 12 for 0.15 M KCl and NaCl, n approximately 6 for 3.0 M KCl and NaCl, and n approximately 0 for 0.01 M HCl. For nonactin, n approximately 4 for both 0.15 and 3.0 M KCl and NaCl. Valinomycin (for 0.15 M KCl) behaved like nonactin. It is shown that for a channel mechanism, in general, n is less than or equal to the number of water molecules in a channel that does not contain any cations. Thus, the n of 12 for the 0.15 M salts implies that the gramicidin channel can hold at least 12 water molecules. This places an important constraint on models of the channel structure. The n of 0 for HCl is consistent with a process in which protons jump along a continuous row of water molecules. The decrease of n with the 3.0 M salts may indicate that the channel becomes multiply occupied at high salt concentrations. The n of 4 for nonactin and valinomycin means that at least four water molecules are associated with the carrier . cation complex, probably in the interstices between the complex and the disordered lipid.", "PMID": 81687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8299", "title": "The effect of gramicidin A on the temperature dependence of water permeation through liposomal membranes prepared from phosphatidylcholines with different chains lengths.", "content": "The permeation of water through liposomal membranes composed of various saturated phosphatidylcholine plus gramicidin A was studied as a function of temperature. 1. The presence of gramicidin in the liposomal bilayers caused an increase in water permeability. Below the phase transition temperature this effect could be measured quite clearly in all the systems we tested, but the extent of the increase was largely dependent on the length of the hydrocarbon chains. 2. Increasing amounts of gramicidin caused a gradual disappearance of the abrupt change in the rate of water permeation near the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the system containing these relatively small amounts of gramicidin still showed a clear transition from the liquid crystalline to the gel state with only a slight reduction in the enthalpy change. 3. In liposomes composed of dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and saturated egg phosphatidylcholine there was a concomitant decrease in the activation energy of water permeation in the presence of gramicidin below and above the phase transition temperature. The activation energy for water permeation through longer chained distearoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomal bilayers was the same with or without gramicidin in the bilayer. 4. It is concluded that the ability of gramicidin to form conducting channels in a gel state bilayer depends on the thickness of the paraffin core.", "contents": "The effect of gramicidin A on the temperature dependence of water permeation through liposomal membranes prepared from phosphatidylcholines with different chains lengths. The permeation of water through liposomal membranes composed of various saturated phosphatidylcholine plus gramicidin A was studied as a function of temperature. 1. The presence of gramicidin in the liposomal bilayers caused an increase in water permeability. Below the phase transition temperature this effect could be measured quite clearly in all the systems we tested, but the extent of the increase was largely dependent on the length of the hydrocarbon chains. 2. Increasing amounts of gramicidin caused a gradual disappearance of the abrupt change in the rate of water permeation near the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the system containing these relatively small amounts of gramicidin still showed a clear transition from the liquid crystalline to the gel state with only a slight reduction in the enthalpy change. 3. In liposomes composed of dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and saturated egg phosphatidylcholine there was a concomitant decrease in the activation energy of water permeation in the presence of gramicidin below and above the phase transition temperature. The activation energy for water permeation through longer chained distearoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomal bilayers was the same with or without gramicidin in the bilayer. 4. It is concluded that the ability of gramicidin to form conducting channels in a gel state bilayer depends on the thickness of the paraffin core.", "PMID": 81688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8300", "title": "Heterogeneity of human alpha-fetoprotein as revealed by isoelectric focusing in urea-containing gels.", "content": "The heterogeneity of human alpha-fetoprotein has been studied by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs in the presence of 8 M urea. Six major isoelectric variants could be identified over a pH range of 6.0--6.2. Verification of their identity was achieved by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into agarose gel containing monospecific antiserum to human alpha-fetoprotein. Complete desialylation of the protein did not abolish the heterogeneity; a complex pattern of major alpha-fetoprotein bands persisted over a more alkaline pH range. We have been able to correlate the pattern of alpha-fetoprotein heterogeneity seen following extended agarose gel electrophoresis with that obtained during isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The quantity of certain alpha-fetoprotein charge isomers in various alpha-fetoprotein isolates may be important in considering certain biological functions of this protein.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human alpha-fetoprotein as revealed by isoelectric focusing in urea-containing gels. The heterogeneity of human alpha-fetoprotein has been studied by analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs in the presence of 8 M urea. Six major isoelectric variants could be identified over a pH range of 6.0--6.2. Verification of their identity was achieved by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into agarose gel containing monospecific antiserum to human alpha-fetoprotein. Complete desialylation of the protein did not abolish the heterogeneity; a complex pattern of major alpha-fetoprotein bands persisted over a more alkaline pH range. We have been able to correlate the pattern of alpha-fetoprotein heterogeneity seen following extended agarose gel electrophoresis with that obtained during isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea. The quantity of certain alpha-fetoprotein charge isomers in various alpha-fetoprotein isolates may be important in considering certain biological functions of this protein.", "PMID": 81690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8301", "title": "Synthesis of a fully active snake venom cardiotoxin by fragment condensation on solid polymer.", "content": "A polypeptide cardiotoxin containing 60 amino acids with 4 disulfide bonds has been synthesized by the \"fragment solid-phase\" method. The identity of the synthetic product with native cardiotoxin was established by chromatography on Sephadex G-50, carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, end group analysis, peptide mapping, circular dichroism spectra, and four biological tests.", "contents": "Synthesis of a fully active snake venom cardiotoxin by fragment condensation on solid polymer. A polypeptide cardiotoxin containing 60 amino acids with 4 disulfide bonds has been synthesized by the \"fragment solid-phase\" method. The identity of the synthetic product with native cardiotoxin was established by chromatography on Sephadex G-50, carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, end group analysis, peptide mapping, circular dichroism spectra, and four biological tests.", "PMID": 81691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8302", "title": "[Study of individual Pacinian corpuscle mechanoreceptors following application of colchicine to a nerve].", "content": "Colchicine application to the cat caudal mesenteric nerve containing sensory fibers for single mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) causes degeneration of the axis cast of the nerve endings. Ultrastructural changes in the receptors showed no difference from the axonal degeneration after the nerve section but the rate of degeneration was considerably slower. Ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and biochemical changes occurring in the Pacinian corpuscles were not the result of direct action of colchicine, but appeared to be realized through the nerve by the axoplasmic transport block. It is suggested that the receptor's structure is under the sensory neuron neurotrophic control.", "contents": "[Study of individual Pacinian corpuscle mechanoreceptors following application of colchicine to a nerve]. Colchicine application to the cat caudal mesenteric nerve containing sensory fibers for single mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) causes degeneration of the axis cast of the nerve endings. Ultrastructural changes in the receptors showed no difference from the axonal degeneration after the nerve section but the rate of degeneration was considerably slower. Ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and biochemical changes occurring in the Pacinian corpuscles were not the result of direct action of colchicine, but appeared to be realized through the nerve by the axoplasmic transport block. It is suggested that the receptor's structure is under the sensory neuron neurotrophic control.", "PMID": 81692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8303", "title": "[Inhibition of non-cytotoxic histamine liberation from isolated rat mast cells by antihistaminic preparations].", "content": "Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine and promethazine) and antihistaminic quinuclidine derivatives [phencarol, quinuclidyl-3-di-(o-tolyl) carbinol, hydrochloride quinuclidyl-3-di-(o-methoxyphenyl) carbinol--HQMC] at concentrations preceding the histamine-releasing ones inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from the isolated rat mast cells. HQMC inhibited histamine release induced by selective liberators (compound 48/80, MCD-peptide, specific antigen), but potentiated histamine release induced by nonselective liberators (chlorpromazine, tryton X-100). The inhibition by HQMC of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 increased during 1 min and was reversible. The inhibitory effect of all the compounds tested was partially counteracted by glucose.", "contents": "[Inhibition of non-cytotoxic histamine liberation from isolated rat mast cells by antihistaminic preparations]. Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine and promethazine) and antihistaminic quinuclidine derivatives [phencarol, quinuclidyl-3-di-(o-tolyl) carbinol, hydrochloride quinuclidyl-3-di-(o-methoxyphenyl) carbinol--HQMC] at concentrations preceding the histamine-releasing ones inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from the isolated rat mast cells. HQMC inhibited histamine release induced by selective liberators (compound 48/80, MCD-peptide, specific antigen), but potentiated histamine release induced by nonselective liberators (chlorpromazine, tryton X-100). The inhibition by HQMC of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 increased during 1 min and was reversible. The inhibitory effect of all the compounds tested was partially counteracted by glucose.", "PMID": 81693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8304", "title": "Gammaglobulin treatment and anti-IgA antibodies in IgA-deficient patients.", "content": "Antibodies to IgA may cause severe anaphylactic reactions during blood transfusions. Tests for anti-IgA antibodies were carried out on six patients with IgA deficiency (five of whom also had hypogammaglobulinaemia) who had received continuous gammaglobullin treatment for chronic or recurrent infections for three to eight years. Three patients had minute amounts of IgA, and three had none (less than 0.01 microgram/ml). Only one patient had anti-IgA. Her antibody titre did not change during treatment. No patient had any untoward effects of treatment, which relieved the symptoms of infection in every case. IgA determinations should be performed by more accurate methods than radial immunodiffusion when evaluating the risks of giving gammaglobulin to patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and IgA deficiency. Probably the stimulus provided by intramuscular gammaglobulin in such patients is insufficient for the formation of anti-IgA antibody.", "contents": "Gammaglobulin treatment and anti-IgA antibodies in IgA-deficient patients. Antibodies to IgA may cause severe anaphylactic reactions during blood transfusions. Tests for anti-IgA antibodies were carried out on six patients with IgA deficiency (five of whom also had hypogammaglobulinaemia) who had received continuous gammaglobullin treatment for chronic or recurrent infections for three to eight years. Three patients had minute amounts of IgA, and three had none (less than 0.01 microgram/ml). Only one patient had anti-IgA. Her antibody titre did not change during treatment. No patient had any untoward effects of treatment, which relieved the symptoms of infection in every case. IgA determinations should be performed by more accurate methods than radial immunodiffusion when evaluating the risks of giving gammaglobulin to patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and IgA deficiency. Probably the stimulus provided by intramuscular gammaglobulin in such patients is insufficient for the formation of anti-IgA antibody.", "PMID": 81700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8305", "title": "Detection of a new antibody system reacting with Dane particles in hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Antibodies in the serum reacting with antigens on the surface of radiolabelled Dane particles distinct from hepatitis B surface and core antigens (HBsAg and HBcAg) were detected, using a double antibody precipitation assay, in 12 out of 15 patients early in the course of acute type B hepatitis and at the time of disappearance of circulating Dane particles. No such antibody activity was found in 15 of the 16 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, 13 of whom had complete Dane particles in the serum. In a group of 16 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (without Dane particles in serum) antibody activity was shown in nine. This demonstration of antibodies precipitating Dane particles may be relevant to the clearance of circulating hepatitis B virions and the termination of infection in acute type B hepatitis. Their absence in all but one of the cases of chronic active hepatitis might explain why the virus infection persists in this group of patients.", "contents": "Detection of a new antibody system reacting with Dane particles in hepatitis B virus infection. Antibodies in the serum reacting with antigens on the surface of radiolabelled Dane particles distinct from hepatitis B surface and core antigens (HBsAg and HBcAg) were detected, using a double antibody precipitation assay, in 12 out of 15 patients early in the course of acute type B hepatitis and at the time of disappearance of circulating Dane particles. No such antibody activity was found in 15 of the 16 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, 13 of whom had complete Dane particles in the serum. In a group of 16 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (without Dane particles in serum) antibody activity was shown in nine. This demonstration of antibodies precipitating Dane particles may be relevant to the clearance of circulating hepatitis B virions and the termination of infection in acute type B hepatitis. Their absence in all but one of the cases of chronic active hepatitis might explain why the virus infection persists in this group of patients.", "PMID": 81702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8306", "title": "Regeneration of motor axons in the rat sciatic nerve studied by labeling with axonally transported radioactive proteins.", "content": "Labeling regenerating axons with axonally transported radioactive proteins provides information about the location of the entire range of axons from the fastest growing ones to those which are trapped in the scar. We have used this technique to study the regeneration of motor axons in the rat sciatic nerve after a crush lesion. From 2 to 14 days after the crush the lumbar spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy and multiple injections of [3H]proline were made stereotactically in the ventral horn. Twenty-four hours later the nerves were removed and the distribution of radioactivity along the nerve was measured by liquid scintillation counting. There was a peak of radioactivity in the regenerating axons distal to the crush due to an accumulation of label in the tips of these axons. After a delay of 3.2 +/- 0.2 (S.E.) days, this peak advanced down the nerve at a rate of 3.0 +/- 0.1 (S.E.) mm/day. The leading edge of this peak, which marks the location of the endings of the most rapidly growing labeled fibers, moved down the nerve at a rate of 4.4 +/- 0.2 mm/day after a delay of 2.1 +/- 0.2 days; this is the same time course as that of the most rapidly regenerating sensory axons in the rat sciatic nerve, measured by the pinch test. Another peak of radioactivity at the crush site, presumed to represent the ends of unregenerated axons or misdirected sprouts, declined rapidly during the first week, and more slowly thereafter.", "contents": "Regeneration of motor axons in the rat sciatic nerve studied by labeling with axonally transported radioactive proteins. Labeling regenerating axons with axonally transported radioactive proteins provides information about the location of the entire range of axons from the fastest growing ones to those which are trapped in the scar. We have used this technique to study the regeneration of motor axons in the rat sciatic nerve after a crush lesion. From 2 to 14 days after the crush the lumbar spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy and multiple injections of [3H]proline were made stereotactically in the ventral horn. Twenty-four hours later the nerves were removed and the distribution of radioactivity along the nerve was measured by liquid scintillation counting. There was a peak of radioactivity in the regenerating axons distal to the crush due to an accumulation of label in the tips of these axons. After a delay of 3.2 +/- 0.2 (S.E.) days, this peak advanced down the nerve at a rate of 3.0 +/- 0.1 (S.E.) mm/day. The leading edge of this peak, which marks the location of the endings of the most rapidly growing labeled fibers, moved down the nerve at a rate of 4.4 +/- 0.2 mm/day after a delay of 2.1 +/- 0.2 days; this is the same time course as that of the most rapidly regenerating sensory axons in the rat sciatic nerve, measured by the pinch test. Another peak of radioactivity at the crush site, presumed to represent the ends of unregenerated axons or misdirected sprouts, declined rapidly during the first week, and more slowly thereafter.", "PMID": 81705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8307", "title": "Effect of glucosamine on virus production and antigen expression in avian sarcoma virus-transformed cells.", "content": "Treatment by glucosamine of avian sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells completely inhibited the formation of progeny-transforming virus particles. Such cells, however, could continue to synthesize non-infectious physical particles containing both viral RNA and the enzyme RNA-dependent DNA polymerase if glucosamine exposure was performed in the presence of glucose. Glucosamine treatment was found to affect antigenic expression in transformed CEF as measured by an indirect immunofluorescence test. Inhibition to a far lesser extent was observed when a lymphocyte stimulation assay for the detection of cell-mediated immunity was used in this system.", "contents": "Effect of glucosamine on virus production and antigen expression in avian sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Treatment by glucosamine of avian sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells completely inhibited the formation of progeny-transforming virus particles. Such cells, however, could continue to synthesize non-infectious physical particles containing both viral RNA and the enzyme RNA-dependent DNA polymerase if glucosamine exposure was performed in the presence of glucose. Glucosamine treatment was found to affect antigenic expression in transformed CEF as measured by an indirect immunofluorescence test. Inhibition to a far lesser extent was observed when a lymphocyte stimulation assay for the detection of cell-mediated immunity was used in this system.", "PMID": 81707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8308", "title": "The immunochemical complexity of CEA: a golden dream or molecular nightmare?", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen is only a tumor assoicated antigen and is less clinically useful than the original report suggested. However, the CEA assays in clinical use utilize reagents operationally defined by old criteria. There is now abundant evidence that \"CEA\" consists of a heterogenous family of related glycoproteins with shared, as well as distinctive, antigenic determinants. Antigenic differences can be demonstrated between some cancer sera \"CEA\" and various operationally defined tissue \"CEA\" preparations. Further definition of the biochemical and antigenic characteristics of serum and tumor tissue \"CEA\" is required in order to determine whether a more tumor specific antigenic determinant can be identified.", "contents": "The immunochemical complexity of CEA: a golden dream or molecular nightmare? Carcinoembryonic antigen is only a tumor assoicated antigen and is less clinically useful than the original report suggested. However, the CEA assays in clinical use utilize reagents operationally defined by old criteria. There is now abundant evidence that \"CEA\" consists of a heterogenous family of related glycoproteins with shared, as well as distinctive, antigenic determinants. Antigenic differences can be demonstrated between some cancer sera \"CEA\" and various operationally defined tissue \"CEA\" preparations. Further definition of the biochemical and antigenic characteristics of serum and tumor tissue \"CEA\" is required in order to determine whether a more tumor specific antigenic determinant can be identified.", "PMID": 81710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8309", "title": "Isolation of HLA and tumor antigens by means of affinity chromatography employing anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) antiserum.", "content": "A method for the isolation of HLA antigen molecules from normal and cancerous solid human tissue is described. The method employs anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) antiserum coupled to Sepharose beads as an immunosorbent affinity medium. The anti-beta2m affinity chromatography procedure greatly purifies and selectively enriches HLA and any material that copurifies by affinity, with beta2m and/or HLA molecules. The HLA isolated by this purification procedure was used to immunize rabbits. The antisera obtained were absorbed on beta2m to remove all anti-beta2m antibody activity. The use of such anti-HLA antisera in radioimmunoassays, immunoprecipitation studies, and F(ab')2 blocking experiments demonstrated that these antisera are directed against a common HLA determinant present on the heavy (alloantigen-bearing) chain of all HLA molecules. The use of an identical procedure employing human tumor tissues has resulted in the isolation of HLA-like or HLA-associated tumor-specific antigens as demonstrated by the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay.", "contents": "Isolation of HLA and tumor antigens by means of affinity chromatography employing anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) antiserum. A method for the isolation of HLA antigen molecules from normal and cancerous solid human tissue is described. The method employs anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) antiserum coupled to Sepharose beads as an immunosorbent affinity medium. The anti-beta2m affinity chromatography procedure greatly purifies and selectively enriches HLA and any material that copurifies by affinity, with beta2m and/or HLA molecules. The HLA isolated by this purification procedure was used to immunize rabbits. The antisera obtained were absorbed on beta2m to remove all anti-beta2m antibody activity. The use of such anti-HLA antisera in radioimmunoassays, immunoprecipitation studies, and F(ab')2 blocking experiments demonstrated that these antisera are directed against a common HLA determinant present on the heavy (alloantigen-bearing) chain of all HLA molecules. The use of an identical procedure employing human tumor tissues has resulted in the isolation of HLA-like or HLA-associated tumor-specific antigens as demonstrated by the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay.", "PMID": 81711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8310", "title": "Ovarian tumor antigens.", "content": "Evidence has been reported for at least two common tumor-associated antigens, or antigenic determinants, in human cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary that are apparently absent in tissues of normal reproductive organs. These antigenic determinants are immunologically distinct from carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, ferritins and histocompatibility antigens. One of these two ovarian cystadenocarcinoma-associated antigens (OCAA) is not detectable in any ovarian carcinomas except serous or mucinous types, other gynecologic or nongynecologic malignancies thus far tested, while the second antigen is present in about 90% of all gynecologic tumors and occasionally in breast and colon tumors. OCAA has been purified and partially characterized. It is a high molecular weight glycoprotein which carries the unique ovarian tumor-specific antigenic determinant along with some normal cross-reacting determinants. High levels of this glycoprotein antigen have been detected in the sera of ovarian cancer patients with advanced disease by the radioimmunoassay inhibition technique. The serial determination of circulating OCAA appeared to correlate with tumor volume as well as the clinical status of the patients.", "contents": "Ovarian tumor antigens. Evidence has been reported for at least two common tumor-associated antigens, or antigenic determinants, in human cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary that are apparently absent in tissues of normal reproductive organs. These antigenic determinants are immunologically distinct from carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, ferritins and histocompatibility antigens. One of these two ovarian cystadenocarcinoma-associated antigens (OCAA) is not detectable in any ovarian carcinomas except serous or mucinous types, other gynecologic or nongynecologic malignancies thus far tested, while the second antigen is present in about 90% of all gynecologic tumors and occasionally in breast and colon tumors. OCAA has been purified and partially characterized. It is a high molecular weight glycoprotein which carries the unique ovarian tumor-specific antigenic determinant along with some normal cross-reacting determinants. High levels of this glycoprotein antigen have been detected in the sera of ovarian cancer patients with advanced disease by the radioimmunoassay inhibition technique. The serial determination of circulating OCAA appeared to correlate with tumor volume as well as the clinical status of the patients.", "PMID": 81712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8311", "title": "Further characterization of CSAp, an antigen associated with gastrointestinal and ovarian tumors.", "content": "Colon-specific antigen-p, or CSAp, was originally extracted from GW-39 tumors, which are human colonic carcinomas serially transplanted in golden hamsters, and antibodies to CSAp have been produced in the same animal hosts. By means of immunodiffusion and a hemagglutination-inhibition assay, CSAp has been found to be restricted to adult and fetal small intestine, neoplastic gastric and colonic tissues, inflamed colon, and cystic mucinous tumors of the ovary. CSAp was shown to be distinct from blood group antigens, including Lea and Leb blood group substances, liver ferritin, AFP, CEA, CSA, CMA, ZGM, and BOFA, and to have the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha2-globulin. Gel filtration studies indicated that CSAp in GW-39 tumor, primary human colonic carcinoma, and ovarian cancer mucinous cyst fluid had a peak molecular size range of 70,000--110,000. Quantitation of CSAp in 214 tissue specimens by the hemagglutination-inhibition assay revealed a progressive increase in fetal, inflamed, and neoplastic intestine, such that CSAp in colonic tumors was increased over normal colon tissue. Thus, CSAp appears to be an organ-specific antigen showing increased levels in some gastrointestinal and ovarian neoplasms, as well as in specimens with colitis.", "contents": "Further characterization of CSAp, an antigen associated with gastrointestinal and ovarian tumors. Colon-specific antigen-p, or CSAp, was originally extracted from GW-39 tumors, which are human colonic carcinomas serially transplanted in golden hamsters, and antibodies to CSAp have been produced in the same animal hosts. By means of immunodiffusion and a hemagglutination-inhibition assay, CSAp has been found to be restricted to adult and fetal small intestine, neoplastic gastric and colonic tissues, inflamed colon, and cystic mucinous tumors of the ovary. CSAp was shown to be distinct from blood group antigens, including Lea and Leb blood group substances, liver ferritin, AFP, CEA, CSA, CMA, ZGM, and BOFA, and to have the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha2-globulin. Gel filtration studies indicated that CSAp in GW-39 tumor, primary human colonic carcinoma, and ovarian cancer mucinous cyst fluid had a peak molecular size range of 70,000--110,000. Quantitation of CSAp in 214 tissue specimens by the hemagglutination-inhibition assay revealed a progressive increase in fetal, inflamed, and neoplastic intestine, such that CSAp in colonic tumors was increased over normal colon tissue. Thus, CSAp appears to be an organ-specific antigen showing increased levels in some gastrointestinal and ovarian neoplasms, as well as in specimens with colitis.", "PMID": 81713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8312", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of head and neck cancer.", "content": "A total of 77 patients with cancer of the head and neck area were treated with five different drug combination regimens. Five of the 77 patients had lymphoepithelioma; four had adenocystic carcinoma, and 68 had squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (16 from the skin). Of these 77 patients, 16 had no previous treatment, five had surgery, 11 had radiotherapy, and 45 had surgery and radiotherapy. The first regimen consisted of a four-day Bleomycin infusion followed after a 24-hour rest, by cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Vincristine (Oncovin), methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (B-COMF). The next three regimens consisted of a four-day Bleomycin course, followed by either Cytoxan and methotrexate (B-CM), Cytoxan and 5-FU (B-CF) or Methotrexate and 5-FU (B-MF). The fifth regimen consisted of Bleomycin concomitant with Cytoxan, Methotrexate, and 5-FU (B-CMF). Of the 49 patients receiving B-COMF and B-CMF, 12 showed a complete response and 12 a partial response. Among the 28 patients receiving Bleomycin, followed by any one of the two drug regimens, only six showed a partial response. The severity of the thrombocytopenia, number of drugs, lymphoepithelioma histology and performance status of the patient influenced the rate of response. Drug toxicity consisted mostly in myelosuppression. The B-CMF combination is highly effective and can be used as an adjuvant to surgery and/or radiotherapy.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of head and neck cancer. A total of 77 patients with cancer of the head and neck area were treated with five different drug combination regimens. Five of the 77 patients had lymphoepithelioma; four had adenocystic carcinoma, and 68 had squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (16 from the skin). Of these 77 patients, 16 had no previous treatment, five had surgery, 11 had radiotherapy, and 45 had surgery and radiotherapy. The first regimen consisted of a four-day Bleomycin infusion followed after a 24-hour rest, by cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Vincristine (Oncovin), methotrexate and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (B-COMF). The next three regimens consisted of a four-day Bleomycin course, followed by either Cytoxan and methotrexate (B-CM), Cytoxan and 5-FU (B-CF) or Methotrexate and 5-FU (B-MF). The fifth regimen consisted of Bleomycin concomitant with Cytoxan, Methotrexate, and 5-FU (B-CMF). Of the 49 patients receiving B-COMF and B-CMF, 12 showed a complete response and 12 a partial response. Among the 28 patients receiving Bleomycin, followed by any one of the two drug regimens, only six showed a partial response. The severity of the thrombocytopenia, number of drugs, lymphoepithelioma histology and performance status of the patient influenced the rate of response. Drug toxicity consisted mostly in myelosuppression. The B-CMF combination is highly effective and can be used as an adjuvant to surgery and/or radiotherapy.", "PMID": 81714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8313", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary malignant mesothelioma: response to doxorubicin and 5-azacytidine.", "content": "A 46-year-old patient who developed a right pleural mesothelioma 18 years after asbestos exposure was found to have diffuse reticular nodular infiltrates in both lungs. Lung biopsy by fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed alveolar and interstitial spread of the neoplastic cells. A dramatic clinical and radiologic response occurred after treatment with a combination of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and 5-Azacytidine.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary malignant mesothelioma: response to doxorubicin and 5-azacytidine. A 46-year-old patient who developed a right pleural mesothelioma 18 years after asbestos exposure was found to have diffuse reticular nodular infiltrates in both lungs. Lung biopsy by fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed alveolar and interstitial spread of the neoplastic cells. A dramatic clinical and radiologic response occurred after treatment with a combination of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and 5-Azacytidine.", "PMID": 81715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8314", "title": "Combination chemotherapy against B16 melanoma: bleomycin/vinblastine, bleomycin/cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, 5-fluorouracil/BCNU and 5-fluorouracil/methyl-CCNU.", "content": "Four antitumor drug combinations which are currently in clinical use were evaluated experimentally using the murine B16 melanoma model. Bleomycin plus vinblastine produced an increase in life span over either of the two agents alone against both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous B16. This combination also resulted in a large number of long-term survivors. Bleomycin plus cis-platinum produced slight enhancement against subcutaneous B16, but showed no advantage against intraperitoneal B16. The combination of 5-fluorouracil plus methyl-CCNU significantly increased survival time against the intraperitoneal tumor, and produced long-term survivors as well. The combination of 5-fluorouracil plus BCNU was not more effective than BCNU or 5-fluorouracil alone. These data were compared with the degree of success reported from the clinics against a variety of solid human neoplasms.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy against B16 melanoma: bleomycin/vinblastine, bleomycin/cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, 5-fluorouracil/BCNU and 5-fluorouracil/methyl-CCNU. Four antitumor drug combinations which are currently in clinical use were evaluated experimentally using the murine B16 melanoma model. Bleomycin plus vinblastine produced an increase in life span over either of the two agents alone against both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous B16. This combination also resulted in a large number of long-term survivors. Bleomycin plus cis-platinum produced slight enhancement against subcutaneous B16, but showed no advantage against intraperitoneal B16. The combination of 5-fluorouracil plus methyl-CCNU significantly increased survival time against the intraperitoneal tumor, and produced long-term survivors as well. The combination of 5-fluorouracil plus BCNU was not more effective than BCNU or 5-fluorouracil alone. These data were compared with the degree of success reported from the clinics against a variety of solid human neoplasms.", "PMID": 81716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8315", "title": "Immune response of prostatic cancer patients to cytomegalovirus-infected and -transformed human cells.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent test was used to determine the prevalence of humoral immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced antigens in prostatic cancer patients as compared to age-matched controls. Significantly more prostatic cancer patients demonstrated high CMV-antibody titers than did the benign prostatic hyperplasia and nonurogenital cancer groups; however, no significant difference in reactivity was found between paients with prostatic cancer and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. When screened against CMV-transformed human cell lines, the reactivity of the sera followed the rate of expression of CMV-related antigens of cell lines used in these tests.", "contents": "Immune response of prostatic cancer patients to cytomegalovirus-infected and -transformed human cells. The indirect immunofluorescent test was used to determine the prevalence of humoral immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced antigens in prostatic cancer patients as compared to age-matched controls. Significantly more prostatic cancer patients demonstrated high CMV-antibody titers than did the benign prostatic hyperplasia and nonurogenital cancer groups; however, no significant difference in reactivity was found between paients with prostatic cancer and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. When screened against CMV-transformed human cell lines, the reactivity of the sera followed the rate of expression of CMV-related antigens of cell lines used in these tests.", "PMID": 81717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8316", "title": "Variables for predicting serious toxicity (vinblastine dose, performance status, and prior therapeutic experience): chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), vinblastine, and bleomycin.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy utilizing high-dose vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisdichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP) is effective treatment for metastatic testicular cancer. Unfortunately, it is frequently associated with serious toxicity. In a series of 14 patients receiving 65 treatment cycles, several variables were examined as putative risk factors for prediction of serious toxicity. These included drug dose normalized to body weight or surface area, interval since previous cycle, prior therapeutic experience with either radiation therapy or other cytotoxic chemotherapy, and Karnofsky performance status. The strongest determinant of serious toxicity was the vinblastine dose calculated according to body weight. The next most influential prognostic variables were the performance status and a history of previous treatment with either radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Serious toxicity may be anticipated at a frequency of 40% when vinblastine is administered at a total dose of 0.36 mg/kg with bleomycin and CDDP. In our group of patients, the nephrotoxicity of CDDP appeared to be cumulative despite intensive diuresis at the time of administration. Pulmonary toxicity was not observed. Modest reductions in vinblastine dose, especially in patients with poor performance status or a history of previous radiation or other chemotherapy, will substantially lower the frequency of serious toxicity.", "contents": "Variables for predicting serious toxicity (vinblastine dose, performance status, and prior therapeutic experience): chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), vinblastine, and bleomycin. Combination chemotherapy utilizing high-dose vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisdichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP) is effective treatment for metastatic testicular cancer. Unfortunately, it is frequently associated with serious toxicity. In a series of 14 patients receiving 65 treatment cycles, several variables were examined as putative risk factors for prediction of serious toxicity. These included drug dose normalized to body weight or surface area, interval since previous cycle, prior therapeutic experience with either radiation therapy or other cytotoxic chemotherapy, and Karnofsky performance status. The strongest determinant of serious toxicity was the vinblastine dose calculated according to body weight. The next most influential prognostic variables were the performance status and a history of previous treatment with either radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Serious toxicity may be anticipated at a frequency of 40% when vinblastine is administered at a total dose of 0.36 mg/kg with bleomycin and CDDP. In our group of patients, the nephrotoxicity of CDDP appeared to be cumulative despite intensive diuresis at the time of administration. Pulmonary toxicity was not observed. Modest reductions in vinblastine dose, especially in patients with poor performance status or a history of previous radiation or other chemotherapy, will substantially lower the frequency of serious toxicity.", "PMID": 81719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8317", "title": "Appraisal of skin tests with food extracts for diagnosis of food hypersensitivity.", "content": "Seventy-six children aged 5 months to 15 years who exhibited a net weal of 3.0 mm or greater to a puncture skin test with one or more of fourteen foods were subjected to double-blind food challenge. Confirmed reactions to double-blind food challenge were found to occur only with peanut, milk, egg and soybean. Puncture skin tests with 1:20 w/v concentration of food extracts identified all subjects who exhibited an adverse reaction during the double-blind food challenge. Performance of intradermal skin tests did not identify any additional subjects who reacted clinically to double-blind food challenge.", "contents": "Appraisal of skin tests with food extracts for diagnosis of food hypersensitivity. Seventy-six children aged 5 months to 15 years who exhibited a net weal of 3.0 mm or greater to a puncture skin test with one or more of fourteen foods were subjected to double-blind food challenge. Confirmed reactions to double-blind food challenge were found to occur only with peanut, milk, egg and soybean. Puncture skin tests with 1:20 w/v concentration of food extracts identified all subjects who exhibited an adverse reaction during the double-blind food challenge. Performance of intradermal skin tests did not identify any additional subjects who reacted clinically to double-blind food challenge.", "PMID": 81723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8318", "title": "The application of photobleaching to sequential staining of antigen-antibody precipitates in gels for prostatic acid phosphatase and protein.", "content": "A modified procedure is described for the sequential staining of agar precipitates of seminal plasma and antiseminal plasma serum for acid phosphatase and total protein. The procedure employs Gomori's glycerophosphate-lead sulphide method for acid phosphatase, ultraviolet light for photobleaching and amidoschwartz for total protein staining. In a single agar diffusion plate, a minimum of 7 protein bands was observed, 3 of which contained acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "The application of photobleaching to sequential staining of antigen-antibody precipitates in gels for prostatic acid phosphatase and protein. A modified procedure is described for the sequential staining of agar precipitates of seminal plasma and antiseminal plasma serum for acid phosphatase and total protein. The procedure employs Gomori's glycerophosphate-lead sulphide method for acid phosphatase, ultraviolet light for photobleaching and amidoschwartz for total protein staining. In a single agar diffusion plate, a minimum of 7 protein bands was observed, 3 of which contained acid phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 81724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8319", "title": "A simple and reliable method for the purification of human alphafetoprotein (AFP) from amniotic fluid and fetal livers.", "content": "Highly purified human alphafetoprotein has been isolated from amniotic fluid and fetal livers by a combination of salting-out, and gel filtration, ion exchange, and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography. They yield ranged from 25 to 37%, and purity was demonstrated by radioimmunodiffusion, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and comparison with other preparations by radioimmunoassay. Immunochemical potency by weight of alphafetoprotein purified from amniotic fluid was similar to that from fetal liver, with molecular weights of 70 000 and 68 500 respectively. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition is also reported. This physicochemical method is relatively simple and inexpensive and is well suited for large scale production.", "contents": "A simple and reliable method for the purification of human alphafetoprotein (AFP) from amniotic fluid and fetal livers. Highly purified human alphafetoprotein has been isolated from amniotic fluid and fetal livers by a combination of salting-out, and gel filtration, ion exchange, and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography. They yield ranged from 25 to 37%, and purity was demonstrated by radioimmunodiffusion, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and comparison with other preparations by radioimmunoassay. Immunochemical potency by weight of alphafetoprotein purified from amniotic fluid was similar to that from fetal liver, with molecular weights of 70 000 and 68 500 respectively. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition is also reported. This physicochemical method is relatively simple and inexpensive and is well suited for large scale production.", "PMID": 81725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8320", "title": "The effect of the protein content of diluents on peak height in rocket immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "We have investigated the effect of different diluents in the quantitation of proteins by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. alpha2-Macroglobulin produced taller peaks as the protein content of the diluent fell to zero, and the dilution was increased. A maximum increase in height of 25-30% was recorded when saline was used as the diluent compared to a sample diluted in sheep serum. Albumin and transferrin showed similar, but less significant effects. Samples and standards should therefore contain approximately equal concentrations of protein for maximum accuracy.", "contents": "The effect of the protein content of diluents on peak height in rocket immunoelectrophoresis. We have investigated the effect of different diluents in the quantitation of proteins by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. alpha2-Macroglobulin produced taller peaks as the protein content of the diluent fell to zero, and the dilution was increased. A maximum increase in height of 25-30% was recorded when saline was used as the diluent compared to a sample diluted in sheep serum. Albumin and transferrin showed similar, but less significant effects. Samples and standards should therefore contain approximately equal concentrations of protein for maximum accuracy.", "PMID": 81726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8321", "title": "Thyroglobulin of varying molecular sizes with different disappearance rates in plasma following subtotal thyroidectomy.", "content": "To investigate the possible presence of thyroglobulin (Tg of different molecular sizes in plasma, blood specimens were drawn from patients during and after surgery for thyroid adenoma. Tg was measured in all serum samples by a radioimmunoassay. Selected samples were fractionated on a sepharose CL-6B column, and the fractions were assayed for Tg antigen. In serum drawn at maximum Tg concentration, molecular weights of Tg antigen ranging from 660,000 (19S) to less than 100,000 were found. 6 h later the Tg antigen of mol. wt. less than 100,000 could not be detected, and after 3 days only 19S Tg was present. Correspondingly the plasma Tg concentration vs. time curve showed a biphasic course from which two half-lives could be estimated. For 19S Tg, ta1/2 had a mean value of 4.3 days, whereas the over-all half-life for the mixture of smaller molecules, tb1/2, had a mean value of 3.7 h. The smaller molecules also showed different antigenic reactivity in the assay indicating an altered structure of the molecules. The assumption that this might be due to lack of sialic acid would explain the faster catabolic rate.", "contents": "Thyroglobulin of varying molecular sizes with different disappearance rates in plasma following subtotal thyroidectomy. To investigate the possible presence of thyroglobulin (Tg of different molecular sizes in plasma, blood specimens were drawn from patients during and after surgery for thyroid adenoma. Tg was measured in all serum samples by a radioimmunoassay. Selected samples were fractionated on a sepharose CL-6B column, and the fractions were assayed for Tg antigen. In serum drawn at maximum Tg concentration, molecular weights of Tg antigen ranging from 660,000 (19S) to less than 100,000 were found. 6 h later the Tg antigen of mol. wt. less than 100,000 could not be detected, and after 3 days only 19S Tg was present. Correspondingly the plasma Tg concentration vs. time curve showed a biphasic course from which two half-lives could be estimated. For 19S Tg, ta1/2 had a mean value of 4.3 days, whereas the over-all half-life for the mixture of smaller molecules, tb1/2, had a mean value of 3.7 h. The smaller molecules also showed different antigenic reactivity in the assay indicating an altered structure of the molecules. The assumption that this might be due to lack of sialic acid would explain the faster catabolic rate.", "PMID": 81728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8322", "title": "The mechanism of basophil histamine release in patients with periodontal disease.", "content": "Histamine release from washed peripheral blood basophils of thirty-three subjects with varying degrees of periodontal disease was studied. Dental plaque, serum and basophil leucocytes were collected from individual patients. There was no histamine release when autologous, washed sonicated plaque was added to leucocytes. However, the incubation of autologous plaque with serum at 37 degrees C for 30 min generated a factor which induced histamine release from basophils. This serum factor was stable to heat (56 degrees C, 30 min), eluted from a Sephadex G-100 column at a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 16,000 daltons and its action was inhibited by antibody to C5. This factor, therefore, is probably C5a. There was a variation in the degree of histamine release seen with the leucocytes of different donors. This variability was a property of the basophil rather than a function of the serum. Basophils from patients with gingival indices of 0.5 to 1.0 had significantly more histamine release than basophils from patients with gingival indices of less than 0.5 or greater than 1.5 (P less than 0.001). These experiments demonstrate that dental plaque activates serum to form C5a which in turn releases histamine from basophils. However, these experiments do not indicate a role for IgE in this reaction since the direct interaction of plaque with basophils did not cause histamine release. The release of mediators from mast cells could play an important role in the induction of the inflammatory response in periodontal disease.", "contents": "The mechanism of basophil histamine release in patients with periodontal disease. Histamine release from washed peripheral blood basophils of thirty-three subjects with varying degrees of periodontal disease was studied. Dental plaque, serum and basophil leucocytes were collected from individual patients. There was no histamine release when autologous, washed sonicated plaque was added to leucocytes. However, the incubation of autologous plaque with serum at 37 degrees C for 30 min generated a factor which induced histamine release from basophils. This serum factor was stable to heat (56 degrees C, 30 min), eluted from a Sephadex G-100 column at a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 16,000 daltons and its action was inhibited by antibody to C5. This factor, therefore, is probably C5a. There was a variation in the degree of histamine release seen with the leucocytes of different donors. This variability was a property of the basophil rather than a function of the serum. Basophils from patients with gingival indices of 0.5 to 1.0 had significantly more histamine release than basophils from patients with gingival indices of less than 0.5 or greater than 1.5 (P less than 0.001). These experiments demonstrate that dental plaque activates serum to form C5a which in turn releases histamine from basophils. However, these experiments do not indicate a role for IgE in this reaction since the direct interaction of plaque with basophils did not cause histamine release. The release of mediators from mast cells could play an important role in the induction of the inflammatory response in periodontal disease.", "PMID": 81729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8323", "title": "The learning of radiological anatomy by medical students.", "content": "Teaching radiographic anatomy to pre-clinical medical students is important as it relates anatomical studies to clinical medicine and the same time prepares them for the radiology they will encounter in their clinical years. A programme is described in which radiographic anatomy is comprehensively covered without proving too great a commitment to clinical radiologists. The programmes consist of exhibits of X-rays in the dissecting room, slide-lecture demonstrations and a permanent museum of radiological anatomy. This programme has worked well and there has been a very favourable student response.", "contents": "The learning of radiological anatomy by medical students. Teaching radiographic anatomy to pre-clinical medical students is important as it relates anatomical studies to clinical medicine and the same time prepares them for the radiology they will encounter in their clinical years. A programme is described in which radiographic anatomy is comprehensively covered without proving too great a commitment to clinical radiologists. The programmes consist of exhibits of X-rays in the dissecting room, slide-lecture demonstrations and a permanent museum of radiological anatomy. This programme has worked well and there has been a very favourable student response.", "PMID": 81732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8324", "title": "Lead and other elements in tissues of guinea pigs fed crown vetch grown adjacent to a highway.", "content": "Forty-four elements were determined in crown vetch sampled along a heavily travelled highway in Virginia. Twenty-four elements including Ba, Br, Cr, Pb, Sn, and Sr were higher in this vegetation than in control vetch. When the highway-grown vetch was fed as 45% (dry weight) of the diet to guinea pigs for 100 days, Ba, Br, Cr, Pb, Sn and Sr were found at higher concentrations in the various animal tissues than in those of guinea pigs similarly fed the control crown vetch.", "contents": "Lead and other elements in tissues of guinea pigs fed crown vetch grown adjacent to a highway. Forty-four elements were determined in crown vetch sampled along a heavily travelled highway in Virginia. Twenty-four elements including Ba, Br, Cr, Pb, Sn, and Sr were higher in this vegetation than in control vetch. When the highway-grown vetch was fed as 45% (dry weight) of the diet to guinea pigs for 100 days, Ba, Br, Cr, Pb, Sn and Sr were found at higher concentrations in the various animal tissues than in those of guinea pigs similarly fed the control crown vetch.", "PMID": 81734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8325", "title": "\"Feed a cold, starve a fever\"--folk models of infection in an English suburban community, and their relation to medical treatment.", "content": "This paper outlines a widely-held conception of illness, related to perceived changes in body temperature--'Chills' and 'Colds' on one hand, 'Fevers' on the other---in an English suburban community on the outskirts of London. The relationship between this folk model, and that of the local family physicians is analysed, to show how biomedical treatment and concepts, particularly the germ theory of disease, far from challenging the folk model, actually reinforce it. Remedies which cannot be scientifically and biomedically justified are nevertheless prescribed by the physicians to meet their patients' need to 'make sense' of biomedical treatment in terms of their folk model of illness. At the interface between physicians and patient, biomedical diagnoses and treatment are more 'negotiable' than previously realised--and this has important implications for the delivery of health care.", "contents": "\"Feed a cold, starve a fever\"--folk models of infection in an English suburban community, and their relation to medical treatment. This paper outlines a widely-held conception of illness, related to perceived changes in body temperature--'Chills' and 'Colds' on one hand, 'Fevers' on the other---in an English suburban community on the outskirts of London. The relationship between this folk model, and that of the local family physicians is analysed, to show how biomedical treatment and concepts, particularly the germ theory of disease, far from challenging the folk model, actually reinforce it. Remedies which cannot be scientifically and biomedically justified are nevertheless prescribed by the physicians to meet their patients' need to 'make sense' of biomedical treatment in terms of their folk model of illness. At the interface between physicians and patient, biomedical diagnoses and treatment are more 'negotiable' than previously realised--and this has important implications for the delivery of health care.", "PMID": 81735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8326", "title": "The use of base pair specific DNA binding agents as affinity labels for the study of mammalian chromosomes.", "content": "The fluorochromes Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin are base pair specific DNA binding agents. The fluorescence enhancement of Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin in the presence of DNA can be directly related to the A--T and G--C content of the interacting DNA respectively. Cytological observations of metaphase chromosomes treated with these two compounds suggest that the fluorescent banding patterns produced are the reverse of one another.--Non-fluorescent base pair specific DNA binding agents have been used as counterstains in chromosome preparations to enhance the contrast of the banding patterns produced by the base specific fluorochromes. The non-fluorescent G--C specific antibiotic actinomycin-D enhanced the resolution of fluorescent bands produced by the A--T specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258. Similarly the non-fluorescent A--T specific antibiotic netropsin was found to enhance resolution of the bands produced by the G--C -specific fluorochrome olivomycin. Netropsin was also found to increase the differential fluorescent enhancement of complexes of olivomycin with DNAs of various base composition in solution. These findings suggest that counterstaining agents act through a base sequence dependent inhibition of subsequent binding by base pair specific fluorochromes.--The base specific DNA binding agents have been used to differentiate different types of constitutive heterochromatin in mammalian species, and to facilitate chromosome identification in somatic cell hybrids.", "contents": "The use of base pair specific DNA binding agents as affinity labels for the study of mammalian chromosomes. The fluorochromes Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin are base pair specific DNA binding agents. The fluorescence enhancement of Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin in the presence of DNA can be directly related to the A--T and G--C content of the interacting DNA respectively. Cytological observations of metaphase chromosomes treated with these two compounds suggest that the fluorescent banding patterns produced are the reverse of one another.--Non-fluorescent base pair specific DNA binding agents have been used as counterstains in chromosome preparations to enhance the contrast of the banding patterns produced by the base specific fluorochromes. The non-fluorescent G--C specific antibiotic actinomycin-D enhanced the resolution of fluorescent bands produced by the A--T specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258. Similarly the non-fluorescent A--T specific antibiotic netropsin was found to enhance resolution of the bands produced by the G--C -specific fluorochrome olivomycin. Netropsin was also found to increase the differential fluorescent enhancement of complexes of olivomycin with DNAs of various base composition in solution. These findings suggest that counterstaining agents act through a base sequence dependent inhibition of subsequent binding by base pair specific fluorochromes.--The base specific DNA binding agents have been used to differentiate different types of constitutive heterochromatin in mammalian species, and to facilitate chromosome identification in somatic cell hybrids.", "PMID": 81737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8327", "title": "Comparisons of in vivo BrdU labeling methods and spontaneous sister chromatid exchange frequencies in regenerating murine liver and bone marrow cells.", "content": "BrdU and BrdC have been employed as DNA labeling agents for differentiation of sister chromatids and for extension of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) methods to regenerating murine liver cells in vivo. Comparisons were made between bone marrow and liver cells isolated simultaneously from mice following DNA labeling with either BrdC or BrdU. Although the total mitotic yield of bone marrow cells was considerably greater than in liver, a higher percentage of second division metaphases was observed in liver cell preparations. The percentages of second division c-metaphase cells observed were 31.5% in bone marrow and 73% in liver cell preparations. Utilizing either BrdU or BrdC, no significant difference in percentage of second division metaphases was discerned. The number of spontaneous SCEs per cell was distributed according to the Poisson probability function. No significant differences in mean numbers of SCEs per cell were found in comparisons of bone marrow (1.40) and liver cells (1.65) or of cells which had incorporated BrdU or BrdC.", "contents": "Comparisons of in vivo BrdU labeling methods and spontaneous sister chromatid exchange frequencies in regenerating murine liver and bone marrow cells. BrdU and BrdC have been employed as DNA labeling agents for differentiation of sister chromatids and for extension of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) methods to regenerating murine liver cells in vivo. Comparisons were made between bone marrow and liver cells isolated simultaneously from mice following DNA labeling with either BrdC or BrdU. Although the total mitotic yield of bone marrow cells was considerably greater than in liver, a higher percentage of second division metaphases was observed in liver cell preparations. The percentages of second division c-metaphase cells observed were 31.5% in bone marrow and 73% in liver cell preparations. Utilizing either BrdU or BrdC, no significant difference in percentage of second division metaphases was discerned. The number of spontaneous SCEs per cell was distributed according to the Poisson probability function. No significant differences in mean numbers of SCEs per cell were found in comparisons of bone marrow (1.40) and liver cells (1.65) or of cells which had incorporated BrdU or BrdC.", "PMID": 81738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8328", "title": "[Endoscopic findings in Whipple's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with massive ascites, bouts of fever of unknown aetiology and cachexia, duodenoscopy and laparoscopy revealed white-yellow, partly confluent, nodules and plaques on the duodenal mucosa, and the surface of the liver and the peritoneum of the upper right abdominal quadrant, leading to the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Histological examinations of these deposits revealed an accumulation of PAS-positive macrophages (SPC cells = sickle-form particle containing cells) and lysosomal bacterial inclusions under the electron-microscope. This raises the possibility of a simple endoscopic method for diagnosing Whipple's disease.", "contents": "[Endoscopic findings in Whipple's disease (author's transl)]. In a patient with massive ascites, bouts of fever of unknown aetiology and cachexia, duodenoscopy and laparoscopy revealed white-yellow, partly confluent, nodules and plaques on the duodenal mucosa, and the surface of the liver and the peritoneum of the upper right abdominal quadrant, leading to the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Histological examinations of these deposits revealed an accumulation of PAS-positive macrophages (SPC cells = sickle-form particle containing cells) and lysosomal bacterial inclusions under the electron-microscope. This raises the possibility of a simple endoscopic method for diagnosing Whipple's disease.", "PMID": 81739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8329", "title": "Cortical responses from adults and infants to complex visual stimuli.", "content": "Event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the onset of visual stimuli were extracted from the EEG of normal adult (N = 16) and infant (N = 23) subjects. Subjects were not required to make any response. Stimuli delivered to the adults were 150 msec exposures of 2 sets of colored slides projected in 4 blocks, 2 in focus and 2 out of focus. Infants received 2-sec exposures of slides showing people, colored drawings or scenes from Disneyland, as well as 2-sec illuminations of the experimenter as she played a game or of a TV screen the baby was watching. The adult ERPs showed 6 waves (N1 through P4) in the 140--600-msec range; this included a positive wave at around 350 msec that was large when the stimuli were focused and smaller when they were not. The waves in the 150--200-msec range, by contrast, steadily dropped in amplitude as the experiment progressed. The infant ERPs differed greatly from the adult ones in morphology, usually showing a positive (latency about 200 msec)--negative(5--600msec)--positive(1000msec) sequence. This ERP appeared in all the stimulus conditions; its presence or absence, furthermore, was correlated with whether or not the baby seemed interested in the stimuli. Four infants failed to produce these ERPs; an independent measure of attention to the stimuli, heart rate deceleration, was demonstrated in two of them. An electrode placed beneath the eye to monitor eye movements yielded ERPs closely resembling those derived from the scalp in most subjects; reasons are given for assigning this response to activity in the brain, probably at the frontal pole. This study appears to be one of the first to search for cognitive 'late waves' in a no-task situation. The results suggest that further work with such task-free paradigms may yield additional useful techniques for studying the ERP.", "contents": "Cortical responses from adults and infants to complex visual stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the onset of visual stimuli were extracted from the EEG of normal adult (N = 16) and infant (N = 23) subjects. Subjects were not required to make any response. Stimuli delivered to the adults were 150 msec exposures of 2 sets of colored slides projected in 4 blocks, 2 in focus and 2 out of focus. Infants received 2-sec exposures of slides showing people, colored drawings or scenes from Disneyland, as well as 2-sec illuminations of the experimenter as she played a game or of a TV screen the baby was watching. The adult ERPs showed 6 waves (N1 through P4) in the 140--600-msec range; this included a positive wave at around 350 msec that was large when the stimuli were focused and smaller when they were not. The waves in the 150--200-msec range, by contrast, steadily dropped in amplitude as the experiment progressed. The infant ERPs differed greatly from the adult ones in morphology, usually showing a positive (latency about 200 msec)--negative(5--600msec)--positive(1000msec) sequence. This ERP appeared in all the stimulus conditions; its presence or absence, furthermore, was correlated with whether or not the baby seemed interested in the stimuli. Four infants failed to produce these ERPs; an independent measure of attention to the stimuli, heart rate deceleration, was demonstrated in two of them. An electrode placed beneath the eye to monitor eye movements yielded ERPs closely resembling those derived from the scalp in most subjects; reasons are given for assigning this response to activity in the brain, probably at the frontal pole. This study appears to be one of the first to search for cognitive 'late waves' in a no-task situation. The results suggest that further work with such task-free paradigms may yield additional useful techniques for studying the ERP.", "PMID": 81745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8330", "title": "EEG asymmetry in educationally handicapped children.", "content": "Bilaterally homologous parietal and temporal EEGs were recorded from two groups of educationally handicapped children while the subjects (Ss) rested with eyes open or closed or performed in simple tasks designed to differentially activate the two hemispheres (reading by Ss, reading to Ss, draw a picture). A 'dyslexic' but not dysphasic group showed a reversal of theta asymmetry from eyes closed to eyes open (L less than R to L greater than R). This difference between groups was reflected most at the parietal placement. Theta in the parietal lead changed in accordance with expectations from reading to drawing (reduction of the R/L ratio), but that pattern did not occur at the temporal lead in 'dyslexics'. A discriminant analysis on theta power correctly classified 20 of the 22 children.", "contents": "EEG asymmetry in educationally handicapped children. Bilaterally homologous parietal and temporal EEGs were recorded from two groups of educationally handicapped children while the subjects (Ss) rested with eyes open or closed or performed in simple tasks designed to differentially activate the two hemispheres (reading by Ss, reading to Ss, draw a picture). A 'dyslexic' but not dysphasic group showed a reversal of theta asymmetry from eyes closed to eyes open (L less than R to L greater than R). This difference between groups was reflected most at the parietal placement. Theta in the parietal lead changed in accordance with expectations from reading to drawing (reduction of the R/L ratio), but that pattern did not occur at the temporal lead in 'dyslexics'. A discriminant analysis on theta power correctly classified 20 of the 22 children.", "PMID": 81746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8331", "title": "Evoked K-complexes and cardiovascular responses to spindle-synchronous and spindle-asynchronous stimulus clicks during NREM sleep.", "content": "The hypothesis that the functional role of the sleep spindle is to preserve sleep by inhibiting sensory input (Yamadori 1971) was examined. Series of 44 dB, 10 msec, 1000 c/sec 'clicks' were presented to 12 subjects at a 30-sec ISI during stage 2 sleep either during spindle bursts (i.e. spindle-synchronous clicks) or during interburst periods (i.e. spindle-asynchronous clicks). Contrary to the spindle inhibitory hypothesis, cortical EEG and cardiovascular responses showed no evidence of spindle 'suppression'. Evoked K-complexes were potentiated by the spindle-synchronous stimulation. A second study with 7 subjects replicated this result and extended the finding to include stage 3--4 sleep. It was suggested that the potentiation of evoked K-complexes was due to phasic reductions in inhibitory action during sleep spindles resulting in increased transmission of sensory events or, perhaps, an increase in the lability of certain EEG response systems.", "contents": "Evoked K-complexes and cardiovascular responses to spindle-synchronous and spindle-asynchronous stimulus clicks during NREM sleep. The hypothesis that the functional role of the sleep spindle is to preserve sleep by inhibiting sensory input (Yamadori 1971) was examined. Series of 44 dB, 10 msec, 1000 c/sec 'clicks' were presented to 12 subjects at a 30-sec ISI during stage 2 sleep either during spindle bursts (i.e. spindle-synchronous clicks) or during interburst periods (i.e. spindle-asynchronous clicks). Contrary to the spindle inhibitory hypothesis, cortical EEG and cardiovascular responses showed no evidence of spindle 'suppression'. Evoked K-complexes were potentiated by the spindle-synchronous stimulation. A second study with 7 subjects replicated this result and extended the finding to include stage 3--4 sleep. It was suggested that the potentiation of evoked K-complexes was due to phasic reductions in inhibitory action during sleep spindles resulting in increased transmission of sensory events or, perhaps, an increase in the lability of certain EEG response systems.", "PMID": 81747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8332", "title": "Origin of the neocortically monitored theta rhythm in the curarized rat.", "content": "An array of epidural electrodes was acutely implanted in locally anesthetized, curarized rats in order to map the surface distribution of rhythmic slow activity (RSA) which appears within the neocortex. Peak amplitudes (of about 122 muV) were centered over the dorsal hippocampus outline. A laminar profile of RSA recorded within the neocortex indicated no shifts in phase relative to a homotopic, epidural electrode. RSA increased slightly in amplitude (mean increase = 53%) at the deepest level or neocortex, but it did not approximate an amplitude peak or null within the neocortex. Multiple-unit activities within the neocortex were not phase-locked to RSA. On the other hand, all of these manifestations of an RSA generator were observed as electrodes passed into the dorsal hippocampus. A unilateral cortical spreading depression (CSD) treatment, which markedly attenuated barbiturate spindles in all subjects (N = 10), usually (N = 7 of 10) had no effect on the neocortically monitored RSA. Dissociations between depressed and non-depressed hemispheres, and between neocortical and hippocampal RSA, were obtained in some subjects during CSD. However, concurrent dissociations were also apparent between recording sites within the hippocampus. It is concluded that the neocortical RSA of rats is passively spread from the underlying hippocampus, and dissociations in neocortical and hippocampal RSA in the rat are secondary to changes in the organization of multiple generators of hippocampal RSA.", "contents": "Origin of the neocortically monitored theta rhythm in the curarized rat. An array of epidural electrodes was acutely implanted in locally anesthetized, curarized rats in order to map the surface distribution of rhythmic slow activity (RSA) which appears within the neocortex. Peak amplitudes (of about 122 muV) were centered over the dorsal hippocampus outline. A laminar profile of RSA recorded within the neocortex indicated no shifts in phase relative to a homotopic, epidural electrode. RSA increased slightly in amplitude (mean increase = 53%) at the deepest level or neocortex, but it did not approximate an amplitude peak or null within the neocortex. Multiple-unit activities within the neocortex were not phase-locked to RSA. On the other hand, all of these manifestations of an RSA generator were observed as electrodes passed into the dorsal hippocampus. A unilateral cortical spreading depression (CSD) treatment, which markedly attenuated barbiturate spindles in all subjects (N = 10), usually (N = 7 of 10) had no effect on the neocortically monitored RSA. Dissociations between depressed and non-depressed hemispheres, and between neocortical and hippocampal RSA, were obtained in some subjects during CSD. However, concurrent dissociations were also apparent between recording sites within the hippocampus. It is concluded that the neocortical RSA of rats is passively spread from the underlying hippocampus, and dissociations in neocortical and hippocampal RSA in the rat are secondary to changes in the organization of multiple generators of hippocampal RSA.", "PMID": 81748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8333", "title": "Neurophysiological correlates of cognitive development: changes in long-latency event-related potentials from childhood to adulthood.", "content": "Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to tachistoscopically flashed slides were recorded from subjects ranging from 6 to 36 years of age. Subjects counted the number of presentations of target slides (P = 0.12) randomly interposed in sequences of background slides (either P = 0.76 or P = 0.88). Also interposed (P = 0.12) in these sequences of targets and backgrounds were one of two types of slides: those (termed dims) bearing any one of the letters from C to Z or those bearing 'novel' patterns, each consisting of a different, quasi-random, 'unrecognizable' color pattern. Targets and backgrounds elicited N1, P2, N2 and P3 waves in subjects of every age tested, suggesting that the mode of processing such explicitly important events and the neuronal substrate for such processing, is similar in children and adults. However, P3 latencies and reaction times in response to these events decreased with age, suggesting that the speed of such processing increases with age. On the other hand, dims and novels elicited ERPs in young children and adults characterized by different late waves. ERPs in 6--8 year olds were characterized by Nc waves (ca. 410 msec and 30 muV) and Pc waves (ca. 900 msec and 30 muV), while ERPs in adults were characterized by P3 waves (ca. 420 msec and 15 muV. The transition from the childhood to adulthood wave form occured in the mid-teens. It is suggested that these differences in ERP wave forms reflect differences in the way children and adults categorize events.", "contents": "Neurophysiological correlates of cognitive development: changes in long-latency event-related potentials from childhood to adulthood. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to tachistoscopically flashed slides were recorded from subjects ranging from 6 to 36 years of age. Subjects counted the number of presentations of target slides (P = 0.12) randomly interposed in sequences of background slides (either P = 0.76 or P = 0.88). Also interposed (P = 0.12) in these sequences of targets and backgrounds were one of two types of slides: those (termed dims) bearing any one of the letters from C to Z or those bearing 'novel' patterns, each consisting of a different, quasi-random, 'unrecognizable' color pattern. Targets and backgrounds elicited N1, P2, N2 and P3 waves in subjects of every age tested, suggesting that the mode of processing such explicitly important events and the neuronal substrate for such processing, is similar in children and adults. However, P3 latencies and reaction times in response to these events decreased with age, suggesting that the speed of such processing increases with age. On the other hand, dims and novels elicited ERPs in young children and adults characterized by different late waves. ERPs in 6--8 year olds were characterized by Nc waves (ca. 410 msec and 30 muV) and Pc waves (ca. 900 msec and 30 muV), while ERPs in adults were characterized by P3 waves (ca. 420 msec and 15 muV. The transition from the childhood to adulthood wave form occured in the mid-teens. It is suggested that these differences in ERP wave forms reflect differences in the way children and adults categorize events.", "PMID": 81749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8334", "title": "Ethanol dependence in the rat: role of non-specific and limbic regions in the withdrawal reaction.", "content": "Chronic bipolar electrodes were implanted in cortical, limbic, diencephalic and mesencephalic regions of the rat. Following recovery from surgery the rats were maintained for 14--26 days on a liquid diet in which 35--42% of total calories were provided by ethanol. Following ethanol withdrawal, electrographic and behavioral monitoring was continued for 8--10 h. The withdrawal of ethanol resulted in the time-dependent appearance of a variety of withdrawal signs including tail arching, ataxia, rigidity, tremor and spontaneous and audiogenic convulsions. These behavioral signs were accompanied by the development of epileptiform abnormalities across wide-spread brain regions. Analysis of preconvulsive spike activity revealed a greater spike frequency in limbic, mesencephalic and non-specific diencephalic regions, as compared to those in cortex and specific diencephalon. Seizure discharge during the tonic-clonic phase of the primary audiogenic convulsion was initiated in the mesencephalon or amygdala, but spread rather extensively to the remainder of the brain. In those instances, however, where multiple convulsions occurred following the audiogenic convulsions, there was a marked decline in spread of seizure discharge to the cortex. These results were interpreted to support the notion that some degree of neuroanatomical specificity exists in the genesis of epileptiform abnormalities during ethanol withdrawal. A comparison of these results with those studying the neural mechanisms underlying other forms of generalized epilepsy was made. It is hypothesized that central pacemaking regions such as medial thalamus or reticular formation may serve to organize isolated epileptiform activity into coherent patterns of paroxysmal activity throughout the brain during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "Ethanol dependence in the rat: role of non-specific and limbic regions in the withdrawal reaction. Chronic bipolar electrodes were implanted in cortical, limbic, diencephalic and mesencephalic regions of the rat. Following recovery from surgery the rats were maintained for 14--26 days on a liquid diet in which 35--42% of total calories were provided by ethanol. Following ethanol withdrawal, electrographic and behavioral monitoring was continued for 8--10 h. The withdrawal of ethanol resulted in the time-dependent appearance of a variety of withdrawal signs including tail arching, ataxia, rigidity, tremor and spontaneous and audiogenic convulsions. These behavioral signs were accompanied by the development of epileptiform abnormalities across wide-spread brain regions. Analysis of preconvulsive spike activity revealed a greater spike frequency in limbic, mesencephalic and non-specific diencephalic regions, as compared to those in cortex and specific diencephalon. Seizure discharge during the tonic-clonic phase of the primary audiogenic convulsion was initiated in the mesencephalon or amygdala, but spread rather extensively to the remainder of the brain. In those instances, however, where multiple convulsions occurred following the audiogenic convulsions, there was a marked decline in spread of seizure discharge to the cortex. These results were interpreted to support the notion that some degree of neuroanatomical specificity exists in the genesis of epileptiform abnormalities during ethanol withdrawal. A comparison of these results with those studying the neural mechanisms underlying other forms of generalized epilepsy was made. It is hypothesized that central pacemaking regions such as medial thalamus or reticular formation may serve to organize isolated epileptiform activity into coherent patterns of paroxysmal activity throughout the brain during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 81750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8335", "title": "Effects of luminance on the pattern visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were recorded at 5 levels of luminance from 26 patients with multiple sclerosis and from age-matched normal subjects. In normal subjects, the latency of both the major positive peak (P100) and the early positive peak (P60) was an inverse logarithmic function of pattern luminance. The increase in latency per unit log decrease in luminance was 12.1 msec for P100 and 5.7 msec for P60. Only 2 patients had entirely normal results. In 9 patients, the increase in latency of P100 per unit log decrease in luminance was abnormal. Of the 18 luminance-latency functions obtained from testing both eyes, 10 were abnormal, 6 showing a greater than normal increase in latency  with decreasing luminance and 4 a less than normal increase. The 6 luminance-latency functions with a greater than normal increase in latency with decreasing luminance were all from patients without other evidence of optic nerve involvement. Pattern luminance, therefore, as well as patient selection, can significantly affect the proportion of abnormal PVEP latencies in any group of patients with possible, probable or definite multiple sclerosis. The abnormal response of the PVEP to changes in luminance and the different effects upon P100 and P60 indicate that the delayed PVEPs in patients with multiple sclerosis cannot be attributed solely to slowing of conduction in the optic nerve.", "contents": "Effects of luminance on the pattern visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis. Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were recorded at 5 levels of luminance from 26 patients with multiple sclerosis and from age-matched normal subjects. In normal subjects, the latency of both the major positive peak (P100) and the early positive peak (P60) was an inverse logarithmic function of pattern luminance. The increase in latency per unit log decrease in luminance was 12.1 msec for P100 and 5.7 msec for P60. Only 2 patients had entirely normal results. In 9 patients, the increase in latency of P100 per unit log decrease in luminance was abnormal. Of the 18 luminance-latency functions obtained from testing both eyes, 10 were abnormal, 6 showing a greater than normal increase in latency  with decreasing luminance and 4 a less than normal increase. The 6 luminance-latency functions with a greater than normal increase in latency with decreasing luminance were all from patients without other evidence of optic nerve involvement. Pattern luminance, therefore, as well as patient selection, can significantly affect the proportion of abnormal PVEP latencies in any group of patients with possible, probable or definite multiple sclerosis. The abnormal response of the PVEP to changes in luminance and the different effects upon P100 and P60 indicate that the delayed PVEPs in patients with multiple sclerosis cannot be attributed solely to slowing of conduction in the optic nerve.", "PMID": 81751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8336", "title": "Early somatosensory evoked potentials.", "content": "The early somatosensory evoked potential secondary to median nerve stimulation in the human had an onset latency of 9--12 msec when recorded from scalp electrodes at vertex-to-mastoid, vertex-to-inion or at the base of the skull. Similar latencies were observed from responses recorded over the cervical dorsal columns during neurologic surgery. A latency difference of 1.5 msec was observed between the early response and the responses recorded from the junction of medial lemniscus and nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis of the thalamus during human stereotaxic surgery. Cervical cord transections and transection at the midpontine levels of the monkey showed that the evoked potential was due to generators between these levels. Depth recording of the monkey indicate that the early evoked potential originates in the region of dorsal column nuclei, while the later components are secondary to generators in cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Early somatosensory evoked potentials. The early somatosensory evoked potential secondary to median nerve stimulation in the human had an onset latency of 9--12 msec when recorded from scalp electrodes at vertex-to-mastoid, vertex-to-inion or at the base of the skull. Similar latencies were observed from responses recorded over the cervical dorsal columns during neurologic surgery. A latency difference of 1.5 msec was observed between the early response and the responses recorded from the junction of medial lemniscus and nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis of the thalamus during human stereotaxic surgery. Cervical cord transections and transection at the midpontine levels of the monkey showed that the evoked potential was due to generators between these levels. Depth recording of the monkey indicate that the early evoked potential originates in the region of dorsal column nuclei, while the later components are secondary to generators in cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 81752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8337", "title": "Auditory brain-stem responses in comatose patients: relationship with brain-stem reflexes and levels of coma.", "content": "Auditory brain-stem responses (BSR) were recorded in 20 comatose patients in whom the level of brain-stem dysfunction was defined by clinical assessment of brain-stem reflexes and posture. No BSR abnormalities were found in the 10 cases with cortico-subcortical or diencephalic levels. The other 10 patients showed a clear relationship between alteration of the different components of the BSR and the clinical levels of brain-stem dysfunction caused by the rostro-caudal evolution. Alteration of wave P5 seems related to a midbrain dysfunction, of P3 to a pontine dysfunction and of P1 or P2 to a lower brain-stem dysfunction.", "contents": "Auditory brain-stem responses in comatose patients: relationship with brain-stem reflexes and levels of coma. Auditory brain-stem responses (BSR) were recorded in 20 comatose patients in whom the level of brain-stem dysfunction was defined by clinical assessment of brain-stem reflexes and posture. No BSR abnormalities were found in the 10 cases with cortico-subcortical or diencephalic levels. The other 10 patients showed a clear relationship between alteration of the different components of the BSR and the clinical levels of brain-stem dysfunction caused by the rostro-caudal evolution. Alteration of wave P5 seems related to a midbrain dysfunction, of P3 to a pontine dysfunction and of P1 or P2 to a lower brain-stem dysfunction.", "PMID": 81753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8338", "title": "Interictal--ictal transition in the feline penicillin epileptogenic focus.", "content": "A study was undertaken to examine those EEG features which characterize interictal--ictal (II--I) transitions in the feline penicillin focus. The study describes certain complex changes in spike frequency and their statistical analysis, which appear to have predictive value in signaling II--I transitions. The significance of these data with respect to the conflicting results of other studies and their possible application to clinical epilepsy are discussed.", "contents": "Interictal--ictal transition in the feline penicillin epileptogenic focus. A study was undertaken to examine those EEG features which characterize interictal--ictal (II--I) transitions in the feline penicillin focus. The study describes certain complex changes in spike frequency and their statistical analysis, which appear to have predictive value in signaling II--I transitions. The significance of these data with respect to the conflicting results of other studies and their possible application to clinical epilepsy are discussed.", "PMID": 81754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8339", "title": "A flexible low cost signal averager.", "content": "A 2 channel signal averager based on the KIM-1 microcomputer module is described which can be easily assembled for under $500. Number of samples per pass can be set to 128 or 256 and sample time is variable from 1 msec to 256 msec. Averaged data can be displayed on an oscilloscope, output slowly for use of a chart recorder, or stored on a low cost audio cassette recorder for later analysis. Simply adding additional memory (for less than $100) allows it to be expanded to 8 channels.", "contents": "A flexible low cost signal averager. A 2 channel signal averager based on the KIM-1 microcomputer module is described which can be easily assembled for under $500. Number of samples per pass can be set to 128 or 256 and sample time is variable from 1 msec to 256 msec. Averaged data can be displayed on an oscilloscope, output slowly for use of a chart recorder, or stored on a low cost audio cassette recorder for later analysis. Simply adding additional memory (for less than $100) allows it to be expanded to 8 channels.", "PMID": 81755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8340", "title": "Digital memory recorder in electromyography and nerve conduction studies.", "content": "Specifications are given: (i) for a 3-channel digital memory that, when connected to an inkjet writer, allows action potentials from muscle and nerve to be recorded without distortion (upper limiting frequency 10,000 Hz); (ii) for a 14-channel digital memory connected to a 14-channel inkjet writer for the measurement of the territory of the motor units by recording simultaneously from 14 leads of a multi-electrode spaced over the cross-section of the muscle; (iii) for a digital circuit that rejects signals that exceed a given amplitude and duration and interfere with electronic averaging of potentials from sensory nerve less than 1 muV in amplitude.", "contents": "Digital memory recorder in electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Specifications are given: (i) for a 3-channel digital memory that, when connected to an inkjet writer, allows action potentials from muscle and nerve to be recorded without distortion (upper limiting frequency 10,000 Hz); (ii) for a 14-channel digital memory connected to a 14-channel inkjet writer for the measurement of the territory of the motor units by recording simultaneously from 14 leads of a multi-electrode spaced over the cross-section of the muscle; (iii) for a digital circuit that rejects signals that exceed a given amplitude and duration and interfere with electronic averaging of potentials from sensory nerve less than 1 muV in amplitude.", "PMID": 81756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8341", "title": "A clinically effective spike recognition program: its use at electrocorticography.", "content": "This automated system detects spikes when the first derivative value of the EEG or ECoG signal exceeds a user-determined threshold twice, with reversal of direction, within 30--80 msec. The EEGer selects this threshold by his assessment of the system's initial performance in a recording situation. By combining the spike detecting abilities of both the EEGer and computer, two tasks can be accomplished on-line for 16-channel EEG or ECoG: (1) localization of the origin of widely synchronous spikes, and (2) assessment of the relative quantities of spikes emanating from several active regions. This system achieved a human-computer correlation ranging from 0.79 to 0.84.", "contents": "A clinically effective spike recognition program: its use at electrocorticography. This automated system detects spikes when the first derivative value of the EEG or ECoG signal exceeds a user-determined threshold twice, with reversal of direction, within 30--80 msec. The EEGer selects this threshold by his assessment of the system's initial performance in a recording situation. By combining the spike detecting abilities of both the EEGer and computer, two tasks can be accomplished on-line for 16-channel EEG or ECoG: (1) localization of the origin of widely synchronous spikes, and (2) assessment of the relative quantities of spikes emanating from several active regions. This system achieved a human-computer correlation ranging from 0.79 to 0.84.", "PMID": 81757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8342", "title": "Bereitschaftspontential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task.", "content": "Bereitschaftspontential (BP) research typically uses very simple, abrupt movements that require no learning and which change little over the duration of the experimental session. The present study investigated changes in the size and cortical distribution of the BP during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Twelve subjects were employed. Electrodes at FZ, CZ, C3'' and C4'' were used to record the EEG with DC amplifiers. A series of 6 button presses in a specified pattern constituted the motor task. Subjects were instructed to press the series every 20 sec as quickly as possible, but with no errors. Significant response time, electrode and trial main effects, and electrode by trial interactions were found. The BP increased steadily at all electrodes as performance improved, i.e., as response time decreased. After the response reached asymptote the BP recorded at FZ and C4'' decreased, while the BP at CZ and C3'' remained relatively constant. Multivariate analyses of covariance showed a consistent relationship between the improvement in response times and the changes in the BP. This study demonstrates that the size and cortical distribution of the BP are systematically related to improved proficiency of a motor response with learning.", "contents": "Bereitschaftspontential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Bereitschaftspontential (BP) research typically uses very simple, abrupt movements that require no learning and which change little over the duration of the experimental session. The present study investigated changes in the size and cortical distribution of the BP during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Twelve subjects were employed. Electrodes at FZ, CZ, C3'' and C4'' were used to record the EEG with DC amplifiers. A series of 6 button presses in a specified pattern constituted the motor task. Subjects were instructed to press the series every 20 sec as quickly as possible, but with no errors. Significant response time, electrode and trial main effects, and electrode by trial interactions were found. The BP increased steadily at all electrodes as performance improved, i.e., as response time decreased. After the response reached asymptote the BP recorded at FZ and C4'' decreased, while the BP at CZ and C3'' remained relatively constant. Multivariate analyses of covariance showed a consistent relationship between the improvement in response times and the changes in the BP. This study demonstrates that the size and cortical distribution of the BP are systematically related to improved proficiency of a motor response with learning.", "PMID": 81759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8343", "title": "Auditory brain stem potentials with alcohol.", "content": "Auditory brain stem potentials were recorded from unrestrained rats and from cats paralyzed with Flaxedil, before and after ingestion of intoxicating dosages of alcohol. The acute effect of alcohol was a cumulative increase in the central conduction times of successive brain stem potential peaks. Statistically significant latency changes were found for peaks attributed to neural structures as far peripherally as the medulla. This depressive influence of alcohol on sensory transmission was independent of variations in stimulus intensity and body temperature.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem potentials with alcohol. Auditory brain stem potentials were recorded from unrestrained rats and from cats paralyzed with Flaxedil, before and after ingestion of intoxicating dosages of alcohol. The acute effect of alcohol was a cumulative increase in the central conduction times of successive brain stem potential peaks. Statistically significant latency changes were found for peaks attributed to neural structures as far peripherally as the medulla. This depressive influence of alcohol on sensory transmission was independent of variations in stimulus intensity and body temperature.", "PMID": 81760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8344", "title": "Activity of human hippocampal formation and amygdala neurons during memory testing.", "content": "Single and multiple unit recordings were made from fine wires stereotaxically implanted in the hippocampus (HC), hippocampal gyrus (HCG), and amygdala (Am) of psychomotor epileptics. During a series of memory and control tests presented on slides, 21 of 155 HCG units, 15 of 59 HC units, and 2 of 54 Am units showed what appeared to be simple phasic or tonic visual responses. Twenty-seven other units, found only in the HCG, changed firing only during slides requiring a choice ('choice units'). A given choice unit responded during choices indicated verbally or manually, and during tasks requiring recall of Recent Memory, various visual discriminations, and expressions of preference. Choice units were not affected by sensory stimulation or motor activity in contexts not requiring choice. Phasically inhibited choice units had higher firing rates and lower signal-to-noise ratios than tonically excited units. Whether an electrode recorded a choice unit was unrelated to if it recorded a response to hyperventilation, or was in an area of epileptic pathology. Recordings were also made during an interview lasting several hours and eliciting a wide range of behaviors. Five of the 131 HCG units fired in repeated extended bursts, at least 50 times background during recall of word pairs or of the patient's hospital room. The unit response did not occur during numerous control tasks possessing similar overt sensory, motor, and social concomitants, but not requiring Recent Memory.", "contents": "Activity of human hippocampal formation and amygdala neurons during memory testing. Single and multiple unit recordings were made from fine wires stereotaxically implanted in the hippocampus (HC), hippocampal gyrus (HCG), and amygdala (Am) of psychomotor epileptics. During a series of memory and control tests presented on slides, 21 of 155 HCG units, 15 of 59 HC units, and 2 of 54 Am units showed what appeared to be simple phasic or tonic visual responses. Twenty-seven other units, found only in the HCG, changed firing only during slides requiring a choice ('choice units'). A given choice unit responded during choices indicated verbally or manually, and during tasks requiring recall of Recent Memory, various visual discriminations, and expressions of preference. Choice units were not affected by sensory stimulation or motor activity in contexts not requiring choice. Phasically inhibited choice units had higher firing rates and lower signal-to-noise ratios than tonically excited units. Whether an electrode recorded a choice unit was unrelated to if it recorded a response to hyperventilation, or was in an area of epileptic pathology. Recordings were also made during an interview lasting several hours and eliciting a wide range of behaviors. Five of the 131 HCG units fired in repeated extended bursts, at least 50 times background during recall of word pairs or of the patient's hospital room. The unit response did not occur during numerous control tasks possessing similar overt sensory, motor, and social concomitants, but not requiring Recent Memory.", "PMID": 81761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8345", "title": "Experimental kuru in the rhesus monkey: a study of EEG modifications in the waking state and during sleep.", "content": "EEG patterns recorded in the waking state and during sleep were studied in 6 rhesus monkeys inoculated with a strain of Kuru previously passaged in rhesus monkey (ENAGE strain, rhesus L6 56). The onset of the disease was confirmed by the appearance of various clinical signs in 4 monkeys 15 months after inoculation. At the 16th month, the first EEG modifications appeared during sleep, which became lighter. The waking EEG was abnormal during the mature phase of the disease; it was characterized by slow anomalies and scattered spikes. The sleep EEG still presented 3 stages of Slow Wave Sleep which, however, were totally unlike the physiological stages. REM sleep rapidly disappeared, as did the cyclic organization pattern. Irritative phenomena became very significant and, in particular, very frequent 'tonic seizures' were observed. Experimental Kuru thus appears, in the rhesus monkey, as an epileptogenic encephalopathy, which is differentiated from both the human disease and the experimental disease in the chimpanzee.", "contents": "Experimental kuru in the rhesus monkey: a study of EEG modifications in the waking state and during sleep. EEG patterns recorded in the waking state and during sleep were studied in 6 rhesus monkeys inoculated with a strain of Kuru previously passaged in rhesus monkey (ENAGE strain, rhesus L6 56). The onset of the disease was confirmed by the appearance of various clinical signs in 4 monkeys 15 months after inoculation. At the 16th month, the first EEG modifications appeared during sleep, which became lighter. The waking EEG was abnormal during the mature phase of the disease; it was characterized by slow anomalies and scattered spikes. The sleep EEG still presented 3 stages of Slow Wave Sleep which, however, were totally unlike the physiological stages. REM sleep rapidly disappeared, as did the cyclic organization pattern. Irritative phenomena became very significant and, in particular, very frequent 'tonic seizures' were observed. Experimental Kuru thus appears, in the rhesus monkey, as an epileptogenic encephalopathy, which is differentiated from both the human disease and the experimental disease in the chimpanzee.", "PMID": 81763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8346", "title": "Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects.", "content": "Excessive daytime sleepiness is a complaint characterizing many disorders of the wakefulness--sleep cycle. This paper addresses the complaint of sleepiness objectively by an attempt to differentiate a group of control subjects from a group of patients with unambiguous narcolepsy. Fourteen control and 27 narcoleptic subjects were evaluated by one of three protocols involving nocturnal recordings, detailed interviews, and 5 or more 20-min opportunities to sleep offered at 2-h intervals beginning at 10.00 o'clock, +/- 30 min. Each 20-min opportunity to sleep was given to subjects lying in a darkened quiet room and asked to try to fall asleep. Polysomnographic variables were monitored and sleep was scored in 30-sec epochs by standard criteria. The interval from the start of each test to the first epoch of NREM (including stage 1 sleep) or REM sleep was called sleep latency. In two of the protocols, the subjects were awakened immediately after sleep onset. In the third protocol, the subjects were awakened after 10 min of sleep. Narcoleptics consistently fell asleep much more readily than did control subjects. We conclude that the Multiple Sleep latency test, in addition to providing opportunities to clinically document sleep onset REM sleep periods, can demonstrate pathological sleepiness. Based on these data, we suggest that an average sleep latency less than 5 min be set as the minimum cutoff point for pathological sleepiness.", "contents": "Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. Excessive daytime sleepiness is a complaint characterizing many disorders of the wakefulness--sleep cycle. This paper addresses the complaint of sleepiness objectively by an attempt to differentiate a group of control subjects from a group of patients with unambiguous narcolepsy. Fourteen control and 27 narcoleptic subjects were evaluated by one of three protocols involving nocturnal recordings, detailed interviews, and 5 or more 20-min opportunities to sleep offered at 2-h intervals beginning at 10.00 o'clock, +/- 30 min. Each 20-min opportunity to sleep was given to subjects lying in a darkened quiet room and asked to try to fall asleep. Polysomnographic variables were monitored and sleep was scored in 30-sec epochs by standard criteria. The interval from the start of each test to the first epoch of NREM (including stage 1 sleep) or REM sleep was called sleep latency. In two of the protocols, the subjects were awakened immediately after sleep onset. In the third protocol, the subjects were awakened after 10 min of sleep. Narcoleptics consistently fell asleep much more readily than did control subjects. We conclude that the Multiple Sleep latency test, in addition to providing opportunities to clinically document sleep onset REM sleep periods, can demonstrate pathological sleepiness. Based on these data, we suggest that an average sleep latency less than 5 min be set as the minimum cutoff point for pathological sleepiness.", "PMID": 81764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8347", "title": "Size-specific information channels and selective attention: visual evoked potential and behavioral measures.", "content": "Subjects were shown a stimulus (diffuse light or a checkerboard pattern with checks subtending 12' or 35' of arc) and were instructed to remember and attend (give a reaction time response to or count) that stimulus during the course of an approximately 6-min trial. A trial consisted of the random presentation of 8 stimulus flashes (diffuse light and checkerboards with 9, 12, 18, 24, 35, 45, 94 and 95 min checks) at a rate of 1/555--930 msec. Visual evoked potentials and reaction times were averaged to each of the 8 stimuli. The purpose of the experiment was to assess how specifically the relevant stimulus could be attended, as indicated by VEPs and behavioral responses to the relevant and 7 irrelevant stimuli. Attention to one check size resulted in greater amplitude VEP components to that size than to other sizes: the greater the discrepancy between the flashed and attended check size, the smaller the VEP amplitude. Such size tuning was first evident in the VEP 160 msec after stimulation and most evident at 260 msec. The bandwidth of the VEP amplitude size-tuning functions became progressively narrower from 160 up to 260 msec, that point in time when the RT response was initiated. The width at 260 msec was similar to that indicated by the behavioral RT data (modal latency of 322 msec). The functional components of the VEP appeared to reflect the effects of attention on the activity of cortical size channels or detectors.", "contents": "Size-specific information channels and selective attention: visual evoked potential and behavioral measures. Subjects were shown a stimulus (diffuse light or a checkerboard pattern with checks subtending 12' or 35' of arc) and were instructed to remember and attend (give a reaction time response to or count) that stimulus during the course of an approximately 6-min trial. A trial consisted of the random presentation of 8 stimulus flashes (diffuse light and checkerboards with 9, 12, 18, 24, 35, 45, 94 and 95 min checks) at a rate of 1/555--930 msec. Visual evoked potentials and reaction times were averaged to each of the 8 stimuli. The purpose of the experiment was to assess how specifically the relevant stimulus could be attended, as indicated by VEPs and behavioral responses to the relevant and 7 irrelevant stimuli. Attention to one check size resulted in greater amplitude VEP components to that size than to other sizes: the greater the discrepancy between the flashed and attended check size, the smaller the VEP amplitude. Such size tuning was first evident in the VEP 160 msec after stimulation and most evident at 260 msec. The bandwidth of the VEP amplitude size-tuning functions became progressively narrower from 160 up to 260 msec, that point in time when the RT response was initiated. The width at 260 msec was similar to that indicated by the behavioral RT data (modal latency of 322 msec). The functional components of the VEP appeared to reflect the effects of attention on the activity of cortical size channels or detectors.", "PMID": 81765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8348", "title": "Interhemispheric synchrony in the EEGs of full-term newborns.", "content": "Cross correlations between 4 homologous pairs of ear-reference derivations were calculated for 45-sec digitized samples of typical active and quiet sleep in 19 selected normal newborns at 21--70 h after term birth. Repeat recordings were obtained in 9 subjects 24 h after the original recordings and another set of cross correlations was calculated. For comparison, similar recordings were obtained from 4 asymptomatic young adults and cross correlations were calculated for 45-sec samples of typical stage 4 and stage REM sleep and for stage W both before and after sleep. Mean cross-correlation coefficients at zero time lag were generally higher for the adult sleep data than for the newborn data, but the differences were smaller than had been anticipated. The coefficients for active sleep data in the newborns were higher than for quiet sleep data, while in the adults the coefficients were higher for stage 4 than for stage REM. Coefficients were higher for convexity derivations than for temporal derivations in both newborns and adults. A review of the small available literature suggests that recording and analysis techniques may be significant variables determining the results obtained in such studies. The cross-correlation method of measuring interhemispheric synchrony may prove useful in identifying brain disorders in the postnatal period.", "contents": "Interhemispheric synchrony in the EEGs of full-term newborns. Cross correlations between 4 homologous pairs of ear-reference derivations were calculated for 45-sec digitized samples of typical active and quiet sleep in 19 selected normal newborns at 21--70 h after term birth. Repeat recordings were obtained in 9 subjects 24 h after the original recordings and another set of cross correlations was calculated. For comparison, similar recordings were obtained from 4 asymptomatic young adults and cross correlations were calculated for 45-sec samples of typical stage 4 and stage REM sleep and for stage W both before and after sleep. Mean cross-correlation coefficients at zero time lag were generally higher for the adult sleep data than for the newborn data, but the differences were smaller than had been anticipated. The coefficients for active sleep data in the newborns were higher than for quiet sleep data, while in the adults the coefficients were higher for stage 4 than for stage REM. Coefficients were higher for convexity derivations than for temporal derivations in both newborns and adults. A review of the small available literature suggests that recording and analysis techniques may be significant variables determining the results obtained in such studies. The cross-correlation method of measuring interhemispheric synchrony may prove useful in identifying brain disorders in the postnatal period.", "PMID": 81766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8349", "title": "A study on the Valsalva manoeuvre in young healthy subjects.", "content": "The Valsalva manoeuvre was performed by 2 groups of young healthy male subjects: novice divers and professional divers. The electrophysiological features of this manoeuvre are summarized and the results of the test are correlated with subject age, motivation and FEV1/VC coefficient (forced expiratory volume sec/vital capacity). Positive test results (fainting caused by the Valsalva manoeuvre) increased with subject motivation (novice divers), FEV1/VC coefficient and decreasing subject age. The various hypotheses proposed to account for fainting caused by the Valsalva manoeuvre are discussed with respect to these data. The implications of Valsalva positivity in young divers are discussed.", "contents": "A study on the Valsalva manoeuvre in young healthy subjects. The Valsalva manoeuvre was performed by 2 groups of young healthy male subjects: novice divers and professional divers. The electrophysiological features of this manoeuvre are summarized and the results of the test are correlated with subject age, motivation and FEV1/VC coefficient (forced expiratory volume sec/vital capacity). Positive test results (fainting caused by the Valsalva manoeuvre) increased with subject motivation (novice divers), FEV1/VC coefficient and decreasing subject age. The various hypotheses proposed to account for fainting caused by the Valsalva manoeuvre are discussed with respect to these data. The implications of Valsalva positivity in young divers are discussed.", "PMID": 81767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8350", "title": "The effects of local micro injections of opiates and enkephalins into the forebrain on the electrocorticogram of the rat.", "content": "The effects of various opiate compounds have been studied on the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of the rat following local injection into various brain areas. Injections of all compounds studied into both the caudate-putamen and the basal forebrain, in particular the olfactory tubercles, induced changes in the ECoG. Injections of saline vehicle into these areas were ineffective as were injections of morphine into the corpus callosum. Potency was etorphine greater than morphine = codeine greater than thebaine. Naloxone alone was inactive following injection but if combined with morphine markedly attenuated the normal morphine response and reversed the morphine response if injected following morphine. The endogenous opiate compound enkephalin and the synthetic analogue D-ala2-met5-encamide also induced electrocortical changes which were naloxone sensitive. The results are similar to those following systemic administration of opiates. It is possible that the areas studied represent the site of action of systemically applied opiates. It is suggested that the opiates and enkephalins produce their actions by acting at the same site. Since the areas studied are rich in dopaminergic terminals an interaction may exist between dopaminergic and opiate mechanism to bring about the observed changes.", "contents": "The effects of local micro injections of opiates and enkephalins into the forebrain on the electrocorticogram of the rat. The effects of various opiate compounds have been studied on the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of the rat following local injection into various brain areas. Injections of all compounds studied into both the caudate-putamen and the basal forebrain, in particular the olfactory tubercles, induced changes in the ECoG. Injections of saline vehicle into these areas were ineffective as were injections of morphine into the corpus callosum. Potency was etorphine greater than morphine = codeine greater than thebaine. Naloxone alone was inactive following injection but if combined with morphine markedly attenuated the normal morphine response and reversed the morphine response if injected following morphine. The endogenous opiate compound enkephalin and the synthetic analogue D-ala2-met5-encamide also induced electrocortical changes which were naloxone sensitive. The results are similar to those following systemic administration of opiates. It is possible that the areas studied represent the site of action of systemically applied opiates. It is suggested that the opiates and enkephalins produce their actions by acting at the same site. Since the areas studied are rich in dopaminergic terminals an interaction may exist between dopaminergic and opiate mechanism to bring about the observed changes.", "PMID": 81768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8351", "title": "[Electrophysiological study of latent neuropathies induced by perhexiline].", "content": "The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of latent perhexiline-induced neuropathy in man. Several electrophysiological parameters were recorded and compared between a control group and a group of treated patients, without clinical evidence of neuropathy. The Hmax/Mmax amplitude ratio of the soleus H reflex was decreased in 2/3 of the patients. The H reflex latency was increased in 1/3 of them. The distal motor latencies of ulnar and popliteal nerves were increased in 1/4 of them. Only 1/3 of the patients treated did not show any electrophysiological abnormality. The validity of these results and the possible mechanisms involved are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological study of latent neuropathies induced by perhexiline]. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of latent perhexiline-induced neuropathy in man. Several electrophysiological parameters were recorded and compared between a control group and a group of treated patients, without clinical evidence of neuropathy. The Hmax/Mmax amplitude ratio of the soleus H reflex was decreased in 2/3 of the patients. The H reflex latency was increased in 1/3 of them. The distal motor latencies of ulnar and popliteal nerves were increased in 1/4 of them. Only 1/3 of the patients treated did not show any electrophysiological abnormality. The validity of these results and the possible mechanisms involved are discussed.", "PMID": 81769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8352", "title": "Auditory evoked potentials and transcendental meditation.", "content": "Auditory evoked potentials to tone stimuli were recorded from 8 practised meditators before, during, and after meditation, and also during light sleep. No consistent changes were noted between baseline and meditating AEPs, or between meditating and sleep AEPs.", "contents": "Auditory evoked potentials and transcendental meditation. Auditory evoked potentials to tone stimuli were recorded from 8 practised meditators before, during, and after meditation, and also during light sleep. No consistent changes were noted between baseline and meditating AEPs, or between meditating and sleep AEPs.", "PMID": 81770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8353", "title": "Long term antithyroid drug therapy for intractable cases of Graves' disease.", "content": "Among the 504 patients with Graves' disease in whom the author initiated antithyroid drug therapy between 1956 and 1968 are 14 to whom the administration of antithyroid drug has been continued for 8 to 21 years because of recurrence shortly after the discontinuation of drugs. During these periods, no side effects were observed and three patients went into complete remission after 8, 9 and 20 years of antithyroid drug administration, respectively. It is suggested therefore that the long term administration of antithryoid drugs can be a useful treatment for intractable cases.", "contents": "Long term antithyroid drug therapy for intractable cases of Graves' disease. Among the 504 patients with Graves' disease in whom the author initiated antithyroid drug therapy between 1956 and 1968 are 14 to whom the administration of antithyroid drug has been continued for 8 to 21 years because of recurrence shortly after the discontinuation of drugs. During these periods, no side effects were observed and three patients went into complete remission after 8, 9 and 20 years of antithyroid drug administration, respectively. It is suggested therefore that the long term administration of antithryoid drugs can be a useful treatment for intractable cases.", "PMID": 81772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8354", "title": "Reaction of tRNAPhe from yeast with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Attachment sites of the potential antigenic-determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues.", "content": "The reaction of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with tRNAPhe from yeast, for the introduction of antigenic-determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into tRNA, took place only at adenosine residues in tRNAPhe. After reaction at pH 8.0 and 50 degrees C two kinds of products were detected: one was ribose-modified adenosine which was derived from the 3' terminus of tRNA, and the other was base-modified adenosine. The sites and extent of the modification of each particular adenosine residue of tRNAPhe were determined as follows: 5 (6% modified), 31 (2%), 35 (36%), 67 (5%), and 76 (51%). Thus mainly the terminal adenosine and one adenosine in the anticodon loop bear the 2,4-dinitrophenyl residue.", "contents": "Reaction of tRNAPhe from yeast with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Attachment sites of the potential antigenic-determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues. The reaction of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with tRNAPhe from yeast, for the introduction of antigenic-determining 2,4-dinitrophenyl residues into tRNA, took place only at adenosine residues in tRNAPhe. After reaction at pH 8.0 and 50 degrees C two kinds of products were detected: one was ribose-modified adenosine which was derived from the 3' terminus of tRNA, and the other was base-modified adenosine. The sites and extent of the modification of each particular adenosine residue of tRNAPhe were determined as follows: 5 (6% modified), 31 (2%), 35 (36%), 67 (5%), and 76 (51%). Thus mainly the terminal adenosine and one adenosine in the anticodon loop bear the 2,4-dinitrophenyl residue.", "PMID": 81773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8355", "title": "Comparison of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of an endogenous avian leukosis virus to the polymerase of an exogenous avian leukosis virus.", "content": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerases from Rous-associated virus-O and avian myeloblastosis virus were partially purified by affinity chromatography and compared to each other. The enzymes are indistinguishable in the immunoglobulin inhibition test and by several enzymological criteria, such as optimum curves for the concentrations of Mg2+, K+, H+; monophasic Lineweaver-Burk plot for dTTP and biphasic Lineweaver-Burk plot for dGTP. In thermal inactivation studies a small difference can be observed, suggesting a minor difference in the physical structures of the enzymes. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the RNA-dpendent DNA polymerases of endogenous and exogenous avian leukosis viruses are very closely related to each other and therefore may be regarded as one group of polymerases.", "contents": "Comparison of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of an endogenous avian leukosis virus to the polymerase of an exogenous avian leukosis virus. RNA-dependent DNA polymerases from Rous-associated virus-O and avian myeloblastosis virus were partially purified by affinity chromatography and compared to each other. The enzymes are indistinguishable in the immunoglobulin inhibition test and by several enzymological criteria, such as optimum curves for the concentrations of Mg2+, K+, H+; monophasic Lineweaver-Burk plot for dTTP and biphasic Lineweaver-Burk plot for dGTP. In thermal inactivation studies a small difference can be observed, suggesting a minor difference in the physical structures of the enzymes. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the RNA-dpendent DNA polymerases of endogenous and exogenous avian leukosis viruses are very closely related to each other and therefore may be regarded as one group of polymerases.", "PMID": 81774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8356", "title": "The DNA . tyrocidine complex and its dissociation in the presence of gramicidin D.", "content": "The peptide antibiotic tyrocidine affects transcription in vitro by interfering with the initiation process. The complex formed between tyrocidine and native DNA is stable against nucleolytic enzymes. It is sensitive to variations in the salt concentration. Protection of DNA as a function of the tyrocidine concentration follows a curve suggesting cooperative binding of tyrocidine to DNA. The complex formation at low tyrocidine concentrations is accompanied by the presence of single stranded regions of unknown length. With single-stranded DNA, tyrocidine forms a complex which is relatively insensitive to high salt concentrations. Both native and single-stranded DNAs of the complexes become digestible in the presence of gramicidin D, another peptide antibiotic. Breakdown of the complex as a function of the gramicidin D concentration follows a curve which is the reverse of cooperative binding. Gramicidin D acts more effectively on single-stranded rather than on double-stranded DNA . tyrocidine complexes. The DNA . tyrocidine complex, which is broken down by formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide is stabilized by gramicidin D. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to a possible recognition of DNA sequences by tyrocidine and the interaction between DNA, tyrocidine and gramicidin D.", "contents": "The DNA . tyrocidine complex and its dissociation in the presence of gramicidin D. The peptide antibiotic tyrocidine affects transcription in vitro by interfering with the initiation process. The complex formed between tyrocidine and native DNA is stable against nucleolytic enzymes. It is sensitive to variations in the salt concentration. Protection of DNA as a function of the tyrocidine concentration follows a curve suggesting cooperative binding of tyrocidine to DNA. The complex formation at low tyrocidine concentrations is accompanied by the presence of single stranded regions of unknown length. With single-stranded DNA, tyrocidine forms a complex which is relatively insensitive to high salt concentrations. Both native and single-stranded DNAs of the complexes become digestible in the presence of gramicidin D, another peptide antibiotic. Breakdown of the complex as a function of the gramicidin D concentration follows a curve which is the reverse of cooperative binding. Gramicidin D acts more effectively on single-stranded rather than on double-stranded DNA . tyrocidine complexes. The DNA . tyrocidine complex, which is broken down by formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide is stabilized by gramicidin D. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to a possible recognition of DNA sequences by tyrocidine and the interaction between DNA, tyrocidine and gramicidin D.", "PMID": 81775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8357", "title": "CSF circulation and blood-CSF barrier.", "content": "Results of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated CSF after staining with nigrosine and after evaluation on non-transparent acetate film are compared with those of isotope cisternography (111In-DTPA). We found that blood-CSF barrier disturbances begin with an increase of the absolute values of prealbumins in normal CSF circulation. When a barrier impairment occurs, by first increasing the absolute values of alpha1-globulins, we state a pathological CSF circulation. In this case, most of the globulin region is pathologic (globulin-type).", "contents": "CSF circulation and blood-CSF barrier. Results of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated CSF after staining with nigrosine and after evaluation on non-transparent acetate film are compared with those of isotope cisternography (111In-DTPA). We found that blood-CSF barrier disturbances begin with an increase of the absolute values of prealbumins in normal CSF circulation. When a barrier impairment occurs, by first increasing the absolute values of alpha1-globulins, we state a pathological CSF circulation. In this case, most of the globulin region is pathologic (globulin-type).", "PMID": 81776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8358", "title": "Air cystometrography and sphincter electromyography in patients with bladder outlet obstruction.", "content": "38 patients with infravesical obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy had CO2 cystometrography (CMG) and sphincter electromyography (EMG) at onset of retension and 6 weeks after intermittent bladder drainage. Neurological diseases were excluded in these patients. Three patterns of CMG tracings were obtained and were called, normal, 'compensating' and 'decompensating' on the basis of the volume: pressure ratio of the curves. By strict definition, no abnormal detrusor contractions were seen in any of these patients who also all had normal sphincter electromyography. It is questionable therefore if infravesical obstruction, in the absence of neurological deficits can account for the uninhibited detrusor contractions described in the literature. Rather it is possible to explain the above CMG tracings on the effects of obstruction on the bladder smooth muscle and collagen fibers which have been shown to be non-neural dependent.", "contents": "Air cystometrography and sphincter electromyography in patients with bladder outlet obstruction. 38 patients with infravesical obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy had CO2 cystometrography (CMG) and sphincter electromyography (EMG) at onset of retension and 6 weeks after intermittent bladder drainage. Neurological diseases were excluded in these patients. Three patterns of CMG tracings were obtained and were called, normal, 'compensating' and 'decompensating' on the basis of the volume: pressure ratio of the curves. By strict definition, no abnormal detrusor contractions were seen in any of these patients who also all had normal sphincter electromyography. It is questionable therefore if infravesical obstruction, in the absence of neurological deficits can account for the uninhibited detrusor contractions described in the literature. Rather it is possible to explain the above CMG tracings on the effects of obstruction on the bladder smooth muscle and collagen fibers which have been shown to be non-neural dependent.", "PMID": 81777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8359", "title": "Immune response against the beta-galactosidase enzyme of E. coli at precursor cell level. I. Analysis of the secondary repertoire in BALB/c mice.", "content": "The BALB/c secondary response against the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) enzyme of E. Coli was analyzed at the precursor cell level by using the splenic focus technique. Our results indicate that in immunized mice, one out of 18 000 B cells is able to recognize beta-gal. Among the families of anti-beta-gal monoclonal antibodies, a subset of specific antibodies was detected which is capable of protecting the enzyme from heat denaturation. The frequency of clones making protecting antibodies is 1 out of 90 000 and appears to be fairly constant among different individual mice. Further, the degree of heterogeneity of protecting antibodies analyzed in one individual is very high (250-fold difference in affinity) but comparable to other secondary repertoires. Specific frequencies are compared with previous findings relative to secondary responses against artificial haptens. It is suggested that a different type of recognition exists between protein determinants and artificial haptens. In addition, the relatively high proportion of clones making antibodies of the protecting type suggests that only a small proportion of antigenic sites on the beta-gal is actually able to stimulate an immune response.", "contents": "Immune response against the beta-galactosidase enzyme of E. coli at precursor cell level. I. Analysis of the secondary repertoire in BALB/c mice. The BALB/c secondary response against the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) enzyme of E. Coli was analyzed at the precursor cell level by using the splenic focus technique. Our results indicate that in immunized mice, one out of 18 000 B cells is able to recognize beta-gal. Among the families of anti-beta-gal monoclonal antibodies, a subset of specific antibodies was detected which is capable of protecting the enzyme from heat denaturation. The frequency of clones making protecting antibodies is 1 out of 90 000 and appears to be fairly constant among different individual mice. Further, the degree of heterogeneity of protecting antibodies analyzed in one individual is very high (250-fold difference in affinity) but comparable to other secondary repertoires. Specific frequencies are compared with previous findings relative to secondary responses against artificial haptens. It is suggested that a different type of recognition exists between protein determinants and artificial haptens. In addition, the relatively high proportion of clones making antibodies of the protecting type suggests that only a small proportion of antigenic sites on the beta-gal is actually able to stimulate an immune response.", "PMID": 81779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8360", "title": "Detection of delayed hypersensitivity reaction in rats by radioisotopic footpad assay with sodium deoxycholate extract and mitomycin-C-treated tumor cells.", "content": "Immune response in WKA rats immunized with methylcholanthrene-induced KMT-17 tumor was measured by radioisotopic footpad assay. The assay was specific, quantitative, and objective compared with the ordinary method of measuring the thickness of footpads. The strongest footpad reaction was observed 24 hr after injection of the antigens. The reaction was transferred by lymphoid cells but not by serum. These results indicate that the footpad assay manifests delayed-type hypersensitivity to tumor antigens. In order to obtain more reliable antigen preparation for the footpad assay, antigens prepared by several methods were compared. Solubilized antigen extracted with sodium deoxycholate (DOC) showed the strongest reaction in the immunized host and weak reaction in the control non-immunized host. This marked difference between the immunized and control groups indicates that DOC-extracted antigen was better antigen than tumor cells treated with mitomycin-C (40 microgram/ml), formaldehyde solution (0.2%, 0.01%), X-irradiation (3,500, 10,000 rad), non-treated whole-cell antigen, crude membrane, cell homogenates, or antigens extracted by hypotonic sonication and 3M KCl method. The DOC-extracted antigen was well preserved at -20 degrees for 1 month.", "contents": "Detection of delayed hypersensitivity reaction in rats by radioisotopic footpad assay with sodium deoxycholate extract and mitomycin-C-treated tumor cells. Immune response in WKA rats immunized with methylcholanthrene-induced KMT-17 tumor was measured by radioisotopic footpad assay. The assay was specific, quantitative, and objective compared with the ordinary method of measuring the thickness of footpads. The strongest footpad reaction was observed 24 hr after injection of the antigens. The reaction was transferred by lymphoid cells but not by serum. These results indicate that the footpad assay manifests delayed-type hypersensitivity to tumor antigens. In order to obtain more reliable antigen preparation for the footpad assay, antigens prepared by several methods were compared. Solubilized antigen extracted with sodium deoxycholate (DOC) showed the strongest reaction in the immunized host and weak reaction in the control non-immunized host. This marked difference between the immunized and control groups indicates that DOC-extracted antigen was better antigen than tumor cells treated with mitomycin-C (40 microgram/ml), formaldehyde solution (0.2%, 0.01%), X-irradiation (3,500, 10,000 rad), non-treated whole-cell antigen, crude membrane, cell homogenates, or antigens extracted by hypotonic sonication and 3M KCl method. The DOC-extracted antigen was well preserved at -20 degrees for 1 month.", "PMID": 81787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8361", "title": "Effect of protease inhibitors in mice treated with the hepatocarcinogen, hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-isomer) and the bladder carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.", "content": "Studies were made on the effect of protease inhibitors (pepstatin, leupeptin, and antipain) on the induction of tumors in mice by the alpha-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-BHC) and by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Animals were given 0.05% alpha-BHC in the diet or 0.05% BBN in their drinking water and then fed on a powder diet supplemented with 0.1% protease inhibitors. The incidence of liver nodular hyperplasias was significantly higher in the group treated with alpha-BHC and leupeptin than in the group treated with alpha-BIC alone, but pepstatin and antipain did not affect induction of liver nodular hyperplasias by alpha-BHC. None of the three protease inhibitors influenced the induction of bladder tumors by BBN.", "contents": "Effect of protease inhibitors in mice treated with the hepatocarcinogen, hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-isomer) and the bladder carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Studies were made on the effect of protease inhibitors (pepstatin, leupeptin, and antipain) on the induction of tumors in mice by the alpha-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-BHC) and by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Animals were given 0.05% alpha-BHC in the diet or 0.05% BBN in their drinking water and then fed on a powder diet supplemented with 0.1% protease inhibitors. The incidence of liver nodular hyperplasias was significantly higher in the group treated with alpha-BHC and leupeptin than in the group treated with alpha-BIC alone, but pepstatin and antipain did not affect induction of liver nodular hyperplasias by alpha-BHC. None of the three protease inhibitors influenced the induction of bladder tumors by BBN.", "PMID": 81788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8362", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition induced by the combination of drug and a liver constituent in patients with drug-induced hepatitis.", "content": "The leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose medium was performed in 23 cases of clinically diagnosed drug-induced hepatitis. When the test antigen was the combination of soluble phase of a liver homogenate fractionated by Sephadex G-100 which should have contained liver specific antigen and the offending drug the leukocyte migration was inhibited in 86% of cases. Whereas none of 12 cases of drug allergy without hepatic injury showed a positive result with the same combination of antigens. Other organ homogenate-muscle and kidney-never gave positive results when mixed with the offending drugs in cases of drug-induced hepatitis. It was concluded that in hypersensitivity type drug-induced hepatitis cell-mediated immunity might be established to the complex of liver specific antigen and the drug.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition induced by the combination of drug and a liver constituent in patients with drug-induced hepatitis. The leukocyte migration inhibition test in agarose medium was performed in 23 cases of clinically diagnosed drug-induced hepatitis. When the test antigen was the combination of soluble phase of a liver homogenate fractionated by Sephadex G-100 which should have contained liver specific antigen and the offending drug the leukocyte migration was inhibited in 86% of cases. Whereas none of 12 cases of drug allergy without hepatic injury showed a positive result with the same combination of antigens. Other organ homogenate-muscle and kidney-never gave positive results when mixed with the offending drugs in cases of drug-induced hepatitis. It was concluded that in hypersensitivity type drug-induced hepatitis cell-mediated immunity might be established to the complex of liver specific antigen and the drug.", "PMID": 81789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8363", "title": "Effect of glucagon infusion on the renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine.", "content": "Recent data seem to support a tubular defect as the mechanism of the elevated renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis. Glucagon has been proposed by some to be an important factor in this phenomenon. To examine the role of glucagon as this \"tubular dysfunction factor\", we investigated the effect of intravenously infused glucagon on the fractional excretion of amylase and the tubular handling of a low molecular weight protein, beta2 microglobulin, in normal, healthy volunteers. At glucagon levels far in excess of those seen in pancreatitis, the clearance ratio of beta2 microglobulin relative to creatinine increased, whereas the clearance ratio of amylase relative to creatinine did not increase above the normal range. The dissociation between beta2 microglobulin clearance and amylase clearance allows one to question the theory that tubular dysfunction is the mechanism of the elevated renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis. Glucagon does not appear to be the sole factor responsible for the elevation of renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon infusion on the renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine. Recent data seem to support a tubular defect as the mechanism of the elevated renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis. Glucagon has been proposed by some to be an important factor in this phenomenon. To examine the role of glucagon as this \"tubular dysfunction factor\", we investigated the effect of intravenously infused glucagon on the fractional excretion of amylase and the tubular handling of a low molecular weight protein, beta2 microglobulin, in normal, healthy volunteers. At glucagon levels far in excess of those seen in pancreatitis, the clearance ratio of beta2 microglobulin relative to creatinine increased, whereas the clearance ratio of amylase relative to creatinine did not increase above the normal range. The dissociation between beta2 microglobulin clearance and amylase clearance allows one to question the theory that tubular dysfunction is the mechanism of the elevated renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis. Glucagon does not appear to be the sole factor responsible for the elevation of renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 81790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8364", "title": "Muscular equivalent of the lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "In order to measure muscle thickness and to define the muscular architecture at the gastroesophageal function, both en bloc fixation and a new method of preparing dried fiber specimens were used. Specimens were obtained from 32 kidney donors and human cadavers. Wall thickness was measured at 32 identical locations in the esophagus and stomach. The oblique gastroesophageal ring (GER) was the site of greatest muscular thickness and served as a reference point. From the GER the muscle thickness tapered (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001) in both a cephalic (esophageal) and caudal (gastric) direction for a length of 31 mm +/- 2.5 SD. The increase in thickness was due to an increase in the muscle mass (fiber aggregation) of the inner muscle coat. The muscle bundles of this coat split up 10.2 mm +/- 3.0 SD above the GER (fixed specimen) and for a length of 25 mm +/- 8 SD formed short transverse muscle clasps on the lesser curve side. Those muscle bundles on the greater curve side formed long oblique gastric fiber loops. The angle of His was inconstant in location and distal to the uppermost gastric oblique fibers (18 mm +/- 7 SD) and to the GER (9 mm +/- 6 SD).", "contents": "Muscular equivalent of the lower esophageal sphincter. In order to measure muscle thickness and to define the muscular architecture at the gastroesophageal function, both en bloc fixation and a new method of preparing dried fiber specimens were used. Specimens were obtained from 32 kidney donors and human cadavers. Wall thickness was measured at 32 identical locations in the esophagus and stomach. The oblique gastroesophageal ring (GER) was the site of greatest muscular thickness and served as a reference point. From the GER the muscle thickness tapered (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001) in both a cephalic (esophageal) and caudal (gastric) direction for a length of 31 mm +/- 2.5 SD. The increase in thickness was due to an increase in the muscle mass (fiber aggregation) of the inner muscle coat. The muscle bundles of this coat split up 10.2 mm +/- 3.0 SD above the GER (fixed specimen) and for a length of 25 mm +/- 8 SD formed short transverse muscle clasps on the lesser curve side. Those muscle bundles on the greater curve side formed long oblique gastric fiber loops. The angle of His was inconstant in location and distal to the uppermost gastric oblique fibers (18 mm +/- 7 SD) and to the GER (9 mm +/- 6 SD).", "PMID": 81791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8365", "title": "Nuclear binding of tritiated actinomycin in surface epithelial cells from normal stomach and atrophic gastritis.", "content": "Triated actinomycin binding to DNA is closely linked to the degree of repression in chromatin. 3H-AM binding to DNA is the most pronounced in nuclei of cells committed into cycle. Inversely, in cells in the last steps of their differentiation or (and) in the resting state (non-dividing cells), 3H-AM binding for DNA is diminished down to a baseline since it is limited by the deoxynucleoproteins. Epithelial cells of stomach mucosa and duodenum demonstrate an increased cell uptake of tritiated actinomycin from the surface to the bottom of the pits. In severe gastritis and in intestinalysed metaplasia this was abolished: with a uniform enhancement of 3H-AM binding. These findings seem to indicate that these cells are derepressed.", "contents": "Nuclear binding of tritiated actinomycin in surface epithelial cells from normal stomach and atrophic gastritis. Triated actinomycin binding to DNA is closely linked to the degree of repression in chromatin. 3H-AM binding to DNA is the most pronounced in nuclei of cells committed into cycle. Inversely, in cells in the last steps of their differentiation or (and) in the resting state (non-dividing cells), 3H-AM binding for DNA is diminished down to a baseline since it is limited by the deoxynucleoproteins. Epithelial cells of stomach mucosa and duodenum demonstrate an increased cell uptake of tritiated actinomycin from the surface to the bottom of the pits. In severe gastritis and in intestinalysed metaplasia this was abolished: with a uniform enhancement of 3H-AM binding. These findings seem to indicate that these cells are derepressed.", "PMID": 81792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8366", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of several tumour markers in neoplastic and preneoplastic states of the uterine mucosa.", "content": "Enzymic immunocytochemical demonstration of five tumour markers (CEA, AFP, kappa-casein, total HCG and its beta-subunit) was performed on various pathological states of the uterine mucosa. CEA was constantly found in areas of atypical hyperplasia and in more than 60% of cancers. kappa-Casein on the contrary was an unexpected but frequent finding in cystic hyperplasia. The other antigens were not, or exceptionally, detected in the tissues. We believe that CEA detection may be a very useful tool in delineating preneoplastic changes of the endometrium while the presence of kappa-casein \"storing cells\" might point to an unopposed estrogen action.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of several tumour markers in neoplastic and preneoplastic states of the uterine mucosa. Enzymic immunocytochemical demonstration of five tumour markers (CEA, AFP, kappa-casein, total HCG and its beta-subunit) was performed on various pathological states of the uterine mucosa. CEA was constantly found in areas of atypical hyperplasia and in more than 60% of cancers. kappa-Casein on the contrary was an unexpected but frequent finding in cystic hyperplasia. The other antigens were not, or exceptionally, detected in the tissues. We believe that CEA detection may be a very useful tool in delineating preneoplastic changes of the endometrium while the presence of kappa-casein \"storing cells\" might point to an unopposed estrogen action.", "PMID": 81793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8367", "title": "[Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined internal and external drainage in extrahepatic cholestasis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 37 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis of different origin, percutaneous transhepatic intubation of the bile ducts was performed for combined internal and external drainage. In 5 cases with stones in the extrahepatic bile ducts and in 12 cases with periampullary tumors, the bile ducts were drained preoperatively. In 3 of these patients, temporary drainage was performed because of postoperative complications. Thirteen patients with non-resectable tumors received a permanent drainage as palliation. In 4 patients temporary drainage was performed during radiation/cytostatic therapy. One patient with an iatrogenic bile duct lesion and one patient with an inflammatory tumor in the liver hilum had a drainage catheter placed because a bile duct resection with creation of a biliodigestive anastomosis was not possible. In one patient with a non-resectable periampullary carcinoma the drainage catheter was replaced by a teflon bile duct endoprosthesis inserted by the percutaneous transhepatic approach. The complications of non-operative percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage are discussed.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined internal and external drainage in extrahepatic cholestasis (author's transl)]. In 37 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis of different origin, percutaneous transhepatic intubation of the bile ducts was performed for combined internal and external drainage. In 5 cases with stones in the extrahepatic bile ducts and in 12 cases with periampullary tumors, the bile ducts were drained preoperatively. In 3 of these patients, temporary drainage was performed because of postoperative complications. Thirteen patients with non-resectable tumors received a permanent drainage as palliation. In 4 patients temporary drainage was performed during radiation/cytostatic therapy. One patient with an iatrogenic bile duct lesion and one patient with an inflammatory tumor in the liver hilum had a drainage catheter placed because a bile duct resection with creation of a biliodigestive anastomosis was not possible. In one patient with a non-resectable periampullary carcinoma the drainage catheter was replaced by a teflon bile duct endoprosthesis inserted by the percutaneous transhepatic approach. The complications of non-operative percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage are discussed.", "PMID": 81794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8368", "title": "[Size distribution of colonies for the detection of cytogenetic lesions due to X-rays and cytostatics].", "content": "1. The \"all or nothing\" principle in the colony survival test has to be given up. By reproductive death of mammalian cells we can conclude that colonies with two and more cells in the colony survival must be considered. An arbitrary drawn low limit of cell numbers can give misleading results. 2. The colony-size spectrometry registers the reproductive lethal cell damages. These cell damages could be detected qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The sensitivity of this method is greater on low and middle X-ray dose as compared with the colony-survival test. 3. Sublethal damages with tendency of recovery as produced by the split-dose effect are not observed by colony-size-spectrometry. Therefore, this damage is not due to chromosomal X-ray-damages. 4. The combination of physical and radiogenic damages as well as the combination of radiogenic and pharmacological damages and lethal reproductive cell damages also can be seen. The colony-size-spectra observed show that only additive but no potentiating effects occur. 5. There is a linear relationship between MKD and X-ray dose. This relationship becomes asymptotic using cytostatics as in the case of Bleomycin and ICRF 159 in a dose range beyond approximately 2 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Size distribution of colonies for the detection of cytogenetic lesions due to X-rays and cytostatics]. 1. The \"all or nothing\" principle in the colony survival test has to be given up. By reproductive death of mammalian cells we can conclude that colonies with two and more cells in the colony survival must be considered. An arbitrary drawn low limit of cell numbers can give misleading results. 2. The colony-size spectrometry registers the reproductive lethal cell damages. These cell damages could be detected qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The sensitivity of this method is greater on low and middle X-ray dose as compared with the colony-survival test. 3. Sublethal damages with tendency of recovery as produced by the split-dose effect are not observed by colony-size-spectrometry. Therefore, this damage is not due to chromosomal X-ray-damages. 4. The combination of physical and radiogenic damages as well as the combination of radiogenic and pharmacological damages and lethal reproductive cell damages also can be seen. The colony-size-spectra observed show that only additive but no potentiating effects occur. 5. There is a linear relationship between MKD and X-ray dose. This relationship becomes asymptotic using cytostatics as in the case of Bleomycin and ICRF 159 in a dose range beyond approximately 2 mg/kg.", "PMID": 81795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8369", "title": "Isolation and some properties of a new enzyme-binding protein in rat plasma.", "content": "alpha-1-Inhibitor3 (alpha-I3), a new enzyme-binding protein, was isolated from rat plasma by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration on ultrogel AcA34. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the purified inhibitor showed a single protein band with alpha1-mobility giving a single precipitation line on immunoelectrophoresis against anti-rat serum. A specific antiserum against the purified inhibitor was raised in rabbits. alpha1-I3 showed immunologic cross-reaction with human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. alpha1-I3 formed a complex with trypsin, which was thereby inhibited; the electrophoretic mobility of the complex was less than that of free inhibitor. Inflammation, induced by turpentine, caused a decrease in the serum concentration of alpha1-I3 to 36% of the initial value within 48 h. alpha2 acute phase macroglobulin (alpha2-AP) showed a simultaneous increase to 7.1 g/l and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) to twice its normal value.", "contents": "Isolation and some properties of a new enzyme-binding protein in rat plasma. alpha-1-Inhibitor3 (alpha-I3), a new enzyme-binding protein, was isolated from rat plasma by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration on ultrogel AcA34. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the purified inhibitor showed a single protein band with alpha1-mobility giving a single precipitation line on immunoelectrophoresis against anti-rat serum. A specific antiserum against the purified inhibitor was raised in rabbits. alpha1-I3 showed immunologic cross-reaction with human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. alpha1-I3 formed a complex with trypsin, which was thereby inhibited; the electrophoretic mobility of the complex was less than that of free inhibitor. Inflammation, induced by turpentine, caused a decrease in the serum concentration of alpha1-I3 to 36% of the initial value within 48 h. alpha2 acute phase macroglobulin (alpha2-AP) showed a simultaneous increase to 7.1 g/l and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) to twice its normal value.", "PMID": 81797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8370", "title": "The potential value of immunohistologic techniques in the classification of ovarian and testicular tumors.", "content": "The diagnosis of neoplasia continues to rest upon the judicious application of morphologic criteria for the identification of tumor cells. Immunohistologic techniques offer the pathologist an alternative means of cell identification according to the antigenic constitution of the cell or its products. The potential effect of these techniques upon the diagnosis and classification of neoplasia is illustrated by the application of immunoperoxidase methods to the study of alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotrophin, and steroid hormone localization in tumors of the ovary and testis.", "contents": "The potential value of immunohistologic techniques in the classification of ovarian and testicular tumors. The diagnosis of neoplasia continues to rest upon the judicious application of morphologic criteria for the identification of tumor cells. Immunohistologic techniques offer the pathologist an alternative means of cell identification according to the antigenic constitution of the cell or its products. The potential effect of these techniques upon the diagnosis and classification of neoplasia is illustrated by the application of immunoperoxidase methods to the study of alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotrophin, and steroid hormone localization in tumors of the ovary and testis.", "PMID": 81798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8371", "title": "Ag staining of the nucleolus organizer (NO) and its relationship to satellite association.", "content": "The frequency of involvement in satellite association and the frequency of selective staining of the secondary constrictions with silver solutions have been studied in five phenotypically normal individuals, all carriers of morphological variants of the nucleolus organizing region (NOR). The results show the preferential involvement of some morphological markers in satellite association, and also their preferential staining with Ag-I. It has also been shown that acrocentric chromosomes involved in satellite association are always stained by silver.", "contents": "Ag staining of the nucleolus organizer (NO) and its relationship to satellite association. The frequency of involvement in satellite association and the frequency of selective staining of the secondary constrictions with silver solutions have been studied in five phenotypically normal individuals, all carriers of morphological variants of the nucleolus organizing region (NOR). The results show the preferential involvement of some morphological markers in satellite association, and also their preferential staining with Ag-I. It has also been shown that acrocentric chromosomes involved in satellite association are always stained by silver.", "PMID": 81799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8372", "title": "Differences in binding affinity of human IgE for receptors in chopped human lung.", "content": "Experiments were performed to ascertain whether IgE in different allergic sera had the same or different sensitizing properties for chopped human lung. When allergic sera were allowed to compete with myeloma IgE for tissue receptors in chopped lung and subsequently challenged with antigen, two groups of sera could be distinguished, one which competed well with myeloma IgE and one which competed poorly. Sera that competed well with myeloma IgE were also able to sensitize for greater histamine release relative to IgE concentration when sensitized lung tissue was challenged with anti-IgE. The converse was true of those sera that competed poorly with myeloma IgE in the antigen assay, in that they sensitized for histamine release only at relatively high IgE concentrations in the anti-IgE assay. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Differences in binding affinity of human IgE for receptors in chopped human lung. Experiments were performed to ascertain whether IgE in different allergic sera had the same or different sensitizing properties for chopped human lung. When allergic sera were allowed to compete with myeloma IgE for tissue receptors in chopped lung and subsequently challenged with antigen, two groups of sera could be distinguished, one which competed well with myeloma IgE and one which competed poorly. Sera that competed well with myeloma IgE were also able to sensitize for greater histamine release relative to IgE concentration when sensitized lung tissue was challenged with anti-IgE. The converse was true of those sera that competed poorly with myeloma IgE in the antigen assay, in that they sensitized for histamine release only at relatively high IgE concentrations in the anti-IgE assay. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 81805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8373", "title": "Tissue antigens in seminal secretions. I. Precipitin reactions of rabbit antiserum to human seminal plasma.", "content": "Precipitating antibodies prepared in rabbits with human seminal plasma (HSP) have been used in a preliminary study to define the antigenicity of HSP by use of gel precipitin methods. Also, a method for evaluating and preserving liquid precipitates of acid phosphatase in polyacrylamide is described. Some ten or eleven antigens were demonstrated by Ouchterlony agar immunodiffusion (ID). Eight of these appeared to be HSP-specific and two or three were also found in normal human serum (NHS). Five of the HSP-specific antigens were shown by agar immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by ID to be acid phosphatase. Four of these constituted the basic isoenzyme pattern and were shown by IEP and ID to be shared by prostatic fluid (HPF). Titration of HPF by ID yielded antigen titres of 46, 33, 17 and 3 for the four isoenzymes. IEP patterns obtained with HSP and HPF showed two isoenzymes migrating to the alpha-globulin zone. The third isoenzyme migrated to the alpha-2-fast beta area, while a fourth was seen as a slow beta precipitin arc formed consistently by HPF, and variably by HSP. HSP contained a fifth isoenzyme which also migrated to the slow beta area. Human prostate extract (HPE) showed only two, sometimes three, of these components, one of the slower components being frequently faint in appearance or absent. In HSP and HPF isoenzyme migrating to the alpha-2-fast beta zone exhibited two distinct characteristics: biphasic migration and limited diffusion, suggesting a heterogeneous high molecular weight isoenzyme or an isoenzyme complex. However, observed differences between HSP, HPF and HPE in migration rate, relative concentrations of subfractions, lateral diffusion, etc. leave open the question of the nature of the heterogeneity.", "contents": "Tissue antigens in seminal secretions. I. Precipitin reactions of rabbit antiserum to human seminal plasma. Precipitating antibodies prepared in rabbits with human seminal plasma (HSP) have been used in a preliminary study to define the antigenicity of HSP by use of gel precipitin methods. Also, a method for evaluating and preserving liquid precipitates of acid phosphatase in polyacrylamide is described. Some ten or eleven antigens were demonstrated by Ouchterlony agar immunodiffusion (ID). Eight of these appeared to be HSP-specific and two or three were also found in normal human serum (NHS). Five of the HSP-specific antigens were shown by agar immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by ID to be acid phosphatase. Four of these constituted the basic isoenzyme pattern and were shown by IEP and ID to be shared by prostatic fluid (HPF). Titration of HPF by ID yielded antigen titres of 46, 33, 17 and 3 for the four isoenzymes. IEP patterns obtained with HSP and HPF showed two isoenzymes migrating to the alpha-globulin zone. The third isoenzyme migrated to the alpha-2-fast beta area, while a fourth was seen as a slow beta precipitin arc formed consistently by HPF, and variably by HSP. HSP contained a fifth isoenzyme which also migrated to the slow beta area. Human prostate extract (HPE) showed only two, sometimes three, of these components, one of the slower components being frequently faint in appearance or absent. In HSP and HPF isoenzyme migrating to the alpha-2-fast beta zone exhibited two distinct characteristics: biphasic migration and limited diffusion, suggesting a heterogeneous high molecular weight isoenzyme or an isoenzyme complex. However, observed differences between HSP, HPF and HPE in migration rate, relative concentrations of subfractions, lateral diffusion, etc. leave open the question of the nature of the heterogeneity.", "PMID": 81806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8374", "title": "Investigations on strain-specific and common antigen antihemagglutinin antibodies oriented to the influenza virus H3N2 strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73.", "content": "Antisera raised by vaccination of chickens with the H3N2 influenza virus strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Port/Chalmers/1/73 were found to contain common antigen antibody (CAA), combining with both viruses, and strain-specific antibody (SSA), combining with homologous virus only. The reaction of CAA with homologous and heterologous viruses and of SSA with homologous virus was investigated by means of equilibrium filtration. CAA was found to be antibody of higher quality than was SSA. The virus strains tested were found not to contain identical common antigenic determinants, and CAA and SSA competed for the same antigenic sites when allowed to react simultaneously with homologous virus. The kinetics of reaction of CAA and SSA with the corresponding viruses was tested by means of the photometric antibody concentration unit method. It was found that SSA and CAA of a given strain have the same specificity and that the reaction of CAA with heterologous virus is registered as heterologous antigen-antibody interaction. These findings suggest that SSA and CAA are antibodies of the same specificity but with differences in quality.", "contents": "Investigations on strain-specific and common antigen antihemagglutinin antibodies oriented to the influenza virus H3N2 strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Antisera raised by vaccination of chickens with the H3N2 influenza virus strains A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/Port/Chalmers/1/73 were found to contain common antigen antibody (CAA), combining with both viruses, and strain-specific antibody (SSA), combining with homologous virus only. The reaction of CAA with homologous and heterologous viruses and of SSA with homologous virus was investigated by means of equilibrium filtration. CAA was found to be antibody of higher quality than was SSA. The virus strains tested were found not to contain identical common antigenic determinants, and CAA and SSA competed for the same antigenic sites when allowed to react simultaneously with homologous virus. The kinetics of reaction of CAA and SSA with the corresponding viruses was tested by means of the photometric antibody concentration unit method. It was found that SSA and CAA of a given strain have the same specificity and that the reaction of CAA with heterologous virus is registered as heterologous antigen-antibody interaction. These findings suggest that SSA and CAA are antibodies of the same specificity but with differences in quality.", "PMID": 81808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8375", "title": "Antitumor activity of mycobacterial glycolipid A1.", "content": "Glycolipid A1 isolated from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, when dissolved in olive oil and injected together with Line 10 transplantable hepatoma cells, is able to elicit a host response which results in the abrogation or retardation of tumor growth in syngeneic guinea pigs. Glycolipid A1 does not have adjuvant activity for delayed type hypersensitivity, and antibodies to A1 have not been detected in the sera of guinea pigs during or after the tumor abrogation induced by A1 injection Glycolipid A1 does not share antigenic determinants with Line 10 cell lipid fractions. The possible role of the granuloma response elicited by A1 in controlling tumor growth is discussed.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of mycobacterial glycolipid A1. Glycolipid A1 isolated from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, when dissolved in olive oil and injected together with Line 10 transplantable hepatoma cells, is able to elicit a host response which results in the abrogation or retardation of tumor growth in syngeneic guinea pigs. Glycolipid A1 does not have adjuvant activity for delayed type hypersensitivity, and antibodies to A1 have not been detected in the sera of guinea pigs during or after the tumor abrogation induced by A1 injection Glycolipid A1 does not share antigenic determinants with Line 10 cell lipid fractions. The possible role of the granuloma response elicited by A1 in controlling tumor growth is discussed.", "PMID": 81809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8376", "title": "Immune interferon induced by phytohemagglutinin in nude mouse spleen cells.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin is able to trigger interferon synthesis in spleen cell cultures from nude (nu/nu) mice as effectively as in splenic cell cultures from haired, control (nu/+), thymus-bearing mice. A minor theta-bearing cell population present in the spleen of nude mice appears essential to phytohemagglutinin interferon production, although cooperating cells are also required. The properties of nude mouse phytohemagglutinin interferon are indistinguishable from those displayed by the interferon induced in thymus-bearing mouse spleen cell cultures. Both interferons are unstable at pH 2 and cannot be neutralized by an antiviral interferon serum; hence, their characteristics correspond to those described for type T interferon. As in the case of viral interferon, pretreatment of L cells with nude phytohemagglutinin interferon induced specific enhanced phosphorylation of a 67,000-molecular-weight protein in vitro when cell extracts were incubated with double-stranded RNA and gamma-[32P]ATP.", "contents": "Immune interferon induced by phytohemagglutinin in nude mouse spleen cells. Phytohemagglutinin is able to trigger interferon synthesis in spleen cell cultures from nude (nu/nu) mice as effectively as in splenic cell cultures from haired, control (nu/+), thymus-bearing mice. A minor theta-bearing cell population present in the spleen of nude mice appears essential to phytohemagglutinin interferon production, although cooperating cells are also required. The properties of nude mouse phytohemagglutinin interferon are indistinguishable from those displayed by the interferon induced in thymus-bearing mouse spleen cell cultures. Both interferons are unstable at pH 2 and cannot be neutralized by an antiviral interferon serum; hence, their characteristics correspond to those described for type T interferon. As in the case of viral interferon, pretreatment of L cells with nude phytohemagglutinin interferon induced specific enhanced phosphorylation of a 67,000-molecular-weight protein in vitro when cell extracts were incubated with double-stranded RNA and gamma-[32P]ATP.", "PMID": 81810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8377", "title": "Antigens of pig follicular fluid and ovarian tissue and the effect of anti-ovarian serum on pig oocytes and spermatozoa.", "content": "Common antigens were detected in pig follicular tissue, blood serum, blood plasma, seminal plasma and kidney, liver, testicular and ovarian tissue. If pig oocytes were exposed to the action of anti-ovarian antibodies, no precipitation of the zona pellucida was observed. In immunofluorescence, however, reaction of the zona, which was unaffected by absorption of this antiserum by any of the above antigens, was found. Antisera against pig spermatozoa, seminal plasma, follicular fluid, and testicular tissue did not react with the antigens on oocytes. Similarly, anti-ovarian and antifollicular sera had no effect on boar spermatozoa.", "contents": "Antigens of pig follicular fluid and ovarian tissue and the effect of anti-ovarian serum on pig oocytes and spermatozoa. Common antigens were detected in pig follicular tissue, blood serum, blood plasma, seminal plasma and kidney, liver, testicular and ovarian tissue. If pig oocytes were exposed to the action of anti-ovarian antibodies, no precipitation of the zona pellucida was observed. In immunofluorescence, however, reaction of the zona, which was unaffected by absorption of this antiserum by any of the above antigens, was found. Antisera against pig spermatozoa, seminal plasma, follicular fluid, and testicular tissue did not react with the antigens on oocytes. Similarly, anti-ovarian and antifollicular sera had no effect on boar spermatozoa.", "PMID": 81811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8378", "title": "Dissociation, aggregation of sesame alpha-globulin in nonionic detergent solution.", "content": "Nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and Brij 36T induce dissociation and aggregation of the protein sesame alpha-globulin above the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of the detergents. Spectrophotometric titration in Triton shows no change in the pKInt value of the tyrosyl groups at 1x10-3 M detergent where both dissociation and aggregation of the protein are observed. Fluorescence measurement does not indicate any change in the environment of the tryptophan groups of the protein in Brij. Viscosity measurements show no major conformational change of the protein in the detergent solution. Binding measurements suggest that perhaps micelles of the detergent predominantly bind to the protein. The detergent micelles preferentially bind to the exposed hydrophobic surfaces of the protein subunits. The association of the protein detergent complex through electrostatic interaction is probably responsible for the formation of the aggregates.", "contents": "Dissociation, aggregation of sesame alpha-globulin in nonionic detergent solution. Nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and Brij 36T induce dissociation and aggregation of the protein sesame alpha-globulin above the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of the detergents. Spectrophotometric titration in Triton shows no change in the pKInt value of the tyrosyl groups at 1x10-3 M detergent where both dissociation and aggregation of the protein are observed. Fluorescence measurement does not indicate any change in the environment of the tryptophan groups of the protein in Brij. Viscosity measurements show no major conformational change of the protein in the detergent solution. Binding measurements suggest that perhaps micelles of the detergent predominantly bind to the protein. The detergent micelles preferentially bind to the exposed hydrophobic surfaces of the protein subunits. The association of the protein detergent complex through electrostatic interaction is probably responsible for the formation of the aggregates.", "PMID": 81812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8379", "title": "Motor innervation of the urinary tract studied by retrograde axonal transport of protein.", "content": "A new method for tracing the nervous control of the bladder is described. A protein substance, horseradish peroxidase, has been shown to be absorbed and transported by nerve fibers. The substance was injected into the bladder neck region of a series of dogs. After uptake by motor neurons the horseradish was carried to the spinal cord segment controlling micturition. Implications regarding the neurophysiology of the urinary tract are discussed.", "contents": "Motor innervation of the urinary tract studied by retrograde axonal transport of protein. A new method for tracing the nervous control of the bladder is described. A protein substance, horseradish peroxidase, has been shown to be absorbed and transported by nerve fibers. The substance was injected into the bladder neck region of a series of dogs. After uptake by motor neurons the horseradish was carried to the spinal cord segment controlling micturition. Implications regarding the neurophysiology of the urinary tract are discussed.", "PMID": 81813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8380", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a new human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (PS-1).", "content": "An epithelioid cell line (PS-1) has been established from a transitional cell cancer derived from human urinary bladder. Subcutaneous injection of the epithelioid cells into weanling athymic nude mice induced solid tumors histologically similar to the original tumor. A cell line was also established from a tumor induced in the athymic nude mouse (PS-1, T-1). Both cell lines exhibited essentially identical growth characteristics and formed a monolayer growth of epithelioid cells in culture. Electron microscopic studies confirmed epithelioid morphology. No fibroblastoid elements were observed. Chromosomal analysis revealed heteroploidy with persistent marker chromosomes; all cells contained a Y chromosome. The presence of tumor-specific antigen(s) in PS-1 cells was suggested by microcytotoxicity assays with peripheral allogeneic lymphocytes from other transitional cancer cell patients. Sera of urinary bladder cancer patients reacted with nuclear antigens of the established cells.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a new human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (PS-1). An epithelioid cell line (PS-1) has been established from a transitional cell cancer derived from human urinary bladder. Subcutaneous injection of the epithelioid cells into weanling athymic nude mice induced solid tumors histologically similar to the original tumor. A cell line was also established from a tumor induced in the athymic nude mouse (PS-1, T-1). Both cell lines exhibited essentially identical growth characteristics and formed a monolayer growth of epithelioid cells in culture. Electron microscopic studies confirmed epithelioid morphology. No fibroblastoid elements were observed. Chromosomal analysis revealed heteroploidy with persistent marker chromosomes; all cells contained a Y chromosome. The presence of tumor-specific antigen(s) in PS-1 cells was suggested by microcytotoxicity assays with peripheral allogeneic lymphocytes from other transitional cancer cell patients. Sera of urinary bladder cancer patients reacted with nuclear antigens of the established cells.", "PMID": 81814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8381", "title": "Specific inhibition of XC syncytia formation by anti-MuLV gp69/71 antibodies.", "content": "The XC syncytia formation observed when ecotropic murine leukemia virus producer cells were cocultivated with XC cells was specifically inhibited by anti-MuLV gp69/71 antibodies with type- or group-specific activities. Thus, the major glycoprotein of budding viruses was probably responsible for the fusion with XC cells. Since this inhibition is specific for anti-gp69/71, it provides a simple, sensitive and convenient way to type ecotropic type C viruses and to detect anti-gp69/71. The micromethod we have developed has been applied to the detection of type-specific anti-GLV gp69/71 natural antibodies in the serum of normal mice.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of XC syncytia formation by anti-MuLV gp69/71 antibodies. The XC syncytia formation observed when ecotropic murine leukemia virus producer cells were cocultivated with XC cells was specifically inhibited by anti-MuLV gp69/71 antibodies with type- or group-specific activities. Thus, the major glycoprotein of budding viruses was probably responsible for the fusion with XC cells. Since this inhibition is specific for anti-gp69/71, it provides a simple, sensitive and convenient way to type ecotropic type C viruses and to detect anti-gp69/71. The micromethod we have developed has been applied to the detection of type-specific anti-GLV gp69/71 natural antibodies in the serum of normal mice.", "PMID": 81815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8382", "title": "[Sperm allergy of the anaphylactic type].", "content": "A case of an anaphylactic type of allergy is reported with pruritus, mucosal edema, asthma and shock symptoms which developed in a 26 year old female against her husbands sperma fluid. Symptoms and test results are compared with those of six other published cases. Results of skin tests obtained with a fraction of sperma plasma separated by chromatography are indicating that the antigen is of protein nature with a molecular weight of about 14.100. A molecular weight between 12.400 and 24.00 has also been reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Sperm allergy of the anaphylactic type]. A case of an anaphylactic type of allergy is reported with pruritus, mucosal edema, asthma and shock symptoms which developed in a 26 year old female against her husbands sperma fluid. Symptoms and test results are compared with those of six other published cases. Results of skin tests obtained with a fraction of sperma plasma separated by chromatography are indicating that the antigen is of protein nature with a molecular weight of about 14.100. A molecular weight between 12.400 and 24.00 has also been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 81816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8383", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of stenosis or obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "15 patients are reviewed who had stenosis or obstruction at the hilus of the bile duct. Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic transduodenal cholangiography is indispensable for establishing the diagnosis before operation. Primary carcinomas involving the junction of the hepatic ducts may be regarded as resectable if proximal extension of the tumor is limited to below the second bifurcation of the intrahepatic bile ducts in both the right and left lobes and if the proper hepatic artery and portal vein are still free from tumor invasion. Our favourable operation procedures for resection or palliative decompression of the biliary tree are discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of stenosis or obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts]. 15 patients are reviewed who had stenosis or obstruction at the hilus of the bile duct. Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic transduodenal cholangiography is indispensable for establishing the diagnosis before operation. Primary carcinomas involving the junction of the hepatic ducts may be regarded as resectable if proximal extension of the tumor is limited to below the second bifurcation of the intrahepatic bile ducts in both the right and left lobes and if the proper hepatic artery and portal vein are still free from tumor invasion. Our favourable operation procedures for resection or palliative decompression of the biliary tree are discussed.", "PMID": 81817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8384", "title": "[Operative mortality, mortality and late results in bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "457 patients with a bronchial carcinoma of the years 1947--1962 are compared with 126 patients of the years 1969--1970 and set up in comparison to the whole clinical material of the years 1960--1975. In the period between 1969 and 1970 radical resections were performed in 20% more patients than in the first period (1947--1962). Older patients were in the last period (1970--1974) more frequent. 8% of all patients  in which lobectomy was performed and 5.5% of the patients in which pneumonectomy was performed were older than 70 years of age. Overall mortality has remained unchanged for exploratory thoracotomy (19%), palliative resection (17.5%) and \"radical\" resection (14%). For simple pneumonectomy the overall mortality went down from 19.2% (1960--1964) to 9.6% (1970-1974) and for simple lobectomy from 14.4% to 3.8%. The five-year survival rate after radical resections was 8% (first period 0%) and after simple resections 26% (26.2%). Patients with stage I epidermoid carcinoma had a five-year survival rate of 46%. Those with stage II (spread to ipsilateral hilar nodes) a five-year survival rate of 14.3% Patients with palliative resections and exploratory thoracotomy died within 16 months.", "contents": "[Operative mortality, mortality and late results in bronchial carcinoma]. 457 patients with a bronchial carcinoma of the years 1947--1962 are compared with 126 patients of the years 1969--1970 and set up in comparison to the whole clinical material of the years 1960--1975. In the period between 1969 and 1970 radical resections were performed in 20% more patients than in the first period (1947--1962). Older patients were in the last period (1970--1974) more frequent. 8% of all patients  in which lobectomy was performed and 5.5% of the patients in which pneumonectomy was performed were older than 70 years of age. Overall mortality has remained unchanged for exploratory thoracotomy (19%), palliative resection (17.5%) and \"radical\" resection (14%). For simple pneumonectomy the overall mortality went down from 19.2% (1960--1964) to 9.6% (1970-1974) and for simple lobectomy from 14.4% to 3.8%. The five-year survival rate after radical resections was 8% (first period 0%) and after simple resections 26% (26.2%). Patients with stage I epidermoid carcinoma had a five-year survival rate of 46%. Those with stage II (spread to ipsilateral hilar nodes) a five-year survival rate of 14.3% Patients with palliative resections and exploratory thoracotomy died within 16 months.", "PMID": 81818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8385", "title": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. I. Conversion of neamine analogs into butirosin analogs by mutants of Bacillus circulans.", "content": "By N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, neamine-negative mutants which required neamine for biosynthesis of butirosins were obtained from a butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans. These mutants also produced butirosins from paromamine and could be divided into two types I and II. Mutants of type I could not produce butirosins from 2-deoxystreptamine, whereas those of type II could. Two typical mutants MCRL 5003 (type I) and MCRL 5004 (type II) could produce butirosin analogs, 3', 4'-dideoxybutirosins, 6'-N-methylbutirosins, 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-C-methyl-butirosins from neamine analogs, gentamine Cla, 6'-N-methylneamine, 6'-N-methylgentamine Cla and gentamine C2, respectively.", "contents": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. I. Conversion of neamine analogs into butirosin analogs by mutants of Bacillus circulans. By N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, neamine-negative mutants which required neamine for biosynthesis of butirosins were obtained from a butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans. These mutants also produced butirosins from paromamine and could be divided into two types I and II. Mutants of type I could not produce butirosins from 2-deoxystreptamine, whereas those of type II could. Two typical mutants MCRL 5003 (type I) and MCRL 5004 (type II) could produce butirosin analogs, 3', 4'-dideoxybutirosins, 6'-N-methylbutirosins, 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-C-methyl-butirosins from neamine analogs, gentamine Cla, 6'-N-methylneamine, 6'-N-methylgentamine Cla and gentamine C2, respectively.", "PMID": 81822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8386", "title": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. II. 3', 4'-Dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins, new semisynthetic aminoglycosides.", "content": "A pair of new butirosin analogs was isolated from the fermentation broth obtained by cultivating a neamine-negative mutant of the butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans in the medium supplemented with 6'-N-methylgentamine C1a. These antibiotics were characterized and elucidated as 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins A and B (DMB-A & DMB-B), by chemical and spectroscopic studies. DMB-A and DMB-B exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities with in vitro potency similar to or slightly less than that for the butirosin A, with the exception of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens against which they exhibited activities equal to or slightly greater than that for butirosin A. As expected, they exhibited stronger activities against butirosin-resistant organisms which contain acetylating enzymes AAC(6')-I and AAC(6')-IV, and phosphorylating enzyme APH(3')-II. They were also active against some of the clinical isolates resistant to butirosins, dibekacin and/or gentamicin. The acute intravenous toxicity in mice of the DMB complex (B:70 APPROXIMATELY 80%) was somewhat less than that of the butirosin A.", "contents": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. II. 3', 4'-Dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins, new semisynthetic aminoglycosides. A pair of new butirosin analogs was isolated from the fermentation broth obtained by cultivating a neamine-negative mutant of the butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans in the medium supplemented with 6'-N-methylgentamine C1a. These antibiotics were characterized and elucidated as 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-N-methylbutirosins A and B (DMB-A & DMB-B), by chemical and spectroscopic studies. DMB-A and DMB-B exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities with in vitro potency similar to or slightly less than that for the butirosin A, with the exception of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens against which they exhibited activities equal to or slightly greater than that for butirosin A. As expected, they exhibited stronger activities against butirosin-resistant organisms which contain acetylating enzymes AAC(6')-I and AAC(6')-IV, and phosphorylating enzyme APH(3')-II. They were also active against some of the clinical isolates resistant to butirosins, dibekacin and/or gentamicin. The acute intravenous toxicity in mice of the DMB complex (B:70 APPROXIMATELY 80%) was somewhat less than that of the butirosin A.", "PMID": 81823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8387", "title": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. III. 6'-N-methylbutirosins and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-c-methylbutirosins, new semisynthetic aminoglycosides.", "content": "Two pairs of butirosin analogs were isolated from the fermentation broths obtained by cultivating a neamine-negative mutant of the butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans in the medium supplemented with 6'-N-methylneamine and gentamine C2, respectively. These amtibiotics were characterized as 6'-N-mentylbutirosins A and B (NMB-A & NMB-B), and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-C-methylbutirosins A and B (DCB-A & DCB-B), respectively, by chemical and spectroscopic studies. NMB-A and NMB-B exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities with in vitro potency similar to or slightly less than that for butirosin A, but with greater activities against butirosin-resistant strain which contains acetylating enzyme AAC-(6')-I. The activities of NMB-A and NMB-B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were relatively weak. DCB-B had broad-spectrum activity, and exhibited greatly improved activity against butirosin-resistant organisms which contain acetylating enzymes AAC(6')-I and AAC(6')-IV, and phosphorylating enzyme APH(3')-II. These new butirosin analogs were also active against some of the clinical isolates resistant to butirosins, dibekacin and/or gentamicin.", "contents": "Mutational biosynthesis of butirosin analogs. III. 6'-N-methylbutirosins and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-c-methylbutirosins, new semisynthetic aminoglycosides. Two pairs of butirosin analogs were isolated from the fermentation broths obtained by cultivating a neamine-negative mutant of the butirosin-producing organism Bacillus circulans in the medium supplemented with 6'-N-methylneamine and gentamine C2, respectively. These amtibiotics were characterized as 6'-N-mentylbutirosins A and B (NMB-A & NMB-B), and 3', 4'-dideoxy-6'-C-methylbutirosins A and B (DCB-A & DCB-B), respectively, by chemical and spectroscopic studies. NMB-A and NMB-B exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities with in vitro potency similar to or slightly less than that for butirosin A, but with greater activities against butirosin-resistant strain which contains acetylating enzyme AAC-(6')-I. The activities of NMB-A and NMB-B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were relatively weak. DCB-B had broad-spectrum activity, and exhibited greatly improved activity against butirosin-resistant organisms which contain acetylating enzymes AAC(6')-I and AAC(6')-IV, and phosphorylating enzyme APH(3')-II. These new butirosin analogs were also active against some of the clinical isolates resistant to butirosins, dibekacin and/or gentamicin.", "PMID": 81824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8388", "title": "Ribostamycin production by a mutant of butirosin producing bacteria.", "content": "By the use of our improved colony selection technique, xylostasin and ribostamycin producing mutants were isolated from nitrosoguanidine treated Bacillus circulans B15M, a producer of butirosins A and B. Among these structurally related aminoglycosides, ribostamycin is the well-known product of a Steptomyces and has not been isolated as a bacterial metabolite. A selected mutant of strain 306, which produces xylostasin and ribostamycin, was futher mutagenized in expectation of getting an improved strain having the ability to accumulate a large amount of ribostamycin in the culture broth. One mutant, strain 451, derived from strain 306, produced ribostamycin free of xylostasin.", "contents": "Ribostamycin production by a mutant of butirosin producing bacteria. By the use of our improved colony selection technique, xylostasin and ribostamycin producing mutants were isolated from nitrosoguanidine treated Bacillus circulans B15M, a producer of butirosins A and B. Among these structurally related aminoglycosides, ribostamycin is the well-known product of a Steptomyces and has not been isolated as a bacterial metabolite. A selected mutant of strain 306, which produces xylostasin and ribostamycin, was futher mutagenized in expectation of getting an improved strain having the ability to accumulate a large amount of ribostamycin in the culture broth. One mutant, strain 451, derived from strain 306, produced ribostamycin free of xylostasin.", "PMID": 81827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8389", "title": "1- and 3-deamidino derivatives of dihydrostreptomycin and some 1-N-acyl derivatives.", "content": "1-Deamidino-, 3-deamidino- and 1,3-di(deamidino)dihydrostreptomycin (1, 2, 3) were prepared by treatment of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) with ammonia at 100 degrees C. The 3-guanidino group of DHSM is suggested to be more important than the 1-guanidino group for the antibacterial activity of DHSM. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) and 1-N-[(S)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxybutyryl] derivatives (4, 6) of 1-deamidinodihydrostreptomycin were futher prepared.", "contents": "1- and 3-deamidino derivatives of dihydrostreptomycin and some 1-N-acyl derivatives. 1-Deamidino-, 3-deamidino- and 1,3-di(deamidino)dihydrostreptomycin (1, 2, 3) were prepared by treatment of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) with ammonia at 100 degrees C. The 3-guanidino group of DHSM is suggested to be more important than the 1-guanidino group for the antibacterial activity of DHSM. 1-N-[(S)-4-Amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) and 1-N-[(S)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxybutyryl] derivatives (4, 6) of 1-deamidinodihydrostreptomycin were futher prepared.", "PMID": 81828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8390", "title": "Synthesis of 5''-amino-3,5''-dideoxybutirosin A.", "content": "The titled compound was prepared by condensation of 3'-deoxyparomamine derivative (5) with 2,3-O-bis(p-nitrobenzoyl)-5-O-tosyl-D-xylofuranosyl bromide followed by 1-N-acylation with the active ester of (S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxybutyric acid. The compound was slightly more active than 3'-deoxybutirosin A against Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5''-amino-3,5''-dideoxybutirosin A. The titled compound was prepared by condensation of 3'-deoxyparomamine derivative (5) with 2,3-O-bis(p-nitrobenzoyl)-5-O-tosyl-D-xylofuranosyl bromide followed by 1-N-acylation with the active ester of (S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxybutyric acid. The compound was slightly more active than 3'-deoxybutirosin A against Pseudomonas.", "PMID": 81829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8391", "title": "Stimulation of prolyl hydroxylase activity by bleomycin.", "content": "The activity of purified prolyl hydroxylase (proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1. 14. 11. 2) was enhanced 3 approximately 8-fold at a low concentration of ferrous ion (1 X 10(-5 M) by addition of bleomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic with antineoplastic activity and a side effect of producing pulmonary fibrosis. The maximum stimulation was attained at a concentration of 15 microgram/ml bleomycin (about 1 X 10(-5) M), which was approximately equimolar with the ferrous ion, one of the cofactors of this enzyme. Addition of bleomycin to the assay mixture resulted in a change of the optimal concentration of ferrous ion from 2 X 10(-3) M to 1 X 10(-5) M. Changing the order of addition of ferrous ion, enzyme and bleomycin in assay medium before incubation at 37 degrees C, the stimulatory activity was varied. Blemycin A2Cu++(Cu++-chelated bleomycin), which scarcely complexed with Fe++, had no enhancing effects on the enzymatic activity. We discuss the possible reasons as to why the activity of prolyl hydroxylase was enhanced by addition of bleomycin in the assay mixture.", "contents": "Stimulation of prolyl hydroxylase activity by bleomycin. The activity of purified prolyl hydroxylase (proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1. 14. 11. 2) was enhanced 3 approximately 8-fold at a low concentration of ferrous ion (1 X 10(-5 M) by addition of bleomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic with antineoplastic activity and a side effect of producing pulmonary fibrosis. The maximum stimulation was attained at a concentration of 15 microgram/ml bleomycin (about 1 X 10(-5) M), which was approximately equimolar with the ferrous ion, one of the cofactors of this enzyme. Addition of bleomycin to the assay mixture resulted in a change of the optimal concentration of ferrous ion from 2 X 10(-3) M to 1 X 10(-5) M. Changing the order of addition of ferrous ion, enzyme and bleomycin in assay medium before incubation at 37 degrees C, the stimulatory activity was varied. Blemycin A2Cu++(Cu++-chelated bleomycin), which scarcely complexed with Fe++, had no enhancing effects on the enzymatic activity. We discuss the possible reasons as to why the activity of prolyl hydroxylase was enhanced by addition of bleomycin in the assay mixture.", "PMID": 81830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8392", "title": "Urinary oligosaccharides of fucosidosis. Evidence of the occurrence of X-antigenic determinant in serum-type sugar chains of glycoproteins.", "content": "Urine of a fucosidosis patient contained a large amount of fucosyl oligosaccharides and fucose-rich glycopeptides. Six major oligosaccharides were purified by a combination of Bio-Gel P-2 and P-4 column chromatographies and paper chromatography. Structural studies by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and by methylation analysis revealed that their structures were as follows: Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAc, Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 3Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4Manalpha1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, and Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4Manalpha1 leads to 6Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc. In additon, the structure of a minor decasaccharide was found to be Galbeta1 leads to (Fucalpha1 leads to)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to [Galbeta1 leads to (Fucalpha1 leads to)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc.", "contents": "Urinary oligosaccharides of fucosidosis. Evidence of the occurrence of X-antigenic determinant in serum-type sugar chains of glycoproteins. Urine of a fucosidosis patient contained a large amount of fucosyl oligosaccharides and fucose-rich glycopeptides. Six major oligosaccharides were purified by a combination of Bio-Gel P-2 and P-4 column chromatographies and paper chromatography. Structural studies by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and by methylation analysis revealed that their structures were as follows: Fucalpha1 leads to 6GlcNAc, Fucalpha1 leads to 2Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 3Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4Manalpha1 leads to 4GlcNAc, Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc, and Galbeta1 leads to 4(Fucalpha1 leads to 3)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4Manalpha1 leads to 6Manalpha1 leads to 6Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc. In additon, the structure of a minor decasaccharide was found to be Galbeta1 leads to (Fucalpha1 leads to)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to [Galbeta1 leads to (Fucalpha1 leads to)GlcNAcbeta1 leads to Manalpha1 leads to]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAc.", "PMID": 81832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8393", "title": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. An immunochemical approach to the identification of possible nucleation sites.", "content": "Specifically purified antibody to either domain I, domain III, or to subregions of domains I or III of serum albumin was added to refolding mixtures containing reduced serum albumin but no other refolding catalyst. It was found that the refolding of reduced albumin was greatly enhanced by the presence of specific antibody in the refolding mixture, that this enhancement was restricted to that domain for which the added antibody was directed, and that antibody-mediated enhancement of refolding in the NH2-terminal portion of each domain was delayed as compared to that seen in the COOH-terminal portion of each domain. Thus, an apparent COOH-terminal to NH2-terminal pathway of refolding within each domain was observed, which is consistent with the proposed evolutionary pathway of the albumin molecule and also consistent with the proposed presence of a nucleation center in the COOH-terminal double disulfide loop of each domain.", "contents": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. An immunochemical approach to the identification of possible nucleation sites. Specifically purified antibody to either domain I, domain III, or to subregions of domains I or III of serum albumin was added to refolding mixtures containing reduced serum albumin but no other refolding catalyst. It was found that the refolding of reduced albumin was greatly enhanced by the presence of specific antibody in the refolding mixture, that this enhancement was restricted to that domain for which the added antibody was directed, and that antibody-mediated enhancement of refolding in the NH2-terminal portion of each domain was delayed as compared to that seen in the COOH-terminal portion of each domain. Thus, an apparent COOH-terminal to NH2-terminal pathway of refolding within each domain was observed, which is consistent with the proposed evolutionary pathway of the albumin molecule and also consistent with the proposed presence of a nucleation center in the COOH-terminal double disulfide loop of each domain.", "PMID": 81833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8394", "title": "The antigenic structure of bovine serum albumin. Evidence for multiple, different, domain-specific antigenic determinants.", "content": "Using antiserum to native bovine albumin and antigenically active fragments of the protein, we have isolated antibodies directed to each of the three domains and to several subdomains of the albumin molecule. Using albumin and these fragments as inhibitors of the reaction between 125I-albumin and any given antibody population, we have demonstrated that: (a) each domain of albumin is antigenically distinct from each of the other domains; (b) each domain possesses a minimum of two different antigenic determinants; and (c) the entire albumin molecule possesses a minimum of six different, nonrepeating, antigenic determinants.", "contents": "The antigenic structure of bovine serum albumin. Evidence for multiple, different, domain-specific antigenic determinants. Using antiserum to native bovine albumin and antigenically active fragments of the protein, we have isolated antibodies directed to each of the three domains and to several subdomains of the albumin molecule. Using albumin and these fragments as inhibitors of the reaction between 125I-albumin and any given antibody population, we have demonstrated that: (a) each domain of albumin is antigenically distinct from each of the other domains; (b) each domain possesses a minimum of two different antigenic determinants; and (c) the entire albumin molecule possesses a minimum of six different, nonrepeating, antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 81834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8395", "title": "Cross-linking studies on the conformation and dimerization of myelin basic protein in solution.", "content": "Myelin basic protein was isolated from both cat and bovine central nervous system. Cat and bovine myelin basic protein, which are shown to be similar by tryptic mapping, exhibit identical behavior when cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent difluorodinitrobenzene. Myelin basic protein is cross-linked into only a dimer under certain conditions in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In contrast, many oligomers are formed when myelin basic protein is cross-linked in the absence of detergent. The formation of cross-linked dimers in the absence of other oligomer formation suggests that the protein is at least partly dimeric in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The conformation of them myelin basic protein monomer in sodium dodecyl sulfate was also studied. N-Bromosuccinimide and cyanogen bromide cleavage reactions were used to demonstrate that difluorodinitrobenzene had introduced intramolecular cross-links between the two peptides resulting from each of the cleavage ractions. However, these types of intramolecular cross-links cannot be detected under conditions in which only dimers have formed. Some of the lysine residues which are modified by difluorodinitrobenzene were identified by tryptic mapping. In several respects, the conformation of myelin basic protein in a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution appears to be similar to the conformation of the protein in the membrane.", "contents": "Cross-linking studies on the conformation and dimerization of myelin basic protein in solution. Myelin basic protein was isolated from both cat and bovine central nervous system. Cat and bovine myelin basic protein, which are shown to be similar by tryptic mapping, exhibit identical behavior when cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent difluorodinitrobenzene. Myelin basic protein is cross-linked into only a dimer under certain conditions in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In contrast, many oligomers are formed when myelin basic protein is cross-linked in the absence of detergent. The formation of cross-linked dimers in the absence of other oligomer formation suggests that the protein is at least partly dimeric in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The conformation of them myelin basic protein monomer in sodium dodecyl sulfate was also studied. N-Bromosuccinimide and cyanogen bromide cleavage reactions were used to demonstrate that difluorodinitrobenzene had introduced intramolecular cross-links between the two peptides resulting from each of the cleavage ractions. However, these types of intramolecular cross-links cannot be detected under conditions in which only dimers have formed. Some of the lysine residues which are modified by difluorodinitrobenzene were identified by tryptic mapping. In several respects, the conformation of myelin basic protein in a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution appears to be similar to the conformation of the protein in the membrane.", "PMID": 81835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8396", "title": "Effect of RNA tumor virus-specific protein p30 on reverse transcriptase. Intraspecies and interspecies interaction between reverse transcriptase and p30.", "content": "Reverse transcriptase and p30 were purified from various retroviruses and the intra- and interspecific interaction between the two proteins were studied. The intraspecific complex stimulates [3H]TMP incorporation into (dT)12.(rA)n severalfold above that of the enzyme itself whereas DNA synthesis in the presence of the interspecific complex can stimulate DNA synthesis about 1.5-fold. The sedimentation rate value of the intraspecies complex varies between 12 and 16 S with an estimated molecular weight of 400,000. The molar ratio of p30:reverse transcriptase within the complex is 8:1. Both complexes can be dissociated into their original protein components by exposure to salt (kcl) solution, except that 0.3 M KCl will dissociate the interspecies complex whereas 0.8 M KCl is required for dissociation of the intraspecies complex. Competition studies in which an interspecies complex was exposed to p30 autologous to reverse transcriptase within the complex resulted in the displacement of the heterologous (p30) protein and the formation of a new intraspecific complex.", "contents": "Effect of RNA tumor virus-specific protein p30 on reverse transcriptase. Intraspecies and interspecies interaction between reverse transcriptase and p30. Reverse transcriptase and p30 were purified from various retroviruses and the intra- and interspecific interaction between the two proteins were studied. The intraspecific complex stimulates [3H]TMP incorporation into (dT)12.(rA)n severalfold above that of the enzyme itself whereas DNA synthesis in the presence of the interspecific complex can stimulate DNA synthesis about 1.5-fold. The sedimentation rate value of the intraspecies complex varies between 12 and 16 S with an estimated molecular weight of 400,000. The molar ratio of p30:reverse transcriptase within the complex is 8:1. Both complexes can be dissociated into their original protein components by exposure to salt (kcl) solution, except that 0.3 M KCl will dissociate the interspecies complex whereas 0.8 M KCl is required for dissociation of the intraspecies complex. Competition studies in which an interspecies complex was exposed to p30 autologous to reverse transcriptase within the complex resulted in the displacement of the heterologous (p30) protein and the formation of a new intraspecific complex.", "PMID": 81836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8397", "title": "Immunological studies on pancreatic phospholipase A2. Antigenic characterization of the NH2-terminal region.", "content": "Rabbit antisera elicited against pure pig, horse, ox, and sheep pancreatic phospholipase A2 revealed considerable immunological differences when tested by double immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation assays. Snake venom phospholipases did not show any detectable cross-reactions with the pancreatic enzymes. Microcomplement fixation also clearly demonstrated conformational differences between porcine phospholipase A2 and its zymogen. NH2 terminally modified analogs of porcine phospholipase A2 could be clearly distinguished using the same assay. Moreover, strong evidence was obtained that Ala1-Arg6 is a part of an antigenic determinant. Radioimmune assay, using monovalent phospholipase-specific Fab fragments revealed a maximum number of three antigenic sites of phospholipase that can simultaneously be occupied by antibody. The Fab fragments were separated into three fractions, using three immunoadsorbent columns in series. These Fab fractions showed different inhibitory properties toward micellar binding of phospholipase A2. They also exhibited different protective effects against active center modification.", "contents": "Immunological studies on pancreatic phospholipase A2. Antigenic characterization of the NH2-terminal region. Rabbit antisera elicited against pure pig, horse, ox, and sheep pancreatic phospholipase A2 revealed considerable immunological differences when tested by double immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation assays. Snake venom phospholipases did not show any detectable cross-reactions with the pancreatic enzymes. Microcomplement fixation also clearly demonstrated conformational differences between porcine phospholipase A2 and its zymogen. NH2 terminally modified analogs of porcine phospholipase A2 could be clearly distinguished using the same assay. Moreover, strong evidence was obtained that Ala1-Arg6 is a part of an antigenic determinant. Radioimmune assay, using monovalent phospholipase-specific Fab fragments revealed a maximum number of three antigenic sites of phospholipase that can simultaneously be occupied by antibody. The Fab fragments were separated into three fractions, using three immunoadsorbent columns in series. These Fab fractions showed different inhibitory properties toward micellar binding of phospholipase A2. They also exhibited different protective effects against active center modification.", "PMID": 81837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8398", "title": "Immunoradiometric measurement of the factor VIII procoagulant antigen.", "content": "A fluid-phase immunoradiometric assay has been developed which identifies an antigen on the Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) procoagulant protein. This sensitive and quantitative assay is not influenced by levels of Favor VIII-related antigen (von Willebrand factor) or other plasma proteins. There is a close correlation of procoagulant activity and immunologically detectable protein in normal and von Willebrand's disease plasmas. In contrast, several different patterns have been identified in hemophilic plasmas. Neither procoagulant activity nor procoagulant antigen is detectable in plasmas from patients with severe classic hemophilia. Patients with mild and moderate hemophilia have either comparable plasma concentrations of procoagulant activity and procoagulant antigen or relatively greater levels of immunologically detectable protein.", "contents": "Immunoradiometric measurement of the factor VIII procoagulant antigen. A fluid-phase immunoradiometric assay has been developed which identifies an antigen on the Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) procoagulant protein. This sensitive and quantitative assay is not influenced by levels of Favor VIII-related antigen (von Willebrand factor) or other plasma proteins. There is a close correlation of procoagulant activity and immunologically detectable protein in normal and von Willebrand's disease plasmas. In contrast, several different patterns have been identified in hemophilic plasmas. Neither procoagulant activity nor procoagulant antigen is detectable in plasmas from patients with severe classic hemophilia. Patients with mild and moderate hemophilia have either comparable plasma concentrations of procoagulant activity and procoagulant antigen or relatively greater levels of immunologically detectable protein.", "PMID": 81838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8399", "title": "Serum elastase and its inhibitors in the blood of heavily burnt patients.", "content": "Serum elastase and its inhibitors were determined in the sera of heavily burnt patients. Serum elastase levels were elevated at two to eight days after a severe burn-accident and returned towards normal values from the 10th day on. Both alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin levels were also elevated in the sera of heavily burnt patients. alpha1-Antitrypsin showed a parallel evolution to the elastase level but alpha2-macroglobulin followed a somewhat different time curve. Plasminogen and antithrombin were not elevated significantly. It is suggested that serum elastase may play a role in tissue degradation in burnt patients.", "contents": "Serum elastase and its inhibitors in the blood of heavily burnt patients. Serum elastase and its inhibitors were determined in the sera of heavily burnt patients. Serum elastase levels were elevated at two to eight days after a severe burn-accident and returned towards normal values from the 10th day on. Both alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin levels were also elevated in the sera of heavily burnt patients. alpha1-Antitrypsin showed a parallel evolution to the elastase level but alpha2-macroglobulin followed a somewhat different time curve. Plasminogen and antithrombin were not elevated significantly. It is suggested that serum elastase may play a role in tissue degradation in burnt patients.", "PMID": 81839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8400", "title": "Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on serum proteins in neonatal calves.", "content": "This study was to determine if orally administered duodenal fluid, as a source of intestinal microorganisms, would influence absorption of gamma-globulin of colostrum in newborn calves. Duodenal fluid was obtained 2 h postfeeding from a cannulated milk-fed calf. Twenty-seven male and female Holstein calves obtained within 6 h of birth were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: 1) colostrum alone, 2) 200 ml duodenal fluid immediately followed by colostrum, and 3) 200 ml duodenal fluid followed 3 h later by colostrum. Pooled colostrum was fed at 10% of body weight in two daily feedings. Total protein, albumin, alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin of blood serum were determined prior to colostrum consumption, and again 24 and 48 h after administration of duodenal fluid. Total proteins, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin of serum increased with age in all calves. Inocula interference with absorption was indicated by depressed values of serum in calves of treatment 3 as compared to treatment 1 calves for protein (5.28 to 6.28 g/dl), beta-globulin (.67 to .87 g/dl), and gamma-globulin (.76 to 1.33 g/dl). Protein was also lower in calves of treatment 3 (6.05 g/dl) compared to uninoculated calves (6.28 g/dl). Malabsorption of colostral proteins may be related to early establishment of large numbers of intestinal microorganisms in the newborn calf.", "contents": "Effect of orally administered duodenal fluid on serum proteins in neonatal calves. This study was to determine if orally administered duodenal fluid, as a source of intestinal microorganisms, would influence absorption of gamma-globulin of colostrum in newborn calves. Duodenal fluid was obtained 2 h postfeeding from a cannulated milk-fed calf. Twenty-seven male and female Holstein calves obtained within 6 h of birth were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: 1) colostrum alone, 2) 200 ml duodenal fluid immediately followed by colostrum, and 3) 200 ml duodenal fluid followed 3 h later by colostrum. Pooled colostrum was fed at 10% of body weight in two daily feedings. Total protein, albumin, alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin of blood serum were determined prior to colostrum consumption, and again 24 and 48 h after administration of duodenal fluid. Total proteins, beta-globulin, and gamma-globulin of serum increased with age in all calves. Inocula interference with absorption was indicated by depressed values of serum in calves of treatment 3 as compared to treatment 1 calves for protein (5.28 to 6.28 g/dl), beta-globulin (.67 to .87 g/dl), and gamma-globulin (.76 to 1.33 g/dl). Protein was also lower in calves of treatment 3 (6.05 g/dl) compared to uninoculated calves (6.28 g/dl). Malabsorption of colostral proteins may be related to early establishment of large numbers of intestinal microorganisms in the newborn calf.", "PMID": 81840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8401", "title": "Absorption of colostral proteins by newborn calves fed unfermented, fermented, or buffered colostrum.", "content": "Unfermented, frozen colostrum from the first three postpartum milkings of 10 cows was thawed, pooled, and treated to produce three diets: 1) unfermented, 2) fermented (7 days at 25 to 27 C), and 3) fermented (as in 2) with pH adjusted to match that of unfermented colostrum. Eighteen newborn, unsuckled Holstein calves were assigned randomly to one of the three diets. Colostrum diets were thawed and fed at 0, 8, 16, 24, and 36 h. Blood was sampled at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. Minimal breakdown of colostral gamma-globulin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) occurred during fermentation. Protein breakdown during fermentation was associated primarily with the casein fraction. Concentrations of gamma-globulin in serum of calves receiving unfermented colostrum were higher than those of calves fed fermented colostrum at all sampling times beyond 0 h. Concentrations of gamma-globulin in serum of calves fed buffered colostrum were intermediate. Concentrations of IgG followed a similar trend. Health problems were not encountered, indicating potential for passive immunization of newborn calves via fermented, buffered colostrum in emergency situations.", "contents": "Absorption of colostral proteins by newborn calves fed unfermented, fermented, or buffered colostrum. Unfermented, frozen colostrum from the first three postpartum milkings of 10 cows was thawed, pooled, and treated to produce three diets: 1) unfermented, 2) fermented (7 days at 25 to 27 C), and 3) fermented (as in 2) with pH adjusted to match that of unfermented colostrum. Eighteen newborn, unsuckled Holstein calves were assigned randomly to one of the three diets. Colostrum diets were thawed and fed at 0, 8, 16, 24, and 36 h. Blood was sampled at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. Minimal breakdown of colostral gamma-globulin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) occurred during fermentation. Protein breakdown during fermentation was associated primarily with the casein fraction. Concentrations of gamma-globulin in serum of calves receiving unfermented colostrum were higher than those of calves fed fermented colostrum at all sampling times beyond 0 h. Concentrations of gamma-globulin in serum of calves fed buffered colostrum were intermediate. Concentrations of IgG followed a similar trend. Health problems were not encountered, indicating potential for passive immunization of newborn calves via fermented, buffered colostrum in emergency situations.", "PMID": 81841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8402", "title": "Adrenal function and passive immunity in the dystocial calf.", "content": "Dystocial calves were tested for their ability to absorb colostral immunoglobulins and establish a competent passive immunity. Twenty dystocial and 20 eutocial calves were fed 1 liter of colostrum 4 h after birth and an additional liter 12 h later. Their absorption of the immunoglobulins A, G, and M, as indicated by serum concentrations, was equivalent at 16 and 24 h postpartum. Cortisol concentrations in serum at birth were high in both eutocial and dystocial calves and were correlated negatively with environmental temperatures prior to parturition. The dystocial calves had a lower cortisol concentration in serum at birth. The differences in cortisol concentrations between dystocial and eutocial calves and between experimental blocks influenced by environmental temperature could not be related to immunoglobulin absorption.", "contents": "Adrenal function and passive immunity in the dystocial calf. Dystocial calves were tested for their ability to absorb colostral immunoglobulins and establish a competent passive immunity. Twenty dystocial and 20 eutocial calves were fed 1 liter of colostrum 4 h after birth and an additional liter 12 h later. Their absorption of the immunoglobulins A, G, and M, as indicated by serum concentrations, was equivalent at 16 and 24 h postpartum. Cortisol concentrations in serum at birth were high in both eutocial and dystocial calves and were correlated negatively with environmental temperatures prior to parturition. The dystocial calves had a lower cortisol concentration in serum at birth. The differences in cortisol concentrations between dystocial and eutocial calves and between experimental blocks influenced by environmental temperature could not be related to immunoglobulin absorption.", "PMID": 81842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8403", "title": "Complete versus selective dry cow therapy for mastitis control.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-two cows were assigned alternately to complete dry cow therapy (infusion in all quarters on the day of drying off) or selective therapy (infusion in all quarters if a history of mastitis, California Mastitis Test score of +2 or +3 in any quarter, or if cell counts from bucket milk samples as determined by the membrane filter-deoxyribonucleic acid procedure were above 500,000 cells/ml). A dry cow product containing 10(6) units of procaine penicillin G and 1 g of dihydrostreptomycin in a slow release base was used. A 1% iodophor teat dip was used throughout the experiment. Infections of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, other streptococci, and gram negative rods were eliminated from 85.4% of the infected quarters with complete therapy and 88.2% of the infected quarters with selective therapy. New infections occurred in 3.1% of quarters with complete therapy and in 6.5% of the quarters with selective therapy. Incidence of mastitis following the dry period was less with complete therapy compared to selective therapy (4.6% vs. 7.8% of the quarters). Selective therapy was as effective as complete therapy in eliminating existing infections. Complete therapy would be the choice in situations where new infections in dry period are of concern.", "contents": "Complete versus selective dry cow therapy for mastitis control. Two hundred and thirty-two cows were assigned alternately to complete dry cow therapy (infusion in all quarters on the day of drying off) or selective therapy (infusion in all quarters if a history of mastitis, California Mastitis Test score of +2 or +3 in any quarter, or if cell counts from bucket milk samples as determined by the membrane filter-deoxyribonucleic acid procedure were above 500,000 cells/ml). A dry cow product containing 10(6) units of procaine penicillin G and 1 g of dihydrostreptomycin in a slow release base was used. A 1% iodophor teat dip was used throughout the experiment. Infections of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, other streptococci, and gram negative rods were eliminated from 85.4% of the infected quarters with complete therapy and 88.2% of the infected quarters with selective therapy. New infections occurred in 3.1% of quarters with complete therapy and in 6.5% of the quarters with selective therapy. Incidence of mastitis following the dry period was less with complete therapy compared to selective therapy (4.6% vs. 7.8% of the quarters). Selective therapy was as effective as complete therapy in eliminating existing infections. Complete therapy would be the choice in situations where new infections in dry period are of concern.", "PMID": 81843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8404", "title": "Studies of hypersensitivity reactions to foods in infants and children.", "content": "In order to extend previous investigations of adverse reactions to foods performed at this institution, 68 children, aged 5 mo to 15 yr, were studied. All subjects reported a history of adverse reaction to ingestion of one or more of the 14 foods under study. Sixteen of 43 subjects, 3 yr of age or older, had 22 adverse reactions during 94 food challenges with one or more of the 14 foods. All reactions confirmed were to peanut or other nuts, milk, egg, and soy. Skin testing with 1:20 weight/volume concentrations of food extracts applied by the puncture technique produced a net wheal reaction 3 mm or greater in all subjects 3 yr of age or older in whom double-blind food challenges confirmed the history of adverse reaction. Thirteen of 25 children less than 3 yr of age manifested adverse reactions during 49 food challenges. Skin testing by puncture technique produced a net wheal 3 mm or greater in 9 children less than 3 yr of age in whom food challenge elicited a clinical response within 2 hr. One of 4 subjects less than 3 yr of age in whom the adverse reaction occurred more than 4 hr after food challenge exhibited a wheal to puncture skin test of 3 mm or greater. These studies suggest that at present double-blind food challenge is an indispensible tool for the unequivocal evaluation of adverse reactions to foods.", "contents": "Studies of hypersensitivity reactions to foods in infants and children. In order to extend previous investigations of adverse reactions to foods performed at this institution, 68 children, aged 5 mo to 15 yr, were studied. All subjects reported a history of adverse reaction to ingestion of one or more of the 14 foods under study. Sixteen of 43 subjects, 3 yr of age or older, had 22 adverse reactions during 94 food challenges with one or more of the 14 foods. All reactions confirmed were to peanut or other nuts, milk, egg, and soy. Skin testing with 1:20 weight/volume concentrations of food extracts applied by the puncture technique produced a net wheal reaction 3 mm or greater in all subjects 3 yr of age or older in whom double-blind food challenges confirmed the history of adverse reaction. Thirteen of 25 children less than 3 yr of age manifested adverse reactions during 49 food challenges. Skin testing by puncture technique produced a net wheal 3 mm or greater in 9 children less than 3 yr of age in whom food challenge elicited a clinical response within 2 hr. One of 4 subjects less than 3 yr of age in whom the adverse reaction occurred more than 4 hr after food challenge exhibited a wheal to puncture skin test of 3 mm or greater. These studies suggest that at present double-blind food challenge is an indispensible tool for the unequivocal evaluation of adverse reactions to foods.", "PMID": 81844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8405", "title": "Immunogenic properties of tobacco smoke.", "content": "The immunogenic capacity of tobacco smoke or tobacco smoke in combination with host proteins to stimulate antibody production in rabbits was investigated. Several antisera from rabbits immunized with tobacco smoke components reacted by immunoprecipitation with tobacco smoke or leaf antigens. The serum precipitins were present only in immune sera and had electrophoretic mobility and molecular size identical to immunoglobulin. These results suggest that tobacco smoke contains components capable of stimulating an immune response in rabbits. It is possible that these components are immunogenic in man, although their role as allergens remains to be determined.", "contents": "Immunogenic properties of tobacco smoke. The immunogenic capacity of tobacco smoke or tobacco smoke in combination with host proteins to stimulate antibody production in rabbits was investigated. Several antisera from rabbits immunized with tobacco smoke components reacted by immunoprecipitation with tobacco smoke or leaf antigens. The serum precipitins were present only in immune sera and had electrophoretic mobility and molecular size identical to immunoglobulin. These results suggest that tobacco smoke contains components capable of stimulating an immune response in rabbits. It is possible that these components are immunogenic in man, although their role as allergens remains to be determined.", "PMID": 81845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8406", "title": "Inferences on RNA synthesis rates during mitosis from flow cytofluorimetric RNA histograms.", "content": "Flow cytofluorimetric techniques with acridine orange staining have been used to study RNA levels of cells during and immediately after mitosis. It can be inferred from the histogram data that, of the mitotic cells, those in telophase have the highest RNA content, and that the rate of synthesis increases rapidly between anaphase and telophase. These inferences correlate with results obtained from parallel labeled precursor studies.", "contents": "Inferences on RNA synthesis rates during mitosis from flow cytofluorimetric RNA histograms. Flow cytofluorimetric techniques with acridine orange staining have been used to study RNA levels of cells during and immediately after mitosis. It can be inferred from the histogram data that, of the mitotic cells, those in telophase have the highest RNA content, and that the rate of synthesis increases rapidly between anaphase and telophase. These inferences correlate with results obtained from parallel labeled precursor studies.", "PMID": 81848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8407", "title": "A subpopulation of adherent accessory cells bearing both I-A and I-E or C subregion antigens is required for antigen-specific murine T lymphocyte proliferation.", "content": "A murine T lymphocyte proliferation assay that used antigen-primed lymph node T cells, was antigen specific, and required exogenous accessory cells was used to characterize the accessory cells that supported proliferation. These cells were Thy 1.2 negative, radioresistant, glass-adherent, and were functional only if alive. The accessory cell function of spleen adherent cells was much greater than that of peritoneal cells. Also, the accessory cell function of spleen adherent cells was proportional to the length of time such cells were incubated with antigen and very small numbers of such cells provided accessory cell function. Cytotoxic studies with subregion-restricted anti-Ia antibodies and complement indicated that accessory cell function resided in a subpopulation of spleen adherent cells that bore both I-A and I-E or C subregion antigens. The function of such cells was not related to a selective ability (vs other spleen adherent cells) to take up antigen. These data indicate that antigen-specific stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation requires at least one specific subpopulation of spleen adherent cells that can be phenotypically identified by its expression of Ia antigens and are consistent with the possibility that Ia antigens may be Ir gene products.", "contents": "A subpopulation of adherent accessory cells bearing both I-A and I-E or C subregion antigens is required for antigen-specific murine T lymphocyte proliferation. A murine T lymphocyte proliferation assay that used antigen-primed lymph node T cells, was antigen specific, and required exogenous accessory cells was used to characterize the accessory cells that supported proliferation. These cells were Thy 1.2 negative, radioresistant, glass-adherent, and were functional only if alive. The accessory cell function of spleen adherent cells was much greater than that of peritoneal cells. Also, the accessory cell function of spleen adherent cells was proportional to the length of time such cells were incubated with antigen and very small numbers of such cells provided accessory cell function. Cytotoxic studies with subregion-restricted anti-Ia antibodies and complement indicated that accessory cell function resided in a subpopulation of spleen adherent cells that bore both I-A and I-E or C subregion antigens. The function of such cells was not related to a selective ability (vs other spleen adherent cells) to take up antigen. These data indicate that antigen-specific stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation requires at least one specific subpopulation of spleen adherent cells that can be phenotypically identified by its expression of Ia antigens and are consistent with the possibility that Ia antigens may be Ir gene products.", "PMID": 81849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8408", "title": "Immunochromatography on insolubilized antibodies of very low affinity: application to immunoadsorbence of bovine alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Cross-reactive antibodies were utilized to prepare immunoadsorbents possessing a very low affinity to bovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). A goat anti-human AFP serum cross-reactive with bovine AFP was first depleted of antibodies reactive with bovine AFP in immunodiffusion. The remaining antibodies from this serum and gamma-globulin from a sheep antiserum against rabbit AFP, without prior absorption, were coupled to Sepharose. Chromatography of fetal calf serum on these adsorbents resulted in retardation of bovine AFP relative to other proteins. A major part of the AFP eluted from the columns with phosphate-buffered saline. The rest eluted as a sharp peak with a small quantity of 4 or 6 M urea. The elution of AFP with the initial column buffer has made it possible to prepare pure AFP that has not been subjected to the chaotropic elution buffers usually employed in affinity chromatography. Elimination of the washing step and the ease of elution has allowed purification of gram amounts of AFP. The fact that immunoadsorbents prepared from antibodies with no detectable reactivity in immunodiffusion still caused delayed elution in chromatography suggests that this procedure may be useful in search of proteins cross-reactive with a known protein.", "contents": "Immunochromatography on insolubilized antibodies of very low affinity: application to immunoadsorbence of bovine alpha-fetoprotein. Cross-reactive antibodies were utilized to prepare immunoadsorbents possessing a very low affinity to bovine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). A goat anti-human AFP serum cross-reactive with bovine AFP was first depleted of antibodies reactive with bovine AFP in immunodiffusion. The remaining antibodies from this serum and gamma-globulin from a sheep antiserum against rabbit AFP, without prior absorption, were coupled to Sepharose. Chromatography of fetal calf serum on these adsorbents resulted in retardation of bovine AFP relative to other proteins. A major part of the AFP eluted from the columns with phosphate-buffered saline. The rest eluted as a sharp peak with a small quantity of 4 or 6 M urea. The elution of AFP with the initial column buffer has made it possible to prepare pure AFP that has not been subjected to the chaotropic elution buffers usually employed in affinity chromatography. Elimination of the washing step and the ease of elution has allowed purification of gram amounts of AFP. The fact that immunoadsorbents prepared from antibodies with no detectable reactivity in immunodiffusion still caused delayed elution in chromatography suggests that this procedure may be useful in search of proteins cross-reactive with a known protein.", "PMID": 81850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8409", "title": "[Alterations in the proteins found in the amniotic fluid in the course of normal pregnancy. A study carried out by immunoprecipitation tests on the amniotic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "A fluonephelometric technique was used to study the proteins in amniotic fluid. 113 samples taken between the 8th and the 44th week of amenorrhoea from pregnancies without any fetal abnormality were tested. The levels of 8 protein fractions were estimated: albumen, IgG, IgA, alpha 1 antitrypsin, transferrin, orosomucoid, alpha 2 macro-globulin and IgM. 6 of these fractions could be estimated in almost every sample of amniotic fluid, but alpha 2 macroglobulines and IgM could only be found in a few cases. Furthermore, the fractions of the proteins most clearly shown appeared in a parallel way more or less as the total levels of proteins as estimated by Lowry's method.", "contents": "[Alterations in the proteins found in the amniotic fluid in the course of normal pregnancy. A study carried out by immunoprecipitation tests on the amniotic fluid (author's transl)]. A fluonephelometric technique was used to study the proteins in amniotic fluid. 113 samples taken between the 8th and the 44th week of amenorrhoea from pregnancies without any fetal abnormality were tested. The levels of 8 protein fractions were estimated: albumen, IgG, IgA, alpha 1 antitrypsin, transferrin, orosomucoid, alpha 2 macro-globulin and IgM. 6 of these fractions could be estimated in almost every sample of amniotic fluid, but alpha 2 macroglobulines and IgM could only be found in a few cases. Furthermore, the fractions of the proteins most clearly shown appeared in a parallel way more or less as the total levels of proteins as estimated by Lowry's method.", "PMID": 81847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8410", "title": "Bursectomy in ovo blocks the generation of immunoglobulin diversity.", "content": "Immunoglobulins made by chickens bursectomized in ovo on day 11 of incubation were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. All such bursectomized chickens have limited diversity in their immunoglobulin molecules. A range of different degrees of diversity restriction was found in individual bursectomized chickens. The limited immunoglobulin diversity was stable for at least 20 weeks in that the same spots were found over this time span. Bursectomized chickens that responded to repeated antigen challenge had sheep erythrocyte- and dinitrophenol-specific antibodies of limited diversity. Different bursectomized responders made almost identical antigen-specific antibodies. The results were interpreted as indicating that individual bursectomized birds had been blocked at different points during the developmental generation of immunoglobulin diversity, and that the genetic mechanisms that underlie the developmental diversification of clones of B cells lead to a sequential generation of very similar antibody molecules in different embryos.", "contents": "Bursectomy in ovo blocks the generation of immunoglobulin diversity. Immunoglobulins made by chickens bursectomized in ovo on day 11 of incubation were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. All such bursectomized chickens have limited diversity in their immunoglobulin molecules. A range of different degrees of diversity restriction was found in individual bursectomized chickens. The limited immunoglobulin diversity was stable for at least 20 weeks in that the same spots were found over this time span. Bursectomized chickens that responded to repeated antigen challenge had sheep erythrocyte- and dinitrophenol-specific antibodies of limited diversity. Different bursectomized responders made almost identical antigen-specific antibodies. The results were interpreted as indicating that individual bursectomized birds had been blocked at different points during the developmental generation of immunoglobulin diversity, and that the genetic mechanisms that underlie the developmental diversification of clones of B cells lead to a sequential generation of very similar antibody molecules in different embryos.", "PMID": 81853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8411", "title": "Tumor-associated antigens of rat moloney sarcoma cells. I. Cell-surface antigens.", "content": "The dissociated cell surface membranes of a rat Moloney sarcoma (MST), derived from a BN rat, were extracted with 2 M KI, with 6 M guanidine thiocyanate, or by papain digestion. Extracts obtained with these three reagents were fractionated on columns of controlled-pore glass, 170 A pore size. A fraction was eluted from each preparation that contained tumor-associated antigens (TAA), viral, fetal, and histocompatibility antigens. With an antibody specific for TAA, the TAA, devoid of detectable viral, fetal, and histocompatibility antigens, were co-precipitated by addition of goat antibody to rat immunoglobulin. After electrophoresis, on slab gels, three bands were detected with estimated m.w. of 185,000, 150,000, and 70,000. No such bands were detected on slab gel electrophoresis with extracts of BC5, a chemically induced tumor, of normal BN lymphoid cells, of M-MuLV, or of fetuses, after incubation with anti-TAA antibody and goat antibody to rat immunoglobulin. TAA extracts prepared with 2 M KI, 6 M guanidine thiocyanate, or papain digestion showed immunologic reactivity. Cold TAA inhibited the co-precipitation of labeled TAA by rat antibody specific for TAA; they elicited antibody in guinea pigs but not in rats; and antibodies specific for TAA were cytotoxic to MST in the presence of C.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigens of rat moloney sarcoma cells. I. Cell-surface antigens. The dissociated cell surface membranes of a rat Moloney sarcoma (MST), derived from a BN rat, were extracted with 2 M KI, with 6 M guanidine thiocyanate, or by papain digestion. Extracts obtained with these three reagents were fractionated on columns of controlled-pore glass, 170 A pore size. A fraction was eluted from each preparation that contained tumor-associated antigens (TAA), viral, fetal, and histocompatibility antigens. With an antibody specific for TAA, the TAA, devoid of detectable viral, fetal, and histocompatibility antigens, were co-precipitated by addition of goat antibody to rat immunoglobulin. After electrophoresis, on slab gels, three bands were detected with estimated m.w. of 185,000, 150,000, and 70,000. No such bands were detected on slab gel electrophoresis with extracts of BC5, a chemically induced tumor, of normal BN lymphoid cells, of M-MuLV, or of fetuses, after incubation with anti-TAA antibody and goat antibody to rat immunoglobulin. TAA extracts prepared with 2 M KI, 6 M guanidine thiocyanate, or papain digestion showed immunologic reactivity. Cold TAA inhibited the co-precipitation of labeled TAA by rat antibody specific for TAA; they elicited antibody in guinea pigs but not in rats; and antibodies specific for TAA were cytotoxic to MST in the presence of C.", "PMID": 81854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8412", "title": "Specificity of antisera from Lewis rats immunized with encephalitogenic fragment 43-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein.", "content": "Inbred Lewis rats were immunized with encephalitogenic fragment 43-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. After recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) the animals were given a booster immunization, bled, and the specificity of the individual anti-fragment antisera was examined by direct binding assays by using radioiodinated fragment 43-88 and peptides 43-67, 68-88, and 79-88. Competitive-binding experiments with these peptides in competition with labeled fragment 43-88 were also done. The results of these experiments indicated that the immunodominant region of fragments 43-88 was the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule. Individual antisera recognized different antigenic determinants within this region.", "contents": "Specificity of antisera from Lewis rats immunized with encephalitogenic fragment 43-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein. Inbred Lewis rats were immunized with encephalitogenic fragment 43-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. After recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) the animals were given a booster immunization, bled, and the specificity of the individual anti-fragment antisera was examined by direct binding assays by using radioiodinated fragment 43-88 and peptides 43-67, 68-88, and 79-88. Competitive-binding experiments with these peptides in competition with labeled fragment 43-88 were also done. The results of these experiments indicated that the immunodominant region of fragments 43-88 was the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule. Individual antisera recognized different antigenic determinants within this region.", "PMID": 81855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8413", "title": "Micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition. I. Cellular basis of the mechanism of reactivity.", "content": "To study the cellular basis for specific antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition, enriched populations of B cells, T cells, and monocytes were prepared by a two-stage adherence separation procedure from spleen cells of normal C57BL/6J mice and mice bearing progressively growing MCA-38 tumors. The reactor cell undergoing specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition was identified as a monocyte (esterase positive, did not respond to mitogens, and did not bear Thy 1.2 antigen or surface immunoglobulin). Furthermore, an enriched population of MCA-38 sensitized B cells could program normal monocytes to undergo specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. This programming could be abolished by pretreatment of the MCA-38 sensitized B cells with anti-immunoglobulin and complement (indirect cytotoxicity method). In contrast, enriched populations of MCA-38 sensitized T cells could not program normal nylon wool adherent cells to undergo antigen-specific adherence inhibition; and anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement had no effect on specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. Thus, in this murine tumor model, leukocyte adherence inhibition appears to be due to the programming of monocytes by sensitized B cells.", "contents": "Micro-leukocyte adherence inhibition. I. Cellular basis of the mechanism of reactivity. To study the cellular basis for specific antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition, enriched populations of B cells, T cells, and monocytes were prepared by a two-stage adherence separation procedure from spleen cells of normal C57BL/6J mice and mice bearing progressively growing MCA-38 tumors. The reactor cell undergoing specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition was identified as a monocyte (esterase positive, did not respond to mitogens, and did not bear Thy 1.2 antigen or surface immunoglobulin). Furthermore, an enriched population of MCA-38 sensitized B cells could program normal monocytes to undergo specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. This programming could be abolished by pretreatment of the MCA-38 sensitized B cells with anti-immunoglobulin and complement (indirect cytotoxicity method). In contrast, enriched populations of MCA-38 sensitized T cells could not program normal nylon wool adherent cells to undergo antigen-specific adherence inhibition; and anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement had no effect on specific antigen-induced adherence inhibition. Thus, in this murine tumor model, leukocyte adherence inhibition appears to be due to the programming of monocytes by sensitized B cells.", "PMID": 81856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8414", "title": "Specific inhibition of cytotoxic memory cells produced against UV-induced tumors in UV-irradiated mice.", "content": "Cytotoxic responses of UV-irradiated mice against syngeneic UV-induced tumors were measured by using a 51Cr-release assay to determine if UV treatment induced a specific reduction of cytotoxic activity. The in vivo and in vitro primary responses against syngeneic tumors and allogeneic cells were unaffected, as was the \"memory\" response (in vivo stimulation, in vitro restimulation) against alloantigens. In contrast, the memory response of UV-treated mice against syngeneic, UV-induced tumors was consistently and significantly depressed. The cytotoxicity generated by tumor cell stimulation in vivo or in vitro was tumor-specific and T cell-dependent. Since the primary response against syngeneic UV-induced tumors produces apparently normal amounts of tumor-specific cytotoxic activity, UV-treated mice may not reject transplanted syngeneic tumors because of too few T effector memory cells. These results imply that, at least in this system, tumor rejection depends mostly on the secondary responses against tumor antigens and that at least one carcinogen can, indirectly, specifically regulate immune responses.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of cytotoxic memory cells produced against UV-induced tumors in UV-irradiated mice. Cytotoxic responses of UV-irradiated mice against syngeneic UV-induced tumors were measured by using a 51Cr-release assay to determine if UV treatment induced a specific reduction of cytotoxic activity. The in vivo and in vitro primary responses against syngeneic tumors and allogeneic cells were unaffected, as was the \"memory\" response (in vivo stimulation, in vitro restimulation) against alloantigens. In contrast, the memory response of UV-treated mice against syngeneic, UV-induced tumors was consistently and significantly depressed. The cytotoxicity generated by tumor cell stimulation in vivo or in vitro was tumor-specific and T cell-dependent. Since the primary response against syngeneic UV-induced tumors produces apparently normal amounts of tumor-specific cytotoxic activity, UV-treated mice may not reject transplanted syngeneic tumors because of too few T effector memory cells. These results imply that, at least in this system, tumor rejection depends mostly on the secondary responses against tumor antigens and that at least one carcinogen can, indirectly, specifically regulate immune responses.", "PMID": 81857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8415", "title": "Natural killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are mediated by different mechanisms and by different cells.", "content": "Natural killing (NK) in humans, as well as in other species, has been shown to be specific for antigenic determinants present on the surfaces of a variety of tumor cells. Physical separation of NK cells from K cells, which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has not been successful; however, there is indirect evidence suggesting that these activities are distinct. To further study the relationship between NK and K cells, competitive inhibition techniques were employed. NK cells can be blocked via two mechanisms: 1) by direct inhibition with NK-sensitive tumor cells binding to NK receptor sites present on the effector cells and 2) by steric inhibition resulting from the binding of antibody-coated cells to the FcR on the effector cells. K cells, however, lack the NK receptor site(s) but are FcR+, and can therefore be blocked only by antibody-coated cells. We therefore postulate that NK and K cells are two separate lymphoid populations. NK cells bear receptor site(s) for NK determinants and FcR, whereas K cells bear only FcR.", "contents": "Natural killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are mediated by different mechanisms and by different cells. Natural killing (NK) in humans, as well as in other species, has been shown to be specific for antigenic determinants present on the surfaces of a variety of tumor cells. Physical separation of NK cells from K cells, which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has not been successful; however, there is indirect evidence suggesting that these activities are distinct. To further study the relationship between NK and K cells, competitive inhibition techniques were employed. NK cells can be blocked via two mechanisms: 1) by direct inhibition with NK-sensitive tumor cells binding to NK receptor sites present on the effector cells and 2) by steric inhibition resulting from the binding of antibody-coated cells to the FcR on the effector cells. K cells, however, lack the NK receptor site(s) but are FcR+, and can therefore be blocked only by antibody-coated cells. We therefore postulate that NK and K cells are two separate lymphoid populations. NK cells bear receptor site(s) for NK determinants and FcR, whereas K cells bear only FcR.", "PMID": 81858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8416", "title": "Requirement for an Ia-bearing accessory cell in Con A-induced T cell proliferation.", "content": "Pretreatment of murine lymphoid cells with anti-Ia and C abrogated the proliferative response of these cells to Con A, but not to PHA. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that T cell-enriched populations failed to restore Con A responsiveness and that T cell-depleted populations were more effective in restoring responsiveness to Con A. In particular, a population of 1000 R resistant, glass-adherent, non-T spleen cells was capable of completely restoring responsiveness to Con A when added in numbers as low as 4% of cultured cells. These splenic adherent cells were found to express Ia determinants encoded by at least two genes: one in I-A and the other in I-B, I-J, and/or I-E/C, and it was demonstrated that determinants encoded in these two regions were expressed on the same cell. These results demonstrate that non-T accessory cells may be the Ia+ cells entirely responsible for the anti-Ia and C-induced abrogation of T cell proliferative responses to Con A.", "contents": "Requirement for an Ia-bearing accessory cell in Con A-induced T cell proliferation. Pretreatment of murine lymphoid cells with anti-Ia and C abrogated the proliferative response of these cells to Con A, but not to PHA. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that T cell-enriched populations failed to restore Con A responsiveness and that T cell-depleted populations were more effective in restoring responsiveness to Con A. In particular, a population of 1000 R resistant, glass-adherent, non-T spleen cells was capable of completely restoring responsiveness to Con A when added in numbers as low as 4% of cultured cells. These splenic adherent cells were found to express Ia determinants encoded by at least two genes: one in I-A and the other in I-B, I-J, and/or I-E/C, and it was demonstrated that determinants encoded in these two regions were expressed on the same cell. These results demonstrate that non-T accessory cells may be the Ia+ cells entirely responsible for the anti-Ia and C-induced abrogation of T cell proliferative responses to Con A.", "PMID": 81859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8417", "title": "Secretion rate independent evaluation of IgM antibody avidity at the level of single immunocytes.", "content": "The hemolytic plaque inhibition assay has been performed on spleen cells from mice immunized with TNP-HRBC to evaluate avidity of anti-TNP IgM antibodies. At different times after immunization direct plaques were inhibited by soluble TNP-EACA, TNP61-BGG, or anti-mu antiserum. Analysis of the inhibition data provided independent estimates of antibody avidity and secretion rate. Avidity was found to increase with time, to reach a maximum when the antibody response attained the peak value, and then to decline as the response was waning. There was a decrease followed by increase of the secretion rate concomitant with the rise and fall of the antibody response and avidity.", "contents": "Secretion rate independent evaluation of IgM antibody avidity at the level of single immunocytes. The hemolytic plaque inhibition assay has been performed on spleen cells from mice immunized with TNP-HRBC to evaluate avidity of anti-TNP IgM antibodies. At different times after immunization direct plaques were inhibited by soluble TNP-EACA, TNP61-BGG, or anti-mu antiserum. Analysis of the inhibition data provided independent estimates of antibody avidity and secretion rate. Avidity was found to increase with time, to reach a maximum when the antibody response attained the peak value, and then to decline as the response was waning. There was a decrease followed by increase of the secretion rate concomitant with the rise and fall of the antibody response and avidity.", "PMID": 81861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8418", "title": "Studies of immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. I. On early IgG and IgM responses to sheep erythrocytes and DNP-protein conjugates.", "content": "The immunosuppressive activity of CVF was evaluated in mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated proteins. Serum antibody levels to these immunogens were estimated in activity units and on a weight basis for IgG. IgM as well as IgG antibody responses were diminished in mice pretreated with CVF. However, when soluble immunogens were incorporated in CFA the suppressive effect associated with CVF was inapparent. It is suggested that C depletion per se may not fully account for the observed immunosuppression. The latter may result not only from the depression of C3 levels but also from the biologic activities of C cleavage products some of which modulate the secretory functions and state of activation of macrophages.", "contents": "Studies of immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. I. On early IgG and IgM responses to sheep erythrocytes and DNP-protein conjugates. The immunosuppressive activity of CVF was evaluated in mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and dinitrophenylated proteins. Serum antibody levels to these immunogens were estimated in activity units and on a weight basis for IgG. IgM as well as IgG antibody responses were diminished in mice pretreated with CVF. However, when soluble immunogens were incorporated in CFA the suppressive effect associated with CVF was inapparent. It is suggested that C depletion per se may not fully account for the observed immunosuppression. The latter may result not only from the depression of C3 levels but also from the biologic activities of C cleavage products some of which modulate the secretory functions and state of activation of macrophages.", "PMID": 81862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8419", "title": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation. XIV. Nonspecific effects of antigen stimulation cause proliferation in the \"pre-progenitor\" subset of primary B cells.", "content": "The effect of specific and nonspecific stimuli on the cycle status of subsets of primary B lymphocytes was assessed by preinjecting donor CBA mice 1 to 2 days previously with various substances, and then incubating the isolated spleen cells with high specific activity 3H-TdR before assay. AFC-progenitor activity was assessed as a response to NIP-POL antigen, either by adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients or by cell culture. Previous studies showed these assays reflected the activity of different subsets of B cells, termed \"pre-progenitors\" (adoptive assay) and \"direct progenitors\" (culture assay). Most functional primary B cells, whether assayed in culture or by adoptive transfer, were not initially in rapid cell cycle in normal adult mice. However, nonspecific stimulation for 1 day caused NIP-specific adoptive transfer IgM AFC-progenitors to enter rapid cell cycle. This effect was independent of T cells and not related to the antigenicity of the stimulus: particulate peritoneal irritants were the most effective stimulants. In contrast to adoptive transfer results. AFC-progenitors assayed in cell culture were unaffected by nonspecific stimuli, but were activated into cell cycle by specific antigen.", "contents": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation. XIV. Nonspecific effects of antigen stimulation cause proliferation in the \"pre-progenitor\" subset of primary B cells. The effect of specific and nonspecific stimuli on the cycle status of subsets of primary B lymphocytes was assessed by preinjecting donor CBA mice 1 to 2 days previously with various substances, and then incubating the isolated spleen cells with high specific activity 3H-TdR before assay. AFC-progenitor activity was assessed as a response to NIP-POL antigen, either by adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients or by cell culture. Previous studies showed these assays reflected the activity of different subsets of B cells, termed \"pre-progenitors\" (adoptive assay) and \"direct progenitors\" (culture assay). Most functional primary B cells, whether assayed in culture or by adoptive transfer, were not initially in rapid cell cycle in normal adult mice. However, nonspecific stimulation for 1 day caused NIP-specific adoptive transfer IgM AFC-progenitors to enter rapid cell cycle. This effect was independent of T cells and not related to the antigenicity of the stimulus: particulate peritoneal irritants were the most effective stimulants. In contrast to adoptive transfer results. AFC-progenitors assayed in cell culture were unaffected by nonspecific stimuli, but were activated into cell cycle by specific antigen.", "PMID": 81863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8420", "title": "Comparison of the developmental kinetics of antibody- and immunoglobulin-forming cells in normal and tolerant mice.", "content": "The developmental kinetics of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function against the antigen injected (IFC) were compared in lymph nodes of normal mice and tolerant mice receiving an immunogenic challenge. Tolerant states to bovine serum albumin (BSA), induced in adult mice, and to human gamma-globulin (HGG), induced in newborn mice, were studied. Whatever the tolerant state induced, the following main results were obtained: 1) both AFC and IFC were suppressed in tolerant mice, and this to approximately the same extent for the two populations; 2) both the suppression of the AFC and of the antigen-induced IFC were specific to the tolerogen used.", "contents": "Comparison of the developmental kinetics of antibody- and immunoglobulin-forming cells in normal and tolerant mice. The developmental kinetics of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function against the antigen injected (IFC) were compared in lymph nodes of normal mice and tolerant mice receiving an immunogenic challenge. Tolerant states to bovine serum albumin (BSA), induced in adult mice, and to human gamma-globulin (HGG), induced in newborn mice, were studied. Whatever the tolerant state induced, the following main results were obtained: 1) both AFC and IFC were suppressed in tolerant mice, and this to approximately the same extent for the two populations; 2) both the suppression of the AFC and of the antigen-induced IFC were specific to the tolerogen used.", "PMID": 81865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8421", "title": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. IV. Properties and functions of IgE class-specific\" suppressor factor(s) released from DNP-mycobacterium-primed T cells.", "content": "IgE class-specific suppressor factors (IgE-TsF) released from DNP-Myc-primed T cells showed their suppressor effect in an antigen nonspecific manner, although DNP-specific stimulation was required for their induction. The suppressor activity of IgE-TsF was absorbed with the alloantiserum directed to the subregions between I-A and I-E of the H-2 complex. IgE-TsF from BALB/c mice did not show their suppressor effect on the IgE response of C57BL/6J and vice versa. The suppressor activity of IgE-TsF was removed with a DNP-OA-primed B lymphocyte population including an increased number of IgE-B cells, but not with T cells. Incubation of hapten-primed B cells with IgE-TsF for 3 hr at 37 degrees C selectively abolished the anti-hapten IgE antibody response in the adoptive transfer experiment, indicating that the target cells of IgE-TsF were IgE-B cells.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. IV. Properties and functions of IgE class-specific\" suppressor factor(s) released from DNP-mycobacterium-primed T cells. IgE class-specific suppressor factors (IgE-TsF) released from DNP-Myc-primed T cells showed their suppressor effect in an antigen nonspecific manner, although DNP-specific stimulation was required for their induction. The suppressor activity of IgE-TsF was absorbed with the alloantiserum directed to the subregions between I-A and I-E of the H-2 complex. IgE-TsF from BALB/c mice did not show their suppressor effect on the IgE response of C57BL/6J and vice versa. The suppressor activity of IgE-TsF was removed with a DNP-OA-primed B lymphocyte population including an increased number of IgE-B cells, but not with T cells. Incubation of hapten-primed B cells with IgE-TsF for 3 hr at 37 degrees C selectively abolished the anti-hapten IgE antibody response in the adoptive transfer experiment, indicating that the target cells of IgE-TsF were IgE-B cells.", "PMID": 81866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8422", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of a herpes simplex virus type 1-specific antigen: immunological and biochemical characterization.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens obtained from infected cells solubilized with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 has shown that antigen number 6 (Ag-6) is found in preparations from HSV type 1-infected cells but not in HSV type 2 preparations. A monospecific antiserum was produced against Ag-6 by intracutaneous inoculation of the corresponding immunoprecipitate into rabbits. This antiserum neutralized HSV type 1 but not HSV type 2. The polypeptide composition of Ag-6 (molecular weight, 131,000 daltons) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate, using radiolabeled antigen. The multitude of information obtained demonstrates that crossed immunoelectrophoresis can be used preparatively, since specific immunoprecipitates represent a short cut for the attainment of immunoreactive viral protein entities useful for further immunological and biochemical analyses.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of a herpes simplex virus type 1-specific antigen: immunological and biochemical characterization. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens obtained from infected cells solubilized with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 has shown that antigen number 6 (Ag-6) is found in preparations from HSV type 1-infected cells but not in HSV type 2 preparations. A monospecific antiserum was produced against Ag-6 by intracutaneous inoculation of the corresponding immunoprecipitate into rabbits. This antiserum neutralized HSV type 1 but not HSV type 2. The polypeptide composition of Ag-6 (molecular weight, 131,000 daltons) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate, using radiolabeled antigen. The multitude of information obtained demonstrates that crossed immunoelectrophoresis can be used preparatively, since specific immunoprecipitates represent a short cut for the attainment of immunoreactive viral protein entities useful for further immunological and biochemical analyses.", "PMID": 81867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8423", "title": "Histamine release, complement consumption, and microvascular changes after radiographic contrast media infusion in rabbits.", "content": "The intravenous injection of RCM into rabbits produced dose-dependent changes in SAP, MVP, and RBCV, as well as plasma histamine and complement concentrations. After infusion of 8 ml/kg Hypaque-50, SAP dropped from 86 +/- 3 mm Hg to 50 +/- 3, MVP from 42 +/- 2 cm H2O to 26 +/- 3, and RBCV from 0.98 +/- 0.11 mm/sec to 0.37 +/- 0.13. The microvascular changes appeared 10 sec after injection and persisted for 10 to 40 min. During the course of the reaction it was observed that leukocytes adhered to the endothelial walls and red blood cells shrank and finally aggregated in the microvessels. The microvascular changes were accompanied by an increase in plasma histamine concentration, with an average of 44 ng/ml after 2 min, and a drop in total plasma CH50 by an average of 46%. Infusion of 8 ml/kg hyperosmolar saline solution (4.1 gm/dl or 1324 mOsm/L) produced initial changes in microvascular parameters which returned to normal within a few seconds. At the same time plasma histamine concentration increases slightly without changes in complement. It is concluded that the hyperosmolar properties of RCM may contribute to the initial hemodynamic changes observed after RCM infusion. However, the prolonged microcirculatory disturbances produced by RCM in rabbits appear to be a direct effect of the chemotoxicity of these compounds. Part of this chemotoxicity might result form initial release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine and activation of the complement system.", "contents": "Histamine release, complement consumption, and microvascular changes after radiographic contrast media infusion in rabbits. The intravenous injection of RCM into rabbits produced dose-dependent changes in SAP, MVP, and RBCV, as well as plasma histamine and complement concentrations. After infusion of 8 ml/kg Hypaque-50, SAP dropped from 86 +/- 3 mm Hg to 50 +/- 3, MVP from 42 +/- 2 cm H2O to 26 +/- 3, and RBCV from 0.98 +/- 0.11 mm/sec to 0.37 +/- 0.13. The microvascular changes appeared 10 sec after injection and persisted for 10 to 40 min. During the course of the reaction it was observed that leukocytes adhered to the endothelial walls and red blood cells shrank and finally aggregated in the microvessels. The microvascular changes were accompanied by an increase in plasma histamine concentration, with an average of 44 ng/ml after 2 min, and a drop in total plasma CH50 by an average of 46%. Infusion of 8 ml/kg hyperosmolar saline solution (4.1 gm/dl or 1324 mOsm/L) produced initial changes in microvascular parameters which returned to normal within a few seconds. At the same time plasma histamine concentration increases slightly without changes in complement. It is concluded that the hyperosmolar properties of RCM may contribute to the initial hemodynamic changes observed after RCM infusion. However, the prolonged microcirculatory disturbances produced by RCM in rabbits appear to be a direct effect of the chemotoxicity of these compounds. Part of this chemotoxicity might result form initial release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine and activation of the complement system.", "PMID": 81869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8424", "title": "Parasystole simulating ventricular bigeminy with Wenckebach-type coupling prolongation.", "content": "A 65-year old male originally presented with repetitive ventricular bigeminal sequences demonstrating progressive prolongation of successive coupling intervals suggesting Wenckeback-type exit block. An even number distribution of conducted beats always intervened between bigeminal sequences. Subsequent analysis proved this to be a fortuitous \"pseudo-Wenckebach\" phenomenon, with the actual mechanism being continuous parasystole. Additional recording verified a parasystolic rhythm.", "contents": "Parasystole simulating ventricular bigeminy with Wenckebach-type coupling prolongation. A 65-year old male originally presented with repetitive ventricular bigeminal sequences demonstrating progressive prolongation of successive coupling intervals suggesting Wenckeback-type exit block. An even number distribution of conducted beats always intervened between bigeminal sequences. Subsequent analysis proved this to be a fortuitous \"pseudo-Wenckebach\" phenomenon, with the actual mechanism being continuous parasystole. Additional recording verified a parasystolic rhythm.", "PMID": 81870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8425", "title": "Lead concentration in skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and control subjects.", "content": "The concentration of lead in the vastus lateralis muscle was determined in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and control subjects by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No statistically significant differences were found between these groups, and in both the figures were of the same magnitude as those earlier reported for normal individuals. Increased plasma lead concentrations do not seem to cause a significant deposition of lead in skeletal muscle. Therefore, plasma rather than skeletal muscle is the more likely source if pathological amounts of lead enter the motoneurones via the retrograde axoplasmic flow in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "Lead concentration in skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and control subjects. The concentration of lead in the vastus lateralis muscle was determined in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and control subjects by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No statistically significant differences were found between these groups, and in both the figures were of the same magnitude as those earlier reported for normal individuals. Increased plasma lead concentrations do not seem to cause a significant deposition of lead in skeletal muscle. Therefore, plasma rather than skeletal muscle is the more likely source if pathological amounts of lead enter the motoneurones via the retrograde axoplasmic flow in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "PMID": 81872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8426", "title": "ECG monitoring of oral surgery patients receiving a local anesthetic.", "content": "Cardiac arrhythmias were observed on continuous electrocardiographic tracings in 36 of 225 patients who were having oral surgical procedures with local anesthesia only. The arrhythmias were serious enough in five patients to cause alteration of the treatment. A stethoscope taped to the chest of every patient for checking before and during every procedure might be just as effective as an electrocardioscope.", "contents": "ECG monitoring of oral surgery patients receiving a local anesthetic. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed on continuous electrocardiographic tracings in 36 of 225 patients who were having oral surgical procedures with local anesthesia only. The arrhythmias were serious enough in five patients to cause alteration of the treatment. A stethoscope taped to the chest of every patient for checking before and during every procedure might be just as effective as an electrocardioscope.", "PMID": 81873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8427", "title": "Combined use of alphafetoprotein and amniotic fluid cell morphology in early prenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities.", "content": "The combined use of alphafetoprotein (AFP) measurement and amniotic fluid cell morphology was assessed in 217 pregnancies with normal outcome (including 12 where an anterior placenta was traversed), and 52 where there was a fetal defect (25 cases of anencephaly, 21 of open spina bifida, 2 of exomphalos, 2 of urogenital atresia, and 2 of intrauterine death). In each case maternal serum and amniotic fluid AFP was measured. Total, viable, and rapidly adherent cells were counted and amniotic fluid cell morphology was examined. On the basis of this experience a scheme is suggested for more precise antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities.", "contents": "Combined use of alphafetoprotein and amniotic fluid cell morphology in early prenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. The combined use of alphafetoprotein (AFP) measurement and amniotic fluid cell morphology was assessed in 217 pregnancies with normal outcome (including 12 where an anterior placenta was traversed), and 52 where there was a fetal defect (25 cases of anencephaly, 21 of open spina bifida, 2 of exomphalos, 2 of urogenital atresia, and 2 of intrauterine death). In each case maternal serum and amniotic fluid AFP was measured. Total, viable, and rapidly adherent cells were counted and amniotic fluid cell morphology was examined. On the basis of this experience a scheme is suggested for more precise antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities.", "PMID": 81877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8428", "title": "Quantitation in biological X-ray microanalysis, with particular reference to histochemistry.", "content": "Thin specimens consisting of various light and heavy elements in gelatine have been subjected to X-ray microanalysis to determine the relationship between the number of X-ray counts for a specific element expressed as a percentage of the continuum (the percentage counts) and the concentration of that element. For light elements, the relationship between the percentage counts and concentration is strictly linear. For heavier elements, the relationship is not linear, because of the increase of the continuum counts with (formula: see text). If a correction is made for the effect of (formula:see text), heavy elements also show a linear relationship between percentage counts and concentration. Within the limits of atomic number (Z = 56) and concentration (approximately 10%) studied here, it is shown that when X-ray microanalysis is carried out on bulk specimens consisting of various elements in gelatine, the relationship between X-ray counts and concentration for a particular element is linear. The problems in quantitation of the results of X-ray microanalysis caused by exogenous continuum and mass loss induced by irradiation are discussed. It is pointed out that when X-ray microanalysis is used to study histochemical and other staining procedures, allowance must also be made for the reduction in concentration of other elements in the specimen as a result of the addition of the stain to the specimen.", "contents": "Quantitation in biological X-ray microanalysis, with particular reference to histochemistry. Thin specimens consisting of various light and heavy elements in gelatine have been subjected to X-ray microanalysis to determine the relationship between the number of X-ray counts for a specific element expressed as a percentage of the continuum (the percentage counts) and the concentration of that element. For light elements, the relationship between the percentage counts and concentration is strictly linear. For heavier elements, the relationship is not linear, because of the increase of the continuum counts with (formula: see text). If a correction is made for the effect of (formula:see text), heavy elements also show a linear relationship between percentage counts and concentration. Within the limits of atomic number (Z = 56) and concentration (approximately 10%) studied here, it is shown that when X-ray microanalysis is carried out on bulk specimens consisting of various elements in gelatine, the relationship between X-ray counts and concentration for a particular element is linear. The problems in quantitation of the results of X-ray microanalysis caused by exogenous continuum and mass loss induced by irradiation are discussed. It is pointed out that when X-ray microanalysis is used to study histochemical and other staining procedures, allowance must also be made for the reduction in concentration of other elements in the specimen as a result of the addition of the stain to the specimen.", "PMID": 81879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8429", "title": "Presence of a mouse mammary tumor virus-related antigen in human breast carcinoma cells and its absence from normal mammary epithelial cells.", "content": "Antigen(s) related to the major external glycoprotein (gp52) of mouse mammary tumor virus was detected in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. No such antigenic determinants were detectable in normal human mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Presence of a mouse mammary tumor virus-related antigen in human breast carcinoma cells and its absence from normal mammary epithelial cells. Antigen(s) related to the major external glycoprotein (gp52) of mouse mammary tumor virus was detected in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. No such antigenic determinants were detectable in normal human mammary epithelial cells.", "PMID": 81881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8430", "title": "Videotape aids informed consent decision.", "content": "Obtaining informed consent for clinical investigations represents a major legal, ethical, and moral consideration in human experimentation. Mechanisms for informing the patient vary widely, and usually no system exists to confirm the degree of information retained by the patient. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, begun in 1975, has used a videotape information package in addition to a standard written consent form to ensure uniformity. Each presentation was followed by a questionnaire to assess the amount of material learned before attempting randomization. Repeated showings were occasionally necessary and did not affect the rate of randomization. A videotape presentation, especially in cooperative studies, ensures uniformity, makes allowance for varying educational levels of patients, and provides documentation of the degree of informed consent.", "contents": "Videotape aids informed consent decision. Obtaining informed consent for clinical investigations represents a major legal, ethical, and moral consideration in human experimentation. Mechanisms for informing the patient vary widely, and usually no system exists to confirm the degree of information retained by the patient. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, begun in 1975, has used a videotape information package in addition to a standard written consent form to ensure uniformity. Each presentation was followed by a questionnaire to assess the amount of material learned before attempting randomization. Repeated showings were occasionally necessary and did not affect the rate of randomization. A videotape presentation, especially in cooperative studies, ensures uniformity, makes allowance for varying educational levels of patients, and provides documentation of the degree of informed consent.", "PMID": 81883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8431", "title": "Fetal proteins in various tumors.", "content": "Radial immunodiffusion assay was used to measure fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentrations in 312 patients with various malignancies. In 305 of these, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of HbF exceeded 3 SDs above the normal mean in 68 of 312 patients, most notably in patients with leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, bladder carcinoma and testicular tumors. HbF was correlated with total hemoglobin concentration and with serum AFP concentration in hepatoma and bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "Fetal proteins in various tumors. Radial immunodiffusion assay was used to measure fetal hemoglobin (HbF) concentrations in 312 patients with various malignancies. In 305 of these, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of HbF exceeded 3 SDs above the normal mean in 68 of 312 patients, most notably in patients with leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, bladder carcinoma and testicular tumors. HbF was correlated with total hemoglobin concentration and with serum AFP concentration in hepatoma and bladder carcinoma.", "PMID": 81898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8432", "title": "Quantitative analysis of electrophoretically separated proteins using Coomassie blue.", "content": "Electrophoresis of 125I-labelled rat albumin from 0.5 to 700 ng was performed with a 5 microliter capillary tube in which 4-40% continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel was prepared. The linear relationship was obtained by using double logarithm plots between protein amounts and densitometric areas of the protein bands stained with Coomassie blue. The radioactivities of the same gels and the protein amounts were also shown to be linear. In the case of rat gamma-globulin, the linear relationship was also obtained. As an applied example of this method, the urinary gamma-globulin excretion showed marked changes caused by the circadian rhythm in rats.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of electrophoretically separated proteins using Coomassie blue. Electrophoresis of 125I-labelled rat albumin from 0.5 to 700 ng was performed with a 5 microliter capillary tube in which 4-40% continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel was prepared. The linear relationship was obtained by using double logarithm plots between protein amounts and densitometric areas of the protein bands stained with Coomassie blue. The radioactivities of the same gels and the protein amounts were also shown to be linear. In the case of rat gamma-globulin, the linear relationship was also obtained. As an applied example of this method, the urinary gamma-globulin excretion showed marked changes caused by the circadian rhythm in rats.", "PMID": 81899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8433", "title": "[Allorhythmias (classification and differential diagnosis)].", "content": "Allorhythmia in the broad sense is defined as a regular sequence of similar groups of ECG-complexes associated with various disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction. The following classification of allorhythmias is suggested. A. True allorhythmias. I. Due to extrasystoles: 1) noncomplicated; 2) complicated by disorders of conduction. II. Allorrhythmias due to ectopic rhythms with capture beats: 1) paroxysmal or nonparoxysmal ectopic tachycardia; 2) escaping rhythms. III. Allorrhythmias due to impulse conduction block: 1) II degree S--A block; 2) II degree A--V-block; 2, atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia with A--V-block 3 : 2, 4 : 2, etc. B. Pseudoallorrhythmias due to regular alterations in the shape of the QRS complex: 1) transient bundle-branch block; 2) transient WPW syndrome; 3) bidirectional tachycardia. Differential diagnosis of various types of allorrhythmia is of great importance in choosing the measures and methods for antiarrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "[Allorhythmias (classification and differential diagnosis)]. Allorhythmia in the broad sense is defined as a regular sequence of similar groups of ECG-complexes associated with various disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction. The following classification of allorhythmias is suggested. A. True allorhythmias. I. Due to extrasystoles: 1) noncomplicated; 2) complicated by disorders of conduction. II. Allorrhythmias due to ectopic rhythms with capture beats: 1) paroxysmal or nonparoxysmal ectopic tachycardia; 2) escaping rhythms. III. Allorrhythmias due to impulse conduction block: 1) II degree S--A block; 2) II degree A--V-block; 2, atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia with A--V-block 3 : 2, 4 : 2, etc. B. Pseudoallorrhythmias due to regular alterations in the shape of the QRS complex: 1) transient bundle-branch block; 2) transient WPW syndrome; 3) bidirectional tachycardia. Differential diagnosis of various types of allorrhythmia is of great importance in choosing the measures and methods for antiarrhythmic therapy.", "PMID": 81903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8434", "title": "[Second increase in plasma volume after single infusion of hydroxyethyl starch (author's transl)].", "content": "6 patients without evidence for renal, hepatic or pancreatic disease were treated with intravenous infusions of 500 ml hydroxyethyl starch (6%) over a period of 60 min. In the course of the infusion we observed an increase in plasma volume from 2.72 +/- 0.101 to 3.36 +/- 0.141. After 2 h plasma volume decreased to 3.02 +/- 0.101 but showed a second peak of 3.23 +/- 0.121 after 4 h (p less than 0.01). 24 h following infusion an increase in plasma volume of 4,8% was found as compared to preinfusion values. The second increase in plasma volume cannot be explained by the total concentration of hydroxyethyl starch since the latter decreased continuously. The increase in plasma volume was accompanied by a decrease in average molecular weight (-Mw and -Mn). It is suggested that serum amylase produces small osmotic active molecules by degradation of hydroxyethyl starch, thus leading to an increase in plasma volume. 12--24 h after the infusion of hydroxyethyl starch serum amylase was more than twice as high basal values. This is caused by the formation of a high molecular hydroxyethyl starch-amylase-complex which cannot be eliminated easily. When hydroxyethyl starch is given repeatedly to normovolemic patients, the second increase in plasma volume should be considered as a possible cause for acute hypervolemia. This is especially true for patients with myocardial insufficiency.", "contents": "[Second increase in plasma volume after single infusion of hydroxyethyl starch (author's transl)]. 6 patients without evidence for renal, hepatic or pancreatic disease were treated with intravenous infusions of 500 ml hydroxyethyl starch (6%) over a period of 60 min. In the course of the infusion we observed an increase in plasma volume from 2.72 +/- 0.101 to 3.36 +/- 0.141. After 2 h plasma volume decreased to 3.02 +/- 0.101 but showed a second peak of 3.23 +/- 0.121 after 4 h (p less than 0.01). 24 h following infusion an increase in plasma volume of 4,8% was found as compared to preinfusion values. The second increase in plasma volume cannot be explained by the total concentration of hydroxyethyl starch since the latter decreased continuously. The increase in plasma volume was accompanied by a decrease in average molecular weight (-Mw and -Mn). It is suggested that serum amylase produces small osmotic active molecules by degradation of hydroxyethyl starch, thus leading to an increase in plasma volume. 12--24 h after the infusion of hydroxyethyl starch serum amylase was more than twice as high basal values. This is caused by the formation of a high molecular hydroxyethyl starch-amylase-complex which cannot be eliminated easily. When hydroxyethyl starch is given repeatedly to normovolemic patients, the second increase in plasma volume should be considered as a possible cause for acute hypervolemia. This is especially true for patients with myocardial insufficiency.", "PMID": 81905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8435", "title": "Protective effect of propranolol in threatened myocardial infarction.", "content": "Propranolol 0.1 mg/kg intravenously followed by 320 mg orally over 27 h was given to 20 randomly selected patients within 4 h of the onset of suspected myocardial infarction unaccompanied by diagnostic electrocardiographic changes. Patients given propranolol had fewer completed infarcts as assessed by serial electrocardiograms, a lower frequency of serum-creatine-kinase levels above the normal range, and lower peak serum-creatine-kinase levels than 23 control subjects. This evidence suggests that threatened myocardial infarction can in some cases be prevented by early beta-adrenoceptor blockade.", "contents": "Protective effect of propranolol in threatened myocardial infarction. Propranolol 0.1 mg/kg intravenously followed by 320 mg orally over 27 h was given to 20 randomly selected patients within 4 h of the onset of suspected myocardial infarction unaccompanied by diagnostic electrocardiographic changes. Patients given propranolol had fewer completed infarcts as assessed by serial electrocardiograms, a lower frequency of serum-creatine-kinase levels above the normal range, and lower peak serum-creatine-kinase levels than 23 control subjects. This evidence suggests that threatened myocardial infarction can in some cases be prevented by early beta-adrenoceptor blockade.", "PMID": 81925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8436", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anaemia by D.N.A. analysis of amniotic-fluid cells.", "content": "The polymorphism of a restriction endonuclease site has been used for antenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell disease. In a normal person, the beta-globin gene was contained in a Hpa I-digested D.N.A. fragment 7.6 kilobases (kb) in length. In a family where the sickle gene was contained in a variant 13.0 kb fragment, restriction endonuclease mapping was used for antenatal diagnosis. The D.N.A. from amniotic-fluid cells produced both the 7.6 and the 13.0 bk beta-globin gene fragments, indicating the diagnosis of sickle-cell trait. This confirmed the diagnosis reached after investigation of a 100% sample of fetal blood. The method is sensitive and can be performed with cells obtained from 15 ml of uncultured amniotic fluid. This approach may prove useful in antenatal diagnosis of other genetic disorders.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anaemia by D.N.A. analysis of amniotic-fluid cells. The polymorphism of a restriction endonuclease site has been used for antenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell disease. In a normal person, the beta-globin gene was contained in a Hpa I-digested D.N.A. fragment 7.6 kilobases (kb) in length. In a family where the sickle gene was contained in a variant 13.0 kb fragment, restriction endonuclease mapping was used for antenatal diagnosis. The D.N.A. from amniotic-fluid cells produced both the 7.6 and the 13.0 bk beta-globin gene fragments, indicating the diagnosis of sickle-cell trait. This confirmed the diagnosis reached after investigation of a 100% sample of fetal blood. The method is sensitive and can be performed with cells obtained from 15 ml of uncultured amniotic fluid. This approach may prove useful in antenatal diagnosis of other genetic disorders.", "PMID": 81926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8437", "title": "Controlled trial of hyposensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with asthma.", "content": "Hyposensitisation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus tyrosine absorbate in asthmatic children with bronchial sensitivity to D. pteronyssinus was effective in a 12-month double-blind controlled clinical trial. Compared with controls, treated children used a smaller quantity of drugs while maintaining clinical and lung function improvements. In most children who improved there was no change in immediate response to D. pteronyssinus on bronchial provocation test, but the late reaction was lost in half the patients and these showed the greatest improvement in symptoms.", "contents": "Controlled trial of hyposensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with asthma. Hyposensitisation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus tyrosine absorbate in asthmatic children with bronchial sensitivity to D. pteronyssinus was effective in a 12-month double-blind controlled clinical trial. Compared with controls, treated children used a smaller quantity of drugs while maintaining clinical and lung function improvements. In most children who improved there was no change in immediate response to D. pteronyssinus on bronchial provocation test, but the late reaction was lost in half the patients and these showed the greatest improvement in symptoms.", "PMID": 81927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8438", "title": "Renal transplantation in insulin-dependent diabetics. A joint Scandinavian report.", "content": "Since 1970 renal transplantation has been carried out in 146 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with renal failure. Patient-survival at one year was 60%, and at two years it was 50%. One-year survival among 25 patients with living donor transplants was 84%. Survival was significantly reduced in patients with heart-disease, impaired vision due to diabetic retinopathy, and a long history of diabetes. Survival was not influenced by sex, age, neuropathy, or pre-transplantation dialysis. Diabetic retinopathy progressed slowly after successful transplantation, and more than 90% had stable vision one to two years after transplantation. Progression of peripheral circulatory insufficiency was common and severe enough to necessitate amputation(s) in 18 patients. One and two years after successful transplantation less than 10% of the patients with a functioning graft needed constant hospital care, and more than 50% were able to work.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in insulin-dependent diabetics. A joint Scandinavian report. Since 1970 renal transplantation has been carried out in 146 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with renal failure. Patient-survival at one year was 60%, and at two years it was 50%. One-year survival among 25 patients with living donor transplants was 84%. Survival was significantly reduced in patients with heart-disease, impaired vision due to diabetic retinopathy, and a long history of diabetes. Survival was not influenced by sex, age, neuropathy, or pre-transplantation dialysis. Diabetic retinopathy progressed slowly after successful transplantation, and more than 90% had stable vision one to two years after transplantation. Progression of peripheral circulatory insufficiency was common and severe enough to necessitate amputation(s) in 18 patients. One and two years after successful transplantation less than 10% of the patients with a functioning graft needed constant hospital care, and more than 50% were able to work.", "PMID": 81928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8439", "title": "Identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma) in patient with polyarthritis.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with confirmed congenital agammaglobulinaemia presented with polyarthritis while on gammaglobulin replacement therapy. Initial cultures of material aspirated from an abscess and of joint fluid were negative, and symptoms progressed despite antibiotic therapy. Synovial-biopsy material, cultured specifically for mycoplasmas, was positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum as were the blood, abscess fluids, throat-swab, and nasopharyngeal secretions. Therapy, based on in-vitro studies of antibiotic susceptibilities of the organism, resulted in the eradication of the infection and resolution of the arthritis. These findings suggest that U. urealyticum may be capable of inducing polyarthritis in man.", "contents": "Identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma) in patient with polyarthritis. A 10-year-old boy with confirmed congenital agammaglobulinaemia presented with polyarthritis while on gammaglobulin replacement therapy. Initial cultures of material aspirated from an abscess and of joint fluid were negative, and symptoms progressed despite antibiotic therapy. Synovial-biopsy material, cultured specifically for mycoplasmas, was positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum as were the blood, abscess fluids, throat-swab, and nasopharyngeal secretions. Therapy, based on in-vitro studies of antibiotic susceptibilities of the organism, resulted in the eradication of the infection and resolution of the arthritis. These findings suggest that U. urealyticum may be capable of inducing polyarthritis in man.", "PMID": 81929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8440", "title": "A diagnostic sign in states of apparent unconsciousness.", "content": "Deviation of the eyes towards the ground with the patient lying on each side is proposed as a diagnostic sign in psychogenically mediated states resembling coma or epilepsy. Six cases are described in which the sign was elicited.", "contents": "A diagnostic sign in states of apparent unconsciousness. Deviation of the eyes towards the ground with the patient lying on each side is proposed as a diagnostic sign in psychogenically mediated states resembling coma or epilepsy. Six cases are described in which the sign was elicited.", "PMID": 81930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8441", "title": "Cyclic A.M.P. and arrhythmias revisited.", "content": "Further evidence is presented for a hypothesis linking cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cyclic A.M.P.) and arrhythmias: in the isolated rat heart, changes in tissue cyclic A.M.P. are accompanied by changes in the ventricular-fibrillation threshold; and in the pig, large infarcts are associated with raised tissue cyclic A.M.P. and ventricular fibrillation, whereas small infarcts are not. Data showing that changes in the metabolism of potassium, glucose, fatty acids, and lactate can influence the action-potential duration are incorporated into a revised hypothesis which allows for multifactorial arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the early stages of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cyclic A.M.P. and arrhythmias revisited. Further evidence is presented for a hypothesis linking cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cyclic A.M.P.) and arrhythmias: in the isolated rat heart, changes in tissue cyclic A.M.P. are accompanied by changes in the ventricular-fibrillation threshold; and in the pig, large infarcts are associated with raised tissue cyclic A.M.P. and ventricular fibrillation, whereas small infarcts are not. Data showing that changes in the metabolism of potassium, glucose, fatty acids, and lactate can influence the action-potential duration are incorporated into a revised hypothesis which allows for multifactorial arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the early stages of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 81931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8442", "title": "Digoxin prescribing in general practice 1967--77.", "content": "Data from a survey of general-practitioner prescribing from 1967 to 1977 were examined to see how news of the changed potency of \"Lanoxin\" tablets in 1972 and of unbranded digoxin in 1975 had affected prescribing patterns. A stong downward trend in average daily dose was found, equivalent to a halving in lanoxin, almost as much in digoxin, and a one-fifth fall in prepared digitalis. This trend, however, preceded the publicity on potency and bioavailability, and in the case of lanoxin was apparent during the time that bioavailability fell. It had two components--reduced frequency of tablets per day, and increased popularity of low-dose tablets. From 1972 the proprietary 250 microgram tablet of lanoxin was prescribed increasingly at the expense of unbranded digoxin, but at a lower daily frequency until 1975. The number of people treated with digoxin and lanoxin has risen overall and constitutes perhaps 6% of those over 65. The determinants of prescribing behaviour are complex.", "contents": "Digoxin prescribing in general practice 1967--77. Data from a survey of general-practitioner prescribing from 1967 to 1977 were examined to see how news of the changed potency of \"Lanoxin\" tablets in 1972 and of unbranded digoxin in 1975 had affected prescribing patterns. A stong downward trend in average daily dose was found, equivalent to a halving in lanoxin, almost as much in digoxin, and a one-fifth fall in prepared digitalis. This trend, however, preceded the publicity on potency and bioavailability, and in the case of lanoxin was apparent during the time that bioavailability fell. It had two components--reduced frequency of tablets per day, and increased popularity of low-dose tablets. From 1972 the proprietary 250 microgram tablet of lanoxin was prescribed increasingly at the expense of unbranded digoxin, but at a lower daily frequency until 1975. The number of people treated with digoxin and lanoxin has risen overall and constitutes perhaps 6% of those over 65. The determinants of prescribing behaviour are complex.", "PMID": 81940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8443", "title": "Can the initial clinical assessment of thyroid function be improved?", "content": "The clinical reasons for requesting in-vitro thyroid-function tests were studied in 500 consecutive new patients with no known history of thyroid disease. 23 patients presented with five or more signs or symptoms of thyroid disease, and 18 of these required treatment for thyrometabolic dysfunction. Of 35 subjects with three or four thyroid-associated signs or symptoms, only 1 came to treatment. Of 442 subjects with one or two signs or symptoms, 2 were subsequently treated. These results suggest that there is little value in the biochemical investigation of patients who present with minimal clinical evidence of thyrometabolic disease.", "contents": "Can the initial clinical assessment of thyroid function be improved? The clinical reasons for requesting in-vitro thyroid-function tests were studied in 500 consecutive new patients with no known history of thyroid disease. 23 patients presented with five or more signs or symptoms of thyroid disease, and 18 of these required treatment for thyrometabolic dysfunction. Of 35 subjects with three or four thyroid-associated signs or symptoms, only 1 came to treatment. Of 442 subjects with one or two signs or symptoms, 2 were subsequently treated. These results suggest that there is little value in the biochemical investigation of patients who present with minimal clinical evidence of thyrometabolic disease.", "PMID": 81941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8444", "title": "Double-blind withdrawal trial of azathioprine as maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease.", "content": "51 patients with Crohn's disease who were in good health while taking azathiprine, 2 mg/kg body-weight/day, for at least six months were allocated either to a group in which azathioprine was continued or to one in which a control tablet was substituted. The trial lasted one year unless relapse recurred earlier. The cumulative probability of relapse was nil at six months and 5% (+/-5 S.D.) at a year among those on azathioprine, compared with 25% (+/-9 S.D.) at six months and 41% (+/-11 S.D.) at a year among those in the control group (P less than 0.01). 1 patient in whom azathioprine was continued died of pancytopenia in the fourth month of the trial. Azathioprine is potentially toxic but appears to reduce the relapse-rate in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Double-blind withdrawal trial of azathioprine as maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease. 51 patients with Crohn's disease who were in good health while taking azathiprine, 2 mg/kg body-weight/day, for at least six months were allocated either to a group in which azathioprine was continued or to one in which a control tablet was substituted. The trial lasted one year unless relapse recurred earlier. The cumulative probability of relapse was nil at six months and 5% (+/-5 S.D.) at a year among those on azathioprine, compared with 25% (+/-9 S.D.) at six months and 41% (+/-11 S.D.) at a year among those in the control group (P less than 0.01). 1 patient in whom azathioprine was continued died of pancytopenia in the fourth month of the trial. Azathioprine is potentially toxic but appears to reduce the relapse-rate in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 81986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8445", "title": "Sympathetic nervous system and blood-pressure control in essential hypertension.", "content": "In normotensive subjects an inverse correlation was observed between an index of sympathetic nervous activity (the plasma-noradrenaline concentration during physical exercise) and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline. This relationship was invariably disturbed in age-matched patients with essential hypertension. Multiple-regression analysis revealed a highly significant correlation between the combination of both factors and the height of mean arterial blood-pressure (r=0.91). The findings suggest that sympathetic nervous activity and pressor response to noradrenaline together form an important determinant of the arterial blood-pressure level. An inverse relationship could be demonstrated between plasma-renin concentration and pressor response to angiotensin II in normotensives, and this relationship was unchanged in hypertensive patients. Therefore angiotensin II does not appear to contribute directly to high blood-pressure.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous system and blood-pressure control in essential hypertension. In normotensive subjects an inverse correlation was observed between an index of sympathetic nervous activity (the plasma-noradrenaline concentration during physical exercise) and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline. This relationship was invariably disturbed in age-matched patients with essential hypertension. Multiple-regression analysis revealed a highly significant correlation between the combination of both factors and the height of mean arterial blood-pressure (r=0.91). The findings suggest that sympathetic nervous activity and pressor response to noradrenaline together form an important determinant of the arterial blood-pressure level. An inverse relationship could be demonstrated between plasma-renin concentration and pressor response to angiotensin II in normotensives, and this relationship was unchanged in hypertensive patients. Therefore angiotensin II does not appear to contribute directly to high blood-pressure.", "PMID": 81987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8446", "title": "Early splenomegaly in homozygous sickle-cell disease: An indicator of susceptibility to infection.", "content": "135 children with homozygous sickle-cell (SS) disease diagnosed at birth have been followed for 1--5 years. Severe bacterial infections were confined to those in whom the spleen was first palpable at or before 1 year of age and were commonest in those in whom the spleen was first palpable at or before age 6 months. Regular follow-up of children with SS disease diagnosed at birth will identify children particularly at risk of severe infections.", "contents": "Early splenomegaly in homozygous sickle-cell disease: An indicator of susceptibility to infection. 135 children with homozygous sickle-cell (SS) disease diagnosed at birth have been followed for 1--5 years. Severe bacterial infections were confined to those in whom the spleen was first palpable at or before 1 year of age and were commonest in those in whom the spleen was first palpable at or before age 6 months. Regular follow-up of children with SS disease diagnosed at birth will identify children particularly at risk of severe infections.", "PMID": 81988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8447", "title": "Acceleration of bone-marrow recovery by pre-treatment with cyclophosphamide in patients receiving high-dose melphalan.", "content": "7 patients with advanced malignant melanoma who were given cyclophosphamide (500 mg intravenously) 7 days before a high dose of melphalan (140 mg/m2) had a more rapid recovery of the peripheral white-cell count than did 4 patients who received melphalan alone. \"Priming\" by cyclophosphamide might be a practicable means of offsetting the bone-marrow toxicity of some chemotherapy regimens and it may permit higher doses of drugs to be given safely.", "contents": "Acceleration of bone-marrow recovery by pre-treatment with cyclophosphamide in patients receiving high-dose melphalan. 7 patients with advanced malignant melanoma who were given cyclophosphamide (500 mg intravenously) 7 days before a high dose of melphalan (140 mg/m2) had a more rapid recovery of the peripheral white-cell count than did 4 patients who received melphalan alone. \"Priming\" by cyclophosphamide might be a practicable means of offsetting the bone-marrow toxicity of some chemotherapy regimens and it may permit higher doses of drugs to be given safely.", "PMID": 81990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8448", "title": "Stomach as source of bacteria colonising respiratory tract during artificial ventilation.", "content": "10 adults had intermittent positive-pressure ventilation for 3--34 days. All 10 had paralytic ileus. Microbial overgrowth in the stomach was found in 9 patients (bacterial in 7 and fungal in 2); gram-negative bacteria predominated. The trachea invariably became colonised by bacteria, mainly gram-negative organisms. In 3 instances the gram-negative bacteria were found in the stomach before they appeared in the tracheal aspirate, and in 1 case the pathogen originated in the faeces.", "contents": "Stomach as source of bacteria colonising respiratory tract during artificial ventilation. 10 adults had intermittent positive-pressure ventilation for 3--34 days. All 10 had paralytic ileus. Microbial overgrowth in the stomach was found in 9 patients (bacterial in 7 and fungal in 2); gram-negative bacteria predominated. The trachea invariably became colonised by bacteria, mainly gram-negative organisms. In 3 instances the gram-negative bacteria were found in the stomach before they appeared in the tracheal aspirate, and in 1 case the pathogen originated in the faeces.", "PMID": 81991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8449", "title": "Renin lowers blood-pressure.", "content": "The hypothesis that increased plasma-renin tends to lower blood-pressure is proposed. Binding of renin to blood-vessel walls is postulated to have some vasodilator action which would oppose the usual blood-pressure-raising action caused by generation of angiotensin. Many of the effects of saralasin and of converting-enzyme inhibitor on blood-pressure in relation to concentrations of renin in blood plasma and in the kidneys seem to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Renin lowers blood-pressure. The hypothesis that increased plasma-renin tends to lower blood-pressure is proposed. Binding of renin to blood-vessel walls is postulated to have some vasodilator action which would oppose the usual blood-pressure-raising action caused by generation of angiotensin. Many of the effects of saralasin and of converting-enzyme inhibitor on blood-pressure in relation to concentrations of renin in blood plasma and in the kidneys seem to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 81992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8450", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis associated with canine infection.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni has recently been recognised as a human enteric pathogen. Five cases of campylobacter enteritis are described. All five patients had abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Two of the five patients had bloody diarrhoea and relapses. All the patients had been in contact with young dogs which had had diarrhoea. Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni was isolated from these dogs or from their litter-mates. Canine infection with Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni may be an important source of infection causing diarrhoea in man.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis associated with canine infection. Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni has recently been recognised as a human enteric pathogen. Five cases of campylobacter enteritis are described. All five patients had abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Two of the five patients had bloody diarrhoea and relapses. All the patients had been in contact with young dogs which had had diarrhoea. Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni was isolated from these dogs or from their litter-mates. Canine infection with Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni may be an important source of infection causing diarrhoea in man.", "PMID": 82001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8451", "title": "Intermittent catheterisation in the management of children with neuropathic bladder.", "content": "Twenty-three children with neuropathic bladder have been treated by intermittent catheterisation during the past 3 years. Twelve are now practically dry, nine are drier than before, and two have remained wet. Urinary infections have not been a major problem, but it is too soon to assess the long-term effects on the upper renal tract. Intermittent catheterisation lightens the burden for the mothers. Four children catheterise themselves and two of them are now independent.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterisation in the management of children with neuropathic bladder. Twenty-three children with neuropathic bladder have been treated by intermittent catheterisation during the past 3 years. Twelve are now practically dry, nine are drier than before, and two have remained wet. Urinary infections have not been a major problem, but it is too soon to assess the long-term effects on the upper renal tract. Intermittent catheterisation lightens the burden for the mothers. Four children catheterise themselves and two of them are now independent.", "PMID": 82002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8452", "title": "Endoscopic treatment of biliary-tract diseases. An international study.", "content": "Data on endoscopic sphincterotomy from 15 gastroenterology centres with very wide experience show that 3618 out of 3853 (93.%) attempts at the procedure were successful. The main indication for sphincterotomy was choledocholithiasis (3070, or 84.9% cases). After sphincterotomy the stones passed spontaneously or were removed in 2779 (90.5%) cases. Bleeding, cholangitis, pancreatitis, perforation, and stone impaction occurred in 254 (7.0%) cases; the mortality-rate was 1.4%. 83 (2.3%) cases required emergency surgery. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is increasingly replacing surgery in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.", "contents": "Endoscopic treatment of biliary-tract diseases. An international study. Data on endoscopic sphincterotomy from 15 gastroenterology centres with very wide experience show that 3618 out of 3853 (93.%) attempts at the procedure were successful. The main indication for sphincterotomy was choledocholithiasis (3070, or 84.9% cases). After sphincterotomy the stones passed spontaneously or were removed in 2779 (90.5%) cases. Bleeding, cholangitis, pancreatitis, perforation, and stone impaction occurred in 254 (7.0%) cases; the mortality-rate was 1.4%. 83 (2.3%) cases required emergency surgery. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is increasingly replacing surgery in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.", "PMID": 82003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8453", "title": "Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomised double-blind study comparing two dosage regimens of levamisole with placebo. Multicentre study group.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was evaluated in a sixteen-centre double-blind controlled study which compared continuous and intermittent levamisole treatment with placebo for six months. 363 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis and active disease were evaluated. Continuous and intermittent levamisole treatments were equally effective in controlling disease activity. 20% of patients had important drug-related adverse reactions. The results demonstrated that levamisole is an active drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomised double-blind study comparing two dosage regimens of levamisole with placebo. Multicentre study group. The therapeutic effect of levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was evaluated in a sixteen-centre double-blind controlled study which compared continuous and intermittent levamisole treatment with placebo for six months. 363 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis and active disease were evaluated. Continuous and intermittent levamisole treatments were equally effective in controlling disease activity. 20% of patients had important drug-related adverse reactions. The results demonstrated that levamisole is an active drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 82030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8454", "title": "Cot deaths and water-sodium.", "content": "Over a thirty-year period in Scunthorpe, during which there were two changes in the sodium content of the water supply, there were significantly more sudden deaths in infancy during the decade when sodium levels were highest. This is compatible with the hypothesis that hypernatraemia is a factor leading to cot death. Changes in the incidence of breastfeeding over the same period may have contributed to, but are unlikely to account for, the result because the pattern was different in a neighbouring district where there was no change in water quality.", "contents": "Cot deaths and water-sodium. Over a thirty-year period in Scunthorpe, during which there were two changes in the sodium content of the water supply, there were significantly more sudden deaths in infancy during the decade when sodium levels were highest. This is compatible with the hypothesis that hypernatraemia is a factor leading to cot death. Changes in the incidence of breastfeeding over the same period may have contributed to, but are unlikely to account for, the result because the pattern was different in a neighbouring district where there was no change in water quality.", "PMID": 82031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8455", "title": "Fulminant necrotising enterocolitis associated with Clostridia.", "content": "5 infants with no growth of bacteria on cultures of blood and peritoneal fluid recovered from necrotising enterocolitis after medical treatment alone. 12 infants with positive cultures required surgery. 5 of these 12, who did not harbour clostridia, had a mild clinical course and all 5 survived segmental bowel resection. The 7 infants who harboured clostridia had a more severe clinical course and 4 died. In 3 of 4 infants with Clostridium perfringens, the necrotising enterocolitis was fulminant, characterised by severe pneumatosis intestinalis, extensive gangrene, early intestinal perforation, and a fatal outcome.", "contents": "Fulminant necrotising enterocolitis associated with Clostridia. 5 infants with no growth of bacteria on cultures of blood and peritoneal fluid recovered from necrotising enterocolitis after medical treatment alone. 12 infants with positive cultures required surgery. 5 of these 12, who did not harbour clostridia, had a mild clinical course and all 5 survived segmental bowel resection. The 7 infants who harboured clostridia had a more severe clinical course and 4 died. In 3 of 4 infants with Clostridium perfringens, the necrotising enterocolitis was fulminant, characterised by severe pneumatosis intestinalis, extensive gangrene, early intestinal perforation, and a fatal outcome.", "PMID": 82032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8456", "title": "Transformation of normal bone-marrow cells by a leukaemic cell line associated with a presumptive new human virus.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic leukovirus-like bodies were found in the cells and culture medium of a T-cell lymphoblast line established from a leukaemic patient. When the cells were lethally irradiated and added to normal bone-marrow cells the latter were transformed into continuous replication and produced the same types of virus-like particle.", "contents": "Transformation of normal bone-marrow cells by a leukaemic cell line associated with a presumptive new human virus. Intracytoplasmic leukovirus-like bodies were found in the cells and culture medium of a T-cell lymphoblast line established from a leukaemic patient. When the cells were lethally irradiated and added to normal bone-marrow cells the latter were transformed into continuous replication and produced the same types of virus-like particle.", "PMID": 82033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8457", "title": "Pathogenesis of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas.", "content": "42 women with amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia had trans-sphenoidal surgery and resection of histologically verified pituitary adenomas. 74% of these patients developed amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea in immediate association with the use or discontinuation of oral contraceptives or post partum. There was enough adenomatous tissue for immunocytochemical studies in 35 specimens and specific localisation of prolactin was possible in 31. There is evidence that about 10% of the population have small pituitary tumours, and the majority of these tumours, though asymptomatic, are potentially prolactin-secreting. It is suggested that oestrogens, which are known to modulate prolactin secretion in normal human beings and in animals, can induce the growth and expression of otherwise silent pituitary lesions and that this should be considered a risk of oral-contraceptive use.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. 42 women with amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia had trans-sphenoidal surgery and resection of histologically verified pituitary adenomas. 74% of these patients developed amenorrhoea and/or galactorrhoea in immediate association with the use or discontinuation of oral contraceptives or post partum. There was enough adenomatous tissue for immunocytochemical studies in 35 specimens and specific localisation of prolactin was possible in 31. There is evidence that about 10% of the population have small pituitary tumours, and the majority of these tumours, though asymptomatic, are potentially prolactin-secreting. It is suggested that oestrogens, which are known to modulate prolactin secretion in normal human beings and in animals, can induce the growth and expression of otherwise silent pituitary lesions and that this should be considered a risk of oral-contraceptive use.", "PMID": 82034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8458", "title": "Surgical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex.", "content": "Superficial epidermal surgical removal of a recurrent herpes simplex lesion within 36 hours of onset nearly always prevented recurrence in the site of excision. It is postulated that the surgery results in epidermal denervation, which prevents reinoculation of that epidermal site by the virus-laden sensory neuron. The procedure did not prevent further clinical expression of the disease at other epidermal sites innervated by the same or other infected neurons.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex. Superficial epidermal surgical removal of a recurrent herpes simplex lesion within 36 hours of onset nearly always prevented recurrence in the site of excision. It is postulated that the surgery results in epidermal denervation, which prevents reinoculation of that epidermal site by the virus-laden sensory neuron. The procedure did not prevent further clinical expression of the disease at other epidermal sites innervated by the same or other infected neurons.", "PMID": 82035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8459", "title": "Selective inactivation of vitamin B12 in rats by nitrous oxide.", "content": "Exposure of rats to nitrous oxide rapidly inactivated the cytosol enzyme, methionine synthetase, but the mitochondrial enzyme, methylmalonyl CoA mutase, seemed to be unaffected, although both enzymes require vitamin B12.", "contents": "Selective inactivation of vitamin B12 in rats by nitrous oxide. Exposure of rats to nitrous oxide rapidly inactivated the cytosol enzyme, methionine synthetase, but the mitochondrial enzyme, methylmalonyl CoA mutase, seemed to be unaffected, although both enzymes require vitamin B12.", "PMID": 82036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8460", "title": "Is pulmonary dysfunction the common denominator for the multiple effects of cigarette smoking?", "content": "It is suggested that pulmonary dysfunction underlies the many diverse and apparently non-specific effects of cigarette smoking. The differences in degree as well as type of clinical expression probably derive not only from the multiplicity of constituents of the tobacco itself but also from the variation in vulnerability of different individuals and different target organs, which is attributable to other environmental exposures, previous history, and intrinsic susceptibility.", "contents": "Is pulmonary dysfunction the common denominator for the multiple effects of cigarette smoking? It is suggested that pulmonary dysfunction underlies the many diverse and apparently non-specific effects of cigarette smoking. The differences in degree as well as type of clinical expression probably derive not only from the multiplicity of constituents of the tobacco itself but also from the variation in vulnerability of different individuals and different target organs, which is attributable to other environmental exposures, previous history, and intrinsic susceptibility.", "PMID": 82037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8461", "title": "Epidemiology of respiratory viral infection among paediatric inpatients over a six-year period in north-east England.", "content": "During a 6-year, hospital-based study at Newcastle upon Tyne five consecutive winter epidemics of respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus infection occurred; the virus was identified in 1428 cases, showing that 1 in 50 live-births were admitted to hospital with R.S. virus infection. Epidemics were inversely related to temperature and to number of hours of sunshine. Parainfluenzaviruses, the second largest group of pathogens, were identified in 543 cases; most infections by this group were due to parainfluenzavirus type 3, which accounted for admission to hospital of 1 in 300 live-births. Epidemics of parainfluenza type 3 showed a summer peak (there was often a second peak in autumn) and a positive correlation with temperature and number of hours of sunshine. Epidemics of parainfluenza 1 and 2 occurred together, but only every 2 years. Influenza A epidemics occurred every winter; they coincided with, and had the same climatic correlations as, epidemics of R.S. virus infections. Influenza A was the second most frequently identified virus, and was associated with the admission to hospital of 1 in 100 to 1 in 500 live-births. Knowledge of the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections may help in the planning of preventative measures.", "contents": "Epidemiology of respiratory viral infection among paediatric inpatients over a six-year period in north-east England. During a 6-year, hospital-based study at Newcastle upon Tyne five consecutive winter epidemics of respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus infection occurred; the virus was identified in 1428 cases, showing that 1 in 50 live-births were admitted to hospital with R.S. virus infection. Epidemics were inversely related to temperature and to number of hours of sunshine. Parainfluenzaviruses, the second largest group of pathogens, were identified in 543 cases; most infections by this group were due to parainfluenzavirus type 3, which accounted for admission to hospital of 1 in 300 live-births. Epidemics of parainfluenza type 3 showed a summer peak (there was often a second peak in autumn) and a positive correlation with temperature and number of hours of sunshine. Epidemics of parainfluenza 1 and 2 occurred together, but only every 2 years. Influenza A epidemics occurred every winter; they coincided with, and had the same climatic correlations as, epidemics of R.S. virus infections. Influenza A was the second most frequently identified virus, and was associated with the admission to hospital of 1 in 100 to 1 in 500 live-births. Knowledge of the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections may help in the planning of preventative measures.", "PMID": 82045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8462", "title": "Hospital outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia: a problem of cross infection?", "content": "A 74-year-old man was admitted to hospital with septicaemia and meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Subsequently 3 inpatients developed listeria septicaemia. Case-to-case transmission of the infection seems possible, although the method of transmission remains obscure.", "contents": "Hospital outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia: a problem of cross infection? A 74-year-old man was admitted to hospital with septicaemia and meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Subsequently 3 inpatients developed listeria septicaemia. Case-to-case transmission of the infection seems possible, although the method of transmission remains obscure.", "PMID": 82046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8463", "title": "Colonic bacterial activity, biliary cholesterol saturation, and pathogenesis of gallstones.", "content": "The relation between colonic bacterial metabolites in bile and saturation of bile with cholesterol was investigated. Eleven healthy men ingested metronidazole (2 g daily) for 10 days to inhibit anaerobic bacterial activity. Bile composition was determined in fasting samples aspirated from the duodenum before metronidazole was given, at the end of 10 days on metronidazole, and a month after the drug was discontinued. Bile cholesterol saturation fell in ten of the eleven subjects from a mean of 1.00 to 0.83 and rose in all eleven after the drug was stopped. At the same time the proportion of deoxycholate in bile acid decreased from a mean of 24% to 7%, returning to 22% of the total a month after metronidazole had been stopped, and the proportion of chenodeoxycholate changed significantly from 33% to 46% and back to 33%. There was little change in cholate concentrations. Deoxycholate is formed exclusively by bacterial action in the colon. Its administration increases cholesterol saturation of bile, while chenodeoxycholate reduces it. These results suggest that colonic function is important in regulating bile composition. Dietary measures which reduce the return of newly formed deoxycholate from the colon to the bile reduce cholesterol saturation and so are likely to reduce the risk of gallstones.", "contents": "Colonic bacterial activity, biliary cholesterol saturation, and pathogenesis of gallstones. The relation between colonic bacterial metabolites in bile and saturation of bile with cholesterol was investigated. Eleven healthy men ingested metronidazole (2 g daily) for 10 days to inhibit anaerobic bacterial activity. Bile composition was determined in fasting samples aspirated from the duodenum before metronidazole was given, at the end of 10 days on metronidazole, and a month after the drug was discontinued. Bile cholesterol saturation fell in ten of the eleven subjects from a mean of 1.00 to 0.83 and rose in all eleven after the drug was stopped. At the same time the proportion of deoxycholate in bile acid decreased from a mean of 24% to 7%, returning to 22% of the total a month after metronidazole had been stopped, and the proportion of chenodeoxycholate changed significantly from 33% to 46% and back to 33%. There was little change in cholate concentrations. Deoxycholate is formed exclusively by bacterial action in the colon. Its administration increases cholesterol saturation of bile, while chenodeoxycholate reduces it. These results suggest that colonic function is important in regulating bile composition. Dietary measures which reduce the return of newly formed deoxycholate from the colon to the bile reduce cholesterol saturation and so are likely to reduce the risk of gallstones.", "PMID": 82084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8464", "title": "Strong association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis-B surface antigenaemia in Japanese children.", "content": "Renal histology in 163 Japanese children, aged 3 to 15, with proteinuria and/or haematuria showed that 11 had membranous nephropathy (M.N) and the rest had various other renal diseases. Hepatitis-B-virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified, by a reversed passive haemagglutination method, in the serum of all the patients with M.N. but in only 4.6% of the patients with other renal diseases. 6 of the 11 mothers of the children with M.N. were positive for HBsAg, and 1 was positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). These findings suggest that M.N. in Japanese children is mainly, if not exclusively, caused by hepatitis-B virus and that in most instances the virus is transmitted from mother to child.", "contents": "Strong association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis-B surface antigenaemia in Japanese children. Renal histology in 163 Japanese children, aged 3 to 15, with proteinuria and/or haematuria showed that 11 had membranous nephropathy (M.N) and the rest had various other renal diseases. Hepatitis-B-virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified, by a reversed passive haemagglutination method, in the serum of all the patients with M.N. but in only 4.6% of the patients with other renal diseases. 6 of the 11 mothers of the children with M.N. were positive for HBsAg, and 1 was positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). These findings suggest that M.N. in Japanese children is mainly, if not exclusively, caused by hepatitis-B virus and that in most instances the virus is transmitted from mother to child.", "PMID": 82085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8465", "title": "Effect of cimetidine in symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux received cimetidine 1.6 g daily for 6 weeks and matching placebo for 6 weeks in a randomised double-blind crossover trial. They complained of significantly more episodes of pain on placebo than on cimetidine (1186 vs 581) and consumed significantly more antacid tablets on placebo than on cimetidine (1645 vs. 1011). Cimetidine and placebo had similar effects on mucosal sensitivity to acid and on oesophagitis assessed endoscopically and histologically, suggesting that the symptomatic benefit is the result of a simple antacid effect.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine in symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux. Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux received cimetidine 1.6 g daily for 6 weeks and matching placebo for 6 weeks in a randomised double-blind crossover trial. They complained of significantly more episodes of pain on placebo than on cimetidine (1186 vs 581) and consumed significantly more antacid tablets on placebo than on cimetidine (1645 vs. 1011). Cimetidine and placebo had similar effects on mucosal sensitivity to acid and on oesophagitis assessed endoscopically and histologically, suggesting that the symptomatic benefit is the result of a simple antacid effect.", "PMID": 82086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8466", "title": "An unrecognized syndrome of benign focal epileptic seizures in teenagers?", "content": "145 out of 1570 patients whose first fit occurred between the ages of 10 and 20 years and began as a focal seizure had no further fits for at least 5 years. This benign (non-recurring) form of focal seizures appears to be a distinct clinical entity. Its features, based on an analysis of the case-notes of 83 of the 145 cases, include: appearance of fit between the ages of 12--18 years in 84% cases; a higher incidence among males; an absence of family history of fits and of other factors predisposing to fits; normal electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) or non-specific, non-focal E.E.G. changes; and progression to generalised fits in 80.3%. The diagnosis can be suspected at presentation but confirmed only after a recurrence-free period without treatment.", "contents": "An unrecognized syndrome of benign focal epileptic seizures in teenagers? 145 out of 1570 patients whose first fit occurred between the ages of 10 and 20 years and began as a focal seizure had no further fits for at least 5 years. This benign (non-recurring) form of focal seizures appears to be a distinct clinical entity. Its features, based on an analysis of the case-notes of 83 of the 145 cases, include: appearance of fit between the ages of 12--18 years in 84% cases; a higher incidence among males; an absence of family history of fits and of other factors predisposing to fits; normal electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) or non-specific, non-focal E.E.G. changes; and progression to generalised fits in 80.3%. The diagnosis can be suspected at presentation but confirmed only after a recurrence-free period without treatment.", "PMID": 82087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8467", "title": "Possible maternal effect on severity of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "62 patients with neurofibromatosis (from 54 families) whose signs or symptoms began in childhood were assessed as to the severity of disease and whether the individual was a new mutation or born to an affected father or mother. The morbidity of disease was much more severe in cases born to affected mothers than in those born to affected fathers or those who were new mutations. This finding suggests that there may be a maternal effect in neurofibromatosis similar to that which has been observed in myotonic dystrophy. This effect may be humorally mediated.", "contents": "Possible maternal effect on severity of neurofibromatosis. 62 patients with neurofibromatosis (from 54 families) whose signs or symptoms began in childhood were assessed as to the severity of disease and whether the individual was a new mutation or born to an affected father or mother. The morbidity of disease was much more severe in cases born to affected mothers than in those born to affected fathers or those who were new mutations. This finding suggests that there may be a maternal effect in neurofibromatosis similar to that which has been observed in myotonic dystrophy. This effect may be humorally mediated.", "PMID": 82088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8468", "title": "Cold-induced profuse sweating on back and chest. A new genetic entity?", "content": "Two sisters whose parents shared a grandfather had cold-induced sweating. Since childhood they had sweated profusely from the back and chest when exposed to environmental temperatures of 18 degrees to 7 degrees C. They had additional abnormalities--e.g., high palate and inability fully to extend the elbows--which neither their parents nor their sibs shared. The cold-induced sweating, which could not be stopped by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was abolished by postganglionic blockade with atropine sulphate. This indicates the possibility of a peripheral mechanism.", "contents": "Cold-induced profuse sweating on back and chest. A new genetic entity? Two sisters whose parents shared a grandfather had cold-induced sweating. Since childhood they had sweated profusely from the back and chest when exposed to environmental temperatures of 18 degrees to 7 degrees C. They had additional abnormalities--e.g., high palate and inability fully to extend the elbows--which neither their parents nor their sibs shared. The cold-induced sweating, which could not be stopped by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was abolished by postganglionic blockade with atropine sulphate. This indicates the possibility of a peripheral mechanism.", "PMID": 82089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8469", "title": "Prostacyclin can replace heparin in haemodialysis in dogs.", "content": "Despite the use of heparin, activation of platelets on the artificial surface of dialyser membranes results in thrombus formation, microembolisation, and thrombocytopenia. To assess the effects on these events of prostacyclin, the most potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation yet discovered, three groups of healthy greyhounds were dialysed with heparin, heparin plus prostacyclin, or prostacyclin alone. Prostacyclin, either alone or with heparin, abolished microembolisation from the dialyser (as estimated by whole-blood screen filtration pressure) and prevented thrombocytopenia. With prostacyclin, dialysis could be carried out without heparin, and there was no clotting of blood within the extracorporeal circuit nor any change in tests of coagulation.", "contents": "Prostacyclin can replace heparin in haemodialysis in dogs. Despite the use of heparin, activation of platelets on the artificial surface of dialyser membranes results in thrombus formation, microembolisation, and thrombocytopenia. To assess the effects on these events of prostacyclin, the most potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation yet discovered, three groups of healthy greyhounds were dialysed with heparin, heparin plus prostacyclin, or prostacyclin alone. Prostacyclin, either alone or with heparin, abolished microembolisation from the dialyser (as estimated by whole-blood screen filtration pressure) and prevented thrombocytopenia. With prostacyclin, dialysis could be carried out without heparin, and there was no clotting of blood within the extracorporeal circuit nor any change in tests of coagulation.", "PMID": 82090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8470", "title": "Lack of a gastrointestinal mediator of insulin action in maturity-onset diabetes.", "content": "It is suggested that hepatic uptake of orally ingested glucose depends not only on insulin secretion but also on the release of a gastrointestinal factor which mediates insulin action on the liver. In maturity-onset diabetes characterised by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, deficiency of this gastrointestinal factor may be the primary pathogenetic event leading to postprandial hyperglycaemia. Postprandial hyperglycaemia brings about an increase in insulin secretion; and hyperinsulinaemia, in turn, results in decreased binding of insulin to its receptor and in peripheral (extrahepatic) resistance to insulin.", "contents": "Lack of a gastrointestinal mediator of insulin action in maturity-onset diabetes. It is suggested that hepatic uptake of orally ingested glucose depends not only on insulin secretion but also on the release of a gastrointestinal factor which mediates insulin action on the liver. In maturity-onset diabetes characterised by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, deficiency of this gastrointestinal factor may be the primary pathogenetic event leading to postprandial hyperglycaemia. Postprandial hyperglycaemia brings about an increase in insulin secretion; and hyperinsulinaemia, in turn, results in decreased binding of insulin to its receptor and in peripheral (extrahepatic) resistance to insulin.", "PMID": 82091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8471", "title": "Further experience in the treatment of severe attacks of ulcerative colitis.", "content": "One hundred courses of an intensive intravenous regimen have been used in 87 patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis during the past 5 years, 11 of the patients having been treated more than once during separate admissions to hospital. 60% of the attacks responded swiftly to the regimen, and the patients were symptom-free at the end of the 5-day course. In 15% there was improvement but the patients were not entirely symptom-free. In 25% failure to respond resulted in emergency colectomy, the usual operation being proctocolectomy as a single-stage procedure. There were no deaths directly due to ulcerative colitis or to surgical treatment in these patients during the period of the study, the mean period of follow-up being 25 months; but 4 elderly patients died from unrelated causes. These favourable results are better than most published figures. The advantages of the intensive medical regimen are that: (i) many patients quickly go into clinical remission, which is frequently sustained; and (ii) failure to improve can be regarded as a clear-cut indication for emergency surgery.", "contents": "Further experience in the treatment of severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. One hundred courses of an intensive intravenous regimen have been used in 87 patients with severe attacks of ulcerative colitis during the past 5 years, 11 of the patients having been treated more than once during separate admissions to hospital. 60% of the attacks responded swiftly to the regimen, and the patients were symptom-free at the end of the 5-day course. In 15% there was improvement but the patients were not entirely symptom-free. In 25% failure to respond resulted in emergency colectomy, the usual operation being proctocolectomy as a single-stage procedure. There were no deaths directly due to ulcerative colitis or to surgical treatment in these patients during the period of the study, the mean period of follow-up being 25 months; but 4 elderly patients died from unrelated causes. These favourable results are better than most published figures. The advantages of the intensive medical regimen are that: (i) many patients quickly go into clinical remission, which is frequently sustained; and (ii) failure to improve can be regarded as a clear-cut indication for emergency surgery.", "PMID": 82099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8472", "title": "Diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis after gastrointestinal operations. A prospective study.", "content": "241 patients who had gastrointestinal operations were studied prospectively. Postoperative diarrhoea occurred in 58 patients (24%) and was significantly more common after exposure to antibiotics. 9 patients (4%) had high titres of a neutralisable faecal toxin characteristic of pseudomembranous colitis. Toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains were isolated from the stools of all patients with neutralisable faecal toxin. If pseudomembranous colitis is defined as the presence of neutralisable faecal toxin, then the diagnosis is often missed by sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy.", "contents": "Diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis after gastrointestinal operations. A prospective study. 241 patients who had gastrointestinal operations were studied prospectively. Postoperative diarrhoea occurred in 58 patients (24%) and was significantly more common after exposure to antibiotics. 9 patients (4%) had high titres of a neutralisable faecal toxin characteristic of pseudomembranous colitis. Toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains were isolated from the stools of all patients with neutralisable faecal toxin. If pseudomembranous colitis is defined as the presence of neutralisable faecal toxin, then the diagnosis is often missed by sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy.", "PMID": 82138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8473", "title": "Association between Streptococcus faecalis urinary infections and graft rejection in kidney transplantation.", "content": "In the first month after transplantation 50% of 193 consecutive renal transplant recipients had bacteriuria. The most common organisms isolated were Streptococcus faecalis (34), Escherichia coli (28), Pseudomonas spp. (11), and staphylococcus (9). There was a significant correlation between infection with Str. faecalis and graft failure at one, three, and twelve months. This observation suggests that urinary infection with Str. faecalis may be associated with graft failure which is probably the result of immunological factors.", "contents": "Association between Streptococcus faecalis urinary infections and graft rejection in kidney transplantation. In the first month after transplantation 50% of 193 consecutive renal transplant recipients had bacteriuria. The most common organisms isolated were Streptococcus faecalis (34), Escherichia coli (28), Pseudomonas spp. (11), and staphylococcus (9). There was a significant correlation between infection with Str. faecalis and graft failure at one, three, and twelve months. This observation suggests that urinary infection with Str. faecalis may be associated with graft failure which is probably the result of immunological factors.", "PMID": 82139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8474", "title": "Kidney-graft rejection: has the need for steroids to be re-evaluated?", "content": "In a group of azathioprine-treated patients whose renal allografts functioned immediately, 53 received prophylactic steroid treatment while 54 were given steroids only at the onset of the first renal failure. Three types of renal failure were identified, and their distribution in the patient groups was different, but the incidence of both reversible and irreversible renal failure episodes was identical in the two groups, suggesting that steroid treatment of early rejection episodes may not be necessary.", "contents": "Kidney-graft rejection: has the need for steroids to be re-evaluated? In a group of azathioprine-treated patients whose renal allografts functioned immediately, 53 received prophylactic steroid treatment while 54 were given steroids only at the onset of the first renal failure. Three types of renal failure were identified, and their distribution in the patient groups was different, but the incidence of both reversible and irreversible renal failure episodes was identical in the two groups, suggesting that steroid treatment of early rejection episodes may not be necessary.", "PMID": 82140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8475", "title": "Isolation of a new serotype of legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "A new serotype of the legionnaires' disease bacterium has been isolated. The strain appears to be identical with the Philadelphia strain except for the cell-wall antigens as tested by a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Demonstration of a new serotype brings into question the diagnostic specificity of currently used reference strains.", "contents": "Isolation of a new serotype of legionnaires' disease bacterium. A new serotype of the legionnaires' disease bacterium has been isolated. The strain appears to be identical with the Philadelphia strain except for the cell-wall antigens as tested by a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Demonstration of a new serotype brings into question the diagnostic specificity of currently used reference strains.", "PMID": 82141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8476", "title": "Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, age, and suppressor-cell dysfunction as risk determinants of lymphoma after cardiac transplantation.", "content": "A review of lymphomas developing in recipients of cardiac allografts has yielded significant risk factors. Frequency varied strikingly according to original cardiac disease: lymphoma developed in 6 of 37 patients with prior idiopathic cardiomyopathy (I.C.M.) but in one of 54 patients with prior coronary-artery disease (C.A.D.). All patients who developed lymphomas were aged under 40. Combination of both risk factors (I.C.M. and age less than 40) produces a sub-group with a highly significantly increased risk of lymphoma. I.C.M., but not C.A.D., is characterised by a defect in mitogen-induced mononuclear-cell suppressor activity. It is postulated that defective regulation in the immune systems of younger patients under chronic alloantigen stimulation may allow lymphoid proliferation to proceed to lymphoreticular malignancy. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine may exert a co-oncogenic effect.", "contents": "Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, age, and suppressor-cell dysfunction as risk determinants of lymphoma after cardiac transplantation. A review of lymphomas developing in recipients of cardiac allografts has yielded significant risk factors. Frequency varied strikingly according to original cardiac disease: lymphoma developed in 6 of 37 patients with prior idiopathic cardiomyopathy (I.C.M.) but in one of 54 patients with prior coronary-artery disease (C.A.D.). All patients who developed lymphomas were aged under 40. Combination of both risk factors (I.C.M. and age less than 40) produces a sub-group with a highly significantly increased risk of lymphoma. I.C.M., but not C.A.D., is characterised by a defect in mitogen-induced mononuclear-cell suppressor activity. It is postulated that defective regulation in the immune systems of younger patients under chronic alloantigen stimulation may allow lymphoid proliferation to proceed to lymphoreticular malignancy. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine may exert a co-oncogenic effect.", "PMID": 82142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8477", "title": "Laryngeal malignancy following iodine-125 therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "A 52-year-old woman presented with a laryngeal sarcoma eight years after receiving two doses, each of 30 mCi, of iodine-125 for thyrotoxicosis. That extrathyroidal tissue receives a higher radiation dose of low-energy photon radiation from iodine-125 than from an equivalent microcurie dose of iodine-131 and that the tumour was of a type which rarely arises spontaneously in the larynx suggest a possible link between the development of the tumour and iodine-125 therapy.", "contents": "Laryngeal malignancy following iodine-125 therapy for thyrotoxicosis. A 52-year-old woman presented with a laryngeal sarcoma eight years after receiving two doses, each of 30 mCi, of iodine-125 for thyrotoxicosis. That extrathyroidal tissue receives a higher radiation dose of low-energy photon radiation from iodine-125 than from an equivalent microcurie dose of iodine-131 and that the tumour was of a type which rarely arises spontaneously in the larynx suggest a possible link between the development of the tumour and iodine-125 therapy.", "PMID": 82143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8478", "title": "Aspirin prophylaxis in migraine.", "content": "A prospective double-blind trial of aspirin prophylaxis demonstrated a reduction of more than 50% in headache frequency in 9 of 12 migraine patients. Response to aspirin did not correlate with age, duration of headache history, family history, or platelet ultrastructure. There is some evidence that response to aspirin is associated with raised platelet aggregation. This pilot study indicates that aspirin is effective in migraine prophylaxis.", "contents": "Aspirin prophylaxis in migraine. A prospective double-blind trial of aspirin prophylaxis demonstrated a reduction of more than 50% in headache frequency in 9 of 12 migraine patients. Response to aspirin did not correlate with age, duration of headache history, family history, or platelet ultrastructure. There is some evidence that response to aspirin is associated with raised platelet aggregation. This pilot study indicates that aspirin is effective in migraine prophylaxis.", "PMID": 82144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8479", "title": "Does ethanol intoxication promote brain infarction in young adults?", "content": "76 consecutive patients aged under 40 with ischaemic brain infarction verified by carotid angiography and/or serial brain scanning were studied. In at least 15 cases (20%) the onset of symptoms was preceded within 24 hours by a bout of alcohol drinking. Ethanol-related cases comprised 40%, 25%, and 13% of the patients in the age-groups 16-19, 20-29, and 30-39 years, respectively. Ethanol intoxication preceding the stroke was 2-3 times as common in male and 3-4 times as common in female patients as ethanol intoxication in the general Finnish population of the same ages and sex. Occasional ethanol intoxication seems to carry an increased risk of ischaemic brain infarction in young adults.", "contents": "Does ethanol intoxication promote brain infarction in young adults? 76 consecutive patients aged under 40 with ischaemic brain infarction verified by carotid angiography and/or serial brain scanning were studied. In at least 15 cases (20%) the onset of symptoms was preceded within 24 hours by a bout of alcohol drinking. Ethanol-related cases comprised 40%, 25%, and 13% of the patients in the age-groups 16-19, 20-29, and 30-39 years, respectively. Ethanol intoxication preceding the stroke was 2-3 times as common in male and 3-4 times as common in female patients as ethanol intoxication in the general Finnish population of the same ages and sex. Occasional ethanol intoxication seems to carry an increased risk of ischaemic brain infarction in young adults.", "PMID": 82145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8480", "title": "Urinary infection after micturating cystography.", "content": "Out of 87 patients who underwent micturating cystourethrography (M.C.U.) 14 had infection at the time of the procedure, and infection later developed in 18 patients. The occurrence of post-M.C.U. infection was significantly influenced by whether the patient was on antibacterial treatment at the time of the procedure, but not by the sex of the patient, difficulty of catheterisation, or radiological abnormality. Hence, antibacterial prophylaxis should be given, and subsequent urine culture is mandatory.", "contents": "Urinary infection after micturating cystography. Out of 87 patients who underwent micturating cystourethrography (M.C.U.) 14 had infection at the time of the procedure, and infection later developed in 18 patients. The occurrence of post-M.C.U. infection was significantly influenced by whether the patient was on antibacterial treatment at the time of the procedure, but not by the sex of the patient, difficulty of catheterisation, or radiological abnormality. Hence, antibacterial prophylaxis should be given, and subsequent urine culture is mandatory.", "PMID": 82153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8481", "title": "Frapper fort ou frapper doucement: a gram-negative dilemma.", "content": "Although antibiotics can clear gram-negative organisms from the circulation in a short time, large numbers of patients continue to die from gram-negative shock. Research carried out more than 25 years ago indicates that the replacement of the current antibiotic approach of \"frappez fort et vite\" by one of \"frappez doucement\" may reduce the incidence and mortality of gram-negative shock.", "contents": "Frapper fort ou frapper doucement: a gram-negative dilemma. Although antibiotics can clear gram-negative organisms from the circulation in a short time, large numbers of patients continue to die from gram-negative shock. Research carried out more than 25 years ago indicates that the replacement of the current antibiotic approach of \"frappez fort et vite\" by one of \"frappez doucement\" may reduce the incidence and mortality of gram-negative shock.", "PMID": 82154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8482", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: a review.", "content": "Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic but steadily progressive malignancy usually of older males. Clinically, patients present with splenomegaly and/or cytopenia. The diagnosis is made by demonstration of the hairy cell in Wright's-stained peripheral blood and in bone marrow and by the characteristic histologic findings in the bone marrow biopsy and spleen sections. Infection is the most significant problem complicating the course of patients with hairy cell leukemia and the role of granulocytopenia and/or monocytopenia is undoubtedly substantial. Splenectomy has produced an objective response in improving hematologic parameters in a large number of patients and may prolong survival in those patients who respond. The precise nature of hairy cells remains unknown. The cells exhibit features of both monocytes and B-lymphocytes in morphologic, cytochemical, immunologic and functional studies. A more complete understanding of the monocytic and lymphocytic stem cells and their maturation may provide insight into the origin of the hairy cell.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: a review. Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic but steadily progressive malignancy usually of older males. Clinically, patients present with splenomegaly and/or cytopenia. The diagnosis is made by demonstration of the hairy cell in Wright's-stained peripheral blood and in bone marrow and by the characteristic histologic findings in the bone marrow biopsy and spleen sections. Infection is the most significant problem complicating the course of patients with hairy cell leukemia and the role of granulocytopenia and/or monocytopenia is undoubtedly substantial. Splenectomy has produced an objective response in improving hematologic parameters in a large number of patients and may prolong survival in those patients who respond. The precise nature of hairy cells remains unknown. The cells exhibit features of both monocytes and B-lymphocytes in morphologic, cytochemical, immunologic and functional studies. A more complete understanding of the monocytic and lymphocytic stem cells and their maturation may provide insight into the origin of the hairy cell.", "PMID": 82194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8483", "title": "Antigenic variability of Aspergillus fumigatus strains.", "content": "The effect of culture media, temperature of incubation, and continuous shaking of cultures, on the reactivity and yield of antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated. It was found that AOAC medium was superior to Czapek medium and shake cultures yielded better results than stationary cultures. However, antigens from stationary cultures in AOAC medium incubated at 30 degrees C for 3 weeks were equally as good as antigens obtained from 2-week-old shake cultures. Antigens from 11 selected strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were used to test antibody activity in 33 sera from patients with various forms of aspergillosis and 35 normal controls by the agar gel double-diffusion method. The results showed that the reactivity of individual antigens varied from 42 to 87%, indicating that antigens from more than one strain of Aspergillus fumigatus may be used. The cross-reactivity between strains were studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the quality assurance of Aspergillus antigens is discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic variability of Aspergillus fumigatus strains. The effect of culture media, temperature of incubation, and continuous shaking of cultures, on the reactivity and yield of antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated. It was found that AOAC medium was superior to Czapek medium and shake cultures yielded better results than stationary cultures. However, antigens from stationary cultures in AOAC medium incubated at 30 degrees C for 3 weeks were equally as good as antigens obtained from 2-week-old shake cultures. Antigens from 11 selected strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were used to test antibody activity in 33 sera from patients with various forms of aspergillosis and 35 normal controls by the agar gel double-diffusion method. The results showed that the reactivity of individual antigens varied from 42 to 87%, indicating that antigens from more than one strain of Aspergillus fumigatus may be used. The cross-reactivity between strains were studied by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the quality assurance of Aspergillus antigens is discussed.", "PMID": 82195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8484", "title": "Observations on the nucleolar staining by ethanolic phosphotungstic acid.", "content": "In addition to the already known reactivity of heterochromatin masses and synaptonemal complexes for ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, nucleoli from Sertoli cells show a preferential electron microscopic staining of the pars fibrosa. This ultrastructural pattern can be correlated with intranucleolar differentiations observed in light microscopy after staining of semithin sections with Unna's polychrome blue.", "contents": "Observations on the nucleolar staining by ethanolic phosphotungstic acid. In addition to the already known reactivity of heterochromatin masses and synaptonemal complexes for ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, nucleoli from Sertoli cells show a preferential electron microscopic staining of the pars fibrosa. This ultrastructural pattern can be correlated with intranucleolar differentiations observed in light microscopy after staining of semithin sections with Unna's polychrome blue.", "PMID": 82196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8485", "title": "Quantitative microspectral evaluation of the ratio of arginine-rich to lysine-rich histones in neurons and neuroglial cells.", "content": "Staining of nervous tissue sections with ammoniacal silver according to Black et al. has been confirmed to be a reliable histochemical colour reaction for quantitative evaluation of arginine-rich and lysine-rich histones in cell structures on the basis of determinations of the position of spectral curve maximum. Neurons of several brain nuclei which differed in predominating neurotransmitter did not differ in the ratio of arginine-rich to lysine-rich histones while some differences in this ratio were found out in the glial satelite cells adjacent to the corresponding neurons of these nuclei. Moderate circadian fluctuations were observed in the arginine-rich to lysine-rich histone ratio, these fluctuations being rather similar in the neurons studied and in the cells of perineuronal neuroglia.", "contents": "Quantitative microspectral evaluation of the ratio of arginine-rich to lysine-rich histones in neurons and neuroglial cells. Staining of nervous tissue sections with ammoniacal silver according to Black et al. has been confirmed to be a reliable histochemical colour reaction for quantitative evaluation of arginine-rich and lysine-rich histones in cell structures on the basis of determinations of the position of spectral curve maximum. Neurons of several brain nuclei which differed in predominating neurotransmitter did not differ in the ratio of arginine-rich to lysine-rich histones while some differences in this ratio were found out in the glial satelite cells adjacent to the corresponding neurons of these nuclei. Moderate circadian fluctuations were observed in the arginine-rich to lysine-rich histone ratio, these fluctuations being rather similar in the neurons studied and in the cells of perineuronal neuroglia.", "PMID": 82197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8486", "title": "[Chromatin staining with thallium in NK/Ly ascites tumors of various ages].", "content": "Staining of the chromatin in the NK/Ly ascitic tumour was studied by electron microscopy using Mentr\u00e9's thallium method. Investigations were carried out on the 2., 7., 9., and 14th days after the transplantation of the tumour. It was established, that the chromatin of the nuclei of the proliferating--2 days old--tumour cells occurs in dispers form. Later the temp of the growth decreases and as the consequence of the aggregation of the chromatin electrodense areas are formed. Authors assume, that on the base of the morphological alterations transformation of diffuse chromatin into aggregated one depression of the gene-substance might lie.", "contents": "[Chromatin staining with thallium in NK/Ly ascites tumors of various ages]. Staining of the chromatin in the NK/Ly ascitic tumour was studied by electron microscopy using Mentr\u00e9's thallium method. Investigations were carried out on the 2., 7., 9., and 14th days after the transplantation of the tumour. It was established, that the chromatin of the nuclei of the proliferating--2 days old--tumour cells occurs in dispers form. Later the temp of the growth decreases and as the consequence of the aggregation of the chromatin electrodense areas are formed. Authors assume, that on the base of the morphological alterations transformation of diffuse chromatin into aggregated one depression of the gene-substance might lie.", "PMID": 82202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8487", "title": "Bleomycin-induced mutation and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Clinical preparations of bleomycins (BM) were tested for their recombinogenicity and mutagenicity at relatively high survival levels in the simple eucaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. More than a dozen test loci or genetic intervals were assayed for bleomycin-induced mutation or recombination. Treatments of stationary phase diploid yeast routinely results in 25--75% inactivation. The antibiotic was mildly to very highly recombinogenic and mutagenic, with one exception. The amount of bleomycin-induced mutation, gene conversion or crossing-over depended upon the particular genetic markers assayed. The drug was also potently recombinogenic in yeast cells growing in the presence of BM. These results contrast with the finding that this antitumor agent was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; possible explanation of this difference are given.", "contents": "Bleomycin-induced mutation and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Clinical preparations of bleomycins (BM) were tested for their recombinogenicity and mutagenicity at relatively high survival levels in the simple eucaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. More than a dozen test loci or genetic intervals were assayed for bleomycin-induced mutation or recombination. Treatments of stationary phase diploid yeast routinely results in 25--75% inactivation. The antibiotic was mildly to very highly recombinogenic and mutagenic, with one exception. The amount of bleomycin-induced mutation, gene conversion or crossing-over depended upon the particular genetic markers assayed. The drug was also potently recombinogenic in yeast cells growing in the presence of BM. These results contrast with the finding that this antitumor agent was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test; possible explanation of this difference are given.", "PMID": 82205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8488", "title": "Increased plasma protein binding of propranolol and chlorpromazine mediated by disease-induced elevations of plasma alpha1 acid glycoprotein.", "content": "To assess the importance of disease-induced increases in plasma concentrations of alpha1 acid glycoprotein (an acute-phase plasma protein that binds cationic drugs), we determined binding of propranolol in plasma from 53 patients and 25 healthy volunteers. Binding was increased in 10 patients with Crohn's disease (P less than 0.002), nine with inflammatory arthritis (P less than 0.002) and eight with chronic renal failure with superimposed inflammatory disease (P less than 0.01) as compared with healthy controls. The plasma binding of control subjects did not differ from that of 12 patients with chronic hepatic disease (P greater than 0.45) or 14 with uncomplicated renal failure (P greater than 0.80). Chlorpromazine binding, determined in 60 subjects, yielded similar results. Percentage of free drug and alpha1 acid glycoprotein concentration were inversely correlated (r = -0.77 with propranolol, P less than 0.001, and r = -0.69 with chlorpromazine, P less than 0.001). Increases in plasma protein binding in patients with inflammatory disease appear mediated by increases in alpha1 acid glycoprotein concentration, which may influence drug kinetics.", "contents": "Increased plasma protein binding of propranolol and chlorpromazine mediated by disease-induced elevations of plasma alpha1 acid glycoprotein. To assess the importance of disease-induced increases in plasma concentrations of alpha1 acid glycoprotein (an acute-phase plasma protein that binds cationic drugs), we determined binding of propranolol in plasma from 53 patients and 25 healthy volunteers. Binding was increased in 10 patients with Crohn's disease (P less than 0.002), nine with inflammatory arthritis (P less than 0.002) and eight with chronic renal failure with superimposed inflammatory disease (P less than 0.01) as compared with healthy controls. The plasma binding of control subjects did not differ from that of 12 patients with chronic hepatic disease (P greater than 0.45) or 14 with uncomplicated renal failure (P greater than 0.80). Chlorpromazine binding, determined in 60 subjects, yielded similar results. Percentage of free drug and alpha1 acid glycoprotein concentration were inversely correlated (r = -0.77 with propranolol, P less than 0.001, and r = -0.69 with chlorpromazine, P less than 0.001). Increases in plasma protein binding in patients with inflammatory disease appear mediated by increases in alpha1 acid glycoprotein concentration, which may influence drug kinetics.", "PMID": 82206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8489", "title": "Surface antibodies of human myelogenous leukaemia leukocytes reactive with specific type-C viral reverse transcriptases.", "content": "Purified immunoglobin G (IgG) from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia specifically neutralised RT from feline leukaemia virus while purified IgG from other types of leukaemias and from normal blood cells were less reactive and in some cases preferentially reacted with RT from horizontally transmitted primate type-C viruses (simian sarcoma virus-gibbon ape leukaemia virus group). This indicates the presence of a heterogeneous immune response to RT or to an RT-like molecule in humans.", "contents": "Surface antibodies of human myelogenous leukaemia leukocytes reactive with specific type-C viral reverse transcriptases. Purified immunoglobin G (IgG) from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia specifically neutralised RT from feline leukaemia virus while purified IgG from other types of leukaemias and from normal blood cells were less reactive and in some cases preferentially reacted with RT from horizontally transmitted primate type-C viruses (simian sarcoma virus-gibbon ape leukaemia virus group). This indicates the presence of a heterogeneous immune response to RT or to an RT-like molecule in humans.", "PMID": 82207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8490", "title": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin (beta2-M) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 63 patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. Serum levels ranged from 12.5 to 92 microgram/ml and were found stable upon sequential measurements over a 6-month period. Excretion of beta2-M was achieved through urinary loss (up to 150 mg/day) and to a lesser extent by ultrafiltration across acrylopolynitrile but not cellophane dialysis membranes. Proximal tubular cells being the major site of beta2-M catabolism, stable levels in anephric patients indicated a defective production of beta2-M in uremic patients. Serum beta2-M levels were not correlated with predialysis urea, creatinine, hematocrit or middle molecule material. In vitro experiments do not support a possible toxicity of purified beta2-M but do not rule out the contribution of other low molecular weight proteins to uremic toxicity.", "contents": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in hemodialyzed patients. beta2-Microglobulin (beta2-M) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 63 patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. Serum levels ranged from 12.5 to 92 microgram/ml and were found stable upon sequential measurements over a 6-month period. Excretion of beta2-M was achieved through urinary loss (up to 150 mg/day) and to a lesser extent by ultrafiltration across acrylopolynitrile but not cellophane dialysis membranes. Proximal tubular cells being the major site of beta2-M catabolism, stable levels in anephric patients indicated a defective production of beta2-M in uremic patients. Serum beta2-M levels were not correlated with predialysis urea, creatinine, hematocrit or middle molecule material. In vitro experiments do not support a possible toxicity of purified beta2-M but do not rule out the contribution of other low molecular weight proteins to uremic toxicity.", "PMID": 82208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8491", "title": "[Parenteral feeding during aggressive chemotherapy of various neoplasms].", "content": "Cancer patients are often extremely cachectic. Therefore, they become poor risks for adequate chemotherapy. Consequently, they are either excluded from antitumor therapy or receive only reduced dosage regimens. Since the patient's response to cancer chemotherapy depends on immunocompetence which, in turn, is related to the nutritional state, adequate nutrition is the key to effective treatment. Parenteral nutrition, which in the literature is often referred to as hyperalimentation, can overcome and prevent cachexia. We treated 19 patients with advanced malignancies of various kinds using aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and parenteral nutrition. The tolerance for chemotherapy in our patients was improved and the patients gained weight.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding during aggressive chemotherapy of various neoplasms]. Cancer patients are often extremely cachectic. Therefore, they become poor risks for adequate chemotherapy. Consequently, they are either excluded from antitumor therapy or receive only reduced dosage regimens. Since the patient's response to cancer chemotherapy depends on immunocompetence which, in turn, is related to the nutritional state, adequate nutrition is the key to effective treatment. Parenteral nutrition, which in the literature is often referred to as hyperalimentation, can overcome and prevent cachexia. We treated 19 patients with advanced malignancies of various kinds using aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and parenteral nutrition. The tolerance for chemotherapy in our patients was improved and the patients gained weight.", "PMID": 82238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8492", "title": "[Clinical relevance of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein determinations].", "content": "History, physiological and pathological properties and clinical significance of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) are reviewed in detail. Present observations suggest that additional information can be expected from AFP-determination as an index for prognosis and response to chemotherapy in patients with AFP-producing tumors. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal distress-syndrome, screening for primary carcinoma of the liver (PLC) and malignant germ cell-tumors containing yolk sac-tissue, and postoperative controls of therapeutic efficiency are mentioned as main indications for an AFP-test. Especially encouraging are the results of a 4-year prospective study, in which 108 patients with PLC have been found among 4000 patients with hepatobiliar diseases. Diagnostic efficiency of AFP, 67-gallium-scanning and celiacography is demonstrated in 80 patients with autopically verified PLC. Overall diagnostic value with a combination of AFP and 67-Gacitrate was 93.8%. Further studies have been carried out, analyzing the histological findings in 8 patients with and 8 patients without AFP-producing hepatocellular carcinomas. A comparison of diagnostic efficiency of three AFP-test-methods with different sensitivity-limits has been done.", "contents": "[Clinical relevance of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein determinations]. History, physiological and pathological properties and clinical significance of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) are reviewed in detail. Present observations suggest that additional information can be expected from AFP-determination as an index for prognosis and response to chemotherapy in patients with AFP-producing tumors. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal distress-syndrome, screening for primary carcinoma of the liver (PLC) and malignant germ cell-tumors containing yolk sac-tissue, and postoperative controls of therapeutic efficiency are mentioned as main indications for an AFP-test. Especially encouraging are the results of a 4-year prospective study, in which 108 patients with PLC have been found among 4000 patients with hepatobiliar diseases. Diagnostic efficiency of AFP, 67-gallium-scanning and celiacography is demonstrated in 80 patients with autopically verified PLC. Overall diagnostic value with a combination of AFP and 67-Gacitrate was 93.8%. Further studies have been carried out, analyzing the histological findings in 8 patients with and 8 patients without AFP-producing hepatocellular carcinomas. A comparison of diagnostic efficiency of three AFP-test-methods with different sensitivity-limits has been done.", "PMID": 82239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8493", "title": "[Radiotherapy in bronchial neoplasms].", "content": "From the radiological point of view it can be concluded that: 1. Patients suffering from lung tumors usually seek treatment in an advanced stage of the disease. 2. In about one third of the cases, there is a manifestation of extrathoracic metastases already at the commencement of therapy. 3. Significant X-ray therapy depends on a) radiosensibility of the tumor to X-rays, b) the site and extent of the tumor. Although limited in its application, radiotherapy does not only improve the situation of the patient but also leads to a regression or temporary X-ray induced standstill of the growth of the tumor. However, if it is used as the sole treatment, it would scarcely lead to a permanent improvement. As recent advances in the treatment of lung tumors show, X-ray therapy combined with polychemotherapy will not only lengthen the survival time of the patient but will also improve the patient's life in general.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy in bronchial neoplasms]. From the radiological point of view it can be concluded that: 1. Patients suffering from lung tumors usually seek treatment in an advanced stage of the disease. 2. In about one third of the cases, there is a manifestation of extrathoracic metastases already at the commencement of therapy. 3. Significant X-ray therapy depends on a) radiosensibility of the tumor to X-rays, b) the site and extent of the tumor. Although limited in its application, radiotherapy does not only improve the situation of the patient but also leads to a regression or temporary X-ray induced standstill of the growth of the tumor. However, if it is used as the sole treatment, it would scarcely lead to a permanent improvement. As recent advances in the treatment of lung tumors show, X-ray therapy combined with polychemotherapy will not only lengthen the survival time of the patient but will also improve the patient's life in general.", "PMID": 82240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8494", "title": "[Immune diagnosis of malignant diseases. X. Value of the electrophoresis mobility test in the diagnosis of broncho-pulmonary diseases].", "content": "The frequency of bronchial carcinoma has increased significantly during the last five years. The prognosis depends very much on early diagnosis. With non-invasive methods the diagnosis can often not be certified and the dignity of a tumor can often not be judged preoperatively. With the EMT a differentiation between malignant and non-malignant pulmonary diseases is possible. The EMT is an in vitro cancer test to detect specific sensitised lymphocytes. After incubation with the encephalitogenic factor (EF) lymphocytes of patients with malignant diseases release a factor that slows the mobility of tanned and sulphosalicylic-acid stabilised sheep erythrocytes (ETS) in an electrical field. 96 patients with pulmonary diseases were checked; all malignant pulmonary diseases but one showed an inhibition of the ETS mobility, while the controls showed an acceleration; in the groups with benign pulmonary diseases most patients showed an acceleration, only in sarcoidosis in four out of twelve patients a slight ETS inhibition was registered. The differences between both groups are significant (p less than 0.001). The EMT differentiates reliably in malignant and non-malignant diseases. False-negative results are obtained during radiation and chemotherapy. In connection with other diagnostic aids the EMT is a valuable diagnostic method, by which the early cancer detection can be improved and the prognosis of the patients bettered significantly.", "contents": "[Immune diagnosis of malignant diseases. X. Value of the electrophoresis mobility test in the diagnosis of broncho-pulmonary diseases]. The frequency of bronchial carcinoma has increased significantly during the last five years. The prognosis depends very much on early diagnosis. With non-invasive methods the diagnosis can often not be certified and the dignity of a tumor can often not be judged preoperatively. With the EMT a differentiation between malignant and non-malignant pulmonary diseases is possible. The EMT is an in vitro cancer test to detect specific sensitised lymphocytes. After incubation with the encephalitogenic factor (EF) lymphocytes of patients with malignant diseases release a factor that slows the mobility of tanned and sulphosalicylic-acid stabilised sheep erythrocytes (ETS) in an electrical field. 96 patients with pulmonary diseases were checked; all malignant pulmonary diseases but one showed an inhibition of the ETS mobility, while the controls showed an acceleration; in the groups with benign pulmonary diseases most patients showed an acceleration, only in sarcoidosis in four out of twelve patients a slight ETS inhibition was registered. The differences between both groups are significant (p less than 0.001). The EMT differentiates reliably in malignant and non-malignant diseases. False-negative results are obtained during radiation and chemotherapy. In connection with other diagnostic aids the EMT is a valuable diagnostic method, by which the early cancer detection can be improved and the prognosis of the patients bettered significantly.", "PMID": 82241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8495", "title": "[Mechanisms of competency of early embryonic tissues].", "content": "The results of the author's studies of cell competence at the early embryonic stages, are summarized. The experiments with the isolation of four animal blastomeres of the newt at the eight-cell stage of development have shown that the presumptive ectoderm is determined to the development into epidermis already at this very early stage. The electron microscopi study of epidermis developing from the explanted ectoderm has shown that by its ultrastructure it does not differ from the normal larval epidermis. The loss by the ectoderm of the competence to the development under the effect of various morphogenetic factors appears to be related to the synthesis of a protein inhibitor during gastrulation. The data on the role of cell surface, adhesion and cell affinity in the early development are considered. Differences in the structure of surface between the cells experienced and not experienced the inductive influence were revealed with the help of electron microscope. The results of studying the mechanism of reaggregation of the embryonic cells using concanavalin A are also provided.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of competency of early embryonic tissues]. The results of the author's studies of cell competence at the early embryonic stages, are summarized. The experiments with the isolation of four animal blastomeres of the newt at the eight-cell stage of development have shown that the presumptive ectoderm is determined to the development into epidermis already at this very early stage. The electron microscopi study of epidermis developing from the explanted ectoderm has shown that by its ultrastructure it does not differ from the normal larval epidermis. The loss by the ectoderm of the competence to the development under the effect of various morphogenetic factors appears to be related to the synthesis of a protein inhibitor during gastrulation. The data on the role of cell surface, adhesion and cell affinity in the early development are considered. Differences in the structure of surface between the cells experienced and not experienced the inductive influence were revealed with the help of electron microscope. The results of studying the mechanism of reaggregation of the embryonic cells using concanavalin A are also provided.", "PMID": 82242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8496", "title": "[Immunochemical study of specific \"pregnancy protein\" during mammalian ontogenesis].", "content": "beta1-globulins were found in the rats and guinea pigs in the extracts of placenta during the first term of pregnancy in one third of cases and beginning from the second term in all cases; they were not found in the other organs. These proteins were also present in the blood serum of pregnant rats, guinea pigs, foetuses and in the amniotic fluid, their concentration being much higher than in the placenta.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of specific \"pregnancy protein\" during mammalian ontogenesis]. beta1-globulins were found in the rats and guinea pigs in the extracts of placenta during the first term of pregnancy in one third of cases and beginning from the second term in all cases; they were not found in the other organs. These proteins were also present in the blood serum of pregnant rats, guinea pigs, foetuses and in the amniotic fluid, their concentration being much higher than in the placenta.", "PMID": 82243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8497", "title": "Histologic identification of mast cells in human dental pulp.", "content": "Previous investigators who attempted to identify mast cells in the dental pulp have used demineralizing or tooth-splitting procedures to obtain their tissue samples. However, Eda and Langeland15 found that the fluorescence of mast cells is destroyed by acid demineralizing agents. On the other hand, tooth splitting may damage the pulp by crushing it with forceps, or cutting and heating it with burs, stones, or discs. In the present study, we used the extirpated pulps from teeth in which endodontic access openings were made by means of high-speed rotary instruments with water spray. Metachromatic staining methods failed to demonstrate mast cells in any of the non-inflamed pulp specimens. Two of the inflamed pulp specimens revealed numerous mast cells which appeared intact and well preserved with no evidence of degranulation. As to the distribution of the mast cells, there was no correlation with the number and types of other inflammatory cells observed. Although several cells present in the specimens examined were suggestive of mast cells, only those cells that revealed definitive metachromasia were included in this study.", "contents": "Histologic identification of mast cells in human dental pulp. Previous investigators who attempted to identify mast cells in the dental pulp have used demineralizing or tooth-splitting procedures to obtain their tissue samples. However, Eda and Langeland15 found that the fluorescence of mast cells is destroyed by acid demineralizing agents. On the other hand, tooth splitting may damage the pulp by crushing it with forceps, or cutting and heating it with burs, stones, or discs. In the present study, we used the extirpated pulps from teeth in which endodontic access openings were made by means of high-speed rotary instruments with water spray. Metachromatic staining methods failed to demonstrate mast cells in any of the non-inflamed pulp specimens. Two of the inflamed pulp specimens revealed numerous mast cells which appeared intact and well preserved with no evidence of degranulation. As to the distribution of the mast cells, there was no correlation with the number and types of other inflammatory cells observed. Although several cells present in the specimens examined were suggestive of mast cells, only those cells that revealed definitive metachromasia were included in this study.", "PMID": 82244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8498", "title": "Organochlorine residues in aquatic environments in Iran, 1974.", "content": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in various organisms from different aquatic ecosystems in Iran were investigated in spring 1974. DDT levels were high in fish taken from two rivers in southern Iran, whereas low levels were detected in samples obtained from a freshwater lake in the same area. Fish from two of the reservoirs supplying Tehran with potable water contained moderate levels of DDT. The low residue level in pike collected in the Bandar-Pahlavi Mordab in northwest Iran indicates that only a small amount of organochlorine pesticides used in this area enters the pelagic food chain. Sturgeon collected at different places in the Caspian Sea showed similar accumulations of DDT in the muscles and in the eggs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected only in samples of sediment from the drainage systems in Tehran.", "contents": "Organochlorine residues in aquatic environments in Iran, 1974. Organochlorine pesticide residues in various organisms from different aquatic ecosystems in Iran were investigated in spring 1974. DDT levels were high in fish taken from two rivers in southern Iran, whereas low levels were detected in samples obtained from a freshwater lake in the same area. Fish from two of the reservoirs supplying Tehran with potable water contained moderate levels of DDT. The low residue level in pike collected in the Bandar-Pahlavi Mordab in northwest Iran indicates that only a small amount of organochlorine pesticides used in this area enters the pelagic food chain. Sturgeon collected at different places in the Caspian Sea showed similar accumulations of DDT in the muscles and in the eggs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected only in samples of sediment from the drainage systems in Tehran.", "PMID": 82249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8499", "title": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Tasmania, Australia--1973.", "content": "Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) from 19 sites in Tasmania were surveyed for pesticide residues. All samples were analyzed for dieldrin and DDT, and five samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and lindane. Only DDT was found in all samples. Dieldrin levels were high in oysters from the Tamar River, but were highest (0.39 mg/kg wet weight) in samples from Ruffin's Bay. In contrast, other residue levels  were low. Distribution of pesticides in Tamar River samples differed: dieldrin could be correlated with industrial uses upstream and DDT could be correlated with low-level widespread agricultural use.", "contents": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Tasmania, Australia--1973. Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) from 19 sites in Tasmania were surveyed for pesticide residues. All samples were analyzed for dieldrin and DDT, and five samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and lindane. Only DDT was found in all samples. Dieldrin levels were high in oysters from the Tamar River, but were highest (0.39 mg/kg wet weight) in samples from Ruffin's Bay. In contrast, other residue levels  were low. Distribution of pesticides in Tamar River samples differed: dieldrin could be correlated with industrial uses upstream and DDT could be correlated with low-level widespread agricultural use.", "PMID": 82250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8500", "title": "False spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Antigens which show reactions of identity in double-diffusion tests in gel may cause spur formation in crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques. To differentiate these misleading spurs from spurs of double-diffusion tests which show the true immunochemical relationship between antigens, we have denoted the former type \"false spurs\". False spurs are often formed in tandemcrossed immunoelectrophoresis and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis when antigens with different electrophoretic mobility are compared. On the basis of model experiments, criteria are set up for accepting a spur as a true spur, and procedures are described for avoiding formation of false spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "False spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Antigens which show reactions of identity in double-diffusion tests in gel may cause spur formation in crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques. To differentiate these misleading spurs from spurs of double-diffusion tests which show the true immunochemical relationship between antigens, we have denoted the former type \"false spurs\". False spurs are often formed in tandemcrossed immunoelectrophoresis and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis when antigens with different electrophoretic mobility are compared. On the basis of model experiments, criteria are set up for accepting a spur as a true spur, and procedures are described for avoiding formation of false spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 82271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8501", "title": "Identification of different antigenic determinants within the synthetic multichain Co-polymer poly(LTyr,LGlu)-poly(DLAla) -- poly (LLys), (T,G)-A--L, as recognized by the chicken. II. Fine-specificities of the anti-(T,G) part of chicken anti-(T,G)-A--L antisera.", "content": "Sera from three chickens obtained from a genetic high-responder inbred strain immunized with the multichain polypeptide poly(LTyr,LGlu)-poly-(DLAla)--poly(LLys) (T,G)-A--L) were analysed for possible restrictions in the fine-specificities of anti-(LTyr,LGlu) antibodies. A panel of synthetic hexa- and heptapeptides composed of L-Tyr and L-Glu residues linked to a C-terminal spacer tripeptide, and with L-Tyr as N-terminal, were used as inhibitors in a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Results showed that all peptides tested possessed some inhibitional potential, although the percentage of displacement for the different sequences varied between 43% and 58%,20% and 56%, and 48% and 85%, respectively, for the three sera tested at a given inhibitor concentration. Different peptide sequences appeared as the most efficient inhibitor in the three sera tested. No simple relationship was found between substitution/elongation of inhibitor peptides and their inhibitional potential, as would have been expected from a simple conception of (T,G)-A--L possessing only one sequential determinant. Possible evidence for conformational determinants in the (T,G)-A--L antigen is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of different antigenic determinants within the synthetic multichain Co-polymer poly(LTyr,LGlu)-poly(DLAla) -- poly (LLys), (T,G)-A--L, as recognized by the chicken. II. Fine-specificities of the anti-(T,G) part of chicken anti-(T,G)-A--L antisera. Sera from three chickens obtained from a genetic high-responder inbred strain immunized with the multichain polypeptide poly(LTyr,LGlu)-poly-(DLAla)--poly(LLys) (T,G)-A--L) were analysed for possible restrictions in the fine-specificities of anti-(LTyr,LGlu) antibodies. A panel of synthetic hexa- and heptapeptides composed of L-Tyr and L-Glu residues linked to a C-terminal spacer tripeptide, and with L-Tyr as N-terminal, were used as inhibitors in a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Results showed that all peptides tested possessed some inhibitional potential, although the percentage of displacement for the different sequences varied between 43% and 58%,20% and 56%, and 48% and 85%, respectively, for the three sera tested at a given inhibitor concentration. Different peptide sequences appeared as the most efficient inhibitor in the three sera tested. No simple relationship was found between substitution/elongation of inhibitor peptides and their inhibitional potential, as would have been expected from a simple conception of (T,G)-A--L possessing only one sequential determinant. Possible evidence for conformational determinants in the (T,G)-A--L antigen is discussed.", "PMID": 82272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8502", "title": "Lymphocyte associated beta 2-microglobulin studied by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoelectrophoretic assay was employed in the study of beta 2-microglobulin (beta2m) from human blood lymphocytes, allowing the detection of 2.5 pmol of beta2m corresponding to 3 x 10(6) lymphocytes. The intrinsic (amphiphilic) membrane proteins were solubilized and examined in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antisera in the presence of non-ionic detergent. The beta2m associated precipitate was traced by post-electrophoretic incubation with 125I-labelled antibodies to beta2m and autoradiography. A polyspecific rabbit antiserum to human lymphoid cells retained its capacity to precipitate lymphocyte beta2m after absorption with isolated beta2m (on an immunosorbent column), showing that lymphocyte beta2m is complexed to other molecules. No free beta2m was found on lymphocytes when examined against the absorbed antiserum to human lymphoid cells in an intermediate gel and anti-beta2m in a reference gel.", "contents": "Lymphocyte associated beta 2-microglobulin studied by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. A sensitive radioimmunoelectrophoretic assay was employed in the study of beta 2-microglobulin (beta2m) from human blood lymphocytes, allowing the detection of 2.5 pmol of beta2m corresponding to 3 x 10(6) lymphocytes. The intrinsic (amphiphilic) membrane proteins were solubilized and examined in crossed immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antisera in the presence of non-ionic detergent. The beta2m associated precipitate was traced by post-electrophoretic incubation with 125I-labelled antibodies to beta2m and autoradiography. A polyspecific rabbit antiserum to human lymphoid cells retained its capacity to precipitate lymphocyte beta2m after absorption with isolated beta2m (on an immunosorbent column), showing that lymphocyte beta2m is complexed to other molecules. No free beta2m was found on lymphocytes when examined against the absorbed antiserum to human lymphoid cells in an intermediate gel and anti-beta2m in a reference gel.", "PMID": 82273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8503", "title": "[Disseminated lupus erythematosus: an analysis of organ involvement].", "content": "The spectrum of involvement of organs in 70 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has been assessed in a prospective study. All patients were admitted to hospital electively for 2 days and a complete clinical and laboratory assessment protocol completed. The overall mean observation period was 29 months. Widespread multisystem involvement was found in every patient. Subclinical abnormalities of respiratory and cerebral function were common. A more conservative approach than has been generally recommended was used for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and is justified by 5-year survival of 98%.", "contents": "[Disseminated lupus erythematosus: an analysis of organ involvement]. The spectrum of involvement of organs in 70 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has been assessed in a prospective study. All patients were admitted to hospital electively for 2 days and a complete clinical and laboratory assessment protocol completed. The overall mean observation period was 29 months. Widespread multisystem involvement was found in every patient. Subclinical abnormalities of respiratory and cerebral function were common. A more conservative approach than has been generally recommended was used for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus and is justified by 5-year survival of 98%.", "PMID": 82275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8504", "title": "[alpha 1-fetoprotein in neonatal jaundice].", "content": "The relationshop between the concentration of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) in cord blood and neonatal jaundice has been examined in 259 neonates. Cord blood AFP varies inversely with gestational age, as does the incidence of severe jaundice. Among babies born at term a higher mean AFP concentration in cord blood was found in the group which subsequently developed marked hyperbilirubinaemia. On average, the full-term babies with a cord blood AFP level above 130 mg/l developed more pronounced jaundice than the rest. We conclude that cord blood AFP concentrations reflect the maturity of the liver in both premature and full-term infants. It is a better criterion than the estimation of gestational period by physical examination of the baby.", "contents": "[alpha 1-fetoprotein in neonatal jaundice]. The relationshop between the concentration of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) in cord blood and neonatal jaundice has been examined in 259 neonates. Cord blood AFP varies inversely with gestational age, as does the incidence of severe jaundice. Among babies born at term a higher mean AFP concentration in cord blood was found in the group which subsequently developed marked hyperbilirubinaemia. On average, the full-term babies with a cord blood AFP level above 130 mg/l developed more pronounced jaundice than the rest. We conclude that cord blood AFP concentrations reflect the maturity of the liver in both premature and full-term infants. It is a better criterion than the estimation of gestational period by physical examination of the baby.", "PMID": 82277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8505", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis in practice.", "content": "Over a period of 5 years, 434 women at risk of having abnormal babies have had antenatal daignostic tests carried out during the first half of their pregnancy by the laboratories of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town. From these investigations, it was predicted that 13 fetuses had chromosomal abnormalities, 6 had severe central nervous system defects and 4 had autosomal recessive metabolic disorders. In addition, 4 cases with X-linked recessive traits were monitored and 3 male fetuses were recognized. Affected pregnancies were terminated except for 1 with a fetal sex-linked disorder where the parents revoked their original decision. The diagnosis was confirmed by fetal autopsies in all cases except 4 (2 spontaneous abortions and 2 out-of-town terminations). There was only 1 case where culture failed and the pregnancy went to term with the birth of a baby with Down syndrome. Antenatal diagnosis is now an important part of normal clinical practice. The fact that the fetal abnormalities were recognized in 6% of pregnancies is justification for the use of this procedure.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis in practice. Over a period of 5 years, 434 women at risk of having abnormal babies have had antenatal daignostic tests carried out during the first half of their pregnancy by the laboratories of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town. From these investigations, it was predicted that 13 fetuses had chromosomal abnormalities, 6 had severe central nervous system defects and 4 had autosomal recessive metabolic disorders. In addition, 4 cases with X-linked recessive traits were monitored and 3 male fetuses were recognized. Affected pregnancies were terminated except for 1 with a fetal sex-linked disorder where the parents revoked their original decision. The diagnosis was confirmed by fetal autopsies in all cases except 4 (2 spontaneous abortions and 2 out-of-town terminations). There was only 1 case where culture failed and the pregnancy went to term with the birth of a baby with Down syndrome. Antenatal diagnosis is now an important part of normal clinical practice. The fact that the fetal abnormalities were recognized in 6% of pregnancies is justification for the use of this procedure.", "PMID": 82278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8506", "title": "Effects of IRA in vitro on T- and B-lymphocytes from peripheral blood of patients with connective tissue diseases.", "content": "The effect of immunoregulatory alpha-globulin (IRA) in vitro on T-lymphocytes (rosette forming cells) and B-lymphocytes (surface IgG and IgM) in peripheral blood of healthy subjects and the patients with connective tissue diseases were investigated. Marked inhibitory effects of IRA were observed on T-lymphocytes and surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes from healthy subjects. The effect of IRA was almost in parallel with the amount of IRA and with the length of incubation period at 37 degrees C. The inhibitory effects of IRA were more remarkable on surface IgM-bearing lymphocytes from the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than on those from healthy subjects. On the other hand, the effects of IRA were more remarkable on surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes from the cases of SLE than on those from healthy subjects.", "contents": "Effects of IRA in vitro on T- and B-lymphocytes from peripheral blood of patients with connective tissue diseases. The effect of immunoregulatory alpha-globulin (IRA) in vitro on T-lymphocytes (rosette forming cells) and B-lymphocytes (surface IgG and IgM) in peripheral blood of healthy subjects and the patients with connective tissue diseases were investigated. Marked inhibitory effects of IRA were observed on T-lymphocytes and surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes from healthy subjects. The effect of IRA was almost in parallel with the amount of IRA and with the length of incubation period at 37 degrees C. The inhibitory effects of IRA were more remarkable on surface IgM-bearing lymphocytes from the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than on those from healthy subjects. On the other hand, the effects of IRA were more remarkable on surface IgG-bearing lymphocytes from the cases of SLE than on those from healthy subjects.", "PMID": 82280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8507", "title": "Prostaglandin inhibition of testosterone production induced by luteinizing hormone, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine in dispersed rat testicular interstitial cells.", "content": "Testicular interstitial cells were utilized to study the effects of prostaglandins (PG) on in vitro testosterone production and to examine the role of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in this process. Testosterone production was assessed after 3 hour incubations while cAMP accumulation was examined after a 0.5 hour incubation period. Testosterone and cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. None of the PGs tested (PGA, PGA2, PGB1, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha PGF2alpha) altered basal testosterone production when present in incubates at concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-8) M to 1.3 X 10(-4). However, at concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-4) M all of these PGs were capable of decreasing Luteinizing Hormone (LH; 100ng)-induced testosterone production. The inhibition of LH-induced testosterone production by the B, E and F series PGs was less pronounced than that for the A series. PGA1 and PGA2 exhibited 80% and 95% inhibition, respectively, at 1.3 X 10(4) M. The inhibitory action of 4 X 10(5) M PGA1 or PGA2 was evident within 30 minutes. Preincubation of interstitial cells with indomethacin (10(-5) or 10(-6) M) for 30 minutes did not alter subsequent basal or LH (100ng)-induced testosterone production. Accumulation of cAMP was stimulated by LH (10 microgram) or by PGs (1.3 X 10(-4) M PGA1, PGA2, PGB1, PGE1 or PGF2alpha). The PG-induced cAMP accumulation thus occurred at concentrations where LH-stimulated testosterone production was inhibited. Furthermore, PGA1 and PGA2 (1.3 X 10(-4) M) inhibited testosterone production induced by either 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (MIX; 10(-4) M or 10(-3) M) or dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP; 10(-4) M or 10(-3) M). These results indicate that PGs can block testosterone production by a direct effect on testicular interstitial cells and suggest that PGs exert their inhibitory action distal to stimulation of cAMP formation. PGs do not appear to play a role in the mechanism of LH action.", "contents": "Prostaglandin inhibition of testosterone production induced by luteinizing hormone, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine in dispersed rat testicular interstitial cells. Testicular interstitial cells were utilized to study the effects of prostaglandins (PG) on in vitro testosterone production and to examine the role of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in this process. Testosterone production was assessed after 3 hour incubations while cAMP accumulation was examined after a 0.5 hour incubation period. Testosterone and cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. None of the PGs tested (PGA, PGA2, PGB1, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha PGF2alpha) altered basal testosterone production when present in incubates at concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-8) M to 1.3 X 10(-4). However, at concentrations of 1.3 X 10(-4) M all of these PGs were capable of decreasing Luteinizing Hormone (LH; 100ng)-induced testosterone production. The inhibition of LH-induced testosterone production by the B, E and F series PGs was less pronounced than that for the A series. PGA1 and PGA2 exhibited 80% and 95% inhibition, respectively, at 1.3 X 10(4) M. The inhibitory action of 4 X 10(5) M PGA1 or PGA2 was evident within 30 minutes. Preincubation of interstitial cells with indomethacin (10(-5) or 10(-6) M) for 30 minutes did not alter subsequent basal or LH (100ng)-induced testosterone production. Accumulation of cAMP was stimulated by LH (10 microgram) or by PGs (1.3 X 10(-4) M PGA1, PGA2, PGB1, PGE1 or PGF2alpha). The PG-induced cAMP accumulation thus occurred at concentrations where LH-stimulated testosterone production was inhibited. Furthermore, PGA1 and PGA2 (1.3 X 10(-4) M) inhibited testosterone production induced by either 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (MIX; 10(-4) M or 10(-3) M) or dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP; 10(-4) M or 10(-3) M). These results indicate that PGs can block testosterone production by a direct effect on testicular interstitial cells and suggest that PGs exert their inhibitory action distal to stimulation of cAMP formation. PGs do not appear to play a role in the mechanism of LH action.", "PMID": 82281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8508", "title": "Nonassociation of hyperamylasemia and prostatic disease.", "content": "The possible correlation of hyperamylasemia and prostatic disease was investigated in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and in patients without clinical evidence of prostatic lesion. Our results indicate that prostatic lesions whether benign or malignant are not associated with either elevation of serum amylase or abnormal isozyme zymograms.", "contents": "Nonassociation of hyperamylasemia and prostatic disease. The possible correlation of hyperamylasemia and prostatic disease was investigated in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and in patients without clinical evidence of prostatic lesion. Our results indicate that prostatic lesions whether benign or malignant are not associated with either elevation of serum amylase or abnormal isozyme zymograms.", "PMID": 82285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8509", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "The authors present the 12 years' experience with the treatment of hepatocholedochal cancer (cancer of the supraduodenal end of the common bile duct and of the common hepatic duct included). 22 patients were operated upon. The authors managed to perform radical operations upon 5 out of 22 patients, when there were small tumors of the hepato-choledochus. The technic of operation and results of the treatment are described.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. The authors present the 12 years' experience with the treatment of hepatocholedochal cancer (cancer of the supraduodenal end of the common bile duct and of the common hepatic duct included). 22 patients were operated upon. The authors managed to perform radical operations upon 5 out of 22 patients, when there were small tumors of the hepato-choledochus. The technic of operation and results of the treatment are described.", "PMID": 82288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8510", "title": "[Complications of a biliodigestive anastomosis in tumors of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area].", "content": "To prevent from an ascendant infection of biliary tract the authors apply a maximally large (8--9 cm) cholecystojejunoanastomosis through the excision of a part of the gallbladder wall. Such an anastomosis eliminates the ballbladder cavity, and its function approximates that of an excretory canal. The patients operated upon by means of this surgical method developed cholangitis 4 to 5 times less than those who underwent cholecystojejunostomy through the apparatus PKS-25.", "contents": "[Complications of a biliodigestive anastomosis in tumors of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area]. To prevent from an ascendant infection of biliary tract the authors apply a maximally large (8--9 cm) cholecystojejunoanastomosis through the excision of a part of the gallbladder wall. Such an anastomosis eliminates the ballbladder cavity, and its function approximates that of an excretory canal. The patients operated upon by means of this surgical method developed cholangitis 4 to 5 times less than those who underwent cholecystojejunostomy through the apparatus PKS-25.", "PMID": 82289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8511", "title": "[Treatment of dolichosigmoid and dolichocolon].", "content": "The authors observed 591 patients with stretching of various portions of the colon. The patients were treated conservatively and surgically. 191 patients were operated upon: 21 palliative operations and 170 resections of the colon were carried out. The resections were performed by intraabdominal and abdomino-perineal methods. In authors' opinion the intraabdominal resection of the colon is the best method of the treatment of the disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of dolichosigmoid and dolichocolon]. The authors observed 591 patients with stretching of various portions of the colon. The patients were treated conservatively and surgically. 191 patients were operated upon: 21 palliative operations and 170 resections of the colon were carried out. The resections were performed by intraabdominal and abdomino-perineal methods. In authors' opinion the intraabdominal resection of the colon is the best method of the treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 82290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8512", "title": "[Inhibition of opsonization of E. coli by enzyme-treated gammaglobulin (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of Cohn fraction II, pepsin- and plasmin-treated gammaglobulin on the opsonization of E. coli 0111 was investigated. Normal serum at different dilutions, as well as serum of patients with different forms of antibody deficiency syndromes were tested. No effect was observed by pre-incubation of the bacteria in these gammaglobulins if concentrated or 1:10 diluted serum was used for opsonization. In diluted serum Cohn fraction II potentiated and pepsin-treated gammaglobulin competitively inhibited opsonization, whilst plasmin-treated gammaglobulin potentiated at the low and competitively inhibited at higher dilutions. In serum from patients with antibody-deficiency syndromes, potentiation of opsonization by Cohn fraction II and competitive inhibition by pepsin- and plasmin-treated gammaglobulins was already seen at low serum dilutions.", "contents": "[Inhibition of opsonization of E. coli by enzyme-treated gammaglobulin (author's transl)]. The influence of Cohn fraction II, pepsin- and plasmin-treated gammaglobulin on the opsonization of E. coli 0111 was investigated. Normal serum at different dilutions, as well as serum of patients with different forms of antibody deficiency syndromes were tested. No effect was observed by pre-incubation of the bacteria in these gammaglobulins if concentrated or 1:10 diluted serum was used for opsonization. In diluted serum Cohn fraction II potentiated and pepsin-treated gammaglobulin competitively inhibited opsonization, whilst plasmin-treated gammaglobulin potentiated at the low and competitively inhibited at higher dilutions. In serum from patients with antibody-deficiency syndromes, potentiation of opsonization by Cohn fraction II and competitive inhibition by pepsin- and plasmin-treated gammaglobulins was already seen at low serum dilutions.", "PMID": 82300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8513", "title": "[Ferrokinetic studies in haemoglobin Wien haemolytic anaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Ferrokinetic studies in two patients with haemolytic anaemia due to haemoglobin Wien revealed increased haemoglobin synthesis and an increase in effective erythropoiesis. Haemolysis is due to an instability of the haemoglobin itself. The spleen does not appear to play any appreciable role in the aetiology of this condition. There was no extramedullary erythropoiesis in our patients.", "contents": "[Ferrokinetic studies in haemoglobin Wien haemolytic anaemia (author's transl)]. Ferrokinetic studies in two patients with haemolytic anaemia due to haemoglobin Wien revealed increased haemoglobin synthesis and an increase in effective erythropoiesis. Haemolysis is due to an instability of the haemoglobin itself. The spleen does not appear to play any appreciable role in the aetiology of this condition. There was no extramedullary erythropoiesis in our patients.", "PMID": 82301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8514", "title": "[Dermatologic indications for anti-androgenic treatment].", "content": "In spite of remarkable therapeutic results obtained by gestagens with antiandrogenic activity, usually combined with estrogen, in oily seborrhea, acne, Fox-Fordyce disease, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism many dermatologist still hesitate to treat the named disorders by hormones. The reason for their hesitation appears to be the erroneous belief, that the named disturbances represent hormonal disorders the treatment of which does not belong to dermatology. After a survey on the mechanism of action of antiandrogens the basic difference between androgen dependent skin disorders and endocrinopathies with manifestation on the skin and its appendages is explained. Androgen dependent skin disorders, like oily seborrhea and most cases of acne are not the result of endocrine disturbances in the sense of an pathologically increased or decreased production of sexual hormons. Administering sexual hormons the physician takes advantage of the sebosuppressive effect of female sexual hormons as he does of the antiallergic activity of the hormon cortisol (and related compounds) in the treatment of eczemas. The antiandrogenic treatment of androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism and androgenetic acne--with their underlying hormonal disturbance, consisting in an increased production of androgens, represents an quasi etiological therapy. As in these cases the hormonal disturbances finds its expression mainly or exclusively in disorders of the skin or hair growth, the dermatologist, preferentially in cooperation with endocrinogists and/or gynacologists remains entitled to take over the treatment. The available drugs are discussed and suggestions are made for their appropriate use.", "contents": "[Dermatologic indications for anti-androgenic treatment]. In spite of remarkable therapeutic results obtained by gestagens with antiandrogenic activity, usually combined with estrogen, in oily seborrhea, acne, Fox-Fordyce disease, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism many dermatologist still hesitate to treat the named disorders by hormones. The reason for their hesitation appears to be the erroneous belief, that the named disturbances represent hormonal disorders the treatment of which does not belong to dermatology. After a survey on the mechanism of action of antiandrogens the basic difference between androgen dependent skin disorders and endocrinopathies with manifestation on the skin and its appendages is explained. Androgen dependent skin disorders, like oily seborrhea and most cases of acne are not the result of endocrine disturbances in the sense of an pathologically increased or decreased production of sexual hormons. Administering sexual hormons the physician takes advantage of the sebosuppressive effect of female sexual hormons as he does of the antiallergic activity of the hormon cortisol (and related compounds) in the treatment of eczemas. The antiandrogenic treatment of androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism and androgenetic acne--with their underlying hormonal disturbance, consisting in an increased production of androgens, represents an quasi etiological therapy. As in these cases the hormonal disturbances finds its expression mainly or exclusively in disorders of the skin or hair growth, the dermatologist, preferentially in cooperation with endocrinogists and/or gynacologists remains entitled to take over the treatment. The available drugs are discussed and suggestions are made for their appropriate use.", "PMID": 82309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8515", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmias and other complications in patients after myocardial infarction during a long term training program].", "content": "In 85 patients with myocardial infarction undergoing a physical training on a bicycle ergometer 3 times a week over a period of 18 months beginning 5 weeks after the acute infarction, telemetric and haemodynamic investigations were made. The telemetry was done during ergometer training, dynamic and isometric gymnastics and during work at home. The diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure under exercise was registered in 43 patients before the beginning of the training program; in 16 of these patients a control heart catheterization was made after a training period of 4 months. During the ergometer training program 32% of all patients had ventricular premature beats more than 1:10, 6% had paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias, 1 patient had supraventricular tachycardias and 1 patient died at home after having a tachycardia of unknown origin. During dynamic or isometric gymnastics or under work at home the patients had not more arrhythmias than in the telemetric controls during the ergometer training. Arrhythmias and other complications are very often found in patients with high diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure in the exercise test.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmias and other complications in patients after myocardial infarction during a long term training program]. In 85 patients with myocardial infarction undergoing a physical training on a bicycle ergometer 3 times a week over a period of 18 months beginning 5 weeks after the acute infarction, telemetric and haemodynamic investigations were made. The telemetry was done during ergometer training, dynamic and isometric gymnastics and during work at home. The diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure under exercise was registered in 43 patients before the beginning of the training program; in 16 of these patients a control heart catheterization was made after a training period of 4 months. During the ergometer training program 32% of all patients had ventricular premature beats more than 1:10, 6% had paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias, 1 patient had supraventricular tachycardias and 1 patient died at home after having a tachycardia of unknown origin. During dynamic or isometric gymnastics or under work at home the patients had not more arrhythmias than in the telemetric controls during the ergometer training. Arrhythmias and other complications are very often found in patients with high diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure in the exercise test.", "PMID": 82312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8516", "title": "[Value and problems of alpha-fetoprotein determinations in testicular neoplasms].", "content": "In order to improve our diagnostic possibilities and the decisive therapeutic consequences resulting from this we began also to include the determination of the alpha-foetoprotein into our diagnostic spectre in tumours of the testicles. Our recent results and the problems appearing are described.", "contents": "[Value and problems of alpha-fetoprotein determinations in testicular neoplasms]. In order to improve our diagnostic possibilities and the decisive therapeutic consequences resulting from this we began also to include the determination of the alpha-foetoprotein into our diagnostic spectre in tumours of the testicles. Our recent results and the problems appearing are described.", "PMID": 82314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8517", "title": "[Therapy of testicular neoplasms].", "content": "It can be established that it is nowadays possible by means of an interdisciplinary therapy to achieve a full remission of more than 2 years in 80% of the malignant teratomas of stages I and II and in up to 40% of the teratomas of stage III, which possibly means a cure of the patient.", "contents": "[Therapy of testicular neoplasms]. It can be established that it is nowadays possible by means of an interdisciplinary therapy to achieve a full remission of more than 2 years in 80% of the malignant teratomas of stages I and II and in up to 40% of the teratomas of stage III, which possibly means a cure of the patient.", "PMID": 82315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8518", "title": "[Rapid staining of cytologic smears with methylene blue].", "content": "It is described a handy staining of cytological smears suitable for out-patients department use. On a dry not fixed smear we put a drop of 0,25% of aqueous solution blue de methylene and we cover it with a cover slide. The smear is stained in a few seconds and the stain remains for half an hour.", "contents": "[Rapid staining of cytologic smears with methylene blue]. It is described a handy staining of cytological smears suitable for out-patients department use. On a dry not fixed smear we put a drop of 0,25% of aqueous solution blue de methylene and we cover it with a cover slide. The smear is stained in a few seconds and the stain remains for half an hour.", "PMID": 82317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8519", "title": "[Effectiveness of surgical measures in progressive ovarian cancer].", "content": "A report is given about the value of the active large removing of tumour-tissue in cases of advanced ovarian cancers (89 patients suffering an ovarian in the stage T3/T4M1 in the time from 1970 to 1975). The survival chances of the 49 patients in which it was possible to remove greatest parts of the tumours, was nearly 20 per cent better than in 38 patients without such therapy.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of surgical measures in progressive ovarian cancer]. A report is given about the value of the active large removing of tumour-tissue in cases of advanced ovarian cancers (89 patients suffering an ovarian in the stage T3/T4M1 in the time from 1970 to 1975). The survival chances of the 49 patients in which it was possible to remove greatest parts of the tumours, was nearly 20 per cent better than in 38 patients without such therapy.", "PMID": 82318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8520", "title": "Basic isotope thyroid parameters in Zambia.", "content": "The paper analyses basic isotope thyroid parameters in 20 normal Zambians. The results of tests (excluding uptake studies) do not differ from those established elsewhere but the range of thyroid radio-iodine uptakes is wide. It may be explained by the mixed nature of the sample of patients with regard to iodine intake.", "contents": "Basic isotope thyroid parameters in Zambia. The paper analyses basic isotope thyroid parameters in 20 normal Zambians. The results of tests (excluding uptake studies) do not differ from those established elsewhere but the range of thyroid radio-iodine uptakes is wide. It may be explained by the mixed nature of the sample of patients with regard to iodine intake.", "PMID": 82313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8521", "title": "The constituents of keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis under an electron microscopy.", "content": "Three-day-old rat skins were treated either by the freezing--thawing method or by the tetraphenylboron technique. After the former procedure, keratohyalin granules were solubilized, leaving empty spaces with an electron-dense or less dense rim. Particles roughly 200 A in diameter, which were either electron-dense or less dense, were observed in the empty spaces and also seen detaching from the rim. After the freeze--thaw procedure, two types of keratohyalin granule were observed. The one is the same electron-dense granule as keratohyalin granules in vivo and the other is the granule, the electron density of which was identical with tonofilaments. Both granules were granular rather than fibrous in structure.", "contents": "The constituents of keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis under an electron microscopy. Three-day-old rat skins were treated either by the freezing--thawing method or by the tetraphenylboron technique. After the former procedure, keratohyalin granules were solubilized, leaving empty spaces with an electron-dense or less dense rim. Particles roughly 200 A in diameter, which were either electron-dense or less dense, were observed in the empty spaces and also seen detaching from the rim. After the freeze--thaw procedure, two types of keratohyalin granule were observed. The one is the same electron-dense granule as keratohyalin granules in vivo and the other is the granule, the electron density of which was identical with tonofilaments. Both granules were granular rather than fibrous in structure.", "PMID": 82320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8522", "title": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. Immunological and ultrastructural studies on the melanocyte--dermal junction.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of a case of benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood revealed the presence of melanocytes in the base of the blister. The melanocyte anchorage mechanism is described. The absence of labelling by bullous pemphigoid antibodies on the base of the blister, where melanocytes persist, indicates that the antigens recognized by these autoantibodies do not exist in the melanocyte basal membrane-contact zones. This suggests that the chemical nature of the melanocyte dermal junction anchorage system is different from that of the hemidesmosomes.", "contents": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. Immunological and ultrastructural studies on the melanocyte--dermal junction. Ultrastructural study of a case of benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood revealed the presence of melanocytes in the base of the blister. The melanocyte anchorage mechanism is described. The absence of labelling by bullous pemphigoid antibodies on the base of the blister, where melanocytes persist, indicates that the antigens recognized by these autoantibodies do not exist in the melanocyte basal membrane-contact zones. This suggests that the chemical nature of the melanocyte dermal junction anchorage system is different from that of the hemidesmosomes.", "PMID": 82321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8523", "title": "Cellular aspects of phototoxic reactions induced by kynurenic acid. II. Fine structural analysis and cytochemistry on cultivated cells.", "content": "A recent report described the establishment of an experimental model for studying photo-oxidative damage inflicted by kynurenic acid on cultivated cells. Preliminary findings by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were reported. For the present paper supplementary SEM studies were performed, and it was found that maximum cell damage appears 2 to 4 hours post irradiation. With low concentrations of kynurenic acid and brief UVA exposure, repair mechanisms seem to occur. Damage in the form of cellular swelling and plasma membrane alterations is most easily recognized by SEM, which is far more sensitive than ordinary light microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals morphologic alterations, consisting of an enhanced formation of endocytotic vacuoles from the plasma membranes, swelling with disruptions of the cell sap continuity, mitochondrial swelling, dilatation of the endoplasmic net, and vesiculation of some of the microvilli. Lysosomal damage, which was not seen until very late post irradiation and only for high concentrations of kynurenic acid and long-term UVA exposure, seems to be a secondary phenomenon. This hypothesis is further supported by the cytochemical analysis. The primary event thus seems to affect the plasma membrane level and originate in the binding of kynurenic acid to the plasma membrane on which subsequent UVA irradiation inflicts secondary intracellular alterations due to increased permeability and swelling.", "contents": "Cellular aspects of phototoxic reactions induced by kynurenic acid. II. Fine structural analysis and cytochemistry on cultivated cells. A recent report described the establishment of an experimental model for studying photo-oxidative damage inflicted by kynurenic acid on cultivated cells. Preliminary findings by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were reported. For the present paper supplementary SEM studies were performed, and it was found that maximum cell damage appears 2 to 4 hours post irradiation. With low concentrations of kynurenic acid and brief UVA exposure, repair mechanisms seem to occur. Damage in the form of cellular swelling and plasma membrane alterations is most easily recognized by SEM, which is far more sensitive than ordinary light microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals morphologic alterations, consisting of an enhanced formation of endocytotic vacuoles from the plasma membranes, swelling with disruptions of the cell sap continuity, mitochondrial swelling, dilatation of the endoplasmic net, and vesiculation of some of the microvilli. Lysosomal damage, which was not seen until very late post irradiation and only for high concentrations of kynurenic acid and long-term UVA exposure, seems to be a secondary phenomenon. This hypothesis is further supported by the cytochemical analysis. The primary event thus seems to affect the plasma membrane level and originate in the binding of kynurenic acid to the plasma membrane on which subsequent UVA irradiation inflicts secondary intracellular alterations due to increased permeability and swelling.", "PMID": 82322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8524", "title": "Inhibition of ultraviolet and phototoxic dermatitis in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of inhibitors on the inflammatory oedema elicited by medium-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVB) and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA) in combination with chlorpromazine has been studied in the mouse, by means of a quantitative technique. Inhibition of the UVB reaction was observed with indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid and betamethasone valerate, whereas the latter compound only was effective in the phototoxic state. No inhibition was obtained with hydrocortisone, phenylbutazone, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, polyphloretin phosphate, clemastin, alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid. With indomethacin and betamethasone valerate there was no inhibition at high doses when the compound was administered before UVB irradiation. These results are in accordance with a proposed central role for the prostaglandins in UVB inflammation. It is suggested that the phototoxic reaction to chlorpromazine may not be due to mediator action but rather to the effect of toxic photoproducts.", "contents": "Inhibition of ultraviolet and phototoxic dermatitis in the mouse. The effect of inhibitors on the inflammatory oedema elicited by medium-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVB) and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA) in combination with chlorpromazine has been studied in the mouse, by means of a quantitative technique. Inhibition of the UVB reaction was observed with indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid and betamethasone valerate, whereas the latter compound only was effective in the phototoxic state. No inhibition was obtained with hydrocortisone, phenylbutazone, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, polyphloretin phosphate, clemastin, alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid. With indomethacin and betamethasone valerate there was no inhibition at high doses when the compound was administered before UVB irradiation. These results are in accordance with a proposed central role for the prostaglandins in UVB inflammation. It is suggested that the phototoxic reaction to chlorpromazine may not be due to mediator action but rather to the effect of toxic photoproducts.", "PMID": 82323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8525", "title": "Increased 133xenon washout from cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma indicates increased blood flow.", "content": "Blood flow in cutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the hand was measured by the local 133Xenon washout technique in 18 normal persons and in 26 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma of the acrosclerosis types. Flow values calculated from the accepted blood--tissue solubility coefficient (lambda) were 8.6 +/- 0.4 S.E.M. ml/100 g X min in normals and 14.5 +/- 1.1 ml/100 g X min in sclerodermic skin (i.e. increased by 69%). The difference was significant (p less than 0.001). Blood flow values in sclerodermic skin were directly proportional to the degree of dermal sclerosis. As lambda in sclerodermic skin is probably decreased due to a decreased fat content, it may not be correct to interpret these results as evidence of increased blood flow. A \"worst case\" was constructed in calculation of lambda using zero fat content for sclerodermic skin. Flow value was now 12.3 +/- 1.1 S.E.M. ml/100 g X min for sclerodermic skin, an increase of 43% compared with normal skin. It is probably only justified to use this \"worst case lambda\" in the group of severely involved cases of scleroderma. In these patients it yielded a flow value of 17.8 +/- 3.1 (N = 6) which, when compared with the flow value for normal skin, indicates an increase by 100% of the blood flow in severely involved sclerodermic skin.", "contents": "Increased 133xenon washout from cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma indicates increased blood flow. Blood flow in cutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the hand was measured by the local 133Xenon washout technique in 18 normal persons and in 26 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma of the acrosclerosis types. Flow values calculated from the accepted blood--tissue solubility coefficient (lambda) were 8.6 +/- 0.4 S.E.M. ml/100 g X min in normals and 14.5 +/- 1.1 ml/100 g X min in sclerodermic skin (i.e. increased by 69%). The difference was significant (p less than 0.001). Blood flow values in sclerodermic skin were directly proportional to the degree of dermal sclerosis. As lambda in sclerodermic skin is probably decreased due to a decreased fat content, it may not be correct to interpret these results as evidence of increased blood flow. A \"worst case\" was constructed in calculation of lambda using zero fat content for sclerodermic skin. Flow value was now 12.3 +/- 1.1 S.E.M. ml/100 g X min for sclerodermic skin, an increase of 43% compared with normal skin. It is probably only justified to use this \"worst case lambda\" in the group of severely involved cases of scleroderma. In these patients it yielded a flow value of 17.8 +/- 3.1 (N = 6) which, when compared with the flow value for normal skin, indicates an increase by 100% of the blood flow in severely involved sclerodermic skin.", "PMID": 82324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8526", "title": "An exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum in old farmers.", "content": "Cutaneous lesions clinically similar to and histopathologically indistinguishable from pseudoxanthoma elasticum have been observed in the cubital folds of nine elderly farmers. In all cases the skin lesions were ascribed to exposure to salpeter during fertilization on a single occasion decades previously. Signs of systemic pseudoxanthoma elasticum were absent.", "contents": "An exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum in old farmers. Cutaneous lesions clinically similar to and histopathologically indistinguishable from pseudoxanthoma elasticum have been observed in the cubital folds of nine elderly farmers. In all cases the skin lesions were ascribed to exposure to salpeter during fertilization on a single occasion decades previously. Signs of systemic pseudoxanthoma elasticum were absent.", "PMID": 82325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8527", "title": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy resin hardeners in the guinea pig.", "content": "Cold-curing resin hardeners were examined regarding their sensitization capacity, by the \"guinea pig maximization test\". All the aliphatic polyamines caused sensitization. Two of the three cycloaliphatic polyamines sensitized all the animals, while one did not sensitize at all. The aromatic amine sensitized one-fifth of the animals studied. The two polyaminoamides sensitized respectively one-fifth and two-thirds of the animals. Two of the four adducts failed to provoke any reactions. The phenolaccelerated adduct of triethylenetetramine sensitized nearly half of the animals. The adduct of isophorondiamine and epoxy resin sensitized three-fourths of the animals. Judging from the above observations, adducts, when void of aliphatic amines, are probably not potential sensitizers. This may perhaps also be true of the polyaminoamides.", "contents": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy resin hardeners in the guinea pig. Cold-curing resin hardeners were examined regarding their sensitization capacity, by the \"guinea pig maximization test\". All the aliphatic polyamines caused sensitization. Two of the three cycloaliphatic polyamines sensitized all the animals, while one did not sensitize at all. The aromatic amine sensitized one-fifth of the animals studied. The two polyaminoamides sensitized respectively one-fifth and two-thirds of the animals. Two of the four adducts failed to provoke any reactions. The phenolaccelerated adduct of triethylenetetramine sensitized nearly half of the animals. The adduct of isophorondiamine and epoxy resin sensitized three-fourths of the animals. Judging from the above observations, adducts, when void of aliphatic amines, are probably not potential sensitizers. This may perhaps also be true of the polyaminoamides.", "PMID": 82326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8528", "title": "Salpeter-induced dermal changes electron-microscopically indistinguishable from pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Salpeter-induced calcium deposits in ten patients showed a close clinical and histopathological similarity to the lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. By electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analyses of the calcium deposits we find the changes indistinguishable from the changes previously described in involved skin of patients suffering from PXE. Clinically our patients were compared with the fourteen patients with traumatic calcification previously described.", "contents": "Salpeter-induced dermal changes electron-microscopically indistinguishable from pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Salpeter-induced calcium deposits in ten patients showed a close clinical and histopathological similarity to the lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. By electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analyses of the calcium deposits we find the changes indistinguishable from the changes previously described in involved skin of patients suffering from PXE. Clinically our patients were compared with the fourteen patients with traumatic calcification previously described.", "PMID": 82327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8529", "title": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy reactive diluents in the guinea pig.", "content": "The sensitization capacity of six epoxy reactive diluents was investigated with the \"guinea pig maximization test\". All the low molecular weight reactive diluents (MW 175 to 360) proved to be sensitizers. One diluent of higher molecular weight (MW 1700) produced no reaction.", "contents": "Sensitization capacity of epoxy reactive diluents in the guinea pig. The sensitization capacity of six epoxy reactive diluents was investigated with the \"guinea pig maximization test\". All the low molecular weight reactive diluents (MW 175 to 360) proved to be sensitizers. One diluent of higher molecular weight (MW 1700) produced no reaction.", "PMID": 82328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8530", "title": "Non-thrombocytopenic purpuras.", "content": "88 cases of microscopical diapedesis of the red blood cells in the superficial blood vessels of the skin were investigated clinically, histologically and immunohistologically. Polymorphonuclear vasculitis (PMNV) was found in 27 cases, 18 of which also demonstrated immunoglobulins (mostly IgM) in the vessel walls. Complement (C3) was found in 16 cases. The cases with PMNV formed a uniform group as regards preceding infections, drug consumption, clinical features, and pathological urinalysis and laboratory data. The second group consisted of 21 cases of lymphocytic perivasculitis with immunoglobulins and/or complement (LP + ig/C3). It clearly differed clinically from the former group in three respects: urinalysis was normal, a slowing of the venous outflow was found in more than half of the cases and the duration of the disease was longer. The biggest group consisted of 40 cases of lymphocytic perivasculitis without detectable immunoglobulins in the vessel walls (LP). In this group the duration of the disease was shortest. The capillary resistance was lower than in the other groups. The results of this investigation indicate that there are at least three pathogenetically differing groups among the clinical purpuric conditions.", "contents": "Non-thrombocytopenic purpuras. 88 cases of microscopical diapedesis of the red blood cells in the superficial blood vessels of the skin were investigated clinically, histologically and immunohistologically. Polymorphonuclear vasculitis (PMNV) was found in 27 cases, 18 of which also demonstrated immunoglobulins (mostly IgM) in the vessel walls. Complement (C3) was found in 16 cases. The cases with PMNV formed a uniform group as regards preceding infections, drug consumption, clinical features, and pathological urinalysis and laboratory data. The second group consisted of 21 cases of lymphocytic perivasculitis with immunoglobulins and/or complement (LP + ig/C3). It clearly differed clinically from the former group in three respects: urinalysis was normal, a slowing of the venous outflow was found in more than half of the cases and the duration of the disease was longer. The biggest group consisted of 40 cases of lymphocytic perivasculitis without detectable immunoglobulins in the vessel walls (LP). In this group the duration of the disease was shortest. The capillary resistance was lower than in the other groups. The results of this investigation indicate that there are at least three pathogenetically differing groups among the clinical purpuric conditions.", "PMID": 82329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8531", "title": "Development of gastric dysfunction in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "In order to study the development of atrophic gastritis, gastric secretory function was examined by a standard pentagastrin test 24 to 78 months after a previous examination (Ex I). The study included 12 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 6 patients with functional signs of atrophic gastritis previously, and 8 healthy controls. The surrent examination (Ex II) also included microbiological culture of gastric juice and estimation of gastrin(s), parietal cell and thyroidal antibodies. Most of the controls had increased their maximum acidity and maximum acid output (MAO) between the examinations. This may indicate an altered potency of pentagastrin in recent years. Conversely, 5 of the 6 patients with atrophic gastritis showed a further reduction of maximum acidity and MAO, indicating progressive parietal cell atrophy. In the DH-group, two tendencies were observed: 6/12 patients had an increased MAO at Ex II. They had had lower mean age and higher mean MAO at Ex I, as compared with the remaining 6 patients who had a decreased MAO at Ex II. The latter group more often had parietal cell antibodies.", "contents": "Development of gastric dysfunction in dermatitis herpetiformis. In order to study the development of atrophic gastritis, gastric secretory function was examined by a standard pentagastrin test 24 to 78 months after a previous examination (Ex I). The study included 12 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 6 patients with functional signs of atrophic gastritis previously, and 8 healthy controls. The surrent examination (Ex II) also included microbiological culture of gastric juice and estimation of gastrin(s), parietal cell and thyroidal antibodies. Most of the controls had increased their maximum acidity and maximum acid output (MAO) between the examinations. This may indicate an altered potency of pentagastrin in recent years. Conversely, 5 of the 6 patients with atrophic gastritis showed a further reduction of maximum acidity and MAO, indicating progressive parietal cell atrophy. In the DH-group, two tendencies were observed: 6/12 patients had an increased MAO at Ex II. They had had lower mean age and higher mean MAO at Ex I, as compared with the remaining 6 patients who had a decreased MAO at Ex II. The latter group more often had parietal cell antibodies.", "PMID": 82330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8532", "title": "Food allergy in atopic dermatitis: experimental observations.", "content": "Results of an investigation of 134 subjects with atopic dermatitis and 29 controls are described. The investigation involved: 1) an allergological enquiry into each patient's medical history, with particular reference to consumption of eggs, milk and fish; 2) a total IgE assay; 3) RAST with egg, milk, cod; 4) a challenge test. Recording of medical histories revealed the existence of clinical sensitivity to egg, milk and cod in respectively 21, 17 and 7 of the 134 subjects with atopic dermatitis, but in none of the controls. In the atopic subjects, RAST demonstrated egg, milk and cod antibodies in 37, 28 and 14 cases respectively, while of the controls only 2 had antibodies--and then in minimal amounts. The maximum incidence of egg and milk antibodies was demonstrated in the initial 3 years of life. Clinical sensitization to cod manifests itself in the form of attacks (urticaria, angi-oedema, vomiting) showing significant correlation between clinical history, results of RAST and the response to challenge, while in the case of sensitivity to eggs and, even less evidently, to milk, the symptoms are more often referred to as \"exacerbation of the dermatosis\" and the results of RAST, of challenging and the clinical history tend to be contradictory.", "contents": "Food allergy in atopic dermatitis: experimental observations. Results of an investigation of 134 subjects with atopic dermatitis and 29 controls are described. The investigation involved: 1) an allergological enquiry into each patient's medical history, with particular reference to consumption of eggs, milk and fish; 2) a total IgE assay; 3) RAST with egg, milk, cod; 4) a challenge test. Recording of medical histories revealed the existence of clinical sensitivity to egg, milk and cod in respectively 21, 17 and 7 of the 134 subjects with atopic dermatitis, but in none of the controls. In the atopic subjects, RAST demonstrated egg, milk and cod antibodies in 37, 28 and 14 cases respectively, while of the controls only 2 had antibodies--and then in minimal amounts. The maximum incidence of egg and milk antibodies was demonstrated in the initial 3 years of life. Clinical sensitization to cod manifests itself in the form of attacks (urticaria, angi-oedema, vomiting) showing significant correlation between clinical history, results of RAST and the response to challenge, while in the case of sensitivity to eggs and, even less evidently, to milk, the symptoms are more often referred to as \"exacerbation of the dermatosis\" and the results of RAST, of challenging and the clinical history tend to be contradictory.", "PMID": 82331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8533", "title": "Genital occurrence of oral microbiota.", "content": "Recent studies indicate that tonsillar gonococcal infection or colonization is fairly common. Carriage rates of about 8% have been found. These studies also indicate that oro-genital contacts are common. Since very little is known about the amount of oral microbiota transmitted to the genitals, we have studied the occurrence of oral streptococci and Neisseria species in urethra and cervix. Among 128 patients attending an STD-clinic we found 10 carriers of oral streptococci, one Streptococcus mitior, four Streptococcus sanguis, one Streptococcus mutans and four Streptococcus salivarius and case of urethritis due to Neisseria menigitidis. Seventy-three of the patients had recently had their genitals exposed to the oral flora of their partners. Despite the heavy contamination with oral microbiota that can be assumed to occur in these cases, there seems to be no colonization of the genitals with oral microbiota.", "contents": "Genital occurrence of oral microbiota. Recent studies indicate that tonsillar gonococcal infection or colonization is fairly common. Carriage rates of about 8% have been found. These studies also indicate that oro-genital contacts are common. Since very little is known about the amount of oral microbiota transmitted to the genitals, we have studied the occurrence of oral streptococci and Neisseria species in urethra and cervix. Among 128 patients attending an STD-clinic we found 10 carriers of oral streptococci, one Streptococcus mitior, four Streptococcus sanguis, one Streptococcus mutans and four Streptococcus salivarius and case of urethritis due to Neisseria menigitidis. Seventy-three of the patients had recently had their genitals exposed to the oral flora of their partners. Despite the heavy contamination with oral microbiota that can be assumed to occur in these cases, there seems to be no colonization of the genitals with oral microbiota.", "PMID": 82332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8534", "title": "Trichochromes in red human hair.", "content": "The presence of trichochromes B and C in red human hair was confirmed with an analytical procedure which does not give rise to the formation of these compounds as artifacts. The trichochrome precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa previously demonstrated in red guinea-pig hair was not detected in red human hair.", "contents": "Trichochromes in red human hair. The presence of trichochromes B and C in red human hair was confirmed with an analytical procedure which does not give rise to the formation of these compounds as artifacts. The trichochrome precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa previously demonstrated in red guinea-pig hair was not detected in red human hair.", "PMID": 82333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8535", "title": "Subhydroxylated collagen in scleroderma.", "content": "In sclerodermal skin, the values for proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (Hyp) and hydroxylsine (Hyl) are lower than in normal skin. The molar ratio Hyp to Hyl is lowered. The molar ratio Pro to Hyp was found to be elevated, while that of Pro to Hyl was like that of normal skin. It was concluded that in slceroderma the hydroxylation of Pro to Hyp is incomplete, resulting in an abnormal collagen.", "contents": "Subhydroxylated collagen in scleroderma. In sclerodermal skin, the values for proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (Hyp) and hydroxylsine (Hyl) are lower than in normal skin. The molar ratio Hyp to Hyl is lowered. The molar ratio Pro to Hyp was found to be elevated, while that of Pro to Hyl was like that of normal skin. It was concluded that in slceroderma the hydroxylation of Pro to Hyp is incomplete, resulting in an abnormal collagen.", "PMID": 82334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8536", "title": "Autoradiographic investigation on benzoyl peroxide treated skin.", "content": "In vitro autoradiography was used to study the effect of a 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation, or its gel base alone. After three weeks' local application, there was no change in the labelling index of epidermis or follicular infundibulum, while there was a significant reduction in the labelling index of the sebaceous glands. Treatment with the base alone brought about no change.", "contents": "Autoradiographic investigation on benzoyl peroxide treated skin. In vitro autoradiography was used to study the effect of a 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation, or its gel base alone. After three weeks' local application, there was no change in the labelling index of epidermis or follicular infundibulum, while there was a significant reduction in the labelling index of the sebaceous glands. Treatment with the base alone brought about no change.", "PMID": 82335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8537", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the epidermis in hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans.", "content": "A 60-year-old Japanese man contracted hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel). Biopsy specimens of the keratotic papules on the dorsa of the feet were studied with electron microscopy. An increase in the number of membrane coating granules, keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments was the most prominent feature of the keratinocytes underlying the keratotic papule. However, in the area just above the cone-shaped dermal infiltration, membrane coating granules were absent and keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments were poorly developed.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the epidermis in hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans. A 60-year-old Japanese man contracted hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel). Biopsy specimens of the keratotic papules on the dorsa of the feet were studied with electron microscopy. An increase in the number of membrane coating granules, keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments was the most prominent feature of the keratinocytes underlying the keratotic papule. However, in the area just above the cone-shaped dermal infiltration, membrane coating granules were absent and keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments were poorly developed.", "PMID": 82336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8538", "title": "Bone cysts and spontaneous fractures in two siblings with dyskeratosis follicularis Darier.", "content": "Two siblings with Darier's disease, multiple bone cysts and recurrent \"spontaneous\" fractures are described.", "contents": "Bone cysts and spontaneous fractures in two siblings with dyskeratosis follicularis Darier. Two siblings with Darier's disease, multiple bone cysts and recurrent \"spontaneous\" fractures are described.", "PMID": 82337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8539", "title": "Eosinophilic spongiosis in early pemphigus foliaceus.", "content": "A case of widespread non-specific, itchy exanthema in a 74-year-old female is presented. An early skin biopsy showed eosinophilic spongiosis. Later a dermatitis herpetiformis-like eruption developed. However, immunofluorescence microscopy showed intercellular IgG deposits characteristic of pemphigus. Recognition of eosinophilis spongiosis may be helpful in differentiating early pemphigus from other bullous diseases.", "contents": "Eosinophilic spongiosis in early pemphigus foliaceus. A case of widespread non-specific, itchy exanthema in a 74-year-old female is presented. An early skin biopsy showed eosinophilic spongiosis. Later a dermatitis herpetiformis-like eruption developed. However, immunofluorescence microscopy showed intercellular IgG deposits characteristic of pemphigus. Recognition of eosinophilis spongiosis may be helpful in differentiating early pemphigus from other bullous diseases.", "PMID": 82338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8540", "title": "Delayed cold urticaria.", "content": "Five patients with delayed cold urticaria are described. The urticarial skin response was present between 24 and 72 hours after ice challenge. In two of the patients the cold sensitivity was of clinical relevance. Some of the patients displayed low alpha1-antitrypsin and increased C4 levels in their serum. Our findings may justify the introduction of cold provocation as a routine procedure in the investigation of a patient with chronic urticaria.", "contents": "Delayed cold urticaria. Five patients with delayed cold urticaria are described. The urticarial skin response was present between 24 and 72 hours after ice challenge. In two of the patients the cold sensitivity was of clinical relevance. Some of the patients displayed low alpha1-antitrypsin and increased C4 levels in their serum. Our findings may justify the introduction of cold provocation as a routine procedure in the investigation of a patient with chronic urticaria.", "PMID": 82339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8541", "title": "Levamisole-induced hypersensitivity.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis was treated with Levamisole, 150 mg per day, on 2 days a week. Her arthritis improved, but she developed a severely itching rash, and the treatment was stopped after 6 months. Penicillamine was subsequently given and tolerated without skin complications. 15 months after regular Levamisole was stopped, she was given a single dose of 150 mg which provoked fever of 40 degrees C and rash. Thirteen punch-biopsy specimens were examined by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. During the Levamisole treatment, granular deposits of IgG and C3 were found at the dermal--epidermal junction. Subsequently, the deposits disappeared, but reappeared after Levamisole challenge. The patient's leukocytes were exposed in vitro to Levamisole, and 36% of the total histamine content in the basophils was released. Our results provide further evidence that Levamisole can cause type-I as well as type-III hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Levamisole-induced hypersensitivity. A 73-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis was treated with Levamisole, 150 mg per day, on 2 days a week. Her arthritis improved, but she developed a severely itching rash, and the treatment was stopped after 6 months. Penicillamine was subsequently given and tolerated without skin complications. 15 months after regular Levamisole was stopped, she was given a single dose of 150 mg which provoked fever of 40 degrees C and rash. Thirteen punch-biopsy specimens were examined by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. During the Levamisole treatment, granular deposits of IgG and C3 were found at the dermal--epidermal junction. Subsequently, the deposits disappeared, but reappeared after Levamisole challenge. The patient's leukocytes were exposed in vitro to Levamisole, and 36% of the total histamine content in the basophils was released. Our results provide further evidence that Levamisole can cause type-I as well as type-III hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 82340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8542", "title": "Acne-like eruptions induced by PUVA-treatment.", "content": "Photochemotherapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light, so-called PUVA-treatment, is currently being evaluated in many dermatologic departments. Side effects such as nausea, pruritus and erythema are well known. Recently the development of acneiform eruptions was reported in a British patient treated with PUVA (3). We found that 4 out of 80 patients treated in our clinic with 8-methoxy-psoralen according to the usual weight schedule (6) and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation developed perioral dermatitis, in 2 cases, together with acneiform eruptions localised to the forehead.", "contents": "Acne-like eruptions induced by PUVA-treatment. Photochemotherapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light, so-called PUVA-treatment, is currently being evaluated in many dermatologic departments. Side effects such as nausea, pruritus and erythema are well known. Recently the development of acneiform eruptions was reported in a British patient treated with PUVA (3). We found that 4 out of 80 patients treated in our clinic with 8-methoxy-psoralen according to the usual weight schedule (6) and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation developed perioral dermatitis, in 2 cases, together with acneiform eruptions localised to the forehead.", "PMID": 82341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8543", "title": "Intermittent treatment of psoriasis with clobetasol propionate.", "content": "Clobetasol propionate cream, applied intermittently for 2 weeks, induced a rapid clinical and histological clearing of psoriatic infiltrates. The serum cortisol level was transiently lowered. By maintenance therapy, with the corticosteroid given only one day a week, 8 of 12 patients were kept in remission for an average period of 5 months.", "contents": "Intermittent treatment of psoriasis with clobetasol propionate. Clobetasol propionate cream, applied intermittently for 2 weeks, induced a rapid clinical and histological clearing of psoriatic infiltrates. The serum cortisol level was transiently lowered. By maintenance therapy, with the corticosteroid given only one day a week, 8 of 12 patients were kept in remission for an average period of 5 months.", "PMID": 82342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8544", "title": "Trichochromes in human malignant melanoma.", "content": "Decarboxytrichochromes B and C were isolated from a melanoma metastasis in a red-haired man, indicating the presence of trichochromes B and C in the tissue. Trichochromes E and F were not detected.", "contents": "Trichochromes in human malignant melanoma. Decarboxytrichochromes B and C were isolated from a melanoma metastasis in a red-haired man, indicating the presence of trichochromes B and C in the tissue. Trichochromes E and F were not detected.", "PMID": 82344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8545", "title": "DNA interstrand crosslinks in normal human skin visualized by electron microscopy.", "content": "Normal human skin was investigated for DNA interstrand crosslinks by a denaturation electron microscopic method. Skin biopsy materials from the thighs of 8 healthy volunteers were separated into epidermis and dermis. DNA from each layer was isolated, purified and studied in the electron microscope. The presence of DNA interstrand crosslinks in normal human skin was demonstrated. The number of crosslinked DNA molecules and the density of crosslinking within the molecules were determined. Crosslinks were found in 0.8% of the scored molecules and were located almost exclusively in epidermal DNA. The intramolecular density of crosslinking showed a wide range of variation in each volunteer and between the volunteers.", "contents": "DNA interstrand crosslinks in normal human skin visualized by electron microscopy. Normal human skin was investigated for DNA interstrand crosslinks by a denaturation electron microscopic method. Skin biopsy materials from the thighs of 8 healthy volunteers were separated into epidermis and dermis. DNA from each layer was isolated, purified and studied in the electron microscope. The presence of DNA interstrand crosslinks in normal human skin was demonstrated. The number of crosslinked DNA molecules and the density of crosslinking within the molecules were determined. Crosslinks were found in 0.8% of the scored molecules and were located almost exclusively in epidermal DNA. The intramolecular density of crosslinking showed a wide range of variation in each volunteer and between the volunteers.", "PMID": 82345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8546", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis during and after PUVA therapy.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative changes of the nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis at different intervals during therapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) were revealed with the electron microscope. Early in the therapy (24 to 96 hr after commencing treatment) changes occur, including irregularity of the nuclear envelope, enlargement of the nuclei and nucleoli, temporary disappearance of fibrillar centres, followed by temporary disappearance of fibrillar centres, followed by temporary increase in nuclear bodies and increasing amounts of heterochromatin. After clearing of lesions, the nuclear and nucleolar structures were identical with those of normal keratinocytes, except that the relative amount of heterochromatin was greater. It is suggested that PUVA therapy brings about inhibition of abnormal keratinization, possibly due to gene repression, and that this may be related to changes in the fibrillar centres of psoriatic keratinocyte nucleoli.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis during and after PUVA therapy. Quantitative and qualitative changes of the nuclei and nucleoli in psoriatic epidermis at different intervals during therapy with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) were revealed with the electron microscope. Early in the therapy (24 to 96 hr after commencing treatment) changes occur, including irregularity of the nuclear envelope, enlargement of the nuclei and nucleoli, temporary disappearance of fibrillar centres, followed by temporary disappearance of fibrillar centres, followed by temporary increase in nuclear bodies and increasing amounts of heterochromatin. After clearing of lesions, the nuclear and nucleolar structures were identical with those of normal keratinocytes, except that the relative amount of heterochromatin was greater. It is suggested that PUVA therapy brings about inhibition of abnormal keratinization, possibly due to gene repression, and that this may be related to changes in the fibrillar centres of psoriatic keratinocyte nucleoli.", "PMID": 82346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8547", "title": "The fluroescent profiles of keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis with a new fluorescent thiol reagent (DACM).", "content": "A highly specific fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-Dimethylamino-4-methyl-coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM) has been used to examine the newborn rat skin in order to elucidate the cystine-rich keratohyalin granules or dense homogeneous deposits. After reduction of the disulphide bond with 2-mercaptoethanol, the periphery of the stratum corneum cells showed a very distinct fluorescence and the cytoplasm of the stratum corneum, granulosum and spinulosum showed moderate fluorescence. No fluorescence was observed, however, over the keratohyalin granules themselves. Intense, spotty fluorescence was observed from the remnants of nuclei and at the periphery of large keratohyalin granules of the stratum granulosum cells, which were assumed to be dense homogeneous deposts according to their distribution pattern. As the intense fluorescence elicited with DACM determines the abundance of cystine content in the material, cystine was found to be very scarce in keratohyalin granules, but abundant in dense homogeneous deposits and at the periphery of the stratum corneum cells.", "contents": "The fluroescent profiles of keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis with a new fluorescent thiol reagent (DACM). A highly specific fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-Dimethylamino-4-methyl-coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM) has been used to examine the newborn rat skin in order to elucidate the cystine-rich keratohyalin granules or dense homogeneous deposits. After reduction of the disulphide bond with 2-mercaptoethanol, the periphery of the stratum corneum cells showed a very distinct fluorescence and the cytoplasm of the stratum corneum, granulosum and spinulosum showed moderate fluorescence. No fluorescence was observed, however, over the keratohyalin granules themselves. Intense, spotty fluorescence was observed from the remnants of nuclei and at the periphery of large keratohyalin granules of the stratum granulosum cells, which were assumed to be dense homogeneous deposts according to their distribution pattern. As the intense fluorescence elicited with DACM determines the abundance of cystine content in the material, cystine was found to be very scarce in keratohyalin granules, but abundant in dense homogeneous deposits and at the periphery of the stratum corneum cells.", "PMID": 82347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8548", "title": "Plasma-kinin-forming enzyme in human skin: extraction and column chromatographic separation of plasma-kinin-forming enzyme and its inhibitor.", "content": "The optimal salt concentration for extraction of plasma-kinin-forming enzyme from the human skin was investigated. It was confirmed that a salt concentration higher than 1.5 M in the extraction buffer was required for optimal extraction of this enzyme. An inhibitor of this enzyme was detected in the extract with buffer alone, and the coexistence of this enzyme with the inhibitor in buffer extract was also confirmed by using G-200 gel chromatography.", "contents": "Plasma-kinin-forming enzyme in human skin: extraction and column chromatographic separation of plasma-kinin-forming enzyme and its inhibitor. The optimal salt concentration for extraction of plasma-kinin-forming enzyme from the human skin was investigated. It was confirmed that a salt concentration higher than 1.5 M in the extraction buffer was required for optimal extraction of this enzyme. An inhibitor of this enzyme was detected in the extract with buffer alone, and the coexistence of this enzyme with the inhibitor in buffer extract was also confirmed by using G-200 gel chromatography.", "PMID": 82348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8549", "title": "A leukotactic factor in the stratum corneum of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris: a possible mechanism for the formation of intra-epidermal sterile pustules.", "content": "Previous studies on the chemotactic properties of soluble substances from psoriatic scales demonstrated the presence of complement-derived chemotactic factors (anaphylatoxins) that seem to play a crucial role in the production of typical psoriasiform tissue changes. The crude extract from the stratum corneum of lesions of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP) was also noted to contain highly chemotactic components for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) as compared with a crude callus extract in the present study. The leukotactic factors contained in the major chemotactic fractions isolated by Sephadex G-75 chromatography revealed in vitro characteristics and in vivo biological activities very similar to those of the leukotactic factor derived from psoriasis scale reported in earlier work, i.e. complement cleavage products (C3a and C5a). On the basis of these findings we have reason to believe that pustule formation in PPP occurs through a mechanism that has a strong resemblance to that in pustular psoriasis. We hypothesize further that similar mechanism may be operative in other dermatoses in which the formation of sterile subcorneal pustules is a characteristic feature.", "contents": "A leukotactic factor in the stratum corneum of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris: a possible mechanism for the formation of intra-epidermal sterile pustules. Previous studies on the chemotactic properties of soluble substances from psoriatic scales demonstrated the presence of complement-derived chemotactic factors (anaphylatoxins) that seem to play a crucial role in the production of typical psoriasiform tissue changes. The crude extract from the stratum corneum of lesions of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris (PPP) was also noted to contain highly chemotactic components for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) as compared with a crude callus extract in the present study. The leukotactic factors contained in the major chemotactic fractions isolated by Sephadex G-75 chromatography revealed in vitro characteristics and in vivo biological activities very similar to those of the leukotactic factor derived from psoriasis scale reported in earlier work, i.e. complement cleavage products (C3a and C5a). On the basis of these findings we have reason to believe that pustule formation in PPP occurs through a mechanism that has a strong resemblance to that in pustular psoriasis. We hypothesize further that similar mechanism may be operative in other dermatoses in which the formation of sterile subcorneal pustules is a characteristic feature.", "PMID": 82349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8550", "title": "Absorption of 8-hydroxyquinolines through the human skin.", "content": "The skin absorption of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol in ointment or cream base was studied in fourteen patients with widespread dermatoses. A serum concentration in the range of 0.3--1.3 microgram/ml using clioquinol and 0.05--0.1 microgram/ml with chloroquinaldol was reached by the second day and persisted throughout the topical treatment. The mean serum half-life of clioquinol and of chloroquinaldol was estimated to 25 and 6 hours, respectively. Local application of zinc oxide ointment after the end of the treatment chelate-bound the skin deposits of clioquinol and lowered the serum half-life to 11 hours. The mean daily urinary excretion of the applied amount of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol was 4.5 and 6%, respectively.", "contents": "Absorption of 8-hydroxyquinolines through the human skin. The skin absorption of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol in ointment or cream base was studied in fourteen patients with widespread dermatoses. A serum concentration in the range of 0.3--1.3 microgram/ml using clioquinol and 0.05--0.1 microgram/ml with chloroquinaldol was reached by the second day and persisted throughout the topical treatment. The mean serum half-life of clioquinol and of chloroquinaldol was estimated to 25 and 6 hours, respectively. Local application of zinc oxide ointment after the end of the treatment chelate-bound the skin deposits of clioquinol and lowered the serum half-life to 11 hours. The mean daily urinary excretion of the applied amount of clioquinol and chloroquinaldol was 4.5 and 6%, respectively.", "PMID": 82350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8551", "title": "Local absorption of zinc from wounds treated with different concentrations of zinc sulphate.", "content": "In the present study it was shown in rats that zinc is absorbed from excisional wounds treated with zinc sulphate. Systemic toxic effects were observed in the group treated with 20% zinc sulphate. Local toxic effects were seen in wounds treated with 0.2%, 2% and 20% zinc sulphate. An inhibitory effect of zinc on the migration of granulocytes was suggested on the basis of microscopic observation. In the operated groups which were not treated with zinc and the group treated with 0.02% zinc sulphate a decline was observed in the concentration of zinc in serum. The zinc concentration in serum increased in proportion to the zinc sulphate concentration (0.2%, 2% and 20%) applied to the wounds, while the copper concentration decreased in the groups treated with 2% and 20% zinc sulphate. In all operated groups an increase in zinc and copper concentrations was observed in liver. This was most pronounced in groups treated with higher concentrations of zinc sulphate (0.2%, 2% and 20%). The groups treated with higher concentrations of zinc sulphate also had higher pancreas zinc concentrations than the remaining groups.", "contents": "Local absorption of zinc from wounds treated with different concentrations of zinc sulphate. In the present study it was shown in rats that zinc is absorbed from excisional wounds treated with zinc sulphate. Systemic toxic effects were observed in the group treated with 20% zinc sulphate. Local toxic effects were seen in wounds treated with 0.2%, 2% and 20% zinc sulphate. An inhibitory effect of zinc on the migration of granulocytes was suggested on the basis of microscopic observation. In the operated groups which were not treated with zinc and the group treated with 0.02% zinc sulphate a decline was observed in the concentration of zinc in serum. The zinc concentration in serum increased in proportion to the zinc sulphate concentration (0.2%, 2% and 20%) applied to the wounds, while the copper concentration decreased in the groups treated with 2% and 20% zinc sulphate. In all operated groups an increase in zinc and copper concentrations was observed in liver. This was most pronounced in groups treated with higher concentrations of zinc sulphate (0.2%, 2% and 20%). The groups treated with higher concentrations of zinc sulphate also had higher pancreas zinc concentrations than the remaining groups.", "PMID": 82351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8552", "title": "Topical nitrogen mustard induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "Mycosis fungoides is a rare malignant lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. Lymph node and visceral involvement may follow. The disease is chronic in course, displaying numerous clinical variations. Two cases of mycosis fungoides complicated by the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma will be discussed. One of the two patients developed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from an initial primary cutaneous lesion. Both patients were treated for long periods with topical nitrogen mustard in addition to systemic therapy. The question of topical nitrogen mustard induction of squamous cell carcinoma is raised.", "contents": "Topical nitrogen mustard induced carcinogenesis. Mycosis fungoides is a rare malignant lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. Lymph node and visceral involvement may follow. The disease is chronic in course, displaying numerous clinical variations. Two cases of mycosis fungoides complicated by the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma will be discussed. One of the two patients developed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from an initial primary cutaneous lesion. Both patients were treated for long periods with topical nitrogen mustard in addition to systemic therapy. The question of topical nitrogen mustard induction of squamous cell carcinoma is raised.", "PMID": 82352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8553", "title": "Hunan wart-virus antibodies in patients with genital and skin warts.", "content": "A comparative follow-up study of the antibody response against human wart-virus was performed, using the immunodiffusion and complement fixation methods on patients with condylomas and skin warts. By the immunodiffusion method, 13% of the patients with skin warts and 3% of the patients with condylomas showed greater than or equal to fourfold increase of antibody titre during the follow-up of 2--35 months. The findings show some typical features of the weak antibody response of a chronic virus infection and suggest a serological overlapping between condyloma viruses and certain group of skin wart-viruses. The antibody prevalence in age-matched controls is shown to be significantly higher than that in the wart or condyloma patients' initial serum samples. This is indicative of the protective function of antibodies against warts and condylomas. Also the analysis of the history of warts in patients with condylomas suggests that protection against condylomas can be acquired from previous warts, evidently by immunological mechanisms. In a control group of medical students, human wart-virus antibodies were frequently (52%) found in subjects without any history of warts. This finding supports the view that human wart-virus can frequently induce latent or subclinical infections in human beings.", "contents": "Hunan wart-virus antibodies in patients with genital and skin warts. A comparative follow-up study of the antibody response against human wart-virus was performed, using the immunodiffusion and complement fixation methods on patients with condylomas and skin warts. By the immunodiffusion method, 13% of the patients with skin warts and 3% of the patients with condylomas showed greater than or equal to fourfold increase of antibody titre during the follow-up of 2--35 months. The findings show some typical features of the weak antibody response of a chronic virus infection and suggest a serological overlapping between condyloma viruses and certain group of skin wart-viruses. The antibody prevalence in age-matched controls is shown to be significantly higher than that in the wart or condyloma patients' initial serum samples. This is indicative of the protective function of antibodies against warts and condylomas. Also the analysis of the history of warts in patients with condylomas suggests that protection against condylomas can be acquired from previous warts, evidently by immunological mechanisms. In a control group of medical students, human wart-virus antibodies were frequently (52%) found in subjects without any history of warts. This finding supports the view that human wart-virus can frequently induce latent or subclinical infections in human beings.", "PMID": 82353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8554", "title": "Micropapular sarcoidal facial eruption in a child: Gianotti-type perioral dermatitis.", "content": "The case is described of a boy aged 13 years reported with a diffuse facial micropapular eruption which had a granulomatous histology. The diagnosis is consistent with perioral dermatitis of the Gianotti type (4, 5). It is postulated that bubble gum was the cause of the condition, the most likely ingredient being the essential oils in the gum, which may actually be selectively absorbed by the follicle to produce a perifollicular granulomatous reaction. In this article we have added yet another possible cause for perioral dermatitis.", "contents": "Micropapular sarcoidal facial eruption in a child: Gianotti-type perioral dermatitis. The case is described of a boy aged 13 years reported with a diffuse facial micropapular eruption which had a granulomatous histology. The diagnosis is consistent with perioral dermatitis of the Gianotti type (4, 5). It is postulated that bubble gum was the cause of the condition, the most likely ingredient being the essential oils in the gum, which may actually be selectively absorbed by the follicle to produce a perifollicular granulomatous reaction. In this article we have added yet another possible cause for perioral dermatitis.", "PMID": 82354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8555", "title": "Acne treatment with oral zinc and vitamin A: effects on the serum levels of zinc and retinol binding protein (RBP).", "content": "The serum levels of zinc, vitamin A and retinol binding protein (RBP) were studied in 75 acne patients before and during oral treatment with zinc, vitamin A or placebo. In the zinc-treated patients an increase in the mean serum zinc level was seen after 2 weeks, when also the first clinical improvement occurred. After 4 weeks the zinc level had increased by about 30% and no further significant increase was observed during 3 months of treatment. In 33 healthy subjects there was an increase of 14% after 4 weeks of zinc therapy. Vitamin A and placebo induced no significant changes in the serum zinc status. Prior to therapy the serum levels of vitamin A and RBP were lower in the acne patients than in the controls. Zinc + vitamin A treatment raised the serum RBP value to normal after 4 weeks. In patients given vitamin A alone, a probable increase in RBP was achieved. Zinc and placebo treatment did not change the serum level of RBP.", "contents": "Acne treatment with oral zinc and vitamin A: effects on the serum levels of zinc and retinol binding protein (RBP). The serum levels of zinc, vitamin A and retinol binding protein (RBP) were studied in 75 acne patients before and during oral treatment with zinc, vitamin A or placebo. In the zinc-treated patients an increase in the mean serum zinc level was seen after 2 weeks, when also the first clinical improvement occurred. After 4 weeks the zinc level had increased by about 30% and no further significant increase was observed during 3 months of treatment. In 33 healthy subjects there was an increase of 14% after 4 weeks of zinc therapy. Vitamin A and placebo induced no significant changes in the serum zinc status. Prior to therapy the serum levels of vitamin A and RBP were lower in the acne patients than in the controls. Zinc + vitamin A treatment raised the serum RBP value to normal after 4 weeks. In patients given vitamin A alone, a probable increase in RBP was achieved. Zinc and placebo treatment did not change the serum level of RBP.", "PMID": 82355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8556", "title": "Oral zinc in acne vulgaris: a clinical and methodological study.", "content": "In a double-blind investigation of 54 patients suffering from acne vulgaris, the effect of 0.6 g of oral zinc sulphate daily versus placebo was studied. During the active treatment period of 6 weeks, the acne improved by about one-third, as rated with a score system. Clinical comparison with placebo showed the result of zinc sulphate therapy to be slightly, but statistically significantly better. Various methods for the clinical evaluation of acne were studied. Counting of acne lesions was found to be a more precise method than assessment according to the opinion of the patients and the assessment of colour photographs. The correlation between the results obtained by lesion counting and evaluation by photographs was low, as was also the reproducibility of photographic assessment.", "contents": "Oral zinc in acne vulgaris: a clinical and methodological study. In a double-blind investigation of 54 patients suffering from acne vulgaris, the effect of 0.6 g of oral zinc sulphate daily versus placebo was studied. During the active treatment period of 6 weeks, the acne improved by about one-third, as rated with a score system. Clinical comparison with placebo showed the result of zinc sulphate therapy to be slightly, but statistically significantly better. Various methods for the clinical evaluation of acne were studied. Counting of acne lesions was found to be a more precise method than assessment according to the opinion of the patients and the assessment of colour photographs. The correlation between the results obtained by lesion counting and evaluation by photographs was low, as was also the reproducibility of photographic assessment.", "PMID": 82356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8557", "title": "Treatment of acne with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "Tablets containing 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol in a calendar package of 21 days were used as an oral contraceptive to treat acne. The series comprised 20 patients. The women were 18--43 years of age, and all had acne which had previously been resistant to therapy. The treatment was continued for 6 months. Serum testosterone, 17-OHCS, 17-KS, serum ALAT and gamma-GT were recorded prior to the treatment at 3 and 6 months. Ten patients responded well to the treatment, 5 responded moderately well, 3 experienced no change, and 2 became worse. The serum testosterone level fell during the therapy and the ALAT level rose, though only one pathological ALAT value was recorded.", "contents": "Treatment of acne with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. Tablets containing 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol in a calendar package of 21 days were used as an oral contraceptive to treat acne. The series comprised 20 patients. The women were 18--43 years of age, and all had acne which had previously been resistant to therapy. The treatment was continued for 6 months. Serum testosterone, 17-OHCS, 17-KS, serum ALAT and gamma-GT were recorded prior to the treatment at 3 and 6 months. Ten patients responded well to the treatment, 5 responded moderately well, 3 experienced no change, and 2 became worse. The serum testosterone level fell during the therapy and the ALAT level rose, though only one pathological ALAT value was recorded.", "PMID": 82357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8558", "title": "Systemic miconazole treatment of a patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "Miconazole given intravenously and orally was evaluated in the treatment of a patient with drug-resistant, chronic, widespread horny candida lesions. Marked clinical improvement occurred after 4 weeks of the first course of treatment, in which 400 mg of miconazole per day was given intravenously. After 3 months no signs of the disease were apparent. The patient remained free of symptoms for 3 months, after which the lesions recurred and a second course of treatment, with 200 mg of miconazole per day intravenously, was started. A prompt clinical clearing was seen within 3 weeks, after which the miconazole (1 000 mg per day) was given orally. During oral administration of the drug a limited degree of recurrence of horny patches occurred. Systemic miconazole seems to be the drug of choice in the treatment of systemic chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "Systemic miconazole treatment of a patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis. Miconazole given intravenously and orally was evaluated in the treatment of a patient with drug-resistant, chronic, widespread horny candida lesions. Marked clinical improvement occurred after 4 weeks of the first course of treatment, in which 400 mg of miconazole per day was given intravenously. After 3 months no signs of the disease were apparent. The patient remained free of symptoms for 3 months, after which the lesions recurred and a second course of treatment, with 200 mg of miconazole per day intravenously, was started. A prompt clinical clearing was seen within 3 weeks, after which the miconazole (1 000 mg per day) was given orally. During oral administration of the drug a limited degree of recurrence of horny patches occurred. Systemic miconazole seems to be the drug of choice in the treatment of systemic chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "PMID": 82358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8559", "title": "Axillary hyperhidrosis: local treatment with aluminum chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol.", "content": "Eleven women (group I) with axillary hyperhidrosis were treated ad modum Shelley & Hurley with local application of aluminium chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol and plastic foil occlusion during two successive nights once a week. The patients were observed for 24 weeks. Another 12 women (group II) were treated for up to 12 weeks with aluminium chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol but without using plastic foil occlusion. We have attempted to determine the effect of the treatment by sweat measurements, leaving the left axilla untreated during the initial 1--2 weeks as a control. An immediate reduction in sweat production of the treated axilla was found in both groups. The reduction increased during the first weeks and was maintained thereafter. The degree of sweat reduction was the same during standardized work and during rest (group II). At the final controls all patients in group I had discontinued the occlusion and had individualized the treatment, most of them using local application 1--2 times weekly. Two patients in group I had to stop the treatment because of unbearable itching. The other patients found the treatment completely satisfactory. All patients had experienced itching and smarting when starting the treatment. Often these discomforts were temporary but they seem to require active support by close medical control during the initital period of treatment. In contrast to previous investigations, effective treatment was achieved both with and without occlusion.", "contents": "Axillary hyperhidrosis: local treatment with aluminum chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol. Eleven women (group I) with axillary hyperhidrosis were treated ad modum Shelley & Hurley with local application of aluminium chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol and plastic foil occlusion during two successive nights once a week. The patients were observed for 24 weeks. Another 12 women (group II) were treated for up to 12 weeks with aluminium chloride hexahydrate 25% in absolute ethanol but without using plastic foil occlusion. We have attempted to determine the effect of the treatment by sweat measurements, leaving the left axilla untreated during the initial 1--2 weeks as a control. An immediate reduction in sweat production of the treated axilla was found in both groups. The reduction increased during the first weeks and was maintained thereafter. The degree of sweat reduction was the same during standardized work and during rest (group II). At the final controls all patients in group I had discontinued the occlusion and had individualized the treatment, most of them using local application 1--2 times weekly. Two patients in group I had to stop the treatment because of unbearable itching. The other patients found the treatment completely satisfactory. All patients had experienced itching and smarting when starting the treatment. Often these discomforts were temporary but they seem to require active support by close medical control during the initital period of treatment. In contrast to previous investigations, effective treatment was achieved both with and without occlusion.", "PMID": 82359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8560", "title": "Phototoxic reaction to long-term low-dose administration of chlorpromazine in mice.", "content": "The mouse tail in vivo technique for the study of acute drug phototoxicity was tested in experiments involving prolonged administration of chlorpromazine and ultraviolet light. A phototoxic reaction was induced with lower combined doses of drug and radiation than was the case in single exposures.", "contents": "Phototoxic reaction to long-term low-dose administration of chlorpromazine in mice. The mouse tail in vivo technique for the study of acute drug phototoxicity was tested in experiments involving prolonged administration of chlorpromazine and ultraviolet light. A phototoxic reaction was induced with lower combined doses of drug and radiation than was the case in single exposures.", "PMID": 82361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8561", "title": "Demonstration of hepatitis B-surface antigen in liver biopsies. A comparative investigation of immunoperoxidase and orcein staining on identical sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue.", "content": "Staining of 1000 consecutive liver biopsies with orcein showed positive reaction in the cytoplasm of ground-glass hepatocytes in 18 of the biopsies. On new sections of the 18 orcein positive biopsies immunoperoxidase staining was performed in order to demonstrate hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg). After destaining the same sections were stained with orcein. All biopsies showing positive orcein staining showed positive immunoperoxidase reaction. The number of positive cells was in biopsies with less than 20 positive cells per mm2 biopsy larger using the immumoperoxidase staining than with orcein staining. Further the staining contrast was more pronounced. Immunoperoxidase staining thus seems more sensitive than orcein staining for demonstrating HBsAg in liver tissues. Orcein stains HBsAg in liver tissue even though the antigen determinants are blocked by antibodies.", "contents": "Demonstration of hepatitis B-surface antigen in liver biopsies. A comparative investigation of immunoperoxidase and orcein staining on identical sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Staining of 1000 consecutive liver biopsies with orcein showed positive reaction in the cytoplasm of ground-glass hepatocytes in 18 of the biopsies. On new sections of the 18 orcein positive biopsies immunoperoxidase staining was performed in order to demonstrate hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg). After destaining the same sections were stained with orcein. All biopsies showing positive orcein staining showed positive immunoperoxidase reaction. The number of positive cells was in biopsies with less than 20 positive cells per mm2 biopsy larger using the immumoperoxidase staining than with orcein staining. Further the staining contrast was more pronounced. Immunoperoxidase staining thus seems more sensitive than orcein staining for demonstrating HBsAg in liver tissues. Orcein stains HBsAg in liver tissue even though the antigen determinants are blocked by antibodies.", "PMID": 82367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8562", "title": "Comparison of anoxic changes in isolated rat cardiac myocytes in suspension and in histological sections.", "content": "Cardiac myocytes from adult rat were isolated by heart perfusion in the presence of collagenase and incubated in the absence and presence of oxygen. As a result of anoxia, there was a gradual increase in plasma membrane permeability, noted as an increase in succinate-stimulated oxygen uptake, a decrease in trypan blue exclusion frequency, a leakage of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity and an increased proportion of swollen, irregularly contracting myocytes. The contractions of the damaged myocytes resembled the known non-physiologic contractions of the heart, i.e. extrasystoles, arrhythmia, fibrillation or block. After different periods of time of anoxia myocyte pellets were fixed in formalin, sectioned and examined by light microscopy. The appearances of the myocytes in suspension were compared with those in paraffin-embedded sections. Special attention was given to the hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid stain and it was noted that the basic fuchsin was taken up by contracted or damaged myocytes, which according to their morphology in suspension revealed irregular contractions, but not by undamaged or necrotic myocytes.", "contents": "Comparison of anoxic changes in isolated rat cardiac myocytes in suspension and in histological sections. Cardiac myocytes from adult rat were isolated by heart perfusion in the presence of collagenase and incubated in the absence and presence of oxygen. As a result of anoxia, there was a gradual increase in plasma membrane permeability, noted as an increase in succinate-stimulated oxygen uptake, a decrease in trypan blue exclusion frequency, a leakage of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity and an increased proportion of swollen, irregularly contracting myocytes. The contractions of the damaged myocytes resembled the known non-physiologic contractions of the heart, i.e. extrasystoles, arrhythmia, fibrillation or block. After different periods of time of anoxia myocyte pellets were fixed in formalin, sectioned and examined by light microscopy. The appearances of the myocytes in suspension were compared with those in paraffin-embedded sections. Special attention was given to the hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid stain and it was noted that the basic fuchsin was taken up by contracted or damaged myocytes, which according to their morphology in suspension revealed irregular contractions, but not by undamaged or necrotic myocytes.", "PMID": 82368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8563", "title": "Flow cytometric DNA analysis in fine needle aspiration biopsies from patients with prostatic lesions. Diagnostic value and relation to clinical stages.", "content": "Transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 59 patients with cancer of the prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatis for cytomorphological examination and flow cytometric DNA analysis. One major single peak in the DNA histogram was observed in patients with benign hyperplasia, prostatitis and in some patients with carcinoma. A DNA histogram with a second or third peak was always compatible with carcinoma and was found both in patients with carcinoma in stage I--II and stage III--IV. It is suggested that patients with hyperploid cancers in stage I--II could benefit from early treatment.", "contents": "Flow cytometric DNA analysis in fine needle aspiration biopsies from patients with prostatic lesions. Diagnostic value and relation to clinical stages. Transrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 59 patients with cancer of the prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatis for cytomorphological examination and flow cytometric DNA analysis. One major single peak in the DNA histogram was observed in patients with benign hyperplasia, prostatitis and in some patients with carcinoma. A DNA histogram with a second or third peak was always compatible with carcinoma and was found both in patients with carcinoma in stage I--II and stage III--IV. It is suggested that patients with hyperploid cancers in stage I--II could benefit from early treatment.", "PMID": 82369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8564", "title": "Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed workers and of controls, studied with atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis and with Timm's sulphide silver method.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from nasal mucosa of 30 nickel-exposed individuals and 6 controls were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content of nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc and iron. Timm's sulphide silver staining method was used for visualizing heavy metals in cryostat sections of biopsy material from each individual. The purpose of the investigation was to study the sulphide silver staining pattern in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed individuals and controls, and to establish whether variations in heavy metal concentrations, especially nickel, affect the histochemical pattern in the mucosa. No consistent differences were found in the histochemical pattern between biopsies with high and low concentrations of nickel or any of the other metals. Some difference in epithelial types between specimens from the nickel-exposed group and the control group was seen, but the staining pattern was quite similar for corresponding epithelial types in the two groups. Two nasal carcinomas from nickel workers were virtually unstained with the sulphide silver staining method.", "contents": "Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed workers and of controls, studied with atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis and with Timm's sulphide silver method. Biopsy specimens from nasal mucosa of 30 nickel-exposed individuals and 6 controls were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content of nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc and iron. Timm's sulphide silver staining method was used for visualizing heavy metals in cryostat sections of biopsy material from each individual. The purpose of the investigation was to study the sulphide silver staining pattern in nasal mucosa of nickel-exposed individuals and controls, and to establish whether variations in heavy metal concentrations, especially nickel, affect the histochemical pattern in the mucosa. No consistent differences were found in the histochemical pattern between biopsies with high and low concentrations of nickel or any of the other metals. Some difference in epithelial types between specimens from the nickel-exposed group and the control group was seen, but the staining pattern was quite similar for corresponding epithelial types in the two groups. Two nasal carcinomas from nickel workers were virtually unstained with the sulphide silver staining method.", "PMID": 82364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8565", "title": "Immunochemical studies on Staphylococcus aureus plasma membrane. 2. Antigenic properties.", "content": "Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from S. aureus Cowan I were examined serologically. LTA contains both alpha- and beta-glucosyl substituents at glycerol and most probably ester-linked alanine as well, all being antigenic determinants. In addition to LTA, the membrane contains a glycoprotein exhibiting antigenic determinant(s) in both the protein and sugar moieties.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on Staphylococcus aureus plasma membrane. 2. Antigenic properties. Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from S. aureus Cowan I were examined serologically. LTA contains both alpha- and beta-glucosyl substituents at glycerol and most probably ester-linked alanine as well, all being antigenic determinants. In addition to LTA, the membrane contains a glycoprotein exhibiting antigenic determinant(s) in both the protein and sugar moieties.", "PMID": 82370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8566", "title": "Precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in normal sera and their possible origin.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to study precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in sera from 214 normal persons and in human gammaglobulin. A polyspecific meningococcal antigen preparation and a corresponding rabbit antiserum constituted the reference system. All the sera contained one to five precipitins against N. meningitidis which could be identified and quantified by means of the reference system. The precipitin score, which expresses the number and titre of precipitins in each serum, increased with age. More than 25 precipitins were found in the gammaglobulin preparation, including antibodies against the groupspecific polysaccharides A, B and C. Absorption of three of the five normally occurring precipitins (nos. 4, 19, 22) with antigens from various bacteria showed that precipitins nos. 4 and 19 could be completely absorbed by antigens from other Neisseria species, but not by antigens from other genera. This indicates that these two precipitins may have been induced by non-pathogenic Neisseria species or by meningococci. The finding of protective antibodies in gammaglobulin might indicate the possibility of its use in prophylaxis or therapy meningococcal infections.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in normal sera and their possible origin. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to study precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in sera from 214 normal persons and in human gammaglobulin. A polyspecific meningococcal antigen preparation and a corresponding rabbit antiserum constituted the reference system. All the sera contained one to five precipitins against N. meningitidis which could be identified and quantified by means of the reference system. The precipitin score, which expresses the number and titre of precipitins in each serum, increased with age. More than 25 precipitins were found in the gammaglobulin preparation, including antibodies against the groupspecific polysaccharides A, B and C. Absorption of three of the five normally occurring precipitins (nos. 4, 19, 22) with antigens from various bacteria showed that precipitins nos. 4 and 19 could be completely absorbed by antigens from other Neisseria species, but not by antigens from other genera. This indicates that these two precipitins may have been induced by non-pathogenic Neisseria species or by meningococci. The finding of protective antibodies in gammaglobulin might indicate the possibility of its use in prophylaxis or therapy meningococcal infections.", "PMID": 82371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8567", "title": "The DNA content and nuclear size in normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous laryngeal epithelium. A spectrophotometric study.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to obtain a more objective evaluation of nuclear hyperchromasia and polymorphism in laryngeal epithelium. The method is based on a photometric assay of nuclear size and DNA content in Feulgen stained slides. The DNA content of hyperchromatic nuclei should exceed the mean for nuclei of normal epithelium by more than twice the standard deviation. In comparison with lymphocytes (2N) the DNA content in hyperchromatic nuclei corresponds to 3.3 N. The mean DNA contents of normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous laryngeal nuclei were 69, 71 and 118 A.U. The mean nuclear area for normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous epithelial cells were 48, 41 and 73 micrometer2. The higher the degree of atypia displayed by the cells the greater was the variability of the DNA content and the nuclear size. The investigation shows that the method may provide a more objective basis for evaluating hyperchromasia and polymorphism.", "contents": "The DNA content and nuclear size in normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous laryngeal epithelium. A spectrophotometric study. The aim of the present study was to obtain a more objective evaluation of nuclear hyperchromasia and polymorphism in laryngeal epithelium. The method is based on a photometric assay of nuclear size and DNA content in Feulgen stained slides. The DNA content of hyperchromatic nuclei should exceed the mean for nuclei of normal epithelium by more than twice the standard deviation. In comparison with lymphocytes (2N) the DNA content in hyperchromatic nuclei corresponds to 3.3 N. The mean DNA contents of normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous laryngeal nuclei were 69, 71 and 118 A.U. The mean nuclear area for normal, dysplastic and carcinomatous epithelial cells were 48, 41 and 73 micrometer2. The higher the degree of atypia displayed by the cells the greater was the variability of the DNA content and the nuclear size. The investigation shows that the method may provide a more objective basis for evaluating hyperchromasia and polymorphism.", "PMID": 82365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8568", "title": "Further evidence for the involvement of microtubules in the proximo-distal intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine and related enzymes in rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "The two mitotic inhibitors colchicine (COL) and podofyllotoxin (POD) and their respective isomers, lumiCOL and picropodofyllin (picPOD) were tested for their effect on the intraaxonal transport (AXT) of acetylcholine (ACh) and the cholinergic enzymes in rat sciatic nerve. The mitotic inhibitors and their isomers were dissolved in saline+10% ethanol (COL and lumiCOL) or dimethylformamid (DMFA) (POD and picPOD) and injected (3-5microliter) subepineurally into the sciatic nerve. As controls the vehicle (saline +10% ethanol or DMFA) alone were injected into some rats. 2 h later a crush operation was performed 15 mm distal to the site of injection. The accumulation of ACh or the two enzymes, ACh-esterase (AChE) and cholineacetyltransferase (CAT), in the nerve segment proximal to the crush (12 h before death) was used as a measure of the AXT. COL and POD were very effective in inhibiting AXT of all 3 substances, while their isomers, lumiCOL and picPOD, were essentially without effect on AXT in equimolar concentrations (0.1 M). The effects on AXT of the 4 test substances thus appear related to their affinity to bind to tubulin, which is several orders of magnitude higher for COL and POD than for their isomers. The results further support the view that intact microtubules are essential for AXT of both membrane-bound (ACh E) and soluble (CAT) enzymes, as well as of ACh in rat motor nerves.", "contents": "Further evidence for the involvement of microtubules in the proximo-distal intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine and related enzymes in rat sciatic nerve. The two mitotic inhibitors colchicine (COL) and podofyllotoxin (POD) and their respective isomers, lumiCOL and picropodofyllin (picPOD) were tested for their effect on the intraaxonal transport (AXT) of acetylcholine (ACh) and the cholinergic enzymes in rat sciatic nerve. The mitotic inhibitors and their isomers were dissolved in saline+10% ethanol (COL and lumiCOL) or dimethylformamid (DMFA) (POD and picPOD) and injected (3-5microliter) subepineurally into the sciatic nerve. As controls the vehicle (saline +10% ethanol or DMFA) alone were injected into some rats. 2 h later a crush operation was performed 15 mm distal to the site of injection. The accumulation of ACh or the two enzymes, ACh-esterase (AChE) and cholineacetyltransferase (CAT), in the nerve segment proximal to the crush (12 h before death) was used as a measure of the AXT. COL and POD were very effective in inhibiting AXT of all 3 substances, while their isomers, lumiCOL and picPOD, were essentially without effect on AXT in equimolar concentrations (0.1 M). The effects on AXT of the 4 test substances thus appear related to their affinity to bind to tubulin, which is several orders of magnitude higher for COL and POD than for their isomers. The results further support the view that intact microtubules are essential for AXT of both membrane-bound (ACh E) and soluble (CAT) enzymes, as well as of ACh in rat motor nerves.", "PMID": 82372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8569", "title": "Effects of pressure on fast axoplasmic flow. An in vitro study in the vagus nerve of rabbits.", "content": "By using a radially directed stream of fluid it is possible to compress a section of a nerve in vitro by known pressures without interrupting the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the nerve. Motor neurons of the vagus nerves of rabbits labelled with 3H-leucine were used at room temperature. When a nerve was subjected to 20 mmHg pressure fast axoplasmic flow was not altered, but at 30 mmHg there was a slight but consistent inhibition, which was even more marked at 60 mmHg and still more at 90 mmHg. The pressure induced block of axoplasmic flow was reversible when 60 mmHg pressure was applied for as long as 4 h, when the nerves were compressed for 15 h there was reversibility in only 5 out of 8 cases.", "contents": "Effects of pressure on fast axoplasmic flow. An in vitro study in the vagus nerve of rabbits. By using a radially directed stream of fluid it is possible to compress a section of a nerve in vitro by known pressures without interrupting the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the nerve. Motor neurons of the vagus nerves of rabbits labelled with 3H-leucine were used at room temperature. When a nerve was subjected to 20 mmHg pressure fast axoplasmic flow was not altered, but at 30 mmHg there was a slight but consistent inhibition, which was even more marked at 60 mmHg and still more at 90 mmHg. The pressure induced block of axoplasmic flow was reversible when 60 mmHg pressure was applied for as long as 4 h, when the nerves were compressed for 15 h there was reversibility in only 5 out of 8 cases.", "PMID": 82373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8570", "title": "Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes in hypokalemic patients before and after correction of the hypokalemia.", "content": "Fifty-four initially hypokalemic patients, 43 of whom were on diuretic treatment, were given potassium supplementation until they showed a repeatedly normal serum potassium level. Muscle specimens obtained by percutaneous biopsy revealed that there were no concomitant increases in muscle potassium content, nor in intracellular potassium concentration, except in the very small group (6 patients) with a muscle magnesium content of greater than or equal to 3.95 mmol/100 g fat free dry solids (FFDS) and an initially lower muscle potassium content (less than or equal to 39.9 mmol/100 g FFDS). ECG, registered for 3 hours on a portable ECG tape recorder before and after correction of the serum potassium level, showed no change in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats.", "contents": "Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes in hypokalemic patients before and after correction of the hypokalemia. Fifty-four initially hypokalemic patients, 43 of whom were on diuretic treatment, were given potassium supplementation until they showed a repeatedly normal serum potassium level. Muscle specimens obtained by percutaneous biopsy revealed that there were no concomitant increases in muscle potassium content, nor in intracellular potassium concentration, except in the very small group (6 patients) with a muscle magnesium content of greater than or equal to 3.95 mmol/100 g fat free dry solids (FFDS) and an initially lower muscle potassium content (less than or equal to 39.9 mmol/100 g FFDS). ECG, registered for 3 hours on a portable ECG tape recorder before and after correction of the serum potassium level, showed no change in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats.", "PMID": 82374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8571", "title": "Whipple's disease. Clinical and histopathological changes during treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim.", "content": "A case of Whipple's disease involving the small intestine, bone marrow and peripheral lymph nodes diagnosed one year after the initial arthritic symptoms by peroral jejunal biopsy and rapidly responding to treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, is described. The effectiveness of therapy was monitored by clinical evaluation of the patient's condition, repeated intestinal biopsies, determination of body weight, faecal lipid excretion and haematological values. Clear-cut clinical remission was induced promptly; and after nine months' treatment, the patient was in perfect health. The drug was well tolerated and folate deficiency did not occur. After four months of antibiotic therapy, bacterial capsular remnants could still be demonstrated in the bone marrow aspirate. The characteristic small bowel mucosal PAS-positive macrophages, visualized in the jejunal biopsy specimens, persisted in reduced number after nine months of treatment.", "contents": "Whipple's disease. Clinical and histopathological changes during treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. A case of Whipple's disease involving the small intestine, bone marrow and peripheral lymph nodes diagnosed one year after the initial arthritic symptoms by peroral jejunal biopsy and rapidly responding to treatment with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, is described. The effectiveness of therapy was monitored by clinical evaluation of the patient's condition, repeated intestinal biopsies, determination of body weight, faecal lipid excretion and haematological values. Clear-cut clinical remission was induced promptly; and after nine months' treatment, the patient was in perfect health. The drug was well tolerated and folate deficiency did not occur. After four months of antibiotic therapy, bacterial capsular remnants could still be demonstrated in the bone marrow aspirate. The characteristic small bowel mucosal PAS-positive macrophages, visualized in the jejunal biopsy specimens, persisted in reduced number after nine months of treatment.", "PMID": 82375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8572", "title": "Serum haptoglobulin changes in patients with severe isolated head injury.", "content": "From a series of 74 patients with severe head injuries and massive brain lesions, we measured the changes in haptoglobulin in 33 cases. On average, the globulin was, after a short drop in the first two days, increased about three times towards the seventh day, and was still above normal after ten days. Seen together with the total alpha-2-globulin increase after head injury this rise seems mainly to be caused by the haptoglobulin changes. Haptoglobulin was found to be a good indicator of the extent of brain tissue damage. It cannot on its own be used for prediction of survival chances.", "contents": "Serum haptoglobulin changes in patients with severe isolated head injury. From a series of 74 patients with severe head injuries and massive brain lesions, we measured the changes in haptoglobulin in 33 cases. On average, the globulin was, after a short drop in the first two days, increased about three times towards the seventh day, and was still above normal after ten days. Seen together with the total alpha-2-globulin increase after head injury this rise seems mainly to be caused by the haptoglobulin changes. Haptoglobulin was found to be a good indicator of the extent of brain tissue damage. It cannot on its own be used for prediction of survival chances.", "PMID": 82376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8573", "title": "Immunochemistry of bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Two fragments were isolated from BSA one was derived from the first terminal third of the molecule and the second from the last third of the molecule. Each fragment inhibited the reaction of BSA-anti BSA by 90% or better. An immunoabsorbent of each bound 90% of anti BSA. Each fragment bound two antibody molecules per mole of fragment. These results are explained by the concept that BSA contains repeating identical or similar antigenic determinants. Conformational non identity of various batches of BSA was revealed by reactivity of the disulfide bonds at the neutral transition. Trypsin was found to cleave GSA, PSA, and HSA to yield an immunochemically reactive fragment. At least in the case of HSA, the fragment exhibited all the immunochemical reactivity of the native protein.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of bovine serum albumin. Two fragments were isolated from BSA one was derived from the first terminal third of the molecule and the second from the last third of the molecule. Each fragment inhibited the reaction of BSA-anti BSA by 90% or better. An immunoabsorbent of each bound 90% of anti BSA. Each fragment bound two antibody molecules per mole of fragment. These results are explained by the concept that BSA contains repeating identical or similar antigenic determinants. Conformational non identity of various batches of BSA was revealed by reactivity of the disulfide bonds at the neutral transition. Trypsin was found to cleave GSA, PSA, and HSA to yield an immunochemically reactive fragment. At least in the case of HSA, the fragment exhibited all the immunochemical reactivity of the native protein.", "PMID": 82378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8574", "title": "Analysis of a complex antigenic site on horse cytochrome c.", "content": "Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c were used to confirm the identification of the antigenic determinant and to examine the subtle differences in the specificities of the three subpopulations. The determinant in the region of Residues 89-92 is affected by amino acid substitutions at positions 88 and 96. Since all these residues are in an alpha-helix the farthest distance between them is only 12 A and therefore, the Residues 88-96 can all be accommodated in the antibody binding site. The ability to identify and describe the antigenic determinant, as well as separate subpopulations directed against this site, demonstrates the resolution possible using a series of homologous protein antigens.", "contents": "Analysis of a complex antigenic site on horse cytochrome c. Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c were used to confirm the identification of the antigenic determinant and to examine the subtle differences in the specificities of the three subpopulations. The determinant in the region of Residues 89-92 is affected by amino acid substitutions at positions 88 and 96. Since all these residues are in an alpha-helix the farthest distance between them is only 12 A and therefore, the Residues 88-96 can all be accommodated in the antibody binding site. The ability to identify and describe the antigenic determinant, as well as separate subpopulations directed against this site, demonstrates the resolution possible using a series of homologous protein antigens.", "PMID": 82379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8575", "title": "T-lymphocyte activation by immunogenic determinants.", "content": "Synthetic antigens have been of great value in elucidating the relationships between antigen structure and lymphocyte activation. The compound RAT behaves as a monofunctional antigen in guinea pigs and mice, inducing T-lymphocyte responses without appreciable circulating antibody, although the ABA-specific B cell population is expanded by immunization with the monovalent molecule. On the other hand, bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety serving as a carrier and a second chemical group, either identical to or different from RAT, serving as a hapten, induced antibody responses. In such responses, T cell specificity was always directed against the RAT component. Using symmetrical bifunctional antigens with rigid or flexible spacers between the two determinants, marked differences in structural requirements for cell triggering, assessed by antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and for cell cooperation, determined by antibody formation, were found. Rigidly spaced bifunctional antigens serve admirably for cooperation but poorly for T cell activation, underscoring the advantage of two-point binding for the latter.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte activation by immunogenic determinants. Synthetic antigens have been of great value in elucidating the relationships between antigen structure and lymphocyte activation. The compound RAT behaves as a monofunctional antigen in guinea pigs and mice, inducing T-lymphocyte responses without appreciable circulating antibody, although the ABA-specific B cell population is expanded by immunization with the monovalent molecule. On the other hand, bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety serving as a carrier and a second chemical group, either identical to or different from RAT, serving as a hapten, induced antibody responses. In such responses, T cell specificity was always directed against the RAT component. Using symmetrical bifunctional antigens with rigid or flexible spacers between the two determinants, marked differences in structural requirements for cell triggering, assessed by antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and for cell cooperation, determined by antibody formation, were found. Rigidly spaced bifunctional antigens serve admirably for cooperation but poorly for T cell activation, underscoring the advantage of two-point binding for the latter.", "PMID": 82380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8576", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the tobacco mosaic virus protein.", "content": "The decapeptide having the amino acid sequence Thr-Thr-Ala-Glu-Thr-Leu-Asp-Ala-Thr-Arg has been shown to be a major antigenic determinant of the tobacco mosaic virus protein in rabbits, mice and guinea pigs. The antigenic specificity of the decapeptide is attributed to its C-terminal tripeptide Ala-Thr-Arg. Although this tripeptide has no demonstrable binding with antibodies to the protein, its N-octanoylated derivative exhibits specific binding with antibodies as well as the capacity to elicit delayed skin reactions in guinea pigs immunized with the protein. The latter results suggest that both B cells and T cells have antigen receptors of identical specificities. Although all mouse strains tested responded equally to TMVP, with the production of anti-protein, the response to the decapeptide was shown to be correlated (albeit not absolutely) with Ig allotype Iga exhibiting generally high responsiveness while Igb exhibiting generally low responsiveness. The low responsiveness could not be attributed to suppression of the secondary immune response.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the tobacco mosaic virus protein. The decapeptide having the amino acid sequence Thr-Thr-Ala-Glu-Thr-Leu-Asp-Ala-Thr-Arg has been shown to be a major antigenic determinant of the tobacco mosaic virus protein in rabbits, mice and guinea pigs. The antigenic specificity of the decapeptide is attributed to its C-terminal tripeptide Ala-Thr-Arg. Although this tripeptide has no demonstrable binding with antibodies to the protein, its N-octanoylated derivative exhibits specific binding with antibodies as well as the capacity to elicit delayed skin reactions in guinea pigs immunized with the protein. The latter results suggest that both B cells and T cells have antigen receptors of identical specificities. Although all mouse strains tested responded equally to TMVP, with the production of anti-protein, the response to the decapeptide was shown to be correlated (albeit not absolutely) with Ig allotype Iga exhibiting generally high responsiveness while Igb exhibiting generally low responsiveness. The low responsiveness could not be attributed to suppression of the secondary immune response.", "PMID": 82381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8577", "title": "First consequences of the determination of the entire antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin.", "content": "By using the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb as a model we have established that the antigenicity of its sites is independent of any sequence identities between the injected myoglobin and the Mb of the immunized animal. Furthermore, the ability to produce in rabbits autoantibodies to rabbit Mb and the successful extrapolation of the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb to human hemoglobin strongly demonstrated that the antigenicity of certain parts of a protein molecule is primarily dependent on the uniqueness of their conformational locations.", "contents": "First consequences of the determination of the entire antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin. By using the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb as a model we have established that the antigenicity of its sites is independent of any sequence identities between the injected myoglobin and the Mb of the immunized animal. Furthermore, the ability to produce in rabbits autoantibodies to rabbit Mb and the successful extrapolation of the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb to human hemoglobin strongly demonstrated that the antigenicity of certain parts of a protein molecule is primarily dependent on the uniqueness of their conformational locations.", "PMID": 82383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8578", "title": "Peptides and autoimmune disease.", "content": "The use of derived and synthetic peptides has contributed greatly to our understanding of encephalitogenic determinants in the basic protein molecule. Peptides derived from BP by use of trypsin, pepsin, cathepsin D (brain and liver) and BNPS-skatole have proven most useful. Synthetic peptides have served to define the disease-inducing determinants with precision. A remarkable feature of these studies is that different antigenic determinants serve as encephalitogenic sites in different species. The encephalitogenic sites comprise short peptide domains of the BP polypeptide chain, only 8 residues (rat), 9 residues (guinea pig), and 10 residues (rabbit) in length. In view of the requirement for both haptenic and carrier specificity of an immunogenic molecule, it is impressive that these peptides themselves elicit the autoimmune disease, EAE. While less active than BP on a molar basis, they are nonetheless potent encephalitogens, producing clinical signs in rats and guinea pigs at less than 1 microgram dose. The data indicate that for most animal species (guinea pig, rat, monkey) there appears to be only one major encephalitogenic determinant, an unusual finding in view of the number of antigenic determinants for cell-mediated immunity existing in the BP molecule. Possibly a combination of genetic and anatomical factors may account for this phenomenon. A relationship may exist between multiple sclerosis and EAE as shown by peptide studies; lymphocytes are found in MS patients during exacerbation sensitized to the same region of BP active in the monkey. The major encephalitogenic sites are: Guinea Pig (9) Phe-Ser-Trp-Gly-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gln-Lys(Arg); Rabbit (10) Thr-Thr-His-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys; Rat (8) Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn; Monkey (14) Phe-Lys-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Hser.", "contents": "Peptides and autoimmune disease. The use of derived and synthetic peptides has contributed greatly to our understanding of encephalitogenic determinants in the basic protein molecule. Peptides derived from BP by use of trypsin, pepsin, cathepsin D (brain and liver) and BNPS-skatole have proven most useful. Synthetic peptides have served to define the disease-inducing determinants with precision. A remarkable feature of these studies is that different antigenic determinants serve as encephalitogenic sites in different species. The encephalitogenic sites comprise short peptide domains of the BP polypeptide chain, only 8 residues (rat), 9 residues (guinea pig), and 10 residues (rabbit) in length. In view of the requirement for both haptenic and carrier specificity of an immunogenic molecule, it is impressive that these peptides themselves elicit the autoimmune disease, EAE. While less active than BP on a molar basis, they are nonetheless potent encephalitogens, producing clinical signs in rats and guinea pigs at less than 1 microgram dose. The data indicate that for most animal species (guinea pig, rat, monkey) there appears to be only one major encephalitogenic determinant, an unusual finding in view of the number of antigenic determinants for cell-mediated immunity existing in the BP molecule. Possibly a combination of genetic and anatomical factors may account for this phenomenon. A relationship may exist between multiple sclerosis and EAE as shown by peptide studies; lymphocytes are found in MS patients during exacerbation sensitized to the same region of BP active in the monkey. The major encephalitogenic sites are: Guinea Pig (9) Phe-Ser-Trp-Gly-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gln-Lys(Arg); Rabbit (10) Thr-Thr-His-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Lys; Rat (8) Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Gln-Asp-Glu-Asn; Monkey (14) Phe-Lys-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Asp-Ser-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Hser.", "PMID": 82385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8579", "title": "Recognition of lysozyme by lymphocyte subsets.", "content": "Extensive studies with antisera from a variety of animals have failed to detect any cross-reactivity between egg white lysozyme and its reduced, S-carboxymethylated (CM-) derivative. In contrast, a number of studies addressing the specificity of T lymphocytes have revealed that these two forms of lysozyme cross-react rather extensively at that level. Preliminary attempts to eliminate this latter cross-reactivity by further denaturation and/or chemical modification have so far proven unsuccessful. In a second line of experimentation the response to CM-lysozyme of mice which are genetically unresponsive to native lysozyme was assessed and found deficient. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Recognition of lysozyme by lymphocyte subsets. Extensive studies with antisera from a variety of animals have failed to detect any cross-reactivity between egg white lysozyme and its reduced, S-carboxymethylated (CM-) derivative. In contrast, a number of studies addressing the specificity of T lymphocytes have revealed that these two forms of lysozyme cross-react rather extensively at that level. Preliminary attempts to eliminate this latter cross-reactivity by further denaturation and/or chemical modification have so far proven unsuccessful. In a second line of experimentation the response to CM-lysozyme of mice which are genetically unresponsive to native lysozyme was assessed and found deficient. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 82387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8580", "title": "Genetic control of the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to cytochrome c.", "content": "Cytochromes c have been used as antigens in a murine T-lymphocyte proliferation assay in order to characterize the nature of determinants whose recognition is under immune response (Ir) gene control. The cytochromes are advantagous as antigens because 1) they have well-characterized primary and tertiary structures, 2) they are antigenically simple, differing from mouse cytochrome c at only a small number of amino acid residues, and 3) there exist a large number of evolutionary variants which can be used to locate antigenic sites by cross-stimulation. In the present studies, the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was shown to be under the control of two complementing major histocompatibility (MHC)-linked Ir genes in mice of the H-2a and H-2k haplotypes. Mice of the H-2b, H-2d, H-2p, H-2q, H-2s, and H-2u haplotypes were low or nonresponders. Complementation was demonstrated by showing that an F1 hybrid between two nonresponder recombinant strains, B10.A(4R) and B10.A(5R), could respond to pigeon cytochrome c. The determinant on the cytochrome recognized in this immune response was located to the C-terminal portion of the molecule around residues 89 and/or 100. This was shown by the failure of closely related cytochromes from the Pekin duck and chicken to cross-stimulate T lymphocytes immune to pigeon cytochrome; position 89 and 100 carry the only residues different from those in mouse cytochrome c that are unique to pigeon cytochrome among the three bird cytochromes tested. This localization was further substantiated by demonstrating that the cyanogen bromide cleavage-fragment (residues 81-104) from pigeon cytochrome, but not the same fragment from Pekin duck cytochrome, was as good a stimulant of T cells immune to the whole molecule as the intact cytochrome. These results identify the immunogenic site on the molecule as one which differs from mouse cytochrome c by only one or two amino-acid residues. Thus, T-cell immune responses, which are under MHC-linked Ir gene control, are as capable as antibody responses of recognizing subtle differences in protein structure. However, the ability of T cells to respond equally well to stimulation with polypeptide fragments or with the whole molecule suggests either that T-cell recognition involves certain differences from B cell recognition or that in some cases the fragments possess a similar spatial structure to that of the corresponding segment in the native protein.", "contents": "Genetic control of the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to cytochrome c. Cytochromes c have been used as antigens in a murine T-lymphocyte proliferation assay in order to characterize the nature of determinants whose recognition is under immune response (Ir) gene control. The cytochromes are advantagous as antigens because 1) they have well-characterized primary and tertiary structures, 2) they are antigenically simple, differing from mouse cytochrome c at only a small number of amino acid residues, and 3) there exist a large number of evolutionary variants which can be used to locate antigenic sites by cross-stimulation. In the present studies, the T-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was shown to be under the control of two complementing major histocompatibility (MHC)-linked Ir genes in mice of the H-2a and H-2k haplotypes. Mice of the H-2b, H-2d, H-2p, H-2q, H-2s, and H-2u haplotypes were low or nonresponders. Complementation was demonstrated by showing that an F1 hybrid between two nonresponder recombinant strains, B10.A(4R) and B10.A(5R), could respond to pigeon cytochrome c. The determinant on the cytochrome recognized in this immune response was located to the C-terminal portion of the molecule around residues 89 and/or 100. This was shown by the failure of closely related cytochromes from the Pekin duck and chicken to cross-stimulate T lymphocytes immune to pigeon cytochrome; position 89 and 100 carry the only residues different from those in mouse cytochrome c that are unique to pigeon cytochrome among the three bird cytochromes tested. This localization was further substantiated by demonstrating that the cyanogen bromide cleavage-fragment (residues 81-104) from pigeon cytochrome, but not the same fragment from Pekin duck cytochrome, was as good a stimulant of T cells immune to the whole molecule as the intact cytochrome. These results identify the immunogenic site on the molecule as one which differs from mouse cytochrome c by only one or two amino-acid residues. Thus, T-cell immune responses, which are under MHC-linked Ir gene control, are as capable as antibody responses of recognizing subtle differences in protein structure. However, the ability of T cells to respond equally well to stimulation with polypeptide fragments or with the whole molecule suggests either that T-cell recognition involves certain differences from B cell recognition or that in some cases the fragments possess a similar spatial structure to that of the corresponding segment in the native protein.", "PMID": 82388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8581", "title": "The precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme: implications of surface-simulation synthesis and the molecular features of protein antigenic sites.", "content": "Intensive research in the author's laboratory over a 10-year period has now culminated in the precise determination of the entire antigenic structure of native hen egg-white lysozyme. The protein carries three antigenic sites. Each site is made up of spatially adjacent surface residues that are not in direct peptide linkage. The residues of each site describe an imaginary line which circumscribes part of the surface topography of the protein and act functionally towards the antibody as if they are in direct peptide bond linkage. The reactivity of each site is fully satisfied by an appropriate surface-simulation synthetic peptide, and the three synthetic sites account for the full immunochemical reactivity of the native protein. Each site is subject to conformational restrictions and exhibits directionality which is a function of side chain orientations. The antigenic sites of myoglobin and lysozyme are compared. It is proposed that antigenic sites of the type found in myoglobin are called \"continuous sites\", while antigenic sites of the type seen in lysozyme are defined as \"discontinuous sites\".", "contents": "The precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme: implications of surface-simulation synthesis and the molecular features of protein antigenic sites. Intensive research in the author's laboratory over a 10-year period has now culminated in the precise determination of the entire antigenic structure of native hen egg-white lysozyme. The protein carries three antigenic sites. Each site is made up of spatially adjacent surface residues that are not in direct peptide linkage. The residues of each site describe an imaginary line which circumscribes part of the surface topography of the protein and act functionally towards the antibody as if they are in direct peptide bond linkage. The reactivity of each site is fully satisfied by an appropriate surface-simulation synthetic peptide, and the three synthetic sites account for the full immunochemical reactivity of the native protein. Each site is subject to conformational restrictions and exhibits directionality which is a function of side chain orientations. The antigenic sites of myoglobin and lysozyme are compared. It is proposed that antigenic sites of the type found in myoglobin are called \"continuous sites\", while antigenic sites of the type seen in lysozyme are defined as \"discontinuous sites\".", "PMID": 82389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8582", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to insulin: its dependence upon a macrophage mediated selection of distinct antigenic sites.", "content": "The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig , is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin to CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificity of the elicited antibodies are indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By contrast, strain 2 T cells recognize a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acids residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which area of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene, in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to insulin: its dependence upon a macrophage mediated selection of distinct antigenic sites. The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig , is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin to CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificity of the elicited antibodies are indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By contrast, strain 2 T cells recognize a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acids residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which area of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene, in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "PMID": 82390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8583", "title": "Evidence for complement activation following the oral administration of cow's urine concoction in rats.", "content": "Oral administration of cow's urine concoction in rats causes the activation of the third complement component in the serum. The product of this activation has some histame-releasing effects and causes a characteristic acute fall in neutrophil and monocyte counts in the peripheral blood which is reversed within four hours. The importance of these observations to the areas of the world where cow's urine concoction is used for the treatment of childhood convulsion is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for complement activation following the oral administration of cow's urine concoction in rats. Oral administration of cow's urine concoction in rats causes the activation of the third complement component in the serum. The product of this activation has some histame-releasing effects and causes a characteristic acute fall in neutrophil and monocyte counts in the peripheral blood which is reversed within four hours. The importance of these observations to the areas of the world where cow's urine concoction is used for the treatment of childhood convulsion is discussed.", "PMID": 82393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8584", "title": "Histochemical and immunohistochemical study of diffuse large-cell lymphomas.", "content": "Ninety diffuse large-cell lymphomas (diffuse histiocytic lymphoma) were subclassified into B-cell, T-cell, and histiocytic types according to their enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics. The B-cell type was characterized by presence of intracellular monoclonal immunoglobulin; negative or weakly positive diffuse acid phosphatase activity; and an occasional focal nodular pattern or preceding nodular lymphoma. The T-cell type was characterized by moderate, focal acid phosphatase activity; convoluted nuclear structure; and frequent preceding cutaneous manifestations. The histiocytic type was characterized by strong nonspecific esterases and diffuse acid phosphatase activity and presence of lysozyme and phagocytic activity. Most of the lesions (74 cases) were of the B-cell type. This group was further subdivided into follicular center cell type and B-cell immunoblastic sarcoma, according to the stage of cellular transformation. Preliminary clinical correlation suggests that the histiocytic type is most resistant to treatment. B-cell immunoblastic sarcomas were much more aggressive than neoplasms of the follicular center cell type.", "contents": "Histochemical and immunohistochemical study of diffuse large-cell lymphomas. Ninety diffuse large-cell lymphomas (diffuse histiocytic lymphoma) were subclassified into B-cell, T-cell, and histiocytic types according to their enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics. The B-cell type was characterized by presence of intracellular monoclonal immunoglobulin; negative or weakly positive diffuse acid phosphatase activity; and an occasional focal nodular pattern or preceding nodular lymphoma. The T-cell type was characterized by moderate, focal acid phosphatase activity; convoluted nuclear structure; and frequent preceding cutaneous manifestations. The histiocytic type was characterized by strong nonspecific esterases and diffuse acid phosphatase activity and presence of lysozyme and phagocytic activity. Most of the lesions (74 cases) were of the B-cell type. This group was further subdivided into follicular center cell type and B-cell immunoblastic sarcoma, according to the stage of cellular transformation. Preliminary clinical correlation suggests that the histiocytic type is most resistant to treatment. B-cell immunoblastic sarcomas were much more aggressive than neoplasms of the follicular center cell type.", "PMID": 82397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8585", "title": "Rapid detection of ringed sideroblasts with bromchlorphenol blue.", "content": "A test for demonstrating ringed sideroblasts was developed, using the dye bromchlorphenol blue. The test is based upon the ability of the dye to form a colored water-insoluble precipitate with iron. Because it is rapid and permits localization of ferritin-containing cytoplasmic inclusions, the reaction may be useful in the assessment of sideroblastic anemias.", "contents": "Rapid detection of ringed sideroblasts with bromchlorphenol blue. A test for demonstrating ringed sideroblasts was developed, using the dye bromchlorphenol blue. The test is based upon the ability of the dye to form a colored water-insoluble precipitate with iron. Because it is rapid and permits localization of ferritin-containing cytoplasmic inclusions, the reaction may be useful in the assessment of sideroblastic anemias.", "PMID": 82398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8586", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital nephrosis in 23 high-risk families.", "content": "The efficacy of maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimation for the prenatal detection of congenital nephrosis was assessed in 23 pregnancies of couples with a previously affected child. At 15 to 18 weeks' gestation, amniotic fluid AFP concentration was elevated in seven of 23 cases, and maternal serum AFP level in five of these. Legal abortion was carried out at 18 to 19 weeks in all those cases where he amniotic fluid AFP concentration was abnormally high, and in all cases the fetus was found to be affected. The diagnosis of intrauterine congenital nephrosis was obvious by electron microscopic examination of the fetal kidney, but not by light microscopy. The child was born without congenital nephrosis in all 16 cases where amniotic fluid AFP level was normal, and in 16 of 18 cases (89%) where maternal serum AFP concentration was normal. Thus, the amniotic fluid AFP assay is more reliable and is recommended whenever congenital nephrosis is suspected on the basis of family history.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital nephrosis in 23 high-risk families. The efficacy of maternal serum and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimation for the prenatal detection of congenital nephrosis was assessed in 23 pregnancies of couples with a previously affected child. At 15 to 18 weeks' gestation, amniotic fluid AFP concentration was elevated in seven of 23 cases, and maternal serum AFP level in five of these. Legal abortion was carried out at 18 to 19 weeks in all those cases where he amniotic fluid AFP concentration was abnormally high, and in all cases the fetus was found to be affected. The diagnosis of intrauterine congenital nephrosis was obvious by electron microscopic examination of the fetal kidney, but not by light microscopy. The child was born without congenital nephrosis in all 16 cases where amniotic fluid AFP level was normal, and in 16 of 18 cases (89%) where maternal serum AFP concentration was normal. Thus, the amniotic fluid AFP assay is more reliable and is recommended whenever congenital nephrosis is suspected on the basis of family history.", "PMID": 82399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8587", "title": "Developmental and psychoeducational sequelae of chronic otitis media.", "content": "The developmental, psychological, and educational sequelae of chronic otitis media occurring during the first three years of life were investigated in a selected group of children with educational difficulties. One group of children had a history of chronic and severe otitis media, requiring myringotomy after 3 years of age. The control group had infrequent and relatively mild episodes of otitis media and no surgical intervention. Children with chronic and severe otitis media manifested substantial delays in speech and language, auditory processing deficits, disturbances in auditory-visual integration, reading disorders, and poor spelling skills. Early medical and educational intervention for children with a high-risk profile of language delay and severe chronic otitis media is suggested as a possible strategy for preventing the development of a specific learning disability.", "contents": "Developmental and psychoeducational sequelae of chronic otitis media. The developmental, psychological, and educational sequelae of chronic otitis media occurring during the first three years of life were investigated in a selected group of children with educational difficulties. One group of children had a history of chronic and severe otitis media, requiring myringotomy after 3 years of age. The control group had infrequent and relatively mild episodes of otitis media and no surgical intervention. Children with chronic and severe otitis media manifested substantial delays in speech and language, auditory processing deficits, disturbances in auditory-visual integration, reading disorders, and poor spelling skills. Early medical and educational intervention for children with a high-risk profile of language delay and severe chronic otitis media is suggested as a possible strategy for preventing the development of a specific learning disability.", "PMID": 82400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8588", "title": "Isoprinosine in classical acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "A prospective double-blind controlled study was performed on the effects of isoprinosine in 81 patients with clinical and histological features of classical acute viral hepatitis. Appetite was assessed daily. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartic aminotransferase, and bilirubin levels were assessed weekly. Changes in biochemical parameters, number of deaths, number of patients showing rise of aminotransferase levels despite treatment, and duration required for appetite to return to normal in each group were compared. Observation was continued for 4 weeks. Contrary to preliminary reports, no therapeutic benefit was demonstrated in any of these parameters. We concluded that isoprinosine was ineffective in the acute phase of classical acute viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Isoprinosine in classical acute viral hepatitis. A prospective double-blind controlled study was performed on the effects of isoprinosine in 81 patients with clinical and histological features of classical acute viral hepatitis. Appetite was assessed daily. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartic aminotransferase, and bilirubin levels were assessed weekly. Changes in biochemical parameters, number of deaths, number of patients showing rise of aminotransferase levels despite treatment, and duration required for appetite to return to normal in each group were compared. Observation was continued for 4 weeks. Contrary to preliminary reports, no therapeutic benefit was demonstrated in any of these parameters. We concluded that isoprinosine was ineffective in the acute phase of classical acute viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 82401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8589", "title": "Significance of meconium in midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis.", "content": "The importance of meconium passage as a sign of the third-trimester fetus in distress is well known. The significance of similar observations in the midtrimester fetus is much less certain. The increasing use of amniocentesis during the middle trimester for the diagnosis of genetic disease makes ascertainment of such data important. Ten instances of meconium-stained amniotic fluid in the last 514 amniocenteses performed at our institution for antenatal genetic diagnosis are reported. Seven pregnancies have ended at term with normal deliveries. Three pregnancies have terminated with fetal death. Meconium staining may be a sign of impending fetal death when passed during the second trimester. When accompanied by alpha-fetoprotein elevation two of three pregnancies terminated with fetal death.", "contents": "Significance of meconium in midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis. The importance of meconium passage as a sign of the third-trimester fetus in distress is well known. The significance of similar observations in the midtrimester fetus is much less certain. The increasing use of amniocentesis during the middle trimester for the diagnosis of genetic disease makes ascertainment of such data important. Ten instances of meconium-stained amniotic fluid in the last 514 amniocenteses performed at our institution for antenatal genetic diagnosis are reported. Seven pregnancies have ended at term with normal deliveries. Three pregnancies have terminated with fetal death. Meconium staining may be a sign of impending fetal death when passed during the second trimester. When accompanied by alpha-fetoprotein elevation two of three pregnancies terminated with fetal death.", "PMID": 82406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8590", "title": "Cultured Plasmodium falciparum used as antigen in a malaria indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Human sera obtained from persons infected with Plasmodium falciparum were tested by a standard indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique using antigen obtained from long term in vitro cultures of two strains of P. falciparum, and antibody in high titer was reproducibly detected. Sera from uninfected persons had undetectable or very low titers of antibody. The use of cultured parasites offers a convenient, stable source of antigens from different P. falciparum strains without requiring their adaptation to primates. Differences observed in IFA titers obtained by reacting immune serum with two different P. falciparum strains suggests the need for further evaluation of strain specificity.", "contents": "Cultured Plasmodium falciparum used as antigen in a malaria indirect fluorescent antibody test. Human sera obtained from persons infected with Plasmodium falciparum were tested by a standard indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique using antigen obtained from long term in vitro cultures of two strains of P. falciparum, and antibody in high titer was reproducibly detected. Sera from uninfected persons had undetectable or very low titers of antibody. The use of cultured parasites offers a convenient, stable source of antigens from different P. falciparum strains without requiring their adaptation to primates. Differences observed in IFA titers obtained by reacting immune serum with two different P. falciparum strains suggests the need for further evaluation of strain specificity.", "PMID": 82407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8591", "title": "Binding of antigen to surface Ig on isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "This study concerns observations on isolated rat mast cells sensitized to specific antigen. Specific binding of antigen to the surface immunoglobulins of these cells could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique as well as by radiolabelled antigen binding and the degree of binding parallelled the allergic reaction as judged by histamine release. Exposure of mast cells to antigen at both low and high antigen concentrations did not change the distribution of the surface immunoglobulins. Furthermore, neither capping not shedding could be induced, even by excessive antigen stimulation. The amount of antigen molecules bound to surface Ig was linearly correlated to the allergic histamine release. When mast cells were sensitized to two antigens of different molecular weight, the cells showed the highest sensitivity to the antigen having the highest molecular weight. These results indicate that both the amount of antigen and the molecular weight of  the antigen bound to surface Ig are important factors in the allergic histamine release from mast cells, whereas surface Ig redistribution is not.", "contents": "Binding of antigen to surface Ig on isolated rat mast cells. This study concerns observations on isolated rat mast cells sensitized to specific antigen. Specific binding of antigen to the surface immunoglobulins of these cells could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique as well as by radiolabelled antigen binding and the degree of binding parallelled the allergic reaction as judged by histamine release. Exposure of mast cells to antigen at both low and high antigen concentrations did not change the distribution of the surface immunoglobulins. Furthermore, neither capping not shedding could be induced, even by excessive antigen stimulation. The amount of antigen molecules bound to surface Ig was linearly correlated to the allergic histamine release. When mast cells were sensitized to two antigens of different molecular weight, the cells showed the highest sensitivity to the antigen having the highest molecular weight. These results indicate that both the amount of antigen and the molecular weight of  the antigen bound to surface Ig are important factors in the allergic histamine release from mast cells, whereas surface Ig redistribution is not.", "PMID": 82408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8592", "title": "[Light microscopic and histochemical results on the innervation of Brunner's glands in the duodenum of laboratory animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Brunner's glands of cats and guinea-pigs for instance are staffed with a well formed nerve plexus of cholinergic and adrenergic axons. Corresponding to numerous neurophysiologic results the excretory glandular cells and the enterochromaffine cells of Brunner's glands are subjected to a differentiated adreno-cholinergic influence.", "contents": "[Light microscopic and histochemical results on the innervation of Brunner's glands in the duodenum of laboratory animals (author's transl)]. Brunner's glands of cats and guinea-pigs for instance are staffed with a well formed nerve plexus of cholinergic and adrenergic axons. Corresponding to numerous neurophysiologic results the excretory glandular cells and the enterochromaffine cells of Brunner's glands are subjected to a differentiated adreno-cholinergic influence.", "PMID": 82410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8593", "title": "PAS-lead hematoxylin as a stain for small-granule endocrine cell populations in the lungs, other pharyngeal derivatives and the gut.", "content": "Epithelial cells of the several subtypes that comprise the small-granule cell population of the respiratory system are little studied, partly because adequate silver, monoamine fluorescence and other specific light microscopical preparations have been more difficult to obtain than in the gut and other organs possessing diffuse endocrine systems. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in combination with MacConaill-Solcia's lead hematoxylin has in our hands proven dependable for routine staining of serial 2-micrometer glycol methacrylate sections used in mapping the distributions of these cells along the airway. In lungs of mice, hamsters, kittens, and fetal rabbits, typical small-granule cells stain weakly or not at all with lead hematoxylin alone, hence are easily overlooked. PAS adds to the cytoplasm a diffuse magenta coloration; and because it is diastase-resistant, less brilliant than that of mucus but more so than bronchiolar cell secretions, and finer textured than lysosomal staining of other cells present, the effect is to highlight small-granule cells whether solitary or in clusters. Additional PAS staining of basement membranes and lead hematoxylin staining of cilia enhance the combined stain's resolving power. In thyroid gland, parafollicular cells stand out boldly against follicular elements; in small intestine, hematoxylin-positive endocrine cells are well differentiated from absorptive, mucous, and Paneth cells that surround them. Using a complementary monoamine fluorescence technique on plastic sections of lungs from control and 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated animals prior to staining, we can show that fluorescent epithelial cells are identical with those stained by PAS-lead hematoxylin.", "contents": "PAS-lead hematoxylin as a stain for small-granule endocrine cell populations in the lungs, other pharyngeal derivatives and the gut. Epithelial cells of the several subtypes that comprise the small-granule cell population of the respiratory system are little studied, partly because adequate silver, monoamine fluorescence and other specific light microscopical preparations have been more difficult to obtain than in the gut and other organs possessing diffuse endocrine systems. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in combination with MacConaill-Solcia's lead hematoxylin has in our hands proven dependable for routine staining of serial 2-micrometer glycol methacrylate sections used in mapping the distributions of these cells along the airway. In lungs of mice, hamsters, kittens, and fetal rabbits, typical small-granule cells stain weakly or not at all with lead hematoxylin alone, hence are easily overlooked. PAS adds to the cytoplasm a diffuse magenta coloration; and because it is diastase-resistant, less brilliant than that of mucus but more so than bronchiolar cell secretions, and finer textured than lysosomal staining of other cells present, the effect is to highlight small-granule cells whether solitary or in clusters. Additional PAS staining of basement membranes and lead hematoxylin staining of cilia enhance the combined stain's resolving power. In thyroid gland, parafollicular cells stand out boldly against follicular elements; in small intestine, hematoxylin-positive endocrine cells are well differentiated from absorptive, mucous, and Paneth cells that surround them. Using a complementary monoamine fluorescence technique on plastic sections of lungs from control and 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated animals prior to staining, we can show that fluorescent epithelial cells are identical with those stained by PAS-lead hematoxylin.", "PMID": 82411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8594", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein and another post-albumin protein in horse serum.", "content": "Horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, on 10% separation gel, of horse serum revealed polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) and another post-albumin protein (Pa). Family data supported the hypothesis that Gc and Pa types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Gc and Pa proteins, the homozygous types showed a single fraction while the heterozygous type had two fractions. Pa types were found to be identical to the post-albumin types reported earlier by starch gel electrophoresis. Two Gc alleles, GcF and GcS, and three Pa alleles, Pa D, Pa F and Pa S, were observed in samples from Swedish (four breeds), Lipizzaner and Arab horses. The frequency of the more common allele at the two loci, i.e. GcF and PaF, ranged from 0.72-0.93 and from 0.58-0.99, respectively, in the different breeds studied. Plasma samples showed an extra protein fraction near the GcS fraction and thus were found unsuitable for Gc typing.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein and another post-albumin protein in horse serum. Horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, on 10% separation gel, of horse serum revealed polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) and another post-albumin protein (Pa). Family data supported the hypothesis that Gc and Pa types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Gc and Pa proteins, the homozygous types showed a single fraction while the heterozygous type had two fractions. Pa types were found to be identical to the post-albumin types reported earlier by starch gel electrophoresis. Two Gc alleles, GcF and GcS, and three Pa alleles, Pa D, Pa F and Pa S, were observed in samples from Swedish (four breeds), Lipizzaner and Arab horses. The frequency of the more common allele at the two loci, i.e. GcF and PaF, ranged from 0.72-0.93 and from 0.58-0.99, respectively, in the different breeds studied. Plasma samples showed an extra protein fraction near the GcS fraction and thus were found unsuitable for Gc typing.", "PMID": 82413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8595", "title": "Standardization of allergen extracts.", "content": "A review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to the standardization of allergenic extracts is presented. Various problems facing practicing allergists are outlined: potency and stability of extracts the reactivity of the patient, in vitro and in vivo methods for assessing potency. Practical recommendations for allergists concerning allergenic extracts and their use are enumerated.", "contents": "Standardization of allergen extracts. A review of clinical and experimental data pertaining to the standardization of allergenic extracts is presented. Various problems facing practicing allergists are outlined: potency and stability of extracts the reactivity of the patient, in vitro and in vivo methods for assessing potency. Practical recommendations for allergists concerning allergenic extracts and their use are enumerated.", "PMID": 82414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8596", "title": "Serologic examination of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "The serologic specificities of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were compared with those reported for the heat-stable typing antigens in the gel diffusion precipitin test. Like the heat-stable typing antigen, the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharide from each of the serotypes reacted only with its homologous antiserum in 14 of the 16 serotypes. The lipopolysaccharide from type strains representing serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with either of the corresponding typing sera, as did field isolates of these serotypes to a lesser extent. Although differences among the properties of these antigens were minor, the lipopolysaccharide appeared to be a major component of the heat-stable antigen responsible for the type specificity.", "contents": "Serologic examination of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides of Pasteurella multocida. The serologic specificities of the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharides from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were compared with those reported for the heat-stable typing antigens in the gel diffusion precipitin test. Like the heat-stable typing antigen, the Westphal-type lipopolysaccharide from each of the serotypes reacted only with its homologous antiserum in 14 of the 16 serotypes. The lipopolysaccharide from type strains representing serotypes 2 and 5 reacted with either of the corresponding typing sera, as did field isolates of these serotypes to a lesser extent. Although differences among the properties of these antigens were minor, the lipopolysaccharide appeared to be a major component of the heat-stable antigen responsible for the type specificity.", "PMID": 82415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8597", "title": "Relief of malignant obstructive jaundice by percutaneous insertion of a permanent prosthesis in the biliary tree.", "content": "Twelve patients with malignant obstruction of the biliary tree were treated by dilating the lesion percutaneously and inserting an internal large-bore teflon prosthesis in place bridging the the stricture. All 12 patients had unresectable neoplasms. The procedure was devised because existing modes of palliation using surgical techniques are associated with significant mortality or mobidity. There are also many problems with nonsurgical catheter drainage. Decompression was achieved in all 12 patients as shown radiographically by passage of contrast into the duodenum. Disappearance of pruitus was achieved in seven of seven patients, and in 10 of 12 disappearance of jaundice (bilirubin, before prosthesis, 18.4 +/- 4.5 mg/dl [mean +/- 1 SD], bilirubin 1 month after prosthesis, 1.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dl [mean +/- 1 SD], P less than 0.001) with improvement of general clinical status was achieved. Percutaneous placement of a permanent biliary tract prosthesis is safe and effective for the palliative decompression of malignant biliary tract obstruction.", "contents": "Relief of malignant obstructive jaundice by percutaneous insertion of a permanent prosthesis in the biliary tree. Twelve patients with malignant obstruction of the biliary tree were treated by dilating the lesion percutaneously and inserting an internal large-bore teflon prosthesis in place bridging the the stricture. All 12 patients had unresectable neoplasms. The procedure was devised because existing modes of palliation using surgical techniques are associated with significant mortality or mobidity. There are also many problems with nonsurgical catheter drainage. Decompression was achieved in all 12 patients as shown radiographically by passage of contrast into the duodenum. Disappearance of pruitus was achieved in seven of seven patients, and in 10 of 12 disappearance of jaundice (bilirubin, before prosthesis, 18.4 +/- 4.5 mg/dl [mean +/- 1 SD], bilirubin 1 month after prosthesis, 1.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dl [mean +/- 1 SD], P less than 0.001) with improvement of general clinical status was achieved. Percutaneous placement of a permanent biliary tract prosthesis is safe and effective for the palliative decompression of malignant biliary tract obstruction.", "PMID": 82416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8598", "title": "[New fluorescence method for staining of human spermatozoa].", "content": "300 human ejaculates from a andrological group of patients were stained for visualisation of the spermatozoal morphology with the new fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol) and examined by fluorescence microscopy. DAPI has proven to be stable, since the preparations do not fade even after long storage periods. It can be utilized in small amounts and has a special affinity for the spermatozoon nucleus, which it stains light yellow, in contrast to the acrosomal parts which are fluorescent green. The method is surprisingly simple and can be carried out in a few minutes. A further advantage of the DAPI procedure lies in the additional staining of leucocytes and microorganisms, so that inflammatory processes of the male accessory organs can be diagnosed as well.", "contents": "[New fluorescence method for staining of human spermatozoa]. 300 human ejaculates from a andrological group of patients were stained for visualisation of the spermatozoal morphology with the new fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol) and examined by fluorescence microscopy. DAPI has proven to be stable, since the preparations do not fade even after long storage periods. It can be utilized in small amounts and has a special affinity for the spermatozoon nucleus, which it stains light yellow, in contrast to the acrosomal parts which are fluorescent green. The method is surprisingly simple and can be carried out in a few minutes. A further advantage of the DAPI procedure lies in the additional staining of leucocytes and microorganisms, so that inflammatory processes of the male accessory organs can be diagnosed as well.", "PMID": 82412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8599", "title": "Palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "We retrospectively reviewed our experience with palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma. During a 3-year period 26 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus underwent peroral esophageal dilation for relief of dysphagia. Twenty-four were able to resume a soft or regular diet after dilation. This improvement was accomplished with low morbidity and no mortality. Dilations were done without additional risk in patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistulae and in patients undergoing radiation therapy. We conclude that esophageal dilation can be done safely and effectively in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Palliative dilation can significantly improve the quality of life for these patients and should be considered an important part of their management plan.", "contents": "Palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with palliative dilation for dysphagia in esophageal carcinoma. During a 3-year period 26 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus underwent peroral esophageal dilation for relief of dysphagia. Twenty-four were able to resume a soft or regular diet after dilation. This improvement was accomplished with low morbidity and no mortality. Dilations were done without additional risk in patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistulae and in patients undergoing radiation therapy. We conclude that esophageal dilation can be done safely and effectively in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Palliative dilation can significantly improve the quality of life for these patients and should be considered an important part of their management plan.", "PMID": 82417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8600", "title": "[Development of follicular and parafollicular adenomas in the thyroid of rats treated with thiamazole (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypothyroidism is induced in rats treated with thiamazole, an antithyroid drug. If this phase lasts long enough, the follicular cells develop adenomas. Within the same period, the number of parafollicular or C cells increases threefold on an average, but without producing corresponding adenomas, the formation of which is inhibited. When treatment is stopped, a second phase appears during which thyroid function reverts to normal. The previously observed inhibition disappears, and, after a period of latency, the hyperplastic C cells develop parafollicular adenomas. The type of tumors to be found in treated rats (either of them, or both simultaneously) is determined by respective durations of the two phases. The endocrine mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Development of follicular and parafollicular adenomas in the thyroid of rats treated with thiamazole (author's transl)]. Hypothyroidism is induced in rats treated with thiamazole, an antithyroid drug. If this phase lasts long enough, the follicular cells develop adenomas. Within the same period, the number of parafollicular or C cells increases threefold on an average, but without producing corresponding adenomas, the formation of which is inhibited. When treatment is stopped, a second phase appears during which thyroid function reverts to normal. The previously observed inhibition disappears, and, after a period of latency, the hyperplastic C cells develop parafollicular adenomas. The type of tumors to be found in treated rats (either of them, or both simultaneously) is determined by respective durations of the two phases. The endocrine mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 82421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8601", "title": "[Problems in detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 135 cell lines was examined for mycoplasma contamination using two techniques: isolation and specific DNA-staining with DAPI or \"Hoechst 33258\". The two techniques showed similar results in 64% of the cases of cell contamination while the remainder was detected only by one or the other techniques: 12,82% by the staining technique and 23% by the isolation technique, which shows that the 2 techniques are complementary. The staining technique is very quick, easy to execute, very sensitive, and should be the method of choice to detect contamination when the mycoplasma do not grow in acellular media.", "contents": "[Problems in detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures (author's transl)]. A total of 135 cell lines was examined for mycoplasma contamination using two techniques: isolation and specific DNA-staining with DAPI or \"Hoechst 33258\". The two techniques showed similar results in 64% of the cases of cell contamination while the remainder was detected only by one or the other techniques: 12,82% by the staining technique and 23% by the isolation technique, which shows that the 2 techniques are complementary. The staining technique is very quick, easy to execute, very sensitive, and should be the method of choice to detect contamination when the mycoplasma do not grow in acellular media.", "PMID": 82418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8602", "title": "Effect of enzymatic adenylylation on dihydrostreptomycin accumulation in Escherichia coli carrying an R-factor: model explaining aminoglycoside resistance by inactivating mechanisms.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli carrying R-factor R71(a), which codes for a streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase, have elevated levels of resistance to dihydrostreptomycin (DHS) compared with isogenic R(-) bacteria. DHS accumulated by whole cells and spheroplasts of R(+) bacteria is lower than that observed for R(-) strains, a result of the absence of the second and more rapid of the two energy-dependent phases of DHS uptake seen in susceptible E. coli. A mutant of R(+)E. coli with reduced DHS resistance has been shown to have reduced levels of streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase activity as well as enhanced drug accumulation. Actively accumulated DHS was recovered from R(+) cells as the adenylylated derivative. Neither was inactivated antibiotic detected in culture filtrates, nor was actively accumulated drug lost from R(+) cells under normal conditions. The cellular distribution of actively accumulated DHS in R(+) and R(-) cells was found to be the same. Membranes isolated from these cells retained only a small fraction ( approximately 1%) of the total cell-associated drug. The R(+) derivative of a mutant with defective energy transduction (E. coli NR-70) and reduced ability to transport aminoglycosides has a significantly higher minimal inhibitory concentration of DHS than its R(+) parent (strain 7). Streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase activity, from comparisons of K(m) values and total activities of enzyme, was the same in both strains. The enzyme has been localized to the exterior surface of the bacterial inner membrane, although isolated membranes lacked detectable enzyme activity. The preceding observations are consistent with the proposal that the level of R71(a)-mediated DHS resistance is the outcome of competition between the rate of adenylylation and the rate of the first energy-dependent phase of DHS transport. When the rate of adenylylation exceeds the first energy-dependent phase, adenylylated DHS is accumulated, apparently in a manner identical to the accumulation of DHS. Unlike DHS, adenylylated DHS does not interact with ribosomes, and, consequently, there is a failure to initiate ribosomally dependent sequelae such as the second energy-dependent phase of accumulation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and/or misreading of mRNA.", "contents": "Effect of enzymatic adenylylation on dihydrostreptomycin accumulation in Escherichia coli carrying an R-factor: model explaining aminoglycoside resistance by inactivating mechanisms. Strains of Escherichia coli carrying R-factor R71(a), which codes for a streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase, have elevated levels of resistance to dihydrostreptomycin (DHS) compared with isogenic R(-) bacteria. DHS accumulated by whole cells and spheroplasts of R(+) bacteria is lower than that observed for R(-) strains, a result of the absence of the second and more rapid of the two energy-dependent phases of DHS uptake seen in susceptible E. coli. A mutant of R(+)E. coli with reduced DHS resistance has been shown to have reduced levels of streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase activity as well as enhanced drug accumulation. Actively accumulated DHS was recovered from R(+) cells as the adenylylated derivative. Neither was inactivated antibiotic detected in culture filtrates, nor was actively accumulated drug lost from R(+) cells under normal conditions. The cellular distribution of actively accumulated DHS in R(+) and R(-) cells was found to be the same. Membranes isolated from these cells retained only a small fraction ( approximately 1%) of the total cell-associated drug. The R(+) derivative of a mutant with defective energy transduction (E. coli NR-70) and reduced ability to transport aminoglycosides has a significantly higher minimal inhibitory concentration of DHS than its R(+) parent (strain 7). Streptomycin-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase activity, from comparisons of K(m) values and total activities of enzyme, was the same in both strains. The enzyme has been localized to the exterior surface of the bacterial inner membrane, although isolated membranes lacked detectable enzyme activity. The preceding observations are consistent with the proposal that the level of R71(a)-mediated DHS resistance is the outcome of competition between the rate of adenylylation and the rate of the first energy-dependent phase of DHS transport. When the rate of adenylylation exceeds the first energy-dependent phase, adenylylated DHS is accumulated, apparently in a manner identical to the accumulation of DHS. Unlike DHS, adenylylated DHS does not interact with ribosomes, and, consequently, there is a failure to initiate ribosomally dependent sequelae such as the second energy-dependent phase of accumulation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and/or misreading of mRNA.", "PMID": 82422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8603", "title": "Iontophoretic application of adenine arabinoside monophosphate to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected hairless mouse skin.", "content": "Several antiviral agents were applied topically or by iontophoresis to hairless mouse skin inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and the chemotherapeutic effectiveness was evaluated. Topical application of iododeoxyuridine, arabinoside A, and adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ara-AMP) moderately decreased the average lesion score, number of mice with paralysis, and number of mice dying in HSV-1-infected animals. Also, the mean survival time was moderately prolonged by topical application of those antiviral agents. When ara-AMP was applied by cathodal (-) iontophoresis to the HSV-1-infected skin, the average lesion score, number of mice with paralysis, and number of mice dying were greatly decreased. Furthermore, the mean survival time of mice was highly increased by cathodal (-) iontophoresis of ara-AMP. The therapeutic efficacy of ara-AMP iontophoresis was much superior to the topical application of iododeoxyuridine, arabinoside A, and ara-AMP. These data suggest that ara-AMP iontophoresis would be the method of choice for the management of HSV-1 skin lesions in hairless mice.", "contents": "Iontophoretic application of adenine arabinoside monophosphate to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected hairless mouse skin. Several antiviral agents were applied topically or by iontophoresis to hairless mouse skin inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and the chemotherapeutic effectiveness was evaluated. Topical application of iododeoxyuridine, arabinoside A, and adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ara-AMP) moderately decreased the average lesion score, number of mice with paralysis, and number of mice dying in HSV-1-infected animals. Also, the mean survival time was moderately prolonged by topical application of those antiviral agents. When ara-AMP was applied by cathodal (-) iontophoresis to the HSV-1-infected skin, the average lesion score, number of mice with paralysis, and number of mice dying were greatly decreased. Furthermore, the mean survival time of mice was highly increased by cathodal (-) iontophoresis of ara-AMP. The therapeutic efficacy of ara-AMP iontophoresis was much superior to the topical application of iododeoxyuridine, arabinoside A, and ara-AMP. These data suggest that ara-AMP iontophoresis would be the method of choice for the management of HSV-1 skin lesions in hairless mice.", "PMID": 82423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8604", "title": "Histochemistry of the dermal ground substance of initial psoriatic lesions.", "content": "30 cases of initial psoriasis were studied. Pinhead-sized lesions, recently appeared, were excised and studied with histochemical methods for acid mucopolysaccharides. In all specimens a well defined reduction of the material stained with colloidal iron, with alcian blue with critical electrolyte concentrations and with toluidine blue was observed in the upper dermis, in particular in the papillary dermis in the center of the lesions, in correspondence of the squirting papillae. The more evident reduction of the staining with alcian blue with 0.1 M and 0.2 M MgCl2 suggests that the changes of the dermal ground substance are predominantly due to an alteration of the hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the dermal ground substance of initial psoriatic lesions. 30 cases of initial psoriasis were studied. Pinhead-sized lesions, recently appeared, were excised and studied with histochemical methods for acid mucopolysaccharides. In all specimens a well defined reduction of the material stained with colloidal iron, with alcian blue with critical electrolyte concentrations and with toluidine blue was observed in the upper dermis, in particular in the papillary dermis in the center of the lesions, in correspondence of the squirting papillae. The more evident reduction of the staining with alcian blue with 0.1 M and 0.2 M MgCl2 suggests that the changes of the dermal ground substance are predominantly due to an alteration of the hyaluronic acid.", "PMID": 82426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8605", "title": "Extrahepatic biliary obstruction by metastatic colon carcinoma.", "content": "Extrahepatic biliary obstruction can be caused by cancer metastatic from the colon to the lymph nodes adjacent to the bile duct. This report details our experience with eight such cases treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the last seven years. The interval between resection of the primary tumor and appearance of jaundice averaged 13 months. The location of the obstruction, preferably defined preoperatively by cholangiography, was low on the common duct in three cases and high in the porta hepatis in five. Relief of biliary obstruction was accomplished by biliary-enteric bypass (four cases), internal biliary stenting by permanent indwelling tube (two cases), or by portal irradiation (two cases). In addition to palliating the symptoms of obstructive jaundice, the period of comfortable survival appears to have been extended: the bypassed patients lived 13-38 months. Erosion of tumor into the duodenum, with resulting gastrointestinal hemorrhage, was an additional problem in three patients. Our overall experience illustrates the value of distinguishing this subgroup of patients from the larger number whose jaundice results from extensive liver metastases, and of treating aggressively those with extrahepatic biliary obstruction.", "contents": "Extrahepatic biliary obstruction by metastatic colon carcinoma. Extrahepatic biliary obstruction can be caused by cancer metastatic from the colon to the lymph nodes adjacent to the bile duct. This report details our experience with eight such cases treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the last seven years. The interval between resection of the primary tumor and appearance of jaundice averaged 13 months. The location of the obstruction, preferably defined preoperatively by cholangiography, was low on the common duct in three cases and high in the porta hepatis in five. Relief of biliary obstruction was accomplished by biliary-enteric bypass (four cases), internal biliary stenting by permanent indwelling tube (two cases), or by portal irradiation (two cases). In addition to palliating the symptoms of obstructive jaundice, the period of comfortable survival appears to have been extended: the bypassed patients lived 13-38 months. Erosion of tumor into the duodenum, with resulting gastrointestinal hemorrhage, was an additional problem in three patients. Our overall experience illustrates the value of distinguishing this subgroup of patients from the larger number whose jaundice results from extensive liver metastases, and of treating aggressively those with extrahepatic biliary obstruction.", "PMID": 82427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8606", "title": "Cellular organization of locus coeruleus in the rat as studied by Golgi method.", "content": "The locus coeruleus (LC) of rats at different ages was studied in sections stained by the Golgi-rapid method. The LC is composed of two types of neurons, medium-sized (20mu x 35mu) and small cells (10mu x 15mu). The medium-sized cells are mainly fusiform in shape and occupy the dorso-caudal part of the nucleus, while pyramidal or multipolar cells frequently occur in the ventral part. Both types of cells bear a moderate to large number of spines on the surface of their soma, which form the main criterion for identifying the LC neurons. Though they radiate several relatively short dendrites in different directions, which bifurcate once or twice, the medio-ventral ramification is prevailing, extending beyond the limit of cells to the pontine central gray adjacent to the LC. The latter region might constitute the principal receptive sites of LC for inputs from various origins. Axons of LC neurons take their initial course either latero-rostral- or latero-caudalwards, while some axons divide dichotomously rostral- and caudalwards. Fine axon collaterals are frequently demonstrated within the LC and sometimes seem to contact with dentrites of LC neurons. Besides this, two kinds of afferents of unknown origins are observed between LC neurons. At least three kinds of small oval neurons are occasionally impregnated, though their axonal distributions cannot be demonstrated.", "contents": "Cellular organization of locus coeruleus in the rat as studied by Golgi method. The locus coeruleus (LC) of rats at different ages was studied in sections stained by the Golgi-rapid method. The LC is composed of two types of neurons, medium-sized (20mu x 35mu) and small cells (10mu x 15mu). The medium-sized cells are mainly fusiform in shape and occupy the dorso-caudal part of the nucleus, while pyramidal or multipolar cells frequently occur in the ventral part. Both types of cells bear a moderate to large number of spines on the surface of their soma, which form the main criterion for identifying the LC neurons. Though they radiate several relatively short dendrites in different directions, which bifurcate once or twice, the medio-ventral ramification is prevailing, extending beyond the limit of cells to the pontine central gray adjacent to the LC. The latter region might constitute the principal receptive sites of LC for inputs from various origins. Axons of LC neurons take their initial course either latero-rostral- or latero-caudalwards, while some axons divide dichotomously rostral- and caudalwards. Fine axon collaterals are frequently demonstrated within the LC and sometimes seem to contact with dentrites of LC neurons. Besides this, two kinds of afferents of unknown origins are observed between LC neurons. At least three kinds of small oval neurons are occasionally impregnated, though their axonal distributions cannot be demonstrated.", "PMID": 82430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8607", "title": "Experimental demonstration of the cell types in the adenohypophysis of the gobiid fish, Rhinogobius brunneus.", "content": "The hypophysis of the common freshwater goby, Rhinogobius brunneus, accompanying gonadal maturation, was studied light microscopically to determine the cell types by the aid of the administration of antithyroidal and antiadrenocortical drugs. It is peculiar in that the hypophysis is entirely buried in the hypothalamus, and that the entire adenohypophysis is covered with a thin layer of the neurohypophysis. Two types of cells, azocarminophil prolactin cells and PbH-positive adrenocorticotrophs, are discernible in the rostral pars distalis. The proximal pars distalis consists of three types of cells: weakly AF positive thyrotrophs, strongly AF positive gonadotrophs and orangenophil somatotrophs. In spite of the application of several stainings, only one cell type, the PbH-positive cell, is demonstrated in the pars intermedia.", "contents": "Experimental demonstration of the cell types in the adenohypophysis of the gobiid fish, Rhinogobius brunneus. The hypophysis of the common freshwater goby, Rhinogobius brunneus, accompanying gonadal maturation, was studied light microscopically to determine the cell types by the aid of the administration of antithyroidal and antiadrenocortical drugs. It is peculiar in that the hypophysis is entirely buried in the hypothalamus, and that the entire adenohypophysis is covered with a thin layer of the neurohypophysis. Two types of cells, azocarminophil prolactin cells and PbH-positive adrenocorticotrophs, are discernible in the rostral pars distalis. The proximal pars distalis consists of three types of cells: weakly AF positive thyrotrophs, strongly AF positive gonadotrophs and orangenophil somatotrophs. In spite of the application of several stainings, only one cell type, the PbH-positive cell, is demonstrated in the pars intermedia.", "PMID": 82431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8608", "title": "Differential staining of collagens type I, II and III by Sirius Red and polarization microscopy.", "content": "Organs of fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammals when stained by Sirius Red and studied with polarization microscopy present different colors in regions where collagens I, II and III have been described. Collagen type I presented a yellow, orange or red color while collagen type III appeared green. Collagen type II, present in cartilage and chondrosarcoma showed a variable color according to the tissue and the species. Its color and morphology however always permitted its clear distinction from collagens type I and type III.", "contents": "Differential staining of collagens type I, II and III by Sirius Red and polarization microscopy. Organs of fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammals when stained by Sirius Red and studied with polarization microscopy present different colors in regions where collagens I, II and III have been described. Collagen type I presented a yellow, orange or red color while collagen type III appeared green. Collagen type II, present in cartilage and chondrosarcoma showed a variable color according to the tissue and the species. Its color and morphology however always permitted its clear distinction from collagens type I and type III.", "PMID": 82432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8609", "title": "Central spherules in pulmonary corpora amylacea.", "content": "Pulmonary corpora amylacea were found in 37 of 6,500 (0.6%) unselected autopsies. The patients had ranged in age from 48 to 87 years (average, 70). Among 1,000 corpora amylacea studied, there were 30 that contained centrally located, more or less intact, hollow spheres 15 to 20 mu in diameter. Morphologic considerations suggest that the spheres are derived from plant spores, and it is suggested that a possible origin is from inspired lycopodium spores, which are used as a dusting powder. Formation of pulmonary corpora amylacea as a reaction to lycopodium could account for the peculiar sporadic incidence of these bodies and their remarkable uniformity in size.", "contents": "Central spherules in pulmonary corpora amylacea. Pulmonary corpora amylacea were found in 37 of 6,500 (0.6%) unselected autopsies. The patients had ranged in age from 48 to 87 years (average, 70). Among 1,000 corpora amylacea studied, there were 30 that contained centrally located, more or less intact, hollow spheres 15 to 20 mu in diameter. Morphologic considerations suggest that the spheres are derived from plant spores, and it is suggested that a possible origin is from inspired lycopodium spores, which are used as a dusting powder. Formation of pulmonary corpora amylacea as a reaction to lycopodium could account for the peculiar sporadic incidence of these bodies and their remarkable uniformity in size.", "PMID": 82433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8610", "title": "Recent advances in the use and indications of Ender's nailing.", "content": "Ender's closed nailing was initially described for osteosynthesis of trochanteric fractures in elderly people. The authors performed about 500 cases, advanced their indications, and applied this technic to two particular types of lesions, segmental fractures of the femur including the neck and shaft, and metastatic fractures of upper femur. They discuss their indications, technical problems and results.", "contents": "Recent advances in the use and indications of Ender's nailing. Ender's closed nailing was initially described for osteosynthesis of trochanteric fractures in elderly people. The authors performed about 500 cases, advanced their indications, and applied this technic to two particular types of lesions, segmental fractures of the femur including the neck and shaft, and metastatic fractures of upper femur. They discuss their indications, technical problems and results.", "PMID": 82434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8611", "title": "Keratopathy following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histochemical studies were carried out on the corneas of three patients in whom identical keratopathy developed following extensive retinal detachment surgery with silicone-oil injection. These studies revealed the presence of granular deposits in Bowman's layer. Histochemistry and electron-probe analysis showed these deposits to be calcium phosphate. No silicone was detected in the tissue.", "contents": "Keratopathy following retinal detachment surgery. Light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histochemical studies were carried out on the corneas of three patients in whom identical keratopathy developed following extensive retinal detachment surgery with silicone-oil injection. These studies revealed the presence of granular deposits in Bowman's layer. Histochemistry and electron-probe analysis showed these deposits to be calcium phosphate. No silicone was detected in the tissue.", "PMID": 82436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8612", "title": "Prevention of surface bacterial contamination of donor corneas.", "content": "A simple method has been developed to reduce contamination in postmortem donor human eyes in anticipation of corneal transplantation. In vivo investigation of albino rabbits demonstrates that vigorous saline solution irrigation is extremely effective in decreasing the surface bacterial counts of the postmortem eye. In vitro and in vivo studies show that Neosporin kills bacteria at room temperature and further show that a tenfold increase in the thimerosal concentration of the Neosporin will kill fungus. Postmortem eyes contaminated by pathogenic organisms can be effectively cleaned by a combination of saline solution irrigation and the new Neosporin-thimerosal solution. No substantial damage of the donor tissue was noted by scanning electron microscopy. Human eyes cultured before this procedure were all contaminated, but after cleansing and immersion, no bacterial or fungal growth occurred.", "contents": "Prevention of surface bacterial contamination of donor corneas. A simple method has been developed to reduce contamination in postmortem donor human eyes in anticipation of corneal transplantation. In vivo investigation of albino rabbits demonstrates that vigorous saline solution irrigation is extremely effective in decreasing the surface bacterial counts of the postmortem eye. In vitro and in vivo studies show that Neosporin kills bacteria at room temperature and further show that a tenfold increase in the thimerosal concentration of the Neosporin will kill fungus. Postmortem eyes contaminated by pathogenic organisms can be effectively cleaned by a combination of saline solution irrigation and the new Neosporin-thimerosal solution. No substantial damage of the donor tissue was noted by scanning electron microscopy. Human eyes cultured before this procedure were all contaminated, but after cleansing and immersion, no bacterial or fungal growth occurred.", "PMID": 82437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8613", "title": "\"What's wrong with my child, doctor; do you think he is slow?\".", "content": "Intellectual handicap is the most frequent of the chronic handicapping conditions of childhood. It is important to make the diagnosis early without unnecessary delay, and also to refer on for special services as soon as possible. The family doctor's role in recognition and treatment of intellectual handicap, and parental reaction to this diagnosis in their children is discussed in this article.", "contents": "\"What's wrong with my child, doctor; do you think he is slow?\". Intellectual handicap is the most frequent of the chronic handicapping conditions of childhood. It is important to make the diagnosis early without unnecessary delay, and also to refer on for special services as soon as possible. The family doctor's role in recognition and treatment of intellectual handicap, and parental reaction to this diagnosis in their children is discussed in this article.", "PMID": 82438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8614", "title": "Parathyroid identification by methylene blue infusion.", "content": "A preoperative infusion of methylene blue was employed in 20 patients undergoing neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism. The dye was noted to stain adenomas and hyperplastic glands a deep purple-blue colour. Normal parathyroid tissue stained to a lesser extent or not at all. All unstained parathyroid tissue was normal histologically. Methylene blue infusion is a safe method of more rapidly identifying parathyroid tissue. Its preferential staining of abnormal parathyroid tissue can assist the surgeon in deciding the extent of his parathyroid excision.", "contents": "Parathyroid identification by methylene blue infusion. A preoperative infusion of methylene blue was employed in 20 patients undergoing neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism. The dye was noted to stain adenomas and hyperplastic glands a deep purple-blue colour. Normal parathyroid tissue stained to a lesser extent or not at all. All unstained parathyroid tissue was normal histologically. Methylene blue infusion is a safe method of more rapidly identifying parathyroid tissue. Its preferential staining of abnormal parathyroid tissue can assist the surgeon in deciding the extent of his parathyroid excision.", "PMID": 82440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8615", "title": "Angiodysplasia of the small bowel: a method of intraoperative identification.", "content": "Two cases of recurrent bleeding from the gastro-intestinal tract are described. The initial diagnosis and the identification of the lesions at laparotomy were difficult problems. In both cases the bleeding was due to a vascular lesion of the small bowel, referred to as angiodysplasia. The lesions were detected before operation by selective angiography and identified at laparotomy by a preoperative and an intraoperative injection of a vital stain through the catheter into the feeding vessels.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia of the small bowel: a method of intraoperative identification. Two cases of recurrent bleeding from the gastro-intestinal tract are described. The initial diagnosis and the identification of the lesions at laparotomy were difficult problems. In both cases the bleeding was due to a vascular lesion of the small bowel, referred to as angiodysplasia. The lesions were detected before operation by selective angiography and identified at laparotomy by a preoperative and an intraoperative injection of a vital stain through the catheter into the feeding vessels.", "PMID": 82441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8616", "title": "Long-term cultivation of functionally-active human foetal hepatocytes.", "content": "Livers from human foetuses obtained from terminations of pregnancy by suction were used to establish long-term cultures of hepatocytes. Functional activities of the hepatocellular population in these cultures were monitored by immunoperoxidase staining during and up to the 90 days' life of the cultures. Intracellular localization of albumin and alpha-foetoprotien in cultures of the same age and from the same specimen indicate that syntheses of these two markers in foetal hepatocytes occur simultaneously. No qualitative differences were observed in the biosynthetic capacity of the cells maintained in tissue culture medium with and without serum. Fibroblast-like cells seen in the almost homogeneous population of hepatocytes did not stain for albumin and alpha-foetoprotein.", "contents": "Long-term cultivation of functionally-active human foetal hepatocytes. Livers from human foetuses obtained from terminations of pregnancy by suction were used to establish long-term cultures of hepatocytes. Functional activities of the hepatocellular population in these cultures were monitored by immunoperoxidase staining during and up to the 90 days' life of the cultures. Intracellular localization of albumin and alpha-foetoprotien in cultures of the same age and from the same specimen indicate that syntheses of these two markers in foetal hepatocytes occur simultaneously. No qualitative differences were observed in the biosynthetic capacity of the cells maintained in tissue culture medium with and without serum. Fibroblast-like cells seen in the almost homogeneous population of hepatocytes did not stain for albumin and alpha-foetoprotein.", "PMID": 82443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8617", "title": "Morphological changes in the human conjunctival epithelium. I. In the normal elderly population.", "content": "Forty-nine biopsies of bulbar conjunctiva from patients with no apparent conjunctival disease were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. No significant morphological changes were recorded in those specimens from patients less than 79 years old. However, in the older age group the epithelium showed irregularities in thickness, a reduction in the goblet cell population, and in 25% the presence of 'hyaline bodies'. The epithelial irregularities consisted of mild superficial stratification, which was observed also in a few of the specimens from the younger age groups. The goblet cells appeared morphologically normal in all age groups. The significance of the hyaline bodies and their possible relationship to goblet cells is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the human conjunctival epithelium. I. In the normal elderly population. Forty-nine biopsies of bulbar conjunctiva from patients with no apparent conjunctival disease were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. No significant morphological changes were recorded in those specimens from patients less than 79 years old. However, in the older age group the epithelium showed irregularities in thickness, a reduction in the goblet cell population, and in 25% the presence of 'hyaline bodies'. The epithelial irregularities consisted of mild superficial stratification, which was observed also in a few of the specimens from the younger age groups. The goblet cells appeared morphologically normal in all age groups. The significance of the hyaline bodies and their possible relationship to goblet cells is discussed.", "PMID": 82444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8618", "title": "Circular dichroism of beta turns in peptides and proteins.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) spectra are reported for two groups of cyclic hexapeptides having beta turns whose geometry can be firmly established by X-ray crystallography and by NMR spectroscopy. One series contains the sequence L-Pro-D-Phe in the geometry of the classical type II beta turn, while the second group has the sequence D-Phe-L-Pro in the closely related geometry of the gramicidin S turn. CD data on the hydrogenated peptides show that in neither series do Cotton effects due to the aromatic phenylalanyl chromophore make a significant contribution to the spectra in the 195--240-nm region. In spite of the close geometric similarity of the beta turns of these two groups of peptides, their CD spectra are quite distinct. Furthermore, comparison of our data with the CD spectra of published models for beta-turn structures suggests that it may not be possible to characterize the contribution of all beta turns to the CD spectra of proteins by a single model curve. the CD spectra of model beta turns will be more useful in characterizing the folding of oligopeptides and sequence polypeptides, where a single type of turn is present.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of beta turns in peptides and proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra are reported for two groups of cyclic hexapeptides having beta turns whose geometry can be firmly established by X-ray crystallography and by NMR spectroscopy. One series contains the sequence L-Pro-D-Phe in the geometry of the classical type II beta turn, while the second group has the sequence D-Phe-L-Pro in the closely related geometry of the gramicidin S turn. CD data on the hydrogenated peptides show that in neither series do Cotton effects due to the aromatic phenylalanyl chromophore make a significant contribution to the spectra in the 195--240-nm region. In spite of the close geometric similarity of the beta turns of these two groups of peptides, their CD spectra are quite distinct. Furthermore, comparison of our data with the CD spectra of published models for beta-turn structures suggests that it may not be possible to characterize the contribution of all beta turns to the CD spectra of proteins by a single model curve. the CD spectra of model beta turns will be more useful in characterizing the folding of oligopeptides and sequence polypeptides, where a single type of turn is present.", "PMID": 82446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8619", "title": "The blockage of the electrical conductance in a pore-containing membrane by the n-alkanes.", "content": "1. In monooelein bilayers made highly conducting by the addition of a fixed amount of o-pyromellitylgramicidin, the membrane conductance has been shown to be strongly dependent on the chain length of the n-alkane with which the membrane is in equilibrium. Thus for n-hexadecane, the conductance is larger by approx. 10(4) times than it is for n-octane. This result is independent of whether the polypeptide is introduced via the aqueous or lipid phases. 2. The observed conductance variations have been accounted for in terms of a mechanism (outlined in earlier publications) which is based on the thickness and tension changes produced in bilayers by the adsorption of n-alkanes. Essentially quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is found.", "contents": "The blockage of the electrical conductance in a pore-containing membrane by the n-alkanes. 1. In monooelein bilayers made highly conducting by the addition of a fixed amount of o-pyromellitylgramicidin, the membrane conductance has been shown to be strongly dependent on the chain length of the n-alkane with which the membrane is in equilibrium. Thus for n-hexadecane, the conductance is larger by approx. 10(4) times than it is for n-octane. This result is independent of whether the polypeptide is introduced via the aqueous or lipid phases. 2. The observed conductance variations have been accounted for in terms of a mechanism (outlined in earlier publications) which is based on the thickness and tension changes produced in bilayers by the adsorption of n-alkanes. Essentially quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is found.", "PMID": 82449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8620", "title": "Inhibition of activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, gamma, and reverse transcriptase of L1210 cells by phosphonoacetic acid.", "content": "Phosphonoacetic acid has been shown to suppress replication of DNA tumor viruses by inhibiting the activity of virus-induced DNA polymerase and consequently viral DNA synthesis. We now have evidence to show that phosphonoacetic acid inhibits also the cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma of L1210 cells as well as reverse transcriptases of two type C viruses. Particularly, the DNA polymerase alpha is just as sensitive as the herpes virus induced DNA polymerase. The DNA polymerases beta and gamma required seven times more phosphonoacetic acid for a 50% inhibition of their activities. Phosphonoacetic acid inhibited the activities of the reverse transcriptase and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase only at higher concentrations. Kinetic analysis with the DNA polymerase alpha showed that the compound is a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrates and uncompetitive inhibitor with the activated DNA template. Studies on time course of phosphonoacetic acid inhibition revealed that the compound is inhibitory even after the initiation of DNA synthesis. Phosphonoacetic acid also inhibited cell growth as well as the type C virus production; at concentrations above 50 microgram/ml, the inhibitory effect was more profound on the type C virus production than on cell growth.", "contents": "Inhibition of activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, gamma, and reverse transcriptase of L1210 cells by phosphonoacetic acid. Phosphonoacetic acid has been shown to suppress replication of DNA tumor viruses by inhibiting the activity of virus-induced DNA polymerase and consequently viral DNA synthesis. We now have evidence to show that phosphonoacetic acid inhibits also the cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma of L1210 cells as well as reverse transcriptases of two type C viruses. Particularly, the DNA polymerase alpha is just as sensitive as the herpes virus induced DNA polymerase. The DNA polymerases beta and gamma required seven times more phosphonoacetic acid for a 50% inhibition of their activities. Phosphonoacetic acid inhibited the activities of the reverse transcriptase and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase only at higher concentrations. Kinetic analysis with the DNA polymerase alpha showed that the compound is a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrates and uncompetitive inhibitor with the activated DNA template. Studies on time course of phosphonoacetic acid inhibition revealed that the compound is inhibitory even after the initiation of DNA synthesis. Phosphonoacetic acid also inhibited cell growth as well as the type C virus production; at concentrations above 50 microgram/ml, the inhibitory effect was more profound on the type C virus production than on cell growth.", "PMID": 82450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8621", "title": "Specificity of DNA base release by bleomycin.", "content": "DNA was treated with bleomycin in the presence of Fe2+ and 2-mercaptoethanol under conditions where only a few percent of the bases were released. Release of all four bases was a linear function of bleomycin concentration, but the amount of thymine released was twice that of cytosine, 7 times that of adenine, and twelve times that of guanine. Unidentified minor products of thymine, of cytosine and of a purine were also released. Bromouracil did not sensitize DNA to bleomycin-induced breakage, and was released at the same rate as thymine.", "contents": "Specificity of DNA base release by bleomycin. DNA was treated with bleomycin in the presence of Fe2+ and 2-mercaptoethanol under conditions where only a few percent of the bases were released. Release of all four bases was a linear function of bleomycin concentration, but the amount of thymine released was twice that of cytosine, 7 times that of adenine, and twelve times that of guanine. Unidentified minor products of thymine, of cytosine and of a purine were also released. Bromouracil did not sensitize DNA to bleomycin-induced breakage, and was released at the same rate as thymine.", "PMID": 82451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8622", "title": "Sequential passage of alpha2mu-globulin through the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during secretion.", "content": "Studies on the synthesis and secretion of the sex-dependent urinary protein, alpha2mu-globulin, have been extended by establishing its sequential passage from the rough to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-rich fractions of the liver of adult male rats. After injection of 14C-labeled amino acids, the maximum radioactivity of alpha2mu occurred at 20 min in the rough, 25 min in the smooth microsomes and 30 or 35 min in the Golgi-rich fractions. Radioactive alpha2mu-globulin appeared in the bloodstream and kidneys after a lag of 20--25 min. Results indicate that alpha2mu-globulin follows a secretory pathway similar to that of serum albumin.", "contents": "Sequential passage of alpha2mu-globulin through the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during secretion. Studies on the synthesis and secretion of the sex-dependent urinary protein, alpha2mu-globulin, have been extended by establishing its sequential passage from the rough to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-rich fractions of the liver of adult male rats. After injection of 14C-labeled amino acids, the maximum radioactivity of alpha2mu occurred at 20 min in the rough, 25 min in the smooth microsomes and 30 or 35 min in the Golgi-rich fractions. Radioactive alpha2mu-globulin appeared in the bloodstream and kidneys after a lag of 20--25 min. Results indicate that alpha2mu-globulin follows a secretory pathway similar to that of serum albumin.", "PMID": 82452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8623", "title": "Bovine alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "Bovine AFP was purified by ion exchange chromatograph on C.M. cellulose and DEAE Sephadex A-50, gel filtration and immunosorbent technique. AFP was homogeneous when studied by gel electrophoresis under non denaturing and denaturing conditions, by ultracentrifugation and by immunological methods. The following molecular data were obtained: 1. Sedimentation equilibrium indicated a molecular weight of 66,500 and sedimentation velocity gave s degrees 20, w = 4.71 S. A partial specific volume v = 0.737 ml g-1 was derived from density measurements. 2. From these data, a Stokes radius of 3.26 nm, a diffusion coefficient D20 w = 6.61 10(-7) cm2 sec-1 and a frictional ratio f/fo = 1.21 were calculated. 2. Sodium dodecylsulphate disc electrophoresis suggests a molecular weight of 67,000. 3. Gel filtration pointed to a molecular weight of 75,000. 4. Microheterogeneity of AFP was demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The isoelectric point of the major component is 4.6. 5. The chemical composition was determined. AFP is a glycoprotein containing 7 per cent carbohydrate including 1.67 per cent hexoses, 2.38 per cent N-acetyl glucosamine and 1.8 per cent N-acetyl neuraminic acid.", "contents": "Bovine alpha-fetoprotein. Isolation and characterization. Bovine AFP was purified by ion exchange chromatograph on C.M. cellulose and DEAE Sephadex A-50, gel filtration and immunosorbent technique. AFP was homogeneous when studied by gel electrophoresis under non denaturing and denaturing conditions, by ultracentrifugation and by immunological methods. The following molecular data were obtained: 1. Sedimentation equilibrium indicated a molecular weight of 66,500 and sedimentation velocity gave s degrees 20, w = 4.71 S. A partial specific volume v = 0.737 ml g-1 was derived from density measurements. 2. From these data, a Stokes radius of 3.26 nm, a diffusion coefficient D20 w = 6.61 10(-7) cm2 sec-1 and a frictional ratio f/fo = 1.21 were calculated. 2. Sodium dodecylsulphate disc electrophoresis suggests a molecular weight of 67,000. 3. Gel filtration pointed to a molecular weight of 75,000. 4. Microheterogeneity of AFP was demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The isoelectric point of the major component is 4.6. 5. The chemical composition was determined. AFP is a glycoprotein containing 7 per cent carbohydrate including 1.67 per cent hexoses, 2.38 per cent N-acetyl glucosamine and 1.8 per cent N-acetyl neuraminic acid.", "PMID": 82453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8624", "title": "Serial measurement of beta2 microglobulin, acute phase reactant proteins and the ESR in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Long-term observation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas indicates they can be sub-divided into two groups with respect to changes in the plasma proteins. The first group has acute phase reactant proteins raised during active disease and sometimes a raised B2m, whilst in remission the protein profile is normal. The second group is typified by a chronic elevation of B2m and ESR but has normal C-RP levels. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia usually has a raised B2 m level and normal acute phase proteins, a subset with low B2 m is described.", "contents": "Serial measurement of beta2 microglobulin, acute phase reactant proteins and the ESR in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Long-term observation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas indicates they can be sub-divided into two groups with respect to changes in the plasma proteins. The first group has acute phase reactant proteins raised during active disease and sometimes a raised B2m, whilst in remission the protein profile is normal. The second group is typified by a chronic elevation of B2m and ESR but has normal C-RP levels. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia usually has a raised B2 m level and normal acute phase proteins, a subset with low B2 m is described.", "PMID": 82455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8625", "title": "[Comparative study of the myoid cells of human embryonal and adult thymus by the indirect immunofluorescence method].", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence method showed that decreased (in comparison with myoid cells of adult human thymus) content of muscle antigens in the myoid elements of the embryonic organ caused a greater secretory activity of these elements at the early embryogenesis. Due to increased secretory activity of the myoid cells internal medium of the embryonic thymus contained more antigens common to the muscle tissue than the adult human thymus. The fact that during the ontogenesis the functional activity of the myoid cells correlated with the rate of lymphoid tissue formation favours a suggestion that heteroorganic antigens provide the thymus lymphocytes with information concerning the autoantigen structure necessary to induce natural immunological tolerance.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the myoid cells of human embryonal and adult thymus by the indirect immunofluorescence method]. The indirect immunofluorescence method showed that decreased (in comparison with myoid cells of adult human thymus) content of muscle antigens in the myoid elements of the embryonic organ caused a greater secretory activity of these elements at the early embryogenesis. Due to increased secretory activity of the myoid cells internal medium of the embryonic thymus contained more antigens common to the muscle tissue than the adult human thymus. The fact that during the ontogenesis the functional activity of the myoid cells correlated with the rate of lymphoid tissue formation favours a suggestion that heteroorganic antigens provide the thymus lymphocytes with information concerning the autoantigen structure necessary to induce natural immunological tolerance.", "PMID": 82456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8626", "title": "Amniotic fluid cell morphology in early antenatal prediction of abortion and low birth weight.", "content": "The morphology of rapidly adherent (RA) amniotic fluid cells was examined in 201 pregnant women referred for amniocentesis because of two sequential high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. Out of 43 amniotic fluid samples containing increased amounts of AFP, 42 had neural or peritoneal cells predominating among the RA cells, the outcome being an infant with a neural-tube defect or exomphalos. In the other case with a raised amniotic fluid AFP concentration but only anterior placental cells the infant was normal. In 25 amniotic fluid samples containing normal amounts of AFP distinctive new patterns of RA cells were observed, termed fetal distress cells. These pregnancies resulted in five spontaneous abortions and 20 infants with birth weights under 2500 g. Fetal distress cells were not detected in any of the remaining 133 samples. One pregnancy was terminated because of a chromosomal abnormality, and there were seven twin pairs not recognised on ultrasonography before amniocentesis. The remaining 125 pregnancies went to term, resulting in infants with birth weights exceeding 2500 g. The results suggest that RA-cell morphology will prove to be of value in the early antenatal prediction of spontaneous abortion and low birth weight.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cell morphology in early antenatal prediction of abortion and low birth weight. The morphology of rapidly adherent (RA) amniotic fluid cells was examined in 201 pregnant women referred for amniocentesis because of two sequential high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. Out of 43 amniotic fluid samples containing increased amounts of AFP, 42 had neural or peritoneal cells predominating among the RA cells, the outcome being an infant with a neural-tube defect or exomphalos. In the other case with a raised amniotic fluid AFP concentration but only anterior placental cells the infant was normal. In 25 amniotic fluid samples containing normal amounts of AFP distinctive new patterns of RA cells were observed, termed fetal distress cells. These pregnancies resulted in five spontaneous abortions and 20 infants with birth weights under 2500 g. Fetal distress cells were not detected in any of the remaining 133 samples. One pregnancy was terminated because of a chromosomal abnormality, and there were seven twin pairs not recognised on ultrasonography before amniocentesis. The remaining 125 pregnancies went to term, resulting in infants with birth weights exceeding 2500 g. The results suggest that RA-cell morphology will prove to be of value in the early antenatal prediction of spontaneous abortion and low birth weight.", "PMID": 82463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8627", "title": "Changes in synaptic function induced by blockage of axonal transport in the rabbit optic pathway.", "content": "This study was undertaken to elucidate the physiological significance of material involved in the rapid axonal transport. The effects of colchicine-induced inhibition of axonal transport in the retinal ganglion cells on the electrophysiological properties of the retrobulbar visual pathways were investigated in Albino rabbits. An impaired signal transmission to the contralateral visual cortex, superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body following flash light stimulation as well as direct optic nerve stimulation appeared 4--6 days after an intravitreous injection of 10--25 microgram colchicine. It was concluded that inhibition of the fast axonal transport within the retinal ganglion cells interferes with transsynaptic signal transmission from optic nerve terminals in the subcortical nuclei. This indicates a functional relationship between material supplied via the rapid phase of axonal transport and an unimpaired transsynaptic signal transmission, previously not revealed in the central nervous system of mammals.", "contents": "Changes in synaptic function induced by blockage of axonal transport in the rabbit optic pathway. This study was undertaken to elucidate the physiological significance of material involved in the rapid axonal transport. The effects of colchicine-induced inhibition of axonal transport in the retinal ganglion cells on the electrophysiological properties of the retrobulbar visual pathways were investigated in Albino rabbits. An impaired signal transmission to the contralateral visual cortex, superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body following flash light stimulation as well as direct optic nerve stimulation appeared 4--6 days after an intravitreous injection of 10--25 microgram colchicine. It was concluded that inhibition of the fast axonal transport within the retinal ganglion cells interferes with transsynaptic signal transmission from optic nerve terminals in the subcortical nuclei. This indicates a functional relationship between material supplied via the rapid phase of axonal transport and an unimpaired transsynaptic signal transmission, previously not revealed in the central nervous system of mammals.", "PMID": 82465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8628", "title": "5-azacytidine in acute leukemia.", "content": "101 patients with acute leukemia in relapse were treated with 5-azacytidine according to three schedules: Regimen A--300 mg/m2(day divided intravenously at 8 hour intervals for 5 days; Regimen B--750 mg/m2 as a single iv pulse dose administered at 2 to 3 weeks intervals; and Regimen C--300 mg/m2/day by continuous infusion daily for 5 days. Twelve patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and six achieved a partial remission (PR) for an overall 18% response rate. Of 78 patients receiving an adequate trial the response rate was 23%. An average of 1.5 courses and a median of 5 weeks were necessary to achieve a response. The median duration of CR patients was 21 weeks and for PR patients it was 5 weeks. Response rates were 24% for Regimen A, 0 for Regimen B, and 1 of 8 for Regimen C. The CR rate for AML and AMML was 13%. Two of eight AMoL patients achieved a CR. Only 2 of 23 ALL patients responded, one of whom achieved a CR. Toxicity included moderate to severe nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, skin rash, and prolonged myelosuppression. 5-azacytidine has significant activity in the acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias.", "contents": "5-azacytidine in acute leukemia. 101 patients with acute leukemia in relapse were treated with 5-azacytidine according to three schedules: Regimen A--300 mg/m2(day divided intravenously at 8 hour intervals for 5 days; Regimen B--750 mg/m2 as a single iv pulse dose administered at 2 to 3 weeks intervals; and Regimen C--300 mg/m2/day by continuous infusion daily for 5 days. Twelve patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and six achieved a partial remission (PR) for an overall 18% response rate. Of 78 patients receiving an adequate trial the response rate was 23%. An average of 1.5 courses and a median of 5 weeks were necessary to achieve a response. The median duration of CR patients was 21 weeks and for PR patients it was 5 weeks. Response rates were 24% for Regimen A, 0 for Regimen B, and 1 of 8 for Regimen C. The CR rate for AML and AMML was 13%. Two of eight AMoL patients achieved a CR. Only 2 of 23 ALL patients responded, one of whom achieved a CR. Toxicity included moderate to severe nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, skin rash, and prolonged myelosuppression. 5-azacytidine has significant activity in the acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias.", "PMID": 82472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8629", "title": "Germ cell tumors (II): VAB II in metastatic testicular cancer.", "content": "Between June 1974 and January 1976, 50 patients with metastatic non-seminometous testicular carcinoma were treated with the VAB II protocol. The induction phase consisted of vinblastine (0.4 mg/kg) and actinomycin D (0.02 mg/kg) on day 1. Bleomycin (0.5 mg/kg) was given by continuous infusion for 7 days, and cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (II) (DDP) (1 mg/kg) was given on day 8. A weekly maintenance of vinblastine and bleomycin, with actinomycin D and DDP on a rotating schedule was given followed by vinblastine, actinomycin D and chlorambucil every 3--4 weeks. Therapy was discontinued after 30--36 months of treatment in the face of continued remission. The response rate was 50% CR, 34% PR with 60% CR and 36% PR in previously untreated patients. Second-look surgery and excision of residual lesions was performed in selected cases. Alopecia, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting were universal. One patient died in the postsurgical period of toxicity from the combination of bleomycin and high concentrations of oxygen. There were seven instances of allergic reactions to DDP. Eleven of 25 complete responders and 4 partial or minor responders who underwent excision of stable disease remain alive from 19 to 35 months following start of therapy, 12 of them without evidence of disease.", "contents": "Germ cell tumors (II): VAB II in metastatic testicular cancer. Between June 1974 and January 1976, 50 patients with metastatic non-seminometous testicular carcinoma were treated with the VAB II protocol. The induction phase consisted of vinblastine (0.4 mg/kg) and actinomycin D (0.02 mg/kg) on day 1. Bleomycin (0.5 mg/kg) was given by continuous infusion for 7 days, and cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (II) (DDP) (1 mg/kg) was given on day 8. A weekly maintenance of vinblastine and bleomycin, with actinomycin D and DDP on a rotating schedule was given followed by vinblastine, actinomycin D and chlorambucil every 3--4 weeks. Therapy was discontinued after 30--36 months of treatment in the face of continued remission. The response rate was 50% CR, 34% PR with 60% CR and 36% PR in previously untreated patients. Second-look surgery and excision of residual lesions was performed in selected cases. Alopecia, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting were universal. One patient died in the postsurgical period of toxicity from the combination of bleomycin and high concentrations of oxygen. There were seven instances of allergic reactions to DDP. Eleven of 25 complete responders and 4 partial or minor responders who underwent excision of stable disease remain alive from 19 to 35 months following start of therapy, 12 of them without evidence of disease.", "PMID": 82473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8630", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin as markers for the effect of postoperative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in testicular cancer.", "content": "Human alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) and chroiongonadotropin (hCG) have been studied in 67 patients with malignant germ cell neoplasia of the testis admitted to the Radium Centre, Aarhus Municipal Hospital within an 18 month period. In 34 patients with nonseminoma, AFP was elevated in 35% of cases and hCG in 38% of cases. Nonseminoma patients who presented with or developed distant metastases showed a significantly higher incidence of elevated tumor markers than patients with local or regional disease. In patients with distant metastases monitoring of AFP and/or hCG was a most sensitive and reliable indicator of disease activity. In the management of such patients these tests are as important as clinical and x-ray examinations.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin as markers for the effect of postoperative radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy in testicular cancer. Human alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) and chroiongonadotropin (hCG) have been studied in 67 patients with malignant germ cell neoplasia of the testis admitted to the Radium Centre, Aarhus Municipal Hospital within an 18 month period. In 34 patients with nonseminoma, AFP was elevated in 35% of cases and hCG in 38% of cases. Nonseminoma patients who presented with or developed distant metastases showed a significantly higher incidence of elevated tumor markers than patients with local or regional disease. In patients with distant metastases monitoring of AFP and/or hCG was a most sensitive and reliable indicator of disease activity. In the management of such patients these tests are as important as clinical and x-ray examinations.", "PMID": 82474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8631", "title": "Dietary lipotropes, hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities, and in vivo covalent binding of aflatoxin B1 in rats.", "content": "Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a nutritionally complete synthetic diet (Diet 1) or a diet marginally deficient in choline and methionine, and lacking folacin (lipotrope deficient, Diet 2) to determine the role of hepatic mixed-function oxidase metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the Diet 2-induced enhancement of AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis previously reported. Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities, as assayed by ethylmorphine N-demethylation, ethoxycoumarin O-dealkylation, cytochrome c reduction, AFB1 metabolism, and cytochrome P-450 content, were all depressed by Diet 2. Furthermore, the proportion of an i.p. dose of AFB (1 mg/kg) that became covalently bonded to DNA and RNA was similarly reduced when measured 6 hr after administration. The formation of AFB1-protein adducts was not influenced by dietary treatment. The depression of DNA and RNA adduct formation in the Diet 2 animals was probably related to the lower mixed-function oxidase activities and not to an alteration of glutathione levels, which remained unchanged by dietary treatment. These results suggest that the marginally lipotrope-deficient diet does not enhance tumor formation through an increased microsomal activation of AFB1. Alternative hypotheses without data are suggested.", "contents": "Dietary lipotropes, hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities, and in vivo covalent binding of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a nutritionally complete synthetic diet (Diet 1) or a diet marginally deficient in choline and methionine, and lacking folacin (lipotrope deficient, Diet 2) to determine the role of hepatic mixed-function oxidase metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the Diet 2-induced enhancement of AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis previously reported. Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities, as assayed by ethylmorphine N-demethylation, ethoxycoumarin O-dealkylation, cytochrome c reduction, AFB1 metabolism, and cytochrome P-450 content, were all depressed by Diet 2. Furthermore, the proportion of an i.p. dose of AFB (1 mg/kg) that became covalently bonded to DNA and RNA was similarly reduced when measured 6 hr after administration. The formation of AFB1-protein adducts was not influenced by dietary treatment. The depression of DNA and RNA adduct formation in the Diet 2 animals was probably related to the lower mixed-function oxidase activities and not to an alteration of glutathione levels, which remained unchanged by dietary treatment. These results suggest that the marginally lipotrope-deficient diet does not enhance tumor formation through an increased microsomal activation of AFB1. Alternative hypotheses without data are suggested.", "PMID": 82478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8632", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of radioiodinated myeloblastic leukemia-associated cell surface glycoprotein antigen.", "content": "Peripheral blood myeloblasts from five patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and peripheral remission leukocytes from two of these patients were radiolabeled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface radioiodination technique and incubated in a nutrient medium at 37 degrees. Radioactive materials shed from viable cells into the supernatant at 24 hr were purified by gel filtration and by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The radiolabeled leukemic cells shed relatively few molecular species into the culture medium. The DEAE-cellulose eluate usually contained one major peak in which radioactivity and protein levels were coincident; the molecular weight of this compound was 350,000 to 400,000, and it contained carbohydrate as well as protein. Glycoprotein shed from leukemic cells was specifically reactive in a coprecipitation assay with defined antimyeloblast alloantisera obtained from leukemic patients receiving immunotherapy. No reaction was seen with antisera directed against HLA or B-cell antigens. Material shed from remission cells did not coprecipitate with antileukemic antisera. The isolation of radioactively labeled antigen derived from myeloblasts may ultimately allow the monitoring of human antigen levels in leukemic blood by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of radioiodinated myeloblastic leukemia-associated cell surface glycoprotein antigen. Peripheral blood myeloblasts from five patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and peripheral remission leukocytes from two of these patients were radiolabeled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface radioiodination technique and incubated in a nutrient medium at 37 degrees. Radioactive materials shed from viable cells into the supernatant at 24 hr were purified by gel filtration and by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The radiolabeled leukemic cells shed relatively few molecular species into the culture medium. The DEAE-cellulose eluate usually contained one major peak in which radioactivity and protein levels were coincident; the molecular weight of this compound was 350,000 to 400,000, and it contained carbohydrate as well as protein. Glycoprotein shed from leukemic cells was specifically reactive in a coprecipitation assay with defined antimyeloblast alloantisera obtained from leukemic patients receiving immunotherapy. No reaction was seen with antisera directed against HLA or B-cell antigens. Material shed from remission cells did not coprecipitate with antileukemic antisera. The isolation of radioactively labeled antigen derived from myeloblasts may ultimately allow the monitoring of human antigen levels in leukemic blood by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 82480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8633", "title": "Differential control of synergistic effect with polyene macrolide antibiotics upon Chinese hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "An amphotericin B-resistant cell (AMBR-1), which was isolated from aneuploid Chinese hamster cells (V79), was found to show much higher resistance than the parent V79 cells to other polyene antibiotics, such as pentamycin and filipin. To obtain the 50 to 60% inhibition of the control protein synthesis activity by a synergistic combination of fusidic acid and amphotericin B, 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 10 microgram amphotericin B in V79 cells, whereas in AMBR cells 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 100 microgram polyene antibiotic per ml. Bleomycin (10 microgram/ml), which alone did not affect cellular DNA synthesis, inhibited DNA synthesis of V79 cells by more than 90% of the control activity when combined with only 1 microgram pentamycin per ml, whereas a similar extent of inhibition in AMBR cells was observed by combination with more than 5 microgram pentamycin per ml.", "contents": "Differential control of synergistic effect with polyene macrolide antibiotics upon Chinese hamster cells in vitro. An amphotericin B-resistant cell (AMBR-1), which was isolated from aneuploid Chinese hamster cells (V79), was found to show much higher resistance than the parent V79 cells to other polyene antibiotics, such as pentamycin and filipin. To obtain the 50 to 60% inhibition of the control protein synthesis activity by a synergistic combination of fusidic acid and amphotericin B, 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 10 microgram amphotericin B in V79 cells, whereas in AMBR cells 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 100 microgram polyene antibiotic per ml. Bleomycin (10 microgram/ml), which alone did not affect cellular DNA synthesis, inhibited DNA synthesis of V79 cells by more than 90% of the control activity when combined with only 1 microgram pentamycin per ml, whereas a similar extent of inhibition in AMBR cells was observed by combination with more than 5 microgram pentamycin per ml.", "PMID": 82481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8634", "title": "Computerized nuclear morphometry as an objective method for characterizing human cancer cell populations.", "content": "A new method for measuring differences in nuclear detail in chrome alum gallocyanin-stained nuclei of cells from human breast cancers was compared with conventional subjective grading and classification systems. The new method, termed computerized nuclear morphometry (CNM), gives a multivariate numerical score that correlates well with nuclear atypia and gives a higher reproducibility of classification than do subjective observations with conventional histological preparations. When 100 individual nuclei from each of 137 breast cancers were examined by CNM, there was a broad CNM score variation between patients but a good reproducibility for each tumor. When different parts of the same tumor were sampled, there was good reproducibility between samples, indicating that some breast cancers at least are \"geometrically monoclonal.\" When these cancers were compared by the grading systems of WHO and Black, correlations of 0.43 and 0.48, respectively, were found. There was a poor correlation between CNM and classifications of tumor type, but in general there were high values for CNM in medullary tumors and low values in mucous tumors. Correlations between CNM and tumor progression and prognosis await future study of patients participating in the study.", "contents": "Computerized nuclear morphometry as an objective method for characterizing human cancer cell populations. A new method for measuring differences in nuclear detail in chrome alum gallocyanin-stained nuclei of cells from human breast cancers was compared with conventional subjective grading and classification systems. The new method, termed computerized nuclear morphometry (CNM), gives a multivariate numerical score that correlates well with nuclear atypia and gives a higher reproducibility of classification than do subjective observations with conventional histological preparations. When 100 individual nuclei from each of 137 breast cancers were examined by CNM, there was a broad CNM score variation between patients but a good reproducibility for each tumor. When different parts of the same tumor were sampled, there was good reproducibility between samples, indicating that some breast cancers at least are \"geometrically monoclonal.\" When these cancers were compared by the grading systems of WHO and Black, correlations of 0.43 and 0.48, respectively, were found. There was a poor correlation between CNM and classifications of tumor type, but in general there were high values for CNM in medullary tumors and low values in mucous tumors. Correlations between CNM and tumor progression and prognosis await future study of patients participating in the study.", "PMID": 82482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8635", "title": "Protein synthesis by rat transplantable yolk sac tumor and its relation to the cytosol levels of translatable messenger RNA's.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was shown to be the major secretory protein produced in vitro by normal rat yolk sacs. While not so active, AFP production was also detected in the transplantable tumors derived from normal yolk sacs. The major secretory protein synthesized by the tumor cells had a molecular weight of 40,000 and was reactive with an anti-rat albumin antibody. The functional messenger RNA's coding for these proteins were quantitated by translation in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ followed by specific immunoprecipitation of the newly synthesized peptides. The overall template activity of the RNA prepared from the normal yolk sacs and yolk sac tumor cells was virtually identical. The cytosol RNA prepared from the normal yolk sacs was approximately 12 times more active than that from the tumor cells in directing the synthesis of AFP. The presence of the cytosol RNA prepared from the tumor cells was required for the synthesis of proteins immunoprecipitable with the antialbumin antibody. These results suggest that the changes in AFP and albumin synthesis can be accounted for by a corresponding change in the levels of functional messenger RNA's coding for these proteins.", "contents": "Protein synthesis by rat transplantable yolk sac tumor and its relation to the cytosol levels of translatable messenger RNA's. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was shown to be the major secretory protein produced in vitro by normal rat yolk sacs. While not so active, AFP production was also detected in the transplantable tumors derived from normal yolk sacs. The major secretory protein synthesized by the tumor cells had a molecular weight of 40,000 and was reactive with an anti-rat albumin antibody. The functional messenger RNA's coding for these proteins were quantitated by translation in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ followed by specific immunoprecipitation of the newly synthesized peptides. The overall template activity of the RNA prepared from the normal yolk sacs and yolk sac tumor cells was virtually identical. The cytosol RNA prepared from the normal yolk sacs was approximately 12 times more active than that from the tumor cells in directing the synthesis of AFP. The presence of the cytosol RNA prepared from the tumor cells was required for the synthesis of proteins immunoprecipitable with the antialbumin antibody. These results suggest that the changes in AFP and albumin synthesis can be accounted for by a corresponding change in the levels of functional messenger RNA's coding for these proteins.", "PMID": 82483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8636", "title": "Quantitative description of cell cycle kinetics under chemotherapy utilizing flow cytometry.", "content": "A discrete time cell cycle kinetics model is developed to account for the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly including the existence of cells destined to die. A model structure is determined from related experiments, leaving key parameter values undetermined. These values are found by determining the best least squares fit of the predicted to the observed DNA distribution data at a series of time intervals. The numerical methods include separable least squares, linear inequality constrained least squares and the Gauss--Newton method. This approach is applied to an experiment in which the Ehrlich ascites tumour was given a single dose of bleomycin. The results include several different parameters, including the age response function and a time series of cell age and DNA distributions, which can be used as a basis for further treatment.", "contents": "Quantitative description of cell cycle kinetics under chemotherapy utilizing flow cytometry. A discrete time cell cycle kinetics model is developed to account for the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly including the existence of cells destined to die. A model structure is determined from related experiments, leaving key parameter values undetermined. These values are found by determining the best least squares fit of the predicted to the observed DNA distribution data at a series of time intervals. The numerical methods include separable least squares, linear inequality constrained least squares and the Gauss--Newton method. This approach is applied to an experiment in which the Ehrlich ascites tumour was given a single dose of bleomycin. The results include several different parameters, including the age response function and a time series of cell age and DNA distributions, which can be used as a basis for further treatment.", "PMID": 82484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8637", "title": "The hypothalamic neurosecretory systems of the Japanese quail as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Within 24-48 h after injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the neural lobe or into the median eminence of adult Japanese quail dense accumulations of its reaction product (HRP-RP) can be demonstrated in axons of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract and in the magnocellular neurosecretory perikarya of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as well as in scattered neurons of the accessory hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei. The HRP-RP-containing nerve fibers, which are beaded in appearance, occur prominently in the internal zone of the median eminence. They turn dorsally at its anterior border to become widely distributed in the retrochiasmatic region and extended to the paraventricular, supraoptic areas. These observations confirm more directly conclusions drawn earlier from Gomori-type preparations and from immunologic demonstration of arginine vasotocin, mesotocin and neurophysin. HRP-RP was also found in perikarya of parvocellular secretory neurons in the infundibular nucleus 48 h after injection of HRP into the median eminence but not after injection into the pars nervosa. This provides direct evidence that a conspicuous component of the tubero-infundibular tract is formed by axons of tuberal neurons that originate from the infundibular nucleus and pass directly into the median eminence.", "contents": "The hypothalamic neurosecretory systems of the Japanese quail as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Within 24-48 h after injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the neural lobe or into the median eminence of adult Japanese quail dense accumulations of its reaction product (HRP-RP) can be demonstrated in axons of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract and in the magnocellular neurosecretory perikarya of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as well as in scattered neurons of the accessory hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei. The HRP-RP-containing nerve fibers, which are beaded in appearance, occur prominently in the internal zone of the median eminence. They turn dorsally at its anterior border to become widely distributed in the retrochiasmatic region and extended to the paraventricular, supraoptic areas. These observations confirm more directly conclusions drawn earlier from Gomori-type preparations and from immunologic demonstration of arginine vasotocin, mesotocin and neurophysin. HRP-RP was also found in perikarya of parvocellular secretory neurons in the infundibular nucleus 48 h after injection of HRP into the median eminence but not after injection into the pars nervosa. This provides direct evidence that a conspicuous component of the tubero-infundibular tract is formed by axons of tuberal neurons that originate from the infundibular nucleus and pass directly into the median eminence.", "PMID": 82485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8638", "title": "Effects of benzo(a)pyrene adducts of DNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Two diol epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), and benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide, have been used to make adducts in the homopolymers polyribocytidylic acid, (rC); polyriboadenylic acid (rA), polydeoxycytidylic acid (dC) and polydeoxyadenylic acid (dA). With appropriate oligomers as primers these modified and unmodified polynucleotides were used as templates for DNA synthesis with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase (AMV) or E. coli Pol I DNA polymerase. We have found that: (1) the size of the DNA product is not markedly decreased by the presence of these these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts in the templates; (2) the presence of adducts does not lead to increased incorporation of erroneous bases. These results, supported by kinetic data, suggest that these polymerases can bypass a site containing an adduct on the template without leaving a gap or causing misincorporation of a base and they imply that mutagenesis by BP may not be attributable to either of these mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of benzo(a)pyrene adducts of DNA synthesis in vitro. Two diol epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), and benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide, have been used to make adducts in the homopolymers polyribocytidylic acid, (rC); polyriboadenylic acid (rA), polydeoxycytidylic acid (dC) and polydeoxyadenylic acid (dA). With appropriate oligomers as primers these modified and unmodified polynucleotides were used as templates for DNA synthesis with avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase (AMV) or E. coli Pol I DNA polymerase. We have found that: (1) the size of the DNA product is not markedly decreased by the presence of these these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts in the templates; (2) the presence of adducts does not lead to increased incorporation of erroneous bases. These results, supported by kinetic data, suggest that these polymerases can bypass a site containing an adduct on the template without leaving a gap or causing misincorporation of a base and they imply that mutagenesis by BP may not be attributable to either of these mechanisms.", "PMID": 82490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8639", "title": "[Abortive effect of autologous anti-alpha-fetoprotein antibodies in the rat].", "content": "Female Commentry Rats 80--85 days old, were immunized by 5 intramuscular injections of Mouse alphafetoprotein (AFP) and then mated. After fertilization a supplementary injections was administered. The animals were bled at different times and killed immediately after the last bleeding on the 19 or 20th day of gestation. Titers of AFP and of autologous anti-AFP antibodies in the maternal blood were determined as well as the AFP concentration in the pooled amniotic fluids from live embryos of each litter. Compared to non-immunized control series, the total of live and dead embryos per litter in animals immunized with Mouse AFP showed no difference. However, the number of live embryos was on the average 50% lower than that in the control series. The serum titers of AFP and of antibodies to autologous AFP in immunized pregnant Rats bearing dead embryos decreased concomitantly with the number of live embryos. The results reported herein demonstrate that the presence of anti-autologous AFP antibodies in pregnant Rats correlates with the interruption of development in a significant proportions of embryos. This suggests that certain spontaneous abortions in the Rat and perhaps in other mammals can be explained by the rupture of immunological tolerance to autologous AFP.", "contents": "[Abortive effect of autologous anti-alpha-fetoprotein antibodies in the rat]. Female Commentry Rats 80--85 days old, were immunized by 5 intramuscular injections of Mouse alphafetoprotein (AFP) and then mated. After fertilization a supplementary injections was administered. The animals were bled at different times and killed immediately after the last bleeding on the 19 or 20th day of gestation. Titers of AFP and of autologous anti-AFP antibodies in the maternal blood were determined as well as the AFP concentration in the pooled amniotic fluids from live embryos of each litter. Compared to non-immunized control series, the total of live and dead embryos per litter in animals immunized with Mouse AFP showed no difference. However, the number of live embryos was on the average 50% lower than that in the control series. The serum titers of AFP and of antibodies to autologous AFP in immunized pregnant Rats bearing dead embryos decreased concomitantly with the number of live embryos. The results reported herein demonstrate that the presence of anti-autologous AFP antibodies in pregnant Rats correlates with the interruption of development in a significant proportions of embryos. This suggests that certain spontaneous abortions in the Rat and perhaps in other mammals can be explained by the rupture of immunological tolerance to autologous AFP.", "PMID": 82492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8640", "title": "Polystyrene tube immunoradiometric assay for human alpha1-fetoprotein, and its use for mass screening.", "content": "We describe a two-site immunoradiometric assay for human alpha1-fetoprotein, with use of antibody-coated polystyrene tubes as solid phase. The sensitivity, precision, and simplicity of this system make it eminently suitable for mass-screening purposes. We currently use it for neonatal detection of hereditary tyrosinemia in the Province of Quebec; measurements are made on blood spotted and dried on paper. This system could be well suited for other mass surveys, such as prenatal screenings for fetal abnormalities.", "contents": "Polystyrene tube immunoradiometric assay for human alpha1-fetoprotein, and its use for mass screening. We describe a two-site immunoradiometric assay for human alpha1-fetoprotein, with use of antibody-coated polystyrene tubes as solid phase. The sensitivity, precision, and simplicity of this system make it eminently suitable for mass-screening purposes. We currently use it for neonatal detection of hereditary tyrosinemia in the Province of Quebec; measurements are made on blood spotted and dried on paper. This system could be well suited for other mass surveys, such as prenatal screenings for fetal abnormalities.", "PMID": 82493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8641", "title": "Serum elastase inhibitors in cardio-vascular diseases.", "content": "Serum elastase inhibiting capacity was measured in three groups: 150 control subjects, 38 hospitalized children without cardiovacular diseases and 202 hospitalized patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The values obtained were 53% in control adult subjects and 79% (range 45--90%) in the hospitalized patient groups. The highest levels were recorded at the acute phase of myocardial infarction. The levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) were determined by radial immunodiffusion technique for various levels of inhibitory power. No correlation was found between the inhibitory power levels and the alpha1-AT and alpha2-M levels. This study suggests that other proteins may intervene in the inhibition process of elastolysis.", "contents": "Serum elastase inhibitors in cardio-vascular diseases. Serum elastase inhibiting capacity was measured in three groups: 150 control subjects, 38 hospitalized children without cardiovacular diseases and 202 hospitalized patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The values obtained were 53% in control adult subjects and 79% (range 45--90%) in the hospitalized patient groups. The highest levels were recorded at the acute phase of myocardial infarction. The levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) were determined by radial immunodiffusion technique for various levels of inhibitory power. No correlation was found between the inhibitory power levels and the alpha1-AT and alpha2-M levels. This study suggests that other proteins may intervene in the inhibition process of elastolysis.", "PMID": 82494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8642", "title": "Human alpha2-macroglobulin and its antitrypsic and antithrombin activities in serum and plasma.", "content": "alpha2-Macroglobulin level, trypsin protein esterase and progressive antithrombin activities were measured in normal and nephrotic sera and plasma. Trypsin protein esterase activity was proportional to the alpha2-macroglobulin concentration in serum and plasma from both normal and nephrotic patients. The results were different, however, with progressive antithrombin activity: in normal plasma, antithrombin III is the main thrombin inhibitor, then alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, whereas in nephrotic syndrome patients, alpha2-macroglobulin is the main thrombin inhibitor.", "contents": "Human alpha2-macroglobulin and its antitrypsic and antithrombin activities in serum and plasma. alpha2-Macroglobulin level, trypsin protein esterase and progressive antithrombin activities were measured in normal and nephrotic sera and plasma. Trypsin protein esterase activity was proportional to the alpha2-macroglobulin concentration in serum and plasma from both normal and nephrotic patients. The results were different, however, with progressive antithrombin activity: in normal plasma, antithrombin III is the main thrombin inhibitor, then alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin, whereas in nephrotic syndrome patients, alpha2-macroglobulin is the main thrombin inhibitor.", "PMID": 82495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8643", "title": "A rapid and inexpensive laser nephelometric assay for plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein levels.", "content": "A laser neophelometric method for the measurement of maternal plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein levels is described. Fifty plasma specimens can be analysed within four hours at a low reagent cost. The assay has been used to determine the range of plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein concentrations in 212 normal pregnancies of from 31 to 41 weeks gestation.", "contents": "A rapid and inexpensive laser nephelometric assay for plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein levels. A laser neophelometric method for the measurement of maternal plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein levels is described. Fifty plasma specimens can be analysed within four hours at a low reagent cost. The assay has been used to determine the range of plasma pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein concentrations in 212 normal pregnancies of from 31 to 41 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 82496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8644", "title": "The fatty acid composition of skin and plasma lipids in Refsum's disease.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of the skin and plasma lipids is described in a patient severely affected by Refsum's disease whose plasma phytanic acid concentration was very high (3.1 mg/ml). In the epidermal lipids, especially in the phospholipid fraction, phytanic acid tended to replace linoleic acid and to some extent arachidonic acid. In some respects the changes in the skin in Refsum's disease resemble those of essential fatty acid deficiency.", "contents": "The fatty acid composition of skin and plasma lipids in Refsum's disease. The fatty acid composition of the skin and plasma lipids is described in a patient severely affected by Refsum's disease whose plasma phytanic acid concentration was very high (3.1 mg/ml). In the epidermal lipids, especially in the phospholipid fraction, phytanic acid tended to replace linoleic acid and to some extent arachidonic acid. In some respects the changes in the skin in Refsum's disease resemble those of essential fatty acid deficiency.", "PMID": 82497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8645", "title": "Inhibition of viral reverse transcriptase and human sperm DNA polymerase by anti-sperm antibodies.", "content": "The IgG fraction of serum from a rabbit immunized with detergent-prepared human sperm nuclei inhibited the DNA polymerase activities in human sperm and seminal fluid as well as the partially purified reverse transcriptase of the baboon endogenous type-C retrovirus (BEV). The analogous enzymes from lysates of oncogenic type-C viruses was unaffected. IgG from the serum of individual partners from infertile marriages similarly inhibited both purified BEV reverse transcriptase and human sperm DNA polymerase, but not a DNA polymerase isolated from human prostatic fluid. The data suggest that BEV reverse transcriptase and the human sperm DNA polymerase are antigenically related. Furthermore, the sperm appears to be auto-antigenic and the antibodies thus formed may be capable of interfering with reproductive success.", "contents": "Inhibition of viral reverse transcriptase and human sperm DNA polymerase by anti-sperm antibodies. The IgG fraction of serum from a rabbit immunized with detergent-prepared human sperm nuclei inhibited the DNA polymerase activities in human sperm and seminal fluid as well as the partially purified reverse transcriptase of the baboon endogenous type-C retrovirus (BEV). The analogous enzymes from lysates of oncogenic type-C viruses was unaffected. IgG from the serum of individual partners from infertile marriages similarly inhibited both purified BEV reverse transcriptase and human sperm DNA polymerase, but not a DNA polymerase isolated from human prostatic fluid. The data suggest that BEV reverse transcriptase and the human sperm DNA polymerase are antigenically related. Furthermore, the sperm appears to be auto-antigenic and the antibodies thus formed may be capable of interfering with reproductive success.", "PMID": 82498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8646", "title": "Electron microscopic detection of phleomycin during different waves of replication in regenerating skeletal muscle of mice following staining with mercuric chloride.", "content": "Phleomycin has devastating effects on regeneration of skeletal muscle when applied during an early wave of replication in the pre-myotube (new fibre) period of the reaction. The effect cannot be explained from the contribution of dividing cells to myotubes. Phleomycin's effects on regeneration are much less severe when the challenge coincides with a later wave of pre-myotube proliferation, effects that can be explained from the contribution of such cells to new muscle. An attempt has been made, by means of electron microscopy, to explain how phleomycin distributes early versus late wave cells, using a mercury substitution stain to detect the antibiotic. Cells of the two periods showed conspicuous differences in the staining characteristics of their chromatin. Positive staining reactions outside the nucleus were confined mainly to ribosomes. Exceptions included materials in transit across nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic detection of phleomycin during different waves of replication in regenerating skeletal muscle of mice following staining with mercuric chloride. Phleomycin has devastating effects on regeneration of skeletal muscle when applied during an early wave of replication in the pre-myotube (new fibre) period of the reaction. The effect cannot be explained from the contribution of dividing cells to myotubes. Phleomycin's effects on regeneration are much less severe when the challenge coincides with a later wave of pre-myotube proliferation, effects that can be explained from the contribution of such cells to new muscle. An attempt has been made, by means of electron microscopy, to explain how phleomycin distributes early versus late wave cells, using a mercury substitution stain to detect the antibiotic. Cells of the two periods showed conspicuous differences in the staining characteristics of their chromatin. Positive staining reactions outside the nucleus were confined mainly to ribosomes. Exceptions included materials in transit across nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes.", "PMID": 82502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8647", "title": "[Suggestions on the control and stimulation of cellular immunity in cancer].", "content": "Seventy patients suffering from cancer have been treated since 1969 with intracutaneous injections of autogenous carcinoma cells. This should stimulate cellular immunity through the skin. A stimulation and reactivation of cellular immunity seems to be possible. The cellular reaction at the injection site supplied useful hints for the evaluation of the state of immunity. The possibility of improving cellular resistance through immune gamma globulin in pigs treated with carcinoma cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Suggestions on the control and stimulation of cellular immunity in cancer]. Seventy patients suffering from cancer have been treated since 1969 with intracutaneous injections of autogenous carcinoma cells. This should stimulate cellular immunity through the skin. A stimulation and reactivation of cellular immunity seems to be possible. The cellular reaction at the injection site supplied useful hints for the evaluation of the state of immunity. The possibility of improving cellular resistance through immune gamma globulin in pigs treated with carcinoma cells is discussed.", "PMID": 82503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8648", "title": "The very low birthweight infant: impact on parents during the pre-school years.", "content": "This paper presents follow-up data on 75 families who had children born between 1970 and 1971 at birthweights under 1501 g (very low birthweight: VLBW) and a comparison group of 55 families who had children born at the same time but at birthweights over 2500 g. An interview done when the children were 3--5 yr old revealed that parents with a VLBW child gave a less favourable evaluation of their child in 2 of 7 areas considered: development and play. These differences of evaluation were caused by a subgroup of 22 VLBW children with neurological and/or intellectual defects. No evidence came forth to indicate that the experience of having a VLBW child had significant or continuing impact on the family. An absence of serious social problems such as child abuse or the child's failure to thrive were noted.", "contents": "The very low birthweight infant: impact on parents during the pre-school years. This paper presents follow-up data on 75 families who had children born between 1970 and 1971 at birthweights under 1501 g (very low birthweight: VLBW) and a comparison group of 55 families who had children born at the same time but at birthweights over 2500 g. An interview done when the children were 3--5 yr old revealed that parents with a VLBW child gave a less favourable evaluation of their child in 2 of 7 areas considered: development and play. These differences of evaluation were caused by a subgroup of 22 VLBW children with neurological and/or intellectual defects. No evidence came forth to indicate that the experience of having a VLBW child had significant or continuing impact on the family. An absence of serious social problems such as child abuse or the child's failure to thrive were noted.", "PMID": 82505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8649", "title": "Behavioral ototoxicology.", "content": "Methods for the evaluation in experimental animals of toxic substances that produce hearing impairment are described. In the experiments reported here, animals were trained by positive reinforcement operant conditioning procedures so that their hearing could be examined by behavioral means. When normal hearing was established, aminoglycosidic antibiotics (kanamycin and dihydrostreptomycin) were given daily and hearing tests administered in order that the course of hearing loss could be closely followed. Initial loss of sensitivity to the high frequencies always progressed in time to impairment at the low frequencies, and these changes in hearing were correlated with a loss of receptor cells in the inner ear which started in the basal region of the cochlea and advanced toward the apex. Although such behavioral procedures are moderately expensive to instrument and relatively time-consuming to apply, they are shown to yield valid quantitative measures of hearing. Further, they provide for reliable early detection of the toxic process and a measure of behavioral impairment that can be precisely related to the histopathological changes that occur simultaneously in the inner ear and auditory nerve.", "contents": "Behavioral ototoxicology. Methods for the evaluation in experimental animals of toxic substances that produce hearing impairment are described. In the experiments reported here, animals were trained by positive reinforcement operant conditioning procedures so that their hearing could be examined by behavioral means. When normal hearing was established, aminoglycosidic antibiotics (kanamycin and dihydrostreptomycin) were given daily and hearing tests administered in order that the course of hearing loss could be closely followed. Initial loss of sensitivity to the high frequencies always progressed in time to impairment at the low frequencies, and these changes in hearing were correlated with a loss of receptor cells in the inner ear which started in the basal region of the cochlea and advanced toward the apex. Although such behavioral procedures are moderately expensive to instrument and relatively time-consuming to apply, they are shown to yield valid quantitative measures of hearing. Further, they provide for reliable early detection of the toxic process and a measure of behavioral impairment that can be precisely related to the histopathological changes that occur simultaneously in the inner ear and auditory nerve.", "PMID": 82507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8650", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalitis: study of cellular immunity during disease suppression.", "content": "Administration in complete Freund's adjuvant of encephalitogenic protein (EP), derived from central nervous tissue to guinea pigs, regularly results in the development of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) which leads to the death of the animals. Administration of EP in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at an appropriate time will completely suppress the clinical development of disease. Results reported herein show that animals receiving suppressive injections of EP for 7 days show depression of lymphocyte DNA synthesis and macrophage migration inhibition, but not of skin reactivity, in response to EP immediately following the injections, and subsequently show recovery of lymphocyte reactivity but do not develop clinical manifestations of EAE. Humoral or other factors may prevent the development of disease in these animals. Guinea pigs receiving injections of EP for 14 days show profound and prolonged depression of lymphocyte reactivity to EP and macrophage migration inhibition. Possible mechanisms for these results include a diminished number or function of reactive cells or activity of a population of cells with the capacity to suppress cellular immune responses. Nonspecific suppression of reactivity to an unrelated antigen during the suppressive injections was not observed.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalitis: study of cellular immunity during disease suppression. Administration in complete Freund's adjuvant of encephalitogenic protein (EP), derived from central nervous tissue to guinea pigs, regularly results in the development of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) which leads to the death of the animals. Administration of EP in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at an appropriate time will completely suppress the clinical development of disease. Results reported herein show that animals receiving suppressive injections of EP for 7 days show depression of lymphocyte DNA synthesis and macrophage migration inhibition, but not of skin reactivity, in response to EP immediately following the injections, and subsequently show recovery of lymphocyte reactivity but do not develop clinical manifestations of EAE. Humoral or other factors may prevent the development of disease in these animals. Guinea pigs receiving injections of EP for 14 days show profound and prolonged depression of lymphocyte reactivity to EP and macrophage migration inhibition. Possible mechanisms for these results include a diminished number or function of reactive cells or activity of a population of cells with the capacity to suppress cellular immune responses. Nonspecific suppression of reactivity to an unrelated antigen during the suppressive injections was not observed.", "PMID": 82509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8651", "title": "The in vitro immune response to a T-independent antigen. I. The effect of macrophages and 2-mercaptoethanol.", "content": "The in vitro immune response of murine spleen cells to the T cell-independent antigen, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-beta-alanyl-glycyl-glycyl-N(2-aminoethyl)carbamyl-methylated Ficoll (DAGG-Ficoll), requires the presence of macrophages, or 24-hr culture supernates from peritoneal cells. Complete reconstitution of the response by supernates, however, is dependent on the addition of 2-mercapto-ethanol. Antigen is required to fully express the in vitro immune response, but is not required in cultures of peritoneal cells in order to obtain active supernates. Active supernates can be obtained from allogeneic or syngeneic peritoneal cell cultures. The enhancing effects of 2-mercaptoethanol and peritoneal cell supernates appear to be synergistic nonspecific events directed toward lymphocyte activation and differentiation.", "contents": "The in vitro immune response to a T-independent antigen. I. The effect of macrophages and 2-mercaptoethanol. The in vitro immune response of murine spleen cells to the T cell-independent antigen, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-beta-alanyl-glycyl-glycyl-N(2-aminoethyl)carbamyl-methylated Ficoll (DAGG-Ficoll), requires the presence of macrophages, or 24-hr culture supernates from peritoneal cells. Complete reconstitution of the response by supernates, however, is dependent on the addition of 2-mercapto-ethanol. Antigen is required to fully express the in vitro immune response, but is not required in cultures of peritoneal cells in order to obtain active supernates. Active supernates can be obtained from allogeneic or syngeneic peritoneal cell cultures. The enhancing effects of 2-mercaptoethanol and peritoneal cell supernates appear to be synergistic nonspecific events directed toward lymphocyte activation and differentiation.", "PMID": 82510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8652", "title": "Specificities in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against lymphoblastoid cell lines. I. Selective inhibition by cross-competition.", "content": "The apparent nonselective effects of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity tested directly on different lymphoblastoid cell targets were found to be quite specific in the cross-competition assay. The specificity was detected through inhibition of cytotoxicity by competitor cells sharing common specificities with the target cells. Cross-competition tests were performed employing eight lymphoblastoid lines including four T and four B cells. Selective inhibition observed between lymphoblastoid cell lines indicated that T and B cell lines were more antigenically similar within each group than between them. The target antigens that distinguish T cell from B cell lines have been tentatively called TA-T and TA-B.", "contents": "Specificities in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against lymphoblastoid cell lines. I. Selective inhibition by cross-competition. The apparent nonselective effects of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity tested directly on different lymphoblastoid cell targets were found to be quite specific in the cross-competition assay. The specificity was detected through inhibition of cytotoxicity by competitor cells sharing common specificities with the target cells. Cross-competition tests were performed employing eight lymphoblastoid lines including four T and four B cells. Selective inhibition observed between lymphoblastoid cell lines indicated that T and B cell lines were more antigenically similar within each group than between them. The target antigens that distinguish T cell from B cell lines have been tentatively called TA-T and TA-B.", "PMID": 82513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8653", "title": "Effects of biotin deficiency on serum proteins and plasma amino acids.", "content": "In biotin-deficient rats, a decrease of total proteins, attributable to a decrease of albumin and alpha1-globulin fractions, a decrease of the pre-beta-lipoproteins and an increase of the alpha-lipoproteins, was observed, together with a rise of total amino acids. Such a situation  may be related to the influence of biotin on the synthesis of RNA and proteins.", "contents": "Effects of biotin deficiency on serum proteins and plasma amino acids. In biotin-deficient rats, a decrease of total proteins, attributable to a decrease of albumin and alpha1-globulin fractions, a decrease of the pre-beta-lipoproteins and an increase of the alpha-lipoproteins, was observed, together with a rise of total amino acids. Such a situation  may be related to the influence of biotin on the synthesis of RNA and proteins.", "PMID": 82516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8654", "title": "Effect of tannic acid on the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Tannic acid was used to fix and stain Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension. An increase in surface microvilli and cytoplasmic blebs in the tumor cells was observed. The mechanism of tannic acid induced surface morphological changes in tumor cells and the formation of a precipitate of protein-tannic acid-heavy metal complex are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of tannic acid on the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Tannic acid was used to fix and stain Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension. An increase in surface microvilli and cytoplasmic blebs in the tumor cells was observed. The mechanism of tannic acid induced surface morphological changes in tumor cells and the formation of a precipitate of protein-tannic acid-heavy metal complex are discussed.", "PMID": 82517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8655", "title": "Light microscopy as an aid in predicting ureaplasma infection in human semen.", "content": "The potential role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in human infertility make it desirable to screen barren couples for this infection. Semen specimens from 96 consecutive patients were evaluated in our clinic. Microbiologic results were correlated with the percentage of coiled and fuzzy tails in seminal cytology. These features were then used in a double-blind study to predict Ureaplasma infection in another group of 100 randomly selected patients. It was possible to predict the presence or absence of Ureaplasma prior to laboratory culture in 70% of specimens. False-positive diagnoses were made in 19%. The diagnosis was false-negative in 11%.", "contents": "Light microscopy as an aid in predicting ureaplasma infection in human semen. The potential role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in human infertility make it desirable to screen barren couples for this infection. Semen specimens from 96 consecutive patients were evaluated in our clinic. Microbiologic results were correlated with the percentage of coiled and fuzzy tails in seminal cytology. These features were then used in a double-blind study to predict Ureaplasma infection in another group of 100 randomly selected patients. It was possible to predict the presence or absence of Ureaplasma prior to laboratory culture in 70% of specimens. False-positive diagnoses were made in 19%. The diagnosis was false-negative in 11%.", "PMID": 82520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8656", "title": "Stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate accumulation in human testes in vitro by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostaglandins.", "content": "The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulate cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation in human testicular incubates. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine acts synergistically with LH and FSH to enhance cyclic AMP accumulation. These studies indicate that cyclic AMP accumulation may be involved in the mechanism of action of LH and FSH in the human testes, as has been proposed for rat testes. The prostaglandins (PG PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGF2alpha stimulate cyclic AMP levels at 10(-4) M in human testes. The E type prostaglandins are the most potent. They induce half-maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP at 7 x 10(-7) M.", "contents": "Stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate accumulation in human testes in vitro by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostaglandins. The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulate cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation in human testicular incubates. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine acts synergistically with LH and FSH to enhance cyclic AMP accumulation. These studies indicate that cyclic AMP accumulation may be involved in the mechanism of action of LH and FSH in the human testes, as has been proposed for rat testes. The prostaglandins (PG PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGF2alpha stimulate cyclic AMP levels at 10(-4) M in human testes. The E type prostaglandins are the most potent. They induce half-maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP at 7 x 10(-7) M.", "PMID": 82521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8657", "title": "[Effect of iodobenzoteph and cytostasan on several immune responses in animals].", "content": "Tests staged on line-bred mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes brought evidence that cystostasan and iodobenzoteph cut down the number of antibody-forming cells both with the primary and secondary immune response. The maximal effect becomes manifest following introduction of the drugs on the 1--2nd day after immunization of the animals. Iodobenzoteph brings down the number of hemopoietic stem cells colonies while cytostosan leaves them unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of iodobenzoteph and cytostasan on several immune responses in animals]. Tests staged on line-bred mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes brought evidence that cystostasan and iodobenzoteph cut down the number of antibody-forming cells both with the primary and secondary immune response. The maximal effect becomes manifest following introduction of the drugs on the 1--2nd day after immunization of the animals. Iodobenzoteph brings down the number of hemopoietic stem cells colonies while cytostosan leaves them unchanged.", "PMID": 82518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8658", "title": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. I. Concomitant modulation of cell surface allotypes on peripheral blood lymphocytes from b4b6 rabbits.", "content": "Treatment of b4b6 rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes with b5b5 anti-b4 antibodies at 4 degrees resulted in the modulation (disappearance) ob b4 and b6 cell surface allotype after subsequent incubation in serum-free medium for 1 h at 37 degrees. A clear dose dependence on the sensitizing anti-b4 antibody was observed. Similarly, b5b5 anti-b6 treatment demonstrated a dose dependence for b6 modulation and a threshold dose effect for b4 comodulation. Cells which formed rosettes with anti-b4-coupled SRBC (anti-b4 direct antiglobulin (DAG) rosettes) also demonstrated concomitant modulation of b4 and b6 allotype when incubated at 37 degrees. When cells formed anti-b6 DAG rosettes, subsequent b6 modulation could also be demonstrated, but no b4 comodulation occurred. Concomitant modulation did not occur when cells were incubated with anti-allotype antibodies at 37 degrees. Blocking studies disclosed that the two allotypes are not contiguous in the membrane since uptake of one antiallotype antibody did not block the uptake of another at 4 degrees. We therefore propose that concomitant modulation might occur during a process similar to patch formation.", "contents": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. I. Concomitant modulation of cell surface allotypes on peripheral blood lymphocytes from b4b6 rabbits. Treatment of b4b6 rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes with b5b5 anti-b4 antibodies at 4 degrees resulted in the modulation (disappearance) ob b4 and b6 cell surface allotype after subsequent incubation in serum-free medium for 1 h at 37 degrees. A clear dose dependence on the sensitizing anti-b4 antibody was observed. Similarly, b5b5 anti-b6 treatment demonstrated a dose dependence for b6 modulation and a threshold dose effect for b4 comodulation. Cells which formed rosettes with anti-b4-coupled SRBC (anti-b4 direct antiglobulin (DAG) rosettes) also demonstrated concomitant modulation of b4 and b6 allotype when incubated at 37 degrees. When cells formed anti-b6 DAG rosettes, subsequent b6 modulation could also be demonstrated, but no b4 comodulation occurred. Concomitant modulation did not occur when cells were incubated with anti-allotype antibodies at 37 degrees. Blocking studies disclosed that the two allotypes are not contiguous in the membrane since uptake of one antiallotype antibody did not block the uptake of another at 4 degrees. We therefore propose that concomitant modulation might occur during a process similar to patch formation.", "PMID": 82530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8659", "title": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. II. Concomitant suppression of b4 and b6 allotypes in the same cell.", "content": "Cells from heterozygous b4b6 rabbits were treated at 4 degrees with anti-b4 or anti-b6 antibodies and then warmed at 37 degrees. A disappearance of both b4 and b6 allotypes (concomitant modulation) ensued. When cells which had undergone extensive comodulation were cultured overnight we noted that those cells were unable to re-express either allotype at pre-modulation levels. This suppression was likely linked to the initial events which culminated in comodulation. Those cells were not further suppressible when suppressive antibodies were added to the cultures whereas cell cultures which had undergone little or no previous modulation or comodulation were readily suppressed for both allotypes after anti-allotype antibodies had been added to the cultures overnight (concomitant suppression). This indicated that in vitro suppression of allotype may depend on cell surface allotype being present at a sufficiently high density. We present data which show that events at the cell surface may play a role in the regulation of cell surface allotype expression and propose that concomitant suppression may have bearing on cellular mechanisms which control allotype expression and also allotype suppression.", "contents": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. II. Concomitant suppression of b4 and b6 allotypes in the same cell. Cells from heterozygous b4b6 rabbits were treated at 4 degrees with anti-b4 or anti-b6 antibodies and then warmed at 37 degrees. A disappearance of both b4 and b6 allotypes (concomitant modulation) ensued. When cells which had undergone extensive comodulation were cultured overnight we noted that those cells were unable to re-express either allotype at pre-modulation levels. This suppression was likely linked to the initial events which culminated in comodulation. Those cells were not further suppressible when suppressive antibodies were added to the cultures whereas cell cultures which had undergone little or no previous modulation or comodulation were readily suppressed for both allotypes after anti-allotype antibodies had been added to the cultures overnight (concomitant suppression). This indicated that in vitro suppression of allotype may depend on cell surface allotype being present at a sufficiently high density. We present data which show that events at the cell surface may play a role in the regulation of cell surface allotype expression and propose that concomitant suppression may have bearing on cellular mechanisms which control allotype expression and also allotype suppression.", "PMID": 82531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8660", "title": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes and neuraminidase on the I and i erythrocyte antigen sites. Quantitative and thermodynamic studies.", "content": "The effects of neuraminidase and proteolytic enzymes on I and i reactivities was studied with I and i adult red cells, using radioimmunological methods. An enhanced reactivity after enzyme treatment is not exclusively due to a membrane charge reduction. The increase in site numbers and association constants bring about the gain of the cold agglutinin fixation. The release of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues gradually increases the I antigen site density of I red cells and the i site density of i red cells. Similar behaviour was observed after proteolytic enzyme treatment with papain, bromelin or ficin. The proteolytic treatment of I erythrocyte reveals underlying i receptors on these cells. Following membrane glycoprotein chain removal, anti-i antibodies are specifically fixed on I erythrocytes. The accessibility to antibodies of the determinants responsible for I and i erythrocyte activities was influenced significantly by steric hindrance factors. While N-acetylneuraminic acid release increased antibody affinities for the antigenic receptor, the removal of glycopeptide chains greatly diminished steric hindrance and brought about higher affinity constants. After enzyme treatment, the antigenic structures become more homogeneous in their reaction with antibodies. The heterogeneity of binding constants observed with antigenic determinants of non-treated erythrocytes is probably due to the wide range of spatial distribution of these receptors within the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of proteolytic enzymes and neuraminidase on the I and i erythrocyte antigen sites. Quantitative and thermodynamic studies. The effects of neuraminidase and proteolytic enzymes on I and i reactivities was studied with I and i adult red cells, using radioimmunological methods. An enhanced reactivity after enzyme treatment is not exclusively due to a membrane charge reduction. The increase in site numbers and association constants bring about the gain of the cold agglutinin fixation. The release of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues gradually increases the I antigen site density of I red cells and the i site density of i red cells. Similar behaviour was observed after proteolytic enzyme treatment with papain, bromelin or ficin. The proteolytic treatment of I erythrocyte reveals underlying i receptors on these cells. Following membrane glycoprotein chain removal, anti-i antibodies are specifically fixed on I erythrocytes. The accessibility to antibodies of the determinants responsible for I and i erythrocyte activities was influenced significantly by steric hindrance factors. While N-acetylneuraminic acid release increased antibody affinities for the antigenic receptor, the removal of glycopeptide chains greatly diminished steric hindrance and brought about higher affinity constants. After enzyme treatment, the antigenic structures become more homogeneous in their reaction with antibodies. The heterogeneity of binding constants observed with antigenic determinants of non-treated erythrocytes is probably due to the wide range of spatial distribution of these receptors within the membrane.", "PMID": 82532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8661", "title": "Ontogeny of B lymphocytes in mice. Quantification of surface membrane immunoglobulins by immunoperoxidase assay.", "content": "Surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) of splenic lymphocytes were investigated by immunoperoxidase assay in newborn Swiss mice, their mothers and adult controls. The mean number of SmIg + cells in adult mice was 45-8% and the mean number of antigenic sites per positive cells was 108,500. In newborn mice during the first 7 days of life, values for both parameters were low (24-25--28-5% and 38,000-45,773 respectively) and began to rise after the 10th day to reach adult levels between the ages of 2 and 3 weeks. A peak above adult levels for the mean number of sites per cell was observed on day 21 with a subsequent drop to adult levels on day 28. Post-partum females were found to have consistently fewer sites per positive cell (69,000-86,600) during the 14 days following delivery than their adult control counterparts, though the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B lymphocytes in mice. Quantification of surface membrane immunoglobulins by immunoperoxidase assay. Surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) of splenic lymphocytes were investigated by immunoperoxidase assay in newborn Swiss mice, their mothers and adult controls. The mean number of SmIg + cells in adult mice was 45-8% and the mean number of antigenic sites per positive cells was 108,500. In newborn mice during the first 7 days of life, values for both parameters were low (24-25--28-5% and 38,000-45,773 respectively) and began to rise after the 10th day to reach adult levels between the ages of 2 and 3 weeks. A peak above adult levels for the mean number of sites per cell was observed on day 21 with a subsequent drop to adult levels on day 28. Post-partum females were found to have consistently fewer sites per positive cell (69,000-86,600) during the 14 days following delivery than their adult control counterparts, though the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 82533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8662", "title": "Primary in vitro sensitization of virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "CBA mouse-derived splenic lymphocytes treated with either beta-priopionlactone-inactivated or u.v. light-inactivated parainfluenza (sendai) virus stimulated in vitro unprimed syngeneic T-lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The CTL generated were virus specific and H-2 restricted. For optimal CTL responses to be induced (i) a critical treatment of stimulator cells, (ii) an optimal ratio of responder to stimulator cells and (iii) an in vitro incubation period of 5 days was required. The in vitro system for the induction of primary virus-specific CTL responses may be useful to analyse the sensitization phase of H-2 restricted virus-specific CTL.", "contents": "Primary in vitro sensitization of virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CBA mouse-derived splenic lymphocytes treated with either beta-priopionlactone-inactivated or u.v. light-inactivated parainfluenza (sendai) virus stimulated in vitro unprimed syngeneic T-lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The CTL generated were virus specific and H-2 restricted. For optimal CTL responses to be induced (i) a critical treatment of stimulator cells, (ii) an optimal ratio of responder to stimulator cells and (iii) an in vitro incubation period of 5 days was required. The in vitro system for the induction of primary virus-specific CTL responses may be useful to analyse the sensitization phase of H-2 restricted virus-specific CTL.", "PMID": 82534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8663", "title": "[Effect of various plasma expanders on blood group serological study results].", "content": "Plasma expanders can disturb in serological blood typing tests to varying amounts. In order to avoid possibly fatal errors in index reading, it is, therefore, necessary when demanding this type of examination to inform about any infusion of plasma expanders carried through before the blood test and to take it into consideration.", "contents": "[Effect of various plasma expanders on blood group serological study results]. Plasma expanders can disturb in serological blood typing tests to varying amounts. In order to avoid possibly fatal errors in index reading, it is, therefore, necessary when demanding this type of examination to inform about any infusion of plasma expanders carried through before the blood test and to take it into consideration.", "PMID": 82537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8664", "title": "Developmental changes in carbohydrate moiety of human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Human AFP purified from fetal serum  and amniotic fluid was separated into three different variants by chromatography on concanavalin A insolubilized on Sepharose (Con A--Sepharose). The three variants were indistinguishable in immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. Sera from patients with yolk-sac tumor and amniotic fluid from early pregnancy were found to contain a high proportion (15-45%) of AFP which does not bind to Con A, while AFP in fetal and newborn sera, and in amniotic fluid from late pregnancy, contained less (2-6%) of this variant. The use of a large excess of Con A--Sepharose and the fact that the non-bound AFP consistently eluted as non-bound in rechromatography showed that this AFP is non-reactive with Con A. Fractionation of radiolabelled AFP from cord serum in a mixture with amniotic fluid verified the difference in the amount of the Con-A nonreactive variant in AFP from these two sources. These results suggest that AFP synthesized by the yolk-sac tissue and by the liver are glycosylated differently. The variant may prove to be diagnostically useful.", "contents": "Developmental changes in carbohydrate moiety of human alpha-fetoprotein. Human AFP purified from fetal serum  and amniotic fluid was separated into three different variants by chromatography on concanavalin A insolubilized on Sepharose (Con A--Sepharose). The three variants were indistinguishable in immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. Sera from patients with yolk-sac tumor and amniotic fluid from early pregnancy were found to contain a high proportion (15-45%) of AFP which does not bind to Con A, while AFP in fetal and newborn sera, and in amniotic fluid from late pregnancy, contained less (2-6%) of this variant. The use of a large excess of Con A--Sepharose and the fact that the non-bound AFP consistently eluted as non-bound in rechromatography showed that this AFP is non-reactive with Con A. Fractionation of radiolabelled AFP from cord serum in a mixture with amniotic fluid verified the difference in the amount of the Con-A nonreactive variant in AFP from these two sources. These results suggest that AFP synthesized by the yolk-sac tissue and by the liver are glycosylated differently. The variant may prove to be diagnostically useful.", "PMID": 82538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8665", "title": "Longitudinal study of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and excretion in pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Nineteen pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) who had experienced primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) before, or in one case after, diagnosis, were studied longitudinally for changes in the titers and spectra of EBV-related antibodies, excretion of EBV into the oropharynx, the number of EBV-carrying lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood, and clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of reactivation of the latent virus. The incidence and geometric mean titers of IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) in the HD patients at the time of diagnosis and in the controls were similar. The anti-VCA titers of the patients rose above control levels during and after therapy and remained elevated for up to 7 years of observation. At no time were heterophil or VCA-specific IgM antibodies detected. Antibodies to EBV-induced early antigens were more common in patients (ultimately 80%) than in controls (9%). In contrast, antibody levels to EBV-associated nuclear antigen were disproportionally low in the patients. Excretion of EBV was noted at increased frequency in the patients but the number of circulating, EBV-carrying lymphoid cells was the same as in controls. No discrete clinical syndrome was associated with rising antibody titers or viral excretion. While these results are best explained by a presumed reactivation of the persistent EBV infection by immunosuppressive effects of HD or its therapy, they have not provided direct evidence for this suggestion.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and excretion in pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease. Nineteen pediatric patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) who had experienced primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) before, or in one case after, diagnosis, were studied longitudinally for changes in the titers and spectra of EBV-related antibodies, excretion of EBV into the oropharynx, the number of EBV-carrying lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood, and clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of reactivation of the latent virus. The incidence and geometric mean titers of IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) in the HD patients at the time of diagnosis and in the controls were similar. The anti-VCA titers of the patients rose above control levels during and after therapy and remained elevated for up to 7 years of observation. At no time were heterophil or VCA-specific IgM antibodies detected. Antibodies to EBV-induced early antigens were more common in patients (ultimately 80%) than in controls (9%). In contrast, antibody levels to EBV-associated nuclear antigen were disproportionally low in the patients. Excretion of EBV was noted at increased frequency in the patients but the number of circulating, EBV-carrying lymphoid cells was the same as in controls. No discrete clinical syndrome was associated with rising antibody titers or viral excretion. While these results are best explained by a presumed reactivation of the persistent EBV infection by immunosuppressive effects of HD or its therapy, they have not provided direct evidence for this suggestion.", "PMID": 82539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8666", "title": "Vascular permeability increasing action of the saline extract of Dictyocaulus filaria--a preliminary report.", "content": "The cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria was investigated. The saline extract of the worms increased the cutaneous capillary permeability in both the infected and uninfected control animals. Similar increase in the permeability was also observed in uninfected healthy rabbits. The results suggest that the vascular permeability increasing action of the worm extract is, partly, due to histamine release.", "contents": "Vascular permeability increasing action of the saline extract of Dictyocaulus filaria--a preliminary report. The cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction in sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria was investigated. The saline extract of the worms increased the cutaneous capillary permeability in both the infected and uninfected control animals. Similar increase in the permeability was also observed in uninfected healthy rabbits. The results suggest that the vascular permeability increasing action of the worm extract is, partly, due to histamine release.", "PMID": 82536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8667", "title": "Study of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) by chromatography on fixed cell nuclei.", "content": "Low ionic strength (50 to 100 mM NaCl) and pH 6.0 were found to be optimal conditions for in vitro conversion of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-negative nuclei to EBNA-positive nuclei by addition of the complement-fixing (CF) antigen extracted from Raji cells. In vitro conversion of nuclei to EBNA-positively was sensitive to DNase but not to RNase treatment. This suggests that nuclear DNA is a specific target substance to which EBV-CF antigen binds. If nuclei were fixed with methanol/acetic acid and subsequently treated with 0.6 M NaCl, EBNA could be eluted from in vitro-converted Ramos nuclei with 0.3 and 0.4 M NaCl. The same conditions were also found to be optimal for the adsorption and elution of EBV-CF antigen in DNA-cellulose chromatography. This indicates that the DNA-binding properties of EBNA antigen can be studied by \"chromatography\" on fixed nuclei followed by the ACIF test. The obvious advantages of this method over chromatography on DNA-cellulose are its simplicity, the possibility of testing many samples in one experiment and, especially, the use of minimal amounts of material. Significant differences in elution patterns for EBNA were found when nuclei derived from different cell lines (Ramos, Raji, and P3HR-1) were converted in vitro to EBNA-positivity. EBNA is eluted from in vitro-converted nuclei of EBV genome-positive P3HR-1 cells at an almost 0.1 M higher concentration of NaCl than is necesssary for a similar degree of elution from nuclei of EBV genome-negative Ramos cells.", "contents": "Study of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) by chromatography on fixed cell nuclei. Low ionic strength (50 to 100 mM NaCl) and pH 6.0 were found to be optimal conditions for in vitro conversion of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-negative nuclei to EBNA-positive nuclei by addition of the complement-fixing (CF) antigen extracted from Raji cells. In vitro conversion of nuclei to EBNA-positively was sensitive to DNase but not to RNase treatment. This suggests that nuclear DNA is a specific target substance to which EBV-CF antigen binds. If nuclei were fixed with methanol/acetic acid and subsequently treated with 0.6 M NaCl, EBNA could be eluted from in vitro-converted Ramos nuclei with 0.3 and 0.4 M NaCl. The same conditions were also found to be optimal for the adsorption and elution of EBV-CF antigen in DNA-cellulose chromatography. This indicates that the DNA-binding properties of EBNA antigen can be studied by \"chromatography\" on fixed nuclei followed by the ACIF test. The obvious advantages of this method over chromatography on DNA-cellulose are its simplicity, the possibility of testing many samples in one experiment and, especially, the use of minimal amounts of material. Significant differences in elution patterns for EBNA were found when nuclei derived from different cell lines (Ramos, Raji, and P3HR-1) were converted in vitro to EBNA-positivity. EBNA is eluted from in vitro-converted nuclei of EBV genome-positive P3HR-1 cells at an almost 0.1 M higher concentration of NaCl than is necesssary for a similar degree of elution from nuclei of EBV genome-negative Ramos cells.", "PMID": 82540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8668", "title": "Frequent elevation of tissue polypeptide antigen in the sera of workers exposed to bladder carcinogens.", "content": "A group of 108 male workers previously exposed to bladder carcinogens and a group of 26 patients with carcinoma of the bladder differed significantly from a control group comprising 63 healthy male donors with respect to their levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). The risk group exhibited 4-6 times more frequent elevations of TPA than did the group of healthy donors.", "contents": "Frequent elevation of tissue polypeptide antigen in the sera of workers exposed to bladder carcinogens. A group of 108 male workers previously exposed to bladder carcinogens and a group of 26 patients with carcinoma of the bladder differed significantly from a control group comprising 63 healthy male donors with respect to their levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). The risk group exhibited 4-6 times more frequent elevations of TPA than did the group of healthy donors.", "PMID": 82541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8669", "title": "Surface membrane changes of T cells induced by syngeneic tumour cells. I. Formation and uptake of complexes of Ig and tumour antigens by T cells.", "content": "A large dose of tumour cells (10(7)) from two different tumours produced a significant increase of Ig-bearing spleen cells 6 h after intraperitoneal administration in syngeneic mice, like conventional antigens previously tested. Incubation of normal spleen cells in serum taken 6 h after administration of tumour cells reproduced in vitro the changes observed in the spleen cell population of the serum donors, demonstrating the presence of a cytophilic Ig, which was shown to be taken up by T cells. Serum collected 6 h after tumour cell inoculation contains also a 4S factor which can generate in vitro cytophilic Ig for T cells in the presence of a foreign soluble protein or tumour antigen. Extracts obtained from tumours cells, which were shown to contain tumour antigens, were labelled with 125I and mixed with the 4S factor and normal 7S Ig. Upon fractionation of the mixture, high molecular weight material containing radioactivity and 7S Ig were eluted in the void volume, well ahead of the position of both the tumour cell preparation and the 7S Ig. This material contained Ig cytophilic for splenic T cells and it is likely that it represents cytophilic complexes of Ig and tumour antigens. It is postulated that the cytophilic Ig detected in the serum of animals 6 h after injection of a large number of tumour cells represents cytophilic complexes of Ig and tumour antigens formed through the mediation of a soluble factor.", "contents": "Surface membrane changes of T cells induced by syngeneic tumour cells. I. Formation and uptake of complexes of Ig and tumour antigens by T cells. A large dose of tumour cells (10(7)) from two different tumours produced a significant increase of Ig-bearing spleen cells 6 h after intraperitoneal administration in syngeneic mice, like conventional antigens previously tested. Incubation of normal spleen cells in serum taken 6 h after administration of tumour cells reproduced in vitro the changes observed in the spleen cell population of the serum donors, demonstrating the presence of a cytophilic Ig, which was shown to be taken up by T cells. Serum collected 6 h after tumour cell inoculation contains also a 4S factor which can generate in vitro cytophilic Ig for T cells in the presence of a foreign soluble protein or tumour antigen. Extracts obtained from tumours cells, which were shown to contain tumour antigens, were labelled with 125I and mixed with the 4S factor and normal 7S Ig. Upon fractionation of the mixture, high molecular weight material containing radioactivity and 7S Ig were eluted in the void volume, well ahead of the position of both the tumour cell preparation and the 7S Ig. This material contained Ig cytophilic for splenic T cells and it is likely that it represents cytophilic complexes of Ig and tumour antigens. It is postulated that the cytophilic Ig detected in the serum of animals 6 h after injection of a large number of tumour cells represents cytophilic complexes of Ig and tumour antigens formed through the mediation of a soluble factor.", "PMID": 82542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8670", "title": "Biochemical studies on RNA tumor virus information and its transmission in B16 murine melanoma.", "content": "The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating a high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The particles possess a density of 1.14--1.18 g/cm3. The RNA shares sequences with the 70S RNAs of several mammalian C-type RNA tumor viruses. The nuclear DNA of the mouse melanoma B16 possesses particle-related sequences not present in the genome of normal C57BL mice.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on RNA tumor virus information and its transmission in B16 murine melanoma. The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating a high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The particles possess a density of 1.14--1.18 g/cm3. The RNA shares sequences with the 70S RNAs of several mammalian C-type RNA tumor viruses. The nuclear DNA of the mouse melanoma B16 possesses particle-related sequences not present in the genome of normal C57BL mice.", "PMID": 82543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8671", "title": "Expression of human mammary epithelial (HME) antigens in primary cultures of normal and abnormal breast tissue.", "content": "The expression of human mammary epithelial (HME) antigens was studied in primary cell cultures of normal and abnormal breast tissue and of tissues from other organs. By indirect immunofluorescence it was shown that heterologous anti-HME bound to the cell surface of both suspension and monolayer cultures of human breast epithelial cells from normal breast tissue, normal breast fluid, non-malignant atypical lesions of the female breast, gynecomastia in the male breast, breast carcinomas, and peritoneal and pleural effusions of patients with breast carcinomas. The fibroblast-like cells cultured from either normal, non-malignant atypical, or malignant breast tissue never bound anti-HME, nor did histiobyte-like cells from breast fluid or a sarcoid granuloma of the breast. From a Paget tumor of the breast, two distinguishable epithelial-like colonies appeared in the cultures, only one of which expressed HME-antigens. Anti-HME did not bind to cells cultured from tissues of other organs, whether epithelial-like or fibroblast-like; these organs included thyroid, ovary, endometrium, and skin.", "contents": "Expression of human mammary epithelial (HME) antigens in primary cultures of normal and abnormal breast tissue. The expression of human mammary epithelial (HME) antigens was studied in primary cell cultures of normal and abnormal breast tissue and of tissues from other organs. By indirect immunofluorescence it was shown that heterologous anti-HME bound to the cell surface of both suspension and monolayer cultures of human breast epithelial cells from normal breast tissue, normal breast fluid, non-malignant atypical lesions of the female breast, gynecomastia in the male breast, breast carcinomas, and peritoneal and pleural effusions of patients with breast carcinomas. The fibroblast-like cells cultured from either normal, non-malignant atypical, or malignant breast tissue never bound anti-HME, nor did histiobyte-like cells from breast fluid or a sarcoid granuloma of the breast. From a Paget tumor of the breast, two distinguishable epithelial-like colonies appeared in the cultures, only one of which expressed HME-antigens. Anti-HME did not bind to cells cultured from tissues of other organs, whether epithelial-like or fibroblast-like; these organs included thyroid, ovary, endometrium, and skin.", "PMID": 82544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8672", "title": "Somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma cell lines. V. IdUrd inducibility and P3HR-1 superinfectability of Daudi/HeLa (DAD) and Daudi/P3HR-1 (DIP-1) cell lines.", "content": "We have studied two types of somatic cell hybrid with regard to expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle and its regulation. The first, DIP-1, a hybrid formed between two human lymphoma EBV producers (Daudi and P3HR-1), contained EBV DNA, expressed the virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), andwas a producer of the EBV-associated antigens EA (early antigen) and VCA (viral capsid antigen). The second, DAD, a hybrid series of clones formed between Daudi and a HeLa cell derivative (D98), differed with regard to the expression of EBNA, EA, VCA and the content of EBV DNA. EA was regularly induced in the EBV DNA-containing hybrids following treatment with iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd). This induction was greater in lines spontaneously expressing EA. In two hybrids, DIP-1 and DAD10, VCA and virus DNA synthesis were also induced in the presence of IdUrd, the latter being detected by in situ hybridization with P3HR-1 EBV complementary RNA. Finally, while DIP-1 was superinfectable by the P3HR-1 EBV strain, the DAD series of hybrids were refractory to P3HR-1 superinfection and lacked EBV receptors.", "contents": "Somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma cell lines. V. IdUrd inducibility and P3HR-1 superinfectability of Daudi/HeLa (DAD) and Daudi/P3HR-1 (DIP-1) cell lines. We have studied two types of somatic cell hybrid with regard to expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle and its regulation. The first, DIP-1, a hybrid formed between two human lymphoma EBV producers (Daudi and P3HR-1), contained EBV DNA, expressed the virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), andwas a producer of the EBV-associated antigens EA (early antigen) and VCA (viral capsid antigen). The second, DAD, a hybrid series of clones formed between Daudi and a HeLa cell derivative (D98), differed with regard to the expression of EBNA, EA, VCA and the content of EBV DNA. EA was regularly induced in the EBV DNA-containing hybrids following treatment with iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd). This induction was greater in lines spontaneously expressing EA. In two hybrids, DIP-1 and DAD10, VCA and virus DNA synthesis were also induced in the presence of IdUrd, the latter being detected by in situ hybridization with P3HR-1 EBV complementary RNA. Finally, while DIP-1 was superinfectable by the P3HR-1 EBV strain, the DAD series of hybrids were refractory to P3HR-1 superinfection and lacked EBV receptors.", "PMID": 82545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8673", "title": "Antigenic characterization of a new gibbon ape leukemia virus isolate: seroepidemiologic assessment of an outbreak of gibbon leukemia.", "content": "A type-C virus recently isolated from a leukemic gibbon in a colony located on Hall's Island, Bermuda, was characterized with respect to the antigenic properties of its gag and env gene-coded proteins. This virus, designated GaLV-H, was found to be closely related immunologically to type-C viruses previously isolated from gibbons (GaLV-SF, GaLV-SEATO, GaLV-Br) and from woolly monkey (SSAV). However, GaLV-H was readily differentiated from these isolates in a radioimmunoassay for its env gene product, gp70. Seroepidemiology established that GaLV-H was horizontally transmitted among gibbons within the colony. There was no evidence of exposure leading to an immune response to the virus or viral antigenemia in humans working in association with these animals.", "contents": "Antigenic characterization of a new gibbon ape leukemia virus isolate: seroepidemiologic assessment of an outbreak of gibbon leukemia. A type-C virus recently isolated from a leukemic gibbon in a colony located on Hall's Island, Bermuda, was characterized with respect to the antigenic properties of its gag and env gene-coded proteins. This virus, designated GaLV-H, was found to be closely related immunologically to type-C viruses previously isolated from gibbons (GaLV-SF, GaLV-SEATO, GaLV-Br) and from woolly monkey (SSAV). However, GaLV-H was readily differentiated from these isolates in a radioimmunoassay for its env gene product, gp70. Seroepidemiology established that GaLV-H was horizontally transmitted among gibbons within the colony. There was no evidence of exposure leading to an immune response to the virus or viral antigenemia in humans working in association with these animals.", "PMID": 82546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8674", "title": "Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. III. Purification of the virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) from non-producer Raji cells.", "content": "The purification of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) was attempted on the basis of its biochemical and physicochemical properties and its immunological specificity, assayed by the indirect single radial immunodiffusion test and anti-complement immunofluorescence absorption test. When non-producer Raji cell extract was subjected to 20--60% saturated ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by DNA-cellulose chromatography and immunoadsorbent chromatography, EBNA was purified more than 3,000 times with a 8% yield. Such purified protein was composed of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 100,000 +/- 5,000, 70,000 +/- 5,000 and 50,000 daltons, respectively, on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar purification was achieved by heating the extract at 70 degrees C for 10 min, instead of ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by DNA-cellulose chromatography and immunoadsorbent chromatography. This final preparation consisted almost exclusively of 100,000 +/- 5,000 daltons polypeptide, 50,000 polypeptide, and the 70,000 +/- 5,000 polypeptide passing through the adsorbent column. These findings suggest that EBNA is probably a molecular complex of three smaller subunits of heat-stable 100,000 +/- 5,000 and 50,000 daltons and heat-labile 70,000 +/- 5,000 daltons polypeptides, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. III. Purification of the virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) from non-producer Raji cells. The purification of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) was attempted on the basis of its biochemical and physicochemical properties and its immunological specificity, assayed by the indirect single radial immunodiffusion test and anti-complement immunofluorescence absorption test. When non-producer Raji cell extract was subjected to 20--60% saturated ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by DNA-cellulose chromatography and immunoadsorbent chromatography, EBNA was purified more than 3,000 times with a 8% yield. Such purified protein was composed of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 100,000 +/- 5,000, 70,000 +/- 5,000 and 50,000 daltons, respectively, on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar purification was achieved by heating the extract at 70 degrees C for 10 min, instead of ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by DNA-cellulose chromatography and immunoadsorbent chromatography. This final preparation consisted almost exclusively of 100,000 +/- 5,000 daltons polypeptide, 50,000 polypeptide, and the 70,000 +/- 5,000 polypeptide passing through the adsorbent column. These findings suggest that EBNA is probably a molecular complex of three smaller subunits of heat-stable 100,000 +/- 5,000 and 50,000 daltons and heat-labile 70,000 +/- 5,000 daltons polypeptides, respectively.", "PMID": 82547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8675", "title": "Unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH in obesity.", "content": "(1). Assessment of thyroidal and other indices in 275 instances of obesity with body weight excesses up to 200 percent or more of the ideal revealed absent thyroidal I131 uptake responses to TSH in about one out of five patients. Moreover, basal thyroidal I131 uptake of 10 percent or less, prolongation of ankle reflex time, or high levels of serum cholesterol were present in a minority. Also, occasional instances of unduly elevated serum TSH titers were found. Some of the indices deviated from normal more often with the greater excesses of body weight or with increased age. (2). These findings are consonant with a hypothesis that routine thyroidal or related indices are sporadically abnormal in massive obesity almost always without overt hypothyroidism or myxedema, that total unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH is surprisingly frequent, and that such unresponsiveness represents an unexplained endocrine anomaly in association with gross overweight. (3). Our data suggest that some obese persons are not able to respond to exogenous TSH, nor, presumably, to increases of endogenous TSH. This could result in an economy of caloric expenditure and play a contributory role in the genesis or the perpetuation of the obesity.", "contents": "Unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH in obesity. (1). Assessment of thyroidal and other indices in 275 instances of obesity with body weight excesses up to 200 percent or more of the ideal revealed absent thyroidal I131 uptake responses to TSH in about one out of five patients. Moreover, basal thyroidal I131 uptake of 10 percent or less, prolongation of ankle reflex time, or high levels of serum cholesterol were present in a minority. Also, occasional instances of unduly elevated serum TSH titers were found. Some of the indices deviated from normal more often with the greater excesses of body weight or with increased age. (2). These findings are consonant with a hypothesis that routine thyroidal or related indices are sporadically abnormal in massive obesity almost always without overt hypothyroidism or myxedema, that total unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH is surprisingly frequent, and that such unresponsiveness represents an unexplained endocrine anomaly in association with gross overweight. (3). Our data suggest that some obese persons are not able to respond to exogenous TSH, nor, presumably, to increases of endogenous TSH. This could result in an economy of caloric expenditure and play a contributory role in the genesis or the perpetuation of the obesity.", "PMID": 82548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8676", "title": "Thyroid and obesity: survey of some function tests in a large obese population.", "content": "Tests of thyroid function in 493 obese patients were compared with thyroid function in 3076 non-obese patients. No differences in 131I uptake by the thyroid were observed at 6 h or 24 h; the frequency distribution was gaussian or normal in both populations; the frequencies of normal, high or low T3 and T4 values in the two populations were likewise comparable. Further, no correlation was found in the obese subjects between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h), T3, T4 and overweight; on the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h) and age. It would appear that thyroid function is normal in obesity.", "contents": "Thyroid and obesity: survey of some function tests in a large obese population. Tests of thyroid function in 493 obese patients were compared with thyroid function in 3076 non-obese patients. No differences in 131I uptake by the thyroid were observed at 6 h or 24 h; the frequency distribution was gaussian or normal in both populations; the frequencies of normal, high or low T3 and T4 values in the two populations were likewise comparable. Further, no correlation was found in the obese subjects between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h), T3, T4 and overweight; on the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h) and age. It would appear that thyroid function is normal in obesity.", "PMID": 82549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8677", "title": "[Cyclic adenosine 3-5 monophosphate (c-AMP) and allergy].", "content": "Cyclic adenosin-3-5-monophosphate (c-AMP) plays a central role in regulating immune responses. Increased intracellular c-AMP has an inhibitory effect on release of histamine and other mediators from basophile leukocytes or mast cells as well as lysosomal enzymes from polymorphs. It depresses cell-mediated immune reactions and antibody formation. The hormonal factors which increase intracellular c-AMP are either of neuroendocrine origin (e.g. epinephrin) or inflammatory products (e.g. prostaglandins and histamine). This seems to be an endogenous mechanism of regulation which is able to stop immune or allergic reactions. Patients suffering from atopic diseases (asthma and/or atopic dermatitis) show a decreased reactivity to betaadrenergic stimuli. The defect is demonstrable in vitro in peripheral leukocytes which show a significantly smaller increase in intracellular c-AMP after betaadrenergic stimulation than normal leukocytes.", "contents": "[Cyclic adenosine 3-5 monophosphate (c-AMP) and allergy]. Cyclic adenosin-3-5-monophosphate (c-AMP) plays a central role in regulating immune responses. Increased intracellular c-AMP has an inhibitory effect on release of histamine and other mediators from basophile leukocytes or mast cells as well as lysosomal enzymes from polymorphs. It depresses cell-mediated immune reactions and antibody formation. The hormonal factors which increase intracellular c-AMP are either of neuroendocrine origin (e.g. epinephrin) or inflammatory products (e.g. prostaglandins and histamine). This seems to be an endogenous mechanism of regulation which is able to stop immune or allergic reactions. Patients suffering from atopic diseases (asthma and/or atopic dermatitis) show a decreased reactivity to betaadrenergic stimuli. The defect is demonstrable in vitro in peripheral leukocytes which show a significantly smaller increase in intracellular c-AMP after betaadrenergic stimulation than normal leukocytes.", "PMID": 82550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8678", "title": "The possible involvement of a plasmid(s) in actinomycin synthesis by Streptomyces parvulus and Streptomyces antibioticus.", "content": "The treatment of Streptomyces parvulus and Streptomyces antibioticus with acriflavine or novobiocin resulted in the loss of ability to produce actinomycin. The concomitant loss of ability to form aerial mycelium and the incidence of auxotrophic progeny (S. parvulus) were both low relative to the loss of the antibiotic-producing property. Protoplast fusion induced by polyethylene glycol 4000, using suitable auxotrophic strains of S. parvulus, resulted in high recombination frequencies to prototrophy (9.6 approximately 15%). When fusion was carried out between auxotrophic act+ and act- strains, respectively, there was a high frequency (84 approximately 95%) of the actinomycin synthesizing character among the prototrophic recombinants examined. No actinomycin-producing recombinant was detected in similar experiments between auxotrophic non-producing strains.", "contents": "The possible involvement of a plasmid(s) in actinomycin synthesis by Streptomyces parvulus and Streptomyces antibioticus. The treatment of Streptomyces parvulus and Streptomyces antibioticus with acriflavine or novobiocin resulted in the loss of ability to produce actinomycin. The concomitant loss of ability to form aerial mycelium and the incidence of auxotrophic progeny (S. parvulus) were both low relative to the loss of the antibiotic-producing property. Protoplast fusion induced by polyethylene glycol 4000, using suitable auxotrophic strains of S. parvulus, resulted in high recombination frequencies to prototrophy (9.6 approximately 15%). When fusion was carried out between auxotrophic act+ and act- strains, respectively, there was a high frequency (84 approximately 95%) of the actinomycin synthesizing character among the prototrophic recombinants examined. No actinomycin-producing recombinant was detected in similar experiments between auxotrophic non-producing strains.", "PMID": 82552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8679", "title": "Human leucocyte neutral proteases, with special reference to collagen metabolism.", "content": "Three different types of neutral proteases related to collagen metabolism have been found in the granule fraction of human leucocytes from normal adults, using collagen, gelatin, and synthetic peptides as substrates. These are collagenase, an enzyme showing a potent hydrolytic activity against gelatin but little against native collagen, and one splitting the cross-links region of collagen. Their molecular weights were estimated to be about 75,000 150,000, and 25,000, respectively, by gel chromatography. The former two enzymes were inhibited by a alpha2-macroglobulin and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, but not by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-antitrypsin) or phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, while the latter enzyme, associated in behavior with an enzyme hydrolyzing succinyl-(l-alanyl)3-p-nitroanilide, was inhibited by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha2-macroglobulin, and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, but not by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A possible cooperative function of these enzymes in collagen catabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Human leucocyte neutral proteases, with special reference to collagen metabolism. Three different types of neutral proteases related to collagen metabolism have been found in the granule fraction of human leucocytes from normal adults, using collagen, gelatin, and synthetic peptides as substrates. These are collagenase, an enzyme showing a potent hydrolytic activity against gelatin but little against native collagen, and one splitting the cross-links region of collagen. Their molecular weights were estimated to be about 75,000 150,000, and 25,000, respectively, by gel chromatography. The former two enzymes were inhibited by a alpha2-macroglobulin and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, but not by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-antitrypsin) or phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, while the latter enzyme, associated in behavior with an enzyme hydrolyzing succinyl-(l-alanyl)3-p-nitroanilide, was inhibited by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha2-macroglobulin, and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, but not by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A possible cooperative function of these enzymes in collagen catabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 82554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8680", "title": "Differential inhibition of DNA polymerases of calf thymus by 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate.", "content": "The effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate (araATP) on the reactions of DNA polymerases alpha and beta [E.C. 2.7.7.7] purified from calf thymus was examined. The reaction of DNA polymerase alpha was shown to be more sensitive to the inhibition than that of DNA polymerase beta. The K1 value of DNA polymerase beta for araATP was 45 micrometer; 15 times higher than that of DNA polymerase alpha (3 micrometer). The mode of inhibition by araATP was essentially competitive to deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) in the reactions catalyzed by both DNA polymerase alpha and beta using activated DNA as a template-primer. However, in the reactions of the alpha-enzyme, araATP also inhibited the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides othan than dATP non-competitively.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of DNA polymerases of calf thymus by 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate. The effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-5'-triphosphate (araATP) on the reactions of DNA polymerases alpha and beta [E.C. 2.7.7.7] purified from calf thymus was examined. The reaction of DNA polymerase alpha was shown to be more sensitive to the inhibition than that of DNA polymerase beta. The K1 value of DNA polymerase beta for araATP was 45 micrometer; 15 times higher than that of DNA polymerase alpha (3 micrometer). The mode of inhibition by araATP was essentially competitive to deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) in the reactions catalyzed by both DNA polymerase alpha and beta using activated DNA as a template-primer. However, in the reactions of the alpha-enzyme, araATP also inhibited the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides othan than dATP non-competitively.", "PMID": 82555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8681", "title": "The use of gel filtration to follow conformational changes in proteins. Conformational flexibility of bovine myelin basic protein.", "content": "The hydrodynamic behavior of bovine myelin basic protein was studied by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 under conditions which included variations in pH from 2 to 12, variations in ionic strength from 0.01 to 1.5 M at pH 2 and from 0.1 to 2 M at pH 7, and variations in guanidinium chloride concentration from 0 to 6 M. A number of well characterized compact globular proteins were subjected to the same conditions for comparison. Compact globular proteins showed major conformational transitions due to acid, alkali, and guanidinium chloride denaturation and, possibly, minor transitions as well. Myelin basic protein behaved like a flexible linear polyelectrolyte, expanding continuously between pH 11 and pH 2 to 3 at ionic strength 0.1 M and contracting continuously with increase in ionic strength at pH 2 and at pH 7 to the point of salting-out. Relatively low concentrations of guanidinium chloride (approximately 0.5 M) were sufficient to cause the basic protein to expand. With increasing concentration of the denaturant the molecule continued to expand, but in a noncooperative manner. These results demonstrated the lack of significant intramolecular stabilization in the protein.", "contents": "The use of gel filtration to follow conformational changes in proteins. Conformational flexibility of bovine myelin basic protein. The hydrodynamic behavior of bovine myelin basic protein was studied by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 under conditions which included variations in pH from 2 to 12, variations in ionic strength from 0.01 to 1.5 M at pH 2 and from 0.1 to 2 M at pH 7, and variations in guanidinium chloride concentration from 0 to 6 M. A number of well characterized compact globular proteins were subjected to the same conditions for comparison. Compact globular proteins showed major conformational transitions due to acid, alkali, and guanidinium chloride denaturation and, possibly, minor transitions as well. Myelin basic protein behaved like a flexible linear polyelectrolyte, expanding continuously between pH 11 and pH 2 to 3 at ionic strength 0.1 M and contracting continuously with increase in ionic strength at pH 2 and at pH 7 to the point of salting-out. Relatively low concentrations of guanidinium chloride (approximately 0.5 M) were sufficient to cause the basic protein to expand. With increasing concentration of the denaturant the molecule continued to expand, but in a noncooperative manner. These results demonstrated the lack of significant intramolecular stabilization in the protein.", "PMID": 82559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8682", "title": "Movies and dental perceptual-motor skills.", "content": "The burgeoning popularity of motion pictures in dental education, despite the absence of supporting data, presents the possibility that the medium is being used uncritically. Assumptions underlying the choice and production of dental films are enumerated and critiqued. The assumption that the typical dental procedure film provides a useful model of dental motions is seriously questioned. Potentially superior alternatives are proposed.", "contents": "Movies and dental perceptual-motor skills. The burgeoning popularity of motion pictures in dental education, despite the absence of supporting data, presents the possibility that the medium is being used uncritically. Assumptions underlying the choice and production of dental films are enumerated and critiqued. The assumption that the typical dental procedure film provides a useful model of dental motions is seriously questioned. Potentially superior alternatives are proposed.", "PMID": 82563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8683", "title": "Assessment of the influence of irrelevant IgE on allergic sensitivity to two independent allergens.", "content": "Serum samples from 31 patients sensitive to both ragweed and rye grass were quantitated for IgE specific for ragweed antigen E (AgE) and rye grass group I (rye I) antigens employing the previously described radioallergosorbent test (RAST) elution technique. IgE anti-AgE ranged from 0.4 to 320 ng/ml and comprised 0.4% to 14.2% of total serum IgE. The same sera contained IgE anti-rye I ranging from 7.9 to 1,168 ng/ml, comprising 1.6% to 29.6% of total serum IgE. A new theoretical parameter (RF), representing the percent of total IgE-Fc receptors of target cells occupied by allergen-specific IgE, was calculated for each IgE specificity by using the determinations of allergen-specific IgE antibody, total serum IgE, and assuming an equilibrium constant for binding of IgE molecules to basophils of 10(9)M-1. This \"% occupancy\" parameter correlated with skin test titration, basophil cell sensitivity, and hay fever symptom scores as well as, but not better than, the absolute values of allergen-specific IgE. This finding suggests that in most atopic patients, the quantity of irrelevant IgE plays a relatively minor role in determining allergic sensitivity to a given allergen. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of the influence of irrelevant IgE on allergic sensitivity to two independent allergens. Serum samples from 31 patients sensitive to both ragweed and rye grass were quantitated for IgE specific for ragweed antigen E (AgE) and rye grass group I (rye I) antigens employing the previously described radioallergosorbent test (RAST) elution technique. IgE anti-AgE ranged from 0.4 to 320 ng/ml and comprised 0.4% to 14.2% of total serum IgE. The same sera contained IgE anti-rye I ranging from 7.9 to 1,168 ng/ml, comprising 1.6% to 29.6% of total serum IgE. A new theoretical parameter (RF), representing the percent of total IgE-Fc receptors of target cells occupied by allergen-specific IgE, was calculated for each IgE specificity by using the determinations of allergen-specific IgE antibody, total serum IgE, and assuming an equilibrium constant for binding of IgE molecules to basophils of 10(9)M-1. This \"% occupancy\" parameter correlated with skin test titration, basophil cell sensitivity, and hay fever symptom scores as well as, but not better than, the absolute values of allergen-specific IgE. This finding suggests that in most atopic patients, the quantity of irrelevant IgE plays a relatively minor role in determining allergic sensitivity to a given allergen. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 82565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8684", "title": "Evaluation of a patient with cold and cholinergic urticaria.", "content": "A-20-year-old male Army paratrooper presented with a history of inducible urticaria associated with exercise as well as cold exposure. Upon evaluation, he not only had a positive ice cube test, but also had a positive mecholyl skin test with numberous satellite lesions and generalized punctate urticaria following exercise challenge. Thus, he appeared to have combined cold and cholinergic urticaria. When mediator release was examined during cold and exercise challenge, histamine release was observed in each instance; a rapid rise and fall of plasma histamine was seen after cold challenge, while a lag phase followed by sustained elevation of plasma histamine was associated with exercise challenge. This represents the fourth reported case of combined cold and cholinergic urticaria and is the first in whom mediator release was assessed. The time-course of histamine release was characteristic of each disorder.", "contents": "Evaluation of a patient with cold and cholinergic urticaria. A-20-year-old male Army paratrooper presented with a history of inducible urticaria associated with exercise as well as cold exposure. Upon evaluation, he not only had a positive ice cube test, but also had a positive mecholyl skin test with numberous satellite lesions and generalized punctate urticaria following exercise challenge. Thus, he appeared to have combined cold and cholinergic urticaria. When mediator release was examined during cold and exercise challenge, histamine release was observed in each instance; a rapid rise and fall of plasma histamine was seen after cold challenge, while a lag phase followed by sustained elevation of plasma histamine was associated with exercise challenge. This represents the fourth reported case of combined cold and cholinergic urticaria and is the first in whom mediator release was assessed. The time-course of histamine release was characteristic of each disorder.", "PMID": 82566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8685", "title": "Activation of latent collagenase of human leukocytes and gingival fluid by bacterial plaque.", "content": "Collagenase activity was studied in human leukocytes, gingival crevicular fluid and bacterial plaque, with soluble radioactive collagen as substrate. Inflamed gingiva liberated vertebrate type collagenase into the crevicular fluid in active form. Healthy gingiva, in contrast, released collagenase in a latent form that could be activated by trypsin or plaque. Plaque also stimulated leukocytes to release collagenase, and activated the latent enzyme.", "contents": "Activation of latent collagenase of human leukocytes and gingival fluid by bacterial plaque. Collagenase activity was studied in human leukocytes, gingival crevicular fluid and bacterial plaque, with soluble radioactive collagen as substrate. Inflamed gingiva liberated vertebrate type collagenase into the crevicular fluid in active form. Healthy gingiva, in contrast, released collagenase in a latent form that could be activated by trypsin or plaque. Plaque also stimulated leukocytes to release collagenase, and activated the latent enzyme.", "PMID": 82562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8686", "title": "Endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the anterior pituitary: sites of activity as identified by immunocytochemical staining.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity was localized in the rat anterior pituitary with rabbit anti-TRH sera and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. Stain was present in secretory granules of cells possessing morphological characteristics of thyrotropes, gonadotropes and lactotropes. Antibody absorption studies with anti-TRH sera absorbed with TRH, 3 diastereoisomeric analogues of TRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), bovine serum albumin, thyrotropin, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone were performed to determine the specificity of the staining reaction. Only absorption with TRH resulted in a significant reduction in staining intensity. In vitro experiments were then begun with hemipituitaries to ascertain if intrapituitary TRH might originate by sequestration of exogenous, plasma membrane bound TRH or by de novo synthesis. The results suggest that anterior pituitary TRH is of endogenous origin.", "contents": "Endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the anterior pituitary: sites of activity as identified by immunocytochemical staining. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity was localized in the rat anterior pituitary with rabbit anti-TRH sera and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. Stain was present in secretory granules of cells possessing morphological characteristics of thyrotropes, gonadotropes and lactotropes. Antibody absorption studies with anti-TRH sera absorbed with TRH, 3 diastereoisomeric analogues of TRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), bovine serum albumin, thyrotropin, prolactin, adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone were performed to determine the specificity of the staining reaction. Only absorption with TRH resulted in a significant reduction in staining intensity. In vitro experiments were then begun with hemipituitaries to ascertain if intrapituitary TRH might originate by sequestration of exogenous, plasma membrane bound TRH or by de novo synthesis. The results suggest that anterior pituitary TRH is of endogenous origin.", "PMID": 82570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8687", "title": "Immunoperoxidase stains cortisol in adrenal and pituitary.", "content": "The unlabeled peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger was used to localize cortisol within paraffin embedded sections of cat adrenal and pituitary tissue. Incubation of the cortisol antiserum used in this method with increasing concentrations of cortisol led to progressive extinction of cortisol staining of the adrenal fasciculata cells, (as measured with a scanning integrating microdensitometer). This result suggests strongly that the staining achieved with this method was specific for cortisol. Cortisol staining was demonstrated not only within cells that synthesize cortisol (the adrenal fasciculata) but also in cells of the adrenal medulla and of the anterior pituitary, two target sites for cortisol action.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase stains cortisol in adrenal and pituitary. The unlabeled peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger was used to localize cortisol within paraffin embedded sections of cat adrenal and pituitary tissue. Incubation of the cortisol antiserum used in this method with increasing concentrations of cortisol led to progressive extinction of cortisol staining of the adrenal fasciculata cells, (as measured with a scanning integrating microdensitometer). This result suggests strongly that the staining achieved with this method was specific for cortisol. Cortisol staining was demonstrated not only within cells that synthesize cortisol (the adrenal fasciculata) but also in cells of the adrenal medulla and of the anterior pituitary, two target sites for cortisol action.", "PMID": 82571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8688", "title": "Masking of protein antigen by modification of amino groups with carbobenzoxychloride (benzyl chloroformate) and demasking by treatment with nonspecific protease.", "content": "Cryostat sections of various substrates were treated with carbobenzoxychloride in acetone to modify antigens. By applying specific fluorescent antibodies, it could be shown that the antigenic determinants of rabbit gamma-globulin and bovine insulin were totally masked. The antigenicity of ACTH was markedly reduced, whereas the polysaccharide antigens of Salmonella typhimurium were only partially masked. After masking, antigenicity could be restored by treatment with nonspecific protease. The reversible protection of amino groups by carbobenzoxychloride may be a way to preserve protein antigens during embedding in plastics, as such materials also bind to amino groups, blocking the antigenicity of proteins.", "contents": "Masking of protein antigen by modification of amino groups with carbobenzoxychloride (benzyl chloroformate) and demasking by treatment with nonspecific protease. Cryostat sections of various substrates were treated with carbobenzoxychloride in acetone to modify antigens. By applying specific fluorescent antibodies, it could be shown that the antigenic determinants of rabbit gamma-globulin and bovine insulin were totally masked. The antigenicity of ACTH was markedly reduced, whereas the polysaccharide antigens of Salmonella typhimurium were only partially masked. After masking, antigenicity could be restored by treatment with nonspecific protease. The reversible protection of amino groups by carbobenzoxychloride may be a way to preserve protein antigens during embedding in plastics, as such materials also bind to amino groups, blocking the antigenicity of proteins.", "PMID": 82572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8689", "title": "Rapid hypotonic method for flow cytofluorometry of monolayer cell cultures. Some pitfalls in staining and data analysis.", "content": "The rapid hypotonic staining procedure developed by Krishan for DNA determinations by flow cytofluorometry has been proven accurate for in vivo cell samples and for cell lines growing in suspension culture. We show that the unmodified procedure may produce distorted DNA histograms when used for staining cells growing in monolayer cultures, however. To eliminate these distortions, it was necessary to avoid the use of trypsin by staining the attached cells directly, using a hypotonic fluorochrome solution to which nonionic detergent was added. Two sublines of HeLa S3 cells are shown to exhibit major differences in their staining characteristics. By using our revised staining procedure, the two sublines appear to produce very satisfactory DNA histograms. However, in only one subline does the S phase fraction calculated from the histograms agree with the autoradiographical labeling index. Mitotic cells remain intact under these staining conditions, and the principal observed effect of nonionic detergents in this case is to decrease the coefficient of variation of fluorescence intensity.", "contents": "Rapid hypotonic method for flow cytofluorometry of monolayer cell cultures. Some pitfalls in staining and data analysis. The rapid hypotonic staining procedure developed by Krishan for DNA determinations by flow cytofluorometry has been proven accurate for in vivo cell samples and for cell lines growing in suspension culture. We show that the unmodified procedure may produce distorted DNA histograms when used for staining cells growing in monolayer cultures, however. To eliminate these distortions, it was necessary to avoid the use of trypsin by staining the attached cells directly, using a hypotonic fluorochrome solution to which nonionic detergent was added. Two sublines of HeLa S3 cells are shown to exhibit major differences in their staining characteristics. By using our revised staining procedure, the two sublines appear to produce very satisfactory DNA histograms. However, in only one subline does the S phase fraction calculated from the histograms agree with the autoradiographical labeling index. Mitotic cells remain intact under these staining conditions, and the principal observed effect of nonionic detergents in this case is to decrease the coefficient of variation of fluorescence intensity.", "PMID": 82573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8690", "title": "Studies on the immunosuppressive effect of organochlorine and organophosphoric pesticides in subacute experiments.", "content": "Subacute experiments were carried out on rabbits by daily oral administration of Lindane, Malathion and Dichlorophos. A dose-dependent significant decrease in Salmonella typhi induced immune response was found in sera of animals treated with these pesticides compared to untreated controls. Inihbition of cholinesterase activity confirmed the immunological findings.", "contents": "Studies on the immunosuppressive effect of organochlorine and organophosphoric pesticides in subacute experiments. Subacute experiments were carried out on rabbits by daily oral administration of Lindane, Malathion and Dichlorophos. A dose-dependent significant decrease in Salmonella typhi induced immune response was found in sera of animals treated with these pesticides compared to untreated controls. Inihbition of cholinesterase activity confirmed the immunological findings.", "PMID": 82575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8691", "title": "Failure to detect mouse species-specific antigens in Toxoplasmin Sevac.", "content": "Toxoplasmin--a highly purified extract from the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii propagated in mice--was tested for the presence of the mouse species-specific antigens by immunodiffusion in agar gel and by PCA test. Neither test gave positive reaction. It was concluded therefore that Toxoplasmin Sevac used for the detection of dermal hypersensitivity to toxoplasma antigens in humans does not contain any detectable contamination by mouse species-specific antigens within the limits of sensitivity of both methods used.", "contents": "Failure to detect mouse species-specific antigens in Toxoplasmin Sevac. Toxoplasmin--a highly purified extract from the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii propagated in mice--was tested for the presence of the mouse species-specific antigens by immunodiffusion in agar gel and by PCA test. Neither test gave positive reaction. It was concluded therefore that Toxoplasmin Sevac used for the detection of dermal hypersensitivity to toxoplasma antigens in humans does not contain any detectable contamination by mouse species-specific antigens within the limits of sensitivity of both methods used.", "PMID": 82576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8692", "title": "Twelve serum protein profiles in children with acute nonbacterial gastroenterocolitis.", "content": "In thirty children hospitalized with acute benign, short-duration gastroenterocolitis, no obligate pathogens were isolated from stools. Five bleedings were established from each patient in order to obtain the protein profiles of albumin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, C3-component, C-reactive protein, immunglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD. The proteins were quantitated by the single radial immunodiffusion method. The initial drop in some of the proteins followed may be related to general protein loss, negative nitrogen balance or hemodilution. The absence of a significant increase in all the investigated immunoglobulin classes contrasted with remarkable increase in haptoglobin and orosomucoid, both reaching normal levels in late convalescence. C-reactive protein could be demonstrated in half of the children showing early normalization with disappearance of clinical symptoms. In contrast to ceruloplasmin and C3- component, alpha2-macroglobulin was not involved in the acute phase protein reaction.", "contents": "Twelve serum protein profiles in children with acute nonbacterial gastroenterocolitis. In thirty children hospitalized with acute benign, short-duration gastroenterocolitis, no obligate pathogens were isolated from stools. Five bleedings were established from each patient in order to obtain the protein profiles of albumin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, C3-component, C-reactive protein, immunglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD. The proteins were quantitated by the single radial immunodiffusion method. The initial drop in some of the proteins followed may be related to general protein loss, negative nitrogen balance or hemodilution. The absence of a significant increase in all the investigated immunoglobulin classes contrasted with remarkable increase in haptoglobin and orosomucoid, both reaching normal levels in late convalescence. C-reactive protein could be demonstrated in half of the children showing early normalization with disappearance of clinical symptoms. In contrast to ceruloplasmin and C3- component, alpha2-macroglobulin was not involved in the acute phase protein reaction.", "PMID": 82577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8693", "title": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. IV. Tumor antigen-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and induce suppressor T cells in vivo.", "content": "The nature and function of suppressor factor(s) elaborated by suppressor T cells in response to certain chemically induced tumors have been further defined. Thus, suppressor factor(s) specific for the S1509a methylchol-anthrene-induced fibrosarcoma have been shown to bear determinants encoded by the I-J subregion of the murine MHC since suppressive activity is removed by passage of the factor through an immunoadsorbent composed of anti-I-Jk coupled to Sepharose. No loss of activity was observed after passage of factor through control columns composed of normal mouse globulin. Furthermore, activity could be recovered from the relevant immunoadsorbent by elution with high salt. The administration of crude suppressor factor(s) to normal animals for 4 days resulted in the development of a population of suppressor cells that act in a manner analogous to the suppressor cell population used for production of factor. These factor-induced suppressor cells are T cells and exhibit an antigen specificity similar to that displayed by the tumor-induced suppressor cells. Thus, tumor-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and are capable of inducing the appearance of suppressor T cells in the nontumor-bearing host, which may then act in a specific manner to limit host responsiveness to tumor antigen.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. IV. Tumor antigen-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and induce suppressor T cells in vivo. The nature and function of suppressor factor(s) elaborated by suppressor T cells in response to certain chemically induced tumors have been further defined. Thus, suppressor factor(s) specific for the S1509a methylchol-anthrene-induced fibrosarcoma have been shown to bear determinants encoded by the I-J subregion of the murine MHC since suppressive activity is removed by passage of the factor through an immunoadsorbent composed of anti-I-Jk coupled to Sepharose. No loss of activity was observed after passage of factor through control columns composed of normal mouse globulin. Furthermore, activity could be recovered from the relevant immunoadsorbent by elution with high salt. The administration of crude suppressor factor(s) to normal animals for 4 days resulted in the development of a population of suppressor cells that act in a manner analogous to the suppressor cell population used for production of factor. These factor-induced suppressor cells are T cells and exhibit an antigen specificity similar to that displayed by the tumor-induced suppressor cells. Thus, tumor-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and are capable of inducing the appearance of suppressor T cells in the nontumor-bearing host, which may then act in a specific manner to limit host responsiveness to tumor antigen.", "PMID": 82578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8694", "title": "Properties of H-2L locus products in allogeneic and H-2 restricted, trinitrophenyl-specific cytotoxic responses.", "content": "The role of the recently defined L antigen (a second D region product) in allogeneic and TNP-specific syngeneic primary CML responses has been investigated. The lysis by anti-L specific cytotoxic effector cells was not inhibited when the target cells were pretreated with an antiserum directed against K and D, whereas an antiserum against L completely abrogated this response. Therefore, H-2L products are recognized on the target cell independently of H-2K and H-2D locus products. Both A.SW cells as well as B10 cells were found to respond to Ld alloantigens, in addition to Dd alloantigens when stimulated by cells differing only in the D region. The results of cold target blocking and antiserum inhibition experiments failed to detect cytotoxic cells with specificity of L antigens in association with TNP, under conditions in which TNP-specific effectors to K and D antigens were demonstrable. These findings suggest that there is a more limited involvement of H-2L locus products than the H-2K or H-2D  locus products in the induction and specificity of these responses.", "contents": "Properties of H-2L locus products in allogeneic and H-2 restricted, trinitrophenyl-specific cytotoxic responses. The role of the recently defined L antigen (a second D region product) in allogeneic and TNP-specific syngeneic primary CML responses has been investigated. The lysis by anti-L specific cytotoxic effector cells was not inhibited when the target cells were pretreated with an antiserum directed against K and D, whereas an antiserum against L completely abrogated this response. Therefore, H-2L products are recognized on the target cell independently of H-2K and H-2D locus products. Both A.SW cells as well as B10 cells were found to respond to Ld alloantigens, in addition to Dd alloantigens when stimulated by cells differing only in the D region. The results of cold target blocking and antiserum inhibition experiments failed to detect cytotoxic cells with specificity of L antigens in association with TNP, under conditions in which TNP-specific effectors to K and D antigens were demonstrable. These findings suggest that there is a more limited involvement of H-2L locus products than the H-2K or H-2D  locus products in the induction and specificity of these responses.", "PMID": 82579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8695", "title": "Antigen-induced murine B cell lymphomas. II. Exploitation of the surface idiotype as tumor specific antigen.", "content": "In the accompanying report, we have described the characterization of two unusual murine B cell lymphomas, CH1 and CH2. A heterologous antiserum, which we refer to as \"anti-idiotype\" serum, has been raised to the detergent-solubilized surface immunoglobulin of CH1. The following criteria have established that this antiserum is specific for the CH1 tumor and that it reacts with V region determinants of the tumor surface IgM: 1) the antiserum reacts with CH1 tumor cells, but not normal mouse lymphoid cells or CH2 tumor cells, in indirect immunofluorescence and C-dependent cytotoxicity testing, 2) capping with the anti-idiotype serum removes all or most of the tumor surface Ig, 3) the antiserum forms a single band of precipitation against serum from CH1 tumor-bearing mice, when tested by double diffusion precipitin analysis, and 4) a single band of precipitation is formed in the electrophoretic migration position of IgM when the anti-idiotype antiserum is tested against serum from CH1 tumor-bearing mice in immunoelectrophoresis. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that this antiserum is useful in monitoring tumor growth and is a potent immunotherapeutic agent. Specifically, 50% of mice injected with a lethal tumor inoculum and given a small dose of anti-idiotype serum 2 days later remain tumor free, whereas all tumor-challenged control mice died within 30 days.", "contents": "Antigen-induced murine B cell lymphomas. II. Exploitation of the surface idiotype as tumor specific antigen. In the accompanying report, we have described the characterization of two unusual murine B cell lymphomas, CH1 and CH2. A heterologous antiserum, which we refer to as \"anti-idiotype\" serum, has been raised to the detergent-solubilized surface immunoglobulin of CH1. The following criteria have established that this antiserum is specific for the CH1 tumor and that it reacts with V region determinants of the tumor surface IgM: 1) the antiserum reacts with CH1 tumor cells, but not normal mouse lymphoid cells or CH2 tumor cells, in indirect immunofluorescence and C-dependent cytotoxicity testing, 2) capping with the anti-idiotype serum removes all or most of the tumor surface Ig, 3) the antiserum forms a single band of precipitation against serum from CH1 tumor-bearing mice, when tested by double diffusion precipitin analysis, and 4) a single band of precipitation is formed in the electrophoretic migration position of IgM when the anti-idiotype antiserum is tested against serum from CH1 tumor-bearing mice in immunoelectrophoresis. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that this antiserum is useful in monitoring tumor growth and is a potent immunotherapeutic agent. Specifically, 50% of mice injected with a lethal tumor inoculum and given a small dose of anti-idiotype serum 2 days later remain tumor free, whereas all tumor-challenged control mice died within 30 days.", "PMID": 82581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8696", "title": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. VI. Differential specificities of suppressor T cells or their products and effector T cells.", "content": "Suppressor T cells arising during the development of certain murine methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas have previously been shown capable of limiting only those effector responses generated against the homologous tumor. Thus, S1509a-induced suppressor T cells inhibit immune reactivity only to the S1509a tumor in S1509a immune mice and have no effect on the rejection of SAI tumors in SAI-immune animals. In contrast to this is the cross-reactivity of effector cells in this system, whereby animals rendered immune to either the S1509a or SAI sarcoma are equally capable of rejecting a challenge of the opposite tumor. The specificity of suppression has been further defined in the present study, which demonstrates that S1509a-induced suppressor cells can inhibit responsiveness only to the S1509a sarcoma, even in the simultaneous presence of both the S1509a and SAI tumors. Furthermore, the suppressor factor that is obtainable from suppressor T cells demonstrates a similar precise specificity in its ability to limit selectively reactivity only against the inducing tumor, regardless of the simultaneous expression of antigens on other tumors recognized by cross-reactive effector cells. These results suggest that the antigenic determinants recognized by effector and suppressor T cells are different, and may provide a model for further dissection of suppressor cell function in vivo.", "contents": "Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. VI. Differential specificities of suppressor T cells or their products and effector T cells. Suppressor T cells arising during the development of certain murine methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas have previously been shown capable of limiting only those effector responses generated against the homologous tumor. Thus, S1509a-induced suppressor T cells inhibit immune reactivity only to the S1509a tumor in S1509a immune mice and have no effect on the rejection of SAI tumors in SAI-immune animals. In contrast to this is the cross-reactivity of effector cells in this system, whereby animals rendered immune to either the S1509a or SAI sarcoma are equally capable of rejecting a challenge of the opposite tumor. The specificity of suppression has been further defined in the present study, which demonstrates that S1509a-induced suppressor cells can inhibit responsiveness only to the S1509a sarcoma, even in the simultaneous presence of both the S1509a and SAI tumors. Furthermore, the suppressor factor that is obtainable from suppressor T cells demonstrates a similar precise specificity in its ability to limit selectively reactivity only against the inducing tumor, regardless of the simultaneous expression of antigens on other tumors recognized by cross-reactive effector cells. These results suggest that the antigenic determinants recognized by effector and suppressor T cells are different, and may provide a model for further dissection of suppressor cell function in vivo.", "PMID": 82582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8697", "title": "Expression of I-A and I-E,C region-coded Ia antigens on functional B cell subpopulations.", "content": "Ia antigens from specific subregions have been examined on functional B cell populations. Expression of both I-A and I-E,C region antigens was demonstrated on cells required for both lipopolysaccharide mitogenesis and polyclonal activation. Similar I-A and I-E,C subregion expression was found on cells required for response to the T-independent antigen, polyvinylpyrrolidone. TNP-specific IgM and hen egg lysozyme-specific IgG plaque-forming cells also express I-A and I-E,C region antigens. No evidence was found for an Ia- population responsive in the systems tested. Further, no evidence of preferential expression of I-A or I-E,C region antigens was observed in any system examined. Therefore, it appears that B cells express both I-A and I-E,C region-coded Ia antigens.", "contents": "Expression of I-A and I-E,C region-coded Ia antigens on functional B cell subpopulations. Ia antigens from specific subregions have been examined on functional B cell populations. Expression of both I-A and I-E,C region antigens was demonstrated on cells required for both lipopolysaccharide mitogenesis and polyclonal activation. Similar I-A and I-E,C subregion expression was found on cells required for response to the T-independent antigen, polyvinylpyrrolidone. TNP-specific IgM and hen egg lysozyme-specific IgG plaque-forming cells also express I-A and I-E,C region antigens. No evidence was found for an Ia- population responsive in the systems tested. Further, no evidence of preferential expression of I-A or I-E,C region antigens was observed in any system examined. Therefore, it appears that B cells express both I-A and I-E,C region-coded Ia antigens.", "PMID": 82583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8698", "title": "Enterically induced immunologic tolerance. I. Induction of suppressor T lymphoyctes by intragastric administration of soluble proteins.", "content": "Specific immune unresponsiveness was induced in inbred mice (BDF1) by the administration of soluble ovalbumin (OVA) by gastric intubation. Anti-hapten (DNP) responses likewise were specifically diminished when animals were fed autologous carrier (OVA or keyhole limpet hemocyanin). Adoptive transfer of spleen cells demonstrated that the tolerant state could be maintained in irradiated recipient mice, and specific anergy could be transferred to normal recipient animals. Adoptive suppression was mediated by T lymphocytes, as demonstrated by nylon wool fractionation and susceptibility of the cells to anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. Transferred B cells had neither suppressive nor augmentative effects. Enteric administration of OVA also specifically diminished antigen-induced DNA synthesis of primed lymph node T cells, although suppressor cells were not identified in the lymph nodes per se.", "contents": "Enterically induced immunologic tolerance. I. Induction of suppressor T lymphoyctes by intragastric administration of soluble proteins. Specific immune unresponsiveness was induced in inbred mice (BDF1) by the administration of soluble ovalbumin (OVA) by gastric intubation. Anti-hapten (DNP) responses likewise were specifically diminished when animals were fed autologous carrier (OVA or keyhole limpet hemocyanin). Adoptive transfer of spleen cells demonstrated that the tolerant state could be maintained in irradiated recipient mice, and specific anergy could be transferred to normal recipient animals. Adoptive suppression was mediated by T lymphocytes, as demonstrated by nylon wool fractionation and susceptibility of the cells to anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. Transferred B cells had neither suppressive nor augmentative effects. Enteric administration of OVA also specifically diminished antigen-induced DNA synthesis of primed lymph node T cells, although suppressor cells were not identified in the lymph nodes per se.", "PMID": 82585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8699", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to the H-2Dk private specificity, H-2.32. II. Genetic linkage analysis of a backcross generation.", "content": "B10.AKM mice (H-2M) when immunized with H-2k cells showed very low cytotoxic antibody responses to the H-2Dk private specificity H-2.32, whereas AKR.M and (AKR.M X B10.AKM)F1 mice that possess the same H-2m haplotype mounted reasonable anti-H-2.32 antibody responses. The genetic nature of the non-H-2 linked gene(s) controlling the anti-H-2.32 response was analyzed on the backcross progeny raised between (AKR.M X B10.AKM)F1 and B10.AKM mice. The anti-H-2.32 antibody response was found to be predominantly controlled by a single locus. This locus segregated independently of the Ig heavy chain locus, the Ly2 locus, and the Mls locus. Despite the observed difference in antibody production, no significant differences between AKR.M and B10.AKM mice were detected in induction of H-2Dk-specific killer T cells. Thus, the defect in the response of B10.AKM mice to H-2.32 can be detected at the level of B cell function and is controlled by a single non-H-2-linked genetic locus, but is not attributable to genes linked to the major immunoglobulin structural genes nor to the Mls locus.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to the H-2Dk private specificity, H-2.32. II. Genetic linkage analysis of a backcross generation. B10.AKM mice (H-2M) when immunized with H-2k cells showed very low cytotoxic antibody responses to the H-2Dk private specificity H-2.32, whereas AKR.M and (AKR.M X B10.AKM)F1 mice that possess the same H-2m haplotype mounted reasonable anti-H-2.32 antibody responses. The genetic nature of the non-H-2 linked gene(s) controlling the anti-H-2.32 response was analyzed on the backcross progeny raised between (AKR.M X B10.AKM)F1 and B10.AKM mice. The anti-H-2.32 antibody response was found to be predominantly controlled by a single locus. This locus segregated independently of the Ig heavy chain locus, the Ly2 locus, and the Mls locus. Despite the observed difference in antibody production, no significant differences between AKR.M and B10.AKM mice were detected in induction of H-2Dk-specific killer T cells. Thus, the defect in the response of B10.AKM mice to H-2.32 can be detected at the level of B cell function and is controlled by a single non-H-2-linked genetic locus, but is not attributable to genes linked to the major immunoglobulin structural genes nor to the Mls locus.", "PMID": 82586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8700", "title": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. II. Definition of genetically restricted and nonrestricted macrophage functions in T cell proliferation.", "content": "The mechanisms by which adherent cells, presumably of mononuclear phagocytic lineage, influence in vitro antigen-specific activation of murine T lymphocytes was examined. Two distinct functions for macrophages could be discerned. One macrophage function is dependent on a soluble factor produced by cultured adherent cells and is most easily studied with complex multideterminant antigens. This factor is neither antigen-specific nor MHC-restricted in its action in that PEC, regardless of haplotype, produce factor in the absence of antigen. A second function, antigen-specific T cell activation, is seen when antigens of more restricted heterogeneity are used, such as those under the control of Ir genes. This latter activity demands identity or partial identity between the antigen-presenting cell and the primed T cell, thus suggesting an additional specific, genetically restricted function for macrophages in in vitro antigen recognition. Whether these adherent cell functions are mediated by all or distinct subsets of cells was not established.", "contents": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. II. Definition of genetically restricted and nonrestricted macrophage functions in T cell proliferation. The mechanisms by which adherent cells, presumably of mononuclear phagocytic lineage, influence in vitro antigen-specific activation of murine T lymphocytes was examined. Two distinct functions for macrophages could be discerned. One macrophage function is dependent on a soluble factor produced by cultured adherent cells and is most easily studied with complex multideterminant antigens. This factor is neither antigen-specific nor MHC-restricted in its action in that PEC, regardless of haplotype, produce factor in the absence of antigen. A second function, antigen-specific T cell activation, is seen when antigens of more restricted heterogeneity are used, such as those under the control of Ir genes. This latter activity demands identity or partial identity between the antigen-presenting cell and the primed T cell, thus suggesting an additional specific, genetically restricted function for macrophages in in vitro antigen recognition. Whether these adherent cell functions are mediated by all or distinct subsets of cells was not established.", "PMID": 82587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8701", "title": "Purification of alpha-2 macroglobulin by immunoadsorbent chromatography.", "content": "A method for preparation of alpha-2 macroglobulin (alpha2M) by immunoadsorbent chromatography utilizing rabbit--anti-human alpha2M-conjugated Sepharose 4B is described. This procedure offers a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for purification of alpha2M from as little as 2.0 ml of human serum. By multiple applications to the absorbent column, as much as 10 mg of purified alpha2M may be easily prepared in one day. This technique is especially useful for isolation of alpha2M from individual sera and for studies of cultured cell supernatants containing human alpha2M.", "contents": "Purification of alpha-2 macroglobulin by immunoadsorbent chromatography. A method for preparation of alpha-2 macroglobulin (alpha2M) by immunoadsorbent chromatography utilizing rabbit--anti-human alpha2M-conjugated Sepharose 4B is described. This procedure offers a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for purification of alpha2M from as little as 2.0 ml of human serum. By multiple applications to the absorbent column, as much as 10 mg of purified alpha2M may be easily prepared in one day. This technique is especially useful for isolation of alpha2M from individual sera and for studies of cultured cell supernatants containing human alpha2M.", "PMID": 82589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8702", "title": "Plasmacytoma spleen colonization: a sensitive, quantitative in vivo assay for idiotype-specific immune suppression of MOPC-315.", "content": "A spleen colony-forming assay for the measurement of idiotype-specific transplantation resistance to MOPC-315 is described. The assay is highly quantitative, sensitive, reproducible, less time consuming and distinctly superior to conventional in vivo assays which measure tumor incidence, tumor size, and/or host survival time after tumor challenge. The assay directly measures those clonogenic cells of the MOPC-315 myeloma which have a sufficient proliferative capacity to form macroscopic splenic foci within 14 days after intravenous challenge.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma spleen colonization: a sensitive, quantitative in vivo assay for idiotype-specific immune suppression of MOPC-315. A spleen colony-forming assay for the measurement of idiotype-specific transplantation resistance to MOPC-315 is described. The assay is highly quantitative, sensitive, reproducible, less time consuming and distinctly superior to conventional in vivo assays which measure tumor incidence, tumor size, and/or host survival time after tumor challenge. The assay directly measures those clonogenic cells of the MOPC-315 myeloma which have a sufficient proliferative capacity to form macroscopic splenic foci within 14 days after intravenous challenge.", "PMID": 82590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8703", "title": "Electrophoresis of immunoglobulin G. Facilitated migration of minute amounts in agarose.", "content": "Migration of very small amounts of immunoglobulin (20 ng) is restricted in agarose electrophoresis. Incorporation of a stable protein matrix (rabbit gamma globulin 1 mg/ml) in the agarose permits unrestricted migration so that immunoelectrophoresis of this quantity of radiolabelled antibody is possible. Very small amounts of radiolabelled and non-radiolabelled antibody were subjected to successful crossed immunoelectrophoresis through barriers of antigen under conditions which provide favorable ratios of antibody to antigen. These methods should be useful for studies of antibody eluted from tissue in acquired and autoimmune diseases associated with tissue bound immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of immunoglobulin G. Facilitated migration of minute amounts in agarose. Migration of very small amounts of immunoglobulin (20 ng) is restricted in agarose electrophoresis. Incorporation of a stable protein matrix (rabbit gamma globulin 1 mg/ml) in the agarose permits unrestricted migration so that immunoelectrophoresis of this quantity of radiolabelled antibody is possible. Very small amounts of radiolabelled and non-radiolabelled antibody were subjected to successful crossed immunoelectrophoresis through barriers of antigen under conditions which provide favorable ratios of antibody to antigen. These methods should be useful for studies of antibody eluted from tissue in acquired and autoimmune diseases associated with tissue bound immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 82591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8704", "title": "A rapid, novel method for the solid-phase derivatization of IgG antibodies for immune-affinity chromatography.", "content": "We show that a solid-phase immune adsorbent can be prepared from rabbit antiserum by isolating the IgG fraction with the A protein of Staphylococcus aureus associated covalently with a Sepharose matrix. The IgG is then coupled to the matrix using the cross-linking agent dimethylsuberimidate. IgG antibody bound in this fashion is in the proper orientation for combination with antigen because association with protein A occurs via the Fc portion of the IgG molecule, thus leaving the combining site of the molecule free to interact with antigen.", "contents": "A rapid, novel method for the solid-phase derivatization of IgG antibodies for immune-affinity chromatography. We show that a solid-phase immune adsorbent can be prepared from rabbit antiserum by isolating the IgG fraction with the A protein of Staphylococcus aureus associated covalently with a Sepharose matrix. The IgG is then coupled to the matrix using the cross-linking agent dimethylsuberimidate. IgG antibody bound in this fashion is in the proper orientation for combination with antigen because association with protein A occurs via the Fc portion of the IgG molecule, thus leaving the combining site of the molecule free to interact with antigen.", "PMID": 82592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8705", "title": "Induction of haemolytic plaque-forming cells with sheep lymphoid cells in vitro.", "content": "The in vitro induction of specific primary and secondary immune responses in sheep lymph node cell suspensions is described and suitable culture conditions determined. The induction of primary immune responses required supplementation of the culture medium with antigen-absorbed homologous serum or lymph, whereas the requirements for the induction of a secondary response were less stringent. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the medium was required. The amounts of heterologous erythrocytes used for immunization were critical and optimal responses were obtained when 50 microleters of a 1% suspension were added to 1 ml cultures. Lymphocyte densities of about 5 X 10(6)/ml were found optimal in primary immune responses in vitro. Less than 2 X 10(6) cells/ml rarely gave rise to plaque-forming cell (PFC) generation, whereas densities of 10 x 10(6) and above reduced the number of PFC obtained per number of cultured cells. Lymphocytes obtained from the efferent lymph draining lymph nodes previously immunized with heterologous erythrocytes were found to generate PFC in vitro when specific antigen was added to the cultures, but attempts to generate PFC in vitro with cells from efferent lymph draining non-immunized nodes failed.", "contents": "Induction of haemolytic plaque-forming cells with sheep lymphoid cells in vitro. The in vitro induction of specific primary and secondary immune responses in sheep lymph node cell suspensions is described and suitable culture conditions determined. The induction of primary immune responses required supplementation of the culture medium with antigen-absorbed homologous serum or lymph, whereas the requirements for the induction of a secondary response were less stringent. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the medium was required. The amounts of heterologous erythrocytes used for immunization were critical and optimal responses were obtained when 50 microleters of a 1% suspension were added to 1 ml cultures. Lymphocyte densities of about 5 X 10(6)/ml were found optimal in primary immune responses in vitro. Less than 2 X 10(6) cells/ml rarely gave rise to plaque-forming cell (PFC) generation, whereas densities of 10 x 10(6) and above reduced the number of PFC obtained per number of cultured cells. Lymphocytes obtained from the efferent lymph draining lymph nodes previously immunized with heterologous erythrocytes were found to generate PFC in vitro when specific antigen was added to the cultures, but attempts to generate PFC in vitro with cells from efferent lymph draining non-immunized nodes failed.", "PMID": 82593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8706", "title": "Partial purification of pemphigus-related epidermal antigens.", "content": "Epidermal antigens partially purified by either isoelectric focusing (the pH 5.2 peak) or concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography react with Con A in tube precipitation reactions. Bands of identity between crude skin antigens, the Con A affinity antigens eluted with alpha-methyl glucoside and the pH 5.2 peak are formed in Ouchterlony gel with rabbit antisera (Rab) to the pH 5.2 antigen. Absorption of Rab or pemphigus antibodies (Pab) with A+ erythrocytes does not affect complement fixation reactions of Rab with the skin antigen nor abolish the ability of Pab to interact with the intercellular cement. The pH 5.2 epidermal antigens react weakly with Pab in tube precipitation reactions and only weakly, if at all, to inhibit Pab reactions in the region of the intercellular cement. High concentrations of Con A inhibit the Pab, peroxidase-anti-IgG tissue reaction whereas the converse inhibition does not occur. Simultaneous use of both Pab and Con A-perodixase reactions at Con A concentrations which do not inhibit Pab, causes enhanced tissue peroxidase reactions in the region of the intercellular cement. These preliminary data indicate that the Pab and Con A-reacting sites are localized on different molecules or antigenic determinants in the intercellular cement. They exclude the possibility that A-blood substances are involved in either site.", "contents": "Partial purification of pemphigus-related epidermal antigens. Epidermal antigens partially purified by either isoelectric focusing (the pH 5.2 peak) or concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography react with Con A in tube precipitation reactions. Bands of identity between crude skin antigens, the Con A affinity antigens eluted with alpha-methyl glucoside and the pH 5.2 peak are formed in Ouchterlony gel with rabbit antisera (Rab) to the pH 5.2 antigen. Absorption of Rab or pemphigus antibodies (Pab) with A+ erythrocytes does not affect complement fixation reactions of Rab with the skin antigen nor abolish the ability of Pab to interact with the intercellular cement. The pH 5.2 epidermal antigens react weakly with Pab in tube precipitation reactions and only weakly, if at all, to inhibit Pab reactions in the region of the intercellular cement. High concentrations of Con A inhibit the Pab, peroxidase-anti-IgG tissue reaction whereas the converse inhibition does not occur. Simultaneous use of both Pab and Con A-perodixase reactions at Con A concentrations which do not inhibit Pab, causes enhanced tissue peroxidase reactions in the region of the intercellular cement. These preliminary data indicate that the Pab and Con A-reacting sites are localized on different molecules or antigenic determinants in the intercellular cement. They exclude the possibility that A-blood substances are involved in either site.", "PMID": 82594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8707", "title": "Delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphorus compounds in the wild mallard duckling: effect of leptophos.", "content": "Feeding of 260 ppm of leptophos to mallard ducklings caused delayed neurotoxicity similar to that reported for hens. Thus leptophos caused ataxia, with subsequent paralysis, loss of appetite, and slow-down in the growth rate of the treated birds. Spinal lesions were identical in morphology and distribution to those seen in hens following leptophos administration. The severity of histologic changes correlated both with the clinical condition and the duration of intoxication.", "contents": "Delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphorus compounds in the wild mallard duckling: effect of leptophos. Feeding of 260 ppm of leptophos to mallard ducklings caused delayed neurotoxicity similar to that reported for hens. Thus leptophos caused ataxia, with subsequent paralysis, loss of appetite, and slow-down in the growth rate of the treated birds. Spinal lesions were identical in morphology and distribution to those seen in hens following leptophos administration. The severity of histologic changes correlated both with the clinical condition and the duration of intoxication.", "PMID": 82597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8708", "title": "The presence of F9 antigen on the surface of mouse embryonic cells until day 8 of embryogenesis.", "content": "The fate of F9, a surface antigen common to embryonal carcinoma cells and cleavage embryos, as well as to male germ line cells has been studied in post-implantation mouse embryos. The antigen is readily detected on the surface of 7-day and 8-day, but not on 9-day embryonic cells, using anti-F9 serum absorption experiments and indirect immunofluorescence staining. In addition, it is shown that an anti-F9 serum absorbed with 8-day (but not with 9-day) embryonic cells does not react with cleavage embryos (morulae). It is concluded that the antigenic determinants, which are recognized on the surface of morulae by the anti-F9 serum, persist until day 8 of embryogenesis, but are not detected on day 9, either due to their absence, masking or quantitative reduction.", "contents": "The presence of F9 antigen on the surface of mouse embryonic cells until day 8 of embryogenesis. The fate of F9, a surface antigen common to embryonal carcinoma cells and cleavage embryos, as well as to male germ line cells has been studied in post-implantation mouse embryos. The antigen is readily detected on the surface of 7-day and 8-day, but not on 9-day embryonic cells, using anti-F9 serum absorption experiments and indirect immunofluorescence staining. In addition, it is shown that an anti-F9 serum absorbed with 8-day (but not with 9-day) embryonic cells does not react with cleavage embryos (morulae). It is concluded that the antigenic determinants, which are recognized on the surface of morulae by the anti-F9 serum, persist until day 8 of embryogenesis, but are not detected on day 9, either due to their absence, masking or quantitative reduction.", "PMID": 82601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8709", "title": "Kepone: a literature summary.", "content": "This overview provides a narrative survey of the reference literature on Kepone. The circumstances surrounding the \"Hopewell incident\" have increased the awareness and vigilance of state and federal agencies regarding human and environmental exposure to toxic chemicals. Highlights of this overview include history, nomenclature, uses, toxicology, environmental aspects, epidemiology, and conclusions. A chronologic history of Kepone is detailed in the Appendix.", "contents": "Kepone: a literature summary. This overview provides a narrative survey of the reference literature on Kepone. The circumstances surrounding the \"Hopewell incident\" have increased the awareness and vigilance of state and federal agencies regarding human and environmental exposure to toxic chemicals. Highlights of this overview include history, nomenclature, uses, toxicology, environmental aspects, epidemiology, and conclusions. A chronologic history of Kepone is detailed in the Appendix.", "PMID": 82598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8710", "title": "Mechanisms of clonal abortion tolerogenesis. I. Response of immature hapten-specific B lymphocytes.", "content": "B lymphocytes with receptors specific for the hapten fluorescein (FLU) were prepared from the spleens of mice of various ages. For most experiments, a one-step fractionation procedure based on the adherence of FLU-specific cells to FLU-gelatin was used. For some experiments, a subset of higher FLU-binding capacity was prepared from the FLU-gelatin binding population through the use of the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). FLU-specific B cells were placed into microculture with either FLU(3.6)-human gamma globulin (FLU(3.6)HGG) or FLU(12)HGG usually for 24 h at 37 degrees C. The tolerogen was then removed and 0.1 mug/ml of a T-independent antigen, FLU-polymerized flagellin, was substituted. 3 days later, cells were harvested from the microcultures and assayed for FLU-specific plaque-forming cells to determine any reduction in clonable hapten-specific B cells which the tolerogenesis treatment might have induced. The results showed that with FLU(3.6)HGG, hapten-specific newborn B cells could be tolerized at 1,000-fold lower tolerogen concentrations than adult splenic B cells of equal antigen-binding capacity. The high-avidity subset was even more susceptible to tolerance induction. Tolerance could be induced within 8 but not within 2 h, and at lower tolerogen concentrations, longer periods of tolerogenesis were required for a given effect. Using a 24-h tolerogenesis phase, 50 percent reduction in clone frequency among newborn FLU-gelatin fractionated cells was achieved at 0.08 mug/ml of FLU(3.6)HGG. Tolerance induction in immature B cells was inhibited by the concomitant presence of a polyclonal B-cell activator, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but tolerance once induced, was stable to challenge with LPS. Tolerogenesis was hapten specific. The proportion of tolerizable cells in spleens decreased with increasing age, reaching 50 percent at around 9 days. FLUI(12)HGG proved a more powerful tolerogen than FLU(3.6)HGG. It had an effect on adult cells, 50 percent reduction in clone frequency being noted at around 1 mug/ml. However, and in contrast to results claimed for other T- independent systems, there still was a major difference between immature and mature B cells, the immature cells displaying much greater sensitivity to tolerogenesis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of clonal abortion tolerogenesis. I. Response of immature hapten-specific B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes with receptors specific for the hapten fluorescein (FLU) were prepared from the spleens of mice of various ages. For most experiments, a one-step fractionation procedure based on the adherence of FLU-specific cells to FLU-gelatin was used. For some experiments, a subset of higher FLU-binding capacity was prepared from the FLU-gelatin binding population through the use of the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). FLU-specific B cells were placed into microculture with either FLU(3.6)-human gamma globulin (FLU(3.6)HGG) or FLU(12)HGG usually for 24 h at 37 degrees C. The tolerogen was then removed and 0.1 mug/ml of a T-independent antigen, FLU-polymerized flagellin, was substituted. 3 days later, cells were harvested from the microcultures and assayed for FLU-specific plaque-forming cells to determine any reduction in clonable hapten-specific B cells which the tolerogenesis treatment might have induced. The results showed that with FLU(3.6)HGG, hapten-specific newborn B cells could be tolerized at 1,000-fold lower tolerogen concentrations than adult splenic B cells of equal antigen-binding capacity. The high-avidity subset was even more susceptible to tolerance induction. Tolerance could be induced within 8 but not within 2 h, and at lower tolerogen concentrations, longer periods of tolerogenesis were required for a given effect. Using a 24-h tolerogenesis phase, 50 percent reduction in clone frequency among newborn FLU-gelatin fractionated cells was achieved at 0.08 mug/ml of FLU(3.6)HGG. Tolerance induction in immature B cells was inhibited by the concomitant presence of a polyclonal B-cell activator, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but tolerance once induced, was stable to challenge with LPS. Tolerogenesis was hapten specific. The proportion of tolerizable cells in spleens decreased with increasing age, reaching 50 percent at around 9 days. FLUI(12)HGG proved a more powerful tolerogen than FLU(3.6)HGG. It had an effect on adult cells, 50 percent reduction in clone frequency being noted at around 1 mug/ml. However, and in contrast to results claimed for other T- independent systems, there still was a major difference between immature and mature B cells, the immature cells displaying much greater sensitivity to tolerogenesis.", "PMID": 82602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8711", "title": "A requirement of Pi for the transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria by hydrazine, when beta-hydroxybutyrate is the substrate.", "content": "We have recognized an experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and, therefore, became interested in the mitochondrial target of hydrazine, which is not only a potential environmental hazard as a carcinogen but is also a likely metabolite of many drugs. Hydrazine induced a Pi dependent transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria when beta-hydroxybutyrate was the substrate. Uncoupling was inhibited by rutamycin; accordingly, the mitochondrial target for nucleophilic hydrazine is an electrophilic site, presumably involving activated Pi. The protective action of ATP2, ADP, PPi and Mg++ was attributed to a conformational change of the phosphorylating enzyme which participated in oxidative phosphorylation. In a mitochondrial system which included ATP gramicidin potassium ion and sulfate, hydrazine, acting as a large cation but not as a nucleophile, blocked mitochondrial swelling and the increment in ATPase activity associated with potassium ion. These data in conjunction with our previous reports dealing with other carcinogens and certain of their derivatives also contribute to an experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and are compatible with toxic effects of hydrazine on mitochondria observed previously by others.", "contents": "A requirement of Pi for the transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria by hydrazine, when beta-hydroxybutyrate is the substrate. We have recognized an experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and, therefore, became interested in the mitochondrial target of hydrazine, which is not only a potential environmental hazard as a carcinogen but is also a likely metabolite of many drugs. Hydrazine induced a Pi dependent transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria when beta-hydroxybutyrate was the substrate. Uncoupling was inhibited by rutamycin; accordingly, the mitochondrial target for nucleophilic hydrazine is an electrophilic site, presumably involving activated Pi. The protective action of ATP2, ADP, PPi and Mg++ was attributed to a conformational change of the phosphorylating enzyme which participated in oxidative phosphorylation. In a mitochondrial system which included ATP gramicidin potassium ion and sulfate, hydrazine, acting as a large cation but not as a nucleophile, blocked mitochondrial swelling and the increment in ATPase activity associated with potassium ion. These data in conjunction with our previous reports dealing with other carcinogens and certain of their derivatives also contribute to an experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and are compatible with toxic effects of hydrazine on mitochondria observed previously by others.", "PMID": 82599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8712", "title": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part I: chemical studies.", "content": "The criteria of a biological detection system discriminating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic fractions of a mixture are discussed. Automobile exhaust gas condensate (in total 545.5 g) produced by a passenger car during the Europa driving cycle was separated into fractions with and without polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by liquid-liquid distribution between methanol + water / cyclohexane and cyclohexane + nitromethane, respectively. This fractionation was chosen because of the general experience that PAH are highly potent carcinogens. To prove whether other non-PAH contribute to the total carcinogenic effect, these had to be separated from the PAH-containing fraction. Carbazol and acridine derivatives as well as aromatic amines remain predominantly in the PAH-free methanolic phase.", "contents": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part I: chemical studies. The criteria of a biological detection system discriminating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic fractions of a mixture are discussed. Automobile exhaust gas condensate (in total 545.5 g) produced by a passenger car during the Europa driving cycle was separated into fractions with and without polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by liquid-liquid distribution between methanol + water / cyclohexane and cyclohexane + nitromethane, respectively. This fractionation was chosen because of the general experience that PAH are highly potent carcinogens. To prove whether other non-PAH contribute to the total carcinogenic effect, these had to be separated from the PAH-containing fraction. Carbazol and acridine derivatives as well as aromatic amines remain predominantly in the PAH-free methanolic phase.", "PMID": 82600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8713", "title": "Idiotypic cross-reactivity between antibodies of different specificities.", "content": "Cross-idiotypic specificity has been demonstrated between antibody populations of different specificities using antibodies directed toward human sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). A site-specific antibody directed toward the beta6-position of HbS, anti-Val, was used to elicit an anti-idiotypic response in rabbits. Using this anti-idiotypic serum, idiotypic cross-reactivity was demonstrated between antibody populations that bind to human adult hemoglobin (HbA). It was demonstrated that in the case of the goat antibodies, these idiotypically cross-reacting antibodies are directed towards the beta6-position of the hemoglobin molecule. However, they differ in their specificity, binding to this site on HbA, whereas anti-Val binds only to HbS. The sheep antibody populations directed toward HbS differ qualitatively from those of the goat. Using rabbit anti-idiotypic serum specific for sheep anti-Val, cross-reactivity could be demonstrated with antibodies directed toward the alpha-chain of the hemoglobin molecule, as well as the beta-chain. There was also a low level of cross-reactivity with antibodies from a goat immunized with HbA.", "contents": "Idiotypic cross-reactivity between antibodies of different specificities. Cross-idiotypic specificity has been demonstrated between antibody populations of different specificities using antibodies directed toward human sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). A site-specific antibody directed toward the beta6-position of HbS, anti-Val, was used to elicit an anti-idiotypic response in rabbits. Using this anti-idiotypic serum, idiotypic cross-reactivity was demonstrated between antibody populations that bind to human adult hemoglobin (HbA). It was demonstrated that in the case of the goat antibodies, these idiotypically cross-reacting antibodies are directed towards the beta6-position of the hemoglobin molecule. However, they differ in their specificity, binding to this site on HbA, whereas anti-Val binds only to HbS. The sheep antibody populations directed toward HbS differ qualitatively from those of the goat. Using rabbit anti-idiotypic serum specific for sheep anti-Val, cross-reactivity could be demonstrated with antibodies directed toward the alpha-chain of the hemoglobin molecule, as well as the beta-chain. There was also a low level of cross-reactivity with antibodies from a goat immunized with HbA.", "PMID": 82603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8714", "title": "Mechanism of action of factor D of the alternative complement pathway.", "content": "Factor D (C3 proactivator convertase) of human serum has been shown to be absolutely necessary for alternative pathway function, for activation of the C3/C5 convertase of that pathway and not to be a subunit of this enzyme. Factor D was found to be present in human plasma in active form only, at a concentration of 2 microgram/ml, and not to be controlled by plasma protease inhibitors or by spontaneous decay. Unlike trypsin, factor D cleaves and activates factor B only when it is in Mg++-dependent complex with C3b, has no esterolytic activity, and is unable to cleave the B chain of insulin. The alleged functional and antigenic relationship of factor D to alpha-thrombin could not be verified. The results of this study led to the description of the mechanism of action of factor D in terms of the cryptic site hypothesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of factor D of the alternative complement pathway. Factor D (C3 proactivator convertase) of human serum has been shown to be absolutely necessary for alternative pathway function, for activation of the C3/C5 convertase of that pathway and not to be a subunit of this enzyme. Factor D was found to be present in human plasma in active form only, at a concentration of 2 microgram/ml, and not to be controlled by plasma protease inhibitors or by spontaneous decay. Unlike trypsin, factor D cleaves and activates factor B only when it is in Mg++-dependent complex with C3b, has no esterolytic activity, and is unable to cleave the B chain of insulin. The alleged functional and antigenic relationship of factor D to alpha-thrombin could not be verified. The results of this study led to the description of the mechanism of action of factor D in terms of the cryptic site hypothesis.", "PMID": 82604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8715", "title": "Immunological dissection of human Ia molecules.", "content": "The immunochemical analysis of Daudi Ia molecules by a variety of alloantisera led to the recognition of at least three molecular species carrying different antigenic determinants: DRw6, DC-1, and DC-2. Genetic as well as structural evidence indicates that DRw6 and DC-1 molecules are controlled by separate, HLA-linked loci, rather than by alleles at the same locus. The alloantigenic determinants appear to be expressed on the small Ia subunit. DC-1 and DC-2 determinants discussed had not been defined by serological analysis at the population level, but were demonstrated to be present by immunochemical analysis at the molecular level.", "contents": "Immunological dissection of human Ia molecules. The immunochemical analysis of Daudi Ia molecules by a variety of alloantisera led to the recognition of at least three molecular species carrying different antigenic determinants: DRw6, DC-1, and DC-2. Genetic as well as structural evidence indicates that DRw6 and DC-1 molecules are controlled by separate, HLA-linked loci, rather than by alleles at the same locus. The alloantigenic determinants appear to be expressed on the small Ia subunit. DC-1 and DC-2 determinants discussed had not been defined by serological analysis at the population level, but were demonstrated to be present by immunochemical analysis at the molecular level.", "PMID": 82605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8716", "title": "Involvement of H-2L gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition. Evidence for an H-2L-restricted T-cell response.", "content": "The H-2L locus is closely linked to H-2D and codes for antigenic specificities present on a 45,000 mol wt glycoprotein that is distinct from the molecule which bears the D region private specificity. It was found that BALB/c-H-2db mice, which lack detectable cell-surface H-2L gene products, were able to generate influenza- and vaccinia-immune cytotoxic T cells which lyse D region-compatible target cells, although they have been reported to be incapable of making a similar response to ectromelia virus (7). Thus, the lack of H-2L antigenic specificities does not produce a general loss of responsiveness for other viruses even when a highly cross-reactive pox virus (vaccinia) was studied. Antisera-blocking experiments utilizing sera specific for either L or D molecules indicated that BALB/c mice generate influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T-cell subsets which independently recognize H-2L and H-2D gene products in association with viral antigens. These results are the first indication that products of the H-2L locus can operate analogously to H-2K/D gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition.", "contents": "Involvement of H-2L gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition. Evidence for an H-2L-restricted T-cell response. The H-2L locus is closely linked to H-2D and codes for antigenic specificities present on a 45,000 mol wt glycoprotein that is distinct from the molecule which bears the D region private specificity. It was found that BALB/c-H-2db mice, which lack detectable cell-surface H-2L gene products, were able to generate influenza- and vaccinia-immune cytotoxic T cells which lyse D region-compatible target cells, although they have been reported to be incapable of making a similar response to ectromelia virus (7). Thus, the lack of H-2L antigenic specificities does not produce a general loss of responsiveness for other viruses even when a highly cross-reactive pox virus (vaccinia) was studied. Antisera-blocking experiments utilizing sera specific for either L or D molecules indicated that BALB/c mice generate influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T-cell subsets which independently recognize H-2L and H-2D gene products in association with viral antigens. These results are the first indication that products of the H-2L locus can operate analogously to H-2K/D gene products in virus-immune T-cell recognition.", "PMID": 82606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8717", "title": "Myelin basic protein serum factor. An endogenous neuroantigen influencing development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats.", "content": "Age-related concentrations of myelin basic protein serum factor (MBP-SF), an endogenous neuroantigen detected and quantitated by inhibition of binding of rat myelin basic protein (RMBP) antibody with 125I-RMBP reagent antigen and immunochemically indistinguishable from native RMBP in this respect, reach peak levels as high as 21 ng/microliter among 2-3-wk-old normal suckling Lewis rats. Levels then progressively decline to low, usually undetectable levels of less than or equal to 0.6 ng/microliter MBP-equivalents in adult animals by 7 wk of age. MBP-SF levels are inversely related to the age-related increasing capacity of maturing Lewis rats to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) after sensitization to MBP of syngeneic, but not xenogeneic, origin. MBP-SF appears to be an endogenous neuroimmunoregulatory product of potential importance for immunologic tolerance to autologous RMBP in Lewis rats.", "contents": "Myelin basic protein serum factor. An endogenous neuroantigen influencing development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Age-related concentrations of myelin basic protein serum factor (MBP-SF), an endogenous neuroantigen detected and quantitated by inhibition of binding of rat myelin basic protein (RMBP) antibody with 125I-RMBP reagent antigen and immunochemically indistinguishable from native RMBP in this respect, reach peak levels as high as 21 ng/microliter among 2-3-wk-old normal suckling Lewis rats. Levels then progressively decline to low, usually undetectable levels of less than or equal to 0.6 ng/microliter MBP-equivalents in adult animals by 7 wk of age. MBP-SF levels are inversely related to the age-related increasing capacity of maturing Lewis rats to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) after sensitization to MBP of syngeneic, but not xenogeneic, origin. MBP-SF appears to be an endogenous neuroimmunoregulatory product of potential importance for immunologic tolerance to autologous RMBP in Lewis rats.", "PMID": 82607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8718", "title": "Selective stimulation and differentiation of early antigens in lymphoblastoid cell lines producing Epstein-Barr-like viruses.", "content": "Comparisons of early antigens (EA) of EBV-related lymphotropic herpes virus of Old World primates have proved difficult to accomplish because antigen levels are low in infected cells and the ratio of virus capsid antigen to EA is generally high. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a procedure which combines antigen stimulation with inhibition of late virus functions and results in the selective stimulation of EA. Using this procedure, we have examined the EA of EBV, herpesvirus papio, h. pongo, and h. pan. The results show that the EA of these viruses are composed of both R (restricted) and D (diffuse) components and that the EA, while related, are distinguishable.", "contents": "Selective stimulation and differentiation of early antigens in lymphoblastoid cell lines producing Epstein-Barr-like viruses. Comparisons of early antigens (EA) of EBV-related lymphotropic herpes virus of Old World primates have proved difficult to accomplish because antigen levels are low in infected cells and the ratio of virus capsid antigen to EA is generally high. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a procedure which combines antigen stimulation with inhibition of late virus functions and results in the selective stimulation of EA. Using this procedure, we have examined the EA of EBV, herpesvirus papio, h. pongo, and h. pan. The results show that the EA of these viruses are composed of both R (restricted) and D (diffuse) components and that the EA, while related, are distinguishable.", "PMID": 82609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8719", "title": "Effect of trypsin treatment on the antigenic characteristics of plaque variants of type-O 1 and type Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses.", "content": "Antigenic differences were demonstrated between the large and small plaque variants of both types O1 and Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Treatment of the large and small plaque variants of the viruses with trypsin essentially abolished the observed antigenic differences. Thus, these plaque variants have antigenically different trypsin-sensitive determinants that may influence their immunogenicity and infection capabilities.", "contents": "Effect of trypsin treatment on the antigenic characteristics of plaque variants of type-O 1 and type Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Antigenic differences were demonstrated between the large and small plaque variants of both types O1 and Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Treatment of the large and small plaque variants of the viruses with trypsin essentially abolished the observed antigenic differences. Thus, these plaque variants have antigenically different trypsin-sensitive determinants that may influence their immunogenicity and infection capabilities.", "PMID": 82610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8720", "title": "Topographical distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the surface layers of the human temporomandibular joint. A histochemical study of an autopsy material.", "content": "The right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was removed at autopsy from 18 individuals and the articular surfaces were scored for macroscopic lesions. Soft tissue specimens were cut out of the medial, lateral and posterior parts of the temporal and condylar components and frozen. The sections were stained with toluidine blue (1-N HCl solution) and with alcian blue (CEC method) for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The sections were examined for inter- and pericellular metachromasia and alcian blue staining. Macroscopic surface lesions were found in 14 of the joints. The highest score of interand pericellular metachromasia was found in the anterior parts of the joints and a negative correlation was found between the score of surface lesions and that of intercellular metachromasia. Pericellular metachromasia was found mainly in the mineralized cartilage and cartilage layers of the articular surface. Although the CEC values of pericellular staining commonly reached a level indicating the presence of keratan sulfate, the majority of the CEC values found corresponded to those of chondroitin-dermatan sulfate. It was concluded that sulfated GAG are localized mainly to the anterior part of the TMJ and that macroscopic TMJ surface lesions are associated with a reduction of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the surface layers of the human temporomandibular joint. A histochemical study of an autopsy material. The right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was removed at autopsy from 18 individuals and the articular surfaces were scored for macroscopic lesions. Soft tissue specimens were cut out of the medial, lateral and posterior parts of the temporal and condylar components and frozen. The sections were stained with toluidine blue (1-N HCl solution) and with alcian blue (CEC method) for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The sections were examined for inter- and pericellular metachromasia and alcian blue staining. Macroscopic surface lesions were found in 14 of the joints. The highest score of interand pericellular metachromasia was found in the anterior parts of the joints and a negative correlation was found between the score of surface lesions and that of intercellular metachromasia. Pericellular metachromasia was found mainly in the mineralized cartilage and cartilage layers of the articular surface. Although the CEC values of pericellular staining commonly reached a level indicating the presence of keratan sulfate, the majority of the CEC values found corresponded to those of chondroitin-dermatan sulfate. It was concluded that sulfated GAG are localized mainly to the anterior part of the TMJ and that macroscopic TMJ surface lesions are associated with a reduction of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.", "PMID": 82611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8721", "title": "Ultrastructural study of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor.", "content": "Two cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor were examined by light and electron microscopy. Morphologically the tumors could be divided into four layers. The ultrastructure of the tumor cells of each layer was revealed to be similar respectively to that of four layers seen in the enamel organ of a normal tooth germ. Duct-like structures and eosinophilic small areas were frequently present in compactly proliferating cell layers. Short columnar cells forming duct-like structures and eosinophilic small areas appeared similar ultrastructurally to ameloblasts during predentin formation. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that this tumor originates from the enamel organ. The contents in the lumen of each eosinophilic small area varied, and seemed to be secreted into the stroma by circumscribing epithelial tumor cells. A fine filamentous layer was present in both of the duct-like structures and some of the eosinophilic small areas, and the former was different from the latter with respect to the alcian blue (pH 2.5) and toluidine blue (pH 4.4) staining reactions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Two cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor were examined by light and electron microscopy. Morphologically the tumors could be divided into four layers. The ultrastructure of the tumor cells of each layer was revealed to be similar respectively to that of four layers seen in the enamel organ of a normal tooth germ. Duct-like structures and eosinophilic small areas were frequently present in compactly proliferating cell layers. Short columnar cells forming duct-like structures and eosinophilic small areas appeared similar ultrastructurally to ameloblasts during predentin formation. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that this tumor originates from the enamel organ. The contents in the lumen of each eosinophilic small area varied, and seemed to be secreted into the stroma by circumscribing epithelial tumor cells. A fine filamentous layer was present in both of the duct-like structures and some of the eosinophilic small areas, and the former was different from the latter with respect to the alcian blue (pH 2.5) and toluidine blue (pH 4.4) staining reactions.", "PMID": 82612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8722", "title": "Lipopigment in odontogenic cysts.", "content": "A study of 105 odontogenic cysts revealed the presence of pigmented cells in the cyst wall in 38% of the cases. The frequency of pigmented cells was higher in the inflammatory odontogenic cysts than in the development cysts. Although isolated pigmented cells were seen within the epithelial lining and cyst cavity, the larger collections were closely associated with cholesterol crystals and hemosiderin deposits; they contained light brown cytoplasmic pigment which manifested sudanophilia, acid-fastness, silver reduction capacity, PAS positivity and yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence suggest that the pigmented cells are macrophages containing ceroids. It has been suggested that the hemosiderin which is found in the cyst wall serves as an oxidation catalyst for the locally liberated lipids, the end result of which is the formation of the ceroid pigment.", "contents": "Lipopigment in odontogenic cysts. A study of 105 odontogenic cysts revealed the presence of pigmented cells in the cyst wall in 38% of the cases. The frequency of pigmented cells was higher in the inflammatory odontogenic cysts than in the development cysts. Although isolated pigmented cells were seen within the epithelial lining and cyst cavity, the larger collections were closely associated with cholesterol crystals and hemosiderin deposits; they contained light brown cytoplasmic pigment which manifested sudanophilia, acid-fastness, silver reduction capacity, PAS positivity and yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence suggest that the pigmented cells are macrophages containing ceroids. It has been suggested that the hemosiderin which is found in the cyst wall serves as an oxidation catalyst for the locally liberated lipids, the end result of which is the formation of the ceroid pigment.", "PMID": 82613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8723", "title": "Corpora amylacea in mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node.", "content": "Rounded or polyhedral, acellular, dense lamellated structures were seen within gland-like spaces in a case of atrioventricular mesothelioma. These structures exhibited many of the histochemical characteristics of amyloid, viz., pink colour with green birefringence and bright red fluorescence with alkaline Congo red; ortochromasia and red birefringence with standardised toluidine blue; positive DMAB-nitrite and diazotisation coupling reactions and spontaneous autofluorescence. It is suggested that these bodies are derived from spontaneous assembly or polymerisation of microfibrils of desquamated cells lining the cystic spaces of the tumour as occurs in prostatic corpora amylacea. The peculiar intramyofibre proliferation of tumour cells in the peripheral part of the tumour suggests that viable tumour cells can penetrate, survive and proliferate within atrial or nodal myofibres leaving an intact sarcolemmal sheath. The slow tumour cell growth and the successive degeneration of central tumour cells may explain the tubular and/or glandular pattern constantly seen in this tumour.", "contents": "Corpora amylacea in mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node. Rounded or polyhedral, acellular, dense lamellated structures were seen within gland-like spaces in a case of atrioventricular mesothelioma. These structures exhibited many of the histochemical characteristics of amyloid, viz., pink colour with green birefringence and bright red fluorescence with alkaline Congo red; ortochromasia and red birefringence with standardised toluidine blue; positive DMAB-nitrite and diazotisation coupling reactions and spontaneous autofluorescence. It is suggested that these bodies are derived from spontaneous assembly or polymerisation of microfibrils of desquamated cells lining the cystic spaces of the tumour as occurs in prostatic corpora amylacea. The peculiar intramyofibre proliferation of tumour cells in the peripheral part of the tumour suggests that viable tumour cells can penetrate, survive and proliferate within atrial or nodal myofibres leaving an intact sarcolemmal sheath. The slow tumour cell growth and the successive degeneration of central tumour cells may explain the tubular and/or glandular pattern constantly seen in this tumour.", "PMID": 82614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8724", "title": "Ultrastructural study of bleomycin-induced pulmonary changes in mice.", "content": "The pulmonary changes produced in mice given bleomycin intraperitoneally (twice weekly for 4 weeks, total dose 240 mg/kg) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Bleomycin damaged the pulmonary vessels and produced type I pneumocyte necrosis, resulting in non-uniform pulmonary fibrosis. The sequence of events leading to pulmonary fibrosis may be arbitrarily divided into three phases: firstly, a focal perivascular lesion consisting of interstitial oedema with plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration; followed by the middle proliferative phase characterised by type I pneumocyte necrosis, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, an increase in the numbers of type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts and an overall decrease in the alveolar diameter. The third phase consisted of organisation, with intra-alveolar and interstitial collagen formation and the synthesis of elastin. These phases, although occurring sequentially, did not bear a constant time relationship to the dosage schedule, for new early focal lesions continued to appear throughout the period of the experiment. These ultrastructural changes are not specific for bleomycin, but represent a general reaction of the lung to injury. The exact mechanism whereby bleomycin produces the lung damage has yet to be ascertained.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of bleomycin-induced pulmonary changes in mice. The pulmonary changes produced in mice given bleomycin intraperitoneally (twice weekly for 4 weeks, total dose 240 mg/kg) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Bleomycin damaged the pulmonary vessels and produced type I pneumocyte necrosis, resulting in non-uniform pulmonary fibrosis. The sequence of events leading to pulmonary fibrosis may be arbitrarily divided into three phases: firstly, a focal perivascular lesion consisting of interstitial oedema with plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration; followed by the middle proliferative phase characterised by type I pneumocyte necrosis, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, an increase in the numbers of type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts and an overall decrease in the alveolar diameter. The third phase consisted of organisation, with intra-alveolar and interstitial collagen formation and the synthesis of elastin. These phases, although occurring sequentially, did not bear a constant time relationship to the dosage schedule, for new early focal lesions continued to appear throughout the period of the experiment. These ultrastructural changes are not specific for bleomycin, but represent a general reaction of the lung to injury. The exact mechanism whereby bleomycin produces the lung damage has yet to be ascertained.", "PMID": 82615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8725", "title": "Axonal transport of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase in regenerating peripheral nerve.", "content": "1. The axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and cholinesterase (ChE) was estimated in the peroneal nerves of rabbits by measuring the accumulation of each against a nerve crush over a period of 20 hr. 2. Estimates were made of the amounts of these substances that were transported in nerves that had been regenerating for up to 111 days after being crushed or up to 13 days after being cut. 3. The initial response was the same whether the injury was a crush or a cut; the amount of ACh transported was increased, while ChAc and ChE transport was reduced. 4. The amounts of ACh, ChAc and ChE transported tended to return to normal levels when the nerves were allowed to reinnervate the denervated muscles. ChAc transport also showed an early recovery in the cut nerves. 5. The ACh content of the central nerve stump did not alter throughout regeneration but ChAc and ChE contents were reduced at the times when the transport of the enzymes was reduced. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the time course of nerve regeneration.", "contents": "Axonal transport of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase in regenerating peripheral nerve. 1. The axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and cholinesterase (ChE) was estimated in the peroneal nerves of rabbits by measuring the accumulation of each against a nerve crush over a period of 20 hr. 2. Estimates were made of the amounts of these substances that were transported in nerves that had been regenerating for up to 111 days after being crushed or up to 13 days after being cut. 3. The initial response was the same whether the injury was a crush or a cut; the amount of ACh transported was increased, while ChAc and ChE transport was reduced. 4. The amounts of ACh, ChAc and ChE transported tended to return to normal levels when the nerves were allowed to reinnervate the denervated muscles. ChAc transport also showed an early recovery in the cut nerves. 5. The ACh content of the central nerve stump did not alter throughout regeneration but ChAc and ChE contents were reduced at the times when the transport of the enzymes was reduced. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the time course of nerve regeneration.", "PMID": 82616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8726", "title": "Benzopyrones. 14. Synthesis and antiallergic properties of some N-tetrazolylcarboxamides and related compounds.", "content": "A series of chromones containing an acidic group has been synthesized and screened for the ability to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and the release of histamine from mast cells of the rat. Many of the chromones contain the N-(5-tetrazolyl)carboxamido group, a novel source of acidity. Others contain a carboxyl, C-(5-tetrazolyl), 5-(4H)-oxotetrazolinyl, or N-(5-tetrazolyl)sulfonamido function. The compounds were compared with cromolyn sodium (sodium cromoglycate) and many were found to be powerful inhibitors of anaphylaxis. The most potent was 7-methoxy-4-oxo-N-(5-tetrazolyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxamide (15). Structure-activity relationships among the chromones and also some related compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Benzopyrones. 14. Synthesis and antiallergic properties of some N-tetrazolylcarboxamides and related compounds. A series of chromones containing an acidic group has been synthesized and screened for the ability to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and the release of histamine from mast cells of the rat. Many of the chromones contain the N-(5-tetrazolyl)carboxamido group, a novel source of acidity. Others contain a carboxyl, C-(5-tetrazolyl), 5-(4H)-oxotetrazolinyl, or N-(5-tetrazolyl)sulfonamido function. The compounds were compared with cromolyn sodium (sodium cromoglycate) and many were found to be powerful inhibitors of anaphylaxis. The most potent was 7-methoxy-4-oxo-N-(5-tetrazolyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxamide (15). Structure-activity relationships among the chromones and also some related compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 82617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8727", "title": "Studies on streptococci resembling Streptococcus milleri and on an associated surface-protein antigen.", "content": "Ninety-nine strains of streptococci were isolated from 97 cases of pyogenic infections, most of which involved the teeth. Physiological and serological tests were performed on these streptococci and on 37 strains of streptococci from culture collections. The results were used for a numerical classification. Seventy-nine of the strains isolated from patients formed a cluster with Streptococcus milleri and group-F reference strains, and were therefore considered as streptococci resembling S. milleri. By the use of an antiserum prepared against strain Z3, protein antigens were demonstrated in acid extracts of 65% of the strains of S. milleri. These antigens were in only five strains not included in the S. milleri cluster.", "contents": "Studies on streptococci resembling Streptococcus milleri and on an associated surface-protein antigen. Ninety-nine strains of streptococci were isolated from 97 cases of pyogenic infections, most of which involved the teeth. Physiological and serological tests were performed on these streptococci and on 37 strains of streptococci from culture collections. The results were used for a numerical classification. Seventy-nine of the strains isolated from patients formed a cluster with Streptococcus milleri and group-F reference strains, and were therefore considered as streptococci resembling S. milleri. By the use of an antiserum prepared against strain Z3, protein antigens were demonstrated in acid extracts of 65% of the strains of S. milleri. These antigens were in only five strains not included in the S. milleri cluster.", "PMID": 82618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8728", "title": "Response of women with primary orgasmic dysfunction to audiovisual education.", "content": "Of 17 women ages 19 to 38 with primary orgasmic dysfunction, 7 achieved orgasm within a week after viewing an audiovisual sex education program, a statistically significant change (p less than .02). No other intervention (educational, behavioral, psychotherapeutic) occurred between the audiovisual session and later inquiry about subsequent sexual response. These results suggest that explicit sex education can help remedy sexual dysfunction in a significant number of women and that further investigation is needed.", "contents": "Response of women with primary orgasmic dysfunction to audiovisual education. Of 17 women ages 19 to 38 with primary orgasmic dysfunction, 7 achieved orgasm within a week after viewing an audiovisual sex education program, a statistically significant change (p less than .02). No other intervention (educational, behavioral, psychotherapeutic) occurred between the audiovisual session and later inquiry about subsequent sexual response. These results suggest that explicit sex education can help remedy sexual dysfunction in a significant number of women and that further investigation is needed.", "PMID": 82619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8729", "title": "Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid colon: role of radiation therapy.", "content": "Surgery is the modality of choice in curative treatment for cancer of the colon and rectum. Since a majority of the patients present advanced disease where the surgical outlook is poor, adjuvant therapy may be warranted. Clinical and experimental data demonstrate the benefits from preoperative radiation therapy and some clinical reports indicate the beneficial effects of postoperative radiotherapy. Two national studies are underway to determine the effectiveness of preoperative radiation therapy in moderate doses. A similar study is suggested to establish the effectiveness of postoperative radiation therapy.For patients who are poor surgical risks, or for a tumor which is considered to be inoperable, and in a selected group, radiation therapy can be used as a curative procedure. Advantages include eliminating the need for a permanent colostomy. In case of failure, electrocoagulation and abdominal perineal resection are still available alternatives.A modest amount of radiation therapy can afford maximum palliation with minimum discomfort to the patient. About 80-90 percent of patients with pain and bleeding and 50 percent of patients with symptomatic liver metastasis respond favorably.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid colon: role of radiation therapy. Surgery is the modality of choice in curative treatment for cancer of the colon and rectum. Since a majority of the patients present advanced disease where the surgical outlook is poor, adjuvant therapy may be warranted. Clinical and experimental data demonstrate the benefits from preoperative radiation therapy and some clinical reports indicate the beneficial effects of postoperative radiotherapy. Two national studies are underway to determine the effectiveness of preoperative radiation therapy in moderate doses. A similar study is suggested to establish the effectiveness of postoperative radiation therapy.For patients who are poor surgical risks, or for a tumor which is considered to be inoperable, and in a selected group, radiation therapy can be used as a curative procedure. Advantages include eliminating the need for a permanent colostomy. In case of failure, electrocoagulation and abdominal perineal resection are still available alternatives.A modest amount of radiation therapy can afford maximum palliation with minimum discomfort to the patient. About 80-90 percent of patients with pain and bleeding and 50 percent of patients with symptomatic liver metastasis respond favorably.", "PMID": 82620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8730", "title": "Binding of tryptophanyl-tRNA to the reverse transcriptase of replication-defective avian sarcoma viruses.", "content": "The ability of reverse transcriptase to bind to [3H]tryptophanyl-tRNA and to function as DNA polymerase was compared for five temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma virus. Both activities of the reverse transcriptase were found to be heat labile in LA 335 and LA 336 as compared with the wild-type parents. For the other mutant viruses, LA 338, LA 343, and LA 672, grown at the permissive temperature, the reverse transcriptase was nearly as heat stable as for the wild-type parents in terms of tRNA binding and DNA polymerase. LA 338, LA 343, and LA 672 showed characteristic defects in their reverse transcriptase when propagated at the nonpermissive temperature; namely, tryptophanyl-tRNA binding and DNA polymerase activities were coordinately decreased in these virions. The reduced enzymatic activities were not entirely due to an inactive reverse transcriptase present in the virions, however, but rather lower amounts of enzyme protein incorporated into the virions contributed to the effect, according to assays of reverse transcriptase antigen by radioimmune competition.", "contents": "Binding of tryptophanyl-tRNA to the reverse transcriptase of replication-defective avian sarcoma viruses. The ability of reverse transcriptase to bind to [3H]tryptophanyl-tRNA and to function as DNA polymerase was compared for five temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma virus. Both activities of the reverse transcriptase were found to be heat labile in LA 335 and LA 336 as compared with the wild-type parents. For the other mutant viruses, LA 338, LA 343, and LA 672, grown at the permissive temperature, the reverse transcriptase was nearly as heat stable as for the wild-type parents in terms of tRNA binding and DNA polymerase. LA 338, LA 343, and LA 672 showed characteristic defects in their reverse transcriptase when propagated at the nonpermissive temperature; namely, tryptophanyl-tRNA binding and DNA polymerase activities were coordinately decreased in these virions. The reduced enzymatic activities were not entirely due to an inactive reverse transcriptase present in the virions, however, but rather lower amounts of enzyme protein incorporated into the virions contributed to the effect, according to assays of reverse transcriptase antigen by radioimmune competition.", "PMID": 82623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8731", "title": "Acquisition of oncogenicity by endogenous mouse type C viruses: effects of variations in env and gag  genes.", "content": "Several dual-tropic isolates derived from the thymuses of preleukemic or leukemic AKR mice and a more recrnt group of viruses generated by in vitro or in vivo passage of a poorly infectious endogenous virus of C3H mouse cells have been shown to be highly oncogenic. By analysis of the immunological properties of their gag gene-coded structural proteins, each of the AKR-derived isolates and two dual-tropic C3H-derived isolates were found to closely resemble AKR murine leukemia virus. In contrast, gag gene-coded proteins of two other leukemogenic isolates of C3H origin, including one ecotropic and one dual-tropic virus, were indistinguishable from those of Moloney murine leukemia virus. All of the oncogenic isolates, including those of AKR and C3H origin, were found to possess common envelope glycoprotein determinants of a unique class not shared by the nononcogenic ecotropic viruses from which they were derived. These findings support the possibility that oncogenic variants of endogenous ecotropic mouse type C viruses are derived by genetic recombination. This recombinational event appears to involve the acquisition, by different ecotropic viruses, of a common class of endogenous virus-coded envelope glycoprotein determinants which are presumably required, but not necessarily sufficient, for oncogenicity.", "contents": "Acquisition of oncogenicity by endogenous mouse type C viruses: effects of variations in env and gag  genes. Several dual-tropic isolates derived from the thymuses of preleukemic or leukemic AKR mice and a more recrnt group of viruses generated by in vitro or in vivo passage of a poorly infectious endogenous virus of C3H mouse cells have been shown to be highly oncogenic. By analysis of the immunological properties of their gag gene-coded structural proteins, each of the AKR-derived isolates and two dual-tropic C3H-derived isolates were found to closely resemble AKR murine leukemia virus. In contrast, gag gene-coded proteins of two other leukemogenic isolates of C3H origin, including one ecotropic and one dual-tropic virus, were indistinguishable from those of Moloney murine leukemia virus. All of the oncogenic isolates, including those of AKR and C3H origin, were found to possess common envelope glycoprotein determinants of a unique class not shared by the nononcogenic ecotropic viruses from which they were derived. These findings support the possibility that oncogenic variants of endogenous ecotropic mouse type C viruses are derived by genetic recombination. This recombinational event appears to involve the acquisition, by different ecotropic viruses, of a common class of endogenous virus-coded envelope glycoprotein determinants which are presumably required, but not necessarily sufficient, for oncogenicity.", "PMID": 82624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8732", "title": "Inhibition of compound 48/80-mediated histamine release from isolated rat mast cells by oosponol-related compounds (4-acyl-isocoumarins).", "content": "Oosponol (4-hydroxymethylketone-8-hydroxyisocoumarin) is a metabolic product isolated from Oospora astringens which originated from house dust in a room of an asthmatic patient. The compound and the structurally related isocoumarins were studied to determine the inhibition of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. The released histamine was assayed by fluorometry. The compounds tested were not observed to release histamine. Some of 4-acyl-isocoumarins inhibited the histamine release at doses less than 10 micrometers, whereas the 3-acyl- and the 4-alkyl-compounds were not effective at doses over 100 microns. The pretreatment of mast cell with the compound for 15 min before the application of compound 48/80 was more effective than the simultaneous administration. The mode of inhibitory action of KIT-302, 4-(4'-carboxy-benzoyl)-isocoumarin, was non-competitive antagonism to compound 48/80 on the mast cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of compound 48/80-mediated histamine release from isolated rat mast cells by oosponol-related compounds (4-acyl-isocoumarins). Oosponol (4-hydroxymethylketone-8-hydroxyisocoumarin) is a metabolic product isolated from Oospora astringens which originated from house dust in a room of an asthmatic patient. The compound and the structurally related isocoumarins were studied to determine the inhibition of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. The released histamine was assayed by fluorometry. The compounds tested were not observed to release histamine. Some of 4-acyl-isocoumarins inhibited the histamine release at doses less than 10 micrometers, whereas the 3-acyl- and the 4-alkyl-compounds were not effective at doses over 100 microns. The pretreatment of mast cell with the compound for 15 min before the application of compound 48/80 was more effective than the simultaneous administration. The mode of inhibitory action of KIT-302, 4-(4'-carboxy-benzoyl)-isocoumarin, was non-competitive antagonism to compound 48/80 on the mast cells.", "PMID": 82631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8733", "title": "Possible role of IgE-constituent carbohydrate in the mediation of histamine release.", "content": "A possible role of IgE-constituent carbohydrate in the mediation of histamine release was pharmacologically studied in isolated peritoneal rat mast cells. Among polysaccharides obtained commercially, mannan and dextran induced histamine release, and the ED50 was 4 microgram/ml and 52 microgram/ml, respectively. At doses higher than 1 mg/ml,  Ficoll, hyaluronic acid and heparin induced the release, while agarose did not. The weak histamine releasing polysaccharides did not induce inhibition of the dextraninduced histamine release. Monosaccharides such as N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and N-acetylneuraminic acid induced marked inhibition of the mannan-induced histamine release, although other carbohydrate constituents of IgE fucose and galactose were weak inhibitors. The antagonism of the monosaccharides against polysaccharide-induced histamine release was found to be a competitive type. Also, antigen-induced histamine release from peritoneal mast cells actively immunized with egg albumin glucosamine. Hence it appears that IgE-constituent carbohydrate may play an important role in IgE-mediated histamine release.", "contents": "Possible role of IgE-constituent carbohydrate in the mediation of histamine release. A possible role of IgE-constituent carbohydrate in the mediation of histamine release was pharmacologically studied in isolated peritoneal rat mast cells. Among polysaccharides obtained commercially, mannan and dextran induced histamine release, and the ED50 was 4 microgram/ml and 52 microgram/ml, respectively. At doses higher than 1 mg/ml,  Ficoll, hyaluronic acid and heparin induced the release, while agarose did not. The weak histamine releasing polysaccharides did not induce inhibition of the dextraninduced histamine release. Monosaccharides such as N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and N-acetylneuraminic acid induced marked inhibition of the mannan-induced histamine release, although other carbohydrate constituents of IgE fucose and galactose were weak inhibitors. The antagonism of the monosaccharides against polysaccharide-induced histamine release was found to be a competitive type. Also, antigen-induced histamine release from peritoneal mast cells actively immunized with egg albumin glucosamine. Hence it appears that IgE-constituent carbohydrate may play an important role in IgE-mediated histamine release.", "PMID": 82632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8734", "title": "Characterization of sialytransferase in noncancerous and neoplastic human liver tissue.", "content": "When compared to uninvolved adjacent tissue, metastatic tumors in human liver appear to have significantly reduced sialytransferase activity. No significant kinetic differences (Michaelis constants, thermostability, and pH optima) between noncancerous and cancerous tissue sialytransferase were found. Mixing experiments between cancerous and noncancerous tissues indicated that inhibitors of sialytransferase activity were present in cancerous tissue. Subsequent experiments demonstrated increased levels of bound sialic acid in the tumor tissues. Inasmuch as futuin, a sialoglycoprotein, inhibits sialyltransferase activity, the increased levels of bound sialic acid in tumor tissue may be responsible for the reduced enzyme activity in these tissues.", "contents": "Characterization of sialytransferase in noncancerous and neoplastic human liver tissue. When compared to uninvolved adjacent tissue, metastatic tumors in human liver appear to have significantly reduced sialytransferase activity. No significant kinetic differences (Michaelis constants, thermostability, and pH optima) between noncancerous and cancerous tissue sialytransferase were found. Mixing experiments between cancerous and noncancerous tissues indicated that inhibitors of sialytransferase activity were present in cancerous tissue. Subsequent experiments demonstrated increased levels of bound sialic acid in the tumor tissues. Inasmuch as futuin, a sialoglycoprotein, inhibits sialyltransferase activity, the increased levels of bound sialic acid in tumor tissue may be responsible for the reduced enzyme activity in these tissues.", "PMID": 82633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8735", "title": "Characterization of a new virus from Mus cervicolor immunologically related to the mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "A virus, similar to the murine mammary tumor viruses (MuMTV) of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus, was identified in the milk of M. cervicolor popaeus mice. The virus was morphologically indistinguishable from the type-B MuMTV and was thus termed MC-MTV. Radioimmunoassays for the 52,000-dalton major envelope glycoprotein and the 28,000-dalton major internal protein of MuMTV demonstrated that MC-MTV shared some antigenic determinants with both of these MuMTV proteins. This reactivity was clearly different, however, from that observed with all MuMTV tested from M. musculus. MC-MTV had a density of 1.16 g/ml in sucrose and a virion-associated DNA polymerase with a divalent cation preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Radioimmunoassays clearly differentiated MC-MTV from the other viruses previously identified from M. cervicolor, i.e., M432, CERV-CI, and CERV-CII. These studies thus identified the first virus from another species that is immunologically related to the MuMTV of M. musculus. Particles similar to MC-MTV were also observed in a spontaneous M. cervicolor popaeus mammary tumor.", "contents": "Characterization of a new virus from Mus cervicolor immunologically related to the mouse mammary tumor virus. A virus, similar to the murine mammary tumor viruses (MuMTV) of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus, was identified in the milk of M. cervicolor popaeus mice. The virus was morphologically indistinguishable from the type-B MuMTV and was thus termed MC-MTV. Radioimmunoassays for the 52,000-dalton major envelope glycoprotein and the 28,000-dalton major internal protein of MuMTV demonstrated that MC-MTV shared some antigenic determinants with both of these MuMTV proteins. This reactivity was clearly different, however, from that observed with all MuMTV tested from M. musculus. MC-MTV had a density of 1.16 g/ml in sucrose and a virion-associated DNA polymerase with a divalent cation preference for Mg2+ over Mn2+. Radioimmunoassays clearly differentiated MC-MTV from the other viruses previously identified from M. cervicolor, i.e., M432, CERV-CI, and CERV-CII. These studies thus identified the first virus from another species that is immunologically related to the MuMTV of M. musculus. Particles similar to MC-MTV were also observed in a spontaneous M. cervicolor popaeus mammary tumor.", "PMID": 82634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8736", "title": "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract of Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Conventional Syrian hamsters colonized with aerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pasteurella pneumotropica and various Enterobacteriaceae species were successfully and permanently freed from these microorganisms by oral treatment for 4 weeks with dihydrostreptomycin and 'Orabase' premixed with appropriate antibiotics. Concomitant oral treatment with dimetridazol for the elimination of intestinal flagellates was unsuccessful. During treatment the animals were maintained under germ-free isolation conditions.", "contents": "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract of Syrian hamsters. Conventional Syrian hamsters colonized with aerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pasteurella pneumotropica and various Enterobacteriaceae species were successfully and permanently freed from these microorganisms by oral treatment for 4 weeks with dihydrostreptomycin and 'Orabase' premixed with appropriate antibiotics. Concomitant oral treatment with dimetridazol for the elimination of intestinal flagellates was unsuccessful. During treatment the animals were maintained under germ-free isolation conditions.", "PMID": 82636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8737", "title": "Existence of a common precursor to ACTH and endorphin in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary.", "content": "Extracts of rat anterior and intermediate-posterior pituitary were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assayed for immunoactive ACTH and endorphin. In both lobes the major forms of immunoactive ACTH have apparent molecular weights of 31,000 (31K), 20--21K, 14K, and 4.5K, and the major forms of immunoactive endorphin have apparent molecular weights of 31K (coincident with the peak of immunoactive ACTH), 13K (a betaLPH-like peptide), and 3.5K (a beta-endorphin-like peptide). However, the quantitative distribution of immunoactivity among the various forms differs greatly between the lobes. Assays using an extreme COOH-terminal ACTH antiserum indicate that the 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule in rat anterior and intermediate pituitary is similar to the pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule from mouse pituitary tumor cells. A radioimmunoassay that is specific for the NH2-terminal non-ACTH, nonendorphin segment (referred to as 16K fragment) of the mouse pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule was used to assay extracts of rat pituitary. In addition to detecting material at 31K and 20--21K, the 16K fragment radioimmunoassay detects significant amounts of cross-reactive material with an apparent molecular weight of 16K in extracts of both lobes. This result also suggests that the structure and processing of the rat 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule is similar to that of mouse tumor cell pro-ACTH/endorphin. Cell suspensions were prepared from the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary and maintained in culture for a 24-h period. The isolated cells from both lobes incorporate [3H] phenylalanine into immunoprecipitable ACTH- and endorphin-containing molecules. By sequential immunoprecipitation with ACTH and endorphin antisera, it is possible to demonstrate directly that a single molecule (31K ACTH/endorphin) has antigenic determinants for both ACTH and endorphin. Significant amounts of 31K ACTH/endorphin are released into the culture medium by isolated anterior lobe and intermediate lobe cells. The isolated intermediate lobe cells synthesize and secrete relatively large amounts of a beta-endorphin-like molecule; the isolated anterior lobe cells secrete significant amounts of both a betaLPH-like molecule and a beta-endorphin-like molecule. These same quantitative differences between anterior and intermediate lobe tissue were observed in immunoassays of extracts of the separated lobes and probably reflect differences in the processing of the common precursor. The isolated anterior lobe cells can be stimulated to release increased amounts of immunoprecipitable ACTH and endorphin by incubation with a cyclic AMP analog and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "contents": "Existence of a common precursor to ACTH and endorphin in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary. Extracts of rat anterior and intermediate-posterior pituitary were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assayed for immunoactive ACTH and endorphin. In both lobes the major forms of immunoactive ACTH have apparent molecular weights of 31,000 (31K), 20--21K, 14K, and 4.5K, and the major forms of immunoactive endorphin have apparent molecular weights of 31K (coincident with the peak of immunoactive ACTH), 13K (a betaLPH-like peptide), and 3.5K (a beta-endorphin-like peptide). However, the quantitative distribution of immunoactivity among the various forms differs greatly between the lobes. Assays using an extreme COOH-terminal ACTH antiserum indicate that the 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule in rat anterior and intermediate pituitary is similar to the pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule from mouse pituitary tumor cells. A radioimmunoassay that is specific for the NH2-terminal non-ACTH, nonendorphin segment (referred to as 16K fragment) of the mouse pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule was used to assay extracts of rat pituitary. In addition to detecting material at 31K and 20--21K, the 16K fragment radioimmunoassay detects significant amounts of cross-reactive material with an apparent molecular weight of 16K in extracts of both lobes. This result also suggests that the structure and processing of the rat 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule is similar to that of mouse tumor cell pro-ACTH/endorphin. Cell suspensions were prepared from the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary and maintained in culture for a 24-h period. The isolated cells from both lobes incorporate [3H] phenylalanine into immunoprecipitable ACTH- and endorphin-containing molecules. By sequential immunoprecipitation with ACTH and endorphin antisera, it is possible to demonstrate directly that a single molecule (31K ACTH/endorphin) has antigenic determinants for both ACTH and endorphin. Significant amounts of 31K ACTH/endorphin are released into the culture medium by isolated anterior lobe and intermediate lobe cells. The isolated intermediate lobe cells synthesize and secrete relatively large amounts of a beta-endorphin-like molecule; the isolated anterior lobe cells secrete significant amounts of both a betaLPH-like molecule and a beta-endorphin-like molecule. These same quantitative differences between anterior and intermediate lobe tissue were observed in immunoassays of extracts of the separated lobes and probably reflect differences in the processing of the common precursor. The isolated anterior lobe cells can be stimulated to release increased amounts of immunoprecipitable ACTH and endorphin by incubation with a cyclic AMP analog and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "PMID": 82677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8738", "title": "[A clinical constelation in disuse: vitiligo, mastocytosis of the bone marrow, circulating heparinoid, chronic leg ulcer, hypoalbuminemia, ulcerative colitis and hepatic fibrosis].", "content": "We report an unusual case. Our patient had vitiligo, ulcerative colitis, hepatic fibrosis, hypoalbuminemia, bone marrow mastocytosis, a circulating heparinoid and chronic leg ulcers. The relationship between some of the components of this constellation seems logical. This is the case with bone marrow mastocytosis and circulating heparinoid. Also, between hypoalbuminemia and colitis and liver disfunction. On the other hand, the relationship between other features does not seem clear in the light of current knowledge.", "contents": "[A clinical constelation in disuse: vitiligo, mastocytosis of the bone marrow, circulating heparinoid, chronic leg ulcer, hypoalbuminemia, ulcerative colitis and hepatic fibrosis]. We report an unusual case. Our patient had vitiligo, ulcerative colitis, hepatic fibrosis, hypoalbuminemia, bone marrow mastocytosis, a circulating heparinoid and chronic leg ulcers. The relationship between some of the components of this constellation seems logical. This is the case with bone marrow mastocytosis and circulating heparinoid. Also, between hypoalbuminemia and colitis and liver disfunction. On the other hand, the relationship between other features does not seem clear in the light of current knowledge.", "PMID": 82679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8739", "title": "Very long-term treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine.", "content": "In an open trial, 96 patients with endoscopically proven peptic ulcers were randomly allocated to treatment with cimetidine (1 g/day) for periods of 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. After their courses of treatment, the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. In 92% the ulcers had healed after treatment for 1 month, and in a further 5% the ulcers healed during the next 2 months. Ulcers recurred during treatment in 24% of patients and within 6 months of withdrawal of treatment in a further 43%. In nearly a third of patients the recurrences were asymptomatic and were discovered only through routine endoscopic studies. Continuous treatment with full doses of cimetidine for a year seems to prevent relapse of the majority of ulcers which have healed during treatment; but it does not cure the ulcer disease, since relapse generally occurs quite rapidly when treatment is discontinued.", "contents": "Very long-term treatment of peptic ulcer with cimetidine. In an open trial, 96 patients with endoscopically proven peptic ulcers were randomly allocated to treatment with cimetidine (1 g/day) for periods of 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. After their courses of treatment, the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. In 92% the ulcers had healed after treatment for 1 month, and in a further 5% the ulcers healed during the next 2 months. Ulcers recurred during treatment in 24% of patients and within 6 months of withdrawal of treatment in a further 43%. In nearly a third of patients the recurrences were asymptomatic and were discovered only through routine endoscopic studies. Continuous treatment with full doses of cimetidine for a year seems to prevent relapse of the majority of ulcers which have healed during treatment; but it does not cure the ulcer disease, since relapse generally occurs quite rapidly when treatment is discontinued.", "PMID": 82680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8740", "title": "Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I Staphylococci.", "content": "Seven children (aged 8--17 years) presented with a high fever, headache, confusion, conjunctival hyperaemia, a scarlatiniform rash, subcutaneous oedema, vomiting, watery diarrhoea, oliguria, and a propensity to acute renal failure, hepatic abnormalities, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe prolonged shock. One patient died, one had gangrene of the toes, and all have had fine desquamation of affected skin and peeling of palms and soles during convalescence. Five patients were studied prospectively. Staphylococcus aureus related to phage-group I was isolated from mucosal (nasopharyngeal, vaginal, tracheal), or sequestered (empyema, abscess) sites, but not from blood. This organism produces an exotoxin which causes a positive Nikolsky sign in the newborn mouse and which is biochemically, pathologically, and immunologically distinct from phage-group-II stapphylococcal exfoliatin.", "contents": "Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I Staphylococci. Seven children (aged 8--17 years) presented with a high fever, headache, confusion, conjunctival hyperaemia, a scarlatiniform rash, subcutaneous oedema, vomiting, watery diarrhoea, oliguria, and a propensity to acute renal failure, hepatic abnormalities, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe prolonged shock. One patient died, one had gangrene of the toes, and all have had fine desquamation of affected skin and peeling of palms and soles during convalescence. Five patients were studied prospectively. Staphylococcus aureus related to phage-group I was isolated from mucosal (nasopharyngeal, vaginal, tracheal), or sequestered (empyema, abscess) sites, but not from blood. This organism produces an exotoxin which causes a positive Nikolsky sign in the newborn mouse and which is biochemically, pathologically, and immunologically distinct from phage-group-II stapphylococcal exfoliatin.", "PMID": 82681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8741", "title": "Possible role for impaired renal prostaglandin production in pathogenesis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman with hypertension and moderate renal insufficiency had chronic unexplained hyperkalaemia. Metabolic balance studies confirmed a diagnosis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism. Two observations suggested that impaired renal prostaglandin production contributed to the pathogenesis of the patient's disorder. Baseline renal-prostaglandin synthesis (as determined by urinary excretion of P.G.E and P.G.F) was was substantially depressed when compared with that in nine normal females. Infusion of low doses of P.G.A1 produced a significant increase in serum-aldosterone and urinary potassium excretion; it also led to a dramatic fall in blood-pressure and serum-potassium. It appears from these studies that a defect in renal prostaglandin synthesis has an important role in the pathogenesis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism.", "contents": "Possible role for impaired renal prostaglandin production in pathogenesis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism. A 57-year-old woman with hypertension and moderate renal insufficiency had chronic unexplained hyperkalaemia. Metabolic balance studies confirmed a diagnosis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism. Two observations suggested that impaired renal prostaglandin production contributed to the pathogenesis of the patient's disorder. Baseline renal-prostaglandin synthesis (as determined by urinary excretion of P.G.E and P.G.F) was was substantially depressed when compared with that in nine normal females. Infusion of low doses of P.G.A1 produced a significant increase in serum-aldosterone and urinary potassium excretion; it also led to a dramatic fall in blood-pressure and serum-potassium. It appears from these studies that a defect in renal prostaglandin synthesis has an important role in the pathogenesis of hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism.", "PMID": 82682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8742", "title": "Human embryonic prealbumin as a marker for tumours and fibroblasts.", "content": "Embryonic prealbumin (E.P.A.) was demonstrated by agar immunodiffusion in 122 out of 505 homogenates of various tumours and in 7 out of 20 serum samples from patients with connective-tissue tumours. Analogous antigen was found in human embryonic and adult cultured fibroblasts. This newly identified antigen is probably actively secreted by fibroblasts into the circulation of patients with tumours.", "contents": "Human embryonic prealbumin as a marker for tumours and fibroblasts. Embryonic prealbumin (E.P.A.) was demonstrated by agar immunodiffusion in 122 out of 505 homogenates of various tumours and in 7 out of 20 serum samples from patients with connective-tissue tumours. Analogous antigen was found in human embryonic and adult cultured fibroblasts. This newly identified antigen is probably actively secreted by fibroblasts into the circulation of patients with tumours.", "PMID": 82683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8743", "title": "Reduction of serum-1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 in children receiving glucocorticoids.", "content": "Serum-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25-[OH]2D3) was subnormal in children receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment for various glomerular diseases, including nephrotic syndrome. In children with chronic glomerulonephritis not treated with glucocorticoids who had similar serum-creatinine with glucocorticoids who had similar serum-creatinine concentrations, serum-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 concentrations resembled those in healthy controls, indicating that glomerular renal disease per se does not account for reduced serum-1,25(OH)2DE concentrations in steroid-treated patients. The reduction in concentration of this most active vitamin-D metabolite correlated with the dose of steroid administered and with reduction in forearm bone mineral content measured by the photon absorption technique. Reduced serum-1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration may be important in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteopenia.", "contents": "Reduction of serum-1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 in children receiving glucocorticoids. Serum-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25-[OH]2D3) was subnormal in children receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment for various glomerular diseases, including nephrotic syndrome. In children with chronic glomerulonephritis not treated with glucocorticoids who had similar serum-creatinine with glucocorticoids who had similar serum-creatinine concentrations, serum-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 concentrations resembled those in healthy controls, indicating that glomerular renal disease per se does not account for reduced serum-1,25(OH)2DE concentrations in steroid-treated patients. The reduction in concentration of this most active vitamin-D metabolite correlated with the dose of steroid administered and with reduction in forearm bone mineral content measured by the photon absorption technique. Reduced serum-1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration may be important in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteopenia.", "PMID": 82684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8744", "title": "Significance of HLA-D/DR matching in renal transplantation.", "content": "A low mixed-lymphocyte-culture response, indicating matching for HLA-D, was associated with a relatively good chance of graft survival in 62 recipients of renal transplants from living relatives mismatched for one or two HLA A and/or B antigens. In 96 cadaveric transplants prospectively typed for HLA-DR antigens, compatibility for these antigens improved the prognosis, irrespective of matching for HLA A and B antigens. In cadaveric transplants, a positive B-cell cross-match test before transplantation tended to predict inferior graft survival.", "contents": "Significance of HLA-D/DR matching in renal transplantation. A low mixed-lymphocyte-culture response, indicating matching for HLA-D, was associated with a relatively good chance of graft survival in 62 recipients of renal transplants from living relatives mismatched for one or two HLA A and/or B antigens. In 96 cadaveric transplants prospectively typed for HLA-DR antigens, compatibility for these antigens improved the prognosis, irrespective of matching for HLA A and B antigens. In cadaveric transplants, a positive B-cell cross-match test before transplantation tended to predict inferior graft survival.", "PMID": 82685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8745", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper in Iceland.", "content": "Iceland offers a favourable opportunity to examine the suggested relationship between canine distemper and multiple sclerosis. Distemper is not enzootic in Iceland and distemper immunisation is not practised. However, importations result in occasional epizootics, three of which have occurred since 1909. Careful enumeration of multiple sclerosis indicates that there were 129 cases during the period 1946--65. When these cases are subdivided into six regions, by place of birth, regional period-prevalence rates were highest in two regions partially involved by distemper only once in the past 70 years. Also, there was substantial prevalence in a third region, encompassing Reykjavik, where the dog population has been kept very low for over 50 years. The Icelandic experience indicates that multiple sclerosis can occur at high incidence in the virtual absence of canine distemper or in the presence of a very small dog population.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper in Iceland. Iceland offers a favourable opportunity to examine the suggested relationship between canine distemper and multiple sclerosis. Distemper is not enzootic in Iceland and distemper immunisation is not practised. However, importations result in occasional epizootics, three of which have occurred since 1909. Careful enumeration of multiple sclerosis indicates that there were 129 cases during the period 1946--65. When these cases are subdivided into six regions, by place of birth, regional period-prevalence rates were highest in two regions partially involved by distemper only once in the past 70 years. Also, there was substantial prevalence in a third region, encompassing Reykjavik, where the dog population has been kept very low for over 50 years. The Icelandic experience indicates that multiple sclerosis can occur at high incidence in the virtual absence of canine distemper or in the presence of a very small dog population.", "PMID": 82686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8746", "title": "Migraine: A vasomotor instability of the meningeal circulation.", "content": "The current view that the migraine aura arises from spasm of the major cerebral arteries and the ensuing headache from extracranial arterial vasodilatation is examined and refuted. It is proposed that the headache is due to stimulation of nociceptive nerve-endings in the walls of meningeal vessels (arterioles, venules, and particularly the dural venous sinuses); and that the aura arises from calibre changes in meningeal vessels that penetrate the outer cortex, resulting in localised inhibition or excitation. It is suggested that there are two types of migraine patients--vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.", "contents": "Migraine: A vasomotor instability of the meningeal circulation. The current view that the migraine aura arises from spasm of the major cerebral arteries and the ensuing headache from extracranial arterial vasodilatation is examined and refuted. It is proposed that the headache is due to stimulation of nociceptive nerve-endings in the walls of meningeal vessels (arterioles, venules, and particularly the dural venous sinuses); and that the aura arises from calibre changes in meningeal vessels that penetrate the outer cortex, resulting in localised inhibition or excitation. It is suggested that there are two types of migraine patients--vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.", "PMID": 82693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8747", "title": "Re-examination of some of the Framingham blood-pressure data.", "content": "Mathematical smoothing of data for the Framingham study leads to the conclusion that there is no threshold of normality for blood-pressure. A reasonable therapeutic goal might be \"the lower the better\". However, examination of the unsmoothed Framingham data indicates that while systolic pressures fit this no-threshold model reasonably well, changes in diastolic pressure below about 90 mm Hg have little or no prognostic significance. The poor fit of the diastolic points to the no-threshold model may also help to explain why at Framingham raised systolic pressure seemed to have a greater impact than raised diastolic pressure.", "contents": "Re-examination of some of the Framingham blood-pressure data. Mathematical smoothing of data for the Framingham study leads to the conclusion that there is no threshold of normality for blood-pressure. A reasonable therapeutic goal might be \"the lower the better\". However, examination of the unsmoothed Framingham data indicates that while systolic pressures fit this no-threshold model reasonably well, changes in diastolic pressure below about 90 mm Hg have little or no prognostic significance. The poor fit of the diastolic points to the no-threshold model may also help to explain why at Framingham raised systolic pressure seemed to have a greater impact than raised diastolic pressure.", "PMID": 82694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8748", "title": "Duration of breast-feeding after early initiation and frequent feeding.", "content": "111 primiparous women who had chosen to breast-feed their normal healthy term infants were assigned to one of four groups matched for age and social class. Two groups had the baby put to the breast within 10 min of delivery and the other two began breast-feeding 4--6 h after delivery. One of each pair of groups fed 2-hourly and the other 4-hourly. Follow-up over 18 months suggested that both early initiation and increased frequency of breast-feeding extended the nursing period, the former having the greater effect. 2-hourly feeding induced lactation at least 24 h earlier than did 4-hourly feeding.", "contents": "Duration of breast-feeding after early initiation and frequent feeding. 111 primiparous women who had chosen to breast-feed their normal healthy term infants were assigned to one of four groups matched for age and social class. Two groups had the baby put to the breast within 10 min of delivery and the other two began breast-feeding 4--6 h after delivery. One of each pair of groups fed 2-hourly and the other 4-hourly. Follow-up over 18 months suggested that both early initiation and increased frequency of breast-feeding extended the nursing period, the former having the greater effect. 2-hourly feeding induced lactation at least 24 h earlier than did 4-hourly feeding.", "PMID": 82695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8749", "title": "Hepatitis B and primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population.", "content": "The prevalence of serological markers of active of past hepatitis-B virus (H.B.V.) infection was determined in 80 Greek patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (P.H.C.), 160 age and sex matched controls and 40 patients with metastatic liver cancer (M.L.C.). The relative risk of the various patterns of H.B.V. serological markers for P.H.C. was calculated. Active H.B.V. infection, as indicated by positive tests for hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg), or antibody to hepatitis-B core antigen (anti-HBc) without antibody to HBsAg) (anti-HBs), was associated with P.H.C. (relative risk 10.4) but not with M.L.C. (relative risk 1.2). Patients without markers and those who had recovered from hepatitis B (anti-HBs-positive) had approximately the same low risk for P.H.C. (relative risk 0.8). Active infection was more common in P.H.C. patients with co-existing cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis (67% versus 26%). Thus the relationship between active hepatitis B and P.H.C. seen in African and Asian populations is now seen in a European Caucasian population with different racial, environmental, and dietary circumstances.", "contents": "Hepatitis B and primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population. The prevalence of serological markers of active of past hepatitis-B virus (H.B.V.) infection was determined in 80 Greek patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (P.H.C.), 160 age and sex matched controls and 40 patients with metastatic liver cancer (M.L.C.). The relative risk of the various patterns of H.B.V. serological markers for P.H.C. was calculated. Active H.B.V. infection, as indicated by positive tests for hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg), or antibody to hepatitis-B core antigen (anti-HBc) without antibody to HBsAg) (anti-HBs), was associated with P.H.C. (relative risk 10.4) but not with M.L.C. (relative risk 1.2). Patients without markers and those who had recovered from hepatitis B (anti-HBs-positive) had approximately the same low risk for P.H.C. (relative risk 0.8). Active infection was more common in P.H.C. patients with co-existing cirrhosis than in those without cirrhosis (67% versus 26%). Thus the relationship between active hepatitis B and P.H.C. seen in African and Asian populations is now seen in a European Caucasian population with different racial, environmental, and dietary circumstances.", "PMID": 82732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8750", "title": "Vascular occlusive episodes and venous haematocrit in primary proliferative polycythaemia.", "content": "The relations between the incidence of vascular occlusive episodes and packed-cell volume (P.C.V) and platelet-count in patients with primary proliferative polycythaemia were determined retrospectively in patients treated by venesection with or without chemotherapy. The incidence of occlusive episodes correlated positively with P.C.V. level. The risk of vascular occlusive episodes was increased at moderately increased P.C.V. levels and the optimum P.C.V. level was rather lower than is often assumed. There was no statistically significant association between platelet-count, either alone or in combination with raised P.C.V., and incidence of vascular occlusion, though, episodes of occlusion were 1.5 times more common with platelet-counts above 400 x 10(9)/l. The results of this study indicate that P.C.V. should be maintained at less than 0.45 and the platelet-count at less than 400 x 10(9)/l in primary proliferative polycythaemia.", "contents": "Vascular occlusive episodes and venous haematocrit in primary proliferative polycythaemia. The relations between the incidence of vascular occlusive episodes and packed-cell volume (P.C.V) and platelet-count in patients with primary proliferative polycythaemia were determined retrospectively in patients treated by venesection with or without chemotherapy. The incidence of occlusive episodes correlated positively with P.C.V. level. The risk of vascular occlusive episodes was increased at moderately increased P.C.V. levels and the optimum P.C.V. level was rather lower than is often assumed. There was no statistically significant association between platelet-count, either alone or in combination with raised P.C.V., and incidence of vascular occlusion, though, episodes of occlusion were 1.5 times more common with platelet-counts above 400 x 10(9)/l. The results of this study indicate that P.C.V. should be maintained at less than 0.45 and the platelet-count at less than 400 x 10(9)/l in primary proliferative polycythaemia.", "PMID": 82733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8751", "title": "Autoantibodies to parathyroid hormone receptor.", "content": "Autoantibodies which block the binding of parathyroid hormone to membrane receptors for the hormone were detected in the sera (especially in the IgG fraction) of 49 out of 50 uraemic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (patients with high levels of C-regional parathyroid hormone). These antibodies are species-specific. Their presence in the serum in unaffected by dialysis. Inhibition of binding appears to be related to the rise in C-regional parathyroid-hormone levels and the duration of uraemia. The production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by parathyroid-hormone-stimulated adenyl cyclase was reduced by the blocking antibodies. The findings show that secondary hyperparathyrodism in uraemia is another example of a receptor-antibody disease, but it is not known whether the antibodies act by modifying the affinity of the receptors for the hormone or by reducing the concentration of receptors available.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to parathyroid hormone receptor. Autoantibodies which block the binding of parathyroid hormone to membrane receptors for the hormone were detected in the sera (especially in the IgG fraction) of 49 out of 50 uraemic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (patients with high levels of C-regional parathyroid hormone). These antibodies are species-specific. Their presence in the serum in unaffected by dialysis. Inhibition of binding appears to be related to the rise in C-regional parathyroid-hormone levels and the duration of uraemia. The production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by parathyroid-hormone-stimulated adenyl cyclase was reduced by the blocking antibodies. The findings show that secondary hyperparathyrodism in uraemia is another example of a receptor-antibody disease, but it is not known whether the antibodies act by modifying the affinity of the receptors for the hormone or by reducing the concentration of receptors available.", "PMID": 82734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8752", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to an enkephalin analogue in normal man.", "content": "An enkephalin analogue [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(o)-ol] enkephalin (DAMME), given intravenously to normal subjects raised serum prolactin and growth-hormone levels but lowered serum levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, cortisol, and corticotrophin. There was also a small fall in total glucagon and gastric inhibitory peptide (G.I.P.) and a rise in thyrotrophin. beta-Lipotrophin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, insulin, gastrin, and pancreatic glucagon were unchanged. Blood-glycerol increased, and blood lactate, alanine, and glucose fell. Prior administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, attenuated the hormonal responses to DAMME. This enkephalin analogue produces endocrine and metabolic changes in man which may be mediated through opiate-binding receptors both within and outside the brain. The enkephalins and related substances may provide an important link between perception, behaviour, and neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion and metabolism.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to an enkephalin analogue in normal man. An enkephalin analogue [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met(o)-ol] enkephalin (DAMME), given intravenously to normal subjects raised serum prolactin and growth-hormone levels but lowered serum levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, cortisol, and corticotrophin. There was also a small fall in total glucagon and gastric inhibitory peptide (G.I.P.) and a rise in thyrotrophin. beta-Lipotrophin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, insulin, gastrin, and pancreatic glucagon were unchanged. Blood-glycerol increased, and blood lactate, alanine, and glucose fell. Prior administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, attenuated the hormonal responses to DAMME. This enkephalin analogue produces endocrine and metabolic changes in man which may be mediated through opiate-binding receptors both within and outside the brain. The enkephalins and related substances may provide an important link between perception, behaviour, and neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion and metabolism.", "PMID": 82735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8753", "title": "Myeloneuropathy after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide.", "content": "A neurological disorder developed after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide in 15 patients, all but 1 of whom were dentists. 13 patients had abused nitrous oxide to some extent for periods ranging from 3 months to several years, but 2 patients were exposed to nitrous oxide only professionally, by working in poorly ventilated surgeries. Symptoms included early sensory complaints, Lhermitte sign, loss of balance, leg weakness, gait ataxia, impotence, and sphincter disturbances. Neurological examination showed sensorimotor polyneuropathy, often combined with signs of involvement of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord. Electrodiagnostic tests pointed to an axonal polyneuropathy, but other laboratory results were normal, including examination of the spinal fluid. The neurological picture is similar to that of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, and it is possible that nitrous oxide interferes with the action of vitamin B12 in the nervous system.", "contents": "Myeloneuropathy after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide. A neurological disorder developed after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide in 15 patients, all but 1 of whom were dentists. 13 patients had abused nitrous oxide to some extent for periods ranging from 3 months to several years, but 2 patients were exposed to nitrous oxide only professionally, by working in poorly ventilated surgeries. Symptoms included early sensory complaints, Lhermitte sign, loss of balance, leg weakness, gait ataxia, impotence, and sphincter disturbances. Neurological examination showed sensorimotor polyneuropathy, often combined with signs of involvement of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord. Electrodiagnostic tests pointed to an axonal polyneuropathy, but other laboratory results were normal, including examination of the spinal fluid. The neurological picture is similar to that of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, and it is possible that nitrous oxide interferes with the action of vitamin B12 in the nervous system.", "PMID": 82736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8754", "title": "Radioallergosorbent and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.", "content": "Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibodies to Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were positive in 82 and 72%, respectively, of sera from 136 African schistosomiasis patients. 99% of sera from controls (5 free of parasitic disease, 75 infested with hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris, and/or Onchocerca) were negative. When titres in indirect fluorescent antibody tests were set at the same level of specificity only 38% of patients' sera were positive. A cut-off at a higher concentration increased sensitivity to 65% but lowered specificity (10% controls positive).", "contents": "Radioallergosorbent and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis. Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibodies to Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were positive in 82 and 72%, respectively, of sera from 136 African schistosomiasis patients. 99% of sera from controls (5 free of parasitic disease, 75 infested with hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris, and/or Onchocerca) were negative. When titres in indirect fluorescent antibody tests were set at the same level of specificity only 38% of patients' sera were positive. A cut-off at a higher concentration increased sensitivity to 65% but lowered specificity (10% controls positive).", "PMID": 82737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8755", "title": "Treatment of lead poisoning by 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid.", "content": "2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (D.M.S.), a new orally effective agent for the treatment of heavy-metal intoxication, was administered to five lead-poisoned smelter workers for six days at dosages ranging from 8.4--12.7 mg/kg/day on the first day to 28.1--42.2 mg/kg/day on the last day. Mean blood-lead concentration decreased significantly from an initial value of 97 +/- 6 microgram/dl to 43 +/- 4 microgram/dl on the last day. Urinary lead excretion was significantly raised. D.M.S. was very well tolerated with no signs of toxicity and no effect on urinary zinc, calcium, magnesium, or iron excretion. Urinary copper excretion was significantly increased, but the magnitude of that effect was not clinically important. D.M.S. seems to be safe and effective for the treatment of lead poisoning.", "contents": "Treatment of lead poisoning by 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (D.M.S.), a new orally effective agent for the treatment of heavy-metal intoxication, was administered to five lead-poisoned smelter workers for six days at dosages ranging from 8.4--12.7 mg/kg/day on the first day to 28.1--42.2 mg/kg/day on the last day. Mean blood-lead concentration decreased significantly from an initial value of 97 +/- 6 microgram/dl to 43 +/- 4 microgram/dl on the last day. Urinary lead excretion was significantly raised. D.M.S. was very well tolerated with no signs of toxicity and no effect on urinary zinc, calcium, magnesium, or iron excretion. Urinary copper excretion was significantly increased, but the magnitude of that effect was not clinically important. D.M.S. seems to be safe and effective for the treatment of lead poisoning.", "PMID": 82738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8756", "title": "Serum-prolactin in female infertility.", "content": "55 of 100 new female patients attending an infertility clinic had serum-prolactin concentrations greater than the upper limit of normal (360 mU/l). There was no significant correlation between serum-prolactin value and clinical features including age, duration of infertility, past reproduction, menstrual pattern, past use of oral contraception, or pregnancy-rate after treatment. The place of serum-prolactin estimations in the management of infertile women is unclear, particularly since the precision of currently available radioimmunoassays is questionable. The major value of serum-prolactin estimations lies in identifying those patients in whom further investigation for pituitary tumour is indicated both before treatment and during any ensuing pregnancy, and in selecting patients suitable for bromocriptine therapy.", "contents": "Serum-prolactin in female infertility. 55 of 100 new female patients attending an infertility clinic had serum-prolactin concentrations greater than the upper limit of normal (360 mU/l). There was no significant correlation between serum-prolactin value and clinical features including age, duration of infertility, past reproduction, menstrual pattern, past use of oral contraception, or pregnancy-rate after treatment. The place of serum-prolactin estimations in the management of infertile women is unclear, particularly since the precision of currently available radioimmunoassays is questionable. The major value of serum-prolactin estimations lies in identifying those patients in whom further investigation for pituitary tumour is indicated both before treatment and during any ensuing pregnancy, and in selecting patients suitable for bromocriptine therapy.", "PMID": 82744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8757", "title": "Diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "The significance of hyperprolactinaemia is poorly understood by many clinicians. Difficulties in interpretation have arisen because many endogenous factors can alter prolactin secretion, the scale of laboratory errors is not appreciated, and reference  ranges are inappropriately used. There is a need for improved communication between clinician and laboratory and for education on both sides.", "contents": "Diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia. The significance of hyperprolactinaemia is poorly understood by many clinicians. Difficulties in interpretation have arisen because many endogenous factors can alter prolactin secretion, the scale of laboratory errors is not appreciated, and reference  ranges are inappropriately used. There is a need for improved communication between clinician and laboratory and for education on both sides.", "PMID": 82745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8758", "title": "Phenylethylamine overproduction in aggressive psychopaths.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of free and conjugated phenylacetic acid, the major metabolite of phenylethylamine, were higher in ten prisoners serving long terms of imprisonment for violent crimes than in pair-matched non-violent control prisoners. Since amphetamine, a compound closely related to phenylethylamine, can reduce aggressiveness in some violent subjects, the increase in phenylethylamine production may be an attempt to compensate for the unknown derangement of function responsible for increased aggression.", "contents": "Phenylethylamine overproduction in aggressive psychopaths. Plasma concentrations of free and conjugated phenylacetic acid, the major metabolite of phenylethylamine, were higher in ten prisoners serving long terms of imprisonment for violent crimes than in pair-matched non-violent control prisoners. Since amphetamine, a compound closely related to phenylethylamine, can reduce aggressiveness in some violent subjects, the increase in phenylethylamine production may be an attempt to compensate for the unknown derangement of function responsible for increased aggression.", "PMID": 82778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8759", "title": "Serum high-density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "High-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol has been measured by the 'Autoanalyzer', and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B by an immunochemical method, in 100 patients with peripheral vascular disease (P.V.D.) and in 93 age and sex matched controls with an approximately similar prevalence of hyperlipidaemia. The patients with P.V.D. had significantly lower levels of the H.D.L. apolipoproteins (especially of apo A-I) than the controls. Further analysis of the data showed low H.D.L. levels to be related to the presence (but not to the severity) of the arterial disease and to be independent of concurrent hyperlipidaemia and smoking habits. The changes in H.D.L. apoproteins were not so clearly reflected by H.D.L.-cholesterol measurements in the same patients, possibly because of methodological reasons. It is therefore suggested that studies relating serum-H.D.L. to arterial disease may be more informative if both the lipid and protein portions of these lipoproteins are measured.", "contents": "Serum high-density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. High-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) cholesterol has been measured by the 'Autoanalyzer', and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B by an immunochemical method, in 100 patients with peripheral vascular disease (P.V.D.) and in 93 age and sex matched controls with an approximately similar prevalence of hyperlipidaemia. The patients with P.V.D. had significantly lower levels of the H.D.L. apolipoproteins (especially of apo A-I) than the controls. Further analysis of the data showed low H.D.L. levels to be related to the presence (but not to the severity) of the arterial disease and to be independent of concurrent hyperlipidaemia and smoking habits. The changes in H.D.L. apoproteins were not so clearly reflected by H.D.L.-cholesterol measurements in the same patients, possibly because of methodological reasons. It is therefore suggested that studies relating serum-H.D.L. to arterial disease may be more informative if both the lipid and protein portions of these lipoproteins are measured.", "PMID": 82779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8760", "title": "Cancer-specific density changes in lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "A fluorescence polarisation technique (\"S.C.M. test\") for detecting responses to phytohaemagglutinin revealed that the responsive lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease had an abnormal distribution after centrifugation through lymphocyte separation medium. In a small blind series the technique accurately distinguished patients with histologically proven malignancies from those with nonmalignant disease and normal people.", "contents": "Cancer-specific density changes in lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. A fluorescence polarisation technique (\"S.C.M. test\") for detecting responses to phytohaemagglutinin revealed that the responsive lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease had an abnormal distribution after centrifugation through lymphocyte separation medium. In a small blind series the technique accurately distinguished patients with histologically proven malignancies from those with nonmalignant disease and normal people.", "PMID": 82780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8761", "title": "Aldosterone in myxoedema.", "content": "Ten patients with severe myxoedema were treated with regular increments of thyroxine. The urine aldosterone excretion rate and plasma-aldosterone level increased with each increasing dose of thyroxine. Two patients in whom the serum-aldosterone rose to abnormally high levels had cardiac failure which resolved when the thyroxine dose was reduced.", "contents": "Aldosterone in myxoedema. Ten patients with severe myxoedema were treated with regular increments of thyroxine. The urine aldosterone excretion rate and plasma-aldosterone level increased with each increasing dose of thyroxine. Two patients in whom the serum-aldosterone rose to abnormally high levels had cardiac failure which resolved when the thyroxine dose was reduced.", "PMID": 82781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8762", "title": "Failure of bran to protect against experimental colon cancer in rats.", "content": "The ability of dietary fibre to prevent colon cancer was tested in rats injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (D.M.H.), a substance which induces cancer of the colon. 60 rats were fed the same formula solid diet but allocated three different amounts of dietary fibre--20 were given 4.8% w/w crude fibre, 20 were given 20% w/w bran, and 20 received no fibre. Half of the animals in each fibre group received a course of subcutaneous D.M.H. and half were given subcutaneous saline. After a year's observation, there was no significant difference in the incidence of, or mortality from, colonic carcinoma between the D.M.H.-treated groups.", "contents": "Failure of bran to protect against experimental colon cancer in rats. The ability of dietary fibre to prevent colon cancer was tested in rats injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (D.M.H.), a substance which induces cancer of the colon. 60 rats were fed the same formula solid diet but allocated three different amounts of dietary fibre--20 were given 4.8% w/w crude fibre, 20 were given 20% w/w bran, and 20 received no fibre. Half of the animals in each fibre group received a course of subcutaneous D.M.H. and half were given subcutaneous saline. After a year's observation, there was no significant difference in the incidence of, or mortality from, colonic carcinoma between the D.M.H.-treated groups.", "PMID": 82782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8763", "title": "Inhibition of pancreas and gallbladder by pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "Stimulated pancreatic and biliary outputs were studied in seven healthy subjects during intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) (mean dose 65 pmol/kg/h). P.P. significantly inhibited outputs of trypsin and bilirubin at plasma concentrations similar to those observed after meals. In four cholecystectomised subjects, P.P. inhibited only trypsin output.", "contents": "Inhibition of pancreas and gallbladder by pancreatic polypeptide. Stimulated pancreatic and biliary outputs were studied in seven healthy subjects during intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.) (mean dose 65 pmol/kg/h). P.P. significantly inhibited outputs of trypsin and bilirubin at plasma concentrations similar to those observed after meals. In four cholecystectomised subjects, P.P. inhibited only trypsin output.", "PMID": 82783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8764", "title": "Effect of myo-inositol on peripheral-nerve function in diabetes.", "content": "myo-Inositol, 500 mg twice a day, given to seven diabetic patients for two weeks, increased the amplitude of the evoked action potentials of the median, sural, and popliteal nerves by an average of 76%, 160%, and 40%, respectively. There was no significant change in the conduction velocities of these nerves, myo-Inositol may be valuable in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.", "contents": "Effect of myo-inositol on peripheral-nerve function in diabetes. myo-Inositol, 500 mg twice a day, given to seven diabetic patients for two weeks, increased the amplitude of the evoked action potentials of the median, sural, and popliteal nerves by an average of 76%, 160%, and 40%, respectively. There was no significant change in the conduction velocities of these nerves, myo-Inositol may be valuable in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.", "PMID": 82784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8765", "title": "How the lower oesophageal sphincter affects submucosal oesophageal varices.", "content": "Oesophageal varices are found in the submucosa of the lower oesophageal sphincter (L.E.S.). Portagraphic studies after vasopressin administration showed occlusion of submucosal oesophageal varices and distension of the para-oesophageal veins. Oesophagography and endoscopy after administration of anticholinergics showed considerable dilatation of the submucosal oesophageal varices. Because vasopressin increases, and anticholinergics decrease, L.E.S. pressure it is suggested that L.E.S. pressure is an important factor in the development of submucosal oesophageal varices.", "contents": "How the lower oesophageal sphincter affects submucosal oesophageal varices. Oesophageal varices are found in the submucosa of the lower oesophageal sphincter (L.E.S.). Portagraphic studies after vasopressin administration showed occlusion of submucosal oesophageal varices and distension of the para-oesophageal veins. Oesophagography and endoscopy after administration of anticholinergics showed considerable dilatation of the submucosal oesophageal varices. Because vasopressin increases, and anticholinergics decrease, L.E.S. pressure it is suggested that L.E.S. pressure is an important factor in the development of submucosal oesophageal varices.", "PMID": 82785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8766", "title": "Some problems of alpha-fetoprotein screening.", "content": "In two years of a routine screening programme for the detection of neural-tube defects over 6000 women had serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) measured. As a result, 80 women carrying live singleton fetuses were offered amniocentesis under ultrasound control. All neural-tube defects detected at birth were recorded and necropsies were done routinely on abortuses, thus permitting evaluation of the screening programme in terms of false negatives and false positives. 16 amniotic-fluid A.F.P.s were abnormal, 1 for an unaffected fetus; and 2 others were normal for fetuses which had closed lesions. At the serum-A.F.P. stage, 3 lesions were missed. The detection-rate compares favourably with those of other series. However, in a pilot study, routine ultrasonic assessment of gestation yielded a substantial proportion of cases where a serum-A.F.P. deemed normal or abnormal when gestation was assessed clinically would have been misleading. Loss of normal fetuses subsequent to amniocentesis (5 in this series) also has to be taken into account.", "contents": "Some problems of alpha-fetoprotein screening. In two years of a routine screening programme for the detection of neural-tube defects over 6000 women had serum-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) measured. As a result, 80 women carrying live singleton fetuses were offered amniocentesis under ultrasound control. All neural-tube defects detected at birth were recorded and necropsies were done routinely on abortuses, thus permitting evaluation of the screening programme in terms of false negatives and false positives. 16 amniotic-fluid A.F.P.s were abnormal, 1 for an unaffected fetus; and 2 others were normal for fetuses which had closed lesions. At the serum-A.F.P. stage, 3 lesions were missed. The detection-rate compares favourably with those of other series. However, in a pilot study, routine ultrasonic assessment of gestation yielded a substantial proportion of cases where a serum-A.F.P. deemed normal or abnormal when gestation was assessed clinically would have been misleading. Loss of normal fetuses subsequent to amniocentesis (5 in this series) also has to be taken into account.", "PMID": 82794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8767", "title": "Maternal rubella at St. Thomas' Hospital: is there a need to change British vaccination policy?", "content": "During the 28 weeks starting April 3, 1978, 269 pregnant women were assessed serologically because of exposure to or development of rubella-like illnesses, this number being four times greater than that during either of the previous 2 years. Only 33 (12%) of these patients had previously been given rubella vaccine. Rubella was confirmed serologically in 17 patients; among patients attending antenatal clinics the overall risk of acquiring infection was about 1 in 155. The mean age of patients acquiring maternal rubella was 27.9 years, and all but 1 had left school before the rubella vaccination programme started. 55 (92%) of 60 household contacts were children, of whom 24 (40%) were of preschool age and 13 (21.7%) aged less than 2 years. The interval between contact and presentation for serological studies was often long and, because of this, 79 sera had to be tested for virus-specific IgM. No drastic change in rubella vaccination policy is required but there should be more emphasis on vaccination of women of childbearing age.", "contents": "Maternal rubella at St. Thomas' Hospital: is there a need to change British vaccination policy? During the 28 weeks starting April 3, 1978, 269 pregnant women were assessed serologically because of exposure to or development of rubella-like illnesses, this number being four times greater than that during either of the previous 2 years. Only 33 (12%) of these patients had previously been given rubella vaccine. Rubella was confirmed serologically in 17 patients; among patients attending antenatal clinics the overall risk of acquiring infection was about 1 in 155. The mean age of patients acquiring maternal rubella was 27.9 years, and all but 1 had left school before the rubella vaccination programme started. 55 (92%) of 60 household contacts were children, of whom 24 (40%) were of preschool age and 13 (21.7%) aged less than 2 years. The interval between contact and presentation for serological studies was often long and, because of this, 79 sera had to be tested for virus-specific IgM. No drastic change in rubella vaccination policy is required but there should be more emphasis on vaccination of women of childbearing age.", "PMID": 82795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8768", "title": "Cyclosporin A in patients receiving renal allografts from cadaver donors.", "content": "Seven patients on dialysis with renal failure received transplants from mismatched cadaver donors and were treated with cyclosporin A (CyA), initially as the sole immunosuppressive agent. CyA was effective in inhibiting rejection but there was clear evidence of both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. A cyclophosphamide analogue was added to the CyA treatment in six of the patients. Five patients are out of hospital with functioning allografts, and two of these have received no steroids. One patient required an allograft nephrectomy because of pyelonephritis in the graft. Another died of systemic aspergillus and candida infection. Further careful study of this potentially valuable drug will by required before it can be recommended in clinical practice.", "contents": "Cyclosporin A in patients receiving renal allografts from cadaver donors. Seven patients on dialysis with renal failure received transplants from mismatched cadaver donors and were treated with cyclosporin A (CyA), initially as the sole immunosuppressive agent. CyA was effective in inhibiting rejection but there was clear evidence of both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. A cyclophosphamide analogue was added to the CyA treatment in six of the patients. Five patients are out of hospital with functioning allografts, and two of these have received no steroids. One patient required an allograft nephrectomy because of pyelonephritis in the graft. Another died of systemic aspergillus and candida infection. Further careful study of this potentially valuable drug will by required before it can be recommended in clinical practice.", "PMID": 82836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8769", "title": "Cyclosporin A for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in man.", "content": "Cyclosporin A was given to five patients with acute leukaemia in whom graft-versus-host disease (G.V.H.D.) had developed after bone-marrow transplantation from sibling donors. In all instances the acute erythematous skin reaction of G.V.H.D. resolved within two days, but four of the five patients died. Cyclosporin A in high doses produced anorexia, nausea, and a reversible rise in blood-urea. The four patients who died all had liver damage, but the histological changes varied. Cyclosporin A modifies the acute skin reaction of G.V.H.D. In the management of liver and gut G.V.H.D., and in prophylaxis of G.V.H.D., its role needs to be determined.", "contents": "Cyclosporin A for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in man. Cyclosporin A was given to five patients with acute leukaemia in whom graft-versus-host disease (G.V.H.D.) had developed after bone-marrow transplantation from sibling donors. In all instances the acute erythematous skin reaction of G.V.H.D. resolved within two days, but four of the five patients died. Cyclosporin A in high doses produced anorexia, nausea, and a reversible rise in blood-urea. The four patients who died all had liver damage, but the histological changes varied. Cyclosporin A modifies the acute skin reaction of G.V.H.D. In the management of liver and gut G.V.H.D., and in prophylaxis of G.V.H.D., its role needs to be determined.", "PMID": 82837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8770", "title": "Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders.", "content": "Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) activity was significantly higher in 90 patients with sarcoidosis (55 +/- [S.D.] 23 nmol min-1 ml-1) than in 80 healthy controls (34 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1). Steroid therapy modified SACE activity; 60 sarcoidosis patients who were not being treated with steroids had significantly higher enzyme activities (58 +/- 24 nmol min-1 ml-1) than 30 steroid-treated sarcoidosis patients (40 +/- 19 nmol min-1 ml-1). In 50% of the non-steroid treated sarcoidosis patients SACE activity was more than 2 S.D. above the mean value for the controls. SACE activity was measured in 22 tuberculous patients (38 +/- 14 nmol min-1 ml-1), 20 leprosy patients (34 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1), 31 with primary biliary cirrhosis (44 +/- 20 nmol min-1 ml-1), 26 with inflammatory bowel disease (31 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1), 8 with hepatic granulomatous disease, 5 with Hodgkin's disease, and 2 with schistosomiasis. The combined false-positive rate for these non-sarcoidosis patients was 10%. Serial SACE assays provide useful information on the course of sarcoidosis and response to steroid treatment.", "contents": "Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) activity was significantly higher in 90 patients with sarcoidosis (55 +/- [S.D.] 23 nmol min-1 ml-1) than in 80 healthy controls (34 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1). Steroid therapy modified SACE activity; 60 sarcoidosis patients who were not being treated with steroids had significantly higher enzyme activities (58 +/- 24 nmol min-1 ml-1) than 30 steroid-treated sarcoidosis patients (40 +/- 19 nmol min-1 ml-1). In 50% of the non-steroid treated sarcoidosis patients SACE activity was more than 2 S.D. above the mean value for the controls. SACE activity was measured in 22 tuberculous patients (38 +/- 14 nmol min-1 ml-1), 20 leprosy patients (34 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1), 31 with primary biliary cirrhosis (44 +/- 20 nmol min-1 ml-1), 26 with inflammatory bowel disease (31 +/- 9 nmol min-1 ml-1), 8 with hepatic granulomatous disease, 5 with Hodgkin's disease, and 2 with schistosomiasis. The combined false-positive rate for these non-sarcoidosis patients was 10%. Serial SACE assays provide useful information on the course of sarcoidosis and response to steroid treatment.", "PMID": 82838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8771", "title": "Alpha2-plasmin-inhibitor deficiency (Miyasato disease).", "content": "A 25-year-old man, born in Okinawa, Japan, had a haemorrhagic diathesis characterised by prolonged bleeding and ecchymoses after minor trauma and spontaneous joint haemorrhage. The frequency and severity of these episodes were reduced by an antiplasminic drug. Routine coagulation studies revealed no abnormalities except for significantly sshortened euglobulin-lysis time and whole-blood clot lysis time. Activities of all known clotting and fibrinolytic factors were within normal ranges but no circulating alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was found in the plasma. alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is a potent and fast-acting protease inhibitor. Studies of family members indicated that this abnormality was inherited as an autosomal and recessive gene.", "contents": "Alpha2-plasmin-inhibitor deficiency (Miyasato disease). A 25-year-old man, born in Okinawa, Japan, had a haemorrhagic diathesis characterised by prolonged bleeding and ecchymoses after minor trauma and spontaneous joint haemorrhage. The frequency and severity of these episodes were reduced by an antiplasminic drug. Routine coagulation studies revealed no abnormalities except for significantly sshortened euglobulin-lysis time and whole-blood clot lysis time. Activities of all known clotting and fibrinolytic factors were within normal ranges but no circulating alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was found in the plasma. alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is a potent and fast-acting protease inhibitor. Studies of family members indicated that this abnormality was inherited as an autosomal and recessive gene.", "PMID": 82839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8772", "title": "Severe cerebral disturbance in legionnaires' disease.", "content": "In two cases of legionnaires' disease pneumonia was associated with severe cerebral disturbance. In one case legionnaires' disease was diagnosed retrospectively by serological methods, and in the other the development of similar cerebral symptoms in the course of pneumonia prompted a clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease and the institution of effective treatment.", "contents": "Severe cerebral disturbance in legionnaires' disease. In two cases of legionnaires' disease pneumonia was associated with severe cerebral disturbance. In one case legionnaires' disease was diagnosed retrospectively by serological methods, and in the other the development of similar cerebral symptoms in the course of pneumonia prompted a clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease and the institution of effective treatment.", "PMID": 82840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8773", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations in undiagnosed patients.", "content": "Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) levels were measured in 381 undiagnosed patients who presented with clinical problems commonly associated with gastrointestinal malignancy. The results were compared with the final diagnosis after follow-up for up to 5 years to see whether C.E.A.-testing added any useful information. Of 307 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, lower gastrointestinal symptoms, or irom deficiency anaemia, C.E.A. levels greater than 20 ng/ml indicated malignancy in 5 but in 3 of these malignancy was also diagnosed after routine investigation. Of 74 patients presenting with obstructive jaundice, hepatomegaly, or abnormal liver function, malignancy was diagnosed in 38. In 9 of these patients the diagnosis of malignancy could otherwise have been reached only by laparotomy. The serum-C.E.A. thus reached only by laparotomy. The serum-C.E.A. thus seems to be of value in the assessment of liver disease but not in patients with gastric or colonic symptoms or iron-deficiency anaemia.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations in undiagnosed patients. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) levels were measured in 381 undiagnosed patients who presented with clinical problems commonly associated with gastrointestinal malignancy. The results were compared with the final diagnosis after follow-up for up to 5 years to see whether C.E.A.-testing added any useful information. Of 307 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, lower gastrointestinal symptoms, or irom deficiency anaemia, C.E.A. levels greater than 20 ng/ml indicated malignancy in 5 but in 3 of these malignancy was also diagnosed after routine investigation. Of 74 patients presenting with obstructive jaundice, hepatomegaly, or abnormal liver function, malignancy was diagnosed in 38. In 9 of these patients the diagnosis of malignancy could otherwise have been reached only by laparotomy. The serum-C.E.A. thus reached only by laparotomy. The serum-C.E.A. thus seems to be of value in the assessment of liver disease but not in patients with gastric or colonic symptoms or iron-deficiency anaemia.", "PMID": 82841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8774", "title": "Is a slow pulse-rate a reliable sign of digitalis toxicity?", "content": "64 of 910 hospital patients taking digoxin had a ventricular rate of less than 60 beats/min. In only 6 out of 57 of those investigated further could a diagnosis of digoxin toxicity be made on clinical, electrocardiographic, and biochemical grounds. No reason for the slow heart-rate could be found in 42 patients. Excessive vagal effects of digoxin in resting subjects may cause the bradycardia found in these in patients in the absence of digitalis toxicity.", "contents": "Is a slow pulse-rate a reliable sign of digitalis toxicity? 64 of 910 hospital patients taking digoxin had a ventricular rate of less than 60 beats/min. In only 6 out of 57 of those investigated further could a diagnosis of digoxin toxicity be made on clinical, electrocardiographic, and biochemical grounds. No reason for the slow heart-rate could be found in 42 patients. Excessive vagal effects of digoxin in resting subjects may cause the bradycardia found in these in patients in the absence of digitalis toxicity.", "PMID": 82842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8775", "title": "Do plasma glycoproteins induce lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness and insulin resistance?", "content": "Depression of lymphocyte transformation and an increase in insulin resistance are common to pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, widespread malignancy, infection, and tissue destruction. We suggest that these abnormalities are caused by a rise in the plasma-glycoprotein level which is also common to these clinical states. There is evidence that glycoproteins can inhibit cell division, lymphocyte transformation, and the action of hormones on target cells. Because of the increase in plasma glycoprotein the cells in many organs and their hormone receptors may have a thicker coating of glycoproteins which blunts their response to variuos stimuli.", "contents": "Do plasma glycoproteins induce lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness and insulin resistance? Depression of lymphocyte transformation and an increase in insulin resistance are common to pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, widespread malignancy, infection, and tissue destruction. We suggest that these abnormalities are caused by a rise in the plasma-glycoprotein level which is also common to these clinical states. There is evidence that glycoproteins can inhibit cell division, lymphocyte transformation, and the action of hormones on target cells. Because of the increase in plasma glycoprotein the cells in many organs and their hormone receptors may have a thicker coating of glycoproteins which blunts their response to variuos stimuli.", "PMID": 82844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8776", "title": "Compactin inhibits cholesterol synthesis in lymphocytes and intestinal mucosa from patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia.", "content": "Compactin (2000 nmol/l), a potent competitive inhibitor of the rate-determinign enzyme for cholesterol synthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A reductase), inhibited by about 90% cholesterol synthesis from 14C-acetate in isolated lymphocytes from healthy control and from patients heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.). In isolated intestinal mucosa, a physiologically important tissue for cholesterol synthesis, compactin (2000 nmol/l) suppressed cholesterol synthesis by approximately 50% in controls and F.H. patients. Compactin or its derivatives may prove to be useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.", "contents": "Compactin inhibits cholesterol synthesis in lymphocytes and intestinal mucosa from patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Compactin (2000 nmol/l), a potent competitive inhibitor of the rate-determinign enzyme for cholesterol synthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A reductase), inhibited by about 90% cholesterol synthesis from 14C-acetate in isolated lymphocytes from healthy control and from patients heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia (F.H.). In isolated intestinal mucosa, a physiologically important tissue for cholesterol synthesis, compactin (2000 nmol/l) suppressed cholesterol synthesis by approximately 50% in controls and F.H. patients. Compactin or its derivatives may prove to be useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.", "PMID": 82843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8777", "title": "Results from a new renal transplantation unit.", "content": "158 kidneys, 9 from living related donors and 149 from cadavers, have been transplanted in the first 42 months of the establishment of a transplant unit at Oxford. Patients' ages ranged from 11 to 56 (mean 35) years. Azathioprine and prednisolone alone were used for immunosuppression, and a minimum-transfusion policy was in operation throughout. After cadaveric transplantation actuarial patient-survival is 70% and 68%, respectively, at the same intervals. 85% of patients who had a functioning graft are fully rehabilitated. Matching for HLA-DR, pregraft blood-transfusions, and the finding that a transplant could be performed in the presence of a positive B-cell crossmatch have proved to be the most significant of the many factors examined both prospectively and retrospectively. The function of the unit is based on dialysis and transplantation for all patients in end-stage renal failure, with transplantation being considered the first line of treatment for patients under the age of 56. The results of transplantation reported here, which have been achieved with conventional immunosuppressive therapy and minimum-transfusion policy, might be considered a standard against which modifications of the practice of renal transplantation can be compared.", "contents": "Results from a new renal transplantation unit. 158 kidneys, 9 from living related donors and 149 from cadavers, have been transplanted in the first 42 months of the establishment of a transplant unit at Oxford. Patients' ages ranged from 11 to 56 (mean 35) years. Azathioprine and prednisolone alone were used for immunosuppression, and a minimum-transfusion policy was in operation throughout. After cadaveric transplantation actuarial patient-survival is 70% and 68%, respectively, at the same intervals. 85% of patients who had a functioning graft are fully rehabilitated. Matching for HLA-DR, pregraft blood-transfusions, and the finding that a transplant could be performed in the presence of a positive B-cell crossmatch have proved to be the most significant of the many factors examined both prospectively and retrospectively. The function of the unit is based on dialysis and transplantation for all patients in end-stage renal failure, with transplantation being considered the first line of treatment for patients under the age of 56. The results of transplantation reported here, which have been achieved with conventional immunosuppressive therapy and minimum-transfusion policy, might be considered a standard against which modifications of the practice of renal transplantation can be compared.", "PMID": 82853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8778", "title": "Controlled clinical trials and medical ethics.", "content": "During the past 5 years, a great deal of public attention has been paid in the Federal Republic of Germany to legal and ethical implications of controlled clinical trials. If a physician is bound by a contract for treatment, the ethics of individual benefit have to be applied and this might inhibit a controlled trial. To avoid ethical and legal difficulties, a contract for experimentation may have to be introduced.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trials and medical ethics. During the past 5 years, a great deal of public attention has been paid in the Federal Republic of Germany to legal and ethical implications of controlled clinical trials. If a physician is bound by a contract for treatment, the ethics of individual benefit have to be applied and this might inhibit a controlled trial. To avoid ethical and legal difficulties, a contract for experimentation may have to be introduced.", "PMID": 82854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8779", "title": "Is there excessive use of gastric lavage in the treatment of self-poisoning?", "content": "An attempt to identify those factors which influenced the decision to perform gastric lavage in 236 cases of deliberate self-poisoning seen over 6 months showed that 87% of patients seen within 4 hours of ingestion of the poison had a lavage, irrespective of the number of tablets and nature of drug taken. Overall, 77% had a gastric lavage. Most of the late lavages were carried out for salicylate ingestion. The changing pattern of drugs used for attempted selfpoisoning suggests that at least 50% of patients are being unnecessarily subjected to gastric lavage.", "contents": "Is there excessive use of gastric lavage in the treatment of self-poisoning? An attempt to identify those factors which influenced the decision to perform gastric lavage in 236 cases of deliberate self-poisoning seen over 6 months showed that 87% of patients seen within 4 hours of ingestion of the poison had a lavage, irrespective of the number of tablets and nature of drug taken. Overall, 77% had a gastric lavage. Most of the late lavages were carried out for salicylate ingestion. The changing pattern of drugs used for attempted selfpoisoning suggests that at least 50% of patients are being unnecessarily subjected to gastric lavage.", "PMID": 82856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8780", "title": "Classification of von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "The classification of von Willebrand's disease should be based primarily on the mode of inheritance: thus, the main division would between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive types. Phenotypic subdivisions within these major types may then be possible. A subgroup of the dominant type seems to be well defined by increased electrophoretic mobility of the VIII-related antigen.", "contents": "Classification of von Willebrand's disease. The classification of von Willebrand's disease should be based primarily on the mode of inheritance: thus, the main division would between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive types. Phenotypic subdivisions within these major types may then be possible. A subgroup of the dominant type seems to be well defined by increased electrophoretic mobility of the VIII-related antigen.", "PMID": 82857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8781", "title": "One man's poison.", "content": "In an unrandomised uncontrolled study on boats and trains, capsules of flurazepam (30 mg) and temazepam (20 mg), when chewed, but not when swallowed whole (even with the ends pricked), gave a better night's sleep than 'Mandrax' (methaqualone 250 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg) and a better night's sleep than nitrazepam 7.5 mg.", "contents": "One man's poison. In an unrandomised uncontrolled study on boats and trains, capsules of flurazepam (30 mg) and temazepam (20 mg), when chewed, but not when swallowed whole (even with the ends pricked), gave a better night's sleep than 'Mandrax' (methaqualone 250 mg/diphenhydramine 50 mg) and a better night's sleep than nitrazepam 7.5 mg.", "PMID": 82859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8782", "title": "Ochratoxin a in retail flour.", "content": "Flour delivered to a school in the Bournemouth area was found by thinlayered chromatography to contain up to 6.25 mg/dg of ochratoxin. A. Penicillium cyclopium, a fungus known to produce this toxin, was found in discoloured portions of the caked flour. Ochratoxin was also found in a second sack delivered to the school, but not in samples of sound flour or in six samples of flour of varying quality from other sources. The health risk did not appear to be serious.", "contents": "Ochratoxin a in retail flour. Flour delivered to a school in the Bournemouth area was found by thinlayered chromatography to contain up to 6.25 mg/dg of ochratoxin. A. Penicillium cyclopium, a fungus known to produce this toxin, was found in discoloured portions of the caked flour. Ochratoxin was also found in a second sack delivered to the school, but not in samples of sound flour or in six samples of flour of varying quality from other sources. The health risk did not appear to be serious.", "PMID": 82858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8783", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the proportional inhibitory capacity of different proteinase inhibitors in cases of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the three investigated proteinase inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin (\"acute phase protein\") possesses the highest antiproteolytic capacity. Alpha-2-macroglobulin reaches as an average one fifth of the preoperative level of alpha-1-antitrypsin and postoperatively one quater of this inhibitor level. The average concentrations of the low molecular acid stable proteinase inhibitor of the mucous membrane in the preoperative phase are about equivalent to the concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin. In the postoperative phase the concentrations of the low molecular acid stable inhibitor are a slightly lower than those of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The samples of the middle ear secretions from cases with chronic otitis media or with cholesteatoma do not differ essentially in their concentrations of the different proteinase inhibitors.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the proportional inhibitory capacity of different proteinase inhibitors in cases of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma (author's transl)]. Among the three investigated proteinase inhibitors alpha-1-antitrypsin (\"acute phase protein\") possesses the highest antiproteolytic capacity. Alpha-2-macroglobulin reaches as an average one fifth of the preoperative level of alpha-1-antitrypsin and postoperatively one quater of this inhibitor level. The average concentrations of the low molecular acid stable proteinase inhibitor of the mucous membrane in the preoperative phase are about equivalent to the concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin. In the postoperative phase the concentrations of the low molecular acid stable inhibitor are a slightly lower than those of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The samples of the middle ear secretions from cases with chronic otitis media or with cholesteatoma do not differ essentially in their concentrations of the different proteinase inhibitors.", "PMID": 82895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8784", "title": "Detection of antibodies to varicella zoster virus by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay techniques.", "content": "An enzyme assay for the detection of antibodies to varicella-zoster membrane antigen (IPAMA) and a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) which utilizes infected cell lysates as antigen are described. The results have been compared with those obtained by the indirect fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (IFAMA) technique. It was found that IPAMA was equal in sensitivity to IFAMA. No cross-reactivity was found with other herpes group viruses. The IPAMA appears to give objective results, is easily and rapidly performed, and is recommended as a routine test for serological diagnosis of varicella-zoster infection. The RIA method is about 100 times more sensitive than IPAMA and IFAMA. The RIA is specific and has the potential of determining lower levels of antibody than other serological methods currently in use.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to varicella zoster virus by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay techniques. An enzyme assay for the detection of antibodies to varicella-zoster membrane antigen (IPAMA) and a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) which utilizes infected cell lysates as antigen are described. The results have been compared with those obtained by the indirect fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (IFAMA) technique. It was found that IPAMA was equal in sensitivity to IFAMA. No cross-reactivity was found with other herpes group viruses. The IPAMA appears to give objective results, is easily and rapidly performed, and is recommended as a routine test for serological diagnosis of varicella-zoster infection. The RIA method is about 100 times more sensitive than IPAMA and IFAMA. The RIA is specific and has the potential of determining lower levels of antibody than other serological methods currently in use.", "PMID": 82905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8785", "title": "[Chemotherapy of brain-tumors in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The poor permeability of the blood/brain barrier for most cytostatic agents makes it difficult to achieve an adaequate drug concentration in brain-tumors. This is the main problem in developing a chemotherapy of brain tumours. On the other hand the therapeutic effect is difficult to evaluate not only because of clinically and hitherto also technically poor accessability of the brain but also because of differences in tumour classification systems, and consequently limited comparability. There is however definite knowledge on the effectiveness of several single drugs as well as strong evidence on the effectiveness of some polychemotherapeutic programs. The measure of success presently is rather prolongation of survival time for months than a change in cure rate. A general recommendation for the cytostatic treatment of brain tumors may not be given in that situation, but within a clinical study the use of cytostatic agents seems promising anyway.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of brain-tumors in children (author's transl)]. The poor permeability of the blood/brain barrier for most cytostatic agents makes it difficult to achieve an adaequate drug concentration in brain-tumors. This is the main problem in developing a chemotherapy of brain tumours. On the other hand the therapeutic effect is difficult to evaluate not only because of clinically and hitherto also technically poor accessability of the brain but also because of differences in tumour classification systems, and consequently limited comparability. There is however definite knowledge on the effectiveness of several single drugs as well as strong evidence on the effectiveness of some polychemotherapeutic programs. The measure of success presently is rather prolongation of survival time for months than a change in cure rate. A general recommendation for the cytostatic treatment of brain tumors may not be given in that situation, but within a clinical study the use of cytostatic agents seems promising anyway.", "PMID": 82907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8786", "title": "Reverse transcriptase activity in extracts of human prostatic tissues.", "content": "The extracts of human prostatic tissue specimens contain oncornavirus-like reverse transcriptase activity. This activity was isolated by banding the tissue extract in an equilibrium sucrose density gradient followed by phosphocellulose chromatography of the lysate of the material banding at a density of 1.14--1.20 g/cc. It was characterised by its utilisation of poly (Cm) as a template and its inhibition by selective inhibitors of viral reverse transcriptase. Human prostatic tissues of three histo-pathologic types--normal, hyperplastic and adenocarcinoma--were examined. One out of four normal, five out of six hyperplastic, and two out of two adenocarcinoma specimens displayed virus-like reverse transcriptase activity.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase activity in extracts of human prostatic tissues. The extracts of human prostatic tissue specimens contain oncornavirus-like reverse transcriptase activity. This activity was isolated by banding the tissue extract in an equilibrium sucrose density gradient followed by phosphocellulose chromatography of the lysate of the material banding at a density of 1.14--1.20 g/cc. It was characterised by its utilisation of poly (Cm) as a template and its inhibition by selective inhibitors of viral reverse transcriptase. Human prostatic tissues of three histo-pathologic types--normal, hyperplastic and adenocarcinoma--were examined. One out of four normal, five out of six hyperplastic, and two out of two adenocarcinoma specimens displayed virus-like reverse transcriptase activity.", "PMID": 82926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8787", "title": "Importance of B2 microglobulin in primary bronchial cancer.", "content": "We have performed B2 microglobulin determination in 18 non-cancer and in 38 cancer cases. We found a higher value in the control group in 11% (2 cases) and a pathologic value in 43.5% (17 cases) in the group of patients with primary bronchial cancer.", "contents": "Importance of B2 microglobulin in primary bronchial cancer. We have performed B2 microglobulin determination in 18 non-cancer and in 38 cancer cases. We found a higher value in the control group in 11% (2 cases) and a pathologic value in 43.5% (17 cases) in the group of patients with primary bronchial cancer.", "PMID": 82927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8788", "title": "Comparison of the adjuvant effect of three BCG preparations in mice.", "content": "Three preparations of BCG, currently in use for clinical trials in cancer, were tested for relative potency as an immunological adjuvant. Using a lymphocyte trapping assay, Pasteur Institute BCG was shown to be a more effective adjuvant than the Tice strain or the Glaxo preparation of BCG.", "contents": "Comparison of the adjuvant effect of three BCG preparations in mice. Three preparations of BCG, currently in use for clinical trials in cancer, were tested for relative potency as an immunological adjuvant. Using a lymphocyte trapping assay, Pasteur Institute BCG was shown to be a more effective adjuvant than the Tice strain or the Glaxo preparation of BCG.", "PMID": 82928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8789", "title": "Bleomycin (review).", "content": "Since the original observation and description of the various forms of Bleomycin (BLM), numerous articles have appeared dealing with the activity on mammalian cells and its possible clinical use. The present review on this very important compound, although not very comprehensive, deals with the important characteristics; such as the action of DNA and cells, and its chromosome breaking effects. The manner in which the minute detail of the action of BLM on cells has helped to implement in vivo chemotherapeutic regimes, is also discussed.", "contents": "Bleomycin (review). Since the original observation and description of the various forms of Bleomycin (BLM), numerous articles have appeared dealing with the activity on mammalian cells and its possible clinical use. The present review on this very important compound, although not very comprehensive, deals with the important characteristics; such as the action of DNA and cells, and its chromosome breaking effects. The manner in which the minute detail of the action of BLM on cells has helped to implement in vivo chemotherapeutic regimes, is also discussed.", "PMID": 82929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8790", "title": "Early development of children with sex chromosome aberrations.", "content": "A prospective study was made of 42 children who were found at birth to have sex chromosome aberrations. The mean developmental quotient of the XXY and XXX groups was in the dull-normal range, whereas developmental quotients of 3 XYY children were low normal. The commonest deficits were in language and gross motor skills, with highest incidence in the XXX group. Many of the children had behavior problems, but no specific pattern was associated with an individual chromosome aberration. The XXX group experienced a linear growth spurt after 4 years of age. With one exception there were only mild dysmorphic features, none of them specifically associated with any subgroup. Of 17 children followed up to school age, almost two thirds evidenced learning and/or behavior problems. There was a high incidence of birth problems particularly in XXX children (seven of ten), and of social problems, psychiatric illness and learning difficulties in their families. In 14 cases, the parent-child relationship was disturbed, resulting in behavior problems. These findings make it improbable that the children's generally poor developmental and behavioral performance were solely attributable to their chromosomal constitution.", "contents": "Early development of children with sex chromosome aberrations. A prospective study was made of 42 children who were found at birth to have sex chromosome aberrations. The mean developmental quotient of the XXY and XXX groups was in the dull-normal range, whereas developmental quotients of 3 XYY children were low normal. The commonest deficits were in language and gross motor skills, with highest incidence in the XXX group. Many of the children had behavior problems, but no specific pattern was associated with an individual chromosome aberration. The XXX group experienced a linear growth spurt after 4 years of age. With one exception there were only mild dysmorphic features, none of them specifically associated with any subgroup. Of 17 children followed up to school age, almost two thirds evidenced learning and/or behavior problems. There was a high incidence of birth problems particularly in XXX children (seven of ten), and of social problems, psychiatric illness and learning difficulties in their families. In 14 cases, the parent-child relationship was disturbed, resulting in behavior problems. These findings make it improbable that the children's generally poor developmental and behavioral performance were solely attributable to their chromosomal constitution.", "PMID": 82932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8791", "title": "[Can the cytological examination of the amniotic fluid be considered as a test of the fetal maturity? (author's transl)].", "content": "The progress in the biological evaluation of the fetal maturity takes into account the value of the cytological examination of the amniotic fluid. The technique is quite easy but delicate and implies, as well as any histochemical method, a quality control; a rather high percentage of errors is linked to the neglection of these simples advices. In most cases, the level of the oringe cells is related to the maturity of the fetus. The fetal epidermic origin of these cells, discussed for a long time, has been recently demonstrated by electron microscopy; it is confirmed that the increase of the level of the oringe cells corresponds to the thickening of the fetus' teguments, according to the age of the pregnancy; but it is not possible to establish a rigourous parallelism between the real age of the fetus and his aptitude to survive in case of premature delivery, which is mostly depending upon the maturity of his renal and pulmonary functions. The cytologic examination of the amniotic fluid should be interpreted in comparison with the others biological tests of evaluation of the fetal maturity.", "contents": "[Can the cytological examination of the amniotic fluid be considered as a test of the fetal maturity? (author's transl)]. The progress in the biological evaluation of the fetal maturity takes into account the value of the cytological examination of the amniotic fluid. The technique is quite easy but delicate and implies, as well as any histochemical method, a quality control; a rather high percentage of errors is linked to the neglection of these simples advices. In most cases, the level of the oringe cells is related to the maturity of the fetus. The fetal epidermic origin of these cells, discussed for a long time, has been recently demonstrated by electron microscopy; it is confirmed that the increase of the level of the oringe cells corresponds to the thickening of the fetus' teguments, according to the age of the pregnancy; but it is not possible to establish a rigourous parallelism between the real age of the fetus and his aptitude to survive in case of premature delivery, which is mostly depending upon the maturity of his renal and pulmonary functions. The cytologic examination of the amniotic fluid should be interpreted in comparison with the others biological tests of evaluation of the fetal maturity.", "PMID": 82933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8792", "title": "Analysis of the 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of vesicular stomatitis virus N protein mRNA.", "content": "The sequence of 205 nucleotides adjacent to the poly(A) tract at the 3'-terminus of the mRNA encoding the N polypeptide of vesicular stomatitis virus has been determined by copying with reverse transcriptase and using 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates as specific chain terminators. The method appears highly suitable for sequence determination in any purified mRNA. An examination of the sequence did not locate without ambiguity the limit of polypeptide coding RNA. The hexanucleotide AAUAAA, previously found in all poly(A)-containing eukaryote mRNAs, is not present, although the sequence immediately adjacent to the 3'-terminal poly(A) has a high content of A+U.", "contents": "Analysis of the 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of vesicular stomatitis virus N protein mRNA. The sequence of 205 nucleotides adjacent to the poly(A) tract at the 3'-terminus of the mRNA encoding the N polypeptide of vesicular stomatitis virus has been determined by copying with reverse transcriptase and using 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates as specific chain terminators. The method appears highly suitable for sequence determination in any purified mRNA. An examination of the sequence did not locate without ambiguity the limit of polypeptide coding RNA. The hexanucleotide AAUAAA, previously found in all poly(A)-containing eukaryote mRNAs, is not present, although the sequence immediately adjacent to the 3'-terminal poly(A) has a high content of A+U.", "PMID": 82934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8793", "title": "Recognition sequence of restriction endonuclease KpnI from Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "We have determined the recognition sequence of the restriction endonuclease KpnI, previously isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae. The enzyme cleaves the twofold rotationally symmetric sequence (see book for formula) at the positions indicated by the arrows, producing 3' protruding cohesive ends, four nucleotides in length. The specific cleavage site was unambiguously deduced using both 3' and 5' end analyses of KpnI generated restriction fragments of simian-virus 40 (SV40) DNA (1 site), adenovirus-2 (Ad-2) DNA (8 sites), and a plasmid (pCRI) DNA (2 sites).", "contents": "Recognition sequence of restriction endonuclease KpnI from Klebsiella pneumoniae. We have determined the recognition sequence of the restriction endonuclease KpnI, previously isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae. The enzyme cleaves the twofold rotationally symmetric sequence (see book for formula) at the positions indicated by the arrows, producing 3' protruding cohesive ends, four nucleotides in length. The specific cleavage site was unambiguously deduced using both 3' and 5' end analyses of KpnI generated restriction fragments of simian-virus 40 (SV40) DNA (1 site), adenovirus-2 (Ad-2) DNA (8 sites), and a plasmid (pCRI) DNA (2 sites).", "PMID": 82935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8794", "title": "Gaps and duplicated sequences in the leaders of SV40 16S RNA.", "content": "In order to investigate the 5' terminal structural heterogeneity of the 16S size class of SV40 late RNA, we have bound an SV40 DNA fragment labeled at its 5' termini with P32 to the .939-.945 map unit region of late lytic cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA, used reverse transcriptase to prepare cDNA copies of the 5' termini of this RNA, separated the cDNA products on an 8% polyacrylamide-7 M urea gel and subjected these products to nucleic acid sequence analysis. A number of discrete cDNAs were obtained. Analysis of these cDNAs has suggested the presence of three categories of 16S species all containing the same body extending from residues 1381-2592 (.939-.170 m.u.) but differring in the structure of their leader segments. Members of the first category contain leaders which are colinear with SV40 DNA, have a common 3' terminus at residue 444 and extend varying distances in a 5' direction. The most abundant 16S species contains a leader of 203 nucleotides and is a member of this group. RNAs of the second category contain leaders with an internal gap between residues 211-352. The single RNA comprising the third category contains a leader with a tandem repetition of nucleotides 351-443 at the 3' terminus of its leader.", "contents": "Gaps and duplicated sequences in the leaders of SV40 16S RNA. In order to investigate the 5' terminal structural heterogeneity of the 16S size class of SV40 late RNA, we have bound an SV40 DNA fragment labeled at its 5' termini with P32 to the .939-.945 map unit region of late lytic cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA, used reverse transcriptase to prepare cDNA copies of the 5' termini of this RNA, separated the cDNA products on an 8% polyacrylamide-7 M urea gel and subjected these products to nucleic acid sequence analysis. A number of discrete cDNAs were obtained. Analysis of these cDNAs has suggested the presence of three categories of 16S species all containing the same body extending from residues 1381-2592 (.939-.170 m.u.) but differring in the structure of their leader segments. Members of the first category contain leaders which are colinear with SV40 DNA, have a common 3' terminus at residue 444 and extend varying distances in a 5' direction. The most abundant 16S species contains a leader of 203 nucleotides and is a member of this group. RNAs of the second category contain leaders with an internal gap between residues 211-352. The single RNA comprising the third category contains a leader with a tandem repetition of nucleotides 351-443 at the 3' terminus of its leader.", "PMID": 82936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8795", "title": "Characteristics of excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in eukaryotic cells as assayed with anti-dimer sera.", "content": "An antiserum that recognizes the three types of pyrimidine dimers induced by UV-light in DNA was used to monitor their removal from eukaryotic cell nuclei. Cells able to excise dimers display a similar removal pattern: a fast process completed within a few hours leaving many dimers in the DNA.", "contents": "Characteristics of excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in eukaryotic cells as assayed with anti-dimer sera. An antiserum that recognizes the three types of pyrimidine dimers induced by UV-light in DNA was used to monitor their removal from eukaryotic cell nuclei. Cells able to excise dimers display a similar removal pattern: a fast process completed within a few hours leaving many dimers in the DNA.", "PMID": 82937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8796", "title": "Reverse transcription of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA primed with calf-thymus DNA hydrolysate: characterization of the purified cDNA product.", "content": "Complementary DNA was transcribed from turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA, using the method of Taylor et al. (1). The purified cDNA thus obtained sedimented between 2 and 4 S and was a mostly uniform transcript of template RNA. It hybridized with a sharp transition to homologous TYMV-RNA (Crt 1/2 = 2.7 x 10(-2)), but showed a low level of hybridization (less than 5%) to the RNAs of two other tymoviruses, namely Andean potato latent virus and eggplant mosaic virus.", "contents": "Reverse transcription of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA primed with calf-thymus DNA hydrolysate: characterization of the purified cDNA product. Complementary DNA was transcribed from turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA, using the method of Taylor et al. (1). The purified cDNA thus obtained sedimented between 2 and 4 S and was a mostly uniform transcript of template RNA. It hybridized with a sharp transition to homologous TYMV-RNA (Crt 1/2 = 2.7 x 10(-2)), but showed a low level of hybridization (less than 5%) to the RNAs of two other tymoviruses, namely Andean potato latent virus and eggplant mosaic virus.", "PMID": 82938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8797", "title": "Cardiac electrophysiologic action of carteolol hydrochloride (OPC-1085), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent.", "content": "Cardiac electrophysiologic action of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent carteolol hydrochloride, or OPC-1085, was studied in either isolated, perfused rabbit hearts or in atrial, ventricular or Purkinje fibers of dogs and rabbits superfused in the tissue bath. Transmembrane potentials were recorded with intracellular microelectrodes and atrioventricular conduction was studied by recording a His bundle electrogram. OPC-1085 at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L shortened the sinus node recovery time, while propranolol at a comparable concentration prolonged it. Isoproterenol-enhanced canine Purkinje automaticity was more markedly depressed by OPC-1085 than by propranolol. In rabbit atrial and ventricular muscle, OPC-1085 up to the concentration of 2 mg/L did not alter the action potential characteristics but tended to shorten the conduction time. At 20 mg/L, OPC-1085 significantly decreased the maximal rate of depolarization and maximal following frequency, and prolonged the action potential duration and conduction time in non-reserpinized as well as reserpinized preparations. On atrioventricular conduction, 0.1 mg/l to 5mg/L of this drug prolonged the St-A and H-V intervals but tended to shorten the A-H interval. All these intervals were prolonged at 20 mg/L. The action potential duration of canine Purkinje-ventricular block developed at higher frequencies of stimulation. In view of the clinical dosage levels, it is sugg ested that the antiarrhythmic effects of OPC-1085 depend predominantly on its beta blocking action. At higher concentrations, OPC-1085 may exert some beta stimulating action, whereas still higher and possibly toxic concentrations could depress conduction through a direct membrane effect.", "contents": "Cardiac electrophysiologic action of carteolol hydrochloride (OPC-1085), a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Cardiac electrophysiologic action of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent carteolol hydrochloride, or OPC-1085, was studied in either isolated, perfused rabbit hearts or in atrial, ventricular or Purkinje fibers of dogs and rabbits superfused in the tissue bath. Transmembrane potentials were recorded with intracellular microelectrodes and atrioventricular conduction was studied by recording a His bundle electrogram. OPC-1085 at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L shortened the sinus node recovery time, while propranolol at a comparable concentration prolonged it. Isoproterenol-enhanced canine Purkinje automaticity was more markedly depressed by OPC-1085 than by propranolol. In rabbit atrial and ventricular muscle, OPC-1085 up to the concentration of 2 mg/L did not alter the action potential characteristics but tended to shorten the conduction time. At 20 mg/L, OPC-1085 significantly decreased the maximal rate of depolarization and maximal following frequency, and prolonged the action potential duration and conduction time in non-reserpinized as well as reserpinized preparations. On atrioventricular conduction, 0.1 mg/l to 5mg/L of this drug prolonged the St-A and H-V intervals but tended to shorten the A-H interval. All these intervals were prolonged at 20 mg/L. The action potential duration of canine Purkinje-ventricular block developed at higher frequencies of stimulation. In view of the clinical dosage levels, it is sugg ested that the antiarrhythmic effects of OPC-1085 depend predominantly on its beta blocking action. At higher concentrations, OPC-1085 may exert some beta stimulating action, whereas still higher and possibly toxic concentrations could depress conduction through a direct membrane effect.", "PMID": 82947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8798", "title": "Reciprocating tachycardia due to a right-sided unidirectional retrograde anomalous pathway (URAP).", "content": "An 8 year-old boy had extensive electrophysiological evaluation of his recurrent supraventricular tachycardias. His ECG never showed delta waves but intracardiac stimulation and recording disclosed the following (1) eccentric retrograde atrial activation; (2) increased cycle length and retrograde conduction time following the development of right bundle-branch block; (3) constant retrograde conduction time for increasingly premature ventricular stimuli; (4) atrial captures by ventricular stimuli when the atrioventricular-His pathways were refractory; and (5) no delta waves upon stimulation of the atrial input site of the anomalous pathway. A diagnosis of reciprocating tachycardia involving retrograde conduction through an accessory pathway was made. Reciprocating tachycardias involving a unidirectional retrograde anomalous pathway can be easily misdiagnosed as atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardias if no evidence of preexcitation can be found, particularly if the anomalous pathway is on the right side. In order to exclude the participation of a concealed unidirectional anomalous pathway in a patient's reentry tachycardia, a complete map must be made of right and left atrial endocardial activity.", "contents": "Reciprocating tachycardia due to a right-sided unidirectional retrograde anomalous pathway (URAP). An 8 year-old boy had extensive electrophysiological evaluation of his recurrent supraventricular tachycardias. His ECG never showed delta waves but intracardiac stimulation and recording disclosed the following (1) eccentric retrograde atrial activation; (2) increased cycle length and retrograde conduction time following the development of right bundle-branch block; (3) constant retrograde conduction time for increasingly premature ventricular stimuli; (4) atrial captures by ventricular stimuli when the atrioventricular-His pathways were refractory; and (5) no delta waves upon stimulation of the atrial input site of the anomalous pathway. A diagnosis of reciprocating tachycardia involving retrograde conduction through an accessory pathway was made. Reciprocating tachycardias involving a unidirectional retrograde anomalous pathway can be easily misdiagnosed as atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardias if no evidence of preexcitation can be found, particularly if the anomalous pathway is on the right side. In order to exclude the participation of a concealed unidirectional anomalous pathway in a patient's reentry tachycardia, a complete map must be made of right and left atrial endocardial activity.", "PMID": 82948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8799", "title": "Acute ischemic sinus node dysfunctions in dogs.", "content": "The effects of the occlusion of the two main atrial arteries irrigating the sinus node on sinus rhythm and postpacing sinus recovery were studied in 12 anesthetized dogs. Records of spontaneous rhythm and of  postpacing sinus recovery were taken at control and hourly for 6 hours after the occlusion. The spontaneous cycle length (AA interval) was 335 +/- 11 ms at control and 416 +/- 17 ms (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.005) one hour after the occlusion. It remained nearly unchanged during the following 5 hours of observation. The occlusion also shortened atrioventricular conduction time (AV interval) and reduced P-wave amplitude in ECG lead II in 9  of these dogs. While the control postpacing sinus recovery time was 397 +/- 13 ms, the 1-hour value was 715 +/- 165 ms. This prolongation persisted during the first four postocclusion hours but was less marked during the last two hours of observation. Moreover, the postpacing mode of return of the AA intervals to their prepacing value (sinus recovery pattern) became characteristically slow and progressive after occlusion, complete postpacing recovery often occurring only after 100 or more beats. Sequences of escape atrial and/or AV junctional rhythms were frequently seen during this recovery. Atrial extrasystoles and short sequences of atrial tachycardias were observed in most dogs after occlusion. Conversely, none of these changes occurred during a 6-hour experimental time in 5 control dogs in which the same protocol, occlusion excepted, was repeated. These observations show that the sinus node function in the dog is consistently affected by impairing its blood supply. Ischemic dysfunctions include sinus slowing, pacemaker shift, prolonged sinus recovery time, delayed postpacing recovery and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "Acute ischemic sinus node dysfunctions in dogs. The effects of the occlusion of the two main atrial arteries irrigating the sinus node on sinus rhythm and postpacing sinus recovery were studied in 12 anesthetized dogs. Records of spontaneous rhythm and of  postpacing sinus recovery were taken at control and hourly for 6 hours after the occlusion. The spontaneous cycle length (AA interval) was 335 +/- 11 ms at control and 416 +/- 17 ms (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.005) one hour after the occlusion. It remained nearly unchanged during the following 5 hours of observation. The occlusion also shortened atrioventricular conduction time (AV interval) and reduced P-wave amplitude in ECG lead II in 9  of these dogs. While the control postpacing sinus recovery time was 397 +/- 13 ms, the 1-hour value was 715 +/- 165 ms. This prolongation persisted during the first four postocclusion hours but was less marked during the last two hours of observation. Moreover, the postpacing mode of return of the AA intervals to their prepacing value (sinus recovery pattern) became characteristically slow and progressive after occlusion, complete postpacing recovery often occurring only after 100 or more beats. Sequences of escape atrial and/or AV junctional rhythms were frequently seen during this recovery. Atrial extrasystoles and short sequences of atrial tachycardias were observed in most dogs after occlusion. Conversely, none of these changes occurred during a 6-hour experimental time in 5 control dogs in which the same protocol, occlusion excepted, was repeated. These observations show that the sinus node function in the dog is consistently affected by impairing its blood supply. Ischemic dysfunctions include sinus slowing, pacemaker shift, prolonged sinus recovery time, delayed postpacing recovery and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 82949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8800", "title": "Comprehensive cardiac pacemaker information system: basis for a regional follow-up network.", "content": "The capabilities of a mini-computer-oriented permanent pacemaker information system are described. Extensive patient and pacer functional data are maintained in readily accessible files which may be displayed on a CRT terminal or printed out. Selective sorting of stored information may be accomplished according to any desired set of inclusive or exclusive criteria. Intelligent, comprehensive patient follow-up has been greatly facilitated through application of the system. In view of the rapidly expanding pacemaker population, it is suggested that cooperative regional networks operating with comparable information storage and retrieval structures will provide the only means for adequate patient surveillance and compilation of necessary pacemaker data.", "contents": "Comprehensive cardiac pacemaker information system: basis for a regional follow-up network. The capabilities of a mini-computer-oriented permanent pacemaker information system are described. Extensive patient and pacer functional data are maintained in readily accessible files which may be displayed on a CRT terminal or printed out. Selective sorting of stored information may be accomplished according to any desired set of inclusive or exclusive criteria. Intelligent, comprehensive patient follow-up has been greatly facilitated through application of the system. In view of the rapidly expanding pacemaker population, it is suggested that cooperative regional networks operating with comparable information storage and retrieval structures will provide the only means for adequate patient surveillance and compilation of necessary pacemaker data.", "PMID": 82950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8801", "title": "Unipolar ventricular electrogram in the diagnosis of right ventricular ischemic injury.", "content": "Unipolar ventricular electrograms were recorded in the right ventricular apical area in five patients with clinical, hemodynamic features of the right ventricular infarction. The intracavitary potential exhibited a downward displacement of the ST segment (1.5 mV). This significant negative current of injury in the ventricular electrogram is consistent with ischemic injury of the free right ventricular wall in the area subtended by the intracavitary exploring electrode. We suggest that ventricular electrographic recordings be performed in patients who present with acute inferior wall infarction requiring temporary electrode catheter pacing for serious AV conduction disturbances. The presence of a significant downward ST segment displacement (1.5 mV) provides further support and an electrical criterion for right ventricular ischemic injury.", "contents": "Unipolar ventricular electrogram in the diagnosis of right ventricular ischemic injury. Unipolar ventricular electrograms were recorded in the right ventricular apical area in five patients with clinical, hemodynamic features of the right ventricular infarction. The intracavitary potential exhibited a downward displacement of the ST segment (1.5 mV). This significant negative current of injury in the ventricular electrogram is consistent with ischemic injury of the free right ventricular wall in the area subtended by the intracavitary exploring electrode. We suggest that ventricular electrographic recordings be performed in patients who present with acute inferior wall infarction requiring temporary electrode catheter pacing for serious AV conduction disturbances. The presence of a significant downward ST segment displacement (1.5 mV) provides further support and an electrical criterion for right ventricular ischemic injury.", "PMID": 82951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8802", "title": "Pacemaker surveillance \"\u00e0 la francaise\": an attempt to detect faulty series of permanent pacemakers at an early stage.", "content": "Until the present, implantable pacemakers have not been subject to government regulation in France, as it had been feared that unreasonable controls would interfere with the development of this new form of therapy. Physicians were left to choose what seemed the most reliable device, and patients benefitted immediately from every manufacturing and technological advance. Despite advantages, the absence of restriction and regulation had a serious drawback--there was no governmental agency to ensure that manufacturers would inform physicians of an unreliable pacemaker, and once a manufacturer recognized a problem, it could inform the physician at the most commercially opportune time rather than the earliest, safest time for the patient. For this reason, several physicians decided to share their experiences with pacemaker function. The number gradually increased until they were able to set up a system of pacemaker suveillance and reporting which has had the capability of detecting defective pacemaker models at an early date. The center of this pacemaker group is at Hopital Fernand-Widal in Paris and is sponsored by the A.R.E.C. (Association de Recherche et d'Entraide Cardiologiques) and by the pacemaker group of the French Society of Cardiology.", "contents": "Pacemaker surveillance \"\u00e0 la francaise\": an attempt to detect faulty series of permanent pacemakers at an early stage. Until the present, implantable pacemakers have not been subject to government regulation in France, as it had been feared that unreasonable controls would interfere with the development of this new form of therapy. Physicians were left to choose what seemed the most reliable device, and patients benefitted immediately from every manufacturing and technological advance. Despite advantages, the absence of restriction and regulation had a serious drawback--there was no governmental agency to ensure that manufacturers would inform physicians of an unreliable pacemaker, and once a manufacturer recognized a problem, it could inform the physician at the most commercially opportune time rather than the earliest, safest time for the patient. For this reason, several physicians decided to share their experiences with pacemaker function. The number gradually increased until they were able to set up a system of pacemaker suveillance and reporting which has had the capability of detecting defective pacemaker models at an early date. The center of this pacemaker group is at Hopital Fernand-Widal in Paris and is sponsored by the A.R.E.C. (Association de Recherche et d'Entraide Cardiologiques) and by the pacemaker group of the French Society of Cardiology.", "PMID": 82952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8803", "title": "Periodic pacemaker spike attenuation with preservation of capture: an unusual electrocardiographic manifestation of partial pacing electrode fracture.", "content": "This report describes the electrocardiograms of a patient with an intermittent electrode fracture presenting with periodic attenuation of the pacemaker spike without loss of ventricular capture. There was infrequent prolongation of the spike-to-spike interval probably because the pulse generator interpreted random false signals as interference and reverted to its fixed-rate mode. These observations add to the spectrum of electrocardiographic abnormalities of electrode malfunction.", "contents": "Periodic pacemaker spike attenuation with preservation of capture: an unusual electrocardiographic manifestation of partial pacing electrode fracture. This report describes the electrocardiograms of a patient with an intermittent electrode fracture presenting with periodic attenuation of the pacemaker spike without loss of ventricular capture. There was infrequent prolongation of the spike-to-spike interval probably because the pulse generator interpreted random false signals as interference and reverted to its fixed-rate mode. These observations add to the spectrum of electrocardiographic abnormalities of electrode malfunction.", "PMID": 82957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8804", "title": "Unusual mechanism in the initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with WPW syndrome.", "content": "A heretofore unreported unusual mechanism in the initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in a patient with WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome was observed using His bundle recordings. The patient initially had some degree of AV conduction disturbance at the level of the AV node. A premature atrial impulse initially activated the ventricle exclusively through the accessory pathway and the same impulse re-excited the ventricle via the AV nodal-His axis after finishing the pure pre-excitation with marked prolongation of the AH and the HV intervals. After finishing this double ventricular response it traversed to the atrium to produce the PSVT.", "contents": "Unusual mechanism in the initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with WPW syndrome. A heretofore unreported unusual mechanism in the initiation of the paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in a patient with WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome was observed using His bundle recordings. The patient initially had some degree of AV conduction disturbance at the level of the AV node. A premature atrial impulse initially activated the ventricle exclusively through the accessory pathway and the same impulse re-excited the ventricle via the AV nodal-His axis after finishing the pure pre-excitation with marked prolongation of the AH and the HV intervals. After finishing this double ventricular response it traversed to the atrium to produce the PSVT.", "PMID": 82958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8805", "title": "Polyarteritis presenting with thrombocytosis and palliated by plasma exchange.", "content": "A 66-year-old patient with polyarteritis nodosa presented with thrombocytosis and was found to have circulating immune complexes. Treatment by plasma exchange produced symptomatic improvement and lowered both the platelet count and the level of immune complexes. While plasma exchange is a useful technique in investigating the pathogenesis of the disease, predisolone is a more convenient way of treating it.", "contents": "Polyarteritis presenting with thrombocytosis and palliated by plasma exchange. A 66-year-old patient with polyarteritis nodosa presented with thrombocytosis and was found to have circulating immune complexes. Treatment by plasma exchange produced symptomatic improvement and lowered both the platelet count and the level of immune complexes. While plasma exchange is a useful technique in investigating the pathogenesis of the disease, predisolone is a more convenient way of treating it.", "PMID": 82963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8806", "title": "Sodium pyrophosphate inhibition of RNA.DNA hybrid degradation by reverse transcriptase.", "content": "Sodium pyrophosphate inhibits synthesis of anticomplementary DNA during a reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) catalyzed reaction. In the presence of pyrophosphate, the complementary DNA remains stably complexed to the RNA template. In the absence of pyrophosphate, the DNA. RNA hybrid template is degraded and anticomplementary DNA is synthesized. High concentrations of additives containing phosphodiester bonds appear to inhibit the ribonuclease H activity (hybrid nuclease, EC 3.1.4.34) of the reverse transcriptase, therby preventing formation of RNA primers necessary for the synthesis of anticomplementary DNA.", "contents": "Sodium pyrophosphate inhibition of RNA.DNA hybrid degradation by reverse transcriptase. Sodium pyrophosphate inhibits synthesis of anticomplementary DNA during a reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) catalyzed reaction. In the presence of pyrophosphate, the complementary DNA remains stably complexed to the RNA template. In the absence of pyrophosphate, the DNA. RNA hybrid template is degraded and anticomplementary DNA is synthesized. High concentrations of additives containing phosphodiester bonds appear to inhibit the ribonuclease H activity (hybrid nuclease, EC 3.1.4.34) of the reverse transcriptase, therby preventing formation of RNA primers necessary for the synthesis of anticomplementary DNA.", "PMID": 82966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8807", "title": "Immunoreactivity and receptor binding of mixed recombinants of human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin.", "content": "The behavior in six radioligand assays of the recombinant obtained by the noncovalent complementation of the reduced and carbamoylmethylated 134-residue amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormore with the reduced and carbamoylmethylated 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin was compared to that of the analogous recombinant of the 133-residue amino-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin and the 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment of human growth hormone. The determinants for the hepatic growth hormone receptor binding and for the lactogenic receptor binding of human growth hormone are on the amino-terminal fragments. The antigenic determinants for both a monospecific antiserum to human growth hormone and a monospecific antiserum to human chorionic somatomammotropin also are on the amino-terminal fragments of their respective antigens. The mixed recombinant of the amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormone with the carboxyl-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin retains full radioimmuno- and radioreceptor activity after lyophilization.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity and receptor binding of mixed recombinants of human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin. The behavior in six radioligand assays of the recombinant obtained by the noncovalent complementation of the reduced and carbamoylmethylated 134-residue amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormore with the reduced and carbamoylmethylated 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin was compared to that of the analogous recombinant of the 133-residue amino-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin and the 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment of human growth hormone. The determinants for the hepatic growth hormone receptor binding and for the lactogenic receptor binding of human growth hormone are on the amino-terminal fragments. The antigenic determinants for both a monospecific antiserum to human growth hormone and a monospecific antiserum to human chorionic somatomammotropin also are on the amino-terminal fragments of their respective antigens. The mixed recombinant of the amino-terminal fragment of human growth hormone with the carboxyl-terminal fragment of human chorionic somatomammotropin retains full radioimmuno- and radioreceptor activity after lyophilization.", "PMID": 82967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8808", "title": "Temperature sensitivity of cyclic AMP production and catecholamine-induced refractoriness in a rat astrocytoma cell line.", "content": "Intracellular cyclic AMP was increased more than 100-fold when rat C6-2B astrocytoma cells were treated with isoproterenol in the cold (4 degrees C). When the cells were treated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and isoproterenol, cyclic AMP levels rose more than 150-fold. The levels achieved compared favorably with the 250-fold increase in cyclin AMP produced by (-)isoproterenol at 37 degrees C.(-)Isoproterenol at 5 nM stimulated half-maximal cyclic AMP production at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C and was blocked by (-)propranolol at both temperatures. The concentrations of cyclic AMP attained by these cells after (-)isoproterenol stimulation in the cold may be accounted for, in part, by alterations in the efflux of the nucleotide from the cells since extracellular cyclic AMP, an indicator of cyclic AMP efflux, was found to be dramatically reduced in the cold. The cells, when exposed to (-)isoproterenol for up to 6 hr at low temperature, maintained normal responsiveness to this agent when rechallenged at 4 degrees or 37 degrees C. Thus, they did not display agonist-induced refractoriness during that period of exposure at 4 degrees C, although refractoriness is always seen within 90 min at 37 degrees C. Refractoriness, once established by (-)isoproterenol treatment at 37 degrees C, was not reversed by exposure of the cells to cold. These data suggest that the development of catecholamine refractoriness requires a temperature-sensitive step that lies distal to the hormone-receptor interaction and cyclic AMP generaton.", "contents": "Temperature sensitivity of cyclic AMP production and catecholamine-induced refractoriness in a rat astrocytoma cell line. Intracellular cyclic AMP was increased more than 100-fold when rat C6-2B astrocytoma cells were treated with isoproterenol in the cold (4 degrees C). When the cells were treated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and isoproterenol, cyclic AMP levels rose more than 150-fold. The levels achieved compared favorably with the 250-fold increase in cyclin AMP produced by (-)isoproterenol at 37 degrees C.(-)Isoproterenol at 5 nM stimulated half-maximal cyclic AMP production at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C and was blocked by (-)propranolol at both temperatures. The concentrations of cyclic AMP attained by these cells after (-)isoproterenol stimulation in the cold may be accounted for, in part, by alterations in the efflux of the nucleotide from the cells since extracellular cyclic AMP, an indicator of cyclic AMP efflux, was found to be dramatically reduced in the cold. The cells, when exposed to (-)isoproterenol for up to 6 hr at low temperature, maintained normal responsiveness to this agent when rechallenged at 4 degrees or 37 degrees C. Thus, they did not display agonist-induced refractoriness during that period of exposure at 4 degrees C, although refractoriness is always seen within 90 min at 37 degrees C. Refractoriness, once established by (-)isoproterenol treatment at 37 degrees C, was not reversed by exposure of the cells to cold. These data suggest that the development of catecholamine refractoriness requires a temperature-sensitive step that lies distal to the hormone-receptor interaction and cyclic AMP generaton.", "PMID": 82968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8809", "title": "Serum stimulates the Na+,K+ pump in quiescent fibroblasts by increasing Na+ entry.", "content": "Two ionophores (monensin and gramicidin) that carry Na+ into 3T3 cells markedly enhance the rate of 86Rb+ uptake. Ouabain prevents both ionophores from increasing 86Rb+ uptake, indicating that the ionophores activate the Na+,K+ pump. Measurements of 86Rb+ uptake and cell Na+ and K+ over a range of monensin concentrations show that the activity of the Na+,K+ pump in 3T3 cells is limited by the supply of internal Na+ and is extremely sensitive to small changes in internal Na+. Serum rapidly enhances the rate of 22Na+ uptake and net Na+ entry when Na+ exit is inhibited by ouabain. At 0.3 microgram/ml, monensin increases the rate of net Na+ entry and activates the Na+,K+ pump by the same degree as serum. The stimulation of 86Rb+ uptake by serum or the ionophores has an absolute requirement for external Na+. Thus, serum appears to stimulate the Na+,K+ pump in quiescent 3T3 cells by increasing its supply of Na+.", "contents": "Serum stimulates the Na+,K+ pump in quiescent fibroblasts by increasing Na+ entry. Two ionophores (monensin and gramicidin) that carry Na+ into 3T3 cells markedly enhance the rate of 86Rb+ uptake. Ouabain prevents both ionophores from increasing 86Rb+ uptake, indicating that the ionophores activate the Na+,K+ pump. Measurements of 86Rb+ uptake and cell Na+ and K+ over a range of monensin concentrations show that the activity of the Na+,K+ pump in 3T3 cells is limited by the supply of internal Na+ and is extremely sensitive to small changes in internal Na+. Serum rapidly enhances the rate of 22Na+ uptake and net Na+ entry when Na+ exit is inhibited by ouabain. At 0.3 microgram/ml, monensin increases the rate of net Na+ entry and activates the Na+,K+ pump by the same degree as serum. The stimulation of 86Rb+ uptake by serum or the ionophores has an absolute requirement for external Na+. Thus, serum appears to stimulate the Na+,K+ pump in quiescent 3T3 cells by increasing its supply of Na+.", "PMID": 82969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8810", "title": "[Effect of heparin, heparin derivatives and heparinoids on blood sugar levels of diabetes mellitus patients].", "content": "The effect of heparin, its derivatives--sodium iodoheparinate (dioparin), diethylaminoethyltheophylline heparinate (milheparin), and also heparinoids--eleparon, \"thrombo\" Goltzinger and Sp-51 degrees on the blood sugar level in patients with diabetes mellitus and in healthy persons was studied. The preparations were administered by drop intravenous infusion for 4 hours in a dose corresponding to 10 000 U of heparin activity. Glycemia, lipoproteid lipase, blood lipid fractions, and blood endogenous heparin levels were studied before and after the drug administration. In diabetic patients these preparations decreased the blood sugar level and effected the blood lipid fractions level. Potential mechanisms of the influence on the blood sugar level are discussed; four action mechanisms are assumed--the effect on insulin secretion and on the sensitivity to it, the effect on the liver, on disturbances of fat metabolism, and on increase of glucose use in the peripheral tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin, heparin derivatives and heparinoids on blood sugar levels of diabetes mellitus patients]. The effect of heparin, its derivatives--sodium iodoheparinate (dioparin), diethylaminoethyltheophylline heparinate (milheparin), and also heparinoids--eleparon, \"thrombo\" Goltzinger and Sp-51 degrees on the blood sugar level in patients with diabetes mellitus and in healthy persons was studied. The preparations were administered by drop intravenous infusion for 4 hours in a dose corresponding to 10 000 U of heparin activity. Glycemia, lipoproteid lipase, blood lipid fractions, and blood endogenous heparin levels were studied before and after the drug administration. In diabetic patients these preparations decreased the blood sugar level and effected the blood lipid fractions level. Potential mechanisms of the influence on the blood sugar level are discussed; four action mechanisms are assumed--the effect on insulin secretion and on the sensitivity to it, the effect on the liver, on disturbances of fat metabolism, and on increase of glucose use in the peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 82965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8811", "title": "Enhancement of banding patterns in human metaphase chromosomes by energy transfer.", "content": "Intermolecular energy transfer between appropriately chosen pairs of dyes can be used to induce or enhance banding patterns in human metaphase chromosomes. Energy transfer, calibrated by fluorometric studies on soluble dye.DNA complexes, can also be detected by photometric measurements on cytological preparations of metaphase chromosomes stained with pairs of fluorochromes. If a fluorescent dye with one type of binding or quantum yield specificity (e.g., quinacrine, 33258 Hoechst, or chromomycin A(3)) is employed together with a counterstain (e.g., actinomycin D, 7-aminoactinomycin D, or methyl green) exhibiting a complementary base pair binding specificity and satisfying spectral overlap criteria for energy transfer, contrast in fluorescence from the first dye is enhanced in specific subsets of standard chromosome bands. Extensive energy transfer presumably suppress donor fluorescence except in chromosomal region containing clusters of at least 20 base pairs predominantly of one type, within which the donor but not the acceptor can bind and fluoresce. Quinacrine-bright polymorphic regions are especially resistant to fluorescence quenching by counterstains with G.C binding specificity, strengthening the evidence that these latter regions are highly enriched for A.T base pair clusters. The ability to highlight selectively many such polymorphic regions may prove of further, practical, utility in a number of cytogenetic problems.", "contents": "Enhancement of banding patterns in human metaphase chromosomes by energy transfer. Intermolecular energy transfer between appropriately chosen pairs of dyes can be used to induce or enhance banding patterns in human metaphase chromosomes. Energy transfer, calibrated by fluorometric studies on soluble dye.DNA complexes, can also be detected by photometric measurements on cytological preparations of metaphase chromosomes stained with pairs of fluorochromes. If a fluorescent dye with one type of binding or quantum yield specificity (e.g., quinacrine, 33258 Hoechst, or chromomycin A(3)) is employed together with a counterstain (e.g., actinomycin D, 7-aminoactinomycin D, or methyl green) exhibiting a complementary base pair binding specificity and satisfying spectral overlap criteria for energy transfer, contrast in fluorescence from the first dye is enhanced in specific subsets of standard chromosome bands. Extensive energy transfer presumably suppress donor fluorescence except in chromosomal region containing clusters of at least 20 base pairs predominantly of one type, within which the donor but not the acceptor can bind and fluoresce. Quinacrine-bright polymorphic regions are especially resistant to fluorescence quenching by counterstains with G.C binding specificity, strengthening the evidence that these latter regions are highly enriched for A.T base pair clusters. The ability to highlight selectively many such polymorphic regions may prove of further, practical, utility in a number of cytogenetic problems.", "PMID": 82970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8812", "title": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: identification of tumor origin by idiotypic analysis.", "content": "Multiple lymphoblastoid cell lines have been derived from two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with an associated monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) band. Idiotypic antisera raised against the monoclonal serum Ig bands were shown to be specific for the membrane Ig of the patients' leukemic cells. The idiotypic determinants in these patients thereby constitute tumor-specific antigens. Surface and intracellular immunofluorescence studies utilizing these idiotypic antisera were used to identify the cell lines of leukemic origin. These studies showed that certain cell lines from each patient were derived from the leukemic cells while other cell lines were derived from residual normal B lymphocytes. The leukemic cell lines were variable and contained different percentages of lymphoid cells with the idiotype-specific membrane Ig and, in addition, different percentages of plasma cells with intracellular Ig of the same specificity. Specific Ig synthesis was also demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition analysis of cell line supernatants. Aside from Ig specificity, no differences have been found between the leukemic cell lines and those derived from normal cells. One of the leukemic cell lines was cloned in soft agarose. All the clones were shown to be of leukemic origin.", "contents": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: identification of tumor origin by idiotypic analysis. Multiple lymphoblastoid cell lines have been derived from two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with an associated monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) band. Idiotypic antisera raised against the monoclonal serum Ig bands were shown to be specific for the membrane Ig of the patients' leukemic cells. The idiotypic determinants in these patients thereby constitute tumor-specific antigens. Surface and intracellular immunofluorescence studies utilizing these idiotypic antisera were used to identify the cell lines of leukemic origin. These studies showed that certain cell lines from each patient were derived from the leukemic cells while other cell lines were derived from residual normal B lymphocytes. The leukemic cell lines were variable and contained different percentages of lymphoid cells with the idiotype-specific membrane Ig and, in addition, different percentages of plasma cells with intracellular Ig of the same specificity. Specific Ig synthesis was also demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition analysis of cell line supernatants. Aside from Ig specificity, no differences have been found between the leukemic cell lines and those derived from normal cells. One of the leukemic cell lines was cloned in soft agarose. All the clones were shown to be of leukemic origin.", "PMID": 82971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8813", "title": "The role of cytochrome P-450 in the toxicity of xenobiotics.", "content": "The cytochrome P-450 containing mixed-function oxidase system bound to the ergastoplasmic membrane plays an essential role both in the detoxification as well as in the activation of numerous xenobiotics. In many cases, this enzyme system initiates the formation of reactive electrophilic intermediates (epoxides, free radicals, carbenes) which may induce cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects by reacting with various cell constituents. In most cases, the active metabolites are covalently bound to the proteins and nucleic acids, but the binding to lipids or the initiation of the lipid peroxidation is also important. In the activation of xenobiotics by N-hydroxylation or N-dealkylation an aminoxidase is of special importance which is independent of cytochrome P-450. The intermediates arising from this enzyme reaction frequently become biologically active only after being stabilized by an ester bond.", "contents": "The role of cytochrome P-450 in the toxicity of xenobiotics. The cytochrome P-450 containing mixed-function oxidase system bound to the ergastoplasmic membrane plays an essential role both in the detoxification as well as in the activation of numerous xenobiotics. In many cases, this enzyme system initiates the formation of reactive electrophilic intermediates (epoxides, free radicals, carbenes) which may induce cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects by reacting with various cell constituents. In most cases, the active metabolites are covalently bound to the proteins and nucleic acids, but the binding to lipids or the initiation of the lipid peroxidation is also important. In the activation of xenobiotics by N-hydroxylation or N-dealkylation an aminoxidase is of special importance which is independent of cytochrome P-450. The intermediates arising from this enzyme reaction frequently become biologically active only after being stabilized by an ester bond.", "PMID": 82972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8814", "title": "The emergence of the Bowery as a psychiatric dumping ground.", "content": "The drastic reduction of State Hospital population in New York over the past decade has led to a demographic relocation of the mentally ill, rather than any real decline in the rate or severity of mental disorders. Unable to function on their own in society and without adequate supportive facilities available, many discharged patients live in the streets and eventually end up on the Bowery, where they are cared for at The Men's Shelter. Studies have shown that over 50% of the current Bowery population has a history of mental illness and that alcoholism is often a secondary, rather than primary diagnosis. The most frequently encountered diagnostic syndromes are mentioned and commented upon. Possible alternative treatment interventions are suggested.", "contents": "The emergence of the Bowery as a psychiatric dumping ground. The drastic reduction of State Hospital population in New York over the past decade has led to a demographic relocation of the mentally ill, rather than any real decline in the rate or severity of mental disorders. Unable to function on their own in society and without adequate supportive facilities available, many discharged patients live in the streets and eventually end up on the Bowery, where they are cared for at The Men's Shelter. Studies have shown that over 50% of the current Bowery population has a history of mental illness and that alcoholism is often a secondary, rather than primary diagnosis. The most frequently encountered diagnostic syndromes are mentioned and commented upon. Possible alternative treatment interventions are suggested.", "PMID": 82973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8815", "title": "Diagnostic value of female genital malignant tumors by using 111In-bleomycin scintigraphy.", "content": "In order to know if it is possible to objectively decide the extent of infiltration of female genital malignant tumors into parametrium by using 111In-bleomycin scintigraphy, a fundamental and clinical investigation was made. The result was as follows; 1) The radiochemical purity and stability of 111In-BLM were comparatively unchangeable. When this complex was kept at room temperature for a week, there was not more than 2% of the free 111In. 2) As to blood clearance, when the blood radioactivity of 111In-BLM 5 minutes after the injection was counted as 100%, about 80% of the radioactivity was cleared from the blood in 48 hours. Over 50% of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine in 48 hours. 3) Of 29 cases of female genital malignant tumors, 23 cases (79%) showed positive images. Therefore 111In-BLM was found to be one of the suitable radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of female genital malignant tumors. 4) 111In-BLM scintigraphy was of great use for deciding the extent of the invasion of carcinoma cervicis uteri into parametrium and for the search of metastasis.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of female genital malignant tumors by using 111In-bleomycin scintigraphy. In order to know if it is possible to objectively decide the extent of infiltration of female genital malignant tumors into parametrium by using 111In-bleomycin scintigraphy, a fundamental and clinical investigation was made. The result was as follows; 1) The radiochemical purity and stability of 111In-BLM were comparatively unchangeable. When this complex was kept at room temperature for a week, there was not more than 2% of the free 111In. 2) As to blood clearance, when the blood radioactivity of 111In-BLM 5 minutes after the injection was counted as 100%, about 80% of the radioactivity was cleared from the blood in 48 hours. Over 50% of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine in 48 hours. 3) Of 29 cases of female genital malignant tumors, 23 cases (79%) showed positive images. Therefore 111In-BLM was found to be one of the suitable radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of female genital malignant tumors. 4) 111In-BLM scintigraphy was of great use for deciding the extent of the invasion of carcinoma cervicis uteri into parametrium and for the search of metastasis.", "PMID": 82980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8816", "title": "Autofluorescence and fluorochrome-staining of Hassall's bodies in rabbits.", "content": "The phenomenon of autofluorescence is reported in the thymus of rabbits; besides reticular epithelial cells, Hassall's bodies also emit autofluorescence. The staining of thymic corpuscle by fluorescein isothiocyanate is also described. This staining is important not only because FITC is commonly used in immunofluorescence and may lead to misinterpretations due to false-positive results, but also for it permits a good precision in the observation of the relationship between Hassall's bodies and reticular epithelial cells. Some hypothesis are set up to explain the autofluorescence, and the fluorochromization of Hassall's bodies by acid fluorochromes.", "contents": "Autofluorescence and fluorochrome-staining of Hassall's bodies in rabbits. The phenomenon of autofluorescence is reported in the thymus of rabbits; besides reticular epithelial cells, Hassall's bodies also emit autofluorescence. The staining of thymic corpuscle by fluorescein isothiocyanate is also described. This staining is important not only because FITC is commonly used in immunofluorescence and may lead to misinterpretations due to false-positive results, but also for it permits a good precision in the observation of the relationship between Hassall's bodies and reticular epithelial cells. Some hypothesis are set up to explain the autofluorescence, and the fluorochromization of Hassall's bodies by acid fluorochromes.", "PMID": 82983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8817", "title": "Binding activity regulation of rabbit skeletal muscle adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases.", "content": "A cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been isolated from rabbit muscle and purified. The affinity constant of the enzyme for the nucleotide is Ka = 9.3 X 10(-9) M, with a Vmax = 0.013 X 10(12) moles bound cAMP/1 microgram protein. The influence exerted by different factors is studied: a) Inhibitor (I) of kinase activity: increases the binding capacity for cAMP, by percentages which depend on the amount of I. In the presence of inhibitor (120 microgram/100 microliter) the affinity constant is Ka = 4.1 X 10(-9) M, without change in Vmax. b) Effect of pH: it has a complex influence over binding, being also regulated by cAMP concentration. The positive effect on binding of ionic and bovine serum albumin concentrations, and the negative effect of enzyme preincubation before additions of (H3) cAMP, have also been studied. The importance of these effectors to obtain a high degree of sensitivity in the binding protein method has been assertained.", "contents": "Binding activity regulation of rabbit skeletal muscle adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases. A cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been isolated from rabbit muscle and purified. The affinity constant of the enzyme for the nucleotide is Ka = 9.3 X 10(-9) M, with a Vmax = 0.013 X 10(12) moles bound cAMP/1 microgram protein. The influence exerted by different factors is studied: a) Inhibitor (I) of kinase activity: increases the binding capacity for cAMP, by percentages which depend on the amount of I. In the presence of inhibitor (120 microgram/100 microliter) the affinity constant is Ka = 4.1 X 10(-9) M, without change in Vmax. b) Effect of pH: it has a complex influence over binding, being also regulated by cAMP concentration. The positive effect on binding of ionic and bovine serum albumin concentrations, and the negative effect of enzyme preincubation before additions of (H3) cAMP, have also been studied. The importance of these effectors to obtain a high degree of sensitivity in the binding protein method has been assertained.", "PMID": 82984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8818", "title": "Staining of glycosaminoglycans of intervertebral disc tissue.", "content": "Intervertebral discs of six species were stained with Alcian blue and PAS methods to identify glycosaminoglycans. The polyanions are most concentrated in 'ring-like' pericellular areas and in material lying between individual lamellae and bundles of collagen. A slight increase occurs early in life and towards the disc centre. The concentration of glycosaminoglycans cannot be correlated with species which are known to suffer from clinical disc disease, though there appears to be a higher concentration in the discs of the cat and dog than in other species studied.", "contents": "Staining of glycosaminoglycans of intervertebral disc tissue. Intervertebral discs of six species were stained with Alcian blue and PAS methods to identify glycosaminoglycans. The polyanions are most concentrated in 'ring-like' pericellular areas and in material lying between individual lamellae and bundles of collagen. A slight increase occurs early in life and towards the disc centre. The concentration of glycosaminoglycans cannot be correlated with species which are known to suffer from clinical disc disease, though there appears to be a higher concentration in the discs of the cat and dog than in other species studied.", "PMID": 82985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8819", "title": "[Insensitivity to pain: electrophysiological study of the nociceptive reflex. Influence of naloxone (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of the nociceptive reflex (R3) were carried out in eight normal subjects, and one patient with congenital insensitivity to pain, in order to compare the effects of naloxone and a placebo. No significant variation in the reflex threshold was seen in the normal subjects. Two electrophysiological abnormalities were observed in the patient: a 350 per cent spontaneous elevation in the R3 threshold compared to the control group; a rapid and large drop (67 per cent) in the threshold lasting for about ten minutes after the injection of Naloxone. These results suggest that in this particular case the insensitivity to pain could be related to the permanent hyperactivity of a morphine-like inhibitory system.", "contents": "[Insensitivity to pain: electrophysiological study of the nociceptive reflex. Influence of naloxone (author's transl)]. Electrophysiological studies of the nociceptive reflex (R3) were carried out in eight normal subjects, and one patient with congenital insensitivity to pain, in order to compare the effects of naloxone and a placebo. No significant variation in the reflex threshold was seen in the normal subjects. Two electrophysiological abnormalities were observed in the patient: a 350 per cent spontaneous elevation in the R3 threshold compared to the control group; a rapid and large drop (67 per cent) in the threshold lasting for about ten minutes after the injection of Naloxone. These results suggest that in this particular case the insensitivity to pain could be related to the permanent hyperactivity of a morphine-like inhibitory system.", "PMID": 82987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8820", "title": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy: genetic analysis and organ culture study in 35 families.", "content": "The genetic marker histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8 is present in 80% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). We studied 35 families with at least one affected member to determine whether an HLA-region gene alone could determine susceptibility to GSE. The incidence of HLA-B8 in the patients was 69% vs 22% for normals (P less than 0.001). The incidence of GSE in HLA-genotype-identical siblings of patients was only 8%, and in HLA-B8-haplotype-identical siblings and parents of patients was only 14% and 5%, respectively. In addition, intestinal biopsies of HLA-identical or partially identical relatives of patients were studied in an in vitro organ culture system capable of detecting gluten sensitivity in subjects ingesting a normal diet. The results confirmed the low incidence of gluten sensitivity in these individuals. The organ culture system could not differentiate mucosa obtained from unaffected parents or siblings of patients with GSE (who presumably carry the HLA-associated genetic information) from mucosa obtained from normals. We conclude that the genetic material inherited with HLA-B8 alone is not sufficient to produce clinical or subclinical disease. Other genetic and environmental factors appear to be important for disease pathogenesis.", "contents": "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy: genetic analysis and organ culture study in 35 families. The genetic marker histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8 is present in 80% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). We studied 35 families with at least one affected member to determine whether an HLA-region gene alone could determine susceptibility to GSE. The incidence of HLA-B8 in the patients was 69% vs 22% for normals (P less than 0.001). The incidence of GSE in HLA-genotype-identical siblings of patients was only 8%, and in HLA-B8-haplotype-identical siblings and parents of patients was only 14% and 5%, respectively. In addition, intestinal biopsies of HLA-identical or partially identical relatives of patients were studied in an in vitro organ culture system capable of detecting gluten sensitivity in subjects ingesting a normal diet. The results confirmed the low incidence of gluten sensitivity in these individuals. The organ culture system could not differentiate mucosa obtained from unaffected parents or siblings of patients with GSE (who presumably carry the HLA-associated genetic information) from mucosa obtained from normals. We conclude that the genetic material inherited with HLA-B8 alone is not sufficient to produce clinical or subclinical disease. Other genetic and environmental factors appear to be important for disease pathogenesis.", "PMID": 82994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8821", "title": "The recovery of mice from influenza A virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing a common virion antigen.", "content": "Mice inoculated intranasally with infectious influenza virus of a given A strain were adoptively transferred 24 h later with preparations of secondary influenza virus-immune T cells generated either in vitro or entirely in vivo. The immune cells were raised during infection with homologous or heterologous A strain influenza viruses or with a type B virus. The greatest antiviral effect, measured by reduction in lung virus level of recipient mice, occurred if homologous viruses were used. Sharing of haemagglutinin specificity was shown to be important, but significant antiviral activity was still expressed if neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificities were shared. The antiviral effect was type-specific. Adoptive transfer of type A influenza immune T cells did not express antiviral activity against type B virus, and vice versa. On the basis of earlier work, the effector population in the transferred cells was cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Intranasal reinfection of mice with a heterologous type A virus sharing neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificity with the first infecting virus induced enhanced and earlier production of cross-reactive Tc against type A influenza viruses. This was paralleled by significantly lower virus levels in the lungs. The results of this work demonstrate heterotypic cell-mediated immunity in influenza virus infection in mice.", "contents": "The recovery of mice from influenza A virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing a common virion antigen. Mice inoculated intranasally with infectious influenza virus of a given A strain were adoptively transferred 24 h later with preparations of secondary influenza virus-immune T cells generated either in vitro or entirely in vivo. The immune cells were raised during infection with homologous or heterologous A strain influenza viruses or with a type B virus. The greatest antiviral effect, measured by reduction in lung virus level of recipient mice, occurred if homologous viruses were used. Sharing of haemagglutinin specificity was shown to be important, but significant antiviral activity was still expressed if neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificities were shared. The antiviral effect was type-specific. Adoptive transfer of type A influenza immune T cells did not express antiviral activity against type B virus, and vice versa. On the basis of earlier work, the effector population in the transferred cells was cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Intranasal reinfection of mice with a heterologous type A virus sharing neither haemagglutinin nor neuraminidase antigenic specificity with the first infecting virus induced enhanced and earlier production of cross-reactive Tc against type A influenza viruses. This was paralleled by significantly lower virus levels in the lungs. The results of this work demonstrate heterotypic cell-mediated immunity in influenza virus infection in mice.", "PMID": 82995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8822", "title": "The specificity of radiostaining in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The major allergen from codfish (DS 22) was used to study specific and non-specific radiostaining in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). Various modifications of CRIE experiments were performed including experiments where immunoprecipitates in agarose were transferred to test tubes and the radioactivity was measured in a gammacounter. The degree of non-specific binding of IgE and 125 I-anti-IgE  to the percipitates was low. A linear relation was found between the amount of human serum IgE antibody used in CRIE and the degree of radiostaining obtained. Increasing the amount of DS 22 in the precipitates from 0.31 to 2.5 microgram resulted in a moderate increase in the uptake of 125 I-anti-IgE, whereas further increase of the amount of DS 22 (5--10 microgram) resulted in reduced uptake of isotope. Serum from a patient containing IgE antibodies to rabbit serum gave rise to radiostaining over the entire antibody-containing gel area, and it is suggested that such human sera be avoided when using CRIE.", "contents": "The specificity of radiostaining in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The major allergen from codfish (DS 22) was used to study specific and non-specific radiostaining in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). Various modifications of CRIE experiments were performed including experiments where immunoprecipitates in agarose were transferred to test tubes and the radioactivity was measured in a gammacounter. The degree of non-specific binding of IgE and 125 I-anti-IgE  to the percipitates was low. A linear relation was found between the amount of human serum IgE antibody used in CRIE and the degree of radiostaining obtained. Increasing the amount of DS 22 in the precipitates from 0.31 to 2.5 microgram resulted in a moderate increase in the uptake of 125 I-anti-IgE, whereas further increase of the amount of DS 22 (5--10 microgram) resulted in reduced uptake of isotope. Serum from a patient containing IgE antibodies to rabbit serum gave rise to radiostaining over the entire antibody-containing gel area, and it is suggested that such human sera be avoided when using CRIE.", "PMID": 82996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8823", "title": "Are doctors able to assess prostatic size?", "content": "The between-observer variation was evaluated through three independent estimates of preoperative prostatic weight in each of 40 patients. Error in the estimates was of considerable magnitude irrespective of size of prostates. Experienced urologists did not attain a more reliable estimate than unexperienced doctors. Only about 2/3 of estimates were correct within a range of +/- 25 g. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between estimated and actual operative prostatic weight.", "contents": "Are doctors able to assess prostatic size? The between-observer variation was evaluated through three independent estimates of preoperative prostatic weight in each of 40 patients. Error in the estimates was of considerable magnitude irrespective of size of prostates. Experienced urologists did not attain a more reliable estimate than unexperienced doctors. Only about 2/3 of estimates were correct within a range of +/- 25 g. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between estimated and actual operative prostatic weight.", "PMID": 82997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8824", "title": "Intravesical pressure during transurethral resection using Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation and suction.", "content": "Intravesical pressure was studied in 20 patients during transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate using the Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation and suction. The suction pressure (50 cm H20) was considerably lower than that suggested by Iglesias. The amount of irrigant was thereby appreciably diminished and blocking of the outlet system was avoided. The intravesical pressure averaged 35 cm H20 during resection, which is less than in conventional resection, and 15 cm during evacuation of tissue chips. Signs of TUR syndrome were not seen. We consider the new resectoscope to be a considerable improvement for TUR.", "contents": "Intravesical pressure during transurethral resection using Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation and suction. Intravesical pressure was studied in 20 patients during transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate using the Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation and suction. The suction pressure (50 cm H20) was considerably lower than that suggested by Iglesias. The amount of irrigant was thereby appreciably diminished and blocking of the outlet system was avoided. The intravesical pressure averaged 35 cm H20 during resection, which is less than in conventional resection, and 15 cm during evacuation of tissue chips. Signs of TUR syndrome were not seen. We consider the new resectoscope to be a considerable improvement for TUR.", "PMID": 82998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8825", "title": "N-acetyl gramicidin: single-channel properties and implications for channel structure.", "content": "Substitution of a methyl group for the N-terminal hydrogen of gramicidin greatly increased the rate of dissociation of conductive channels in lipid bilayer membranes. The finding of short lifetimes for conductive channels, comparable to those seen for the neuromuscular junction, lends support to the head-to-head dimer structure for the conductive channel.", "contents": "N-acetyl gramicidin: single-channel properties and implications for channel structure. Substitution of a methyl group for the N-terminal hydrogen of gramicidin greatly increased the rate of dissociation of conductive channels in lipid bilayer membranes. The finding of short lifetimes for conductive channels, comparable to those seen for the neuromuscular junction, lends support to the head-to-head dimer structure for the conductive channel.", "PMID": 83000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8826", "title": "Membrane glycolipids: regional synthesis and axonal transport in a single identified neuron of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Glycolipids moving along an identified axon Aplysia californica were synthesized and incorporated into intracytoplasmic membranes solely in the perikaryon: direct injection of tritiated sugar into the axon revealed no local synthesis or exchange. There was no indication for transfer into axoplasm from glia. Insertion of glycolipids into nascent membranes occurs coordinately with insertion of protein components in the cell body.", "contents": "Membrane glycolipids: regional synthesis and axonal transport in a single identified neuron of Aplysia californica. Glycolipids moving along an identified axon Aplysia californica were synthesized and incorporated into intracytoplasmic membranes solely in the perikaryon: direct injection of tritiated sugar into the axon revealed no local synthesis or exchange. There was no indication for transfer into axoplasm from glia. Insertion of glycolipids into nascent membranes occurs coordinately with insertion of protein components in the cell body.", "PMID": 83001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8827", "title": "Teaching psychiatry in a new medical school: a multimedia approach.", "content": "As a developing department in a new medical school, we were able to improve our curriculum by using a multimedia approach to teaching psychiatry. We relied heavily on a programmed self-instructional text with videotaped clinical examples (PLS), learning objectives, formal classroom presentations, small group discussions, self-assessment exercises, an affective approach to the patient-doctor relationship using role-playing and videotaped patient vignettes, and finally live patient interviews. We believe we have been able to present the widely agreed upon content in the basic science years, using a wide variety of teaching materials and technics which maintain the interest of most students.", "contents": "Teaching psychiatry in a new medical school: a multimedia approach. As a developing department in a new medical school, we were able to improve our curriculum by using a multimedia approach to teaching psychiatry. We relied heavily on a programmed self-instructional text with videotaped clinical examples (PLS), learning objectives, formal classroom presentations, small group discussions, self-assessment exercises, an affective approach to the patient-doctor relationship using role-playing and videotaped patient vignettes, and finally live patient interviews. We believe we have been able to present the widely agreed upon content in the basic science years, using a wide variety of teaching materials and technics which maintain the interest of most students.", "PMID": 83005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8828", "title": "Erroneous diagnosis of meningitis due to false-positive gram stains.", "content": "During a two-month period, 6% of Gram stains of predominantly CSF specimens revealed gram-negative bacilli with no growth. The source of the false-positive Gram stain results was an alcohol storage bath from which slides were taken and flamed to remove residual alcohol. All 11 patients in the outbreak had further diagnostic tests or changes in therapy. In the laboratory, false-positive slides could be created by contaminating a slide bath with 10(5) bacilli/ml, flame drying, and staining. In addition, contaminated crystal violet caused a false-positive result when applied to a warm but not to a cool slide. To prevent false-positive Gram stain results, the storage of slides in alcohol baths should be abandoned, slides should not be flamed to remove alcohol, and specimens should be Gram-stained only when the heat-fixed slide has thoroughly cooled.", "contents": "Erroneous diagnosis of meningitis due to false-positive gram stains. During a two-month period, 6% of Gram stains of predominantly CSF specimens revealed gram-negative bacilli with no growth. The source of the false-positive Gram stain results was an alcohol storage bath from which slides were taken and flamed to remove residual alcohol. All 11 patients in the outbreak had further diagnostic tests or changes in therapy. In the laboratory, false-positive slides could be created by contaminating a slide bath with 10(5) bacilli/ml, flame drying, and staining. In addition, contaminated crystal violet caused a false-positive result when applied to a warm but not to a cool slide. To prevent false-positive Gram stain results, the storage of slides in alcohol baths should be abandoned, slides should not be flamed to remove alcohol, and specimens should be Gram-stained only when the heat-fixed slide has thoroughly cooled.", "PMID": 83006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8829", "title": "Open-heart palliative surgery for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries.", "content": "The surgical management of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries poses difficult problems. Adequate palliation was achieved in two such patients by restoring continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries by means of a woven Dacron patch. The VSD was left unrepaired. Angiography performed one month after operation showed the reconstructed pulmonary outflow tract to be widely patent and the pulmonary arteries to be enlarged. This approach may allow subsequent total correction by closure of the VSD in these hopeless patients.", "contents": "Open-heart palliative surgery for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. The surgical management of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries poses difficult problems. Adequate palliation was achieved in two such patients by restoring continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries by means of a woven Dacron patch. The VSD was left unrepaired. Angiography performed one month after operation showed the reconstructed pulmonary outflow tract to be widely patent and the pulmonary arteries to be enlarged. This approach may allow subsequent total correction by closure of the VSD in these hopeless patients.", "PMID": 83013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8830", "title": "Transitivity of response in the mixed lymphocyte culture test.", "content": "We present a model of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response which assumes one specificity per locus. It also assumes that an animal A will fail to stimulate animal B if, and only if, the set of specificities possessed by A is a subset of the set of specificities in B. The last assumption implies that non-stimulation is transitive; that is, if A does not stimulate B, and B does not stimulate C, then A will not stimulate C. The inclusion of antigenic sets can be used to partially order the animals in a hierarchy. Partial ordering can detect multiple lymphocyte-defined (LD) loci with relative ease; it indicates the number of antigens present in particular individuals; and it detects exceptions to the rule of transitivity which may expose immune response genes, minor loci, or other mechanisms that affect MLC response. This analytical procedure is most useful when testing half-sib families or hybrids sharing a common parental strain. We have applied this procedure to the MLC in cattle half-sib families and found that the data strongly support the existence of at least four LD loci.", "contents": "Transitivity of response in the mixed lymphocyte culture test. We present a model of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response which assumes one specificity per locus. It also assumes that an animal A will fail to stimulate animal B if, and only if, the set of specificities possessed by A is a subset of the set of specificities in B. The last assumption implies that non-stimulation is transitive; that is, if A does not stimulate B, and B does not stimulate C, then A will not stimulate C. The inclusion of antigenic sets can be used to partially order the animals in a hierarchy. Partial ordering can detect multiple lymphocyte-defined (LD) loci with relative ease; it indicates the number of antigens present in particular individuals; and it detects exceptions to the rule of transitivity which may expose immune response genes, minor loci, or other mechanisms that affect MLC response. This analytical procedure is most useful when testing half-sib families or hybrids sharing a common parental strain. We have applied this procedure to the MLC in cattle half-sib families and found that the data strongly support the existence of at least four LD loci.", "PMID": 83014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8831", "title": "HLA--D typing with homozygous cells identified in an American indigenous isolate. I. Population studies.", "content": "Lymphocytes from six individuals homozygous for their HLA--A, --B, --C and --D loci belonging to an American indigenous group, the Warao, have been used as typing cells to detect HLA--D determinants in 121 donors from the same indigenous isolate and in 71 donors of mixed ethnic origin living in Venezuela. Two determinants responsible for strong proliferation in mixed lymphocyte cultures have thus been identified. Four HLA--A2, B5 cells (r values between 0l72 and 0.57) identify a determinant provisionally called LD5a showing a gene frequency of 0.30 among the Warao and of 0.09 among the population of mixed ethnic origin. The nearest B locus antigen to this new specificity among the Warao is HLA--B5 (r value = 0.20). A second determinant identified by two HLA--A2, B15 sisters (r values of 0.71) shows a gene frequency of 0.15 among the Warao and of 0.03 among the mixed population. The latter is related to Dw8 as shown by results of the VI and VII Histocompatibility Workshops, and is weakly associated (r value of 0.28) to HLA--B15 among the American indigenous population tested.", "contents": "HLA--D typing with homozygous cells identified in an American indigenous isolate. I. Population studies. Lymphocytes from six individuals homozygous for their HLA--A, --B, --C and --D loci belonging to an American indigenous group, the Warao, have been used as typing cells to detect HLA--D determinants in 121 donors from the same indigenous isolate and in 71 donors of mixed ethnic origin living in Venezuela. Two determinants responsible for strong proliferation in mixed lymphocyte cultures have thus been identified. Four HLA--A2, B5 cells (r values between 0l72 and 0.57) identify a determinant provisionally called LD5a showing a gene frequency of 0.30 among the Warao and of 0.09 among the population of mixed ethnic origin. The nearest B locus antigen to this new specificity among the Warao is HLA--B5 (r value = 0.20). A second determinant identified by two HLA--A2, B15 sisters (r values of 0.71) shows a gene frequency of 0.15 among the Warao and of 0.03 among the mixed population. The latter is related to Dw8 as shown by results of the VI and VII Histocompatibility Workshops, and is weakly associated (r value of 0.28) to HLA--B15 among the American indigenous population tested.", "PMID": 83015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8832", "title": "HLA antigens in patients with psoriasis.", "content": "Tissue typing was performed on lymphocytes of 46 Jewish patients with psoriasis vulgaris. HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 were found increased. It is suggested that the increase in the B and C locus antigens is inter-related and may determine the genetic predisposition for the development of this disease.", "contents": "HLA antigens in patients with psoriasis. Tissue typing was performed on lymphocytes of 46 Jewish patients with psoriasis vulgaris. HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 were found increased. It is suggested that the increase in the B and C locus antigens is inter-related and may determine the genetic predisposition for the development of this disease.", "PMID": 83016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8833", "title": "HLA-antigen frequencies in patients with a Plummer-Vinson stricture.", "content": "Factors of individual susceptibility seem to be involved in the occurrence of Plummer-Vinson stricture, which is a permanent stricture of the cervical esophagus associated with long continued iron deficiency. Fifty female patients with Plummer-Vinson stricture were HLA typed and the antigen frequencies were compared with those of 75 female blood donors from the same geographic area and of the same race. A comparison was also made with the HLA antigen frequencies of a group of 200 blood donors (75 female and 125 male). There were no statistically significant differences in the HLA antigen distributions of the three groups.", "contents": "HLA-antigen frequencies in patients with a Plummer-Vinson stricture. Factors of individual susceptibility seem to be involved in the occurrence of Plummer-Vinson stricture, which is a permanent stricture of the cervical esophagus associated with long continued iron deficiency. Fifty female patients with Plummer-Vinson stricture were HLA typed and the antigen frequencies were compared with those of 75 female blood donors from the same geographic area and of the same race. A comparison was also made with the HLA antigen frequencies of a group of 200 blood donors (75 female and 125 male). There were no statistically significant differences in the HLA antigen distributions of the three groups.", "PMID": 83017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8834", "title": "The operation of immunological networks in Graves' disease.", "content": "Association between Graves' disease and HLA--B8 has been previously documented, as have been associations between 1 gG heavy chain allotype markers (Gm). We found a significant increase in the phenotype fnb/fb (ie. positivity for fb) in patients with Graves' disease compared to controls, raising the possibility of allotypic restriction of thyroid stimulating antibodies thought to be causally related to the disease. The influence of fb on the susceptibility to Graves' disease was found to be independent of HLA--B8 status suggesting that the immunological network operated by the Histocompatibility-linked genes is independent of that centered around IgG allotypes. It is postulated that, whereas the former genes determine the level of helper T lymphocyte function in the production of thyroid stimulating antibodies in Graves' disease, a person who also happens to carry the Gm marker fb would be assured of the production of IgG antibodies with thyroid stimulatory activity.", "contents": "The operation of immunological networks in Graves' disease. Association between Graves' disease and HLA--B8 has been previously documented, as have been associations between 1 gG heavy chain allotype markers (Gm). We found a significant increase in the phenotype fnb/fb (ie. positivity for fb) in patients with Graves' disease compared to controls, raising the possibility of allotypic restriction of thyroid stimulating antibodies thought to be causally related to the disease. The influence of fb on the susceptibility to Graves' disease was found to be independent of HLA--B8 status suggesting that the immunological network operated by the Histocompatibility-linked genes is independent of that centered around IgG allotypes. It is postulated that, whereas the former genes determine the level of helper T lymphocyte function in the production of thyroid stimulating antibodies in Graves' disease, a person who also happens to carry the Gm marker fb would be assured of the production of IgG antibodies with thyroid stimulatory activity.", "PMID": 83018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8835", "title": "The association of HLA with juvenile diabetes mellitus in Newfoundland.", "content": "In view of the reported variation in the association between HLA antigens and Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus (J.D.M.) among different Caucasian populations, we have undertaken a study of these antigens among 44 Caucasian Newfoundlanders and 135 matched controls. We have also studied the allotypic markers for Immunoglobulin G (Gm) and variants of C3 among 36 of these patients. We found that both HLA--B8 and B15 were increased among the patient group, resulting in a relative risk of 3.9 and 4.4 respectively. While these values are the highest to be described for J.D.M. among Caucasians, and fell outside the 95% confidence intervals for the combined relative risk calculated from published series, it is still possible that they can be accounted for by sampling. The combination of the two antigens increased the relative risk for J.D.M. in an additive fashion. Additionally, we also found that the combination of HLA B8 and B18, but not B15 and B18, also appear to act in an additive manner. The incidence of Gm allotypes and variants of C3 were not different in the J.D.M. group from those observed among controls.", "contents": "The association of HLA with juvenile diabetes mellitus in Newfoundland. In view of the reported variation in the association between HLA antigens and Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus (J.D.M.) among different Caucasian populations, we have undertaken a study of these antigens among 44 Caucasian Newfoundlanders and 135 matched controls. We have also studied the allotypic markers for Immunoglobulin G (Gm) and variants of C3 among 36 of these patients. We found that both HLA--B8 and B15 were increased among the patient group, resulting in a relative risk of 3.9 and 4.4 respectively. While these values are the highest to be described for J.D.M. among Caucasians, and fell outside the 95% confidence intervals for the combined relative risk calculated from published series, it is still possible that they can be accounted for by sampling. The combination of the two antigens increased the relative risk for J.D.M. in an additive fashion. Additionally, we also found that the combination of HLA B8 and B18, but not B15 and B18, also appear to act in an additive manner. The incidence of Gm allotypes and variants of C3 were not different in the J.D.M. group from those observed among controls.", "PMID": 83020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8836", "title": "HLA phenotype frequencies in individuals with cleft lip and/or cleft palate.", "content": "The HLA types of 133 patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were determined. Caucasian patients with isolated cleft palate showed a possible association with HLA. Ten of 11 male patients had HLA--A2 as compared to one out of eight female patients (P less than 0.005). Caucasian males with cleft lip and cleft palate had a slight increased frequency of HLA--Aw24 (P = 0.07) and Mexican-American males with cleft lip and/or cleft palate showed an increase of antigen HLA-A28 (P = 0.07), though neither were statistically significant. Females with cleft lip and/or cleft palate from either racial group had no differences from the controls. The serum from 90 mothers of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were reacted against their child's lymphocytes. Of these crossmatch tests, 12% were found to be positive. These preliminary results suggest that male patients with isolated cleft palate are worthy of further studies with respect of HLA associations.", "contents": "HLA phenotype frequencies in individuals with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. The HLA types of 133 patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were determined. Caucasian patients with isolated cleft palate showed a possible association with HLA. Ten of 11 male patients had HLA--A2 as compared to one out of eight female patients (P less than 0.005). Caucasian males with cleft lip and cleft palate had a slight increased frequency of HLA--Aw24 (P = 0.07) and Mexican-American males with cleft lip and/or cleft palate showed an increase of antigen HLA-A28 (P = 0.07), though neither were statistically significant. Females with cleft lip and/or cleft palate from either racial group had no differences from the controls. The serum from 90 mothers of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were reacted against their child's lymphocytes. Of these crossmatch tests, 12% were found to be positive. These preliminary results suggest that male patients with isolated cleft palate are worthy of further studies with respect of HLA associations.", "PMID": 83021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8837", "title": "Absorption, elution and blocking studies with the complex antiserum ST.", "content": "Quantitative absorptions and elutions were performed with the broadly reactive serum ST. The major component of this serum is directed towards the B-locus antigens Bw35, B5, and B18, which comprise the 4c CREG. A second component contains lower titered antibodies which react with members of the 4c CREG, but also appear to detect qualitative and quantitative variations associated with B-locus specificities, B15, B17 and B8. Blocking studies indicate that these antibodies do not bind to the same sites on B8 cells as well-defined anti-B8 sera. These findings are discussed in terms of public specificities at the B-locus or a new specificity at a closely linked locus.", "contents": "Absorption, elution and blocking studies with the complex antiserum ST. Quantitative absorptions and elutions were performed with the broadly reactive serum ST. The major component of this serum is directed towards the B-locus antigens Bw35, B5, and B18, which comprise the 4c CREG. A second component contains lower titered antibodies which react with members of the 4c CREG, but also appear to detect qualitative and quantitative variations associated with B-locus specificities, B15, B17 and B8. Blocking studies indicate that these antibodies do not bind to the same sites on B8 cells as well-defined anti-B8 sera. These findings are discussed in terms of public specificities at the B-locus or a new specificity at a closely linked locus.", "PMID": 83023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8838", "title": "Use of microimmobilization and microagglutination assays for attempted detection of HLA antigens and beta2 microglobulin on human sperm.", "content": "Microtechniques for detecting sperm agglutinating and immobilizing antibodies are described. These assays are proved to be useful in the study of anti-sperm antibodies in the sera of vaseectomized men and the serum of a rhesus monkey immunized with human sperm. However, using various antisera against beta2 microglobulin and HLA region antigens, including Ia antigens, in these assays, very little, if any, activity was found against sperm. Absorption and inhibition tests also could not show a significant amount of these antigens on sperm. Although no HLA region antigens could be detected in the seminal plasma by inhibition tests, a large amount of beta2 microglobulin was found. It is suggested that some beta2 microglobulin could be adsorbed onto sperm, since mouse sperm was shown to pick up beta2 microglobulin after incubation with human seminal plasma. The maximum amounts of HLA region antigens and beta2 microglobulin in the seminal plasma are estimated.", "contents": "Use of microimmobilization and microagglutination assays for attempted detection of HLA antigens and beta2 microglobulin on human sperm. Microtechniques for detecting sperm agglutinating and immobilizing antibodies are described. These assays are proved to be useful in the study of anti-sperm antibodies in the sera of vaseectomized men and the serum of a rhesus monkey immunized with human sperm. However, using various antisera against beta2 microglobulin and HLA region antigens, including Ia antigens, in these assays, very little, if any, activity was found against sperm. Absorption and inhibition tests also could not show a significant amount of these antigens on sperm. Although no HLA region antigens could be detected in the seminal plasma by inhibition tests, a large amount of beta2 microglobulin was found. It is suggested that some beta2 microglobulin could be adsorbed onto sperm, since mouse sperm was shown to pick up beta2 microglobulin after incubation with human seminal plasma. The maximum amounts of HLA region antigens and beta2 microglobulin in the seminal plasma are estimated.", "PMID": 83024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8839", "title": "Increased HLA-B heterozygosity with age.", "content": "427 healthy individuals ranging in age from 16 to 101 years were tested for HLA-A and -B antigens. No significant differences were found for any particular antigen according to the age of the individual. However, a significant trend of increasing frequency with age was found for individuals possessing two detectable HLA-B antigens. An apparent trend of increasing frequencies for individuals possessing four HLA-A and -B antigens was not significant. These results concur with those of some previously published studies.", "contents": "Increased HLA-B heterozygosity with age. 427 healthy individuals ranging in age from 16 to 101 years were tested for HLA-A and -B antigens. No significant differences were found for any particular antigen according to the age of the individual. However, a significant trend of increasing frequency with age was found for individuals possessing two detectable HLA-B antigens. An apparent trend of increasing frequencies for individuals possessing four HLA-A and -B antigens was not significant. These results concur with those of some previously published studies.", "PMID": 83025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8840", "title": "RhLA complex of Rhesus monkeys. X. Implications of the association between D and Ia1 locus antigens.", "content": "A high association has been found between D-locus determinants defined by cellular methods (typing cells) and the serologically defined B cell or Ia antigens controlled by the Ia1 locus. Data from recombinant offspring in two rhesus families place the Ia1 locus within RhLA, in the close vicinity of the D or major MLC locus. In fact, identity between the products of those two loci cannot be excluded. Further, it was shown that cells proven to be homozygous for Ia1 antigens, are nearly always typing cells (and therefore homozygous for D-locus determinants) and, conversely, that proven typing cells carry only a single Ia1 antigen and are thus probably homozygous for Ia1 products. In addition, it could be demonstrated that matching for Ia1 antigens greatly facilitates the detection of unrelated individuvals who are mutually non-reactive in MLC. This \"predictive value\" of Ia1 matching has important implications for the selection of optimal donors for organ transplantation.", "contents": "RhLA complex of Rhesus monkeys. X. Implications of the association between D and Ia1 locus antigens. A high association has been found between D-locus determinants defined by cellular methods (typing cells) and the serologically defined B cell or Ia antigens controlled by the Ia1 locus. Data from recombinant offspring in two rhesus families place the Ia1 locus within RhLA, in the close vicinity of the D or major MLC locus. In fact, identity between the products of those two loci cannot be excluded. Further, it was shown that cells proven to be homozygous for Ia1 antigens, are nearly always typing cells (and therefore homozygous for D-locus determinants) and, conversely, that proven typing cells carry only a single Ia1 antigen and are thus probably homozygous for Ia1 products. In addition, it could be demonstrated that matching for Ia1 antigens greatly facilitates the detection of unrelated individuvals who are mutually non-reactive in MLC. This \"predictive value\" of Ia1 matching has important implications for the selection of optimal donors for organ transplantation.", "PMID": 83026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8841", "title": "A haplotype study of HLA complex with special reference to the HLA-DR series and to Bf. C2 and glyoxalase I polymorphisms.", "content": "Fifty-three French families were typed for alleles at seven loci of the HLA complex (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -Bf, -C2 and -GLO) and 212 haplotypes were demonstrated. Eleven recombinations were observed (two A/B, two A/C, two B/Bf, one Bf/D and four D/GLO). The linkage disequilibrium was calculated not only between two alleles (delta) but between three, four...seven alleles (D). In order to compare the intensity of D values in the various haplotypes, the influence of the differences in gene frequencies was eliminated by the introduction of the standardized Ds (Ds = D/D max). The number of haplotypes in disequilibrium is relatively limited since most of the significant Ds involved about 17 haplotypes. For some haplotypes, the disequilibrium covered the whole distance from A to GLO but the stronger disequilibrium concerns the C to Bf or C to DR segment. Three hypotheses (isolation, admixture of population and selection) concerning the formation and maintenance of the disequilibria are discussed.", "contents": "A haplotype study of HLA complex with special reference to the HLA-DR series and to Bf. C2 and glyoxalase I polymorphisms. Fifty-three French families were typed for alleles at seven loci of the HLA complex (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -Bf, -C2 and -GLO) and 212 haplotypes were demonstrated. Eleven recombinations were observed (two A/B, two A/C, two B/Bf, one Bf/D and four D/GLO). The linkage disequilibrium was calculated not only between two alleles (delta) but between three, four...seven alleles (D). In order to compare the intensity of D values in the various haplotypes, the influence of the differences in gene frequencies was eliminated by the introduction of the standardized Ds (Ds = D/D max). The number of haplotypes in disequilibrium is relatively limited since most of the significant Ds involved about 17 haplotypes. For some haplotypes, the disequilibrium covered the whole distance from A to GLO but the stronger disequilibrium concerns the C to Bf or C to DR segment. Three hypotheses (isolation, admixture of population and selection) concerning the formation and maintenance of the disequilibria are discussed.", "PMID": 83027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8842", "title": "Isolation and culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells.", "content": "It has become increasingly evident that endothelial cells function as far more than a mechanical barrier between blood and parenchyma. Endothelial cells from one vesicular bed are known to differ structurally from those of another, and it has been suggested that they may differ functionally. Further to test the hypothesis that endothelial cells from one site may differ in terms of function from those of another site, it is necessary to test endothelium from various source after having obtained these cells in pure, well-characterized cultures. To facilitate such studies, we herein describe in detail means for the isolation, culture and characterization of endothelial cells from calf pulmonary artery. These cells may be of major interest in terms of specific metabolic activities as it has become evident that the lungs play a prominent role in determining the hormonal composition of systemic arterial blood.", "contents": "Isolation and culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. It has become increasingly evident that endothelial cells function as far more than a mechanical barrier between blood and parenchyma. Endothelial cells from one vesicular bed are known to differ structurally from those of another, and it has been suggested that they may differ functionally. Further to test the hypothesis that endothelial cells from one site may differ in terms of function from those of another site, it is necessary to test endothelium from various source after having obtained these cells in pure, well-characterized cultures. To facilitate such studies, we herein describe in detail means for the isolation, culture and characterization of endothelial cells from calf pulmonary artery. These cells may be of major interest in terms of specific metabolic activities as it has become evident that the lungs play a prominent role in determining the hormonal composition of systemic arterial blood.", "PMID": 83028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8843", "title": "A new preparation method for several histopathological examinations on a single block.", "content": "A new method of specimen preparation is described permitting several studies such as routine staining, histochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy on a single block of biopsy specimens. Tissues are immersed in the fixative, which primarily stabilizes carbohydrate moieties, and embedded in the mixture of JB-4, methylmethacrylate and divinylbenzene. The resin is polymerized at 4 C. Thin sections (1-2 microns) are obtained with a sliding microtome, and ultrathin sections (60-90 millimicrons) with a ultramicrotome. The sections are stained directly with various conventional procedures without removing the embedding resin. This preparation method offers a potentially useful tool for histopathological studies on biopsy specimens.", "contents": "A new preparation method for several histopathological examinations on a single block. A new method of specimen preparation is described permitting several studies such as routine staining, histochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy on a single block of biopsy specimens. Tissues are immersed in the fixative, which primarily stabilizes carbohydrate moieties, and embedded in the mixture of JB-4, methylmethacrylate and divinylbenzene. The resin is polymerized at 4 C. Thin sections (1-2 microns) are obtained with a sliding microtome, and ultrathin sections (60-90 millimicrons) with a ultramicrotome. The sections are stained directly with various conventional procedures without removing the embedding resin. This preparation method offers a potentially useful tool for histopathological studies on biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 83032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8844", "title": "Myelin impregnation: an improved Golgi-Cox modification.", "content": "Optic tecta of goldfish were coated with egg yolk and immersed for only one week in one of the following impregnation fluids: a) Solution A + B; A = 1 g K2Cr2O7 and 1 g HgCl2 boiled for 15 min in 85 ml distilled water and allowed to cool; B = 0.8 g K2Cr2O4 and 0.5 g KWO4 dissolved in 20 ml distilled water. b) Solution A + B two volumes diluted with boiled distilled water. c) Solution A + B four volumes diluted with boiled distilled water. Each tectum was immersed 6 hr in 100 ml distilled water containing 0.5 g LiOH and 15 g KNO3, washed 18 hr in 500 ml 0.2% acetic acid, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in low viscosity nitro cellulose. Sections were cut at 100 micron with a rotary microtome after clearing with cedarwood oil. Methods b) and c) have two advantages compared with method a), the original Golgi-Cox method. First, more cells are impregnated, especially in the layers extending 200-400 micron below the surface, and dendrites as well as unmyelinated axons are well impregnated. Second, myelin sheaths are impregnated and can be recognized by their peculiar chain-like appearance. The described Golgi-Cox modification offers an appropriate method to study the morphology of superficially located nervous tissue.", "contents": "Myelin impregnation: an improved Golgi-Cox modification. Optic tecta of goldfish were coated with egg yolk and immersed for only one week in one of the following impregnation fluids: a) Solution A + B; A = 1 g K2Cr2O7 and 1 g HgCl2 boiled for 15 min in 85 ml distilled water and allowed to cool; B = 0.8 g K2Cr2O4 and 0.5 g KWO4 dissolved in 20 ml distilled water. b) Solution A + B two volumes diluted with boiled distilled water. c) Solution A + B four volumes diluted with boiled distilled water. Each tectum was immersed 6 hr in 100 ml distilled water containing 0.5 g LiOH and 15 g KNO3, washed 18 hr in 500 ml 0.2% acetic acid, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in low viscosity nitro cellulose. Sections were cut at 100 micron with a rotary microtome after clearing with cedarwood oil. Methods b) and c) have two advantages compared with method a), the original Golgi-Cox method. First, more cells are impregnated, especially in the layers extending 200-400 micron below the surface, and dendrites as well as unmyelinated axons are well impregnated. Second, myelin sheaths are impregnated and can be recognized by their peculiar chain-like appearance. The described Golgi-Cox modification offers an appropriate method to study the morphology of superficially located nervous tissue.", "PMID": 83033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8845", "title": "Methods for removing uranyl acetate precipitate from ultrathin sections.", "content": "Precipitate resulting from en bloc staining with uranyl acetate was removed by treating sections with 15% oxalic acid in 50% methanol for 30 minutes at 40 C. Precipitate resulting from poststaining sections with hot uranyl acetate was removed by rinsing sections in 0.25-0.50% aqueous oxalic acid for 10-15 seconds at room temperature. Rinsing sections for longer than 30 seconds removed uranyl precipitate and also destained the sections. These procedures did not damage the embedding medium or cellular detail.", "contents": "Methods for removing uranyl acetate precipitate from ultrathin sections. Precipitate resulting from en bloc staining with uranyl acetate was removed by treating sections with 15% oxalic acid in 50% methanol for 30 minutes at 40 C. Precipitate resulting from poststaining sections with hot uranyl acetate was removed by rinsing sections in 0.25-0.50% aqueous oxalic acid for 10-15 seconds at room temperature. Rinsing sections for longer than 30 seconds removed uranyl precipitate and also destained the sections. These procedures did not damage the embedding medium or cellular detail.", "PMID": 83034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8846", "title": "Aldehyde fuchsin staining, direct or after oxidation: problems and remedies, with special reference to human pancreatic B cells, pituitaries, and elastic fibers.", "content": "Successful production of aldehyde fuchsin (AF) having the unique properties described by Gomori depends on each of many critical variables. AF made from basic fuchsins which contain mainly rosanilin (C.I. 42510) do not stain properly-fixed pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils, or elastic fibers in unoxidized sections. AF made from basic fuchsins containing mainly pararosanilin (C.I. 42500) stains these entities strongly. Substances stained by AF without oxidation fall into two classes: 1) nonacidic peptides and proteins, most of which contain half-cystines, and 2) polyanions, particularly when sulfated. Group 2 substances stain rapidly, Group 1 substances stain slowly. Many modifications of aldehyde fuchsin have been described. Modified aldehyde fuchsins (MAFs) differ in the kind of aldehyde and in the amount of aldehyde and hydrochloric acid used in their formulation; they differ also in the temperature and duration of the ripening necessary before they can be used. If microsections are first oxidized by acid permanganate or other oxidant, MAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils and other substances containing cystines is speeded and intensified. Most modified methods prescribe oxidation, but the author's does not. The chemical basis, final result and potential side-reactions of oxidation methods (OXMAF) differ from those of direct methods (DIMAF) such as the author's. DIMAF staining is slower but inherently simpler and less destructive. The time required for optimal staining with DIMAF depends on the potency of the stain, which in turn depends on how the stain was made and its age. Detection of DIMAF--reactive peptides and proteins may be hampered by the strong staining of polyanions. This can be remedied if the polyanions are first stained with Alcian blue (AB) or other durable basic dye of contrasting color resistant to acid ethanol. Experiences with the AB-DIMAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitaries and elastic fibers in formalin-fixed human tissues are detailed. Proper control of the variables which affect MAF will insure useful and reliable results either directly or after oxidation. Authors and editors are urged to be more careful hereafter to distinguish the results of DIMAF from those of OXMAF methods. Published reports should always specify the parameters that affect the properties of MAF. In OXMAF methods the steps intervening between oxidation and staining should be spelled out. Such care should help dispel the confusion and uncertainty which cloud the use and reputation of aldehyde fuchsin at present. This unique dye deserves wider and wiser use.", "contents": "Aldehyde fuchsin staining, direct or after oxidation: problems and remedies, with special reference to human pancreatic B cells, pituitaries, and elastic fibers. Successful production of aldehyde fuchsin (AF) having the unique properties described by Gomori depends on each of many critical variables. AF made from basic fuchsins which contain mainly rosanilin (C.I. 42510) do not stain properly-fixed pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils, or elastic fibers in unoxidized sections. AF made from basic fuchsins containing mainly pararosanilin (C.I. 42500) stains these entities strongly. Substances stained by AF without oxidation fall into two classes: 1) nonacidic peptides and proteins, most of which contain half-cystines, and 2) polyanions, particularly when sulfated. Group 2 substances stain rapidly, Group 1 substances stain slowly. Many modifications of aldehyde fuchsin have been described. Modified aldehyde fuchsins (MAFs) differ in the kind of aldehyde and in the amount of aldehyde and hydrochloric acid used in their formulation; they differ also in the temperature and duration of the ripening necessary before they can be used. If microsections are first oxidized by acid permanganate or other oxidant, MAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitary basophils and other substances containing cystines is speeded and intensified. Most modified methods prescribe oxidation, but the author's does not. The chemical basis, final result and potential side-reactions of oxidation methods (OXMAF) differ from those of direct methods (DIMAF) such as the author's. DIMAF staining is slower but inherently simpler and less destructive. The time required for optimal staining with DIMAF depends on the potency of the stain, which in turn depends on how the stain was made and its age. Detection of DIMAF--reactive peptides and proteins may be hampered by the strong staining of polyanions. This can be remedied if the polyanions are first stained with Alcian blue (AB) or other durable basic dye of contrasting color resistant to acid ethanol. Experiences with the AB-DIMAF staining of pancreatic B cells, pituitaries and elastic fibers in formalin-fixed human tissues are detailed. Proper control of the variables which affect MAF will insure useful and reliable results either directly or after oxidation. Authors and editors are urged to be more careful hereafter to distinguish the results of DIMAF from those of OXMAF methods. Published reports should always specify the parameters that affect the properties of MAF. In OXMAF methods the steps intervening between oxidation and staining should be spelled out. Such care should help dispel the confusion and uncertainty which cloud the use and reputation of aldehyde fuchsin at present. This unique dye deserves wider and wiser use.", "PMID": 83035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8847", "title": "A carmine-Giemsa staining technic for meiotic prophase chromosomes of the genus Beta L.", "content": "For a detailed study of chromosome morphology in meiotic prophase stages of Beta species, a special double staining technic has been developed. It consists of combined maceration-staining in an ethanol-hydrochloric acid-carmine mixture followed by poststaining of the squashed material in a diluted Giemsa solution. The technic yields well-spread prophase meiotic nuclei showing detailed structures both in weaker stained chromosome segments and in threadlike chromatin structures. This technic proved to be especially favorable for stages which are difficult to interpret, such as pachytene, schizotene and diffuse stages.", "contents": "A carmine-Giemsa staining technic for meiotic prophase chromosomes of the genus Beta L. For a detailed study of chromosome morphology in meiotic prophase stages of Beta species, a special double staining technic has been developed. It consists of combined maceration-staining in an ethanol-hydrochloric acid-carmine mixture followed by poststaining of the squashed material in a diluted Giemsa solution. The technic yields well-spread prophase meiotic nuclei showing detailed structures both in weaker stained chromosome segments and in threadlike chromatin structures. This technic proved to be especially favorable for stages which are difficult to interpret, such as pachytene, schizotene and diffuse stages.", "PMID": 83036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8848", "title": "The staining of acid fast bacilli in sections of glycol methacrylate embedded tissues.", "content": "Acid-fast bacilli can be stained in tissue embedded in glycol methacrylate. Modification of the Ziehl-Neelsen technique, along with changes in the formula of the plastic embedding medium, allow production of 1 to 2 micron sections which retain their integrity throughout the procedure, and within which the bacilli are clearly visible.", "contents": "The staining of acid fast bacilli in sections of glycol methacrylate embedded tissues. Acid-fast bacilli can be stained in tissue embedded in glycol methacrylate. Modification of the Ziehl-Neelsen technique, along with changes in the formula of the plastic embedding medium, allow production of 1 to 2 micron sections which retain their integrity throughout the procedure, and within which the bacilli are clearly visible.", "PMID": 83037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8849", "title": "Alpha-foetoprotein during chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.", "content": "During induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats with 3'MeDAB (3'methyl-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene) and Aflatoxin B1 alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) could already be demonstrated in the serum in the early phase of carcinogen administration. In this period the liver showed livercell necrosis but no tumour formation. The AFP level in the induction phase was correlated with the degree of livercell necrosis. The detection of AFP during the induction period is of importance as it is followed by a high frequency of liver tumours in later phases. The AFP concentration in the tumour phase was not related in any histological feature of the tumour; however, the mean AFP concentration in cases of HCC combined with cirrhosis was much higher than in cases of HCC without cirrhosis. Some rats with HCC showed AFP-negative sera, but AFP-positive bile.", "contents": "Alpha-foetoprotein during chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. During induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats with 3'MeDAB (3'methyl-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene) and Aflatoxin B1 alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) could already be demonstrated in the serum in the early phase of carcinogen administration. In this period the liver showed livercell necrosis but no tumour formation. The AFP level in the induction phase was correlated with the degree of livercell necrosis. The detection of AFP during the induction period is of importance as it is followed by a high frequency of liver tumours in later phases. The AFP concentration in the tumour phase was not related in any histological feature of the tumour; however, the mean AFP concentration in cases of HCC combined with cirrhosis was much higher than in cases of HCC without cirrhosis. Some rats with HCC showed AFP-negative sera, but AFP-positive bile.", "PMID": 83043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8850", "title": "Eperythrozoon ovis. I. Serological diagnosis of infection by the indirect immunoflurescent antibody test.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was evaluated for the detection of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep. The test first became positive, on the average, 10 days following exposure to E. ovis and remained positive for 24 months, the longest period checked. Reciprocal titres in the first three days after becoming positive in the IFAT were between 4 and 80, but rose to 640 within 9 weeks; in general titres were between 4 and 640, exceptionally titres of 1280 were obtained. Negative sera produced no fluorescence at serum dilutions of 1:4. Paired serum samples collected before and after experimental infection demonstrated the specificity of the test. Further support for the specificity and reliability of the IFAT was provided by lack of cross-reactivity between E. ovis antigen and antisera to Anaplasma ovis and Theileria ovis, the two common blood parasites of sheep and goats in Nigeria, and the results of a longitudinal survey in a flock of sheep on the research farm where E. ovis was first detected.", "contents": "Eperythrozoon ovis. I. Serological diagnosis of infection by the indirect immunoflurescent antibody test. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was evaluated for the detection of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep. The test first became positive, on the average, 10 days following exposure to E. ovis and remained positive for 24 months, the longest period checked. Reciprocal titres in the first three days after becoming positive in the IFAT were between 4 and 80, but rose to 640 within 9 weeks; in general titres were between 4 and 640, exceptionally titres of 1280 were obtained. Negative sera produced no fluorescence at serum dilutions of 1:4. Paired serum samples collected before and after experimental infection demonstrated the specificity of the test. Further support for the specificity and reliability of the IFAT was provided by lack of cross-reactivity between E. ovis antigen and antisera to Anaplasma ovis and Theileria ovis, the two common blood parasites of sheep and goats in Nigeria, and the results of a longitudinal survey in a flock of sheep on the research farm where E. ovis was first detected.", "PMID": 83044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8851", "title": "[Dendritic spinules detected by the peroxidase method].", "content": "The structure of marked associative pyramidal neurons, their dendrites, and spines in layer III of somato-sensory cortex in cats after HRP-injection into the motor cortex has been described. Secondary and tertiary branches of basal dendrites are revealed more often than the apical ones. But the spines, especially their heads, were more obvious on the apical dendrites. The marked associative neurons are displaced sparsely, making no accumulations.", "contents": "[Dendritic spinules detected by the peroxidase method]. The structure of marked associative pyramidal neurons, their dendrites, and spines in layer III of somato-sensory cortex in cats after HRP-injection into the motor cortex has been described. Secondary and tertiary branches of basal dendrites are revealed more often than the apical ones. But the spines, especially their heads, were more obvious on the apical dendrites. The marked associative neurons are displaced sparsely, making no accumulations.", "PMID": 83046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8852", "title": "Confirmation of Bg-HLA relationships by antiglobulin microcytotoxicity testing.", "content": "Antiglobulin reagents have been reported to increase the sensitivity of lymphocytotoxicity procedures for the detection of HLA antibodies that may affect the survival of transplanted kidneys or cause nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. This paper describes how such a procedure may also be used to demonstrate the presence of specific HLA antibodies in sera containing anti-Bg antibodies but lacking HLA antibodies that can be detected by conventional procedures. With the use of more sensitive procedures for the detection of both anti-Bg and HLA antibodies, studies of the relationship between specific HLA and Bg antigens can be extended, and the genetics of the expression of the Bg antigens can more easily be studied.", "contents": "Confirmation of Bg-HLA relationships by antiglobulin microcytotoxicity testing. Antiglobulin reagents have been reported to increase the sensitivity of lymphocytotoxicity procedures for the detection of HLA antibodies that may affect the survival of transplanted kidneys or cause nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. This paper describes how such a procedure may also be used to demonstrate the presence of specific HLA antibodies in sera containing anti-Bg antibodies but lacking HLA antibodies that can be detected by conventional procedures. With the use of more sensitive procedures for the detection of both anti-Bg and HLA antibodies, studies of the relationship between specific HLA and Bg antigens can be extended, and the genetics of the expression of the Bg antigens can more easily be studied.", "PMID": 83041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8853", "title": "Distribution of di- and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human plasma.", "content": "The distributions of di-(2-ethylexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among the protein constituents of human plasma were studied by selective precipitation and chromatographic procedures. The distributions resulting from the leaching of phthalates from blood bags were simulated conveniently by allowing plasma to extract phthalates from coated Celite. More than 80 per cent of the diester was associated with lipoproteins, in the order: LDL greater than VLDL greater than HDL greater than chylomicrons. The remaining diester was apparently adsorbed weakly and nonspecifically to other proteins, including albumin. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was in equilibrium between free in solution and adsorbed to albumin; none was bound to lipoproteins. Extraction of phthalate from Celite into plasma should provide a convenient preparation for toxicity or pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Distribution of di- and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human plasma. The distributions of di-(2-ethylexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among the protein constituents of human plasma were studied by selective precipitation and chromatographic procedures. The distributions resulting from the leaching of phthalates from blood bags were simulated conveniently by allowing plasma to extract phthalates from coated Celite. More than 80 per cent of the diester was associated with lipoproteins, in the order: LDL greater than VLDL greater than HDL greater than chylomicrons. The remaining diester was apparently adsorbed weakly and nonspecifically to other proteins, including albumin. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was in equilibrium between free in solution and adsorbed to albumin; none was bound to lipoproteins. Extraction of phthalate from Celite into plasma should provide a convenient preparation for toxicity or pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 83042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8854", "title": "[Biochemical study of serum from sheep infected with Brucella ovis].", "content": "Blood serum was used of 49 rams and 20 ewew infected with Brucell ovis. The study on the total protein and the protein fractions of rams revealed that there existed gamma-globulinemia, the percent of the gamma-globulin rise showing a positive correlation with the morphologic changes in the testes. The alfa-globulins were found to rise immediately following the experimental infecting of the sheep for about a month, after which they came back to normal. In experimental infection the activity of the alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase of the blood serum showed transient characteristic changes, having, however, no diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Biochemical study of serum from sheep infected with Brucella ovis]. Blood serum was used of 49 rams and 20 ewew infected with Brucell ovis. The study on the total protein and the protein fractions of rams revealed that there existed gamma-globulinemia, the percent of the gamma-globulin rise showing a positive correlation with the morphologic changes in the testes. The alfa-globulins were found to rise immediately following the experimental infecting of the sheep for about a month, after which they came back to normal. In experimental infection the activity of the alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase of the blood serum showed transient characteristic changes, having, however, no diagnostic value.", "PMID": 83049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8855", "title": "Elastin VIII. A correlative study of the aging elastica of arteries and skin.", "content": "Nigrosin base in an acid alcohol solution and Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin gave excellent staining of the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin regardless of age. Neutral hydroalcohol solutions of alcohol soluble nigrosin stained the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin of humans above age 20. Clara's neutral hematoxylin stained the arterial elastica of children less than 10 years of age, but did not color the elastic fibers of the skin. By these staining procedures, it may be possible to obtain information about arterial elastica by a skin biopsy.", "contents": "Elastin VIII. A correlative study of the aging elastica of arteries and skin. Nigrosin base in an acid alcohol solution and Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin gave excellent staining of the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin regardless of age. Neutral hydroalcohol solutions of alcohol soluble nigrosin stained the elastic fibers in the arteries and skin of humans above age 20. Clara's neutral hematoxylin stained the arterial elastica of children less than 10 years of age, but did not color the elastic fibers of the skin. By these staining procedures, it may be possible to obtain information about arterial elastica by a skin biopsy.", "PMID": 83050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8856", "title": "Analysis of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome replication kinetics using Brd-U-dye techniques.", "content": "The basis of BrdU-dye techniques for detecting DNA synthesis in cytological preparations is reviewed. General procedural modifications are described for applying this approach for the study of chromosome replication kinetics and sister chromatid exchange formation. Implications of sister chromatid exchange analysis for detecting mutagen-carcinogens and for differentiating human chromosome fragility diseases predisposing to neoplasia are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of sister chromatid exchange and chromosome replication kinetics using Brd-U-dye techniques. The basis of BrdU-dye techniques for detecting DNA synthesis in cytological preparations is reviewed. General procedural modifications are described for applying this approach for the study of chromosome replication kinetics and sister chromatid exchange formation. Implications of sister chromatid exchange analysis for detecting mutagen-carcinogens and for differentiating human chromosome fragility diseases predisposing to neoplasia are discussed.", "PMID": 83051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8857", "title": "[Activity of acid protease in subcellular fractions of dog brain with intracysternal administration of antibodies].", "content": "The intracysternal administration of the immunoglobulins G fraction containing mainly antiboides to myelin basic protein activites acid protease in the lysosomic, soluble fractions and in myelin of the brain white matter and spinal cord of dogs. Administration of the fraction of immunoglobulins G obtained from the intact dog blood serum does not change (with some exception) the protease activity. Therefore, a definite specificity is observed in the reaction of the acid protease activation when the brain is affected by antibodies to the myelin basic protein.", "contents": "[Activity of acid protease in subcellular fractions of dog brain with intracysternal administration of antibodies]. The intracysternal administration of the immunoglobulins G fraction containing mainly antiboides to myelin basic protein activites acid protease in the lysosomic, soluble fractions and in myelin of the brain white matter and spinal cord of dogs. Administration of the fraction of immunoglobulins G obtained from the intact dog blood serum does not change (with some exception) the protease activity. Therefore, a definite specificity is observed in the reaction of the acid protease activation when the brain is affected by antibodies to the myelin basic protein.", "PMID": 83047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8858", "title": "Bleomycin: effect on satellite DNA in mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of Bleomycin on the semiconservative replication of mouse nuclear DNA has been studied. When asynchronously dividing mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (25 mg/l medium) for 18 h, three hybrid DNA bands with densities of 1.722, 1.752, and 1.761 kg/l appeared after caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of nuclear DNA. In cells exposed to Bleomycin (100 mg/l) however, replication of satellite DNA is more strongly inhibited than is the replication of the main band DNA; preferentially the thymidinerich hybrid duplex at 1.761 kg/l could no longer be detected.", "contents": "Bleomycin: effect on satellite DNA in mouse fibroblasts. The effect of Bleomycin on the semiconservative replication of mouse nuclear DNA has been studied. When asynchronously dividing mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (25 mg/l medium) for 18 h, three hybrid DNA bands with densities of 1.722, 1.752, and 1.761 kg/l appeared after caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of nuclear DNA. In cells exposed to Bleomycin (100 mg/l) however, replication of satellite DNA is more strongly inhibited than is the replication of the main band DNA; preferentially the thymidinerich hybrid duplex at 1.761 kg/l could no longer be detected.", "PMID": 83055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8859", "title": "[Monitoring the effectiveness of conservative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy by means of uroflowmetry].", "content": "96 patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate and dysuric complaints in stage I and beginning stage II were treated conservatively and medicamentously up to 12 months. In the collective of patients subdivided into 4 groups the conservative therapy was carried out in 3 groups with different phyto-preparations and in one group with gestonorone capromate. The voiding of the bladder was examined by means of uroflowmetry in intervals of four weeks before and after therapy. A clear success of the effect appeared only in the group of patients treated with gestonorone capromate. With phyto-preparations uroflowmetrically no significant effect on the disturbed voiding of the bladder could be established. The conservative treatment of the benign hyperplasia of the prostate should be carried out under uroflowmetrical control, in order not to miss the time of a necessary operative intervention.", "contents": "[Monitoring the effectiveness of conservative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy by means of uroflowmetry]. 96 patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate and dysuric complaints in stage I and beginning stage II were treated conservatively and medicamentously up to 12 months. In the collective of patients subdivided into 4 groups the conservative therapy was carried out in 3 groups with different phyto-preparations and in one group with gestonorone capromate. The voiding of the bladder was examined by means of uroflowmetry in intervals of four weeks before and after therapy. A clear success of the effect appeared only in the group of patients treated with gestonorone capromate. With phyto-preparations uroflowmetrically no significant effect on the disturbed voiding of the bladder could be established. The conservative treatment of the benign hyperplasia of the prostate should be carried out under uroflowmetrical control, in order not to miss the time of a necessary operative intervention.", "PMID": 83057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8860", "title": "[Controversial and unsolved problems in the prevention of infectious hepatitis].", "content": "Data are presented indicating that 1 ml of 10% and 1% immunoglobulin possessed similar epidemiological activity in the prophylaxis of infectious hepatitis. It was shown that redical action of infectious hepatitis on the epidemic process was possible only in case of embracement by immunoglobulin vaccination of not less than 80% of children aged from 1 to 11 years. The economic effect of the introduction of 1% immunoglobulin constituted about 40 000 roubles per 100 000 persons vaccinated. Besides, a possibility of side-effects were nilin case of placental immunoglobulin since in the 1% preparation nonspecific biologically active substances could penetrate in much lesser amounts.", "contents": "[Controversial and unsolved problems in the prevention of infectious hepatitis]. Data are presented indicating that 1 ml of 10% and 1% immunoglobulin possessed similar epidemiological activity in the prophylaxis of infectious hepatitis. It was shown that redical action of infectious hepatitis on the epidemic process was possible only in case of embracement by immunoglobulin vaccination of not less than 80% of children aged from 1 to 11 years. The economic effect of the introduction of 1% immunoglobulin constituted about 40 000 roubles per 100 000 persons vaccinated. Besides, a possibility of side-effects were nilin case of placental immunoglobulin since in the 1% preparation nonspecific biologically active substances could penetrate in much lesser amounts.", "PMID": 83060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8861", "title": "[Quantitative assessment of EB strain cell death in an aerosol and following rehydration].", "content": "The authors assessed quantitatively inactivation of lyophilized cells of EB strain by the action of aerosol stress and rehydration using the method of bacterial nucleoide staining. With the advance of dust aerosol \"ages\" microbial sensitivity to rehydration increased and to the action of aerosol stress--decreased. The method can be used to calculate the aspiration dose in aerogenic vaccination and also to assess the efficacy of lyophilized bacteria restoration.", "contents": "[Quantitative assessment of EB strain cell death in an aerosol and following rehydration]. The authors assessed quantitatively inactivation of lyophilized cells of EB strain by the action of aerosol stress and rehydration using the method of bacterial nucleoide staining. With the advance of dust aerosol \"ages\" microbial sensitivity to rehydration increased and to the action of aerosol stress--decreased. The method can be used to calculate the aspiration dose in aerogenic vaccination and also to assess the efficacy of lyophilized bacteria restoration.", "PMID": 83062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8862", "title": "[Role of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis and course of cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied in 160 patients with different forms of disturbed cerebral circulation. The observations included studies of the iodine content and its fractions in the blood serum and a scanning of the thyroid gland. The author established the significance of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease and cerebro-vascular insufficiency. In patients with hypertensive crises these studies detected the existence of a hyperthyroid syndrome. It was also found that in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency accompanied by thyroid gland dysfunctions the clinical picture becomes more aggravated.", "contents": "[Role of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis and course of cerebral circulatory disorders]. The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied in 160 patients with different forms of disturbed cerebral circulation. The observations included studies of the iodine content and its fractions in the blood serum and a scanning of the thyroid gland. The author established the significance of thyroid gland dysfunction in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease and cerebro-vascular insufficiency. In patients with hypertensive crises these studies detected the existence of a hyperthyroid syndrome. It was also found that in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency accompanied by thyroid gland dysfunctions the clinical picture becomes more aggravated.", "PMID": 83063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8863", "title": "[Relationship between the dynamics of mental disorders in patients with primary hypogonadism and surgical intervention (testicular transplantation)].", "content": "Clinico-catamnestical, experimental-psychological and EEG studies were made of 60 patients with primary hypogonadism. Variants of protracted pathological reactions to the disease and pathological personality development are described. The studies indicate an intercorrelation of the dynamics of mental disorders and the character of the main disease. Recommendations as to the prophylaxis and treatment of mental disorders in different stages of surgical treatment are given. Some deontological problems of transplantation are discussed as well.", "contents": "[Relationship between the dynamics of mental disorders in patients with primary hypogonadism and surgical intervention (testicular transplantation)]. Clinico-catamnestical, experimental-psychological and EEG studies were made of 60 patients with primary hypogonadism. Variants of protracted pathological reactions to the disease and pathological personality development are described. The studies indicate an intercorrelation of the dynamics of mental disorders and the character of the main disease. Recommendations as to the prophylaxis and treatment of mental disorders in different stages of surgical treatment are given. Some deontological problems of transplantation are discussed as well.", "PMID": 83064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8864", "title": "Giant melanin granules in vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural examination of normal and perilesional skin of a patient with vitiliginous depigmentation associated with a malignant melanoma revealed the presence of giant melanin granules in keratinocytes and melanocytes. These structures are compared to macromelanosomes which have been observed in numerous pigmentary diseases. The formation and significance of the giant melanin granules is discussed.", "contents": "Giant melanin granules in vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma. Histological and ultrastructural examination of normal and perilesional skin of a patient with vitiliginous depigmentation associated with a malignant melanoma revealed the presence of giant melanin granules in keratinocytes and melanocytes. These structures are compared to macromelanosomes which have been observed in numerous pigmentary diseases. The formation and significance of the giant melanin granules is discussed.", "PMID": 83067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8865", "title": "The nature and role of epidermal regressive changes in the development of the psoriatic lesion.", "content": "Damaged epidermal cells present in psoriatic lesions were investigated using histochemical and histomorphological methods including ultrathick sections. In early lesions these cells were found throughout the epidermis, being particularly numerous in the upper part of the latter and around the adnexa. In a later developmental stage the damage to the keratinocytes in the suprapapillary region was found to precede the damage to the basement membrane. These findings, together with the difference between the damaged keratinocytes lining the ascending side and the venous limb of the papilla respectively with regard to degree of severity of the damage, suggest that blood stasis is the cause of the regressive changes in the suprapapillary epidermis. The enzymatic activity of non-specific esterases and acid phosphatases was increased and that of succindehydrogenases and DPN-diaphorase was decreased in damage keratinocytes. The significance of these findings in relation to the genesis and development of psoriasis is discussed. The view is expressed that there is a causal relationship between damage to the epidermal cells and proliferation of epidermis.", "contents": "The nature and role of epidermal regressive changes in the development of the psoriatic lesion. Damaged epidermal cells present in psoriatic lesions were investigated using histochemical and histomorphological methods including ultrathick sections. In early lesions these cells were found throughout the epidermis, being particularly numerous in the upper part of the latter and around the adnexa. In a later developmental stage the damage to the keratinocytes in the suprapapillary region was found to precede the damage to the basement membrane. These findings, together with the difference between the damaged keratinocytes lining the ascending side and the venous limb of the papilla respectively with regard to degree of severity of the damage, suggest that blood stasis is the cause of the regressive changes in the suprapapillary epidermis. The enzymatic activity of non-specific esterases and acid phosphatases was increased and that of succindehydrogenases and DPN-diaphorase was decreased in damage keratinocytes. The significance of these findings in relation to the genesis and development of psoriasis is discussed. The view is expressed that there is a causal relationship between damage to the epidermal cells and proliferation of epidermis.", "PMID": 83068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8866", "title": "Adrenergic nerve innervation of the human cutaneous glomus.", "content": "Adrenergic (monoaminergic) nerve innervation of cutaneous glomus from the human thumb was examined by the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp for the demonstration of monoamines. The main anastomotic vessel (Suquet-Hoyer canal) was found to possess a pattern specific for nerve innervation. The Suquet-Hoyer canal was surrounded like a sheath by numerous thin adrenergic fibers, which were distributed like threads around a bobbin. These nerve fibers are superimposed directly on the outer surface of the glomus cell layer, not penetrating between these cells. They show varicose axon ramifications.", "contents": "Adrenergic nerve innervation of the human cutaneous glomus. Adrenergic (monoaminergic) nerve innervation of cutaneous glomus from the human thumb was examined by the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp for the demonstration of monoamines. The main anastomotic vessel (Suquet-Hoyer canal) was found to possess a pattern specific for nerve innervation. The Suquet-Hoyer canal was surrounded like a sheath by numerous thin adrenergic fibers, which were distributed like threads around a bobbin. These nerve fibers are superimposed directly on the outer surface of the glomus cell layer, not penetrating between these cells. They show varicose axon ramifications.", "PMID": 83069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8867", "title": "Finger skin perfusion pressure in generalized scleroderma.", "content": "Skin perfusion pressure in fingers in 6 normal persons and 12 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma was estimated as the minimum external counterpressure required to stop 133Xenon wash-out. The isotope was introduced atraumatically into the skin, and local counter-pressure was exerted by a miniature blood pressure cuff. Local perfusion blood pressure in normal fingers was 100.5 mmHg +/- 3.3 SEM, while in the patients the value was 72.5 mmHg 1.8 SEM (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Finger skin perfusion pressure in generalized scleroderma. Skin perfusion pressure in fingers in 6 normal persons and 12 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma was estimated as the minimum external counterpressure required to stop 133Xenon wash-out. The isotope was introduced atraumatically into the skin, and local counter-pressure was exerted by a miniature blood pressure cuff. Local perfusion blood pressure in normal fingers was 100.5 mmHg +/- 3.3 SEM, while in the patients the value was 72.5 mmHg 1.8 SEM (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 83070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8868", "title": "Neutrophil granulocyte function in pustulosis palmoplantaris.", "content": "The phagocytic bactericidal capacity of circulating neutrophilic granulocytes was estimated in 22 patients with pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP). The control group comprised 100 healthy individuals. Leukocytes from the patients had a statistically significant reduced capacity to kill Staph. aureus in autologous as well as in AB serum. Leukocyte killing of E. coli was not reduced. Serum levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 and neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity were normal. The findings suggest an intrinsic or cellular defect of circulating neutrophil granulocytes in patients with PPP.", "contents": "Neutrophil granulocyte function in pustulosis palmoplantaris. The phagocytic bactericidal capacity of circulating neutrophilic granulocytes was estimated in 22 patients with pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP). The control group comprised 100 healthy individuals. Leukocytes from the patients had a statistically significant reduced capacity to kill Staph. aureus in autologous as well as in AB serum. Leukocyte killing of E. coli was not reduced. Serum levels of total hemolytic complement, C3, C4 and neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity were normal. The findings suggest an intrinsic or cellular defect of circulating neutrophil granulocytes in patients with PPP.", "PMID": 83071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8869", "title": "Plasminogen activator in vaginal smears during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "A cytologic staining technique in which the reaction produces an insoluble colored precipitate at the site of trypsin-like proteolysis was applied to human vaginal smears, taken daily over six menstrual cycles. The day of urinary LH surge for each cycle was determined. The enzyme action, namely hydrolysis by plasminogen activator, is confined mainly to intermediate squamous cells. The number of cells stained by the enzyme method reaches a maximum three days prior to the LH surge, whereas the maximum in karyopyknosis occurs close to or at the day of LH surge. The enzyme staining method can thus be used when anticipation of ovulation by about 4 days is needed. No immediate fixation is required prior to the enzyme staining.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator in vaginal smears during the menstrual cycle. A cytologic staining technique in which the reaction produces an insoluble colored precipitate at the site of trypsin-like proteolysis was applied to human vaginal smears, taken daily over six menstrual cycles. The day of urinary LH surge for each cycle was determined. The enzyme action, namely hydrolysis by plasminogen activator, is confined mainly to intermediate squamous cells. The number of cells stained by the enzyme method reaches a maximum three days prior to the LH surge, whereas the maximum in karyopyknosis occurs close to or at the day of LH surge. The enzyme staining method can thus be used when anticipation of ovulation by about 4 days is needed. No immediate fixation is required prior to the enzyme staining.", "PMID": 83066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8870", "title": "Failure of transfer factor therapy in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "A controlled clinical study was conducted on 6 patients with atopic dermatitis to assess the efficacy of transfer factor. After the code was broken the 3 patients treated with placebo preparation were treated with transfer factor for a further period of 10 weeks. No definite therapeutic effects could be demonstrated. The immunological in vivo and in vitro tests failed to reveal any effects except for a change to positive in the tuberculin skin test in those patients who had previously been skin test negative. The treatment had to be discontinued in one patient due to a suspected allergic reaction against transfer factor.", "contents": "Failure of transfer factor therapy in atopic dermatitis. A controlled clinical study was conducted on 6 patients with atopic dermatitis to assess the efficacy of transfer factor. After the code was broken the 3 patients treated with placebo preparation were treated with transfer factor for a further period of 10 weeks. No definite therapeutic effects could be demonstrated. The immunological in vivo and in vitro tests failed to reveal any effects except for a change to positive in the tuberculin skin test in those patients who had previously been skin test negative. The treatment had to be discontinued in one patient due to a suspected allergic reaction against transfer factor.", "PMID": 83072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8871", "title": "Quantification of anaerobic diphtheroids on the skin.", "content": "The widely used technique for sampling skin bacteria employs a detergent (Triton X-100) in buffer solution to remove and suspend the microorganisms. The fraction of the total population of anaerobes on the forehead removed by scrubbing with this solution was estimated. We calculated that approximately 10% of the resident anaerobes were removed by one minute of scrubbing with the detergent solution and two 1-min washes remove approximately 19.5% of the resident anaerobes (8.8 X 10(5)/CM2).", "contents": "Quantification of anaerobic diphtheroids on the skin. The widely used technique for sampling skin bacteria employs a detergent (Triton X-100) in buffer solution to remove and suspend the microorganisms. The fraction of the total population of anaerobes on the forehead removed by scrubbing with this solution was estimated. We calculated that approximately 10% of the resident anaerobes were removed by one minute of scrubbing with the detergent solution and two 1-min washes remove approximately 19.5% of the resident anaerobes (8.8 X 10(5)/CM2).", "PMID": 83073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8872", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis in Finland.", "content": "During a 3 1/2-year period, 492 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) visited the dermatological departments of Finnish hospitals. The prevalence of DH in Finland was 10.4 patients/100,000 inhabitants, or 1/10,000. About 60 patients contracted DH each year, giving an incidence of 1.3 patients/100,000 inhabitants/year. These figures show that DH is a rather common disease in Finland--much more so in Finland than in Britain. Its incidence does not differ much from that approximated for coeliac disease in Finland. DH occured in all parts of the country. The birth-places of the patients were distributed evenly over the whole country, in contrast to the distribution pattern of rare hereditary diseases in Finland. No significant difference was found in the occurrence of DH in areas with differing levels of wheat consumption or iodine intake.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis in Finland. During a 3 1/2-year period, 492 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) visited the dermatological departments of Finnish hospitals. The prevalence of DH in Finland was 10.4 patients/100,000 inhabitants, or 1/10,000. About 60 patients contracted DH each year, giving an incidence of 1.3 patients/100,000 inhabitants/year. These figures show that DH is a rather common disease in Finland--much more so in Finland than in Britain. Its incidence does not differ much from that approximated for coeliac disease in Finland. DH occured in all parts of the country. The birth-places of the patients were distributed evenly over the whole country, in contrast to the distribution pattern of rare hereditary diseases in Finland. No significant difference was found in the occurrence of DH in areas with differing levels of wheat consumption or iodine intake.", "PMID": 83074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8873", "title": "Psoriasis and arthritic lesions in relation to the inheritance of HLA genotypes: a family study.", "content": "This family consists of forty-eight subjects, all of whom have been examined with regard to the presence of psoriasis and nearly all for the presence of arthritic lesions (sacroiliitis and peripheral arthritis). All the members have been tissue-typed not only for HLA-A, B and C locus products but also for D locus products. This has enabled us to study the entire HLA chromosomal region. In the family concerned we have found that those subjects haploidentical with the proband have, to a very large degree, either one or all clinical manifestations, which demonstrates a close genetic relationship between joint (especially sacroiliitis) and cutaneous manifestations. These findings prompt us to repeat our previously made proposal about different phenotypic expressions of the same genotype. In this family study the disease-associated haplotypes did not contain the genes for B13, 17 or 37 antigens which are known to occur frequently in psoriatic patients. However, not all psoriasis patients have these antigens. Despite that, we believe that the gene(s) which increase the likelihood of developing psoriasis are identical in all patients and therefore family studies where the proband does not carry the particular psoriasis associated B-alleles are equally illuminating as to the inheritance pattern of disease.", "contents": "Psoriasis and arthritic lesions in relation to the inheritance of HLA genotypes: a family study. This family consists of forty-eight subjects, all of whom have been examined with regard to the presence of psoriasis and nearly all for the presence of arthritic lesions (sacroiliitis and peripheral arthritis). All the members have been tissue-typed not only for HLA-A, B and C locus products but also for D locus products. This has enabled us to study the entire HLA chromosomal region. In the family concerned we have found that those subjects haploidentical with the proband have, to a very large degree, either one or all clinical manifestations, which demonstrates a close genetic relationship between joint (especially sacroiliitis) and cutaneous manifestations. These findings prompt us to repeat our previously made proposal about different phenotypic expressions of the same genotype. In this family study the disease-associated haplotypes did not contain the genes for B13, 17 or 37 antigens which are known to occur frequently in psoriatic patients. However, not all psoriasis patients have these antigens. Despite that, we believe that the gene(s) which increase the likelihood of developing psoriasis are identical in all patients and therefore family studies where the proband does not carry the particular psoriasis associated B-alleles are equally illuminating as to the inheritance pattern of disease.", "PMID": 83075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8874", "title": "A clinical and histological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Sixty-five cases of proved cutaneous Leishmaniasis have been studied on clinical, histological and laboratory grounds. A new histological classification is proposed and emphasis is given to specific histological changes and their correspondence to distinct clinical signs.", "contents": "A clinical and histological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sixty-five cases of proved cutaneous Leishmaniasis have been studied on clinical, histological and laboratory grounds. A new histological classification is proposed and emphasis is given to specific histological changes and their correspondence to distinct clinical signs.", "PMID": 83076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8875", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with multiple myeloma.", "content": "A 44-year-old white man presented with an erythemato-squamous rash in the supra-orbital and preauricular regions of the face. The diagnosis systemic lupus erythematosus was confirmed by histopathology, immunofluorescence (circulating antinuclear antibodies and a positive lupus band test), and by immunoelectron microscopy. Further examinations disclosed a multiple myeloma of the IgG type without cutaneous involvement. The coexistence of these two disorders has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with multiple myeloma. A 44-year-old white man presented with an erythemato-squamous rash in the supra-orbital and preauricular regions of the face. The diagnosis systemic lupus erythematosus was confirmed by histopathology, immunofluorescence (circulating antinuclear antibodies and a positive lupus band test), and by immunoelectron microscopy. Further examinations disclosed a multiple myeloma of the IgG type without cutaneous involvement. The coexistence of these two disorders has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 83077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8876", "title": "Juvenile plantar dermatosis.", "content": "Juvenile plantar dermatosis seems to be a new skin disease found mainly in children between 3 and 14 years old. The main symptoms are: redness, shiny hyperkeratosis, lamellar scaling and painful fissure formation in weight-bearing parts of the soles and toes. Sometimes the hands also seem to be affected. External factors, occlusive socks and footwear, possibly together with an atopic constitution, are believed to be the cause of the disease, which is very difficult to treat. The findings in 157 published and 23 own cases are discussed.", "contents": "Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Juvenile plantar dermatosis seems to be a new skin disease found mainly in children between 3 and 14 years old. The main symptoms are: redness, shiny hyperkeratosis, lamellar scaling and painful fissure formation in weight-bearing parts of the soles and toes. Sometimes the hands also seem to be affected. External factors, occlusive socks and footwear, possibly together with an atopic constitution, are believed to be the cause of the disease, which is very difficult to treat. The findings in 157 published and 23 own cases are discussed.", "PMID": 83078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8877", "title": "Progressive depigmentation of the coat of C3H mice after neonatal thymectomy.", "content": "Progressive depigmentation of the coat has been observed in C3H mice thymectomized at birth and reared in a germ-free environment. The origin of the pigmentary anomalies is discussed. It is probable that a causative relationship exists between thymectomy and the acquired depigmentation observed.", "contents": "Progressive depigmentation of the coat of C3H mice after neonatal thymectomy. Progressive depigmentation of the coat has been observed in C3H mice thymectomized at birth and reared in a germ-free environment. The origin of the pigmentary anomalies is discussed. It is probable that a causative relationship exists between thymectomy and the acquired depigmentation observed.", "PMID": 83079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8878", "title": "Phylogenetic studies with pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) studies were performed on skin from a variety of vertebrate specimens and IgG fractions from pemphigoid and pemphigus sera. Pemphigoid antigen was present in fish, amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian skin, whereas pemphigus antigen was observed in avian and mammalian skin only.", "contents": "Phylogenetic studies with pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) studies were performed on skin from a variety of vertebrate specimens and IgG fractions from pemphigoid and pemphigus sera. Pemphigoid antigen was present in fish, amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian skin, whereas pemphigus antigen was observed in avian and mammalian skin only.", "PMID": 83080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8879", "title": "Distribution of complement and immunoglobulin in oral pemphigus lesions.", "content": "The present report describes four cases of oral pemphigus vulgaris lesions in which complement, in contrast to the situation as reported for skin, was found only in the basal and parabasal layer, whereas IgG was present in all layers of the epithelium.", "contents": "Distribution of complement and immunoglobulin in oral pemphigus lesions. The present report describes four cases of oral pemphigus vulgaris lesions in which complement, in contrast to the situation as reported for skin, was found only in the basal and parabasal layer, whereas IgG was present in all layers of the epithelium.", "PMID": 83081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8880", "title": "Werner's syndrome and the cellular immune reactions.", "content": "A case of Werner's syndrome in a 39-year-old man is described. PPD and trichophytin intradermally proved negative; the percentage of T-lymphocytes and the lymphocyte response to PHA were reduced. Cellular immune reactions seem to have been impaired in this case.", "contents": "Werner's syndrome and the cellular immune reactions. A case of Werner's syndrome in a 39-year-old man is described. PPD and trichophytin intradermally proved negative; the percentage of T-lymphocytes and the lymphocyte response to PHA were reduced. Cellular immune reactions seem to have been impaired in this case.", "PMID": 83082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8881", "title": "Pulsating fixed drug eruption due to tetracycline.", "content": "A 29-year-old woman developed a pulsating, fixed drug eruption following a year's course of both oral and parenteral administration of tetracycline for pharyngitis. Patch testing of tetracycline powder under occlusion at the site confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "Pulsating fixed drug eruption due to tetracycline. A 29-year-old woman developed a pulsating, fixed drug eruption following a year's course of both oral and parenteral administration of tetracycline for pharyngitis. Patch testing of tetracycline powder under occlusion at the site confirmed the diagnosis.", "PMID": 83083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8882", "title": "Sutton's summer prurigo of the elbows.", "content": "Seasonal variations in skin diseases are most noticeable in those parts of the country with significant changes of seasons. For the past 5 years, I have noticed an unusual recurrent prurigo of the elbows which was originally described by Sutton. This disease, which I feel is related to atopic eczema, usually occurs on the elbows of children during the first few weeks of good spring weather. The disease appears as a papular eczematous dermatitis which is usually limited to the elbows but may also affect the knees, hands and chest. It responds well to topical corticosteroids but has a tendency to recur each spring for several years.", "contents": "Sutton's summer prurigo of the elbows. Seasonal variations in skin diseases are most noticeable in those parts of the country with significant changes of seasons. For the past 5 years, I have noticed an unusual recurrent prurigo of the elbows which was originally described by Sutton. This disease, which I feel is related to atopic eczema, usually occurs on the elbows of children during the first few weeks of good spring weather. The disease appears as a papular eczematous dermatitis which is usually limited to the elbows but may also affect the knees, hands and chest. It responds well to topical corticosteroids but has a tendency to recur each spring for several years.", "PMID": 83084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8883", "title": "A pustular eruption of the chin (a variant of pyoderma faciale?).", "content": "Two cases are reported of patients who developed a dramatic pustulo-nodular rash on the chin. The onset was explosively sudden and cosmetically disabling. Ultimately, resolution occurred with minimal scarring.", "contents": "A pustular eruption of the chin (a variant of pyoderma faciale?). Two cases are reported of patients who developed a dramatic pustulo-nodular rash on the chin. The onset was explosively sudden and cosmetically disabling. Ultimately, resolution occurred with minimal scarring.", "PMID": 83085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8884", "title": "The painful, non-indurated chancre.", "content": "After reviewing 20 consecutive male patients with primary syphilis and 23 textbooks on venereology, it can be emphasized that the syphilitic chancre may be painful, and not indurated, and that the textbooks in some cases give a misleading description of the disorder.", "contents": "The painful, non-indurated chancre. After reviewing 20 consecutive male patients with primary syphilis and 23 textbooks on venereology, it can be emphasized that the syphilitic chancre may be painful, and not indurated, and that the textbooks in some cases give a misleading description of the disorder.", "PMID": 83087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8885", "title": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with topically applied erythromycin and tretinoin.", "content": "A twice daily application of 2% erythromycin base in hydroalcoholic solution accompanied by once daily use of 0.05% tretinoin (retinoic acid) solution was substantially more effective than tretinoin or erythromycin alone for treatment of inflammatory acne of moderate severity. Therapeutic enhancement by this combination can be attributed to the different modes of action, erythromycin acting chiefly by suppressing Propionibacterium acnes, while tretinoin is comedolytic. In addition, by altering the horny layer barrier, tretinoin doubtless increases the penetration of erythromycin.", "contents": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with topically applied erythromycin and tretinoin. A twice daily application of 2% erythromycin base in hydroalcoholic solution accompanied by once daily use of 0.05% tretinoin (retinoic acid) solution was substantially more effective than tretinoin or erythromycin alone for treatment of inflammatory acne of moderate severity. Therapeutic enhancement by this combination can be attributed to the different modes of action, erythromycin acting chiefly by suppressing Propionibacterium acnes, while tretinoin is comedolytic. In addition, by altering the horny layer barrier, tretinoin doubtless increases the penetration of erythromycin.", "PMID": 83088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8886", "title": "Pediculosis capitis treated with quassia tincture.", "content": "454 patients were treated with quassia tincture for head lice. At examination one week later only three patients had hatched lice. There was firm evidence that these patients had been reinfested. The treatment procedure was acceptable both to patients and to staff and no side-effects were observed. As resistance to clophenothane has appeared, alternative cures are needed. This study confirms earlier reports on the effectiveness of quassia tincture, which seems to be a useful alternative to clophenothane. At present the recommended treatment is two applications with an interval of one week.", "contents": "Pediculosis capitis treated with quassia tincture. 454 patients were treated with quassia tincture for head lice. At examination one week later only three patients had hatched lice. There was firm evidence that these patients had been reinfested. The treatment procedure was acceptable both to patients and to staff and no side-effects were observed. As resistance to clophenothane has appeared, alternative cures are needed. This study confirms earlier reports on the effectiveness of quassia tincture, which seems to be a useful alternative to clophenothane. At present the recommended treatment is two applications with an interval of one week.", "PMID": 83089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8887", "title": "Studies on an inhibitory factor to phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation found in the serum of patients with various liver diseases.", "content": "When normal lymphocytes were stimulated with PHA in the presence of serum taken from patients with various liver diseases, lower lymphocyte transformation was seen in many cases. The occurrence of a serum inhibitory factor in liver diseases tends to increase with the progress of the disease from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis of the liver. No such inhibitory factor was detected in two asymptomatic HBs-antigen carriers. When the inhibitory factor was fractionated by DE-52 column chromatography, an active component was obtained and shown to have mobilities from alpha2-globulin to beta-globulin in cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. However, two active fractions were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with stepwise increases of the concentration of the acetate buffer and their mobilities were consistent with those of alpha1-globulin and alpha2-globulin, respectively. In 11 cases of acute hepatitis which were followed for at least 6 months, three out of four inhibitory factor positive cases developed into the chronic form and the other became a protracted case. On the other hand, six out of seven inhibitory factor negative cases completely recovered and the remaining case followed a protracted course.", "contents": "Studies on an inhibitory factor to phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation found in the serum of patients with various liver diseases. When normal lymphocytes were stimulated with PHA in the presence of serum taken from patients with various liver diseases, lower lymphocyte transformation was seen in many cases. The occurrence of a serum inhibitory factor in liver diseases tends to increase with the progress of the disease from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis of the liver. No such inhibitory factor was detected in two asymptomatic HBs-antigen carriers. When the inhibitory factor was fractionated by DE-52 column chromatography, an active component was obtained and shown to have mobilities from alpha2-globulin to beta-globulin in cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. However, two active fractions were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with stepwise increases of the concentration of the acetate buffer and their mobilities were consistent with those of alpha1-globulin and alpha2-globulin, respectively. In 11 cases of acute hepatitis which were followed for at least 6 months, three out of four inhibitory factor positive cases developed into the chronic form and the other became a protracted case. On the other hand, six out of seven inhibitory factor negative cases completely recovered and the remaining case followed a protracted course.", "PMID": 83090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8888", "title": "Residual nitrous oxide in operating room personnel.", "content": "The concentrations of nitrous oxide in the blood and end-tidal air of 10 operating-room nurses were assayed by gas chromatography immediately and 1, 2, 5, and 21 h after 3 hours of exposure to an average of 380 ppm of nitrous oxide in operating-room air. In the second trial the nurses' end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide were assayed on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday morning, and on Sunday afternoon and evening to reveal a possible accumulation of nitrous oxide during a routine week. After cessation of exposure there was a rapid decrease in the blood concentrations of nitrous oxide during the first hour (from 153 +/- 110 microgram/1 to 48 +/- 20 microgram/l at 1 h; means +/- s.d.), followed by a slower decrease. Small amounts (mean +/- s.d.: 18 +/- 6 microgram/l) of nitrous oxide were still measurable on the following morning 21 h after exposure. At 2 or 5 h after exposure there was an increase in blood and end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide in seven and nine nurses, respectively. The end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide were greater on Wednesday (22 +/- 7 microgram/l) than on Monday morning (8.4 +/- 1.5 microgram/l), but on Friday they were similar to those measured on Monday morning. The concentrations measured on Sunday, i.e. 2 days after exposure, were similar (average 15 microgram/l) to those measured during the week. It is concluded that, after cessation of exposure to nitrous oxide, there is a rapid decrease in the concentrations in blood and end-tidal air, but small amounts of nitrous oxide remain in the body for at least 3 days after cessation of exposure.", "contents": "Residual nitrous oxide in operating room personnel. The concentrations of nitrous oxide in the blood and end-tidal air of 10 operating-room nurses were assayed by gas chromatography immediately and 1, 2, 5, and 21 h after 3 hours of exposure to an average of 380 ppm of nitrous oxide in operating-room air. In the second trial the nurses' end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide were assayed on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday morning, and on Sunday afternoon and evening to reveal a possible accumulation of nitrous oxide during a routine week. After cessation of exposure there was a rapid decrease in the blood concentrations of nitrous oxide during the first hour (from 153 +/- 110 microgram/1 to 48 +/- 20 microgram/l at 1 h; means +/- s.d.), followed by a slower decrease. Small amounts (mean +/- s.d.: 18 +/- 6 microgram/l) of nitrous oxide were still measurable on the following morning 21 h after exposure. At 2 or 5 h after exposure there was an increase in blood and end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide in seven and nine nurses, respectively. The end-tidal air concentrations of nitrous oxide were greater on Wednesday (22 +/- 7 microgram/l) than on Monday morning (8.4 +/- 1.5 microgram/l), but on Friday they were similar to those measured on Monday morning. The concentrations measured on Sunday, i.e. 2 days after exposure, were similar (average 15 microgram/l) to those measured during the week. It is concluded that, after cessation of exposure to nitrous oxide, there is a rapid decrease in the concentrations in blood and end-tidal air, but small amounts of nitrous oxide remain in the body for at least 3 days after cessation of exposure.", "PMID": 83091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8889", "title": "Fingerprints in congenital rubella following maternal gamma globulin.", "content": "The fingertip skin ridge patterns of ten children with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mothers had received gamma globulin following exposure to german measles during pregnancy were compared with those of 29 patients whose mothers had not received gamma globulin and with those of 162 control children. Statistical evaluation of the pattern profiles by the Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the dermatoglyphics of the two groups of patients differed significantly from each other. Each group also differed from the control children: there was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in whorls in patients whose mothers had not had gamma globulin, but an increase (p = 0.001) in ulnar loops in those whose mothers had received gamma globulin.", "contents": "Fingerprints in congenital rubella following maternal gamma globulin. The fingertip skin ridge patterns of ten children with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mothers had received gamma globulin following exposure to german measles during pregnancy were compared with those of 29 patients whose mothers had not received gamma globulin and with those of 162 control children. Statistical evaluation of the pattern profiles by the Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the dermatoglyphics of the two groups of patients differed significantly from each other. Each group also differed from the control children: there was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in whorls in patients whose mothers had not had gamma globulin, but an increase (p = 0.001) in ulnar loops in those whose mothers had received gamma globulin.", "PMID": 83092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8890", "title": "Induction of leukochemotaxis by peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan and isolated, specified fragments has been studied. The D-Ala-D-Ala group of the pentapeptide was found to be the major cytotaxigen, and C5a to be the dominant cytotaxin. A molecular weight of about 2,000 appeared to be a critical lower limit for inducing chemotactic response, the highest effect being observed with a fragment having a molecular weight of 3,000. The effect seems to depend on the kind of available antigenic determinants in the fragments and the proportion of specific antibodies in the complement source.", "contents": "Induction of leukochemotaxis by peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus. Leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan and isolated, specified fragments has been studied. The D-Ala-D-Ala group of the pentapeptide was found to be the major cytotaxigen, and C5a to be the dominant cytotaxin. A molecular weight of about 2,000 appeared to be a critical lower limit for inducing chemotactic response, the highest effect being observed with a fragment having a molecular weight of 3,000. The effect seems to depend on the kind of available antigenic determinants in the fragments and the proportion of specific antibodies in the complement source.", "PMID": 83093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8891", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man. Expression of HLA-DR determinants on human T cells in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "In a study of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood during infectious mononucleosis the lymphocytosis was found to be of T-cell origin (i.e. E-RFC), while the number of non T lymphocytes (i.e. EA-, EAC-RFC and SmIg + ve cells) was normal in 7 out of 8 patients. Ten patients were tested for the presence of HLA-DR determinants on their B and T cells and not only B lymphocytes but also a great part (31--75%) of T cells were lysed by the anti HLA-DR testsera, indicating that HLA-DR determinants are expressed on a population of T cells in IM patients. After recovery all patients were retested and showed a normal pattern of HLA-DR typing. This indicates an increase of HLA-DR antigens on T cells or a vigorous proliferation of a small DR-positive T-cell subpopulation during the acute stage of IM.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man. Expression of HLA-DR determinants on human T cells in infectious mononucleosis. In a study of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood during infectious mononucleosis the lymphocytosis was found to be of T-cell origin (i.e. E-RFC), while the number of non T lymphocytes (i.e. EA-, EAC-RFC and SmIg + ve cells) was normal in 7 out of 8 patients. Ten patients were tested for the presence of HLA-DR determinants on their B and T cells and not only B lymphocytes but also a great part (31--75%) of T cells were lysed by the anti HLA-DR testsera, indicating that HLA-DR determinants are expressed on a population of T cells in IM patients. After recovery all patients were retested and showed a normal pattern of HLA-DR typing. This indicates an increase of HLA-DR antigens on T cells or a vigorous proliferation of a small DR-positive T-cell subpopulation during the acute stage of IM.", "PMID": 83094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8892", "title": "Selection of new human foreskin fibroblast cell strains for interferon production.", "content": "The aim of this work has been to isolate and characterize new diploid cell strains, suitable for large-scale production of human fibroblast interferon. Twenty cell strains were isolated from individual neonatal foreskins obtained with the informed consent of the donors' parents. The techniques employed for the isolation of the cell strains were aimed at obtaining the highest possible yield of normal diploid cells, free of contaminating microorganism and viruses. The bulk of the cell yield has been frozen at a low population doubling level. Each of the isolated cultures was tested for interferon producing characteristics with poly(I)-poly(C) under a number of different conditions including \"superinduction\" with metabolic inhibitors. Most of the newly established cell strains produced lower interferon yields than the reference FS-4 cell strain. However, some new cell strains produced similar interferon yields as the FS-4 cells on superinduction. Five cell strains, designated FS-30, FS-35, FS-44, FS-48 and FS-49, identified as the highest interferon producers among the new cells, were selected for further testing. Of these, three cell strains (FS-35, FS-48 AND FS-49) produced similar interferon yields as FS-4 cells after superinduction. Cell strains FS-48 and FS-49 were found to have stable interferon producing characteristics over a wide span of population doubling levels. The interferon produced in these new cell strains had the antigenic and biological characteristics of human fibroblast interferon.", "contents": "Selection of new human foreskin fibroblast cell strains for interferon production. The aim of this work has been to isolate and characterize new diploid cell strains, suitable for large-scale production of human fibroblast interferon. Twenty cell strains were isolated from individual neonatal foreskins obtained with the informed consent of the donors' parents. The techniques employed for the isolation of the cell strains were aimed at obtaining the highest possible yield of normal diploid cells, free of contaminating microorganism and viruses. The bulk of the cell yield has been frozen at a low population doubling level. Each of the isolated cultures was tested for interferon producing characteristics with poly(I)-poly(C) under a number of different conditions including \"superinduction\" with metabolic inhibitors. Most of the newly established cell strains produced lower interferon yields than the reference FS-4 cell strain. However, some new cell strains produced similar interferon yields as the FS-4 cells on superinduction. Five cell strains, designated FS-30, FS-35, FS-44, FS-48 and FS-49, identified as the highest interferon producers among the new cells, were selected for further testing. Of these, three cell strains (FS-35, FS-48 AND FS-49) produced similar interferon yields as FS-4 cells after superinduction. Cell strains FS-48 and FS-49 were found to have stable interferon producing characteristics over a wide span of population doubling levels. The interferon produced in these new cell strains had the antigenic and biological characteristics of human fibroblast interferon.", "PMID": 83097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8893", "title": "Antigenic properties and heterospecific antiviral activities of human leukocyte interferon species.", "content": "Human interferon obtained in peripheral leukocytes was purified approximately 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on anti-leukocyte interferon globulins coupled to Sepharose 4B, and by filtration on SDS-Sephadex G-100. The interferon was subsequently resolved into two molecular species by adsorption chromatography on SDS-hydroxylapatite. The two species which were eluted at different phosphate molarities from hydroxylapatite, could also be distinguished on the basis of electric charge properties and they migrated at different rates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Crossneutralization tests with monospecific rabbit anti-leukocyte and anti-fibroblast interferon sera revealed that the two species possessed leukocyte interferon-specific antigenic determinants. Both were immunogenic in mice and they were neutralized to a comparable degree by antisera against either component. A variable degree of antiviral activity was expressed by both interferon components in bovine, porcine and murine cells. However, the two interferon species were equally active in this respect, and the protective effects exhibited in homologous and heterologous cell cultures were similarly susceptible to reduction by beta-mercapto-ethanol. We conclude that the two molecular species of human leukocyte interferon are biologically similar.", "contents": "Antigenic properties and heterospecific antiviral activities of human leukocyte interferon species. Human interferon obtained in peripheral leukocytes was purified approximately 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on anti-leukocyte interferon globulins coupled to Sepharose 4B, and by filtration on SDS-Sephadex G-100. The interferon was subsequently resolved into two molecular species by adsorption chromatography on SDS-hydroxylapatite. The two species which were eluted at different phosphate molarities from hydroxylapatite, could also be distinguished on the basis of electric charge properties and they migrated at different rates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Crossneutralization tests with monospecific rabbit anti-leukocyte and anti-fibroblast interferon sera revealed that the two species possessed leukocyte interferon-specific antigenic determinants. Both were immunogenic in mice and they were neutralized to a comparable degree by antisera against either component. A variable degree of antiviral activity was expressed by both interferon components in bovine, porcine and murine cells. However, the two interferon species were equally active in this respect, and the protective effects exhibited in homologous and heterologous cell cultures were similarly susceptible to reduction by beta-mercapto-ethanol. We conclude that the two molecular species of human leukocyte interferon are biologically similar.", "PMID": 83098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8894", "title": "Defaecation syncope.", "content": "Defaecation syncope is recorded in seven female and two male patients aged between 63 and 78 years seen over a period of nine years. The tendency for defaecation syncope to occur at night contrasts with the rarity of nocturnal defaecation in most old people. The close similarity with micturition syncope is noted.", "contents": "Defaecation syncope. Defaecation syncope is recorded in seven female and two male patients aged between 63 and 78 years seen over a period of nine years. The tendency for defaecation syncope to occur at night contrasts with the rarity of nocturnal defaecation in most old people. The close similarity with micturition syncope is noted.", "PMID": 83099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8895", "title": "Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes before and after potassium and magnesium infusions in patients on diuretic treatment.", "content": "Thirty-four patients suspected of being magnesium deficient were given intravenous infusions of potassium and magnesium. The muscle contents of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on skeletal muscle samples obtained by percutaneous biopsies. The frequency of ventricular etopic beats (VEBs) was assessed from a 3-hour ECG tape recording before the infusions and after the completion of each infusion. The potassium infusions did not result in any changes in the cellular potassium content, nor in the frequency of VEBs. After the magnesium infusions, however, a significant increase was noted in the cellular potassium content and likewise a significant decrease in the frequency of VEBs. This emphasizes the importance of magnesium in potassium metabolism.", "contents": "Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes before and after potassium and magnesium infusions in patients on diuretic treatment. Thirty-four patients suspected of being magnesium deficient were given intravenous infusions of potassium and magnesium. The muscle contents of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on skeletal muscle samples obtained by percutaneous biopsies. The frequency of ventricular etopic beats (VEBs) was assessed from a 3-hour ECG tape recording before the infusions and after the completion of each infusion. The potassium infusions did not result in any changes in the cellular potassium content, nor in the frequency of VEBs. After the magnesium infusions, however, a significant increase was noted in the cellular potassium content and likewise a significant decrease in the frequency of VEBs. This emphasizes the importance of magnesium in potassium metabolism.", "PMID": 83101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8896", "title": "Planning helps industrial hygienists provide effective audiovisual presentations.", "content": "The use of audiovisual aids can improve presentations and facilitate the comprehension and retention of information by an audience. In this article, the author discusses the basic steps in planning, producing, and presenting a simple yet effective audiovisual program. Topics discussed include the use of planning boards, simple slide production techniques and the use of slide dissolve and sound synchronizer units.", "contents": "Planning helps industrial hygienists provide effective audiovisual presentations. The use of audiovisual aids can improve presentations and facilitate the comprehension and retention of information by an audience. In this article, the author discusses the basic steps in planning, producing, and presenting a simple yet effective audiovisual program. Topics discussed include the use of planning boards, simple slide production techniques and the use of slide dissolve and sound synchronizer units.", "PMID": 83102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8897", "title": "Value of a noninvasively induced ventricular extrasystole during echocardiographic and phonocardiographic assessment of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Fifteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis had a ventricular extrasystole induced with a new external mechanical cardiac stimulator during noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ten patients were monitored with simultaneous echocardiogram, phonocardiogram and indirect carotid pulse tracing; five were monitored with the phonocardiogram and indirect carotid pulse tracing alone. Nine of the 15 patients showed obstruction in the beat after the ventricular extrasystole, as defined by appearance of the characteristic bifid carotid pulse contour and, where recorded, an increase in systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve on echocardiography. Six patients did not show obstruction. All nine patients with obstruction had greater than 20 msec prolongation of uncorrected systolic ejection time in the post-extrasystolic beat of the carotid pulse tracing. Change in the uncorrected ejection time was + 0.038 +/- 0.15 second (mean +/- standard deviation) in these nine patients compared with -0.003 +/- 0.005 second in the six not showing obstruction (P less than 0.01). Six patients underwent cardiac catheterization: Three patients without obstruction after a noninvasively induced ventricular extrasystole had no obstruction at catheterization and three patients with obstruction after noninvasively induced ventricular premature beats demonstrated obstruction at rest or after provocative maneuvers during catheterization. These results indicate that the noninvasive induction of a ventricular extrasystole is a useful and easily performed procedure for both diagnosing and evaluating the dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Value of a noninvasively induced ventricular extrasystole during echocardiographic and phonocardiographic assessment of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Fifteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis had a ventricular extrasystole induced with a new external mechanical cardiac stimulator during noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ten patients were monitored with simultaneous echocardiogram, phonocardiogram and indirect carotid pulse tracing; five were monitored with the phonocardiogram and indirect carotid pulse tracing alone. Nine of the 15 patients showed obstruction in the beat after the ventricular extrasystole, as defined by appearance of the characteristic bifid carotid pulse contour and, where recorded, an increase in systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve on echocardiography. Six patients did not show obstruction. All nine patients with obstruction had greater than 20 msec prolongation of uncorrected systolic ejection time in the post-extrasystolic beat of the carotid pulse tracing. Change in the uncorrected ejection time was + 0.038 +/- 0.15 second (mean +/- standard deviation) in these nine patients compared with -0.003 +/- 0.005 second in the six not showing obstruction (P less than 0.01). Six patients underwent cardiac catheterization: Three patients without obstruction after a noninvasively induced ventricular extrasystole had no obstruction at catheterization and three patients with obstruction after noninvasively induced ventricular premature beats demonstrated obstruction at rest or after provocative maneuvers during catheterization. These results indicate that the noninvasive induction of a ventricular extrasystole is a useful and easily performed procedure for both diagnosing and evaluating the dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "PMID": 83103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8898", "title": "Co-circulation of two influenza A (H3N2) antigenic variants detected by virus surveillance in individual communities.", "content": "From March through June 1977 a total of 31 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from students with respiratory disease who were seen at the student health service on the Berkeley campus of the University of California, and 32 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from persons who participated in a city-wide febrile respiratory disease surveillance program in Seattle. The antigenic specificity of the hemagglutinin was determined for each isolate by hemagglutination inhibition testing with sera from ferrets infected with prototype strains A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Texas/1/77. In each of the three months, April, May and June, A/Victoria/3/75-like and A/Texas/1/77-like viruses were identified among isolates from both communities, and the numbers of isolates of the two antigenic variants from patients seen with influenza-like illnesses were similar. The findings emphasize the need to examine multiple isolates even from within single communities to determine the antigenic specificity of current strains of influenza virus.", "contents": "Co-circulation of two influenza A (H3N2) antigenic variants detected by virus surveillance in individual communities. From March through June 1977 a total of 31 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from students with respiratory disease who were seen at the student health service on the Berkeley campus of the University of California, and 32 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated from persons who participated in a city-wide febrile respiratory disease surveillance program in Seattle. The antigenic specificity of the hemagglutinin was determined for each isolate by hemagglutination inhibition testing with sera from ferrets infected with prototype strains A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Texas/1/77. In each of the three months, April, May and June, A/Victoria/3/75-like and A/Texas/1/77-like viruses were identified among isolates from both communities, and the numbers of isolates of the two antigenic variants from patients seen with influenza-like illnesses were similar. The findings emphasize the need to examine multiple isolates even from within single communities to determine the antigenic specificity of current strains of influenza virus.", "PMID": 83107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8899", "title": "Theophylline education: development and evaluation of teaching methods.", "content": "A study was conducted on three adult medicine units in a 300-bed teaching hospital to (1) evaluate the effect of a slide-tape program in increasing patients' short-term knowledge of theophylline treatment and (2) evaluate the effect on this knowledge of a pharmacist's presence during the educational session. Thirty-four patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. Patients in both groups viewed a 10-minute program, Group 1 patients with the pharmacist present and Group 2 patients alone. Patient knowledge was measured before and after the educational program with identical 20-item objective tests. The posttest scores of both groups were significantly higher than their pretest scores (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was found in the mean improvement in scores between the two groups. Pharmacist-designed audiovisual patient education programs can be used effectively in the pharmacist's absence.", "contents": "Theophylline education: development and evaluation of teaching methods. A study was conducted on three adult medicine units in a 300-bed teaching hospital to (1) evaluate the effect of a slide-tape program in increasing patients' short-term knowledge of theophylline treatment and (2) evaluate the effect on this knowledge of a pharmacist's presence during the educational session. Thirty-four patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. Patients in both groups viewed a 10-minute program, Group 1 patients with the pharmacist present and Group 2 patients alone. Patient knowledge was measured before and after the educational program with identical 20-item objective tests. The posttest scores of both groups were significantly higher than their pretest scores (p less than 0.05). No significant difference was found in the mean improvement in scores between the two groups. Pharmacist-designed audiovisual patient education programs can be used effectively in the pharmacist's absence.", "PMID": 83108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8900", "title": "Pulsating forces in orthodontic treatment.", "content": "A controlled pulsating-force system for the orthodontic movement of teeth was designed and its biologic effects were examined, with the dog serving as an experimental model. This system was applied to the maxillary right second premolar while a continuous force was delivered to the maxillary left second premolar. After a 12-day experimental period in which pulsating forces were used, the amount of tooth movement and the radiographic and histologic changes were comparable to those produced by continuous force. These preliminary data indicate that forces of greater magnitude and duration will be necessary to more fully characterize the potential advantages of a pulsating orthodontic force.", "contents": "Pulsating forces in orthodontic treatment. A controlled pulsating-force system for the orthodontic movement of teeth was designed and its biologic effects were examined, with the dog serving as an experimental model. This system was applied to the maxillary right second premolar while a continuous force was delivered to the maxillary left second premolar. After a 12-day experimental period in which pulsating forces were used, the amount of tooth movement and the radiographic and histologic changes were comparable to those produced by continuous force. These preliminary data indicate that forces of greater magnitude and duration will be necessary to more fully characterize the potential advantages of a pulsating orthodontic force.", "PMID": 83109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8901", "title": "Trypanosoma cruzi-sensitized T-lymphocyte mediated 51CR release from human heart cells in Chagas' disease.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of T-lymphocytes from patients with Chagas' disease to parasitized and non-parasitized human heart cells labelled with 51Cr was demonstrated. The highest ratio of 51Cr released from the normal, non-parasitized heart cells was observed when the T-lymphocytes were collected from patients with acute Chagas' disease. The quantity of 51Cr released from the normal heart cells that were destroyed by T-lymphocytes collected from patients with chronic Chagas' disease was also significantly higher than the quantity of 51Cr released from normal heart cells incubated with lymphocytes from normal donors. The specific release of 51Cr from the heart cell cultures destroyed by the immune T-lymphocytes from patients with acute Chagas' disease and from patients with chronic disease was 38.1% and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the release of 51Cr observed in control studies. A small particle human heart cell antigen was shown to inhibit the migration of Trypanosoma cruzi-immune peripheral blood leukocytes. The findings appear to indicate that T-lymphocytes from patients with Chagas' disease are susceptible to activation by a cross-reactive heart cell antigen and suggest that an autoimmune mechanism can be established in some cases of acute Chagas' disease and can be perpetuated in the chronic phase of this disease by the continuous antigenic stimulation. Further, these experimental data indicate that the autoimmune destruction of heart cells in Chagas' disease is produced by delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by T. cruzi-sensitized T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cruzi-sensitized T-lymphocyte mediated 51CR release from human heart cells in Chagas' disease. Cytotoxicity of T-lymphocytes from patients with Chagas' disease to parasitized and non-parasitized human heart cells labelled with 51Cr was demonstrated. The highest ratio of 51Cr released from the normal, non-parasitized heart cells was observed when the T-lymphocytes were collected from patients with acute Chagas' disease. The quantity of 51Cr released from the normal heart cells that were destroyed by T-lymphocytes collected from patients with chronic Chagas' disease was also significantly higher than the quantity of 51Cr released from normal heart cells incubated with lymphocytes from normal donors. The specific release of 51Cr from the heart cell cultures destroyed by the immune T-lymphocytes from patients with acute Chagas' disease and from patients with chronic disease was 38.1% and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the release of 51Cr observed in control studies. A small particle human heart cell antigen was shown to inhibit the migration of Trypanosoma cruzi-immune peripheral blood leukocytes. The findings appear to indicate that T-lymphocytes from patients with Chagas' disease are susceptible to activation by a cross-reactive heart cell antigen and suggest that an autoimmune mechanism can be established in some cases of acute Chagas' disease and can be perpetuated in the chronic phase of this disease by the continuous antigenic stimulation. Further, these experimental data indicate that the autoimmune destruction of heart cells in Chagas' disease is produced by delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by T. cruzi-sensitized T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 83110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8902", "title": "Reappraisal of esophagogastrectomy for esophageal malignancy.", "content": "Esophagogastrectomy performed in eighty-three patients with a thirty day mortality of 7 per cent, a resectability rate of 93 per cent, and no anastomotic leakage, provided dependable relief of malignant obstruction and restored oral alimentation in all surviving patients. Long-term survival was unchanged. The successful resection of all midthird lesions with a 3.9 per cent mortality reflects the capability of current surgery and suggests that surgical palliation of midthird esophageal tumors is preferable to radiotherapy alone.", "contents": "Reappraisal of esophagogastrectomy for esophageal malignancy. Esophagogastrectomy performed in eighty-three patients with a thirty day mortality of 7 per cent, a resectability rate of 93 per cent, and no anastomotic leakage, provided dependable relief of malignant obstruction and restored oral alimentation in all surviving patients. Long-term survival was unchanged. The successful resection of all midthird lesions with a 3.9 per cent mortality reflects the capability of current surgery and suggests that surgical palliation of midthird esophageal tumors is preferable to radiotherapy alone.", "PMID": 83111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8903", "title": "The cerebellar projection from locus coeruleus as studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat.", "content": "The cerebellar afferent projection from locus coeruleus has been studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells are present bilaterally in locus coeruleus only following injections in the cerebellar vermis (especially its anterior and posterior parts), the ventral paraflocculus and the flocculus. The labelled cells are restricted to the caudal half of the nucleus. A few labelled cells are also present in locus coeruleus following injections in the fastigial nucleus, and in nucleus interpositus anterior. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "The cerebellar projection from locus coeruleus as studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. The cerebellar afferent projection from locus coeruleus has been studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells are present bilaterally in locus coeruleus only following injections in the cerebellar vermis (especially its anterior and posterior parts), the ventral paraflocculus and the flocculus. The labelled cells are restricted to the caudal half of the nucleus. A few labelled cells are also present in locus coeruleus following injections in the fastigial nucleus, and in nucleus interpositus anterior. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 83115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8904", "title": "Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in the periodontium: mechanically-stressed cells in vivo.", "content": "Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, considered to be cell proliferation regulators, have been reported to fluctuate in proliferating fibroblasts in vitro. The objectives of this experiment were to study the localization, distribution and staining patterns of these cyclic nucleotides in mechanically-stressed, proliferating periodontal fibroblasts in vivo. Cat canines were tipped by force applications for 0 to 48 hours and serial sagittal sections of fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were processed immuno-histochemically for the localization of cAMP and cGMP. Periodontal tension sites were studied microscopically. Fibroblastic staining for cAMP, which was localized mainly in the cell periphery, did not change appreciably as a result of tension. However, staining intensity increased one hour after the application of force, decreased after 6 hours and increased again at 24 hours. Staining for cGMP, initially covering the entire cell area, was concentrated over nuclei three hours after onset of tension, and diffused over cell periphery and cytoplasm thereafter. Intensity of staining for cGMP was maximal at 3 hours and low at 12 and 48 hours. These results demonstrate that stress-induced fibroblastic responses in vivo involve alterations in staining intensity for both cyclic nucleotides which may correspond with fluctuations of these regulators, reported to occur in vitro in various stages of the mitotic cycle. Moreover, this technique enables the identification of the involved cells in a stimulated, non-synchronized cell population.", "contents": "Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in the periodontium: mechanically-stressed cells in vivo. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, considered to be cell proliferation regulators, have been reported to fluctuate in proliferating fibroblasts in vitro. The objectives of this experiment were to study the localization, distribution and staining patterns of these cyclic nucleotides in mechanically-stressed, proliferating periodontal fibroblasts in vivo. Cat canines were tipped by force applications for 0 to 48 hours and serial sagittal sections of fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were processed immuno-histochemically for the localization of cAMP and cGMP. Periodontal tension sites were studied microscopically. Fibroblastic staining for cAMP, which was localized mainly in the cell periphery, did not change appreciably as a result of tension. However, staining intensity increased one hour after the application of force, decreased after 6 hours and increased again at 24 hours. Staining for cGMP, initially covering the entire cell area, was concentrated over nuclei three hours after onset of tension, and diffused over cell periphery and cytoplasm thereafter. Intensity of staining for cGMP was maximal at 3 hours and low at 12 and 48 hours. These results demonstrate that stress-induced fibroblastic responses in vivo involve alterations in staining intensity for both cyclic nucleotides which may correspond with fluctuations of these regulators, reported to occur in vitro in various stages of the mitotic cycle. Moreover, this technique enables the identification of the involved cells in a stimulated, non-synchronized cell population.", "PMID": 83116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8905", "title": "Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in mineralized tissues: mechanically-stressed osteoblasts in vivo.", "content": "Previous experiments indicate that bone cells respond to external stimuli with fluctuations of cyclic nucleotide levels. The objective of this experiment was to study the response of alveolar bone to the application of tensile forces through an examination of the osteoblastic staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP. Cat canines were tipped by 80-g force for 0 to 48 hours. Fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were sectioned sagittally and stained immuno-histochemically for cAMP and cGMP. In tension sites, osteoblastic staining intensity for cAMP decreased gradually from one to three hours, and then increased by 24 hours. Intense staining for cGMP, visible in osteoblasts of all treated cats, peaked after three hours of treatment and then again at 24 hours. Generally, groups of cGMP-stained osteoblasts were found adjacent to unstained osteoblasts. The observed fluctuations in the osteoblasts staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP indicates involvement of these substances in the early response of osteoblasts to mechanical stimuli in vivo.", "contents": "Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in mineralized tissues: mechanically-stressed osteoblasts in vivo. Previous experiments indicate that bone cells respond to external stimuli with fluctuations of cyclic nucleotide levels. The objective of this experiment was to study the response of alveolar bone to the application of tensile forces through an examination of the osteoblastic staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP. Cat canines were tipped by 80-g force for 0 to 48 hours. Fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were sectioned sagittally and stained immuno-histochemically for cAMP and cGMP. In tension sites, osteoblastic staining intensity for cAMP decreased gradually from one to three hours, and then increased by 24 hours. Intense staining for cGMP, visible in osteoblasts of all treated cats, peaked after three hours of treatment and then again at 24 hours. Generally, groups of cGMP-stained osteoblasts were found adjacent to unstained osteoblasts. The observed fluctuations in the osteoblasts staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP indicates involvement of these substances in the early response of osteoblasts to mechanical stimuli in vivo.", "PMID": 83117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8906", "title": "Proteolytic enzyme activity of blood leukocytes and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Upon stimulation by immune complexes, the polymorphonuclear (PMN) blood secretes lysosomal hydrolases, including neutral proteinase, which is concentrated in the PMN cell. Neutral and acid proteinase activity were increased and decreased, respectively, in the circulating white cells of patients with multiple sclerosis during an exacerbation of the disease, but there was no correlation with serum immune complex levels. Neutral proteolytic activity in the cellular fraction of the cerebrospinal fluid was also found to be elevated in acute multiple sclerosis, as monitored by digestion of myelin basic protein.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzyme activity of blood leukocytes and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Upon stimulation by immune complexes, the polymorphonuclear (PMN) blood secretes lysosomal hydrolases, including neutral proteinase, which is concentrated in the PMN cell. Neutral and acid proteinase activity were increased and decreased, respectively, in the circulating white cells of patients with multiple sclerosis during an exacerbation of the disease, but there was no correlation with serum immune complex levels. Neutral proteolytic activity in the cellular fraction of the cerebrospinal fluid was also found to be elevated in acute multiple sclerosis, as monitored by digestion of myelin basic protein.", "PMID": 83119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8907", "title": "[Optimization of the nutrient medium makeup for the biosynthesis of bleomycine antibiotic using a mathematical method of experimental design].", "content": "The fermentation medium for bleomycin biosynthesis was optimized with the help of a mathematical method for experiment modelling. With the use of the schemes of orthogonal latin squares the optimal concentrations of the sources of nitrogen, carbon and mineral salts were determined and the negative effect of cupric sulphate on the antibiotic biosynthesis was shown. The antibiotic production on the developed medium was 3.7 times higher than that on the initial medium.", "contents": "[Optimization of the nutrient medium makeup for the biosynthesis of bleomycine antibiotic using a mathematical method of experimental design]. The fermentation medium for bleomycin biosynthesis was optimized with the help of a mathematical method for experiment modelling. With the use of the schemes of orthogonal latin squares the optimal concentrations of the sources of nitrogen, carbon and mineral salts were determined and the negative effect of cupric sulphate on the antibiotic biosynthesis was shown. The antibiotic production on the developed medium was 3.7 times higher than that on the initial medium.", "PMID": 83120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8908", "title": "Mesencephalotomy for intractable pain due to malignant disease.", "content": "40 mesencephalotomies were carried out on 38 patients with intractable pain secondary to malignant disease. In 2 patients with bilateral pain, a bilateral mesencephalotomy was required. Most of the patients had pain in the head, neck or upper trunk secondary to carcinoma of the nasopharynx, jaw, tongue, or neck.", "contents": "Mesencephalotomy for intractable pain due to malignant disease. 40 mesencephalotomies were carried out on 38 patients with intractable pain secondary to malignant disease. In 2 patients with bilateral pain, a bilateral mesencephalotomy was required. Most of the patients had pain in the head, neck or upper trunk secondary to carcinoma of the nasopharynx, jaw, tongue, or neck.", "PMID": 83121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8909", "title": "Chicken egg yolk stabilizes the reverse transcriptase activity in type C particles produced by cultured MOPC-315 murine myeloma cells.", "content": "Type C particles released from cultured murine myeloma MOPC-315 cells were significantly protected when the purification steps were all conducted in the presence of 10% chicken egg yolk fluid. The yolk fluid also slowed down the inactivation of viral particles during incubation at 37 degrees C and enabled full recovery of viral particles through several cycles of freezing and thawing. The purification of viral particles in the presence of yolk fluid did not affect the capability of the viral DNA polymerase to reverse-transcribe the virion RNA in vitro, nor that of the viral RNA to act as a functional template.", "contents": "Chicken egg yolk stabilizes the reverse transcriptase activity in type C particles produced by cultured MOPC-315 murine myeloma cells. Type C particles released from cultured murine myeloma MOPC-315 cells were significantly protected when the purification steps were all conducted in the presence of 10% chicken egg yolk fluid. The yolk fluid also slowed down the inactivation of viral particles during incubation at 37 degrees C and enabled full recovery of viral particles through several cycles of freezing and thawing. The purification of viral particles in the presence of yolk fluid did not affect the capability of the viral DNA polymerase to reverse-transcribe the virion RNA in vitro, nor that of the viral RNA to act as a functional template.", "PMID": 83122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8910", "title": "Autoradiography and epifluorescence microscopy combined for the determination of number and spectrum of actively metabolizing bacteria in natural water.", "content": "A technique is described for the determination of bacterial numbers and the spectrum of actively metabolizing cells on the same microscopic preparation by a combined autoradiography/epifluorescence microscopy technique. Natural bacterial populations incubated with [(3)H]glucose were filtered onto 0.2-mum Nuclepore polycarbonate membranes. The filters were cut into quarters and fixed on the surface of glass slides, coated with NTB-2 nuclear track emulsion (Kodak), and exposed to the radiation. After processing, the autoradiographs were stained with acridine orange. A combination of overstaining on the slightly alkaline side and gradual destaining on the acid side of neutrality gave the best results. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed bright-orange fluorescent cells with dark-silver grains associated against a greenish-to-grayish background. Based on the standardization curves, detection of actually metabolizing cells was optimal when cells were incubated with 1 to 5 muCi of [(3)H]glucose per ml of sample for 4 h and the autoradiographs were exposed to NTB-2 emulsion at 7 degrees C for 3 days. In water samples taken immediately above sandy sediments at beaches of the Kiel Fjord and the Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea, FRG), between 2.3 and 56.2% (average, 31.3%) of the total number of bacteria were actually metabolizing cells. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed significant interrelationships between the number of active bacteria and the actual uptake rate of glucose.", "contents": "Autoradiography and epifluorescence microscopy combined for the determination of number and spectrum of actively metabolizing bacteria in natural water. A technique is described for the determination of bacterial numbers and the spectrum of actively metabolizing cells on the same microscopic preparation by a combined autoradiography/epifluorescence microscopy technique. Natural bacterial populations incubated with [(3)H]glucose were filtered onto 0.2-mum Nuclepore polycarbonate membranes. The filters were cut into quarters and fixed on the surface of glass slides, coated with NTB-2 nuclear track emulsion (Kodak), and exposed to the radiation. After processing, the autoradiographs were stained with acridine orange. A combination of overstaining on the slightly alkaline side and gradual destaining on the acid side of neutrality gave the best results. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed bright-orange fluorescent cells with dark-silver grains associated against a greenish-to-grayish background. Based on the standardization curves, detection of actually metabolizing cells was optimal when cells were incubated with 1 to 5 muCi of [(3)H]glucose per ml of sample for 4 h and the autoradiographs were exposed to NTB-2 emulsion at 7 degrees C for 3 days. In water samples taken immediately above sandy sediments at beaches of the Kiel Fjord and the Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea, FRG), between 2.3 and 56.2% (average, 31.3%) of the total number of bacteria were actually metabolizing cells. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed significant interrelationships between the number of active bacteria and the actual uptake rate of glucose.", "PMID": 83123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8911", "title": "[Morphological virus diagnosis--electron microscopy study of animal viruses with negative contrast procedure].", "content": "Reported in this paper are results obtained in morphological virus diagnosis by using the negative contrast technique on the basis of electron microscopy. The availability of high-efficiency electron microscopy as well as of perfectly improved techniques of preparation, knowledge of the latest virus model concepts, and indivudual skills in diagnosis are essential conditions for the above approach. Parvoviridae, picornaviridae, and togaviridae are identifiable only in high particle concentrations and by group representation. Papovaviridae, adenoviridae, herpetoviridae, poxviridae, and reoviridae, on the other hand, can be safely identified even as single particles. The diagnosis of orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae, and retroviridae is facilitated by their own dimensions and their characteristic helico-symmmetrical nucleocapside. Coronaviridae are of highly conspicuous morphology but, nevertheless, pose problems in differential diagnosis. Substantive improvement of morphological virus diagnosis, in terms of minute details, may be achieved by means of the negative contrast method on the basis of immune electron microscopy. Advantages implied in that morphological method include less time-consuming and quite uninvolved practicability and good dependability of diagnosis for more efficient decision-making in research and practice.", "contents": "[Morphological virus diagnosis--electron microscopy study of animal viruses with negative contrast procedure]. Reported in this paper are results obtained in morphological virus diagnosis by using the negative contrast technique on the basis of electron microscopy. The availability of high-efficiency electron microscopy as well as of perfectly improved techniques of preparation, knowledge of the latest virus model concepts, and indivudual skills in diagnosis are essential conditions for the above approach. Parvoviridae, picornaviridae, and togaviridae are identifiable only in high particle concentrations and by group representation. Papovaviridae, adenoviridae, herpetoviridae, poxviridae, and reoviridae, on the other hand, can be safely identified even as single particles. The diagnosis of orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae, and retroviridae is facilitated by their own dimensions and their characteristic helico-symmmetrical nucleocapside. Coronaviridae are of highly conspicuous morphology but, nevertheless, pose problems in differential diagnosis. Substantive improvement of morphological virus diagnosis, in terms of minute details, may be achieved by means of the negative contrast method on the basis of immune electron microscopy. Advantages implied in that morphological method include less time-consuming and quite uninvolved practicability and good dependability of diagnosis for more efficient decision-making in research and practice.", "PMID": 83124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8912", "title": "[Differentiation of matrix proteins of influenza A viruses using enzyme immunoassay].", "content": "Matrix protein is known as a type-specific structural protein of influenza viruses. An attempt has been made to find out whether or not strain-specific components could be detected from matrix protein, in addition to its type-specific antigen determinants. The technique of enzyme immune assay was chosen as the optional method to differentiate between matrix proteins of various influenza-A viruses. Antigen titration was undertaken of several matrix proteins, using two specific anti-matrix-protein sera in each case. Information regarding serological relationships between the tested matrix proteins of various influenza-A viruses was obtained from a quotient between the titres of one antigen, on the one hand, and the two anti-matrix-protein sera used in titration, on the other. Two matrix protein sub-types were established in the context of the influenza-A viruses tested. Sub-type M1 was attributable to older strains (A/PR/8 and A/FM/1), whereas the matrix protein of sub-type M2 was found to be present in more recent strains (A/Hongkong and A/Port Chalmers).", "contents": "[Differentiation of matrix proteins of influenza A viruses using enzyme immunoassay]. Matrix protein is known as a type-specific structural protein of influenza viruses. An attempt has been made to find out whether or not strain-specific components could be detected from matrix protein, in addition to its type-specific antigen determinants. The technique of enzyme immune assay was chosen as the optional method to differentiate between matrix proteins of various influenza-A viruses. Antigen titration was undertaken of several matrix proteins, using two specific anti-matrix-protein sera in each case. Information regarding serological relationships between the tested matrix proteins of various influenza-A viruses was obtained from a quotient between the titres of one antigen, on the one hand, and the two anti-matrix-protein sera used in titration, on the other. Two matrix protein sub-types were established in the context of the influenza-A viruses tested. Sub-type M1 was attributable to older strains (A/PR/8 and A/FM/1), whereas the matrix protein of sub-type M2 was found to be present in more recent strains (A/Hongkong and A/Port Chalmers).", "PMID": 83125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8913", "title": "[The effect of pesticide combinations on laboratory rats. I. Determination of the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of pesticide combinations].", "content": "The growing use of a diversity of pesticides in agricultural practice calls for studies into the toxicity of pesticides when used in combinations. Fundamental studies were conducted into the acute toxicity of pesticide combinations in rat and showed that double or triple combinations of parathion-methyl, carbaryl, and Lindan could aggravate or mitigate toxicity, depending on the active ingredients involved. The above findings were obtained from acute animal experiments, but it may well be necessary to develop proper screening models for optimum information and to study subchronic toxicity as well.", "contents": "[The effect of pesticide combinations on laboratory rats. I. Determination of the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of pesticide combinations]. The growing use of a diversity of pesticides in agricultural practice calls for studies into the toxicity of pesticides when used in combinations. Fundamental studies were conducted into the acute toxicity of pesticide combinations in rat and showed that double or triple combinations of parathion-methyl, carbaryl, and Lindan could aggravate or mitigate toxicity, depending on the active ingredients involved. The above findings were obtained from acute animal experiments, but it may well be necessary to develop proper screening models for optimum information and to study subchronic toxicity as well.", "PMID": 83126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8914", "title": "[The effect of pesticide combinations on laboratory rats. II. Modification of selected hematological parameters and blood glucose].", "content": "Reference is made to the first communication made under this heading. The haematological parameters did not undergo any visible change in response to the chosen experimental arrangement. Further studies should be undertaken, with the view to elucidating the possibility of bone marrow change. The blood glucose levels were strongly increased two hours from application of parathion-methyl, carbaryl/Lindan, and carbaryl/Lindan/parathion-methyl and strongly decreased 24 hours after application. Complementary experiments should cover chronic and subchronic situations.", "contents": "[The effect of pesticide combinations on laboratory rats. II. Modification of selected hematological parameters and blood glucose]. Reference is made to the first communication made under this heading. The haematological parameters did not undergo any visible change in response to the chosen experimental arrangement. Further studies should be undertaken, with the view to elucidating the possibility of bone marrow change. The blood glucose levels were strongly increased two hours from application of parathion-methyl, carbaryl/Lindan, and carbaryl/Lindan/parathion-methyl and strongly decreased 24 hours after application. Complementary experiments should cover chronic and subchronic situations.", "PMID": 83127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8915", "title": "[The effect of pesticide combinations in laboratory rats. III. Modification of selected enzymes].", "content": "After oral administration of pesticides Parathion-methyl, Carbaryl, Lindane and their combinations were investigated the activities of enzyme SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphatase and Cholinesterase. Results concerning SGOT-activity demonstrated a significant increase in all groups. The cause of this rise can be found in its effect on liver, muscle and/or heart. The activity of cholinesterase is significantly lower in the combinations of Parathion-methyl/Lindane, Lindane/Carbaryl and Carbaryl/Parathion-methyl. In future the extent of these investigations concerning the subacute toxicity, chronical toxicity, the additive or cumulative effects of pesticide--combinations, combinations of pesticides with drugs and/or xenobiotics etc. must be enhanced in any case.", "contents": "[The effect of pesticide combinations in laboratory rats. III. Modification of selected enzymes]. After oral administration of pesticides Parathion-methyl, Carbaryl, Lindane and their combinations were investigated the activities of enzyme SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphatase and Cholinesterase. Results concerning SGOT-activity demonstrated a significant increase in all groups. The cause of this rise can be found in its effect on liver, muscle and/or heart. The activity of cholinesterase is significantly lower in the combinations of Parathion-methyl/Lindane, Lindane/Carbaryl and Carbaryl/Parathion-methyl. In future the extent of these investigations concerning the subacute toxicity, chronical toxicity, the additive or cumulative effects of pesticide--combinations, combinations of pesticides with drugs and/or xenobiotics etc. must be enhanced in any case.", "PMID": 83128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8916", "title": "Surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma. Location: junction of the right, left, and common hepatic biliary ducts.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with primary adenocarcinoma arising at the junction of the right, left, and common hepatic biliary ducts were seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, between 1950 and 1976. Prompt and lasting relief of jaundice and cholangitis occurred in four patients undergoing resection of the tumor combined with left hepatic lobectomy, and their mean survival was 33 months. Relief of symptoms was only temporary in 26 patients treated with drainage of the biliary tree, and their mean survival was only ten months. Eight patients undergoing exploration only had no relief of symptoms, and none survived beyond four months. We conclude that resection of these tumors in selected patients gives good palliation and offers the chance of long-term cure. If resection is not possible, biliary decompression results in satisfactory palliation, whereas exploration only does not.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma. Location: junction of the right, left, and common hepatic biliary ducts. Thirty-eight patients with primary adenocarcinoma arising at the junction of the right, left, and common hepatic biliary ducts were seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, between 1950 and 1976. Prompt and lasting relief of jaundice and cholangitis occurred in four patients undergoing resection of the tumor combined with left hepatic lobectomy, and their mean survival was 33 months. Relief of symptoms was only temporary in 26 patients treated with drainage of the biliary tree, and their mean survival was only ten months. Eight patients undergoing exploration only had no relief of symptoms, and none survived beyond four months. We conclude that resection of these tumors in selected patients gives good palliation and offers the chance of long-term cure. If resection is not possible, biliary decompression results in satisfactory palliation, whereas exploration only does not.", "PMID": 83129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8917", "title": "The nonoperative approach to esophageal perforation due to celestin tube placement.", "content": "Perforation of the esophagus during placement of esophageal tubes for palliation of obstructing inoperable cancer is a well-known complication that may preclude satisfactory amelioration of symptoms. Experience with two such patients suggests that the complication can best be treated by proper placement of the tube so that it seals the leak and bypasses the obstruction. Judicious use of antibiotics is beneficial. Drainage of the mediastinum may also be necessary. Resectional or extensive operative therapy is probably not wise in these ill and debilitated patients, particularly if the cancer is incurable.", "contents": "The nonoperative approach to esophageal perforation due to celestin tube placement. Perforation of the esophagus during placement of esophageal tubes for palliation of obstructing inoperable cancer is a well-known complication that may preclude satisfactory amelioration of symptoms. Experience with two such patients suggests that the complication can best be treated by proper placement of the tube so that it seals the leak and bypasses the obstruction. Judicious use of antibiotics is beneficial. Drainage of the mediastinum may also be necessary. Resectional or extensive operative therapy is probably not wise in these ill and debilitated patients, particularly if the cancer is incurable.", "PMID": 83130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8918", "title": "A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine.", "content": "Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrhea outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.", "contents": "A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Coronavirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of pigs during a diarrhea outbreak on 4 swine breeding farms. Diarrhea was reproduced in experimental pigs with one of the isolates, designated CV777, which was found to be distinct from the 2 known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.", "PMID": 83132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8919", "title": "[Immunomorphological study of the liver in clinical and experimental postnecrotic cirrhosis].", "content": "Immunomorphological study of the liver was carried out in 5 dead patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver and in 50 white rats with experimental cirrhosis of the liver for the purpose of detection of fixed immunoglobulins localization. Saturation with gamma-globulins of the vessel walls, forming connective-tissue septae and hepatocytes undergoing degeneration was established in rats. In man, gamma-globulins were found in the connective tissue strands, in vessel walls, and in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells and hepatocytes. The analysis of the results suggests different origin and dissimilar importance of gamma-globulins in different structures of the liver.", "contents": "[Immunomorphological study of the liver in clinical and experimental postnecrotic cirrhosis]. Immunomorphological study of the liver was carried out in 5 dead patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver and in 50 white rats with experimental cirrhosis of the liver for the purpose of detection of fixed immunoglobulins localization. Saturation with gamma-globulins of the vessel walls, forming connective-tissue septae and hepatocytes undergoing degeneration was established in rats. In man, gamma-globulins were found in the connective tissue strands, in vessel walls, and in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells and hepatocytes. The analysis of the results suggests different origin and dissimilar importance of gamma-globulins in different structures of the liver.", "PMID": 83133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8920", "title": "[Method of staining of semi-thin sections with hematoxylin-eosin].", "content": "A method for staining semi-thin sections with standard hematoxylin and eosin solutions is proposed. The staining is achieved by pre-treatment of the sections with an alkali and staining them with hot solutions. The method permits morphological examinations of sections 1-2 micron thick.", "contents": "[Method of staining of semi-thin sections with hematoxylin-eosin]. A method for staining semi-thin sections with standard hematoxylin and eosin solutions is proposed. The staining is achieved by pre-treatment of the sections with an alkali and staining them with hot solutions. The method permits morphological examinations of sections 1-2 micron thick.", "PMID": 83134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8921", "title": "A clinical analysis of pseudopapilledema. I. Population, laterality, acuity, refractive error, ophthalmoscopic characteristics, and coincident disease.", "content": "To clarify clinical features of pseudopapilledema, 142 cases (250 eyes) were analyzed regarding sex, age, race, bilaterality, acuity, refractive error, fundus characteristics, and coincident disease. Ninety-eight cases of identifiable hyaline bodies ([HB] group 1) were compared with 44 cases of pseudopapilledema without HB (group 2). The following results were notable: marked predominance of whites; one third in group 1 were unilateral, and 14% of all pseudopapilledema was unilateral; in only one eye did HB apparently account for diminished acuity; refractive error distribution paralleled that in the general population; anomalous vascular patterns occurred in 20% of group 1 and in 31% of group 2; pigment epithelial changes were found in 33% of group 1 and in 20% of group 2; and a statistically significant association was found with retinitis pigmentosa only. Analysis of field defects is the subject of a companion report.", "contents": "A clinical analysis of pseudopapilledema. I. Population, laterality, acuity, refractive error, ophthalmoscopic characteristics, and coincident disease. To clarify clinical features of pseudopapilledema, 142 cases (250 eyes) were analyzed regarding sex, age, race, bilaterality, acuity, refractive error, fundus characteristics, and coincident disease. Ninety-eight cases of identifiable hyaline bodies ([HB] group 1) were compared with 44 cases of pseudopapilledema without HB (group 2). The following results were notable: marked predominance of whites; one third in group 1 were unilateral, and 14% of all pseudopapilledema was unilateral; in only one eye did HB apparently account for diminished acuity; refractive error distribution paralleled that in the general population; anomalous vascular patterns occurred in 20% of group 1 and in 31% of group 2; pigment epithelial changes were found in 33% of group 1 and in 20% of group 2; and a statistically significant association was found with retinitis pigmentosa only. Analysis of field defects is the subject of a companion report.", "PMID": 83135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8922", "title": "A clinical analysis of pseudopapilledema. II. Visual field defects.", "content": "Goldmann perimetry was performed on patients with pseudopapilledema. The cases were subdivided into those with ophthalmoscopically visible hyaline bodies (HB), (group 1) and those without (group 2). In group 1, 37 of 52 eyes (71%) demonstrated field abnormalities, including enlargement of the blind spot (68%) and various nerve fiber bundle defects (70%); inferior nasal defects were the single most frequent defect. In group 2, ten of 47 eyes (21%) showed only enlarged blind spots and two fields were generally constricted. No nerve fiber generally constricted. No nerve fiber bundle defects were found in this group. It is noted that field defects related to other ocular or intracranial diseases may be found in patients with intrapapillary HBs.", "contents": "A clinical analysis of pseudopapilledema. II. Visual field defects. Goldmann perimetry was performed on patients with pseudopapilledema. The cases were subdivided into those with ophthalmoscopically visible hyaline bodies (HB), (group 1) and those without (group 2). In group 1, 37 of 52 eyes (71%) demonstrated field abnormalities, including enlargement of the blind spot (68%) and various nerve fiber bundle defects (70%); inferior nasal defects were the single most frequent defect. In group 2, ten of 47 eyes (21%) showed only enlarged blind spots and two fields were generally constricted. No nerve fiber generally constricted. No nerve fiber bundle defects were found in this group. It is noted that field defects related to other ocular or intracranial diseases may be found in patients with intrapapillary HBs.", "PMID": 83136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8923", "title": "The clinical and pathogenetic significance of rheumatoid factors.", "content": "Rheumatoid factors are immunoglobulins with antibody specificity for antigenic sites on the Fc part of the heavy chain of IgG. The heterogeneity of RF in terms of antigenic specificity and class of immunoglobulin is indicative of the complexity of the provoking immune response. There is little doubt that in many patients rheumatoid factors are autoantibodies which form part of immune complexes, and that complexes containing IgG rheumatoid factor appear to be of pathogenetic importance. Although IgM rheumatoid factors are not specific for RA, their detection aids in the diagnosis and categorisation of rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, IgG rheumatoid factors occur in a variety of rheumatic diseases and are of little diagnostic value.", "contents": "The clinical and pathogenetic significance of rheumatoid factors. Rheumatoid factors are immunoglobulins with antibody specificity for antigenic sites on the Fc part of the heavy chain of IgG. The heterogeneity of RF in terms of antigenic specificity and class of immunoglobulin is indicative of the complexity of the provoking immune response. There is little doubt that in many patients rheumatoid factors are autoantibodies which form part of immune complexes, and that complexes containing IgG rheumatoid factor appear to be of pathogenetic importance. Although IgM rheumatoid factors are not specific for RA, their detection aids in the diagnosis and categorisation of rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, IgG rheumatoid factors occur in a variety of rheumatic diseases and are of little diagnostic value.", "PMID": 83137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8924", "title": "Clinico-laboratory aspects of anti-nuclear and anti-native DNA antibody tests.", "content": "Available techniques for detection of anti-nuclear antibodies are here briefly reviewed. The relatively insensitive LE cell test has been largely supplanted by the indirect immunofluorescent ANA test which should be reported in terms of titre and pattern. Specific measurement of nDNA antibodies is now a regular technique in SLE diagnosis and management.", "contents": "Clinico-laboratory aspects of anti-nuclear and anti-native DNA antibody tests. Available techniques for detection of anti-nuclear antibodies are here briefly reviewed. The relatively insensitive LE cell test has been largely supplanted by the indirect immunofluorescent ANA test which should be reported in terms of titre and pattern. Specific measurement of nDNA antibodies is now a regular technique in SLE diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 83138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8925", "title": "Biochemical and genetic characterization of kynurenine formamidase from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The molecular weight forms of kynurenine formamidase were studied both gentically and biochemically. Formamidase I (native molecular weight 60,000) was purified using (NH4)2SO4 and pH fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography at two different pH's, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Its subunit molecular weight, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis, is 34,000, indicating that formamidase I is a dimer. Its Km is 1.87 X 10(-3) M. Its isoelectric point is pH 5.3. Its amino acid composition is reported. Formamidase II (native molecular weight 31,000) was partially purified using techniques similar to those above. Its Km is 2.31 X 10(-3) M. The response of formamidase activity to change in gene dosage was measured in segmental aneuploids generated in the second, third, and X chromosomes. Two separate chromosomal regions were identified which when present in extra dosage result in an elevation of the level of formamidase activity close to that predicted for the addition of a structural gene in a two-gene system. These tentative map positions were substantiated by demonstration that addition of one of the regions, 25A-27E, causes a 50% elevation in the relative amount of formamidase II. Addition of the other region, 91B-93F, causes a similar elevation in the relative amount of formamidase I. A model of the evolutionary origin of the two forms is presented, and the significance of these results to this model is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic characterization of kynurenine formamidase from Drosophila melanogaster. The molecular weight forms of kynurenine formamidase were studied both gentically and biochemically. Formamidase I (native molecular weight 60,000) was purified using (NH4)2SO4 and pH fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography at two different pH's, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Its subunit molecular weight, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis, is 34,000, indicating that formamidase I is a dimer. Its Km is 1.87 X 10(-3) M. Its isoelectric point is pH 5.3. Its amino acid composition is reported. Formamidase II (native molecular weight 31,000) was partially purified using techniques similar to those above. Its Km is 2.31 X 10(-3) M. The response of formamidase activity to change in gene dosage was measured in segmental aneuploids generated in the second, third, and X chromosomes. Two separate chromosomal regions were identified which when present in extra dosage result in an elevation of the level of formamidase activity close to that predicted for the addition of a structural gene in a two-gene system. These tentative map positions were substantiated by demonstration that addition of one of the regions, 25A-27E, causes a 50% elevation in the relative amount of formamidase II. Addition of the other region, 91B-93F, causes a similar elevation in the relative amount of formamidase I. A model of the evolutionary origin of the two forms is presented, and the significance of these results to this model is discussed.", "PMID": 83140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8926", "title": "Effect of glutamine on the degradation of glutamine synthetase in hepatoma tissue-culture cells.", "content": "In certain lines of hepatoma tissue-culture cells, the extracellular glutamine concentration regulates the specific activity of glutamine synthetase. By quantifying the radioactivity in immunoprecipitated glutamine synthetase on polyacrylamide gels, we found that the rate of degradation, but not of synthesis, of glutamine synthetase is a sensitive function of extracellular glutamine. The activiy that degrades this enzyme appears to be labile.", "contents": "Effect of glutamine on the degradation of glutamine synthetase in hepatoma tissue-culture cells. In certain lines of hepatoma tissue-culture cells, the extracellular glutamine concentration regulates the specific activity of glutamine synthetase. By quantifying the radioactivity in immunoprecipitated glutamine synthetase on polyacrylamide gels, we found that the rate of degradation, but not of synthesis, of glutamine synthetase is a sensitive function of extracellular glutamine. The activiy that degrades this enzyme appears to be labile.", "PMID": 83141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8927", "title": "Demonstration of beta 1H globulin together with C3 in the dermal-epidermal junction of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Skin lesions and clinically normal skin from 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of C3 and its control protein, beta 1H globulin. beta 1Hwas always found in association with deposited C3; in the instance where C3 deposits were not found beta 1H was also not found. Granular deposits of C3 and beta 1H were found in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) in all of the 5 nonlesional skins studied. In the lesional skin, C3 was found in 4 of 5; in 2 of these 4, beta 1H was also found. As previously demonstrated for in vitro systems, beta 1H also binds in vivo to fragments of C3, presumably C3b, generated during activation of the complement system.", "contents": "Demonstration of beta 1H globulin together with C3 in the dermal-epidermal junction of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Skin lesions and clinically normal skin from 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of C3 and its control protein, beta 1H globulin. beta 1Hwas always found in association with deposited C3; in the instance where C3 deposits were not found beta 1H was also not found. Granular deposits of C3 and beta 1H were found in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) in all of the 5 nonlesional skins studied. In the lesional skin, C3 was found in 4 of 5; in 2 of these 4, beta 1H was also found. As previously demonstrated for in vitro systems, beta 1H also binds in vivo to fragments of C3, presumably C3b, generated during activation of the complement system.", "PMID": 83148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8928", "title": "Bleomycin lung damage: the pathology and nature of the lesion.", "content": "The pathology of two cases of pulmonary damage due to bleomycin is described. The drug damages the alveolar walls. A sequence of pathological changes could be traced commencing with oedema, intra-alveolar fibrin and haemorrhage, followed by type II pneumocyte hyperplasia associated with bronchial epithelial squamous metaplasia. This led to intra-alveolar and alveolar wall collagen formation producing diffuse interstitial fibrosis with microcyst formation associated with cuboidalization of the epithelium. These changes are similar to those seen in experimental bleomycin damage in mice, where it has been shown that the changes are the result of vascular damage and type I pneumocyte necrosis. It is inferred that human diffuse alveolar damage develops in the same way.", "contents": "Bleomycin lung damage: the pathology and nature of the lesion. The pathology of two cases of pulmonary damage due to bleomycin is described. The drug damages the alveolar walls. A sequence of pathological changes could be traced commencing with oedema, intra-alveolar fibrin and haemorrhage, followed by type II pneumocyte hyperplasia associated with bronchial epithelial squamous metaplasia. This led to intra-alveolar and alveolar wall collagen formation producing diffuse interstitial fibrosis with microcyst formation associated with cuboidalization of the epithelium. These changes are similar to those seen in experimental bleomycin damage in mice, where it has been shown that the changes are the result of vascular damage and type I pneumocyte necrosis. It is inferred that human diffuse alveolar damage develops in the same way.", "PMID": 83150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8929", "title": "A case of atypical polyagglutinability due to Tk-transformation.", "content": "A case of acquired transient polyagglutinability in a group O, Rh(D) positive female patient, Wa, is described. An unusual finding in the preliminary serological investigation was the non-reaction of the cells with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) extract. The patient's red cells were strongly agglutinated by normal human and rabbit sera from which anti-T had been removed. Electrophoretic mobility studies and tests with polybrene indicated that their sialic acid content was normal. The use of a specific antiserum raised in a rabbit to Wa cells and cross-absorption tests showed that the patient's erythrocytes shared similar antigenic determinants to red cells treated with supernatants from pure cultures of Bacteroides fragilis. The in vitro-modified red cells reacted strongly with BS II lectin prepared from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds thus providing confirmatory evidence for Tk transformation on Wa cells. It is concluded that the Tk receptor is probably a more frequent feature of acquired transient polyagglutinability than has hitherto been recognized.", "contents": "A case of atypical polyagglutinability due to Tk-transformation. A case of acquired transient polyagglutinability in a group O, Rh(D) positive female patient, Wa, is described. An unusual finding in the preliminary serological investigation was the non-reaction of the cells with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) extract. The patient's red cells were strongly agglutinated by normal human and rabbit sera from which anti-T had been removed. Electrophoretic mobility studies and tests with polybrene indicated that their sialic acid content was normal. The use of a specific antiserum raised in a rabbit to Wa cells and cross-absorption tests showed that the patient's erythrocytes shared similar antigenic determinants to red cells treated with supernatants from pure cultures of Bacteroides fragilis. The in vitro-modified red cells reacted strongly with BS II lectin prepared from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds thus providing confirmatory evidence for Tk transformation on Wa cells. It is concluded that the Tk receptor is probably a more frequent feature of acquired transient polyagglutinability than has hitherto been recognized.", "PMID": 83151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8930", "title": "Protein allergens of white-faced hornet, yellow hornet, and yellow jacket venoms.", "content": "White-faced hornet, yellow hornet, and yellow jacket venoms have very similar protein compositions; each contains mainly three basic proteins. Two of these proteins have hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities and the third one, designated as antigen 5, is of as yet unidentified biochemical function. These three proteins have molecular weights of about 45 000, 35 000, and 25 000, respectively. The three proteins of white-faced hornet venom have been purified to near homogeneity, while this is the case only for antigen 5 of yellow hornet and yellow jacket venoms. Strong antigenic cross-reaction of the hyaluronidase from these three vespid venoms was observed using specific rabbit anti-venom sera, while weak cross-reactions of phospholipases and of antigen 5s were observed. All three proteins are active as allergens to varying degrees in vespid sensitive individuals. With each vespid venom its antigen 5 seems to be the major allergen. The results help to clarify the commonly observed varying degrees of multiple sensitivity of people to different vespids.", "contents": "Protein allergens of white-faced hornet, yellow hornet, and yellow jacket venoms. White-faced hornet, yellow hornet, and yellow jacket venoms have very similar protein compositions; each contains mainly three basic proteins. Two of these proteins have hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities and the third one, designated as antigen 5, is of as yet unidentified biochemical function. These three proteins have molecular weights of about 45 000, 35 000, and 25 000, respectively. The three proteins of white-faced hornet venom have been purified to near homogeneity, while this is the case only for antigen 5 of yellow hornet and yellow jacket venoms. Strong antigenic cross-reaction of the hyaluronidase from these three vespid venoms was observed using specific rabbit anti-venom sera, while weak cross-reactions of phospholipases and of antigen 5s were observed. All three proteins are active as allergens to varying degrees in vespid sensitive individuals. With each vespid venom its antigen 5 seems to be the major allergen. The results help to clarify the commonly observed varying degrees of multiple sensitivity of people to different vespids.", "PMID": 83154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8931", "title": "Isolation of a porcine liver plasma membrane fraction that binds low density lipoproteins.", "content": "Large amounts of injected radiolabeled low density lipoproteins have been found by others to accumulate primarily in the liver and studies in various types of isolated cells, including hepatocytes, have indicated the presence of specific cell membrane recognition sites for lipoproteins. In the present studies, the high affinity binding of radiolabeled low density lipoproteins ([125I]LDL, d 1.020--1.063 g/mL) was measured in the major subcellular fractions of porcine liver homogenates. The nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were 1.9- and 1.4-fold enriched in binding activity with respect to unfractionated homogenates and contained 15% and 12% of the total binding activity, respectively. The  microsomes, which contained most of the plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, were approximately 4-fold enriched in binding and contained 73% of the binding activity. Microsomal subfractions obtained by differential homogenization and centrifugation procedures were 5.6--7.0-fold enriched in LDL binding and contained 54--58% of the homogenate binding activity. They were separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation into fractions which contained \"light\" and \"heavy\" plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum. The heavy membrane fraction was 2--4 fold in binding with respect to the parent microsomes (16--22 fold with respect to the homogenate). There was no enrichment of binding activity in the other two fractions. Two plasma membrane \"marker\" enzymes, nucleotide pyrophosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, were also followed. Of the two, binding in the sucrose density gradient subfractions most closely followed nucleotide pyrophosphatase, which was also most highly enriched (3.2--3.3-fold) in the heavy membrane fraction, but did not follow it exactly. The enzyme was 2-fold richer in the light membranes than in the parent microsomes, though the light membrane binding activity was only 0.4--1.4 times that of the parent microsomes. High affinity binding was time and temperature dependent, saturable, and inhibited by unlabeled low density lipoproteins but not by unrelated proteins. Binding was stimulated 2--3 fold Ca2+, was not affected by treatment with Pronase or trypsin and was inhibited by low concentrations of phospholipids and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Heparin-Mn2+ treatment of HDL did not affect its ability to inhibit [125I] LDL binding. The LDL recognition site was distinct from the liver membrane asialoglycoprotein receptor; LDL binding was not inhibited by desialidated fetuin. We conclude that porcine liver contains a high affinity binding site that recognizes features common to both pig low density and high density lipoproteins. Further studies may elucidate the significance of this binding site in lipoprotein metabolism.", "contents": "Isolation of a porcine liver plasma membrane fraction that binds low density lipoproteins. Large amounts of injected radiolabeled low density lipoproteins have been found by others to accumulate primarily in the liver and studies in various types of isolated cells, including hepatocytes, have indicated the presence of specific cell membrane recognition sites for lipoproteins. In the present studies, the high affinity binding of radiolabeled low density lipoproteins ([125I]LDL, d 1.020--1.063 g/mL) was measured in the major subcellular fractions of porcine liver homogenates. The nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were 1.9- and 1.4-fold enriched in binding activity with respect to unfractionated homogenates and contained 15% and 12% of the total binding activity, respectively. The  microsomes, which contained most of the plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, were approximately 4-fold enriched in binding and contained 73% of the binding activity. Microsomal subfractions obtained by differential homogenization and centrifugation procedures were 5.6--7.0-fold enriched in LDL binding and contained 54--58% of the homogenate binding activity. They were separated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation into fractions which contained \"light\" and \"heavy\" plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum. The heavy membrane fraction was 2--4 fold in binding with respect to the parent microsomes (16--22 fold with respect to the homogenate). There was no enrichment of binding activity in the other two fractions. Two plasma membrane \"marker\" enzymes, nucleotide pyrophosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, were also followed. Of the two, binding in the sucrose density gradient subfractions most closely followed nucleotide pyrophosphatase, which was also most highly enriched (3.2--3.3-fold) in the heavy membrane fraction, but did not follow it exactly. The enzyme was 2-fold richer in the light membranes than in the parent microsomes, though the light membrane binding activity was only 0.4--1.4 times that of the parent microsomes. High affinity binding was time and temperature dependent, saturable, and inhibited by unlabeled low density lipoproteins but not by unrelated proteins. Binding was stimulated 2--3 fold Ca2+, was not affected by treatment with Pronase or trypsin and was inhibited by low concentrations of phospholipids and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Heparin-Mn2+ treatment of HDL did not affect its ability to inhibit [125I] LDL binding. The LDL recognition site was distinct from the liver membrane asialoglycoprotein receptor; LDL binding was not inhibited by desialidated fetuin. We conclude that porcine liver contains a high affinity binding site that recognizes features common to both pig low density and high density lipoproteins. Further studies may elucidate the significance of this binding site in lipoprotein metabolism.", "PMID": 83156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8932", "title": "Hormonal induction of alpha2u-globulin synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Hepatocytes freshly prepared with collagenase synthesize alpha 2u-globulin and other hepatic proteins in vitro at approximately the same rate throughout 30 h of incubation. The newly synthesized proteins are efficiently secreted into the medium throughout this period. That the secretion of proteins by hepatocytes is not due to cell leakage is shown by the fact that 30 micrometer colchicine prevents the appearance of labeled alpha2u-globulin and other proteins in the medium. Hepatocytes isolated from animals in different endocrine states synthesize alpha2u-globulin in vitro at rates consistent with the hormonal effects upon its in vivo biosynthesis. In vitro addition of androgens to hepatocytes isolated from castrated male rats evokes an elevation of general protein synthesis in these hepatocytes. Glucocorticoids, added in vitro, specifically induce and elevated rate of alpha2u-globulin synthesis.", "contents": "Hormonal induction of alpha2u-globulin synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes freshly prepared with collagenase synthesize alpha 2u-globulin and other hepatic proteins in vitro at approximately the same rate throughout 30 h of incubation. The newly synthesized proteins are efficiently secreted into the medium throughout this period. That the secretion of proteins by hepatocytes is not due to cell leakage is shown by the fact that 30 micrometer colchicine prevents the appearance of labeled alpha2u-globulin and other proteins in the medium. Hepatocytes isolated from animals in different endocrine states synthesize alpha2u-globulin in vitro at rates consistent with the hormonal effects upon its in vivo biosynthesis. In vitro addition of androgens to hepatocytes isolated from castrated male rats evokes an elevation of general protein synthesis in these hepatocytes. Glucocorticoids, added in vitro, specifically induce and elevated rate of alpha2u-globulin synthesis.", "PMID": 83157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8933", "title": "Location of major antigenic sites of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Purified beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was partially reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol, carboxymethylated, and digested with chymotrypsin. The peptides were isolated by high-voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Five major disulfide-containing peptides were isolated, and their location in the parent molecule was established by amino acid composition and amino- and carboxy-terminal analyses. All of these peptides inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled hCG by anti-beta hCG serum. The inhibitory effect of these peptides was lost when their disulfide bonds were reduced and alkylated. Synthetic carboxy-terminal peptides were not inhibitory. Based on these data it is concluded that a major antigenic site of hCG resides in the region of residues 21-23 with a disulfide bond connecting cysteine-23 or -26 with the cysteines at positions 72 or 110.", "contents": "Location of major antigenic sites of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Purified beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was partially reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol, carboxymethylated, and digested with chymotrypsin. The peptides were isolated by high-voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Five major disulfide-containing peptides were isolated, and their location in the parent molecule was established by amino acid composition and amino- and carboxy-terminal analyses. All of these peptides inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled hCG by anti-beta hCG serum. The inhibitory effect of these peptides was lost when their disulfide bonds were reduced and alkylated. Synthetic carboxy-terminal peptides were not inhibitory. Based on these data it is concluded that a major antigenic site of hCG resides in the region of residues 21-23 with a disulfide bond connecting cysteine-23 or -26 with the cysteines at positions 72 or 110.", "PMID": 83160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8934", "title": "Binding of fatty acids and tryptophan to alpha-fetoprotein from fetal pigs.", "content": "Using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, we have shown that plamitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids as well as tryptophan bind to alpha-fetoprotein derived from fetal swine serum. It is also shown that these ligands bind to albumin from both fetal and adult swine serum. The results suggest that alpha-fetoprotein in the fetus has transport functions similar to albumin in the adult.", "contents": "Binding of fatty acids and tryptophan to alpha-fetoprotein from fetal pigs. Using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, we have shown that plamitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids as well as tryptophan bind to alpha-fetoprotein derived from fetal swine serum. It is also shown that these ligands bind to albumin from both fetal and adult swine serum. The results suggest that alpha-fetoprotein in the fetus has transport functions similar to albumin in the adult.", "PMID": 83161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8935", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide interferes with the staining of lipoprotein on polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "After electrophoresis of total membrane preparations of Escherichia coli B on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subsequent staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue, a band corresponding to the Braun lipoprotein fails to appear. This is in contrast to similar preparations of E. coli K-12 which do display the lipoprotein upon staining. Experiments described below indicate that failure to observe this protein in E. coli B is due to interference in the staining reaction by the lipopolysaccharide present in the membrane preparations.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide interferes with the staining of lipoprotein on polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis of total membrane preparations of Escherichia coli B on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subsequent staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue, a band corresponding to the Braun lipoprotein fails to appear. This is in contrast to similar preparations of E. coli K-12 which do display the lipoprotein upon staining. Experiments described below indicate that failure to observe this protein in E. coli B is due to interference in the staining reaction by the lipopolysaccharide present in the membrane preparations.", "PMID": 83162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8936", "title": "The effect of antibiotics on the photocycle and protoncycle of purple membrane suspensions.", "content": "The interrelation was studied between the phototransient absorbing maximally at 412 nm (M412) and light-induced proton release under steady-state conditions in aqueous suspensions of 'purple membrane' derived from Halobacterium halobium. The decay of M412 was slowed down by the simultaneous application of the ionophoric antibiotics valinomycin and beauvericin. The former had only slight activity alone and the latter was effective only in conjunction with valinomycin. The steady-state concentration of M412 which was formed on illumination was a direct function of the concentration of valinomycin. Maximum stabilization of M412 was obtained when the valinomycin was approximately equimolar with the bacteriorhodopsin. Addition of salts to the medium increased the number of protons released per molecule of M412 without affecting the level of M412 which was produced by continuous illumination. The effectiveness of the salts in this respect depended on the nature of the cation. Ca2+ and their antagonists La3+ and ruthenium red were found to have especially high affinity for the system. The extent of light-induced acidification could not be enhanced by increasing the pH of the medium from 6.5 to 7.8. The possible mechanism of action of the ionophores and of the cations on the photocycle and on the proton cycle is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of antibiotics on the photocycle and protoncycle of purple membrane suspensions. The interrelation was studied between the phototransient absorbing maximally at 412 nm (M412) and light-induced proton release under steady-state conditions in aqueous suspensions of 'purple membrane' derived from Halobacterium halobium. The decay of M412 was slowed down by the simultaneous application of the ionophoric antibiotics valinomycin and beauvericin. The former had only slight activity alone and the latter was effective only in conjunction with valinomycin. The steady-state concentration of M412 which was formed on illumination was a direct function of the concentration of valinomycin. Maximum stabilization of M412 was obtained when the valinomycin was approximately equimolar with the bacteriorhodopsin. Addition of salts to the medium increased the number of protons released per molecule of M412 without affecting the level of M412 which was produced by continuous illumination. The effectiveness of the salts in this respect depended on the nature of the cation. Ca2+ and their antagonists La3+ and ruthenium red were found to have especially high affinity for the system. The extent of light-induced acidification could not be enhanced by increasing the pH of the medium from 6.5 to 7.8. The possible mechanism of action of the ionophores and of the cations on the photocycle and on the proton cycle is discussed.", "PMID": 83163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8937", "title": "Interactions in vitro and in vivo between rat serum protease inhibitors and anodal and cathodal rat trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "Reaction mixtures of increasing amounts of the pancreatic homologous proteases, anodal and cathodal chymotrypsin and trypsin, respectively, and normal rat serum were analyzed by immunoelectrophoretic methods in order to determine their distribution on serum protease inhibitors. This paper concerns three proteins occurring in normal serum and capable of binding protease viz. alpha1-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-inhibitor 3. The distribution of the enzymes among these protease inhibitors differed significantly from one protease to another. The distribution of the proteases among the serum protease inhibitors following intravenous injection of 125I-labelled proteases corresponded to that in vitro. Complexes formed with alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha1-inhibitor 3 were quickly eliminated irrespective of the enzyme species used, whereas those formed with alpha1-antitrypsin persisted much longer in the circulation.", "contents": "Interactions in vitro and in vivo between rat serum protease inhibitors and anodal and cathodal rat trypsin and chymotrypsin. Reaction mixtures of increasing amounts of the pancreatic homologous proteases, anodal and cathodal chymotrypsin and trypsin, respectively, and normal rat serum were analyzed by immunoelectrophoretic methods in order to determine their distribution on serum protease inhibitors. This paper concerns three proteins occurring in normal serum and capable of binding protease viz. alpha1-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-inhibitor 3. The distribution of the enzymes among these protease inhibitors differed significantly from one protease to another. The distribution of the proteases among the serum protease inhibitors following intravenous injection of 125I-labelled proteases corresponded to that in vitro. Complexes formed with alpha1-macroglobulin and alpha1-inhibitor 3 were quickly eliminated irrespective of the enzyme species used, whereas those formed with alpha1-antitrypsin persisted much longer in the circulation.", "PMID": 83164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8938", "title": "Purification of tadpole collagenase and characterization using collagen and synthetic substrates.", "content": "Tadpole collagenase hydrolyzed native and denatured collagen and synthetic peptides with sequences of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-prolyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-arginie amide and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-prolyl-L-glutaminyl-glycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-glutaminyl-D-arginine. The specific enzyme activity against the latter substrate and collagen fibrils is found to be 933 nmol/min per mg protein and 8440 units (microgram collagen degraded/min), respectively. Optimum pH for the enzyme is 7.5-8.5. A collagenase complex with alpha2-macroglobulin did not hydrolyze collagen fibrils, but digested the synthetic substrates at the Gly-Ile bond. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Immunoelectrophoresis of the enzyme at pH 8.6 against anti-tadpole collagenase rabbit immunoglobulin G shows a single precipitin line at a position migrating faster than human serum albumin and corresponding to enzyme activity against collagen fibril and synthetic substrates.", "contents": "Purification of tadpole collagenase and characterization using collagen and synthetic substrates. Tadpole collagenase hydrolyzed native and denatured collagen and synthetic peptides with sequences of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-prolyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-arginie amide and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-prolyl-L-glutaminyl-glycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanylglycyl-L-glutaminyl-D-arginine. The specific enzyme activity against the latter substrate and collagen fibrils is found to be 933 nmol/min per mg protein and 8440 units (microgram collagen degraded/min), respectively. Optimum pH for the enzyme is 7.5-8.5. A collagenase complex with alpha2-macroglobulin did not hydrolyze collagen fibrils, but digested the synthetic substrates at the Gly-Ile bond. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. Immunoelectrophoresis of the enzyme at pH 8.6 against anti-tadpole collagenase rabbit immunoglobulin G shows a single precipitin line at a position migrating faster than human serum albumin and corresponding to enzyme activity against collagen fibril and synthetic substrates.", "PMID": 83165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8939", "title": "[Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the interactions between steroid hormones and binding proteins].", "content": "Interaction of a spin labeled corticosteroid (desoxycorticosterone nitroxyde: DOC -NO) with three purified proteins (albumin, transcortin, progesterone binding protein: PBG) was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. DOC-NO was competitive with natural corticosteroids and therefore bound at the same site to specific binding proteins. ESR spectra in the presence of each of the proteins showed an immobilized (bound) form of the spin labeled steroid and allowed the calculation of the corresponding association constant (Ka) at equilibrium. The three binding proteins could be characterized by the ESR parameters of the DOC-NO bound form. The thermodynamic parameters (deltaH, deltaS) of the steroid-protein interactions were calculated from the ESR data obtained within a wide temperature range (3--40 degrees C). The ESR spectra width (2T) was used to evaluate the polarity of the spin label environment within the steroid binding site: a hydrophobic character was observed for transcortin whereas PBG exhibited a more hydrophilic steroid binding sits. The rotational correlation time of the three protein DOC-NO complexes at equilibrium were calculated from ESR data; the results were correlated with the protein molecular size and suggested a non spherical shape for the binding macromolecule in solution. Spin labelling of biologically active steroids thus provides a novel approach for the study of the interaction of these hormones with their binding protein. Providing a suitable spin label, the ESR parameters may allow the characterization of several types of binding sites of different biological significance for the same hormone, in biological fluids as well as in target tissues.", "contents": "[Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the interactions between steroid hormones and binding proteins]. Interaction of a spin labeled corticosteroid (desoxycorticosterone nitroxyde: DOC -NO) with three purified proteins (albumin, transcortin, progesterone binding protein: PBG) was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. DOC-NO was competitive with natural corticosteroids and therefore bound at the same site to specific binding proteins. ESR spectra in the presence of each of the proteins showed an immobilized (bound) form of the spin labeled steroid and allowed the calculation of the corresponding association constant (Ka) at equilibrium. The three binding proteins could be characterized by the ESR parameters of the DOC-NO bound form. The thermodynamic parameters (deltaH, deltaS) of the steroid-protein interactions were calculated from the ESR data obtained within a wide temperature range (3--40 degrees C). The ESR spectra width (2T) was used to evaluate the polarity of the spin label environment within the steroid binding site: a hydrophobic character was observed for transcortin whereas PBG exhibited a more hydrophilic steroid binding sits. The rotational correlation time of the three protein DOC-NO complexes at equilibrium were calculated from ESR data; the results were correlated with the protein molecular size and suggested a non spherical shape for the binding macromolecule in solution. Spin labelling of biologically active steroids thus provides a novel approach for the study of the interaction of these hormones with their binding protein. Providing a suitable spin label, the ESR parameters may allow the characterization of several types of binding sites of different biological significance for the same hormone, in biological fluids as well as in target tissues.", "PMID": 83166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8940", "title": "The biology of social attachments: opiates alleviate separation distress.", "content": "The possibility that brain opiate systems participate in the control of social affect was assessed by determining capacity of low doses of exogenous opiates (0.125-0.50 mg/kg oxymorphone, and 0.10-0.50 mg/kg morphine sulfate) to reduce distress vocalizations of socially isolated puppies. Low doses of opiates were capable of profoundly reducing crying as well as the motor agitation they exhibit during brief periods of social isolation. Since reductions in crying could be obtained with morphine in the absence of any gross behavioral disturbances, the possibility is entertained that brain opiates may function to control the intensity of emotions arising from social separation. Possible parallels between the biological nature of narcotic addiction and the formation of social bonds are discussed.", "contents": "The biology of social attachments: opiates alleviate separation distress. The possibility that brain opiate systems participate in the control of social affect was assessed by determining capacity of low doses of exogenous opiates (0.125-0.50 mg/kg oxymorphone, and 0.10-0.50 mg/kg morphine sulfate) to reduce distress vocalizations of socially isolated puppies. Low doses of opiates were capable of profoundly reducing crying as well as the motor agitation they exhibit during brief periods of social isolation. Since reductions in crying could be obtained with morphine in the absence of any gross behavioral disturbances, the possibility is entertained that brain opiates may function to control the intensity of emotions arising from social separation. Possible parallels between the biological nature of narcotic addiction and the formation of social bonds are discussed.", "PMID": 83167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8941", "title": "[Cytophotometry of DNA in serial sections].", "content": "DNA of leprosy cells in serial paraffine sections stained after Felgen were studied photometrically in scanning microscope SPM with electron computer Wang 720C. Significant differences in extinction values (up to 30--35%) between individual sections within the same series were revealed. Cumulative results of different series were rather uniform. It was concluded that photometric studies of serial sections should be carried out for reliable determination of DNA.", "contents": "[Cytophotometry of DNA in serial sections]. DNA of leprosy cells in serial paraffine sections stained after Felgen were studied photometrically in scanning microscope SPM with electron computer Wang 720C. Significant differences in extinction values (up to 30--35%) between individual sections within the same series were revealed. Cumulative results of different series were rather uniform. It was concluded that photometric studies of serial sections should be carried out for reliable determination of DNA.", "PMID": 83169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8942", "title": "Purification and characterization of mouse brain Thy-1.2 differentiation alloantigen.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation of C57BI/6J mouse brains produced a crude synaptosome preparation which contained virtually all of the Thy-1.2 antigenic activity of the isotonic whole brain homogenate. The Thy-1.2 was solubilized from the synaptosomes, following delipidation with acetone, by deoxycholate extraction. A glycoprotein fraction rich in Thy-1.2 was isolated from the bulk of the detergent-soluble material by lectin affinity chromatography. Fractionation of the lectin retentate by gel filtration chromatography produced a single peak of Thy-1.2 activity purified more than 2000-fold over the original homogenate. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this material revealed a single band which corresponded to an apparent molecular weight of 24,000. Amino acid composition data indicated that the protein portion of the molecule is similar to Thy-1.1 from mouse lymphoblastoid cells. Carbohydrate analysis revealed a qualitative similarity between mouse brain Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 from rat brain. Structural differences which could account for the Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 antigenic distinctions are apparently too subtle to be detected by compositional analysis.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of mouse brain Thy-1.2 differentiation alloantigen. Subcellular fractionation of C57BI/6J mouse brains produced a crude synaptosome preparation which contained virtually all of the Thy-1.2 antigenic activity of the isotonic whole brain homogenate. The Thy-1.2 was solubilized from the synaptosomes, following delipidation with acetone, by deoxycholate extraction. A glycoprotein fraction rich in Thy-1.2 was isolated from the bulk of the detergent-soluble material by lectin affinity chromatography. Fractionation of the lectin retentate by gel filtration chromatography produced a single peak of Thy-1.2 activity purified more than 2000-fold over the original homogenate. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this material revealed a single band which corresponded to an apparent molecular weight of 24,000. Amino acid composition data indicated that the protein portion of the molecule is similar to Thy-1.1 from mouse lymphoblastoid cells. Carbohydrate analysis revealed a qualitative similarity between mouse brain Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 from rat brain. Structural differences which could account for the Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2 antigenic distinctions are apparently too subtle to be detected by compositional analysis.", "PMID": 83175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8943", "title": "Comparison of active zones in spinal cord of anesthetized and unanesthetized rats: a high voltage electron microscope study.", "content": "High voltage electronmicroscopy was applied to the study of presynaptic nerve terminals and specifically the arrangement and staining properties of synaptic vesicles in and around the active zone. The zinc iodideosmium tetroxide technique was used for the impregnation of neuropil derived from the spinal cord of anesthetized (40 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium) and unanesthetized rats. Under optimal conditions of section thickness and tilt angles stereoscopic views of a paracrystalline lattice arrangement of synaptic vesicles could be ascertained. The ZIO affinity was significantly higher in synaptic vesicles of the anesthetized as compared with the unanesthetized preparations.", "contents": "Comparison of active zones in spinal cord of anesthetized and unanesthetized rats: a high voltage electron microscope study. High voltage electronmicroscopy was applied to the study of presynaptic nerve terminals and specifically the arrangement and staining properties of synaptic vesicles in and around the active zone. The zinc iodideosmium tetroxide technique was used for the impregnation of neuropil derived from the spinal cord of anesthetized (40 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium) and unanesthetized rats. Under optimal conditions of section thickness and tilt angles stereoscopic views of a paracrystalline lattice arrangement of synaptic vesicles could be ascertained. The ZIO affinity was significantly higher in synaptic vesicles of the anesthetized as compared with the unanesthetized preparations.", "PMID": 83178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8944", "title": "Subcellular and polypeptide distributions of slowly transported proteins in the garfish olfactory nerve.", "content": "In the garfish olfactory nerve proteins labeled with [3H]leucine are transported by slow axonal flow as a well-defined crest of radioactivity. At 21 degrees C slow flow moves along the axon with a velocity of 0.92 +/- 0.02 mm/day. It has been possible to analyze 4 subcellular fractions (soluble, mitochondrial and 2 membranous) as well as their polypeptide composition, in areas of the nerve containing (1) the slow moving crest, (2) the material remaining in the nerve behind the crest, and (3) the labeling present in front of the slow crest. Analyses were done 70 and 110 days after isotope deposition. The crest of slow moving radioactivity is characterized by a close parallelism between labeling and protein concentration in the subcellular fractions as well as among the polypeptides constituting these fractions. The radioactivity is mainly associated with mol. wt. of 14,000, 30-45,000, 58,000 and 68,000. This last peak corresponds to a protein not labeled by fast transport, present only in the light membranous fraction. The composition of the moving crest remains essentially constant during the 40-day period investigated. Most of the slow-moving molecules remain in the axon behind the moving crest. This deposited material appears to be redistributed and/or to be turning over more rapidly than the molecules still moving in the crest. A large amount of radioactivity was recovered in front of the moving crest. This might be produced by molecules deposited by fast transport and by material released from the cell body at rates intermediate between the fast and slow phases of transport. The subcellular and polypeptide compositions of this area of the nerve remain constant and are intermediate between the compositions of fast and slow flow. The slowly transported labeled polypeptides in the mitochondrial fraction are of low molecular weight, and were found to be similar in the various areas of the nerve and at the two time points studied, and were even similar to the polypeptide distribution determined for fast transport.", "contents": "Subcellular and polypeptide distributions of slowly transported proteins in the garfish olfactory nerve. In the garfish olfactory nerve proteins labeled with [3H]leucine are transported by slow axonal flow as a well-defined crest of radioactivity. At 21 degrees C slow flow moves along the axon with a velocity of 0.92 +/- 0.02 mm/day. It has been possible to analyze 4 subcellular fractions (soluble, mitochondrial and 2 membranous) as well as their polypeptide composition, in areas of the nerve containing (1) the slow moving crest, (2) the material remaining in the nerve behind the crest, and (3) the labeling present in front of the slow crest. Analyses were done 70 and 110 days after isotope deposition. The crest of slow moving radioactivity is characterized by a close parallelism between labeling and protein concentration in the subcellular fractions as well as among the polypeptides constituting these fractions. The radioactivity is mainly associated with mol. wt. of 14,000, 30-45,000, 58,000 and 68,000. This last peak corresponds to a protein not labeled by fast transport, present only in the light membranous fraction. The composition of the moving crest remains essentially constant during the 40-day period investigated. Most of the slow-moving molecules remain in the axon behind the moving crest. This deposited material appears to be redistributed and/or to be turning over more rapidly than the molecules still moving in the crest. A large amount of radioactivity was recovered in front of the moving crest. This might be produced by molecules deposited by fast transport and by material released from the cell body at rates intermediate between the fast and slow phases of transport. The subcellular and polypeptide compositions of this area of the nerve remain constant and are intermediate between the compositions of fast and slow flow. The slowly transported labeled polypeptides in the mitochondrial fraction are of low molecular weight, and were found to be similar in the various areas of the nerve and at the two time points studied, and were even similar to the polypeptide distribution determined for fast transport.", "PMID": 83181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8945", "title": "Afferent and efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus in cat revealed by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Afferent and efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG) of the cat have been demonstrated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection in the PBG, labelled cells were observed mainly in the deep layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC). The other labelled structures were the prepositus hypoglossi complex (PH), the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGV), the locus coeruleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the periaqueductal gray and the dorsomedial hypothalamic area. Efferent projections of the PBG were investigated by HRP injection in SC, LGV, PH, hypothalamus and in some acoustic relays, i.e. medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus. Only the PBG-SC projection appeared to be well systematized. The positive labelling of the PBG following injection of LGV and hypothalamus is discussed in terms of the specificity of the injection. The absence of afferent and efferent connections of the PGB with any acoustic relay tends to exclude this nucleus from the auditory system in contrast to previous suggestions. On the basis of the close reciprocal PBG-SC connections a possible role of the PBG within visuomotor tectal function is proposed.", "contents": "Afferent and efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus in cat revealed by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Afferent and efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG) of the cat have been demonstrated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection in the PBG, labelled cells were observed mainly in the deep layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus (SC). The other labelled structures were the prepositus hypoglossi complex (PH), the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGV), the locus coeruleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the periaqueductal gray and the dorsomedial hypothalamic area. Efferent projections of the PBG were investigated by HRP injection in SC, LGV, PH, hypothalamus and in some acoustic relays, i.e. medial geniculate body and inferior colliculus. Only the PBG-SC projection appeared to be well systematized. The positive labelling of the PBG following injection of LGV and hypothalamus is discussed in terms of the specificity of the injection. The absence of afferent and efferent connections of the PGB with any acoustic relay tends to exclude this nucleus from the auditory system in contrast to previous suggestions. On the basis of the close reciprocal PBG-SC connections a possible role of the PBG within visuomotor tectal function is proposed.", "PMID": 83182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8946", "title": "A multiwire proportional chamber study of axoplasmic transport in frog sciatic nerve involving interruption of somatic supply.", "content": "A multiwire proportional chamber was used to detect axoplasmic transport in isolated spinal-cord-sciatic nerve preparations in which the nerve cell bodies were exposed to L-[35S]methionine. The detector collected radiation from a series of 6-mm segments of sciatic nerve for consecutive periods of 30 min for the duration of experiments lasting 16--23 h. The radioactivity of each segment showed an initial plateau at background level followed by a rise which was approximately linear through time. Plots of the time at which the rise in radioactivity took place against the position of each segment of the nerve yielded transport velocities for the most rapidly moving label; at room temperature (21--23 degrees C) these were typically 150 mm/24 h. Approximately 1.5 h after the addition of 5 mM colchicine to the bathing solution the slope of the radioactivity-time curve decreased for all segments of the nerve; this indicated that the method satisfactorily detected impaired axoplasmic transport. If the sciatic nerve were severed at the proximal end of the preparation at about 9 h after the radioactive front had been established, the slope of the radioactivity-time curve for each nerve segment subsequently changed abruptly. Plots of the time at which the transition occurred against position in the nerve yielded transport velocities which did not differ statistically from those of the radioactive front. This transition time is thought to indicate the time at which the fastest labelled material left each segment of nerve. In some experiments, an additional change in slope occurred, possibly indicating the departure of the slowest material from each segment.", "contents": "A multiwire proportional chamber study of axoplasmic transport in frog sciatic nerve involving interruption of somatic supply. A multiwire proportional chamber was used to detect axoplasmic transport in isolated spinal-cord-sciatic nerve preparations in which the nerve cell bodies were exposed to L-[35S]methionine. The detector collected radiation from a series of 6-mm segments of sciatic nerve for consecutive periods of 30 min for the duration of experiments lasting 16--23 h. The radioactivity of each segment showed an initial plateau at background level followed by a rise which was approximately linear through time. Plots of the time at which the rise in radioactivity took place against the position of each segment of the nerve yielded transport velocities for the most rapidly moving label; at room temperature (21--23 degrees C) these were typically 150 mm/24 h. Approximately 1.5 h after the addition of 5 mM colchicine to the bathing solution the slope of the radioactivity-time curve decreased for all segments of the nerve; this indicated that the method satisfactorily detected impaired axoplasmic transport. If the sciatic nerve were severed at the proximal end of the preparation at about 9 h after the radioactive front had been established, the slope of the radioactivity-time curve for each nerve segment subsequently changed abruptly. Plots of the time at which the transition occurred against position in the nerve yielded transport velocities which did not differ statistically from those of the radioactive front. This transition time is thought to indicate the time at which the fastest labelled material left each segment of nerve. In some experiments, an additional change in slope occurred, possibly indicating the departure of the slowest material from each segment.", "PMID": 83183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8947", "title": "Purification of mouse alpha-foetoprotein by ampholyte displacement chromatography.", "content": "Mouse alpha-foetoprotein (alphaFP) was isolated from H4 hepatoma tissue using Con A-Sepharose salt gradient ion exchange chromatography and ampholyte displacement chromatography, the latter being a new method for a sharp separation of proteins based on their different isoelectric point. The purity of the alphaFP was demonstrated by (i) the absence of contaminant on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophetic gels, (ii) Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion against monospecific antimouse alphaFP and the absence of precipitation against a polyvalent antinormal mouse serum, (iii) the production of a monospecific antiserum in a rabbit after injection of the purified antigen, and (iv) immunological unreactivity of the produced antiserum against normal hepatic tissue.", "contents": "Purification of mouse alpha-foetoprotein by ampholyte displacement chromatography. Mouse alpha-foetoprotein (alphaFP) was isolated from H4 hepatoma tissue using Con A-Sepharose salt gradient ion exchange chromatography and ampholyte displacement chromatography, the latter being a new method for a sharp separation of proteins based on their different isoelectric point. The purity of the alphaFP was demonstrated by (i) the absence of contaminant on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophetic gels, (ii) Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion against monospecific antimouse alphaFP and the absence of precipitation against a polyvalent antinormal mouse serum, (iii) the production of a monospecific antiserum in a rabbit after injection of the purified antigen, and (iv) immunological unreactivity of the produced antiserum against normal hepatic tissue.", "PMID": 83184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8948", "title": "A method for the detection and analysis of growth patterns of microorganisms in soil.", "content": "A fluorescence-staining technique using the magnesium salt of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid is described and used to follow the changes in the distribution patterns of microorganisms in soils. A statistical procedure was used to determine the occurrence of significant differences in clumping of bacteria (i.e., production of colonies) in different regions of artificial soil-aggregate systems treated with nutrient solutions and also with a herbicide, Linuron. The response of soil microorganisms to glucose amendment was most marked in the aerobic, outer zone of aggregates. Linuron inhibited colony formation in aggregates treated with the herbicide. The method allows continued observations to be made on the same soil sample at intervals during incubation and os can be used to determine growth rates, inhibitory effects of chemicals, distribution patterns in soils, effects of added nutrients, and other effects where growth in situ is important.", "contents": "A method for the detection and analysis of growth patterns of microorganisms in soil. A fluorescence-staining technique using the magnesium salt of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid is described and used to follow the changes in the distribution patterns of microorganisms in soils. A statistical procedure was used to determine the occurrence of significant differences in clumping of bacteria (i.e., production of colonies) in different regions of artificial soil-aggregate systems treated with nutrient solutions and also with a herbicide, Linuron. The response of soil microorganisms to glucose amendment was most marked in the aerobic, outer zone of aggregates. Linuron inhibited colony formation in aggregates treated with the herbicide. The method allows continued observations to be made on the same soil sample at intervals during incubation and os can be used to determine growth rates, inhibitory effects of chemicals, distribution patterns in soils, effects of added nutrients, and other effects where growth in situ is important.", "PMID": 83185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8949", "title": "Use of fluorochromes for direct observation of microorganisms associated with wheat roots.", "content": "The use of several fluorochromes and staining methods was tried out for observation of microorganisms on the surface of wheat roots sampled from soil. Good contrast between fluorescence of microorganisms and fluorescence of root and soil structures was obtained after successive staining of roots with coriphosphine (1:2000, 15 min), congo red (1:10 000, 10 min), and acridine-orange (1:10 000, 2 min).", "contents": "Use of fluorochromes for direct observation of microorganisms associated with wheat roots. The use of several fluorochromes and staining methods was tried out for observation of microorganisms on the surface of wheat roots sampled from soil. Good contrast between fluorescence of microorganisms and fluorescence of root and soil structures was obtained after successive staining of roots with coriphosphine (1:2000, 15 min), congo red (1:10 000, 10 min), and acridine-orange (1:10 000, 2 min).", "PMID": 83186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8950", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in sera and tumor cells of patients with testicular seminoma: a prospective study.", "content": "The HCG and AFP have been quantitated in the sera of 130 patients with the diagnosis of testicular seminoma utilizing a specific double antibody radioimmunoassay. These tumor markers also were localized in tumor cells of some of these patients utilizing an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. 11 of 130 patients had elevated serum levels of HCG. The HCG molecules have been localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic giant cell (STGC) that is occasionally observed in seminomas. None of the patients with pure seminoma had an elevated level of serum AFP. We have concluded that in patients with pure seminoma the level of serum HCG can be elevated (10 of 130 or 7.6%), but we have not observed elevated serum levels of AFP in these patients.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in sera and tumor cells of patients with testicular seminoma: a prospective study. The HCG and AFP have been quantitated in the sera of 130 patients with the diagnosis of testicular seminoma utilizing a specific double antibody radioimmunoassay. These tumor markers also were localized in tumor cells of some of these patients utilizing an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. 11 of 130 patients had elevated serum levels of HCG. The HCG molecules have been localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic giant cell (STGC) that is occasionally observed in seminomas. None of the patients with pure seminoma had an elevated level of serum AFP. We have concluded that in patients with pure seminoma the level of serum HCG can be elevated (10 of 130 or 7.6%), but we have not observed elevated serum levels of AFP in these patients.", "PMID": 83187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8951", "title": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of a reverse transcriptase from human melanoma tissue.", "content": "An RNA-direct DNA polymerase was purified from human melanoma tissue by successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (DE-23 and DE-52) and phosphocellulose. The purified reverse transcriptase has a mol. wt. of 68,000, a pH optimum of 8.0, a Mn2+ optimum of 0.6 mM, and a KCl optimum of 60 mM. The purified enzyme transcribes (rA)n - (dT)12, (rC)n - (dG)18, (Ome-rC)n - (dG)18 and a 70s RNA from Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), but failed to transcribe (dA)n - (dT)12. This enzyme has no terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity. Serological studies have shown that the reverse transcriptase from human melanoma tissue is antigenically not related to DNA polymerases from Simian sarcoma virus (SiSV), Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), RLV, and human spleen of a patient with myelofibrosis. The purified enzyme showed a close antigenic resemblance to DNA polymerases from baboon endogenous virus (BEV) and rhabdomyosarcoma virus (RD-114), the endogenous virus of the cat.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological characterization of a reverse transcriptase from human melanoma tissue. An RNA-direct DNA polymerase was purified from human melanoma tissue by successive column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose (DE-23 and DE-52) and phosphocellulose. The purified reverse transcriptase has a mol. wt. of 68,000, a pH optimum of 8.0, a Mn2+ optimum of 0.6 mM, and a KCl optimum of 60 mM. The purified enzyme transcribes (rA)n - (dT)12, (rC)n - (dG)18, (Ome-rC)n - (dG)18 and a 70s RNA from Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), but failed to transcribe (dA)n - (dT)12. This enzyme has no terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity. Serological studies have shown that the reverse transcriptase from human melanoma tissue is antigenically not related to DNA polymerases from Simian sarcoma virus (SiSV), Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), RLV, and human spleen of a patient with myelofibrosis. The purified enzyme showed a close antigenic resemblance to DNA polymerases from baboon endogenous virus (BEV) and rhabdomyosarcoma virus (RD-114), the endogenous virus of the cat.", "PMID": 83188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8952", "title": "Isoprinosine: an overview.", "content": "Isoprinosine appears to have a relatively low degree of both acute and chronic toxicity in both rodent and nonrodent species. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that isoprinosine can inhibit the growth of both DNA and RNA viruses as well as potentiate cell-mediated immune response both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies with rhinovirus, herpesvirus, and influenza virus infections in man demonstrated that isoprinosine treatment reduced clinical symptoms and enhanced certain cell-mediated immune responses compared to placebo-treated controls.", "contents": "Isoprinosine: an overview. Isoprinosine appears to have a relatively low degree of both acute and chronic toxicity in both rodent and nonrodent species. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that isoprinosine can inhibit the growth of both DNA and RNA viruses as well as potentiate cell-mediated immune response both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies with rhinovirus, herpesvirus, and influenza virus infections in man demonstrated that isoprinosine treatment reduced clinical symptoms and enhanced certain cell-mediated immune responses compared to placebo-treated controls.", "PMID": 83189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8953", "title": "Isoprinosine increases the antitumor action of interferon.", "content": "The association of relatively low doses of interferon with an immunostimulant (isoprinosine) enhances the antitumor effect of interferon. After combined treatment, the mean survival time, tumor incidence, and final survival rate are significantly increased in mice inoculated with 10(6) Crocker tumor 180/TG cells when compared to mice treated with interferon alone.", "contents": "Isoprinosine increases the antitumor action of interferon. The association of relatively low doses of interferon with an immunostimulant (isoprinosine) enhances the antitumor effect of interferon. After combined treatment, the mean survival time, tumor incidence, and final survival rate are significantly increased in mice inoculated with 10(6) Crocker tumor 180/TG cells when compared to mice treated with interferon alone.", "PMID": 83190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8954", "title": "Preliminary characterization in mice of the effect of isoprinosine on the immune system.", "content": "A preliminary characterization of the immunomodulatory activity of isoprinosine in mice was conducted in both normal and tumor-bearing mice. Under the experimental conditions employed, isoprinosine given ip and orally was found to possess some immunomodulatory capacity in various  model systems. The compound appeared to preferentially influence T- but not B-cell responses; it did not apparently influence the functional capacity of macrophages, K cells, and NK cells.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization in mice of the effect of isoprinosine on the immune system. A preliminary characterization of the immunomodulatory activity of isoprinosine in mice was conducted in both normal and tumor-bearing mice. Under the experimental conditions employed, isoprinosine given ip and orally was found to possess some immunomodulatory capacity in various  model systems. The compound appeared to preferentially influence T- but not B-cell responses; it did not apparently influence the functional capacity of macrophages, K cells, and NK cells.", "PMID": 83191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8955", "title": "Effects of isoprinosine, levamisole, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213 on lymphocyte and macrophage function in vitro.", "content": "Four immunopotentiators, levamisole, isoprinosine, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213, were analyzed in vitro for their effect on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage proliferation and activation to kill Listeria monocytogenes. Isoprinosine augmented all three functions. Levamisole augmented lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage activation. Muramyl dipeptide and SM1213 induced macrophage activation directly. The effects of these agents on these cells at concentrations relevant to in vivo therapy support their immunopharmacologic application to modify cellular immunity.", "contents": "Effects of isoprinosine, levamisole, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213 on lymphocyte and macrophage function in vitro. Four immunopotentiators, levamisole, isoprinosine, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213, were analyzed in vitro for their effect on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage proliferation and activation to kill Listeria monocytogenes. Isoprinosine augmented all three functions. Levamisole augmented lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage activation. Muramyl dipeptide and SM1213 induced macrophage activation directly. The effects of these agents on these cells at concentrations relevant to in vivo therapy support their immunopharmacologic application to modify cellular immunity.", "PMID": 83192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8956", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the orthograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the supraoptico-neurohypophysial tract of the rat.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used as a protein tracer in order to visualize the ultrastructural sites of the orthograde transport of protein macromolecules in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the rat. After a local injection of HRP within the supraoptic nucleus, the reaction product was observed: (1) mainly in tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the more proximal part of the axons, and (2) in granules and microvesicles of the axon terminals. Observations on thick sections clearly showed the existence of a relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing HRP and the labeled granules or microvesicles. These data are in good agreement with previous findings showing the existence of direct continuity between tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a fraction of the neurosecretory granules and microvesicles. This evidence further reinforces the hypothesis that the latter organelles may possibly originate locally in the axons from the tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which may therefore be proposed as a possible vehicle for a non-granular intra-axonal transport of neurosecretory material in neurosecretory neurons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the orthograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the supraoptico-neurohypophysial tract of the rat. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used as a protein tracer in order to visualize the ultrastructural sites of the orthograde transport of protein macromolecules in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the rat. After a local injection of HRP within the supraoptic nucleus, the reaction product was observed: (1) mainly in tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the more proximal part of the axons, and (2) in granules and microvesicles of the axon terminals. Observations on thick sections clearly showed the existence of a relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing HRP and the labeled granules or microvesicles. These data are in good agreement with previous findings showing the existence of direct continuity between tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a fraction of the neurosecretory granules and microvesicles. This evidence further reinforces the hypothesis that the latter organelles may possibly originate locally in the axons from the tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which may therefore be proposed as a possible vehicle for a non-granular intra-axonal transport of neurosecretory material in neurosecretory neurons.", "PMID": 83193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8957", "title": "Horizontal cells of the carp retina: Golgi impregnation and Procion-Yellow injection.", "content": "Application of two methods for the selective staining of neurons, Golgi impregnation and intracellular marking with Procion Yellow, has revealed the anatomical arrangements of the horizontal cells in the carp retina. There are two basic horizontal-cell types, those with axons and these without. The former can be subdivided into three groups on the basis of the pattern of branching of the dendrites. These three structural groups are also functionally distinct, as shown by the electrical recordings made during Procion-Yellow injection. The axons of these three types of cell project into the proximal part of the inner nuclear layer, where they expand to form morphologically indistinguishable terminals. Fine horizontal processes leave the surfaces of these axon terminals. The functional behavior of a terminal resembles that of the associated soma. The horizontal cells lacking axons vary in morphological appearance, but they are similar functionally.", "contents": "Horizontal cells of the carp retina: Golgi impregnation and Procion-Yellow injection. Application of two methods for the selective staining of neurons, Golgi impregnation and intracellular marking with Procion Yellow, has revealed the anatomical arrangements of the horizontal cells in the carp retina. There are two basic horizontal-cell types, those with axons and these without. The former can be subdivided into three groups on the basis of the pattern of branching of the dendrites. These three structural groups are also functionally distinct, as shown by the electrical recordings made during Procion-Yellow injection. The axons of these three types of cell project into the proximal part of the inner nuclear layer, where they expand to form morphologically indistinguishable terminals. Fine horizontal processes leave the surfaces of these axon terminals. The functional behavior of a terminal resembles that of the associated soma. The horizontal cells lacking axons vary in morphological appearance, but they are similar functionally.", "PMID": 83194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8958", "title": "Cyclic AMP in relation to proliferation of the epidermal cell: a new view.", "content": "Four agents known to increase the level of cellular cAMP by different means (cholera toxin, dibutyryl cAMP, methyl isobutyl xanthine and isoproterenol) increase the growth of colonies of cultured human epidermal cells and of keratinocytes derived from other stratified squamous epithelia. This effect is due to an increase in the overall rate of cell proliferation in the colonies. When added to cultures under hitherto optimum conditions for epidermal cell growth [in the presence of supporting 3T3 cells and epidermal growth factor (EGF)], most of the agents exert an effect of considerable magnitude, the toxin being the most potent. Since the toxin exerts an effect in the absence of supporting 3T3 cells, it must be able to act directly on the keratinocytes. It can also act in the absence of ECF and of medium conditioned by 3T3 cells, although proliferation is greatest when supporting 3T3 cells and EGF are present. The increased proliferation in the presence of the toxin is associated with an increased proportion of small cells known to include the multiplying fraction. The use of toxin makes the cultivation of keratinocytes from epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia much easier and prolong the culture life of the cells. Whether cell proliferation in the intact epidermis is regulated through agents affecting cAMP (in a direction opposite to that suggested by much of the earlier literature) remains to be elucidated, but the existence of such a mechanism in cultured cells suggests that it may function in the intact epithelium.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP in relation to proliferation of the epidermal cell: a new view. Four agents known to increase the level of cellular cAMP by different means (cholera toxin, dibutyryl cAMP, methyl isobutyl xanthine and isoproterenol) increase the growth of colonies of cultured human epidermal cells and of keratinocytes derived from other stratified squamous epithelia. This effect is due to an increase in the overall rate of cell proliferation in the colonies. When added to cultures under hitherto optimum conditions for epidermal cell growth [in the presence of supporting 3T3 cells and epidermal growth factor (EGF)], most of the agents exert an effect of considerable magnitude, the toxin being the most potent. Since the toxin exerts an effect in the absence of supporting 3T3 cells, it must be able to act directly on the keratinocytes. It can also act in the absence of ECF and of medium conditioned by 3T3 cells, although proliferation is greatest when supporting 3T3 cells and EGF are present. The increased proliferation in the presence of the toxin is associated with an increased proportion of small cells known to include the multiplying fraction. The use of toxin makes the cultivation of keratinocytes from epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia much easier and prolong the culture life of the cells. Whether cell proliferation in the intact epidermis is regulated through agents affecting cAMP (in a direction opposite to that suggested by much of the earlier literature) remains to be elucidated, but the existence of such a mechanism in cultured cells suggests that it may function in the intact epithelium.", "PMID": 83196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8959", "title": "Co-regulation of type C RNA virus production and cell differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "Mouse myeloid leukemic cells which differ in their competence to be induced to differentiate by the normal macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI have been used to study the relationship between type C RNA virus production and myeloid cell differentiation. Clones which can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 rosettes, to synthesize and secrete lysozyme and to differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes (MGI+D+) were induced by MGI to produce higher amounts of type C virus. Clones (MGI+D-) that were less inducible by MGI for Fc and C3 rosettes and lysozyme and were not induced to from mature cells were also less inducible higher virus production. In both types of clones, the increased virus production induced by MGI preceded the induction of rosettes and lysozyme. Clones that were not induced by MGI for rosettes or lysozyme (MGI-D-) showed little or no enhancement of virus production. MGI did not affect virus production in erythroleukemic cells, and erythropoietin did not affect virus production in the myeloid leukemic cells. Dexamethasone, lipopolysaccharide, dimethylsulfoxide and low concentrations of actinomycin D can induce some differentiation-associated properties in some of the clones. With these compounds, there was also a direct relationship between the enhancement of virus production and induction of differentiation-associated properties. Virus released from the three types of clones before or after treatment with MGI or dexamethasone was identified as N-tropic. The enhancement of virus production, as measured by reverse transcriptase activity, was accompanied by an increase in the amount of the viral protein p30, and interferon, which idd not inhibit the induction of differentiation in the myeloid leukemic cells, also did not prevent the increase in the amount of p30. After the early enhancement of virus production associated with the induction of differentiation, a shut-off of virus production occurred in the mature cells induced by MGI in MGI+D+ clones, whereas clones that did not differentiate to mature cells continued to produce virus. The results indicate that enhancement of virus production appears to be an early step in the induction of differentiation. Once induction has occurred, the lack of virus production in the mature cells suggest that a subsequent shut-off of virus production may be required for the completion of differentiation to mature cells. This relationship between cell differentiation and virus production suggests that type C virus has a regulatory role in myeloid cell differentiation.", "contents": "Co-regulation of type C RNA virus production and cell differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells. Mouse myeloid leukemic cells which differ in their competence to be induced to differentiate by the normal macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI have been used to study the relationship between type C RNA virus production and myeloid cell differentiation. Clones which can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 rosettes, to synthesize and secrete lysozyme and to differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes (MGI+D+) were induced by MGI to produce higher amounts of type C virus. Clones (MGI+D-) that were less inducible by MGI for Fc and C3 rosettes and lysozyme and were not induced to from mature cells were also less inducible higher virus production. In both types of clones, the increased virus production induced by MGI preceded the induction of rosettes and lysozyme. Clones that were not induced by MGI for rosettes or lysozyme (MGI-D-) showed little or no enhancement of virus production. MGI did not affect virus production in erythroleukemic cells, and erythropoietin did not affect virus production in the myeloid leukemic cells. Dexamethasone, lipopolysaccharide, dimethylsulfoxide and low concentrations of actinomycin D can induce some differentiation-associated properties in some of the clones. With these compounds, there was also a direct relationship between the enhancement of virus production and induction of differentiation-associated properties. Virus released from the three types of clones before or after treatment with MGI or dexamethasone was identified as N-tropic. The enhancement of virus production, as measured by reverse transcriptase activity, was accompanied by an increase in the amount of the viral protein p30, and interferon, which idd not inhibit the induction of differentiation in the myeloid leukemic cells, also did not prevent the increase in the amount of p30. After the early enhancement of virus production associated with the induction of differentiation, a shut-off of virus production occurred in the mature cells induced by MGI in MGI+D+ clones, whereas clones that did not differentiate to mature cells continued to produce virus. The results indicate that enhancement of virus production appears to be an early step in the induction of differentiation. Once induction has occurred, the lack of virus production in the mature cells suggest that a subsequent shut-off of virus production may be required for the completion of differentiation to mature cells. This relationship between cell differentiation and virus production suggests that type C virus has a regulatory role in myeloid cell differentiation.", "PMID": 83197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8960", "title": "An avian oncovirus mutant (SE 21Q1b) deficient in genomic RNA: biological and biochemical characterization.", "content": "We have isolated a nonconditional mutant of PR-RSV-E with unique properties. This virus (SE 21Q1b) is shed from a continuously growing culture of transformed quail cells. 21Q1b virions are unable to transform or replicate in other quail or chicken cells after exogenous infection, despite the fact that the viral particles contain normal envelope glycoproteins, internal structural proteins and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The lack of infectivity of 21Q1b virions is a consequence of the failure to package genomic 39S RNA. Instead, these virions contain a mixture of heterogenous-sized polyadenylated cellular RNAs and 4S RNA. Less than 1% of the encapsulated RNA is viral-specific, although in the 21Q1b-producing cells, amounts of 39S, 28S and 21S viral RNAs comparable to those in wild-type virus-infected cells are synthesized and function as mRNAs for the viral proteins. Thus 21Q1b can be considered an RNA packaging mutant. Superinfection of 21Q1b cells with either RAV-1 or PR-A leads to production of about 10% or more of the normal titer of superinfecting virus, but none of the 21Q1b genetic markers are rescued. After superinfection, the 21Q1b cells continue to synthesize 21Q1b particles containing cellular RNAs in the same amounts as before infection. Thus superinfection does not appear to \"switch off\" the aberrant packaging of cellular RNA, but allows packaging of the superinfecting RNA. One explanation for the phenotype of 21Q1b is that the genome is lacking a signal necessary for efficient genomic RNA packaging (but not for translation) and that the 21Q1b genome encodes a \"packaging factor\" with an altered specificity so that cellular RNAs are efficiently packaged. 21Q1b virions do contain RNA-dependent DNA polymerase which has normal endogenous synthetic activity. The cDNA product made in vitro from detergent-lysed 21Q1b virions hybridizes equally well to uninfected quail and 21Q1b-producing quail cell RNAs, with kinetics suggesting that the endogenous product consists of transcripts of cellular RNAs present in low amounts in the cells.", "contents": "An avian oncovirus mutant (SE 21Q1b) deficient in genomic RNA: biological and biochemical characterization. We have isolated a nonconditional mutant of PR-RSV-E with unique properties. This virus (SE 21Q1b) is shed from a continuously growing culture of transformed quail cells. 21Q1b virions are unable to transform or replicate in other quail or chicken cells after exogenous infection, despite the fact that the viral particles contain normal envelope glycoproteins, internal structural proteins and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The lack of infectivity of 21Q1b virions is a consequence of the failure to package genomic 39S RNA. Instead, these virions contain a mixture of heterogenous-sized polyadenylated cellular RNAs and 4S RNA. Less than 1% of the encapsulated RNA is viral-specific, although in the 21Q1b-producing cells, amounts of 39S, 28S and 21S viral RNAs comparable to those in wild-type virus-infected cells are synthesized and function as mRNAs for the viral proteins. Thus 21Q1b can be considered an RNA packaging mutant. Superinfection of 21Q1b cells with either RAV-1 or PR-A leads to production of about 10% or more of the normal titer of superinfecting virus, but none of the 21Q1b genetic markers are rescued. After superinfection, the 21Q1b cells continue to synthesize 21Q1b particles containing cellular RNAs in the same amounts as before infection. Thus superinfection does not appear to \"switch off\" the aberrant packaging of cellular RNA, but allows packaging of the superinfecting RNA. One explanation for the phenotype of 21Q1b is that the genome is lacking a signal necessary for efficient genomic RNA packaging (but not for translation) and that the 21Q1b genome encodes a \"packaging factor\" with an altered specificity so that cellular RNAs are efficiently packaged. 21Q1b virions do contain RNA-dependent DNA polymerase which has normal endogenous synthetic activity. The cDNA product made in vitro from detergent-lysed 21Q1b virions hybridizes equally well to uninfected quail and 21Q1b-producing quail cell RNAs, with kinetics suggesting that the endogenous product consists of transcripts of cellular RNAs present in low amounts in the cells.", "PMID": 83199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8961", "title": "[Yolk sac tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis was made from a histopathological and clinical standpoint of 6 cases of yolk sac tumor over a period of 15 years, treated in the first surgical department of the University of Hokkaido. All these cases, with the exception of one retroperitoneal tumor, were diagnosed as embryonic carcinomas before the study. AFP were examined throughout the duration of treatment and their levels reflected changes corresponding to the effects of treatment and recurrence. They were seen in the form of special fluorescence in the tumor cells using the antibody immunofluorescence method. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be effective, but the prognosis of these tumors is poor. Amongst the cases mentioned, only the child with a tumor of testicular origin is in good health.", "contents": "[Yolk sac tumor (author's transl)]. An analysis was made from a histopathological and clinical standpoint of 6 cases of yolk sac tumor over a period of 15 years, treated in the first surgical department of the University of Hokkaido. All these cases, with the exception of one retroperitoneal tumor, were diagnosed as embryonic carcinomas before the study. AFP were examined throughout the duration of treatment and their levels reflected changes corresponding to the effects of treatment and recurrence. They were seen in the form of special fluorescence in the tumor cells using the antibody immunofluorescence method. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be effective, but the prognosis of these tumors is poor. Amongst the cases mentioned, only the child with a tumor of testicular origin is in good health.", "PMID": 83205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8962", "title": "[Isoelectric focusing of the serum vitamin D transport protein (DBP) and the polymorphism of Gc protein. Significance in anthropology].", "content": "The authors confirm the analogy between Gc and DBP as a result of analytic studies by isoelectrofocusing and labeling of Gc with 3H vitamin D3. The presence of a relationship between Gc polymorphism and the amount of sunshine in a given region is discussed.", "contents": "[Isoelectric focusing of the serum vitamin D transport protein (DBP) and the polymorphism of Gc protein. Significance in anthropology]. The authors confirm the analogy between Gc and DBP as a result of analytic studies by isoelectrofocusing and labeling of Gc with 3H vitamin D3. The presence of a relationship between Gc polymorphism and the amount of sunshine in a given region is discussed.", "PMID": 83206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8963", "title": "Di-, mono- and nonphytanyl triglycerides in the serum: a sensitive parameter of the phytanic acid accumulation in Refsum's disease.", "content": "The relative proportions of the diphytanyl, monophytanyl and nonphytanyl triglycerides (\"triglyceride pattern\"), the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides and the phytanic acid levels in the serum of 3 patients with Refsum's disease (heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, phytanic acid storage disease) were estimated by thin-layer chromatography, densitometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The individual triglyceride patterns were clearly dependent on the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides: the more phytanic acid in the triglycerides, the higher the percentage of the diphytanyl and the lower the percentage of the nonphytanyl triglycerides. The monophytanyl triglycerides were also related to the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides, although in a complex manner. The triglyceride pattern can be taken as a parameter of the phytanic acid accumulation in Refsum's disease to be at least as sensitive as the serum phytanic acid level in the biochemical evaluation of the efficiency of the dietary treatment.", "contents": "Di-, mono- and nonphytanyl triglycerides in the serum: a sensitive parameter of the phytanic acid accumulation in Refsum's disease. The relative proportions of the diphytanyl, monophytanyl and nonphytanyl triglycerides (\"triglyceride pattern\"), the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides and the phytanic acid levels in the serum of 3 patients with Refsum's disease (heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, phytanic acid storage disease) were estimated by thin-layer chromatography, densitometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The individual triglyceride patterns were clearly dependent on the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides: the more phytanic acid in the triglycerides, the higher the percentage of the diphytanyl and the lower the percentage of the nonphytanyl triglycerides. The monophytanyl triglycerides were also related to the phytanic acid content of the triglycerides, although in a complex manner. The triglyceride pattern can be taken as a parameter of the phytanic acid accumulation in Refsum's disease to be at least as sensitive as the serum phytanic acid level in the biochemical evaluation of the efficiency of the dietary treatment.", "PMID": 83207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8964", "title": "Cri-du-chat syndrome in a child with a 5/15 translocation and interstitial centromeric heterochromatin.", "content": "A child is described with most of the typical clinical features of the cri-du-chat syndrome. G- and C-banding studies revealed the karyotype 45,XX, -5, -15, +tdic (5;15) with the loss of short arm material from chromosome 5. Centromeric heterochromatin of the translocated No. 15 is still present in the translocation chromosome. However, no silver precipitation after AgNO3-staining was observed on the translocation chromosome, thus indicating a loss or genetic inactivation of the NOR-region of the translocated No. 15. These cytogenetic results and their possible relationship to the cri-du-chat phenotype are discussed.", "contents": "Cri-du-chat syndrome in a child with a 5/15 translocation and interstitial centromeric heterochromatin. A child is described with most of the typical clinical features of the cri-du-chat syndrome. G- and C-banding studies revealed the karyotype 45,XX, -5, -15, +tdic (5;15) with the loss of short arm material from chromosome 5. Centromeric heterochromatin of the translocated No. 15 is still present in the translocation chromosome. However, no silver precipitation after AgNO3-staining was observed on the translocation chromosome, thus indicating a loss or genetic inactivation of the NOR-region of the translocated No. 15. These cytogenetic results and their possible relationship to the cri-du-chat phenotype are discussed.", "PMID": 83210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8965", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome was made at 20 weeks of gestation from the findings of a biparietal diameter smaller than expected for gestational age, a grossly raised amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein level and a rapid growth of foetal macrophages after 20 hours culture. Termination at 23 weeks of gestation resulted in a male foetus with an occipital encephalocele, microcephaly, polydactyly, and bilateral polycystic kidneys. This case report emphasies the importance for genetic counselling of delineating the Meckel syndrome from the multifactorial cases of neural tube defects, and also illustrates, at least in some cases, that the syndrome can be diagnosed in utero.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis of the Meckel syndrome was made at 20 weeks of gestation from the findings of a biparietal diameter smaller than expected for gestational age, a grossly raised amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein level and a rapid growth of foetal macrophages after 20 hours culture. Termination at 23 weeks of gestation resulted in a male foetus with an occipital encephalocele, microcephaly, polydactyly, and bilateral polycystic kidneys. This case report emphasies the importance for genetic counselling of delineating the Meckel syndrome from the multifactorial cases of neural tube defects, and also illustrates, at least in some cases, that the syndrome can be diagnosed in utero.", "PMID": 83212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8966", "title": "Hand metastasis from melanoma: a case study.", "content": "Metastases to the hand are rare. Most frequently they result from carcinomas of the lung, breast or kidney. This is a case report of a rare peripheral metastatic lesion in a 24-year-old man with melanoma. There are no previously reported hand metastases from melanoma. Because of the extremely poor prognosis for patients with osseous metastases from melanoma, treatment should be palliative.", "contents": "Hand metastasis from melanoma: a case study. Metastases to the hand are rare. Most frequently they result from carcinomas of the lung, breast or kidney. This is a case report of a rare peripheral metastatic lesion in a 24-year-old man with melanoma. There are no previously reported hand metastases from melanoma. Because of the extremely poor prognosis for patients with osseous metastases from melanoma, treatment should be palliative.", "PMID": 83215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8967", "title": "Significance of the apexcardiogram in non-invasive assessment of postextrasystolic potentiation.", "content": "The study  revealed the usefulness of the apexcardiogram in the assessment of the contractile state of left ventricle in cases of ventricular extrasystolia. The pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratio and isovolumic contraction period (IVCP) are good parameters for demonstrating the postextrasystolic potentiation, the lack of which occurs in severe heart failure. PEP/LVET and IVCP are R-R-interval dependent in parasystolia. In the establishment of the postextrasystolic potentiation, the authors contribute an important role to the ventricular filling during the compensatory pause.", "contents": "Significance of the apexcardiogram in non-invasive assessment of postextrasystolic potentiation. The study  revealed the usefulness of the apexcardiogram in the assessment of the contractile state of left ventricle in cases of ventricular extrasystolia. The pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) ratio and isovolumic contraction period (IVCP) are good parameters for demonstrating the postextrasystolic potentiation, the lack of which occurs in severe heart failure. PEP/LVET and IVCP are R-R-interval dependent in parasystolia. In the establishment of the postextrasystolic potentiation, the authors contribute an important role to the ventricular filling during the compensatory pause.", "PMID": 83217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8968", "title": "Effects of various drugs on the osmotic lysis of rat mast cells.", "content": "1. Rat mast cells were exposed to low osmotic pressures to produce a 'non-specific' disruption of the mast cell, with release of histamine along with other intracellular contents. 2. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammaotry drugs and various other drugs upon osmotically induced histamine release was examined. 3. Representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid, the acidic compounds ethacrynic acid, iopanoic acid and probenecid, and the local anaesthetic lignocaine, all caused a dose-dependent facilitation of osmotically induced histamine release compared to controls. All drugs were active at 0.1 mmol/l. 4. The previously observed inhibition of compound 48/80 and the antigen-induced histamine release from rat mast cells by similar concentrations of the drugs used in the present study are unlikely to be due to mast cell plasma membrane stabilization.", "contents": "Effects of various drugs on the osmotic lysis of rat mast cells. 1. Rat mast cells were exposed to low osmotic pressures to produce a 'non-specific' disruption of the mast cell, with release of histamine along with other intracellular contents. 2. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammaotry drugs and various other drugs upon osmotically induced histamine release was examined. 3. Representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid, the acidic compounds ethacrynic acid, iopanoic acid and probenecid, and the local anaesthetic lignocaine, all caused a dose-dependent facilitation of osmotically induced histamine release compared to controls. All drugs were active at 0.1 mmol/l. 4. The previously observed inhibition of compound 48/80 and the antigen-induced histamine release from rat mast cells by similar concentrations of the drugs used in the present study are unlikely to be due to mast cell plasma membrane stabilization.", "PMID": 83213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8969", "title": "Techniques and therapies for primary and metastatic liver cancer.", "content": "In summary, of the 460 patients of primary carcinoma of the liver admitted to the University Surgical Unit at the Queen Mary Hospital over a period of 12 years, more than 40% could not be treated, and only 91 of the patients were candidates for curative resection. The cure rate is very small; a 1- to 2-year survival was obtained in 46% of 15 resections. From 1964 to 1969, out of 22 patients with resections, 3 are still alive more than 5 year after the operation. Lin30 reported a 19.1% 5-year survival. When the hepatoma has ruptured and bleeding takes place, surgical treatment is obligatory to control the hemorrhage. Ninety-eight patients underwent a clinical trial of 5 categories: hepatic dearterialization, hepatic arterial cannulation and infusion of 5-FU, hepatic arterial ligation and portal venous infusion of 5-FU, radiotherapy and no treatment. The results show that the advantage of each form of treatment when compared with no treatment is marginal. Thus a gloomy picture of primary hepatoma is held. Since the operative mortality of hepatic resection for a solitary secondary carcinoma of the liver is negligible, it should be done in each instance because a long-term survival may be possible. This is especially true with primary carcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Techniques and therapies for primary and metastatic liver cancer. In summary, of the 460 patients of primary carcinoma of the liver admitted to the University Surgical Unit at the Queen Mary Hospital over a period of 12 years, more than 40% could not be treated, and only 91 of the patients were candidates for curative resection. The cure rate is very small; a 1- to 2-year survival was obtained in 46% of 15 resections. From 1964 to 1969, out of 22 patients with resections, 3 are still alive more than 5 year after the operation. Lin30 reported a 19.1% 5-year survival. When the hepatoma has ruptured and bleeding takes place, surgical treatment is obligatory to control the hemorrhage. Ninety-eight patients underwent a clinical trial of 5 categories: hepatic dearterialization, hepatic arterial cannulation and infusion of 5-FU, hepatic arterial ligation and portal venous infusion of 5-FU, radiotherapy and no treatment. The results show that the advantage of each form of treatment when compared with no treatment is marginal. Thus a gloomy picture of primary hepatoma is held. Since the operative mortality of hepatic resection for a solitary secondary carcinoma of the liver is negligible, it should be done in each instance because a long-term survival may be possible. This is especially true with primary carcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 83219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8970", "title": "Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma with bleomycin.", "content": "Two cases of Kaposi's sarcome that responded to bleomycin therapy are reported herein. The first case, resistant to various treatments, responded remarkably well after 240 mg of bleomycin was administered over a thirteen month period. The second case had rapidly progressive untreated Kaposi's sarcoma of six months's duration; a prompt response was obtained to an initial course of 105 mg of bleomycin.", "contents": "Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma with bleomycin. Two cases of Kaposi's sarcome that responded to bleomycin therapy are reported herein. The first case, resistant to various treatments, responded remarkably well after 240 mg of bleomycin was administered over a thirteen month period. The second case had rapidly progressive untreated Kaposi's sarcoma of six months's duration; a prompt response was obtained to an initial course of 105 mg of bleomycin.", "PMID": 83223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8971", "title": "Anatomical and functional aspects of the septo-hippocampal projections.", "content": "The origins, distribution, and cellular targets of the septo-hippocampal projections are reviewed. It appears that the distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the medial septum and diagonal bands and those cells labelled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the hippocampus coincide; however, the possibility of a non-acetylcholinesterase septal projection remains. Good agreement is found between the distribution of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase and the patterning of silver grains after injection of [3H]leucine into the medial septum. A major target of septal efferents to the hippocampus is the interneuron population; the possibility of septal mediation of intrahippocampal circuitry via this anatomical arrangement is discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical and functional aspects of the septo-hippocampal projections. The origins, distribution, and cellular targets of the septo-hippocampal projections are reviewed. It appears that the distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the medial septum and diagonal bands and those cells labelled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the hippocampus coincide; however, the possibility of a non-acetylcholinesterase septal projection remains. Good agreement is found between the distribution of hippocampal acetylcholinesterase and the patterning of silver grains after injection of [3H]leucine into the medial septum. A major target of septal efferents to the hippocampus is the interneuron population; the possibility of septal mediation of intrahippocampal circuitry via this anatomical arrangement is discussed.", "PMID": 83225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8972", "title": "[Histamine levels in blood of patients with allergic bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation of 10 patients with allergic asthma showed histamine levels of 79.8 +/- 50.0 ng/ml in blood during symptom-free intervals. They were not significantly different from those in 12 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (54.0 +/- 25.9 ng/ml) and in 13 healthy probands (56.9 +/- 21.5 ng/ml). It could be shown that allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in patients with allergic asthma had no demonstrable influence on blood histamine levels. The absence of increased blood histamine levels in allergic bronchial obstruction supports the assumption that allergen-induced liberation of histamine and its biological effects are mainly limited to the bronchial system. Local metabolisation of the liberated mediator can be supposed to a large extent.", "contents": "[Histamine levels in blood of patients with allergic bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. The investigation of 10 patients with allergic asthma showed histamine levels of 79.8 +/- 50.0 ng/ml in blood during symptom-free intervals. They were not significantly different from those in 12 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (54.0 +/- 25.9 ng/ml) and in 13 healthy probands (56.9 +/- 21.5 ng/ml). It could be shown that allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in patients with allergic asthma had no demonstrable influence on blood histamine levels. The absence of increased blood histamine levels in allergic bronchial obstruction supports the assumption that allergen-induced liberation of histamine and its biological effects are mainly limited to the bronchial system. Local metabolisation of the liberated mediator can be supposed to a large extent.", "PMID": 83227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8973", "title": "[Percutaneous drainage of the biliary tract by means of a fine needle (author's transl)].", "content": "Temporary pre-operative and post-operative as well as permanent palliative percutaneous biliary-tract drainage was performed in 12 patients with biliary tract obstruction; in three the drainage was internal and in nine external. Main indication of the method is permanent palliative decompression in cases of inoperable malignant tumour with obstructive jaundice. Pre-operatively, percutaneous biliary tract drainage serves as a temporary measure in order to perform an operation after decompression of the biliary tract and improving the patient's general condition. The only serious complication was biliary peritonitis after a drainage catheter had slipped out.", "contents": "[Percutaneous drainage of the biliary tract by means of a fine needle (author's transl)]. Temporary pre-operative and post-operative as well as permanent palliative percutaneous biliary-tract drainage was performed in 12 patients with biliary tract obstruction; in three the drainage was internal and in nine external. Main indication of the method is permanent palliative decompression in cases of inoperable malignant tumour with obstructive jaundice. Pre-operatively, percutaneous biliary tract drainage serves as a temporary measure in order to perform an operation after decompression of the biliary tract and improving the patient's general condition. The only serious complication was biliary peritonitis after a drainage catheter had slipped out.", "PMID": 83229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8974", "title": "[The effect of cytostatic therapy with bleomycin and methotrexate on cellular immune reactivity].", "content": "Considerable importance for the elimination of malignant cells has been attributed to the cellular immune system. Cytostatic drugs however are known to be immunosuppressive. The transformation response of peripheral lymphocytes to bleomycin and methotrexate was determined before and after treatment in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. The transformation response was interpreted as an indication of the potential for the nonspecific cellular immune reaction. The cellular reaction was significantly suppressed during therapy; this suppression was then followed by an excessive reaction in some patients. The immunosuppressive effect of bleomycin was substantiated in in vitro studies of isolated lymphocytes from healthy doners. Low concentrations of methotrexate however produce excessive reactions while higher concentrations tend to have an immunosuppressive effect.", "contents": "[The effect of cytostatic therapy with bleomycin and methotrexate on cellular immune reactivity]. Considerable importance for the elimination of malignant cells has been attributed to the cellular immune system. Cytostatic drugs however are known to be immunosuppressive. The transformation response of peripheral lymphocytes to bleomycin and methotrexate was determined before and after treatment in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. The transformation response was interpreted as an indication of the potential for the nonspecific cellular immune reaction. The cellular reaction was significantly suppressed during therapy; this suppression was then followed by an excessive reaction in some patients. The immunosuppressive effect of bleomycin was substantiated in in vitro studies of isolated lymphocytes from healthy doners. Low concentrations of methotrexate however produce excessive reactions while higher concentrations tend to have an immunosuppressive effect.", "PMID": 83231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8975", "title": "Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. I. Idiotypic selectivity in the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Idiotypic restrictions are demonstrated in vitro for the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes with specificity for Group A streptococcal carbohydrate. T helper cells which have been primed in vivo with anti-idiotypic antibodies to the A5A idiotype and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype-positive, cooperate only with A5A idiotype-positive B cells, even when mixtures of A5A idiotype-positive and A5A idiotype-negative B cells are present. Essentially A5A idiotype-negative T helper cells that have been primed in vivo with Group A streptococcal vaccine after in vivo suppression with anti-A5A idiotypic antibody are unable to cooperate with B cells which have been primed with anti-A5A idiotype antibody and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype-positive. Mixtures of A5A idiotype-negative and A5A idiotype-positive T cells cooperate with both A5A idiotype-negative and A5A idiotype-positive B cells. Idiotypic restrictions could not be demonstrated for T and B cells recognizing carrier and hapten determinants, respectively, in experiments in which the cooperation of genetically VH-identical T and B cells was compared to the cooperation of genetically VH-different T and B cells. The data are discussed with respect to various models for the communication between T and B cells. It is proposed that for successful T-B cooperation, ordinarily two types of T helper cells are required, one recognizing the antigen and the other recognizing the idiotype of the B cell.", "contents": "Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions. I. Idiotypic selectivity in the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes. Idiotypic restrictions are demonstrated in vitro for the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes with specificity for Group A streptococcal carbohydrate. T helper cells which have been primed in vivo with anti-idiotypic antibodies to the A5A idiotype and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype-positive, cooperate only with A5A idiotype-positive B cells, even when mixtures of A5A idiotype-positive and A5A idiotype-negative B cells are present. Essentially A5A idiotype-negative T helper cells that have been primed in vivo with Group A streptococcal vaccine after in vivo suppression with anti-A5A idiotypic antibody are unable to cooperate with B cells which have been primed with anti-A5A idiotype antibody and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype-positive. Mixtures of A5A idiotype-negative and A5A idiotype-positive T cells cooperate with both A5A idiotype-negative and A5A idiotype-positive B cells. Idiotypic restrictions could not be demonstrated for T and B cells recognizing carrier and hapten determinants, respectively, in experiments in which the cooperation of genetically VH-identical T and B cells was compared to the cooperation of genetically VH-different T and B cells. The data are discussed with respect to various models for the communication between T and B cells. It is proposed that for successful T-B cooperation, ordinarily two types of T helper cells are required, one recognizing the antigen and the other recognizing the idiotype of the B cell.", "PMID": 83234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8976", "title": "Some chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bearing surface immunoglobulins share determinants with T cells.", "content": "One set of antigens is common to some chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells bearing surface immunoglobulins (Ig) and normal T cells. Proliferating cells from thirty-eight patients were studied with four antisera recognizing normal human T but not B cells. These antisera were raised in rabbits against (a) Sezary cells, (b) blood lymphocytes from a patient with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia, (c) T lymphoblasts and (d) thymus cells. In four CLL cases, the cells expressed the receptor for sheep erythrocytes and lacked surface Ig. Cells from thirty-four CLL cases bore monoclonal surface Ig and did not bind sheep erythrocytes. Twelve out of these thirty-four cases of CLL had cells which were lysed by one or, more frequently, by the four anti-human T cell xenoantisera. By absorption experiments, one set of at least three antigens common to the cells of some of these CLL and T cells was defined. Depending on the patient, the cells can either carry one, some or all of the antigens of this set. However, it was also demonstrated by absorption that these cells lacked antigens particular to the T cell lineage, while the cells from T CLL cases carried both sets of antigens.", "contents": "Some chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bearing surface immunoglobulins share determinants with T cells. One set of antigens is common to some chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells bearing surface immunoglobulins (Ig) and normal T cells. Proliferating cells from thirty-eight patients were studied with four antisera recognizing normal human T but not B cells. These antisera were raised in rabbits against (a) Sezary cells, (b) blood lymphocytes from a patient with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia, (c) T lymphoblasts and (d) thymus cells. In four CLL cases, the cells expressed the receptor for sheep erythrocytes and lacked surface Ig. Cells from thirty-four CLL cases bore monoclonal surface Ig and did not bind sheep erythrocytes. Twelve out of these thirty-four cases of CLL had cells which were lysed by one or, more frequently, by the four anti-human T cell xenoantisera. By absorption experiments, one set of at least three antigens common to the cells of some of these CLL and T cells was defined. Depending on the patient, the cells can either carry one, some or all of the antigens of this set. However, it was also demonstrated by absorption that these cells lacked antigens particular to the T cell lineage, while the cells from T CLL cases carried both sets of antigens.", "PMID": 83236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8977", "title": "H-2-linked murine cytotoxic T cell responses specific for sendai virus-infected cells.", "content": "CBA (H-2k) mouse-derived lymphochoriomeningitis virus and herpes simplex virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse virus-infected target cells compatible on either the H-2k or H-2D region. In contrast, CBA, C3H and AKR (H-2k) mouse-derived sendai virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) fail to lyse H-2D-compatible virus-infected cells. A similar lack of H-2D region-associated lytic activity was found with C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (H-2b) mice as well as with the recombinants B10.A (2R) [Kb-Db] and B10.A (4R) [Kk-Db]. On the other hand, BALB/c (H-2d) mice and A/J (H-2a) mice do generate H-2Dd-associated sendai virus-specific CTL. These results are in contrast to those obtained with (CBA X BALB/c)F1 and B10.HTT [Ks-Dd] mice, which failed to mount Dd region-associated CTL responses. It is concluded that D region-associated sendai virus-specific CTL responsiveness varies with the H-2 genotype of the responder cells.", "contents": "H-2-linked murine cytotoxic T cell responses specific for sendai virus-infected cells. CBA (H-2k) mouse-derived lymphochoriomeningitis virus and herpes simplex virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse virus-infected target cells compatible on either the H-2k or H-2D region. In contrast, CBA, C3H and AKR (H-2k) mouse-derived sendai virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) fail to lyse H-2D-compatible virus-infected cells. A similar lack of H-2D region-associated lytic activity was found with C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (H-2b) mice as well as with the recombinants B10.A (2R) [Kb-Db] and B10.A (4R) [Kk-Db]. On the other hand, BALB/c (H-2d) mice and A/J (H-2a) mice do generate H-2Dd-associated sendai virus-specific CTL. These results are in contrast to those obtained with (CBA X BALB/c)F1 and B10.HTT [Ks-Dd] mice, which failed to mount Dd region-associated CTL responses. It is concluded that D region-associated sendai virus-specific CTL responsiveness varies with the H-2 genotype of the responder cells.", "PMID": 83237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8978", "title": "Interaction between barium, strontium and calcium in histamine release by compound 48/80.", "content": "Pre-incubating rat peritoneal and pleural mast cells for 30 min at 2 degrees C in Ca2+-free Tyrode containing Ba2+ (30 mM) markedly reduced histamine release by compound 48/80 (0.5 microgram/ml). Evoked secretion was not significantly altered by pre-incubation with Sr2+ (30 mM) at this temperature whilst Mg2+ (30 mM) and La3+ (0.1 mM) slightly inhibited and potentiated release respectively. The effect of Ba2+ was concentration related and progressively reversed by Ca2+ (1--10 mM). Pre-incubation at 37 degrees C in Ca2+-free medium alone substantially reduced histamine release by compound 48/80. This reduction was unaltered by either Mg2+ (30 mM) or La3+ (0.1 mM), prevented by either Sr2+ (30 mM) or Ca2+ (1 mM) and augmented by Ba2+ (30 mM) which also markedly increased spontaneous histamine release during pre-incubation at 37 degrees C. Results suggest that Ba2+ and Sr2+ interact with cell-fixed calcium to modulate histamine release by compound 48/80.", "contents": "Interaction between barium, strontium and calcium in histamine release by compound 48/80. Pre-incubating rat peritoneal and pleural mast cells for 30 min at 2 degrees C in Ca2+-free Tyrode containing Ba2+ (30 mM) markedly reduced histamine release by compound 48/80 (0.5 microgram/ml). Evoked secretion was not significantly altered by pre-incubation with Sr2+ (30 mM) at this temperature whilst Mg2+ (30 mM) and La3+ (0.1 mM) slightly inhibited and potentiated release respectively. The effect of Ba2+ was concentration related and progressively reversed by Ca2+ (1--10 mM). Pre-incubation at 37 degrees C in Ca2+-free medium alone substantially reduced histamine release by compound 48/80. This reduction was unaltered by either Mg2+ (30 mM) or La3+ (0.1 mM), prevented by either Sr2+ (30 mM) or Ca2+ (1 mM) and augmented by Ba2+ (30 mM) which also markedly increased spontaneous histamine release during pre-incubation at 37 degrees C. Results suggest that Ba2+ and Sr2+ interact with cell-fixed calcium to modulate histamine release by compound 48/80.", "PMID": 83238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8979", "title": "Projections of the precentral motor cortex and other cortical areas of the frontal lobe to the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey.", "content": "Corticofugal projections were examined by means of the autoradiographic tracer method in 21 macaca fascicularis. The labeled material was injected into the main body representation areas of the precentral motor cortex and into various regions of Brodmann's areas 6, 8 and 9 of the frontal lobe. The ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus receives a moderately strong and somato-topically organized projection from Woolsey's precentral motor cortex. This projection is mainly restricted to the lateral moiety. The remaining nucleus is occupied by less intensive projections from premotor and prefrontal areas. It is concluded that the subthalamic nucleus is a convergence site of pallidal and corticomotor and frontal projections. Cortical afferents may exert an influence on the pallido-subthalamic-pallidal inhibitory feedback loop.", "contents": "Projections of the precentral motor cortex and other cortical areas of the frontal lobe to the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Corticofugal projections were examined by means of the autoradiographic tracer method in 21 macaca fascicularis. The labeled material was injected into the main body representation areas of the precentral motor cortex and into various regions of Brodmann's areas 6, 8 and 9 of the frontal lobe. The ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus receives a moderately strong and somato-topically organized projection from Woolsey's precentral motor cortex. This projection is mainly restricted to the lateral moiety. The remaining nucleus is occupied by less intensive projections from premotor and prefrontal areas. It is concluded that the subthalamic nucleus is a convergence site of pallidal and corticomotor and frontal projections. Cortical afferents may exert an influence on the pallido-subthalamic-pallidal inhibitory feedback loop.", "PMID": 83239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8980", "title": "Nigrothalamic pathway in the cat demonstrated by autoradiography and electron microscopy.", "content": "Light microscopic autoradiography and electron microscopy were used to trace the nigrothalamic projections and to study the sites of termination of this pathway in the cat. Injections of tritiated amino acids or electrolytic lesions were placed in the substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNr). An accumulation of radioactivity was found in the ventral medial nucleus and in the ventromedial part of the ventral anterior nucleus. At the ultrastructural level degenerating medium size synaptic boutons and medium size myelinated fibers were observed in these nuclei. The boutons contained clear pleomorphic veiscles and formed symmetrical type synaptic contacts with regular type dendrites and vesicel-containing dendrites. The present findings indicate that the ventral medial nucleus is the principal site of termination of nigrothalamic projections in the cat.", "contents": "Nigrothalamic pathway in the cat demonstrated by autoradiography and electron microscopy. Light microscopic autoradiography and electron microscopy were used to trace the nigrothalamic projections and to study the sites of termination of this pathway in the cat. Injections of tritiated amino acids or electrolytic lesions were placed in the substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNr). An accumulation of radioactivity was found in the ventral medial nucleus and in the ventromedial part of the ventral anterior nucleus. At the ultrastructural level degenerating medium size synaptic boutons and medium size myelinated fibers were observed in these nuclei. The boutons contained clear pleomorphic veiscles and formed symmetrical type synaptic contacts with regular type dendrites and vesicel-containing dendrites. The present findings indicate that the ventral medial nucleus is the principal site of termination of nigrothalamic projections in the cat.", "PMID": 83240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8981", "title": "Identification of the projection from the visual cortex to the claustrum by anterograde axonal transport in the cat.", "content": "Visual cortex, including areas 17, 18, and sometimes 19, was injected with tritiated leucine. Terminal labelling could be detected by autoradiography in the dorsocaudal part of the ipsilateral claustrum in all cases.", "contents": "Identification of the projection from the visual cortex to the claustrum by anterograde axonal transport in the cat. Visual cortex, including areas 17, 18, and sometimes 19, was injected with tritiated leucine. Terminal labelling could be detected by autoradiography in the dorsocaudal part of the ipsilateral claustrum in all cases.", "PMID": 83241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8982", "title": "Projections of precentral and premotor cortex to the red nucleus and other midbrain areas in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Midbrain projections from the precentral and premotor cortex were studied autoradiographyically in seven macaques. Earlier findings of Kuypers and Lawrence (1967) based on silver impregnated axonal degeneration were largely confirmed and partly extended. Laminar projections into the parvocellular red nucleus were found bilaterally from the somatotopic representation areas of the precentral cortex and three main divisions of premotor cortex (ventral, dorsal, and medial). The heaviest contralateral projection was recorded from the medial hemispheric aspects of area 6 (partly identical with the supplementary motor cortex). Homolateral projections were found from the limb areas of the precentral motor cortex to the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and direct evidence for the overlap between corticorubral projections and corresponding areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract was obtained. Other projections concerned N. Darkschewitsch, N. Edinger-Westphal, suprarubral and dorsal mesencephalic reticular formation and adjacent lateral periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra, pretectal region, superior colliculus and N. tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus.", "contents": "Projections of precentral and premotor cortex to the red nucleus and other midbrain areas in Macaca fascicularis. Midbrain projections from the precentral and premotor cortex were studied autoradiographyically in seven macaques. Earlier findings of Kuypers and Lawrence (1967) based on silver impregnated axonal degeneration were largely confirmed and partly extended. Laminar projections into the parvocellular red nucleus were found bilaterally from the somatotopic representation areas of the precentral cortex and three main divisions of premotor cortex (ventral, dorsal, and medial). The heaviest contralateral projection was recorded from the medial hemispheric aspects of area 6 (partly identical with the supplementary motor cortex). Homolateral projections were found from the limb areas of the precentral motor cortex to the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and direct evidence for the overlap between corticorubral projections and corresponding areas of origin of the rubrospinal tract was obtained. Other projections concerned N. Darkschewitsch, N. Edinger-Westphal, suprarubral and dorsal mesencephalic reticular formation and adjacent lateral periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra, pretectal region, superior colliculus and N. tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus.", "PMID": 83242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8983", "title": "Effect of growth-promoting alpha-globulin on the incorporation of exogenous DNA into L cells. II. Fate of exogenous 3H-DNA after incorporation into recipient cells.", "content": "GPAG stimulates the uptake of exogenous 3H-DNA by L cells and facilitates its retention in host cell nuclei during 48-h postcultivation; the nuclei contain 1.5 times more radioactivity than GPAG-free controls. Owing to the well-known properties of GPAG, the formation of the 3H-DNA-GPAG complex may affect the incorporation of exogenous 3-H-DNA and its intracellular transport and retention in the host cell nuclei.", "contents": "Effect of growth-promoting alpha-globulin on the incorporation of exogenous DNA into L cells. II. Fate of exogenous 3H-DNA after incorporation into recipient cells. GPAG stimulates the uptake of exogenous 3H-DNA by L cells and facilitates its retention in host cell nuclei during 48-h postcultivation; the nuclei contain 1.5 times more radioactivity than GPAG-free controls. Owing to the well-known properties of GPAG, the formation of the 3H-DNA-GPAG complex may affect the incorporation of exogenous 3-H-DNA and its intracellular transport and retention in the host cell nuclei.", "PMID": 83253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8984", "title": "Antral gastrin cell proliferation after vagotomy in rats.", "content": "The total number of antral gastrin cells, the antral surface area and the serum gastrin concentration were determined in two groups of rats. The animals had been submitted at random either to vagotomy and pyloroplasty or to pyloroplasty alone 3 weeks before. The indirect immunoperoxidase reaction and a direct quantitative histological method were used to count the gastrin cells. Radioimmunoassay was used to estimate the serum gastrin concentration. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach was 52% (p less than 0.01) more elevated in the vagotomized animals. Both antral mucosal surface and calculated concentration of gastrin cells per square millimeter of mucosa were significantly higher (0.01 less than p less than 0.05) in this group of animals. The serum gastrin values were significantly (p less than 0.01) more elevated after vagotomy. These observations indicate that vagotomy may induce an antral gastrin cell hyperplasia which could explain in part the hypergastrinemia observed after this surgical procedure.", "contents": "Antral gastrin cell proliferation after vagotomy in rats. The total number of antral gastrin cells, the antral surface area and the serum gastrin concentration were determined in two groups of rats. The animals had been submitted at random either to vagotomy and pyloroplasty or to pyloroplasty alone 3 weeks before. The indirect immunoperoxidase reaction and a direct quantitative histological method were used to count the gastrin cells. Radioimmunoassay was used to estimate the serum gastrin concentration. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach was 52% (p less than 0.01) more elevated in the vagotomized animals. Both antral mucosal surface and calculated concentration of gastrin cells per square millimeter of mucosa were significantly higher (0.01 less than p less than 0.05) in this group of animals. The serum gastrin values were significantly (p less than 0.01) more elevated after vagotomy. These observations indicate that vagotomy may induce an antral gastrin cell hyperplasia which could explain in part the hypergastrinemia observed after this surgical procedure.", "PMID": 83259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8985", "title": "Intragenic suppression at the b2 locus in Ascobolus immersus. I. Identification of three distinct groups of suppression.", "content": "A reversion study of EMS- or ICR170-induced ascospore color mutants in Ascobolus immersus is reported. Twenty-three new intragenic suppressors were isolated within the b2 locus. These are localized within three distinct groups on a genetic fine-structure map containing 21 identifiable sites. The pattern of reversion is discussed according to the known specificity of EMS and ICR170 in Ascobolus immersus.", "contents": "Intragenic suppression at the b2 locus in Ascobolus immersus. I. Identification of three distinct groups of suppression. A reversion study of EMS- or ICR170-induced ascospore color mutants in Ascobolus immersus is reported. Twenty-three new intragenic suppressors were isolated within the b2 locus. These are localized within three distinct groups on a genetic fine-structure map containing 21 identifiable sites. The pattern of reversion is discussed according to the known specificity of EMS and ICR170 in Ascobolus immersus.", "PMID": 83260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8986", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test--basis and clinical use].", "content": "The principle of the lymphocyte transformation test is represented and the present knowledge of the partially selective effect of various unspecific mitogenes on different lymphocyte populations is referred to. Problems of methodology are briefly dealt with and the possibilities of applying the lymphocyte transformation test is referred to in detail. Own experiences are reported on the basis of clinical examples in patients affected with malign lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis and polymyositis.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test--basis and clinical use]. The principle of the lymphocyte transformation test is represented and the present knowledge of the partially selective effect of various unspecific mitogenes on different lymphocyte populations is referred to. Problems of methodology are briefly dealt with and the possibilities of applying the lymphocyte transformation test is referred to in detail. Own experiences are reported on the basis of clinical examples in patients affected with malign lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis and polymyositis.", "PMID": 83264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8987", "title": "Specificities of heterologous antisera against human leukaemia cells. 1. Reactions against leukaemia cells.", "content": "Rabbit or goat antisera directed to ALL, CLL, AML and CML cells were investigated in cytotoxicity tests with different leukaemia and normal cells as targets. After absorptions with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogeneic donors the antisera killed only leukaemia cells. There was no reaction with remission leukocytes or blood leukocytes from normal donors. Anti-ALL-Sera reacted in 35 out of 49 tests with ALL cells from 13 patients. Apparently the ALL antisera which were directed to the T cell subtype of ALL preferentially affected ALL cells of this subtype. Cross reactions with cells from CLL, AML and CML were not found. Anti-CLL-sera reacted in 10 out of 12 tests with CLL cells from 4 donors, and in 4 out of 20 tests with ALL cells from 7 donors and also with the cells of a CML patient. AML cells from two patients were not killed. Antisera against AML and CML showed extensive cross reactions with cells of myelocytic and lymphocytic leukaemias. Absorption tests demonstrated the presence of two antibody specificities in AML antisera, one of which being directed to a common antigen of AML and ALL cells and another against an antigen of myelocytic leukaemia cells.", "contents": "Specificities of heterologous antisera against human leukaemia cells. 1. Reactions against leukaemia cells. Rabbit or goat antisera directed to ALL, CLL, AML and CML cells were investigated in cytotoxicity tests with different leukaemia and normal cells as targets. After absorptions with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogeneic donors the antisera killed only leukaemia cells. There was no reaction with remission leukocytes or blood leukocytes from normal donors. Anti-ALL-Sera reacted in 35 out of 49 tests with ALL cells from 13 patients. Apparently the ALL antisera which were directed to the T cell subtype of ALL preferentially affected ALL cells of this subtype. Cross reactions with cells from CLL, AML and CML were not found. Anti-CLL-sera reacted in 10 out of 12 tests with CLL cells from 4 donors, and in 4 out of 20 tests with ALL cells from 7 donors and also with the cells of a CML patient. AML cells from two patients were not killed. Antisera against AML and CML showed extensive cross reactions with cells of myelocytic and lymphocytic leukaemias. Absorption tests demonstrated the presence of two antibody specificities in AML antisera, one of which being directed to a common antigen of AML and ALL cells and another against an antigen of myelocytic leukaemia cells.", "PMID": 83265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8988", "title": "Specificities of heterologous antisera against human leukaemia cells. 2. Reactions against fetal liver cells and absorption studies with fetal tissue.", "content": "Rabbit or goat antisera directed to ALL and AML cells were investigated in cytotoxicity tests with fetal liver cells as targets. After absorption with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogenic donors the antisera killed fetal liver cells. There was no reaction with remission leukocytes or blood leukocytes from normal donors. Treatment with fetal tissue removed the activity of the AML and ALL antisera against ALL cells but not of the AML antisera against AML cells. This indicates the existence of at least two antigens on the surface of AML cells, one antigen is common with ALL cells and of fetal origin and another one seems to be characteristic of AML cells and not of fetal origin. Because treatment with fetal tissue removed all activity of the ALL antisera it can be assumed that leukaemia-associated antigens on ALL cells are of fetal origin.", "contents": "Specificities of heterologous antisera against human leukaemia cells. 2. Reactions against fetal liver cells and absorption studies with fetal tissue. Rabbit or goat antisera directed to ALL and AML cells were investigated in cytotoxicity tests with fetal liver cells as targets. After absorption with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogenic donors the antisera killed fetal liver cells. There was no reaction with remission leukocytes or blood leukocytes from normal donors. Treatment with fetal tissue removed the activity of the AML and ALL antisera against ALL cells but not of the AML antisera against AML cells. This indicates the existence of at least two antigens on the surface of AML cells, one antigen is common with ALL cells and of fetal origin and another one seems to be characteristic of AML cells and not of fetal origin. Because treatment with fetal tissue removed all activity of the ALL antisera it can be assumed that leukaemia-associated antigens on ALL cells are of fetal origin.", "PMID": 83266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8989", "title": "Is granulopoietic activity (GA) in vivo comparable to colony stimulating factor (CSF)?", "content": "Human sera after column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 were tested for Granulopoietic Activity (GA) in vivo and Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) in vitro. We have found that GA after chromatography is distributed in three peaks but CSF only in one peak with high activity, and evident activity in volume 135 ml. This activities are in good agreement with two peaks of GA. We assume that GA and CSF after this chromatographic procedure is free from lipoproteins inhibitors. The obtained results are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Is granulopoietic activity (GA) in vivo comparable to colony stimulating factor (CSF)? Human sera after column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 were tested for Granulopoietic Activity (GA) in vivo and Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) in vitro. We have found that GA after chromatography is distributed in three peaks but CSF only in one peak with high activity, and evident activity in volume 135 ml. This activities are in good agreement with two peaks of GA. We assume that GA and CSF after this chromatographic procedure is free from lipoproteins inhibitors. The obtained results are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 83267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8990", "title": "Activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils of rats exposed to benzene and treated with selenium.", "content": "Cytochemical studies on activity of acid phosphatase (AcP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in peripheral blood neutrophils of rats chronically exposed to benzene vapours (1,200 mg/cm3) demonstrated that the exposure results in the increase of AcP and the decrease of the AP activity. The changes noted correlate with the time of exposure and are observed even after 5 months after exposure. The administration of sodium selenate in a dose of 1.0 microgram/kg before exposure prevented the above enzymatic alterations caused by benzene. In contrast, the administration of selenium in a dose of 5.0 microgram/kg only prevented the change of AP activity and caused reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis.", "contents": "Activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils of rats exposed to benzene and treated with selenium. Cytochemical studies on activity of acid phosphatase (AcP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) in peripheral blood neutrophils of rats chronically exposed to benzene vapours (1,200 mg/cm3) demonstrated that the exposure results in the increase of AcP and the decrease of the AP activity. The changes noted correlate with the time of exposure and are observed even after 5 months after exposure. The administration of sodium selenate in a dose of 1.0 microgram/kg before exposure prevented the above enzymatic alterations caused by benzene. In contrast, the administration of selenium in a dose of 5.0 microgram/kg only prevented the change of AP activity and caused reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis.", "PMID": 83268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8991", "title": "The depressing effect of tumour on bactericidal capacity of plasma and leukocytes.", "content": "Leukocyte--plasma suspensions and plasma from tumour patients have been tested in vitro against staphylococcus aureus for bactericidal capacity. Blood was collected during surgical intervention from peripheral vein and from the nearest point of vein to tumour. Second collection of peripheral blood was done 2--3 weeks later after surgery. Decrease of bactericidal activity of plasma has been found in blood collected from vein near the tumour. We can suggest that tumours release some factors disturbing the bactericidal capacity or that the tumour absorbs some factors of plasma or changes the functions of granulocytes.", "contents": "The depressing effect of tumour on bactericidal capacity of plasma and leukocytes. Leukocyte--plasma suspensions and plasma from tumour patients have been tested in vitro against staphylococcus aureus for bactericidal capacity. Blood was collected during surgical intervention from peripheral vein and from the nearest point of vein to tumour. Second collection of peripheral blood was done 2--3 weeks later after surgery. Decrease of bactericidal activity of plasma has been found in blood collected from vein near the tumour. We can suggest that tumours release some factors disturbing the bactericidal capacity or that the tumour absorbs some factors of plasma or changes the functions of granulocytes.", "PMID": 83269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8992", "title": "The transient loss of HLA antigens on lymphocytes in patients following administration of penicillin and tetracyclin.", "content": "Ten patients with inflammatory affections of urinary, respiratory and bile tract, as well as otitis patients were administered Penicillin. Six or seven days after the start of the treatment, four of them showed weakening or loss of minimally two earlier determined HLA antigens. The loss of HLA antigen was likewise demonstrated in a patient treated with Tetracycline. The HLA antigens were reliably demonstrated again six to seven days after the end of the treatment. The results suggest a possible false typing of HLA antigens in patients who had been administered Penicillin or Tetracycline. In accordance with Ben-David et al. [1] transient loss of two HLA antigens with concomitant development of lymphocyte polyreactivity was found in one of four patients treated with Chloramphenicol.", "contents": "The transient loss of HLA antigens on lymphocytes in patients following administration of penicillin and tetracyclin. Ten patients with inflammatory affections of urinary, respiratory and bile tract, as well as otitis patients were administered Penicillin. Six or seven days after the start of the treatment, four of them showed weakening or loss of minimally two earlier determined HLA antigens. The loss of HLA antigen was likewise demonstrated in a patient treated with Tetracycline. The HLA antigens were reliably demonstrated again six to seven days after the end of the treatment. The results suggest a possible false typing of HLA antigens in patients who had been administered Penicillin or Tetracycline. In accordance with Ben-David et al. [1] transient loss of two HLA antigens with concomitant development of lymphocyte polyreactivity was found in one of four patients treated with Chloramphenicol.", "PMID": 83270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8993", "title": "Enhancement of the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HLA antigens on lymphocytes stored at +4 degrees C for 24 hours.", "content": "The lymphocytes of some patients (especially with malignancies) as well of healthy subjects, which had been isolated on the day of blood withdrawal from the heparinized blood, show negative or slightly positive reaction with some corresponding HLA sera; after 24 h of storing in the refrigerator at +4 degrees C the lymphocytes tend to restore the cytotoxic reactivity of HLA antigens, and thus, a strongly positive reaction can be recorded. The cause of this phenomenon may be ascribed to the anticomplementary effect of the lymphocyte suspension in barbital buffer.", "contents": "Enhancement of the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HLA antigens on lymphocytes stored at +4 degrees C for 24 hours. The lymphocytes of some patients (especially with malignancies) as well of healthy subjects, which had been isolated on the day of blood withdrawal from the heparinized blood, show negative or slightly positive reaction with some corresponding HLA sera; after 24 h of storing in the refrigerator at +4 degrees C the lymphocytes tend to restore the cytotoxic reactivity of HLA antigens, and thus, a strongly positive reaction can be recorded. The cause of this phenomenon may be ascribed to the anticomplementary effect of the lymphocyte suspension in barbital buffer.", "PMID": 83271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8994", "title": "[Modifications of lymphocyte HL-A antigens as a consequence of therapy in patients with manic-depressive psychosis].", "content": "In 54 (= 46.96%) of 115 patients with maniacal-depressive psychosis a HLA modification could be identified. This modification turned out to be temporary and from a serological point of view it revealed a different character. In 29 cases a loss of HLA antigens could be observed, in 3 cases there was a decrease, in 14 cases a combination of both changes, twice a polyreactivity was observed and 6 times a change of the antigen HLA-A 2 in A 28 could be determined. These serological modifications appeared after therapy with lithium as well as with various antidepressive and neuroleptic medicaments. The connection between therapy and development of HLA modification could be ensured statistically. The modifications of HLA antigens A 10 and B 7 developed after administering neuroleptic medicaments, those of HLA antigens A 9, A 11, B 12, and B 13 after therapy with antidepressive medicaments. HLA antigens B 27 and B 40 showed a relative resistance towards therapy. The significance of these findings for the possibility of mistakes in HLA typing and from the standpoint of therapy efficiency in connection with the patient's HLA phaenotype is discussed.", "contents": "[Modifications of lymphocyte HL-A antigens as a consequence of therapy in patients with manic-depressive psychosis]. In 54 (= 46.96%) of 115 patients with maniacal-depressive psychosis a HLA modification could be identified. This modification turned out to be temporary and from a serological point of view it revealed a different character. In 29 cases a loss of HLA antigens could be observed, in 3 cases there was a decrease, in 14 cases a combination of both changes, twice a polyreactivity was observed and 6 times a change of the antigen HLA-A 2 in A 28 could be determined. These serological modifications appeared after therapy with lithium as well as with various antidepressive and neuroleptic medicaments. The connection between therapy and development of HLA modification could be ensured statistically. The modifications of HLA antigens A 10 and B 7 developed after administering neuroleptic medicaments, those of HLA antigens A 9, A 11, B 12, and B 13 after therapy with antidepressive medicaments. HLA antigens B 27 and B 40 showed a relative resistance towards therapy. The significance of these findings for the possibility of mistakes in HLA typing and from the standpoint of therapy efficiency in connection with the patient's HLA phaenotype is discussed.", "PMID": 83272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8995", "title": "[Effect of vitamin E on the mechanical fragility and the Mg++-ATPase of rabbit erythrocytes].", "content": "We have established that Mg++ activated ATPase in red cells of rabbits is not changed by vitamin E injection, even if the mechanical resistance of these red cells is increased. Enzyme activity, however, cannot be correlated with this increased mechanical resistance. Probably, the effect of vitamin E on membrane lipids may be supposed to exist, though its effect on membrane proteins cannot be fully excluded.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin E on the mechanical fragility and the Mg++-ATPase of rabbit erythrocytes]. We have established that Mg++ activated ATPase in red cells of rabbits is not changed by vitamin E injection, even if the mechanical resistance of these red cells is increased. Enzyme activity, however, cannot be correlated with this increased mechanical resistance. Probably, the effect of vitamin E on membrane lipids may be supposed to exist, though its effect on membrane proteins cannot be fully excluded.", "PMID": 83273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8996", "title": "Evidence against the presence of \"inhibitors\" in coumarin treated patients.", "content": "Coumarin drugs or vitamin K absence cause a decrease of factor II, VII, IX and X activities and the appearance of pre-factors into the circulation. Such pre-factors have been postulated to inhibit thrombin conversion. The current of research on the alleged activity of such \"inhibitors\" is taken into consideration. Thrombotest discrepancy, mixing experiments etc.) speak against the inhibitor theory. So far the only sure demonstration of the presence of coumarin induced pre-factors has been obtained by immunological means. However, this does not say anything about their biological activity. These pre-factors could well be \"inert\" as far as clotting is concerned. Until new, unequivocal data on the subject will be available, any method or technique claiming to be able to detect or monitor the \"inhibitory\" effect should be accepted with extreme caution. Too many unjustified views have been put forward in recent years.", "contents": "Evidence against the presence of \"inhibitors\" in coumarin treated patients. Coumarin drugs or vitamin K absence cause a decrease of factor II, VII, IX and X activities and the appearance of pre-factors into the circulation. Such pre-factors have been postulated to inhibit thrombin conversion. The current of research on the alleged activity of such \"inhibitors\" is taken into consideration. Thrombotest discrepancy, mixing experiments etc.) speak against the inhibitor theory. So far the only sure demonstration of the presence of coumarin induced pre-factors has been obtained by immunological means. However, this does not say anything about their biological activity. These pre-factors could well be \"inert\" as far as clotting is concerned. Until new, unequivocal data on the subject will be available, any method or technique claiming to be able to detect or monitor the \"inhibitory\" effect should be accepted with extreme caution. Too many unjustified views have been put forward in recent years.", "PMID": 83274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8997", "title": "Immunofluorescent evaluation of platelet alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin.", "content": "Rabbit raised anti-alpha-1-antitrypsin or anti alpha-2-macroglobulin antisera at dilution of less than 1:80 yielded non-specific staining on human platelets by indirect immunofluorescent technique. A similar pattern was in fact obtained by using normal rabbit sera at the same dilution and was due to the presence of smooth muscle autoantibodies. This indicates that human platelets do not contain significant quantities of these antigens. In agreement with the above, only microamounts of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin were found to be present in human platelets by means of the electroimmunoassay.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent evaluation of platelet alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin. Rabbit raised anti-alpha-1-antitrypsin or anti alpha-2-macroglobulin antisera at dilution of less than 1:80 yielded non-specific staining on human platelets by indirect immunofluorescent technique. A similar pattern was in fact obtained by using normal rabbit sera at the same dilution and was due to the presence of smooth muscle autoantibodies. This indicates that human platelets do not contain significant quantities of these antigens. In agreement with the above, only microamounts of alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin were found to be present in human platelets by means of the electroimmunoassay.", "PMID": 83276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8998", "title": "Protein cross-match test for the diagnosis and prevention of reactions after the transfusion of blood and cryoprecipitate.", "content": "The examination by means of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for protein incompatibility of the serum of 62 patients who developed an allergic or pyretic post-transfusion reaction revealed incompatibility in 23 cases (37.2%). It was due to the presence of antibodies in 8 recipients (34.8%) and in 15 blood donors (65.2%). The incidence was significantly higher than in a control group of transfused patients who did not develop a reaction. In this group protein incompatibility was found in only 14.7%, 80% of which was due to antibodies in the recipient. In 13 (56.5%) of the patients with reactions agglutinating, cytotoxic or complement fixing antibodies against cellular antigens or IgG were found in addition to protein incompatibility. In 10 cases (43.5%) protein incompatibility was the only explanation for the clinical symptoms. When, in the treatment of multiply transfused haemophiliacs who regularly developed adverse reactions, donors for the preparation of cryoprecipitate were selected by means of the described technique, the almost obligatory reactions were prevented.", "contents": "Protein cross-match test for the diagnosis and prevention of reactions after the transfusion of blood and cryoprecipitate. The examination by means of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for protein incompatibility of the serum of 62 patients who developed an allergic or pyretic post-transfusion reaction revealed incompatibility in 23 cases (37.2%). It was due to the presence of antibodies in 8 recipients (34.8%) and in 15 blood donors (65.2%). The incidence was significantly higher than in a control group of transfused patients who did not develop a reaction. In this group protein incompatibility was found in only 14.7%, 80% of which was due to antibodies in the recipient. In 13 (56.5%) of the patients with reactions agglutinating, cytotoxic or complement fixing antibodies against cellular antigens or IgG were found in addition to protein incompatibility. In 10 cases (43.5%) protein incompatibility was the only explanation for the clinical symptoms. When, in the treatment of multiply transfused haemophiliacs who regularly developed adverse reactions, donors for the preparation of cryoprecipitate were selected by means of the described technique, the almost obligatory reactions were prevented.", "PMID": 83277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_8999", "title": "[Screening of blood donors for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis by means of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase determination].", "content": "The authors describe the application for determining gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) activity in donors in order to prevent posttransfusion hepatitis. They particularly refer to the high susceptibility of this method for detecting latent and chronic liver diseases virtually unable to be recognized by other methods. Regular GGTP screening having been introduced in the past 4 years, a rapid lowering of the occurrence of posttransfusion hepatitis could be observed. The authors recommend this method of examination as a valuable aid to the prophylaxis of hepatitis transferred by blood preparations.", "contents": "[Screening of blood donors for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis by means of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase determination]. The authors describe the application for determining gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) activity in donors in order to prevent posttransfusion hepatitis. They particularly refer to the high susceptibility of this method for detecting latent and chronic liver diseases virtually unable to be recognized by other methods. Regular GGTP screening having been introduced in the past 4 years, a rapid lowering of the occurrence of posttransfusion hepatitis could be observed. The authors recommend this method of examination as a valuable aid to the prophylaxis of hepatitis transferred by blood preparations.", "PMID": 83278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9000", "title": "Infant botulism: new guise for an old disease.", "content": "While classic botulism is usually due to preformed toxin in improperly prepared food, the newly recognized infant syndrome occurs when spores or vegetative cells germinate in the gut of the very young and elaborate toxin there. The resulting illness may range from inapparent to fulminant, sometimes causing respiratory arrest and death. Infant botulism may also account for at least some cases of sudden infant death syndrome.", "contents": "Infant botulism: new guise for an old disease. While classic botulism is usually due to preformed toxin in improperly prepared food, the newly recognized infant syndrome occurs when spores or vegetative cells germinate in the gut of the very young and elaborate toxin there. The resulting illness may range from inapparent to fulminant, sometimes causing respiratory arrest and death. Infant botulism may also account for at least some cases of sudden infant death syndrome.", "PMID": 83280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9001", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were studied in differentially stained lymphocytes from 47 patients with malignant lymphoma. Thirteen patients were untreated when studied. The mean SCE frequency [+/- standard error (SE)] for these patients was 12.7 +/- 0.9 per mitosis. The mean score for 40 controls was 6.1 +/- 0.3. SCE mean scores were significantly higher in the untreated patients than in the controls (P less than 0.001). Seven patients were treated with radiotherapy alone. They demonstrated a mean SCE frequency (8.8 +/- 0.8) significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that found in untreated patients. Eleven patients received cyclophosphamide within 4 weeks prior to study. They demonstrated a mean SCE frequency (14.3 +/- 1.3) significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that found in patients who had received regimens that did not contain cyclophosphamide in the prior 4 weeks (11.1 +/- 1.3) or who had been off drugs for at least 8 weeks (10.1 +/- 0.8). Our data suggest that untreated patients with malignant lymphoma have elevated SCE frequencies, which may be further increased by certain chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes from patients with malignant lymphoma. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were studied in differentially stained lymphocytes from 47 patients with malignant lymphoma. Thirteen patients were untreated when studied. The mean SCE frequency [+/- standard error (SE)] for these patients was 12.7 +/- 0.9 per mitosis. The mean score for 40 controls was 6.1 +/- 0.3. SCE mean scores were significantly higher in the untreated patients than in the controls (P less than 0.001). Seven patients were treated with radiotherapy alone. They demonstrated a mean SCE frequency (8.8 +/- 0.8) significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that found in untreated patients. Eleven patients received cyclophosphamide within 4 weeks prior to study. They demonstrated a mean SCE frequency (14.3 +/- 1.3) significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that found in patients who had received regimens that did not contain cyclophosphamide in the prior 4 weeks (11.1 +/- 1.3) or who had been off drugs for at least 8 weeks (10.1 +/- 0.8). Our data suggest that untreated patients with malignant lymphoma have elevated SCE frequencies, which may be further increased by certain chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 83281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9002", "title": "A new immunochemical method for the quantitative measurement of specific gene products in man-rodent somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "An immunochemical method has been developed for the quantitative determination of species-specific gene products, for instance alpha-galactosidase and N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase, in man-rodent hybrid cells and in the parental cell lines. Antisera raised against the purified enzymes are covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B. The gene products are specifically removed from a cell lysate by incubating with the appropriate Sepharose-coupled antiserum. After centrifugation followed by washing of the precipitated Sepharose, the enzymic activity can be quantitatively measured on the Sepharose beads. With this technique it has been demonstrated that the ability of human N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase (also known as alpha-galactosidase B) to hydrolyze alpha-galactosidic linkages is lost when the enzyme is expressed in man-Chinese hamster hybrid cells.", "contents": "A new immunochemical method for the quantitative measurement of specific gene products in man-rodent somatic cell hybrids. An immunochemical method has been developed for the quantitative determination of species-specific gene products, for instance alpha-galactosidase and N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase, in man-rodent hybrid cells and in the parental cell lines. Antisera raised against the purified enzymes are covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B. The gene products are specifically removed from a cell lysate by incubating with the appropriate Sepharose-coupled antiserum. After centrifugation followed by washing of the precipitated Sepharose, the enzymic activity can be quantitatively measured on the Sepharose beads. With this technique it has been demonstrated that the ability of human N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase (also known as alpha-galactosidase B) to hydrolyze alpha-galactosidic linkages is lost when the enzyme is expressed in man-Chinese hamster hybrid cells.", "PMID": 83282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9003", "title": "Differential staining in the secondary constriction regions of human chromosomes A1, C9, and E16 by a heat-hypotonic treatment technique.", "content": "The secondary constriction (SC) regions of human chromosomes A1, C9, and E16 were preferentially stained with Giemsa when the mitotic cells in a hypotonic solution were heated in a water bath before fixation. The staining intensity of these regions increased from E16 through A1 to C9. The SC region of C9 was stained more intensely as the treatment temperature was raised from 45 degrees C to 60 degrees C, while the staining intensity of the SC region of E16 reached a peak at 50 degrees C and then decreased gradually with increasing temperature. The SC region of A1 showed stable differential staining between 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. These observations suggest a heterogeneous nature of the SC regions of human chromosomes, probably reflecting a difference in the chromosomal proteins or the DNA-protein interaction in these regions.", "contents": "Differential staining in the secondary constriction regions of human chromosomes A1, C9, and E16 by a heat-hypotonic treatment technique. The secondary constriction (SC) regions of human chromosomes A1, C9, and E16 were preferentially stained with Giemsa when the mitotic cells in a hypotonic solution were heated in a water bath before fixation. The staining intensity of these regions increased from E16 through A1 to C9. The SC region of C9 was stained more intensely as the treatment temperature was raised from 45 degrees C to 60 degrees C, while the staining intensity of the SC region of E16 reached a peak at 50 degrees C and then decreased gradually with increasing temperature. The SC region of A1 showed stable differential staining between 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. These observations suggest a heterogeneous nature of the SC regions of human chromosomes, probably reflecting a difference in the chromosomal proteins or the DNA-protein interaction in these regions.", "PMID": 83283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9004", "title": "Anencephaly in trisomy 18 associated with elevated alpha-1-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid.", "content": "Elevated levels of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) were found in the amniotic fluid of a 36-year-old woman in the 15th week of gestation. Because of this and the results of repeated ultrasonography, abortion was induced. An anencephalic fetus with trisomy 18 was delivered. The possible correlation among neural-tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and level of AFP is discussed.", "contents": "Anencephaly in trisomy 18 associated with elevated alpha-1-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid. Elevated levels of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) were found in the amniotic fluid of a 36-year-old woman in the 15th week of gestation. Because of this and the results of repeated ultrasonography, abortion was induced. An anencephalic fetus with trisomy 18 was delivered. The possible correlation among neural-tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and level of AFP is discussed.", "PMID": 83284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9005", "title": "The association between undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus shown by correlated nucleic acid hybridization and histopathological studies.", "content": "All of 51 undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharynx were EBV-DNA-positive and, in the few tests performed, EBNA-positive as well. Most of these patients also had high anti-EBV [VCA and EA (D)] antibody titres. Of four patients that had somewhat differentiated NPCs, two were EBV-DNA-positive with a corresponding serological picture, whereas two were negative with an EBV serology comparable to that of healthy donors. Of seven lymphomas localized in the nasopharynx, one was EBV-DNA-positive and corresponded histologically to Burkitt's lymphoma, whereas six others were EBV-DNA-negative. Fourteen head and neck carcinomas outside the nasopharynx were all EBV-DNA-negative. These results confirm the consistent and unique association of EBV DNA with undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharynx.", "contents": "The association between undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus shown by correlated nucleic acid hybridization and histopathological studies. All of 51 undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharynx were EBV-DNA-positive and, in the few tests performed, EBNA-positive as well. Most of these patients also had high anti-EBV [VCA and EA (D)] antibody titres. Of four patients that had somewhat differentiated NPCs, two were EBV-DNA-positive with a corresponding serological picture, whereas two were negative with an EBV serology comparable to that of healthy donors. Of seven lymphomas localized in the nasopharynx, one was EBV-DNA-positive and corresponded histologically to Burkitt's lymphoma, whereas six others were EBV-DNA-negative. Fourteen head and neck carcinomas outside the nasopharynx were all EBV-DNA-negative. These results confirm the consistent and unique association of EBV DNA with undifferentiated carcinomas of the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 83285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9006", "title": "Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lymphoepithelial carcinoma in lymph nodes: histological, cytological and electron-microscopic findings.", "content": "(1) Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, which occurs in the nasopharynx and palatine tonsils, is a special variant of squamous-cell carcinoma with a non-neoplastic lymphocytic component. (2) The morphology of lymphoepithelial carcinoma is very characteristic if not specific. Therefore, whenever lymphoepithelial carcinoma is diagnosed in a cervical lymph node, the clinician must try to find the primary tumour in the nasopharynx or tonsils, by blind biopsy if necessary. (3) The 'inflammatory' component of lymphoepithelial carcinoma is often very conspicuous. Tuberculoid lesions, with or without caseation necrosis, and marked eosinophilia and plasmacytosis are highly characteristic and help to confirm the diagnosis. (4) The 'inflammatory' component, including the lymphocytes among and around the tumour cells, is not fully understood; but it would appear that T lymphocytes are responsible for all, or most, of the cellular reactions against the tumour.", "contents": "Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lymphoepithelial carcinoma in lymph nodes: histological, cytological and electron-microscopic findings. (1) Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, which occurs in the nasopharynx and palatine tonsils, is a special variant of squamous-cell carcinoma with a non-neoplastic lymphocytic component. (2) The morphology of lymphoepithelial carcinoma is very characteristic if not specific. Therefore, whenever lymphoepithelial carcinoma is diagnosed in a cervical lymph node, the clinician must try to find the primary tumour in the nasopharynx or tonsils, by blind biopsy if necessary. (3) The 'inflammatory' component of lymphoepithelial carcinoma is often very conspicuous. Tuberculoid lesions, with or without caseation necrosis, and marked eosinophilia and plasmacytosis are highly characteristic and help to confirm the diagnosis. (4) The 'inflammatory' component, including the lymphocytes among and around the tumour cells, is not fully understood; but it would appear that T lymphocytes are responsible for all, or most, of the cellular reactions against the tumour.", "PMID": 83286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9007", "title": "European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (E.O.R.T.C.). Controlled trials of chemotherapy as an adjuvant or palliative treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "The E.O.R.T.C. Head and Neck Cooperative Group has designed a relatively complex international programme for a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of NPC. The aim of the programme is to evaluate the usefulness of chemotherapy in preventing metastases and recurrences and, at the same time, to test other chemotherapeutic regimens and to compare them subsequently  with the first one. Two contemporaneous controlled trials are foreseen: (1) long-term chemotherapy after radiotherapy for T3-4 No and T1-4 N1-3 MO cases (NPC 1) and (2) aggressive chemotherapy for MI cases and for patients who develop local or regional recurrences during the first trial (NPC 2). A search of the literature and a pilot study carried out at the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan on advanced cases of NPC showed the following percentages of regression after various kinds of chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, 38%; adriamycin, 39%; bleomycin, 28%; and methtrexate, 17%. On this basis, the following regimens were chosen: NPC 1 trial: cyclophosphamide (1.2 g/m2 every three weeks for 10 cycles) and a control group receiving no chemotherapy NPC 2 trial: adriamycin alone versus a combination of vinblastine + bleomycin + adriamycin. The programme was begun a short time ago, and no results are yet available.", "contents": "European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (E.O.R.T.C.). Controlled trials of chemotherapy as an adjuvant or palliative treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The E.O.R.T.C. Head and Neck Cooperative Group has designed a relatively complex international programme for a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of NPC. The aim of the programme is to evaluate the usefulness of chemotherapy in preventing metastases and recurrences and, at the same time, to test other chemotherapeutic regimens and to compare them subsequently  with the first one. Two contemporaneous controlled trials are foreseen: (1) long-term chemotherapy after radiotherapy for T3-4 No and T1-4 N1-3 MO cases (NPC 1) and (2) aggressive chemotherapy for MI cases and for patients who develop local or regional recurrences during the first trial (NPC 2). A search of the literature and a pilot study carried out at the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan on advanced cases of NPC showed the following percentages of regression after various kinds of chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, 38%; adriamycin, 39%; bleomycin, 28%; and methtrexate, 17%. On this basis, the following regimens were chosen: NPC 1 trial: cyclophosphamide (1.2 g/m2 every three weeks for 10 cycles) and a control group receiving no chemotherapy NPC 2 trial: adriamycin alone versus a combination of vinblastine + bleomycin + adriamycin. The programme was begun a short time ago, and no results are yet available.", "PMID": 83287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9008", "title": "Binding of aggregated human beta2-microglobulin to surface protein structure in group A, C, and G streptococci.", "content": "A novel mammalian-microbial \"short circuit\" has been demonstrated between aggregated human beta2-microglobulin and group A, C, and G streptococci. Bacteria belonging to nine gram-positive and three gram-negative species were tested for binding of radiolabeled beta2-microglobulin. All 10 individual strains of group A streptococci showed a high degree of reactivity with aggregated human beta2-microglobulin. Among 27 group C and 28 group  G streptococci, 9 and 6 strains, respectively, were highly reactive, whereas the remaining strains showed a lower, but definite level of beta2-microglobulin binding. Of 11 group B streptococci, 4 were slightly positive. All strains among the other eight species were completely negative. Simultaneous testing of A, C, and G streptococci for immunoglobulin binding showed a lack of correlation between type II and III Fc reactivity and beta2-microglobulin binding. There was no inhibition of uptake of aggregated beta2-microglobulin to reactive strains when excess amounts of human immunoglobulin were added. The beta2-microglobulin-binding surface structure was found to be markedly sensitive to trypsin digestion. The relative trypsin resistance of the immunoglobulin-binding protein in the digestion experiments further demonstrated the dissociation between these two reactivities.", "contents": "Binding of aggregated human beta2-microglobulin to surface protein structure in group A, C, and G streptococci. A novel mammalian-microbial \"short circuit\" has been demonstrated between aggregated human beta2-microglobulin and group A, C, and G streptococci. Bacteria belonging to nine gram-positive and three gram-negative species were tested for binding of radiolabeled beta2-microglobulin. All 10 individual strains of group A streptococci showed a high degree of reactivity with aggregated human beta2-microglobulin. Among 27 group C and 28 group  G streptococci, 9 and 6 strains, respectively, were highly reactive, whereas the remaining strains showed a lower, but definite level of beta2-microglobulin binding. Of 11 group B streptococci, 4 were slightly positive. All strains among the other eight species were completely negative. Simultaneous testing of A, C, and G streptococci for immunoglobulin binding showed a lack of correlation between type II and III Fc reactivity and beta2-microglobulin binding. There was no inhibition of uptake of aggregated beta2-microglobulin to reactive strains when excess amounts of human immunoglobulin were added. The beta2-microglobulin-binding surface structure was found to be markedly sensitive to trypsin digestion. The relative trypsin resistance of the immunoglobulin-binding protein in the digestion experiments further demonstrated the dissociation between these two reactivities.", "PMID": 83295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9009", "title": "Evidence that L-rhamnose is the antigenic determinant of hyporesponsiveness of BALB/c mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae type 47.", "content": "The genetic polymorphism in early, immunoglobulin M, responsiveness to the Klebsiella pneumoniae type 47 polysaccharide (K47-PS) is determinant specific, and L-rhamnose is probably the determinant against which differential responsiveness is expressed. This is inferred from tests of the response to the cross-reacting Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23 and non-cross-reacting pneumococcal polysaccharides of known chemical construction. B10.2/Sn new-line mice are high responders and BALB/c mice are low responders to K47-PS. Upon immunization with killed S. pneumoniae type 23, these strains produce cross-reacting antibody to K47-PS. The cross-reacting antibody responses of these strains are congruent with their responses to K47-PS.", "contents": "Evidence that L-rhamnose is the antigenic determinant of hyporesponsiveness of BALB/c mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae type 47. The genetic polymorphism in early, immunoglobulin M, responsiveness to the Klebsiella pneumoniae type 47 polysaccharide (K47-PS) is determinant specific, and L-rhamnose is probably the determinant against which differential responsiveness is expressed. This is inferred from tests of the response to the cross-reacting Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23 and non-cross-reacting pneumococcal polysaccharides of known chemical construction. B10.2/Sn new-line mice are high responders and BALB/c mice are low responders to K47-PS. Upon immunization with killed S. pneumoniae type 23, these strains produce cross-reacting antibody to K47-PS. The cross-reacting antibody responses of these strains are congruent with their responses to K47-PS.", "PMID": 83296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9010", "title": "External layers of Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii: occurrence of a slime layer.", "content": "Using a simple specific-antibody stabilization procedure on organisms gently liberated from their host cells, we have demonstrated by electron microscopy that Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii possess a coat of variable thickness, external to the outer leaflet of the cell wall and the structure designated by others as a \"microcapsule,\" which corresponds most closely to the slime layer of certain other bacteria. Reactions in the methenamine silver and ruthenium red staining procedures and the failure to be visualized by standard procedures suggest that the slime layer is largely polysaccharide in nature. It is postulated that this slime layer accounts in large part for the large, electron-lucent, halo-like zone which is found by electron microscopy to surround organisms of the typhus and spotted fever groups in the cytoplasm of their host cells, that it may be the locus of some major group-specific antigens, and that it may function as an antiphagocytic mechanism, as an aid for attachment of rickettsiae to potential host cells, or both. Moreover, because the attenuated E strain of R. prowazekii has been shown to possess a substantial slime layer, the basis for attenuation is not likely to be a simple smooth-to-rough variation.", "contents": "External layers of Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii: occurrence of a slime layer. Using a simple specific-antibody stabilization procedure on organisms gently liberated from their host cells, we have demonstrated by electron microscopy that Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii possess a coat of variable thickness, external to the outer leaflet of the cell wall and the structure designated by others as a \"microcapsule,\" which corresponds most closely to the slime layer of certain other bacteria. Reactions in the methenamine silver and ruthenium red staining procedures and the failure to be visualized by standard procedures suggest that the slime layer is largely polysaccharide in nature. It is postulated that this slime layer accounts in large part for the large, electron-lucent, halo-like zone which is found by electron microscopy to surround organisms of the typhus and spotted fever groups in the cytoplasm of their host cells, that it may be the locus of some major group-specific antigens, and that it may function as an antiphagocytic mechanism, as an aid for attachment of rickettsiae to potential host cells, or both. Moreover, because the attenuated E strain of R. prowazekii has been shown to possess a substantial slime layer, the basis for attenuation is not likely to be a simple smooth-to-rough variation.", "PMID": 83297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9011", "title": "Cold hemagglutinin cross-reactivity with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Convalescent sera from proven cases of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae and to human erythrocyte glycoprotein contained cold hemagglutinins which were reactive only for human erythrocytes. Only the human serum cold agglutinins were inhibited by soluble integral glycoproteins derived from human erythrocyte ghosts by treatment with chloroform-methanol. Rabbit antiserum to chloroform-methanol glycoprotein, as well as to M. pneumoniae, fixed complement with either M. pneumoniae or chloroform-methanol glycoprotein antigens. The findings support the hypothesis that the cold agglutinins elicited by M. pneumoniae infection represent a cross-reaction between determinants common to erythrocyte glycoprotein containing I antigen and the membrane of M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Cold hemagglutinin cross-reactivity with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Convalescent sera from proven cases of infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae and to human erythrocyte glycoprotein contained cold hemagglutinins which were reactive only for human erythrocytes. Only the human serum cold agglutinins were inhibited by soluble integral glycoproteins derived from human erythrocyte ghosts by treatment with chloroform-methanol. Rabbit antiserum to chloroform-methanol glycoprotein, as well as to M. pneumoniae, fixed complement with either M. pneumoniae or chloroform-methanol glycoprotein antigens. The findings support the hypothesis that the cold agglutinins elicited by M. pneumoniae infection represent a cross-reaction between determinants common to erythrocyte glycoprotein containing I antigen and the membrane of M. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 83298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9012", "title": "Comparison of antigenic heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains by micro-immunofluorescence and serum bactericidal tests.", "content": "The antigenic heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was assessed by the micro-immunofluorescence (micro-IF) and the serum bactericidal tests. The micro-IF test verified the antigenic heterogeneity of nine strains received from the Center for Disease Control and placed them into immunotypes A and B. The serum bactericidal system also detected different antigenic determinants among the strains. Although the micro-IF and bactericidal assays did not correspond in each instance, the overall pattern of similarities and differences among these gonococcal strains was similar. The micro-IF pattern obtained with mouse antisera was identical to the pattern revealed with guinea pig antisera. Different colony type organisms showed similar sensitivity in the bactericidal test. The micro-IF test is a rapid technique for the immunotyping of N. gonorrhoeae and has the additional advantages of reproducibility and simplicity.", "contents": "Comparison of antigenic heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains by micro-immunofluorescence and serum bactericidal tests. The antigenic heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was assessed by the micro-immunofluorescence (micro-IF) and the serum bactericidal tests. The micro-IF test verified the antigenic heterogeneity of nine strains received from the Center for Disease Control and placed them into immunotypes A and B. The serum bactericidal system also detected different antigenic determinants among the strains. Although the micro-IF and bactericidal assays did not correspond in each instance, the overall pattern of similarities and differences among these gonococcal strains was similar. The micro-IF pattern obtained with mouse antisera was identical to the pattern revealed with guinea pig antisera. Different colony type organisms showed similar sensitivity in the bactericidal test. The micro-IF test is a rapid technique for the immunotyping of N. gonorrhoeae and has the additional advantages of reproducibility and simplicity.", "PMID": 83299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9013", "title": "K99 surface antigen of Escherichia coli: antigenic characterization.", "content": "K99 prepared by acid precipitation hemagglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes, whereas K99 prepared by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex did not. K99 purified by either procedure hemagglutinated horse erythrocytes. K99 prepared by acid precipitation contained a second antigen not presnet in the K99 prepared by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. This antigen could be detected by immunoprecipitation with some, but not all, sera prepared against K99-positive Escherichia coli strains. It was assumed that this second antigen is not K99 and is responsible for the guinea pig erythrocyte hemagglutination reaction. Furthermore, the second antigen has an isoelectric point of 4.2, which has been reported by Morris and co-workers to be the isoelectric point of K99.", "contents": "K99 surface antigen of Escherichia coli: antigenic characterization. K99 prepared by acid precipitation hemagglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes, whereas K99 prepared by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex did not. K99 purified by either procedure hemagglutinated horse erythrocytes. K99 prepared by acid precipitation contained a second antigen not presnet in the K99 prepared by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. This antigen could be detected by immunoprecipitation with some, but not all, sera prepared against K99-positive Escherichia coli strains. It was assumed that this second antigen is not K99 and is responsible for the guinea pig erythrocyte hemagglutination reaction. Furthermore, the second antigen has an isoelectric point of 4.2, which has been reported by Morris and co-workers to be the isoelectric point of K99.", "PMID": 83300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9014", "title": "Demonstration of shared and unique immunological determinants in enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli.", "content": "Immunodiffusion and biological neutralization studies demonstrated that the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli has antigenic determinants in common with each of the isolated subunits (A and B) of the enterotoxin (choleragen) from Vibrio cholerae. Each of the enterotoxins also possesses unique antigenic specificities. Monospecific antiserum to LT was prepared by immunization with antigens derived by immune precipitation of E. coli cell-free supernatant with isolated specific anticholeragenoid antibodies. This antiserum neutralized the biological acitivity of both LT and cholera enterotoxin and recognized antigens of both in immunodiffusion. This antiserum was adsorbed with choleragenoid to remove antibodies directed against the shared \"B\" immunological determinants. The neutralizing effect of the antiserum on cholera toxin was completely removed, but the neutralizing activity against the E. coli preparations was retained, although somewhat reduced. Antisera to the isolated subunits (A and B) of cholera enterotoxin neutralized the biological activity of cholera enterotoxin and LT. These antisera also recognized the homologous and heterologous antigens in immunodiffusion. Multiple forms or conformations of LT and its components may explain the diversity of the properties which have been reported for it.", "contents": "Demonstration of shared and unique immunological determinants in enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Immunodiffusion and biological neutralization studies demonstrated that the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli has antigenic determinants in common with each of the isolated subunits (A and B) of the enterotoxin (choleragen) from Vibrio cholerae. Each of the enterotoxins also possesses unique antigenic specificities. Monospecific antiserum to LT was prepared by immunization with antigens derived by immune precipitation of E. coli cell-free supernatant with isolated specific anticholeragenoid antibodies. This antiserum neutralized the biological acitivity of both LT and cholera enterotoxin and recognized antigens of both in immunodiffusion. This antiserum was adsorbed with choleragenoid to remove antibodies directed against the shared \"B\" immunological determinants. The neutralizing effect of the antiserum on cholera toxin was completely removed, but the neutralizing activity against the E. coli preparations was retained, although somewhat reduced. Antisera to the isolated subunits (A and B) of cholera enterotoxin neutralized the biological activity of cholera enterotoxin and LT. These antisera also recognized the homologous and heterologous antigens in immunodiffusion. Multiple forms or conformations of LT and its components may explain the diversity of the properties which have been reported for it.", "PMID": 83301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9015", "title": "Characterization of the cross-reaction between type 19F(19) and 19A(57) pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides: compositional analysis and immunological relation determined with rabbit typing antisera.", "content": "The immunological relation, physicochemical characteristics, and chemical composition of type 19F(19) and 19A(57) within the cross-reactive group 19 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were studied. By using rabbit hyperimmune diagnostic antisera in agglutination, immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation, and absorption assays, extensive cross-antigenicity and cross-immunogenicity were demonstrable between the disease-associated types 19F(19) and 19A(57). Types 19B(58) and 19C(59), rarely associated with human disease, were extensively cross-reactive with each other but reacted weakly with types 19F(19) and 19A(57). Both types 19F(19) and 19A(57) polysaccharides contained trace amounts of protein and nucleic acid and had comparable molecular sizes as determined by gel filtration. Compositional analysis showed type 19F(19) to contain rhamnose, glucose, N-acetylmannosamine, and a phosphate ester. Type 19A(57) contained these four moieties, and in addition, contained fucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Plans for using this information to evaluate current and proposed formulation of multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the cross-reaction between type 19F(19) and 19A(57) pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides: compositional analysis and immunological relation determined with rabbit typing antisera. The immunological relation, physicochemical characteristics, and chemical composition of type 19F(19) and 19A(57) within the cross-reactive group 19 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were studied. By using rabbit hyperimmune diagnostic antisera in agglutination, immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation, and absorption assays, extensive cross-antigenicity and cross-immunogenicity were demonstrable between the disease-associated types 19F(19) and 19A(57). Types 19B(58) and 19C(59), rarely associated with human disease, were extensively cross-reactive with each other but reacted weakly with types 19F(19) and 19A(57). Both types 19F(19) and 19A(57) polysaccharides contained trace amounts of protein and nucleic acid and had comparable molecular sizes as determined by gel filtration. Compositional analysis showed type 19F(19) to contain rhamnose, glucose, N-acetylmannosamine, and a phosphate ester. Type 19A(57) contained these four moieties, and in addition, contained fucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Plans for using this information to evaluate current and proposed formulation of multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are discussed.", "PMID": 83302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9016", "title": "Secretory immunoglobulin A and G antibodies prevent adhesion of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells.", "content": "The adhesion of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells was inhibited by commercial gamma globulin, the total immunoglobulin fraction of human breast milk and urine, as well as the isolated immunoglobulin G and secretory immunoglobulin A fractions of urine from patients with acute pyelonephritis. Urinary anti-O6 antibodies reduced the adhesion of several O6 strains. Absorption of antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of the adhering strain markedly decreased the antiadhesive capacity of all the immunoglobulin preparations, whereas elimination of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide antigen consistently had a small but not significant effect. When urine was absorbed with whole, live bacteria of the patients' infecting strains, the antiadhesive effect completely disappeared. Absorption with bacteria lacking pili only partially reduced this effect.", "contents": "Secretory immunoglobulin A and G antibodies prevent adhesion of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells. The adhesion of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells was inhibited by commercial gamma globulin, the total immunoglobulin fraction of human breast milk and urine, as well as the isolated immunoglobulin G and secretory immunoglobulin A fractions of urine from patients with acute pyelonephritis. Urinary anti-O6 antibodies reduced the adhesion of several O6 strains. Absorption of antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of the adhering strain markedly decreased the antiadhesive capacity of all the immunoglobulin preparations, whereas elimination of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide antigen consistently had a small but not significant effect. When urine was absorbed with whole, live bacteria of the patients' infecting strains, the antiadhesive effect completely disappeared. Absorption with bacteria lacking pili only partially reduced this effect.", "PMID": 83303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9017", "title": "Granulocytic function after administration of pepsin treated human gammaglobulin.", "content": "Pepsin-treated human gammaglobulin, 150 mg/kg body weight, was administered intravenously to 14 healthy volunteers. Before and after the infusion the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction of granulocytes was studied in all and the bactericidial capacity in 12 subjects. An increase of NBT reduction (p less than 0.05) and of bacterial capacity (p less than 0.01) of granulocytes was found after the infusion. The effects may be due to an opsonising action of F (ab')2 components.", "contents": "Granulocytic function after administration of pepsin treated human gammaglobulin. Pepsin-treated human gammaglobulin, 150 mg/kg body weight, was administered intravenously to 14 healthy volunteers. Before and after the infusion the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reduction of granulocytes was studied in all and the bactericidial capacity in 12 subjects. An increase of NBT reduction (p less than 0.05) and of bacterial capacity (p less than 0.01) of granulocytes was found after the infusion. The effects may be due to an opsonising action of F (ab')2 components.", "PMID": 83304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9018", "title": "Rigid plasma-membrane-derived vesicles, enriched in tumour-associated surface antigens (MLr), occurring in the ascites fluid of a murine leukaemia (GRSL).", "content": "Extracellular membraneous vesicles of GRSL leukaemia cells were isolated from the ascites fluid bathing the cells in vivo, and from cell washes. Mammary tumour virus-induced antigens (MLr) expressed on the surface of the cells are enriched on these vesicles as compared to plasma membranes isolated from the cell homogenate. The lipid fluidity of the vesicles is much smaller than that of the plasma membranes, and the content of the pertinent lipid parameters, cholesterol and sphingomyelin, are accordingly greatly increased. The extracellular vesicles which are also enriched in sialic acid and 5'-nucleotidase are apparently derived from the plasma membrane, probably at least partly by exfoliation of selected parts or domains of the surface of living cells. An analogy between this shedding of vesicles, the formation of endocytotic vesicles and the budding of viruses is noted; all these processes select or assemble rigid lipid domains of the cell membrane. The possible participation of surface microvilli and sub-lethal autolysis in the process of shedding is discussed.", "contents": "Rigid plasma-membrane-derived vesicles, enriched in tumour-associated surface antigens (MLr), occurring in the ascites fluid of a murine leukaemia (GRSL). Extracellular membraneous vesicles of GRSL leukaemia cells were isolated from the ascites fluid bathing the cells in vivo, and from cell washes. Mammary tumour virus-induced antigens (MLr) expressed on the surface of the cells are enriched on these vesicles as compared to plasma membranes isolated from the cell homogenate. The lipid fluidity of the vesicles is much smaller than that of the plasma membranes, and the content of the pertinent lipid parameters, cholesterol and sphingomyelin, are accordingly greatly increased. The extracellular vesicles which are also enriched in sialic acid and 5'-nucleotidase are apparently derived from the plasma membrane, probably at least partly by exfoliation of selected parts or domains of the surface of living cells. An analogy between this shedding of vesicles, the formation of endocytotic vesicles and the budding of viruses is noted; all these processes select or assemble rigid lipid domains of the cell membrane. The possible participation of surface microvilli and sub-lethal autolysis in the process of shedding is discussed.", "PMID": 83306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9019", "title": "On the pathogenesis of bleomycin lung toxicity.", "content": "Bleomycin is potentially capable of inducing a diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been elucidated. The authors have demonstrated that after 48 hr of acute treatment, morphological and functional modifications could be seen in type II pneumocytes, which are responsible for surfactant production. This might be the earliest stage of pulmonary damage.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of bleomycin lung toxicity. Bleomycin is potentially capable of inducing a diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been elucidated. The authors have demonstrated that after 48 hr of acute treatment, morphological and functional modifications could be seen in type II pneumocytes, which are responsible for surfactant production. This might be the earliest stage of pulmonary damage.", "PMID": 83311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9020", "title": "Immunoglobulins in leprosy.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were estimated in 22 lepromatous (LL) patients, 28 tuberculoid (TT), 9 borderline tuberculoid (BT), and 8 borderline lepromatous (BL), and compared with 50 normal healthy adult males belonging to a low socio-economic class. Immunoglobulin IgM was invariably significantly raised in TT, BT and LL subgroups of leprosy patients compared to the control but variation among different subgroups was statistically insignificant. Mean serum IgA levels were also raised in TT, BL and LL subgroups but statistically the rise was not significant. In the BT subgroup, significantly low IgA levels were observed both compared to the control and the other leprosy subgroups. Immunoglobulin G levels were significantly raised only in the LL subgroups compared to the control and the other subgroups of leprosy patients. It is proposed that persistently raised gamma globulins and immunoglobulin G, A and M levels observed in lepromatous leprosy patients could be caused by macrophage blockade hindering the suppressor T-cell mediated homeostatic control for immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in leprosy. Serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were estimated in 22 lepromatous (LL) patients, 28 tuberculoid (TT), 9 borderline tuberculoid (BT), and 8 borderline lepromatous (BL), and compared with 50 normal healthy adult males belonging to a low socio-economic class. Immunoglobulin IgM was invariably significantly raised in TT, BT and LL subgroups of leprosy patients compared to the control but variation among different subgroups was statistically insignificant. Mean serum IgA levels were also raised in TT, BL and LL subgroups but statistically the rise was not significant. In the BT subgroup, significantly low IgA levels were observed both compared to the control and the other leprosy subgroups. Immunoglobulin G levels were significantly raised only in the LL subgroups compared to the control and the other subgroups of leprosy patients. It is proposed that persistently raised gamma globulins and immunoglobulin G, A and M levels observed in lepromatous leprosy patients could be caused by macrophage blockade hindering the suppressor T-cell mediated homeostatic control for immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 83308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9021", "title": "Antigenic properties of Bioplast.", "content": "The influence of heat treatment (at 150 +/- 2 degrees C for 2 hours) on the antigenicity of human Bioplast fibrin powder and human fibrin Bioplast plates was tested in an experimental study. Untreated and heat-treated fibrin powder with incomplete Freund's adjuvant was subcutaneously injected in rabbits. In addition, untreated and heat-treated plates, to which incomplete Freund's adjuvant was added, were subcutaneously implanted. A booster dose was given 8 weeks after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected up to 4 weeks after the second injection or implantation, and the sera were tested for precipitating antibodies by the double diffusion technique (OUCHTERLONY'S method). Unlike previous investigators, we found antibodies in sera from rabbits injected or implanted with heat-treated Bioplast products. Thus, the claim that the antigenic properties of all kinds of fibrin can be fully eliminated by heat treatment does not appear to be tenable. In order to avoid the risk of sensitization in man, it is probably advisable to use only human fibrin for the production of Bioplast fibrin powder and Fibrin Bioplast plates for clinical use in human beings.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of Bioplast. The influence of heat treatment (at 150 +/- 2 degrees C for 2 hours) on the antigenicity of human Bioplast fibrin powder and human fibrin Bioplast plates was tested in an experimental study. Untreated and heat-treated fibrin powder with incomplete Freund's adjuvant was subcutaneously injected in rabbits. In addition, untreated and heat-treated plates, to which incomplete Freund's adjuvant was added, were subcutaneously implanted. A booster dose was given 8 weeks after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected up to 4 weeks after the second injection or implantation, and the sera were tested for precipitating antibodies by the double diffusion technique (OUCHTERLONY'S method). Unlike previous investigators, we found antibodies in sera from rabbits injected or implanted with heat-treated Bioplast products. Thus, the claim that the antigenic properties of all kinds of fibrin can be fully eliminated by heat treatment does not appear to be tenable. In order to avoid the risk of sensitization in man, it is probably advisable to use only human fibrin for the production of Bioplast fibrin powder and Fibrin Bioplast plates for clinical use in human beings.", "PMID": 83313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9022", "title": "Comparison of various preparations of Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacteria by lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with different mycobacterial antigen preparations and responses were measured as incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Blood donors were 9 patients with lepromatous leprosy, 16 tuberculoid leprosy patients, and 6 healthy individuals with different degrees of exposure to leprosy. The results revealed a good correlation between the responses to M. leprae from human sources and bacilli from armadillos inoculated with human leprosy bacilli, although the latter were less potent stimulators. Responses to BCG and PPD did not correlate with lymphocyte responses to human M. leprae. Acid-fast bacilli grown on LA-3 medium inoculated with human leprosy bacilli stimulated responses which did not correlate with responses to human M. leprae when positive responses were compared, but showed a good correlation when inhibitory effects of the bacilli on thymidine incorporation were studied. The significance of the lymphocyte stimulation test for identification of microbes is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of various preparations of Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacteria by lymphocyte stimulation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with different mycobacterial antigen preparations and responses were measured as incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Blood donors were 9 patients with lepromatous leprosy, 16 tuberculoid leprosy patients, and 6 healthy individuals with different degrees of exposure to leprosy. The results revealed a good correlation between the responses to M. leprae from human sources and bacilli from armadillos inoculated with human leprosy bacilli, although the latter were less potent stimulators. Responses to BCG and PPD did not correlate with lymphocyte responses to human M. leprae. Acid-fast bacilli grown on LA-3 medium inoculated with human leprosy bacilli stimulated responses which did not correlate with responses to human M. leprae when positive responses were compared, but showed a good correlation when inhibitory effects of the bacilli on thymidine incorporation were studied. The significance of the lymphocyte stimulation test for identification of microbes is discussed.", "PMID": 83309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9023", "title": "Heterogeneous staining of rat hepatocyte nuclei by HBFP technique.", "content": "The non-enzymatic histochemical technique Haematoxylin--Basic Fuchsin--picric acid (HBFP) was studied in fresh-frozen and Carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat liver sections. The hepatocyte nuclei fell into two populations and showed either a crimson red or purple staining in frozen as well as paraffin sections. The heterogeneous staining of the rat heptocyte nuclei was also present when the tissue sections were stained by Methyl Green--Pyronin stain. The differing nuclear staining was present in the isolated nuclei also. The HBFP technique, therefore, appears potentially useful when applied to liver and other tissues as well.", "contents": "Heterogeneous staining of rat hepatocyte nuclei by HBFP technique. The non-enzymatic histochemical technique Haematoxylin--Basic Fuchsin--picric acid (HBFP) was studied in fresh-frozen and Carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat liver sections. The hepatocyte nuclei fell into two populations and showed either a crimson red or purple staining in frozen as well as paraffin sections. The heterogeneous staining of the rat heptocyte nuclei was also present when the tissue sections were stained by Methyl Green--Pyronin stain. The differing nuclear staining was present in the isolated nuclei also. The HBFP technique, therefore, appears potentially useful when applied to liver and other tissues as well.", "PMID": 83315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9024", "title": "Graphic representation of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase in cat dorsal root ganglion neurons.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of primary sensory neurons of the cat has been quantitated and correlated with cell size. Dorsal root ganglia of the fourth and fifth thoracic spinal levels were studied. Frozen longitudinal and cross-sections were collected serially and stained with Cresyl Violet for total cell counts of the ganglia on the left; the average count was 3375 cells. Ganglia from the right were stained for AChE after the method of Karnovsky & Roots (1964) as modified by El Badawi & Schenk (1967), and counterstained with Haematoxylin. Cells were counted in every fourth section and the diameter of each was recorded. AChE-positive cells were classified as brown (B1, B2, B3) and AChE-negative ones as blue (BL). An inverse correlation exists between cell size and AChE activity. High activity was demonstrated in 29% of the cells (B1), moderate activity in 52% (B2), minimal activity in 15% (B3) and 4% were classified as AChE-negative (BL). Small cells with high activity were centrally located in the ganglia whereas large AChE-negative cells were peripherally distributed. Chi-Square analysis revealed that the size of the cell was not independent of the enzyme colour category.", "contents": "Graphic representation of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase in cat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of primary sensory neurons of the cat has been quantitated and correlated with cell size. Dorsal root ganglia of the fourth and fifth thoracic spinal levels were studied. Frozen longitudinal and cross-sections were collected serially and stained with Cresyl Violet for total cell counts of the ganglia on the left; the average count was 3375 cells. Ganglia from the right were stained for AChE after the method of Karnovsky & Roots (1964) as modified by El Badawi & Schenk (1967), and counterstained with Haematoxylin. Cells were counted in every fourth section and the diameter of each was recorded. AChE-positive cells were classified as brown (B1, B2, B3) and AChE-negative ones as blue (BL). An inverse correlation exists between cell size and AChE activity. High activity was demonstrated in 29% of the cells (B1), moderate activity in 52% (B2), minimal activity in 15% (B3) and 4% were classified as AChE-negative (BL). Small cells with high activity were centrally located in the ganglia whereas large AChE-negative cells were peripherally distributed. Chi-Square analysis revealed that the size of the cell was not independent of the enzyme colour category.", "PMID": 83316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9025", "title": "Location of taste buds in intact taste papillae by a selective staining method.", "content": "Taste buds were found to stain strongly and selectively in intact papillae with highly acidic dyes such as ponceau S. In intact tongues the taste buds in the fungiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae of the cynomolgus monkey and in the fungiform papillae of the rat as well as the taste discs in the fungiform papillae of the frog could be visualized. This method enables a rapid location and counting of taste buds in taste papillae without preparing histological sections. In cynomolgus tongue material fixed in formalin, the dyes penetrate into the buds. In fresh tongues only the taste pore region of the buds stains, which suggests that in vivo taste buds are impenetrable underneath the pore.", "contents": "Location of taste buds in intact taste papillae by a selective staining method. Taste buds were found to stain strongly and selectively in intact papillae with highly acidic dyes such as ponceau S. In intact tongues the taste buds in the fungiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae of the cynomolgus monkey and in the fungiform papillae of the rat as well as the taste discs in the fungiform papillae of the frog could be visualized. This method enables a rapid location and counting of taste buds in taste papillae without preparing histological sections. In cynomolgus tongue material fixed in formalin, the dyes penetrate into the buds. In fresh tongues only the taste pore region of the buds stains, which suggests that in vivo taste buds are impenetrable underneath the pore.", "PMID": 83317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9026", "title": "Striated myofibrils in anti-myosin stained, isolated chicken gizzard smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Highly purified chicken gizzard myosin was used to induce antibody production in rabbits. The IgG fraction was separated from the antisera and coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Specific antibody (AGM) was isolated from the IgG fraction by affinity purification. Comparisons of the specificity of IgG and AGM for chicken smooth muscle myosin revealed a much greater specificity by AGM. Staining with IgG led to an apparent cross-reactivity with guinea pig smooth muscles which was not seen with AGM staining. Therefore, staining of cells for localization of myosin was performed with AGM. Isolated cells were obtained from chicken gizzards either by collagenase digestion or by agitation of glycerinated pieces. Stained cells and cell fragments revealed the presence of myofibrils as structural units with diameters of about 1.0 micrometer. Stained myofibrils occasionally displayed regular banding patterns with a repeating period of about 1.5 +/- 0.2 micrometer. The presence of banded myofibrils in non-cultured cells shows that the organization of the contractile material is similar to that previously reported for cultured cells by Gr\u00f6schel-Stewart.", "contents": "Striated myofibrils in anti-myosin stained, isolated chicken gizzard smooth muscle cells. Highly purified chicken gizzard myosin was used to induce antibody production in rabbits. The IgG fraction was separated from the antisera and coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Specific antibody (AGM) was isolated from the IgG fraction by affinity purification. Comparisons of the specificity of IgG and AGM for chicken smooth muscle myosin revealed a much greater specificity by AGM. Staining with IgG led to an apparent cross-reactivity with guinea pig smooth muscles which was not seen with AGM staining. Therefore, staining of cells for localization of myosin was performed with AGM. Isolated cells were obtained from chicken gizzards either by collagenase digestion or by agitation of glycerinated pieces. Stained cells and cell fragments revealed the presence of myofibrils as structural units with diameters of about 1.0 micrometer. Stained myofibrils occasionally displayed regular banding patterns with a repeating period of about 1.5 +/- 0.2 micrometer. The presence of banded myofibrils in non-cultured cells shows that the organization of the contractile material is similar to that previously reported for cultured cells by Gr\u00f6schel-Stewart.", "PMID": 83318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9027", "title": "Serial serum protein determinations in scoliotic children treated by spine fusion and autotransfusion.", "content": "In a longitudinal study, serum protein levels were determined by more than 1200 radial immunodiffusion assays in fifty pediatric scoliotic patients whose blood replacement during spine fusion was provided by predeposition autotransfusion. Several serial samples of serum were obtained at intervals from the time of admission through surgery and discharge and they were examined for eight serum proteins: IgG, IgA, IgM, albumin, transferrin, C3c (B1A globulin), beta-lipoprotein, and alpha2-macroglobulin. The results indicated that neither the three phlebotomies performed to obtain predeposition autologuus blood for reinfusion nor the loss of blood during surgery resulted in significant alteration of any of the serum protein levels at the sampling times tested. The greatest decreases in the serum concentrations of all eight proteins were observed during the early postoperative recovery period.", "contents": "Serial serum protein determinations in scoliotic children treated by spine fusion and autotransfusion. In a longitudinal study, serum protein levels were determined by more than 1200 radial immunodiffusion assays in fifty pediatric scoliotic patients whose blood replacement during spine fusion was provided by predeposition autotransfusion. Several serial samples of serum were obtained at intervals from the time of admission through surgery and discharge and they were examined for eight serum proteins: IgG, IgA, IgM, albumin, transferrin, C3c (B1A globulin), beta-lipoprotein, and alpha2-macroglobulin. The results indicated that neither the three phlebotomies performed to obtain predeposition autologuus blood for reinfusion nor the loss of blood during surgery resulted in significant alteration of any of the serum protein levels at the sampling times tested. The greatest decreases in the serum concentrations of all eight proteins were observed during the early postoperative recovery period.", "PMID": 83320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9028", "title": "Membrane asymmetry and enhanced ultrastructural detail of sarcoplasmic reticulum revealed with use of tannic acid.", "content": "Fixation of purified sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane vesicles, using glutaraldehyde supplemented with 1% tannic acid, reveals newly visualized ultrastructure in thin sections. The trilaminar appearance of the membrane is highly asymmetric; the outer electron-opaque layer is appreciably wider (70 A) than the inner layer (20 A). The asymmetry is not referable to lack of penetration of the tannic acid since: (a) SR vesicles made permeable with 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.5, show similar asymmetry; (b) treatment of SR with trypsin results in progressive loss in protein content and decrease in the thickness of the outer layer, until in the limit the trilayer has a symmetric appearance; (c) within the same muscle section, the SR membrane appears highly asymmetric whereas the sarcolemma has a more symmetric appearance; (d) reconstituted SR vesicles have a symmetric appearance with equally broad inner and outer layers (approximately 70 A); the symmetric structure is confirmed by freeze-fracture and negative staining electron microscopy. Heavy and light SR vesicles obtained by isopycnic density sedimentation of purified SR have the same asymmetric appearance of the membrane and seem to differ mainly in that the heavy vesicles contain internal contents consisting largely of Ca++-binding protein. The asymmetry of the SR membrane is referable mainly to the unidirectional alignment of the Ca++ pump protein, the major component (90% of the protein) of the membrane. The asymmetry of the SR membrane can be visualized now for the first time in situ in thin sections of muscle.", "contents": "Membrane asymmetry and enhanced ultrastructural detail of sarcoplasmic reticulum revealed with use of tannic acid. Fixation of purified sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane vesicles, using glutaraldehyde supplemented with 1% tannic acid, reveals newly visualized ultrastructure in thin sections. The trilaminar appearance of the membrane is highly asymmetric; the outer electron-opaque layer is appreciably wider (70 A) than the inner layer (20 A). The asymmetry is not referable to lack of penetration of the tannic acid since: (a) SR vesicles made permeable with 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.5, show similar asymmetry; (b) treatment of SR with trypsin results in progressive loss in protein content and decrease in the thickness of the outer layer, until in the limit the trilayer has a symmetric appearance; (c) within the same muscle section, the SR membrane appears highly asymmetric whereas the sarcolemma has a more symmetric appearance; (d) reconstituted SR vesicles have a symmetric appearance with equally broad inner and outer layers (approximately 70 A); the symmetric structure is confirmed by freeze-fracture and negative staining electron microscopy. Heavy and light SR vesicles obtained by isopycnic density sedimentation of purified SR have the same asymmetric appearance of the membrane and seem to differ mainly in that the heavy vesicles contain internal contents consisting largely of Ca++-binding protein. The asymmetry of the SR membrane is referable mainly to the unidirectional alignment of the Ca++ pump protein, the major component (90% of the protein) of the membrane. The asymmetry of the SR membrane can be visualized now for the first time in situ in thin sections of muscle.", "PMID": 83321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9029", "title": "Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues.", "content": "Intermediate filaments have been isolated from rabbit intradural spinal nerve roots by the axonal flotation method. This method was modified to avoid exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium. The purified filaments are morphologically 75-80 percent pure. The gel electrophoretogram shows four major bands migrating at 200,000, 145,000, 68,000, and 60,000 daltons, respectively. A similar preparation from rabbit brain shows four major polypeptides with mol wt of 200,000 145,000, 68,000, and 51,000 daltons. These results indicate that the neurofilament is composed of a triplet of polypepetides with mol wt of 200,000, 145,000, and 68,000 daltons. The 51,000-dalton band that appears in brain filament preparations as the major polypeptide seems to be of glial origin. The significance of the 60,000- dalton band in the nerve root filament preparation is unclear at this time. Antibodies raised against two of the triplet proteins isolated from calf brain localize by immunofluorescence to neurons in central and peripheral nerve. On the other hand, an antibody to the 51,000-dalton polypeptide gives only glial staining in the brain, and very weak peripheral nerve staining. Prolonged exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium solubilizes almost all of the triplet polypeptides, leaving behind only the 51,000- dalton component. This would indicate that the neurofilament is soluble at low ionic strength, whereas the glial filament is not. These results indicate that neurofilaments and glial filaments are composed of different polypeptides and have different solubility characteristics.", "contents": "Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues. Intermediate filaments have been isolated from rabbit intradural spinal nerve roots by the axonal flotation method. This method was modified to avoid exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium. The purified filaments are morphologically 75-80 percent pure. The gel electrophoretogram shows four major bands migrating at 200,000, 145,000, 68,000, and 60,000 daltons, respectively. A similar preparation from rabbit brain shows four major polypeptides with mol wt of 200,000 145,000, 68,000, and 51,000 daltons. These results indicate that the neurofilament is composed of a triplet of polypepetides with mol wt of 200,000, 145,000, and 68,000 daltons. The 51,000-dalton band that appears in brain filament preparations as the major polypeptide seems to be of glial origin. The significance of the 60,000- dalton band in the nerve root filament preparation is unclear at this time. Antibodies raised against two of the triplet proteins isolated from calf brain localize by immunofluorescence to neurons in central and peripheral nerve. On the other hand, an antibody to the 51,000-dalton polypeptide gives only glial staining in the brain, and very weak peripheral nerve staining. Prolonged exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium solubilizes almost all of the triplet polypeptides, leaving behind only the 51,000- dalton component. This would indicate that the neurofilament is soluble at low ionic strength, whereas the glial filament is not. These results indicate that neurofilaments and glial filaments are composed of different polypeptides and have different solubility characteristics.", "PMID": 83322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9030", "title": "Effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on leucine incorporation in L5178Y cells. II. Effect of actinomycin and heat shock.", "content": "3H-leucine incorporation was assayed in L5178Y cells as a measure for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis was inhibited by short duration heat shock, actinomycin, cordycepin or a combination of these agents. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had little or no effect upon protein synthesis in control cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, however, stimulated protein synthesis in cells previously heat shocked and/or inhibited by actinomycin or cordycepin. The results have been interpreted to indicate that the cyclic nucleotide stimulated protein synthesis by influencing the metabolism of some species of RNA which may regulate translation.", "contents": "Effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on leucine incorporation in L5178Y cells. II. Effect of actinomycin and heat shock. 3H-leucine incorporation was assayed in L5178Y cells as a measure for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis was inhibited by short duration heat shock, actinomycin, cordycepin or a combination of these agents. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had little or no effect upon protein synthesis in control cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, however, stimulated protein synthesis in cells previously heat shocked and/or inhibited by actinomycin or cordycepin. The results have been interpreted to indicate that the cyclic nucleotide stimulated protein synthesis by influencing the metabolism of some species of RNA which may regulate translation.", "PMID": 83323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9031", "title": "Plasminogen activator synthesis by cultured human embryonic lung cells: characterization of the suppressive effect of corticosteroids.", "content": "The synthesis of plasminogen activator (PA) by cultured human embryonic lung (HuEL) cells has been examined. The production of PA by these cells was found to be reversibly inhibited by physiological levels of glucocorticoids. The suppression of PA synthesis in HuEL cells was not accompanied by an inhibition of cell growth. Moreover, the glucocorticoid induced deinduction of plasminogen activator synthesis occurred in both growing and non-growing cells. The inhibition of PA production by corticosteroids appeared to have a requirement for DNA-dependent RNA synthesis since the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis at the time of exposure of cells to corticosteroids prevented the deinduction of PA.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator synthesis by cultured human embryonic lung cells: characterization of the suppressive effect of corticosteroids. The synthesis of plasminogen activator (PA) by cultured human embryonic lung (HuEL) cells has been examined. The production of PA by these cells was found to be reversibly inhibited by physiological levels of glucocorticoids. The suppression of PA synthesis in HuEL cells was not accompanied by an inhibition of cell growth. Moreover, the glucocorticoid induced deinduction of plasminogen activator synthesis occurred in both growing and non-growing cells. The inhibition of PA production by corticosteroids appeared to have a requirement for DNA-dependent RNA synthesis since the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis at the time of exposure of cells to corticosteroids prevented the deinduction of PA.", "PMID": 83324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9032", "title": "RNA synthesis by nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic liver cells.", "content": "Nuclei and nucleoli were isolated from rat livers subjected to an interruption of the blood supply for periods of different duration, as well as after restoration of the blood supply. They were assayed for RNA synthesis under conditions of diverse ionic strengths, and in the presence of an exogenous template, such as poly d (A-T), and actinomycin to inactivate the endogenous template; alpha-amanitin was made used of to distinguish polymerase I and polymerase II dependent RNA synthesis. Nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic livers showed a severe impairment of RNA synthesis, which is likely to be due to decreased initiation frequency of the engaged polymerases, while free polymerases were essentially unchanged. Both form I and II polymerase were equally involved. After restoration of the blood supply RNA synthesis recovered with an overshooting well above normal levels of activity, lasting for at least 24 hours. Increased RNA synthesis was not followed by thymidine incorporation into DNA.", "contents": "RNA synthesis by nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic liver cells. Nuclei and nucleoli were isolated from rat livers subjected to an interruption of the blood supply for periods of different duration, as well as after restoration of the blood supply. They were assayed for RNA synthesis under conditions of diverse ionic strengths, and in the presence of an exogenous template, such as poly d (A-T), and actinomycin to inactivate the endogenous template; alpha-amanitin was made used of to distinguish polymerase I and polymerase II dependent RNA synthesis. Nuclei and nucleoli from ischemic livers showed a severe impairment of RNA synthesis, which is likely to be due to decreased initiation frequency of the engaged polymerases, while free polymerases were essentially unchanged. Both form I and II polymerase were equally involved. After restoration of the blood supply RNA synthesis recovered with an overshooting well above normal levels of activity, lasting for at least 24 hours. Increased RNA synthesis was not followed by thymidine incorporation into DNA.", "PMID": 83325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9033", "title": "Immune response in urinary tract infection determined by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence: serum antibody levels against infecting bacterium and Enterobacteriaceae common antigen.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test in a serological study of 76 female adults with urinary tract infections. Relative serum antibody activity was determined against patients' homologous infecting enterobacteria by RIA and IFA and against heterologous enterobacterial common antigen (Escherichia coli O14) by RIA. There was marked correlation between results of the IFA and RIA methods using the homologous system; 22 of 51 patients (43%) with pyelonephritis had significantly elevated serum antibody activity by both IFA (titers greater than or equal to 512) and RIA (binding ratio greater than or equal to 2.0) when compared with normal serum controls; three had significant antibody activity detectable by RIA only. Eighteen (72%) of 25 patients with pyelonephritis had RIA binding ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0 against their homologous bacterial isolates and the enterobacterial common antigen; an additional 6 patients had binding ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0 against the antigen only. All 25 patients with cystitis had low serum antibody levels by IFA and RIA when tested against their own isolate as well as enterobacterial common antigen. The RIA procedure was objective, quantitative, and less tedious to perform than IFA.", "contents": "Immune response in urinary tract infection determined by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence: serum antibody levels against infecting bacterium and Enterobacteriaceae common antigen. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test in a serological study of 76 female adults with urinary tract infections. Relative serum antibody activity was determined against patients' homologous infecting enterobacteria by RIA and IFA and against heterologous enterobacterial common antigen (Escherichia coli O14) by RIA. There was marked correlation between results of the IFA and RIA methods using the homologous system; 22 of 51 patients (43%) with pyelonephritis had significantly elevated serum antibody activity by both IFA (titers greater than or equal to 512) and RIA (binding ratio greater than or equal to 2.0) when compared with normal serum controls; three had significant antibody activity detectable by RIA only. Eighteen (72%) of 25 patients with pyelonephritis had RIA binding ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0 against their homologous bacterial isolates and the enterobacterial common antigen; an additional 6 patients had binding ratios of greater than or equal to 2.0 against the antigen only. All 25 patients with cystitis had low serum antibody levels by IFA and RIA when tested against their own isolate as well as enterobacterial common antigen. The RIA procedure was objective, quantitative, and less tedious to perform than IFA.", "PMID": 83326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9034", "title": "Broadly reacting precipitating and agglutinating antigen of leptospirae.", "content": "A saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strain of equine origin was found which cross-reacts with immune rabbit antisera to 14 pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serotypes. Sera from goats experimentally inoculated with the saprophyte showed multiple low-level cross-agglutination reactions against a battery of live L. interrogans serotypes. Sonically treated and saline-extracted suspensions of the L. biflexa strain and serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona yielded a common precipitating protein antigen that was detected by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with all of the antileptospiral sera examined. In cross-absorption and gel diffusion tests, the precipitinogen from each of the strains was shown to be identical. Formaldehyde treatments and heating at 100 degree C suggest that the cellular location of the common antigen is either somatic or subsurface, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration enabled the isolation of the active fraction of the L. biflexa antigen. Monoprecipitin sera against the common antigen of L. biflexa were produced by immunizing rabbits with specific precipitates in agar. In gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests the antisera with each of the soluble antigens developed a single precipitin formation, and the antisera agglutinated formolized and heated whole-cell suspensions of serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona at low dilutions. The soluble L. biflexa antigen was evaluated as an immunogen and in passive immunity tests for protection against death and kidney infection in hamsters. No cross-protection occurred when the hamsters were challenged with virulent leptospires. In contrast, the animals vaccinated or administered hamster immune serum before challenge died earlier than the control animals.", "contents": "Broadly reacting precipitating and agglutinating antigen of leptospirae. A saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strain of equine origin was found which cross-reacts with immune rabbit antisera to 14 pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serotypes. Sera from goats experimentally inoculated with the saprophyte showed multiple low-level cross-agglutination reactions against a battery of live L. interrogans serotypes. Sonically treated and saline-extracted suspensions of the L. biflexa strain and serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona yielded a common precipitating protein antigen that was detected by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis with all of the antileptospiral sera examined. In cross-absorption and gel diffusion tests, the precipitinogen from each of the strains was shown to be identical. Formaldehyde treatments and heating at 100 degree C suggest that the cellular location of the common antigen is either somatic or subsurface, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration enabled the isolation of the active fraction of the L. biflexa antigen. Monoprecipitin sera against the common antigen of L. biflexa were produced by immunizing rabbits with specific precipitates in agar. In gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests the antisera with each of the soluble antigens developed a single precipitin formation, and the antisera agglutinated formolized and heated whole-cell suspensions of serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona at low dilutions. The soluble L. biflexa antigen was evaluated as an immunogen and in passive immunity tests for protection against death and kidney infection in hamsters. No cross-protection occurred when the hamsters were challenged with virulent leptospires. In contrast, the animals vaccinated or administered hamster immune serum before challenge died earlier than the control animals.", "PMID": 83327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9035", "title": "Improvement in vowel articulation of deaf children.", "content": "Three deaf adolescents who had poorly developed skills in oral communication were given specialized instruction designed to improve their ability to articulate vowels. This instruction was given for 1 hour weekly over a 5-month period, and it led to an improvement in vowel articulation that was substantial enough to be measured acoustically. The instruction emphasized articulatory relations between vowel sounds that are particularly difficult for the deaf to perceive visually or vibrotactually. The formant frequencies of five vowels were measured spectrographically before and after training. The measurements showed that all three children improved in their ability to articulate vowels as indicated by an increased frequency range of the second formant, a reduced amount of overlap in the frequency plots of adjacent vowels, and in more appropriate formant frequency values for individual vowels.", "contents": "Improvement in vowel articulation of deaf children. Three deaf adolescents who had poorly developed skills in oral communication were given specialized instruction designed to improve their ability to articulate vowels. This instruction was given for 1 hour weekly over a 5-month period, and it led to an improvement in vowel articulation that was substantial enough to be measured acoustically. The instruction emphasized articulatory relations between vowel sounds that are particularly difficult for the deaf to perceive visually or vibrotactually. The formant frequencies of five vowels were measured spectrographically before and after training. The measurements showed that all three children improved in their ability to articulate vowels as indicated by an increased frequency range of the second formant, a reduced amount of overlap in the frequency plots of adjacent vowels, and in more appropriate formant frequency values for individual vowels.", "PMID": 83329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9036", "title": "Combined methenamine-silver nitrate and hematoxylin & eosin stain for fungi in tissues.", "content": "Initial examination of hematoxylin & eosin-stained tissue from a human brain specimen did not reveal the fungi which were seen in subsequent tissue sections stained with methenamine-silver nitrate. Microabscesses seen in the hematoxylin & eosin-stained sections were not apparent in the methenamine--silver nitrate-stained tissue. Staining with methenamine--silver nitrate and counterstaining with hematoxylin & eosin proved excellent not only for detecting fungus cells, but also for revealing their relationship to the host cellular response in this case and in examples of experimental murine coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Combined methenamine-silver nitrate and hematoxylin & eosin stain for fungi in tissues. Initial examination of hematoxylin & eosin-stained tissue from a human brain specimen did not reveal the fungi which were seen in subsequent tissue sections stained with methenamine-silver nitrate. Microabscesses seen in the hematoxylin & eosin-stained sections were not apparent in the methenamine--silver nitrate-stained tissue. Staining with methenamine--silver nitrate and counterstaining with hematoxylin & eosin proved excellent not only for detecting fungus cells, but also for revealing their relationship to the host cellular response in this case and in examples of experimental murine coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.", "PMID": 83328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9037", "title": "Transfer of contact sensitivity to beryllium using dialyzable leukocyte extracts (transfer factor).", "content": "Transfer factor derived from lymphocytes of donors with strong cellular immunity against beryllium was intradermally or subcutaneously injected into unprimed or subclinically primed human recipients who were patch test-negative. These recipients were challenged with beryllium at weekly intervals thereafter. Subjects who had been subclinically primed and received transfer factor either intradermally or subcutaneously showed transient patch test reactivity to the challenge. Subjects who received transfer factor but were not primed and subjects who had been primed but did not receive transfer factor showed no such conversion. This is the first demonstration of transfer of contact sensitivity in man using transfer factor, and it suggests that subclinical priming is necessary for such transfers.", "contents": "Transfer of contact sensitivity to beryllium using dialyzable leukocyte extracts (transfer factor). Transfer factor derived from lymphocytes of donors with strong cellular immunity against beryllium was intradermally or subcutaneously injected into unprimed or subclinically primed human recipients who were patch test-negative. These recipients were challenged with beryllium at weekly intervals thereafter. Subjects who had been subclinically primed and received transfer factor either intradermally or subcutaneously showed transient patch test reactivity to the challenge. Subjects who received transfer factor but were not primed and subjects who had been primed but did not receive transfer factor showed no such conversion. This is the first demonstration of transfer of contact sensitivity in man using transfer factor, and it suggests that subclinical priming is necessary for such transfers.", "PMID": 83331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9038", "title": "Cockroach cause of allergic asthma. Its specificity and immunologic profile.", "content": "To assess the etiologic role of cockroach antigen in bronchial asthma, 46 asthmatic subjects were studied using in vitro assays for total and cockroach-specific IgE antibodies (IgEcr) and the responsiveness of the skin and bronchial tree to the antigen challenge in vivo. Asthmatic subjects were divided into skin test-positive (PCR) and skin test-negative (NCR) groups according to immediate skin response to cockroach antigen. The 28 in the PCR group showed high total IgE (1,901 ng/ml) and a high cockroach-specific IgE antibody level (329%) in the serum compared to the 10 in the NCR group (IgE: 915 ng/ml, IgEcr:84%) (p less than 0.001). Bronchial challenge with the antigen revealed immediate asthmatic reaction (30/33) and late asthmatic reaction (16/33) in the PCR asthmatics, whereas the NCR asthmatics showed neither immediate asthmatic reaction (2/13 showed questionable decrease in FEV1) nor late asthmatic reaction (p less than 0.001). A marked increase in peripheral eosinophils (758% vs 121%) was noted following antigen inhalation in the skin test-positive asthmatics (p less than 0.025). The results indicate that cockroach antigen causes antigen-specific IgE-mediated bronchial asthma and peripheral eosinophilia in specifically sensitized asthmatic subjects.", "contents": "Cockroach cause of allergic asthma. Its specificity and immunologic profile. To assess the etiologic role of cockroach antigen in bronchial asthma, 46 asthmatic subjects were studied using in vitro assays for total and cockroach-specific IgE antibodies (IgEcr) and the responsiveness of the skin and bronchial tree to the antigen challenge in vivo. Asthmatic subjects were divided into skin test-positive (PCR) and skin test-negative (NCR) groups according to immediate skin response to cockroach antigen. The 28 in the PCR group showed high total IgE (1,901 ng/ml) and a high cockroach-specific IgE antibody level (329%) in the serum compared to the 10 in the NCR group (IgE: 915 ng/ml, IgEcr:84%) (p less than 0.001). Bronchial challenge with the antigen revealed immediate asthmatic reaction (30/33) and late asthmatic reaction (16/33) in the PCR asthmatics, whereas the NCR asthmatics showed neither immediate asthmatic reaction (2/13 showed questionable decrease in FEV1) nor late asthmatic reaction (p less than 0.001). A marked increase in peripheral eosinophils (758% vs 121%) was noted following antigen inhalation in the skin test-positive asthmatics (p less than 0.025). The results indicate that cockroach antigen causes antigen-specific IgE-mediated bronchial asthma and peripheral eosinophilia in specifically sensitized asthmatic subjects.", "PMID": 83332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9039", "title": "Feulgen-DNA absorption spectrum of euchromatin and constitutive heterochromatin.", "content": "When the heterochromatin and euchromatin of Triatoma infestans are maximally depurinated, their Feulgen-DNA spectral profiles exhibit a shoulder at about lambda = 530 nm. The shoulder is especially prominent in the curves of the heterochromatin. It is assumed that this pattern is related to richness in repetitive DNA in the heterochromatin, favoring appearance of Schiff reagent molecules di-substituted with adjacent apurinic acid aldehydes.", "contents": "Feulgen-DNA absorption spectrum of euchromatin and constitutive heterochromatin. When the heterochromatin and euchromatin of Triatoma infestans are maximally depurinated, their Feulgen-DNA spectral profiles exhibit a shoulder at about lambda = 530 nm. The shoulder is especially prominent in the curves of the heterochromatin. It is assumed that this pattern is related to richness in repetitive DNA in the heterochromatin, favoring appearance of Schiff reagent molecules di-substituted with adjacent apurinic acid aldehydes.", "PMID": 83338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9040", "title": "Atrial specific granules of the rat heart: light microscopic staining and histochemical reactions.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to determine general staining and histochemical properties of rat atrial specific granules. It was found that these granules may be demonstrated using aldehyde fuchsin after pretreatments which involve oxidation or thiosulfation. This new way of demonstrating atrial granules is compared to other staining methods in terms of sensitivity and selectivity as well as to the nature of reactive groups that may be involved in the staining reactions. No lipid or carbohydrate were detected histochemically. Overall assessment of reactions suggests that atrial granules are a site of storage for a protein or polypeptide. Some of the tests indicate that these may contain tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids.", "contents": "Atrial specific granules of the rat heart: light microscopic staining and histochemical reactions. An investigation was carried out to determine general staining and histochemical properties of rat atrial specific granules. It was found that these granules may be demonstrated using aldehyde fuchsin after pretreatments which involve oxidation or thiosulfation. This new way of demonstrating atrial granules is compared to other staining methods in terms of sensitivity and selectivity as well as to the nature of reactive groups that may be involved in the staining reactions. No lipid or carbohydrate were detected histochemically. Overall assessment of reactions suggests that atrial granules are a site of storage for a protein or polypeptide. Some of the tests indicate that these may contain tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids.", "PMID": 83339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9041", "title": "Immunochemical characterization and cellular localization of pepsinogens in cat and dog.", "content": "The antigenic relationships and cellular localization of cat and dog pepsinogens were investigated by electrophoretic analysis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoabsorption, and by immunofluorescence, respectively. Rabbit antiserum to human and hog group I (Pg I) and group II pepsinogens (Pg II) had been previously prepared. Electrophoretic analysis revealed at least eight distinct proteases in extracts of gastric and proximal duodenal mucosa, resistant to alkalinization but destroyed by sequential accidification and neutralization. Rabbit antiserum to Pg I (anti-Pg I) and Pg II (anti-Pg II) produced a single precipitin arc against each extract forming a line of nonidentity. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts produced a single precipitin arc against anti-Pg I or anti-Pg II. The specificity of the antibodies for the group I or group II pepsinogens was confirmed by immunoabsorption. By immunofluorescnece, both Pg I and Pg II were present in mucous neck and chief cells in fundic mucosa, in the pyloric gland cells in antral mucosa, and Brunner's glands in the proximal duodenum. The results indicate that canine and feline pepsinogens are electrophoretically heterogenous, that canine and feline Pg I share antigenic determinants with each other but not with Pg II, that a similar positive relationship exists for Pg II, and that both Pg I and Pg II are localized to the peptic cell mass, consisting of four types of cells.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization and cellular localization of pepsinogens in cat and dog. The antigenic relationships and cellular localization of cat and dog pepsinogens were investigated by electrophoretic analysis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoabsorption, and by immunofluorescence, respectively. Rabbit antiserum to human and hog group I (Pg I) and group II pepsinogens (Pg II) had been previously prepared. Electrophoretic analysis revealed at least eight distinct proteases in extracts of gastric and proximal duodenal mucosa, resistant to alkalinization but destroyed by sequential accidification and neutralization. Rabbit antiserum to Pg I (anti-Pg I) and Pg II (anti-Pg II) produced a single precipitin arc against each extract forming a line of nonidentity. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts produced a single precipitin arc against anti-Pg I or anti-Pg II. The specificity of the antibodies for the group I or group II pepsinogens was confirmed by immunoabsorption. By immunofluorescnece, both Pg I and Pg II were present in mucous neck and chief cells in fundic mucosa, in the pyloric gland cells in antral mucosa, and Brunner's glands in the proximal duodenum. The results indicate that canine and feline pepsinogens are electrophoretically heterogenous, that canine and feline Pg I share antigenic determinants with each other but not with Pg II, that a similar positive relationship exists for Pg II, and that both Pg I and Pg II are localized to the peptic cell mass, consisting of four types of cells.", "PMID": 83340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9042", "title": "Priming potency of the products of individual regions of the H-2 complex and their role in the restimulation in secondary MLC.", "content": "Genetic analysis of the determinants causing an early proliferation in MLC after priming with allogeneic cells in vivo was performed. The active determinants were localized in the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex by using appropriate recombinant mouse strains. Upon priming with antigens coded by the whole H-2 complex, the lymphocytes gave a strong MLC response only to the priming stimulator cells and cells sharing the I-A subregion determinants of the latter. The response to third party stimulator cells and cells not sharing I-A subregion determinants was low. Upon priming with various H-2 region products, only lymphocytes primed against I-A subregion products gave an early proliferative MLC response to the priming stimulator cells, whereas lymphocytes primed against other H-2 region products gave none.", "contents": "Priming potency of the products of individual regions of the H-2 complex and their role in the restimulation in secondary MLC. Genetic analysis of the determinants causing an early proliferation in MLC after priming with allogeneic cells in vivo was performed. The active determinants were localized in the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex by using appropriate recombinant mouse strains. Upon priming with antigens coded by the whole H-2 complex, the lymphocytes gave a strong MLC response only to the priming stimulator cells and cells sharing the I-A subregion determinants of the latter. The response to third party stimulator cells and cells not sharing I-A subregion determinants was low. Upon priming with various H-2 region products, only lymphocytes primed against I-A subregion products gave an early proliferative MLC response to the priming stimulator cells, whereas lymphocytes primed against other H-2 region products gave none.", "PMID": 83341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9043", "title": "Histocompatibility difference between C3HfeB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice: tumour induced in C3HfeB/HeN mice expresses C3H/HeN-associated alloantigen.", "content": "A transplacentally induced lung tumour of C3HfeB/HeN mouse origin expresses, as a tumour-associated antigen, a normal tissue component of strain A mice. The genetic locus coding for this alloantigen has been shown to be linked to the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. In the present study we demonstrate that this antigen is also expressed on normal tissues of C3H/HeN mice. Skin grafts exchanged between C3HfeB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice are reciprocally rejected at approximately 3 weeks after grafting. C3HfeB/HeN mice were derived from C3H/HeN mice in 1945. These strains have apparently deviated since then in their genetic regulation of the expression of the MHC-linked genetic locus. The finding of the C3H/HeN-associated antigen on a C3HfeB/HeN mouse-derived lung tumour indicates that this deviation is reversible.", "contents": "Histocompatibility difference between C3HfeB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice: tumour induced in C3HfeB/HeN mice expresses C3H/HeN-associated alloantigen. A transplacentally induced lung tumour of C3HfeB/HeN mouse origin expresses, as a tumour-associated antigen, a normal tissue component of strain A mice. The genetic locus coding for this alloantigen has been shown to be linked to the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. In the present study we demonstrate that this antigen is also expressed on normal tissues of C3H/HeN mice. Skin grafts exchanged between C3HfeB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice are reciprocally rejected at approximately 3 weeks after grafting. C3HfeB/HeN mice were derived from C3H/HeN mice in 1945. These strains have apparently deviated since then in their genetic regulation of the expression of the MHC-linked genetic locus. The finding of the C3H/HeN-associated antigen on a C3HfeB/HeN mouse-derived lung tumour indicates that this deviation is reversible.", "PMID": 83342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9044", "title": "The influence of postoperative chemotherapy with bleomycin, methotrexate and vincristine on the outgrowth of nerve axons after microsurgical nerve reconstruction. An experimental study.", "content": "Surgical therapy of epidermoid carcinoma of the maxillo-facial region often makes it necessary to sever important nerves (accessory, facial, mandibular). Microsurgical technique has made it possible to restore this damaged function by nerve transplantation. On the other hand, postoperative anticancer chemotherapy may inhibit axonal outgrowth after such transplantation procedure and thereby destroy the functional restoration. A single course of bleomycin, methotrexate and vincristine therapy in rats with previously created sciatic nerve anastomoses caused only a delay of axonal outgrowth in the case of vincristine therapy. The other two drugs showed no similar effect. From this it follows that postoperative chemotherapy does not definitely compromise the result of nerve restoration in connection with tumour resection.", "contents": "The influence of postoperative chemotherapy with bleomycin, methotrexate and vincristine on the outgrowth of nerve axons after microsurgical nerve reconstruction. An experimental study. Surgical therapy of epidermoid carcinoma of the maxillo-facial region often makes it necessary to sever important nerves (accessory, facial, mandibular). Microsurgical technique has made it possible to restore this damaged function by nerve transplantation. On the other hand, postoperative anticancer chemotherapy may inhibit axonal outgrowth after such transplantation procedure and thereby destroy the functional restoration. A single course of bleomycin, methotrexate and vincristine therapy in rats with previously created sciatic nerve anastomoses caused only a delay of axonal outgrowth in the case of vincristine therapy. The other two drugs showed no similar effect. From this it follows that postoperative chemotherapy does not definitely compromise the result of nerve restoration in connection with tumour resection.", "PMID": 83343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9045", "title": "Chemotherapy in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla (case report).", "content": "A case of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla is described. The tumor was excised by a hemimaxillectomy but recurred in 3 months. The patient died 8 months after the initial onset of symptoms. Chemotherapy and radiation were ineffective with the exception of bleomycin, which caused necrosis of the tumour, with no apparent increase in growth, and a decrease of the serum alkaline phosphatase level to less than half of the maximum value. There was a close correlation between the fluctuating pattern of the serum alkaline phosphatase level and the growth and remission of the tumour during the entire course of treatment.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla (case report). A case of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla is described. The tumor was excised by a hemimaxillectomy but recurred in 3 months. The patient died 8 months after the initial onset of symptoms. Chemotherapy and radiation were ineffective with the exception of bleomycin, which caused necrosis of the tumour, with no apparent increase in growth, and a decrease of the serum alkaline phosphatase level to less than half of the maximum value. There was a close correlation between the fluctuating pattern of the serum alkaline phosphatase level and the growth and remission of the tumour during the entire course of treatment.", "PMID": 83344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9046", "title": "Rapid determination of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by laser-nephelometry.", "content": "The Laser-nephelometric technique is characterized by its easy handling, accuracy, good reproducibility and especially by the short time in which reliable results are available. A very good correlation was found between the results obtained by the electroimmunoassay and those obtained by Laser-nephelometry. In both techniques alpha2-macroglobulin is the largest serum protein that can be determined in normal unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This is of diagnostic significance, since the serum/CSF ratios of both albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin are used as a parameter for the blood-CSF barrier condition.", "contents": "Rapid determination of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by laser-nephelometry. The Laser-nephelometric technique is characterized by its easy handling, accuracy, good reproducibility and especially by the short time in which reliable results are available. A very good correlation was found between the results obtained by the electroimmunoassay and those obtained by Laser-nephelometry. In both techniques alpha2-macroglobulin is the largest serum protein that can be determined in normal unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This is of diagnostic significance, since the serum/CSF ratios of both albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin are used as a parameter for the blood-CSF barrier condition.", "PMID": 83350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9047", "title": "Characterization of a retrovirus isolated from normal mink cells co-cultivated with a dog mammary tumour.", "content": "A retrovirus antigenically distinct from known type C, B and D viruses was isolated from normal mink (Mustela vison) lung cells that had been co-cultivated with 5-iododeoxyuridine- and dexamethasone-treated dog mammary tumour cells. Cytogenetic studies of the virus-releasing co-culture showed mitotic figures identical to the normal mink cell line (MvlLu) with the exception of a low frequency of cells with extensive chromosomal breakage and uncoiling. The new virus bands at a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml, contains 60S RNA and a reverse transcriptase which prefers Mn2+ over Mg2+ for the synthesis of DNA. This enzyme utilizes poly(rA).oligo(dT) more efficiently than poly(dA).oligo(dT) and is also able to synthesize DNA copies from the endogenous RNA. Morphologically, it is a typical type C virus. Filtered virus readily infects mink, dog and other mammalian cells indicating the amphotropic nature of its cell growth requirement. Hybridization studies showed that normal mink DNA contains multiple copies of proviral sequences of this newly isolated virus. Serological analyses indicate that the mink endogenous virus contains in its core protein, in addition to the interspecies type-C determinant, an antigenic component related to one of the determinants found in the feline leukaemia virus p30 protein. This determinant is not present in the Rauscher leukaemia virus, RD114 virus or simian sarcoma virus.", "contents": "Characterization of a retrovirus isolated from normal mink cells co-cultivated with a dog mammary tumour. A retrovirus antigenically distinct from known type C, B and D viruses was isolated from normal mink (Mustela vison) lung cells that had been co-cultivated with 5-iododeoxyuridine- and dexamethasone-treated dog mammary tumour cells. Cytogenetic studies of the virus-releasing co-culture showed mitotic figures identical to the normal mink cell line (MvlLu) with the exception of a low frequency of cells with extensive chromosomal breakage and uncoiling. The new virus bands at a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml, contains 60S RNA and a reverse transcriptase which prefers Mn2+ over Mg2+ for the synthesis of DNA. This enzyme utilizes poly(rA).oligo(dT) more efficiently than poly(dA).oligo(dT) and is also able to synthesize DNA copies from the endogenous RNA. Morphologically, it is a typical type C virus. Filtered virus readily infects mink, dog and other mammalian cells indicating the amphotropic nature of its cell growth requirement. Hybridization studies showed that normal mink DNA contains multiple copies of proviral sequences of this newly isolated virus. Serological analyses indicate that the mink endogenous virus contains in its core protein, in addition to the interspecies type-C determinant, an antigenic component related to one of the determinants found in the feline leukaemia virus p30 protein. This determinant is not present in the Rauscher leukaemia virus, RD114 virus or simian sarcoma virus.", "PMID": 83351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9048", "title": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part II: animal studies.", "content": "The induction of squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in a total of 1,950 mice in a lifelong skin-dropping experiment with different doses of automobile exhaust condensate and its fractions is described. Results of the dose-response studies reported indicate that local oncogenic activity of automobile condensate is contained primarily in its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-fractions. In addition, findings in lung tumor incidences are given. Results of the sebaceous gland suppression screening test were found to be comparable to findings of the skin-dropping experiments.", "contents": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part II: animal studies. The induction of squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in a total of 1,950 mice in a lifelong skin-dropping experiment with different doses of automobile exhaust condensate and its fractions is described. Results of the dose-response studies reported indicate that local oncogenic activity of automobile condensate is contained primarily in its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-fractions. In addition, findings in lung tumor incidences are given. Results of the sebaceous gland suppression screening test were found to be comparable to findings of the skin-dropping experiments.", "PMID": 83348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9049", "title": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part III: mathematical-statistical evaluation of the test results.", "content": "This paper deals with the mathematical-statistical evaluation of experiments devoted to the following problems: 1. To what extent is the carcinogenic potency of automobile exhaust gas condensate dependent on the dose? 2. What fractions (groups of substances) of the automobile exhaust gas condensate are mainly responsible for the carcinogenic potency? 3. To what extent can the potency be explained by fractions (or single substances)? In order to answer the above questions, the working group planned animal experiments (cf. Misfeld and Timm, 1973) and obtained, prepared, and fractionalized automobile exhaust gas condensate (Grimmer, 1978). The exhaust gas condensate and its fractions were dropped onto the skin of female CFLP mice (Brune et al., 1978). In view of the problems posed above, the aim of the mathematical-statistical evaluation was to establish the dose-response relations, to assess the combined effect, and to estimate the relative potency and the assumed potency. In particular, the hypothesis (basis for the separation process) that the potency of the entire exhaust gas condensate is mainly attributable to the fraction which contains the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitromethane phase) was examined.", "contents": "The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part III: mathematical-statistical evaluation of the test results. This paper deals with the mathematical-statistical evaluation of experiments devoted to the following problems: 1. To what extent is the carcinogenic potency of automobile exhaust gas condensate dependent on the dose? 2. What fractions (groups of substances) of the automobile exhaust gas condensate are mainly responsible for the carcinogenic potency? 3. To what extent can the potency be explained by fractions (or single substances)? In order to answer the above questions, the working group planned animal experiments (cf. Misfeld and Timm, 1973) and obtained, prepared, and fractionalized automobile exhaust gas condensate (Grimmer, 1978). The exhaust gas condensate and its fractions were dropped onto the skin of female CFLP mice (Brune et al., 1978). In view of the problems posed above, the aim of the mathematical-statistical evaluation was to establish the dose-response relations, to assess the combined effect, and to estimate the relative potency and the assumed potency. In particular, the hypothesis (basis for the separation process) that the potency of the entire exhaust gas condensate is mainly attributable to the fraction which contains the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitromethane phase) was examined.", "PMID": 83349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9050", "title": "Circulating antibody to myelin basic protein in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? A comparative group and sequential study by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Sera from multiple sclerosis patients with relapsing-remitting disease and normal subjects were tested for antibody to myelin basic protein by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The results showed a marginally decreased titre in multiple sclerosis superimposed on a seasonal variation. There was no correlation with the clinical state of the patients. Results are discussed briefly in relation to humoral antibody function in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis.", "contents": "Circulating antibody to myelin basic protein in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? A comparative group and sequential study by radioimmunoassay. Sera from multiple sclerosis patients with relapsing-remitting disease and normal subjects were tested for antibody to myelin basic protein by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The results showed a marginally decreased titre in multiple sclerosis superimposed on a seasonal variation. There was no correlation with the clinical state of the patients. Results are discussed briefly in relation to humoral antibody function in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis.", "PMID": 83354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9051", "title": "CSF protein examinations with thin-layer isoelectric focusing in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Thin-layer IEF, due to its extremely high resolving capacity, has been found to be quite valuable for CSF protein examinations, one important advantage of the technique being its excellent capacity for separation of immunoglobulins. The CSF and serum proteins of 230 patients with clinically verified or probable MS and 20 subjects with optic neuritis were examined with thin-layer IEF and the findings were compared with clinical data and results of other CSF examinations. All but 3 of the MS patients and about two thirds of the subjects with optic neuritis inhibited one or combinations of different CSF protein aberrations in the acidic and alkaline range. Oligoclonal bands and/or regional increases of Ig fractions, changes compatible with intrathecal Ig synthesis, were detected in respectively 95 and 80% of patients with clinically verified and probable MS and 30% of subjects with optic neuritis. Other aberrant CSF protein fractions (including transferrin, the taufraction and gamma-trace protein) were found in about half of the cases; some of these fractions had the highest occurrence in patients with the most extensive Ig abnormalities. The diverse CSF protein aberrations seemed to be influenced by the duration and course of the disorder as well as the probable sites of lesions; further factors might be the release of decomposition products from destroyed tissues, the genetically determined reactivity of the individual and the presence of possible agents.", "contents": "CSF protein examinations with thin-layer isoelectric focusing in multiple sclerosis. Thin-layer IEF, due to its extremely high resolving capacity, has been found to be quite valuable for CSF protein examinations, one important advantage of the technique being its excellent capacity for separation of immunoglobulins. The CSF and serum proteins of 230 patients with clinically verified or probable MS and 20 subjects with optic neuritis were examined with thin-layer IEF and the findings were compared with clinical data and results of other CSF examinations. All but 3 of the MS patients and about two thirds of the subjects with optic neuritis inhibited one or combinations of different CSF protein aberrations in the acidic and alkaline range. Oligoclonal bands and/or regional increases of Ig fractions, changes compatible with intrathecal Ig synthesis, were detected in respectively 95 and 80% of patients with clinically verified and probable MS and 30% of subjects with optic neuritis. Other aberrant CSF protein fractions (including transferrin, the taufraction and gamma-trace protein) were found in about half of the cases; some of these fractions had the highest occurrence in patients with the most extensive Ig abnormalities. The diverse CSF protein aberrations seemed to be influenced by the duration and course of the disorder as well as the probable sites of lesions; further factors might be the release of decomposition products from destroyed tissues, the genetically determined reactivity of the individual and the presence of possible agents.", "PMID": 83356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9052", "title": "The effect of silicate cement on the mitochondria and lysosomes of cultured cells assessed by quantitative enzyme histochemistry.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of the silicate cement \"Silicap\" was evaluated in an in vitro system which simulates the clinical usage of the material. BHK-21 (C-13) cells on cover slips were exposed to the freshly mixed material for 1h, and stained for the demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase. The mean stain density for succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the experimental cells was 77% and 153% of the control values respectively. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of \"Silicap\" is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of silicate cement on the mitochondria and lysosomes of cultured cells assessed by quantitative enzyme histochemistry. The cytotoxic effect of the silicate cement \"Silicap\" was evaluated in an in vitro system which simulates the clinical usage of the material. BHK-21 (C-13) cells on cover slips were exposed to the freshly mixed material for 1h, and stained for the demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase. The mean stain density for succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the experimental cells was 77% and 153% of the control values respectively. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of \"Silicap\" is discussed.", "PMID": 83357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9053", "title": "Healing of periodontal flaps following use of MBR 4197 (flucrylate) in rhesus monkeys. A clinical and histological evaluation.", "content": "Experimental periodontal surgery was performed on six adult Rhesus monkeys, using the modified Widman flap technique. Each monkey provided four or six segments for flap surgery, and three different experimental time intervals were used. Flaps were immobilized after surgery by conventional sutures or by application of MBR 4197 cyanoacrylate spray. Each animal provided its own contralateral comparison, and the mode of flap immobilization was reversed in the corresponding segments in the other animal of each experimental group. One monkey died approximately 12 hours after surgery, and the other animals were sacrificed at 14, 35 and 180 days. Histological sections were prepared from all operated areas, and examined for the pattern of healing. A special staining technique was used to determine the presence of MBR 4197 within the tissues.", "contents": "Healing of periodontal flaps following use of MBR 4197 (flucrylate) in rhesus monkeys. A clinical and histological evaluation. Experimental periodontal surgery was performed on six adult Rhesus monkeys, using the modified Widman flap technique. Each monkey provided four or six segments for flap surgery, and three different experimental time intervals were used. Flaps were immobilized after surgery by conventional sutures or by application of MBR 4197 cyanoacrylate spray. Each animal provided its own contralateral comparison, and the mode of flap immobilization was reversed in the corresponding segments in the other animal of each experimental group. One monkey died approximately 12 hours after surgery, and the other animals were sacrificed at 14, 35 and 180 days. Histological sections were prepared from all operated areas, and examined for the pattern of healing. A special staining technique was used to determine the presence of MBR 4197 within the tissues.", "PMID": 83358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9054", "title": "Pharmacologic characterization of the antiallergic activity of SK&F 78729-A.", "content": "SK&F 78729-A, one of a series of pyranenamine compounds, was studied in several laboratory models of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. In vivo, SK&F 78729-A, i.v./p.o., inhibited the antigen-induced rat 48-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by a mechanism other than end-organ antagonism to either histamine or serotonin. In vitro, the compound produced a concentration-related inhibition of the immunologic release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis from passively sensitized fragmented rhesus monkey and canine lung, and modest inhibition of histamine release from passively sensitized fragmented rhesus monkey skin. Similarly, SK&F 78729-A inhibited the antigen-induced release of histamine from passively sensitized fragmented rat lung. Under certain conditions, SK&F 78729-A inhibited antigen-induced pathophysiologic pulmonary responses in in vivo canine and rhesus monkey models of allergic asthma. The results of these studies suggest that clinically, SK&F 78729-A should exhibit a pharmacologic profile consistent with that of a prophylactic antiallergic agent.", "contents": "Pharmacologic characterization of the antiallergic activity of SK&F 78729-A. SK&F 78729-A, one of a series of pyranenamine compounds, was studied in several laboratory models of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. In vivo, SK&F 78729-A, i.v./p.o., inhibited the antigen-induced rat 48-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by a mechanism other than end-organ antagonism to either histamine or serotonin. In vitro, the compound produced a concentration-related inhibition of the immunologic release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis from passively sensitized fragmented rhesus monkey and canine lung, and modest inhibition of histamine release from passively sensitized fragmented rhesus monkey skin. Similarly, SK&F 78729-A inhibited the antigen-induced release of histamine from passively sensitized fragmented rat lung. Under certain conditions, SK&F 78729-A inhibited antigen-induced pathophysiologic pulmonary responses in in vivo canine and rhesus monkey models of allergic asthma. The results of these studies suggest that clinically, SK&F 78729-A should exhibit a pharmacologic profile consistent with that of a prophylactic antiallergic agent.", "PMID": 83359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9055", "title": "Effectiveness of community preventive programs on improving oral health.", "content": "Although sizable community efforts in the United States have been made to educate children and adults about periodontal disease and its control, valid inferences regarding their effectiveness cannot be made because, for the most part, invalid methods of evaluation have been used. Confusion about these methods may exist because there has been little conviction that the available methods of control will stop the progress of periodontal pathology. Many recommended oral hygiene practices are probably applicable only to certain motivated individuals. An effective, comprehensive community-program for the prevention of periodontal disease remains to be developed. It is unlikely that sufficient sums of money and personnel could be diverted from the budgets of lesser-developed countries to initiate mass oral hygiene programs. Therefore, it appears that, organized community efforts appear to be promising only for the control of dental caries. However, it must be remembered that community fluoridation may not be applicable in many countries. Therefore, new strategies and vehicles to bring fluorides to all segments of the world's population are needed.", "contents": "Effectiveness of community preventive programs on improving oral health. Although sizable community efforts in the United States have been made to educate children and adults about periodontal disease and its control, valid inferences regarding their effectiveness cannot be made because, for the most part, invalid methods of evaluation have been used. Confusion about these methods may exist because there has been little conviction that the available methods of control will stop the progress of periodontal pathology. Many recommended oral hygiene practices are probably applicable only to certain motivated individuals. An effective, comprehensive community-program for the prevention of periodontal disease remains to be developed. It is unlikely that sufficient sums of money and personnel could be diverted from the budgets of lesser-developed countries to initiate mass oral hygiene programs. Therefore, it appears that, organized community efforts appear to be promising only for the control of dental caries. However, it must be remembered that community fluoridation may not be applicable in many countries. Therefore, new strategies and vehicles to bring fluorides to all segments of the world's population are needed.", "PMID": 83362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9056", "title": "Stimulation of urinary acidification by aldosterone and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis.", "content": "Urinary acidification by the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus) was stimulated, relative to control, by the in vitro addition of aldosterone (10(-7) M), actinomycin D (20 microgram/ml), puromycin (80 microgram/ml) or cycloheximide (5 microgram/ml). The action of the inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis was not additive with that of aldosterone. This is opposite to the situation with Na+ transport, where the stimulation by aldosterone is abolished by the same concentrations of these inhibitors. That all agents enhanced urinary acidification was verified by: (i) measurement of RSCC (reverse short-circuit current) in the absence of Na+ transport, (ii) inhibition of RSCC by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, and (iii) direct measurement of the pH change of the mucosal (urinary) fluid. As in the case of Na+ transport, spirolactone inhibited the action of aldosterone. Although not a unique model, the apparent paradoxical mimicry of aldosterone's stimulation of urinary acidification may be explained by a model which includes action of aldosterone and the inhibitors via their known effects on RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of urinary acidification by aldosterone and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Urinary acidification by the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus) was stimulated, relative to control, by the in vitro addition of aldosterone (10(-7) M), actinomycin D (20 microgram/ml), puromycin (80 microgram/ml) or cycloheximide (5 microgram/ml). The action of the inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis was not additive with that of aldosterone. This is opposite to the situation with Na+ transport, where the stimulation by aldosterone is abolished by the same concentrations of these inhibitors. That all agents enhanced urinary acidification was verified by: (i) measurement of RSCC (reverse short-circuit current) in the absence of Na+ transport, (ii) inhibition of RSCC by acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, and (iii) direct measurement of the pH change of the mucosal (urinary) fluid. As in the case of Na+ transport, spirolactone inhibited the action of aldosterone. Although not a unique model, the apparent paradoxical mimicry of aldosterone's stimulation of urinary acidification may be explained by a model which includes action of aldosterone and the inhibitors via their known effects on RNA and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 83364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9057", "title": "l/f noise in black lipid membranes induced by ionic channels formed by chemically dimerized gramicidin A.", "content": "The noise behavior of lipid bilayer membranes, doped with a chemically dimerized gramicidin A, was investigated. In contrast to normal gramicidin A, which generates a Lorentzian type power spectrum due to the formation and disappearance of conducting dimers, the current power spectrum density Sm(f) obtained with this gramicidin A derivative showed over several orders of magnitude a clear l/f behavior. The intensity of this l/f component was analyzed as a function of the membrane-applied voltage, membrane resistance, electrolyte concentration, and composition. The relationship between the mean-square fluctuation in current and the membrane current mean value was found to follow Hooge's equation, i.e., deltaI2 = alphaI2m/Nf where N is the number of channels and alpha is a constant equal to 1.0 X 10(-2). It is suggested that a l/f type noise was observed because the chemically dimerized form of gramicidin A produces long lasting cation selective channels.", "contents": "l/f noise in black lipid membranes induced by ionic channels formed by chemically dimerized gramicidin A. The noise behavior of lipid bilayer membranes, doped with a chemically dimerized gramicidin A, was investigated. In contrast to normal gramicidin A, which generates a Lorentzian type power spectrum due to the formation and disappearance of conducting dimers, the current power spectrum density Sm(f) obtained with this gramicidin A derivative showed over several orders of magnitude a clear l/f behavior. The intensity of this l/f component was analyzed as a function of the membrane-applied voltage, membrane resistance, electrolyte concentration, and composition. The relationship between the mean-square fluctuation in current and the membrane current mean value was found to follow Hooge's equation, i.e., deltaI2 = alphaI2m/Nf where N is the number of channels and alpha is a constant equal to 1.0 X 10(-2). It is suggested that a l/f type noise was observed because the chemically dimerized form of gramicidin A produces long lasting cation selective channels.", "PMID": 83365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9058", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in management of metastatic bone disease.", "content": "Pain relief from bone metastases is achieved in 80 percent of patients by local irradiation. Response to local irradiation is much faster in metastases from breast and lung than in prostate bone metastases. Local irradiation is also very effective in preventing pathological fractures in lytic bone lesions, and healing of the pathological fractures by new bone formation.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in management of metastatic bone disease. Pain relief from bone metastases is achieved in 80 percent of patients by local irradiation. Response to local irradiation is much faster in metastases from breast and lung than in prostate bone metastases. Local irradiation is also very effective in preventing pathological fractures in lytic bone lesions, and healing of the pathological fractures by new bone formation.", "PMID": 83366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9059", "title": "Carcinogenicity of kepone.", "content": "Five studies of the carcinogenicity of the chlorinated pesticide Kepone (chlordecone) in animals were reviewed. Examination of histological sections showed that Kepone is unmistakably carcinogenic in rats and mice. Kepone induced malignant tumors in the liver of rats and mice in the National Cancer Institute studies and in the liver in rats in the Medical College of Virginia study. Malignant tumors were also found in organs other than the liver rats, including those on the lowest dose, in both studies. Female rats given Kepone were more likely to develop malignant tumors than male rats. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats. These included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney; polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic, and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of tumors. Atrophy of the testes also prevents reproduction.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of kepone. Five studies of the carcinogenicity of the chlorinated pesticide Kepone (chlordecone) in animals were reviewed. Examination of histological sections showed that Kepone is unmistakably carcinogenic in rats and mice. Kepone induced malignant tumors in the liver of rats and mice in the National Cancer Institute studies and in the liver in rats in the Medical College of Virginia study. Malignant tumors were also found in organs other than the liver rats, including those on the lowest dose, in both studies. Female rats given Kepone were more likely to develop malignant tumors than male rats. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats. These included interstitial fibrosis of the kidney; polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic, and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of tumors. Atrophy of the testes also prevents reproduction.", "PMID": 83367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9060", "title": "The management of intractable pain in patients with advanced malignant disease.", "content": "The Brompton mixture is a highly effective, flexible, safe and convenient means to control chronic pain of malignant disease. The mixture is a solution containing morphine, the dose of narcotic varying with the need for analgesia, and is given regularly, usually every 4 hours, with a phenothiazine. The main aims of therapy are prevention of pain rather than treatment, an unclouded sensorium and a normal effect. Terminally ill cancer patients were given the Brompton mixture and a phenothiazine in an attempt to control their pain. The mixture was administered to patients in 3 hospital environments: 1) a palliative care unit, 2) general wards and 3) private rooms. Pain was measured in 92 patients with the McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire. The Brompton mixture controlled pain in 90 per cent of patients in the palliative care unit and in 75 to 80 per cent of patients in the wards or private rooms. The differences in pain scores between patients in the palliative care unit and the other groups were significant. The mixture produced substantial decreases in the 3 major dimensions of pain: 1) sensory, 2) affective and 3) evaluative. Comparison of these results with data obtained in an outpatient pain clinic showed that the Brompton mixture was strikingly more effective than the traditional methods of managing cancer pain.", "contents": "The management of intractable pain in patients with advanced malignant disease. The Brompton mixture is a highly effective, flexible, safe and convenient means to control chronic pain of malignant disease. The mixture is a solution containing morphine, the dose of narcotic varying with the need for analgesia, and is given regularly, usually every 4 hours, with a phenothiazine. The main aims of therapy are prevention of pain rather than treatment, an unclouded sensorium and a normal effect. Terminally ill cancer patients were given the Brompton mixture and a phenothiazine in an attempt to control their pain. The mixture was administered to patients in 3 hospital environments: 1) a palliative care unit, 2) general wards and 3) private rooms. Pain was measured in 92 patients with the McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire. The Brompton mixture controlled pain in 90 per cent of patients in the palliative care unit and in 75 to 80 per cent of patients in the wards or private rooms. The differences in pain scores between patients in the palliative care unit and the other groups were significant. The mixture produced substantial decreases in the 3 major dimensions of pain: 1) sensory, 2) affective and 3) evaluative. Comparison of these results with data obtained in an outpatient pain clinic showed that the Brompton mixture was strikingly more effective than the traditional methods of managing cancer pain.", "PMID": 83392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9061", "title": "The pigtail ureteral stent in the cancer patient.", "content": "Nephrostomy has been the standard procedure for urinary diversion when ureters are obstructed by cancer. However, recent reports have revealed significant problems related directly to the nephrostomy. The indwelling, internal ureteral stent eliminates many of these problems. We herein describe the course and survival of 20 patients in whom the pigtail ureteral stent was used to relieve ureteral obstruction caused by cancer. In these cases an over-all prolonged longevity, better quality of life and fewer complications have been noted when compared to cases of nephrostomy diversions.", "contents": "The pigtail ureteral stent in the cancer patient. Nephrostomy has been the standard procedure for urinary diversion when ureters are obstructed by cancer. However, recent reports have revealed significant problems related directly to the nephrostomy. The indwelling, internal ureteral stent eliminates many of these problems. We herein describe the course and survival of 20 patients in whom the pigtail ureteral stent was used to relieve ureteral obstruction caused by cancer. In these cases an over-all prolonged longevity, better quality of life and fewer complications have been noted when compared to cases of nephrostomy diversions.", "PMID": 83394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9062", "title": "The rationale of urinary diversion in cancer patients.", "content": "A retrospective review of 218 consecutive nephrostomies done on uremic cancer patients has revealed an alarming incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality. This review has raised legitimate questions regarding the value of palliative urinary diversion. We present a rationale to assist physicians in the management of this clinical problem.", "contents": "The rationale of urinary diversion in cancer patients. A retrospective review of 218 consecutive nephrostomies done on uremic cancer patients has revealed an alarming incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality. This review has raised legitimate questions regarding the value of palliative urinary diversion. We present a rationale to assist physicians in the management of this clinical problem.", "PMID": 83395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9063", "title": "Serum markers in testicular tumors.", "content": "Certain cancer-associated substances are useful in the diagnosis and management of cancer. We have found that the estimation of serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with testicular tumors is useful. Of 17 patients with germ cell testicular tumors found to have elevated serum markers 3 had seminoma of the testis and all 3 had elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. It is not possible, however, to correlate the histology of testicular tumors and the type of serum markers. All of our patients with elevated markers had active tumor. However, 3 patients with metastatic deposits in the para-aortic lymph nodes did not have elevated serum markers.", "contents": "Serum markers in testicular tumors. Certain cancer-associated substances are useful in the diagnosis and management of cancer. We have found that the estimation of serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with testicular tumors is useful. Of 17 patients with germ cell testicular tumors found to have elevated serum markers 3 had seminoma of the testis and all 3 had elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. It is not possible, however, to correlate the histology of testicular tumors and the type of serum markers. All of our patients with elevated markers had active tumor. However, 3 patients with metastatic deposits in the para-aortic lymph nodes did not have elevated serum markers.", "PMID": 83396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9064", "title": "Assay of nuclear androgen receptor in human prostate.", "content": "Nuclei were recovered from normal and hyperplastic human prostates and from well differentiated carcinoma using triton N-101 and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The nuclei were sonicated and dissolved in 2-([2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ehtyl]amino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.6 M. sodium chloride. After incubation of the nuclear extract in the presence of 2 to 20 nM. 3H-dihydrotestosterone at 4C for 18 hours, an androgen receptor was isolated by Sephadex G-25/G-200 dual-column chromatography. The receptor demonstrated greater specificity for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone than for cortisol, progesterone and 17beta-estradiol. It was characterized by a sedimentation coefficient of 3 S and a Kd of 4.5 x 10(-9) M. The mean concentration of the nuclear androgen receptor, in terms of molecules per nucleus, was normal prostate-1,000, hyperplastic prostate-1,400 and well differentiated carcinoma-1,900. With this assay the problems associated with the measurement of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor can be avoided.", "contents": "Assay of nuclear androgen receptor in human prostate. Nuclei were recovered from normal and hyperplastic human prostates and from well differentiated carcinoma using triton N-101 and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The nuclei were sonicated and dissolved in 2-([2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ehtyl]amino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.6 M. sodium chloride. After incubation of the nuclear extract in the presence of 2 to 20 nM. 3H-dihydrotestosterone at 4C for 18 hours, an androgen receptor was isolated by Sephadex G-25/G-200 dual-column chromatography. The receptor demonstrated greater specificity for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone than for cortisol, progesterone and 17beta-estradiol. It was characterized by a sedimentation coefficient of 3 S and a Kd of 4.5 x 10(-9) M. The mean concentration of the nuclear androgen receptor, in terms of molecules per nucleus, was normal prostate-1,000, hyperplastic prostate-1,400 and well differentiated carcinoma-1,900. With this assay the problems associated with the measurement of a cytoplasmic androgen receptor can be avoided.", "PMID": 83397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9065", "title": "False-positive Gram-stained smears.", "content": "The rate per 1,000 smears showing nonviable Gram-negative bacilli (false-positive smears) increased from a baseline of 10.8 to 38.5 following purchase of new culture-collection devices; the rate decreased to 8.0 following replacement of contaminated culture sets. False-positive reports led to changes in therapy for five patients. In addition to being sterile, commercial culture-collection devices should be certified by the manufacturer as being free of stainable microorganisms or as unsuitable for preparation of Gram-stained smears.", "contents": "False-positive Gram-stained smears. The rate per 1,000 smears showing nonviable Gram-negative bacilli (false-positive smears) increased from a baseline of 10.8 to 38.5 following purchase of new culture-collection devices; the rate decreased to 8.0 following replacement of contaminated culture sets. False-positive reports led to changes in therapy for five patients. In addition to being sterile, commercial culture-collection devices should be certified by the manufacturer as being free of stainable microorganisms or as unsuitable for preparation of Gram-stained smears.", "PMID": 83398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9066", "title": "[Histological appearances of cancer of the head and neck treated with pepleomycin (NK 631) (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings and histopathological appearances in the patients with cancer of the head and neck treated with a new anti-tumor agent, pepleomycin, are reported. The total dosage of the new drug was within 100 mg on the average; however, the responses to chemotherapy were considerably favorable in general. Pepleomycin was markedly effective in two patients, moderately effective in seven, and ineffective in one. Microscopic evidences of regression of cancer cells were demonstrated in six surgical materials. Pepleomycin was shown to have an even more selective action on squamous cell carcinoma than bleomycin. The reactions of the surrounding tissue and skin to combination therapy, including pepleomycin, remained comparable to those to bleomycin. Side effects of the drug were slight fever and transient anorexia. No fibrosis of the lung was seen during eight months of observation.", "contents": "[Histological appearances of cancer of the head and neck treated with pepleomycin (NK 631) (author's transl)]. Clinical findings and histopathological appearances in the patients with cancer of the head and neck treated with a new anti-tumor agent, pepleomycin, are reported. The total dosage of the new drug was within 100 mg on the average; however, the responses to chemotherapy were considerably favorable in general. Pepleomycin was markedly effective in two patients, moderately effective in seven, and ineffective in one. Microscopic evidences of regression of cancer cells were demonstrated in six surgical materials. Pepleomycin was shown to have an even more selective action on squamous cell carcinoma than bleomycin. The reactions of the surrounding tissue and skin to combination therapy, including pepleomycin, remained comparable to those to bleomycin. Side effects of the drug were slight fever and transient anorexia. No fibrosis of the lung was seen during eight months of observation.", "PMID": 83401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9067", "title": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631). I. Acute toxicity of pepleomycin in mice, rats and dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on acute toxicities of pepleomycin sulfate were carried out in both sexes of mice and rats, comparing with bleomycin, and male dogs. Pepleomycin was administered subcutaneously, intravenously and intraperitoneally in both sexes of mice and rats, and intravenously in male dogs respectively. Mice and rats, and intravenously in male dogs respectively. Mice and rats were observed respectively for 10 and 14 days after the administration. LD50 values were calculated by the method of Litchifield & Wilcoxon. LD50 values of pepleomycin were 4 approximately 6 times smaller than those of bleomycin in all routes of mice, but difference between them was not significant in all routes of rats. Additionally sex-difference of LD50 values was scacely recognized in all routes of both species. Toxicological findings observed in common to all routes of both species were ataxia, depression, tremor and epiphora, and only in all routes of mice, head-twitch, running-round and rolling were especially recognized as toxic behavior, which were not observed in bleomycin. Hepatic and renal lesions were recognized in biochemically and histopathologically in the survived rats. The dogs treated with pepleomycin 50 and 30 mg/kg had the decrease in food intake and the loss of body weight. They became moribund in 9 approximately 36 days after administration. In these dogs the lesions of liver and kidney were severely recognized in biochemical and histopathological findings. One of them which received 50 mg/kg recovered biochemically and histopathologically in 209 days after administration by the supplemental nutrition in early stage.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631). I. Acute toxicity of pepleomycin in mice, rats and dogs (author's transl)]. Studies on acute toxicities of pepleomycin sulfate were carried out in both sexes of mice and rats, comparing with bleomycin, and male dogs. Pepleomycin was administered subcutaneously, intravenously and intraperitoneally in both sexes of mice and rats, and intravenously in male dogs respectively. Mice and rats, and intravenously in male dogs respectively. Mice and rats were observed respectively for 10 and 14 days after the administration. LD50 values were calculated by the method of Litchifield & Wilcoxon. LD50 values of pepleomycin were 4 approximately 6 times smaller than those of bleomycin in all routes of mice, but difference between them was not significant in all routes of rats. Additionally sex-difference of LD50 values was scacely recognized in all routes of both species. Toxicological findings observed in common to all routes of both species were ataxia, depression, tremor and epiphora, and only in all routes of mice, head-twitch, running-round and rolling were especially recognized as toxic behavior, which were not observed in bleomycin. Hepatic and renal lesions were recognized in biochemically and histopathologically in the survived rats. The dogs treated with pepleomycin 50 and 30 mg/kg had the decrease in food intake and the loss of body weight. They became moribund in 9 approximately 36 days after administration. In these dogs the lesions of liver and kidney were severely recognized in biochemical and histopathological findings. One of them which received 50 mg/kg recovered biochemically and histopathologically in 209 days after administration by the supplemental nutrition in early stage.", "PMID": 83404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9068", "title": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) II. Subacute toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on subactute toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) were carried out in both sexes of rats. NK 631 was administered intraperitoneally in dose levels of 0.3, 0.9, 2.7. 8.1 and 24.3 mg/kg/day for 30 days. After finishing administration of NK 631 for 30 days, 5 animals of each group were proceeded to recovery test for 35 days. During the course of the experiment, the body weight gains were suppressed in all dose levels except in 0.3 mg/kg group of male rats. The deaths were found in the animals treated with doses over 24.3 mg/kg during treatment period and in those over 2.7 mg/kg during recovery period. In biochemical and urinary analysis, the increases of serum GPT, BUN, Mg, Ca and urine glucose were moderately recognized in 8.1 mg/kg group. Additionally, in macroscopical and histopathological findings, bone damage was found in the animals treated with doses over 2.7 mg/kg during treatment and recovery periods. From these results, the maximum safety dose of NK 631 in subacute toxicity using rats were estimated to be about 0.3 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) II. Subacute toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate in rats (author's transl)]. Studies on subactute toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) were carried out in both sexes of rats. NK 631 was administered intraperitoneally in dose levels of 0.3, 0.9, 2.7. 8.1 and 24.3 mg/kg/day for 30 days. After finishing administration of NK 631 for 30 days, 5 animals of each group were proceeded to recovery test for 35 days. During the course of the experiment, the body weight gains were suppressed in all dose levels except in 0.3 mg/kg group of male rats. The deaths were found in the animals treated with doses over 24.3 mg/kg during treatment period and in those over 2.7 mg/kg during recovery period. In biochemical and urinary analysis, the increases of serum GPT, BUN, Mg, Ca and urine glucose were moderately recognized in 8.1 mg/kg group. Additionally, in macroscopical and histopathological findings, bone damage was found in the animals treated with doses over 2.7 mg/kg during treatment and recovery periods. From these results, the maximum safety dose of NK 631 in subacute toxicity using rats were estimated to be about 0.3 mg/kg.", "PMID": 83405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9069", "title": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631). III. Subacute toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Subacute toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate was studied in both sexes of beagle dogs. At dose levels of 2.4, 1.2 and 0.6 mg/kg, pepleomycin was administered intramuscularly to dogs for 30 successive days. Two dogs of the 1.2 mg/kg dose group were used for recovery test for 35 days. As general symptoms, the decrease of food intake, the loss of body weight, ulceration of foot pad, nail root necrosis and onychoptosic, ulcer of tongue and labia, and alopecia, dermatitis and necrosis at friction sites were observed the more severely in high dose groups, as those in bleomycin were. The death occurred in the 2.4 mg/kg dose group of both sexes. The lesions of liver and kidney were recognized in the 2.4 and 1.2 mg/kg dose groups of both sexes on biochemical, histopathological or urinary findings. Additionally slight fibrous change of lung was observed in all dose groups. Generally subacute toxicity of pepleomycin was revealed approximately in the same as or in a little stronger degree than that of bleomycin, and its recovery was hardly recognized during its period. The maximum safety dose in this studies is estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg in dogs.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631). III. Subacute toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs (author's transl)]. Subacute toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate was studied in both sexes of beagle dogs. At dose levels of 2.4, 1.2 and 0.6 mg/kg, pepleomycin was administered intramuscularly to dogs for 30 successive days. Two dogs of the 1.2 mg/kg dose group were used for recovery test for 35 days. As general symptoms, the decrease of food intake, the loss of body weight, ulceration of foot pad, nail root necrosis and onychoptosic, ulcer of tongue and labia, and alopecia, dermatitis and necrosis at friction sites were observed the more severely in high dose groups, as those in bleomycin were. The death occurred in the 2.4 mg/kg dose group of both sexes. The lesions of liver and kidney were recognized in the 2.4 and 1.2 mg/kg dose groups of both sexes on biochemical, histopathological or urinary findings. Additionally slight fibrous change of lung was observed in all dose groups. Generally subacute toxicity of pepleomycin was revealed approximately in the same as or in a little stronger degree than that of bleomycin, and its recovery was hardly recognized during its period. The maximum safety dose in this studies is estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg in dogs.", "PMID": 83406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9070", "title": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631), IV. Chronic toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on chronic toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) were carried out in both sexes of rats. NK 631 was administered intraperitoneally in dose levels of 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/kg/day for 180 days. After finishing administration of NK 631 for 180 days, animals of each group were proceeded for 35 days recovery test. During the course of the experiment, the body weight gains were suppressed in all dose levels except for 0.15 mg/kg group of female. The deaths were found in all dose levels except for 0.15 mg/kg level of male during treatment and recovery periods. In biochemical and urinary findings, the increase of serum BUN, Mg, inorganic P. and urine glucose were slightly recognized in the animals treated with doses over 0.6 mg/kg. Additionally, in macroscopical and histopathological findings, bone damage and renal lesions were found in the animals treated with doses over 0.6 mg/kg during treatment and recovery periods. From these results, the maximum safety dose of NK 631 in chronic toxicity study using rats were estimated to be at less than 0.15 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631), IV. Chronic toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate in rats (author's transl)]. Studies on chronic toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) were carried out in both sexes of rats. NK 631 was administered intraperitoneally in dose levels of 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/kg/day for 180 days. After finishing administration of NK 631 for 180 days, animals of each group were proceeded for 35 days recovery test. During the course of the experiment, the body weight gains were suppressed in all dose levels except for 0.15 mg/kg group of female. The deaths were found in all dose levels except for 0.15 mg/kg level of male during treatment and recovery periods. In biochemical and urinary findings, the increase of serum BUN, Mg, inorganic P. and urine glucose were slightly recognized in the animals treated with doses over 0.6 mg/kg. Additionally, in macroscopical and histopathological findings, bone damage and renal lesions were found in the animals treated with doses over 0.6 mg/kg during treatment and recovery periods. From these results, the maximum safety dose of NK 631 in chronic toxicity study using rats were estimated to be at less than 0.15 mg/kg.", "PMID": 83407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9071", "title": "[Toxicological studies of pepleomycin sulfate. V. Short term intermittent toxicity in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative studies in the short term intermittent toxicity of pepleomycin (NK631) and bleomycin (BLM) were performed on 10 beagle dogs of 13 approximately 15 months old. Two dogs per group were injected intravenously with NK631 and BLM in doses 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight every fourth day for 11 treatment. Two dogs served as control and were injected with saline solution. In the group of 5.0 mg/kg of NK631, one dog was sacrificed on day 37 of the treatment and another one dog died on day 33 of the treatment. All the dogs of other group survived until the end of the treatment. The toxicity to the hepatic and renal damage caused by NK631 was stronger than the BLM. On the contrary, the toxicity to lung and various mucocutaneous regions was weaker than the BLM. The grade of pulmonary fibrosis of NK631 was about 1/2 and 2/3 of the BLM in dose of 5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. Other toxicological changes such as anorexia and weight loss were almost similar to the BLM.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies of pepleomycin sulfate. V. Short term intermittent toxicity in dogs (author's transl)]. The comparative studies in the short term intermittent toxicity of pepleomycin (NK631) and bleomycin (BLM) were performed on 10 beagle dogs of 13 approximately 15 months old. Two dogs per group were injected intravenously with NK631 and BLM in doses 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight every fourth day for 11 treatment. Two dogs served as control and were injected with saline solution. In the group of 5.0 mg/kg of NK631, one dog was sacrificed on day 37 of the treatment and another one dog died on day 33 of the treatment. All the dogs of other group survived until the end of the treatment. The toxicity to the hepatic and renal damage caused by NK631 was stronger than the BLM. On the contrary, the toxicity to lung and various mucocutaneous regions was weaker than the BLM. The grade of pulmonary fibrosis of NK631 was about 1/2 and 2/3 of the BLM in dose of 5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. Other toxicological changes such as anorexia and weight loss were almost similar to the BLM.", "PMID": 83408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9072", "title": "[Safety evaluation of NK 631. Antigenicity, effect on delated hypersensitivity, irritative effect on eye mucous membrane and mutangenicity of pepleomycin (NK 631) (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Whether NK 631 is antigenic to guinea pigs and rabbits was studied by the methods of active and passive anaphylactic shock tests, Schultz-Dale reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Ouchterlony, tanned red cell haemagglutination test and test according to the U.S. Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. However, none of the tests proved NK 631 to be antigenic. 2. The immunosuppressive effect of NK 631 was studied by delayed hypersensitivity to picryl chloride in normal and L-1210 tumor bearing mice. Therapeutic dosis of NK 631 was no immunosuppressed but toxic dosis of NK 631 was slightly decreased in ear thickness of delayed hypersensitivity. 3. The acute irritative effect of NK 631 and of bleomycin was studied by single instillation to the rabbit eye mucous membrane with 0.1 ml of either of 10, 33 and 100 mg/ml solution of the drugs in physiological saline. The irritative effect of NK 631 on the eye mucous membrane at each concentration was slightly severe than that of bleomycin at the same concentration. However, the manifestations were only mild to moderate dilatation of the conjunctival and nictating membrane blood vessels and eye mucous, and recovered or were mitigated 48 hours after the instillation. No severe changes such as corneal opacity, corneal desquamation, swelling and deaquamation of the conjunctival and nictating membrane were observed. The histopathological examination revealed no striking changes. 4. Mutagenicity of NK 631 and of bleomycin on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 and TA 98 was studied. It was definitely shown that neither NK 631 nor bleomycin exerted any mutagenic action on either test strains.", "contents": "[Safety evaluation of NK 631. Antigenicity, effect on delated hypersensitivity, irritative effect on eye mucous membrane and mutangenicity of pepleomycin (NK 631) (author's transl)]. 1. Whether NK 631 is antigenic to guinea pigs and rabbits was studied by the methods of active and passive anaphylactic shock tests, Schultz-Dale reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Ouchterlony, tanned red cell haemagglutination test and test according to the U.S. Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. However, none of the tests proved NK 631 to be antigenic. 2. The immunosuppressive effect of NK 631 was studied by delayed hypersensitivity to picryl chloride in normal and L-1210 tumor bearing mice. Therapeutic dosis of NK 631 was no immunosuppressed but toxic dosis of NK 631 was slightly decreased in ear thickness of delayed hypersensitivity. 3. The acute irritative effect of NK 631 and of bleomycin was studied by single instillation to the rabbit eye mucous membrane with 0.1 ml of either of 10, 33 and 100 mg/ml solution of the drugs in physiological saline. The irritative effect of NK 631 on the eye mucous membrane at each concentration was slightly severe than that of bleomycin at the same concentration. However, the manifestations were only mild to moderate dilatation of the conjunctival and nictating membrane blood vessels and eye mucous, and recovered or were mitigated 48 hours after the instillation. No severe changes such as corneal opacity, corneal desquamation, swelling and deaquamation of the conjunctival and nictating membrane were observed. The histopathological examination revealed no striking changes. 4. Mutagenicity of NK 631 and of bleomycin on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 and TA 98 was studied. It was definitely shown that neither NK 631 nor bleomycin exerted any mutagenic action on either test strains.", "PMID": 83409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9073", "title": "[Studies on antitumor activities and pulmonary toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) (author's transl)].", "content": "The antimicrobial and antitumor activities, and the pulmonary toxicity of pepleomycin (NK631) were studied in comparison with bleomycin (BLM). NK631 showed a broad antimicrobial spectrum against gram positive and gram negative bacteria equally to BLM, and its activity was about twice higher than BLM. NK631 showed higher activity on cultured HeLa S3 cells and higher antitumor effect on the transplanted tumors of Ehrlich solid carcinoma in mice, AH66 and AH66F ascites hepatoma in rats, and lower antitumor effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice than BLM. Similarly to BLM, NK631 did not show satisfactory activity on L1210 leukemia in mice. NK631 showed marked effect on chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma, spontaneous lymph sarcoma of a dog, human and dog gastric cancer heterotransplanted in nude mice equally to BLM. Furthermore NK631 exhibited remarkably higher antitumor activity on lymph node metastasis of AH66 ascites hepatoma of rats and chemically induced gastric carcinoma of rats than BLM. Pulmonary toxicity of NK631 was low as 1/3 in incidence and 1/4 in grade of the BLM in old mice system. This trend was confirmed by chemical analysis of hydroxyproline in lung.", "contents": "[Studies on antitumor activities and pulmonary toxicity of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) (author's transl)]. The antimicrobial and antitumor activities, and the pulmonary toxicity of pepleomycin (NK631) were studied in comparison with bleomycin (BLM). NK631 showed a broad antimicrobial spectrum against gram positive and gram negative bacteria equally to BLM, and its activity was about twice higher than BLM. NK631 showed higher activity on cultured HeLa S3 cells and higher antitumor effect on the transplanted tumors of Ehrlich solid carcinoma in mice, AH66 and AH66F ascites hepatoma in rats, and lower antitumor effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice than BLM. Similarly to BLM, NK631 did not show satisfactory activity on L1210 leukemia in mice. NK631 showed marked effect on chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma, spontaneous lymph sarcoma of a dog, human and dog gastric cancer heterotransplanted in nude mice equally to BLM. Furthermore NK631 exhibited remarkably higher antitumor activity on lymph node metastasis of AH66 ascites hepatoma of rats and chemically induced gastric carcinoma of rats than BLM. Pulmonary toxicity of NK631 was low as 1/3 in incidence and 1/4 in grade of the BLM in old mice system. This trend was confirmed by chemical analysis of hydroxyproline in lung.", "PMID": 83410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9074", "title": "[Studies on organ distribution, absorption and excretion of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Organ distribution of pepleomycin (NK631) in mice and rats was studied. NK631 was found at higher levels than bleomycin (BLM) in skin, lung, stomach, solid tumor, etc. in mice and rats. Furthermore NK631 was detected in the mesenteric and lumbar lymph node, esophagus and prostate in rats and also distributed at about twice as high levels as BLM in the AH109A hepatoma cell-metastasized lymph nodes. 2. For the elucidation of reason on low pulmonary toxicity of NK631 which is in spite of 1.5 times highly distribution in lung compared with BLM, inactivation of various BLMs by high molecular fraction of lung of mice and rats was determined. The order of inactivation rate of various BLMs in lung was as follows: BLM-M5196 greater than NK631 greater than BLM greater than BLM-HPE. There is an encouraging coincidence between index of pulmonary fibrosis in mice and inactivating rate in lung. 3. A comparative study on the serum level and urinary excretion of NK631 and BLM was performed in dogs. The blood level and urinary excretion rate of both drugs were almost similar. 4. The blood levels of NK631 were comparable to those of BLM in cancer patients.", "contents": "[Studies on organ distribution, absorption and excretion of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) (author's transl)]. 1. Organ distribution of pepleomycin (NK631) in mice and rats was studied. NK631 was found at higher levels than bleomycin (BLM) in skin, lung, stomach, solid tumor, etc. in mice and rats. Furthermore NK631 was detected in the mesenteric and lumbar lymph node, esophagus and prostate in rats and also distributed at about twice as high levels as BLM in the AH109A hepatoma cell-metastasized lymph nodes. 2. For the elucidation of reason on low pulmonary toxicity of NK631 which is in spite of 1.5 times highly distribution in lung compared with BLM, inactivation of various BLMs by high molecular fraction of lung of mice and rats was determined. The order of inactivation rate of various BLMs in lung was as follows: BLM-M5196 greater than NK631 greater than BLM greater than BLM-HPE. There is an encouraging coincidence between index of pulmonary fibrosis in mice and inactivating rate in lung. 3. A comparative study on the serum level and urinary excretion of NK631 and BLM was performed in dogs. The blood level and urinary excretion rate of both drugs were almost similar. 4. The blood levels of NK631 were comparable to those of BLM in cancer patients.", "PMID": 83411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9075", "title": "[Absorption, excretion, distribution and metabolism of 3H-labelled pepleomycin sulfate (author's transl)].", "content": "Absorption, excretion, distribution and metabolism of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) were investigated in rats after intravenous administration of 3H-NK631 by whole-body autoradiography, CM-Sephadex column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The highest radioactivity was found in kidney, followed by cartilage, blood, lung, esophagus, adrenal gland and skin at 0.5 hour after the administration and little radioactivity was observed in central nerve system. The NK631 and deamide NK631 were identified as major (90%) and minor metabolites in the 24-hour urine.", "contents": "[Absorption, excretion, distribution and metabolism of 3H-labelled pepleomycin sulfate (author's transl)]. Absorption, excretion, distribution and metabolism of pepleomycin sulfate (NK631) were investigated in rats after intravenous administration of 3H-NK631 by whole-body autoradiography, CM-Sephadex column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The highest radioactivity was found in kidney, followed by cartilage, blood, lung, esophagus, adrenal gland and skin at 0.5 hour after the administration and little radioactivity was observed in central nerve system. The NK631 and deamide NK631 were identified as major (90%) and minor metabolites in the 24-hour urine.", "PMID": 83412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9076", "title": "[General pharmacological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacological actions of pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) which is a new antitumor agent derived from bleomycin were studied and the following results were obtained. NK 631 had no significant influences on the central, motor and sensory nervous systems at relatively higher doses (5 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.v., i.p., s.c.). NK 631 (5 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a slight decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rats and slight increases in blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral blood flow in anesthetized dogs. NK 631 (1 approximately 3 mg) given close-arterially caused a slight increase in the developing tension in the isolated blood-perfused papillary muscle. NK 631 slightly contracted the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus but did not affect the contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea. NK 631 caused significant increases in urine output and Cl excretion in saline loaded rats at 20 mg/kg, i.p. By the local injection of NK 631, a slight edema of rat paw and an increase in rabbit cutaneous permeability were observed. The intraperitoneal injection of NK 631 caused a significant increase in leakage of dye injected intravenously into the peritoneal cavity of mice. NK 631 did not affect hemolysis and prothrombin time at 10(-4) g/ml. In pharmacological actions, significant differences between NK 631 and pepleomycin were not observed.", "contents": "[General pharmacological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) (author's transl)]. Pharmacological actions of pepleomycin sulfate (NK 631) which is a new antitumor agent derived from bleomycin were studied and the following results were obtained. NK 631 had no significant influences on the central, motor and sensory nervous systems at relatively higher doses (5 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.v., i.p., s.c.). NK 631 (5 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a slight decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rats and slight increases in blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral blood flow in anesthetized dogs. NK 631 (1 approximately 3 mg) given close-arterially caused a slight increase in the developing tension in the isolated blood-perfused papillary muscle. NK 631 slightly contracted the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus but did not affect the contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea. NK 631 caused significant increases in urine output and Cl excretion in saline loaded rats at 20 mg/kg, i.p. By the local injection of NK 631, a slight edema of rat paw and an increase in rabbit cutaneous permeability were observed. The intraperitoneal injection of NK 631 caused a significant increase in leakage of dye injected intravenously into the peritoneal cavity of mice. NK 631 did not affect hemolysis and prothrombin time at 10(-4) g/ml. In pharmacological actions, significant differences between NK 631 and pepleomycin were not observed.", "PMID": 83413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9077", "title": "[Familial coincidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies and thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency (athyropexinemia) (author's transl)].", "content": "A twenty-five year old man was found to have simultaneous total deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin (\"thyropexin\") and hereditary hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The thyroxine-binding capacity (RT3U), thyroid hormone levels, PB127I, PB131I and TBG (RIA) in serum were very low and TBG cap was zero. Trapping of radioiodine in the thyroid was enhanced. Clinically, the patient appeared euthyroid. The case seems to be similar to another one described earlier by Ingbar. An investigation of the family showed that in one uncle and two nephews of the patient thyropexin was absent whilst the mother, one sister and one female cousin had partial thyropexin deficiencies. One of these nephews also suffers from asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), the mother of the propositus has a non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).", "contents": "[Familial coincidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies and thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency (athyropexinemia) (author's transl)]. A twenty-five year old man was found to have simultaneous total deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin (\"thyropexin\") and hereditary hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The thyroxine-binding capacity (RT3U), thyroid hormone levels, PB127I, PB131I and TBG (RIA) in serum were very low and TBG cap was zero. Trapping of radioiodine in the thyroid was enhanced. Clinically, the patient appeared euthyroid. The case seems to be similar to another one described earlier by Ingbar. An investigation of the family showed that in one uncle and two nephews of the patient thyropexin was absent whilst the mother, one sister and one female cousin had partial thyropexin deficiencies. One of these nephews also suffers from asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), the mother of the propositus has a non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).", "PMID": 83426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9078", "title": "Influencing breastfeeding success.", "content": "Results of a study to evaluate factors that influence breastfeeding success, including teaching and nursing support, are reported. A slide-tape presentation was made to one group (experimental); the presentation plus nursing support was given to a second group (experimental); and a third group (control) received only routine hospital care. All subjects were then interviewed at 6 weeks postpartum. Of the control and first experimental groups, 50% were successful. Success increased to 80% in the second experimental group. The nursing support approach used with the second experimental group is described in detail in the latter half of the article.", "contents": "Influencing breastfeeding success. Results of a study to evaluate factors that influence breastfeeding success, including teaching and nursing support, are reported. A slide-tape presentation was made to one group (experimental); the presentation plus nursing support was given to a second group (experimental); and a third group (control) received only routine hospital care. All subjects were then interviewed at 6 weeks postpartum. Of the control and first experimental groups, 50% were successful. Success increased to 80% in the second experimental group. The nursing support approach used with the second experimental group is described in detail in the latter half of the article.", "PMID": 83421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9079", "title": "Role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of renin release from the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of renin release (RR) was studied in isolated rat kidneys, which were perfused at constant pressure in a single-pass system with a modified Krebs-henseleit solution. Isoproterenol (IP) (2 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-6) M) and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) (4 x 10(-7) to 7 x 10(-5) M) induced a dose-dependent increase of renal perfusate flow, glomerular filtration rate and urinary sodium excretion. RR was stimulated up to 10-fold above control values within 5 min. At the lowest concentrations IP stimulated RR, but did not affect renal haemodynamics. When IP and IBMX were administered concomitantly, a supraadditive stimulation of RR was observed. Dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) and 8-Br-cGMP (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) produced a similar dose-dependent vasodilation and natriuresis, but differed in their action on RR. Within 15 min after the start of the infusion, db-cAMP increased RR up to 4-fold, whereas 8-Br-cGMP was without an effect. These results suggest that IP, IBMX and db-cAMP stimulated RR by increasing the concentrations of cAMP in the epitheloid cells and independently of changes in renal haemodynamics and sodium excretion.", "contents": "Role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of renin release from the isolated perfused rat kidney. The role of cyclic AMP in the regulation of renin release (RR) was studied in isolated rat kidneys, which were perfused at constant pressure in a single-pass system with a modified Krebs-henseleit solution. Isoproterenol (IP) (2 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-6) M) and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) (4 x 10(-7) to 7 x 10(-5) M) induced a dose-dependent increase of renal perfusate flow, glomerular filtration rate and urinary sodium excretion. RR was stimulated up to 10-fold above control values within 5 min. At the lowest concentrations IP stimulated RR, but did not affect renal haemodynamics. When IP and IBMX were administered concomitantly, a supraadditive stimulation of RR was observed. Dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) and 8-Br-cGMP (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) produced a similar dose-dependent vasodilation and natriuresis, but differed in their action on RR. Within 15 min after the start of the infusion, db-cAMP increased RR up to 4-fold, whereas 8-Br-cGMP was without an effect. These results suggest that IP, IBMX and db-cAMP stimulated RR by increasing the concentrations of cAMP in the epitheloid cells and independently of changes in renal haemodynamics and sodium excretion.", "PMID": 83427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9080", "title": "Mallory bodies: isolation of hepatocellular hyalin and electrophoretic resolution of polypeptide components.", "content": "Mallory bodies (MBs) were obtained in purified form from human liver obtained at autopsy using a new procedure consisting of sedimentation through a Ficoll viscosity barrier. Preparations from six livers ranged in purity from 95 to 99 per cent. MB preparations were autofluorescent. MBs were strongly agglutinated by Concanavalin A. The presence of carbohydrate was also indicated by the fact that MBs bound fluorescently labeled Concanavalin A; no binding was observed in the presence of appropriate inhibitor monosaccharides. Direct analysis indicated that MBs contained variable amounts of neutral hexose (0.65 to 2.4 mumoles of glucose-equivalents per milligram of protein) but no sialic acid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that purified MBs contain five major polypeptides possessing apparent molecular weights of 56,000, 48,500 to 45,000 (triplet), and 32,500. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive components were not detected. Scanning electron microscopy of isolated MBs revealed the presence of a rough, fibrous surface, whereas conventional transmission electron microscopy indicated the filamentous nature of MBs.", "contents": "Mallory bodies: isolation of hepatocellular hyalin and electrophoretic resolution of polypeptide components. Mallory bodies (MBs) were obtained in purified form from human liver obtained at autopsy using a new procedure consisting of sedimentation through a Ficoll viscosity barrier. Preparations from six livers ranged in purity from 95 to 99 per cent. MB preparations were autofluorescent. MBs were strongly agglutinated by Concanavalin A. The presence of carbohydrate was also indicated by the fact that MBs bound fluorescently labeled Concanavalin A; no binding was observed in the presence of appropriate inhibitor monosaccharides. Direct analysis indicated that MBs contained variable amounts of neutral hexose (0.65 to 2.4 mumoles of glucose-equivalents per milligram of protein) but no sialic acid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that purified MBs contain five major polypeptides possessing apparent molecular weights of 56,000, 48,500 to 45,000 (triplet), and 32,500. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive components were not detected. Scanning electron microscopy of isolated MBs revealed the presence of a rough, fibrous surface, whereas conventional transmission electron microscopy indicated the filamentous nature of MBs.", "PMID": 83449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9081", "title": "Dimensions and specificities of recognition sites on lectins and antibodies.", "content": "A comparison is made of the specific combining sites of a number of lectins and of antibodies with emphasis on those reacting with blood group A, B, and H determinants. The ranges of site sizes and specificities of both groups are similar both from immunochemical studies and from the limited x-ray diffraction data available.", "contents": "Dimensions and specificities of recognition sites on lectins and antibodies. A comparison is made of the specific combining sites of a number of lectins and of antibodies with emphasis on those reacting with blood group A, B, and H determinants. The ranges of site sizes and specificities of both groups are similar both from immunochemical studies and from the limited x-ray diffraction data available.", "PMID": 83451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9082", "title": "Adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU as effective induction chemotherapeutic agents in advanced squamous cell carcinoma (COG Protocol 7333).", "content": "Twenty-six member institutions of the Central Oncology Group entered 154 patients in this two-armed, phase III study comparing the effects of adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU against a variety of squamous cell carcinomas. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin produced a 43% overall response rate in primary tumors of the head and neck, which included two complete responses. This compares favorably to the results obtained with methotrexate and other agents previously reported. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin will probably be the most useful for induction chemotherapy because both drugs have cumulative toxicities and the duration of response to this combination is short.", "contents": "Adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU as effective induction chemotherapeutic agents in advanced squamous cell carcinoma (COG Protocol 7333). Twenty-six member institutions of the Central Oncology Group entered 154 patients in this two-armed, phase III study comparing the effects of adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU against a variety of squamous cell carcinomas. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin produced a 43% overall response rate in primary tumors of the head and neck, which included two complete responses. This compares favorably to the results obtained with methotrexate and other agents previously reported. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin will probably be the most useful for induction chemotherapy because both drugs have cumulative toxicities and the duration of response to this combination is short.", "PMID": 83452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9083", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the rectum: rationale for conservative surgical management.", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma arising in the rectum is described and the literature is reviewed. The natural history of melanoma of the rectum is distinctive from that of other tumors of the perineal area in that local recurrence is uncommon and systemic dissemination is frequent, with a low cure rate (2/66 in a literature review). Conservative surgical approaches (fulguration, local resection) are recommended in preference to abdominoperineal resection in that palliation is the realistic goal of surgical therapy.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the rectum: rationale for conservative surgical management. A case of malignant melanoma arising in the rectum is described and the literature is reviewed. The natural history of melanoma of the rectum is distinctive from that of other tumors of the perineal area in that local recurrence is uncommon and systemic dissemination is frequent, with a low cure rate (2/66 in a literature review). Conservative surgical approaches (fulguration, local resection) are recommended in preference to abdominoperineal resection in that palliation is the realistic goal of surgical therapy.", "PMID": 83453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9084", "title": "Lack of correlation between mesenchymal cell death and morphogenesis after different extents of apical ectodermal ridge/rim ectoderm removal in the chick embryo wing bud.", "content": "The removal of the apical ectodermal ridge (A.E.R.) subsequently causes distal deletion defects in the limb. There have been contradictory reports as to the appearance of cell death in the mesenchyme after A.E.R. removal, as well as to its morphogenetic significance. In our study the A.E.R./ rim ectoderm removal was varied to test whether different degrees of cell death would correlate with different degrees of distal deletions. From the right wing bud of stage 19 and 20 (HH) embryos the rim ectoderm was removed in four ways: all of the rim, the anterior third, the middle third (most of the A.E.R.), or its posterior third. The removal of all or of the anterior third caused a definite band of subwound mesenchymal cell death to appear. There was little or no cell death after removal of the middle or posterior thirds. Removal of the anterior third caused no distal deletion defects, and only a few were noted after removal of the posterior third. The proximo-distal level of the distal deletions, however, was the same after removal of all of the rim or only its middle third. As there was no difference in the degree of distal deletions after the removal of all or of the middle third of the rim but a definite difference in the mesenchymal cell death patterns we conclude that cell death is not part of the mechanisms of the distal deletion defect. Our findings also suggest that cell death does not play a role in the A.E.R.-mesenchyme reciprocal interaction that controls limb proximo-distal morphogenesis.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between mesenchymal cell death and morphogenesis after different extents of apical ectodermal ridge/rim ectoderm removal in the chick embryo wing bud. The removal of the apical ectodermal ridge (A.E.R.) subsequently causes distal deletion defects in the limb. There have been contradictory reports as to the appearance of cell death in the mesenchyme after A.E.R. removal, as well as to its morphogenetic significance. In our study the A.E.R./ rim ectoderm removal was varied to test whether different degrees of cell death would correlate with different degrees of distal deletions. From the right wing bud of stage 19 and 20 (HH) embryos the rim ectoderm was removed in four ways: all of the rim, the anterior third, the middle third (most of the A.E.R.), or its posterior third. The removal of all or of the anterior third caused a definite band of subwound mesenchymal cell death to appear. There was little or no cell death after removal of the middle or posterior thirds. Removal of the anterior third caused no distal deletion defects, and only a few were noted after removal of the posterior third. The proximo-distal level of the distal deletions, however, was the same after removal of all of the rim or only its middle third. As there was no difference in the degree of distal deletions after the removal of all or of the middle third of the rim but a definite difference in the mesenchymal cell death patterns we conclude that cell death is not part of the mechanisms of the distal deletion defect. Our findings also suggest that cell death does not play a role in the A.E.R.-mesenchyme reciprocal interaction that controls limb proximo-distal morphogenesis.", "PMID": 83457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9085", "title": "Further studies of the prospective fates of blastomeres at the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis embryos.", "content": "Each blastomere in the marginal zone of Xenopus laevis embryos at the 32-cell stage was stained with Nile blue sulphate. Only specimens with the typical arrangement of blastomeres of morulae of this species were used, and special care was taken to prevent the dye from spreading to neighbouring cells and to determine the extent of stained areas. The prospective fate of each blastomere was studied and a new fate-map of the 32-cell embryo was drawn by tracing the movement of stain during the course of further development.", "contents": "Further studies of the prospective fates of blastomeres at the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis embryos. Each blastomere in the marginal zone of Xenopus laevis embryos at the 32-cell stage was stained with Nile blue sulphate. Only specimens with the typical arrangement of blastomeres of morulae of this species were used, and special care was taken to prevent the dye from spreading to neighbouring cells and to determine the extent of stained areas. The prospective fate of each blastomere was studied and a new fate-map of the 32-cell embryo was drawn by tracing the movement of stain during the course of further development.", "PMID": 83458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9086", "title": "Transient hypoxaemia during sleep in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.", "content": "Arterial oxygenation, breathing pattern, and electroencephalogram were studied during sleep in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema and in healthy subjects. All of the 10 \"blue and bloated\" patients had episodes of transient hypoxaemia lasting 1--100 min, when their oxygen saturation fell by more than 10%, whereas such desaturation did not occur in 2 \"pink and puffing\" patients or in 4 healthy subjects. Hypoxaemic episodes usually occurred during the rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep. It is suggested that these hypoxaemic episodes result from a combination of hypoventilation and impaired ventilation/perfusion relationships and that these episodes may contribute to the development of the pulmonary hypertension and secondary polycythaemia which characterises \"blue and bloated\" patients.", "contents": "Transient hypoxaemia during sleep in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Arterial oxygenation, breathing pattern, and electroencephalogram were studied during sleep in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema and in healthy subjects. All of the 10 \"blue and bloated\" patients had episodes of transient hypoxaemia lasting 1--100 min, when their oxygen saturation fell by more than 10%, whereas such desaturation did not occur in 2 \"pink and puffing\" patients or in 4 healthy subjects. Hypoxaemic episodes usually occurred during the rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep. It is suggested that these hypoxaemic episodes result from a combination of hypoventilation and impaired ventilation/perfusion relationships and that these episodes may contribute to the development of the pulmonary hypertension and secondary polycythaemia which characterises \"blue and bloated\" patients.", "PMID": 83461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9087", "title": "Accelerated ageing or selective neuronal loss as an important cause of dementia?", "content": "Extensive biochemical analysis of whole temporal lobe from cases of dementia and controls suggests that Alzheimer's disease is a primary degenerative nerve-cell disorder and not the result of accelerated ageing. There is selective loss of neocortical cholinergic neurones. Transmitter systems apart from the cholinergic system appears to be affected, but to a lesser extent, and there are no significant changes in the caudate nucleus. The change in cholinergic neurones has been confirmed in biopsy samples.", "contents": "Accelerated ageing or selective neuronal loss as an important cause of dementia? Extensive biochemical analysis of whole temporal lobe from cases of dementia and controls suggests that Alzheimer's disease is a primary degenerative nerve-cell disorder and not the result of accelerated ageing. There is selective loss of neocortical cholinergic neurones. Transmitter systems apart from the cholinergic system appears to be affected, but to a lesser extent, and there are no significant changes in the caudate nucleus. The change in cholinergic neurones has been confirmed in biopsy samples.", "PMID": 83462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9088", "title": "Autoimmunity in diabetics induced by hormonal contaminants of insulin.", "content": "Several commercial insulin preparations were found to contain significant quantities of pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.), vasoactive intestinal peptide (V.I.P.), and somatostatin, though these substances were effectively absent from the new highly purified or monocomponent insulins. Of 448 insulin-dependent diabetics receiving conventional insulins, 63% had circulating antibodies to human P.P., 6% antibodies to V.I.P., 6% to glucagon, and 0.5% to somatostatin. The antibodies were of high affinity and were commonest in the younger diabetics. No antibodies were detected in 167 maturity-onset diabetics, in 125 healthy controls, or in 22 patients treated only with monocomponent insulin. Immunocytochemical testing showed that antibody-positive diabetic plasma reacted specifically against the corresponding hormone-producing pancreatic endocrine cells, against enteroglucagon and somatostatin cells outside the pancreas, and against V.I.P.-containing autonomic nerves throughout the body. The finding of iatrogenic autoimmunity and naturally occurring hormones in large numbers of insulin-dependent diabetics raises important questions about long-term treatment.", "contents": "Autoimmunity in diabetics induced by hormonal contaminants of insulin. Several commercial insulin preparations were found to contain significant quantities of pancreatic glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (P.P.), vasoactive intestinal peptide (V.I.P.), and somatostatin, though these substances were effectively absent from the new highly purified or monocomponent insulins. Of 448 insulin-dependent diabetics receiving conventional insulins, 63% had circulating antibodies to human P.P., 6% antibodies to V.I.P., 6% to glucagon, and 0.5% to somatostatin. The antibodies were of high affinity and were commonest in the younger diabetics. No antibodies were detected in 167 maturity-onset diabetics, in 125 healthy controls, or in 22 patients treated only with monocomponent insulin. Immunocytochemical testing showed that antibody-positive diabetic plasma reacted specifically against the corresponding hormone-producing pancreatic endocrine cells, against enteroglucagon and somatostatin cells outside the pancreas, and against V.I.P.-containing autonomic nerves throughout the body. The finding of iatrogenic autoimmunity and naturally occurring hormones in large numbers of insulin-dependent diabetics raises important questions about long-term treatment.", "PMID": 83463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9089", "title": "Fetal damage despite low-phenylalanine diet after conception in a phenylketonuric woman.", "content": "A woman with phenylketonuria gave birth to an infant with a cardiac defect and microcephaly despite introduction of a low-phenylalanine diet 5 weeks after conception (3 weeks after the first missed period). In maternal phenylketonuria fetal damage leading to reduced brain growth and cardiac malformations probably occurs within a few weeks of conception.", "contents": "Fetal damage despite low-phenylalanine diet after conception in a phenylketonuric woman. A woman with phenylketonuria gave birth to an infant with a cardiac defect and microcephaly despite introduction of a low-phenylalanine diet 5 weeks after conception (3 weeks after the first missed period). In maternal phenylketonuria fetal damage leading to reduced brain growth and cardiac malformations probably occurs within a few weeks of conception.", "PMID": 83464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9090", "title": "Antibodies against Chlamydia of lymphogranuloma-venereum type in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Antibodies against Chlamydia of lymphogranuloma-venereum type were detected by the micro-immunofluorescence technique in 38 (69%) of 55 patients with Crohn's disease. Weak positive reactions were seen in only 2 or 21 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders and 1 of 50 healthy blood-donors.", "contents": "Antibodies against Chlamydia of lymphogranuloma-venereum type in Crohn's disease. Antibodies against Chlamydia of lymphogranuloma-venereum type were detected by the micro-immunofluorescence technique in 38 (69%) of 55 patients with Crohn's disease. Weak positive reactions were seen in only 2 or 21 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders and 1 of 50 healthy blood-donors.", "PMID": 83465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9091", "title": "Improved renal allograft survival after blood transfusion: a nonspecific, erythrocyte-mediated immunoregulatory process?", "content": "Phagocytosis of altered red blood cells in vitro by mononuclear phagocytic cells is followed by profound depression of bystander lymphocytes' responses to antigen. Rapid endocytosis of transfused erythrocytes in vivo may transiently impair mononuclear phagocytic cell function, resulting in immunological unresponsiveness as observed in vitro. Transplantation at this time would be predicted to benefit from this attenuation of recipient immunocompetence, resulting in improved graft survival.", "contents": "Improved renal allograft survival after blood transfusion: a nonspecific, erythrocyte-mediated immunoregulatory process? Phagocytosis of altered red blood cells in vitro by mononuclear phagocytic cells is followed by profound depression of bystander lymphocytes' responses to antigen. Rapid endocytosis of transfused erythrocytes in vivo may transiently impair mononuclear phagocytic cell function, resulting in immunological unresponsiveness as observed in vitro. Transplantation at this time would be predicted to benefit from this attenuation of recipient immunocompetence, resulting in improved graft survival.", "PMID": 83466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9092", "title": "Comparison of places and policies for terminal care.", "content": "Patients receiving different types of adequate care for fatal neoplasms were compared by an assessment of their mood and opinions. 78% had spoken of dying, and, although 56% had some unhappiness and anxiety, many were not distressed. Most aspects of care were approved of with no consistant difference in ratings between acute hospital wards and a Foundation Home. Patients were least depressed and anxious at a hospice and preferred the more frank communication available there. Inpatients were slightly less troubled than outpatients who nevertheless praised this management.", "contents": "Comparison of places and policies for terminal care. Patients receiving different types of adequate care for fatal neoplasms were compared by an assessment of their mood and opinions. 78% had spoken of dying, and, although 56% had some unhappiness and anxiety, many were not distressed. Most aspects of care were approved of with no consistant difference in ratings between acute hospital wards and a Foundation Home. Patients were least depressed and anxious at a hospice and preferred the more frank communication available there. Inpatients were slightly less troubled than outpatients who nevertheless praised this management.", "PMID": 83474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9093", "title": "Assessment of inactivated influenza-A vaccine after three outbreaks of influenza A at Christ's Hospital.", "content": "The boys of Christ's Hospital experienced outbreaks of influenza A in 1972 (A/England/42/72), in 1974 (A/Port Chalmers), and in 1976 (A/Victoria). In each outbreak, the protective effect of inactivated influenza-A vaccine was limited to those boys, not already immune, who were vaccinated for the first time with the most up-to-date strain. Revaccination with the same strain did not increase the degree of protection, and revaccination with a later strain did not afford protection against subsequent challenge. The cummulative attack-rate in the three outbreaks was similar in all groups irrespective of vaccination history. These observations suggest that annual revaccination with inactivated influenza-A vaccine confers no long-term advantage.", "contents": "Assessment of inactivated influenza-A vaccine after three outbreaks of influenza A at Christ's Hospital. The boys of Christ's Hospital experienced outbreaks of influenza A in 1972 (A/England/42/72), in 1974 (A/Port Chalmers), and in 1976 (A/Victoria). In each outbreak, the protective effect of inactivated influenza-A vaccine was limited to those boys, not already immune, who were vaccinated for the first time with the most up-to-date strain. Revaccination with the same strain did not increase the degree of protection, and revaccination with a later strain did not afford protection against subsequent challenge. The cummulative attack-rate in the three outbreaks was similar in all groups irrespective of vaccination history. These observations suggest that annual revaccination with inactivated influenza-A vaccine confers no long-term advantage.", "PMID": 83475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9094", "title": "Anaerobic subareolar breast abscess.", "content": "15 non-puerperal women with breast abscess were seen during one year. In 8, anaerobes were cultured from pus obtained from the abscess, in 6, Staphylococcus aureus was grown, and in 1 the pus was sterile on culture. All 7 breast abscesses in puerperal women seen during the same period were staphylococcal. The anaerobic abscesses were all subareolar; they were recurrent in 4 patients and were associated with retracted nipples in 7. The anaerobes isolated were those found as normal commensals in the oropharynx and vagina but did not include the colonic commensal Bacteroides fragilis. Squamous metaplasia with keratin plugging of the breast ducts was identified histologically in the 2 non-puerperal patients in whom duct excision was performed. Surgical treatment of the underlying duct abnormality is important in the management of recurrent non-puerperal subareolar breast abscess.", "contents": "Anaerobic subareolar breast abscess. 15 non-puerperal women with breast abscess were seen during one year. In 8, anaerobes were cultured from pus obtained from the abscess, in 6, Staphylococcus aureus was grown, and in 1 the pus was sterile on culture. All 7 breast abscesses in puerperal women seen during the same period were staphylococcal. The anaerobic abscesses were all subareolar; they were recurrent in 4 patients and were associated with retracted nipples in 7. The anaerobes isolated were those found as normal commensals in the oropharynx and vagina but did not include the colonic commensal Bacteroides fragilis. Squamous metaplasia with keratin plugging of the breast ducts was identified histologically in the 2 non-puerperal patients in whom duct excision was performed. Surgical treatment of the underlying duct abnormality is important in the management of recurrent non-puerperal subareolar breast abscess.", "PMID": 83476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9095", "title": "Increased levels of a nerve-growth-factor cross-reacting protein in \"central\" neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Nerve-growth factor (N.G.F.) from serum was assayed in 9 affected individuals from three kindreds with the trait \"central neurofibromatosis\". The hallmark of this disease is bilateral acoustic neuromas. Antigenic activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was significantly elevated. However, functional activity for N.G.F.; as measured by radioreceptor assay, was normal or low. This indicates that the central form of neurofibromatosis is characterised by high circulating N.G.F. levels which show low to normal function. These changes in N.G.F. differ from those in peripheral neurofibromatosis and suggest that the two hereditary conditions involve different alterations in N.G.F. synthesis and/or regulation.", "contents": "Increased levels of a nerve-growth-factor cross-reacting protein in \"central\" neurofibromatosis. Nerve-growth factor (N.G.F.) from serum was assayed in 9 affected individuals from three kindreds with the trait \"central neurofibromatosis\". The hallmark of this disease is bilateral acoustic neuromas. Antigenic activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was significantly elevated. However, functional activity for N.G.F.; as measured by radioreceptor assay, was normal or low. This indicates that the central form of neurofibromatosis is characterised by high circulating N.G.F. levels which show low to normal function. These changes in N.G.F. differ from those in peripheral neurofibromatosis and suggest that the two hereditary conditions involve different alterations in N.G.F. synthesis and/or regulation.", "PMID": 83481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9096", "title": "Monoclonal characteristics of organising arterial thrombi: Significance in the origin and growth of human atherosclerotic plaques.", "content": "The clonal characteristics of 26 arterial thrombi at different stages of organisation were determined using the X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.), as a clonal marker in 13 women heterozygous for electrophoretically separable G.-6-P.D. isoenzymes. A gradation of increasing monoclonality was observed with increasing organisation of the thrombi, such that only 21% of poorly organised (red) thrombi displayed monoclonal characteristics similar to those of atherosclerotic plaques, whereas 78% of moderately organised (pink) thrombi and 91% of well-organised (white) thrombi showed such characteristics. These results provide objective evidence for the role of thrombosis in the formation of human atherosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "Monoclonal characteristics of organising arterial thrombi: Significance in the origin and growth of human atherosclerotic plaques. The clonal characteristics of 26 arterial thrombi at different stages of organisation were determined using the X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.), as a clonal marker in 13 women heterozygous for electrophoretically separable G.-6-P.D. isoenzymes. A gradation of increasing monoclonality was observed with increasing organisation of the thrombi, such that only 21% of poorly organised (red) thrombi displayed monoclonal characteristics similar to those of atherosclerotic plaques, whereas 78% of moderately organised (pink) thrombi and 91% of well-organised (white) thrombi showed such characteristics. These results provide objective evidence for the role of thrombosis in the formation of human atherosclerotic plaques.", "PMID": 83516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9097", "title": "[Nonsurgical therapy of hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Special procedures are: (1) Short-term treatment with steroid hormones; (2) antithyroid substances; (3) radioactive iodine; (4) operation. The first two methods are complementary to the definitive procedures of isotope and surgical therapy. The indications conform to the age of the patient and the size of the goiter. The treatment of choice in 60% of all cases is radioactive iodine; 20-25% are treated with antithyroid substances only for several years. The remaining cases, complicated by goiters of size II and more, should be handled surgically. Discussion based on personal experience with 3580 cases over 20 years).", "contents": "[Nonsurgical therapy of hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. Special procedures are: (1) Short-term treatment with steroid hormones; (2) antithyroid substances; (3) radioactive iodine; (4) operation. The first two methods are complementary to the definitive procedures of isotope and surgical therapy. The indications conform to the age of the patient and the size of the goiter. The treatment of choice in 60% of all cases is radioactive iodine; 20-25% are treated with antithyroid substances only for several years. The remaining cases, complicated by goiters of size II and more, should be handled surgically. Discussion based on personal experience with 3580 cases over 20 years).", "PMID": 83517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9098", "title": "[Basedow-Graves' disease: operative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "For hyperthyroidism of Basedow's or Graves' type, surgery is the treatment of choice for large goiter, particularly in the presence of mechanical irritation, for cases of unsuccessful conservative medical treatment, or for cases where 131I-irradiation is contraindicated. The operative risk is less than 1%. Adequate preoperative antithyroid medication is obligatory because surgery should be carried out under euthyroid conditions.", "contents": "[Basedow-Graves' disease: operative treatment (author's transl)]. For hyperthyroidism of Basedow's or Graves' type, surgery is the treatment of choice for large goiter, particularly in the presence of mechanical irritation, for cases of unsuccessful conservative medical treatment, or for cases where 131I-irradiation is contraindicated. The operative risk is less than 1%. Adequate preoperative antithyroid medication is obligatory because surgery should be carried out under euthyroid conditions.", "PMID": 83518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9099", "title": "[The place of surgery in the modern treatment of cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Cancer is now the second most frequent cause of death in the Federal Republic of Germany. According to medical estimates, surgery is the primary treatment for 80-90% of all tumors, and it is curative in 30-40% with or without concomitant radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is potentially curative in about 7%, immunotherapy in only +/- 0%. After a general discussion of radical and palliative operative techniques, the place of surgery in prophylactic indications, in recurrences, and in metastases is dealt with. Special problems occur in various organ tumors (thyroid, breast, esophagus, stomach, colon, and Wilms' tumors). In Heidelberg, an interdisciplinary oncologic group has been in existence since 1966; this group forms the basis of a tumor center, consisting of the two academic clinics and the German Cancer Research Center. Whether a speciality in surgical oncology is also needed in Germany is a question for further consideration.", "contents": "[The place of surgery in the modern treatment of cancer (author's transl)]. Cancer is now the second most frequent cause of death in the Federal Republic of Germany. According to medical estimates, surgery is the primary treatment for 80-90% of all tumors, and it is curative in 30-40% with or without concomitant radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is potentially curative in about 7%, immunotherapy in only +/- 0%. After a general discussion of radical and palliative operative techniques, the place of surgery in prophylactic indications, in recurrences, and in metastases is dealt with. Special problems occur in various organ tumors (thyroid, breast, esophagus, stomach, colon, and Wilms' tumors). In Heidelberg, an interdisciplinary oncologic group has been in existence since 1966; this group forms the basis of a tumor center, consisting of the two academic clinics and the German Cancer Research Center. Whether a speciality in surgical oncology is also needed in Germany is a question for further consideration.", "PMID": 83520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9100", "title": "[Principles of radical treatment of soft tissue tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignancy should always be suspected for any soft tissue tumor. Thus, histologic examination of the totally excised growth is mandatory. Amputation is indicated as a curative measure for recurrencies and lesions that cannot be excised locally. It is also indicated for palliation in cases with ulceration, impaired function, and distant metastases. Adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, based on the type of tumor, is outlined. The importance of cooperation between surgeon, pathologist, radiologist, and chemotherapist and of a central soft tissue tumor register is emphasized.", "contents": "[Principles of radical treatment of soft tissue tumors (author's transl)]. Malignancy should always be suspected for any soft tissue tumor. Thus, histologic examination of the totally excised growth is mandatory. Amputation is indicated as a curative measure for recurrencies and lesions that cannot be excised locally. It is also indicated for palliation in cases with ulceration, impaired function, and distant metastases. Adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, based on the type of tumor, is outlined. The importance of cooperation between surgeon, pathologist, radiologist, and chemotherapist and of a central soft tissue tumor register is emphasized.", "PMID": 83521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9101", "title": "Identification of cytoplasmic laminar bodies in neurons of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus by phase contrast microscopy.", "content": "It is demonstrated that cytoplasmic laminar bodies (CLBs) can be identified in Nissl stained celloidin sections by means of phase contrast microscopy. Provided that the refractive index of the mounting medium is in the range of 1.56 to 1.65, CLBs appear as bright holes in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Identification of cytoplasmic laminar bodies in neurons of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus by phase contrast microscopy. It is demonstrated that cytoplasmic laminar bodies (CLBs) can be identified in Nissl stained celloidin sections by means of phase contrast microscopy. Provided that the refractive index of the mounting medium is in the range of 1.56 to 1.65, CLBs appear as bright holes in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 83523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9102", "title": "Reticulation, polychromasia and stippling of erythrocytes.", "content": "The morphology of the immature erythrocyte (reticulocyte, polychromatic erythrocyte, stippled erythrocyte) is described. Literature on reticulation, polychromasia and stippling is reviewed with special consideration of the inter-relationship of these phenomena, their chemical basis and the role of preparative techniques in their production. Techniques of reticulocyte staining are summarised and common stains discussed. The effect of dye batch variations on the reticulocyte count is considered. Techniques and stains for polychromatic and stippled cells are described with emphasis on methods which may be used to increase the relative frequency of each cell type.", "contents": "Reticulation, polychromasia and stippling of erythrocytes. The morphology of the immature erythrocyte (reticulocyte, polychromatic erythrocyte, stippled erythrocyte) is described. Literature on reticulation, polychromasia and stippling is reviewed with special consideration of the inter-relationship of these phenomena, their chemical basis and the role of preparative techniques in their production. Techniques of reticulocyte staining are summarised and common stains discussed. The effect of dye batch variations on the reticulocyte count is considered. Techniques and stains for polychromatic and stippled cells are described with emphasis on methods which may be used to increase the relative frequency of each cell type.", "PMID": 83524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9103", "title": "Nature of antigenic determinant of serovar-specific antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis.", "content": "The nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigen (NDTM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (a variant which can grow in a synthetic medium) showed a strong inhibition of the complement fixation between the serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of this strain and the homologous antiserum. The inhibitory effect of the NDTM antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, and the fractions of TM antigen containing amino sugar, neutral sugars, and lipids did not show any inhibition of complement fixation, indicating that the antigenic determinant of this strain is related to proteins. NDTM antigen contained more hydrophilic amino acids than hydrophobic amino acids, whereas TM antigen contained more hydrophobic amino acids than hydrophilic amino acids. The amino acid compositions of NDTM antigens of hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (variant) and kremastos strain Kyoto, which belonged to the same serogroup, were considerably similar. Difference was found in the amounts of methionine, arginine, lysine and glutamine acid.", "contents": "Nature of antigenic determinant of serovar-specific antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis. The nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigen (NDTM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (a variant which can grow in a synthetic medium) showed a strong inhibition of the complement fixation between the serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of this strain and the homologous antiserum. The inhibitory effect of the NDTM antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, and the fractions of TM antigen containing amino sugar, neutral sugars, and lipids did not show any inhibition of complement fixation, indicating that the antigenic determinant of this strain is related to proteins. NDTM antigen contained more hydrophilic amino acids than hydrophobic amino acids, whereas TM antigen contained more hydrophobic amino acids than hydrophilic amino acids. The amino acid compositions of NDTM antigens of hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis (variant) and kremastos strain Kyoto, which belonged to the same serogroup, were considerably similar. Difference was found in the amounts of methionine, arginine, lysine and glutamine acid.", "PMID": 83525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9104", "title": "Serological studies on the major histocompatibility complex of new inbred strains of the guinea pig.", "content": "New inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 3, JY 6, JY 9 and JY 10 have been established in this Institute. Serologic studies of guinea pig leukocyte antigens (GPLA antigens) were carried out in order to examine their major histocompatibility complex (GPLA complex). Antisera specific for Ia antigens were raised by cross-immunization of NIH strain 2 (NIH 2) and NIH strain 13 (NIH 13) guinea pigs, well known inbred guinea pigs. The sera identified four distinct Ia specificities, which were designated as Ia.2a, Ia2b, Ia.13a and Ia.13b. Six antigenic specificities different from the above Ia specificities were identified by sera obtained by appropriate immunization of the inbred guinea pigs and were designated as P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.5 and P.6. Antigenic specificities of GPLA antigens recognized in inbred guinea pigs were : NIH 2 (Ia.2a, Ia.2b, P.1, P.2, P.O, P.4), NIH 13 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4), JY 1 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.5), JY 2 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.4, P.6), JY 3 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.4, P.5), JY 6 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.6), JY 9 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.4, P.5), JY 10 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.6), JY 9 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.4, P.5), JY 10 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.6). The correspondence of these specificities to those already reported was discussed and the P.2 or P.4 was considered to be an additional specificity of GPLA antigens that have not been reported yet. As the new inbred strains of guinea pigs were thus found to possess characteristic GPLA complex, which differ from each other and from those of NIH 2 and NIH 13 strain, they should be useful for studies of roles of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune system.", "contents": "Serological studies on the major histocompatibility complex of new inbred strains of the guinea pig. New inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 3, JY 6, JY 9 and JY 10 have been established in this Institute. Serologic studies of guinea pig leukocyte antigens (GPLA antigens) were carried out in order to examine their major histocompatibility complex (GPLA complex). Antisera specific for Ia antigens were raised by cross-immunization of NIH strain 2 (NIH 2) and NIH strain 13 (NIH 13) guinea pigs, well known inbred guinea pigs. The sera identified four distinct Ia specificities, which were designated as Ia.2a, Ia2b, Ia.13a and Ia.13b. Six antigenic specificities different from the above Ia specificities were identified by sera obtained by appropriate immunization of the inbred guinea pigs and were designated as P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.5 and P.6. Antigenic specificities of GPLA antigens recognized in inbred guinea pigs were : NIH 2 (Ia.2a, Ia.2b, P.1, P.2, P.O, P.4), NIH 13 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4), JY 1 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.5), JY 2 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.4, P.6), JY 3 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.4, P.5), JY 6 (Ia.2b, Ia.13b, P.3, P.6), JY 9 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.4, P.5), JY 10 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.6), JY 9 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.4, P.5), JY 10 (Ia.13a, Ia.13b, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.6). The correspondence of these specificities to those already reported was discussed and the P.2 or P.4 was considered to be an additional specificity of GPLA antigens that have not been reported yet. As the new inbred strains of guinea pigs were thus found to possess characteristic GPLA complex, which differ from each other and from those of NIH 2 and NIH 13 strain, they should be useful for studies of roles of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune system.", "PMID": 83526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9105", "title": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of audio cassettes for CME.", "content": "Medical teachers and practising doctors were surveyed by questionnaire and given pre- and post-tests to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of Practical Reviews in Cancer Management, a cassette tape programme of continuing medical education (CME). Doctors indicated a high degree of satisfaction with this approach; in particular the idea of keeping abreast of the current literature while commuting in their cars was appealing. The programme's effectiveness was measured by pre- and post-tests, and the data were analysed by the non-directional t-test for dependent groups. These tests indicated a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in knowledge from the pre- to post-tests.", "contents": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of audio cassettes for CME. Medical teachers and practising doctors were surveyed by questionnaire and given pre- and post-tests to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of Practical Reviews in Cancer Management, a cassette tape programme of continuing medical education (CME). Doctors indicated a high degree of satisfaction with this approach; in particular the idea of keeping abreast of the current literature while commuting in their cars was appealing. The programme's effectiveness was measured by pre- and post-tests, and the data were analysed by the non-directional t-test for dependent groups. These tests indicated a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in knowledge from the pre- to post-tests.", "PMID": 83528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9106", "title": "An introduction to sexuality in the medical curriculum.", "content": "An educational procedure is described for increasing comfort and clinical objectiveness when interviewing patients with sexual problems. It is based on the viewing of sexually explicit films interspersed with small group discussions. Judging from questionnaires completed by 329 students in four British medical schools, most felt that the procedure had benefited them both personally and professionally, and that it provided a good foundation for a course in human sexuality.", "contents": "An introduction to sexuality in the medical curriculum. An educational procedure is described for increasing comfort and clinical objectiveness when interviewing patients with sexual problems. It is based on the viewing of sexually explicit films interspersed with small group discussions. Judging from questionnaires completed by 329 students in four British medical schools, most felt that the procedure had benefited them both personally and professionally, and that it provided a good foundation for a course in human sexuality.", "PMID": 83529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9107", "title": "[Longterm therapy with i.v.-gamma-globulin in children (author's transl)].", "content": "gamma-Globulin for treatment should be injected by the intravenous route whenever possible. An unsplit molecule would be of great advantage in this context but there is the problem of antigenicity. One possibility to attain a good tolerance for i.v.-gamma-globin is to treat the molecule with beta-propiolactone. The acute tolerance and the efficacy of this preparation are proven. We wanted to find out if the modification of the immunoglobulin by beta-propiolactone would induce new antigene properties, which could lead to antibody production after repeated injections. There were no antibodies to be found neither in vivo nor in vitro in 6 children, which received 8--166 injections of this preparation.", "contents": "[Longterm therapy with i.v.-gamma-globulin in children (author's transl)]. gamma-Globulin for treatment should be injected by the intravenous route whenever possible. An unsplit molecule would be of great advantage in this context but there is the problem of antigenicity. One possibility to attain a good tolerance for i.v.-gamma-globin is to treat the molecule with beta-propiolactone. The acute tolerance and the efficacy of this preparation are proven. We wanted to find out if the modification of the immunoglobulin by beta-propiolactone would induce new antigene properties, which could lead to antibody production after repeated injections. There were no antibodies to be found neither in vivo nor in vitro in 6 children, which received 8--166 injections of this preparation.", "PMID": 83534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9108", "title": "Molecular mechanisms involved in the production of chromosomal aberrations. I. Utilization of Neurospora endonuclease for the study of aberration production in G2 stage of the cell cycle.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were X-irradiated in G2 stage of the cell cycle and immediately treated, in the presence of inactivated Sendai virus, with Neurospora endonuclease (E.C. 3.1.4.), an enzyme which is specific for cleaving single-stranded DNA. With this treatment, the frequencies of all types of chromosome aberrations increased when compared to X-irradiated controls. These results are interpreted as due to the conversion of some of the X-ray induced single-stranded DNA breaks into double-strand breaks by this enzyme. Similar enhancement due to this enzyme was found following treatment with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and bleomycin, but not following UV and mitomycin C. Addition of Micrococcus endonuclease and Neurospora endonuclease to the cells did not alter the frequencies of aberrations induced by UV. The introduction of enzymes with specific DNA-repair function offers possibilities to probe into the molecular events involved in the formation of structural chromosome aberrations induced by different classes of physical and chemical mutagens.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms involved in the production of chromosomal aberrations. I. Utilization of Neurospora endonuclease for the study of aberration production in G2 stage of the cell cycle. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were X-irradiated in G2 stage of the cell cycle and immediately treated, in the presence of inactivated Sendai virus, with Neurospora endonuclease (E.C. 3.1.4.), an enzyme which is specific for cleaving single-stranded DNA. With this treatment, the frequencies of all types of chromosome aberrations increased when compared to X-irradiated controls. These results are interpreted as due to the conversion of some of the X-ray induced single-stranded DNA breaks into double-strand breaks by this enzyme. Similar enhancement due to this enzyme was found following treatment with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and bleomycin, but not following UV and mitomycin C. Addition of Micrococcus endonuclease and Neurospora endonuclease to the cells did not alter the frequencies of aberrations induced by UV. The introduction of enzymes with specific DNA-repair function offers possibilities to probe into the molecular events involved in the formation of structural chromosome aberrations induced by different classes of physical and chemical mutagens.", "PMID": 83535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9109", "title": "[Pregnancy associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) in the serum of patients with gynecologic carcinomas].", "content": "alpha2-PAG is a high-molecular, carbohydrate-containing glycoprotein. It occurs in traces in normal human serum. The variations in serum levels of this protein were studied during treatment of 32 gynecological cancer patients in the course of 2 years. The periodic alpha2-PAG determinations were done with an electro-immuno-assay. A correspondence between alpha2-PAG serum levels and the clinical course could be found in 60%. In 5 of 13 patients who did not respond to therapy alpha2-PAG levels rose, additional 4 had unchanged high levels, whereas 13 of 17 patients had significantly decreased levels on successful treatment. The relevance of periodic alpha2-PAG determinations is discussed.", "contents": "[Pregnancy associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) in the serum of patients with gynecologic carcinomas]. alpha2-PAG is a high-molecular, carbohydrate-containing glycoprotein. It occurs in traces in normal human serum. The variations in serum levels of this protein were studied during treatment of 32 gynecological cancer patients in the course of 2 years. The periodic alpha2-PAG determinations were done with an electro-immuno-assay. A correspondence between alpha2-PAG serum levels and the clinical course could be found in 60%. In 5 of 13 patients who did not respond to therapy alpha2-PAG levels rose, additional 4 had unchanged high levels, whereas 13 of 17 patients had significantly decreased levels on successful treatment. The relevance of periodic alpha2-PAG determinations is discussed.", "PMID": 83557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9110", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of malignant testicular neoplasms].", "content": "For successful treatment of even advanced testicular tumors an accurate histological classification and clinical staging is necessary. The pathohistomorphological classification can be completed by the so-called tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein and beta-humanchoriongonadotropin (beta-HCG). These markers are especially valuable in the follow-up of the patient and in the control of the therapeutical effectivity. By optimal diagnosis and therapy seminomas in stage I and II are in 70% to 100%, teratomas in 40% to 80% curable; in the more advanced stages in 30 to 40% a two years relapse-free time can be obtained.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of malignant testicular neoplasms]. For successful treatment of even advanced testicular tumors an accurate histological classification and clinical staging is necessary. The pathohistomorphological classification can be completed by the so-called tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein and beta-humanchoriongonadotropin (beta-HCG). These markers are especially valuable in the follow-up of the patient and in the control of the therapeutical effectivity. By optimal diagnosis and therapy seminomas in stage I and II are in 70% to 100%, teratomas in 40% to 80% curable; in the more advanced stages in 30 to 40% a two years relapse-free time can be obtained.", "PMID": 83558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9111", "title": "[Prognosis of cardia carcinoma].", "content": "Based on a material of 223 patients treated for cardia carcinoma the surgical problems and the results after palliative, radical and enlarged resection are discussed. In the early stage without nodular involvement (I) in 72% of the radically operated patients a 5-years and 10-years cure could be obtained, in relation to all patients observed the success, however, is only 10% for 5-years and 8% for 10-years cure. This is caused by the fact that stage I was found in only 10% of the patients admitted to our hospital. The need for a close observation programm for clearly defined high risk groups must be pointed out and the possibilities of a special postoperative adjunct therapy should be fully used.", "contents": "[Prognosis of cardia carcinoma]. Based on a material of 223 patients treated for cardia carcinoma the surgical problems and the results after palliative, radical and enlarged resection are discussed. In the early stage without nodular involvement (I) in 72% of the radically operated patients a 5-years and 10-years cure could be obtained, in relation to all patients observed the success, however, is only 10% for 5-years and 8% for 10-years cure. This is caused by the fact that stage I was found in only 10% of the patients admitted to our hospital. The need for a close observation programm for clearly defined high risk groups must be pointed out and the possibilities of a special postoperative adjunct therapy should be fully used.", "PMID": 83559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9112", "title": "[Value of transurethral laser therapy in the treatment of bladder carcinoma].", "content": "A new method has been developed allowing the introduction of the argon laser beam into the water-filled bladder using normal operation cystoscopes. The energy is applicated to the bladder by means of a light conductor which is placed into the bladder through the working channel of an operation cystoscope. Treating large tumors of the bladder we laser the resection bed after electroresection (TUR). The sole use of laser therapy on large tumors of the bladder is not to be recommended because of the uncertainty of their total destruction. On the other hand, the sole laser coagulation of small relapses of tumor up to the size of raspberries restricted to the mucous membrane seems to be more effective than electroresection. The advantage of laser treatment is the absence of electric power flow through the tissue which avoids muscle convulsions of the bladder and electric power leakage. Besides of this, laser therapy being painless allows treatment without anesthesia. So far 68 patients with tumors of the bladder have been treated by transurethral laser therapy combined with electroresection (TUR). The aim of transurethral laser therapy is the reduction of recidivity of bladder tumors.", "contents": "[Value of transurethral laser therapy in the treatment of bladder carcinoma]. A new method has been developed allowing the introduction of the argon laser beam into the water-filled bladder using normal operation cystoscopes. The energy is applicated to the bladder by means of a light conductor which is placed into the bladder through the working channel of an operation cystoscope. Treating large tumors of the bladder we laser the resection bed after electroresection (TUR). The sole use of laser therapy on large tumors of the bladder is not to be recommended because of the uncertainty of their total destruction. On the other hand, the sole laser coagulation of small relapses of tumor up to the size of raspberries restricted to the mucous membrane seems to be more effective than electroresection. The advantage of laser treatment is the absence of electric power flow through the tissue which avoids muscle convulsions of the bladder and electric power leakage. Besides of this, laser therapy being painless allows treatment without anesthesia. So far 68 patients with tumors of the bladder have been treated by transurethral laser therapy combined with electroresection (TUR). The aim of transurethral laser therapy is the reduction of recidivity of bladder tumors.", "PMID": 83560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9113", "title": "[Chemotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors (review of the literature)].", "content": "There exist no common recommendations for palliative therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Fluorouracil has been used for a long time, remission rates reported range from 0% to 80%. In larger series they figure about 20% but without prolongation of survival in responders. Although this drug is used for 20 years optimal dose and timing is still unknown. By combination of fluorouracil with other drugs remission rates were improved and in responders survival was prolonged (mitomycin C and/or adriamycin in gastric cancer, methyl-CCNU in colorectal cancer). The results of adjuvant chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer are contradictory, the routine usage is not recommendable. Adjuvant as well as palliative chemotherapy must be improved by controlled clinical trials.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors (review of the literature)]. There exist no common recommendations for palliative therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Fluorouracil has been used for a long time, remission rates reported range from 0% to 80%. In larger series they figure about 20% but without prolongation of survival in responders. Although this drug is used for 20 years optimal dose and timing is still unknown. By combination of fluorouracil with other drugs remission rates were improved and in responders survival was prolonged (mitomycin C and/or adriamycin in gastric cancer, methyl-CCNU in colorectal cancer). The results of adjuvant chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer are contradictory, the routine usage is not recommendable. Adjuvant as well as palliative chemotherapy must be improved by controlled clinical trials.", "PMID": 83561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9114", "title": "Cell surface antigens containing beta2-microglobulin as the common subunit.", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin, which was first discovered in various biological fluids, has been shown to be the common subunit of the human HLA-A,B,C antigens. In the mouse beta2-microglobulin is associated with H-2K, D and L antigens and with TL and Qa-2 antigens, beta2-microglobulin and the heavy HLA antigen chains are similar in structure to the immunoglobulins and it is suggested that the two types of molecules have had an interrelated evolution. Data are also presented which suggest that the structural similarity between transplantation antigens and immunoglobulins may be paralleled by a functional similarity as well.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens containing beta2-microglobulin as the common subunit. beta2-Microglobulin, which was first discovered in various biological fluids, has been shown to be the common subunit of the human HLA-A,B,C antigens. In the mouse beta2-microglobulin is associated with H-2K, D and L antigens and with TL and Qa-2 antigens, beta2-microglobulin and the heavy HLA antigen chains are similar in structure to the immunoglobulins and it is suggested that the two types of molecules have had an interrelated evolution. Data are also presented which suggest that the structural similarity between transplantation antigens and immunoglobulins may be paralleled by a functional similarity as well.", "PMID": 83566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9115", "title": "[Study of lymphocyte membrane antigens and receptors with antibodies to beta2-microglobulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-beta 2 microglobulin sera (beta2m AS) rendered specific after extensive absorptions were obtained following immunization of rabbits with highly purified beta2m prepared from urine of tubular proteinuria. beta2m AS were cytotoxic upon addition of selected rabbit complement for human T and B lymphocytes. Partial inhibition of sheep red blood cells receptor recognition on T lymphocytes (E rosettes) and C3 component recognition on B lymphocytes (EAC rosettes) was obtained only with high concentrations of Fab'2 anti-beta2m, eliminating a direct association of beta2m and those receptors. Fab'2 anti-beta2 induced very little inhibition of Fc portion receptor recognition (EA rosettes), but they had no effect on lysis of targets covered with IgG anti-targets (ADCC), a function mediated through that receptor. Anti-beta2m antibodies in excess inhibited antigen-induced proliferation (PPD) and the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) performed in AB serum and fetal calf serum containing media ; whereas a potentiation of the response occurred in the presence of an antigen excess (beta2m) brought by the culture medium (AB serum) suggesting involvement of immune complexes. Pretreatment of responding cells with beta2m AS did block unilateral MLR ; conversely, treatement of stimulating cells had no effect. Independent migration of T cell membrane antigens (HTLA) and beta2m upon addition of suitable ligands, as well as the lack of inhibition by Fab'2 anti-beta2m of complement dependent lysis with IgG anti-HTLA, excluded possible association of HTLA and beta2m.", "contents": "[Study of lymphocyte membrane antigens and receptors with antibodies to beta2-microglobulin (author's transl)]. Anti-beta 2 microglobulin sera (beta2m AS) rendered specific after extensive absorptions were obtained following immunization of rabbits with highly purified beta2m prepared from urine of tubular proteinuria. beta2m AS were cytotoxic upon addition of selected rabbit complement for human T and B lymphocytes. Partial inhibition of sheep red blood cells receptor recognition on T lymphocytes (E rosettes) and C3 component recognition on B lymphocytes (EAC rosettes) was obtained only with high concentrations of Fab'2 anti-beta2m, eliminating a direct association of beta2m and those receptors. Fab'2 anti-beta2 induced very little inhibition of Fc portion receptor recognition (EA rosettes), but they had no effect on lysis of targets covered with IgG anti-targets (ADCC), a function mediated through that receptor. Anti-beta2m antibodies in excess inhibited antigen-induced proliferation (PPD) and the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) performed in AB serum and fetal calf serum containing media ; whereas a potentiation of the response occurred in the presence of an antigen excess (beta2m) brought by the culture medium (AB serum) suggesting involvement of immune complexes. Pretreatment of responding cells with beta2m AS did block unilateral MLR ; conversely, treatement of stimulating cells had no effect. Independent migration of T cell membrane antigens (HTLA) and beta2m upon addition of suitable ligands, as well as the lack of inhibition by Fab'2 anti-beta2m of complement dependent lysis with IgG anti-HTLA, excluded possible association of HTLA and beta2m.", "PMID": 83567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9116", "title": "Total joint replacement in bunion surgery.", "content": "A preliminary report is given for total joint replacement arthroplasty utilizing a silicone-polyester prosthesis, in selected cases of destroyed metatarsophalangeal joints of the great toe. Fifty-three prostheses were implanted over a period from March 1971 to March 1977, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Overall results were good from the standpoint of pain relief and cosmetic correction, in severely destroyed and deformed joints. The essential aspects for successful prosthetic arthroplasty include proper seating of the prosthesis and complete realignment of the first ray, paralleling the adjacent metatarsals. On the basis of these preliminary results, it is concluded that there is a place for total joint prosthetic replacement in the surgical reconstruction of the painful, destroyed metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.", "contents": "Total joint replacement in bunion surgery. A preliminary report is given for total joint replacement arthroplasty utilizing a silicone-polyester prosthesis, in selected cases of destroyed metatarsophalangeal joints of the great toe. Fifty-three prostheses were implanted over a period from March 1971 to March 1977, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Overall results were good from the standpoint of pain relief and cosmetic correction, in severely destroyed and deformed joints. The essential aspects for successful prosthetic arthroplasty include proper seating of the prosthesis and complete realignment of the first ray, paralleling the adjacent metatarsals. On the basis of these preliminary results, it is concluded that there is a place for total joint prosthetic replacement in the surgical reconstruction of the painful, destroyed metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.", "PMID": 83562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9117", "title": "The serum level and urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin in health and renal disease.", "content": "In healthy subjects with normal renal function beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is constantly produced in the body. It is eliminated almost exclusively by the kidneys, predominantly by glomerular filtration but possibly also by some direct uptake from the blood. After glomerular filtration more than 99,9% of excreted protein is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules where it is catabolized. The main factor, influencing on the serum level of beta2m is the GFR. Determination of S-beta2m appears to be more effective than analysis of S-creatinine for the detection of a slightly reduced GFR. A relatively high S-beta2m, in comparison with the GFR, may be seen in e.g. malignant proliferative disorders and SLE. This indicates an increased production of the protein. An entirely free passage over the glomerular membranes is not likely for beta2m in healthy subjects but the sieving coefficient might approach 1,0 in renal disease. The increased glomerular elimination of the protein could then possibly be counterbalanced by an increased synthesis, which should explain the pronounced relationship at a log/log scale between S-beta2m and the GFR. An increased excretion of beta2m in the urine is a sensitive indicator of proximal tubular dysfunction in many clinical conditions. In marked renal insufficiency there is, however, an obligatory 100-1 000-fold increase of the normal excretion, not related to the kind of renal disorder. In studies of the protein precautions are necessary to avoid degradation of the protein, in urine with a low pH.", "contents": "The serum level and urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin in health and renal disease. In healthy subjects with normal renal function beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is constantly produced in the body. It is eliminated almost exclusively by the kidneys, predominantly by glomerular filtration but possibly also by some direct uptake from the blood. After glomerular filtration more than 99,9% of excreted protein is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules where it is catabolized. The main factor, influencing on the serum level of beta2m is the GFR. Determination of S-beta2m appears to be more effective than analysis of S-creatinine for the detection of a slightly reduced GFR. A relatively high S-beta2m, in comparison with the GFR, may be seen in e.g. malignant proliferative disorders and SLE. This indicates an increased production of the protein. An entirely free passage over the glomerular membranes is not likely for beta2m in healthy subjects but the sieving coefficient might approach 1,0 in renal disease. The increased glomerular elimination of the protein could then possibly be counterbalanced by an increased synthesis, which should explain the pronounced relationship at a log/log scale between S-beta2m and the GFR. An increased excretion of beta2m in the urine is a sensitive indicator of proximal tubular dysfunction in many clinical conditions. In marked renal insufficiency there is, however, an obligatory 100-1 000-fold increase of the normal excretion, not related to the kind of renal disorder. In studies of the protein precautions are necessary to avoid degradation of the protein, in urine with a low pH.", "PMID": 83568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9118", "title": "[Alteration of beta2-microglobulin metabolism in terminal chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In 63 patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated with intermittent dialysis plasma beta2m concentrations were shown to be stable and increased 8 to 60 times over normal values. The excretion of beta2m is achieved either through residual diuresis (up to 150 mg/24 h) or by filtration through high permeability membranes of the dialyser. In the absence of extra-renal catabolism of beta2m it is suggested that the rate of beta2m synthesis differs markedly among patients. beta2m it self does not to seem to contribute to the toxic manifestations of chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Alteration of beta2-microglobulin metabolism in terminal chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. In 63 patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated with intermittent dialysis plasma beta2m concentrations were shown to be stable and increased 8 to 60 times over normal values. The excretion of beta2m is achieved either through residual diuresis (up to 150 mg/24 h) or by filtration through high permeability membranes of the dialyser. In the absence of extra-renal catabolism of beta2m it is suggested that the rate of beta2m synthesis differs markedly among patients. beta2m it self does not to seem to contribute to the toxic manifestations of chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 83569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9119", "title": "[Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of beta2 microglobulin after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin (beta2m)levels were measured daily after transplantation in 44 recipients of renal allograft. beta2m was measured by radioimmunoassay. After transplantation, serum beta2m becomes inferior to 4 micrograms/ml within 4 days whereas urinary beta2m decreases down to 0,5 microgram/ml within 6 days. A correlation between serum creatinine and serumbeta2m is presented and a few dissociations between the 2 values are discussed. Picks of urinary beta2m concentrations were observed either before (22/30 cases) or concomitant (16/30 cases) with rejection episodes. However, a few patients presented massive urinary excretion of beta2m without development of a typical rejection. This study allows to define two types of renal alterations after transplantation : one associated with renal insufficiency and elevated serum beta2m, the other with proximal tubular dysfonction resulting in massive (up to 700 mg/24 h) urinary excretion of beta2m.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of beta2 microglobulin after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. beta2-Microglobulin (beta2m)levels were measured daily after transplantation in 44 recipients of renal allograft. beta2m was measured by radioimmunoassay. After transplantation, serum beta2m becomes inferior to 4 micrograms/ml within 4 days whereas urinary beta2m decreases down to 0,5 microgram/ml within 6 days. A correlation between serum creatinine and serumbeta2m is presented and a few dissociations between the 2 values are discussed. Picks of urinary beta2m concentrations were observed either before (22/30 cases) or concomitant (16/30 cases) with rejection episodes. However, a few patients presented massive urinary excretion of beta2m without development of a typical rejection. This study allows to define two types of renal alterations after transplantation : one associated with renal insufficiency and elevated serum beta2m, the other with proximal tubular dysfonction resulting in massive (up to 700 mg/24 h) urinary excretion of beta2m.", "PMID": 83570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9120", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin in renal transplanted patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma beta2m has been measured frequently during long term follow-up of kidney transplanted outpatients. The ratio of beta2m/log creatinine was abnormally high in 15 patients of this series bearing a symptomatic hepatitis independently of any modification of immunodepressive drug administration schedule (azathioprine and corticoids). The true effect of azathioprine could not be isolated whereas corticotherapy modified clearly the beta2m/creatinine ratio : increase of dosage for rejection resulted in a fall of the ratio whereas fast reduction increased the ratio acting essentially on circulating beta2m level (12 cases). The beta2m/creatinine ratio was normal or occasionally diminished in the 22 patients having an uneventful clinical course. Six patients showed mixed effects of hepatitis and variation of corticoid dosage and 7 cases were too much intricated to permit a good analysis of the data.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin in renal transplanted patients (author's transl)]. Plasma beta2m has been measured frequently during long term follow-up of kidney transplanted outpatients. The ratio of beta2m/log creatinine was abnormally high in 15 patients of this series bearing a symptomatic hepatitis independently of any modification of immunodepressive drug administration schedule (azathioprine and corticoids). The true effect of azathioprine could not be isolated whereas corticotherapy modified clearly the beta2m/creatinine ratio : increase of dosage for rejection resulted in a fall of the ratio whereas fast reduction increased the ratio acting essentially on circulating beta2m level (12 cases). The beta2m/creatinine ratio was normal or occasionally diminished in the 22 patients having an uneventful clinical course. Six patients showed mixed effects of hepatitis and variation of corticoid dosage and 7 cases were too much intricated to permit a good analysis of the data.", "PMID": 83571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9121", "title": "beta2-Microglobulin in Balkan endemic nephropathy.", "content": "The results of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria test in urines of patients and suspect subjects in an endemic area of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in Yugoslavia are reported. An accordance between the positive LMW test and the clinical diagnosis of BEN has been found in more than 70%. The authors claim that LMW immunodiffusion test is a very useful procedure for detecting BEN and a great aid in the epidemiological work in the endemic field. The results of determining beta2-microglobuline (beta2m) in serums and urines by radioimmunoassay technique as well as counting of clearances of endogenous creatinine in healthy persons, \"endangered\" subjects in endemic area, and BEN patients without azotemia, with azotemia and uremia are reported. The group of 17 patients suffering of BEN without azotemia having slightly or more markedly lowered creatinine clearances showed higher serum and much higher urinary concentration of beta2m which are not in proportion with creatinine clearance. The results are interpreted so far as a consequence of the predominant tubular lesion in BEN. In groups of patients with azotemia and uremia no differences in beta2m handling have been found. The report has a preliminary character and requires further study.", "contents": "beta2-Microglobulin in Balkan endemic nephropathy. The results of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria test in urines of patients and suspect subjects in an endemic area of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in Yugoslavia are reported. An accordance between the positive LMW test and the clinical diagnosis of BEN has been found in more than 70%. The authors claim that LMW immunodiffusion test is a very useful procedure for detecting BEN and a great aid in the epidemiological work in the endemic field. The results of determining beta2-microglobuline (beta2m) in serums and urines by radioimmunoassay technique as well as counting of clearances of endogenous creatinine in healthy persons, \"endangered\" subjects in endemic area, and BEN patients without azotemia, with azotemia and uremia are reported. The group of 17 patients suffering of BEN without azotemia having slightly or more markedly lowered creatinine clearances showed higher serum and much higher urinary concentration of beta2m which are not in proportion with creatinine clearance. The results are interpreted so far as a consequence of the predominant tubular lesion in BEN. In groups of patients with azotemia and uremia no differences in beta2m handling have been found. The report has a preliminary character and requires further study.", "PMID": 83572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9122", "title": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in cadmium exposed workers.", "content": "In cadmium exposed workers with renal tubular dysfunction the determination of beta2m in urine is an important diagnostic test. Cadmium exposure's influence on serum beta2m levels and its relationship to urinary excretion of beta2m were studied in 24 cadmium exposed workers with normal serum creatinine levels (less than 10 mg/l)) and no obvious tubular dysfunction. With increasing blood levels of cadmium beta2m was found to increase in serum. There was no concomitant increase in the urinary excretion of beta2m. Serum beta2m was not dependent on serum creatinine within the range studied. The results suggest that for evaluating renal glomerular function in cadmium exposed workers, it might be better to use the serum creatinine level, creatinine clearance or inulin clearance since beta2m might give some false positive results.", "contents": "Serum beta2-microglobulin in cadmium exposed workers. In cadmium exposed workers with renal tubular dysfunction the determination of beta2m in urine is an important diagnostic test. Cadmium exposure's influence on serum beta2m levels and its relationship to urinary excretion of beta2m were studied in 24 cadmium exposed workers with normal serum creatinine levels (less than 10 mg/l)) and no obvious tubular dysfunction. With increasing blood levels of cadmium beta2m was found to increase in serum. There was no concomitant increase in the urinary excretion of beta2m. Serum beta2m was not dependent on serum creatinine within the range studied. The results suggest that for evaluating renal glomerular function in cadmium exposed workers, it might be better to use the serum creatinine level, creatinine clearance or inulin clearance since beta2m might give some false positive results.", "PMID": 83573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9123", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin and experimental nephropathies in macacus monkey (author's transl)].", "content": "In the monkey, the action of four renal toxics : lead acetate, sodium maleate, cadmium chloride and sodium chromate was compared. Tubulopathies were obtained only with cadmium chloride and sodium chromate with in the best cases about 16 mg/l of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) in the urine. Monkey and human beta2m have the same molecular weight and are antigenically similar. However, they differed in electrophoretic mobility, the monkey beta2m being slightly more cathodic.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin and experimental nephropathies in macacus monkey (author's transl)]. In the monkey, the action of four renal toxics : lead acetate, sodium maleate, cadmium chloride and sodium chromate was compared. Tubulopathies were obtained only with cadmium chloride and sodium chromate with in the best cases about 16 mg/l of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) in the urine. Monkey and human beta2m have the same molecular weight and are antigenically similar. However, they differed in electrophoretic mobility, the monkey beta2m being slightly more cathodic.", "PMID": 83574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9124", "title": "Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin and other proteins in workers exposed to cadmium, lead or mercury.", "content": "For the range of exposure to heavy metals sustained by the different groups of workers, a significant increase in the urinary excretion of low and/or high molecular weight proteins was found in the workers exposed to cadmium or to lead + cadmium, but no in those exposed to lead only and those exposed to mercury. Our observations suggest that the classical \"tubular\" proteinuria induced by cadmium has two not necessarily concomitant components : a \"tubular type\" component with increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins and a \"glomerular type\" component with increased excretion of high molecular weight proteins.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin and other proteins in workers exposed to cadmium, lead or mercury. For the range of exposure to heavy metals sustained by the different groups of workers, a significant increase in the urinary excretion of low and/or high molecular weight proteins was found in the workers exposed to cadmium or to lead + cadmium, but no in those exposed to lead only and those exposed to mercury. Our observations suggest that the classical \"tubular\" proteinuria induced by cadmium has two not necessarily concomitant components : a \"tubular type\" component with increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins and a \"glomerular type\" component with increased excretion of high molecular weight proteins.", "PMID": 83575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9125", "title": "[Determination of beta2-microglobulin in workers expposed to cadmium dust (author's transl)].", "content": "In a factory where workers are exposed to inhalation of small cadmium oxide particles we have determined beta2microglobulin (beta2m) in serum and urine and at the same time cadmium in corresponding samples and also in the atmosphere of the workshop. The rise in urinary beta2m generally detected seems to be dependent upon two parameters : 1) the number of years spent in the factory ; and 2) the atmospheric Cadmium concentration.", "contents": "[Determination of beta2-microglobulin in workers expposed to cadmium dust (author's transl)]. In a factory where workers are exposed to inhalation of small cadmium oxide particles we have determined beta2microglobulin (beta2m) in serum and urine and at the same time cadmium in corresponding samples and also in the atmosphere of the workshop. The rise in urinary beta2m generally detected seems to be dependent upon two parameters : 1) the number of years spent in the factory ; and 2) the atmospheric Cadmium concentration.", "PMID": 83576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9126", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin in cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Cancerembryonic antigen (CEA) and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) have been measured in cancer patients and patients with benign diseases. Of 168 patients with intestinal cancer, almost 90% had increasing concentrations of either CEA or beta2m or both. In 29 patients at different stages of pancreatic cancer there was a high incidence of increased values in the more severe cases. In 60 patients with histologically classified colorectal cancer the TNomegaMomega group of 19 patients had 47% and 42% of elevated beta2m and CEA respectively. A significant correlation of beta2m or CEA to extension of disease was noted. In benign intestinal disease like cirrhosis and pancreatitis both beta2m and CEA is commonly elevated. Of 26 breast cancer patients, seven had elevated CEA and five had elevated beta2m values before treatment. In the patients with extraganglionary metastasis almost 90% had high beta2m or CEA or both. Of 40 patients with uterine cancer, 26 were found to have increased values of beta2m or CEA or both. Finally, 140 colorectal cancer patients, 62 patients with breast cancer and 10 patients with uterine cancer have been followed longitudinally.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin in cancer patients (author's transl)]. Cancerembryonic antigen (CEA) and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) have been measured in cancer patients and patients with benign diseases. Of 168 patients with intestinal cancer, almost 90% had increasing concentrations of either CEA or beta2m or both. In 29 patients at different stages of pancreatic cancer there was a high incidence of increased values in the more severe cases. In 60 patients with histologically classified colorectal cancer the TNomegaMomega group of 19 patients had 47% and 42% of elevated beta2m and CEA respectively. A significant correlation of beta2m or CEA to extension of disease was noted. In benign intestinal disease like cirrhosis and pancreatitis both beta2m and CEA is commonly elevated. Of 26 breast cancer patients, seven had elevated CEA and five had elevated beta2m values before treatment. In the patients with extraganglionary metastasis almost 90% had high beta2m or CEA or both. Of 40 patients with uterine cancer, 26 were found to have increased values of beta2m or CEA or both. Finally, 140 colorectal cancer patients, 62 patients with breast cancer and 10 patients with uterine cancer have been followed longitudinally.", "PMID": 83577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9127", "title": "[Comparative study of carcino-embryonic antigen and beta2-microglobulin. Methodological study and clinical interpretation (author's transl)].", "content": "beta2m was determined by radioimmunoassay in 43 serums from healthy blood donors. Serum concentrations varied from 0.67 to 1.9 mg/l with a mean of 1.29 mg/l. Reproductibility and sensitivity of the method were evaluated. 66 patients with advanced neoplasia were studied. Serum beta2m was greater than 2 mg/l in 70% of the cases and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 54%. In 26 documented cases with tumor progression and 14 with regression, associated variations of CEA were formed more frequent and of greater magnitude than those of beta2m.", "contents": "[Comparative study of carcino-embryonic antigen and beta2-microglobulin. Methodological study and clinical interpretation (author's transl)]. beta2m was determined by radioimmunoassay in 43 serums from healthy blood donors. Serum concentrations varied from 0.67 to 1.9 mg/l with a mean of 1.29 mg/l. Reproductibility and sensitivity of the method were evaluated. 66 patients with advanced neoplasia were studied. Serum beta2m was greater than 2 mg/l in 70% of the cases and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 54%. In 26 documented cases with tumor progression and 14 with regression, associated variations of CEA were formed more frequent and of greater magnitude than those of beta2m.", "PMID": 83578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9128", "title": "beta2-Microglobulin in lymphoproliferative disorders with special reference to gammapathies.", "content": "Plasma beta2-microglobulin ratio were calculated taking into account serum creatinine levels and were found to be elevated in a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders. Degree of elevation appeared to be proportional to the tumour mass.", "contents": "beta2-Microglobulin in lymphoproliferative disorders with special reference to gammapathies. Plasma beta2-microglobulin ratio were calculated taking into account serum creatinine levels and were found to be elevated in a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders. Degree of elevation appeared to be proportional to the tumour mass.", "PMID": 83580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9129", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin and monoclonal gammapathies (author's transl)].", "content": "145 Determinations of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) have been realized in 111 patients with a monoclonal gammapathy. The level of beta2m is significantly higher (p = 0,0001) in the group with monoclonal gammapathy (M = 4,75 mg/l +/- 5,62) than in normal subjects (M 1,38 mg/l +/- 0,38). In a group with monoclonal gammapathy with renal failure, the level of beta2m is higher (M = 7,07 mg/l +/- 7,76) than in a group with renal failure alone (M = 3,45 mg/l +/- 1,91). The difference is significant (p = 0,005). The level of beta2m is higher in IgA monoclonal gammapathies (M = 5,61 mg/l) than in IgG (M = 4,18 mg/l) or IgM (M = 4,37 mg/l) gammapathies, but the differences of the means between the three groups are not significant. The assay of beta-2m does not allow to distinguish myeloma (M = 3,18 mg/l +/- 1,83) from benign monoclonal gammapathy (M = 3,22 mg/l +/- 1,32) and is not useful when the diagnosis is difficult.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin and monoclonal gammapathies (author's transl)]. 145 Determinations of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) have been realized in 111 patients with a monoclonal gammapathy. The level of beta2m is significantly higher (p = 0,0001) in the group with monoclonal gammapathy (M = 4,75 mg/l +/- 5,62) than in normal subjects (M 1,38 mg/l +/- 0,38). In a group with monoclonal gammapathy with renal failure, the level of beta2m is higher (M = 7,07 mg/l +/- 7,76) than in a group with renal failure alone (M = 3,45 mg/l +/- 1,91). The difference is significant (p = 0,005). The level of beta2m is higher in IgA monoclonal gammapathies (M = 5,61 mg/l) than in IgG (M = 4,18 mg/l) or IgM (M = 4,37 mg/l) gammapathies, but the differences of the means between the three groups are not significant. The assay of beta-2m does not allow to distinguish myeloma (M = 3,18 mg/l +/- 1,83) from benign monoclonal gammapathy (M = 3,22 mg/l +/- 1,32) and is not useful when the diagnosis is difficult.", "PMID": 83581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9130", "title": "[Determination of beta2-microglobulin in breast, lung, colorectal and ENT carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Significant increase of plasma level beta2-microglobulin in cancer patients (breast, bronchus, colorectal and ENT) occurs rarely. More, the highest levels observed are within the range of non malignant diseases. We cannot assume that beta2-microglobulin assay will be useful as tumor marker.", "contents": "[Determination of beta2-microglobulin in breast, lung, colorectal and ENT carcinoma (author's transl)]. Significant increase of plasma level beta2-microglobulin in cancer patients (breast, bronchus, colorectal and ENT) occurs rarely. More, the highest levels observed are within the range of non malignant diseases. We cannot assume that beta2-microglobulin assay will be useful as tumor marker.", "PMID": 83582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9131", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 52 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma serum levels of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were studied. No correlation was found between the increase of beta2m (greater than 3,2 mg/l) and CEA (greater than 40 ng/l). High levels were found in 10 % of cases for CEA and in 30% of cases for beta2m. The follow-up of serum levels of beta2m and CEA was studied during the evolution of the disease through monthly assays. Upon 15 cases followed, the same dissociation between beta2m and CEA was observed.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. In a series of 52 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma serum levels of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) were studied. No correlation was found between the increase of beta2m (greater than 3,2 mg/l) and CEA (greater than 40 ng/l). High levels were found in 10 % of cases for CEA and in 30% of cases for beta2m. The follow-up of serum levels of beta2m and CEA was studied during the evolution of the disease through monthly assays. Upon 15 cases followed, the same dissociation between beta2m and CEA was observed.", "PMID": 83583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9132", "title": "[Comparison of serum levels of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the follow-up of lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) were assayed on 133 sera during follow-up of 31 patients with lung carcinoma (squamous cell ca. without recurrence : 2, squamous cell ca. with recurrence : 11, anaplastic cell ca. : 4, adenocarcinoma : 2, unclassifiable : 5). Normal creatinine (less than or equal to 12 mg/l) levels were found in all sera. CEA and beta2m levels showed no correlation nor in these groups, nor in the whole. The squamous cell carcinomas with recurrence showed the largest dispersion for CEA as for beta2m levels. However, the trends of serial beta2m values did not correlate with clinical features. Increasing or decreasing levels of CEA and beta2m levels showed no correlation in the whole nor in patients undergoing radiotherapy. In our experience, beta2m levels failed to correlate with clinical findings during the follow-up of lung cancer patients.", "contents": "[Comparison of serum levels of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the follow-up of lung cancer (author's transl)]. Serum levels of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) were assayed on 133 sera during follow-up of 31 patients with lung carcinoma (squamous cell ca. without recurrence : 2, squamous cell ca. with recurrence : 11, anaplastic cell ca. : 4, adenocarcinoma : 2, unclassifiable : 5). Normal creatinine (less than or equal to 12 mg/l) levels were found in all sera. CEA and beta2m levels showed no correlation nor in these groups, nor in the whole. The squamous cell carcinomas with recurrence showed the largest dispersion for CEA as for beta2m levels. However, the trends of serial beta2m values did not correlate with clinical features. Increasing or decreasing levels of CEA and beta2m levels showed no correlation in the whole nor in patients undergoing radiotherapy. In our experience, beta2m levels failed to correlate with clinical findings during the follow-up of lung cancer patients.", "PMID": 83584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9133", "title": "[Determination of plasmatic beta2-microglobulin in benign and cancerous diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on their experience of the beta2-microglobulin dosage in cancerous diseases and note an increase of its rate in 47% of the cases. A comparative study with certain benign diseases of the digestive tract shows that this dosage proves to be interesting.", "contents": "[Determination of plasmatic beta2-microglobulin in benign and cancerous diseases (author's transl)]. The authors report on their experience of the beta2-microglobulin dosage in cancerous diseases and note an increase of its rate in 47% of the cases. A comparative study with certain benign diseases of the digestive tract shows that this dosage proves to be interesting.", "PMID": 83585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9134", "title": "[Comparative study of the results of measurements of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in human digestive tract carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The studies of the levels of the CEA and of the beta2m were both performed on 52 patients. The authors pointed out the interest of measurement of these 2 markers and above all the interest of their complementary before any therapy and during treatment by surgery or radiotherapy whether associated or not.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the results of measurements of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in human digestive tract carcinomas (author's transl)]. The studies of the levels of the CEA and of the beta2m were both performed on 52 patients. The authors pointed out the interest of measurement of these 2 markers and above all the interest of their complementary before any therapy and during treatment by surgery or radiotherapy whether associated or not.", "PMID": 83586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9135", "title": "[Serum beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in cancerous patients. A preliminary study of 258 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In this preliminary study dealing with beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) levels in the series of 258 patients, two group are considered:--a group of 208 patients with evolutive tumour;--a group of 50 patients with no evolutive tumour. This study shows a significantly higher incidence of cases with elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or beta2m in group with evolutive cancer than in group with no evolutive cases. These elevated levels of beta2m are not related to other clinical, topographical, evolutive, immunological parameters. But the increase of serum beta2m levels in patients treated with combination of chemo and immunotherapy, may indicate a possible relationship between beta2m levels and lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "[Serum beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in cancerous patients. A preliminary study of 258 cases (author's transl)]. In this preliminary study dealing with beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) levels in the series of 258 patients, two group are considered:--a group of 208 patients with evolutive tumour;--a group of 50 patients with no evolutive tumour. This study shows a significantly higher incidence of cases with elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or beta2m in group with evolutive cancer than in group with no evolutive cases. These elevated levels of beta2m are not related to other clinical, topographical, evolutive, immunological parameters. But the increase of serum beta2m levels in patients treated with combination of chemo and immunotherapy, may indicate a possible relationship between beta2m levels and lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 83587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9136", "title": "[Occurrence of beta2-microglobulin in normal and carcinomatous renal tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty renal tissues and renal tumours are examined and the occurrence of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) are measured. It is found especially in the solubilized fraction of the tissue. The renal tumours contain four time more beta-2m but they are to be divised into two populations in accordance to their microscopic and macroscopic aspects. This explains why only a part of the patients with renal tumours has an elevated blood beta2m.", "contents": "[Occurrence of beta2-microglobulin in normal and carcinomatous renal tissue (author's transl)]. Fifty renal tissues and renal tumours are examined and the occurrence of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) are measured. It is found especially in the solubilized fraction of the tissue. The renal tumours contain four time more beta-2m but they are to be divised into two populations in accordance to their microscopic and macroscopic aspects. This explains why only a part of the patients with renal tumours has an elevated blood beta2m.", "PMID": 83588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9137", "title": "[Comparison of the variations in the levels of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the breast cancer and malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A variety of markers have been used in the surveillance of carcinoma of the breast and malignant melanoma, including carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and prolactin. The dual purpose of the surveillance was the detection of early recurrence or metastasis and the monitoring of the treatment. In cancer of the breast 92% of patients having bone metastases have elevated levels of CEA or beta2m. In malignant melanoma 2/3 of the patients in relapse have elevated beta2m levels.", "contents": "[Comparison of the variations in the levels of beta2-microglobulin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the breast cancer and malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. A variety of markers have been used in the surveillance of carcinoma of the breast and malignant melanoma, including carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and prolactin. The dual purpose of the surveillance was the detection of early recurrence or metastasis and the monitoring of the treatment. In cancer of the breast 92% of patients having bone metastases have elevated levels of CEA or beta2m. In malignant melanoma 2/3 of the patients in relapse have elevated beta2m levels.", "PMID": 83589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9138", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin in synovial fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis we found higher levels of synovial beta2-microglobulin (5,2 +/- 3 mg/l) than in gouty arthritis (2,4 +/- 0,6) or osteoarthritis (1,2 +/- 0,3 mg/l). The ratio of synovial/plasma beta2-microglobulin was always superior to unity (2,3 +/- 0,7) in the R.A. patients whereas it is always inferior to unity in the other groups. The correlation between plasma or synovial beta2-microglobulin and synovial lymphocyte count was highly significant in all cases in RA patients plasma and synovial beta2-microglobulin are significantly related to the degree of joint involvement as expressed by the joint count.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin in synovial fluid (author's transl)]. In a series of patients with rheumatoid arthritis we found higher levels of synovial beta2-microglobulin (5,2 +/- 3 mg/l) than in gouty arthritis (2,4 +/- 0,6) or osteoarthritis (1,2 +/- 0,3 mg/l). The ratio of synovial/plasma beta2-microglobulin was always superior to unity (2,3 +/- 0,7) in the R.A. patients whereas it is always inferior to unity in the other groups. The correlation between plasma or synovial beta2-microglobulin and synovial lymphocyte count was highly significant in all cases in RA patients plasma and synovial beta2-microglobulin are significantly related to the degree of joint involvement as expressed by the joint count.", "PMID": 83590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9139", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin in ankylosing spondylitis and in Reiter's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) the plasma level of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is signficantly higher (1.95 +/- 0.48 mg/l) than in osteoarthritis (1.48 +/- 0.47 mg/l). In Reiter's syndrome the level of beta2m is also higher than in controls, but the paucity of results do not allow definite conclusions. The plasma level of beta2m in AS and in Reiter's syndrome is not related to the presence of HLA B 27 antigen, neither to other biological parameters as sedimentaton rate, blood cell counts, electrophoresis of plasma proteins. In rheumatoid arthritis the plasma level of beta2m is 2,67 +/- 0.84 mg/l, significantly higher than in osteoarthritis or in AS even without any association with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In synovial fluid, the beta2m level is closely related to the degree of inflammation, suggesting a local production of this substance.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin in ankylosing spondylitis and in Reiter's syndrome (author's transl)]. In patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) the plasma level of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is signficantly higher (1.95 +/- 0.48 mg/l) than in osteoarthritis (1.48 +/- 0.47 mg/l). In Reiter's syndrome the level of beta2m is also higher than in controls, but the paucity of results do not allow definite conclusions. The plasma level of beta2m in AS and in Reiter's syndrome is not related to the presence of HLA B 27 antigen, neither to other biological parameters as sedimentaton rate, blood cell counts, electrophoresis of plasma proteins. In rheumatoid arthritis the plasma level of beta2m is 2,67 +/- 0.84 mg/l, significantly higher than in osteoarthritis or in AS even without any association with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In synovial fluid, the beta2m level is closely related to the degree of inflammation, suggesting a local production of this substance.", "PMID": 83591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9140", "title": "Distribution of beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and in cystic fluid of brain tumors. A preliminary study.", "content": "The concentrations of immuno-reactive beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the cystic fluid (CF) of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours (gliomas, n = 5; craniopharyngiomas, n = 5) and in the culture medium of established cell lines derived from CNS tumors. These data are compared with plasma and CSF values of beta2m in normal subjects (n = 15) and in a group of peripheral solid tumors (metastatic breast carcinomas, n = 9). In the control group the absence of correlation between plasma and CSF values, suggests an independant production of beta2m in the two compartments considered. The capacity of CNS tumor cells to synthesize beta2m is demonstrated in vitro. In vitro beta-2m concentrations in the CF embryonic tumors (craniopharyngiomas) is significantly more elevated than in non malignant astrocytomas.", "contents": "Distribution of beta2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and in cystic fluid of brain tumors. A preliminary study. The concentrations of immuno-reactive beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the cystic fluid (CF) of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours (gliomas, n = 5; craniopharyngiomas, n = 5) and in the culture medium of established cell lines derived from CNS tumors. These data are compared with plasma and CSF values of beta2m in normal subjects (n = 15) and in a group of peripheral solid tumors (metastatic breast carcinomas, n = 9). In the control group the absence of correlation between plasma and CSF values, suggests an independant production of beta2m in the two compartments considered. The capacity of CNS tumor cells to synthesize beta2m is demonstrated in vitro. In vitro beta-2m concentrations in the CF embryonic tumors (craniopharyngiomas) is significantly more elevated than in non malignant astrocytomas.", "PMID": 83592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9141", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin determination's estimation in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin levels were determined the serum and CSF by radioimmunoassay in various patients from departments of neurology and neurosurgery. Simultaneously a study of CSF protein levels was done. In normal subjects, there is a good correlation between blood and beta2m levels. In patients with pure subarachnoid hemorrhage, the beta2m was always found elevated in the CSF. In tumors of the nervous system, the number of cases studied is yet too small to allow any conclusion.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin determination's estimation in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. beta2-Microglobulin levels were determined the serum and CSF by radioimmunoassay in various patients from departments of neurology and neurosurgery. Simultaneously a study of CSF protein levels was done. In normal subjects, there is a good correlation between blood and beta2m levels. In patients with pure subarachnoid hemorrhage, the beta2m was always found elevated in the CSF. In tumors of the nervous system, the number of cases studied is yet too small to allow any conclusion.", "PMID": 83593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9142", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin and pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum beta2-microglobulin levels, determined in 29 healthy adults were found to be 1,3 mg/l with an upper confidence limit (95%) of 2,0 mg/ml. In contrast, serum values in 101 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were 2,1 mg/l with an upper confidence limit of 3,2 mg/l. The latter value is therefore to be taken into consideration if serum beta2m is to be used for discriminating between lung carcinoma and other pulmonary diseases.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin and pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Serum beta2-microglobulin levels, determined in 29 healthy adults were found to be 1,3 mg/l with an upper confidence limit (95%) of 2,0 mg/ml. In contrast, serum values in 101 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were 2,1 mg/l with an upper confidence limit of 3,2 mg/l. The latter value is therefore to be taken into consideration if serum beta2m is to be used for discriminating between lung carcinoma and other pulmonary diseases.", "PMID": 83594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9143", "title": "[beta2-Microglobulin in human seminal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The expression of human beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) on human spermatozoa cell surface was investigated by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence tests. beta2m was also found in human seminal fluid by use of immunochemical techniques. Seminal fluids obtained from couples with infertility problems were tested for beta2m, albumin and total proteins concentration. A higher level of beta-2m was found in azoospermia compared with that of normal sperms.", "contents": "[beta2-Microglobulin in human seminal fluid (author's transl)]. The expression of human beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) on human spermatozoa cell surface was investigated by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence tests. beta2m was also found in human seminal fluid by use of immunochemical techniques. Seminal fluids obtained from couples with infertility problems were tested for beta2m, albumin and total proteins concentration. A higher level of beta-2m was found in azoospermia compared with that of normal sperms.", "PMID": 83595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9144", "title": "gamma-Globulin level and dietary protein intake during the first year of life.", "content": "To investigate the possible causes of relatively low blood gamma-globulin levels (less than or equal to 0.5 gm/dl) during the first year of life, 287 patients less than 1 year of age who were suffering from mild diseases were studied retrospectively. They were divided into two groups, those with a gamma-globulin level less than 0.5 gm/dl and those with a gamma-globulin level greater than 0.5 gm/dl. By reconstructing the diets given, it was found that they had been receiving isocaloric diets that differed only in protein supply: patients with lower gamma-globulin levels received 2.9 gm/kg/day of protein and patients with higher gamma-globulin levels received 4.0 gm/kg/day. Fifty-five healthy subjects were studied prospectively during the first year of life on two isocaloric diets that differed only in their protein content: the first one supplied 2.5 gm/kg/day of protein and the second supplied 4.0 gm/kg/day. At approximately 5, 7, and 10 months of age, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, globulins, immunoglobulins, and other common blood parameters were measured. Patients on the lower protein diet had a gamma-globulin concentration of less than or equal to 0.5 gm/dl and those on the higher protein diet had a gamma-globulin concentration of greater than or equal to 0.8 gm/dl. Immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgG, were lower in patients on the lower protein diet. The subjects with lower protein intake and lower levels of gamma-globulin and immunoglobulins showed significantly higher morbidity.", "contents": "gamma-Globulin level and dietary protein intake during the first year of life. To investigate the possible causes of relatively low blood gamma-globulin levels (less than or equal to 0.5 gm/dl) during the first year of life, 287 patients less than 1 year of age who were suffering from mild diseases were studied retrospectively. They were divided into two groups, those with a gamma-globulin level less than 0.5 gm/dl and those with a gamma-globulin level greater than 0.5 gm/dl. By reconstructing the diets given, it was found that they had been receiving isocaloric diets that differed only in protein supply: patients with lower gamma-globulin levels received 2.9 gm/kg/day of protein and patients with higher gamma-globulin levels received 4.0 gm/kg/day. Fifty-five healthy subjects were studied prospectively during the first year of life on two isocaloric diets that differed only in their protein content: the first one supplied 2.5 gm/kg/day of protein and the second supplied 4.0 gm/kg/day. At approximately 5, 7, and 10 months of age, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, globulins, immunoglobulins, and other common blood parameters were measured. Patients on the lower protein diet had a gamma-globulin concentration of less than or equal to 0.5 gm/dl and those on the higher protein diet had a gamma-globulin concentration of greater than or equal to 0.8 gm/dl. Immunoglobulin levels, particularly IgG, were lower in patients on the lower protein diet. The subjects with lower protein intake and lower levels of gamma-globulin and immunoglobulins showed significantly higher morbidity.", "PMID": 83597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9145", "title": "Audiovisual organization for conferences.", "content": "Factors related to conference size, complexity, location and communication between the conference organization, contributors and support staff are identified and discussed. An audiovisual organization is described of which the main features are; the appointment of an audiovisual specialist to coordinate the organization, preview and controlled delivery of audiovisual material to support staff, and the use of an events chart as an aid to forecasting and identifying problems.", "contents": "Audiovisual organization for conferences. Factors related to conference size, complexity, location and communication between the conference organization, contributors and support staff are identified and discussed. An audiovisual organization is described of which the main features are; the appointment of an audiovisual specialist to coordinate the organization, preview and controlled delivery of audiovisual material to support staff, and the use of an events chart as an aid to forecasting and identifying problems.", "PMID": 83599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9146", "title": "[Chronic hepatitis in sex linked agammaglobulinemia. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 21 years old man, with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia, who presents a presumed viral hepatitis, followed two years. The evolution, does yet fear a progressive cirrhosis. About this report and analysis of literature, frequency, evolution and pathophysiologic hypothesis, particularly the lymphocyte T role, are also discussed as the problem of hepatitis prevention of these subjects, who receive gammaglobulin injections.", "contents": "[Chronic hepatitis in sex linked agammaglobulinemia. One case (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 21 years old man, with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia, who presents a presumed viral hepatitis, followed two years. The evolution, does yet fear a progressive cirrhosis. About this report and analysis of literature, frequency, evolution and pathophysiologic hypothesis, particularly the lymphocyte T role, are also discussed as the problem of hepatitis prevention of these subjects, who receive gammaglobulin injections.", "PMID": 83600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9147", "title": "Atrial programmed pacing.", "content": "Early experience with a J-shaped lead inserted transvenously into the right atrial appendage is reviewed in thirty-one patients. Fifteen patients are still being followed with satisfactory atrial programmed pacing for five to ten years. A dislodgement rate of twenty percent led to the development of the \"tined\" J lead in the hope that better fixation would be achieved. Experimental data has shown the new lead to be stable with evidence in both animal and man of firm fixation of the lead in the appendage. The lead has been inserted in twenty patients. Of these, fifteen are still being followed with satisfactory atrial programmed pacing. There has been no case of dislodgement of the lead in a follow-up period of two years and eight months.", "contents": "Atrial programmed pacing. Early experience with a J-shaped lead inserted transvenously into the right atrial appendage is reviewed in thirty-one patients. Fifteen patients are still being followed with satisfactory atrial programmed pacing for five to ten years. A dislodgement rate of twenty percent led to the development of the \"tined\" J lead in the hope that better fixation would be achieved. Experimental data has shown the new lead to be stable with evidence in both animal and man of firm fixation of the lead in the appendage. The lead has been inserted in twenty patients. Of these, fifteen are still being followed with satisfactory atrial programmed pacing. There has been no case of dislodgement of the lead in a follow-up period of two years and eight months.", "PMID": 83605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9148", "title": "Performance of implanted biogalvanic pacemakers.", "content": "Seventeen unipolar cardiac pacemakers powered by hybrid biogalvanic cells were implanted in dogs. Long term clinical effects and electrical performance in vivo of the generators were investigated. The biogalvanic cells were designed to provide 50 years of generator operation. No systemic pathological changes which would be attributed to the generator or the biogalvanic cell were observed. Local reaction to implants was mild and not significantly different from the one observed in conventional pacemaker implantations to date. The electrical performance of the biogalvanic cells was very encouraging. Final steady-state cell voltage levels of .65V to .75V were reached in 100--150 days after implantation and remained constant in 3 units to date which represents over 36 months after implantation for each generator.", "contents": "Performance of implanted biogalvanic pacemakers. Seventeen unipolar cardiac pacemakers powered by hybrid biogalvanic cells were implanted in dogs. Long term clinical effects and electrical performance in vivo of the generators were investigated. The biogalvanic cells were designed to provide 50 years of generator operation. No systemic pathological changes which would be attributed to the generator or the biogalvanic cell were observed. Local reaction to implants was mild and not significantly different from the one observed in conventional pacemaker implantations to date. The electrical performance of the biogalvanic cells was very encouraging. Final steady-state cell voltage levels of .65V to .75V were reached in 100--150 days after implantation and remained constant in 3 units to date which represents over 36 months after implantation for each generator.", "PMID": 83607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9149", "title": "Suppression of demand mechanism by inactive myocardial electrodes.", "content": "A 14 year old girl, at age 8, had had a bipolar pulse generator implanted with myocardial leads. Because one of the myocardial leads fractured near the electrode, a second pair of myocardial leads were implanted. Thus, the patient had two pairs of myocardial leads and one demand pulse generator implanted. When the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of light-headedness, the ECG monitor revealed frequent suppression of pulse generator pulses when hand pressure was exerted over the pulse generator site. Converting the pulse generator into the asynchronous mode with a magnet prevented inhibition. The pacemaker pocket was reopened. The pulse generator could not be inhibited either by pulling on the active myocardial leads or by moving the pulse generator, but the pulse generator could be inhibited by manipulation of the inactive leads which produced electrical signals having amplitudes and frequencies which were in the bandwidth of the sensing circuit. The probable cause of the electrical signals was the irregular contact of the terminals of the inactive leads with the patient's abdominal muscles. Replacement of the demand pulse generator by an asynchronous type resulted in cessation of the patient's light-headedness.", "contents": "Suppression of demand mechanism by inactive myocardial electrodes. A 14 year old girl, at age 8, had had a bipolar pulse generator implanted with myocardial leads. Because one of the myocardial leads fractured near the electrode, a second pair of myocardial leads were implanted. Thus, the patient had two pairs of myocardial leads and one demand pulse generator implanted. When the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of light-headedness, the ECG monitor revealed frequent suppression of pulse generator pulses when hand pressure was exerted over the pulse generator site. Converting the pulse generator into the asynchronous mode with a magnet prevented inhibition. The pacemaker pocket was reopened. The pulse generator could not be inhibited either by pulling on the active myocardial leads or by moving the pulse generator, but the pulse generator could be inhibited by manipulation of the inactive leads which produced electrical signals having amplitudes and frequencies which were in the bandwidth of the sensing circuit. The probable cause of the electrical signals was the irregular contact of the terminals of the inactive leads with the patient's abdominal muscles. Replacement of the demand pulse generator by an asynchronous type resulted in cessation of the patient's light-headedness.", "PMID": 83608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9150", "title": "Influence of output capacitor, electrode and pulse width on power consumption in cardiac pacing.", "content": "Three different types of unipolar endocardial electrodes--47 in all--were compared in regard to power consumption at stimulation threshold with six different output capacitors and seven pulse widths. Fifteen were conventional large surface electrodes (area 47 mm2); 18 were conventional small surface electrodes (area 6 mm2), and 14 had a specially designed tip with a large area but small active surface of 8 mm2. Pulse widths ranged from 0.15 to 2.0 msec and output capacitors from 1.0 to 22.0 microFarads. All in all about 2,000 measurements were performed. The average current drain to the pacemaker output stage was measured and power consumption was calculated for each electrode--pulse width--output capacitor combination. In all combinations, the two small surface electrodes consumed approximately the same amount of power and, in both cases, significantly less than the larger one. With regard to power economy at stimulation threshold, the pulse width of choice was about 0.5 msec and, furthermore, power consumption decreased with increasing capacitor size. The optimal combination was a small surface electrode, an output capacitor of 22 microF and a pulse width of 0.5 msec.", "contents": "Influence of output capacitor, electrode and pulse width on power consumption in cardiac pacing. Three different types of unipolar endocardial electrodes--47 in all--were compared in regard to power consumption at stimulation threshold with six different output capacitors and seven pulse widths. Fifteen were conventional large surface electrodes (area 47 mm2); 18 were conventional small surface electrodes (area 6 mm2), and 14 had a specially designed tip with a large area but small active surface of 8 mm2. Pulse widths ranged from 0.15 to 2.0 msec and output capacitors from 1.0 to 22.0 microFarads. All in all about 2,000 measurements were performed. The average current drain to the pacemaker output stage was measured and power consumption was calculated for each electrode--pulse width--output capacitor combination. In all combinations, the two small surface electrodes consumed approximately the same amount of power and, in both cases, significantly less than the larger one. With regard to power economy at stimulation threshold, the pulse width of choice was about 0.5 msec and, furthermore, power consumption decreased with increasing capacitor size. The optimal combination was a small surface electrode, an output capacitor of 22 microF and a pulse width of 0.5 msec.", "PMID": 83615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9151", "title": "Clinical value of tests of sino-atrial function.", "content": "Sinus node recovery times and the premature atrial stimulus test were studied in 36 patients, seven with gross sinus node disease, 25 with possible sinus node disease and four with no clinical evidence of sinus node disease. The corrected sinus node recovery time proved of most value in predicting which patients needed and would benefit from permanent pacemaker implantation, though there was one false negative diagnosis and two patients with abnormal corrected sinus node recovery times were asymptomatic. The premature atrial stimulus test usually proved to be of no practical value once severe sinus node disease was present and, in the group of patients with suspected sino-atrial disease, only 13 of 25 graphs could be analysed due to gross \"scatter\" in the others. When patients with symptoms have unequivocal evidence of sino-atrial dysfunction, invasive study seems unnecessary. With lesser degrees of sino-atrial disease, premature atrial stimulation may provide confirmatory evidence; but when sinus arrhythmia, atrial escape beats, or more marked dysfunction are present, one is likely to encounter useless \"scatter\" graphs. In the absence of regular sinus rhythm on the ECG, overdrive sinus node suppression in the only invasive study worth attempting.", "contents": "Clinical value of tests of sino-atrial function. Sinus node recovery times and the premature atrial stimulus test were studied in 36 patients, seven with gross sinus node disease, 25 with possible sinus node disease and four with no clinical evidence of sinus node disease. The corrected sinus node recovery time proved of most value in predicting which patients needed and would benefit from permanent pacemaker implantation, though there was one false negative diagnosis and two patients with abnormal corrected sinus node recovery times were asymptomatic. The premature atrial stimulus test usually proved to be of no practical value once severe sinus node disease was present and, in the group of patients with suspected sino-atrial disease, only 13 of 25 graphs could be analysed due to gross \"scatter\" in the others. When patients with symptoms have unequivocal evidence of sino-atrial dysfunction, invasive study seems unnecessary. With lesser degrees of sino-atrial disease, premature atrial stimulation may provide confirmatory evidence; but when sinus arrhythmia, atrial escape beats, or more marked dysfunction are present, one is likely to encounter useless \"scatter\" graphs. In the absence of regular sinus rhythm on the ECG, overdrive sinus node suppression in the only invasive study worth attempting.", "PMID": 83616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9152", "title": "Permanent cardiac pacing with electrodes of a new type of fixation in the endocardium.", "content": "To improve electrode construction the following main problems have been considered: (1) reliable initial fixing in the endocardium, and (2) reducing the area of contact surface and improving threshold values. In this article we have described three original electrodes: 1) an endocardial electrode with a multi-edged tip (contact area 28 mm2), which gives high electric field strength and low thresholds; 2) a spreading tip electrode, which was created on the basis of morphological data. The tissues grow into the spread spaces of this tip and ensure better stability (contact area 17.8 mm2); and 3) a double-screw-in electrode which differs from the other corkscrew types. The contact end (surface area--10.4 mm2) consists of two sickle-shaped hooks. The sickle handle is 0.7 mm in length which prevents further hook penetration in the wall of the heart. It was found that a multi-edged electrode and electrodes supplied with a fixation device are, in terms of energy consumption, more effective compared to electrodes with spherical or cylindrical tips of the same area of contact surface. The double-screw-in endocardial electrode has useful features: reliable fixation and a small contact surface area and, therefore, a low threshold value. Thirty-five double-screw-in electrodes were inserted into an atrial position and 28 into a ventricular position. We have not observed any displacement of such electrodes during the past two years.", "contents": "Permanent cardiac pacing with electrodes of a new type of fixation in the endocardium. To improve electrode construction the following main problems have been considered: (1) reliable initial fixing in the endocardium, and (2) reducing the area of contact surface and improving threshold values. In this article we have described three original electrodes: 1) an endocardial electrode with a multi-edged tip (contact area 28 mm2), which gives high electric field strength and low thresholds; 2) a spreading tip electrode, which was created on the basis of morphological data. The tissues grow into the spread spaces of this tip and ensure better stability (contact area 17.8 mm2); and 3) a double-screw-in electrode which differs from the other corkscrew types. The contact end (surface area--10.4 mm2) consists of two sickle-shaped hooks. The sickle handle is 0.7 mm in length which prevents further hook penetration in the wall of the heart. It was found that a multi-edged electrode and electrodes supplied with a fixation device are, in terms of energy consumption, more effective compared to electrodes with spherical or cylindrical tips of the same area of contact surface. The double-screw-in endocardial electrode has useful features: reliable fixation and a small contact surface area and, therefore, a low threshold value. Thirty-five double-screw-in electrodes were inserted into an atrial position and 28 into a ventricular position. We have not observed any displacement of such electrodes during the past two years.", "PMID": 83617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9153", "title": "Unusual electrocardiographic pattern during transvenous pacing from the middle cardiac vein.", "content": "This report documents the unusual occurrence of a left bundle branch block pattern of ventricular depolarization during permanent pacing from the middle cardiac vein. All previous reports of ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein have described a right bundle branch block pattern of ventricular activation (dominant R-waves in the right precordial leads), except in one case where both right and left bundle branch block patterns occurred at separate times. A high posterior infarct allowed early activation of the right ventricle from the middle cardiac vein. Undue reliance on the electrocardiogram may detract from the diagnosis of electrode malposition.", "contents": "Unusual electrocardiographic pattern during transvenous pacing from the middle cardiac vein. This report documents the unusual occurrence of a left bundle branch block pattern of ventricular depolarization during permanent pacing from the middle cardiac vein. All previous reports of ventricular pacing from the middle cardiac vein have described a right bundle branch block pattern of ventricular activation (dominant R-waves in the right precordial leads), except in one case where both right and left bundle branch block patterns occurred at separate times. A high posterior infarct allowed early activation of the right ventricle from the middle cardiac vein. Undue reliance on the electrocardiogram may detract from the diagnosis of electrode malposition.", "PMID": 83618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9154", "title": "Self-conversion of supraventricular tachycardia by rapid atrial pacing.", "content": "The use of pacemakers in the treatment of tachycardias is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding applications of cardiac pacing. One of the more recent developments in this field has been the use of patient-activated radio frequency transmitted rapid atrial stimulation (RAS) in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Based on the previously established ability of asynchronous atrial pacing to interrupt a variety of re-entrant supraventricular rhythm disturbances, this modality of treatment is gaining increasing applicability in patients with PSVT associated with debilitating symptoms or other severe cardiovascular consequences in whom standard pharmacological regimens have either failed or are impossible to maintain for indefinite periods. This report describes our experience with five patients who underwent implantation of RAS units. The detailed electrophysiological studies required to ensure success and avoid any possible future complications are described. Over a follow-up period of four months to four years (mean 16 months) very few problems arose in the use of these units which have immeasurably improved the quality of life of the recipients. Our experience with RAS units has led to a few suggestions for future improvement and these are outlined in this report. The excellent patient acceptance and the reliability of this technique in terminating episodes of PSVT should, in the future, render RAS the treatment of choice in certain selected patients suffering from this common disorder.", "contents": "Self-conversion of supraventricular tachycardia by rapid atrial pacing. The use of pacemakers in the treatment of tachycardias is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding applications of cardiac pacing. One of the more recent developments in this field has been the use of patient-activated radio frequency transmitted rapid atrial stimulation (RAS) in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Based on the previously established ability of asynchronous atrial pacing to interrupt a variety of re-entrant supraventricular rhythm disturbances, this modality of treatment is gaining increasing applicability in patients with PSVT associated with debilitating symptoms or other severe cardiovascular consequences in whom standard pharmacological regimens have either failed or are impossible to maintain for indefinite periods. This report describes our experience with five patients who underwent implantation of RAS units. The detailed electrophysiological studies required to ensure success and avoid any possible future complications are described. Over a follow-up period of four months to four years (mean 16 months) very few problems arose in the use of these units which have immeasurably improved the quality of life of the recipients. Our experience with RAS units has led to a few suggestions for future improvement and these are outlined in this report. The excellent patient acceptance and the reliability of this technique in terminating episodes of PSVT should, in the future, render RAS the treatment of choice in certain selected patients suffering from this common disorder.", "PMID": 83619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9155", "title": "Inapparent double puncture of the femoral artery and vein. An important complication of temporary cardiac pacing by the transfemoral approach.", "content": "An important complication of temporary cardiac pacing by the transfemoral approach. This report describes three cases of inapparent double puncture of the femoral artery and vein as a complication of the transfemoral approach for temporary cardiac pacing. This complication may lead to the passage of a pacing catheter to the right ventricle by way of the femoral artery and vein and may remain undiagnosed until the rigid outer sheath of the introducer set is withdrawn over the pacing catheter. Therefore, we recommend immediate withdrawal of the rigid outer sheath as soon as the catheter lies freely in the iliac vein or the inferior vena cava. If double puncture has occurred, arterial blood will leak around the pacing catheter. Control of arterial bleeding by local compression should not be attempted without removal of the pacing catheter.", "contents": "Inapparent double puncture of the femoral artery and vein. An important complication of temporary cardiac pacing by the transfemoral approach. An important complication of temporary cardiac pacing by the transfemoral approach. This report describes three cases of inapparent double puncture of the femoral artery and vein as a complication of the transfemoral approach for temporary cardiac pacing. This complication may lead to the passage of a pacing catheter to the right ventricle by way of the femoral artery and vein and may remain undiagnosed until the rigid outer sheath of the introducer set is withdrawn over the pacing catheter. Therefore, we recommend immediate withdrawal of the rigid outer sheath as soon as the catheter lies freely in the iliac vein or the inferior vena cava. If double puncture has occurred, arterial blood will leak around the pacing catheter. Control of arterial bleeding by local compression should not be attempted without removal of the pacing catheter.", "PMID": 83620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9156", "title": "Electromagnetic interference in implantable pacemakers.", "content": "The inhibited pacemaker (VVI or AAI) has become the most popular in recent years because of its ability to combine a physiological advantage with economical current consumption in cases with spontaneous activity. One of its disadvantages is its sensitivity to external electromagnetic interference. Though today's pacemakers possess effective protection against most interference signals there may be instances in which patients are subjected to uncomfortable or even life-threatening situations. This is the case of \"amplitude modulated\" or \"pulsed\" fields with modulation frequencies in the physiological range. Fields of that sort have been found in the vicinity of a welder, an electric steel plant, and in medical practice where therapeutic currents were applied. Even touch-actuated switches may influence a demand pacemaker. However, these situations may be overcome by a device within the pacemaker for simple time analysis which can be carried out with few components. If electromagnetic fields of diathermy equipment are applied, today's pacemakers may react with intolerably high or low rates. They should, therefore, be avoided.", "contents": "Electromagnetic interference in implantable pacemakers. The inhibited pacemaker (VVI or AAI) has become the most popular in recent years because of its ability to combine a physiological advantage with economical current consumption in cases with spontaneous activity. One of its disadvantages is its sensitivity to external electromagnetic interference. Though today's pacemakers possess effective protection against most interference signals there may be instances in which patients are subjected to uncomfortable or even life-threatening situations. This is the case of \"amplitude modulated\" or \"pulsed\" fields with modulation frequencies in the physiological range. Fields of that sort have been found in the vicinity of a welder, an electric steel plant, and in medical practice where therapeutic currents were applied. Even touch-actuated switches may influence a demand pacemaker. However, these situations may be overcome by a device within the pacemaker for simple time analysis which can be carried out with few components. If electromagnetic fields of diathermy equipment are applied, today's pacemakers may react with intolerably high or low rates. They should, therefore, be avoided.", "PMID": 83621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9157", "title": "The diagnosis of right ventricular perforation by an endocardial pacemaker electrode.", "content": "The diagnosis of right ventricular perforation by an endocardial pacemaker electrode should be suspected when failure of pacing occurs without electrode displacement. Although a number of changes occur on the standard electrocardiogram (ECG), none of these are diagnostic. The intracardiac electrogram performed during electrode withdrawal is not only diagnostic of perforation but can also aid in electrode positioning. Two case reports highlight these changes in the intracardiac electrogram. The first case also illustrates that, with electrode perforation, the ability to sense the intrinsic intracardiac electrical activity may be retained.", "contents": "The diagnosis of right ventricular perforation by an endocardial pacemaker electrode. The diagnosis of right ventricular perforation by an endocardial pacemaker electrode should be suspected when failure of pacing occurs without electrode displacement. Although a number of changes occur on the standard electrocardiogram (ECG), none of these are diagnostic. The intracardiac electrogram performed during electrode withdrawal is not only diagnostic of perforation but can also aid in electrode positioning. Two case reports highlight these changes in the intracardiac electrogram. The first case also illustrates that, with electrode perforation, the ability to sense the intrinsic intracardiac electrical activity may be retained.", "PMID": 83622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9158", "title": "Obscure syncope and the sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "This report describes a 25-year-old vigorous young man who had a history of eight years of near syncope and syncope of unknown etiology. Repeat in-hospital observation and laboratory electrophysiologic functional testing did not elucidate the origin of the symptoms. Prolonged Holter monitoring finally showed that the syncopal attacks were caused by a sick sinus syndrome (SSS). On electrophysiologic study, a concealed rate-dependent unidirectional antegrade accessory A-V pathway (AP) was found to be present. The AP was an incidental finding and was unrelated to the patient's symptoms. The symptomatic SSS may occur in the young as well as in the elderly. Sinoatrial dysfunction may be intermittent and difficult to detect, may cause severe symptoms, and may even be life-threatening. Prior to definitive therapy (such as the permanent implantation of a pacemaker), the importance of relating symptoms to a rhythm disturbance has been stressed. In cases where the cause of the symptoms is not obvious, this is best accomplished by continuous Holter monitoring.", "contents": "Obscure syncope and the sick sinus syndrome. This report describes a 25-year-old vigorous young man who had a history of eight years of near syncope and syncope of unknown etiology. Repeat in-hospital observation and laboratory electrophysiologic functional testing did not elucidate the origin of the symptoms. Prolonged Holter monitoring finally showed that the syncopal attacks were caused by a sick sinus syndrome (SSS). On electrophysiologic study, a concealed rate-dependent unidirectional antegrade accessory A-V pathway (AP) was found to be present. The AP was an incidental finding and was unrelated to the patient's symptoms. The symptomatic SSS may occur in the young as well as in the elderly. Sinoatrial dysfunction may be intermittent and difficult to detect, may cause severe symptoms, and may even be life-threatening. Prior to definitive therapy (such as the permanent implantation of a pacemaker), the importance of relating symptoms to a rhythm disturbance has been stressed. In cases where the cause of the symptoms is not obvious, this is best accomplished by continuous Holter monitoring.", "PMID": 83623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9159", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial pacing.", "content": "The effect of atrial-ventricular versus ventricular pacing and contraction were studied in seven open-chest dogs. Cardiac output, left ventricular, left atrial, right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures were recorded. The right or left ventricular apical areas were consistently superior as ventricular pacing sites. Appearance of cannon A waves within the pre- or ejection period produced a significant decrease in left ventricular and systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output with a concomitant increase in right atrial, ventricular and pulmonary pressures. Prominent \"v\" waves were also observed during these periods. Reducing the basic driving cycle length from 400 to 300 msec caused a marked deterioration of all hemodynamic parameters with the appearance of mechanical alternans. Random VA conduction or ventricular pacing in the presence of complete AV and VA heart block appeared to offer a more favorable hemodynamic result than constant 1:1 VA conduction. It is concluded that maintenance of a physiologic AV interval permitting atrial contraction to appear outside of pre- or ejection period of ventricular systole is an important determinant or ventricular function during cardiac pacing.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial pacing. The effect of atrial-ventricular versus ventricular pacing and contraction were studied in seven open-chest dogs. Cardiac output, left ventricular, left atrial, right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures were recorded. The right or left ventricular apical areas were consistently superior as ventricular pacing sites. Appearance of cannon A waves within the pre- or ejection period produced a significant decrease in left ventricular and systemic blood pressure, and cardiac output with a concomitant increase in right atrial, ventricular and pulmonary pressures. Prominent \"v\" waves were also observed during these periods. Reducing the basic driving cycle length from 400 to 300 msec caused a marked deterioration of all hemodynamic parameters with the appearance of mechanical alternans. Random VA conduction or ventricular pacing in the presence of complete AV and VA heart block appeared to offer a more favorable hemodynamic result than constant 1:1 VA conduction. It is concluded that maintenance of a physiologic AV interval permitting atrial contraction to appear outside of pre- or ejection period of ventricular systole is an important determinant or ventricular function during cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 83624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9160", "title": "Persistent atrial standstill with atrial inexcitability.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies including His bundle recording, atrial, and ventricular stimulation, were performed in three symptomatic patients with persistent atrial standstill of unknown etiology. The rhythm was junctional in two cases and ventricular in one. In two cases, evidence suggestive of associated impairment of the His bundle conduction system was found. The atria were inexcitable at multiple sites and no retrograde conduction to the right atrium could be elicited by ventricular pacing. Follow-up in the three cases, respectively for 48, 42 and 12 months after pacemaker implantation, revealed no return of spontaneous atrial electrical activity.", "contents": "Persistent atrial standstill with atrial inexcitability. Electrophysiologic studies including His bundle recording, atrial, and ventricular stimulation, were performed in three symptomatic patients with persistent atrial standstill of unknown etiology. The rhythm was junctional in two cases and ventricular in one. In two cases, evidence suggestive of associated impairment of the His bundle conduction system was found. The atria were inexcitable at multiple sites and no retrograde conduction to the right atrium could be elicited by ventricular pacing. Follow-up in the three cases, respectively for 48, 42 and 12 months after pacemaker implantation, revealed no return of spontaneous atrial electrical activity.", "PMID": 83625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9161", "title": "Characteristics of intracardiac electrograms.", "content": "Cardiac electrograms were measured on endocardial leads on patients undergoing pacemaker implantation. The data show that small area electrodes reduce R wave amplitude, decrease width of the complex, and increase slopes. The bandwidth of the electrogram increases as the electrode area decreases. The loading of the sensing amplifier changes these characteristics. Distortion is most pronounced for small area electrodes and low lead resistances.", "contents": "Characteristics of intracardiac electrograms. Cardiac electrograms were measured on endocardial leads on patients undergoing pacemaker implantation. The data show that small area electrodes reduce R wave amplitude, decrease width of the complex, and increase slopes. The bandwidth of the electrogram increases as the electrode area decreases. The loading of the sensing amplifier changes these characteristics. Distortion is most pronounced for small area electrodes and low lead resistances.", "PMID": 83626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9162", "title": "Transvenous long-term pacing with an external pacemaker. What are the risks?", "content": "Externalized endocardial electrodes were used for pacing 138 patients for periods of one month to 12 years. In the 416 patient/years of pacing by this method, 13 septicemias occurred. Implanted pacemakers with endocardial electrodes were used in 1186 patients. In the 3488 patient/years 11 septicemias occurred. The mortality and an assessment of the cause of death for pacing by the two methods is presented. It is concluded that the external method of transvenous pacing carries additional risk and is only justified in special circumstances.", "contents": "Transvenous long-term pacing with an external pacemaker. What are the risks? Externalized endocardial electrodes were used for pacing 138 patients for periods of one month to 12 years. In the 416 patient/years of pacing by this method, 13 septicemias occurred. Implanted pacemakers with endocardial electrodes were used in 1186 patients. In the 3488 patient/years 11 septicemias occurred. The mortality and an assessment of the cause of death for pacing by the two methods is presented. It is concluded that the external method of transvenous pacing carries additional risk and is only justified in special circumstances.", "PMID": 83628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9163", "title": "Phantom pacemaker programming.", "content": "Spurious or \"phantom\" programming of programmable pacemakers may occur as the result of two phenomena. One is change in rate and/or output of the generator from an anomalous source (dysprogramming); the other is a generator response different from that intended and set on the conventional programmer (misprogramming). In either case, the result is a nuisance, at best. Conceivably, at worst, an irreversible subthreshold output could be induced. Despite wide usage of such devices, neither event has been reported. In the routine follow-up of 95 implanted Cordis Omni-Stanicor generators, we have observed three instances of dysprogramming upon application of a magnet commonly used to induce the asynchronous mode. Subsequent in vitro studies revealed magnetically induced programming reed switch vibration in 9 of 6,680 units, which could account for the in vivo observations. We also describe many instances of misprogramming, attributable, in most cases, to a faulty programmer emission count. In this series, none of the anomalies was clinically detrimental. However, anyone involved in pacemaker follow-up should be alerted to the existence of these potentially hazardous phenomena.", "contents": "Phantom pacemaker programming. Spurious or \"phantom\" programming of programmable pacemakers may occur as the result of two phenomena. One is change in rate and/or output of the generator from an anomalous source (dysprogramming); the other is a generator response different from that intended and set on the conventional programmer (misprogramming). In either case, the result is a nuisance, at best. Conceivably, at worst, an irreversible subthreshold output could be induced. Despite wide usage of such devices, neither event has been reported. In the routine follow-up of 95 implanted Cordis Omni-Stanicor generators, we have observed three instances of dysprogramming upon application of a magnet commonly used to induce the asynchronous mode. Subsequent in vitro studies revealed magnetically induced programming reed switch vibration in 9 of 6,680 units, which could account for the in vivo observations. We also describe many instances of misprogramming, attributable, in most cases, to a faulty programmer emission count. In this series, none of the anomalies was clinically detrimental. However, anyone involved in pacemaker follow-up should be alerted to the existence of these potentially hazardous phenomena.", "PMID": 83629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9164", "title": "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on cardiac rhythm, conduction and repolarization.", "content": "Because sympathetic stimulation has been implicated in the genesis of arrhythmias, we studied the effects on arrhythmias of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Fifteen psychiatric patients (male: 8, female: 7, age: 19-51, mean: 29.8) without known heart disease underwent 24-hout Holter recordings before, during, and after ECT (25 episodes). All patients were taking psychotropic drugs and received atropine (0.4-1.2 mg, mean: 1.1 mg IV), methohexital, and succinylcholine prior to ECT. Following ECT, mean maximum heart rate increased (106 +/- 3.2 to 142 +/- 6.0 beats/min, p less than .001), PR interval decreased (149 +/- 3.3 to 131 +/- 3.7 msec, p less than .001) and QTc interval increased (132 +/- 6.5 to 454 +/- 9.7 msec, p less than .001) compared to values obtained after atropine administration. Mean PVC or PAC frequently immediately after ECT or per 24 hours did not change significantly (PVC per 24 hours 6.8 +/- 3.2 to 10.4 +/- 6.4, NS; PAC per 24 hours 0.4 +/- 0.3 to 0.3 +/- 0.2, NS) and no complex arrhythmias were noted. Rate and PR changes suggest adrenergic effects of ECT and QTc increase may be due to imbalanced sympathetic discharge. Autonomic stimulation produced by ECT did not induce arrhythmias in these patients without heart disease. The possible antiarrhythmic role of psychotropic agents or premedication is unknown.", "contents": "Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on cardiac rhythm, conduction and repolarization. Because sympathetic stimulation has been implicated in the genesis of arrhythmias, we studied the effects on arrhythmias of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Fifteen psychiatric patients (male: 8, female: 7, age: 19-51, mean: 29.8) without known heart disease underwent 24-hout Holter recordings before, during, and after ECT (25 episodes). All patients were taking psychotropic drugs and received atropine (0.4-1.2 mg, mean: 1.1 mg IV), methohexital, and succinylcholine prior to ECT. Following ECT, mean maximum heart rate increased (106 +/- 3.2 to 142 +/- 6.0 beats/min, p less than .001), PR interval decreased (149 +/- 3.3 to 131 +/- 3.7 msec, p less than .001) and QTc interval increased (132 +/- 6.5 to 454 +/- 9.7 msec, p less than .001) compared to values obtained after atropine administration. Mean PVC or PAC frequently immediately after ECT or per 24 hours did not change significantly (PVC per 24 hours 6.8 +/- 3.2 to 10.4 +/- 6.4, NS; PAC per 24 hours 0.4 +/- 0.3 to 0.3 +/- 0.2, NS) and no complex arrhythmias were noted. Rate and PR changes suggest adrenergic effects of ECT and QTc increase may be due to imbalanced sympathetic discharge. Autonomic stimulation produced by ECT did not induce arrhythmias in these patients without heart disease. The possible antiarrhythmic role of psychotropic agents or premedication is unknown.", "PMID": 83630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9165", "title": "The automatic rate adjustment pacemaker. The possibilities of rate hysteresis.", "content": "Since the first use of pacemakers there have been attempts to regulate the fixed, or basic rate of implanted pulse generators. Earlier models employed the use of magnets or percutaneous needles to change the pacemaker rate after implantation. A recent development is the programmable pacemaker, which utilizes external electromagnetic signals to alter the basic rate. A series of engineering advances have resulted in automatic pacemaker rate changes, as first embodied in the hysteresis pacemaker. Notable modifications of the basic hysteresis concept include gradual pacemaker rate changes, and variable hysteresis or rate changes dependent on electrophysiologic events. Many of these technical advances are unknown to physicians, but are disclosed in patents. In general, negative hysteresis favors emergence of underlying non-pacer rhythms, whereas positive hysteresis suppresses underlying rhythms of any type. The automatic rate adjustment pacemaker represents an attempt to derive the advantages of negative hysteresis while eliminating the disadvantages of abrupt rate changes. The unit automatically searches for a sinus rhythm slower than the basic pacing rate, by periodically gradually slowing its rate to a lower level.", "contents": "The automatic rate adjustment pacemaker. The possibilities of rate hysteresis. Since the first use of pacemakers there have been attempts to regulate the fixed, or basic rate of implanted pulse generators. Earlier models employed the use of magnets or percutaneous needles to change the pacemaker rate after implantation. A recent development is the programmable pacemaker, which utilizes external electromagnetic signals to alter the basic rate. A series of engineering advances have resulted in automatic pacemaker rate changes, as first embodied in the hysteresis pacemaker. Notable modifications of the basic hysteresis concept include gradual pacemaker rate changes, and variable hysteresis or rate changes dependent on electrophysiologic events. Many of these technical advances are unknown to physicians, but are disclosed in patents. In general, negative hysteresis favors emergence of underlying non-pacer rhythms, whereas positive hysteresis suppresses underlying rhythms of any type. The automatic rate adjustment pacemaker represents an attempt to derive the advantages of negative hysteresis while eliminating the disadvantages of abrupt rate changes. The unit automatically searches for a sinus rhythm slower than the basic pacing rate, by periodically gradually slowing its rate to a lower level.", "PMID": 83631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9166", "title": "Evaluation of a rechargeable pacemaker system.", "content": "A rechargeable-demand nickel-cadmium pulse generator for permanent transvenous cardiac pacing was evaluated in 66 patients. During a cumulative follow-up period of 2,333 patient months (194.4 patient years), failure of the pacing circuit occurred in 3 patients at 21, 25, and 27 months, respectively. Nine patients had difficulty accepting the recharging concept and, in 3 of these patients, it became necessary to replace the rechargeable generator with a conventional energy source. The overall failure rate of approximately 3% per year (including the 3 patients in whom it was necessary to remove the generator because of failure to recharge properly), coupled with the inconvenience of recharging, limits the usefulness of the rechargeable system compared to the newer lithium-powered generator.", "contents": "Evaluation of a rechargeable pacemaker system. A rechargeable-demand nickel-cadmium pulse generator for permanent transvenous cardiac pacing was evaluated in 66 patients. During a cumulative follow-up period of 2,333 patient months (194.4 patient years), failure of the pacing circuit occurred in 3 patients at 21, 25, and 27 months, respectively. Nine patients had difficulty accepting the recharging concept and, in 3 of these patients, it became necessary to replace the rechargeable generator with a conventional energy source. The overall failure rate of approximately 3% per year (including the 3 patients in whom it was necessary to remove the generator because of failure to recharge properly), coupled with the inconvenience of recharging, limits the usefulness of the rechargeable system compared to the newer lithium-powered generator.", "PMID": 83632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9167", "title": "Partial pacemaker recycling of implanted QRS-inhibited pulse generators.", "content": "In the evaluation of twenty-three patients with implanted QRS-inhibited lithium-powered pulse generators (Intermedics C-MOS-1 and ARCO L1-2D), we repeatedly observed the phenomenon of partial pacemaker recycling (PPR), in which the escape interval induced by a premature ventricular beat is shorter than the automatic interval (AI). In order to determine the sensing properties of these pulse generators, programmed chest wall stimulation (CWS) was systematically performed in all 23 patients and, in addition, intracardiac programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) via temporary intravenous pacing catheters was performed in 9 of them. The AI of these pulse generators ranged from 820 to 860 msec and absolute refractory periods (ARP) from 220 to 330 msec. Precise correlation in determining pacemaker sensing properties could be demonstrated between CWS and PVS. The phenomenon of PPR occurred 110 to 240 msec following ARP with both CWS and PVW, and appeared to be time- rather than voltage-dependent. We conclude that: (1) CWS is a safe, simple and accurate method for studying pacemaker sensing properties, and (2) time-dependent PPR is a normal electrical feature of certain implanted QRS-inhibited lithium-powered pulse generators.", "contents": "Partial pacemaker recycling of implanted QRS-inhibited pulse generators. In the evaluation of twenty-three patients with implanted QRS-inhibited lithium-powered pulse generators (Intermedics C-MOS-1 and ARCO L1-2D), we repeatedly observed the phenomenon of partial pacemaker recycling (PPR), in which the escape interval induced by a premature ventricular beat is shorter than the automatic interval (AI). In order to determine the sensing properties of these pulse generators, programmed chest wall stimulation (CWS) was systematically performed in all 23 patients and, in addition, intracardiac programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) via temporary intravenous pacing catheters was performed in 9 of them. The AI of these pulse generators ranged from 820 to 860 msec and absolute refractory periods (ARP) from 220 to 330 msec. Precise correlation in determining pacemaker sensing properties could be demonstrated between CWS and PVS. The phenomenon of PPR occurred 110 to 240 msec following ARP with both CWS and PVW, and appeared to be time- rather than voltage-dependent. We conclude that: (1) CWS is a safe, simple and accurate method for studying pacemaker sensing properties, and (2) time-dependent PPR is a normal electrical feature of certain implanted QRS-inhibited lithium-powered pulse generators.", "PMID": 83633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9168", "title": "Overdrive pacing for supraventricular tachycardia: a review of theoretical implications and therapeutic techniques.", "content": "Rapid atrial pacing for treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias has been demonstrated to be safe and effective. Virtually any supraventricular tachycardia with the exception of atrial fibrillation, Type II atrial flutter, and probably sinus tachycardia can be treated successfully with pacing techniques. The recognition of the advantages of cardiac pacing over drug therapy or DC cardioversion has resulted in its widespread use, especially after open-heart surgery. Although the response to overdrive pacing may not reliably identify the underlying mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia, the response of the arrhythmia to pacing (i.e., whether it is interruptable or noninterruptable), is most useful in the approach to management of the individual patient.", "contents": "Overdrive pacing for supraventricular tachycardia: a review of theoretical implications and therapeutic techniques. Rapid atrial pacing for treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias has been demonstrated to be safe and effective. Virtually any supraventricular tachycardia with the exception of atrial fibrillation, Type II atrial flutter, and probably sinus tachycardia can be treated successfully with pacing techniques. The recognition of the advantages of cardiac pacing over drug therapy or DC cardioversion has resulted in its widespread use, especially after open-heart surgery. Although the response to overdrive pacing may not reliably identify the underlying mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia, the response of the arrhythmia to pacing (i.e., whether it is interruptable or noninterruptable), is most useful in the approach to management of the individual patient.", "PMID": 83634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9169", "title": "Methods for recording intermittent contact signals in demand pacemaker arrhythmias (11 cases).", "content": "This report describes some of the various techniques which may be used to demonstrate intermittent and/or incomplete fracture of a pacing lead. Eleven patients treated with an R-wave-inhibited demand pacer showed signs of paroxysmal arrhythmias. Intraoperative recordings of the ventricular electrogram showed the presence of spurious signals mimicking an R-wave. These signals varied from patient to patient but remained morphologically constant when a given technique was used in a given case. The most significant signals were picked up when pacing and recording on the same lead.", "contents": "Methods for recording intermittent contact signals in demand pacemaker arrhythmias (11 cases). This report describes some of the various techniques which may be used to demonstrate intermittent and/or incomplete fracture of a pacing lead. Eleven patients treated with an R-wave-inhibited demand pacer showed signs of paroxysmal arrhythmias. Intraoperative recordings of the ventricular electrogram showed the presence of spurious signals mimicking an R-wave. These signals varied from patient to patient but remained morphologically constant when a given technique was used in a given case. The most significant signals were picked up when pacing and recording on the same lead.", "PMID": 83635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9170", "title": "An unusual form of the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome: paroxysmal A-V block and ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "An unusual case of alternating bradycardia-tachycardia, paroxysmal Mobitz II A-V block and ventricular tachycardia is described. The patient presented with a normal resting (control) electrocardiogram and intracardiac conduction times (A-H and H-V intervals). The clinical evaluation, electrophysiology, and importance of defining the cause of serious rhythm disturbances prior to therapy are discussed.", "contents": "An unusual form of the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome: paroxysmal A-V block and ventricular tachycardia. An unusual case of alternating bradycardia-tachycardia, paroxysmal Mobitz II A-V block and ventricular tachycardia is described. The patient presented with a normal resting (control) electrocardiogram and intracardiac conduction times (A-H and H-V intervals). The clinical evaluation, electrophysiology, and importance of defining the cause of serious rhythm disturbances prior to therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 83637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9171", "title": "The noise sampling period: a new cause of apparent sensing malfunction of demand pacemakers.", "content": "Two patients with Omni-Stanicor pulse generators presented an apparent sensing problem characterized by intermittent reversion to fixed-rate pacing only during atrial fibrillation with a very rapid ventricular rate. Every fixed-rate cycle contained two unsensed beats. The first unsensed beat fell in the noise sampling period (the last 1/6 of the pacemaker refractory period) and, therefore, disabled the demand function of the pulse generator for a single timing cycle. The presence of two consecutively unsensed beats within one timing cycle (automatic or escape interval) during tachycardia suggests normal function of the noise sampling period of this particular pulse generator, rather than a true sensing problem. The diagnosis becomes evident if the sensing problem disappears when abbreviation of the refractory period occurs by reprogramming the pulse generator at a higher rate.", "contents": "The noise sampling period: a new cause of apparent sensing malfunction of demand pacemakers. Two patients with Omni-Stanicor pulse generators presented an apparent sensing problem characterized by intermittent reversion to fixed-rate pacing only during atrial fibrillation with a very rapid ventricular rate. Every fixed-rate cycle contained two unsensed beats. The first unsensed beat fell in the noise sampling period (the last 1/6 of the pacemaker refractory period) and, therefore, disabled the demand function of the pulse generator for a single timing cycle. The presence of two consecutively unsensed beats within one timing cycle (automatic or escape interval) during tachycardia suggests normal function of the noise sampling period of this particular pulse generator, rather than a true sensing problem. The diagnosis becomes evident if the sensing problem disappears when abbreviation of the refractory period occurs by reprogramming the pulse generator at a higher rate.", "PMID": 83638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9172", "title": "Unusual complication of bifascicular block during surgery under general anesthesia.", "content": "This report describes the occurrence of Mobitz type II AV block during surgery under general anesthesia in a patient with apparently uncomplicated right bundle branch and left anterior fascicular block (RBBB and LAH). Although prophylactic pacing is not usually recommended in uncomplicated RBBB and LAH, the events in this case suggest that this abnormality may not always be benign during surgery. Continuous monitoring is essential and emergency equipment for temporary pacing should be readily available near the operating and recovery rooms.", "contents": "Unusual complication of bifascicular block during surgery under general anesthesia. This report describes the occurrence of Mobitz type II AV block during surgery under general anesthesia in a patient with apparently uncomplicated right bundle branch and left anterior fascicular block (RBBB and LAH). Although prophylactic pacing is not usually recommended in uncomplicated RBBB and LAH, the events in this case suggest that this abnormality may not always be benign during surgery. Continuous monitoring is essential and emergency equipment for temporary pacing should be readily available near the operating and recovery rooms.", "PMID": 83640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9173", "title": "Differential expression of poly(A)-adjacent sequences of mammary tumor virus RNA in murine mammary cells.", "content": "Two DNA probes representative of either the entire mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) genome or the poly(A)-adjacent sequences at the 3' end of MMTV RNA were synthesized with calf thymus DNA or oligo(dT) primers, respectively. These probes were used to study the expression of endogenous MMTV sequences in several BALB/c mammary tumor cell lines, in normal lactating BALB/c tissue, and in a cloned C3H tumor cell line. Both probes were characterized with respect to their rates of hybridization with template RNA, their size as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the thermal stability of the cDNA.MMTV RNA hybrids. In addition, the ability of the calf thymus oligodeoxy-nucleotide- or oligo(dT)-primed probes to protect (125)I-labeled MMTV RNA or (125)I-labeled poly(A)-adjacent MMTV RNA sequences from S1 nuclease digestion was determined. Hybridization analysis with these two probes indicated that (i) there were approximately 20-fold more oligo(dT)-primed sequences in BALB/c lactating tissue than there were sequences representing the entire genome; (ii) in BALB/c tumor cells, the oligo(dT):random oligonucleotide-primed cDNA sequence ratio was reduced to 4:1; and (iii) in virus-producer C3H tumor cells, there was only a 2-fold excess of oligo(dT)-primed sequences over that observed with a representative cDNA. These results are consistent with the presence of subgenomic viral mRNA species, integration of partial proviral copies, or altered mRNA processing.", "contents": "Differential expression of poly(A)-adjacent sequences of mammary tumor virus RNA in murine mammary cells. Two DNA probes representative of either the entire mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) genome or the poly(A)-adjacent sequences at the 3' end of MMTV RNA were synthesized with calf thymus DNA or oligo(dT) primers, respectively. These probes were used to study the expression of endogenous MMTV sequences in several BALB/c mammary tumor cell lines, in normal lactating BALB/c tissue, and in a cloned C3H tumor cell line. Both probes were characterized with respect to their rates of hybridization with template RNA, their size as determined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the thermal stability of the cDNA.MMTV RNA hybrids. In addition, the ability of the calf thymus oligodeoxy-nucleotide- or oligo(dT)-primed probes to protect (125)I-labeled MMTV RNA or (125)I-labeled poly(A)-adjacent MMTV RNA sequences from S1 nuclease digestion was determined. Hybridization analysis with these two probes indicated that (i) there were approximately 20-fold more oligo(dT)-primed sequences in BALB/c lactating tissue than there were sequences representing the entire genome; (ii) in BALB/c tumor cells, the oligo(dT):random oligonucleotide-primed cDNA sequence ratio was reduced to 4:1; and (iii) in virus-producer C3H tumor cells, there was only a 2-fold excess of oligo(dT)-primed sequences over that observed with a representative cDNA. These results are consistent with the presence of subgenomic viral mRNA species, integration of partial proviral copies, or altered mRNA processing.", "PMID": 83648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9174", "title": "Nucleotide sequence at the junction between the coding region of the adenovirus 2 hexon messenger RNA and its leader sequence.", "content": "We have determined a 139-base-pair sequence of adenovirus 2 DNA that is located immediately leftwards of the cleavage site for endonuclease Sma I at position 51.1. The established sequence includes the hexon AUG initiator codon, located 75--77 nucleotides leftwards of this cleavage site, and codons for the first 26 amino acids of the hexon polypeptide. By the use of purified hexon mRNA as a template and separated strands of small restriction enzyme fragments as specific primers, the complete 5' noncoding region of the hexon mRNA was synthesized and part of its sequence was determined. The tripartite leader sequence of the hexon mRNA starts 39 nucleotides upstream from the initiator AUG triplet and the total length of the 5' noncoding part of the hexon mRNA was estimated to be 235 nucleotides. The sequence at the junction of the leader sequence permits the formation of secondary structures that may be of importance for the splicing reaction.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence at the junction between the coding region of the adenovirus 2 hexon messenger RNA and its leader sequence. We have determined a 139-base-pair sequence of adenovirus 2 DNA that is located immediately leftwards of the cleavage site for endonuclease Sma I at position 51.1. The established sequence includes the hexon AUG initiator codon, located 75--77 nucleotides leftwards of this cleavage site, and codons for the first 26 amino acids of the hexon polypeptide. By the use of purified hexon mRNA as a template and separated strands of small restriction enzyme fragments as specific primers, the complete 5' noncoding region of the hexon mRNA was synthesized and part of its sequence was determined. The tripartite leader sequence of the hexon mRNA starts 39 nucleotides upstream from the initiator AUG triplet and the total length of the 5' noncoding part of the hexon mRNA was estimated to be 235 nucleotides. The sequence at the junction of the leader sequence permits the formation of secondary structures that may be of importance for the splicing reaction.", "PMID": 83649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9175", "title": "Interaction of bleomycin with DNA.", "content": "The sequence of oligonucleotides produced by the action of bleomycin and ferrous ion on double- and single-stranded DNA has been determined. In the presence of ferrous ion, bleomycin promotes cleavage at G-T and G-C sequences, while high concentrations of ferrous ion alone result in strand scission that is not base specific. In the presence of bleomycin and ferrous ion, pyrimidine bases located to the 3' side of guanosine are released preferentially and a low molecular weight product that forms a chromophore with thiobarbituric acid is produced from the deoxyribose moiety. Oligonucleotides produced by the action of bleomycin differ slightly in electrophoretic mobility from those produced by chemical or enzymatic cleavage. A model is proposed to explain the interactions of bleomycin with DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of bleomycin with DNA. The sequence of oligonucleotides produced by the action of bleomycin and ferrous ion on double- and single-stranded DNA has been determined. In the presence of ferrous ion, bleomycin promotes cleavage at G-T and G-C sequences, while high concentrations of ferrous ion alone result in strand scission that is not base specific. In the presence of bleomycin and ferrous ion, pyrimidine bases located to the 3' side of guanosine are released preferentially and a low molecular weight product that forms a chromophore with thiobarbituric acid is produced from the deoxyribose moiety. Oligonucleotides produced by the action of bleomycin differ slightly in electrophoretic mobility from those produced by chemical or enzymatic cleavage. A model is proposed to explain the interactions of bleomycin with DNA.", "PMID": 83650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9176", "title": "Enhanced expression of beta2-microglobulin and HLA antigens on human lymphoid cells by interferon.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from the blood of healthy normal humans were kept in cultures under nonstimulating conditions for 16 hr in the presence or absence of human interferon. The relative quantities of HLA antigens and beta(2)-microglobulin on the cultured cells were determined by quantitative immunofluorescence (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) and by the capacity of cells to absorb out cytotoxic antibodies against the relevant antigens. Interferons of different origin and purities enhanced the expression of HLA antigens and beta(2)-microglobulins, whereas membrane immunoglobulins and antigens recognized by antiserum raised against human brain and T cells were the same on interferon-treated and control cells. Similar interferon effects were observed on an Epstein-Barrvirus-negative Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigen subsequent to intereferon treatment was observed on B- and T-enriched lymphocyte populations and was found to be dose dependent with the optimum with \"physiological\" concentrations of interferon. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with interferon for 2 hr was found to be as effective as having interferon present during the total culture period. The interferon-induced enhancement of antigen expression on cells was dependent on active protein synthesis.", "contents": "Enhanced expression of beta2-microglobulin and HLA antigens on human lymphoid cells by interferon. Mononuclear cells from the blood of healthy normal humans were kept in cultures under nonstimulating conditions for 16 hr in the presence or absence of human interferon. The relative quantities of HLA antigens and beta(2)-microglobulin on the cultured cells were determined by quantitative immunofluorescence (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) and by the capacity of cells to absorb out cytotoxic antibodies against the relevant antigens. Interferons of different origin and purities enhanced the expression of HLA antigens and beta(2)-microglobulins, whereas membrane immunoglobulins and antigens recognized by antiserum raised against human brain and T cells were the same on interferon-treated and control cells. Similar interferon effects were observed on an Epstein-Barrvirus-negative Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigen subsequent to intereferon treatment was observed on B- and T-enriched lymphocyte populations and was found to be dose dependent with the optimum with \"physiological\" concentrations of interferon. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with interferon for 2 hr was found to be as effective as having interferon present during the total culture period. The interferon-induced enhancement of antigen expression on cells was dependent on active protein synthesis.", "PMID": 83651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9177", "title": "Normal human placentas contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity like that in viruses.", "content": "Extracts from over 100 normal human placentas have been examined for RNA-directed DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) activity. More than 80% of these placentas contained this enzyme activity, which banded at a density of 1.15-1.17 g/ml in sucrose. After heat treatment, this enzyme activity was shifted in density to 1.22-1.24 g/ml. The enzymatic activity was greater with (rC)n.(dG)12-18 than with (dC)n.(dG)12-18 and was not stimulated by (dG)12-18 alone. The product of the endogenous reaction, which was sensitive to RNase, had the characteristics of a small DNA associated with a large RNA by hydrogen bonding. Electron microscopic inspection of the material with a density of 1.15-1.17 g/ml revealed numerous retrovirus-like particles with central electron-dense cores and double-membraned envelopes. The enzyme may be associated with the retrovirus-lik particles noted in the trophoblast layer of some human placentas.", "contents": "Normal human placentas contain RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity like that in viruses. Extracts from over 100 normal human placentas have been examined for RNA-directed DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) activity. More than 80% of these placentas contained this enzyme activity, which banded at a density of 1.15-1.17 g/ml in sucrose. After heat treatment, this enzyme activity was shifted in density to 1.22-1.24 g/ml. The enzymatic activity was greater with (rC)n.(dG)12-18 than with (dC)n.(dG)12-18 and was not stimulated by (dG)12-18 alone. The product of the endogenous reaction, which was sensitive to RNase, had the characteristics of a small DNA associated with a large RNA by hydrogen bonding. Electron microscopic inspection of the material with a density of 1.15-1.17 g/ml revealed numerous retrovirus-like particles with central electron-dense cores and double-membraned envelopes. The enzyme may be associated with the retrovirus-lik particles noted in the trophoblast layer of some human placentas.", "PMID": 83652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9178", "title": "[Possibility of research specific utilization of clinical television setups].", "content": "The present study is intended to discuss use of video tape technics in psychiatric research in reference to method, engineering and clinical investigation. A self created variant of a clinical television system is debated. With the support of video tape methods will be realize improvements in quality of psychiatric investigation in view of procedure and determination of the results as well as reliability, objectiveness and exactitude in connection with a postgraduate continued professional training. Reconsiderations of psychiatric documentation systems with regard to reliability represent an other important field of employment.", "contents": "[Possibility of research specific utilization of clinical television setups]. The present study is intended to discuss use of video tape technics in psychiatric research in reference to method, engineering and clinical investigation. A self created variant of a clinical television system is debated. With the support of video tape methods will be realize improvements in quality of psychiatric investigation in view of procedure and determination of the results as well as reliability, objectiveness and exactitude in connection with a postgraduate continued professional training. Reconsiderations of psychiatric documentation systems with regard to reliability represent an other important field of employment.", "PMID": 83657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9179", "title": "Differences between nonprofessional recovering alcoholic counselors treating Bowery alcoholics: a study of therapist variables.", "content": "Several treatment variables have been suggested as critical in the outcome of psychiatric therapy. These can be categorized as patient variables, therapy variables, and therapist variables. This study utilized a homogeneous Bowery-patient population, treated in a comprehensive inpatient treatment and rehabilitation program, and attempted to assess differences among nonprofessional recovering alcoholic counselors. The therapeutic outcome of the alcoholic patients was correlated with the values held by the counselors as assessed on the Rokeach Value Scale, suggesting that this instrument may provide an easy to administer and inexpensive screening method for counselors of patients suffering from alcoholism.", "contents": "Differences between nonprofessional recovering alcoholic counselors treating Bowery alcoholics: a study of therapist variables. Several treatment variables have been suggested as critical in the outcome of psychiatric therapy. These can be categorized as patient variables, therapy variables, and therapist variables. This study utilized a homogeneous Bowery-patient population, treated in a comprehensive inpatient treatment and rehabilitation program, and attempted to assess differences among nonprofessional recovering alcoholic counselors. The therapeutic outcome of the alcoholic patients was correlated with the values held by the counselors as assessed on the Rokeach Value Scale, suggesting that this instrument may provide an easy to administer and inexpensive screening method for counselors of patients suffering from alcoholism.", "PMID": 83658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9180", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometry of hepatocyte RNA in regenerating and neoplastic liver].", "content": "The present work consists in a quantitative cytospectrophotometric investigation of the cytoplasmic hyperbasophilia that characterizes the foci of neoplastic transformation and the tumor cells in rats fed hepatocarcinogens. It reveals that the increase in the dye-binding capacity shown by the cytoplasmic RNA of these cell populations results primarily form a qualitative alteration which raises the affinity for basic dyes by a factor of nearly 2, and also to a change in concentration due to volumetric changes which may again double the staining intensity of these hepatocytes. This phenomenon of hyperbasophilia differs radically from the weak variations in basophilia observed in normal regenerating liver and in hyperplastic liver parenchyma of rats fed the carcinogenic diet in which cases the changes appear to be related mainly to de nova RNA synthesis. Biochemical assays on cellular fractions indicate that the ribosomes are the organelles responsible for the hyperbasophilic properties that hepatocytes acquire in areas of neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometry of hepatocyte RNA in regenerating and neoplastic liver]. The present work consists in a quantitative cytospectrophotometric investigation of the cytoplasmic hyperbasophilia that characterizes the foci of neoplastic transformation and the tumor cells in rats fed hepatocarcinogens. It reveals that the increase in the dye-binding capacity shown by the cytoplasmic RNA of these cell populations results primarily form a qualitative alteration which raises the affinity for basic dyes by a factor of nearly 2, and also to a change in concentration due to volumetric changes which may again double the staining intensity of these hepatocytes. This phenomenon of hyperbasophilia differs radically from the weak variations in basophilia observed in normal regenerating liver and in hyperplastic liver parenchyma of rats fed the carcinogenic diet in which cases the changes appear to be related mainly to de nova RNA synthesis. Biochemical assays on cellular fractions indicate that the ribosomes are the organelles responsible for the hyperbasophilic properties that hepatocytes acquire in areas of neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 83663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9181", "title": "Fc receptor bearing 'hairy cells' of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis bind soluble antigen--antibody complexes and adhere to immobilized complexes, but fail to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "content": "The majority of hairy cells from three patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis were adherent cells bearing surface immunoglobulin, complement receptors, and Fc receptors. Highly purified populations of malignant hairy cells, which readily bound soluble antigen-antibody complexes in suspension and were able to adhere to immobilized antigen-antibody complexes, were examined for their ability to mediate ADCC. Two patients with greater than 90% FcR positive cells failed to mediate ADCC. When initially examined, a third patient, with fewer malignant cells, demonstrated a less marked impairment of cytolysis. When reexamined at a later date, this patient had an increased number of hairy cells and concomitantly demonstrated more impaired ADCC effector cell activity. Absorption of surface immunoglobulin bearing cells onto plastic surfaces coated with goat anti-human immunoglobulin resulted in a complete depletion of FcR, sIg positive, hairy cells. The remaining nonadherent fraction, containing 5.5% FcR positive, sIg negative cells, was able to mediate ADCC as effectively as the normal controls. These results indicate that although FcR bearing hairy cells readily bind soluble antigen-antibody complexes and adhere to immobilized complexes, they were unable to mediate ADCC.", "contents": "Fc receptor bearing 'hairy cells' of leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis bind soluble antigen--antibody complexes and adhere to immobilized complexes, but fail to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The majority of hairy cells from three patients with leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis were adherent cells bearing surface immunoglobulin, complement receptors, and Fc receptors. Highly purified populations of malignant hairy cells, which readily bound soluble antigen-antibody complexes in suspension and were able to adhere to immobilized antigen-antibody complexes, were examined for their ability to mediate ADCC. Two patients with greater than 90% FcR positive cells failed to mediate ADCC. When initially examined, a third patient, with fewer malignant cells, demonstrated a less marked impairment of cytolysis. When reexamined at a later date, this patient had an increased number of hairy cells and concomitantly demonstrated more impaired ADCC effector cell activity. Absorption of surface immunoglobulin bearing cells onto plastic surfaces coated with goat anti-human immunoglobulin resulted in a complete depletion of FcR, sIg positive, hairy cells. The remaining nonadherent fraction, containing 5.5% FcR positive, sIg negative cells, was able to mediate ADCC as effectively as the normal controls. These results indicate that although FcR bearing hairy cells readily bind soluble antigen-antibody complexes and adhere to immobilized complexes, they were unable to mediate ADCC.", "PMID": 83669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9182", "title": "Association of mouse major histocompatibility and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus envelope glycoprotein antigens on leukaemia cells and their recognition by syngeneic virus-immune-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.", "content": "Physical association was measured between MLV gp70, the envelope glycoprotein of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R-MLV), and serologically defined H-2 antigens on the surface of R-MLV transformed C57BL/6 (H-2DbKb) mouse leukaemia cells (RBL-5A). Capping and patching with antisera against H-2Db caused specific co-capping and co-patching of R-MLV gp70 antigens as seen by fluorescence microscopy. Despite the physical proximity of R-MLV gp70 and H-2Db antigens, high titre alphaR-MLV gp70 sera had no effect in blocking syngeneic T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of RBL-2A cells whereas alphaH-2Db sera were effective.", "contents": "Association of mouse major histocompatibility and Rauscher murine leukaemia virus envelope glycoprotein antigens on leukaemia cells and their recognition by syngeneic virus-immune-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Physical association was measured between MLV gp70, the envelope glycoprotein of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R-MLV), and serologically defined H-2 antigens on the surface of R-MLV transformed C57BL/6 (H-2DbKb) mouse leukaemia cells (RBL-5A). Capping and patching with antisera against H-2Db caused specific co-capping and co-patching of R-MLV gp70 antigens as seen by fluorescence microscopy. Despite the physical proximity of R-MLV gp70 and H-2Db antigens, high titre alphaR-MLV gp70 sera had no effect in blocking syngeneic T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of RBL-2A cells whereas alphaH-2Db sera were effective.", "PMID": 83670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9183", "title": "[HLA-DRW antigens and multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Previous studies of multiple sclerosis patients showed the existence of a positive association between multiple sclerosis and HLA-A3 and B7, as well as a negative association with B12, These observations have been confirmed. In addition, a more marked association has been observed with two recently identified B-cell antigens, DRW2 and DRW3, closely related to HLA-D locus. The presence of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found to bear no relationship with those two specificities. These results suggest that two genes of the HLA-DR region may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[HLA-DRW antigens and multiple sclerosis]. Previous studies of multiple sclerosis patients showed the existence of a positive association between multiple sclerosis and HLA-A3 and B7, as well as a negative association with B12, These observations have been confirmed. In addition, a more marked association has been observed with two recently identified B-cell antigens, DRW2 and DRW3, closely related to HLA-D locus. The presence of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found to bear no relationship with those two specificities. These results suggest that two genes of the HLA-DR region may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 83671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9184", "title": "Anti-DNA antibody determination in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Predictive value as compared with the LE-cell test.", "content": "All pathological LE-cell tests and anti-DNA antibody determinations were registered in a prospective study over a period of 9 months at a department of internal medicine with rheumatology as a subspecialty. The results were compared with the clinical diagnosis of the patients, and correlated to SLE disease activity, as evaluated clinically and by blood analysis of five acute-phase reactants. Of 159 positive LE-cell tests, 43 were from patients with SLE, giving a diagnostic value of 27%. Of 37 positive anti-DNA antibody values, 30 were from patients having SLE, giving a diagnostic value of 81%. All of the 7 false-positive anti-DNA antibody determinations were only slightly above the normal range (22--26%: normal range less than or equal to 21%). No correlation was found between the activity of the SLE and the degree of the positive LE-cell test. Pathological levels of anti-DNA antibodies were always found when the patient had active SLE--clinically and by elevation of acute phase reactants. On the other hand, it was impossible to evaluate the disease activity from the level of the anti-DNA antibody test. It is concluded that the anti-DNA antibody determination should be preferred to the LE-cell test in the evaluation of patients with connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Anti-DNA antibody determination in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Predictive value as compared with the LE-cell test. All pathological LE-cell tests and anti-DNA antibody determinations were registered in a prospective study over a period of 9 months at a department of internal medicine with rheumatology as a subspecialty. The results were compared with the clinical diagnosis of the patients, and correlated to SLE disease activity, as evaluated clinically and by blood analysis of five acute-phase reactants. Of 159 positive LE-cell tests, 43 were from patients with SLE, giving a diagnostic value of 27%. Of 37 positive anti-DNA antibody values, 30 were from patients having SLE, giving a diagnostic value of 81%. All of the 7 false-positive anti-DNA antibody determinations were only slightly above the normal range (22--26%: normal range less than or equal to 21%). No correlation was found between the activity of the SLE and the degree of the positive LE-cell test. Pathological levels of anti-DNA antibodies were always found when the patient had active SLE--clinically and by elevation of acute phase reactants. On the other hand, it was impossible to evaluate the disease activity from the level of the anti-DNA antibody test. It is concluded that the anti-DNA antibody determination should be preferred to the LE-cell test in the evaluation of patients with connective tissue diseases.", "PMID": 83672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9185", "title": "Stimulation of human periaqueductal gray for pain relief increases immunoreactive beta-endorphin in ventricular fluid.", "content": "Immunoreactive beta-endorphin was measured in the ventricular fluid of six patients with chronic pain. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in three patients with pain of peripheral origin resulted in significant increases (50 to 300 percent) in the concentration of ventricular immunoreactive beta-endorphin. In three other patients suffering deafferentation dysesthesia, stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule did not alter the concentration of this peptide. These results provide evidence of the release of human immunoreactive beta-endorphin in vivo and suggest that naloxone-reversible pain relief achieved by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter may be in part mediated by the activation of beta-endorphin-rich diencephalic areas.", "contents": "Stimulation of human periaqueductal gray for pain relief increases immunoreactive beta-endorphin in ventricular fluid. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin was measured in the ventricular fluid of six patients with chronic pain. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in three patients with pain of peripheral origin resulted in significant increases (50 to 300 percent) in the concentration of ventricular immunoreactive beta-endorphin. In three other patients suffering deafferentation dysesthesia, stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule did not alter the concentration of this peptide. These results provide evidence of the release of human immunoreactive beta-endorphin in vivo and suggest that naloxone-reversible pain relief achieved by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter may be in part mediated by the activation of beta-endorphin-rich diencephalic areas.", "PMID": 83674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9186", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of the insulin receptor: a new probe of receptor structure and function.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the insulin receptor has been developed employing receptor autoantibodies from the serum of a patient with insulin-resistant diabetes. The assay detects insulin binding sites at concentrations as low as 0.1 nanomolar; distinguishes between receptors originating from human placental membranes, human lymphoblastoid cells, and mouse liver membranes; and measures the receptor independently of its binding function. Down-regulation, or loss of binding after exposure to insulin, is associated with loss of immunoreactive receptor.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of the insulin receptor: a new probe of receptor structure and function. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the insulin receptor has been developed employing receptor autoantibodies from the serum of a patient with insulin-resistant diabetes. The assay detects insulin binding sites at concentrations as low as 0.1 nanomolar; distinguishes between receptors originating from human placental membranes, human lymphoblastoid cells, and mouse liver membranes; and measures the receptor independently of its binding function. Down-regulation, or loss of binding after exposure to insulin, is associated with loss of immunoreactive receptor.", "PMID": 83675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9187", "title": "Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Incubation with specific antigen, myelin basic protein, greatly enhances the ability of guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells to transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Reproducibly successful transfers are obtained with 10(7) cells. With this relatively small number of cells, in vitro studies to determine the immunologic mechanisms involved in the disease process are now possible.", "contents": "Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. Incubation with specific antigen, myelin basic protein, greatly enhances the ability of guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells to transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Reproducibly successful transfers are obtained with 10(7) cells. With this relatively small number of cells, in vitro studies to determine the immunologic mechanisms involved in the disease process are now possible.", "PMID": 83676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9188", "title": "Scapulectomy for the treatment of malignant tumors of the scapula.", "content": "Two cases of Tikhor-Linberg resection for rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant chondromyxoid fibroma and two cases of scapulectomy for metastatic disease of the shoulder girdle are reviewed. After resection of the scapula, active motion of the shoulder will be severely restricted, but normal function of elbow, wrist, and hand permit use of the extremity in many activities of daily living. Surgical treatment for metastatic bone disease in the upper extremity and the role of radiation therapy for metastatic bone disease are discussed.", "contents": "Scapulectomy for the treatment of malignant tumors of the scapula. Two cases of Tikhor-Linberg resection for rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant chondromyxoid fibroma and two cases of scapulectomy for metastatic disease of the shoulder girdle are reviewed. After resection of the scapula, active motion of the shoulder will be severely restricted, but normal function of elbow, wrist, and hand permit use of the extremity in many activities of daily living. Surgical treatment for metastatic bone disease in the upper extremity and the role of radiation therapy for metastatic bone disease are discussed.", "PMID": 83679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9189", "title": "Studies on the effect of plasminogen activator on the interaction between alpha 2-macroglobulin and plasmin.", "content": "Six different plasmins were prepared by incubating human plasminogen with various amounts of streptokinase or urokinase. It was confirmed that the six different plasmins possessed similar caseinolytic activities, and the inhibitory effects of a alpha 1-antitrypsin on caseinolytic activities of the six different plasmins were all the same. On the other hand, interactions between the six different plasmins and alpha 2-macroglobulin were complicated. Plasmins activated by cleavage of plasminogen were almost immediately or effectively inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. However, plasmin activated by complex formation of plasminogen with streptokinase was not so immediately or effectively inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was supposed that the difference between these two results on the interaction between plasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin might be due to the difference in molecular form of plasmin. In the present study, it was also confirmed that streptokinase or urokinase, in free form in the reaction mixture, interfered with the interaction between plasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. The cause for such interference was discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of plasminogen activator on the interaction between alpha 2-macroglobulin and plasmin. Six different plasmins were prepared by incubating human plasminogen with various amounts of streptokinase or urokinase. It was confirmed that the six different plasmins possessed similar caseinolytic activities, and the inhibitory effects of a alpha 1-antitrypsin on caseinolytic activities of the six different plasmins were all the same. On the other hand, interactions between the six different plasmins and alpha 2-macroglobulin were complicated. Plasmins activated by cleavage of plasminogen were almost immediately or effectively inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. However, plasmin activated by complex formation of plasminogen with streptokinase was not so immediately or effectively inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was supposed that the difference between these two results on the interaction between plasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin might be due to the difference in molecular form of plasmin. In the present study, it was also confirmed that streptokinase or urokinase, in free form in the reaction mixture, interfered with the interaction between plasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. The cause for such interference was discussed.", "PMID": 83685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9190", "title": "Effect of lindane on mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Among the effects of lindane in vitro on mouse peritoneal macrophages, the inhibition of uridine incorporation correlated with the reduction of intracellular uridine pool was the most pronounced. This decrease was significant at a concentration of 10(-4) M after 12 h of treatment. The rate of leucine incorporation did not show any change during the 24-h study. The decrease in pinocytosis rate and acid phosphatase activity occurred with lindane concentrations superior to 10(-4) M or after treatment of more than 12 h. Pinocytosis inhibition may have been associated with cytoplasm vacuolation. The high lindane doses necessary to inhibit some of these macrophage functions belong to the range of concentrations exerting biological effects unrelated to its insecticidal effects, which involves stereochemical specificity. The effects of lindane on mouse peritoneal macrophages, similar to the effects of anesthetics, seemed to be determined by its lipophilicity, which may exert disordering effects in the lipid domains of the membrane. Such perturbations could involve changes in the conformation of transport sites as well as in the integrity of the membrane and cytoskeleton structures which govern the processes of pinocytosis and lysosomal fusion.", "contents": "Effect of lindane on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Among the effects of lindane in vitro on mouse peritoneal macrophages, the inhibition of uridine incorporation correlated with the reduction of intracellular uridine pool was the most pronounced. This decrease was significant at a concentration of 10(-4) M after 12 h of treatment. The rate of leucine incorporation did not show any change during the 24-h study. The decrease in pinocytosis rate and acid phosphatase activity occurred with lindane concentrations superior to 10(-4) M or after treatment of more than 12 h. Pinocytosis inhibition may have been associated with cytoplasm vacuolation. The high lindane doses necessary to inhibit some of these macrophage functions belong to the range of concentrations exerting biological effects unrelated to its insecticidal effects, which involves stereochemical specificity. The effects of lindane on mouse peritoneal macrophages, similar to the effects of anesthetics, seemed to be determined by its lipophilicity, which may exert disordering effects in the lipid domains of the membrane. Such perturbations could involve changes in the conformation of transport sites as well as in the integrity of the membrane and cytoskeleton structures which govern the processes of pinocytosis and lysosomal fusion.", "PMID": 83686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9191", "title": "[Effects of the combination of a pesticide, lindane, and a sulfur depleted diet on pregnancy in the rat].", "content": "Effects of assocation of lindane ingestion and sulfur depletion on pregnancy in the rat. Sulfoconjugation stands as one of the main processes of foreign compound detoxication in mammals. When feeding conditions are adequate, sulfate ions necessary to form sulfoconjugates are provided by the sulfur aminoacids of the diet. The feeding to pregnant rats of a diet containing lindane, when sulfur aminoacids are limiting factors, should lead to competition between their utilisation for anabolic or detoxifying processes. The balance between stimulation of glucuroconjugation and sulfoconjugation seems to depend on which of the 2 compounds necessary for detoxification is the most limiting factor. Glucuroconjugation spares sulfur aminoacids for foetal growth; sulfoconjugation spares glucose for foetal utilisation. The foetal needs appear to modulate the orientation of the maternal detoxication processes; foetal anabolism is predominent over detoxication.", "contents": "[Effects of the combination of a pesticide, lindane, and a sulfur depleted diet on pregnancy in the rat]. Effects of assocation of lindane ingestion and sulfur depletion on pregnancy in the rat. Sulfoconjugation stands as one of the main processes of foreign compound detoxication in mammals. When feeding conditions are adequate, sulfate ions necessary to form sulfoconjugates are provided by the sulfur aminoacids of the diet. The feeding to pregnant rats of a diet containing lindane, when sulfur aminoacids are limiting factors, should lead to competition between their utilisation for anabolic or detoxifying processes. The balance between stimulation of glucuroconjugation and sulfoconjugation seems to depend on which of the 2 compounds necessary for detoxification is the most limiting factor. Glucuroconjugation spares sulfur aminoacids for foetal growth; sulfoconjugation spares glucose for foetal utilisation. The foetal needs appear to modulate the orientation of the maternal detoxication processes; foetal anabolism is predominent over detoxication.", "PMID": 83687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9192", "title": "A new staining technique for microfilariae.", "content": "A rapid whole mount staining method is described to identify and differentiate microfilariae without elaborate processing. A single solution combining Hoyer's mounting medium and hematoxylin stain facilitates light microscopic examination of nuclei and sheaths of microfilariae. The new technique stains microfilariae adequately in three to seven minutes at 60--64 C making the method preferable to conventional methods that may take as long as 45 to 60 minutes. Lantern heat may be used to heat slides in rural areas with good results.", "contents": "A new staining technique for microfilariae. A rapid whole mount staining method is described to identify and differentiate microfilariae without elaborate processing. A single solution combining Hoyer's mounting medium and hematoxylin stain facilitates light microscopic examination of nuclei and sheaths of microfilariae. The new technique stains microfilariae adequately in three to seven minutes at 60--64 C making the method preferable to conventional methods that may take as long as 45 to 60 minutes. Lantern heat may be used to heat slides in rural areas with good results.", "PMID": 83688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9193", "title": "A differential stain for neuronal nucleoli in unfixed cryostat sections.", "content": "The Kl\u00fcver-Barrera procedure, using luxol fast blue and cresyl violet for a combined nissl and myelin stain, was adapted to unfixed cryostat sections. Neuronal nucleoli appeared as distinct dark blue structures. The color contrast between violet Nissl substance and the nucleoli facilitated their recognition in human and in rat central nervous systems. This modified staining procedure enabled us to combine a counting of nerve cells with a histochemical investigation by applying each technique to a different set of sections cut from the same block of unfixed, frozen brain tissue.", "contents": "A differential stain for neuronal nucleoli in unfixed cryostat sections. The Kl\u00fcver-Barrera procedure, using luxol fast blue and cresyl violet for a combined nissl and myelin stain, was adapted to unfixed cryostat sections. Neuronal nucleoli appeared as distinct dark blue structures. The color contrast between violet Nissl substance and the nucleoli facilitated their recognition in human and in rat central nervous systems. This modified staining procedure enabled us to combine a counting of nerve cells with a histochemical investigation by applying each technique to a different set of sections cut from the same block of unfixed, frozen brain tissue.", "PMID": 83689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9194", "title": "A permanent cell viability assay using alcian blue.", "content": "The alcian blue dye exclusion method for glutaraldehyde-fixed cells has been utilized with \"centrifugal cytology\" to prepare permanent records of the viability of individual cells present in suspensions. The viability of spleen cell suspensions separated by linear bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation has been measured with this method. Combined light and scanning electron microscopy of nonviable and viable cells demonstrated membrane alterations in alcian blue-stained nonviable cells, while viable cells were spherical and displayed uniform surface features.", "contents": "A permanent cell viability assay using alcian blue. The alcian blue dye exclusion method for glutaraldehyde-fixed cells has been utilized with \"centrifugal cytology\" to prepare permanent records of the viability of individual cells present in suspensions. The viability of spleen cell suspensions separated by linear bovine serum albumin density gradient centrifugation has been measured with this method. Combined light and scanning electron microscopy of nonviable and viable cells demonstrated membrane alterations in alcian blue-stained nonviable cells, while viable cells were spherical and displayed uniform surface features.", "PMID": 83690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9195", "title": "Evaluation of eight fluorochrome combinations for simultaneous DNA-protein flow analyses.", "content": "Eight fluorescent dye combinations for simultaneous DNA-protein staining have been evaluated spectroscopically and flow microfluorometrically: propidium iodide (PI) with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescamine (FC), and dansylchloride (DANS); diamidinophenylindole (DAPII) with sulphorhodamin (SR101), tetramethylrhodamin isothiocyanate (TRITC), and nitrobenzodiazole (NBD); acriflavine (AF) with stilbene isothiocyanate sulphonic acid (SITS), and DAPI. Three different experimental tumor cell lines have been employed in the investigations. Simultaneous DNA-protein analyses have been carried out with the newly developed HEIFAS instrument. Spectroscopically two groups of dyes were distinguishable according to their excitation maximum below 400 nm and above 450 nm respectively. DANS and NBD were found to be unsatisfactory with respect to their protein distributions obtained by flow analysis. The remaining stains involved in the dye combination revealed comparable flow distributions of the cellular DNA and protein content. With respect to preparation time and number of centrifugal steps involved in the staining protocols, and in connection with the stability of the dye used, the DAPI-SR101 method proved to be fastest and easiest. With this combination DNA and protein flow analysis can be performed simultaneously within 30 min.", "contents": "Evaluation of eight fluorochrome combinations for simultaneous DNA-protein flow analyses. Eight fluorescent dye combinations for simultaneous DNA-protein staining have been evaluated spectroscopically and flow microfluorometrically: propidium iodide (PI) with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescamine (FC), and dansylchloride (DANS); diamidinophenylindole (DAPII) with sulphorhodamin (SR101), tetramethylrhodamin isothiocyanate (TRITC), and nitrobenzodiazole (NBD); acriflavine (AF) with stilbene isothiocyanate sulphonic acid (SITS), and DAPI. Three different experimental tumor cell lines have been employed in the investigations. Simultaneous DNA-protein analyses have been carried out with the newly developed HEIFAS instrument. Spectroscopically two groups of dyes were distinguishable according to their excitation maximum below 400 nm and above 450 nm respectively. DANS and NBD were found to be unsatisfactory with respect to their protein distributions obtained by flow analysis. The remaining stains involved in the dye combination revealed comparable flow distributions of the cellular DNA and protein content. With respect to preparation time and number of centrifugal steps involved in the staining protocols, and in connection with the stability of the dye used, the DAPI-SR101 method proved to be fastest and easiest. With this combination DNA and protein flow analysis can be performed simultaneously within 30 min.", "PMID": 83691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9196", "title": "Borax methylene blue: a spectroscopic and staining study.", "content": "Borax methylene blue is quite stable at room temperatures of 22-25 C. At 30 C polychroming is slow; during 50 days in a water bath at this temperature the absorption peak moves from 665 to 656 nm. At 35 C, the absorption peak reaches 660 nm in 7 days, 654 nm in 14. At 60 C polychroming is rapid, the absorption peak reaching 640-620 nm in 3 days. When the pH of the borax methylene blue solutions, normally about 9.0, is adjusted to pH 6.5, the absorption peak remains at 665 nm even when incubated at 60 C for extended periods. When used as a blood stain 0.4 ml borax methylene blue (1% methylene blue in 1% borax), 4 ml acetone, 2 ml borax-acid phosphate buffer to bring the solution to pH 6.5, and distilled water to make 40 ml, with 0.2 ml 1% eosin added just before using, an excellent Nocht-Giemsa type stain is achieved after 30 minutes staining. The material plasmodia P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. berghei stain moderate blue with dark red chromatin and green to black pigment granules. The study confirms Malachowski's 1891 results and explains Gautier's 1896-98 failure to duplicate it.", "contents": "Borax methylene blue: a spectroscopic and staining study. Borax methylene blue is quite stable at room temperatures of 22-25 C. At 30 C polychroming is slow; during 50 days in a water bath at this temperature the absorption peak moves from 665 to 656 nm. At 35 C, the absorption peak reaches 660 nm in 7 days, 654 nm in 14. At 60 C polychroming is rapid, the absorption peak reaching 640-620 nm in 3 days. When the pH of the borax methylene blue solutions, normally about 9.0, is adjusted to pH 6.5, the absorption peak remains at 665 nm even when incubated at 60 C for extended periods. When used as a blood stain 0.4 ml borax methylene blue (1% methylene blue in 1% borax), 4 ml acetone, 2 ml borax-acid phosphate buffer to bring the solution to pH 6.5, and distilled water to make 40 ml, with 0.2 ml 1% eosin added just before using, an excellent Nocht-Giemsa type stain is achieved after 30 minutes staining. The material plasmodia P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. berghei stain moderate blue with dark red chromatin and green to black pigment granules. The study confirms Malachowski's 1891 results and explains Gautier's 1896-98 failure to duplicate it.", "PMID": 83692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9197", "title": "Clearing, cuticle removal, and staining for the fertile bracts (lemmas and paleas) of grass anthoecia.", "content": "The epidermis of the bracts enclosing the flower of grasses contains epidermal cell patterns which are indicative of phylogenetic and systematic relationships among taxa. Treating the heavily cutinized anthoecial bracts (fertile lemma and palea) with 10% NaOH results in the removal of sufficient cuticle to allow examination of the cells of the epidermis. After clearing and removal of the cuticle, the bracts are bleached, washed, dehydrated, and if studied by light microscopy, stained in 2% chlorazol black E and mounted in Diaphane; or, if studied by scanning electron microscopy, dried by the critical-point method and either left uncoated or coated with a film of various conductive metals.", "contents": "Clearing, cuticle removal, and staining for the fertile bracts (lemmas and paleas) of grass anthoecia. The epidermis of the bracts enclosing the flower of grasses contains epidermal cell patterns which are indicative of phylogenetic and systematic relationships among taxa. Treating the heavily cutinized anthoecial bracts (fertile lemma and palea) with 10% NaOH results in the removal of sufficient cuticle to allow examination of the cells of the epidermis. After clearing and removal of the cuticle, the bracts are bleached, washed, dehydrated, and if studied by light microscopy, stained in 2% chlorazol black E and mounted in Diaphane; or, if studied by scanning electron microscopy, dried by the critical-point method and either left uncoated or coated with a film of various conductive metals.", "PMID": 83693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9198", "title": "[Efficacy of the use of combinations of teaching aids in propaedeutics education].", "content": "Audio-visual and printed teaching and learning aids are used for the instruction in the subject of \"propaedeutics of prosthetic stomatology\". The achievements and the time required for the guidance and supervision of the students were evaluated. Furthermore, the use of the teaching and learning aids by the students was assessed. It was found that audio-visual means of demonstration favour the process of learning and facilitate considerably the task of the teaching staff.", "contents": "[Efficacy of the use of combinations of teaching aids in propaedeutics education]. Audio-visual and printed teaching and learning aids are used for the instruction in the subject of \"propaedeutics of prosthetic stomatology\". The achievements and the time required for the guidance and supervision of the students were evaluated. Furthermore, the use of the teaching and learning aids by the students was assessed. It was found that audio-visual means of demonstration favour the process of learning and facilitate considerably the task of the teaching staff.", "PMID": 83697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9199", "title": "Five subtypic specificities of the Bw22 complex in four racial groups.", "content": "Five subtypic specificities of Bw22 were defined using 38 informative local and Seventh Histocompatibility Workshop sera: Bw54, 22.2, J2, Bw42, and a new Bw22 associated antigen Te90. The previously defined specificity, 22.1, associated with Cw3, could not be distinguished from Bw54 in this study. Marked restriction in the distribution of four Bw22 specificities (Bw54 excepted) in white, Mexican, black, and Oriental populations was described and provided supporting evidence for the identification of these antigens.", "contents": "Five subtypic specificities of the Bw22 complex in four racial groups. Five subtypic specificities of Bw22 were defined using 38 informative local and Seventh Histocompatibility Workshop sera: Bw54, 22.2, J2, Bw42, and a new Bw22 associated antigen Te90. The previously defined specificity, 22.1, associated with Cw3, could not be distinguished from Bw54 in this study. Marked restriction in the distribution of four Bw22 specificities (Bw54 excepted) in white, Mexican, black, and Oriental populations was described and provided supporting evidence for the identification of these antigens.", "PMID": 83705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9200", "title": "A complex of HLA-D specificities detected by HTC typing: Dw7, Dw11, and TMo.", "content": "Homozygous typing cells defining HLA-D antigens related to Dw7 appear to identify a complex of partially overlapping structures. The relationships between these specificities were analyzed using 7th Workshop cells and other cells sent to the reference laboratory. The local cells JLe and KA seem to fit the antigen Dw11, which is in large part included in Dw7. TMo defines a component that is rare in normal whites and frequently observed in children with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "A complex of HLA-D specificities detected by HTC typing: Dw7, Dw11, and TMo. Homozygous typing cells defining HLA-D antigens related to Dw7 appear to identify a complex of partially overlapping structures. The relationships between these specificities were analyzed using 7th Workshop cells and other cells sent to the reference laboratory. The local cells JLe and KA seem to fit the antigen Dw11, which is in large part included in Dw7. TMo defines a component that is rare in normal whites and frequently observed in children with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 83707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9201", "title": "HLA-DR-specific suppressor cells after repeated allogeneic sensitizations of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "In conclusion, DR-specific suppressor cells can be induced by repeated in vitro sensitizations. They were able (1) to decrease a secondary proliferation, (2) to suppress consistently, in a primary proliferative assay, when added as third cells (primed twice against a DR antigen [PLT II] and gamma-irradiated), the response of unprimed cells towards stimulating cells, which share a DR specificity with the priming cell of the PLT II. The suppression follows the D part of the recombinant haplotype within an HLA-B/D recombinant family and is specific for the DR antigen used twice as stimulator for production of the PLT II.", "contents": "HLA-DR-specific suppressor cells after repeated allogeneic sensitizations of human lymphocytes in vitro. In conclusion, DR-specific suppressor cells can be induced by repeated in vitro sensitizations. They were able (1) to decrease a secondary proliferation, (2) to suppress consistently, in a primary proliferative assay, when added as third cells (primed twice against a DR antigen [PLT II] and gamma-irradiated), the response of unprimed cells towards stimulating cells, which share a DR specificity with the priming cell of the PLT II. The suppression follows the D part of the recombinant haplotype within an HLA-B/D recombinant family and is specific for the DR antigen used twice as stimulator for production of the PLT II.", "PMID": 83724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9202", "title": "Specificity of human cytotoxic responses to chemically modified autologous cells.", "content": "Human PBML can generate cytotoxic responses to autologous cells that have been chemically modified with TNP or DNP. The cytotoxic effectors have precise hapten specificity. The DNP-specific effectors recognize DNP in association with cell surface alloantigens, which appear to be at least partially associated with HLA-A and -B. The TNP-specific effectors recognize TNP in association with several classes of determinants--some of which are HLA-linked alloantigens that are incompletely associated with HLA-A and -B, while other determinants are widely shared among humans.", "contents": "Specificity of human cytotoxic responses to chemically modified autologous cells. Human PBML can generate cytotoxic responses to autologous cells that have been chemically modified with TNP or DNP. The cytotoxic effectors have precise hapten specificity. The DNP-specific effectors recognize DNP in association with cell surface alloantigens, which appear to be at least partially associated with HLA-A and -B. The TNP-specific effectors recognize TNP in association with several classes of determinants--some of which are HLA-linked alloantigens that are incompletely associated with HLA-A and -B, while other determinants are widely shared among humans.", "PMID": 83727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9203", "title": "[Effect of substances that alter the level of intracellular cAMP on the reaction of human lymphocytes blast transformation].", "content": "Effects of cholera toxin, cholera anatoxin, theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) on the PHA-induced DNA synthesis have been studied. It was shown that toxin, db-cAMP and theophylline suppressed mitogen-induced 3H-TdR incorporation and blast-transformation in a dose-related manner. When both toxin and theophylline were given together to PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, the inhibitory effects of these two agents were additive. The inhibitory effects of db-cAMP and theophylline were additive too. This inhibitory effects could be due to the elevation of intracellular cAMP. Cholera anatoxin exerted an inhibitory action on the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. The inhibitory effects on lymphocyte DNA synthesis by anatoxin and theophylline were not additive. These results suggest that the effects of cholera toxin are mediated by cyclic AMP, but effects of cholera anatoxin may be associated with some other mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of substances that alter the level of intracellular cAMP on the reaction of human lymphocytes blast transformation]. Effects of cholera toxin, cholera anatoxin, theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) on the PHA-induced DNA synthesis have been studied. It was shown that toxin, db-cAMP and theophylline suppressed mitogen-induced 3H-TdR incorporation and blast-transformation in a dose-related manner. When both toxin and theophylline were given together to PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, the inhibitory effects of these two agents were additive. The inhibitory effects of db-cAMP and theophylline were additive too. This inhibitory effects could be due to the elevation of intracellular cAMP. Cholera anatoxin exerted an inhibitory action on the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. The inhibitory effects on lymphocyte DNA synthesis by anatoxin and theophylline were not additive. These results suggest that the effects of cholera toxin are mediated by cyclic AMP, but effects of cholera anatoxin may be associated with some other mechanism.", "PMID": 83730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9204", "title": "[Suppression of leukocyte migration by autologous and allogeneic tumor extracts in kidney cancer patients].", "content": "The reaction of leucocyte migration inhibition (RLMI), using antigens of autochthonous and allogenic tumors, was utilized to examine 21 patients with renal cancer and in 37 control patients. The antigens of renal cancer (AG RC) would suppress specifically leucocyte migration in all patients with cancer of the kidney, as compared with the migration without antigens or in the presence of normal tissue antigens of the tumor involved kidney. In 5 of 37 cases AG RC as well as those of normal renal tissue inhibited leucocyte migration in patients with urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. Autologous blood plasma in patients with renal cancer would contribute to inhibition of leucocyte migration by cancer antigens. There are some common specific antigens in renal cancer, recognized by lymphocytes from different patients with the tumor in question. RLMI may be used to establish the immune diagnosis of cancer of the kidney.", "contents": "[Suppression of leukocyte migration by autologous and allogeneic tumor extracts in kidney cancer patients]. The reaction of leucocyte migration inhibition (RLMI), using antigens of autochthonous and allogenic tumors, was utilized to examine 21 patients with renal cancer and in 37 control patients. The antigens of renal cancer (AG RC) would suppress specifically leucocyte migration in all patients with cancer of the kidney, as compared with the migration without antigens or in the presence of normal tissue antigens of the tumor involved kidney. In 5 of 37 cases AG RC as well as those of normal renal tissue inhibited leucocyte migration in patients with urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. Autologous blood plasma in patients with renal cancer would contribute to inhibition of leucocyte migration by cancer antigens. There are some common specific antigens in renal cancer, recognized by lymphocytes from different patients with the tumor in question. RLMI may be used to establish the immune diagnosis of cancer of the kidney.", "PMID": 83731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9205", "title": "[Late results of the combined treatment of bladder cancer depending on the histological form of the tumor].", "content": "The writers present an analysis of the remote results of the combination therapy in 208 patients with cancer of the urinary bladder, depending on the histological form of the tumor. Radical surgery was performed in 193 patients, palliative--in 15. All types of surgical intervention were associated with radiotherapy in the pre- and postoperative period. The survival for 3 years and longer was noted in 153 patients, for 5 years and longer--in 69. Transitional-cell papilloma is characterized by the most favourable prognosis.", "contents": "[Late results of the combined treatment of bladder cancer depending on the histological form of the tumor]. The writers present an analysis of the remote results of the combination therapy in 208 patients with cancer of the urinary bladder, depending on the histological form of the tumor. Radical surgery was performed in 193 patients, palliative--in 15. All types of surgical intervention were associated with radiotherapy in the pre- and postoperative period. The survival for 3 years and longer was noted in 153 patients, for 5 years and longer--in 69. Transitional-cell papilloma is characterized by the most favourable prognosis.", "PMID": 83732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9206", "title": "[Sudden cardiac death in the case of an apparently healthy heart].", "content": "After a brief survey the authors present two of their observations on sudden death with obviously intact heart. The first observation was on a male, aged 43, with three incidents of sudden death, successfully reanimated. Between the paroxysms, frequent ventricular extrasystoles, type \"early\" were recorded, falling upon T-wave. After the anti-arrhythmic treatment the ventricular extrasystoles disappeared and no new incidents occurred. Three years later the patient was capable of working, without complaints. The second case concerns a female, aged 32, pregnant 7--8 month, hospitalized with light manifestations of late toxicosis and auricle extrasystoles, type parasystoles some of them recorded upon T-wave. The patient suddendly died in obviously excellent health. Ventricular fibrillation was recorded on ECG, not overcome very likely, because of the delayed reanimation. At necropsy, a heart with normal dimensions was found with scanty small cicatrices in the myocardium, probably resulting of past myocarditis.", "contents": "[Sudden cardiac death in the case of an apparently healthy heart]. After a brief survey the authors present two of their observations on sudden death with obviously intact heart. The first observation was on a male, aged 43, with three incidents of sudden death, successfully reanimated. Between the paroxysms, frequent ventricular extrasystoles, type \"early\" were recorded, falling upon T-wave. After the anti-arrhythmic treatment the ventricular extrasystoles disappeared and no new incidents occurred. Three years later the patient was capable of working, without complaints. The second case concerns a female, aged 32, pregnant 7--8 month, hospitalized with light manifestations of late toxicosis and auricle extrasystoles, type parasystoles some of them recorded upon T-wave. The patient suddendly died in obviously excellent health. Ventricular fibrillation was recorded on ECG, not overcome very likely, because of the delayed reanimation. At necropsy, a heart with normal dimensions was found with scanty small cicatrices in the myocardium, probably resulting of past myocarditis.", "PMID": 83734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9207", "title": "The formation of phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate in the metabolism of styrene oxide by rabbit liver microsomes in vitro.", "content": "1. Phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate has been isolated from the incubation of styrene oxide or styrene diol with liver microsomes of phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits. 2. Observed ratios of phenylethane-1,2-diol to its 2-acetate in the incubation mixtures ranged between 19 : 1 and 5 : 1 with different microsomal preparations and different periods of incubation. 3. The formation of phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate may be a source of errors in the radiometric determination of epoxide hydrase activity in microsomes.", "contents": "The formation of phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate in the metabolism of styrene oxide by rabbit liver microsomes in vitro. 1. Phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate has been isolated from the incubation of styrene oxide or styrene diol with liver microsomes of phenobarbital-pretreated rabbits. 2. Observed ratios of phenylethane-1,2-diol to its 2-acetate in the incubation mixtures ranged between 19 : 1 and 5 : 1 with different microsomal preparations and different periods of incubation. 3. The formation of phenylethane-1,2-diol 2-acetate may be a source of errors in the radiometric determination of epoxide hydrase activity in microsomes.", "PMID": 83739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9208", "title": "An alteration in outer membrane permeability associated with a division lesion in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium strain 4a is a temperature sensitive mutant with defects in both septation and separation. The separation lesion was reversed by phenethylalcohol but this agent failed to allow septation or growth at restrictive temperature. Organisms of strain 4a grown at 42 degrees C were, unlike the parental strain, resistant to lysis by lysozyme plus EDTA and lipopolysaccharide was poorly extracted by EDTA from cultures of strain 4a grown at 42 degrees C. Such cultures may, therefore, be resistant to lysis with lysozyme plus EDTA not because the murein is altered but because the EDTA fails to permeabilize the outer membrane to lysozyme. In confirmation of this, murein isolated from strain 4a after growth at 42 degrees C showed the same sensitivity to lysozyme as murein from the parental strain. In spite of the altered envelope properties of strain 4a after growth at 42 degrees C, no major changes in protein or phospholipid composition have so far been demonstrated.", "contents": "An alteration in outer membrane permeability associated with a division lesion in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium strain 4a is a temperature sensitive mutant with defects in both septation and separation. The separation lesion was reversed by phenethylalcohol but this agent failed to allow septation or growth at restrictive temperature. Organisms of strain 4a grown at 42 degrees C were, unlike the parental strain, resistant to lysis by lysozyme plus EDTA and lipopolysaccharide was poorly extracted by EDTA from cultures of strain 4a grown at 42 degrees C. Such cultures may, therefore, be resistant to lysis with lysozyme plus EDTA not because the murein is altered but because the EDTA fails to permeabilize the outer membrane to lysozyme. In confirmation of this, murein isolated from strain 4a after growth at 42 degrees C showed the same sensitivity to lysozyme as murein from the parental strain. In spite of the altered envelope properties of strain 4a after growth at 42 degrees C, no major changes in protein or phospholipid composition have so far been demonstrated.", "PMID": 83740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9209", "title": "Photochemistry and photobiology of 5-azacytidine: effect of repair on photostabilization of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The photochemical stability of the anomalous nucleic acid base 5-azacytidine (z5Cyd) on irradiation at 254 nm is by about one order of magnitude less than that of cytidine (Cyd). Contrary to the photochemical behaviour, incorporation of z5Cyd into the nucleic acids of E. coli strains SR 20 (uvr+ rec+), SR 74 (uvr+ rec-) and SR 22 (uvr- rec+) produced a higher resistance to UV light. Only the SR 73 (uvr- rec-) strain was shown to have an increased UV sensitivity. This latter finding is in accord with the photochemical properties of z5Cyd. The results led to the conclusion that excision and recombination repair processes contribute to the observable protective effect. The fact that inhibition of excission repair by caffeine or proflavine of the mutant uvr+ rec- changes protection into sensitization supports this idea.", "contents": "Photochemistry and photobiology of 5-azacytidine: effect of repair on photostabilization of Escherichia coli. The photochemical stability of the anomalous nucleic acid base 5-azacytidine (z5Cyd) on irradiation at 254 nm is by about one order of magnitude less than that of cytidine (Cyd). Contrary to the photochemical behaviour, incorporation of z5Cyd into the nucleic acids of E. coli strains SR 20 (uvr+ rec+), SR 74 (uvr+ rec-) and SR 22 (uvr- rec+) produced a higher resistance to UV light. Only the SR 73 (uvr- rec-) strain was shown to have an increased UV sensitivity. This latter finding is in accord with the photochemical properties of z5Cyd. The results led to the conclusion that excision and recombination repair processes contribute to the observable protective effect. The fact that inhibition of excission repair by caffeine or proflavine of the mutant uvr+ rec- changes protection into sensitization supports this idea.", "PMID": 83741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9210", "title": "[Diagnosis of placental sulphatase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 23-year old primipara who was in her 34th week of pregnancy, serum oestriol could not be identified, with no other abnormal clinical and endocrinological findings, which is why the authors suspected placental sulphatase deficiency. The placental sulphatase activity was tested by the intravenous application of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and compared with the data obtained from a control patient with normal endocrinological findings. There was a slight increase in DHEA from 7.5 ng/ml to 18.0 ng/ml, whereas the serum values of oestrone and oestradiol did not change. In contrast, the control patient showed an excessive increase of DHEA from 5.5 ng/ml to 56.8 ng/ml. Oestrone and oestradiol also reacted with a strong increase of activity from 12.7 ng/ml to 42.7 ng/ml or 25.2 ng/ml to 61.2 ng/ml, respectively. A placental sulphatase deficiency with absence of hydrolysis of the applied DHEAS must be assumed as the reason for the deficient or absent reaction of DHEA and the oestrogens. The patient gave birth to a healthy boy in the 41st week of pregnancy, delivery being performed by caesarian section. Clinically normal course of pregnancy with lowered oestriol values, delivery by caesarian section in the case of primiparae, as well as male sex of the newborn, are criteria of placental sulphatase deficiency. These criteria correspond to the few observations published so far.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of placental sulphatase deficiency (author's transl)]. In a 23-year old primipara who was in her 34th week of pregnancy, serum oestriol could not be identified, with no other abnormal clinical and endocrinological findings, which is why the authors suspected placental sulphatase deficiency. The placental sulphatase activity was tested by the intravenous application of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and compared with the data obtained from a control patient with normal endocrinological findings. There was a slight increase in DHEA from 7.5 ng/ml to 18.0 ng/ml, whereas the serum values of oestrone and oestradiol did not change. In contrast, the control patient showed an excessive increase of DHEA from 5.5 ng/ml to 56.8 ng/ml. Oestrone and oestradiol also reacted with a strong increase of activity from 12.7 ng/ml to 42.7 ng/ml or 25.2 ng/ml to 61.2 ng/ml, respectively. A placental sulphatase deficiency with absence of hydrolysis of the applied DHEAS must be assumed as the reason for the deficient or absent reaction of DHEA and the oestrogens. The patient gave birth to a healthy boy in the 41st week of pregnancy, delivery being performed by caesarian section. Clinically normal course of pregnancy with lowered oestriol values, delivery by caesarian section in the case of primiparae, as well as male sex of the newborn, are criteria of placental sulphatase deficiency. These criteria correspond to the few observations published so far.", "PMID": 83742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9211", "title": "[Mass media. Prevention and the media].", "content": "Though the information communicated by the media is important in so far as it wakes and upholds the interest of the population on a subject such as preventive medicine, it is not sufficient to change the behaviour of this population. The real reasons why opinion shows too much indifference towards preventive medicine should be analysed and the people responsible of this sector be made familiar with the needs and the language of the media.", "contents": "[Mass media. Prevention and the media]. Though the information communicated by the media is important in so far as it wakes and upholds the interest of the population on a subject such as preventive medicine, it is not sufficient to change the behaviour of this population. The real reasons why opinion shows too much indifference towards preventive medicine should be analysed and the people responsible of this sector be made familiar with the needs and the language of the media.", "PMID": 83745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9212", "title": "[Nutrition. Prevention through nutrition: approaches to further development].", "content": "1. More research in nutrition will help those engaged in the practical aspects of the field, because the better the knowledge, the easier they can achieve their objectives. 2. Attractive and understandable publications continuously must bring the results of this research to the attention of the general public. 3. Cooperaation of key professions like physicians, teachers, managers and cooks has to be developed. All have to work together to achieve that healthy nutrition is perceived as a contribution to the immediate well-being. 4. The main goal of all these providing foods has to consist in maintaining health while covering the daily needs but also in making healthy nutritional habits the gastronomy of the future.", "contents": "[Nutrition. Prevention through nutrition: approaches to further development]. 1. More research in nutrition will help those engaged in the practical aspects of the field, because the better the knowledge, the easier they can achieve their objectives. 2. Attractive and understandable publications continuously must bring the results of this research to the attention of the general public. 3. Cooperaation of key professions like physicians, teachers, managers and cooks has to be developed. All have to work together to achieve that healthy nutrition is perceived as a contribution to the immediate well-being. 4. The main goal of all these providing foods has to consist in maintaining health while covering the daily needs but also in making healthy nutritional habits the gastronomy of the future.", "PMID": 83746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9213", "title": "[Test suitable for assessing the immunocompetence of the tumor host in prostatic carcinoma].", "content": "The aim of our investigations is a control of the immunocompetence of the host of the tumour during the course of the tumour disease with the help of the spontaneous rosette test (proof of the T-lymphocytes). The results hitherto got are traced back to 21 patients with adenoma of the prostate and 9 patients with carcinoma of the prostate compared with healthy persons. The methods of the test is explained. Issuing from the formation of spontaneous rosettes which is anyway decreased in patients older than 60 years up to now no clear difference could be found between patients with adenoma and carcinoma. The decrease of the formation of spontaneous rosettes is unequivocal after operation as well as in the cytonal therapy.", "contents": "[Test suitable for assessing the immunocompetence of the tumor host in prostatic carcinoma]. The aim of our investigations is a control of the immunocompetence of the host of the tumour during the course of the tumour disease with the help of the spontaneous rosette test (proof of the T-lymphocytes). The results hitherto got are traced back to 21 patients with adenoma of the prostate and 9 patients with carcinoma of the prostate compared with healthy persons. The methods of the test is explained. Issuing from the formation of spontaneous rosettes which is anyway decreased in patients older than 60 years up to now no clear difference could be found between patients with adenoma and carcinoma. The decrease of the formation of spontaneous rosettes is unequivocal after operation as well as in the cytonal therapy.", "PMID": 83747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9214", "title": "[Ca of the head of the pancreas and the ampulla of Vater (150 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1968 till 1977 we observed 150 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and the ampulla of Vater. In 29% a radical operation (duodeno-pancreatectomy) could be practiced. The prognosis of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is much less favourable in comparison to the carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.", "contents": "[Ca of the head of the pancreas and the ampulla of Vater (150 cases) (author's transl)]. From 1968 till 1977 we observed 150 patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and the ampulla of Vater. In 29% a radical operation (duodeno-pancreatectomy) could be practiced. The prognosis of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is much less favourable in comparison to the carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.", "PMID": 83749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9215", "title": "[Effects of serums and plasmas of various species on a protease of Staphylococcus aureus. Human alpha2-macroglobulin as an inhibitor (author's transl)].", "content": "Serums and plasmas from various animals and man inhibited 85-100% of the activity of a purified protease from Staphylococcus aureus, strain M 135 (table 1). The inhibitory effects of corresponding serums and plasmas were approximately equal. The inhibition in human serum was caused by alpha2-macroglobulin. On the other hand, alpha1-antitrypsin proved to be ineffective (table 2). The complex alpha2-macroglobulin-protease could be separated by vertical polyacrylamide discelectrophoresis. Immunelectrophoretic analysis revealed no changes by the staphylococcal protease neither on alpha2-macroglobulin, nor on other human serum proteins. Only fibrinogen was split into at least 2 components (fig. 1).", "contents": "[Effects of serums and plasmas of various species on a protease of Staphylococcus aureus. Human alpha2-macroglobulin as an inhibitor (author's transl)]. Serums and plasmas from various animals and man inhibited 85-100% of the activity of a purified protease from Staphylococcus aureus, strain M 135 (table 1). The inhibitory effects of corresponding serums and plasmas were approximately equal. The inhibition in human serum was caused by alpha2-macroglobulin. On the other hand, alpha1-antitrypsin proved to be ineffective (table 2). The complex alpha2-macroglobulin-protease could be separated by vertical polyacrylamide discelectrophoresis. Immunelectrophoretic analysis revealed no changes by the staphylococcal protease neither on alpha2-macroglobulin, nor on other human serum proteins. Only fibrinogen was split into at least 2 components (fig. 1).", "PMID": 83750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9216", "title": "Behaviour of S. paratyphi A in mice immunized with homologous and heterologous bacterial proteins.", "content": "Mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. paratyphi C resisted the toxicity of a concentration of S. paratyphi A which killed the controls; this is in contrast to the results found in mice immunized with the same amount of proteins from the homologous S. paratyphi A. For the neutralization of the S. paratyphi A toxicity a higher quantity of homologous proteins was necessary in the immunizations. It is assumed that either S. paratyphi A synthesizes--on artificial media--a small amount of proteins responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies or that it is an intrinsic weak immunogen. In the sera of mice in which sufficient neutralizing antibodies were induced, the proteins of S. paratyphi A cross-reacted in agar-gel, with the proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. paratyphi C.", "contents": "Behaviour of S. paratyphi A in mice immunized with homologous and heterologous bacterial proteins. Mice immunized with proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. paratyphi C resisted the toxicity of a concentration of S. paratyphi A which killed the controls; this is in contrast to the results found in mice immunized with the same amount of proteins from the homologous S. paratyphi A. For the neutralization of the S. paratyphi A toxicity a higher quantity of homologous proteins was necessary in the immunizations. It is assumed that either S. paratyphi A synthesizes--on artificial media--a small amount of proteins responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies or that it is an intrinsic weak immunogen. In the sera of mice in which sufficient neutralizing antibodies were induced, the proteins of S. paratyphi A cross-reacted in agar-gel, with the proteins from S. typhimurium and from S. paratyphi C.", "PMID": 83751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9217", "title": "The immunoglobulins response in rabbit to single antigenic factors of leptospira. Investigations with two serovars from saprophytic leptospira.", "content": "The agglutinating antibodies formed after immunization of rabbits with viable leptospira consist of 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. IgM and IgG are formed already earlier in the course of immunization. after a lapse of one month more IgG is found than IgM. The specificity of agglutination with the main antigenic factors is due mainly to IgG.", "contents": "The immunoglobulins response in rabbit to single antigenic factors of leptospira. Investigations with two serovars from saprophytic leptospira. The agglutinating antibodies formed after immunization of rabbits with viable leptospira consist of 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. IgM and IgG are formed already earlier in the course of immunization. after a lapse of one month more IgG is found than IgM. The specificity of agglutination with the main antigenic factors is due mainly to IgG.", "PMID": 83752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9218", "title": "A comparative study of antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from patients and soil of ornamental plants in the immunodiffusion test.", "content": "The strikingly frequent and constant presence of Aspergillus fimigatus in the soil of potted ornamental plants kept in private houses and hospitals has been the reason for studying the antigens of the strains found from the diagnostic and epidemiological angles. Culture-filtrate antigens of A. fumigatus strains isolated from the soil of 4 different ornamental plants, epiphyllum (Epiphyllum truncatum), orange tree (Citrus sinensis), Alpine rose (Azalea indica) and Christmas flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima), were compared, in the immunodiffusion test, with antigens of A. fumigatus strains from aspergillosis patients prepared in an identical way. When tested against 8 different sera from different aspergillosis patients there was a good coincidence of results. Control sera from patients suffering from diseases other than aspergillosis, no false-positive reactions could be observed. The findings are discussed in respect of diagnosis and epidemiology.", "contents": "A comparative study of antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from patients and soil of ornamental plants in the immunodiffusion test. The strikingly frequent and constant presence of Aspergillus fimigatus in the soil of potted ornamental plants kept in private houses and hospitals has been the reason for studying the antigens of the strains found from the diagnostic and epidemiological angles. Culture-filtrate antigens of A. fumigatus strains isolated from the soil of 4 different ornamental plants, epiphyllum (Epiphyllum truncatum), orange tree (Citrus sinensis), Alpine rose (Azalea indica) and Christmas flower (Euphorbia pulcherrima), were compared, in the immunodiffusion test, with antigens of A. fumigatus strains from aspergillosis patients prepared in an identical way. When tested against 8 different sera from different aspergillosis patients there was a good coincidence of results. Control sera from patients suffering from diseases other than aspergillosis, no false-positive reactions could be observed. The findings are discussed in respect of diagnosis and epidemiology.", "PMID": 83753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9219", "title": "Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigens of leptospiras.", "content": "Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main (NDTM) antigens of leptospiras. The agglutination was not inhibited by the heterologous NDTM antigens. The results may indicate that the substance participating in the microscopic agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the NDTM antigens.", "contents": "Inhibition of leptospiral agglutination by the nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigens of leptospiras. Microscopic agglutination of leptospiras was inhibited by the homologous nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main (NDTM) antigens of leptospiras. The agglutination was not inhibited by the heterologous NDTM antigens. The results may indicate that the substance participating in the microscopic agglutination of leptospiras with antiserum is the NDTM antigens.", "PMID": 83754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9220", "title": "[Surgical treatment of tumors in the tentorial region].", "content": "On the basis of findings and results obtained in the treatment of 509 patients affected with tumours growing into the tentorial slit (Burdenko Institute, Moscow) the considerably improved surgical possibilities are discussed. Only 17 patients had to be excluded from the operation because of their bad general condition. Ways of access are: supratentorially with transecting of the tentorium, infratentorially with exposure of the tentorium, and the combined infra- and supratentorial method with separation of the tentorium. Subdivision of the access paths according to location and kind of the tumours. Total removal of the tumour in 43.3 per cent, partial removal of the tumour in 41 per cent, palliative intervention in 15.7 per cent of the cases. Relapse operations in 26.2 per cent (mainly trigeminal neurinomas, tentorial meningiomas, cerebellopontine angle meningiomas and cerebellar astrocytomas). After-observation for a period of up to 12 years. The longest survivae times were found for tumours with an anterior-laterial position in the tentorial slit.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of tumors in the tentorial region]. On the basis of findings and results obtained in the treatment of 509 patients affected with tumours growing into the tentorial slit (Burdenko Institute, Moscow) the considerably improved surgical possibilities are discussed. Only 17 patients had to be excluded from the operation because of their bad general condition. Ways of access are: supratentorially with transecting of the tentorium, infratentorially with exposure of the tentorium, and the combined infra- and supratentorial method with separation of the tentorium. Subdivision of the access paths according to location and kind of the tumours. Total removal of the tumour in 43.3 per cent, partial removal of the tumour in 41 per cent, palliative intervention in 15.7 per cent of the cases. Relapse operations in 26.2 per cent (mainly trigeminal neurinomas, tentorial meningiomas, cerebellopontine angle meningiomas and cerebellar astrocytomas). After-observation for a period of up to 12 years. The longest survivae times were found for tumours with an anterior-laterial position in the tentorial slit.", "PMID": 83755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9221", "title": "Fluorescence microscopical visualization of rat mast cells by means of fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled protamine sulfate.", "content": "Using fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled protamine sulfate it is possible to stain rat mast cell fractions of isolated periotoneal cells in a selective way. The cells are not degranulated, though they have lost their histamine completely. The method shows the dissociation of the mediator release and the extrusion of the granules.", "contents": "Fluorescence microscopical visualization of rat mast cells by means of fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled protamine sulfate. Using fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled protamine sulfate it is possible to stain rat mast cell fractions of isolated periotoneal cells in a selective way. The cells are not degranulated, though they have lost their histamine completely. The method shows the dissociation of the mediator release and the extrusion of the granules.", "PMID": 83758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9222", "title": "Purification of the pregnancy zone protein by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A method for purification of the pregnancy zone protein (PZP) by affinity chromatography was developed. A monospecific immunoglobulin fraction, covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B, was used as binding agent and the elution conditions for PZP are described. The purified protein was shown to have identical properties compared to native PZP with regard to molecular weight, immunodiffusion precipitation and immunosuppressive activity.", "contents": "Purification of the pregnancy zone protein by affinity chromatography. A method for purification of the pregnancy zone protein (PZP) by affinity chromatography was developed. A monospecific immunoglobulin fraction, covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B, was used as binding agent and the elution conditions for PZP are described. The purified protein was shown to have identical properties compared to native PZP with regard to molecular weight, immunodiffusion precipitation and immunosuppressive activity.", "PMID": 83759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9223", "title": "Histochemical investigation of acid mucopolysaccharides in amyloid, colloid and hyaline.", "content": "The carbohydrate component in amyloid was histochemically compared with that in colloid or hyaline. Alcian blue, azure A, and periodic acid Schiff were used to stain mucopolysaccharides. In a further attempt to identify various polyanions, staining was carried out with alcian blue containing various concentrations of electrolytes. Methylation, saponification, acid hydrolysis, and digestion with streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase, or chondroitinase ABC were also employed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of heparitin sulfate in amyloid, of chondroitin sulfate A in hyaline, and of chondroitin sulfate C in colloid.", "contents": "Histochemical investigation of acid mucopolysaccharides in amyloid, colloid and hyaline. The carbohydrate component in amyloid was histochemically compared with that in colloid or hyaline. Alcian blue, azure A, and periodic acid Schiff were used to stain mucopolysaccharides. In a further attempt to identify various polyanions, staining was carried out with alcian blue containing various concentrations of electrolytes. Methylation, saponification, acid hydrolysis, and digestion with streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase, or chondroitinase ABC were also employed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of heparitin sulfate in amyloid, of chondroitin sulfate A in hyaline, and of chondroitin sulfate C in colloid.", "PMID": 83775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9224", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase resynthesis after DFP poisoning; histochemical and biochemical study.", "content": "DFP (0.4 to 2.0 mg/kg) was injected into the rat spinal ganglion leads to N. ischiadicus model system and examinations were made of the AChE inhibitory affect and the influence on the transport and resynthesis of the enzyme. It was concluded that the intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits the enzyme activity of the pseudo-unipolar large ganglion cells, but the specific ChE remains in some of the small neurones. Autoradiographically, 3H-DFP could be demonstrated at the same morphological sites as the AChE histochemically. The labelled material migrates from the perikaryon towards the axon terminal by slow transport (10 mm/24 h). The intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits (96%) the AChE activity of the spinal ganglion. However, the enzyme activity of the ganglion cells begins to return 3 h later, and in 12 h it has attained 27% of the original activity. The enzyme undergoing transport from the perikaryon displays a proximo-distal gradient in the axon, and hence the results do not support the hypothesis of local axonal synthesis of AChE.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase resynthesis after DFP poisoning; histochemical and biochemical study. DFP (0.4 to 2.0 mg/kg) was injected into the rat spinal ganglion leads to N. ischiadicus model system and examinations were made of the AChE inhibitory affect and the influence on the transport and resynthesis of the enzyme. It was concluded that the intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits the enzyme activity of the pseudo-unipolar large ganglion cells, but the specific ChE remains in some of the small neurones. Autoradiographically, 3H-DFP could be demonstrated at the same morphological sites as the AChE histochemically. The labelled material migrates from the perikaryon towards the axon terminal by slow transport (10 mm/24 h). The intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits (96%) the AChE activity of the spinal ganglion. However, the enzyme activity of the ganglion cells begins to return 3 h later, and in 12 h it has attained 27% of the original activity. The enzyme undergoing transport from the perikaryon displays a proximo-distal gradient in the axon, and hence the results do not support the hypothesis of local axonal synthesis of AChE.", "PMID": 83776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9225", "title": "Cell yield obtained with various cytopreparatory techniques for urinary cytology.", "content": "Information concerning the main pitfalls of cytopreparatory techniques, e.g., cell loss, is of paramount importance for general acceptance of the routine use of urinary cytology. Therefore, we studied the cell yield obtained with five Papanicolaou and two May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa (MGG) smear techniques commonly used in diagnostic cytology laboratories, and compared the results with those obtained with the Millipore filter technique. All smear methods using wet fixation gave very low cell harvests (2-26%), and all methods using air drying gave high cell yield (55-95%), the spray fixation method giving intermediate results (about 40%). Since the morphometric studies showed that there was no preferential cell loss, the cells remaining on the slides can be considered representative of the original cell population. However, if the cell concentration of the urinary sample is extremely low, the Millipore filter and the albumin MGG methods, in both of which cell loss is minimal, are recommended. The results obtained with the spray fixation Papanicolaou method are quantitatively acceptable and qualitatively excellent.", "contents": "Cell yield obtained with various cytopreparatory techniques for urinary cytology. Information concerning the main pitfalls of cytopreparatory techniques, e.g., cell loss, is of paramount importance for general acceptance of the routine use of urinary cytology. Therefore, we studied the cell yield obtained with five Papanicolaou and two May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa (MGG) smear techniques commonly used in diagnostic cytology laboratories, and compared the results with those obtained with the Millipore filter technique. All smear methods using wet fixation gave very low cell harvests (2-26%), and all methods using air drying gave high cell yield (55-95%), the spray fixation method giving intermediate results (about 40%). Since the morphometric studies showed that there was no preferential cell loss, the cells remaining on the slides can be considered representative of the original cell population. However, if the cell concentration of the urinary sample is extremely low, the Millipore filter and the albumin MGG methods, in both of which cell loss is minimal, are recommended. The results obtained with the spray fixation Papanicolaou method are quantitatively acceptable and qualitatively excellent.", "PMID": 83772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9226", "title": "The use of fluorescent and special staining techniques in the aspiration of nocardiosis and actinomycosis.", "content": "This report outlines the techniques and illustrates the utility of special stains and fluorescent microscopy when applied to aspiration cytology material. This procedure allowed quick and accurate diagnosis of opportunistic infectious organisms, specifically nocardiosis and actinomycosis.", "contents": "The use of fluorescent and special staining techniques in the aspiration of nocardiosis and actinomycosis. This report outlines the techniques and illustrates the utility of special stains and fluorescent microscopy when applied to aspiration cytology material. This procedure allowed quick and accurate diagnosis of opportunistic infectious organisms, specifically nocardiosis and actinomycosis.", "PMID": 83771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9227", "title": "Histochemical fibre types in human extraocular muscles, an investigation of inferior oblique muscle.", "content": "In order to test histochemical fibre types in human extraocular muscles, 2000 fibres from 5 inferior oblique muscles were examined in serial sections for myosin ATP-ase following preincubation at pH 4.3, menadione-linked alpha-GPD and NADHTR activity. In ATP-ase 4.3, +/- 15% of fibres in central and peripheral areas stained dark, the other fibres were slightly stained or unstained. Nearly all fibres with high activity in ATP-ase 4.3 had type I-like histochemical characteristics with high or very high NADHTR activity and low alpha-GPD activity. Fibres with low activity in ATP-ase 4.3 had a spectrum-wide variation in activity of NADHTR and alpha-GPD and could be divided into 3 subtypes with IIA, IIB and IIC-like characteristics. The histochemical profile of the fibres with type IIC-like characteristics differed from that of type IIC fibres in other skeletal muscles, by a lower ATP-ase 4.3 activity. In the central areas all 3 subtypes were more or less equally represented. In the peripheral areas most fibres with low ATP-ase 4.3 activity belonged to the IIC-like subgroup.", "contents": "Histochemical fibre types in human extraocular muscles, an investigation of inferior oblique muscle. In order to test histochemical fibre types in human extraocular muscles, 2000 fibres from 5 inferior oblique muscles were examined in serial sections for myosin ATP-ase following preincubation at pH 4.3, menadione-linked alpha-GPD and NADHTR activity. In ATP-ase 4.3, +/- 15% of fibres in central and peripheral areas stained dark, the other fibres were slightly stained or unstained. Nearly all fibres with high activity in ATP-ase 4.3 had type I-like histochemical characteristics with high or very high NADHTR activity and low alpha-GPD activity. Fibres with low activity in ATP-ase 4.3 had a spectrum-wide variation in activity of NADHTR and alpha-GPD and could be divided into 3 subtypes with IIA, IIB and IIC-like characteristics. The histochemical profile of the fibres with type IIC-like characteristics differed from that of type IIC fibres in other skeletal muscles, by a lower ATP-ase 4.3 activity. In the central areas all 3 subtypes were more or less equally represented. In the peripheral areas most fibres with low ATP-ase 4.3 activity belonged to the IIC-like subgroup.", "PMID": 83777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9228", "title": "Keratinization of the bulbar conjunctival epithelium in superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in humans. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "A prominent histological feature of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is the presence of keratinization of the superior bulbar conjunctiva. Ultrastructurally the affected conjunctival epithelium shows all of the characteristics of keratinization as described in skin. There is a superficial layer of horny cells with reduced organelles and thickened cell membrane. In the intermediate layers, the cells contain an increased number of cytoplasmic filaments which are sometimes aggregated into dense masses, keratohyalin granules, both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, membrane coating granules, lysosomes and various other types of membranous structures.", "contents": "Keratinization of the bulbar conjunctival epithelium in superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in humans. An electron microscopic study. A prominent histological feature of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is the presence of keratinization of the superior bulbar conjunctiva. Ultrastructurally the affected conjunctival epithelium shows all of the characteristics of keratinization as described in skin. There is a superficial layer of horny cells with reduced organelles and thickened cell membrane. In the intermediate layers, the cells contain an increased number of cytoplasmic filaments which are sometimes aggregated into dense masses, keratohyalin granules, both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, membrane coating granules, lysosomes and various other types of membranous structures.", "PMID": 83778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9229", "title": "[Latent iron-binding capacity of normal serum proteins by means of Fe-59].", "content": "Experimental investigations were carried out for confirming the possibility of saturation of the basic serum components with exogenous iron (not only transferin). In gel chromatography, paper electrophoresis and acetate cellulose electrophoresis it was demonstrated that the latent capacity for iron saturation is a feature of not only transferrin belonging to beta1 globulins, but also to some extent of albumins and alpha-globulins. Iron distribution was studied after 59Fe administration. The iron-binding capacity of alpha-globulins was many times higher than that of albumins.", "contents": "[Latent iron-binding capacity of normal serum proteins by means of Fe-59]. Experimental investigations were carried out for confirming the possibility of saturation of the basic serum components with exogenous iron (not only transferin). In gel chromatography, paper electrophoresis and acetate cellulose electrophoresis it was demonstrated that the latent capacity for iron saturation is a feature of not only transferrin belonging to beta1 globulins, but also to some extent of albumins and alpha-globulins. Iron distribution was studied after 59Fe administration. The iron-binding capacity of alpha-globulins was many times higher than that of albumins.", "PMID": 83774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9230", "title": "Atypical hyperplasia of the prostate. A pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of carcinoma.", "content": "The cytomorphologic features of atypical hyperplasia were studied in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate. Atypical hyperplasia material was found in 31 cases. The most usual and distinctive cytologic features of atypical hyperplasia were clustering of poorly-differentiated epithelial cells with acinic pattern and fairly regular nuclei. Another relevant feature was the lack of cytoplasmic fluorescence after acridine orange staining. These features make possible the diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia and the distinction from poorly-differentiated carcinoma. The recognition of atypical hyperplasia cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate is important in the avoidance of cytodiagnostic errors.", "contents": "Atypical hyperplasia of the prostate. A pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of carcinoma. The cytomorphologic features of atypical hyperplasia were studied in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate. Atypical hyperplasia material was found in 31 cases. The most usual and distinctive cytologic features of atypical hyperplasia were clustering of poorly-differentiated epithelial cells with acinic pattern and fairly regular nuclei. Another relevant feature was the lack of cytoplasmic fluorescence after acridine orange staining. These features make possible the diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia and the distinction from poorly-differentiated carcinoma. The recognition of atypical hyperplasia cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the prostate is important in the avoidance of cytodiagnostic errors.", "PMID": 83770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9231", "title": "Bronchial artery infusion of mitomycin-C in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Bronchial angiography was performed in 17 patients with advanced non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The patients were treated 1 to 5 times with infusions of 10 mg of mitomycin-C (MMC) into the tumor-feeding bronchial artery. All but 2 patients received in addition small doses of vincristine (intravenously) and bleomycin (intramuscularly) or only bleomycin to potentiate the effect of MMC. No major side effects occurred and the systemic toxicity was insignificant. An objective tumor reponse was encountered in 11/17 patients. Intraarterial chemotherapy is strictly local and therefore effective especially in patients with limited or locally advanced disease. In patients with more extensive disease an adjunctive therapy of a more regional or systemic modality must be given.", "contents": "Bronchial artery infusion of mitomycin-C in advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Bronchial angiography was performed in 17 patients with advanced non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The patients were treated 1 to 5 times with infusions of 10 mg of mitomycin-C (MMC) into the tumor-feeding bronchial artery. All but 2 patients received in addition small doses of vincristine (intravenously) and bleomycin (intramuscularly) or only bleomycin to potentiate the effect of MMC. No major side effects occurred and the systemic toxicity was insignificant. An objective tumor reponse was encountered in 11/17 patients. Intraarterial chemotherapy is strictly local and therefore effective especially in patients with limited or locally advanced disease. In patients with more extensive disease an adjunctive therapy of a more regional or systemic modality must be given.", "PMID": 83780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9232", "title": "The course of endocrine ophthalmopathy during antithyroid therapy in a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study the ocular manifestations of 105 thyrotoxic patients were carefully observed and registered during a 24-month antithyroid drug therapy. The treatment was supervised very closely and every effort was made to avoid iatrogenic hypothyroidism. None of the patients required any ocular surgery and in none did the ophthalmopathy become significantly worse. This favourable experience may indicate that a careful antithyroid regimen as outlined is not likely to be accompanied by worsening of the endocrine ophthalmopathy.", "contents": "The course of endocrine ophthalmopathy during antithyroid therapy in a prospective study. In a prospective study the ocular manifestations of 105 thyrotoxic patients were carefully observed and registered during a 24-month antithyroid drug therapy. The treatment was supervised very closely and every effort was made to avoid iatrogenic hypothyroidism. None of the patients required any ocular surgery and in none did the ophthalmopathy become significantly worse. This favourable experience may indicate that a careful antithyroid regimen as outlined is not likely to be accompanied by worsening of the endocrine ophthalmopathy.", "PMID": 83781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9233", "title": "Surface coats on human lymphocytes: freeze-drying and staining with cations.", "content": "Surface coats can be demonstrated on human peripheral blood lymphocytes by staining with ruthenium red, alcian blue, Thorotrast, and cationized ferritin, which are similar in distribution to a 40- to 65-nm layer of amorphous extracellular material recently reported on fixed, freeze-dried lymphocytes. Several additional lines of evidence, including X-ray microanalysis, suggest that the latter is not a contaminant added by freeze-drying. Freeze-drying may provide the means for a morphological assessment of the lymphocyte surface, including the extracellular coat, which may give additional insight into the immune response.", "contents": "Surface coats on human lymphocytes: freeze-drying and staining with cations. Surface coats can be demonstrated on human peripheral blood lymphocytes by staining with ruthenium red, alcian blue, Thorotrast, and cationized ferritin, which are similar in distribution to a 40- to 65-nm layer of amorphous extracellular material recently reported on fixed, freeze-dried lymphocytes. Several additional lines of evidence, including X-ray microanalysis, suggest that the latter is not a contaminant added by freeze-drying. Freeze-drying may provide the means for a morphological assessment of the lymphocyte surface, including the extracellular coat, which may give additional insight into the immune response.", "PMID": 83794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9234", "title": "Feline GM1 gangliosidosis: characterization of the residual liver acid beta-galactosidase.", "content": "The residual liver acid beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity from a case of feline GM1 gangliosidosis was partially purified and characterized with respect to its pH optimum, kinetic properties, thermostability, isoelectric point, molecular weight, and antigenicity. In comparison to the normal enzyme, the mutant enzyme had the same pH optima for the three substrates tested, a reduced Km for 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-gal, elevated Km's for GM1 and asialofetuin (ASF), and increased thermolability. In addition, the mutant beta-gal had a higher isoelectric point, a reduced molecular weight, and appeared to be antigenically different from normal. The results suggest that the mutation in the Birmingham GM1 cat is structural and that the residual enzyme activity is a structurally altered acid beta-gal. The apparent lack of antigenic identity between the mutant and normal enzymes, in contrast to the situation in many human GM1 patients, is most unusual.", "contents": "Feline GM1 gangliosidosis: characterization of the residual liver acid beta-galactosidase. The residual liver acid beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity from a case of feline GM1 gangliosidosis was partially purified and characterized with respect to its pH optimum, kinetic properties, thermostability, isoelectric point, molecular weight, and antigenicity. In comparison to the normal enzyme, the mutant enzyme had the same pH optima for the three substrates tested, a reduced Km for 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-gal, elevated Km's for GM1 and asialofetuin (ASF), and increased thermolability. In addition, the mutant beta-gal had a higher isoelectric point, a reduced molecular weight, and appeared to be antigenically different from normal. The results suggest that the mutation in the Birmingham GM1 cat is structural and that the residual enzyme activity is a structurally altered acid beta-gal. The apparent lack of antigenic identity between the mutant and normal enzymes, in contrast to the situation in many human GM1 patients, is most unusual.", "PMID": 83795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9235", "title": "The autonomic margins of safety of metocurine and d-tubocurarine in the cat.", "content": "The potencies of metocurine and d-tubocurarine for neuromuscular and autonomic blockade and histamine release were determined in cats anesthetized with chloralose and pentobarbital. The autonomic margins of safety of these drugs were determined by measuring the ratios of ED50 for sympathetic block to ED95 for neuromuscular block; ED50 for vagal block to ED95 for neuromuscular block; ED50 for histamine release to ED95 for neuromuscular block. Metocurine is 14 times more potent than d-tubocurarine as a neuromuscular blocking agent in the cat, but its autonomic blocking action is three times weaker than the of d-tubocurarine and its histamine-releasing action is less than half that of d-tubocurarine. The combination of higher neuromuscular blocking potency and weaker autonomic effect gives metocurine a much higher autonomic margin of safety than d-tubocurarine in the cat.", "contents": "The autonomic margins of safety of metocurine and d-tubocurarine in the cat. The potencies of metocurine and d-tubocurarine for neuromuscular and autonomic blockade and histamine release were determined in cats anesthetized with chloralose and pentobarbital. The autonomic margins of safety of these drugs were determined by measuring the ratios of ED50 for sympathetic block to ED95 for neuromuscular block; ED50 for vagal block to ED95 for neuromuscular block; ED50 for histamine release to ED95 for neuromuscular block. Metocurine is 14 times more potent than d-tubocurarine as a neuromuscular blocking agent in the cat, but its autonomic blocking action is three times weaker than the of d-tubocurarine and its histamine-releasing action is less than half that of d-tubocurarine. The combination of higher neuromuscular blocking potency and weaker autonomic effect gives metocurine a much higher autonomic margin of safety than d-tubocurarine in the cat.", "PMID": 83803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9236", "title": "[Enzymo-immunological estimations. Principles and applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagrams of the reactions of enzymo-immunological estimations are similar to those of radio-immunoassay. The only difference is that an enzymatic label is substituted on the antigen or the antibody for the isotopic label and that consequently a measurement of enzyme activity replaces isotopic counting. One must therefore add a further stage of substrate addition and a stage of enzyme reaction. There is however a technic which has no equivalent in radio-immunoassay, the EMIT system, where one measures the change in activity of a haptenised enzyme under the influence of the corresponding anti-haptene antibody. The author reviews the main problems raised by the first group of technics and gives a few examples of the results of estimation of alpha-foeto-protein obtained with 3 different reactions with fairly similar performances. The advantages and disadvantages of enzymo-immunologic technics are reviewed. The two major advantages seem to be the stability of the reagents and the fact that they avoid the administrative controls which restrict the use of isotopes.", "contents": "[Enzymo-immunological estimations. Principles and applications (author's transl)]. Diagrams of the reactions of enzymo-immunological estimations are similar to those of radio-immunoassay. The only difference is that an enzymatic label is substituted on the antigen or the antibody for the isotopic label and that consequently a measurement of enzyme activity replaces isotopic counting. One must therefore add a further stage of substrate addition and a stage of enzyme reaction. There is however a technic which has no equivalent in radio-immunoassay, the EMIT system, where one measures the change in activity of a haptenised enzyme under the influence of the corresponding anti-haptene antibody. The author reviews the main problems raised by the first group of technics and gives a few examples of the results of estimation of alpha-foeto-protein obtained with 3 different reactions with fairly similar performances. The advantages and disadvantages of enzymo-immunologic technics are reviewed. The two major advantages seem to be the stability of the reagents and the fact that they avoid the administrative controls which restrict the use of isotopes.", "PMID": 83805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9237", "title": "[Immuno-enzymatic estimation of steroids (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a reliable and sensitive estimation of progesterone using a conjugate progesterone IIalpha-h\u00e9mimaleate-beta galactosidase to identify the immunological reaction, the antibodies being obtained from the rabbit by means of a progesterone 11alpha-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. The free and bound fractions are separated by addition of rabbit antigamma globulin antibodies bound on glass beads by glutaraldehyde. This method is applied to estimations of cortisol and oestrone.", "contents": "[Immuno-enzymatic estimation of steroids (author's transl)]. The authors present a reliable and sensitive estimation of progesterone using a conjugate progesterone IIalpha-h\u00e9mimaleate-beta galactosidase to identify the immunological reaction, the antibodies being obtained from the rabbit by means of a progesterone 11alpha-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. The free and bound fractions are separated by addition of rabbit antigamma globulin antibodies bound on glass beads by glutaraldehyde. This method is applied to estimations of cortisol and oestrone.", "PMID": 83806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9238", "title": "A comparative study of Kystosol and glycine as irrigating solutions during transurethral prostatic resection.", "content": "The author has compared Kystosol and glycine as irrigating solutions during transurethral prostatic resection. Astrum analyses during the operations revealed the development of acidosis in half of the patients in the Kystosol group, whereas in the glycine group, only 4 out of 27 developed a slight decline of base excess. Development of acidosis was directly proportional to the volume of irrigation fluid used and the duration of the operation.", "contents": "A comparative study of Kystosol and glycine as irrigating solutions during transurethral prostatic resection. The author has compared Kystosol and glycine as irrigating solutions during transurethral prostatic resection. Astrum analyses during the operations revealed the development of acidosis in half of the patients in the Kystosol group, whereas in the glycine group, only 4 out of 27 developed a slight decline of base excess. Development of acidosis was directly proportional to the volume of irrigation fluid used and the duration of the operation.", "PMID": 83808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9239", "title": "[Rapid detection of viruses by electron microscopy. Interest of negative staining for the diagnosis of some skin lesions of viral origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Viral particles can be visualized by electron microscopy using negative staining. Such an approach, widely used in research, provides a method for detecting virions which are present in clinical specimens. It is considered to be the method of choice in cases with suspicion of smallpox. Direct visualization has been systematically applied for the diagnosis of viral diseases in dermatology. Negative staining by pseudoreplication appears to be simple, rapid and efficient. It was thus possible to detect viruses in vesicle fluids, in scrapings and in crusts. During the course of this study 66 cases have been analyzed and viruses have been demonstrated in 49. If a skin lesion seems to be of viral origin, direct examination may confirm the clinical impression.", "contents": "[Rapid detection of viruses by electron microscopy. Interest of negative staining for the diagnosis of some skin lesions of viral origin (author's transl)]. Viral particles can be visualized by electron microscopy using negative staining. Such an approach, widely used in research, provides a method for detecting virions which are present in clinical specimens. It is considered to be the method of choice in cases with suspicion of smallpox. Direct visualization has been systematically applied for the diagnosis of viral diseases in dermatology. Negative staining by pseudoreplication appears to be simple, rapid and efficient. It was thus possible to detect viruses in vesicle fluids, in scrapings and in crusts. During the course of this study 66 cases have been analyzed and viruses have been demonstrated in 49. If a skin lesion seems to be of viral origin, direct examination may confirm the clinical impression.", "PMID": 83807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9240", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in cobra venom factor-treated and C4-deficient guinea pigs.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in guinea pigs with an inherited deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) and in guinea pigs injected with cobra venom factor to deplete the third component and late-acting components of complement. EAE was elicited by immunization with homologous spinal cord or purified basic protein. Administration of cobra factor after the injection of encephalitogenic emulsion delayed the onset and reduced the intensity of the clinical manifestations of EAE. In addition, cobra factor markedly reduced mortality during the sixty days of observation. However, pathological changes of perivascular infiltration and demyelination were similar in cobra factor-treated and untreated animals. Clinical signs of EAE an mortality in C4-deficient guinea pigs were no different from those in normocomplementemic controls. Thus, although activation of the classic complement pathway does not appear to be involved in the production of EAE in guinea pigs, our results suggest a possible role of the alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of EAE.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in cobra venom factor-treated and C4-deficient guinea pigs. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in guinea pigs with an inherited deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) and in guinea pigs injected with cobra venom factor to deplete the third component and late-acting components of complement. EAE was elicited by immunization with homologous spinal cord or purified basic protein. Administration of cobra factor after the injection of encephalitogenic emulsion delayed the onset and reduced the intensity of the clinical manifestations of EAE. In addition, cobra factor markedly reduced mortality during the sixty days of observation. However, pathological changes of perivascular infiltration and demyelination were similar in cobra factor-treated and untreated animals. Clinical signs of EAE an mortality in C4-deficient guinea pigs were no different from those in normocomplementemic controls. Thus, although activation of the classic complement pathway does not appear to be involved in the production of EAE in guinea pigs, our results suggest a possible role of the alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of EAE.", "PMID": 83812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9241", "title": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives: pathology and pathogenesis.", "content": "Since 1973, over 200 cases of liver masses associated with oral contraceptive usage have been reported. Nearly 100 have been liver cell adenomas and 11 have been hepatocellular carcinomas. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) appears only coincidentally associated, but with a particular hemorrhagic tendency. Bile duct proliferation distinguishes FNH from liver cell adenoma. Two typical cases are presented. Right upper quadrant pain with intra-abdominal hemorrhage is the single most common clinical presentation. Mestranol-containing preparations appear more hazardous. Liver enzymes are usually normal or slightly elevated. Most cases are resectable. Lesions have regressed following discontinuation of pill use; however, close observation is required. Although mammalian liver possesses estrogen receptors, these agents have induced few or no liver tumors in numerous animal studies. Mutagenicity tests indicate that estrogenic compounds do not damage DNA. However, diethylstilbestrol can promote the growth of rat hepatomas initiated by a carcinogen. Further experimental studies may better characterize estrogens as hepatoma promoters.", "contents": "Liver tumors and oral contraceptives: pathology and pathogenesis. Since 1973, over 200 cases of liver masses associated with oral contraceptive usage have been reported. Nearly 100 have been liver cell adenomas and 11 have been hepatocellular carcinomas. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) appears only coincidentally associated, but with a particular hemorrhagic tendency. Bile duct proliferation distinguishes FNH from liver cell adenoma. Two typical cases are presented. Right upper quadrant pain with intra-abdominal hemorrhage is the single most common clinical presentation. Mestranol-containing preparations appear more hazardous. Liver enzymes are usually normal or slightly elevated. Most cases are resectable. Lesions have regressed following discontinuation of pill use; however, close observation is required. Although mammalian liver possesses estrogen receptors, these agents have induced few or no liver tumors in numerous animal studies. Mutagenicity tests indicate that estrogenic compounds do not damage DNA. However, diethylstilbestrol can promote the growth of rat hepatomas initiated by a carcinogen. Further experimental studies may better characterize estrogens as hepatoma promoters.", "PMID": 83809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9242", "title": "Large-scale production of mouse mammary tumor virus in the absence of endogenous murine leukemia virus.", "content": "A system for the large-scale production and purification of mouse mammary tumor virus in the absence of detectable endogenous murine leukemia virus is described. By utilizing the Mm5mt/c1 cell line established from an adenocarcinoma of a C3H mouse, the continuous production of over 25,000 liters of mouse mammary tumor virus-containing tissue culture fluids has been achieved. By the strict adherence to well-defined tissue culture conditions, mammary tumor virus production was accomplished without the expression of murine leukemia virus. Various biochemical and immunological systems were established for the rapid and precise detection of the endogenous leukemia virus, the expression of which could be enhanced under conditions of culture stress.", "contents": "Large-scale production of mouse mammary tumor virus in the absence of endogenous murine leukemia virus. A system for the large-scale production and purification of mouse mammary tumor virus in the absence of detectable endogenous murine leukemia virus is described. By utilizing the Mm5mt/c1 cell line established from an adenocarcinoma of a C3H mouse, the continuous production of over 25,000 liters of mouse mammary tumor virus-containing tissue culture fluids has been achieved. By the strict adherence to well-defined tissue culture conditions, mammary tumor virus production was accomplished without the expression of murine leukemia virus. Various biochemical and immunological systems were established for the rapid and precise detection of the endogenous leukemia virus, the expression of which could be enhanced under conditions of culture stress.", "PMID": 83813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9243", "title": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: I. Isolation.", "content": "A new purification procedure is described for the human prostatic acid phosphatase. The procedure included carboxy-methyl-Sephadex and Concanavalin A affinity column chromatography. The purified enzyme has a high specific enzyme activity and is free from any extraneous proteins judging from immunochemical criteria and biochemical criteria such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enyzme produced a monospecific anti-PAP antisera in animals and this anti-PAP antibody did not cross-react with other human acid phosphatases.", "contents": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: I. Isolation. A new purification procedure is described for the human prostatic acid phosphatase. The procedure included carboxy-methyl-Sephadex and Concanavalin A affinity column chromatography. The purified enzyme has a high specific enzyme activity and is free from any extraneous proteins judging from immunochemical criteria and biochemical criteria such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enyzme produced a monospecific anti-PAP antisera in animals and this anti-PAP antibody did not cross-react with other human acid phosphatases.", "PMID": 83814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9244", "title": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: II. A double--antibody radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) is presented. Experimental details are outlined to assess the reproducibility and reliability of the method under assay conditions. The upper limit of the serum PAP levels in the present assay was set at 2.4 ng/100 microliter by 162 determinations of normal serum samples. The serum PAP levels of patients with nonprostatic malignant tumors fell in the normal range, whereas the levels higher than 4.0 ng/100 microliter were found in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: II. A double--antibody radioimmunoassay. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) is presented. Experimental details are outlined to assess the reproducibility and reliability of the method under assay conditions. The upper limit of the serum PAP levels in the present assay was set at 2.4 ng/100 microliter by 162 determinations of normal serum samples. The serum PAP levels of patients with nonprostatic malignant tumors fell in the normal range, whereas the levels higher than 4.0 ng/100 microliter were found in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 83815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9245", "title": "Cytochemical identification of T and B cells in situ in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the rat, gerbil and cat.", "content": "The use of enzymes as markers of T or B cells in tissue sections has been studied in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat. Lymphocytes in the T-cell areas of murine lymph nodes and spleen contained discrete dots of non-specific esterase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-glucosaminidase) activity, with weak acid phosphatase activity. Lymphocytes in the B-cell areas lacked this discrete staining. Cortical thymocytes contained slight esterase activity while medullary thymocytes were strongly positive for both esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lymphocytes with a T-cell staining pattern were only occasionally seen in lymph nodes from Nude (nu/nu) mice. ATPase staining was restricted to lymphocytes in the B-cell areas; weak 5'-nucleotidase staining was only present in a frew lymphocytes in both T- and B-cell areas. Blast cells stimulated by in vivo injection of ConA or PHA in the mouse showed strong discrete enzyme activity for non-specific esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blast cells and cells within germinal centres lacked this discrete staining. Comparison of lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat suggested at least on enzymes as a T-cell marker in each species although considerable variation in staining profiles was seen in the different species.", "contents": "Cytochemical identification of T and B cells in situ in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the rat, gerbil and cat. The use of enzymes as markers of T or B cells in tissue sections has been studied in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat. Lymphocytes in the T-cell areas of murine lymph nodes and spleen contained discrete dots of non-specific esterase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-glucosaminidase) activity, with weak acid phosphatase activity. Lymphocytes in the B-cell areas lacked this discrete staining. Cortical thymocytes contained slight esterase activity while medullary thymocytes were strongly positive for both esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lymphocytes with a T-cell staining pattern were only occasionally seen in lymph nodes from Nude (nu/nu) mice. ATPase staining was restricted to lymphocytes in the B-cell areas; weak 5'-nucleotidase staining was only present in a frew lymphocytes in both T- and B-cell areas. Blast cells stimulated by in vivo injection of ConA or PHA in the mouse showed strong discrete enzyme activity for non-specific esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blast cells and cells within germinal centres lacked this discrete staining. Comparison of lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat suggested at least on enzymes as a T-cell marker in each species although considerable variation in staining profiles was seen in the different species.", "PMID": 83810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9246", "title": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: III. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid identification.", "content": "When serial dilution of standard prostatic acid phosphatases (PAP) was reacted with constant amounts of anti-PAP serum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), the detection end point of enzyme concentration was 0.25 ng in a 10 microliter sample volume. The PAP concentrations in unknowns can be quantitated by comparing the dilution end points of reference PAP with the testing samples. Serum PAP levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and CIEP using normal male and female sera and serum samples from patients with prostatic cancer and nonprostatic tumors. An excellent correlation was observed between the two assay results. According to RIA data, the concentration of PAP higher than 0.4 ng per 10 microliter (or 4.0 ng per 100 microliter) signify the elevation of serum or bone marrow PAP level beyond normal range (normal value 1.6 +/- 0.8 ng/100 microliter). Thus, the CIEP assay will be a simple and reliable screening method for the serum PAP levels in the clinical diagnosis of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: III. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid identification. When serial dilution of standard prostatic acid phosphatases (PAP) was reacted with constant amounts of anti-PAP serum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), the detection end point of enzyme concentration was 0.25 ng in a 10 microliter sample volume. The PAP concentrations in unknowns can be quantitated by comparing the dilution end points of reference PAP with the testing samples. Serum PAP levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and CIEP using normal male and female sera and serum samples from patients with prostatic cancer and nonprostatic tumors. An excellent correlation was observed between the two assay results. According to RIA data, the concentration of PAP higher than 0.4 ng per 10 microliter (or 4.0 ng per 100 microliter) signify the elevation of serum or bone marrow PAP level beyond normal range (normal value 1.6 +/- 0.8 ng/100 microliter). Thus, the CIEP assay will be a simple and reliable screening method for the serum PAP levels in the clinical diagnosis of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 83816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9247", "title": "Effect of glucose on 22Na+ efflux in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Glucose provokes an immediate and possibly sustained increase in the fractional outflow rate of 22Na+ in isolated islets of Langerhans.", "contents": "Effect of glucose on 22Na+ efflux in pancreatic islets. Glucose provokes an immediate and possibly sustained increase in the fractional outflow rate of 22Na+ in isolated islets of Langerhans.", "PMID": 83817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9248", "title": "Mechanism of T-cell suppression in tolerance to HGG: arguments in favor of a T-cell-T-cell interaction.", "content": "The specific soluble factor from suppressor T cells of CBA mice rendered tolerant to human gammaglobulin was further investigated. Immunochemical analysis proved the low zone tolerance (LZT) factor to be similar as the one described in high zone (HZT), e. g. absorbed by anti-Iak or IGG but not anti-HGG or anti-IgG. Molecular weight was ascribed as 45--55,000 by Sephadex chromatography and \"Amicon\" ultrafiltration. The HZT factor acts only if administered early after challenge, and on T cell as judged by double transfer experiments, suggesting impairment of early T-cell function (helper?) by suppressor cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of T-cell suppression in tolerance to HGG: arguments in favor of a T-cell-T-cell interaction. The specific soluble factor from suppressor T cells of CBA mice rendered tolerant to human gammaglobulin was further investigated. Immunochemical analysis proved the low zone tolerance (LZT) factor to be similar as the one described in high zone (HZT), e. g. absorbed by anti-Iak or IGG but not anti-HGG or anti-IgG. Molecular weight was ascribed as 45--55,000 by Sephadex chromatography and \"Amicon\" ultrafiltration. The HZT factor acts only if administered early after challenge, and on T cell as judged by double transfer experiments, suggesting impairment of early T-cell function (helper?) by suppressor cells.", "PMID": 83811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9249", "title": "Rat-liver cell compartition as revealed by correlations between redox-quotient changes following alloxan treatment, starvation, carbohydrate- and fat-diet.", "content": "As reported elsewhere (FERAUDI, 1976a & b), we have studied the mathematical relations between metabolite concentrations in the rat liver at various redox states and expressed them algebraically. In the present work we have measured the liver-cell concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, oxaloacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, ribulose 5-phosphate as pentose phosphates, gluconate 6-phosphate, isocitrate, aspartate in untreated and treated rats (alloxan-diabetic, insulin-treated alloxan-diabetic or starved rats as well as rats fed on carbohydrate- or fat diet). Through analysis of the algebraic correlation between metabolite concentrations, we arrived at the following statements: 1. Under certain physiological conditions the concentration of some metabolites in one compartment determines their total quantity in the cell; 2. NADP and NADPH are comparted within the cytosol; 3. Reduced cosubstrate/oxidized cosubstrate ratios of some enzymic reactions are under certain physiological conditions in mutual equilibrium; 4. Such relationships are first verified after treatment and therefore characterize the metabolite status.", "contents": "Rat-liver cell compartition as revealed by correlations between redox-quotient changes following alloxan treatment, starvation, carbohydrate- and fat-diet. As reported elsewhere (FERAUDI, 1976a & b), we have studied the mathematical relations between metabolite concentrations in the rat liver at various redox states and expressed them algebraically. In the present work we have measured the liver-cell concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, oxaloacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, 2-oxoglutarate, ribulose 5-phosphate as pentose phosphates, gluconate 6-phosphate, isocitrate, aspartate in untreated and treated rats (alloxan-diabetic, insulin-treated alloxan-diabetic or starved rats as well as rats fed on carbohydrate- or fat diet). Through analysis of the algebraic correlation between metabolite concentrations, we arrived at the following statements: 1. Under certain physiological conditions the concentration of some metabolites in one compartment determines their total quantity in the cell; 2. NADP and NADPH are comparted within the cytosol; 3. Reduced cosubstrate/oxidized cosubstrate ratios of some enzymic reactions are under certain physiological conditions in mutual equilibrium; 4. Such relationships are first verified after treatment and therefore characterize the metabolite status.", "PMID": 83818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9250", "title": "Dynamic dialysis utilizing a hollow fibre unit as a rapid method for studying protein binding.", "content": "A useful approach for determining the binding ability which occurres in a protein-small molecule system was studied by a method of dynamic dialysis utilizing a hollow fibre unit. A dependency on experimental variables in the absence of protein was examined in order to characterize the nature of the dialytic process. It was shown that the rate of small molecule escaped across the dialytic membrane was dependent on stirring or flowing rate, temperature and pH, but independent on buffer strength or viscosity. The protein binding ability was examined by means of comparing amounts of small molecules in the absence and presence of protein. Kinetic parameters for the binding behaviour analysed from the Scatchard plot in the present experiment were in agreement with values previously reported.", "contents": "Dynamic dialysis utilizing a hollow fibre unit as a rapid method for studying protein binding. A useful approach for determining the binding ability which occurres in a protein-small molecule system was studied by a method of dynamic dialysis utilizing a hollow fibre unit. A dependency on experimental variables in the absence of protein was examined in order to characterize the nature of the dialytic process. It was shown that the rate of small molecule escaped across the dialytic membrane was dependent on stirring or flowing rate, temperature and pH, but independent on buffer strength or viscosity. The protein binding ability was examined by means of comparing amounts of small molecules in the absence and presence of protein. Kinetic parameters for the binding behaviour analysed from the Scatchard plot in the present experiment were in agreement with values previously reported.", "PMID": 83820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9251", "title": "The relations between intestinal alkaline phosphatase and carbohydrates with regard to calcium absorption.", "content": "The effect of carbohydrates on calcium absorption were studied in situ following the injection of a solution containing CaCl2 (+45Ca) into the ileal loop. The increase in Ca absorption was proportional to the concentration of carbohydrates injected and could be attributed to a progressive increase in the duration of absorption. In the ileal loop, sorbitol was much more effective than L-arabinose at equal concentrations in activating absorption. Such differences in the action of these carbohydrates were also observed in vitro with alkaline phosphatase extracted from the ileum. The transphosphorylating effect of the enzyme was much more pronounced in the case of sorbitol. Since the carbohydrate is a phosphate acceptor, it might influence the duration of absorption by reducing the inhibition exerted by phosphate upon a transfer mechanism which involves phosphatase, another possibility is that carbohydrate could postpone calcium insolubility through the formation of a phosphocarbohydrate complex.", "contents": "The relations between intestinal alkaline phosphatase and carbohydrates with regard to calcium absorption. The effect of carbohydrates on calcium absorption were studied in situ following the injection of a solution containing CaCl2 (+45Ca) into the ileal loop. The increase in Ca absorption was proportional to the concentration of carbohydrates injected and could be attributed to a progressive increase in the duration of absorption. In the ileal loop, sorbitol was much more effective than L-arabinose at equal concentrations in activating absorption. Such differences in the action of these carbohydrates were also observed in vitro with alkaline phosphatase extracted from the ileum. The transphosphorylating effect of the enzyme was much more pronounced in the case of sorbitol. Since the carbohydrate is a phosphate acceptor, it might influence the duration of absorption by reducing the inhibition exerted by phosphate upon a transfer mechanism which involves phosphatase, another possibility is that carbohydrate could postpone calcium insolubility through the formation of a phosphocarbohydrate complex.", "PMID": 83821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9252", "title": "Tissue specific glucose-trehalose variations during spinning in the eri-silkworm, (Philosamia ricini).", "content": "The beginning of spinning process in Eri-silkworm is characterized by sharp fall in the levels of glucose and trehalose in silkgland which gets completely decomposed after 6 days of spinning. Fatbody actively synthesizes trehalose during early days of spinning which results in enhanced level of this disaccharide in haemolymph. On the other hand, decreased glucose concentration of body fluid during early days of spinning is apparently because of its absorption by silkgland for its energetic needs.", "contents": "Tissue specific glucose-trehalose variations during spinning in the eri-silkworm, (Philosamia ricini). The beginning of spinning process in Eri-silkworm is characterized by sharp fall in the levels of glucose and trehalose in silkgland which gets completely decomposed after 6 days of spinning. Fatbody actively synthesizes trehalose during early days of spinning which results in enhanced level of this disaccharide in haemolymph. On the other hand, decreased glucose concentration of body fluid during early days of spinning is apparently because of its absorption by silkgland for its energetic needs.", "PMID": 83822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9253", "title": "Diurnal rhythmicity in folic acid metabolism of rat liver and kidney.", "content": "In rat liver and kidney, tetrahydrofolate formylase activities show diurnal rhythms with maxima in the middle of the dark phase. The rhythms are not generated by de novo synthesis of enzyme protein. Dihydrofolate reductase activity is arrhythmic in both liver and kidney.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythmicity in folic acid metabolism of rat liver and kidney. In rat liver and kidney, tetrahydrofolate formylase activities show diurnal rhythms with maxima in the middle of the dark phase. The rhythms are not generated by de novo synthesis of enzyme protein. Dihydrofolate reductase activity is arrhythmic in both liver and kidney.", "PMID": 83823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9254", "title": "About some common biochemical and pharmacological properties of bile salts and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "Glyco- and tauro-deoxycholate, -chenodeoxycholate, -dehydrocholate and -cholate uncouple the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in this order of potency. They also induce pseudo-energized mitochondrial swelling and lymphocyte swelling in the same order of potency. Similar swelling properties were observed for glyco- and tauro-lithocholate. Glyco- and tauro-deoxycholate induce alkalinization of the intra-mitochondrial space as determined on bromothymol blue pre-loaded mitochondria. These two bile salts conjugates also increase the amount of -SH groups available on lymphocyte membranes for sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange reactions. All these biochemical properties have been described for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They could thus be implicated in the jaundice remission observed in various inflammatory states.", "contents": "About some common biochemical and pharmacological properties of bile salts and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Glyco- and tauro-deoxycholate, -chenodeoxycholate, -dehydrocholate and -cholate uncouple the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in this order of potency. They also induce pseudo-energized mitochondrial swelling and lymphocyte swelling in the same order of potency. Similar swelling properties were observed for glyco- and tauro-lithocholate. Glyco- and tauro-deoxycholate induce alkalinization of the intra-mitochondrial space as determined on bromothymol blue pre-loaded mitochondria. These two bile salts conjugates also increase the amount of -SH groups available on lymphocyte membranes for sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange reactions. All these biochemical properties have been described for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They could thus be implicated in the jaundice remission observed in various inflammatory states.", "PMID": 83825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9255", "title": "[Role of duodenal serotonin in the pharmacological effects of DOPA and dopamine in the isolated rat duodenum].", "content": "We have studied the responsibility of tissue serotonin reserves in the excito-motor effects induced by DOPA and dopamine on the isolated rat duodenum in vitro in certain experimental conditions. Two groups of experiments have been performed: first the determination of serotonin endogenous stores after administration of repeated high doses of DOPA and dopamine in the organ bath, secondly the evaluation of motor effects of DOPA and dopamine on rat duodenums experimentally depleted of their endogenous serotonin stores. Serotonin levels were lowered after DOPA and the excito-motor effect of this compound was suppressed in serotonin-depleted duodenums. After dopamine, serotonin tissue levels were not significantly lowered, and the excito-motor effect was observed whatever the serotonin stores may be, depleted or not. Our results are consistent with a relationship between the excito-motor effects of DOPA and serotonin release from endogenous stores; but, concerning dopamine, experimental proofs supporting this hypothesis have not been obtained.", "contents": "[Role of duodenal serotonin in the pharmacological effects of DOPA and dopamine in the isolated rat duodenum]. We have studied the responsibility of tissue serotonin reserves in the excito-motor effects induced by DOPA and dopamine on the isolated rat duodenum in vitro in certain experimental conditions. Two groups of experiments have been performed: first the determination of serotonin endogenous stores after administration of repeated high doses of DOPA and dopamine in the organ bath, secondly the evaluation of motor effects of DOPA and dopamine on rat duodenums experimentally depleted of their endogenous serotonin stores. Serotonin levels were lowered after DOPA and the excito-motor effect of this compound was suppressed in serotonin-depleted duodenums. After dopamine, serotonin tissue levels were not significantly lowered, and the excito-motor effect was observed whatever the serotonin stores may be, depleted or not. Our results are consistent with a relationship between the excito-motor effects of DOPA and serotonin release from endogenous stores; but, concerning dopamine, experimental proofs supporting this hypothesis have not been obtained.", "PMID": 83826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9256", "title": "Effect of massive proximal small bowel resection on intestinal brush border membrane proteins in the dog.", "content": "Dog enterocyte brush border proteins have been studied after a 75% proximal resection of the small bowel. This study was carried on microvillar membrane preparations purified from ileal mucosa sampled before and after regeneration on neighbouring intestinal segments, each animal acting as its own control. After six weeks of regeneration a statistically significant decrease of the following enzyme specific activities was observed: lactase, cellobiase, maltase, sucrase, palatinase, dextranase, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Analysis of brush border proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate have shown after regeneration a decreased rate for the proteins with a molecular weight higher than 100,000 daltons. Modifications of electrophoretic patterns seem to be related to the specific activity decreases observed for brush border enzymes after regeneration, since the molecular weight of these enzymes were found between 116,000 and 285,000 daltons, after gel filtration.", "contents": "Effect of massive proximal small bowel resection on intestinal brush border membrane proteins in the dog. Dog enterocyte brush border proteins have been studied after a 75% proximal resection of the small bowel. This study was carried on microvillar membrane preparations purified from ileal mucosa sampled before and after regeneration on neighbouring intestinal segments, each animal acting as its own control. After six weeks of regeneration a statistically significant decrease of the following enzyme specific activities was observed: lactase, cellobiase, maltase, sucrase, palatinase, dextranase, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Analysis of brush border proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate have shown after regeneration a decreased rate for the proteins with a molecular weight higher than 100,000 daltons. Modifications of electrophoretic patterns seem to be related to the specific activity decreases observed for brush border enzymes after regeneration, since the molecular weight of these enzymes were found between 116,000 and 285,000 daltons, after gel filtration.", "PMID": 83827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9257", "title": "Interaction of phenolsulphonphthalein dyes with rabbit plasma and rabbit serum albumin.", "content": "Interaction of various substituted phenolsulphonphthalein dyes to rabbit plasma and rabbit serum albumin has been studied by ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry. The results obtained by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis showed that the degree of binding of these dyes to protein increases in the following order: Phenol red less than bromophenol blue less than bromocresol green less than bromothymol blue. Analysis of binding results revealed that five molecules of bromothymol blue bound very strongly to a molecule of rabbit albumin, whereas only two and three molecules of bromophenol blue and bromocresol green strongly interact with the protein, respectively. It is suggested that strong binding of these substances to protein may be related to the hydrophobicity of these compounds. Finally, an attempt has been made to evaluate the possibility, whether the spectral changes occurred during interaction of dyes to albumin can be utilized for the determination of binding of these ligands to proteins.", "contents": "Interaction of phenolsulphonphthalein dyes with rabbit plasma and rabbit serum albumin. Interaction of various substituted phenolsulphonphthalein dyes to rabbit plasma and rabbit serum albumin has been studied by ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry. The results obtained by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis showed that the degree of binding of these dyes to protein increases in the following order: Phenol red less than bromophenol blue less than bromocresol green less than bromothymol blue. Analysis of binding results revealed that five molecules of bromothymol blue bound very strongly to a molecule of rabbit albumin, whereas only two and three molecules of bromophenol blue and bromocresol green strongly interact with the protein, respectively. It is suggested that strong binding of these substances to protein may be related to the hydrophobicity of these compounds. Finally, an attempt has been made to evaluate the possibility, whether the spectral changes occurred during interaction of dyes to albumin can be utilized for the determination of binding of these ligands to proteins.", "PMID": 83828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9258", "title": "Effects of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat slow and fast muscles: selective inhibition of denervation changes by actinomycin D.", "content": "Actinomycin D abolishes the post denervation increase in inorganic phosphate flow observed in the fast gastrocnemius muscle. In the slow soleus muscle, the initial decrease in phosphate flow is unaffected but the secondary rise is suppressed in the same manner as in the fast muscle. These observations put the post denervation increase in inorganic phosphate flow on a par with the development of extrajunctional cholinergic receptors in being the result of the synthesis of new proteins. It has the added advantage of being suitable to quantitative assessment at the whole muscle level.", "contents": "Effects of denervation on the rate of entry of inorganic phosphate into rat slow and fast muscles: selective inhibition of denervation changes by actinomycin D. Actinomycin D abolishes the post denervation increase in inorganic phosphate flow observed in the fast gastrocnemius muscle. In the slow soleus muscle, the initial decrease in phosphate flow is unaffected but the secondary rise is suppressed in the same manner as in the fast muscle. These observations put the post denervation increase in inorganic phosphate flow on a par with the development of extrajunctional cholinergic receptors in being the result of the synthesis of new proteins. It has the added advantage of being suitable to quantitative assessment at the whole muscle level.", "PMID": 83829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9259", "title": "[Effects of diets rich in triglycerides and phospholipids on lipase and phospholipase A activities in rat pancreatic juice and pancreas].", "content": "Lipase and phospholipase A activities were increased in the pancreas and pancreatic juice of rats ingesting during two months 20% phospholipids- or triglycerides-rich diets. The activity of lipase is higher with the triglycerides-rich diet and the phospholipase A activity is higher with the phospholipids-rich diet. After seven days of the experiment, these two enzymes activities were less increased with diet containing 40% lipids.", "contents": "[Effects of diets rich in triglycerides and phospholipids on lipase and phospholipase A activities in rat pancreatic juice and pancreas]. Lipase and phospholipase A activities were increased in the pancreas and pancreatic juice of rats ingesting during two months 20% phospholipids- or triglycerides-rich diets. The activity of lipase is higher with the triglycerides-rich diet and the phospholipase A activity is higher with the phospholipids-rich diet. After seven days of the experiment, these two enzymes activities were less increased with diet containing 40% lipids.", "PMID": 83830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9260", "title": "[Comparison between the potential maps, first measured in a Rijlant's vectocardiographic network and secondly calculated for a homogenous sphere when, in both cases, the source and the sink are opposite on the external boundary].", "content": "In order to predict quantitatively how a Rijlant's vectocardiographic network operates, we did calculate the electrical potential map generated by two opposite poles situated at the ends of a diameter in a conducting sphere isolated on its external boundary. We also measured the potentials similarly arising at each point of the network. The relation between the corresponding values may be usefully approximated. These relations are the best ones but by no means the only ones, and thus any generalization is not yet possible.", "contents": "[Comparison between the potential maps, first measured in a Rijlant's vectocardiographic network and secondly calculated for a homogenous sphere when, in both cases, the source and the sink are opposite on the external boundary]. In order to predict quantitatively how a Rijlant's vectocardiographic network operates, we did calculate the electrical potential map generated by two opposite poles situated at the ends of a diameter in a conducting sphere isolated on its external boundary. We also measured the potentials similarly arising at each point of the network. The relation between the corresponding values may be usefully approximated. These relations are the best ones but by no means the only ones, and thus any generalization is not yet possible.", "PMID": 83831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9261", "title": "[Evaluation of sino-atrial function using the method of extrasystole induced by constant-relative premature impulses. 1. Method and normal results].", "content": "Atrial pacemaking under conditions of relative constancy (40 or 50% of the preceding cycle) enables us to calculate the immediate sino-atrial conduction time (retrograde and antegrade) (SACT). 17 patients were chosen for their normal sino-atrial function under spontaneous changes of the sinus cycle (SC). In each case, a significant inverse linear relationship was found between SACT and the corresponding SC. The mean correlation slope was -0.36 in 10 patients with no post-pacing depression (PPD). The slope was greater in 7 patients with a PPD (-0.89); if this depression is taken into account when the SACT is calculated, the slope decreases. In 5 patients, atropine (1 mg I.V. reduced the mean value of SC, and shortened (constant relative value) the SACT. The mechanisms for the spontaneous and induced variations in the sinus output are discussed; it may be that there are substitute pacemakers within the cells of the sino-artrial node, which are affected by variations in sympathetic or parasympathetic activity or by pacing. In clinical practice, automatism and conduction with the sinus node should be interpreted as inter-related functions, both under normal conditions and after vagal block.", "contents": "[Evaluation of sino-atrial function using the method of extrasystole induced by constant-relative premature impulses. 1. Method and normal results]. Atrial pacemaking under conditions of relative constancy (40 or 50% of the preceding cycle) enables us to calculate the immediate sino-atrial conduction time (retrograde and antegrade) (SACT). 17 patients were chosen for their normal sino-atrial function under spontaneous changes of the sinus cycle (SC). In each case, a significant inverse linear relationship was found between SACT and the corresponding SC. The mean correlation slope was -0.36 in 10 patients with no post-pacing depression (PPD). The slope was greater in 7 patients with a PPD (-0.89); if this depression is taken into account when the SACT is calculated, the slope decreases. In 5 patients, atropine (1 mg I.V. reduced the mean value of SC, and shortened (constant relative value) the SACT. The mechanisms for the spontaneous and induced variations in the sinus output are discussed; it may be that there are substitute pacemakers within the cells of the sino-artrial node, which are affected by variations in sympathetic or parasympathetic activity or by pacing. In clinical practice, automatism and conduction with the sinus node should be interpreted as inter-related functions, both under normal conditions and after vagal block.", "PMID": 83856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9262", "title": "[Evaluation of sino-atrial function using the method of extrasystole induced by constant-relative premature impulses. 2. Application in 50 normal and abnormal studies].", "content": "The total immediate sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) as calculated by constant relative pacing, 40 or 50% of the immediate sinus cycle (SC), normally varies inversely with the SC. 50 patients were investigated by this method. In 38 patients without sino-atrial block (SAB) on the surface ECG, it was found that the mean slope of correlation between SACT and SC varied with the shape of the curve of Strauss and with the presence or absence of a post-pacing depression. The smallest slope was found in the group in which the curve of Strauss was horizontal in zone II, and in which there was no depression. In the groups with a rising zone II, comparative use of pacing with a fixed relationship in milliseconds suggested a phenomenon of decreasing retrograde conduction. In cases with sinus arrhythmia and a Strauss curve with scattered coordinates, the relationship between SACT and SC was maintained. 1st degree right-sided SAB should therefore be defined as a function of the immediate SC. In 12 other patients with SAB on the surface ECG, the immediate SACT was greatly lengthened so as to be immeasurable, and bore no relationship to the SC.", "contents": "[Evaluation of sino-atrial function using the method of extrasystole induced by constant-relative premature impulses. 2. Application in 50 normal and abnormal studies]. The total immediate sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) as calculated by constant relative pacing, 40 or 50% of the immediate sinus cycle (SC), normally varies inversely with the SC. 50 patients were investigated by this method. In 38 patients without sino-atrial block (SAB) on the surface ECG, it was found that the mean slope of correlation between SACT and SC varied with the shape of the curve of Strauss and with the presence or absence of a post-pacing depression. The smallest slope was found in the group in which the curve of Strauss was horizontal in zone II, and in which there was no depression. In the groups with a rising zone II, comparative use of pacing with a fixed relationship in milliseconds suggested a phenomenon of decreasing retrograde conduction. In cases with sinus arrhythmia and a Strauss curve with scattered coordinates, the relationship between SACT and SC was maintained. 1st degree right-sided SAB should therefore be defined as a function of the immediate SC. In 12 other patients with SAB on the surface ECG, the immediate SACT was greatly lengthened so as to be immeasurable, and bore no relationship to the SC.", "PMID": 83857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9263", "title": "[Possibilities and various results of the use of contact microscopy in pathological practice].", "content": "A method for tissue staining for contact microscopy is described. Preliminary results of using a contact microscope in histological examinations of operation, biopsy and autopsy materials are presented. The proposed method permits a rapid microscopic diagnostic examination of diverse pathological material in any dissecting room of wide profile.", "contents": "[Possibilities and various results of the use of contact microscopy in pathological practice]. A method for tissue staining for contact microscopy is described. Preliminary results of using a contact microscope in histological examinations of operation, biopsy and autopsy materials are presented. The proposed method permits a rapid microscopic diagnostic examination of diverse pathological material in any dissecting room of wide profile.", "PMID": 83859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9264", "title": "[Use of semithin sections from epoxy blocks in the cytological analysis of the retina].", "content": "The cytological features of the cell structure of various layers of the retina are revealed better and with greater detail when semi-thin sections from epoxy blocks are stained with basophilic stains (toluidine blue, methylene blue, thionine) than when conventional histological sections are stained with the same stains. Semi-thin sections are suitable for light microscope cytological analysis of relatively large segments of the retina (3 X 8 mm). In future, this material will probably be used for electron microscopic examinations. The currently available methods for staining of semi-thin sections with basophilic stains are relatively simple and produce stable results.", "contents": "[Use of semithin sections from epoxy blocks in the cytological analysis of the retina]. The cytological features of the cell structure of various layers of the retina are revealed better and with greater detail when semi-thin sections from epoxy blocks are stained with basophilic stains (toluidine blue, methylene blue, thionine) than when conventional histological sections are stained with the same stains. Semi-thin sections are suitable for light microscope cytological analysis of relatively large segments of the retina (3 X 8 mm). In future, this material will probably be used for electron microscopic examinations. The currently available methods for staining of semi-thin sections with basophilic stains are relatively simple and produce stable results.", "PMID": 83860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9265", "title": "Routine antenatal tests.", "content": "Numerous tests have been proposed in recent years to screen the antenatal population for various diseases which might contribute to perinatal and even maternal morbidity and mortality. Screening tests of any kind are currently the centre of controversy as measures are being strenuously taken to contain health costs. This paper critically examines twelve such screening tests.", "contents": "Routine antenatal tests. Numerous tests have been proposed in recent years to screen the antenatal population for various diseases which might contribute to perinatal and even maternal morbidity and mortality. Screening tests of any kind are currently the centre of controversy as measures are being strenuously taken to contain health costs. This paper critically examines twelve such screening tests.", "PMID": 83861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9266", "title": "Carcinoma of the large bowel in patients aged 70 years and older.", "content": "In a prospective series of 443 cases of large-bowel cancer there were 192 cases occurring in patients aged 70 years and over. The resectability rate in this group was 84.9% and was almost identical with that of the whole series (84.6%). There was an overall operative mortality rate of 7.3% in the older age group, compared with 6.4% in the whole series. However, when octogenarians were considered, the resectability rate fell to 74.6% and the overall operative mortality rate increased to 19%. In the treatment of large-bowel cancer it would seem that special consideration should be given to octogenarians.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the large bowel in patients aged 70 years and older. In a prospective series of 443 cases of large-bowel cancer there were 192 cases occurring in patients aged 70 years and over. The resectability rate in this group was 84.9% and was almost identical with that of the whole series (84.6%). There was an overall operative mortality rate of 7.3% in the older age group, compared with 6.4% in the whole series. However, when octogenarians were considered, the resectability rate fell to 74.6% and the overall operative mortality rate increased to 19%. In the treatment of large-bowel cancer it would seem that special consideration should be given to octogenarians.", "PMID": 83862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9267", "title": "Immunogenetic study on the polymorphism of serum alpha2-lipoproteins in mink. II. Identification of allotypes Lpm-7 and Lpm-8 and genetic control of seven markers of the Lpm system.", "content": "By means of alloimmunization of mink, two new antigens, Lpm-7 and Lpm-8, were detected in their sera. Lpm-7 and Lpm-8 allospecificities were referred to a very high density alpha2-lipoprotein (Lpm) by the following criteria: histochemical tests, immunoelectrophoresis, preparative ultracentrifugation, and coalescence of alloprecipitates with heteroprecipitates in double diffusion tests. Genetic analysis indicated that Lpm-7 and Lpm-8, together with the earlier described Lpm-1, Lpm-2, Lpm-3, Lpm-4, and Lpm-5, share a common immunogenetic system. Polymorphism for the seven markers is conditioned by the genetic units Lpm8, Lpm4, Lpm4,8, Lpm4,7, Lpm3,4,8, Lpm1,8, Lpm1,2,7, and Lpm2,4,5,7, which behave as alleles. Of these units, the latter six are probably haploid sets of closely linked genes.", "contents": "Immunogenetic study on the polymorphism of serum alpha2-lipoproteins in mink. II. Identification of allotypes Lpm-7 and Lpm-8 and genetic control of seven markers of the Lpm system. By means of alloimmunization of mink, two new antigens, Lpm-7 and Lpm-8, were detected in their sera. Lpm-7 and Lpm-8 allospecificities were referred to a very high density alpha2-lipoprotein (Lpm) by the following criteria: histochemical tests, immunoelectrophoresis, preparative ultracentrifugation, and coalescence of alloprecipitates with heteroprecipitates in double diffusion tests. Genetic analysis indicated that Lpm-7 and Lpm-8, together with the earlier described Lpm-1, Lpm-2, Lpm-3, Lpm-4, and Lpm-5, share a common immunogenetic system. Polymorphism for the seven markers is conditioned by the genetic units Lpm8, Lpm4, Lpm4,8, Lpm4,7, Lpm3,4,8, Lpm1,8, Lpm1,2,7, and Lpm2,4,5,7, which behave as alleles. Of these units, the latter six are probably haploid sets of closely linked genes.", "PMID": 83863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9268", "title": "Effects of zinc ion on the conformation of antigenic determinants on insulin.", "content": "Comparison of c.d. spectra of Zn-insulin with Zn2+-free insulin demonstrated significant differences. It has been proposed that these differences are due to either changes in the structure of insulin monomers within aggregated insulins or the results of insulin aggregation. The effect of Zn2+ on the immunological activity of insulin indicated that the antigenic determinants of insulin were also altered. The apparent loss of immunological activity of monoiodotyrosylinsulin was demonstrated to be due to the loss of Zn2+ rather than the substitution of iodine. The immunological activity of Zn-insulin and Zn2+-free insulin was compared in both the radioimmune and immune haemolysis-inhibition assays by using an identical population of antibodies and concentrations of inhibitor. Relative to Zn-insulin, Zn2+-free insulin had a markedly attenuated immunological activity in the immune haemolysis-inhibition assay, whereas in the radioimmune assay slightly greater immunological activity was observed with the Zn2+-free insulin. These observations are submitted as evidence that the removal of Zn2+ perturbs the conformation of determinants that react with antibodies operative in the immune haemolysis-inhibition assay (immune haemolysis determinants) and has a minimal effect on the conformation of determinants that react with antibodies operative in the radioimmune assay (radioimmune determinants).", "contents": "Effects of zinc ion on the conformation of antigenic determinants on insulin. Comparison of c.d. spectra of Zn-insulin with Zn2+-free insulin demonstrated significant differences. It has been proposed that these differences are due to either changes in the structure of insulin monomers within aggregated insulins or the results of insulin aggregation. The effect of Zn2+ on the immunological activity of insulin indicated that the antigenic determinants of insulin were also altered. The apparent loss of immunological activity of monoiodotyrosylinsulin was demonstrated to be due to the loss of Zn2+ rather than the substitution of iodine. The immunological activity of Zn-insulin and Zn2+-free insulin was compared in both the radioimmune and immune haemolysis-inhibition assays by using an identical population of antibodies and concentrations of inhibitor. Relative to Zn-insulin, Zn2+-free insulin had a markedly attenuated immunological activity in the immune haemolysis-inhibition assay, whereas in the radioimmune assay slightly greater immunological activity was observed with the Zn2+-free insulin. These observations are submitted as evidence that the removal of Zn2+ perturbs the conformation of determinants that react with antibodies operative in the immune haemolysis-inhibition assay (immune haemolysis determinants) and has a minimal effect on the conformation of determinants that react with antibodies operative in the radioimmune assay (radioimmune determinants).", "PMID": 83864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9269", "title": "Rat alpha-foetoprotein. Purification, physicochemical characterization, oestrogen-binding properties and chemical modification of the thiol group.", "content": "1. Rat alpha-foetoprotein, an oestrogen-binding foetal globulin, was isolated in large quantities from amniotic fluid and serum by preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slab gels or by chromatography on an immunoadsorbent column. Subsequently the two electrophoretic forms of this protein were separated by electrophoresis on the same medium. 2. Both forms were found to show identical binding with oestradiol. From the extrinsic fluorescence of the bound dye 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid it was shown that the polarity of the binding site is practically identical for both forms. One residue of tryptophan was determined for both forms. The two electrophoretic variants display the same amount of secondary structure as demonstrated by circular dichroism. 3. The affinity of total alpha-foetoprotein for oestradiol as a function of pH was studied by using a Sephadex G-25 gel-equilibration method. Maximal binding occurred at pH8.5. Only a fractional number of binding sites per molecule could be measured at pH7.4, whereas at higher pH the number of sites was very close to unity. There was no significant effect of pH on the value of the association constant (K(a)=4.3x10(7)+/-1.2x10(7)m(-1)). 4. Displacement experiments of bound labelled oestradiol with various steroids have permitted investigation of the specificity of alpha-foetoprotein. This foetal globulin binds rather strongly compounds that display the rigid structure of the oestratriene skeleton (oestradiol, oestrone). Diminished binding for diethylstilboestrol and a diethylstilboestrol affinity label was observed. No binding was measured with a more flexible structure such as hexoestrol [4,4'-(1,2-diethylethane-1,2-diyl)bisphenol]. 5. Chemical modification of cysteine residues of alpha-foetoprotein with two alkylating reagents [iodoacetic acid and 8-[N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid] has very little effect on the oestrogen binding. It is suggested that the oestrogen-binding site does not contain a cysteine residue. From the kinetics of alkylation and from the fluorescence properties of the chemically bound thiol reagent 8-[N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid], it was demonstrated that the very-slow-reacting thiol group is probably located in a non-polar region of the molecule.", "contents": "Rat alpha-foetoprotein. Purification, physicochemical characterization, oestrogen-binding properties and chemical modification of the thiol group. 1. Rat alpha-foetoprotein, an oestrogen-binding foetal globulin, was isolated in large quantities from amniotic fluid and serum by preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slab gels or by chromatography on an immunoadsorbent column. Subsequently the two electrophoretic forms of this protein were separated by electrophoresis on the same medium. 2. Both forms were found to show identical binding with oestradiol. From the extrinsic fluorescence of the bound dye 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid it was shown that the polarity of the binding site is practically identical for both forms. One residue of tryptophan was determined for both forms. The two electrophoretic variants display the same amount of secondary structure as demonstrated by circular dichroism. 3. The affinity of total alpha-foetoprotein for oestradiol as a function of pH was studied by using a Sephadex G-25 gel-equilibration method. Maximal binding occurred at pH8.5. Only a fractional number of binding sites per molecule could be measured at pH7.4, whereas at higher pH the number of sites was very close to unity. There was no significant effect of pH on the value of the association constant (K(a)=4.3x10(7)+/-1.2x10(7)m(-1)). 4. Displacement experiments of bound labelled oestradiol with various steroids have permitted investigation of the specificity of alpha-foetoprotein. This foetal globulin binds rather strongly compounds that display the rigid structure of the oestratriene skeleton (oestradiol, oestrone). Diminished binding for diethylstilboestrol and a diethylstilboestrol affinity label was observed. No binding was measured with a more flexible structure such as hexoestrol [4,4'-(1,2-diethylethane-1,2-diyl)bisphenol]. 5. Chemical modification of cysteine residues of alpha-foetoprotein with two alkylating reagents [iodoacetic acid and 8-[N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid] has very little effect on the oestrogen binding. It is suggested that the oestrogen-binding site does not contain a cysteine residue. From the kinetics of alkylation and from the fluorescence properties of the chemically bound thiol reagent 8-[N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid], it was demonstrated that the very-slow-reacting thiol group is probably located in a non-polar region of the molecule.", "PMID": 83865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9270", "title": "A comparison of maternal serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from women with normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. An analysis of the results obtained in normal pregnancy was made using arithmetic and semi-logarithmic scales, and a statistical conversion of the AFP values in relation to gestational age was introduced to allow an easier interpretation of results. In pre-eclampsia, significantly lower mean AFP values were obtained, with the majority of individual values being lower than the mean for normal pregnancy. These low levels were not associated with fetal death, but appeared to be related to the severity of disease. The significance of these findings remains to be evaluated.", "contents": "A comparison of maternal serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from women with normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. An analysis of the results obtained in normal pregnancy was made using arithmetic and semi-logarithmic scales, and a statistical conversion of the AFP values in relation to gestational age was introduced to allow an easier interpretation of results. In pre-eclampsia, significantly lower mean AFP values were obtained, with the majority of individual values being lower than the mean for normal pregnancy. These low levels were not associated with fetal death, but appeared to be related to the severity of disease. The significance of these findings remains to be evaluated.", "PMID": 83874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9271", "title": "Hematologic and serologic studies in 6-sulfanilamidoindazole arthritis.", "content": "6-sulfanilamidoindazole (6-SAI), an antibacterial sulfonamide, is known to cause an acute, self-limited inflammatory reaction in the hind paws of older rats. Administration of 6-SAI results in hyperfibrinogenemia which precedes the onset of clinical arthritis. The hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with the prolongation of dilute blood clot lysis times, appearance of heparin-precipitable fibrinogen, elevations in fibrin degradation products, and complement titers and serum electrophoretic pattern changes that consist of decreased albumin concentrations and increased beta globulin concentrations. Alterations in 6-SAI medicated young rats are less marked and require higher doses.", "contents": "Hematologic and serologic studies in 6-sulfanilamidoindazole arthritis. 6-sulfanilamidoindazole (6-SAI), an antibacterial sulfonamide, is known to cause an acute, self-limited inflammatory reaction in the hind paws of older rats. Administration of 6-SAI results in hyperfibrinogenemia which precedes the onset of clinical arthritis. The hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with the prolongation of dilute blood clot lysis times, appearance of heparin-precipitable fibrinogen, elevations in fibrin degradation products, and complement titers and serum electrophoretic pattern changes that consist of decreased albumin concentrations and increased beta globulin concentrations. Alterations in 6-SAI medicated young rats are less marked and require higher doses.", "PMID": 83871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9272", "title": "Inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis and induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in permeable sarcoma  cell by bleomycin.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by bleomycin in isolated rat liver nuclei and in permeable mouse ascites sarcoma cells. ATP significantly enhanced the bleomycin effect of inducing unscheduled DNA synthesis. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited by bleomycin. The apparent inhibition or stimulation by bleomycin of in vitro DNA synthesis was thought to be determined by a balance between inhibited DNA replicase activity and induced unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis and induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in permeable sarcoma  cell by bleomycin. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by bleomycin in isolated rat liver nuclei and in permeable mouse ascites sarcoma cells. ATP significantly enhanced the bleomycin effect of inducing unscheduled DNA synthesis. Replicative DNA synthesis in permeable mouse ascites sarcoma cells was inhibited by bleomycin. The apparent inhibition or stimulation by bleomycin of in vitro DNA synthesis was thought to be determined by a balance between inhibited DNA replicase activity and induced unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 83875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9273", "title": "Aminoacylation of undermethylated mammalian transfer RNA.", "content": "To study the role of 5-methylcytidine in the aminoacylation of mammalian tRNA, bulk tRNA specifically deficient in 5-methylcytidine was isolated from the livers of mice treated with 5-azacytidine (18 mg/kg) for 4 days. For comparison, more extensively altered tRNA was isolated from the livers of mice treated with DL-ethionine (100 mg/kg) plus adenine (48 mg/kg) for 3 days. The amino acid acceptor capacity of these tRNAs was determined by measuring the incorporation of one of eight different 14C-labeled amino acids or a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids in homologous assays using a crude synthetase preparation isolated from untreated mice. The 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA incorporated each amino acid to the same extent as fully methylated tRNA. The tRNA from DL-ethionine-treated livers showed an overall decreased amino-acylation capacity for all amino acids tested. The 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA from DL-ethionine-treated mice were further characterized as substrates in homologous rate assays designed to determine the Km and V of the aminoacylation reaction using four individual 14C-labeled amino acids and a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids. The Km and V of the reactions for all amino acids tested using 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA as substrate were essentially the same as for fully methylated tRNA. However, the Km and V were increased when liver tRNA from mice treated with DL-ethionine plus adenine was used as substrate in the rate reaction with [14C]lysine as label. Our results suggest that although extensively altered tRNA is a poorer substrate than control tRNA in both extent and rate of aminoacylation, 5-methylcytidine in mammalian tRNA is not involved in the recognition of the tRNA by the synthetase as measured by aminoacylation activity.", "contents": "Aminoacylation of undermethylated mammalian transfer RNA. To study the role of 5-methylcytidine in the aminoacylation of mammalian tRNA, bulk tRNA specifically deficient in 5-methylcytidine was isolated from the livers of mice treated with 5-azacytidine (18 mg/kg) for 4 days. For comparison, more extensively altered tRNA was isolated from the livers of mice treated with DL-ethionine (100 mg/kg) plus adenine (48 mg/kg) for 3 days. The amino acid acceptor capacity of these tRNAs was determined by measuring the incorporation of one of eight different 14C-labeled amino acids or a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids in homologous assays using a crude synthetase preparation isolated from untreated mice. The 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA incorporated each amino acid to the same extent as fully methylated tRNA. The tRNA from DL-ethionine-treated livers showed an overall decreased amino-acylation capacity for all amino acids tested. The 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA from DL-ethionine-treated mice were further characterized as substrates in homologous rate assays designed to determine the Km and V of the aminoacylation reaction using four individual 14C-labeled amino acids and a mixture of 14C-labeled amino acids. The Km and V of the reactions for all amino acids tested using 5-methylcytidine-deficient tRNA as substrate were essentially the same as for fully methylated tRNA. However, the Km and V were increased when liver tRNA from mice treated with DL-ethionine plus adenine was used as substrate in the rate reaction with [14C]lysine as label. Our results suggest that although extensively altered tRNA is a poorer substrate than control tRNA in both extent and rate of aminoacylation, 5-methylcytidine in mammalian tRNA is not involved in the recognition of the tRNA by the synthetase as measured by aminoacylation activity.", "PMID": 83876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9274", "title": "Informosomal and polysomal messenger RNA. Differential kinetics of polyadenylation and nucleocytoplasmic transport in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "The relative kinetics of cytoplasmic appearance and polyadenylation were determined for informosomal (ribosome-free) and polysomal (ribosome-associated) mRNAs of cultured Chinese hamster cells. Label appeared in polysomal mRNA 17--20 min and into informosomal mRNA 2--5 min after addition of radio-labelled uridine. Adenosine appeared in polysomal mRNA 4--5 min before uridine. In contrast, adenosine label preceded uridine into informosomal mRNA by less than 1 min. About one-third of newly formed informosomal and two-thirds of newly formed polysomal mRNA are poly(A+). The data indicate that newly formed informosomal mRNA cannot be simple precursor to polysomal mRNA. Further, the pronounced difference in time required for polyadenylation and cytoplasmic  appearances of these messenger ribonucleoproteins suggests that there may be fundamental differences in their mode of processing.", "contents": "Informosomal and polysomal messenger RNA. Differential kinetics of polyadenylation and nucleocytoplasmic transport in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative kinetics of cytoplasmic appearance and polyadenylation were determined for informosomal (ribosome-free) and polysomal (ribosome-associated) mRNAs of cultured Chinese hamster cells. Label appeared in polysomal mRNA 17--20 min and into informosomal mRNA 2--5 min after addition of radio-labelled uridine. Adenosine appeared in polysomal mRNA 4--5 min before uridine. In contrast, adenosine label preceded uridine into informosomal mRNA by less than 1 min. About one-third of newly formed informosomal and two-thirds of newly formed polysomal mRNA are poly(A+). The data indicate that newly formed informosomal mRNA cannot be simple precursor to polysomal mRNA. Further, the pronounced difference in time required for polyadenylation and cytoplasmic  appearances of these messenger ribonucleoproteins suggests that there may be fundamental differences in their mode of processing.", "PMID": 83877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9275", "title": "Light-induced pH changes in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium. Effects of ionophores.", "content": "The kinetics of light-induced acidification and of the subsequent dark-induced alkalization in suspensions of sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium may be expressed as the sum of two exponentials, indicating two processes (Eisenbach, M., Bakker, E.P., Korenstein, R. and Caplan, S.R. (1976) FEBS Lett. 71, 228--232). We studied the effects of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethyoxy phenyl-hydrazone, nigericin, gramicidin D, valinomycin, and monactin on the extents and the rate constants of the two processes. The various ionophores affected the two processes differently and in general the slower process was more sensitive to their presence. Valinomycin and monactin had relatively minor effects, apparently due to the high ionic strength of the suspension. When an artificial membrane potential was created in the dark, the light-induced acidification was preceded by a transient alkalization as is usually observed in intact cells. These results are discussed in the light of a suggested model accounting for the two processes (Caplan, S.R., Eisenbach, M., Cooper, S., Garty, H., Klemperer, G. and Bakker, E.P. (1977) in Bioenergetics of Membranes (Packer, L., Papageorgiou, G.C. and Trebst, A., eds.), pp. 101--114, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam), taking into account the different selectivities of the ionophores applied.", "contents": "Light-induced pH changes in sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium. Effects of ionophores. The kinetics of light-induced acidification and of the subsequent dark-induced alkalization in suspensions of sub-bacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium may be expressed as the sum of two exponentials, indicating two processes (Eisenbach, M., Bakker, E.P., Korenstein, R. and Caplan, S.R. (1976) FEBS Lett. 71, 228--232). We studied the effects of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethyoxy phenyl-hydrazone, nigericin, gramicidin D, valinomycin, and monactin on the extents and the rate constants of the two processes. The various ionophores affected the two processes differently and in general the slower process was more sensitive to their presence. Valinomycin and monactin had relatively minor effects, apparently due to the high ionic strength of the suspension. When an artificial membrane potential was created in the dark, the light-induced acidification was preceded by a transient alkalization as is usually observed in intact cells. These results are discussed in the light of a suggested model accounting for the two processes (Caplan, S.R., Eisenbach, M., Cooper, S., Garty, H., Klemperer, G. and Bakker, E.P. (1977) in Bioenergetics of Membranes (Packer, L., Papageorgiou, G.C. and Trebst, A., eds.), pp. 101--114, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam), taking into account the different selectivities of the ionophores applied.", "PMID": 83878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9276", "title": "Microheterogeneity of rat, mouse and human alpha1-fetoprotein as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis with different lectins.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis with several free lectins have been used to characterize and to compare the molecular heterogeneity of rat, mouse and human alpha1-fetoproteins. Each alpha1-fetoprotein contains a variable number of electrophoretic variants depending on the gel porosity. In SDS electrophoresis, two molecular size populations are present in rat alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 74 000 and 72 000) and in mouse alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 73 000 and 72 000) but only one is observed in human alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 70 000). The crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis patterns square with affinity chromatography results and reveal a marked and characteristic heterogeneity for the three alpha1-fetoprotein species with Concanavalin A, Ricinus communis and Lens culinaris lectins. No lectin-alpha-fetoprotein interaction is apparent with Ulex, Lotus and wheat germ lectins. Since similar patterns are obtained whether with purified alpha1-fetoprotein or with unfractionated fresh fetal sera, it is likely that this heterogeneity is not a consequence of artefactual molecular modifications arising during the purification procedure.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity of rat, mouse and human alpha1-fetoprotein as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis with different lectins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis with several free lectins have been used to characterize and to compare the molecular heterogeneity of rat, mouse and human alpha1-fetoproteins. Each alpha1-fetoprotein contains a variable number of electrophoretic variants depending on the gel porosity. In SDS electrophoresis, two molecular size populations are present in rat alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 74 000 and 72 000) and in mouse alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 73 000 and 72 000) but only one is observed in human alpha1-fetoprotein (Mr = 70 000). The crossed immuno-affino-electrophoresis patterns square with affinity chromatography results and reveal a marked and characteristic heterogeneity for the three alpha1-fetoprotein species with Concanavalin A, Ricinus communis and Lens culinaris lectins. No lectin-alpha-fetoprotein interaction is apparent with Ulex, Lotus and wheat germ lectins. Since similar patterns are obtained whether with purified alpha1-fetoprotein or with unfractionated fresh fetal sera, it is likely that this heterogeneity is not a consequence of artefactual molecular modifications arising during the purification procedure.", "PMID": 83879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9277", "title": "Cyclic AMP synthesis in Xenopus laevis oocytes: inhibition by progesterone.", "content": "[alpha-32P]ATP was microinjected into Xenopus oocyte and neosynthesized cyclic AMP was isolated. Cholera toxin inhibited progesterone-induced maturation and stimulated after 3 h of preincubation the amount of neosynthesized cyclic AMP. Progesterone decreased the neosynthesis of cyclic AMP during the first hour following addition of the hormone.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP synthesis in Xenopus laevis oocytes: inhibition by progesterone. [alpha-32P]ATP was microinjected into Xenopus oocyte and neosynthesized cyclic AMP was isolated. Cholera toxin inhibited progesterone-induced maturation and stimulated after 3 h of preincubation the amount of neosynthesized cyclic AMP. Progesterone decreased the neosynthesis of cyclic AMP during the first hour following addition of the hormone.", "PMID": 83880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9278", "title": "[Biosynthesis of beta-phenylethanol in rose petals].", "content": "Biosynthesis of beta-phenylethanol is studied in a cell-free rose petals extract. This compound found to be synthesized via two intermediates: either trans-cinnamic acid, or phenylacetaldehyde. Subsequently beta-phenylethanol is glucosodized into its transport form, beta-phenylethanol- beta-D-glucoside. A scheme of beta-phenylethanol and its beta-D-glucoside is given.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of beta-phenylethanol in rose petals]. Biosynthesis of beta-phenylethanol is studied in a cell-free rose petals extract. This compound found to be synthesized via two intermediates: either trans-cinnamic acid, or phenylacetaldehyde. Subsequently beta-phenylethanol is glucosodized into its transport form, beta-phenylethanol- beta-D-glucoside. A scheme of beta-phenylethanol and its beta-D-glucoside is given.", "PMID": 83881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9279", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and total serum protein in neonatal pigs.", "content": "Studies on the incorporation of 3H-leucine established that synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) does occur in the neonatal pig. This synthesis probably accounts for the increase in AFP concentration from 0.46 mg/ml on the day after birth to the maximum value of 1.02 mg/ml found 5 days after birth. After the 5th day, the concentration decreases successively and AFP cannot be detected by electroimmunoassay in the sera of 8-week-old pigs. During the first 3 weeks of extrauterine life, the albumin concentration in serum increases from 3 mg/ml to approximately 30 mg/ml due mainly to increased synthesis of albumin. The concentration of AFP in the fetal pig serum decreases from 3 mg/ml at 6.5 cm crown-to-rump (CR) length to 0.8 mg/ml at 28 cm CR length, whereas the albumin concentration increases from 0.2 mg/ml at 6.5 cm CR length to 1.0 mg/ml at 28 cm CR length. The total serum protein content in the fetus is approximately 20 mg/ml irrespective of gestational age. During the first day after birth there is a marked increase in both the synthesis and the concentration of total serum proteins. The concentration rises to 70 mg/ml during the first day and then slowly declines to 65 mg/ml during the 3 weeks following birth.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and total serum protein in neonatal pigs. Studies on the incorporation of 3H-leucine established that synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) does occur in the neonatal pig. This synthesis probably accounts for the increase in AFP concentration from 0.46 mg/ml on the day after birth to the maximum value of 1.02 mg/ml found 5 days after birth. After the 5th day, the concentration decreases successively and AFP cannot be detected by electroimmunoassay in the sera of 8-week-old pigs. During the first 3 weeks of extrauterine life, the albumin concentration in serum increases from 3 mg/ml to approximately 30 mg/ml due mainly to increased synthesis of albumin. The concentration of AFP in the fetal pig serum decreases from 3 mg/ml at 6.5 cm crown-to-rump (CR) length to 0.8 mg/ml at 28 cm CR length, whereas the albumin concentration increases from 0.2 mg/ml at 6.5 cm CR length to 1.0 mg/ml at 28 cm CR length. The total serum protein content in the fetus is approximately 20 mg/ml irrespective of gestational age. During the first day after birth there is a marked increase in both the synthesis and the concentration of total serum proteins. The concentration rises to 70 mg/ml during the first day and then slowly declines to 65 mg/ml during the 3 weeks following birth.", "PMID": 83882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9280", "title": "Relationship of incorporation of radioprecursors into protein and phospholipids of the plasmalemma of Guinea pig (neonate) intestinal epithelium and the cessation of uptake of macromolecules (closure).", "content": "The incorporation of radioprecursors into intestinal epithelial cell proteins and phospholipids was studied to assess the role of protein and phospholipid synthesis and/or turnover in the cessation of the absorption of macromolecules (closure). Radiophosphorus incorporation into cellular phospholipids was enhanced when pinocytosis was stimulated. The specific activity of cellular and brush border phospholipids and specific phosphatides increased during the period of active endocytosis. No alteration in specific phosphatide percent composition was observed. Radioamino acid incorporation into cellular protein was not influenced by age. These data are consistent with the idea that the period of active macromolecule absorption by the guinea pig intestinal epithelium is defined by the exhaustion of membrane available for endocytosis.", "contents": "Relationship of incorporation of radioprecursors into protein and phospholipids of the plasmalemma of Guinea pig (neonate) intestinal epithelium and the cessation of uptake of macromolecules (closure). The incorporation of radioprecursors into intestinal epithelial cell proteins and phospholipids was studied to assess the role of protein and phospholipid synthesis and/or turnover in the cessation of the absorption of macromolecules (closure). Radiophosphorus incorporation into cellular phospholipids was enhanced when pinocytosis was stimulated. The specific activity of cellular and brush border phospholipids and specific phosphatides increased during the period of active endocytosis. No alteration in specific phosphatide percent composition was observed. Radioamino acid incorporation into cellular protein was not influenced by age. These data are consistent with the idea that the period of active macromolecule absorption by the guinea pig intestinal epithelium is defined by the exhaustion of membrane available for endocytosis.", "PMID": 83883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9281", "title": "Small angle x-ray diffraction studies of mucopolysaccharides in collagen.", "content": "Small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) was used to locate mucopolysaccharides (MPS) at regular intervals along the collagen axis under physiological conditions. Ruthenium red was used to stain the MPS specifically. The difference in electron density between ruthenium red-stained and unstained moist native rat tail tendon should correspond to the position of the MPS. This difference was calculated from the SAXD intensity data by using difference Fourier transform calculations. Phases calculated independently from the amino acid sequence of collagen by two laboratories were used in this calculation, and the results were compared. At least four to seven bands of MPS per 660 A were found at regular intervals along the collagen axis. Some of these bands match in position to the cross-striations observed by freeze-etching. Electron micrographs of ruthenium red-stained native fibrils also showed bands close in position to the ones calculated.", "contents": "Small angle x-ray diffraction studies of mucopolysaccharides in collagen. Small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) was used to locate mucopolysaccharides (MPS) at regular intervals along the collagen axis under physiological conditions. Ruthenium red was used to stain the MPS specifically. The difference in electron density between ruthenium red-stained and unstained moist native rat tail tendon should correspond to the position of the MPS. This difference was calculated from the SAXD intensity data by using difference Fourier transform calculations. Phases calculated independently from the amino acid sequence of collagen by two laboratories were used in this calculation, and the results were compared. At least four to seven bands of MPS per 660 A were found at regular intervals along the collagen axis. Some of these bands match in position to the cross-striations observed by freeze-etching. Electron micrographs of ruthenium red-stained native fibrils also showed bands close in position to the ones calculated.", "PMID": 83884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9282", "title": "Specificity of interproton nuclear Overhauser effects in gramicidin-S dissolved in deuterated ethylene glycol.", "content": "The 250-MHz high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra of gramicidin-S in solution in deuterated methanol, deuterated ethylene glycol, and binary mixtures of these solvents have been recorded. Starting from previously published partial assignments for deuterated methanol solution, the solvent transition yields partial assignments in deuterated ethylene glycol solution. In the latter the rotational correlation time for the peptide backbone, tauc, is calculated to be 14 ns at 25 degrees C. The long tauc leads to proton spin relaxation behavior that mimics that of moderate-sized proteins in water, and yields negative nuclear Overhauser effects, which have been measured for the protons of the phenylalanine ring. The results suggest that there is rapid and efficient spin-diffusion within closely-connected \"islands\" of protons, and less efficient spin-diffusion between islands. The results are compatible with the accepted solution conformation of gramicidin-S.", "contents": "Specificity of interproton nuclear Overhauser effects in gramicidin-S dissolved in deuterated ethylene glycol. The 250-MHz high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra of gramicidin-S in solution in deuterated methanol, deuterated ethylene glycol, and binary mixtures of these solvents have been recorded. Starting from previously published partial assignments for deuterated methanol solution, the solvent transition yields partial assignments in deuterated ethylene glycol solution. In the latter the rotational correlation time for the peptide backbone, tauc, is calculated to be 14 ns at 25 degrees C. The long tauc leads to proton spin relaxation behavior that mimics that of moderate-sized proteins in water, and yields negative nuclear Overhauser effects, which have been measured for the protons of the phenylalanine ring. The results suggest that there is rapid and efficient spin-diffusion within closely-connected \"islands\" of protons, and less efficient spin-diffusion between islands. The results are compatible with the accepted solution conformation of gramicidin-S.", "PMID": 83885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9283", "title": "The quantitation of nuclear Overhauser effect methods for total conformational analysis of peptides in solution. Application to gramicidin S.", "content": "The [1H:1H] nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE's) and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1's) are reported for the backbone protons of the decapeptide gramicidin S. Several methods for calculating interproton distances from these measurements are presented. Ratios of interproton distances were obtained from [1H:1H] NOE's and from the combination of [1H:1H]NOE'S and T1 values. Actual proton-proton distances were calculated from these ratios either by using the known distance between two geminal protons or distances derived from scalar coupling constants. The interproton distances calculated for gramicidin S are consistent with a II' beta-turn/antiparallel beta-sheet conformation.", "contents": "The quantitation of nuclear Overhauser effect methods for total conformational analysis of peptides in solution. Application to gramicidin S. The [1H:1H] nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE's) and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1's) are reported for the backbone protons of the decapeptide gramicidin S. Several methods for calculating interproton distances from these measurements are presented. Ratios of interproton distances were obtained from [1H:1H] NOE's and from the combination of [1H:1H]NOE'S and T1 values. Actual proton-proton distances were calculated from these ratios either by using the known distance between two geminal protons or distances derived from scalar coupling constants. The interproton distances calculated for gramicidin S are consistent with a II' beta-turn/antiparallel beta-sheet conformation.", "PMID": 83886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9284", "title": "Orientation of nuclei as indicators of smooth muscle cell alignment in the cerebral artery.", "content": "Geometric measurements were made of the nuclei of the muscle cells of the tunica media of human intracranial arteries. The nuclei measured 37 +/- (SD) 6.4 micron in length, and 2.0 /+- (SD) 0.83 micron average width and have a number density of 10(5) nucei/mm(3) (number per unit volume of tunica media). From the work of others it was known that the nuclei are centrally located within the cytoplasm of the muscle cell; because of this we have used the nuclei as indicators of alignment of the muscle cells themselves, making measurements from light micrographs of arterial sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. On average, the nuclei were oriented at an angle that was not significantly different from a zero-degree pitch for the five sections analyzed in detail.", "contents": "Orientation of nuclei as indicators of smooth muscle cell alignment in the cerebral artery. Geometric measurements were made of the nuclei of the muscle cells of the tunica media of human intracranial arteries. The nuclei measured 37 +/- (SD) 6.4 micron in length, and 2.0 /+- (SD) 0.83 micron average width and have a number density of 10(5) nucei/mm(3) (number per unit volume of tunica media). From the work of others it was known that the nuclei are centrally located within the cytoplasm of the muscle cell; because of this we have used the nuclei as indicators of alignment of the muscle cells themselves, making measurements from light micrographs of arterial sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. On average, the nuclei were oriented at an angle that was not significantly different from a zero-degree pitch for the five sections analyzed in detail.", "PMID": 83888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9285", "title": "Utilization of adenosine triphosphate in rat mast cells during histamine release induced by the ionophore A23187.", "content": "The role of endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in histamine release from rat mast cells induced by the ionophore A23187 in vitro has been studied. 2 The amount of histamine released by calcium from rat mast cells primed with the ionophore A23187 was dependent on the ATP content of the mast cells. 3 In aerobic experiments a drastic reduction in mast cell ATP content was found during the time when histamine release induced by A23187 takes place. 4 Anaerobic experiments were performed with metabolic inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin, and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluorometroxyphenylnydrazone), which are known to block the energy-dependent calcium uptake by isolated mitochondria. The mast cell ATP content was reduced during A23187-induced histamine release under anaerobic conditions in the presence of glucose. This indicates an increased utilization of ATP during the release process. 5 The observations are consistent with the view that energy requiring processes are involved in ionophore-induced histamine release from rat mast cells although part of the ATP reduction in the aerobic experiments may be due to an uncoupling effect of calcium on the oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Utilization of adenosine triphosphate in rat mast cells during histamine release induced by the ionophore A23187. The role of endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in histamine release from rat mast cells induced by the ionophore A23187 in vitro has been studied. 2 The amount of histamine released by calcium from rat mast cells primed with the ionophore A23187 was dependent on the ATP content of the mast cells. 3 In aerobic experiments a drastic reduction in mast cell ATP content was found during the time when histamine release induced by A23187 takes place. 4 Anaerobic experiments were performed with metabolic inhibitors (antimycin A, oligomycin, and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluorometroxyphenylnydrazone), which are known to block the energy-dependent calcium uptake by isolated mitochondria. The mast cell ATP content was reduced during A23187-induced histamine release under anaerobic conditions in the presence of glucose. This indicates an increased utilization of ATP during the release process. 5 The observations are consistent with the view that energy requiring processes are involved in ionophore-induced histamine release from rat mast cells although part of the ATP reduction in the aerobic experiments may be due to an uncoupling effect of calcium on the oxidative phosphorylation.", "PMID": 83892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9286", "title": "Cryosurgery in the management of rectal tumours.", "content": "Ten patients with rectal tumours were treated by cryosurgery. Good palliation without local complications was achieved in the cases of rectal carcinoma and a complete cure followed treatment of benign rectal tumours. Low rectal carcinomas with clinical evidence of dissemination are ideally suited for cryosurgery and complications are minimal. Cryosurgery is a simple, safe procedure which can be performed without a general anaesthetic, and this study indicates that it has a place in the management of rectal tumours.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in the management of rectal tumours. Ten patients with rectal tumours were treated by cryosurgery. Good palliation without local complications was achieved in the cases of rectal carcinoma and a complete cure followed treatment of benign rectal tumours. Low rectal carcinomas with clinical evidence of dissemination are ideally suited for cryosurgery and complications are minimal. Cryosurgery is a simple, safe procedure which can be performed without a general anaesthetic, and this study indicates that it has a place in the management of rectal tumours.", "PMID": 83893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9287", "title": "The cells of origin of the commissural afferents to the area dentata in the mouse.", "content": "The hippocampal commissural projection to the area dentata of the mouse was studied using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Small volumes of HRP injected into the molecular layer of the fascia dentata or various subareas of regio inferior of the hippocampus (fields CA3a-c) resulted inlabeled perikarya in the contralateral hippocampus and area dentata. The commissural projection to the fascia dentata was observed to originate exclusively from cells within the hilus fasciae dentatae (CA4) of the contralateral area dentata. There was evidence of a considerable spread of commissural innervation along the septotemporal axis preferentially in the septal direction, confirming earlier observations. In contrast to the septotemporal spread, a sharp homotopic spatial organization was found in the mediolateral direction. For example, injections into the lateral portion of field CA3 (CA3a) resulted in HRP-positive cell bodies only in the contralateral field CA3a. When injections were made which apparently labeled all of the commissural fibers, the HRP reaction product was found in neurons both in the entire regio inferior and as far as the innermost point of the hilus fasciae dentatae; the majority of labeled cells were located in hippocampal subfield CA3c. No labeled cells were observed beyond the tip of the mossy fibers in regio superior.", "contents": "The cells of origin of the commissural afferents to the area dentata in the mouse. The hippocampal commissural projection to the area dentata of the mouse was studied using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Small volumes of HRP injected into the molecular layer of the fascia dentata or various subareas of regio inferior of the hippocampus (fields CA3a-c) resulted inlabeled perikarya in the contralateral hippocampus and area dentata. The commissural projection to the fascia dentata was observed to originate exclusively from cells within the hilus fasciae dentatae (CA4) of the contralateral area dentata. There was evidence of a considerable spread of commissural innervation along the septotemporal axis preferentially in the septal direction, confirming earlier observations. In contrast to the septotemporal spread, a sharp homotopic spatial organization was found in the mediolateral direction. For example, injections into the lateral portion of field CA3 (CA3a) resulted in HRP-positive cell bodies only in the contralateral field CA3a. When injections were made which apparently labeled all of the commissural fibers, the HRP reaction product was found in neurons both in the entire regio inferior and as far as the innermost point of the hilus fasciae dentatae; the majority of labeled cells were located in hippocampal subfield CA3c. No labeled cells were observed beyond the tip of the mossy fibers in regio superior.", "PMID": 83896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9288", "title": "Radioautographic characterization of a serotonin-accumulating nerve cell group in adult rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Intensely labeled nerve cell bodies were identified by radioautography within the pars ventralis of nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami (hdv), following intraventricular perfusion with 10(-5) or 10(-4) M tritiated serotonin [3H]5-HT in adult rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This selective reaction, which involved approximately 1000 neurons on each side of the third ventricle, was unaltered by concomitant administration of 10(-3) M non-radioactive norepinephrine, and was absent after intraventricular injection of 10(-5) or 10(-4) M tritiated norepinephrine. The 3H-labeled 5-HT nerve cell bodies were loosely grouped within the inner and caudal half of the hdv, and appeared morphologically similar to the unreactive neurons among which they were interspersed. Within the same region, numerous labeled axonal varicosities were also detected, which were never found in synaptic contact with the reactive cells. If the 3H-labeled 5-HT neurons contain endogenous 5-HT, they might constitute an intrinsic source of 5-HT innervation in the adult rat hypothalamus.", "contents": "Radioautographic characterization of a serotonin-accumulating nerve cell group in adult rat hypothalamus. Intensely labeled nerve cell bodies were identified by radioautography within the pars ventralis of nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami (hdv), following intraventricular perfusion with 10(-5) or 10(-4) M tritiated serotonin [3H]5-HT in adult rats pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This selective reaction, which involved approximately 1000 neurons on each side of the third ventricle, was unaltered by concomitant administration of 10(-3) M non-radioactive norepinephrine, and was absent after intraventricular injection of 10(-5) or 10(-4) M tritiated norepinephrine. The 3H-labeled 5-HT nerve cell bodies were loosely grouped within the inner and caudal half of the hdv, and appeared morphologically similar to the unreactive neurons among which they were interspersed. Within the same region, numerous labeled axonal varicosities were also detected, which were never found in synaptic contact with the reactive cells. If the 3H-labeled 5-HT neurons contain endogenous 5-HT, they might constitute an intrinsic source of 5-HT innervation in the adult rat hypothalamus.", "PMID": 83897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9289", "title": "Retinofugal pathways in fetal and adult spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias.", "content": "Retinofugal pathways in fetal and adult spiny dogfish were determined by intraocular injection of [3H]proline for autoradiography. Distribution and termination of the primary retinal efferents were identical in pups and adults. The retinal fibers decussate completely, except for a sparse ipsilateral projection to the caudal preoptic area. The decussating optic fibers terminate ventrally in the preoptic area and in two rostral thalamic areas, a lateral neuropil area of the dorsal thalamus and more ventrally in the lateral half of the ventral thalamus. At this same rostral thalamic level, a second optic pathway, the medial optic tract, splits from the lateral marginal optic tract and courses dorsomedially to terminate in the rostral tectum and the central and periventricular pretectal nuclei. The marginal optic tract continues caudally to terminate in a superficial pretectal nucleus and also innervates the superficial zone of the optic tectum. A basal optic tract arises from the ventral edge of the marginal optic tract and courses medially into the central pretectal nucleus, as well as continuing more caudally to terminate in a dorsal neuropil adjacent to nucleus interstitialis and in in a more ventrally and medially located basal optic nucleus. Comparison of the retinofugal projections of Squalus with those of other sharks reveals two grades of neural organization with respect to primary visual projections. Squalomorph sharks possess a rostral dorsal thalamic nucleus whose visual input is primarily, if not soley, axodendritic, and an optic tectum in which the majority of the cell bodies are located deep to the visual terminal zone. In contrast, galeomorph sharks are characterized by an enlarged and migrated rostrodorsal thalamic visual nucleus, and an optic tectum in which the majority of the cell bodies are located within the visual terminal zone. These data suggest that evolution of primary visual pathways in sharks occurs by migration and an increase in neuronal number, rather than by the occurrence of new visual pathways.", "contents": "Retinofugal pathways in fetal and adult spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Retinofugal pathways in fetal and adult spiny dogfish were determined by intraocular injection of [3H]proline for autoradiography. Distribution and termination of the primary retinal efferents were identical in pups and adults. The retinal fibers decussate completely, except for a sparse ipsilateral projection to the caudal preoptic area. The decussating optic fibers terminate ventrally in the preoptic area and in two rostral thalamic areas, a lateral neuropil area of the dorsal thalamus and more ventrally in the lateral half of the ventral thalamus. At this same rostral thalamic level, a second optic pathway, the medial optic tract, splits from the lateral marginal optic tract and courses dorsomedially to terminate in the rostral tectum and the central and periventricular pretectal nuclei. The marginal optic tract continues caudally to terminate in a superficial pretectal nucleus and also innervates the superficial zone of the optic tectum. A basal optic tract arises from the ventral edge of the marginal optic tract and courses medially into the central pretectal nucleus, as well as continuing more caudally to terminate in a dorsal neuropil adjacent to nucleus interstitialis and in in a more ventrally and medially located basal optic nucleus. Comparison of the retinofugal projections of Squalus with those of other sharks reveals two grades of neural organization with respect to primary visual projections. Squalomorph sharks possess a rostral dorsal thalamic nucleus whose visual input is primarily, if not soley, axodendritic, and an optic tectum in which the majority of the cell bodies are located deep to the visual terminal zone. In contrast, galeomorph sharks are characterized by an enlarged and migrated rostrodorsal thalamic visual nucleus, and an optic tectum in which the majority of the cell bodies are located within the visual terminal zone. These data suggest that evolution of primary visual pathways in sharks occurs by migration and an increase in neuronal number, rather than by the occurrence of new visual pathways.", "PMID": 83899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9290", "title": "Management of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts.", "content": "The records of 80 cases of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts were studied. The median duration of survival, in months, of patients who were treated by curative surgery, palliative surgery and radiation, palliative surgery alone and biopsy alone was 21.7, 9.3, 5.5 and 1, respectively. The best results were obtained by excision of the tumour, but only 10% of tumours were considered resectable. A more aggressive surgical approach to tumours still confined to the bile ducts might be expected to increase the resectability rate and improve survival. The use of a U tube is recommended because it ensures greater comfort even though survival is no longer than when a T tube is used. The roles of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy need further study. Because of some encouraging responses with the use of radiotherapy and the infusion of 5-fluorouracil the authors are currently evaluating these two methods of treatment.", "contents": "Management of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The records of 80 cases of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts were studied. The median duration of survival, in months, of patients who were treated by curative surgery, palliative surgery and radiation, palliative surgery alone and biopsy alone was 21.7, 9.3, 5.5 and 1, respectively. The best results were obtained by excision of the tumour, but only 10% of tumours were considered resectable. A more aggressive surgical approach to tumours still confined to the bile ducts might be expected to increase the resectability rate and improve survival. The use of a U tube is recommended because it ensures greater comfort even though survival is no longer than when a T tube is used. The roles of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy need further study. Because of some encouraging responses with the use of radiotherapy and the infusion of 5-fluorouracil the authors are currently evaluating these two methods of treatment.", "PMID": 83901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9291", "title": "Biology and virology of the human malignant lymphomas: 1st Milford D. Schulz Lecture.", "content": "Permanent cell lines have been established from twelve diffuse histiocytic lymphomas (SU-DHL-1 to -12), three American Burkitt's lymphomas (SU-AmB-1 to -3), two acute lymphoblastic leukemias (SU-ALL-1 and -2), and three diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas (SU-DUL-1, -2, and -3). The cultured cells displayed neoplastic characteristics, as manifested by heterotransplantability in congenitally athymic nude mice and by the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities in early passage generations. Functional and marker studies revealed that the three American Burkitt's lymphomas, as well as several of the diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphomas, were of B-lymphocytic origin, whereas the two acute lymphoblastic leukemias were both of T-lymphocytic origin. Two of the cell lines, SU-DHL-1 and -2, appeared to be of true histiocytic origin; two others exhibited no markers and were designated as \"null\" cells. All ten of the DHL cell lines studied to date, as well as SU-DUL-1, have been devoid of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes by the EBNA test, whereas two of the three American Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines were positive. Spontaneous production of a C-type RNA virus was first detected in post-mitochondrial cytoplasmic fractions and culture fluids of the SU-DHL-1 cell line. Screening assays for the detection of reverse transcriptase-positive particles in the culture fluids of the other cell lines indicate that eight of the fifteen cell lines tested to date have spontaneously initiated C-type RNA virus production. After partial purification by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, the reverse transcriptases of the virus isolated from SU-DHL-1 cells is partially inhibited by antibodies to the reverse transcriptases of C-type viruses of subhuman primate and endogenous feline, but not of murine, origin. Conversely, antibody prepared against the purified SU-DHL-1 viral reverse transcriptase, at concentrations which maximally inhibit the homologous enzyme, partially inhibits the reverse transcriptases of subhuman primate C-type viruses, but has little or no inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptases of feline or murine leukemia viruses. The viruses produced by the SU-DHL-1 and SU-AmB-3 cell lines have been shown to be infectious for normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, normal human bone marrow cells, and certain human lymphoblastoid cell lines. After infection by these viruses, normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human bone marrow cells have exhibited striking changes in growth behavior and morphology which, though not permanently sustained, have many of the features of abortive transformation.", "contents": "Biology and virology of the human malignant lymphomas: 1st Milford D. Schulz Lecture. Permanent cell lines have been established from twelve diffuse histiocytic lymphomas (SU-DHL-1 to -12), three American Burkitt's lymphomas (SU-AmB-1 to -3), two acute lymphoblastic leukemias (SU-ALL-1 and -2), and three diffuse undifferentiated lymphomas (SU-DUL-1, -2, and -3). The cultured cells displayed neoplastic characteristics, as manifested by heterotransplantability in congenitally athymic nude mice and by the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities in early passage generations. Functional and marker studies revealed that the three American Burkitt's lymphomas, as well as several of the diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphomas, were of B-lymphocytic origin, whereas the two acute lymphoblastic leukemias were both of T-lymphocytic origin. Two of the cell lines, SU-DHL-1 and -2, appeared to be of true histiocytic origin; two others exhibited no markers and were designated as \"null\" cells. All ten of the DHL cell lines studied to date, as well as SU-DUL-1, have been devoid of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes by the EBNA test, whereas two of the three American Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines were positive. Spontaneous production of a C-type RNA virus was first detected in post-mitochondrial cytoplasmic fractions and culture fluids of the SU-DHL-1 cell line. Screening assays for the detection of reverse transcriptase-positive particles in the culture fluids of the other cell lines indicate that eight of the fifteen cell lines tested to date have spontaneously initiated C-type RNA virus production. After partial purification by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, the reverse transcriptases of the virus isolated from SU-DHL-1 cells is partially inhibited by antibodies to the reverse transcriptases of C-type viruses of subhuman primate and endogenous feline, but not of murine, origin. Conversely, antibody prepared against the purified SU-DHL-1 viral reverse transcriptase, at concentrations which maximally inhibit the homologous enzyme, partially inhibits the reverse transcriptases of subhuman primate C-type viruses, but has little or no inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptases of feline or murine leukemia viruses. The viruses produced by the SU-DHL-1 and SU-AmB-3 cell lines have been shown to be infectious for normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, normal human bone marrow cells, and certain human lymphoblastoid cell lines. After infection by these viruses, normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human bone marrow cells have exhibited striking changes in growth behavior and morphology which, though not permanently sustained, have many of the features of abortive transformation.", "PMID": 83902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9292", "title": "Sequential hemi-body radiotherapy in advanced multiple myeloma.", "content": "Eleven patients with advanced multiple myeloma refractory to standard chemotherapy were treated with a regimen of sequential hemi-body radiotherapy consisting of 800 rad midplane in a single dose to each half. 9/10 patients experienced significant relief of skeletal pain and there were 5/11 objective tumor responses with one complete remission. Treatment-related morbidity was significant and consisted primarily of nausea and emesis, bone marrow suppression, and pneumonitis. This therapy is helpful in the management of advanced myeloma, and should be studied earlier in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Sequential hemi-body radiotherapy in advanced multiple myeloma. Eleven patients with advanced multiple myeloma refractory to standard chemotherapy were treated with a regimen of sequential hemi-body radiotherapy consisting of 800 rad midplane in a single dose to each half. 9/10 patients experienced significant relief of skeletal pain and there were 5/11 objective tumor responses with one complete remission. Treatment-related morbidity was significant and consisted primarily of nausea and emesis, bone marrow suppression, and pneumonitis. This therapy is helpful in the management of advanced myeloma, and should be studied earlier in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 83903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9293", "title": "Aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case with ultrastructural study and review of the literature.", "content": "The light microscopic and ultrastructural features of an aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma (A-PP) are presented. The tumor was characterized by organoid clustering of neoplastic chief cells to form Zellballen. Argyrophilic granules were demonstrated within chief cell cytoplasm using a modified Grimelus technique. Ultrastructurally, three distinct cell types were present within the tumor: endothelial cells, pericytes and neoplastic chief cells. Membrane-bound neurosecretory granules were present and measured 100 to 2000 nm in diameter. \"Light\" and \"dark\" chief cells were less distinct than previously reported in other head and neck paragangliomas. Analysis of the 36 documented A-PP reported in the English literature reveals that the tumor has been either incompletely excised or has been considered unresectable in one-third of the cases. The reported surgical mortality is 9%, or approximately equal to the incidence of malignant behavior. The treatment of choice is surgical resection but when this is not possible, radiation may be a useful adjunct in therapy.", "contents": "Aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case with ultrastructural study and review of the literature. The light microscopic and ultrastructural features of an aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma (A-PP) are presented. The tumor was characterized by organoid clustering of neoplastic chief cells to form Zellballen. Argyrophilic granules were demonstrated within chief cell cytoplasm using a modified Grimelus technique. Ultrastructurally, three distinct cell types were present within the tumor: endothelial cells, pericytes and neoplastic chief cells. Membrane-bound neurosecretory granules were present and measured 100 to 2000 nm in diameter. \"Light\" and \"dark\" chief cells were less distinct than previously reported in other head and neck paragangliomas. Analysis of the 36 documented A-PP reported in the English literature reveals that the tumor has been either incompletely excised or has been considered unresectable in one-third of the cases. The reported surgical mortality is 9%, or approximately equal to the incidence of malignant behavior. The treatment of choice is surgical resection but when this is not possible, radiation may be a useful adjunct in therapy.", "PMID": 83904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9294", "title": "Arterial occlusion of pelvic bone tumors.", "content": "Arterial occlusion of the internal iliac artery was successful in the relief of pain due to primary and secondary neoplasms of the bony pelvis in 8 of 9 patients. These included 3 giant cell tumors, 1 aneurysmal bone cyst, 1 recurrent chondrosarcoma, 3 metastatic renal cell carcinoma and 1 metastatic clear cell sarcoma. Calcification of the margin of the lesion occurred in 3 of 4 primary neoplasms after infarction. The transcatheter arterial occlusion was accomplished utilizing Gelfoam and stainless steel coils. Although most patients experienced pain and fever for several days following the procedure, no permanent sequelae or complications were encountered.", "contents": "Arterial occlusion of pelvic bone tumors. Arterial occlusion of the internal iliac artery was successful in the relief of pain due to primary and secondary neoplasms of the bony pelvis in 8 of 9 patients. These included 3 giant cell tumors, 1 aneurysmal bone cyst, 1 recurrent chondrosarcoma, 3 metastatic renal cell carcinoma and 1 metastatic clear cell sarcoma. Calcification of the margin of the lesion occurred in 3 of 4 primary neoplasms after infarction. The transcatheter arterial occlusion was accomplished utilizing Gelfoam and stainless steel coils. Although most patients experienced pain and fever for several days following the procedure, no permanent sequelae or complications were encountered.", "PMID": 83905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9295", "title": "Serum acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins in patients with gliomas.", "content": "Cellular immune competence was found to be impaired in previous studies of patients with malignant brain tumors. In patients with nonneural tumors, we recently found that serum levels of acute-phase proteins were related to immune status as well as to tumor extent. To determine whether the serum proteins in patients with central nervous system tumors show similar changes, levels of acute-phase proteins (alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein) and immunoglobulins (immunoglobulins G, M, and A) were assayed in patients with gliomas prior to treatment. Compared to normals, significant increases (p less than 0.001) in the acute-phase proteins were found, and the levels were similar to those in patients with nonneural solid neoplasms. Serum immunoglobulins were not significantly increased in patients with gliomas.", "contents": "Serum acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins in patients with gliomas. Cellular immune competence was found to be impaired in previous studies of patients with malignant brain tumors. In patients with nonneural tumors, we recently found that serum levels of acute-phase proteins were related to immune status as well as to tumor extent. To determine whether the serum proteins in patients with central nervous system tumors show similar changes, levels of acute-phase proteins (alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein) and immunoglobulins (immunoglobulins G, M, and A) were assayed in patients with gliomas prior to treatment. Compared to normals, significant increases (p less than 0.001) in the acute-phase proteins were found, and the levels were similar to those in patients with nonneural solid neoplasms. Serum immunoglobulins were not significantly increased in patients with gliomas.", "PMID": 83910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9296", "title": "Antigenic specificity and cellular mechanisms in leukocyte adherence inhibition analysis of immunity to simple proteins and hapten-protein conjugates.", "content": "The hemacytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was investigated with respect to immunological relevance, specificity, and cellular mechanisms. Humans were immunized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and rats were immunized to dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma-globulin. LAI analysis disclosed classic patterns of immune response kinetics. The LAI response was dose dependent in vitro with no inhibition at relatively high antigen doses. In vitro specificity in rats was restricted to the immunizing conjugate. Cells forming spontaneous E-rosettes were required for LAI reactions. Lymphokine production required the presence of E-rosette-forming cells. E-rosette-forming cells from normal donors lost adherence in the presence of lymphokine. The requirement for T-lymphocytes was confirmed in a human osteosarcoma system using independent criteria. Thus, the hemacytometer LAI depends upon T-lymphocyte collaboration via a lymphokine. It should be distinguished from the tube and microplate variants of LAI analysis because these appear to depend upon different mechanisms.", "contents": "Antigenic specificity and cellular mechanisms in leukocyte adherence inhibition analysis of immunity to simple proteins and hapten-protein conjugates. The hemacytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was investigated with respect to immunological relevance, specificity, and cellular mechanisms. Humans were immunized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and rats were immunized to dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma-globulin. LAI analysis disclosed classic patterns of immune response kinetics. The LAI response was dose dependent in vitro with no inhibition at relatively high antigen doses. In vitro specificity in rats was restricted to the immunizing conjugate. Cells forming spontaneous E-rosettes were required for LAI reactions. Lymphokine production required the presence of E-rosette-forming cells. E-rosette-forming cells from normal donors lost adherence in the presence of lymphokine. The requirement for T-lymphocytes was confirmed in a human osteosarcoma system using independent criteria. Thus, the hemacytometer LAI depends upon T-lymphocyte collaboration via a lymphokine. It should be distinguished from the tube and microplate variants of LAI analysis because these appear to depend upon different mechanisms.", "PMID": 83911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9297", "title": "Association of melanoma tumor antigen activity with beta2-microglobulin.", "content": "The majority of melanoma tumor antigen activity present in melanoma extracts derived from fresh tumor tissue binds to a Sepharose-anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent. Removal of HLA antigens from the extracts of melanoma tissue by using a KBr flotation technique did not reduce either the tumor antigen activity of the extracts or the binding of melanoma tumor antigen (MTA) activity to the Sepharose-anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent. The complete blocking of MTA activity by pretreating the anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent with beta2-microglobulin and the lack of detectable MTA binding to a Sepharose anti-normal human serum adsorbent demonstrated the specificity of the binding of MTA to the anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent.", "contents": "Association of melanoma tumor antigen activity with beta2-microglobulin. The majority of melanoma tumor antigen activity present in melanoma extracts derived from fresh tumor tissue binds to a Sepharose-anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent. Removal of HLA antigens from the extracts of melanoma tissue by using a KBr flotation technique did not reduce either the tumor antigen activity of the extracts or the binding of melanoma tumor antigen (MTA) activity to the Sepharose-anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent. The complete blocking of MTA activity by pretreating the anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent with beta2-microglobulin and the lack of detectable MTA binding to a Sepharose anti-normal human serum adsorbent demonstrated the specificity of the binding of MTA to the anti-beta2-microglobulin adsorbent.", "PMID": 83915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9298", "title": "Hemocytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition technique.", "content": "The hemocytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition technique was employed in a criss-cross experimental design with two cancer patients (melanoma and colon carcinoma) and the corresponding tumor extracts. These extracts had been repeatedly tested for specific reactivity and lyophilized before transport to the workshop. The patients' leukocytes were mixed singly with each extract in the presence of normal serum, and the adherences of the cells were determined in hemocytometer chambers. Actual cell counts (total cells before washing and adherent cells after washing) are given in detail for the first time. Blood samples and reaction mixtures were coded by an independent observer. Determination of mean % adherence (+/- S.E.) showed that the melanoma patient's leukocytes (original adherence 70.8 +/- 2.8) reached with the melanoma extract (40.7 +/- 2.9; p less than 0.001) but not significantly with the colon carcinoma extract (61.5 +/- 4.1; p greater than 0.05). Similarly, the colon carcinoma patient's leukocytes (original adherence 68.6 +/- 2.7) reacted with the colon carcinoma extract (43.2 +/- 2.3; p less than 0.001) but adherence was not inhibited by the melanoma extract (76.9 +/- 2.6). The cancer patients were thus correctly identified with regard to tumor type in a simple blind trial.", "contents": "Hemocytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition technique. The hemocytometer leukocyte adherence inhibition technique was employed in a criss-cross experimental design with two cancer patients (melanoma and colon carcinoma) and the corresponding tumor extracts. These extracts had been repeatedly tested for specific reactivity and lyophilized before transport to the workshop. The patients' leukocytes were mixed singly with each extract in the presence of normal serum, and the adherences of the cells were determined in hemocytometer chambers. Actual cell counts (total cells before washing and adherent cells after washing) are given in detail for the first time. Blood samples and reaction mixtures were coded by an independent observer. Determination of mean % adherence (+/- S.E.) showed that the melanoma patient's leukocytes (original adherence 70.8 +/- 2.8) reached with the melanoma extract (40.7 +/- 2.9; p less than 0.001) but not significantly with the colon carcinoma extract (61.5 +/- 4.1; p greater than 0.05). Similarly, the colon carcinoma patient's leukocytes (original adherence 68.6 +/- 2.7) reacted with the colon carcinoma extract (43.2 +/- 2.3; p less than 0.001) but adherence was not inhibited by the melanoma extract (76.9 +/- 2.6). The cancer patients were thus correctly identified with regard to tumor type in a simple blind trial.", "PMID": 83916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9299", "title": "Demonstration of tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay with coded samples of blood.", "content": "Heparinized samples of blood from three different patients were coded by impartial observers. The buffy coat leukocytes from the coded samples of blood were isolated and incubated separately with extracts of colon and pancreatic cancer in the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. At the completion of the assay, the leukocytes from Patient 1 were equally nonadherent to both cancer extracts with a nonadherence index value of 8. By contrast, leukocytes from Patient 2 exhibited increased nonadherence to the extract of colon cancer (p = 0.02) with a nonadherence index value to colon cancer antigen of 89. Leukocytes from Patient 3 displayed increased nonadherence to the extract of pancreatic cancer (p less than 0.05) with a nonadherence index value to pancreatic cancer antigen of 39. When the code was broken, patients 1, 2, and 3 had diagnoses of malignant melanoma, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Hence, this was a classical criss-cross experiment; the patient with malignant melanoma reacted to neither of the antigens, whereas the patients with colon and pancreatic cancer reacted to the sensitizing cancers which had unique organ-type specific neoantigens.", "contents": "Demonstration of tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay with coded samples of blood. Heparinized samples of blood from three different patients were coded by impartial observers. The buffy coat leukocytes from the coded samples of blood were isolated and incubated separately with extracts of colon and pancreatic cancer in the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. At the completion of the assay, the leukocytes from Patient 1 were equally nonadherent to both cancer extracts with a nonadherence index value of 8. By contrast, leukocytes from Patient 2 exhibited increased nonadherence to the extract of colon cancer (p = 0.02) with a nonadherence index value to colon cancer antigen of 89. Leukocytes from Patient 3 displayed increased nonadherence to the extract of pancreatic cancer (p less than 0.05) with a nonadherence index value to pancreatic cancer antigen of 39. When the code was broken, patients 1, 2, and 3 had diagnoses of malignant melanoma, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Hence, this was a classical criss-cross experiment; the patient with malignant melanoma reacted to neither of the antigens, whereas the patients with colon and pancreatic cancer reacted to the sensitizing cancers which had unique organ-type specific neoantigens.", "PMID": 83917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9300", "title": "The need to establish whether the leukocyte adherence inhibition test is a reliable assay of tumor immunity in humans.", "content": "Lymphocytes from human cancer patients can react to tissue-type-specific antigens shared by many tumors of the same histological type and different for tumors of different types. Such reactions have been detected, for example, by using microcytotoxicity assays and leukocyte migration inhibition techniques. Work presented at this workshop indicates that the leukocyte adherence inhibition test is an excellent assay for detecting reactivity to antigens shared by neoplasms of the same histological type. However, very little is known of the nature of these antigens; for example, we do not know whether they are tumor specific or just normal tissue antigens. The usefulness of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test for patient monitoring and for diagnostic purposes also needs to be studied more.", "contents": "The need to establish whether the leukocyte adherence inhibition test is a reliable assay of tumor immunity in humans. Lymphocytes from human cancer patients can react to tissue-type-specific antigens shared by many tumors of the same histological type and different for tumors of different types. Such reactions have been detected, for example, by using microcytotoxicity assays and leukocyte migration inhibition techniques. Work presented at this workshop indicates that the leukocyte adherence inhibition test is an excellent assay for detecting reactivity to antigens shared by neoplasms of the same histological type. However, very little is known of the nature of these antigens; for example, we do not know whether they are tumor specific or just normal tissue antigens. The usefulness of the leukocyte adherence inhibition test for patient monitoring and for diagnostic purposes also needs to be studied more.", "PMID": 83919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9301", "title": "[Demonstration of amyloid using histological methods].", "content": "The authors present their personal experience with common histological methods for amyloid demonstration. For practical use, they recommend staining with Congo Red followed by differentiation in alkaline alcohol and another method using staining with a 2% solution of Saturn Red in 1% NaCl. The latter method permits to differentiate between amyloid and hyalin without employing polarized light.", "contents": "[Demonstration of amyloid using histological methods]. The authors present their personal experience with common histological methods for amyloid demonstration. For practical use, they recommend staining with Congo Red followed by differentiation in alkaline alcohol and another method using staining with a 2% solution of Saturn Red in 1% NaCl. The latter method permits to differentiate between amyloid and hyalin without employing polarized light.", "PMID": 83922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9302", "title": "Increased in vitro histamine release by radiographic contrast media in patients with history of incompatibility.", "content": "This study was designed to compare in vitro leucocyte histamine release in patients with a history of previous radiographic contrast media (RCM) reactions and normal controls. Peripheral leucocytes of ten patients with a positive history of RCM imcompatibility and nineteen normal volunteers were stimulated in vitro with different RCM in different concentrations and the amount of histamine released was measured in the supernatant. There was a significant increase in histamine release induced by RCM in low doses (0.02-0.1 M) in the patients as compared to the normals. At the high doses (0.2-0.3 M), no significant differences were found. Leucocytes from four of the patients were stimulated preferentially by the dye responsible for the incompatibility. Six patients showed no such preference. The increased \"releasability\" of the patients' leucocytes could not be transferred by serum. Normal leucocytes, when incubated with serum from \"high releasing\" patients did not show increased histamine release after stimulation with the respective dye. It is suggested that an excessive non-immunological response of basophil leucocytes to RCM stimulation might, in part, account for the adverse clinical reactions observed. Furthermore, leucocyte histamine release might be a useful diagnostic tool for detecting patients with a high risk of developing contrast media reactions.", "contents": "Increased in vitro histamine release by radiographic contrast media in patients with history of incompatibility. This study was designed to compare in vitro leucocyte histamine release in patients with a history of previous radiographic contrast media (RCM) reactions and normal controls. Peripheral leucocytes of ten patients with a positive history of RCM imcompatibility and nineteen normal volunteers were stimulated in vitro with different RCM in different concentrations and the amount of histamine released was measured in the supernatant. There was a significant increase in histamine release induced by RCM in low doses (0.02-0.1 M) in the patients as compared to the normals. At the high doses (0.2-0.3 M), no significant differences were found. Leucocytes from four of the patients were stimulated preferentially by the dye responsible for the incompatibility. Six patients showed no such preference. The increased \"releasability\" of the patients' leucocytes could not be transferred by serum. Normal leucocytes, when incubated with serum from \"high releasing\" patients did not show increased histamine release after stimulation with the respective dye. It is suggested that an excessive non-immunological response of basophil leucocytes to RCM stimulation might, in part, account for the adverse clinical reactions observed. Furthermore, leucocyte histamine release might be a useful diagnostic tool for detecting patients with a high risk of developing contrast media reactions.", "PMID": 83924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9303", "title": "Detection of sulphated carbohydrates in primitive yolk granules of the hen's oocyte.", "content": "Application of several staining methods specific for sulphated carbohydrates have indicated the presence of one or more of these macromolecular species in primitive yolk granules of the hen oocyte. The rationale for the various methods used are detailed in the Materials and methods section. Discussion centres on whether the substances taking up stain may be chondroitin sulphates or other sulphated glycosaminoglycans and the possible roles of such molecules in early development.", "contents": "Detection of sulphated carbohydrates in primitive yolk granules of the hen's oocyte. Application of several staining methods specific for sulphated carbohydrates have indicated the presence of one or more of these macromolecular species in primitive yolk granules of the hen oocyte. The rationale for the various methods used are detailed in the Materials and methods section. Discussion centres on whether the substances taking up stain may be chondroitin sulphates or other sulphated glycosaminoglycans and the possible roles of such molecules in early development.", "PMID": 83926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9304", "title": "Effects of distamycin A on human leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "Distamycin A, an oligopeptide antibiotic, supplied at various concentrations for 24 h to human leukocytes in culture, has induced the appearance on some chromosomes of specific areas lacking spiralization. In particular, the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 3 and one C-group chromosome and the distal part of the long arm of the Y chromosome were despiralized. The possible nature of these regions is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of distamycin A on human leukocytes in vitro. Distamycin A, an oligopeptide antibiotic, supplied at various concentrations for 24 h to human leukocytes in culture, has induced the appearance on some chromosomes of specific areas lacking spiralization. In particular, the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 3 and one C-group chromosome and the distal part of the long arm of the Y chromosome were despiralized. The possible nature of these regions is discussed.", "PMID": 83927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9305", "title": "Identification of the facultative heterochromatic X chromosome in females of 25 rodent species.", "content": "Treatment of the chromosomes of 25 rodent species with a 50 degrees C hypotonic solution and Giemsa staining permitted identification of the heterochromatic X chromosome in 24 species. With this technique, the facultative of the heterochromatic X chromosome or the facultative portion of large, composite-type X chromosoms is stained darker than the other chromosomes, allowing it to be distinguished from the homologous euchromatic X chromosome in female metaphase cells. Intense staining of the single X chromosome was not observed in male metaphase cells. It is suggested that this differential staining of one of the two X chromosomes might be due to qualitative differences in chromosomal proteins rather than to differences in the degree of chromosomal condensation or in DNA base sequence.", "contents": "Identification of the facultative heterochromatic X chromosome in females of 25 rodent species. Treatment of the chromosomes of 25 rodent species with a 50 degrees C hypotonic solution and Giemsa staining permitted identification of the heterochromatic X chromosome in 24 species. With this technique, the facultative of the heterochromatic X chromosome or the facultative portion of large, composite-type X chromosoms is stained darker than the other chromosomes, allowing it to be distinguished from the homologous euchromatic X chromosome in female metaphase cells. Intense staining of the single X chromosome was not observed in male metaphase cells. It is suggested that this differential staining of one of the two X chromosomes might be due to qualitative differences in chromosomal proteins rather than to differences in the degree of chromosomal condensation or in DNA base sequence.", "PMID": 83928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9306", "title": "Induction of high frequencies of endoreduplication in mammalian cell cultures with 33258 Hoechst and rubidazone.", "content": "Cells of the mouse L strain and the Chinese hamster CHO line were treated with 33258 Hoechst, rubidazone, and a combination of these. Recovering cell populations following the drug removal exhibited a high frequency (20--50%) of metaphases with diplochromosomes (endoreduplication), especially in the combination treatment series (up to more than 70% in the L strain). Such a procedure should be useful in probing the mechanisms of the endoreduplication process.", "contents": "Induction of high frequencies of endoreduplication in mammalian cell cultures with 33258 Hoechst and rubidazone. Cells of the mouse L strain and the Chinese hamster CHO line were treated with 33258 Hoechst, rubidazone, and a combination of these. Recovering cell populations following the drug removal exhibited a high frequency (20--50%) of metaphases with diplochromosomes (endoreduplication), especially in the combination treatment series (up to more than 70% in the L strain). Such a procedure should be useful in probing the mechanisms of the endoreduplication process.", "PMID": 83930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9307", "title": "Comparison of the karyotypes of four Cercopithecoidae: Papio papio, P. anubis, Macaca mulatta, and M. fascicularis.", "content": "The karyotypes of two species of baboons, Papio papio and P. anubis, and of two species of Macaca, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, are compared after the use of numerous banding techniques. No difference was detected between the karyotype of the two Papio species. However, a minor change in the T-staining of a short segment, probably heterochromatic, could be detected between the Papio species and M. mulatta. A paracentric inversion exists between these three and M. fascicularis. These karyotypes are briefly compared with those of the Pongidae and man. The value of the karyotypic criteria and of the methods used for taxonomy is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the karyotypes of four Cercopithecoidae: Papio papio, P. anubis, Macaca mulatta, and M. fascicularis. The karyotypes of two species of baboons, Papio papio and P. anubis, and of two species of Macaca, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, are compared after the use of numerous banding techniques. No difference was detected between the karyotype of the two Papio species. However, a minor change in the T-staining of a short segment, probably heterochromatic, could be detected between the Papio species and M. mulatta. A paracentric inversion exists between these three and M. fascicularis. These karyotypes are briefly compared with those of the Pongidae and man. The value of the karyotypic criteria and of the methods used for taxonomy is discussed.", "PMID": 83931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9308", "title": "Reassessment of presumed Y/22 and Y/15 translocations in man using a new technique.", "content": "A new chromosome banding technique, distamycin A plus DAPI, has been used to reexamine cases of presumed Y/autosome translocations. In contrast with the results obtained with quinacrine fluorescence (Q-banding), the satellites of acrocentric chromosomes do not fluoresce brightly with this new (DA-DAPI) method, making it more specific for the long arm of the Y chromosome. Previous cases with intensely Q-fluorescent and abnormally long short arms on a chromosome 22 were considered as presumptive 22/Y translocations: The new technique clearly shows that, in these cases, the additional material on 22p is not derived from Yq. In contrast, in other cases the Yq nature of additional material on 15p, in conjunction with the presence of an extra Y-body in interphase nuclei and the presence of a male-specific DNA, supports the previous diagnosis of a presumptive 15/Y translocation.", "contents": "Reassessment of presumed Y/22 and Y/15 translocations in man using a new technique. A new chromosome banding technique, distamycin A plus DAPI, has been used to reexamine cases of presumed Y/autosome translocations. In contrast with the results obtained with quinacrine fluorescence (Q-banding), the satellites of acrocentric chromosomes do not fluoresce brightly with this new (DA-DAPI) method, making it more specific for the long arm of the Y chromosome. Previous cases with intensely Q-fluorescent and abnormally long short arms on a chromosome 22 were considered as presumptive 22/Y translocations: The new technique clearly shows that, in these cases, the additional material on 22p is not derived from Yq. In contrast, in other cases the Yq nature of additional material on 15p, in conjunction with the presence of an extra Y-body in interphase nuclei and the presence of a male-specific DNA, supports the previous diagnosis of a presumptive 15/Y translocation.", "PMID": 83932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9309", "title": "Isolabeling of the long arm of the human Y chromosome demonstrated by the FPG technique.", "content": "Isolabeling segments were found in the distal region of the long arm of Y chromosomes derived from human leukocytes grown through two replication cycles in medium containing BrdU and stained by the FPG technique. Three main types of Y chromosome staining patterns were demonstrated: I-Y chromosome with typical SCD, II-Y chromosome with weakly stained distal regions of long arms (isolabeling segments), III-Y chromosome with both terminal regions displaying SCD interrupted by one isolabeled segment. The existence of different types of Y chromosome staining patterns was explained on the basis of the previously described hypothesis of unequal distribution of thymine residues between two DNA polynucleotide chains in the distal part of the long arms of human Y chromosomes.", "contents": "Isolabeling of the long arm of the human Y chromosome demonstrated by the FPG technique. Isolabeling segments were found in the distal region of the long arm of Y chromosomes derived from human leukocytes grown through two replication cycles in medium containing BrdU and stained by the FPG technique. Three main types of Y chromosome staining patterns were demonstrated: I-Y chromosome with typical SCD, II-Y chromosome with weakly stained distal regions of long arms (isolabeling segments), III-Y chromosome with both terminal regions displaying SCD interrupted by one isolabeled segment. The existence of different types of Y chromosome staining patterns was explained on the basis of the previously described hypothesis of unequal distribution of thymine residues between two DNA polynucleotide chains in the distal part of the long arms of human Y chromosomes.", "PMID": 83934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9310", "title": "Chromosome location of the ribosomal RNA genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela).", "content": "The mitotic chromosomes of six specimens from Triturus vulgaris meridionalis have been examined by both in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA and AS-SAT staining method. The results of these two sets of experiments can be summarized as follows: 1) in each specimen the NORs and the additional ribosomal sites, which react positively to in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA, are also stained by silver; 2) other chromosomal regions, which do not hybridize in situ with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA, are on the other hand stained by the AS-SAT method. These latter AG-positive sites show a species-specific pattern of chromosomal distribution.", "contents": "Chromosome location of the ribosomal RNA genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Amphibia, Urodela). The mitotic chromosomes of six specimens from Triturus vulgaris meridionalis have been examined by both in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA and AS-SAT staining method. The results of these two sets of experiments can be summarized as follows: 1) in each specimen the NORs and the additional ribosomal sites, which react positively to in situ hybridization with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA, are also stained by silver; 2) other chromosomal regions, which do not hybridize in situ with 3H 18S + 28S rRNA, are on the other hand stained by the AS-SAT method. These latter AG-positive sites show a species-specific pattern of chromosomal distribution.", "PMID": 83935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9311", "title": "[Development of educational technology in dentistry in Brazil].", "content": "This article reviews the experiments with educational technology conducted in the School of Dentistry of the Federal University in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An account is given of the production in the Audiovisual Center of teaching-learning materials for dentistry. A summary description is given of programmed instruction techniques for use with an electronic programmer, modules, and sequences of slides with accompanying tape recordings. Some comments are offered on the improvements made with this equipment and techniques in the institution itself and in other universities of Brazil.", "contents": "[Development of educational technology in dentistry in Brazil]. This article reviews the experiments with educational technology conducted in the School of Dentistry of the Federal University in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. An account is given of the production in the Audiovisual Center of teaching-learning materials for dentistry. A summary description is given of programmed instruction techniques for use with an electronic programmer, modules, and sequences of slides with accompanying tape recordings. Some comments are offered on the improvements made with this equipment and techniques in the institution itself and in other universities of Brazil.", "PMID": 83936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9312", "title": "Environmental pollutants and the epidemiology of cancer.", "content": "Cancer etiology involves the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Striking geographic differences and changes in cancer incidence over time have led epidemiologists to infer that probably the major etiologic component is environmental. Recent experiences with vinyl chloride, kepone, and polybrominated biphenyl illustrate the problems involved in epidemiologic studies of proven or suspected environmental carcinogens. While epidemiologic studies will continue to be an essential means for monitoring potential human risks, the long latent periods involved in human carcinogenesis severely limit the usefulness of such approaches for disease prevention. While in vitro and animal test systems can never fully supplant human studies, they represent our only means for detecting potential carcinogenicity before human exposure has become widespread or long established.", "contents": "Environmental pollutants and the epidemiology of cancer. Cancer etiology involves the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Striking geographic differences and changes in cancer incidence over time have led epidemiologists to infer that probably the major etiologic component is environmental. Recent experiences with vinyl chloride, kepone, and polybrominated biphenyl illustrate the problems involved in epidemiologic studies of proven or suspected environmental carcinogens. While epidemiologic studies will continue to be an essential means for monitoring potential human risks, the long latent periods involved in human carcinogenesis severely limit the usefulness of such approaches for disease prevention. While in vitro and animal test systems can never fully supplant human studies, they represent our only means for detecting potential carcinogenicity before human exposure has become widespread or long established.", "PMID": 83937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9313", "title": "Models for mRNA translation: theory versus experiment.", "content": "Three models for mRNA translation are discussed in the light of available experimental data. It is concluded that the elongation rates vary along a messenger, possibly as a result of a coupling between ribosome movement and mRNA secondary structure. Some promising areas of further experimentation are indicated.", "contents": "Models for mRNA translation: theory versus experiment. Three models for mRNA translation are discussed in the light of available experimental data. It is concluded that the elongation rates vary along a messenger, possibly as a result of a coupling between ribosome movement and mRNA secondary structure. Some promising areas of further experimentation are indicated.", "PMID": 83938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9314", "title": "Amino acids of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle of median and lateral lobes in human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "The levels of citrulline, ornithine and arginine were determined in median and lateral lobes of benign prostatic hypertrophy. No statistically significant differences could be stated. In connnection with the concentration of total protein and urea, some hypotheses were formulated for the very high glutamate level of human prostatic tissue.", "contents": "Amino acids of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle of median and lateral lobes in human benign prostatic hypertrophy. The levels of citrulline, ornithine and arginine were determined in median and lateral lobes of benign prostatic hypertrophy. No statistically significant differences could be stated. In connnection with the concentration of total protein and urea, some hypotheses were formulated for the very high glutamate level of human prostatic tissue.", "PMID": 83939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9315", "title": "Enhancement of dicoumarol bioavailability by concomitant food intake.", "content": "The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of dicoumarol from a non-micronized formulation was examined in ten healthy volunteers, by examination of its single-dose kinetics after ingestion of dicoumarol 250 mg with a standardized breakfast and on an empty stomach. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 0 to 72 h, and the serum concentration of unmetabolized dicoumarol was determinded by spectrophotometry. Postprandial AUC (area under the curve) values were significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than the preprandial figures, the mean increase being 85 per cent. The results suggest that dicoumarol should always be taken with food.", "contents": "Enhancement of dicoumarol bioavailability by concomitant food intake. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of dicoumarol from a non-micronized formulation was examined in ten healthy volunteers, by examination of its single-dose kinetics after ingestion of dicoumarol 250 mg with a standardized breakfast and on an empty stomach. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 0 to 72 h, and the serum concentration of unmetabolized dicoumarol was determinded by spectrophotometry. Postprandial AUC (area under the curve) values were significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than the preprandial figures, the mean increase being 85 per cent. The results suggest that dicoumarol should always be taken with food.", "PMID": 83942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9316", "title": "Effect of TRH and dopamine on cyclic AMP levels in enriched mammotroph and thyrotroph cells.", "content": "Populations of normal anterior pituitary cells enriched in thyrotrophs or mammotrophs prepared by velocity sedimentation were used to investigate the effect of modulators of TSH and prolactin secretion on cyclic AMP accumulation. In both thyrotroph-enriched and mammotroph-enriched fractions, IBMX increased cyclic AMP accumulation. In the presence of IBMX, TRH invoked an increase in cyclic AMP suggesting that TRH modulates cyclic AMP accumulation in both of these cell types from normal pituitary glands. In the mammotroph-rich fraction, dopamine inhibited the increase in cyclic AMP induced by TRH. In contrast however, in the thyrotroph-enriched fraction dopamine lowered neither cyclic AMP concentration nor TSH secretion. Thus the inhibiting effect of dopamine on cyclic AMP appears to be specific for prolactin-secreting cells.", "contents": "Effect of TRH and dopamine on cyclic AMP levels in enriched mammotroph and thyrotroph cells. Populations of normal anterior pituitary cells enriched in thyrotrophs or mammotrophs prepared by velocity sedimentation were used to investigate the effect of modulators of TSH and prolactin secretion on cyclic AMP accumulation. In both thyrotroph-enriched and mammotroph-enriched fractions, IBMX increased cyclic AMP accumulation. In the presence of IBMX, TRH invoked an increase in cyclic AMP suggesting that TRH modulates cyclic AMP accumulation in both of these cell types from normal pituitary glands. In the mammotroph-rich fraction, dopamine inhibited the increase in cyclic AMP induced by TRH. In contrast however, in the thyrotroph-enriched fraction dopamine lowered neither cyclic AMP concentration nor TSH secretion. Thus the inhibiting effect of dopamine on cyclic AMP appears to be specific for prolactin-secreting cells.", "PMID": 83946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9317", "title": "[The influence of pregnancy specific serum factors on the mitogen induced culture of lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The addition of 10% serum of pregnant patients to a culture of lymphocytes from healthy non-pregnant control persons inhibits the stimulation of these lymphocytes by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and concanvalin A (Con A). The inhibitory effect increases with increasing duration of pregnancy. Sera from pregnant patients which already inhibit during the first trimester of pregnancy show an increase of this effect with increasing length of gestation. The influence of several hormones and proteins was investigated in order to detect a factor in the pregnant serum responsible for the inhibition of the lymphocyte culture. Compounds which are known to increase during gestation were added as pure compounds in various concentrations to the lymphocyte culture. An inhibitory effect on the lymphocyte culture in vitro was shown dependent on the amount, by human placental lactogen, alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, cortisol, progesterone and SPI glycoprotein and alpha-2-macroglobulin. The estrogens estriol and estradiol in physiologic dosages did not show an inhibitory effect and showed a stimulatory effect in higher dosages.", "contents": "[The influence of pregnancy specific serum factors on the mitogen induced culture of lymphocytes (author's transl)]. The addition of 10% serum of pregnant patients to a culture of lymphocytes from healthy non-pregnant control persons inhibits the stimulation of these lymphocytes by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and concanvalin A (Con A). The inhibitory effect increases with increasing duration of pregnancy. Sera from pregnant patients which already inhibit during the first trimester of pregnancy show an increase of this effect with increasing length of gestation. The influence of several hormones and proteins was investigated in order to detect a factor in the pregnant serum responsible for the inhibition of the lymphocyte culture. Compounds which are known to increase during gestation were added as pure compounds in various concentrations to the lymphocyte culture. An inhibitory effect on the lymphocyte culture in vitro was shown dependent on the amount, by human placental lactogen, alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, cortisol, progesterone and SPI glycoprotein and alpha-2-macroglobulin. The estrogens estriol and estradiol in physiologic dosages did not show an inhibitory effect and showed a stimulatory effect in higher dosages.", "PMID": 83948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9318", "title": "Possibility of immunodiagnosis in ovarian cancer.", "content": "An antigenic material possibly associated with ovarian cancer has been demonstrated by the Ouchterlony technique in the sera from 42(66.7%) of 63 patients with primary ovarian malignancy of various histological types. It was more frequently found in the sera of preoperative patients in the later stages of the disease and those in relapse. Positive reactions could also be elicited from control sera of a very few persons without ovarian cancer. in none of the sera examined could the corresponding antibodies by demonstrated. The antigenic material was found to be an alpha2- or beta-glycoprotein on preliminary identification. There is an antigenic relationship between this material and fetal or normal adult ovaries. The possibility of immunodiagnosis of ovarian cancer is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Possibility of immunodiagnosis in ovarian cancer. An antigenic material possibly associated with ovarian cancer has been demonstrated by the Ouchterlony technique in the sera from 42(66.7%) of 63 patients with primary ovarian malignancy of various histological types. It was more frequently found in the sera of preoperative patients in the later stages of the disease and those in relapse. Positive reactions could also be elicited from control sera of a very few persons without ovarian cancer. in none of the sera examined could the corresponding antibodies by demonstrated. The antigenic material was found to be an alpha2- or beta-glycoprotein on preliminary identification. There is an antigenic relationship between this material and fetal or normal adult ovaries. The possibility of immunodiagnosis of ovarian cancer is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 83953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9319", "title": "Searching for euthanatos: the hospice alternative.", "content": "American culture, with its insistence on happiness and its obsession with technology, discourages a realistic approach to death. Within the concept of Euthanatos, a \"good death,\" however, patients get the chance in the comfortable surroundings of the hospice to integrate dying into their total life experience. Here, their emotional as well as physical needs receive medical attention.", "contents": "Searching for euthanatos: the hospice alternative. American culture, with its insistence on happiness and its obsession with technology, discourages a realistic approach to death. Within the concept of Euthanatos, a \"good death,\" however, patients get the chance in the comfortable surroundings of the hospice to integrate dying into their total life experience. Here, their emotional as well as physical needs receive medical attention.", "PMID": 83957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9320", "title": "Hillhaven Hospice: a free-standing, family-centered program.", "content": "Hillhaven Hospice, Tucson, exemplifies characteristics of the hospice concept: patient-and-family-centered care, emphasis on symptom control, provision of both inpatient and home care, a team approach to serving patients, and service to the family through their mourning period.", "contents": "Hillhaven Hospice: a free-standing, family-centered program. Hillhaven Hospice, Tucson, exemplifies characteristics of the hospice concept: patient-and-family-centered care, emphasis on symptom control, provision of both inpatient and home care, a team approach to serving patients, and service to the family through their mourning period.", "PMID": 83958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9321", "title": "Requirements for beta1H globulin and C3b inactivator in the control of the alternative complement pathway in human serum.", "content": "Using beta1H-depleted and C3b inactivator (C3b1NA)-deficient sera we have investigated the regulatory roles of beta1H and C3bINA in the turnover of the alternative pathway. Spontaneous turnover of C3 and factor B occurred in both beta1H-depleted and C3bINA-deficient sera. In neither case was C3d generated. Prevention of activation could be achieved by the addition of the missing protein, but not by increasing the concentration of the remaining protein. Thus both beta1H and C3bINA must be present simultaneously to prevent spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Requirements for beta1H globulin and C3b inactivator in the control of the alternative complement pathway in human serum. Using beta1H-depleted and C3b inactivator (C3b1NA)-deficient sera we have investigated the regulatory roles of beta1H and C3bINA in the turnover of the alternative pathway. Spontaneous turnover of C3 and factor B occurred in both beta1H-depleted and C3bINA-deficient sera. In neither case was C3d generated. Prevention of activation could be achieved by the addition of the missing protein, but not by increasing the concentration of the remaining protein. Thus both beta1H and C3bINA must be present simultaneously to prevent spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 83964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9322", "title": "Serum concentrations of alpha-macrofeto-protein (acute-phase alpha2-macroglobulin), a proteinase inhibitor, in pregnant and neonatal rats and in rats with acute inflammation.", "content": "Alpha macrofetoprotein (AMF) or acute-phase alpha2 macroglobulin serum concentrations are elevated in pregnant, fetal, and newborn rats and in rats with experimentally induced acute inflammation when quantitated using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of AMF are 17 +/- 2 microgram/ml and 32 +/- 6 microgram/ml in normal adult rat sera. Both maternal (1.2 mg/ml) and neonatal (9.3 mg/ml) concentrations are maximal at term. AMF serum concentrations of rats injected with croton oil into the hind footpads are unchanged for the first 4 h after injection, then increase to a maximum of 10.5 mg/ml 36 h after injection. Serum AMF concentrations correlate directly with the dose of croton oil and the increase in size (swelling) of the injured foot, and remain elevated during the course of inflammation for at least two weeks. The possible function of AMF as an antiproteinase limiting the extent of inflammation after acute tissue injury is discussed.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of alpha-macrofeto-protein (acute-phase alpha2-macroglobulin), a proteinase inhibitor, in pregnant and neonatal rats and in rats with acute inflammation. Alpha macrofetoprotein (AMF) or acute-phase alpha2 macroglobulin serum concentrations are elevated in pregnant, fetal, and newborn rats and in rats with experimentally induced acute inflammation when quantitated using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of AMF are 17 +/- 2 microgram/ml and 32 +/- 6 microgram/ml in normal adult rat sera. Both maternal (1.2 mg/ml) and neonatal (9.3 mg/ml) concentrations are maximal at term. AMF serum concentrations of rats injected with croton oil into the hind footpads are unchanged for the first 4 h after injection, then increase to a maximum of 10.5 mg/ml 36 h after injection. Serum AMF concentrations correlate directly with the dose of croton oil and the increase in size (swelling) of the injured foot, and remain elevated during the course of inflammation for at least two weeks. The possible function of AMF as an antiproteinase limiting the extent of inflammation after acute tissue injury is discussed.", "PMID": 83965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9323", "title": "Serological identification of neoantigens on mouse fibroblasts which have undergone \"spontaneous\" malignant alteration in vitro.", "content": "ST-L1 is a cell line established from lung explants from a normal ST/a mouse. The ST-L1 cells have undergone spontaneous malignant alteration in vitro. The cells were rejected after inoculation into syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, and a syngeneic humoral immuneresponse against the ST-L1 cells has been detected. The specificity of this humoral response was investigated. The syngeneic response to ST-L1 was characterized by indirect immunofluorescence tests and by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled cells and of a C-type virus produced by the cell lines. The specific anti-ST-L1 reactivities were found to be directed against the envelope glycoprotein of an endogenous C-type virus expressed by the antigenic cell line.", "contents": "Serological identification of neoantigens on mouse fibroblasts which have undergone \"spontaneous\" malignant alteration in vitro. ST-L1 is a cell line established from lung explants from a normal ST/a mouse. The ST-L1 cells have undergone spontaneous malignant alteration in vitro. The cells were rejected after inoculation into syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, and a syngeneic humoral immuneresponse against the ST-L1 cells has been detected. The specificity of this humoral response was investigated. The syngeneic response to ST-L1 was characterized by indirect immunofluorescence tests and by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled cells and of a C-type virus produced by the cell lines. The specific anti-ST-L1 reactivities were found to be directed against the envelope glycoprotein of an endogenous C-type virus expressed by the antigenic cell line.", "PMID": 83967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9324", "title": "A quantitative assay for tumor antigen based on inhibition of cytotoxicity of sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "Specific inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be used as a quantitative measure of soluble tumor antigen if highly cytolytic cells are obtained. In vitro secondary stimulation of spleen cells sensitized in vivo to the syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma results in a lymphocyte population consistently more cytolytic than lymphocytes after primary stimulation. Maximal cytolysis requires removal of dead lymphocytes from the effector population. Soluble tumor antigen (STA) is detected only in supernatants of 13762A mammary tumor cultures grown in the  presence of the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, epsilon-amino caproic acid. Soluble MTM antigen preparations block lymphocytes immune to the mammary tumor but not lymphocytes immune to a second mammary adenocarcinoma (R3230) or to allogeneic spleen cells. Soluble antigen preparations from other tumors do not inhibit lymphocytes specifically cytolytic to the 13762A tumor. Additional evidence that the STA preparation contains tumor antigen is its ability to induce specific cytolytic lymphocytes and partial protection from challenge with live MTA tumor cells.", "contents": "A quantitative assay for tumor antigen based on inhibition of cytotoxicity of sensitized lymphocytes. Specific inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be used as a quantitative measure of soluble tumor antigen if highly cytolytic cells are obtained. In vitro secondary stimulation of spleen cells sensitized in vivo to the syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma results in a lymphocyte population consistently more cytolytic than lymphocytes after primary stimulation. Maximal cytolysis requires removal of dead lymphocytes from the effector population. Soluble tumor antigen (STA) is detected only in supernatants of 13762A mammary tumor cultures grown in the  presence of the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, epsilon-amino caproic acid. Soluble MTM antigen preparations block lymphocytes immune to the mammary tumor but not lymphocytes immune to a second mammary adenocarcinoma (R3230) or to allogeneic spleen cells. Soluble antigen preparations from other tumors do not inhibit lymphocytes specifically cytolytic to the 13762A tumor. Additional evidence that the STA preparation contains tumor antigen is its ability to induce specific cytolytic lymphocytes and partial protection from challenge with live MTA tumor cells.", "PMID": 83968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9325", "title": "Tumor metastases and cell-mediated immunity in a model system in DBA/2 mice. IV. Antigenic differences between a metastasizing variant and the parental tumor line revealed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "The syngeneic cytotoxic T-cell response against a metastasizing murine lymphoma variant was investigated and compared with the response against the non-metastasizing parental tumor line Eb. Anti-tumor cytotoxicity was not detectable  in a 4-h 51Cr release assay in spleens taken directly from tumor-bearing animals (primary CMC). After restimulation in vitro (secondary CMC) however, high anti-tumor cytotoxic activity was detected. This activity was mediated by immune T lymphocytes as shown by its sensitivity to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. Ten cells of the metastasizing tumor ESb, inoculated subcutaneously, were sufficient to raise a local tumor and metastases and to induce cytotoxic T memory cells in the spleens. In contrast, about 104 cells were required to raise a local tumor and to induce splenic cytotoxic T memory cells, when the parental tumor Eb was tested. The specificity studies of the anti-tumor cytotoxic activity demonstrated that cytotoxic T cells could distinguish unrelated, chemically induced syngeneic tumors and also recognize antigenic differences between the parental tumor Eb and its variant ESb. Eb and ESb tumor cells were recognized as carrying distinct antigens at the responder cell level, the stimulator cell level and the target cell level. The in vivo significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Tumor metastases and cell-mediated immunity in a model system in DBA/2 mice. IV. Antigenic differences between a metastasizing variant and the parental tumor line revealed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The syngeneic cytotoxic T-cell response against a metastasizing murine lymphoma variant was investigated and compared with the response against the non-metastasizing parental tumor line Eb. Anti-tumor cytotoxicity was not detectable  in a 4-h 51Cr release assay in spleens taken directly from tumor-bearing animals (primary CMC). After restimulation in vitro (secondary CMC) however, high anti-tumor cytotoxic activity was detected. This activity was mediated by immune T lymphocytes as shown by its sensitivity to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. Ten cells of the metastasizing tumor ESb, inoculated subcutaneously, were sufficient to raise a local tumor and metastases and to induce cytotoxic T memory cells in the spleens. In contrast, about 104 cells were required to raise a local tumor and to induce splenic cytotoxic T memory cells, when the parental tumor Eb was tested. The specificity studies of the anti-tumor cytotoxic activity demonstrated that cytotoxic T cells could distinguish unrelated, chemically induced syngeneic tumors and also recognize antigenic differences between the parental tumor Eb and its variant ESb. Eb and ESb tumor cells were recognized as carrying distinct antigens at the responder cell level, the stimulator cell level and the target cell level. The in vivo significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 83969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9326", "title": "Cell mediated immunity to human myelin basic protein in Vogt-Koyahagi-Harada syndrome.", "content": "An immunological basis for neurological involvement in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome was sought by means of the migration-inhibition factor technique with human myelin basic protein. The test was carried out in four patients who had recent manifestations of the syndrome, two of whom were evaluated both before and after initiation of steroid treatment; in one patient 4 years after recovery from the syndrome; in three patients having uveitis of other causes, and in 12 healthy controls. The results were positive in all four patients who had recent manifestations, whereas they were negative in all the others. This finding may constitute evidence of a cell-mediated immunity toward components of the nervous system in this disease entity.", "contents": "Cell mediated immunity to human myelin basic protein in Vogt-Koyahagi-Harada syndrome. An immunological basis for neurological involvement in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome was sought by means of the migration-inhibition factor technique with human myelin basic protein. The test was carried out in four patients who had recent manifestations of the syndrome, two of whom were evaluated both before and after initiation of steroid treatment; in one patient 4 years after recovery from the syndrome; in three patients having uveitis of other causes, and in 12 healthy controls. The results were positive in all four patients who had recent manifestations, whereas they were negative in all the others. This finding may constitute evidence of a cell-mediated immunity toward components of the nervous system in this disease entity.", "PMID": 83972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9327", "title": "A histochemical study in Huntington's disease and control cases.", "content": "1. Extracellular deposits of cerebrosides and free fatty acids were found in the formaldehyde fixed frozen sections of the frontal lobe in 8 cases of Huntington's disease, in one case of the infantile form of Gaucher's disease, 2 cases of Krabbe's globoid cell leucodystrophy, 2 cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy, one case with multiple sclerosis, 2 cases with cerebral contusion and one case with bacterial meningitis. 2. The cerebroside deposits were present in the white matter as well as in the grey matter. 3. The significance of these findings in relation to their etiology is discussed.", "contents": "A histochemical study in Huntington's disease and control cases. 1. Extracellular deposits of cerebrosides and free fatty acids were found in the formaldehyde fixed frozen sections of the frontal lobe in 8 cases of Huntington's disease, in one case of the infantile form of Gaucher's disease, 2 cases of Krabbe's globoid cell leucodystrophy, 2 cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy, one case with multiple sclerosis, 2 cases with cerebral contusion and one case with bacterial meningitis. 2. The cerebroside deposits were present in the white matter as well as in the grey matter. 3. The significance of these findings in relation to their etiology is discussed.", "PMID": 83973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9328", "title": "[Histochemical demonstration of glycogen phosphorylase (E.C. 2.4.11) through the use of semipermeable membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase in unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver using semipermeable membranes and a gel medium. In comparison to the conventional methods this procedure has the following advantages: 1. Staining of sections through a semipermeable membrane prevents diffusion of cellular glycogen and guarantees optimal localisation of phosphorylase activity. 2. Since diffusion is effectively prevented by the membrane the total activity of this highly soluble enzyme can be demonstrated. 3. Tissue and cell structures are well preserved.", "contents": "[Histochemical demonstration of glycogen phosphorylase (E.C. 2.4.11) through the use of semipermeable membranes (author's transl)]. A method is described for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase in unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver using semipermeable membranes and a gel medium. In comparison to the conventional methods this procedure has the following advantages: 1. Staining of sections through a semipermeable membrane prevents diffusion of cellular glycogen and guarantees optimal localisation of phosphorylase activity. 2. Since diffusion is effectively prevented by the membrane the total activity of this highly soluble enzyme can be demonstrated. 3. Tissue and cell structures are well preserved.", "PMID": 83974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9329", "title": "Some communicative properties of the bipersonal field.", "content": "This paper delineates three major types of communicative bipersonal fields: Type A, the symbolic field of illusion and play; Type B, the field of action in discharge and projective identification; and Type C, the static field characterized by impenetrable barriers, falsifications, destruction of meaning, and a rupture of the link between patient and therapist or analyst. The development of this conceptualization is traced through a review of the author's prior contributions and the relevant literature. Several illustrative clinical vignettes are presented. A number of major implications of the basic formulation are discussed, including their relevance to individual communicative styles, the nature of contents and defenses in each field, the distinctive interventions required, and the interaction between patient and therapist in each of the three communicative modes.", "contents": "Some communicative properties of the bipersonal field. This paper delineates three major types of communicative bipersonal fields: Type A, the symbolic field of illusion and play; Type B, the field of action in discharge and projective identification; and Type C, the static field characterized by impenetrable barriers, falsifications, destruction of meaning, and a rupture of the link between patient and therapist or analyst. The development of this conceptualization is traced through a review of the author's prior contributions and the relevant literature. Several illustrative clinical vignettes are presented. A number of major implications of the basic formulation are discussed, including their relevance to individual communicative styles, the nature of contents and defenses in each field, the distinctive interventions required, and the interaction between patient and therapist in each of the three communicative modes.", "PMID": 83971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9330", "title": "Detection of aldehydefuchsin-positive neurosecretory granules in the cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat.", "content": "Application of dark field microscopy to sections fixed with picric acid--formalin and stained with crotonaldehydefuchsin allows the demonstration of neurosecretory granules in the neurones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of normal rats.", "contents": "Detection of aldehydefuchsin-positive neurosecretory granules in the cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Application of dark field microscopy to sections fixed with picric acid--formalin and stained with crotonaldehydefuchsin allows the demonstration of neurosecretory granules in the neurones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of normal rats.", "PMID": 83975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9331", "title": "Histochemical staining of lymphatic anchoring filaments.", "content": "Lymphatic anchoring filaments are stained by means of histochemical methods that demonstrate disulfide-groups. Thiosulfation of sections either followed by aldehyde-fuchsin staining or by Alcian Blue +0.8 M MgCl2 staining has been used. Lymphatic anchoring filaments display striking fine structural similarities to \"elastic fiber microfibrils\" and both kinds of fibers are characterized by disulfide content.", "contents": "Histochemical staining of lymphatic anchoring filaments. Lymphatic anchoring filaments are stained by means of histochemical methods that demonstrate disulfide-groups. Thiosulfation of sections either followed by aldehyde-fuchsin staining or by Alcian Blue +0.8 M MgCl2 staining has been used. Lymphatic anchoring filaments display striking fine structural similarities to \"elastic fiber microfibrils\" and both kinds of fibers are characterized by disulfide content.", "PMID": 83976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9332", "title": "[Age-dependency of toluidine-blue dichroism and birefringence of fibers within the costo-chondral junction of human ribs (author's transl)].", "content": "The chondral fibers running parallel to the chondrocyte columns within die costo-chondral junction of human ribs were investigated quantitatively following standardized Toluidine blue staining by using the Leitz-Mikrospektrograph for observing the absorption spectrum, and by employing both a Berek- and a Brace-K\u00f6hler compensator for polarization measurements. Autopsy material was obtained from the ribs of 35 children and adults at the age of 0 to 22 years. Refractivity was measured in stained and unstained paraffin sections, whereas dichroism and metachromatic index (MI) of the fibers were determined in stained specimens. All three parameters showed characteristic, quantitative age-dependent variations indicating that the highest degree of molecular and structural adjustment and alignment of the fibers is already being reached at the age of 8 years. The continuously higher refractivity of the fibers with increasing age and bone maturity may be explained by a progressive loss of water by the fibers.", "contents": "[Age-dependency of toluidine-blue dichroism and birefringence of fibers within the costo-chondral junction of human ribs (author's transl)]. The chondral fibers running parallel to the chondrocyte columns within die costo-chondral junction of human ribs were investigated quantitatively following standardized Toluidine blue staining by using the Leitz-Mikrospektrograph for observing the absorption spectrum, and by employing both a Berek- and a Brace-K\u00f6hler compensator for polarization measurements. Autopsy material was obtained from the ribs of 35 children and adults at the age of 0 to 22 years. Refractivity was measured in stained and unstained paraffin sections, whereas dichroism and metachromatic index (MI) of the fibers were determined in stained specimens. All three parameters showed characteristic, quantitative age-dependent variations indicating that the highest degree of molecular and structural adjustment and alignment of the fibers is already being reached at the age of 8 years. The continuously higher refractivity of the fibers with increasing age and bone maturity may be explained by a progressive loss of water by the fibers.", "PMID": 83977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9333", "title": "[Investigation of the anisotropy of glycocalyx stained with 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study the anisotropic staining of the erythrocyte membrane with 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride was studied and simultaneously compared with the toluidine blue topo-optical staining. The difference between anisotropic toluidine blue and 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue staining, except after KMnO4-oxidation, was only of quantitative nature. On the contrary, striking differences were observed between N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining, and toluidine blue or 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue staining. Enzymatic and chemical degradation resulted the disappearance of N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining. Following these treatment membrane birefringence could be restored by aldehyde bisulfate and/or KMnO4-oxidation, while the N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining was restored only after KMnO4-oxidation. After methylation or acetylation the membrane birefringence disappears, while after KMnO4-oxidation both topo-optical reactions return. The digitonin reaction brought about a rearrangement of the glycocyalyx components. The results draw attention to the spatial orientation of the glycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane. The role of glycocalyx in the three topo-optical reactions was thus clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "[Investigation of the anisotropy of glycocalyx stained with 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride (author's transl)]. In the present study the anisotropic staining of the erythrocyte membrane with 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride was studied and simultaneously compared with the toluidine blue topo-optical staining. The difference between anisotropic toluidine blue and 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue staining, except after KMnO4-oxidation, was only of quantitative nature. On the contrary, striking differences were observed between N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining, and toluidine blue or 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue staining. Enzymatic and chemical degradation resulted the disappearance of N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining. Following these treatment membrane birefringence could be restored by aldehyde bisulfate and/or KMnO4-oxidation, while the N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride staining was restored only after KMnO4-oxidation. After methylation or acetylation the membrane birefringence disappears, while after KMnO4-oxidation both topo-optical reactions return. The digitonin reaction brought about a rearrangement of the glycocyalyx components. The results draw attention to the spatial orientation of the glycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane. The role of glycocalyx in the three topo-optical reactions was thus clearly demonstrated.", "PMID": 83978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9334", "title": "[The suitability of further thiazine and quinoline dyes for topo-optical reactions on the plasmalemma (author's transl)].", "content": "The present studies prove that the thiazin dyes, azure B, azure C and thionin, and the quinolin dyes pinacyanol and its hydrochloride, are suitable for topo-optical staining of the plasmalemma. On the membrane surface the orientated bound dye molecules become stabilized, and with subsequent precipitation the anisotropic effect is reinforced. On optical analysis, the thiazin dye molecules (azure B, AZURE C and Thionin) are bound radially on the membrane. The molecules of the previously studied quinolin dye, N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanide chloride are bound parallel to the membrane, while pinacyanol and its hydrochloride, like the thiazin dyes, are bound in the radial position.", "contents": "[The suitability of further thiazine and quinoline dyes for topo-optical reactions on the plasmalemma (author's transl)]. The present studies prove that the thiazin dyes, azure B, azure C and thionin, and the quinolin dyes pinacyanol and its hydrochloride, are suitable for topo-optical staining of the plasmalemma. On the membrane surface the orientated bound dye molecules become stabilized, and with subsequent precipitation the anisotropic effect is reinforced. On optical analysis, the thiazin dye molecules (azure B, AZURE C and Thionin) are bound radially on the membrane. The molecules of the previously studied quinolin dye, N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanide chloride are bound parallel to the membrane, while pinacyanol and its hydrochloride, like the thiazin dyes, are bound in the radial position.", "PMID": 83979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9335", "title": "Light and electron histochemistry of phosphoamidase with p-chloranilidophosphonic acid and with cyclophosphamide (endoxan).", "content": "The original metal-salt technique of Gomori (1948a) employing p-chloranilidophosphonic acid as a substrate for the demonstration of the activity of phosphoamidase has been used with varying success by a number of investigators for light microscopy. Cyclophosphamide (endoxan) which is a cytotoxic drug known to activate phosphoamidase and other lysosomal enzymes in neoplasm (Grillo, 1971) is proposed as another substrate for the enzyme for both light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Light and electron histochemistry of phosphoamidase with p-chloranilidophosphonic acid and with cyclophosphamide (endoxan). The original metal-salt technique of Gomori (1948a) employing p-chloranilidophosphonic acid as a substrate for the demonstration of the activity of phosphoamidase has been used with varying success by a number of investigators for light microscopy. Cyclophosphamide (endoxan) which is a cytotoxic drug known to activate phosphoamidase and other lysosomal enzymes in neoplasm (Grillo, 1971) is proposed as another substrate for the enzyme for both light and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 83980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9336", "title": "Combination of metallic impregnation and autoradiography of brain sections. A method for differentiation of proliferating glial cells in the brain of adult rats and mice.", "content": "After labeling with 14C-thymidine, frozen sections or paraffin sections of the brain of adult mice or rats were first stained by metallic impregnation and then coated with chrome alum gelatine and with an emulsion layer of about 10 micron. On the autoradiographs 14C-tracks are readily recognized above labelled astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, and these can be well discriminated, if the sections are processed by the silver carbonate method of Rio-Hortega. In contrast, no labelling is obtained, if the gold chloride sublimate method of Cajal is applied.", "contents": "Combination of metallic impregnation and autoradiography of brain sections. A method for differentiation of proliferating glial cells in the brain of adult rats and mice. After labeling with 14C-thymidine, frozen sections or paraffin sections of the brain of adult mice or rats were first stained by metallic impregnation and then coated with chrome alum gelatine and with an emulsion layer of about 10 micron. On the autoradiographs 14C-tracks are readily recognized above labelled astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, and these can be well discriminated, if the sections are processed by the silver carbonate method of Rio-Hortega. In contrast, no labelling is obtained, if the gold chloride sublimate method of Cajal is applied.", "PMID": 83981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9337", "title": "Polarization and fluorescent microscopy--simple methods for demonstrating pulmonary surfactant lipids.", "content": "Birefringence and fluorochrome lipid staining with benzpyrene are demonstrated as simple morphological methods to reveal the presence or absence of surfactant lipids in human newborn lung tissue. Lack of lipid birefringence proves to be an associated finding in the lungs of premature infants with hyaline membrane disease, indicating the possible pathogenetical importance of surfactant deficiency.", "contents": "Polarization and fluorescent microscopy--simple methods for demonstrating pulmonary surfactant lipids. Birefringence and fluorochrome lipid staining with benzpyrene are demonstrated as simple morphological methods to reveal the presence or absence of surfactant lipids in human newborn lung tissue. Lack of lipid birefringence proves to be an associated finding in the lungs of premature infants with hyaline membrane disease, indicating the possible pathogenetical importance of surfactant deficiency.", "PMID": 83982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9338", "title": "A synthesis of dihydrostreptomycin.", "content": "A key protected streptidine derivative (3) useful for the synthesis of antibiotics of streptomycin series was prepared by hydrolysis of an acylated dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) derivative (2), and it was condensed with a protected dihydrostreptobiosaminyl chloride (5) to give two condensation products (6 and 7). By deblocking, 6 was led to DHSM and 7 to a biologically inactive isomer (8) of DHSM. From the PMR spectrum of 4-O-mesyl derivative (4) of 3, the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl groups were concluded to be attached to the end nitrogens of the guanidine groups.", "contents": "A synthesis of dihydrostreptomycin. A key protected streptidine derivative (3) useful for the synthesis of antibiotics of streptomycin series was prepared by hydrolysis of an acylated dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) derivative (2), and it was condensed with a protected dihydrostreptobiosaminyl chloride (5) to give two condensation products (6 and 7). By deblocking, 6 was led to DHSM and 7 to a biologically inactive isomer (8) of DHSM. From the PMR spectrum of 4-O-mesyl derivative (4) of 3, the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl groups were concluded to be attached to the end nitrogens of the guanidine groups.", "PMID": 83983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9339", "title": "Biological studies on the degradation products of 3-[(S)-1'-phenylethylamino]propylaminobleomycin: a novel analog (pepleomycin).", "content": "Pepleomycin (PEP), 3-[(S)-1'-phenylethylamino]propylaminobleomycin has potent activity and is less pulmonary toxic than bleomycin (BLM). Biological activity and toxicity of the following degradation products of PEP have been studied in detail: the product of carbamoyl migration (ISO), the product of decarbamylation (DC), the product of ring closure of the side chain on the pyrimidine moiety (RC), the depyruvamide product (DP) and the product of an enzymatic inactivation (DA). These degradation products showed much lower activity than PEP in vitro: antimicrobial and anti-HeLa activities, inhibition of DNA synthesis in AH66 cells and the DNA strand cleavage. Acute toxicity and pulmonary toxicity were tested in mice. Results indicated much lower acute toxicity corresponding to the decreased in vitro activity when compared to PEP. DP and RC did not cause lung fibrosis in mice, while ISO and DC showed 1/2.6 and 1/5.7 degree of pulmonary toxicity, respectively, in comparison with PEP.", "contents": "Biological studies on the degradation products of 3-[(S)-1'-phenylethylamino]propylaminobleomycin: a novel analog (pepleomycin). Pepleomycin (PEP), 3-[(S)-1'-phenylethylamino]propylaminobleomycin has potent activity and is less pulmonary toxic than bleomycin (BLM). Biological activity and toxicity of the following degradation products of PEP have been studied in detail: the product of carbamoyl migration (ISO), the product of decarbamylation (DC), the product of ring closure of the side chain on the pyrimidine moiety (RC), the depyruvamide product (DP) and the product of an enzymatic inactivation (DA). These degradation products showed much lower activity than PEP in vitro: antimicrobial and anti-HeLa activities, inhibition of DNA synthesis in AH66 cells and the DNA strand cleavage. Acute toxicity and pulmonary toxicity were tested in mice. Results indicated much lower acute toxicity corresponding to the decreased in vitro activity when compared to PEP. DP and RC did not cause lung fibrosis in mice, while ISO and DC showed 1/2.6 and 1/5.7 degree of pulmonary toxicity, respectively, in comparison with PEP.", "PMID": 83987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9340", "title": "The effect of bleomycin on prolyl hydroxylase and DNA chain breakage: structure-activity relationship.", "content": "The activity of purified prolyl hydroxylase (proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1.14.11.2) was enhanced about 3-fold by addition of bleomycin in the assay mixture. Various members of the bleomycin family, their derivatives and degradation products were investigated for activities against prolyl hydroxylase together with their activities of DNA chain breakage to determine relationships between the structure of bleomycin and its various actions. All the bleomycins with various terminal amine parts and desamide bleomycin stimulated the enzymatic activity but did not exhibit an effect on DNA chain breakage. The stimulatory activity of bleomycin was not decreased by hydrolysis with 0.3 N H2SO4 at 80 degrees C for 6 hours, conditions which liberates the sugar moiety, but was eliminated by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl at 105 degrees C for 24 hours. In contrast both treatments decreased the DNA chain breakage activity of bleomycin. Optical spectral studies revealed that all the bleomycins and their hydrolysates which stimulated the prolyl hydroxylase activity made complexes with ferrous ion, one of the cofactors of this enyzme.", "contents": "The effect of bleomycin on prolyl hydroxylase and DNA chain breakage: structure-activity relationship. The activity of purified prolyl hydroxylase (proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1.14.11.2) was enhanced about 3-fold by addition of bleomycin in the assay mixture. Various members of the bleomycin family, their derivatives and degradation products were investigated for activities against prolyl hydroxylase together with their activities of DNA chain breakage to determine relationships between the structure of bleomycin and its various actions. All the bleomycins with various terminal amine parts and desamide bleomycin stimulated the enzymatic activity but did not exhibit an effect on DNA chain breakage. The stimulatory activity of bleomycin was not decreased by hydrolysis with 0.3 N H2SO4 at 80 degrees C for 6 hours, conditions which liberates the sugar moiety, but was eliminated by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl at 105 degrees C for 24 hours. In contrast both treatments decreased the DNA chain breakage activity of bleomycin. Optical spectral studies revealed that all the bleomycins and their hydrolysates which stimulated the prolyl hydroxylase activity made complexes with ferrous ion, one of the cofactors of this enyzme.", "PMID": 83988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9341", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of polysaccharide components in polymyxin B treated outer membranes from Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Treatment of outer membranes of Serratia marcescens with polymyxin B results in the formation of blebs. This effect is thought to be due to the action of the antibiotic on the lipopolysaccharides, proteins, phospholipids or a combination thereof. It is unclear whether this effect is dissociative, degradative or due to an inhibition of the assembly of outer membrane components. Prior studies showed that lipopolysaccharides and polymyxin B form complexes, but direct visualization of the in situ action of polymyxin B had not been accomplished. Isolated outer membranes normally exhibit a periodicity of the polysaccharide molecules when stained by the thiosemicarbazide-silver technique. Polymyxin B treated outer membranes display a change in their basic morphology. This effect is very drastic in the sensitive strain as demonstrated by the large gaps in the deposition of the granules in the modified outer membrane structure. Thus it appears that the polysaccharide molecules (probably the lipopolysaccharide) either alone or in association with protein or phospholipids are the primary targets of the antibiotic.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of polysaccharide components in polymyxin B treated outer membranes from Serratia marcescens. Treatment of outer membranes of Serratia marcescens with polymyxin B results in the formation of blebs. This effect is thought to be due to the action of the antibiotic on the lipopolysaccharides, proteins, phospholipids or a combination thereof. It is unclear whether this effect is dissociative, degradative or due to an inhibition of the assembly of outer membrane components. Prior studies showed that lipopolysaccharides and polymyxin B form complexes, but direct visualization of the in situ action of polymyxin B had not been accomplished. Isolated outer membranes normally exhibit a periodicity of the polysaccharide molecules when stained by the thiosemicarbazide-silver technique. Polymyxin B treated outer membranes display a change in their basic morphology. This effect is very drastic in the sensitive strain as demonstrated by the large gaps in the deposition of the granules in the modified outer membrane structure. Thus it appears that the polysaccharide molecules (probably the lipopolysaccharide) either alone or in association with protein or phospholipids are the primary targets of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 83989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9342", "title": "Sodium-dependent transport of L-leucine in membrane vesicles prepared from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Membrane vesicles were prepared by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P14, and the active transport of amino acids was studied. D-Glucose, gluconate, and L-malate supported active transport of various L-amino acids. The respiration-dependent leucine transport was markedly stimulated by Na+. Moreover, without any respiratory substrate, leucine was also transported transiently by the addition of Na+ alone. This transient uptake of leucine was not inhibited either by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethyoxyphenylhydrazone or by valinomycin, but was completely abolished by gramicidin D. Increase in the concentration of Na+ of the medium resulted in a decrease of the Km for L-leucine transport, whereas the Vmax was not significnatly affected. Active transport of leucine was inhibited competitively by isoleucine or by valine, whose transport was also stimulated by Na+. On the other hand, Na+ was not required for the uptake of other L-amino acids tested, but rather was inhibitory for some of them. These results show (i) that a common transport system for branched-chain amino acids exists in membrane vesicles, (ii) that the system requires Na+ for its activity, and (iii) that an Na+ gradient can drive the system.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent transport of L-leucine in membrane vesicles prepared from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Membrane vesicles were prepared by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P14, and the active transport of amino acids was studied. D-Glucose, gluconate, and L-malate supported active transport of various L-amino acids. The respiration-dependent leucine transport was markedly stimulated by Na+. Moreover, without any respiratory substrate, leucine was also transported transiently by the addition of Na+ alone. This transient uptake of leucine was not inhibited either by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethyoxyphenylhydrazone or by valinomycin, but was completely abolished by gramicidin D. Increase in the concentration of Na+ of the medium resulted in a decrease of the Km for L-leucine transport, whereas the Vmax was not significnatly affected. Active transport of leucine was inhibited competitively by isoleucine or by valine, whose transport was also stimulated by Na+. On the other hand, Na+ was not required for the uptake of other L-amino acids tested, but rather was inhibitory for some of them. These results show (i) that a common transport system for branched-chain amino acids exists in membrane vesicles, (ii) that the system requires Na+ for its activity, and (iii) that an Na+ gradient can drive the system.", "PMID": 83991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9343", "title": "Structure of the complex oligosaccharides of fetuin.", "content": "The complete structure of the complex oligosaccharides of fetuin has been established. The three fractions of complex oligosaccharide which were isolated by ion exchange chromatography following pronase digestion (F-I, F-II, and F-III) had identical molar ratios of sialic acid (Sia), galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine of 3:3:3:5. A combination of methylation analyses, Smith periodate degradations, and endoglycosidase and exoglycosidase digestions were utilized to establish the structure which is proposed to be: (see article of journal). Features of this structure not previously established include the presence of 2 residues of alpha2,3- and 1 residue of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid and their location relative to the mannose branch points. Also unusual is the presence of an alpha-linked branch mannose with substituents at positions 2 and 4 which is in turn linked to position 6 of the beta-linked, branch mannose. These features result in unexpected resistance to specific exoglycosidases.", "contents": "Structure of the complex oligosaccharides of fetuin. The complete structure of the complex oligosaccharides of fetuin has been established. The three fractions of complex oligosaccharide which were isolated by ion exchange chromatography following pronase digestion (F-I, F-II, and F-III) had identical molar ratios of sialic acid (Sia), galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine of 3:3:3:5. A combination of methylation analyses, Smith periodate degradations, and endoglycosidase and exoglycosidase digestions were utilized to establish the structure which is proposed to be: (see article of journal). Features of this structure not previously established include the presence of 2 residues of alpha2,3- and 1 residue of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid and their location relative to the mannose branch points. Also unusual is the presence of an alpha-linked branch mannose with substituents at positions 2 and 4 which is in turn linked to position 6 of the beta-linked, branch mannose. These features result in unexpected resistance to specific exoglycosidases.", "PMID": 83994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9344", "title": "A requirement for ATP for beta-galactoside transport by Bacillus alcalophilus.", "content": "Lactose-grown cells of Bacillus alcalophilus actively transported methylthio-beta, D-galactoside (TMG) in a range of pH values from 7.5 to 10.5 with a pH optimum at 8.5. The TMG was accumulated in a chemically unmodified form, and cell extracts failed to catalyze either ATP or P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of TMG. At pH 8.5, the lactose-grown cells exhibited a transmembrane proton gradient (deltapH) of 1.38 units, interior acid, and a transmembrane electrical potential (delta psi) of -132 mV. Accordingly, the total protonmotive force at this pH was very low, -51mV. Several lines of evidence indicate that the protonmotive force or delta psi did not directly energize TMG transport but, rather, that ATP was directly required: (a) in cells treated with arsenate so that the delta psi was unaffected and cellular ATP levels were markedly lowered, TMG transport was inhibited in proportion to the reduction of cellular ATP, while electrogenic alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport was not; (b) when a valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential was established in starved cells, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport, but not TMG transport, was stimulated; and (c) in a series of experiments in which the delta psi was rapidly abolished by treatment with gramicidin, ATP levels declined slowly and the rate of TMG transport correlated directly with ATP levels rather than with the delta psi. Consumption of cellular ATP concomitant with TMG transport could be demonstrated.", "contents": "A requirement for ATP for beta-galactoside transport by Bacillus alcalophilus. Lactose-grown cells of Bacillus alcalophilus actively transported methylthio-beta, D-galactoside (TMG) in a range of pH values from 7.5 to 10.5 with a pH optimum at 8.5. The TMG was accumulated in a chemically unmodified form, and cell extracts failed to catalyze either ATP or P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of TMG. At pH 8.5, the lactose-grown cells exhibited a transmembrane proton gradient (deltapH) of 1.38 units, interior acid, and a transmembrane electrical potential (delta psi) of -132 mV. Accordingly, the total protonmotive force at this pH was very low, -51mV. Several lines of evidence indicate that the protonmotive force or delta psi did not directly energize TMG transport but, rather, that ATP was directly required: (a) in cells treated with arsenate so that the delta psi was unaffected and cellular ATP levels were markedly lowered, TMG transport was inhibited in proportion to the reduction of cellular ATP, while electrogenic alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport was not; (b) when a valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential was established in starved cells, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport, but not TMG transport, was stimulated; and (c) in a series of experiments in which the delta psi was rapidly abolished by treatment with gramicidin, ATP levels declined slowly and the rate of TMG transport correlated directly with ATP levels rather than with the delta psi. Consumption of cellular ATP concomitant with TMG transport could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 83995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9345", "title": "Endonuclease activity of purified RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) contain a Mn2+-activated endonuclease activity capable of nicking supercoiled DNA. This endonuclease activity co-sediments in glycerol gradients with the alphabeta form of AMV DNA polymerase, and co-chromatographs with DNA polymerase activity on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and heparin-Sepharose. It is also present in AMV alphabeta-DNA polymerase purified by electrophoresis through nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and subsequently chromatographed on poly(C)-agarose. alphabeta-associated endonuclease is co-immunoprecipitated with DNA polymerase activity by antiserum directed against alphabeta holoenzyme. The alpha form of AMV DNA polymerase lacks this activity. In its enzymatic properties, alphabeta-associated endonuclease resembles the endodeoxyribonuclease activity associated with the AMV p32 protein, which has been shown to be structurally related to the beta (but not the alpha) subunit of AMV DNA polymerase.", "contents": "Endonuclease activity of purified RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Highly purified preparations of RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) contain a Mn2+-activated endonuclease activity capable of nicking supercoiled DNA. This endonuclease activity co-sediments in glycerol gradients with the alphabeta form of AMV DNA polymerase, and co-chromatographs with DNA polymerase activity on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and heparin-Sepharose. It is also present in AMV alphabeta-DNA polymerase purified by electrophoresis through nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and subsequently chromatographed on poly(C)-agarose. alphabeta-associated endonuclease is co-immunoprecipitated with DNA polymerase activity by antiserum directed against alphabeta holoenzyme. The alpha form of AMV DNA polymerase lacks this activity. In its enzymatic properties, alphabeta-associated endonuclease resembles the endodeoxyribonuclease activity associated with the AMV p32 protein, which has been shown to be structurally related to the beta (but not the alpha) subunit of AMV DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 83998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9346", "title": "A critical comparison of the value of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen assays in patients with colorectal cancer.", "content": "Absolute serum concentrations of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were compared in 54 patients before and after surgery for colorectal cancer. Preoperatively, elevated levels of alpha2-PAG were found in 32 (59%) and of CEA in 35 (65%). Postoperatively, elevated alpha2-PAG levels were found in 10 of 18 patients (56%) without clinical evidence of recurrence whereas elevated CEA levels were present in three (16%). In patients who developed clinical evidence of tumour recurrence, alpha2-PAG levels were elevated in 8 of 13 (62%) while CEA levels were uniformly abnormal. It is concluded that, in this cross-sectional study, measurement of alpha2-PAG concentrations is less reliable than CEA in the detection of tumour recurrence after apparently curative surgery for colorectal cancer.", "contents": "A critical comparison of the value of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen assays in patients with colorectal cancer. Absolute serum concentrations of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were compared in 54 patients before and after surgery for colorectal cancer. Preoperatively, elevated levels of alpha2-PAG were found in 32 (59%) and of CEA in 35 (65%). Postoperatively, elevated alpha2-PAG levels were found in 10 of 18 patients (56%) without clinical evidence of recurrence whereas elevated CEA levels were present in three (16%). In patients who developed clinical evidence of tumour recurrence, alpha2-PAG levels were elevated in 8 of 13 (62%) while CEA levels were uniformly abnormal. It is concluded that, in this cross-sectional study, measurement of alpha2-PAG concentrations is less reliable than CEA in the detection of tumour recurrence after apparently curative surgery for colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 84001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9347", "title": "The location of spinal neurons with long descending axons (long descending propriospinal tract neurons) in the cat: a study with the horseradish peroxidase technique.", "content": "The distribution spinal neurons with long descending axons was studied in the cat by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the cervical and the thoracic cord following injections in the lumbosacral cord. In some cases hemisections were made rostrally and contralaterally to the injections in an attempt to determine whether or not the axons crossed. Neurons with uncrossed descending axons were located in laminae I, V, VII and VIII. Lamina I neurons were present in all the spinal segments. In lamina V labeled neurons were distributed mainly laterally in the cervical cord but medially and laterally in the thoracic cord. In the upper cervical and the thoracic cord laminae VII and VIII neurons were distributed very densely along the lateral cord, accounting for 30 and 40 of the total labeled neurons, respectively. In the cervical enlargement they were located in the middle part of lamina VII and in lamina VIII, accounting for about 25% of the total labeled neurons. Neurons with crossed descending axons were found in laminae V, VII and VIII, in the medial part of lamina VII including the intermediomedial nucleus of the thoracic levels and close to the central canal. Lamina V neurons were very small in number. The largest collections of labeled neurons were present in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII. They accounted for about 45% to 55% and 37% of the total in the cervical and the thoracic cord. These neurons may function as the long spinal reflex paths for forelimb-hindlimb synergies and the intercalated paths between the supraspinal descending tracts and the spinal motor centers.", "contents": "The location of spinal neurons with long descending axons (long descending propriospinal tract neurons) in the cat: a study with the horseradish peroxidase technique. The distribution spinal neurons with long descending axons was studied in the cat by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the cervical and the thoracic cord following injections in the lumbosacral cord. In some cases hemisections were made rostrally and contralaterally to the injections in an attempt to determine whether or not the axons crossed. Neurons with uncrossed descending axons were located in laminae I, V, VII and VIII. Lamina I neurons were present in all the spinal segments. In lamina V labeled neurons were distributed mainly laterally in the cervical cord but medially and laterally in the thoracic cord. In the upper cervical and the thoracic cord laminae VII and VIII neurons were distributed very densely along the lateral cord, accounting for 30 and 40 of the total labeled neurons, respectively. In the cervical enlargement they were located in the middle part of lamina VII and in lamina VIII, accounting for about 25% of the total labeled neurons. Neurons with crossed descending axons were found in laminae V, VII and VIII, in the medial part of lamina VII including the intermediomedial nucleus of the thoracic levels and close to the central canal. Lamina V neurons were very small in number. The largest collections of labeled neurons were present in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII. They accounted for about 45% to 55% and 37% of the total in the cervical and the thoracic cord. These neurons may function as the long spinal reflex paths for forelimb-hindlimb synergies and the intercalated paths between the supraspinal descending tracts and the spinal motor centers.", "PMID": 84003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9348", "title": "Anatomical organization of the spinocerebellar system in the cat, as studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The distribution of spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurons has been studied in the entire length of the spinal cord of the cat following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellum, and whether or not the axons of the labeled neurons crossed within the spinal cord was determined in cases with injections preceded by hemisections at the cervical levels. The SCTs were classified into the following crossed and uncrossed tracts according to the cell origin and the fiber course; the crossed SCTs originate from (1) the central cervical nucleus (the CCN-SCT), (2) lamina VIII neurons of the cervical to the lumbar cord (the lamina VIII-SCT), (3) spinal border cells (the border cell-SCT), (4) neurons in the medial lamina VII of the lumbar to the caudal spinal segments (the medial lamina VII-SCT), (5) ventral horn neurons (laminae VII and VIII) of the sacral and caudal segments (the ventral horn-SCT) and (6) dorsal horn neurons (lamina V) of the sacral and the caudal segments (the dorsal horn-SCT). The uncrossed tracts originate from (1) neurons of the medial lamina VI of C2 to T1 (the medial lamina VI-SCT of the cervical cord), (2) neurons in the central part of lamina VII of C6 to T1 (the central lamina VII-SCT of the cervical enlargement), (3) lamina V neurons of the lower cervical to the lumbar cord (the lamina V-SCT), (4) Clarke's column (the Clarke's column-SCT and (5) neurons in the medial lamina VI of L5 and L6 (the medial lamina VI-SCT of the lumbar cord). The present study suggests that the spinocerebellar system originates from more diverse laminae than has previously been known, and further refined studies on the topographic projections of each tract will yield more important and valuable information in this field.", "contents": "Anatomical organization of the spinocerebellar system in the cat, as studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The distribution of spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurons has been studied in the entire length of the spinal cord of the cat following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellum, and whether or not the axons of the labeled neurons crossed within the spinal cord was determined in cases with injections preceded by hemisections at the cervical levels. The SCTs were classified into the following crossed and uncrossed tracts according to the cell origin and the fiber course; the crossed SCTs originate from (1) the central cervical nucleus (the CCN-SCT), (2) lamina VIII neurons of the cervical to the lumbar cord (the lamina VIII-SCT), (3) spinal border cells (the border cell-SCT), (4) neurons in the medial lamina VII of the lumbar to the caudal spinal segments (the medial lamina VII-SCT), (5) ventral horn neurons (laminae VII and VIII) of the sacral and caudal segments (the ventral horn-SCT) and (6) dorsal horn neurons (lamina V) of the sacral and the caudal segments (the dorsal horn-SCT). The uncrossed tracts originate from (1) neurons of the medial lamina VI of C2 to T1 (the medial lamina VI-SCT of the cervical cord), (2) neurons in the central part of lamina VII of C6 to T1 (the central lamina VII-SCT of the cervical enlargement), (3) lamina V neurons of the lower cervical to the lumbar cord (the lamina V-SCT), (4) Clarke's column (the Clarke's column-SCT and (5) neurons in the medial lamina VI of L5 and L6 (the medial lamina VI-SCT of the lumbar cord). The present study suggests that the spinocerebellar system originates from more diverse laminae than has previously been known, and further refined studies on the topographic projections of each tract will yield more important and valuable information in this field.", "PMID": 84004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9349", "title": "Structural and histochemical observations of fluorotic enamel matrix.", "content": "The matrix of fluorotic enamel is studied by S.E.M. and histochemically by light microscopy. Observations are made on fluorotic human teeth and on rat incisors in which fluorosis has been produced by daily injections of NaF. The enamel sheaths appear enlarged and irregular, rich in stainable proteins, while glycocomponents of the matrix are less dense. A relationship is suggested between those alterations and the further irregular pattern of mineralization of fluorotic enamel.", "contents": "Structural and histochemical observations of fluorotic enamel matrix. The matrix of fluorotic enamel is studied by S.E.M. and histochemically by light microscopy. Observations are made on fluorotic human teeth and on rat incisors in which fluorosis has been produced by daily injections of NaF. The enamel sheaths appear enlarged and irregular, rich in stainable proteins, while glycocomponents of the matrix are less dense. A relationship is suggested between those alterations and the further irregular pattern of mineralization of fluorotic enamel.", "PMID": 84005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9350", "title": "A rapid ocular smear technique for optometrists: a preliminary report.", "content": "The preliminary report discusses a clinical procedure in acquiring conjunctival smears, fixing the acquired sample and interpreting the results. Included is a description of the white blood cells frequently found in ocular smears and the clinical significance of each.", "contents": "A rapid ocular smear technique for optometrists: a preliminary report. The preliminary report discusses a clinical procedure in acquiring conjunctival smears, fixing the acquired sample and interpreting the results. Included is a description of the white blood cells frequently found in ocular smears and the clinical significance of each.", "PMID": 84009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9351", "title": "Biochemical relationship between murine immune interferon and a killer cell helper factor.", "content": "Concanavalin A and alloantigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells release into the supernatant at least two distinct antigen-nonspecific factors that enhance the generation of cytotoxic cells in vitro. As previously reported, analysis of the supernatant by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatographic showed one of the two killer cell helper factors (KHF) to be associated with thymocyte mitogenic factor. This report demonstrates the second KHF to be separable from thymocyte mitogenic factor but inseparable from type II (immune) interferon. In addition, this KHF exhibits the same sensitivity to exposure to pH-2 buffer as does immune interferon. The KHF activity of an unfractionated supernatant, which is greater than of either the TMF-associated or interferon-associated KHF alone, is the result of the additive activities of the two independently acting helper factors.", "contents": "Biochemical relationship between murine immune interferon and a killer cell helper factor. Concanavalin A and alloantigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells release into the supernatant at least two distinct antigen-nonspecific factors that enhance the generation of cytotoxic cells in vitro. As previously reported, analysis of the supernatant by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatographic showed one of the two killer cell helper factors (KHF) to be associated with thymocyte mitogenic factor. This report demonstrates the second KHF to be separable from thymocyte mitogenic factor but inseparable from type II (immune) interferon. In addition, this KHF exhibits the same sensitivity to exposure to pH-2 buffer as does immune interferon. The KHF activity of an unfractionated supernatant, which is greater than of either the TMF-associated or interferon-associated KHF alone, is the result of the additive activities of the two independently acting helper factors.", "PMID": 84015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9352", "title": "Isolation of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "This report describes the isolation of a type-specific antigen of a serotype A strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. The antigen could be identified in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of immunoprecipitates of homologously reacted lysates from Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled elementary bodies, solubilized by sonication and treatment with Nonidet P40. The electrophoretic pattern of this precipitate revealed a peak of unique mobility that was not reproduced by heterologous or control precipitates. Immunoadsorbtion of test antigen with purified IgG fractions from homologous antisera completely removed this peak, whereas similar adsorbtion wth heterologous IgG had minimal effect. Comparison of this antigen in SDS-PAGE with protein standards revealed an approximate m.w. of 27,000.", "contents": "Isolation of a type-specific antigen from Chlamydia trachomatis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This report describes the isolation of a type-specific antigen of a serotype A strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. The antigen could be identified in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of immunoprecipitates of homologously reacted lysates from Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled elementary bodies, solubilized by sonication and treatment with Nonidet P40. The electrophoretic pattern of this precipitate revealed a peak of unique mobility that was not reproduced by heterologous or control precipitates. Immunoadsorbtion of test antigen with purified IgG fractions from homologous antisera completely removed this peak, whereas similar adsorbtion wth heterologous IgG had minimal effect. Comparison of this antigen in SDS-PAGE with protein standards revealed an approximate m.w. of 27,000.", "PMID": 84016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9353", "title": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. VI. Production of suppressor factors to synthetic polypeptides GAT and (T,G)-A--L from cells of responder and nonresponder mice.", "content": "The capacity of responder and nonresponder strains of mice to generate suppressor cells and factors to two antigens under MHC linked Ir gene control was investigated. Eight different H-2 types (H-2b,d,f,k,p,q,r,s) as well as seven independently derived strains (B10, BALB/c, CBA/Ca, A/St, DBA/2, P/J, SJL) were tested, and all yielded suppressor factor (SF) to (T,G)-A--L and GAT. This indicated that the genetic control of SF production was different from that of helper cell induction. Unlike previous reports of GAT suppressor extracts that GAT-specific supressor factors acted equally on both responder and nonresponder strains. As reported earlier with in vitro induced protein- (KLH) specific suppressor factors, GAT and (T,G)-A--L specific suppressor factors failed to show any genetic restriction in their function. The implications of these results for the general mechanism of Ir gene control are discussed.", "contents": "Suppressor cell induction in vitro. VI. Production of suppressor factors to synthetic polypeptides GAT and (T,G)-A--L from cells of responder and nonresponder mice. The capacity of responder and nonresponder strains of mice to generate suppressor cells and factors to two antigens under MHC linked Ir gene control was investigated. Eight different H-2 types (H-2b,d,f,k,p,q,r,s) as well as seven independently derived strains (B10, BALB/c, CBA/Ca, A/St, DBA/2, P/J, SJL) were tested, and all yielded suppressor factor (SF) to (T,G)-A--L and GAT. This indicated that the genetic control of SF production was different from that of helper cell induction. Unlike previous reports of GAT suppressor extracts that GAT-specific supressor factors acted equally on both responder and nonresponder strains. As reported earlier with in vitro induced protein- (KLH) specific suppressor factors, GAT and (T,G)-A--L specific suppressor factors failed to show any genetic restriction in their function. The implications of these results for the general mechanism of Ir gene control are discussed.", "PMID": 84019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9354", "title": "Characterization of the primary IgM response to GAT and GT: conditions required for the detection of IgM antibodies.", "content": "Primary IgM antibody responses to synthetic linear copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine were investigated. The appearance of primary IgM anti-GAT antibodies was detected in BALB/c mice by using a solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) procedure. The finding was verified for GAT in responder mice and GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA in nonresponder mice in an indirect plaque forming cell (PFC) assay by using a rabbit antiserum directed against the mulambda myeloma protein, MOPC 104E. Facilitated IgM PFC could be inhibited by a purified muK myeloma protein, TEPC 183. Maximal facilitated IgM plaque response was found to precede the IgG response by several days. A direct plaque assay was developed for the detection of IgM anti-GAT plaques using poly-L-lysine (PLL) to couple GAT to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). GAT-SRBC coupled by the PLL method optimally couple 4 to 5 times less antigen to the indicator cell surface than does the CrCl3-coupling method routinely employed in our laboratory. These findings were extended to a conventional antigen, chicken gamma globulin (CgammaG). We found that a less dense epitope coat on the indicator cell surface favors detection of direct IgM PFC, whereas a more densely coated indicator cell favors the detection of facilitated IgM and IgG PFC responses.", "contents": "Characterization of the primary IgM response to GAT and GT: conditions required for the detection of IgM antibodies. Primary IgM antibody responses to synthetic linear copolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, and L-alanine were investigated. The appearance of primary IgM anti-GAT antibodies was detected in BALB/c mice by using a solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) procedure. The finding was verified for GAT in responder mice and GAT-MBSA and GT-MBSA in nonresponder mice in an indirect plaque forming cell (PFC) assay by using a rabbit antiserum directed against the mulambda myeloma protein, MOPC 104E. Facilitated IgM PFC could be inhibited by a purified muK myeloma protein, TEPC 183. Maximal facilitated IgM plaque response was found to precede the IgG response by several days. A direct plaque assay was developed for the detection of IgM anti-GAT plaques using poly-L-lysine (PLL) to couple GAT to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). GAT-SRBC coupled by the PLL method optimally couple 4 to 5 times less antigen to the indicator cell surface than does the CrCl3-coupling method routinely employed in our laboratory. These findings were extended to a conventional antigen, chicken gamma globulin (CgammaG). We found that a less dense epitope coat on the indicator cell surface favors detection of direct IgM PFC, whereas a more densely coated indicator cell favors the detection of facilitated IgM and IgG PFC responses.", "PMID": 84020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9355", "title": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. X. Induction of primary and secondary CTL responses by the mitogen sodium periodate.", "content": "Short-term (15 min) sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment of mouse spleen cells previously primed in vivo or in vitro against alloantigens induced the formation of secondary (2 degree) cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the priming antigens. CTL formation was readily demonstrable within 24 hr after treatment. This early CTL response occurred equally well in the presence or absence of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), indicating that NaIO4 could induce CTL independently of DNA synthesis. Forty-eight hours after periodate treatment, the lytic activity was similar to that observed in parallel cultures stimulated with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells, although the peak activity was reached earlier (day 4) and was somewhat lower than that induced by alloantigen. The addition of irradiated NaIO4-treated unprimed syngeneic spleen cells to cultures of untreated alloimmune spleen cells also led to CTL formation, which suggests an indirect mechanism of activation. In contrast to alloimmune spleen cells, normal spleen cells treated with NaIO4 developed only very low levels of cytotoxicity after 4 days of incubation. However, in the presence of PHA, such cells were capable of lysing syngeneic and allogeneic target cells.", "contents": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. X. Induction of primary and secondary CTL responses by the mitogen sodium periodate. Short-term (15 min) sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment of mouse spleen cells previously primed in vivo or in vitro against alloantigens induced the formation of secondary (2 degree) cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the priming antigens. CTL formation was readily demonstrable within 24 hr after treatment. This early CTL response occurred equally well in the presence or absence of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), indicating that NaIO4 could induce CTL independently of DNA synthesis. Forty-eight hours after periodate treatment, the lytic activity was similar to that observed in parallel cultures stimulated with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells, although the peak activity was reached earlier (day 4) and was somewhat lower than that induced by alloantigen. The addition of irradiated NaIO4-treated unprimed syngeneic spleen cells to cultures of untreated alloimmune spleen cells also led to CTL formation, which suggests an indirect mechanism of activation. In contrast to alloimmune spleen cells, normal spleen cells treated with NaIO4 developed only very low levels of cytotoxicity after 4 days of incubation. However, in the presence of PHA, such cells were capable of lysing syngeneic and allogeneic target cells.", "PMID": 84021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9356", "title": "Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: incubation of rat spleen cells with specific antigen.", "content": "Spleen cells from myelin basic protein (BP)-sensitized donor rats appear to be incapable of adoptively transferring experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) directly to normal recipients. It has been reported that in vitro incubation with concanavalin A (Con A) activates rat spleen cells so that they are capable of transferring EAE. We report here that incubation with specific antigen, BP, also permits transfer of disease with spleen cells. Data are presented in which activation of EAE spleen cells by Con A is compared with activation by BP. Cellular proliferation does not appear to be necessary for in vitro activation with specific antigen.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: incubation of rat spleen cells with specific antigen. Spleen cells from myelin basic protein (BP)-sensitized donor rats appear to be incapable of adoptively transferring experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) directly to normal recipients. It has been reported that in vitro incubation with concanavalin A (Con A) activates rat spleen cells so that they are capable of transferring EAE. We report here that incubation with specific antigen, BP, also permits transfer of disease with spleen cells. Data are presented in which activation of EAE spleen cells by Con A is compared with activation by BP. Cellular proliferation does not appear to be necessary for in vitro activation with specific antigen.", "PMID": 84024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9357", "title": "In vitro studies of antigen-induced bronchospasm: effect of antihistamine and SRS-A antagonist on response of sensitized guinea pig and human airways to antigen.", "content": "Exposure of sensitized guinea pig tracheal rings or human bronchial strips to specific antigen in vitro resulted in a rapidly developing, prolonged contraction that was resistant to washing. Treatment of the tissue with diphenhydramine, a histamine H1 antagonist, before antigen delayed the onset and decreased the amplitude of the initial phase of the contraction but did not reduce the duration. Diphenhydramine treatment after development of the contraction did not relax the airway tissue. Antigen-induced histamine release from guinea pig trachea and from human bronchus was complete within the initial 15% of the duration of the contraction. Treatment of sensitized airway tissue with FPL 55712, a SRS-A antagonist, before antigen selectively inhibited the prolonged phase of the response. FPL 55712 administration after the development of antigen-induced contraction resulted in relaxation. These data suggest that both histamine and SRS-A are involved in the response of sensitized guinea pig and human airway tissue to antigen, with histamine mediating the early phase of the contraction and SRS-A primarily mediating the protracted phase.", "contents": "In vitro studies of antigen-induced bronchospasm: effect of antihistamine and SRS-A antagonist on response of sensitized guinea pig and human airways to antigen. Exposure of sensitized guinea pig tracheal rings or human bronchial strips to specific antigen in vitro resulted in a rapidly developing, prolonged contraction that was resistant to washing. Treatment of the tissue with diphenhydramine, a histamine H1 antagonist, before antigen delayed the onset and decreased the amplitude of the initial phase of the contraction but did not reduce the duration. Diphenhydramine treatment after development of the contraction did not relax the airway tissue. Antigen-induced histamine release from guinea pig trachea and from human bronchus was complete within the initial 15% of the duration of the contraction. Treatment of sensitized airway tissue with FPL 55712, a SRS-A antagonist, before antigen selectively inhibited the prolonged phase of the response. FPL 55712 administration after the development of antigen-induced contraction resulted in relaxation. These data suggest that both histamine and SRS-A are involved in the response of sensitized guinea pig and human airway tissue to antigen, with histamine mediating the early phase of the contraction and SRS-A primarily mediating the protracted phase.", "PMID": 84027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9358", "title": "F1 hybrid anti-parental H-2k cell-mediated lympholysis. I. Stimulator and target determinants controlled by the H-2K region.", "content": "H-2k-heterozygous F1 hybrid mouse spleen cells cultured with irradiated H-2k-homozygous stimulator cells generated specific anti-parent cytolytic effectors. The parental antigenic determinants recognized by responder cells during induction (afferent arm) and by effector cells during cytolysis (efferent arm) were coded for, or regulated by, the H-2K-Hh3 region of the MHC, according to recombinant analysis. There were no detectable influences by other linked or unlinked genes on the phenotypic expression of parental antigens; however, the anti-parent responsiveness was modulated by background genes of responder cells. These experiments establish that the K end of H-2 controls determinants of F1 anti-parental H-2k CML, like the D end controls those of F1 anti-parental H-2b CML, thus confirming the basic symmetry of the H-2 complex. The relationship of this primary in vitro cell-mediated response with natural in vivo resistance to parental and allogeneic bone marrow grafts is discussed.", "contents": "F1 hybrid anti-parental H-2k cell-mediated lympholysis. I. Stimulator and target determinants controlled by the H-2K region. H-2k-heterozygous F1 hybrid mouse spleen cells cultured with irradiated H-2k-homozygous stimulator cells generated specific anti-parent cytolytic effectors. The parental antigenic determinants recognized by responder cells during induction (afferent arm) and by effector cells during cytolysis (efferent arm) were coded for, or regulated by, the H-2K-Hh3 region of the MHC, according to recombinant analysis. There were no detectable influences by other linked or unlinked genes on the phenotypic expression of parental antigens; however, the anti-parent responsiveness was modulated by background genes of responder cells. These experiments establish that the K end of H-2 controls determinants of F1 anti-parental H-2k CML, like the D end controls those of F1 anti-parental H-2b CML, thus confirming the basic symmetry of the H-2 complex. The relationship of this primary in vitro cell-mediated response with natural in vivo resistance to parental and allogeneic bone marrow grafts is discussed.", "PMID": 84028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9359", "title": "Virus specificity of human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "The virus specificity of human in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses to influenza virus was studied with the use of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from normal adult volunteers. Previous natural exposure of these donors to a variety of type A influenza viruses was documented by HI antibody titers. Cells sensitized in vitro with A/HK or A/PR8 were cytotoxic for autologous target cells infected with A/HK, A/PR8, or A/JAP 305 type A influenza viruses, but not for B/HK-infected or uninfected cells. B/HK-sensitized effector cells lysed target cells infected with B/HK but not targets infected with type A viruses. A/HK- and A/PR8-immune effector populations were shown to recognize cross-reactive antigens on A/HK- and A/PR8-infected target cells by cold target competition. Influenza-immune effector cells were cytotoxic for virus-infected autologous targets but much less so for virus-infected allogeneic targets. This self-restriction suggested that the cytotoxicity was largely T cell-mediated and was confirmed by cell separation analysis. Thus, the human secondary cytotoxic T cell response in vitro to influenza viruses is predominantly directed against cross-reactive determinants on cells infected with serologically distinct type A influenza viruses.", "contents": "Virus specificity of human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells. The virus specificity of human in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses to influenza virus was studied with the use of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from normal adult volunteers. Previous natural exposure of these donors to a variety of type A influenza viruses was documented by HI antibody titers. Cells sensitized in vitro with A/HK or A/PR8 were cytotoxic for autologous target cells infected with A/HK, A/PR8, or A/JAP 305 type A influenza viruses, but not for B/HK-infected or uninfected cells. B/HK-sensitized effector cells lysed target cells infected with B/HK but not targets infected with type A viruses. A/HK- and A/PR8-immune effector populations were shown to recognize cross-reactive antigens on A/HK- and A/PR8-infected target cells by cold target competition. Influenza-immune effector cells were cytotoxic for virus-infected autologous targets but much less so for virus-infected allogeneic targets. This self-restriction suggested that the cytotoxicity was largely T cell-mediated and was confirmed by cell separation analysis. Thus, the human secondary cytotoxic T cell response in vitro to influenza viruses is predominantly directed against cross-reactive determinants on cells infected with serologically distinct type A influenza viruses.", "PMID": 84032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9360", "title": "[3H]Uridine uptake by target monolayers as a terminal label in an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay.", "content": "A terminal labelling method is described for measuring cell-mediated cytotoxicity based on the ability of surviving target cells to incorporate [3H]uridine into their RNA precursor pools. Parameters of the system were examined using whole and damaged embryonic mouse fibroblast monolayers. This assay is less laborious than direct cell counting and gives increased sensitivity at low target to effector cell ratios. The labelling time is short and, unlike similar techniques, it allows target cell monolayers to remain intact after completion of the radioassay and available for histological examination. This is important where heterogeneous target populations are employed since it allows assessment of differential cell killing and eliminates the need for duplicate cultures. The assay was used in conjunction with a well defined mouse popliteal lymph node assay to investigate the appearance of cytotoxic cells during a localised graft versus host response. Results showed a direct correlation between proliferative index and the development of highly specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "[3H]Uridine uptake by target monolayers as a terminal label in an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. A terminal labelling method is described for measuring cell-mediated cytotoxicity based on the ability of surviving target cells to incorporate [3H]uridine into their RNA precursor pools. Parameters of the system were examined using whole and damaged embryonic mouse fibroblast monolayers. This assay is less laborious than direct cell counting and gives increased sensitivity at low target to effector cell ratios. The labelling time is short and, unlike similar techniques, it allows target cell monolayers to remain intact after completion of the radioassay and available for histological examination. This is important where heterogeneous target populations are employed since it allows assessment of differential cell killing and eliminates the need for duplicate cultures. The assay was used in conjunction with a well defined mouse popliteal lymph node assay to investigate the appearance of cytotoxic cells during a localised graft versus host response. Results showed a direct correlation between proliferative index and the development of highly specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 84034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9361", "title": "Identification of a subspecies-specific capsular antigen from Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody test was developed with the use of hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to a purified capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus. All of 23 strains of B. melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus were fluorescence-positive in this test. All 11 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius tested and three strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus were fluorescence-negative. Thirty-one strains of other bacterial species were also fluorescence-negative. The indirect fluorescent antibody test demonstrated the presence of a subspecies-specific capsular antigen from B. melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus. The capsular antigen was further demonstrated by electron microscopy with ruthenium red, a polysaccharide-staining material.", "contents": "Identification of a subspecies-specific capsular antigen from Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. An indirect fluorescent antibody test was developed with the use of hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to a purified capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus. All of 23 strains of B. melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus were fluorescence-positive in this test. All 11 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius tested and three strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus were fluorescence-negative. Thirty-one strains of other bacterial species were also fluorescence-negative. The indirect fluorescent antibody test demonstrated the presence of a subspecies-specific capsular antigen from B. melaninogenicus subspecies asaccharolyticus. The capsular antigen was further demonstrated by electron microscopy with ruthenium red, a polysaccharide-staining material.", "PMID": 84036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9362", "title": "Early detection of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity with urinary beta-2-microglobulin.", "content": "We used a radioimmunoassay to evaluate the changes in the urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) in 21 patients receiving aminoglycosides for treatment of infection. Excretion of this protein rose to a peak at least 5 times the baseline value in the urine, and declined rapidly to control values after drug administration ceased. In six patients who developed aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, urinary beta2M excretion rose 5 days or more before serum creatinine rose, and 5 of 6 nephrotoxic patients excreted more than 50 mg/day (normal, less than 0.1 mg/day). Urinary beta2M is a non-specific indication of renal tubular damage, but heralds aminoglycoside-induced damage before standard tests of kidney function change.", "contents": "Early detection of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity with urinary beta-2-microglobulin. We used a radioimmunoassay to evaluate the changes in the urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) in 21 patients receiving aminoglycosides for treatment of infection. Excretion of this protein rose to a peak at least 5 times the baseline value in the urine, and declined rapidly to control values after drug administration ceased. In six patients who developed aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, urinary beta2M excretion rose 5 days or more before serum creatinine rose, and 5 of 6 nephrotoxic patients excreted more than 50 mg/day (normal, less than 0.1 mg/day). Urinary beta2M is a non-specific indication of renal tubular damage, but heralds aminoglycoside-induced damage before standard tests of kidney function change.", "PMID": 84037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9363", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VII. Presence of I-C subregion determinants on mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor.", "content": "The presence of H-2 gene products on mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) supressor factor was investigated by passage of MLR-suppressor factor (SF) over solid immunoadsorbents prepared with various anti-H-2 subregion sera. Antisera with specificity for all or certain I subregion determinants removed or significantly reduced suppressor activity; adsorption was not consistent with K or D region specificity. The single I subregion specificity common to all adsorbing preparations was I-C. Serologic differentiation of I-C products of k and d haplotypes expressed on MLR-SF was established with antisera prepared in I-Cd/I-Ck disparate strain combinations. These sera define allelic T cell restricted Lad determinants encoded by I-C genes. MLR-SF prepared from (BALB/c X CBA)F1 mice and exposed to the I-Cd and I-Ck specific adsorbents demonstrated d and k haplotype specific adsorption respectively. F1 suppressor activity adsorbed on an anti-I-Cd column was eluted by glycine-HCl buffer and suppressed only BALB/c (H-2d) responses. B10.A suppressor activity was removed by anti-I-Cd sera, but was unaffected by anti-I-Ck sera, indicating that B10.A suppressor activity is encoded by an I-C subregion derived from the d haplotype. Antisera with anti-I-Jk specificity did not remove suppressor activity of various H-2k factors. Finally, adsorption with antisera directed against H-2-associated determinants of the allogeneic cell used to stimulate suppressor factor generation demonstrated that sensitizing alloantigens are not components of MLR suppressor factor. Thus among the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-controlled suppressor factors, MLR suppressor factor is uniquely determined by the I-C subregion.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VII. Presence of I-C subregion determinants on mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor. The presence of H-2 gene products on mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) supressor factor was investigated by passage of MLR-suppressor factor (SF) over solid immunoadsorbents prepared with various anti-H-2 subregion sera. Antisera with specificity for all or certain I subregion determinants removed or significantly reduced suppressor activity; adsorption was not consistent with K or D region specificity. The single I subregion specificity common to all adsorbing preparations was I-C. Serologic differentiation of I-C products of k and d haplotypes expressed on MLR-SF was established with antisera prepared in I-Cd/I-Ck disparate strain combinations. These sera define allelic T cell restricted Lad determinants encoded by I-C genes. MLR-SF prepared from (BALB/c X CBA)F1 mice and exposed to the I-Cd and I-Ck specific adsorbents demonstrated d and k haplotype specific adsorption respectively. F1 suppressor activity adsorbed on an anti-I-Cd column was eluted by glycine-HCl buffer and suppressed only BALB/c (H-2d) responses. B10.A suppressor activity was removed by anti-I-Cd sera, but was unaffected by anti-I-Ck sera, indicating that B10.A suppressor activity is encoded by an I-C subregion derived from the d haplotype. Antisera with anti-I-Jk specificity did not remove suppressor activity of various H-2k factors. Finally, adsorption with antisera directed against H-2-associated determinants of the allogeneic cell used to stimulate suppressor factor generation demonstrated that sensitizing alloantigens are not components of MLR suppressor factor. Thus among the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-controlled suppressor factors, MLR suppressor factor is uniquely determined by the I-C subregion.", "PMID": 84040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9364", "title": "Human macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG). I. T-cell origin of T-MICG and null cell origin of N-MICG.", "content": "Although surface immunoglobulin characterizes B cells in man, there are few surface markers that distinguish T cells. We have described a new protein synthesized in human T cells, termed T-MICG. This protein is a macromolecule of 225,000 daltons, is insoluble in the cold, and migrates as a beta-globulin on electrophoresis. Separation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes into T and B-cell populations by rosette sedimentation and anti-human-Fab columns clearly demonstrated the T-cell origin of the 225,000 dalton component. Furthermore, null cells were shown to synthesize a protein of 185,000 daltons, termed N-MICG, with physical properties similar to T-MICG, T-MICG and N-MICG were shown to be antigenically dissimilar, employing antiserum to each of these proteins. The present studies demonstrate two novel cell surface markers, T-MICG and N-MICG, which characterize T cells and null cells, respectively.", "contents": "Human macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG). I. T-cell origin of T-MICG and null cell origin of N-MICG. Although surface immunoglobulin characterizes B cells in man, there are few surface markers that distinguish T cells. We have described a new protein synthesized in human T cells, termed T-MICG. This protein is a macromolecule of 225,000 daltons, is insoluble in the cold, and migrates as a beta-globulin on electrophoresis. Separation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes into T and B-cell populations by rosette sedimentation and anti-human-Fab columns clearly demonstrated the T-cell origin of the 225,000 dalton component. Furthermore, null cells were shown to synthesize a protein of 185,000 daltons, termed N-MICG, with physical properties similar to T-MICG, T-MICG and N-MICG were shown to be antigenically dissimilar, employing antiserum to each of these proteins. The present studies demonstrate two novel cell surface markers, T-MICG and N-MICG, which characterize T cells and null cells, respectively.", "PMID": 84041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9365", "title": "Immunodeterminant specificity of human immunity to type III group B streptococcus.", "content": "The type III polysaccharides of group B Streptococcus in its native state chemically consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. The core of this polysaccharide lacks sialic acid and precipitates with type III antiserum to give a partial identity with the precipitate between the native antigen and this serum. The core determinant is immunochemically similar to the capsular polysaccharide of type XIV Streptococcus pneumoniae, while the native type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide does not cross-react with type XIV pneumococcal antiserum. In human sera, it is antibody directed to the native antigen which correlates very highly with opsonic immunity (r = 0.94) while a poorer correlation exists between antibody to the core antigen and opsonins (r = 0.51 P less than 0.001). In natural infections, as association exists between low levels of maternal antibody to the native antigen and risk of disease in the infant. This association is not true for antibody to the core structure, where both infected infants and their mothers have much higher levels of antibody to the core than the native antigens. Infected infants are also more likely to respond to infection by developing antibody to the native antigen. Immunization of 12 adults with multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide induced significantly better antibody response to the core antigen than to the native, and this vaccine induced opsonic activity in only one recipient. Immunization of adults with type III group B streptococcal antigens induced antibody to the native determinant which correlated with opsonic activity. Therefore, it would appear that native group B streptococcal polysaccharides will provide the best candidate antigens for immunization.", "contents": "Immunodeterminant specificity of human immunity to type III group B streptococcus. The type III polysaccharides of group B Streptococcus in its native state chemically consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. The core of this polysaccharide lacks sialic acid and precipitates with type III antiserum to give a partial identity with the precipitate between the native antigen and this serum. The core determinant is immunochemically similar to the capsular polysaccharide of type XIV Streptococcus pneumoniae, while the native type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide does not cross-react with type XIV pneumococcal antiserum. In human sera, it is antibody directed to the native antigen which correlates very highly with opsonic immunity (r = 0.94) while a poorer correlation exists between antibody to the core antigen and opsonins (r = 0.51 P less than 0.001). In natural infections, as association exists between low levels of maternal antibody to the native antigen and risk of disease in the infant. This association is not true for antibody to the core structure, where both infected infants and their mothers have much higher levels of antibody to the core than the native antigens. Infected infants are also more likely to respond to infection by developing antibody to the native antigen. Immunization of 12 adults with multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide induced significantly better antibody response to the core antigen than to the native, and this vaccine induced opsonic activity in only one recipient. Immunization of adults with type III group B streptococcal antigens induced antibody to the native determinant which correlated with opsonic activity. Therefore, it would appear that native group B streptococcal polysaccharides will provide the best candidate antigens for immunization.", "PMID": 84042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9366", "title": "Testing of twenty-one environmental aromatic amines or derivatives for long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity.", "content": "Twenty-one aromatic amines or derivatives were tested for long-term toxicity by dietary administration to male Charles River rats and male and female HaM/lCR mice. 2,4-Toluenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, o-toluidine, 2,4,6-trimethylaniline, 2,4,5-trimethylaniline, 2,5-xylidine, and 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene led to tumors in one or more tissues in all three of these animal models. p-Toluidine, 4-chloro-o-toluidine and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene had varying degrees of activity, but in male and female mice only. 4-Chloro-4'-aminodiphenyl ether affected male rats and female mice, but there was no consistent dose response. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4'-aminostilbene led to many tumors in male rats but had only a questionable action in male mice. The effect of 3,3',4,4'tetra-aminobiphenyl in male rats was borderline; in the mice only males showed any response. In male mice 2,4,6-trichloroaniline had a fair degree of activity; tetrafluoro-m-phenylenediamine was somewhat less effective and m-toluidine had only questionable activity. 2,4-Xylidine increased lung tumors in female mice at the higher dose only. Four inactive compounds included m-phenyl-enediamine, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, benzoguanamine, and dicyclopentadiene dioxide. 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline led to cirrhosis of the liver in rats only.", "contents": "Testing of twenty-one environmental aromatic amines or derivatives for long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity. Twenty-one aromatic amines or derivatives were tested for long-term toxicity by dietary administration to male Charles River rats and male and female HaM/lCR mice. 2,4-Toluenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, o-toluidine, 2,4,6-trimethylaniline, 2,4,5-trimethylaniline, 2,5-xylidine, and 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene led to tumors in one or more tissues in all three of these animal models. p-Toluidine, 4-chloro-o-toluidine and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene had varying degrees of activity, but in male and female mice only. 4-Chloro-4'-aminodiphenyl ether affected male rats and female mice, but there was no consistent dose response. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4'-aminostilbene led to many tumors in male rats but had only a questionable action in male mice. The effect of 3,3',4,4'tetra-aminobiphenyl in male rats was borderline; in the mice only males showed any response. In male mice 2,4,6-trichloroaniline had a fair degree of activity; tetrafluoro-m-phenylenediamine was somewhat less effective and m-toluidine had only questionable activity. 2,4-Xylidine increased lung tumors in female mice at the higher dose only. Four inactive compounds included m-phenyl-enediamine, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, benzoguanamine, and dicyclopentadiene dioxide. 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline led to cirrhosis of the liver in rats only.", "PMID": 84039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9367", "title": "Immunological properties of conjugates of ragweed pollen antigen E with methoxypolyethylene glycol or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine.", "content": "The major allergen of ragweed pollen, antigen E, was modified by coupling its amino acid groups with either methanol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) of 5,000 daltons, or a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DGL) of 34,000 daltons, all appropriately activated. The conjugates were characterized chemically and immunologically. Compared to the native antigen, the methoxy conjugate showed little reduction in allergenic activity, but the other two conjugates showed strong reductions, as measured by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats sensitized with murine anti-antigen E reaginic sera. The MPEG conjugate was apparently nonimmunogenic in mice known to be high responders to the native antigen. MPEG and DGL conjugates retained the immunosuppressive property of the native antigen as subcutaneous treatment of antigen E sensitized mice with these two conjugates led to significant long-lasting depression of their antigen E-specific IgE and IgG antibody levels. These immunological changes are believed to result from reduction of antigenic valency and specificity upon coupling the bulky molecules to the protein antigens.", "contents": "Immunological properties of conjugates of ragweed pollen antigen E with methoxypolyethylene glycol or a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine. The major allergen of ragweed pollen, antigen E, was modified by coupling its amino acid groups with either methanol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) of 5,000 daltons, or a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DGL) of 34,000 daltons, all appropriately activated. The conjugates were characterized chemically and immunologically. Compared to the native antigen, the methoxy conjugate showed little reduction in allergenic activity, but the other two conjugates showed strong reductions, as measured by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats sensitized with murine anti-antigen E reaginic sera. The MPEG conjugate was apparently nonimmunogenic in mice known to be high responders to the native antigen. MPEG and DGL conjugates retained the immunosuppressive property of the native antigen as subcutaneous treatment of antigen E sensitized mice with these two conjugates led to significant long-lasting depression of their antigen E-specific IgE and IgG antibody levels. These immunological changes are believed to result from reduction of antigenic valency and specificity upon coupling the bulky molecules to the protein antigens.", "PMID": 84043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9368", "title": "Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. II. Fine specificity of T-cell activation with cytochrome c and derived peptides as antigenic probes.", "content": "Murine T-lymphocyte specificity was determined in a system of antigen driven in vitro T-cell proliferation using cytochrome c molecules from different species, their derived peptides and reconstituted hybrid proteins. It was observed that primed T cells could discriminate between peptide fragments which differed from each other at a single amino acid residue. These conclusions were substantiated by the pattern of cross-reactivity noted in the response of closely related cytochrome c proteins as well as when artificial hybrid molecules reconstituted by the covalent linkage of peptide fragments were analyzed. The pattern of specificity observed appeared to be haplotype (BDF1) dependent although similar conclusions about the fine specificity of T cells in the response to cytochrome c have been obtained in other strains but associated with different residues.", "contents": "Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. II. Fine specificity of T-cell activation with cytochrome c and derived peptides as antigenic probes. Murine T-lymphocyte specificity was determined in a system of antigen driven in vitro T-cell proliferation using cytochrome c molecules from different species, their derived peptides and reconstituted hybrid proteins. It was observed that primed T cells could discriminate between peptide fragments which differed from each other at a single amino acid residue. These conclusions were substantiated by the pattern of cross-reactivity noted in the response of closely related cytochrome c proteins as well as when artificial hybrid molecules reconstituted by the covalent linkage of peptide fragments were analyzed. The pattern of specificity observed appeared to be haplotype (BDF1) dependent although similar conclusions about the fine specificity of T cells in the response to cytochrome c have been obtained in other strains but associated with different residues.", "PMID": 84044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9369", "title": "HLA-D region-associated determinants serve as targets for human cell-mediated lysis.", "content": "Effector cells for cell-mediated lysis (CML) were generated by in vitro culture of lymphocytes from selected donors with X-irradiated cells from unrelated subjects who were HLA-D homozygous and matched to the responders for the antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B regions. By using chromium labeled monocytes as target cells, cytotoxicity was found to correlate with presence of HLA-D region antigens matching those of the stimulating cells. Such CML reactions apparently directed at products of HLA-D, were inhibited by addition of unlabeled monocytes or B lymphocytes. These unlabeled cells had to be matched for HLA-D with the stimulating cells used to generate the effector populations. The results suggested that products of HLA-D, perhaps the DR antigens, were recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "contents": "HLA-D region-associated determinants serve as targets for human cell-mediated lysis. Effector cells for cell-mediated lysis (CML) were generated by in vitro culture of lymphocytes from selected donors with X-irradiated cells from unrelated subjects who were HLA-D homozygous and matched to the responders for the antigens of the HLA-A and HLA-B regions. By using chromium labeled monocytes as target cells, cytotoxicity was found to correlate with presence of HLA-D region antigens matching those of the stimulating cells. Such CML reactions apparently directed at products of HLA-D, were inhibited by addition of unlabeled monocytes or B lymphocytes. These unlabeled cells had to be matched for HLA-D with the stimulating cells used to generate the effector populations. The results suggested that products of HLA-D, perhaps the DR antigens, were recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 84045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9370", "title": "Role of a nonimmunoglobulin cell surface determinant in the activation of B lymphocytes by thymus-independent antigens.", "content": "Lyb 5 is a B-cell alloantigen which is expressed on 50-60% of B cells. It was defined originally on the basis of cytotoxicity. We have described a new reactivity within the anti-Lyb 5 serum on the basis of selective inhibition of antibody responses in vitro by this antiserum in the absence of complement. This inhibitory activity of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum appears to be due to recognition of antigenic determinants different from the prototype antigens detected in the cytotoxicity assay. Anti-Lyb 5 serum incorporated into spleen cell cultures selectively inhibits antibody responses to a class of thymus-independent antigens (TI-2) previously characterized by their failure to elicit antibody formation in immature mice or in the defective CBA/N strain. Responses to optimal concentrations of TI-1 antigens, which can induce antibody synthesis in these mice, are unaffected by the addition of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum. The B-cell alloantigen defined by this functional assay is designated tentatively Lyb 7 and it is shown to be distinct from cell surface immunoglobulins. Lyb 7 appears to have a role in the activation of B lymphocytes by the TI-2 class of thymus-independent antigens.", "contents": "Role of a nonimmunoglobulin cell surface determinant in the activation of B lymphocytes by thymus-independent antigens. Lyb 5 is a B-cell alloantigen which is expressed on 50-60% of B cells. It was defined originally on the basis of cytotoxicity. We have described a new reactivity within the anti-Lyb 5 serum on the basis of selective inhibition of antibody responses in vitro by this antiserum in the absence of complement. This inhibitory activity of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum appears to be due to recognition of antigenic determinants different from the prototype antigens detected in the cytotoxicity assay. Anti-Lyb 5 serum incorporated into spleen cell cultures selectively inhibits antibody responses to a class of thymus-independent antigens (TI-2) previously characterized by their failure to elicit antibody formation in immature mice or in the defective CBA/N strain. Responses to optimal concentrations of TI-1 antigens, which can induce antibody synthesis in these mice, are unaffected by the addition of anti-Lyb 5.1 serum. The B-cell alloantigen defined by this functional assay is designated tentatively Lyb 7 and it is shown to be distinct from cell surface immunoglobulins. Lyb 7 appears to have a role in the activation of B lymphocytes by the TI-2 class of thymus-independent antigens.", "PMID": 84046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9371", "title": "Reduced lectin stimulation of lymphocytes from magnesium-deficient rats.", "content": "Spleen cells and thymocytes from Mg-deficient rats, fed a Mg-deficient diet for 10--13 weeks, incorporate [3H]thymidine at half the rate of normal cells. The cells from Mg-deficient rats are less stimulated by lectins than those from normal animals. These effects correspond to the reduced content of gamma-globulins in serum in Mg deficiency. They are caused by the altered electrolyte content of the Mg-deficient cells.", "contents": "Reduced lectin stimulation of lymphocytes from magnesium-deficient rats. Spleen cells and thymocytes from Mg-deficient rats, fed a Mg-deficient diet for 10--13 weeks, incorporate [3H]thymidine at half the rate of normal cells. The cells from Mg-deficient rats are less stimulated by lectins than those from normal animals. These effects correspond to the reduced content of gamma-globulins in serum in Mg deficiency. They are caused by the altered electrolyte content of the Mg-deficient cells.", "PMID": 84047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9372", "title": "A difference between the proteins conveyed in the fast component of axonal transport in guinea pig hypoglossal and vagus motor neurons.", "content": "We compared the proteins transported in the fast component of guinea pig hypoglossal motor neurons with those of guinea pig vagus (preganglionic parasympathetic) neurons. The fast component proteins of hypoglossal and vagus neurons were radioactively labeled by injecting 3H-amino acids into the hypoglossal and vagus motor nuclei. The radioactive fast component proteins obtained from each system were then compared with each other by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. These analyses revealed at least twenty polypeptides which appear common to the fast component of each neuronal system. In addition, we identified one difference between the proteins comprising the fast component of these neuronal systems. A polypeptide, molecular weight 50,000 daltons, present in the fast component of vagus neurons was not detected in the fast component of hypoglossal motor neurons. These observations are discussed with regard to the similarities and differences between these neuronal systems.", "contents": "A difference between the proteins conveyed in the fast component of axonal transport in guinea pig hypoglossal and vagus motor neurons. We compared the proteins transported in the fast component of guinea pig hypoglossal motor neurons with those of guinea pig vagus (preganglionic parasympathetic) neurons. The fast component proteins of hypoglossal and vagus neurons were radioactively labeled by injecting 3H-amino acids into the hypoglossal and vagus motor nuclei. The radioactive fast component proteins obtained from each system were then compared with each other by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. These analyses revealed at least twenty polypeptides which appear common to the fast component of each neuronal system. In addition, we identified one difference between the proteins comprising the fast component of these neuronal systems. A polypeptide, molecular weight 50,000 daltons, present in the fast component of vagus neurons was not detected in the fast component of hypoglossal motor neurons. These observations are discussed with regard to the similarities and differences between these neuronal systems.", "PMID": 84048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9373", "title": "Effect of experimental colchicine encephalopathy on brain protein synthesis and tubulin metabolism.", "content": "Colchicine blocks axoplasmic flow and produces neurofibrillary degeneration. Brain slices from mice injected intracerebrally with colchicine incorporated more [14C]leucine into protein and had a decreased uptake of [14C]leucine into the perchloric acid-soluble pool than did their controls. Brain RNA content was decreased and free leucine increased by colchicine-induced encephalopathy. The specific activities of proteins from subcellular fractions of colchicine-injected brain were increased in the nuclear fraction, the 100,000-g supernatant, and its vinblastine-precipitable tubulin. The ratio of the specific activity of the crude mitochondrial fraction to that of the total homogenate was decreased, as would be consistent with impaired movement of newly labeled protein into synaptosomes. Colchicine-injected brain extracts contained one or more cytosol fractions that stimulated ribosomal incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein in a cell-free system. Colchicine-binding-activity measurements indicated loss of soluble and particulate tubulin in colchicine-injected brains; the decrease of soluble tubulin was verified by its selective precipitation with vinblastine. Colchicine encephalopathy did not affect the rate of spontaneous breakdown of in vitro colchicine binding activity. Similarities of colchicine encephalopathy to the neuron's response to axonal damage suggest that colchicine-induced increase in protein synthesis may, in part, reflect a neuronal response to blockage of neuroplasmic transport.", "contents": "Effect of experimental colchicine encephalopathy on brain protein synthesis and tubulin metabolism. Colchicine blocks axoplasmic flow and produces neurofibrillary degeneration. Brain slices from mice injected intracerebrally with colchicine incorporated more [14C]leucine into protein and had a decreased uptake of [14C]leucine into the perchloric acid-soluble pool than did their controls. Brain RNA content was decreased and free leucine increased by colchicine-induced encephalopathy. The specific activities of proteins from subcellular fractions of colchicine-injected brain were increased in the nuclear fraction, the 100,000-g supernatant, and its vinblastine-precipitable tubulin. The ratio of the specific activity of the crude mitochondrial fraction to that of the total homogenate was decreased, as would be consistent with impaired movement of newly labeled protein into synaptosomes. Colchicine-injected brain extracts contained one or more cytosol fractions that stimulated ribosomal incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein in a cell-free system. Colchicine-binding-activity measurements indicated loss of soluble and particulate tubulin in colchicine-injected brains; the decrease of soluble tubulin was verified by its selective precipitation with vinblastine. Colchicine encephalopathy did not affect the rate of spontaneous breakdown of in vitro colchicine binding activity. Similarities of colchicine encephalopathy to the neuron's response to axonal damage suggest that colchicine-induced increase in protein synthesis may, in part, reflect a neuronal response to blockage of neuroplasmic transport.", "PMID": 84049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9374", "title": "Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion.", "content": "After injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion with 3H-leucine, fast axoplasmic transport carries some 3--5 x more labeled materials down the sensory fibers branches entering the sciatic nerve as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches of the neurons. Freeze-substitution preparations taken from the two sides of the lumbar seventh dorsal root ganglia of cats and monkeys showed little difference in the histograms of nerve fiber diameters of the sensory nerve fiber branch of these neurons as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches. A similar density of microtubules and of neurofilaments in the dorsal root and sensory nerve fiber branches over a wide range of fiber diameters was found in electron micrograph preparations. In the absence of an anatomical difference in the fibers to account for the asymmetrical outflow, a functional explanation based on the transport filament model was advanced.", "contents": "Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion. After injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion with 3H-leucine, fast axoplasmic transport carries some 3--5 x more labeled materials down the sensory fibers branches entering the sciatic nerve as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches of the neurons. Freeze-substitution preparations taken from the two sides of the lumbar seventh dorsal root ganglia of cats and monkeys showed little difference in the histograms of nerve fiber diameters of the sensory nerve fiber branch of these neurons as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches. A similar density of microtubules and of neurofilaments in the dorsal root and sensory nerve fiber branches over a wide range of fiber diameters was found in electron micrograph preparations. In the absence of an anatomical difference in the fibers to account for the asymmetrical outflow, a functional explanation based on the transport filament model was advanced.", "PMID": 84050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9375", "title": "Antibodies to galactocerebroside bind to oligodendroglia in suspension culture.", "content": "Antisera raised in rabbits against galactocerebroside bind to bovine oligodendroglia in suspension in significant titer as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Absorption of antigalactocerebroside antiserum with galactocerebroside, oligodendroglia, or myelin markedly reduces the antigalactocerebroside antibody titer as measured by a radioimmunoprecipitation test as well as the binding to oligodendroglia. Incubation with  some other galactose-containing glycolipids results in a parallel decrease in binding to oligodendroglia and reduction in antigalactocerebroside antibody titer. Antigalactocerebroside antibodies provide a useful and specific tool with which to study development of oligodendroglia and myelin as well as immunopathologic mechanisms which might be involved in demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "Antibodies to galactocerebroside bind to oligodendroglia in suspension culture. Antisera raised in rabbits against galactocerebroside bind to bovine oligodendroglia in suspension in significant titer as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Absorption of antigalactocerebroside antiserum with galactocerebroside, oligodendroglia, or myelin markedly reduces the antigalactocerebroside antibody titer as measured by a radioimmunoprecipitation test as well as the binding to oligodendroglia. Incubation with  some other galactose-containing glycolipids results in a parallel decrease in binding to oligodendroglia and reduction in antigalactocerebroside antibody titer. Antigalactocerebroside antibodies provide a useful and specific tool with which to study development of oligodendroglia and myelin as well as immunopathologic mechanisms which might be involved in demyelinating diseases.", "PMID": 84053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9376", "title": "Modifications of the cerebrospinal fluid IgG concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with intrathecal steroids.", "content": "Forty-one patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), in the acute exacerbation phase of the disease, were treated with three or four intrathecal injections of triamcinolone retard, 40 mg. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected at the first and at the last lumbar puncture, and analyzed for IgG and Albumin. There was a decrease of CSF IgG concentration in the specimens of 85% of the cases which were collected at the last lumbar puncture, compared to the initial concentration. Similarly, the CSF IgG/albumin ratio in the last specimens collected were reduced in 78% of the cases. Both these results are statistically significant.", "contents": "Modifications of the cerebrospinal fluid IgG concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with intrathecal steroids. Forty-one patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), in the acute exacerbation phase of the disease, were treated with three or four intrathecal injections of triamcinolone retard, 40 mg. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected at the first and at the last lumbar puncture, and analyzed for IgG and Albumin. There was a decrease of CSF IgG concentration in the specimens of 85% of the cases which were collected at the last lumbar puncture, compared to the initial concentration. Similarly, the CSF IgG/albumin ratio in the last specimens collected were reduced in 78% of the cases. Both these results are statistically significant.", "PMID": 84055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9377", "title": "The effect of arterial hypertension of focal ischemic edema. An experimental study.", "content": "The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of cats was occluded permanently for 24h to study the influence of arterial hypertension during the early phase of focal ischemia upon the development of endema and changes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In normotensive animals MCA occlusion results in a hemispheric weight increase of about 8% and marked water and electrolyte alterations in both the grey and white matter of the MCA territory. The RISA space increases mainly in the grey matter. Hypertension aggravates these changes significantly, whereby water and electrolyte changes in the grey matter are predominantly concerned, while there is a preferential increase of the RISA space in the white matter. It is suggested that arterial hypertension aggravates the ischemic edema and enhances a vasogenic type of edema in the white matter.", "contents": "The effect of arterial hypertension of focal ischemic edema. An experimental study. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of cats was occluded permanently for 24h to study the influence of arterial hypertension during the early phase of focal ischemia upon the development of endema and changes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In normotensive animals MCA occlusion results in a hemispheric weight increase of about 8% and marked water and electrolyte alterations in both the grey and white matter of the MCA territory. The RISA space increases mainly in the grey matter. Hypertension aggravates these changes significantly, whereby water and electrolyte changes in the grey matter are predominantly concerned, while there is a preferential increase of the RISA space in the white matter. It is suggested that arterial hypertension aggravates the ischemic edema and enhances a vasogenic type of edema in the white matter.", "PMID": 84057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9378", "title": "Klinefelter syndrome and neurological disease.", "content": "Six patients with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) and different neurological disease are described. Essential tremor has been reported repeatedly but its significance deserves further studies. The prevalence of epilepsy with the Klinefelter syndrome is higher in comparison with the normal poplation, but it is not greater than expected in the population of a mental hospital. Therefore we suggest that the neurological symptoms with the Klinefelter syndrome should basically be regarded as coincidental findings not related to the chromosome abnormality.", "contents": "Klinefelter syndrome and neurological disease. Six patients with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) and different neurological disease are described. Essential tremor has been reported repeatedly but its significance deserves further studies. The prevalence of epilepsy with the Klinefelter syndrome is higher in comparison with the normal poplation, but it is not greater than expected in the population of a mental hospital. Therefore we suggest that the neurological symptoms with the Klinefelter syndrome should basically be regarded as coincidental findings not related to the chromosome abnormality.", "PMID": 84058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9379", "title": "Biochemical and immunological studies with human optic and olfactory tracts.", "content": "Clinical and pathological studies have revealed that in multiple sclerosis (MS) the involvement of the optic tracts is much more frequent than that of the olfactory tracts. To investigate the possible reasons for this difference in involvement of these two adjacent structures, both containing a central type myelin, we have studied optic and olfactory tracts obtained at autopsy from 7 adult males ranging in age from 54 to 64 years. White matter from the frontal poles of the same individuals was used for reference. These tissues were compared with respect to the relative content of a) water, b) soluble proteins, c) 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity, and d) immunologically precipitable basic protein (BP). Homogenates from these tissues were further compared by disc gel electrophoresis in two systems; phenolformic acid-water and SDS-urea gels. Results indicate that while the optic tracts and the frontal pole white matter were similar with respect to their water, total protein content and BP content, the optic tracts had lower CNP activity than the frontal poles. The olfactory tracts contained more water and less BP and the CNP activity of these structures was lower than that of the frontal pole white matter. Assuming the CNP activity and the BP content are true measures of the total myelin content of a given tissue, it appears that olfactory tracts have smaller amounts of myelin. On the other hand, the optic tracts contain only half as much CNP-activity with a disproportionately greater amount of BP. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological studies with human optic and olfactory tracts. Clinical and pathological studies have revealed that in multiple sclerosis (MS) the involvement of the optic tracts is much more frequent than that of the olfactory tracts. To investigate the possible reasons for this difference in involvement of these two adjacent structures, both containing a central type myelin, we have studied optic and olfactory tracts obtained at autopsy from 7 adult males ranging in age from 54 to 64 years. White matter from the frontal poles of the same individuals was used for reference. These tissues were compared with respect to the relative content of a) water, b) soluble proteins, c) 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity, and d) immunologically precipitable basic protein (BP). Homogenates from these tissues were further compared by disc gel electrophoresis in two systems; phenolformic acid-water and SDS-urea gels. Results indicate that while the optic tracts and the frontal pole white matter were similar with respect to their water, total protein content and BP content, the optic tracts had lower CNP activity than the frontal poles. The olfactory tracts contained more water and less BP and the CNP activity of these structures was lower than that of the frontal pole white matter. Assuming the CNP activity and the BP content are true measures of the total myelin content of a given tissue, it appears that olfactory tracts have smaller amounts of myelin. On the other hand, the optic tracts contain only half as much CNP-activity with a disproportionately greater amount of BP. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 84054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9380", "title": "Histochemical study of the muscle spindles in parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and myasthenia. An examination of the pathological fusimotor endings by the acetylcholinesterase technic.", "content": "Pathological changes of the fusimotor endings in parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and myasthenia were examined by the acetylcholinesterase technic on serial sections. In parkinsonism, the diffuse endings, which are thought to be supplied by the static gamma nerve fibers, showed remarkable enlargement, while en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic. In motor neuron disease, en plaque and en grappe endings, which are thought to be innervated by the beta nerve fibers and dynamic gamma nerve fibers respectively, revealed marked atrophy. However the diffuse endings were normal. In myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndrome (Eaton-Lambert syndrome), en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic, though only the diffuse endings were spared. The significance of these changes in the fusimotor endings is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of the muscle spindles in parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and myasthenia. An examination of the pathological fusimotor endings by the acetylcholinesterase technic. Pathological changes of the fusimotor endings in parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and myasthenia were examined by the acetylcholinesterase technic on serial sections. In parkinsonism, the diffuse endings, which are thought to be supplied by the static gamma nerve fibers, showed remarkable enlargement, while en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic. In motor neuron disease, en plaque and en grappe endings, which are thought to be innervated by the beta nerve fibers and dynamic gamma nerve fibers respectively, revealed marked atrophy. However the diffuse endings were normal. In myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndrome (Eaton-Lambert syndrome), en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic, though only the diffuse endings were spared. The significance of these changes in the fusimotor endings is discussed.", "PMID": 84059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9381", "title": "Somatosensory evoked response in controlled A-alpha sensory fiber disease.", "content": "In contrast to the distal sensory response, the somatosensory evoked response (SSER) is detectable in patients with A-alpha sensory fiber diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia. In four patients with this disease a combined histological and electro-physiological investigation of sensory propagation was performed. The sural nerve was analyzed in terms of the various fiber diameters and the distal sensory and somatosensory evoked cortical responses recorded after sural and median nerve (finger) stimulation. A distinct evoked response could be detected with rather low amplitudes and retarded latency times, while in general no distal sensory response was found. The anatomical physiological consequences are discussed.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked response in controlled A-alpha sensory fiber disease. In contrast to the distal sensory response, the somatosensory evoked response (SSER) is detectable in patients with A-alpha sensory fiber diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia. In four patients with this disease a combined histological and electro-physiological investigation of sensory propagation was performed. The sural nerve was analyzed in terms of the various fiber diameters and the distal sensory and somatosensory evoked cortical responses recorded after sural and median nerve (finger) stimulation. A distinct evoked response could be detected with rather low amplitudes and retarded latency times, while in general no distal sensory response was found. The anatomical physiological consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 84060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9382", "title": "Fenoterol precipitating myotonia in a minimally affected case of recessive myotonia congenita.", "content": "Fenoterol is used in patients with premature labor to delay delivery. A young women treated with fenoterol developed severe generalized myotonia. Symptoms disappeared after medication had  been stopped. In a later study myotonic discharges were found electromyographically in the muscles of the patient and her brother. Both suffered from subclinical recessive myotonia congenita (Becker). A heterozygous manifestation may be supposed.", "contents": "Fenoterol precipitating myotonia in a minimally affected case of recessive myotonia congenita. Fenoterol is used in patients with premature labor to delay delivery. A young women treated with fenoterol developed severe generalized myotonia. Symptoms disappeared after medication had  been stopped. In a later study myotonic discharges were found electromyographically in the muscles of the patient and her brother. Both suffered from subclinical recessive myotonia congenita (Becker). A heterozygous manifestation may be supposed.", "PMID": 84061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9383", "title": "Serotonin metabolism with idiopathic grand mal seizures.", "content": "Serotonin was determined in platelets of 140 patients with idiopathic mal seizures. According to anticonvulsive therapy these patients were divided into the following five groups: no medication, Diphenylhydantoin, Diphenylhydantoin calcium, Primidon, and combination of various of the anticonvulsants mentioned. The results obtained in the entire group of patients as well as in the various subgroups were compared with those of a group of healthy persons without therapy. In addition the various subgroups were compared to each other. There were significantly reduced serotonin values in the patients with idiopathic grand mal seizures as well as in each of its various groups as compared with the values obtained in healthy persons. Furthermore, significantly higher values were observed in the patients receiving primidone as compared with those receiving no anticonvulsants, Diphenylhydantoin, and a combination of various anticonvulsants. Our results taken together with those reported in the literature point to the possibility that a special imbalance in the cerebral neurotransmitter system, including a deficiency of serotonin, may represent a pathogenetic factor for idiopathic grand mal seizures. In addition, this investigation indicates that primidone elevates serotonin in platelets of patients with grand mal seizures.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism with idiopathic grand mal seizures. Serotonin was determined in platelets of 140 patients with idiopathic mal seizures. According to anticonvulsive therapy these patients were divided into the following five groups: no medication, Diphenylhydantoin, Diphenylhydantoin calcium, Primidon, and combination of various of the anticonvulsants mentioned. The results obtained in the entire group of patients as well as in the various subgroups were compared with those of a group of healthy persons without therapy. In addition the various subgroups were compared to each other. There were significantly reduced serotonin values in the patients with idiopathic grand mal seizures as well as in each of its various groups as compared with the values obtained in healthy persons. Furthermore, significantly higher values were observed in the patients receiving primidone as compared with those receiving no anticonvulsants, Diphenylhydantoin, and a combination of various anticonvulsants. Our results taken together with those reported in the literature point to the possibility that a special imbalance in the cerebral neurotransmitter system, including a deficiency of serotonin, may represent a pathogenetic factor for idiopathic grand mal seizures. In addition, this investigation indicates that primidone elevates serotonin in platelets of patients with grand mal seizures.", "PMID": 84062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9384", "title": "Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "A virus isolated from the CSF of a patient who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for 7 years, and prolonged pleocytosis in the CSF, was adapted to suckling mouse brain by subsequent serial blind passages. This Schu virus belongs to the tick-borne encephalitis complex of the genus Flavivirus (Togaviridae). Suckling mouse brain homogenate of the 13th passage was used for transmission experiments in various species of laboratory animals. Golden hamsters infected subcutaneously fell ill after a number of months, lost weight, and had paresis of the legs. Histologically they had petechial hemorrhages in different parts of the CNS and inflammatory changes in the gray substance of the spinal cord. Pilot studies with repeated inoculations of small doses of different flavivirus strains suggest a course of the disease in experimental animals which resembles slow-virus infections insofar as no encephalitis is produced and degenerative changes of the anterior horn cells prevail over inflammatory signs in the spinal cord. After intracerebral application of Schu virus, cynomolgus monkeys developed the typical lesions of togavirus panencephalitis with epileptic seizures, ataxia, and paresis. After subcutaneous application, the virus seems to spread along peripheral nerves to anterior spinal roots and spinal cord, where mainly motor neurons of the anterior horn are damaged, and from there to the brain. The histological findings are such that one may assume the disease of the patient was due to the infection with the virus isolated from his CSF. Therefore, the hypothesis may be advanced that at least some of the cases diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are due to a togavirus infection.", "contents": "Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A virus isolated from the CSF of a patient who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for 7 years, and prolonged pleocytosis in the CSF, was adapted to suckling mouse brain by subsequent serial blind passages. This Schu virus belongs to the tick-borne encephalitis complex of the genus Flavivirus (Togaviridae). Suckling mouse brain homogenate of the 13th passage was used for transmission experiments in various species of laboratory animals. Golden hamsters infected subcutaneously fell ill after a number of months, lost weight, and had paresis of the legs. Histologically they had petechial hemorrhages in different parts of the CNS and inflammatory changes in the gray substance of the spinal cord. Pilot studies with repeated inoculations of small doses of different flavivirus strains suggest a course of the disease in experimental animals which resembles slow-virus infections insofar as no encephalitis is produced and degenerative changes of the anterior horn cells prevail over inflammatory signs in the spinal cord. After intracerebral application of Schu virus, cynomolgus monkeys developed the typical lesions of togavirus panencephalitis with epileptic seizures, ataxia, and paresis. After subcutaneous application, the virus seems to spread along peripheral nerves to anterior spinal roots and spinal cord, where mainly motor neurons of the anterior horn are damaged, and from there to the brain. The histological findings are such that one may assume the disease of the patient was due to the infection with the virus isolated from his CSF. Therefore, the hypothesis may be advanced that at least some of the cases diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are due to a togavirus infection.", "PMID": 84063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9385", "title": "Assessment of the value of thymic scan in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients were investigated by Se methionine scan in order to evaluate the role of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis. The thymus of 28 of the above patients was examined histologically. Five out of six thymomas were detected with this technique and eight out of twelve hyperplasias were revealed. The above data suggests that Se methionine scan is a useful, innocuous tool for diagnosing neoplasms and abnormal germinal centers in thymus glands.", "contents": "Assessment of the value of thymic scan in myasthenia gravis. Fifty-three patients were investigated by Se methionine scan in order to evaluate the role of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis. The thymus of 28 of the above patients was examined histologically. Five out of six thymomas were detected with this technique and eight out of twelve hyperplasias were revealed. The above data suggests that Se methionine scan is a useful, innocuous tool for diagnosing neoplasms and abnormal germinal centers in thymus glands.", "PMID": 84064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9386", "title": "Intramedullary spinal cord metastases.", "content": "Seven autopsy cases of intramedullary metastases, four in the cervical spinal cord, are reported and the literature reviewed. Whereas lung and breast cancer, malignant melanomas and lymphomas are reported as the most common primary tumors, the present series included three cases of breast carcinoma and two cases each of colon and oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Neither the clinical symptoms nor the neurological signs distinguished intramedullary metastases from the more common extradural deposits, but radiological evidence of vertebral metastases and myelographic stop were present in only one case each, and CSF cytology was negative. Intramedullary deposits in this series were neither associated with extradural tumor nor with spread into the subarachnoid space, while cerebral metastases were present in four cases. This favors hematogenous dissemination rather than direct transdural or perineural spread of these lesions.", "contents": "Intramedullary spinal cord metastases. Seven autopsy cases of intramedullary metastases, four in the cervical spinal cord, are reported and the literature reviewed. Whereas lung and breast cancer, malignant melanomas and lymphomas are reported as the most common primary tumors, the present series included three cases of breast carcinoma and two cases each of colon and oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Neither the clinical symptoms nor the neurological signs distinguished intramedullary metastases from the more common extradural deposits, but radiological evidence of vertebral metastases and myelographic stop were present in only one case each, and CSF cytology was negative. Intramedullary deposits in this series were neither associated with extradural tumor nor with spread into the subarachnoid space, while cerebral metastases were present in four cases. This favors hematogenous dissemination rather than direct transdural or perineural spread of these lesions.", "PMID": 84065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9387", "title": "Recurrent familial neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies: reports of two cases and ultrastructural nerve study.", "content": "Electrophysiological, histological and ultrastructural studies on two patients (one family) with familial neuropathy and a liability to pressure palsies are reported. There was slowing of nerve conduction velocities and increase of distal latencies of clinically affected and clinically non-affected nerves. These alterations were confirmed by biopsy of the sural nerive which had the characterized signs of the disease. Pathogenetically there seems to be an endogeneous metabolic defect of the Schwann cell to synthetize a normal myelin sheath, which is responsible for the particular susceptibility to mechanical damage.", "contents": "Recurrent familial neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies: reports of two cases and ultrastructural nerve study. Electrophysiological, histological and ultrastructural studies on two patients (one family) with familial neuropathy and a liability to pressure palsies are reported. There was slowing of nerve conduction velocities and increase of distal latencies of clinically affected and clinically non-affected nerves. These alterations were confirmed by biopsy of the sural nerive which had the characterized signs of the disease. Pathogenetically there seems to be an endogeneous metabolic defect of the Schwann cell to synthetize a normal myelin sheath, which is responsible for the particular susceptibility to mechanical damage.", "PMID": 84066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9388", "title": "Alternating myasthenia and myastheniform syndrome in the same subject.", "content": "A man of 23 years was affected by myasthenia with amyotrophic patterns. From the neurophysiological viewpoint, there were typical electrophysiological aspects of myasthenia gravis and the Eaton-Lambert syndrome simultaneously. In some instances the various electrophysiological tests were preceeded by the administration of Tensilon, calcium gluconate and sodium benzoate caffeine. It is hypothesized that there are two types of endplates present, or there is a functional variability by which at different moments a block results from a defect in the formation or liberation of acetylcholine.", "contents": "Alternating myasthenia and myastheniform syndrome in the same subject. A man of 23 years was affected by myasthenia with amyotrophic patterns. From the neurophysiological viewpoint, there were typical electrophysiological aspects of myasthenia gravis and the Eaton-Lambert syndrome simultaneously. In some instances the various electrophysiological tests were preceeded by the administration of Tensilon, calcium gluconate and sodium benzoate caffeine. It is hypothesized that there are two types of endplates present, or there is a functional variability by which at different moments a block results from a defect in the formation or liberation of acetylcholine.", "PMID": 84067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9389", "title": "Microangiographic studies of denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscles of rats.", "content": "The behavior of the capillaries of denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscle of rats was investigated with aid of microangiography. The vessels of the denervated muscle ran irregular, formed spirals and their parallel position to the muscle fibers was completely lost. The appearance of vessels after 3 and 6 weeks in the reinnervated muscle was similar to that observed after denervation. The pattern of vessels became more normal 3 months after the operation. The hypertrophic exercised muscles had an irregular course but with less tendency to spiral formation than atropic muscles. Their caliber was enlarged. The results showed that in denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscle similar changes in capillary vessels develop. The vessels lose their parallel position to the muscle fibers and have a tendency to spiralization. The changes probably contributed to impairment of the circulation.", "contents": "Microangiographic studies of denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscles of rats. The behavior of the capillaries of denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscle of rats was investigated with aid of microangiography. The vessels of the denervated muscle ran irregular, formed spirals and their parallel position to the muscle fibers was completely lost. The appearance of vessels after 3 and 6 weeks in the reinnervated muscle was similar to that observed after denervation. The pattern of vessels became more normal 3 months after the operation. The hypertrophic exercised muscles had an irregular course but with less tendency to spiral formation than atropic muscles. Their caliber was enlarged. The results showed that in denervated, reinnervated and hypertrophic muscle similar changes in capillary vessels develop. The vessels lose their parallel position to the muscle fibers and have a tendency to spiralization. The changes probably contributed to impairment of the circulation.", "PMID": 84068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9390", "title": "Egg counts utilizing trichrome-stained smears from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-preserved fecal specimens.", "content": "A simple method of making egg counts on fecal specimens is described. It utilizes PVA-preserved stool, yields a permanent stained slide, and is as accurate and reproducible as other methods in common use.", "contents": "Egg counts utilizing trichrome-stained smears from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-preserved fecal specimens. A simple method of making egg counts on fecal specimens is described. It utilizes PVA-preserved stool, yields a permanent stained slide, and is as accurate and reproducible as other methods in common use.", "PMID": 84071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9391", "title": "Histochemical study of strain L fibroblasts exposed to endotoxin. The effect on cellular organelles.", "content": "Endotoxin was found to be nonselective in its cytotoxicity of cellular organelles. All organelles studied displayed some degree of alteration which became more severe as the concentration of endotoxin was increased. The data suggest that the metabolism of the cell may be compromised at concentrations of endotoxin which do not affect cell viability. The problem involved in attempting to determine the actual concentration of endotoxin at the interface between the culture medium and the cell monolayer, in vitro, and the corresponding situation, in vivo, are also discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of strain L fibroblasts exposed to endotoxin. The effect on cellular organelles. Endotoxin was found to be nonselective in its cytotoxicity of cellular organelles. All organelles studied displayed some degree of alteration which became more severe as the concentration of endotoxin was increased. The data suggest that the metabolism of the cell may be compromised at concentrations of endotoxin which do not affect cell viability. The problem involved in attempting to determine the actual concentration of endotoxin at the interface between the culture medium and the cell monolayer, in vitro, and the corresponding situation, in vivo, are also discussed.", "PMID": 84073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9392", "title": "Glycoproteins released by Leishmania donovani: immunologic relationships with host and bacterial antigens and preliminary biochemical analysis.", "content": "The antigenically active glycoproteins (AAGP) released by Leishmania donovani strain 3S promatigotes into growth media and by amastigotes of this strain into the tissue, e.g. blood, of infected hamsters was found to consist of 6 to 7 antigenically distinct components. The antigenic activity of these glycoproteins was resistant to freeze-thawing, protease treatment, and purification by column chromatography using Sephadex G-100. This activity, however, was destroyed by Na periodate and altered by boiling; AAGP adhered firmly to Amicon filter (UM2). The antigenically active substances absorbed UV at 230, 260, 280 nm and gave positive Folin phenol, phenol sulfuric acid, and orcinol reactions. By gel diffusion, the component glycoproteins were found to form lines with concanavalin A and to give reactions to identity and partial identity with human red cells and Mycobacterium butyricum. The possible involvement of the antigenically active glycoproteins in pathogenesis of kala azar is discussed.", "contents": "Glycoproteins released by Leishmania donovani: immunologic relationships with host and bacterial antigens and preliminary biochemical analysis. The antigenically active glycoproteins (AAGP) released by Leishmania donovani strain 3S promatigotes into growth media and by amastigotes of this strain into the tissue, e.g. blood, of infected hamsters was found to consist of 6 to 7 antigenically distinct components. The antigenic activity of these glycoproteins was resistant to freeze-thawing, protease treatment, and purification by column chromatography using Sephadex G-100. This activity, however, was destroyed by Na periodate and altered by boiling; AAGP adhered firmly to Amicon filter (UM2). The antigenically active substances absorbed UV at 230, 260, 280 nm and gave positive Folin phenol, phenol sulfuric acid, and orcinol reactions. By gel diffusion, the component glycoproteins were found to form lines with concanavalin A and to give reactions to identity and partial identity with human red cells and Mycobacterium butyricum. The possible involvement of the antigenically active glycoproteins in pathogenesis of kala azar is discussed.", "PMID": 84074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9393", "title": "Small inclusions in the cytoplasm of leukocytes in LE cell tests.", "content": "Small homogeneous basophilic and eosinophilic particles varying in size from 0.7 to 3.0 micra were seen in cytoplasm of monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells of leukocytes in LE cell tests. The aim of this investigation was to determine their frequency and diagnostic significance. Inclusions were found in one-third of LE cell tests on patients with rheumatic diseases and were not observed in normals. In 19.1% of 161 patients with SLE, they were present before LE cells were found. Sixty-eight% of patients who had particles had SLE, 8% had rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells, and 3% had nonrheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Small inclusions in the cytoplasm of leukocytes in LE cell tests. Small homogeneous basophilic and eosinophilic particles varying in size from 0.7 to 3.0 micra were seen in cytoplasm of monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells of leukocytes in LE cell tests. The aim of this investigation was to determine their frequency and diagnostic significance. Inclusions were found in one-third of LE cell tests on patients with rheumatic diseases and were not observed in normals. In 19.1% of 161 patients with SLE, they were present before LE cells were found. Sixty-eight% of patients who had particles had SLE, 8% had rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells, and 3% had nonrheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 84076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9394", "title": "Pediculosis ciliaris.", "content": "Pediculosis ciliaris, though not as common as in the past, is still not a rare disorder. Infestation has become more prevalent among adolescents within the past few years. Severe itching, irritation, secondary conjunctivitis, and preauricular adenopathy may accompany the louse infestation. A brief review of the etiology and treatment of pediculosis ciliaris has been presented. Every physician should be aware of this disorder and be adequately prepared to treat it.", "contents": "Pediculosis ciliaris. Pediculosis ciliaris, though not as common as in the past, is still not a rare disorder. Infestation has become more prevalent among adolescents within the past few years. Severe itching, irritation, secondary conjunctivitis, and preauricular adenopathy may accompany the louse infestation. A brief review of the etiology and treatment of pediculosis ciliaris has been presented. Every physician should be aware of this disorder and be adequately prepared to treat it.", "PMID": 84072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9395", "title": "The binding of anti-DNA antibodies as measured fluorometrically by ethidium bromide.", "content": "The phenanthridine dye ethidium bromide (EB) intercalates with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) resulting in an enhancement of fluorescence. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) does not show this fluorescent enhancement. Purified IgG from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) containing anti-dsDNA antibodies competes with EB for binding to DNA resulting in a decrease in fluorescence. This study has shown that antibodies which bind ssDNA in the Millipore filter radioimmunoassay displace EB from dsDNA showing that antigenic determinants are available for binding in the double-stranded molecule. This study introduces the EB assay and presents a comparison with the Millipore filter assay.", "contents": "The binding of anti-DNA antibodies as measured fluorometrically by ethidium bromide. The phenanthridine dye ethidium bromide (EB) intercalates with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) resulting in an enhancement of fluorescence. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) does not show this fluorescent enhancement. Purified IgG from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) containing anti-dsDNA antibodies competes with EB for binding to DNA resulting in a decrease in fluorescence. This study has shown that antibodies which bind ssDNA in the Millipore filter radioimmunoassay displace EB from dsDNA showing that antigenic determinants are available for binding in the double-stranded molecule. This study introduces the EB assay and presents a comparison with the Millipore filter assay.", "PMID": 84077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9396", "title": "Management of a learning resource center: a seven-year study.", "content": "Data compiled over seven years present evidence that small-group or \"cluster\" carrels are successfully utilized by medical students in a learning resource center (LRC) and, therefore, should be considered to be an efficient method of managing space, software, and hardware. Three management concepts account for high utilization of an LRC operated as a service in support of a medical school curriculum. Of special importance is the interaction of LRC staff with faculty, which directly accounts for a collection relevant to the curriculum. The other management concepts are responsiveness to students and delivery of services that support production and distribution of print and audiovisual resources for student learning.", "contents": "Management of a learning resource center: a seven-year study. Data compiled over seven years present evidence that small-group or \"cluster\" carrels are successfully utilized by medical students in a learning resource center (LRC) and, therefore, should be considered to be an efficient method of managing space, software, and hardware. Three management concepts account for high utilization of an LRC operated as a service in support of a medical school curriculum. Of special importance is the interaction of LRC staff with faculty, which directly accounts for a collection relevant to the curriculum. The other management concepts are responsiveness to students and delivery of services that support production and distribution of print and audiovisual resources for student learning.", "PMID": 84078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9397", "title": "Negative staining of freeze-fractured envelopes of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Envelope fragments of E. coli K12 have been produced by freeze-fracturing \"by hand\" and negatively stained after thawing. The outer leaflet of the plasma membrane disintegrated upon thawing whereas the outer leaflet of the outer membrane did not. Negative staining revealed the following structural features on the outer membrane fragments: (i) \"grooves\" 4-6 nm wide, (ii) spherical particles 6-8 nm in diameter, (iii) \"black dots\" 3-8 nm in diameter. Treatment of cells with EDTA before freeze-fracturing caused dilation of grooves into holes eventually leading to fragmentation of the outer membrane. A mutant strain deficient in two outer membrane proteins fractured exclusively through the outer membrane. The outer leaflets so obtained disintegrated upon thawing similarly as observed for the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Negative staining of freeze-fractured envelopes of Escherichia coli K12. Envelope fragments of E. coli K12 have been produced by freeze-fracturing \"by hand\" and negatively stained after thawing. The outer leaflet of the plasma membrane disintegrated upon thawing whereas the outer leaflet of the outer membrane did not. Negative staining revealed the following structural features on the outer membrane fragments: (i) \"grooves\" 4-6 nm wide, (ii) spherical particles 6-8 nm in diameter, (iii) \"black dots\" 3-8 nm in diameter. Treatment of cells with EDTA before freeze-fracturing caused dilation of grooves into holes eventually leading to fragmentation of the outer membrane. A mutant strain deficient in two outer membrane proteins fractured exclusively through the outer membrane. The outer leaflets so obtained disintegrated upon thawing similarly as observed for the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 84079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9398", "title": "The diagnosis of breast cancer by fine-needle aspiration smears.", "content": "Forty-eight percent of 93 breast carcinomas that were aspirated with a fine needle were found to be cytologically positive for carcinoma, and in another 31% this diagnosis was suspected. Care of most breast cancer patients with abnormal or questionable aspiration smears was affected by cytological diagnosis. Thirty-seven patients with a positive diagnosis for carcinoma and with consistent clincal findings were informed of the diagnosis prior to surgery and underwent modified radical mastectomies without further frozen-section examination. Twelve other patients with suspect or abnormal cytological reports had biopsies performed earlier because of these findings. A cytopathological diagnosis of carcinoma based on aspiration smears of the breast is highly accurate if strict criterions of malignancy are applied, but normal smears from solid breast masses do not exclude malignancy.", "contents": "The diagnosis of breast cancer by fine-needle aspiration smears. Forty-eight percent of 93 breast carcinomas that were aspirated with a fine needle were found to be cytologically positive for carcinoma, and in another 31% this diagnosis was suspected. Care of most breast cancer patients with abnormal or questionable aspiration smears was affected by cytological diagnosis. Thirty-seven patients with a positive diagnosis for carcinoma and with consistent clincal findings were informed of the diagnosis prior to surgery and underwent modified radical mastectomies without further frozen-section examination. Twelve other patients with suspect or abnormal cytological reports had biopsies performed earlier because of these findings. A cytopathological diagnosis of carcinoma based on aspiration smears of the breast is highly accurate if strict criterions of malignancy are applied, but normal smears from solid breast masses do not exclude malignancy.", "PMID": 84080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9399", "title": "Gc globulin and prealbumin serum levels in patients with cancer and benign inflammatory diseases and in asymptomatic smokers.", "content": "Gc globulin and prealbumin serum levels were determined in a coded serum panel from the National Cancer Institute-Mayo Clinic. Serum samples came from 100 patients with cancer (lung, prostate gland, or gastrointestinal tract), from 50 patients with benign inflammatory diseases from the same organs as those of the cancer patients, and from 50 clinically healthy smokers. No differences were observed among groups in the Gc globulin (vitamin D carrier) serum concentrations; however, prealbumin (vitamin A carrier) serum levels were decreased for patients with benign inflammatory diseases and for cancer patients; the cancer group showed the greatest decrease.", "contents": "Gc globulin and prealbumin serum levels in patients with cancer and benign inflammatory diseases and in asymptomatic smokers. Gc globulin and prealbumin serum levels were determined in a coded serum panel from the National Cancer Institute-Mayo Clinic. Serum samples came from 100 patients with cancer (lung, prostate gland, or gastrointestinal tract), from 50 patients with benign inflammatory diseases from the same organs as those of the cancer patients, and from 50 clinically healthy smokers. No differences were observed among groups in the Gc globulin (vitamin D carrier) serum concentrations; however, prealbumin (vitamin A carrier) serum levels were decreased for patients with benign inflammatory diseases and for cancer patients; the cancer group showed the greatest decrease.", "PMID": 84088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9400", "title": "Hepatitis B virus infection in southern African blacks with hepatocellular cancer.", "content": "The association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in southern African blacks was investigated by examination of patients' sera for all the currently known markers of HBV. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in the sera of 61.6% (178/289) of the patients compared with only 11.3% (24/213) of age-matched, sex-matched, and ethnically matched controls (P less than 0.001). Antibody against HBsAg was found in 17% of the patients and 41.7% of the controls (P less than 0.001). In 74 patients studied in more detail, antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was detected in 89%, almost always in high or moderately high titer. Anti-HBc was found in 37.5% of the controls. Active HBV infection, as indicated by positive tests for HBsAg or anti-HBc, was present in 91% of the patients compared with 39.4% of the controls (P less than 0.001). Hepatitis B e-antigen was detected in 2.3% and its specific antibody in 20.5% of the patients. The corresponding figures in the controls were 0 and 55%. HBs antigenemia was more common in younger patients with HCC. No relationship was demonstrated between alpha-fetoprotein and HBs antigenemia. HBV infection was equally common in patients with and without cirrhosis in the nontumorous liver.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus infection in southern African blacks with hepatocellular cancer. The association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in southern African blacks was investigated by examination of patients' sera for all the currently known markers of HBV. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in the sera of 61.6% (178/289) of the patients compared with only 11.3% (24/213) of age-matched, sex-matched, and ethnically matched controls (P less than 0.001). Antibody against HBsAg was found in 17% of the patients and 41.7% of the controls (P less than 0.001). In 74 patients studied in more detail, antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was detected in 89%, almost always in high or moderately high titer. Anti-HBc was found in 37.5% of the controls. Active HBV infection, as indicated by positive tests for HBsAg or anti-HBc, was present in 91% of the patients compared with 39.4% of the controls (P less than 0.001). Hepatitis B e-antigen was detected in 2.3% and its specific antibody in 20.5% of the patients. The corresponding figures in the controls were 0 and 55%. HBs antigenemia was more common in younger patients with HCC. No relationship was demonstrated between alpha-fetoprotein and HBs antigenemia. HBV infection was equally common in patients with and without cirrhosis in the nontumorous liver.", "PMID": 84090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9401", "title": "Differences in cell surface antigens of tumor metastases and those of the local tumor.", "content": "Tests were made to determine whether cell surface tumor antigens of metastases differed from the tumor antigens of the cell population of the local tumor growth. C57BL/6 mouse spleen lymphocytes sensitized against monolayers of the local growth of the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma (L-3LL) in the presence of syngeneic serum generated lymphocytes that were cytotoxic to L-3LL but significantly less cytotoxic to target cells derived from lung metastases (M-3LL). Lymphocytes sensitized against M-3LL were significantly more cytotoxic against M-3LL than against L-3LL cells. Anti-M-3LL cytotoxic lymphocytes but not anti-L-3LL, admixed with either L-3LL cells or M-3LL tumor cells, when injected into syngeneic recipients reduced lung metastasis significantly. Results indicated that cells with high metastatic capacity and distinct antigenic properties exist within the tumor cell population and that immunoselection might be involved in the production of lung metastases.", "contents": "Differences in cell surface antigens of tumor metastases and those of the local tumor. Tests were made to determine whether cell surface tumor antigens of metastases differed from the tumor antigens of the cell population of the local tumor growth. C57BL/6 mouse spleen lymphocytes sensitized against monolayers of the local growth of the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma (L-3LL) in the presence of syngeneic serum generated lymphocytes that were cytotoxic to L-3LL but significantly less cytotoxic to target cells derived from lung metastases (M-3LL). Lymphocytes sensitized against M-3LL were significantly more cytotoxic against M-3LL than against L-3LL cells. Anti-M-3LL cytotoxic lymphocytes but not anti-L-3LL, admixed with either L-3LL cells or M-3LL tumor cells, when injected into syngeneic recipients reduced lung metastasis significantly. Results indicated that cells with high metastatic capacity and distinct antigenic properties exist within the tumor cell population and that immunoselection might be involved in the production of lung metastases.", "PMID": 84091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9402", "title": "Serologically defined, unique surface antigen on a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Syngeneic A.SW mice were immunized with sublethal viable cells of a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma S3W. The serum was tested by complement-dependent cytotoxicity against in vitro-cultured S3W cells and a spectrum of controls. S3W cells were found to react with at least four different kinds of antibodies in the serum. One antigen was present on several leukemia cell lines. A second cross-reactive antigen was detected on polyoma virus-induced tumors. A third was demonstrated on other mammary carcinoma lines and in a sarcoma of C3H origin. Following the removal of all three antibodies by absorption with the appropriate cross-reactive target cells, a fourth antibody remained that gave a strong cytotoxic reaction with S3W but with no other target line tested.", "contents": "Serologically defined, unique surface antigen on a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Syngeneic A.SW mice were immunized with sublethal viable cells of a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma S3W. The serum was tested by complement-dependent cytotoxicity against in vitro-cultured S3W cells and a spectrum of controls. S3W cells were found to react with at least four different kinds of antibodies in the serum. One antigen was present on several leukemia cell lines. A second cross-reactive antigen was detected on polyoma virus-induced tumors. A third was demonstrated on other mammary carcinoma lines and in a sarcoma of C3H origin. Following the removal of all three antibodies by absorption with the appropriate cross-reactive target cells, a fourth antibody remained that gave a strong cytotoxic reaction with S3W but with no other target line tested.", "PMID": 84092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9403", "title": "Natural polyclonality of spontaneous AKR leukemia and its consequences for so-called specific immunotherapy.", "content": "Young female AKR mice made leukemic by iv inoculation of 10(3) spontaneous AKR thymoma cells were treated with repeated injections of irradiated cells from the same tumor. Treatment began 1 day after injection of the viable cells. The cytotoxicity of sera and lymphoid cells from healthy mice immunized with lymphoma cells from either treated or nontreated mice with leukemia grafts revealed that the tumor cells could be subdivided into four distinct antigenic types. One type (clone A) accounted for about 97% of the lymphoma cells in each mouse with spontaneous leukemia, whereas the remaining 3% were subdivided into three other distinct antigenic types (clones B, C, and D). Lymphoma cells from treated mice with grafted leukemia were never clone A type but either clone B, C, or D type. Repeated sc injections of 10(7) irradiated cells from spontaneous AKR thymomas induced from 15 to 34% cure in mice with grafts of leukemia cells. Treatment with only clone A induced about 32% cure, whereas treatment with clone B, C, or D had no beneficial effect. Treatment with 10(7) cells each of clone A plus clone B gave 33% cure; clone A plus clone B plus clone C, 45%; and all four clones cured 92% of the mice with leukemia grafts. The efficiency of immunotherapy may be influenced by the natural clonality of the tumor to be treated.", "contents": "Natural polyclonality of spontaneous AKR leukemia and its consequences for so-called specific immunotherapy. Young female AKR mice made leukemic by iv inoculation of 10(3) spontaneous AKR thymoma cells were treated with repeated injections of irradiated cells from the same tumor. Treatment began 1 day after injection of the viable cells. The cytotoxicity of sera and lymphoid cells from healthy mice immunized with lymphoma cells from either treated or nontreated mice with leukemia grafts revealed that the tumor cells could be subdivided into four distinct antigenic types. One type (clone A) accounted for about 97% of the lymphoma cells in each mouse with spontaneous leukemia, whereas the remaining 3% were subdivided into three other distinct antigenic types (clones B, C, and D). Lymphoma cells from treated mice with grafted leukemia were never clone A type but either clone B, C, or D type. Repeated sc injections of 10(7) irradiated cells from spontaneous AKR thymomas induced from 15 to 34% cure in mice with grafts of leukemia cells. Treatment with only clone A induced about 32% cure, whereas treatment with clone B, C, or D had no beneficial effect. Treatment with 10(7) cells each of clone A plus clone B gave 33% cure; clone A plus clone B plus clone C, 45%; and all four clones cured 92% of the mice with leukemia grafts. The efficiency of immunotherapy may be influenced by the natural clonality of the tumor to be treated.", "PMID": 84093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9404", "title": "Deep hypothermic arrest: observations on later development in children.", "content": "Thirty-two children were reviewed following closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy. Fifteen had undergone continuous perfusion and 17 had been subjected to core cooling followed by deep hypothermic arrest. Parental and professional evaluations of intellectual and motor development, at periods between 7 and 72 months following operation, suggest that there is a higher incidence of developmental abnormality in the subgroup treated with deep hypothermic arrest.", "contents": "Deep hypothermic arrest: observations on later development in children. Thirty-two children were reviewed following closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy. Fifteen had undergone continuous perfusion and 17 had been subjected to core cooling followed by deep hypothermic arrest. Parental and professional evaluations of intellectual and motor development, at periods between 7 and 72 months following operation, suggest that there is a higher incidence of developmental abnormality in the subgroup treated with deep hypothermic arrest.", "PMID": 84096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9405", "title": "[Geometric phagedenism. Clinico-therapeutic experience].", "content": "A woman of 35 years old, in good physical condition, developed multiple lesions of Phagedenisme Geometrique (Pyoderma Gangrenosum) in the gluteal region and the thigh. Corticoids and antibiotics were used at high dosages resulting in healing of the center of the lesions but without any effect on the periphery. Plasma transfusions were then given, resulting in apparent amelioration of the peripheral abcesses. Her general condition was not altered during the entire course of the disease. Septic foci were not demonstrated and a minimal dysproteinemia was neither significant nor persistent.", "contents": "[Geometric phagedenism. Clinico-therapeutic experience]. A woman of 35 years old, in good physical condition, developed multiple lesions of Phagedenisme Geometrique (Pyoderma Gangrenosum) in the gluteal region and the thigh. Corticoids and antibiotics were used at high dosages resulting in healing of the center of the lesions but without any effect on the periphery. Plasma transfusions were then given, resulting in apparent amelioration of the peripheral abcesses. Her general condition was not altered during the entire course of the disease. Septic foci were not demonstrated and a minimal dysproteinemia was neither significant nor persistent.", "PMID": 84098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9406", "title": "Outcome of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "100 females with anorexia nervosa were followed up 4-8 years after first presentation.  All but 12 had had refeeding and/or psychotherapy. 48 had a good outcome (weight at least near normal, regular menstruation, largely satisfactory mental state and psychosexual and psychosocial adjustments) but outcome was intermediate in 30, and poor in 20 patients. 2 had died. Poor outcome could be positively associated with clinical data such as longer duration of illness, older age of onset and presentation, lower weight during illness and at presentation, presence of symptoms such as bulimia, vomiting, and anxiety when eating with others, poor childhood social adjustment, and poor parental relationships.", "contents": "Outcome of anorexia nervosa. 100 females with anorexia nervosa were followed up 4-8 years after first presentation.  All but 12 had had refeeding and/or psychotherapy. 48 had a good outcome (weight at least near normal, regular menstruation, largely satisfactory mental state and psychosexual and psychosocial adjustments) but outcome was intermediate in 30, and poor in 20 patients. 2 had died. Poor outcome could be positively associated with clinical data such as longer duration of illness, older age of onset and presentation, lower weight during illness and at presentation, presence of symptoms such as bulimia, vomiting, and anxiety when eating with others, poor childhood social adjustment, and poor parental relationships.", "PMID": 84126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9407", "title": "Dietary carbohydrate and metabolism of ingested protein.", "content": "Six normal people were fed a lean beef meal while on a normal diet and after seven days on a very low carbohydrate (greater than 25 g/day) 2000 kcal/day diet. After carbohydrate restriction, the protein-induced rise in branched chain aminoacids was 40-50% greater than the rise after the control diet. Intravenous leucine also produced a 40% greater rise in plasma-leucine after carbohydrate restriction. Three days of fasting exaggerated protein-induced increases in plasma branched-chain aminoacids by 55-77%. Hypocaloric, pure carbohydrate refeeding restored the branched-chain aminoacid responses to normal. Severe carbohydrate restriction thus leads to increased accumulation of plasma branched-chain aminoacids after protein feeding which is at least in part due to reduced utilisation of these aminoacids.", "contents": "Dietary carbohydrate and metabolism of ingested protein. Six normal people were fed a lean beef meal while on a normal diet and after seven days on a very low carbohydrate (greater than 25 g/day) 2000 kcal/day diet. After carbohydrate restriction, the protein-induced rise in branched chain aminoacids was 40-50% greater than the rise after the control diet. Intravenous leucine also produced a 40% greater rise in plasma-leucine after carbohydrate restriction. Three days of fasting exaggerated protein-induced increases in plasma branched-chain aminoacids by 55-77%. Hypocaloric, pure carbohydrate refeeding restored the branched-chain aminoacid responses to normal. Severe carbohydrate restriction thus leads to increased accumulation of plasma branched-chain aminoacids after protein feeding which is at least in part due to reduced utilisation of these aminoacids.", "PMID": 84127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9408", "title": "Glucose promotes whole-body protein synthesis from infused aminoacids in fasting man. Isotopic demonstration.", "content": "15N-glycine constant infusion, with plateau urea enrichment as the endpoint, demonstrated a clear increase in whole-body protein synthesis when glucose was added to aminoacid infusion in fasting men. Whole-body protein-breakdown rates remained unchanged. There was an unexpected fall in whole-body nitrogen turnover when the subjects were changed from an oral intake to either of the intravenous programmes: this finding, not previously reported, may be due to the decrease in gastrointestinal enzyme synthesis and intestinal-lining cell-turnover when oral intake is replaced by total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Glucose promotes whole-body protein synthesis from infused aminoacids in fasting man. Isotopic demonstration. 15N-glycine constant infusion, with plateau urea enrichment as the endpoint, demonstrated a clear increase in whole-body protein synthesis when glucose was added to aminoacid infusion in fasting men. Whole-body protein-breakdown rates remained unchanged. There was an unexpected fall in whole-body nitrogen turnover when the subjects were changed from an oral intake to either of the intravenous programmes: this finding, not previously reported, may be due to the decrease in gastrointestinal enzyme synthesis and intestinal-lining cell-turnover when oral intake is replaced by total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 84128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9409", "title": "High-density lipoprotein and coronary risk factors in normal men.", "content": "Serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (H.D.L.) was measured in 2568 men attending a screening centre and registered with a medical practitioner in Great Britain. Serum-total-cholesterol (T.C.), serum-triglyceride, serum-glucose, systolic and diastolic blood-pressures, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, height, weight, cigarette and alcohol history, and a brief assessment of physical activity were also recorded. H.D.L. was inversely related to cigarette-smoking, relative weight, and serum-triglyceride level, and directly related to physical activity, total-cholesterol level, and alcohol consumption. The ratio of H.D.L. to T.C. (H.D.L./T.C.) showed similar significant relationships to the above variables (except that the ratio was negatively correlated with T.C.). In addition the ratio was inversely related to age. These relationships were independent of the other measured variables. Both the H.D.L. and H.D.L./T.C. were inversely related to coronary risk rating. It is suggested that, despite methodological problems, H.D.L. is a useful biochemical measurement to add to a coronary risk profile.", "contents": "High-density lipoprotein and coronary risk factors in normal men. Serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (H.D.L.) was measured in 2568 men attending a screening centre and registered with a medical practitioner in Great Britain. Serum-total-cholesterol (T.C.), serum-triglyceride, serum-glucose, systolic and diastolic blood-pressures, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, height, weight, cigarette and alcohol history, and a brief assessment of physical activity were also recorded. H.D.L. was inversely related to cigarette-smoking, relative weight, and serum-triglyceride level, and directly related to physical activity, total-cholesterol level, and alcohol consumption. The ratio of H.D.L. to T.C. (H.D.L./T.C.) showed similar significant relationships to the above variables (except that the ratio was negatively correlated with T.C.). In addition the ratio was inversely related to age. These relationships were independent of the other measured variables. Both the H.D.L. and H.D.L./T.C. were inversely related to coronary risk rating. It is suggested that, despite methodological problems, H.D.L. is a useful biochemical measurement to add to a coronary risk profile.", "PMID": 84129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9410", "title": "Immunoprecipitation and opsonic cross-reaction between type-14 pneumococcus and group-B streptococcus type III.", "content": "Antisera directed against type-14 pneumococcus was opsonic for several strains of type-III group-B streptococcus. Furthermore, the polysaccharide antigen in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine reacted to form precipitation lines with antisera directed against type-14 pneumococcus and group-B streptococcus type III Immunisation with currently available pneumococcal vaccine may provide opsonic antibody against group-B streptococci and provide a method of preventing neonatal group-B streptococcal infections.", "contents": "Immunoprecipitation and opsonic cross-reaction between type-14 pneumococcus and group-B streptococcus type III. Antisera directed against type-14 pneumococcus was opsonic for several strains of type-III group-B streptococcus. Furthermore, the polysaccharide antigen in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine reacted to form precipitation lines with antisera directed against type-14 pneumococcus and group-B streptococcus type III Immunisation with currently available pneumococcal vaccine may provide opsonic antibody against group-B streptococci and provide a method of preventing neonatal group-B streptococcal infections.", "PMID": 84130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9411", "title": "Effect of catecholamine replacement with levodopa on the metabolic response to semistarvation.", "content": "The resting metabolic rate (R.M.R.) falls on energy restriction in association with a fall in the circulating calorigenic hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and noradrenaline. Levodopa, a precursor of catecholamines, was given to obese subjects receiving a low-energy diet in an attempt to prevent the reduction in catecholamine turnover and noradrenaline levels. Levodopa prevented the fall in R.M.R. despite the expected decline in T3 levels on semistarvation. These results suggest that changes in catecholamine metabolism are important in determining adaptive changes in metabolic rate.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamine replacement with levodopa on the metabolic response to semistarvation. The resting metabolic rate (R.M.R.) falls on energy restriction in association with a fall in the circulating calorigenic hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and noradrenaline. Levodopa, a precursor of catecholamines, was given to obese subjects receiving a low-energy diet in an attempt to prevent the reduction in catecholamine turnover and noradrenaline levels. Levodopa prevented the fall in R.M.R. despite the expected decline in T3 levels on semistarvation. These results suggest that changes in catecholamine metabolism are important in determining adaptive changes in metabolic rate.", "PMID": 84131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9412", "title": "Social inequalities undiminished.", "content": "Traditional differences in death-rates by social class continue in Britain in the 1970s, mostly at lower levels of mortality. The professions do well, unskilled workers and their families particularly badly. Data on health services are scanty, but they suggest that lower-class families, with greater needs, do not make proportionate demands on some services and receive less of others. Continuing socioeconomic inequalities, disparities in child health and education, and current smoking and exercise habits indicate that inequalities in health will persist. Some ways of levelling up are suggested, starting with children: by creating more equal opportunities for the under-5s through education and day care, expanding child benefit and family endowment, concentrating health services on the socially disadvantaged, and setting an upgraded \"health education\" to the task--with mothers and children and the whole population.", "contents": "Social inequalities undiminished. Traditional differences in death-rates by social class continue in Britain in the 1970s, mostly at lower levels of mortality. The professions do well, unskilled workers and their families particularly badly. Data on health services are scanty, but they suggest that lower-class families, with greater needs, do not make proportionate demands on some services and receive less of others. Continuing socioeconomic inequalities, disparities in child health and education, and current smoking and exercise habits indicate that inequalities in health will persist. Some ways of levelling up are suggested, starting with children: by creating more equal opportunities for the under-5s through education and day care, expanding child benefit and family endowment, concentrating health services on the socially disadvantaged, and setting an upgraded \"health education\" to the task--with mothers and children and the whole population.", "PMID": 84138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9413", "title": "Neurosyphilis today.", "content": "17 cases of recently diagnosed neurosyphilis are reviewed. The presenting features are diverse, and a clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Routine serological test are essential to confirm the clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Neurosyphilis today. 17 cases of recently diagnosed neurosyphilis are reviewed. The presenting features are diverse, and a clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Routine serological test are essential to confirm the clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 84139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9414", "title": "Low-dose factor VIII in adults with haemophilic arthropathy.", "content": "27 adults with haemophilic arthropathy infused freeze-dried factor-VIII concentrate at a mean initial dose of 7.3 and 5.5 units/kg, respectively, during two successive 6-month periods of home therapy. A single infusion at either dosage level successfully terminated over 80% of bleeds. A 32% reduction in use of concentrate was achieved at the lower dose, with a cost saving equivalent to pounds 30 000 per annum and with no apparent short-term clinical disadvantage. Thus low-dose therapy can be successfully applied to severely affected adult patients with established haemophilic arthropathy.", "contents": "Low-dose factor VIII in adults with haemophilic arthropathy. 27 adults with haemophilic arthropathy infused freeze-dried factor-VIII concentrate at a mean initial dose of 7.3 and 5.5 units/kg, respectively, during two successive 6-month periods of home therapy. A single infusion at either dosage level successfully terminated over 80% of bleeds. A 32% reduction in use of concentrate was achieved at the lower dose, with a cost saving equivalent to pounds 30 000 per annum and with no apparent short-term clinical disadvantage. Thus low-dose therapy can be successfully applied to severely affected adult patients with established haemophilic arthropathy.", "PMID": 84140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9415", "title": "Cervical ripening and induction of labour with intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "A randomised double-blind trial was done to determine the effect on cervical ripening of 50 mg intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha (P.G.F.2 alpha) in a methyl cellulose gel given on the evening before surgical induction of labour. Patients were given either placebo or P.G.F.2 alpha and in both groups cervical stretching and sweeping of the fetal membranes was attempted. Of the 40 control patients, 3 had gone into labour and the mean improvement in the cervical score was 1.6 before surgical induction the next morning. However, 20 of the 40 patients receiving P.G.F.2 alpha went into labour before the proposed induction and the mean change in cervical score (5.1) was significantly greater than that in the placebo group. Of the 40 patients pretreated with P.G.F.2 alpha, 37 had improved cervical scores and significantly fewer required augmentation in labour with intravenous oxytocin than in the control group. No side-effects were experienced and the patients found the treatment acceptable.", "contents": "Cervical ripening and induction of labour with intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha. A randomised double-blind trial was done to determine the effect on cervical ripening of 50 mg intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha (P.G.F.2 alpha) in a methyl cellulose gel given on the evening before surgical induction of labour. Patients were given either placebo or P.G.F.2 alpha and in both groups cervical stretching and sweeping of the fetal membranes was attempted. Of the 40 control patients, 3 had gone into labour and the mean improvement in the cervical score was 1.6 before surgical induction the next morning. However, 20 of the 40 patients receiving P.G.F.2 alpha went into labour before the proposed induction and the mean change in cervical score (5.1) was significantly greater than that in the placebo group. Of the 40 patients pretreated with P.G.F.2 alpha, 37 had improved cervical scores and significantly fewer required augmentation in labour with intravenous oxytocin than in the control group. No side-effects were experienced and the patients found the treatment acceptable.", "PMID": 84147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9416", "title": "Comparison of disodium cromoglycate and sulphasalazine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "In a trial lasting six months disodium cromoglycate (800 mg daily), sulphasalazine (2 g daily), and these two agents in combination were compared in 120 patients as maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis. Relapse was defined as recurrence of colitic symptoms accompanied by sigmoidoscopic evidence of inflammation. The patients receiving disodium cromoglycate had a much higher relapse-rate than those taking sulphasalazine and the results with the two agents combined were little different from those with sulphasalazine alone. Disodium cromoglycate in the dose employed is greatly inferior to sulphasalazine as maintenance treatment for the prevention of relapse in ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Comparison of disodium cromoglycate and sulphasalazine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. In a trial lasting six months disodium cromoglycate (800 mg daily), sulphasalazine (2 g daily), and these two agents in combination were compared in 120 patients as maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis. Relapse was defined as recurrence of colitic symptoms accompanied by sigmoidoscopic evidence of inflammation. The patients receiving disodium cromoglycate had a much higher relapse-rate than those taking sulphasalazine and the results with the two agents combined were little different from those with sulphasalazine alone. Disodium cromoglycate in the dose employed is greatly inferior to sulphasalazine as maintenance treatment for the prevention of relapse in ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 84148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9417", "title": "\"Insulin\" allergy due to zinc.", "content": "An investigation of two unrelated patients who had local cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions after injection of any commercially available insulin preparation has shown that the cause of the allergy was zinc. Zinc-insulin and zinc sulphate induced transformation and proliferation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from these patients; they also induced the production of a specific leucocyte inhibitory factor. Intradermal skin-tests for zinc were positive in both patients. Similar studies carried out in a patient whose cutaneous allergy to insulin was corrected by changing from mixed beef-pork to pure pork insulin were negative. Zinc-free insulin did not produce any allergy in the first patients. The number of patients in whom zinc (which is present in all commercially available insulin preparations) is a cause of \"insulin\" allergy is unknown. These patients may by identified by intradermal skin-tests. This previously unrecognised allergy should be considered in all patients whose insulin allergy does not respond to conventional therapy.", "contents": "\"Insulin\" allergy due to zinc. An investigation of two unrelated patients who had local cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions after injection of any commercially available insulin preparation has shown that the cause of the allergy was zinc. Zinc-insulin and zinc sulphate induced transformation and proliferation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from these patients; they also induced the production of a specific leucocyte inhibitory factor. Intradermal skin-tests for zinc were positive in both patients. Similar studies carried out in a patient whose cutaneous allergy to insulin was corrected by changing from mixed beef-pork to pure pork insulin were negative. Zinc-free insulin did not produce any allergy in the first patients. The number of patients in whom zinc (which is present in all commercially available insulin preparations) is a cause of \"insulin\" allergy is unknown. These patients may by identified by intradermal skin-tests. This previously unrecognised allergy should be considered in all patients whose insulin allergy does not respond to conventional therapy.", "PMID": 84149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9418", "title": "Arginine therapy of argininosuccinase deficiency.", "content": "Argininosuccinic acid (A.S.A.) contains the two waste nitrogen atoms later excreted in urea in healthy people, and it has a renal clearance similar to the glomerular filtration-rate. Therefore, argininosuccinic acid might provide a vehicle for the excretion of waste nigrogen in patients with argininosuccinase deficiency, providing that stoichiometric amounts of ornithine are available. When two infants with no, or very little, erythrocyte argininosuccinase activity who were in neonatal hyperammonaemic coma were treated with supplementary arginine (4-5 mmol/kg/day) plasma ammonium, glutamine, and alanine concentrations became normal. One infant grew and developed normally during the first month of life on a protein intake of 2 g/kg/day. The other infant had sustained lathal brain damage before arginine therapy was tried and she died aged 17 days. Arginine supplementation may be effective therapy for argininosuccinase deficiency because it promotes A.S.A. synthesis and hence excretion of waste nitrogen. The effects of high plasma-A.S.A. concentrations are unknown.", "contents": "Arginine therapy of argininosuccinase deficiency. Argininosuccinic acid (A.S.A.) contains the two waste nitrogen atoms later excreted in urea in healthy people, and it has a renal clearance similar to the glomerular filtration-rate. Therefore, argininosuccinic acid might provide a vehicle for the excretion of waste nigrogen in patients with argininosuccinase deficiency, providing that stoichiometric amounts of ornithine are available. When two infants with no, or very little, erythrocyte argininosuccinase activity who were in neonatal hyperammonaemic coma were treated with supplementary arginine (4-5 mmol/kg/day) plasma ammonium, glutamine, and alanine concentrations became normal. One infant grew and developed normally during the first month of life on a protein intake of 2 g/kg/day. The other infant had sustained lathal brain damage before arginine therapy was tried and she died aged 17 days. Arginine supplementation may be effective therapy for argininosuccinase deficiency because it promotes A.S.A. synthesis and hence excretion of waste nitrogen. The effects of high plasma-A.S.A. concentrations are unknown.", "PMID": 84150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9419", "title": "Growth-stimulating factor in regenerating canine liver.", "content": "Extracts from dog livers which had been regenerating for 24, 48, and 72 h after hepatectomy were infused for 6 h into the left portal vein of animals which had fresh portacaval shunts (Eck fistula) and which were killed 2 and 3 days later. The brief exposure to the 48-h and especially the 72-h regenerating liver extracts induced a delayed proliferative response predominantly in the left liver lobes, with a slight spillover effect to the right liver lobes but none to the kidney. The response reached its peak 3 days later. In the left but not the right liver lobes, both the 48-h and the 72-h regenerating liver extract reversed the atrophy ordinarily caused by Eck fistula in 3 days and partly prevented the ultrastructural hepatocyte deterioration characteristic of Eck fistula. The active liver extracts apparently contained a growth-control factor or factors which is (are) not insulin or glucagon.", "contents": "Growth-stimulating factor in regenerating canine liver. Extracts from dog livers which had been regenerating for 24, 48, and 72 h after hepatectomy were infused for 6 h into the left portal vein of animals which had fresh portacaval shunts (Eck fistula) and which were killed 2 and 3 days later. The brief exposure to the 48-h and especially the 72-h regenerating liver extracts induced a delayed proliferative response predominantly in the left liver lobes, with a slight spillover effect to the right liver lobes but none to the kidney. The response reached its peak 3 days later. In the left but not the right liver lobes, both the 48-h and the 72-h regenerating liver extract reversed the atrophy ordinarily caused by Eck fistula in 3 days and partly prevented the ultrastructural hepatocyte deterioration characteristic of Eck fistula. The active liver extracts apparently contained a growth-control factor or factors which is (are) not insulin or glucagon.", "PMID": 84151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9420", "title": "Survival of heart allografts in rats treated with azathioprine and sodium salicylate.", "content": "In a rat heart transplant model representing a severe mismatch, median survival time (M.S.T.) with no treatment was 6 days. M.S.T. with azathioprine was 6 days, and with azathioprine and methylprednisolone 7 days. Azathioprine with promethazine hydrochloride gave an M.S.T. of 15 days. In rats treated with sodium salicylate alone M.S.T. was 16 days, and when azathioprine was administered for 12 days in a group continuously treated with sodium salicylate, all hearts were beating normally at 50 days.", "contents": "Survival of heart allografts in rats treated with azathioprine and sodium salicylate. In a rat heart transplant model representing a severe mismatch, median survival time (M.S.T.) with no treatment was 6 days. M.S.T. with azathioprine was 6 days, and with azathioprine and methylprednisolone 7 days. Azathioprine with promethazine hydrochloride gave an M.S.T. of 15 days. In rats treated with sodium salicylate alone M.S.T. was 16 days, and when azathioprine was administered for 12 days in a group continuously treated with sodium salicylate, all hearts were beating normally at 50 days.", "PMID": 84152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9421", "title": "Atypical phenylketonuria caused by 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase deficiency.", "content": "A patient with atypical phenylketonuria and normal liver dihydropteridine reductase and phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activities excreted neopterin but not biopterin or dihydrobiopterin in urine. The oral administration of L-sepiapterin (1 mg/kg body weight) lowered serum-henylalanine from 17.1 to 1.1 mg/dl within 6 h. Comparable responses were observed after oral administration of L-erythro-7, 8-dihydrobiopterin or L-erythro-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrobiopterin (each given in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight). The results indicate a 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase deficiency in the patient.", "contents": "Atypical phenylketonuria caused by 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase deficiency. A patient with atypical phenylketonuria and normal liver dihydropteridine reductase and phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase activities excreted neopterin but not biopterin or dihydrobiopterin in urine. The oral administration of L-sepiapterin (1 mg/kg body weight) lowered serum-henylalanine from 17.1 to 1.1 mg/dl within 6 h. Comparable responses were observed after oral administration of L-erythro-7, 8-dihydrobiopterin or L-erythro-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrobiopterin (each given in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight). The results indicate a 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin synthetase deficiency in the patient.", "PMID": 84153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9422", "title": "Haematin therapy and leucocyte delta-aminolevulinic-acid-synthase activity in prolonged attack of acute porphyria.", "content": "The activity of leucocyte delta-aminolaevulinic-acid (A.L.A.) synthase was monitored throughout a prolonged attack of acute  intermittent porphyria in a 29-year-old women. Clinical severity was associated with a pronounced increase in activity of this enzyme and high urinary excretion of A.L.A. Haematin therapy resulted in clinical improvement associated with a reduction in the activity of A.L.A. synthase and reduction in urinary excretion of A.L.A.", "contents": "Haematin therapy and leucocyte delta-aminolevulinic-acid-synthase activity in prolonged attack of acute porphyria. The activity of leucocyte delta-aminolaevulinic-acid (A.L.A.) synthase was monitored throughout a prolonged attack of acute  intermittent porphyria in a 29-year-old women. Clinical severity was associated with a pronounced increase in activity of this enzyme and high urinary excretion of A.L.A. Haematin therapy resulted in clinical improvement associated with a reduction in the activity of A.L.A. synthase and reduction in urinary excretion of A.L.A.", "PMID": 84154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9423", "title": "Gestation, birth-weight, and spontaneous abortion in pregnancy  after induced abortion. Report of Collaborative Study by W.H.O. Task Force on Sequelae of Abortion.", "content": "The outcome of pregnancy in 7228 women from eight European cities was studied. In two of the three city clusters, there was a significantly higher risk of adverse outcome in terms of either mid-trimester spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, or low-birth-weight infant among women whose only previous pregnancy had been surgically terminated only previous pregnancy had been surgically terminated than among primigravidae or women whose only previous pregnancy had ended in live birth. In one city cluster in which surgical termination was accomplished both by conventional dilatation and currettage and by vacuum aspiration (V.A.), an increased risk of short gestation was noted for V.A., but the overall total risk of adverse outcome was not significantly increased. In the third city cluster, in which surgical termination was nearly entirely by V.A., induced abortion was not associated with any increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. The effects of spontaneous abortion on the subsequent pregnancy are similar to those of induced abortion.", "contents": "Gestation, birth-weight, and spontaneous abortion in pregnancy  after induced abortion. Report of Collaborative Study by W.H.O. Task Force on Sequelae of Abortion. The outcome of pregnancy in 7228 women from eight European cities was studied. In two of the three city clusters, there was a significantly higher risk of adverse outcome in terms of either mid-trimester spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, or low-birth-weight infant among women whose only previous pregnancy had been surgically terminated only previous pregnancy had been surgically terminated than among primigravidae or women whose only previous pregnancy had ended in live birth. In one city cluster in which surgical termination was accomplished both by conventional dilatation and currettage and by vacuum aspiration (V.A.), an increased risk of short gestation was noted for V.A., but the overall total risk of adverse outcome was not significantly increased. In the third city cluster, in which surgical termination was nearly entirely by V.A., induced abortion was not associated with any increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. The effects of spontaneous abortion on the subsequent pregnancy are similar to those of induced abortion.", "PMID": 84162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9424", "title": "Discrimination between iron-deficiency and heterozygous-thalassaemia syndromes in differential diagnosis of microcytosis.", "content": "Three formulae have been advocated for interpreting the blood-count when differentiating between iron deficiency and heterozygous thalassaemia: the discriminant function. M.C.V.-R.B.C.-(5 X Hb)-k, the M.C.V/R.B.C. ratio, and the (M.C.V.)2 X M.C.H. product. In a comparison of their diagnostic accuracy in microcytic adults from several countries, the discriminant function was the most satisfactory. 417 of 455 uncomplicated cases (91.6%) of iron deficiency, heterozygous alpha1- and beta- thalassaemia were correctly identified. The function was not able to distinguish heterozygous alpha2-thalassaemia from iron deficiency. A flow chart illustrates how the discriminant function can be used in haematological practice.", "contents": "Discrimination between iron-deficiency and heterozygous-thalassaemia syndromes in differential diagnosis of microcytosis. Three formulae have been advocated for interpreting the blood-count when differentiating between iron deficiency and heterozygous thalassaemia: the discriminant function. M.C.V.-R.B.C.-(5 X Hb)-k, the M.C.V/R.B.C. ratio, and the (M.C.V.)2 X M.C.H. product. In a comparison of their diagnostic accuracy in microcytic adults from several countries, the discriminant function was the most satisfactory. 417 of 455 uncomplicated cases (91.6%) of iron deficiency, heterozygous alpha1- and beta- thalassaemia were correctly identified. The function was not able to distinguish heterozygous alpha2-thalassaemia from iron deficiency. A flow chart illustrates how the discriminant function can be used in haematological practice.", "PMID": 84163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9425", "title": "A renal abnormality as a possible cause of \"essential\" hypertension.", "content": "The renal abnormality which causes hypertension in the Milan hypertensive strain of rats disappears as hypertension develops. Because of the many analogies between the condition in these rats and \"essential\" hypertension in man, the same pattern of change may occur if a renal abnormality is the cause of essential hypertension in man. This hypothesis was tested in two groups of young normotensive subjects matched for age, sex, and body-surface area; in the first group both parents were hypertensive, and in the second group both parents were normotensive. Renal plasma-flow, glomerular filtration-rate, plasma-volume, plasma-renin activity, plasma-concentrations of Na+, K+, and catecholamines, 24 h urinary excretion of Na+, K+, and aldosterone, and the cardiac index were measured so that renal function and the role of factors affecting blood-pressure regulation could be assessed. Renal plasma-flow was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the first group, whereas results of tests for all the other factors were almost the same in both groups. The hypothesis that a primary kidney abnormality causes hypertension in a proportion of patients with essential hypertension is proposed.", "contents": "A renal abnormality as a possible cause of \"essential\" hypertension. The renal abnormality which causes hypertension in the Milan hypertensive strain of rats disappears as hypertension develops. Because of the many analogies between the condition in these rats and \"essential\" hypertension in man, the same pattern of change may occur if a renal abnormality is the cause of essential hypertension in man. This hypothesis was tested in two groups of young normotensive subjects matched for age, sex, and body-surface area; in the first group both parents were hypertensive, and in the second group both parents were normotensive. Renal plasma-flow, glomerular filtration-rate, plasma-volume, plasma-renin activity, plasma-concentrations of Na+, K+, and catecholamines, 24 h urinary excretion of Na+, K+, and aldosterone, and the cardiac index were measured so that renal function and the role of factors affecting blood-pressure regulation could be assessed. Renal plasma-flow was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the first group, whereas results of tests for all the other factors were almost the same in both groups. The hypothesis that a primary kidney abnormality causes hypertension in a proportion of patients with essential hypertension is proposed.", "PMID": 84203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9426", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in patients with cimetidine-associated mental confusion.", "content": "15 cases of cimetidine-associated mental confusion have been reported. In order that this syndrome might be investigated changes in mental status (M.S.) were correlated with serum concentrations and renal and hepatic function in 36 patients, 30 patients had no M.S. change on cimetidine and 6 had moderate to severe changes. These 6 patients had both renal and liver dysfunction (P less than 0.05), as well as cimetidine trough-concentrations of more than 1.25 microgram/ml (P less than 0.05). The severity of M.S. changes increased as trough-concentrations rose, 5 patients had lumbar puncture. The cerebrospinal fluid: serum ratio of cimetidine concentrations was 0.24:1 and indicates that cimetidine passes the blood-brain barrier; it also raises the possibility that M.S. changes are due to blockade of histamine H2-receptors in the central nervous system. Patients likely to have both raised trough-concentrations and mental confusion are those with both severe renal and hepatic dysfunction. They should be closely observed and should be given reduced doses of cimetidine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in patients with cimetidine-associated mental confusion. 15 cases of cimetidine-associated mental confusion have been reported. In order that this syndrome might be investigated changes in mental status (M.S.) were correlated with serum concentrations and renal and hepatic function in 36 patients, 30 patients had no M.S. change on cimetidine and 6 had moderate to severe changes. These 6 patients had both renal and liver dysfunction (P less than 0.05), as well as cimetidine trough-concentrations of more than 1.25 microgram/ml (P less than 0.05). The severity of M.S. changes increased as trough-concentrations rose, 5 patients had lumbar puncture. The cerebrospinal fluid: serum ratio of cimetidine concentrations was 0.24:1 and indicates that cimetidine passes the blood-brain barrier; it also raises the possibility that M.S. changes are due to blockade of histamine H2-receptors in the central nervous system. Patients likely to have both raised trough-concentrations and mental confusion are those with both severe renal and hepatic dysfunction. They should be closely observed and should be given reduced doses of cimetidine.", "PMID": 84204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9427", "title": "Seminiferous tubule hypercurvature: A newly recognised common syndrome of human male infertility.", "content": "Testicular biopsy specimens from 42 of a series of 70 consecutive cases of primary male infertility and from 25 normal controls were morphometrically analysed. Although all the specimens from infertile males were normal by conventional histological standards, stereological measures of curvature in histological sections showed that cases of idiopathic male infertility had an abnormally increased curvature of seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Seminiferous tubule hypercurvature: A newly recognised common syndrome of human male infertility. Testicular biopsy specimens from 42 of a series of 70 consecutive cases of primary male infertility and from 25 normal controls were morphometrically analysed. Although all the specimens from infertile males were normal by conventional histological standards, stereological measures of curvature in histological sections showed that cases of idiopathic male infertility had an abnormally increased curvature of seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 84205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9428", "title": "Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite.", "content": "The plasma of monkeys envenomated with tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) venom was monitored by radioimmunoassay for both crude venom and a neurotoxin. When the injected limb was immobilised and a pressure of 55 mm Hg applied to the injection site, only very low levels of circulating venom or neurotoxin were detectable. In practical terms, venom movement can be effectively delayed for long periods by the application of a firm crepe bandage to the length of the bitten limb combined with immobilisation by a splint. Pressure alone or immobilisation alone did not delay venom movement.", "contents": "Rationalisation of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite. The plasma of monkeys envenomated with tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) venom was monitored by radioimmunoassay for both crude venom and a neurotoxin. When the injected limb was immobilised and a pressure of 55 mm Hg applied to the injection site, only very low levels of circulating venom or neurotoxin were detectable. In practical terms, venom movement can be effectively delayed for long periods by the application of a firm crepe bandage to the length of the bitten limb combined with immobilisation by a splint. Pressure alone or immobilisation alone did not delay venom movement.", "PMID": 84206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9429", "title": "Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica.", "content": "A close aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica of Scandinavia has often been suggested because of similarities in their clinical picture and epidemiology. This relation has now been confirmed serologically; raised titres of antibody to Korean haemorrhagic fever agent and seroconversions have been found by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique in 20 patients with nephropathia epidemica.", "contents": "Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica. A close aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica of Scandinavia has often been suggested because of similarities in their clinical picture and epidemiology. This relation has now been confirmed serologically; raised titres of antibody to Korean haemorrhagic fever agent and seroconversions have been found by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique in 20 patients with nephropathia epidemica.", "PMID": 84207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9430", "title": "Application of ultrasound in assessing burn depth.", "content": "Conventional pulse echo ultrasound equipment was modified to provide resolution capable of distinguishing the interfaces in burnt skin. The identification of these interfaces allowed a quantitative assessment of the depth of a burn. Ultrasound is non-invasive and accurate, and so is highly acceptable for clinical use.", "contents": "Application of ultrasound in assessing burn depth. Conventional pulse echo ultrasound equipment was modified to provide resolution capable of distinguishing the interfaces in burnt skin. The identification of these interfaces allowed a quantitative assessment of the depth of a burn. Ultrasound is non-invasive and accurate, and so is highly acceptable for clinical use.", "PMID": 84208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9431", "title": "Association between immunoglobulin allotypes and immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae and Meningococcus polysaccharides.", "content": "Serum samples were collected from 20 healthy White and 33 Black infants before and after immunisation with three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine and with one dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribose phosphate vaccine and meningococcal group A and group C polysaccharide vaccines. Antibodies to these immunogens were measured and sera were allotyped for several Gm, A2m, and Km antigens. A highly significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and the immune responses (difference between post-immunisation and pre-immunisation antibody levels) to H. influenzae and meningococcus C polysaccharides in the White children.", "contents": "Association between immunoglobulin allotypes and immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae and Meningococcus polysaccharides. Serum samples were collected from 20 healthy White and 33 Black infants before and after immunisation with three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine and with one dose of Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribose phosphate vaccine and meningococcal group A and group C polysaccharide vaccines. Antibodies to these immunogens were measured and sera were allotyped for several Gm, A2m, and Km antigens. A highly significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and the immune responses (difference between post-immunisation and pre-immunisation antibody levels) to H. influenzae and meningococcus C polysaccharides in the White children.", "PMID": 84209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9432", "title": "Consumer survey on microbiology reports.", "content": "5 typical microbiology reports were circulated to the medical staff of a 900-bed teaching hospital and they were asked for their interpretations. Approximately 160 completed replies were received and it was clear that the reports were often misinterpreted; one report (isolation of a gram-negative rod from sputum) was misinterpreted by four doctors out of five. The reasons for this failure of communication seem to be the use of jargon and unfamiliar names of bacterial species, and use of ill-defined reporting conventions. The omission of a clear-cut conclusion from many reports also contributed to misunderstanding. These deficiencies in reporting practices result in unnecessary antibiotic therapy and unnecessary work for the laboratory, since clinicians are more likely to ask for a repeat of a test with a doubtful interpretation. Communications with clinicians would be more effective if microbiologists ensured that each report is free of jargon, states what conclusion can be drawn from the test, and makes recommendations, where appropriate, for antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Consumer survey on microbiology reports. 5 typical microbiology reports were circulated to the medical staff of a 900-bed teaching hospital and they were asked for their interpretations. Approximately 160 completed replies were received and it was clear that the reports were often misinterpreted; one report (isolation of a gram-negative rod from sputum) was misinterpreted by four doctors out of five. The reasons for this failure of communication seem to be the use of jargon and unfamiliar names of bacterial species, and use of ill-defined reporting conventions. The omission of a clear-cut conclusion from many reports also contributed to misunderstanding. These deficiencies in reporting practices result in unnecessary antibiotic therapy and unnecessary work for the laboratory, since clinicians are more likely to ask for a repeat of a test with a doubtful interpretation. Communications with clinicians would be more effective if microbiologists ensured that each report is free of jargon, states what conclusion can be drawn from the test, and makes recommendations, where appropriate, for antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 84217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9433", "title": "Hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer.", "content": "There is now considerable evidence that heat can be used to destroy tumours. The metabolism of many types of cancer cell is selectively damaged at temperatures of 42-43 degrees C, and deficient tumour blood-flow at raised temperature represents a further exploitable Achilles heel. A striking feature of tumour heating is that metastases may regress with cure of the host; this has occurred with recurrent melanoma and sarcomas of the limbs. Heat acts synergistically with X-rays and some cytotoxic drugs to increase the therapeutic ratio for local tumour control. Guidelines for tumour heating are now being formulated against a strong experimental background in animal systems. The association of a wide variety of disciplines from oncology to electronics has already resulted in techniques for selectively treating human tumours at 50 degrees C and in internal heat applicators for insertion via natural passages. It is predicted that heat will achieve a place, most likely as an adjuvant, in cancer therapy. Work on animals and in vitro is of limited value in helping to define this place. The complexity of the tumour/host response to heat and the deficiencies in our knowledge of the biophysics of heating militate against early routine application of hyperthermia in the clinic.", "contents": "Hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer. There is now considerable evidence that heat can be used to destroy tumours. The metabolism of many types of cancer cell is selectively damaged at temperatures of 42-43 degrees C, and deficient tumour blood-flow at raised temperature represents a further exploitable Achilles heel. A striking feature of tumour heating is that metastases may regress with cure of the host; this has occurred with recurrent melanoma and sarcomas of the limbs. Heat acts synergistically with X-rays and some cytotoxic drugs to increase the therapeutic ratio for local tumour control. Guidelines for tumour heating are now being formulated against a strong experimental background in animal systems. The association of a wide variety of disciplines from oncology to electronics has already resulted in techniques for selectively treating human tumours at 50 degrees C and in internal heat applicators for insertion via natural passages. It is predicted that heat will achieve a place, most likely as an adjuvant, in cancer therapy. Work on animals and in vitro is of limited value in helping to define this place. The complexity of the tumour/host response to heat and the deficiencies in our knowledge of the biophysics of heating militate against early routine application of hyperthermia in the clinic.", "PMID": 84218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9434", "title": "Is \"idiopathic\" edema idiopathic?", "content": "Ten women with \"idiopathic\" edema had sodium and water retention and a rapid gain in weight when their accustomed intake of diuretics was suddenly stopped. The magnitude of these changes was directly related to the levels of plasma-rening activity before withdrawal of diuretics. Nine patients became edematous. Within 10 days of stopping diuretics, plasma-renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion decreased to normal or below and within 20 days weight-gain and edema had subsided in seven patients. But the greatest gains in weight, in three patients, were sustained beyond 20 days. Nevertheless, a year later, two of these three patients were free of edema without the use of diuretics. Intermittent edema of unknown cause in most, if not all, otherwise healthy women seems to result from their use of diuretics, abetted in some patients by self-imposed flucuation of sodium and carbohydrate intake, and does not appear to be idiopathic.", "contents": "Is \"idiopathic\" edema idiopathic? Ten women with \"idiopathic\" edema had sodium and water retention and a rapid gain in weight when their accustomed intake of diuretics was suddenly stopped. The magnitude of these changes was directly related to the levels of plasma-rening activity before withdrawal of diuretics. Nine patients became edematous. Within 10 days of stopping diuretics, plasma-renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion decreased to normal or below and within 20 days weight-gain and edema had subsided in seven patients. But the greatest gains in weight, in three patients, were sustained beyond 20 days. Nevertheless, a year later, two of these three patients were free of edema without the use of diuretics. Intermittent edema of unknown cause in most, if not all, otherwise healthy women seems to result from their use of diuretics, abetted in some patients by self-imposed flucuation of sodium and carbohydrate intake, and does not appear to be idiopathic.", "PMID": 84258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9435", "title": "Alternate-day versus intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of \"Arbetsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie\".", "content": "23 children with frequently relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome were treated with alternate-day prednisone (35 mg/m2/48 h) and 25 other patients were treated with intermittent prednisone (40 mg/m2 on three consecutive days out of seven) for six months. This was followed by six months without any maintenance steroid treatment except when relapse required a short period of prednisone therapy until remission. The number of relapsers was significantly lower on alternate-day than on intermittent treatment. In the alternate-day group, the number of relapsers and the rate of relapse was significantly less before treatment withdrawal; in the intermittent group, only the number of relapsers was reduced. An alternate-day regiment is therefore preferable to the intermittent regimen in the interrupted steroid treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Alternate-day versus intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of \"Arbetsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie\". 23 children with frequently relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome were treated with alternate-day prednisone (35 mg/m2/48 h) and 25 other patients were treated with intermittent prednisone (40 mg/m2 on three consecutive days out of seven) for six months. This was followed by six months without any maintenance steroid treatment except when relapse required a short period of prednisone therapy until remission. The number of relapsers was significantly lower on alternate-day than on intermittent treatment. In the alternate-day group, the number of relapsers and the rate of relapse was significantly less before treatment withdrawal; in the intermittent group, only the number of relapsers was reduced. An alternate-day regiment is therefore preferable to the intermittent regimen in the interrupted steroid treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 84259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9436", "title": "Clinical effects of vitamin C in elderly inpatients with low blood-vitamin-C levels.", "content": "The effect of oral vitamin C has been examined in elderly long-stay inpatients known to have low levels of vitamin C in their plasma and leucocytes. 1 g of vitamin C given daily for 28 days was shown to be associated with slight, but significant, clinical improvement and weight-gain when compared with placebo therapy.", "contents": "Clinical effects of vitamin C in elderly inpatients with low blood-vitamin-C levels. The effect of oral vitamin C has been examined in elderly long-stay inpatients known to have low levels of vitamin C in their plasma and leucocytes. 1 g of vitamin C given daily for 28 days was shown to be associated with slight, but significant, clinical improvement and weight-gain when compared with placebo therapy.", "PMID": 84260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9437", "title": "Fracturing dialysis osteodystrophy and dialysis encephalopathy. An epidemiological survey.", "content": "A survey of 1293 patients in eighteen dialysis centres in Great Britain showed a highly significant rank correlation of the incidence of both fracturing dialysis osteodystrophy (osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy) and dialysis encephalopathy with the aluminium content of water used to prepare dialysate.", "contents": "Fracturing dialysis osteodystrophy and dialysis encephalopathy. An epidemiological survey. A survey of 1293 patients in eighteen dialysis centres in Great Britain showed a highly significant rank correlation of the incidence of both fracturing dialysis osteodystrophy (osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy) and dialysis encephalopathy with the aluminium content of water used to prepare dialysate.", "PMID": 84261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9438", "title": "Chlorpromazine reduces fluid-loss in cholera.", "content": "Because chlorpromazine inhibited cholera-toxin-stimulated intestinal adenylate cyclase and fluid secretion in laboratory animals its ability to reduce fluid-loss in human cholera was investigated. Eleven cholera patients with severe purging (360--1340 ml/h) were studied. Eight were given chlorpromazine intramuscularly (1 mg/kg of 4 mg/kg), and three were given a dose of 1 mg/kg by mouth. In the 32 hours after treatment there was an overall reduction in stool output of 66 +/- 5% in the chlorpromazine-treated patients. This decrease was significantly larger than the 26 +/- 9% reduction in stool output seen in patients not receiving the drug, who were observed at the same time in the course of their illness. The decrease in nausea and the mild sedation produced by chlorpromazine added to the patients' comfort. No hypotension was seen in these well-hydrated patients.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine reduces fluid-loss in cholera. Because chlorpromazine inhibited cholera-toxin-stimulated intestinal adenylate cyclase and fluid secretion in laboratory animals its ability to reduce fluid-loss in human cholera was investigated. Eleven cholera patients with severe purging (360--1340 ml/h) were studied. Eight were given chlorpromazine intramuscularly (1 mg/kg of 4 mg/kg), and three were given a dose of 1 mg/kg by mouth. In the 32 hours after treatment there was an overall reduction in stool output of 66 +/- 5% in the chlorpromazine-treated patients. This decrease was significantly larger than the 26 +/- 9% reduction in stool output seen in patients not receiving the drug, who were observed at the same time in the course of their illness. The decrease in nausea and the mild sedation produced by chlorpromazine added to the patients' comfort. No hypotension was seen in these well-hydrated patients.", "PMID": 84263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9439", "title": "Polyamines: an unrecognised cardiovascular risk factor in chronic dialysis?", "content": "The significance of raised polyamine (P.A.) levels in chronic-dialysis patients is unknown. Since these biologically active substances have hormone-like properties and promote cell-growth in plant and animal tissues, it is possible that they stimulate proliferation of arterial smooth-muscle cells (S.M.C.)--a central process in atherogenesis--and thereby contribute to the rapidly accelerated cardiovascular disease observed during dialysis. Such a role for P.A. is supported by tissue-culture studies, which show not only that P.A.-rich serum from dialysis patients stimulates S.M.C. growth, but also that this mitogenic effect is lost when P.A. are selectively removed from uraemic serum and restored by their addition. Although these observations provide new insights into possible mechanisms of atherogenesis, they are not surprising in view of the many known biological actions of P.A.", "contents": "Polyamines: an unrecognised cardiovascular risk factor in chronic dialysis? The significance of raised polyamine (P.A.) levels in chronic-dialysis patients is unknown. Since these biologically active substances have hormone-like properties and promote cell-growth in plant and animal tissues, it is possible that they stimulate proliferation of arterial smooth-muscle cells (S.M.C.)--a central process in atherogenesis--and thereby contribute to the rapidly accelerated cardiovascular disease observed during dialysis. Such a role for P.A. is supported by tissue-culture studies, which show not only that P.A.-rich serum from dialysis patients stimulates S.M.C. growth, but also that this mitogenic effect is lost when P.A. are selectively removed from uraemic serum and restored by their addition. Although these observations provide new insights into possible mechanisms of atherogenesis, they are not surprising in view of the many known biological actions of P.A.", "PMID": 84264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9440", "title": "Heatstroke in well-wrapped infants.", "content": "In a 3-year period in Newcastle upon Tyne a sudden illness, of which the main features were fever, shock, convulsions, hepatic disturbance, and a bleeding tendency, affected 5 infants, 4 of whom died. No aetiological agent could be demonstrated, and in the absence of a satisfactory alternative diagnosis it is suggested that a principal component of the illness was heatstroke, brought about by excessive wrapping or warming during a mild infection.", "contents": "Heatstroke in well-wrapped infants. In a 3-year period in Newcastle upon Tyne a sudden illness, of which the main features were fever, shock, convulsions, hepatic disturbance, and a bleeding tendency, affected 5 infants, 4 of whom died. No aetiological agent could be demonstrated, and in the absence of a satisfactory alternative diagnosis it is suggested that a principal component of the illness was heatstroke, brought about by excessive wrapping or warming during a mild infection.", "PMID": 84273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9441", "title": "Viruses in drinking-water. Reconsideration of evidence for postulated health hazard and proposals for virological standards of purity.", "content": "Stringent virological standards for drinking-water have been proposed by the World Health Organisation and by others, but there is no evidence of the spread of virus infection by drinking-water that has been adequately treated to conventional bacteriological standards. There is evidence for waterborne transmission of hepatitis and viral gastroenteritis but the case for the introduction of virological standards is critically examined. It is concluded that there is no evidence that drinking-water in the U.K. contributes to the spread of virus infection, and that the introduction of virological standards for drinking-water could not at present be justified. Moreover, in the absence of any information relating the degree of viral contamination to disease, there is no logical basis on which to set the level of a practical virological standard.", "contents": "Viruses in drinking-water. Reconsideration of evidence for postulated health hazard and proposals for virological standards of purity. Stringent virological standards for drinking-water have been proposed by the World Health Organisation and by others, but there is no evidence of the spread of virus infection by drinking-water that has been adequately treated to conventional bacteriological standards. There is evidence for waterborne transmission of hepatitis and viral gastroenteritis but the case for the introduction of virological standards is critically examined. It is concluded that there is no evidence that drinking-water in the U.K. contributes to the spread of virus infection, and that the introduction of virological standards for drinking-water could not at present be justified. Moreover, in the absence of any information relating the degree of viral contamination to disease, there is no logical basis on which to set the level of a practical virological standard.", "PMID": 84274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9442", "title": "[Surgical palliative procedures in patients with carcinoma of the biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of 72 patients suffering from carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. Carcinoma of the gallbladder usually grow fast invading the surrounding tissue. Thus cholecystectomy can be performed only as a pallouative procedure in most cases, and partial resection of the liver does not yield better results in general. Carcinoma of the ductus hepaticus usually grows slowly and metastases are formed lately in the course; thus patients usually die due to occlusion of the ducts and jaundice rather than due to the malignancy as such. In these cases good drainage of the bile is essential, in an early stage this can be achieved by placing a tube across the tumor, in later stages an intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy is to be performed. The technique of this procedure and results obtained in 10 cases are reported.", "contents": "[Surgical palliative procedures in patients with carcinoma of the biliary tract (author's transl)]. A report is given of 72 patients suffering from carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. Carcinoma of the gallbladder usually grow fast invading the surrounding tissue. Thus cholecystectomy can be performed only as a pallouative procedure in most cases, and partial resection of the liver does not yield better results in general. Carcinoma of the ductus hepaticus usually grows slowly and metastases are formed lately in the course; thus patients usually die due to occlusion of the ducts and jaundice rather than due to the malignancy as such. In these cases good drainage of the bile is essential, in an early stage this can be achieved by placing a tube across the tumor, in later stages an intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy is to be performed. The technique of this procedure and results obtained in 10 cases are reported.", "PMID": 84316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9443", "title": "The role of cytoskeleton in neuron activity.", "content": "The extensive cytoskeleton present in brain tissue is composed of microfilaments, neurofilaments, and neurotubules. A clear understanding of each of these structures is required to accurately define their participation in neuronal functions. Until more is known, therefore, we are restricted to speculate on their importance to the general activity of the cell. The presence of microfilamentous proteins in nerve endings -- the sites where nerve transmission is chemically sustained -- strongly suggests their participation in the release of putative neurotransmitters, a hypothesis that may be substantiated in the near future. It follows that alteration in assembly, disassembly, or interaction among the various cytoskeletal components may permit some insight into the causes and origins of a variety of neurological alterations affecting humankind.", "contents": "The role of cytoskeleton in neuron activity. The extensive cytoskeleton present in brain tissue is composed of microfilaments, neurofilaments, and neurotubules. A clear understanding of each of these structures is required to accurately define their participation in neuronal functions. Until more is known, therefore, we are restricted to speculate on their importance to the general activity of the cell. The presence of microfilamentous proteins in nerve endings -- the sites where nerve transmission is chemically sustained -- strongly suggests their participation in the release of putative neurotransmitters, a hypothesis that may be substantiated in the near future. It follows that alteration in assembly, disassembly, or interaction among the various cytoskeletal components may permit some insight into the causes and origins of a variety of neurological alterations affecting humankind.", "PMID": 84326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9444", "title": "Immunochemistry of Yersinia enterocolitica O3 grown at different temperatures.", "content": "Comparative agglutinations of homogeneous stable suspensions prepared with Yersinia enterocolitica growth at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C were performed with anti-sera prepared in rabbits with the bacteria grown at both these temperatures. Sera prepared with live Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C agglutinated both suspensions at a much lower titre than the sera prepared with formaldehyde-treated bacteria is grown at 25 degrees C. All the sera in which strongly precipitating antibodies were induced reacted, in agar-gel, against native and heated proteins. The small amounts of antipolysaccharides induced in all the sera reacted only in the ring test against the bacterial polysaccharides. The absorption of the sera prepared with live Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C, with antigens synthesized at 25 degrees C did not remove all the homologous antibodies; apparently, some determinants are specific for the bacteria grown at 37 degrees C. Morphological changes of the small rods to elongated bacilli and filamentous forms were observed in most cultures of the Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C; these changes coincided with a low yield of proteins and point to an inhibitory effect of the 37 degrees C temperature.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of Yersinia enterocolitica O3 grown at different temperatures. Comparative agglutinations of homogeneous stable suspensions prepared with Yersinia enterocolitica growth at 37 degrees C and at 25 degrees C were performed with anti-sera prepared in rabbits with the bacteria grown at both these temperatures. Sera prepared with live Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C agglutinated both suspensions at a much lower titre than the sera prepared with formaldehyde-treated bacteria is grown at 25 degrees C. All the sera in which strongly precipitating antibodies were induced reacted, in agar-gel, against native and heated proteins. The small amounts of antipolysaccharides induced in all the sera reacted only in the ring test against the bacterial polysaccharides. The absorption of the sera prepared with live Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C, with antigens synthesized at 25 degrees C did not remove all the homologous antibodies; apparently, some determinants are specific for the bacteria grown at 37 degrees C. Morphological changes of the small rods to elongated bacilli and filamentous forms were observed in most cultures of the Y. enterocolitica grown at 37 degrees C; these changes coincided with a low yield of proteins and point to an inhibitory effect of the 37 degrees C temperature.", "PMID": 84327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9445", "title": "Quantitative aspects of phenyl substituted alcohol and ether bacteriostatic interaction with Escherichia coli B/5.", "content": "It is well established that compounds of the class phenylalkane alcohols and ethers exert their antimicrobial action on the bacterial envelope--probably on the membrane. However, the overall stoichiometry, the number of molecules bound vs those merely added per cell, and the kinds of equilibria involved (site binding vs equipartitioning) are not clear. This work examines antimicrobial action on E. coli B/5 with eight such compounds. Directly determined binding data, plate counting viabilities, radiorespirometry, and microcalorimetry of glucose utilization were evaluated. The compounds mostly bind by simply equipartitioning, up to some threshold level, short of kill. That level depends sharply on the number of alkane carbons in the phenyl alkane derivative, but not on the precise structure. Past the threshold, bacteriostatic action is sudden and complete, probably reflecting cooperative behaviour in the cell envelope. The amount of bound compound at the threshold level is only about 0.5 to 3% of the weight of the bacterial envelope hydrocarbon, when bacteriostasis occurs. There is an unexpectedly small dependence on cell concentration. The principal governors on where the monooxygen phenylalkanes kill cells seems to be merely their concentration or chemical potential, the number of aliphatic carbons, and the binding mechanism. Because of the cell concentration independence, the cells act as if they constituted a second phase, relative to the solution. Results from the microcalorimetric method for assay of bacteriostasis correlate well with those from plate counting or viability assays.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of phenyl substituted alcohol and ether bacteriostatic interaction with Escherichia coli B/5. It is well established that compounds of the class phenylalkane alcohols and ethers exert their antimicrobial action on the bacterial envelope--probably on the membrane. However, the overall stoichiometry, the number of molecules bound vs those merely added per cell, and the kinds of equilibria involved (site binding vs equipartitioning) are not clear. This work examines antimicrobial action on E. coli B/5 with eight such compounds. Directly determined binding data, plate counting viabilities, radiorespirometry, and microcalorimetry of glucose utilization were evaluated. The compounds mostly bind by simply equipartitioning, up to some threshold level, short of kill. That level depends sharply on the number of alkane carbons in the phenyl alkane derivative, but not on the precise structure. Past the threshold, bacteriostatic action is sudden and complete, probably reflecting cooperative behaviour in the cell envelope. The amount of bound compound at the threshold level is only about 0.5 to 3% of the weight of the bacterial envelope hydrocarbon, when bacteriostasis occurs. There is an unexpectedly small dependence on cell concentration. The principal governors on where the monooxygen phenylalkanes kill cells seems to be merely their concentration or chemical potential, the number of aliphatic carbons, and the binding mechanism. Because of the cell concentration independence, the cells act as if they constituted a second phase, relative to the solution. Results from the microcalorimetric method for assay of bacteriostasis correlate well with those from plate counting or viability assays.", "PMID": 84328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9446", "title": "An audiovisual teaching model of the muscle spindle.", "content": "Students in biology and medicine often have difficulty in visualizing the structure, function and disease of complex integrated body systems. One example in neurophysiology is the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ. A model is described which demonstrates the properties of these two muscle receptors. The model combines mechanical elements, which can change their length to represent muscle contraction, with an electronic representation of the passage of action potentials along 'nerves', indicated by light-emitting diodes and loudspeakers. The model has been in use for some years as a supplement to conventional teaching methods. In a recent questionnaire about the model, a group of medical students responded favourably. We suggest that models such as this are valuable teaching aids.", "contents": "An audiovisual teaching model of the muscle spindle. Students in biology and medicine often have difficulty in visualizing the structure, function and disease of complex integrated body systems. One example in neurophysiology is the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ. A model is described which demonstrates the properties of these two muscle receptors. The model combines mechanical elements, which can change their length to represent muscle contraction, with an electronic representation of the passage of action potentials along 'nerves', indicated by light-emitting diodes and loudspeakers. The model has been in use for some years as a supplement to conventional teaching methods. In a recent questionnaire about the model, a group of medical students responded favourably. We suggest that models such as this are valuable teaching aids.", "PMID": 84329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9447", "title": "Orthopaedic undergraduate education.", "content": "Musculoskeletal disease in the community is common, and much of it responds to early diagnosis and preventive care. At the same time, modern orthopaedics, like so many specialist subjects, has increased significantly in depth and detail pari passu with its advances. It therefore becomes all the more important in desiging undergraduate teaching programmes in these specialist subjects to provide a comprehensive basic training programme that is flexible enough to move with the specialty. The orthopaedic undergraduate education programme in Oxford meets these requirements, embraces all aspects of the subject, and enables the medical student to examine the musculoskeletal system with confidence to interpret his findings, without making him an embryo specialist.", "contents": "Orthopaedic undergraduate education. Musculoskeletal disease in the community is common, and much of it responds to early diagnosis and preventive care. At the same time, modern orthopaedics, like so many specialist subjects, has increased significantly in depth and detail pari passu with its advances. It therefore becomes all the more important in desiging undergraduate teaching programmes in these specialist subjects to provide a comprehensive basic training programme that is flexible enough to move with the specialty. The orthopaedic undergraduate education programme in Oxford meets these requirements, embraces all aspects of the subject, and enables the medical student to examine the musculoskeletal system with confidence to interpret his findings, without making him an embryo specialist.", "PMID": 84330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9448", "title": "[Diffusion of cefamandole into the prostatic tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "From 21 patients with prostatic adenoma with an average age of 69 years, serum and prostatic tissue concentrations after a single i.v. dose of 2 grams of cefamandole were estimated. The mean serum concentrations 30 minutes after the infusion was completed, were measured with 104.8 and after 60 minutes with 51 microgram/ml. The corresponding concentrations in the prostatic adenoma tissue were after 30 minutes 32.87 and after 60 minutes 17.1 microgram/g. These data are compared with earlier findings with other caphalosporine antibiotics (cephradine, cephapirine, cephacetrile, cephalothin) in the same tissue materials at the same time points. The estimated concentrations of cefamandole in serum and prostatic tissue are suited for the treatment of infections caused by cefamandole sensitive microorganisms.", "contents": "[Diffusion of cefamandole into the prostatic tissue (author's transl)]. From 21 patients with prostatic adenoma with an average age of 69 years, serum and prostatic tissue concentrations after a single i.v. dose of 2 grams of cefamandole were estimated. The mean serum concentrations 30 minutes after the infusion was completed, were measured with 104.8 and after 60 minutes with 51 microgram/ml. The corresponding concentrations in the prostatic adenoma tissue were after 30 minutes 32.87 and after 60 minutes 17.1 microgram/g. These data are compared with earlier findings with other caphalosporine antibiotics (cephradine, cephapirine, cephacetrile, cephalothin) in the same tissue materials at the same time points. The estimated concentrations of cefamandole in serum and prostatic tissue are suited for the treatment of infections caused by cefamandole sensitive microorganisms.", "PMID": 84331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9449", "title": "[Local therapy of burns in childhood by tanning with povidone-iodine (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the end of 1974 we have used Betaisodona instead of Mercurochrome for Grob's three stage tanning because the harmful effects of the mercury contained in the Mercurochrome could not be excluded with certainty. The results were compared in 80 patients in each case. The two groups were comparable with regard to age, degree and extent of the burns. We obtained an equally firm and rapidly drying scab using Betaisodone as with Mercurochrome. Complete loosening of the scab took 16 days with Betaisodona and 14 days with Mercurochrome. Wound infection was no more frequent than with Mercurochrome disinfection.", "contents": "[Local therapy of burns in childhood by tanning with povidone-iodine (author's transl)]. Since the end of 1974 we have used Betaisodona instead of Mercurochrome for Grob's three stage tanning because the harmful effects of the mercury contained in the Mercurochrome could not be excluded with certainty. The results were compared in 80 patients in each case. The two groups were comparable with regard to age, degree and extent of the burns. We obtained an equally firm and rapidly drying scab using Betaisodone as with Mercurochrome. Complete loosening of the scab took 16 days with Betaisodona and 14 days with Mercurochrome. Wound infection was no more frequent than with Mercurochrome disinfection.", "PMID": 84334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9450", "title": "Effect of control of blood glucose on urinary excretion of albumin and beta2 microglobulin in insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "To study the effects of improved control of blood glucose on markers of renal glomerular and tubular function, we initially determined, by radioimmunoassay technics, urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta2 microglobulin in 17 nondiabetic subjects and in 43 insulin-dependent, clinically nonproteinuric diabetic patients. Duration of diabetes ranged from six months to 39 years, and the patients were studied while receiving conventional therapy. Mean urinary albumin excretion was significantly elevated in the diabetics, but beta2-microglobulin excretion rates were not different from those of the controls, suggesting that the increased albumin excretion was due to increased transglomerular loss of albumin. Seven patients with long-term diabetes (duration of six to 33 years), selected because of elevated albumin excretion, were studied before and during a continuous, subcutaneous insulin infusion for a period of one to three days. Urinary albumin excretion was significantly reduced during the insulin infusion, but mean beta2-microglobulin excretion did not change. Strict control of blood glucose, even in the short term, may reverse a functional renal abnormality in long-duration, insulin-dependent diabetes.", "contents": "Effect of control of blood glucose on urinary excretion of albumin and beta2 microglobulin in insulin-dependent diabetes. To study the effects of improved control of blood glucose on markers of renal glomerular and tubular function, we initially determined, by radioimmunoassay technics, urinary excretion rates of albumin and beta2 microglobulin in 17 nondiabetic subjects and in 43 insulin-dependent, clinically nonproteinuric diabetic patients. Duration of diabetes ranged from six months to 39 years, and the patients were studied while receiving conventional therapy. Mean urinary albumin excretion was significantly elevated in the diabetics, but beta2-microglobulin excretion rates were not different from those of the controls, suggesting that the increased albumin excretion was due to increased transglomerular loss of albumin. Seven patients with long-term diabetes (duration of six to 33 years), selected because of elevated albumin excretion, were studied before and during a continuous, subcutaneous insulin infusion for a period of one to three days. Urinary albumin excretion was significantly reduced during the insulin infusion, but mean beta2-microglobulin excretion did not change. Strict control of blood glucose, even in the short term, may reverse a functional renal abnormality in long-duration, insulin-dependent diabetes.", "PMID": 84336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9451", "title": "[Selective binding of tRNA by RNA dependent DNA-polymerase from Escherichia coli].", "content": "Highly purified RNA dependent DNA-polymerase was isolated recently from E. coli by Romashchenko et al. [8]. The present data demonstrate that total E. coli tRNA inhibits poly(dT) synthesis on poly (A): oligo (dT) catalyzed by the enzyme when the enzyme:tRNA ratio is about 1 : 80--100. The inhibition results from the binding of certain tRNA's by the enzyme. The enzyme tRNA complex was separated from the unbound tRNA's by gel-filtration of Sephadex G-100. The tRNA's extracted from the complex are able to inhibit completely poly(A):oligo(dT) templated synthesis of poly(dT) under the enzyme:tRNA ratio about 1 : 2--3. Aminoacylation of tRNA separated from the enzyme complex has shown that E. coli RNA dependent DNA-polymerase selectively binds tRNAThr and to a lesser extent tRNATyr and tRNALys. It is suggested that the enzyme bound tRNA's carry out the functions of natural primers which compete with oligo(dT) for the enzyme responsible for the primer binding.", "contents": "[Selective binding of tRNA by RNA dependent DNA-polymerase from Escherichia coli]. Highly purified RNA dependent DNA-polymerase was isolated recently from E. coli by Romashchenko et al. [8]. The present data demonstrate that total E. coli tRNA inhibits poly(dT) synthesis on poly (A): oligo (dT) catalyzed by the enzyme when the enzyme:tRNA ratio is about 1 : 80--100. The inhibition results from the binding of certain tRNA's by the enzyme. The enzyme tRNA complex was separated from the unbound tRNA's by gel-filtration of Sephadex G-100. The tRNA's extracted from the complex are able to inhibit completely poly(A):oligo(dT) templated synthesis of poly(dT) under the enzyme:tRNA ratio about 1 : 2--3. Aminoacylation of tRNA separated from the enzyme complex has shown that E. coli RNA dependent DNA-polymerase selectively binds tRNAThr and to a lesser extent tRNATyr and tRNALys. It is suggested that the enzyme bound tRNA's carry out the functions of natural primers which compete with oligo(dT) for the enzyme responsible for the primer binding.", "PMID": 84333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9452", "title": "Human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (T24): immunological studies and search for oncornavirus in T24 cell population and derived clones.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of mononuclear cell (MNC) preparations isolated from peripheral blood of patients with urinary bladder carcinomas of a transitional (BTCC) or squamous (BSCC) type and from blood of control subjects was examined on the target cells of T24 cell line. In pilot experiments the percentage of cytotoxic MNC preparations was found to be similar in patients with tumors of BTCC (European, 56%;African, 60%) and BSCC (54%) type. Cytotoxicity of MNC prepared from control subjects was detected in 10% of cases or less. These data suggest an antigenic cross-reactivity between urinary bladder carcinomas of transitional and squamous cell type. The cytotoxic MNC from peripheral blood of patients with BTCC and control subjects were fractionated by adherence in nylon wool columns, and the cytotoxicity of adherent and nonadherent MNC subpopulations was examined. In the majority of cytotoxic MNC preparations from both donors with and without BTCC, the cytotoxic activity was associated with nonadherent MNC. Comparison of immunosensitivity of T24 cell population with the cloned T24 subpopulations indicated that clones with various digrees of immunosensitivity are present in the T24 cell population. However, immunosensitivity of the clones was never higher than the immunosensitivity of the T24 cell population. A search for oncornavirus particles produced spontaneously or after treatment with virus production activators performed with regard to the possible association of oncornaviruses and antigens responsible for cell-mediated cytotoxicity gave thus far negative results.", "contents": "Human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (T24): immunological studies and search for oncornavirus in T24 cell population and derived clones. Cytotoxicity of mononuclear cell (MNC) preparations isolated from peripheral blood of patients with urinary bladder carcinomas of a transitional (BTCC) or squamous (BSCC) type and from blood of control subjects was examined on the target cells of T24 cell line. In pilot experiments the percentage of cytotoxic MNC preparations was found to be similar in patients with tumors of BTCC (European, 56%;African, 60%) and BSCC (54%) type. Cytotoxicity of MNC prepared from control subjects was detected in 10% of cases or less. These data suggest an antigenic cross-reactivity between urinary bladder carcinomas of transitional and squamous cell type. The cytotoxic MNC from peripheral blood of patients with BTCC and control subjects were fractionated by adherence in nylon wool columns, and the cytotoxicity of adherent and nonadherent MNC subpopulations was examined. In the majority of cytotoxic MNC preparations from both donors with and without BTCC, the cytotoxic activity was associated with nonadherent MNC. Comparison of immunosensitivity of T24 cell population with the cloned T24 subpopulations indicated that clones with various digrees of immunosensitivity are present in the T24 cell population. However, immunosensitivity of the clones was never higher than the immunosensitivity of the T24 cell population. A search for oncornavirus particles produced spontaneously or after treatment with virus production activators performed with regard to the possible association of oncornaviruses and antigens responsible for cell-mediated cytotoxicity gave thus far negative results.", "PMID": 84343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9453", "title": "Genetic determination of antibody specificity. Gene translocation and fusion, the molecular basis for the differentiation of the antibody-producing cell.", "content": "The best system for the study of cell differentiation is a cell which in its differentiated state differs only by one product. This is the case in the immune system. The undifferentiated, but omnipotent stem cell differentiates into a committed B cell which produces only one type of specific antibody out of a million different, genetically fixed possibilities. Gene translocation and fusion is the basis of this differentiation process.", "contents": "Genetic determination of antibody specificity. Gene translocation and fusion, the molecular basis for the differentiation of the antibody-producing cell. The best system for the study of cell differentiation is a cell which in its differentiated state differs only by one product. This is the case in the immune system. The undifferentiated, but omnipotent stem cell differentiates into a committed B cell which produces only one type of specific antibody out of a million different, genetically fixed possibilities. Gene translocation and fusion is the basis of this differentiation process.", "PMID": 84341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9454", "title": "Isolation of alpha-1 fetoprotein.", "content": "A suitable method of the isolation of alpha-1 fetoprotein for the needs of enzyme immunoassay of this oncofetal antigen is described. By combining isoelectric focusing and \"indirect\" affinity chromatography the preparation of alpha-1 fetoprotein was obtained that was not contaminated with IgG, contrary to the isolation performed by means of \"direct\" affinity chromatography on a carrier with coupled anti-alpha-1 fetoprotein antibodies, or other immunochemical methods that usually yielded contaminated preparations. Neither disc electrophoresis in PAA gel, immunoelectrophoresis, double radial immunodiffusion, nor biological experiments revealed any traces of ballast proteins in the resulting preparation; it seems suitable both for the preparation of monovalent antisera of a sufficient avidity, and as a standard for enzyme immunoassay.", "contents": "Isolation of alpha-1 fetoprotein. A suitable method of the isolation of alpha-1 fetoprotein for the needs of enzyme immunoassay of this oncofetal antigen is described. By combining isoelectric focusing and \"indirect\" affinity chromatography the preparation of alpha-1 fetoprotein was obtained that was not contaminated with IgG, contrary to the isolation performed by means of \"direct\" affinity chromatography on a carrier with coupled anti-alpha-1 fetoprotein antibodies, or other immunochemical methods that usually yielded contaminated preparations. Neither disc electrophoresis in PAA gel, immunoelectrophoresis, double radial immunodiffusion, nor biological experiments revealed any traces of ballast proteins in the resulting preparation; it seems suitable both for the preparation of monovalent antisera of a sufficient avidity, and as a standard for enzyme immunoassay.", "PMID": 84345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9455", "title": "Improved sodium and PAH transport in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The effect of an artificial O2 carrier (emulsion of the perfluorochemical FC43 with Pluronic-F-108) on the functional capability of the isolated perfused rat kidney was tested. In control series hydroxyethyl starch (HES) instead of fluorocarbon was used. Improving O2 supply in FC 43 experiments raised Na reabsorption to 149 mumol/g x min compared to 84.1 mumol/g x min in HES experiments. In the presence of PAH, however, Na reabsorption in FC 43 experiments was only 115 mumol/g x min. In both series, perfusion flow, calculated on the basis of CPAH, remained below the directly measured flow rate, unless analysis included all metabolites of PAH. N-acetylated metabolites of PAH were released at a 5 times higher rate by kidneys perfused with FC 43 than by HES-perfused organs. These results demonstrate that sufficient O2 supply is critical both for reabsorption of Na+ and for handling of PAH. Increased tubular Na reabsorption in the absence of PAH indicates that even during perfusion with FC 43 O2 supply is marginal.", "contents": "Improved sodium and PAH transport in the isolated fluorocarbon-perfused rat kidney. The effect of an artificial O2 carrier (emulsion of the perfluorochemical FC43 with Pluronic-F-108) on the functional capability of the isolated perfused rat kidney was tested. In control series hydroxyethyl starch (HES) instead of fluorocarbon was used. Improving O2 supply in FC 43 experiments raised Na reabsorption to 149 mumol/g x min compared to 84.1 mumol/g x min in HES experiments. In the presence of PAH, however, Na reabsorption in FC 43 experiments was only 115 mumol/g x min. In both series, perfusion flow, calculated on the basis of CPAH, remained below the directly measured flow rate, unless analysis included all metabolites of PAH. N-acetylated metabolites of PAH were released at a 5 times higher rate by kidneys perfused with FC 43 than by HES-perfused organs. These results demonstrate that sufficient O2 supply is critical both for reabsorption of Na+ and for handling of PAH. Increased tubular Na reabsorption in the absence of PAH indicates that even during perfusion with FC 43 O2 supply is marginal.", "PMID": 84346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9456", "title": "Effect of furosemide on the urinary excretion of some plasma proteins.", "content": "In 30 patients with a variety of glomerular renal disorders, intravenously administered furosemide was associated with a significant increase of the urinary excretion of the protein fraction with a molecular weight higher than 50,000. The excretion of protein with a molecular weight less than 50,000 was not altered. In relation to endogenous clearance of creatinine the clearance of transferrin, IgG and alpha2-macroglobulin increased significantly. In relation to transferrin clearance, the clearance values of albumin and IgG remained unchanged, whereas that of alpha2-macroglobulin increased significantly. These results support the view that furosemide increases the permeability of the glomerular capillary for serum proteins.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on the urinary excretion of some plasma proteins. In 30 patients with a variety of glomerular renal disorders, intravenously administered furosemide was associated with a significant increase of the urinary excretion of the protein fraction with a molecular weight higher than 50,000. The excretion of protein with a molecular weight less than 50,000 was not altered. In relation to endogenous clearance of creatinine the clearance of transferrin, IgG and alpha2-macroglobulin increased significantly. In relation to transferrin clearance, the clearance values of albumin and IgG remained unchanged, whereas that of alpha2-macroglobulin increased significantly. These results support the view that furosemide increases the permeability of the glomerular capillary for serum proteins.", "PMID": 84347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9457", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the excretion of urinary proteins by the rat.", "content": "The excretion of total urinary proteins (TUP) of rats beginning at weaning and extending to 12 months of age was correlated with the output of the sex-dependent alpha2u-globulin and albumin. At puberty, 40 days of age, the excretion of TUP corresponded to the output of alpha2u-globulin. At this age, alpha2u represented 30% of the total while albumin less than 10%. From 100 to 200 days of age, TUP remained constant while the excretion of albumin steadily increased. After 150--180 days of age, the concentrations of alpha2u and albumin in TUP were approximately equal. Thereafter, the excretion of albumin and TUP increased markedly whereas alpha2u excretion remained constant. At 373 days of age, albumin represented over 50--60% of the TUP while alpha2u was only 6--7%. Female rats which excrete little or no alpha2u exhibited a much lower level of proteinuria than the male during the first year. We suggest the existence of two phases of proteinuria in the male rat, namely, an early physiologic or alpha2u-globulinuric phase and a later albuminuric phase during which increasing quantities of plasma proteins, especially albumin, are lost.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the excretion of urinary proteins by the rat. The excretion of total urinary proteins (TUP) of rats beginning at weaning and extending to 12 months of age was correlated with the output of the sex-dependent alpha2u-globulin and albumin. At puberty, 40 days of age, the excretion of TUP corresponded to the output of alpha2u-globulin. At this age, alpha2u represented 30% of the total while albumin less than 10%. From 100 to 200 days of age, TUP remained constant while the excretion of albumin steadily increased. After 150--180 days of age, the concentrations of alpha2u and albumin in TUP were approximately equal. Thereafter, the excretion of albumin and TUP increased markedly whereas alpha2u excretion remained constant. At 373 days of age, albumin represented over 50--60% of the TUP while alpha2u was only 6--7%. Female rats which excrete little or no alpha2u exhibited a much lower level of proteinuria than the male during the first year. We suggest the existence of two phases of proteinuria in the male rat, namely, an early physiologic or alpha2u-globulinuric phase and a later albuminuric phase during which increasing quantities of plasma proteins, especially albumin, are lost.", "PMID": 84348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9458", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region: case report.", "content": "A 13-year-old boy presented with symptoms and signs of a posterior 3rd ventricle tumor associated with raised levels of serum and cerebrospinal alpha-fetoprotein. The patient underwent subtotal resection of the tumor followed by craniospinal radiation. Histopathological examination revealed a pure endodermal sinus tumor. Endodermal sinus tumors represent a rare type of germ cell tumor, only 13 intracranial cases having been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the pineal region: case report. A 13-year-old boy presented with symptoms and signs of a posterior 3rd ventricle tumor associated with raised levels of serum and cerebrospinal alpha-fetoprotein. The patient underwent subtotal resection of the tumor followed by craniospinal radiation. Histopathological examination revealed a pure endodermal sinus tumor. Endodermal sinus tumors represent a rare type of germ cell tumor, only 13 intracranial cases having been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 84363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9459", "title": "Lip biopsy in connective tissue diseases. A review and study of seventy cases.", "content": "The labial salivary glands from seventy patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (twenty cases), systemic progressive sclerosis (twenty-two cases), rheumatoid arthritis (twenty-three cases), and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (five cases) and from fifty subjects without connective tissue diseases were studied by means of light and fluorescence microscopy. The availability of the lip biopsy as a diagnostic tool is stressed, but a differential diagnosis between the different connective tissue diseases was not achieved. Yet some of the latter disclosed peculiar lesions. The role of the inflammatory and degenerative components, as well as the pathogenesis of the lesions, is discussed.", "contents": "Lip biopsy in connective tissue diseases. A review and study of seventy cases. The labial salivary glands from seventy patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (twenty cases), systemic progressive sclerosis (twenty-two cases), rheumatoid arthritis (twenty-three cases), and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (five cases) and from fifty subjects without connective tissue diseases were studied by means of light and fluorescence microscopy. The availability of the lip biopsy as a diagnostic tool is stressed, but a differential diagnosis between the different connective tissue diseases was not achieved. Yet some of the latter disclosed peculiar lesions. The role of the inflammatory and degenerative components, as well as the pathogenesis of the lesions, is discussed.", "PMID": 84370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9460", "title": "[Effects of various work loads on premature beats in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Exercise testing in the form of knee bends is part of routine examination of children with a tendency to show premature beats. The commonly carried out exercise tests cause psychic stress, thereby intensifying these arrhythmias and giving rise to diagnostic errors. For this reason seven children 4--14 years old were additionally examined under various sports comparable to those work loads. It could be demonstrated that these telemetrically listed ECG traces showed definitely fewer premature beats than those listed under laboratory conditions. This method enables more exact evaluation of arrhythmias by exclusion of psychic stress and helps to beware children from unnecessary restriction of way of life.", "contents": "[Effects of various work loads on premature beats in infancy (author's transl)]. Exercise testing in the form of knee bends is part of routine examination of children with a tendency to show premature beats. The commonly carried out exercise tests cause psychic stress, thereby intensifying these arrhythmias and giving rise to diagnostic errors. For this reason seven children 4--14 years old were additionally examined under various sports comparable to those work loads. It could be demonstrated that these telemetrically listed ECG traces showed definitely fewer premature beats than those listed under laboratory conditions. This method enables more exact evaluation of arrhythmias by exclusion of psychic stress and helps to beware children from unnecessary restriction of way of life.", "PMID": 84371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9461", "title": "Congenital insensitivity to pain and the \"morphine-like\" analgesic system.", "content": "Congenital insensitivity to pain remains without a satisfactory physiopathological explanation. In an electrophysiological study on a nociceptive flexion reflex of the lower limb, the effects of naloxone and of placebo were compared in 8 normal subjects and in a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain. In normal subjects, no significant change in the reflex threshold was observed with naloxone or with placebo. In contrast, two electrophysiological abnormalities characterized the patient: (1) spontaneous elevation in the nociceptive reflex threshold of 350% as compared to control, and (2) a large (67%) and rapid (2--3 min) fall of this threshold for about 10 min following the administration of naloxone. These results raise the problem of the relationship between congenital insensitivity to pain and an hyperactivity of a naturally occurring \"morphine-like\" pain-inhibitory system.", "contents": "Congenital insensitivity to pain and the \"morphine-like\" analgesic system. Congenital insensitivity to pain remains without a satisfactory physiopathological explanation. In an electrophysiological study on a nociceptive flexion reflex of the lower limb, the effects of naloxone and of placebo were compared in 8 normal subjects and in a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain. In normal subjects, no significant change in the reflex threshold was observed with naloxone or with placebo. In contrast, two electrophysiological abnormalities characterized the patient: (1) spontaneous elevation in the nociceptive reflex threshold of 350% as compared to control, and (2) a large (67%) and rapid (2--3 min) fall of this threshold for about 10 min following the administration of naloxone. These results raise the problem of the relationship between congenital insensitivity to pain and an hyperactivity of a naturally occurring \"morphine-like\" pain-inhibitory system.", "PMID": 84372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9462", "title": "Clinical evaluation of radio-labelled bleomycin for tumor detection.", "content": "Investigations with bleomycin labelled with radionuclides other than 57Co in patients with cancer and in tumor-bearing animals are described. In patients 57Co-bleo appears to be a better tumor-seeking radiopharmaceutical than 111In-bleo, 99mTc-bleo or 197Hg-bleo. This can be explained by a higher stability in vivo and a better tumor-seeking property of 57Co-bleo and less disturbing activity in the cardiac pool and in bone and other normal tissues when assessing the scintigram. Results with 111In-bleo labelled in acidic solution are not essentially different from those with 111In-bleo labelled in neutral solution. Results of 197Hg-bleo are almost identical with those of 197HgCl2 regarding the tumor-seeking effect as well as the distribution in normal tissues and organs. Probably the complex of 197Hg to bleomycin is not stable in vivo. The superiority of 57Co-bleo over 99mTc-bleo, 197Hg-bleo and also over 67Cu-bleo is confirmed by experiments on tumor bearing animals. We may conclude that the indication for use of bleomycin as a tumor-seeking pharmaceutical labelled with 111In, 99mTc, 197Hg or 67Cu seems to be very limited.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of radio-labelled bleomycin for tumor detection. Investigations with bleomycin labelled with radionuclides other than 57Co in patients with cancer and in tumor-bearing animals are described. In patients 57Co-bleo appears to be a better tumor-seeking radiopharmaceutical than 111In-bleo, 99mTc-bleo or 197Hg-bleo. This can be explained by a higher stability in vivo and a better tumor-seeking property of 57Co-bleo and less disturbing activity in the cardiac pool and in bone and other normal tissues when assessing the scintigram. Results with 111In-bleo labelled in acidic solution are not essentially different from those with 111In-bleo labelled in neutral solution. Results of 197Hg-bleo are almost identical with those of 197HgCl2 regarding the tumor-seeking effect as well as the distribution in normal tissues and organs. Probably the complex of 197Hg to bleomycin is not stable in vivo. The superiority of 57Co-bleo over 99mTc-bleo, 197Hg-bleo and also over 67Cu-bleo is confirmed by experiments on tumor bearing animals. We may conclude that the indication for use of bleomycin as a tumor-seeking pharmaceutical labelled with 111In, 99mTc, 197Hg or 67Cu seems to be very limited.", "PMID": 84374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9463", "title": "[Prevention of severe hypotension caused by epidural anaesthesia for transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe art. hypotensions are one of the most frequent complications of epidural anaesthesia. In 62 geriatric patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection two methods of prophylaxis for hypotension were investigated: 1. 500ml HES before epidural anaesthesia and supine position until operation. 2. Lithotomy position immediately after EDA without plasma substitute. Blood pressure, heart rate and necessity for the application of vasoactive substances show that the lithotomy position immediately after EDA is the statistically better method. The problem of plasma substitutes in transurethral prostatic resection will be discussed.", "contents": "[Prevention of severe hypotension caused by epidural anaesthesia for transurethral resection of the prostate (author's transl)]. Severe art. hypotensions are one of the most frequent complications of epidural anaesthesia. In 62 geriatric patients undergoing transurethral prostatic resection two methods of prophylaxis for hypotension were investigated: 1. 500ml HES before epidural anaesthesia and supine position until operation. 2. Lithotomy position immediately after EDA without plasma substitute. Blood pressure, heart rate and necessity for the application of vasoactive substances show that the lithotomy position immediately after EDA is the statistically better method. The problem of plasma substitutes in transurethral prostatic resection will be discussed.", "PMID": 84379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9464", "title": "[The effects of various anaesthetic techniques on central venous pressure during transurethral prostatectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Central venous pressure was measured in 34 persons who had transurethral prostatectomy in general or regional anaesthesia. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain to what extent measurement of the central venous pressure as a parameter of blood volume can help towards the early diagnosis of hypervolaemia caused by the leakage of irrigation fluid into the patient's circulation. During general anaesthesia blood pressure and central venous pressure reached their maximum 10 minutes later and were significantly higher than was the case in regional anaesthesia. For detecting and preventing dangerous hypervolaemia during transurethral prostatectomy in general anaesthesia routine recording of the central venous pressure is recommended. The less severe reaction during regional anaesthesia on the circulation is probably attributable to a sympathicolytic effect and peripheral pooling. The early detection of the leakage syndrome is easier in the conscious patient.", "contents": "[The effects of various anaesthetic techniques on central venous pressure during transurethral prostatectomy (author's transl)]. Central venous pressure was measured in 34 persons who had transurethral prostatectomy in general or regional anaesthesia. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain to what extent measurement of the central venous pressure as a parameter of blood volume can help towards the early diagnosis of hypervolaemia caused by the leakage of irrigation fluid into the patient's circulation. During general anaesthesia blood pressure and central venous pressure reached their maximum 10 minutes later and were significantly higher than was the case in regional anaesthesia. For detecting and preventing dangerous hypervolaemia during transurethral prostatectomy in general anaesthesia routine recording of the central venous pressure is recommended. The less severe reaction during regional anaesthesia on the circulation is probably attributable to a sympathicolytic effect and peripheral pooling. The early detection of the leakage syndrome is easier in the conscious patient.", "PMID": 84380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9465", "title": "Brain-derived fibroblast growth factor: identity with a fragment of the basic protein of myelin.", "content": "Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) isolated from bovine brain have been identified chemically and immunologically as components of the myelin basic protein. The intact bovine basic protein molecule (170 residues), prepared by the standard acid extraction procedure, lacked mitogenic activity (tested at concentrations up to 10 microgram/ml). However, the polypeptide FGF-2, identified as residues 44-153 of the basic protein, was maximally mitogenic for fibroblasts at 10 ng/ml and polypeptide 44-166 (FGF-1) was maximally active at 100 ng/ml. Pituitary-derived FGF is a potent a growth factor as FGF-2, but appears to be biochemically and immunologically distinct from brain-derived FGF. FGF released in the central or peripheral nervous system as a consequence of myelin damage and basic protein proteolysis could provide a physiological stimulus for wound healing and myelin repair.", "contents": "Brain-derived fibroblast growth factor: identity with a fragment of the basic protein of myelin. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) isolated from bovine brain have been identified chemically and immunologically as components of the myelin basic protein. The intact bovine basic protein molecule (170 residues), prepared by the standard acid extraction procedure, lacked mitogenic activity (tested at concentrations up to 10 microgram/ml). However, the polypeptide FGF-2, identified as residues 44-153 of the basic protein, was maximally mitogenic for fibroblasts at 10 ng/ml and polypeptide 44-166 (FGF-1) was maximally active at 100 ng/ml. Pituitary-derived FGF is a potent a growth factor as FGF-2, but appears to be biochemically and immunologically distinct from brain-derived FGF. FGF released in the central or peripheral nervous system as a consequence of myelin damage and basic protein proteolysis could provide a physiological stimulus for wound healing and myelin repair.", "PMID": 84383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9466", "title": "Interaction of phosphatidylserine with mast cells.", "content": "Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) potentiates histamine secretion from mast cells exposed to concanavalin A and Ca2+. In order to identify the form of PtdSer that is responsible for its effect on mast cell secretion, PtdSer containing a tritium-labeled serine moiety (3H-PtdSer) was synthesized from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3H-PtdSer and the binding isotherm for 3H-PtdSer interaction with mast cells were determined. The midpoints of the binding isotherm and the dose-response curve for potentiation of secretion coincide and are 2 orders of magnitude greater than the CMC. The shape of the binding curve is explicable either in terms of simple binding of preformed PtdSer micelles or of cooperative binding of monomeric PtdSer in which the number of molecules cooperatively associating with a mast cell binding site is equal to the number of monomers in a PtdSer micelle. In either case, at equilibrium, PtdSer micelles are bound to the mast cells. The number of PtdSer molecules bound to a single mast cell at equilibrium was estimated to be 3.7 X 10(9).", "contents": "Interaction of phosphatidylserine with mast cells. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) potentiates histamine secretion from mast cells exposed to concanavalin A and Ca2+. In order to identify the form of PtdSer that is responsible for its effect on mast cell secretion, PtdSer containing a tritium-labeled serine moiety (3H-PtdSer) was synthesized from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3H-PtdSer and the binding isotherm for 3H-PtdSer interaction with mast cells were determined. The midpoints of the binding isotherm and the dose-response curve for potentiation of secretion coincide and are 2 orders of magnitude greater than the CMC. The shape of the binding curve is explicable either in terms of simple binding of preformed PtdSer micelles or of cooperative binding of monomeric PtdSer in which the number of molecules cooperatively associating with a mast cell binding site is equal to the number of monomers in a PtdSer micelle. In either case, at equilibrium, PtdSer micelles are bound to the mast cells. The number of PtdSer molecules bound to a single mast cell at equilibrium was estimated to be 3.7 X 10(9).", "PMID": 84384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9467", "title": "Specificity and crossreactivity of idiotypes of murine antibodies induced by poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) and poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys).", "content": "Antibodies elicited against the two synthetic polypeptides, poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) [(T,G)-A-L] and poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) [(Phe,G)-A-L], are crossreactive although the humoral responses to these immunogens are under different genetic controls. The fine specificity of the antibodies elicited by the two polypeptides was studied in the present work. Antisera against (Phe,G)-A-L bind both (125)I-labeled (T,G)-A-L and iodinated modified (Phe,G)-A-L. However, while the binding to (T,G)-A-L could be inhibited completely with the two antigens, the binding to (Phe,G)-A-L was inhibited completely with (Phe,G)-A-L and only partially with (T,G)-A-L. The binding of (125)I-labeled (T,G)-A-L to antisera against (T,G)-A-L was inhibted more efficiently by the homologous antigen than by (Phe,G)-A-L although both antigens completely inhibited the binding. (T,G)-A-L specific antibodies were purified on (T,G)-A-L immunoadsorbents from antisera of high and low responder mice to (T,G)-A-L immunized with (Phe,G)-A-L. (Phe,G)-A-L specific antibodies that did not bind (T,G)-A-L were isolated from the effluent of these columns. By use of anti-idiotypic antibodies of guinea pig against C3H.SW antibodies to (T,G)-A-L it was shown that (T,G)-A-L specific antibodies isolated from antisera against (Phe,G)-A-L of C3H.SW and C3H/DiSn mice possess part of the idiotypic determinants existing on antibodies of C3H.SW obtained by immunization with (T,G)-A-L. In contrast, antibodies to (Phe,G)-A-L that did not bind (T,G)-A-L did not share idiotypic determinants with C3H.SW antibody molecules against (T,G)-A-L. These results suggest that the B cell repertoire expressed by high and low responders to (T,G)-A-L after immunization with (Phe,G)-A-L is similar and represents only part of that of high responders immunized with (T,G)-A-L.", "contents": "Specificity and crossreactivity of idiotypes of murine antibodies induced by poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) and poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys). Antibodies elicited against the two synthetic polypeptides, poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) [(T,G)-A-L] and poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys) [(Phe,G)-A-L], are crossreactive although the humoral responses to these immunogens are under different genetic controls. The fine specificity of the antibodies elicited by the two polypeptides was studied in the present work. Antisera against (Phe,G)-A-L bind both (125)I-labeled (T,G)-A-L and iodinated modified (Phe,G)-A-L. However, while the binding to (T,G)-A-L could be inhibited completely with the two antigens, the binding to (Phe,G)-A-L was inhibited completely with (Phe,G)-A-L and only partially with (T,G)-A-L. The binding of (125)I-labeled (T,G)-A-L to antisera against (T,G)-A-L was inhibted more efficiently by the homologous antigen than by (Phe,G)-A-L although both antigens completely inhibited the binding. (T,G)-A-L specific antibodies were purified on (T,G)-A-L immunoadsorbents from antisera of high and low responder mice to (T,G)-A-L immunized with (Phe,G)-A-L. (Phe,G)-A-L specific antibodies that did not bind (T,G)-A-L were isolated from the effluent of these columns. By use of anti-idiotypic antibodies of guinea pig against C3H.SW antibodies to (T,G)-A-L it was shown that (T,G)-A-L specific antibodies isolated from antisera against (Phe,G)-A-L of C3H.SW and C3H/DiSn mice possess part of the idiotypic determinants existing on antibodies of C3H.SW obtained by immunization with (T,G)-A-L. In contrast, antibodies to (Phe,G)-A-L that did not bind (T,G)-A-L did not share idiotypic determinants with C3H.SW antibody molecules against (T,G)-A-L. These results suggest that the B cell repertoire expressed by high and low responders to (T,G)-A-L after immunization with (Phe,G)-A-L is similar and represents only part of that of high responders immunized with (T,G)-A-L.", "PMID": 84385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9468", "title": "Depolarizing agents and cyclic nucleotides regulate the phosphorylation of specific neuronal proteins in rat cerebral cortex slices.", "content": "The regulation of the state of phosphorylation of two specific neuronal proteins, designated protein Ia and protein 1b, has been studied in slices of rat cerebral cortex incubated in vitro. For this purpose, a method was developed that prevents dephosphorylation of these proteins during their extraction. When the slices were incubated in a standard Krebs-Ringer solution, proteins Ia and Ib were present almost entirely in the dephosphorylated form. Incubation with cyclic AMP, 8-bromo cyclic AMP, N6-monobutyryl cyclic AMP, or with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, increased the phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib in the slices. Depolarization of neuronal membranes by high K+ or by veratridine was also associated with an increased phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib. The effect of depolarizing agents, but not that of cyclic nucleotides or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, required the presence of external Ca2+ in the incubation medium. Tetrodotoxin blocked the stimulation of the phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib induced by veratridine but not that induced by the other agents tested. Incubation of the brain slices with 8-bromo cyclic AMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, high K+, or veratridine also increased the state of phosphorylation of two other neuronal proteins found in extracts of the slices.", "contents": "Depolarizing agents and cyclic nucleotides regulate the phosphorylation of specific neuronal proteins in rat cerebral cortex slices. The regulation of the state of phosphorylation of two specific neuronal proteins, designated protein Ia and protein 1b, has been studied in slices of rat cerebral cortex incubated in vitro. For this purpose, a method was developed that prevents dephosphorylation of these proteins during their extraction. When the slices were incubated in a standard Krebs-Ringer solution, proteins Ia and Ib were present almost entirely in the dephosphorylated form. Incubation with cyclic AMP, 8-bromo cyclic AMP, N6-monobutyryl cyclic AMP, or with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, increased the phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib in the slices. Depolarization of neuronal membranes by high K+ or by veratridine was also associated with an increased phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib. The effect of depolarizing agents, but not that of cyclic nucleotides or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, required the presence of external Ca2+ in the incubation medium. Tetrodotoxin blocked the stimulation of the phosphorylation of proteins Ia and Ib induced by veratridine but not that induced by the other agents tested. Incubation of the brain slices with 8-bromo cyclic AMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, high K+, or veratridine also increased the state of phosphorylation of two other neuronal proteins found in extracts of the slices.", "PMID": 84386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9469", "title": "Morphological types of horizontal cell in the retina of the domestic cat.", "content": "Two morphologically distinct types of horizontal cell are described from Golgi-stained whole mounts of the cat retina. They are referred to as A-type and B-type cells. The two types differ in their dendritic branching pattern, their overall size and the absence or presence of an axon. At every retinal position the dendrites of B-type cells branch more densely and overlap each other more frequently than do the dendrites of A-type cells. At equivalent retinal positions the dendritic field size of A-type cells is greater than that of B-type cells by a factor of about 1.5. Only B-type cells have an axon, which branches at the end into a large axon terminal system. The axons have no preferred direction of orientation. The stain-ability of horizontal cells by different Golgi methods is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological types of horizontal cell in the retina of the domestic cat. Two morphologically distinct types of horizontal cell are described from Golgi-stained whole mounts of the cat retina. They are referred to as A-type and B-type cells. The two types differ in their dendritic branching pattern, their overall size and the absence or presence of an axon. At every retinal position the dendrites of B-type cells branch more densely and overlap each other more frequently than do the dendrites of A-type cells. At equivalent retinal positions the dendritic field size of A-type cells is greater than that of B-type cells by a factor of about 1.5. Only B-type cells have an axon, which branches at the end into a large axon terminal system. The axons have no preferred direction of orientation. The stain-ability of horizontal cells by different Golgi methods is discussed.", "PMID": 84387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9470", "title": "Receptor contacts of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat.", "content": "The terminal aggregations of A- and B-type horizontal cells, stained by the Golgi-Colonnier method, have been analysed. The pattern of the aggregations is regular and is shown to be in register with the cone mosaic. Both tyes of horizontal cell are in contact with at least 80% of the cones above their dendritic fields. Therefore, the different horizontal cell classes cannot be selective for a special kind of cone but must have at least 60% of the cone input in common. Each A-type horizontal cell makes contacts with between 120 and 170 cones, and each B-type horizontal cell with 60-90 cones. An individual A-type horizontal cell occupies an average of 20% of the lateral elements of the triads in a cone pedicle, but an individual B-type cell fills only some 13%. Each and every cone is connected with several of both types of horizontal cell. An estimation of the number of rods converging onto a single axon terminal system showed that it could be as many as 3000.", "contents": "Receptor contacts of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat. The terminal aggregations of A- and B-type horizontal cells, stained by the Golgi-Colonnier method, have been analysed. The pattern of the aggregations is regular and is shown to be in register with the cone mosaic. Both tyes of horizontal cell are in contact with at least 80% of the cones above their dendritic fields. Therefore, the different horizontal cell classes cannot be selective for a special kind of cone but must have at least 60% of the cone input in common. Each A-type horizontal cell makes contacts with between 120 and 170 cones, and each B-type horizontal cell with 60-90 cones. An individual A-type horizontal cell occupies an average of 20% of the lateral elements of the triads in a cone pedicle, but an individual B-type cell fills only some 13%. Each and every cone is connected with several of both types of horizontal cell. An estimation of the number of rods converging onto a single axon terminal system showed that it could be as many as 3000.", "PMID": 84388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9471", "title": "Topography of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat.", "content": "Neurofibrillar methods stain a class of horizontal cells in the cat retina which are shown to be identical with the A-type horizontal cell of Golgi-staining. Thus all of the A-type cells of a single retina can be observed. On this basis the changes in density and dendritic field size of A-type horizontal cells with respect to retinal eccentricity were measured. The decrease in density from centre to periphery is balanced by a corresponding increase in size of the dendritic field. Consequently each retinal point--independent of retinal position--is covered by the dendritic fields of three of four A-type horizontal cells. The nuclei and nucleoli of B-type horizontal cells could also be recognized in neurofibrillar-stained material and thus their distribution was determined. The density ratio B-type: A-type is 2.8 +/- 0.4 and does not vary much from the centre to the periphery of the retina. Each retinal point is also covered by four B-type horizontal cells. Thus a single cone can contact a maximum of eight horizontal cells. The rate of density decrease from centre to periphery is closely similar in cones and horizontal cells but greater in ganglion cells.", "contents": "Topography of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat. Neurofibrillar methods stain a class of horizontal cells in the cat retina which are shown to be identical with the A-type horizontal cell of Golgi-staining. Thus all of the A-type cells of a single retina can be observed. On this basis the changes in density and dendritic field size of A-type horizontal cells with respect to retinal eccentricity were measured. The decrease in density from centre to periphery is balanced by a corresponding increase in size of the dendritic field. Consequently each retinal point--independent of retinal position--is covered by the dendritic fields of three of four A-type horizontal cells. The nuclei and nucleoli of B-type horizontal cells could also be recognized in neurofibrillar-stained material and thus their distribution was determined. The density ratio B-type: A-type is 2.8 +/- 0.4 and does not vary much from the centre to the periphery of the retina. Each retinal point is also covered by four B-type horizontal cells. Thus a single cone can contact a maximum of eight horizontal cells. The rate of density decrease from centre to periphery is closely similar in cones and horizontal cells but greater in ganglion cells.", "PMID": 84389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9472", "title": "Computer-assisted diagnosis of orthopedic gait disorders.", "content": "A computer program was developed to help diagnose orthopedic gait disorders. Designing and implementing the program, as well as the program's method of operation are described. The main features of the program include: a knowledge base of facts about orthopedic gait, organized into premise-conclusion pairs; a goal-directed reasoning chain that causally relates the facts; and a symbolic structure that allows limited English discourse between the user and the computer. Results of the project indicate that the complex area of gait analysis does lend itself to diagnosis by computer and that this prototype has potential as an aid to physical therapists in the classroom and in the clinic.", "contents": "Computer-assisted diagnosis of orthopedic gait disorders. A computer program was developed to help diagnose orthopedic gait disorders. Designing and implementing the program, as well as the program's method of operation are described. The main features of the program include: a knowledge base of facts about orthopedic gait, organized into premise-conclusion pairs; a goal-directed reasoning chain that causally relates the facts; and a symbolic structure that allows limited English discourse between the user and the computer. Results of the project indicate that the complex area of gait analysis does lend itself to diagnosis by computer and that this prototype has potential as an aid to physical therapists in the classroom and in the clinic.", "PMID": 84393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9473", "title": "Protracted circulating lifetimes of mannose-terminated glycoproteins and aggregated albumin in mice infected with LDH-elevating virus.", "content": "Several macromolecular homeostasis-regulating mechanisms were tested for functional integrities in mice during acute and early chronic phases of infection with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Fractional catabolic rates of carbodiimide-aggregated albumin and immunoglobulin G were studied to evaluate glomerular filtration and hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic activities. Several glycoproteins (fetuin, IgG antibodies, and ovalbumin) were also compared with their deglycosylated counterparts for fractional catabolic rates and organ distributions as a basis for evaluating virus-induced modifications of saccharide-binding \"receptor functions\" in vivo. Findings were that normal hepatic clearance of aggregated albumin and of ovalbumin is slowed from the onset of viremia. Fractional catabolic rates of amannosyl-ovalbumin and amannosyl-IgG are similar in uninfected animals to those seen with native ovalbumin or with mannose-terminated IgG in LDV-infected animals. Ovalbumin and aggregated albumin were also found to be mutually competitive for hepatic uptake in uninfected animals. It is proposed that LDV, which replicates in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system), alters the clearance functional state of fixed tissue macrophage, thereby explaining in part the protracted circulatory longevity of several enzymes, aggregated albumin and mannose-terminated ovalbumin, and IgG in LDV-infected mice.", "contents": "Protracted circulating lifetimes of mannose-terminated glycoproteins and aggregated albumin in mice infected with LDH-elevating virus. Several macromolecular homeostasis-regulating mechanisms were tested for functional integrities in mice during acute and early chronic phases of infection with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Fractional catabolic rates of carbodiimide-aggregated albumin and immunoglobulin G were studied to evaluate glomerular filtration and hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic activities. Several glycoproteins (fetuin, IgG antibodies, and ovalbumin) were also compared with their deglycosylated counterparts for fractional catabolic rates and organ distributions as a basis for evaluating virus-induced modifications of saccharide-binding \"receptor functions\" in vivo. Findings were that normal hepatic clearance of aggregated albumin and of ovalbumin is slowed from the onset of viremia. Fractional catabolic rates of amannosyl-ovalbumin and amannosyl-IgG are similar in uninfected animals to those seen with native ovalbumin or with mannose-terminated IgG in LDV-infected animals. Ovalbumin and aggregated albumin were also found to be mutually competitive for hepatic uptake in uninfected animals. It is proposed that LDV, which replicates in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system), alters the clearance functional state of fixed tissue macrophage, thereby explaining in part the protracted circulatory longevity of several enzymes, aggregated albumin and mannose-terminated ovalbumin, and IgG in LDV-infected mice.", "PMID": 84395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9474", "title": "[Scanning with bleomycin-57Co and microspheres of albumin-99mTc in the diagnosis of pulmonary thickening (author's transl)].", "content": "152 lung scans carried out with two indicators, bleomycin labelled with 57 Co and microspheres of albumin labelled with 99mTc have been examined. The results show a high bleomycin specificity in the diagnosis of bronchogenic tumours; the association of the two indicators seems to permit improved diagnostic selectivity.", "contents": "[Scanning with bleomycin-57Co and microspheres of albumin-99mTc in the diagnosis of pulmonary thickening (author's transl)]. 152 lung scans carried out with two indicators, bleomycin labelled with 57 Co and microspheres of albumin labelled with 99mTc have been examined. The results show a high bleomycin specificity in the diagnosis of bronchogenic tumours; the association of the two indicators seems to permit improved diagnostic selectivity.", "PMID": 84398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9475", "title": "Acid mucopolysaccharide layer of the surface nasal epithelium.", "content": "In the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate, the epithelium has microvilli which are covered by a mucopolysaccharide layer. This layer is about 0.8 mu in depth, well stained by ruthenium red and with a high density. The spaces between these microvilli are filled with this dense layer; therefore the movement of microvilli are suppressed, but this layer is a strong defensive line against ambient air. It is known that most inhaled particles are deposited in the anterior nares. So virus, microorganisms and antigens etc. will easily penetrate the epithelium if this layer becomes thin. Two centimeters behind the anterior tip where the epithelium is ciliated, the mucous layer over the cilia is less stained by ruthenium red and has a lower density than the anterior tip. This layer does not insert itself between the cilia. The fine filamentous mucopolysaccharide which seems flexible binds the cilias and the mucous layer. While the beat of cilia is not suppressed the inhaled particles cannot insert between cilia. In conclusion, the deep mucopolysaccharide layer over the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate and ciliary beat are important defensive mechanisms against the trauma of the ambient air.", "contents": "Acid mucopolysaccharide layer of the surface nasal epithelium. In the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate, the epithelium has microvilli which are covered by a mucopolysaccharide layer. This layer is about 0.8 mu in depth, well stained by ruthenium red and with a high density. The spaces between these microvilli are filled with this dense layer; therefore the movement of microvilli are suppressed, but this layer is a strong defensive line against ambient air. It is known that most inhaled particles are deposited in the anterior nares. So virus, microorganisms and antigens etc. will easily penetrate the epithelium if this layer becomes thin. Two centimeters behind the anterior tip where the epithelium is ciliated, the mucous layer over the cilia is less stained by ruthenium red and has a lower density than the anterior tip. This layer does not insert itself between the cilia. The fine filamentous mucopolysaccharide which seems flexible binds the cilias and the mucous layer. While the beat of cilia is not suppressed the inhaled particles cannot insert between cilia. In conclusion, the deep mucopolysaccharide layer over the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate and ciliary beat are important defensive mechanisms against the trauma of the ambient air.", "PMID": 84402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9476", "title": "Characterization of different regions of the normal human urinary bladder by means of scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A study of the normal human urinary bladder and the proximal urethra was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biopsies were evaluated from 27 male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, without history or sign of urinary tract malignancy and with cystoscopically normal mucosal finding. The specimens were obtained from the dome, the side-walls and the trigone of the bladder. The characteristic surface architecture of the transitional epithelium was observed in different anatomical regions of the human urinary bladder.", "contents": "Characterization of different regions of the normal human urinary bladder by means of scanning electron microscopy. A study of the normal human urinary bladder and the proximal urethra was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biopsies were evaluated from 27 male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, without history or sign of urinary tract malignancy and with cystoscopically normal mucosal finding. The specimens were obtained from the dome, the side-walls and the trigone of the bladder. The characteristic surface architecture of the transitional epithelium was observed in different anatomical regions of the human urinary bladder.", "PMID": 84404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9477", "title": "Collection and evaluation of normal exfoliated urinary bladder cells in man using scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Normal exfoliated urinary bladder cells were collected from midstream urine samples from 21 male patients. Procedures for urine filtration using Millipore filters of Nucleopore filters, cell fixation and preparation for scanning electron microscopy investigation were developed. Correlations were made between the surface morphology of exfoliated cells and that of biopsies from different anatomical regions of the urinary bladder. Scanning electron microsocopy (SEM) of exfoliated normal urinary bladder cells proved to be a more sensitive method for discovering cellular surface details than light microscopy. This information forms the basis for further SEM studies of cell surface alterations due to urothelial diseases.", "contents": "Collection and evaluation of normal exfoliated urinary bladder cells in man using scanning electron microscopy. Normal exfoliated urinary bladder cells were collected from midstream urine samples from 21 male patients. Procedures for urine filtration using Millipore filters of Nucleopore filters, cell fixation and preparation for scanning electron microscopy investigation were developed. Correlations were made between the surface morphology of exfoliated cells and that of biopsies from different anatomical regions of the urinary bladder. Scanning electron microsocopy (SEM) of exfoliated normal urinary bladder cells proved to be a more sensitive method for discovering cellular surface details than light microscopy. This information forms the basis for further SEM studies of cell surface alterations due to urothelial diseases.", "PMID": 84405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9478", "title": "[Anatomical and clinical study of a case of uveitis and multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions of the uveal tract can be an ocular manifestation of multiple sclerosis. The authors report on a clinical and anatomical study of a severe case of uveitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis confirmed by an anatomical examination of the nervous system. They review the observations published in the literature which were concerned mainly with clinical findings.", "contents": "[Anatomical and clinical study of a case of uveitis and multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. Lesions of the uveal tract can be an ocular manifestation of multiple sclerosis. The authors report on a clinical and anatomical study of a severe case of uveitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis confirmed by an anatomical examination of the nervous system. They review the observations published in the literature which were concerned mainly with clinical findings.", "PMID": 84401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9479", "title": "Tests available for assessing recent exposure to inorganic lead compounds and their use for screening purposes.", "content": "This paper indicates the tests available for measurement of inorganic lead uptake by the body. The tests are listed and then considered individually. In the light of recent great interest in lead as a health hazard, the best methods for screening are considered: this includes biological and biochemical tests. It is emphasized that the U.K. favours blood lead estimation, the EEC countries other than Britain use blood lead but are considering more widespread use of delta-amino laevulinic acid dehydratase estimation in blood. Some authorities in the United States of America, on the other hand, favour a free erythrocyte protoporphyrin test. The advantages and disadvantages are brought out and some tests are mentioned only in order to exclude them as unsuitable. Suitability of tests for industrial checks and general screening of the population are differentiated. The conclusion is that blood lead still provides the best overall check of lead uptake.", "contents": "Tests available for assessing recent exposure to inorganic lead compounds and their use for screening purposes. This paper indicates the tests available for measurement of inorganic lead uptake by the body. The tests are listed and then considered individually. In the light of recent great interest in lead as a health hazard, the best methods for screening are considered: this includes biological and biochemical tests. It is emphasized that the U.K. favours blood lead estimation, the EEC countries other than Britain use blood lead but are considering more widespread use of delta-amino laevulinic acid dehydratase estimation in blood. Some authorities in the United States of America, on the other hand, favour a free erythrocyte protoporphyrin test. The advantages and disadvantages are brought out and some tests are mentioned only in order to exclude them as unsuitable. Suitability of tests for industrial checks and general screening of the population are differentiated. The conclusion is that blood lead still provides the best overall check of lead uptake.", "PMID": 84406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9480", "title": "A method of palliation for obstructive carcinoma of the rectum.", "content": "The use of the resectoscope has several advantages in treating the patient with inoperable obstructive carcinoma of the rectum, particularly when compared with fulguration. It is immediate in its results, as often testified to by the sudden outpouring of blockaded feces. It is also safer in allowing greater amounts of tissue to be resected with less depth of tissue injury by the electrical output. It does, however, require the skills of someone able to handle the instrument, and the procedure should be a joint effort by the surgeon and urologist. The use of the urologic resectoscope should prove to be a useful addition in the surgeon's armamentarium in a selected number of patients.", "contents": "A method of palliation for obstructive carcinoma of the rectum. The use of the resectoscope has several advantages in treating the patient with inoperable obstructive carcinoma of the rectum, particularly when compared with fulguration. It is immediate in its results, as often testified to by the sudden outpouring of blockaded feces. It is also safer in allowing greater amounts of tissue to be resected with less depth of tissue injury by the electrical output. It does, however, require the skills of someone able to handle the instrument, and the procedure should be a joint effort by the surgeon and urologist. The use of the urologic resectoscope should prove to be a useful addition in the surgeon's armamentarium in a selected number of patients.", "PMID": 84407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9481", "title": "The comparison between normal and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed homozygous typing cells and their use for MLC, PLT and serological detection of human Ia-type alloantigens.", "content": "Normal human lymphocytes isolated from freshly drawn blood were repeatedly stimulated (up to five times) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with five different Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed homozygous typing cells (HTC-LCL). Each time, the same WDW-specificity was used for the restimulation. The first and the second stimulations resulted in an 2.4- to 3.1-fold increase of the original responder cell number. But after the third, fourth and fifth stimulation decreasing amounts of specifically primed lymphocytes were recovered. Primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) showed significant differences in the intensity of the stimulation depending on whether homozygous typing cells (HTC) or HTC-LCL were used as stimulators. Except for one cell type, the PLT-response was significantly stronger with HTC-LCL than with HTC. The time needed to reach the maximal PLT-response got shorter and shorter the more often the cells were reprimed by the same stimulator cell. Further differences between HTC and HTC-LCL were observed in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay: HTC-LCL were more sensitive towards rabbit complement and they showed an enhanced binding of anti-Ia-alloantibodies but HTC reacted more specifically with the antibodies.", "contents": "The comparison between normal and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed homozygous typing cells and their use for MLC, PLT and serological detection of human Ia-type alloantigens. Normal human lymphocytes isolated from freshly drawn blood were repeatedly stimulated (up to five times) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with five different Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed homozygous typing cells (HTC-LCL). Each time, the same WDW-specificity was used for the restimulation. The first and the second stimulations resulted in an 2.4- to 3.1-fold increase of the original responder cell number. But after the third, fourth and fifth stimulation decreasing amounts of specifically primed lymphocytes were recovered. Primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) showed significant differences in the intensity of the stimulation depending on whether homozygous typing cells (HTC) or HTC-LCL were used as stimulators. Except for one cell type, the PLT-response was significantly stronger with HTC-LCL than with HTC. The time needed to reach the maximal PLT-response got shorter and shorter the more often the cells were reprimed by the same stimulator cell. Further differences between HTC and HTC-LCL were observed in the complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay: HTC-LCL were more sensitive towards rabbit complement and they showed an enhanced binding of anti-Ia-alloantibodies but HTC reacted more specifically with the antibodies.", "PMID": 84412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9482", "title": "B-cell alloantigens in two recombinant families: prediction of a B/D recombination using B-cell-specific alloantisera.", "content": "During the VIIth Histocompatibility Workshop, 44 sera were selected that defined B-cell alloantigens showing correlation with the HLA--D antigenic determinants. The segregation of these antigens, now called DRw (HLA--D-related), was studied in a family that contained one HLA--A/B recombinant and one HLA--B/D recombinant sibling. It could be established that the DRw-1 antigenic determinants segregated with the B-D region in the A/B recombinant sibling and that the DRw-2 antigen segregated with the D region of the B/D recombinant child. In the second family, DRw typing segregated with the D region of the B/D recombinant child. In the second family, DRw typing showed that one of the children was identical with an HLA--ABC non-identical sibling. This suggested that a crossing-over had occurred. This was confirmed by mutual non-stimulation of these HLA--ABC non-identical children in the mixed lymphocyte culture. This crossing-over involved the DRw-3 alloantigen. These data confirm the assumption that serologically defined B-cell alloantigens are coded for by genes located outside the HLA--A/B region on the B-D side of chromosome. Moreover, these data suggest that, within families, serological B-cell genotype identity can predict a mutual unresponsiveness in the lymphocyte culture. However, findings in these two families indicate that discrepancies nevertheless exist between B-cell serology and mixed lymphocyte reactions and that mutual stimulation can occur despite apparent identity of serological B-cell phenotype and that B-cell phenotype identity does not necessarily predict mutual unresponsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte culture.", "contents": "B-cell alloantigens in two recombinant families: prediction of a B/D recombination using B-cell-specific alloantisera. During the VIIth Histocompatibility Workshop, 44 sera were selected that defined B-cell alloantigens showing correlation with the HLA--D antigenic determinants. The segregation of these antigens, now called DRw (HLA--D-related), was studied in a family that contained one HLA--A/B recombinant and one HLA--B/D recombinant sibling. It could be established that the DRw-1 antigenic determinants segregated with the B-D region in the A/B recombinant sibling and that the DRw-2 antigen segregated with the D region of the B/D recombinant child. In the second family, DRw typing segregated with the D region of the B/D recombinant child. In the second family, DRw typing showed that one of the children was identical with an HLA--ABC non-identical sibling. This suggested that a crossing-over had occurred. This was confirmed by mutual non-stimulation of these HLA--ABC non-identical children in the mixed lymphocyte culture. This crossing-over involved the DRw-3 alloantigen. These data confirm the assumption that serologically defined B-cell alloantigens are coded for by genes located outside the HLA--A/B region on the B-D side of chromosome. Moreover, these data suggest that, within families, serological B-cell genotype identity can predict a mutual unresponsiveness in the lymphocyte culture. However, findings in these two families indicate that discrepancies nevertheless exist between B-cell serology and mixed lymphocyte reactions and that mutual stimulation can occur despite apparent identity of serological B-cell phenotype and that B-cell phenotype identity does not necessarily predict mutual unresponsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte culture.", "PMID": 84413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9483", "title": "HLA--D typing with lymphoblastoid cell lines. IV. Allelic relationships.", "content": "Responses of approximately 200 persons were measured by mixed leukocyte cultures against 41 lymphoblastoid cell lines which were thought to be homozygous for HLA--D (i.e. LCL-HTCs). These responses were standardized by computer analysis and the resultant Interaction Indices for each LCL-HTC were compared with those of every other LCL-HTC in a correlation matrix of 861 independent analyses. Only those analyses involving LCL-HTCs of defined HLA--D types are reported here. In general, these studies confirmed many allelic relationships of reputedly similar LCL-HTCs; however, several unexpected groups of correlations suggested that groups Dw1 and 3 overlap to form Groups \"1a-3,\" \"1b-3\" and \"true 3.\" The \"1b-3\" group also included Dw8. Segregation of the \"1b-3\" allelic group was also observed in a family study. These preliminary analyses suggest a working model for further investigation of HLA--D allelic relationships (Fig. 3). On the other hand, they may also be interpreted to suggest that \"typing\" with LCL-HTCs may be controlled by a separate HLA locus which is closely related to, but distinct from, HLA--D.", "contents": "HLA--D typing with lymphoblastoid cell lines. IV. Allelic relationships. Responses of approximately 200 persons were measured by mixed leukocyte cultures against 41 lymphoblastoid cell lines which were thought to be homozygous for HLA--D (i.e. LCL-HTCs). These responses were standardized by computer analysis and the resultant Interaction Indices for each LCL-HTC were compared with those of every other LCL-HTC in a correlation matrix of 861 independent analyses. Only those analyses involving LCL-HTCs of defined HLA--D types are reported here. In general, these studies confirmed many allelic relationships of reputedly similar LCL-HTCs; however, several unexpected groups of correlations suggested that groups Dw1 and 3 overlap to form Groups \"1a-3,\" \"1b-3\" and \"true 3.\" The \"1b-3\" group also included Dw8. Segregation of the \"1b-3\" allelic group was also observed in a family study. These preliminary analyses suggest a working model for further investigation of HLA--D allelic relationships (Fig. 3). On the other hand, they may also be interpreted to suggest that \"typing\" with LCL-HTCs may be controlled by a separate HLA locus which is closely related to, but distinct from, HLA--D.", "PMID": 84414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9484", "title": "The expression of histocompatibility-2 antigens on hemopoietic stem cells.", "content": "Antisera directed against histocompatibility-2 antigens of the mouse suppress the formation of spleen colonies by pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. Of antisera which are specific for subregions of the H-2 complex, only those which contain anti-H-2K or anti-H-2D activity are effective. Specific anti-Ia sera do not react with the stem cell. If the titer of the CFU-s suppressive effect of the antisera is compared to their toxicity to spleen lymphocytes, it can be concluded that CFU-s express antigens in the same density as spleen lymphocytes. The amount of H-2 antigens expressed on the surface of CFU-s is independent of its rate of proliferation.", "contents": "The expression of histocompatibility-2 antigens on hemopoietic stem cells. Antisera directed against histocompatibility-2 antigens of the mouse suppress the formation of spleen colonies by pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. Of antisera which are specific for subregions of the H-2 complex, only those which contain anti-H-2K or anti-H-2D activity are effective. Specific anti-Ia sera do not react with the stem cell. If the titer of the CFU-s suppressive effect of the antisera is compared to their toxicity to spleen lymphocytes, it can be concluded that CFU-s express antigens in the same density as spleen lymphocytes. The amount of H-2 antigens expressed on the surface of CFU-s is independent of its rate of proliferation.", "PMID": 84415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9485", "title": "[Accidental intoxication with aconitine (author's transl)].", "content": "Involuntary ingestion of 3 mg of aconitine induces in a young woman multifocal extrasystoles and alternating periods of sinusal rhythm and junctional arrhythmia. The rhythmogenetic abnormalities disappear spontaneously within two hours. The physiopathology of arrhymias due to aconitine is discussed.", "contents": "[Accidental intoxication with aconitine (author's transl)]. Involuntary ingestion of 3 mg of aconitine induces in a young woman multifocal extrasystoles and alternating periods of sinusal rhythm and junctional arrhythmia. The rhythmogenetic abnormalities disappear spontaneously within two hours. The physiopathology of arrhymias due to aconitine is discussed.", "PMID": 84416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9486", "title": "[Exfoliative cytology of the periodontium].", "content": "Under certain conditions (reproducibility of the results, standardization of the sampling sites and of the procedure of staining), the exfoliative cytology can facilitate the primary and secondary prevention of periodontal diseases. The reproducibility of the counts was tested on 114 smears by repeated determinations and confirmed by statistical analysis. The comparison of the counts from smears from the vestibular papilla 32/33 and the lingual papilla 36/37 showed that the molar region is better suited for the early detection of periodontal lesions. Due to the greater reproducibility of its results, the technique of Shorr and Pundel is recommended for the fixation and staining of the exfoliated cells. The differentiation of the superficial cells should also be based on the affinity for dyes of the cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Exfoliative cytology of the periodontium]. Under certain conditions (reproducibility of the results, standardization of the sampling sites and of the procedure of staining), the exfoliative cytology can facilitate the primary and secondary prevention of periodontal diseases. The reproducibility of the counts was tested on 114 smears by repeated determinations and confirmed by statistical analysis. The comparison of the counts from smears from the vestibular papilla 32/33 and the lingual papilla 36/37 showed that the molar region is better suited for the early detection of periodontal lesions. Due to the greater reproducibility of its results, the technique of Shorr and Pundel is recommended for the fixation and staining of the exfoliated cells. The differentiation of the superficial cells should also be based on the affinity for dyes of the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 84417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9487", "title": "Diagnosis of bilharziasis (S. haematobium and S. mansoni) by the ELISA using the homologous antigen.", "content": "Sera of subjects with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and mixed infection were studied by the ELISA by means of homologous antigens. The extinction values for S. haematobium and S. mansoni cases were higher with the homologous antigen. Generally, S. haematobium cases were less reactive than S. mansoni or mixed infection.", "contents": "Diagnosis of bilharziasis (S. haematobium and S. mansoni) by the ELISA using the homologous antigen. Sera of subjects with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and mixed infection were studied by the ELISA by means of homologous antigens. The extinction values for S. haematobium and S. mansoni cases were higher with the homologous antigen. Generally, S. haematobium cases were less reactive than S. mansoni or mixed infection.", "PMID": 84418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9488", "title": "Histochemical enzyme-staining patterns of onchocerca volvulus microfilariae and their occurrence in different onchocerciasis areas.", "content": "Histochemical differentiation of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae from 164 patients in West African rain-forest (Liberia), Sudan-savanna (Upper Volta), Guatemala and the Yemen has been carried out using a staining method for the demonstration of acid phosphatase. Intrauterine microfilariae showed considerable changes in their enzyme activity during embryonic development which are probably associated with the maturation of the parasite before migration to the tissues. Five distinct types of staining patterns could be distinguished among microfilariae from the skin according to the localization of the enzyme in specific structures of the microfilaria. Two or more types of staining patterns were found in most persons in the different geographic regions. There were significant differences in the overall distribution of the various staining patterns in persons from the different areas. At the present state of our knowledge, little is known about the nature and significance of these differences in the staining patterns of microfilariae. The question of whether they can be ascribed to an ageing process, strain differences or other factors is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical enzyme-staining patterns of onchocerca volvulus microfilariae and their occurrence in different onchocerciasis areas. Histochemical differentiation of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae from 164 patients in West African rain-forest (Liberia), Sudan-savanna (Upper Volta), Guatemala and the Yemen has been carried out using a staining method for the demonstration of acid phosphatase. Intrauterine microfilariae showed considerable changes in their enzyme activity during embryonic development which are probably associated with the maturation of the parasite before migration to the tissues. Five distinct types of staining patterns could be distinguished among microfilariae from the skin according to the localization of the enzyme in specific structures of the microfilaria. Two or more types of staining patterns were found in most persons in the different geographic regions. There were significant differences in the overall distribution of the various staining patterns in persons from the different areas. At the present state of our knowledge, little is known about the nature and significance of these differences in the staining patterns of microfilariae. The question of whether they can be ascribed to an ageing process, strain differences or other factors is discussed.", "PMID": 84419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9489", "title": "[Accelerated production of permanent preparations of whole plant embryo sacs and pollen complexes].", "content": "Original methods are described for producing constant preparations of plant integral embryo sacs and pollen complexes isolated by means of tissue maceration with Helix pomatia gastric juice enzymes. The Feulgen stained preparations are put into the Canada balsam. According to this procedure there is no need of paraffin treatment and work with a microtome; it makes use of other methods which highly accelerate the production of constant preparations. In connection with putting the object in Canada balsam the method of treatment and the succession of operations are changed as compared to the routine procedure of producing total preparations of embryo sacks.", "contents": "[Accelerated production of permanent preparations of whole plant embryo sacs and pollen complexes]. Original methods are described for producing constant preparations of plant integral embryo sacs and pollen complexes isolated by means of tissue maceration with Helix pomatia gastric juice enzymes. The Feulgen stained preparations are put into the Canada balsam. According to this procedure there is no need of paraffin treatment and work with a microtome; it makes use of other methods which highly accelerate the production of constant preparations. In connection with putting the object in Canada balsam the method of treatment and the succession of operations are changed as compared to the routine procedure of producing total preparations of embryo sacks.", "PMID": 84420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9490", "title": "[Relationship of the pseudosatellites, morphological characteristics and the associative capacity of acrocentric human chromosomes].", "content": "A sequential G-, C- and AgAS-staining of human acrocentric chromosomes showed the presence of polymorphism for silver-stained structures (pseudosatellites). Manifestation of pseudosatellites is positively correlated with the length of the secondary strangulation, amount of constitutive heterochromatin and associative ability of human acrocentric chromosomes. Pseudosatellites are supposed to be the remains of mitotically resorbed nucleolus.", "contents": "[Relationship of the pseudosatellites, morphological characteristics and the associative capacity of acrocentric human chromosomes]. A sequential G-, C- and AgAS-staining of human acrocentric chromosomes showed the presence of polymorphism for silver-stained structures (pseudosatellites). Manifestation of pseudosatellites is positively correlated with the length of the secondary strangulation, amount of constitutive heterochromatin and associative ability of human acrocentric chromosomes. Pseudosatellites are supposed to be the remains of mitotically resorbed nucleolus.", "PMID": 84422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9491", "title": "Chemotherapy in bladder carcinoma.", "content": "In a series of patients with recurrent bladder carcinoma, treatment with various cytostatic drugs was generally unsatisfactory in cases of infiltrating carcinoma. Better results were achieved using instillation of Thiotepa for bladder papillomatosis and by instillation of Adriamycin for carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in bladder carcinoma. In a series of patients with recurrent bladder carcinoma, treatment with various cytostatic drugs was generally unsatisfactory in cases of infiltrating carcinoma. Better results were achieved using instillation of Thiotepa for bladder papillomatosis and by instillation of Adriamycin for carcinoma in situ.", "PMID": 84427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9492", "title": "The binding of a potent synthetic androgen--methyltrienolone (R 1881)--to cytosol preparations of human prostatic cancer.", "content": "The binding of 3H-R 1881 to cytosol prepared from benign and malignant prostatic neoplasms has been investigated. We have demonstrated that high affinity binding of 3H-R 1881 is present in cytosol preparations of benign prostatic hyperplasia, in specimens of prostatic cancer obtained from patients prior to hormonal therapy and in carcinoma of the prostate metastatic to lymph nodes. In addition, high affinity binding was present in all specimens of prostatic cancer from patients who had objective evidence of progressive metastatic disease after an initial response to hormonal therapy. Until greater numbers of patients have been studied the significance of these findings can only be speculative. Because the binding of 3H-R 1881 may measure androgen and progesterone receptors future investigations must include careful steroid specificity studies. Finally, because steroidal hormones exert their major influence within the nucleus of target tissues the measurement of nuclear receptor content may provide a more accurate means to predict the hormonal responsiveness of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "The binding of a potent synthetic androgen--methyltrienolone (R 1881)--to cytosol preparations of human prostatic cancer. The binding of 3H-R 1881 to cytosol prepared from benign and malignant prostatic neoplasms has been investigated. We have demonstrated that high affinity binding of 3H-R 1881 is present in cytosol preparations of benign prostatic hyperplasia, in specimens of prostatic cancer obtained from patients prior to hormonal therapy and in carcinoma of the prostate metastatic to lymph nodes. In addition, high affinity binding was present in all specimens of prostatic cancer from patients who had objective evidence of progressive metastatic disease after an initial response to hormonal therapy. Until greater numbers of patients have been studied the significance of these findings can only be speculative. Because the binding of 3H-R 1881 may measure androgen and progesterone receptors future investigations must include careful steroid specificity studies. Finally, because steroidal hormones exert their major influence within the nucleus of target tissues the measurement of nuclear receptor content may provide a more accurate means to predict the hormonal responsiveness of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 84428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9493", "title": "The management of intractable pain in patients with advanced malignant disease.", "content": "The Brompton mixture is a highly effective, flexible, safe and convenient means to control chronic pain of malignant disease. The mixture is a solution containing morphine, the dose of narcotic varying with the need for analgesia, and is given regularly, usually every 4 hours, with a phenothiazine. The main aims of therapy are prevention of pain rather than treatment, an unclouded sensorium and a normal effect. Terminally ill cancer patients were given the Brompton mixture and a phenothiazine in an attempt to control their pain. The mixture was administered to patients in 3 hospital environments: 1) a palliative care unit, 2) general wards and 3) private rooms. Pain was measured in 92 patients with the McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire. The Brompton mixture controlled pain in 90 per cent of patients in the palliative care unit and in 75 to 80 per cent of patients in the wards or private rooms. The differences in pain scores between patients in the palliative care unit and the other groups were significant. The mixture produced substantial decreases in the 3 major dimensions of pain: 1) sensory, 2) affective and 3) evaluative. Comparison of these results with data obtained in an outpatient pain clinic showed that the Brompton mixture was strikingly more effective than the traditional methods of managing cancer pain.", "contents": "The management of intractable pain in patients with advanced malignant disease. The Brompton mixture is a highly effective, flexible, safe and convenient means to control chronic pain of malignant disease. The mixture is a solution containing morphine, the dose of narcotic varying with the need for analgesia, and is given regularly, usually every 4 hours, with a phenothiazine. The main aims of therapy are prevention of pain rather than treatment, an unclouded sensorium and a normal effect. Terminally ill cancer patients were given the Brompton mixture and a phenothiazine in an attempt to control their pain. The mixture was administered to patients in 3 hospital environments: 1) a palliative care unit, 2) general wards and 3) private rooms. Pain was measured in 92 patients with the McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire. The Brompton mixture controlled pain in 90 per cent of patients in the palliative care unit and in 75 to 80 per cent of patients in the wards or private rooms. The differences in pain scores between patients in the palliative care unit and the other groups were significant. The mixture produced substantial decreases in the 3 major dimensions of pain: 1) sensory, 2) affective and 3) evaluative. Comparison of these results with data obtained in an outpatient pain clinic showed that the Brompton mixture was strikingly more effective than the traditional methods of managing cancer pain.", "PMID": 84429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9494", "title": "The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of metastases at the tracheostoma in cancer of the larynx.", "content": "The effects of radiotherapy on metastases of the tracheostoma in cancer of the larynx are described. A group of 42 patients with tracheostoma metastases was considered; radiotherapy appeared to have some effect on the local cure of the lesion. A slight correlation was found between total dose delivered and survival time. A survival of 18.5 months corresponded to a total dose of 6000 rad. However, metastases at the tracheostoma should be considered a symptom of wider involvement. Integrated therapeutic procedures such as surgery+radiotherapy+chemotherapy, may be more effective in this disease.", "contents": "The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of metastases at the tracheostoma in cancer of the larynx. The effects of radiotherapy on metastases of the tracheostoma in cancer of the larynx are described. A group of 42 patients with tracheostoma metastases was considered; radiotherapy appeared to have some effect on the local cure of the lesion. A slight correlation was found between total dose delivered and survival time. A survival of 18.5 months corresponded to a total dose of 6000 rad. However, metastases at the tracheostoma should be considered a symptom of wider involvement. Integrated therapeutic procedures such as surgery+radiotherapy+chemotherapy, may be more effective in this disease.", "PMID": 84424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9495", "title": "[Palliative surgery in cancer of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal zone].", "content": "A modification of surgical intervention for cancer of the pancreatoduodenal zone organs aimed at the creation of a biliferous anastomosis and gastroenteroanastomosis at a time was carried out upon 26 patients. In 7 patients this was added by a temporary external bile drainage with a \"plug\" of interanastomotic intestinal loop. The suggested method of the simultaneous formation of biliodigestive and gastrointestinal anastomoses is functionally beneficial, easy to be carried out and favours the prophylaxis of postoperative complications.", "contents": "[Palliative surgery in cancer of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal zone]. A modification of surgical intervention for cancer of the pancreatoduodenal zone organs aimed at the creation of a biliferous anastomosis and gastroenteroanastomosis at a time was carried out upon 26 patients. In 7 patients this was added by a temporary external bile drainage with a \"plug\" of interanastomotic intestinal loop. The suggested method of the simultaneous formation of biliodigestive and gastrointestinal anastomoses is functionally beneficial, easy to be carried out and favours the prophylaxis of postoperative complications.", "PMID": 84430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9496", "title": "[Soluble regulators produced by the lymphocytes].", "content": "Data are given on lymphokins, the biologically active substances lymphocytes when the latter are stimulated with specific antigens or unspecific mitogens. Discussed are their essence, antigen specificity, cell origin, and the methods of purification, standardization, and evaluation of biologic importance. It is believed that the lymphokins appear to be the products of primary activation of T lymphocytes. They possess pharmacologic activity, but have no antigenic specificity. Their function consists in mediating hypersensitive and inflammatory reactions through the activation of phagocytes. The effectiveness of cellular immunity depends on the activity of these factors.", "contents": "[Soluble regulators produced by the lymphocytes]. Data are given on lymphokins, the biologically active substances lymphocytes when the latter are stimulated with specific antigens or unspecific mitogens. Discussed are their essence, antigen specificity, cell origin, and the methods of purification, standardization, and evaluation of biologic importance. It is believed that the lymphokins appear to be the products of primary activation of T lymphocytes. They possess pharmacologic activity, but have no antigenic specificity. Their function consists in mediating hypersensitive and inflammatory reactions through the activation of phagocytes. The effectiveness of cellular immunity depends on the activity of these factors.", "PMID": 84432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9497", "title": "[Agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia in newborn lambs depending on the time of the first suckling].", "content": "Studied were the agammaglobulinemia and the hypogammaglobulinemia in 120 newborn lambs of which 100 had sucked for the first time at the first hour following birth, 10 had sucked at the ninth hour, and the remaining 10--at the 24th hour. Blood was sampled at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 24th, and 48th hour, and was immunoelectrophoretically studied after Grabar. Precipitation was done with hyperimmune antiovine gammaglobulin serum. Part of the lambs with agammaglobulinemia were killed and the small intestine was used to prepare extracts for an immunoelectrophoretic study after Grabar and for establishing gammaglobulins. It was found that lambs that had first sucked at the 1st hour following birth the resorption of the colostral gammaglobulin at the various hours later on varied. In the blood serum of 40% of the investigated lambs at the 1st hour there were gammaglobulins; gammaglobulins in 96% of the animals at the 24th hour after they had first sucked. A delayed first sucking after birth--at the 10th and 24th hour--led to hypo- and agammaglobulinemia. In the blood of such lambs at the 48th hour after sucking the gammaglobulins were 0.70 and 0.95 g% less as against the amount of gammaglobulins in lambs that had sucked for the first time at the first hour after birth.", "contents": "[Agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia in newborn lambs depending on the time of the first suckling]. Studied were the agammaglobulinemia and the hypogammaglobulinemia in 120 newborn lambs of which 100 had sucked for the first time at the first hour following birth, 10 had sucked at the ninth hour, and the remaining 10--at the 24th hour. Blood was sampled at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 24th, and 48th hour, and was immunoelectrophoretically studied after Grabar. Precipitation was done with hyperimmune antiovine gammaglobulin serum. Part of the lambs with agammaglobulinemia were killed and the small intestine was used to prepare extracts for an immunoelectrophoretic study after Grabar and for establishing gammaglobulins. It was found that lambs that had first sucked at the 1st hour following birth the resorption of the colostral gammaglobulin at the various hours later on varied. In the blood serum of 40% of the investigated lambs at the 1st hour there were gammaglobulins; gammaglobulins in 96% of the animals at the 24th hour after they had first sucked. A delayed first sucking after birth--at the 10th and 24th hour--led to hypo- and agammaglobulinemia. In the blood of such lambs at the 48th hour after sucking the gammaglobulins were 0.70 and 0.95 g% less as against the amount of gammaglobulins in lambs that had sucked for the first time at the first hour after birth.", "PMID": 84431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9498", "title": "[Change in the proteins in the colostrum of a cow during the 1st hours after calving].", "content": "Studied were the changes taking place in the protein content of the colostrum of cows during the first six hours following calving. The protein fractions were identified by the method of disk polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It was established that the amount of the total protein dropped with the increase in the secretion time. Changes were found to take place in the gamma-globulin fractions, the casein, and the soluble proteins.", "contents": "[Change in the proteins in the colostrum of a cow during the 1st hours after calving]. Studied were the changes taking place in the protein content of the colostrum of cows during the first six hours following calving. The protein fractions were identified by the method of disk polyacrylamide electrophoresis. It was established that the amount of the total protein dropped with the increase in the secretion time. Changes were found to take place in the gamma-globulin fractions, the casein, and the soluble proteins.", "PMID": 84433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9499", "title": "Intermediate filaments in hyaline material in alcoholic liver disease (Mallory bodies) and in cultured hepatoma cells.", "content": "Antibodies specific for cytoskeletal intermediate (10 nm) filaments reacted both with the hyaline deposits in alcoholic liver disease (Mallory bodies) and with perinuclear hyaline material of cultured hepatoma cells used as a model for hyaline formation in vitro. Our results suggest that disorganization and accumulation of intermediate filaments is an important step in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury.", "contents": "Intermediate filaments in hyaline material in alcoholic liver disease (Mallory bodies) and in cultured hepatoma cells. Antibodies specific for cytoskeletal intermediate (10 nm) filaments reacted both with the hyaline deposits in alcoholic liver disease (Mallory bodies) and with perinuclear hyaline material of cultured hepatoma cells used as a model for hyaline formation in vitro. Our results suggest that disorganization and accumulation of intermediate filaments is an important step in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury.", "PMID": 84434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9500", "title": "[Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "24 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC applied alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents (Oncovin, Bleomycin, Adriblastin). Treatment resulted in objective improvement (3 patients), subjective improvement (2 patients), stable state (5 patients). The other patients showed further progression of their disease.", "contents": "[Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. 24 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with DTIC applied alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents (Oncovin, Bleomycin, Adriblastin). Treatment resulted in objective improvement (3 patients), subjective improvement (2 patients), stable state (5 patients). The other patients showed further progression of their disease.", "PMID": 84441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9501", "title": "[Transurethral electroresection--an alternative to the indwelling catheter of old patients with prostatic hypertrophy].", "content": "The people become elder in this time, everywhere. The number of patients with adenoma of the prostate is increasing. Most of them have other diseases, too. A retrospective study (2646 cases in 8 years, exactly specially analysed 469 cases from 1975/1976) was done, comparing the results of TUR and open surgery. Well known is the lower risk of TUR, the lower blood loss, the lower discomfort, the lower nursing in the postoperative period ect. There are not news in this study. But it is important, to recall some things, because it's more and more difficult, to classify an old man as an \"inoperable case\". Nobody knows, where he should stay. The family does not like him at home (his \"dripping\", his incontinence etc.) In the veterans house it's the same problem, and from the hospital he is removed, because he is an \"inoperable case\". The situation of this old man is very bad, because he feels there isn't a place for him and nobody likes him. Each man, also if it's the strongest one, will be broken psychically and physically after a short time. Concerning these aspects, must be enlarged the indication of removal the bladder neck obstruction per transurethral resection, more and more.", "contents": "[Transurethral electroresection--an alternative to the indwelling catheter of old patients with prostatic hypertrophy]. The people become elder in this time, everywhere. The number of patients with adenoma of the prostate is increasing. Most of them have other diseases, too. A retrospective study (2646 cases in 8 years, exactly specially analysed 469 cases from 1975/1976) was done, comparing the results of TUR and open surgery. Well known is the lower risk of TUR, the lower blood loss, the lower discomfort, the lower nursing in the postoperative period ect. There are not news in this study. But it is important, to recall some things, because it's more and more difficult, to classify an old man as an \"inoperable case\". Nobody knows, where he should stay. The family does not like him at home (his \"dripping\", his incontinence etc.) In the veterans house it's the same problem, and from the hospital he is removed, because he is an \"inoperable case\". The situation of this old man is very bad, because he feels there isn't a place for him and nobody likes him. Each man, also if it's the strongest one, will be broken psychically and physically after a short time. Concerning these aspects, must be enlarged the indication of removal the bladder neck obstruction per transurethral resection, more and more.", "PMID": 84444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9502", "title": "[Surgical procedures in inoperable tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the basic surgical principles in inoperable tumours. In case of inoperability the possibilities of palliative surgery should be examined: palliative resection, quantitative tumour reduction, different bypassing procedures in the G.I-tract, amputation, exarticulatoan. It is most decisive to keep the balance between intended effect and operative risk or prognosis of the underlying disease respectively, Additional conservative measures enlarge the indications of palliative surgery.", "contents": "[Surgical procedures in inoperable tumours (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the basic surgical principles in inoperable tumours. In case of inoperability the possibilities of palliative surgery should be examined: palliative resection, quantitative tumour reduction, different bypassing procedures in the G.I-tract, amputation, exarticulatoan. It is most decisive to keep the balance between intended effect and operative risk or prognosis of the underlying disease respectively, Additional conservative measures enlarge the indications of palliative surgery.", "PMID": 84454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9503", "title": "[Determination of human IgI allotypes by using a set of stable erythrocyte antigenic diagnostica of varying specificity].", "content": "Technology of preparing a set of stable antigenic diagnostic agents of commercial type for determination of genetic determinants of human IgG and antibodies to them in the human blood sera and in the animal hyperimmune sera was worked out. Antisera against some human IgG allotypes were prepared. The frequency of detection of individual IgG allotypes and antibodies to them in human sera was studied.", "contents": "[Determination of human IgI allotypes by using a set of stable erythrocyte antigenic diagnostica of varying specificity]. Technology of preparing a set of stable antigenic diagnostic agents of commercial type for determination of genetic determinants of human IgG and antibodies to them in the human blood sera and in the animal hyperimmune sera was worked out. Antisera against some human IgG allotypes were prepared. The frequency of detection of individual IgG allotypes and antibodies to them in human sera was studied.", "PMID": 84455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9504", "title": "[Determination of the concentration of active centers and the antibody heterogeneity index by using the precipitation in fluid reaction].", "content": "Equivalence zone in the precipitation test was characterized by the fact that the number of the antigen determinants was equal to the number of active antibodies centres, irrespective of the heterogeneity of the latter. This permits to assess the antibody concentration in the values of the antigen valency. The new method of determination of the antibody heterogeneity index is based on recording the titre of the antigen and antibodies in the equivalence zone.", "contents": "[Determination of the concentration of active centers and the antibody heterogeneity index by using the precipitation in fluid reaction]. Equivalence zone in the precipitation test was characterized by the fact that the number of the antigen determinants was equal to the number of active antibodies centres, irrespective of the heterogeneity of the latter. This permits to assess the antibody concentration in the values of the antigen valency. The new method of determination of the antibody heterogeneity index is based on recording the titre of the antigen and antibodies in the equivalence zone.", "PMID": 84456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9505", "title": "[Principle of constructing polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines].", "content": "Dependence of the range of protective action of P. aeruginosa vaccine on the number of its composites was studied. A principle of the selection of strains who vaccines differed in vivo by immunological specificity was applied to construction of the experimental preparations and modelling a polyvalent vaccine. Increase of the number of components in the vaccine was accompanied by increase of its protective action range. However, with the increase of the number of polyvaccine components in the polyvaccine the accretion of the protective effect expressed in the mean protective index per component displayed a gradual reduction. It was calculated theoretically that a 6--7-component vaccine should provide protection from 94--96% of the P. aeruginosa strains; as to further increase of the number of components--it would induce overloading of the vaccine with a possible absence of any effect.", "contents": "[Principle of constructing polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines]. Dependence of the range of protective action of P. aeruginosa vaccine on the number of its composites was studied. A principle of the selection of strains who vaccines differed in vivo by immunological specificity was applied to construction of the experimental preparations and modelling a polyvalent vaccine. Increase of the number of components in the vaccine was accompanied by increase of its protective action range. However, with the increase of the number of polyvaccine components in the polyvaccine the accretion of the protective effect expressed in the mean protective index per component displayed a gradual reduction. It was calculated theoretically that a 6--7-component vaccine should provide protection from 94--96% of the P. aeruginosa strains; as to further increase of the number of components--it would induce overloading of the vaccine with a possible absence of any effect.", "PMID": 84457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9506", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes and an analysis of the specific reactivity in experimental brucellosis].", "content": "There was an increase of a relative and absolute T-lymphocytes content and a considerable reduction of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs infected with a high doses of brucella of vaccine strain 19-BA. There proved to be no correlation between the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood and the intensity of Burnet's test. The content of B-lymphocytes was compared with different antituberculosis antibodies in the blood serum of the infected animals.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes and an analysis of the specific reactivity in experimental brucellosis]. There was an increase of a relative and absolute T-lymphocytes content and a considerable reduction of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs infected with a high doses of brucella of vaccine strain 19-BA. There proved to be no correlation between the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood and the intensity of Burnet's test. The content of B-lymphocytes was compared with different antituberculosis antibodies in the blood serum of the infected animals.", "PMID": 84458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9507", "title": "[Production of rabbit precipitating antisera to subclasses of human IgG].", "content": "Precipitating antisera to human subclasses IgG were obtained by immunization of rabbits by whole molecules IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and gamma 1-chains derived from IgG1H (Pr). Analysis of the antisera obtained demonstrated that rabbits produced specific antibodies to the antigenic subclass determinants IgG3 well, to IgG2, IgG4--much worse, and failed to produce specific antibodies to subclass IgG1 (in immunization with whole molecules of this protein). Antisera contained antibodies to the antigenic determinants common of IgG, and antibodies to light chains which were removed by immunosorption, for which purpose a sorbent on the basis of BrCN sepharose conjugated with IgG of the three other subclasses and Fab-fragment was used.", "contents": "[Production of rabbit precipitating antisera to subclasses of human IgG]. Precipitating antisera to human subclasses IgG were obtained by immunization of rabbits by whole molecules IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and gamma 1-chains derived from IgG1H (Pr). Analysis of the antisera obtained demonstrated that rabbits produced specific antibodies to the antigenic subclass determinants IgG3 well, to IgG2, IgG4--much worse, and failed to produce specific antibodies to subclass IgG1 (in immunization with whole molecules of this protein). Antisera contained antibodies to the antigenic determinants common of IgG, and antibodies to light chains which were removed by immunosorption, for which purpose a sorbent on the basis of BrCN sepharose conjugated with IgG of the three other subclasses and Fab-fragment was used.", "PMID": 84459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9508", "title": "Biogenic amines derived from tryptophan in systemic and cutaneous scleroderma.", "content": "Blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine (T), and indole-acetic acid (IAA) were determined in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and in 7 cases of very severe cutaneous scleroderma. The T/IAA ratio was normal and serotonin elevated in mild and rather severe acrosclerosis alike, i.e. in systemic scleroderma with pronounced vascular involvement. The T/IAA ratio was increased and serotonin normal in severe acroscleroderma, representing an intermediate form or transition to diffuse scleroderma, in severe diffuse scleroderma, and in severe cutaneous scleroderma. The T/IAA ratio and serotonin level were both elevated in a few cases of systemic scleroderma and in severe generalized morphea with concomitant vascular changes. The findings suggest impaired monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in scleroderma with consequent accumulation in the organism of biogenic amines derived from tryptophan. An increased T/IAA ratio seems to be of prognostic significance in scleroderma, suggesting an adverse course of the disease.", "contents": "Biogenic amines derived from tryptophan in systemic and cutaneous scleroderma. Blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA), tryptamine (T), and indole-acetic acid (IAA) were determined in 39 cases of systemic scleroderma and in 7 cases of very severe cutaneous scleroderma. The T/IAA ratio was normal and serotonin elevated in mild and rather severe acrosclerosis alike, i.e. in systemic scleroderma with pronounced vascular involvement. The T/IAA ratio was increased and serotonin normal in severe acroscleroderma, representing an intermediate form or transition to diffuse scleroderma, in severe diffuse scleroderma, and in severe cutaneous scleroderma. The T/IAA ratio and serotonin level were both elevated in a few cases of systemic scleroderma and in severe generalized morphea with concomitant vascular changes. The findings suggest impaired monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in scleroderma with consequent accumulation in the organism of biogenic amines derived from tryptophan. An increased T/IAA ratio seems to be of prognostic significance in scleroderma, suggesting an adverse course of the disease.", "PMID": 84460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9509", "title": "DNA interstrand crosslinks visualized by electron microscopy in PUVA-treated psoriasis.", "content": "An electron microscopic method has been used to visualize crosslinks after total denaturation of DNA isolated from epidermis and dermis in patients with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and irradiation with ultraviolet light at 360 nm (PUVA treatment). This technique enabled accurate measurement of the number and density of DNA interstrand crosslinks. 30 biopsies were studied and a total of 9503 DNA molecules were scored in the electron microscope. 6 patients were treated topically with 8-MOP and 10 were on systemic treatment and biopsies were obtained immediately after irradiation. 1% of the total DNA molecules examined contained 3 or more crosslinks. The overall frequency of crosslinks was almost identical in the epidermis (1.1%) and in the dermis (0.9%) and, furthermore, virtually the same in patients on topical and systemic PUVA treatment. The total number of crosslinks was of the same magnitude as those previously found by us in normal human skin. Thus, though the formation of interstrand DNA crosslinks can be considered as an indicator of damage of the genetic material, we were unable to demonstrate this as being a consequence of PUVA treatment using 8-MOP.", "contents": "DNA interstrand crosslinks visualized by electron microscopy in PUVA-treated psoriasis. An electron microscopic method has been used to visualize crosslinks after total denaturation of DNA isolated from epidermis and dermis in patients with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and irradiation with ultraviolet light at 360 nm (PUVA treatment). This technique enabled accurate measurement of the number and density of DNA interstrand crosslinks. 30 biopsies were studied and a total of 9503 DNA molecules were scored in the electron microscope. 6 patients were treated topically with 8-MOP and 10 were on systemic treatment and biopsies were obtained immediately after irradiation. 1% of the total DNA molecules examined contained 3 or more crosslinks. The overall frequency of crosslinks was almost identical in the epidermis (1.1%) and in the dermis (0.9%) and, furthermore, virtually the same in patients on topical and systemic PUVA treatment. The total number of crosslinks was of the same magnitude as those previously found by us in normal human skin. Thus, though the formation of interstrand DNA crosslinks can be considered as an indicator of damage of the genetic material, we were unable to demonstrate this as being a consequence of PUVA treatment using 8-MOP.", "PMID": 84461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9510", "title": "Membrane damage caused by 8-MOP and UVA-treatment of cultivated cells.", "content": "Treatment of red blood cells with a combination of 8-MOP and UVA did not cause any significant hemolysis under the experimental conditions used, and the deuterium test for identification of singlet oxygen mediated reactions was negative. However, similar experiments performed on in vitro cultivated human glia cells caused conspicuous surface membrane alterations, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The alterations were seen at higher concentration levels than was expected and might be secondary to earlier appearing intracellular events seen at lower concentrations. The clinical significance of membrane alterations for the results obtained with PUVA therapy require further investigation.", "contents": "Membrane damage caused by 8-MOP and UVA-treatment of cultivated cells. Treatment of red blood cells with a combination of 8-MOP and UVA did not cause any significant hemolysis under the experimental conditions used, and the deuterium test for identification of singlet oxygen mediated reactions was negative. However, similar experiments performed on in vitro cultivated human glia cells caused conspicuous surface membrane alterations, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The alterations were seen at higher concentration levels than was expected and might be secondary to earlier appearing intracellular events seen at lower concentrations. The clinical significance of membrane alterations for the results obtained with PUVA therapy require further investigation.", "PMID": 84462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9511", "title": "Fibrinoid necrosis and downward motion of colloid bodies in lichen planus (apoptosis).", "content": "Fibrinoid necrosis which in previous investigations was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the skin and of the liver in certain disorders, may also appear in the colloid bodies in lichen planus. Trichrome stainings were positive for fibrinoid, staining reactions with haematoxylin variants indicated the presence of keratin and precursors, and investigations in Wood's light permitted conclusions concerning the appearance of mixed proteins, of which keratofibrinoid seems to be the most important. Circulatory disturbances are emphasized as having an important role. The colloid bodies are extruded from the epidermis, according to the observations of Kerr et al., following the rules of apoptosis.", "contents": "Fibrinoid necrosis and downward motion of colloid bodies in lichen planus (apoptosis). Fibrinoid necrosis which in previous investigations was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the skin and of the liver in certain disorders, may also appear in the colloid bodies in lichen planus. Trichrome stainings were positive for fibrinoid, staining reactions with haematoxylin variants indicated the presence of keratin and precursors, and investigations in Wood's light permitted conclusions concerning the appearance of mixed proteins, of which keratofibrinoid seems to be the most important. Circulatory disturbances are emphasized as having an important role. The colloid bodies are extruded from the epidermis, according to the observations of Kerr et al., following the rules of apoptosis.", "PMID": 84463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9512", "title": "Immunobiological aspects of Clq in sera of patients with cutaneous vasculitis and collagen diseases.", "content": "Clq was comparatively quantified with CH50 or C3 in sera of patients with various types of cutaneous vasculitis and collagen diseases. The following results were found: 1) Elevated levels of Clq were seen much more frequently in cutaneous vasculitis and PSS. 2) No significant correlations were found between Clq and CH50 or C3, except for a moderate rank correlation between Clq and C3 in SLE. 3) The amount of hydroxyproline in serum (collagen-like protein) is nearly identical with the calculated value of that present in Clq.", "contents": "Immunobiological aspects of Clq in sera of patients with cutaneous vasculitis and collagen diseases. Clq was comparatively quantified with CH50 or C3 in sera of patients with various types of cutaneous vasculitis and collagen diseases. The following results were found: 1) Elevated levels of Clq were seen much more frequently in cutaneous vasculitis and PSS. 2) No significant correlations were found between Clq and CH50 or C3, except for a moderate rank correlation between Clq and C3 in SLE. 3) The amount of hydroxyproline in serum (collagen-like protein) is nearly identical with the calculated value of that present in Clq.", "PMID": 84464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9513", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and complement factors in peripheral blood.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and healthy controls were investigated in order to determine the percentages of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC). Furthermore, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE and the complement factors C3 and C4 were also measured. An increase in the mean percentages of lymphocytes with membrane-bound IgA and IgD, as well as an increase in the mean percentage of cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC) were found in the patient group as compared with the control group. No differences between patient group and control group were found concerning the mean percentage of B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes. The mean serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulins and the complement factors investigated did not differ significantly between the two groups.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis: lymphocytes, immunoglobulins and complement factors in peripheral blood. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and healthy controls were investigated in order to determine the percentages of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC). Furthermore, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE and the complement factors C3 and C4 were also measured. An increase in the mean percentages of lymphocytes with membrane-bound IgA and IgD, as well as an increase in the mean percentage of cells with receptors for the Fc part of human IgG (EA-RFC) were found in the patient group as compared with the control group. No differences between patient group and control group were found concerning the mean percentage of B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes. The mean serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulins and the complement factors investigated did not differ significantly between the two groups.", "PMID": 84465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9514", "title": "On the significance of the trichophytin reactivity in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Patients with pure atopic dermatitis with and without tinea infection were investigated and compared with patients with long-lasting tinea infections and with controls, for presence of intracutaneous reactivity to trichoptin, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Alternaria antigens. RAST to Penicillium and Cladosporium was also performed. The results showed a lack of delayed reactivity, but an immediate reactivity to trichophytin in 50%/40% of atopic patients with/without tinea infection. Non-atopics infected with tinea showed 66% immediate and 33% delayed response to trichophytin. The reactivities in atopic dermatitis (but not in the non-atopic group) went general parallel with mould reactions tested intracutaneously or by RAST. It is assumed that a positive trichophytin reaction in atopic dermatitis does not necessarily mean sensitisation to dermatophytes, but is primarily the sign of a cross sensitivity to moulds.", "contents": "On the significance of the trichophytin reactivity in atopic dermatitis. Patients with pure atopic dermatitis with and without tinea infection were investigated and compared with patients with long-lasting tinea infections and with controls, for presence of intracutaneous reactivity to trichoptin, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Alternaria antigens. RAST to Penicillium and Cladosporium was also performed. The results showed a lack of delayed reactivity, but an immediate reactivity to trichophytin in 50%/40% of atopic patients with/without tinea infection. Non-atopics infected with tinea showed 66% immediate and 33% delayed response to trichophytin. The reactivities in atopic dermatitis (but not in the non-atopic group) went general parallel with mould reactions tested intracutaneously or by RAST. It is assumed that a positive trichophytin reaction in atopic dermatitis does not necessarily mean sensitisation to dermatophytes, but is primarily the sign of a cross sensitivity to moulds.", "PMID": 84466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9515", "title": "Skin reactivity in workers with and without itching from occupational exposure to glass fibres.", "content": "98 workers at a glass-wool factory were divided into three comparable groups: those with persistent troublesome itching from the fibres, those without itching, and those who had become 'hardened' to the itching. The three groups were compared with respect to the results of patch testing with glass fibres and six chemical irritants, a rubbing test with fibres, the Trafuril test, and provocation of dermographism. Anamnestic data with respect to atopy, itching from wool and synthetic fibres, sweating, and reactions to the sun were evaluated, as also was the general skin pigmentation. No statistically significant differences between the three groups were found in respect of any of these tests or factors except for a subjectively increased sensitivity in the rubbing test with fibres for the itching group. It is possible that similar itch-provocation tests might be useful for pre-employment assessment to predict severe occupational itching from glass fibres.", "contents": "Skin reactivity in workers with and without itching from occupational exposure to glass fibres. 98 workers at a glass-wool factory were divided into three comparable groups: those with persistent troublesome itching from the fibres, those without itching, and those who had become 'hardened' to the itching. The three groups were compared with respect to the results of patch testing with glass fibres and six chemical irritants, a rubbing test with fibres, the Trafuril test, and provocation of dermographism. Anamnestic data with respect to atopy, itching from wool and synthetic fibres, sweating, and reactions to the sun were evaluated, as also was the general skin pigmentation. No statistically significant differences between the three groups were found in respect of any of these tests or factors except for a subjectively increased sensitivity in the rubbing test with fibres for the itching group. It is possible that similar itch-provocation tests might be useful for pre-employment assessment to predict severe occupational itching from glass fibres.", "PMID": 84467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9516", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with lymphoma.", "content": "Three patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. In one patient, the signs and symptoms of porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma occurred simultaneously, whereas in the other two, the porphyria was seen before the lymphoma occurred, three years before in one and one and a half years before in the other. Involvement of liver or marrow was not related to the development of porphyria cutanea tarda in any of the 3 patients. The porphyria cutanea tarda was not eased by radiotherapy or chemotherapy of the lymphoma, although it was probably less symptomatic after the patients were treated. While a relationship between porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma is speculative, confirmation will require a closer scrutiny of patients with these two diseases.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with lymphoma. Three patients with porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. In one patient, the signs and symptoms of porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma occurred simultaneously, whereas in the other two, the porphyria was seen before the lymphoma occurred, three years before in one and one and a half years before in the other. Involvement of liver or marrow was not related to the development of porphyria cutanea tarda in any of the 3 patients. The porphyria cutanea tarda was not eased by radiotherapy or chemotherapy of the lymphoma, although it was probably less symptomatic after the patients were treated. While a relationship between porphyria cutanea tarda and lymphoma is speculative, confirmation will require a closer scrutiny of patients with these two diseases.", "PMID": 84468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9517", "title": "Tumour stage of mycosis fungoides treated with bleomycin and methotrexate: report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group.", "content": "The Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Study Group have treated 19 patients with mycosis fungoides in tumour stage by systemic chemotherapy. Nine patients were treated with Bleomycin 15 mg i.m. twice weekly for 7 weeks and 10 patients with the same dose of Bleomycin in combination with Methotrexate 15 mg i.m. per m2 body surface each week for 7 weeks. No maintenance treatment was given. The immediate therapeutic effect of Bleomycin alone was considered good in half of the patients. Bleomycin and Methotrexate together produced a better initial effect. In both treatment series the remission was short-lived in the absence of maintenance therapy. The mortality rate was high, especially in combination treatment. Lethal complications occurred in 6 patients during the treatment, 3 of which were thromboembolic, one pancytopenia, one lung fibrosis with pulmonary insufficiency, and one bronchopneumonia. The conclusion is that these two forms of therapy cannot be recommended.", "contents": "Tumour stage of mycosis fungoides treated with bleomycin and methotrexate: report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. The Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Study Group have treated 19 patients with mycosis fungoides in tumour stage by systemic chemotherapy. Nine patients were treated with Bleomycin 15 mg i.m. twice weekly for 7 weeks and 10 patients with the same dose of Bleomycin in combination with Methotrexate 15 mg i.m. per m2 body surface each week for 7 weeks. No maintenance treatment was given. The immediate therapeutic effect of Bleomycin alone was considered good in half of the patients. Bleomycin and Methotrexate together produced a better initial effect. In both treatment series the remission was short-lived in the absence of maintenance therapy. The mortality rate was high, especially in combination treatment. Lethal complications occurred in 6 patients during the treatment, 3 of which were thromboembolic, one pancytopenia, one lung fibrosis with pulmonary insufficiency, and one bronchopneumonia. The conclusion is that these two forms of therapy cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 84469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9518", "title": "Mycosis fungoides plaque stage treated with topical nitrogen mustard with and without attempts at tolerance induction: report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group.", "content": "The Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Study Group has treated 21 patients with mycosis fungoides in plaque stages with topical, whole-body application of nitrogen mustard, 20 mg in 40 ml water per square metre. Ten patients were treated after previous attempts at intravenous tolerance induction ad modum van Scott & Kalmanson and eleven without. Complete remission was initially achieved in 10 patients and partial remission in 9 patients. Contact dermatitis to nitrogen mustard developed in 2/10 after tolerance induction and in 1/11 without tolerance induction. It is concluded that topical, whole-body application of nitrogen mustard gives high remission rates. In this series, however, many relapses occurred, due to inadequacy of the maintenance treatment. Tolerance induction has not been found of any value.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides plaque stage treated with topical nitrogen mustard with and without attempts at tolerance induction: report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. The Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Study Group has treated 21 patients with mycosis fungoides in plaque stages with topical, whole-body application of nitrogen mustard, 20 mg in 40 ml water per square metre. Ten patients were treated after previous attempts at intravenous tolerance induction ad modum van Scott & Kalmanson and eleven without. Complete remission was initially achieved in 10 patients and partial remission in 9 patients. Contact dermatitis to nitrogen mustard developed in 2/10 after tolerance induction and in 1/11 without tolerance induction. It is concluded that topical, whole-body application of nitrogen mustard gives high remission rates. In this series, however, many relapses occurred, due to inadequacy of the maintenance treatment. Tolerance induction has not been found of any value.", "PMID": 84470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9519", "title": "Excretion of 5-s-cysteinyldopa in humans with genetically dark skin.", "content": "Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa was investigated in 12 genetically dark-skinned men living in Sweden. Ten subjects showed excretion values in the same range as persons of Swedish origin, whereas the excretion was higher in 2 subjects.", "contents": "Excretion of 5-s-cysteinyldopa in humans with genetically dark skin. Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa was investigated in 12 genetically dark-skinned men living in Sweden. Ten subjects showed excretion values in the same range as persons of Swedish origin, whereas the excretion was higher in 2 subjects.", "PMID": 84471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9520", "title": "Graft-vs-host reaction in skin: histological immunological and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "A case of graft-vs-host reaction after bone marrow transplantation is described. Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in involved skin showed necrotic keratinocytes and abnormal melanocytes with satellite lymphocytes. No deposits of immunoglobulins or complement were found. These data provide direct evidence that chronic graft-vs-host disease in humans may be related to cellular hypersensitivity rather than to serum factors.", "contents": "Graft-vs-host reaction in skin: histological immunological and ultrastructural studies. A case of graft-vs-host reaction after bone marrow transplantation is described. Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in involved skin showed necrotic keratinocytes and abnormal melanocytes with satellite lymphocytes. No deposits of immunoglobulins or complement were found. These data provide direct evidence that chronic graft-vs-host disease in humans may be related to cellular hypersensitivity rather than to serum factors.", "PMID": 84472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9521", "title": "A study of S\u00e9zary cells in peripheral blood and skin lesions.", "content": "A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented. By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy S\u00e9zary cells were demonstrated in peripheral blood and in skin tissue. Investigation of atypical mononuclear cells seen in the peripheral blood showed that these cells lack receptors for sheep erythrocytes. C3 and Fcgamma. Similarly, an examination of dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates showed that most of the cells lack receptors for sheep erythrocytes, C3 and Fcgamma.", "contents": "A study of S\u00e9zary cells in peripheral blood and skin lesions. A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented. By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy S\u00e9zary cells were demonstrated in peripheral blood and in skin tissue. Investigation of atypical mononuclear cells seen in the peripheral blood showed that these cells lack receptors for sheep erythrocytes. C3 and Fcgamma. Similarly, an examination of dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates showed that most of the cells lack receptors for sheep erythrocytes, C3 and Fcgamma.", "PMID": 84473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9522", "title": "Antinuclear antibodies during Puva therapy.", "content": "During PUVA therapy 7 patients out of 34 with severe psoriasis developed circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (21%). Before treatment only 3 patients of 50 (6%) considered for PUVA had detectable ANA. The ANA titres were usually low. Antibodies against native DNA as studied with the Crithidia luciliae test, were not found, and blood and urinary screening for collagenosis was negative. All 7 patients responded well to the PUVA treatment. The significance of these findings remains to be determined.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibodies during Puva therapy. During PUVA therapy 7 patients out of 34 with severe psoriasis developed circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (21%). Before treatment only 3 patients of 50 (6%) considered for PUVA had detectable ANA. The ANA titres were usually low. Antibodies against native DNA as studied with the Crithidia luciliae test, were not found, and blood and urinary screening for collagenosis was negative. All 7 patients responded well to the PUVA treatment. The significance of these findings remains to be determined.", "PMID": 84474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9523", "title": "HLA antigens in localized granuloma annulare.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 46 patients with localized granuloma annulare. The results do not support the hypothesis of an association between this condition and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "HLA antigens in localized granuloma annulare. HLA antigen frequencies were studied in 46 patients with localized granuloma annulare. The results do not support the hypothesis of an association between this condition and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 84475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9524", "title": "The usefulness of the nonspecific skin hyperreactivity (the pathergy test) in Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey.", "content": "49 of 58 (84%) patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey had a positive pathergy test; the same test proved positive in 3 of the 90 (3%) of healthy and diseased contols.", "contents": "The usefulness of the nonspecific skin hyperreactivity (the pathergy test) in Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey. 49 of 58 (84%) patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease in Turkey had a positive pathergy test; the same test proved positive in 3 of the 90 (3%) of healthy and diseased contols.", "PMID": 84476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9525", "title": "Immunoglobulins in alopecia areata.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgM, IgG) were measured by radial immunodiffusion in 57 subjects with varying degrees of alopecia areata. Both IgA and IgM fell with increasing severity of disease as judged by the area of scalp involved. IgM in subjects with extensive disease was significantly lower than that of an age- and sex-matched control group.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in alopecia areata. Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgM, IgG) were measured by radial immunodiffusion in 57 subjects with varying degrees of alopecia areata. Both IgA and IgM fell with increasing severity of disease as judged by the area of scalp involved. IgM in subjects with extensive disease was significantly lower than that of an age- and sex-matched control group.", "PMID": 84477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9526", "title": "Disseminated superficial \"actinic\" porokeratosis.", "content": "An 81-year-old Finnish female had a 10-month history of a very pruritic eruption. In the clinical examination porokeratosis was suspected and histologically verified with the typical cornoid lamellae. The eruption involved also the unexposed areas of the skin. The patient had always avoided sunshine because it made her feel uncomfortable. The patient's sister, too, had a solitary lesion of porokeratosis. The pathomechanism of DSAP is discussed.", "contents": "Disseminated superficial \"actinic\" porokeratosis. An 81-year-old Finnish female had a 10-month history of a very pruritic eruption. In the clinical examination porokeratosis was suspected and histologically verified with the typical cornoid lamellae. The eruption involved also the unexposed areas of the skin. The patient had always avoided sunshine because it made her feel uncomfortable. The patient's sister, too, had a solitary lesion of porokeratosis. The pathomechanism of DSAP is discussed.", "PMID": 84479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9527", "title": "Epipodophyllotoxin (VP-16-213) in mycosis fungoides: A report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group.", "content": "Epipodophyllotoxin (VP-16-213) was administered to 9 patients with mycosis fungoides in various stages, most of them in the advanced tumour stage. In 4 of the patients VP-16 was combined with cyclophosphamide. VP-16 alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide was capable of inducing remission initially in all cases, complete in 2, partial in 3 and improvement to a lesser degree in the remaining 5 patients, but it was unable to maintain the remission. The induced remission has to be upheld by other agents, possibly added to VP-16.", "contents": "Epipodophyllotoxin (VP-16-213) in mycosis fungoides: A report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. Epipodophyllotoxin (VP-16-213) was administered to 9 patients with mycosis fungoides in various stages, most of them in the advanced tumour stage. In 4 of the patients VP-16 was combined with cyclophosphamide. VP-16 alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide was capable of inducing remission initially in all cases, complete in 2, partial in 3 and improvement to a lesser degree in the remaining 5 patients, but it was unable to maintain the remission. The induced remission has to be upheld by other agents, possibly added to VP-16.", "PMID": 84480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9528", "title": "Prednimustine in mycosis fungoides: a report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group.", "content": "Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, was administered orally to 5 patients with mycosis fungoides in advanced tumour stage. Partial remission was obtained in 2 of the patients. However, we do not consider the agent to be particularly advantageous for the treatment of mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Prednimustine in mycosis fungoides: a report from the Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone, was administered orally to 5 patients with mycosis fungoides in advanced tumour stage. Partial remission was obtained in 2 of the patients. However, we do not consider the agent to be particularly advantageous for the treatment of mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 84481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9529", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in acrodermatitis enteropathica: an index of the serum zinc level.", "content": "A significant positive correlation between serum zinc and serum alkaline phosphatase levels was demonstrated in four patients suffering from acrodermatitis enterophathica for which they received oral zinc sulphate therapy. In one of the male patients a significant inverse relation between serum zinc and serum copper was found.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in acrodermatitis enteropathica: an index of the serum zinc level. A significant positive correlation between serum zinc and serum alkaline phosphatase levels was demonstrated in four patients suffering from acrodermatitis enterophathica for which they received oral zinc sulphate therapy. In one of the male patients a significant inverse relation between serum zinc and serum copper was found.", "PMID": 84482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9530", "title": "Penetration of 65Zn through the skin of rats.", "content": "A study has been made of the penetration of 65Zn from various zinc chloride solutions, from a zinc oxide suspension and from a zinc tape containing zinc oxide through the intact skin of rats. 65Zn rapidly appeared in the blood and other tissues. The maximum 65Zn activity in serum occurred within or around the first hour after the application of both zinc chloride and zinc oxide almost completely independent of the zinc concentration applied and the pH. A greater total penetration of 65Zn was found from a carrier-free 65Zn-zinc chloride solution at pH 1 than from the same solution made less acidic (pH 4) and from a zinc oxide suspension at pH 8 (125 microgram Zn/ml). The 65 Zn penetration from the carrier-free solution was slightly (though not significantly) higher than that from the same solution with zinc chloride added to bring the total zinc concentration to 125 microgram/ml. Autoradiographically, 65Zn activity was seen in both dermis and panniculus carnosus. The activity was most concentrated on and near the epidermis and around hair follicles in dermis. No differences were observed between animals treated with zinc chloride (pH 1 and pH 4) and animals treated with a zinc oxide suspension.", "contents": "Penetration of 65Zn through the skin of rats. A study has been made of the penetration of 65Zn from various zinc chloride solutions, from a zinc oxide suspension and from a zinc tape containing zinc oxide through the intact skin of rats. 65Zn rapidly appeared in the blood and other tissues. The maximum 65Zn activity in serum occurred within or around the first hour after the application of both zinc chloride and zinc oxide almost completely independent of the zinc concentration applied and the pH. A greater total penetration of 65Zn was found from a carrier-free 65Zn-zinc chloride solution at pH 1 than from the same solution made less acidic (pH 4) and from a zinc oxide suspension at pH 8 (125 microgram Zn/ml). The 65 Zn penetration from the carrier-free solution was slightly (though not significantly) higher than that from the same solution with zinc chloride added to bring the total zinc concentration to 125 microgram/ml. Autoradiographically, 65Zn activity was seen in both dermis and panniculus carnosus. The activity was most concentrated on and near the epidermis and around hair follicles in dermis. No differences were observed between animals treated with zinc chloride (pH 1 and pH 4) and animals treated with a zinc oxide suspension.", "PMID": 84485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9531", "title": "Binding specificity of rabbit anti-guinea pig epidermal cell sera: comparison of their receptors with those of concanavalin A and pemphigus sera.", "content": "Rabbit anti-guinea pig epidermal cell sera (AES) which were prepared by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed viable guinea pig epidermal cells were shown to react to the intercellular substances of stratified squamous epithelia of guinea pigs and monkeys in a pattern similar to that seen with concanavalin A (ConA) or pemphigus sera (PS) by immunofluorescence. Reciprocal blocking tests were performed on guinea pig lip mucosa after removal of the non-specific binding substances between preincubated substances and subsequently incubated ones. No definite inhibition was noted in the subsequent reactions upon preincubation with AES or PS. However, preincubation with ConA weakened the subsequent reaction with PS, but did not block the reaction with AES. Effects of solvents on the receptors for AES, ConA and PS were also examined. ConA receptor was resistant to both saline solution and ethanol (95% and 99%). PS receptor was labile to both saline solution and ethanol, while AES receptor was labile to ethanol, but resistant to saline solution. These observations suggest that the receptor for AES differs from that for ConA or PS.", "contents": "Binding specificity of rabbit anti-guinea pig epidermal cell sera: comparison of their receptors with those of concanavalin A and pemphigus sera. Rabbit anti-guinea pig epidermal cell sera (AES) which were prepared by immunizing rabbits with enzymatically dispersed viable guinea pig epidermal cells were shown to react to the intercellular substances of stratified squamous epithelia of guinea pigs and monkeys in a pattern similar to that seen with concanavalin A (ConA) or pemphigus sera (PS) by immunofluorescence. Reciprocal blocking tests were performed on guinea pig lip mucosa after removal of the non-specific binding substances between preincubated substances and subsequently incubated ones. No definite inhibition was noted in the subsequent reactions upon preincubation with AES or PS. However, preincubation with ConA weakened the subsequent reaction with PS, but did not block the reaction with AES. Effects of solvents on the receptors for AES, ConA and PS were also examined. ConA receptor was resistant to both saline solution and ethanol (95% and 99%). PS receptor was labile to both saline solution and ethanol, while AES receptor was labile to ethanol, but resistant to saline solution. These observations suggest that the receptor for AES differs from that for ConA or PS.", "PMID": 84486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9532", "title": "Diisopropylfluorophosphate-evoked inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin: decrease of the inhibition by storing the skin specimens.", "content": "Antigen-induced histamine release from human skin slices passively sensitized with reaginic serum in vitro was inhibited by DFP, suggesting involvement of serine esterase activation in the reaction. The magnitude of DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release was not the same in each skin sample and no correlationship was observed between the magnitude of the DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release and that of the histamine release in the absence of DFP. The magnitude of the histamine release in the presence of DFP was smaller in the fresh skin than in the stored skin, whereas that in the absence of DFP was greater in the former than in the latter. The inhibitory effect of cytochalasin B on the anaphylactic histamine release from fresh and stored human skin was the reverse of the effect of DFP. The present results indicate that the magnitude of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin does not match that of the activation of serine esterase in the reaction, suggesting the possibility that there may be some factor modulating the activation of serine esterase in the anaphylactic reaction in human skin.", "contents": "Diisopropylfluorophosphate-evoked inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin: decrease of the inhibition by storing the skin specimens. Antigen-induced histamine release from human skin slices passively sensitized with reaginic serum in vitro was inhibited by DFP, suggesting involvement of serine esterase activation in the reaction. The magnitude of DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release was not the same in each skin sample and no correlationship was observed between the magnitude of the DFP-evoked inhibition of the histamine release and that of the histamine release in the absence of DFP. The magnitude of the histamine release in the presence of DFP was smaller in the fresh skin than in the stored skin, whereas that in the absence of DFP was greater in the former than in the latter. The inhibitory effect of cytochalasin B on the anaphylactic histamine release from fresh and stored human skin was the reverse of the effect of DFP. The present results indicate that the magnitude of anaphylactic histamine release from human skin does not match that of the activation of serine esterase in the reaction, suggesting the possibility that there may be some factor modulating the activation of serine esterase in the anaphylactic reaction in human skin.", "PMID": 84487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9533", "title": "Occurrence of immunoglobulins and complement in the skin of patients undergoing topical treatment of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Deposits of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complement were occasionally found in lesional skin of mycosis fungoides patients. However, after complete remission of the skin lesions, deposits of immunoglobulins and complement were found, corresponding to previous infiltrates or tumours, in about half of the patients. These deposits appeared as globular bodies in the upper part of the dermis closely connected with the basement membrane.", "contents": "Occurrence of immunoglobulins and complement in the skin of patients undergoing topical treatment of mycosis fungoides. Deposits of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and complement were occasionally found in lesional skin of mycosis fungoides patients. However, after complete remission of the skin lesions, deposits of immunoglobulins and complement were found, corresponding to previous infiltrates or tumours, in about half of the patients. These deposits appeared as globular bodies in the upper part of the dermis closely connected with the basement membrane.", "PMID": 84488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9534", "title": "Measurement and differentiation of the cellular infiltrate in expermiental allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "We describe a quantitative method for the grading of contact allergic reactions in guinea pigs. These reactions are characterized by marked cellular infiltration, and the method is based on total and differential counting of cells in the upper corium. A varying and objectively gradable increase in mononuclear and basophil polymorphonuclear cells was found. In naked-eye-positive reactions this increase was highly significant 24, 48, and 72 hours after epicutaneous application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The degree of cellular infiltration reflects aspects of a cell-mediated immune response other than the visible reaction ordinarily made use of. The method can be used to study how systemically or topically administered drugs affect cellular features in contact allergy.", "contents": "Measurement and differentiation of the cellular infiltrate in expermiental allergic contact dermatitis. We describe a quantitative method for the grading of contact allergic reactions in guinea pigs. These reactions are characterized by marked cellular infiltration, and the method is based on total and differential counting of cells in the upper corium. A varying and objectively gradable increase in mononuclear and basophil polymorphonuclear cells was found. In naked-eye-positive reactions this increase was highly significant 24, 48, and 72 hours after epicutaneous application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The degree of cellular infiltration reflects aspects of a cell-mediated immune response other than the visible reaction ordinarily made use of. The method can be used to study how systemically or topically administered drugs affect cellular features in contact allergy.", "PMID": 84489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9535", "title": "'Rusters'. The corrosive action of palmar sweat: I. Sodium chloride in sweat.", "content": "Sweat from 8 'rusters' and 8 control persons was examined for its sodium concentration. Sweating was induced by iontophoresis of pilocarpine on the distal forearm. In no case did the concentrations exceed the normal upper limit for this procedure, and no difference was found between the two groups. In this way the study failed to confirm earlier reports of elevated sodium chloride concentrations in sweat from 'rusters'. Proposals of a relationship between 'rusters' and patients with pancreatic cystic fibrosis were not substantiated. Hyperhidrosis of the palms and volar surfaces of the fingers was present in all 'rusters'. This seemed to be the main cause of the corrosive tendency, and patients referred for palmar hyperhidrosis were found to produce corrosion similar to the 'rusters'. Topical application of aluminium chloride hexahydrate in a 25% solution in absolute ethyl alcohol proved effective against both hyperhidrosis and the corrosive tendency.", "contents": "'Rusters'. The corrosive action of palmar sweat: I. Sodium chloride in sweat. Sweat from 8 'rusters' and 8 control persons was examined for its sodium concentration. Sweating was induced by iontophoresis of pilocarpine on the distal forearm. In no case did the concentrations exceed the normal upper limit for this procedure, and no difference was found between the two groups. In this way the study failed to confirm earlier reports of elevated sodium chloride concentrations in sweat from 'rusters'. Proposals of a relationship between 'rusters' and patients with pancreatic cystic fibrosis were not substantiated. Hyperhidrosis of the palms and volar surfaces of the fingers was present in all 'rusters'. This seemed to be the main cause of the corrosive tendency, and patients referred for palmar hyperhidrosis were found to produce corrosion similar to the 'rusters'. Topical application of aluminium chloride hexahydrate in a 25% solution in absolute ethyl alcohol proved effective against both hyperhidrosis and the corrosive tendency.", "PMID": 84490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9536", "title": "'Rusters'. The corrosive action of palmar sweat: II. Physical and chemical factors in palmar hyperhidrosis.", "content": "When measuring sweating rates, close correspondence was found with the clinical estimation of hyperhidrosis. Corrosion was seen to increase with increasing sweat rates, reaching its maximum after an assumed rise in the actual sodium chloride concentration on the skin surface due to evaporation of water. The findings confirm that hyperhidrosis is of primary importance in the constitution of a 'ruster', and are also in good agreement with experimental reports. The small variations in palmar skin pH had no influence on the degree of corrosion; nor had the character of the metal surface. Of the two types of metal studied. corrosion was much more severe on the type having the lowest concentration of copper, thus confirming that increasing copper concentrations have a positive effect in reducing corrosion rates. At 50--60% relative humidity (RH) corrosion increased as time elapsed, whereas at 40% RH no corrosion developed on a sweat-contaminated plate. When exposed to 75% RH, metal samples became severely corroded in the course of a few days. Protective methods for the avoidance of rust are mentioned, with special emphasis on frequent handwashing.", "contents": "'Rusters'. The corrosive action of palmar sweat: II. Physical and chemical factors in palmar hyperhidrosis. When measuring sweating rates, close correspondence was found with the clinical estimation of hyperhidrosis. Corrosion was seen to increase with increasing sweat rates, reaching its maximum after an assumed rise in the actual sodium chloride concentration on the skin surface due to evaporation of water. The findings confirm that hyperhidrosis is of primary importance in the constitution of a 'ruster', and are also in good agreement with experimental reports. The small variations in palmar skin pH had no influence on the degree of corrosion; nor had the character of the metal surface. Of the two types of metal studied. corrosion was much more severe on the type having the lowest concentration of copper, thus confirming that increasing copper concentrations have a positive effect in reducing corrosion rates. At 50--60% relative humidity (RH) corrosion increased as time elapsed, whereas at 40% RH no corrosion developed on a sweat-contaminated plate. When exposed to 75% RH, metal samples became severely corroded in the course of a few days. Protective methods for the avoidance of rust are mentioned, with special emphasis on frequent handwashing.", "PMID": 84491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9537", "title": "Decreased blood flow in a papaverine-induced passive vascular bed in sclerodermal skin.", "content": "Blood flow was measured in the form of 133Xenon washout rate constants in a cutaneous vascular bed made passive by intracutaneous injection of a 133Xenon-papaverine mixture. Experiments were performed using injection volumes of 0.005, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.2 ml in 7 normals and 15 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma. Blood flow was closely related to the volume of fluid injected, probably reflecting dilution of tissues and increased diffusion distances when injection volumes were increased. When using injection volumes of 0.005 and 0.02 ml, blood flow was significantly reduced in the patients, as compared with normals, probably because of a decreased capillary density in cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma.", "contents": "Decreased blood flow in a papaverine-induced passive vascular bed in sclerodermal skin. Blood flow was measured in the form of 133Xenon washout rate constants in a cutaneous vascular bed made passive by intracutaneous injection of a 133Xenon-papaverine mixture. Experiments were performed using injection volumes of 0.005, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.2 ml in 7 normals and 15 patients suffering from generalized scleroderma. Blood flow was closely related to the volume of fluid injected, probably reflecting dilution of tissues and increased diffusion distances when injection volumes were increased. When using injection volumes of 0.005 and 0.02 ml, blood flow was significantly reduced in the patients, as compared with normals, probably because of a decreased capillary density in cutaneous tissue in generalized scleroderma.", "PMID": 84492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9538", "title": "Lack of dermal changes in uninvolved skin after photochemotherapy of psoriasis: biochemical studies.", "content": "Low Hyp and Hyl values were found in psoriatic lesions. Treatment with PUVA achieved a return to normal values. No effect of PUVA on the collagen of uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients could be demonstrated after 4 months. There were no age-related differences in the content of Hyp and Hyl between samples of uninvolved skin of psoriatics.", "contents": "Lack of dermal changes in uninvolved skin after photochemotherapy of psoriasis: biochemical studies. Low Hyp and Hyl values were found in psoriatic lesions. Treatment with PUVA achieved a return to normal values. No effect of PUVA on the collagen of uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients could be demonstrated after 4 months. There were no age-related differences in the content of Hyp and Hyl between samples of uninvolved skin of psoriatics.", "PMID": 84493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9539", "title": "Mucinosis follicularis provoked by light exposure.", "content": "The present paper reports a study on a case of follicular mucinosis exacerbated by sunlight exposure. Provocation with standardized light testing was carried out on both normally pigmented skin and on areas of hypopigmentation representing a residual state after earlier skin lesions but without any signs of active mucinosis follicularis. Typical clinical and histologically verified lesions were provoked by the light test procedure, best seen in hypopigmented areas but with similar changes in normally pigmented skin. Characteristic findings developed gradually, assuming an appearance identical with that of the observed spontaneously elicited lesions after 3--4 weeks. Treatment with carotenoids periodically over several years has provided a proper light protective effect, as only minimal lesions have been noted during these periods, compared with extensive changes during similar periods without treatment.", "contents": "Mucinosis follicularis provoked by light exposure. The present paper reports a study on a case of follicular mucinosis exacerbated by sunlight exposure. Provocation with standardized light testing was carried out on both normally pigmented skin and on areas of hypopigmentation representing a residual state after earlier skin lesions but without any signs of active mucinosis follicularis. Typical clinical and histologically verified lesions were provoked by the light test procedure, best seen in hypopigmented areas but with similar changes in normally pigmented skin. Characteristic findings developed gradually, assuming an appearance identical with that of the observed spontaneously elicited lesions after 3--4 weeks. Treatment with carotenoids periodically over several years has provided a proper light protective effect, as only minimal lesions have been noted during these periods, compared with extensive changes during similar periods without treatment.", "PMID": 84494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9540", "title": "Hormonal analysis and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in identical twins with severe acne.", "content": "Identical twins aged 17 and another pair aged 21 are described. One pair had febrile ulcerative conglobate acne; the other, cystic acne. The location of acne, the type of the lesions and the course of the disease were very similar in the two twins of each pair. The testosterone levels of the 17-year-old pair varied and their acne was in the active stage, while the 21-year-old pair had high testosterone levels and their acne was abating. The 17-year-old pair had negative Mantoux reactions and they reacted negatively to DNCB sensitization. The authors suggest that acne skin may have a certain genetically determined local factor, e.g. hormone receptor, which gives rise to acne in a certain hormonal situation.", "contents": "Hormonal analysis and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in identical twins with severe acne. Identical twins aged 17 and another pair aged 21 are described. One pair had febrile ulcerative conglobate acne; the other, cystic acne. The location of acne, the type of the lesions and the course of the disease were very similar in the two twins of each pair. The testosterone levels of the 17-year-old pair varied and their acne was in the active stage, while the 21-year-old pair had high testosterone levels and their acne was abating. The 17-year-old pair had negative Mantoux reactions and they reacted negatively to DNCB sensitization. The authors suggest that acne skin may have a certain genetically determined local factor, e.g. hormone receptor, which gives rise to acne in a certain hormonal situation.", "PMID": 84495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9541", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry of the small intestine in inherited ichthyosis.", "content": "Enzyme histochemistry of biopsies from the small intestine of 5 patients with different forms of inherited ichthyosis and of 2 normal volunteers was performed. Two of the patients had ichthyosis vulgaris, two had non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and one had X-linked ichthyosis. The following enzymatic activities were examined: G6P-D, 6PG-D, NADPH2-TR, ALD-A, L-D, C-A, IC-D, S-D, M-D, NADH2-TR, ATP-AI, ATP-A II, ATP-A III, ATP-A IV, R5P-A, DHO-D, alphaGP-D, betaHOB-D, MAO, GL-D alphaGP-A I, alphaGP-A II, betaGP-A II, N.EST-A. No significant variations in the different enzymatic activities were found for the ichthyosis vulgaris and non-bullous C.I.E. cases. More pronounced variations were found in X-linked ichthyosis, with a decrease in C-A, IC-D, R5P-A, betaHOB-D, GL-D, alphaGP-A II and N.EST-A activity. Succinic dehydrogenase activity has been reported in the literature to be reduced in ichthyosis vulgaris and bullous C.I.E. However, the results obtained for our patients showed equal or higher reaction levels than in the controls.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry of the small intestine in inherited ichthyosis. Enzyme histochemistry of biopsies from the small intestine of 5 patients with different forms of inherited ichthyosis and of 2 normal volunteers was performed. Two of the patients had ichthyosis vulgaris, two had non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and one had X-linked ichthyosis. The following enzymatic activities were examined: G6P-D, 6PG-D, NADPH2-TR, ALD-A, L-D, C-A, IC-D, S-D, M-D, NADH2-TR, ATP-AI, ATP-A II, ATP-A III, ATP-A IV, R5P-A, DHO-D, alphaGP-D, betaHOB-D, MAO, GL-D alphaGP-A I, alphaGP-A II, betaGP-A II, N.EST-A. No significant variations in the different enzymatic activities were found for the ichthyosis vulgaris and non-bullous C.I.E. cases. More pronounced variations were found in X-linked ichthyosis, with a decrease in C-A, IC-D, R5P-A, betaHOB-D, GL-D, alphaGP-A II and N.EST-A activity. Succinic dehydrogenase activity has been reported in the literature to be reduced in ichthyosis vulgaris and bullous C.I.E. However, the results obtained for our patients showed equal or higher reaction levels than in the controls.", "PMID": 84496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9542", "title": "Abnormal glucose tolerance associated with lichen planus.", "content": "A study was made of 52 patients with lichen planus. Abnormal oral glucose tolerance was found in 19 (36%), including 5 with overt diabetes. The criteria for abnormality were based on an age-related score method. A family history of diabetes was found to be present in 14 (26%). The most common abnormality observed in the glucose tolerance test was an elevation of the blood glucose level 2 hours after administration of the glucose. These results further support the supposition of a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism associated with lichen planus.", "contents": "Abnormal glucose tolerance associated with lichen planus. A study was made of 52 patients with lichen planus. Abnormal oral glucose tolerance was found in 19 (36%), including 5 with overt diabetes. The criteria for abnormality were based on an age-related score method. A family history of diabetes was found to be present in 14 (26%). The most common abnormality observed in the glucose tolerance test was an elevation of the blood glucose level 2 hours after administration of the glucose. These results further support the supposition of a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism associated with lichen planus.", "PMID": 84497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9543", "title": "Treatment of parapsoriasis en plaques, mycosis fungoides, and S\u00e9zary's syndrome with trioxsalen baths followed by ultraviolet light.", "content": "Three patients with parapsoriasis en plaques (PEP), fifteen with mycosis fungoides (MF), and one with S\u00e9zary's syndrome (SS) were given a bath to which a small amount of trioxsalen solution had been added, and then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a bank of dysprosium lamps. Within 2--6 months of this treatment the skin lesions healed completely or almost completely in all 3 patients with PEP, in all 7 with MF stage II and in 4 of 5 with MF stage III. Two patients with MF stages IV--V showed a fair degree of improvement. One with erythrodermic form of MF responded, but poorly. The patient with SS and the one with erythrodermic MF responded with severe phototoxic reactions.", "contents": "Treatment of parapsoriasis en plaques, mycosis fungoides, and S\u00e9zary's syndrome with trioxsalen baths followed by ultraviolet light. Three patients with parapsoriasis en plaques (PEP), fifteen with mycosis fungoides (MF), and one with S\u00e9zary's syndrome (SS) were given a bath to which a small amount of trioxsalen solution had been added, and then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a bank of dysprosium lamps. Within 2--6 months of this treatment the skin lesions healed completely or almost completely in all 3 patients with PEP, in all 7 with MF stage II and in 4 of 5 with MF stage III. Two patients with MF stages IV--V showed a fair degree of improvement. One with erythrodermic form of MF responded, but poorly. The patient with SS and the one with erythrodermic MF responded with severe phototoxic reactions.", "PMID": 84498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9544", "title": "Quantitative analysis of catecholamines in skin and serum.", "content": "A quantitative method for the analysis of noradrenaline and adrenaline by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection is described. The method is applicable to tissues as well as serum.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of catecholamines in skin and serum. A quantitative method for the analysis of noradrenaline and adrenaline by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection is described. The method is applicable to tissues as well as serum.", "PMID": 84499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9545", "title": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.", "content": "A case of chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood in a 3-year-old boy is described. Immunoflourescence tests were negative and biopsy of the jejunal mucosa showed marked villous atrophy. The dermatosis was brought under control by a combination of diaminodiphenylsulphone and systemic steroids. The relationship with other bullous eruptions of childhood such as dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. A case of chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood in a 3-year-old boy is described. Immunoflourescence tests were negative and biopsy of the jejunal mucosa showed marked villous atrophy. The dermatosis was brought under control by a combination of diaminodiphenylsulphone and systemic steroids. The relationship with other bullous eruptions of childhood such as dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid is discussed.", "PMID": 84501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9546", "title": "Multiple glomus tumours: a report of a family in Denmark.", "content": "In a family affected by multiple glomus tumours, one of the members had approximately 500 tumours spread over the entire skin. The histopathological similarity to cavernous haemangioma is emphasized. We consider that multiple glomus tumour is a more common skin disease than is assumed today.", "contents": "Multiple glomus tumours: a report of a family in Denmark. In a family affected by multiple glomus tumours, one of the members had approximately 500 tumours spread over the entire skin. The histopathological similarity to cavernous haemangioma is emphasized. We consider that multiple glomus tumour is a more common skin disease than is assumed today.", "PMID": 84502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9547", "title": "Scleredema of Buschke with IgA deficiency.", "content": "We describe here a case of Scleredema of Buschke in a female patient aged 63 with IgA deficiency. The disorder appeared after an acute episode of tonsillitis, followed by non-pitting, woody hardness of the skin of the face, neck, shoulders and upper part of the trunk. The disorder resolved after 5 months of penicillin treatment.", "contents": "Scleredema of Buschke with IgA deficiency. We describe here a case of Scleredema of Buschke in a female patient aged 63 with IgA deficiency. The disorder appeared after an acute episode of tonsillitis, followed by non-pitting, woody hardness of the skin of the face, neck, shoulders and upper part of the trunk. The disorder resolved after 5 months of penicillin treatment.", "PMID": 84503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9548", "title": "Dermabrasion in Darier's disease.", "content": "Dermabrasion was carried out in 5 patients with severe Darier's disease. All patients improved significantly within the treated areas. In general, over 75% of the dermabraded skin remained free of disease for more than 2-1/2 years after surgery. It is suggested that skinplaning should include the entire papillary dermis in order to obtain the beneficial effect.", "contents": "Dermabrasion in Darier's disease. Dermabrasion was carried out in 5 patients with severe Darier's disease. All patients improved significantly within the treated areas. In general, over 75% of the dermabraded skin remained free of disease for more than 2-1/2 years after surgery. It is suggested that skinplaning should include the entire papillary dermis in order to obtain the beneficial effect.", "PMID": 84504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9549", "title": "Distribution of tritium-labelled 8-methoxypsoralen in the rat, studied by whole body autoradiography.", "content": "The distribution of 3H-8-methoxypsoralen has been studied in rats by whole body autoradiography. The highest organ concentration were seen 1 hour after dosing. The most pronounced accumulation was found centriblobular in the liver, corticomedullary in the kidneys, and in the cortex of the adrenals. The concentrations in these organs were approximately six times higher than in the blood. Other organs showed concentrations similar to blood levels. Illumination with UVA (10 J/cm2) increased the concentrations in the subcutis.", "contents": "Distribution of tritium-labelled 8-methoxypsoralen in the rat, studied by whole body autoradiography. The distribution of 3H-8-methoxypsoralen has been studied in rats by whole body autoradiography. The highest organ concentration were seen 1 hour after dosing. The most pronounced accumulation was found centriblobular in the liver, corticomedullary in the kidneys, and in the cortex of the adrenals. The concentrations in these organs were approximately six times higher than in the blood. Other organs showed concentrations similar to blood levels. Illumination with UVA (10 J/cm2) increased the concentrations in the subcutis.", "PMID": 84506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9550", "title": "Feulgen hydrolysis at refrigerator temperature.", "content": "In order to search for the better FEULGEN hydrolysis conditions, the 2 kinds of hydrolysis with 5 N HCl - at room temperature and at refrigerator temperature - were comparatively studied on rat liver imprints. 2 reactions were used: with the SCHIFF reagent binding to aldehyde groups and with methylene blue staining phosphate groups of DNA. Cytophotometry was coupled with morphological examination of stained nuclei. It was found that 1. cold hydrolysis has no substantial advantage when revealing DNA with the SCHIFF reagent but 2. it has undoubtful profit to reveal DNA, and in particular its acid-labile fraction, when staining with methylene blue. With the cold hydrolysis-methylene blue technique at least 3 categories of DNA with different acid-lability can be revealed and characterized morphologically in rat liver nuclei.", "contents": "Feulgen hydrolysis at refrigerator temperature. In order to search for the better FEULGEN hydrolysis conditions, the 2 kinds of hydrolysis with 5 N HCl - at room temperature and at refrigerator temperature - were comparatively studied on rat liver imprints. 2 reactions were used: with the SCHIFF reagent binding to aldehyde groups and with methylene blue staining phosphate groups of DNA. Cytophotometry was coupled with morphological examination of stained nuclei. It was found that 1. cold hydrolysis has no substantial advantage when revealing DNA with the SCHIFF reagent but 2. it has undoubtful profit to reveal DNA, and in particular its acid-labile fraction, when staining with methylene blue. With the cold hydrolysis-methylene blue technique at least 3 categories of DNA with different acid-lability can be revealed and characterized morphologically in rat liver nuclei.", "PMID": 84507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9551", "title": "Comparative immunological studies in ITP.", "content": "Twelve splenectomized and 16 non-splenectomized patients with ITP were studied for autoimmune complement fixation (AICF), indirect immunofluorescence (IF), platelet \"immuno-injury\" (T-3), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and serum electrophoresis. AICF was found positive in 50%, IF in 81%, T-3 in 50%, ANA in 69% of splenectomized cases. No significant difference in any of above parameters or in the gamma globulin levels was found between the splenectomized and the non-splenectomized groups. These observations are less favourable than those reported by other workers in post-splenectomy cases of ITP. The results, in agreement with those of earlier lymphocyte-transformation studies of the authors, are consistent with the primary mechanical role of the spleen in ITP, and make it justified to connect the failure of ITP to respond adequately to splenectomy, and the persistent seropositivity in these cases, with an excessive IgG production by the bone marrow.", "contents": "Comparative immunological studies in ITP. Twelve splenectomized and 16 non-splenectomized patients with ITP were studied for autoimmune complement fixation (AICF), indirect immunofluorescence (IF), platelet \"immuno-injury\" (T-3), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and serum electrophoresis. AICF was found positive in 50%, IF in 81%, T-3 in 50%, ANA in 69% of splenectomized cases. No significant difference in any of above parameters or in the gamma globulin levels was found between the splenectomized and the non-splenectomized groups. These observations are less favourable than those reported by other workers in post-splenectomy cases of ITP. The results, in agreement with those of earlier lymphocyte-transformation studies of the authors, are consistent with the primary mechanical role of the spleen in ITP, and make it justified to connect the failure of ITP to respond adequately to splenectomy, and the persistent seropositivity in these cases, with an excessive IgG production by the bone marrow.", "PMID": 84509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9552", "title": "Total proteins and electrophoretic patterns in seminal plasma of normospermic, azoospermic and oligospermic men.", "content": "The mean values for total-protein, pre-albumin, albumin and gamma-globulin levels of azoospermic men were significantly lower than those of controls. In the oligospermic group the total protein, and gamma-globulin levels were higher than those on the azoospermic group and lower than those of controls. Pre-albumin and albumin levels were significantly higher than in the azoospermic group and showed nonsignificant differences from controls. A/G ratio was significantly increased in the oligospermic group compared to controls and in the group of azoospermic men.", "contents": "Total proteins and electrophoretic patterns in seminal plasma of normospermic, azoospermic and oligospermic men. The mean values for total-protein, pre-albumin, albumin and gamma-globulin levels of azoospermic men were significantly lower than those of controls. In the oligospermic group the total protein, and gamma-globulin levels were higher than those on the azoospermic group and lower than those of controls. Pre-albumin and albumin levels were significantly higher than in the azoospermic group and showed nonsignificant differences from controls. A/G ratio was significantly increased in the oligospermic group compared to controls and in the group of azoospermic men.", "PMID": 84510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9553", "title": "Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the excurrent ducts of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Cells considered to be lymphocytes are reported in the epithelial lining of the excurrent ducts of the testis of normal and vasoligated domestic fowl. They resemble those already reported in the rat and monkey epididymal epithelium, the human intestinal mucosa, and in the bursa of Fabricius. The cytoplasm is usually less dense than that of adjacent epithelial cells, and contains only a few organelles. The nucleus is highly heterochromatic and with no definite nucleolus. Cytoplasmic processes are found to extend from the cell in between epithelial cells. The possible role of these cells in the reproductive tract of the cockerel is discussed.", "contents": "Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the excurrent ducts of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Cells considered to be lymphocytes are reported in the epithelial lining of the excurrent ducts of the testis of normal and vasoligated domestic fowl. They resemble those already reported in the rat and monkey epididymal epithelium, the human intestinal mucosa, and in the bursa of Fabricius. The cytoplasm is usually less dense than that of adjacent epithelial cells, and contains only a few organelles. The nucleus is highly heterochromatic and with no definite nucleolus. Cytoplasmic processes are found to extend from the cell in between epithelial cells. The possible role of these cells in the reproductive tract of the cockerel is discussed.", "PMID": 84511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9554", "title": "Histochemical study of the myelin-associated carbohydrates.", "content": "Myelin-associated carbohydrates were studied by means of histochemical techniques in the central nervous system of birds and mammals. Polianions in the surface of myelin and in interfascicular oligodendroglia were detected using histochemical techniques. Glycoproteins were studied by means of concanavalin A. The Con-A-PO-DAB sequence was used. Concanavalin-A-binding sites were detected in oligodendroglia and on the myelin surface. Similar results were observed in both birds and mammals. The processes of the interfascicular oligodendroglia also contain carbohydrates. A close association between the carbohydrates of these glial processes and the myelin surface carbohydrates was demonstrated, and their probable identity is assumed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of the myelin-associated carbohydrates. Myelin-associated carbohydrates were studied by means of histochemical techniques in the central nervous system of birds and mammals. Polianions in the surface of myelin and in interfascicular oligodendroglia were detected using histochemical techniques. Glycoproteins were studied by means of concanavalin A. The Con-A-PO-DAB sequence was used. Concanavalin-A-binding sites were detected in oligodendroglia and on the myelin surface. Similar results were observed in both birds and mammals. The processes of the interfascicular oligodendroglia also contain carbohydrates. A close association between the carbohydrates of these glial processes and the myelin surface carbohydrates was demonstrated, and their probable identity is assumed.", "PMID": 84512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9555", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in neurological disorders.", "content": "Beta-2-microglobulin was measured in specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 167 patients classified in 14 diagnostic categories at an outpatient Department of Neurology. In the control group of 29 subjects without any obvious disease of the nervous system, the concentration of beta-2-microglobulin was 1.15 +/- 0.37 mg/1 (M +/- s.d.). The concentration was almost significantly elevated in the groups with fresh brain infarct, central nervous system infection, and polyneuropathy. The serum concentrations of beta-2-microglobulin did not differ significantly among these diagnostic categories. The mean ratio between CSF and serum beta-2-microglobulin was 0.79 +/- 0.32 in the control group and more than 1.0 in the patients with brain infarcts, CNS infections and spinal paresis, but the differences were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in neurological disorders. Beta-2-microglobulin was measured in specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 167 patients classified in 14 diagnostic categories at an outpatient Department of Neurology. In the control group of 29 subjects without any obvious disease of the nervous system, the concentration of beta-2-microglobulin was 1.15 +/- 0.37 mg/1 (M +/- s.d.). The concentration was almost significantly elevated in the groups with fresh brain infarct, central nervous system infection, and polyneuropathy. The serum concentrations of beta-2-microglobulin did not differ significantly among these diagnostic categories. The mean ratio between CSF and serum beta-2-microglobulin was 0.79 +/- 0.32 in the control group and more than 1.0 in the patients with brain infarcts, CNS infections and spinal paresis, but the differences were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 84513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9556", "title": "Effect of various routine cytopreparatory techniques on normal urothelial cells and their nuclei.", "content": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic sizes of cells in permanent, stained smear preparations differ from those in unfixed unstained cells. In air-dried MGG-stained smears the area of the nucleus is 50% larger and that of the cytoplasm 30% larger. In wet-fixed Papanicolaou-stained smears the nucleus is 10--30% and the cytoplasm is 15--55% smaller. The shrinkage in the wet fixation method is dependent on the concentration of the ethyl alcohol applied. The staining method has relatively little influence on nuclear and cytoplasmic size. The three-dimensional appearance of the smeared, stained cells is also dependent on the cytopreparatory technique applied:in the methods with air-drying the nuclei and cells are flat and in the wet fixation method more spherical. In the methods with air-drying the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio is larger than that seen with the wet fixation methods.", "contents": "Effect of various routine cytopreparatory techniques on normal urothelial cells and their nuclei. Nuclear and cytoplasmic sizes of cells in permanent, stained smear preparations differ from those in unfixed unstained cells. In air-dried MGG-stained smears the area of the nucleus is 50% larger and that of the cytoplasm 30% larger. In wet-fixed Papanicolaou-stained smears the nucleus is 10--30% and the cytoplasm is 15--55% smaller. The shrinkage in the wet fixation method is dependent on the concentration of the ethyl alcohol applied. The staining method has relatively little influence on nuclear and cytoplasmic size. The three-dimensional appearance of the smeared, stained cells is also dependent on the cytopreparatory technique applied:in the methods with air-drying the nuclei and cells are flat and in the wet fixation method more spherical. In the methods with air-drying the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio is larger than that seen with the wet fixation methods.", "PMID": 84514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9557", "title": "Some immunohistochemical experiments aiming at the electron-microscopic in situ identification of a dental plaque microorganism--Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to test a procedure useful for the electron-microscopic in situ identification of the presumptive cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans (serotype d) growing in the human dental plaque. For this purpose, different parameters of an indirect immunohistochemical method were tested in three sets of experiments. In experiment set I, all serological and histochemical procedures were performed en bloc on specimens fixed only with glutaraldehyde before embedding in Vestopal W. Different marking substances, such as ferritin, alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were tested. The en bloc method using HRP-labelled antibodies was found useful for staining of in vitro-grown bacteria but failed when applied to dental plaque. In experiment set II, ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed and glycol methacrylate-embedded in vitro-grown bacteria were section-stained. The bacteria became outlined with a highly electron-dense HRP reaction product which accumulated on top of the cell envelope. The same type of HRP reaction product was found on some bacteria in the 2-day-old dental plaque after section-staining. This system was further tested in a series of controls also using consecutive serial sections. In exp. set III, a number of different stationary and transient oral bacteria were immunohistochemically section-stained. A cross-reaction with bacteria belonging to S.salivarius was discovered and removed by absorbing the anti-S.mutans serotype d serum with S.salivarius (NCTC 8618).", "contents": "Some immunohistochemical experiments aiming at the electron-microscopic in situ identification of a dental plaque microorganism--Streptococcus mutans. The aim of the present investigation was to test a procedure useful for the electron-microscopic in situ identification of the presumptive cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans (serotype d) growing in the human dental plaque. For this purpose, different parameters of an indirect immunohistochemical method were tested in three sets of experiments. In experiment set I, all serological and histochemical procedures were performed en bloc on specimens fixed only with glutaraldehyde before embedding in Vestopal W. Different marking substances, such as ferritin, alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were tested. The en bloc method using HRP-labelled antibodies was found useful for staining of in vitro-grown bacteria but failed when applied to dental plaque. In experiment set II, ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed and glycol methacrylate-embedded in vitro-grown bacteria were section-stained. The bacteria became outlined with a highly electron-dense HRP reaction product which accumulated on top of the cell envelope. The same type of HRP reaction product was found on some bacteria in the 2-day-old dental plaque after section-staining. This system was further tested in a series of controls also using consecutive serial sections. In exp. set III, a number of different stationary and transient oral bacteria were immunohistochemically section-stained. A cross-reaction with bacteria belonging to S.salivarius was discovered and removed by absorbing the anti-S.mutans serotype d serum with S.salivarius (NCTC 8618).", "PMID": 84515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9558", "title": "Decline and disappearance of taste response after interruption of the chorda tympani proper nerve of the rat.", "content": "The response amplitude in the chorda tympani proper nerve of rats to taste stimulation has been studied at different times after interruption of the nerve in the middle ear. The results show that the reponse in the nerve declined and disappeared completely within 15 h after the nerve was interrupted. As a first sign of deteriorating function a stage of hypersensitivity was observed. Results obtained during applications of local anesthetic or colchicine and section at different distances from the tongue indicate that the decreased response was the result of an interruption of axoplasmic flow from the nerve cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion to the taste buds.", "contents": "Decline and disappearance of taste response after interruption of the chorda tympani proper nerve of the rat. The response amplitude in the chorda tympani proper nerve of rats to taste stimulation has been studied at different times after interruption of the nerve in the middle ear. The results show that the reponse in the nerve declined and disappeared completely within 15 h after the nerve was interrupted. As a first sign of deteriorating function a stage of hypersensitivity was observed. Results obtained during applications of local anesthetic or colchicine and section at different distances from the tongue indicate that the decreased response was the result of an interruption of axoplasmic flow from the nerve cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion to the taste buds.", "PMID": 84516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9559", "title": "Serologic and structural comparisons of rabbit IgA allotypes.", "content": "Serologic and structural comparisons of the rabbit IgA-g allotypes revealed that 1) the IgA-g allotypes have multiple allotypic determinant sites, 2) the g74, g76 and g77 allotypic specificities have several allotypic determinants in common whereas g75 molecules do not appear to have allotypic determinants in common with g74, g76 and g77 molecules, 3) the partial amino acid sequence of alpha chain from g75 and g76 Fc2alpha fragments differ by at least one amino acid residue, and 4) the g74 alpha-chains may have the \"extra\" intradomain disulfide bond in the Calpha2 domain whereas the g75 and g76 alpha chains lack this disulfide bond. Thus, multiple mutational events must have occurred during the evolution of g74, g75 and g77 genes.", "contents": "Serologic and structural comparisons of rabbit IgA allotypes. Serologic and structural comparisons of the rabbit IgA-g allotypes revealed that 1) the IgA-g allotypes have multiple allotypic determinant sites, 2) the g74, g76 and g77 allotypic specificities have several allotypic determinants in common whereas g75 molecules do not appear to have allotypic determinants in common with g74, g76 and g77 molecules, 3) the partial amino acid sequence of alpha chain from g75 and g76 Fc2alpha fragments differ by at least one amino acid residue, and 4) the g74 alpha-chains may have the \"extra\" intradomain disulfide bond in the Calpha2 domain whereas the g75 and g76 alpha chains lack this disulfide bond. Thus, multiple mutational events must have occurred during the evolution of g74, g75 and g77 genes.", "PMID": 84520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9560", "title": "Wall carbohydrate antigens of A. israelii.", "content": "1) A. israelii strains carry common carbohydrate determinants. 2) Type strains NCTC 4860, ATCC 10048 and ATCC 12102 only carry the common determinants. 3) More recent isolates of A. israelii/1 can carry additional antigenic determinants in the cell wall. 4) These additional antigens can be separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200.", "contents": "Wall carbohydrate antigens of A. israelii. 1) A. israelii strains carry common carbohydrate determinants. 2) Type strains NCTC 4860, ATCC 10048 and ATCC 12102 only carry the common determinants. 3) More recent isolates of A. israelii/1 can carry additional antigenic determinants in the cell wall. 4) These additional antigens can be separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200.", "PMID": 84521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9561", "title": "Fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus t14v: their relationship to the virulence-associated antigen and to coaggregation with Streptococcus sanguis 34.", "content": "1) Fimbriae from A. viscosus T14V may be similar to those found on other bacteria. 2) The antigenic difference between virulent and avirulent A. viscosus T14 appears to be of a quantitative rather than a qualitative nature and is related to fimbriae and not to the cell wall polysaccharide. 3) Coaggregation between A. viscosus T14V and S. sanguis 34 is mediated by fimbriae on the former which have specificity for beta-linked galactosyl residues.", "contents": "Fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus t14v: their relationship to the virulence-associated antigen and to coaggregation with Streptococcus sanguis 34. 1) Fimbriae from A. viscosus T14V may be similar to those found on other bacteria. 2) The antigenic difference between virulent and avirulent A. viscosus T14 appears to be of a quantitative rather than a qualitative nature and is related to fimbriae and not to the cell wall polysaccharide. 3) Coaggregation between A. viscosus T14V and S. sanguis 34 is mediated by fimbriae on the former which have specificity for beta-linked galactosyl residues.", "PMID": 84522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9562", "title": "The effects of H2-receptor antagonists on anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Histamine has been shown to inhibit a variety of immune responses including the antigen-induced, IgE mediated, release of histamine from sensitized human leucocytes and from sensitized monkey and dog mast cells. The inhibitory action of histamine appears to be mediated by action at a histamine H2-receptor. In in vitro experiments the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide has been shown to block this histamine effect and it has been suggested that H2-receptor antagonists could intensify immediate hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. The effects of the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide and cimetidine have been studied in in vitro and in vivo models of anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig. The amount of extracellular histamine found after antigen challenge is greater when an H2-receptor antagonist is present during the incubation of mast cells with antigen. Bronchoconstriction induced by antigen in sensitized guinea-pig is exacerbated only by high doses of cimetidine. Possible explanations for the mechanism of action involved are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of H2-receptor antagonists on anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig. Histamine has been shown to inhibit a variety of immune responses including the antigen-induced, IgE mediated, release of histamine from sensitized human leucocytes and from sensitized monkey and dog mast cells. The inhibitory action of histamine appears to be mediated by action at a histamine H2-receptor. In in vitro experiments the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide has been shown to block this histamine effect and it has been suggested that H2-receptor antagonists could intensify immediate hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. The effects of the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide and cimetidine have been studied in in vitro and in vivo models of anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig. The amount of extracellular histamine found after antigen challenge is greater when an H2-receptor antagonist is present during the incubation of mast cells with antigen. Bronchoconstriction induced by antigen in sensitized guinea-pig is exacerbated only by high doses of cimetidine. Possible explanations for the mechanism of action involved are discussed.", "PMID": 84524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9563", "title": "Separation of beta2-microglobulin from transfer factor in dialyzable leukocyte extracts.", "content": "Dialyzable leukocyte extracts prepared according to the original method of LAWRENCE contain 4 X 10(4) molecules of beta2-microglobulin per lymphocyte equivalent. The negative skin test converting biological activity (transfer factor) is separable by means of Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography from the beta2-microglobulin component of the extracts. This finding does not support the hypothesis of SHIFRINE and SCIBIENSKI on beta2-microglobulin being the nonspecific anchor of specific transfer factor to nonsensitized lymphocytes.", "contents": "Separation of beta2-microglobulin from transfer factor in dialyzable leukocyte extracts. Dialyzable leukocyte extracts prepared according to the original method of LAWRENCE contain 4 X 10(4) molecules of beta2-microglobulin per lymphocyte equivalent. The negative skin test converting biological activity (transfer factor) is separable by means of Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography from the beta2-microglobulin component of the extracts. This finding does not support the hypothesis of SHIFRINE and SCIBIENSKI on beta2-microglobulin being the nonspecific anchor of specific transfer factor to nonsensitized lymphocytes.", "PMID": 84525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9564", "title": "[Investigations of the methodology of lymphocyte transformation test by application to lymph-node cells of guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "An apparatus derived from data in the literature about different sample harvesters and constructed in our workshop is described. The advantages for the analysis of lymphocyte transformation test of lymph-node cells of guinea pigs is demonstrated. We could show the reproducibility of results after stimulation of cells by mitogens and antigens (bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin). The optimal experimental conditions for the culture of lymph-node cells of guinea pigs are described.", "contents": "[Investigations of the methodology of lymphocyte transformation test by application to lymph-node cells of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. An apparatus derived from data in the literature about different sample harvesters and constructed in our workshop is described. The advantages for the analysis of lymphocyte transformation test of lymph-node cells of guinea pigs is demonstrated. We could show the reproducibility of results after stimulation of cells by mitogens and antigens (bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin). The optimal experimental conditions for the culture of lymph-node cells of guinea pigs are described.", "PMID": 84526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9565", "title": "The occurrence of homoreactant factors and the examination of their influence on IgG synthesis.", "content": "Authors studied the occurrence of antibodies agglutinating IgG determinants with Rh positive red blood cells covered with IgG molecules of anti-Rh(D) activity treated with papain, pepsin, and trypsin. The occurrence of Fab antibodies was studied in the sera of newborn and of 1-6 years old healthy children, further on quantitative immunoglobulin assays were performed in these to determine whether homoreactant antibodies influence IgG production. Based on their results authors conclude that homoreactant antibodies do not influence IgG production. Authors assume a role in the IgG catabolism viz., they are involved in the elimination of antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "The occurrence of homoreactant factors and the examination of their influence on IgG synthesis. Authors studied the occurrence of antibodies agglutinating IgG determinants with Rh positive red blood cells covered with IgG molecules of anti-Rh(D) activity treated with papain, pepsin, and trypsin. The occurrence of Fab antibodies was studied in the sera of newborn and of 1-6 years old healthy children, further on quantitative immunoglobulin assays were performed in these to determine whether homoreactant antibodies influence IgG production. Based on their results authors conclude that homoreactant antibodies do not influence IgG production. Authors assume a role in the IgG catabolism viz., they are involved in the elimination of antigen-antibody complexes.", "PMID": 84527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9566", "title": "Modified Steiner method for the demonstration of spirochetes in tissue.", "content": "The substitution of lead nitrate for uranium nitrate as used in the Steiner silver impregnation method for demonstrating spirochetes in tissue sections is described. The use of lead nitrate provides a chemical substitute free of any potential radiation hazard without loss of staining specificity. The use of lead nitrate in place of uranium nitrate in the Dieterle method for staining Legionnaires' disease organisms is proposed.", "contents": "Modified Steiner method for the demonstration of spirochetes in tissue. The substitution of lead nitrate for uranium nitrate as used in the Steiner silver impregnation method for demonstrating spirochetes in tissue sections is described. The use of lead nitrate provides a chemical substitute free of any potential radiation hazard without loss of staining specificity. The use of lead nitrate in place of uranium nitrate in the Dieterle method for staining Legionnaires' disease organisms is proposed.", "PMID": 84528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9567", "title": "Prenatal methylmercury poisoning. Clinical observations over five years.", "content": "Thirty-two infants prenatally exposed to methylmercury and their mothers were examined over a five-year period after the Iraqi methylmercury epidemic. Severity of poisoning in mothers was related to the peak mercury concentration in their hair and in the infants to the maximum concentration in maternal hair during pregnancy. In nine cases of cerebral palsy, methylmercury exposure occurred only during the last trimester. All infants except three (two were orphaned soon after birth and one was bottle-fed) were exposed postnatally via suckling. Whereas the mother's symptoms usually improved, the damage to the fetal nervous system appears to be permanent. Milder cases previously not identified in other studies are reported. The syndrome consists of varying degrees of developmental retardation in addition to exaggerated tendon reflexes and the pathologic extensor plantar reflex (minimal brain damage syndrome).", "contents": "Prenatal methylmercury poisoning. Clinical observations over five years. Thirty-two infants prenatally exposed to methylmercury and their mothers were examined over a five-year period after the Iraqi methylmercury epidemic. Severity of poisoning in mothers was related to the peak mercury concentration in their hair and in the infants to the maximum concentration in maternal hair during pregnancy. In nine cases of cerebral palsy, methylmercury exposure occurred only during the last trimester. All infants except three (two were orphaned soon after birth and one was bottle-fed) were exposed postnatally via suckling. Whereas the mother's symptoms usually improved, the damage to the fetal nervous system appears to be permanent. Milder cases previously not identified in other studies are reported. The syndrome consists of varying degrees of developmental retardation in addition to exaggerated tendon reflexes and the pathologic extensor plantar reflex (minimal brain damage syndrome).", "PMID": 84530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9568", "title": "Protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program for malignant lymphoma. Randomized trial during chemotherapy to induce remission.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with malignant lymphoma were randomly allocated to receive three courses of chemotherapy to induce remission with CHOP-Bleo on the protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic (PEPA) program (30 patients) or as controls (28 patients). The complete remission rate for all patients was 74 per cent, for patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma 78 per cent and for patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma 65 per cent. There were no significant differences in response rates and duration of responses between those on the PEPA program and control patients. The frequency of infection was significantly lower among the patients on the PEPA program, and dosage escalation of the chemotherapeutic agents was accomplished more often among these patients. Dosage escalation did not increase the complete remission rate, but it did reduce the relapse rate and signficantly reduced the fatality rate. The duration of remission and survival was significantly longer for those patients who received dosage escalation.", "contents": "Protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program for malignant lymphoma. Randomized trial during chemotherapy to induce remission. Fifty-eight patients with malignant lymphoma were randomly allocated to receive three courses of chemotherapy to induce remission with CHOP-Bleo on the protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic (PEPA) program (30 patients) or as controls (28 patients). The complete remission rate for all patients was 74 per cent, for patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma 78 per cent and for patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma 65 per cent. There were no significant differences in response rates and duration of responses between those on the PEPA program and control patients. The frequency of infection was significantly lower among the patients on the PEPA program, and dosage escalation of the chemotherapeutic agents was accomplished more often among these patients. Dosage escalation did not increase the complete remission rate, but it did reduce the relapse rate and signficantly reduced the fatality rate. The duration of remission and survival was significantly longer for those patients who received dosage escalation.", "PMID": 84532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9569", "title": "Interpreting elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels in clinical practice: use of the predictive value positive concept.", "content": "The amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein assay (AF-AFP) is the single most valuable method of detecting anencephaly--spina bifida (ASB) in utero. A raised AF-AFP, however, is a more reliable indicator of a fetus with ASB in the pregnancy at high risk for ASB. Most women undergoing fetal chromosomal analysis are at low risk for ASB. Consequently, gravid patients who have an AF-AFP incidental to chromosomal studies, and elect abortion because of a raised AF-AFP, will more frequently abort a normal fetus than the gravida who has previously had an infant with ASB. For the obstetrician utilizing this assay, the predictive value positive (PVP) concept, a guide for the interpretation of a positive result, is introduced and then applied to examples of patients at varying risk for ASB in their offspring.", "contents": "Interpreting elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels in clinical practice: use of the predictive value positive concept. The amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein assay (AF-AFP) is the single most valuable method of detecting anencephaly--spina bifida (ASB) in utero. A raised AF-AFP, however, is a more reliable indicator of a fetus with ASB in the pregnancy at high risk for ASB. Most women undergoing fetal chromosomal analysis are at low risk for ASB. Consequently, gravid patients who have an AF-AFP incidental to chromosomal studies, and elect abortion because of a raised AF-AFP, will more frequently abort a normal fetus than the gravida who has previously had an infant with ASB. For the obstetrician utilizing this assay, the predictive value positive (PVP) concept, a guide for the interpretation of a positive result, is introduced and then applied to examples of patients at varying risk for ASB in their offspring.", "PMID": 84534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9570", "title": "[First experiences with an instrument for TV display of digitally encoded text information for the visually handicapped (author's transl)].", "content": "An instrument was developed which allows the display, in enlarged form--especially for visually handicapped persons--of text information as used in modern data-acquisition systems such as writing automats, screen editing devices, and television text display (in England, Ceefax). With the aid of electronic character generators, the text is displayed continually, moving from right to left in one line on the screen of a commercial TV set. Rate of movement, size, brightness, and color of the characters (and/or the background) can be selected arbitrarily. We performed a preliminary reading test with visually handicapped subjects from a rehabilitation center for blind persons. The resulting optimal parameters for text display and the achieved reading speed with the system are discussed.", "contents": "[First experiences with an instrument for TV display of digitally encoded text information for the visually handicapped (author's transl)]. An instrument was developed which allows the display, in enlarged form--especially for visually handicapped persons--of text information as used in modern data-acquisition systems such as writing automats, screen editing devices, and television text display (in England, Ceefax). With the aid of electronic character generators, the text is displayed continually, moving from right to left in one line on the screen of a commercial TV set. Rate of movement, size, brightness, and color of the characters (and/or the background) can be selected arbitrarily. We performed a preliminary reading test with visually handicapped subjects from a rehabilitation center for blind persons. The resulting optimal parameters for text display and the achieved reading speed with the system are discussed.", "PMID": 84536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9571", "title": "[Demonstration of the juxtaglomerular cell granules with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (author's transl)].", "content": "Author recommends for staining of the JGC-granula after oxydation with periodic acid a solution of phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin ripened by kalium iodate, and for counterstain an orange G solution.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the juxtaglomerular cell granules with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (author's transl)]. Author recommends for staining of the JGC-granula after oxydation with periodic acid a solution of phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin ripened by kalium iodate, and for counterstain an orange G solution.", "PMID": 84538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9572", "title": "Equine markers genes. Polymorphism for group-specific component (Gc).", "content": "Polymorphism of equine Gc protein was demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis with a goat anti-human Gc antibody. Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal codominant alleles, GcF and GcS. Both alleles occurred in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses and in Shetland ponies. A frequency of 0.23 for GcS in the American Standardbred horse indicates the system should be useful for problems of identification and parentage.", "contents": "Equine markers genes. Polymorphism for group-specific component (Gc). Polymorphism of equine Gc protein was demonstrated by immunofixation electrophoresis with a goat anti-human Gc antibody. Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal codominant alleles, GcF and GcS. Both alleles occurred in Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses and in Shetland ponies. A frequency of 0.23 for GcS in the American Standardbred horse indicates the system should be useful for problems of identification and parentage.", "PMID": 84540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9573", "title": "Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis: the effects of histamine on the immunologic release of mediators.", "content": "The IgE-mediated, antigen-induced release of histamine from human lung tissue causes profound changes in lung cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Exogenous histamine similarly induces increases in both cyclic nucleotides; pretreatment with H-1 antihistamines prevents the increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate, whereas H-2 antihistamines prevent the increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Anaphylaxis of human lung in vitro is unaffected by the presence of 1-100 micron histamine, H-1 antihistamines, H-2 antihistamines, or combinations of these agents despite the production of selective increases in total lung cyclic nucleotides. Futhermore, selective histamine agonists (2-methylhistamine [H-1 agonist] or dimaprit [H-2 agonist]) also fail to significantly influence the immunologic release of mediators. Histamine examined in the presence of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate was no more capable of modulating mediator release than when in the presence of calcium, in contrast to previous studies involving the human basophilic leukocyte. Therefore, the human lung mast cell is unresponsive to histamine with regard to modulating the antigen-induced, IgE-dependent, generation of mediators.", "contents": "Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis: the effects of histamine on the immunologic release of mediators. The IgE-mediated, antigen-induced release of histamine from human lung tissue causes profound changes in lung cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Exogenous histamine similarly induces increases in both cyclic nucleotides; pretreatment with H-1 antihistamines prevents the increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate, whereas H-2 antihistamines prevent the increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Anaphylaxis of human lung in vitro is unaffected by the presence of 1-100 micron histamine, H-1 antihistamines, H-2 antihistamines, or combinations of these agents despite the production of selective increases in total lung cyclic nucleotides. Futhermore, selective histamine agonists (2-methylhistamine [H-1 agonist] or dimaprit [H-2 agonist]) also fail to significantly influence the immunologic release of mediators. Histamine examined in the presence of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate was no more capable of modulating mediator release than when in the presence of calcium, in contrast to previous studies involving the human basophilic leukocyte. Therefore, the human lung mast cell is unresponsive to histamine with regard to modulating the antigen-induced, IgE-dependent, generation of mediators.", "PMID": 84541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9574", "title": "[Syncope and transitory amaurosis during mastocytosis].", "content": "In a 70-year old man who has been suffering for 20 years from mastocytosis, a syncope followed by a transitory amaurosis occured. Neurological complications of mastocytosis are exceptionnal. Syncope is the most frequent, secondary to a drop in arterial pressure due to an inappropriate discharge of histamin.", "contents": "[Syncope and transitory amaurosis during mastocytosis]. In a 70-year old man who has been suffering for 20 years from mastocytosis, a syncope followed by a transitory amaurosis occured. Neurological complications of mastocytosis are exceptionnal. Syncope is the most frequent, secondary to a drop in arterial pressure due to an inappropriate discharge of histamin.", "PMID": 84544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9575", "title": "Factors affecting the fibrinolytic response to surgery.", "content": "The stress of injury and surgical operation results in an initial increase in the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of the blood which is followed by a period of reduced activity in the postinjury or postoperative period. This 'fibrinolytic shutdown' is particularly marked in patients with malignant disease and occurs irrespective of whether or not they develop a deep venous thrombosis. It also occurs in patients with benign disease and in these patients is greater, though only on the first postoperative day, in those who develop deep venous thrombosis. Venous occlusion studies suggest that this reduction in spontaneous fibrinolytic activity may be the results of a reduction in the fibrinolytic capacity of the vascular endothelium resulting either from a deficiency of the enzyme plasminogen activator or an inability to release the enzyme from the endothelium. Changes in antiplasmins, the inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system, also occur as a result of the stress of operation. Plasma levels of alpha2-macroglobulin fall while those of alpha1-antitrypsin rise. These changes occur irrespective of the presence of malignant or benign disease and do not appear to influence the development of deep venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Factors affecting the fibrinolytic response to surgery. The stress of injury and surgical operation results in an initial increase in the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of the blood which is followed by a period of reduced activity in the postinjury or postoperative period. This 'fibrinolytic shutdown' is particularly marked in patients with malignant disease and occurs irrespective of whether or not they develop a deep venous thrombosis. It also occurs in patients with benign disease and in these patients is greater, though only on the first postoperative day, in those who develop deep venous thrombosis. Venous occlusion studies suggest that this reduction in spontaneous fibrinolytic activity may be the results of a reduction in the fibrinolytic capacity of the vascular endothelium resulting either from a deficiency of the enzyme plasminogen activator or an inability to release the enzyme from the endothelium. Changes in antiplasmins, the inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system, also occur as a result of the stress of operation. Plasma levels of alpha2-macroglobulin fall while those of alpha1-antitrypsin rise. These changes occur irrespective of the presence of malignant or benign disease and do not appear to influence the development of deep venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 84546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9576", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy.", "content": "The diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is difficult on clinical grounds only. The determination of free thyroid hormones or free thyroid hormone indices is important and is possibly supplemented by the TRH stimulation test. Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy should always be treated actively. The authors recommend subtotal thyroidectomy if there are indications for surgical therapy (nodular goitre or large diffuse goitre). Otherwise treatment with thyrostatic agents is used. After operation during pregnancy, substitution with thyroid hormones should be given throughout the pregnancy in order to avoid deterious effects of possible maternal hypothyroidism. Antithyroid treatment should be continued till after delivery. Beta-receptor blockers are used only as adjuncts but are not recommended as the sole therapy.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy. The diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is difficult on clinical grounds only. The determination of free thyroid hormones or free thyroid hormone indices is important and is possibly supplemented by the TRH stimulation test. Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy should always be treated actively. The authors recommend subtotal thyroidectomy if there are indications for surgical therapy (nodular goitre or large diffuse goitre). Otherwise treatment with thyrostatic agents is used. After operation during pregnancy, substitution with thyroid hormones should be given throughout the pregnancy in order to avoid deterious effects of possible maternal hypothyroidism. Antithyroid treatment should be continued till after delivery. Beta-receptor blockers are used only as adjuncts but are not recommended as the sole therapy.", "PMID": 84547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9577", "title": "[Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on the cerebral and peripheral metabolism of L-dopa].", "content": "The repartition of [3H]L-dopa administered i.p. does not change in rats treated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The effect was studied on the central nervous system and at the periphery. The biosynthesis of metabolites [3H]dopamine and [3H]3-O-methyldopamine are also unchanged. On the other hand, in the kidney an accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine +[3H]normetanephrine was observed, while in the brainstem + midbrain the synthesis of these metabolites was decreased after SAM injection. The relations between these biochemical results and the pharmacological antiparkinsonian effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on the cerebral and peripheral metabolism of L-dopa]. The repartition of [3H]L-dopa administered i.p. does not change in rats treated with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The effect was studied on the central nervous system and at the periphery. The biosynthesis of metabolites [3H]dopamine and [3H]3-O-methyldopamine are also unchanged. On the other hand, in the kidney an accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine +[3H]normetanephrine was observed, while in the brainstem + midbrain the synthesis of these metabolites was decreased after SAM injection. The relations between these biochemical results and the pharmacological antiparkinsonian effects are discussed.", "PMID": 84550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9578", "title": "[Kinetic properties of the fructose influx across the brush border of the rat jejunum. Effects of a diet rich in fructose].", "content": "The unidirectional influx (i.e. initial rate of uptake) of D-fructose across the brush border of rat jejunum is a saturable function of concentration, with a Kt of 125 mM, which implicates a carrier mechanism. This mechanism appears to be very specific for fructose in view of the lack of influx inhibition observed in the presence of large concentrations of the sugars or polyols, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, L-sorbose, D-tagatose, sorbitol or mannitol. D-Fructose uptake is inhibited by incubation, preceded by a 30-min preincubation in the same inhibitory conditions, in the absence of Na, or in the presence of metabolic poisons, NaF, 2,4-dinitrophenol, monoiodoacetate. Phloridzin (10-3 M), with or without preincubation, has no effect on uptake. D-Fructose influx is stimulated by fructose feeding, mainly because the augmentation of the number of active sites of transfer: Jmax is increased two-fold, Kt is more weakly affected.", "contents": "[Kinetic properties of the fructose influx across the brush border of the rat jejunum. Effects of a diet rich in fructose]. The unidirectional influx (i.e. initial rate of uptake) of D-fructose across the brush border of rat jejunum is a saturable function of concentration, with a Kt of 125 mM, which implicates a carrier mechanism. This mechanism appears to be very specific for fructose in view of the lack of influx inhibition observed in the presence of large concentrations of the sugars or polyols, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, L-sorbose, D-tagatose, sorbitol or mannitol. D-Fructose uptake is inhibited by incubation, preceded by a 30-min preincubation in the same inhibitory conditions, in the absence of Na, or in the presence of metabolic poisons, NaF, 2,4-dinitrophenol, monoiodoacetate. Phloridzin (10-3 M), with or without preincubation, has no effect on uptake. D-Fructose influx is stimulated by fructose feeding, mainly because the augmentation of the number of active sites of transfer: Jmax is increased two-fold, Kt is more weakly affected.", "PMID": 84551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9579", "title": "[Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the conversion of linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids (1-14C) into arachidonates in rats in vivo].", "content": "The effects of alpha-linolenic acid (9-12-15 octadecadienoic) upon the conversion in vivo of [1-14C] linoleic acid and of [1-14C] gamma-linolenic acid into arachidonate have been studied in adult rats. The two tracers have been administered by stomach tubing and the amounts of [14C]-radioactivity incorporated into arachidonate in the liver, kidneys and whole rat have been measured 48 h later. Three experiments have been carried out on rats fed on alpha-linolenic acid containing diets prior to the radioactive tubing. In these diets, alpha-linolenic acid was brought either as ethyl ester or in the form of Primor oil (erucic acid free rapeseed oil). In all of them, the ratio alpha-linolenic acid: linoleic acid did not exceed 0.45. Control animals were fed, in the same conditions, ethyl oleate or peanut oil respectively. Comparing the alpha-linolenic acid fed-rats to the control animals, we were able to observe the following results: (1) The exogenous supplies of alpha-linolenic acid used in the diets have not brought about any significant alteration in the amounts (weights) of arachidonic acid present in the liver, kidneys and whole animal. (2) Using [1-14C] linoleic acid as a precursor, the amounts of [14C]-radioactivity incorporated into arachidonate in the same organs as well as in the whole rat have been significantly lowered by dietary alpha-linolenate. (3) alpha-Linolenate, on the contrary, had no significant effect upon the amounts of radioactivity incorporated into hepatic, renal and whole body arachidonate following the administration of [1-14C] gamma-linolenic acid. These results lead to the conclusion that alpha-linolenic acid, when present in the diet of rats at a limited, phyisological level, partly inhibits the desaturation of linoleic acid in vivo but does not affect the subsequent reactions in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the conversion of linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids (1-14C) into arachidonates in rats in vivo]. The effects of alpha-linolenic acid (9-12-15 octadecadienoic) upon the conversion in vivo of [1-14C] linoleic acid and of [1-14C] gamma-linolenic acid into arachidonate have been studied in adult rats. The two tracers have been administered by stomach tubing and the amounts of [14C]-radioactivity incorporated into arachidonate in the liver, kidneys and whole rat have been measured 48 h later. Three experiments have been carried out on rats fed on alpha-linolenic acid containing diets prior to the radioactive tubing. In these diets, alpha-linolenic acid was brought either as ethyl ester or in the form of Primor oil (erucic acid free rapeseed oil). In all of them, the ratio alpha-linolenic acid: linoleic acid did not exceed 0.45. Control animals were fed, in the same conditions, ethyl oleate or peanut oil respectively. Comparing the alpha-linolenic acid fed-rats to the control animals, we were able to observe the following results: (1) The exogenous supplies of alpha-linolenic acid used in the diets have not brought about any significant alteration in the amounts (weights) of arachidonic acid present in the liver, kidneys and whole animal. (2) Using [1-14C] linoleic acid as a precursor, the amounts of [14C]-radioactivity incorporated into arachidonate in the same organs as well as in the whole rat have been significantly lowered by dietary alpha-linolenate. (3) alpha-Linolenate, on the contrary, had no significant effect upon the amounts of radioactivity incorporated into hepatic, renal and whole body arachidonate following the administration of [1-14C] gamma-linolenic acid. These results lead to the conclusion that alpha-linolenic acid, when present in the diet of rats at a limited, phyisological level, partly inhibits the desaturation of linoleic acid in vivo but does not affect the subsequent reactions in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 84552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9580", "title": "Non-electrolyte permeability through black lipid membranes with different surface charge.", "content": "The permeability coefficients of some non-electrolytes has been measured across black lipid membranes of different composition. Large discrepancies between permeability coefficients and oil-water partition coefficients has been observed. The discrepancy level seems to be related to the degree of organization of the membrane.", "contents": "Non-electrolyte permeability through black lipid membranes with different surface charge. The permeability coefficients of some non-electrolytes has been measured across black lipid membranes of different composition. Large discrepancies between permeability coefficients and oil-water partition coefficients has been observed. The discrepancy level seems to be related to the degree of organization of the membrane.", "PMID": 84553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9581", "title": "Changes in muscle, liver, and plasma free fatty acid levels in the pigeon on acute exposure to cold.", "content": "Adult pigeons were subjected to acute cold exposure (-25 degrees C; 30 min). Fully-plumed birds, showed a pronounced increase in the level of FFA in the blood, but not in the liver or muscle. Partially-defeathered (dorsum and pectoral regions) birds, likewise, showed a marked increase in plasma FFA level but failed to indicate any change in FFA levels in the liver or the muscle. It is concluded that even if the mobilized FFA may have supported calorigenic processes in the normothermic cold-exposed pigeon, lipid reserves are unlikely to have served as a significant source of energy for thermogenic functions in the hypothermic (defeathered) bird.", "contents": "Changes in muscle, liver, and plasma free fatty acid levels in the pigeon on acute exposure to cold. Adult pigeons were subjected to acute cold exposure (-25 degrees C; 30 min). Fully-plumed birds, showed a pronounced increase in the level of FFA in the blood, but not in the liver or muscle. Partially-defeathered (dorsum and pectoral regions) birds, likewise, showed a marked increase in plasma FFA level but failed to indicate any change in FFA levels in the liver or the muscle. It is concluded that even if the mobilized FFA may have supported calorigenic processes in the normothermic cold-exposed pigeon, lipid reserves are unlikely to have served as a significant source of energy for thermogenic functions in the hypothermic (defeathered) bird.", "PMID": 84555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9582", "title": "Neuromuscular blocking agents and spontaneous sympathetic activity.", "content": "The action of neuromuscular blocking agents on the spontaneous sympathetic activity has been quantitated. \"On line\" spectrum analysis has been applied to the action potential of pre- and post ganglionic nerves of the coeliac plexus. The activity, the frequency spectrum and their changes after the injection of clinical and high doses of decamethonium, D-tubocurarine, succinylcholine, gallamine and pancuronium are determined.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blocking agents and spontaneous sympathetic activity. The action of neuromuscular blocking agents on the spontaneous sympathetic activity has been quantitated. \"On line\" spectrum analysis has been applied to the action potential of pre- and post ganglionic nerves of the coeliac plexus. The activity, the frequency spectrum and their changes after the injection of clinical and high doses of decamethonium, D-tubocurarine, succinylcholine, gallamine and pancuronium are determined.", "PMID": 84556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9583", "title": "[A study in twins of the urinary excretion of vanilmandelic acid, 17-keto-steroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and creatinine].", "content": "The 24-hour urinary excretion rates of creatinine, vanilmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids were analysed in 30 female twin pairs. For each of these variables, a comparative study based on the breakdown of total variance into interpair and intrapair variance was undertaken, first on identical (MZ) and fraternal (DZ) twins and then on twins who live together or separately. The comparison of test results shows a strong likeness in the MZ group and in the living together group with respect to the urinary excretion of 17-OH. The variability of VMA excretion can be explained by genetic factors while the variability of 17-ketosteroids and creatinine can be explained with reference to environmental factors.", "contents": "[A study in twins of the urinary excretion of vanilmandelic acid, 17-keto-steroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and creatinine]. The 24-hour urinary excretion rates of creatinine, vanilmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids were analysed in 30 female twin pairs. For each of these variables, a comparative study based on the breakdown of total variance into interpair and intrapair variance was undertaken, first on identical (MZ) and fraternal (DZ) twins and then on twins who live together or separately. The comparison of test results shows a strong likeness in the MZ group and in the living together group with respect to the urinary excretion of 17-OH. The variability of VMA excretion can be explained by genetic factors while the variability of 17-ketosteroids and creatinine can be explained with reference to environmental factors.", "PMID": 84557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9584", "title": "The effect of unilateral castration on plasma and testicular testosterone in rabbits from birth to 60 days.", "content": "Male rabbits were hemigonadectomized every 10 days from 1 to 50 days of age and were sacrificed 10 days after the operation. Non-operated controls were sacrificed at the same stages. Plasma and testicular testosterone were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Compensatory testicular hypertrophy was not observed in hemicastrated rabbits. Hemicastration has variable effects on testicular and plasma testosterone levels as a function of age. When it is performed at birth, there is a significant increase in testicular and plasma concentrations of testosterone. Similar results are obtained if the operation is performed at 30 days. Unilateral castration performed at 10, 20 and 50 days reduces testicular and plasma testosterone levels. When hemicastration is performed at 40 days or at the adult age, testicular and plasma testosterone levels are not modified.", "contents": "The effect of unilateral castration on plasma and testicular testosterone in rabbits from birth to 60 days. Male rabbits were hemigonadectomized every 10 days from 1 to 50 days of age and were sacrificed 10 days after the operation. Non-operated controls were sacrificed at the same stages. Plasma and testicular testosterone were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Compensatory testicular hypertrophy was not observed in hemicastrated rabbits. Hemicastration has variable effects on testicular and plasma testosterone levels as a function of age. When it is performed at birth, there is a significant increase in testicular and plasma concentrations of testosterone. Similar results are obtained if the operation is performed at 30 days. Unilateral castration performed at 10, 20 and 50 days reduces testicular and plasma testosterone levels. When hemicastration is performed at 40 days or at the adult age, testicular and plasma testosterone levels are not modified.", "PMID": 84558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9585", "title": "Effect of changing the frequency of conditioning tetanus on depressor responses evoked by stimulation of the aortic nerve.", "content": "The effect of changes in frequency of the conditioning tetanus on the magnitude of the testing depressor response was studied in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. Conditioning and testing stimulations were applied to the same aortic nerve. The duration of the conditioning tetani was set at 3 and 60 sec and the interval between stimulations amounted to 40 and 120 sec. At the testing interval of 40 sec the increase in frequency both of short and long conditioning tetani reduces the magnitude of the testing response which attains a minimum at frequency of about 30 cycles/sec. Conditioning stimulations of higher frequency are gradually less effective and cause the testing response to increase. Similar depression is observed at the testing interval of 120 sec but only following long-lasting conditioning tetanus. Short conditioning trains at the testing interval of 120 sec facilitate the testing response. The frequency of the conditioning stimulation which produces the greatest reduction of the depressor response indicates the range of control exerted by the conditioning tetanus over the testing blood pressure effect. The size of this control is determined by the lowest level of depression and the highest value of facilitation of the testing response.", "contents": "Effect of changing the frequency of conditioning tetanus on depressor responses evoked by stimulation of the aortic nerve. The effect of changes in frequency of the conditioning tetanus on the magnitude of the testing depressor response was studied in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. Conditioning and testing stimulations were applied to the same aortic nerve. The duration of the conditioning tetani was set at 3 and 60 sec and the interval between stimulations amounted to 40 and 120 sec. At the testing interval of 40 sec the increase in frequency both of short and long conditioning tetani reduces the magnitude of the testing response which attains a minimum at frequency of about 30 cycles/sec. Conditioning stimulations of higher frequency are gradually less effective and cause the testing response to increase. Similar depression is observed at the testing interval of 120 sec but only following long-lasting conditioning tetanus. Short conditioning trains at the testing interval of 120 sec facilitate the testing response. The frequency of the conditioning stimulation which produces the greatest reduction of the depressor response indicates the range of control exerted by the conditioning tetanus over the testing blood pressure effect. The size of this control is determined by the lowest level of depression and the highest value of facilitation of the testing response.", "PMID": 84559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9586", "title": "Akaline phosphatase: activity and variation in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "A method is introduced for the assay of alkaline phosphatase in homogenates of cultured human skin fibroblasts. In a first group of 11 strains, a four- to fifteen-fold increase of enzyme activity is consistently observed following a period of starvation. In the remaining 31 cell-strains similar specific activities of alkaline phosphatase are found irrespective of medium changes. In regularly fed cultures, an inverse exponential correlation between the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase and the age of the donor has been detected.", "contents": "Akaline phosphatase: activity and variation in human diploid fibroblasts. A method is introduced for the assay of alkaline phosphatase in homogenates of cultured human skin fibroblasts. In a first group of 11 strains, a four- to fifteen-fold increase of enzyme activity is consistently observed following a period of starvation. In the remaining 31 cell-strains similar specific activities of alkaline phosphatase are found irrespective of medium changes. In regularly fed cultures, an inverse exponential correlation between the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase and the age of the donor has been detected.", "PMID": 84560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9587", "title": "[The effect of a synthetic anticholinergic agent, N-methyl hyoscine methyl sulfate, on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the alert dog].", "content": "The inhibitory action of N-methyl hyoscine methyl sulphate (N-methyl scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug) has been studied on the exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by secretin + caerulein on the conscious dog provided with Thomas cannulae. The dose-response curve shows an \"all or nothing\" effect on protein secretion since 0.38 microgram/kg. The inhibition of water and bicarbonate secretion is only observed from 12 micrograms/kg. The inhibitory effect of this drug was much greater than that obtained with similar molar quantities of atropine and no central effect has been observed.", "contents": "[The effect of a synthetic anticholinergic agent, N-methyl hyoscine methyl sulfate, on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the alert dog]. The inhibitory action of N-methyl hyoscine methyl sulphate (N-methyl scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug) has been studied on the exocrine pancreatic secretion stimulated by secretin + caerulein on the conscious dog provided with Thomas cannulae. The dose-response curve shows an \"all or nothing\" effect on protein secretion since 0.38 microgram/kg. The inhibition of water and bicarbonate secretion is only observed from 12 micrograms/kg. The inhibitory effect of this drug was much greater than that obtained with similar molar quantities of atropine and no central effect has been observed.", "PMID": 84561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9588", "title": "Inhibitory activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "In two groups of neonates serum concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin (1-AT) were determined by means of radial immunodiffusion, and 1-AT inhibitory capacity determinations were made using benzoyl-1-arginine-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. There were 66 children in the first group of neonates with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and 82 healthy children in the second group with birth weight and gestational and post natal ages similar to those of neonates with IRDS. In the latter, 1-AT concentration and inhibitory activity levels were lower than those found in healthy children; these differences were statistically significant. These findings explain both the retardation in the lysis of the hyaline membrane and the fact that a decrease in serum 1-AT levels elicits lung tissue damage by the action of proteolytic enzymes contained in leucocytes.", "contents": "Inhibitory activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin in infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. In two groups of neonates serum concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin (1-AT) were determined by means of radial immunodiffusion, and 1-AT inhibitory capacity determinations were made using benzoyl-1-arginine-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. There were 66 children in the first group of neonates with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), and 82 healthy children in the second group with birth weight and gestational and post natal ages similar to those of neonates with IRDS. In the latter, 1-AT concentration and inhibitory activity levels were lower than those found in healthy children; these differences were statistically significant. These findings explain both the retardation in the lysis of the hyaline membrane and the fact that a decrease in serum 1-AT levels elicits lung tissue damage by the action of proteolytic enzymes contained in leucocytes.", "PMID": 84657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9589", "title": "Effect of chlorophyll-a, fluorouracil, and pituitrin on experimental acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Intraductal administration of enterokinase in rats produced hyperamylasemia and acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The experimental pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia could be prevented by the concomitant intraductal injection of fluorouracil, pituitrin, or chlorophyll-a. The clinical implication of the study is that these agents, if given intraductally, may be useful in the prevention of iatrogenic hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis that may occur after endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography.", "contents": "Effect of chlorophyll-a, fluorouracil, and pituitrin on experimental acute pancreatitis. Intraductal administration of enterokinase in rats produced hyperamylasemia and acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The experimental pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia could be prevented by the concomitant intraductal injection of fluorouracil, pituitrin, or chlorophyll-a. The clinical implication of the study is that these agents, if given intraductally, may be useful in the prevention of iatrogenic hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis that may occur after endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography.", "PMID": 84661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9590", "title": "Blockade of rapid axonal transport. Effect of intraocular pressure elevation in primate optic nerve.", "content": "After acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, an induced disturbance of rapid axonal transport at the optic nerve head began within three hours at the IOP levels tested. The accumulation of radioactive label at the scleral lamina cribrosa increased with time of IOP elevation. There was a 60% decrease in the amount of transported material in the optic nerve, tract, and lateral geniculate body (LGN). Detailed analysis suggests that this decrease is not due to a simple slowdown of transport, but results from a total block of rapid transport in some axons, with no impairment in other axons. This total blockade of rapid transport by elevated IOP in involved axons differs from the apparent slowdown of transport in experimental papilledema, and the difference may explain the response of ganglion cells to the two conditions.", "contents": "Blockade of rapid axonal transport. Effect of intraocular pressure elevation in primate optic nerve. After acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, an induced disturbance of rapid axonal transport at the optic nerve head began within three hours at the IOP levels tested. The accumulation of radioactive label at the scleral lamina cribrosa increased with time of IOP elevation. There was a 60% decrease in the amount of transported material in the optic nerve, tract, and lateral geniculate body (LGN). Detailed analysis suggests that this decrease is not due to a simple slowdown of transport, but results from a total block of rapid transport in some axons, with no impairment in other axons. This total blockade of rapid transport by elevated IOP in involved axons differs from the apparent slowdown of transport in experimental papilledema, and the difference may explain the response of ganglion cells to the two conditions.", "PMID": 84662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9591", "title": "Toxic effects of dental amalgam implants. Optical histological and histochemical observations.", "content": "Dental amalgam and porcelain control discs were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Amalgam implants exerted a toxic effect caused by release of metal ions which was characterized by prolonged inflammation, delayed granulation and disordered collagen formation. Dental porcelain was found to be a suitable biocompatible control which provided a bulk similar to that of dental amalgam but induced only an uncomplicated granulation response.", "contents": "Toxic effects of dental amalgam implants. Optical histological and histochemical observations. Dental amalgam and porcelain control discs were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Amalgam implants exerted a toxic effect caused by release of metal ions which was characterized by prolonged inflammation, delayed granulation and disordered collagen formation. Dental porcelain was found to be a suitable biocompatible control which provided a bulk similar to that of dental amalgam but induced only an uncomplicated granulation response.", "PMID": 84663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9592", "title": "Fetal-maternal macrotransfusion--a study of 400 postpartum women.", "content": "The results of postpartum fetal cell counting in 400 Rh-negative patients delivering Rh-positive infants are presented and correlated with the mode of delivery and the ABO blood group relationship of baby and mother. Manipulative procedures, especially Caesarean section, are shown to increase the incidence of macrotransfusion. To make the most economical use of the new 125 microgram doses of anti-D gamma globulin, quantitation of fetal-maternal transfusions is shown to be vital if the existing level of protection from rhesus sensitization is to be maintained or increased.", "contents": "Fetal-maternal macrotransfusion--a study of 400 postpartum women. The results of postpartum fetal cell counting in 400 Rh-negative patients delivering Rh-positive infants are presented and correlated with the mode of delivery and the ABO blood group relationship of baby and mother. Manipulative procedures, especially Caesarean section, are shown to increase the incidence of macrotransfusion. To make the most economical use of the new 125 microgram doses of anti-D gamma globulin, quantitation of fetal-maternal transfusions is shown to be vital if the existing level of protection from rhesus sensitization is to be maintained or increased.", "PMID": 84666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9593", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of anti-T cell antibodies and T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Selective loss of brightly staining T cells in active disease.", "content": "Peripheral blood T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and age- and sex-matched controls were studied by flow microfluorometry by using SLE anti-cell antibodies and fluorescein conjugated antibody to human IgM. Brightly staining cells were reduced in a number of patients with active SLE. Analysis of SLE T cells separated on a discontinuous stractin gradient indicated a preferential loss of cells, especially brightly staining cells, from one fraction. Quantitation of this phenomenon indicated that an average of greater than 90% of the brightly staining T cells from that fraction was lost in active SLE. This preferential loss of a subpopulation of T cells in patients with active SLE may be responsible for many of their immunologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of anti-T cell antibodies and T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Selective loss of brightly staining T cells in active disease. Peripheral blood T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and age- and sex-matched controls were studied by flow microfluorometry by using SLE anti-cell antibodies and fluorescein conjugated antibody to human IgM. Brightly staining cells were reduced in a number of patients with active SLE. Analysis of SLE T cells separated on a discontinuous stractin gradient indicated a preferential loss of cells, especially brightly staining cells, from one fraction. Quantitation of this phenomenon indicated that an average of greater than 90% of the brightly staining T cells from that fraction was lost in active SLE. This preferential loss of a subpopulation of T cells in patients with active SLE may be responsible for many of their immunologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 84675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9594", "title": "Detection of intermediate complexes by evaluation of the difference between gamma-globulin and IgG concentrations.", "content": "A simple analysis based on techniques readily available in the routine clinical laboratory has been presented for identification of patients with moderate and high levels of intermediate complexes. If the gamma-globulin concentration determined by serum protein electrophoresis minus the IgG concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion exceeds 1.0 gm/dl, intermediate complexes of IgG should be present in concentrations greater than 0.5 gm/dl. In principle, any disease association with sufficient polymerization of IgG might cause an abnormal result with this analysis. Furthermore, sera from patients with liver disease and marked beta-gamma-bridging on electrophoresis may also give abnormal values.", "contents": "Detection of intermediate complexes by evaluation of the difference between gamma-globulin and IgG concentrations. A simple analysis based on techniques readily available in the routine clinical laboratory has been presented for identification of patients with moderate and high levels of intermediate complexes. If the gamma-globulin concentration determined by serum protein electrophoresis minus the IgG concentration determined by radial immunodiffusion exceeds 1.0 gm/dl, intermediate complexes of IgG should be present in concentrations greater than 0.5 gm/dl. In principle, any disease association with sufficient polymerization of IgG might cause an abnormal result with this analysis. Furthermore, sera from patients with liver disease and marked beta-gamma-bridging on electrophoresis may also give abnormal values.", "PMID": 84676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9595", "title": "Subtypes of i demonstrated by the use of atypical Ii cell types and inhibition studies.", "content": "Haemagglutination, absorption and elution studies with several anti-i sera and atypical Ii red cell types and Oh cells were carried out and three subtypes of specificity were demonstrated. The fourth i subtype was demonstrated by an inhibition method using human serum and amniotic fluid as a source of i substance.", "contents": "Subtypes of i demonstrated by the use of atypical Ii cell types and inhibition studies. Haemagglutination, absorption and elution studies with several anti-i sera and atypical Ii red cell types and Oh cells were carried out and three subtypes of specificity were demonstrated. The fourth i subtype was demonstrated by an inhibition method using human serum and amniotic fluid as a source of i substance.", "PMID": 84679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9596", "title": "Binding of bleomycin to DNA: intercalation of the bithiazole rings.", "content": "At pH 5.5, binding of bleomycin relaxed supercoiled ColE1 DNA without breaking it. Binding of tripeptide S, a fragment of the drug containing the bithiazole rings, also relaxed and then recoiled supercoiled DNA, at pH 5.5 and at pH 8.0, where bleomycin is normally active. The unwinding angle was 12 degrees. Both compounds lengthened linear DNA by 3.1 A per molecule bound, and linear dichroism (303--315 nm) of bleomycin bound to linear DNA oriented in an electric field indicated the presence of a chromophore making an angle of 59--61 degrees with the helix axis. These results strongly suggest that bleomycin binding to DNA involves intercalation of the bithiazole rings. In 0.1 M Na Cl at pH 8, supercoiled ColE1 DNA was broken at a rate 50% greater than relaxed closed circular ColE1 DNA. Since supercoiling increases the affinity of DNA for intercalators, this result suggests that intercalative binding is involved in bleomycin-induced breakage of DNA.", "contents": "Binding of bleomycin to DNA: intercalation of the bithiazole rings. At pH 5.5, binding of bleomycin relaxed supercoiled ColE1 DNA without breaking it. Binding of tripeptide S, a fragment of the drug containing the bithiazole rings, also relaxed and then recoiled supercoiled DNA, at pH 5.5 and at pH 8.0, where bleomycin is normally active. The unwinding angle was 12 degrees. Both compounds lengthened linear DNA by 3.1 A per molecule bound, and linear dichroism (303--315 nm) of bleomycin bound to linear DNA oriented in an electric field indicated the presence of a chromophore making an angle of 59--61 degrees with the helix axis. These results strongly suggest that bleomycin binding to DNA involves intercalation of the bithiazole rings. In 0.1 M Na Cl at pH 8, supercoiled ColE1 DNA was broken at a rate 50% greater than relaxed closed circular ColE1 DNA. Since supercoiling increases the affinity of DNA for intercalators, this result suggests that intercalative binding is involved in bleomycin-induced breakage of DNA.", "PMID": 84680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9597", "title": "Laser-Raman investigation of phospholipid-polypeptide interactions in model membranes.", "content": "The interaction of aqueous dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes with the polypeptides gramicidin A, poly-L-lysine, valinomycin, and gramicidin S was investigated by means of laser-Raman spectroscopy. Auxiliary data were obtained with differential scanning calorimetry. Studies were carried out over the temperature range of 0--50 degrees C, encompassing the gel phase, the transition region, and the liquid crystalline phase of the liposomes.  Conformational changes in the phospholipid molecules were investigated by measuring the intensity of the 1062-cm-1 Raman band which is assigned to C-C stretching vibrations of trans segments. Three different types of phospholipid-polypeptide interactions were indicated by the observed Raman data. They are interpreted as (a) orderly penetration of the phospholipid bilayer by a hydrophobic polypeptide; (b) polar interactions involving primarily the head groups of the phospholipid; and (c) disorderly hydrophobic binding between a polypeptide and the hydrocarbon domain of the phospholipid.", "contents": "Laser-Raman investigation of phospholipid-polypeptide interactions in model membranes. The interaction of aqueous dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes with the polypeptides gramicidin A, poly-L-lysine, valinomycin, and gramicidin S was investigated by means of laser-Raman spectroscopy. Auxiliary data were obtained with differential scanning calorimetry. Studies were carried out over the temperature range of 0--50 degrees C, encompassing the gel phase, the transition region, and the liquid crystalline phase of the liposomes.  Conformational changes in the phospholipid molecules were investigated by measuring the intensity of the 1062-cm-1 Raman band which is assigned to C-C stretching vibrations of trans segments. Three different types of phospholipid-polypeptide interactions were indicated by the observed Raman data. They are interpreted as (a) orderly penetration of the phospholipid bilayer by a hydrophobic polypeptide; (b) polar interactions involving primarily the head groups of the phospholipid; and (c) disorderly hydrophobic binding between a polypeptide and the hydrocarbon domain of the phospholipid.", "PMID": 84681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9598", "title": "A dimer--dimer binding region in beta-galactosidase.", "content": "alpha Complementation in beta-galactosidase is the restoration of enzyme activity by addition of the alpha donor CNBr2, from amino acid residues 3--92 of the polypeptide, to inactive M15 protein from the lacZ deletion mutant strain M15. M15 protein lacks residues 11--41 and is a dimer; the active complex, like native beta-galactosidase, is tetrameric [Langley, K. E., & Zabin, I. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4866--4875]. A dimer--dimer binding region in beta-galactosidase has been identified by proteolytic and immunologic studies of alpha-complementation. Proteolytic experiments were carried out with trypsin. Treatment of native beta-galactosidase with trypsin, followed by reaction of the mixture with cyanogen bromide, yields intact CNBr2 as measured by its ability to complement M15 protein. Active CNBr2 is not obtained when urea-denatured beta-galactosidase is treated in the same way. Therefore the segment corresponding to CNBr2 is apparently buried within the folded protein. Immunologic experiments were carried out with antibodies against CNBr2, tryptic peptide T8 (residues 60--140), and CNBr3 (residues 93--187). Anti-CNBr2 and anti-T8 bind to M15 protein but not to beta-galactosidase, indicating that this area is exposed in the dimer. Anti CNBr2, but not anti-T8 or anti-CNBr3, inhibits the formation of alpha-complemented enzyme. These results indicate that an early part of the sequence, within the segment corresponding to CNBr2, is involved in dimer--dimer interaction.", "contents": "A dimer--dimer binding region in beta-galactosidase. alpha Complementation in beta-galactosidase is the restoration of enzyme activity by addition of the alpha donor CNBr2, from amino acid residues 3--92 of the polypeptide, to inactive M15 protein from the lacZ deletion mutant strain M15. M15 protein lacks residues 11--41 and is a dimer; the active complex, like native beta-galactosidase, is tetrameric [Langley, K. E., & Zabin, I. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4866--4875]. A dimer--dimer binding region in beta-galactosidase has been identified by proteolytic and immunologic studies of alpha-complementation. Proteolytic experiments were carried out with trypsin. Treatment of native beta-galactosidase with trypsin, followed by reaction of the mixture with cyanogen bromide, yields intact CNBr2 as measured by its ability to complement M15 protein. Active CNBr2 is not obtained when urea-denatured beta-galactosidase is treated in the same way. Therefore the segment corresponding to CNBr2 is apparently buried within the folded protein. Immunologic experiments were carried out with antibodies against CNBr2, tryptic peptide T8 (residues 60--140), and CNBr3 (residues 93--187). Anti-CNBr2 and anti-T8 bind to M15 protein but not to beta-galactosidase, indicating that this area is exposed in the dimer. Anti CNBr2, but not anti-T8 or anti-CNBr3, inhibits the formation of alpha-complemented enzyme. These results indicate that an early part of the sequence, within the segment corresponding to CNBr2, is involved in dimer--dimer interaction.", "PMID": 84682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9599", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling of the catalytic site of prenyltransferase.", "content": "Three photoreactive substrate analogues, o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate, p-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate, and 3-azido-1-butyl pyrophosphate, have been synthesized as site-directed probes to label the catalytic site of prenyltransferase. Due to the relatively poor affinity of p-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate and 3-azido-1-butyl pyrophosphate for the enzyme, only o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate (aryl azide) was utilized for photoaffinity labeling. This aryl azide has a UV absorption maximum at 250 nm. In the absence of activating light, binding studies demonstrate that the o-aryl azide competes for binding with both the natural substrates, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate. More than 90% enzymatic activity is lost when enzyme is irradiated in the presence of the aryl azide as compared to irradiation in the absence of the azide, and the protein loses its capacity for substrate binding in direct proportion to photolabeling. A stoichiometry of 2 mol of affinity label covalently bound per mol of enzyme dimer was established with [1-3H]-o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate. Since there are two catalytic sites per enzyme dimer, the o-aryl azide appears specifically to label the enzyme at its catalytic sites. Additional evidence that the reagent was specific for the catalytic site came from the observation that farnesyl pyrophosphate afforded complete protection against photoinactivation, while isopentenyl pyrophosphate provided partial protection. Gel isoelectric focusing verified this stoichiometry and indicated that the labeled enzyme has a more acidic isoelectric point than the native enzyme.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling of the catalytic site of prenyltransferase. Three photoreactive substrate analogues, o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate, p-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate, and 3-azido-1-butyl pyrophosphate, have been synthesized as site-directed probes to label the catalytic site of prenyltransferase. Due to the relatively poor affinity of p-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate and 3-azido-1-butyl pyrophosphate for the enzyme, only o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate (aryl azide) was utilized for photoaffinity labeling. This aryl azide has a UV absorption maximum at 250 nm. In the absence of activating light, binding studies demonstrate that the o-aryl azide competes for binding with both the natural substrates, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate. More than 90% enzymatic activity is lost when enzyme is irradiated in the presence of the aryl azide as compared to irradiation in the absence of the azide, and the protein loses its capacity for substrate binding in direct proportion to photolabeling. A stoichiometry of 2 mol of affinity label covalently bound per mol of enzyme dimer was established with [1-3H]-o-azidophenethyl pyrophosphate. Since there are two catalytic sites per enzyme dimer, the o-aryl azide appears specifically to label the enzyme at its catalytic sites. Additional evidence that the reagent was specific for the catalytic site came from the observation that farnesyl pyrophosphate afforded complete protection against photoinactivation, while isopentenyl pyrophosphate provided partial protection. Gel isoelectric focusing verified this stoichiometry and indicated that the labeled enzyme has a more acidic isoelectric point than the native enzyme.", "PMID": 84684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9600", "title": "Association of bacteriorhodopsin with lipid-impregnated filters. Evidence for fusion of bacteriorhodopsin-containing vesicles with the lipid phase of the filter.", "content": "Bacteriorhodopsin vesicles were associated with cellulose-nitrate filters impregnated with a solution of phospholipids in hexadecane. The generation of (photo)potentials upon illumination of the filter was studied in the absence and presence of ionophores, phospholipase A2, EDTA or polyene antibiotics. From these experiments the following conclusions are drawn. 1. Upon illumination of the filter, bacteriorhodopsin pumps protons into aqueous compartments located in the filter. 2. These aqueous compartments possibly do not originate from the compartments enclosed by the bacteriorhodopsin vesicles. Evidence is obtained that aqueous compartments are present in the surface layers of the lipid-impregnated filters. 3. The results are explained most easily by a mechanism, whereby fusion occurs between the vesicles and the lipids of the filter.", "contents": "Association of bacteriorhodopsin with lipid-impregnated filters. Evidence for fusion of bacteriorhodopsin-containing vesicles with the lipid phase of the filter. Bacteriorhodopsin vesicles were associated with cellulose-nitrate filters impregnated with a solution of phospholipids in hexadecane. The generation of (photo)potentials upon illumination of the filter was studied in the absence and presence of ionophores, phospholipase A2, EDTA or polyene antibiotics. From these experiments the following conclusions are drawn. 1. Upon illumination of the filter, bacteriorhodopsin pumps protons into aqueous compartments located in the filter. 2. These aqueous compartments possibly do not originate from the compartments enclosed by the bacteriorhodopsin vesicles. Evidence is obtained that aqueous compartments are present in the surface layers of the lipid-impregnated filters. 3. The results are explained most easily by a mechanism, whereby fusion occurs between the vesicles and the lipids of the filter.", "PMID": 84685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9601", "title": "A study of gramicidin using deuterium oxide.", "content": "The single channel conductivity of the gramicidin channel has been measured for all the alkali ions using both H2O and 2H2O as a medium. Significant changes in conductivity with medium have been observed in all cases except lithium.", "contents": "A study of gramicidin using deuterium oxide. The single channel conductivity of the gramicidin channel has been measured for all the alkali ions using both H2O and 2H2O as a medium. Significant changes in conductivity with medium have been observed in all cases except lithium.", "PMID": 84686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9602", "title": "The enzymatic hydrolysis of the phosphate ester bond in some thionucleotides.", "content": "We prepared the 5'- and 3'-O-phosphorothioate esters of the antitumor agent O2 : 2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinosylcytosine. We also included in this study esters of 2'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine, namely, 2'-S-dCyd-2' : 3'-P, 2'-S-dCyd-2'-P, and 2'-S-dCyd-3'-P, along with natural nucleotides. These compounds were subjected to the action of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase, and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The data were analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots to obtain Km and KI values. Only 2'-S-dCyd-2'-P was a substrate for alkaline phosphatase; the anhydro-araCyt phosphorothioates were good competitive inhibitors, while 2'-S-dCyd-3'-P did not associate with the enzyme. Acid phosphatase hydrolyzed all four monoesters investigated, including the S-phosphorothioate. The cyclic phosphorothioate, 2'-S-dCyd-2' : 3'-P was neither hydrolyzed by, nor associated with, ribonuclease A. ORD spectroscopy was also used in an attempt to relate the structural features of analogs to the peculiarity of their hydrolysis.", "contents": "The enzymatic hydrolysis of the phosphate ester bond in some thionucleotides. We prepared the 5'- and 3'-O-phosphorothioate esters of the antitumor agent O2 : 2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinosylcytosine. We also included in this study esters of 2'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine, namely, 2'-S-dCyd-2' : 3'-P, 2'-S-dCyd-2'-P, and 2'-S-dCyd-3'-P, along with natural nucleotides. These compounds were subjected to the action of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase, and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The data were analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots to obtain Km and KI values. Only 2'-S-dCyd-2'-P was a substrate for alkaline phosphatase; the anhydro-araCyt phosphorothioates were good competitive inhibitors, while 2'-S-dCyd-3'-P did not associate with the enzyme. Acid phosphatase hydrolyzed all four monoesters investigated, including the S-phosphorothioate. The cyclic phosphorothioate, 2'-S-dCyd-2' : 3'-P was neither hydrolyzed by, nor associated with, ribonuclease A. ORD spectroscopy was also used in an attempt to relate the structural features of analogs to the peculiarity of their hydrolysis.", "PMID": 84687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9603", "title": "[Interactions between human blood serum inhibitors and native and modified dextran proteinases--terrilytin and trypsin].", "content": "Interactions between native terrylytin and trypsin and their derivatives modified by water-soluble dextrans on one hand and human blood serum inhibitors on the other, were studied. It was shown that modification of the enzymes results in changes in the type of their inhibition by blood serum due to a decrease of affinity of polymeric enzyme forms for alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The inhibition constants for native and modified forms of terrylytin and trypsin were calculated. The effects of steric and electrostatic factors on the interaction between inhibitors of blood and polymeric forms of proteinases are discussed.", "contents": "[Interactions between human blood serum inhibitors and native and modified dextran proteinases--terrilytin and trypsin]. Interactions between native terrylytin and trypsin and their derivatives modified by water-soluble dextrans on one hand and human blood serum inhibitors on the other, were studied. It was shown that modification of the enzymes results in changes in the type of their inhibition by blood serum due to a decrease of affinity of polymeric enzyme forms for alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The inhibition constants for native and modified forms of terrylytin and trypsin were calculated. The effects of steric and electrostatic factors on the interaction between inhibitors of blood and polymeric forms of proteinases are discussed.", "PMID": 84689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9604", "title": "[Affinity alkylation of E. coli RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with TTP gamma-amidate derivatives].", "content": "TTP gamma-benzylamidates are shown to act as competitive inhibitors of poly(dT) synthesis catalyzed by E. coli RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The KM value for TTP as well as KI values for the gamma-analogues have been determined. TTP gamma-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl-amino)benzylamidate is shown to be an effective affinity reagent for this enzyme.", "contents": "[Affinity alkylation of E. coli RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with TTP gamma-amidate derivatives]. TTP gamma-benzylamidates are shown to act as competitive inhibitors of poly(dT) synthesis catalyzed by E. coli RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The KM value for TTP as well as KI values for the gamma-analogues have been determined. TTP gamma-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl-amino)benzylamidate is shown to be an effective affinity reagent for this enzyme.", "PMID": 84690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9605", "title": "[Characteristics of myelin basic protein from dog spinal cord].", "content": "Some characteristics of the myelin basic protein from dog spinal cord were studied. The basic protein has a molecular weight of 18,000; the isoelectric point is 9.5. The amino acid composition of the protein was determined. Electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel revealed the heterogeneity of the basic protein. The EAE-activity of the basic protein was tested on guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Characteristics of myelin basic protein from dog spinal cord]. Some characteristics of the myelin basic protein from dog spinal cord were studied. The basic protein has a molecular weight of 18,000; the isoelectric point is 9.5. The amino acid composition of the protein was determined. Electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel revealed the heterogeneity of the basic protein. The EAE-activity of the basic protein was tested on guinea pigs.", "PMID": 84691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9606", "title": "[Inhibition of compound 48--80 induced histamine liberation from mast cells by triton X-100].", "content": "Triton X-100 at concentrations preceding those which liberated histamine, produced dose-dependent inhibition of compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat mast cells. Triton X-100 (0.00002 1/1) depleted ATP content in the mast cells and blocked compound 48/80-induced histamine release. The inhibition of compound 48/80-induced histamine release and depletion of the ATP content in the mast cells was reversed by glucose (10 mmole). It is concluded that inhibition by Triton X-100 of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 is dependent on inhibition of energy production.", "contents": "[Inhibition of compound 48--80 induced histamine liberation from mast cells by triton X-100]. Triton X-100 at concentrations preceding those which liberated histamine, produced dose-dependent inhibition of compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat mast cells. Triton X-100 (0.00002 1/1) depleted ATP content in the mast cells and blocked compound 48/80-induced histamine release. The inhibition of compound 48/80-induced histamine release and depletion of the ATP content in the mast cells was reversed by glucose (10 mmole). It is concluded that inhibition by Triton X-100 of histamine release induced by compound 48/80 is dependent on inhibition of energy production.", "PMID": 84694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9607", "title": "Experimental irradiation of human corpse skin with pulsed laser ray.", "content": "Irradiation of skin with one pulse of a neodymium laser with an emission energy of 940 to 2190 J and a density of 52,220 to 273,750 J/cm2 leads to the formation of damage with characteristic macroscopic and microscopic features. The injuries that appeared were funnel-shaped cavities up to 2 mm deep, from 2 to 8 mm in dimaeter, and with a crater-like rim 1 to 2 mm wide. Tissue on cross section was pinkish-brown, as a rule. Histologically, there were sharply defined signs of coagulative necrosis, and a typical, distinct, micromorphological picture was present that is characteristic of electric marking: nuclei and cells at all layers of the epithelium that were elongated into \"brush\" or \"swirl\" shapes, coagulation of the epithelium, the formation in it of honeycombed cavities, swelling, and detachment of the endothelium and vessels from the skin proper. Skin stained with black ink, iodine, hematoxylin, or eosin is damaged by laser ray more intensely than unstained.", "contents": "Experimental irradiation of human corpse skin with pulsed laser ray. Irradiation of skin with one pulse of a neodymium laser with an emission energy of 940 to 2190 J and a density of 52,220 to 273,750 J/cm2 leads to the formation of damage with characteristic macroscopic and microscopic features. The injuries that appeared were funnel-shaped cavities up to 2 mm deep, from 2 to 8 mm in dimaeter, and with a crater-like rim 1 to 2 mm wide. Tissue on cross section was pinkish-brown, as a rule. Histologically, there were sharply defined signs of coagulative necrosis, and a typical, distinct, micromorphological picture was present that is characteristic of electric marking: nuclei and cells at all layers of the epithelium that were elongated into \"brush\" or \"swirl\" shapes, coagulation of the epithelium, the formation in it of honeycombed cavities, swelling, and detachment of the endothelium and vessels from the skin proper. Skin stained with black ink, iodine, hematoxylin, or eosin is damaged by laser ray more intensely than unstained.", "PMID": 84688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9608", "title": "The olivocerebellar projections to the flocculus and paraflocculus in the cat, compared to those in the rabbit. A study using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer.", "content": "The projections from the inferior olive to the flocculus and paraflocculus in the cat have been mapped by means of the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The findings show that the afferents to the flocculus are derived from the dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, the principal olive (the caudal parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella) and from the rostral part of the medial accessory olive. The fibres to the paraflocculus come from the caudal part of the principal and from the rostral part of the medial accessory olive. Details in the projections are seen from Figs. 1 and 2. Concerning some points the findings are at variance with those made in the rabbit by Hoddevik and Brodal, and suggest that there are species differences hitherto not known.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projections to the flocculus and paraflocculus in the cat, compared to those in the rabbit. A study using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. The projections from the inferior olive to the flocculus and paraflocculus in the cat have been mapped by means of the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The findings show that the afferents to the flocculus are derived from the dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth, the principal olive (the caudal parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella) and from the rostral part of the medial accessory olive. The fibres to the paraflocculus come from the caudal part of the principal and from the rostral part of the medial accessory olive. Details in the projections are seen from Figs. 1 and 2. Concerning some points the findings are at variance with those made in the rabbit by Hoddevik and Brodal, and suggest that there are species differences hitherto not known.", "PMID": 84697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9609", "title": "Evidence that 4S RNA is axonally transported in normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerves.", "content": "Studies in regenerating goldfish optic nerves indicate that RNA may be axonally transported during optic nerve regeneration14,18,19. The present study was performed to determine if the axonal migration of RNA could be demonstrated during regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Rats, which had only the left sciatic nerve crushed 10 days earlier, were injected bilaterally with [3H]uridine into the spinal cord at segmental levels L5 and L6, thus labeling ventral horn cells giving rise to the sciatic nerve. Six, 14 and 20 days later rats were sacrificed by cardiac perfusion of saline followed by 10% formaldehyde. Formaldehyde-precipitable radioactivity, identified as [3H]RNA, was 4--5 times greater in the regenerating sciatic nerve compared to the normal nerve and moved without impediment beyond the point of the crush into the regenerating portion of the nerve. The axonal migration of free unincorporated labeled RNA precursors was also demonstrated, raising the possibility that the distribution of [3H]RNA along the sciatic nerve might be entirely extra-axonal; i.e., free [3H]uridine is taken up by Schwann cells from the axon where it is incorporated into [3H]RNA. This interpretation of the data would also result in the appearance of a proximodistal distribution of RNA associated radioactivity. To determine whether any sciatic nerve [3H]RNA was due to axonal transport, rats which had only the left sciatic nerve crushed 10 days earlier were injected bilaterally with [3H]uridine into the spinal cord. Fourteen days after injection, rats were sacrificed and radioactivity present in the nerve was confirmed as RNA by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactivity in the various RNA species 14 days after intraspinal injection showed the following distribution: 28 + 18S RNA--normal 39.3% +/- 2.1; regenerating 45.4% +/- 1.6; 4S RNA--normal 43.0% +/- 1.3; regenerating 46.8% +/- 2.7. Similar characterization of sciatic nerve RNA 1 or 3 days following the intravenous administration of [3H]uridine gave the following distribution: 28 + 18S RNA--normal 72.4% +/- 3.0; regenerating 75.0% +/- 3.6; 4S RNA--normal 7.7% +/- 1.3; regenerating 10.7% +/- 0.8. The intraspinal injection of [3H]uridine would label Schwann cell RNA and, in addition, any species of intra-axonal RNA, while intravenous injections would label Schwann cell RNA and not axonal RNA. If 4S RNA is in the axon, one would predict relatively more labeled 4S RNA following intraspinal injections than following intravenous injections. The data demonstrate an enrichment of 4S RNA in both normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerve following the intraspinal but not following the intravenous injection of labeled precursor. Therefore, we suggest that 4S RNA migrates axonally in both normal and regenerating sciatic nerves of rats.", "contents": "Evidence that 4S RNA is axonally transported in normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerves. Studies in regenerating goldfish optic nerves indicate that RNA may be axonally transported during optic nerve regeneration14,18,19. The present study was performed to determine if the axonal migration of RNA could be demonstrated during regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Rats, which had only the left sciatic nerve crushed 10 days earlier, were injected bilaterally with [3H]uridine into the spinal cord at segmental levels L5 and L6, thus labeling ventral horn cells giving rise to the sciatic nerve. Six, 14 and 20 days later rats were sacrificed by cardiac perfusion of saline followed by 10% formaldehyde. Formaldehyde-precipitable radioactivity, identified as [3H]RNA, was 4--5 times greater in the regenerating sciatic nerve compared to the normal nerve and moved without impediment beyond the point of the crush into the regenerating portion of the nerve. The axonal migration of free unincorporated labeled RNA precursors was also demonstrated, raising the possibility that the distribution of [3H]RNA along the sciatic nerve might be entirely extra-axonal; i.e., free [3H]uridine is taken up by Schwann cells from the axon where it is incorporated into [3H]RNA. This interpretation of the data would also result in the appearance of a proximodistal distribution of RNA associated radioactivity. To determine whether any sciatic nerve [3H]RNA was due to axonal transport, rats which had only the left sciatic nerve crushed 10 days earlier were injected bilaterally with [3H]uridine into the spinal cord. Fourteen days after injection, rats were sacrificed and radioactivity present in the nerve was confirmed as RNA by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radioactivity in the various RNA species 14 days after intraspinal injection showed the following distribution: 28 + 18S RNA--normal 39.3% +/- 2.1; regenerating 45.4% +/- 1.6; 4S RNA--normal 43.0% +/- 1.3; regenerating 46.8% +/- 2.7. Similar characterization of sciatic nerve RNA 1 or 3 days following the intravenous administration of [3H]uridine gave the following distribution: 28 + 18S RNA--normal 72.4% +/- 3.0; regenerating 75.0% +/- 3.6; 4S RNA--normal 7.7% +/- 1.3; regenerating 10.7% +/- 0.8. The intraspinal injection of [3H]uridine would label Schwann cell RNA and, in addition, any species of intra-axonal RNA, while intravenous injections would label Schwann cell RNA and not axonal RNA. If 4S RNA is in the axon, one would predict relatively more labeled 4S RNA following intraspinal injections than following intravenous injections. The data demonstrate an enrichment of 4S RNA in both normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerve following the intraspinal but not following the intravenous injection of labeled precursor. Therefore, we suggest that 4S RNA migrates axonally in both normal and regenerating sciatic nerves of rats.", "PMID": 84700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9610", "title": "Immunological release of histamine and slow-reacting substance in domestic fowl.", "content": "Immunological release of histamine from the whole blood of the sensitized chickens was demonstrated. Compound 48/80 (a potent histamine releaser) released histamine from isolated chicken lung. The sensitizing antigens (bovine albumin or horse plasma) did not release histamine from the lung. Bovine albumin and horse plasma released slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis only from the lungs of adult domestic fowl and not from ileum or lungs of immature chickens.", "contents": "Immunological release of histamine and slow-reacting substance in domestic fowl. Immunological release of histamine from the whole blood of the sensitized chickens was demonstrated. Compound 48/80 (a potent histamine releaser) released histamine from isolated chicken lung. The sensitizing antigens (bovine albumin or horse plasma) did not release histamine from the lung. Bovine albumin and horse plasma released slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis only from the lungs of adult domestic fowl and not from ileum or lungs of immature chickens.", "PMID": 84701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9611", "title": "Genetic background of Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis.", "content": "We studied the genetic background of 24 patients with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC). Each was given a careful eye examination which included family history and serological determination of HLA antigens. Two families each had 2 cases of FHC in the same family; in addition an ancestor in the second family possibly had FHC; in both families one healthy member had simple heterochromia. One patient with FHC had congenital uveal coloboma, one pigmentary retinal dystrophy, and four had cysts of the ciliary body. The frequencies of all HLA antigens in patients with FHC compared well with the frequencies in the controls. In a family in which HLA haplotypes could be derived, the patients with FHC showed different HLA haplotypes. We conclude that FHC has a hereditary basis but its immunological component is not genetically associated with the HLA system.", "contents": "Genetic background of Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis. We studied the genetic background of 24 patients with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC). Each was given a careful eye examination which included family history and serological determination of HLA antigens. Two families each had 2 cases of FHC in the same family; in addition an ancestor in the second family possibly had FHC; in both families one healthy member had simple heterochromia. One patient with FHC had congenital uveal coloboma, one pigmentary retinal dystrophy, and four had cysts of the ciliary body. The frequencies of all HLA antigens in patients with FHC compared well with the frequencies in the controls. In a family in which HLA haplotypes could be derived, the patients with FHC showed different HLA haplotypes. We conclude that FHC has a hereditary basis but its immunological component is not genetically associated with the HLA system.", "PMID": 84702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9612", "title": "The neurological complications of brucellosis.", "content": "Neurological complications of brucellosis have seldom been reported. Typical cases of meningoencephalitis, myelitis, and peripheral nerve involvement due to brucellosis, which have been collected over the past ten years, are described. Only four cases of extradural brucellar abcesses have been published previously. We now add four new observations. A CSF electrophoresis was done in the cases of meningoencephalitis and meningomyelitis and showed a marked increased of gamma globulin. This has never been reported previously.", "contents": "The neurological complications of brucellosis. Neurological complications of brucellosis have seldom been reported. Typical cases of meningoencephalitis, myelitis, and peripheral nerve involvement due to brucellosis, which have been collected over the past ten years, are described. Only four cases of extradural brucellar abcesses have been published previously. We now add four new observations. A CSF electrophoresis was done in the cases of meningoencephalitis and meningomyelitis and showed a marked increased of gamma globulin. This has never been reported previously.", "PMID": 84703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9613", "title": "Music therapy in palliative care.", "content": "Initial observations regarding the use of music therapy at one hospital in the palliative care of patients with advanced malignant disease are presented. In the hands of a trained music therapist, music has proven to be a potent tool for improving the quality of life. The diversity of its potential is particularly suited to the deversity of the challenges - physical, psychosocial and spiritual - that these patients present.", "contents": "Music therapy in palliative care. Initial observations regarding the use of music therapy at one hospital in the palliative care of patients with advanced malignant disease are presented. In the hands of a trained music therapist, music has proven to be a potent tool for improving the quality of life. The diversity of its potential is particularly suited to the deversity of the challenges - physical, psychosocial and spiritual - that these patients present.", "PMID": 84704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9614", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens as markers of abnormal iron metabolism in idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "To determine the frequency of HLA histocompatibility antigens in persons with idiopathic hemochromatosis and their usefulness as genetic markers of the disease, HLA typing for the A, B and C loci was carried out. HLA-A3 was found in 61% of 18 unrelated individuals with idiopathic hemochromatosis compared with 25% of 253 randomly chosen control subjects (P less than 0.001), and HLA-B7 was found in 50% and 22% respectively (P less than 0.025). Eighty-six members of seven families with idiopathic hemochromatosis were screened for abnormalities in iron metabolism with tests for serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin concentration and iron content of the hepatocytes. Of the 14 persons selected for liver biopsy because of abnormalities detected by these tests, 8 had increased amounts of stainable iron in the hepatocytes. Body iron overload was subsequently demonstrated in six of the seven, who had undergone repeated phlebotomy. In sibships having one member with hemochromatosis, only 1 of 22 members had two haplotypes in common with the proband, whereas in sibships having more than 1 member with the disease 4 of 5 affected members had two haplotypes in common. HLA typing in families with hemochromatosis may provide a means of identifying persons at risk of acquiring the disease.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens as markers of abnormal iron metabolism in idiopathic hemochromatosis. To determine the frequency of HLA histocompatibility antigens in persons with idiopathic hemochromatosis and their usefulness as genetic markers of the disease, HLA typing for the A, B and C loci was carried out. HLA-A3 was found in 61% of 18 unrelated individuals with idiopathic hemochromatosis compared with 25% of 253 randomly chosen control subjects (P less than 0.001), and HLA-B7 was found in 50% and 22% respectively (P less than 0.025). Eighty-six members of seven families with idiopathic hemochromatosis were screened for abnormalities in iron metabolism with tests for serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin concentration and iron content of the hepatocytes. Of the 14 persons selected for liver biopsy because of abnormalities detected by these tests, 8 had increased amounts of stainable iron in the hepatocytes. Body iron overload was subsequently demonstrated in six of the seven, who had undergone repeated phlebotomy. In sibships having one member with hemochromatosis, only 1 of 22 members had two haplotypes in common with the proband, whereas in sibships having more than 1 member with the disease 4 of 5 affected members had two haplotypes in common. HLA typing in families with hemochromatosis may provide a means of identifying persons at risk of acquiring the disease.", "PMID": 84705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9615", "title": "Superiority of adriamycin-containing combination chemotherapy in the treatment of diffuse lymphoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "As a part of an ongoing prospective controlled trial, the Southwest Oncology Group compared the results of treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with two CHOP regimens (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone with either low-dose bleomycin or BCG by scarification) to a COP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone) with low-dose bleomycin (COP-Bleo). The study design emphasized histopathology review and systematic restaging to define complete remission (CR). Confirmed rates of CR for 443 evaluable patients were 59% for 286 patients receiving the CHOP regimens and 59% for 157 patients receiving COP-Bleo. Rates of CR were higher for patients with nodular lymphoma (69%) compared to those with diffuse lymphoma (54%) (p = 0.005). For patients with nodular lymphoma there was no difference in CR rates according to treatment. For patients with diffuse lymphomas the CR rate was higher with the CHOP programs (58%) than with COP-Bleo (44%) (p = 0.10). Overall duration of CR and survival was significantly longer for patients with nodular lymphoma compared to diffuse lymphoma (p less than 0.01). At this time, remission duration and survival were similar regardless of induction regimen used in patients with nodular lymphoma. However, in patients with diffuse lymphoma, the duration of CR and overall survival were improved by treatment with the CHOP regimens compared to COP-Bleo (p = 0.02). Thus, in this controlled study we have demonstrated that initial combination chemotherapy employing the CHOP regimen was a superior remission induction therapy for patients with diffuse lymphoma.", "contents": "Superiority of adriamycin-containing combination chemotherapy in the treatment of diffuse lymphoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. As a part of an ongoing prospective controlled trial, the Southwest Oncology Group compared the results of treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with two CHOP regimens (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone with either low-dose bleomycin or BCG by scarification) to a COP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone) with low-dose bleomycin (COP-Bleo). The study design emphasized histopathology review and systematic restaging to define complete remission (CR). Confirmed rates of CR for 443 evaluable patients were 59% for 286 patients receiving the CHOP regimens and 59% for 157 patients receiving COP-Bleo. Rates of CR were higher for patients with nodular lymphoma (69%) compared to those with diffuse lymphoma (54%) (p = 0.005). For patients with nodular lymphoma there was no difference in CR rates according to treatment. For patients with diffuse lymphomas the CR rate was higher with the CHOP programs (58%) than with COP-Bleo (44%) (p = 0.10). Overall duration of CR and survival was significantly longer for patients with nodular lymphoma compared to diffuse lymphoma (p less than 0.01). At this time, remission duration and survival were similar regardless of induction regimen used in patients with nodular lymphoma. However, in patients with diffuse lymphoma, the duration of CR and overall survival were improved by treatment with the CHOP regimens compared to COP-Bleo (p = 0.02). Thus, in this controlled study we have demonstrated that initial combination chemotherapy employing the CHOP regimen was a superior remission induction therapy for patients with diffuse lymphoma.", "PMID": 84706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9616", "title": "Changes in serum alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and beta 2 glycoprotein I in patients with malignant hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and beta 2 glycoprotein I concentrations were determined in 36 patients with malignant hepatocellularcarcinoma, 30 with cirrhosis and 35 with hepatitis by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels were significantly higher in patients with hepatocellularcarcinoma than in those with cirrhosis (p less than 0.001) or hepatitis (p less than 0.001). Elevated levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin were found in 88.9% of patients with hepatoma compared to 23.3% of patients with cirrhosis and 28.6% of patients with hepatitis. Raised levels of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein were also found in 80.6% of patients with hepatoma compared to 20% of patients with cirrhosis and in only 5.7% of patients with hepatitis. beta 2 glycoprotein I levels were similar in the three conditions and therefore not useful for differential diagnosis. In monitoring the progress of tumor growth alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels were found to increase during the growth phase. Measurements of these two glycoproteins are suggested for differential diagnosis of these liver diseases, as tumor markers for the detection of hepatocarcinoma, and for the monitoring of the progress during treatment.", "contents": "Changes in serum alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and beta 2 glycoprotein I in patients with malignant hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and beta 2 glycoprotein I concentrations were determined in 36 patients with malignant hepatocellularcarcinoma, 30 with cirrhosis and 35 with hepatitis by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels were significantly higher in patients with hepatocellularcarcinoma than in those with cirrhosis (p less than 0.001) or hepatitis (p less than 0.001). Elevated levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin were found in 88.9% of patients with hepatoma compared to 23.3% of patients with cirrhosis and 28.6% of patients with hepatitis. Raised levels of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein were also found in 80.6% of patients with hepatoma compared to 20% of patients with cirrhosis and in only 5.7% of patients with hepatitis. beta 2 glycoprotein I levels were similar in the three conditions and therefore not useful for differential diagnosis. In monitoring the progress of tumor growth alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels were found to increase during the growth phase. Measurements of these two glycoproteins are suggested for differential diagnosis of these liver diseases, as tumor markers for the detection of hepatocarcinoma, and for the monitoring of the progress during treatment.", "PMID": 84707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9617", "title": "Immunogenicity of chemically induced murine colon cancers.", "content": "The antigenicity and immunogenicity of three colorectal carcinomas induced in BALB/c mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or N-methyl-N-nitrosourethan were studied. All tumors were readily transplantable. Two of these tumors metastasized when transplants reached sufficient size. All tumors were found to be immunogenic in the strain of origin, and all tumors were shown to contain unique tumor-specific transplantation antigens in cross-protection experiments. The use of these tumors as an animal model for studies of adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy is suggested.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of chemically induced murine colon cancers. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of three colorectal carcinomas induced in BALB/c mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or N-methyl-N-nitrosourethan were studied. All tumors were readily transplantable. Two of these tumors metastasized when transplants reached sufficient size. All tumors were found to be immunogenic in the strain of origin, and all tumors were shown to contain unique tumor-specific transplantation antigens in cross-protection experiments. The use of these tumors as an animal model for studies of adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy is suggested.", "PMID": 84709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9618", "title": "Studies with murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma using [6-14C]arginine.", "content": "[16-14C]Arginine ([6-14C]Arg) was used as an in vivo pulse label to study BALB/c murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma synthesis and secretion of its tumour-associated M component (IgG2a, kappa). With this isotope, an eight- to ten-fold enhancement in the labelling of the gamma globulin region and ten-fold reduction in the albumin labelling were observed. Production and secretion of the M component was detected (within 30 min) after cell transfer. Only mice which received tumour cells showed significant labelling in the gamma globulin region 24 hr after isotope injection. The labelling behaviour of the tumour M component correlated with the administered cell dose. The peak heights of radioactivity in the gamma region increased with increments in cell number. When the percentage radioactivity diverted into M component was plotted as a function of cell dose, a linear relationship was noted. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using [6-14C]Arg as a tool to follow the newly synthesized tumour-associated protein, and provides a means of estimating tumour cell number.", "contents": "Studies with murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma using [6-14C]arginine. [16-14C]Arginine ([6-14C]Arg) was used as an in vivo pulse label to study BALB/c murine LPC-1 plasmacytoma synthesis and secretion of its tumour-associated M component (IgG2a, kappa). With this isotope, an eight- to ten-fold enhancement in the labelling of the gamma globulin region and ten-fold reduction in the albumin labelling were observed. Production and secretion of the M component was detected (within 30 min) after cell transfer. Only mice which received tumour cells showed significant labelling in the gamma globulin region 24 hr after isotope injection. The labelling behaviour of the tumour M component correlated with the administered cell dose. The peak heights of radioactivity in the gamma region increased with increments in cell number. When the percentage radioactivity diverted into M component was plotted as a function of cell dose, a linear relationship was noted. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using [6-14C]Arg as a tool to follow the newly synthesized tumour-associated protein, and provides a means of estimating tumour cell number.", "PMID": 84712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9619", "title": "Types of thalamo-cortical relay neurons in the anteroventral nucleus of the cat. A combined horseradish peroxidase--Golgi study.", "content": "Neurons displaying a thalamo-cortical projection were marked by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the labeled elements were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi technique. Injections of HRP into the posterior area of the limbic cortex resulted in its uptake by various anterior thalamic nuclei, especially the anteroventral nucleus. HRP-positive cells are characterized by their position, dendritic orientation, and the shape and size of their somata. On the basis of the combined HRP-and Golgi-analysis three different types of thalamo-cortical relay neurons can be distinguished.", "contents": "Types of thalamo-cortical relay neurons in the anteroventral nucleus of the cat. A combined horseradish peroxidase--Golgi study. Neurons displaying a thalamo-cortical projection were marked by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the labeled elements were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi technique. Injections of HRP into the posterior area of the limbic cortex resulted in its uptake by various anterior thalamic nuclei, especially the anteroventral nucleus. HRP-positive cells are characterized by their position, dendritic orientation, and the shape and size of their somata. On the basis of the combined HRP-and Golgi-analysis three different types of thalamo-cortical relay neurons can be distinguished.", "PMID": 84713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9620", "title": "Fibroblast interferon in man is coded by two loci on separate chromosomes.", "content": "We have examined viral and poly(rl):poly(rC) induction of interferon synthesis in several human, mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines, and in hybrids derived from the fusion of such cells. We observed species and cell-type differences in inducer effectiveness and in the kinetics of interferon production. In some cases, parental characteristics are preserved in somatic cell hybrids, and in other cases, the expression of the donor phenotype is modulated by the epigenetic state of the recipient cell. Mapping studies in human/mouse and human/Chinese hamster hybrids indicate that there are at least two structural genes for human fibroblast interferon. Chromosomes 2 and 5 each contain genetic information for the synthesis of fibroblast interferon. Gene dosage experiments indicate that one gene is on the long arm of chromosome 2 and another is on the short arm of chromosome 5. Leukocyte interferon genes could not be mapped to these chromosomes, but this negative result could be influenced by the epigenetic state of the hybrid cells.", "contents": "Fibroblast interferon in man is coded by two loci on separate chromosomes. We have examined viral and poly(rl):poly(rC) induction of interferon synthesis in several human, mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines, and in hybrids derived from the fusion of such cells. We observed species and cell-type differences in inducer effectiveness and in the kinetics of interferon production. In some cases, parental characteristics are preserved in somatic cell hybrids, and in other cases, the expression of the donor phenotype is modulated by the epigenetic state of the recipient cell. Mapping studies in human/mouse and human/Chinese hamster hybrids indicate that there are at least two structural genes for human fibroblast interferon. Chromosomes 2 and 5 each contain genetic information for the synthesis of fibroblast interferon. Gene dosage experiments indicate that one gene is on the long arm of chromosome 2 and another is on the short arm of chromosome 5. Leukocyte interferon genes could not be mapped to these chromosomes, but this negative result could be influenced by the epigenetic state of the hybrid cells.", "PMID": 84714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9621", "title": "A defined subgenomic fragment of in vitro synthesized Moloney sarcoma virus DNA can induce cell transformation upon transfection.", "content": "The longest DNA molecules synthesized by endogenous reverse transcription in detergent-permeabilized Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV) virions (clone G8-124) are double-stranded DNA molecules of 5,8 kilobase pairs (kbp). This DNA species has been purified by sedimentation of total in vitro synthesized Mo-MSV DNA through neutral sucrose gradients. A physical map of the positions of the cleavage sites for a series of restriction endonucleases has been derived for this 5.8 kbp DNA. Mo-MSV DNA synthesized in vitro was found to induce morphological transformation of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts upon transfection. The foci had a morphology indistinguishable from that of Mo-MSV-induced foci, and the induced transformed phenotype was stable. The 5.8 kbp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) purified by agarose gel electrophoresis also induced focal transformation. Furthermore, gel-purified, restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of 5.8 kbp dsDNA containing the region from 2.8--4.9 kbp on the physical map of Mo-MSV DNA were able to induce foci. In contrast, endonuclease-generated DNA fragments lacking this region on the map were unable to transform cells upon transfection. When transformants derived by transfection with 5.8 kbp dsDNA were infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) helper virus, Mo-MSV was rescued from a small portion of these cells, suggesting the establishment of the complete viral genome in these cells. One Mo-MSV DNA fragment, spanning 2.8--4.9 kbp on the physical map, was generated by cleavage of 5.8 kbp DNA with endonucleases Hind III + Sal I and currently represents our maximum estimate for the size of the transforming region of the Mo-MSV genome. This fragment includes the Mo-MSV sequences which are found in the DNA of uninfected mouse cells.", "contents": "A defined subgenomic fragment of in vitro synthesized Moloney sarcoma virus DNA can induce cell transformation upon transfection. The longest DNA molecules synthesized by endogenous reverse transcription in detergent-permeabilized Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV) virions (clone G8-124) are double-stranded DNA molecules of 5,8 kilobase pairs (kbp). This DNA species has been purified by sedimentation of total in vitro synthesized Mo-MSV DNA through neutral sucrose gradients. A physical map of the positions of the cleavage sites for a series of restriction endonucleases has been derived for this 5.8 kbp DNA. Mo-MSV DNA synthesized in vitro was found to induce morphological transformation of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts upon transfection. The foci had a morphology indistinguishable from that of Mo-MSV-induced foci, and the induced transformed phenotype was stable. The 5.8 kbp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) purified by agarose gel electrophoresis also induced focal transformation. Furthermore, gel-purified, restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of 5.8 kbp dsDNA containing the region from 2.8--4.9 kbp on the physical map of Mo-MSV DNA were able to induce foci. In contrast, endonuclease-generated DNA fragments lacking this region on the map were unable to transform cells upon transfection. When transformants derived by transfection with 5.8 kbp dsDNA were infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) helper virus, Mo-MSV was rescued from a small portion of these cells, suggesting the establishment of the complete viral genome in these cells. One Mo-MSV DNA fragment, spanning 2.8--4.9 kbp on the physical map, was generated by cleavage of 5.8 kbp DNA with endonucleases Hind III + Sal I and currently represents our maximum estimate for the size of the transforming region of the Mo-MSV genome. This fragment includes the Mo-MSV sequences which are found in the DNA of uninfected mouse cells.", "PMID": 84715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9622", "title": "[Study of the Gc protein in several French population samples : genetic polymorphism by isoelectrofocusing and quantitative results].", "content": "The authors describe the results obtained in an examination by isoelectrofocusing of more than 1,000 serum samples from various regions in France. The autochthonous populations of the north side of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es are characterized by a high frequency of the gene Gc2 and a very low frequency of the Gc1F gene. This distinguishes them from the other groups studied (southwestern, northwestern and eastern France). The quantitative analysis of the data emphasizes the difference. These results can only be explained by the interdependance of the genetic and metabolic factors.", "contents": "[Study of the Gc protein in several French population samples : genetic polymorphism by isoelectrofocusing and quantitative results]. The authors describe the results obtained in an examination by isoelectrofocusing of more than 1,000 serum samples from various regions in France. The autochthonous populations of the north side of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es are characterized by a high frequency of the gene Gc2 and a very low frequency of the Gc1F gene. This distinguishes them from the other groups studied (southwestern, northwestern and eastern France). The quantitative analysis of the data emphasizes the difference. These results can only be explained by the interdependance of the genetic and metabolic factors.", "PMID": 84717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9623", "title": "[Antigenic determinants of beta-LPH, beta-MSH, alpha-endorphin, ACTH and alpha-MSH revealed by anti-beta-endorphin in neurons of the human infundibular nucleus].", "content": "Comparison of adjacent serial sections of the tubero-infundibular region of Human adult hypothalamus demonstrates that the same perikarya, axons and terminals are stained both with anti-beta-endorphin and anti 17-39 ACTH antisera. The most immunoreactive of these neurons are also revealed with anti alpha-endorphin, anti alpha and beta-MSH, anti-1-24 ACTH and anti beta-LPH. These results suggest that neurons of the infundibular nucleus can store and probably secrete peptide similar to propiocortin or fragment(s) of this molecule.", "contents": "[Antigenic determinants of beta-LPH, beta-MSH, alpha-endorphin, ACTH and alpha-MSH revealed by anti-beta-endorphin in neurons of the human infundibular nucleus]. Comparison of adjacent serial sections of the tubero-infundibular region of Human adult hypothalamus demonstrates that the same perikarya, axons and terminals are stained both with anti-beta-endorphin and anti 17-39 ACTH antisera. The most immunoreactive of these neurons are also revealed with anti alpha-endorphin, anti alpha and beta-MSH, anti-1-24 ACTH and anti beta-LPH. These results suggest that neurons of the infundibular nucleus can store and probably secrete peptide similar to propiocortin or fragment(s) of this molecule.", "PMID": 84718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9624", "title": "The influence of nasal respiration on the function of the auditory tube.", "content": "The importance of treating disturbances of nasal ventilation before any surgical intervention on the ear is stressed in many papers. It is said that ventilation of the auditory tube is not normal when respiration through the nose is handicapped. Based on these considerations, we have investigated by tympanometry the influence of abnormalities of nasal respiration measured by rhinomanometry on the auditory tube function. There was no significant relation between osseous occlusion of nasal ventilation or a swelling of the nasal mucous membranes or conchas and a dysfunction of the tube. The middle ear pressure varied within the normal range. This indicates that treatment of impaired nasal respiration before an operation on the ear is only necessary when an ascending nasal infection is feared or if there is nasopharyngeal disease.", "contents": "The influence of nasal respiration on the function of the auditory tube. The importance of treating disturbances of nasal ventilation before any surgical intervention on the ear is stressed in many papers. It is said that ventilation of the auditory tube is not normal when respiration through the nose is handicapped. Based on these considerations, we have investigated by tympanometry the influence of abnormalities of nasal respiration measured by rhinomanometry on the auditory tube function. There was no significant relation between osseous occlusion of nasal ventilation or a swelling of the nasal mucous membranes or conchas and a dysfunction of the tube. The middle ear pressure varied within the normal range. This indicates that treatment of impaired nasal respiration before an operation on the ear is only necessary when an ascending nasal infection is feared or if there is nasopharyngeal disease.", "PMID": 84719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9625", "title": "Regional mapping of the HLA on the short arm of chromosome 6.", "content": "A detailed gene marker study was performed on a partial 6p trisomic child resulting from a balanced maternal translocation t (2;6) (p 2505; p2105). HLA typing and mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that the breakpoint on chromosome 6 was located within the HLA gene cluster, allowing an accurate location of the D determinants. Localization of the P blood group locus within the region 6 p 2105 to 6 p ter was excluded.", "contents": "Regional mapping of the HLA on the short arm of chromosome 6. A detailed gene marker study was performed on a partial 6p trisomic child resulting from a balanced maternal translocation t (2;6) (p 2505; p2105). HLA typing and mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that the breakpoint on chromosome 6 was located within the HLA gene cluster, allowing an accurate location of the D determinants. Localization of the P blood group locus within the region 6 p 2105 to 6 p ter was excluded.", "PMID": 84721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9626", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidneys and encephalocele (Meckel syndrome).", "content": "Two unrelated families are presented with repeated occurrences of a congenital syndrome of which the main stigmata were polycystic kidneys and occipital encephalocele (Meckel syndrome). Prenatal diagnosis, followed by interruption of pregnancy, was performed in one case. The diagnosis was based on an increase of amniotic alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and on the mode of growth and cell types of cultured amniotic cells. In another similarly examined case the diagnosis was suspected, but the parents did not wish the pregnancy to be interrupted. The child was stillborn and malformed. AFP values are presented and discussed in relation to the observed malformations. Neural tube defects are associated with an increase of AFP in amniotic fluid, but, as in normal pregnancies, the values decrease with increasing gestational age. On the other hand, kidney malformations seem to be associated with AFP values which remain high or even increase with increasing gestational age.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidneys and encephalocele (Meckel syndrome). Two unrelated families are presented with repeated occurrences of a congenital syndrome of which the main stigmata were polycystic kidneys and occipital encephalocele (Meckel syndrome). Prenatal diagnosis, followed by interruption of pregnancy, was performed in one case. The diagnosis was based on an increase of amniotic alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and on the mode of growth and cell types of cultured amniotic cells. In another similarly examined case the diagnosis was suspected, but the parents did not wish the pregnancy to be interrupted. The child was stillborn and malformed. AFP values are presented and discussed in relation to the observed malformations. Neural tube defects are associated with an increase of AFP in amniotic fluid, but, as in normal pregnancies, the values decrease with increasing gestational age. On the other hand, kidney malformations seem to be associated with AFP values which remain high or even increase with increasing gestational age.", "PMID": 84722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9627", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax as a result of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy.", "content": "Spontaneous pneumothorax occurring as a complication of the antitumor effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy has been reported in occasional cases of osteogenic sarcoma. Its occurrence in other tumors has not been described. This report describes two cases of this complication in patients with germinal tumors and discusses possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax as a result of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Spontaneous pneumothorax occurring as a complication of the antitumor effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy has been reported in occasional cases of osteogenic sarcoma. Its occurrence in other tumors has not been described. This report describes two cases of this complication in patients with germinal tumors and discusses possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "PMID": 84731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9628", "title": "Long survival in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma complicated by superior vena caval obstruction.", "content": "When superior vena caval obstruction complicates cancer of the lung; the prognosis is grave; 1 percent of such patients survive for one year. Improved palliation is reported from many radiation therapy centers using higher initial dose fractions and tumoricidal doses. We now report the findings in three patients with histologically confirmed bronchogenic carcinoma who had superior vena caval obstruction and who survived for nine years (two patients) and seven years (one patient). Aggressive therapy with irradiation seems to provide better palliation and may occasionally be associated with remarkably long survivals in this normally highly lethal disease.", "contents": "Long survival in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma complicated by superior vena caval obstruction. When superior vena caval obstruction complicates cancer of the lung; the prognosis is grave; 1 percent of such patients survive for one year. Improved palliation is reported from many radiation therapy centers using higher initial dose fractions and tumoricidal doses. We now report the findings in three patients with histologically confirmed bronchogenic carcinoma who had superior vena caval obstruction and who survived for nine years (two patients) and seven years (one patient). Aggressive therapy with irradiation seems to provide better palliation and may occasionally be associated with remarkably long survivals in this normally highly lethal disease.", "PMID": 84732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9629", "title": "False negative biopsy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.", "content": "Unlike most pneumonias, the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is based solely on identifying organisms by stain, usually with methenamine-silver. Because of technical problems involved with adequate staining, control samples usually are done concurrent with tissue specimens to be examined. Lung containing fungi often is used as a control. We recently observed false-negative biopsy specimens in a case of P carinii pneumonia where the Pneumocystis organism failed to stain with methenamine-silver on several occasions, although fungal controls were positive. This report emphasizes the importance of using P carinii as a control whenever attempting to diagnose P carinii pneumonia.", "contents": "False negative biopsy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Unlike most pneumonias, the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is based solely on identifying organisms by stain, usually with methenamine-silver. Because of technical problems involved with adequate staining, control samples usually are done concurrent with tissue specimens to be examined. Lung containing fungi often is used as a control. We recently observed false-negative biopsy specimens in a case of P carinii pneumonia where the Pneumocystis organism failed to stain with methenamine-silver on several occasions, although fungal controls were positive. This report emphasizes the importance of using P carinii as a control whenever attempting to diagnose P carinii pneumonia.", "PMID": 84733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9630", "title": "Chromosomal isolabelling caused by three rounds of synthesis in late replicating regions.", "content": "Isolabelling only occurs in CHO cells that have been allowed to replicate for more than 2 but less than 3 cell divisions in the presence of BrdU. The isolabelling is confined to late replicating regions of the chromosomes. The staining patterns obtained indicate that BrdU was incorporated three times in these regions and that the isolabelling did not come from the segregation of label in polynemic chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosomal isolabelling caused by three rounds of synthesis in late replicating regions. Isolabelling only occurs in CHO cells that have been allowed to replicate for more than 2 but less than 3 cell divisions in the presence of BrdU. The isolabelling is confined to late replicating regions of the chromosomes. The staining patterns obtained indicate that BrdU was incorporated three times in these regions and that the isolabelling did not come from the segregation of label in polynemic chromosomes.", "PMID": 84735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9631", "title": "EEG feedback training of epileptic patients: clinical and electroencephalographic analysis.", "content": "To evaluate the clinical efficacy and mechanisms underlying EEG feedback training of epileptic patients, 5 adult patients with poorly controlled seizures were studied for 4--10 months during which quantitative analysis of seizures, the EEG, and serum anticonvulsant levels was conducted. Sustained seizure reduction did not occur during the first 4--5 weeks in which feedback signals were presented randomly in relation to the EEG. When feedback was then made contingent upon central 9--14 c/sec activity, seizures declined by 60% in 3 patients. Power spectral analysis showed upward shifts in EEG frequency, decreases in abnormal slow activity, and enhancement of alpha rhythm activity as a function of contingent training, but no specific EEG change was associated with seizure reduction in all patients. No evidence was obtained for the hypothesized involvement of a 'sensorimotor rhythm' or motor inhibition in the training effects. The lack of effect in two patients could not be attributed to insufficient training, lack of motivation, or to differences in seizure classification. A second phase of research showed that continued laboratory training was both sufficient and necessary for maintaining clinical and EEG effects. Results indicate that: (1) significant seizure reductions can occur with EEG feedback training which are not related to placebo effects, non-specific factors or to changes in medication; (2) EEG changes associated with such training can best be described as 'normalization'; (3) continued clinical investigation of EEG feedback training as a non-pharmacological adjunct to conventional therapy appears justified.", "contents": "EEG feedback training of epileptic patients: clinical and electroencephalographic analysis. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and mechanisms underlying EEG feedback training of epileptic patients, 5 adult patients with poorly controlled seizures were studied for 4--10 months during which quantitative analysis of seizures, the EEG, and serum anticonvulsant levels was conducted. Sustained seizure reduction did not occur during the first 4--5 weeks in which feedback signals were presented randomly in relation to the EEG. When feedback was then made contingent upon central 9--14 c/sec activity, seizures declined by 60% in 3 patients. Power spectral analysis showed upward shifts in EEG frequency, decreases in abnormal slow activity, and enhancement of alpha rhythm activity as a function of contingent training, but no specific EEG change was associated with seizure reduction in all patients. No evidence was obtained for the hypothesized involvement of a 'sensorimotor rhythm' or motor inhibition in the training effects. The lack of effect in two patients could not be attributed to insufficient training, lack of motivation, or to differences in seizure classification. A second phase of research showed that continued laboratory training was both sufficient and necessary for maintaining clinical and EEG effects. Results indicate that: (1) significant seizure reductions can occur with EEG feedback training which are not related to placebo effects, non-specific factors or to changes in medication; (2) EEG changes associated with such training can best be described as 'normalization'; (3) continued clinical investigation of EEG feedback training as a non-pharmacological adjunct to conventional therapy appears justified.", "PMID": 84738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9632", "title": "Evaluation of frequency-following potentials in man: masking and clinical studies.", "content": "The frequency-following potential (FFP) can have applicability in the assessment of hearing-impaired subjects only if it can be shown that its generation is initiated by neurons which have low best frequencies (2.0 kHz or lower). This study presents results from five subjects with high frequency hearing losses and three subjects with normal hearing. Using 500 Hz tone bursts in the presence of continuous noise of various configurations, it has attempted to determine how in normal hearing subjects, the amplitude and latency of the FFP may be affected. Recordings of the FFP in the presence of noise and wave forms from hearing imparied subjects provide evidence that the FFP is initiated in the cochlea largely by neurons whose best frequencies are 2.0 kHz or lower. Hearing impaired subjects may exhibit 'deviant' responses to tone bursts. These FFP responses may be related to peculiarities of the hearing loss and provide, therefore, a potential means for assessing the temporal viability of the low frequency channels of the auditory neuraxis.", "contents": "Evaluation of frequency-following potentials in man: masking and clinical studies. The frequency-following potential (FFP) can have applicability in the assessment of hearing-impaired subjects only if it can be shown that its generation is initiated by neurons which have low best frequencies (2.0 kHz or lower). This study presents results from five subjects with high frequency hearing losses and three subjects with normal hearing. Using 500 Hz tone bursts in the presence of continuous noise of various configurations, it has attempted to determine how in normal hearing subjects, the amplitude and latency of the FFP may be affected. Recordings of the FFP in the presence of noise and wave forms from hearing imparied subjects provide evidence that the FFP is initiated in the cochlea largely by neurons whose best frequencies are 2.0 kHz or lower. Hearing impaired subjects may exhibit 'deviant' responses to tone bursts. These FFP responses may be related to peculiarities of the hearing loss and provide, therefore, a potential means for assessing the temporal viability of the low frequency channels of the auditory neuraxis.", "PMID": 84739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9633", "title": "Quantitative assessment of photic driving in renal failure.", "content": "Photically driven EEGs were recorded from patients with renal disease using photic stimulation at integer rates between 3 and 12 flashes/sec. Changes in the structure of the power spectrum of the potentials produced by this stimulus paradigm are described as a function of a patient's clinical state. The basic overall findings are that (1) harmonic activity is attenuated while activity below the fundamental driving frequency is increased as a patient's clinical condition deteriorates, and (2) that these effects are substantially reversed and controlled by means of dialysis and renal transplantation.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of photic driving in renal failure. Photically driven EEGs were recorded from patients with renal disease using photic stimulation at integer rates between 3 and 12 flashes/sec. Changes in the structure of the power spectrum of the potentials produced by this stimulus paradigm are described as a function of a patient's clinical state. The basic overall findings are that (1) harmonic activity is attenuated while activity below the fundamental driving frequency is increased as a patient's clinical condition deteriorates, and (2) that these effects are substantially reversed and controlled by means of dialysis and renal transplantation.", "PMID": 84740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9634", "title": "Visual evoked potential in man: early oscillatory potentials.", "content": "Short latency visual evoked oscillatory potentials to bright light stimulation were recorded from the scalp of 15 normal human adult subjects. The onset latencies of these potentials recorded over anterior frontal and posterior scalp regions were 9--17 msec and 13--24 msec, respectively. The frequency of the oscillations was about 100 c/sec. These potentials were widespread in their distribution over the scalp but were most prominent at midline and parasagittal recording locations. Like similar potentials recorded in animals, it seems that these potentials arise in both subcortical and cortical visual structures. The mechanism underlying the generation of these potentials and their possible functional significance are discussed.", "contents": "Visual evoked potential in man: early oscillatory potentials. Short latency visual evoked oscillatory potentials to bright light stimulation were recorded from the scalp of 15 normal human adult subjects. The onset latencies of these potentials recorded over anterior frontal and posterior scalp regions were 9--17 msec and 13--24 msec, respectively. The frequency of the oscillations was about 100 c/sec. These potentials were widespread in their distribution over the scalp but were most prominent at midline and parasagittal recording locations. Like similar potentials recorded in animals, it seems that these potentials arise in both subcortical and cortical visual structures. The mechanism underlying the generation of these potentials and their possible functional significance are discussed.", "PMID": 84741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9635", "title": "[Temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges in the child. II. Polygraphic recordings during sleep].", "content": "A study of the paroxysmal activities in the course of all night sleep was carried out on 6 children aged 6 to 12 years, who were previously recored by means of biotelemtry during the day (cf. Findji et al. 1978). The discharges were analysed and quantified in the same way as in daytime but here in relation to the organization of sleep. The latter shows serious disturbances by comparison with normal children or children who only have sleep problems. The global quantifications (average densities of discharges per stage) do not, in our population, evidence any effect of facilitation or diminution which would be specific to a given stage. Comparison of the chronological evolutions of the densities of paroxysmal activities with the different stages of sleep shows that the connections between these phenomena can be either nil, or very close, according to the subject, and in one case, according to the time of night. This raises the problem of the heterogeneity of the 'states' gathered under the same codification of stages and shows the multiplicity of factors which can interfere with the modulation of the discharges, even during sleep. The analysis of long duration day or night records underlines the extreme complexity of the temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges, in which both hypotheses formulated at the beginning of this study seem to find partial support: internal modulation connected to more or less stable biological rhythms, and the role of environmental factors and the subject's reactions, which more or less mask the intrinsic rhythms.", "contents": "[Temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges in the child. II. Polygraphic recordings during sleep]. A study of the paroxysmal activities in the course of all night sleep was carried out on 6 children aged 6 to 12 years, who were previously recored by means of biotelemtry during the day (cf. Findji et al. 1978). The discharges were analysed and quantified in the same way as in daytime but here in relation to the organization of sleep. The latter shows serious disturbances by comparison with normal children or children who only have sleep problems. The global quantifications (average densities of discharges per stage) do not, in our population, evidence any effect of facilitation or diminution which would be specific to a given stage. Comparison of the chronological evolutions of the densities of paroxysmal activities with the different stages of sleep shows that the connections between these phenomena can be either nil, or very close, according to the subject, and in one case, according to the time of night. This raises the problem of the heterogeneity of the 'states' gathered under the same codification of stages and shows the multiplicity of factors which can interfere with the modulation of the discharges, even during sleep. The analysis of long duration day or night records underlines the extreme complexity of the temporal organization of paroxysmal discharges, in which both hypotheses formulated at the beginning of this study seem to find partial support: internal modulation connected to more or less stable biological rhythms, and the role of environmental factors and the subject's reactions, which more or less mask the intrinsic rhythms.", "PMID": 84742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9636", "title": "Changes in P3 waves with event repetition: long-term effects on scalp distribution and amplitude.", "content": "Event-related brain potentials to tachistoscopically presented events were recorded from adults 24--36 years of age. Subjects counted the number of target events (P = 0.12) randomly interposed in sequences of background events (either P = 0.88 or P = 0.76). In some sequences, slides bearing the letter A were targets and those bearing the letter B were backgrounds; the reverse was true in the other sequences. Also interposed (P = 0.12) in these sequences of targets and backgrounds were one of two types of non-target events: in some sequences non-targets were slides (termed dims) bearing any one of the letters C to Z and having one-tenth the luminance of the target and background slides, while in the others, they were slides bearing 'novel' patterns, each consisting of a different, quasi-random, unrecognizable color pattern. The scalp amplitude distribution of P3 waves to novels were initially frontal, but, with repeated presentations of novel events, they became parietal. The scalp distributions of P3 waves to targets and dims were both initially parietal and did not change with repeated presentations of target and dim events. P3 amplitudes to targets were unaffected by repeated presentations of target events. However, P3 amplitudes to dims and novels were affected. P3 amplitudes to dims decreased linearly at Fz, Cz and Pz with repetition of dims. P3 amplitudes to novels decreased at Fz and increased at Pz with repetition of novels. An abbreviated analysis of possible effects of sequential event probabilities on P3 amplitudes and latencies to novels, dims and targets was performed and no effects were found. It is suggested that P3 waves may be affected by at least 4 factors: the facility with which events may be categorized by subjects, the importance attached to events (via task instructions, subjective assessment of the contents of events, etc.), a priori category probability, and sequential event structure.", "contents": "Changes in P3 waves with event repetition: long-term effects on scalp distribution and amplitude. Event-related brain potentials to tachistoscopically presented events were recorded from adults 24--36 years of age. Subjects counted the number of target events (P = 0.12) randomly interposed in sequences of background events (either P = 0.88 or P = 0.76). In some sequences, slides bearing the letter A were targets and those bearing the letter B were backgrounds; the reverse was true in the other sequences. Also interposed (P = 0.12) in these sequences of targets and backgrounds were one of two types of non-target events: in some sequences non-targets were slides (termed dims) bearing any one of the letters C to Z and having one-tenth the luminance of the target and background slides, while in the others, they were slides bearing 'novel' patterns, each consisting of a different, quasi-random, unrecognizable color pattern. The scalp amplitude distribution of P3 waves to novels were initially frontal, but, with repeated presentations of novel events, they became parietal. The scalp distributions of P3 waves to targets and dims were both initially parietal and did not change with repeated presentations of target and dim events. P3 amplitudes to targets were unaffected by repeated presentations of target events. However, P3 amplitudes to dims and novels were affected. P3 amplitudes to dims decreased linearly at Fz, Cz and Pz with repetition of dims. P3 amplitudes to novels decreased at Fz and increased at Pz with repetition of novels. An abbreviated analysis of possible effects of sequential event probabilities on P3 amplitudes and latencies to novels, dims and targets was performed and no effects were found. It is suggested that P3 waves may be affected by at least 4 factors: the facility with which events may be categorized by subjects, the importance attached to events (via task instructions, subjective assessment of the contents of events, etc.), a priori category probability, and sequential event structure.", "PMID": 84743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9637", "title": "[EEG spectral analysis in normal children between the ages of 6 to 16. Choice and validation of the most significant parameters].", "content": "Numerous parameters have been proposed in order to describe the EEG power spectrum. Within the scope of an EEG study on the normal child between 6 and 16 years of age, the following problem had to be solved: given a group of 19 variables measured on 232 subjects in 5 situations, which of these variables best describe the population under examination. The algorithm proposed to answer this question is based on principal component analysis on the correlation matrix. Only 4 parameters are necessary to describe the EEG of a normal child of 6 to 16 years--these are Hjorth's parameters (activity, mobility and first order complexity) and alpha band power. They allow the observation of individual differences and the quantification for a given subject of the reaction to eyes opening, sensitivity to hyperventilation or even reactions that are difficult to perceive visually such as those resulting from doing arithmetic or vocabulary tests.", "contents": "[EEG spectral analysis in normal children between the ages of 6 to 16. Choice and validation of the most significant parameters]. Numerous parameters have been proposed in order to describe the EEG power spectrum. Within the scope of an EEG study on the normal child between 6 and 16 years of age, the following problem had to be solved: given a group of 19 variables measured on 232 subjects in 5 situations, which of these variables best describe the population under examination. The algorithm proposed to answer this question is based on principal component analysis on the correlation matrix. Only 4 parameters are necessary to describe the EEG of a normal child of 6 to 16 years--these are Hjorth's parameters (activity, mobility and first order complexity) and alpha band power. They allow the observation of individual differences and the quantification for a given subject of the reaction to eyes opening, sensitivity to hyperventilation or even reactions that are difficult to perceive visually such as those resulting from doing arithmetic or vocabulary tests.", "PMID": 84744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9638", "title": "EMG activity of cricothyroid and chin muscles during wakefulness and sleeping in the sleep apnea syndrome.", "content": "The authors studied the direct and integrated EMG activities of the cricothyroid (CT) and chin muscles in 7 patients with the sleep apnea syndrome. They noted: (1) A tonic activity with phasic inspiratory reinforcements in the CT during wakefulness. (2) A decrease in the tonic activity without any modification of the phasic inspiratory reinforcement during sleep. (3) A decrease or even disappearance of the phasic activity during sleep-induced hypopneas. (4) A complete cessation of both the tonic and the phasic activities of the CT during obstruction apneas: resumption of respiration is marked by the reappearance first of the phasic inspiratory activity and secondly of the tonic one. (5) In some patients similar activities are recorded in the chin muscles during wakefulness, sleep and sleep apnea. These results favor possible obstruction of the upper airway at the laryngeal level: the conjunction of inhibition of the inspiratory activity of the laryngeal muscles with the subsequent closing of the glottis and inspiratory depressure could produce an obstruction.", "contents": "EMG activity of cricothyroid and chin muscles during wakefulness and sleeping in the sleep apnea syndrome. The authors studied the direct and integrated EMG activities of the cricothyroid (CT) and chin muscles in 7 patients with the sleep apnea syndrome. They noted: (1) A tonic activity with phasic inspiratory reinforcements in the CT during wakefulness. (2) A decrease in the tonic activity without any modification of the phasic inspiratory reinforcement during sleep. (3) A decrease or even disappearance of the phasic activity during sleep-induced hypopneas. (4) A complete cessation of both the tonic and the phasic activities of the CT during obstruction apneas: resumption of respiration is marked by the reappearance first of the phasic inspiratory activity and secondly of the tonic one. (5) In some patients similar activities are recorded in the chin muscles during wakefulness, sleep and sleep apnea. These results favor possible obstruction of the upper airway at the laryngeal level: the conjunction of inhibition of the inspiratory activity of the laryngeal muscles with the subsequent closing of the glottis and inspiratory depressure could produce an obstruction.", "PMID": 84745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9639", "title": "Electroretinographic responses in Lafora disease.", "content": "In 3 patients with Lafora disease specific ERGs were observed resembling closely those seen in the Schubert-Bronschein type of night blindness. In contrast to essential hemeralopia, where the b-wave is completely lacking a gradual recovery of the b-wave was recorded in Lafora disease. The recovery occurred within about 15 min of dark adaptation. ERG examinations may have diagnostic significance in patients with myoclonic epilepsy.", "contents": "Electroretinographic responses in Lafora disease. In 3 patients with Lafora disease specific ERGs were observed resembling closely those seen in the Schubert-Bronschein type of night blindness. In contrast to essential hemeralopia, where the b-wave is completely lacking a gradual recovery of the b-wave was recorded in Lafora disease. The recovery occurred within about 15 min of dark adaptation. ERG examinations may have diagnostic significance in patients with myoclonic epilepsy.", "PMID": 84746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9640", "title": "A fast-recovery electrode amplifier for electrophysiology.", "content": "To overcome the problem of amplifier 'blocking time' due to stimulus artifact, a fast-recovery electrode amplifier is developed. The design of this amplifier and its application to a clinical EMG unit is discussed.", "contents": "A fast-recovery electrode amplifier for electrophysiology. To overcome the problem of amplifier 'blocking time' due to stimulus artifact, a fast-recovery electrode amplifier is developed. The design of this amplifier and its application to a clinical EMG unit is discussed.", "PMID": 84747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9641", "title": "An immunological approach to the study of protein conformational heterogeneity: its application to growth hormone.", "content": "The study of multiple forms of a hormone due to changes in its secondary or tertiary structure (conformational heterogeneity) has been restricted to methods of physical chemistry which require relatively large quantities of purified preparations and has precluded such studies on circulating hormones. The present report describes an immunological approach to the study of GH conformational heterogeneity based on the simultaneous use of two homologous RIAs: one which recognizes porcine (p) GH in its native conformation (pGH RIA) and a second (pB RIA) for a 55-residue S-aminoethylated cyanogen bromide fragment (pB) of pGH (corresponding to residues 126-180 of human GH). In the pGH RIA, pB was nonreactive, whereas pGH displacement of [125I]iodo-pB from anti-pB serum required about 10(3) M excess and was nonparallel to pB. Treatment of pGH with urea plus mercaptoethanol (ME), which would be expected to affect the conformation of the GH molecule, increased its immunoreactivity 68-fold in the pB RIA and its dilution curve became parallel to that of pB. Similar treatment of porcine pituitary extract increased its immunoreactivity 97-fold in pB RIA with a corresponding slope change. In contrast, urea plus ME decreased pGH and pituitary extract immunoreactivity by 84% and 92%, respectively, in the pGH RIA. The pB RIA/pGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity for pGH and for pituitary extract increased 795-fold and 569-fold, respectively, after combined treatment, whereas lesser increases were observed after urea or ME treatment alone. In conditions where alterations in GH conformation were suspected (highly purified, aged human GH preparations which were no longer satisfactory as radioiodinated tracers for radioimmunoassay), calculation of the pB RIA/hGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity indicated increased values. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which unfolding a native hormone, with concomitant exposure of the antigenic determinant of pB, hidden within pGH, leads in increased immunoreactivity in the pB RIA and decreased immunoreactivity in the pGH RIA. In this model, the pB RIA/pGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity would thus serve as an index of the state of hormonal unfolding.", "contents": "An immunological approach to the study of protein conformational heterogeneity: its application to growth hormone. The study of multiple forms of a hormone due to changes in its secondary or tertiary structure (conformational heterogeneity) has been restricted to methods of physical chemistry which require relatively large quantities of purified preparations and has precluded such studies on circulating hormones. The present report describes an immunological approach to the study of GH conformational heterogeneity based on the simultaneous use of two homologous RIAs: one which recognizes porcine (p) GH in its native conformation (pGH RIA) and a second (pB RIA) for a 55-residue S-aminoethylated cyanogen bromide fragment (pB) of pGH (corresponding to residues 126-180 of human GH). In the pGH RIA, pB was nonreactive, whereas pGH displacement of [125I]iodo-pB from anti-pB serum required about 10(3) M excess and was nonparallel to pB. Treatment of pGH with urea plus mercaptoethanol (ME), which would be expected to affect the conformation of the GH molecule, increased its immunoreactivity 68-fold in the pB RIA and its dilution curve became parallel to that of pB. Similar treatment of porcine pituitary extract increased its immunoreactivity 97-fold in pB RIA with a corresponding slope change. In contrast, urea plus ME decreased pGH and pituitary extract immunoreactivity by 84% and 92%, respectively, in the pGH RIA. The pB RIA/pGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity for pGH and for pituitary extract increased 795-fold and 569-fold, respectively, after combined treatment, whereas lesser increases were observed after urea or ME treatment alone. In conditions where alterations in GH conformation were suspected (highly purified, aged human GH preparations which were no longer satisfactory as radioiodinated tracers for radioimmunoassay), calculation of the pB RIA/hGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity indicated increased values. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which unfolding a native hormone, with concomitant exposure of the antigenic determinant of pB, hidden within pGH, leads in increased immunoreactivity in the pB RIA and decreased immunoreactivity in the pGH RIA. In this model, the pB RIA/pGH RIA ratio of immunoreactivity would thus serve as an index of the state of hormonal unfolding.", "PMID": 84749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9642", "title": "Somatostatin induces histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "Cyclic somatostatin strongly stimulated secretion of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. The energy, temperature and calcium dependence of this effect indicate that the action of somatostatin on the mast cells is similar to that of the classic mast cell secretagogue compound 48/80 and is to induce exocytosis.", "contents": "Somatostatin induces histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells. Cyclic somatostatin strongly stimulated secretion of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. The energy, temperature and calcium dependence of this effect indicate that the action of somatostatin on the mast cells is similar to that of the classic mast cell secretagogue compound 48/80 and is to induce exocytosis.", "PMID": 84750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9643", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of goitrogenic action of diphenylthiohydantoin.", "content": "Diphenylthiohydantoin (DPTH) is a potent goitrogenic compound and produces goiters in rats. Like methimazole, DPTH depresses plasma T4 and T3 concentrations and elevates plasma T4 and T3 concentrations and elevates plasma TSH concentration. Unlike methimazole, however, DPTH does not suppress thyroidal radioiodine uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis, although the monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine ration is elevated by DPTH. DPTH does not inhibit thyroidal radioiodine release or augment the degradation of thyroid hormone. DPTH depresses an increase of plasma T4 and T3 in thyroidectomized rats maintained on T4 or T3 by augmenting fecal excretion of hormones. In addition, DPTH decreases conversion of T4 to T3 in vitro. It is suggested that DPTH is a unique goitrogen which acts at two different extrahyroidal sites, viz. fecal loss of thyroid hormone and conversion of T4 to T3.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of goitrogenic action of diphenylthiohydantoin. Diphenylthiohydantoin (DPTH) is a potent goitrogenic compound and produces goiters in rats. Like methimazole, DPTH depresses plasma T4 and T3 concentrations and elevates plasma T4 and T3 concentrations and elevates plasma TSH concentration. Unlike methimazole, however, DPTH does not suppress thyroidal radioiodine uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis, although the monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine ration is elevated by DPTH. DPTH does not inhibit thyroidal radioiodine release or augment the degradation of thyroid hormone. DPTH depresses an increase of plasma T4 and T3 in thyroidectomized rats maintained on T4 or T3 by augmenting fecal excretion of hormones. In addition, DPTH decreases conversion of T4 to T3 in vitro. It is suggested that DPTH is a unique goitrogen which acts at two different extrahyroidal sites, viz. fecal loss of thyroid hormone and conversion of T4 to T3.", "PMID": 84751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9644", "title": "Pituitary basophils from immature male and female rats: distribution of gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs as studied by unit gravity sedimentation.", "content": "Isolated pituitary cells from 14-day-old female, 14-day-old male, and adult male rats were separated into several fractions by unit gravity sedimentation. With preparations from 14-day-old animals, the percentage of basophils increased from top to bottom of the gradient. The bottom fractions contained large basophils with a purity attaining almost 90% in the female and 75% in the male preparation. The same fraction prepared from adult male rats was composed of over 80% of large acidophils. As identified by immunostaining, the majority of the female large basophils were gonadotrophs, whereas in 14-day-old males about 1/3 of these basophils were thyrotrophs. The relative proportion of medium and small sized gonadotrophs and of thyrotrophs was also higher in the 14-day-old rats than in the adults. An estimate of the distribution of FSH and LH among the gonadotrophs was made by comparing the number of cells reacting with anti-FSH, with anti-LH, and with a mixture of both antisera. The data suggested that irrespective of cell size, the majority of the gonadotrophs in 14-day-old rats contained both FSH and LH. In most fractions, the occurrence of cells with only one hormone was more apparent in the males than in the females. In adult rats, cells with only FSH were most abundant in the fraction with large gonadotrophs. The distribution of hormone content, as measured by RIA, was highly characteristic for each animal group. In 14-day-old females, more than 70% of the recovered hormones was in the large gonadotrophs. In 14-day-old and adult males, substantial amounts of hormone were also recovered from medium sized gonadotrophs. The present findings suggest a relationship between developmental changes in pituitary hormone secretion and changes in pituitary cell type distribution.", "contents": "Pituitary basophils from immature male and female rats: distribution of gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs as studied by unit gravity sedimentation. Isolated pituitary cells from 14-day-old female, 14-day-old male, and adult male rats were separated into several fractions by unit gravity sedimentation. With preparations from 14-day-old animals, the percentage of basophils increased from top to bottom of the gradient. The bottom fractions contained large basophils with a purity attaining almost 90% in the female and 75% in the male preparation. The same fraction prepared from adult male rats was composed of over 80% of large acidophils. As identified by immunostaining, the majority of the female large basophils were gonadotrophs, whereas in 14-day-old males about 1/3 of these basophils were thyrotrophs. The relative proportion of medium and small sized gonadotrophs and of thyrotrophs was also higher in the 14-day-old rats than in the adults. An estimate of the distribution of FSH and LH among the gonadotrophs was made by comparing the number of cells reacting with anti-FSH, with anti-LH, and with a mixture of both antisera. The data suggested that irrespective of cell size, the majority of the gonadotrophs in 14-day-old rats contained both FSH and LH. In most fractions, the occurrence of cells with only one hormone was more apparent in the males than in the females. In adult rats, cells with only FSH were most abundant in the fraction with large gonadotrophs. The distribution of hormone content, as measured by RIA, was highly characteristic for each animal group. In 14-day-old females, more than 70% of the recovered hormones was in the large gonadotrophs. In 14-day-old and adult males, substantial amounts of hormone were also recovered from medium sized gonadotrophs. The present findings suggest a relationship between developmental changes in pituitary hormone secretion and changes in pituitary cell type distribution.", "PMID": 84753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9645", "title": "Effect of intraventricular administration of anti-somatostatin gamma-globulin on the lethal dose-50 of strychnine and pentobarbital in rats.", "content": "Effects of intraventricular injection of sheep anti-somatostatin gamma-globulin (anti-SSG) on strychnine-induced seizures, strychnine LD50, and pentobarbital LD50 were examined in male rats under light ether anesthesia. Ten microliters of anti-SSG given 2 h earlier significantly decreased the duration of strychnine-induced seizures as compared with that in the control rats pretreated with normal sheep gamma-globulin (NSG). This effect of anti-SSG seemed to be specific, as there was no difference in seizure duration between sheep anti-LHRH gamma-globulin (anti-LHRHG)- and NSG-pretreated rats. Survival rates in anti-SSG-pretreated rats after injection of strychnine and pentobarbital were significantly larger (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) than those in the control rats receiving NSG. The administration of anti-SSG resulted in 26.7% and 22.9% increases in the LD50 of strychnine and pentobarbital, respectively. These results indicate that endogenous somatostatin in the cerebrospinal fluids and/or the periventricular tissue nodulates the response of the central nervous system to strychnine and pentobarbital in rats.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular administration of anti-somatostatin gamma-globulin on the lethal dose-50 of strychnine and pentobarbital in rats. Effects of intraventricular injection of sheep anti-somatostatin gamma-globulin (anti-SSG) on strychnine-induced seizures, strychnine LD50, and pentobarbital LD50 were examined in male rats under light ether anesthesia. Ten microliters of anti-SSG given 2 h earlier significantly decreased the duration of strychnine-induced seizures as compared with that in the control rats pretreated with normal sheep gamma-globulin (NSG). This effect of anti-SSG seemed to be specific, as there was no difference in seizure duration between sheep anti-LHRH gamma-globulin (anti-LHRHG)- and NSG-pretreated rats. Survival rates in anti-SSG-pretreated rats after injection of strychnine and pentobarbital were significantly larger (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) than those in the control rats receiving NSG. The administration of anti-SSG resulted in 26.7% and 22.9% increases in the LD50 of strychnine and pentobarbital, respectively. These results indicate that endogenous somatostatin in the cerebrospinal fluids and/or the periventricular tissue nodulates the response of the central nervous system to strychnine and pentobarbital in rats.", "PMID": 84754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9646", "title": "Role of the serum estrogen-binding protein in the control of tissue estradiol levels during postnatal development of the female rat.", "content": "The role of the serum estrogen-binding protein (EBP) in the control of tissue estradiol levels during postnatal development of the female rat was examined. The estradiol-binding capacity of serum from the 1-day-old rats far exceeded the physiological level of estradiol in serum. The binding capacity decreased exponentially during the first 5 weeks of life to reach the low adult level at about the time of vaginal opening on day 37. From these observations one would predict that EBP would bind estradiol in the serum of the neonate, thereby preventing tissue uptake of the hormone. As the levels of EBP decline with advancing age, there should be a corresponding shift in the distribution of estradiol from serum to tissues. We have taken in vivo and in vitro approaches to evaluate these proposals. Female rats of various ages (1 day to 1 yr old) were sacrificed 1 h after [3H]estradiol injection and the radioactivity in serum and tissues was determined. During the first 11 days of life, the concentration of [3H]estradiol in serum was greater than the concentration of this hormone in estrogen-sensitive (uterus) and insensitive (lung, cerebral cortex, and diaphragm) tissues. Tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol increased progressively between 13-34 days and then plateaued at about the time of puberty (37 days of age) at levels which were 50- to 150-fold greater than those observed in the neonate. The increase in tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol during postnatal development probably resulted from the decline in serum EBP, since injection of neonatal serum into 28-day-old rats reduced tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol to levels which were similar to those observed in 16-day-old animals. To determine the effects of EBP on uterine uptake of estradiol in vitro, uteri from 21-day-old rats were incubated with [3H]estradiol and serum obtained from rats of various ages. As the concentration of serum EBP declined with advancing serum donor age, there was a corresponding increase in the uterine uptake of [3H]estradiol. These results suggest that the decline in EBP is responsible for the progressive increase in tissue to serum ratios of estradiol during the first 5 weeks of life. It is suggested that the increase in tissue to serum ratios of estradiol between days 13-37 postpartum is an important factor in the initiation of estrogenic events during postnatal sexual maturation in the female rat.", "contents": "Role of the serum estrogen-binding protein in the control of tissue estradiol levels during postnatal development of the female rat. The role of the serum estrogen-binding protein (EBP) in the control of tissue estradiol levels during postnatal development of the female rat was examined. The estradiol-binding capacity of serum from the 1-day-old rats far exceeded the physiological level of estradiol in serum. The binding capacity decreased exponentially during the first 5 weeks of life to reach the low adult level at about the time of vaginal opening on day 37. From these observations one would predict that EBP would bind estradiol in the serum of the neonate, thereby preventing tissue uptake of the hormone. As the levels of EBP decline with advancing age, there should be a corresponding shift in the distribution of estradiol from serum to tissues. We have taken in vivo and in vitro approaches to evaluate these proposals. Female rats of various ages (1 day to 1 yr old) were sacrificed 1 h after [3H]estradiol injection and the radioactivity in serum and tissues was determined. During the first 11 days of life, the concentration of [3H]estradiol in serum was greater than the concentration of this hormone in estrogen-sensitive (uterus) and insensitive (lung, cerebral cortex, and diaphragm) tissues. Tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol increased progressively between 13-34 days and then plateaued at about the time of puberty (37 days of age) at levels which were 50- to 150-fold greater than those observed in the neonate. The increase in tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol during postnatal development probably resulted from the decline in serum EBP, since injection of neonatal serum into 28-day-old rats reduced tissue to serum ratios of [3H]estradiol to levels which were similar to those observed in 16-day-old animals. To determine the effects of EBP on uterine uptake of estradiol in vitro, uteri from 21-day-old rats were incubated with [3H]estradiol and serum obtained from rats of various ages. As the concentration of serum EBP declined with advancing serum donor age, there was a corresponding increase in the uterine uptake of [3H]estradiol. These results suggest that the decline in EBP is responsible for the progressive increase in tissue to serum ratios of estradiol during the first 5 weeks of life. It is suggested that the increase in tissue to serum ratios of estradiol between days 13-37 postpartum is an important factor in the initiation of estrogenic events during postnatal sexual maturation in the female rat.", "PMID": 84755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9647", "title": "Inhibition by various steroids on dihydrotestosterone binding to androphilic protein in human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "The effect of various steroidal compounds on the binding of the androphilic protein to dihydrotestosterone in the cytosol of tissues of human benign prostatic hypertrophy was examined. Androgens, as well as estrogens and gestagens showed an inhibitory effect on the binding. Non-steroidal anti-androgens were revealed to be weak inhibitors on the binding. Two androphilic proteins were observed in Sephadex G-200 chromatography in fractions eluted at the void volume and in fractions appearing at the site of IgG, and the rate of inhibition on the binding of both fractions by various steroids was compared. The rate of inhibition by various compounds was generally higher in the IgG fraction than in the void volume fraction. When the ligand and inhibitors were incubated with the cytosol prior to fractionation by Sephadex chromatography, rate of inhibition was lower than that obtained when the ligand and inhibitors were reacted with fractions after chromatography. Implications of the difference observed in these two experiments are not clear at this moment. The results obtained by the protamine precipitation experiment were almost the same as those by the experiment using the extract of the unfractionated acetone-dried cytosol, therefore, the protamine procedure does not seem to precipitate the tissue specific androphilic protein specifically.", "contents": "Inhibition by various steroids on dihydrotestosterone binding to androphilic protein in human benign prostatic hypertrophy. The effect of various steroidal compounds on the binding of the androphilic protein to dihydrotestosterone in the cytosol of tissues of human benign prostatic hypertrophy was examined. Androgens, as well as estrogens and gestagens showed an inhibitory effect on the binding. Non-steroidal anti-androgens were revealed to be weak inhibitors on the binding. Two androphilic proteins were observed in Sephadex G-200 chromatography in fractions eluted at the void volume and in fractions appearing at the site of IgG, and the rate of inhibition on the binding of both fractions by various steroids was compared. The rate of inhibition by various compounds was generally higher in the IgG fraction than in the void volume fraction. When the ligand and inhibitors were incubated with the cytosol prior to fractionation by Sephadex chromatography, rate of inhibition was lower than that obtained when the ligand and inhibitors were reacted with fractions after chromatography. Implications of the difference observed in these two experiments are not clear at this moment. The results obtained by the protamine precipitation experiment were almost the same as those by the experiment using the extract of the unfractionated acetone-dried cytosol, therefore, the protamine procedure does not seem to precipitate the tissue specific androphilic protein specifically.", "PMID": 84756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9648", "title": "SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells in the mouse adrenal medulla: light and electron microscopic identification using semi-thin and ultra-thin sections.", "content": "Adrenal glands of the mouse, fixed either in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide or in a mixture of potassium dichromate and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. An argentaffin reaction was applied to semi-thin sections for light microscopy and to ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. Since the mature secretory granules in the Small Granule Chromaffin (SGC) cell were argentaffin and were mainly located along the cell membrane, this cell was clearly distinguishable under the light microscope both from the A (adrenaline) cell whose secretory granules were non-argentaffin and from the NA (noradrenaline) cell whose cytoplasm was rich and was filled with large, strongly argentaffin granules. Chromaffinity of the SGC cell was demonstrated under the light microscope. The SGC cell was intensively stained with toluidine blue without revealing metachromasia. It was demonstrated at the EM level that not only the secretory granules but also the synaptic-like vesicles in the SGC cell contained argentaffin substances. Possible functional relationship between the secretory granules and the synaptic-like vesicles was discussed.", "contents": "SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells in the mouse adrenal medulla: light and electron microscopic identification using semi-thin and ultra-thin sections. Adrenal glands of the mouse, fixed either in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide or in a mixture of potassium dichromate and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. An argentaffin reaction was applied to semi-thin sections for light microscopy and to ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. Since the mature secretory granules in the Small Granule Chromaffin (SGC) cell were argentaffin and were mainly located along the cell membrane, this cell was clearly distinguishable under the light microscope both from the A (adrenaline) cell whose secretory granules were non-argentaffin and from the NA (noradrenaline) cell whose cytoplasm was rich and was filled with large, strongly argentaffin granules. Chromaffinity of the SGC cell was demonstrated under the light microscope. The SGC cell was intensively stained with toluidine blue without revealing metachromasia. It was demonstrated at the EM level that not only the secretory granules but also the synaptic-like vesicles in the SGC cell contained argentaffin substances. Possible functional relationship between the secretory granules and the synaptic-like vesicles was discussed.", "PMID": 84757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9649", "title": "Aberrant peptide hormones in patients with urogenital carcinomas.", "content": "A series of 229 patients with urogenital carcinomas were investigated for aberrant peptide hormone activities. Serum TSH and prolactin were frequently measured in elevated levels and showed some relation to the stage of disease. Ectopic production of beta-HCG was not observed in any of the cases, thyroid and steroid hormones did not exceed the normal ranges.", "contents": "Aberrant peptide hormones in patients with urogenital carcinomas. A series of 229 patients with urogenital carcinomas were investigated for aberrant peptide hormone activities. Serum TSH and prolactin were frequently measured in elevated levels and showed some relation to the stage of disease. Ectopic production of beta-HCG was not observed in any of the cases, thyroid and steroid hormones did not exceed the normal ranges.", "PMID": 84758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9650", "title": "Combined surgery and chemotherapy for retroperitoneal metastases of testicular carcinomas other than pure seminoma.", "content": "The results of treatment in 210 patients with testicular carcinomas other than pure seminoma are analysed. Patients with negative retroperitoneal nodes had a very good prognosis following lymph node dissection alone. Patients with positive nodes did much better after adjunctive chemotherapy than after post-operative irradiation. Patients with advanced disease showed significant improvement with intensive chemotherapy combined with surgery. Presently retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy combined with intensive chemotherapy seems to be the treatment of choice for metastatic testicular carcinomas.", "contents": "Combined surgery and chemotherapy for retroperitoneal metastases of testicular carcinomas other than pure seminoma. The results of treatment in 210 patients with testicular carcinomas other than pure seminoma are analysed. Patients with negative retroperitoneal nodes had a very good prognosis following lymph node dissection alone. Patients with positive nodes did much better after adjunctive chemotherapy than after post-operative irradiation. Patients with advanced disease showed significant improvement with intensive chemotherapy combined with surgery. Presently retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy combined with intensive chemotherapy seems to be the treatment of choice for metastatic testicular carcinomas.", "PMID": 84759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9651", "title": "Significance of the acetylation phenotype and the therapeutic effect of procainamide.", "content": "In order to estimate the relative anti-arrhythmic effect of procainamide and N-acetyl-procainamide, 18 randomly selected, patients with arrhythmia were divided into two groups; the first was treated with Pronestyl in the first half of the investigation period, followed by Duretter in the second half, and the second group began with Duretter and terminated with Pronestyl. The concentrations of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were measured twice a day during the steady state part of each treatment period. The acetylation phenotype of the patients was determined with sulfadimidine, and compared with the relative serum concentrations of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide. N-acetylprocainamide was found to antagonize the action of procainamide.", "contents": "Significance of the acetylation phenotype and the therapeutic effect of procainamide. In order to estimate the relative anti-arrhythmic effect of procainamide and N-acetyl-procainamide, 18 randomly selected, patients with arrhythmia were divided into two groups; the first was treated with Pronestyl in the first half of the investigation period, followed by Duretter in the second half, and the second group began with Duretter and terminated with Pronestyl. The concentrations of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were measured twice a day during the steady state part of each treatment period. The acetylation phenotype of the patients was determined with sulfadimidine, and compared with the relative serum concentrations of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide. N-acetylprocainamide was found to antagonize the action of procainamide.", "PMID": 84761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9652", "title": "Anatomical and functional aspects of the associative projections from somatic area SI to SII.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological and morphological (retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, HRP) experiments have been carried out in the cat in order to study the associative projections from area SI to ipsilateral SII. 2. Microelectrode recordings were performed in the forepaw focus of SII both in normal (64 units) and in SI-undercut (51 units) cats. 29.6% of the neurons recorded in the unoperated and 29.4% of those collected in the operated cats were excited by electric stimulation of the ipsilateral SI (forepaw focus). In both preparations almost all such units were endowed with large (either contra- or bilateral) receptive fields (RF). Cell population recorded in the SI-undercut cats showed no significant impairment to peripheral stimuli and/or changes in the size of the RFs. 3. From the forepaw focus of SI, 150 units have been recorded and tested by stimulation of the homologous focus of the ipsilateral SII. Eight of them were fired antidromically and thus identified as association cells. Their RFs were very small and located only in the digits of the contralateral forepaw. 4. Both single or multiple HRP injections were performed in SII. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in the ipsilateral SI. The great majority of association cells are pyramids and dwell mainly in layer III. In spite of the large diffusion of the exogenous reaction product in the injected SII and of the presence of retrogradely labelled cells anywhere in the ipsilateral thalamic VB complex, the distribution of association cells is unequal throughout SI since they strongly predominate in the digit zone of the forepaw representation.", "contents": "Anatomical and functional aspects of the associative projections from somatic area SI to SII. 1. Electrophysiological and morphological (retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, HRP) experiments have been carried out in the cat in order to study the associative projections from area SI to ipsilateral SII. 2. Microelectrode recordings were performed in the forepaw focus of SII both in normal (64 units) and in SI-undercut (51 units) cats. 29.6% of the neurons recorded in the unoperated and 29.4% of those collected in the operated cats were excited by electric stimulation of the ipsilateral SI (forepaw focus). In both preparations almost all such units were endowed with large (either contra- or bilateral) receptive fields (RF). Cell population recorded in the SI-undercut cats showed no significant impairment to peripheral stimuli and/or changes in the size of the RFs. 3. From the forepaw focus of SI, 150 units have been recorded and tested by stimulation of the homologous focus of the ipsilateral SII. Eight of them were fired antidromically and thus identified as association cells. Their RFs were very small and located only in the digits of the contralateral forepaw. 4. Both single or multiple HRP injections were performed in SII. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in the ipsilateral SI. The great majority of association cells are pyramids and dwell mainly in layer III. In spite of the large diffusion of the exogenous reaction product in the injected SII and of the presence of retrogradely labelled cells anywhere in the ipsilateral thalamic VB complex, the distribution of association cells is unequal throughout SI since they strongly predominate in the digit zone of the forepaw representation.", "PMID": 84762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9653", "title": "Accumulation of Phosvel in adipose tissue of hens.", "content": "Phosvel, an organophosphorus pesticide, was stored in the adipose tissue of hens after they were given daily a single oral dose. The concentration of Phosvel in fat was related to the size of the daily dose.", "contents": "Accumulation of Phosvel in adipose tissue of hens. Phosvel, an organophosphorus pesticide, was stored in the adipose tissue of hens after they were given daily a single oral dose. The concentration of Phosvel in fat was related to the size of the daily dose.", "PMID": 84763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9654", "title": "Sensitivity of human lymphocytes to bleomycin increases with age.", "content": "The sensitivity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to bleomycin and mitomycin-C was assessed by measuring the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin stimulated proliferation. The sensitivity to bleomycin, and not to mitomycin-C, increased with the age.", "contents": "Sensitivity of human lymphocytes to bleomycin increases with age. The sensitivity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to bleomycin and mitomycin-C was assessed by measuring the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin stimulated proliferation. The sensitivity to bleomycin, and not to mitomycin-C, increased with the age.", "PMID": 84764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9655", "title": "Axoplasmic transport in regenerating limbs of Ambystoma maculatum larvae.", "content": "Axoplasmic transport of 3H-leucine labelled molecules from spinal cord segments into regenerating larval salamander limbs was observed. However, labelled molecules were not observed in cells of the regeneration blastema.", "contents": "Axoplasmic transport in regenerating limbs of Ambystoma maculatum larvae. Axoplasmic transport of 3H-leucine labelled molecules from spinal cord segments into regenerating larval salamander limbs was observed. However, labelled molecules were not observed in cells of the regeneration blastema.", "PMID": 84765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9656", "title": "Interphase studies with a simplified method of silver staining of nucleoli.", "content": "A simple silver staining method is presented providing a rapid and reliable technique for the selective staining of nuclear structures synthesizing ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S RNA).", "contents": "Interphase studies with a simplified method of silver staining of nucleoli. A simple silver staining method is presented providing a rapid and reliable technique for the selective staining of nuclear structures synthesizing ribosomal RNA (18S and 28S RNA).", "PMID": 84766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9657", "title": "[Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Hormonal management with chlormadinone acetate].", "content": "In 138 patients with uterine dysfunctional bleeding a hormonal treatment with chlormadinone acetate, was given. The dosage varied according to four therapeutic stages: hemostatic, maintenance, consolidation and observation. Patients were placed in three groups: Group I, adolescents, Group II, reproductive life, Group III, premenopausal. In 51.9% of the patients there was endometrial hyperplasia, proliferative in 26.6% and secretory in 14.1%. Good results were obtained in all four therapeutic stages.", "contents": "[Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Hormonal management with chlormadinone acetate]. In 138 patients with uterine dysfunctional bleeding a hormonal treatment with chlormadinone acetate, was given. The dosage varied according to four therapeutic stages: hemostatic, maintenance, consolidation and observation. Patients were placed in three groups: Group I, adolescents, Group II, reproductive life, Group III, premenopausal. In 51.9% of the patients there was endometrial hyperplasia, proliferative in 26.6% and secretory in 14.1%. Good results were obtained in all four therapeutic stages.", "PMID": 84774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9658", "title": "Vitamin B12 binding protein as a tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Grossly raised levels of tumour related vitamin B12 binding protein, reflected by rises in serum vitamin B12 and unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC), were found in three of 44 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. All three were HBsAg negative and had normal serum alpha fetoprotein levels. The patients did not have underlying cirrhosis and the tumours contained characteristic intracellular inclusions. In the first patient the UBBC level fell during a partial remission induced by adriamycin therapy and in the second patient UBBC levels rose with progression of her disease. In the third patient serum B12 binding protein levels fell after tumour resection. Assay and subsequent monitoring of serum vitamin B12 and UBCC may prove valuable in the assessment and follow-up of some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma whose alpha fetoprotein levels are normal.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 binding protein as a tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly raised levels of tumour related vitamin B12 binding protein, reflected by rises in serum vitamin B12 and unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC), were found in three of 44 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. All three were HBsAg negative and had normal serum alpha fetoprotein levels. The patients did not have underlying cirrhosis and the tumours contained characteristic intracellular inclusions. In the first patient the UBBC level fell during a partial remission induced by adriamycin therapy and in the second patient UBBC levels rose with progression of her disease. In the third patient serum B12 binding protein levels fell after tumour resection. Assay and subsequent monitoring of serum vitamin B12 and UBCC may prove valuable in the assessment and follow-up of some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma whose alpha fetoprotein levels are normal.", "PMID": 84776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9659", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical follow up of Refsum's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a family refered here, two sisters are presenting heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Morbus Refsum) with the complete clinical, electromyographical and serological findings (increased phytanic acid level, accumulation of mono- and diphytanyl, triglycerides). In addition, some symptoms of Refsum's disease are clinically apparent in the eight year old daughter of one of the patients, but significant principal characteristics are absent (dissociation of the spinal fluid, retinopathia pigmentosa, increased phytanic acid level). The phytanic acid level in the serum of ten clinically normal blood relations (three of which are also obligatory heterozygotes) is normal. In both patients with manifest illness we found not only the usual spinal fluid changes with highly increased protein levels (gammaglobulin, IgA- and IgG-fraction) but also a remarkably large number of macrophages with vacuoles. Within almost two years of keeping to a strict diet with low phytanic acid and phytol content, both patients showed a distinct clinical improvement in parallel with a decrease of the phytanic acid level. Even a temporary increase of the phytanic acid level in one of the patients did not cause clinical relapse. Regarding the biochemical control of the course of the disease, the phytanic acid containing triglycerides proved to be a highly sensitive parameter.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical follow up of Refsum's disease (author's transl)]. Within a family refered here, two sisters are presenting heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Morbus Refsum) with the complete clinical, electromyographical and serological findings (increased phytanic acid level, accumulation of mono- and diphytanyl, triglycerides). In addition, some symptoms of Refsum's disease are clinically apparent in the eight year old daughter of one of the patients, but significant principal characteristics are absent (dissociation of the spinal fluid, retinopathia pigmentosa, increased phytanic acid level). The phytanic acid level in the serum of ten clinically normal blood relations (three of which are also obligatory heterozygotes) is normal. In both patients with manifest illness we found not only the usual spinal fluid changes with highly increased protein levels (gammaglobulin, IgA- and IgG-fraction) but also a remarkably large number of macrophages with vacuoles. Within almost two years of keeping to a strict diet with low phytanic acid and phytol content, both patients showed a distinct clinical improvement in parallel with a decrease of the phytanic acid level. Even a temporary increase of the phytanic acid level in one of the patients did not cause clinical relapse. Regarding the biochemical control of the course of the disease, the phytanic acid containing triglycerides proved to be a highly sensitive parameter.", "PMID": 84779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9660", "title": "[Formamidase--microheterogeneity, catalytic properties and inhibitors (author's transl)].", "content": "Formamidase from rat liver proved to be microheterogenous. After preparative isoelectric focusing in density gradient columns, two peaks of formamidase with identical substrate specificity were identified. By analytical focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide or Sephadex G-75 SF, even five bands could be separated. Their isoelectric points were 4.75, 4.78, 4.82, 4.92 (main band) and 5.11, but their Michaelis constants did not differ significantly (54 to 62 mumol/l). An identical molecular weight of 34700 +/- 3200 for all bands was determined by disc electrophoresis. This value was confirmed by sedimentation analyses (so20,w = 3.00 S) and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl-sulfate (Mr 34900 +/- 2300), which only gave a single band. The homogeneity was also confirmed by electrophoresis in the presence of 6M urea. Repeated disc electrophoresis of focusing under native conditions with single, isolated formamidases again resulted in different bands which were identified, not only by Coomassie Blue, but also by their hydrolytic cleavage of naphthyl acetate. Formamidase showed neither proteolytic nor asparagine-amidohydrolase activity and oligosaccharide conjugates were not detectable. Ampholytes, buffer ions, pH and peroxodisulfate did not affect the heterogeneity. \"Initial burst\" measurements with diethyl(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate yielded an equivalent weight of 36,300. Formylkynurenine reduced this inhibition very effectively. Thus, an extraordinary reactive serine residue appeared to be located in the catalytic site of formamidase. A participation of sulfhydrylgroups in the inactivating reaction of arsenite was excluded although two such groups were detected by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). N-Bromosuccinimide reacted primarily with one of the nine tryptophan residues without loss of enzymatic activity, but a 18.6-fold excess of this reagent resulted in a complete loss of activity. The reaction rates of the most effective inhibitors and of the protective action of formylkynurenine were determined. Thus, formamidase must clearly be distinguished from typical serine esterases and proteases.", "contents": "[Formamidase--microheterogeneity, catalytic properties and inhibitors (author's transl)]. Formamidase from rat liver proved to be microheterogenous. After preparative isoelectric focusing in density gradient columns, two peaks of formamidase with identical substrate specificity were identified. By analytical focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide or Sephadex G-75 SF, even five bands could be separated. Their isoelectric points were 4.75, 4.78, 4.82, 4.92 (main band) and 5.11, but their Michaelis constants did not differ significantly (54 to 62 mumol/l). An identical molecular weight of 34700 +/- 3200 for all bands was determined by disc electrophoresis. This value was confirmed by sedimentation analyses (so20,w = 3.00 S) and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl-sulfate (Mr 34900 +/- 2300), which only gave a single band. The homogeneity was also confirmed by electrophoresis in the presence of 6M urea. Repeated disc electrophoresis of focusing under native conditions with single, isolated formamidases again resulted in different bands which were identified, not only by Coomassie Blue, but also by their hydrolytic cleavage of naphthyl acetate. Formamidase showed neither proteolytic nor asparagine-amidohydrolase activity and oligosaccharide conjugates were not detectable. Ampholytes, buffer ions, pH and peroxodisulfate did not affect the heterogeneity. \"Initial burst\" measurements with diethyl(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate yielded an equivalent weight of 36,300. Formylkynurenine reduced this inhibition very effectively. Thus, an extraordinary reactive serine residue appeared to be located in the catalytic site of formamidase. A participation of sulfhydrylgroups in the inactivating reaction of arsenite was excluded although two such groups were detected by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). N-Bromosuccinimide reacted primarily with one of the nine tryptophan residues without loss of enzymatic activity, but a 18.6-fold excess of this reagent resulted in a complete loss of activity. The reaction rates of the most effective inhibitors and of the protective action of formylkynurenine were determined. Thus, formamidase must clearly be distinguished from typical serine esterases and proteases.", "PMID": 84781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9661", "title": "Inhibition of condensation of human Y chromosome by the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 in a mouse-human cell hybrid.", "content": "The fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 which binds preferentially to A-T base pairs, drastically inhibits the condensation of A-T-rich centromeric heterochromatin regions in mouse cell lines. The condensation of all other regions of these chromosomes is also inhibited to some extent. The human Y chromosome contains a large heterochromatic region, which is also rich in A-T base pairs. This chromosome is not affected by Hoechst 33258 in human leukocyte cell cultures. On the other hand, condensation of the multiple copies of human Y chromosome in the mouse-human cell hybrid RH-28Y-23 is inhibited and the chromosomes appear distorted in Hoechst 33258-treated cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of condensation of human Y chromosome by the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 in a mouse-human cell hybrid. The fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 which binds preferentially to A-T base pairs, drastically inhibits the condensation of A-T-rich centromeric heterochromatin regions in mouse cell lines. The condensation of all other regions of these chromosomes is also inhibited to some extent. The human Y chromosome contains a large heterochromatic region, which is also rich in A-T base pairs. This chromosome is not affected by Hoechst 33258 in human leukocyte cell cultures. On the other hand, condensation of the multiple copies of human Y chromosome in the mouse-human cell hybrid RH-28Y-23 is inhibited and the chromosomes appear distorted in Hoechst 33258-treated cells.", "PMID": 84782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9662", "title": "Liposomes in immunology: further evidence for the adjuvant activity of liposomes.", "content": "The immune response to HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes administered to rabbits was not markedly enhanced when compared with the response to unmodified HSA. It was found in earlier work that HSA entrapped in liposomes (mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine) evoked a strong immune response under conditions where no response was detected to free HSA. The present results exclude the possibility that HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes which may arise from liposome-encapsulated HSA may be responsible for the adjuvant activity of the liposome. The adjuvant activity of liposomes could also be established after administration of a liposome-associated strong antigen (BGG).", "contents": "Liposomes in immunology: further evidence for the adjuvant activity of liposomes. The immune response to HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes administered to rabbits was not markedly enhanced when compared with the response to unmodified HSA. It was found in earlier work that HSA entrapped in liposomes (mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine) evoked a strong immune response under conditions where no response was detected to free HSA. The present results exclude the possibility that HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes which may arise from liposome-encapsulated HSA may be responsible for the adjuvant activity of the liposome. The adjuvant activity of liposomes could also be established after administration of a liposome-associated strong antigen (BGG).", "PMID": 84783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9663", "title": "Localization of blood-group A and I antigenic sites on inside-out and rightside-out human erythrocyte membrane vesicles.", "content": "Investigations of the fixation of 125I-labelled anti-A and anti-I antibodies onto rightside-out and inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from human A1 and OI erythrocytes, respectively, showed that both antibodies were bound to the rightside-out vesicles, giving clear evidence that blood group A and I antigenic sites are exclusively localized on the external surface of the membrane.", "contents": "Localization of blood-group A and I antigenic sites on inside-out and rightside-out human erythrocyte membrane vesicles. Investigations of the fixation of 125I-labelled anti-A and anti-I antibodies onto rightside-out and inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from human A1 and OI erythrocytes, respectively, showed that both antibodies were bound to the rightside-out vesicles, giving clear evidence that blood group A and I antigenic sites are exclusively localized on the external surface of the membrane.", "PMID": 84784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9664", "title": "beta2-Microglobulin production by highly purified human T and B lymphocytes in cell culture stimulated with various mitogens.", "content": "This study attempts to evaluate beta2-microglobulin production by highly purified (greater than 98%) peripheral and tonsil T and B lymphocytes cultured with various mitogens. beta2-Microglobulin was measured by the radioimmunoassay method. It was found that PHA and Con A markedly stimulated beta2-microglobulin production in cultures of T but not B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes were greatly activated, on the other hand, by Staphylococcus aureau Cowan I organisms cSpA), though the level of beta2-microglobulin production was less than that observed in PHA- and Con A-stimulated T lymphocytes. PWM only slightly increased beta2-microglobulin production of T lymphocytes, although the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine was highly enhanced. The highest level of beta2-microglobulin obtained with PHA or Con A was observed when the T/B lymphocyte ratio was between 90/10 and 80/20. These results lead to the conclusion that: (1) SpA is a specific mitogen for B lymphocytes, and its mitogenicity is independent of the presence of T lymphocytes, while PHA, Con A, and PWM are ineffective as stimulants of B lymphocytes; (2) the beta2-microglobulin producing ability of B lymphocytes is less than that of T lymphocytes, even when the lymphocytes are markedly activated; (3) the beta2-microglobulin production and DNA synthesis by T lymphocytes is markedly enhanced by the helper effect of B lymphocytes; (4) the level of beta2-microglobulin production reflects lymphocyte activation, especially in T lymphocytes stimulated with PHA or Con A.", "contents": "beta2-Microglobulin production by highly purified human T and B lymphocytes in cell culture stimulated with various mitogens. This study attempts to evaluate beta2-microglobulin production by highly purified (greater than 98%) peripheral and tonsil T and B lymphocytes cultured with various mitogens. beta2-Microglobulin was measured by the radioimmunoassay method. It was found that PHA and Con A markedly stimulated beta2-microglobulin production in cultures of T but not B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes were greatly activated, on the other hand, by Staphylococcus aureau Cowan I organisms cSpA), though the level of beta2-microglobulin production was less than that observed in PHA- and Con A-stimulated T lymphocytes. PWM only slightly increased beta2-microglobulin production of T lymphocytes, although the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine was highly enhanced. The highest level of beta2-microglobulin obtained with PHA or Con A was observed when the T/B lymphocyte ratio was between 90/10 and 80/20. These results lead to the conclusion that: (1) SpA is a specific mitogen for B lymphocytes, and its mitogenicity is independent of the presence of T lymphocytes, while PHA, Con A, and PWM are ineffective as stimulants of B lymphocytes; (2) the beta2-microglobulin producing ability of B lymphocytes is less than that of T lymphocytes, even when the lymphocytes are markedly activated; (3) the beta2-microglobulin production and DNA synthesis by T lymphocytes is markedly enhanced by the helper effect of B lymphocytes; (4) the level of beta2-microglobulin production reflects lymphocyte activation, especially in T lymphocytes stimulated with PHA or Con A.", "PMID": 84785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9665", "title": "Peripheral blood leucocyte response to coccidial infection: a comparison of the response in rats and chickens and its correlation with resistance to reinfection.", "content": "The peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) response to infection with two species of the intestinal protozoan Eimeria shows a remarkably similar pattern in both rats and chickens. Like resistance to these parasites, the PBL response to reinfection is species-specific and it coincides with the inhibition of development of the parasite and with cellular infiltration of the lamina propria. In primary infections, the numbers of PBL increased biphasically and significant changes were found in the count of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), lymphocytes, and large mononuclear cells (LMN). A consistent pattern of two increases in PMN, some lymphopenia, and two increases in LMN was found in rats and chickens. The response to secondary infections was more rapid and much briefer, particularly in chickens in which significant changes were detected within hours of infection and consisted of an almost equal increase in PMN and in lymphocytes. This secondary response occurred only in animals challenged with the homologous species. It was not evoked by challenge with a related species which develops in approximately the same area of the intestine.", "contents": "Peripheral blood leucocyte response to coccidial infection: a comparison of the response in rats and chickens and its correlation with resistance to reinfection. The peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) response to infection with two species of the intestinal protozoan Eimeria shows a remarkably similar pattern in both rats and chickens. Like resistance to these parasites, the PBL response to reinfection is species-specific and it coincides with the inhibition of development of the parasite and with cellular infiltration of the lamina propria. In primary infections, the numbers of PBL increased biphasically and significant changes were found in the count of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), lymphocytes, and large mononuclear cells (LMN). A consistent pattern of two increases in PMN, some lymphopenia, and two increases in LMN was found in rats and chickens. The response to secondary infections was more rapid and much briefer, particularly in chickens in which significant changes were detected within hours of infection and consisted of an almost equal increase in PMN and in lymphocytes. This secondary response occurred only in animals challenged with the homologous species. It was not evoked by challenge with a related species which develops in approximately the same area of the intestine.", "PMID": 84786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9666", "title": "On the feedback regulation of humoral immune response. I. Evidence for 'B suppressor cells'.", "content": "Evidence has been presented that complete and antigen-specific immune inhibition can be obtained by 'B suppressor cells'. Transfer of spleen cells from twice-immunized (SRBC) donors to untreated syngeneic recipients resulted in antigen-specific inhibition of the hosts' immune response. The cell responsible for this phenomenon could be shown to be the 7S-producing B cell; participation of T cells and macrophages could be excluded. After a second immunization of the donors, these B cells remained inhibitory for more than 20 weeks in the donors as well as in the recipients after transfer. Passively administered specific IgG antibody caused a similar inhibition of the hosts' immune response, which, however, lasted for less than 9 weeks only. The extent of inhibition caused by transfer of hyperimmune cells was parallel to the number of transferred 7S producing cells. Since it could be demonstrated that memory cells were present at times when the transferred cell material had lost its inhibitory potency, we concluded that inhibition is not caused by the mere presence of these cells. Since the transferred cells regained their inhibitory capacity after non-specific activation with LPS, we concluded that a product of such activated cells--most likely the specific 7S antibody--was responsible for the observed inhibition. Thus, it is demonstrated that B cells may serve as 'suppressor cells' in appropriate transfer experiments. It is, however, concluded that this effect is basically mediated by produced IgG and may in its mechanism be identical to the phenomenon of antibody-mediated regulation of humoral immune response.", "contents": "On the feedback regulation of humoral immune response. I. Evidence for 'B suppressor cells'. Evidence has been presented that complete and antigen-specific immune inhibition can be obtained by 'B suppressor cells'. Transfer of spleen cells from twice-immunized (SRBC) donors to untreated syngeneic recipients resulted in antigen-specific inhibition of the hosts' immune response. The cell responsible for this phenomenon could be shown to be the 7S-producing B cell; participation of T cells and macrophages could be excluded. After a second immunization of the donors, these B cells remained inhibitory for more than 20 weeks in the donors as well as in the recipients after transfer. Passively administered specific IgG antibody caused a similar inhibition of the hosts' immune response, which, however, lasted for less than 9 weeks only. The extent of inhibition caused by transfer of hyperimmune cells was parallel to the number of transferred 7S producing cells. Since it could be demonstrated that memory cells were present at times when the transferred cell material had lost its inhibitory potency, we concluded that inhibition is not caused by the mere presence of these cells. Since the transferred cells regained their inhibitory capacity after non-specific activation with LPS, we concluded that a product of such activated cells--most likely the specific 7S antibody--was responsible for the observed inhibition. Thus, it is demonstrated that B cells may serve as 'suppressor cells' in appropriate transfer experiments. It is, however, concluded that this effect is basically mediated by produced IgG and may in its mechanism be identical to the phenomenon of antibody-mediated regulation of humoral immune response.", "PMID": 84787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9667", "title": "[Retrospective consideration of the incidence of anaphylactoid reactions following administration of Plasmasteril and Longasteril].", "content": "The frequency of anaphylacotid reactions following the infusion of colloidal volume substitutes has become more transparent in the recent years due to retrospective reports of several hospitals and especially by a prospective multi-clinical study carried out in the Bavarian area. As a contribution towards medicament safety by the manufacturers of infusion solutions, a quantitation of the incidents should be tried. For the period January 1974-June 1977 Dr. E. Fresenius KG has compared the units sold of HES (Plasmasteril) and Dextran 75 (Longasteril 75) with the reported incidents. The frequency of severe anaphylactoid reactions (type III + IV) amounted to 19/458 924 = 0.0041% for Dextran 75 and to 2/550 350 = 0.0004% for hydroxyethyl starch. The frequency of life-threatening incidents with HES proved to be lower than for Dextran 75 by the factor 10.", "contents": "[Retrospective consideration of the incidence of anaphylactoid reactions following administration of Plasmasteril and Longasteril]. The frequency of anaphylacotid reactions following the infusion of colloidal volume substitutes has become more transparent in the recent years due to retrospective reports of several hospitals and especially by a prospective multi-clinical study carried out in the Bavarian area. As a contribution towards medicament safety by the manufacturers of infusion solutions, a quantitation of the incidents should be tried. For the period January 1974-June 1977 Dr. E. Fresenius KG has compared the units sold of HES (Plasmasteril) and Dextran 75 (Longasteril 75) with the reported incidents. The frequency of severe anaphylactoid reactions (type III + IV) amounted to 19/458 924 = 0.0041% for Dextran 75 and to 2/550 350 = 0.0004% for hydroxyethyl starch. The frequency of life-threatening incidents with HES proved to be lower than for Dextran 75 by the factor 10.", "PMID": 84790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9668", "title": "[Varied circulatory effects after rapid infusion of hydroxyethyl starch, dextran 60 and blood in the postoperative patient].", "content": "The acute hemodynamic effects which occur after a quick infusion (500 ml per 10 minutes) of hydroxyethyl starch, dextran 60 or autologous blood with identical hematocrit were studied in three groups of 10 patients each on the first day after laparotomy. If blood is infused there is only a moderate increase of the total perfusion (+18%) observed, however hydroxyethyl starch or dextran 60 infusions result in a striking increase of the cardiac output (+34%, +44%, respectively). There is no significant difference among the latter two groups. Thus, hydroxyethyl starch as well as dextran 60 can be considered as a potent volume substitute, if an acute effectiveness is wanted.", "contents": "[Varied circulatory effects after rapid infusion of hydroxyethyl starch, dextran 60 and blood in the postoperative patient]. The acute hemodynamic effects which occur after a quick infusion (500 ml per 10 minutes) of hydroxyethyl starch, dextran 60 or autologous blood with identical hematocrit were studied in three groups of 10 patients each on the first day after laparotomy. If blood is infused there is only a moderate increase of the total perfusion (+18%) observed, however hydroxyethyl starch or dextran 60 infusions result in a striking increase of the cardiac output (+34%, +44%, respectively). There is no significant difference among the latter two groups. Thus, hydroxyethyl starch as well as dextran 60 can be considered as a potent volume substitute, if an acute effectiveness is wanted.", "PMID": 84791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9669", "title": "Cross-reaction between the mycelial galactomannas of three Hormodendrum strains and the mannans of two Candida albicans strains of different serotypes, A and B.", "content": "Cross-reactivity between galactomannans of three representative Hormodendrum strains, H. pedrosoi IFO 6071, H. compactum IFO 6726, and H. dermatitidis IFO 6421, and the mannans of two Candida strains, C. albicans NIH A-207 (serotype A) and C. albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B), were investigated by means of agar-gel double diffusion, quantitative preciptin reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The following results were obtained. (i) Antisera to whole cells of three Hormodendrum strains were completely inactive in all in vitro antigen-antibody reactions to mannans of C. albicans NIH A-207 and C. albicans NIH B-792, whereas antisera to both C. albicans strains were found to be cross-reactive against the three Hormodendrum galactomannans. (ii) The results of cross-passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with antiserum of three Hormodendrum and two Candida seemed to be consistent with those of the vitro assay. (iii) The reactivities of the corresponding acid-resistant core moieties of the three Hormodendrum galactomannas against two anti-C. albicans sera were nearly identical to those of the parent galactomannans in both in vitro and in vivo tests.", "contents": "Cross-reaction between the mycelial galactomannas of three Hormodendrum strains and the mannans of two Candida albicans strains of different serotypes, A and B. Cross-reactivity between galactomannans of three representative Hormodendrum strains, H. pedrosoi IFO 6071, H. compactum IFO 6726, and H. dermatitidis IFO 6421, and the mannans of two Candida strains, C. albicans NIH A-207 (serotype A) and C. albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B), were investigated by means of agar-gel double diffusion, quantitative preciptin reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The following results were obtained. (i) Antisera to whole cells of three Hormodendrum strains were completely inactive in all in vitro antigen-antibody reactions to mannans of C. albicans NIH A-207 and C. albicans NIH B-792, whereas antisera to both C. albicans strains were found to be cross-reactive against the three Hormodendrum galactomannans. (ii) The results of cross-passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with antiserum of three Hormodendrum and two Candida seemed to be consistent with those of the vitro assay. (iii) The reactivities of the corresponding acid-resistant core moieties of the three Hormodendrum galactomannas against two anti-C. albicans sera were nearly identical to those of the parent galactomannans in both in vitro and in vivo tests.", "PMID": 84792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9670", "title": "Antigenic properties of human lymphoblastoid interferons.", "content": "Most virus-induced human lymphoblastoid interferons examined contained variable proportions of the Le and F antigenic species described for human leukocyte interferon. The F species was not detectable in interferons liberated spontaneously from human lymphoblastoid cells in culture. Lymphoblastoid interferons differed considerably in their interaction with the same anti-interferon serum. Spontaneous interferons required approximately ten times less antibody for neutralization than interferon induced by virus in the same cultures or in Namalva cells. The findings suggest that either spontaneous interferons contain fewer inactive antibody-binding molecules than virus-induced lymphoblastoid interferons or the number and distribution of antibody-combining sites, and possibly other surface properties of the interferon molecule, may be influenced by the manner in which spontaneous and induced interferons egress from the cells.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of human lymphoblastoid interferons. Most virus-induced human lymphoblastoid interferons examined contained variable proportions of the Le and F antigenic species described for human leukocyte interferon. The F species was not detectable in interferons liberated spontaneously from human lymphoblastoid cells in culture. Lymphoblastoid interferons differed considerably in their interaction with the same anti-interferon serum. Spontaneous interferons required approximately ten times less antibody for neutralization than interferon induced by virus in the same cultures or in Namalva cells. The findings suggest that either spontaneous interferons contain fewer inactive antibody-binding molecules than virus-induced lymphoblastoid interferons or the number and distribution of antibody-combining sites, and possibly other surface properties of the interferon molecule, may be influenced by the manner in which spontaneous and induced interferons egress from the cells.", "PMID": 84793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9671", "title": "Persistence of e antigen as prognostic marker in acute hepatitis B.", "content": "Serial determinations of HBeAg and anti-HBe were made in sera of 155 selected patients with acute hepatitis B who were followed up for one to four years. In the early phase of hepatitis, HBeAg was present in 43 cases (27.7%) and anti-HBe in 12 cases (7.7%). Evaluation of the outcome of hepatitis showed that development of chronic hepatitis occurred in 11 out of 43 HBeAg positive patients, in 10 out of 100 HBeAg negative patients (P = less than 0.05) and in 2 out of 12 patients carrying anti-HBe. Nine out of 11 HBeAg positive chronic subjects showed persistent HBe antigenemia over two months, while the remaining 32 patients, who recovered completely, lost HBeAg within two to three weeks from the onset of the disease. These data suggest that the prognostic value of HBeAg in acute hepatitis patients may be taken into account when HBeAg persists in the serum and that anti-HBe does not invariably protect from the development of chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Persistence of e antigen as prognostic marker in acute hepatitis B. Serial determinations of HBeAg and anti-HBe were made in sera of 155 selected patients with acute hepatitis B who were followed up for one to four years. In the early phase of hepatitis, HBeAg was present in 43 cases (27.7%) and anti-HBe in 12 cases (7.7%). Evaluation of the outcome of hepatitis showed that development of chronic hepatitis occurred in 11 out of 43 HBeAg positive patients, in 10 out of 100 HBeAg negative patients (P = less than 0.05) and in 2 out of 12 patients carrying anti-HBe. Nine out of 11 HBeAg positive chronic subjects showed persistent HBe antigenemia over two months, while the remaining 32 patients, who recovered completely, lost HBeAg within two to three weeks from the onset of the disease. These data suggest that the prognostic value of HBeAg in acute hepatitis patients may be taken into account when HBeAg persists in the serum and that anti-HBe does not invariably protect from the development of chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 84794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9672", "title": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens. Specificity and cross-reactivity of factor O9 serum and of antibodies against tyvelose (Formula: see text) mannose coupled to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The octasaccharide Galp (Formula: see text) Rhap, the synthesized disaccharides methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranoside, methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside and methyl alpha-tyveloside, in order of decreasing effectiveness, inhibited the precipitation of S. typhi T2 alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide by O-factor 9 serum. On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were by O-factor 9 serum. On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were 100:22:8:2. With rabbit aniserum raised against 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl covalently linked to bovine serum albumin the relative inhibitory activities of the four glycosides were 11:100:26:3. These data establish that the 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl structure is immunodominant in the Salmonella O-antigen 9. The specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction was high: glycosides in which the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose) residue had been replaced by abequose (3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose) or paratose (3,6-dideoxy-K-ribo-hexose), had less than one fiftieth of the activity of the most active inhibitor in either of the two precipitation systems used. Moreover, the results show that 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl coupled to bovine serum albumin elicits O-antibodies of higher specificity than those obtained by absorption of antibacterial immune serum.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of Salmonella O-antigens. Specificity and cross-reactivity of factor O9 serum and of antibodies against tyvelose (Formula: see text) mannose coupled to bovine serum albumin. The octasaccharide Galp (Formula: see text) Rhap, the synthesized disaccharides methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranoside, methyl 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside and methyl alpha-tyveloside, in order of decreasing effectiveness, inhibited the precipitation of S. typhi T2 alkali-treated lipopolysaccharide by O-factor 9 serum. On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were by O-factor 9 serum. On a molar basis the relative inhibiting activities of the glycosides were 100:22:8:2. With rabbit aniserum raised against 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl covalently linked to bovine serum albumin the relative inhibitory activities of the four glycosides were 11:100:26:3. These data establish that the 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-a-D-mannopyranosyl structure is immunodominant in the Salmonella O-antigen 9. The specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction was high: glycosides in which the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose) residue had been replaced by abequose (3,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose) or paratose (3,6-dideoxy-K-ribo-hexose), had less than one fiftieth of the activity of the most active inhibitor in either of the two precipitation systems used. Moreover, the results show that 3-O-a-tyvelopyranosyl-D-mannopyranosyl coupled to bovine serum albumin elicits O-antibodies of higher specificity than those obtained by absorption of antibacterial immune serum.", "PMID": 84796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9673", "title": "Immunoregulatory function of specific IgG. II. Clinical evaluation of combined active and passive immunotherapy.", "content": "Based upon previous clinical data suggesting that the potential therapeutic benefits of hyperimmune specific IgG could involve neutralization and regulatory effects, this cooperative study evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined active and passive immunotherapy in previously untreated ragweed-sensitive patients. Symptom scores and indices of patients receiving ragweed-specific globulin plus rush desensitization with ragweed extract were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05), as compared to control patients treated with albumin and active rush immunotherapy. Postseasonal RAST levels were either unchanged or decreased in 28 of 33 patients receiving hyperimmune gamma-globulin. These data were significantly different from those in albumin-treated patients (p less than 0.002). The usual anamnestic rise of ragweed-specific IgE was modified without affecting the ongoing synthesis of ragweed specific IgG. Mild constitutional symptoms were observed in patients undergoing rush immunization, but the overall procedure was relatively well tolerated and no serious or treatment-refractory constitutional problems were encountered. This clinical trial suggests that ragweed immune gamma-globulin might be a useful therapeutic adjunct when administered in close association with optimal amounts of allergen.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory function of specific IgG. II. Clinical evaluation of combined active and passive immunotherapy. Based upon previous clinical data suggesting that the potential therapeutic benefits of hyperimmune specific IgG could involve neutralization and regulatory effects, this cooperative study evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined active and passive immunotherapy in previously untreated ragweed-sensitive patients. Symptom scores and indices of patients receiving ragweed-specific globulin plus rush desensitization with ragweed extract were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05), as compared to control patients treated with albumin and active rush immunotherapy. Postseasonal RAST levels were either unchanged or decreased in 28 of 33 patients receiving hyperimmune gamma-globulin. These data were significantly different from those in albumin-treated patients (p less than 0.002). The usual anamnestic rise of ragweed-specific IgE was modified without affecting the ongoing synthesis of ragweed specific IgG. Mild constitutional symptoms were observed in patients undergoing rush immunization, but the overall procedure was relatively well tolerated and no serious or treatment-refractory constitutional problems were encountered. This clinical trial suggests that ragweed immune gamma-globulin might be a useful therapeutic adjunct when administered in close association with optimal amounts of allergen.", "PMID": 84797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9674", "title": "Effect of quantity and quality of IgG antibodies on blocking of allergenic histamine release in vitro.", "content": "In a study of the protective role of IgG antibodies in allergen injection therapy, serum antibodies to timothy grass allergens were raised in rabbits and tested for inhibition of histamine release from basophils of grass pollen-sensitive human subjects. Rabbit sera were not inhibitory until late in the immune response when large amounts of relatively low affinity IgG antibodies were detected by primary binding. Inhibition of histamine release by late sera required preincubation of allergen and antibody prior to addition of sensitive basophils, and could not be demonstrated when basophils and IgG antibodies had simultaneous access to allergen. Hence intravascular inhibition of mediator release in allergen-treated patients may require high affinity IgG antibodies. The predominantly low affinity of antibodies raised in the rabbits precluded testing of this possibility.", "contents": "Effect of quantity and quality of IgG antibodies on blocking of allergenic histamine release in vitro. In a study of the protective role of IgG antibodies in allergen injection therapy, serum antibodies to timothy grass allergens were raised in rabbits and tested for inhibition of histamine release from basophils of grass pollen-sensitive human subjects. Rabbit sera were not inhibitory until late in the immune response when large amounts of relatively low affinity IgG antibodies were detected by primary binding. Inhibition of histamine release by late sera required preincubation of allergen and antibody prior to addition of sensitive basophils, and could not be demonstrated when basophils and IgG antibodies had simultaneous access to allergen. Hence intravascular inhibition of mediator release in allergen-treated patients may require high affinity IgG antibodies. The predominantly low affinity of antibodies raised in the rabbits precluded testing of this possibility.", "PMID": 84798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9675", "title": "Characterization and quantitation of murine-delayed hypersensitivity responses elicted with particle-associated human gamma-globulin.", "content": "Parameters delineating the utilization of particle-associated human gamma-globulin to quantitate murine-delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) responses include: (1) the conditions used to prepare HGG-coated polystyrene latex particles; (2) the marked increase in sensitivity of detection of delayed immune responsiveness using particle-bound HGG; (3) a histologic analysis of the lesions induced by HGG-latex in DHS mice, and (4) the increased retention of particle-associated as opposed to soluble HGG at the site of challenge. The potential utilization of particle-bound antigens as a sensitive method of assessing the role of delayed-type responsiveness in tumor and transplantation immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization and quantitation of murine-delayed hypersensitivity responses elicted with particle-associated human gamma-globulin. Parameters delineating the utilization of particle-associated human gamma-globulin to quantitate murine-delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) responses include: (1) the conditions used to prepare HGG-coated polystyrene latex particles; (2) the marked increase in sensitivity of detection of delayed immune responsiveness using particle-bound HGG; (3) a histologic analysis of the lesions induced by HGG-latex in DHS mice, and (4) the increased retention of particle-associated as opposed to soluble HGG at the site of challenge. The potential utilization of particle-bound antigens as a sensitive method of assessing the role of delayed-type responsiveness in tumor and transplantation immunity is discussed.", "PMID": 84799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9676", "title": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. I. Requirements for optimal sensitization and definition of the response.", "content": "Mice were sensitized to allogeneic cells under defined conditions, and their response to antigen deposition in the ear was measured by the influx of radioisotope-labeled cells. The delayed onset, T cell dependency and histology of the ear reaction were characteristic of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Positive responses were obtained in a strain combination unable to elicit a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), in B-Ly mice incapable of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and in allogeneic combinations challenged with noncellular material. This suggests that MLR and CTL cannot, on their own, account for the response. Hence the ear reaction can best be explained in terms of DTH.", "contents": "Delayed type hypersensitivity to allogeneic cells in mice. I. Requirements for optimal sensitization and definition of the response. Mice were sensitized to allogeneic cells under defined conditions, and their response to antigen deposition in the ear was measured by the influx of radioisotope-labeled cells. The delayed onset, T cell dependency and histology of the ear reaction were characteristic of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Positive responses were obtained in a strain combination unable to elicit a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), in B-Ly mice incapable of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and in allogeneic combinations challenged with noncellular material. This suggests that MLR and CTL cannot, on their own, account for the response. Hence the ear reaction can best be explained in terms of DTH.", "PMID": 84800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9677", "title": "In vitro histamine and serotonin release studies in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "6 patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis with high serum IgE were investigated. 3 of the patients had elevated plasma histamine levels (1.5-2.0 ng/ml). Compared to 9 nonatopic normal volunteers, the patient showed increased in vitro histamine release from peripheral leukocytes after stimulation with iothalamate and methacholine: while there was no significant histamine release at a methacholine concentration of 10(-4) M in normals, 4 of the patients with atopic dermatitis showed measurable histamine release under these conditions in vitro. The uptake of radiolabeled serotonin by platelets in vitro was decreased in 2 of the patients. There was no significant difference in serotonin release induced in vitro by different concentrations of thrombin, epinephrine and methacholine; 2 patients showed an increased platelet release reaction after iodipamide stimulation. It is concluded that a general tendency to release vasoactive mediators, even after 'nonimmunologic' stimulation, might play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "In vitro histamine and serotonin release studies in atopic dermatitis. 6 patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis with high serum IgE were investigated. 3 of the patients had elevated plasma histamine levels (1.5-2.0 ng/ml). Compared to 9 nonatopic normal volunteers, the patient showed increased in vitro histamine release from peripheral leukocytes after stimulation with iothalamate and methacholine: while there was no significant histamine release at a methacholine concentration of 10(-4) M in normals, 4 of the patients with atopic dermatitis showed measurable histamine release under these conditions in vitro. The uptake of radiolabeled serotonin by platelets in vitro was decreased in 2 of the patients. There was no significant difference in serotonin release induced in vitro by different concentrations of thrombin, epinephrine and methacholine; 2 patients showed an increased platelet release reaction after iodipamide stimulation. It is concluded that a general tendency to release vasoactive mediators, even after 'nonimmunologic' stimulation, might play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.", "PMID": 84801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9678", "title": "Attempts to modulate the immune response to a hapten-carrier complex with various hapten-containing compounds.", "content": "The immune response to a hapten-carrier conjugate appears to be a complex phenomenon where reactions of the T-cell population are not restricted to the carrier and where the reactions of the B-cell population are not limited to the hapten determinant of the antigen molecule. To get a better understanding of the different cell interactions during the immune response to a hapten-carrier complex, the effects of immunogenic or tolerogenic injections of various hapten-containing compounds on the responses induced by immunization with the same hapten coupled to protein carriers were studied. The results indicate that T cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity and T cells involved in contact dermatitis could belong to distinct subclasses and confirm that hapten and carrier moieties of the antigen molecule could compete, probably at the macrophage level, for both delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier and antibody synthesis to the hapten.", "contents": "Attempts to modulate the immune response to a hapten-carrier complex with various hapten-containing compounds. The immune response to a hapten-carrier conjugate appears to be a complex phenomenon where reactions of the T-cell population are not restricted to the carrier and where the reactions of the B-cell population are not limited to the hapten determinant of the antigen molecule. To get a better understanding of the different cell interactions during the immune response to a hapten-carrier complex, the effects of immunogenic or tolerogenic injections of various hapten-containing compounds on the responses induced by immunization with the same hapten coupled to protein carriers were studied. The results indicate that T cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity and T cells involved in contact dermatitis could belong to distinct subclasses and confirm that hapten and carrier moieties of the antigen molecule could compete, probably at the macrophage level, for both delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier and antibody synthesis to the hapten.", "PMID": 84802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9679", "title": "The allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. III. Studies on the antigenicity of long-sequence peptides.", "content": "Fragments TM 1 (75 amino acid residues) and TM 2 (38 amino acid residues), and 3 other polypeptides (range 16-25 amino acid residues) of Allergen M from cod were shown to be active in rabbit IgG-mediated reactions. The same peptides were previously found to possess reactivity in IgE-mediated reactions, thus suggesting a structural relationship between their antigenic and allergenic determinants.", "contents": "The allergenic structure of allergen M from cod. III. Studies on the antigenicity of long-sequence peptides. Fragments TM 1 (75 amino acid residues) and TM 2 (38 amino acid residues), and 3 other polypeptides (range 16-25 amino acid residues) of Allergen M from cod were shown to be active in rabbit IgG-mediated reactions. The same peptides were previously found to possess reactivity in IgE-mediated reactions, thus suggesting a structural relationship between their antigenic and allergenic determinants.", "PMID": 84803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9680", "title": "Evaluation of mycobacteriology laboratories: the acid-fast smear.", "content": "In a proficiency testing program, slides bearing acid-fast bacilli were sent to laboratories in New York State. The most reliable results were obtained in laboratories using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Cold staining procedures were less reliable. The auramine-rhodamine fluorescent stain, which produced many false positives, should be confirmed by the Ziehl-Neelsen procedure. The testing program described can be used to determine whether laboratories perform the acid-fast stain effectively.", "contents": "Evaluation of mycobacteriology laboratories: the acid-fast smear. In a proficiency testing program, slides bearing acid-fast bacilli were sent to laboratories in New York State. The most reliable results were obtained in laboratories using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Cold staining procedures were less reliable. The auramine-rhodamine fluorescent stain, which produced many false positives, should be confirmed by the Ziehl-Neelsen procedure. The testing program described can be used to determine whether laboratories perform the acid-fast stain effectively.", "PMID": 84804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9681", "title": "Energetic coupling in the primary processes of photosynthesis in Chromatium. pH dependence of delayed fluorescence, electron transfer and degree of coupling.", "content": "The effects of pH on the thermodynamic properties of the proton-translocating cyclic electron transfer system in a purple photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum were studied. Two thermodynamic parameters, the flux (Je) and force (deltamue) of the electron transfer process, were analyzed. The rate of electron transfer in the re-reduction of photooxidized reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll was used as Je. deltamue was determined from the intensity of the delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll. deltamue is composed of the redox potential difference and the electrical potential difference between two electron transfer components. In the steady state under illumination, the flux-to-force ratio is determined by the following relationship: Je = (1--q2)Lee deltamue where q is the \"degree of coupling\" of electron transfer to proton translocation and Lee is the value of Je/delta-approximately similar e when there is no back pressure by formation of delta approximately muH+ (electrochemical potential difference of H+). The value of (1--q2) Lee increased with increasing pH in the neutral pH range. Uncouplers and ionophores that dissipate delta-approximately muH+ increased Je and decreased deltamue. The effects were more prominent in the lower pH range. Therefore, q must be smaller at higher pH. The coupling is probably tight when redox components are saturated with protons. The experimental results agreed with the theoretical predictions for a system where a hydrogen-translocating component functions as an electron-proton symport carrier.", "contents": "Energetic coupling in the primary processes of photosynthesis in Chromatium. pH dependence of delayed fluorescence, electron transfer and degree of coupling. The effects of pH on the thermodynamic properties of the proton-translocating cyclic electron transfer system in a purple photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum were studied. Two thermodynamic parameters, the flux (Je) and force (deltamue) of the electron transfer process, were analyzed. The rate of electron transfer in the re-reduction of photooxidized reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll was used as Je. deltamue was determined from the intensity of the delayed fluorescence from bacteriochlorophyll. deltamue is composed of the redox potential difference and the electrical potential difference between two electron transfer components. In the steady state under illumination, the flux-to-force ratio is determined by the following relationship: Je = (1--q2)Lee deltamue where q is the \"degree of coupling\" of electron transfer to proton translocation and Lee is the value of Je/delta-approximately similar e when there is no back pressure by formation of delta approximately muH+ (electrochemical potential difference of H+). The value of (1--q2) Lee increased with increasing pH in the neutral pH range. Uncouplers and ionophores that dissipate delta-approximately muH+ increased Je and decreased deltamue. The effects were more prominent in the lower pH range. Therefore, q must be smaller at higher pH. The coupling is probably tight when redox components are saturated with protons. The experimental results agreed with the theoretical predictions for a system where a hydrogen-translocating component functions as an electron-proton symport carrier.", "PMID": 84810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9682", "title": "tRNATrp as primer for RNA-directed DNA polymerase: structural determinants of function.", "content": "The specific interactions between the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian oncornavirus and the tRNATrp primer required for initiation of viral DNA synthesis in vitro were examined. Two distinct interactions, stable binding of the tRNATrp to the enzyme and initiation of viral DNA synthesis by the enzyme with tRNATrp as primer, were characterized as to the structure of tRNATrp required. Different structural features of the tRNATrp were shown to be necessary for each type of interaction. The entire primary structure and native conformation of tRNATrp are both required for binding to reverse transcriptase. Fragments of tRNATrp and intact tRNATrp in an altered conformation cannot be bound by the enzyme using an assay which detects high affinity binding between reverse transcriptase and native tRNATrp. In contrast, fragments of the tRNATrp molecule can serve as primers for viral DNA synthesis with normal efficiency as compared to intact tRNATrp. The fragments which initiate transcription must contain a minimum specific nucleotide sequence which extends from the 3' terminus of the tRNATrp through 27 residues of the molecule. This portion of the tRNATrp may be a major structural determinant of specificity in initiation.", "contents": "tRNATrp as primer for RNA-directed DNA polymerase: structural determinants of function. The specific interactions between the RNA-directed DNA polymerase of avian oncornavirus and the tRNATrp primer required for initiation of viral DNA synthesis in vitro were examined. Two distinct interactions, stable binding of the tRNATrp to the enzyme and initiation of viral DNA synthesis by the enzyme with tRNATrp as primer, were characterized as to the structure of tRNATrp required. Different structural features of the tRNATrp were shown to be necessary for each type of interaction. The entire primary structure and native conformation of tRNATrp are both required for binding to reverse transcriptase. Fragments of tRNATrp and intact tRNATrp in an altered conformation cannot be bound by the enzyme using an assay which detects high affinity binding between reverse transcriptase and native tRNATrp. In contrast, fragments of the tRNATrp molecule can serve as primers for viral DNA synthesis with normal efficiency as compared to intact tRNATrp. The fragments which initiate transcription must contain a minimum specific nucleotide sequence which extends from the 3' terminus of the tRNATrp through 27 residues of the molecule. This portion of the tRNATrp may be a major structural determinant of specificity in initiation.", "PMID": 84811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9683", "title": "Ribonucleoprotein staining of centrioles and kinetochores in newt lung cell spindles.", "content": "The distribution of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) within the mitotic spindle of newt lung epithelial cells was studied with the high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) using Bernhard's uranyl-EDTA-lead staining of thick sections in conjunction with the ribonuclease digestion of fixed cells. The results indicate that aside from ribosomes, the major RNP-containing components of the spindle are the kinetochores and centrioles, both of which stain electron-opaque after EDTA treatment. In both cases, the electron-opaque material associated with these microtubule organizing centers (MTOC's) can be removed by RNAse digestion and cold perchloric acid (PCA) extraction under conditions which leave the spindle microtubules (Mts) centrioles, and kinetochores intact. The staining reaction is not abolished by cold PCA extraction alone or by substituting other positively charged proteins (i.e., cytochrome c or lysozyme) for RNAse. The RNP component of the kinetochore is closely associated with the bases of the kinetochore microtubules. The RNP component of the centriole can be seen to surround the microtubules of the triplet blades. No evidence was found to indicate the presence of RNP in the pericentriolar material. The possible function of both kinetochore and centriolar RNP is discussed.", "contents": "Ribonucleoprotein staining of centrioles and kinetochores in newt lung cell spindles. The distribution of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) within the mitotic spindle of newt lung epithelial cells was studied with the high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) using Bernhard's uranyl-EDTA-lead staining of thick sections in conjunction with the ribonuclease digestion of fixed cells. The results indicate that aside from ribosomes, the major RNP-containing components of the spindle are the kinetochores and centrioles, both of which stain electron-opaque after EDTA treatment. In both cases, the electron-opaque material associated with these microtubule organizing centers (MTOC's) can be removed by RNAse digestion and cold perchloric acid (PCA) extraction under conditions which leave the spindle microtubules (Mts) centrioles, and kinetochores intact. The staining reaction is not abolished by cold PCA extraction alone or by substituting other positively charged proteins (i.e., cytochrome c or lysozyme) for RNAse. The RNP component of the kinetochore is closely associated with the bases of the kinetochore microtubules. The RNP component of the centriole can be seen to surround the microtubules of the triplet blades. No evidence was found to indicate the presence of RNP in the pericentriolar material. The possible function of both kinetochore and centriolar RNP is discussed.", "PMID": 84814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9684", "title": "The role of algal antigenic determinants in the recognition of potential algal symbionts by cells of Chlorohydra.", "content": "Algal cells grown in the green hydra Chlorohydra viridissima were shown to possess characteristic antigenic determinants not found in algae cultured in vitro. These antigenic determinants, including those localized on the algal cell surface, were shown to be responsible for the phagocytic recognition of potential algal symbionts by digestive cells of Chlorohydra. The results of this study indicate the existence of two systems governing phagocytosis in Chlorohydra, one specific for algal cells grown in hydra, another governing the uptake of other particles by the hydra digestive cells.", "contents": "The role of algal antigenic determinants in the recognition of potential algal symbionts by cells of Chlorohydra. Algal cells grown in the green hydra Chlorohydra viridissima were shown to possess characteristic antigenic determinants not found in algae cultured in vitro. These antigenic determinants, including those localized on the algal cell surface, were shown to be responsible for the phagocytic recognition of potential algal symbionts by digestive cells of Chlorohydra. The results of this study indicate the existence of two systems governing phagocytosis in Chlorohydra, one specific for algal cells grown in hydra, another governing the uptake of other particles by the hydra digestive cells.", "PMID": 84815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9685", "title": "[Palliative methods permitting oral feeding in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "405 patient with carcinoma of the esophagus were operated on the unit from 1st January 1972 to 15th February 1977. Among these 405 patients, 55 underwent prolonged esophageal intubation and 24 a palliative operation. We considered successively the various methods of prolonged intubation and the various types of palliative operation possible. At the end of this study, it appears that palliative surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus owing to the severity of the operation and the high post-operative mortality and the doubtful functional results, should be reserved for eso-respiratory fistulas, per-operative loss of esophageal blood supply, and the contra-indications to prolonged intubation. On the other hand, it seems that the indications for prolonged intubation should be enlarged at the expense of those for gastrectomy, excluding however stenosing or too extensive carcinomas and carcinoma of the upper.", "contents": "[Palliative methods permitting oral feeding in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus (author's transl)]. 405 patient with carcinoma of the esophagus were operated on the unit from 1st January 1972 to 15th February 1977. Among these 405 patients, 55 underwent prolonged esophageal intubation and 24 a palliative operation. We considered successively the various methods of prolonged intubation and the various types of palliative operation possible. At the end of this study, it appears that palliative surgery for carcinoma of the esophagus owing to the severity of the operation and the high post-operative mortality and the doubtful functional results, should be reserved for eso-respiratory fistulas, per-operative loss of esophageal blood supply, and the contra-indications to prolonged intubation. On the other hand, it seems that the indications for prolonged intubation should be enlarged at the expense of those for gastrectomy, excluding however stenosing or too extensive carcinomas and carcinoma of the upper.", "PMID": 84816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9686", "title": "Measurement of beta-endorphin in human plasma.", "content": "beta-endorphin has been identified in human plasma by means of gel filtration and a sensitive radioimmunoassay for human beta-endorphin (beta h-endorphin). Mean baseline plasma beta h-endorphin concentration in 5 individuals was 21 +/- 7.3 (SD) pg/ml (6.2 +/- 2.2 (SD) fmole/ml). Following metyrapone stimulation mean plasma concentration increased to 55.4 +/- 10.1 (SD) pg/ml (16.3 +/- 3.1 (SD) fmole/ml). The molar ratio of human beta-lipotropin (beta h-LPH) to beta h-endorphin was 2.2 in baseline plasma and 2.4 after metyrapone stimulation.", "contents": "Measurement of beta-endorphin in human plasma. beta-endorphin has been identified in human plasma by means of gel filtration and a sensitive radioimmunoassay for human beta-endorphin (beta h-endorphin). Mean baseline plasma beta h-endorphin concentration in 5 individuals was 21 +/- 7.3 (SD) pg/ml (6.2 +/- 2.2 (SD) fmole/ml). Following metyrapone stimulation mean plasma concentration increased to 55.4 +/- 10.1 (SD) pg/ml (16.3 +/- 3.1 (SD) fmole/ml). The molar ratio of human beta-lipotropin (beta h-LPH) to beta h-endorphin was 2.2 in baseline plasma and 2.4 after metyrapone stimulation.", "PMID": 84817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9687", "title": "Location of type-specific antigens in calf rotaviruses.", "content": "Rotavirus antisera with and without neutralizing activity to calf rotavirus were compared for their ability to agglutinate calf rotavirus particles with and without an outer capsid layer. Particles without the outer capsid layer were agglutinated by antisera with immunofluorescent antibody activity and by antisera with immunofluorescent antibody and neutralizing activity. Particles with the outer capsid layer were agglutinated only by antisera with neutralizing activity. The neutralization test appears to be type specific, and it was concluded that type-specific antigens are associated with the outer capsid layer of rotaviruses. Since particles with the outer capsid layer were not agglutinated by antisera lacking neutralizing activity but possessing immunofluorescent antibody activity, it was concluded that in intact particles the group-specific antigen is masked by the outer capsid layer.", "contents": "Location of type-specific antigens in calf rotaviruses. Rotavirus antisera with and without neutralizing activity to calf rotavirus were compared for their ability to agglutinate calf rotavirus particles with and without an outer capsid layer. Particles without the outer capsid layer were agglutinated by antisera with immunofluorescent antibody activity and by antisera with immunofluorescent antibody and neutralizing activity. Particles with the outer capsid layer were agglutinated only by antisera with neutralizing activity. The neutralization test appears to be type specific, and it was concluded that type-specific antigens are associated with the outer capsid layer of rotaviruses. Since particles with the outer capsid layer were not agglutinated by antisera lacking neutralizing activity but possessing immunofluorescent antibody activity, it was concluded that in intact particles the group-specific antigen is masked by the outer capsid layer.", "PMID": 84819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9688", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. I. Effects of microelectrode impalement and intracellular staining with the fluorescent dye \"Procion Yellow\".", "content": "Cat spinal alpha-motoneurons were studied in the light and electron microscope after intracellular recording and staining with the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow. Generally, the ultrastructural preservation of the stained neurons improved when the amount of dye delivered was decreased, and when the duration of the microelectrode impalement of the neuron as well as the time between the intracellular staining and the tissue fixation was kept as short as possible. Utilizing the optimal experimental procedure finally arrived at, about one-third of the stained neurons could be used for further quantitative morphometric analysis. With respect to synaptology and gross architecture these cells appeared to differ from control motoneurons mainly with regard to a focal disarrangement of the cell body periphery, probably a result of the microelectrode injury, and a certain degree of damage to some large boutons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. I. Effects of microelectrode impalement and intracellular staining with the fluorescent dye \"Procion Yellow\". Cat spinal alpha-motoneurons were studied in the light and electron microscope after intracellular recording and staining with the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow. Generally, the ultrastructural preservation of the stained neurons improved when the amount of dye delivered was decreased, and when the duration of the microelectrode impalement of the neuron as well as the time between the intracellular staining and the tissue fixation was kept as short as possible. Utilizing the optimal experimental procedure finally arrived at, about one-third of the stained neurons could be used for further quantitative morphometric analysis. With respect to synaptology and gross architecture these cells appeared to differ from control motoneurons mainly with regard to a focal disarrangement of the cell body periphery, probably a result of the microelectrode injury, and a certain degree of damage to some large boutons.", "PMID": 84820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9689", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. III. Motoneurons innervating fast-twitch (type FR) units of the gastrocnemius muscle.", "content": "Two intracellularly stained cat gastrocnemius alpha-motoneurons of the FR-type (Burke et al., '73) were studied ultrastructurally. The architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites were analyzed from a long series of consecutive sections, according to a method presented in a preceding paper (Conradi et al., '79a). Several of the dendrites had a base diameter exceeding 10 micrometer. The proportion of the surface covered by boutons was 40-50% for the cell body and about 80% for the proximal dendrites. In both regions, about 20% of the boutons were of the S-type and 70% of the F-type. The large C-boutons were clustered around the dendritic roots and were also present on the axon hillock. M-boutons of dorsal root origin were located on the proximal parts of the majority of the dendrites.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. III. Motoneurons innervating fast-twitch (type FR) units of the gastrocnemius muscle. Two intracellularly stained cat gastrocnemius alpha-motoneurons of the FR-type (Burke et al., '73) were studied ultrastructurally. The architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites were analyzed from a long series of consecutive sections, according to a method presented in a preceding paper (Conradi et al., '79a). Several of the dendrites had a base diameter exceeding 10 micrometer. The proportion of the surface covered by boutons was 40-50% for the cell body and about 80% for the proximal dendrites. In both regions, about 20% of the boutons were of the S-type and 70% of the F-type. The large C-boutons were clustered around the dendritic roots and were also present on the axon hillock. M-boutons of dorsal root origin were located on the proximal parts of the majority of the dendrites.", "PMID": 84821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9690", "title": "Serum proteins and secretory component in human carious dentin.", "content": "By the use of the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, significant localization of IgG, IgA, albumin and transferrin was demonstrated in the deep lesion of 20 carious teeth, where the secretory component was absent. These serum proteins formed a distinct zone, surrounding the overlying, shallow lesion infected with bacteria.", "contents": "Serum proteins and secretory component in human carious dentin. By the use of the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, significant localization of IgG, IgA, albumin and transferrin was demonstrated in the deep lesion of 20 carious teeth, where the secretory component was absent. These serum proteins formed a distinct zone, surrounding the overlying, shallow lesion infected with bacteria.", "PMID": 84822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9691", "title": "Evaluation of the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin in meningococcal infection.", "content": "Results of two controlled epidemiological tests evaluating the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin of Monogolian and Soviet production against meningococcal infection are presented. Observations were carried out on children aged 3 months to 4 years, not attending children's establishments. The results of the observation revealed the following prophylactic effect of gamma globulin of Mongolian production in the first two months after administration: index of efficiency--5.0, coefficient of efficiency--80%, P greater than 0.01. The efficiency of the prophylactic effect of Soviet gamma globulin was limited to one month: the index of efficiency amounted to 5.3, the coefficient of efficiency  to 82.2%, P greater than 0.01. The course of meningococcal infection in the children who had received gamma globulin was less severe than in the children of the control group. Lethal outcome was recorded only in the group of children who had not received gamma globulin. The duration of the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin was found to depend on the height of the titres of specific antibodies in the preparation. The preparations are recommended as prophylactic means for children aged from 3 months to 4 years in doses of 1.5 ml (one dose) in the foci of meningococcal infection.", "contents": "Evaluation of the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin in meningococcal infection. Results of two controlled epidemiological tests evaluating the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin of Monogolian and Soviet production against meningococcal infection are presented. Observations were carried out on children aged 3 months to 4 years, not attending children's establishments. The results of the observation revealed the following prophylactic effect of gamma globulin of Mongolian production in the first two months after administration: index of efficiency--5.0, coefficient of efficiency--80%, P greater than 0.01. The efficiency of the prophylactic effect of Soviet gamma globulin was limited to one month: the index of efficiency amounted to 5.3, the coefficient of efficiency  to 82.2%, P greater than 0.01. The course of meningococcal infection in the children who had received gamma globulin was less severe than in the children of the control group. Lethal outcome was recorded only in the group of children who had not received gamma globulin. The duration of the prophylactic effect of gamma globulin was found to depend on the height of the titres of specific antibodies in the preparation. The preparations are recommended as prophylactic means for children aged from 3 months to 4 years in doses of 1.5 ml (one dose) in the foci of meningococcal infection.", "PMID": 84840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9692", "title": "Coupling of gamma-globulin to microcrytstalline cellulose by periodate oxidation.", "content": "Anti-rabbit IgG sheep gamma-globulins were covalently coupled to periodate oxidized microcrystalline cellulose using the Schiff reaction. Optimal conditions (sodium m-periodate concentration and gamma-globulin amount) were studied measuring the ability of this solid-phase antibody to bind glucose oxidase-labeled rabbit IgG.", "contents": "Coupling of gamma-globulin to microcrytstalline cellulose by periodate oxidation. Anti-rabbit IgG sheep gamma-globulins were covalently coupled to periodate oxidized microcrystalline cellulose using the Schiff reaction. Optimal conditions (sodium m-periodate concentration and gamma-globulin amount) were studied measuring the ability of this solid-phase antibody to bind glucose oxidase-labeled rabbit IgG.", "PMID": 84841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9693", "title": "Reduction of the non-specific binding of DNA to gamma-globulin in Farr radioimmunoassay by addition of dextran sulfate and calcium chloride.", "content": "The effect of non-specific binding caused by the interaction between gamma-globulin and denatured DNA was markedly reduced by addition of dextran sulfate or CaCl2 at alkaline pH. This method was shown to be applicable in the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in sera from cases of human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Reduction of the non-specific binding of DNA to gamma-globulin in Farr radioimmunoassay by addition of dextran sulfate and calcium chloride. The effect of non-specific binding caused by the interaction between gamma-globulin and denatured DNA was markedly reduced by addition of dextran sulfate or CaCl2 at alkaline pH. This method was shown to be applicable in the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in sera from cases of human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 84842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9694", "title": "A simple reliable system for studying antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation.", "content": "Antigen-specific T cell proliferation can be readily elicited from the popliteal lymph node cells of mice which have received immunizations of antigen in the hind footpads. The advantages of our system over other published methods are (i) simplicity in method and materials, (ii) much improved reproducibility, (iii) negligible concomitant B cell proliferation, (iv) large degrees of antigen specific proliferation with very low background, and (v) complete dependence of the response on accessory cells or macrophages. These results were brought about by proper immunization procedures for mice and judicious choice of culture conditions. Our data show that the system is very suitable for the study of macrophage-T cell interaction in the induction of T cell proliferation as well as the genetic basis of responsiveness or non-responsiveness to protein and polypeptide antigens.", "contents": "A simple reliable system for studying antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation. Antigen-specific T cell proliferation can be readily elicited from the popliteal lymph node cells of mice which have received immunizations of antigen in the hind footpads. The advantages of our system over other published methods are (i) simplicity in method and materials, (ii) much improved reproducibility, (iii) negligible concomitant B cell proliferation, (iv) large degrees of antigen specific proliferation with very low background, and (v) complete dependence of the response on accessory cells or macrophages. These results were brought about by proper immunization procedures for mice and judicious choice of culture conditions. Our data show that the system is very suitable for the study of macrophage-T cell interaction in the induction of T cell proliferation as well as the genetic basis of responsiveness or non-responsiveness to protein and polypeptide antigens.", "PMID": 84843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9695", "title": "[Hydramnios and fetal malformations. Use of estimating the level of alpha-fetoprotein and of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid during the last trimester of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in amniotic fluid have been measured by electro-immunodiffusion methods in the last trimester of pregnancy. 122 samples have been taken by abdominal amniocentesis during 58 pregnancies without hydramnios and 51 pregnancies with hydramnios. The level of AFP was always less than 1.2 mcg/ml when the children were normal in the latter group. On the other hand levels were higher than 1.2 mcg/ml in 17 out of 19 abnormal children. These had 5 neural tube abnormalities, 1 hydrocephalus, 3 duodenal atresias, 1 oesophageal atresia, 1 hare lip, 1 omphalocoele and 5 different malformations. The two abnormal children who had levels of AFP within normal limits were hydrocephalic. The diagnostic value of measuring bilirubinaemia which was also measured in 22 cases has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Hydramnios and fetal malformations. Use of estimating the level of alpha-fetoprotein and of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid during the last trimester of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in amniotic fluid have been measured by electro-immunodiffusion methods in the last trimester of pregnancy. 122 samples have been taken by abdominal amniocentesis during 58 pregnancies without hydramnios and 51 pregnancies with hydramnios. The level of AFP was always less than 1.2 mcg/ml when the children were normal in the latter group. On the other hand levels were higher than 1.2 mcg/ml in 17 out of 19 abnormal children. These had 5 neural tube abnormalities, 1 hydrocephalus, 3 duodenal atresias, 1 oesophageal atresia, 1 hare lip, 1 omphalocoele and 5 different malformations. The two abnormal children who had levels of AFP within normal limits were hydrocephalic. The diagnostic value of measuring bilirubinaemia which was also measured in 22 cases has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 84825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9696", "title": "Differential sensitivities of normal human and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes to 1-methyl,3-isobutylxanthine and N6-2'-o-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.", "content": "Lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and from normal donors were cultured with 1-methyl,3-isobutyl xanthine (MIX) and N6-2'-o-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP). MIX decreased the survival of CLL and normal lymphocytes during one day in culture; the magnitude of the MIX-sensitivity of the populations was similar to their colchicine-sensitivity, i.e. high for CLL and low for normal. dbcAMP increased cell death in one day cultures of lymphocytes from seven of fifteen CLL donors but inhibited the death of lymphocytes from the other eight donors. The protective effect of dbcAMP was not mimicked by adenosine monophosphate or adenosine diphosphate. The difference in sensitivity to dbcAMP provided a method for subdividing CLL lymphocyte populations which was examined for possible clinical significance.", "contents": "Differential sensitivities of normal human and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes to 1-methyl,3-isobutylxanthine and N6-2'-o-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and from normal donors were cultured with 1-methyl,3-isobutyl xanthine (MIX) and N6-2'-o-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP). MIX decreased the survival of CLL and normal lymphocytes during one day in culture; the magnitude of the MIX-sensitivity of the populations was similar to their colchicine-sensitivity, i.e. high for CLL and low for normal. dbcAMP increased cell death in one day cultures of lymphocytes from seven of fifteen CLL donors but inhibited the death of lymphocytes from the other eight donors. The protective effect of dbcAMP was not mimicked by adenosine monophosphate or adenosine diphosphate. The difference in sensitivity to dbcAMP provided a method for subdividing CLL lymphocyte populations which was examined for possible clinical significance.", "PMID": 84847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9697", "title": "Initial vector rates in differentiation between supraventricular extrasystoles with aberration and ventricular extrasystoles.", "content": "A computer method was constructed for analysing vector rates. Initial vector rates of QRS of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) and of aberrant supraventricular extrasystoles were compared. Bundle branch block (BBB) was used as a model for aberration. Spontaneous VES during heart catheterization and VES found by His-bundle recording represented the VES group. The VES were found to contain a longer average \"activation time,\" i.e. the duration from the onset to the spatial amplitude maximum, than the BBB. The maximum amplitudes were similar. A method for calculating initial vector rate distribution was also developed. This showed a significantly higher proportion of fast rate components in BBB than in VES. The calculation of vector rate distribution gave advantages over the calculation of the mean initial vector rate, when considering electrocardiographic abnormalities such as preexcitation QRS or post-infarction Q waves. With a simple discriminatory analysis using initial vector rate distribution values, a 95% precision was obtained in differentiating between VES and BBB. It is concluded that a QRS from a supraventricular impulse focus with aberration has faster initial vector rates than a QRS from a ventricular focus and that this difference is useful in distinguishing between them.", "contents": "Initial vector rates in differentiation between supraventricular extrasystoles with aberration and ventricular extrasystoles. A computer method was constructed for analysing vector rates. Initial vector rates of QRS of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) and of aberrant supraventricular extrasystoles were compared. Bundle branch block (BBB) was used as a model for aberration. Spontaneous VES during heart catheterization and VES found by His-bundle recording represented the VES group. The VES were found to contain a longer average \"activation time,\" i.e. the duration from the onset to the spatial amplitude maximum, than the BBB. The maximum amplitudes were similar. A method for calculating initial vector rate distribution was also developed. This showed a significantly higher proportion of fast rate components in BBB than in VES. The calculation of vector rate distribution gave advantages over the calculation of the mean initial vector rate, when considering electrocardiographic abnormalities such as preexcitation QRS or post-infarction Q waves. With a simple discriminatory analysis using initial vector rate distribution values, a 95% precision was obtained in differentiating between VES and BBB. It is concluded that a QRS from a supraventricular impulse focus with aberration has faster initial vector rates than a QRS from a ventricular focus and that this difference is useful in distinguishing between them.", "PMID": 84848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9698", "title": "Effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the polypeptides of large and small plaque variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: relationship to specific antigenicity and infectivity.", "content": "Large and small plaque variants of A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus were shown to have specific antigenic determinants. Large plaque virus antigenic specificity was destroyed by trypsin treatment, but the small plaque antigen was resistant despite cleavage of the trypsin-sensitive polypeptide. The cleavage of polypeptide VP3 by trypsin resulted in the formation of a new antigen not present on untreated virus. The effects of chymotrypsin and trypsin on the polypeptides of the plaque variants have been examined and related to changes in antigenicity, infectivity, and exposure of the polypeptides at the surface of the capsid. The results are discussed in relation to the orientation of the trypsin-sensitive polypeptide in the virus capsid.", "contents": "Effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the polypeptides of large and small plaque variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: relationship to specific antigenicity and infectivity. Large and small plaque variants of A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus were shown to have specific antigenic determinants. Large plaque virus antigenic specificity was destroyed by trypsin treatment, but the small plaque antigen was resistant despite cleavage of the trypsin-sensitive polypeptide. The cleavage of polypeptide VP3 by trypsin resulted in the formation of a new antigen not present on untreated virus. The effects of chymotrypsin and trypsin on the polypeptides of the plaque variants have been examined and related to changes in antigenicity, infectivity, and exposure of the polypeptides at the surface of the capsid. The results are discussed in relation to the orientation of the trypsin-sensitive polypeptide in the virus capsid.", "PMID": 84854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9699", "title": "Solid phase indirect radioimmunoassays for the rapid diagnosis of Sindbis virus antigen.", "content": "Indirect radioimmunoassays have been developed for the rapid detection of Sindbis virus. Dilutions of Sindbis virus from tissue culture fluids have been immobilized and allowed to react with rabbit anti-Sindbis virus antibodies. The bound antibodies were assayed either by 125I-labelled anti-rabbit IgG-antibodies or alternatively by addition of human complement and 125I-labelled anti-human C1q antibodies or 125I-labelled protein A.", "contents": "Solid phase indirect radioimmunoassays for the rapid diagnosis of Sindbis virus antigen. Indirect radioimmunoassays have been developed for the rapid detection of Sindbis virus. Dilutions of Sindbis virus from tissue culture fluids have been immobilized and allowed to react with rabbit anti-Sindbis virus antibodies. The bound antibodies were assayed either by 125I-labelled anti-rabbit IgG-antibodies or alternatively by addition of human complement and 125I-labelled anti-human C1q antibodies or 125I-labelled protein A.", "PMID": 84855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9700", "title": "Bioisomerization of lindane in rats.", "content": "The major environmental problem associated with the use of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane) has been the appearance of the more oncogenic alpha- and beta- isomers as terminal residues in nature. To account for these residues it was suggested that gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane had been bioisomerized to the more stable alpha- and beta- isomers. In this study the effect of dose and duration of treatment on the proposed bioisomerization of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in the rat was investigated. Weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving Purina Lab Chow fortified with 0, 130, 215, or 350 ppm gamma-HCH. Six animals from each group were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four hours prior to sacrifice all rats received a single oral dose of gamma-HCH in peanut oil. There were no significant differences in food consumption or body weights, and no deaths occurred throughout the study. The in vitro dechlorinase activity of the treated rats was significantly higher after 1, 4, and 24 weeks of treatment. Except at 4 weeks after treatment began, the liver/body weight ratios of the rats fed diets containing 350 ppm and 215 ppm lindane were significantly greater than the controls; while those receiving 130 ppm lindane were significantly greater than the controls after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. No beta-HCH was detected in any of the samples analyzed throughout the study. The levels of alpha-HCH found in the adipose tissue after 24 weeks of treatment could be accounted for by trace contamination of the lindane used in this study. There was a negative correlation between the hepatic content of alpha-, gamma-, and sigma-HCH  and duration of treatment. It was concluded that bioisomerization does not play a significant role in the metabolism of lindane by rats.", "contents": "Bioisomerization of lindane in rats. The major environmental problem associated with the use of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane) has been the appearance of the more oncogenic alpha- and beta- isomers as terminal residues in nature. To account for these residues it was suggested that gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane had been bioisomerized to the more stable alpha- and beta- isomers. In this study the effect of dose and duration of treatment on the proposed bioisomerization of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in the rat was investigated. Weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving Purina Lab Chow fortified with 0, 130, 215, or 350 ppm gamma-HCH. Six animals from each group were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of treatment. Twenty-four hours prior to sacrifice all rats received a single oral dose of gamma-HCH in peanut oil. There were no significant differences in food consumption or body weights, and no deaths occurred throughout the study. The in vitro dechlorinase activity of the treated rats was significantly higher after 1, 4, and 24 weeks of treatment. Except at 4 weeks after treatment began, the liver/body weight ratios of the rats fed diets containing 350 ppm and 215 ppm lindane were significantly greater than the controls; while those receiving 130 ppm lindane were significantly greater than the controls after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. No beta-HCH was detected in any of the samples analyzed throughout the study. The levels of alpha-HCH found in the adipose tissue after 24 weeks of treatment could be accounted for by trace contamination of the lindane used in this study. There was a negative correlation between the hepatic content of alpha-, gamma-, and sigma-HCH  and duration of treatment. It was concluded that bioisomerization does not play a significant role in the metabolism of lindane by rats.", "PMID": 84852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9701", "title": "Demonstration by electron microscopy of intracellular virus in Acholeplasma laidlawii infected with either MV-L3 or a similar but serologically distinct virus (BN1 virus).", "content": "Cultures of Acholeplasma laidlawii strain M1305/68 were inoculated with Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3 (MV-L3) and examined by electron microscopy. Particles resembling MV-L3 were observed both intra- and extracellularly in thin sections prepared from MV-L3 infected cultures, but not from uninfected cultures. Similar particles were occasionally observed in uninoculated cultures of A. laidlawii strain BN1 cells, from which a virus (BN1 virus) was subsequently isolated. This virus was morphologically similar but not identical to MV-L3. It also differed serologically from, and in its resistance to, MV-L3 and the other mycoplasma viruses.", "contents": "Demonstration by electron microscopy of intracellular virus in Acholeplasma laidlawii infected with either MV-L3 or a similar but serologically distinct virus (BN1 virus). Cultures of Acholeplasma laidlawii strain M1305/68 were inoculated with Mycoplasmatales virus-laidlawii 3 (MV-L3) and examined by electron microscopy. Particles resembling MV-L3 were observed both intra- and extracellularly in thin sections prepared from MV-L3 infected cultures, but not from uninfected cultures. Similar particles were occasionally observed in uninoculated cultures of A. laidlawii strain BN1 cells, from which a virus (BN1 virus) was subsequently isolated. This virus was morphologically similar but not identical to MV-L3. It also differed serologically from, and in its resistance to, MV-L3 and the other mycoplasma viruses.", "PMID": 84856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9702", "title": "The carcinogenicity kepone.", "content": "Kepone is unmistakably carcinogenic in rats and mice. Kepone induced malignant tumors in the liver of rats and mice in the NCI studies and in the liver in rats in the Medical College of Virginia study. Malignant tumors were also found in organs other than the liver in rats in both studies, including the lowest dose administered. Female rats given Kepone were more susceptible to the development of malignant tumors than were male rats. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats, ingesting Kepone. These lesions include interstitial fibrisos of the kidney, polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of tumors. Atrophy of the testes would also prevent reproduction.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity kepone. Kepone is unmistakably carcinogenic in rats and mice. Kepone induced malignant tumors in the liver of rats and mice in the NCI studies and in the liver in rats in the Medical College of Virginia study. Malignant tumors were also found in organs other than the liver in rats in both studies, including the lowest dose administered. Female rats given Kepone were more susceptible to the development of malignant tumors than were male rats. There also were toxic changes, particularly in male rats, ingesting Kepone. These lesions include interstitial fibrisos of the kidney, polyarteritis of the mesenteric, pancreatic and other arteries; and atrophy of the testes. Such lesions generally interfere with the health of the rats and with the development of tumors. Atrophy of the testes would also prevent reproduction.", "PMID": 84851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9703", "title": "Cross-neutralization study of seven California group (Bunyaviridae) strains in homoiothermous (PS) and poikilothermous (XTC-2) vertebrate cells.", "content": "Antigenic relationships among seven California group strains were studied by a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Cross-reactions occurred in most cases but three subgroups were noted: (1) the major serogroup contained the viruses of California encephalitis, LaCrosse, Snowshoe Hare and Trahyna (including the Lumbo strain) whereas (2) Jamestown Canyon and (3) Trivittatus viruses were distinct. There was no significant difference between the PRNT results in mammalian (PS) cells incubated at 37 degrees C and amphibian (XTC-2) cells incubated at 28 degrees C. Trivittatus virus failed to produce plaques in XTC-2 cells.", "contents": "Cross-neutralization study of seven California group (Bunyaviridae) strains in homoiothermous (PS) and poikilothermous (XTC-2) vertebrate cells. Antigenic relationships among seven California group strains were studied by a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Cross-reactions occurred in most cases but three subgroups were noted: (1) the major serogroup contained the viruses of California encephalitis, LaCrosse, Snowshoe Hare and Trahyna (including the Lumbo strain) whereas (2) Jamestown Canyon and (3) Trivittatus viruses were distinct. There was no significant difference between the PRNT results in mammalian (PS) cells incubated at 37 degrees C and amphibian (XTC-2) cells incubated at 28 degrees C. Trivittatus virus failed to produce plaques in XTC-2 cells.", "PMID": 84857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9704", "title": "Clinical and theoretical aspects of head movement dependent oscillopsia (HMDO). A review.", "content": "Head movement-dependent oscillopsia (HMDO) with peripheral vestibular, brainstem and cerebellar lesions is reviewed. The differentiation of this kind of oscillopsia is based mainly on clinical grounds. HMDO with bilateral abolition of caloric responses, and in the absence of disease of the central nervous system, is due to bilateral vestibular disease. HMDO in patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia and other brainstem signs is probably due to a lesion of VOR pathways in or near the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The occurrence of HMDO with ataxia of gait and cerebellar eye movement disorders (rebound nystagmus, flutter-like oscillations), in the absence of brainstem lesions (medial longitudinal fasciculus), is clinical evidence for HMDO due to a cerebellar lesion. An attempt is made to associate the different kinds of oscillopsia with current knowledge of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes.", "contents": "Clinical and theoretical aspects of head movement dependent oscillopsia (HMDO). A review. Head movement-dependent oscillopsia (HMDO) with peripheral vestibular, brainstem and cerebellar lesions is reviewed. The differentiation of this kind of oscillopsia is based mainly on clinical grounds. HMDO with bilateral abolition of caloric responses, and in the absence of disease of the central nervous system, is due to bilateral vestibular disease. HMDO in patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia and other brainstem signs is probably due to a lesion of VOR pathways in or near the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The occurrence of HMDO with ataxia of gait and cerebellar eye movement disorders (rebound nystagmus, flutter-like oscillations), in the absence of brainstem lesions (medial longitudinal fasciculus), is clinical evidence for HMDO due to a cerebellar lesion. An attempt is made to associate the different kinds of oscillopsia with current knowledge of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes.", "PMID": 84858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9705", "title": "Experimental studies on hydrocarbon neuropathies induced by methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK).", "content": "An outbreak of neuropathies among Berlin solvent sniffers was closely related to the denaturation by methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) of the mixture used. The solvent was composed of n-hexane, toluene and ethyl-acetate. Nervous system responses to chronic repeated exposure to 10,000 ppm pure n-hexane, 10,000 ppm MEK/n-hexane (ratio 1:9) and 6000 ppm pure MEK were investigated in rats. Motor neuropathy of the dying back type with giant swelling of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system developed in animals exposed to MEK/n-hexane and n-hexane. Severe potentiation of n-hexane neurotoxicity and shortened onset of morphological and clinical signs were demonstrated in animals exposed to MEK/n-hexane. MEK alone did not produce neuropathy under these conditions. The findings suggest that commercial solvent mixtures containing MEK/n-hexane should be avoided.", "contents": "Experimental studies on hydrocarbon neuropathies induced by methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK). An outbreak of neuropathies among Berlin solvent sniffers was closely related to the denaturation by methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) of the mixture used. The solvent was composed of n-hexane, toluene and ethyl-acetate. Nervous system responses to chronic repeated exposure to 10,000 ppm pure n-hexane, 10,000 ppm MEK/n-hexane (ratio 1:9) and 6000 ppm pure MEK were investigated in rats. Motor neuropathy of the dying back type with giant swelling of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system developed in animals exposed to MEK/n-hexane and n-hexane. Severe potentiation of n-hexane neurotoxicity and shortened onset of morphological and clinical signs were demonstrated in animals exposed to MEK/n-hexane. MEK alone did not produce neuropathy under these conditions. The findings suggest that commercial solvent mixtures containing MEK/n-hexane should be avoided.", "PMID": 84859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9706", "title": "Early degeneration of the cerebellar cortex, particularly the granular cells.", "content": "An 8 month old infant, who died of severe gastroenteritis, presented a degeneration of the cerebellar cortex involving cells arising from the outer granular layer as well as Purkinje and Golgi II cells. Residual Purkinje cells showed vacuolar change of the cell body and dendritic abnormalities. Related lesions were atrophy of the inferior olives and degeneration of the mossy fibers.", "contents": "Early degeneration of the cerebellar cortex, particularly the granular cells. An 8 month old infant, who died of severe gastroenteritis, presented a degeneration of the cerebellar cortex involving cells arising from the outer granular layer as well as Purkinje and Golgi II cells. Residual Purkinje cells showed vacuolar change of the cell body and dendritic abnormalities. Related lesions were atrophy of the inferior olives and degeneration of the mossy fibers.", "PMID": 84861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9707", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of various neurological diseases.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 66 patients with a variety of neurological disorders were studied for total protein content, absolute amount of albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM, as well as their quotients (fraction to total protein ratio), cell numbers and B cell and T cell levels. In addition, the percentage of B cells and T cells in the blood was determined in 34 patients and serum immunoglobulin levels were estimated in 51 patients. In noninflammatory diseases of the CNS, the percentage of B cells was slightly higher and T cell levels were lower in the CSF in comparison to corresponding blood values. The B cell to T cell ratio in viral meningitis was altered in the CSF. An apparent increase in the T cell level led to a decrease of B cell values. Similar changes were also found in optic neuritis. The percentage of T cells was higher in relapsing multiple sclerosis than in the chronic progressive form. There were less striking changes in the B cell to T cell ratios in the CSF of other inflammatory diseases of the CNS.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of various neurological diseases. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 66 patients with a variety of neurological disorders were studied for total protein content, absolute amount of albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM, as well as their quotients (fraction to total protein ratio), cell numbers and B cell and T cell levels. In addition, the percentage of B cells and T cells in the blood was determined in 34 patients and serum immunoglobulin levels were estimated in 51 patients. In noninflammatory diseases of the CNS, the percentage of B cells was slightly higher and T cell levels were lower in the CSF in comparison to corresponding blood values. The B cell to T cell ratio in viral meningitis was altered in the CSF. An apparent increase in the T cell level led to a decrease of B cell values. Similar changes were also found in optic neuritis. The percentage of T cells was higher in relapsing multiple sclerosis than in the chronic progressive form. There were less striking changes in the B cell to T cell ratios in the CSF of other inflammatory diseases of the CNS.", "PMID": 84862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9708", "title": "Cochleovestibular involvement as the first sign of syphilis.", "content": "Three cases of syphilis with cochleovestibular symptoms are reported. There was either cochlear or vestibular involvement in two cases and, in the trird, cochlear and vestibular involvement together. The disorder was unilateral in all three. In one case there was a concurrent lesion of the oculomotor nerve which was the motive for consultation. There was no other symptom suggesting the diagnosis of syphilis in any case. The important features of diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Cochleovestibular involvement as the first sign of syphilis. Three cases of syphilis with cochleovestibular symptoms are reported. There was either cochlear or vestibular involvement in two cases and, in the trird, cochlear and vestibular involvement together. The disorder was unilateral in all three. In one case there was a concurrent lesion of the oculomotor nerve which was the motive for consultation. There was no other symptom suggesting the diagnosis of syphilis in any case. The important features of diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 84863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9709", "title": "Frequency of minor nervous dysfunction in school children.", "content": "A study was made on 88 third grade school children to determine the frequency of minor nervous dysfunction (MND) Touwen and Prechtl). The study consisted of a neurological and an motoscopic examination as well as a visuomotor performance test (Gleiss). The following results were obtained: 1. Suspected MND was found in 15.9% of the population. 2. Only two children had optimal performance according to Prechtl's optimality concept. 3. If the diagnosis MBD is made excluding the behavioral description as a diagnostic criterion, no significant statistical correlation was found with school marks or social class. 4. The specific character of Lempp's \"fr\u00fchkindliches exogenes Psychosyndrom\" and the behavioral disturbances described seems to us to be questionable. We found such disturbances with our methods as frequently in children with disturbed organic brain function as in children from a low social class.", "contents": "Frequency of minor nervous dysfunction in school children. A study was made on 88 third grade school children to determine the frequency of minor nervous dysfunction (MND) Touwen and Prechtl). The study consisted of a neurological and an motoscopic examination as well as a visuomotor performance test (Gleiss). The following results were obtained: 1. Suspected MND was found in 15.9% of the population. 2. Only two children had optimal performance according to Prechtl's optimality concept. 3. If the diagnosis MBD is made excluding the behavioral description as a diagnostic criterion, no significant statistical correlation was found with school marks or social class. 4. The specific character of Lempp's \"fr\u00fchkindliches exogenes Psychosyndrom\" and the behavioral disturbances described seems to us to be questionable. We found such disturbances with our methods as frequently in children with disturbed organic brain function as in children from a low social class.", "PMID": 84864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9710", "title": "Abducens palsy after lumbar myelography with watersoluble contrast media.", "content": "Five patients who developed abducens palsy after myelography with watersoluble contrast media are reported. These palsies can be compared to abducens palsies after spinal anesthesia and diagnostic lumbar puncture. They are most likely due to the lumbar puncture. The arguments for this explanation are discussed. The experience with these five patients suggests a greater incidence of postpuncture abducens palsy after myelography with watersoluble contrast media than after spinal anesthesia or lumbar puncture. If this first impression is verified, it could point to an additional toxic action.", "contents": "Abducens palsy after lumbar myelography with watersoluble contrast media. Five patients who developed abducens palsy after myelography with watersoluble contrast media are reported. These palsies can be compared to abducens palsies after spinal anesthesia and diagnostic lumbar puncture. They are most likely due to the lumbar puncture. The arguments for this explanation are discussed. The experience with these five patients suggests a greater incidence of postpuncture abducens palsy after myelography with watersoluble contrast media than after spinal anesthesia or lumbar puncture. If this first impression is verified, it could point to an additional toxic action.", "PMID": 84865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9711", "title": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for disseminated carcinoma of the prostate gland. Results in 53 patients.", "content": "Transsphenoidal microsurgical hypophysectomy was performed in 53 men with disseminated carcinoma (Stage IV) of the prostate gland. The mean age was 64.8 years. Forty-three of the 53 men had severe pain due to their disease. Significant pain relief was obtained following hypophysectomy, usually within 24 hours, in 39 (91%) of these 43 patients. Objective remission occurred in 16 (36%) of 45 patients in whom the follow-up review was adequate to make this decision. Although dramatic, pain relief was not permanent in every patient. Four patients died in the early postoperative period, and in one, death was directly related to the operative procedure. Significant complications included partial diabetes insipidus in 40 cases (75.5%), and cerebrospinal fluid leaks in six (11.3%). The authors conclude that hypophysectomy is an appropriate operation in patients with disseminated carcinoma of the prostate gland, particularly when pain is a significant feature of the illness. Further, the transsphenoidal microsurgical approach appears to be the operative procedure of choice for performing hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for disseminated carcinoma of the prostate gland. Results in 53 patients. Transsphenoidal microsurgical hypophysectomy was performed in 53 men with disseminated carcinoma (Stage IV) of the prostate gland. The mean age was 64.8 years. Forty-three of the 53 men had severe pain due to their disease. Significant pain relief was obtained following hypophysectomy, usually within 24 hours, in 39 (91%) of these 43 patients. Objective remission occurred in 16 (36%) of 45 patients in whom the follow-up review was adequate to make this decision. Although dramatic, pain relief was not permanent in every patient. Four patients died in the early postoperative period, and in one, death was directly related to the operative procedure. Significant complications included partial diabetes insipidus in 40 cases (75.5%), and cerebrospinal fluid leaks in six (11.3%). The authors conclude that hypophysectomy is an appropriate operation in patients with disseminated carcinoma of the prostate gland, particularly when pain is a significant feature of the illness. Further, the transsphenoidal microsurgical approach appears to be the operative procedure of choice for performing hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 84866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9712", "title": "Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of bleomycin A2 in plasma.", "content": "A rapid and specific method for the determination of bleomycin A2 is described. A 50-microliter aliquot of 20% trichloroacetic acid was added to 200 microliter of plasma. The sample was vortexed and centrifuged, and 50 microliter of the clear supernate was injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a microparticulate reversed-phase column and a fixed wavelength detector. Elution was carried out using methanol-acetonitrile-0.0085 M heptanesulfonic acid-acetic acid. A linear calibration curve was found in the 0.05-5 microgram/ml range with an estimated precision of +/-6% (CV). Preliminary pharmacokinetic data in the rabbit also are reported.", "contents": "Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of bleomycin A2 in plasma. A rapid and specific method for the determination of bleomycin A2 is described. A 50-microliter aliquot of 20% trichloroacetic acid was added to 200 microliter of plasma. The sample was vortexed and centrifuged, and 50 microliter of the clear supernate was injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a microparticulate reversed-phase column and a fixed wavelength detector. Elution was carried out using methanol-acetonitrile-0.0085 M heptanesulfonic acid-acetic acid. A linear calibration curve was found in the 0.05-5 microgram/ml range with an estimated precision of +/-6% (CV). Preliminary pharmacokinetic data in the rabbit also are reported.", "PMID": 84867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9713", "title": "Rapid orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase as characterized by the stop-flow technique.", "content": "1. In rabbit peroneal nerves incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity accumulated at both borders of a short region cooled to 5 degrees C. Accumulation was unaffected by concentrations of cycloheximide that inhibited 86% of local protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]leucine. It is probable that the local changes in enzyme activity during incubation reflected redistribution of the enzyme by axonal transport. 2. AChE activity accumulated almost three times faster at the proximal than at the distal border of cooled regions. This suggests that three times more enzyme is normally exported from nerve cell bodies than is returned to them, as though most of the transported AChE were degraded or secreted from distal parts of the neurones. The rates of accumulation of enzyme activity were consistent with average velocities of transport of 24 mm/day in the distal (orthograde) direction and 8.6 mm/day in the proximal (retrograde) direction. 3. When nerves that had been locally cooled for 3 hr were rewarmed to 37 degrees C, the accumulated AChE activity moved rapidly away from the cooled region. More than half of the activity appeared in a wave moving distally with a maximum velocity of 400 +/- 35 mm/day. A smaller wave moved proximally with a maximum velocity of 288 mm/day. 4. The observed behaviour of AChE is direct evidence that a small amount of this enzyme, probably less than 10% of the axonal content, is normally transported away from cell bodies as rapidly as any substance known. A still smaller amount of the enzyme is subject to an almost equally rapid retrograde transport. However, 85% of the AChE in peripheral nerve appears to be stationary, which probably explains why the average velocity of transport of this enzyme is so low.", "contents": "Rapid orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase as characterized by the stop-flow technique. 1. In rabbit peroneal nerves incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity accumulated at both borders of a short region cooled to 5 degrees C. Accumulation was unaffected by concentrations of cycloheximide that inhibited 86% of local protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]leucine. It is probable that the local changes in enzyme activity during incubation reflected redistribution of the enzyme by axonal transport. 2. AChE activity accumulated almost three times faster at the proximal than at the distal border of cooled regions. This suggests that three times more enzyme is normally exported from nerve cell bodies than is returned to them, as though most of the transported AChE were degraded or secreted from distal parts of the neurones. The rates of accumulation of enzyme activity were consistent with average velocities of transport of 24 mm/day in the distal (orthograde) direction and 8.6 mm/day in the proximal (retrograde) direction. 3. When nerves that had been locally cooled for 3 hr were rewarmed to 37 degrees C, the accumulated AChE activity moved rapidly away from the cooled region. More than half of the activity appeared in a wave moving distally with a maximum velocity of 400 +/- 35 mm/day. A smaller wave moved proximally with a maximum velocity of 288 mm/day. 4. The observed behaviour of AChE is direct evidence that a small amount of this enzyme, probably less than 10% of the axonal content, is normally transported away from cell bodies as rapidly as any substance known. A still smaller amount of the enzyme is subject to an almost equally rapid retrograde transport. However, 85% of the AChE in peripheral nerve appears to be stationary, which probably explains why the average velocity of transport of this enzyme is so low.", "PMID": 84868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9714", "title": "On the origin and fate of external acetylcholinesterase in peripheral nerve.", "content": "1. Rabbit peroneal nerves were exposed to echothiophate, a quaternary ammonium inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 217-AO, its tertiary analogue, in an attempt to characterize the localization of the enzyme. Although 217-AO readily inhibited AChE throughout the nerves, echothiophate spared significant amounts unless the tissues had first been homogenized. Notably, doses of echothiophate inhibiting 84% of the total AChE inhibited only 30% of the rapidly transported enzyme, suggesting that AChE was distributed between compartments differing greatly in their accessibility to this drug. 2. Since charged molecules penetrate cells poorly, it seemed likely that the more accessible compartment of AChE was external, perhaps consisting mainly of enzyme incorporated into the outer surface of the axolemma. If one assumes that the inhibition of the transported enzyme accurately reflected the inhibition throughout the inaccessible compartment, it can be calculated that external AChE comprised about 80% of the total. 3. The quasi-irreversible inhibition of AChE by echothiophate was used to probe the dynamics of the external enzyme. Locally exposing nerves to this drug in vivo markedly inhibited the AChE in a short region, which subsequently recovered with a half-time of about 5 days. Recovery appeared to reflect delivery of new enzyme into the inhibited region rather than spontaneous reactivation or local synthesis of AChE. Surprisingly, the zone of inhibition neither broadened nor moved noticeably for at least 8 days. This implies that external AChE is largely fixed in place and must be renewed locally, presumably by incorporation of rapidly transported enzyme from the internal compartment.", "contents": "On the origin and fate of external acetylcholinesterase in peripheral nerve. 1. Rabbit peroneal nerves were exposed to echothiophate, a quaternary ammonium inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 217-AO, its tertiary analogue, in an attempt to characterize the localization of the enzyme. Although 217-AO readily inhibited AChE throughout the nerves, echothiophate spared significant amounts unless the tissues had first been homogenized. Notably, doses of echothiophate inhibiting 84% of the total AChE inhibited only 30% of the rapidly transported enzyme, suggesting that AChE was distributed between compartments differing greatly in their accessibility to this drug. 2. Since charged molecules penetrate cells poorly, it seemed likely that the more accessible compartment of AChE was external, perhaps consisting mainly of enzyme incorporated into the outer surface of the axolemma. If one assumes that the inhibition of the transported enzyme accurately reflected the inhibition throughout the inaccessible compartment, it can be calculated that external AChE comprised about 80% of the total. 3. The quasi-irreversible inhibition of AChE by echothiophate was used to probe the dynamics of the external enzyme. Locally exposing nerves to this drug in vivo markedly inhibited the AChE in a short region, which subsequently recovered with a half-time of about 5 days. Recovery appeared to reflect delivery of new enzyme into the inhibited region rather than spontaneous reactivation or local synthesis of AChE. Surprisingly, the zone of inhibition neither broadened nor moved noticeably for at least 8 days. This implies that external AChE is largely fixed in place and must be renewed locally, presumably by incorporation of rapidly transported enzyme from the internal compartment.", "PMID": 84869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9715", "title": "Aryloxyalkyloxy- and aralkyloxy-4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins which inhibit histamine release in the rat and also antagonize the effects of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis.", "content": "The syntheses and structure--activity relationships of a number of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins, which are both antagonists of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and potent inhibitors of antigen-induced histamine release in the rat, are described. Most active among these are 7-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-n-propylphenoxy(-2-hydroxypropoxy] derivatives having hydrogen or lower alkyl substituents at the C-8 position of the coumarin ring, 168, 171, 173, and 174.", "contents": "Aryloxyalkyloxy- and aralkyloxy-4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins which inhibit histamine release in the rat and also antagonize the effects of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. The syntheses and structure--activity relationships of a number of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins, which are both antagonists of a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and potent inhibitors of antigen-induced histamine release in the rat, are described. Most active among these are 7-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-n-propylphenoxy(-2-hydroxypropoxy] derivatives having hydrogen or lower alkyl substituents at the C-8 position of the coumarin ring, 168, 171, 173, and 174.", "PMID": 84871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9716", "title": "A method for marking and relocating identified cells in whole tissue for electron microscopy.", "content": "Deposits of silver chloride made on the surface of animal tissue are visible by reflected light after osmication. When the tissue is flat embedded, the deposits permit precise relocation and thin sectioning of specific identified cells.", "contents": "A method for marking and relocating identified cells in whole tissue for electron microscopy. Deposits of silver chloride made on the surface of animal tissue are visible by reflected light after osmication. When the tissue is flat embedded, the deposits permit precise relocation and thin sectioning of specific identified cells.", "PMID": 84874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9717", "title": "Prostatography.", "content": "The direct intraprostatic injection of ethiodol was done in 10 cases to visualize the prostate gland. Immediately after the injection the contrast material was distributed uniformly throughout the prostatic lobe, opacifying it with a fine reticular pattern (prostatogram). The size, shape and intravesical projection of the prostate could be studied accurately in all patients and the findings were confirmed at operation. All patients tolerated the procedure well without any local or systemic complications. Direct intraprostatic injection of the contrast material did not alter the gross nor the microscopic anatomy of the gland. Prostatography is a safe adjuvant radiologic procedure to obtain a 3-dimensional image of prostatic hypertrophy. This information would be useful in the proper planning of operative or radiation treatment of prostatic diseases. It also might be helpful in delineating the deep-seated suspicious prostatic nodules that are inaccessible for clinical examination.", "contents": "Prostatography. The direct intraprostatic injection of ethiodol was done in 10 cases to visualize the prostate gland. Immediately after the injection the contrast material was distributed uniformly throughout the prostatic lobe, opacifying it with a fine reticular pattern (prostatogram). The size, shape and intravesical projection of the prostate could be studied accurately in all patients and the findings were confirmed at operation. All patients tolerated the procedure well without any local or systemic complications. Direct intraprostatic injection of the contrast material did not alter the gross nor the microscopic anatomy of the gland. Prostatography is a safe adjuvant radiologic procedure to obtain a 3-dimensional image of prostatic hypertrophy. This information would be useful in the proper planning of operative or radiation treatment of prostatic diseases. It also might be helpful in delineating the deep-seated suspicious prostatic nodules that are inaccessible for clinical examination.", "PMID": 84878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9718", "title": "Prostatic lymphography.", "content": "Direct intraprostatic injection of ethiodol was done in 12 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy to visualize lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland. In all 12 patients lymphatics of the prostate could be visualized well. The findings of our study indicate that the prostate mainly drains through 3 sets of lymphatics: 1) the main and important set of lymphatics starts from the superolateral angle of the prostate and courses along the lateral pelvic wall to drain into the internal iliac lymph nodes, 2) some lymphatics drain into the lymph nodes in the presacral area and 3) in 45% of the patients lymphatics from the apex of the prostate travel along the course of the internal pudendal vessels to the internal iliac lymph nodes. From the internal iliac lymph nodes the drainage is to the common iliac lymph nodes and, finally, to the lumbar lymph nodes. Each lateral lobe of the prostate drains mainly into the ipsilateral group of lymph nodes with little crossover of lymphatics to the opposite side. All patients tolerated the procedure well and there were no complication during or after the procedure. We believe that this procedure is a safe, simple and direct method to visualize lymphatic drainage of the human prostate gland.", "contents": "Prostatic lymphography. Direct intraprostatic injection of ethiodol was done in 12 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy to visualize lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland. In all 12 patients lymphatics of the prostate could be visualized well. The findings of our study indicate that the prostate mainly drains through 3 sets of lymphatics: 1) the main and important set of lymphatics starts from the superolateral angle of the prostate and courses along the lateral pelvic wall to drain into the internal iliac lymph nodes, 2) some lymphatics drain into the lymph nodes in the presacral area and 3) in 45% of the patients lymphatics from the apex of the prostate travel along the course of the internal pudendal vessels to the internal iliac lymph nodes. From the internal iliac lymph nodes the drainage is to the common iliac lymph nodes and, finally, to the lumbar lymph nodes. Each lateral lobe of the prostate drains mainly into the ipsilateral group of lymph nodes with little crossover of lymphatics to the opposite side. All patients tolerated the procedure well and there were no complication during or after the procedure. We believe that this procedure is a safe, simple and direct method to visualize lymphatic drainage of the human prostate gland.", "PMID": 84879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9719", "title": "[Clinical application of NK 631 to head-and-neck cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "NK 631, a new antibiotic of bleomycin analogue, was applied to the treatment of 15 patients with head-and-neck cancers. The results obtained were slightly better than bleomycin-treated cases. For the side effect of NK 631, there were no lung disorders in all patients.", "contents": "[Clinical application of NK 631 to head-and-neck cancers (author's transl)]. NK 631, a new antibiotic of bleomycin analogue, was applied to the treatment of 15 patients with head-and-neck cancers. The results obtained were slightly better than bleomycin-treated cases. For the side effect of NK 631, there were no lung disorders in all patients.", "PMID": 84881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9720", "title": "[Clinical effects of NK 631, a new bleomycin derivative, in treatment of oral cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "We used only NK 631, a new bleomycin derivative, for 10 cases of primary oral cancer, and obtained following results. (1) Anti-cancer effects were immediate and as follow: remarkably good in 1 case, efficacious in 8 cases, and none in 1 case. (2) In clinical examination, peripheral blood, function of kidney, liver, etc. were normal. But attention must be payed to blood gas. (3) Loss of hair, stomatitis and exanthema were noticed as side effects more clearly than regular bleomycin, but no fever. As the result of the above, NK 631 is better than regular bleomycin in anti-cancer effect and activity, but more attention should be payed to the side effect.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of NK 631, a new bleomycin derivative, in treatment of oral cancer (author's transl)]. We used only NK 631, a new bleomycin derivative, for 10 cases of primary oral cancer, and obtained following results. (1) Anti-cancer effects were immediate and as follow: remarkably good in 1 case, efficacious in 8 cases, and none in 1 case. (2) In clinical examination, peripheral blood, function of kidney, liver, etc. were normal. But attention must be payed to blood gas. (3) Loss of hair, stomatitis and exanthema were noticed as side effects more clearly than regular bleomycin, but no fever. As the result of the above, NK 631 is better than regular bleomycin in anti-cancer effect and activity, but more attention should be payed to the side effect.", "PMID": 84883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9721", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of human choriogonadotropin in human malignant trophoblast. Model for human choriogonadotropin secretion.", "content": "Human choriogonadotropin (HCG) and its subunits have been studied immunocytochemically using a recently developed unlabeled antibody method. Factors influencing the antigenicity of HCG and its subunits were explored, and optimum conditions were determined. HCG has been successfully localized at the cellular level using paraffin-embedded tissues. Several antibodies to HCG or its subunits were evaluated for specificity using rigorous immunologic controls. This methodology was applied to placental tissue, in vitro choriocarcinoma, and in vitro breast carcinoma. HCGbeta and HCGalpha were localized in the syncytial trophoblast of first trimester placenta with cytotrophoblast cell islands and Langhans' cells being negative. Conditions of stimulated and unstimulated HCG production have been explored in the BeWo line of malignant trophoblast. Stimulation was accomplished by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline for varying periods of time. Only 6 per cent of the cells could be shown to be producing HCGbeta and HCGalpha in the unstimulated condition. Stimulation increased this percentage to 70 and 18 per cent, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment. Ultrastructural localization has shown that the mechanism of synthesis and secretion of HCG follows a pathway that is not as extensively developed as that of the pituitary hormones.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of human choriogonadotropin in human malignant trophoblast. Model for human choriogonadotropin secretion. Human choriogonadotropin (HCG) and its subunits have been studied immunocytochemically using a recently developed unlabeled antibody method. Factors influencing the antigenicity of HCG and its subunits were explored, and optimum conditions were determined. HCG has been successfully localized at the cellular level using paraffin-embedded tissues. Several antibodies to HCG or its subunits were evaluated for specificity using rigorous immunologic controls. This methodology was applied to placental tissue, in vitro choriocarcinoma, and in vitro breast carcinoma. HCGbeta and HCGalpha were localized in the syncytial trophoblast of first trimester placenta with cytotrophoblast cell islands and Langhans' cells being negative. Conditions of stimulated and unstimulated HCG production have been explored in the BeWo line of malignant trophoblast. Stimulation was accomplished by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline for varying periods of time. Only 6 per cent of the cells could be shown to be producing HCGbeta and HCGalpha in the unstimulated condition. Stimulation increased this percentage to 70 and 18 per cent, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment. Ultrastructural localization has shown that the mechanism of synthesis and secretion of HCG follows a pathway that is not as extensively developed as that of the pituitary hormones.", "PMID": 84888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9722", "title": "Paracortical post-capillary venules of human lymph nodes with special reference to the distribution of their endothelial IgG.", "content": "The distribution of IgG in the endothelium of the paracortical post-capillary venules (PCV) of human lymph nodes was studied in frozen sections by using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Three different patterns of distribution could be differentiated (luminal site, intraendothelial and basement membrane site). Each of these patterns was characteristically encoutered in association with one of three grades of PCV (graded on the basis of the height of their endothelial cells). The significance of this close relationship between the IgG distribution and the changes in PCV endothelium was discussed in regard to the T-lymphocyte recirculation. A hypothesis was introduced describing the possible sequence of events involved in the traversing of T-lymphocyte through the PCV endothelium.", "contents": "Paracortical post-capillary venules of human lymph nodes with special reference to the distribution of their endothelial IgG. The distribution of IgG in the endothelium of the paracortical post-capillary venules (PCV) of human lymph nodes was studied in frozen sections by using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Three different patterns of distribution could be differentiated (luminal site, intraendothelial and basement membrane site). Each of these patterns was characteristically encoutered in association with one of three grades of PCV (graded on the basis of the height of their endothelial cells). The significance of this close relationship between the IgG distribution and the changes in PCV endothelium was discussed in regard to the T-lymphocyte recirculation. A hypothesis was introduced describing the possible sequence of events involved in the traversing of T-lymphocyte through the PCV endothelium.", "PMID": 84892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9723", "title": "Prevention of necrotising enteritis in Papua New Guinea by active immunisation.", "content": "Necrotising enteritis (pig-bel) caused by Clostridium welchii type C is a major cause of illness and death in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. In a controlled trial of active immunisation with a clostridial toxoid prepared from type-C cultures the incidence of pig-bel in over 2500 immunised children within 24 months of immunisation was less than an eighth of that in a control group. Necrotising enteritis in Papua New Guinea is now a preventable disease.", "contents": "Prevention of necrotising enteritis in Papua New Guinea by active immunisation. Necrotising enteritis (pig-bel) caused by Clostridium welchii type C is a major cause of illness and death in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. In a controlled trial of active immunisation with a clostridial toxoid prepared from type-C cultures the incidence of pig-bel in over 2500 immunised children within 24 months of immunisation was less than an eighth of that in a control group. Necrotising enteritis in Papua New Guinea is now a preventable disease.", "PMID": 84895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9724", "title": "Recommended site and depth of newborn heel skin punctures based on anatomical measurements and histopathology.", "content": "The heels of 40 children (0.56--13.15 kg), 35 of whom were newborn infants and 28 of whom had 2--20 visible skin punctures, were examined at necropsy, and the thickness of the tissue layers was measured with a metric vernier caliper. Histological examination showed that uncomplicated skin-puncture wounds heal with minimum scarring and no neuroma formation. 1 infant had an infected puncture track extending into the calcaneus and resulting in cellulitis and focal calcaneal necrotising chondritis. The skin's primary blood-supply is located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and the distance from the surface of the heel to this junction was quite constant (0.35--1.6 mm). However, the distance from the skin surface to the calcaneus increased with infant weight (in the smallest infant it was 2.4 mm), and at the posterior curvature of the heel it was half that from the plantar surface to the calcaneus. The calcaneus rarely extended lateral to a line drawn posteriorly from a point midway between the 4th and 5th toes and running parallel to the lateral aspect of the heel or medial to a line extending posteriorly from the middle of the great toe and running parallel to the medial surface of the heel. Therefore, in order to avoid calcaneal puncture and the risk of osteochondritis, heel puncture in the newborn should be done: (1) on the most medial or lateral portions of the plantar surface of the heel; (2) no deeper than 2.4 mm; (3) not on the posterior curvature of the heel; and (4) not through previous puncture sites that may be infected.", "contents": "Recommended site and depth of newborn heel skin punctures based on anatomical measurements and histopathology. The heels of 40 children (0.56--13.15 kg), 35 of whom were newborn infants and 28 of whom had 2--20 visible skin punctures, were examined at necropsy, and the thickness of the tissue layers was measured with a metric vernier caliper. Histological examination showed that uncomplicated skin-puncture wounds heal with minimum scarring and no neuroma formation. 1 infant had an infected puncture track extending into the calcaneus and resulting in cellulitis and focal calcaneal necrotising chondritis. The skin's primary blood-supply is located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and the distance from the surface of the heel to this junction was quite constant (0.35--1.6 mm). However, the distance from the skin surface to the calcaneus increased with infant weight (in the smallest infant it was 2.4 mm), and at the posterior curvature of the heel it was half that from the plantar surface to the calcaneus. The calcaneus rarely extended lateral to a line drawn posteriorly from a point midway between the 4th and 5th toes and running parallel to the lateral aspect of the heel or medial to a line extending posteriorly from the middle of the great toe and running parallel to the medial surface of the heel. Therefore, in order to avoid calcaneal puncture and the risk of osteochondritis, heel puncture in the newborn should be done: (1) on the most medial or lateral portions of the plantar surface of the heel; (2) no deeper than 2.4 mm; (3) not on the posterior curvature of the heel; and (4) not through previous puncture sites that may be infected.", "PMID": 84896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9725", "title": "Predictors of reinfarction and sudden death in a high-risk group of acute myocardial infarction survivors.", "content": "75 patients aged under 70 years who had survived acute myocardial infarction complicated by both significant arrhythmias and cardiac failure were followed-up for 1 year in an attempt to identify features which suggest the likelihood of late death or reinfarction. Patients were carefully instructed in the identification and importance of possible prodromal symptoms and the availability of a mobile intensivecare ambulance service and a 24 h hospital control centre. Horizontal ST-segment depression or anginal pain on an exercise test done within 6 weeks of infarction was a useful predictor of late death. Routine twice weekly E.C.G. recordings taken by telephone transmitter at rest and after mild exertion resulted in the identification of significant arrhythmias in only 7 patients. 13 patients (17%) died, 5 of them instantaneously. 4 of the 13 patients and 22 of the 62 survivors reported \"prodromal symptoms\". Unreported prodromal symptoms were elicited retrospectively in 14 of the 62 survivors and from the relatives of 4 of the 13 patients who died. Thus, 35% of prodromal symptoms were not reported despite intensive patient education and counselling. The incidence of \"prodromal symptoms\" was no higher in patients who died than in those who did not die.", "contents": "Predictors of reinfarction and sudden death in a high-risk group of acute myocardial infarction survivors. 75 patients aged under 70 years who had survived acute myocardial infarction complicated by both significant arrhythmias and cardiac failure were followed-up for 1 year in an attempt to identify features which suggest the likelihood of late death or reinfarction. Patients were carefully instructed in the identification and importance of possible prodromal symptoms and the availability of a mobile intensivecare ambulance service and a 24 h hospital control centre. Horizontal ST-segment depression or anginal pain on an exercise test done within 6 weeks of infarction was a useful predictor of late death. Routine twice weekly E.C.G. recordings taken by telephone transmitter at rest and after mild exertion resulted in the identification of significant arrhythmias in only 7 patients. 13 patients (17%) died, 5 of them instantaneously. 4 of the 13 patients and 22 of the 62 survivors reported \"prodromal symptoms\". Unreported prodromal symptoms were elicited retrospectively in 14 of the 62 survivors and from the relatives of 4 of the 13 patients who died. Thus, 35% of prodromal symptoms were not reported despite intensive patient education and counselling. The incidence of \"prodromal symptoms\" was no higher in patients who died than in those who did not die.", "PMID": 84897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9726", "title": "Gamma-aminobutyric-acid deficiency in brain of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid (G.A.B.A.) was measured in the nucleus accumbens and thalamus of brains from patients who had died with schizophrenia or Huntington's chorea (H.C.) and from control subjects. Mean G.A.B.A. content was significantly reduced in both brain areas in schizophrenia and in H.C. Extraneous factors, such as age, interval from death to necropsy, cause of death, and drug use, did not readily explain the observed reduction in brain G.A.B.A. G.A.B.A. deficiency may be a biochemical characteristic of some forms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Gamma-aminobutyric-acid deficiency in brain of schizophrenic patients. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (G.A.B.A.) was measured in the nucleus accumbens and thalamus of brains from patients who had died with schizophrenia or Huntington's chorea (H.C.) and from control subjects. Mean G.A.B.A. content was significantly reduced in both brain areas in schizophrenia and in H.C. Extraneous factors, such as age, interval from death to necropsy, cause of death, and drug use, did not readily explain the observed reduction in brain G.A.B.A. G.A.B.A. deficiency may be a biochemical characteristic of some forms of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 84898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9727", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of Bacteroides infections by indirect immunofluorescence assay of clinical specimens.", "content": "43 specimens from a variety of sites were directly examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (I.F.A.) with specific antisera against the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis and pooled antisera against a number of serotypes of Bacteroides sp. (all of the former B. fragilis subspecies). The findings were compared with those of routine anaerobic bacteriology and gas liquid chromatography for short chain fatty acids. Examination by I.F.A. was a sensitive (100%) and specific (90.3%) means of identifying B. fragilis. Use of the pooled serum was sensitive (100%) but less specific (64.3%) than the capsular antiserum (90.3%) although it had the advantage of detecting Bacteroides species other than B. fragilis. The capsular serum I.F.A. gave 9.7% false positives and no false negatives. The predictive value of a positive identification of B. fragilis in a clinical specimen using this anticapsular serum I.F.A. test was 80%; with the pooled Bacteroides group-serum it was 60%. The predictive value of a negative test was 100% for both sera, indicating that a negative I.F.A. test is a reliable index of the absence of Bacteroides from the culture I.F.A. of clinical material provides a rapid (less than 2 h) specific and sensitive means for the diagnosis of B. fragilis infections and would be of use in a clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of Bacteroides infections by indirect immunofluorescence assay of clinical specimens. 43 specimens from a variety of sites were directly examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (I.F.A.) with specific antisera against the capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis and pooled antisera against a number of serotypes of Bacteroides sp. (all of the former B. fragilis subspecies). The findings were compared with those of routine anaerobic bacteriology and gas liquid chromatography for short chain fatty acids. Examination by I.F.A. was a sensitive (100%) and specific (90.3%) means of identifying B. fragilis. Use of the pooled serum was sensitive (100%) but less specific (64.3%) than the capsular antiserum (90.3%) although it had the advantage of detecting Bacteroides species other than B. fragilis. The capsular serum I.F.A. gave 9.7% false positives and no false negatives. The predictive value of a positive identification of B. fragilis in a clinical specimen using this anticapsular serum I.F.A. test was 80%; with the pooled Bacteroides group-serum it was 60%. The predictive value of a negative test was 100% for both sera, indicating that a negative I.F.A. test is a reliable index of the absence of Bacteroides from the culture I.F.A. of clinical material provides a rapid (less than 2 h) specific and sensitive means for the diagnosis of B. fragilis infections and would be of use in a clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 84899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9728", "title": "Efficacy of acycloguanosine (Wellcome 248U) against herpes-simplex corneal ulcers.", "content": "Acycloguanosine (9-[-hydroxyethoxymethyl]guanine) (Wellcome 248U) has a highly specific and potent antiviral action against herpes-simplex virus (H.S.V.) types I and II in cell-culture systems and in animal models of H.S.V. infection in the brain, skin, and eye. Its efficacy in man was tested in twenty-four patients with dendritic corneal epithelial ulcers treated by minimal wiping debridement. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with 3% acycloguanosine eye ointment or placebo. There were seven recurrences or recrudescences of typical corneal epithelial herpetic lesions within 1 week of debridement in the twelve patients who received placebo, and no recurrences in the twelve who received acycloguanosine. Four further patients with dendritic ulcers have been electively treated with topical acycloguanosine alone. Their ulcers all healed briskly. No adverse effects were seen with the acycloguanosine therapy. These results establish that acycloguanosine is a clinically effective antiviral drug against H.S.V. infection in man.", "contents": "Efficacy of acycloguanosine (Wellcome 248U) against herpes-simplex corneal ulcers. Acycloguanosine (9-[-hydroxyethoxymethyl]guanine) (Wellcome 248U) has a highly specific and potent antiviral action against herpes-simplex virus (H.S.V.) types I and II in cell-culture systems and in animal models of H.S.V. infection in the brain, skin, and eye. Its efficacy in man was tested in twenty-four patients with dendritic corneal epithelial ulcers treated by minimal wiping debridement. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with 3% acycloguanosine eye ointment or placebo. There were seven recurrences or recrudescences of typical corneal epithelial herpetic lesions within 1 week of debridement in the twelve patients who received placebo, and no recurrences in the twelve who received acycloguanosine. Four further patients with dendritic ulcers have been electively treated with topical acycloguanosine alone. Their ulcers all healed briskly. No adverse effects were seen with the acycloguanosine therapy. These results establish that acycloguanosine is a clinically effective antiviral drug against H.S.V. infection in man.", "PMID": 84900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9729", "title": "Interferon therapy in myelomatosis.", "content": "Four patients with myelomatosis (one IgG-chi-type, two IgA-chi, and one Bence Jones-x) were given human leucocyte interferon as the only treatment for from 3 to 19 months. Remission was complete in two patients and partial in the other two. Normal bone-marrow haematopoiesis was slightly inhibited. The disease has not so far progressed in any of the patients.", "contents": "Interferon therapy in myelomatosis. Four patients with myelomatosis (one IgG-chi-type, two IgA-chi, and one Bence Jones-x) were given human leucocyte interferon as the only treatment for from 3 to 19 months. Remission was complete in two patients and partial in the other two. Normal bone-marrow haematopoiesis was slightly inhibited. The disease has not so far progressed in any of the patients.", "PMID": 84901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9730", "title": "A reappraisal of American psychiatry.", "content": "Remarkable changes have taken place in American psychiatry over the past twenty years. The era of psychoanalytical supremacy has passed, and realism is replacing the exaggerated claims which were made of psychiatry's ability to produce personal, social, and even political change. The importance of phenomenology and accurate diagnosis is increasingly recognised, and American researchers have made many impressive contributions to psychiatric genetics and to psychopharmacology. Despite these advances, office practice generally continues to function on an outmoded model and psychiatric resources remain inequitably distributed.", "contents": "A reappraisal of American psychiatry. Remarkable changes have taken place in American psychiatry over the past twenty years. The era of psychoanalytical supremacy has passed, and realism is replacing the exaggerated claims which were made of psychiatry's ability to produce personal, social, and even political change. The importance of phenomenology and accurate diagnosis is increasingly recognised, and American researchers have made many impressive contributions to psychiatric genetics and to psychopharmacology. Despite these advances, office practice generally continues to function on an outmoded model and psychiatric resources remain inequitably distributed.", "PMID": 84909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9731", "title": "Congenital rubella deafness: a preventable disease.", "content": "Over a 4-year period (1972-75) an unselected sample of 568 children aged under 4 years attending the Nuffield Hearing and Speech Centre were tested for rubella antibody. Sensorineural deafness was subsequently diagnosed in 349 of these children, and 83 (24%) of this group had rubella antibody. In contrast, only 19 (9%) of the remaining 219 children in whom sensorineural deafness was excluded had rubella antibody. The seropositive and seronegative children with sensorineural deafness showed striking differences in family history, history of maternal rubella, adverse perinatal events, and presence of other defects. Congenital rubella is an important cause of deafness, and the rubella vaccination programme must be pursued more vigorously if this serious defect is to be prevented in the future.", "contents": "Congenital rubella deafness: a preventable disease. Over a 4-year period (1972-75) an unselected sample of 568 children aged under 4 years attending the Nuffield Hearing and Speech Centre were tested for rubella antibody. Sensorineural deafness was subsequently diagnosed in 349 of these children, and 83 (24%) of this group had rubella antibody. In contrast, only 19 (9%) of the remaining 219 children in whom sensorineural deafness was excluded had rubella antibody. The seropositive and seronegative children with sensorineural deafness showed striking differences in family history, history of maternal rubella, adverse perinatal events, and presence of other defects. Congenital rubella is an important cause of deafness, and the rubella vaccination programme must be pursued more vigorously if this serious defect is to be prevented in the future.", "PMID": 84910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9732", "title": "Cyclical combination chemotherapy and gonadal function. Retrospective study in males.", "content": "The effect of cyclical chemotherapy on fertility and gonadal function was investigated in seventy-four male patients who had been treated for advanced Hodgkin's disease. All patients were azoospermic after therapy, and, with a median follow-up period of 27 months (range 1--62 months), only four patients have regained spermatogenesis. Testicular biopsy showed an absence of germinal epithelium without other gross architectural changes. Despite this high degree of infertility, 60% of patients were practising contraception. A decline in libido and sexual performance with frequent long periods of sexual inactivity was noted by most men during therapy. Although some recovery was apparent once therapy was stopped, this was incomplete in approximately half of the patients. Follicle-stimulating-hormone levels were consistently raised after therapy at all periods of study. Median luteinising-hormone levels were at, or just above, the upper limit of normal, and median testosterone levels were normal. Increased prolactin levels were noted in 42% of patients, of whom about a half had an identifiable cause for hyperprolactinaemia. Return of spermatogenesis could not be predicted by serial hormone assessment. Because of the guaranteed infertility and the low frequency and unpredictability of recovery of spermatogenesis, sperm storage should be available for male patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy, since most of these patients may enjoy prolonged survival. Hormone-replacement therapy will usually be unnecessary. However, the probability of major changes in libido and sexual performance should be discussed with patients so that additional stress can be avoided. Contraceptive advice should be available to those who require it.", "contents": "Cyclical combination chemotherapy and gonadal function. Retrospective study in males. The effect of cyclical chemotherapy on fertility and gonadal function was investigated in seventy-four male patients who had been treated for advanced Hodgkin's disease. All patients were azoospermic after therapy, and, with a median follow-up period of 27 months (range 1--62 months), only four patients have regained spermatogenesis. Testicular biopsy showed an absence of germinal epithelium without other gross architectural changes. Despite this high degree of infertility, 60% of patients were practising contraception. A decline in libido and sexual performance with frequent long periods of sexual inactivity was noted by most men during therapy. Although some recovery was apparent once therapy was stopped, this was incomplete in approximately half of the patients. Follicle-stimulating-hormone levels were consistently raised after therapy at all periods of study. Median luteinising-hormone levels were at, or just above, the upper limit of normal, and median testosterone levels were normal. Increased prolactin levels were noted in 42% of patients, of whom about a half had an identifiable cause for hyperprolactinaemia. Return of spermatogenesis could not be predicted by serial hormone assessment. Because of the guaranteed infertility and the low frequency and unpredictability of recovery of spermatogenesis, sperm storage should be available for male patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy, since most of these patients may enjoy prolonged survival. Hormone-replacement therapy will usually be unnecessary. However, the probability of major changes in libido and sexual performance should be discussed with patients so that additional stress can be avoided. Contraceptive advice should be available to those who require it.", "PMID": 84944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9733", "title": "Changing phage typing patterns of epidemic gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence for transmission of gentamicin resistance.", "content": "In a 10-week period, infection with gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus appeared in 24 adults and infants in one hospital. Medical staff were affected first, and subsequently 16 infants in the neonatal intensive-care unit. The gentamicin-resistant staphyloccal isolates showed three distinct phage susceptibility patterns in two distinct phage groups during the early, middle, and late phases of the outbreak. Although not confirmed with in-vitro or in-vivo laboratory data, this outbreak suggests that gentamicin resistance may be transferred between different strains of Staph. aureus in vivo.", "contents": "Changing phage typing patterns of epidemic gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence for transmission of gentamicin resistance. In a 10-week period, infection with gentamicin resistant Staphylococcus aureus appeared in 24 adults and infants in one hospital. Medical staff were affected first, and subsequently 16 infants in the neonatal intensive-care unit. The gentamicin-resistant staphyloccal isolates showed three distinct phage susceptibility patterns in two distinct phage groups during the early, middle, and late phases of the outbreak. Although not confirmed with in-vitro or in-vivo laboratory data, this outbreak suggests that gentamicin resistance may be transferred between different strains of Staph. aureus in vivo.", "PMID": 84945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9734", "title": "Cardiovascular disease in patients with retinal arterial occlusion.", "content": "103 patients with retinal-artery occlusion causing permanent visual-field defect were examined clinically and angiographically to assess the extent of cardiovascular disease. The 68 patients with branch-artery occlusion had a higher prevalence of previous transient episodes, ischaemic and valvular heart-disease, and more often had an operable lesion in the carotid artery than had the 35 patients with central-artery occlusion who were more often hypertensive, had fewer warning attacks, a greater prevalence of complete carotid occlusion, and fewer operable carotid lesions. The two types of retinal vascular occlusion show aetiological differences; branch occlusion is more often embolic and should be fully investigated for carotid and cardiac disease. These measures are less often of practical importance in patients with central-artery occlusion.", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease in patients with retinal arterial occlusion. 103 patients with retinal-artery occlusion causing permanent visual-field defect were examined clinically and angiographically to assess the extent of cardiovascular disease. The 68 patients with branch-artery occlusion had a higher prevalence of previous transient episodes, ischaemic and valvular heart-disease, and more often had an operable lesion in the carotid artery than had the 35 patients with central-artery occlusion who were more often hypertensive, had fewer warning attacks, a greater prevalence of complete carotid occlusion, and fewer operable carotid lesions. The two types of retinal vascular occlusion show aetiological differences; branch occlusion is more often embolic and should be fully investigated for carotid and cardiac disease. These measures are less often of practical importance in patients with central-artery occlusion.", "PMID": 84946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9735", "title": "Regional lung clearance of excessive bronchial secretions during chest physiotherapy in patients with stable chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Clearance of excessive bronchial secretions labelled with inhaled radioactive polystyrene particles has been directly measured with a gamma-camera linked to a computer. Chest physiotherapy significantly increased clearance from central, intermediate, and peripheral lung regions and sputum yield. These findings confirm the value of this form of treatment, which has hitherto been in doubt, in removing excessive bronchial secretions from all lung regions and in aiding their expectoration.", "contents": "Regional lung clearance of excessive bronchial secretions during chest physiotherapy in patients with stable chronic airways obstruction. Clearance of excessive bronchial secretions labelled with inhaled radioactive polystyrene particles has been directly measured with a gamma-camera linked to a computer. Chest physiotherapy significantly increased clearance from central, intermediate, and peripheral lung regions and sputum yield. These findings confirm the value of this form of treatment, which has hitherto been in doubt, in removing excessive bronchial secretions from all lung regions and in aiding their expectoration.", "PMID": 84947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9736", "title": "Activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in psoriatic skin.", "content": "The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (A.H.H.), a microsomal mono-oxygenase, was reduced in epidermis from both the psoriatic lesions and clinically normal lesion-free skin from psoriatic patients. Induction of epidermal A.H.H. activity by benzanthracene was also significantly less than normal in both psoriatic lesions and in clinically normal skin from patients with psoriasis. The enzyme defect may be related to the primary genetic abnormality of the disease.", "contents": "Activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in psoriatic skin. The activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (A.H.H.), a microsomal mono-oxygenase, was reduced in epidermis from both the psoriatic lesions and clinically normal lesion-free skin from psoriatic patients. Induction of epidermal A.H.H. activity by benzanthracene was also significantly less than normal in both psoriatic lesions and in clinically normal skin from patients with psoriasis. The enzyme defect may be related to the primary genetic abnormality of the disease.", "PMID": 84948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9737", "title": "Preventing malignant-cell transfer during endoscopic brush cytology.", "content": "Transfer of malignant cells on cytology brushes was responsible for false positive cytology reports in 4 patients. In 24 examinations of cytology brushes after patients with gastric carcinoma had been previously endoscoped, malignant cells were identified on 7 occasions. Satisfactory irradication of malignant cells was achieved by autoclaving the brushes for 15 min, not by cleaning with chlorhexidine or pancreatin. Although these observations may argue against the use of non-disposable brushes, non-disposable brushes provide a higher yield of cells and are cheaper than disposable brushes.", "contents": "Preventing malignant-cell transfer during endoscopic brush cytology. Transfer of malignant cells on cytology brushes was responsible for false positive cytology reports in 4 patients. In 24 examinations of cytology brushes after patients with gastric carcinoma had been previously endoscoped, malignant cells were identified on 7 occasions. Satisfactory irradication of malignant cells was achieved by autoclaving the brushes for 15 min, not by cleaning with chlorhexidine or pancreatin. Although these observations may argue against the use of non-disposable brushes, non-disposable brushes provide a higher yield of cells and are cheaper than disposable brushes.", "PMID": 84949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9738", "title": "Fatal adenovirus infection with misleading positive serology for infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Symptoms and serological tests in a 19-year-old man with pneumonia indicated that he had infectious mononucleosis. Adenovirus type 7 was demonstrated in the lung by electron microscopy and was cultured from the liver, lung, lymph-nodes, and kidney.", "contents": "Fatal adenovirus infection with misleading positive serology for infectious mononucleosis. Symptoms and serological tests in a 19-year-old man with pneumonia indicated that he had infectious mononucleosis. Adenovirus type 7 was demonstrated in the lung by electron microscopy and was cultured from the liver, lung, lymph-nodes, and kidney.", "PMID": 84950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9739", "title": "Prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice with maternal antipyrine treatment.", "content": "A randomised controlled trial of antipyrine (phenazone) in the prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice was completed in 48 women. Treatment of mothers from the 38th week of pregnancy reduced neonatal plasma-bilirubin concentrations on the 4th day after birth by an average of 44%. Prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice merits a wider trial.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice with maternal antipyrine treatment. A randomised controlled trial of antipyrine (phenazone) in the prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice was completed in 48 women. Treatment of mothers from the 38th week of pregnancy reduced neonatal plasma-bilirubin concentrations on the 4th day after birth by an average of 44%. Prophylaxis of neonatal jaundice merits a wider trial.", "PMID": 84951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9740", "title": "Delay in diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic colorectal cancer.", "content": "Mean delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment was 30.5 weeks in a hundred patients with colonic carcinoma and 38 weeks in a hundred patients with rectal carcinoma. Most of this delay occurred outside hospital and delays attributable to the patient and family doctor were almost equal in duration. Patient delay is largely the result of not knowing the importance of bowel symptoms, while delay with the family doctor was the result of not examining patients with possible rectal carcinomas and not recognising symptoms suggestive of colonic carcinoma. 42% of patients with colonic carcinoma were admitted for emergency treatment, 76% having already consulted their doctor about symptoms on one or more occasions. Hospital delay consisted mainly in waiting for investigations, poor quality barium enemas, and inadequate sigmoidoscopy. There was no relation between the duration of symptoms and the Dukes stage of the tumour.", "contents": "Delay in diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic colorectal cancer. Mean delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment was 30.5 weeks in a hundred patients with colonic carcinoma and 38 weeks in a hundred patients with rectal carcinoma. Most of this delay occurred outside hospital and delays attributable to the patient and family doctor were almost equal in duration. Patient delay is largely the result of not knowing the importance of bowel symptoms, while delay with the family doctor was the result of not examining patients with possible rectal carcinomas and not recognising symptoms suggestive of colonic carcinoma. 42% of patients with colonic carcinoma were admitted for emergency treatment, 76% having already consulted their doctor about symptoms on one or more occasions. Hospital delay consisted mainly in waiting for investigations, poor quality barium enemas, and inadequate sigmoidoscopy. There was no relation between the duration of symptoms and the Dukes stage of the tumour.", "PMID": 84959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9741", "title": "Modes of transmission of cholera in a newly infected population on an atoll: implications for control measures.", "content": "To determine the modes of transmission in a cholera epidemic in a newly infected population on an atoll, two studies were conducted, in which persons with cholera were individually matched, by age and sex, with neighbourhood controls. Among the first recognised cases, cholera was associated with frequent (daily or weekly) consumption of raw lagoon fish that had been salted and partially dried. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the lagoon, which was contaminated by human wastes. During the declining phase of the epidemic, cholera was associated with consumption of raw clams, salt-fish, sardines, and other fish from the lagoon. When seafood from enclosed bodies of faecally contaminated water is frequently eaten raw, imported V. cholerae can become established and can be extremely difficult to eradicate.", "contents": "Modes of transmission of cholera in a newly infected population on an atoll: implications for control measures. To determine the modes of transmission in a cholera epidemic in a newly infected population on an atoll, two studies were conducted, in which persons with cholera were individually matched, by age and sex, with neighbourhood controls. Among the first recognised cases, cholera was associated with frequent (daily or weekly) consumption of raw lagoon fish that had been salted and partially dried. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the lagoon, which was contaminated by human wastes. During the declining phase of the epidemic, cholera was associated with consumption of raw clams, salt-fish, sardines, and other fish from the lagoon. When seafood from enclosed bodies of faecally contaminated water is frequently eaten raw, imported V. cholerae can become established and can be extremely difficult to eradicate.", "PMID": 84960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9742", "title": "Sensitivity to enkephalin as a cause of non-insulin dependent diabetes.", "content": "Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is associated with facial flushing after alcohol in patients on chlorpropamide (chlorpropamide alcohol flushing, C.P.A.F.) especially when there is a family history of diabetes. C.P.A.F. in three subjects (two diabetics, one non-diabetic) was blocked by the specific opiate antagonist naloxone. In nine subjects (six diabetics) C.P.A.F. was reproduced by the enkephalin analogue with opiate-like activity [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met (O)-ol] enkephalin (DAMME). C.P.A.F. thus may be due to increased sensitivity to endogenous opiates. DAMME and other substances with opiate-like activity, such as morphine and beta-endorphin, affect carbohydrate metabolism and insulin secretion. Increased sensitivity to endogenous opiates such as enkephalin may thus give rise to non-insulin-dependent diabetes associated with C.P.A.F.", "contents": "Sensitivity to enkephalin as a cause of non-insulin dependent diabetes. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is associated with facial flushing after alcohol in patients on chlorpropamide (chlorpropamide alcohol flushing, C.P.A.F.) especially when there is a family history of diabetes. C.P.A.F. in three subjects (two diabetics, one non-diabetic) was blocked by the specific opiate antagonist naloxone. In nine subjects (six diabetics) C.P.A.F. was reproduced by the enkephalin analogue with opiate-like activity [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Met (O)-ol] enkephalin (DAMME). C.P.A.F. thus may be due to increased sensitivity to endogenous opiates. DAMME and other substances with opiate-like activity, such as morphine and beta-endorphin, affect carbohydrate metabolism and insulin secretion. Increased sensitivity to endogenous opiates such as enkephalin may thus give rise to non-insulin-dependent diabetes associated with C.P.A.F.", "PMID": 84999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9743", "title": "Selectivity as a clue to diagnosis of postural proteinuria.", "content": "In 14 patients with fixed and reproducible postural proteinuria and 14 patients with histologically proven glomerulonephritis, the selectivity of proteinuria was measured separately in the day and night urine collections. The selectivity of proteinuria in the urine collected in recumbency was lower in patients with glomerulonephritis than in patients with postural proteinuria. All patients with postural proteinuria showed an increment of the selectivity from day to night of at least 13 degrees, whereas the maximum increment in patients with glomerulonephritis was 5 degrees. The changes in selectivity from day to night in patients with postural proteinuria and patients with glomerulonephritis were significantly different and seem to be a useful discriminatory test.", "contents": "Selectivity as a clue to diagnosis of postural proteinuria. In 14 patients with fixed and reproducible postural proteinuria and 14 patients with histologically proven glomerulonephritis, the selectivity of proteinuria was measured separately in the day and night urine collections. The selectivity of proteinuria in the urine collected in recumbency was lower in patients with glomerulonephritis than in patients with postural proteinuria. All patients with postural proteinuria showed an increment of the selectivity from day to night of at least 13 degrees, whereas the maximum increment in patients with glomerulonephritis was 5 degrees. The changes in selectivity from day to night in patients with postural proteinuria and patients with glomerulonephritis were significantly different and seem to be a useful discriminatory test.", "PMID": 85000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9744", "title": "Rapid emergence of El Tor Vibrio cholerae resistant to antimicrobial agents during first six months of fourth cholera epidemic in Tanzania.", "content": "110 El Tor Vibrio cholerae isolates from 102 patients with cholera between November, 1977, and March, 1978, during the early stages of the fourth epidemic of cholera in Tanzania had minimum inhibitory concentrations to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, neomycin, ampicillin, and sulphadimidine determined. All isolates during the first month after the disease was recognised were fully sensitive to tetracycline, but 76% of isolates were resistant to the drug after five months of extensive use of tetracycline therapeutically and prophylactically in the country. Resistance to the five other antibacterial agents developed more slowly. Isolates from patients who failed to clear the organism from their stools or who had cholera soon after tetracycline prophylaxis had increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug. Resistance did not develop in vivo. Although resistance to tetracycline readily developed following extensive use of the drug, such a resistance was not the only reason for failure of tetracycline treatment and prophylaxis. Mass chemoprophylaxis in the control of cholera should be discouraged unless evidence to the contrary becomes available.", "contents": "Rapid emergence of El Tor Vibrio cholerae resistant to antimicrobial agents during first six months of fourth cholera epidemic in Tanzania. 110 El Tor Vibrio cholerae isolates from 102 patients with cholera between November, 1977, and March, 1978, during the early stages of the fourth epidemic of cholera in Tanzania had minimum inhibitory concentrations to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, neomycin, ampicillin, and sulphadimidine determined. All isolates during the first month after the disease was recognised were fully sensitive to tetracycline, but 76% of isolates were resistant to the drug after five months of extensive use of tetracycline therapeutically and prophylactically in the country. Resistance to the five other antibacterial agents developed more slowly. Isolates from patients who failed to clear the organism from their stools or who had cholera soon after tetracycline prophylaxis had increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug. Resistance did not develop in vivo. Although resistance to tetracycline readily developed following extensive use of the drug, such a resistance was not the only reason for failure of tetracycline treatment and prophylaxis. Mass chemoprophylaxis in the control of cholera should be discouraged unless evidence to the contrary becomes available.", "PMID": 85001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9745", "title": "Diagnostic value of rectal mucosal acetylcholinesterase levels in Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in rectal biopsy specimens obtained from 68 children aged between 2 days and 14 1/2 years in whom Hirschsprung's disease was suspected. The diagnosis was subsequently established in 12; in these, the mean AChE activity was found to be 30.5 X 10(-7) units/g tissue (range 16.9 to 63.0). The 56 non-Hirschsprung cases had a mean of 5.0 X 10(-7) units/g tissue (S.D. 2.2), the highest value in this group being 10.9. The results were unaffected by age, sex, nature of biopsy procedure, or the presence of blood. It is suggested that the assay of AChE activity in rectal biopsy material is a simple and quick procedure that is useful in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of rectal mucosal acetylcholinesterase levels in Hirschsprung's disease. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in rectal biopsy specimens obtained from 68 children aged between 2 days and 14 1/2 years in whom Hirschsprung's disease was suspected. The diagnosis was subsequently established in 12; in these, the mean AChE activity was found to be 30.5 X 10(-7) units/g tissue (range 16.9 to 63.0). The 56 non-Hirschsprung cases had a mean of 5.0 X 10(-7) units/g tissue (S.D. 2.2), the highest value in this group being 10.9. The results were unaffected by age, sex, nature of biopsy procedure, or the presence of blood. It is suggested that the assay of AChE activity in rectal biopsy material is a simple and quick procedure that is useful in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.", "PMID": 85002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9746", "title": "A new test showing abnormal net Na+ and K+ fluxes in erythrocytes of essential hypertensive patients.", "content": "A new and simple laboratory test for measuring net Na+ and K+ fluxes in Na+-loaded/K+-depleted human erythrocytes was developed and applied to hypertension. Moderate essential hypertension (10 patients) was characterised by a constant increase in net K+ influx, possibly related to higher Na+, K+-pump activity. In more severe cases (8 patients) net Na+ efflux from erythrocytes dropped. The ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes was therefore reduced in all essential hypertensive patients. Conversely, Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes were normal in hypertension of renal origin (5 patients). Erythrocyte K+ influx was normal in young normotensive people born of normotensive parents (17 cases), but was increased in 5 of 8 young normotensive people born of essential hypertensive parents, in families where blood-pressure has been recorded for three generations. This result, which seems to indicate genetic transmission, suggests that measurement of Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes may help to detect subjects liable to high blood-pressure.", "contents": "A new test showing abnormal net Na+ and K+ fluxes in erythrocytes of essential hypertensive patients. A new and simple laboratory test for measuring net Na+ and K+ fluxes in Na+-loaded/K+-depleted human erythrocytes was developed and applied to hypertension. Moderate essential hypertension (10 patients) was characterised by a constant increase in net K+ influx, possibly related to higher Na+, K+-pump activity. In more severe cases (8 patients) net Na+ efflux from erythrocytes dropped. The ratio of Na+/K+ net fluxes was therefore reduced in all essential hypertensive patients. Conversely, Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes were normal in hypertension of renal origin (5 patients). Erythrocyte K+ influx was normal in young normotensive people born of normotensive parents (17 cases), but was increased in 5 of 8 young normotensive people born of essential hypertensive parents, in families where blood-pressure has been recorded for three generations. This result, which seems to indicate genetic transmission, suggests that measurement of Na+ and K+ erythrocyte fluxes may help to detect subjects liable to high blood-pressure.", "PMID": 85003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9747", "title": "Fulminant psittacosis.", "content": "Two patients died of psittacosis after presenting with generalised toxaemia, acute renal failure, and evidence of pancreatitis. Death was attributed to the virulence of the chlamydial strain and the delay in antemortem diagnosis. In one case Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from necropsy lung tissue. A third case of psittacosis suggested person-to-person or fomite spread, which is rarely reported. Infection was acquired from an apparently healthy, imported and quarantined cockatiel. Import restrictions on psittacines should thus be tightened and psittacosis should be made a notifiable disease.", "contents": "Fulminant psittacosis. Two patients died of psittacosis after presenting with generalised toxaemia, acute renal failure, and evidence of pancreatitis. Death was attributed to the virulence of the chlamydial strain and the delay in antemortem diagnosis. In one case Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from necropsy lung tissue. A third case of psittacosis suggested person-to-person or fomite spread, which is rarely reported. Infection was acquired from an apparently healthy, imported and quarantined cockatiel. Import restrictions on psittacines should thus be tightened and psittacosis should be made a notifiable disease.", "PMID": 85004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9748", "title": "Two unexpected deaths from pneumothorax.", "content": "Two patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax died despite intensive treatment. In the first the pneumothorax had been present for 10 days, and, after insertion of a chest drain, pulmonary oedema developed unilaterally, followed by cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated, but later died of a tension pneumothorax on the other side, probably due to cardiac massage and artificial ventilation. In the second patient, after insertion of a chest drain, mediastinal emphysema spread to the head and neck, causing fatal obstruction of the hypopharynx.", "contents": "Two unexpected deaths from pneumothorax. Two patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax died despite intensive treatment. In the first the pneumothorax had been present for 10 days, and, after insertion of a chest drain, pulmonary oedema developed unilaterally, followed by cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated, but later died of a tension pneumothorax on the other side, probably due to cardiac massage and artificial ventilation. In the second patient, after insertion of a chest drain, mediastinal emphysema spread to the head and neck, causing fatal obstruction of the hypopharynx.", "PMID": 85005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9749", "title": "Chemotherapy of localised histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "22 patients with localised (stage I or II) diffuse lymphoma were treated with chemotherapy at the time of diagnosis. 14 patients received chemotherapy as the only treatment, and 8 received chemotherapy plus local irradiation. Doxorubicin-containing drug regimens were used in 20 patients. All 22 patients achieved a complete remission and remain alive with a median survival from the time of diagnosis of 27+ months. 21 patients (95%) have remained continuously free of disease with a median disease-free survival from the completion of chemotherapy of 23+ months. These findings provide a strong rationale for further clinical trials of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy followed by regional radiotherapy for localised stages of diffuse lymphoma.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of localised histiocytic lymphoma. 22 patients with localised (stage I or II) diffuse lymphoma were treated with chemotherapy at the time of diagnosis. 14 patients received chemotherapy as the only treatment, and 8 received chemotherapy plus local irradiation. Doxorubicin-containing drug regimens were used in 20 patients. All 22 patients achieved a complete remission and remain alive with a median survival from the time of diagnosis of 27+ months. 21 patients (95%) have remained continuously free of disease with a median disease-free survival from the completion of chemotherapy of 23+ months. These findings provide a strong rationale for further clinical trials of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy followed by regional radiotherapy for localised stages of diffuse lymphoma.", "PMID": 85006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9750", "title": "Were you knocked out?", "content": "In the period 1970-75 inclusive 5152 patients were admitted to an accident hospital after an uncomplicated injury to their head. This group was compared with the 116 patients who needed craniotomy in the same period. It is suggested that precautionary admission of patients with minor head injuries is excessive.", "contents": "Were you knocked out? In the period 1970-75 inclusive 5152 patients were admitted to an accident hospital after an uncomplicated injury to their head. This group was compared with the 116 patients who needed craniotomy in the same period. It is suggested that precautionary admission of patients with minor head injuries is excessive.", "PMID": 85015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9751", "title": "Is chloroquine obsolete in treatment of rheumatic disease?", "content": "Retinal changes associated with chloroquine occurred in 22 out of 222 patients on long-term therapy for rheumatic diseases and were related to patient age, total dose, and duration of treatment. Ophthalmic review showed progression of the retinopathy with deterioration of visual acuity in only 1 case while the remainder retained normal vision. The results suggest that the risks of ocular toxicity related to chloroquine therapy are acceptably low.", "contents": "Is chloroquine obsolete in treatment of rheumatic disease? Retinal changes associated with chloroquine occurred in 22 out of 222 patients on long-term therapy for rheumatic diseases and were related to patient age, total dose, and duration of treatment. Ophthalmic review showed progression of the retinopathy with deterioration of visual acuity in only 1 case while the remainder retained normal vision. The results suggest that the risks of ocular toxicity related to chloroquine therapy are acceptably low.", "PMID": 85016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9752", "title": "Comparison of photochemotherapy and dithranol in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis.", "content": "A two-centre trial has been carried out on 224 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis randomly allocated to treatment with a standard dithranol regimen of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (P.U.V.A.). Lesions in 91% of the 113 in the P.U.V.A. group cleared satisfactorily compared with 82% of 111 in the dithranol group, but clearing took longer (34.4 +/- 1.8 S.E. days) with P.U.V.A. than with dithranol (20.4 +/- 0.9 S.E. days). P.U.V.A. treatment took less patient-time and nurse-time and was more convenient and acceptable to the patients. Patients in whom lesions had failed to clear with dithranol, and some who had needed methotrexate for control, responded satisfactorily to P.U.V.A. A few patients who had failed on P.U.V.A. were treated with dithranol and responded to it. There is a case for the use of P.U.V.A. for patients who would otherwise require methotrexate and those who cannot be managed successfully with dithranol. There is also no reason to withhold P.U.V.A. in patients of 60 years or above with chronic plaque psoriasis. However, despite its superiority in terms of cost and patient acceptability, P.U.V.A. cannot be recommended as the first line of treatment for patients with uncomplicated, dithranol-responsive plaque psoriasis until there is more information on relapse-rate and toxicity.", "contents": "Comparison of photochemotherapy and dithranol in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. A two-centre trial has been carried out on 224 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis randomly allocated to treatment with a standard dithranol regimen of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (P.U.V.A.). Lesions in 91% of the 113 in the P.U.V.A. group cleared satisfactorily compared with 82% of 111 in the dithranol group, but clearing took longer (34.4 +/- 1.8 S.E. days) with P.U.V.A. than with dithranol (20.4 +/- 0.9 S.E. days). P.U.V.A. treatment took less patient-time and nurse-time and was more convenient and acceptable to the patients. Patients in whom lesions had failed to clear with dithranol, and some who had needed methotrexate for control, responded satisfactorily to P.U.V.A. A few patients who had failed on P.U.V.A. were treated with dithranol and responded to it. There is a case for the use of P.U.V.A. for patients who would otherwise require methotrexate and those who cannot be managed successfully with dithranol. There is also no reason to withhold P.U.V.A. in patients of 60 years or above with chronic plaque psoriasis. However, despite its superiority in terms of cost and patient acceptability, P.U.V.A. cannot be recommended as the first line of treatment for patients with uncomplicated, dithranol-responsive plaque psoriasis until there is more information on relapse-rate and toxicity.", "PMID": 85052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9753", "title": "Effect of cardioselective and non-selective beta-blockade on the hypoglycaemic response in insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "The response to intravenous insulin was studied in seven diabetics after a dose of placebo, propranolol (40 mg), or metoprolol (50 mg). Two of the seven subjects also had a week's course of each of the same agents taken three times daily. Neither of the beta-blockers potentiated the effect of insulin as judged by the rate of reduction in blood-glucose. However, blood-glucose recovery was reduced significantly by propranolol, but not significantly by metoprolol. Propranolol caused severe bradycardia and raised diastolic blood-pressure during hypoglycaemia; these effects were milder with metoprolol. Propranolol inhibited the free-fatty-acid levels after hypoglycaemia to a greater extent than did metoprolol. The results strongly suggest that propranolol (and presumably other non-selective beta-blockers) is hazardous in subjects prone to hypoglycaemia. When diabetics require beta-blockade a cardioselective beta 1-blocker should be used.", "contents": "Effect of cardioselective and non-selective beta-blockade on the hypoglycaemic response in insulin-dependent diabetics. The response to intravenous insulin was studied in seven diabetics after a dose of placebo, propranolol (40 mg), or metoprolol (50 mg). Two of the seven subjects also had a week's course of each of the same agents taken three times daily. Neither of the beta-blockers potentiated the effect of insulin as judged by the rate of reduction in blood-glucose. However, blood-glucose recovery was reduced significantly by propranolol, but not significantly by metoprolol. Propranolol caused severe bradycardia and raised diastolic blood-pressure during hypoglycaemia; these effects were milder with metoprolol. Propranolol inhibited the free-fatty-acid levels after hypoglycaemia to a greater extent than did metoprolol. The results strongly suggest that propranolol (and presumably other non-selective beta-blockers) is hazardous in subjects prone to hypoglycaemia. When diabetics require beta-blockade a cardioselective beta 1-blocker should be used.", "PMID": 85053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9754", "title": "Prednisone in treatment of allergen-associated angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia (A.I.L.D.) is a lymphoproliferative disorder associated in one third of the patients with exposure to an allergen. In four patients with allergen-associated A.I.L.D. single cytotoxic drugs were ineffective but maintenance low-dose prednisone for 6--12 months induced complete remission for up to 13 years. In contrast, three patients with non-allergen-associated A.I.L.D. did not respond to prednisone but achieved remission with combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Prednisone in treatment of allergen-associated angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia (A.I.L.D.) is a lymphoproliferative disorder associated in one third of the patients with exposure to an allergen. In four patients with allergen-associated A.I.L.D. single cytotoxic drugs were ineffective but maintenance low-dose prednisone for 6--12 months induced complete remission for up to 13 years. In contrast, three patients with non-allergen-associated A.I.L.D. did not respond to prednisone but achieved remission with combination chemotherapy.", "PMID": 85054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9755", "title": "Long-term effects of repeated plasma exchange in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Plasma exchange produces a short-term clinical improvement in myasthenia gravis (M.G.) which may be attributable to removal of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody. The possibility that repeated plasma exchanges might confer cumulative long-term benefits was investigated. Serum-AChR-antibody and clinical response were followed for 4--12 months (mean 8 months) in six M.G. patients receiving 4--25 plasma exchanges of 2--4 1 together with immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine [2.5 mg/kg] with or without alternate-day prednisone therapy), and in seven M.G. patients on immunosuppressive drugs alone. Percentage decrease in AChR antibody was not significantly different in the two treatment groups. Decline in antibody titre was associated with clinical improvement. Eight patients with previous thymoma showed significantly greater decline in antibody than the remaining five patients, irrespective of plasma exchange. Since repeated plasma exchange had no cumulative long-term benefit, the value of this treatment as used here lies only in short-term control of severe M.G. symptoms.", "contents": "Long-term effects of repeated plasma exchange in myasthenia gravis. Plasma exchange produces a short-term clinical improvement in myasthenia gravis (M.G.) which may be attributable to removal of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody. The possibility that repeated plasma exchanges might confer cumulative long-term benefits was investigated. Serum-AChR-antibody and clinical response were followed for 4--12 months (mean 8 months) in six M.G. patients receiving 4--25 plasma exchanges of 2--4 1 together with immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine [2.5 mg/kg] with or without alternate-day prednisone therapy), and in seven M.G. patients on immunosuppressive drugs alone. Percentage decrease in AChR antibody was not significantly different in the two treatment groups. Decline in antibody titre was associated with clinical improvement. Eight patients with previous thymoma showed significantly greater decline in antibody than the remaining five patients, irrespective of plasma exchange. Since repeated plasma exchange had no cumulative long-term benefit, the value of this treatment as used here lies only in short-term control of severe M.G. symptoms.", "PMID": 85055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9756", "title": "Clinical characteristics of imipramine-induced orthostatic hypotension.", "content": "The effects of imipramine hydrochloride on blood-pressure were examined in a prospective and a retrospective study. In a prospective study of 44 depressed patients given imipramine in doses to achieve antidepressant plasma-concentrations there was no effect of the drug on lying blood-pressure. When patients then stood up, the drug produced an average fall in systolic pressure of 26 mm Hg (t = 13.6, P less than 0.001) that was consistent over the four weeks of observation. Contrary to expectation, this fall was independent of patients' age, pre-existing heart-disease, or plasma-level of the drug. The best predictor of orthostatic hypotension during treatment was the degree of orthostatic drop in pressure before treatment (r = 0.695, P less than 0.001). In order to establish the clinical significance of this orthostatic drop in pressure, a retrospective study of 148 depressed patients treated with imipramine was conducted. These 148 patients, average age 59 years, received an average dose of 225 mg of imipramine. Almost 20% of them had symptoms usually associated with orthostatic hypotension that were severe enough to interfere with their treatment: over 4% sustained physical injuries. In our experience orthostatic hypotension is the commonest serious cardiovascular side-effect of imipramine.", "contents": "Clinical characteristics of imipramine-induced orthostatic hypotension. The effects of imipramine hydrochloride on blood-pressure were examined in a prospective and a retrospective study. In a prospective study of 44 depressed patients given imipramine in doses to achieve antidepressant plasma-concentrations there was no effect of the drug on lying blood-pressure. When patients then stood up, the drug produced an average fall in systolic pressure of 26 mm Hg (t = 13.6, P less than 0.001) that was consistent over the four weeks of observation. Contrary to expectation, this fall was independent of patients' age, pre-existing heart-disease, or plasma-level of the drug. The best predictor of orthostatic hypotension during treatment was the degree of orthostatic drop in pressure before treatment (r = 0.695, P less than 0.001). In order to establish the clinical significance of this orthostatic drop in pressure, a retrospective study of 148 depressed patients treated with imipramine was conducted. These 148 patients, average age 59 years, received an average dose of 225 mg of imipramine. Almost 20% of them had symptoms usually associated with orthostatic hypotension that were severe enough to interfere with their treatment: over 4% sustained physical injuries. In our experience orthostatic hypotension is the commonest serious cardiovascular side-effect of imipramine.", "PMID": 85056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9757", "title": "Dried-blood spot screening for cystic fibrosis in the newborn.", "content": "Serum-immunoreactive-trypsin (I.R.T.) was measured in children with cystic fibrosis (C.F.) and a variety of controls. In the first few months of life all C.F. children had a raised serum-I.R.T. A dried blood-spot assay for I.R.T. was established and has potential as a screening test for C.F. in the newborn.", "contents": "Dried-blood spot screening for cystic fibrosis in the newborn. Serum-immunoreactive-trypsin (I.R.T.) was measured in children with cystic fibrosis (C.F.) and a variety of controls. In the first few months of life all C.F. children had a raised serum-I.R.T. A dried blood-spot assay for I.R.T. was established and has potential as a screening test for C.F. in the newborn.", "PMID": 85057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9758", "title": "Uptake of taurine by platelets in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Uptake of 3H-taurine by platelets from twelve patients with retinitis pigmentosa (R.P.) and from healthy controls was measured. Platelets were incubated in autologous plasma with 3H-taurine for different times and at different substrate concentrations. The uptake of taurine by R.P. platelets at each incubation time was about two-thirds of the control value, the difference being statistically significant. Km was about the same, but Vmax was lower in R.P. platelets. The results suggest that R.P. is a disease affecting not only the eye but also taurine transport and/or storage in general.", "contents": "Uptake of taurine by platelets in retinitis pigmentosa. Uptake of 3H-taurine by platelets from twelve patients with retinitis pigmentosa (R.P.) and from healthy controls was measured. Platelets were incubated in autologous plasma with 3H-taurine for different times and at different substrate concentrations. The uptake of taurine by R.P. platelets at each incubation time was about two-thirds of the control value, the difference being statistically significant. Km was about the same, but Vmax was lower in R.P. platelets. The results suggest that R.P. is a disease affecting not only the eye but also taurine transport and/or storage in general.", "PMID": 85058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9759", "title": "Severe hypertension in primary aldosteronism and good response to surgery.", "content": "11 patients with primary aldosteronism have been encountered over 11 years and submitted to surgery in a provincial teaching hospital serving a population of 3 million. Contrary to classical teaching, the hypertension has usually been very severe. Precise identification of the site of the lesion preoperatively has been possible by the measurement of adrenal-vein aldosterone levels, and results of surgery have been excellent. The iodocholesterol adrenal scan also correctly identified the site of the adenoma in 5 out of 7 patients in which it was used. Adrenal venography was of little value except in siting catheters.", "contents": "Severe hypertension in primary aldosteronism and good response to surgery. 11 patients with primary aldosteronism have been encountered over 11 years and submitted to surgery in a provincial teaching hospital serving a population of 3 million. Contrary to classical teaching, the hypertension has usually been very severe. Precise identification of the site of the lesion preoperatively has been possible by the measurement of adrenal-vein aldosterone levels, and results of surgery have been excellent. The iodocholesterol adrenal scan also correctly identified the site of the adenoma in 5 out of 7 patients in which it was used. Adrenal venography was of little value except in siting catheters.", "PMID": 85065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9760", "title": "Increase in deaths from ischaemic heart-disease after blizzards.", "content": "Death certificates in eastern Massachusetts after six blizzards in 1974--78, including the record blizzard of Feb. 6, 1978, were examined to identify the effect on mortality of these storms. The total number of deaths was significantly higher (8%) in a \"blizzard week\" than in the preceding and subsequent (control) weeks (114.1 vs. 105.3 deaths per day). Deaths from ischaemic heart-disease (I.H.D.), which rose significantly by 22% in the blizzard week from 36.7 to 44.6 deaths per day, accounted for 90% of the excess total deaths. The increase was greater in males than in females (30% vs. 12%), and in both sexes there was no difference in the distribution of deaths by age between the blizzard and control weeks. I.H.D. deaths were increased for 8 days after a snowstorm, suggesting that the effect was related to activities such as snow shovelling rather than the storm itself. The identification of those at increased risk of I.H.D. death after major snowstorms and of the circumstances surrounding such deaths could lead to public-health measures to reduce these weather-related premature deaths.", "contents": "Increase in deaths from ischaemic heart-disease after blizzards. Death certificates in eastern Massachusetts after six blizzards in 1974--78, including the record blizzard of Feb. 6, 1978, were examined to identify the effect on mortality of these storms. The total number of deaths was significantly higher (8%) in a \"blizzard week\" than in the preceding and subsequent (control) weeks (114.1 vs. 105.3 deaths per day). Deaths from ischaemic heart-disease (I.H.D.), which rose significantly by 22% in the blizzard week from 36.7 to 44.6 deaths per day, accounted for 90% of the excess total deaths. The increase was greater in males than in females (30% vs. 12%), and in both sexes there was no difference in the distribution of deaths by age between the blizzard and control weeks. I.H.D. deaths were increased for 8 days after a snowstorm, suggesting that the effect was related to activities such as snow shovelling rather than the storm itself. The identification of those at increased risk of I.H.D. death after major snowstorms and of the circumstances surrounding such deaths could lead to public-health measures to reduce these weather-related premature deaths.", "PMID": 85066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9761", "title": "Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre.", "content": "A study is reported in which the prevalence of symptomless diverticular disease of the colon is related to the consumption of dietary fibre in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Vegetarians had a significantly higher mean fibre intake (41.5 g/day) than non-vegetarians (21.4 g/day). Diverticular disease was commoner in non-vegetarians (33%) than in vegetarians (12%). Comparison of subjects with and without diverticular disease in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups provided some further evidence that a low intake of cereal fibre is associated with the presence of diverticular disease.", "contents": "Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre. A study is reported in which the prevalence of symptomless diverticular disease of the colon is related to the consumption of dietary fibre in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Vegetarians had a significantly higher mean fibre intake (41.5 g/day) than non-vegetarians (21.4 g/day). Diverticular disease was commoner in non-vegetarians (33%) than in vegetarians (12%). Comparison of subjects with and without diverticular disease in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups provided some further evidence that a low intake of cereal fibre is associated with the presence of diverticular disease.", "PMID": 85104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9762", "title": "Autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed adult acute leukaemia.", "content": "24 cases of adult acute leukaemia, of which 21 were evaluable, were treated in irreversible relapse with high-dose piperazinedione and supralethal total-body irradiation (T.B.I.) in conjunction with autologous marrow transplantation (A.B.M.T.). The grafted marrow cells had been collected and stored in liquid nitrogen at the time of remission. In 12 patients the marrow cells were fractionated on discontinuous albumin gradients in an attempt to separate normal cells from residual leukaemic cells. 11 patients achieved complete remission (C.R.); 7 other patients had signs of engraftment but died before C.R. The median remission duration was 4 months (2-14). 6 of 9 acute myeloblastic leukaemia patients, in whom bone-marrow transplantation was the first treatment of relapse, achieved C.R. 4 of 5 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, whose bone-marrow cells were collected during first remission, reached C.R. Autologous bone-marrow transplantation is a valuable first treatment for acute myeloblastic leukaemia in relapse and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second relapse.", "contents": "Autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed adult acute leukaemia. 24 cases of adult acute leukaemia, of which 21 were evaluable, were treated in irreversible relapse with high-dose piperazinedione and supralethal total-body irradiation (T.B.I.) in conjunction with autologous marrow transplantation (A.B.M.T.). The grafted marrow cells had been collected and stored in liquid nitrogen at the time of remission. In 12 patients the marrow cells were fractionated on discontinuous albumin gradients in an attempt to separate normal cells from residual leukaemic cells. 11 patients achieved complete remission (C.R.); 7 other patients had signs of engraftment but died before C.R. The median remission duration was 4 months (2-14). 6 of 9 acute myeloblastic leukaemia patients, in whom bone-marrow transplantation was the first treatment of relapse, achieved C.R. 4 of 5 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, whose bone-marrow cells were collected during first remission, reached C.R. Autologous bone-marrow transplantation is a valuable first treatment for acute myeloblastic leukaemia in relapse and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second relapse.", "PMID": 85105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9763", "title": "Stimulation of prostacyclin release from vessel wall by Bay g 6575, an antithrombotic compound.", "content": "Ingestion of 1.2 g Bay g 6575 daily for 1 week by six healthy volunteers had no effect on blood-coagulation, fibrinolysis, or platelet aggregation in vitro, but it seemed to inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo (shown by a smaller reduction in the platelet aggregate ratio after venous occlusion). Plasma drawn from five volunteers after ingestion of a single dose of 1.2 g of the drug stimulated prostacyclin release from slices of rat aorta which had been washed until they stopped releasing anti-aggregating substances, whereas plasma from the same individuals before ingestion of the substance did not. Administration of either Bay g 6575 or dipyridamole alone had no effect on platelet aggregation in vitro, but combined administration resulted in a striking and prolonged inhibition of A.D.P.-induced platelet aggregation. It is proposed that the previously described antithrombotic properties of Bay g 6575 in animals are due to stimulation of prostacyclin release from the vessel wall, and that this effect is also demonstrable in man.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostacyclin release from vessel wall by Bay g 6575, an antithrombotic compound. Ingestion of 1.2 g Bay g 6575 daily for 1 week by six healthy volunteers had no effect on blood-coagulation, fibrinolysis, or platelet aggregation in vitro, but it seemed to inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo (shown by a smaller reduction in the platelet aggregate ratio after venous occlusion). Plasma drawn from five volunteers after ingestion of a single dose of 1.2 g of the drug stimulated prostacyclin release from slices of rat aorta which had been washed until they stopped releasing anti-aggregating substances, whereas plasma from the same individuals before ingestion of the substance did not. Administration of either Bay g 6575 or dipyridamole alone had no effect on platelet aggregation in vitro, but combined administration resulted in a striking and prolonged inhibition of A.D.P.-induced platelet aggregation. It is proposed that the previously described antithrombotic properties of Bay g 6575 in animals are due to stimulation of prostacyclin release from the vessel wall, and that this effect is also demonstrable in man.", "PMID": 85106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9764", "title": "Transmission of non-A non-B hepatitis to chimpanzees by factor-IX concentrates after fatal complications in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "6 cases of non-A non-B hepatitis which followed administration of four different batches of concentrates of coagulation factor IX from commercial and non-commercial sources are described. Of 17 patients who received the concentrate on account of chronic liver disease, 4 developed hepatitis, and in 3 of these the illness proved fatal. The incubation periods ranged from 42 to 103 days (mean 65 days). 3 chimpanzees were inoculated with concentrate from the same batch used on the above patients, a further commercial batch upon which no adverse reactions had been reported, and plasma from a known non-A non-B carrier. All developed hepatitis after 10 weeks' incubation. Liver biopsy when serum-aminotransferase was at its highest level showed features consistent with acute hepatitis. As in the patients, viral markers for hepatitis A and B, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus were unchanged.", "contents": "Transmission of non-A non-B hepatitis to chimpanzees by factor-IX concentrates after fatal complications in patients with chronic liver disease. 6 cases of non-A non-B hepatitis which followed administration of four different batches of concentrates of coagulation factor IX from commercial and non-commercial sources are described. Of 17 patients who received the concentrate on account of chronic liver disease, 4 developed hepatitis, and in 3 of these the illness proved fatal. The incubation periods ranged from 42 to 103 days (mean 65 days). 3 chimpanzees were inoculated with concentrate from the same batch used on the above patients, a further commercial batch upon which no adverse reactions had been reported, and plasma from a known non-A non-B carrier. All developed hepatitis after 10 weeks' incubation. Liver biopsy when serum-aminotransferase was at its highest level showed features consistent with acute hepatitis. As in the patients, viral markers for hepatitis A and B, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus were unchanged.", "PMID": 85107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9765", "title": "Severe malaria and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency: a reappraisal of the malaria/G-6-P.D. hypothesis.", "content": "Nigerian children with convulsions and Plasmodium falciparium parasitaemia above 100,000/microliter did not show a decreased frequency of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) deficiency. A re-evaluation of earlier studies has led to the conclusion that clinical evidence of protection against falciparum malaria in G.-6-P.D.-deficient individuals is lacking. Evidence for the possible role of malaria in selecting for G.-6-P.D.-deficient genes consists solely of the geographical association of high frequencies of G.-6-P.D. deficiency with endemic malaria.", "contents": "Severe malaria and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency: a reappraisal of the malaria/G-6-P.D. hypothesis. Nigerian children with convulsions and Plasmodium falciparium parasitaemia above 100,000/microliter did not show a decreased frequency of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) deficiency. A re-evaluation of earlier studies has led to the conclusion that clinical evidence of protection against falciparum malaria in G.-6-P.D.-deficient individuals is lacking. Evidence for the possible role of malaria in selecting for G.-6-P.D.-deficient genes consists solely of the geographical association of high frequencies of G.-6-P.D. deficiency with endemic malaria.", "PMID": 85108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9766", "title": "Epidural morphine in treatment of pain.", "content": "Epidural injections of a 2 mg morphine were given to 10 patients with severe acute or chronic pain. All cases had considerable amelioration of pain, which commenced within 2-3 min, reached a peak in 10-15 min, and was effective for 6-24 h. It is suggested that the morphine reached the subarachnoid space and produced its effect by direct action on the specific opiate receptors in the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior-horn cells of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Epidural injections of a 2 mg morphine were given to 10 patients with severe acute or chronic pain. All cases had considerable amelioration of pain, which commenced within 2-3 min, reached a peak in 10-15 min, and was effective for 6-24 h. It is suggested that the morphine reached the subarachnoid space and produced its effect by direct action on the specific opiate receptors in the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior-horn cells of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 85109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9767", "title": "Schizophrenia: Reconciliation of the dopamine, prostaglandin, and opioid concepts and the role of the pineal.", "content": "In recent years it has been suggested that the biological defect in schizophrenia may be related to excess dopamine activity, to production of an abnormal opioid or a normal opioid in excess, to a prostaglandin deficiency, to a hypersensitivity to wheat proteins, to an allergic phenomenon, to a defect in zinc metabolism, or to a pineal deficiency. The present hypothesis proposes that the various concepts are not mutually exclusive but represent different aspects of the same problem. The final common path in schizophrenia may be a failure of formation and action of prostaglandins of the 1 series.", "contents": "Schizophrenia: Reconciliation of the dopamine, prostaglandin, and opioid concepts and the role of the pineal. In recent years it has been suggested that the biological defect in schizophrenia may be related to excess dopamine activity, to production of an abnormal opioid or a normal opioid in excess, to a prostaglandin deficiency, to a hypersensitivity to wheat proteins, to an allergic phenomenon, to a defect in zinc metabolism, or to a pineal deficiency. The present hypothesis proposes that the various concepts are not mutually exclusive but represent different aspects of the same problem. The final common path in schizophrenia may be a failure of formation and action of prostaglandins of the 1 series.", "PMID": 85110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9768", "title": "Decline of the hospital Staphylococcus? Incidence of multiresistant Staph. aureus in three Birmingham hospitals.", "content": "The prevalance of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in three Birmingham hospitals. In a general hospital periodic surveys showed a progressive decline in the proportions of patients with Staph. aureus in their noses which were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and kanamycin. This change was associated with a progressive reduction in the use of tetracycline without an overall reduction in the use of antibiotics. There was no similar decline in resistance of staphylococci isolated in a hospital for skin diseases. In a burns unit there was a sudden large reduction during September, 1978, in the proportions of Staph, aureus from burns which were resistant to tetracycline, methicillin, cephaloridine, erythromycin, lincomycin, novobiocin, gentamicin, and kanamycin, and in the proportions of multiresistant strains (resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, methicillin, novobiocin, cephaloridine, and lincomycin). This change was associated with a reduction in the number of patients and in the use of antibiotics; tetracycline was not in use except during one month of the study. Strains of Staph. aureus resistant to these antibiotics became common again in the burns unit when a larger number of patients were admitted and more antibiotics were used in the wards.", "contents": "Decline of the hospital Staphylococcus? Incidence of multiresistant Staph. aureus in three Birmingham hospitals. The prevalance of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in three Birmingham hospitals. In a general hospital periodic surveys showed a progressive decline in the proportions of patients with Staph. aureus in their noses which were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and kanamycin. This change was associated with a progressive reduction in the use of tetracycline without an overall reduction in the use of antibiotics. There was no similar decline in resistance of staphylococci isolated in a hospital for skin diseases. In a burns unit there was a sudden large reduction during September, 1978, in the proportions of Staph, aureus from burns which were resistant to tetracycline, methicillin, cephaloridine, erythromycin, lincomycin, novobiocin, gentamicin, and kanamycin, and in the proportions of multiresistant strains (resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, methicillin, novobiocin, cephaloridine, and lincomycin). This change was associated with a reduction in the number of patients and in the use of antibiotics; tetracycline was not in use except during one month of the study. Strains of Staph. aureus resistant to these antibiotics became common again in the burns unit when a larger number of patients were admitted and more antibiotics were used in the wards.", "PMID": 85116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9769", "title": "Is maintenance digoxin necessary in patients with sinus rhythm?", "content": "Discontinuation of digoxin in 56 patients with sinus rhythm who had been taking it for a long time did not produce clinical deterioration in 33 of 34 patients whose pre-withdrawal steady-state plasma-digoxin concentration was less than 0.8 ng/ml; fast atrial fibrillation developed in the other patient. 22 patients had plasma-digoxin levels between 0.8 and 2.0 ng/ml before withdrawal--of these, 7 deteriorated without digoxin (5 had atrial fibrillation, which was associated with congestive heart-failure, measurement of the pre-injection period/left-ventricular ejection time (P.E.P./L.V.E.T.) ratio suggested that digoxin did exert a sustained positive inotropic effect. Thus, successful discontinuation of digoxin was possible in 86% of the total group and was more likely when the plasma-digoxin concentration was below 0.8 ng/ml. Unexpected atrial fibrillation was the commonest development inthe 8 patients in whom digoxin withdrawal was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Is maintenance digoxin necessary in patients with sinus rhythm? Discontinuation of digoxin in 56 patients with sinus rhythm who had been taking it for a long time did not produce clinical deterioration in 33 of 34 patients whose pre-withdrawal steady-state plasma-digoxin concentration was less than 0.8 ng/ml; fast atrial fibrillation developed in the other patient. 22 patients had plasma-digoxin levels between 0.8 and 2.0 ng/ml before withdrawal--of these, 7 deteriorated without digoxin (5 had atrial fibrillation, which was associated with congestive heart-failure, measurement of the pre-injection period/left-ventricular ejection time (P.E.P./L.V.E.T.) ratio suggested that digoxin did exert a sustained positive inotropic effect. Thus, successful discontinuation of digoxin was possible in 86% of the total group and was more likely when the plasma-digoxin concentration was below 0.8 ng/ml. Unexpected atrial fibrillation was the commonest development inthe 8 patients in whom digoxin withdrawal was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 85161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9770", "title": "Bromocriptine associated with a peripheral dopamine blocking agent in treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "A peripheral dopaminergic blocking agent, domperidone (60 mg daily), or placebo was given, double-blind, to 17 parkinsonian patients who also received increasing doses of bromocriptine. Combined treatment with domperidone reduced total disability by 76% in 8 patients receiving a mean dose of 148 mg of bromocriptine daily. There was no vomiting and involuntary movements and psychic disturbances were similar to those in patients on levodopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. In 9 patients taking placebo instead of domperidone, the average daily dose of bromocriptine could not be raised beyond 92 mg. The mean total disability score in this group was reduced by only 48%. Thus, peripheral blockade of dopamine receptors is a promising means of limiting the adverse side-effects of the treatment of parkinsonism with central dopaminergic receptor stimulating agents such as bromocriptine.", "contents": "Bromocriptine associated with a peripheral dopamine blocking agent in treatment of Parkinson's disease. A peripheral dopaminergic blocking agent, domperidone (60 mg daily), or placebo was given, double-blind, to 17 parkinsonian patients who also received increasing doses of bromocriptine. Combined treatment with domperidone reduced total disability by 76% in 8 patients receiving a mean dose of 148 mg of bromocriptine daily. There was no vomiting and involuntary movements and psychic disturbances were similar to those in patients on levodopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. In 9 patients taking placebo instead of domperidone, the average daily dose of bromocriptine could not be raised beyond 92 mg. The mean total disability score in this group was reduced by only 48%. Thus, peripheral blockade of dopamine receptors is a promising means of limiting the adverse side-effects of the treatment of parkinsonism with central dopaminergic receptor stimulating agents such as bromocriptine.", "PMID": 85162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9771", "title": "Prostaglandin E, pessaries for induction of labour.", "content": "Vaginal pessaries containing 3 mg of prostaglandin E2 were used to induce labour in 200 patients with variable induction features. Prostaglandin-induced labour was augmented where necessary by synthetic oxytocin. There was on failed induction. Only 23% of patients with favourable induction features and 53% of patients with unfavourable features needed oxytocin. There were no adverse fetal or maternal effects. The prostaglandin E2 pessary was as effective in inducing labour as 350 microgram extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in tylose in a comparable group of 200 patients in which there were 4 failed inductions.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E, pessaries for induction of labour. Vaginal pessaries containing 3 mg of prostaglandin E2 were used to induce labour in 200 patients with variable induction features. Prostaglandin-induced labour was augmented where necessary by synthetic oxytocin. There was on failed induction. Only 23% of patients with favourable induction features and 53% of patients with unfavourable features needed oxytocin. There were no adverse fetal or maternal effects. The prostaglandin E2 pessary was as effective in inducing labour as 350 microgram extra-amniotic prostaglandin E2 in tylose in a comparable group of 200 patients in which there were 4 failed inductions.", "PMID": 85163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9772", "title": "Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (refsum's disease) treated by diet and plasma-exchange.", "content": "A patient with severe heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease) has responded well to treatment by large-volume plasma-exchange. The dietary control of the disease has been shown to depend not only on a diet low in phytanic acid, but also on one high in calories, which prevents mobilisation of phytanic acid from fat stores.", "contents": "Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (refsum's disease) treated by diet and plasma-exchange. A patient with severe heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease) has responded well to treatment by large-volume plasma-exchange. The dietary control of the disease has been shown to depend not only on a diet low in phytanic acid, but also on one high in calories, which prevents mobilisation of phytanic acid from fat stores.", "PMID": 85164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9773", "title": "Evidence that Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles originate from neurotubules.", "content": "Antiserum against normal human neurotubules purified by in-vitro assembly precipitated both neurotubules and a polypeptide isolated from Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles in Ouchterlony double-diffusion tests. The antiserum specifically labelled neurofibrillary tangles, in isolated neurons by immunofluorescence and in tissue sections by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. These results indicate that neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease probably originate from neurotubules.", "contents": "Evidence that Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles originate from neurotubules. Antiserum against normal human neurotubules purified by in-vitro assembly precipitated both neurotubules and a polypeptide isolated from Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles in Ouchterlony double-diffusion tests. The antiserum specifically labelled neurofibrillary tangles, in isolated neurons by immunofluorescence and in tissue sections by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. These results indicate that neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease probably originate from neurotubules.", "PMID": 85165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9774", "title": "Liver abnormalities in three patients with fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "Liver abnormalities were found in three patients with fetal alcohol syndrome. The histological appearance was different in each case. Thick, sclerotic central veins were seen in two of the three cases. One patient had features typical of congenital hepatic fibrosis and cystic disease of the kidneys. Findings in these patients indicate that some cases of congenital hepatic fibrosis might be caused by high maternal alcohol ingestion in pregnancy.", "contents": "Liver abnormalities in three patients with fetal alcohol syndrome. Liver abnormalities were found in three patients with fetal alcohol syndrome. The histological appearance was different in each case. Thick, sclerotic central veins were seen in two of the three cases. One patient had features typical of congenital hepatic fibrosis and cystic disease of the kidneys. Findings in these patients indicate that some cases of congenital hepatic fibrosis might be caused by high maternal alcohol ingestion in pregnancy.", "PMID": 85166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9775", "title": "Islet implantation normalises hyperglycaemia caused by streptozotocin-induced insulitis. Experiments in mice.", "content": "Islet-cell deterioration in juvenile diabetes mellitus may be due to an autoimmune reaction, possibly involving both circulating islet-cell antibodies and an inflammatory process in the islets of Langerhans. Replacement of deteriorated islet cells by implantation of normal ones is now under investigation in many laboratories. The present study does not support the assumption that such islet transplants should be affected in the same way as the endogenous islets. Diabetic mice with a cell-mediated immune reaction to their pancreatic islets, induced by repeated injections of low doses of streptozotocin, were used as recipients. Isogeneic islets implanted intrasplenically in these animals were as effective in producing normoglycaemia as were those injected into animals made diabetic with a single bolus dose of streptozotocin. No inflammatory reaction was seen in the implanted islets, irrespective of the regimen of the preceding streptozotocin treatment. This finding suggests that islet-cell implantation may be attempted in insulin-requiring diabetic patients, even if the cause of the disorder is an inflammatory lesion of the patient's own islets.", "contents": "Islet implantation normalises hyperglycaemia caused by streptozotocin-induced insulitis. Experiments in mice. Islet-cell deterioration in juvenile diabetes mellitus may be due to an autoimmune reaction, possibly involving both circulating islet-cell antibodies and an inflammatory process in the islets of Langerhans. Replacement of deteriorated islet cells by implantation of normal ones is now under investigation in many laboratories. The present study does not support the assumption that such islet transplants should be affected in the same way as the endogenous islets. Diabetic mice with a cell-mediated immune reaction to their pancreatic islets, induced by repeated injections of low doses of streptozotocin, were used as recipients. Isogeneic islets implanted intrasplenically in these animals were as effective in producing normoglycaemia as were those injected into animals made diabetic with a single bolus dose of streptozotocin. No inflammatory reaction was seen in the implanted islets, irrespective of the regimen of the preceding streptozotocin treatment. This finding suggests that islet-cell implantation may be attempted in insulin-requiring diabetic patients, even if the cause of the disorder is an inflammatory lesion of the patient's own islets.", "PMID": 85167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9776", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a treatment for biliary pain.", "content": "Twenty patients with confirmed gallbladder disease were treated with intravenous indomethacin during 24 separate attacks of biliary pain. In all cases the pain was promptly relieved and there were no important side-effects. Indomethacin, and inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, may reduce intraluminal pressure in the gallbladder, and relieve pain.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a treatment for biliary pain. Twenty patients with confirmed gallbladder disease were treated with intravenous indomethacin during 24 separate attacks of biliary pain. In all cases the pain was promptly relieved and there were no important side-effects. Indomethacin, and inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, may reduce intraluminal pressure in the gallbladder, and relieve pain.", "PMID": 85168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9777", "title": "Enzyme defect in primary gout.", "content": "The rate-limiting step in the degradation of adenine nucleotides in the liver is the conversion of adenosine monophosphate (A.M.P.) to inosine monophosphate by A.M.P. deaminase, which is normally 95% inhibited. When the inhibition is released, uric acid is formed in large excess, and the biosynthesis of purines is increased. We therefore propose that congenital hyperuricaemia is caused by the presence of an abnormal A.M.P. deaminase, which is less sensitive to its physiological inhibitors. Verification of the hypothesis depends upon the availability of liver tissue from patients with congenital hyperuricaemia for kinetic analysis of A.M.P. deaminase. A call for collaboration is addressed to the medical community.", "contents": "Enzyme defect in primary gout. The rate-limiting step in the degradation of adenine nucleotides in the liver is the conversion of adenosine monophosphate (A.M.P.) to inosine monophosphate by A.M.P. deaminase, which is normally 95% inhibited. When the inhibition is released, uric acid is formed in large excess, and the biosynthesis of purines is increased. We therefore propose that congenital hyperuricaemia is caused by the presence of an abnormal A.M.P. deaminase, which is less sensitive to its physiological inhibitors. Verification of the hypothesis depends upon the availability of liver tissue from patients with congenital hyperuricaemia for kinetic analysis of A.M.P. deaminase. A call for collaboration is addressed to the medical community.", "PMID": 85169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9778", "title": "How many specialists?", "content": "The need for specialists cannot be adequately assessed on the basis of current practice and an estimated case-load (based on prevalence/population ratio). Specialists should declare which patients can or cannot be expected to benefit from their treatment, and they should consider the consequences of underprovision of specialist services. Specialists should also decide how much of what they normally do might equally well be carried out by generalists using the knowledge of specialists. Only then can the appropriate level of provision for various specialties be assessed, and effective deployment of the resources provided ensured.", "contents": "How many specialists? The need for specialists cannot be adequately assessed on the basis of current practice and an estimated case-load (based on prevalence/population ratio). Specialists should declare which patients can or cannot be expected to benefit from their treatment, and they should consider the consequences of underprovision of specialist services. Specialists should also decide how much of what they normally do might equally well be carried out by generalists using the knowledge of specialists. Only then can the appropriate level of provision for various specialties be assessed, and effective deployment of the resources provided ensured.", "PMID": 85176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9779", "title": "Can patients keep their own peak-flow records reliably?", "content": "Fifty patients recorded their peak expiratory-flow rate (P.E.F.R.) in hospital, unaided by nursing staff, five times a day for 5 days. Each patient's readings were randomly and independently checked on two occasions during this period. 69% of checked readings were accurate. Most patients kept satisfactory records as a table, but were less efficient in recording their results on a P.E.F.R. chart. Recording of P.E.F.R. by patients with respiratory disease saves nursing time and provides valuable clinical information.", "contents": "Can patients keep their own peak-flow records reliably? Fifty patients recorded their peak expiratory-flow rate (P.E.F.R.) in hospital, unaided by nursing staff, five times a day for 5 days. Each patient's readings were randomly and independently checked on two occasions during this period. 69% of checked readings were accurate. Most patients kept satisfactory records as a table, but were less efficient in recording their results on a P.E.F.R. chart. Recording of P.E.F.R. by patients with respiratory disease saves nursing time and provides valuable clinical information.", "PMID": 85177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9780", "title": "Returned-medicines campaign in Birmingham, 1977.", "content": "In a returned-medicines campaign lasting 3 weeks 362000 tablets and capsules were returned in 11400 containers from a population of 1.05 million. This yield was considered low. A comparison of hospital admission figures for childhood poisoning before, during, and immediately after the campaign suggests that the publicity and the destruction of unwanted medicines had little preventive value. The quantities of different medicines returned were roughly proportional to the quantities prescribed.", "contents": "Returned-medicines campaign in Birmingham, 1977. In a returned-medicines campaign lasting 3 weeks 362000 tablets and capsules were returned in 11400 containers from a population of 1.05 million. This yield was considered low. A comparison of hospital admission figures for childhood poisoning before, during, and immediately after the campaign suggests that the publicity and the destruction of unwanted medicines had little preventive value. The quantities of different medicines returned were roughly proportional to the quantities prescribed.", "PMID": 85178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9781", "title": "Bleomycin: its utilization in the treatment of head and neck cancer.", "content": "Originally isolated as an antibiotic, bleomycin is a complex mixture of glycopeptides currently utilized against a variety of malignancies, among them epidermoid, cancer of the head and neck. Because of unique independent pharmacological properties, bleomycin may be effectively used at several points in the natural history of tumors. Use of bleomycin as a single agent, as an adjunct to surgery and irradiation and as a palliative drug in head and neck cancer, is now advocated in scattered reports. The rationale for the utilization of bleomycin at the University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Administration Hospitals is discussed. In addition, examples from the authors' personal series of both response and adverse effects, suggestions for appropriate clinical monitoring to detect early toxicity, and tennets for management of side effects are included in the presentation.", "contents": "Bleomycin: its utilization in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Originally isolated as an antibiotic, bleomycin is a complex mixture of glycopeptides currently utilized against a variety of malignancies, among them epidermoid, cancer of the head and neck. Because of unique independent pharmacological properties, bleomycin may be effectively used at several points in the natural history of tumors. Use of bleomycin as a single agent, as an adjunct to surgery and irradiation and as a palliative drug in head and neck cancer, is now advocated in scattered reports. The rationale for the utilization of bleomycin at the University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Administration Hospitals is discussed. In addition, examples from the authors' personal series of both response and adverse effects, suggestions for appropriate clinical monitoring to detect early toxicity, and tennets for management of side effects are included in the presentation.", "PMID": 85232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9782", "title": "Induction of C-type virus in cell lines derived from calf form bovine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "For attempt to detect an etiological agent, cultures from bovine lymphosarcoma cases (adult form (ALS), calf form (CLS), and thymic form (TLS) were maintained in vitro for over a 18 month period. In two cultures from ALS, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antigen was constantly detected. On the other hand, BLV antigen remained negative in cultures from two CLS and one TLS cases up to 40 passages. The RNA dependent DNA polymerase activities in these cultures were also negative. Treatment of a culture from CLS (3178) originated from liver tumor with 5'-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU) and dexamethasone (DXM) resulted in production of an agent serologically and morphologically similar to BLV and in alteration of cell morphology. No virus was detected in culture from TLS after treatment with IdU and DXM.", "contents": "Induction of C-type virus in cell lines derived from calf form bovine lymphosarcoma. For attempt to detect an etiological agent, cultures from bovine lymphosarcoma cases (adult form (ALS), calf form (CLS), and thymic form (TLS) were maintained in vitro for over a 18 month period. In two cultures from ALS, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antigen was constantly detected. On the other hand, BLV antigen remained negative in cultures from two CLS and one TLS cases up to 40 passages. The RNA dependent DNA polymerase activities in these cultures were also negative. Treatment of a culture from CLS (3178) originated from liver tumor with 5'-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU) and dexamethasone (DXM) resulted in production of an agent serologically and morphologically similar to BLV and in alteration of cell morphology. No virus was detected in culture from TLS after treatment with IdU and DXM.", "PMID": 85238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9783", "title": "Murine model for immunoprophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection. I. Efficacy of immunization.", "content": "Murine cytomegalovirus was utilized as a model for human cytomegalovirus, which had no experimental animal, to study immunoprophylaxis of the cytomegalovirus infections. (1) Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) serially propagated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts had lost pathogenicity for weanling mice including neonatally thymectomized mice. (2) The cell culture-adapted MCMV was effective as a \"live, attenuated virus vaccine\" against challenge by virulent, mouse-passaged MCMV. (3) The immunization via intraperitoneal route protected mice from every parameter of MCMV infection. These included clinical signs, virus replication, histopathology and mortality. (4) The protective immunity was active against the virulent MCMV which was not neutralized by the rabbit anti-attenuated MCMV serum.", "contents": "Murine model for immunoprophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection. I. Efficacy of immunization. Murine cytomegalovirus was utilized as a model for human cytomegalovirus, which had no experimental animal, to study immunoprophylaxis of the cytomegalovirus infections. (1) Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) serially propagated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts had lost pathogenicity for weanling mice including neonatally thymectomized mice. (2) The cell culture-adapted MCMV was effective as a \"live, attenuated virus vaccine\" against challenge by virulent, mouse-passaged MCMV. (3) The immunization via intraperitoneal route protected mice from every parameter of MCMV infection. These included clinical signs, virus replication, histopathology and mortality. (4) The protective immunity was active against the virulent MCMV which was not neutralized by the rabbit anti-attenuated MCMV serum.", "PMID": 85239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9784", "title": "[The control of Aedes (Stegomyia) and related species involved in transmission of human arbovirus infections in tropical Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "In Africa, many Aedes mosquitos are involved in yellow fever and dengue transmission. Their control can be carried out either in a \"prophylactic\" way, when no disease occurs, or in a \"curative\" one, when virus is detected in the human community. In the first event, control is confounded with sanitation measures; in the second event, insecticidal control is needed against both larvae and adults. Larvae populations are destroyed by means of insecticidal deposits in the breeding-sites. Control of adults is achieved by thermal fogs or U.L.V. applications of organophosphorous compounds dispensed from ground or aerial generators. The insecticide susceptibility level of every Aedes populations involved in arbovirus transmission must be periodically determined with all the insecticides available.", "contents": "[The control of Aedes (Stegomyia) and related species involved in transmission of human arbovirus infections in tropical Africa (author's transl)]. In Africa, many Aedes mosquitos are involved in yellow fever and dengue transmission. Their control can be carried out either in a \"prophylactic\" way, when no disease occurs, or in a \"curative\" one, when virus is detected in the human community. In the first event, control is confounded with sanitation measures; in the second event, insecticidal control is needed against both larvae and adults. Larvae populations are destroyed by means of insecticidal deposits in the breeding-sites. Control of adults is achieved by thermal fogs or U.L.V. applications of organophosphorous compounds dispensed from ground or aerial generators. The insecticide susceptibility level of every Aedes populations involved in arbovirus transmission must be periodically determined with all the insecticides available.", "PMID": 85236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9785", "title": "[Control of malaria vectors in tropical Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Indoor spraying with residual insecticides is at present the most effective method of malaria control. Following the failures observed during the campaigns of malaria control using D.D.T., B.H.C. and dieldrin, the W.H.O. has undertaken a wide programme for evaluating and testing new insecticides. The principal compounds tested are discussed. Only four insecticides have been held back: malathion, propoxur, fenitrothion and dichlorvos. However this compounds are very expensive and less remanent than D.D.T.", "contents": "[Control of malaria vectors in tropical Africa (author's transl)]. Indoor spraying with residual insecticides is at present the most effective method of malaria control. Following the failures observed during the campaigns of malaria control using D.D.T., B.H.C. and dieldrin, the W.H.O. has undertaken a wide programme for evaluating and testing new insecticides. The principal compounds tested are discussed. Only four insecticides have been held back: malathion, propoxur, fenitrothion and dichlorvos. However this compounds are very expensive and less remanent than D.D.T.", "PMID": 85235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9786", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the expression and induction of delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Erythematous delayed reactions without induration, presumably assigned to Jones-Mote type, were characterized by the resistance to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) before elicitation or immunization in guinea pigs immunized with BGG in IFA or CFA. CY-treatment before elicitation converted delayed erythematous reactions from negative to positive at late intervals after immunization with BGG in IFA. Such a treatment augmented erythematous delayed reactions in animals immunized with BGG in CFA, but abolished induration at the reaction sites. CY-treatment before elicitation or immunization reduced the numbers of basophils at the reaction sites, although erythematous delayed reactions were augmented. Effector T cells responsible for delayed erythematous reaction without induration appear to persist for a long period of time after immunization in the presence of antibody production or tuberculin hypersensitivity and the expression of their function may be inhibited by suppressive mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on the expression and induction of delayed hypersensitivity. Erythematous delayed reactions without induration, presumably assigned to Jones-Mote type, were characterized by the resistance to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) before elicitation or immunization in guinea pigs immunized with BGG in IFA or CFA. CY-treatment before elicitation converted delayed erythematous reactions from negative to positive at late intervals after immunization with BGG in IFA. Such a treatment augmented erythematous delayed reactions in animals immunized with BGG in CFA, but abolished induration at the reaction sites. CY-treatment before elicitation or immunization reduced the numbers of basophils at the reaction sites, although erythematous delayed reactions were augmented. Effector T cells responsible for delayed erythematous reaction without induration appear to persist for a long period of time after immunization in the presence of antibody production or tuberculin hypersensitivity and the expression of their function may be inhibited by suppressive mechanisms.", "PMID": 85240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9787", "title": "[Luminescent-microscopic study of soil microorganisms].", "content": "Soil microorganisms can be quantitatively assayed by means of a technique which makes use of staining preparations on slides with acridine orange. When bacterial cells were counted daily in humus-gleisolic soil, their number did not depend on time if the soil was incubated for five days. Mixed soil samples corresponding to the same time of incubation differed reliably in the bacterial number. The paper presents a scheme for determining the necessary number of samples, preparations, and fields of vision when the number of bacteria is being estimated. It is expedient to take 7 samples from a soil mixture, to make 2 preparations out of each sample, and to count bacteria in 5 fields of vision for each preparation.", "contents": "[Luminescent-microscopic study of soil microorganisms]. Soil microorganisms can be quantitatively assayed by means of a technique which makes use of staining preparations on slides with acridine orange. When bacterial cells were counted daily in humus-gleisolic soil, their number did not depend on time if the soil was incubated for five days. Mixed soil samples corresponding to the same time of incubation differed reliably in the bacterial number. The paper presents a scheme for determining the necessary number of samples, preparations, and fields of vision when the number of bacteria is being estimated. It is expedient to take 7 samples from a soil mixture, to make 2 preparations out of each sample, and to count bacteria in 5 fields of vision for each preparation.", "PMID": 85241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9788", "title": "A 60x computer-based Holter tape processing system.", "content": "Since its introduction in 1968, the basic algorithm for automatic recognition of ventricular ectopic depolarizations, developed at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, has been implemented and modified by a number of investigators. The modified multi-template algorithm is conceptually similar to the original algorithm except that there are eight templates stored for each patient. A new template is stored whenever the match with each of the old templates yields a correlation coefficient less than 0.79. The system reads a Holter tape at 60 x real time for heart rates of 80 beats per minute, with relatively few false positives.", "contents": "A 60x computer-based Holter tape processing system. Since its introduction in 1968, the basic algorithm for automatic recognition of ventricular ectopic depolarizations, developed at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, has been implemented and modified by a number of investigators. The modified multi-template algorithm is conceptually similar to the original algorithm except that there are eight templates stored for each patient. A new template is stored whenever the match with each of the old templates yields a correlation coefficient less than 0.79. The system reads a Holter tape at 60 x real time for heart rates of 80 beats per minute, with relatively few false positives.", "PMID": 85243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9789", "title": "A dual-processor computer for arrhythmia analysis.", "content": "In order to facilitate the analysis of 24-hour tape recordings of ECG for rhythm by the AZTEC technique, we have configured a dual-processor system. It samples the ECG signal from a tape playback unit at a rate of 7501.88 Hz, allowing analysis at 30 x real time. An approach to error recognition and containment for the program, which utilizes the sampling of events, is discussed. Steps are taken to reduce errors caused by human sampling of \"high risk\" regions of the record.", "contents": "A dual-processor computer for arrhythmia analysis. In order to facilitate the analysis of 24-hour tape recordings of ECG for rhythm by the AZTEC technique, we have configured a dual-processor system. It samples the ECG signal from a tape playback unit at a rate of 7501.88 Hz, allowing analysis at 30 x real time. An approach to error recognition and containment for the program, which utilizes the sampling of events, is discussed. Steps are taken to reduce errors caused by human sampling of \"high risk\" regions of the record.", "PMID": 85244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9790", "title": "A two-dimensional clustering technique for identification of multiform ventricular complexes.", "content": "A computer algorithm for the identification of multiform ectopic ventricular complexes in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings is described. The clustering technique established regions, based on R-R interval and ST-segment slope, in a two-dimensional probability space based on the fit of each ventricular complex. The boundaries of any overlapping regions are analyzed using a Bayesian decision rule to minimize misclassification.", "contents": "A two-dimensional clustering technique for identification of multiform ventricular complexes. A computer algorithm for the identification of multiform ectopic ventricular complexes in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings is described. The clustering technique established regions, based on R-R interval and ST-segment slope, in a two-dimensional probability space based on the fit of each ventricular complex. The boundaries of any overlapping regions are analyzed using a Bayesian decision rule to minimize misclassification.", "PMID": 85245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9791", "title": "Chemotherapy of head and neck cancer: combination treatment with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and bleomycin.", "content": "A combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and bleomycin (CAMB) was explored in patients with advanced, nonresectable epidermoid carcinoma from primary sites in the head and neck, recurrent or persistent after radiation or surgery. Objective regression (greater than 50%) of measurable tumor was present in 35% of the patients. The median duration of response was 2.5 months. Median survival of responders was slightly less than the nonresponders, but the difference was not significant. Drug-related morbidity was substantial; leukopenia, mucositis, and weight loss were the most frequent major side effects. Three deaths were attributable to the regimen. The results seem comparable to those one might expect from methotrexate alone.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of head and neck cancer: combination treatment with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and bleomycin. A combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, and bleomycin (CAMB) was explored in patients with advanced, nonresectable epidermoid carcinoma from primary sites in the head and neck, recurrent or persistent after radiation or surgery. Objective regression (greater than 50%) of measurable tumor was present in 35% of the patients. The median duration of response was 2.5 months. Median survival of responders was slightly less than the nonresponders, but the difference was not significant. Drug-related morbidity was substantial; leukopenia, mucositis, and weight loss were the most frequent major side effects. Three deaths were attributable to the regimen. The results seem comparable to those one might expect from methotrexate alone.", "PMID": 85249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9792", "title": "A detection algorithm for multiform premature ventricular contractions.", "content": "This paper reports an algorithm developed to identify and quantify multiform PVCs. The algorithm clusters PVCs of similar morphology using a combination of time-domain and frequency-domain analysis. Initially, PVCs are grouped together on the basis of four time-domain-based morphological feature measurements. However, these time-domain-based clusters many times are nonunique because commonly encountered signal changes can cause substantial variations in the feature measurements of clinically similar beats. These redundant clusters are consolidated using two frequency-domain parameters: The First Spectral Moment (FSM) (center of gravity) of the amplitude spectrum, and the 5-Hz phase angle.", "contents": "A detection algorithm for multiform premature ventricular contractions. This paper reports an algorithm developed to identify and quantify multiform PVCs. The algorithm clusters PVCs of similar morphology using a combination of time-domain and frequency-domain analysis. Initially, PVCs are grouped together on the basis of four time-domain-based morphological feature measurements. However, these time-domain-based clusters many times are nonunique because commonly encountered signal changes can cause substantial variations in the feature measurements of clinically similar beats. These redundant clusters are consolidated using two frequency-domain parameters: The First Spectral Moment (FSM) (center of gravity) of the amplitude spectrum, and the 5-Hz phase angle.", "PMID": 85246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9793", "title": "Semiautomated data reduction of ventricular ectopic activity: methodology and clinical application.", "content": "A semiautomated ventricular premature beat (VPB) detector was developed which detects VPBs based upon a logical combination of prematurity, amplitude, and width. This system utilizes technicians to define sensitivity and criteria of VPB detection and to monitor the system's performance using a unique feedback system. Technician-assisted semiautomated scanning was found superior both to the system using preselected criteria and sensitivity of the detectors, and to traditional Holter scanning for the detection of single and repetitive VPBs. Ninety percent confidence limits of VPB frequency per hour have been established for this system.", "contents": "Semiautomated data reduction of ventricular ectopic activity: methodology and clinical application. A semiautomated ventricular premature beat (VPB) detector was developed which detects VPBs based upon a logical combination of prematurity, amplitude, and width. This system utilizes technicians to define sensitivity and criteria of VPB detection and to monitor the system's performance using a unique feedback system. Technician-assisted semiautomated scanning was found superior both to the system using preselected criteria and sensitivity of the detectors, and to traditional Holter scanning for the detection of single and repetitive VPBs. Ninety percent confidence limits of VPB frequency per hour have been established for this system.", "PMID": 85247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9794", "title": "Comparison of two radioimmunoassays and a microbiologic assay for bleomycin.", "content": "Recently two radioimmunoassays have been independently developed for determination of bleomycin levels. In this study these assays are compared with each other and with a standard microbiologic assay for bleomycin. Bleomycin levels were determined in serum and urine samples obtained at varying intervals following intramuscular bleomycin injection. There were systematic differences between the assays. One radioimmunoassay indicated bleomycin levels lower than the levels indicated by the microbiologic assay with serum samples. With urine samples, both radioimmunoassays indicated bleomycin levels greater than the microbiologic assay.", "contents": "Comparison of two radioimmunoassays and a microbiologic assay for bleomycin. Recently two radioimmunoassays have been independently developed for determination of bleomycin levels. In this study these assays are compared with each other and with a standard microbiologic assay for bleomycin. Bleomycin levels were determined in serum and urine samples obtained at varying intervals following intramuscular bleomycin injection. There were systematic differences between the assays. One radioimmunoassay indicated bleomycin levels lower than the levels indicated by the microbiologic assay with serum samples. With urine samples, both radioimmunoassays indicated bleomycin levels greater than the microbiologic assay.", "PMID": 85252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9795", "title": "The effects of prior exposure to bleomycin on the incidence of pulmonary toxicities in a group of patients with disseminated testicular carcinomas.", "content": "The incidence of pulmonary toxicities in 12 patients with prior exposure to bleomycin (BLM) was compared to the incidence of pulmonary toxicities in a matched group of 73 patients with state II or IV testicular carcinomas treated with a regimen containing vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. The comparison demonstrates that prior exposure to bleomycin constitutes a significant risk factor and that the risk is additive; ie, prior doses should be added to current doses to determine the cumulative dose-related probablity of development of pulmonary toxicities.", "contents": "The effects of prior exposure to bleomycin on the incidence of pulmonary toxicities in a group of patients with disseminated testicular carcinomas. The incidence of pulmonary toxicities in 12 patients with prior exposure to bleomycin (BLM) was compared to the incidence of pulmonary toxicities in a matched group of 73 patients with state II or IV testicular carcinomas treated with a regimen containing vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. The comparison demonstrates that prior exposure to bleomycin constitutes a significant risk factor and that the risk is additive; ie, prior doses should be added to current doses to determine the cumulative dose-related probablity of development of pulmonary toxicities.", "PMID": 85253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9796", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes: antigenic properties of rat liver ribosomes and ribosomal proteins and characterization of the antisera.", "content": "Antibodies were prepared in rabbits and sheep to rat liver ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, and to mixtures of proteins from the particles. The antisera were characterized by quantitative immunoprecipitation, by passive hemagglutination, by immunodiffusion on Ouchterlony plates, and by immunoelectrophoresis. While all the antisera contained antibodies specific for ribosomal proteins, none had precipitating antibodies against ribosomal RNA. Rat liver ribosomal proteins were more immunogenic in sheep than rabbits, and the large ribosomal subunit and its proteins were more immunogenic than those of the 40S subparticle. Antisera specific for one or the other ribosomal subunit could be prepared; thus it is unlikely that there are antigenic determinants common to the proteins of the two subunits. When ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, or mixtures of proteins were used as antigens the sera contained antibodies directed against a large number of the ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes: antigenic properties of rat liver ribosomes and ribosomal proteins and characterization of the antisera. Antibodies were prepared in rabbits and sheep to rat liver ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, and to mixtures of proteins from the particles. The antisera were characterized by quantitative immunoprecipitation, by passive hemagglutination, by immunodiffusion on Ouchterlony plates, and by immunoelectrophoresis. While all the antisera contained antibodies specific for ribosomal proteins, none had precipitating antibodies against ribosomal RNA. Rat liver ribosomal proteins were more immunogenic in sheep than rabbits, and the large ribosomal subunit and its proteins were more immunogenic than those of the 40S subparticle. Antisera specific for one or the other ribosomal subunit could be prepared; thus it is unlikely that there are antigenic determinants common to the proteins of the two subunits. When ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, or mixtures of proteins were used as antigens the sera contained antibodies directed against a large number of the ribosomal proteins.", "PMID": 85254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9797", "title": "Recognition of antigens by T lymphocytes.", "content": "The present review briefly summarizes our knowledge of antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T lymphocyte receptor which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined. However, it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor, and that the receptor is made up of heavy chains of a new immunoglobulin class which has to be further characterized and which we call Tau-chain. The variable region of the T lymphocyte receptors share idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B lymphocyte receptors. The possible linkage between the T cell idiotypes present on the Tau-chains and molecules which are under the control of genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the species are discussed. In the last part of the review two methods for the induction of specific transplantation tolerance in adult animals are described. These methods are based on the concept that T lymphocytes reactive against alloantigens bear idiotypic determinants against which a specific auto-immune response can be initiated.", "contents": "Recognition of antigens by T lymphocytes. The present review briefly summarizes our knowledge of antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T lymphocyte receptor which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined. However, it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor, and that the receptor is made up of heavy chains of a new immunoglobulin class which has to be further characterized and which we call Tau-chain. The variable region of the T lymphocyte receptors share idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B lymphocyte receptors. The possible linkage between the T cell idiotypes present on the Tau-chains and molecules which are under the control of genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the species are discussed. In the last part of the review two methods for the induction of specific transplantation tolerance in adult animals are described. These methods are based on the concept that T lymphocytes reactive against alloantigens bear idiotypic determinants against which a specific auto-immune response can be initiated.", "PMID": 85255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9798", "title": "[Immunochemical properties of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments].", "content": "The interaction between beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments produced after limited proteolysis, with IgG fraction of antiserum and with Fab fragment of IgG has been studied. Both the intact antibodies and Fab fragments inhibit the enzyme activity in tRNA aminoacylation and tryptophan dependent ATP-32P pyrophosphate exchange reactions. However, the enzyme inhibited by antibodies is still able to form a complex with tryptophanyl-tRNA. The enzymatically active fragment obtained after endogenous proteolysis interacts only with 1/3 of the antibodies against native enzyme. The fragment produced by trypsinolysis possess similar immunochemical properties. This fragment has almost the same molecular weight but is enzymatically inactive. Pure antibodies against tryptic fragment isolated by means of specific immunoabsorbent inhibit the enzymatic activity. The antibodies which do not interact with this fragment (2/3 of the total amount of antibodies) have no influence on the enzymatic activity. The immunochemical identity of the two synthetase fragments differing in their enzymatic activity supports the assumption that the loss of enzymatic activity of the tryptis fragment is caused by lack of a small peptide which is retained in case of endogenous proteolysis. Probably the amino acid residues of this peptide participate in formation of the active centre of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. A new procedure for determination of the number of antigenic determinants in proteins is developed. It is shown by this method that beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase contains 9 +/- 1 antigenic determinants.", "contents": "[Immunochemical properties of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments]. The interaction between beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments produced after limited proteolysis, with IgG fraction of antiserum and with Fab fragment of IgG has been studied. Both the intact antibodies and Fab fragments inhibit the enzyme activity in tRNA aminoacylation and tryptophan dependent ATP-32P pyrophosphate exchange reactions. However, the enzyme inhibited by antibodies is still able to form a complex with tryptophanyl-tRNA. The enzymatically active fragment obtained after endogenous proteolysis interacts only with 1/3 of the antibodies against native enzyme. The fragment produced by trypsinolysis possess similar immunochemical properties. This fragment has almost the same molecular weight but is enzymatically inactive. Pure antibodies against tryptic fragment isolated by means of specific immunoabsorbent inhibit the enzymatic activity. The antibodies which do not interact with this fragment (2/3 of the total amount of antibodies) have no influence on the enzymatic activity. The immunochemical identity of the two synthetase fragments differing in their enzymatic activity supports the assumption that the loss of enzymatic activity of the tryptis fragment is caused by lack of a small peptide which is retained in case of endogenous proteolysis. Probably the amino acid residues of this peptide participate in formation of the active centre of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. A new procedure for determination of the number of antigenic determinants in proteins is developed. It is shown by this method that beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase contains 9 +/- 1 antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 85256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9799", "title": "Substance P in the vagus nerve. Immunochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for axoplasmic transport.", "content": "1. The presence of immunoreactive substance P (I-SP) in the vagus nerve of 5 species was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay. Different amounts of SP per unit weight were found: Guinea pig greater than cat greater than rabbit, rat and cattle. 2. Infranodose ligations of the vagus nerve of cats and rabbits caused an accumulation of I-SP proximal but not distal to the ligation. The results obtained by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry indicate a somatofugal axoplasmic transport of SP. 3. Double ligation experiments revealed that about 37% of I-SP of the cat vagus nerve are mobile. The transport rate of this mobile I-SP was found to be 170 mm per day. 4. Locally applied colchicine resulted in a similar accumulation of I-SP as after ligations. This is evidence favouring the involvement of microtubuli in the axoplasmic transport of SP. 5. Immunohistochemical data show that SP-fibers account for about 10% of the axons in the cat vagus nerve. Most of these SP-fibers seem to be unmyelinated. 6. Supranodose extracranial ligations of the cat vagus nerve led to an accumulation of I-SP on both sides of the ligature. Part of the SP-fibers are, therefore, afferent and their cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglion. The presence of efferent SP-fibers cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Substance P in the vagus nerve. Immunochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for axoplasmic transport. 1. The presence of immunoreactive substance P (I-SP) in the vagus nerve of 5 species was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay. Different amounts of SP per unit weight were found: Guinea pig greater than cat greater than rabbit, rat and cattle. 2. Infranodose ligations of the vagus nerve of cats and rabbits caused an accumulation of I-SP proximal but not distal to the ligation. The results obtained by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry indicate a somatofugal axoplasmic transport of SP. 3. Double ligation experiments revealed that about 37% of I-SP of the cat vagus nerve are mobile. The transport rate of this mobile I-SP was found to be 170 mm per day. 4. Locally applied colchicine resulted in a similar accumulation of I-SP as after ligations. This is evidence favouring the involvement of microtubuli in the axoplasmic transport of SP. 5. Immunohistochemical data show that SP-fibers account for about 10% of the axons in the cat vagus nerve. Most of these SP-fibers seem to be unmyelinated. 6. Supranodose extracranial ligations of the cat vagus nerve led to an accumulation of I-SP on both sides of the ligature. Part of the SP-fibers are, therefore, afferent and their cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglion. The presence of efferent SP-fibers cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 85263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9800", "title": "Axonal transport of 4S RNA in the chick optic system.", "content": "The axonal transport of tRNA has been investigated in the chick optic system. Chicks were injected with [3H]uridine intraocularly or intracranially and the RNA of the retina, nerve complex, and tecta separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then counted. The ratio of tRNA to rRNA specific activities increased with time in both the nerve complex and contralateral tectum. The ratio increased more rapidly in the nerve complex than the tectum. However, no increase was observed in the case of intracranially injected animals. This is consistent with the axonal flow of tRNA. When [methyl-3H]methionine was used as precursor, the preferential labeling of 4S RNA to rRNA which resulted more clearly showed a transport of 4S RNA from the retinal cells to the tectum. In conclusion, it was found that about 40% of the radioactive RNA observed within the optic tectum 4 days after an intraocular injection of [3H]uridine was accounted for by 4S RNA which has flowed from the retina. However, the migration of a methylated RNA molecule of size 4S, but unrelated to rRNA, cannot be entirely eliminated.", "contents": "Axonal transport of 4S RNA in the chick optic system. The axonal transport of tRNA has been investigated in the chick optic system. Chicks were injected with [3H]uridine intraocularly or intracranially and the RNA of the retina, nerve complex, and tecta separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then counted. The ratio of tRNA to rRNA specific activities increased with time in both the nerve complex and contralateral tectum. The ratio increased more rapidly in the nerve complex than the tectum. However, no increase was observed in the case of intracranially injected animals. This is consistent with the axonal flow of tRNA. When [methyl-3H]methionine was used as precursor, the preferential labeling of 4S RNA to rRNA which resulted more clearly showed a transport of 4S RNA from the retinal cells to the tectum. In conclusion, it was found that about 40% of the radioactive RNA observed within the optic tectum 4 days after an intraocular injection of [3H]uridine was accounted for by 4S RNA which has flowed from the retina. However, the migration of a methylated RNA molecule of size 4S, but unrelated to rRNA, cannot be entirely eliminated.", "PMID": 85270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9801", "title": "Axonal transport of lipid in goldfish optic axons.", "content": "After injection of labeled glycerol, choline, or serine into the eye of goldfish, labeled lipids were axonally transported along the optic nerve to the optic tectum. Although the different precursors were presumably incorporated into somewhat different lipid populations, all three were approximately equally effective in labeling the lipids transported to the tectum, but the amount of transported material remaining in the nerve was different, being highest with choline and lowest with serine. The labeled lipids appeared in the tectum within 6 hr of the injection, indicating a fast rate of transport, but continued to accumulate over a period of 1--2 weeks, which presumably reflects the time course of their release from the cell body. Since there was a gradual increase in the proportion of labeled lipid in the tectum during this period, some other process in addition to fast axonal transport may have affected the distribution of the lipids along the optic axons. When [3H]choline was used as precursor, the transported material included a small amount of TCA-soluble material, which was probably mainly phosphorylcholine, with labeled acetylcholine appearing in only insignificant amounts. With serine, which gave rise to a large amount of axonally transported protein in addition to lipid, a late increase in the amount of labeled lipid in the tectum was seen, accompanied by a decrease in labeling of the protein fraction.", "contents": "Axonal transport of lipid in goldfish optic axons. After injection of labeled glycerol, choline, or serine into the eye of goldfish, labeled lipids were axonally transported along the optic nerve to the optic tectum. Although the different precursors were presumably incorporated into somewhat different lipid populations, all three were approximately equally effective in labeling the lipids transported to the tectum, but the amount of transported material remaining in the nerve was different, being highest with choline and lowest with serine. The labeled lipids appeared in the tectum within 6 hr of the injection, indicating a fast rate of transport, but continued to accumulate over a period of 1--2 weeks, which presumably reflects the time course of their release from the cell body. Since there was a gradual increase in the proportion of labeled lipid in the tectum during this period, some other process in addition to fast axonal transport may have affected the distribution of the lipids along the optic axons. When [3H]choline was used as precursor, the transported material included a small amount of TCA-soluble material, which was probably mainly phosphorylcholine, with labeled acetylcholine appearing in only insignificant amounts. With serine, which gave rise to a large amount of axonally transported protein in addition to lipid, a late increase in the amount of labeled lipid in the tectum was seen, accompanied by a decrease in labeling of the protein fraction.", "PMID": 85271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9802", "title": "[The lupus erythematosus (LE) phenomenon. Status in 1978].", "content": "The results of 835 studies of LE cells carried out over 8 years in 563 clinical cases of various nature are reported. The LE phenomenon--i.e. LE cells, LE globs and rosettes--was encountered exclusively in patients with LES, whereas tart-cells, nucleophagocytosis A and nucleophagocytosis B, although present in initial LES, and particularly in regressing LES, were very frequent in many other conditions. It is therefore held that true LE phenomenon is pathognomonic of LES since so-called AR with LE cells can be considered a clinical variant of LES, whereas lupoid hepatitis remains a vague, uncertain syndrome.", "contents": "[The lupus erythematosus (LE) phenomenon. Status in 1978]. The results of 835 studies of LE cells carried out over 8 years in 563 clinical cases of various nature are reported. The LE phenomenon--i.e. LE cells, LE globs and rosettes--was encountered exclusively in patients with LES, whereas tart-cells, nucleophagocytosis A and nucleophagocytosis B, although present in initial LES, and particularly in regressing LES, were very frequent in many other conditions. It is therefore held that true LE phenomenon is pathognomonic of LES since so-called AR with LE cells can be considered a clinical variant of LES, whereas lupoid hepatitis remains a vague, uncertain syndrome.", "PMID": 85283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9803", "title": "Alpha fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum and their use in screening in pregnancy.", "content": "During the period January 1975--July 1977 alpha fetoprotein was measured in 263 amniotic fluid samples and 44 maternal serum samples taken in the second trimester of pregnancy. The importance of careful interpretation of results is discussed.", "contents": "Alpha fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum and their use in screening in pregnancy. During the period January 1975--July 1977 alpha fetoprotein was measured in 263 amniotic fluid samples and 44 maternal serum samples taken in the second trimester of pregnancy. The importance of careful interpretation of results is discussed.", "PMID": 85285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9804", "title": "Intramembranous localization of bacteria in beta-hemolytic group B streptococcal chorioamnionitis.", "content": "An unusual pathologic finding consisting of large colonies of bacteria, localized immediately beneath the epithelial layer of the amnion, has been observed in association with an example of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal chorioamnionitis. Postpartum endometritis as well as neonatal sepsis and meningitis occurred. Histologic examination of the umbilical cord and placenta revealed routine features of intraamniotic inflammation, but the membranes were characterized by the presence of unusual darkly staining deposits of material immediately beneath the amniotic epithelium. Subsequent special stains revealed these to be colonies of gram-positive cocci. We have been unable to find a previous description of this observation in association with streptococcal or with other types of chorioamnionitis.", "contents": "Intramembranous localization of bacteria in beta-hemolytic group B streptococcal chorioamnionitis. An unusual pathologic finding consisting of large colonies of bacteria, localized immediately beneath the epithelial layer of the amnion, has been observed in association with an example of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal chorioamnionitis. Postpartum endometritis as well as neonatal sepsis and meningitis occurred. Histologic examination of the umbilical cord and placenta revealed routine features of intraamniotic inflammation, but the membranes were characterized by the presence of unusual darkly staining deposits of material immediately beneath the amniotic epithelium. Subsequent special stains revealed these to be colonies of gram-positive cocci. We have been unable to find a previous description of this observation in association with streptococcal or with other types of chorioamnionitis.", "PMID": 85286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9805", "title": "Microbial-like antigens in human leukemia.", "content": "Antigens present in leukemic sera and organ extracts, but absent from non-leukemic sera and tissues, were detected by examining their reactions with anti-microbial antisera by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Out of 110 different antisera used, 12 antisera, those produced against Micropolyspora, Coccidioides, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium simiae, Absidia, pseudorabies virus and adenovirus, proved to react regularly with the leukemic sera. Absorption studies point to an immunological specificity of these cross-antigenicities. Interpretations and implications of these discoveries are discussed in the paper.", "contents": "Microbial-like antigens in human leukemia. Antigens present in leukemic sera and organ extracts, but absent from non-leukemic sera and tissues, were detected by examining their reactions with anti-microbial antisera by means of counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Out of 110 different antisera used, 12 antisera, those produced against Micropolyspora, Coccidioides, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium simiae, Absidia, pseudorabies virus and adenovirus, proved to react regularly with the leukemic sera. Absorption studies point to an immunological specificity of these cross-antigenicities. Interpretations and implications of these discoveries are discussed in the paper.", "PMID": 85287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9806", "title": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome--a complication of cervical intrathecal phenol injection.", "content": "Spinal nerve block by intrathecal phenol-glycerine infusion is commonly employed for relief of severe pain in terminal carcinomatosis and, frequently, a dramatic regional anesthetic effect is achieved. However, nerve block by this procedure may in very rare instances give rise to serious complications. We have seen a case of terminal malignant melanoma in which clinical manifestations, indicative of anterior spinal artery syndrome, developed following the injection of 0.3 ml of 10% phenol-glycerine into the cervical subarachnoid space at the C4--C5 level for the control of severe right arm pain. This report describes the clinical course of the patient over a period of 4 months after the nerve block and the post-mortem findings along with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome--a complication of cervical intrathecal phenol injection. Spinal nerve block by intrathecal phenol-glycerine infusion is commonly employed for relief of severe pain in terminal carcinomatosis and, frequently, a dramatic regional anesthetic effect is achieved. However, nerve block by this procedure may in very rare instances give rise to serious complications. We have seen a case of terminal malignant melanoma in which clinical manifestations, indicative of anterior spinal artery syndrome, developed following the injection of 0.3 ml of 10% phenol-glycerine into the cervical subarachnoid space at the C4--C5 level for the control of severe right arm pain. This report describes the clinical course of the patient over a period of 4 months after the nerve block and the post-mortem findings along with a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 85289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9807", "title": "[Simple methods for the quantification of elastase and its inhibitors in human sera (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods for measuring the elastase activity and the elastase inhibitory capacity of sera or other tissue extracts are described. The elastase inhibitory capacity of 40 human sera is determined using highly purified insoluble elastin in a gelified medium and this value is correlated to the alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations of these sera quantified by radial immunodiffusion. The elastase activity of these sera were determined on high molecular weight soluble kappaelastin peptides immobilized in a gelified medium and we have found a strong dispersion of the individual values. The elastase activity is not correlated either with the inhibitory capacity, the alpha1-antitrypsin or alphai-macroglobulin concentrations of these sera. The sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of these methods render them useful for their application to clinical investigations.", "contents": "[Simple methods for the quantification of elastase and its inhibitors in human sera (author's transl)]. Two methods for measuring the elastase activity and the elastase inhibitory capacity of sera or other tissue extracts are described. The elastase inhibitory capacity of 40 human sera is determined using highly purified insoluble elastin in a gelified medium and this value is correlated to the alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations of these sera quantified by radial immunodiffusion. The elastase activity of these sera were determined on high molecular weight soluble kappaelastin peptides immobilized in a gelified medium and we have found a strong dispersion of the individual values. The elastase activity is not correlated either with the inhibitory capacity, the alpha1-antitrypsin or alphai-macroglobulin concentrations of these sera. The sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of these methods render them useful for their application to clinical investigations.", "PMID": 85290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9808", "title": "[Contraceptive hormones, vascular risk and abnormal precipitation of serum gamma-globulins (author's transl)].", "content": "The monoclonal anti-ethinyl-estradiol antibody previously found in the serum of a woman on oral contraceptives, was precipitated by 25% saturated ammonium sulfate \u00e0 22 degrees C. This simple test has been used to investigate the possible relationship between abnormally precipitating gamma-globulins (GAP) and the vascular risk of the pill. Four groups of women were studied: --50 women who had never used the pill; --100 women on oral contraceptives; --30 women who had stopped the pill; --17 women had experienced venous or arterial thrombosis during oral contraception. The results obtained indicate: 1) that a GAP increase is nearly always associated with the thrombotic events (90% of the cases in group 4); 2) that the presence of GAP is seen only in part of the women population on oral contraceptives representing approximately 30% of the total population investigated as indicated by a bimodal distribution. 3) that the GAP remain increased for months and even years after the pill was discontineud. The significance of this test is discussed. It is proposed that the presence of GAP in the serum appears to be related to the presence of ethinyl-estradiol binding antibodies. This hypothesis is verified by experiments in progress.", "contents": "[Contraceptive hormones, vascular risk and abnormal precipitation of serum gamma-globulins (author's transl)]. The monoclonal anti-ethinyl-estradiol antibody previously found in the serum of a woman on oral contraceptives, was precipitated by 25% saturated ammonium sulfate \u00e0 22 degrees C. This simple test has been used to investigate the possible relationship between abnormally precipitating gamma-globulins (GAP) and the vascular risk of the pill. Four groups of women were studied: --50 women who had never used the pill; --100 women on oral contraceptives; --30 women who had stopped the pill; --17 women had experienced venous or arterial thrombosis during oral contraception. The results obtained indicate: 1) that a GAP increase is nearly always associated with the thrombotic events (90% of the cases in group 4); 2) that the presence of GAP is seen only in part of the women population on oral contraceptives representing approximately 30% of the total population investigated as indicated by a bimodal distribution. 3) that the GAP remain increased for months and even years after the pill was discontineud. The significance of this test is discussed. It is proposed that the presence of GAP in the serum appears to be related to the presence of ethinyl-estradiol binding antibodies. This hypothesis is verified by experiments in progress.", "PMID": 85291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9809", "title": "Efficient reverse transcription of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs.", "content": "Conditions are described which give an efficient synthesis of DNA copies of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNAs, using avian myeloblastosis reverse transcriptase and oligo (dT) primers. Maximum incorporation of dAMP into cDNA is attained with 0.4 to 0.8 mM of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 12 mM Mg++ and 60 mM K+ ion concentrations. High enzyme concentrations (up to 100 units/ml) were used. Under these conditions over 1000 pmoles of dAMP were incorporated  per reaction. The cDNA:RNA molar ratio approached 0.3 when 1 pmole CPMV RNA was used as template. The products were heterogeneous but large. Bottom component RNA (about 6000 nucleotides long) was copied into cDNA molecules ranging from about 1000 to 4000 nucleotides, and middle component RNA (about 4000 nucleotides long) was copied into cDNA mostly between 500 and 2000 nucleotides long, on average about 1500, which can be cleaved by restriction endonuclease Hae III into two fragments of 880 and 540 nucleotides.", "contents": "Efficient reverse transcription of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs. Conditions are described which give an efficient synthesis of DNA copies of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNAs, using avian myeloblastosis reverse transcriptase and oligo (dT) primers. Maximum incorporation of dAMP into cDNA is attained with 0.4 to 0.8 mM of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 12 mM Mg++ and 60 mM K+ ion concentrations. High enzyme concentrations (up to 100 units/ml) were used. Under these conditions over 1000 pmoles of dAMP were incorporated  per reaction. The cDNA:RNA molar ratio approached 0.3 when 1 pmole CPMV RNA was used as template. The products were heterogeneous but large. Bottom component RNA (about 6000 nucleotides long) was copied into cDNA molecules ranging from about 1000 to 4000 nucleotides, and middle component RNA (about 4000 nucleotides long) was copied into cDNA mostly between 500 and 2000 nucleotides long, on average about 1500, which can be cleaved by restriction endonuclease Hae III into two fragments of 880 and 540 nucleotides.", "PMID": 85293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9810", "title": "Comparison of the methods of cathodoluminescence, electronprobe microanalysis, and calcium staining, applied to human aorta with isthmus stenosis.", "content": "Electron probe x-ray microanalysis is a useful method for studying pathologic and age-related calcification mechanisms in the aorta and in muscular arteries by means of elemental analysis in microareas. In the present investigation, this method was correlated with the histochemical alizarin-S-calcium staining and with cathodoluminescence analysis in the scanning electron microscope. Portions of the proximal region of a human aorta with isthmus stenosis was shock-frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. Serial sections were investigated by calcium staining, electron probe, and cathodoluminescence microanalysis. Using quantitative electron probe microanalysis of calcium and phosphorus, it was shown that the principal regions of calcium phosphate mineralization could be located using either alizarin-S staining or cathodoluminescence analysis. The advantage of the cathodoluminescence analysis is its higher lateral resolution compared with that of light microscopy, and the fact that no special staining is required. In addition, it was possible to obtain scanning images, thus providing additional information about the topology of the tissue surface, which is necessary to decide whether or not the section is suitable for microanalysis. Quantitative microanalysis is a valuable tool for basic research on calcified arteries. The results of the combined analysis in the proximal and distal regions as well as in the stenosis will be published in a later paper.", "contents": "Comparison of the methods of cathodoluminescence, electronprobe microanalysis, and calcium staining, applied to human aorta with isthmus stenosis. Electron probe x-ray microanalysis is a useful method for studying pathologic and age-related calcification mechanisms in the aorta and in muscular arteries by means of elemental analysis in microareas. In the present investigation, this method was correlated with the histochemical alizarin-S-calcium staining and with cathodoluminescence analysis in the scanning electron microscope. Portions of the proximal region of a human aorta with isthmus stenosis was shock-frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. Serial sections were investigated by calcium staining, electron probe, and cathodoluminescence microanalysis. Using quantitative electron probe microanalysis of calcium and phosphorus, it was shown that the principal regions of calcium phosphate mineralization could be located using either alizarin-S staining or cathodoluminescence analysis. The advantage of the cathodoluminescence analysis is its higher lateral resolution compared with that of light microscopy, and the fact that no special staining is required. In addition, it was possible to obtain scanning images, thus providing additional information about the topology of the tissue surface, which is necessary to decide whether or not the section is suitable for microanalysis. Quantitative microanalysis is a valuable tool for basic research on calcified arteries. The results of the combined analysis in the proximal and distal regions as well as in the stenosis will be published in a later paper.", "PMID": 85297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9811", "title": "Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin.", "content": "Synthetic genes for human insulin A and B chains were cloned separately in plasmid pBR322. The cloned synthetic genes were then fused to an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene to provide efficient transcription and translation and a stable precursor protein. The insulin peptides were cleaved from beta-galactosidase, detected by radioimmunoassay, and purified. Complete purification of the A chain and partial purification of the B chain were achieved. These products were mixed, reduced, and reoxidized. The presence of insulin was detected by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin. Synthetic genes for human insulin A and B chains were cloned separately in plasmid pBR322. The cloned synthetic genes were then fused to an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene to provide efficient transcription and translation and a stable precursor protein. The insulin peptides were cleaved from beta-galactosidase, detected by radioimmunoassay, and purified. Complete purification of the A chain and partial purification of the B chain were achieved. These products were mixed, reduced, and reoxidized. The presence of insulin was detected by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 85300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9812", "title": "Fetal phenotypic expression by adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gel/nylon meshes.", "content": "Hepatocytes from adult rats were maintained in primary culture for up to 10-13 days on nylon meshes coated with a thin layer of rat tail collagen gel. Their ultrastructure closely resembled that of the liver parenchymal cell in vivo, but hepatocytes in late culture exhibited a pronounced buildup of microfilaments beneath their apical cell surface. Hepatocytes in early and late cultures secreted albumin, transferrin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein into the medium; they exhibited a 7- to 10-fold induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone; and they expressed an alkaline phosphatase that was similar to that of normal rat liver with respect to its inhibition by the liver enzyme inhibitor L-homoarginine. In addition, the hepatocytes in culture demonstrated phenotypic changes characteristic of fetal liver parenchymal cells. These changes, which paralleled an increase in DNA synthesis, included the expression of and linear increase in the activity of the fetal liver cell enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, an increased production of alpha1-fetoprotein, and a change in the substrate specificity of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase to that of the fetal liver isozyme.", "contents": "Fetal phenotypic expression by adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gel/nylon meshes. Hepatocytes from adult rats were maintained in primary culture for up to 10-13 days on nylon meshes coated with a thin layer of rat tail collagen gel. Their ultrastructure closely resembled that of the liver parenchymal cell in vivo, but hepatocytes in late culture exhibited a pronounced buildup of microfilaments beneath their apical cell surface. Hepatocytes in early and late cultures secreted albumin, transferrin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein into the medium; they exhibited a 7- to 10-fold induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone; and they expressed an alkaline phosphatase that was similar to that of normal rat liver with respect to its inhibition by the liver enzyme inhibitor L-homoarginine. In addition, the hepatocytes in culture demonstrated phenotypic changes characteristic of fetal liver parenchymal cells. These changes, which paralleled an increase in DNA synthesis, included the expression of and linear increase in the activity of the fetal liver cell enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, an increased production of alpha1-fetoprotein, and a change in the substrate specificity of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase to that of the fetal liver isozyme.", "PMID": 85301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9813", "title": "Antibodies from patients with myasthenia gravis recognize determinants unique to extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors.", "content": "We have examined the interaction between sera from patients with myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) purified from normal and denervated rat skeletal muscles [junctional receptor (JR) and extrajunctional receptor (EJR), respectively]. Eight of ten myasthenic sera had titers against EJR that were significantly higher (1.1-2.4 times) than their titers against JR. The antireceptor titers of these sera ranged from 2 to 102 nM. Although activities of three other sera were too low (less than 1 nM) to allow accurate titrations, provisional measurements with these sera gave titers against EJR that were at least as high (1.0-1.4 times) as those against JR. Competition experiments with myasthenic sera demonstrated two classes of determinants on rat AcChoR: those that are common to JR and EJR and those that are present or exposed only on EJR. Myasthenic sera did not recognize any determinants unique to JR. Several antisera raised to purified AcChoR from eel or Torpedo electric organs or denervated rat skeletal muscle had equal titers against the two forms of receptor. Treatment of JR and EJR by various enzymatic or chemical procedures designed to alter prosthetic groups on the proteins failed to affect their antigenic reactivity. AcChoR from embryonic rats was indistinguishable immunologically from EJR of adult muscle.", "contents": "Antibodies from patients with myasthenia gravis recognize determinants unique to extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors. We have examined the interaction between sera from patients with myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) purified from normal and denervated rat skeletal muscles [junctional receptor (JR) and extrajunctional receptor (EJR), respectively]. Eight of ten myasthenic sera had titers against EJR that were significantly higher (1.1-2.4 times) than their titers against JR. The antireceptor titers of these sera ranged from 2 to 102 nM. Although activities of three other sera were too low (less than 1 nM) to allow accurate titrations, provisional measurements with these sera gave titers against EJR that were at least as high (1.0-1.4 times) as those against JR. Competition experiments with myasthenic sera demonstrated two classes of determinants on rat AcChoR: those that are common to JR and EJR and those that are present or exposed only on EJR. Myasthenic sera did not recognize any determinants unique to JR. Several antisera raised to purified AcChoR from eel or Torpedo electric organs or denervated rat skeletal muscle had equal titers against the two forms of receptor. Treatment of JR and EJR by various enzymatic or chemical procedures designed to alter prosthetic groups on the proteins failed to affect their antigenic reactivity. AcChoR from embryonic rats was indistinguishable immunologically from EJR of adult muscle.", "PMID": 85302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9814", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein and albumin genes of rats: no evidence for amplification-deletion or rearrangement in rat liver carcinogenesis.", "content": "Full-length radiolabeled albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) cDNAs were synthesized from pure albumin and AMP mRNA preparations by using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase). The cDNAs have been used to quantitate the number of albumin and AFP genes in different rat tissues by two independent methods, both of which yielded similar results. First, the kinetics of the association of these cDNAs with nuclear DNA from rat liver, rat kidney, and Morris hepatoma 7777 under conditions of vast DNA excess indicated that the albumin and AFP mRNA's are transcribed from \"nonrepetitive DNA.\" Second, saturation hybridization experiments in which a constant amount of rat liver DNA or Morris hepatoma 7777 was hybridized with increasing amounts of cDNA to albumin mRNA have shown the presence of 1--2 albumin genes per rat haploid genome. The number of AFP genes obtained in similar titration experiments was approximately 2--3. This was true whether rat liver DNA or hepatoma 7777 DNA was used in the reassociation experiments. When high molecular weight DNA preparations from both these tissues were digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and the fragments were transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, the albumin and AFP [32P]cDNA probes hybridized to different sets of DNA fragments. However, each probe gave the same hybridization pattern whether Buffalo rat liver DNA or hepatoma 7777 DNA was utilized.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein and albumin genes of rats: no evidence for amplification-deletion or rearrangement in rat liver carcinogenesis. Full-length radiolabeled albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) cDNAs were synthesized from pure albumin and AMP mRNA preparations by using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase). The cDNAs have been used to quantitate the number of albumin and AFP genes in different rat tissues by two independent methods, both of which yielded similar results. First, the kinetics of the association of these cDNAs with nuclear DNA from rat liver, rat kidney, and Morris hepatoma 7777 under conditions of vast DNA excess indicated that the albumin and AFP mRNA's are transcribed from \"nonrepetitive DNA.\" Second, saturation hybridization experiments in which a constant amount of rat liver DNA or Morris hepatoma 7777 was hybridized with increasing amounts of cDNA to albumin mRNA have shown the presence of 1--2 albumin genes per rat haploid genome. The number of AFP genes obtained in similar titration experiments was approximately 2--3. This was true whether rat liver DNA or hepatoma 7777 DNA was used in the reassociation experiments. When high molecular weight DNA preparations from both these tissues were digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and the fragments were transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, the albumin and AFP [32P]cDNA probes hybridized to different sets of DNA fragments. However, each probe gave the same hybridization pattern whether Buffalo rat liver DNA or hepatoma 7777 DNA was utilized.", "PMID": 85303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9815", "title": "Rapid sequence determination of late simian virus 40 16S mRNA leader by using inhibitors of reverse transcriptase.", "content": "A method for the determination of the primary structure of spliced mRNA junction and leader sequences is described. By analogy to the DNA sequencing procedure of Sanger et al. [Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulson, A. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 74, 5463--5467], we use 2\",3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates as chain-terminating inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) reaction. By using specific DNA restriction fragments as primers in combination with this technique, we have determined the sequence of the spliced junction between the body and the leader sequence of the 16S late mRNA of simian virus 40. The method described should be of general utility in mapping spliced mRNA regions for which the corresponding protein sequence (if any) is unknown.", "contents": "Rapid sequence determination of late simian virus 40 16S mRNA leader by using inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. A method for the determination of the primary structure of spliced mRNA junction and leader sequences is described. By analogy to the DNA sequencing procedure of Sanger et al. [Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. & Coulson, A. R. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 74, 5463--5467], we use 2\",3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates as chain-terminating inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) reaction. By using specific DNA restriction fragments as primers in combination with this technique, we have determined the sequence of the spliced junction between the body and the leader sequence of the 16S late mRNA of simian virus 40. The method described should be of general utility in mapping spliced mRNA regions for which the corresponding protein sequence (if any) is unknown.", "PMID": 85304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9816", "title": "Specific binding of 125I-labeled beta-hexosaminidase A to rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Purified human beta-hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylgulcosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) has been labeled with 125I to high specific activity with the retention of 80% of its enzyme activity. The binding of this enzyme to sonicated synaptosomes from rat brain was shown to be a saturable and specific process. Glycoproteins containing a sialic acid-terminal oligosaccharide or a galactose-terminal oligosaccharide (i.e., alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and fetuin and their asialo derivatives) were strong inhibitors of the binding. In contrast, ovalbumin, which contains a mannose-rich oligosaccharide, and mannans were poor inhibitors of the binding. Of the monosaccharides tested, sialic acid, galactosamine, mannose, galactose, and lactose were inhibitory in decreasing potency of inhibition. Optimal binding occurred at pH 7.0 in the presence of 3 mM calcium ions. The binding was a linear function of synaptosomal protein concentration between 25 and 200 microgram of protein per assay and was directly proportional to time up to 3 hr, beyond which there was no further increase in specific binding. The data suggest a unique but complex mode of interaction of glycoproteins with receptors on synaptic membranes.", "contents": "Specific binding of 125I-labeled beta-hexosaminidase A to rat brain synaptosomes. Purified human beta-hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylgulcosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) has been labeled with 125I to high specific activity with the retention of 80% of its enzyme activity. The binding of this enzyme to sonicated synaptosomes from rat brain was shown to be a saturable and specific process. Glycoproteins containing a sialic acid-terminal oligosaccharide or a galactose-terminal oligosaccharide (i.e., alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and fetuin and their asialo derivatives) were strong inhibitors of the binding. In contrast, ovalbumin, which contains a mannose-rich oligosaccharide, and mannans were poor inhibitors of the binding. Of the monosaccharides tested, sialic acid, galactosamine, mannose, galactose, and lactose were inhibitory in decreasing potency of inhibition. Optimal binding occurred at pH 7.0 in the presence of 3 mM calcium ions. The binding was a linear function of synaptosomal protein concentration between 25 and 200 microgram of protein per assay and was directly proportional to time up to 3 hr, beyond which there was no further increase in specific binding. The data suggest a unique but complex mode of interaction of glycoproteins with receptors on synaptic membranes.", "PMID": 85305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9817", "title": "Subtotal-skin electron-beam therapy once a week for inflammatory breast carcinoma.", "content": "Subtotal-skin electron-beam therapy (SSEB) was employed once a week in the treatment of 22 patients with recurrent inflammatory breast carcinoma between 1971 and 1976. The entire upper torso received 400 rad once a week for 6 consecutive weeks, using 3.5-MeV electrons from a 6-MeV linear accelerator. Seventeen patients (77%) obtained complete response and 3 (14%) had partial response, for a total response rate of 91%. Remission lasted for six months or longer in 35% of those exhibiting complete response. Treatments were tolerated well. The authors suggest that this is an excellent palliative method of treating this rapidly progressive disease.", "contents": "Subtotal-skin electron-beam therapy once a week for inflammatory breast carcinoma. Subtotal-skin electron-beam therapy (SSEB) was employed once a week in the treatment of 22 patients with recurrent inflammatory breast carcinoma between 1971 and 1976. The entire upper torso received 400 rad once a week for 6 consecutive weeks, using 3.5-MeV electrons from a 6-MeV linear accelerator. Seventeen patients (77%) obtained complete response and 3 (14%) had partial response, for a total response rate of 91%. Remission lasted for six months or longer in 35% of those exhibiting complete response. Treatments were tolerated well. The authors suggest that this is an excellent palliative method of treating this rapidly progressive disease.", "PMID": 85307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9818", "title": "[Microspectrometric quantification of 4-hydroxypentenal binding to protein thiols in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells].", "content": "After 30 minutes in 5.10(-3) M hydroxypentenal (HPE) the microscopically determinable proteinthiols (PSH) stained with DDD-Fastblue B decrease from 1,07 . 10(-14) to 0,61 . 10(-14) moles/cell. The loss of PSH of 0,46 . 10(-14) moles has a confidential range (99%) of +/- 0,12. As HPE reacts with thiols by an addition to the C3 = C2-group, the aldehydic group remains reactive and can be recognized intracellulary and quantitatively determined with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, whereby an uptake of 0,63 . 10(-14) moles of HPE per single cell is observed (confidential range +/- 0,11). The broad overlapping of the confidential ranges indicates clearly that the loss of PSH corresponds to the uptake of HPE. From the statistical distribution diagrams it can be seen that the PSH of practically all cells take part in the reaction, if however, to very different extent; the cells with high PSH concentrations being the most reactive ones.", "contents": "[Microspectrometric quantification of 4-hydroxypentenal binding to protein thiols in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells]. After 30 minutes in 5.10(-3) M hydroxypentenal (HPE) the microscopically determinable proteinthiols (PSH) stained with DDD-Fastblue B decrease from 1,07 . 10(-14) to 0,61 . 10(-14) moles/cell. The loss of PSH of 0,46 . 10(-14) moles has a confidential range (99%) of +/- 0,12. As HPE reacts with thiols by an addition to the C3 = C2-group, the aldehydic group remains reactive and can be recognized intracellulary and quantitatively determined with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, whereby an uptake of 0,63 . 10(-14) moles of HPE per single cell is observed (confidential range +/- 0,11). The broad overlapping of the confidential ranges indicates clearly that the loss of PSH corresponds to the uptake of HPE. From the statistical distribution diagrams it can be seen that the PSH of practically all cells take part in the reaction, if however, to very different extent; the cells with high PSH concentrations being the most reactive ones.", "PMID": 85310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9819", "title": "Quantitation of enzymes in tissue sections by estimation of hydrolytic activity and antigenic determinants.", "content": "The method and instrumentation for the analysis of enzyme activity and of fluorescent antibody of antigen binding is described. It is based on the microscopic photometry of stain intensities per area of functional units. Thus it was shown that the concentration of aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.2.1) per area in procimal tubule of kidney from pig and mouse is constant. In contrast to the pig the tubules from the outer medulla of the mouse contained twice as much enzyme as those from the cortex. A non constant concentration of aminopeptidase per area was found in crypts of duodenum and in stimulated macrophages.", "contents": "Quantitation of enzymes in tissue sections by estimation of hydrolytic activity and antigenic determinants. The method and instrumentation for the analysis of enzyme activity and of fluorescent antibody of antigen binding is described. It is based on the microscopic photometry of stain intensities per area of functional units. Thus it was shown that the concentration of aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.2.1) per area in procimal tubule of kidney from pig and mouse is constant. In contrast to the pig the tubules from the outer medulla of the mouse contained twice as much enzyme as those from the cortex. A non constant concentration of aminopeptidase per area was found in crypts of duodenum and in stimulated macrophages.", "PMID": 85312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9820", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy for remission induction in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: progress report of a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "The Southwestern Oncology Group is conducting a controlled clinical trial for patients with all types of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which chemoimmunotherapy (CHOP + BCG) is being compared with chemotherapy alone (CHOP + bleomycin or COP + bleomycin) for remission induction. Patients achieving a complete remission confirmed by systematic restaging are then randomly assigned to maintenance BCG or to no further therapy. As of April, 1977, 669 patients had been registered on this trial and 420 were fully evaluable. No significant differences in response rates between the three remission induction regimens are apparent. After restaging, early relapses have occurred with equal frequency in the BCG and no-further-therapy groups. Longer follow-up and further analysis will be required to fully evaluate the potential effects of BCG on remission duration or survival in this study.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy for remission induction in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: progress report of a Southwest Oncology Group study. The Southwestern Oncology Group is conducting a controlled clinical trial for patients with all types of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which chemoimmunotherapy (CHOP + BCG) is being compared with chemotherapy alone (CHOP + bleomycin or COP + bleomycin) for remission induction. Patients achieving a complete remission confirmed by systematic restaging are then randomly assigned to maintenance BCG or to no further therapy. As of April, 1977, 669 patients had been registered on this trial and 420 were fully evaluable. No significant differences in response rates between the three remission induction regimens are apparent. After restaging, early relapses have occurred with equal frequency in the BCG and no-further-therapy groups. Longer follow-up and further analysis will be required to fully evaluate the potential effects of BCG on remission duration or survival in this study.", "PMID": 85322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9821", "title": "Characteristics of growing bone surfaces.", "content": "Both bone-forming and bone-destructing cells may appear in different forms. This conclusion has been drawn as a result of compared observations from histomorphologic, histochemical and vital staining studies. The bone-forming cells may be cuboidal and situated in one or more rows along the bone surfaces, or may be flat. The type of cell reflects the rate of bone formation. The bone-resorbing cells may be big multinucleated cells or small mononucleated cells. The latter cell type is well-known from the literature although not referred to in textbooks of histology. Flat bone-forming cells and small mononucleated bone-resorbing cells resemble each other in the light microscope. Studies of bone growth with the aid of histomorphologic descriptions of cell types have to take this fact into account. Otherwise, erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn.", "contents": "Characteristics of growing bone surfaces. Both bone-forming and bone-destructing cells may appear in different forms. This conclusion has been drawn as a result of compared observations from histomorphologic, histochemical and vital staining studies. The bone-forming cells may be cuboidal and situated in one or more rows along the bone surfaces, or may be flat. The type of cell reflects the rate of bone formation. The bone-resorbing cells may be big multinucleated cells or small mononucleated cells. The latter cell type is well-known from the literature although not referred to in textbooks of histology. Flat bone-forming cells and small mononucleated bone-resorbing cells resemble each other in the light microscope. Studies of bone growth with the aid of histomorphologic descriptions of cell types have to take this fact into account. Otherwise, erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn.", "PMID": 85329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9822", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukaemia: further evidence of the differentiation-linked expression of Ia-like (p28,33) antigens on leukaemic cells.", "content": "Patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were studied to determine if the presence of Ia-like antigens on leukaemic cells was related to the maturity of a leukaemic cell line. Ia-like antigens were present in the majority of acute myeloblastic and myelomoblastic leukaemias. 4 patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia were Ia-negative. This finding suggests that Ia-like antigens reflect normal differentiation linked events in haemopoiesis. The presence of Ia-like antigens on leukaemic cells did not alter the patient's response to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukaemia: further evidence of the differentiation-linked expression of Ia-like (p28,33) antigens on leukaemic cells. Patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia were studied to determine if the presence of Ia-like antigens on leukaemic cells was related to the maturity of a leukaemic cell line. Ia-like antigens were present in the majority of acute myeloblastic and myelomoblastic leukaemias. 4 patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia were Ia-negative. This finding suggests that Ia-like antigens reflect normal differentiation linked events in haemopoiesis. The presence of Ia-like antigens on leukaemic cells did not alter the patient's response to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 85330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9823", "title": "Studies on the cytophilic properties of human beta2-microglobulin. II. The role of histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "The mechanism by which exogenously added beta2m binds to lymphoid cells has been explored. In the mouse it has been shown that beta2m remains associated with plasma membrane macromolecules following solubilization with NP-40 and that approximately 25-30% of the binding could be accounted for by binding to H-2 antigens. No binding to mouse immunoglobulin or Ia antigens could be detected. The sites for binding of the remainder of the cell-bound beta2m were not determined. Whereas normal human lymphocytes showed little or no capacity to bind exogenously added beta2m, it was found that phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cells could bind beta2m. This binding occurred optimally 2 days after PHA stimulation. Approximately half of the binding could be accounted for by binding to HLA antigens. The possible significance of these findings with respect to cellular interactions involving major histocompatibility complex gene products in the immune response is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the cytophilic properties of human beta2-microglobulin. II. The role of histocompatibility antigens. The mechanism by which exogenously added beta2m binds to lymphoid cells has been explored. In the mouse it has been shown that beta2m remains associated with plasma membrane macromolecules following solubilization with NP-40 and that approximately 25-30% of the binding could be accounted for by binding to H-2 antigens. No binding to mouse immunoglobulin or Ia antigens could be detected. The sites for binding of the remainder of the cell-bound beta2m were not determined. Whereas normal human lymphocytes showed little or no capacity to bind exogenously added beta2m, it was found that phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cells could bind beta2m. This binding occurred optimally 2 days after PHA stimulation. Approximately half of the binding could be accounted for by binding to HLA antigens. The possible significance of these findings with respect to cellular interactions involving major histocompatibility complex gene products in the immune response is discussed.", "PMID": 85331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9824", "title": "Characterization of IgD. I. Isolation of two molecular forms from human serum.", "content": "Human IgD present in the serum of normal individuals or of patients with Hodgkin's disease (having high IgD concentrations) was characterized and compared with five IgD myeloma proteins. IgD was isolated using a highly specific anti-delta insoluble immunoabsorbent from which the bound material was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or urea. The latter reagent could be removed by extensive dialysis, thus making possible the renaturation of the eluted molecules. The purity of the IgD thus isolated was confirmed by antigenic analysis. Both kappa and lambda light chain determinants were present on serum IgD, although lambda light chain was predominant with a ratio over the kappa chain of 2:1. SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis analysis revealed two different molecular forms of serum IgD, one (IgD) migrating identically to monoclonal IgD, the other (IgD2) having a faster mobility. The difference between the two molecules was entirely, due to the different sizes of their constituent delta chains. Peptide mapping of the two chains (delta1 and delta2 respectively) and of the delta chain of an IgD myeloma protein was carried out using 125I-labelled material. The three molecules displayed a high degree of homology, the delta2 chain differing by the presence of three characteristic extra peptides. The significance of these extra peptides is discussed in the light of the peptide mapping technique employed.", "contents": "Characterization of IgD. I. Isolation of two molecular forms from human serum. Human IgD present in the serum of normal individuals or of patients with Hodgkin's disease (having high IgD concentrations) was characterized and compared with five IgD myeloma proteins. IgD was isolated using a highly specific anti-delta insoluble immunoabsorbent from which the bound material was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or urea. The latter reagent could be removed by extensive dialysis, thus making possible the renaturation of the eluted molecules. The purity of the IgD thus isolated was confirmed by antigenic analysis. Both kappa and lambda light chain determinants were present on serum IgD, although lambda light chain was predominant with a ratio over the kappa chain of 2:1. SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis analysis revealed two different molecular forms of serum IgD, one (IgD) migrating identically to monoclonal IgD, the other (IgD2) having a faster mobility. The difference between the two molecules was entirely, due to the different sizes of their constituent delta chains. Peptide mapping of the two chains (delta1 and delta2 respectively) and of the delta chain of an IgD myeloma protein was carried out using 125I-labelled material. The three molecules displayed a high degree of homology, the delta2 chain differing by the presence of three characteristic extra peptides. The significance of these extra peptides is discussed in the light of the peptide mapping technique employed.", "PMID": 85332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9825", "title": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines are polyclonal activators of human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Following stimulation with autologous or allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) human T lymphocytes acquire two properties which suggest that LCL act as polyclonal activators. Cytotoxic activity, which has an antigen-specific component, is produced towards normal lymphocytes and LCL, and the cells become capable of mounting proliferative responses to antigens on human B lymphocytes which have accelerated secondary-type kinetics. Only weak responses to autologous cells occur. In addition, repeated restimulation with the original LCL leads to a progressive increase in the number of cells in the culture for a period of about 4 weeks. This approach may prove a useful way to grow large numbers of human T lymphocytes for further study.", "contents": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines are polyclonal activators of human T lymphocytes. Following stimulation with autologous or allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) human T lymphocytes acquire two properties which suggest that LCL act as polyclonal activators. Cytotoxic activity, which has an antigen-specific component, is produced towards normal lymphocytes and LCL, and the cells become capable of mounting proliferative responses to antigens on human B lymphocytes which have accelerated secondary-type kinetics. Only weak responses to autologous cells occur. In addition, repeated restimulation with the original LCL leads to a progressive increase in the number of cells in the culture for a period of about 4 weeks. This approach may prove a useful way to grow large numbers of human T lymphocytes for further study.", "PMID": 85333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9826", "title": "In vitro sensitization of human T lymphocytes to hapten (TNP)-conjugated and non-treated autologous cells is restricted by self-HLA-D.", "content": "By co-culturing human T lymphocytes with TNP-treated autologous B lymphocytes and macrophages for 10 days in vitro, sensitization to TNP-treated autologous cells could be detected in a proliferative assay. By restimulation with different types of allogeneic cells and with cells from donors compatible or incompatible for the HLA-ABC or -D determinants, results were obtained suggesting that the TNP-specific response was restricted by the HLA-D but not the -ABC antigens of the autologous priming cells. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that T lymphocytes can also be primed against non-treated autologous cells in vitro and suggest that the HLA-D determinants may be involved also in this auto-sensitization.", "contents": "In vitro sensitization of human T lymphocytes to hapten (TNP)-conjugated and non-treated autologous cells is restricted by self-HLA-D. By co-culturing human T lymphocytes with TNP-treated autologous B lymphocytes and macrophages for 10 days in vitro, sensitization to TNP-treated autologous cells could be detected in a proliferative assay. By restimulation with different types of allogeneic cells and with cells from donors compatible or incompatible for the HLA-ABC or -D determinants, results were obtained suggesting that the TNP-specific response was restricted by the HLA-D but not the -ABC antigens of the autologous priming cells. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that T lymphocytes can also be primed against non-treated autologous cells in vitro and suggest that the HLA-D determinants may be involved also in this auto-sensitization.", "PMID": 85334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9827", "title": "[Rational laboratory diagnosis of thyroid gland function].", "content": "The function of the thyroid can today be determined in the serum of the patient by in vitro-methods using isotopes. In borderline cases the TRH test is valuable. Scanning is necessary for the diagnosis of autonomous or toxic adenomas and is useful preoperatively. 131I-uptake, release and scanning are indicated where radioiodine therapy is planned.", "contents": "[Rational laboratory diagnosis of thyroid gland function]. The function of the thyroid can today be determined in the serum of the patient by in vitro-methods using isotopes. In borderline cases the TRH test is valuable. Scanning is necessary for the diagnosis of autonomous or toxic adenomas and is useful preoperatively. 131I-uptake, release and scanning are indicated where radioiodine therapy is planned.", "PMID": 85335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9828", "title": "[Psychopathology of infancy in pediatrics. Clinical basis. Nosographic regrouping (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychopathology in childhood, even in infancy is rich ans full of diversity. Its main clinical patterns are : 1) psychosomatic disturbances ; 2) developmental abnormalities ; 3) abnormal motor activities ; 4) straight mental manifestations. Each of these clinical categories includes several ways of psychological organization and miscellanous causes which in turn are subjected to regrouping. The purpose of the present attempt of classification was threefold : 1) screening of psychological disorders in clinical pediatrics and pedopsychiatric practice ; 2) prevention and immediate treatment for a prophylaxis of further psychopathologic organization ; 3) the use of statistical cards.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of infancy in pediatrics. Clinical basis. Nosographic regrouping (author's transl)]. Psychopathology in childhood, even in infancy is rich ans full of diversity. Its main clinical patterns are : 1) psychosomatic disturbances ; 2) developmental abnormalities ; 3) abnormal motor activities ; 4) straight mental manifestations. Each of these clinical categories includes several ways of psychological organization and miscellanous causes which in turn are subjected to regrouping. The purpose of the present attempt of classification was threefold : 1) screening of psychological disorders in clinical pediatrics and pedopsychiatric practice ; 2) prevention and immediate treatment for a prophylaxis of further psychopathologic organization ; 3) the use of statistical cards.", "PMID": 85337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9829", "title": "Whipple's disease. A case report.", "content": "A case of Whipple's disease in which there were some unusual features, although the results of histological investigation were characteristic of the diseases, is reported. This is followed by a brief review of the literature concerning this rare condition.", "contents": "Whipple's disease. A case report. A case of Whipple's disease in which there were some unusual features, although the results of histological investigation were characteristic of the diseases, is reported. This is followed by a brief review of the literature concerning this rare condition.", "PMID": 85342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9830", "title": "Studies of the HLA--D determinants in the Hungarian population.", "content": "A Hungarian random population sample was tested for six well-known and two new HLA--D specificities. HLA--D antigen and gene frequencies in the studied population agree with the frequencies observed in pooled random Caucasians, only HLA--Dw3 being significantly elevated. The incidences of Dw1 and Dw4 are, however, lower while the incidences of the Dw5 and Dw6 alleles seem to be higher in our population sample without reaching statistical significance. As for the two new specificities, the IVAD-1 specificity has a low frequency, while IVAD-3 occurs quite frequently. HLA--B and HLA--D associations seem to be different in our population sample as compared to others. In spite of the high incidence of the HLA--Bw35 antigen, no HLA--D association was found. The two new HLA--D specificities did not show association with any of the established HLA--B antigens.", "contents": "Studies of the HLA--D determinants in the Hungarian population. A Hungarian random population sample was tested for six well-known and two new HLA--D specificities. HLA--D antigen and gene frequencies in the studied population agree with the frequencies observed in pooled random Caucasians, only HLA--Dw3 being significantly elevated. The incidences of Dw1 and Dw4 are, however, lower while the incidences of the Dw5 and Dw6 alleles seem to be higher in our population sample without reaching statistical significance. As for the two new specificities, the IVAD-1 specificity has a low frequency, while IVAD-3 occurs quite frequently. HLA--B and HLA--D associations seem to be different in our population sample as compared to others. In spite of the high incidence of the HLA--Bw35 antigen, no HLA--D association was found. The two new HLA--D specificities did not show association with any of the established HLA--B antigens.", "PMID": 85348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9831", "title": "Distribution of HLA antigens in a Mexican--American population and a comparison with two similar populations from different geographical locales.", "content": "The frequencies of 32 HLA antigens of the A and B series were determined in a previously unstudied population of Mexican-Americans in South Texas. The phenotype and gene frequencies for this group are presented and are contrasted with those determined in studies of Mexican/Mexican--American populations from two different locales. The statistically significant differences observed emphasize the need for indigenous controls when evaluating racially heterogeneous populations for disease-associated HLA antigens.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA antigens in a Mexican--American population and a comparison with two similar populations from different geographical locales. The frequencies of 32 HLA antigens of the A and B series were determined in a previously unstudied population of Mexican-Americans in South Texas. The phenotype and gene frequencies for this group are presented and are contrasted with those determined in studies of Mexican/Mexican--American populations from two different locales. The statistically significant differences observed emphasize the need for indigenous controls when evaluating racially heterogeneous populations for disease-associated HLA antigens.", "PMID": 85349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9832", "title": "HLA--determination in families with hereditary ataxia.", "content": "In three families with hereditary ataxia, where the inheritance pattern was autosomal and dominant, HLA antigens were determined in 25 members. In two of the families, HLA linkage of disease was suggested, whereas in the third family, the data did not directly support this concept, since two recombinational events between the postulated locus for disease and the HLA region had to be assumed. However, with this assumption, our data are compatible with those of one family described recently (Jackson et al. 1977) implying the presence on the sixth chromosome, outside the HLA region, of a locus that determines the development of spino cerebellar ataxia (SCA). Further tests with definition of enzyme markers will have to be performed before conclusions as to HLA linkage of a postulated SCA gene can be made.", "contents": "HLA--determination in families with hereditary ataxia. In three families with hereditary ataxia, where the inheritance pattern was autosomal and dominant, HLA antigens were determined in 25 members. In two of the families, HLA linkage of disease was suggested, whereas in the third family, the data did not directly support this concept, since two recombinational events between the postulated locus for disease and the HLA region had to be assumed. However, with this assumption, our data are compatible with those of one family described recently (Jackson et al. 1977) implying the presence on the sixth chromosome, outside the HLA region, of a locus that determines the development of spino cerebellar ataxia (SCA). Further tests with definition of enzyme markers will have to be performed before conclusions as to HLA linkage of a postulated SCA gene can be made.", "PMID": 85351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9833", "title": "Specificity of human lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro. 1. Optimalization of culture conditions for detection of HLA--D specificity.", "content": "The specificity of lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro has been examined in order to find the optimal conditions for detection in the restimulating response of HLA--D specificity, as defined by homozygous cell typing. It was found that reducing the number of stimulating cells to less than the number of responding cells (ratio R/S = 4 : 1) in the priming culture, and increasing the number of stimulating cells at restimulation gave better discrimination. Priming with HLA--D heterozygous stimulating cells, where the responding and stimulating cells shared the other HLA--D determinant, rendered the primed cells somewhat more discriminatory than priming with HLA--D homozygous cells. The optimal length of the secondary culture was found to be about 38 h.", "contents": "Specificity of human lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro. 1. Optimalization of culture conditions for detection of HLA--D specificity. The specificity of lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro has been examined in order to find the optimal conditions for detection in the restimulating response of HLA--D specificity, as defined by homozygous cell typing. It was found that reducing the number of stimulating cells to less than the number of responding cells (ratio R/S = 4 : 1) in the priming culture, and increasing the number of stimulating cells at restimulation gave better discrimination. Priming with HLA--D heterozygous stimulating cells, where the responding and stimulating cells shared the other HLA--D determinant, rendered the primed cells somewhat more discriminatory than priming with HLA--D homozygous cells. The optimal length of the secondary culture was found to be about 38 h.", "PMID": 85352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9834", "title": "Association of HLA-B8, DRw3, and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), five with and 23 without thymoma, and 47 normal controls were typed for serologically defined HLA-A, B, C, and DRw antigens. Sera from all patients were titered for antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR). The frequency of HLA-B8 and DRw3 in the non-thymoma MG patients was significantly higher than in the normal population. Most of the non-thymoma patients with AChR titers higher than the average level were positive for HLA-B8 and/or DRw3, while the majority of the HLA-B8(-) and/or DRw3(-) non-thymoma patients demonstrated AChR titers below average. These findings support the possibility of the existence of immune response genes in the HLA-B, DRw segment of the major histocompatibility complex which are concerned in the response to or recognition of autoantigens.", "contents": "Association of HLA-B8, DRw3, and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Twenty-eight patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), five with and 23 without thymoma, and 47 normal controls were typed for serologically defined HLA-A, B, C, and DRw antigens. Sera from all patients were titered for antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR). The frequency of HLA-B8 and DRw3 in the non-thymoma MG patients was significantly higher than in the normal population. Most of the non-thymoma patients with AChR titers higher than the average level were positive for HLA-B8 and/or DRw3, while the majority of the HLA-B8(-) and/or DRw3(-) non-thymoma patients demonstrated AChR titers below average. These findings support the possibility of the existence of immune response genes in the HLA-B, DRw segment of the major histocompatibility complex which are concerned in the response to or recognition of autoantigens.", "PMID": 85353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9835", "title": "No significant correlation of HLA-B8 and amount of antibodies directed to acetylcholine receptor protein in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Forty patients with myasthenia gravis were HLA tissue typed and the amount of anti-acetylcholine receptor protein antibody determined. Sera from seven patients were tested for antibody titer by repeated determinations and the serum concentration was found to be stable. Patients with thymoma had higher titers than patients with normal thymus histology or hyperplasia. Individuals with thymoma lacking HLA-B8 were found to have a higher concentration of antibodies than HLA-B8 negative individuals with hyperplasia. No statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing the amount of antibody in HLA-B8 positive and negative individuals. Titers in patients subjected to thymectomy more than 8 years before sampling did not deviate from those in non-thymectomized myasthenics.", "contents": "No significant correlation of HLA-B8 and amount of antibodies directed to acetylcholine receptor protein in patients with myasthenia gravis. Forty patients with myasthenia gravis were HLA tissue typed and the amount of anti-acetylcholine receptor protein antibody determined. Sera from seven patients were tested for antibody titer by repeated determinations and the serum concentration was found to be stable. Patients with thymoma had higher titers than patients with normal thymus histology or hyperplasia. Individuals with thymoma lacking HLA-B8 were found to have a higher concentration of antibodies than HLA-B8 negative individuals with hyperplasia. No statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing the amount of antibody in HLA-B8 positive and negative individuals. Titers in patients subjected to thymectomy more than 8 years before sampling did not deviate from those in non-thymectomized myasthenics.", "PMID": 85354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9836", "title": "Possible role of amylase enzyme in prostatic and seminal fluid.", "content": "Previous quantitative assays and localization of amylase in prostatic and seminal fluid prompted us to determine serum amylase levels in benign and malignant prostatic disease. The possible role of amylase in seminal fluid in normal and pathological conditions is discussed with review of literature.", "contents": "Possible role of amylase enzyme in prostatic and seminal fluid. Previous quantitative assays and localization of amylase in prostatic and seminal fluid prompted us to determine serum amylase levels in benign and malignant prostatic disease. The possible role of amylase in seminal fluid in normal and pathological conditions is discussed with review of literature.", "PMID": 85357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9837", "title": "[Composition and properties of immunoglobulin G in cattle with lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "The data are presented concerning the qualitative changes in cattle immunoglobulin G with lymphoid leukosis. Protein peculiar to cattle leucosis is shown to be an immunoglobulin G subfraction which is washed out of the DEAE-cellulose column by 0.1 M of NaCl. Its molecular mass is 130,000 Daltons. The data of immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugation show that it is homogeneous. The protein sedimentation constant is 7.2 S. The electrophoretic mobility is 0.18-0.19 of bull albumin mobility. The amino acid analysis of this protein shows that the content of methionine in it is more than 20% lower. This evidences for its similarity to protein characteristic of myeloma and Shvets leukosis in rats. This manifests similarly of proteins peculiar to different forms of malignant growth. This protein has common antigenic determinants with the protein peculiar to human malignant growth.", "contents": "[Composition and properties of immunoglobulin G in cattle with lymphatic leukemia]. The data are presented concerning the qualitative changes in cattle immunoglobulin G with lymphoid leukosis. Protein peculiar to cattle leucosis is shown to be an immunoglobulin G subfraction which is washed out of the DEAE-cellulose column by 0.1 M of NaCl. Its molecular mass is 130,000 Daltons. The data of immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugation show that it is homogeneous. The protein sedimentation constant is 7.2 S. The electrophoretic mobility is 0.18-0.19 of bull albumin mobility. The amino acid analysis of this protein shows that the content of methionine in it is more than 20% lower. This evidences for its similarity to protein characteristic of myeloma and Shvets leukosis in rats. This manifests similarly of proteins peculiar to different forms of malignant growth. This protein has common antigenic determinants with the protein peculiar to human malignant growth.", "PMID": 85355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9838", "title": "[Immunochemical approach to explaining the molecular organization and mechanism of action of Na+,K+-ATPase].", "content": "Application of immunochemical methods for elucidating the Na+, K+-ATPase molecular organization and mechanism of action is discussed. The data of some authors who have studied the purified preparations of Na+, K+-ATPase from different sources show that both the catalytic subunit of the enzymic complex and its sialoglycoproteid have antigenic determinants. Antibodies, binding with these determinants, may either change or produce no effect on the enzymic process, link with the active transport of Na+ and K+. Antibodies used as conformation-sensitive explorers may yield the interesting information on organization of the Na+, K+-ATPase complex in the membrane and its conformation in different functional states which simultaneously with the data of the kinetic analysis and reconstruction of this enzymic complex would contribute to deciphering the mechanism of the Na+ and K+ active transport through biomembranes.", "contents": "[Immunochemical approach to explaining the molecular organization and mechanism of action of Na+,K+-ATPase]. Application of immunochemical methods for elucidating the Na+, K+-ATPase molecular organization and mechanism of action is discussed. The data of some authors who have studied the purified preparations of Na+, K+-ATPase from different sources show that both the catalytic subunit of the enzymic complex and its sialoglycoproteid have antigenic determinants. Antibodies, binding with these determinants, may either change or produce no effect on the enzymic process, link with the active transport of Na+ and K+. Antibodies used as conformation-sensitive explorers may yield the interesting information on organization of the Na+, K+-ATPase complex in the membrane and its conformation in different functional states which simultaneously with the data of the kinetic analysis and reconstruction of this enzymic complex would contribute to deciphering the mechanism of the Na+ and K+ active transport through biomembranes.", "PMID": 85356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9839", "title": "[Concentration of free 17-beta estradiol in the plasm of ewes following treatment with chlormadione acetate (CAP) in 2 synchronized cycles].", "content": "Six ewes of the Merino breed were subjected to radioimmunological assay (RIA) for the study of free 17-beta estradiol during the instillation of vaginal tampons soaked with 30 mg chlormadinone acetate (CAP), and 17 and 34 days after removal of the tampons. On the day before the administration of the preparation, the concentrations of free 17-beta estradiol were comparatively low, ranging within the limits of 38.6 +/- 5.6 pg ml-1 of plasma. These values showed no significant changes during the instillation of the tampons. When the tampons were removed, three periods of increased 17-beta estradiol levels were recorded: 1. on the 1st to 3rd day after removal of the tampons with a peak of 93.2 +/- 26.7 pg ml-1, 2. on the 13th to 16th day with the highest value of 59.7 +/- 23.6 pg ml-1, 3. on the 30th to 33rd day after removal of the tampons 76.2 +/- 23.5 pg ml-1. The results showed that the endocrine activity of the ovaries, expressed by a change in the concentration of plasma 17-beta estradiol after removal of the tampons (CAP), repeated in similar time intervals as under natural conditions and was probably associated with repeated growth and ripening of the follicles of ovaries and their ovulation.", "contents": "[Concentration of free 17-beta estradiol in the plasm of ewes following treatment with chlormadione acetate (CAP) in 2 synchronized cycles]. Six ewes of the Merino breed were subjected to radioimmunological assay (RIA) for the study of free 17-beta estradiol during the instillation of vaginal tampons soaked with 30 mg chlormadinone acetate (CAP), and 17 and 34 days after removal of the tampons. On the day before the administration of the preparation, the concentrations of free 17-beta estradiol were comparatively low, ranging within the limits of 38.6 +/- 5.6 pg ml-1 of plasma. These values showed no significant changes during the instillation of the tampons. When the tampons were removed, three periods of increased 17-beta estradiol levels were recorded: 1. on the 1st to 3rd day after removal of the tampons with a peak of 93.2 +/- 26.7 pg ml-1, 2. on the 13th to 16th day with the highest value of 59.7 +/- 23.6 pg ml-1, 3. on the 30th to 33rd day after removal of the tampons 76.2 +/- 23.5 pg ml-1. The results showed that the endocrine activity of the ovaries, expressed by a change in the concentration of plasma 17-beta estradiol after removal of the tampons (CAP), repeated in similar time intervals as under natural conditions and was probably associated with repeated growth and ripening of the follicles of ovaries and their ovulation.", "PMID": 85361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9840", "title": "[Production of purified foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens and the specific sera against them].", "content": "It was demonstrated that the use of laboratory techniques could be contributive to the production of purified antigens of the F.M.D. virus, such a-140 S, 12 S, and VIA. The isolated purified antigens were used to immunize guinea pigs, obtaining specific antisera against them. It was found that the latter contained specific complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies, while the 140 S serum also had neutralizing antibodies. The produced 140 S serum contained certain amounts of 12 S antibodies, which was considered to be the result of a spontaneous degradation of the 140 S antigen.", "contents": "[Production of purified foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens and the specific sera against them]. It was demonstrated that the use of laboratory techniques could be contributive to the production of purified antigens of the F.M.D. virus, such a-140 S, 12 S, and VIA. The isolated purified antigens were used to immunize guinea pigs, obtaining specific antisera against them. It was found that the latter contained specific complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies, while the 140 S serum also had neutralizing antibodies. The produced 140 S serum contained certain amounts of 12 S antibodies, which was considered to be the result of a spontaneous degradation of the 140 S antigen.", "PMID": 85363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9841", "title": "[Mechanisms of the potentiating and blocking effects of the sera from tumor patients in the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction model].", "content": "In the model of the reaction of human blood leucocyte migration inhibition the in vitro study was conducted on some mechanisms of blocking and enhancement effects of the serum in 54 tumor patients. Both effects were shown to be specific to an antigen. The enhancement effect could render a nonspecific action on intact cells in the presence of the corresponding antigen. This effect is thermolabile and may occur due to the interaction with cells. The blocking effect is thermostabile and may be realizied through interaction with the antigen, cells or both simultaneously. Some possible mechanisms of the manifestation of the blocking and enhancement effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the potentiating and blocking effects of the sera from tumor patients in the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction model]. In the model of the reaction of human blood leucocyte migration inhibition the in vitro study was conducted on some mechanisms of blocking and enhancement effects of the serum in 54 tumor patients. Both effects were shown to be specific to an antigen. The enhancement effect could render a nonspecific action on intact cells in the presence of the corresponding antigen. This effect is thermolabile and may occur due to the interaction with cells. The blocking effect is thermostabile and may be realizied through interaction with the antigen, cells or both simultaneously. Some possible mechanisms of the manifestation of the blocking and enhancement effects are discussed.", "PMID": 85367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9842", "title": "[Oncornavirus activation and accumulation in cell cultures under the influence of hormones].", "content": "Sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol) and thyroxine would activate irregularly the production of the specific group antigen (GS-antigen) of avian ribodesoxyviruses in the culture of \"normal\" chick embryonal cells (CEC, phenotype C/O, GS-). The mentioned hormones as well as hydrocortisone and insulin would not prevent the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) infecting of CEC, render no essential action on the accumulation of RSV in the infected CEC culture, and failed to activate the formation of mature RSV in virogenic cultures of rat (XC, R--B77) and mice cells (DBA--B77).", "contents": "[Oncornavirus activation and accumulation in cell cultures under the influence of hormones]. Sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol) and thyroxine would activate irregularly the production of the specific group antigen (GS-antigen) of avian ribodesoxyviruses in the culture of \"normal\" chick embryonal cells (CEC, phenotype C/O, GS-). The mentioned hormones as well as hydrocortisone and insulin would not prevent the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) infecting of CEC, render no essential action on the accumulation of RSV in the infected CEC culture, and failed to activate the formation of mature RSV in virogenic cultures of rat (XC, R--B77) and mice cells (DBA--B77).", "PMID": 85368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9843", "title": "Increased frequency of HLA-DRW4 in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "HLA-A, B, C and DRw typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 17 adults with the diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis made by liver biopsy as the only criterion for study. An increase in the frequency of HLA-DRw4 (71 vs. 24%, p less than 0.005) was observed, but there was no increased frequency of HLA-A1, B8 or any other HLA locus specificity.", "contents": "Increased frequency of HLA-DRW4 in chronic active hepatitis. HLA-A, B, C and DRw typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 17 adults with the diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis made by liver biopsy as the only criterion for study. An increase in the frequency of HLA-DRw4 (71 vs. 24%, p less than 0.005) was observed, but there was no increased frequency of HLA-A1, B8 or any other HLA locus specificity.", "PMID": 85369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9844", "title": "[The efficacy of radiohypophysectomy with yttrium 90 in metastatic breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiohypophysectomy in 176 women with metastatic breast cancer, treated over the past 20 years, did not prolong life, but relieved pain in almost half of the patients. This procedure can be carried out quickly and without risk even in severly debilitated patients.", "contents": "[The efficacy of radiohypophysectomy with yttrium 90 in metastatic breast cancer (author's transl)]. Radiohypophysectomy in 176 women with metastatic breast cancer, treated over the past 20 years, did not prolong life, but relieved pain in almost half of the patients. This procedure can be carried out quickly and without risk even in severly debilitated patients.", "PMID": 85371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9845", "title": "[Serum concentrations of alpha-1-fetoprotein suggestive of, or pathognomonic for hepatoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP), is followed by a presentation of the serum AFP concentrations obtained in healthy subjects and in patients with hepatoma, cirrhosis of the liver or metastatic liver cancer, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A calculation is made from these results of the upper limit of normal (9 ng/ml), a limit which is suggestive of hepatoma (215 ng/ml) and a limit which is pathognomonic for hepatoma (7500 ng/ml). It is concluded that the quantitative determination of AFP by RIA represents a sensitive method which provides valuable clinical information for the early diagnosis of hepatoma.", "contents": "[Serum concentrations of alpha-1-fetoprotein suggestive of, or pathognomonic for hepatoma (author's transl)]. A short review of alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP), is followed by a presentation of the serum AFP concentrations obtained in healthy subjects and in patients with hepatoma, cirrhosis of the liver or metastatic liver cancer, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A calculation is made from these results of the upper limit of normal (9 ng/ml), a limit which is suggestive of hepatoma (215 ng/ml) and a limit which is pathognomonic for hepatoma (7500 ng/ml). It is concluded that the quantitative determination of AFP by RIA represents a sensitive method which provides valuable clinical information for the early diagnosis of hepatoma.", "PMID": 85372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9846", "title": "[Liver function studies under the effect of 4 sequential hormonal contraceptives].", "content": "During the first cycle of treatment the influence of four forms of sequence therapy with mestranol and ethinyl estradiol as estrogen and the two gestagens chlormadinone acetate and norethisteron acetate in women at fertile age was examined for the aminotransferases (GOT and GPT), the activity of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase, for the cholesterol, total bilirubin and total protein content of the serum and for the half-life period of indocyanine green. Under the application of mestranol/chlormadinon acetate an estrogen-induced increase of the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (GPT) from 6.38 units/l to 12.14 units/l may be established, after addition of the gestagen chlormadinon acetate a decrease to 5.34 units/l was to be established. Under the sequence therapy with mestranol/norethisteron acetate only an increase of the alpha1-globulin proportion was to be ascertained. All the other changes of the tested parameters including the half-life period of indocyanine green were not essential.", "contents": "[Liver function studies under the effect of 4 sequential hormonal contraceptives]. During the first cycle of treatment the influence of four forms of sequence therapy with mestranol and ethinyl estradiol as estrogen and the two gestagens chlormadinone acetate and norethisteron acetate in women at fertile age was examined for the aminotransferases (GOT and GPT), the activity of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase, for the cholesterol, total bilirubin and total protein content of the serum and for the half-life period of indocyanine green. Under the application of mestranol/chlormadinon acetate an estrogen-induced increase of the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (GPT) from 6.38 units/l to 12.14 units/l may be established, after addition of the gestagen chlormadinon acetate a decrease to 5.34 units/l was to be established. Under the sequence therapy with mestranol/norethisteron acetate only an increase of the alpha1-globulin proportion was to be ascertained. All the other changes of the tested parameters including the half-life period of indocyanine green were not essential.", "PMID": 85373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9847", "title": "Characterization of antigens on murine tumor cells reacting with alloantisera against foreign H-2 specificities: analysis by absorption with purified murine leukemia virus and normal lymphoid cells of different H-2 haplotypes.", "content": "A spontaneous T cell lymphoma of DBA/2 (H-2-d) mice, SL2, was found to react with anti H-2 typing sera raised against certain foreign haplotypes as well as with anti H-2d sera. The cytotoxic anti-SL2 activity of the anti-foreign H-2 sera was detected in a newly developed microradioassay, not however, in a conventional 51Cr release test. Upon culture in vitro the reactivity of the tumor cells with the anti H-2 sera decreased. The anomalous cytotoxic anti-tumor activity of the anti-foreign H-2 sera appeared to be distinct from anti-murine leukemia virus activity, since it was not removed by absorption with either Friend of AKR leukemia virus. Partial absorption was observed with normal lymphoid cells carrying the respective foreign H-2 antigens, but not with cells of unrelated H-2 haplotypes. In each serum tested, the anti-tumor activity could also be absorbed with syngeneic H-2d lymphoid cells. These results show that the anomalous anti-tumor reactivity of certain anti H-2 typing sera, in particular of sera raised in recipients differing in H-2 from the tumor host strains, is not due to the presence of foreign (derepressed) H-2 molecules on the tumor cells. The differences observed between the tumor cells and normal cells seem to be due to unexpected antibodies in the sera reacting with public H-2 specificities which are better exposed on the tumor cells than on normal cells.", "contents": "Characterization of antigens on murine tumor cells reacting with alloantisera against foreign H-2 specificities: analysis by absorption with purified murine leukemia virus and normal lymphoid cells of different H-2 haplotypes. A spontaneous T cell lymphoma of DBA/2 (H-2-d) mice, SL2, was found to react with anti H-2 typing sera raised against certain foreign haplotypes as well as with anti H-2d sera. The cytotoxic anti-SL2 activity of the anti-foreign H-2 sera was detected in a newly developed microradioassay, not however, in a conventional 51Cr release test. Upon culture in vitro the reactivity of the tumor cells with the anti H-2 sera decreased. The anomalous cytotoxic anti-tumor activity of the anti-foreign H-2 sera appeared to be distinct from anti-murine leukemia virus activity, since it was not removed by absorption with either Friend of AKR leukemia virus. Partial absorption was observed with normal lymphoid cells carrying the respective foreign H-2 antigens, but not with cells of unrelated H-2 haplotypes. In each serum tested, the anti-tumor activity could also be absorbed with syngeneic H-2d lymphoid cells. These results show that the anomalous anti-tumor reactivity of certain anti H-2 typing sera, in particular of sera raised in recipients differing in H-2 from the tumor host strains, is not due to the presence of foreign (derepressed) H-2 molecules on the tumor cells. The differences observed between the tumor cells and normal cells seem to be due to unexpected antibodies in the sera reacting with public H-2 specificities which are better exposed on the tumor cells than on normal cells.", "PMID": 85374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9848", "title": "Alteration of human blood cells and changes in plasma mediators produced by radiographic contrast media.", "content": "In vitro incubation of human blood cells with iodinated radiographic contrast media (RCM) produced marked effects which were dose-dependent: erythrocytes showed crenation which was reversible; neutrophil leukocytes released the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase; basophil leukocytes released histamine; and platelets released serotonin as well as beta-glucuronidase. The release reaction could not be attributed to cell lysis, as demonstrated by the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In normal human serum, RCM produced activation of the complement system with lysis of cells. This RCM-induced complement activation seemed to occur via the alternate pathway. Stabilizers and cations present in the clinically used RCM solutions did not produce any complement changes.", "contents": "Alteration of human blood cells and changes in plasma mediators produced by radiographic contrast media. In vitro incubation of human blood cells with iodinated radiographic contrast media (RCM) produced marked effects which were dose-dependent: erythrocytes showed crenation which was reversible; neutrophil leukocytes released the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase; basophil leukocytes released histamine; and platelets released serotonin as well as beta-glucuronidase. The release reaction could not be attributed to cell lysis, as demonstrated by the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In normal human serum, RCM produced activation of the complement system with lysis of cells. This RCM-induced complement activation seemed to occur via the alternate pathway. Stabilizers and cations present in the clinically used RCM solutions did not produce any complement changes.", "PMID": 85375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9849", "title": "Temperature-induced dissociation of serum amyloid protein SAA.", "content": "Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) has been shown to be unstable at elevated temperatures. While in agreement with earlier reports, molecular weights of approximately 180,000 daltons were determined by gel filtration at 37 degrees C and below, above 58 degrees C additional AA-antigenic activity was found in the void volume and at the position of approximately 12,000 daltons. The latter polypeptide resembled in size and immunoreactivity SAAL in that it had AA-antigenic determinants exposed at 4 degrees C (unlike SAA). Because the release of SAAL or a similar molecule could not be prevented by the enzyme inhibitor PMSF, a temperature-dependent dissociation of SAA is proposed. In view of the known occurrence of amyloid following febrile conditions, the change in size and immunoreactivity of AA-antigenic proteins in vitro may indicate that a similar mechanism in vivo is important in the genesis of AA-type amyloidosis.", "contents": "Temperature-induced dissociation of serum amyloid protein SAA. Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) has been shown to be unstable at elevated temperatures. While in agreement with earlier reports, molecular weights of approximately 180,000 daltons were determined by gel filtration at 37 degrees C and below, above 58 degrees C additional AA-antigenic activity was found in the void volume and at the position of approximately 12,000 daltons. The latter polypeptide resembled in size and immunoreactivity SAAL in that it had AA-antigenic determinants exposed at 4 degrees C (unlike SAA). Because the release of SAAL or a similar molecule could not be prevented by the enzyme inhibitor PMSF, a temperature-dependent dissociation of SAA is proposed. In view of the known occurrence of amyloid following febrile conditions, the change in size and immunoreactivity of AA-antigenic proteins in vitro may indicate that a similar mechanism in vivo is important in the genesis of AA-type amyloidosis.", "PMID": 85376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9850", "title": "[Antigenicity of the human trophoblast].", "content": "In this a rabbit immunological serum against human trophoblast was obtained after triple intramuscular superficial villi extract injection from chorion of 6--7 week pregnancy with Freund's adjuvant. In immunofluorescent indirect reaction to this serum made on chorion and placenta sections some most intense specific fluorescence was obtained in cytoplasm of primordial cyto- and synytiotrophoblast. Some favourable influence of antigenic differences between ovum and mother especially implantation has been suggested.", "contents": "[Antigenicity of the human trophoblast]. In this a rabbit immunological serum against human trophoblast was obtained after triple intramuscular superficial villi extract injection from chorion of 6--7 week pregnancy with Freund's adjuvant. In immunofluorescent indirect reaction to this serum made on chorion and placenta sections some most intense specific fluorescence was obtained in cytoplasm of primordial cyto- and synytiotrophoblast. Some favourable influence of antigenic differences between ovum and mother especially implantation has been suggested.", "PMID": 85393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9851", "title": "[Improvement in the tactics of systematic gamma globulin prevention of viral hepatitis taking the morbidity prognosis into account].", "content": "On the example of 4 cites of the RSFSR under conditions of expected epidemic threat a possibility was shown of directed influence on the viral hepatitis A epidemic process of preseasonal gamma-globulin prophylaxis conducted in 90% of \"organized\" children, aged from 1 to 12 years. The dose used was 0.75 ml of a 10% preparation. The method of Gorky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology was used to prognosticate the morbidity. It is recommended to improve the tactics of preseasonal gamma-globulin prophylaxis with consideration to the data of the viral hepatitis prognosis.", "contents": "[Improvement in the tactics of systematic gamma globulin prevention of viral hepatitis taking the morbidity prognosis into account]. On the example of 4 cites of the RSFSR under conditions of expected epidemic threat a possibility was shown of directed influence on the viral hepatitis A epidemic process of preseasonal gamma-globulin prophylaxis conducted in 90% of \"organized\" children, aged from 1 to 12 years. The dose used was 0.75 ml of a 10% preparation. The method of Gorky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology was used to prognosticate the morbidity. It is recommended to improve the tactics of preseasonal gamma-globulin prophylaxis with consideration to the data of the viral hepatitis prognosis.", "PMID": 85395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9852", "title": "[Enhancement phenomenon in mice with a heterotopic heart transplant].", "content": "A possibility of enhancement induction with the aid of a preparation of lymphocyte membranes of the spleen of donor specificity in its combination with antimouse horse globulin was studied on mice with heterotopic graft of the heart. As shown, in recipients with prolongation of the graft electrical activity lymphocytes retained their reaction to donor antigens, whereas the blood serum produced an enhancement effect in its administration to syngeneic recipients.", "contents": "[Enhancement phenomenon in mice with a heterotopic heart transplant]. A possibility of enhancement induction with the aid of a preparation of lymphocyte membranes of the spleen of donor specificity in its combination with antimouse horse globulin was studied on mice with heterotopic graft of the heart. As shown, in recipients with prolongation of the graft electrical activity lymphocytes retained their reaction to donor antigens, whereas the blood serum produced an enhancement effect in its administration to syngeneic recipients.", "PMID": 85397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9853", "title": "[Treatment with inactivated cultured antirabies vaccine and antirabies gamma-globulin of persons biten by rabid wolves or those suspected of being rabid].", "content": "The authors present the results of using inactivated cultural rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain in combination with rabies gamma-globulin for the treatment of 39 persons; of this number 28 were bitten by rabid wolves (the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods), 25 had wounds of dangerous localization, and 3 were children from 7 to 15 years of age. In examining the sera of all the 39 bitten persons it was found that the scheme of combined vaccinations with inactivated cultural ribies vaccine and rabies gamma-globulin, officially acting in the USSR, in case of bites of dangerous localization led to formation of early continuous and lengthy passive and active immunity of adequate intensity.", "contents": "[Treatment with inactivated cultured antirabies vaccine and antirabies gamma-globulin of persons biten by rabid wolves or those suspected of being rabid]. The authors present the results of using inactivated cultural rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain in combination with rabies gamma-globulin for the treatment of 39 persons; of this number 28 were bitten by rabid wolves (the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods), 25 had wounds of dangerous localization, and 3 were children from 7 to 15 years of age. In examining the sera of all the 39 bitten persons it was found that the scheme of combined vaccinations with inactivated cultural ribies vaccine and rabies gamma-globulin, officially acting in the USSR, in case of bites of dangerous localization led to formation of early continuous and lengthy passive and active immunity of adequate intensity.", "PMID": 85398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9854", "title": "[Makeup and properties of a polycomponent meningococcal vaccine].", "content": "The polycomponent meningococcae vaccine represented a preparation of the high-molecular fraction of meningococcus cell wall substances. Meningococcae strains for the vaccine preparation were chosen in such a way that the end preparation contained antigens of group specificity A, B, C and also other antigens detected in the cell wall of strains of epidemiological significance. Protein, group polysaccharides., lipopolysaccharides and nucleic acids were included into the vaccine composition. In doses used inhumans the vaccine was safe for mice causing no retardation in weight gain. In immunization of mice the vaccine produced formation of antigbodies to the antigens of group specificity A, B, and C, and protected them from infection with the srtrain isolated from the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. THE VACCINE PRODUCED NO HARMFUL ACTION IN ADMINISTRATION TO MAN. Antibodies to antigens of group specificity A, B, C and also to proteins and lipopolysaccharides of the meningococcus cell wall formed in the vaccinated persons. Sera of the vaccinated individuals lysed meningococci of groups A, B, and C.", "contents": "[Makeup and properties of a polycomponent meningococcal vaccine]. The polycomponent meningococcae vaccine represented a preparation of the high-molecular fraction of meningococcus cell wall substances. Meningococcae strains for the vaccine preparation were chosen in such a way that the end preparation contained antigens of group specificity A, B, C and also other antigens detected in the cell wall of strains of epidemiological significance. Protein, group polysaccharides., lipopolysaccharides and nucleic acids were included into the vaccine composition. In doses used inhumans the vaccine was safe for mice causing no retardation in weight gain. In immunization of mice the vaccine produced formation of antigbodies to the antigens of group specificity A, B, and C, and protected them from infection with the srtrain isolated from the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. THE VACCINE PRODUCED NO HARMFUL ACTION IN ADMINISTRATION TO MAN. Antibodies to antigens of group specificity A, B, C and also to proteins and lipopolysaccharides of the meningococcus cell wall formed in the vaccinated persons. Sera of the vaccinated individuals lysed meningococci of groups A, B, and C.", "PMID": 85399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9855", "title": "[Antireticular cytotoxic serum as an agent for stimulating the immunity system].", "content": "The changes in the immunological indices characterizing the T and B immunity system and also in biological resistance of atherosclerosis patients were studied under conditons of the use of the antireticular cytotoxic serum microdoses. A possibility of employing the ACS for stimulation of the immune system was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Antireticular cytotoxic serum as an agent for stimulating the immunity system]. The changes in the immunological indices characterizing the T and B immunity system and also in biological resistance of atherosclerosis patients were studied under conditons of the use of the antireticular cytotoxic serum microdoses. A possibility of employing the ACS for stimulation of the immune system was demonstrated.", "PMID": 85400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9856", "title": "[Non A-non B hepatitis].", "content": "The advances in the study of viral hepatitis etiology have led to differentiate certain cases which are not provoked by already know viruses. That is why these cases are called \"non A-non B\" Hepatitis. The morphological characteristics of this/these agents, has/have not yet been explained. The most frequent way of transmission is parenteral, and the majority of the cases are known as postransfusional hepatitis. Other ways of transmission are also mentioned. Incubation period is of approximately 2 to 15 weeks; therefore, it is an intermediate period between A and B Hepatitis. Clinical symptoms are milder compared to those presented by B type hepatitis, but they show a lower serologic response. Studies performed up to this date, seem to demonstrate that this type of hepatitis has a tendency to become chronic. Active immunization has not yielded good results; but, passive immunization with immunoglobulin has been effective. It is imperative to develop new specific laboratory techniques in order to identify the responsible etiologic agent or agents.", "contents": "[Non A-non B hepatitis]. The advances in the study of viral hepatitis etiology have led to differentiate certain cases which are not provoked by already know viruses. That is why these cases are called \"non A-non B\" Hepatitis. The morphological characteristics of this/these agents, has/have not yet been explained. The most frequent way of transmission is parenteral, and the majority of the cases are known as postransfusional hepatitis. Other ways of transmission are also mentioned. Incubation period is of approximately 2 to 15 weeks; therefore, it is an intermediate period between A and B Hepatitis. Clinical symptoms are milder compared to those presented by B type hepatitis, but they show a lower serologic response. Studies performed up to this date, seem to demonstrate that this type of hepatitis has a tendency to become chronic. Active immunization has not yielded good results; but, passive immunization with immunoglobulin has been effective. It is imperative to develop new specific laboratory techniques in order to identify the responsible etiologic agent or agents.", "PMID": 85401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9857", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of the iris and other tissues.", "content": "Using histochemical methods, the presence of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of 51 human irides and a series of monkey organs was demonstrated. In general, these substances are sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC and also to Streptomyces hyaluronidase, when using special staining methods. The specificity of testicular hyaluronidase was tested by inhibition with heparin. By simultaneously staining with alcian blue and Feulgen, acidic glycosaminoglycans can be distinguished from the nucleic acids. Sporadically, hyaluronidase-resistant substances with a specific acidic glycosaminoglycan stainability occur. We assume the existence of various acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei. Aging changes were not traceable with constancy.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of the iris and other tissues. Using histochemical methods, the presence of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of 51 human irides and a series of monkey organs was demonstrated. In general, these substances are sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC and also to Streptomyces hyaluronidase, when using special staining methods. The specificity of testicular hyaluronidase was tested by inhibition with heparin. By simultaneously staining with alcian blue and Feulgen, acidic glycosaminoglycans can be distinguished from the nucleic acids. Sporadically, hyaluronidase-resistant substances with a specific acidic glycosaminoglycan stainability occur. We assume the existence of various acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei. Aging changes were not traceable with constancy.", "PMID": 85402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9858", "title": "Comparative light- and electron-microscopical study of the normal adenohypophysis in the human.", "content": "The pars distalis of 1 girl and of 3 sexually mature women was studied. The glands were dissected out and fixed within a period of 30 min following death; in the aldehyde fixative, each gland was systematically divided into ten pieces. Before fixation in osmium tetroxide, each piece was again divided into several blocks. At least 60 blocks were obtained from each gland. Semi-thin sections obtained from all the blocks were stained and studied under the light microscope. Ultrathin sections were obtained from selected blocks. Under the light microscope, 6 types of secretory cells and 2 types of non-secretory cells were characterized. At the ultrastructural level, 7 types of granulated cells and 2 types of non-granulated cells were distinguished. The range of the granule size for each type of sectetory cell was determined by applying a mathematical model and a computer program that corrected the size distribution curve in such a way that only the diameter of the equatorial sections of the granules, that is the real granule sizes, was recorded. By comparing the observations made in the ultrastructural study with those performed in adjacent semi-thin sections it was possible to correlate the cell types characterized ultrastructurally with those distinguished under the light microscope. In addition, the study of the semi-thin sections made it possible to quantitatively analyze the different cell types, while the ultrastructural characteristics suggested the probable functional role of each of these cell types.", "contents": "Comparative light- and electron-microscopical study of the normal adenohypophysis in the human. The pars distalis of 1 girl and of 3 sexually mature women was studied. The glands were dissected out and fixed within a period of 30 min following death; in the aldehyde fixative, each gland was systematically divided into ten pieces. Before fixation in osmium tetroxide, each piece was again divided into several blocks. At least 60 blocks were obtained from each gland. Semi-thin sections obtained from all the blocks were stained and studied under the light microscope. Ultrathin sections were obtained from selected blocks. Under the light microscope, 6 types of secretory cells and 2 types of non-secretory cells were characterized. At the ultrastructural level, 7 types of granulated cells and 2 types of non-granulated cells were distinguished. The range of the granule size for each type of sectetory cell was determined by applying a mathematical model and a computer program that corrected the size distribution curve in such a way that only the diameter of the equatorial sections of the granules, that is the real granule sizes, was recorded. By comparing the observations made in the ultrastructural study with those performed in adjacent semi-thin sections it was possible to correlate the cell types characterized ultrastructurally with those distinguished under the light microscope. In addition, the study of the semi-thin sections made it possible to quantitatively analyze the different cell types, while the ultrastructural characteristics suggested the probable functional role of each of these cell types.", "PMID": 85403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9859", "title": "Ectopic atrial tachycardia on swallowing. Report on favourable effect of verapamil.", "content": "A female patient who suffered from atrial tachycardia associated with the ingestion of food or drink was examined in our department. No signs of organic heart disease were discovered, oesophageal motility was normal, but X-ray revealed a small hiatal hernia. The arrhythmia started with an atrial extrasystole arising well outside the functional refractory period of the AV node, and it could be reproduced by inflation of a balloon. It is suggested that the arrhythmia is induced by a mechanical effect of the passage of food on the left atrial wall. Several drugs were tried in order to stop or relieve the complaints. None of them prevented or stopped the atrial tachycardia but verapamil and edrophonium chloride caused 2:1 AV block, and follow-up study has shown that sufficient doses of verapamil are able to relieve the patient's complaints.", "contents": "Ectopic atrial tachycardia on swallowing. Report on favourable effect of verapamil. A female patient who suffered from atrial tachycardia associated with the ingestion of food or drink was examined in our department. No signs of organic heart disease were discovered, oesophageal motility was normal, but X-ray revealed a small hiatal hernia. The arrhythmia started with an atrial extrasystole arising well outside the functional refractory period of the AV node, and it could be reproduced by inflation of a balloon. It is suggested that the arrhythmia is induced by a mechanical effect of the passage of food on the left atrial wall. Several drugs were tried in order to stop or relieve the complaints. None of them prevented or stopped the atrial tachycardia but verapamil and edrophonium chloride caused 2:1 AV block, and follow-up study has shown that sufficient doses of verapamil are able to relieve the patient's complaints.", "PMID": 85405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9860", "title": "Some Golgi data on visual cortex of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The rhesus monkey's visual cortex was studied on Golgi material. The terminal arborization of the geniculate fibres and non-specific vertical fibres have been analysed. The interneurons (intrinsic neurons) of the area described in detail and classified on the basis of their axonal and dendrite arborizations. The stellate neurons in layer IV are discussed.", "contents": "Some Golgi data on visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. The rhesus monkey's visual cortex was studied on Golgi material. The terminal arborization of the geniculate fibres and non-specific vertical fibres have been analysed. The interneurons (intrinsic neurons) of the area described in detail and classified on the basis of their axonal and dendrite arborizations. The stellate neurons in layer IV are discussed.", "PMID": 85406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9861", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity in viral hepatitis.", "content": "Cellular and humoral immunity combine to determine the outcome following exposure to hepatitis virus and are implicated in the proposed pathogenetic mechanism for acute and chronic hepatitis. Although antibody to HBsAg is found in virtually all following recovery from hepatitis B, a cell-mediated response to HBsAg can be detected in most patients during the acute phase, and it has been suggested that this may cause the acute hepatic damage by an attack on virus-infected cells. Patients who have chronic active hepatitis also frequently have cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg, regardless of whether the antigen can be detected in their sera; thus, previous exposure to hepatitis B may be important in initiating the disease even in antigen-negative cases. Cell-mediated responses to liver-specific lipoprotein, a membrane antigen, occur transiently in many patients who have acute hepatitis and are persistent in virtually all with untreated chronic active hepatitis. The relative importances and precise mechanisms of these immune responses in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis remain to be determined.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity in viral hepatitis. Cellular and humoral immunity combine to determine the outcome following exposure to hepatitis virus and are implicated in the proposed pathogenetic mechanism for acute and chronic hepatitis. Although antibody to HBsAg is found in virtually all following recovery from hepatitis B, a cell-mediated response to HBsAg can be detected in most patients during the acute phase, and it has been suggested that this may cause the acute hepatic damage by an attack on virus-infected cells. Patients who have chronic active hepatitis also frequently have cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg, regardless of whether the antigen can be detected in their sera; thus, previous exposure to hepatitis B may be important in initiating the disease even in antigen-negative cases. Cell-mediated responses to liver-specific lipoprotein, a membrane antigen, occur transiently in many patients who have acute hepatitis and are persistent in virtually all with untreated chronic active hepatitis. The relative importances and precise mechanisms of these immune responses in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis remain to be determined.", "PMID": 85410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9862", "title": "A rapid (4--6-hour) urine-culture system for direct identification and direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing.", "content": "This study evaluates a new direct rapid system for urine cultures, including detection and quantitation of positive specimens by Gram stain, direct identification by 4--6-hour incubation of sediment with reagent strips, and antibiotic susceptibility testing by direct (3--4-hour) disk-elution methods. Of 987 routine urine specimens, 121 had significant (less than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units/ml) gram-negative bacilluria, of which 89% were detected by the Gram stain. Direct rapid identification was correct in 94%. Results of direct disk-elution antimicrobial tests showed overall agreement with results of standard disk diffusion of 93% of tests, and major discrepancies in 4%. For urine specimens with gram-negative bacilluria, this system permitted detection, quantitation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in four to six hours with reasonable, though not complete, accuracy.", "contents": "A rapid (4--6-hour) urine-culture system for direct identification and direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing. This study evaluates a new direct rapid system for urine cultures, including detection and quantitation of positive specimens by Gram stain, direct identification by 4--6-hour incubation of sediment with reagent strips, and antibiotic susceptibility testing by direct (3--4-hour) disk-elution methods. Of 987 routine urine specimens, 121 had significant (less than or equal to 10(5) colony-forming units/ml) gram-negative bacilluria, of which 89% were detected by the Gram stain. Direct rapid identification was correct in 94%. Results of direct disk-elution antimicrobial tests showed overall agreement with results of standard disk diffusion of 93% of tests, and major discrepancies in 4%. For urine specimens with gram-negative bacilluria, this system permitted detection, quantitation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in four to six hours with reasonable, though not complete, accuracy.", "PMID": 85411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9863", "title": "Diagnostic value of biochemical analysis of pleural effusions. Carcinoembryonic antigen and beta 2 microglobulin.", "content": "Pleural effusions from 105 patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases were examined for tumor cells, content of CEA, beta2 microglobulin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2 macroglobulin, orosomucoid, lysozyme, and hexosaminidase. Only CEA and beta2 microglobulin determinations were of diagnostic value. CEA concentrations greater than 11 ng/ml were found only in malignant effusions. Beta 2 microglobulin values were increased in pleural effusions due to lymphoma or immune diseases. Measurement of CEA and beta2 microglobulin in addition to the cytologic examination could increase the diagnostic significance of the analysis of pleural effusions.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of biochemical analysis of pleural effusions. Carcinoembryonic antigen and beta 2 microglobulin. Pleural effusions from 105 patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases were examined for tumor cells, content of CEA, beta2 microglobulin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2 macroglobulin, orosomucoid, lysozyme, and hexosaminidase. Only CEA and beta2 microglobulin determinations were of diagnostic value. CEA concentrations greater than 11 ng/ml were found only in malignant effusions. Beta 2 microglobulin values were increased in pleural effusions due to lymphoma or immune diseases. Measurement of CEA and beta2 microglobulin in addition to the cytologic examination could increase the diagnostic significance of the analysis of pleural effusions.", "PMID": 85412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9864", "title": "The nature of mutation in Krabbe disease.", "content": "Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase cross reacting material was demonstrated in brain, liver, and skin fibroblasts from patients with Krabbe disease. The mutant enzyme was antigenically identical to the normal enzyme and exhibited similar electrophoretic mobility. Normal quantities of the catalytically deficient enzyme were measured in the patients' tissues by a sensitive single radial immunodiffusion assay, indicating that the mutation is in structural gene for the enzyme protein.", "contents": "The nature of mutation in Krabbe disease. Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase cross reacting material was demonstrated in brain, liver, and skin fibroblasts from patients with Krabbe disease. The mutant enzyme was antigenically identical to the normal enzyme and exhibited similar electrophoretic mobility. Normal quantities of the catalytically deficient enzyme were measured in the patients' tissues by a sensitive single radial immunodiffusion assay, indicating that the mutation is in structural gene for the enzyme protein.", "PMID": 85413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9865", "title": "Infant outcome following labor induction.", "content": "A matched control study was undertaken in which 156 children were examined between ages 23 and 62 months after births associated with spontaneous labor, oxytocin-induced labor, or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)--induced labor. Physical development was not adversely affected by labor induction based on height and weight percentiles. The frequency of neurologic or developmental abnormalities not attributable to postdelivery events was the same overall in induced and spontaneous labors (19.2 per 1,000), but those abnormalities occurring after labor induction all followed use of oxytocin. None followed PGE2 despite case-selection criteria which specifically chose PGE2 cases from among those with documented adverse drug-related reactions.", "contents": "Infant outcome following labor induction. A matched control study was undertaken in which 156 children were examined between ages 23 and 62 months after births associated with spontaneous labor, oxytocin-induced labor, or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)--induced labor. Physical development was not adversely affected by labor induction based on height and weight percentiles. The frequency of neurologic or developmental abnormalities not attributable to postdelivery events was the same overall in induced and spontaneous labors (19.2 per 1,000), but those abnormalities occurring after labor induction all followed use of oxytocin. None followed PGE2 despite case-selection criteria which specifically chose PGE2 cases from among those with documented adverse drug-related reactions.", "PMID": 85416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9866", "title": "Differences in mouse ovarian cells as distinguished by horseradish peroxidase labelling.", "content": "The extracellular space of mouse ovarian follicles and stroma contained horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product one minute after intravenous injection of the tracer. In addition to pinocytotic uptake of the tracer, non-vesicular staining with HRP reaction product, heretofore unrecognized, was noted in a variety of ovarian cell-types. This diffuse staining was correlated with changes in cellular morphology suggestive of degeneration. These findings are discussed in relation to the composition of cell populations comprising follicles and ovarian stroma and alterations in cell function.", "contents": "Differences in mouse ovarian cells as distinguished by horseradish peroxidase labelling. The extracellular space of mouse ovarian follicles and stroma contained horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction product one minute after intravenous injection of the tracer. In addition to pinocytotic uptake of the tracer, non-vesicular staining with HRP reaction product, heretofore unrecognized, was noted in a variety of ovarian cell-types. This diffuse staining was correlated with changes in cellular morphology suggestive of degeneration. These findings are discussed in relation to the composition of cell populations comprising follicles and ovarian stroma and alterations in cell function.", "PMID": 85420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9867", "title": "Streptococcal pharyngitis: diagnosis by gram stain.", "content": "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 49 (10.4%) of 472 patients with pharyngitis. Throat culture results, interpreted by five observers of varying experience, showed the mean sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a positive Gram-stained smear of pharyngeal secretions as 73%, 96%, and 71%. Assignment to a high-risk group by clinical algorithm gave sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of only 45%, 83%, and 23%. The Gram-stained smear is the most accurate method of early diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.", "contents": "Streptococcal pharyngitis: diagnosis by gram stain. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 49 (10.4%) of 472 patients with pharyngitis. Throat culture results, interpreted by five observers of varying experience, showed the mean sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a positive Gram-stained smear of pharyngeal secretions as 73%, 96%, and 71%. Assignment to a high-risk group by clinical algorithm gave sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of only 45%, 83%, and 23%. The Gram-stained smear is the most accurate method of early diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.", "PMID": 85421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9868", "title": "Testicular germ-cell neoplasms: recent advances in diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "The diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasms have been facilitated by identification of the tumor-associated proteins alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. These circulating tumor markers, present in 85% to 90% of patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, reflect tumor presence and reliably indicate response to therapy. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by embryonal carcinoma and yolk-sac tumors; human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells and the syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma. Refinements in staging techniques and definitions have improved prognostication. Effective therapy for seminoma (cure rate, greater than 90%), early-stage (stage I, stage IIN1-2) testicular carcinoma (cure rate, 65% to 87%), and advanced (stage IIN3-4, stage III) testicular carcinoma (complete remission rate, 50% to 74%) has been shown in clinical trials. Adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy trials for limited stages of testicular carcinoma, and further experience with intensive chemotherapy-based trials for advanced stages may further improve the prognosis for all testicular germ-cell neoplasms.", "contents": "Testicular germ-cell neoplasms: recent advances in diagnosis and therapy. The diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasms have been facilitated by identification of the tumor-associated proteins alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. These circulating tumor markers, present in 85% to 90% of patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, reflect tumor presence and reliably indicate response to therapy. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by embryonal carcinoma and yolk-sac tumors; human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells and the syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma. Refinements in staging techniques and definitions have improved prognostication. Effective therapy for seminoma (cure rate, greater than 90%), early-stage (stage I, stage IIN1-2) testicular carcinoma (cure rate, 65% to 87%), and advanced (stage IIN3-4, stage III) testicular carcinoma (complete remission rate, 50% to 74%) has been shown in clinical trials. Adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy trials for limited stages of testicular carcinoma, and further experience with intensive chemotherapy-based trials for advanced stages may further improve the prognosis for all testicular germ-cell neoplasms.", "PMID": 85422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9869", "title": "[Antigenic study of \"Serratia marcescens\" isolated in France.II.--Characterization of O antigens and description of 5 new O factors, occurrence of serotypes and labelling of new H factors (author's transl)].", "content": "The somatic O-antigens of 583 French isolates of Serratia marcescens were studied with the aid of the tube O-agglutination technique sensitized by centrifugation. Flagella antigens were identified by the H-immobilization test. Five new O-antigens (O16 to O20) were found. An antigenic factor (Co) common to isolates of serotypes O12:H9, O14:H12, O14:H20, and O13:H17 is described. Agar cultures of serotypes O12:H9 and O14:H12 dissociated into two colonial types: iridescent colonies, and non-iridescent colonies. Non-iridescent colonies, heated at 100 degrees C, are agglutinated by anti-Co serum, whereas heat-treated iridescent colonies are not. Close relationship between serogroup antigens O6 and O14 observed by traub and Kleber is confirmed. Serogroup O9 was subdivided into two subgroups. In France, 49 different serotypes were identified, with a predominance of serotypes O14:H12, O13:H17 and O3:H12. Recently, several new H-antigens were independently described by Traub and Kleber, and by us. To avoid confusion, these new H-antigens have been herein redesignated in accord with Dr Traub.", "contents": "[Antigenic study of \"Serratia marcescens\" isolated in France.II.--Characterization of O antigens and description of 5 new O factors, occurrence of serotypes and labelling of new H factors (author's transl)]. The somatic O-antigens of 583 French isolates of Serratia marcescens were studied with the aid of the tube O-agglutination technique sensitized by centrifugation. Flagella antigens were identified by the H-immobilization test. Five new O-antigens (O16 to O20) were found. An antigenic factor (Co) common to isolates of serotypes O12:H9, O14:H12, O14:H20, and O13:H17 is described. Agar cultures of serotypes O12:H9 and O14:H12 dissociated into two colonial types: iridescent colonies, and non-iridescent colonies. Non-iridescent colonies, heated at 100 degrees C, are agglutinated by anti-Co serum, whereas heat-treated iridescent colonies are not. Close relationship between serogroup antigens O6 and O14 observed by traub and Kleber is confirmed. Serogroup O9 was subdivided into two subgroups. In France, 49 different serotypes were identified, with a predominance of serotypes O14:H12, O13:H17 and O3:H12. Recently, several new H-antigens were independently described by Traub and Kleber, and by us. To avoid confusion, these new H-antigens have been herein redesignated in accord with Dr Traub.", "PMID": 85425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9870", "title": "The effects of thyroxine and climatic factors on colostral gammaglobulin absorption in newborn calves.", "content": "Observations of 68 Friesian and Holstein X Friesian calves in a single herd with low neonatal mortality gave the following results: --The calves which will suffer from diarrhoea but survive were in a hyperthyroid state (high levels of hormonal iodine, T3 and free thyroxine index) compared with the healthy animals. --The concentration of plasma globulins, after colostrum intake was lower in diarrhoeic subjects calves than in the healthy ones. --For the whole group of animals, plasma hormonal iodine, at birth, was negatively correlated with the concentration of plasma globulins at 48 hours (r = 0,37, P less than 0,05). Thus, by reducing the absorption capacity of colostral globulins, an excess of thyroid hormones at birth could increase young calves sensitivity to various infections. To test this hypothesis, 12 Holstein X Friesian calves, born in the same stable and then transferred to outside individual boxes, were used. Six animals received thyroxine injections at birth and after 24 hours. All the calves received colostrum in the same conditions. The following results were obtained. --All the treated calves became ill (1/6 of the controls), independantly of their plasma IgG1 concentrations. --The capacity of calves to acquire colostral IgG1 varies considerably between individuals (maximum IgG1 concentrations and, probably, duration of intestinal absorption of IgG1). --The T4 injections at birth do not noticeably after IgG1 absorption. --Thyroxinemia at birth, reflecting the foetal concentration, is negatively correlated (r = 0,74, P less than 0.01) with the period of IgG1 absorption. --The outside temperature at birth is negatively correlated with the maximum IgG1 concentration (r = 0.78, P less than 0.01). These results indicate that a hyperthyroid state at birth, and, probably, during foetal development compromise the calves health: --by direct or indirect action, the intermediates of which are not known, --by reducing the period of intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins in addition. Moreover climatic factors such as ambient temperature at birth may influence acquisition of passive immunity.", "contents": "The effects of thyroxine and climatic factors on colostral gammaglobulin absorption in newborn calves. Observations of 68 Friesian and Holstein X Friesian calves in a single herd with low neonatal mortality gave the following results: --The calves which will suffer from diarrhoea but survive were in a hyperthyroid state (high levels of hormonal iodine, T3 and free thyroxine index) compared with the healthy animals. --The concentration of plasma globulins, after colostrum intake was lower in diarrhoeic subjects calves than in the healthy ones. --For the whole group of animals, plasma hormonal iodine, at birth, was negatively correlated with the concentration of plasma globulins at 48 hours (r = 0,37, P less than 0,05). Thus, by reducing the absorption capacity of colostral globulins, an excess of thyroid hormones at birth could increase young calves sensitivity to various infections. To test this hypothesis, 12 Holstein X Friesian calves, born in the same stable and then transferred to outside individual boxes, were used. Six animals received thyroxine injections at birth and after 24 hours. All the calves received colostrum in the same conditions. The following results were obtained. --All the treated calves became ill (1/6 of the controls), independantly of their plasma IgG1 concentrations. --The capacity of calves to acquire colostral IgG1 varies considerably between individuals (maximum IgG1 concentrations and, probably, duration of intestinal absorption of IgG1). --The T4 injections at birth do not noticeably after IgG1 absorption. --Thyroxinemia at birth, reflecting the foetal concentration, is negatively correlated (r = 0,74, P less than 0.01) with the period of IgG1 absorption. --The outside temperature at birth is negatively correlated with the maximum IgG1 concentration (r = 0.78, P less than 0.01). These results indicate that a hyperthyroid state at birth, and, probably, during foetal development compromise the calves health: --by direct or indirect action, the intermediates of which are not known, --by reducing the period of intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins in addition. Moreover climatic factors such as ambient temperature at birth may influence acquisition of passive immunity.", "PMID": 85426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9871", "title": "Immunoglobulin transfer to calves and health problems in large bovine units.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin levels were studied in 215 calves born on 4 farms. Each farm had at least 60 cows. There was a great variation in the immunoglobulin levels at 48 hours. In those cases where the quantity and Ig concentration of colostrum was measured it was found that the serum Ig level was correlated with the total amount of Ig ingested. Where only the serum level was measured it was found that suckled calves had higher levels than bucket-fed calves. Immunoglobulin levels were not correlated with the incidence of diarrhoea or pneumonia nor with the viability of calves although calves with less than 8 mg/ml IgG1 showed a slightly higher incidence of diarrhoea. The globulin concentrations in colostrum were not influenced by the breed, the season, the number of calvings, the length of the dry period and the level of feeding during this period but the time of the first feeding or milking proved to be of prime importance.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin transfer to calves and health problems in large bovine units. The serum immunoglobulin levels were studied in 215 calves born on 4 farms. Each farm had at least 60 cows. There was a great variation in the immunoglobulin levels at 48 hours. In those cases where the quantity and Ig concentration of colostrum was measured it was found that the serum Ig level was correlated with the total amount of Ig ingested. Where only the serum level was measured it was found that suckled calves had higher levels than bucket-fed calves. Immunoglobulin levels were not correlated with the incidence of diarrhoea or pneumonia nor with the viability of calves although calves with less than 8 mg/ml IgG1 showed a slightly higher incidence of diarrhoea. The globulin concentrations in colostrum were not influenced by the breed, the season, the number of calvings, the length of the dry period and the level of feeding during this period but the time of the first feeding or milking proved to be of prime importance.", "PMID": 85427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9872", "title": "About the importance of colostrum for the newborn calf.", "content": "1. Between December and April there was a decrease in the concentration of gamma-globulins in the blood serum of 2 to 3 day old calves. 2. Calves with more symptoms of enteritis or omphalitis had lower concentrations of gammaglobulin. 3. Calves with higher body temperatures had lower concentrations. 4. Calves from primiparous cows had lower concentrations than calves from pluriparous. 5. Calves from young dams had lower concentrations than calves from older dams. 6. Calves, which were born by caesarian section had lower concentrations than calves which were born spontaneously or with other assistance.", "contents": "About the importance of colostrum for the newborn calf. 1. Between December and April there was a decrease in the concentration of gamma-globulins in the blood serum of 2 to 3 day old calves. 2. Calves with more symptoms of enteritis or omphalitis had lower concentrations of gammaglobulin. 3. Calves with higher body temperatures had lower concentrations. 4. Calves from primiparous cows had lower concentrations than calves from pluriparous. 5. Calves from young dams had lower concentrations than calves from older dams. 6. Calves, which were born by caesarian section had lower concentrations than calves which were born spontaneously or with other assistance.", "PMID": 85428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9873", "title": "Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring.", "content": "Samples of colostrum were taken from 180 suckling cows (beef cows) from the same herd, during the 3 hours immediately after calving over a period of 4 consecutive years. Total proteins in colostrum-whey were estimated by the biuret method, and concentrations of gamma-globulins determined by electrophoresis. The significance of the close relationship between calf mortality and gamma-globulin levels in the maternal colostrum was studied. An attempt was made to define levels suitable for the health of the calves. Twin birth, age at calving and food intake towards the end of the gestation period, whatever their effect on calf mortality rate, did not bring about any significant variation in the levels of colostral gamma-globulins. On the other hand, however, cows suffering from various infections had lower levels of colostral gamma-globulins, and produced a higher calf mortality rate. A high degree of repeatability in gamma-globulin levels was observed in colostrums produced by the same cow during successive calvings. A correlation between colostral gamma-globulin levels of a particular cow and those of her female offspring was also found. This result, which should be controlled on a larger number of animals, suggests the possibility of an approach of the problem of calf mortality, using a sanitary and genetic selection designed to reduce the number of cows producing colostrum with low levels of gamma-globulins.", "contents": "Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring. Samples of colostrum were taken from 180 suckling cows (beef cows) from the same herd, during the 3 hours immediately after calving over a period of 4 consecutive years. Total proteins in colostrum-whey were estimated by the biuret method, and concentrations of gamma-globulins determined by electrophoresis. The significance of the close relationship between calf mortality and gamma-globulin levels in the maternal colostrum was studied. An attempt was made to define levels suitable for the health of the calves. Twin birth, age at calving and food intake towards the end of the gestation period, whatever their effect on calf mortality rate, did not bring about any significant variation in the levels of colostral gamma-globulins. On the other hand, however, cows suffering from various infections had lower levels of colostral gamma-globulins, and produced a higher calf mortality rate. A high degree of repeatability in gamma-globulin levels was observed in colostrums produced by the same cow during successive calvings. A correlation between colostral gamma-globulin levels of a particular cow and those of her female offspring was also found. This result, which should be controlled on a larger number of animals, suggests the possibility of an approach of the problem of calf mortality, using a sanitary and genetic selection designed to reduce the number of cows producing colostrum with low levels of gamma-globulins.", "PMID": 85429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9874", "title": "[Separation of the biosynthesis products of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides and the identification of actinomycin antibiotics].", "content": "An orange antibiotically active substance isolated from the mycelium of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides was identified as a mixture of actinomycins according to its light absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, IR spectra and chromatographic comparison with the standard samples. A scheme for successive extraction of the biologically active substances from the mycelium resulting in isolation of a fraction enriched with antibiotic substances and a fraction enriched with pigments is presented. A method for separation and purification of 3 groups of biologically active substances from the mycelium enriched extract was developed.", "contents": "[Separation of the biosynthesis products of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides and the identification of actinomycin antibiotics]. An orange antibiotically active substance isolated from the mycelium of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides was identified as a mixture of actinomycins according to its light absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, IR spectra and chromatographic comparison with the standard samples. A scheme for successive extraction of the biologically active substances from the mycelium resulting in isolation of a fraction enriched with antibiotic substances and a fraction enriched with pigments is presented. A method for separation and purification of 3 groups of biologically active substances from the mycelium enriched extract was developed.", "PMID": 85432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9875", "title": "Effect of 5-azacytidine on cytoplasmic ribosomal and messenger ribonucleic acids in BSC-1 cells.", "content": "5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) inhibited the accumulation of 28S and 18S ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in the cytoplasm of treated cells. The inhibition of 28S and 18S RNAs in the cytoplasm of BSC-1 cells was dependent upon the concentration of 5-AzaCR employed and the time of exposure. At a concentration of 200 mug/ml for 2 h, 5-AzaCR inhibited the cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs by 80 and 70%, respectively. The 28S and 18S RNAs that appeared in the cytoplasm of treated cultures had no altered secondary structure, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitory effect on cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs was found to be reversible, and removal of 5-AzaCR from treated cultures allowed the accumulation of cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs to almost normal levels by 20 h. 5-AzaCR appeared to have no effect upon the synthesis and processing of polyadenylic acid-containing messenger RNA in treated cultures. However, the formation of the 80S ribosomal subunit appeared to be inhibited in drug-treated cells. Moreover, 5-AzaCR treatment caused a disaggregation of polyribosomes and an accumulation of 80S ribosomes.", "contents": "Effect of 5-azacytidine on cytoplasmic ribosomal and messenger ribonucleic acids in BSC-1 cells. 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) inhibited the accumulation of 28S and 18S ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in the cytoplasm of treated cells. The inhibition of 28S and 18S RNAs in the cytoplasm of BSC-1 cells was dependent upon the concentration of 5-AzaCR employed and the time of exposure. At a concentration of 200 mug/ml for 2 h, 5-AzaCR inhibited the cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs by 80 and 70%, respectively. The 28S and 18S RNAs that appeared in the cytoplasm of treated cultures had no altered secondary structure, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitory effect on cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs was found to be reversible, and removal of 5-AzaCR from treated cultures allowed the accumulation of cytoplasmic 28S and 18S RNAs to almost normal levels by 20 h. 5-AzaCR appeared to have no effect upon the synthesis and processing of polyadenylic acid-containing messenger RNA in treated cultures. However, the formation of the 80S ribosomal subunit appeared to be inhibited in drug-treated cells. Moreover, 5-AzaCR treatment caused a disaggregation of polyribosomes and an accumulation of 80S ribosomes.", "PMID": 85433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9876", "title": "Immunochemical study of a human myeloma IgG1 half molecule.", "content": "The serum of a patient with multiple myeloma contained an IgG1 kappa monoclonal protein which existed in two molecular species: one with and one without inter-heavy chain covalent bonds, the latter dissociating into half molecules without reduction. The half molecules were present in the urine together with a kappa Bence-Jones protein. This peculiar protein was discovered because the serum and urinary IgG formed double percipitin lines when analysed by immunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum to gamma chains, the inner line being due to residual normal IgG. The isolated half molecule, as well as the major constituent of the 7 S IgG fraction, failed to precipitate with most antisera specific for the Fc fragment of IgG. The half molecule lacked the Gm(non a) marker and other antigenic determinants of the third constant region of gamma1 chains. No isotypic or allotypic antigenic determinant of another immunoglobulin class or subclass was detected. The molecular weights of the 7 S molecule, the half molecule and its covalently linked heavy and light chains were about normal, suggesting that they did not have a large deletion which could have caused the lack of interheavy chain covalent bonds. The hinge peptide appeared normal after high voltage electrophoresis of the peptic-tryptic digest of the reduced and alkylated half molecule. The carboxy-terminus of the heavy chain and the amino acid composition of the molecule were similar to those of IgG1 myeloma proteins. Two cysteinyl peptides of the CH3 domain showed on a diagonal peptidic map an electrophoretic mobility somewhat different from that of the corresponding peptides of an IgG1 myeloma protein. Another peculiar feature of this protein was the presence of galactosamine. Idiotypic determinants of the half molecule were present in the 7 S fraction, suggesting that the 7 S IgG molecules and the half molecules were derived from the same clone of tumour cells. Lack of material precluded further characterization of the structural abnormality--probably located in the third constant domain of the heavy chain--responsible for the absence of most antigenic determinants of the Fc region of IgG1 and for the formation of half molecules. This abnormality could be a small deletion undetectable by molecular weight measurements or an unidentified exchange of genetic material. Family members of the patient could not be studied in order to investigate whether this immunoglobulin abnormality reflected a minor genetic variant or a mutational event.", "contents": "Immunochemical study of a human myeloma IgG1 half molecule. The serum of a patient with multiple myeloma contained an IgG1 kappa monoclonal protein which existed in two molecular species: one with and one without inter-heavy chain covalent bonds, the latter dissociating into half molecules without reduction. The half molecules were present in the urine together with a kappa Bence-Jones protein. This peculiar protein was discovered because the serum and urinary IgG formed double percipitin lines when analysed by immunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum to gamma chains, the inner line being due to residual normal IgG. The isolated half molecule, as well as the major constituent of the 7 S IgG fraction, failed to precipitate with most antisera specific for the Fc fragment of IgG. The half molecule lacked the Gm(non a) marker and other antigenic determinants of the third constant region of gamma1 chains. No isotypic or allotypic antigenic determinant of another immunoglobulin class or subclass was detected. The molecular weights of the 7 S molecule, the half molecule and its covalently linked heavy and light chains were about normal, suggesting that they did not have a large deletion which could have caused the lack of interheavy chain covalent bonds. The hinge peptide appeared normal after high voltage electrophoresis of the peptic-tryptic digest of the reduced and alkylated half molecule. The carboxy-terminus of the heavy chain and the amino acid composition of the molecule were similar to those of IgG1 myeloma proteins. Two cysteinyl peptides of the CH3 domain showed on a diagonal peptidic map an electrophoretic mobility somewhat different from that of the corresponding peptides of an IgG1 myeloma protein. Another peculiar feature of this protein was the presence of galactosamine. Idiotypic determinants of the half molecule were present in the 7 S fraction, suggesting that the 7 S IgG molecules and the half molecules were derived from the same clone of tumour cells. Lack of material precluded further characterization of the structural abnormality--probably located in the third constant domain of the heavy chain--responsible for the absence of most antigenic determinants of the Fc region of IgG1 and for the formation of half molecules. This abnormality could be a small deletion undetectable by molecular weight measurements or an unidentified exchange of genetic material. Family members of the patient could not be studied in order to investigate whether this immunoglobulin abnormality reflected a minor genetic variant or a mutational event.", "PMID": 85430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9877", "title": "Oxygen content determined by acrylamide polymerization: screening of anticancer agents, generation of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves, and potential applications.", "content": "Many investigators have endeavored to accurately measure oxygen content produced or consumed from substrates or tissues. Most of the techniques currently available are time consuming or exceedingly complex. Many require expensive apparatus and demand the skills of a highly trained technician. We have deveoloped a rapid and sensitive method of measuring oxygen content or consumption. This method is based upon the time for polymerization of acrylamide gels. The time of acrylamide polymerization is directly proportional to the oxygen content of the test medium. We have used this method to generate oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves which closely resemble those published by Severinghaus and Duvelleroy, as well as those we determined by the conventional Van Slyke analysis. We have also used this method to measure the oxygen consumption of tumor cells and to evaluate the effects of Actinomycin, cyclohexamide and cytosine arabinoside on Walker 256 ascites tumor. The results correlate with the known in vivo effects of these drugs on this tumor cell line. Therefore, because of its sensitivity and adaptability this method may be useful in a variety of clinical and biological situations.", "contents": "Oxygen content determined by acrylamide polymerization: screening of anticancer agents, generation of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves, and potential applications. Many investigators have endeavored to accurately measure oxygen content produced or consumed from substrates or tissues. Most of the techniques currently available are time consuming or exceedingly complex. Many require expensive apparatus and demand the skills of a highly trained technician. We have deveoloped a rapid and sensitive method of measuring oxygen content or consumption. This method is based upon the time for polymerization of acrylamide gels. The time of acrylamide polymerization is directly proportional to the oxygen content of the test medium. We have used this method to generate oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves which closely resemble those published by Severinghaus and Duvelleroy, as well as those we determined by the conventional Van Slyke analysis. We have also used this method to measure the oxygen consumption of tumor cells and to evaluate the effects of Actinomycin, cyclohexamide and cytosine arabinoside on Walker 256 ascites tumor. The results correlate with the known in vivo effects of these drugs on this tumor cell line. Therefore, because of its sensitivity and adaptability this method may be useful in a variety of clinical and biological situations.", "PMID": 85435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9878", "title": "[Physiopathological study of coupled electric stimulation].", "content": "The charges of left ventricular function provoked by coupled electrical stimulation were studied in 17 patients with severe chronic aortic incompetence and 9 controls. These results were compared with those obtained after isolated extrasystole in 24 cases of aortic incompetence and 10 controls, and during paired electrical stimulation in 12 cases of aortic incompetence. Left ventricular function increased uniformly after post-extrasystolic potentiation whatever the mode of stimulation. The preload did not change significantly, the increased ventricular function being mainly due to increased contractility. Coupled electrical stimulation mobilised the greatest contractility reserve (ejection fraction : +32 % in controls and +37 % in aortic incompetence and averaged circumferentiel fibre shortening +55 % in controls and +47 % in aortic incompetence). The contractility reserve is inversely proportional to the initial ejection fraction except when its value is less than 35 %. The myocardial response then becomes variable so that left ventricles with probable irreversible hypocontractility may be distinguished from those whose ventricular funciton would improve after surgical correction.", "contents": "[Physiopathological study of coupled electric stimulation]. The charges of left ventricular function provoked by coupled electrical stimulation were studied in 17 patients with severe chronic aortic incompetence and 9 controls. These results were compared with those obtained after isolated extrasystole in 24 cases of aortic incompetence and 10 controls, and during paired electrical stimulation in 12 cases of aortic incompetence. Left ventricular function increased uniformly after post-extrasystolic potentiation whatever the mode of stimulation. The preload did not change significantly, the increased ventricular function being mainly due to increased contractility. Coupled electrical stimulation mobilised the greatest contractility reserve (ejection fraction : +32 % in controls and +37 % in aortic incompetence and averaged circumferentiel fibre shortening +55 % in controls and +47 % in aortic incompetence). The contractility reserve is inversely proportional to the initial ejection fraction except when its value is less than 35 %. The myocardial response then becomes variable so that left ventricles with probable irreversible hypocontractility may be distinguished from those whose ventricular funciton would improve after surgical correction.", "PMID": 85437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9879", "title": "A comparative immunological study of catalases from coagulase-positive staphylococci.", "content": "Protein homology studies with catalase as a reference point were carried out with coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. Antisera against catalases of S. aureus ATCC 12600 and S. aureus ATCC12601 reacted very weakly employing double immunodiffusion and quantitative microcomplement-fixation assay with cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of S. intermedius or S. hyicus. The differences between coagulase-positive staphylococci could be confirmed by using the antiserum against S. intermedius H 11 catalase. Within the strains of the species S. intermedius immunological distances ranging up to 25 indicate a heterogeneity which justify the separation of the biotypes E and F on a subspecies level. Coagulase-positive strains of S. hyicus revealed neither a close relationship to S. aureus nor to S. intermedius.", "contents": "A comparative immunological study of catalases from coagulase-positive staphylococci. Protein homology studies with catalase as a reference point were carried out with coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. Antisera against catalases of S. aureus ATCC 12600 and S. aureus ATCC12601 reacted very weakly employing double immunodiffusion and quantitative microcomplement-fixation assay with cell-free extracts or catalase enriched preparations of S. intermedius or S. hyicus. The differences between coagulase-positive staphylococci could be confirmed by using the antiserum against S. intermedius H 11 catalase. Within the strains of the species S. intermedius immunological distances ranging up to 25 indicate a heterogeneity which justify the separation of the biotypes E and F on a subspecies level. Coagulase-positive strains of S. hyicus revealed neither a close relationship to S. aureus nor to S. intermedius.", "PMID": 85438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9880", "title": "[Remarks on fluorescence microscopy of cerebrospinal fluid cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluorescencemicroscopic investigations of the liquor cells were carried out by acriclinorange, trypaflavea, the fluorescence component of anilinblue and morin in connection with thiacinred. After that it will be reported about microscopphotometrical measure ments and examinations of immunfluorescence and emphasized the importance of these methods for cytochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[Remarks on fluorescence microscopy of cerebrospinal fluid cells (author's transl)]. Fluorescencemicroscopic investigations of the liquor cells were carried out by acriclinorange, trypaflavea, the fluorescence component of anilinblue and morin in connection with thiacinred. After that it will be reported about microscopphotometrical measure ments and examinations of immunfluorescence and emphasized the importance of these methods for cytochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 85439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9881", "title": "Immunoperoxidase localization of treponema pallidum: its use in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections.", "content": "The spirochete, Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, has been successfully localized in formaldehydefixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections using rabbit anti-T pallidum antiserum with two immunoperoxidase techniques. These techniques, the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method are compared for sensitivity and degree of nonspecific staining. Both offer substantial advantages over conventional silver-impregnation techniques, but the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method seems better, based on the intensity of staining and the simplicity of procedure.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase localization of treponema pallidum: its use in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The spirochete, Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, has been successfully localized in formaldehydefixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections using rabbit anti-T pallidum antiserum with two immunoperoxidase techniques. These techniques, the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method are compared for sensitivity and degree of nonspecific staining. Both offer substantial advantages over conventional silver-impregnation techniques, but the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody method seems better, based on the intensity of staining and the simplicity of procedure.", "PMID": 85440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9882", "title": "Patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen. Localization in cells of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified with immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and aldehyde fuchsin stains within tumor cells in three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from a series of liver biopsies from 172 consecutive cases of HCC. Two patterns of distribution and staining of HBsAg in cells of HCC were observed. In two of the three biopsy specimens, HBsAg was confined to solitary or small groups of tumor cells where a heavily stained inclusion occupied the entire cytoplasm displacing the nucleus. These inclusions corresponded to ground-glass cytoplasm with hematoxylin-eosin. The pattern is different in the other specimen where all the HCC cells in one area of the tumor showed a diffuse peripheral or perinuclear staining of the cytoplasm. In hematoxylin-eosin sections, these tumor cells showed partial transformation of the cytoplasm into the ground-glass appearance.", "contents": "Patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen. Localization in cells of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified with immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and aldehyde fuchsin stains within tumor cells in three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from a series of liver biopsies from 172 consecutive cases of HCC. Two patterns of distribution and staining of HBsAg in cells of HCC were observed. In two of the three biopsy specimens, HBsAg was confined to solitary or small groups of tumor cells where a heavily stained inclusion occupied the entire cytoplasm displacing the nucleus. These inclusions corresponded to ground-glass cytoplasm with hematoxylin-eosin. The pattern is different in the other specimen where all the HCC cells in one area of the tumor showed a diffuse peripheral or perinuclear staining of the cytoplasm. In hematoxylin-eosin sections, these tumor cells showed partial transformation of the cytoplasm into the ground-glass appearance.", "PMID": 85441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9883", "title": "Preoperative chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatoblastoma in children. Survival in two cases.", "content": "In two children with hepatoblastoma, response to chemotherapy permitted subsequent surgical resection. Initially, in both patients, the tumor was thought to be unresectable because of size and/or extent. Chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate and cyclophosphamide resulted in substantial reduction in tumor size, and laparotomy for excision was performed after nine months and four months of therapy, respectively. In case 1, the tumor was localized in the right hepatic lobe and the right hepatic lobectomy was performed. In case 2, the tumor was located in both right and left lobes, but was encapsulated and it was possible to enucleate the tumor with complete gross excision. Both children are living and well without evidence of recurrence of tumor 11 and 23 months after operation.", "contents": "Preoperative chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatoblastoma in children. Survival in two cases. In two children with hepatoblastoma, response to chemotherapy permitted subsequent surgical resection. Initially, in both patients, the tumor was thought to be unresectable because of size and/or extent. Chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate and cyclophosphamide resulted in substantial reduction in tumor size, and laparotomy for excision was performed after nine months and four months of therapy, respectively. In case 1, the tumor was localized in the right hepatic lobe and the right hepatic lobectomy was performed. In case 2, the tumor was located in both right and left lobes, but was encapsulated and it was possible to enucleate the tumor with complete gross excision. Both children are living and well without evidence of recurrence of tumor 11 and 23 months after operation.", "PMID": 85443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9884", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of archival material fixed in formalin].", "content": "A method for treatment of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material for electron microscope examinations is described. Archive material may be examined in the electron microscope for the elucidation of some problems concerning conditions of intercellular structures, comparative size and localization in the cells of secrete granules, myofibrillar apparatus and various inclusions.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of archival material fixed in formalin]. A method for treatment of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material for electron microscope examinations is described. Archive material may be examined in the electron microscope for the elucidation of some problems concerning conditions of intercellular structures, comparative size and localization in the cells of secrete granules, myofibrillar apparatus and various inclusions.", "PMID": 85444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9885", "title": "Subarachnoid space of the CNS, nasal mucosa, and lymphatic system.", "content": "We have briefly reviewed the literature pertaining to the movement of tracer molecules and infectious organisms within the olfactory nerve. There is a body of evidence indicating that tracers placed in the CSF will quickly move via the olfactory nerve to the nasal mucosa and then to the cervical lymph nodes. Organic and inorganic tracer materials and organisms as diverse as viruses, a bacillus, and an amoeba, when placed in the nasal cavity, have been shown to move from the nasal mucosa via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and the CSF. We think that a portion of the data on tracer movement is due to incorporation of tracer materials and organisms into the axoplasm of the olfactory neurons with subsequent anterograde or retrograde axoplasmic transport. However, some of the movement of tracers may occur within the olfactory perineural space. This space may be continuous with a subarachnoid extension that surrounds the olfactory nerve as it penetrates the cribriform plate. To our knowledge, no one has yet followed the perineural space to determine if it is continuous from olfactory receptor to olfactory bulb. The consideration of this space and its role is the main reason for this review.", "contents": "Subarachnoid space of the CNS, nasal mucosa, and lymphatic system. We have briefly reviewed the literature pertaining to the movement of tracer molecules and infectious organisms within the olfactory nerve. There is a body of evidence indicating that tracers placed in the CSF will quickly move via the olfactory nerve to the nasal mucosa and then to the cervical lymph nodes. Organic and inorganic tracer materials and organisms as diverse as viruses, a bacillus, and an amoeba, when placed in the nasal cavity, have been shown to move from the nasal mucosa via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and the CSF. We think that a portion of the data on tracer movement is due to incorporation of tracer materials and organisms into the axoplasm of the olfactory neurons with subsequent anterograde or retrograde axoplasmic transport. However, some of the movement of tracers may occur within the olfactory perineural space. This space may be continuous with a subarachnoid extension that surrounds the olfactory nerve as it penetrates the cribriform plate. To our knowledge, no one has yet followed the perineural space to determine if it is continuous from olfactory receptor to olfactory bulb. The consideration of this space and its role is the main reason for this review.", "PMID": 85446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9886", "title": "Ovarian teratoma with peritoneal gliomatosis.", "content": "The case report describes the clinical and pathological features of a young girl with ovarian teratoma which showed a predominance of neural tissue. The peritoneal involvement by an admixture of mature and immature glial tissue resulted in the death of the patient despite surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy. There was an association between this tumour and the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen and alphafetoprotein in the serum and ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Ovarian teratoma with peritoneal gliomatosis. The case report describes the clinical and pathological features of a young girl with ovarian teratoma which showed a predominance of neural tissue. The peritoneal involvement by an admixture of mature and immature glial tissue resulted in the death of the patient despite surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy. There was an association between this tumour and the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen and alphafetoprotein in the serum and ascitic fluid.", "PMID": 85449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9887", "title": "Deposition of beta 1H globulin in kidneys of patients with immune renal disease.", "content": "Renal biopsies from patients with a variety of immune type renal diseases were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of C3 and its control protein, beta 1H globulin. Deposits of beta 1H were found in every instance (21 of 21 biopsies) in which C3 deposits were observed, irrespective of the underlying disease resulting in the C3 deposits, including lupus nephritis, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. In no instance was beta 1H found independently of C3. As previously shown in in vitro systems, beta 1H also binds to C3, presumably C3b, during activation of the complement system in immunologically induced renal disease.", "contents": "Deposition of beta 1H globulin in kidneys of patients with immune renal disease. Renal biopsies from patients with a variety of immune type renal diseases were examined by immunofluorescence for the presence of C3 and its control protein, beta 1H globulin. Deposits of beta 1H were found in every instance (21 of 21 biopsies) in which C3 deposits were observed, irrespective of the underlying disease resulting in the C3 deposits, including lupus nephritis, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. In no instance was beta 1H found independently of C3. As previously shown in in vitro systems, beta 1H also binds to C3, presumably C3b, during activation of the complement system in immunologically induced renal disease.", "PMID": 85452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9888", "title": "Comparison of chlorambucil, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide combined with corticosteroids in the treatment of lupus nephritis.", "content": "163 patients with diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis, proven by renal biopsy, were divided into four therapeutic trial groups: 67 were put on corticosteroids alone, 11 on corticosteroids and azathioprine, 32 on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and 53 on corticosteroids and chlorambucil and were followed up for several years. The addition of azathioprine to corticosteroids did not increase the survival rate, improve the renal function or alter the grim prognosis of the patients. Cyclophosphamide appeared to influence favourably the pathological lesion and the renal function when added to corticosteroids, and the disease progressed at a slower rate. The fatal side effects nearly balanced the therapeutic value of cyclophosphamide. Patients on corticosteroids and chlorambucil had an excellent course. This therapeutic regimen resulted in resolution or regression of the renal pathology, marked improvement of the renal function and marked improvement of the survival rate. The authors believe that this therapeutic regimen holds the best chance of becoming the standard treatment for lupus nephritis, particularly since the side effects of chlorambucil were minimal.", "contents": "Comparison of chlorambucil, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide combined with corticosteroids in the treatment of lupus nephritis. 163 patients with diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis, proven by renal biopsy, were divided into four therapeutic trial groups: 67 were put on corticosteroids alone, 11 on corticosteroids and azathioprine, 32 on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and 53 on corticosteroids and chlorambucil and were followed up for several years. The addition of azathioprine to corticosteroids did not increase the survival rate, improve the renal function or alter the grim prognosis of the patients. Cyclophosphamide appeared to influence favourably the pathological lesion and the renal function when added to corticosteroids, and the disease progressed at a slower rate. The fatal side effects nearly balanced the therapeutic value of cyclophosphamide. Patients on corticosteroids and chlorambucil had an excellent course. This therapeutic regimen resulted in resolution or regression of the renal pathology, marked improvement of the renal function and marked improvement of the survival rate. The authors believe that this therapeutic regimen holds the best chance of becoming the standard treatment for lupus nephritis, particularly since the side effects of chlorambucil were minimal.", "PMID": 85455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9889", "title": "Identification of a pure splenic form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "We have recently proposed a new staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in which patients with isolated splenomegaly are classified into a distinct stage (stage II). Twenty-three such patients (from two institutions) have been studied without recorded death in a follow-up of 18 months to 30 years. This favourable prognosis justifies separation of these 'pure splenic forms' (SCLL) which must be distinguished from what Galton has termed prolymphocytic leukaemia (PL). This distinction can be made on the basis of three criteria: (i) Clinically, SCLL has a slow uneventful course and neither anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia: (ii) cytologically PL can be distinguished from other forms of CLL though atypical forms of CLL may be confused with the former; and (iii) the study of surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) showed that while lymphocytes from most patients with both PL and SCLL bore uniform SmIg, suggesting a monoclonal B-cell proliferation, there was a major quantitative difference in that whereas PL lymphocytes had a number of antigenic sites close to that of normal lymphocytes (mean: 82 000 sites per cell), SCLL lymphocytes had a drastically reduced number of sites. It is our opinion that this is an important criterion for the differential diagnosis between PL and SCLL.", "contents": "Identification of a pure splenic form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. We have recently proposed a new staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in which patients with isolated splenomegaly are classified into a distinct stage (stage II). Twenty-three such patients (from two institutions) have been studied without recorded death in a follow-up of 18 months to 30 years. This favourable prognosis justifies separation of these 'pure splenic forms' (SCLL) which must be distinguished from what Galton has termed prolymphocytic leukaemia (PL). This distinction can be made on the basis of three criteria: (i) Clinically, SCLL has a slow uneventful course and neither anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia: (ii) cytologically PL can be distinguished from other forms of CLL though atypical forms of CLL may be confused with the former; and (iii) the study of surface membrane immunoglobulins (SmIg) showed that while lymphocytes from most patients with both PL and SCLL bore uniform SmIg, suggesting a monoclonal B-cell proliferation, there was a major quantitative difference in that whereas PL lymphocytes had a number of antigenic sites close to that of normal lymphocytes (mean: 82 000 sites per cell), SCLL lymphocytes had a drastically reduced number of sites. It is our opinion that this is an important criterion for the differential diagnosis between PL and SCLL.", "PMID": 85456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9890", "title": "Stem cell migration induced by erythropoietin or haemolytic anaemia: the effects of actinomycin and endotoxin contamination of erythropoietin preparations.", "content": "The injection of erythropoietin or the induction of anaemia with phenylhydrazine leads to changes in murine pluripotent and granulocyte-macrophage stem cells indicating migration from marrow to spleen. In order to evaluate the interrelationship between erythroid differentiation and stem cell migration we have selectively suppressed erythroid differentiation with actinomycin D. Anaemia or EP injection resulted in stem cell changes consistent with migration; actinomycin blocked these changes in anaemic but not EP injected mice while blocking erythropoiesis in both groups. The erythropoietin contained from 0.01 to 1000 microgram/ml of endotoxin as defined by the limulus test; it decreased marrow erythropoiesis and stimulated marrow granulopoiesis. Adsorption of the erythropoietin preparation with limulus lysate removed endotoxin without decreasing erythropoietin activity. Adsorbed erythropoietin stimulated erythropoiesis and not granulopoiesis, and stem cell changes induced by its administration were largely blocked by actinomycin, suggesting that endotoxin in the non-adsorbed erythropoietin caused the actinomycin resistant stem cell changes. The observation that actinomycin blocks both erythroid differentiation and stem cell migration suggests that these two physiologic events are closely linked. The effects of injected erythropoietin on murine haemopoietic stem cells may, to a significant extent, be secondary to the presence of endotoxin in the erythropoietin preparations.", "contents": "Stem cell migration induced by erythropoietin or haemolytic anaemia: the effects of actinomycin and endotoxin contamination of erythropoietin preparations. The injection of erythropoietin or the induction of anaemia with phenylhydrazine leads to changes in murine pluripotent and granulocyte-macrophage stem cells indicating migration from marrow to spleen. In order to evaluate the interrelationship between erythroid differentiation and stem cell migration we have selectively suppressed erythroid differentiation with actinomycin D. Anaemia or EP injection resulted in stem cell changes consistent with migration; actinomycin blocked these changes in anaemic but not EP injected mice while blocking erythropoiesis in both groups. The erythropoietin contained from 0.01 to 1000 microgram/ml of endotoxin as defined by the limulus test; it decreased marrow erythropoiesis and stimulated marrow granulopoiesis. Adsorption of the erythropoietin preparation with limulus lysate removed endotoxin without decreasing erythropoietin activity. Adsorbed erythropoietin stimulated erythropoiesis and not granulopoiesis, and stem cell changes induced by its administration were largely blocked by actinomycin, suggesting that endotoxin in the non-adsorbed erythropoietin caused the actinomycin resistant stem cell changes. The observation that actinomycin blocks both erythroid differentiation and stem cell migration suggests that these two physiologic events are closely linked. The effects of injected erythropoietin on murine haemopoietic stem cells may, to a significant extent, be secondary to the presence of endotoxin in the erythropoietin preparations.", "PMID": 85457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9891", "title": "Evidence for the platelet specificity of beta-thromboglobulin and studies on its plasma concentration in healthy individuals.", "content": "The concentration of normal human platelet beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) was measured in various washed organ samples by a radioimmunoassay. As only trace amounts were detected, beta-TG appears to be a platelet specific protein. Assay of beta-thromboglobulin in plasma samples from 180 normal individuals gave a range of 10--65 mg/ml. In the 10 subjects studied, plasma beta-TG concentration was related to platelet lifespan but not to turnover. The plasma beta-TG concentration rose with increasing age but did not correlate with the whole blood platelet count or the percentage of megathrombocytes. These results provide further substantial evidence that measurement of plasma beta-TG concentration is useful for assessing the participation of platelets in various disease processes.", "contents": "Evidence for the platelet specificity of beta-thromboglobulin and studies on its plasma concentration in healthy individuals. The concentration of normal human platelet beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) was measured in various washed organ samples by a radioimmunoassay. As only trace amounts were detected, beta-TG appears to be a platelet specific protein. Assay of beta-thromboglobulin in plasma samples from 180 normal individuals gave a range of 10--65 mg/ml. In the 10 subjects studied, plasma beta-TG concentration was related to platelet lifespan but not to turnover. The plasma beta-TG concentration rose with increasing age but did not correlate with the whole blood platelet count or the percentage of megathrombocytes. These results provide further substantial evidence that measurement of plasma beta-TG concentration is useful for assessing the participation of platelets in various disease processes.", "PMID": 85458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9892", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured from 12 to 24 weeks gestation in 27 singleton pregnancies in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 90 controls without diabetes who were matched for gestational age. The geometric mean AFP level among the diabetic pregnancies was 60 per cent of that in the controls, a difference which was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The difference in AFP level between diabetic patients and controls was most marked in sera taken before 21 weeks gestation.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and diabetes mellitus. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured from 12 to 24 weeks gestation in 27 singleton pregnancies in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 90 controls without diabetes who were matched for gestational age. The geometric mean AFP level among the diabetic pregnancies was 60 per cent of that in the controls, a difference which was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The difference in AFP level between diabetic patients and controls was most marked in sera taken before 21 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 85459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9893", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening in a provincial Health District.", "content": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimation as a routine screening test for neural tube defect (NTD) was introduced into the West Berkshire Health District, where 17 per cent of all deliveries and most of the antenatal care is undertaken by the general practitioners. In the first year, 4458 patients were screened and 43 of those (0.96 per cent) had raised serum AFP levels. Amniocentesis was performed on 31 patients (0.69 per cent). Ten fetuses with severe NTDs and one with exomphalos were detected and the pregnancies terminated. In six patients, raised serum AFP levels were due to fetal death. No normal pregnancy was terminated. Acceptability by patients was high. Provided that a good diagnostic ultrasound facility is available locally, maternal serum AFP estimation seemed to be a valuable screening test.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening in a provincial Health District. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) estimation as a routine screening test for neural tube defect (NTD) was introduced into the West Berkshire Health District, where 17 per cent of all deliveries and most of the antenatal care is undertaken by the general practitioners. In the first year, 4458 patients were screened and 43 of those (0.96 per cent) had raised serum AFP levels. Amniocentesis was performed on 31 patients (0.69 per cent). Ten fetuses with severe NTDs and one with exomphalos were detected and the pregnancies terminated. In six patients, raised serum AFP levels were due to fetal death. No normal pregnancy was terminated. Acceptability by patients was high. Provided that a good diagnostic ultrasound facility is available locally, maternal serum AFP estimation seemed to be a valuable screening test.", "PMID": 85461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9894", "title": "Antenatal screening in Oxford for fetal neural tube defects.", "content": "Between May 1975 and the end of 1977, 6443 antenatal patients were screened mainly between 16 and 22 weeks of pregnancy for neural tube defects (NTDs) at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, by maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement; a take-up of 72 per cent. Seventeen out of 18 (94 per cent) patients with open NTD pregnancies (9 out of 9 with anencephaly and 8 out of 9 with open spina bifida) had positive screening tests, and all except one were offered and accepted a termination of pregnancy. Two hundred and forty-five (3.8 per cent) patients with unaffected pregnancies also had positive screening tests, although only 1.4 per cent had an amniocentesis. Following ultrasonography, about 50 per cent of patients with unaffected pregnancies with positive screening tests were not offered an amniocentesis because they had a multiple pregnancy or their gestational age had been underestimated. The odds of having a fetus with an NTD among the women who had an amniocentesis was about 1 to 6 (1 to 11 for open spina bifida alone). Two apparently normal pregnancies were terminated. A survey of the acceptability of the screening programme among a consecutive sample of 73 patients who knew that they had a positive screening test revealed that all except one had no objection to screening in general, and 68 (93 per cent) wanted to be tested again in a future pregnancy. The approximate direct cost of the programme was 2 pounds to 3 pounds per patient screened, or about 1000 pounds per NTD detected (about 2200 pounds per open spina bifida detected).", "contents": "Antenatal screening in Oxford for fetal neural tube defects. Between May 1975 and the end of 1977, 6443 antenatal patients were screened mainly between 16 and 22 weeks of pregnancy for neural tube defects (NTDs) at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, by maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurement; a take-up of 72 per cent. Seventeen out of 18 (94 per cent) patients with open NTD pregnancies (9 out of 9 with anencephaly and 8 out of 9 with open spina bifida) had positive screening tests, and all except one were offered and accepted a termination of pregnancy. Two hundred and forty-five (3.8 per cent) patients with unaffected pregnancies also had positive screening tests, although only 1.4 per cent had an amniocentesis. Following ultrasonography, about 50 per cent of patients with unaffected pregnancies with positive screening tests were not offered an amniocentesis because they had a multiple pregnancy or their gestational age had been underestimated. The odds of having a fetus with an NTD among the women who had an amniocentesis was about 1 to 6 (1 to 11 for open spina bifida alone). Two apparently normal pregnancies were terminated. A survey of the acceptability of the screening programme among a consecutive sample of 73 patients who knew that they had a positive screening test revealed that all except one had no objection to screening in general, and 68 (93 per cent) wanted to be tested again in a future pregnancy. The approximate direct cost of the programme was 2 pounds to 3 pounds per patient screened, or about 1000 pounds per NTD detected (about 2200 pounds per open spina bifida detected).", "PMID": 85462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9895", "title": "Clinical dilemmas arising from the antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "Eight case histories are presented which demonstrate clinical problems associated with the antenatal screening for and diagnosis of neural tube defects. It is suggested how some of these problems might be avoided in future.", "contents": "Clinical dilemmas arising from the antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Eight case histories are presented which demonstrate clinical problems associated with the antenatal screening for and diagnosis of neural tube defects. It is suggested how some of these problems might be avoided in future.", "PMID": 85463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9896", "title": "Evidence for two forms of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in Visna virus.", "content": "The visna viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase has been resolved into two forms by affinity chromatography. Glycerine gradient centrifugation of the two forms showed that one form sedimented at 6.9 S corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 135 000 and the other at 6.3 S corresponding to 118 000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the two forms indicated that the 6.9 S enzyme is composed of 2 molecules of 68 000 mol. wt. chain and the 6.3 S is a single chain enzyme. The latter form has been identified as a glycoprotein. The 6.9 S form can be completely inactivated in 20 min at 45 degrees C, prefers poly(rC) over poly(rA) as template and has high efficiency in utilizing visna 70 S RNA as template. The 6.3 S form is stable at 45 degrees C, active with 70 S viral RNA as template, prefers poly(rA) over poly(rC), and requires higher concentration of Mn2+ (0.4 mM) for maximum activity than the 6.9 S form does (0.1 mM) with synthetic homopolymers as templates. However, both 6.9 S and 6.3 S forms prefer Mg2+ over Mn2+ regardless of the nature of the templates.", "contents": "Evidence for two forms of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in Visna virus. The visna viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase has been resolved into two forms by affinity chromatography. Glycerine gradient centrifugation of the two forms showed that one form sedimented at 6.9 S corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 135 000 and the other at 6.3 S corresponding to 118 000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the two forms indicated that the 6.9 S enzyme is composed of 2 molecules of 68 000 mol. wt. chain and the 6.3 S is a single chain enzyme. The latter form has been identified as a glycoprotein. The 6.9 S form can be completely inactivated in 20 min at 45 degrees C, prefers poly(rC) over poly(rA) as template and has high efficiency in utilizing visna 70 S RNA as template. The 6.3 S form is stable at 45 degrees C, active with 70 S viral RNA as template, prefers poly(rA) over poly(rC), and requires higher concentration of Mn2+ (0.4 mM) for maximum activity than the 6.9 S form does (0.1 mM) with synthetic homopolymers as templates. However, both 6.9 S and 6.3 S forms prefer Mg2+ over Mn2+ regardless of the nature of the templates.", "PMID": 85464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9897", "title": "The effect of alkaline earth cations on the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells treated with compound 48/80 and peptide 401.", "content": "1 Extracellular calcium ions have a dual effect on the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells treated with compound 48/80 and peptide 401. The release is either potentiated or inhibited according to the relative concentrations of ion and inducer.2 Strontium similarly potentiates the release produced by optimal concentrations of inducer but higher concentrations are required than in the case of calcium. Strontium is markedly less inhibitory than calcium.3 Mast cells may be depleted of intracellular calcium by incubation for short periods with the chelating agent, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). They thereby become unresponsive to compound 48/80 and peptide 401 unless calcium is reintroduced into the incubation medium. Strontium and barium, but not magnesium, will substitute for calcium in this system. Barium additionally produces a marked release of histamine even in the absence of inducer. Pretreatment with the ionophore A23187 similarly inhibits the subsequent response to peptide 401 in divalent cation-free medium. This inhibition is reversed on the reintroduction of calcium.4 Compound 48/80 and peptide 401 release histamine from mast cells incubated in isotonic sucrose in the complete absence of added metal ions. However, the corrected release under these conditions is potentiated by both mono and divalent cations.5 On the basis of these results, the possible mechanism of action of the basic releasing agents and their usefulness as models for studying histamine secretion is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of alkaline earth cations on the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells treated with compound 48/80 and peptide 401. 1 Extracellular calcium ions have a dual effect on the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells treated with compound 48/80 and peptide 401. The release is either potentiated or inhibited according to the relative concentrations of ion and inducer.2 Strontium similarly potentiates the release produced by optimal concentrations of inducer but higher concentrations are required than in the case of calcium. Strontium is markedly less inhibitory than calcium.3 Mast cells may be depleted of intracellular calcium by incubation for short periods with the chelating agent, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). They thereby become unresponsive to compound 48/80 and peptide 401 unless calcium is reintroduced into the incubation medium. Strontium and barium, but not magnesium, will substitute for calcium in this system. Barium additionally produces a marked release of histamine even in the absence of inducer. Pretreatment with the ionophore A23187 similarly inhibits the subsequent response to peptide 401 in divalent cation-free medium. This inhibition is reversed on the reintroduction of calcium.4 Compound 48/80 and peptide 401 release histamine from mast cells incubated in isotonic sucrose in the complete absence of added metal ions. However, the corrected release under these conditions is potentiated by both mono and divalent cations.5 On the basis of these results, the possible mechanism of action of the basic releasing agents and their usefulness as models for studying histamine secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 85466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9898", "title": "Dorsal column nuclei and ascending spinal afferents in macaques.", "content": "Cell populations and thalamic projections of the dorsal column nuclei in macaques have been investigated in the medullae of normal animals and of animals with injections of horseradish peroxidase in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis. In the same species, the course, distribution and origin of ascending non-primary pathways to the dorsal column nuclei have been demonstrated with the aid of degeneration methods, 3H-amino acid autoradiography and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Non-primary afferents to the gracile and cuneate nuclei ascend mainly in the dorsal columns and, to a lesser extent, in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. Afferents originating from lumbar segments and ascending in the lateral funiculus terminate mainly in the rostral part of the gracile nucleus while those ascending in the dorsal columns distribute throughout most of the rostrocaudal extent of the same nucleus. Afferents from brachial levels terminate mainly in the cuneate nucleus and in the external cuneate nucleus. Degeneration and autoradiographic material concurrently demonstrate that non-primary afferents to the cuneate nucleus terminate preferentially within certain cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of this nucleus. Ascending spinal afferents to the dorsal column nuclei originate mainly from the ipsilateral dorsal horn, particularly from its medial part at upper cervical levels and from a band of gray, throughout the cord, largely corresponding to lamina IV and adjacent laminae. Large neurons along the lateral border of the ventral horn at lumbar levels may also contribute non-primary afferents to the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei. These anatomical results provide some cues to a revised view of the organization of the dorsal column nuclei in monkeys and, taken together with recent electrophysiological and clinical data, contribute to a re-evaluation of some functional aspects of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system of primates.", "contents": "Dorsal column nuclei and ascending spinal afferents in macaques. Cell populations and thalamic projections of the dorsal column nuclei in macaques have been investigated in the medullae of normal animals and of animals with injections of horseradish peroxidase in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis. In the same species, the course, distribution and origin of ascending non-primary pathways to the dorsal column nuclei have been demonstrated with the aid of degeneration methods, 3H-amino acid autoradiography and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Non-primary afferents to the gracile and cuneate nuclei ascend mainly in the dorsal columns and, to a lesser extent, in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. Afferents originating from lumbar segments and ascending in the lateral funiculus terminate mainly in the rostral part of the gracile nucleus while those ascending in the dorsal columns distribute throughout most of the rostrocaudal extent of the same nucleus. Afferents from brachial levels terminate mainly in the cuneate nucleus and in the external cuneate nucleus. Degeneration and autoradiographic material concurrently demonstrate that non-primary afferents to the cuneate nucleus terminate preferentially within certain cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of this nucleus. Ascending spinal afferents to the dorsal column nuclei originate mainly from the ipsilateral dorsal horn, particularly from its medial part at upper cervical levels and from a band of gray, throughout the cord, largely corresponding to lamina IV and adjacent laminae. Large neurons along the lateral border of the ventral horn at lumbar levels may also contribute non-primary afferents to the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei. These anatomical results provide some cues to a revised view of the organization of the dorsal column nuclei in monkeys and, taken together with recent electrophysiological and clinical data, contribute to a re-evaluation of some functional aspects of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system of primates.", "PMID": 85470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9899", "title": "A study of the morphology of the large reticulospinal neurons of the lamprey ammocoete by intracellular injection of Procion yellow.", "content": "47 reticulospinal neurons of the lamprey brain-stem were stained by intracellular injection of Procion yellow, so that their morphology and dendro-architecture could be determined. The vagal, bulbar, Mauthner, isthmic and mesencephalic groups could be distinguished by the shape and size of their somata and the distribution of their dendrites. However, they shared the following features: the somata of all these cells were relatively large (up to 80 micrometer largest diameter); the dendrites were extensively distributed in the brain-stem in an open-field arrangement; the initial segment expanded abruptly at the soma junction but tapered gradually to form a narrow axon, which joined the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the brain-stem.", "contents": "A study of the morphology of the large reticulospinal neurons of the lamprey ammocoete by intracellular injection of Procion yellow. 47 reticulospinal neurons of the lamprey brain-stem were stained by intracellular injection of Procion yellow, so that their morphology and dendro-architecture could be determined. The vagal, bulbar, Mauthner, isthmic and mesencephalic groups could be distinguished by the shape and size of their somata and the distribution of their dendrites. However, they shared the following features: the somata of all these cells were relatively large (up to 80 micrometer largest diameter); the dendrites were extensively distributed in the brain-stem in an open-field arrangement; the initial segment expanded abruptly at the soma junction but tapered gradually to form a narrow axon, which joined the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the brain-stem.", "PMID": 85471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9900", "title": "Nerve growth factor action on 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in dorsal root ganglionic dissociates from chick embryo.", "content": "Dorsal root ganglionic cells, when incubated in vitro in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF), undergo a general metabolic degeneration which is preceded by loss of certain permeation properties. To determine in which ways an absence of NGF can also affect the capacity of these cells to take up an important energy source, namely glucose, experiments were carried out in which cells were incubated with or without NGF for varying times, and then presented with the factor and tested for the ability to take up 3H-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose. As with exogenous uridine, hexose transport in DRG cells was reduced by NGF deprivation and restored by delayed NGF administration (up to 6 h). Both the initial rate and equilibrium level were affected in an NGF dose-dependent fashion. Calculation of apparent Kt and V max in NGF-deprived and NGF-supported cells showed about two-fold differences between NGF-controlled and NGF-independent hexose transports, suggesting corresponding differences between NGF-dependent and other ganglionic cells. Restoration of hexose transport by delayed NGF administration took place within minutes of presentation of the factor. The delay before onset of restoration and the speed with which restoration was achieved have been found also to be dependent on the NGF concentration, suggesting that they reflect equilibration kinetics between NGF and its binding sites rather then the development of the response within cells. Thus, NGF can rapidly modulate permeation properties which regulate the availability of major energy substrates for the cell. This effect of NGF is discussed in the content of current views on the mode of action of the factor.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor action on 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in dorsal root ganglionic dissociates from chick embryo. Dorsal root ganglionic cells, when incubated in vitro in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF), undergo a general metabolic degeneration which is preceded by loss of certain permeation properties. To determine in which ways an absence of NGF can also affect the capacity of these cells to take up an important energy source, namely glucose, experiments were carried out in which cells were incubated with or without NGF for varying times, and then presented with the factor and tested for the ability to take up 3H-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose. As with exogenous uridine, hexose transport in DRG cells was reduced by NGF deprivation and restored by delayed NGF administration (up to 6 h). Both the initial rate and equilibrium level were affected in an NGF dose-dependent fashion. Calculation of apparent Kt and V max in NGF-deprived and NGF-supported cells showed about two-fold differences between NGF-controlled and NGF-independent hexose transports, suggesting corresponding differences between NGF-dependent and other ganglionic cells. Restoration of hexose transport by delayed NGF administration took place within minutes of presentation of the factor. The delay before onset of restoration and the speed with which restoration was achieved have been found also to be dependent on the NGF concentration, suggesting that they reflect equilibration kinetics between NGF and its binding sites rather then the development of the response within cells. Thus, NGF can rapidly modulate permeation properties which regulate the availability of major energy substrates for the cell. This effect of NGF is discussed in the content of current views on the mode of action of the factor.", "PMID": 85472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9901", "title": "Axonal transport of taurine along neonatal and young adult rat optic axons.", "content": "Studies in this laboratory have indicated that taurine is axonally transported along goldfish optic nerves. In the present experiments the axonal transport of taurine was examined in neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. [35S]taurine was injected into the vitreous humor of right eyes of developing (1--15-day-old) or young adult (40-day-old) rats. At various times after injection ranging from 3 h to 7 days, right retinae and left and right geniculates were removed and assayed for radioactivity, left minus right lateral geniculate (L-RLG) radioactivity being used as an index of axonally transported [35S]taurine. Results indicated that taurine was rapidly transported along both neonatal and young optic axons, in contrast to other amino acids (i.e., leucine and proline) which are not axonally transported in this system. Significant developmental variations were seen in both L-RLG and right retinal [35S]taurine activity 24 h after injection. The amounts of L-RLG [35S]taurine corrected for retinal ganglion cell uptake in animals injected at 1,4,7 and 11 days after birth (prior to and during the major period of synaptogenesis in the geniculates) were 4.5, 3.1, 2.3 and 2.6 times higher, respectively, than those in the young adults. In contrast, the amount of corrected L-RLG [35S]taurine in animals injected at 15 days after birth (after synaptogenesis) were not significantly different from that in the young adult.", "contents": "Axonal transport of taurine along neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Studies in this laboratory have indicated that taurine is axonally transported along goldfish optic nerves. In the present experiments the axonal transport of taurine was examined in neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. [35S]taurine was injected into the vitreous humor of right eyes of developing (1--15-day-old) or young adult (40-day-old) rats. At various times after injection ranging from 3 h to 7 days, right retinae and left and right geniculates were removed and assayed for radioactivity, left minus right lateral geniculate (L-RLG) radioactivity being used as an index of axonally transported [35S]taurine. Results indicated that taurine was rapidly transported along both neonatal and young optic axons, in contrast to other amino acids (i.e., leucine and proline) which are not axonally transported in this system. Significant developmental variations were seen in both L-RLG and right retinal [35S]taurine activity 24 h after injection. The amounts of L-RLG [35S]taurine corrected for retinal ganglion cell uptake in animals injected at 1,4,7 and 11 days after birth (prior to and during the major period of synaptogenesis in the geniculates) were 4.5, 3.1, 2.3 and 2.6 times higher, respectively, than those in the young adults. In contrast, the amount of corrected L-RLG [35S]taurine in animals injected at 15 days after birth (after synaptogenesis) were not significantly different from that in the young adult.", "PMID": 85473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9902", "title": "Radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.", "content": "Since 1965, 401 patients with prostate cancer have received intensive local pelvic radiation therapy at the Virginia Mason Medical Center. Two hundred seventy-seven of these patients were treated from 1965 through 1975, comprising the study group. Two hundred twenty-one of this series were in the Stage C category. The 36 Stage B cancers were either medically nonoperable, or advanced extent, or had high-grade histopathology. Ten patients each were in diffuse Stage A or Stage D groups, the latter receiving local palliative intensive treatment to the prostate area. The mean age of the patients was 67.6 years. The five year survival of the Stage C group was 57.7%.  There was no apparent influence on the survival of irradiated Stage C patients who received estrogen therapy. Current treatment techniques employ 10 megavolt photon beam with whole pelvic nodal fields and bilateral arc rotational boost fields. The incidence of reactions and complications is presented.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Since 1965, 401 patients with prostate cancer have received intensive local pelvic radiation therapy at the Virginia Mason Medical Center. Two hundred seventy-seven of these patients were treated from 1965 through 1975, comprising the study group. Two hundred twenty-one of this series were in the Stage C category. The 36 Stage B cancers were either medically nonoperable, or advanced extent, or had high-grade histopathology. Ten patients each were in diffuse Stage A or Stage D groups, the latter receiving local palliative intensive treatment to the prostate area. The mean age of the patients was 67.6 years. The five year survival of the Stage C group was 57.7%.  There was no apparent influence on the survival of irradiated Stage C patients who received estrogen therapy. Current treatment techniques employ 10 megavolt photon beam with whole pelvic nodal fields and bilateral arc rotational boost fields. The incidence of reactions and complications is presented.", "PMID": 85478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9903", "title": "Unusual sensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells to bleomycin.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from four patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT), an inherited disorder showing, among other features, radiosensitivity and a high frequency of cancers, were shown to be cytogenetically more sensitive to bleomycin than were lymphocytes from both normal individuals and a single patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. With cell survival techniques, a biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both normal and AT fibroblasts, although the AT cells showed a much lower survival. The increased sensitivity to bleomycin in AT cells might be expected since it is a radiomimetic drug, but more importantly the known action of bleomycin in producing DNA strand scission suggests that AT cells might be defective in rejoining a proportion of DNA strand breaks.", "contents": "Unusual sensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia cells to bleomycin. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from four patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT), an inherited disorder showing, among other features, radiosensitivity and a high frequency of cancers, were shown to be cytogenetically more sensitive to bleomycin than were lymphocytes from both normal individuals and a single patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. With cell survival techniques, a biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both normal and AT fibroblasts, although the AT cells showed a much lower survival. The increased sensitivity to bleomycin in AT cells might be expected since it is a radiomimetic drug, but more importantly the known action of bleomycin in producing DNA strand scission suggests that AT cells might be defective in rejoining a proportion of DNA strand breaks.", "PMID": 85479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9904", "title": "Preparation of permanent slides of intact soft-agar colony cultures of hematopoietic and tumor stem cells.", "content": "A simple technique is described for fixing colony-containing layers of soft agar and drying them onto microscopic slides. The method is extrapolated from techniques used in immunology for permanent preservation of immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoresis plates. Slides prepared in this fashion are eminently suitable for subsequent analysis with a variety of techniques including conventional Papanicolaou or other staining methods as well as histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and autoradiography. In addition to research applications, the technique may have diagnostic applications and should greatly enhance both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biology of hematopoietic and tumor colony formation.", "contents": "Preparation of permanent slides of intact soft-agar colony cultures of hematopoietic and tumor stem cells. A simple technique is described for fixing colony-containing layers of soft agar and drying them onto microscopic slides. The method is extrapolated from techniques used in immunology for permanent preservation of immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoresis plates. Slides prepared in this fashion are eminently suitable for subsequent analysis with a variety of techniques including conventional Papanicolaou or other staining methods as well as histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and autoradiography. In addition to research applications, the technique may have diagnostic applications and should greatly enhance both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biology of hematopoietic and tumor colony formation.", "PMID": 85480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9905", "title": "Silver staining of nucleolar granules in tumor cells.", "content": "With the aid of a simple silver-staining procedure, large numbers and unusual arrays of nucleolar argyrophilic granules were found in Novikoff hepatoma, KB, and HeLa cells. Some of these arrays consisted of linearly arranged discrete granules, and others were in two to three rows each containing three to five granules. Corresponding formations were not found in either the normal or regenerating liver nucleoli which contained an argyrophilic network in which the dark granules were apparently associated with the less dark argyrophilic fibrils of a reticulum. The nucleolar argyrophilic granules were readily identifiable in the separated daughter nuclei of the tumor cells in telophase, suggesting that the increased nucleolar activity of the G1 phase begins in these cells even before cell division has been completed.", "contents": "Silver staining of nucleolar granules in tumor cells. With the aid of a simple silver-staining procedure, large numbers and unusual arrays of nucleolar argyrophilic granules were found in Novikoff hepatoma, KB, and HeLa cells. Some of these arrays consisted of linearly arranged discrete granules, and others were in two to three rows each containing three to five granules. Corresponding formations were not found in either the normal or regenerating liver nucleoli which contained an argyrophilic network in which the dark granules were apparently associated with the less dark argyrophilic fibrils of a reticulum. The nucleolar argyrophilic granules were readily identifiable in the separated daughter nuclei of the tumor cells in telophase, suggesting that the increased nucleolar activity of the G1 phase begins in these cells even before cell division has been completed.", "PMID": 85481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9906", "title": "Antiproliferative effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate and related compounds in combination with adenosine deaminase inhibitors against mouse leukemia L1210/C2 cells in culture.", "content": "The antiproliferative activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate against a cultured line of mouse leukemia cells (L1210/C2) was enhanced by addition of either 2'-deoxycoformycin or erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine. The activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate, alone or in combination with either of the two inhibitors of adenosine deaminase, was comparable to that of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), apparently reflecting the rapid conversion of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate to ara-A by L1210/C2 cells. Several ara-A analogs were assayed for antiproliferative activity against L1210/C2 cells; of these, only 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate and 2'-deoxy-2'-amino-9-beta-D-arabinofuraosyladenine were active. Addition of 2'-deoxycoformycin to cell culture fluids enhanced the activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate suggesting conversion to an adenosine deaminase-sensitive intermediate, presumably ara-A.", "contents": "Antiproliferative effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate and related compounds in combination with adenosine deaminase inhibitors against mouse leukemia L1210/C2 cells in culture. The antiproliferative activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate against a cultured line of mouse leukemia cells (L1210/C2) was enhanced by addition of either 2'-deoxycoformycin or erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine. The activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate, alone or in combination with either of the two inhibitors of adenosine deaminase, was comparable to that of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), apparently reflecting the rapid conversion of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-monophosphate to ara-A by L1210/C2 cells. Several ara-A analogs were assayed for antiproliferative activity against L1210/C2 cells; of these, only 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate and 2'-deoxy-2'-amino-9-beta-D-arabinofuraosyladenine were active. Addition of 2'-deoxycoformycin to cell culture fluids enhanced the activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-O-methylphosphate suggesting conversion to an adenosine deaminase-sensitive intermediate, presumably ara-A.", "PMID": 85484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9907", "title": "Changes in peroxisomes in preneoplastic liver and hepatoma of mice induced by alpha-benzene hexachloride.", "content": "Peroxisomes in hepatomas and hyperplastic preneoplastic liver lesions induced in mice by 500 ppm alpha-benzene hexachloride were examined histochemically and electron microscopically. Although most of the hepatomas were well-differentiated tumors and contained a considerable number of peroxisomes, the tumor cells did not respond to ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate with proliferation of peroxisomes. At the 16th week of carcinogen feeding, hyperplastic nodules appeared and advanced to further stages. A majority of the nodules showed a considerable number of peroxisomes and the inductive proliferation of peroxisomes. Within the nodules, foci of proliferation of the cells that showed no inducibility of proliferation of peroxisomes appeared. These cells proliferated further, replacing the most part of the nodules, and with this process hepatomas appeared to have been formed. No abnormal matrical inclusions of peroxisomes were formed in the cells of hyperplastic nodules by ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate unlike in the case of rats.", "contents": "Changes in peroxisomes in preneoplastic liver and hepatoma of mice induced by alpha-benzene hexachloride. Peroxisomes in hepatomas and hyperplastic preneoplastic liver lesions induced in mice by 500 ppm alpha-benzene hexachloride were examined histochemically and electron microscopically. Although most of the hepatomas were well-differentiated tumors and contained a considerable number of peroxisomes, the tumor cells did not respond to ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate with proliferation of peroxisomes. At the 16th week of carcinogen feeding, hyperplastic nodules appeared and advanced to further stages. A majority of the nodules showed a considerable number of peroxisomes and the inductive proliferation of peroxisomes. Within the nodules, foci of proliferation of the cells that showed no inducibility of proliferation of peroxisomes appeared. These cells proliferated further, replacing the most part of the nodules, and with this process hepatomas appeared to have been formed. No abnormal matrical inclusions of peroxisomes were formed in the cells of hyperplastic nodules by ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate unlike in the case of rats.", "PMID": 85485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9908", "title": "Facilitated light microscopic cytochemical diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods are much more prominent and prevalent than rods visualized with a Romanovsky-type stain (Auer rods) in immature leukocytes of patients with active acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). They are readily observed with the light microscope in peripheral blood or marrow films of AML patients stained to show their peroxidatic activity. In many of these patients, Auer rods, which apparently constitute only a small subpopulation of the hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods, were detected with difficulty, if at all. The hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods were observed in 92% of 36 patients with active disease. They were never observed in leukocytes of patients with other hematopoietic disorders or of normal individuals. Thus, they facilitated the distinction of AML from acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia in blast crisis. They were absent in full clinical remission after chemotherapy and were greatly diminished in partial remission. They were present in disease relapse and reappeared in five patients who had been in full remission. These results suggest that these hydroperoxidase-positive enlarged particles are pathognomonic of AML and that monitoring them with the light microscope may aid in guiding its clinical management.", "contents": "Facilitated light microscopic cytochemical diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia. Hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods are much more prominent and prevalent than rods visualized with a Romanovsky-type stain (Auer rods) in immature leukocytes of patients with active acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). They are readily observed with the light microscope in peripheral blood or marrow films of AML patients stained to show their peroxidatic activity. In many of these patients, Auer rods, which apparently constitute only a small subpopulation of the hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods, were detected with difficulty, if at all. The hydroperoxidase-positive Phi bodies and rods were observed in 92% of 36 patients with active disease. They were never observed in leukocytes of patients with other hematopoietic disorders or of normal individuals. Thus, they facilitated the distinction of AML from acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia in blast crisis. They were absent in full clinical remission after chemotherapy and were greatly diminished in partial remission. They were present in disease relapse and reappeared in five patients who had been in full remission. These results suggest that these hydroperoxidase-positive enlarged particles are pathognomonic of AML and that monitoring them with the light microscope may aid in guiding its clinical management.", "PMID": 85486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9909", "title": "Specific cellular immune responses in patients with malignant gliomas.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition assay was used to measure cell-mediated immunity in 26 patients with malignant glial neoplasms and 41 control subjects. A significant inhibition of leukocyte adherence was observed in 21 of 26 (80%) glioma patients in the presence of a 3 M KCl extract of glioma tissue, as compared to that of normal brain extract. Among the control group, no significant difference in the percentage of nonadherent leukocytes was noted in the presence of either antigen. To study the specificity of the reaction, a 3 M KCl extract of meningioma, pituitary tumor, carcinomas of breast, and lung, melanoma, brain, and heart tissues were used as nonspecific antigens. Such studies revealed significantly lower values of nonadherent leukocytes. These data indicate that patients with malignant glial neoplasms manifest a cellular immune response to glioma-associated antigens which can be measured by the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay and that leukocyte adherence inhibition assay may render additional useful information in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of malignant glial neoplasms.", "contents": "Specific cellular immune responses in patients with malignant gliomas. The leukocyte adherence inhibition assay was used to measure cell-mediated immunity in 26 patients with malignant glial neoplasms and 41 control subjects. A significant inhibition of leukocyte adherence was observed in 21 of 26 (80%) glioma patients in the presence of a 3 M KCl extract of glioma tissue, as compared to that of normal brain extract. Among the control group, no significant difference in the percentage of nonadherent leukocytes was noted in the presence of either antigen. To study the specificity of the reaction, a 3 M KCl extract of meningioma, pituitary tumor, carcinomas of breast, and lung, melanoma, brain, and heart tissues were used as nonspecific antigens. Such studies revealed significantly lower values of nonadherent leukocytes. These data indicate that patients with malignant glial neoplasms manifest a cellular immune response to glioma-associated antigens which can be measured by the tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay and that leukocyte adherence inhibition assay may render additional useful information in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of malignant glial neoplasms.", "PMID": 85487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9910", "title": "Immunological analysis of A strain mice bearing the A-10 mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether antitumor antibodies are produced by A strain mice during the growth of a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma (A-10). The antibody response was monitored by a sensitive radioimmunoassay which can detect 1 ng of antibody. No evidence of a humoral antitumor response was observed in animals given i.p. or s.c. injections of A-10 ascites cells. Control experiments showed that a humoral response was detectable 1 week after the inoculation of an allogeneic tumor. Immunoglobulin binds nonspecifically to cells via an Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule, and this was seen with a tumor bearer serum pool and with immunoglobulin preparations eluted from A-10 ascites cells. No specific antitumor antibody was found in these sources. The A strain mice could not be immunized to reject a challenge of live A-10 cells with mitomycin C-treated A-10 cells, with neuraminidase-treated A-10 cells, or with A-10 membrane preparations. It was concluded that the A-10 tumor is not immunogenic in its host of origin.", "contents": "Immunological analysis of A strain mice bearing the A-10 mammary adenocarcinoma. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether antitumor antibodies are produced by A strain mice during the growth of a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma (A-10). The antibody response was monitored by a sensitive radioimmunoassay which can detect 1 ng of antibody. No evidence of a humoral antitumor response was observed in animals given i.p. or s.c. injections of A-10 ascites cells. Control experiments showed that a humoral response was detectable 1 week after the inoculation of an allogeneic tumor. Immunoglobulin binds nonspecifically to cells via an Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule, and this was seen with a tumor bearer serum pool and with immunoglobulin preparations eluted from A-10 ascites cells. No specific antitumor antibody was found in these sources. The A strain mice could not be immunized to reject a challenge of live A-10 cells with mitomycin C-treated A-10 cells, with neuraminidase-treated A-10 cells, or with A-10 membrane preparations. It was concluded that the A-10 tumor is not immunogenic in its host of origin.", "PMID": 85488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9911", "title": "Characterization of the carcinoembryonic antigen activity associated with cyst fluids of mucinous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma.", "content": "Cyst fluids from mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary show significant concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity. This CEA activity was compared to several colon CEA standards with respect to size, concanavalin A binding, and immunological activity. CEA activity in unfractionated ovarian cyst fluid was indistinguishable from CEA standards by gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cyst fluid CEA activity showed identity with various CEA standards by double immunodiffusion in agar gels and by radioimmune competition assay. Attempts to purify the cyst fluid CEA by perchloric acid extraction prior to gel filtration chromatography were unsuccessful. The yield of soluble CEA activity following perchloric acid extraction averaged 10%, and in one cyst fluid, qualitative changes were noted in the soluble antigenic activity. Ovarian cyst fluid CEA activity was bound by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and specifically eluted with competing monosaccharide. Lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography over Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 can be used to purify cyst fluid CEA from whole fluid or lyophilized and reconstituted samples.", "contents": "Characterization of the carcinoembryonic antigen activity associated with cyst fluids of mucinous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Cyst fluids from mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary show significant concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity. This CEA activity was compared to several colon CEA standards with respect to size, concanavalin A binding, and immunological activity. CEA activity in unfractionated ovarian cyst fluid was indistinguishable from CEA standards by gel filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cyst fluid CEA activity showed identity with various CEA standards by double immunodiffusion in agar gels and by radioimmune competition assay. Attempts to purify the cyst fluid CEA by perchloric acid extraction prior to gel filtration chromatography were unsuccessful. The yield of soluble CEA activity following perchloric acid extraction averaged 10%, and in one cyst fluid, qualitative changes were noted in the soluble antigenic activity. Ovarian cyst fluid CEA activity was bound by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and specifically eluted with competing monosaccharide. Lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography over Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 can be used to purify cyst fluid CEA from whole fluid or lyophilized and reconstituted samples.", "PMID": 85489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9912", "title": "Heterogeneity in cell-associated transformation-sensitive proteins antigenically related to fibronectin.", "content": "Antiserum to purified fibronectin has been used to investigate transformation-associated heterogeneity in surface components antigenically related to fibronectin. Examination of extracts from surface-labeled rat cells by gradient gel electrophoresis revealed in \"normal\" cells the presence of two species with approximate molecular weights of 250,000 and 230,000, which were decreased in wild-type transformed cells. Reaction with antifibronectin serum revealed the selective precipitation of the two transformation-sensitive surface components. A similar experiment with ts-NT3-KR that expresses a normal phenotype at 37 degrees and a transformed morphology at 33 degrees did not reveal a markedly altered surface labeling pattern at both temperatures. However, reaction with antifibronectin serum did show a weak but detectable recognition of a 230,000-dalton doublet in the cells grown at 37 degrees, and immune precipitation of components in the 100,000- and 60,000-dalton region in cells grown at 33 degrees. Experiments with normal mouse cells revealed a different ratio of two fibronectin-related external proteins with similar molecular weights to those seen in normal rat cells.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in cell-associated transformation-sensitive proteins antigenically related to fibronectin. Antiserum to purified fibronectin has been used to investigate transformation-associated heterogeneity in surface components antigenically related to fibronectin. Examination of extracts from surface-labeled rat cells by gradient gel electrophoresis revealed in \"normal\" cells the presence of two species with approximate molecular weights of 250,000 and 230,000, which were decreased in wild-type transformed cells. Reaction with antifibronectin serum revealed the selective precipitation of the two transformation-sensitive surface components. A similar experiment with ts-NT3-KR that expresses a normal phenotype at 37 degrees and a transformed morphology at 33 degrees did not reveal a markedly altered surface labeling pattern at both temperatures. However, reaction with antifibronectin serum did show a weak but detectable recognition of a 230,000-dalton doublet in the cells grown at 37 degrees, and immune precipitation of components in the 100,000- and 60,000-dalton region in cells grown at 33 degrees. Experiments with normal mouse cells revealed a different ratio of two fibronectin-related external proteins with similar molecular weights to those seen in normal rat cells.", "PMID": 85490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9913", "title": "Combined radiotherapy and multidrug chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: results of a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group pilot study.", "content": "Between February 1976 and June 1977, 15 patients with advanced inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered in a pilot study sponsored by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group using combined radiotherapy and multidrug chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and bleomycin (during radiotherapy) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and bleomycin (after radiotherapy). At the time of last followup or of death, the disease had been controlled at the primary site in eight of the 15 patients (53%), in the neck in 12 patients (80%), and in all sites in seven patients (47%). Followup time ranged from 2 to 24+ months with a median of 7 months. Acute toxic effects of the combined treatment, primarily enhanced radiation mucositis and infection, were severe, and three patients had fatal complications. Although the combination chemotherapy may have enhanced the tumor response to radiotherapy in some of these patients, treatment morbidity and complications were prohibitive for the treatment program to progress to a randomized trial.", "contents": "Combined radiotherapy and multidrug chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: results of a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group pilot study. Between February 1976 and June 1977, 15 patients with advanced inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered in a pilot study sponsored by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group using combined radiotherapy and multidrug chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and bleomycin (during radiotherapy) and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and bleomycin (after radiotherapy). At the time of last followup or of death, the disease had been controlled at the primary site in eight of the 15 patients (53%), in the neck in 12 patients (80%), and in all sites in seven patients (47%). Followup time ranged from 2 to 24+ months with a median of 7 months. Acute toxic effects of the combined treatment, primarily enhanced radiation mucositis and infection, were severe, and three patients had fatal complications. Although the combination chemotherapy may have enhanced the tumor response to radiotherapy in some of these patients, treatment morbidity and complications were prohibitive for the treatment program to progress to a randomized trial.", "PMID": 85493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9914", "title": "Absence of anthracycline-induced degradation of nuclear DNA in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.", "content": "The in vivo effects of anthracycline antibiotics on the integrity of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell DNA have been studied by sedimentation analysis of nuclear structures containing superhelical DNA in neutral sucrose gradients. These fast-sedimenting protein-DNA complexes may be released by gently lysing cells in solution containing non-ionic detergents and high NaCl concentrations (1.95 M). The supercoiled structure of DNA in these protein-DNA complexes is suggested by the characteristic sedimentation in the presence of intercalating agents. Apparently, no DNA damage could be detected in Ehrlich cells from 7-day-old tumours within 3 h after various doses of daunomycin (0.5--10 mg/kg of body wt.) were administered i.p. to mice. Sedimentation anomalies could not be observed even 15 or 30 h after administration of rtherapeutic doses of daunomycin or adriamycin. In contrast, at 30 min after administration to mice, therapeutic doses of bleomycin (2--8 mg/kg) caused extensive fragmentation of tumour cell DNA, which could be monitored as slowly sedimenting DNA structures (compared with the the control). Similarly, DNA damage could be induced by procarbazine at therapeutic doses. Exposure to bleomycin or procarbazine abolished the characteristic biphasic response to ethidium bromide. The absence of anthracycline-induced degradation of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell DNA is apparently in contrast with the DNA damage observed in L1210 tumour cells. These observations suggest that DNA damage is not a necessary condition for antitumour activity.", "contents": "Absence of anthracycline-induced degradation of nuclear DNA in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The in vivo effects of anthracycline antibiotics on the integrity of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell DNA have been studied by sedimentation analysis of nuclear structures containing superhelical DNA in neutral sucrose gradients. These fast-sedimenting protein-DNA complexes may be released by gently lysing cells in solution containing non-ionic detergents and high NaCl concentrations (1.95 M). The supercoiled structure of DNA in these protein-DNA complexes is suggested by the characteristic sedimentation in the presence of intercalating agents. Apparently, no DNA damage could be detected in Ehrlich cells from 7-day-old tumours within 3 h after various doses of daunomycin (0.5--10 mg/kg of body wt.) were administered i.p. to mice. Sedimentation anomalies could not be observed even 15 or 30 h after administration of rtherapeutic doses of daunomycin or adriamycin. In contrast, at 30 min after administration to mice, therapeutic doses of bleomycin (2--8 mg/kg) caused extensive fragmentation of tumour cell DNA, which could be monitored as slowly sedimenting DNA structures (compared with the the control). Similarly, DNA damage could be induced by procarbazine at therapeutic doses. Exposure to bleomycin or procarbazine abolished the characteristic biphasic response to ethidium bromide. The absence of anthracycline-induced degradation of Ehrlich ascites tumour cell DNA is apparently in contrast with the DNA damage observed in L1210 tumour cells. These observations suggest that DNA damage is not a necessary condition for antitumour activity.", "PMID": 85499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9915", "title": "An experimental study on the effect of plasma expanders on blood coagulability.", "content": "The effect of various plasma expanders on blood coagulation was studied using the thromboelastography (TEG). Solutions of 5, 10, 20, and 50% concentration of each expander (6% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl-starch (6% Hespander), 3% dextran-40, 6% high molecular weight hydroxyethyl-starch (6 HES), and 6% dextran-70) or solvent (lactated Ringer solution and normal saline) in blood were prepared and their coagulability was examined by TEG. In the low molecular weight plasma expanders (6% Hespander and 3% dextran-40), in general, the coagulability decreased when the concentration was increased. In the high molecular weight plasma expanders (6 HES and 6% dextran-70), the coagulability increased slightly at low and high concentrations and the coagulability was reduced. As a conclusion, at clinically used concentrations of less than 20% in blood, changes in the TEG of the plasma expanders are minimum and have no clinical significance.", "contents": "An experimental study on the effect of plasma expanders on blood coagulability. The effect of various plasma expanders on blood coagulation was studied using the thromboelastography (TEG). Solutions of 5, 10, 20, and 50% concentration of each expander (6% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl-starch (6% Hespander), 3% dextran-40, 6% high molecular weight hydroxyethyl-starch (6 HES), and 6% dextran-70) or solvent (lactated Ringer solution and normal saline) in blood were prepared and their coagulability was examined by TEG. In the low molecular weight plasma expanders (6% Hespander and 3% dextran-40), in general, the coagulability decreased when the concentration was increased. In the high molecular weight plasma expanders (6 HES and 6% dextran-70), the coagulability increased slightly at low and high concentrations and the coagulability was reduced. As a conclusion, at clinically used concentrations of less than 20% in blood, changes in the TEG of the plasma expanders are minimum and have no clinical significance.", "PMID": 85502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9916", "title": "Central serotonergic agents raise the repetitive extrasystole threshold of the vulnerable period of the canine ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Systemic administration of three central serotonergic agents, melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)-pyrazine (MK-212), produced significant increases in the threshold of the vulnerable period for repetitive electrical activity in the canine cardiac ventricle. MK-212 was effective despite bilateral vagotomy. The specific serotonin antagonist, metergoline, blocked the effect of MK-212 on the threshold. An increase in central serotonergic activity may inhibit the flow of arrhythmogenic sympathetic nerve traffic from the brain to the heart.", "contents": "Central serotonergic agents raise the repetitive extrasystole threshold of the vulnerable period of the canine ventricular myocardium. Systemic administration of three central serotonergic agents, melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)-pyrazine (MK-212), produced significant increases in the threshold of the vulnerable period for repetitive electrical activity in the canine cardiac ventricle. MK-212 was effective despite bilateral vagotomy. The specific serotonin antagonist, metergoline, blocked the effect of MK-212 on the threshold. An increase in central serotonergic activity may inhibit the flow of arrhythmogenic sympathetic nerve traffic from the brain to the heart.", "PMID": 85505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9917", "title": "Modulation of the properdin amplification loop in membranoproliferative and other forms of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The mean serum concentrations of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta1H globulin were measured in eighty-six sera (thirty-five membranoproliferative, thirteen membranous, thirty-one focal and seven minimal change) taken from seventy-five patients with histologically diagnosed glomerulonephritis. In none of the four groups of sera did the mean concentrations of both these proteins differ significantly from the mean levels in a group of fifty normal sera. However, in the membranoproliferative group, the mean level of C3bINA, but not beta1H, was significantly lower in the nephritic factor positive than in the nephritic factor negative group. When the eighty-six sera were considered together, serum concentrations of C3bINA and beta1H correlated with levels of C3, factor B, properdin and C4. When the membranoproliferative group was considered separately, C3bINA levels correlated with levels of C3, factor B, properdin and C4 and beta1H correlated with C3 and factor B, but not properdin or C4 in the nephritic factor negative group, but no such correlations were observed in the nephritic factor positive group. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of current thoughts on the mechanisms of modulation of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Modulation of the properdin amplification loop in membranoproliferative and other forms of glomerulonephritis. The mean serum concentrations of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta1H globulin were measured in eighty-six sera (thirty-five membranoproliferative, thirteen membranous, thirty-one focal and seven minimal change) taken from seventy-five patients with histologically diagnosed glomerulonephritis. In none of the four groups of sera did the mean concentrations of both these proteins differ significantly from the mean levels in a group of fifty normal sera. However, in the membranoproliferative group, the mean level of C3bINA, but not beta1H, was significantly lower in the nephritic factor positive than in the nephritic factor negative group. When the eighty-six sera were considered together, serum concentrations of C3bINA and beta1H correlated with levels of C3, factor B, properdin and C4. When the membranoproliferative group was considered separately, C3bINA levels correlated with levels of C3, factor B, properdin and C4 and beta1H correlated with C3 and factor B, but not properdin or C4 in the nephritic factor negative group, but no such correlations were observed in the nephritic factor positive group. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of current thoughts on the mechanisms of modulation of the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 85507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9918", "title": "Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis: a study of idiotypic determinants.", "content": "Studies have been made of the idiotypic determinants of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) antibodies using rabbit antisera to serum and spinal fluid fractions. Evidence is presented indicating that serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-measles antibodies, as judged by their idiotypes, differ in their relative concentrations in the two compartments. The results indicate that some of these antibody subpopulations originate within the CNS, while others are made largely or entirely outside. In addition to strong idiotypic specificity, a limited cross-idiotypic specificity relating antibodies from three out of fourteen SSPE patients has been identified. In the course of these studies, measles virus was found to agglutinate red cells coated with antibody fraction to high titres. This system has proved useful in demonstrating the competition between anti-idiotypic antibody and antigen for the combining sites of the measles antibody. Two anti-idiotypic antisera have also been obtained against the spinal fluid IgG of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The possible use of these marker reagnets as well as related methodologies in the search for the antigens involved in MS bands is discussed.", "contents": "Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis: a study of idiotypic determinants. Studies have been made of the idiotypic determinants of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) antibodies using rabbit antisera to serum and spinal fluid fractions. Evidence is presented indicating that serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-measles antibodies, as judged by their idiotypes, differ in their relative concentrations in the two compartments. The results indicate that some of these antibody subpopulations originate within the CNS, while others are made largely or entirely outside. In addition to strong idiotypic specificity, a limited cross-idiotypic specificity relating antibodies from three out of fourteen SSPE patients has been identified. In the course of these studies, measles virus was found to agglutinate red cells coated with antibody fraction to high titres. This system has proved useful in demonstrating the competition between anti-idiotypic antibody and antigen for the combining sites of the measles antibody. Two anti-idiotypic antisera have also been obtained against the spinal fluid IgG of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The possible use of these marker reagnets as well as related methodologies in the search for the antigens involved in MS bands is discussed.", "PMID": 85508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9919", "title": "Mercury poisoning from mercurochrome therapy of an infected omphalocele.", "content": "A neonate with an infected omphalocele was treated locally with merbromin (mercurochrome) for five days. Extensive skin peeling with bullous lesions, edema, and fever developed three days after mercurochrome therapy. The infant died on the ninth day. Autopsy revealed evidence of heavy metal poisoning of the kidney, excessive mercury levels in the blood, and in tissues of the brain, kidney, and liver.", "contents": "Mercury poisoning from mercurochrome therapy of an infected omphalocele. A neonate with an infected omphalocele was treated locally with merbromin (mercurochrome) for five days. Extensive skin peeling with bullous lesions, edema, and fever developed three days after mercurochrome therapy. The infant died on the ninth day. Autopsy revealed evidence of heavy metal poisoning of the kidney, excessive mercury levels in the blood, and in tissues of the brain, kidney, and liver.", "PMID": 85509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9920", "title": "The visualization of individual collagen molecules and aggregates in collagen solution: the effect of preparation and sampling techniques.", "content": "The use of electron microscopic observations to characterize the state of aggregation of collagen molecules in solution has been examined from the point of view that the observed structures must be compatible with the physical chemical properties of the solution. The common procedure of addition of droplets of a collagen solution to a grid followed by negative staining produces aggregates on the grid which could not have represented the aggregation state in solution. Closer representation of fibril diameters can be achieved by freeze cleave-etch methods. The best representation of the state of aggregation in collagen solutions can be achieved by use of a careful drop-washing procedure. This procedure, described in detail, permits correlation between intrinsic viscosity and electron microscopic observations.", "contents": "The visualization of individual collagen molecules and aggregates in collagen solution: the effect of preparation and sampling techniques. The use of electron microscopic observations to characterize the state of aggregation of collagen molecules in solution has been examined from the point of view that the observed structures must be compatible with the physical chemical properties of the solution. The common procedure of addition of droplets of a collagen solution to a grid followed by negative staining produces aggregates on the grid which could not have represented the aggregation state in solution. Closer representation of fibril diameters can be achieved by freeze cleave-etch methods. The best representation of the state of aggregation in collagen solutions can be achieved by use of a careful drop-washing procedure. This procedure, described in detail, permits correlation between intrinsic viscosity and electron microscopic observations.", "PMID": 85510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9921", "title": "Detection of heart rhythm disturbances in patients after myocardial infarction, and their prognostic value.", "content": "For one year 215 patients were followed up who had been taken into the register of patients with myocardial infarction and had survived three months after the incident. At intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months their electrocardiograms of various durations were recorded. Prolongation of the ECG tracing time eases the assessment of the frequencies and nature of heart rhythm disturbances in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Exercise test helps reveal more complicated types of ventricular extrasystoles better than one-hour recording of resting ECG does. Ventricular ectopic activity is more frequently found in patients with unequivocal ECG changes (p less than 0.025), in patients with enlarged heart volume (p less than 0.05), and in men vs. women (p less than 0.05). Presence of ventricular extrasystoles, especially of complicated ones (polytopic, couplets, early) enhances the risk of death of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Detection of heart rhythm disturbances in patients after myocardial infarction, and their prognostic value. For one year 215 patients were followed up who had been taken into the register of patients with myocardial infarction and had survived three months after the incident. At intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months their electrocardiograms of various durations were recorded. Prolongation of the ECG tracing time eases the assessment of the frequencies and nature of heart rhythm disturbances in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Exercise test helps reveal more complicated types of ventricular extrasystoles better than one-hour recording of resting ECG does. Ventricular ectopic activity is more frequently found in patients with unequivocal ECG changes (p less than 0.025), in patients with enlarged heart volume (p less than 0.05), and in men vs. women (p less than 0.05). Presence of ventricular extrasystoles, especially of complicated ones (polytopic, couplets, early) enhances the risk of death of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 85511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9922", "title": "Silver-stained structures in mammalian meiotic prophase.", "content": "Silver staining of mammalian spermatocytes revealed, in light microscopy, synaptonemal complex and structures within the sex vesicle. It is feasible to follow the chromosome pairing phenomenon from zygotene to pachytene by examining the behavior of synaptonemal complexes. Nucleolus organizer regions take heavy silver stain in pachytene but are no longer detectable in later stages of meiosis.", "contents": "Silver-stained structures in mammalian meiotic prophase. Silver staining of mammalian spermatocytes revealed, in light microscopy, synaptonemal complex and structures within the sex vesicle. It is feasible to follow the chromosome pairing phenomenon from zygotene to pachytene by examining the behavior of synaptonemal complexes. Nucleolus organizer regions take heavy silver stain in pachytene but are no longer detectable in later stages of meiosis.", "PMID": 85512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9923", "title": "Pattern of activity of nucleolus organizers during spermatogenesis in mammals as analyzed by silver-staining.", "content": "Silver-staining in the nuclei and chromosomes of spermatogenesis of four species of mammals (Man, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Cavia cobaya) was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. These species show a very similar pattern of activity of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) during the various stages of spermatogenesis. Silver precipitates are detectable in growing spermatogonia and up until the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase. During the meiotic metaphases I and II and during interkinesis silver-stainability disappears completely. A resumpton of silver-stainability occurs in round spermatids indicating a postmeiotic reactivation of NORs. This process does not persist beyond the early elongation phase. The quantitative determination of the silver-covered areas in relation to the total nuclear areas reveals minor differences between the species investigated with regard to the times and extents of maximum activation. The known localizations of the NORs in the karyotypes of the species investigated was confirmed using metaphase-preparations derived from somatic tissues.", "contents": "Pattern of activity of nucleolus organizers during spermatogenesis in mammals as analyzed by silver-staining. Silver-staining in the nuclei and chromosomes of spermatogenesis of four species of mammals (Man, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Cavia cobaya) was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. These species show a very similar pattern of activity of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) during the various stages of spermatogenesis. Silver precipitates are detectable in growing spermatogonia and up until the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase. During the meiotic metaphases I and II and during interkinesis silver-stainability disappears completely. A resumpton of silver-stainability occurs in round spermatids indicating a postmeiotic reactivation of NORs. This process does not persist beyond the early elongation phase. The quantitative determination of the silver-covered areas in relation to the total nuclear areas reveals minor differences between the species investigated with regard to the times and extents of maximum activation. The known localizations of the NORs in the karyotypes of the species investigated was confirmed using metaphase-preparations derived from somatic tissues.", "PMID": 85513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9924", "title": "Failure of endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B.", "content": "Emergency endoscopy was performed on two patients subsequently found to be hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Before their carrier state was determined, nine other patients underwent endoscopy using the same instruments, which had been routinely cleaned between procedures. These patients were all notified within five days of the incident, given standard gamma globulin, and prospectively followed for the development of hepatitis. After one of the endoscopes was gas sterilized, the next three patients undergoing endoscopy were also followed. One of the hepatitis B surface antigen carriers was positive for antibody to e antigen; the other carrier had neither e antigen nor antibody. None of these individuals developed signs or symptoms of hepatitis, abnormal serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase elevations, or serologic evidence of hepatitis B exposure. From these data, and other recorded experiences, it appears that routine cleansing of endoscopy equipment is sufficient in preventing the transmission of hepatitis B.", "contents": "Failure of endoscopic transmission of hepatitis B. Emergency endoscopy was performed on two patients subsequently found to be hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Before their carrier state was determined, nine other patients underwent endoscopy using the same instruments, which had been routinely cleaned between procedures. These patients were all notified within five days of the incident, given standard gamma globulin, and prospectively followed for the development of hepatitis. After one of the endoscopes was gas sterilized, the next three patients undergoing endoscopy were also followed. One of the hepatitis B surface antigen carriers was positive for antibody to e antigen; the other carrier had neither e antigen nor antibody. None of these individuals developed signs or symptoms of hepatitis, abnormal serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase elevations, or serologic evidence of hepatitis B exposure. From these data, and other recorded experiences, it appears that routine cleansing of endoscopy equipment is sufficient in preventing the transmission of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 85514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9925", "title": "Electroencephalography in brain edema (127 cases of brain tumor investigated by cranial computerized tomography).", "content": "Cranial computerized tomography (CCT) in permitting visualization of cerebral edema in live patients, allows for the first time valid studies concerning the role of reactional edema in the generation of EEG abnormalities related to expanding processes. The authors analyze the results of EEG and CCT in 127 patients presenting cerebral tumor(s), 84 of which were accompanied by reactional edema. The study leads to the conclusion (also demonstrated by certain animal work) that edema per se is only rarely responsible (9.5%) for the EEG abnormalities.", "contents": "Electroencephalography in brain edema (127 cases of brain tumor investigated by cranial computerized tomography). Cranial computerized tomography (CCT) in permitting visualization of cerebral edema in live patients, allows for the first time valid studies concerning the role of reactional edema in the generation of EEG abnormalities related to expanding processes. The authors analyze the results of EEG and CCT in 127 patients presenting cerebral tumor(s), 84 of which were accompanied by reactional edema. The study leads to the conclusion (also demonstrated by certain animal work) that edema per se is only rarely responsible (9.5%) for the EEG abnormalities.", "PMID": 85519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9926", "title": "Electroencephalographic cranial computerized tomographic correlations in brain abscess.", "content": "The authors studied 19 cases of brain abscess. The investigation included one or more EEG records from 13 patients and one or more cranial computerized tomograms in all cases. In this work the two techniques were associated to establish the diagnosis of cerebral abscess. The EEG is almost always abnormal and pronounced EEG disturbances are, in most cases, sufficient for indicating a diagnosis of a space-occupying process. On the other hand, EEG patterns suggestive of brain abscess were detected in only 38% of the patients. In brain abscess, CCT is of considerable value since the existence of 'suppurative' images was demonstrated in all cases and of these, 70% were characteristic. The association of these two techniques is thus extremely useful in the diagnosis of cerebral abscess, to follow its evolution and to detect postoperative relapse or to evaluate the efficiency of medical management alone.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic cranial computerized tomographic correlations in brain abscess. The authors studied 19 cases of brain abscess. The investigation included one or more EEG records from 13 patients and one or more cranial computerized tomograms in all cases. In this work the two techniques were associated to establish the diagnosis of cerebral abscess. The EEG is almost always abnormal and pronounced EEG disturbances are, in most cases, sufficient for indicating a diagnosis of a space-occupying process. On the other hand, EEG patterns suggestive of brain abscess were detected in only 38% of the patients. In brain abscess, CCT is of considerable value since the existence of 'suppurative' images was demonstrated in all cases and of these, 70% were characteristic. The association of these two techniques is thus extremely useful in the diagnosis of cerebral abscess, to follow its evolution and to detect postoperative relapse or to evaluate the efficiency of medical management alone.", "PMID": 85520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9927", "title": "Effects of changes in cortical excitability upon the epileptic bursts in generalized penicillin epilepsy of the cat.", "content": "Previous studies had suggested that the epileptic bursts of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy represent the response of hyperexcitable cortex to thalamocortical volleys normally evoking spindles. If this were the case, it should be possible to convert the epileptic bursts of generalized penicillin epilepsy into spindles by decreasing the excitability of cortical neurons. In cats exhibiting the EEG signs of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy cortical excitability was decreased by hypoxia, by the topical application to the cortex of KCl (inducing spreading depression), barbiturates, GABA, AMP or noradrenaline. During generalized penicillin epilepsy, hypoxia and KCl-induced spreading depression abolished epileptic bursts which were replaced by spindles. When spindles and epileptic complexes occurring in the same animal were compared, a direct correlation between the frequencies of these two rhythms could be demonstrated, that of the epileptic complexes being about half that of the spindle waves. These observations support the hypothesis that the epileptic bursts of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy are induced by thalamocortical volleys normally involved in spindle genesis. Topical cortical applications of barbiturates, GABA, AMP and noradrenaline reduced or inverted the negative spikes of the spike and wave complexes, while augmenting the negative slow waves, or revealing them clearly in instances in which they had been poorly developed. This effect is interpreted as being due to a selective inactivation of the superficial cortical layers. That topical cortical application of barbiturates, GABA, AMP and noradrenaline was capable of transforming into typical spike and wave complex epileptic bursts, which had not previously conformed to this pattern, indicates that the intracortical electrophysiological events of typical and atypical epileptic bursts in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy are fundamentally the same and reflect an alternation between excitatory and inhibitory sequences.", "contents": "Effects of changes in cortical excitability upon the epileptic bursts in generalized penicillin epilepsy of the cat. Previous studies had suggested that the epileptic bursts of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy represent the response of hyperexcitable cortex to thalamocortical volleys normally evoking spindles. If this were the case, it should be possible to convert the epileptic bursts of generalized penicillin epilepsy into spindles by decreasing the excitability of cortical neurons. In cats exhibiting the EEG signs of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy cortical excitability was decreased by hypoxia, by the topical application to the cortex of KCl (inducing spreading depression), barbiturates, GABA, AMP or noradrenaline. During generalized penicillin epilepsy, hypoxia and KCl-induced spreading depression abolished epileptic bursts which were replaced by spindles. When spindles and epileptic complexes occurring in the same animal were compared, a direct correlation between the frequencies of these two rhythms could be demonstrated, that of the epileptic complexes being about half that of the spindle waves. These observations support the hypothesis that the epileptic bursts of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy are induced by thalamocortical volleys normally involved in spindle genesis. Topical cortical applications of barbiturates, GABA, AMP and noradrenaline reduced or inverted the negative spikes of the spike and wave complexes, while augmenting the negative slow waves, or revealing them clearly in instances in which they had been poorly developed. This effect is interpreted as being due to a selective inactivation of the superficial cortical layers. That topical cortical application of barbiturates, GABA, AMP and noradrenaline was capable of transforming into typical spike and wave complex epileptic bursts, which had not previously conformed to this pattern, indicates that the intracortical electrophysiological events of typical and atypical epileptic bursts in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy are fundamentally the same and reflect an alternation between excitatory and inhibitory sequences.", "PMID": 85521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9928", "title": "Petit mal and grand mal seizures produced by toluene or benzene intoxication in the cat.", "content": "Motor incoordination, euphoria and hallucinations are symptoms reported for humans voluntarily intoxicated by industrial solvents. An epileptic-like consciousness impairment has also been noted. The present paper describes a technique used for the experimental study of solvent intoxication in which toluene and benzene can be applied directly into the trachea of freely moving cats with chronically implanted electrodes. This technique permits the control of solvent dose and time of exposure. Results showed a 3 Hz spike-wave activity in the gyrus cinguli recording with both toluene or benzene intoxication. Furthermore, benzene inhalation produced generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These effects were dose-related. However, a sensitization period was essential for the development of such alterations, and effects showed a tendency to shortening through chronic exposures. These alterations were correlated with behavioral disturbances such as nodding, twitching and apparent hallucinations. Results are discussed regarding the sensitization period, the optimal peak of effects, and the period of tolerance development relevant to an earlier found amygdalar activation that could be correlated with other methods inducing experimental seizures, such as repetitive stimulation of the brain (kindling).", "contents": "Petit mal and grand mal seizures produced by toluene or benzene intoxication in the cat. Motor incoordination, euphoria and hallucinations are symptoms reported for humans voluntarily intoxicated by industrial solvents. An epileptic-like consciousness impairment has also been noted. The present paper describes a technique used for the experimental study of solvent intoxication in which toluene and benzene can be applied directly into the trachea of freely moving cats with chronically implanted electrodes. This technique permits the control of solvent dose and time of exposure. Results showed a 3 Hz spike-wave activity in the gyrus cinguli recording with both toluene or benzene intoxication. Furthermore, benzene inhalation produced generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These effects were dose-related. However, a sensitization period was essential for the development of such alterations, and effects showed a tendency to shortening through chronic exposures. These alterations were correlated with behavioral disturbances such as nodding, twitching and apparent hallucinations. Results are discussed regarding the sensitization period, the optimal peak of effects, and the period of tolerance development relevant to an earlier found amygdalar activation that could be correlated with other methods inducing experimental seizures, such as repetitive stimulation of the brain (kindling).", "PMID": 85522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9929", "title": "Fast somato-parietal rhythms during combined focal attention and immobility in baboon and squirrel monkey.", "content": "In the monkey (baboon or squirrel monkey) displaying a high level of vigilance, a particular type of spontaneous ECoG rhythm develops when the subject is motionless and fixes its attention on a visual target in its surroundings. This activity, whose frequency averages around 18 c/sec, is distributed over two restricted cortical foci, one over the SI hand area (Brodmann's fields 1 and 2) and the other over the posterior parietal cortex (area 5). These rhythms are blocked by the least body movement (but not by eye movements). In view of their location and reactivity, the rolandic portion of these rhythms belongs to the 'mu' type as described in man. The suggestion is made that this synchronized activity favours the maintenance of immobility as well as the fixation of attention on a non-somaesthetic target by temporarily blocking both somaesthetic (in area SI) and somatopraxic integration (in area 5).", "contents": "Fast somato-parietal rhythms during combined focal attention and immobility in baboon and squirrel monkey. In the monkey (baboon or squirrel monkey) displaying a high level of vigilance, a particular type of spontaneous ECoG rhythm develops when the subject is motionless and fixes its attention on a visual target in its surroundings. This activity, whose frequency averages around 18 c/sec, is distributed over two restricted cortical foci, one over the SI hand area (Brodmann's fields 1 and 2) and the other over the posterior parietal cortex (area 5). These rhythms are blocked by the least body movement (but not by eye movements). In view of their location and reactivity, the rolandic portion of these rhythms belongs to the 'mu' type as described in man. The suggestion is made that this synchronized activity favours the maintenance of immobility as well as the fixation of attention on a non-somaesthetic target by temporarily blocking both somaesthetic (in area SI) and somatopraxic integration (in area 5).", "PMID": 85524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9930", "title": "Observations on the M-wave and the CNV in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "A typical CNV paradigm, with food as reward, evokes in the squirrel monkey's post-arcuate and post-central cortices both M-waves in response to the cues and what appears to be a CNV in the interstimulus interval. Both wave forms appear to be generated locally in cortex and to be more closely related temporally to the cues than to the animal's behavioral response. The CNV, like the M-wave, appears to reflect the animal's level of interest in obtaining the reward. It is smaller when the animal misses the cues than when he responds correctly. It decreases as food pellets are consumed. It varies with the level of interest of the animal in a particular type of food pellet, as judged from the animal's behavior. At some recording sites in some animals it appears to reflect both interest in the reward and interest in manipulating the environment to obtain the reward. It can be maintained for at least 2 sec, but differs from the human CNV in that, with the paradigm used, it is not well resolved by the imperative cue. Averaging evoked activity with the animal's motor response as reference point reveals another negative wave form which just precedes the motor response.", "contents": "Observations on the M-wave and the CNV in the squirrel monkey. A typical CNV paradigm, with food as reward, evokes in the squirrel monkey's post-arcuate and post-central cortices both M-waves in response to the cues and what appears to be a CNV in the interstimulus interval. Both wave forms appear to be generated locally in cortex and to be more closely related temporally to the cues than to the animal's behavioral response. The CNV, like the M-wave, appears to reflect the animal's level of interest in obtaining the reward. It is smaller when the animal misses the cues than when he responds correctly. It decreases as food pellets are consumed. It varies with the level of interest of the animal in a particular type of food pellet, as judged from the animal's behavior. At some recording sites in some animals it appears to reflect both interest in the reward and interest in manipulating the environment to obtain the reward. It can be maintained for at least 2 sec, but differs from the human CNV in that, with the paradigm used, it is not well resolved by the imperative cue. Averaging evoked activity with the animal's motor response as reference point reveals another negative wave form which just precedes the motor response.", "PMID": 85525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9931", "title": "Evidence on the periodic mechanism in herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "A case of herpes simplex encephalitis is described in which the EEG was recorded 5 times between the 5th day of illness and death on the 13th day. Repetitive discharges occurred at intervals of 3.5 or 2 sec; at first they were larger and earlier on the right side, finally on the left; on day 11 they could be earlier on either side and sometimes ceased briefly on either side. They were associated with jerks. It is argued that this periodicity cannot be explained by cortical isolation or a single pacemaker and hence favours a third possibility, a more or less diffuse disturbance of the time constant of excitability at the cellular level.", "contents": "Evidence on the periodic mechanism in herpes simplex encephalitis. A case of herpes simplex encephalitis is described in which the EEG was recorded 5 times between the 5th day of illness and death on the 13th day. Repetitive discharges occurred at intervals of 3.5 or 2 sec; at first they were larger and earlier on the right side, finally on the left; on day 11 they could be earlier on either side and sometimes ceased briefly on either side. They were associated with jerks. It is argued that this periodicity cannot be explained by cortical isolation or a single pacemaker and hence favours a third possibility, a more or less diffuse disturbance of the time constant of excitability at the cellular level.", "PMID": 85527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9932", "title": "Nerve conduction velocity and refractory period as parameters of neurotoxicity.", "content": "The maximum conduction velocity (MCV) and minimum refractory period (MRP) were measured in rat sacral ventral and dorsal roots, and saphenous nerves. At 32 degrees C values for MCV were 81.45, 73.96 and 49.12 m/sec for the ventral and dorsal roots, and saphenous nerves respectively, with corresponding temperature coefficients of 3.9, 3.25 and 2.14 m/sec/degrees C. Values of MRP at 32 degrees C for the 3 nerve preparations were 0.63, 0.52 and 0.47 msec, with an average temperature coefficient of 0.04 msec/degrees C at 32 degrees C.", "contents": "Nerve conduction velocity and refractory period as parameters of neurotoxicity. The maximum conduction velocity (MCV) and minimum refractory period (MRP) were measured in rat sacral ventral and dorsal roots, and saphenous nerves. At 32 degrees C values for MCV were 81.45, 73.96 and 49.12 m/sec for the ventral and dorsal roots, and saphenous nerves respectively, with corresponding temperature coefficients of 3.9, 3.25 and 2.14 m/sec/degrees C. Values of MRP at 32 degrees C for the 3 nerve preparations were 0.63, 0.52 and 0.47 msec, with an average temperature coefficient of 0.04 msec/degrees C at 32 degrees C.", "PMID": 85528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9933", "title": "The application of low-pass linear filters to evoked potential data: filtering without phase distortion.", "content": "A linear filter, whose weights are based on the binomial coefficients, is described. It is shown that the phase distortion introduced by the filter is zero and the application of the filter to smoother EP records is illustrated.", "contents": "The application of low-pass linear filters to evoked potential data: filtering without phase distortion. A linear filter, whose weights are based on the binomial coefficients, is described. It is shown that the phase distortion introduced by the filter is zero and the application of the filter to smoother EP records is illustrated.", "PMID": 85529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9934", "title": "Interpositus and fastigial unit activity during sleep and waking in the cat.", "content": "Fine wire microelectrodes were used to record single unit activity from two of the intracerebellar nuclei, the interpositus and fastigius, during the sleep-waking cycle. The mean rates, interspike interval distributions and patterns of firing as revealed by autocorrelograms, were investigated. For each stage of the sleep-waking cycle and for as many units as possible the constancy of these measures was examined throughout several sleep cycles. Twenty-four interpositus units were recorded throughout at least one complete sleep-waking cycle. The firing rate of these units in paradoxical sleep without REM was equal to that in quiet wakefulness and greater than that occurring during slow wave sleep. The highest firing rates occurred during REM periods. Some interpositus units were found to have apparent eye movement related activity during REM periods but there was no correlation with waking eye movements. Eleven fastigial units were investigated throughout the sleep-waking cycle. At least half of these units were found to have rhythmic bursting activity during paradoxical sleep which did not appear to be tightly linked with REM periods. Fastigial and interpositus units were found to have slow shifts in their 'background' level of firing which occurred independently of the sleep-waking cycle. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the known inputs to the nuclei and in relation to previous studies on other groups of neurons during sleep and waking.", "contents": "Interpositus and fastigial unit activity during sleep and waking in the cat. Fine wire microelectrodes were used to record single unit activity from two of the intracerebellar nuclei, the interpositus and fastigius, during the sleep-waking cycle. The mean rates, interspike interval distributions and patterns of firing as revealed by autocorrelograms, were investigated. For each stage of the sleep-waking cycle and for as many units as possible the constancy of these measures was examined throughout several sleep cycles. Twenty-four interpositus units were recorded throughout at least one complete sleep-waking cycle. The firing rate of these units in paradoxical sleep without REM was equal to that in quiet wakefulness and greater than that occurring during slow wave sleep. The highest firing rates occurred during REM periods. Some interpositus units were found to have apparent eye movement related activity during REM periods but there was no correlation with waking eye movements. Eleven fastigial units were investigated throughout the sleep-waking cycle. At least half of these units were found to have rhythmic bursting activity during paradoxical sleep which did not appear to be tightly linked with REM periods. Fastigial and interpositus units were found to have slow shifts in their 'background' level of firing which occurred independently of the sleep-waking cycle. The results of these experiments are discussed in relation to the known inputs to the nuclei and in relation to previous studies on other groups of neurons during sleep and waking.", "PMID": 85532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9935", "title": "The significance of different sleep stages for the regulation of electrical brain activity in man.", "content": "In 9 patients with implanted electrodes, the relationships between 13 deep subcortical structures and the premotor cortex were considered during different sleep stages, using both neuronal activities and slow electrical processes (including scalp EEG). Changes occurred asynchronously with a relative independence between the various brain structures during slow sleep. On the other hand, during REM sleep, all parameters reveal a high degree of synchronization of the activities. It is suggested that during slow wave sleep each of the separate rhythms display their own regulation, while in paradoxical sleep, it is their inter-relationships which are mainly controlled. The REM stage probably has some other function, associated with the fact that a neuronal population which has taken no part in any activity during wakefulness now reacts.", "contents": "The significance of different sleep stages for the regulation of electrical brain activity in man. In 9 patients with implanted electrodes, the relationships between 13 deep subcortical structures and the premotor cortex were considered during different sleep stages, using both neuronal activities and slow electrical processes (including scalp EEG). Changes occurred asynchronously with a relative independence between the various brain structures during slow sleep. On the other hand, during REM sleep, all parameters reveal a high degree of synchronization of the activities. It is suggested that during slow wave sleep each of the separate rhythms display their own regulation, while in paradoxical sleep, it is their inter-relationships which are mainly controlled. The REM stage probably has some other function, associated with the fact that a neuronal population which has taken no part in any activity during wakefulness now reacts.", "PMID": 85533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9936", "title": "Automated detection of EEG artifacts during sleep: preprocessing for all-night spectral analysis.", "content": "This paper describes a simple artifact detection algorithm which can be used when large amounts of EEG data are to be automatically processed via spectral analysis techniques in a general purpose digital computer, and visual inspection of each EEG epoch becomes an impossible task. The technique is based on a chi-square (chi(2)) goodness-of-fit test to a Gaussian distribution (CSQ), and it was applied to EEG epochs each 30 sec long. This test proved to be very sensitive to non-stationarities in the EEG amplitude distribution for a particular epoch, and it produced a large value for the chi(2) coefficient when an artifact was present. EEG epochs that gave rise to chi(2) coefficients of value larger than a heuristically determined minimum were discarded from further analysis. The above technique enabled efficient data reduction and reliable automatic off-line processing of 50 nights of sleep EEG via spectral techniques.", "contents": "Automated detection of EEG artifacts during sleep: preprocessing for all-night spectral analysis. This paper describes a simple artifact detection algorithm which can be used when large amounts of EEG data are to be automatically processed via spectral analysis techniques in a general purpose digital computer, and visual inspection of each EEG epoch becomes an impossible task. The technique is based on a chi-square (chi(2)) goodness-of-fit test to a Gaussian distribution (CSQ), and it was applied to EEG epochs each 30 sec long. This test proved to be very sensitive to non-stationarities in the EEG amplitude distribution for a particular epoch, and it produced a large value for the chi(2) coefficient when an artifact was present. EEG epochs that gave rise to chi(2) coefficients of value larger than a heuristically determined minimum were discarded from further analysis. The above technique enabled efficient data reduction and reliable automatic off-line processing of 50 nights of sleep EEG via spectral techniques.", "PMID": 85534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9937", "title": "Role of the inferotemporal cortex in visual selective attention.", "content": "Electrocortical recordings were made from monkeys performing in a multidimensional visual task. Wave forms dependent on the stimulus presented (irrespective of task required) were recorded immediately following the stimulus primarily from electrodes implanted in the striate and prestriate cortex. Wave forms dependent on the panel pressed (irrespective of the stimulus or of the task) were recorded especially from motor and post-central cortex, and to a lesser extent in anterior frontal cortex, always just prior to or following the time of the response. Wave forms dependent on the task as determined by the reinforcing contingencies (but independent of the particular stimulus presented or the particular panel pressed) were recorded primarily from the inferior temporal cortex, and rarely from prestriate and anterior frontal cortex. While task-related wave forms began to appear shortly after stimulus presentation, they became especially apparent around the time of the response. This response-linking increased in prominence as the subject achieved 90% proficiency in each task, only to drop off with overtraining. Further, the task-related wave form does not change as rapidly as does overt behavior when the reinforcement contingency is shifted from one stimulus dimension to another. The relevance of these results to an understanding of the process of selective attention is discussed.", "contents": "Role of the inferotemporal cortex in visual selective attention. Electrocortical recordings were made from monkeys performing in a multidimensional visual task. Wave forms dependent on the stimulus presented (irrespective of task required) were recorded immediately following the stimulus primarily from electrodes implanted in the striate and prestriate cortex. Wave forms dependent on the panel pressed (irrespective of the stimulus or of the task) were recorded especially from motor and post-central cortex, and to a lesser extent in anterior frontal cortex, always just prior to or following the time of the response. Wave forms dependent on the task as determined by the reinforcing contingencies (but independent of the particular stimulus presented or the particular panel pressed) were recorded primarily from the inferior temporal cortex, and rarely from prestriate and anterior frontal cortex. While task-related wave forms began to appear shortly after stimulus presentation, they became especially apparent around the time of the response. This response-linking increased in prominence as the subject achieved 90% proficiency in each task, only to drop off with overtraining. Further, the task-related wave form does not change as rapidly as does overt behavior when the reinforcement contingency is shifted from one stimulus dimension to another. The relevance of these results to an understanding of the process of selective attention is discussed.", "PMID": 85535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9938", "title": "Responses of lateral preoptic neurons in the rat to hypertonic sucrose and NaCl.", "content": "Multiple-unit recordings were taken from the lateral preoptic region during a series of hypertonic and isotonic NaCl and sucrose intracarotid injections. Subjects were 11 hooded rats (8 males and 3 ovariectomized females) under urethane anesthesia. The data showed that under favorable cannulation conditions there were strong multiple-unit responses to hypertonic sucrose injections, and that under these conditions NaCl injections were not significantly more effective than sucrose injections. The possible bearing of these findings on hypotheses concerning central receptors for thirst is discussed.", "contents": "Responses of lateral preoptic neurons in the rat to hypertonic sucrose and NaCl. Multiple-unit recordings were taken from the lateral preoptic region during a series of hypertonic and isotonic NaCl and sucrose intracarotid injections. Subjects were 11 hooded rats (8 males and 3 ovariectomized females) under urethane anesthesia. The data showed that under favorable cannulation conditions there were strong multiple-unit responses to hypertonic sucrose injections, and that under these conditions NaCl injections were not significantly more effective than sucrose injections. The possible bearing of these findings on hypotheses concerning central receptors for thirst is discussed.", "PMID": 85536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9939", "title": "The polarity inversion of scalp potentials evoked by upper and lower half-field stimulus patterns: latency or surface distribution differences?", "content": "Evoked potentials to patterned stimulation of the upper and lower half of the visual field are generally inverted in polarity. Two conflicting proposals have been made to explain this effect, both based on surface distribution studies of pattern-reversal and/or pattern-onset VEPs. The first suggests that this polarity inversion is due to differences in surface distribution of corresponding components of constant latency; the second that it is due to differences in the latencies of peaks of similar surface distributions in the upper and lower half-field responses. Experimental evidence is here presented which supports the first explanation for the case of the pattern-onset VEPs. These results, which illustrate how different components in the same response can be identified from the selective adaptation effects of pre-exposure to outline patterns, show that there is no difference in latency of components of corresponding properties in the upper and lower half-field VEPs.", "contents": "The polarity inversion of scalp potentials evoked by upper and lower half-field stimulus patterns: latency or surface distribution differences? Evoked potentials to patterned stimulation of the upper and lower half of the visual field are generally inverted in polarity. Two conflicting proposals have been made to explain this effect, both based on surface distribution studies of pattern-reversal and/or pattern-onset VEPs. The first suggests that this polarity inversion is due to differences in surface distribution of corresponding components of constant latency; the second that it is due to differences in the latencies of peaks of similar surface distributions in the upper and lower half-field responses. Experimental evidence is here presented which supports the first explanation for the case of the pattern-onset VEPs. These results, which illustrate how different components in the same response can be identified from the selective adaptation effects of pre-exposure to outline patterns, show that there is no difference in latency of components of corresponding properties in the upper and lower half-field VEPs.", "PMID": 85537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9940", "title": "Cortical slow negative waves following non-paired stimuli: effects of modality, intensity and rate of stimulation.", "content": "Using a simple stimulus counting task, negative after-waves following single (unpaired) stimuli were investigated under a variety of stimulus conditions. Responses were obtained to tones at 3 intensities, to light flashes at 3 intensities, and to tones at 3 rates of presentation. The acoustic stimuli led to a negative after-wave that peaked at frontal sites around 500 or 600 msec, and then trailed off to a more central scalp representation. This negative after-wave was increased in amplitude by slowing the rate of stimulus presentation. In comparison, no appreciable or sustained after-wave was elicited by visual stimuli. No significant effects in the negative after-wave were associated with intensity, either for visual or for acoustic stimuli. When analyzed by Principal Components Analysis, the negative after-waves were shown to comprise in all cases two underlying factors, although the factors contributed less to the total wave form for visual stimuli than for acoustic stimuli. Two interpretations for the negative after-wave were contrasted, one considering it to be an integral feature of the auditory evoked potential. A second interpretation, more compatible with the data obtained here, links the negative after-wave with non-specific activation processes.", "contents": "Cortical slow negative waves following non-paired stimuli: effects of modality, intensity and rate of stimulation. Using a simple stimulus counting task, negative after-waves following single (unpaired) stimuli were investigated under a variety of stimulus conditions. Responses were obtained to tones at 3 intensities, to light flashes at 3 intensities, and to tones at 3 rates of presentation. The acoustic stimuli led to a negative after-wave that peaked at frontal sites around 500 or 600 msec, and then trailed off to a more central scalp representation. This negative after-wave was increased in amplitude by slowing the rate of stimulus presentation. In comparison, no appreciable or sustained after-wave was elicited by visual stimuli. No significant effects in the negative after-wave were associated with intensity, either for visual or for acoustic stimuli. When analyzed by Principal Components Analysis, the negative after-waves were shown to comprise in all cases two underlying factors, although the factors contributed less to the total wave form for visual stimuli than for acoustic stimuli. Two interpretations for the negative after-wave were contrasted, one considering it to be an integral feature of the auditory evoked potential. A second interpretation, more compatible with the data obtained here, links the negative after-wave with non-specific activation processes.", "PMID": 85538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9941", "title": "The human amygdala. I. Electrophysiological responses to odorants.", "content": "Nine patients had an amygdalotomy for attempted relief of intractable seizures and, as an aid for localization, recordings were made from the amygdala and later computer analyzed. The background activity is 3-18 c/sec; in response to odorants sinusoidal bursts are seen, synchronous with inspiration at 12-24 c/sec, but mainly 40-70 c/sec. Each odorant is associated with a given group of frequency components. However, for many different odorants the number of these components is restricted and the hypothesis is presented that odor discrimination in man's amygdala is not determined by which components are present, but the patterning of the components according to their amplitude. Odorants within the same odor class produced similar patterns of response. Epileptiform activity was recorded in two different forms, one in response to odors, similar in frequency to the slower bursts, except for sharper configurations, at times progressing to clinical seizures and the second as an insertion discharge from an advancing electrode, similar in frequency to the faster bursts. These latter data suggest that the repertoire of a given neural system or structure may be limited to specific frequencies but the configuration or patterning of these frequencies define the different states of the structure.", "contents": "The human amygdala. I. Electrophysiological responses to odorants. Nine patients had an amygdalotomy for attempted relief of intractable seizures and, as an aid for localization, recordings were made from the amygdala and later computer analyzed. The background activity is 3-18 c/sec; in response to odorants sinusoidal bursts are seen, synchronous with inspiration at 12-24 c/sec, but mainly 40-70 c/sec. Each odorant is associated with a given group of frequency components. However, for many different odorants the number of these components is restricted and the hypothesis is presented that odor discrimination in man's amygdala is not determined by which components are present, but the patterning of the components according to their amplitude. Odorants within the same odor class produced similar patterns of response. Epileptiform activity was recorded in two different forms, one in response to odors, similar in frequency to the slower bursts, except for sharper configurations, at times progressing to clinical seizures and the second as an insertion discharge from an advancing electrode, similar in frequency to the faster bursts. These latter data suggest that the repertoire of a given neural system or structure may be limited to specific frequencies but the configuration or patterning of these frequencies define the different states of the structure.", "PMID": 85539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9942", "title": "Differential changes of auditory nerve and brain stem short latency evoked potentials in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "Subcollicular, volume-conducted auditory evoked potentials were obtained from the C57BL/6 laboratory mouse. Barbiturate-induced, whole body hypothermia was associated with a latency increase; between 37 and 31 degrees C, these values were 0.28, 0.48, 0.88 and 0.88 msec for PI-IV, respectively. The amplitude of the auditory nerve potential elicited by a 100 dB click doubled in amplitude between 16 and 42 days post partum. A progressive latency decrease, from PI to PIV, was observed during this age span. Acoustic stress produced differential changes within peripheral and central amplitude and latency measures, and these parameters were also sensitive to the method used to reduce body movement during the recording session. These changes were consistent with anatomical and physiological data from the auditory brain stem of other mammals.", "contents": "Differential changes of auditory nerve and brain stem short latency evoked potentials in the laboratory mouse. Subcollicular, volume-conducted auditory evoked potentials were obtained from the C57BL/6 laboratory mouse. Barbiturate-induced, whole body hypothermia was associated with a latency increase; between 37 and 31 degrees C, these values were 0.28, 0.48, 0.88 and 0.88 msec for PI-IV, respectively. The amplitude of the auditory nerve potential elicited by a 100 dB click doubled in amplitude between 16 and 42 days post partum. A progressive latency decrease, from PI to PIV, was observed during this age span. Acoustic stress produced differential changes within peripheral and central amplitude and latency measures, and these parameters were also sensitive to the method used to reduce body movement during the recording session. These changes were consistent with anatomical and physiological data from the auditory brain stem of other mammals.", "PMID": 85541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9943", "title": "Quantified electrographic scales on 10 pre-term healthy newborns followed up to 40-43 weeks of conceptional age by serial polygraphic recordings.", "content": "Full-term newborns with seizures exhibit EEG patterns that appear reliable in predicting neurological outcome in almost 75% of the cases in a prospective investigation. These patterns are unreliable for over 25% of infants with seizures and even more so for term and pre-term babies with other complications. Observations that such newborns often show maturational delay in various physiological and/or behavioral parameters, raises the issue of whether indices other than specific EEG patterns might prove reliable in predicting prognosis. As a prerequisite for testing such an hypothesis in prospective investigations of term and pre-term babies with 'risk' factors other than seizures, it appears necessary to obtain quantification of these parameters in normals. Hence a longitudinal study was designed to obtain simultaneously 3 parameters in a control group of newborns born after 30-32 weeks of gestational age, followed with serial polygraphic recordings at weekly intervals until a conceptional age of 43 weeks. The selected parameters were purposefully restricted to three that can be obtained and measured easily in routine recordings without need for more complex instrumentation and analysis. These were: the percentage of interhemispheric synchrony between bursts of 'trace alternant'; the number of spindle-delta complexes ('brushes') during 5 min of REM and NREM sleep; and the concordance between various parameters during the same 5 min epochs. The range of these indices was thus established in a group of normal prematures followed prospectively. Establishing such normative data will allow greater inter-study reliability, and form the basis for other prospective studies of infants 'at risk' to investigate whether those that lag behind the norm in these indices when followed serially during the newborn period differ prognostically from those who recover and reach expected norms for conceptional age.", "contents": "Quantified electrographic scales on 10 pre-term healthy newborns followed up to 40-43 weeks of conceptional age by serial polygraphic recordings. Full-term newborns with seizures exhibit EEG patterns that appear reliable in predicting neurological outcome in almost 75% of the cases in a prospective investigation. These patterns are unreliable for over 25% of infants with seizures and even more so for term and pre-term babies with other complications. Observations that such newborns often show maturational delay in various physiological and/or behavioral parameters, raises the issue of whether indices other than specific EEG patterns might prove reliable in predicting prognosis. As a prerequisite for testing such an hypothesis in prospective investigations of term and pre-term babies with 'risk' factors other than seizures, it appears necessary to obtain quantification of these parameters in normals. Hence a longitudinal study was designed to obtain simultaneously 3 parameters in a control group of newborns born after 30-32 weeks of gestational age, followed with serial polygraphic recordings at weekly intervals until a conceptional age of 43 weeks. The selected parameters were purposefully restricted to three that can be obtained and measured easily in routine recordings without need for more complex instrumentation and analysis. These were: the percentage of interhemispheric synchrony between bursts of 'trace alternant'; the number of spindle-delta complexes ('brushes') during 5 min of REM and NREM sleep; and the concordance between various parameters during the same 5 min epochs. The range of these indices was thus established in a group of normal prematures followed prospectively. Establishing such normative data will allow greater inter-study reliability, and form the basis for other prospective studies of infants 'at risk' to investigate whether those that lag behind the norm in these indices when followed serially during the newborn period differ prognostically from those who recover and reach expected norms for conceptional age.", "PMID": 85542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9944", "title": "Evaluation of the Wiener filter applied to evoked EMG potentials.", "content": "The application of the Wiener filter to the estimation of responses evoked in the tonic EMG activity of tibialis anterior by cutaneous electrical stimulation of the foot is described. The effectiveness of the filter is assessed using both experimental and simulated data by computing the mean square error between the actual evoked potential and ensemble average and Wiener filter estimates of it. The Wiener filter is shown to provide a better estimate of the final response than simple ensemble averaging. The improvement is most marked in cases where the signal-to-noise ratio is small, but the Wiener filter estimate is always better than the ensemble average estimate. It is concluded that Wiener filtering significantly reduces the number of responses required to obtain a good estimate of the evoked potential in this experimental situation.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Wiener filter applied to evoked EMG potentials. The application of the Wiener filter to the estimation of responses evoked in the tonic EMG activity of tibialis anterior by cutaneous electrical stimulation of the foot is described. The effectiveness of the filter is assessed using both experimental and simulated data by computing the mean square error between the actual evoked potential and ensemble average and Wiener filter estimates of it. The Wiener filter is shown to provide a better estimate of the final response than simple ensemble averaging. The improvement is most marked in cases where the signal-to-noise ratio is small, but the Wiener filter estimate is always better than the ensemble average estimate. It is concluded that Wiener filtering significantly reduces the number of responses required to obtain a good estimate of the evoked potential in this experimental situation.", "PMID": 85543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9945", "title": "REM sleep episodes during the Multple Sleep Latency Test in narcoleptic patients.", "content": "Forty narcoleptic patients were given the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, consisting of 20 min opportunities to sleep offered at 10.00, 12.00, 14.00, 16.00 and 18.00 o'clock. Eleven patients had 2 episodes of REM sleep, 5 had 3, 11 had 4, and 13 had 5 before they were awakened. Fourteen control subjects given similar opportunities to sleep (reported in a companion article (Richardson et al. 1978)) had no REM sleep episodes. For the 10.00-18.00 o'clock opportunities respectively, there were 32, 29, 30, 28 and 27 REM sleep episodes. We conclude that this procedure can provide physicians with data useful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.", "contents": "REM sleep episodes during the Multple Sleep Latency Test in narcoleptic patients. Forty narcoleptic patients were given the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, consisting of 20 min opportunities to sleep offered at 10.00, 12.00, 14.00, 16.00 and 18.00 o'clock. Eleven patients had 2 episodes of REM sleep, 5 had 3, 11 had 4, and 13 had 5 before they were awakened. Fourteen control subjects given similar opportunities to sleep (reported in a companion article (Richardson et al. 1978)) had no REM sleep episodes. For the 10.00-18.00 o'clock opportunities respectively, there were 32, 29, 30, 28 and 27 REM sleep episodes. We conclude that this procedure can provide physicians with data useful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.", "PMID": 85544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9946", "title": "A technique for separating endogenous from exogenous human cortical potentials.", "content": "In a temporal discrimination paradigm, if signal duration is the stimulus dimension to be discriminated, the moment of subject's decision can be manipulated by varying the duration of the target stimulus. As stimulus duration is lengthened, task-contingent potentials related to the decision process can be separated from those evoked by stimulus onset. Analysis of individual evoked responses indicates that 3 task-contingent components, occurring at 220, 300 and 340 msec are precisely time-locked to the moment of decision.", "contents": "A technique for separating endogenous from exogenous human cortical potentials. In a temporal discrimination paradigm, if signal duration is the stimulus dimension to be discriminated, the moment of subject's decision can be manipulated by varying the duration of the target stimulus. As stimulus duration is lengthened, task-contingent potentials related to the decision process can be separated from those evoked by stimulus onset. Analysis of individual evoked responses indicates that 3 task-contingent components, occurring at 220, 300 and 340 msec are precisely time-locked to the moment of decision.", "PMID": 85545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9947", "title": "Immunochemical studies of guinea pig progesterone-binding plasma protein.", "content": "An antiserum specific for guinea pig progesterone-binding plasma protein (PBP) has been prepared. Using a very sensitive immunoenzymatic assay, PBP could be detected not only in pregnant guinea pig plasma (970 microgram/ml of plasma at day 40--60 of pregnancy), but also in the plasma of fetuses (2.77 micrograms/ml), umbilical arteries (1.79 micrograms/ml), umbilical vein (2.90 micrograms/ml), and in amniotic fluid (0.47 microgram/ml). The protein was also found in low concentration in the plasma of nonpregnant females (2.10 micrograms/ml) and males (1.56 micrograms/ml). The antiserum was used to search for immunological similarities between various steroid-binding proteins. No cross reaction was found with cavian or human corticosteroid-binding globulin and human sex steroid-binding plasma protein. There was no cross reaction between guinea pig PBP and PBP of other pregnant hystricomorphs (viscacha, degu, and coypu). Moreover, no evidence was found of an interaction between guinea pig uterine progesterone receptor and the anti-PBP antiserum.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of guinea pig progesterone-binding plasma protein. An antiserum specific for guinea pig progesterone-binding plasma protein (PBP) has been prepared. Using a very sensitive immunoenzymatic assay, PBP could be detected not only in pregnant guinea pig plasma (970 microgram/ml of plasma at day 40--60 of pregnancy), but also in the plasma of fetuses (2.77 micrograms/ml), umbilical arteries (1.79 micrograms/ml), umbilical vein (2.90 micrograms/ml), and in amniotic fluid (0.47 microgram/ml). The protein was also found in low concentration in the plasma of nonpregnant females (2.10 micrograms/ml) and males (1.56 micrograms/ml). The antiserum was used to search for immunological similarities between various steroid-binding proteins. No cross reaction was found with cavian or human corticosteroid-binding globulin and human sex steroid-binding plasma protein. There was no cross reaction between guinea pig PBP and PBP of other pregnant hystricomorphs (viscacha, degu, and coypu). Moreover, no evidence was found of an interaction between guinea pig uterine progesterone receptor and the anti-PBP antiserum.", "PMID": 85546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9948", "title": "Gonadotropin stimulation of porcine ovarian ornithine decarboxylase in vitro: the role of 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.", "content": "The role of cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin stimulation of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in granulosa cells isolated from small (1--2 mm) porcine ovarian follicles. These cells responded to both FSH and LH with significant increases in intracellular concentration of cAMP. At concentrations of gonadotropins which were saturating for the induction of ODC activity, FSH was a more potent stimulator of both cAMP production and ODC activity than LH. N,O'-Dibutyryl cAMP (1.0--10.0 mM) caused a dose-dependent stimulation of ODC activity which equaled the maximal effect of LH but was significantly less effective than the saturating dose of FSH. 8-Bromo-cAMP was more potent than N,O'-dibutyryl cAMP and as effective as FSH as an inducer of ODC activity. Addition of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, to the incubation medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of ODC activity in both control and gonadotropin-stimulated cells. In contrast, 1-methyl,3-isobutyl xanthine, another phosphodiesterase inhibitor, potentiated effects of both submaximal and maximal effective doses of gonadotropins while producing no effect on basal ODC activity of these cells. The results of this study are consistent with the concept that cAMP can mediate gonadotropin stimulation of ODC in porcine granulosa cells. In addition, this study shows the importance of proper selection of cAMP analogs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and their concentration in studying such effects.", "contents": "Gonadotropin stimulation of porcine ovarian ornithine decarboxylase in vitro: the role of 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. The role of cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin stimulation of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in granulosa cells isolated from small (1--2 mm) porcine ovarian follicles. These cells responded to both FSH and LH with significant increases in intracellular concentration of cAMP. At concentrations of gonadotropins which were saturating for the induction of ODC activity, FSH was a more potent stimulator of both cAMP production and ODC activity than LH. N,O'-Dibutyryl cAMP (1.0--10.0 mM) caused a dose-dependent stimulation of ODC activity which equaled the maximal effect of LH but was significantly less effective than the saturating dose of FSH. 8-Bromo-cAMP was more potent than N,O'-dibutyryl cAMP and as effective as FSH as an inducer of ODC activity. Addition of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, to the incubation medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of ODC activity in both control and gonadotropin-stimulated cells. In contrast, 1-methyl,3-isobutyl xanthine, another phosphodiesterase inhibitor, potentiated effects of both submaximal and maximal effective doses of gonadotropins while producing no effect on basal ODC activity of these cells. The results of this study are consistent with the concept that cAMP can mediate gonadotropin stimulation of ODC in porcine granulosa cells. In addition, this study shows the importance of proper selection of cAMP analogs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and their concentration in studying such effects.", "PMID": 85547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9949", "title": "Induction of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by disaggregation of the multicellular complexes of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "When the multicellular complexes (slugs) of Dictyostelium discoideum were disaggregated, the activity of phosphodiesterase for adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate increased. The increase occurred first with the enzyme in the particulate fraction of the cell. Cytoplasmic and extracellular phosphodiesterase, as well as the macromolecular inhibitor for this enzyme, also increased at later times. The increase in these activities was blocked by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis. This indicates that the increase is not due to the activation of the enzyme, but due to its synthesis de novo, and that the synthesis is induced at the transcriptional level by the loss of cell contact. In the case of cellular phosphodiesterase, inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide and emetine) not only blocked the increase, but also caused a decrease in activity. The mechanism of such decrease was further investigated.", "contents": "Induction of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by disaggregation of the multicellular complexes of Dictyostelium discoideum. When the multicellular complexes (slugs) of Dictyostelium discoideum were disaggregated, the activity of phosphodiesterase for adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate increased. The increase occurred first with the enzyme in the particulate fraction of the cell. Cytoplasmic and extracellular phosphodiesterase, as well as the macromolecular inhibitor for this enzyme, also increased at later times. The increase in these activities was blocked by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis. This indicates that the increase is not due to the activation of the enzyme, but due to its synthesis de novo, and that the synthesis is induced at the transcriptional level by the loss of cell contact. In the case of cellular phosphodiesterase, inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide and emetine) not only blocked the increase, but also caused a decrease in activity. The mechanism of such decrease was further investigated.", "PMID": 85551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9950", "title": "Effects of nicotine and hexamethonium on discharges in the stellate ganglion.", "content": "The effects of nicotine and hexamethonium on postganglionic discharges elicited by tetanic preganglionic stimulation or muscarinic agonists were observed on the isolated hamster stellate ganglion. The amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges from tetanic preganglionic stimulation in hexamethonium (10-3 M) were smaller than the amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges in nicotine (10-3 M). Also, hexamethonium decreased the amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges from repetitive stimulation in the presence of nicotine. The mechanism of these effects was explored. After application of nicotine for 30 min, the discharges from McN-A-343, a muscarinic agonist, were the same as before the nicotine. Hexamethonium did not reverse the block of the single evoked potential by nicotine. The potentials during a train in the presence of hexamethonium plus atropine were the same as the potentials during a train in the presence of nicotine plus atropine. Hexamethonium did depress the McN-A-343 discharges in the presence of nicotine and also in the control solution. These results indicate that hexamethonium has a direct depressant effect on the muscarinic synaptic membrane.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine and hexamethonium on discharges in the stellate ganglion. The effects of nicotine and hexamethonium on postganglionic discharges elicited by tetanic preganglionic stimulation or muscarinic agonists were observed on the isolated hamster stellate ganglion. The amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges from tetanic preganglionic stimulation in hexamethonium (10-3 M) were smaller than the amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges in nicotine (10-3 M). Also, hexamethonium decreased the amplitude and duration of the afterdischarges from repetitive stimulation in the presence of nicotine. The mechanism of these effects was explored. After application of nicotine for 30 min, the discharges from McN-A-343, a muscarinic agonist, were the same as before the nicotine. Hexamethonium did not reverse the block of the single evoked potential by nicotine. The potentials during a train in the presence of hexamethonium plus atropine were the same as the potentials during a train in the presence of nicotine plus atropine. Hexamethonium did depress the McN-A-343 discharges in the presence of nicotine and also in the control solution. These results indicate that hexamethonium has a direct depressant effect on the muscarinic synaptic membrane.", "PMID": 85553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9951", "title": "Internal synthesis of p23,30 by several lymphoid malignancies.", "content": "The aim of this study was to prove the internal synthesis of p23,30 antigen (HLA-D related determinant) on human leukemias and lymphomas on which it has been detected with complement-dependent cytotoxic assays. Murine Ia antigens similar to p23,30 antigen are found on many subsets of cells in the mouse (B lymphocytes, macrophages, allogeneically activated T lymphocytes) and on intercellularly transferred immunoregulatory molecules, which may be adsorbed to other cells. The question exists whether the p23,30 antigen, which occurs on a wide range of human leukemias, is internally synthesized by these tumors or, in some instances, is synthesized by normal lymphocytes and is adsorbed to the leukemic cells. The expression of p23,30 antigen on a limited series of human leukemias and lymphomas was detected by a complement dependent, cytotoxicity assay. The internal synthesis of p23,30 antigen and p44,12 (HLA-A and -B antigens and beta2-microglobulin) was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and these antigens from [35S]methionine labeled, detergent solubilized membranes of tumor cells. In each instance, the synthesis of p23,30 antigen by the malignant cells was confirmed. The distribution of p23,30 antigen (and 1a antigen) on subsets of normal cells and in immunoregulatory molecules was reviewed. In view of these findings, the role of p23,30 antigen in the diagnosis of subsets of human hematologic malignancies was reconsidered.", "contents": "Internal synthesis of p23,30 by several lymphoid malignancies. The aim of this study was to prove the internal synthesis of p23,30 antigen (HLA-D related determinant) on human leukemias and lymphomas on which it has been detected with complement-dependent cytotoxic assays. Murine Ia antigens similar to p23,30 antigen are found on many subsets of cells in the mouse (B lymphocytes, macrophages, allogeneically activated T lymphocytes) and on intercellularly transferred immunoregulatory molecules, which may be adsorbed to other cells. The question exists whether the p23,30 antigen, which occurs on a wide range of human leukemias, is internally synthesized by these tumors or, in some instances, is synthesized by normal lymphocytes and is adsorbed to the leukemic cells. The expression of p23,30 antigen on a limited series of human leukemias and lymphomas was detected by a complement dependent, cytotoxicity assay. The internal synthesis of p23,30 antigen and p44,12 (HLA-A and -B antigens and beta2-microglobulin) was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and these antigens from [35S]methionine labeled, detergent solubilized membranes of tumor cells. In each instance, the synthesis of p23,30 antigen by the malignant cells was confirmed. The distribution of p23,30 antigen (and 1a antigen) on subsets of normal cells and in immunoregulatory molecules was reviewed. In view of these findings, the role of p23,30 antigen in the diagnosis of subsets of human hematologic malignancies was reconsidered.", "PMID": 85554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9952", "title": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. V. Changes in the testes of Wistar rats after application of chlormadinone acetate and norethisterone acetate.", "content": "In growth inhibiting tests of rat testes the tubular diameter and, somewhat less sensitive, the nuclear volume of the Leydig cell follow the weight changes. Chlormadinone acetate shows antigonadotropic activity only at high doses and a dose-dependent antiandrogenic activity. The dose-weight curve under norethisterone acetate has a minimum at 4.2 mg/rat/14 days; higher doses seem to be accompanied by androgenic efficiency.", "contents": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. V. Changes in the testes of Wistar rats after application of chlormadinone acetate and norethisterone acetate. In growth inhibiting tests of rat testes the tubular diameter and, somewhat less sensitive, the nuclear volume of the Leydig cell follow the weight changes. Chlormadinone acetate shows antigonadotropic activity only at high doses and a dose-dependent antiandrogenic activity. The dose-weight curve under norethisterone acetate has a minimum at 4.2 mg/rat/14 days; higher doses seem to be accompanied by androgenic efficiency.", "PMID": 85556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9953", "title": "[A steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the determination of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) is known to change in various endocrinological environments such as estrogen administration, pregnancy and aging. Several methods, including dextran coated charcoal, equilibrium dialysis and ammonium sulfate precipitation, were used to measure the binding capacity of TeBG, but these were not simple and accurate. We therefore measured TeBG levels in human serum by means of a steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found that this method was simple and accurate for the determination of the binding capacity of TeBG. The value of TeBG in normal adults (27 approximately 32 years old) was 3.88 +/- 0.45 x 10(-8) Mol and in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy the value was high (5.49 +/- 1.35 x 10(-8) Mol compared to that of normal adults.", "contents": "[A steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the determination of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (author's transl)]. Testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) is known to change in various endocrinological environments such as estrogen administration, pregnancy and aging. Several methods, including dextran coated charcoal, equilibrium dialysis and ammonium sulfate precipitation, were used to measure the binding capacity of TeBG, but these were not simple and accurate. We therefore measured TeBG levels in human serum by means of a steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found that this method was simple and accurate for the determination of the binding capacity of TeBG. The value of TeBG in normal adults (27 approximately 32 years old) was 3.88 +/- 0.45 x 10(-8) Mol and in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy the value was high (5.49 +/- 1.35 x 10(-8) Mol compared to that of normal adults.", "PMID": 85559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9954", "title": "Failure of immune serum globulin to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers.", "content": "Twelve infants, born to mothers with hepatitis B virus infection, were inoculated within 7 days of birth with immune serum globulin containing antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titers of 1:32 to 1:64 as measured by passive hemagglutination. Six of nine infants (66.7%) born to HBsAg-positive carrier mothers became HBsAg-positive within 3 mo of age. In addition, two of three treated infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period also developed HBsAg. The hepatitis e antigen was detected in four of five carrier mothers and in two mothers with acute hepatitis, whose infants subsequently became HBsAg positive. In addition, hepatitis B-specific DNA polymerase activity was detected in the seven HBsAg-positive mothers who transmitted the virus to their infants. All eight infants have remained persistently HBsAg positive. Thus, the immune serum globulin containing low-titer antibody to HBsAg is not protective when given to infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers or to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period.", "contents": "Failure of immune serum globulin to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. Twelve infants, born to mothers with hepatitis B virus infection, were inoculated within 7 days of birth with immune serum globulin containing antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titers of 1:32 to 1:64 as measured by passive hemagglutination. Six of nine infants (66.7%) born to HBsAg-positive carrier mothers became HBsAg-positive within 3 mo of age. In addition, two of three treated infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period also developed HBsAg. The hepatitis e antigen was detected in four of five carrier mothers and in two mothers with acute hepatitis, whose infants subsequently became HBsAg positive. In addition, hepatitis B-specific DNA polymerase activity was detected in the seven HBsAg-positive mothers who transmitted the virus to their infants. All eight infants have remained persistently HBsAg positive. Thus, the immune serum globulin containing low-titer antibody to HBsAg is not protective when given to infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers or to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period.", "PMID": 85562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9955", "title": "[Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: facts and perspectives].", "content": "Previous classifications of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (nHL) are based on morphological and histological-cytological findings. The rapid development of immunology, the application of immunocytological, cytochemical and electromicroscopic methods led to new classifications of nHL based on immunology. They are founded on the idea that the prevailing cells of nHL correspond to a cell type from the differentiation line of lymphocytes. Thus, a distinction can be made between malignant lymphomas (ml) of stem, B and T-cells; the more frequently occurring lymphomas originating from B-cells are represented by chronic lymphatic leukaemia originating from B1-cells, by ml of follicular genesis (centrocytes, centroblastic-centrocytic ml, centroblasts) and by ml synthesizing and releasing immunoglobulins (immunocytoma, immunoblastoma). The type formerly called \"reticulosarcoma\" (histocytic ml) could be identified to be an immature, Ig synthesizing ml (immunoblastloma) in most cases. The new classification enables a more extensive differentiation and a better prognostic statement to be made than previous ones. The new units of disease can be diagnosed in most cases with light microscopic routine methods, although borderline cases and unclassifiable ml may occur.", "contents": "[Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: facts and perspectives]. Previous classifications of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (nHL) are based on morphological and histological-cytological findings. The rapid development of immunology, the application of immunocytological, cytochemical and electromicroscopic methods led to new classifications of nHL based on immunology. They are founded on the idea that the prevailing cells of nHL correspond to a cell type from the differentiation line of lymphocytes. Thus, a distinction can be made between malignant lymphomas (ml) of stem, B and T-cells; the more frequently occurring lymphomas originating from B-cells are represented by chronic lymphatic leukaemia originating from B1-cells, by ml of follicular genesis (centrocytes, centroblastic-centrocytic ml, centroblasts) and by ml synthesizing and releasing immunoglobulins (immunocytoma, immunoblastoma). The type formerly called \"reticulosarcoma\" (histocytic ml) could be identified to be an immature, Ig synthesizing ml (immunoblastloma) in most cases. The new classification enables a more extensive differentiation and a better prognostic statement to be made than previous ones. The new units of disease can be diagnosed in most cases with light microscopic routine methods, although borderline cases and unclassifiable ml may occur.", "PMID": 85568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9956", "title": "[Mitotic index in the bone marrow of children during the clinical course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)].", "content": "From 31 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the mitosis index in the bone-marrow was determined before the onset of therapy and during the clinical progress. Initially, the mean white mitosis index lay with 3.4% below that of the normal test persons, it rose significantly in the hematologic full remission and showed a decreasing tendency with a great range of dispersion in the recidive. The most lowered mitosis index was found in the final stage. Strong shifts in the kariologic distributions make a remaining in the prophase of the mitosis evident. The influence of polychemotherapy on the mitosis index and the phases of mitosis is discussed. Correlations between the mitosis index and clinical as well as paraclinical parameters were only to be found with respect to granulocytes and lymphoblasts. The considerable ranges of fluctuations of the mitosis index and the lack of congruity with the clinical progress of ALL allow no ensured assertions to be made for the single patient. It seems to be important in eosinophilia and in leukaemoid reactions.", "contents": "[Mitotic index in the bone marrow of children during the clinical course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)]. From 31 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the mitosis index in the bone-marrow was determined before the onset of therapy and during the clinical progress. Initially, the mean white mitosis index lay with 3.4% below that of the normal test persons, it rose significantly in the hematologic full remission and showed a decreasing tendency with a great range of dispersion in the recidive. The most lowered mitosis index was found in the final stage. Strong shifts in the kariologic distributions make a remaining in the prophase of the mitosis evident. The influence of polychemotherapy on the mitosis index and the phases of mitosis is discussed. Correlations between the mitosis index and clinical as well as paraclinical parameters were only to be found with respect to granulocytes and lymphoblasts. The considerable ranges of fluctuations of the mitosis index and the lack of congruity with the clinical progress of ALL allow no ensured assertions to be made for the single patient. It seems to be important in eosinophilia and in leukaemoid reactions.", "PMID": 85569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9957", "title": "[S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case report].", "content": "This paper describes a patient who exhibits all signs of S\u00e9zary-syndrome. During the 15 years of sickness, the patient has developed a generalised erythrodermia, skin infiltrations, hyperkeratosis on the palms and the foot soles, changes in pigmentation, and generalised swelling of the lymph nodes. Two modifications of S\u00e9zary's cells have been found in the peripheral blood and the specific skin infiltrations by both light and electron microscopy. The serum contains large amounts of a macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The illness does not respond to chemotherapy.", "contents": "[S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case report]. This paper describes a patient who exhibits all signs of S\u00e9zary-syndrome. During the 15 years of sickness, the patient has developed a generalised erythrodermia, skin infiltrations, hyperkeratosis on the palms and the foot soles, changes in pigmentation, and generalised swelling of the lymph nodes. Two modifications of S\u00e9zary's cells have been found in the peripheral blood and the specific skin infiltrations by both light and electron microscopy. The serum contains large amounts of a macrophage migration inhibitory factor. The illness does not respond to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 85570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9958", "title": "[Quantitative behavior of the B-lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood of children of different ages].", "content": "By means of a direct immunofluorescence technique the numbers of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were determined in healthy children of different age with anti-human IgG serum and anti-human globulin. Their small number in new borns and a marked increase in infancy were significant. In addition, the paper contains extensive methodical data.", "contents": "[Quantitative behavior of the B-lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood of children of different ages]. By means of a direct immunofluorescence technique the numbers of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were determined in healthy children of different age with anti-human IgG serum and anti-human globulin. Their small number in new borns and a marked increase in infancy were significant. In addition, the paper contains extensive methodical data.", "PMID": 85571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9959", "title": "Group systems of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Four group systems of serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Gm, Km) and five group systems of erythrocyte enzymes (AP, PGM1, GPT, AK, EsD) were determined in 63 patients with malignant lymphoma. Statistical analysis of the distribution of the above mentioned systems in patients and Polish population samples did not reveal any significant differences, which points to the lack of any correlation between the disease and the group systems under examination.", "contents": "Group systems of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in malignant lymphoma. Four group systems of serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Gm, Km) and five group systems of erythrocyte enzymes (AP, PGM1, GPT, AK, EsD) were determined in 63 patients with malignant lymphoma. Statistical analysis of the distribution of the above mentioned systems in patients and Polish population samples did not reveal any significant differences, which points to the lack of any correlation between the disease and the group systems under examination.", "PMID": 85572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9960", "title": "The lymphocyte cytochemical equipment and serum immunoglobulins in patients with precancerous states of the larynx.", "content": "In 24 men with precancerous states of the larynx, i.e. leukoplakia, papillomas and pachydermia, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were cytochemically stained for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and glycogen (PAS reaction). The results were expressed in terms of the absolute counts of enzyme- (or compound-) positive cells. The serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels were also determined by Mancini's method. The results obtained were compared with those in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. It was found that the patients exhibited elevated numbers of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase- and beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes. A characteristic feature was an increase in the absolute counts of lymphocytes with diffuse and granular-diffuse types of cytochemical reaction for all enzymes studied. The number of cells with the granular type of enzymatic reaction (intact enzyme-positive lysosomes) was significantly diminished. These cytochemical alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in the serum IgA level. These results are discussed with reference to the lymphoid system response to tissues with precancerous lesions of the larynx.", "contents": "The lymphocyte cytochemical equipment and serum immunoglobulins in patients with precancerous states of the larynx. In 24 men with precancerous states of the larynx, i.e. leukoplakia, papillomas and pachydermia, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were cytochemically stained for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and glycogen (PAS reaction). The results were expressed in terms of the absolute counts of enzyme- (or compound-) positive cells. The serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM levels were also determined by Mancini's method. The results obtained were compared with those in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years. It was found that the patients exhibited elevated numbers of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase- and beta-glucuronidase-positive lymphocytes. A characteristic feature was an increase in the absolute counts of lymphocytes with diffuse and granular-diffuse types of cytochemical reaction for all enzymes studied. The number of cells with the granular type of enzymatic reaction (intact enzyme-positive lysosomes) was significantly diminished. These cytochemical alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in the serum IgA level. These results are discussed with reference to the lymphoid system response to tissues with precancerous lesions of the larynx.", "PMID": 85573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9961", "title": "The cytochemistry of rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "The authors report on their investigations of the differentiation between neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the peripheral blood in healthy rabbits. By varying the pH-value and the incubation time it is possible to achieve a reliable differentiation between neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the rabbit by means of 6 different cytochemical methods which could only be made incompletely with the routine methods used up till now (Eosin-, Giemsa-, Wright's-colouring etc.). Moreover, monocytes and lymphocytes can also be identified reliably.", "contents": "The cytochemistry of rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes. The authors report on their investigations of the differentiation between neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the peripheral blood in healthy rabbits. By varying the pH-value and the incubation time it is possible to achieve a reliable differentiation between neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the rabbit by means of 6 different cytochemical methods which could only be made incompletely with the routine methods used up till now (Eosin-, Giemsa-, Wright's-colouring etc.). Moreover, monocytes and lymphocytes can also be identified reliably.", "PMID": 85574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9962", "title": "Role of L-thyroxine, hydrocortisone and progesterone in regulation of blood volume in a fresh-water air-breathing fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).", "content": "Effect of hormones on the blood volume of Clarias batrachus were ascertained and it was observed L-thyroxine and progesterone decrease, while hydrocortisone increases the total and relative blood volumes. The ratio of plasma to corpuscular volume is increased by the intraperitoneal injection of L-thyroxine, hydrocortisone and progesterone (higher dose only), thus indicating the regulation of blood volume under the complex control of homeostasis.", "contents": "Role of L-thyroxine, hydrocortisone and progesterone in regulation of blood volume in a fresh-water air-breathing fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Effect of hormones on the blood volume of Clarias batrachus were ascertained and it was observed L-thyroxine and progesterone decrease, while hydrocortisone increases the total and relative blood volumes. The ratio of plasma to corpuscular volume is increased by the intraperitoneal injection of L-thyroxine, hydrocortisone and progesterone (higher dose only), thus indicating the regulation of blood volume under the complex control of homeostasis.", "PMID": 85575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9963", "title": "Effect of hormones and pharmacological drugs on the blood of Anabas testudineus (Bloch).", "content": "Effect of different gonadal steroids, hydrocortisone, catecholamines and antithyroidal agent on certain haematological parameters in an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) commonly known as climbing perch, have been made. The treatment of hydrocortisone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and testosterone brings about a significant increase in RBC counts (polycythemia), Hb content and PCV values as compared to control which were subjected to the treatment of normal saline. Males were more susceptible to the treatment of hydrocortisone, catecholamines than females. Ovocyclin, Duogynon forte and Fertyl treatments bring about anaemia in this fish, i.e. a decrease in RBC number, Hb content and PCV was clearly marked out. Females were more susceptible to Fertyl than males. Lutocyclin failed to bring any significant changes in these blood parameters. Though the treatment of thiouracil could not bring about significant changes in different blood parameters, a tendency of increase in RBC counts, Hb content and PCV was observed. The absolute values for different blood parameters have also been calculated. Possible reason and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Effect of hormones and pharmacological drugs on the blood of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Effect of different gonadal steroids, hydrocortisone, catecholamines and antithyroidal agent on certain haematological parameters in an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) commonly known as climbing perch, have been made. The treatment of hydrocortisone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and testosterone brings about a significant increase in RBC counts (polycythemia), Hb content and PCV values as compared to control which were subjected to the treatment of normal saline. Males were more susceptible to the treatment of hydrocortisone, catecholamines than females. Ovocyclin, Duogynon forte and Fertyl treatments bring about anaemia in this fish, i.e. a decrease in RBC number, Hb content and PCV was clearly marked out. Females were more susceptible to Fertyl than males. Lutocyclin failed to bring any significant changes in these blood parameters. Though the treatment of thiouracil could not bring about significant changes in different blood parameters, a tendency of increase in RBC counts, Hb content and PCV was observed. The absolute values for different blood parameters have also been calculated. Possible reason and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 85576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9964", "title": "Glutaraldehyde mediated echinocyte/discocyte transformation is Ca2+ dependent.", "content": "Echinocytes, which were produced from freshly banked blood by repeated washes in phosphate buffered saline, undergo a transformation to the discoid shape within less than 30 seconds of incubation in isotonic 0.05% glutaraldehyde pH 7.4. This echinocyte/discocyte transformation is not associated with a change of cell volume or critical hemolysis volume although a slight decrease of cellular deformability and a 4-8 fold increase of K+ efflux within 1 hour after glutaraldehyde incubation provide evidence of the fixative's attack on the cell membrane. Trypsination prior to the incubation in isotonic glutaraldehyde could not inhibit the shape change. Hypertonic glutaraldehyde solutions partially prevent the E/D transformation with regard to both the osmolarity of the medium and the permeability of the cell membrane. The glutaraldehyde stimulated transformation is entirely inhibited in the presence of a chelating agent the efficiency of which is overcome by addition of a more-than-equivalent amount of Ca2+. The mutual action of either agent is discussed, however, the mechanism of the phenomenon remains unclear.", "contents": "Glutaraldehyde mediated echinocyte/discocyte transformation is Ca2+ dependent. Echinocytes, which were produced from freshly banked blood by repeated washes in phosphate buffered saline, undergo a transformation to the discoid shape within less than 30 seconds of incubation in isotonic 0.05% glutaraldehyde pH 7.4. This echinocyte/discocyte transformation is not associated with a change of cell volume or critical hemolysis volume although a slight decrease of cellular deformability and a 4-8 fold increase of K+ efflux within 1 hour after glutaraldehyde incubation provide evidence of the fixative's attack on the cell membrane. Trypsination prior to the incubation in isotonic glutaraldehyde could not inhibit the shape change. Hypertonic glutaraldehyde solutions partially prevent the E/D transformation with regard to both the osmolarity of the medium and the permeability of the cell membrane. The glutaraldehyde stimulated transformation is entirely inhibited in the presence of a chelating agent the efficiency of which is overcome by addition of a more-than-equivalent amount of Ca2+. The mutual action of either agent is discussed, however, the mechanism of the phenomenon remains unclear.", "PMID": 85577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9965", "title": "[Modification of sialic acid determination in erythrocytes].", "content": "Various chromophores impair the evaluation of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) of red blood cells by means of the thiobarbituric acid method according to WARREN. Therefore, a time consuming isolation of erythrocyte membranes is essential in order to avoid these shortcomings. The procedure was simplified by fixation with glutaraldehyde of washed red blood cells.", "contents": "[Modification of sialic acid determination in erythrocytes]. Various chromophores impair the evaluation of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) of red blood cells by means of the thiobarbituric acid method according to WARREN. Therefore, a time consuming isolation of erythrocyte membranes is essential in order to avoid these shortcomings. The procedure was simplified by fixation with glutaraldehyde of washed red blood cells.", "PMID": 85578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9966", "title": "A new simple method for determination of erythrocyte filtrability.", "content": "A new simple filtration technique designed for measuring red cell filtrability in the routine laboratory use was developed. The suspension of the whole blood in saline (1:20,000 dilution) was processed on the Sartorius filter membranes, pore size 8 micron. The percentage of passed erythrocytes indicating red cell filtrability was determined. The suitability and perspective applicability of this method for studying various hematological disorders is proposed.", "contents": "A new simple method for determination of erythrocyte filtrability. A new simple filtration technique designed for measuring red cell filtrability in the routine laboratory use was developed. The suspension of the whole blood in saline (1:20,000 dilution) was processed on the Sartorius filter membranes, pore size 8 micron. The percentage of passed erythrocytes indicating red cell filtrability was determined. The suitability and perspective applicability of this method for studying various hematological disorders is proposed.", "PMID": 85579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9967", "title": "Decreased thrombotic mortality and morbidity after valvular cardiac surgery as a consequence of adequate coumarin anticoagulation. A retrospective study in 516 patients.", "content": "Two almost identical groups of 258 patients each who underwent surgery for the substitution of one or more than one cardiac valve were taken into consideration. After surgery all patients, with the exception of those who received a porcine allograph, were given coumarin drugs for 1 year for thrombosis prophylaxis. In the first group of patients operated in 1972 and 1973 the laboratory follow-up and the therapeutic range were neither constant nor uniform. In the case of the second group, which included patients operated in 1974 and 1975, adequate laboratory follow-up and constantly adequate therapeutic ranges were always kept. This retrospective study has shown a statistically significant decrease in mortality due to thromboembolism and to unknown causes in the second group of patients (x2 = 8,313, \"p\" less than 0,0025). A decrease of the non-lethal embolic complications was also noted in the second group of patients (x2 = 6,813, \"p\" less than 0,0025). On the other hand, bleeding complications were greater in the second group of patients (x2 = 3,485, \"p\" less than 0,05) and this was interpreted as secondary to the higher anticoagulation administered to the latter patients. The results indicate that an adequate coumarin anticoagulation seems able to decrease the incidence of lethal or non-lethal thromboembolic complications after cardiac valve replacement significantly.", "contents": "Decreased thrombotic mortality and morbidity after valvular cardiac surgery as a consequence of adequate coumarin anticoagulation. A retrospective study in 516 patients. Two almost identical groups of 258 patients each who underwent surgery for the substitution of one or more than one cardiac valve were taken into consideration. After surgery all patients, with the exception of those who received a porcine allograph, were given coumarin drugs for 1 year for thrombosis prophylaxis. In the first group of patients operated in 1972 and 1973 the laboratory follow-up and the therapeutic range were neither constant nor uniform. In the case of the second group, which included patients operated in 1974 and 1975, adequate laboratory follow-up and constantly adequate therapeutic ranges were always kept. This retrospective study has shown a statistically significant decrease in mortality due to thromboembolism and to unknown causes in the second group of patients (x2 = 8,313, \"p\" less than 0,0025). A decrease of the non-lethal embolic complications was also noted in the second group of patients (x2 = 6,813, \"p\" less than 0,0025). On the other hand, bleeding complications were greater in the second group of patients (x2 = 3,485, \"p\" less than 0,05) and this was interpreted as secondary to the higher anticoagulation administered to the latter patients. The results indicate that an adequate coumarin anticoagulation seems able to decrease the incidence of lethal or non-lethal thromboembolic complications after cardiac valve replacement significantly.", "PMID": 85580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9968", "title": "The economic side of blood banking and plasma fractionation.", "content": "While cellular components have a relatively short half-life, must be necessarily administered group-specifically and kept available on a round-the-clock basis, all of which add significantly to the basic cost per unit, products isolated from plasma are not handicapped by these disadvantages. Another important advantage for the production of plasma components lies in the fact that the raw material may be also collected through plasmapheresis, a process which allows the collection of significantly greater amounts of plasma from one donor as compared to conventional whole blood collection. Quite understandably, the maintenance of whole blood and cellular component supplies has been left to national and/or non-profit organizations, while commercial firms run a profitable business with the production and distribution of plasma fractions. The method for the selective isolation of plasma fractions developed in our blood transfusion service solves the high cost problems involved in conventional fractionation methods but does not solve the ethical and economical problem related to discarding precious unused raw material.", "contents": "The economic side of blood banking and plasma fractionation. While cellular components have a relatively short half-life, must be necessarily administered group-specifically and kept available on a round-the-clock basis, all of which add significantly to the basic cost per unit, products isolated from plasma are not handicapped by these disadvantages. Another important advantage for the production of plasma components lies in the fact that the raw material may be also collected through plasmapheresis, a process which allows the collection of significantly greater amounts of plasma from one donor as compared to conventional whole blood collection. Quite understandably, the maintenance of whole blood and cellular component supplies has been left to national and/or non-profit organizations, while commercial firms run a profitable business with the production and distribution of plasma fractions. The method for the selective isolation of plasma fractions developed in our blood transfusion service solves the high cost problems involved in conventional fractionation methods but does not solve the ethical and economical problem related to discarding precious unused raw material.", "PMID": 85581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9969", "title": "[Granulocyte kinetics with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) and radiochrome (51Cr)].", "content": "Determining granulocyte kinetics with DF32P allows various parameters to be gained during the in-vitro marking, such as the total blood granulocyte pool, circulating granulocyte pool, marginal granulocyte pool, daily granulocyte exchange rate and half decay period of granulocytes. The half decay period of granulocytes, bone-marrow reserve in myelocytes, metamyelocytes and band cells as well as polymorphonuclear neutrophils can be determined by in-vitro marking, with DF32P being intravenously injected. The combination of both procedures with DF32P will reveal the half decay period, pool sizes and exchange rates of the proliferating myelocyte compartiment in bone-marrow and mature blood granulocytes. If 51Cr is used for determining granulocyte kinetics the surface activities of various organs, such as heart, liver, spleen, and lungs, can mainly be determined in addition to the half-life of leucocytes, indicating the degradation or storage of cells in certain areas of the body. In addition to normal values those findings are principally presented which were obtained with in-vitro marking by DF32P and 51Cr in chronic myeloid leukaemia, osteomyelofibrosis or osteomyelosclerosis respectively and in hypersplenism.", "contents": "[Granulocyte kinetics with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) and radiochrome (51Cr)]. Determining granulocyte kinetics with DF32P allows various parameters to be gained during the in-vitro marking, such as the total blood granulocyte pool, circulating granulocyte pool, marginal granulocyte pool, daily granulocyte exchange rate and half decay period of granulocytes. The half decay period of granulocytes, bone-marrow reserve in myelocytes, metamyelocytes and band cells as well as polymorphonuclear neutrophils can be determined by in-vitro marking, with DF32P being intravenously injected. The combination of both procedures with DF32P will reveal the half decay period, pool sizes and exchange rates of the proliferating myelocyte compartiment in bone-marrow and mature blood granulocytes. If 51Cr is used for determining granulocyte kinetics the surface activities of various organs, such as heart, liver, spleen, and lungs, can mainly be determined in addition to the half-life of leucocytes, indicating the degradation or storage of cells in certain areas of the body. In addition to normal values those findings are principally presented which were obtained with in-vitro marking by DF32P and 51Cr in chronic myeloid leukaemia, osteomyelofibrosis or osteomyelosclerosis respectively and in hypersplenism.", "PMID": 85582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9970", "title": "Immunostimulatory effect of zinc in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The studies have been performed in 27 ALL patients, aged 4 to 21 years, during their first remission induced by the Memphis Center therapeutic schedule (New Eng. J. Med., 1974, 5, 1230). The onset of therapy with zinc took place immediately after cessation of remission supporting treatment (Vincristine, Prednison, intrathecally administered Methotrexate). During the seven days period of investigation all the patients studied were simultaneously treated with 6-Mercaptopurin. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group (15 subjects) received 0.02 mg Zn per kg of body weight (in the form of zinc sulphate prepared by Kutno Pharmaceutical Establishment POLFA). The second group (12 subjects) received placebo. The zinc administration resulted in statistically significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the TEa5' percentage and the increase of both percentage and absolute number of TEt60', whereas the serum total gamma globulins, as well as IgG, IgA and IgM levels exhibited no alterations. The examined indices of both humoral and cellular immunity did not change in the control group. The zinc therapy was not accompanied by side effects, except the slight decrease in the granulocyte count. The final opinion concerning the clinical use of zinc as cellular immunity stimulatory agent in the ALL therapy deserves further studies.", "contents": "Immunostimulatory effect of zinc in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The studies have been performed in 27 ALL patients, aged 4 to 21 years, during their first remission induced by the Memphis Center therapeutic schedule (New Eng. J. Med., 1974, 5, 1230). The onset of therapy with zinc took place immediately after cessation of remission supporting treatment (Vincristine, Prednison, intrathecally administered Methotrexate). During the seven days period of investigation all the patients studied were simultaneously treated with 6-Mercaptopurin. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group (15 subjects) received 0.02 mg Zn per kg of body weight (in the form of zinc sulphate prepared by Kutno Pharmaceutical Establishment POLFA). The second group (12 subjects) received placebo. The zinc administration resulted in statistically significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the TEa5' percentage and the increase of both percentage and absolute number of TEt60', whereas the serum total gamma globulins, as well as IgG, IgA and IgM levels exhibited no alterations. The examined indices of both humoral and cellular immunity did not change in the control group. The zinc therapy was not accompanied by side effects, except the slight decrease in the granulocyte count. The final opinion concerning the clinical use of zinc as cellular immunity stimulatory agent in the ALL therapy deserves further studies.", "PMID": 85583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9971", "title": "Cultivation of fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow. - Application of methyl cellulose.", "content": "The culture of cells of both fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow on methyl cellulose (MC) was approached. We used 1.5%-concentration of MC and proved the stem cells of fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow to proliferate and form haemopoietic colonies on MC. We established that the freezing process did not significantly decrease the proliferative capacity of CFU-C stem cells.", "contents": "Cultivation of fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow. - Application of methyl cellulose. The culture of cells of both fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow on methyl cellulose (MC) was approached. We used 1.5%-concentration of MC and proved the stem cells of fresh and frozen mouse bone marrow to proliferate and form haemopoietic colonies on MC. We established that the freezing process did not significantly decrease the proliferative capacity of CFU-C stem cells.", "PMID": 85584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9972", "title": "[Critical remarks on the monocyte test].", "content": "The application of the monocyte test in the diagnostics of drug allergy is considered from a critical point of view. Further hospital application of the test and its evaluation are discussed.", "contents": "[Critical remarks on the monocyte test]. The application of the monocyte test in the diagnostics of drug allergy is considered from a critical point of view. Further hospital application of the test and its evaluation are discussed.", "PMID": 85585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9973", "title": "[Coincidence of chronic lymphadenosis and lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "A case is reported on the joint presence of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and lymphogranulomatosis in a 58 years old patient. 5 years after diagnosis and therapy of lymphadenosis a lymphogranulomatosis existing in addition to lymphadenosis was discovered by autopsy. Previously a change of symptoms had occurred. This became evident in the regression of palpable lymph node swellings as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, in a change of the differential blood picture and the presence of periodic subfebrile temperatures. Problems connected with these double neoplasias are briefly outlined and discussed.", "contents": "[Coincidence of chronic lymphadenosis and lymphogranulomatosis]. A case is reported on the joint presence of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and lymphogranulomatosis in a 58 years old patient. 5 years after diagnosis and therapy of lymphadenosis a lymphogranulomatosis existing in addition to lymphadenosis was discovered by autopsy. Previously a change of symptoms had occurred. This became evident in the regression of palpable lymph node swellings as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, in a change of the differential blood picture and the presence of periodic subfebrile temperatures. Problems connected with these double neoplasias are briefly outlined and discussed.", "PMID": 85586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9974", "title": "[A plasmacytoma with changing paraproteinemia].", "content": "A disease on myeloma is described which originally showed an IgA paraproteinaemia. 3 years later a paraprotein of IgM-typ could be identified by the immunoelectrophoresis. Clinical progress and examination of the bone marrow revealed the unequivocal diagnosis of multiple myeloma. In spite of IgM paraproteinaemia the formation of Waldenstr\u00f6ms' disease did not occur.", "contents": "[A plasmacytoma with changing paraproteinemia]. A disease on myeloma is described which originally showed an IgA paraproteinaemia. 3 years later a paraprotein of IgM-typ could be identified by the immunoelectrophoresis. Clinical progress and examination of the bone marrow revealed the unequivocal diagnosis of multiple myeloma. In spite of IgM paraproteinaemia the formation of Waldenstr\u00f6ms' disease did not occur.", "PMID": 85587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9975", "title": "[Macrophage-lymphocyte contact in peripheral blood smears. Brief report].", "content": "In the brief report the contact of macrophagues and lymphocytes which up till now was only observed in the bone-marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and in lymphocyte cultures as an expression of a beginning immunoreaction was also demonstrated photographically for the peripheral blood and in vivo.", "contents": "[Macrophage-lymphocyte contact in peripheral blood smears. Brief report]. In the brief report the contact of macrophagues and lymphocytes which up till now was only observed in the bone-marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and in lymphocyte cultures as an expression of a beginning immunoreaction was also demonstrated photographically for the peripheral blood and in vivo.", "PMID": 85588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9976", "title": "[Complex genesis of anemia in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "36% of a total of chronic liver patients suffered from anaemia and 50.5% of patients affected with liver cirrhosis. In most cases the anaemias were normochrome and hypochrome or hyperchrome only in some cases. In analyzing possible single factors the reductions of vitamin B12 absorption could be made probable by means of the Schilling test and sometimes a folic acid deficiency in macrocyte anaemia with normal vitamin B12 absorption by determining the folic acid content in the serum and by successes of test treatment 82% of patients with liver cirrhosis showed a latent or manifest haemolysis. However, it was only in 1/3 of the patients with liver cirrhosis that the spleen turned out to be the place of an increased degradation of erythrocytes. In some cases an increased erythrocytoclasia into the liver could be identified. Predominantly, however, an increased degradation of erythrocytes in the total RHS had to be assumed. Twice an ineffective erythropoiesis could be found by ferrokinetic examinations. As a whole ferrokinetic examinations cannot be interpreted easily, because their static and dynamic values of iron transport in the plasma volume of liver patients will undergo considerable changes. Patients with disturbances of haematopoiesis and with haemolysis remaining in the latent stage may develop a manifest anaemia because of the influence of additional factors, such as increase of the plasma volume at lowered haematocrit value or microbleedings. The cause of anaemia cannot be concluded with sufficient probability from the type of anaemia; in a single case all pathogenetic factors will rather have to be analyzed. Therapeutic possibilities for hepatogenous anaemia of complex genesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Complex genesis of anemia in chronic liver diseases]. 36% of a total of chronic liver patients suffered from anaemia and 50.5% of patients affected with liver cirrhosis. In most cases the anaemias were normochrome and hypochrome or hyperchrome only in some cases. In analyzing possible single factors the reductions of vitamin B12 absorption could be made probable by means of the Schilling test and sometimes a folic acid deficiency in macrocyte anaemia with normal vitamin B12 absorption by determining the folic acid content in the serum and by successes of test treatment 82% of patients with liver cirrhosis showed a latent or manifest haemolysis. However, it was only in 1/3 of the patients with liver cirrhosis that the spleen turned out to be the place of an increased degradation of erythrocytes. In some cases an increased erythrocytoclasia into the liver could be identified. Predominantly, however, an increased degradation of erythrocytes in the total RHS had to be assumed. Twice an ineffective erythropoiesis could be found by ferrokinetic examinations. As a whole ferrokinetic examinations cannot be interpreted easily, because their static and dynamic values of iron transport in the plasma volume of liver patients will undergo considerable changes. Patients with disturbances of haematopoiesis and with haemolysis remaining in the latent stage may develop a manifest anaemia because of the influence of additional factors, such as increase of the plasma volume at lowered haematocrit value or microbleedings. The cause of anaemia cannot be concluded with sufficient probability from the type of anaemia; in a single case all pathogenetic factors will rather have to be analyzed. Therapeutic possibilities for hepatogenous anaemia of complex genesis are discussed.", "PMID": 85589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9977", "title": "[Animal experimental studies of hemolysis following extracorporeal blood irradiation].", "content": "In experimental studies on animals, extracorporal blood irradiation was performed in 3 sheeps and 1 goat by means of 500 Ci 137 cesium source. The sheep died of the sequelae of narcosis, with anaemia being only moderately marked. In the goat a transit dosis of 466566 rad could be applied before the animal died of the sequelae of haemolytic anaemia.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies of hemolysis following extracorporeal blood irradiation]. In experimental studies on animals, extracorporal blood irradiation was performed in 3 sheeps and 1 goat by means of 500 Ci 137 cesium source. The sheep died of the sequelae of narcosis, with anaemia being only moderately marked. In the goat a transit dosis of 466566 rad could be applied before the animal died of the sequelae of haemolytic anaemia.", "PMID": 85590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9978", "title": "Some aspects of haematology of a common Indian field rat, Rattus rattus arborious (Linn.) in relation to sex and size.", "content": "In the present investigation the studies on erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit values, blood biochemistry of protein, glucose and cholesterol, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, pH value, diameter of erythrocyte and clotting time were made in different sex and size (weight group) of an Indian field rat, Rattus rattus arborious. The number of erythrocyte, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit values were found to be higher in females than the males, while the number of leucocyte was lower in females in comparison to males. In the biochemical estimation the value of protein in females was high while that of the glucose and cholesterol were lower than that of the males. All the above values showed an increasing tendency with the increase in body weight. pH value, diameter of erythrocyte and clotting time were found to be almost constant in rats of different weight groups and different sex.", "contents": "Some aspects of haematology of a common Indian field rat, Rattus rattus arborious (Linn.) in relation to sex and size. In the present investigation the studies on erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit values, blood biochemistry of protein, glucose and cholesterol, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, pH value, diameter of erythrocyte and clotting time were made in different sex and size (weight group) of an Indian field rat, Rattus rattus arborious. The number of erythrocyte, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit values were found to be higher in females than the males, while the number of leucocyte was lower in females in comparison to males. In the biochemical estimation the value of protein in females was high while that of the glucose and cholesterol were lower than that of the males. All the above values showed an increasing tendency with the increase in body weight. pH value, diameter of erythrocyte and clotting time were found to be almost constant in rats of different weight groups and different sex.", "PMID": 85591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9979", "title": "[State and development of liquid conservation of thrombocytes].", "content": "In the present investigation the storage effect of AcD-AG and CPD-AG-stabilizers on thrombocytes was tested. The platelets were stored in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) at 4 degrees C or room temperature for 3 days. The concentrates gained by it were marked with Na251CrO4 and reinjected. The thrombocytokinetic parameters were evaluated. The results show that storage with the help of the mentioned stabilizers can be made to a certain extent only. Platelets stored in AcD-AG stabilizerhad a survival time of 2.7 +/- 1.1 days towards 9.0 +/- 1.0 days of fresh whole blood concentrates. The survival time of CPD-AG thrombocytes stored at 4 degrees C for 3 days amounted to 2.0 +/- 0.5 days. Storage of CPD-AG platelets at room temperature showed favourable results. Their survival time amounted to 6.2 +/- 0.6 days. Measurements of surface activity above the spleen and the liver indicate that degradation of stored platelets is mainly performed in the spleen. Problems of liquids storing in view of the significance of therapeutic thrombocyte substitution for hospitals are referred to.", "contents": "[State and development of liquid conservation of thrombocytes]. In the present investigation the storage effect of AcD-AG and CPD-AG-stabilizers on thrombocytes was tested. The platelets were stored in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) at 4 degrees C or room temperature for 3 days. The concentrates gained by it were marked with Na251CrO4 and reinjected. The thrombocytokinetic parameters were evaluated. The results show that storage with the help of the mentioned stabilizers can be made to a certain extent only. Platelets stored in AcD-AG stabilizerhad a survival time of 2.7 +/- 1.1 days towards 9.0 +/- 1.0 days of fresh whole blood concentrates. The survival time of CPD-AG thrombocytes stored at 4 degrees C for 3 days amounted to 2.0 +/- 0.5 days. Storage of CPD-AG platelets at room temperature showed favourable results. Their survival time amounted to 6.2 +/- 0.6 days. Measurements of surface activity above the spleen and the liver indicate that degradation of stored platelets is mainly performed in the spleen. Problems of liquids storing in view of the significance of therapeutic thrombocyte substitution for hospitals are referred to.", "PMID": 85592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9980", "title": "[Studies of thrombocyte function in CPD blood].", "content": "The CPD stabilizer according to Gibson with an addition of 1.25 mMol adeninesulfate and 2.50 mMol guanosine is used in blood storage for better preserving 2.3-bis-phosphoglycerate of erythrocytes. Here platelet-rich CPD plasma was investigated before and during a 3 days storage at 4 degrees C or room temperature with regard to preserving the global thrombocyte function. The latter consists in the ability to seal blood vessels and is tested by means of pressure registration in combined thrombocyte-aggregation-adhesion (DKTA method) as an ability to close the pores of a sieve by adding 10(-5) mM/l of ADP. At room temperature this thrombocyte function is approximately 0 following 3 days of storage in CPD plasma excess without shaking. When stored at 4 degrees C it is preserved to a slight degree. Loss of thrombocyte function will depend on pH, thus being particularly evident at room temperature.", "contents": "[Studies of thrombocyte function in CPD blood]. The CPD stabilizer according to Gibson with an addition of 1.25 mMol adeninesulfate and 2.50 mMol guanosine is used in blood storage for better preserving 2.3-bis-phosphoglycerate of erythrocytes. Here platelet-rich CPD plasma was investigated before and during a 3 days storage at 4 degrees C or room temperature with regard to preserving the global thrombocyte function. The latter consists in the ability to seal blood vessels and is tested by means of pressure registration in combined thrombocyte-aggregation-adhesion (DKTA method) as an ability to close the pores of a sieve by adding 10(-5) mM/l of ADP. At room temperature this thrombocyte function is approximately 0 following 3 days of storage in CPD plasma excess without shaking. When stored at 4 degrees C it is preserved to a slight degree. Loss of thrombocyte function will depend on pH, thus being particularly evident at room temperature.", "PMID": 85593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9981", "title": "[Postoperative changes of the thrombocyte number and function].", "content": "In 30 patients the number of thrombocytes was determined 24-48 hours after surgical interventions and compared with the normal range. The function of thrombocytes was determined by the method of pressure registration in combined thrombocyte-aggregation-adhesion (DKTA method). In spite of the occurring thrombocytosis there is a tendency towards a decrease of response in most cases and thus of haemostatic function of blood platelets. The influence of the thrombocyte function caused by fibrinolytic split products or by a change of prostaglandine metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Postoperative changes of the thrombocyte number and function]. In 30 patients the number of thrombocytes was determined 24-48 hours after surgical interventions and compared with the normal range. The function of thrombocytes was determined by the method of pressure registration in combined thrombocyte-aggregation-adhesion (DKTA method). In spite of the occurring thrombocytosis there is a tendency towards a decrease of response in most cases and thus of haemostatic function of blood platelets. The influence of the thrombocyte function caused by fibrinolytic split products or by a change of prostaglandine metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 85594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9982", "title": "[An inhibitor in the Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens syndrome and its effect on the factor VIII molecule properties].", "content": "In a patient with a clinically serious Willebrand-J\u00fcrgen's syndrome an inhibitor appeared at the age of  1 1/2 years, which, contrary to inhibitors in haemophilia A, was directed against all properties of factor VIII molecule. In a quantitative test the height of the inhibitor level to factor VIIIag was determined. Administrations of plasma concentrate resulted in a titre increase which could not be suppressed even by an immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide. After a long break in the substitution a severe bleeding could be successfully treated and the substitution effect for factor VIIIc, factor VIIIag and Ristocetin co-factor could be identified for several days.", "contents": "[An inhibitor in the Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens syndrome and its effect on the factor VIII molecule properties]. In a patient with a clinically serious Willebrand-J\u00fcrgen's syndrome an inhibitor appeared at the age of  1 1/2 years, which, contrary to inhibitors in haemophilia A, was directed against all properties of factor VIII molecule. In a quantitative test the height of the inhibitor level to factor VIIIag was determined. Administrations of plasma concentrate resulted in a titre increase which could not be suppressed even by an immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide. After a long break in the substitution a severe bleeding could be successfully treated and the substitution effect for factor VIIIc, factor VIIIag and Ristocetin co-factor could be identified for several days.", "PMID": 85595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9983", "title": "Incidence of ABO(H) blood group variants among the Bulgarian population.", "content": "The result of a screening of ABO (Hh) variants after investigating the blood group of 106,980 persons are presented. The Ax variant is registered most frequently among the Bulgarian population. As a whole the frequencies of ABO blood group variants Ax, Ael, A3, Aend and Am among the Bulgarian population are similar to that established by other authors among the French population and nearly twice as high as among the population of Bombay. The group of H-deficient phenotypes includes AA1Xh, AHm, OHm variants. Their frequency is significantly lower when compared with the frequency of AHm and OHm variants among the population of Thailand. Variants A1 and Aint with unusually high H-content are classified as A1H, A1Hint, Aint H and integrated as a category of H-excess phenotypes. Their incidence among the Bulgarian population is significantly lower than that registered among Maharastrian, South African Bantu and Indian.", "contents": "Incidence of ABO(H) blood group variants among the Bulgarian population. The result of a screening of ABO (Hh) variants after investigating the blood group of 106,980 persons are presented. The Ax variant is registered most frequently among the Bulgarian population. As a whole the frequencies of ABO blood group variants Ax, Ael, A3, Aend and Am among the Bulgarian population are similar to that established by other authors among the French population and nearly twice as high as among the population of Bombay. The group of H-deficient phenotypes includes AA1Xh, AHm, OHm variants. Their frequency is significantly lower when compared with the frequency of AHm and OHm variants among the population of Thailand. Variants A1 and Aint with unusually high H-content are classified as A1H, A1Hint, Aint H and integrated as a category of H-excess phenotypes. Their incidence among the Bulgarian population is significantly lower than that registered among Maharastrian, South African Bantu and Indian.", "PMID": 85596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9984", "title": "Cytological analyses of 14p+ variant by means of N-banding and combinations of silver staining and chromosome bandings.", "content": "An inherited human karyological variant (14p+) has been studied with a number of cytochemical techniques. The short arm of this variant chromosome 14 is nearly as long as the long arm, giving the chromosome a submetacentric to metacentric appearance. In conventionally Giemsa-stained preparations, maximum of three secondary constrictions can be observed the marker arm. The secondary constrictions are silver-positive in Ag-NOR preparations. However, the entire arm stains deeply in N-banded preparations. The 14p+ arm is also Q-negative, C-negative, G-negative, and R-positive with an almost homogeneous texture. The difference between N-banding and silver staining is interpreted as the result of gene activities of the ribosomal cistrons.", "contents": "Cytological analyses of 14p+ variant by means of N-banding and combinations of silver staining and chromosome bandings. An inherited human karyological variant (14p+) has been studied with a number of cytochemical techniques. The short arm of this variant chromosome 14 is nearly as long as the long arm, giving the chromosome a submetacentric to metacentric appearance. In conventionally Giemsa-stained preparations, maximum of three secondary constrictions can be observed the marker arm. The secondary constrictions are silver-positive in Ag-NOR preparations. However, the entire arm stains deeply in N-banded preparations. The 14p+ arm is also Q-negative, C-negative, G-negative, and R-positive with an almost homogeneous texture. The difference between N-banding and silver staining is interpreted as the result of gene activities of the ribosomal cistrons.", "PMID": 85597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9985", "title": "[Hydroxyethyl starch (HAS 450/0.7) in human plasma and liver. Course of concentration and histological changes].", "content": "In 12 patients 1,000 ml hydroxyethyl starch (Mw 450,000, degree of substitution 0.7) was infused intravenously. A liver biopsy was performed in 10 patients undergoing abdominal surgery 30 minutes to 28 days after the infusion. The liver tissue was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The plasma level of hydroxyethyl starch decreased to 4.8% of the initial concentration 28 days after the infusion (Anthron method). Single intracellular vacuoles were shown by electron microscopy 30 minutes after the end of infusion in Kupffer's cells only. However, 6 to 28 days after infusion intracellular vacuoles were demonstrated in parenchymal liver cells, Kupffer's cells, interstitial histiocytes and to a lesser degree in the cells of the small bile ducts. The pathogenic importance of the portracted elimination from the plasma and the liver storage is unknown.", "contents": "[Hydroxyethyl starch (HAS 450/0.7) in human plasma and liver. Course of concentration and histological changes]. In 12 patients 1,000 ml hydroxyethyl starch (Mw 450,000, degree of substitution 0.7) was infused intravenously. A liver biopsy was performed in 10 patients undergoing abdominal surgery 30 minutes to 28 days after the infusion. The liver tissue was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The plasma level of hydroxyethyl starch decreased to 4.8% of the initial concentration 28 days after the infusion (Anthron method). Single intracellular vacuoles were shown by electron microscopy 30 minutes after the end of infusion in Kupffer's cells only. However, 6 to 28 days after infusion intracellular vacuoles were demonstrated in parenchymal liver cells, Kupffer's cells, interstitial histiocytes and to a lesser degree in the cells of the small bile ducts. The pathogenic importance of the portracted elimination from the plasma and the liver storage is unknown.", "PMID": 85605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9986", "title": "[Mathematical decription of the human intravascular elimination of HAS after repeated infusions].", "content": "Serum concentrations of high molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (HMW-HES, Mw 450,000 d, Mn 71,000 d, Mw/Mn = 6.3, MS = 0.7) were determined in normovolemic subjects dosed with three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions, to mathematically calculate the influence of the two-variable (Mw and MS) HES drug design system, on elimination of this material from the intravascular space under controlled conditions. Following the initial 500 ml (6% solution) infusion, the intravascular clearance up to 24-hours post-injection, was well predicted by the exponential equation: y = 3.94 + 3.34e-0.15x. On days two and three, the clearances up to 24-hours post-injection, were described by the equations: y = 6.32 + 3.75e-0.15x and y = 9.39 + 5.41e-0.15x, respectively. From these mathematical models, it appears that up to 24-hours post-injection on each of the three infusion days, HMW-HES is cleared from the bloodstream in a similar manner. HMW-HES clearance from the blood on day three, however, exhibited a slightly faster rate of decline, as seen by the larger coefficient attributed to the exponential component. The serum concentration of HMW-HES, 480 hours (2.9 weeks) following the third and final infusion, was 2.3 +/- 0.3 (SD) mg ml-1. Thus, in the 480-hour interval following the third and final injection, the serum concentration of HMW-HES measured at 10 minutes after injection 3, had been reduced by 85%. This decline in serum concentration following the infusion of HMW-HES, appears to be greater than previously reported by other investigators.", "contents": "[Mathematical decription of the human intravascular elimination of HAS after repeated infusions]. Serum concentrations of high molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (HMW-HES, Mw 450,000 d, Mn 71,000 d, Mw/Mn = 6.3, MS = 0.7) were determined in normovolemic subjects dosed with three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions, to mathematically calculate the influence of the two-variable (Mw and MS) HES drug design system, on elimination of this material from the intravascular space under controlled conditions. Following the initial 500 ml (6% solution) infusion, the intravascular clearance up to 24-hours post-injection, was well predicted by the exponential equation: y = 3.94 + 3.34e-0.15x. On days two and three, the clearances up to 24-hours post-injection, were described by the equations: y = 6.32 + 3.75e-0.15x and y = 9.39 + 5.41e-0.15x, respectively. From these mathematical models, it appears that up to 24-hours post-injection on each of the three infusion days, HMW-HES is cleared from the bloodstream in a similar manner. HMW-HES clearance from the blood on day three, however, exhibited a slightly faster rate of decline, as seen by the larger coefficient attributed to the exponential component. The serum concentration of HMW-HES, 480 hours (2.9 weeks) following the third and final infusion, was 2.3 +/- 0.3 (SD) mg ml-1. Thus, in the 480-hour interval following the third and final injection, the serum concentration of HMW-HES measured at 10 minutes after injection 3, had been reduced by 85%. This decline in serum concentration following the infusion of HMW-HES, appears to be greater than previously reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 85606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9987", "title": "Human beta-endorphin. Immunoreactivity of synthetic analogs with various chain lengths.", "content": "Immunoreactivity of synthetic human beta-endorphin analogs with various chain lengths has been examined using a specific radioimmunoassay. It was found that beta-endorphin-(1--21) and analogs of shortened chain exhibit no immunoreactivity, whereas beta-endorphin-(1--15) possesses significant in vitro opiate activity. It appears that immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin resides in the COOH-terminal segment of residues (22--31). The data also show the lack of correlation between opiate and immunological activities of beta-endorphin.", "contents": "Human beta-endorphin. Immunoreactivity of synthetic analogs with various chain lengths. Immunoreactivity of synthetic human beta-endorphin analogs with various chain lengths has been examined using a specific radioimmunoassay. It was found that beta-endorphin-(1--21) and analogs of shortened chain exhibit no immunoreactivity, whereas beta-endorphin-(1--15) possesses significant in vitro opiate activity. It appears that immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin resides in the COOH-terminal segment of residues (22--31). The data also show the lack of correlation between opiate and immunological activities of beta-endorphin.", "PMID": 85608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9988", "title": "Axoplasmic and nonaxoplasmic transport along the optic pathway of albino rabbits; a theoretical pattern of distribution.", "content": "Distribution of nonaxoplasmically transported material along the optic pathway of the rabbit was studied after blockage of the axonal flow by vinblastine, and a clear pattern of distribution of the axoplasmic transport was deduced by subtraction from the pattern seen in nontreated animals. Vascular participation in the nonaxoplasmic transport was certified by autoradiographic studies. The theoretical pattern of distribution of axoplasmic transport in the optic system under ideal conditions was calculated from an idealized model system. From the comparison of theoretical and experimental patterns, partial obstruction of the axonal flow likely occurs at the optic foramen and chiasma.", "contents": "Axoplasmic and nonaxoplasmic transport along the optic pathway of albino rabbits; a theoretical pattern of distribution. Distribution of nonaxoplasmically transported material along the optic pathway of the rabbit was studied after blockage of the axonal flow by vinblastine, and a clear pattern of distribution of the axoplasmic transport was deduced by subtraction from the pattern seen in nontreated animals. Vascular participation in the nonaxoplasmic transport was certified by autoradiographic studies. The theoretical pattern of distribution of axoplasmic transport in the optic system under ideal conditions was calculated from an idealized model system. From the comparison of theoretical and experimental patterns, partial obstruction of the axonal flow likely occurs at the optic foramen and chiasma.", "PMID": 85609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9989", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic identification and purification of herpes simplex virus antigens released from infected cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Proteins released from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-and type 2 (HSV-2)-infected HEp-2 cells have been characterized by the crossed immunoelectrophoretic technique. Both HSV type-common and type-specific antigens were found in the tissue culture medium 24 h after infection. Antigen Ag-6, an HSV-1-specific antigen, was found in high concentration in the medium as compared to other HSV antigens released from HSV-1-infected cells. The HSV-2-specific antigens, Ag-4 and Ag-1, were released in molecular modifications with altered electrophoretic mobility as compared to their cellular counterparts. Purification of HSV antigens was performed by ion-exchange chromatography, and an HSV type-common antigen, Ag-11, and an HSV-2-specific antigen, Ag-4A, were isolated.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic identification and purification of herpes simplex virus antigens released from infected cells in tissue culture. Proteins released from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-and type 2 (HSV-2)-infected HEp-2 cells have been characterized by the crossed immunoelectrophoretic technique. Both HSV type-common and type-specific antigens were found in the tissue culture medium 24 h after infection. Antigen Ag-6, an HSV-1-specific antigen, was found in high concentration in the medium as compared to other HSV antigens released from HSV-1-infected cells. The HSV-2-specific antigens, Ag-4 and Ag-1, were released in molecular modifications with altered electrophoretic mobility as compared to their cellular counterparts. Purification of HSV antigens was performed by ion-exchange chromatography, and an HSV type-common antigen, Ag-11, and an HSV-2-specific antigen, Ag-4A, were isolated.", "PMID": 85610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9990", "title": "Isolation of Dhori virus from Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Portugal.", "content": "An agent pathogenic for mice was isolated from Hyalomma m. marginatum ticks collected from cattle in southern Portugal. Serologically, the agent was indistinguishable from Dhori virus, an antigenically ungrouped virus isolated in India.", "contents": "Isolation of Dhori virus from Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Portugal. An agent pathogenic for mice was isolated from Hyalomma m. marginatum ticks collected from cattle in southern Portugal. Serologically, the agent was indistinguishable from Dhori virus, an antigenically ungrouped virus isolated in India.", "PMID": 85611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9991", "title": "Cellular immune response to human cytomegalovirus. I. Lymphocyte transformation studies in the rabbit.", "content": "The lymphocyte transformation assay was used to monitor the cellular immune response of rabbits sensitized to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from animals inoculated with purified virus were specifically stimulated by crude or twice-banded CMV. Blood cells from rabbits immunized to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) responded to that antigen but not to CMV. Viable or heated CMV preparations stimulated unwashed blood cells as efficiently as washed cells. Furthermore, preincubation of stimulating antigen with anti-CMV serum did not prevent lymphocyte activation. Lymphoid cells readily stimulated by virus antigen were not stimulated by cells transformed by CMV or HSV-1.", "contents": "Cellular immune response to human cytomegalovirus. I. Lymphocyte transformation studies in the rabbit. The lymphocyte transformation assay was used to monitor the cellular immune response of rabbits sensitized to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from animals inoculated with purified virus were specifically stimulated by crude or twice-banded CMV. Blood cells from rabbits immunized to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) responded to that antigen but not to CMV. Viable or heated CMV preparations stimulated unwashed blood cells as efficiently as washed cells. Furthermore, preincubation of stimulating antigen with anti-CMV serum did not prevent lymphocyte activation. Lymphoid cells readily stimulated by virus antigen were not stimulated by cells transformed by CMV or HSV-1.", "PMID": 85612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9992", "title": "Effect of azacytidine in SV40-infected BSC-1 cells.", "content": "5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) reduced significantly the levels of ribosomal 28S and 18S RNAs in the cytoplasm of uninfected and simian virus 40 (SV40)-infected BSC-1 cells. The percent inhibition of ribosomal RNAs was correlated to both the dose of AzaCR and the time of exposure. In SV40-infected cultures treated with 200 microgram/ml AzaCR, a portion of the total cytoplasmic radioactivity was observed to sediment as 19S and 16S by sucrose gradient analysis. The 19S and 16S peaks represented in part the viral-specific RNA species. This result was due to the drastic reduction (70--75%) of ribosomal RNAs in the cytoplasm of infected cultures.", "contents": "Effect of azacytidine in SV40-infected BSC-1 cells. 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) reduced significantly the levels of ribosomal 28S and 18S RNAs in the cytoplasm of uninfected and simian virus 40 (SV40)-infected BSC-1 cells. The percent inhibition of ribosomal RNAs was correlated to both the dose of AzaCR and the time of exposure. In SV40-infected cultures treated with 200 microgram/ml AzaCR, a portion of the total cytoplasmic radioactivity was observed to sediment as 19S and 16S by sucrose gradient analysis. The 19S and 16S peaks represented in part the viral-specific RNA species. This result was due to the drastic reduction (70--75%) of ribosomal RNAs in the cytoplasm of infected cultures.", "PMID": 85613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9993", "title": "Correlation of individual skeletal muscle fibres from \"semithin\" sections stained with p-phenylene-diamine and histochemical sections incubated for myofibrillar ATP-ase.", "content": "Muscle fibres in transverse \"semithin\" sections of osmium-fixed and plastic embedded muscle tissue stained with p-phenylene-diamine has been classified into three types (M, INT and H) and correlated to the same fibres in neighboring sequential preincubated myofibrillar ATP-ase sections. A close correlation, but no equality was found between the fibre types classified according to the ATP-ase and the p-phenylene-diamine methods. On the average, the content of mitochondria and fat droplets was highest in the ATP-ase classified type I fibres (dominated by M fibres), and higher in the endurance trained than in the untrained subjects.", "contents": "Correlation of individual skeletal muscle fibres from \"semithin\" sections stained with p-phenylene-diamine and histochemical sections incubated for myofibrillar ATP-ase. Muscle fibres in transverse \"semithin\" sections of osmium-fixed and plastic embedded muscle tissue stained with p-phenylene-diamine has been classified into three types (M, INT and H) and correlated to the same fibres in neighboring sequential preincubated myofibrillar ATP-ase sections. A close correlation, but no equality was found between the fibre types classified according to the ATP-ase and the p-phenylene-diamine methods. On the average, the content of mitochondria and fat droplets was highest in the ATP-ase classified type I fibres (dominated by M fibres), and higher in the endurance trained than in the untrained subjects.", "PMID": 85617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9994", "title": "Cytological and histochemical studies on the mechanism of the selective silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs).", "content": "A new silver staining method is presented (Ag-II staining) providing a rapid and reproducible way to selective silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). In comparison with other techniques, such as the Ag-AS method and the Ag-I method, factors influencing silver stainability are discussed. Histochemical studies on the nature of the NOR-specific silver precipitate were performed either by employing various pretreatments or by inhibiting the participation (\"blocking\") of the various proteins or protein compounds in the staining reaction. The results would seem to indicate that the interactions of silver-ions with the carboxyl groups of acidic proteins which are involved in the rRNA-transcription process are mainly responsible for the selective silver staining of NORs.", "contents": "Cytological and histochemical studies on the mechanism of the selective silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). A new silver staining method is presented (Ag-II staining) providing a rapid and reproducible way to selective silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). In comparison with other techniques, such as the Ag-AS method and the Ag-I method, factors influencing silver stainability are discussed. Histochemical studies on the nature of the NOR-specific silver precipitate were performed either by employing various pretreatments or by inhibiting the participation (\"blocking\") of the various proteins or protein compounds in the staining reaction. The results would seem to indicate that the interactions of silver-ions with the carboxyl groups of acidic proteins which are involved in the rRNA-transcription process are mainly responsible for the selective silver staining of NORs.", "PMID": 85618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9995", "title": "Two-dimensional electrophoresis of plasma proteins without denaturing agents.", "content": "A technique of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of plasma proteins is described. Human plasma proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis in a 4 to 21% linear gradient gel slab. No denaturing agent was used throughout the procedure, so that the analysis of native proteins is possible. Two-dimensional patterns obtained from normal human plasma samples were recorded as \"staining density maps,\" which are similar to contour line maps, and more than 230 protein spots were counted reproducibly on each \"staining density map.\" This technique permits the simultaneous estimation of pI's and approximate molecular weights of native proteins on the slab gel. Applications of this technique to an IgA myeloma plasma sample and a porcine serum sample are described.", "contents": "Two-dimensional electrophoresis of plasma proteins without denaturing agents. A technique of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of plasma proteins is described. Human plasma proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing followed by electrophoresis in a 4 to 21% linear gradient gel slab. No denaturing agent was used throughout the procedure, so that the analysis of native proteins is possible. Two-dimensional patterns obtained from normal human plasma samples were recorded as \"staining density maps,\" which are similar to contour line maps, and more than 230 protein spots were counted reproducibly on each \"staining density map.\" This technique permits the simultaneous estimation of pI's and approximate molecular weights of native proteins on the slab gel. Applications of this technique to an IgA myeloma plasma sample and a porcine serum sample are described.", "PMID": 85622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9996", "title": "The one admissible alternative to bloody pictures.", "content": "This paper presents guidelines for preparing non-inflammatory visuals for use in the courtroom and emphasizes the need for attestable accuracy in artwork submitted as evidence.", "contents": "The one admissible alternative to bloody pictures. This paper presents guidelines for preparing non-inflammatory visuals for use in the courtroom and emphasizes the need for attestable accuracy in artwork submitted as evidence.", "PMID": 85623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9997", "title": "Audiovisuals and non-print learning resources in a health sciences library.", "content": "The MD undergraduate program at McMaster University, based entirely on self-instruction, requires the provision of all kinds of learning resources. How these are assembled and made available is described. Emphasis is placed on the practical library problems of cataloging, shelving, maintenance, and distribution of audiovisual materials including pathology specimens and 'problem boxes' as well as the more usual films, videotapes and slide/tape sets. Evaluation is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Audiovisuals and non-print learning resources in a health sciences library. The MD undergraduate program at McMaster University, based entirely on self-instruction, requires the provision of all kinds of learning resources. How these are assembled and made available is described. Emphasis is placed on the practical library problems of cataloging, shelving, maintenance, and distribution of audiovisual materials including pathology specimens and 'problem boxes' as well as the more usual films, videotapes and slide/tape sets. Evaluation is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 85624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9998", "title": "Serological analysis of species specificity in the high mobility group chromosomal proteins.", "content": "The non-histone chromosomal protein of the high mobility group (HMG-1) present in mouse liver was purified to homogeneity. Antibodies against this protein as well as pure HMG-1 derived from calf thymus and HMG-E purified from duck erythrocytes were elicited in rabbits. The interaction between the antibodies and the immunogens was measured by passive hemoagglutination and by quantitative microcomplement fixation. Quantitative microcomplement fixation assays revealed that the immunological distance between HMG-1 from calf thymus and HMG-1 from mouse liver and duck erythrocytes was 15. This corresponds to 3% sequence differences. It was estimated that amino acid substitution occurred at about seven positions in the polypeptide chain. Thus, HMG-1 proteins display remarkable evolutionary conservation in their primary sequence, similar to that displayed by histones H4 and H3, suggesting that their biological function is dependent on stringent structural requirements. HMG-E protein is significantly different from both HMG-1 and HMG-2 derived from calf thymus. As such, it is a protein unique to avian erythrocytes.", "contents": "Serological analysis of species specificity in the high mobility group chromosomal proteins. The non-histone chromosomal protein of the high mobility group (HMG-1) present in mouse liver was purified to homogeneity. Antibodies against this protein as well as pure HMG-1 derived from calf thymus and HMG-E purified from duck erythrocytes were elicited in rabbits. The interaction between the antibodies and the immunogens was measured by passive hemoagglutination and by quantitative microcomplement fixation. Quantitative microcomplement fixation assays revealed that the immunological distance between HMG-1 from calf thymus and HMG-1 from mouse liver and duck erythrocytes was 15. This corresponds to 3% sequence differences. It was estimated that amino acid substitution occurred at about seven positions in the polypeptide chain. Thus, HMG-1 proteins display remarkable evolutionary conservation in their primary sequence, similar to that displayed by histones H4 and H3, suggesting that their biological function is dependent on stringent structural requirements. HMG-E protein is significantly different from both HMG-1 and HMG-2 derived from calf thymus. As such, it is a protein unique to avian erythrocytes.", "PMID": 85628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_9999", "title": "Immunoglobulin carbohydrate requirement for formation of an IgG-IgG complex.", "content": "In addition to their Fc oligosaccharides, some immunoglobulin molecules have oligosaccharides linked to variable segments of H or L chains. These Fab oligosaccharides are potential determinants of antibody specificity. This possibility was considered in a study of the IgG antiglobulin from a patient with IgG-IgG complexes. F(ab')2 fragments of the antiglobulin retained the ability to form complexes with normal IgG as detected by analytical ultracentrifugation. Removal of F(ab')2 sialic acids by neuraminidase abolished complex formation. Recombination experiments further localized antiglobulin activity to the L chains. Antiglobulin activity of the recombinant molecules was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and by column chromatography with molecules containing 125I-labeled L chains. L chains from the subject's IgG were enriched in sialic acids. Thus, a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide on the L chain of this antiglobulin is required for its binding action.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin carbohydrate requirement for formation of an IgG-IgG complex. In addition to their Fc oligosaccharides, some immunoglobulin molecules have oligosaccharides linked to variable segments of H or L chains. These Fab oligosaccharides are potential determinants of antibody specificity. This possibility was considered in a study of the IgG antiglobulin from a patient with IgG-IgG complexes. F(ab')2 fragments of the antiglobulin retained the ability to form complexes with normal IgG as detected by analytical ultracentrifugation. Removal of F(ab')2 sialic acids by neuraminidase abolished complex formation. Recombination experiments further localized antiglobulin activity to the L chains. Antiglobulin activity of the recombinant molecules was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation and by column chromatography with molecules containing 125I-labeled L chains. L chains from the subject's IgG were enriched in sialic acids. Thus, a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide on the L chain of this antiglobulin is required for its binding action.", "PMID": 85629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10000", "title": "[Serum alpha 1-fetoprotein and extrahepatic digestive cancers. Apropos of 4 further cases].", "content": "The authors report four new cases of primary digestive carcinoma other than hepatoma with alpha 1 feto-protein in the serum (greater than 200 ng/ml). Two were carcinoma of the colon without liver metastases. The remaining two were also colonic carcinoma but with liver metastases. In the first cases, alpha 1 feto-protein disappear after surgical procedure. In spite of the rareness of primary digestive carcinoma with presence of alpha 1 feto-protein noted until now, these cases require reconsideration of the idea that AFP is specific for hepatoma.", "contents": "[Serum alpha 1-fetoprotein and extrahepatic digestive cancers. Apropos of 4 further cases]. The authors report four new cases of primary digestive carcinoma other than hepatoma with alpha 1 feto-protein in the serum (greater than 200 ng/ml). Two were carcinoma of the colon without liver metastases. The remaining two were also colonic carcinoma but with liver metastases. In the first cases, alpha 1 feto-protein disappear after surgical procedure. In spite of the rareness of primary digestive carcinoma with presence of alpha 1 feto-protein noted until now, these cases require reconsideration of the idea that AFP is specific for hepatoma.", "PMID": 85630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10001", "title": "Influenza viruses in birds: rapid identification by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum raised in rabbits against the M protein of the avian N virus proved to be particularly useful for large-scale identification of influenza A virus isolates. Of a total of 231 hemagglutinating agents isolated from 1,656 rectal swabs collected from shore and open-country birds, 158 could be identified as influenza A viruses by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and 75 were serologically related to Newcastle disease virus by hemagglutination inhibition with an antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. Two isolates contained a mixture of influenza A virus and Newcastle disease virus; although the Newcastle disease virus virus particles outnumbered the influenza A virus particles in a ratio of 1,000:1, as seen by electron microscopy, the latter could be readily detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. This type of assay appears to be of potential use for epidemiological surveillance of influenza virus isolated from humans and animals. It combines specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity.", "contents": "Influenza viruses in birds: rapid identification by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with an antiserum raised in rabbits against the M protein of the avian N virus proved to be particularly useful for large-scale identification of influenza A virus isolates. Of a total of 231 hemagglutinating agents isolated from 1,656 rectal swabs collected from shore and open-country birds, 158 could be identified as influenza A viruses by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and 75 were serologically related to Newcastle disease virus by hemagglutination inhibition with an antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. Two isolates contained a mixture of influenza A virus and Newcastle disease virus; although the Newcastle disease virus virus particles outnumbered the influenza A virus particles in a ratio of 1,000:1, as seen by electron microscopy, the latter could be readily detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. This type of assay appears to be of potential use for epidemiological surveillance of influenza virus isolated from humans and animals. It combines specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity.", "PMID": 85632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10002", "title": "Thermonuclease seroinhibition test for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase-positive staphylococci.", "content": "Since coagulase-positive staphylococci from animals are heterogeneous, another test is necessary to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from them. Staphylococcal thermonucleases appear to be heterogeneous; antisera raised against S. aureus isolated from humans inhibit thermonuclease activity as demonstrated by the metachromatic well-agar diffusion method. The serological specificity of the thermonuclease elaborated by S. aureus of human origin was demonstrated using three antisera and 407 strains of staphylococci from diverse human and animal sources.", "contents": "Thermonuclease seroinhibition test for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase-positive staphylococci. Since coagulase-positive staphylococci from animals are heterogeneous, another test is necessary to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from them. Staphylococcal thermonucleases appear to be heterogeneous; antisera raised against S. aureus isolated from humans inhibit thermonuclease activity as demonstrated by the metachromatic well-agar diffusion method. The serological specificity of the thermonuclease elaborated by S. aureus of human origin was demonstrated using three antisera and 407 strains of staphylococci from diverse human and animal sources.", "PMID": 85633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10003", "title": "The effects of the immunologic release of histamine upon human lung cyclic nucleotide levels and prostaglandin generation.", "content": "The effect of the antigen-induced, immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent release of mediators from human lung tissue was analyzed for coincident changes in the tissue levels of cyclic nucleotides. Simultaneously with the appearance of mediators, lung cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (GMP) increased from 0.9+/-0.2 to 12.63+/-4.5 pmol/mg protein and cyclic AMP increased threefold from the initial levels of 5.1+/-1.4 pmol/mg protein. The release of histamine and prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha), as well as the associated increases in cyclic nucleotides, peaked within 10 min of anaphylaxis. Antagonists of histamine's H-1 receptor prevented anaphylaxis-associated increases in cyclic GMP, whereas H-2 antagonists prevented the cyclic AMP response. Neither of these antagonists influenced the pattern or quantity of histamine or slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis release. Prevention of PGF(2alpha) synthesis with acetylsalicylic acid failed to influence histamine or slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis release or the concomitant increases in cyclic nucleotides. Histamine, added exogenously, produced a prompt increase in the cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels of human lung. As was seen after anaphylaxis, H-1 anatagonists prevented the cyclic GMP response to histamine, whereas H-2 antagonists prevented the cyclic AMP response.H-1 antagonists prevented 50% of the PGF(2alpha) synthesis accompanying anaphylaxis; H-2 antagonists had no effect. Exogenous histamine induced PGF(2alpha) synthesis; this synthesis was prevented by H-1 but not H-2 antagonists, and was reproduced by 2-methylhistamine (H-1 agonist) but not by dimaprit (H-2 agonist). Arachidonic acid generation of PGF(2alpha) was not influenced by antihistamines. Therefore, histamine interactions with human lung result in the synthesis of both PGF(2alpha) and cyclic GMP in response to H-1 stimulation, and of cyclic AMP through H-2 stimulation.", "contents": "The effects of the immunologic release of histamine upon human lung cyclic nucleotide levels and prostaglandin generation. The effect of the antigen-induced, immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent release of mediators from human lung tissue was analyzed for coincident changes in the tissue levels of cyclic nucleotides. Simultaneously with the appearance of mediators, lung cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (GMP) increased from 0.9+/-0.2 to 12.63+/-4.5 pmol/mg protein and cyclic AMP increased threefold from the initial levels of 5.1+/-1.4 pmol/mg protein. The release of histamine and prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha), as well as the associated increases in cyclic nucleotides, peaked within 10 min of anaphylaxis. Antagonists of histamine's H-1 receptor prevented anaphylaxis-associated increases in cyclic GMP, whereas H-2 antagonists prevented the cyclic AMP response. Neither of these antagonists influenced the pattern or quantity of histamine or slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis release. Prevention of PGF(2alpha) synthesis with acetylsalicylic acid failed to influence histamine or slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis release or the concomitant increases in cyclic nucleotides. Histamine, added exogenously, produced a prompt increase in the cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels of human lung. As was seen after anaphylaxis, H-1 anatagonists prevented the cyclic GMP response to histamine, whereas H-2 antagonists prevented the cyclic AMP response.H-1 antagonists prevented 50% of the PGF(2alpha) synthesis accompanying anaphylaxis; H-2 antagonists had no effect. Exogenous histamine induced PGF(2alpha) synthesis; this synthesis was prevented by H-1 but not H-2 antagonists, and was reproduced by 2-methylhistamine (H-1 agonist) but not by dimaprit (H-2 agonist). Arachidonic acid generation of PGF(2alpha) was not influenced by antihistamines. Therefore, histamine interactions with human lung result in the synthesis of both PGF(2alpha) and cyclic GMP in response to H-1 stimulation, and of cyclic AMP through H-2 stimulation.", "PMID": 85634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10004", "title": "Tissue distribution of human alpha1-microglobulin.", "content": "Human alpha(1)-microglobulin was isolated from the urine of patients with tubular proteinuria, and its molecular weight was established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 33,000 daltons. The carbohydrate content was 21.7%. Anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum was prepared and observed to react monospecifically in gel diffusion to purified alpha(1)-microglobulin, as well as to normal human serum and urine. Sera from the domestic chicken, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, calf, cow, goat, sheep, and horse, however, did not react to anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum in immunodiffusion. The lymphocyte culture supernate was found to contain alpha(1)-microglobulin. Both thymus-derived(T)- and bone marrow-derived(B)-lymphocyte culture media clearly displayed a specific precipitin line against anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum when tested with the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method. The tissue distribution of alpha(1)-microglobulin was studied under immunofluorescence, and a positive staining was recognized on the lymphocyte surface. Identical staining patterns were noted on both T and B lymphocytes, though B lymphocytes took a more intense stain. It would thus seem quite possible that lymphocytes are the primary source of alpha(1)-microglobulin and that this is filtered through the glomerular basement membrane and partly reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This, then, would suggest the possibility that alpha(1)-microglobulin shares some immunological role in vivo with lymphocytes and(or) is one of the membrane proteins of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of human alpha1-microglobulin. Human alpha(1)-microglobulin was isolated from the urine of patients with tubular proteinuria, and its molecular weight was established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 33,000 daltons. The carbohydrate content was 21.7%. Anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum was prepared and observed to react monospecifically in gel diffusion to purified alpha(1)-microglobulin, as well as to normal human serum and urine. Sera from the domestic chicken, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, calf, cow, goat, sheep, and horse, however, did not react to anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum in immunodiffusion. The lymphocyte culture supernate was found to contain alpha(1)-microglobulin. Both thymus-derived(T)- and bone marrow-derived(B)-lymphocyte culture media clearly displayed a specific precipitin line against anti-alpha(1)-microglobulin serum when tested with the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method. The tissue distribution of alpha(1)-microglobulin was studied under immunofluorescence, and a positive staining was recognized on the lymphocyte surface. Identical staining patterns were noted on both T and B lymphocytes, though B lymphocytes took a more intense stain. It would thus seem quite possible that lymphocytes are the primary source of alpha(1)-microglobulin and that this is filtered through the glomerular basement membrane and partly reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This, then, would suggest the possibility that alpha(1)-microglobulin shares some immunological role in vivo with lymphocytes and(or) is one of the membrane proteins of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 85635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10005", "title": "Comparison of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and radioimmunoassay in detection of soluble capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis of groups A or C.", "content": "Three serological methods, radioimmunoassay (RIA), latex agglutination (LX), and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), for sensitivity in the detection of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b or Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C were compared. RIA was consistently the most sensitive, LX the next, and CIEP the least sensitive. When RIA and LX were used to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with meningitis, they gave very similar results. In only two out of 47 samples, in which RIA detected one of the three antigens, was the amount of the specific polysaccharide too low to be detected by LX. By the serological methods we could detect evidence of specific pathogen in 49 samples, including nine from patients who had received intensive antimicrobial treatment for up to three days and from whom specimens yielded no bacteria on culture. The reactions were specific in all cases except two out of 47 tests positive by LX. From these two CSF samples N. meningitidis group B could be cultivated, whereas the LX was recorded positive for N. meningitidis of group A in one case, and of group C in the other. The nonspecific reactions could be due to antibodies to bacterial components other than the capsular polysaccharide.", "contents": "Comparison of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and radioimmunoassay in detection of soluble capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis of groups A or C. Three serological methods, radioimmunoassay (RIA), latex agglutination (LX), and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), for sensitivity in the detection of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b or Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C were compared. RIA was consistently the most sensitive, LX the next, and CIEP the least sensitive. When RIA and LX were used to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with meningitis, they gave very similar results. In only two out of 47 samples, in which RIA detected one of the three antigens, was the amount of the specific polysaccharide too low to be detected by LX. By the serological methods we could detect evidence of specific pathogen in 49 samples, including nine from patients who had received intensive antimicrobial treatment for up to three days and from whom specimens yielded no bacteria on culture. The reactions were specific in all cases except two out of 47 tests positive by LX. From these two CSF samples N. meningitidis group B could be cultivated, whereas the LX was recorded positive for N. meningitidis of group A in one case, and of group C in the other. The nonspecific reactions could be due to antibodies to bacterial components other than the capsular polysaccharide.", "PMID": 85636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10006", "title": "Meningococcal infection and proteolytic control.", "content": "Cascade enzyme inhibitors (C1-esterase inhibitor, C3b inactivator, antithrombin III) and other major proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (alpha 1 trypsin inhibitor, alpha 1 chymotrypsin inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2 macroglobulin) as well as C3 and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, have been examined in the sera of Nigerian patients suffering from meningococcal infection of varied severity. Patients with meningococcaemia had lower serum concentrations of important inhibitors than did patients with localised meningitic infection. Within the coccaemic group, those who died had the lowest values, notably of antithrombin III and alpha 2 macroglobulin (and also of C3). The clinical end-result of meningococcal infection may be related to the degree of disequilibrium of the linked system of proteolytic control induced by the meningococcal endotoxin.", "contents": "Meningococcal infection and proteolytic control. Cascade enzyme inhibitors (C1-esterase inhibitor, C3b inactivator, antithrombin III) and other major proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (alpha 1 trypsin inhibitor, alpha 1 chymotrypsin inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2 macroglobulin) as well as C3 and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, have been examined in the sera of Nigerian patients suffering from meningococcal infection of varied severity. Patients with meningococcaemia had lower serum concentrations of important inhibitors than did patients with localised meningitic infection. Within the coccaemic group, those who died had the lowest values, notably of antithrombin III and alpha 2 macroglobulin (and also of C3). The clinical end-result of meningococcal infection may be related to the degree of disequilibrium of the linked system of proteolytic control induced by the meningococcal endotoxin.", "PMID": 85637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10007", "title": "The escape of cyclic AMP from human diploid fibroblasts: general properties.", "content": "A variety of human diploid fibroblasts released large amounts of cAMP to the medium in a time-dependent fashion concomitant with stimulation of the cells by agonists of the adenylate cyclase. In WI-38 cells increased medium cAMP levels were detectable as quickly as increased cellular levels. Escape was not secondary to serum deprivation nor cell injury. It occurred in defined media, and was pH and temperature dependent. Elevated rates of escape were maintained for up to 24 hours after stimulation. A variety of PDE inhibitors reduced the rate of escape. A rough proportionality existed between the potencies of the compounds as potentiators of PGE1 increased cellular cAMP levels on the one hand and as inhibitors of escape on the other. In the case of IBMX, the inhibition of escape was transient, the most pronounced effect being during the first 5 minutes of incubation. In addition, a variety of compounds without significant acute effects on cellular cAMP levels inhibited escape.", "contents": "The escape of cyclic AMP from human diploid fibroblasts: general properties. A variety of human diploid fibroblasts released large amounts of cAMP to the medium in a time-dependent fashion concomitant with stimulation of the cells by agonists of the adenylate cyclase. In WI-38 cells increased medium cAMP levels were detectable as quickly as increased cellular levels. Escape was not secondary to serum deprivation nor cell injury. It occurred in defined media, and was pH and temperature dependent. Elevated rates of escape were maintained for up to 24 hours after stimulation. A variety of PDE inhibitors reduced the rate of escape. A rough proportionality existed between the potencies of the compounds as potentiators of PGE1 increased cellular cAMP levels on the one hand and as inhibitors of escape on the other. In the case of IBMX, the inhibition of escape was transient, the most pronounced effect being during the first 5 minutes of incubation. In addition, a variety of compounds without significant acute effects on cellular cAMP levels inhibited escape.", "PMID": 85640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10008", "title": "Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, imidazole and phosphate on cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase are different from those on cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases.", "content": "The effects of various agents on the newly identified cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase (C-PDE) in crude extracts of a number of rat tissues and on the enzyme partially purified from the rat liver were examined. Papaverine and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine were without effects on C-PDE at concentrations that inhibited up to 90% of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (A-PDE) and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (G-PDE) activities. When assayed using 1 micron substrates, theophylline inhibited C-PDE to a lesser extent than A-PDE and G-PDE. 2'-Deoxy cyclic AMP (specific A-PDE inhibitor) and 2'-deoxy cyclic GMP (specific G-PDE inhibitor) were relatively poor and non-specific inhibitors for C-PDE. Imidazole, while augmenting the high Km A-PDE and G-PDE from the liver but not from the heart, was without effect on the liver C-PDE but stimulated the heart C-PDE. Potassium phosphate was more specific in inhibiting C-PDE than A-PDE and G-PDE. The present findings suggest that C-PDE represents a potential site of specific pharmacological regulations, and that C-PDE may be a separate enzyme distinguishable from the purine cyclic nucleotide class of phosphodiesterases.", "contents": "Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, imidazole and phosphate on cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase are different from those on cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases. The effects of various agents on the newly identified cyclic CMP phosphodiesterase (C-PDE) in crude extracts of a number of rat tissues and on the enzyme partially purified from the rat liver were examined. Papaverine and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine were without effects on C-PDE at concentrations that inhibited up to 90% of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (A-PDE) and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (G-PDE) activities. When assayed using 1 micron substrates, theophylline inhibited C-PDE to a lesser extent than A-PDE and G-PDE. 2'-Deoxy cyclic AMP (specific A-PDE inhibitor) and 2'-deoxy cyclic GMP (specific G-PDE inhibitor) were relatively poor and non-specific inhibitors for C-PDE. Imidazole, while augmenting the high Km A-PDE and G-PDE from the liver but not from the heart, was without effect on the liver C-PDE but stimulated the heart C-PDE. Potassium phosphate was more specific in inhibiting C-PDE than A-PDE and G-PDE. The present findings suggest that C-PDE represents a potential site of specific pharmacological regulations, and that C-PDE may be a separate enzyme distinguishable from the purine cyclic nucleotide class of phosphodiesterases.", "PMID": 85641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10009", "title": "A possible role for cyclic GMP in mediating the effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on gonadotropin release in dispersed pituitary cells of the female rat.", "content": "In continuing studies on cyclic nucleotide involvement in the regulation of gonadotropin release, we have measured the cyclic nucleotide content and rate of LH and FSH release during stimulation by LHRH of dispersed overnight cultured cells from the pituitaries of adult female rats. The minimal effective concentration of LHRH was 0.1 nM and half maximal stimulation of gonadotropin release was observed in the presence of 1.0 nM LHRH. Significant release of both LH and FSH was detectable after only 10 min in the presence of 5 nM LHRH. The presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) in the overnight culture medium increased basal cGMP levels significantly, whereas horse serum (HS) had no effect, therefore all experiments were conducted on cells cultured in the presence of HS. Treatment of the cultured cells with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline (TH) or isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (MIX) revealed a preferential stimulatory effect of TH on basal cAMP levels and of MIX on cGMP levels. Throughout these experiments, LHRH had no effect on cAMP levels. In the presence of MIX, concentrations of the releasing hormone as low as 1 nM induced a significant rise in the level of cGMP whereas in its absence, cGMP levels appeared to be unchanged by LHRH. The increase was detectable after 10 min of incubation. MIX alone slightly increased LH and FSH release and significantly potentiated the response of the cells to increasing doses of LHRH up to, but not beyond, 10 nM. The data support the possibility that cGMP may be involved in the mechanism of action of LHRH.", "contents": "A possible role for cyclic GMP in mediating the effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on gonadotropin release in dispersed pituitary cells of the female rat. In continuing studies on cyclic nucleotide involvement in the regulation of gonadotropin release, we have measured the cyclic nucleotide content and rate of LH and FSH release during stimulation by LHRH of dispersed overnight cultured cells from the pituitaries of adult female rats. The minimal effective concentration of LHRH was 0.1 nM and half maximal stimulation of gonadotropin release was observed in the presence of 1.0 nM LHRH. Significant release of both LH and FSH was detectable after only 10 min in the presence of 5 nM LHRH. The presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) in the overnight culture medium increased basal cGMP levels significantly, whereas horse serum (HS) had no effect, therefore all experiments were conducted on cells cultured in the presence of HS. Treatment of the cultured cells with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline (TH) or isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (MIX) revealed a preferential stimulatory effect of TH on basal cAMP levels and of MIX on cGMP levels. Throughout these experiments, LHRH had no effect on cAMP levels. In the presence of MIX, concentrations of the releasing hormone as low as 1 nM induced a significant rise in the level of cGMP whereas in its absence, cGMP levels appeared to be unchanged by LHRH. The increase was detectable after 10 min of incubation. MIX alone slightly increased LH and FSH release and significantly potentiated the response of the cells to increasing doses of LHRH up to, but not beyond, 10 nM. The data support the possibility that cGMP may be involved in the mechanism of action of LHRH.", "PMID": 85642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10010", "title": "The audio-visual revolution: do we really need it?", "content": "In the United Kingdom, The audio-visual revolution has steadily gained converts in the nursing profession. Nurse tutor courses now contain information on the techniques of educational technology and schools of nursing increasingly own (or wish to own) many of the sophisticated electronic aids to teaching that abound. This is taking place at a time of hitherto inexperienced crisis and change. Funds have been or are being made available to buy audio-visual equipment. But its purchase and use relies on satisfying personal whim, prejudice or educational fashion, not on considerations of educational efficiency. In the rush of enthusiasm, the overwhelmed teacher (everywhere; the phenomenon is not confined to nursing) forgets to ask the searching, critical questions: 'Why should we use this aid?','How effective is it?','And, at what?'. Influential writers in this profession have repeatedly called for a more responsible attitude towards published research work of other fields. In an attempt to discover what is known about the answers to this group of questions, an eclectic look at media research is taken and the widespread dissatisfaction existing amongst international educational technologists is noted. The paper isolates out of the literature several causative factors responsible for the present state of affairs. Findings from the field of educational television are cited as representative of an aid which has had a considerable amount of time and research directed at it. The concluding part of the paper shows the decisions to be taken in using or not using educational media as being more complicated than might at first appear.", "contents": "The audio-visual revolution: do we really need it? In the United Kingdom, The audio-visual revolution has steadily gained converts in the nursing profession. Nurse tutor courses now contain information on the techniques of educational technology and schools of nursing increasingly own (or wish to own) many of the sophisticated electronic aids to teaching that abound. This is taking place at a time of hitherto inexperienced crisis and change. Funds have been or are being made available to buy audio-visual equipment. But its purchase and use relies on satisfying personal whim, prejudice or educational fashion, not on considerations of educational efficiency. In the rush of enthusiasm, the overwhelmed teacher (everywhere; the phenomenon is not confined to nursing) forgets to ask the searching, critical questions: 'Why should we use this aid?','How effective is it?','And, at what?'. Influential writers in this profession have repeatedly called for a more responsible attitude towards published research work of other fields. In an attempt to discover what is known about the answers to this group of questions, an eclectic look at media research is taken and the widespread dissatisfaction existing amongst international educational technologists is noted. The paper isolates out of the literature several causative factors responsible for the present state of affairs. Findings from the field of educational television are cited as representative of an aid which has had a considerable amount of time and research directed at it. The concluding part of the paper shows the decisions to be taken in using or not using educational media as being more complicated than might at first appear.", "PMID": 85645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10011", "title": "Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections.", "content": "Children born into allergic families, with two allergic parents, are at high risk of developing allergy within the first 5 years of life. In order to observe possible external factors in the sensitization process, a prospective study of 13 such children was done, in which serial clinical and immunologic observations were made at 3- to 6-month intervals over a period of 1 to 4 yr. Eleven of these children are now clinically allergic; 5 have asthma. Immunologic evidence for allergic sensitization was observed in these 11 children by RAST, antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release, lymphoblastogenesis, and rise in serum IgE. Upper respiratory infections (URI) occurred in these 11 allergic children 1 to 2 months prior to the onset of allergic sensitization. In 10 of these 11 URI children, complement-fixing antibodies to viruses (parainfluenza, RSV, CMV) increased in the same blood samples in which immunologic allergic sensitization was first evidenced. This coincidence suggests that certain viruses may contribute to the allergic sensitization process.", "contents": "Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections. Children born into allergic families, with two allergic parents, are at high risk of developing allergy within the first 5 years of life. In order to observe possible external factors in the sensitization process, a prospective study of 13 such children was done, in which serial clinical and immunologic observations were made at 3- to 6-month intervals over a period of 1 to 4 yr. Eleven of these children are now clinically allergic; 5 have asthma. Immunologic evidence for allergic sensitization was observed in these 11 children by RAST, antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release, lymphoblastogenesis, and rise in serum IgE. Upper respiratory infections (URI) occurred in these 11 allergic children 1 to 2 months prior to the onset of allergic sensitization. In 10 of these 11 URI children, complement-fixing antibodies to viruses (parainfluenza, RSV, CMV) increased in the same blood samples in which immunologic allergic sensitization was first evidenced. This coincidence suggests that certain viruses may contribute to the allergic sensitization process.", "PMID": 85648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10012", "title": "Anaphylactic reactions to muscle relaxants under general anesthesia.", "content": "Eleven patients who suffered a reaction to the administration of muscle relaxants during induction of general anesthesia were explored using skin tests, leukocyte histamine release, lymphocyte transformation test, and the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test (P-K). Fifteen normal subjects served as controls. Patients who suffered a reaction showed considerable cutaneous hypersensitivity to muscle relaxants. Leukocyte histamine release was positive in three cases and the P-K test was positive in one case. These findings suggest possible specific serum IgE antibodies to muscle relaxants. However, reliable discrimination between immunological and idiosyncratic pharmacological mechanism is difficult to obtain.", "contents": "Anaphylactic reactions to muscle relaxants under general anesthesia. Eleven patients who suffered a reaction to the administration of muscle relaxants during induction of general anesthesia were explored using skin tests, leukocyte histamine release, lymphocyte transformation test, and the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test (P-K). Fifteen normal subjects served as controls. Patients who suffered a reaction showed considerable cutaneous hypersensitivity to muscle relaxants. Leukocyte histamine release was positive in three cases and the P-K test was positive in one case. These findings suggest possible specific serum IgE antibodies to muscle relaxants. However, reliable discrimination between immunological and idiosyncratic pharmacological mechanism is difficult to obtain.", "PMID": 85651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10013", "title": "Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against four prototype strains of influenza A virus in different age groups.", "content": "Sera of 197 apparently well persons were tested for residual haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against live Hong Kong/68, A/FM/47 and A/PR/34 strains. Sera of 62 well persons, regularly exposed to contacts with swine, were tested against an inactivated A/New Jersey/76 antigen. Those born some time before and during a certain influenza era showed a significantly greater proportion of homologous residual titres against the subtype prevailing in that influenza era, than those born after the termination of the same era. In each of the seven age groups tested both the percentage of positives and the geometric mean titres were usually highest against the Hong Kong strain (representing the most recent era); the next highest were those against the FM1 strain and the lowest were those against the PR8 strain (representing the most distant of these three influenza eras). The serological involvement of donors exposed to regular contacts with swine was relatively stronger against the New Jersey antigen than the response of other serum donors shown against the other three, more recent, prototypes of influenza virus A. The oldest age groups showed significantly lower antibody response against the PR8, FM1 and Hong Kong strains (but not against the New Jersey antigen) than the next one or two of the younger age groups.", "contents": "Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against four prototype strains of influenza A virus in different age groups. Sera of 197 apparently well persons were tested for residual haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against live Hong Kong/68, A/FM/47 and A/PR/34 strains. Sera of 62 well persons, regularly exposed to contacts with swine, were tested against an inactivated A/New Jersey/76 antigen. Those born some time before and during a certain influenza era showed a significantly greater proportion of homologous residual titres against the subtype prevailing in that influenza era, than those born after the termination of the same era. In each of the seven age groups tested both the percentage of positives and the geometric mean titres were usually highest against the Hong Kong strain (representing the most recent era); the next highest were those against the FM1 strain and the lowest were those against the PR8 strain (representing the most distant of these three influenza eras). The serological involvement of donors exposed to regular contacts with swine was relatively stronger against the New Jersey antigen than the response of other serum donors shown against the other three, more recent, prototypes of influenza virus A. The oldest age groups showed significantly lower antibody response against the PR8, FM1 and Hong Kong strains (but not against the New Jersey antigen) than the next one or two of the younger age groups.", "PMID": 85674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10014", "title": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. V. Serum protein pattern during infection with various doses.", "content": "Serum protein patterns of Swiss albino mice during Ancylostoma caninum infection with varying dose levels were studied electrophoretically. There was a significant decrease in albumin associated with a corresponding increase in beta globulin in all the infected groups. Gamma globulin decreased significantly in all groups except the one infected with a challenge dose of 4000 larvae. Maximum changes occurred on day 31, 15, 9, 15 and 6 when mice were infected with 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between albumin and the infective doses and a positive correlation between beta globulin and the infective doses and among the changes caused by different infective doses.", "contents": "Experimental infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae in mice. V. Serum protein pattern during infection with various doses. Serum protein patterns of Swiss albino mice during Ancylostoma caninum infection with varying dose levels were studied electrophoretically. There was a significant decrease in albumin associated with a corresponding increase in beta globulin in all the infected groups. Gamma globulin decreased significantly in all groups except the one infected with a challenge dose of 4000 larvae. Maximum changes occurred on day 31, 15, 9, 15 and 6 when mice were infected with 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between albumin and the infective doses and a positive correlation between beta globulin and the infective doses and among the changes caused by different infective doses.", "PMID": 85675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10015", "title": "Coupling of acid labile Salmonella specific oligosaccharides to macromolecular carriers.", "content": "A coupling method for covalent attachment of acid labile oligosaccharides isolated from S. typhimurium O-polysaccharide to macromolecular carriers is described. Arylamine groups were introduced into the terminal reducing end of oligosaccharides by reacting them with 2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamine. After subsequent conversion to the corresponding saccharide-phenylisothiocyanato derivatives saccharides were covalently linked to free epsilon-lysylamine groups of different carrier proteins. The resulting conjugates were highly immunogenic and elicited in rabbits both anti-harptenic and anti-carrier protein specific antibodies. Some of the advantages of this coupling procedure are: (i) it can be used with oligosaccharides containing highly acid or alkali labile structures and/or glycosidic linkages, (ii) it produces conjugates with high degrees of substitution at low saccharide/protein molar input ratios, (iii) it does not grossly affect the immunogenic specificities of the carrier protein, and (iv) it is suitable for preparation of highly substituted affinity columns, e.g., coupling to a polyacrylamide matrix.", "contents": "Coupling of acid labile Salmonella specific oligosaccharides to macromolecular carriers. A coupling method for covalent attachment of acid labile oligosaccharides isolated from S. typhimurium O-polysaccharide to macromolecular carriers is described. Arylamine groups were introduced into the terminal reducing end of oligosaccharides by reacting them with 2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamine. After subsequent conversion to the corresponding saccharide-phenylisothiocyanato derivatives saccharides were covalently linked to free epsilon-lysylamine groups of different carrier proteins. The resulting conjugates were highly immunogenic and elicited in rabbits both anti-harptenic and anti-carrier protein specific antibodies. Some of the advantages of this coupling procedure are: (i) it can be used with oligosaccharides containing highly acid or alkali labile structures and/or glycosidic linkages, (ii) it produces conjugates with high degrees of substitution at low saccharide/protein molar input ratios, (iii) it does not grossly affect the immunogenic specificities of the carrier protein, and (iv) it is suitable for preparation of highly substituted affinity columns, e.g., coupling to a polyacrylamide matrix.", "PMID": 85676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10016", "title": "Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. I. T-suppressor cells specific for MOPC 460 idiotype regulate the expression of cells secreting anti-TNP antibodies bearing 460 idiotype.", "content": "An idiotype of the dinitrophenyl-binding myeloma protein MOPC 460 was expressed on a small but significant proportion of anti-TNP antibodies which appeared after in vivo or in vitro immunization of BALB/c mice with three T-independent TNP antigens. In vitro experiments show that the depletion of T cells before culture increased significantly the number of plaques secreting anti-TNP antibodies bearing MOPC 460 idiotype (460Id). T cells from BALB/c mice, but not from C.B20 mice, exhibit this suppressor activity. Plate-binding experiments indicate that the suppressive action of the T-lymphocyte population depends on a cell which can bind to MOPC 460 myeloma protein. The possible role of these normally occurring, idiotype-specific T cells on expression of 460Id in the anti-TNP antibody response of BALB/c mice is discussed.", "contents": "Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. I. T-suppressor cells specific for MOPC 460 idiotype regulate the expression of cells secreting anti-TNP antibodies bearing 460 idiotype. An idiotype of the dinitrophenyl-binding myeloma protein MOPC 460 was expressed on a small but significant proportion of anti-TNP antibodies which appeared after in vivo or in vitro immunization of BALB/c mice with three T-independent TNP antigens. In vitro experiments show that the depletion of T cells before culture increased significantly the number of plaques secreting anti-TNP antibodies bearing MOPC 460 idiotype (460Id). T cells from BALB/c mice, but not from C.B20 mice, exhibit this suppressor activity. Plate-binding experiments indicate that the suppressive action of the T-lymphocyte population depends on a cell which can bind to MOPC 460 myeloma protein. The possible role of these normally occurring, idiotype-specific T cells on expression of 460Id in the anti-TNP antibody response of BALB/c mice is discussed.", "PMID": 85681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10017", "title": "Cell-surface antigens associated with recombinant mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "Distinct type-specific antigens were detected on cells infected with cloned mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia viruses by means of cell surface immunofluorescence absorption assays with rabbit antisera raised against naturally-occurring AKR MCF viruses. The MCF type-specific antibodies were present in high titer and not absorbable by cells infected with ecotropic, xenotropic, or wild mouse amphotropic murine leukemia viruses, or combinations of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. Three MCF subtype-specific reactions were identified. One subspecificity (operationally designated MCFA-1) defined antigenic determinant(s) distributed among MCF viruses in general. Another (MCFA-2) specified determinant(s) induced by all naturally occurring MCF isolates not of Friend or Moloney origin. A third subspecificity (MCFA-3) was induced by some MCF isolates, and not by others; the presence of this antigen did not correlate with the source of any presently known biological property of the viruses. In addition, type-specific antigenic determinants of ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses were expressed on MCF virus-infected cells. The serological profile of MCF viruses thus supports the contention that they are env gene recombinants between ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia  viruses. However, new, distinct MCF-specific determinants are also generated, and these could be useful markers in studying MCF viruses.", "contents": "Cell-surface antigens associated with recombinant mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses. Distinct type-specific antigens were detected on cells infected with cloned mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia viruses by means of cell surface immunofluorescence absorption assays with rabbit antisera raised against naturally-occurring AKR MCF viruses. The MCF type-specific antibodies were present in high titer and not absorbable by cells infected with ecotropic, xenotropic, or wild mouse amphotropic murine leukemia viruses, or combinations of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. Three MCF subtype-specific reactions were identified. One subspecificity (operationally designated MCFA-1) defined antigenic determinant(s) distributed among MCF viruses in general. Another (MCFA-2) specified determinant(s) induced by all naturally occurring MCF isolates not of Friend or Moloney origin. A third subspecificity (MCFA-3) was induced by some MCF isolates, and not by others; the presence of this antigen did not correlate with the source of any presently known biological property of the viruses. In addition, type-specific antigenic determinants of ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses were expressed on MCF virus-infected cells. The serological profile of MCF viruses thus supports the contention that they are env gene recombinants between ecotropic and xenotropic murine leukemia  viruses. However, new, distinct MCF-specific determinants are also generated, and these could be useful markers in studying MCF viruses.", "PMID": 85682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10018", "title": "The induction of cell-mediated immunity and tolerance with protein antigens coupled to syngeneic lymphoid cells.", "content": "A mouse model of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and tolerance to protein antigens horse gamma globulin (HoGG) and cytochrome (Cyt C) was investigated. A reliable CMI response as measured in vivo by ear swelling or by an in vitro T-cell proliferation assay could be induced by one of two methods: (a) sensitization by antigen-complete Freund's adjuvant in the base of the tail, or (b) sensitization by s.c. injection of antigen coupled to syngeneic lymphoid cells. The in vivo response exhibited characteristic CMI parameters, delayed kinetics, and transfer by viable T cells. Prior i.v. injection of HoGG-modified lymphoid cells (HoGG-LC) or Cyt C-LC before sensitization resulted in a rapidly induced, dose-dependent, antigen-specific suppression of both in vivo and in vitro manifestations of the CMI response. In addition, tolerance in this system was transferrable by an antigen-specific suppressor T cell (Ts). The Ts were found to diminish the in vivo ear swelling reaction in recipient animals, but had no effect on the in vitro T-cell proliferative response of the recipients. In contrast to the rapid development of tolerance in donor mice (phenotypic tolerance), transferrable Ts were first demonstrable 4--7 d posttolerization. This latter result indicates that at least two mechanisms of tolerance are operative in this system: the rapid induction of clone inhibition of reactive T cells and the slower induction of Ts. These results indicate again that the mode of antigen presentation is crucial in determining the immunologic outcome. In these experiments, cell-bound proteins injected subcutaneously led to delayed hypersensitivity while the same antigens injected intravenously led to tolerance. These results are considered in the light of recent experiments which show that T cells recognize antigens on cells in association with major histocompatibility complex products. We believe the following pathways are involved. In sensitization via subcutaneous injection of HoGG-LC, antigen reaches the lymph node via lymphatic pathways which lead to immunogenic macrophage-associated presentation and the activation of delayed hypersensitivity T cells (TDH). In tolerization via intravenous injection of HoGG-LC, antigen (a) reaches the lymph node via the blood, probably directly meeting the TDH, preventing its subsequent activation by immunogenic  HoGG (clone inhibition) and (b) reaches the spleen, also via the blood, activating suppressor T cells.", "contents": "The induction of cell-mediated immunity and tolerance with protein antigens coupled to syngeneic lymphoid cells. A mouse model of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and tolerance to protein antigens horse gamma globulin (HoGG) and cytochrome (Cyt C) was investigated. A reliable CMI response as measured in vivo by ear swelling or by an in vitro T-cell proliferation assay could be induced by one of two methods: (a) sensitization by antigen-complete Freund's adjuvant in the base of the tail, or (b) sensitization by s.c. injection of antigen coupled to syngeneic lymphoid cells. The in vivo response exhibited characteristic CMI parameters, delayed kinetics, and transfer by viable T cells. Prior i.v. injection of HoGG-modified lymphoid cells (HoGG-LC) or Cyt C-LC before sensitization resulted in a rapidly induced, dose-dependent, antigen-specific suppression of both in vivo and in vitro manifestations of the CMI response. In addition, tolerance in this system was transferrable by an antigen-specific suppressor T cell (Ts). The Ts were found to diminish the in vivo ear swelling reaction in recipient animals, but had no effect on the in vitro T-cell proliferative response of the recipients. In contrast to the rapid development of tolerance in donor mice (phenotypic tolerance), transferrable Ts were first demonstrable 4--7 d posttolerization. This latter result indicates that at least two mechanisms of tolerance are operative in this system: the rapid induction of clone inhibition of reactive T cells and the slower induction of Ts. These results indicate again that the mode of antigen presentation is crucial in determining the immunologic outcome. In these experiments, cell-bound proteins injected subcutaneously led to delayed hypersensitivity while the same antigens injected intravenously led to tolerance. These results are considered in the light of recent experiments which show that T cells recognize antigens on cells in association with major histocompatibility complex products. We believe the following pathways are involved. In sensitization via subcutaneous injection of HoGG-LC, antigen reaches the lymph node via lymphatic pathways which lead to immunogenic macrophage-associated presentation and the activation of delayed hypersensitivity T cells (TDH). In tolerization via intravenous injection of HoGG-LC, antigen (a) reaches the lymph node via the blood, probably directly meeting the TDH, preventing its subsequent activation by immunogenic  HoGG (clone inhibition) and (b) reaches the spleen, also via the blood, activating suppressor T cells.", "PMID": 85683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10019", "title": "Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. II. Immunity to anti-MOPC-460 idiotype antibodies increases the level of anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies bearing 460 idiotypes.", "content": "The antibody response of BALB/c mice to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-levan or TNP-Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) includes a small but significant fraction of antibodies which share idiotypes (Id) with the dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and TNP-binding myeloma protein MOPC-460. Active immunization of BALB/c mice with MOPC-460 or passive administration of anti-460-Id antibodies suppresses the 460-Id+ component of the anti-TNP response. By contrast, active immunization of BALB/c with anti-460-Id antibodies or passive administration of BALB/c anti-[anti-460-Id] antibodies leads to an enhanced 460-Id+ component in the anti-TNP antibodies produced in response to TNP-levan or TNP-NWSM. This enhanced 460-Id+ response appears to be a result of the elimination of suppressor T lymphocytes specific for the 460-Id as T lymphocytes from such mice are unable to suppress the in vitro 460-Id+ response to TNP-NWSM whereas normal T cells are suppressive. These results indicate that suppressor cells specific for 460-Id normally regulate the activation of precursors of cells capable of secreting 460-Id+ anti-TNP antibodies.", "contents": "Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. II. Immunity to anti-MOPC-460 idiotype antibodies increases the level of anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies bearing 460 idiotypes. The antibody response of BALB/c mice to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-levan or TNP-Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) includes a small but significant fraction of antibodies which share idiotypes (Id) with the dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and TNP-binding myeloma protein MOPC-460. Active immunization of BALB/c mice with MOPC-460 or passive administration of anti-460-Id antibodies suppresses the 460-Id+ component of the anti-TNP response. By contrast, active immunization of BALB/c with anti-460-Id antibodies or passive administration of BALB/c anti-[anti-460-Id] antibodies leads to an enhanced 460-Id+ component in the anti-TNP antibodies produced in response to TNP-levan or TNP-NWSM. This enhanced 460-Id+ response appears to be a result of the elimination of suppressor T lymphocytes specific for the 460-Id as T lymphocytes from such mice are unable to suppress the in vitro 460-Id+ response to TNP-NWSM whereas normal T cells are suppressive. These results indicate that suppressor cells specific for 460-Id normally regulate the activation of precursors of cells capable of secreting 460-Id+ anti-TNP antibodies.", "PMID": 85684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10020", "title": "Idiotypic determinants on T-cell subpopulations.", "content": "Killer T cells with specificity for major histocompatibility antigens have been shown in mice and rats to display idiotypic receptors allowing the lysis of such cells at the effector phase by anti-idiotypic antibodies and complement. A comparison was made between idiotypes displayed by Lyt-1-2+3+ and Lyt-1+2-3- T blasts, generated in the same mixed leucocyte culture (MLC), across an entire H-2 locus barrier. This was done by absorption of anti-idiotypic antibodies with respective T blasts, followed by estimation of the ability of the absorbed antiserum to inhibit MLC or killer T-cell function. Further, the capacity of Lyt-purified, MLC-generated T blasts to provoke specific unresponsiveness via anti-idiotypic immunity in syngeneic recipients was analyzed. Taken together, the results demonstrate that Lyt-1+2-3- T blasts responsible for the major part of MLC proliferation have distincly different idiotypes from those on the Lyt 1-2+3+ killer T cells. That the idiotypes on the killer T-cell presursors can serve as triggering sites for induction of effector T-cell function was then suggested by experiments with Lyt-1-2+3+-purified, normal T cells as precursor cells in vitro. The fact that autoanti-idiotypic antibodies may circumvent the need for helper Lyt-1+2-3- T cells in the generation of allospecific killer T cells indicates that the former cells may normally function partly via such anti-idiotypic reactions.", "contents": "Idiotypic determinants on T-cell subpopulations. Killer T cells with specificity for major histocompatibility antigens have been shown in mice and rats to display idiotypic receptors allowing the lysis of such cells at the effector phase by anti-idiotypic antibodies and complement. A comparison was made between idiotypes displayed by Lyt-1-2+3+ and Lyt-1+2-3- T blasts, generated in the same mixed leucocyte culture (MLC), across an entire H-2 locus barrier. This was done by absorption of anti-idiotypic antibodies with respective T blasts, followed by estimation of the ability of the absorbed antiserum to inhibit MLC or killer T-cell function. Further, the capacity of Lyt-purified, MLC-generated T blasts to provoke specific unresponsiveness via anti-idiotypic immunity in syngeneic recipients was analyzed. Taken together, the results demonstrate that Lyt-1+2-3- T blasts responsible for the major part of MLC proliferation have distincly different idiotypes from those on the Lyt 1-2+3+ killer T cells. That the idiotypes on the killer T-cell presursors can serve as triggering sites for induction of effector T-cell function was then suggested by experiments with Lyt-1-2+3+-purified, normal T cells as precursor cells in vitro. The fact that autoanti-idiotypic antibodies may circumvent the need for helper Lyt-1+2-3- T cells in the generation of allospecific killer T cells indicates that the former cells may normally function partly via such anti-idiotypic reactions.", "PMID": 85685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10021", "title": "Distinct functions of monoclonal IgG antibody depend on antigen-site specificities.", "content": "Intraveneous hyperimmunization of selectivity bred rabbits with streptococcal group A-variant vaccines elicits antibody responses of restricted heterogeneity at high antibody levels. All antisera contain two functionally distinct antibody populations, which can be isolated in single-band purity upon analytical isoelectric focusing. Typical examples of these two kinds of single-band antibodies were investigated in great detail for several parameters by a variety of methods. 85--99% of the streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide (Av-CHO)-specific antibody in the antisera does not precipitate the isolated 5,000 daltons poly-L-rhamnose antigen, neither agglutinates nor lyses in the presence of complement Av-CHO-coated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), binds the radio-labeled Av-CHO with an association constant in the ragne of 10(5)--10(6) M-1, and is of terminal specificity (nonreducing end) for the linear Av-CHO. In contrast, the minor fraction of Av-CHO-specific antibody (1--15%) does precipitate the linear Av-CHO, both agglutinates and lyses Av-CHO-coated SRBC in the presence of complement, has an affinity range of 10(8)--10(9) M-1, and is of internal specificity for the Av-CHO. The antigenic determinants of the Av-CHO for the antibodies are nonoverlapping, only one Fab of the low affinity antibody can be bound whereas four Fab of the high affinity antibody are accommodated. Hence, the determinant specificity explains the functional differences observed, for there is no indication of subclass differences. A mechanistic model of the A-variant carbohydrate presentation on the vaccine appears to account best for the unbalanced levels of low and high affinity antibody.", "contents": "Distinct functions of monoclonal IgG antibody depend on antigen-site specificities. Intraveneous hyperimmunization of selectivity bred rabbits with streptococcal group A-variant vaccines elicits antibody responses of restricted heterogeneity at high antibody levels. All antisera contain two functionally distinct antibody populations, which can be isolated in single-band purity upon analytical isoelectric focusing. Typical examples of these two kinds of single-band antibodies were investigated in great detail for several parameters by a variety of methods. 85--99% of the streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide (Av-CHO)-specific antibody in the antisera does not precipitate the isolated 5,000 daltons poly-L-rhamnose antigen, neither agglutinates nor lyses in the presence of complement Av-CHO-coated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), binds the radio-labeled Av-CHO with an association constant in the ragne of 10(5)--10(6) M-1, and is of terminal specificity (nonreducing end) for the linear Av-CHO. In contrast, the minor fraction of Av-CHO-specific antibody (1--15%) does precipitate the linear Av-CHO, both agglutinates and lyses Av-CHO-coated SRBC in the presence of complement, has an affinity range of 10(8)--10(9) M-1, and is of internal specificity for the Av-CHO. The antigenic determinants of the Av-CHO for the antibodies are nonoverlapping, only one Fab of the low affinity antibody can be bound whereas four Fab of the high affinity antibody are accommodated. Hence, the determinant specificity explains the functional differences observed, for there is no indication of subclass differences. A mechanistic model of the A-variant carbohydrate presentation on the vaccine appears to account best for the unbalanced levels of low and high affinity antibody.", "PMID": 85686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10022", "title": "On the serological specificity of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9 antigens.", "content": "The O8 and O9-specific lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli lost their serological activity during liberation of the polysaccharide moieties (alpha-mannans) by mild acid hydrolysis, as tested by passive haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition. The serological activities and specificities were restored by substitution of the polysaccharides with 1 to 2 stearoyl groups per polysaccharide chain. The mannans obtained by biosynthesis in vitro were serologically active only when bound to the membrane-associated hydrophobic carrier molecule. Liberation of the polysaccharides from the carrier by treatment with aqueous phenol resulted in loss of the serological activity. The O8- and O9-specific mannans of E. coli are thus serologically active when they are part of an amphiphilic molecule and not as free polysaccharides.", "contents": "On the serological specificity of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9 antigens. The O8 and O9-specific lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli lost their serological activity during liberation of the polysaccharide moieties (alpha-mannans) by mild acid hydrolysis, as tested by passive haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition. The serological activities and specificities were restored by substitution of the polysaccharides with 1 to 2 stearoyl groups per polysaccharide chain. The mannans obtained by biosynthesis in vitro were serologically active only when bound to the membrane-associated hydrophobic carrier molecule. Liberation of the polysaccharides from the carrier by treatment with aqueous phenol resulted in loss of the serological activity. The O8- and O9-specific mannans of E. coli are thus serologically active when they are part of an amphiphilic molecule and not as free polysaccharides.", "PMID": 85688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10023", "title": "Effect of interferon on murine leukaemia virus infection. IV. Formation of non-infectious virus in chronically infected cells.", "content": "Interferon (150 units/ml) was used to treat SC-1 and AKR-2B cells which were chronically infected with murine leukaemia virus (MuLV). This led to a 100-fold decrease in the amount of infectious virus released into the medium and a 10-fold decrease in the number of virus particles measured by the virion-associated reverse transcriptase assay. However, there was little change in the amount of cell-associated infectious virus, though nearly twice as many cell-associated virions were counted in electron micrographs. With both types of cells, interferon blocked MuLV replication at the post-budding stage, but it did not change the morphology of the particles produced or their content of virion 70S RNA. Infectious virus assembled on the cell membranes of interferon-treated cells was less stable at 37 degrees C than that grown in the absence of interferon. Release of infectious virus from interferon-treated cells was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, though both agents inhibited virus production in controls. These results show that interferon inhibits MuLV replication through effects on virion assembly; these lead both to the formation of non-infectious particles and of fewer virions. Kinetic analysis further shows that interferon affects MuLV assembly rapidly and induction of an antiviral protein may not be required.", "contents": "Effect of interferon on murine leukaemia virus infection. IV. Formation of non-infectious virus in chronically infected cells. Interferon (150 units/ml) was used to treat SC-1 and AKR-2B cells which were chronically infected with murine leukaemia virus (MuLV). This led to a 100-fold decrease in the amount of infectious virus released into the medium and a 10-fold decrease in the number of virus particles measured by the virion-associated reverse transcriptase assay. However, there was little change in the amount of cell-associated infectious virus, though nearly twice as many cell-associated virions were counted in electron micrographs. With both types of cells, interferon blocked MuLV replication at the post-budding stage, but it did not change the morphology of the particles produced or their content of virion 70S RNA. Infectious virus assembled on the cell membranes of interferon-treated cells was less stable at 37 degrees C than that grown in the absence of interferon. Release of infectious virus from interferon-treated cells was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, though both agents inhibited virus production in controls. These results show that interferon inhibits MuLV replication through effects on virion assembly; these lead both to the formation of non-infectious particles and of fewer virions. Kinetic analysis further shows that interferon affects MuLV assembly rapidly and induction of an antiviral protein may not be required.", "PMID": 85689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10024", "title": "Demonstration of an unusual DNA polymerase activity associated with the L cell virion.", "content": "Purified preparations of L cell virions (LCV) were found to possess an associated DNA polymerase activity. This enzyme was active with poly(C).oligo(dG) and poly(Cm).oligo(dG) and was able to transcribe poly(A).oligo(dT). Endogenous DNA synthesis was also demonstrable in disrupted virion preparations but this reaction was enhanced, rather than inhibited, by RNase pre-treatment. The effects of variations in a number of the assay parameters on these activities were examined in an attempt to determine the class of DNA polymerase involved.", "contents": "Demonstration of an unusual DNA polymerase activity associated with the L cell virion. Purified preparations of L cell virions (LCV) were found to possess an associated DNA polymerase activity. This enzyme was active with poly(C).oligo(dG) and poly(Cm).oligo(dG) and was able to transcribe poly(A).oligo(dT). Endogenous DNA synthesis was also demonstrable in disrupted virion preparations but this reaction was enhanced, rather than inhibited, by RNase pre-treatment. The effects of variations in a number of the assay parameters on these activities were examined in an attempt to determine the class of DNA polymerase involved.", "PMID": 85690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10025", "title": "Association of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) determinants with the core of Dane particles.", "content": "Immunoprecipitates obtained by reacting Dane particle cores with human antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) were chromatographed on columns of Sepharose 4B CL using 3 M-NaSCN as eluant. An antigen having the size and immunological specificity of monomeric e-antigen (HBeAg) was separated from HBcAg by this method. Antisera from animals immunized with HBcAg or HBeAg reacted not only with the antigen used for immunization but also with HBeAg and HBcAg, respectively. This indicates that HBeAg determinants are associated with the core of Dane particles.", "contents": "Association of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) determinants with the core of Dane particles. Immunoprecipitates obtained by reacting Dane particle cores with human antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) were chromatographed on columns of Sepharose 4B CL using 3 M-NaSCN as eluant. An antigen having the size and immunological specificity of monomeric e-antigen (HBeAg) was separated from HBcAg by this method. Antisera from animals immunized with HBcAg or HBeAg reacted not only with the antigen used for immunization but also with HBeAg and HBcAg, respectively. This indicates that HBeAg determinants are associated with the core of Dane particles.", "PMID": 85691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10026", "title": "Tectopontine pathway in the cat: laminar distribution of cells of origin and visual properties of target cells in dorsolateral pontine nucleus.", "content": "1. The superior colliculus projects to the dorsolateral nucleus of the pons. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) revealed that cells in the superior colliculus, which send their axons to the pons, lie in both superficial (III) and deep (IV--VII) layers. Superficial cells outnumbered deep cells. The inferior colliculus also projects heavily to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus. 2. Dorsolateral pontine visual cells were activated only by visual stimulation. Cells responsive to somatic or auditory stimulation were also found in the dorsolateral nucleus, and they too responded to only one sense modality. 3. Of the dorsolateral pontine visual cells, 69% were directionally selective. 4. Dorsolateral pontine visual cells were responsive to moving targets over a wide range of stimulus velocities. Velocities between 25 and 100 degrees/s were the most effective. No cells responded to a stationary stimulus. 5. Single-spot targets were the most effective stimuli. Stimulus size was a more important parameter than stimulus configuration. Many cells had inhibitory regions outside of their excitatory fields. 6. The excitatory receptive fields of dorsolateral pontine cells were very large (median, 1,100 deg2). 7. Nearly all receptive fields were centered in the contralateral visual hemifield, and 91% of the dorsolateral visual cells were activated from either eye. 8. We conclude that the visual cells in the dorsolateral nucleus have receptive-field properties that are similar to those of cells in the superior colliculus. The preference of dorsolateral cells for single-spot targets contrasts strongly with the multiple-spot preference of medial pontine cells, which receive their input from visual cortex.", "contents": "Tectopontine pathway in the cat: laminar distribution of cells of origin and visual properties of target cells in dorsolateral pontine nucleus. 1. The superior colliculus projects to the dorsolateral nucleus of the pons. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) revealed that cells in the superior colliculus, which send their axons to the pons, lie in both superficial (III) and deep (IV--VII) layers. Superficial cells outnumbered deep cells. The inferior colliculus also projects heavily to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus. 2. Dorsolateral pontine visual cells were activated only by visual stimulation. Cells responsive to somatic or auditory stimulation were also found in the dorsolateral nucleus, and they too responded to only one sense modality. 3. Of the dorsolateral pontine visual cells, 69% were directionally selective. 4. Dorsolateral pontine visual cells were responsive to moving targets over a wide range of stimulus velocities. Velocities between 25 and 100 degrees/s were the most effective. No cells responded to a stationary stimulus. 5. Single-spot targets were the most effective stimuli. Stimulus size was a more important parameter than stimulus configuration. Many cells had inhibitory regions outside of their excitatory fields. 6. The excitatory receptive fields of dorsolateral pontine cells were very large (median, 1,100 deg2). 7. Nearly all receptive fields were centered in the contralateral visual hemifield, and 91% of the dorsolateral visual cells were activated from either eye. 8. We conclude that the visual cells in the dorsolateral nucleus have receptive-field properties that are similar to those of cells in the superior colliculus. The preference of dorsolateral cells for single-spot targets contrasts strongly with the multiple-spot preference of medial pontine cells, which receive their input from visual cortex.", "PMID": 85698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10027", "title": "Nocodazole action on tubulin assembly, axonal ultrastructure and fast axoplasmic transport.", "content": "The action of a synthetic antitubulin agent, nocodazole, on tubulin self-assembly, preformed microtubules, fast axoplasmic transport and axonal ultrastructure was studied. Nocodazole completely blocks the self-assembly of tubulin containing or lacking associated proteins. This inhibition is readily reversible. At similar concentrations, nocodazole also depolymerizes preformed microtubules in vitro. Fast axoplasmic transport in cat vagus nerve is disrupted by bathing the nerve fivers in a medium containing 10 micrometer nocodazole for periods of 2.5 hr or longer. A 4-hr exposure results in extensive inhibition. The nocodazole action on fast axoplasmic transport appears to be reversible but with a high degree of variability. After 2.5 hr of exposure to 10 micrometers nocodazole, there is a slight decrease in axonal microtubules and an increase in 10 nm neurofilaments. A 4 hr exposure results in a marked reduction in microtubules. These results suggest that nocodazole has a mode of action similar to other antimicrotubule agents.", "contents": "Nocodazole action on tubulin assembly, axonal ultrastructure and fast axoplasmic transport. The action of a synthetic antitubulin agent, nocodazole, on tubulin self-assembly, preformed microtubules, fast axoplasmic transport and axonal ultrastructure was studied. Nocodazole completely blocks the self-assembly of tubulin containing or lacking associated proteins. This inhibition is readily reversible. At similar concentrations, nocodazole also depolymerizes preformed microtubules in vitro. Fast axoplasmic transport in cat vagus nerve is disrupted by bathing the nerve fivers in a medium containing 10 micrometer nocodazole for periods of 2.5 hr or longer. A 4-hr exposure results in extensive inhibition. The nocodazole action on fast axoplasmic transport appears to be reversible but with a high degree of variability. After 2.5 hr of exposure to 10 micrometers nocodazole, there is a slight decrease in axonal microtubules and an increase in 10 nm neurofilaments. A 4 hr exposure results in a marked reduction in microtubules. These results suggest that nocodazole has a mode of action similar to other antimicrotubule agents.", "PMID": 85702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10028", "title": "Comparison of the temperature-dependence of rapid axonal transport and microtubules in nerves of the rabbit and bullfrog.", "content": "1. The average velocity of transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme confined to unmyelinated adrenergic nerves, was measured in rabbit and bullfrog sciatic nerves or branches incubated in vitro at various temperatures. In parallel experiments, the number and density of microtubules were measured in cross-sections of randomly selected unmyelinated axons from another set of nerves incubated under the same conditions. 2. Average transport velocity was exponentially related to temperature over a wide range, but it fell abruptly towards zero at temperatures below 13 degrees C in the case of rabbit nerves and 10 degrees C in the case of frog nerves. 3. The number of microtubules per unmyelinated axon had declined considerably before the transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was impaired. At 13 degrees C, axons in rabbit nerves lost 30% of their microtubules. Axons in bullfrog nerves were, if anything, more sensitive to cold, losing 35% of their microtubules at 15 degrees C and 65% of them at 10 degrees C. 4. Since the temperature-dependence of the axonal transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is probably typical of rapid axonal transport in general, it was concluded that transport in unmyelinated axons can continue unaffected when a substantial fraction of the microtubular population has been lost. 5. Although these results could imply that microtubules are not essential for transport, they are equally compatible with the view that these organelles determine the capacity of the transport system and are normally present in excess.", "contents": "Comparison of the temperature-dependence of rapid axonal transport and microtubules in nerves of the rabbit and bullfrog. 1. The average velocity of transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme confined to unmyelinated adrenergic nerves, was measured in rabbit and bullfrog sciatic nerves or branches incubated in vitro at various temperatures. In parallel experiments, the number and density of microtubules were measured in cross-sections of randomly selected unmyelinated axons from another set of nerves incubated under the same conditions. 2. Average transport velocity was exponentially related to temperature over a wide range, but it fell abruptly towards zero at temperatures below 13 degrees C in the case of rabbit nerves and 10 degrees C in the case of frog nerves. 3. The number of microtubules per unmyelinated axon had declined considerably before the transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was impaired. At 13 degrees C, axons in rabbit nerves lost 30% of their microtubules. Axons in bullfrog nerves were, if anything, more sensitive to cold, losing 35% of their microtubules at 15 degrees C and 65% of them at 10 degrees C. 4. Since the temperature-dependence of the axonal transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is probably typical of rapid axonal transport in general, it was concluded that transport in unmyelinated axons can continue unaffected when a substantial fraction of the microtubular population has been lost. 5. Although these results could imply that microtubules are not essential for transport, they are equally compatible with the view that these organelles determine the capacity of the transport system and are normally present in excess.", "PMID": 85705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10029", "title": "Drug-induced modifications of the immune response. 1. Substituted 1-phenylisoquinolines.", "content": "A series of 1-phenylisoquinolines and related compounds was prepared and tested for potential antiallergic activity. Several compounds of this series inhibited the antigen-induced wheal formation in rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay, a commonly used test for antiallergic activity. Many of these compounds also inhibited the antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices. Furthermore, almost all of these derivatives inhibited the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, suggesting this as one of several possible mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Drug-induced modifications of the immune response. 1. Substituted 1-phenylisoquinolines. A series of 1-phenylisoquinolines and related compounds was prepared and tested for potential antiallergic activity. Several compounds of this series inhibited the antigen-induced wheal formation in rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay, a commonly used test for antiallergic activity. Many of these compounds also inhibited the antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices. Furthermore, almost all of these derivatives inhibited the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, suggesting this as one of several possible mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 85712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10030", "title": "Microscopical image analysis: problems and approaches.", "content": "This article reviews some of the problems which have been encountered in the application of automatic image analysis to problems in biology. Some of the questions involved in the actual formulation of such a problem for this approach are considered as well as the difficulties in the analysis due to lack of specific constrast in the image and to its complexity. Various practical methods which have been successful in overcoming these problems are outlined, and the question of the desirability of an opto-manual or semi-automatic system as opposed to a fully automatic version is considered.", "contents": "Microscopical image analysis: problems and approaches. This article reviews some of the problems which have been encountered in the application of automatic image analysis to problems in biology. Some of the questions involved in the actual formulation of such a problem for this approach are considered as well as the difficulties in the analysis due to lack of specific constrast in the image and to its complexity. Various practical methods which have been successful in overcoming these problems are outlined, and the question of the desirability of an opto-manual or semi-automatic system as opposed to a fully automatic version is considered.", "PMID": 85713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10031", "title": "Differential and staining of cobalt-and nickel-filled neurones using rubeanic acid.", "content": "A staining procedure is described with differentiates with distinct colours, cobalt and nickel ions introduced into neurones. Densely coloured precipitates are produced with these ions when rubeanic acid, a spot-test reagent, is added. Formation of the coloured complexes takes place within a few minutes, and may be followed under the dissecting microscope. This technique permits observation of the relative positions, within ganglia, of somata related to two emergent nerves following multiple axonal-backfilling. It also appears to be of value in tracing neurone branching after the intracellular injection of ions.", "contents": "Differential and staining of cobalt-and nickel-filled neurones using rubeanic acid. A staining procedure is described with differentiates with distinct colours, cobalt and nickel ions introduced into neurones. Densely coloured precipitates are produced with these ions when rubeanic acid, a spot-test reagent, is added. Formation of the coloured complexes takes place within a few minutes, and may be followed under the dissecting microscope. This technique permits observation of the relative positions, within ganglia, of somata related to two emergent nerves following multiple axonal-backfilling. It also appears to be of value in tracing neurone branching after the intracellular injection of ions.", "PMID": 85714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10032", "title": "Lead and uranium stain artefacts in electron microscopy: a technique for minimizing their occurrence.", "content": "A new technique is presented which significantly reduced the occurrence of artefacts by eliminating the air-stain interface when staining thin sections of biological material. It is designed for simultaneous treatment of large numbers of samples. The experiment described deals mainly with the specific staining problems encountered when using grids coated with Formvar.", "contents": "Lead and uranium stain artefacts in electron microscopy: a technique for minimizing their occurrence. A new technique is presented which significantly reduced the occurrence of artefacts by eliminating the air-stain interface when staining thin sections of biological material. It is designed for simultaneous treatment of large numbers of samples. The experiment described deals mainly with the specific staining problems encountered when using grids coated with Formvar.", "PMID": 85715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10033", "title": "Thiacetazone toxicity in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in Nigeria.", "content": "In a series of 1,212 tuberculosis patients treated on a regime of streptomycin/isoniazid/thiacetazone (S/INH/thiacetazone) over a period of 10 years in Nigeria there were 171 cases considered to have toxic reactions to thiacetazone (14%). 134 of these (11%) were sufficient to require a change of treatment. Giddiness and rashes were the commonest effects, the former occurring mainly in association with streptomycin, and considered to be largely due to potentiation of streptomycin toxicity by thiacetazone. The advantages of the S/INH/thiacetazone regime in Nigeria are considered to outweigh the disadvantages, so long as necessary precautions are taken to keep the effects of toxicity to a minimum.", "contents": "Thiacetazone toxicity in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in Nigeria. In a series of 1,212 tuberculosis patients treated on a regime of streptomycin/isoniazid/thiacetazone (S/INH/thiacetazone) over a period of 10 years in Nigeria there were 171 cases considered to have toxic reactions to thiacetazone (14%). 134 of these (11%) were sufficient to require a change of treatment. Giddiness and rashes were the commonest effects, the former occurring mainly in association with streptomycin, and considered to be largely due to potentiation of streptomycin toxicity by thiacetazone. The advantages of the S/INH/thiacetazone regime in Nigeria are considered to outweigh the disadvantages, so long as necessary precautions are taken to keep the effects of toxicity to a minimum.", "PMID": 85717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10034", "title": "In vitro synthesis of infectious transforming DNA by the avian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase.", "content": "Infectious DNA molecules, capable of transforming chicken embryo fibroblasts, can be synthesized by the Rous sarcoma virus-associated reverse transcriptase in vitro. The optimal enzymatic conditions employed for infectious DNA synthesis also facilitate maximum synthesis of genome length DNA. Analysis of the DNA product synthesized by detergent-disrupted Rous sarcoma virus under these conditions indicates that DNA complementary to viral RNA (minus-strand DNA) is genome length in size, whereas DNA complementary to genome length minus-strand DNA (plus-strand DNA) appears as subgenomic-length molecules ranging between 300 and 3,500 nucleotides in length. These features of the DNA product synthesized by the Rous sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase in vitro are similar to those identified in the cytoplasm of cells shortly after infection and lend credence to studies of the mechanism of reverse transcription in vitro and their significance to proviral DNA synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of infectious transforming DNA by the avian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase. Infectious DNA molecules, capable of transforming chicken embryo fibroblasts, can be synthesized by the Rous sarcoma virus-associated reverse transcriptase in vitro. The optimal enzymatic conditions employed for infectious DNA synthesis also facilitate maximum synthesis of genome length DNA. Analysis of the DNA product synthesized by detergent-disrupted Rous sarcoma virus under these conditions indicates that DNA complementary to viral RNA (minus-strand DNA) is genome length in size, whereas DNA complementary to genome length minus-strand DNA (plus-strand DNA) appears as subgenomic-length molecules ranging between 300 and 3,500 nucleotides in length. These features of the DNA product synthesized by the Rous sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase in vitro are similar to those identified in the cytoplasm of cells shortly after infection and lend credence to studies of the mechanism of reverse transcription in vitro and their significance to proviral DNA synthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 85719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10035", "title": "Isolation of a nucleocapsid polypeptide of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possessing immunologically type-specific and cross-reactive determinants.", "content": "A polypeptide (p40) of approximately 40,000 molecular weight was isolated from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. This protein appears to be the same as protein 22a described previously (Gibson and Roizman, J. Virol. 10:1044--1052, 1972). Competition immunoassays were developed by using purified p40 and antisera prepared in guinea pigs. The assays indicated that the p40's from herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possess both type-specific and cross-reactive antigenic determinants. Antibodies to the p40 cross-reactive determinant reacted with antigens in simian herpes virus SA8-infected cells, but not with antigens induced by pseudorabies virus. Preliminary results indicated that a radioimmunoprecipitation test can be used to detect type-specific herpes simplex virus p40 antibodies in human sera.", "contents": "Isolation of a nucleocapsid polypeptide of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possessing immunologically type-specific and cross-reactive determinants. A polypeptide (p40) of approximately 40,000 molecular weight was isolated from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. This protein appears to be the same as protein 22a described previously (Gibson and Roizman, J. Virol. 10:1044--1052, 1972). Competition immunoassays were developed by using purified p40 and antisera prepared in guinea pigs. The assays indicated that the p40's from herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possess both type-specific and cross-reactive antigenic determinants. Antibodies to the p40 cross-reactive determinant reacted with antigens in simian herpes virus SA8-infected cells, but not with antigens induced by pseudorabies virus. Preliminary results indicated that a radioimmunoprecipitation test can be used to detect type-specific herpes simplex virus p40 antibodies in human sera.", "PMID": 85720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10036", "title": "Reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "From lots of 20 to 30 g of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase was obtained in preparations of purity greater than 95% by using a two-step column chromatographic procedure employing DEAE (DE 52) and carboxymethylcellulose (CM 52.). Yields of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase varied from approximately 20,000 to 35,000 U/g of virus. Specific activity of the enzyme was about 35,000 to 60,000 U/mg of protein. Free of detectable RNase activity, the product exhibited a molecular weight of about 160,000, an isoelectric point of 6.5, and approximately 2 mol of fatty acid per mol of enzyme.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. From lots of 20 to 30 g of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase was obtained in preparations of purity greater than 95% by using a two-step column chromatographic procedure employing DEAE (DE 52) and carboxymethylcellulose (CM 52.). Yields of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase varied from approximately 20,000 to 35,000 U/g of virus. Specific activity of the enzyme was about 35,000 to 60,000 U/mg of protein. Free of detectable RNase activity, the product exhibited a molecular weight of about 160,000, an isoelectric point of 6.5, and approximately 2 mol of fatty acid per mol of enzyme.", "PMID": 85721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10037", "title": "Serological definition of the lentivirus group of retroviruses.", "content": "The major polypeptides of visna viruses and other lentiviruses have been isolated and shown to be closely related if not identical in radioimmunoassays. By this criterion the lentiviruses form a distinct group of retroviruses unrelated to spuma viruses, mammalian and avian retroviruses that cause tumors, and unclassified retroviruses of cattle and horses. Two sera obtained from goats immunized with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus or squirrel monkey virus reacted with visna p30. Additional data suggest that this reaction represents infection of goats with a lentivirus or a new retrovirus closely related to the lentiviruses.", "contents": "Serological definition of the lentivirus group of retroviruses. The major polypeptides of visna viruses and other lentiviruses have been isolated and shown to be closely related if not identical in radioimmunoassays. By this criterion the lentiviruses form a distinct group of retroviruses unrelated to spuma viruses, mammalian and avian retroviruses that cause tumors, and unclassified retroviruses of cattle and horses. Two sera obtained from goats immunized with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus or squirrel monkey virus reacted with visna p30. Additional data suggest that this reaction represents infection of goats with a lentivirus or a new retrovirus closely related to the lentiviruses.", "PMID": 85722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10038", "title": "Simian virus 40 T- and U-antigens: immunological characterization and localization in different nuclear subfractions of simian virus 40-transformed cells.", "content": "Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed cells and cells infected by the nondefective adenovirus 2(Ad2)-SV40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2 were analyzed for SV40 T- and U-antigens, respectively, using individual hamster SV40 tumor sera or serum for which U-antibodies were removd by absorption. These studies showed that (i) T- and U-antigens can be defined by separate classes of antigenic determinants and (ii) the U-antigenic determinants in SV40-transformed cells and in hybrid virus-infected cells are similar. The apparent discrepancy in the subcellular location of U-antigen in SV40-transformed cells (nuclear location) and in hybrid virus-infected cells (perinuclear location) as determined by immunofluorescence staining of methanol/acetone-fixed cells could be resolved by treating hybrid virus-infected cells with a hypotonic KCl solution before fixation. Upon this treatment hybrid virus-infected cells also showed nuclear U-antigen staining. The possibility of an association of T- and U-antigens with different nuclear subfractions in SV40-transformed cells was investigated. Detergent-cleaned nuclei of SV40-transformed cells were fractionated into nuclear matrices and a DNase-treated, high-salt nuclear extract. Analysis of the nuclear matrices by immunofluorescence microscopy with T+U+ and T+U- hamster SV40 tumor serum revealed that U-antigen remained associated with the nuclear matrices, whereas T-antigen could not be detected in this nuclear subfraction. T-antigen, however, could be immunoprecipitated from nuclear extracts of the SV40-transformed cells.", "contents": "Simian virus 40 T- and U-antigens: immunological characterization and localization in different nuclear subfractions of simian virus 40-transformed cells. Simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed cells and cells infected by the nondefective adenovirus 2(Ad2)-SV40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2 were analyzed for SV40 T- and U-antigens, respectively, using individual hamster SV40 tumor sera or serum for which U-antibodies were removd by absorption. These studies showed that (i) T- and U-antigens can be defined by separate classes of antigenic determinants and (ii) the U-antigenic determinants in SV40-transformed cells and in hybrid virus-infected cells are similar. The apparent discrepancy in the subcellular location of U-antigen in SV40-transformed cells (nuclear location) and in hybrid virus-infected cells (perinuclear location) as determined by immunofluorescence staining of methanol/acetone-fixed cells could be resolved by treating hybrid virus-infected cells with a hypotonic KCl solution before fixation. Upon this treatment hybrid virus-infected cells also showed nuclear U-antigen staining. The possibility of an association of T- and U-antigens with different nuclear subfractions in SV40-transformed cells was investigated. Detergent-cleaned nuclei of SV40-transformed cells were fractionated into nuclear matrices and a DNase-treated, high-salt nuclear extract. Analysis of the nuclear matrices by immunofluorescence microscopy with T+U+ and T+U- hamster SV40 tumor serum revealed that U-antigen remained associated with the nuclear matrices, whereas T-antigen could not be detected in this nuclear subfraction. T-antigen, however, could be immunoprecipitated from nuclear extracts of the SV40-transformed cells.", "PMID": 85723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10039", "title": "Antigenic determinants specific to the envelope glycoprotein of exogenous avian tumor viruses.", "content": "Antibody in the sera of 15B X 7(2) chickens was measured for reactivity to determinants of the envelope glycoprotein of endogenous and exogenous avian tumor viruses. The pattern of reactivity of animals infected with exogenous sarcoma virus served to operationally define a class of determinants present on the envelope glycoprotein of exogenous viruses and absent from that of the endogenous virus Rous-associated virus-0.", "contents": "Antigenic determinants specific to the envelope glycoprotein of exogenous avian tumor viruses. Antibody in the sera of 15B X 7(2) chickens was measured for reactivity to determinants of the envelope glycoprotein of endogenous and exogenous avian tumor viruses. The pattern of reactivity of animals infected with exogenous sarcoma virus served to operationally define a class of determinants present on the envelope glycoprotein of exogenous viruses and absent from that of the endogenous virus Rous-associated virus-0.", "PMID": 85725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10040", "title": "Rosettes from Friend leukemia virus envelope: preparation and physicochemical and partial biological characterization.", "content": "Rosette-shaped particles mainly containing gp85 were isolated from Friend leukemia virus. The isolation procedure comprised lysis of the virion by Triton X-100, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, and velocity sedimentation. The rosettes displayed a mean sedimentation constant of 32S and a buoyant density of 1.21 g/ml. They contained 1% Triton X-100 and about 2% phospholipid. gp85 was identified by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, and immunoprecipitation with antisera against Friend leukemia virus gp71 and p15(E). Rosettes completely blocked the cytotoxicity of the gp71 antiserum. The ability to hemagglutinate was inhibited by antibodies to gp71.", "contents": "Rosettes from Friend leukemia virus envelope: preparation and physicochemical and partial biological characterization. Rosette-shaped particles mainly containing gp85 were isolated from Friend leukemia virus. The isolation procedure comprised lysis of the virion by Triton X-100, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, and velocity sedimentation. The rosettes displayed a mean sedimentation constant of 32S and a buoyant density of 1.21 g/ml. They contained 1% Triton X-100 and about 2% phospholipid. gp85 was identified by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, and immunoprecipitation with antisera against Friend leukemia virus gp71 and p15(E). Rosettes completely blocked the cytotoxicity of the gp71 antiserum. The ability to hemagglutinate was inhibited by antibodies to gp71.", "PMID": 85724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10041", "title": "Analysis of specific proteins in prostatic fluid for detecting prostatic malignancy.", "content": "In an attempt to identify an indicator(s) specifically associated with prostatic cancer prostatic fluid was collected by rectal massage from patients with prostatic cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and from those without recognized prostatic lesions in order to measure various immunoproteins. The proteins examined were IgG, IgA, IgM, complements C3 and C4, and transferrin. Prostatic fluid samples were subjected first to immunoelectrophoresis. Distinct differences in C3, C4 and transferrin concentrations were noted between patients with prostatic cancer and other patients. These proteins were stained heavily in the electrophoresis gels of fluid from cancer patients but were either missing or lightly stained in all other groups. These qualitative determinations were replaced subsequently by a quantitative measurement using the radial immunodiffusion technique. Results of the latter study confirmed the aforementioned observations and indicated that the levels of C3, C4 and transferrin in the prostatic fluid of cancer patients were elevated significantly when compared to all other patient groups. These observations indicate that the measurement of complements C3 and C4, and transferrin in the prostatic fluid may assist in the identification of patients with a high risk of prostatic cancer.", "contents": "Analysis of specific proteins in prostatic fluid for detecting prostatic malignancy. In an attempt to identify an indicator(s) specifically associated with prostatic cancer prostatic fluid was collected by rectal massage from patients with prostatic cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and from those without recognized prostatic lesions in order to measure various immunoproteins. The proteins examined were IgG, IgA, IgM, complements C3 and C4, and transferrin. Prostatic fluid samples were subjected first to immunoelectrophoresis. Distinct differences in C3, C4 and transferrin concentrations were noted between patients with prostatic cancer and other patients. These proteins were stained heavily in the electrophoresis gels of fluid from cancer patients but were either missing or lightly stained in all other groups. These qualitative determinations were replaced subsequently by a quantitative measurement using the radial immunodiffusion technique. Results of the latter study confirmed the aforementioned observations and indicated that the levels of C3, C4 and transferrin in the prostatic fluid of cancer patients were elevated significantly when compared to all other patient groups. These observations indicate that the measurement of complements C3 and C4, and transferrin in the prostatic fluid may assist in the identification of patients with a high risk of prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 85726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10042", "title": "Immunological studies on CS-1170, a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic.", "content": "The antigencity of CS-1170, a newly developed semi-synthetic cephamycin, and it's cross-reactivity with beta-lactam antibiotics were studied. The antigencity was confirmed by the following tests: 1)the passive hemagglutination test with anti-CS-1170 antisera of guinea pigs immunized with CS-1170 plus Freund complete adjuvant, 2)lymphocyte proliferation response in vitro stimulated with this drug in the guinea pigs, 3) the PCA test using mice immunized with CS-1170-protein conjugates. The antibody to CS-1170 appears to be directed to the acyl side chain because cyanomethylthioacetylglycine, an univalent acyl side chain of the CS-1170, can significantly cross-react with the antibody. A methoxy group on the C-7 alpha-position of the antibiotic plays no important part for the antigenic specificity of the molecule. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 with cefazolin, cephalothin, benzylpenicillin and ampicillin was only to a minimal extent in the passive hemagglutination test. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 and the related antibiotics was not observed among them in the PCA system with IgE anti-CS-1170. These findings support a conclusion that CS-1170 is one of beta-lactam antibiotic with an immunologically minimal cross-reactivity to the related antibiotics.", "contents": "Immunological studies on CS-1170, a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic. The antigencity of CS-1170, a newly developed semi-synthetic cephamycin, and it's cross-reactivity with beta-lactam antibiotics were studied. The antigencity was confirmed by the following tests: 1)the passive hemagglutination test with anti-CS-1170 antisera of guinea pigs immunized with CS-1170 plus Freund complete adjuvant, 2)lymphocyte proliferation response in vitro stimulated with this drug in the guinea pigs, 3) the PCA test using mice immunized with CS-1170-protein conjugates. The antibody to CS-1170 appears to be directed to the acyl side chain because cyanomethylthioacetylglycine, an univalent acyl side chain of the CS-1170, can significantly cross-react with the antibody. A methoxy group on the C-7 alpha-position of the antibiotic plays no important part for the antigenic specificity of the molecule. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 with cefazolin, cephalothin, benzylpenicillin and ampicillin was only to a minimal extent in the passive hemagglutination test. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 and the related antibiotics was not observed among them in the PCA system with IgE anti-CS-1170. These findings support a conclusion that CS-1170 is one of beta-lactam antibiotic with an immunologically minimal cross-reactivity to the related antibiotics.", "PMID": 85734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10043", "title": "A method for the identification and detection of alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "This paper describes the detection and identification of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using a simple, economical, time saving and sensitive method. Twelve serum samples can be evaluated at the same time. Antigens are precipitated within 45--60 minutes on a cellulose acetate membrane by counter-immunoelectrophoresis. This method was used with great success for the testing of 14,240 serum samples.", "contents": "A method for the identification and detection of alpha-fetoprotein. This paper describes the detection and identification of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using a simple, economical, time saving and sensitive method. Twelve serum samples can be evaluated at the same time. Antigens are precipitated within 45--60 minutes on a cellulose acetate membrane by counter-immunoelectrophoresis. This method was used with great success for the testing of 14,240 serum samples.", "PMID": 85735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10044", "title": "Dissociation of alpha-macrofetoprotein and alpha-fetoprotein production during experimental injury.", "content": "The concentrations of two major fetal serum proteins of the rat, alpha-macrofetoprotein (AMF) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are measured following administration of croton oil, carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine or ethionine, and after partial hepatectomy. Greatly elevated serum concentrations of AMF are found after croton oil injection, following oral administration of CCl4, and after partial hepatectomy, but not after ethionine or galactosamine. Elevations of AFP occur after administration of hepatotoxic agents during the stage of restitutive proliferation and after exposure to the hepatocarcinogen ethionine, but not after croton oil. Therefore, elevations of AMF and AFP are clearly dissociated under certain conditions. In situations such as partial hepatectomy, after which elevations in both AMF and AFP occur, AMF appears before AFP. Therefore, the production of AMF and AFP appear to be under completely independent regulation in the adult.", "contents": "Dissociation of alpha-macrofetoprotein and alpha-fetoprotein production during experimental injury. The concentrations of two major fetal serum proteins of the rat, alpha-macrofetoprotein (AMF) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are measured following administration of croton oil, carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine or ethionine, and after partial hepatectomy. Greatly elevated serum concentrations of AMF are found after croton oil injection, following oral administration of CCl4, and after partial hepatectomy, but not after ethionine or galactosamine. Elevations of AFP occur after administration of hepatotoxic agents during the stage of restitutive proliferation and after exposure to the hepatocarcinogen ethionine, but not after croton oil. Therefore, elevations of AMF and AFP are clearly dissociated under certain conditions. In situations such as partial hepatectomy, after which elevations in both AMF and AFP occur, AMF appears before AFP. Therefore, the production of AMF and AFP appear to be under completely independent regulation in the adult.", "PMID": 85804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10045", "title": "Inhibition by protease inhibitors of binding of adrenal and sex steroid hormones.", "content": "Binding of steroid hormones is inhibited by protease inhibitors and substrates. The protease inhibitors phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride, tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone, and tosylamide-phenylethyl-chloromethyl ketone and the protease substrates tosyl arginine methyl ester and tryptophan methyl ester eliminate specific binding of aldosterone, dexamethasone, dihydrotestosterone, estrogen, and progesterone to their respective receptors. These protease inhibitors and substrates also inhibit binding of progesterone to the 20,000 molecular weight mero-receptor formed from the progesterone receptor in chick oviduct. The binding of estradiol to rat alpha-fetoprotein is inhibited by the protease inhibitors and substrates but not by tryptophan or tryptophan amide, indicating the importance of an ester structure in the inhibition of steroid binding. Our results suggest that all steroid hormone receptors have a site with both common structural features and a role in the regulation of steroid hormone binding.", "contents": "Inhibition by protease inhibitors of binding of adrenal and sex steroid hormones. Binding of steroid hormones is inhibited by protease inhibitors and substrates. The protease inhibitors phenylmethyl sulphonylfluoride, tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone, and tosylamide-phenylethyl-chloromethyl ketone and the protease substrates tosyl arginine methyl ester and tryptophan methyl ester eliminate specific binding of aldosterone, dexamethasone, dihydrotestosterone, estrogen, and progesterone to their respective receptors. These protease inhibitors and substrates also inhibit binding of progesterone to the 20,000 molecular weight mero-receptor formed from the progesterone receptor in chick oviduct. The binding of estradiol to rat alpha-fetoprotein is inhibited by the protease inhibitors and substrates but not by tryptophan or tryptophan amide, indicating the importance of an ester structure in the inhibition of steroid binding. Our results suggest that all steroid hormone receptors have a site with both common structural features and a role in the regulation of steroid hormone binding.", "PMID": 85807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10046", "title": "Gut-hormone profile in coeliac disease.", "content": "Patients with coeliac disease have a highly significant reduction in the release of secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide from the upper small intestine, but a greatly increased release of enteroglucagon, and also of neurotensin, from the lower part of the small intestine. The release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide, from the antrum and pancreas respectively, is, however, normal. Thus the pattern of hormone release reflects the location of the mucosal lesion. The gut-hormone profile may also help to characterise other gastrointestinal diseases.", "contents": "Gut-hormone profile in coeliac disease. Patients with coeliac disease have a highly significant reduction in the release of secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide from the upper small intestine, but a greatly increased release of enteroglucagon, and also of neurotensin, from the lower part of the small intestine. The release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide, from the antrum and pancreas respectively, is, however, normal. Thus the pattern of hormone release reflects the location of the mucosal lesion. The gut-hormone profile may also help to characterise other gastrointestinal diseases.", "PMID": 85811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10047", "title": "Intravenous aminoacids and intravenous hyperalimentation as protein-sparing therapy after major surgery. A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "A solution of aminoacids without a calorie source was infused postoperatively in ten patients undergoing proctocolectomy or rectal excision and the results were compared with those in ten matched controls and ten patients who received intravenous hyperalimentation. Aminoacid infusion prevented the nitrogen and potassium loss that occurred in the untreated group but no clinical advantage could be seen. Nitrogen and potassium loss was also prevented in the patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation but these patients had significantly fewer postoperative complications than either the controls or those given aminoacid infusion. It is suggested that aminoacid infusion is of very little benefit after major surgery. On the other hand the skilled administration of intravenous hyperalimentation to patients after major surgery can be of real benefit.", "contents": "Intravenous aminoacids and intravenous hyperalimentation as protein-sparing therapy after major surgery. A controlled clinical trial. A solution of aminoacids without a calorie source was infused postoperatively in ten patients undergoing proctocolectomy or rectal excision and the results were compared with those in ten matched controls and ten patients who received intravenous hyperalimentation. Aminoacid infusion prevented the nitrogen and potassium loss that occurred in the untreated group but no clinical advantage could be seen. Nitrogen and potassium loss was also prevented in the patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation but these patients had significantly fewer postoperative complications than either the controls or those given aminoacid infusion. It is suggested that aminoacid infusion is of very little benefit after major surgery. On the other hand the skilled administration of intravenous hyperalimentation to patients after major surgery can be of real benefit.", "PMID": 85812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10048", "title": "Bedside rebreathing technique for measuring carbon-monoxide uptake by the lung.", "content": "The uptake of carbon monoxide can be measured at the bedside by a rebreathing technique using an anaesthetic bag. A good correlation was found between this method and the standard single-breath measurement in normal subjects and in patients with interstitial lung disease. The rebreathing technique was as sensitive as the single-breath method in detecting lung haemorrhage in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome, and was able to monitor its resolution as quickly.", "contents": "Bedside rebreathing technique for measuring carbon-monoxide uptake by the lung. The uptake of carbon monoxide can be measured at the bedside by a rebreathing technique using an anaesthetic bag. A good correlation was found between this method and the standard single-breath measurement in normal subjects and in patients with interstitial lung disease. The rebreathing technique was as sensitive as the single-breath method in detecting lung haemorrhage in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome, and was able to monitor its resolution as quickly.", "PMID": 85813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10049", "title": "Effect of sera from cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes on glucose metabolism in Vero cells.", "content": "The effect on intracellular production of carbon dioxide from glucose of sera from cystic fibrosis (C.F.) homozygotes and heterozygotes was determined in an established cell line (Vero cell) by a double-blind assay. CO2 production was reduced when cells were incubated with an ammonium-sulphate-precipitated fraction of sera from C.F. homozygotes and heterozygotes but not by a similar fraction from sera of healthy donors.", "contents": "Effect of sera from cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes on glucose metabolism in Vero cells. The effect on intracellular production of carbon dioxide from glucose of sera from cystic fibrosis (C.F.) homozygotes and heterozygotes was determined in an established cell line (Vero cell) by a double-blind assay. CO2 production was reduced when cells were incubated with an ammonium-sulphate-precipitated fraction of sera from C.F. homozygotes and heterozygotes but not by a similar fraction from sera of healthy donors.", "PMID": 85814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10050", "title": "Circadian variation of blood-pressure.", "content": "Continuous intra-arterial blood-pressure and electrocardiogram recordings were obtained in twenty hypertensive and five normotensive ambulant patients. Blood-pressure was highest mid-morning and then fell progressively throughout the remainder of the day. Blood-pressure was lowest at 3 A.M. and began to rise again during the early hours of the morning before waking. These findings may have important consequences with regard to the therapeutic management of hypertension.", "contents": "Circadian variation of blood-pressure. Continuous intra-arterial blood-pressure and electrocardiogram recordings were obtained in twenty hypertensive and five normotensive ambulant patients. Blood-pressure was highest mid-morning and then fell progressively throughout the remainder of the day. Blood-pressure was lowest at 3 A.M. and began to rise again during the early hours of the morning before waking. These findings may have important consequences with regard to the therapeutic management of hypertension.", "PMID": 85815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10051", "title": "Epstein-Barr virus infections in the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome.", "content": "Prospective studies demonstrated variable phenotypic expression of the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome (X.L.R.L.S.) in three brothers: (1) hypogammaglobulinaemia and subclinical Epstein-Barr-virus (E.B.V.) infection with antibody response to E.B.V.; (2) E.B.V. infection with defective immune response to E.B.V., fatal infectious mononucleosis (I.M.), and immunoblastic lymphoma; and (3) histiocytic lymphoma. Hypogammaglobulinaemia and measles pneumonitis had preceded infection with E.B.V. The diverse phenotypic expressions probably resulted from the varied immune response to E.B.V. Recombination of X chromosomes was documented by Xg-blood-group studies in a survivor. E.B.V. can induce fatal I.M. and malignant lymphoma in X.L.R.L.S., but an immune response to E.B.V. can be protective.", "contents": "Epstein-Barr virus infections in the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. Prospective studies demonstrated variable phenotypic expression of the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome (X.L.R.L.S.) in three brothers: (1) hypogammaglobulinaemia and subclinical Epstein-Barr-virus (E.B.V.) infection with antibody response to E.B.V.; (2) E.B.V. infection with defective immune response to E.B.V., fatal infectious mononucleosis (I.M.), and immunoblastic lymphoma; and (3) histiocytic lymphoma. Hypogammaglobulinaemia and measles pneumonitis had preceded infection with E.B.V. The diverse phenotypic expressions probably resulted from the varied immune response to E.B.V. Recombination of X chromosomes was documented by Xg-blood-group studies in a survivor. E.B.V. can induce fatal I.M. and malignant lymphoma in X.L.R.L.S., but an immune response to E.B.V. can be protective.", "PMID": 85816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10052", "title": "Treatment of renovascular hypertension with percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a renal-artery stenosis.", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a left-sided renal-artery stenosis was done in a 61-year-old patient with hypertension. Shortly after dilatation blood-pressure fell to normal and renal plasma flow increased. Dilatation might be an alternative to renal vascular surgery in severe renal hypertension.", "contents": "Treatment of renovascular hypertension with percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a renal-artery stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a left-sided renal-artery stenosis was done in a 61-year-old patient with hypertension. Shortly after dilatation blood-pressure fell to normal and renal plasma flow increased. Dilatation might be an alternative to renal vascular surgery in severe renal hypertension.", "PMID": 85817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10053", "title": "Aetiology of antimicrobial-agent-associated colitis.", "content": "Clostridium difficile was isolated from the faeces of a patient with clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis (P.M.C.). The presence of a preformed faecal toxin and the toxigenicity of both the faecal isolate of C. difficile and a reference strain of C. difficile were demonstrated by tissue-culture assay. The toxin of both strains of C. difficile and that in the patient's faeces were neutralised by heating and by incubation with antitoxin to C. sordellii, but not by incubation with antitoxin to C. histolyticum, C. oedematiens (novyi), C. welchii (C. perfringens) or C. septicum. These data implicate the toxin of C. difficile as a major, and perhaps the sole, cause of antimicrobial-agent-associated P.M.C. of man and suggest that the neutralisation of the faecal toxin of P.M.C. by C. sordellii antitoxin, as described by other investigators, may be a non-specific phenomenon.", "contents": "Aetiology of antimicrobial-agent-associated colitis. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the faeces of a patient with clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis (P.M.C.). The presence of a preformed faecal toxin and the toxigenicity of both the faecal isolate of C. difficile and a reference strain of C. difficile were demonstrated by tissue-culture assay. The toxin of both strains of C. difficile and that in the patient's faeces were neutralised by heating and by incubation with antitoxin to C. sordellii, but not by incubation with antitoxin to C. histolyticum, C. oedematiens (novyi), C. welchii (C. perfringens) or C. septicum. These data implicate the toxin of C. difficile as a major, and perhaps the sole, cause of antimicrobial-agent-associated P.M.C. of man and suggest that the neutralisation of the faecal toxin of P.M.C. by C. sordellii antitoxin, as described by other investigators, may be a non-specific phenomenon.", "PMID": 85818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10054", "title": "Provision of medicines in a developing country.", "content": "In many developing countries the money spent on drugs could often be used more effectively to prevent disease. A large proportion of the drug budget of one developing country is spent on expensive proprietary preparations for use mainly in the larger hospitals, draining resources from health care in rural areas. A major factor in determining the country's expenditure on drugs is the promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies; the number of drug company representatives in the country is proportionately five times that in Britain. Many drugs are promoted for diseases for which they are not indicated and in which their use may be hazardous, and information on side-effects and contraindications is inadequate. Information supplied by drug firms to health workers in different countries must be standardised and the purchase and use of drugs in Third-World countries made more appropriate to their needs.", "contents": "Provision of medicines in a developing country. In many developing countries the money spent on drugs could often be used more effectively to prevent disease. A large proportion of the drug budget of one developing country is spent on expensive proprietary preparations for use mainly in the larger hospitals, draining resources from health care in rural areas. A major factor in determining the country's expenditure on drugs is the promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies; the number of drug company representatives in the country is proportionately five times that in Britain. Many drugs are promoted for diseases for which they are not indicated and in which their use may be hazardous, and information on side-effects and contraindications is inadequate. Information supplied by drug firms to health workers in different countries must be standardised and the purchase and use of drugs in Third-World countries made more appropriate to their needs.", "PMID": 85826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10055", "title": "Is it ethical to conduct volunteer studies within the pharmaceutical industry?", "content": "There is a case for appropriately selected drug studies within the pharmaceutical industry in which employee volunteers are used. Provided the organisation and conduct of such studies are approached in an ethical manner, with attention to safe-guarding the volunteer and recognising the limitations, this work can be done expeditiously, cheaply, and safely. Some details are given of the arrangements made for volunteer studies within a company.", "contents": "Is it ethical to conduct volunteer studies within the pharmaceutical industry? There is a case for appropriately selected drug studies within the pharmaceutical industry in which employee volunteers are used. Provided the organisation and conduct of such studies are approached in an ethical manner, with attention to safe-guarding the volunteer and recognising the limitations, this work can be done expeditiously, cheaply, and safely. Some details are given of the arrangements made for volunteer studies within a company.", "PMID": 85828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10056", "title": "1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the pathogenesis of the hypercalcaemia of sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 36-year-old man with sarcoidosis had four episodes of hypercalcaemia in seven years, all of them during the summer months. Measurement over three years showed that hypercalcaemia was associated with small seasonal increases in serum-25-hydroxycholecalciferol within the normal range. These changes could be mimicked by the administration of 3000 units of vitamin D3 daily. Serum 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations ranged between 26--62 pg/ml when serum calcium was normal, but were strikingly high, up to 137 pg/ml, when the patient was hypercalcaemic. These studies show for the first time that hypercalcaemia in sarcoidosis is associated with abnormally high circulating concentrations of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, probably as a result of overproduction of this, the hormonal form of vitamin D.", "contents": "1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the pathogenesis of the hypercalcaemia of sarcoidosis. A 36-year-old man with sarcoidosis had four episodes of hypercalcaemia in seven years, all of them during the summer months. Measurement over three years showed that hypercalcaemia was associated with small seasonal increases in serum-25-hydroxycholecalciferol within the normal range. These changes could be mimicked by the administration of 3000 units of vitamin D3 daily. Serum 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations ranged between 26--62 pg/ml when serum calcium was normal, but were strikingly high, up to 137 pg/ml, when the patient was hypercalcaemic. These studies show for the first time that hypercalcaemia in sarcoidosis is associated with abnormally high circulating concentrations of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, probably as a result of overproduction of this, the hormonal form of vitamin D.", "PMID": 85869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10057", "title": "Adrenal suppression after short-term corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Adrenal function was evaluated in fourteen cancer patients receiving chemotherapy which included short-term high-dose courses of prednisone. 90 min corticotropin stimulation tests were performed before therapy and 1, 2, 4, and 7 days after steroids were discontinued. Responses were evaluated by standard criteria of adrenal function and by measurement of the intergrated cortisol response to corticotropin over 90 min. Thirteen of fourteen patients had suppressed adrenal function for at least 24 h. Although in most patients adrenal function had returned to normal between day 2 and 4, in five patients it remained suppressed for 7 days or more. Suppression did not correlate with either steroid dose or duration of therapy. Four of five patients receiving only 5 days' therapy showed evidence of adrenal suppression. Although overt clinical adrenal insufficiency after steroid administration is rare, these results indicate that adrenal function is suppressed more regularly after short-term high-dose steroid therapy than has been appreciated.", "contents": "Adrenal suppression after short-term corticosteroid therapy. Adrenal function was evaluated in fourteen cancer patients receiving chemotherapy which included short-term high-dose courses of prednisone. 90 min corticotropin stimulation tests were performed before therapy and 1, 2, 4, and 7 days after steroids were discontinued. Responses were evaluated by standard criteria of adrenal function and by measurement of the intergrated cortisol response to corticotropin over 90 min. Thirteen of fourteen patients had suppressed adrenal function for at least 24 h. Although in most patients adrenal function had returned to normal between day 2 and 4, in five patients it remained suppressed for 7 days or more. Suppression did not correlate with either steroid dose or duration of therapy. Four of five patients receiving only 5 days' therapy showed evidence of adrenal suppression. Although overt clinical adrenal insufficiency after steroid administration is rare, these results indicate that adrenal function is suppressed more regularly after short-term high-dose steroid therapy than has been appreciated.", "PMID": 85870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10058", "title": "Screening for pancreatic disease: A comparison of grey-scale ultrasonography and isotope scanning.", "content": "The efficiency of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease was compared prospectively with that of selenomethionine isotope scanning in 46 patients presenting with abdominal pain or weight-loss or with jaundice. Of 14 patients who later proved to have pancreatic carcinoma, all had an abnormal isotope scan and 13 had an abnormal ultrasound scan. Of 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis, all had an abnormal isotope scan and 9 had an abnormal ultrasound scan. The small advantage of selenomethionine was, however, offset by a higher false-positive rate: of 22 patients who proved not to have pancreatic disease, 13 had abnormal isotope scans compared with only 3 with ultrasound. Review of earlier experience with the two techniques yielded similar results: in pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis, isotope scanning gave slightly fewer false-negative results than ultrasound but many more false-positives. Because of its lower false-positive rate, because it avoids ionising radiation, and because it can usually distinguish carcinoma from pancreatitis, ultrasound is the procedure of choice for initial investigation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Screening for pancreatic disease: A comparison of grey-scale ultrasonography and isotope scanning. The efficiency of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease was compared prospectively with that of selenomethionine isotope scanning in 46 patients presenting with abdominal pain or weight-loss or with jaundice. Of 14 patients who later proved to have pancreatic carcinoma, all had an abnormal isotope scan and 13 had an abnormal ultrasound scan. Of 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis, all had an abnormal isotope scan and 9 had an abnormal ultrasound scan. The small advantage of selenomethionine was, however, offset by a higher false-positive rate: of 22 patients who proved not to have pancreatic disease, 13 had abnormal isotope scans compared with only 3 with ultrasound. Review of earlier experience with the two techniques yielded similar results: in pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis, isotope scanning gave slightly fewer false-negative results than ultrasound but many more false-positives. Because of its lower false-positive rate, because it avoids ionising radiation, and because it can usually distinguish carcinoma from pancreatitis, ultrasound is the procedure of choice for initial investigation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 85871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10059", "title": "Effect of gel fibre on gastric emptying and absorption of glucose and paracetamol.", "content": "To determine the part played by altered gastric emptying in the modification of glucose absorption by gel fibres, glucose tolerance tests were done in seven healthy volunteers with and without the addition of pectin to the ingested glucose solution and after pharmacological inhibition of gastric emptying with propantheline. Compared with the controls, pectin significantly reduced blood-glucose. Propantheline had a similar but more pronounced effect. Pectin and guar gum did not substantially alter glucose tolerance in a patient who had had total gastrectomy. In a further investigation, gastric emptying and paracetamol absorption were studied simultaneously in fourteen subjects. In eight of these the study was repeated after addition of guar gum and pectin to the ingested paracetamol. Both gastric emptying and paracetamol absorption were slower after gel fibre but the total absorption of the drug, reflected in urinary recovery, was not significantly reduced. The results suggest that the effects of guar gum and pectin on glucose tolerance and paracetamol absorption could be due simply to alteration in the rate of gastric emptying.", "contents": "Effect of gel fibre on gastric emptying and absorption of glucose and paracetamol. To determine the part played by altered gastric emptying in the modification of glucose absorption by gel fibres, glucose tolerance tests were done in seven healthy volunteers with and without the addition of pectin to the ingested glucose solution and after pharmacological inhibition of gastric emptying with propantheline. Compared with the controls, pectin significantly reduced blood-glucose. Propantheline had a similar but more pronounced effect. Pectin and guar gum did not substantially alter glucose tolerance in a patient who had had total gastrectomy. In a further investigation, gastric emptying and paracetamol absorption were studied simultaneously in fourteen subjects. In eight of these the study was repeated after addition of guar gum and pectin to the ingested paracetamol. Both gastric emptying and paracetamol absorption were slower after gel fibre but the total absorption of the drug, reflected in urinary recovery, was not significantly reduced. The results suggest that the effects of guar gum and pectin on glucose tolerance and paracetamol absorption could be due simply to alteration in the rate of gastric emptying.", "PMID": 85872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10060", "title": "Raised total thyroxine and free thyroxine index but normal free thyroxine. A serum abnormality due to inherited increased affinity of iodothyronines for serum binding protein.", "content": "2 people from different families had high levels of serum-thyroxine (T4) and a high free T4 (FT4) index but a normal serum triiodothyronine (T3) and serum-reverse-T3 (rT3). The abnormal serum thyroid hormone profile appeared to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Serum-FT4 in affected relatives was normal. The increases in serum-T4 and FT4 index are explained on the basis of an observed increase in affinity of T4 for thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, and albumin. The FT4 index did not reflect the true concentration of circulating free T4 in these cases. Thyroid function in the propositi was normal and the results of T4, T3, and rT3 kinetic studies accorded with increased binding of T4 by serum proteins and normal binding of the other iodo-thyronines. This \"euthyroid high total T4, normal T3 syndrome\" should be kept in mind during diagnostic evaluation of thyroid function.", "contents": "Raised total thyroxine and free thyroxine index but normal free thyroxine. A serum abnormality due to inherited increased affinity of iodothyronines for serum binding protein. 2 people from different families had high levels of serum-thyroxine (T4) and a high free T4 (FT4) index but a normal serum triiodothyronine (T3) and serum-reverse-T3 (rT3). The abnormal serum thyroid hormone profile appeared to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Serum-FT4 in affected relatives was normal. The increases in serum-T4 and FT4 index are explained on the basis of an observed increase in affinity of T4 for thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, and albumin. The FT4 index did not reflect the true concentration of circulating free T4 in these cases. Thyroid function in the propositi was normal and the results of T4, T3, and rT3 kinetic studies accorded with increased binding of T4 by serum proteins and normal binding of the other iodo-thyronines. This \"euthyroid high total T4, normal T3 syndrome\" should be kept in mind during diagnostic evaluation of thyroid function.", "PMID": 85873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10061", "title": "Visual disability and home lighting.", "content": "13 men and 43 women (average age 76) attending a low-vision clinic with visual acuity of 6/18 (Snellen) or less had acuity measurements made under standard (measured) hospital conditions, under normal home conditions, and under home conditions with augmented lighting. Median levels of ambient lighting in the home were 1/10 of those in hospital, while levels for reading were 1/7. Augmented lighting at home (a 60 watt bulb in a small adjustable lamp) improved visual acuity in 82% of subjects, restoring all but 11% to the levels achieved in hospital or above. Improvement was unrelated to disease. General levels of lighting are often so poor in the homes of elderly people that the number of people functioning as \"blind\" is twice what it need be. Simple improvements to lighting would reduce the prevalence of \"visual disability\" (less than 6/18 Snellen) from 520/100,000 home-based adults to about 300.", "contents": "Visual disability and home lighting. 13 men and 43 women (average age 76) attending a low-vision clinic with visual acuity of 6/18 (Snellen) or less had acuity measurements made under standard (measured) hospital conditions, under normal home conditions, and under home conditions with augmented lighting. Median levels of ambient lighting in the home were 1/10 of those in hospital, while levels for reading were 1/7. Augmented lighting at home (a 60 watt bulb in a small adjustable lamp) improved visual acuity in 82% of subjects, restoring all but 11% to the levels achieved in hospital or above. Improvement was unrelated to disease. General levels of lighting are often so poor in the homes of elderly people that the number of people functioning as \"blind\" is twice what it need be. Simple improvements to lighting would reduce the prevalence of \"visual disability\" (less than 6/18 Snellen) from 520/100,000 home-based adults to about 300.", "PMID": 85874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10062", "title": "Splanchnic production of discoidal plasma high-density lipoprotein in man.", "content": "The morphology of human plasma high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) subfractions in arterial and hepatic venous blood from seven human subjects was investigated by electron microscopy. The H.D.L.3 subclass from both sources and the H.D.L.2 subclass from arterial blood were composed of spherical particles, identical with normal human peripheral venous H.D.L. In contrast, H.D.L.2 isolated from hepatic venous blood was composed of a mixture of spherical and discoidal particles. The latter tended to form rouleaux, and had a diameter similar to that of nascent H.D.L. particles obtained from the peripheral venous blood of a patient with lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. This supports the view that nascent H.D.L. is secreted into the splanchnic bed in man.", "contents": "Splanchnic production of discoidal plasma high-density lipoprotein in man. The morphology of human plasma high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) subfractions in arterial and hepatic venous blood from seven human subjects was investigated by electron microscopy. The H.D.L.3 subclass from both sources and the H.D.L.2 subclass from arterial blood were composed of spherical particles, identical with normal human peripheral venous H.D.L. In contrast, H.D.L.2 isolated from hepatic venous blood was composed of a mixture of spherical and discoidal particles. The latter tended to form rouleaux, and had a diameter similar to that of nascent H.D.L. particles obtained from the peripheral venous blood of a patient with lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. This supports the view that nascent H.D.L. is secreted into the splanchnic bed in man.", "PMID": 85875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10063", "title": "Epidemic of chancroid in Greenland 1977-78.", "content": "In Greenland there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis during past decades. In 1977 there was an epidemic of chancroid along the west coast of Greenland, with 975 cases reported from some 32,500 adults. The number of reported cases increased until October, 1977, and subsequently decreased. 186 patients were studied. Many of these had previously had gonorrhoea and syphilis. Male patients were both Eskimoan and Danish but female patients were solely Eskimoan. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.6/1. The incubation period was 4 days in men and 13 days in women. Symptom-free female carriers did not seem to be an important reservoir of infection. 15% of the patients were admitted to hospital with buboes or extensive lesions. The clinical course was uncomplicated in most cases. Ulcers healed within a week of treatment with sulphonamide. Chancroid can be expected to disappear in Greenland within a short time.", "contents": "Epidemic of chancroid in Greenland 1977-78. In Greenland there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis during past decades. In 1977 there was an epidemic of chancroid along the west coast of Greenland, with 975 cases reported from some 32,500 adults. The number of reported cases increased until October, 1977, and subsequently decreased. 186 patients were studied. Many of these had previously had gonorrhoea and syphilis. Male patients were both Eskimoan and Danish but female patients were solely Eskimoan. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.6/1. The incubation period was 4 days in men and 13 days in women. Symptom-free female carriers did not seem to be an important reservoir of infection. 15% of the patients were admitted to hospital with buboes or extensive lesions. The clinical course was uncomplicated in most cases. Ulcers healed within a week of treatment with sulphonamide. Chancroid can be expected to disappear in Greenland within a short time.", "PMID": 85881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10064", "title": "Test of a novel method for analysis of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "Diastolic blood-pressure data from 42 published studies, representing 23 anti-hypertensive drug regimens and 971 patients, were used to test the hypothesis that there is a linear relation between pretreatment diastolic pressure (P.T.D.P.) and the drug-induced fall in pressure (deltaD.P.), such that the \"ideal-response line\" relating these variables has a slope=1.0 and intercepts the P.T.D.P. axis at 90 mm Hg. Most of the regimens failed to show ideal behaviour; slopes of the regression lines were usually less than 1.0, and the intercepts were generally not at 90 mm Hg. Low coefficients of determination (r2) and broad 95% confidence intervals for the slopes and intercepts of the regression lines were common. Only 2 of the 23 regimens examined yielded r2 greater than 0.7, whereas 8 of the regimens exhibited r2 less than 0.25. These findings suggest a large interpatient variation in response to a given regimen. The data reported here show that what is thought to be an ideal-response relation for antihypertensive drug regimens is not observed in practice. However, the manner of presenting the data in order to test the hypothesis provides a useful method for assessing the effectiveness and variability of patient-responses to treatment.", "contents": "Test of a novel method for analysis of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. Diastolic blood-pressure data from 42 published studies, representing 23 anti-hypertensive drug regimens and 971 patients, were used to test the hypothesis that there is a linear relation between pretreatment diastolic pressure (P.T.D.P.) and the drug-induced fall in pressure (deltaD.P.), such that the \"ideal-response line\" relating these variables has a slope=1.0 and intercepts the P.T.D.P. axis at 90 mm Hg. Most of the regimens failed to show ideal behaviour; slopes of the regression lines were usually less than 1.0, and the intercepts were generally not at 90 mm Hg. Low coefficients of determination (r2) and broad 95% confidence intervals for the slopes and intercepts of the regression lines were common. Only 2 of the 23 regimens examined yielded r2 greater than 0.7, whereas 8 of the regimens exhibited r2 less than 0.25. These findings suggest a large interpatient variation in response to a given regimen. The data reported here show that what is thought to be an ideal-response relation for antihypertensive drug regimens is not observed in practice. However, the manner of presenting the data in order to test the hypothesis provides a useful method for assessing the effectiveness and variability of patient-responses to treatment.", "PMID": 85882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10065", "title": "Amniotic-fluid acetylcholinesterase as a possible diagnostic test for neural-tube defects in early pregnancy.", "content": "Raised levels (greater than or equal to 4.5 munits/ml) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in amniotic fluid at 14--23 weeks of pregnancy were significantly associated with open fetal neural-tube defects. Out of 72 pregnancies correctly classified by the amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) test, 2 of 56 without neural-tube defects and all 16 with open neural-tube defects (8 with anencephaly and 8awith open spina bifida) had raised levels of AChE. Out of 5 pregnancies misclassified by the A.F.P. test (4 without neural-tube defects and 1 with open spina bifida), only 1 was misclassified by the AChE test--namely, one of those without a neural-tube defect. Thus, only 3 of the 77 pregnancies tested were misclassified by the quantitative AChE test. A qualitative test for an isoenzyme of AChE found in cerebrospinal fluid correctly classified these 3 pregnancies. These findings suggest that the analysis of AChE in amniotic fluid may be a useful test in the diagnosis of open neural-tube defects.", "contents": "Amniotic-fluid acetylcholinesterase as a possible diagnostic test for neural-tube defects in early pregnancy. Raised levels (greater than or equal to 4.5 munits/ml) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in amniotic fluid at 14--23 weeks of pregnancy were significantly associated with open fetal neural-tube defects. Out of 72 pregnancies correctly classified by the amniotic-fluid alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) test, 2 of 56 without neural-tube defects and all 16 with open neural-tube defects (8 with anencephaly and 8awith open spina bifida) had raised levels of AChE. Out of 5 pregnancies misclassified by the A.F.P. test (4 without neural-tube defects and 1 with open spina bifida), only 1 was misclassified by the AChE test--namely, one of those without a neural-tube defect. Thus, only 3 of the 77 pregnancies tested were misclassified by the quantitative AChE test. A qualitative test for an isoenzyme of AChE found in cerebrospinal fluid correctly classified these 3 pregnancies. These findings suggest that the analysis of AChE in amniotic fluid may be a useful test in the diagnosis of open neural-tube defects.", "PMID": 85932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10066", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase in human amniotic fluid: An index of fetal neural development?", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was detected in amniotic fluid either sampled by amniocentesis at 14--23 weeks gestation or collected at normal parturition. Activity ranged from 0.2 to 8.9 u/l in the earlier samples and from 0.2 to 4.2 u/l in the later samples. Since the fetal but not the maternal serum contained AChE activity, we suggest that the AChE in the amniotic fluid is derived from the fetus. AChE is released from both neural and nonneural tissues, and the release of the enzyme from both sources may diminish as the nervous system matures. The amount of AChE found in amniotic fluid may be affected by abnormalities of the nervous system. Amniotic fluid from two fetuses with spina bifida contained AChE activity: one, with a gestational age of 21 weeks, was in the upper levels of the normal range (4.5 u/l), whereas the other, at 36 weeks, contained 1.9 times more activity than the next highest sample. In a 20-week fetus with anencephaly, the AChE activity in the amniotic fluid was increased 2.8-fold over the activity of the highest \"normal\" sample.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase in human amniotic fluid: An index of fetal neural development? Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was detected in amniotic fluid either sampled by amniocentesis at 14--23 weeks gestation or collected at normal parturition. Activity ranged from 0.2 to 8.9 u/l in the earlier samples and from 0.2 to 4.2 u/l in the later samples. Since the fetal but not the maternal serum contained AChE activity, we suggest that the AChE in the amniotic fluid is derived from the fetus. AChE is released from both neural and nonneural tissues, and the release of the enzyme from both sources may diminish as the nervous system matures. The amount of AChE found in amniotic fluid may be affected by abnormalities of the nervous system. Amniotic fluid from two fetuses with spina bifida contained AChE activity: one, with a gestational age of 21 weeks, was in the upper levels of the normal range (4.5 u/l), whereas the other, at 36 weeks, contained 1.9 times more activity than the next highest sample. In a 20-week fetus with anencephaly, the AChE activity in the amniotic fluid was increased 2.8-fold over the activity of the highest \"normal\" sample.", "PMID": 85933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10067", "title": "Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated and nocturnal gastric secretion by ranitidine. A new H2-receptor antagonist.", "content": "Ranitidine hydrochloride (an H2-receptor-blocking drug which does not contain the imidazole nucleus of histamine) powerfully inhibited nocturnal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in fifteen patients with duodenal ulceration. The drug is satisfactorily absorbed and therefore warrants clinical trial.", "contents": "Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated and nocturnal gastric secretion by ranitidine. A new H2-receptor antagonist. Ranitidine hydrochloride (an H2-receptor-blocking drug which does not contain the imidazole nucleus of histamine) powerfully inhibited nocturnal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in fifteen patients with duodenal ulceration. The drug is satisfactorily absorbed and therefore warrants clinical trial.", "PMID": 85934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10068", "title": "Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Assessment of the effect of age on detection-rate with serum-creatine-kinase-activity.", "content": "In 40 known carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mean age 38 years) the detection-rate with a standard assay of serum-creatine-kinase was 53%. In 52 daughters of known carriers (mean age 16 years) the detection-rate was 45% after correction of age. This implies a much higher detection-rate (about 90%) in young carriers and suggests that discrimination between carriers and noncarriers may best be achieved by testing in childhood.", "contents": "Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Assessment of the effect of age on detection-rate with serum-creatine-kinase-activity. In 40 known carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mean age 38 years) the detection-rate with a standard assay of serum-creatine-kinase was 53%. In 52 daughters of known carriers (mean age 16 years) the detection-rate was 45% after correction of age. This implies a much higher detection-rate (about 90%) in young carriers and suggests that discrimination between carriers and noncarriers may best be achieved by testing in childhood.", "PMID": 85935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10069", "title": "Lateralisation of tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and its relationship to aetiology.", "content": "Lateralisation was studied in 601 cases of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Squamous and anaplastic carcinomata and adenocarcinoma had a pronounced left-sided predominance in the ethmoid and to a much lesser extent in the nose. The results of a study of 298 cases of septal defection are invoked in support of the hypothesis that squamous and anaplastic carcinomata, as well as adenocarcinoma, are caused by exogenous factors.", "contents": "Lateralisation of tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and its relationship to aetiology. Lateralisation was studied in 601 cases of carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Squamous and anaplastic carcinomata and adenocarcinoma had a pronounced left-sided predominance in the ethmoid and to a much lesser extent in the nose. The results of a study of 298 cases of septal defection are invoked in support of the hypothesis that squamous and anaplastic carcinomata, as well as adenocarcinoma, are caused by exogenous factors.", "PMID": 85936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10070", "title": "Biochemical and haematological changes induced by tienilic acid combined with propranolol in essential hypertension.", "content": "Sixteen patients with moderate essential hypertension completed a double-blind crossover trial with four treatment periods each of 6 weeks. They received in random order: placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg twice daily; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day combined with propranolol 80 mg twice daily. Average blood-pressure in the lying position was 22.6/13.1 kPa (169/98 mm Hg) on placebo; 21.0/12.5 (157/94) on tienilic aicd; 21.2/12.0 (159/90) on propranolol, and 18.9/11.5 (142/86) on tienilic acid combined with propranolol. The effects of tienilic acid and propranolol on blood-pressure were additive and there were no statistically significant interactions. Tienilic acid significantly reduced serum-urate from 0.33 to 0.18 mmol/l and induced hypokalaemia which was corrected by propranolol. Basophil count and haemoglobin were lower after tienilic acid treatment than they had been at the start of the study.", "contents": "Biochemical and haematological changes induced by tienilic acid combined with propranolol in essential hypertension. Sixteen patients with moderate essential hypertension completed a double-blind crossover trial with four treatment periods each of 6 weeks. They received in random order: placebo; tienilic acid 250 mg/day; propranolol 80 mg twice daily; and tienilic acid 250 mg/day combined with propranolol 80 mg twice daily. Average blood-pressure in the lying position was 22.6/13.1 kPa (169/98 mm Hg) on placebo; 21.0/12.5 (157/94) on tienilic aicd; 21.2/12.0 (159/90) on propranolol, and 18.9/11.5 (142/86) on tienilic acid combined with propranolol. The effects of tienilic acid and propranolol on blood-pressure were additive and there were no statistically significant interactions. Tienilic acid significantly reduced serum-urate from 0.33 to 0.18 mmol/l and induced hypokalaemia which was corrected by propranolol. Basophil count and haemoglobin were lower after tienilic acid treatment than they had been at the start of the study.", "PMID": 85937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10071", "title": "Serological response of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis to causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977.", "content": "The presence of allugtinins to the causative organism of contagious equine metritis (C.E.M.) in human serum has been confirmed. Agglutinins were found in the serum of 84 (37.6%) of 223 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (N.G.U.), and in 12.5% of these patients there was a four-fold or greater rise in titre during the course of their illness. There was no evidence that these agglutinins were the result of infection by chlamydiae or ureaplasmas. Certain patients with these agglutinins seemed to respond better to therapy with antibiotics to which the C.E.M. bacterium is susceptible in vitro than did patients in whom these agglutinins were not found. The findings suggest that the C.E.M. bacterium or a microorganism related to it may be aetiologically involved in a proportion of patients with N.G.U. A search for such an organism in these patients is in progress.", "contents": "Serological response of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis to causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977. The presence of allugtinins to the causative organism of contagious equine metritis (C.E.M.) in human serum has been confirmed. Agglutinins were found in the serum of 84 (37.6%) of 223 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (N.G.U.), and in 12.5% of these patients there was a four-fold or greater rise in titre during the course of their illness. There was no evidence that these agglutinins were the result of infection by chlamydiae or ureaplasmas. Certain patients with these agglutinins seemed to respond better to therapy with antibiotics to which the C.E.M. bacterium is susceptible in vitro than did patients in whom these agglutinins were not found. The findings suggest that the C.E.M. bacterium or a microorganism related to it may be aetiologically involved in a proportion of patients with N.G.U. A search for such an organism in these patients is in progress.", "PMID": 85938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10072", "title": "Is trachoma an ocular component of a more generalised chlamydial infection?", "content": "In industrialised countries, inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn is now known to be just one manifestation of a more generalised infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Pneumonia and enteric infection can develop in perinatally infected infants. It is possible that trachoma in developing countries may reflect extraocular infection that may contribute to the high frequency of pneumonia and diarrhoea in infants in these countries. If true, this would explain the short-term effects of topical treatment, since children could reinfect their eyes by autoinoculation from other sites. Thus systemic treatment with macrolides would result in benefits beyond the temporary suppression of eye disease.", "contents": "Is trachoma an ocular component of a more generalised chlamydial infection? In industrialised countries, inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn is now known to be just one manifestation of a more generalised infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Pneumonia and enteric infection can develop in perinatally infected infants. It is possible that trachoma in developing countries may reflect extraocular infection that may contribute to the high frequency of pneumonia and diarrhoea in infants in these countries. If true, this would explain the short-term effects of topical treatment, since children could reinfect their eyes by autoinoculation from other sites. Thus systemic treatment with macrolides would result in benefits beyond the temporary suppression of eye disease.", "PMID": 85939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10073", "title": "Prevention of group-B beta-haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia in low-birth-weight neonates by penicillin administered within two hours of birth.", "content": "Between January, 1969, and May, 1974, 11 of 1208 low-birth-weight infants had early onset group-B streptococcal septicaemia. All 11 infants were of less than 35 weeks gestational age and 9 presented with the clinical and radiological signs of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. 10 died. Antibotics were given to 3 infants only, but not before the age of 12 h. From June, 1974, infants less than 35 weeks gestational age, and from January, 1977, infants less than 2500 g, received systemic penicillin by 2 h of age after throat, ear, umbilical, rectal, and blood cultures. Penicillin was continued for 10 days if group-B streptococci were isolated but was stopped at 48 h of age if all cultures were negative. Between June, 1974, and November, 1977, there was 1 case of septicaemia and no death from group-B streptococal infection in the 983 low-birth-weight infants born during this period. These data suggest that systemic penicillin from birth prevents low-birth-weight infants from dying of group-B streptococcal infection.", "contents": "Prevention of group-B beta-haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia in low-birth-weight neonates by penicillin administered within two hours of birth. Between January, 1969, and May, 1974, 11 of 1208 low-birth-weight infants had early onset group-B streptococcal septicaemia. All 11 infants were of less than 35 weeks gestational age and 9 presented with the clinical and radiological signs of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. 10 died. Antibotics were given to 3 infants only, but not before the age of 12 h. From June, 1974, infants less than 35 weeks gestational age, and from January, 1977, infants less than 2500 g, received systemic penicillin by 2 h of age after throat, ear, umbilical, rectal, and blood cultures. Penicillin was continued for 10 days if group-B streptococci were isolated but was stopped at 48 h of age if all cultures were negative. Between June, 1974, and November, 1977, there was 1 case of septicaemia and no death from group-B streptococal infection in the 983 low-birth-weight infants born during this period. These data suggest that systemic penicillin from birth prevents low-birth-weight infants from dying of group-B streptococcal infection.", "PMID": 85947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10074", "title": "Genetic subtypes of unipolar primary depressive illness distinguished by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.", "content": "Serum-cortisol response to the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test was investigated in 86 patients with unipolar primary depressive illness and 80 non-depressed controls (45 with mania and 35 with schizophrenia). The depressed patients were assigned to one of three genetic subtypes according to the family psychiatric history. Resistance to suppression of serum-cortisol by dexamethasone was found in 37 of 86 (43%) depressives and none of the 80 controls. Non-suppression distinguished the three genetic subtypes of depression, being found in 23 of 28 (82%) patients with familial pure depressive disease (F.P.D.D.), 13 of 35 (37%) patients with sporadic depressive disease (S.D.D.), and 1 of 23 (4%) patients with depression spectrum disease (D.S.D.). The three genetic subtypes were further distinguished by the age of onset, with S.D.D. the oldest, and by the number of previous depressive episodes, with F.P.D.D. the most. Severity of depression did not separate the three subtypes. This is the first report of a distinct neuroendocrine abnormality which supports an objectively defined classification of unipolar primary depressive illness. It is suggested that unipolar primary depressive illness is three or more separate illnesses, each with a potentially distinctive mode of inheritance, pathophysiology, neurochemistry, clinical course, and treatment response.", "contents": "Genetic subtypes of unipolar primary depressive illness distinguished by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Serum-cortisol response to the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test was investigated in 86 patients with unipolar primary depressive illness and 80 non-depressed controls (45 with mania and 35 with schizophrenia). The depressed patients were assigned to one of three genetic subtypes according to the family psychiatric history. Resistance to suppression of serum-cortisol by dexamethasone was found in 37 of 86 (43%) depressives and none of the 80 controls. Non-suppression distinguished the three genetic subtypes of depression, being found in 23 of 28 (82%) patients with familial pure depressive disease (F.P.D.D.), 13 of 35 (37%) patients with sporadic depressive disease (S.D.D.), and 1 of 23 (4%) patients with depression spectrum disease (D.S.D.). The three genetic subtypes were further distinguished by the age of onset, with S.D.D. the oldest, and by the number of previous depressive episodes, with F.P.D.D. the most. Severity of depression did not separate the three subtypes. This is the first report of a distinct neuroendocrine abnormality which supports an objectively defined classification of unipolar primary depressive illness. It is suggested that unipolar primary depressive illness is three or more separate illnesses, each with a potentially distinctive mode of inheritance, pathophysiology, neurochemistry, clinical course, and treatment response.", "PMID": 85987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10075", "title": "Prevention of early recurrence of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage by epsilon-aminocaproic acid.", "content": "A controlled clinical trial of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (E.A.C.A.), 36 g/day, was undertaken to assess its effectiveness in reducing immediate recurrence in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (S.A.H.) proved by lumbar puncture. Of 83 patients treated with E.A.C.A., 3 (4%) had recurrent haemorrhage, and 1 (33%) of these died. Of 82 control patients who were not given any antifibrinolytic drug, 22 (26%) had recurrent haemorrhage, and 10 (45%) of these patients died. E.A.C.A. produced a striking reduction in the early recurrence of S.A.H. No serious side-effect resulted.", "contents": "Prevention of early recurrence of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage by epsilon-aminocaproic acid. A controlled clinical trial of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (E.A.C.A.), 36 g/day, was undertaken to assess its effectiveness in reducing immediate recurrence in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (S.A.H.) proved by lumbar puncture. Of 83 patients treated with E.A.C.A., 3 (4%) had recurrent haemorrhage, and 1 (33%) of these died. Of 82 control patients who were not given any antifibrinolytic drug, 22 (26%) had recurrent haemorrhage, and 10 (45%) of these patients died. E.A.C.A. produced a striking reduction in the early recurrence of S.A.H. No serious side-effect resulted.", "PMID": 85988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10076", "title": "Oral-contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effect of oral-contraceptive use on the risk of myocardial infarction and, in particular, the possible accentuation of that effect by cigarette smoking, was investigated in 234 premenopausal women with a first infarction and 1742 hospital controls. The overall rate ratio estimate of acute myocardial infarction for women who had used oral contraceptives in the preceding month was 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.5--6.3). Women who smoked heavily and used oral contraceptives had a point estimate of 39 (lower two-sided 95% confidence limit, 22) compared with those who did neither. This value was appreciably larger than could be accounted for by the separate effects of cigarettes and oral contraceptives, and this suggests a considerable accentuation by cigarette smoking of the effect of oral contraceptive use on myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Oral-contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction. The effect of oral-contraceptive use on the risk of myocardial infarction and, in particular, the possible accentuation of that effect by cigarette smoking, was investigated in 234 premenopausal women with a first infarction and 1742 hospital controls. The overall rate ratio estimate of acute myocardial infarction for women who had used oral contraceptives in the preceding month was 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.5--6.3). Women who smoked heavily and used oral contraceptives had a point estimate of 39 (lower two-sided 95% confidence limit, 22) compared with those who did neither. This value was appreciably larger than could be accounted for by the separate effects of cigarettes and oral contraceptives, and this suggests a considerable accentuation by cigarette smoking of the effect of oral contraceptive use on myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 85989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10077", "title": "Impaired hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion in massive obesity.", "content": "Intravenous insulin tolerance tests and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) stimulation tests were performed in nine massively obese women and six lean female controls and the prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol responses were measured. A combined pituitary function test (insulin, T.R.H., and gonadotropin-releasing hormone) was performed in eleven other massively obese women. In the obese women to whom insulin was given separately there was no prolactin release, and growth hormone and cortisol responses were impaired. T.R.H. stimulation produced a prolactin response which was subnormal. These changes were not apparent in the obese women in whom a combined pituitary function test was performed. The results suggest an alteration of hypothalamic function in massive obesity.", "contents": "Impaired hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion in massive obesity. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) stimulation tests were performed in nine massively obese women and six lean female controls and the prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol responses were measured. A combined pituitary function test (insulin, T.R.H., and gonadotropin-releasing hormone) was performed in eleven other massively obese women. In the obese women to whom insulin was given separately there was no prolactin release, and growth hormone and cortisol responses were impaired. T.R.H. stimulation produced a prolactin response which was subnormal. These changes were not apparent in the obese women in whom a combined pituitary function test was performed. The results suggest an alteration of hypothalamic function in massive obesity.", "PMID": 85990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10078", "title": "Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from blood.", "content": "Legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.", "contents": "Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from blood. Legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.", "PMID": 85991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10079", "title": "Internal fistula as a route of infection in acute suppurative thyroiditis.", "content": "Seven cases of acute suppurative thyroiditis are described. Six patients had a recurrent painful swelling of the left anterior neck and one was seen at her first episode of the disease. A barium meal revealed a fistula originating from the apex of the left pyriform sinus in all cases. The fistula, a remnant of the fourth pharyngeal pouch, thus seems to be a common route of infection in acute suppurative thyroiditis, allowing bacterial infection to begin in the perithyroidal space and spread to the thyroid gland. Complete extirpation of the fistula is required for a permanent cure.", "contents": "Internal fistula as a route of infection in acute suppurative thyroiditis. Seven cases of acute suppurative thyroiditis are described. Six patients had a recurrent painful swelling of the left anterior neck and one was seen at her first episode of the disease. A barium meal revealed a fistula originating from the apex of the left pyriform sinus in all cases. The fistula, a remnant of the fourth pharyngeal pouch, thus seems to be a common route of infection in acute suppurative thyroiditis, allowing bacterial infection to begin in the perithyroidal space and spread to the thyroid gland. Complete extirpation of the fistula is required for a permanent cure.", "PMID": 85992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10080", "title": "Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer.", "content": "Colorectal carcinoma is becoming the most common form of visceral cancer in Western populations. A fat-related dietary factor is implicated in its pathogenesis, and evidence in man suggests that this factor may be cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic in animals with colon cancer, and there is indirect evidence for a similar role in man. It is proposed that prolonged exposure to dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer in that it facilitates the development, growth, and spread of this disease.", "contents": "Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer. Colorectal carcinoma is becoming the most common form of visceral cancer in Western populations. A fat-related dietary factor is implicated in its pathogenesis, and evidence in man suggests that this factor may be cholesterol. Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic in animals with colon cancer, and there is indirect evidence for a similar role in man. It is proposed that prolonged exposure to dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer in that it facilitates the development, growth, and spread of this disease.", "PMID": 85993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10081", "title": "Relation between aflatoxin, hepatitis-B virus, and hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "A new role is postulated for aflatoxin in the production of hepatocellular carcinoma. Rather than acting as a primary carcinogen, as it seems to do in animals, it is suggested that aflatoxin suppresses cell-mediated immunity. This effect on the immune system would allow the hepatitis-B virus, highly endemic in certain populations, to maintain itself more easily in the liver, to produce more chronic infection and cirrhosis, and in the long term to lead to a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Relation between aflatoxin, hepatitis-B virus, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A new role is postulated for aflatoxin in the production of hepatocellular carcinoma. Rather than acting as a primary carcinogen, as it seems to do in animals, it is suggested that aflatoxin suppresses cell-mediated immunity. This effect on the immune system would allow the hepatitis-B virus, highly endemic in certain populations, to maintain itself more easily in the liver, to produce more chronic infection and cirrhosis, and in the long term to lead to a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "PMID": 85994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10082", "title": "Role of carotid-body chemoreceptors and their reflex interactions in bradycardia and cardiac arrest.", "content": "Stimulation of the carotid-body chemo-receptors by asphyxia during an apnoeic episode may contribute to the vagally mediated cardiac arrest and sudden death that sometimes occurs in man. Apnoeic asphyxia may be induced centrally or reflexly by stimulation of upper airways receptors. Conditions associated with apnoeic asphyxia and in which the risk is likely to be greatest include intubation, laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy; accidents involving underwater swimming; inhalation of sympathomimetic amines in aerosols by asthmatic patients; and chronic hypoventilation syndromes. These reflexes may be responsible for some victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Stimulation of the carotid bodies normally produces hyperventilation and bradycardia. When apnoea occurs centrally or reflexly, carotid chemoreceptor excitation resulting from asphyxia now causes a much enhanced bradycardia and even cardiac arrest, but paradoxically does not usually affect respiration. These reflexes and their interactions normally serve protective and purposeful functions, but may under certain circumstances become exaggerated and put the patient's life at risk.", "contents": "Role of carotid-body chemoreceptors and their reflex interactions in bradycardia and cardiac arrest. Stimulation of the carotid-body chemo-receptors by asphyxia during an apnoeic episode may contribute to the vagally mediated cardiac arrest and sudden death that sometimes occurs in man. Apnoeic asphyxia may be induced centrally or reflexly by stimulation of upper airways receptors. Conditions associated with apnoeic asphyxia and in which the risk is likely to be greatest include intubation, laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy; accidents involving underwater swimming; inhalation of sympathomimetic amines in aerosols by asthmatic patients; and chronic hypoventilation syndromes. These reflexes may be responsible for some victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Stimulation of the carotid bodies normally produces hyperventilation and bradycardia. When apnoea occurs centrally or reflexly, carotid chemoreceptor excitation resulting from asphyxia now causes a much enhanced bradycardia and even cardiac arrest, but paradoxically does not usually affect respiration. These reflexes and their interactions normally serve protective and purposeful functions, but may under certain circumstances become exaggerated and put the patient's life at risk.", "PMID": 86001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10083", "title": "Legionnaires' disease in a prepaid medical-care group in Seattle 1963--75.", "content": "The community incidence of legionnaires' disease (L.D.) was estimated by a retrospective study of stored paired sera from 500 patients treated for pneumonia in Seattle in 1963--75. The patients were all members of a prepaid medical-care group; 84% were treated as outpatients. Only 5 (1%) had a fourfold rise in antibody titre to the L.D. antigen. Seroconversion to influenza A virus also occurred in 3 of the 5 cases. The course of illness in 4 of the 5 patients with confirmed infection was milder than that previously reported with legionnaires' disease. In addition, 1 child had a fourfold fall in titre, and 23 patients had titres of greater than or equal to 256 without significant change in titre. Only 8 of the 23 had their first serum collected later than 2 weeks after onset of illness, which suggests that the majority had acquired their antibodies before their attack of pneumonia. Prevalence of antibody in the 500 patients was not affected by age, sex, or year in which illness occurred. The incidence of legionnaires' disease based on 5 patients with rises in titre was estimated to be 0.4--2.8/10 000 persons/year.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease in a prepaid medical-care group in Seattle 1963--75. The community incidence of legionnaires' disease (L.D.) was estimated by a retrospective study of stored paired sera from 500 patients treated for pneumonia in Seattle in 1963--75. The patients were all members of a prepaid medical-care group; 84% were treated as outpatients. Only 5 (1%) had a fourfold rise in antibody titre to the L.D. antigen. Seroconversion to influenza A virus also occurred in 3 of the 5 cases. The course of illness in 4 of the 5 patients with confirmed infection was milder than that previously reported with legionnaires' disease. In addition, 1 child had a fourfold fall in titre, and 23 patients had titres of greater than or equal to 256 without significant change in titre. Only 8 of the 23 had their first serum collected later than 2 weeks after onset of illness, which suggests that the majority had acquired their antibodies before their attack of pneumonia. Prevalence of antibody in the 500 patients was not affected by age, sex, or year in which illness occurred. The incidence of legionnaires' disease based on 5 patients with rises in titre was estimated to be 0.4--2.8/10 000 persons/year.", "PMID": 86002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10084", "title": "Gradual reintroduction of full-strength milk after acute gastroenteritis in children.", "content": "46 children (26 boys and 20 girls) admitted with mild acute gastroenteritis were randomly allocated to a regimen of continuing on full-strength milk, or to one of taking clear fluids until the diarrhoea settled before full-strength milk was reintroduced either immediately, or gradually in quarter-strength steps. There was no difference in length of hospital stay between the three groups.", "contents": "Gradual reintroduction of full-strength milk after acute gastroenteritis in children. 46 children (26 boys and 20 girls) admitted with mild acute gastroenteritis were randomly allocated to a regimen of continuing on full-strength milk, or to one of taking clear fluids until the diarrhoea settled before full-strength milk was reintroduced either immediately, or gradually in quarter-strength steps. There was no difference in length of hospital stay between the three groups.", "PMID": 86003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10085", "title": "Association between hepatobiliary cancer and typhoid carrier state.", "content": "A case-control study of deceased typhoid carriers registered by the New York City Health Department between 1922 and 1975 was carried out to test for an association between the typhoid-carrier state and death due to hepatobiliary cancer. 471 carriers were matched with 942 controls for sex, age at death, year of death, borough in which the carrier died, and where they were born. The results show that chronic typhoid carriers die of hepatobiliary cancer six times more often than the matched controls and that this difference is significant (P less than 0.001) by simple chi2 test and by the Mantel-Haenszel method of chi2 for matched triples. Possible mechanisms for this association are discussed.", "contents": "Association between hepatobiliary cancer and typhoid carrier state. A case-control study of deceased typhoid carriers registered by the New York City Health Department between 1922 and 1975 was carried out to test for an association between the typhoid-carrier state and death due to hepatobiliary cancer. 471 carriers were matched with 942 controls for sex, age at death, year of death, borough in which the carrier died, and where they were born. The results show that chronic typhoid carriers die of hepatobiliary cancer six times more often than the matched controls and that this difference is significant (P less than 0.001) by simple chi2 test and by the Mantel-Haenszel method of chi2 for matched triples. Possible mechanisms for this association are discussed.", "PMID": 86039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10086", "title": "Identification of gallbladder typhoid carriers by a string device.", "content": "The efficiency of a gelatin capsule containing a nylon string for collection of duodenal specimens was investigated in carriers of Salmonella typhosa (typhi). Cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by means of the string capsule were compared with cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by a conventional duodenal tube and with stool cultures Duodenal contents obtained with either the string or tube were more often positive for S. typhosa than were stool cultures. The string, which is as efficient as tube collection but simpler and more comfortable, may be useful in identifying carriers of S. typhosa.", "contents": "Identification of gallbladder typhoid carriers by a string device. The efficiency of a gelatin capsule containing a nylon string for collection of duodenal specimens was investigated in carriers of Salmonella typhosa (typhi). Cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by means of the string capsule were compared with cultures of duodenal specimens obtained by a conventional duodenal tube and with stool cultures Duodenal contents obtained with either the string or tube were more often positive for S. typhosa than were stool cultures. The string, which is as efficient as tube collection but simpler and more comfortable, may be useful in identifying carriers of S. typhosa.", "PMID": 86040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10087", "title": "HLA-A,B compatibility in parents of offspring with neural-tube defects or couples experiencing involuntary fetal wastage.", "content": "To test the contribution of a putative human analogue of the murine T locus to neural-tube defects (N.T.D.) and involuntary fetal wastage, HLA-A, B compatibility between husband and wife was studied in a group of 77 couples with known obstetric histories. The frequency of sharing of HLA-A,B antigens was significantly higher in 13 couples with recurrent fetal loss at one gestational age and in 11 couples whose offspring had had a lethal N.T.D. than in 17 couples with three or more normal pregnancies. The extent of HLA compatibility--that is, the number of antigens shared by husbands and wives--was significantly higher in 16 couples with one spontaneous abortion, 23 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions, and 21 couples with N.T.D. offspring than in controls. These data are consistent with a contribution of a locus in or near the HLA complex to N.T.D. and involuntary fetal wastage.", "contents": "HLA-A,B compatibility in parents of offspring with neural-tube defects or couples experiencing involuntary fetal wastage. To test the contribution of a putative human analogue of the murine T locus to neural-tube defects (N.T.D.) and involuntary fetal wastage, HLA-A, B compatibility between husband and wife was studied in a group of 77 couples with known obstetric histories. The frequency of sharing of HLA-A,B antigens was significantly higher in 13 couples with recurrent fetal loss at one gestational age and in 11 couples whose offspring had had a lethal N.T.D. than in 17 couples with three or more normal pregnancies. The extent of HLA compatibility--that is, the number of antigens shared by husbands and wives--was significantly higher in 16 couples with one spontaneous abortion, 23 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions, and 21 couples with N.T.D. offspring than in controls. These data are consistent with a contribution of a locus in or near the HLA complex to N.T.D. and involuntary fetal wastage.", "PMID": 86041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10088", "title": "Treatment of Paget's disease with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.).", "content": "18 patients with Paget's disease were treated orally with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). In most cases bone resorption became normal within a week of treatment, whereas the return to normal bone formation took 3-6 months; this difference produced a transient imbalance between resorption and formation. In biopsy specimens taken during treatment the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts decreased towards normal and excess osteoid disappeared.", "contents": "Treatment of Paget's disease with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). 18 patients with Paget's disease were treated orally with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). In most cases bone resorption became normal within a week of treatment, whereas the return to normal bone formation took 3-6 months; this difference produced a transient imbalance between resorption and formation. In biopsy specimens taken during treatment the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts decreased towards normal and excess osteoid disappeared.", "PMID": 86042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10089", "title": "Inhibition of osteolytic bone lesions by (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.).", "content": "14 patients with osteolytic bone disease due to breast cancer or myeloma, 7 of whom had hypercalcaemia, received oral treatment with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). Serum-calcium dropped to low normal values in all 14 patients, accompanied by a decrease in urine calcium and hydroxyproline excretion-rate. The results show that A.P.D. may inhibit tumour-induced osteolysis.", "contents": "Inhibition of osteolytic bone lesions by (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). 14 patients with osteolytic bone disease due to breast cancer or myeloma, 7 of whom had hypercalcaemia, received oral treatment with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1, 1-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). Serum-calcium dropped to low normal values in all 14 patients, accompanied by a decrease in urine calcium and hydroxyproline excretion-rate. The results show that A.P.D. may inhibit tumour-induced osteolysis.", "PMID": 86043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10090", "title": "Urinary beta 2 microglobulin in upper and lower urinary-tract infections.", "content": "Beta 2-- microglobulin excretion in 24 h urine collections and beta2- microglobulin clearance were significantly increased in patients with upper-urinary-tract infections, but beta 2- microglobulin clearance and excretion were normal in patients with cystitis. Beta 2-microglobulin estimation may be used to distinguish between upper and lower urinary-tract infections, except when pre-existing tubular damage is present. Voided urine must have a pH above 6 . 0, since beta 2- microglobulin is rapidly degraded in the bladder at low pH.", "contents": "Urinary beta 2 microglobulin in upper and lower urinary-tract infections. Beta 2-- microglobulin excretion in 24 h urine collections and beta2- microglobulin clearance were significantly increased in patients with upper-urinary-tract infections, but beta 2- microglobulin clearance and excretion were normal in patients with cystitis. Beta 2-microglobulin estimation may be used to distinguish between upper and lower urinary-tract infections, except when pre-existing tubular damage is present. Voided urine must have a pH above 6 . 0, since beta 2- microglobulin is rapidly degraded in the bladder at low pH.", "PMID": 86044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10091", "title": "Minimum effective dose of intermediate factor-VIII concentrate in haemophiliacs on home therapy.", "content": "The minimum effective dose of intermediate factor-VIII concentrate required for the successful home treatment of spontaneous joint bleeds in six haemophiliacs has been investigated in a randomised trial. 207 episodes of bleeding were included. 5 . 7 units/kg controlled 85% of bleeds, but with a dose of 3 .0 units/kg the risk of failure doubled. This lower dose is inadequate for treatment of bleeds other than those regarded subjectively by the patient as mild. The implications of these findings in terms of availability and usage of factor VIII in this centre are discussed.", "contents": "Minimum effective dose of intermediate factor-VIII concentrate in haemophiliacs on home therapy. The minimum effective dose of intermediate factor-VIII concentrate required for the successful home treatment of spontaneous joint bleeds in six haemophiliacs has been investigated in a randomised trial. 207 episodes of bleeding were included. 5 . 7 units/kg controlled 85% of bleeds, but with a dose of 3 .0 units/kg the risk of failure doubled. This lower dose is inadequate for treatment of bleeds other than those regarded subjectively by the patient as mild. The implications of these findings in terms of availability and usage of factor VIII in this centre are discussed.", "PMID": 86051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10092", "title": "Possible virus in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid from 13 of 38 patients with schizophrenia had a cytopathic effect in cultures of MRC5 cells. The cytopathic agent passed a 100 nm but not a 50 nm filter and was unaffected by heat at 56 degrees C for 30 min, treatment with chloroform, or the presence in cultures of bromodeoxyuridine. The agent could not be propagated serially in a satisfactory manner but its properties were those of a virus. A similar cytopathic effect was induced by cerebrospinal fluid from 8 of 11 patients with serious or chronic nervous system disease but only 1 of 25 patients with surgical or general medical conditions.", "contents": "Possible virus in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid from 13 of 38 patients with schizophrenia had a cytopathic effect in cultures of MRC5 cells. The cytopathic agent passed a 100 nm but not a 50 nm filter and was unaffected by heat at 56 degrees C for 30 min, treatment with chloroform, or the presence in cultures of bromodeoxyuridine. The agent could not be propagated serially in a satisfactory manner but its properties were those of a virus. A similar cytopathic effect was induced by cerebrospinal fluid from 8 of 11 patients with serious or chronic nervous system disease but only 1 of 25 patients with surgical or general medical conditions.", "PMID": 86091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10093", "title": "Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia or neurological disorder and virus-like agent in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A virus-like agent (V.L.A.) with a cytopathic effect on cultured cells was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of 18 of 47 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 10 had nuclear schizophrenic symptoms. In most patients with V.L.A., blood and C.S.F. protein concentrations were normal. Patients with and without V.L.A. had similar clinical characteristics but serum IgA levels were higher in those with V.L.A. V.L.A. was also detected in the C.S.F. of 8 of 11 patients with serious or chronic neurological disease (Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and unexplained alterations of consciousness).", "contents": "Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia or neurological disorder and virus-like agent in cerebrospinal fluid. A virus-like agent (V.L.A.) with a cytopathic effect on cultured cells was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of 18 of 47 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 10 had nuclear schizophrenic symptoms. In most patients with V.L.A., blood and C.S.F. protein concentrations were normal. Patients with and without V.L.A. had similar clinical characteristics but serum IgA levels were higher in those with V.L.A. V.L.A. was also detected in the C.S.F. of 8 of 11 patients with serious or chronic neurological disease (Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and unexplained alterations of consciousness).", "PMID": 86092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10094", "title": "Evidence of cadmium toxicity in a population living in a zinc-mining area. Pilot survey of Shipham residents.", "content": "22 of 31 residents of a Somerset village where soil levels of cadmium were high had raised blood-cadmium levels, and some had clinical and biochemical findings (including hypertension and biochemical evidence of renal tubular damage) indicating toxic effects which could be attributed to the metal. It is suggested that more detailed studies should be carried out as a matter of urgency and that advice on avoiding local garden produce and not smoking should be emphasised. Probably more serious, however, is the summation effect with industrial exposure.", "contents": "Evidence of cadmium toxicity in a population living in a zinc-mining area. Pilot survey of Shipham residents. 22 of 31 residents of a Somerset village where soil levels of cadmium were high had raised blood-cadmium levels, and some had clinical and biochemical findings (including hypertension and biochemical evidence of renal tubular damage) indicating toxic effects which could be attributed to the metal. It is suggested that more detailed studies should be carried out as a matter of urgency and that advice on avoiding local garden produce and not smoking should be emphasised. Probably more serious, however, is the summation effect with industrial exposure.", "PMID": 86093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10095", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "As a means of assessing the value of fetal serum-creatine-kinase (S.C.K.) levels in the antenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D.M.D.), fetal muscle from control and at-risk fetuses was studied histologically and the findings were related to fetal S.C.K. levels. Of 7 at-risk fetuses 4 were believed to have normal muscle and all these had normal S.C.K. levels. However, of 3 fetuses with abnormal muscle only 1 had a raised S.C.K. level. At present caution should be exercised in offering antenatal diagnosis in D.M.D. on the basis of fetal S.C.K. levels.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. As a means of assessing the value of fetal serum-creatine-kinase (S.C.K.) levels in the antenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D.M.D.), fetal muscle from control and at-risk fetuses was studied histologically and the findings were related to fetal S.C.K. levels. Of 7 at-risk fetuses 4 were believed to have normal muscle and all these had normal S.C.K. levels. However, of 3 fetuses with abnormal muscle only 1 had a raised S.C.K. level. At present caution should be exercised in offering antenatal diagnosis in D.M.D. on the basis of fetal S.C.K. levels.", "PMID": 86094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10096", "title": "A rapid technique for distinguishing herpes-simplex virus type 1 from type 2 by restriction-enzyme technology.", "content": "A rapid simplified technique, based on restriction-endonuclease analysis of radioactively labelled D.N.A. is described; it distinguishes herpes-simplex virus type 1 strains from herpes-simplex virus type 2 unambiguously. Large numbers of isolates can be screened in 4--5 days.", "contents": "A rapid technique for distinguishing herpes-simplex virus type 1 from type 2 by restriction-enzyme technology. A rapid simplified technique, based on restriction-endonuclease analysis of radioactively labelled D.N.A. is described; it distinguishes herpes-simplex virus type 1 strains from herpes-simplex virus type 2 unambiguously. Large numbers of isolates can be screened in 4--5 days.", "PMID": 86095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10097", "title": "Tuberculous peritonitis and role of diagnostic laparoscopy.", "content": "Eleven patients with tuberculous peritonitis were treated in a London hospital between 1971 and 1978. All the patients were immigrants (mean age 30 years). The history of abdominal symptoms was often short and sometimes difficult to distinguish from that of Crohn's disease or neoplasm. The diagnosis was made by laparoscopy and target peritoneal biopsy in eight of these patients. Laparoscopy is a safe and effective method of obtaining an early diagnosis in patients with suspected tuberculous peritonitis.", "contents": "Tuberculous peritonitis and role of diagnostic laparoscopy. Eleven patients with tuberculous peritonitis were treated in a London hospital between 1971 and 1978. All the patients were immigrants (mean age 30 years). The history of abdominal symptoms was often short and sometimes difficult to distinguish from that of Crohn's disease or neoplasm. The diagnosis was made by laparoscopy and target peritoneal biopsy in eight of these patients. Laparoscopy is a safe and effective method of obtaining an early diagnosis in patients with suspected tuberculous peritonitis.", "PMID": 86096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10098", "title": "Relation of reduction in pressure to first myocardial infarction in patients receiving treatment for severe hypertension.", "content": "In order to examine the widely held belief that the aim of antihypertensive therapy should be to restore \"normality,\" the relative risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death was related to the extent of pressure reduction in a survey of 169 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension followed-up under treatment over a mean period of 6.25 years. Apart from the effects of the hypotensive agents, there were no statistically significant differences in coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) risk factors between the patients who had and those who did not have an infarction. Overall average values for final diastolic pressure (F.D.P.), as last recorded before the end of the study, were almost the same in the two groups. But the relative risk of myocardial infarction in the patients with F.D.P. reduced to less than 90 mm Hg was more than five times that in the patients with F.D.P. 100--109 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while in those who had developed infarcts with F.D.P.S of less then or equal to 90 mmHg the pressure falls were all markedly greater than in unaffected controls matched for C.H.D. risk factors that included form of treatment, age, sex, and established pre-treatment diastolic pressure (E.D.P.). Thus it would seem that, in severe middle-aged hypertensives, attempts at \"normalisation\" of high blood-pressure may precipitate as many infarctions as it prevents. Other cardiovascular complications did not exceed the incidence expected during treatment. The findings suggest that the blood-pressure in such patients should seldom be reduced by more than 22% or to diastolic levels less than 104--110 mm Hg.", "contents": "Relation of reduction in pressure to first myocardial infarction in patients receiving treatment for severe hypertension. In order to examine the widely held belief that the aim of antihypertensive therapy should be to restore \"normality,\" the relative risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death was related to the extent of pressure reduction in a survey of 169 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension followed-up under treatment over a mean period of 6.25 years. Apart from the effects of the hypotensive agents, there were no statistically significant differences in coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) risk factors between the patients who had and those who did not have an infarction. Overall average values for final diastolic pressure (F.D.P.), as last recorded before the end of the study, were almost the same in the two groups. But the relative risk of myocardial infarction in the patients with F.D.P. reduced to less than 90 mm Hg was more than five times that in the patients with F.D.P. 100--109 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while in those who had developed infarcts with F.D.P.S of less then or equal to 90 mmHg the pressure falls were all markedly greater than in unaffected controls matched for C.H.D. risk factors that included form of treatment, age, sex, and established pre-treatment diastolic pressure (E.D.P.). Thus it would seem that, in severe middle-aged hypertensives, attempts at \"normalisation\" of high blood-pressure may precipitate as many infarctions as it prevents. Other cardiovascular complications did not exceed the incidence expected during treatment. The findings suggest that the blood-pressure in such patients should seldom be reduced by more than 22% or to diastolic levels less than 104--110 mm Hg.", "PMID": 86103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10099", "title": "Simple and effective measures for control of enteric cross-infection in a children's hospital.", "content": "This report shows how simple measures have reduced the rate of enteric cross-infection from 61 cases a year to close to zero in an old and architecturally unsatisfactory children's hospital.", "contents": "Simple and effective measures for control of enteric cross-infection in a children's hospital. This report shows how simple measures have reduced the rate of enteric cross-infection from 61 cases a year to close to zero in an old and architecturally unsatisfactory children's hospital.", "PMID": 86104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10100", "title": "Cytochemical specificity of acridine red towards RNA and depolymerised DNA.", "content": "The paper contains an account of the use of the basic dye, acridine red, of the xanthene group, for staining RNA and depolymerised DNA. The in situ absorption curve of nuclei stained with acridine red indicates a peak of maximum absorption at 560 nm, whereas in vitro absorption characteristics of an aqueous solution of the dye indicate the peak at 550nm. The possibility of using acridine red as a substitute for pyronin, when staining is required for RNA only or in methyl green-acridine red sequence for localising DNA and RNA has been discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical specificity of acridine red towards RNA and depolymerised DNA. The paper contains an account of the use of the basic dye, acridine red, of the xanthene group, for staining RNA and depolymerised DNA. The in situ absorption curve of nuclei stained with acridine red indicates a peak of maximum absorption at 560 nm, whereas in vitro absorption characteristics of an aqueous solution of the dye indicate the peak at 550nm. The possibility of using acridine red as a substitute for pyronin, when staining is required for RNA only or in methyl green-acridine red sequence for localising DNA and RNA has been discussed.", "PMID": 86145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10101", "title": "Modified Feulgen staining of DNA with aqueous solution of pinacyanol.", "content": "The paper reports on the use of a quinoline dye, pinacyanol, towards staining of acid hydrolysed DNA. The dye as an aqueous solution can be used after treatment of mammalian tissue sections in concentrated phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20 min followed by hydrolysis in 6N HCl at room temperature for 15 min, for staining DNA-aldehyde molecules. It has also been observed that staining of DNA-phosphate groups is also possible in sections treated with cold concentrated phosphoric acid after selective extraction of RNA. Both in situ absorption characteristics of stained nuclei as well as in vitro absorption data of an aqueous solution of the dye have been presented. It has been suggested that staining DNA-aldehydes with pinacyanol, without any primary amino group in its molecules is due to a modified Feulgen reaction.", "contents": "Modified Feulgen staining of DNA with aqueous solution of pinacyanol. The paper reports on the use of a quinoline dye, pinacyanol, towards staining of acid hydrolysed DNA. The dye as an aqueous solution can be used after treatment of mammalian tissue sections in concentrated phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20 min followed by hydrolysis in 6N HCl at room temperature for 15 min, for staining DNA-aldehyde molecules. It has also been observed that staining of DNA-phosphate groups is also possible in sections treated with cold concentrated phosphoric acid after selective extraction of RNA. Both in situ absorption characteristics of stained nuclei as well as in vitro absorption data of an aqueous solution of the dye have been presented. It has been suggested that staining DNA-aldehydes with pinacyanol, without any primary amino group in its molecules is due to a modified Feulgen reaction.", "PMID": 86146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10102", "title": "[Methodical investigations for quantitative image analysis on cells of the female genital tract (author's transl)].", "content": "An earlier published [8] image analysis system for cytology is tested on gynecological material. At first the question for the staining method which is optimal for scanning-photometrical measurements is investigated. In addition the wavelength of the light which reproduces best the nuclear structure must be found. Feulgen-stained preparations scanned at 570nm allow a more secure sorting of superficial cells against intermediary cells than those in the classical Papanicolaou-stain at white light. Discoloring of Papanicolaou-preparations and Feulgen staining afterwards was accomplished without technical problems and there were not detectable any qualitative differences with directly Feulgen-stained preparations by means of image analysis. With this method it is possible to recognize structural changes in nuclei of vaginal epithelium during cell differentation.", "contents": "[Methodical investigations for quantitative image analysis on cells of the female genital tract (author's transl)]. An earlier published [8] image analysis system for cytology is tested on gynecological material. At first the question for the staining method which is optimal for scanning-photometrical measurements is investigated. In addition the wavelength of the light which reproduces best the nuclear structure must be found. Feulgen-stained preparations scanned at 570nm allow a more secure sorting of superficial cells against intermediary cells than those in the classical Papanicolaou-stain at white light. Discoloring of Papanicolaou-preparations and Feulgen staining afterwards was accomplished without technical problems and there were not detectable any qualitative differences with directly Feulgen-stained preparations by means of image analysis. With this method it is possible to recognize structural changes in nuclei of vaginal epithelium during cell differentation.", "PMID": 86147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10103", "title": "Are audiotapes cheaper than lectures?", "content": "First year pre-clinical medical students were taught about blood grouping and haemostasis using four audiotapes and associated booklets as the sole method of formal instruction. The audiotapes were readily accepted by the great majority of students as a replacement for lectures and those who listened to the tapes scored significantly higher in a multiple choice test 10 months later than did a previous years's student who had covered the same topics by means of lectures. If booklets are provided for each student, tapes are more expensive than lectures in terms of the time and running costs involved. By contrast, if booklets are sold or made available on loan with the audiotapes, then costs become equivalent when tapes are distributed to four to six average-sized medical schools and become increasingly cheaper as the number distributed increases. Other less readily quantifiable benefits of audiotape learning are discussed and it is concluded that in terms of both costs and effectiveness of learning, audiotapes can usefully replace a proportion of lectures in a conventional course. Consideration should be given to the provision of more space for audiotape tuition and less for formal lectures.", "contents": "Are audiotapes cheaper than lectures? First year pre-clinical medical students were taught about blood grouping and haemostasis using four audiotapes and associated booklets as the sole method of formal instruction. The audiotapes were readily accepted by the great majority of students as a replacement for lectures and those who listened to the tapes scored significantly higher in a multiple choice test 10 months later than did a previous years's student who had covered the same topics by means of lectures. If booklets are provided for each student, tapes are more expensive than lectures in terms of the time and running costs involved. By contrast, if booklets are sold or made available on loan with the audiotapes, then costs become equivalent when tapes are distributed to four to six average-sized medical schools and become increasingly cheaper as the number distributed increases. Other less readily quantifiable benefits of audiotape learning are discussed and it is concluded that in terms of both costs and effectiveness of learning, audiotapes can usefully replace a proportion of lectures in a conventional course. Consideration should be given to the provision of more space for audiotape tuition and less for formal lectures.", "PMID": 86148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10104", "title": "[Clinical results with granulocyte transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "16 adult patients with granulocytopenia and septicemia resistant to antibiotics received 42 granulocyte transfusions. The granulocytes were obtained from healthy donors with a blood cell separator by continuous flow centrifugation. Adding hydroxyethyl-starch an average of 1.8 X 10(10) leukocytes with 69% granulocytes were harvested in 3.5 hours. A small leukocyte increment after the transfusion was seen in half of the recipients. No correlation could be found between fever lysis and survival of the infection, which occurred in half of the cases too. A granulocyte transfusion is indicated in patients, who have granulocytopenia, sepsis and no evidence of bone marrow recovery.", "contents": "[Clinical results with granulocyte transfusion (author's transl)]. 16 adult patients with granulocytopenia and septicemia resistant to antibiotics received 42 granulocyte transfusions. The granulocytes were obtained from healthy donors with a blood cell separator by continuous flow centrifugation. Adding hydroxyethyl-starch an average of 1.8 X 10(10) leukocytes with 69% granulocytes were harvested in 3.5 hours. A small leukocyte increment after the transfusion was seen in half of the recipients. No correlation could be found between fever lysis and survival of the infection, which occurred in half of the cases too. A granulocyte transfusion is indicated in patients, who have granulocytopenia, sepsis and no evidence of bone marrow recovery.", "PMID": 86150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10105", "title": "Demonstration of HLA restricted killer cells in patients with acute measles.", "content": "The relationship between HLA determinants on effector and target cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied using the release of 51Cr from measles virus-infected PHA-blasts. HLA compatibility between effector and target cells was not required if effector lymphocytes were derived from measles seropositive adults, from a patient with SSPE, and from children after live measles vaccination. Cytotoxicity was always abolished after removal of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. In these donors, the effect is, therefore, probably due to K cells. In contrast, lymphocytes from children with acute measles preferentially killed those virus-infected target cells with which they shared HLA antigens. Selective lytic activity was still observed after elimination of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. It is suggested that HLA-dependent killer cells represent specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cells seem to be limited to the acute phase of measles.", "contents": "Demonstration of HLA restricted killer cells in patients with acute measles. The relationship between HLA determinants on effector and target cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied using the release of 51Cr from measles virus-infected PHA-blasts. HLA compatibility between effector and target cells was not required if effector lymphocytes were derived from measles seropositive adults, from a patient with SSPE, and from children after live measles vaccination. Cytotoxicity was always abolished after removal of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. In these donors, the effect is, therefore, probably due to K cells. In contrast, lymphocytes from children with acute measles preferentially killed those virus-infected target cells with which they shared HLA antigens. Selective lytic activity was still observed after elimination of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. It is suggested that HLA-dependent killer cells represent specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cells seem to be limited to the acute phase of measles.", "PMID": 86151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10106", "title": "[Staining of the X chromatin].", "content": "A staining method suitable for the selective demonstration of X-chromation and other types of chromatins is described. On the basis of the behaviour of chromations four types of cells (in males only two) can be distinguished. From the changes of the proportion various types of cells, conclusions can be drawn concerning the alteratins of cell kinetics. These changes raise the question of the existence of a general basical biological rhythm. The duration of a cycle in this rhythm is 73 days. These cycles considerably modify the course of different diseases and the efficacy of the therapy applied. Thus the investigation of the chromatin is a useful tool for the prognosis and the therapy. The chronic myeloid leukaemia was detaily analyzed. Practical importance of the data obtained seems to be obvious.", "contents": "[Staining of the X chromatin]. A staining method suitable for the selective demonstration of X-chromation and other types of chromatins is described. On the basis of the behaviour of chromations four types of cells (in males only two) can be distinguished. From the changes of the proportion various types of cells, conclusions can be drawn concerning the alteratins of cell kinetics. These changes raise the question of the existence of a general basical biological rhythm. The duration of a cycle in this rhythm is 73 days. These cycles considerably modify the course of different diseases and the efficacy of the therapy applied. Thus the investigation of the chromatin is a useful tool for the prognosis and the therapy. The chronic myeloid leukaemia was detaily analyzed. Practical importance of the data obtained seems to be obvious.", "PMID": 86153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10107", "title": "Genetic toxicology of bleomycin.", "content": "Bleomycin (BLM), an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus, is of significance as an antineoplastic agent. The compound is actually the mixture of some 200 related forms which differ from each other in the amine moiety. The drug, at low concentrations, can cause elimination of bases, particularly thymine. This causes strand breakage of DNA and inhibition of cell growth. The influence of BLM on cell growth may be unrelated to the effects on DNA. In general, mitotically dividing cells show more DNA damage than non-dividing cells. G2 seems to be the most sensitive phase indicating that cell death may not be related to a direct effect of BLM on DNA replication. The antibiotic shows specific effects on chromatin and causes chromosomal damage in all sub-phases of interphase. It can affect early prophase chromosomes also. Suggestion has been made that BLM-induced breakage and cell death are similar to those induced by densely ionizing radiations. Whereas the antibiotic affects the frequency of somatic crossing over and produces micronuclei, the data on mutation induction and production of sister-chromatid exchanges do not permit classifying BLM as a potent inducer of these phenomena. The genetic effects of BLM can be modified quantitatively by thiol compounds, caffeine, hyperthermia and H2O2. It is concluded that the available data do not permit assessment of genetic damage in the offsprings of BLM-treated patients. Such studies are urgently needed, as are the studies to find out the effects of BLM on meiotic phenomena.", "contents": "Genetic toxicology of bleomycin. Bleomycin (BLM), an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus, is of significance as an antineoplastic agent. The compound is actually the mixture of some 200 related forms which differ from each other in the amine moiety. The drug, at low concentrations, can cause elimination of bases, particularly thymine. This causes strand breakage of DNA and inhibition of cell growth. The influence of BLM on cell growth may be unrelated to the effects on DNA. In general, mitotically dividing cells show more DNA damage than non-dividing cells. G2 seems to be the most sensitive phase indicating that cell death may not be related to a direct effect of BLM on DNA replication. The antibiotic shows specific effects on chromatin and causes chromosomal damage in all sub-phases of interphase. It can affect early prophase chromosomes also. Suggestion has been made that BLM-induced breakage and cell death are similar to those induced by densely ionizing radiations. Whereas the antibiotic affects the frequency of somatic crossing over and produces micronuclei, the data on mutation induction and production of sister-chromatid exchanges do not permit classifying BLM as a potent inducer of these phenomena. The genetic effects of BLM can be modified quantitatively by thiol compounds, caffeine, hyperthermia and H2O2. It is concluded that the available data do not permit assessment of genetic damage in the offsprings of BLM-treated patients. Such studies are urgently needed, as are the studies to find out the effects of BLM on meiotic phenomena.", "PMID": 86155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10108", "title": "Ineffectiveness of topical adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis.", "content": "The ability of topical 10 per cent adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate to decrease the severity and frequency of recurrent herpes simplex labialis was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study of 233 patients at three collaborating institutions. Nine clinical and four virologic measurements were used to evaluate drug efficacy during a single episode. No statistically significant improvement in any measurement was seen in the drug-treated patients. Analyses according to institution and age, stage and size of lesion before therapy also indicated no benefit attributable to the drug. There was no effect of the drug on the rate of recurrence of herpes simplex labialis. We conclude that, despite activity against herpes simplex virus infection in tissue culture and in some laboratory animal models, topical use of the drug is ineffective against recurrent herpes simplex labialis. This may be due to failure of the drug to penetrate the skin.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of topical adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. The ability of topical 10 per cent adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate to decrease the severity and frequency of recurrent herpes simplex labialis was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study of 233 patients at three collaborating institutions. Nine clinical and four virologic measurements were used to evaluate drug efficacy during a single episode. No statistically significant improvement in any measurement was seen in the drug-treated patients. Analyses according to institution and age, stage and size of lesion before therapy also indicated no benefit attributable to the drug. There was no effect of the drug on the rate of recurrence of herpes simplex labialis. We conclude that, despite activity against herpes simplex virus infection in tissue culture and in some laboratory animal models, topical use of the drug is ineffective against recurrent herpes simplex labialis. This may be due to failure of the drug to penetrate the skin.", "PMID": 86158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10109", "title": "[Perichordal necroses. Contribution to the understanding of the spinal column morphogenesis].", "content": "In 12--15 days old rat embryos and 12 days old mouse embryos vitally stained by acridin orange, a perichordal necrosis appears, showing metameric intensifications at the level of the dense sclerotomites. Similar aspects were detected in serially sectioned rabbit and human embryos (6--7 mm c.r. length). The authors correlate the necrotic zones mentioned with the inductive functions of the notochord.", "contents": "[Perichordal necroses. Contribution to the understanding of the spinal column morphogenesis]. In 12--15 days old rat embryos and 12 days old mouse embryos vitally stained by acridin orange, a perichordal necrosis appears, showing metameric intensifications at the level of the dense sclerotomites. Similar aspects were detected in serially sectioned rabbit and human embryos (6--7 mm c.r. length). The authors correlate the necrotic zones mentioned with the inductive functions of the notochord.", "PMID": 86154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10110", "title": "Growth factors derived from human serum, platelets, and pituitary: properties and immunologic cross-reactivity.", "content": "A cationic polypeptide growth factor, isolated from human serum and purified to homogeneity, has stimulated the replication of density-inhibited BALB/c 3T3 cells. It has a molecular weight of 1.3 x 10(4) daltons and an isoelectric point of 9.7. Trypsin or chymotrypsin digestion reduces the growth-stimulatory activity by 75%, whereas 2-mercaptoehanol completely abolishes it. The growth factor is heat-stable (100 degrees C X 10 min) and free of insulin-like activity. The highly purified serum growth factor has been labeled with 125I, and an antiserum to the growth factor was produced in the rabbit. A specific, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed. Factors with growth-stimulating activity have also been detected in human platelets and human pituitary gland extracts. Platelets and pituitary glands have antigenic determinants that are recognized by antibodies to the serum growth factor. The platelet and pituitary gland growth factors are also cationic and heat stable, and are destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol. Thus the human serum, platelet, and pituitary gland growth factors have similar properties.", "contents": "Growth factors derived from human serum, platelets, and pituitary: properties and immunologic cross-reactivity. A cationic polypeptide growth factor, isolated from human serum and purified to homogeneity, has stimulated the replication of density-inhibited BALB/c 3T3 cells. It has a molecular weight of 1.3 x 10(4) daltons and an isoelectric point of 9.7. Trypsin or chymotrypsin digestion reduces the growth-stimulatory activity by 75%, whereas 2-mercaptoehanol completely abolishes it. The growth factor is heat-stable (100 degrees C X 10 min) and free of insulin-like activity. The highly purified serum growth factor has been labeled with 125I, and an antiserum to the growth factor was produced in the rabbit. A specific, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed. Factors with growth-stimulating activity have also been detected in human platelets and human pituitary gland extracts. Platelets and pituitary glands have antigenic determinants that are recognized by antibodies to the serum growth factor. The platelet and pituitary gland growth factors are also cationic and heat stable, and are destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol. Thus the human serum, platelet, and pituitary gland growth factors have similar properties.", "PMID": 86159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10111", "title": "Prostate cancer: normal prostate from human and hamster.", "content": "\"Prostatic acid phosphatase\" is a term that has been used widely and ambiguously to refer to acid phosphatase, which 1) is elevated in the sera of patients with various diseases of the prostate, 2) is inhibited by one or more specific inhibitors, 3) attacks one or more specific substrates, 4) has certain unique antigenic properties, 5) is extracted from homogenates of prostate, and 6) is obtained from prostate secretions, etc. Most of the data adduced to justify this term is indirect. We have purified specific kinds of cells from prostates and other tissues. These purified cells have served as sources of enzymes known to be derived from particular kinds of cells. We studied several substrates and one inhibitor that have been claimed useful for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase. None of the substrates or inhibitors studied appeared to offer much \"specificity,\" which would allow us to distinguish acid phosphatase activity from prostatic epithelial cells from acid phosphatase activities from several other kinds of purified cells.", "contents": "Prostate cancer: normal prostate from human and hamster. \"Prostatic acid phosphatase\" is a term that has been used widely and ambiguously to refer to acid phosphatase, which 1) is elevated in the sera of patients with various diseases of the prostate, 2) is inhibited by one or more specific inhibitors, 3) attacks one or more specific substrates, 4) has certain unique antigenic properties, 5) is extracted from homogenates of prostate, and 6) is obtained from prostate secretions, etc. Most of the data adduced to justify this term is indirect. We have purified specific kinds of cells from prostates and other tissues. These purified cells have served as sources of enzymes known to be derived from particular kinds of cells. We studied several substrates and one inhibitor that have been claimed useful for the measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase. None of the substrates or inhibitors studied appeared to offer much \"specificity,\" which would allow us to distinguish acid phosphatase activity from prostatic epithelial cells from acid phosphatase activities from several other kinds of purified cells.", "PMID": 86160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10112", "title": "Specificity and effector-target interaction.", "content": "When effector cells were tested on a number of target cells, the most obvious effect observed was a nonselective cytotoxicity that is now known as natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The apparent nonselectivity was a result of specific cytotoxic activity against many different antigens on target cells. This specificity was demonstrated in the cross-competition assay in which target cells sharing common antigens selectively inhibited natural cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Specificity and effector-target interaction. When effector cells were tested on a number of target cells, the most obvious effect observed was a nonselective cytotoxicity that is now known as natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The apparent nonselectivity was a result of specific cytotoxic activity against many different antigens on target cells. This specificity was demonstrated in the cross-competition assay in which target cells sharing common antigens selectively inhibited natural cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 86161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10113", "title": "Immunochemical determination of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein in sera and tumors of patients with testicular cancer.", "content": "In several prospective studies during the past 5 years, we evaluated 400 patients with nonseminomatous and 60 with seminomatous testicular tumors with the use of serum and cellular AFP and HCG at the NCI. Ninety percent of the patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors had elevated levels of either HCG and/or AFP that have been useful in detection, staging, prognosis, and monitoring the efficacy of the therapeutic modalities. Although 5% of the patients with pure seminoma had an elevated level of serum HCG, one must search for elements of nonseminomatous testicular tumor in these patients by serial section of the seminoma specimen. Elevated serum AFP in patients with designations of seminoma indicates the presence of an element of embryonal carcinoma and/or teratoma. We have localized these markers in various tumor cells by using the technique of indirect immunoperoxidase. The HCG is localized in syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma and syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells occasionally found in association with embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and seminoma. The AFP is localized in embryonal and endodermal sinus tumor.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein in sera and tumors of patients with testicular cancer. In several prospective studies during the past 5 years, we evaluated 400 patients with nonseminomatous and 60 with seminomatous testicular tumors with the use of serum and cellular AFP and HCG at the NCI. Ninety percent of the patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors had elevated levels of either HCG and/or AFP that have been useful in detection, staging, prognosis, and monitoring the efficacy of the therapeutic modalities. Although 5% of the patients with pure seminoma had an elevated level of serum HCG, one must search for elements of nonseminomatous testicular tumor in these patients by serial section of the seminoma specimen. Elevated serum AFP in patients with designations of seminoma indicates the presence of an element of embryonal carcinoma and/or teratoma. We have localized these markers in various tumor cells by using the technique of indirect immunoperoxidase. The HCG is localized in syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma and syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells occasionally found in association with embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and seminoma. The AFP is localized in embryonal and endodermal sinus tumor.", "PMID": 86162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10114", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testicular tumors.", "content": "The new radioimmunoassays for AFP and beta-HCG are highly specific for nonseminomatous, germ-cell testicular tumor in genitourinary patients who do not have liver disease or other cancers. When used together, they are an accurate and sensitive indicator of metastases and are helpful in determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, they are not very useful in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin in the management of testicular tumors. The new radioimmunoassays for AFP and beta-HCG are highly specific for nonseminomatous, germ-cell testicular tumor in genitourinary patients who do not have liver disease or other cancers. When used together, they are an accurate and sensitive indicator of metastases and are helpful in determining the effectiveness of therapy. However, they are not very useful in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses.", "PMID": 86163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10115", "title": "Specificity of cell membrane antigens in prostate cancer.", "content": "Male CD2F1 mice bearing an MCAM-7 transplant in the right leg underwent surgical excision of the tumor and showed specific resistance to subsequent challenges with that identical tumor line. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens (MCAM-7 antigen) solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hour footpad swelling response in male CD2F1 mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. These observations suggested that the transplantable MCAM-7 fibrosarcoma could produce immunity toward the solubilized MCAM-7 tumors antigens and that this tumor immunity could be measured by footpad swelling response to injection of the solubilized antigens, an indication of cell-mediated immunity. The footpad swelling response was also monitored in relation to the extent of tumor growth. Similar techniques have been applied to patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate for whom skin testing was substituted for the measurement of footpad swelling in animals. Four of 10 patients, who had known prostate carcinoma and were given intradermal injections of soluble tumor antigens extracted from their tumors, exhibited a cutaneous, delayed type hypersensitivity response to the injected autologous tumor extracts. No positive reactions were observed in response to solubilized components of control tissues, including BPH. These observations suggest that some patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate can exhibit an immunologic response to specific antigens present in their neoplasms.", "contents": "Specificity of cell membrane antigens in prostate cancer. Male CD2F1 mice bearing an MCAM-7 transplant in the right leg underwent surgical excision of the tumor and showed specific resistance to subsequent challenges with that identical tumor line. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens (MCAM-7 antigen) solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hour footpad swelling response in male CD2F1 mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. These observations suggested that the transplantable MCAM-7 fibrosarcoma could produce immunity toward the solubilized MCAM-7 tumors antigens and that this tumor immunity could be measured by footpad swelling response to injection of the solubilized antigens, an indication of cell-mediated immunity. The footpad swelling response was also monitored in relation to the extent of tumor growth. Similar techniques have been applied to patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate for whom skin testing was substituted for the measurement of footpad swelling in animals. Four of 10 patients, who had known prostate carcinoma and were given intradermal injections of soluble tumor antigens extracted from their tumors, exhibited a cutaneous, delayed type hypersensitivity response to the injected autologous tumor extracts. No positive reactions were observed in response to solubilized components of control tissues, including BPH. These observations suggest that some patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate can exhibit an immunologic response to specific antigens present in their neoplasms.", "PMID": 86164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10116", "title": "Rat prostate carcinoma 11095-A: profile of organ- and tumor-specific antigens.", "content": "The 11095-A squamous cell tumor is a transplantable prostate carcinoma of the F344 rat. No tumor-specific antigens could be demonstrated for this carcinoma by serologic tests or in host protection experiments. Preliminary data from two other assay systems indicate that tumor-specific antigens may be weakly expressed in this model.", "contents": "Rat prostate carcinoma 11095-A: profile of organ- and tumor-specific antigens. The 11095-A squamous cell tumor is a transplantable prostate carcinoma of the F344 rat. No tumor-specific antigens could be demonstrated for this carcinoma by serologic tests or in host protection experiments. Preliminary data from two other assay systems indicate that tumor-specific antigens may be weakly expressed in this model.", "PMID": 86165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10117", "title": "Antigenic properties of a cell line from human prostate carcinoma (EB 33).", "content": "Evidence for tumor-specific transplantation antigens of human prostate carcinoma was gained by others from in vivo sensitization. The fact that these antigens have not been detected by in vitro methods prompted us to investigate whether EB 33 cells, originated from a human prostate carcinoma by one of us (F.H.S.), expressed these antigens. Using 3-M potassium chloride extracts of EB 33 cells for immunization of New Zealand white rabbits, we obtained xenogeneic antibodies. Further analysis of their specificity was achieved by indirect immunofluorescence and by measurement of their cytotoxicity in a [51Cr]-release test. Xenogeneic antibodies were cytotoxic for EB 33 cells. However, the extent of cell lysis depended on the passage number of EB 33 target cells, thus reflecting an alteration of the antigenicity of the EB 33 cell population during culture. Formation of nonspecific antibodies could be absorbed with HeLa cells. As HLA were not detectable on EB 33 cells, results obtained from absorption experiments with homogenates of normal and malignant prostate tissue may argue for organ-specific and tumor-related transplantation antigens on EB 33 cells.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of a cell line from human prostate carcinoma (EB 33). Evidence for tumor-specific transplantation antigens of human prostate carcinoma was gained by others from in vivo sensitization. The fact that these antigens have not been detected by in vitro methods prompted us to investigate whether EB 33 cells, originated from a human prostate carcinoma by one of us (F.H.S.), expressed these antigens. Using 3-M potassium chloride extracts of EB 33 cells for immunization of New Zealand white rabbits, we obtained xenogeneic antibodies. Further analysis of their specificity was achieved by indirect immunofluorescence and by measurement of their cytotoxicity in a [51Cr]-release test. Xenogeneic antibodies were cytotoxic for EB 33 cells. However, the extent of cell lysis depended on the passage number of EB 33 target cells, thus reflecting an alteration of the antigenicity of the EB 33 cell population during culture. Formation of nonspecific antibodies could be absorbed with HeLa cells. As HLA were not detectable on EB 33 cells, results obtained from absorption experiments with homogenates of normal and malignant prostate tissue may argue for organ-specific and tumor-related transplantation antigens on EB 33 cells.", "PMID": 86166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10118", "title": "Prostate and transitional cell carcinoma: radioimmunoassay of viral tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Partially purified extracts from human urothelial tumors were utilized as competing antigens in competition radioimmunoassays in conjunction with purified RNA viral interspecies proteins and the respective antibodies to these viral proteins in efforts to detect the presence of one of the structural components of type C RNA viruses, the p30 core protein. Some antigen present in extracts of 25% of the bladder and 22% of the prostate tissues assayed demonstrated cross-reactivity with the viral p30 protein used in the radioimmunoassay system. These findings suggest that some human urothelial tissues contain a protein similar to the p30 core protein of the C-type RNA viruses and that this protein might prove useful in clinical surveys of patients with urogenital tumors.", "contents": "Prostate and transitional cell carcinoma: radioimmunoassay of viral tumor-associated antigens. Partially purified extracts from human urothelial tumors were utilized as competing antigens in competition radioimmunoassays in conjunction with purified RNA viral interspecies proteins and the respective antibodies to these viral proteins in efforts to detect the presence of one of the structural components of type C RNA viruses, the p30 core protein. Some antigen present in extracts of 25% of the bladder and 22% of the prostate tissues assayed demonstrated cross-reactivity with the viral p30 protein used in the radioimmunoassay system. These findings suggest that some human urothelial tissues contain a protein similar to the p30 core protein of the C-type RNA viruses and that this protein might prove useful in clinical surveys of patients with urogenital tumors.", "PMID": 86167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10119", "title": "Detection of antigens on transitional cell carcinoma with a xenogeneic antiserum.", "content": "An antiserum against T24 was raised in rabbits. One serum that was tested by complement-dependent cytotoxicity and absorption analysis appeared to distinguish functionally between bladder cancer cell lines and other cell lines.", "contents": "Detection of antigens on transitional cell carcinoma with a xenogeneic antiserum. An antiserum against T24 was raised in rabbits. One serum that was tested by complement-dependent cytotoxicity and absorption analysis appeared to distinguish functionally between bladder cancer cell lines and other cell lines.", "PMID": 86168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10120", "title": "Measurement of acid phosphatase activity in various tissues and cultured cells.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity has been measured in various tissues and in extracts of cultured cells. Cells were solubilized with NP40 at neutral pH, and thymolphthalein monophosphate was used as substrate. Reproducible assays were possible with a few as 10(6) cells.", "contents": "Measurement of acid phosphatase activity in various tissues and cultured cells. Acid phosphatase activity has been measured in various tissues and in extracts of cultured cells. Cells were solubilized with NP40 at neutral pH, and thymolphthalein monophosphate was used as substrate. Reproducible assays were possible with a few as 10(6) cells.", "PMID": 86169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10121", "title": "Transplantation of human prostate neoplasia into the nude mouse.", "content": "Cells derived from human prostates have been successfully transplanted from tissue culture and from primary surgical specimens into nude mice. Techniques of transplantation and results are discussed.", "contents": "Transplantation of human prostate neoplasia into the nude mouse. Cells derived from human prostates have been successfully transplanted from tissue culture and from primary surgical specimens into nude mice. Techniques of transplantation and results are discussed.", "PMID": 86170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10122", "title": "[Role of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin in hepatopathies].", "content": "Two pictures of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, one associated with alpha 2-macroglobulin deficiency and one isolated case of the latter deficiency have been observed in three patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver and/or hepatoma. On the basis of these cases, the literature on the subject is reviewed. The unusually high incidence of such anti-enzymatic deficiencies (three cases in the first eleven patients studied) in severe liver pathology, calls for a reassessment of such research and suggests that these tests should be carried out on a routine basis in cases of cryptogenetic cirrhosis and probably for long-term prognosis in cases of viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Role of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin in hepatopathies]. Two pictures of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, one associated with alpha 2-macroglobulin deficiency and one isolated case of the latter deficiency have been observed in three patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver and/or hepatoma. On the basis of these cases, the literature on the subject is reviewed. The unusually high incidence of such anti-enzymatic deficiencies (three cases in the first eleven patients studied) in severe liver pathology, calls for a reassessment of such research and suggests that these tests should be carried out on a routine basis in cases of cryptogenetic cirrhosis and probably for long-term prognosis in cases of viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 86175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10123", "title": "Localization of aortic cells in the nodose ganglion by HRP retrograde transport in the cat.", "content": "Localization of the aortic cells in the nodose ganglion was attempted in the cat using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following dissection of the aortic nerve from the vago-aortic trunk, the cut ends of the aortic fibers were immersed in a HRP solution for 23--46 h. Labelled cells were found in the nodose ganglion and were located mainly in the medial border of the ganglion.", "contents": "Localization of aortic cells in the nodose ganglion by HRP retrograde transport in the cat. Localization of the aortic cells in the nodose ganglion was attempted in the cat using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following dissection of the aortic nerve from the vago-aortic trunk, the cut ends of the aortic fibers were immersed in a HRP solution for 23--46 h. Labelled cells were found in the nodose ganglion and were located mainly in the medial border of the ganglion.", "PMID": 86177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10124", "title": "Immunologic and biochemical studies on the carcinoembryonic antigen-like substance in human neuroblastoma.", "content": "Several authors have observed that the plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with neuroblastoma were significantly elevated. The present study was undertaken to investigate the nature of CEA activity in neuroblastoma tissue. This tumor tissue contains a small amount of CEA-like substance reacting with anti-CEA serum which is characterized by gamma-globulin electrophoretic mobility, a molecular weight that is approximately equal to that of albumin (4.6S) by gel filtration, and a glycoprotein staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). According to the double immunodiffusion method, this antigen is partially identical to purified CEA of colon carcinoma, and is completely identical to nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA). This antigen is, therefore, referred to not as the CEA as described by Gold, but as NCA in neuroblastoma tissue. The elevation of plasma CEA activity in patients with neuroblastoma may be due to the release of NCA from tumor cells, or to the destruction tissues by metastasis, of normal which are rich in NCA, or to a combination of both.", "contents": "Immunologic and biochemical studies on the carcinoembryonic antigen-like substance in human neuroblastoma. Several authors have observed that the plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with neuroblastoma were significantly elevated. The present study was undertaken to investigate the nature of CEA activity in neuroblastoma tissue. This tumor tissue contains a small amount of CEA-like substance reacting with anti-CEA serum which is characterized by gamma-globulin electrophoretic mobility, a molecular weight that is approximately equal to that of albumin (4.6S) by gel filtration, and a glycoprotein staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). According to the double immunodiffusion method, this antigen is partially identical to purified CEA of colon carcinoma, and is completely identical to nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA). This antigen is, therefore, referred to not as the CEA as described by Gold, but as NCA in neuroblastoma tissue. The elevation of plasma CEA activity in patients with neuroblastoma may be due to the release of NCA from tumor cells, or to the destruction tissues by metastasis, of normal which are rich in NCA, or to a combination of both.", "PMID": 86182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10125", "title": "Effects of resuscitation for patients with metastatic cancers and chronic heart disease.", "content": "When records of 29 chronic heart disease and 34 metastatic cancer patients were studied for results of resuscitation efforts versus supportive care only efforts, 26 (90 percent) of the heart patients were given resuscitation while 3 (9 percent) of the cancer patients received such care. One (3 percent) heart patient received supportive care only and expired. Thirty (88 percent) of the cancer patients who received supportive care only expired. Of the patients who received resuscitation effort, 17 heart patients died immediately, 5 lived hours or days following the effort, and 4 were discharged from the hospital. Of the cancer patients who received resuscitative care, 2 expired immediately and 1 lived a few hours or days after the effort.", "contents": "Effects of resuscitation for patients with metastatic cancers and chronic heart disease. When records of 29 chronic heart disease and 34 metastatic cancer patients were studied for results of resuscitation efforts versus supportive care only efforts, 26 (90 percent) of the heart patients were given resuscitation while 3 (9 percent) of the cancer patients received such care. One (3 percent) heart patient received supportive care only and expired. Thirty (88 percent) of the cancer patients who received supportive care only expired. Of the patients who received resuscitation effort, 17 heart patients died immediately, 5 lived hours or days following the effort, and 4 were discharged from the hospital. Of the cancer patients who received resuscitative care, 2 expired immediately and 1 lived a few hours or days after the effort.", "PMID": 86183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10126", "title": "The use of 2450 megahertz of microwave in cancer therapy; a pilot study.", "content": "Contraindications to microwave diathermy traditionally include malignant tumors. This paper describes a pilot study of tissue hyperthermia treatment (average 42.5 degrees C, 108.5 degrees F) for superficial cancers, using 2450 megahertz of microwave diathermy. Tissue temperatures were recorded for prolonged periods of time, and tumor responses to heat alone, or to heat combined with radiation therapy, were observed. Such treatments were tolerated by the patients, but were not without side effects. Preliminary results of this pilot study, as well as those of other investigators, showed that tissue hyperthermia would be a useful treatment modality for cancer therapy. The familiarity of physical therapists with microwave diathermy may be an asset to them as clinicians. Physical therapists, however, should not attempt to treat cancer patients alone. Further clinical research in the area should be conducted in the proper setting under the guidance of an oncologist.", "contents": "The use of 2450 megahertz of microwave in cancer therapy; a pilot study. Contraindications to microwave diathermy traditionally include malignant tumors. This paper describes a pilot study of tissue hyperthermia treatment (average 42.5 degrees C, 108.5 degrees F) for superficial cancers, using 2450 megahertz of microwave diathermy. Tissue temperatures were recorded for prolonged periods of time, and tumor responses to heat alone, or to heat combined with radiation therapy, were observed. Such treatments were tolerated by the patients, but were not without side effects. Preliminary results of this pilot study, as well as those of other investigators, showed that tissue hyperthermia would be a useful treatment modality for cancer therapy. The familiarity of physical therapists with microwave diathermy may be an asset to them as clinicians. Physical therapists, however, should not attempt to treat cancer patients alone. Further clinical research in the area should be conducted in the proper setting under the guidance of an oncologist.", "PMID": 86191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10127", "title": "Results of behavior modification in the treatment of chronic pain.", "content": "Two hundred patients with chronic pain were treated in an in-patient program in which behavior modification was the major therapeutic modality. The patients were characterized by having had pain of many years' duration, multiple operations, treatment failures, prolonged disability, compensation factors, and dependency on medication. At hospital dismissal, 59% of the patients had achieved moderate improvement or better. At a 3-mo follow-up, 40% of the admitted patients (75% of those successfully treated) were still doing well, and after 1 yr, 25% of those originally admitted continued to do well (65% of those successfully treated).", "contents": "Results of behavior modification in the treatment of chronic pain. Two hundred patients with chronic pain were treated in an in-patient program in which behavior modification was the major therapeutic modality. The patients were characterized by having had pain of many years' duration, multiple operations, treatment failures, prolonged disability, compensation factors, and dependency on medication. At hospital dismissal, 59% of the patients had achieved moderate improvement or better. At a 3-mo follow-up, 40% of the admitted patients (75% of those successfully treated) were still doing well, and after 1 yr, 25% of those originally admitted continued to do well (65% of those successfully treated).", "PMID": 86193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10128", "title": "The binding of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine to plasma proteins in the chicken at the physiological pH.", "content": "Amounts of 125I-labelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), representing approximately 50 per cent of the plasma concentration, were incubated with chicken plasma or serum, the proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.4 and the distribution of the hormones determined. Seventy to 75 per cent of T4 migrated with albumin, about 10 per cent with the alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with a pre-albumin fraction. The percentage attached to the pre-albumin tended to increase with age. Neither barbiturate nor 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) affected the distribution. About 50 per cent of T3 was associated with albumin, 30 to 40 per cent with the main alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with an adjacent globulin band. ANS reduced the percentage attached to albumin and increased that associated with the alpha-globulin. Barbiturate had no effect.", "contents": "The binding of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine to plasma proteins in the chicken at the physiological pH. Amounts of 125I-labelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), representing approximately 50 per cent of the plasma concentration, were incubated with chicken plasma or serum, the proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.4 and the distribution of the hormones determined. Seventy to 75 per cent of T4 migrated with albumin, about 10 per cent with the alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with a pre-albumin fraction. The percentage attached to the pre-albumin tended to increase with age. Neither barbiturate nor 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) affected the distribution. About 50 per cent of T3 was associated with albumin, 30 to 40 per cent with the main alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with an adjacent globulin band. ANS reduced the percentage attached to albumin and increased that associated with the alpha-globulin. Barbiturate had no effect.", "PMID": 86196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10129", "title": "Pain relief by surgery in chronic pancreatitis? Relationship between pain relief, pancreatic dysfunction, and alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "Since 1963, 57 consecutive patients with chronic pancreatitis, 44 of them alcoholics who had been operated upon for recurrent severe pain, have been controlled regularly for an average of 6 years. Thirty-two of them had a cyst drainage procedure (group A), and 25 had a ductal drainage procedure and/or distal pancreatectomy (group B). Ten patients died within 2 years (group A, n = 5). Lasting pain relief by surgery occurred in 19 patients only. Of 28 patients with pain relapses after surgery (group A, n = 15), however, 22 (78.6%) obtained late pain relief 1-8 years after surgery in association with marked increase of pancreatic dysfunction (group A, n = 12). Pain relief was associated with pancreatic calcifications in 71-86% of the alcoholics. Cyst drainage procedures were successful in preventing pain relapses mainly in patients with either advanced pancreatic dysfunction or in non-alcoholic pancreatitis. The data suggest that in chronic pancreatitis lasting pain relief is more often due to marked pancreatic dysfunction than to surgery. Alcohol abstinence after surgery was probably an additional factor for lasting pain relief in some patients.", "contents": "Pain relief by surgery in chronic pancreatitis? Relationship between pain relief, pancreatic dysfunction, and alcohol withdrawal. Since 1963, 57 consecutive patients with chronic pancreatitis, 44 of them alcoholics who had been operated upon for recurrent severe pain, have been controlled regularly for an average of 6 years. Thirty-two of them had a cyst drainage procedure (group A), and 25 had a ductal drainage procedure and/or distal pancreatectomy (group B). Ten patients died within 2 years (group A, n = 5). Lasting pain relief by surgery occurred in 19 patients only. Of 28 patients with pain relapses after surgery (group A, n = 15), however, 22 (78.6%) obtained late pain relief 1-8 years after surgery in association with marked increase of pancreatic dysfunction (group A, n = 12). Pain relief was associated with pancreatic calcifications in 71-86% of the alcoholics. Cyst drainage procedures were successful in preventing pain relapses mainly in patients with either advanced pancreatic dysfunction or in non-alcoholic pancreatitis. The data suggest that in chronic pancreatitis lasting pain relief is more often due to marked pancreatic dysfunction than to surgery. Alcohol abstinence after surgery was probably an additional factor for lasting pain relief in some patients.", "PMID": 86198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10130", "title": "V and C gene contribution in creating anti-alpha-1,3 dextran antibodies in mice. I. Characteristics of Ig-lal prototype responses.", "content": "The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the antigenic, idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque-forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for alpha-1,3 dextran have been characterized in Ig-lal BALB/c prototype mice, in Ig-la- [30] mice, and in BALB/c congenic and recombinant strains. Four distinct Ab Id specificities were identified by using criteria of Id relatedness to three Id-distinct, alpha-1,3 dextran-binding BALB/c myeloma proteins (MP), all associated, in the Ig-lal mice with the lambda (lambda) chains: a major, common IdX in 40--90% of the molecules; three minor, individual IdI in 1--49% of the molecules; and a fifth, Id-undefined one. These specificities were expressed at the PFC and serum level in the mu and gamma isotypes. A minor, kappa (kappa), Id-negative Ab was discerned only at the PFC level. The Ig-la- CBA and C3H mice responded with anti-alpha-1,3 dextran, kappa Id-negative Ab. The BALB/c, congenic strain CB20 (BALB/c Ig-lb, carrying the C57Bl/Ka, Ig-lb variable H (VH) gene complement and CH phenotype, made anti-alpha-1,3 dextran kappaId-negative Ab of the Ig-lb prototype. The recombinant BAB/14, carrying in the C57Bl/Ka CH-Ig-lb phenotype the BALB/c Ig-lal VH gene(s) controlling anti-alpha-1,3 dextran lambda Ab responsiveness and Id specificity (VH-DEX+), express the BALB/c lambdaId repertoire.", "contents": "V and C gene contribution in creating anti-alpha-1,3 dextran antibodies in mice. I. Characteristics of Ig-lal prototype responses. The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the antigenic, idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque-forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for alpha-1,3 dextran have been characterized in Ig-lal BALB/c prototype mice, in Ig-la- [30] mice, and in BALB/c congenic and recombinant strains. Four distinct Ab Id specificities were identified by using criteria of Id relatedness to three Id-distinct, alpha-1,3 dextran-binding BALB/c myeloma proteins (MP), all associated, in the Ig-lal mice with the lambda (lambda) chains: a major, common IdX in 40--90% of the molecules; three minor, individual IdI in 1--49% of the molecules; and a fifth, Id-undefined one. These specificities were expressed at the PFC and serum level in the mu and gamma isotypes. A minor, kappa (kappa), Id-negative Ab was discerned only at the PFC level. The Ig-la- CBA and C3H mice responded with anti-alpha-1,3 dextran, kappa Id-negative Ab. The BALB/c, congenic strain CB20 (BALB/c Ig-lb, carrying the C57Bl/Ka, Ig-lb variable H (VH) gene complement and CH phenotype, made anti-alpha-1,3 dextran kappaId-negative Ab of the Ig-lb prototype. The recombinant BAB/14, carrying in the C57Bl/Ka CH-Ig-lb phenotype the BALB/c Ig-lal VH gene(s) controlling anti-alpha-1,3 dextran lambda Ab responsiveness and Id specificity (VH-DEX+), express the BALB/c lambdaId repertoire.", "PMID": 86199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10131", "title": "V and C gene contribution in creating anti-alpha-1,3 dextran antibodies in mice. II. Characteristics of Ig-lb to e prototype responses.", "content": "The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque-forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for alpha-1,3 dextran have been characterized in murine strains exhibiting the CH-Ig-lb to e allotypes and in their F1 hybrids with Ig-la1, BALB/c prototypes. The Ab response of the Ig-lb to e mice to the alpha-1,3 dextran was low in the kappa (kappa) L chain class with only a minor, sporadic Ab in the lambda (lambda) L chain class discernible after prolonged immunization. Two of a total of sixty-eight C57Bl/6 Ig-lb mice, in a total of 318 Ig-lb to e mice tested, exhibited, in late responses, a significantly elevated Ab in the lambda L class at both serum and PFC levels, equalling at the PFC level the total non-specific lambda PFC values. An Id analysis showed this lambda Ab and the kappa Ab to lack the Id relatedness to the three BALB/c alpha-1,3 dextran-binding myeloma proteins (MP) Ab prototypes, J-558, 104 E, and UPC-102, exhibited by the lambda Id+ Ab of the Ig-la1 BALB/c prototypes and their F1 hybrids with the Ig-lb to e prototypes. Furthermore, affinity differences could be detected by alpha-1,3 nigerodextrans, PFC inhibition analysis, between the late C57Bl/6 anti-alpha-1,3 dextran lambda Id--Ab PFC and the lambda Id+ Ab PFC of the BALB/c and their F1 progeny.", "contents": "V and C gene contribution in creating anti-alpha-1,3 dextran antibodies in mice. II. Characteristics of Ig-lb to e prototype responses. The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque-forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for alpha-1,3 dextran have been characterized in murine strains exhibiting the CH-Ig-lb to e allotypes and in their F1 hybrids with Ig-la1, BALB/c prototypes. The Ab response of the Ig-lb to e mice to the alpha-1,3 dextran was low in the kappa (kappa) L chain class with only a minor, sporadic Ab in the lambda (lambda) L chain class discernible after prolonged immunization. Two of a total of sixty-eight C57Bl/6 Ig-lb mice, in a total of 318 Ig-lb to e mice tested, exhibited, in late responses, a significantly elevated Ab in the lambda L class at both serum and PFC levels, equalling at the PFC level the total non-specific lambda PFC values. An Id analysis showed this lambda Ab and the kappa Ab to lack the Id relatedness to the three BALB/c alpha-1,3 dextran-binding myeloma proteins (MP) Ab prototypes, J-558, 104 E, and UPC-102, exhibited by the lambda Id+ Ab of the Ig-la1 BALB/c prototypes and their F1 hybrids with the Ig-lb to e prototypes. Furthermore, affinity differences could be detected by alpha-1,3 nigerodextrans, PFC inhibition analysis, between the late C57Bl/6 anti-alpha-1,3 dextran lambda Id--Ab PFC and the lambda Id+ Ab PFC of the BALB/c and their F1 progeny.", "PMID": 86200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10132", "title": "Demonstration of electrophoretic heterogeneity of serum beta 2-microglobulin in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: evidence against autoantibodies to beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "A sensitive crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic method (CRIE), originally developed to study lymphocyte-associated beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), was applied in the study of serum beta 2m in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In six of seven patients with SLE and nineteen of twenty-seven patients with RA a considerable electrophoretic heterogeneity of serum beta 2m was found. In addition to the normally seen symmetric beta 2m precipitate, a beta 2m precipitate exhibiting complete immunochemical identity was found in the alpha-electrophoretic region. Binding of isolated 125I-labelled beta 2m to the abnormal precipitate was demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. After gel filtration of sera exhibiting the above-mentioned beta 2m binding, all beta 2m was eluted in low molecular weight fractions corresponding to free beta 2m. By application of appropriate antisera and a glycoprotein-binding lectin in intermediate gels in CRIE, it was shown that the possible beta 2m-binding ligand is not an antibody, not a major constituent of normal human serum, and not unmodified HLA alloantigen. The abnormality was not restricted to patients with high disease activity but was found more frequently and was more pronounced (mean score 1.6 arbitrary units against 0.57 arbitrary units, P less than 0.01) in such patients. Thus our data exclude the possibility that autoantibodies to beta 2m were present in serum from patients with SLE and RA.", "contents": "Demonstration of electrophoretic heterogeneity of serum beta 2-microglobulin in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: evidence against autoantibodies to beta 2-microglobulin. A sensitive crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic method (CRIE), originally developed to study lymphocyte-associated beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), was applied in the study of serum beta 2m in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In six of seven patients with SLE and nineteen of twenty-seven patients with RA a considerable electrophoretic heterogeneity of serum beta 2m was found. In addition to the normally seen symmetric beta 2m precipitate, a beta 2m precipitate exhibiting complete immunochemical identity was found in the alpha-electrophoretic region. Binding of isolated 125I-labelled beta 2m to the abnormal precipitate was demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. After gel filtration of sera exhibiting the above-mentioned beta 2m binding, all beta 2m was eluted in low molecular weight fractions corresponding to free beta 2m. By application of appropriate antisera and a glycoprotein-binding lectin in intermediate gels in CRIE, it was shown that the possible beta 2m-binding ligand is not an antibody, not a major constituent of normal human serum, and not unmodified HLA alloantigen. The abnormality was not restricted to patients with high disease activity but was found more frequently and was more pronounced (mean score 1.6 arbitrary units against 0.57 arbitrary units, P less than 0.01) in such patients. Thus our data exclude the possibility that autoantibodies to beta 2m were present in serum from patients with SLE and RA.", "PMID": 86201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10133", "title": "Effects of anti-guinea-pig beta 2-microgloblin antibodies on lymphocyte transformation induced by specific antigens or mitogens.", "content": "The effects of a goat anti-guinea-pig beta 2-microglobulin antiserum (a beta 2m) on lymphocyte transformation, induced by specific antigens or mitogens, were studied. a beta 2m was found to exert inhibitory effects on antigen stimulation, with three different antigens (purified protein devivative, hen egg-white lysozyme, and ovalbumin), and on stimulation induced by the 'T-cell mitogens', concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin, and the 'mixed mitogen', pokeweed mitogen. Stimulation induced by the 'B-cell mitogens', dextran sulphate and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, did not seem to be inhibited to the same extent by a beta 2m. The inhibitory effects seemed specific, as they were not seen with a beta 2m that had been absorbed on a column with insolubilized purified guinea-pig beta 2m nor with normal goat serum. Time studies indicated that the inhibitions started already during the first day of culture.", "contents": "Effects of anti-guinea-pig beta 2-microgloblin antibodies on lymphocyte transformation induced by specific antigens or mitogens. The effects of a goat anti-guinea-pig beta 2-microglobulin antiserum (a beta 2m) on lymphocyte transformation, induced by specific antigens or mitogens, were studied. a beta 2m was found to exert inhibitory effects on antigen stimulation, with three different antigens (purified protein devivative, hen egg-white lysozyme, and ovalbumin), and on stimulation induced by the 'T-cell mitogens', concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin, and the 'mixed mitogen', pokeweed mitogen. Stimulation induced by the 'B-cell mitogens', dextran sulphate and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, did not seem to be inhibited to the same extent by a beta 2m. The inhibitory effects seemed specific, as they were not seen with a beta 2m that had been absorbed on a column with insolubilized purified guinea-pig beta 2m nor with normal goat serum. Time studies indicated that the inhibitions started already during the first day of culture.", "PMID": 86202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10134", "title": "Demonstration of rheumatoid factor idiotypic antigens on peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Antisera were raised against three polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors (RF). After adequate absorptions, the antisera were rendered idiotype-specific, as assayed by haemagglutination technique. By using the anti-idiotype antisera in indirect immunofluorescence on peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patients used as donors for the immunizing RF, it was demonstrated that 3-14% of the lymphocytes were stained, and thus had membrane-bound structures with idiotypic antigens similar to those of the circulating IgM RF of the same patients. While most of these idiotype-positive lymphocyte were B lymphocytes, it was demonstrated in one patient that about 7% of the T lymphocytes also had the same idiotypic antigens.", "contents": "Demonstration of rheumatoid factor idiotypic antigens on peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Antisera were raised against three polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors (RF). After adequate absorptions, the antisera were rendered idiotype-specific, as assayed by haemagglutination technique. By using the anti-idiotype antisera in indirect immunofluorescence on peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patients used as donors for the immunizing RF, it was demonstrated that 3-14% of the lymphocytes were stained, and thus had membrane-bound structures with idiotypic antigens similar to those of the circulating IgM RF of the same patients. While most of these idiotype-positive lymphocyte were B lymphocytes, it was demonstrated in one patient that about 7% of the T lymphocytes also had the same idiotypic antigens.", "PMID": 86203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10135", "title": "Changes in histamine and cyclic nucleotide levels after bronchoprovocation in patients with extrinsic asthma.", "content": "The contents of histamine and cyclic nucleotides were studied in leukocytes before and after a bronchoprovocation test on patients with extrinsic asthma. The bronchospastic response correlated significantly with the reduction of the amount of histamine in leukocytes isolated after the provocation. The leukocytes cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP contents were slightly reduced after the provocation, while the plasma level of cyclic AMP was markedly increased. The beta-adrenoceptor response was tested on leukocytes, before the provocation. A normal elevation of the cyclic AMP content was obtained when the leukocytes were stimulated with isoprenaline, but after the provocation, isoprenaline had no significant effect. Only when a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was present did isoprenaline increase the cyclic AMP level in the postprovocation tests. It is suggested that the mediator release from the immunologic target cells is of importance for the bronchospastic response and that a desensitization of the beta-adrenoceptors of these cells is evident after bronchoprovocation.", "contents": "Changes in histamine and cyclic nucleotide levels after bronchoprovocation in patients with extrinsic asthma. The contents of histamine and cyclic nucleotides were studied in leukocytes before and after a bronchoprovocation test on patients with extrinsic asthma. The bronchospastic response correlated significantly with the reduction of the amount of histamine in leukocytes isolated after the provocation. The leukocytes cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP contents were slightly reduced after the provocation, while the plasma level of cyclic AMP was markedly increased. The beta-adrenoceptor response was tested on leukocytes, before the provocation. A normal elevation of the cyclic AMP content was obtained when the leukocytes were stimulated with isoprenaline, but after the provocation, isoprenaline had no significant effect. Only when a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was present did isoprenaline increase the cyclic AMP level in the postprovocation tests. It is suggested that the mediator release from the immunologic target cells is of importance for the bronchospastic response and that a desensitization of the beta-adrenoceptors of these cells is evident after bronchoprovocation.", "PMID": 86205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10136", "title": "Simultaneous production of Q and R bands after staining with chromomycin A3 or olivomycin.", "content": "Human and mouse chromosomes, stained with either chromomycin A3 or olivomycin, which bind preferentially to G - C-rich DNA (where G is guanosine and C is cytosine), exhibit a Q or a reverse banding pattern, depending on the wavelength used for excitation. The two complementary banding patterns can be observed in the same metaphase simply by changing the combination of excitation filters. These data suggest, therefore, that in addition to base composition, other factors are involved in the production of chromosome banding by chromomycin A3 and olivomycin.", "contents": "Simultaneous production of Q and R bands after staining with chromomycin A3 or olivomycin. Human and mouse chromosomes, stained with either chromomycin A3 or olivomycin, which bind preferentially to G - C-rich DNA (where G is guanosine and C is cytosine), exhibit a Q or a reverse banding pattern, depending on the wavelength used for excitation. The two complementary banding patterns can be observed in the same metaphase simply by changing the combination of excitation filters. These data suggest, therefore, that in addition to base composition, other factors are involved in the production of chromosome banding by chromomycin A3 and olivomycin.", "PMID": 86207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10137", "title": "Chloroxymorphamine, and opioid receptor site-directed alkylating agent having narcotic agonist activity.", "content": "Chloroxymorphamine, the 6beta-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) derivative of oxymorphone, is a potent nonequilibrium narcotic agonist in the longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea pig ileum. The corresponding naltrexone analog,chlornaltrexamine, is a potent nonequilibrium antagonist of morphine. These receptor sitedirected alkylating agents possess considerable potenial as pharmacologic and biochemical probes of apoid receptors.", "contents": "Chloroxymorphamine, and opioid receptor site-directed alkylating agent having narcotic agonist activity. Chloroxymorphamine, the 6beta-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) derivative of oxymorphone, is a potent nonequilibrium narcotic agonist in the longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea pig ileum. The corresponding naltrexone analog,chlornaltrexamine, is a potent nonequilibrium antagonist of morphine. These receptor sitedirected alkylating agents possess considerable potenial as pharmacologic and biochemical probes of apoid receptors.", "PMID": 86208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10138", "title": "DNA polymerase with characteristics of reverse transcriptase purified from human milk.", "content": "A DNA polymerase purified from a particulate fraction of human milk has biochemical and biophysical properties similar to those of viral reverse transcriptases. This enzyme is immunologically distinct from cellular DNA polymerases obtained from a variety of human sources.", "contents": "DNA polymerase with characteristics of reverse transcriptase purified from human milk. A DNA polymerase purified from a particulate fraction of human milk has biochemical and biophysical properties similar to those of viral reverse transcriptases. This enzyme is immunologically distinct from cellular DNA polymerases obtained from a variety of human sources.", "PMID": 86209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10139", "title": "Inhibition of mast cell histamine secretion by N-substituteed derivatives of phosphatidylserine.", "content": "The structural basis for the highly specific action of phosphatidylserine in enhancing mast cell histamine secretion induced by concanavalin A was investigated by studying the activities of three N-substituted derivatives: N-acetyl phosphatidylserine, N-1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonly phosphatidylserine, and N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylserine. None of the derivatives was capable of activating concanavalin A-induced histamine secretion at concentrations two to three times that required for maximal activation by phosphatidylserine. Instead, the derivatives were found to inhibit the secretory response of mast cells to the calcium ionophore A23187 as well as to concanavalin A. The inhibition was noncytotoxic, partially reversible by washing, and associated with binding of N-substituted phosphatidylserine to the mast cell.", "contents": "Inhibition of mast cell histamine secretion by N-substituteed derivatives of phosphatidylserine. The structural basis for the highly specific action of phosphatidylserine in enhancing mast cell histamine secretion induced by concanavalin A was investigated by studying the activities of three N-substituted derivatives: N-acetyl phosphatidylserine, N-1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonly phosphatidylserine, and N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylserine. None of the derivatives was capable of activating concanavalin A-induced histamine secretion at concentrations two to three times that required for maximal activation by phosphatidylserine. Instead, the derivatives were found to inhibit the secretory response of mast cells to the calcium ionophore A23187 as well as to concanavalin A. The inhibition was noncytotoxic, partially reversible by washing, and associated with binding of N-substituted phosphatidylserine to the mast cell.", "PMID": 86210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10140", "title": "Residual effectiveness of insecticidal deposits on various wall surfaces.", "content": "The effectiveness of three chemicals DDT, malathion and Dursban was evaluated against larvae and adults of C. p. fatigans. When larvae and adult mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility, they were susceptible to malathion and Dursban. These insecticides were sprayed onto various wall surfaces at a dose of 2 gm per square metre and the residual effect on C. p. fatigans were studied. Dursban residue was superior on all sufaces, giving effective kill for 10-30 weeks, malathion gave satisfactory result on thatch, plywood and galvanized iron while DDT residue failed to produce effective kills.", "contents": "Residual effectiveness of insecticidal deposits on various wall surfaces. The effectiveness of three chemicals DDT, malathion and Dursban was evaluated against larvae and adults of C. p. fatigans. When larvae and adult mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility, they were susceptible to malathion and Dursban. These insecticides were sprayed onto various wall surfaces at a dose of 2 gm per square metre and the residual effect on C. p. fatigans were studied. Dursban residue was superior on all sufaces, giving effective kill for 10-30 weeks, malathion gave satisfactory result on thatch, plywood and galvanized iron while DDT residue failed to produce effective kills.", "PMID": 86212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10141", "title": "[Individuality of human chromosome polymorphism revealed by Q-staining].", "content": "The G-polymorphism of metaphase chromosomes of peripheral human lymphocytes and its inheritance in 32 families (268 persons) and 315 unrelated persons after G-staining has been studied. The site of Q-heterochromatine, its size and the length of secondary constrictions were accepted as morphological signs of Q-polymorphic variants of chromosomes. All the three chromosome signs are shown to be inherited according to codominant type and are characteristic features of each separate chromosome. No identical patterns of Q-polymorphic chromosome variants are found among all the persons studied, except the monozygotic twins. According to the data obtained, the question of individualization of each chromosome in the karyotype (3, 4, 13--15, 21, 22) and of each personal individuality in relation to Q-polymorphism is discussed.", "contents": "[Individuality of human chromosome polymorphism revealed by Q-staining]. The G-polymorphism of metaphase chromosomes of peripheral human lymphocytes and its inheritance in 32 families (268 persons) and 315 unrelated persons after G-staining has been studied. The site of Q-heterochromatine, its size and the length of secondary constrictions were accepted as morphological signs of Q-polymorphic variants of chromosomes. All the three chromosome signs are shown to be inherited according to codominant type and are characteristic features of each separate chromosome. No identical patterns of Q-polymorphic chromosome variants are found among all the persons studied, except the monozygotic twins. According to the data obtained, the question of individualization of each chromosome in the karyotype (3, 4, 13--15, 21, 22) and of each personal individuality in relation to Q-polymorphism is discussed.", "PMID": 86218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10142", "title": "Properties of neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis employing hydroxyethyl starch.", "content": "The properties of neutrophils, collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis in the presence of hydroxyethyl starch and citrate were studied in an attempt to insure that cells harvested in this fashion are suitable for transfusion. Neutrophils obtained from leukocyte units prepared for transfusion by leukapheresis were found to perform similarly to those isolated from the venous blood of corresponding donors prior to the pheresis procedures when assessed by morphology, viability, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, superoxide anion generation, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, chemiluminescence, adherence to nylon fibers, random mobility, chemotaxis and staphylococcal killing. The results compared favorably with values previously established for healthy control subjects. Neutrophils prepared in this manner should serve as a satisfactory blood component.", "contents": "Properties of neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis employing hydroxyethyl starch. The properties of neutrophils, collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis in the presence of hydroxyethyl starch and citrate were studied in an attempt to insure that cells harvested in this fashion are suitable for transfusion. Neutrophils obtained from leukocyte units prepared for transfusion by leukapheresis were found to perform similarly to those isolated from the venous blood of corresponding donors prior to the pheresis procedures when assessed by morphology, viability, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, superoxide anion generation, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, chemiluminescence, adherence to nylon fibers, random mobility, chemotaxis and staphylococcal killing. The results compared favorably with values previously established for healthy control subjects. Neutrophils prepared in this manner should serve as a satisfactory blood component.", "PMID": 86214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10143", "title": "[Reaction of the cerebral cortical neurons to complete ischemia].", "content": "Changes of morphological and neurophysiological characteristics of pyramidal neurons in response to complete ischemia have been studied by means of vital microscopy of cat and rabbit cortex neurons in addition to some other cytological methods. These responses were found to be complex involving phasic changes in the neuron size, membrane potential and redox potential. Neurons of particular types responded to normo- and hypothermic ischemia differently. Pyramidal neurons retained their vital ability for the whole prolonged period of the complete ischemia (up to 40--60 min).", "contents": "[Reaction of the cerebral cortical neurons to complete ischemia]. Changes of morphological and neurophysiological characteristics of pyramidal neurons in response to complete ischemia have been studied by means of vital microscopy of cat and rabbit cortex neurons in addition to some other cytological methods. These responses were found to be complex involving phasic changes in the neuron size, membrane potential and redox potential. Neurons of particular types responded to normo- and hypothermic ischemia differently. Pyramidal neurons retained their vital ability for the whole prolonged period of the complete ischemia (up to 40--60 min).", "PMID": 86219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10144", "title": "Auto anti-Kpb associated with weakened antigenicity in the Kell blood group system: a second example.", "content": "An 84-year-old woman with intestinal bleeding had marked reduction of red blood cell antigenicity in the Kell system, and a positive direct antiglobulin test caused by auto-anti-Kpb. KX antigen activity of her cell was increased, an observation which supports the belief that KX marks a precursor structure utilized in the normal Kell biosynthetic pathway. It is postulated that reduced Kell antigenicity was an acquired change that resulted from enzymatic degradation, possibly of bacterial origin.", "contents": "Auto anti-Kpb associated with weakened antigenicity in the Kell blood group system: a second example. An 84-year-old woman with intestinal bleeding had marked reduction of red blood cell antigenicity in the Kell system, and a positive direct antiglobulin test caused by auto-anti-Kpb. KX antigen activity of her cell was increased, an observation which supports the belief that KX marks a precursor structure utilized in the normal Kell biosynthetic pathway. It is postulated that reduced Kell antigenicity was an acquired change that resulted from enzymatic degradation, possibly of bacterial origin.", "PMID": 86215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10145", "title": "The Can serum: demonstrating further polymorphism of M and N blood group antigens.", "content": "An antibody defining an antigen that is very similar in structure to M is described. The reactions of this antibody are considered in the light of what is now known of the biochemical structure of the M and N blood group antigens.", "contents": "The Can serum: demonstrating further polymorphism of M and N blood group antigens. An antibody defining an antigen that is very similar in structure to M is described. The reactions of this antibody are considered in the light of what is now known of the biochemical structure of the M and N blood group antigens.", "PMID": 86213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10146", "title": "Allo-anti-C in a patient who had previously made an autoantibody mimicking anti-C.", "content": "A patient, previously studied by us, who had produced a benign autoantibody with a specificity that mimicked anti-C, has now produced allo-anti-C that is not of the mimicking type. She is no longer producing any serologically demonstrable autoantibody. It is highly probable that conversion from auto to alloantibody production in this patient was prompted by the introduction of additional foreign immunogen on fetal red blood cells during her third pregnancy.", "contents": "Allo-anti-C in a patient who had previously made an autoantibody mimicking anti-C. A patient, previously studied by us, who had produced a benign autoantibody with a specificity that mimicked anti-C, has now produced allo-anti-C that is not of the mimicking type. She is no longer producing any serologically demonstrable autoantibody. It is highly probable that conversion from auto to alloantibody production in this patient was prompted by the introduction of additional foreign immunogen on fetal red blood cells during her third pregnancy.", "PMID": 86216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10147", "title": "[Physicochemical and immunochemical properties of submolecular structures of immunoglobulin G characteristic of cancer].", "content": "Studies in physicochemical and immunochemical properties of polipeptide chains fragments of immunoglobulin G malignant growth permitted detecting the location site for a specific determinant which adds a unique feature to the whole molecule of immunoglobulin G. The specific antigenic determinant is defined by a group of amino acids located in the heavy chain site corresponding to Fd-fragment. During papain and trypsin hydrolysis of specific immunoglobulin G obtained from different patients the formed sets of fragments and peptides are different. This testifies to the fact that the immunoglobulin under study may belong to any of four subclasses of immunoglobulin G, that is confirmed by the immunochemical analysis with application of monospecific antisera against certain subclasses of immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "[Physicochemical and immunochemical properties of submolecular structures of immunoglobulin G characteristic of cancer]. Studies in physicochemical and immunochemical properties of polipeptide chains fragments of immunoglobulin G malignant growth permitted detecting the location site for a specific determinant which adds a unique feature to the whole molecule of immunoglobulin G. The specific antigenic determinant is defined by a group of amino acids located in the heavy chain site corresponding to Fd-fragment. During papain and trypsin hydrolysis of specific immunoglobulin G obtained from different patients the formed sets of fragments and peptides are different. This testifies to the fact that the immunoglobulin under study may belong to any of four subclasses of immunoglobulin G, that is confirmed by the immunochemical analysis with application of monospecific antisera against certain subclasses of immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 86221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10148", "title": "Effect of transurethral resection on coagulation in carcinoma of prostate.", "content": "Eleven patients with cancer of the prostate and 10 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) had thirteen parameters of coagulation evaluated before and after transurethral resection (TUR). Changes in fibrinogen and fibrin split products in both groups suggested potential incipient disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is concluded that prostatic cancer patients are no more susceptible to DIC than patients with BPH.", "contents": "Effect of transurethral resection on coagulation in carcinoma of prostate. Eleven patients with cancer of the prostate and 10 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) had thirteen parameters of coagulation evaluated before and after transurethral resection (TUR). Changes in fibrinogen and fibrin split products in both groups suggested potential incipient disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is concluded that prostatic cancer patients are no more susceptible to DIC than patients with BPH.", "PMID": 86226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10149", "title": "Significance of protein-bound neuraminic acid levels in patients with prostatic and bladder carcinoma.", "content": "The role of plasma N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) level in detection and staging prostatic and bladder carcinomas was evaluated. Multiple determinations were obtained in 73 male subjects, including normal controls, patients with prostatic or bladder carcinoma or with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients with prostatic or bladder carcinoma had significantly higher NANA levels than normal individuals. Further, in patients with prostatic carcinoma, NANA values correlated well with both the stage of the disease and the response to therapy.", "contents": "Significance of protein-bound neuraminic acid levels in patients with prostatic and bladder carcinoma. The role of plasma N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) level in detection and staging prostatic and bladder carcinomas was evaluated. Multiple determinations were obtained in 73 male subjects, including normal controls, patients with prostatic or bladder carcinoma or with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients with prostatic or bladder carcinoma had significantly higher NANA levels than normal individuals. Further, in patients with prostatic carcinoma, NANA values correlated well with both the stage of the disease and the response to therapy.", "PMID": 86227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10150", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy of the metastases of testicular teratoblastomas].", "content": "Sixty two patients with metastases of testicular teratoblastoma were subjected to combination chemotherapy. Forty nine patients were treated with an association of bleomycin and vincaalkaloids. An objective effect was gained in 77.5%. Ten patients were treated with a combination of bleomycin, vinblastine, natulane, dactinomycin, an effect being gained in 60% of the patients. The treatment with cis-diamini-dichloroplatinum was effective in 8 of 11 patients (72.7%). In 6 of 10 patients treated with olivomycin and cyclophosphane the effect was obtained (in 60%), when they were resistant to bleomycin combinations. Evidence is presented of high-effectiveness of the combinations including bleomycin as well as of the effect of cis-diamini-dichloroplatinum in treatment of testicular teratoblastomas. With pharmaceutical resistance to bleomycin it is recommended to continue olivomycin and cyclophosphane chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy of the metastases of testicular teratoblastomas]. Sixty two patients with metastases of testicular teratoblastoma were subjected to combination chemotherapy. Forty nine patients were treated with an association of bleomycin and vincaalkaloids. An objective effect was gained in 77.5%. Ten patients were treated with a combination of bleomycin, vinblastine, natulane, dactinomycin, an effect being gained in 60% of the patients. The treatment with cis-diamini-dichloroplatinum was effective in 8 of 11 patients (72.7%). In 6 of 10 patients treated with olivomycin and cyclophosphane the effect was obtained (in 60%), when they were resistant to bleomycin combinations. Evidence is presented of high-effectiveness of the combinations including bleomycin as well as of the effect of cis-diamini-dichloroplatinum in treatment of testicular teratoblastomas. With pharmaceutical resistance to bleomycin it is recommended to continue olivomycin and cyclophosphane chemotherapy.", "PMID": 86233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10151", "title": "[Further comment on the lipotropic action of niacin].", "content": "An investigation into the total lipids, fatty acids, total phospholipids and ATP content in the liver of rats given nicotinamide, separately and together with hydrocortisone, showed that the disclosed shifts mutually correlate well and may be explained in keeping within the bounds of the idea as to the lipotropic action of the preparations. The coincidence of the corticosteroids and nicotinamide effects in regards to mobilization of lipids and their oxidation in the liver presumes a hormonal causation of shifts on the level of lipids metabolism.", "contents": "[Further comment on the lipotropic action of niacin]. An investigation into the total lipids, fatty acids, total phospholipids and ATP content in the liver of rats given nicotinamide, separately and together with hydrocortisone, showed that the disclosed shifts mutually correlate well and may be explained in keeping within the bounds of the idea as to the lipotropic action of the preparations. The coincidence of the corticosteroids and nicotinamide effects in regards to mobilization of lipids and their oxidation in the liver presumes a hormonal causation of shifts on the level of lipids metabolism.", "PMID": 86235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10152", "title": "[Group and strain-specific determinants of the influenza virus nucleoprotein].", "content": "An antiserum to a purified nucleoprotein preparation of influenza virus recombinant A/MRC/11 obtained from A/Port Chalmers/1/73 and A/PR/8/34 strains, was examined for the presence of antibody before and after its adsorption with sodium sarcolysil sulphate-disrupted influenza. A viruses by the methods of radial and double immunodiffusion. The antiserum was found to contain both group- and strain-specific (for MRC-11 nucleoprotein) antibodies. In radial immunodiffusion tests MRC-11 nucleoprotein showed the greatest affinity to A/PR/8/34 nucleoprotein and differed from A/Scotland/860/74 and A/USSR/090/77.", "contents": "[Group and strain-specific determinants of the influenza virus nucleoprotein]. An antiserum to a purified nucleoprotein preparation of influenza virus recombinant A/MRC/11 obtained from A/Port Chalmers/1/73 and A/PR/8/34 strains, was examined for the presence of antibody before and after its adsorption with sodium sarcolysil sulphate-disrupted influenza. A viruses by the methods of radial and double immunodiffusion. The antiserum was found to contain both group- and strain-specific (for MRC-11 nucleoprotein) antibodies. In radial immunodiffusion tests MRC-11 nucleoprotein showed the greatest affinity to A/PR/8/34 nucleoprotein and differed from A/Scotland/860/74 and A/USSR/090/77.", "PMID": 86236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10153", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 143 cases of pancreatic carcinoma and the operations carried out. In 14 cases (operability rate 10%) a pancreaticoduodenectomy was  performed. The operative lethality rate came to 14,3%. The longest survival time was 7 1/4 years, the shortest 11 months. Early diagnosis, early laparotomy and operation as radical as possible are emphasized.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic carcinoma (author's transl)]. Report of 143 cases of pancreatic carcinoma and the operations carried out. In 14 cases (operability rate 10%) a pancreaticoduodenectomy was  performed. The operative lethality rate came to 14,3%. The longest survival time was 7 1/4 years, the shortest 11 months. Early diagnosis, early laparotomy and operation as radical as possible are emphasized.", "PMID": 86241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10154", "title": "[2 new fluorochromation methods for blood smears and chromosomes using berberine sulfate following deoxyribonucleoprotein denaturation].", "content": "The authors reported a Berberine sulfate technique based on DNP-denaturation with modifications for the purposes of fluorescent cytochemistry in cytology of blood and vaginal smears. A similar fluorochromation technique for staining of metaphase chromosomes and chromosomes in meiotic division has been applied. The fluorescent specificities, probably due to the differences in the denaturation properties of the hetero- and euchromatin desoxyribonucleoprotein-complexes, are discussed in comparison with other fluorochrome techniques and in relation with differences in distribution of hetero- and euchromatin and amounts of proteins in DNP, as far as DNA denaturation and tinction properties are concerned. The weaker fluorescence of immature (or leucemic) nuclei in blood smears and certain chromosomal regions would be due to the greater amount of active euchromatin (DNA which is slow reassociating or unstable to denaturation), which obviously does not bind to a sufficient degree the fluorochrome applied. The differences established in the fluorescence of active euchromatin and inactive heterochromatin zones by post-denaturing fluorochromation with Berberine sulfate gave grounds to recommend the application of these techniques in haematological and cytological (normal and abnormal) practice and for the cytogenetical and microfluorimetrical analyses.", "contents": "[2 new fluorochromation methods for blood smears and chromosomes using berberine sulfate following deoxyribonucleoprotein denaturation]. The authors reported a Berberine sulfate technique based on DNP-denaturation with modifications for the purposes of fluorescent cytochemistry in cytology of blood and vaginal smears. A similar fluorochromation technique for staining of metaphase chromosomes and chromosomes in meiotic division has been applied. The fluorescent specificities, probably due to the differences in the denaturation properties of the hetero- and euchromatin desoxyribonucleoprotein-complexes, are discussed in comparison with other fluorochrome techniques and in relation with differences in distribution of hetero- and euchromatin and amounts of proteins in DNP, as far as DNA denaturation and tinction properties are concerned. The weaker fluorescence of immature (or leucemic) nuclei in blood smears and certain chromosomal regions would be due to the greater amount of active euchromatin (DNA which is slow reassociating or unstable to denaturation), which obviously does not bind to a sufficient degree the fluorochrome applied. The differences established in the fluorescence of active euchromatin and inactive heterochromatin zones by post-denaturing fluorochromation with Berberine sulfate gave grounds to recommend the application of these techniques in haematological and cytological (normal and abnormal) practice and for the cytogenetical and microfluorimetrical analyses.", "PMID": 86243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10155", "title": "[Distribution pattern in the guinea pig cochlea of intravitally injected peroxidase].", "content": "Following perilymphatic perfusion and injection into the cisterna cerebello-medullaris, respectively, the distribution pattern of horseradish peroxidase in the cochlea of the guinea pig was studied light and electron microscopically. The findings prove effective tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) between the cells of the epithelial lining of the endolymphatic compartment. At the level of the reticular membrane the tight junctions are far more extended than elsewhere at the cochlear duct epithelium. From the findings a fairly rapid exchange is suggestive between the lymphatic space of the organ of Corti and the tympanic scale. Various types of cells of the cochlear duct actively take up considerable amounts of peroxidase. However, endocytosis of peroxidase by hair cells and particularly by the outer ones is rather scanty. Passive permeation of the tracer through the membran of undamaged hair cells was disproven.", "contents": "[Distribution pattern in the guinea pig cochlea of intravitally injected peroxidase]. Following perilymphatic perfusion and injection into the cisterna cerebello-medullaris, respectively, the distribution pattern of horseradish peroxidase in the cochlea of the guinea pig was studied light and electron microscopically. The findings prove effective tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) between the cells of the epithelial lining of the endolymphatic compartment. At the level of the reticular membrane the tight junctions are far more extended than elsewhere at the cochlear duct epithelium. From the findings a fairly rapid exchange is suggestive between the lymphatic space of the organ of Corti and the tympanic scale. Various types of cells of the cochlear duct actively take up considerable amounts of peroxidase. However, endocytosis of peroxidase by hair cells and particularly by the outer ones is rather scanty. Passive permeation of the tracer through the membran of undamaged hair cells was disproven.", "PMID": 86244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10156", "title": "[Intratypical antigenic differentiation of poliovirus strains circulating in Mali by means of cross-adsorbed sera].", "content": "The intratypic antigenic differentiation of poliovirus strains isolated from sick or healthy children in Mali in 1975-1976 was performed. The method is based on the use of cross-adsorbed sera in the neutralization tests in which the virus is titrated by the plaque procedure or by the cytopathic effect. All the examined strains of serologic types I, II, and III were distinguished by the antigenic structure from the vaccine strains and were classified as \"wild\". Quantitative differences in the antigenic structure of type I strains isolated in different towns of Mali were found.", "contents": "[Intratypical antigenic differentiation of poliovirus strains circulating in Mali by means of cross-adsorbed sera]. The intratypic antigenic differentiation of poliovirus strains isolated from sick or healthy children in Mali in 1975-1976 was performed. The method is based on the use of cross-adsorbed sera in the neutralization tests in which the virus is titrated by the plaque procedure or by the cytopathic effect. All the examined strains of serologic types I, II, and III were distinguished by the antigenic structure from the vaccine strains and were classified as \"wild\". Quantitative differences in the antigenic structure of type I strains isolated in different towns of Mali were found.", "PMID": 86237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10157", "title": "Antigenic analysis by agglutination of Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics.", "content": "Trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. Strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. The antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to initiate the cultures that ultimately became infective, and the antigenic variant that was used to infect the flies. One variant-specific, presumably basic, antigen was found, either as the predominant (nine parasitemias) or as a minor (seven parasitemias) antigen, in all first peak-parasitemia strain initiated with culture- or fly-derived metacyclics; it was absent, however, from the strains (not first-peak parasitemias) used to start the cultures or to infect the flies. Only one of the first-peak parasitemias appeared to have the basic antigen alone. The remaining parasitemia populations seemed to have from about two to six antigens, some of which were common to culture- and fly-derived infections. There was very little, if any, antigenic relationship between the foregoing populations and the strains employed for initiation of cultures or for infection of flies. It is evident from the results that much antigenic similarity exists between the culture- and tsetse fly-derived first-peak parasitemias.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis by agglutination of Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics. Trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. Strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. The antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to initiate the cultures that ultimately became infective, and the antigenic variant that was used to infect the flies. One variant-specific, presumably basic, antigen was found, either as the predominant (nine parasitemias) or as a minor (seven parasitemias) antigen, in all first peak-parasitemia strain initiated with culture- or fly-derived metacyclics; it was absent, however, from the strains (not first-peak parasitemias) used to start the cultures or to infect the flies. Only one of the first-peak parasitemias appeared to have the basic antigen alone. The remaining parasitemia populations seemed to have from about two to six antigens, some of which were common to culture- and fly-derived infections. There was very little, if any, antigenic relationship between the foregoing populations and the strains employed for initiation of cultures or for infection of flies. It is evident from the results that much antigenic similarity exists between the culture- and tsetse fly-derived first-peak parasitemias.", "PMID": 86245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10158", "title": "[Participation of species specific and group specific ornithosis antigens in immune reactions].", "content": "The immunogenic properties of the species-specific antigen localized in the elementary particle membrane and group-specific or inner antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis were studied. The species specific antigen was shown to induce the antibody neutralizing the infectious properties of the agent as well as those agglutinating elementary bodies, inhibiting hemagglutination, and complement-fixing antibody detectable in the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. The results indicate that the antigens most clearly defining the species-specific properties of the causative agent of ornithosis are localized in the elementary particle membrane. These antigens may be used for differential diagnosis studies employing not only CFT but also other antibody tests.", "contents": "[Participation of species specific and group specific ornithosis antigens in immune reactions]. The immunogenic properties of the species-specific antigen localized in the elementary particle membrane and group-specific or inner antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis were studied. The species specific antigen was shown to induce the antibody neutralizing the infectious properties of the agent as well as those agglutinating elementary bodies, inhibiting hemagglutination, and complement-fixing antibody detectable in the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. The results indicate that the antigens most clearly defining the species-specific properties of the causative agent of ornithosis are localized in the elementary particle membrane. These antigens may be used for differential diagnosis studies employing not only CFT but also other antibody tests.", "PMID": 86239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10159", "title": "Identification of fetal blood stains by radioimmunoassay of alpha 1-fetoprotein.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of alpha 1-fetoprotein(AFP) for medico-legal identification of fetal blood stains using a commercial kit is described. The AFP content in fetal blood stains on filter paper ranged from 21--320 ng/9 mm2. The protein was detected in stains of adult blood and retroplacental blood in only negligible amounts. Aging of the blood stains did not influence the values up to 1 month. The method is simple and sensitive enough for application to medico-legal-practice.", "contents": "Identification of fetal blood stains by radioimmunoassay of alpha 1-fetoprotein. Radioimmunoassay of alpha 1-fetoprotein(AFP) for medico-legal identification of fetal blood stains using a commercial kit is described. The AFP content in fetal blood stains on filter paper ranged from 21--320 ng/9 mm2. The protein was detected in stains of adult blood and retroplacental blood in only negligible amounts. Aging of the blood stains did not influence the values up to 1 month. The method is simple and sensitive enough for application to medico-legal-practice.", "PMID": 86248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10160", "title": "[Craniopharyngioma--comparison of postoperative course following tumor and palliative surgery].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 86 craniopharyngioma patients are followed up in the postoperative and later periods. Under the indication of progressive impairment of vision by direct pressure on optical structures the direct tumour operation was carried out in 50 cases. The postoperative lethality of 32%, the total lethality within one year of 36% and within 5 years of 44% correspond to the world level and show an increasing improvement in the last few years. The relative independency of the postoperative lethality rate of the degree of radicality speaks for a correct appraisal of the operability limit which is given by the vicinity of the diencephalic structures. With the indication of prevailing cerebral compression and the formation of hydrocephalus by a blocking of the foramen of Monro a spinal-fluid draining operation instead of a tumour operation was carried out in 33 cases. The results of bilateral Torkildsen drainage are compared with those obtained with valve draining. It appears that the bilateral placing of a Cordis-Hakim valve is the best method, especially because no functional impairment due to a possible increase in rachialbumin need be expected.", "contents": "[Craniopharyngioma--comparison of postoperative course following tumor and palliative surgery]. The results of surgical treatment of 86 craniopharyngioma patients are followed up in the postoperative and later periods. Under the indication of progressive impairment of vision by direct pressure on optical structures the direct tumour operation was carried out in 50 cases. The postoperative lethality of 32%, the total lethality within one year of 36% and within 5 years of 44% correspond to the world level and show an increasing improvement in the last few years. The relative independency of the postoperative lethality rate of the degree of radicality speaks for a correct appraisal of the operability limit which is given by the vicinity of the diencephalic structures. With the indication of prevailing cerebral compression and the formation of hydrocephalus by a blocking of the foramen of Monro a spinal-fluid draining operation instead of a tumour operation was carried out in 33 cases. The results of bilateral Torkildsen drainage are compared with those obtained with valve draining. It appears that the bilateral placing of a Cordis-Hakim valve is the best method, especially because no functional impairment due to a possible increase in rachialbumin need be expected.", "PMID": 86249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10161", "title": "[Cervical tractotomy V, IX, X and VII and accompanying rhizotomy in incurable pain due to malignant tumors of the facial-cervical reagion].", "content": "For the elimination of incurable pain in the faciocervical region caused by malignant tumours a transverse separation of the tract of the cerebral nerves V, IX, X and VII is carried out after minute stimulation at several levels under local anaesthesia. In addition, the sensitive cervical roots 1 to 3 are severed. The extent of the separation depends on the extent of the painful region and the effect of the individual separations. The method was successfully employed in 13 patients: 4 laryngeal carcinomas, 2 parotid carcinomas, 2 tongue carcinomas, 1 carcinoma of the pharynx, 1 of the maxilla, 1 of the lip, 1 of the tonsil and 1 of the Os occipitale, in most cases with submandibular metastases.", "contents": "[Cervical tractotomy V, IX, X and VII and accompanying rhizotomy in incurable pain due to malignant tumors of the facial-cervical reagion]. For the elimination of incurable pain in the faciocervical region caused by malignant tumours a transverse separation of the tract of the cerebral nerves V, IX, X and VII is carried out after minute stimulation at several levels under local anaesthesia. In addition, the sensitive cervical roots 1 to 3 are severed. The extent of the separation depends on the extent of the painful region and the effect of the individual separations. The method was successfully employed in 13 patients: 4 laryngeal carcinomas, 2 parotid carcinomas, 2 tongue carcinomas, 1 carcinoma of the pharynx, 1 of the maxilla, 1 of the lip, 1 of the tonsil and 1 of the Os occipitale, in most cases with submandibular metastases.", "PMID": 86250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10162", "title": "[Antilymphocytic immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial orientation. I. The production and experimental laboratory study of the preparation].", "content": "Immunoglobulin was obtained from rabbit sera following immunization of the animals with a complex antigen composed of a suspension of human thymocytes and killed microbe polyvaccine. The preparation possessed not only antilymphocytic activity in vitro, but also protected the animals after their artificial infection.", "contents": "[Antilymphocytic immunoglobulin with an associated antibacterial orientation. I. The production and experimental laboratory study of the preparation]. Immunoglobulin was obtained from rabbit sera following immunization of the animals with a complex antigen composed of a suspension of human thymocytes and killed microbe polyvaccine. The preparation possessed not only antilymphocytic activity in vitro, but also protected the animals after their artificial infection.", "PMID": 86252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10163", "title": "The use of trypan blue for counterstaining in the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test. The application of the test for the demonstration of primate retrovirus-specific antibodies and antigens.", "content": "The Sepharose bead immunoflurorescence test was performed by counterstaining the beads with trypan blue. This results in a red staining of negative beads which allows an easy distinction from positive green-fluorescent beads. Sepharose beads conjugated with viral proteins or antiviral antibodies were used to demonstrate Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMW)- and simian sarcoma virus (SSV) - specific antigens or antibodies. The test shows a high sensitivity and specificity and needs a small amount of material.", "contents": "The use of trypan blue for counterstaining in the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence test. The application of the test for the demonstration of primate retrovirus-specific antibodies and antigens. The Sepharose bead immunoflurorescence test was performed by counterstaining the beads with trypan blue. This results in a red staining of negative beads which allows an easy distinction from positive green-fluorescent beads. Sepharose beads conjugated with viral proteins or antiviral antibodies were used to demonstrate Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMW)- and simian sarcoma virus (SSV) - specific antigens or antibodies. The test shows a high sensitivity and specificity and needs a small amount of material.", "PMID": 86253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10164", "title": "The effect of sexual hormones on skin graft survival, thymic morphology and serum levels of glycoproteins and albumin in mice.", "content": "Inbred mice of the B10LP strain were injected subcutaneously over a period of 28 days with chloromadinone acetate, mestranol, both hormones together, and the carrier alone. Treatment with the gestagen chloromadinone acetate alone or in combination with mestranol caused a significant prolongation of the H-2 different skin graft survival. This was not seen after mestranol treatment alone. All the hormone-treated mice developed characteristic cysts in the thymic medulla and changes in the concentration of some plasma proteins, e.g. a fall of albumin level and a simultaneous increase of glycoprotein level. Therefore, it is necessary to look for such side-effects in humans also to prevent or to notice early alterations of immunological surveillance.", "contents": "The effect of sexual hormones on skin graft survival, thymic morphology and serum levels of glycoproteins and albumin in mice. Inbred mice of the B10LP strain were injected subcutaneously over a period of 28 days with chloromadinone acetate, mestranol, both hormones together, and the carrier alone. Treatment with the gestagen chloromadinone acetate alone or in combination with mestranol caused a significant prolongation of the H-2 different skin graft survival. This was not seen after mestranol treatment alone. All the hormone-treated mice developed characteristic cysts in the thymic medulla and changes in the concentration of some plasma proteins, e.g. a fall of albumin level and a simultaneous increase of glycoprotein level. Therefore, it is necessary to look for such side-effects in humans also to prevent or to notice early alterations of immunological surveillance.", "PMID": 86254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10165", "title": "[Therapeutic indications in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The administration of synthetic antithyroid drugs or of l131, and subtotal resection of the thyroid gland remain the treatments of hyperthyroidism. Precise criteria will determine the choice. Surgery is the treatment of large goitres, of associated ophthalmic disorders and of recurrence after medical treatment. Drugs are indicated at the first occurrence of hyperthyroidism in young subjects with a small goitre; it will also be used as a preparation for surgery associated to Lugol and Levothyroxine. Finally l131 is indicated in medium size hyperthyroid goitres in patients over 45 years. Each treatment has advantages and drawbacks which must be taken into account for the therapeutic choice and the follow-up.", "contents": "[Therapeutic indications in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. The administration of synthetic antithyroid drugs or of l131, and subtotal resection of the thyroid gland remain the treatments of hyperthyroidism. Precise criteria will determine the choice. Surgery is the treatment of large goitres, of associated ophthalmic disorders and of recurrence after medical treatment. Drugs are indicated at the first occurrence of hyperthyroidism in young subjects with a small goitre; it will also be used as a preparation for surgery associated to Lugol and Levothyroxine. Finally l131 is indicated in medium size hyperthyroid goitres in patients over 45 years. Each treatment has advantages and drawbacks which must be taken into account for the therapeutic choice and the follow-up.", "PMID": 86256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10166", "title": "Renal handling of beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The renal handling of beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin was studied in patients with acute pancreatitis. The data were compared with results obtained from patients with glomerular proteinuria and from patients with tubular proteinuria. Initially during acute pancreatitis, the clearance ratio (clearance protein/clearance creatinine) for beta-2-microglobulin was increased dramatically (77-fold) compared to normals. After four to seven days this ratio had fallen and was elevated only 7-fold. The corresponding figures for amylase were 3.3 and 1.8 times and for albumin 9 and 5 times respectively. In glomerular disease, the clearance ratios for beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin were increased 6, 1.1, and 154 times and in tubular disease 448, 1.1, and 28 times, respectively. The electrophoretic pattern of the urinary proteins during pancreatitis was mostly normal. In a few cases, slight tubular proteinuria was noticed. Amylase activity in serum and urine from patients with pancreatitis was found to sediment, (S20,W = 4.6) in a sucrose gradient, identical to amylase from normal serum and urine. The marked increase in the excretion of beta-2-microglobulin probably reflects interference of the kidney function at the proximal tubular level. Determinations of this protein in urine may be of value in studies of kidney dysfunction that can accompany pancreatitis.", "contents": "Renal handling of beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin in acute pancreatitis. The renal handling of beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin was studied in patients with acute pancreatitis. The data were compared with results obtained from patients with glomerular proteinuria and from patients with tubular proteinuria. Initially during acute pancreatitis, the clearance ratio (clearance protein/clearance creatinine) for beta-2-microglobulin was increased dramatically (77-fold) compared to normals. After four to seven days this ratio had fallen and was elevated only 7-fold. The corresponding figures for amylase were 3.3 and 1.8 times and for albumin 9 and 5 times respectively. In glomerular disease, the clearance ratios for beta-2-microglobulin, amylase and albumin were increased 6, 1.1, and 154 times and in tubular disease 448, 1.1, and 28 times, respectively. The electrophoretic pattern of the urinary proteins during pancreatitis was mostly normal. In a few cases, slight tubular proteinuria was noticed. Amylase activity in serum and urine from patients with pancreatitis was found to sediment, (S20,W = 4.6) in a sucrose gradient, identical to amylase from normal serum and urine. The marked increase in the excretion of beta-2-microglobulin probably reflects interference of the kidney function at the proximal tubular level. Determinations of this protein in urine may be of value in studies of kidney dysfunction that can accompany pancreatitis.", "PMID": 86264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10167", "title": "Hepatic uptake of desialylated testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulin in the rat.", "content": "Testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) isolated from bovine serum was desialylated by treatment with neuraminidase and its properties were compared with intact TeBG. No significant differences were observed in the testosterone-binding capacity or antigenic determinant, but electrophoretic mobility of asialo-TeBG decreased slightly. When injected into rat vein, 125I-labelled asialo-TeBG was rapidly taken up by the liver, whereas 125-labelled intact TeBG remained in the circulation for a much longer period. Galactose oxidase treatment of asialo-TeBG, which presumably oxidized the primary alcohol of galactose at C-6 to an aldehyde, caused a reversion of its survival time in the blood to that of intact TeBG. When incubated with isolated rat liver cells at 20 degrees C, the desialylated, but not intact, TeBG was rapidly taken up, and its uptake was inhibited by excess amount of asialo-orosomucoid. Under these conditions in vitro, [3H]testosterone bound to asialo-TeBG was taken up by the liver cells together with the asialo-TeBG.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake of desialylated testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulin in the rat. Testosterone-oestradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) isolated from bovine serum was desialylated by treatment with neuraminidase and its properties were compared with intact TeBG. No significant differences were observed in the testosterone-binding capacity or antigenic determinant, but electrophoretic mobility of asialo-TeBG decreased slightly. When injected into rat vein, 125I-labelled asialo-TeBG was rapidly taken up by the liver, whereas 125-labelled intact TeBG remained in the circulation for a much longer period. Galactose oxidase treatment of asialo-TeBG, which presumably oxidized the primary alcohol of galactose at C-6 to an aldehyde, caused a reversion of its survival time in the blood to that of intact TeBG. When incubated with isolated rat liver cells at 20 degrees C, the desialylated, but not intact, TeBG was rapidly taken up, and its uptake was inhibited by excess amount of asialo-orosomucoid. Under these conditions in vitro, [3H]testosterone bound to asialo-TeBG was taken up by the liver cells together with the asialo-TeBG.", "PMID": 86266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10168", "title": "Hormone blood levels and their inter-relationships in normal men and men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).", "content": "In 128 non-hospitalized men (age range 36-65 years) rectal palpation revealed in 54 cases an enlargement of the prostate (group II), which was very distinct in 20 cases (group III). The measurement of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) oestradiol (Oe2), sex-hormone-binding-globulin binding capacity (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (Prl) in the blood of normal men (group I) and those with BPH (group II or III) demonstrated no significant differences between the three groups when respective age ranges were compared. A significant increase of FSH and decrease of 3alpha-diol with age was seen in the normal group (I), which was similar but less pronounced in BPH (groups II and III). A distinct increase of DHT with age was found in BPH (group II), which was not so dominant in normal men (group I). From these data it is concluded that the conversion of DHT to 3alpha-diol might be reduced in older males independent from the occurrence of BPH and that the hyperplastic prostate possibly secretes significant amounts of DHT into the circulation. These results are discussed with respect to their possible role in the pathogenesis of BPH.", "contents": "Hormone blood levels and their inter-relationships in normal men and men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In 128 non-hospitalized men (age range 36-65 years) rectal palpation revealed in 54 cases an enlargement of the prostate (group II), which was very distinct in 20 cases (group III). The measurement of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) oestradiol (Oe2), sex-hormone-binding-globulin binding capacity (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (Prl) in the blood of normal men (group I) and those with BPH (group II or III) demonstrated no significant differences between the three groups when respective age ranges were compared. A significant increase of FSH and decrease of 3alpha-diol with age was seen in the normal group (I), which was similar but less pronounced in BPH (groups II and III). A distinct increase of DHT with age was found in BPH (group II), which was not so dominant in normal men (group I). From these data it is concluded that the conversion of DHT to 3alpha-diol might be reduced in older males independent from the occurrence of BPH and that the hyperplastic prostate possibly secretes significant amounts of DHT into the circulation. These results are discussed with respect to their possible role in the pathogenesis of BPH.", "PMID": 86267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10169", "title": "Isolation of highly purified sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG): evidence for microheterogeneity.", "content": "Highly purified sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was isolated in milligram amounts from a human serum fraction (Cohn IV-4). The final preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Immunological evidence for purity could be given by double diffusion according to Ouchterlony. However, following gel isoelectric focusing highly purified SHBG displayed four different bands, as could be demonstrated by staining as well as by a photoscan of the [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-SHBG complex. After incubation with neuraminidase the microheterogeneity of SHBG disappeared and the asialo-SHBG showed only one band.", "contents": "Isolation of highly purified sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG): evidence for microheterogeneity. Highly purified sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was isolated in milligram amounts from a human serum fraction (Cohn IV-4). The final preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Immunological evidence for purity could be given by double diffusion according to Ouchterlony. However, following gel isoelectric focusing highly purified SHBG displayed four different bands, as could be demonstrated by staining as well as by a photoscan of the [3H]5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-SHBG complex. After incubation with neuraminidase the microheterogeneity of SHBG disappeared and the asialo-SHBG showed only one band.", "PMID": 86268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10170", "title": "The morphologic identification of Pneumocystis carinii.", "content": "The diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection is dependent upon morphologic identification of the organism, making the staining properties of P. carinii important to the cytologist engaged in clinical service or research. Several special stains specific for P. carinii are described; in addition, the staining characteristics of the organism in Papanicolaou and in hematoxylin and eosin stains are described. The successful identification of P. carinii with the latter two stains has not been reported previously. Because these stains are often used on lung preparations, it may be possible to identify P. carinii when using these latter two techniques; however, for optimal results, we feel that it is essential to utilize one or more of the special stains discussed herein.", "contents": "The morphologic identification of Pneumocystis carinii. The diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection is dependent upon morphologic identification of the organism, making the staining properties of P. carinii important to the cytologist engaged in clinical service or research. Several special stains specific for P. carinii are described; in addition, the staining characteristics of the organism in Papanicolaou and in hematoxylin and eosin stains are described. The successful identification of P. carinii with the latter two stains has not been reported previously. Because these stains are often used on lung preparations, it may be possible to identify P. carinii when using these latter two techniques; however, for optimal results, we feel that it is essential to utilize one or more of the special stains discussed herein.", "PMID": 86265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10171", "title": "Location of iron and porphyrin in the liver in porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "Porphyrin and iron distributions in the liver biopsies of patients with Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) were investigated by comparison of composite photographs from fluorescence microscope and after iron stain. Three distinct areas are visible: 1. red fluorescent areas with porphyrins; 2. blue areas corresponding to iron; 3. areas with neither iron nor porphyrin. The areas with iron or porphyrin do not overlap, therefore, this experiment indicates lack of direct correlation between iron and prophyrin distribution in livers of PCT patients.", "contents": "Location of iron and porphyrin in the liver in porphyria cutanea tarda. Porphyrin and iron distributions in the liver biopsies of patients with Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) were investigated by comparison of composite photographs from fluorescence microscope and after iron stain. Three distinct areas are visible: 1. red fluorescent areas with porphyrins; 2. blue areas corresponding to iron; 3. areas with neither iron nor porphyrin. The areas with iron or porphyrin do not overlap, therefore, this experiment indicates lack of direct correlation between iron and prophyrin distribution in livers of PCT patients.", "PMID": 86270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10172", "title": "Use of cis-Pt(II)-uracil for electron microscopic cytochemistry of rat brain nucleic acids.", "content": "Cis-Pt(II)-uracil staining reveals nucleic acids in a relatively specific manner when applied alone for 1 h to rat brain tissue specimens. Poor contrast and resolution are observed when glutaraldehyde-fixed and epoxyembedded thin sections are post-stained with cis-Pt(II)-uracil alone. Counterstaining thin sections with uranyl acetate decreases staining specificity by revealing many tissue proteins. Synapses did not stain, which suggests that they do not contain significant amounts of large RNA molecules. Technical procedures must be carefully regulated to avoid artifactual staining of cellular components other than nucleic acids.", "contents": "Use of cis-Pt(II)-uracil for electron microscopic cytochemistry of rat brain nucleic acids. Cis-Pt(II)-uracil staining reveals nucleic acids in a relatively specific manner when applied alone for 1 h to rat brain tissue specimens. Poor contrast and resolution are observed when glutaraldehyde-fixed and epoxyembedded thin sections are post-stained with cis-Pt(II)-uracil alone. Counterstaining thin sections with uranyl acetate decreases staining specificity by revealing many tissue proteins. Synapses did not stain, which suggests that they do not contain significant amounts of large RNA molecules. Technical procedures must be carefully regulated to avoid artifactual staining of cellular components other than nucleic acids.", "PMID": 86272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10173", "title": "Age-related changes in the seminal vesicles of a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu.", "content": "Age changes in the structure of the seminal vesicles and in the rate of production of fructose and citric acid have been studied in a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu, from the fetal period to 36 months of age. At 3 and 6 months, the microscopic anatomy of the gland resembled that of the fetus; the tubules of the seminal vesicles had a reduced diameter and a low epithelial layer; only a few presented traces of secretion, and tissue contents of fructose and citric acid were accordingly low. At 12 months, the tubules were more ramified and had a larger diameter. In the 18-month-old animals the seminal vesicles presented substantial modifications; the tubules were large, with irregular lumina and surrounded by narrow stroma, the epithelial layer was higher than that of previous stages and its columnar cells had nuclei located basally. Tissue levels of fructose increased rapidly between 12 and 18 months. At 24 months, the seminal vesicles had reached the adult condition characterized by intense proliferation of tubules with irregular lumina and abundant secretory material. Numerous dark columnar cells were found in the epithelium. Seminal vesicles of Nelore zebus contain less fructose and citric acid than those of taurine bulls of comparable age.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the seminal vesicles of a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu. Age changes in the structure of the seminal vesicles and in the rate of production of fructose and citric acid have been studied in a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu, from the fetal period to 36 months of age. At 3 and 6 months, the microscopic anatomy of the gland resembled that of the fetus; the tubules of the seminal vesicles had a reduced diameter and a low epithelial layer; only a few presented traces of secretion, and tissue contents of fructose and citric acid were accordingly low. At 12 months, the tubules were more ramified and had a larger diameter. In the 18-month-old animals the seminal vesicles presented substantial modifications; the tubules were large, with irregular lumina and surrounded by narrow stroma, the epithelial layer was higher than that of previous stages and its columnar cells had nuclei located basally. Tissue levels of fructose increased rapidly between 12 and 18 months. At 24 months, the seminal vesicles had reached the adult condition characterized by intense proliferation of tubules with irregular lumina and abundant secretory material. Numerous dark columnar cells were found in the epithelium. Seminal vesicles of Nelore zebus contain less fructose and citric acid than those of taurine bulls of comparable age.", "PMID": 86273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10174", "title": "Histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland has been studied in 10 buffaloes of different age groups. The acidic mucins exhibited moderate to intense reaction in new-born and young animals; in adult animals, these were noticed in patches. Neutral and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces and in mild amounts, respectively, in the mucous secretory end-pieces of different age groups; sialomucins were seen in moderate to intense concentrations. The seromucous end-pieces revealed traces of neutral mucins in new-born buffalo calves and moderate to intense concentrations in young and adult animals. These structures showed mild concentration of acidic mucins, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins. Sulphated and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces in the seromucous end-pieces. The apical border of the lining cells of the intra- and interlobular ducts contained moderate to intense concentrations of acidic mucins. In young and adult animals, the epithelial cells showed mild to moderate reaction for neutral mucins. Goblet cells of the interlobular ducts exhibited the presence of mild and intense concentrations of sialo- and sulphomucins, respectively.", "contents": "Histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland has been studied in 10 buffaloes of different age groups. The acidic mucins exhibited moderate to intense reaction in new-born and young animals; in adult animals, these were noticed in patches. Neutral and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces and in mild amounts, respectively, in the mucous secretory end-pieces of different age groups; sialomucins were seen in moderate to intense concentrations. The seromucous end-pieces revealed traces of neutral mucins in new-born buffalo calves and moderate to intense concentrations in young and adult animals. These structures showed mild concentration of acidic mucins, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins. Sulphated and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces in the seromucous end-pieces. The apical border of the lining cells of the intra- and interlobular ducts contained moderate to intense concentrations of acidic mucins. In young and adult animals, the epithelial cells showed mild to moderate reaction for neutral mucins. Goblet cells of the interlobular ducts exhibited the presence of mild and intense concentrations of sialo- and sulphomucins, respectively.", "PMID": 86274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10175", "title": "Localized regressive articular cartilage changes in the hip joint of the rabbit following an induced synovitis.", "content": "A talcum induced synovitis in the hip joint of the rabbit, which is known to cause articular cartilage hyperplasia followed by femoral head protrusion and joint incongruency, has in the present experiment also been shown to lead to localized regressive articular cartilage changes. The articular cartilage of the hip joints in 40 rabbits was examined histologically, at intervals, following induction of such a talcum synovitis. Regressive changes in the form of loss of surface chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycans sometimes accompanied by fibrillation, were found in the area of the femoral head articular cartilage which had become flattened following the head protrusion. Chondrocyte cloning facilitated subsequent cartilage repair. The biomechanical disturbance in the joint following the induced synovitis is felt to have caused the regressive changes. The experiment is considered to have some significance in connection with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes' Syndrome (L.C.P.S.) in children.", "contents": "Localized regressive articular cartilage changes in the hip joint of the rabbit following an induced synovitis. A talcum induced synovitis in the hip joint of the rabbit, which is known to cause articular cartilage hyperplasia followed by femoral head protrusion and joint incongruency, has in the present experiment also been shown to lead to localized regressive articular cartilage changes. The articular cartilage of the hip joints in 40 rabbits was examined histologically, at intervals, following induction of such a talcum synovitis. Regressive changes in the form of loss of surface chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycans sometimes accompanied by fibrillation, were found in the area of the femoral head articular cartilage which had become flattened following the head protrusion. Chondrocyte cloning facilitated subsequent cartilage repair. The biomechanical disturbance in the joint following the induced synovitis is felt to have caused the regressive changes. The experiment is considered to have some significance in connection with Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes' Syndrome (L.C.P.S.) in children.", "PMID": 86275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10176", "title": "[Polish hydroxyethyl starch preparation: a clinical study].", "content": "The 6% solution of hydroxyethyl starch (MS = 0.47-0.7, Mw = 120,000-220,000) prepared at the Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Haematology in Warsaw was administered in infusions to a group of surgical patients. It was found that the preparation complied with the conditions and requirements for plasma-replacing agents. In none of the treated patients any side effects were observed. Further investigations will be continued infusing greater volumes of HES to patients with hypovolaemia of different origin.", "contents": "[Polish hydroxyethyl starch preparation: a clinical study]. The 6% solution of hydroxyethyl starch (MS = 0.47-0.7, Mw = 120,000-220,000) prepared at the Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Haematology in Warsaw was administered in infusions to a group of surgical patients. It was found that the preparation complied with the conditions and requirements for plasma-replacing agents. In none of the treated patients any side effects were observed. Further investigations will be continued infusing greater volumes of HES to patients with hypovolaemia of different origin.", "PMID": 86269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10177", "title": "Serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Demonstration of strain-specific antigens by immunoelectrophoresis, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination techniques.", "content": "Among a group of four selected strains of Neisseria gonorrhaeae, common and strain-specific antigens were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and co-agglutination (COA). In preparations of ultrasonically-disrupted organisms, the strain-specific antigens appeared in crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (C-LIE) with antigen containing intermediate agar gel as a two-peak precipitin line, one peak close to the antigen well, the other towards the anode. A similar pattern was found for each of the four strains studied. These strain-specific precipitin lines were also identified in rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis (R-LIE) tests, which were found useful for comparative studies. Using whole cells, strain-specific antigens were also demonstrated by COA and IFL tests with the use of cross-absorbed antibodies. The results corresponded to those obtained with C-LIE and R-LIE. Immunosorption experiments indicated identity between the strain-specific antigens shown by COA tests and those demonstrated by C-LIE and R-LIE tests.", "contents": "Serology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Demonstration of strain-specific antigens by immunoelectrophoresis, immunofluorescence and co-agglutination techniques. Among a group of four selected strains of Neisseria gonorrhaeae, common and strain-specific antigens were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and co-agglutination (COA). In preparations of ultrasonically-disrupted organisms, the strain-specific antigens appeared in crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (C-LIE) with antigen containing intermediate agar gel as a two-peak precipitin line, one peak close to the antigen well, the other towards the anode. A similar pattern was found for each of the four strains studied. These strain-specific precipitin lines were also identified in rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis (R-LIE) tests, which were found useful for comparative studies. Using whole cells, strain-specific antigens were also demonstrated by COA and IFL tests with the use of cross-absorbed antibodies. The results corresponded to those obtained with C-LIE and R-LIE. Immunosorption experiments indicated identity between the strain-specific antigens shown by COA tests and those demonstrated by C-LIE and R-LIE tests.", "PMID": 86276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10178", "title": "Catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans; the role of glutamine synthetase.", "content": "A mutant (nit8) with a lowered activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) was isolated in Aspergillus nidulans. The levels of GS and of an arginine catabolic enzyme, ornithine transaminase (OTA) were assayed under a variety of growth conditions leading to repression, depression and induction of OTA in the wild type, nit8 and several regulatory mutants. The results obtained appear to exclude the possibility of involvement of GS in the regulation of arginine catabolism in A. nidulans.", "contents": "Catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans; the role of glutamine synthetase. A mutant (nit8) with a lowered activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) was isolated in Aspergillus nidulans. The levels of GS and of an arginine catabolic enzyme, ornithine transaminase (OTA) were assayed under a variety of growth conditions leading to repression, depression and induction of OTA in the wild type, nit8 and several regulatory mutants. The results obtained appear to exclude the possibility of involvement of GS in the regulation of arginine catabolism in A. nidulans.", "PMID": 86277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10179", "title": "Genetic mapping of the chromosome of Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "Cultures of the wild strain and auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium trifolii T37 synchronized by means of phenylethanol have been mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine. Fifteen genetic markers were characterized in respect of their order and the time of replication based on the peaks of mutations of the genes. The time of R. trifolii chromosome replication was estimated using inhibitors of the initiation of DNA replication: rifampicin, chloramphenicol and phenylethanol. The replicative map of R. trifolii chromosome has been constructed. Taking into account the replicative map, linkages of the genes, and the bidirectional model of the Rhizobium chromosome replication, a circular genetic map of the chromosome of R. trifolii T37 was elaborated.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of the chromosome of Rhizobium trifolii. Cultures of the wild strain and auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium trifolii T37 synchronized by means of phenylethanol have been mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine. Fifteen genetic markers were characterized in respect of their order and the time of replication based on the peaks of mutations of the genes. The time of R. trifolii chromosome replication was estimated using inhibitors of the initiation of DNA replication: rifampicin, chloramphenicol and phenylethanol. The replicative map of R. trifolii chromosome has been constructed. Taking into account the replicative map, linkages of the genes, and the bidirectional model of the Rhizobium chromosome replication, a circular genetic map of the chromosome of R. trifolii T37 was elaborated.", "PMID": 86278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10180", "title": "Replication of plasmid R6K in DNA polymerase deficient mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The plasmid R6K has been introduced into a number of Escherichia coli polymerase deficient (pol) mutants. In polCts mutants transferred to the nonpermissive temperature to inactivate polymerase III, R6K replicates but the replication products have a density in dye-CsCl gradients intermediate between supercoiled and linear forms. This aberrant replication requires normal cellular levels of polymerase I since it does not occur in polA polCts mutants. Normal R6K replication and maintenance occur in a polA polB polC+ host, however, we cannot tell from our experiments wheather polymerase I or III replicates R6K in polA+ polC+ host. Polymerase II, the polB gene product, has no detectable role in R6K replication.", "contents": "Replication of plasmid R6K in DNA polymerase deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. The plasmid R6K has been introduced into a number of Escherichia coli polymerase deficient (pol) mutants. In polCts mutants transferred to the nonpermissive temperature to inactivate polymerase III, R6K replicates but the replication products have a density in dye-CsCl gradients intermediate between supercoiled and linear forms. This aberrant replication requires normal cellular levels of polymerase I since it does not occur in polA polCts mutants. Normal R6K replication and maintenance occur in a polA polB polC+ host, however, we cannot tell from our experiments wheather polymerase I or III replicates R6K in polA+ polC+ host. Polymerase II, the polB gene product, has no detectable role in R6K replication.", "PMID": 86279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10181", "title": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. III. Entry exclusion features of its separative forms.", "content": "The genetic relationship of four plasmids separated from R404 plasmid aggregate has been characterized by investigating entry exclusion and intracellular incompatibility. It has been found that the four plasmids exist in an autonomous state in cells carrying the aggregate. They are compatible and the two conjugative plasmids possess different traS genes.", "contents": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. III. Entry exclusion features of its separative forms. The genetic relationship of four plasmids separated from R404 plasmid aggregate has been characterized by investigating entry exclusion and intracellular incompatibility. It has been found that the four plasmids exist in an autonomous state in cells carrying the aggregate. They are compatible and the two conjugative plasmids possess different traS genes.", "PMID": 86280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10182", "title": "Restoration of effectiveness of R. meliloti ineffective mutants by transduction of high level streptomycin resistance.", "content": "Rhizobium meliloti lysine dependent mutant, L5-30lys, was ineffective and this mutation was not cotransducible to lys. Transduction of chloramphenicol and linked temperature sensitive mutations did not change its symbiotic properties. Subsequent transduction of high level streptomycin resistance restored its effectiveness. Streptomycin resistance marker was linked to chloramphenicol resistance and temperature sensitive markers.", "contents": "Restoration of effectiveness of R. meliloti ineffective mutants by transduction of high level streptomycin resistance. Rhizobium meliloti lysine dependent mutant, L5-30lys, was ineffective and this mutation was not cotransducible to lys. Transduction of chloramphenicol and linked temperature sensitive mutations did not change its symbiotic properties. Subsequent transduction of high level streptomycin resistance restored its effectiveness. Streptomycin resistance marker was linked to chloramphenicol resistance and temperature sensitive markers.", "PMID": 86281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10183", "title": "Ultraviolet induced mutations in Aspergillus wentii.", "content": "Aspergillus wentii (IMI 17295) and its three nutritional mutant strains were irradiated with UV rays. New mutants obtained differed from the parent strains in colour of the conidia, growth factor requirements and amylase activity. Arginine deficient strains showed greater amylase activity.", "contents": "Ultraviolet induced mutations in Aspergillus wentii. Aspergillus wentii (IMI 17295) and its three nutritional mutant strains were irradiated with UV rays. New mutants obtained differed from the parent strains in colour of the conidia, growth factor requirements and amylase activity. Arginine deficient strains showed greater amylase activity.", "PMID": 86282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10184", "title": "Mutants of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis lacking diacetyl reductase activity.", "content": "Three strains of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis, namely DRC-1, DRC-2 and DRC-3 which produced diacetyl up to 120 h of incubation were exposed to the ultraviolet irradiation as well as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to isolate mutants lacking diacetyl reductase activity. UV irradiation did not produce any isolate completely devoid of diacetyl reductase activity, though, 99.5% loss in activity could be achieved. NTG treatment proved to be more effective and seven survivors exhibiting complete loss of diacetyl reductase activity were recovered. These altered characteristics were retained on repeated subculturing.", "contents": "Mutants of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis lacking diacetyl reductase activity. Three strains of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis, namely DRC-1, DRC-2 and DRC-3 which produced diacetyl up to 120 h of incubation were exposed to the ultraviolet irradiation as well as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to isolate mutants lacking diacetyl reductase activity. UV irradiation did not produce any isolate completely devoid of diacetyl reductase activity, though, 99.5% loss in activity could be achieved. NTG treatment proved to be more effective and seven survivors exhibiting complete loss of diacetyl reductase activity were recovered. These altered characteristics were retained on repeated subculturing.", "PMID": 86283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10185", "title": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. III. Physicochemical and biological in vitro properties.", "content": "Antibiotic 26a, a weakly basic (pK1 3.85 and pK2 7.1) polypeptide compound, has been recovered from the fermentation fluids of bacillus subtilis cultures as hydrochloride salt easily soluble in water and dimethylsulphoxide, sparingly soluble in lower alcohols and insoluble in several organic solvents. At low concentrations 26a was effective against gram-positive bacteria, mainly micrococci and corynebacteria, moderately active against mycobacteria, and inactive against gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds even at 300 microgram/ml concentration. From the viewpoint of elemental analysis, electrometric titration, optical rotation, UV, IR and NMR spectra, amino acid composition, molecular weight and biological observations, 26a can be considered as an antibiotic, if not identical, then closely related to bacitracin family polypeptides.", "contents": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. III. Physicochemical and biological in vitro properties. Antibiotic 26a, a weakly basic (pK1 3.85 and pK2 7.1) polypeptide compound, has been recovered from the fermentation fluids of bacillus subtilis cultures as hydrochloride salt easily soluble in water and dimethylsulphoxide, sparingly soluble in lower alcohols and insoluble in several organic solvents. At low concentrations 26a was effective against gram-positive bacteria, mainly micrococci and corynebacteria, moderately active against mycobacteria, and inactive against gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds even at 300 microgram/ml concentration. From the viewpoint of elemental analysis, electrometric titration, optical rotation, UV, IR and NMR spectra, amino acid composition, molecular weight and biological observations, 26a can be considered as an antibiotic, if not identical, then closely related to bacitracin family polypeptides.", "PMID": 86284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10186", "title": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. IV. Evaluation of biological in vivo activity.", "content": "The studies performed with the antibiotic 26a, which has a close resemblance to bacitracin family polypeptide antibiotics, revealed a prominent therapeutic and protective actions. The antibiotic is characterized by a moderately low toxicity, lack of cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on several tissue cultures, and therapeutic effectiveness in lethal streptococcal infections in mice, and corynebacterial infections in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Polypeptide antibiotic 26a from Bacillus subtilis. IV. Evaluation of biological in vivo activity. The studies performed with the antibiotic 26a, which has a close resemblance to bacitracin family polypeptide antibiotics, revealed a prominent therapeutic and protective actions. The antibiotic is characterized by a moderately low toxicity, lack of cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on several tissue cultures, and therapeutic effectiveness in lethal streptococcal infections in mice, and corynebacterial infections in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 86285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10187", "title": "Studies on alkaline phosphatase in normal and nitrofurantoin resistant Vibrio el tor.", "content": "Activity of alkaline phosphatase as well as its substrate specificity in Vibrio el tor and in nitrofurantoin resistant Vibrio el tor have been studied. A lower level of activity is observed in Vibrio el tor after its acquisition of resistance towards nitrofurantoin. The enzyme activity in both the strains is significantly inhibited by EDTA, and also by metal ions like Mg++, Zn++ and Mn++. The normal strain is found to possess two isoenzymes for alkaline phosphatase whereas the resistant strain has only one isoenzyme.", "contents": "Studies on alkaline phosphatase in normal and nitrofurantoin resistant Vibrio el tor. Activity of alkaline phosphatase as well as its substrate specificity in Vibrio el tor and in nitrofurantoin resistant Vibrio el tor have been studied. A lower level of activity is observed in Vibrio el tor after its acquisition of resistance towards nitrofurantoin. The enzyme activity in both the strains is significantly inhibited by EDTA, and also by metal ions like Mg++, Zn++ and Mn++. The normal strain is found to possess two isoenzymes for alkaline phosphatase whereas the resistant strain has only one isoenzyme.", "PMID": 86286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10188", "title": "Septal ultrastructure in Candida albicans.", "content": "Fine structural studies on the septa of Candida albicans in vitro (when leading a saprophytic existence) and the organism in its invasive form (as a pathogen in oral candidosis) have shown that in the former the septum exhibits a unique central perforation resembling an aggregate of fine canaliculi connecting one cell to the other. In the invasive form the septum is non-perforated and appears as a solid structure. Septal ultrastructure is well characterised in many pathogenic fungi. Our observations on Candida albicans do not resemble any previous studies carried out on other deutromycetous fungi.", "contents": "Septal ultrastructure in Candida albicans. Fine structural studies on the septa of Candida albicans in vitro (when leading a saprophytic existence) and the organism in its invasive form (as a pathogen in oral candidosis) have shown that in the former the septum exhibits a unique central perforation resembling an aggregate of fine canaliculi connecting one cell to the other. In the invasive form the septum is non-perforated and appears as a solid structure. Septal ultrastructure is well characterised in many pathogenic fungi. Our observations on Candida albicans do not resemble any previous studies carried out on other deutromycetous fungi.", "PMID": 86287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10189", "title": "Nitrification of industrial wastewaters with high nitrogen concentration.", "content": "Industrial wastes from the production of nitrogen fertilizers, containing about 900 mg N/1, (450 mg NH4-N, 300 mg urea-N and 150 mg NO3-N), showed high activity of I stage nitrifying bacteria. The addition of phosphorus to the wastes increases the intensity of nitrification two-fold and also increase the rate of urea hydrolysis. An attempt was made to obtain a nitrifying activated sludge. CaCO3 and Fe(OH)3 were used as carriers and the culture was aerated with air enriched with CO2. After 90 days an activated sludge was obtained which nitrified an average of 80% NH4-N and urea-N with 4-day aeration time of the wastes. In contrast to the activated sludge, the presence of nitrification phase I and II in biological bed was observed, but the efficiency of the process was considerably low (about 38%).", "contents": "Nitrification of industrial wastewaters with high nitrogen concentration. Industrial wastes from the production of nitrogen fertilizers, containing about 900 mg N/1, (450 mg NH4-N, 300 mg urea-N and 150 mg NO3-N), showed high activity of I stage nitrifying bacteria. The addition of phosphorus to the wastes increases the intensity of nitrification two-fold and also increase the rate of urea hydrolysis. An attempt was made to obtain a nitrifying activated sludge. CaCO3 and Fe(OH)3 were used as carriers and the culture was aerated with air enriched with CO2. After 90 days an activated sludge was obtained which nitrified an average of 80% NH4-N and urea-N with 4-day aeration time of the wastes. In contrast to the activated sludge, the presence of nitrification phase I and II in biological bed was observed, but the efficiency of the process was considerably low (about 38%).", "PMID": 86288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10190", "title": "Three-dimensional architecture of the golgi apparatus in Sertoli cells of the rat.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-fixed testes were stained \"en bloc\" with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique of Thi\u00e9ry and Rambourg ('76) or post-fixed and stained with the osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide method of Karnovsky ('71). Thin or thick (up to 3 micron) sections were examined with the Philips (301 or 400) EM or the high voltage EM. Stereopairs were prepared with photographs of tilted specimens (+/- 7 degrees). At low magnification, in thick sections (0.5-3 micron) stained with Ur-Pb-Cu, the whole Golgi apparatus formed a single network of interconnected wavy ribbon or platelike structures extending from the juxtanuclear region toward the apex of the cell. At higher magnifications, with the two staining techniques, this Golgi network showed two distinct types of regions: the \"saccular region\" corresponding to the conventional stack of saccules and the \"intersaccular connecting region\" made up of anastomotic tubules which bridge adjacent stacks. In the saccurlar regions, there was, on the cis-face of the stack, a tight polygonal meshwork of anastomotic tubules (osmiophilic element). Underlying it there were three to seven closely apposed saccules perforated with pores of various diameters, and finally, on the trans-face, a network of tubules was usually connected to the last saccule of the stack, which seemed to peel off\" from the pile. The intersaccular connecting regions showed proximal and distal zones with regard to the associated stacks. The proximal zone was made up of superimposed and parallel polygonal networks of membranous tubules which were continuous with corresponding saccules of the stack. In the distal zone they interdigitated, intertwined, anastomosed and bridged adjacent saccular regions; others turned at right angles and established connections with tubular extensions arising at various levels of the same stack. While cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were contiguous with tubules or saccules located on the transface of the Golgi apparatus, a close association between the ER cisternae and the cis-face of the stacks was not usually observed.", "contents": "Three-dimensional architecture of the golgi apparatus in Sertoli cells of the rat. Glutaraldehyde-fixed testes were stained \"en bloc\" with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique of Thi\u00e9ry and Rambourg ('76) or post-fixed and stained with the osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide method of Karnovsky ('71). Thin or thick (up to 3 micron) sections were examined with the Philips (301 or 400) EM or the high voltage EM. Stereopairs were prepared with photographs of tilted specimens (+/- 7 degrees). At low magnification, in thick sections (0.5-3 micron) stained with Ur-Pb-Cu, the whole Golgi apparatus formed a single network of interconnected wavy ribbon or platelike structures extending from the juxtanuclear region toward the apex of the cell. At higher magnifications, with the two staining techniques, this Golgi network showed two distinct types of regions: the \"saccular region\" corresponding to the conventional stack of saccules and the \"intersaccular connecting region\" made up of anastomotic tubules which bridge adjacent stacks. In the saccurlar regions, there was, on the cis-face of the stack, a tight polygonal meshwork of anastomotic tubules (osmiophilic element). Underlying it there were three to seven closely apposed saccules perforated with pores of various diameters, and finally, on the trans-face, a network of tubules was usually connected to the last saccule of the stack, which seemed to peel off\" from the pile. The intersaccular connecting regions showed proximal and distal zones with regard to the associated stacks. The proximal zone was made up of superimposed and parallel polygonal networks of membranous tubules which were continuous with corresponding saccules of the stack. In the distal zone they interdigitated, intertwined, anastomosed and bridged adjacent saccular regions; others turned at right angles and established connections with tubular extensions arising at various levels of the same stack. While cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were contiguous with tubules or saccules located on the transface of the Golgi apparatus, a close association between the ER cisternae and the cis-face of the stacks was not usually observed.", "PMID": 86291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10191", "title": "A randomized study of instructional variations in nutrition counseling and their efficacy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.", "content": "The important of the educational diagnosis in instructing patients in a fat modified diet was examined in a double blind study. The educational diagnosis depended upon the assessment of three independent instructional parameters: the amount of structure, the teaching mode, and the language code preferred by the patient. Group I (67 patients) received traditional personalized counseling for 3 months. Group IIa (40 patients), whose instruction was matched to their preferred education attributes, was randomized against group IIb (36 patients), whose instruction was mismatched. Group IIIa (33 patients), receving matched instruction was randomized against group IIIb (35 patients), receiving high structure in the symbolic mode of instruction. The greatest reduction in serum cholesterol was seen in group I. At 3 months, no significant difference in serum cholesterol reduction could be shown between groups IIa and IIb, or IIIa and IIIb. However, the mean cholesterol reduction became significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in IIa than IIb at the 6 month visit. Seven day food diaries showed no significant differences in dietary intake and 1 and 3 months between matched and unmatched groups. The data did suggest that patients preferring high structure in the symbolic mode had a greater serum cholesterol reduction that other diagnostic groups. Analysis of variance showed an interaction between the preferred and instructional level of structure as related to the change in total fat, and saturated fat of the diet after 3 months.", "contents": "A randomized study of instructional variations in nutrition counseling and their efficacy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The important of the educational diagnosis in instructing patients in a fat modified diet was examined in a double blind study. The educational diagnosis depended upon the assessment of three independent instructional parameters: the amount of structure, the teaching mode, and the language code preferred by the patient. Group I (67 patients) received traditional personalized counseling for 3 months. Group IIa (40 patients), whose instruction was matched to their preferred education attributes, was randomized against group IIb (36 patients), whose instruction was mismatched. Group IIIa (33 patients), receving matched instruction was randomized against group IIIb (35 patients), receiving high structure in the symbolic mode of instruction. The greatest reduction in serum cholesterol was seen in group I. At 3 months, no significant difference in serum cholesterol reduction could be shown between groups IIa and IIb, or IIIa and IIIb. However, the mean cholesterol reduction became significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in IIa than IIb at the 6 month visit. Seven day food diaries showed no significant differences in dietary intake and 1 and 3 months between matched and unmatched groups. The data did suggest that patients preferring high structure in the symbolic mode had a greater serum cholesterol reduction that other diagnostic groups. Analysis of variance showed an interaction between the preferred and instructional level of structure as related to the change in total fat, and saturated fat of the diet after 3 months.", "PMID": 86292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10192", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of blood cultures. Temporal Relationship of positive Gram stain to positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), Gram staining, and quantitative measurements were performed on simulated blood cultures at hourly intervals after inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. The CIE became positive either at the same time as the Gram stain or within the ensuing five hours. In no case was CIE positive when the Gram stain was negative. The numbers of colony-forming units milliliter necessary for a positive CIE result varied with the types of microorganisms. The procedure of CIE appears useful as a rapid screening technic for identification of bacteria in blood cultures when microorganisms are seen in Gram-stained smears.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of blood cultures. Temporal Relationship of positive Gram stain to positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), Gram staining, and quantitative measurements were performed on simulated blood cultures at hourly intervals after inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. The CIE became positive either at the same time as the Gram stain or within the ensuing five hours. In no case was CIE positive when the Gram stain was negative. The numbers of colony-forming units milliliter necessary for a positive CIE result varied with the types of microorganisms. The procedure of CIE appears useful as a rapid screening technic for identification of bacteria in blood cultures when microorganisms are seen in Gram-stained smears.", "PMID": 86293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10193", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid identification of blood-culture isolates.", "content": "A total of 303 blood cultures that were positive by examination of Gram-stained smears were tested immediately by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of bacterial antigens. Antigen was detected in all 82 blood cultures containing Streptococcus pneumoniae and 11 of 22 with Klebsiella pneumoniae, two of two with Haemophilus influenzae, and one of one with Neisseria meningiditis. False-positive cross-reactions in 265 tests occurred only with pneumococcal Omniserum in two cases of nongroupable streptococcal bacteremia and with Klebsiella antiserum in one case of Escherichia coli bacteremia (1.1%). A specific identification of the microorganisms at least 24 hours earlier than by subculture technics was accomplished in 91% of the cultures containing the aforementioned bacteria. The procedure was not useful for detecting antigen in blood cultures containing Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid identification of blood-culture isolates. A total of 303 blood cultures that were positive by examination of Gram-stained smears were tested immediately by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of bacterial antigens. Antigen was detected in all 82 blood cultures containing Streptococcus pneumoniae and 11 of 22 with Klebsiella pneumoniae, two of two with Haemophilus influenzae, and one of one with Neisseria meningiditis. False-positive cross-reactions in 265 tests occurred only with pneumococcal Omniserum in two cases of nongroupable streptococcal bacteremia and with Klebsiella antiserum in one case of Escherichia coli bacteremia (1.1%). A specific identification of the microorganisms at least 24 hours earlier than by subculture technics was accomplished in 91% of the cultures containing the aforementioned bacteria. The procedure was not useful for detecting antigen in blood cultures containing Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 86294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10194", "title": "Lipoprotein-X and other tests in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the infant.", "content": "The infant with elevated direct-reacting bilirubin levels requires an early specific diagnosis to identify those who would require early surgical intervention and those in whom the bilirubin levels will eventually return to normal. This study compares the accuracy of three tests: the serum lipoprotein-X (LP-X), the I131 rose bengal (IRB) excretion and the serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in making a specific diagnosis in 15 patients. When used individually the accuracy of the tests varies from 56-100%. The LP-X and IRB excretion are more specific and when in agreement are 100% acurate in the diagnosis of the neonatal hepatitis syndrome (NHS) or extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO). This study suggests that both the LP-X and IRB excretion should be used in the investigation of the infant with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Lipoprotein-X and other tests in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the infant. The infant with elevated direct-reacting bilirubin levels requires an early specific diagnosis to identify those who would require early surgical intervention and those in whom the bilirubin levels will eventually return to normal. This study compares the accuracy of three tests: the serum lipoprotein-X (LP-X), the I131 rose bengal (IRB) excretion and the serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in making a specific diagnosis in 15 patients. When used individually the accuracy of the tests varies from 56-100%. The LP-X and IRB excretion are more specific and when in agreement are 100% acurate in the diagnosis of the neonatal hepatitis syndrome (NHS) or extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO). This study suggests that both the LP-X and IRB excretion should be used in the investigation of the infant with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 86296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10195", "title": "Aortocoronary bypass grafting in the management of patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "There is widespread agreement that aortocoronary bypass grafting generally lessens the symptoms and functional limitations of patients with angina pectoris. Evidence for prolongation of life or prevention of myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction is inconclusive. Harmful effects associated with surgical management of coronary artery disease can be documented in terms of operative mortality, perioperative myocardial infarction, graft occlusion and progression of occlusive disease in the native circulation. In this review of published experience, the accomplishments and the limitations of myocardial revascularization are considered in various clinical settings. Critical assessment of evolving information leads to the conclusion that widespread application of this procedure beyond the alleviation of symptoms refractory to medical therapy is not justified by present data.", "contents": "Aortocoronary bypass grafting in the management of patients with coronary artery disease. There is widespread agreement that aortocoronary bypass grafting generally lessens the symptoms and functional limitations of patients with angina pectoris. Evidence for prolongation of life or prevention of myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction is inconclusive. Harmful effects associated with surgical management of coronary artery disease can be documented in terms of operative mortality, perioperative myocardial infarction, graft occlusion and progression of occlusive disease in the native circulation. In this review of published experience, the accomplishments and the limitations of myocardial revascularization are considered in various clinical settings. Critical assessment of evolving information leads to the conclusion that widespread application of this procedure beyond the alleviation of symptoms refractory to medical therapy is not justified by present data.", "PMID": 86297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10196", "title": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: state of the art.", "content": "Previously, granulocyte transfusion therapy was impractical due to insufficient yields obtained from normal donors. With the advent of such technical advances as continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration leukapheresis (FL), the procurement of sufficient amounts of normal donor neutrophils becomes feasible. These techniques have allowed normal granulocytic cells to be infused into patients with a wide variety of granulocytopenic disorders related to infections which, without therapy, could prove fatal. In conditions in which normal granulopoiesis has become insufficient or when used to assist antibiotics in their fight against infection, granulocyte transfusion has been shown to be of definite clinical value.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: state of the art. Previously, granulocyte transfusion therapy was impractical due to insufficient yields obtained from normal donors. With the advent of such technical advances as continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration leukapheresis (FL), the procurement of sufficient amounts of normal donor neutrophils becomes feasible. These techniques have allowed normal granulocytic cells to be infused into patients with a wide variety of granulocytopenic disorders related to infections which, without therapy, could prove fatal. In conditions in which normal granulopoiesis has become insufficient or when used to assist antibiotics in their fight against infection, granulocyte transfusion has been shown to be of definite clinical value.", "PMID": 86298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10197", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels as an index of fetal risk.", "content": "In a prospective study on an obstetric population (1,059 cases) an association was found between elevated levels of maternal serum AFP at weeks 16 to 22 and the occurrence of premature labor or the need for emergency cesarean section in the third trimester. There was no association with other late fetal complications including perinatal death, perinatal asphyxia, and intrauterine growth retardation. The sensitivity of the test in respect of premature labor was 14 per cent but the high incidence of false-positive results reduces the practical value of the test.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels as an index of fetal risk. In a prospective study on an obstetric population (1,059 cases) an association was found between elevated levels of maternal serum AFP at weeks 16 to 22 and the occurrence of premature labor or the need for emergency cesarean section in the third trimester. There was no association with other late fetal complications including perinatal death, perinatal asphyxia, and intrauterine growth retardation. The sensitivity of the test in respect of premature labor was 14 per cent but the high incidence of false-positive results reduces the practical value of the test.", "PMID": 86301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10198", "title": "Lack of hydrophilic lens discoloration in patients using dipivalyl epinephrine for glaucoma.", "content": "Five glaucoma patients used topical dipivalyl epinephrine for periods of up to 84 weeks without discoloration of their soft contact lenses. Thus, patients who need both soft contact lenses and antiglaucoma therapy with topical epinephrine may use the dipivalyl analogue without lens spoilage.", "contents": "Lack of hydrophilic lens discoloration in patients using dipivalyl epinephrine for glaucoma. Five glaucoma patients used topical dipivalyl epinephrine for periods of up to 84 weeks without discoloration of their soft contact lenses. Thus, patients who need both soft contact lenses and antiglaucoma therapy with topical epinephrine may use the dipivalyl analogue without lens spoilage.", "PMID": 86303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10199", "title": "Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat: inhibition by indomethacin.", "content": "A model for pulmonary fibrosis in the rat has been developed using intratracheal administration of bleomycin. The histopathologic features of the reaction are similar to those reported in the hamster model. Increases in vascular permeability are seen in the lung within 24 hours and persist over a 2-month period. Extractable collagen, as measured by hydroxyproline, increases during this time by a factor greater than 1.5 times the reference control values of normal lung. During this same period, a prominent eosinophilia develops. The continued treatment of bleomycin-injected rats with indomethacin markedly diminishes the amount of extractable lung collagen at 60 days and the histopathologic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis. The eosinophilia over the first 3 weeks is also markedly suppressed. Less dramatic effects were seen with the permeability changes. These findings indicate that the rat is a reliable and useful model for the study of blemoycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and that treatment with indomethacin ameliorates the lung changes.", "contents": "Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat: inhibition by indomethacin. A model for pulmonary fibrosis in the rat has been developed using intratracheal administration of bleomycin. The histopathologic features of the reaction are similar to those reported in the hamster model. Increases in vascular permeability are seen in the lung within 24 hours and persist over a 2-month period. Extractable collagen, as measured by hydroxyproline, increases during this time by a factor greater than 1.5 times the reference control values of normal lung. During this same period, a prominent eosinophilia develops. The continued treatment of bleomycin-injected rats with indomethacin markedly diminishes the amount of extractable lung collagen at 60 days and the histopathologic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis. The eosinophilia over the first 3 weeks is also markedly suppressed. Less dramatic effects were seen with the permeability changes. These findings indicate that the rat is a reliable and useful model for the study of blemoycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and that treatment with indomethacin ameliorates the lung changes.", "PMID": 86304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10200", "title": "Personal mythology as a paradigm for a holistic public psychology.", "content": "Viewing personal myths as cognitive structures, this paper examines the existing literature on cultural mythology, considers its relationship to personal mythology, and proposes an understanding of personal myths as a means of enhancing individuals' control over their lives. Its applicability to therapeutic counseling and its role in a holistic public psychology are discussed.", "contents": "Personal mythology as a paradigm for a holistic public psychology. Viewing personal myths as cognitive structures, this paper examines the existing literature on cultural mythology, considers its relationship to personal mythology, and proposes an understanding of personal myths as a means of enhancing individuals' control over their lives. Its applicability to therapeutic counseling and its role in a holistic public psychology are discussed.", "PMID": 86305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10201", "title": "Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the regulation of heart contractile force. II.", "content": "The effects of histamine on heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, cAMP levels, phosphorylase activity, and contractile force was investigated in the perfused guinea pig heart. To accurately determine the protein kinase activity ratio in guinea pig heart, it was necessary to measure kinase activity in whole homogenates immediately after homogenization of the tissue. Histamine produced a rapid dose-dependent increase in cAMP and the protein kinase activity ratio followed by increased in contractile force and phosphorylase activity. There was a good correlation between the degree of protein kinase activation and the increase in phosphorylase and force. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol did not reduce the effects of histamine, but metiamide, a potent H2-receptor antagonist, greatly attenuated all the effects of histamine. The data support the hypothesis that increases in heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity produce corresponding increases in contractile force and phosphorylase activity.", "contents": "Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the regulation of heart contractile force. II. The effects of histamine on heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, cAMP levels, phosphorylase activity, and contractile force was investigated in the perfused guinea pig heart. To accurately determine the protein kinase activity ratio in guinea pig heart, it was necessary to measure kinase activity in whole homogenates immediately after homogenization of the tissue. Histamine produced a rapid dose-dependent increase in cAMP and the protein kinase activity ratio followed by increased in contractile force and phosphorylase activity. There was a good correlation between the degree of protein kinase activation and the increase in phosphorylase and force. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol did not reduce the effects of histamine, but metiamide, a potent H2-receptor antagonist, greatly attenuated all the effects of histamine. The data support the hypothesis that increases in heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity produce corresponding increases in contractile force and phosphorylase activity.", "PMID": 86306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10202", "title": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and to worm and egg antigens in human schistosomiasis japonica.", "content": "Using a whole blood culture technique, lymphocyte responsiveness was assayed as 3H thymidine incorporation in 41 individuals infected with Schistosoma japonicum. In comparison with controls, response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was suppressed but was unrelated to egg excretion levels or duration of infection. Reactivity to whole worm antigens was significantly greater in individuals with a higher level of egg excretion and presumably greater infection intensity. The response to egg antigens significantly decreased with age and duration of infection. Some individuals with a depressed responsiveness to PHA maintain a high reactivity to parasite antigens, suggesting that different subpopulations of lymphocytes may be involved in these measurements.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and to worm and egg antigens in human schistosomiasis japonica. Using a whole blood culture technique, lymphocyte responsiveness was assayed as 3H thymidine incorporation in 41 individuals infected with Schistosoma japonicum. In comparison with controls, response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was suppressed but was unrelated to egg excretion levels or duration of infection. Reactivity to whole worm antigens was significantly greater in individuals with a higher level of egg excretion and presumably greater infection intensity. The response to egg antigens significantly decreased with age and duration of infection. Some individuals with a depressed responsiveness to PHA maintain a high reactivity to parasite antigens, suggesting that different subpopulations of lymphocytes may be involved in these measurements.", "PMID": 86307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10203", "title": "Sensitivity and background staining of the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method. new approaches to the investigation of the effects of non-immune serum, primary antiserum concentration and pronase digestion using formalin fixed paraffin embedded material.", "content": "The effect of primary antibody concentration, non-immune serum, and pronase digestion on the stainability of immunoglobulin containing cells (plasma cells) and background stainability was investigated using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and antigens consisting of formalin fixed paraffin embedded maxillary mucosa, colonic mucosa, inflammatory synovia and soft-tissue plasmocytoma. The effect of primary anti-serum concentration and non-immune serum on cell and background stainability was smaller, but pronase digestion clearly improved positive stainability and reduced background stainability.", "contents": "Sensitivity and background staining of the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method. new approaches to the investigation of the effects of non-immune serum, primary antiserum concentration and pronase digestion using formalin fixed paraffin embedded material. The effect of primary antibody concentration, non-immune serum, and pronase digestion on the stainability of immunoglobulin containing cells (plasma cells) and background stainability was investigated using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method and antigens consisting of formalin fixed paraffin embedded maxillary mucosa, colonic mucosa, inflammatory synovia and soft-tissue plasmocytoma. The effect of primary anti-serum concentration and non-immune serum on cell and background stainability was smaller, but pronase digestion clearly improved positive stainability and reduced background stainability.", "PMID": 86309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10204", "title": "An immunoperoxidase assay for serum ragweed-specific IgE.", "content": "A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum is descirbed. In this technique these antibodies are allowed to bind to the allergen previously adsorbed to the wells of polystyrene microtiter plates. After a washing step the tubes are incubated with rabbit antihuman IgE labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Following a second washing step, the enzyme bound to the tubes is assayed spectrophotometrically using O-phenylene diamine as the substrate. The standard curves obtained with this method and with the RAST technique are illustrated. For the assay of serum antiragweed IgE antibodies, concordance between the results obtained with the RAST test and this immunoperoxidase assay was observed in 85 or 95 (90%) patients with symptoms of ragweed hayfever. The coefficients of variation ranged from 4.4% (2SD +/- .010) TO 14% (2SD +/- .008). The advantages of using peroxidase as the enzymatic marker for the assay of allergen-specific IgE are discussed.", "contents": "An immunoperoxidase assay for serum ragweed-specific IgE. A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum is descirbed. In this technique these antibodies are allowed to bind to the allergen previously adsorbed to the wells of polystyrene microtiter plates. After a washing step the tubes are incubated with rabbit antihuman IgE labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Following a second washing step, the enzyme bound to the tubes is assayed spectrophotometrically using O-phenylene diamine as the substrate. The standard curves obtained with this method and with the RAST technique are illustrated. For the assay of serum antiragweed IgE antibodies, concordance between the results obtained with the RAST test and this immunoperoxidase assay was observed in 85 or 95 (90%) patients with symptoms of ragweed hayfever. The coefficients of variation ranged from 4.4% (2SD +/- .010) TO 14% (2SD +/- .008). The advantages of using peroxidase as the enzymatic marker for the assay of allergen-specific IgE are discussed.", "PMID": 86310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10205", "title": "Pathology of Legionnaires' disease.", "content": "The acute lesion in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia is an acute fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia in which the alveoli are filled with many neutrophils and macrophages and abundant fibrin. There is only slight necrosis. Although characteristic, the lesion is not specific for this agent. However, the association with this lesion of myriad small pleomorphic rods, which stain well with Dieterle's silver-impregnation method but poorly or not at all with Gram-type stains, is uncommon except in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia. Final diagnosis requires isolation of the organism or immunofluorescent studies of the tissue, sera or both. The full spectrum of the pneumonia is not known, but organization has been reported once. No definite anatomic correlate for the extrathoracic manifestations of Legionnaires' disease has been identified nor has the organism been found at extrathoracic sites.", "contents": "Pathology of Legionnaires' disease. The acute lesion in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia is an acute fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia in which the alveoli are filled with many neutrophils and macrophages and abundant fibrin. There is only slight necrosis. Although characteristic, the lesion is not specific for this agent. However, the association with this lesion of myriad small pleomorphic rods, which stain well with Dieterle's silver-impregnation method but poorly or not at all with Gram-type stains, is uncommon except in Legionnaires' disease pneumonia. Final diagnosis requires isolation of the organism or immunofluorescent studies of the tissue, sera or both. The full spectrum of the pneumonia is not known, but organization has been reported once. No definite anatomic correlate for the extrathoracic manifestations of Legionnaires' disease has been identified nor has the organism been found at extrathoracic sites.", "PMID": 86311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10206", "title": "Microbiology of Legionnaires' disease bacterium.", "content": "Legionnaires' disease bacterium in tissue does not readily react with the Gram stain but can be seen by other stains and direct immunofluorescence. It is a slow-growing, aerobic, gram-negative rod that can be cultivated over a narrow temperature range on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented either with complex biological mixtures or certain ferric salts and cysteine. The bacterium produces unique, branched-chain fatty acids, catalase, oxidase (weakly), and gelatinase and uses starch while ignoring other carbohydrates. Pigment production is related to tyrosine in the medium. In-vitro studies suggest susceptibility to all antibiotics except vancomycin, but a class 1 beta-lactamase has been demonstrated. Analysis of DNA confirmed the unrelatedness of this bacterium to previously recognized prokaryotes. Diagnosis of the disease has depended largely on serologic test findings and the demonstration of the bacterium in tissue and, occasionally, on isolation. Additional, simpler, and more rapid diagnostic tests should soon be available.", "contents": "Microbiology of Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Legionnaires' disease bacterium in tissue does not readily react with the Gram stain but can be seen by other stains and direct immunofluorescence. It is a slow-growing, aerobic, gram-negative rod that can be cultivated over a narrow temperature range on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented either with complex biological mixtures or certain ferric salts and cysteine. The bacterium produces unique, branched-chain fatty acids, catalase, oxidase (weakly), and gelatinase and uses starch while ignoring other carbohydrates. Pigment production is related to tyrosine in the medium. In-vitro studies suggest susceptibility to all antibiotics except vancomycin, but a class 1 beta-lactamase has been demonstrated. Analysis of DNA confirmed the unrelatedness of this bacterium to previously recognized prokaryotes. Diagnosis of the disease has depended largely on serologic test findings and the demonstration of the bacterium in tissue and, occasionally, on isolation. Additional, simpler, and more rapid diagnostic tests should soon be available.", "PMID": 86312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10207", "title": "Four serogroups of Legionnaires' disease bacteria defined by direct immunofluorescence.", "content": "Thirty-five strains of Legionnaires' disease bacteria were shown to belong in four distinct serologic groups on the basis of findings obtained with direct fluorescent antibody testing. Thirty of the strains were placed in group 1, three in group 2, one in group 3, and one in group 4. Immunoelectrophoretic studies showed both unique and common antigens among the representative strains of the four serogroups.", "contents": "Four serogroups of Legionnaires' disease bacteria defined by direct immunofluorescence. Thirty-five strains of Legionnaires' disease bacteria were shown to belong in four distinct serologic groups on the basis of findings obtained with direct fluorescent antibody testing. Thirty of the strains were placed in group 1, three in group 2, one in group 3, and one in group 4. Immunoelectrophoretic studies showed both unique and common antigens among the representative strains of the four serogroups.", "PMID": 86313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10208", "title": "Immunochemical, serologic, and immunologic properties of major antigens isolated from the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Observations bearing on the feasibility of a vaccine.", "content": "Two antigens were isolated from each of three strains of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. One antigen was serotype-specific; the other cross-reacted with strains of LD bacteria of different serotypes. The serotypic antigens contained all the major branched-chain fatty acids characteristic of LD bacteria and were a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex. Electrophoresis resolved the serotypic antigen of Knoxville 1 strain into four protein bands and one glycoprotein band with molecular weights ranging from 0.5 to 7.2 x 10(5). The specificity of the serotypic antigens was established by immunofluorescent staining, and double gel diffusion confirmed the absence of cross-reactions between the serotypic antigens of different types and the partial identity of the serotypic antigens from serologically related strains. The cross-reacting antigens formed precipitin bands with all the homologous and heterologous sera tested. Induction of immunity by vaccination with serotypic antigens was shown in three animal models using guinea pigs and mice. Passive-transfer of immunity (IgG) was also shown in mice and guinea pigs. These observations raise the possiblity of a vaccine for protection against infection of LD bacteria.", "contents": "Immunochemical, serologic, and immunologic properties of major antigens isolated from the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Observations bearing on the feasibility of a vaccine. Two antigens were isolated from each of three strains of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. One antigen was serotype-specific; the other cross-reacted with strains of LD bacteria of different serotypes. The serotypic antigens contained all the major branched-chain fatty acids characteristic of LD bacteria and were a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex. Electrophoresis resolved the serotypic antigen of Knoxville 1 strain into four protein bands and one glycoprotein band with molecular weights ranging from 0.5 to 7.2 x 10(5). The specificity of the serotypic antigens was established by immunofluorescent staining, and double gel diffusion confirmed the absence of cross-reactions between the serotypic antigens of different types and the partial identity of the serotypic antigens from serologically related strains. The cross-reacting antigens formed precipitin bands with all the homologous and heterologous sera tested. Induction of immunity by vaccination with serotypic antigens was shown in three animal models using guinea pigs and mice. Passive-transfer of immunity (IgG) was also shown in mice and guinea pigs. These observations raise the possiblity of a vaccine for protection against infection of LD bacteria.", "PMID": 86314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10209", "title": "Ultrastructure of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. A study using transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium appeared ultrastructurally identical in human lung, egg yolk membrane, and artificial media, seen as a blunt or tapering rod measuring 0.3 to 0.9 micron in diameter and greater than or equal to 2.0 micron long. Greatly elongated forms were commonly found in cultures and yold sac membranes after 5 to 7 days of growth but were only rarely seen in human lung. The LD bacterium was clearly prokaryotic. Prominent features included electron-lucent nucleoids interspersed among areas of well-defined ribosomes; cleanly circumscribed cytoplasmic vacuoles or granular inclusions; and a double envelope enclosure, each portion consisting of a triple-layered \"unit\" membrane, approximately 75 A wide. Division always occurred as a pinching, nonseptate process typical of bacteria with a double, gram-negative type of envelope. No definite structure was seen in the periplasmic space that might represent the peptidoglycan layer. These features of the LD bacterium confirm earlier reports of the gram-negative staining reaction of organisms obtained from cultures and preliminary evidence of their gram-negative ultrastructure. We found no unique features that would aid in the ultrastructural differentiation of the LD bacterium from other small gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. A study using transmission electron microscopy. The Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium appeared ultrastructurally identical in human lung, egg yolk membrane, and artificial media, seen as a blunt or tapering rod measuring 0.3 to 0.9 micron in diameter and greater than or equal to 2.0 micron long. Greatly elongated forms were commonly found in cultures and yold sac membranes after 5 to 7 days of growth but were only rarely seen in human lung. The LD bacterium was clearly prokaryotic. Prominent features included electron-lucent nucleoids interspersed among areas of well-defined ribosomes; cleanly circumscribed cytoplasmic vacuoles or granular inclusions; and a double envelope enclosure, each portion consisting of a triple-layered \"unit\" membrane, approximately 75 A wide. Division always occurred as a pinching, nonseptate process typical of bacteria with a double, gram-negative type of envelope. No definite structure was seen in the periplasmic space that might represent the peptidoglycan layer. These features of the LD bacterium confirm earlier reports of the gram-negative staining reaction of organisms obtained from cultures and preliminary evidence of their gram-negative ultrastructure. We found no unique features that would aid in the ultrastructural differentiation of the LD bacterium from other small gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 86315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10210", "title": "Direct in-vitro isolation of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium in two fatal cases. Cultural and staining characteristics.", "content": "Two cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed by direct isolation of the organism, from pleural fluid obtained before death in one case and lung tissue obtained after death in both cases. The organisms were recovered on a commercially prepared, enriched chocolate agar (Gibco, Madison, Wisconsin). Subcultures grew on commercially prepared, enriched chocolate agar (Baltimore Biological Laboratories, Cockeysville, Maryland) and on in-house enriched chocolate agar prepared with GC Medium Base (Difco, Detroit, Michigan). No growth was obtained on enriched chocolate agar prepared with trypticase soy agar. The organisms were poorly visualized in Gram-stained sections of formalin-fixed lung tissue. In Giemsa-stained sections poorly stained intracellular and extracellular slender rods were seen. However, with a silver impregnation stain, either a modified Dieterle or a modified Warthin-Starry procedure, many large, blunt-ended rods were seen. Smears prepared from minced formalin-fixed lung tissue and stained with a fluorescent antibody conjugate contained large numbers of well-stained organisms.", "contents": "Direct in-vitro isolation of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium in two fatal cases. Cultural and staining characteristics. Two cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed by direct isolation of the organism, from pleural fluid obtained before death in one case and lung tissue obtained after death in both cases. The organisms were recovered on a commercially prepared, enriched chocolate agar (Gibco, Madison, Wisconsin). Subcultures grew on commercially prepared, enriched chocolate agar (Baltimore Biological Laboratories, Cockeysville, Maryland) and on in-house enriched chocolate agar prepared with GC Medium Base (Difco, Detroit, Michigan). No growth was obtained on enriched chocolate agar prepared with trypticase soy agar. The organisms were poorly visualized in Gram-stained sections of formalin-fixed lung tissue. In Giemsa-stained sections poorly stained intracellular and extracellular slender rods were seen. However, with a silver impregnation stain, either a modified Dieterle or a modified Warthin-Starry procedure, many large, blunt-ended rods were seen. Smears prepared from minced formalin-fixed lung tissue and stained with a fluorescent antibody conjugate contained large numbers of well-stained organisms.", "PMID": 86316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10211", "title": "The effect of indoxole on the corneal immunologic response.", "content": "To study the effect of locally administered indoxole (with polysorbate 80) on the inflammatory and immunologic responses, we made unilateral intracorneal injections of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin (BGG). The indoxole was injected subconjunctivally one day before, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after the BGG injection. The homolateral lymph nodes, uveal tracts, and corneas of rabbits killed on postinjection days 6 and 12 were tested for antibody-forming cells (AFC) by a modification of the Jerne plaque technique. On day 6 the indoxole-treated eyes were more inflamed and had a greater number of AFC in the tested tissues than the control eyes, but in neither of these respects was there any essential difference between the treated and control eyes on day 12. The possible mechanisms by which indoxole achieved its effect were explored.", "contents": "The effect of indoxole on the corneal immunologic response. To study the effect of locally administered indoxole (with polysorbate 80) on the inflammatory and immunologic responses, we made unilateral intracorneal injections of rabbit eyes with bovine gamma globulin (BGG). The indoxole was injected subconjunctivally one day before, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after the BGG injection. The homolateral lymph nodes, uveal tracts, and corneas of rabbits killed on postinjection days 6 and 12 were tested for antibody-forming cells (AFC) by a modification of the Jerne plaque technique. On day 6 the indoxole-treated eyes were more inflamed and had a greater number of AFC in the tested tissues than the control eyes, but in neither of these respects was there any essential difference between the treated and control eyes on day 12. The possible mechanisms by which indoxole achieved its effect were explored.", "PMID": 86318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10212", "title": "Detecting enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli of porcine origin. 2. Relationship between O and K antigens and the production of enterotoxin in strains isolated from the piglet after weaning.", "content": "The production of enterotoxin by biological tests (Yl adrenal cells and the suckling mouse) has been examined in 96 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from sick piglets after weaning. There is a good correlation between the presence of the capsular antigen K88 and that of the thermolabile fraction (LT) of the enterotoxin (69.2 per cent of the enteropathogenic strains studied). However, the presence of the thermostable fraction (ST) of the enterotoxin of strains which, according to their serological grouping, possess in theory the two fractions LT + ST or only the ST fraction is only confirmed in a small number of strains (16 per cent) by the biological test.", "contents": "Detecting enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli of porcine origin. 2. Relationship between O and K antigens and the production of enterotoxin in strains isolated from the piglet after weaning. The production of enterotoxin by biological tests (Yl adrenal cells and the suckling mouse) has been examined in 96 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from sick piglets after weaning. There is a good correlation between the presence of the capsular antigen K88 and that of the thermolabile fraction (LT) of the enterotoxin (69.2 per cent of the enteropathogenic strains studied). However, the presence of the thermostable fraction (ST) of the enterotoxin of strains which, according to their serological grouping, possess in theory the two fractions LT + ST or only the ST fraction is only confirmed in a small number of strains (16 per cent) by the biological test.", "PMID": 86320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10213", "title": "Study of factors influencing the effectiveness of two treatments, penicillin-streptomycin and rifamycin, against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis in lactating cows.", "content": "The effectiveness of two antibiotic preparations, a combination of Penicillin-Streptomycin and Rifamycin SV, was measured on persistent subclinical infections produced experimentally by two strains of Staphylococus aureus in the bovine mammary gland. Effects of different parameters upon the efficiency of these treatments were analysed. The combination Penicillin-Streptomycin cured 23 quarters of 46 treated (50 %) against 14 out of 55 for the Rifamycin SV (25 %). This difference was significant (P less than 0.02). Whatever the antibiotic preparation used the highest cure rate was observed for the cows in first lactation (60 % against 24 %) and beyond the second month of lactation (43 % against 10 %). The factors dependent on the cow were related to these two parameters. Front quarters were cured in higher percentage (43 %) than rear quarters (29 %), although the difference was not statistically significant. The influence of other parameters on the cure rate, such as previous cleared infections and number of CFU and somatic cells in the quarters at the time of treatment, depended on the treatment used. The bacteriological results showed that cures could be correctly evaluated only after a minimum interval of three weeks post treatment. From the data a standardised model is proposed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments.", "contents": "Study of factors influencing the effectiveness of two treatments, penicillin-streptomycin and rifamycin, against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis in lactating cows. The effectiveness of two antibiotic preparations, a combination of Penicillin-Streptomycin and Rifamycin SV, was measured on persistent subclinical infections produced experimentally by two strains of Staphylococus aureus in the bovine mammary gland. Effects of different parameters upon the efficiency of these treatments were analysed. The combination Penicillin-Streptomycin cured 23 quarters of 46 treated (50 %) against 14 out of 55 for the Rifamycin SV (25 %). This difference was significant (P less than 0.02). Whatever the antibiotic preparation used the highest cure rate was observed for the cows in first lactation (60 % against 24 %) and beyond the second month of lactation (43 % against 10 %). The factors dependent on the cow were related to these two parameters. Front quarters were cured in higher percentage (43 %) than rear quarters (29 %), although the difference was not statistically significant. The influence of other parameters on the cure rate, such as previous cleared infections and number of CFU and somatic cells in the quarters at the time of treatment, depended on the treatment used. The bacteriological results showed that cures could be correctly evaluated only after a minimum interval of three weeks post treatment. From the data a standardised model is proposed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments.", "PMID": 86321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10214", "title": "Immunoperoxidase localization of Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus neoformans. Staining of tissue sections fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin.", "content": "An indirect immunoperoxidase staining method has been successfully applied to 4% formaldehyde solution tissue sections fixed in and embedded in paraffin for the localization of Sporothrix schenckil and Cryptococcus neoformans without prior trypsinization of tissue sections. A comparison of this method with an analogous immunofluorescence staining technique has been made.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase localization of Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus neoformans. Staining of tissue sections fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin. An indirect immunoperoxidase staining method has been successfully applied to 4% formaldehyde solution tissue sections fixed in and embedded in paraffin for the localization of Sporothrix schenckil and Cryptococcus neoformans without prior trypsinization of tissue sections. A comparison of this method with an analogous immunofluorescence staining technique has been made.", "PMID": 86325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10215", "title": "Effect of Graves' disease on idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "The association between hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia is a known although infrequent clinical condition. Distinct mechanisms are probably active in each particular case, but the thyrotoxic state has been implicated as having a key effect on the fall in the number of platelets. We describe a patient with coexisting Graves' disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who showed special refractoriness to treatment of the bleeding condition in the thyrotoxic state, but who promptly responded to treatment when the thrombocytopenia relapsed 2 1/2 years later, while he was euthyroid. Thus, in this case, a clear exacerbating effect of the thyrotoxic state on the thrombocytopenia was observed. We suggest evaluation of the thyroid condition in patients suffering from refractory thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Effect of Graves' disease on idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The association between hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia is a known although infrequent clinical condition. Distinct mechanisms are probably active in each particular case, but the thyrotoxic state has been implicated as having a key effect on the fall in the number of platelets. We describe a patient with coexisting Graves' disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who showed special refractoriness to treatment of the bleeding condition in the thyrotoxic state, but who promptly responded to treatment when the thrombocytopenia relapsed 2 1/2 years later, while he was euthyroid. Thus, in this case, a clear exacerbating effect of the thyrotoxic state on the thrombocytopenia was observed. We suggest evaluation of the thyroid condition in patients suffering from refractory thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 86327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10216", "title": "[Conduction of disorders after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiological study].", "content": "The conduction defects observed after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy in 133 children, and their association with the long term outcome were studied with comparison of pre and postoperative electrocardiograms and, in 26 cases, His bundle recording. 23 early complete heart blocks were recorded which were nearly always transient. Only 4 (3.6%) became permanent. 58 had a right bundle branch block (48.4%) and 19 a bifascicular block (15.8%). The early operative mortality (9.7%) appeared to be related to transient complete heart block with 26% deaths in this group. Late mortality was high in patients with permanent heart block (2 out of 4) and also with bifascicular block (3 out of 17). His Bundle recordings showed lengthened H-V intervals in 3 patients, all of whom had transient complete heart block early post-operatively. In conclusion, complete heart block, even when transient, and bifascicular blocks are related to early and late mortality. The indications of permanent pacing, formal for patients with permanent complete heart block, are arguable for patients with bifascicular blocks preceded by postoperative complete heart blocks with long H-V intervals.", "contents": "[Conduction of disorders after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiological study]. The conduction defects observed after total correction of Fallot's tetralogy in 133 children, and their association with the long term outcome were studied with comparison of pre and postoperative electrocardiograms and, in 26 cases, His bundle recording. 23 early complete heart blocks were recorded which were nearly always transient. Only 4 (3.6%) became permanent. 58 had a right bundle branch block (48.4%) and 19 a bifascicular block (15.8%). The early operative mortality (9.7%) appeared to be related to transient complete heart block with 26% deaths in this group. Late mortality was high in patients with permanent heart block (2 out of 4) and also with bifascicular block (3 out of 17). His Bundle recordings showed lengthened H-V intervals in 3 patients, all of whom had transient complete heart block early post-operatively. In conclusion, complete heart block, even when transient, and bifascicular blocks are related to early and late mortality. The indications of permanent pacing, formal for patients with permanent complete heart block, are arguable for patients with bifascicular blocks preceded by postoperative complete heart blocks with long H-V intervals.", "PMID": 86328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10217", "title": "[Glucocorticosteroid, catecholamine and protein-bound iodine (PBI) plasma levels in swine following electrocutaneous stimulation].", "content": "Application of electrocutaneous stimuli for short-time excitation of swine, accompanied by high locomotor activity, led in animals weighing between 30 kg and 45 kg to steep rises of catecholamine and glucocorticosteroid plasma concentrations, while little change was recordable from protein-linked iodine. Increase in plasma glucose and RQ in animals with higher rises in plasma-borne catecholamines and glucocorticoids was higher than that in animals with lower catecholamine deflection. Both the results reported in this paper and findings obtained from other studies into swine are likely to suggest major involvement of the sympathico-adrenomedullary system in the buildup of transport stress. Interdependence was found to exist between the intensity of the adrenergic reaction, on the one hand, and rises in plasma glucose and RQ as well as drop of pH, on the other. Those findings from various tests seem to support the conclusion that under conditions of severe excitation and high locomotor activity the differentiated resistance of swine to stress is atributable to different intensities of sympathico-adrenergic reaction of the animal concerned.", "contents": "[Glucocorticosteroid, catecholamine and protein-bound iodine (PBI) plasma levels in swine following electrocutaneous stimulation]. Application of electrocutaneous stimuli for short-time excitation of swine, accompanied by high locomotor activity, led in animals weighing between 30 kg and 45 kg to steep rises of catecholamine and glucocorticosteroid plasma concentrations, while little change was recordable from protein-linked iodine. Increase in plasma glucose and RQ in animals with higher rises in plasma-borne catecholamines and glucocorticoids was higher than that in animals with lower catecholamine deflection. Both the results reported in this paper and findings obtained from other studies into swine are likely to suggest major involvement of the sympathico-adrenomedullary system in the buildup of transport stress. Interdependence was found to exist between the intensity of the adrenergic reaction, on the one hand, and rises in plasma glucose and RQ as well as drop of pH, on the other. Those findings from various tests seem to support the conclusion that under conditions of severe excitation and high locomotor activity the differentiated resistance of swine to stress is atributable to different intensities of sympathico-adrenergic reaction of the animal concerned.", "PMID": 86329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10218", "title": "[Painful disseminated fibromatosis (systemic hyalinosis): a new hereditary collagen dysplasia].", "content": "A case of systemic hyalinosis is reported and the main features of this unusual affection are quoted. The systemic hyalinosis is a syndrome exhibiting the following symptoms : a distressing arthogryposis syndrome, a diffusely stiff skin, some subcutaneous and submucosal fibrotic nodular lymps, repeated suppurative original infections and a facial dysmorphy. Biopsies of nodules show an active proliferation of the connective tissue associated with some peculiar hyalin changes of the collagen fibres. Most cases including the present one die in the first years. The pathogenesis is presently unknown. The systemic hyalinosis seems to be an autosomic recessive heritable disorder and is reasonably settled in the large group of the hereditary diseases of the connective tissue.", "contents": "[Painful disseminated fibromatosis (systemic hyalinosis): a new hereditary collagen dysplasia]. A case of systemic hyalinosis is reported and the main features of this unusual affection are quoted. The systemic hyalinosis is a syndrome exhibiting the following symptoms : a distressing arthogryposis syndrome, a diffusely stiff skin, some subcutaneous and submucosal fibrotic nodular lymps, repeated suppurative original infections and a facial dysmorphy. Biopsies of nodules show an active proliferation of the connective tissue associated with some peculiar hyalin changes of the collagen fibres. Most cases including the present one die in the first years. The pathogenesis is presently unknown. The systemic hyalinosis seems to be an autosomic recessive heritable disorder and is reasonably settled in the large group of the hereditary diseases of the connective tissue.", "PMID": 86330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10219", "title": "Antisera against polypeptide chains derived from M and N blood group glycoproteins.", "content": "The polypeptide chains, containing only small amounts of hexosamines, were obtained from M and N blood groups glycoproteins by four cycles of periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and were used for immunization of rabbits. The antisera obtained precipitated with the Smith-degraded glycoproteins, they reacted much weaker with the desialylated glycoproteins and they did not precipitate the untreated glycoproteins. In the quantitative microprecipitation assay the antisera precipitated better with the antigens of the same blood group specificity (M or N than those used for immunization. This blood group specificity was significantly increased by the cross-absorption of antisera.", "contents": "Antisera against polypeptide chains derived from M and N blood group glycoproteins. The polypeptide chains, containing only small amounts of hexosamines, were obtained from M and N blood groups glycoproteins by four cycles of periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and were used for immunization of rabbits. The antisera obtained precipitated with the Smith-degraded glycoproteins, they reacted much weaker with the desialylated glycoproteins and they did not precipitate the untreated glycoproteins. In the quantitative microprecipitation assay the antisera precipitated better with the antigens of the same blood group specificity (M or N than those used for immunization. This blood group specificity was significantly increased by the cross-absorption of antisera.", "PMID": 86331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10220", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of I antigen from I adult erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The i-active substance was isolated from i adult and I int erythrocyte membranes by butanol-water extraction and was purified by SDS-gel filtration and thin layer chromatography of peracetylated samples. The i-active substances from both types of erythrocytes showed also IF activity. In antigen isolated from i adult red cells the IF activity was lower than i activity. On the other hand, the antigen of I int red cells showed higher IF than i activity. The chemical characterization of isolated antigens indicated their glycosphingolipid character.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of I antigen from I adult erythrocyte membranes. The i-active substance was isolated from i adult and I int erythrocyte membranes by butanol-water extraction and was purified by SDS-gel filtration and thin layer chromatography of peracetylated samples. The i-active substances from both types of erythrocytes showed also IF activity. In antigen isolated from i adult red cells the IF activity was lower than i activity. On the other hand, the antigen of I int red cells showed higher IF than i activity. The chemical characterization of isolated antigens indicated their glycosphingolipid character.", "PMID": 86332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10221", "title": "Further investigation of Ii phenotypic variants.", "content": "I and i subtypes were investigated in erythrocytes with depressed expression of I antigen. It was confirmed that both, I and i antigens are heterogeneous. The depressed i status was found in all abnormal I phenotypes, but no direct correlation between i status and I subtype was found.", "contents": "Further investigation of Ii phenotypic variants. I and i subtypes were investigated in erythrocytes with depressed expression of I antigen. It was confirmed that both, I and i antigens are heterogeneous. The depressed i status was found in all abnormal I phenotypes, but no direct correlation between i status and I subtype was found.", "PMID": 86333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10222", "title": "Serological investigations on ribitol-containing lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides containing or noncontaining ribitol derived from several Proteus mirabilis strains were studied using passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition and semi-quantitative precipitin tests. The results indicate that ribitol plays a role in the serological specificity of the respective lipopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Serological investigations on ribitol-containing lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis. Lipopolysaccharides containing or noncontaining ribitol derived from several Proteus mirabilis strains were studied using passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition and semi-quantitative precipitin tests. The results indicate that ribitol plays a role in the serological specificity of the respective lipopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 86334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10223", "title": "Immunochemical characteristics of Shigella sonnei and serotype 6 Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharides and enterobacterial common antigen.", "content": "Immunochemical studies on Shigella sonnei and serotype 6 Shigella flexneri 0 antigens (lipopolysaccharides) and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) isolated from Shigella sonnei were carried out. Oligosaccharide structure of 0-specific chain of serotype 6 Shigella fiexneri lipopolysaccharide was defined and beta-L-rhamnosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosamin as immunodeterminant of type VI specificity was recognized. The structures of core regions of lipopolysaccharides isolated from R mutants of both Shigella subgroups were established. On the base of the serological and structural results it has been suggested that these core regions are identical and very close to RI core structure of E. coli C. The effective method of isolation and purification of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei was elaborated and its immunological properties as well as chemical character defined.", "contents": "Immunochemical characteristics of Shigella sonnei and serotype 6 Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharides and enterobacterial common antigen. Immunochemical studies on Shigella sonnei and serotype 6 Shigella flexneri 0 antigens (lipopolysaccharides) and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) isolated from Shigella sonnei were carried out. Oligosaccharide structure of 0-specific chain of serotype 6 Shigella fiexneri lipopolysaccharide was defined and beta-L-rhamnosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosamin as immunodeterminant of type VI specificity was recognized. The structures of core regions of lipopolysaccharides isolated from R mutants of both Shigella subgroups were established. On the base of the serological and structural results it has been suggested that these core regions are identical and very close to RI core structure of E. coli C. The effective method of isolation and purification of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei was elaborated and its immunological properties as well as chemical character defined.", "PMID": 86336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10224", "title": "Localization of structural differences between serum and colostral ovine and bovine IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins.", "content": "Physicochemical and serological studies on immunoglobulins, their Fab and Fc fragments, L and H chains, showed that the strongest differences occurred in case of IgG2, and that the differences were localized in the Fc region.", "contents": "Localization of structural differences between serum and colostral ovine and bovine IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulins. Physicochemical and serological studies on immunoglobulins, their Fab and Fc fragments, L and H chains, showed that the strongest differences occurred in case of IgG2, and that the differences were localized in the Fc region.", "PMID": 86337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10225", "title": "The effect of some unspecific stimuli on defence mechanisms in weaned pigs.", "content": "The studies were performed to find out whether a prophylactic use of unspecific stimuli affects appreciably the selected biologic indices in weaned pigs. The variables used in the experiment were found to exert a favourable effect on the state of health and growth of pigs but they had no essential influence on the level of immunoglobulins and increase in the titre of antibodies against E. coli (0141, 0149), isolated from pigs kept in the same pigsty.", "contents": "The effect of some unspecific stimuli on defence mechanisms in weaned pigs. The studies were performed to find out whether a prophylactic use of unspecific stimuli affects appreciably the selected biologic indices in weaned pigs. The variables used in the experiment were found to exert a favourable effect on the state of health and growth of pigs but they had no essential influence on the level of immunoglobulins and increase in the titre of antibodies against E. coli (0141, 0149), isolated from pigs kept in the same pigsty.", "PMID": 86338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10226", "title": "Passive sensitization of mice and rats with IgE antibodies.", "content": "The strain-dependent variation in susceptibility to passive sensitization of the skin and peritoneal mast cells with homologous IgE antibodies was observed in inbred strains of mice. Strain 129 showed low susceptibility to passive sensitization and high efficiency of normal serum in blocking mouse reagin-induced PCA in rats. Balb/c and C3H/A strains showed higher susceptibility to passive sensitization and the efficiency of normal serum in blocking rat PCA lower than strain 129. The serum factor responsible for rat PCA inhibiting effect was heat-labile. The anaphylactic response of peritoneal mast cells of inbred strains to the challenge with anti-mouse IgE and anti-rat IgE in vitro was low in Balb/c mice, as compared with the response of C57BL/6J and 129 mice. The results suggest, that non-specific IgE present in the serum or bound to the mast cells may be one of the factors determining the susceptibility of mouse strains to reagin-induced passive sensitization. However, the results obtained with C57BL/6J strain suggest the existence of other factors effecting this susceptibility.", "contents": "Passive sensitization of mice and rats with IgE antibodies. The strain-dependent variation in susceptibility to passive sensitization of the skin and peritoneal mast cells with homologous IgE antibodies was observed in inbred strains of mice. Strain 129 showed low susceptibility to passive sensitization and high efficiency of normal serum in blocking mouse reagin-induced PCA in rats. Balb/c and C3H/A strains showed higher susceptibility to passive sensitization and the efficiency of normal serum in blocking rat PCA lower than strain 129. The serum factor responsible for rat PCA inhibiting effect was heat-labile. The anaphylactic response of peritoneal mast cells of inbred strains to the challenge with anti-mouse IgE and anti-rat IgE in vitro was low in Balb/c mice, as compared with the response of C57BL/6J and 129 mice. The results suggest, that non-specific IgE present in the serum or bound to the mast cells may be one of the factors determining the susceptibility of mouse strains to reagin-induced passive sensitization. However, the results obtained with C57BL/6J strain suggest the existence of other factors effecting this susceptibility.", "PMID": 86339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10227", "title": "Effect of complexes of lidocaine with transient metals on histamine release from rat mast cells.", "content": "The effect of complexes of lidocaine with zinc, copper and cobalt on histamine release from peritoneal rat mast cells induced by various secretagogues was investigated. The complexes of lidocaine with metal ions inhibited histamine release induced by compound 48/80 and ionophoreous antibiotics: A23187 and X537A. The ionic complex of lidocaine with zinc was found to be the most potent against 48/80--induced histamine release and exerted the significant inhibition in the concentration of 10(-5) M. The action of coordination complex of lidocaine with zinc was somewhat weaker. The significant inhibitory effect on 48/80-induced histamine release of the copper and cobalt lidocaine complexes was observed in concentration of 10(-4) M. Histamine release by ionophores A23187 and X537A was also affected by zinc lidocaine complexes. However, coordination complex had more potent action on histamine release than the ionic one.", "contents": "Effect of complexes of lidocaine with transient metals on histamine release from rat mast cells. The effect of complexes of lidocaine with zinc, copper and cobalt on histamine release from peritoneal rat mast cells induced by various secretagogues was investigated. The complexes of lidocaine with metal ions inhibited histamine release induced by compound 48/80 and ionophoreous antibiotics: A23187 and X537A. The ionic complex of lidocaine with zinc was found to be the most potent against 48/80--induced histamine release and exerted the significant inhibition in the concentration of 10(-5) M. The action of coordination complex of lidocaine with zinc was somewhat weaker. The significant inhibitory effect on 48/80-induced histamine release of the copper and cobalt lidocaine complexes was observed in concentration of 10(-4) M. Histamine release by ionophores A23187 and X537A was also affected by zinc lidocaine complexes. However, coordination complex had more potent action on histamine release than the ionic one.", "PMID": 86340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10228", "title": "Synthetic antigens. Rabbit antibodies against interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM).", "content": "Rabbit antibodies against interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) are described. Rabbits immunized with PSM (mol. weight 292,000) produced precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies of IgG class. Interaction of rabbit antibodies with PSM was mainly of electrostatic character. It was found that various low molecular weight compounds resembling structural unit of the polymer inhibited reaction of PSM with antibodies. The reaction was also inhibited by picric acid and epsilon-TNP-aminocaproic acid. It suggested a multifunctional character of antibodies studied. The apparent affinity constant was 2 x 10(5) M-1 for interaction of PSM with the rabbit antibodies. Spectral studies suggested the presence of tyrosine in the combining site of anti-PSM antibodies. Specifically purified antibodies showed no restriction of heterogeneity, in comparison with rabbit IgG containing anti-PSM antibodies.", "contents": "Synthetic antigens. Rabbit antibodies against interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM). Rabbit antibodies against interpolymer of styrene and maleic acid (PSM) are described. Rabbits immunized with PSM (mol. weight 292,000) produced precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies of IgG class. Interaction of rabbit antibodies with PSM was mainly of electrostatic character. It was found that various low molecular weight compounds resembling structural unit of the polymer inhibited reaction of PSM with antibodies. The reaction was also inhibited by picric acid and epsilon-TNP-aminocaproic acid. It suggested a multifunctional character of antibodies studied. The apparent affinity constant was 2 x 10(5) M-1 for interaction of PSM with the rabbit antibodies. Spectral studies suggested the presence of tyrosine in the combining site of anti-PSM antibodies. Specifically purified antibodies showed no restriction of heterogeneity, in comparison with rabbit IgG containing anti-PSM antibodies.", "PMID": 86341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10229", "title": "Serological abnormalities in families of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: eight to twelve years follow-up study.", "content": "Serum gammaglobulin level, the presence of rheumatoid factor and of anti-nuclear antibodies were re-examined after 8 to 12 years in families of 21 seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients. In the time 8 members of the families developed rheumatoid arthritis and the number of persons with elevated serum gammaglobulins increased. Rheumatoid tests yielded variable results. No relationship could be demonstrated between development of disease symptoms and the earlier presence of rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Serological abnormalities in families of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: eight to twelve years follow-up study. Serum gammaglobulin level, the presence of rheumatoid factor and of anti-nuclear antibodies were re-examined after 8 to 12 years in families of 21 seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients. In the time 8 members of the families developed rheumatoid arthritis and the number of persons with elevated serum gammaglobulins increased. Rheumatoid tests yielded variable results. No relationship could be demonstrated between development of disease symptoms and the earlier presence of rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 86342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10230", "title": "Investigation of biological activity of antigen--immunosuppressive drugs conjugates.", "content": "The influence of conjugate 6MP with bovine gamma-globulin on some cellular immunologic reactions was investigated. The animals were immunized with the protein carrier and then conjugate or its components, in not coupled form, were introduced. Selective, but not strong, suppression of the immunological answer was observed in the migration inhibition of the mice splenocytes and the foot pad test. Conjugate was not changing the activity of the factor increasing vascular permeability. It was also confirmed, that conjugates of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, except for conjugate of phenylbutazone with HSA, were not different in its influence (in the hyperaemic and oedema tests) from the individual components in not coupled form.", "contents": "Investigation of biological activity of antigen--immunosuppressive drugs conjugates. The influence of conjugate 6MP with bovine gamma-globulin on some cellular immunologic reactions was investigated. The animals were immunized with the protein carrier and then conjugate or its components, in not coupled form, were introduced. Selective, but not strong, suppression of the immunological answer was observed in the migration inhibition of the mice splenocytes and the foot pad test. Conjugate was not changing the activity of the factor increasing vascular permeability. It was also confirmed, that conjugates of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, except for conjugate of phenylbutazone with HSA, were not different in its influence (in the hyperaemic and oedema tests) from the individual components in not coupled form.", "PMID": 86343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10231", "title": "The effect of uremia and dialysis on cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity to PPD, two types T rosettes as well as lymphokine production were studied in patients with end-stage renal failure maintained on hemodialysis. A significant impairment of skin reactivity and the lowering of the number of T cells were found, while no definite changes of lymphokine production were detected. No conclusive data are obtained as to the role of hemodialysis in reversing of immunologic deficits noted in uremia.", "contents": "The effect of uremia and dialysis on cell-mediated immunity. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to PPD, two types T rosettes as well as lymphokine production were studied in patients with end-stage renal failure maintained on hemodialysis. A significant impairment of skin reactivity and the lowering of the number of T cells were found, while no definite changes of lymphokine production were detected. No conclusive data are obtained as to the role of hemodialysis in reversing of immunologic deficits noted in uremia.", "PMID": 86344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10232", "title": "Peritoneovenous shunting in the management of malignant ascites.", "content": "The incapacitating, malignant ascites of 37 patients were treated with peritoneovenous shunt using the LeVeen valve. Palliation of ascites was achieved in 27 of 37 patients until they died of their underlying diseases. In ten of the 37 patients, no long-term palliation was accomplished. Complications relating to the shunt procedure were noted in six patients. No evidence of abnormal malignant dissemination was noted. We concluded that the peritoneovenous shunt can be used with relative safety to manage progressive malignant ascites.", "contents": "Peritoneovenous shunting in the management of malignant ascites. The incapacitating, malignant ascites of 37 patients were treated with peritoneovenous shunt using the LeVeen valve. Palliation of ascites was achieved in 27 of 37 patients until they died of their underlying diseases. In ten of the 37 patients, no long-term palliation was accomplished. Complications relating to the shunt procedure were noted in six patients. No evidence of abnormal malignant dissemination was noted. We concluded that the peritoneovenous shunt can be used with relative safety to manage progressive malignant ascites.", "PMID": 86345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10233", "title": "The isolated human cortex. A Golgi analysis of Krabbe's disease.", "content": "The clinical course of a child with Krabbe's leukodystrophy was characterized by clinical seizures, startle myoclonus, and paroxysmal activity recorded by EEG. At autopsy in the fourth year, myelinated subcortical axons were destroyed, virtually completely. Despite isolation from major subcortical and interhemispheric connections, the cell and fiber pattern of the cortex appeared remarkably normal in routine histologic preparations. The normal range of pyramidal and stellate interneurons were also present in rapid Golgi impregnations. The dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons appeared to be normally formed and were richly invested with spinous postsynaptic specializations. The near-normal morphology of neurons isolated in the neocortex by the myelinoclastic process illustrates the sustaining influence of local intracortical synaptic connections. Alterations of cortical neuronal circuits resulting from synaptic remodeling of local interneuronal connections may account for cortical hyperexcitability as seen in cases of leukodystrophy.", "contents": "The isolated human cortex. A Golgi analysis of Krabbe's disease. The clinical course of a child with Krabbe's leukodystrophy was characterized by clinical seizures, startle myoclonus, and paroxysmal activity recorded by EEG. At autopsy in the fourth year, myelinated subcortical axons were destroyed, virtually completely. Despite isolation from major subcortical and interhemispheric connections, the cell and fiber pattern of the cortex appeared remarkably normal in routine histologic preparations. The normal range of pyramidal and stellate interneurons were also present in rapid Golgi impregnations. The dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons appeared to be normally formed and were richly invested with spinous postsynaptic specializations. The near-normal morphology of neurons isolated in the neocortex by the myelinoclastic process illustrates the sustaining influence of local intracortical synaptic connections. Alterations of cortical neuronal circuits resulting from synaptic remodeling of local interneuronal connections may account for cortical hyperexcitability as seen in cases of leukodystrophy.", "PMID": 86346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10234", "title": "The immunological basis of immediate hypersensitivity.", "content": "IgE is a homocytotropic antibody which binds to the surface of the mast cell. Antigen with affinity for IgE triggers conformational change at the cell surface, resulting in the release of chemical mediators from the mast cell granules. The mediators histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and eosinophil chemotactic factor cause smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, eosinophil attraction and increased glandular secretions. The release of mediators from the mast cell granules is controlled by intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides. In particular, elevated cyclic AMP inhibits mediator release. Adrenergic, cholinergic and prostaglandin receptors all influence mediator release. The characteristic immunopathology of immediate hypersensitivity reactions is a result of local or systemic mediator release. Such reactions include anaphylaxis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and angioedema. Similar immunopathology may sometimes result from mechanisms not involving IgE or histamine mediators. Routine investigation of patients with immediate hypersensitivity should include eosinophil counts and IgE levels in blood and secretions, and immediate hypersensitivity skin tests. RAST testing is not routine. Therapeutic principles of these reactions include restoration of inhibitory levels of cyclic nucleotides, antagonism of mediator effects and immunological manipulation of the IgE mediated allergic reaction.", "contents": "The immunological basis of immediate hypersensitivity. IgE is a homocytotropic antibody which binds to the surface of the mast cell. Antigen with affinity for IgE triggers conformational change at the cell surface, resulting in the release of chemical mediators from the mast cell granules. The mediators histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and eosinophil chemotactic factor cause smooth muscle contraction, increased capillary permeability, eosinophil attraction and increased glandular secretions. The release of mediators from the mast cell granules is controlled by intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides. In particular, elevated cyclic AMP inhibits mediator release. Adrenergic, cholinergic and prostaglandin receptors all influence mediator release. The characteristic immunopathology of immediate hypersensitivity reactions is a result of local or systemic mediator release. Such reactions include anaphylaxis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and angioedema. Similar immunopathology may sometimes result from mechanisms not involving IgE or histamine mediators. Routine investigation of patients with immediate hypersensitivity should include eosinophil counts and IgE levels in blood and secretions, and immediate hypersensitivity skin tests. RAST testing is not routine. Therapeutic principles of these reactions include restoration of inhibitory levels of cyclic nucleotides, antagonism of mediator effects and immunological manipulation of the IgE mediated allergic reaction.", "PMID": 86347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10235", "title": "Low dose lithium-carbimazole in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Fifteen patients with thyrotoxicosis were treated with low dose sustained release lithium carbonate 400 mg, combined with carbimazole 40 mg daily, and the therapeutic response was followed over a two week period. This response was compared with that obtained in a similar group of patient treated with carbimazole alone. Li-carbimazole treatment brought about a fall in the mean total serum T4 of 57.4% compared with a drop of 32.8% in patients treated with carbimazole alone. The mean serum T3 fell by 69.4% in the Li-carbimazole group compared with 47.3% in the group treated with carbimazole only. No lithium adverse effects were encountered.", "contents": "Low dose lithium-carbimazole in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Fifteen patients with thyrotoxicosis were treated with low dose sustained release lithium carbonate 400 mg, combined with carbimazole 40 mg daily, and the therapeutic response was followed over a two week period. This response was compared with that obtained in a similar group of patient treated with carbimazole alone. Li-carbimazole treatment brought about a fall in the mean total serum T4 of 57.4% compared with a drop of 32.8% in patients treated with carbimazole alone. The mean serum T3 fell by 69.4% in the Li-carbimazole group compared with 47.3% in the group treated with carbimazole only. No lithium adverse effects were encountered.", "PMID": 86350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10236", "title": "Whipple's disease involving the pericardium: Pathological confirmation during life.", "content": "Cardiac involvement in Whipple's disease has been a frequent autopsy finding but is rarely recognized clinically. We report here a patient, a 63-year-old man, in whom Whipple's disease was diagnosed in 1974, based on a seven-year history of arthralgia, one-year history of weight loss and steatorrhea, and diagnostic small bowel biopsy. Despite complete regression of all joint and bowel symptoms following a prolonged course of tetracycline therapy, the patient developed incapacitating congestive heart failure and signs of constrictive pericarditis, for which a thoracotomy and pericardectomy was performed. Histologic examination revealed fibrous pericarditis with mononuclear infiltrates, including PAS-positive histiocytes. The characteristic bacilliform bodies were identified by electron microscopy in the resected pericardium. This to our knowledge is the first such demonstration during life of Whipple's disease involving the heart.", "contents": "Whipple's disease involving the pericardium: Pathological confirmation during life. Cardiac involvement in Whipple's disease has been a frequent autopsy finding but is rarely recognized clinically. We report here a patient, a 63-year-old man, in whom Whipple's disease was diagnosed in 1974, based on a seven-year history of arthralgia, one-year history of weight loss and steatorrhea, and diagnostic small bowel biopsy. Despite complete regression of all joint and bowel symptoms following a prolonged course of tetracycline therapy, the patient developed incapacitating congestive heart failure and signs of constrictive pericarditis, for which a thoracotomy and pericardectomy was performed. Histologic examination revealed fibrous pericarditis with mononuclear infiltrates, including PAS-positive histiocytes. The characteristic bacilliform bodies were identified by electron microscopy in the resected pericardium. This to our knowledge is the first such demonstration during life of Whipple's disease involving the heart.", "PMID": 86351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10237", "title": "Unresectable malignant obstruction of the bile ducts.", "content": "Over a 13-year period we encountered 135 patients with malignant obstruction of the bile ducts, and in 81 of these patients only palliative surgery was possible. The type of operation was largely determined by the site and nature of the obstruction and the condition of the patient. The operative mortality of palliative operation was 37%. Relief of jaundice or pruritus was obtained in 68%, and this figure included a number of patients who died in the first 30 days. The majority of survivors lived for between three and four months after operation, although occasional patients have lived for more than one year.", "contents": "Unresectable malignant obstruction of the bile ducts. Over a 13-year period we encountered 135 patients with malignant obstruction of the bile ducts, and in 81 of these patients only palliative surgery was possible. The type of operation was largely determined by the site and nature of the obstruction and the condition of the patient. The operative mortality of palliative operation was 37%. Relief of jaundice or pruritus was obtained in 68%, and this figure included a number of patients who died in the first 30 days. The majority of survivors lived for between three and four months after operation, although occasional patients have lived for more than one year.", "PMID": 86352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10238", "title": "The treatment of carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "A personal series of 200 patients with carcinoma of the stomach have been reviewed. Approximately 30% were regarded as suitable for curative resection; approximately 30% of the patients who underwent curative excision, survived five years; and approximately 30% surviving five years died of the disease before the 10th year. There were no early endoscopically diagnosed tumours in this series.", "contents": "The treatment of carcinoma of the stomach. A personal series of 200 patients with carcinoma of the stomach have been reviewed. Approximately 30% were regarded as suitable for curative resection; approximately 30% of the patients who underwent curative excision, survived five years; and approximately 30% surviving five years died of the disease before the 10th year. There were no early endoscopically diagnosed tumours in this series.", "PMID": 86353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10239", "title": "The identification of distinctive forms of human alpha 2-macroglobulin by using the numerical relationship between trypsin binding in alpha- and beta-modes.", "content": "Interactions between the serine proteinase trypsin and the protein proteinase inhibitors in human blood were expressed in terms of a coupled set of non-linear differential equations, which has been solved for each of 110 samples of serum obtained from colleagues and from a variety of hospital sources. Optimization of nine unknown theoretical parameters and 21 experimental rate measurements of the hydrolytic activity of trypsin in free and bound states after admixture with various amounts of a given serum was achieved by an iterative procedure using initial estimates of the parameters derived from the \"four-straight-line\" model described in the preceding paper [Topping & Seilman (1979) Biochem. J. 177, 493--499.] Such a procedure yielded the following information for each sample of serum examined: (a) the concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin; (b) the unequivocal assignment of alpha 2-macroglobulin into one of seven categories on the basis of trypsin binding in two kinetically differentiated modes (alpha and beta); (c) the hydrolytic activities of trypsin (versus Bz-Arg-OEt) when bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin, and to alpha 2-macroglobulin in the alpha- and beta-modes. Molecular interpretations of the binding of trypsin to alpha 2-macroglobulin are discussed and the potential clinical value of recognizing the nature of such binding is reported.", "contents": "The identification of distinctive forms of human alpha 2-macroglobulin by using the numerical relationship between trypsin binding in alpha- and beta-modes. Interactions between the serine proteinase trypsin and the protein proteinase inhibitors in human blood were expressed in terms of a coupled set of non-linear differential equations, which has been solved for each of 110 samples of serum obtained from colleagues and from a variety of hospital sources. Optimization of nine unknown theoretical parameters and 21 experimental rate measurements of the hydrolytic activity of trypsin in free and bound states after admixture with various amounts of a given serum was achieved by an iterative procedure using initial estimates of the parameters derived from the \"four-straight-line\" model described in the preceding paper [Topping & Seilman (1979) Biochem. J. 177, 493--499.] Such a procedure yielded the following information for each sample of serum examined: (a) the concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin; (b) the unequivocal assignment of alpha 2-macroglobulin into one of seven categories on the basis of trypsin binding in two kinetically differentiated modes (alpha and beta); (c) the hydrolytic activities of trypsin (versus Bz-Arg-OEt) when bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin, and to alpha 2-macroglobulin in the alpha- and beta-modes. Molecular interpretations of the binding of trypsin to alpha 2-macroglobulin are discussed and the potential clinical value of recognizing the nature of such binding is reported.", "PMID": 86356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10240", "title": "Estrogens in carcinoma of the prostate. Effects on enzymes and polypeptide hormones.", "content": "Patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate and with anaplastic carcinoma have similar activities in their cells in staining for acid phosphatase. After therapy with estrogens the acid phosphatase is significantly inhibited, leucin amino peptidase and succinate dehydrogenase appear to be reactivated in the cells of anaplastic carcinoma. Serum TSH is decreased distinctly, serum levels of LH and prolactin are significantly elevated especially in patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate in comparison to that of patients with treated benign hyperplasia.", "contents": "Estrogens in carcinoma of the prostate. Effects on enzymes and polypeptide hormones. Patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate and with anaplastic carcinoma have similar activities in their cells in staining for acid phosphatase. After therapy with estrogens the acid phosphatase is significantly inhibited, leucin amino peptidase and succinate dehydrogenase appear to be reactivated in the cells of anaplastic carcinoma. Serum TSH is decreased distinctly, serum levels of LH and prolactin are significantly elevated especially in patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate in comparison to that of patients with treated benign hyperplasia.", "PMID": 86358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10241", "title": "Sodium binding sites of gramicidin A: sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "In ethanol-water mixtures (90:10), the gramicidin dimer binds Na+ cations at well-defined sites, with a binding constant K = 4 M-1. Partial desolvation of Na+ occurs upon binding, as judged from the magnitude of the quadrupolar coupling constant (1.7 MHz) for bound sodium. The binding sites are identified with the outer sites flanking the channel entrances. The rate constants for binding and release are k+ less than or equal to 2.2 X 10(9) M-1 s-1 and k- less than or equal to 5.5 X 10(8) s-1, respectively.", "contents": "Sodium binding sites of gramicidin A: sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance study. In ethanol-water mixtures (90:10), the gramicidin dimer binds Na+ cations at well-defined sites, with a binding constant K = 4 M-1. Partial desolvation of Na+ occurs upon binding, as judged from the magnitude of the quadrupolar coupling constant (1.7 MHz) for bound sodium. The binding sites are identified with the outer sites flanking the channel entrances. The rate constants for binding and release are k+ less than or equal to 2.2 X 10(9) M-1 s-1 and k- less than or equal to 5.5 X 10(8) s-1, respectively.", "PMID": 86363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10242", "title": "Modification of membrane lipids. Phenethyl alcohol-induced alteration of lipid composition in Tetrahymena membranes.", "content": "Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-I cells in the early-logarithmic phase were incubated with phenethyl alcohol (2-phenylethanol) and effects on the lipid composition were examined in various membranes. 1. There was a marked modification in phospholipid head, as well as fatty acyl group composition in pellicles, mitochondria and microsomes of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. Compared with membranes of the control cells, the membranes from phenethyl alcohol-treated cells were found to contain a higher level of phosphatidylcholine content with the compensating decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine, while 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid showed only a slight decrease in these membranes. The acyl group profile of membrane phospholipids in the presence of phenethyl alcohol was also modified so that a profound elevation of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids. The major monounsaturate, palmitoleate decreased. Such lipid alteration is a reversible process, and therefore upon removal of phenethyl alcohol the modified lipid composition returned to normal. 2. By freeze-fracture electron microscopy in combination with temperature quenching, the outer alveolar membrane of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell was observed to reveal less aggregation of intercalated-membrane particles, as compared with the control membrane. The quantitative analysis of the thermotropic lateral movement of membrane particles provided evidence that the membrane in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell became more fluid. Such fluidizing effects may result from an increase in the acyl group unsaturation and also in the phosphatidylcholine content. 3. With regard to the mechanism responsible for the marked decrease in palmitoleate in membrane phospholipids, there was found a depressed conversion of the palmitate to palmitoleate in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. It was further suggested that the drug may have an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase involving the (16 : 0 leads to 16 : 1) conversion. Also, it was demonstrated that the increase in a precursor-product fashion of phosphatidylcholine with the corresponding decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine was not due to transformation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine through stepwise methylation.", "contents": "Modification of membrane lipids. Phenethyl alcohol-induced alteration of lipid composition in Tetrahymena membranes. Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-I cells in the early-logarithmic phase were incubated with phenethyl alcohol (2-phenylethanol) and effects on the lipid composition were examined in various membranes. 1. There was a marked modification in phospholipid head, as well as fatty acyl group composition in pellicles, mitochondria and microsomes of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. Compared with membranes of the control cells, the membranes from phenethyl alcohol-treated cells were found to contain a higher level of phosphatidylcholine content with the compensating decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine, while 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid showed only a slight decrease in these membranes. The acyl group profile of membrane phospholipids in the presence of phenethyl alcohol was also modified so that a profound elevation of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids. The major monounsaturate, palmitoleate decreased. Such lipid alteration is a reversible process, and therefore upon removal of phenethyl alcohol the modified lipid composition returned to normal. 2. By freeze-fracture electron microscopy in combination with temperature quenching, the outer alveolar membrane of the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell was observed to reveal less aggregation of intercalated-membrane particles, as compared with the control membrane. The quantitative analysis of the thermotropic lateral movement of membrane particles provided evidence that the membrane in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cell became more fluid. Such fluidizing effects may result from an increase in the acyl group unsaturation and also in the phosphatidylcholine content. 3. With regard to the mechanism responsible for the marked decrease in palmitoleate in membrane phospholipids, there was found a depressed conversion of the palmitate to palmitoleate in the phenethyl alcohol-treated cells. It was further suggested that the drug may have an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase involving the (16 : 0 leads to 16 : 1) conversion. Also, it was demonstrated that the increase in a precursor-product fashion of phosphatidylcholine with the corresponding decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine was not due to transformation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine through stepwise methylation.", "PMID": 86364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10243", "title": "Analysis of the genetic complexity and abundance classes of messenger RNA in human liver and leukemic cells.", "content": "In an effort to determine the number of genes expressed as messenger RNA in disparate human tissues we have analyzed the genetic complexity of the polyribosome-associated poly(A)-containing RNA population obtained from liver and lymphoblastic leukemic cells. This was accomplished by measuring the kinetics of hybridization of mRNA to a complementary DNA probe synthesized by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase in vitro. The results obtained from such an analysis revealed the presence of two major abundance classes of mRNA with a total genetic complexity of approximately 10,000 diverse mRNA species in both of these cell types. Diversity of mRNA species in these unrelated human cells was studied by heterologous hybridization reactions between the cDNA of one cell type and a vast excess of poly(A)-containing mRNA from another. These types of studies indicated that extensive homology (more than 80%) exists in the mRNA sequences of disparate human cell types and suggest that the vast majority of genetic information expressed as mRNA is required for the maintenance of cellular functions common to functionally different human tissues.", "contents": "Analysis of the genetic complexity and abundance classes of messenger RNA in human liver and leukemic cells. In an effort to determine the number of genes expressed as messenger RNA in disparate human tissues we have analyzed the genetic complexity of the polyribosome-associated poly(A)-containing RNA population obtained from liver and lymphoblastic leukemic cells. This was accomplished by measuring the kinetics of hybridization of mRNA to a complementary DNA probe synthesized by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase in vitro. The results obtained from such an analysis revealed the presence of two major abundance classes of mRNA with a total genetic complexity of approximately 10,000 diverse mRNA species in both of these cell types. Diversity of mRNA species in these unrelated human cells was studied by heterologous hybridization reactions between the cDNA of one cell type and a vast excess of poly(A)-containing mRNA from another. These types of studies indicated that extensive homology (more than 80%) exists in the mRNA sequences of disparate human cell types and suggest that the vast majority of genetic information expressed as mRNA is required for the maintenance of cellular functions common to functionally different human tissues.", "PMID": 86365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10244", "title": "The structure of the O-antigenic side chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba).", "content": "Mineral acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) gives an oligosaccharide fraction which was shown, by use of 13C NMR and chemical methods, to be a regular alpha-(1 leads to 2) linked chain of D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose) units. This chain represents the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide, in which the amino functions are acylated with 3-hydroxypropionyl groups. The chromatographic properties of some hydroxamic acids are described and used to characterize these acyl groups.", "contents": "The structure of the O-antigenic side chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba). Mineral acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) gives an oligosaccharide fraction which was shown, by use of 13C NMR and chemical methods, to be a regular alpha-(1 leads to 2) linked chain of D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose) units. This chain represents the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide, in which the amino functions are acylated with 3-hydroxypropionyl groups. The chromatographic properties of some hydroxamic acids are described and used to characterize these acyl groups.", "PMID": 86366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10245", "title": "The role of cell-fixed calcium in histamine release by compound 48/80.", "content": "1. Histamine release by compound 48/80 was substantially reduced in a time-dependent manner (maximum at 30 min) by pre-incubating mast cells in calcium-free medium at 37 degrees C but not at 2 degrees C. This effect was optimal at pH 7.0 to 7.5. 2. The re-introduction of calcium (0.1 to 3 mmol/l) restored histamine release to the control value; this effect was independent of temperature. 3. Strontium (1 to 30 mmol/l) partially reversed the effect of calcium deprivation but the same concentrations of barium and magnesium depressed histamine release even further. Magnesium (3 to 15 mmol/l) antagonized the effect of calcium replacement. 4. Results suggest that the level of cell-fixed calcium involved in compound 48/80-induced histamine release may be controlled by the combination of rapid passive influx and slow active efflux.", "contents": "The role of cell-fixed calcium in histamine release by compound 48/80. 1. Histamine release by compound 48/80 was substantially reduced in a time-dependent manner (maximum at 30 min) by pre-incubating mast cells in calcium-free medium at 37 degrees C but not at 2 degrees C. This effect was optimal at pH 7.0 to 7.5. 2. The re-introduction of calcium (0.1 to 3 mmol/l) restored histamine release to the control value; this effect was independent of temperature. 3. Strontium (1 to 30 mmol/l) partially reversed the effect of calcium deprivation but the same concentrations of barium and magnesium depressed histamine release even further. Magnesium (3 to 15 mmol/l) antagonized the effect of calcium replacement. 4. Results suggest that the level of cell-fixed calcium involved in compound 48/80-induced histamine release may be controlled by the combination of rapid passive influx and slow active efflux.", "PMID": 86370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10246", "title": "Inhibition of neuronal firing by opiates: evidence against the involvement of cyclic nucleotides.", "content": "1. Extracellular recordings were made in vitro from single neurones of the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. 2. Neuronal firing was inhibited by morphine and normorphine (10 nM to 1 micrometer). Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (100 micrometer to 1 mM) also inhibited the firing of the majority of the neurones. Prostaglandin E2 usually caused a short-lasting excitation of myenteric neurones and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was usually without effect on firing rate. 3. The inhibition of neuronal firing by normorphine was unaffected by prior and/or concurrent administration of cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, prostaglandin E2 or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. As these four treatments might be expected to elevate intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, the results lend no support to the notion that a reduction in intracellular cyclic AMP is essential to the inhibition of firing produced by morphine.", "contents": "Inhibition of neuronal firing by opiates: evidence against the involvement of cyclic nucleotides. 1. Extracellular recordings were made in vitro from single neurones of the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. 2. Neuronal firing was inhibited by morphine and normorphine (10 nM to 1 micrometer). Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (100 micrometer to 1 mM) also inhibited the firing of the majority of the neurones. Prostaglandin E2 usually caused a short-lasting excitation of myenteric neurones and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was usually without effect on firing rate. 3. The inhibition of neuronal firing by normorphine was unaffected by prior and/or concurrent administration of cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, prostaglandin E2 or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. As these four treatments might be expected to elevate intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, the results lend no support to the notion that a reduction in intracellular cyclic AMP is essential to the inhibition of firing produced by morphine.", "PMID": 86371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10247", "title": "[Myocardial parameters controlling vulnerability. Analysis of mathematical models].", "content": "Vulnerability induced by application of a properly timed premature stimulus was studied on mathematical models. Two mechanisms of vulnerability 1) reentry, 2) focal reexcitation were analysed. Tissue with a region of increased refractory period Rmax was simulated on Wiener's type model. The influence of high refractoriness region dimensions and tissue parameters on the duration of vulnarable period was studied. Reentry was shown to appear on the border of high refractoriness region, which minimal length lmin being the shorter, the greater was tau (maximal latency of response) and epsilon (epsilon = deltaR/R--degree of heterogeneity). The dependence of vulnerable period duration on current strength was computed for Nobel's model. The dip-phenomenon was found in this model, the vulnerable zone was located above the minimal value of threshold.", "contents": "[Myocardial parameters controlling vulnerability. Analysis of mathematical models]. Vulnerability induced by application of a properly timed premature stimulus was studied on mathematical models. Two mechanisms of vulnerability 1) reentry, 2) focal reexcitation were analysed. Tissue with a region of increased refractory period Rmax was simulated on Wiener's type model. The influence of high refractoriness region dimensions and tissue parameters on the duration of vulnarable period was studied. Reentry was shown to appear on the border of high refractoriness region, which minimal length lmin being the shorter, the greater was tau (maximal latency of response) and epsilon (epsilon = deltaR/R--degree of heterogeneity). The dependence of vulnerable period duration on current strength was computed for Nobel's model. The dip-phenomenon was found in this model, the vulnerable zone was located above the minimal value of threshold.", "PMID": 86367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10248", "title": "Health problems of anaesthetists and their families in the West Midlands.", "content": "A survey of all anaesthetists in the West Midlands region--that is, 10% of all the anaesthetists in England and Wales--showed that one in 10 of their children had been referred to a consultant because of a congenital or nonacquired anomaly. Abortions among anaesthetists' families were also common but more so when the mother was an anaesthetist. The anomalies were concentrated particularly in the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system, and girls were worst affected. The mean birth weights were below normal, more so when the mothers were anaesthetists. Girls with anomalies were particularly underweight. Other effects observed were unexpected infertility, cancer both in the adults and in the children, and, possibly, impaired intellectual development in the children. Many anaesthetising areas were inadequately ventilated, and scavenging devices despite their inefficiency are recommended as a stopgap measure. The results of the study closely resemble those of other studies with similar high response rates to requests for information.", "contents": "Health problems of anaesthetists and their families in the West Midlands. A survey of all anaesthetists in the West Midlands region--that is, 10% of all the anaesthetists in England and Wales--showed that one in 10 of their children had been referred to a consultant because of a congenital or nonacquired anomaly. Abortions among anaesthetists' families were also common but more so when the mother was an anaesthetist. The anomalies were concentrated particularly in the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system, and girls were worst affected. The mean birth weights were below normal, more so when the mothers were anaesthetists. Girls with anomalies were particularly underweight. Other effects observed were unexpected infertility, cancer both in the adults and in the children, and, possibly, impaired intellectual development in the children. Many anaesthetising areas were inadequately ventilated, and scavenging devices despite their inefficiency are recommended as a stopgap measure. The results of the study closely resemble those of other studies with similar high response rates to requests for information.", "PMID": 86373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10249", "title": "Some experience in an area health authority child health clinic.", "content": "Three years' experience as a doctor taking two clinics a week in an area health authority child health clinic was reviewed. A wide range of clinical conditions was seen, including: problems associated with feeding in breast- and bottle-fed infants; minor developmental abnormalities (mental, behavioural, and physical); surgical and orthopaedic conditions requiring treatment; medical conditions, mainly respiratory and alimentary infections, skin conditions, and problems of over-treatment for minor ailments; and minor genetic abnormalities. Mothers asked for advice on a wide range of topics, risks and benefits of immunisation being the most common. The clinic doctor needs a wide experience in paediatrics to deal with such problems. It is suggested that all lecturers in child health and paediatric and senior registrars should take one clinic a week for six months, and all medical students should attend some clinics as part of their paediatric training. Health visitors have an important role in helping the clinic doctor, but their training should be more realistic and appropriate facilities should be provided to keep them up to date in their work.", "contents": "Some experience in an area health authority child health clinic. Three years' experience as a doctor taking two clinics a week in an area health authority child health clinic was reviewed. A wide range of clinical conditions was seen, including: problems associated with feeding in breast- and bottle-fed infants; minor developmental abnormalities (mental, behavioural, and physical); surgical and orthopaedic conditions requiring treatment; medical conditions, mainly respiratory and alimentary infections, skin conditions, and problems of over-treatment for minor ailments; and minor genetic abnormalities. Mothers asked for advice on a wide range of topics, risks and benefits of immunisation being the most common. The clinic doctor needs a wide experience in paediatrics to deal with such problems. It is suggested that all lecturers in child health and paediatric and senior registrars should take one clinic a week for six months, and all medical students should attend some clinics as part of their paediatric training. Health visitors have an important role in helping the clinic doctor, but their training should be more realistic and appropriate facilities should be provided to keep them up to date in their work.", "PMID": 86374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10250", "title": "Reactivity of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein with concanavallin A in diagnosis of neural tube defects.", "content": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concanavallin-A-affinity molecular variant patterns were determined in amniotic fluid samples from 10 pregnancies complicated by anencephaly (6), spina bifida (1), Turner's syndrome (1), osteogenesis imperfecta congenita (1), and fetal death (1) and 20 normal pregnancies between 14.6 and 25.5 weeks of gestation. With the exception of one anencephalic pregnancy, the AFP concentrations in samples from women with a fetal abnormality were more than 5 SD above normal for gestational age. In every case, however, the proportion of total amniotic fluid AFP that was not reactive with concanavallin A was significantly smaller in the presence of a fetal abnormality (mean 2%) than when the fetus was normal (mean 20%). The results suggest that measuring the amount of concanavallin-A-non-reactive amniotic fluid AFP will be a valuable test for diagnosing fetal abnormality, especially when an increase in total amniotic fluid AFP concentration is equivocal or gestational age is uncertain.", "contents": "Reactivity of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein with concanavallin A in diagnosis of neural tube defects. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concanavallin-A-affinity molecular variant patterns were determined in amniotic fluid samples from 10 pregnancies complicated by anencephaly (6), spina bifida (1), Turner's syndrome (1), osteogenesis imperfecta congenita (1), and fetal death (1) and 20 normal pregnancies between 14.6 and 25.5 weeks of gestation. With the exception of one anencephalic pregnancy, the AFP concentrations in samples from women with a fetal abnormality were more than 5 SD above normal for gestational age. In every case, however, the proportion of total amniotic fluid AFP that was not reactive with concanavallin A was significantly smaller in the presence of a fetal abnormality (mean 2%) than when the fetus was normal (mean 20%). The results suggest that measuring the amount of concanavallin-A-non-reactive amniotic fluid AFP will be a valuable test for diagnosing fetal abnormality, especially when an increase in total amniotic fluid AFP concentration is equivocal or gestational age is uncertain.", "PMID": 86375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10251", "title": "Precision in estimating gestational age and its influence on sensitivity of alphafetoprotein screening.", "content": "The interpretation of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in relation to fetal neural tube defects depends on accurate assessment of the gestational age. In a quadruple-blind study three antenatal methods of assessment--namely, menstrual dates, clinical examination, and ultrasound scanning--were correlated with postnatal assessment using the Dubowitz scoring system. The best agreement to +/- 1 week was obtained using menstrual dates and ultrasound in combination, such agreement being found in 91 (77%) of the 118 women studied. Since serum AFP concentrations vary with gestational age, precise gestational dating is necessary. In many cases, particularly in women who are unsure of their dates or have irregular menstrual cycles, ultrasound examination is needed to supplement clinical findings.", "contents": "Precision in estimating gestational age and its influence on sensitivity of alphafetoprotein screening. The interpretation of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in relation to fetal neural tube defects depends on accurate assessment of the gestational age. In a quadruple-blind study three antenatal methods of assessment--namely, menstrual dates, clinical examination, and ultrasound scanning--were correlated with postnatal assessment using the Dubowitz scoring system. The best agreement to +/- 1 week was obtained using menstrual dates and ultrasound in combination, such agreement being found in 91 (77%) of the 118 women studied. Since serum AFP concentrations vary with gestational age, precise gestational dating is necessary. In many cases, particularly in women who are unsure of their dates or have irregular menstrual cycles, ultrasound examination is needed to supplement clinical findings.", "PMID": 86376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10252", "title": "Autoradiographic study of the development of the neostriatum in the rabbit.", "content": "Autoradiographic labelling has been employed to analyze the morphogenesis of the neostriatum. Pregnant rabbits received a single intraperitoneal injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of gestation. Careful microscopical observation of the autoradiographs shows that cellular components of the neostriatum originate between days 15 and 18 of the intrauterine life from a layer of proliferating matrix cells that lies on the floor of the anterior part of the lateral ventrical (ganglionic eminence). From this proliferating layer, precursor cells migrate outwards to reach the developing neostriatum in a sequential fashion according to two gradients of histogenesis. Thus, it was found that neurons formed at early stages occupy a ventromedial position in the neostriatum, while those formed at later stages occupy a dorsolateral position (ventromedial to dorsolateral gradient). Furthermore, the present study indicates that the rostral regions of the neostriatum arise somewhat later than the caudal ones, demonstrating the existence of a caudocephalic gradient of cytogenesis.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of the development of the neostriatum in the rabbit. Autoradiographic labelling has been employed to analyze the morphogenesis of the neostriatum. Pregnant rabbits received a single intraperitoneal injection of tritiated thymidine at different stages of gestation. Careful microscopical observation of the autoradiographs shows that cellular components of the neostriatum originate between days 15 and 18 of the intrauterine life from a layer of proliferating matrix cells that lies on the floor of the anterior part of the lateral ventrical (ganglionic eminence). From this proliferating layer, precursor cells migrate outwards to reach the developing neostriatum in a sequential fashion according to two gradients of histogenesis. Thus, it was found that neurons formed at early stages occupy a ventromedial position in the neostriatum, while those formed at later stages occupy a dorsolateral position (ventromedial to dorsolateral gradient). Furthermore, the present study indicates that the rostral regions of the neostriatum arise somewhat later than the caudal ones, demonstrating the existence of a caudocephalic gradient of cytogenesis.", "PMID": 86377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10253", "title": "Nerve growth factor (NGF) in the rat CNS: absence of specific retrograde axonal transport and tyrosine hydroxylase induction in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra.", "content": "Selective, highly efficient uptake of [125I]NGF by nerve terminals followed by retrograde axonal transport, and specific induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by NGF are well known phenomena in peripheral adrenergic neurons of adult rats. In the present study these parameters were used in order to detect possible interactions of NGF with central catecholaminergic neurons. No selective retrograde transport of [125I]NGF could be detected by light microscopic autoradiography from the caudate nucleus to the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra or from the hippocampus to the noradrenergic nerve cells of the locus coeruleus. Biochemically, no change in tyrosine hydroxylase activity could be observed for up to 3 days after injection of either NGF, anti-NGF antibodies, or control proteins close to the nerve cell bodies in the substantia nigra or the locus coeruleus. These data suggest a fundamental difference between central and peripheral adrenergic neurons with regard to their responsiveness of NGF.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor (NGF) in the rat CNS: absence of specific retrograde axonal transport and tyrosine hydroxylase induction in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Selective, highly efficient uptake of [125I]NGF by nerve terminals followed by retrograde axonal transport, and specific induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by NGF are well known phenomena in peripheral adrenergic neurons of adult rats. In the present study these parameters were used in order to detect possible interactions of NGF with central catecholaminergic neurons. No selective retrograde transport of [125I]NGF could be detected by light microscopic autoradiography from the caudate nucleus to the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra or from the hippocampus to the noradrenergic nerve cells of the locus coeruleus. Biochemically, no change in tyrosine hydroxylase activity could be observed for up to 3 days after injection of either NGF, anti-NGF antibodies, or control proteins close to the nerve cell bodies in the substantia nigra or the locus coeruleus. These data suggest a fundamental difference between central and peripheral adrenergic neurons with regard to their responsiveness of NGF.", "PMID": 86378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10254", "title": "Midbrain projections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal nuclei in the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques.", "content": "It has been proposed (see Berntson and Micco for review) that circuits intrinsic to the midbrain play an important role in the elaboration and control of behaviors involving the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal nerves (e.g. defense, threat, attack); but because of technical problems, it has been difficult to analyze their organization. Using the horseradish peroxidase technique we have localized those midbrain neurons which project to each of the above nuclei and by using the autoradiographic method we have plotted the intranuclear distribution of their axons. Using both techniques, we have seen that mesencephalic projections to oral-facial motor nuclei strongly favor the nucleus of the facial nerve. Cells ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, including the ventral periaqueductal gray, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkshchewitsch and the rostral oculomotor nucleus provide major midbrain-facial projections in the opossum. Their axons terminate densely and bilaterally within areas innervating auricular muscles and to a lesser extent, the platysma sheet. The projection to the caudal auricular area of the facial complex is particularly dense. Neurons within and dorsal to the red nucleus project to regions of the contralateral facial nucleus reported to supply buccolabial, zygomatic and cervical musculature. There is also a minor tectal projection to the facial nucleus. Direct projections to the hypoglossal nuclei also arise within the periaqueductal gray and interstitial nucleus, but if such regions influence the motor trigeminal nucleus, it is mainly by way of dendrites that extend outside the nucleus or by at least one synaptic delay. The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, however, projects strongly to the motor trigeminal nucleus. These data are discussed in light of their possible functional significance.", "contents": "Midbrain projections to the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal nuclei in the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques. It has been proposed (see Berntson and Micco for review) that circuits intrinsic to the midbrain play an important role in the elaboration and control of behaviors involving the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial and hypoglossal nerves (e.g. defense, threat, attack); but because of technical problems, it has been difficult to analyze their organization. Using the horseradish peroxidase technique we have localized those midbrain neurons which project to each of the above nuclei and by using the autoradiographic method we have plotted the intranuclear distribution of their axons. Using both techniques, we have seen that mesencephalic projections to oral-facial motor nuclei strongly favor the nucleus of the facial nerve. Cells ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, including the ventral periaqueductal gray, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkshchewitsch and the rostral oculomotor nucleus provide major midbrain-facial projections in the opossum. Their axons terminate densely and bilaterally within areas innervating auricular muscles and to a lesser extent, the platysma sheet. The projection to the caudal auricular area of the facial complex is particularly dense. Neurons within and dorsal to the red nucleus project to regions of the contralateral facial nucleus reported to supply buccolabial, zygomatic and cervical musculature. There is also a minor tectal projection to the facial nucleus. Direct projections to the hypoglossal nuclei also arise within the periaqueductal gray and interstitial nucleus, but if such regions influence the motor trigeminal nucleus, it is mainly by way of dendrites that extend outside the nucleus or by at least one synaptic delay. The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, however, projects strongly to the motor trigeminal nucleus. These data are discussed in light of their possible functional significance.", "PMID": 86379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10255", "title": "Double-stranded protamine cDNA: synthesis and characterization.", "content": "Double-stranded protamine complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a protamine mRNA template via the single-stranded cDNA intermediate using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Synthesis at 37 and 46 degrees C resulted in similar overall yields (greater than or equal to 18%), although the initial rate of synthesis was higher at 46 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. The DNA of the second strand of the double-stranded cDNA product was 84% resistant to prolonged digestion with excess S1 nuclease. The S1 nuclease resistant material ranged in size from 235 to 100 base pairs (bp) with an average length of 185 bp. Analysis of the products released from double-stranded protamine cDNA by depurination indicated that there were a number of cytosine-rich oligopyrimidine tracts in protamine mRNA, namely C4, C4U1, C5U1, C6U1, C6U4, and C7U1. On the basis of the amino acid sequences for rainbow trout protamines, C5U1, C6U1 and C7U1 must be located within the noncoding regions. Double-stranded protamine cDNA was cleaved at least once by the restriction endonucleases HaeIII and HhaI and in several places by HpaII. These restriction endonucleases cleave at sequences which have a high probability of occurring within the coding region of protamine mRNA, again based on the known amino acid sequences of the rainbow trout protamines.", "contents": "Double-stranded protamine cDNA: synthesis and characterization. Double-stranded protamine complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from a protamine mRNA template via the single-stranded cDNA intermediate using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. Synthesis at 37 and 46 degrees C resulted in similar overall yields (greater than or equal to 18%), although the initial rate of synthesis was higher at 46 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. The DNA of the second strand of the double-stranded cDNA product was 84% resistant to prolonged digestion with excess S1 nuclease. The S1 nuclease resistant material ranged in size from 235 to 100 base pairs (bp) with an average length of 185 bp. Analysis of the products released from double-stranded protamine cDNA by depurination indicated that there were a number of cytosine-rich oligopyrimidine tracts in protamine mRNA, namely C4, C4U1, C5U1, C6U1, C6U4, and C7U1. On the basis of the amino acid sequences for rainbow trout protamines, C5U1, C6U1 and C7U1 must be located within the noncoding regions. Double-stranded protamine cDNA was cleaved at least once by the restriction endonucleases HaeIII and HhaI and in several places by HpaII. These restriction endonucleases cleave at sequences which have a high probability of occurring within the coding region of protamine mRNA, again based on the known amino acid sequences of the rainbow trout protamines.", "PMID": 86381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10256", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects in Canada: extension of a collaborative study.", "content": "Experience with the diagnosis of neural tube defects from alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in amniotic fluid is reported from a prospective study of five laboratories testing for 13 Canadian genetic centres. The results of the study indicate that antenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects is being carried out effectively in Canada (in 99.2% of cases the AFP measurements were interpreted correctly). Amniocentesis should be recommended to women at high risk for having a child with a neural tube defect (i.e., those who have a child, a parent or a sibling with a neural tube defect). The rate of neural tube defects in 182 high-risk pregnancies was 2.2% for an open defect and 1.1% for a closed defect, whereas the rate in 673 pregnancies in which amniocentesis was being performed for other reasons was 0.3%. This suggests that the AFP concentration should be measured in any sample of amniotic fluid collected for other reasons (usually fetal karyotyping). There were three instances of false-negative results, for a rate of 0.4%. Two closed neural tube defects were not detected; this limitation of the test has also been found by others. One of the six fetuses with an open neural tube defect, who died in utero, had a large myelocele in the neck that was not recognized. There were also four instances of false-positive results, for a rate of 0.5%. The findings suggest that AFP values that are more than 2 but less than 7 standard deviations (SDs) above the mean may indicate a neural tube defect, and that values 7 or more SDs above the mean very likely indicate such a defect, although other reasons for such high values (e.g., fetal erythrocytes in the amniotic fluid, intrauterine death and mistaken gestational age) must be ruled out by other methods.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects in Canada: extension of a collaborative study. Experience with the diagnosis of neural tube defects from alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in amniotic fluid is reported from a prospective study of five laboratories testing for 13 Canadian genetic centres. The results of the study indicate that antenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects is being carried out effectively in Canada (in 99.2% of cases the AFP measurements were interpreted correctly). Amniocentesis should be recommended to women at high risk for having a child with a neural tube defect (i.e., those who have a child, a parent or a sibling with a neural tube defect). The rate of neural tube defects in 182 high-risk pregnancies was 2.2% for an open defect and 1.1% for a closed defect, whereas the rate in 673 pregnancies in which amniocentesis was being performed for other reasons was 0.3%. This suggests that the AFP concentration should be measured in any sample of amniotic fluid collected for other reasons (usually fetal karyotyping). There were three instances of false-negative results, for a rate of 0.4%. Two closed neural tube defects were not detected; this limitation of the test has also been found by others. One of the six fetuses with an open neural tube defect, who died in utero, had a large myelocele in the neck that was not recognized. There were also four instances of false-positive results, for a rate of 0.5%. The findings suggest that AFP values that are more than 2 but less than 7 standard deviations (SDs) above the mean may indicate a neural tube defect, and that values 7 or more SDs above the mean very likely indicate such a defect, although other reasons for such high values (e.g., fetal erythrocytes in the amniotic fluid, intrauterine death and mistaken gestational age) must be ruled out by other methods.", "PMID": 86382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10257", "title": "Antenatal genetic diagnosis: current status and future prospects.", "content": "The current status of antenatal genetic diagnosis is reviewed and the limitations of present techniques are discussed. It is suggested that multidisciplinary clinics are the most efficient means of providing this aspect of health care. Advances in cell culture techniques, in ultrasonography and in fetoscopy will extend the services available, and the impact of this will be felt by the community. Education of the medical profession and the public in this area is necessary so that informed decision-making can take place.", "contents": "Antenatal genetic diagnosis: current status and future prospects. The current status of antenatal genetic diagnosis is reviewed and the limitations of present techniques are discussed. It is suggested that multidisciplinary clinics are the most efficient means of providing this aspect of health care. Advances in cell culture techniques, in ultrasonography and in fetoscopy will extend the services available, and the impact of this will be felt by the community. Education of the medical profession and the public in this area is necessary so that informed decision-making can take place.", "PMID": 86383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10258", "title": "Evidence for the presence of an antitumor factor in serum of normal animals.", "content": "We have previously reported finding a factor with antitumor activity (TNF, tumor necrosis factor) in extracts of serum from normal mice. The possibility that TNF exists in the blood of normal animals of other species was explored. Horse, mouse, dog, human, sheep, calf, rat and shark serums were fractionated with (NH4)2SO4 and filtered through S-200 sephacryl gel. Proteins of molecular weight 90,000 to 180,000 were pooled, concentrated and dialyzed. TNF, determined by L-cell assay in vitro and Meth A assay in vivo found in fractions from mouse, dog and human serum. Agarose electrophoresis of the TNF from mouse and human serum indicated the principle components were alpha 1-alpha 2 globulins. Preparative PAGE indicated that mouse TNF migrated slowly and was made up of at least 4 components while human TNF was a faster moving, monomeric protein.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of an antitumor factor in serum of normal animals. We have previously reported finding a factor with antitumor activity (TNF, tumor necrosis factor) in extracts of serum from normal mice. The possibility that TNF exists in the blood of normal animals of other species was explored. Horse, mouse, dog, human, sheep, calf, rat and shark serums were fractionated with (NH4)2SO4 and filtered through S-200 sephacryl gel. Proteins of molecular weight 90,000 to 180,000 were pooled, concentrated and dialyzed. TNF, determined by L-cell assay in vitro and Meth A assay in vivo found in fractions from mouse, dog and human serum. Agarose electrophoresis of the TNF from mouse and human serum indicated the principle components were alpha 1-alpha 2 globulins. Preparative PAGE indicated that mouse TNF migrated slowly and was made up of at least 4 components while human TNF was a faster moving, monomeric protein.", "PMID": 86384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10259", "title": "[Hepatic tumors in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of Treatment of Liver malignant primary tumors are analyzed. 16 Tumors have been treated in 15 years. The best method appeared to be radical Hepatic resection. The post operative level of A.F.P. is the first sign of Tumor recurrence and permits an Intensive Chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Hepatic tumors in childhood (author's transl)]. The results of Treatment of Liver malignant primary tumors are analyzed. 16 Tumors have been treated in 15 years. The best method appeared to be radical Hepatic resection. The post operative level of A.F.P. is the first sign of Tumor recurrence and permits an Intensive Chemotherapy.", "PMID": 86389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10260", "title": "New natural products of interest under development at the National Cancer Institute.", "content": "Fourteen new agents of natural products origin which are under development as antitumor agents at the National Cancer Institute are discussed with reference to their sources, structures, antitumor activity, current status, and future prospects as clinically effective agents.", "contents": "New natural products of interest under development at the National Cancer Institute. Fourteen new agents of natural products origin which are under development as antitumor agents at the National Cancer Institute are discussed with reference to their sources, structures, antitumor activity, current status, and future prospects as clinically effective agents.", "PMID": 86390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10261", "title": "Determination of pregnancy zone protein in serum using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction method.", "content": "Determination of pregnancy zone protein in serum by means of an automated immunoprecipitin reaction method and pretreatment with polyethylene glycol for reducing the serum blanks is described. Using this procedure the sensitivity of the method was greatly improved, from originally 100 mg/l to 1 mg/l. The precision \"between days\" was 9.9%. A positive and significant correlation to electroimmuno assay is demonstrated. In apparently healthy controls the median serum pregnancy zone protein in females was 38 mg/l (2--91 mg/l) and in males 2 mg/l (0--20 mg/l). No correlation between serum pregnancy zone protein and age could be demonstrated. In malignant diseases our results seem to confirm a relationship between increased pregnancy zone protein and spreading of the tumours. Serum pregnancy zone protein in disseminated malignancies are increased significantly compared to controls. In males 75% with disseminated tumours have elevated serum pregnancy zone protein.", "contents": "Determination of pregnancy zone protein in serum using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction method. Determination of pregnancy zone protein in serum by means of an automated immunoprecipitin reaction method and pretreatment with polyethylene glycol for reducing the serum blanks is described. Using this procedure the sensitivity of the method was greatly improved, from originally 100 mg/l to 1 mg/l. The precision \"between days\" was 9.9%. A positive and significant correlation to electroimmuno assay is demonstrated. In apparently healthy controls the median serum pregnancy zone protein in females was 38 mg/l (2--91 mg/l) and in males 2 mg/l (0--20 mg/l). No correlation between serum pregnancy zone protein and age could be demonstrated. In malignant diseases our results seem to confirm a relationship between increased pregnancy zone protein and spreading of the tumours. Serum pregnancy zone protein in disseminated malignancies are increased significantly compared to controls. In males 75% with disseminated tumours have elevated serum pregnancy zone protein.", "PMID": 86394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10262", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myelin basic protein and its application to patients with cerebrovascular accident.", "content": "Myelin basic protein-like immunoactivity was measured in the serum of patients after cerebrovascular accident (CVA) using a double antibody radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein with a detection limit of 3 ng/ml serum. For up to 6 days after ictus, serum myelin basic protein levels in patients with severe CVA and patients who died as a result of CVA were significantly greater than those in control patients, patients with moderate CVA and patients surviving CVA. All patients with serum myelin basic protein levels greater than the range found in control subjects subsequently died. Serial dilutions of positive sera suggested that the immunoactivity differs from authentic myelin basic protein and may represent breakdown products of the protein. Serum from some patients with a previous history of moderate CVA had myelin basic protein binding activity consistent with the presence of antibodies to the protein.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myelin basic protein and its application to patients with cerebrovascular accident. Myelin basic protein-like immunoactivity was measured in the serum of patients after cerebrovascular accident (CVA) using a double antibody radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein with a detection limit of 3 ng/ml serum. For up to 6 days after ictus, serum myelin basic protein levels in patients with severe CVA and patients who died as a result of CVA were significantly greater than those in control patients, patients with moderate CVA and patients surviving CVA. All patients with serum myelin basic protein levels greater than the range found in control subjects subsequently died. Serial dilutions of positive sera suggested that the immunoactivity differs from authentic myelin basic protein and may represent breakdown products of the protein. Serum from some patients with a previous history of moderate CVA had myelin basic protein binding activity consistent with the presence of antibodies to the protein.", "PMID": 86395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10263", "title": "Tryptic and elastolytic inhibitory capacities of serum from various Pi phenotypes.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is responsible for emphysema in adults. The genetic polymorphism of this protein (Pi system) is used to detect these deficiencies. The relationship between the serum protease inhibitory capacities and M, MZ and Z Pi phenotypes was investigated. 120 sera including 31 M, 33 MZ and 56 Z were studied. The alpha-1-antitrypsin concentration varied according to the Pi phenotype, the sex and the health of the subject. The alpha-2-macroglobulin level did not depend on the Pi phenotype. The trypsin inhibitory capacity fluctuated with the age and the health of the subject, but did not faithfully represent the Pi phenotype. In contrast, the elastase inhibitory capacity depended only on the Pi phenotype. The relationship between alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and the serum elastase inhibitory capacities was linear. Canonical analysis was employed to determine the relative contributions of each antiprotease to the two inhibitory capacities. It appeared that the elastase inhibitory capacity was influenced more by the alpha-1-antitrypsin level while the trypsin inhibitory capacity was more sensitive to alpha-2-macroglobulin.", "contents": "Tryptic and elastolytic inhibitory capacities of serum from various Pi phenotypes. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is responsible for emphysema in adults. The genetic polymorphism of this protein (Pi system) is used to detect these deficiencies. The relationship between the serum protease inhibitory capacities and M, MZ and Z Pi phenotypes was investigated. 120 sera including 31 M, 33 MZ and 56 Z were studied. The alpha-1-antitrypsin concentration varied according to the Pi phenotype, the sex and the health of the subject. The alpha-2-macroglobulin level did not depend on the Pi phenotype. The trypsin inhibitory capacity fluctuated with the age and the health of the subject, but did not faithfully represent the Pi phenotype. In contrast, the elastase inhibitory capacity depended only on the Pi phenotype. The relationship between alpha-1-antitrypsin levels and the serum elastase inhibitory capacities was linear. Canonical analysis was employed to determine the relative contributions of each antiprotease to the two inhibitory capacities. It appeared that the elastase inhibitory capacity was influenced more by the alpha-1-antitrypsin level while the trypsin inhibitory capacity was more sensitive to alpha-2-macroglobulin.", "PMID": 86398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10264", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of severe congenital malformations associated with elevated amniotic fluid alpha-feto protein.", "content": "Two cases of severely malformed infants with abnormal fetal images on B-scan sonography and markedly elevated amniotic fluid AFP are presented. There was no evidence of neural tube anomalies. The importance of an amniocentesis and AFP in pregnancies with an abnormal fetal image on B-scan sonography is emphasized, taking into consideration that most pregnancies with elevated fluid AFP have serious fetal anomalies.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of severe congenital malformations associated with elevated amniotic fluid alpha-feto protein. Two cases of severely malformed infants with abnormal fetal images on B-scan sonography and markedly elevated amniotic fluid AFP are presented. There was no evidence of neural tube anomalies. The importance of an amniocentesis and AFP in pregnancies with an abnormal fetal image on B-scan sonography is emphasized, taking into consideration that most pregnancies with elevated fluid AFP have serious fetal anomalies.", "PMID": 86399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10265", "title": "Prevention of tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes by T cells.", "content": "Normal, but not tolerant, adult thymocytes prevented particulate antigen inducing tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes. This was demonstrated by measuring the emergence of responsive B cells (identified by their allotype) developing from a foetal liver innoculum in irradiated hosts with or without the addition of antigen, thymocytes or tolerant thymocytes. The relevance of these findings to the recruitment of B lymphocytes in adult animals and to the development of those autoreactive B cells found in normal animals is discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes by T cells. Normal, but not tolerant, adult thymocytes prevented particulate antigen inducing tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes. This was demonstrated by measuring the emergence of responsive B cells (identified by their allotype) developing from a foetal liver innoculum in irradiated hosts with or without the addition of antigen, thymocytes or tolerant thymocytes. The relevance of these findings to the recruitment of B lymphocytes in adult animals and to the development of those autoreactive B cells found in normal animals is discussed.", "PMID": 86400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10266", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "We report characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (616+/-148 cells/microliter) that occurred in guinea-pigs with definite clinical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis developing 12 to 16 days after sensitization with homologous myelin basic protein. This pleocytosis was not present in the cerebrospinal fluid of a group of animals studied when still healthy, 9 or 10 days after similar sensitization. Eighty-nine per cent of cells in the CSF pleocytosis were small lymphocytes, 8% were larger lymphocytes and the remainder mostly monocytes. Of the lymphocytes, most were E-rosetting or null cells. B-cell markers were uncommon. The cellular patterns in this CSF pleocytosis appear to be similar to those seen in some delayed hypersensitivity responses.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. We report characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (616+/-148 cells/microliter) that occurred in guinea-pigs with definite clinical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis developing 12 to 16 days after sensitization with homologous myelin basic protein. This pleocytosis was not present in the cerebrospinal fluid of a group of animals studied when still healthy, 9 or 10 days after similar sensitization. Eighty-nine per cent of cells in the CSF pleocytosis were small lymphocytes, 8% were larger lymphocytes and the remainder mostly monocytes. Of the lymphocytes, most were E-rosetting or null cells. B-cell markers were uncommon. The cellular patterns in this CSF pleocytosis appear to be similar to those seen in some delayed hypersensitivity responses.", "PMID": 86401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10267", "title": "Excretion of chlordecone by the gastrointestinal tract: evidence for a nonbiliary mechanism.", "content": "Workers exposed to chlordecone (Kepone), a toxic organochlorine pesticide, excreted larger amounts of chlordecone in bile than in stool, suggesting that it may undergo enterohepatic recirculation. We found in a single subject that equal amounts of chlordecone and of its reduced metabolite, chlordecone alcohol, were excreted in bile at a rate four times as great as in stool. When biliary contents were diverted from the intestine through a T tube, fecal excretion of chlordecone alcohol was abolished, presumably due to interruption of its passage via bile to intestine. This change was not accompanied by disappearance of chlordecone from the stool. The amount of chlordecone in stool when bile was diverted was increased six- to tenfold over that when diverted bile was continuously infused into the duodenum. Analogous experiments with [14C]-chlordecone-treated rats in which bile flow was exteriorized through a plastic cannula showed that the excretion of radioactivity in feces was in the same range when bile was reinfused in the duodenum or was totally diverted. Moreover, in rats with bile diverted, cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin which binds chlordecone in vitro, doubled the excretion of radioactivity in stool. A similar effect was observed in intact animals. We conclude that chlordecone enters the intestinal lumen from a nonbiliary source, probably the gut, and that net excretion of chlordecone from this source can be augmented by cholestyramine.", "contents": "Excretion of chlordecone by the gastrointestinal tract: evidence for a nonbiliary mechanism. Workers exposed to chlordecone (Kepone), a toxic organochlorine pesticide, excreted larger amounts of chlordecone in bile than in stool, suggesting that it may undergo enterohepatic recirculation. We found in a single subject that equal amounts of chlordecone and of its reduced metabolite, chlordecone alcohol, were excreted in bile at a rate four times as great as in stool. When biliary contents were diverted from the intestine through a T tube, fecal excretion of chlordecone alcohol was abolished, presumably due to interruption of its passage via bile to intestine. This change was not accompanied by disappearance of chlordecone from the stool. The amount of chlordecone in stool when bile was diverted was increased six- to tenfold over that when diverted bile was continuously infused into the duodenum. Analogous experiments with [14C]-chlordecone-treated rats in which bile flow was exteriorized through a plastic cannula showed that the excretion of radioactivity in feces was in the same range when bile was reinfused in the duodenum or was totally diverted. Moreover, in rats with bile diverted, cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin which binds chlordecone in vitro, doubled the excretion of radioactivity in stool. A similar effect was observed in intact animals. We conclude that chlordecone enters the intestinal lumen from a nonbiliary source, probably the gut, and that net excretion of chlordecone from this source can be augmented by cholestyramine.", "PMID": 86403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10268", "title": "Estracyt in advanced carcinoma of the breast: a phase II study.", "content": "Estracyt, a conjugate of an alkylating agent with an oestrogenic sterol, was given in a dose of 420 mg daily to a group of 44 postmenopausal patients with very advanced breast carcinoma. Thirty-eight of these were in relapse following chemotherapy and 32 had evidence of distant metastases. Seventeen patients had an objective response and marked or complete alleviation of symptoms, four others had a useful symptomatic response but no beneficial effect was observed in the remainder. Three who had shown no response to previous oestrogen therapy also failed to respond to Estracyt as did all nine patients with hepatic metastases. Oestrogen receptor status and age within the postmenopausal group seemed to have no bearing on the result. Side-effects were minimal with nausea in 18 patients but in only two did this necessitate withdrawal of the drug. Bone marrow depression did not occur. Changes in acute-phase reactant proteins suggested that part of the Estracyt was de-esterified in the liver liberating oestrone but the low incidence of vaginal haemorrhage and the recalcification of bony metastases suggested that on the whole Estracyt behaves as an anti-oestrogen as well as an antimitotic.", "contents": "Estracyt in advanced carcinoma of the breast: a phase II study. Estracyt, a conjugate of an alkylating agent with an oestrogenic sterol, was given in a dose of 420 mg daily to a group of 44 postmenopausal patients with very advanced breast carcinoma. Thirty-eight of these were in relapse following chemotherapy and 32 had evidence of distant metastases. Seventeen patients had an objective response and marked or complete alleviation of symptoms, four others had a useful symptomatic response but no beneficial effect was observed in the remainder. Three who had shown no response to previous oestrogen therapy also failed to respond to Estracyt as did all nine patients with hepatic metastases. Oestrogen receptor status and age within the postmenopausal group seemed to have no bearing on the result. Side-effects were minimal with nausea in 18 patients but in only two did this necessitate withdrawal of the drug. Bone marrow depression did not occur. Changes in acute-phase reactant proteins suggested that part of the Estracyt was de-esterified in the liver liberating oestrone but the low incidence of vaginal haemorrhage and the recalcification of bony metastases suggested that on the whole Estracyt behaves as an anti-oestrogen as well as an antimitotic.", "PMID": 86404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10269", "title": "HLA serum screening based on an heuristic solution of the set cover problem.", "content": "A computer program initially written by the Milwaukee Blood Bank has been modified to use a new algorithm for the assignment of HLA specificities to antisera. The assignment is based on the reactions of cells with known specificities. Specificities which are present only on cells which do not react are first ruled out. This step is followed by one or more steps in which the 'least reactive' specificities are ruled out. The rationale for the algorithm is discussed and an example is presented.", "contents": "HLA serum screening based on an heuristic solution of the set cover problem. A computer program initially written by the Milwaukee Blood Bank has been modified to use a new algorithm for the assignment of HLA specificities to antisera. The assignment is based on the reactions of cells with known specificities. Specificities which are present only on cells which do not react are first ruled out. This step is followed by one or more steps in which the 'least reactive' specificities are ruled out. The rationale for the algorithm is discussed and an example is presented.", "PMID": 86406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10270", "title": "[Means for motivation].", "content": "The possibilities of and devices for motivating good oral hygiene in patients with periodontal disease were discussed briefly. Recognition of the first signs of periodontal disease appears to be particularly important. Even if treatment for periodontal disease is successful, the chance of it developing again is high if the patient is not motivated to maintain good oral hygiene. According to the author, only a small portion of the motivation provided by the dentist can be replaced by audiovisual aids.", "contents": "[Means for motivation]. The possibilities of and devices for motivating good oral hygiene in patients with periodontal disease were discussed briefly. Recognition of the first signs of periodontal disease appears to be particularly important. Even if treatment for periodontal disease is successful, the chance of it developing again is high if the patient is not motivated to maintain good oral hygiene. According to the author, only a small portion of the motivation provided by the dentist can be replaced by audiovisual aids.", "PMID": 86417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10271", "title": "Comparison of the visually evoked response in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls.", "content": "Thirteen cooperative male drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients, and 11 mentally normal male controls were studied. The VER was recorded from scalp leads O1, O2, Oz, C3 and C4 to combined ear reference (A1--A2). The stimulus was an unpatterned flash of single intensity. Compared to normal controls, there were no consistent differences in wave peak latencies or amplitudes for chronic schizophrenics in any brain area tested. When the chronic schizophrenic patients were separated on the basis of high and low tryptophan uptake, using the Frohman--Gottlieb criteria, the high uptake group exhibited normal VERs while in the occipital regions the low tryptophan uptake group exhibited prolonged latencies and an increased amplitude for wave V when compared to normals. From BPRS scores the high tryptophan subgroup indicated a greater degree of psychopathology than the low tryptophan subgroup. The results obtained do not support an indole hallucinogen hypothesis for process schizophrenia.", "contents": "Comparison of the visually evoked response in drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Thirteen cooperative male drug-free chronic schizophrenic patients, and 11 mentally normal male controls were studied. The VER was recorded from scalp leads O1, O2, Oz, C3 and C4 to combined ear reference (A1--A2). The stimulus was an unpatterned flash of single intensity. Compared to normal controls, there were no consistent differences in wave peak latencies or amplitudes for chronic schizophrenics in any brain area tested. When the chronic schizophrenic patients were separated on the basis of high and low tryptophan uptake, using the Frohman--Gottlieb criteria, the high uptake group exhibited normal VERs while in the occipital regions the low tryptophan uptake group exhibited prolonged latencies and an increased amplitude for wave V when compared to normals. From BPRS scores the high tryptophan subgroup indicated a greater degree of psychopathology than the low tryptophan subgroup. The results obtained do not support an indole hallucinogen hypothesis for process schizophrenia.", "PMID": 86420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10272", "title": "Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement.", "content": "A method of accurate storage and on-line preprocessing of an EEG signal, preceding and following a trigger signal, elicited by button pressing, is described. The method was used to study the changes occurring in the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band in central areas, during voluntary, self-paced movement in 10 normal humans. A short-lasting decrease or phasic event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha power, representing mu activity, was observed in all 10 subjects. During the 2 sec period preceding movement the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral, but larger prior to right than to left thumb movement. At onset and during the first second of execution of movement, the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral but predominant in ipsilateral areas. Preceding or during movement, maximum ERD was observed in most cases in central-vertex regions.", "contents": "Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement. A method of accurate storage and on-line preprocessing of an EEG signal, preceding and following a trigger signal, elicited by button pressing, is described. The method was used to study the changes occurring in the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band in central areas, during voluntary, self-paced movement in 10 normal humans. A short-lasting decrease or phasic event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha power, representing mu activity, was observed in all 10 subjects. During the 2 sec period preceding movement the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral, but larger prior to right than to left thumb movement. At onset and during the first second of execution of movement, the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral but predominant in ipsilateral areas. Preceding or during movement, maximum ERD was observed in most cases in central-vertex regions.", "PMID": 86421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10273", "title": "Electroencephalographic quantification by time domain analysis in normal 7--15-year-old children.", "content": "Automatic EEG analysis was performed on 239 apparently healthy school age children. The children were classed in 3 age groups: (1) average age of 7; (2) average age of 11; (3) average age of 15. A time analysis method, comparable to classical visual analysis, permitted quantification of the records. The mean amplitude, frequency and percentage time for alpha and theta rhythms were determined for each subject for fronto-central and centro-occipital derivations bilaterally. Records were performed during periods of rest with eyes open and eyes closed. During hyperventilation, records were taken with eyes closed. The normal ranges of parameters were determined by calculating their means and standard deviations, for each age group under each recording condition. Delta and beta rhythm values were not calculated, because of their rarity in this apparently normal sample. The precision obtained by automatic analysis could not have been obtained by means of classical visual analysis. The present findings suggest that the statistical analysis of well-defined groups of normal and pathological children could be of significant value.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic quantification by time domain analysis in normal 7--15-year-old children. Automatic EEG analysis was performed on 239 apparently healthy school age children. The children were classed in 3 age groups: (1) average age of 7; (2) average age of 11; (3) average age of 15. A time analysis method, comparable to classical visual analysis, permitted quantification of the records. The mean amplitude, frequency and percentage time for alpha and theta rhythms were determined for each subject for fronto-central and centro-occipital derivations bilaterally. Records were performed during periods of rest with eyes open and eyes closed. During hyperventilation, records were taken with eyes closed. The normal ranges of parameters were determined by calculating their means and standard deviations, for each age group under each recording condition. Delta and beta rhythm values were not calculated, because of their rarity in this apparently normal sample. The precision obtained by automatic analysis could not have been obtained by means of classical visual analysis. The present findings suggest that the statistical analysis of well-defined groups of normal and pathological children could be of significant value.", "PMID": 86422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10274", "title": "Topography and intracranial sources of somatosensory evoked potentials in the monkey. I. Early components.", "content": "Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded in the monkey from arrays of surface electrodes overlying the brain, cervical cord and peripheral nerve; from epidural electrodes over the cerebral convexity; and from movable intracerebral electrodes. The initial cortically generated responses peak at mean latencies of 10 and 12 msec following stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. Preceding these potentials 5 small positive wavelets were identified in scalp and epidural recordings. The sources of the latter three of these waves have been identified, based in part on the observation of amplitude maxima in depth recordings within cerebrum and brain stem. P7.2 is primarily generated within the thalamocortical radiations, whereas P5.3 and P6.2 reflect bursts of highly synchronized action potentials travelling along the medial lemniscus. Recordings of multiple unit activity within these tracts confirmed the source identifications made on the basis of potential distribution. Continuing activity within the more caudal portions of the somatosensory pathways produces potentials that sum with those generated more rostrally. This circumstance precludes the identification of the intracranial source of a surface recorded potential by demonstrating a concurrent wave form at a single location within the brain. It is necessary to examine the intracranial potential distribution and trace the potential from the surface to its maximum in order to identify its source with confidence. P3.1 and P3.8 were identified only as farfield potentials in intracranial recordings from the pons and more rostral regions. They were ascribed to activity of primary somatosensory neurons ascending in the dorsal columns on the basis of their timing, surface distribution and amplitude vs. interstimulus interval functions. The early SEP components recorded in the monkey closely resembled in configuration and topography those recorded from human subjects, although the latter were longer in latency, reflecting differences in length of the somatosensory pathways in the two species.", "contents": "Topography and intracranial sources of somatosensory evoked potentials in the monkey. I. Early components. Averaged somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were recorded in the monkey from arrays of surface electrodes overlying the brain, cervical cord and peripheral nerve; from epidural electrodes over the cerebral convexity; and from movable intracerebral electrodes. The initial cortically generated responses peak at mean latencies of 10 and 12 msec following stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. Preceding these potentials 5 small positive wavelets were identified in scalp and epidural recordings. The sources of the latter three of these waves have been identified, based in part on the observation of amplitude maxima in depth recordings within cerebrum and brain stem. P7.2 is primarily generated within the thalamocortical radiations, whereas P5.3 and P6.2 reflect bursts of highly synchronized action potentials travelling along the medial lemniscus. Recordings of multiple unit activity within these tracts confirmed the source identifications made on the basis of potential distribution. Continuing activity within the more caudal portions of the somatosensory pathways produces potentials that sum with those generated more rostrally. This circumstance precludes the identification of the intracranial source of a surface recorded potential by demonstrating a concurrent wave form at a single location within the brain. It is necessary to examine the intracranial potential distribution and trace the potential from the surface to its maximum in order to identify its source with confidence. P3.1 and P3.8 were identified only as farfield potentials in intracranial recordings from the pons and more rostral regions. They were ascribed to activity of primary somatosensory neurons ascending in the dorsal columns on the basis of their timing, surface distribution and amplitude vs. interstimulus interval functions. The early SEP components recorded in the monkey closely resembled in configuration and topography those recorded from human subjects, although the latter were longer in latency, reflecting differences in length of the somatosensory pathways in the two species.", "PMID": 86423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10275", "title": "The activity of cerebellar neurones during epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in the cerebral cortex of the rat.", "content": "In urethane anaesthetized rats an epileptiform focus was made in one cerebral cortex with penicillin (25 U). The relationship between epileptiform spikes in the cerebral cortex and the activity of cerebellar cortical and nuclear neurones have been investigated by means of extracellular recording techniques and computation of peri-event histograms and 'CUSUMs' (cumulative sums of differences from the mean). In the cerebellar cortex two distinct patterns of evoked activity were recorded: (a) In units showing little or no spontaneous activity, a brief evoked discharge followed the epileptiform spike. (b) In units showing steady spontaneous activity, a period of evoked inhibition followed the epileptiform spike. These included Purkinje cells and probably inhibitory interneurones. In the intracerebellar nuclei, cells with marked spontaneous activity showed a prolonged period of increased discharge following the epileptiform spike. It is concluded that the output of the intracerebellar nuclei is increased by epileptiform activity in the cerebral cortex. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The activity of cerebellar neurones during epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In urethane anaesthetized rats an epileptiform focus was made in one cerebral cortex with penicillin (25 U). The relationship between epileptiform spikes in the cerebral cortex and the activity of cerebellar cortical and nuclear neurones have been investigated by means of extracellular recording techniques and computation of peri-event histograms and 'CUSUMs' (cumulative sums of differences from the mean). In the cerebellar cortex two distinct patterns of evoked activity were recorded: (a) In units showing little or no spontaneous activity, a brief evoked discharge followed the epileptiform spike. (b) In units showing steady spontaneous activity, a period of evoked inhibition followed the epileptiform spike. These included Purkinje cells and probably inhibitory interneurones. In the intracerebellar nuclei, cells with marked spontaneous activity showed a prolonged period of increased discharge following the epileptiform spike. It is concluded that the output of the intracerebellar nuclei is increased by epileptiform activity in the cerebral cortex. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 86426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10276", "title": "Alpha increase in puerperium.", "content": "Significant increases of both alpha peak amplitude and power were found in the EEG after delivery as compared to those observed at the 32nd week of pregnancy. Controls failed to display the same gain in the alpha rhythm. The frequency was unaffected. Beside these quantitative changes no particular EEG pattern occurred. Neither the methodology nor habituation were considered responsible for these increases, which are also independent of the prolactin levels, because they were observable after blockage by bromocryptine, a drug which also fails to modify the EEG. Significant reduction of anxiety, tension and irritability was scored in the Hamiltonian test for depression. It is likely that both aspects depend on a common humoral process. The role of the progesterone drop is discussed.", "contents": "Alpha increase in puerperium. Significant increases of both alpha peak amplitude and power were found in the EEG after delivery as compared to those observed at the 32nd week of pregnancy. Controls failed to display the same gain in the alpha rhythm. The frequency was unaffected. Beside these quantitative changes no particular EEG pattern occurred. Neither the methodology nor habituation were considered responsible for these increases, which are also independent of the prolactin levels, because they were observable after blockage by bromocryptine, a drug which also fails to modify the EEG. Significant reduction of anxiety, tension and irritability was scored in the Hamiltonian test for depression. It is likely that both aspects depend on a common humoral process. The role of the progesterone drop is discussed.", "PMID": 86427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10277", "title": "Computer analysis of the EEG as an aid in the evaluation of dietetic treatment in phenylketonuria.", "content": "The effect on the EEG of the reintroduction of phenylalanine in the diet of 6 patients with PKU on treatment was studied. Patients received daily loads of 100 or 150 mg L-phenylalanine/kg, equally divided over the meals, and computerized spectral EEG analysis was performed. The following EEG changes were seen: (1) occurrence of activity in the low frequency band (2--5 c/sec), (2) change of frequency of dominant rhythms; (3) change in the degree of synchrony between identical frequencies, occurring in different derivations. EEG changes increased quantitatively parallel to increasing blood phenylalanine and reversed after stopping the phenylalanine administration, suggesting that the EEG abnormalities are a measure for the degree of intoxication caused by phenylalanine or its metabolites. It is suggested that the EEG data may be useful deciding to terminate the diet in PKU.", "contents": "Computer analysis of the EEG as an aid in the evaluation of dietetic treatment in phenylketonuria. The effect on the EEG of the reintroduction of phenylalanine in the diet of 6 patients with PKU on treatment was studied. Patients received daily loads of 100 or 150 mg L-phenylalanine/kg, equally divided over the meals, and computerized spectral EEG analysis was performed. The following EEG changes were seen: (1) occurrence of activity in the low frequency band (2--5 c/sec), (2) change of frequency of dominant rhythms; (3) change in the degree of synchrony between identical frequencies, occurring in different derivations. EEG changes increased quantitatively parallel to increasing blood phenylalanine and reversed after stopping the phenylalanine administration, suggesting that the EEG abnormalities are a measure for the degree of intoxication caused by phenylalanine or its metabolites. It is suggested that the EEG data may be useful deciding to terminate the diet in PKU.", "PMID": 86428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10278", "title": "Sleep induced by low doses of apomorphine in rats.", "content": "The effect of apomorphine on the EEG of freely moving rats was studied. Apomorphine at the dose of 1 mg/kg caused stereotypy and a marked reduction of total sleep. On the contrary, acute subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at the dose of 100 microgram/kg, or less, markedly increased the amount of total sleep (corresponding mostly to synchronized sleep). Moreover, the infusion of apomorphine (80 microgram/kg/h) for 4 h doubled the duration of slow and REM sleep. The hypnotic effect of apomorphine was prevented by neuroleptics, such as pimozide, benzperidol and L-sulpiride, at doses which, per se, did not modify the EEG of the animals. These results suggest the existence in the CNS of DA receptors mediating sleep.", "contents": "Sleep induced by low doses of apomorphine in rats. The effect of apomorphine on the EEG of freely moving rats was studied. Apomorphine at the dose of 1 mg/kg caused stereotypy and a marked reduction of total sleep. On the contrary, acute subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at the dose of 100 microgram/kg, or less, markedly increased the amount of total sleep (corresponding mostly to synchronized sleep). Moreover, the infusion of apomorphine (80 microgram/kg/h) for 4 h doubled the duration of slow and REM sleep. The hypnotic effect of apomorphine was prevented by neuroleptics, such as pimozide, benzperidol and L-sulpiride, at doses which, per se, did not modify the EEG of the animals. These results suggest the existence in the CNS of DA receptors mediating sleep.", "PMID": 86429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10279", "title": "Isolating low frequency activity EEG spectrum analysis.", "content": "A method for isolating and removing very slow activity from EEG records prior to spectrum computation is presented. This is accomplished by an autoregressive filter whose frequency transfer characteristic can be easily controlled. Examples of spectra computed for various filter parameter values are shown.", "contents": "Isolating low frequency activity EEG spectrum analysis. A method for isolating and removing very slow activity from EEG records prior to spectrum computation is presented. This is accomplished by an autoregressive filter whose frequency transfer characteristic can be easily controlled. Examples of spectra computed for various filter parameter values are shown.", "PMID": 86431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10280", "title": "Automatic analysis of interictal epileptic activity related to its morphological aspects.", "content": "The objectives of this paper are to describe: (i) an algorithm, conventionally called TD (transient discriminator) which allows morphological discrimination among different EEG transients, and (ii) an automated methodology, based upon the proposed algorithm. The completely automated analysis performed by this method can indicate the temporal distribution of a 'family' of spikes, a family being defined by the morphology of a sample spike. Temporal relationships among the detected spikes of the family and other possible epileptic potentials arising from different cerebral zones are automatically defined by an averaging technique. The reliability of the proposed algorithm was investigated comparing the computer detection with the identification performed by 3 electroencephalographers.", "contents": "Automatic analysis of interictal epileptic activity related to its morphological aspects. The objectives of this paper are to describe: (i) an algorithm, conventionally called TD (transient discriminator) which allows morphological discrimination among different EEG transients, and (ii) an automated methodology, based upon the proposed algorithm. The completely automated analysis performed by this method can indicate the temporal distribution of a 'family' of spikes, a family being defined by the morphology of a sample spike. Temporal relationships among the detected spikes of the family and other possible epileptic potentials arising from different cerebral zones are automatically defined by an averaging technique. The reliability of the proposed algorithm was investigated comparing the computer detection with the identification performed by 3 electroencephalographers.", "PMID": 86432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10281", "title": "Automatic EEG analysis: a segmentation procedure based on the autocorrelation function.", "content": "A new automatic procedure for EEG segmentation is presented. Based on the autocorrelation function, it is simple to implement and gives good segmentation and clustering results.", "contents": "Automatic EEG analysis: a segmentation procedure based on the autocorrelation function. A new automatic procedure for EEG segmentation is presented. Based on the autocorrelation function, it is simple to implement and gives good segmentation and clustering results.", "PMID": 86433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10282", "title": "Effects of ouabain on insulin release, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanine 3',5'-monophosphate in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets of noninbred ob/ob mice were used to test the hypothesis that adenylate cyclase responds to changes of the transmembrane milieu or electric field in intact beta-cells. In the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ouabainstimulated both the release of insulin and the islet content of cAMP. Ouabain had no noticeable effect on the islet content of cGMP. These results support the hypothesis at test. However, because ouabain also had some stimulatory effect on cAMP in islet homogenates, a direct action of ouabain on adenylate cyclase cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain on insulin release, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanine 3',5'-monophosphate in pancreatic islets. Isolated pancreatic islets of noninbred ob/ob mice were used to test the hypothesis that adenylate cyclase responds to changes of the transmembrane milieu or electric field in intact beta-cells. In the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ouabainstimulated both the release of insulin and the islet content of cAMP. Ouabain had no noticeable effect on the islet content of cGMP. These results support the hypothesis at test. However, because ouabain also had some stimulatory effect on cAMP in islet homogenates, a direct action of ouabain on adenylate cyclase cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 86435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10283", "title": "The effect of cortisol on the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response to parathyroid hormone of bone in vitro.", "content": "Newborn rat calvariae, cultured for 24 h in the presence of cortisol (10(-6) M) have a cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) about twice as high as calvariae cultured in a control medium. This effect of cortisol is dose related; a maximal effect is evident at 10(-6) M, while none is detectable at 10(-9) M or less. With 10(-6) M estradiol, progesterone, or cholesterol, no effect on cAMP responsiveness is observed. This indicates that the effect observed with cortisol is specific. The effect of cortisol is more pronounced when isobutyl-methylxanthine (10(-4) M) is present during the subsequent incubation with PTH. Preincubation of the tissue with cortisol for 30 min before the addition of PTH has no effect. Similarly, when cortisol is added in conjunction with PTH, no effect is found. In no case did cortisol (10(-6) M) alter the time course of the PTH-induced cAMP effect when compared to the response of fresh calvariae. The results indicate that corticosteroids have an important function in maintaining cAMP responsiveness of bone to PTH in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of cortisol on the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response to parathyroid hormone of bone in vitro. Newborn rat calvariae, cultured for 24 h in the presence of cortisol (10(-6) M) have a cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) about twice as high as calvariae cultured in a control medium. This effect of cortisol is dose related; a maximal effect is evident at 10(-6) M, while none is detectable at 10(-9) M or less. With 10(-6) M estradiol, progesterone, or cholesterol, no effect on cAMP responsiveness is observed. This indicates that the effect observed with cortisol is specific. The effect of cortisol is more pronounced when isobutyl-methylxanthine (10(-4) M) is present during the subsequent incubation with PTH. Preincubation of the tissue with cortisol for 30 min before the addition of PTH has no effect. Similarly, when cortisol is added in conjunction with PTH, no effect is found. In no case did cortisol (10(-6) M) alter the time course of the PTH-induced cAMP effect when compared to the response of fresh calvariae. The results indicate that corticosteroids have an important function in maintaining cAMP responsiveness of bone to PTH in vitro.", "PMID": 86436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10284", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol binding to serum albumin and pregnancy plasma of rat and human.", "content": "The equilibrium binding of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) to plasma proteins has been characterized. DES exhibits a 10- to 20-fold greater binding affinity index for bovine serum albumin and rat plasma than E2. As expected, E2 gave high values for binding to plasma from pregnant mice or rats, reflecting the presence of alpha-fetoprotein. DES bound to these samples as it did to bovine albumin and rat plasma. These results suggested that DES ineracts weakly with alpha-fetoprotein. This was verified by Scatchard plots of DES and E2 binding to rat and human pregnancy plasma. High affinity, low capacity binding was demonstrated with E2 but not with DES. The significantly lower binding of DES suggests that increased delivery of DES to the fetus may be at least partially responsible for the transplacental toxicity and carcinogenicity of DES.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol binding to serum albumin and pregnancy plasma of rat and human. The equilibrium binding of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) to plasma proteins has been characterized. DES exhibits a 10- to 20-fold greater binding affinity index for bovine serum albumin and rat plasma than E2. As expected, E2 gave high values for binding to plasma from pregnant mice or rats, reflecting the presence of alpha-fetoprotein. DES bound to these samples as it did to bovine albumin and rat plasma. These results suggested that DES ineracts weakly with alpha-fetoprotein. This was verified by Scatchard plots of DES and E2 binding to rat and human pregnancy plasma. High affinity, low capacity binding was demonstrated with E2 but not with DES. The significantly lower binding of DES suggests that increased delivery of DES to the fetus may be at least partially responsible for the transplacental toxicity and carcinogenicity of DES.", "PMID": 86439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10285", "title": "Production of anti-glucagon sera with a C-terminal fragment of pancreatic glucagon.", "content": "The C-terminal region-sepcific anti-glucagon sera were raised in rabbits using as immunogen, and conjugate of BSA and a C-terminal fragment of pancreatic glucagon. The hapten was prepared by trypsin digestion of the glucagon, which was proved to be a 1:3 mixture of glucagon (18--29) and (19--29). Six rabbits were immunized by subcutaneous injection of an emulsion of the conjugate with complete Freund's adjuvant and five of the rabbits produced antibodies to the glucagon (GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, GC-5 and GC-6). For comparison, rabbit antisera were also produced against glucagon polymer (GA-10) and syrupy glucagon fibrils (PGA-2). All these antisera as well as the pancreatic glucagon-specific antiserum 30 K were characterized with dog gut-extract (gut-GLI) and glucagon-related peptide fragments in the radioimmunoassay systems. The assay systems utilized 125 I-monosubstituted pancreatic glucagon as tracer and human mono-component glucagon as standard. All sera of the GC-series crossreacted with the dog gut-extract very weakly and antisera GC-5 and GC-6 exhibited the lowest crossreactivities with the extract, which were shown to be as low as that of 30k. Characterization of the antiserum GC-5 with purified glucagon related fragments indicated that the major antigenic determinant located exactly in the C-terminal region of glucagon. The present results clearly showed high efficiency of the use of the glucagon C-terminal fragment as hepatenic immunogen in obtaining the C-terminal region-specific, i.e., pancreatic glucagon-specific antisera.", "contents": "Production of anti-glucagon sera with a C-terminal fragment of pancreatic glucagon. The C-terminal region-sepcific anti-glucagon sera were raised in rabbits using as immunogen, and conjugate of BSA and a C-terminal fragment of pancreatic glucagon. The hapten was prepared by trypsin digestion of the glucagon, which was proved to be a 1:3 mixture of glucagon (18--29) and (19--29). Six rabbits were immunized by subcutaneous injection of an emulsion of the conjugate with complete Freund's adjuvant and five of the rabbits produced antibodies to the glucagon (GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, GC-5 and GC-6). For comparison, rabbit antisera were also produced against glucagon polymer (GA-10) and syrupy glucagon fibrils (PGA-2). All these antisera as well as the pancreatic glucagon-specific antiserum 30 K were characterized with dog gut-extract (gut-GLI) and glucagon-related peptide fragments in the radioimmunoassay systems. The assay systems utilized 125 I-monosubstituted pancreatic glucagon as tracer and human mono-component glucagon as standard. All sera of the GC-series crossreacted with the dog gut-extract very weakly and antisera GC-5 and GC-6 exhibited the lowest crossreactivities with the extract, which were shown to be as low as that of 30k. Characterization of the antiserum GC-5 with purified glucagon related fragments indicated that the major antigenic determinant located exactly in the C-terminal region of glucagon. The present results clearly showed high efficiency of the use of the glucagon C-terminal fragment as hepatenic immunogen in obtaining the C-terminal region-specific, i.e., pancreatic glucagon-specific antisera.", "PMID": 86440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10286", "title": "Effects of antiprostatic agents on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to rat hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules.", "content": "The binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to the hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules prepared from castrated male rats was observed. The effects of antiprostatic agents on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to both hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules was examined. Cyproterone acetate and chlormadionone acetate showed the significant inhibiting effects on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to 7-8 S macromolecules of cytosol from both hypophysis and hypothalamus. SCH 13521 and AA 560 did also affect 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to 7-8 S macromolecules of cytosol from both tissues.", "contents": "Effects of antiprostatic agents on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to rat hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules. The binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to the hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules prepared from castrated male rats was observed. The effects of antiprostatic agents on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to both hypophyseal and hypothalamic cytosol macromolecules was examined. Cyproterone acetate and chlormadionone acetate showed the significant inhibiting effects on 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to 7-8 S macromolecules of cytosol from both hypophysis and hypothalamus. SCH 13521 and AA 560 did also affect 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding to 7-8 S macromolecules of cytosol from both tissues.", "PMID": 86441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10287", "title": "270-MHz nuclear-magnetic-resonance study on linear gramicidin A in dimethylsulfoxide. A new interpretation.", "content": "On the basis of the finding of two sets of coupling constants (8.8 Hz and 6.7 Hz) in the 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of linear Gramicidin in dimethylsulfoxide and the comparison of its infrared spectrum with those of known conformations of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl-D-glutamate--gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate), it is proposed that the antibiotic has an LD-ribbon structure.", "contents": "270-MHz nuclear-magnetic-resonance study on linear gramicidin A in dimethylsulfoxide. A new interpretation. On the basis of the finding of two sets of coupling constants (8.8 Hz and 6.7 Hz) in the 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of linear Gramicidin in dimethylsulfoxide and the comparison of its infrared spectrum with those of known conformations of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl-D-glutamate--gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate), it is proposed that the antibiotic has an LD-ribbon structure.", "PMID": 86442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10288", "title": "Effect of gammaglobulin injection on circulating immune complexes in various diseases.", "content": "Immune complexes (ICs) participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases and can be shown in 18% of all hospitalized patients (excluding those with infectious diseases) by means of a sensitive method such as the Raji-cell radioimmune assay. However, before this test can be applied to quantify disease activity in renal, connective tissue and neoplastic diseases, it must be recognized that febrile infections of the upper respiratory tract also induce ICs in 86% of all patients. The immune complexes containing microbial antigens can be reduced or removed by a single injection of human immunoglobulin. This is a simple method to distinguish between the immune complexes of different specifities. The resulting removal of some immune complexes may be the explanation for the claimed therapeutic effect of gammaglobulin injection in normogammaglobulinemic patients.", "contents": "Effect of gammaglobulin injection on circulating immune complexes in various diseases. Immune complexes (ICs) participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases and can be shown in 18% of all hospitalized patients (excluding those with infectious diseases) by means of a sensitive method such as the Raji-cell radioimmune assay. However, before this test can be applied to quantify disease activity in renal, connective tissue and neoplastic diseases, it must be recognized that febrile infections of the upper respiratory tract also induce ICs in 86% of all patients. The immune complexes containing microbial antigens can be reduced or removed by a single injection of human immunoglobulin. This is a simple method to distinguish between the immune complexes of different specifities. The resulting removal of some immune complexes may be the explanation for the claimed therapeutic effect of gammaglobulin injection in normogammaglobulinemic patients.", "PMID": 86443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10289", "title": "Gammaglobulin level and soy-protein intake in early infancy.", "content": "39  normal full term infants were fed during the first four months of life with three different diets based on the same formula of heated soy-flour fortified with DL-methionine. Each diet supplied 100 kcal/kg/day and gave about 2.5 (11 infants), 4.0 (19 infants) or 5.5 (9 infants) g/kg/day or soy-protein. After four months, growth was slightly lower in infants fed 2.5 g/kg/day of protein but was similar in the other two groups. Haematological parameters were in the normal range in all three groups. Serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulin levels increased with the increase of dietary protein. The highest levels of gammaglobulin (0.51 +/- 0.16 mg/100 ml) and IgG (463.13 +/- 210.17 mg/100 ml) were observed in infants fed 5.5 g/kg/day of soy-protein and were similar to those previously observed in infants fed 2.5 g/kg/day of cows-milk protein. Morbidity was reduced with the increase of serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Gammaglobulin level and soy-protein intake in early infancy. 39  normal full term infants were fed during the first four months of life with three different diets based on the same formula of heated soy-flour fortified with DL-methionine. Each diet supplied 100 kcal/kg/day and gave about 2.5 (11 infants), 4.0 (19 infants) or 5.5 (9 infants) g/kg/day or soy-protein. After four months, growth was slightly lower in infants fed 2.5 g/kg/day of protein but was similar in the other two groups. Haematological parameters were in the normal range in all three groups. Serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulin levels increased with the increase of dietary protein. The highest levels of gammaglobulin (0.51 +/- 0.16 mg/100 ml) and IgG (463.13 +/- 210.17 mg/100 ml) were observed in infants fed 5.5 g/kg/day of soy-protein and were similar to those previously observed in infants fed 2.5 g/kg/day of cows-milk protein. Morbidity was reduced with the increase of serum gammaglobulin and immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 86444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10290", "title": "Free amino acids and ninhydrin-reacting compounds of median and lateral lobes in human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "The levels of free amino acids and ninhydrin-reacting substances were determined in median and lateral lobes of human benign prostatic hypertrophy. Student's paired t test showed only a statistical difference for the hypotaurine concentration. This compound is present at higher levels in the lateral lobes. The different hypotheses formulated in the literature about the presence and possible metabolic role of hypotaurine in the male reproductive tract are examined.", "contents": "Free amino acids and ninhydrin-reacting compounds of median and lateral lobes in human benign prostatic hypertrophy. The levels of free amino acids and ninhydrin-reacting substances were determined in median and lateral lobes of human benign prostatic hypertrophy. Student's paired t test showed only a statistical difference for the hypotaurine concentration. This compound is present at higher levels in the lateral lobes. The different hypotheses formulated in the literature about the presence and possible metabolic role of hypotaurine in the male reproductive tract are examined.", "PMID": 86445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10291", "title": "The clonal analysis of cytotoxic lymphocytes against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified cells.", "content": "The frequency and specificity of clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) produced when (CBA X C57BL)F1 spleen cell populations were cultured with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic F1 cells, was examined. The frequency of clones which lysed F1-TNP targets was 1/3.3 X 10(4) spleen cells, and the frequency of clones which lysed the modified parental cells, CBA-TNP and C57BL-TNP was 1/6.7 X 10(4) and 1/2.9 X 10(5) spleen cells, respectively. Using a clonal analysis of the specificity of the CL, it was shown that the majority of the clones of CL which lysed the two modified parental tarets, were specific for one or the other of the targets. Activity against modified allogeneic DBA/2-TNP targets was also detected. The activity against DBA/2-TNP targets was due mainly to clones of CL which were specific for DBA/2-TNP targets. Only a minor part of the activity was due to clones which were cross-reactive for both F1-TNP and DBA/2-TNP target cells.", "contents": "The clonal analysis of cytotoxic lymphocytes against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified cells. The frequency and specificity of clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) produced when (CBA X C57BL)F1 spleen cell populations were cultured with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic F1 cells, was examined. The frequency of clones which lysed F1-TNP targets was 1/3.3 X 10(4) spleen cells, and the frequency of clones which lysed the modified parental cells, CBA-TNP and C57BL-TNP was 1/6.7 X 10(4) and 1/2.9 X 10(5) spleen cells, respectively. Using a clonal analysis of the specificity of the CL, it was shown that the majority of the clones of CL which lysed the two modified parental tarets, were specific for one or the other of the targets. Activity against modified allogeneic DBA/2-TNP targets was also detected. The activity against DBA/2-TNP targets was due mainly to clones of CL which were specific for DBA/2-TNP targets. Only a minor part of the activity was due to clones which were cross-reactive for both F1-TNP and DBA/2-TNP target cells.", "PMID": 86448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10292", "title": "Differences in the expression of histocompatibility antigens on mouse lymphocytes and tumor cells: immunochemical studies.", "content": "Immunochemical studies have shown that labeled, detergent-solubilized extracts of SL2 (H-2d) lymphoma cells contain components reactive with several anti-H-2 alloantisera of restricted specificity. Anti-H-2k and anti-H-2ja as well as anti-H-2d sera precipitated labeled polypeptides of a molecular weight similar to that of H-2 heavy chains. In addition, all antisera tested precipitated a component of 70000 daltons molecular weight, which is antigenically related to gp 69/71 of Friend murine leukemia virus. Reactions with antisera directed against haplotypes other than H-2d could be blocked by addition of unlabeled, detergent-solubilized extracts of H-2d lymphocytes, or by H-2 antigens against which the antiserum was directed. Sequential immunoprecipitations initially using antisera against the K, D, or L region gene products to remove individual known H-2d antigens have made possible the identification of some molecules responsible for these reactions. The results show that antisera against haplotypes other than H-2d which react with SL2 cells, cross-react with normal H-2d antigens. Quantitative absortion of these antisera with intact or solubilized cells has shown that lymphocytes and tumor cells differ in their expression of some H-2 determinants. The antibodies bind only weakly to intact H-2d lymphocytes, but strongly to the corresponding detergent-solubilized antigens. These results do not, therefore, support the derepression hypothesis put forward earlier.", "contents": "Differences in the expression of histocompatibility antigens on mouse lymphocytes and tumor cells: immunochemical studies. Immunochemical studies have shown that labeled, detergent-solubilized extracts of SL2 (H-2d) lymphoma cells contain components reactive with several anti-H-2 alloantisera of restricted specificity. Anti-H-2k and anti-H-2ja as well as anti-H-2d sera precipitated labeled polypeptides of a molecular weight similar to that of H-2 heavy chains. In addition, all antisera tested precipitated a component of 70000 daltons molecular weight, which is antigenically related to gp 69/71 of Friend murine leukemia virus. Reactions with antisera directed against haplotypes other than H-2d could be blocked by addition of unlabeled, detergent-solubilized extracts of H-2d lymphocytes, or by H-2 antigens against which the antiserum was directed. Sequential immunoprecipitations initially using antisera against the K, D, or L region gene products to remove individual known H-2d antigens have made possible the identification of some molecules responsible for these reactions. The results show that antisera against haplotypes other than H-2d which react with SL2 cells, cross-react with normal H-2d antigens. Quantitative absortion of these antisera with intact or solubilized cells has shown that lymphocytes and tumor cells differ in their expression of some H-2 determinants. The antibodies bind only weakly to intact H-2d lymphocytes, but strongly to the corresponding detergent-solubilized antigens. These results do not, therefore, support the derepression hypothesis put forward earlier.", "PMID": 86449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10293", "title": "Normal immunosuppressive protein inhibition of human and murine lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation.", "content": "Normal immunosuppressive protein, prepared from human plasma by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, inhibits DNA synthesis in human cell lines of lymphocytes of both T and B origin. It also inhibits [3H]thymidine incorporation in mouse cell lines. Normal immunosuppressive protein was able to inhibit the proliferation of these cells, although they were already transformed and had a high rate of DNA synthesis. On the other hand, it does not inhibit myeloid cells or fibroblasts.", "contents": "Normal immunosuppressive protein inhibition of human and murine lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation. Normal immunosuppressive protein, prepared from human plasma by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, inhibits DNA synthesis in human cell lines of lymphocytes of both T and B origin. It also inhibits [3H]thymidine incorporation in mouse cell lines. Normal immunosuppressive protein was able to inhibit the proliferation of these cells, although they were already transformed and had a high rate of DNA synthesis. On the other hand, it does not inhibit myeloid cells or fibroblasts.", "PMID": 86450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10294", "title": "Various types of corticotectal neurons of cats as demonstrated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The retrograde labeling of cortical neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the morphological features of neurons in various cortical areas projecting to the superior colliculus in the cat. Corticotectal cells were found to be labeled in layer V of the entire cerebral cortex. The number of labeled cells and their locations varied according to the sites of injections of HRP in the colliculus. Most of the corticotectal cells identified in the present study were small (9--20 micrometer in diameter, 66%) and medium (20--40 micrometer, 30%) pyramidal neurons and only 4% of them were large (more than 40 micrometer). The labeled cells, 261 in total number, had somal diameters of 20.8 +/- 8.0 micrometer (mean and SD). The range of sizes of the labeled neurons was different in different cortical areas. For example, the labeled neurons in the Clare-Bishop area had a greater proportion of large diameter cells than in other areas. The present findings are largely in agreement with the previous data of anterograde degeneration methods with respect to the topographical correlation of the corticotectal projections. However, in some cortical areas, e.g., the sensorimotor and the first visual (area 17) cortex of the lateral surface of the hemisphere, relatively small numbers of corticotectal neurons appear to have been labeled by retrogradely transported HRP. The sparsity of the labeled neurons in certain cortical areas may reflect the existence of corticotectal neurons with axon collaterals supplying brain structures other than the superior colliculus.", "contents": "Various types of corticotectal neurons of cats as demonstrated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The retrograde labeling of cortical neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the morphological features of neurons in various cortical areas projecting to the superior colliculus in the cat. Corticotectal cells were found to be labeled in layer V of the entire cerebral cortex. The number of labeled cells and their locations varied according to the sites of injections of HRP in the colliculus. Most of the corticotectal cells identified in the present study were small (9--20 micrometer in diameter, 66%) and medium (20--40 micrometer, 30%) pyramidal neurons and only 4% of them were large (more than 40 micrometer). The labeled cells, 261 in total number, had somal diameters of 20.8 +/- 8.0 micrometer (mean and SD). The range of sizes of the labeled neurons was different in different cortical areas. For example, the labeled neurons in the Clare-Bishop area had a greater proportion of large diameter cells than in other areas. The present findings are largely in agreement with the previous data of anterograde degeneration methods with respect to the topographical correlation of the corticotectal projections. However, in some cortical areas, e.g., the sensorimotor and the first visual (area 17) cortex of the lateral surface of the hemisphere, relatively small numbers of corticotectal neurons appear to have been labeled by retrogradely transported HRP. The sparsity of the labeled neurons in certain cortical areas may reflect the existence of corticotectal neurons with axon collaterals supplying brain structures other than the superior colliculus.", "PMID": 86453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10295", "title": "Cortical neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei in the cat. An experimental study with the horseradish peroxidase technique.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in various portions of the cat pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in layer V of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Corticopontine neurons, pyramidal in type, have been found to be labeled in the entire cortex, confirming the previous findings of anterograde degeneration studies. Most (91%) of the labeled cells were 14--26 micrometer in diameter (mean 19.4 +/- 4.5 micrometer SD). Small (10--20 micrometer) and medium (20--40 micrometer) cells represent 51.5% and 47.7%, respectively, of the total number of the labeled neurons. The populations of the neurons of various sizes were almost identical in different cortical areas, and were different from the populations of corticoreticular and corticospinal cells. Corticopontine cells were well labeled in experimental cases of 3-days' survival time, confirming the topographical organization established previously by degeneration studies for this projection system. However, in cases of shorter survival time (20--27 h), the number of labeled neurons was very small. The relative paucity of labeled corticopontine neurons in the sigmoid and lateral gyri is discussed with reference to other cortical descending neurons (e.g., the corticotectal, corticoreticular and corticospinal) which have hitherto been identified morphologically as well as physiologically.", "contents": "Cortical neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei in the cat. An experimental study with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in various portions of the cat pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in layer V of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Corticopontine neurons, pyramidal in type, have been found to be labeled in the entire cortex, confirming the previous findings of anterograde degeneration studies. Most (91%) of the labeled cells were 14--26 micrometer in diameter (mean 19.4 +/- 4.5 micrometer SD). Small (10--20 micrometer) and medium (20--40 micrometer) cells represent 51.5% and 47.7%, respectively, of the total number of the labeled neurons. The populations of the neurons of various sizes were almost identical in different cortical areas, and were different from the populations of corticoreticular and corticospinal cells. Corticopontine cells were well labeled in experimental cases of 3-days' survival time, confirming the topographical organization established previously by degeneration studies for this projection system. However, in cases of shorter survival time (20--27 h), the number of labeled neurons was very small. The relative paucity of labeled corticopontine neurons in the sigmoid and lateral gyri is discussed with reference to other cortical descending neurons (e.g., the corticotectal, corticoreticular and corticospinal) which have hitherto been identified morphologically as well as physiologically.", "PMID": 86454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10296", "title": "The anatomical substrate of callosal messages from SI and SII in the cat.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the first (SI) or second (SII) somatosensory areas of 21 adult cats. The radial and tangential (normal and parallel to the pial surface, respectively) distribution and morphology of the callosal neurons were studied. HRP injections were combined with single unit recording in the contralateral cortex in order to determine which part of the somatosensory periphery is represented within the regions containing callosal neurons, the callosal (efferent) zones, in SI and SII. The callosal zone of SI extends over the trunk and part of the forepaw representation. In the forepaw and hindlimb representations callosal neurons projecting only to the contralateral SII are found, while in the trunk representation callosal neurons projecting to contralateral SI or SII are found. The callosal zone in SII extends widely throughout the forepaw representation in this area and projects to the contralateral SII but not to SI. In both SI and SII the callosal neurons are mainly located in layer III. A few of them are also found in layer VI. They are very rare in other layers. Callosal neurons in layer III are mostly pyramidal but exceptionally stellate; in layer VI they are pyramidal, triangular, and occasionally stellate. These data indicate that transformations of the cortical somatosensory maps are achieved in the message sent through the corpus callosum. These transformations are i) determined by the extent and location of the callosal zones and perhaps by the distribution of callosal neurons within them, ii) different in different areas, iii) different in a same area, according to the cortical targets to which they are conveyed. The existence of callosal connections originated from areas of distal forepaw representation supplies a possible anatomical substrate for those types of intermanual transfer of tactile learning which depend upon the integrity of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "The anatomical substrate of callosal messages from SI and SII in the cat. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the first (SI) or second (SII) somatosensory areas of 21 adult cats. The radial and tangential (normal and parallel to the pial surface, respectively) distribution and morphology of the callosal neurons were studied. HRP injections were combined with single unit recording in the contralateral cortex in order to determine which part of the somatosensory periphery is represented within the regions containing callosal neurons, the callosal (efferent) zones, in SI and SII. The callosal zone of SI extends over the trunk and part of the forepaw representation. In the forepaw and hindlimb representations callosal neurons projecting only to the contralateral SII are found, while in the trunk representation callosal neurons projecting to contralateral SI or SII are found. The callosal zone in SII extends widely throughout the forepaw representation in this area and projects to the contralateral SII but not to SI. In both SI and SII the callosal neurons are mainly located in layer III. A few of them are also found in layer VI. They are very rare in other layers. Callosal neurons in layer III are mostly pyramidal but exceptionally stellate; in layer VI they are pyramidal, triangular, and occasionally stellate. These data indicate that transformations of the cortical somatosensory maps are achieved in the message sent through the corpus callosum. These transformations are i) determined by the extent and location of the callosal zones and perhaps by the distribution of callosal neurons within them, ii) different in different areas, iii) different in a same area, according to the cortical targets to which they are conveyed. The existence of callosal connections originated from areas of distal forepaw representation supplies a possible anatomical substrate for those types of intermanual transfer of tactile learning which depend upon the integrity of the corpus callosum.", "PMID": 86455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10297", "title": "Identification and distribution of the spinal and hypophyseal projection neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. A light and electron microscopic study with the horseradish peroxidase method.", "content": "The distribution of labeled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was studied following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal cord (C8 to T1) or the hypophysis in the rat. Injections were also made in the spinal cord in another group of animals, which were subjected to water deprivation for a period of 3 days, and the PVN of these animals was examined with the electron microscope. Spinal projection neurons (paraventriculospinal tract, PVST, neurons) formed two groups; the dorsal and the ventral groups. They were located within the parvocellular part of the PVN and fused into one at the caudal level. The neurons of the dorsal group were well assembled whereas those of the ventral group were intermingled with paraventriculohypophyseal tract (PVHT) neurons, which were concentrated in the magnocellular part. Electron microscopic observations revealed that HRP-labeled neurons after spinal injections did not contain neurosecretory granules and that they were not affected by water deprivation. On the other hand, neurons containing a number of neurosecretory granules displayed a significant degree of dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as the result of water deprivation. These neurons contained no HRP granules. The present findings suggest that the PVST neurons are distinct from the PVHT neurons and that the neuronal groups of both systems form different cell columns within the nucleus.", "contents": "Identification and distribution of the spinal and hypophyseal projection neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. A light and electron microscopic study with the horseradish peroxidase method. The distribution of labeled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was studied following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal cord (C8 to T1) or the hypophysis in the rat. Injections were also made in the spinal cord in another group of animals, which were subjected to water deprivation for a period of 3 days, and the PVN of these animals was examined with the electron microscope. Spinal projection neurons (paraventriculospinal tract, PVST, neurons) formed two groups; the dorsal and the ventral groups. They were located within the parvocellular part of the PVN and fused into one at the caudal level. The neurons of the dorsal group were well assembled whereas those of the ventral group were intermingled with paraventriculohypophyseal tract (PVHT) neurons, which were concentrated in the magnocellular part. Electron microscopic observations revealed that HRP-labeled neurons after spinal injections did not contain neurosecretory granules and that they were not affected by water deprivation. On the other hand, neurons containing a number of neurosecretory granules displayed a significant degree of dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as the result of water deprivation. These neurons contained no HRP granules. The present findings suggest that the PVST neurons are distinct from the PVHT neurons and that the neuronal groups of both systems form different cell columns within the nucleus.", "PMID": 86456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10298", "title": "An analysis of articulators.", "content": "There are situations that do not demand absolute precision and duplication of all pathways. One example is complete denture construction. Denture base movement and tissue resiliency cannot registered accurately. Corrections for these conditions must be made directly. Instruments that use mechanical equivalents and/or accept positional registrations are suitable for this procedure. Instruments used for teaching purposes such as waxing exercises need not be capable of duplicating eccentric pathways. These instruments should be capable of demonstrating alterations of Bennett movement (immediate and progressive side shift) and protrusive inclinations. It would be most convenient and practical for dental schools to use the same instruments for complete dentures and occlusion courses. Static positional instruments are ideal for use in crown and bridge and operative departments, and in the treatment of patients in whom centric occlusion is to be preserved. Instruments that are fully adjustable for eccentric registrations are useful for demonstration purposes, postdoctoral teaching, and for patients requiring extensive reconstruction.", "contents": "An analysis of articulators. There are situations that do not demand absolute precision and duplication of all pathways. One example is complete denture construction. Denture base movement and tissue resiliency cannot registered accurately. Corrections for these conditions must be made directly. Instruments that use mechanical equivalents and/or accept positional registrations are suitable for this procedure. Instruments used for teaching purposes such as waxing exercises need not be capable of duplicating eccentric pathways. These instruments should be capable of demonstrating alterations of Bennett movement (immediate and progressive side shift) and protrusive inclinations. It would be most convenient and practical for dental schools to use the same instruments for complete dentures and occlusion courses. Static positional instruments are ideal for use in crown and bridge and operative departments, and in the treatment of patients in whom centric occlusion is to be preserved. Instruments that are fully adjustable for eccentric registrations are useful for demonstration purposes, postdoctoral teaching, and for patients requiring extensive reconstruction.", "PMID": 86463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10299", "title": "[Electron microscopic representation of the pili structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of negative staining and ultra-thin section has been used for investigations of 30 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in order to represent the structure of pili (fimbriae) electron microscopically. The staining of the gonococci was effected by phosphotungstic acid (0,5%). The pili ascertained were 30 to 60 A thick. In course of in vitro passages up to 10. subculture morphological changes of the pili have been observed. The application of trisbuffer or solution of Hylase (hyaluronidase) showed not any improved results in comparison with buffered NaCl-solution as suspension medium. The investigation of ultra-thin sections showed that the structure of the pili could be exhibited not clearly. Therefore, these technique seems to be not suitable for qualitative representative of the pili.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic representation of the pili structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (author's transl)]. The technique of negative staining and ultra-thin section has been used for investigations of 30 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in order to represent the structure of pili (fimbriae) electron microscopically. The staining of the gonococci was effected by phosphotungstic acid (0,5%). The pili ascertained were 30 to 60 A thick. In course of in vitro passages up to 10. subculture morphological changes of the pili have been observed. The application of trisbuffer or solution of Hylase (hyaluronidase) showed not any improved results in comparison with buffered NaCl-solution as suspension medium. The investigation of ultra-thin sections showed that the structure of the pili could be exhibited not clearly. Therefore, these technique seems to be not suitable for qualitative representative of the pili.", "PMID": 86464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10300", "title": "Amniotic fluid levels of alpha-fetoprotein and other proteins in a case of Turner's syndrome of the fetus.", "content": "A 34-year-old primigravida underwent genetic amniocentesis at 20 weeks gestation and the fetus was diagnosed as having Turner's syndrome. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid was greatly elevated. Normal concentrations of amniotic fluid total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin indicated that the elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein was not the result of leakage through a hygroma, which has been previously suggested without supporting data in cases of Turner's syndrome of the fetus.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid levels of alpha-fetoprotein and other proteins in a case of Turner's syndrome of the fetus. A 34-year-old primigravida underwent genetic amniocentesis at 20 weeks gestation and the fetus was diagnosed as having Turner's syndrome. The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid was greatly elevated. Normal concentrations of amniotic fluid total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin indicated that the elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein was not the result of leakage through a hygroma, which has been previously suggested without supporting data in cases of Turner's syndrome of the fetus.", "PMID": 86466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10301", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein: a marker for threatened abortion.", "content": "The role of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a marker for threatened abortion was investigated in 50 patients and compared with the roles of serum human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) or human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Of the 50 patients admitted to the hospital with threatened abortion, 30 patients aborted and 20 gave birth to live-born babies. Twenty women aborted within seven days of admission. Eighty-two percent (82%) of the 20 had abnormal AFP values: one third were above the 97.5 percentile and two thirds were below the 2.5 percentile. The AFP values were normal in almost all cases in the group who aborted after seven days. The HCG level in serum was found to be the best indicator of threatened abortion. the AFP and HCS levels were equal indicators of threatened abortion, but were not as reliable as the HCG levels The AFP values are of more diagnostic use than the HCS values, however, because both abnormally low and high AFP levels can indicate an unfavorable course in pregnancy.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein: a marker for threatened abortion. The role of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a marker for threatened abortion was investigated in 50 patients and compared with the roles of serum human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) or human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Of the 50 patients admitted to the hospital with threatened abortion, 30 patients aborted and 20 gave birth to live-born babies. Twenty women aborted within seven days of admission. Eighty-two percent (82%) of the 20 had abnormal AFP values: one third were above the 97.5 percentile and two thirds were below the 2.5 percentile. The AFP values were normal in almost all cases in the group who aborted after seven days. The HCG level in serum was found to be the best indicator of threatened abortion. the AFP and HCS levels were equal indicators of threatened abortion, but were not as reliable as the HCG levels The AFP values are of more diagnostic use than the HCS values, however, because both abnormally low and high AFP levels can indicate an unfavorable course in pregnancy.", "PMID": 86467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10302", "title": "Ultrasonography in the detection of residual urine.", "content": "Eleven patients with distended urinary bladders (10 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy and one patient with prostatic hypertrophy) were examined by ultrasonography in an attempt to define the volumes detectable by this technique. Incremental volumes of saline were instilled through indwelling Foley catheters with ultrasonographic examination at each volume. The ultrasonograms obtained were presented to two radiologists trained in ultrasonography, who were asked to identify the presence of residual urine. There was 97% certainty of recognizing the presence of 100-cc residual volumes and 100% certainty of recognizing 150-cc residual volumes. It is concluded that residual urine volumes greater than 100 cc are clinically detectable by ultrasonography, a noninvasive alternative for diagnosing this common diabetic condition.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the detection of residual urine. Eleven patients with distended urinary bladders (10 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy and one patient with prostatic hypertrophy) were examined by ultrasonography in an attempt to define the volumes detectable by this technique. Incremental volumes of saline were instilled through indwelling Foley catheters with ultrasonographic examination at each volume. The ultrasonograms obtained were presented to two radiologists trained in ultrasonography, who were asked to identify the presence of residual urine. There was 97% certainty of recognizing the presence of 100-cc residual volumes and 100% certainty of recognizing 150-cc residual volumes. It is concluded that residual urine volumes greater than 100 cc are clinically detectable by ultrasonography, a noninvasive alternative for diagnosing this common diabetic condition.", "PMID": 86472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10303", "title": "Tissular immunoenzymatic detection of hepatic alphafetoprotein in human hepatomas.", "content": "5 human cases of hepatoma have been chosen with respect to their different seric alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) level and histological characters. Cells producing alpha-FP have been studied with specific horseradish-peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulins. Ultrastructural examination shows that alpha-FP is present in the cytoplasm of some tumoral hepatocytes. alpha-FP is also present in the cytoplasm of some rare nontumoral hepatocytes of a nonsecreting hepatoma. Ultrastructural differences are described in tumoral hepatocytes according to the grade of differentiation of the tumoral cell population. alpha-FP production appears to be restricted to moderately differentiated tumoral hepatocytes. These observations led to the hypothesis that production of alpha-FP may transiently develop either during the differentiation of tumoral hepatocytes, or during the new differentiation of nontumoral hepatocytes involved in a proliferative process.", "contents": "Tissular immunoenzymatic detection of hepatic alphafetoprotein in human hepatomas. 5 human cases of hepatoma have been chosen with respect to their different seric alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP) level and histological characters. Cells producing alpha-FP have been studied with specific horseradish-peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulins. Ultrastructural examination shows that alpha-FP is present in the cytoplasm of some tumoral hepatocytes. alpha-FP is also present in the cytoplasm of some rare nontumoral hepatocytes of a nonsecreting hepatoma. Ultrastructural differences are described in tumoral hepatocytes according to the grade of differentiation of the tumoral cell population. alpha-FP production appears to be restricted to moderately differentiated tumoral hepatocytes. These observations led to the hypothesis that production of alpha-FP may transiently develop either during the differentiation of tumoral hepatocytes, or during the new differentiation of nontumoral hepatocytes involved in a proliferative process.", "PMID": 86473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10304", "title": "Profiles of serum complement in patients with hepatobiliary diseases.", "content": "CH50 and the concentrations of C3, C4, C1 INH and factor B have been measured in sera from 34 control subjects and 178 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic active hepatitis (CAH), cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), Wilson's disease (WD), large duct biliary obstruction (LDBO) and viral hepatitis (VH). CH50 was decreased in CAH and CC. C3 was increased in PBC, LDBO and VH and decreased in CAH and CC. C4 was decreased in PBC, CAH, ALD and WD. C1 INH was increased in PBC, CAH, ALD, LDBO and VH. Factor B was increased in LDBO and VH and decreased in CC. In none of the patient groups was the mean C4 level increased or the mean C1 INH level decreased. All 5 indices of serum complement were lower in ascitic than nonascitic patients. Data on serum complement were similar in HBsAg positive and negative VH. Discriminant analysis facilitated separation of all the patient groups on the basis of complement data, except PBC and VA. Analysis of data using a within-group correlation matrix revealed a significant negative correlation between C4, the most discriminating variable of serum complement in CAH, and gamma-globulin concentration in CAH. The possible contribution of factors such as activation of complement, impaired hepatic synthesis of complement components, an acute phase response and cholestasis to altered serum complement profiles in different hepatobiliary diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Profiles of serum complement in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. CH50 and the concentrations of C3, C4, C1 INH and factor B have been measured in sera from 34 control subjects and 178 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic active hepatitis (CAH), cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), Wilson's disease (WD), large duct biliary obstruction (LDBO) and viral hepatitis (VH). CH50 was decreased in CAH and CC. C3 was increased in PBC, LDBO and VH and decreased in CAH and CC. C4 was decreased in PBC, CAH, ALD and WD. C1 INH was increased in PBC, CAH, ALD, LDBO and VH. Factor B was increased in LDBO and VH and decreased in CC. In none of the patient groups was the mean C4 level increased or the mean C1 INH level decreased. All 5 indices of serum complement were lower in ascitic than nonascitic patients. Data on serum complement were similar in HBsAg positive and negative VH. Discriminant analysis facilitated separation of all the patient groups on the basis of complement data, except PBC and VA. Analysis of data using a within-group correlation matrix revealed a significant negative correlation between C4, the most discriminating variable of serum complement in CAH, and gamma-globulin concentration in CAH. The possible contribution of factors such as activation of complement, impaired hepatic synthesis of complement components, an acute phase response and cholestasis to altered serum complement profiles in different hepatobiliary diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 86474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10305", "title": "Studies on liver function under the influence of oral contraceptives.", "content": "The effects of two sequential therapies using mestranol as an estrogen and chlormadinone acetate and norethisterone acetate, respectively, as a gestagen on the aminotransferase (GOT and GPT), alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase activities, the cholesterol, total bilirubin and total protein contents and the indocyanine green (Ujoviridin, VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld) half-life were studied in two groups, each comprising 12 women of fertile age. The serum protein was separated by paper electrophoresis and both the thymol turbidity and zinc sulphate tests were performed during the first treatment cycle. An estrogen-induced rise in alanine aminotransferase (GPT) activity from 6.31 U/liter to 12.14 U/liter was observed during application of the mestranol/chlormadinone acetate therapy. The value dropped to 5.34 U/liter when chlormadinone acetate was administered as a gestagen in addition to the estrogen. No significant changes were noted in the other biochemical parameters. Sequential therapy involving application of mestranol and norethisterone acetate produced only statistically secured rises in the alpha 1-globulin content and the GPT activity. All other changes in the different parameters remained within the normal range and were statistically insignificant.", "contents": "Studies on liver function under the influence of oral contraceptives. The effects of two sequential therapies using mestranol as an estrogen and chlormadinone acetate and norethisterone acetate, respectively, as a gestagen on the aminotransferase (GOT and GPT), alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase activities, the cholesterol, total bilirubin and total protein contents and the indocyanine green (Ujoviridin, VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld) half-life were studied in two groups, each comprising 12 women of fertile age. The serum protein was separated by paper electrophoresis and both the thymol turbidity and zinc sulphate tests were performed during the first treatment cycle. An estrogen-induced rise in alanine aminotransferase (GPT) activity from 6.31 U/liter to 12.14 U/liter was observed during application of the mestranol/chlormadinone acetate therapy. The value dropped to 5.34 U/liter when chlormadinone acetate was administered as a gestagen in addition to the estrogen. No significant changes were noted in the other biochemical parameters. Sequential therapy involving application of mestranol and norethisterone acetate produced only statistically secured rises in the alpha 1-globulin content and the GPT activity. All other changes in the different parameters remained within the normal range and were statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 86470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10306", "title": "Biochemical and immunological heterogeneity of 100 A filament subunits from different chick cell types.", "content": "The 100 A filament subunit proteins of chick fibroblasts and gizzard smooth muscle were compared. These proteins are major cellular components in these cell types, constituting up to 98% of the cell's total protein. Co-electrophoresis of cytoskeletal fractions of fibroblasts and smooth muscle revealed that the subunit proteins differed in their molecular weights: 58,000 daltons in fibroblasts and 55,000 daltons in smooth muscle. Cytoskeletal fractions from other cell types were also examined: chondroblasts contained the 58,000 dalton subunit, and cytoskeletons of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contained both 55,000 and 58,000 dalton proteins. Chick skin and rat kangaroo Pt K2 cells had more complex subunit patterns which resemble prekeratin. The peptide patterns resulting from proteolytic digestion of the 58,000 dalton protein of fibroblasts, the 55,000 dalton proteins of smooth muscle and PT K2 cells, and chick brain tubulin differed from one another. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of reconstituted gizzard smooth muscle 100 A filaments showed the 55,000 dalton subunit to be composed of two major components, differing in their isoelectric points. Antibodies prepared against electrophoretically purified 55,000 dalton subunit protein reacted in immunodiffusion against the original smooth muscle antigen and cytoskeletal fractions from skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not from fibroblasts, brain, liver, or skin cells. A specific antigenic determinant common to subunit proteins in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, is therefore indicated. A previously described antibody against fibroblast subunit protein reacted weakly against smooth muscle filament protein in immunodiffusion revealing the presence of a common antigenic determinant between the two subunit proteins. These data demonstrate striking antigenic and primary structural differences in 100 A filament subunits from even such closely related cell types as fibroblasts on the one hand and muscle cells on the other.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological heterogeneity of 100 A filament subunits from different chick cell types. The 100 A filament subunit proteins of chick fibroblasts and gizzard smooth muscle were compared. These proteins are major cellular components in these cell types, constituting up to 98% of the cell's total protein. Co-electrophoresis of cytoskeletal fractions of fibroblasts and smooth muscle revealed that the subunit proteins differed in their molecular weights: 58,000 daltons in fibroblasts and 55,000 daltons in smooth muscle. Cytoskeletal fractions from other cell types were also examined: chondroblasts contained the 58,000 dalton subunit, and cytoskeletons of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contained both 55,000 and 58,000 dalton proteins. Chick skin and rat kangaroo Pt K2 cells had more complex subunit patterns which resemble prekeratin. The peptide patterns resulting from proteolytic digestion of the 58,000 dalton protein of fibroblasts, the 55,000 dalton proteins of smooth muscle and PT K2 cells, and chick brain tubulin differed from one another. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of reconstituted gizzard smooth muscle 100 A filaments showed the 55,000 dalton subunit to be composed of two major components, differing in their isoelectric points. Antibodies prepared against electrophoretically purified 55,000 dalton subunit protein reacted in immunodiffusion against the original smooth muscle antigen and cytoskeletal fractions from skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not from fibroblasts, brain, liver, or skin cells. A specific antigenic determinant common to subunit proteins in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, is therefore indicated. A previously described antibody against fibroblast subunit protein reacted weakly against smooth muscle filament protein in immunodiffusion revealing the presence of a common antigenic determinant between the two subunit proteins. These data demonstrate striking antigenic and primary structural differences in 100 A filament subunits from even such closely related cell types as fibroblasts on the one hand and muscle cells on the other.", "PMID": 86475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10307", "title": "A comparative study of the efficiency of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and of chlormadinone acetate in the prevention of premature labor.", "content": "The efficacy of caproate of hydroxyprogesterone and acetate of chlormadinone in preventing premature labore was compared in a controlled trial. The survey was based on 211 pregnant women with a high risk of premature delivery discovered during clinical examination. There are no significant differences between the two groups in either length of gestation, delay between the beginning of treatment and delivery or other parameters related to prematurity. The absence of evidence suggesting any significant difference between the two treatments can have three possible causes (which are discussed): the methodology, the inefficacy of the two products or the equivalent efficacy of the two products.", "contents": "A comparative study of the efficiency of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and of chlormadinone acetate in the prevention of premature labor. The efficacy of caproate of hydroxyprogesterone and acetate of chlormadinone in preventing premature labore was compared in a controlled trial. The survey was based on 211 pregnant women with a high risk of premature delivery discovered during clinical examination. There are no significant differences between the two groups in either length of gestation, delay between the beginning of treatment and delivery or other parameters related to prematurity. The absence of evidence suggesting any significant difference between the two treatments can have three possible causes (which are discussed): the methodology, the inefficacy of the two products or the equivalent efficacy of the two products.", "PMID": 86468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10308", "title": "Immunofluorescent visualization of 100 A filaments in different cultured chick embryo cell types.", "content": "Antibody prepared against the 55,000 dalton subunit of reconstituted chick gizzard 100 A filaments (anti-G55K) bound to the 100 A filaments of chick smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle cells, and to the 100 A filaments of Schwann cells and satellite glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-G55K did not bind to replicating presumptive myoblasts, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, pigment cells, neurons, or to central nervous system glial cells. This contrasted with the wider range of binding of antibody to the 58,000 dalton subunit of chick fibroblast 100 A filaments (anti-F58K) which bound to the 100 A filaments of all cell types examined except hepatocytes and skin epithelial cells. Anti-G55K) staining revealed a morphologically distinct distribution of 100 A filaments in the three types of muscle cells. Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells exhibited dense fluorescent staining near the poles of the cells, and also exhibited unique patches of fluorescent material after cytochalasin B and Colcemid treatment. In myotubes, the fluorescence was limited to longitudinal bundles of filaments between the striated myofibrils. Cardiac cells contained uniformly distributed fine filaments. Lastly, smooth muscle cells in various phases of mitosis bound the anti-G55K, whereas replicating presumptive skeletal myoblasts failed to bind the anti-G55K.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent visualization of 100 A filaments in different cultured chick embryo cell types. Antibody prepared against the 55,000 dalton subunit of reconstituted chick gizzard 100 A filaments (anti-G55K) bound to the 100 A filaments of chick smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle cells, and to the 100 A filaments of Schwann cells and satellite glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-G55K did not bind to replicating presumptive myoblasts, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, pigment cells, neurons, or to central nervous system glial cells. This contrasted with the wider range of binding of antibody to the 58,000 dalton subunit of chick fibroblast 100 A filaments (anti-F58K) which bound to the 100 A filaments of all cell types examined except hepatocytes and skin epithelial cells. Anti-G55K) staining revealed a morphologically distinct distribution of 100 A filaments in the three types of muscle cells. Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells exhibited dense fluorescent staining near the poles of the cells, and also exhibited unique patches of fluorescent material after cytochalasin B and Colcemid treatment. In myotubes, the fluorescence was limited to longitudinal bundles of filaments between the striated myofibrils. Cardiac cells contained uniformly distributed fine filaments. Lastly, smooth muscle cells in various phases of mitosis bound the anti-G55K, whereas replicating presumptive skeletal myoblasts failed to bind the anti-G55K.", "PMID": 86476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10309", "title": "Selective expression of paternal human major histocompatibility antigens on the surface of hydatidiform mole cells.", "content": "The typing of human major histocompatibility antigens (HLA) of two cases of invasive hydatidiform mole showed that the fibroblast-like cells as well as trophoblasts from the mole selectively expressed paternal HLA haplotype specificity but not maternal HLA on the surface. This result was completely in agreement with the notion of androgenetic origin of hydatidiform mole from the aspects of HLA specificity. Immunological implication of this finding and development of chorionic tumor were discussed in the light of fetomaternal relationship and host immune surveillance against the tumor.", "contents": "Selective expression of paternal human major histocompatibility antigens on the surface of hydatidiform mole cells. The typing of human major histocompatibility antigens (HLA) of two cases of invasive hydatidiform mole showed that the fibroblast-like cells as well as trophoblasts from the mole selectively expressed paternal HLA haplotype specificity but not maternal HLA on the surface. This result was completely in agreement with the notion of androgenetic origin of hydatidiform mole from the aspects of HLA specificity. Immunological implication of this finding and development of chorionic tumor were discussed in the light of fetomaternal relationship and host immune surveillance against the tumor.", "PMID": 86477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10310", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and beta 2-microglobulin as serum tumor markers in women with genital cancer.", "content": "A comparative study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) in serum was made by radioimmunoassay in 77 women with genital cancer. With a positive level defined as 5 ng of CEA/ml and 3.0 microgram of beta 2-MG/ml, CEA was positive in 31% of the women with cancer of the corpus, 36% of those with cancer of the cervix and 36% of those with cancer of the ovary the corresponding figures for beta 2-MG were 6%, 27% and 56%, respectively. The additional use of beta 2-MG provided an increase in positive results, especially in cases of cancer of the ovary. A direct relationship between the extent of tumor and serum marker level was more evident for beta 2-MG than CEA. There was no correlation between serial levels of CEA and beta 2-MG in most patients. CEA levels appeared to predict subsequent tumor behavior more accurately in patients with good prognoses (ie, complete or partial tumor response), whereas beta 2-MG levels gave the same prediction in those with bad prognoses (ie, nonresponsive or progressive tumor).", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and beta 2-microglobulin as serum tumor markers in women with genital cancer. A comparative study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) in serum was made by radioimmunoassay in 77 women with genital cancer. With a positive level defined as 5 ng of CEA/ml and 3.0 microgram of beta 2-MG/ml, CEA was positive in 31% of the women with cancer of the corpus, 36% of those with cancer of the cervix and 36% of those with cancer of the ovary the corresponding figures for beta 2-MG were 6%, 27% and 56%, respectively. The additional use of beta 2-MG provided an increase in positive results, especially in cases of cancer of the ovary. A direct relationship between the extent of tumor and serum marker level was more evident for beta 2-MG than CEA. There was no correlation between serial levels of CEA and beta 2-MG in most patients. CEA levels appeared to predict subsequent tumor behavior more accurately in patients with good prognoses (ie, complete or partial tumor response), whereas beta 2-MG levels gave the same prediction in those with bad prognoses (ie, nonresponsive or progressive tumor).", "PMID": 86469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10311", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis after abortus imminens--further progress of pregnancy and peculiarity of amniotic cell cultivation (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1600 pregnancies, in which amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis had been performed, were 73 cases with previous threatened abortion. In none of these abortion occurred after amniocentesis. 56 children have been born so far. There is evidence for a slight but not statistically significant increase in the number of multifactoral anomalies in this group. This study supports former findings of a higher prematurity incidence after vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. If amniocentesis took place after imminent abortion, brownish discoloured amniotic fluid has been withdrawn in 53%. This phenomenon probably results from transfer of blood substances from hematomata between uterine wall and amniotic sac. Cultivation of amniotic fluid cells may be impaired by those degradation products, prolonging the cultivation period for an average of 2 days. Special methodological modifications to enhance the success of amniotic fluid cell cultivation in those heavily contaminated specimens are discussed. There seems to be no interference with AFP-estimation. Fetoscopy vision may be impaired.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis after abortus imminens--further progress of pregnancy and peculiarity of amniotic cell cultivation (author's transl)]. Among 1600 pregnancies, in which amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis had been performed, were 73 cases with previous threatened abortion. In none of these abortion occurred after amniocentesis. 56 children have been born so far. There is evidence for a slight but not statistically significant increase in the number of multifactoral anomalies in this group. This study supports former findings of a higher prematurity incidence after vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. If amniocentesis took place after imminent abortion, brownish discoloured amniotic fluid has been withdrawn in 53%. This phenomenon probably results from transfer of blood substances from hematomata between uterine wall and amniotic sac. Cultivation of amniotic fluid cells may be impaired by those degradation products, prolonging the cultivation period for an average of 2 days. Special methodological modifications to enhance the success of amniotic fluid cell cultivation in those heavily contaminated specimens are discussed. There seems to be no interference with AFP-estimation. Fetoscopy vision may be impaired.", "PMID": 86478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10312", "title": "Lactic dehydrogenase activity in degenerative neoplastic glial cells after actinomycin application in vitro.", "content": "Glial tumors of glioblastoma type, cultured in vitro, have been exposed between the 7th and 14th day of growth to actinomycin C and K in a concentration of 5 x 10(-6) M. The developing degenerative changes in the neoplastic cells were observed after 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the addition of actinomycin to the culture of the tumor. It has been found, that the developing degenerative changes in the tumor cells are paralleled by a growing activity of the enzyme tested. The degenerative changes were described in the neoplastic cells, beginning from the accumulation of the enzyme activity in small granules of the cell processes up to very high activity of the enzyme in fragments of the breaking down cells. It is suggested that LDH activity is a good marker of cell form degenerative changes.", "contents": "Lactic dehydrogenase activity in degenerative neoplastic glial cells after actinomycin application in vitro. Glial tumors of glioblastoma type, cultured in vitro, have been exposed between the 7th and 14th day of growth to actinomycin C and K in a concentration of 5 x 10(-6) M. The developing degenerative changes in the neoplastic cells were observed after 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the addition of actinomycin to the culture of the tumor. It has been found, that the developing degenerative changes in the tumor cells are paralleled by a growing activity of the enzyme tested. The degenerative changes were described in the neoplastic cells, beginning from the accumulation of the enzyme activity in small granules of the cell processes up to very high activity of the enzyme in fragments of the breaking down cells. It is suggested that LDH activity is a good marker of cell form degenerative changes.", "PMID": 86482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10313", "title": "Influence of some aldehyde blocking agents on staining of depurinized DNA with cationic dyes.", "content": "Rat liver, spleen and Walker carcinosarcoma imprints were subjected to depurinizing Feulgen hydrolysis and then treated with blocking agents of aldehyde groups. Such blockators as sodium bisulfite and hydroxylamine which multiplay additionally anionic groups in DNA and intensify the reactions with cationic dyes, ensuring anisotropic staining. Hydrazine lowers the binding of carionic dyes to DNA, instead phenylhydrazine, completely blocks both aldehyde and phosphate groups. When the imprints were treated with 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, aldehyde and phosphate groups of apurinic acid were blocked, and DNA staining by cationic dyes occurred only on account of nitrogroups of the blocking agents which have been used. The staining reaction of cationic dyes after the use of anionogenic blocking agents of aldehyde groups is prospective not only for revealing DNA but also for several other compounds with natural or potential aldo- and ketogroups. However the reaction with phenylhydrazine can serve as a staining without removal of DNA prior to staining as an optional procedure.", "contents": "Influence of some aldehyde blocking agents on staining of depurinized DNA with cationic dyes. Rat liver, spleen and Walker carcinosarcoma imprints were subjected to depurinizing Feulgen hydrolysis and then treated with blocking agents of aldehyde groups. Such blockators as sodium bisulfite and hydroxylamine which multiplay additionally anionic groups in DNA and intensify the reactions with cationic dyes, ensuring anisotropic staining. Hydrazine lowers the binding of carionic dyes to DNA, instead phenylhydrazine, completely blocks both aldehyde and phosphate groups. When the imprints were treated with 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, aldehyde and phosphate groups of apurinic acid were blocked, and DNA staining by cationic dyes occurred only on account of nitrogroups of the blocking agents which have been used. The staining reaction of cationic dyes after the use of anionogenic blocking agents of aldehyde groups is prospective not only for revealing DNA but also for several other compounds with natural or potential aldo- and ketogroups. However the reaction with phenylhydrazine can serve as a staining without removal of DNA prior to staining as an optional procedure.", "PMID": 86483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10314", "title": "[Percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage for obstructive jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "Palliative percutaneous bile duct drainage was carried out in five patients with obstructive jaundice due to inoperable tumours. In four patients drainage was continued for a long period, in one patient for only one day. The bile duct was punctured by transhepatic cholangiography. It was then catheterised and a drainage catheter introduced into the duodenum in order to produce both internal and external drainage. This procedure, which carries few complications, produces a rapid reduction of jaundice and disappearance of pruritus. It does not increase the expectation of life, which depends on the underlying disease. Experience with this method may be of value in benign stenoses or in pre-operative drainage.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage for obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. Palliative percutaneous bile duct drainage was carried out in five patients with obstructive jaundice due to inoperable tumours. In four patients drainage was continued for a long period, in one patient for only one day. The bile duct was punctured by transhepatic cholangiography. It was then catheterised and a drainage catheter introduced into the duodenum in order to produce both internal and external drainage. This procedure, which carries few complications, produces a rapid reduction of jaundice and disappearance of pruritus. It does not increase the expectation of life, which depends on the underlying disease. Experience with this method may be of value in benign stenoses or in pre-operative drainage.", "PMID": 86487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10315", "title": "[Follow-up angiography after palliative renal artery occlusion with the GAW-(Gianturco-Anderson-Wallace)-spiral (author's transl)].", "content": "Follow-up angiograms were carried out in six patients after palliative renal artery embolisation for hypernephromas using a GAW-spiral. The following conclusions were reached: it is possible to obtain complete occlusion of the renal artery with cessation of haematuria, reduction in tumour size and in the extent of the pathological vessels. It is necessary, however, to place the spiral accurately in the vessel to be occluded and to embolise all major arteries supplying the tumour. Even when the renal artery has been completely occluded, tumour growth results in the development of varying extent. In order to reduce this collateral circulation, vessels to the tumour periphery should be embolised with a suitable substance before spiral occlusion is carried out.", "contents": "[Follow-up angiography after palliative renal artery occlusion with the GAW-(Gianturco-Anderson-Wallace)-spiral (author's transl)]. Follow-up angiograms were carried out in six patients after palliative renal artery embolisation for hypernephromas using a GAW-spiral. The following conclusions were reached: it is possible to obtain complete occlusion of the renal artery with cessation of haematuria, reduction in tumour size and in the extent of the pathological vessels. It is necessary, however, to place the spiral accurately in the vessel to be occluded and to embolise all major arteries supplying the tumour. Even when the renal artery has been completely occluded, tumour growth results in the development of varying extent. In order to reduce this collateral circulation, vessels to the tumour periphery should be embolised with a suitable substance before spiral occlusion is carried out.", "PMID": 86488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10316", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of congenital defects through the determination of alpha fetoprotein].", "content": "The prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects is based on elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in the amniotic fluid as well as in the maternal serum. Amniocentesis has to be performed in those women who already gave birth to an affected child and have the high risk to bear another. On the other hand more than 90% of the newborns with anencephaly and spina bifida are born by mothers without any increased risk in anamnesis. Therefore maternal serum screening is indicated in all pregnant women to rule out a neutral tube defect. The pittfalls of a general serum screening are discussed an a survey of the datas from different international centers is presented.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of congenital defects through the determination of alpha fetoprotein]. The prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects is based on elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations in the amniotic fluid as well as in the maternal serum. Amniocentesis has to be performed in those women who already gave birth to an affected child and have the high risk to bear another. On the other hand more than 90% of the newborns with anencephaly and spina bifida are born by mothers without any increased risk in anamnesis. Therefore maternal serum screening is indicated in all pregnant women to rule out a neutral tube defect. The pittfalls of a general serum screening are discussed an a survey of the datas from different international centers is presented.", "PMID": 86490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10317", "title": "[Alpha fetoprotein and HbF cells in the maternal blood and their modification through amniocentesis].", "content": "In 101 patients of the Frauenklinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover we have measured the concentrations of fetal cells and alpha-fetoprotein before and after amniocentesis. There was a significant increase in both parameters corresponding to an arbitrary fetomaternal haemorrhage of 0,05--0,4 ml. AFP seemed to be more reliable than the fetal cell count. The site of placentation was of no influence on the fetomaternal haemorrhage. As less than 0,1 ml rhesus-positive fetal blood is enough to cause isoimmunization in mothers at risk we highly recommend to give immunoglobulin-anti-D to all unsensitized rhesus-negative mothers after amniocentesis.", "contents": "[Alpha fetoprotein and HbF cells in the maternal blood and their modification through amniocentesis]. In 101 patients of the Frauenklinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover we have measured the concentrations of fetal cells and alpha-fetoprotein before and after amniocentesis. There was a significant increase in both parameters corresponding to an arbitrary fetomaternal haemorrhage of 0,05--0,4 ml. AFP seemed to be more reliable than the fetal cell count. The site of placentation was of no influence on the fetomaternal haemorrhage. As less than 0,1 ml rhesus-positive fetal blood is enough to cause isoimmunization in mothers at risk we highly recommend to give immunoglobulin-anti-D to all unsensitized rhesus-negative mothers after amniocentesis.", "PMID": 86491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10318", "title": "PEP A9, a new, unstable variant in the peptidase A system.", "content": "A rare peptidase A variant, tentatively designated PEP A9, was observed in six members of a German family, indicating autosomal codominant inheritance. The electrophoretic mobility is similar to that of PEP A 3-1, but it has very low in vivo stability. There is no apparent association with a disease state. A simple and sensitive staining reagent for PEP A was found in o-phthalaldehyde.", "contents": "PEP A9, a new, unstable variant in the peptidase A system. A rare peptidase A variant, tentatively designated PEP A9, was observed in six members of a German family, indicating autosomal codominant inheritance. The electrophoretic mobility is similar to that of PEP A 3-1, but it has very low in vivo stability. There is no apparent association with a disease state. A simple and sensitive staining reagent for PEP A was found in o-phthalaldehyde.", "PMID": 86494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10319", "title": "Detection of mycoplasma contamination in tissue cultures by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The in situ staining method of Chen (1977) for the detection of mycoplasma contaminants in tissue cultures was tested in cultures of human skin fibroblasts after controlled contamination with Mycoplasma arginini. It is concluded that this method is reliable only at infection rates of 100% or higher, i.e., at one mycoplasma or more per tissue-culture cell.", "contents": "Detection of mycoplasma contamination in tissue cultures by fluorescence microscopy. The in situ staining method of Chen (1977) for the detection of mycoplasma contaminants in tissue cultures was tested in cultures of human skin fibroblasts after controlled contamination with Mycoplasma arginini. It is concluded that this method is reliable only at infection rates of 100% or higher, i.e., at one mycoplasma or more per tissue-culture cell.", "PMID": 86495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10320", "title": "Simplified cell microelectrophoretic method applied to the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test for cancer diagnosis.", "content": "Simplified agarose-coated capillary microelectrophoresis was adapted to the Macrophage Electrophoretic Mobility (MEM) test for cancer detection. Guinea pig alveolar macrophages gave superior reproducibility to peritoneal macrophages. As good or better reproducibility was obtained with cryopreserved, as with fresh macrophages. The electrophoretic mobilities of patients' lymphocytes themselves, after incubation with Encephalitogenic Factor (EF) showed a significant increase in electrophoretic mobility, while in control lymphocytes a decrease occurred. Thus, for the detection of the results of the interaction of EF on human lymphocytes, a direct lymphocyte electrophoretic mobility test may suffice, and guinea pig macrophages may no longer be required at all.", "contents": "Simplified cell microelectrophoretic method applied to the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test for cancer diagnosis. Simplified agarose-coated capillary microelectrophoresis was adapted to the Macrophage Electrophoretic Mobility (MEM) test for cancer detection. Guinea pig alveolar macrophages gave superior reproducibility to peritoneal macrophages. As good or better reproducibility was obtained with cryopreserved, as with fresh macrophages. The electrophoretic mobilities of patients' lymphocytes themselves, after incubation with Encephalitogenic Factor (EF) showed a significant increase in electrophoretic mobility, while in control lymphocytes a decrease occurred. Thus, for the detection of the results of the interaction of EF on human lymphocytes, a direct lymphocyte electrophoretic mobility test may suffice, and guinea pig macrophages may no longer be required at all.", "PMID": 86499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10321", "title": "Split unresponsiveness to trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant. Suppression of anti-TNP antibody responses by sensitization with picryl chloride.", "content": "Contact sensitization by epicutaneous application of picryl chloride causes in mice a significant reduction of the antibody responses to immunogenic TNP-conjugates. This split unresponsiveness is along-lasting. It was found that hapten applied on the skin became attached to the serum proteins and the transfer of such a serum into normal recipients, while not influencing the ability of these animals to become contact-sensitized to PCl, rendered them unable to mount the anti-TNP antibody response. Possible mechanisms of split unresponsiveness to the TNP determinant induced by PCl treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Split unresponsiveness to trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant. Suppression of anti-TNP antibody responses by sensitization with picryl chloride. Contact sensitization by epicutaneous application of picryl chloride causes in mice a significant reduction of the antibody responses to immunogenic TNP-conjugates. This split unresponsiveness is along-lasting. It was found that hapten applied on the skin became attached to the serum proteins and the transfer of such a serum into normal recipients, while not influencing the ability of these animals to become contact-sensitized to PCl, rendered them unable to mount the anti-TNP antibody response. Possible mechanisms of split unresponsiveness to the TNP determinant induced by PCl treatment are suggested.", "PMID": 86500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10322", "title": "An investigation into the antigen-specificity of transfer factor in its stimulatory action on lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Dialysable transfer factor (TF) was prepared from the buffy-coat cells of donors with known cell-mediated reactivity to tuberculin (PPD), streptococcal protein (SKSD) and diphtheria toxoid (DT). The effect of such preparations on the transformation by these antigens of lymphocytes from tuberculin-negative donors was investigated. Transformation was determined as incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The concentrations of SKSD and DT were adjusted for different lymphocyte donors so as to give, in the absence of TF, a low index of transformation (less than 10-fold) comparable to that obtained with PPD. TF from tuberculin-positive donors stimulated antigen-induced transformation by on average approximately 2-fold whereas TF from tuberculin-negative donors generally had little effect. This was so not for PPD as antigen but also for SKSD and DT, and sensitivity of TF donor to SKSD of DT was not a determining factor. TF also frequently increased background transformation in the absence of antigen. Although a small effect, this ability tended to reflect the activity of TF in the presence of antigen. It is concluded that neither the whole nor any significant part of this enhancement of transformation can be ascribed to an antigen-specific factor. Tuberculin-positive donors apparently yield a higher level of non-specific factor and possible reasons for this are discussed. The factor active in transformation may be responsbile for the TF phenomenon in vivo.", "contents": "An investigation into the antigen-specificity of transfer factor in its stimulatory action on lymphocyte transformation. Dialysable transfer factor (TF) was prepared from the buffy-coat cells of donors with known cell-mediated reactivity to tuberculin (PPD), streptococcal protein (SKSD) and diphtheria toxoid (DT). The effect of such preparations on the transformation by these antigens of lymphocytes from tuberculin-negative donors was investigated. Transformation was determined as incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The concentrations of SKSD and DT were adjusted for different lymphocyte donors so as to give, in the absence of TF, a low index of transformation (less than 10-fold) comparable to that obtained with PPD. TF from tuberculin-positive donors stimulated antigen-induced transformation by on average approximately 2-fold whereas TF from tuberculin-negative donors generally had little effect. This was so not for PPD as antigen but also for SKSD and DT, and sensitivity of TF donor to SKSD of DT was not a determining factor. TF also frequently increased background transformation in the absence of antigen. Although a small effect, this ability tended to reflect the activity of TF in the presence of antigen. It is concluded that neither the whole nor any significant part of this enhancement of transformation can be ascribed to an antigen-specific factor. Tuberculin-positive donors apparently yield a higher level of non-specific factor and possible reasons for this are discussed. The factor active in transformation may be responsbile for the TF phenomenon in vivo.", "PMID": 86502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10323", "title": "Liver-specific and shared cell membrane antigens. Studies by light- and electron microscopy.", "content": "Liver-specific and shared saline-insoluble cell surface antigens were localized by immunofluorescence as well as by light- and electron microscopic immunoenzyme techniques. Antisera against purified mouse liver cell membranes were surface membrane but not organ-specific. Variable quantities of shared antigens were present in endoderm- and mesoderm-derived organs but not in ectodermal nerve tissue. Species crossreactivity was observed for the rat. Repeated absorption produced liver-specific antisera that reacted with antigenic sites distributed along the entire hepatocyte and sinusoidal cell surfaces. For the precise localization as well as the detection of low concentrations of both liver-specific and nonspecific antigens, the ultrastructural visualization of reactive sites proved essential.", "contents": "Liver-specific and shared cell membrane antigens. Studies by light- and electron microscopy. Liver-specific and shared saline-insoluble cell surface antigens were localized by immunofluorescence as well as by light- and electron microscopic immunoenzyme techniques. Antisera against purified mouse liver cell membranes were surface membrane but not organ-specific. Variable quantities of shared antigens were present in endoderm- and mesoderm-derived organs but not in ectodermal nerve tissue. Species crossreactivity was observed for the rat. Repeated absorption produced liver-specific antisera that reacted with antigenic sites distributed along the entire hepatocyte and sinusoidal cell surfaces. For the precise localization as well as the detection of low concentrations of both liver-specific and nonspecific antigens, the ultrastructural visualization of reactive sites proved essential.", "PMID": 86503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10324", "title": "Binding properties of goat IgM anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies.", "content": "Goats immunized over 2 months with low doses of 1 mg/kg of dinitrophenylated Salmonella typhimurium responded with low levels of anti-DNP antibodies restricted to the IgM class. The purified antibodies show low association constants (Ka between 10(4) of 10(5) l/M), a high degree of homogeneity (heterogeneity indices alpha between 0.7 and 0.9) and ten combining sites when tested against dinitrophenyl-lysine as ligand by equilibrium dialysis. These binding properties remained unchanged during the whole immune response. When after 9 months the animals received the same immunogen and DNP-BGG, the anti-DNP antibody response included antibodies in the IgG class.", "contents": "Binding properties of goat IgM anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies. Goats immunized over 2 months with low doses of 1 mg/kg of dinitrophenylated Salmonella typhimurium responded with low levels of anti-DNP antibodies restricted to the IgM class. The purified antibodies show low association constants (Ka between 10(4) of 10(5) l/M), a high degree of homogeneity (heterogeneity indices alpha between 0.7 and 0.9) and ten combining sites when tested against dinitrophenyl-lysine as ligand by equilibrium dialysis. These binding properties remained unchanged during the whole immune response. When after 9 months the animals received the same immunogen and DNP-BGG, the anti-DNP antibody response included antibodies in the IgG class.", "PMID": 86504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10325", "title": "Effect of rabbit anti-human B-cell antigens on the response of lymphocytes stimulated by blastogenic factor.", "content": "It has been shown that specific antisera to B-cell determinants can block stimulation in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction. Therefore, it is of interest to study the effect of anti-human B-cell serum on blastogenic activities of the cell-free culture medium (CFM) derived from cultures of human blood lymphocytes. B-cell antigen was prepared from human B-cell line as a glycoprotein complex of mol. wt 27,000 and 33,000. Rabbit antisera to the B-cell antigen after absorption with human platelets or T-cell line (MOLT 4) was shown to react only against B cells but not T cells. The antisera suppressed human mixed lymphocyte reaction but did not affect the response of lymphocytes to PHA. The proliferative response of T-cell enriched population induced by blastogenic factor from lyphocyte cultures was markedly suppressed by the antisera. The inhibited reactivity irrespective of the source (autologous, allogeneic, mixed, T or B cells) of CFM. This is compatible with an effect caused by their interactions with the responding cell rather than blastogenic factor in the CFM. The results of the kinetic experiments suggest that addition of the antiserum at intervals after initiation of the culture only prevents the CFM stimulation of the responder cells that have not yet become committed to divide.", "contents": "Effect of rabbit anti-human B-cell antigens on the response of lymphocytes stimulated by blastogenic factor. It has been shown that specific antisera to B-cell determinants can block stimulation in the human mixed lymphocyte reaction. Therefore, it is of interest to study the effect of anti-human B-cell serum on blastogenic activities of the cell-free culture medium (CFM) derived from cultures of human blood lymphocytes. B-cell antigen was prepared from human B-cell line as a glycoprotein complex of mol. wt 27,000 and 33,000. Rabbit antisera to the B-cell antigen after absorption with human platelets or T-cell line (MOLT 4) was shown to react only against B cells but not T cells. The antisera suppressed human mixed lymphocyte reaction but did not affect the response of lymphocytes to PHA. The proliferative response of T-cell enriched population induced by blastogenic factor from lyphocyte cultures was markedly suppressed by the antisera. The inhibited reactivity irrespective of the source (autologous, allogeneic, mixed, T or B cells) of CFM. This is compatible with an effect caused by their interactions with the responding cell rather than blastogenic factor in the CFM. The results of the kinetic experiments suggest that addition of the antiserum at intervals after initiation of the culture only prevents the CFM stimulation of the responder cells that have not yet become committed to divide.", "PMID": 86505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10326", "title": "Immune responses in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus. IV. Functional status of the macrophage during acute LDV infection.", "content": "Macrophages from uninfected and lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV)-infected mice were compared with respect to the affinity and number of their Fc receptors for IgG2a; no differences were found regarding these parameters. When the uptake of DNP-BGG by macrophages from uninfected and acutely LDV-infected mice was compared, again no differences were observed. However, when the per cent membrane-bound DNP-BGG was determined as a function of time after antigen uptake in these two groups, more DNP-BGG was found membrane-bound on the macrophages from the LDV-infected mice, than on uninfected macrophages. In view of the fact that humoral immunity is enhanced during acute LDV infection, these data provide a positive correlation between increased retention of membrane-bound antigen and enhanced humoral immune responses.", "contents": "Immune responses in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus. IV. Functional status of the macrophage during acute LDV infection. Macrophages from uninfected and lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV)-infected mice were compared with respect to the affinity and number of their Fc receptors for IgG2a; no differences were found regarding these parameters. When the uptake of DNP-BGG by macrophages from uninfected and acutely LDV-infected mice was compared, again no differences were observed. However, when the per cent membrane-bound DNP-BGG was determined as a function of time after antigen uptake in these two groups, more DNP-BGG was found membrane-bound on the macrophages from the LDV-infected mice, than on uninfected macrophages. In view of the fact that humoral immunity is enhanced during acute LDV infection, these data provide a positive correlation between increased retention of membrane-bound antigen and enhanced humoral immune responses.", "PMID": 86506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10327", "title": "Regulatory mechanism of autoantibody production in mice to bromelin-treated isologous red blood cells.", "content": "In the spleen of mice immunized with bromelin treated rat red blood cells (RBC), the number of PFC against bromelin treated isologous RBC increased, although immunization with non-treated rat RBC or bromelin treated isologous RBC gave no increase in number of these PFC. This immune response was found to be T-independent and the PFC developed are exclusively of direct or Ig-M type. In the secondary immune response, production of these PFC was depressed rather than increased. This can be thought of as one of the defence mechanisms against overproduction of autoantibodies in confrontation to foreign antigens cross-reactive with self antigenic determinants. This depressed secondary immune response can be adoptively transferred by primed spleen cells but no active suppressor effect was found. We concluded that clonal elimination by exhaustive differentiation may be operative in this depressed secondary immune response.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanism of autoantibody production in mice to bromelin-treated isologous red blood cells. In the spleen of mice immunized with bromelin treated rat red blood cells (RBC), the number of PFC against bromelin treated isologous RBC increased, although immunization with non-treated rat RBC or bromelin treated isologous RBC gave no increase in number of these PFC. This immune response was found to be T-independent and the PFC developed are exclusively of direct or Ig-M type. In the secondary immune response, production of these PFC was depressed rather than increased. This can be thought of as one of the defence mechanisms against overproduction of autoantibodies in confrontation to foreign antigens cross-reactive with self antigenic determinants. This depressed secondary immune response can be adoptively transferred by primed spleen cells but no active suppressor effect was found. We concluded that clonal elimination by exhaustive differentiation may be operative in this depressed secondary immune response.", "PMID": 86507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10328", "title": "Hapten specific unresponsiveness in mice. I. Characteristics of unresponsiveness induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid.", "content": "Injection of mice with the chemically reactive hapten 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBSA) induces a specific unresponsiveness as judged by reduction or abolition of the anti-TNP response to TNP-KLH. The normal response to a nonrelated hapten, oxazolone, bound to the same carrier (OX-KLH) is unaffected. Reduction of the anti-TNP response was also observed after TNBSA treatment, in nude mice (nu/nu) and their littermates (nu/+) challenged with TNP-POL, an antigen to which the response is thymus independent. Injection of the chemically non-reactive hapten TNP-glycyl-glycine did not induce unresponsiveness. A similar failure was observed with TNP autologous red cells or serum proteins from mice previously injected with TNBSA. The specific unresponsiveness of spleen cells of TNBSA injected mice was maintained after their transfer into lethally irradiated syngeneic host mice. Finally tolerant cells do not inhibit specifically an adoptive anti-TNP secondary response.", "contents": "Hapten specific unresponsiveness in mice. I. Characteristics of unresponsiveness induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. Injection of mice with the chemically reactive hapten 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBSA) induces a specific unresponsiveness as judged by reduction or abolition of the anti-TNP response to TNP-KLH. The normal response to a nonrelated hapten, oxazolone, bound to the same carrier (OX-KLH) is unaffected. Reduction of the anti-TNP response was also observed after TNBSA treatment, in nude mice (nu/nu) and their littermates (nu/+) challenged with TNP-POL, an antigen to which the response is thymus independent. Injection of the chemically non-reactive hapten TNP-glycyl-glycine did not induce unresponsiveness. A similar failure was observed with TNP autologous red cells or serum proteins from mice previously injected with TNBSA. The specific unresponsiveness of spleen cells of TNBSA injected mice was maintained after their transfer into lethally irradiated syngeneic host mice. Finally tolerant cells do not inhibit specifically an adoptive anti-TNP secondary response.", "PMID": 86508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10329", "title": "Antigenic modulation of the cytophilic binding of guinea-pig IgG and IgM antibodies to homologous macrophages.", "content": "The cytophilic binding of immune complexes by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from adjuvant-stimulated guinea-pigs was studied using 125I-labelled guinea-pig IgG1, IgG2 and IgM antibodies to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) group. The influence of hapten density upon cytophilic activity was studied by the addition of DNP-conjugated antigens to antibody in 2-200 molar ratios of DNP:antibody. Only IgG2 binding was enhanced by immune complex formation, and the increased binding of IgG2 anti-DNP was dependent on the number of DNP determinants per antigen molecule. Cytophilic activity with epsilon-DNP-L-lysine (DNP-LYS), alpha,epsilon-di-DNP-L-lysine (DNP-LYS-DNP), or DNP1-8-BSA was no greater than that seen in the absence of hapten. Increased cytophilic binding was noted only with DNP20-41-BSA. The binding of IgG2 and IgG2 anti-DNP:DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) complexes was inhibited by monomeric IgG2. The relative cytophilic capacities of guinea-pig immunoglobulins appeared as follows: IgG greater than IgG1 greater than IgM. IgG1 and IgM binding of DNP conjugates did not enhance their cytophilic activity; therefore, IgG1 and IgM cytophilic binding to PEC was considered biologically insignificant. This investigation provides further evidence that cytophilic binding of immune complexes to macrophages is due to the co-operative action of multiple Fc sites rather than a conformational change in the IgG2 antibodies, and serum proteins, notably complement components, can alter the binding and/or phagocytosis of IgG2 anti-DNP:DNP-BSA complexes.", "contents": "Antigenic modulation of the cytophilic binding of guinea-pig IgG and IgM antibodies to homologous macrophages. The cytophilic binding of immune complexes by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from adjuvant-stimulated guinea-pigs was studied using 125I-labelled guinea-pig IgG1, IgG2 and IgM antibodies to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) group. The influence of hapten density upon cytophilic activity was studied by the addition of DNP-conjugated antigens to antibody in 2-200 molar ratios of DNP:antibody. Only IgG2 binding was enhanced by immune complex formation, and the increased binding of IgG2 anti-DNP was dependent on the number of DNP determinants per antigen molecule. Cytophilic activity with epsilon-DNP-L-lysine (DNP-LYS), alpha,epsilon-di-DNP-L-lysine (DNP-LYS-DNP), or DNP1-8-BSA was no greater than that seen in the absence of hapten. Increased cytophilic binding was noted only with DNP20-41-BSA. The binding of IgG2 and IgG2 anti-DNP:DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) complexes was inhibited by monomeric IgG2. The relative cytophilic capacities of guinea-pig immunoglobulins appeared as follows: IgG greater than IgG1 greater than IgM. IgG1 and IgM binding of DNP conjugates did not enhance their cytophilic activity; therefore, IgG1 and IgM cytophilic binding to PEC was considered biologically insignificant. This investigation provides further evidence that cytophilic binding of immune complexes to macrophages is due to the co-operative action of multiple Fc sites rather than a conformational change in the IgG2 antibodies, and serum proteins, notably complement components, can alter the binding and/or phagocytosis of IgG2 anti-DNP:DNP-BSA complexes.", "PMID": 86509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10330", "title": "Studies of human anti-IgM anti-IgG cryoglobulins. I. Patterns of reactivity with autologous and isologous human IgG and its subunits.", "content": "Monoclonal human anti-IgG preparations purified from mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulins were tested for their antigenic specificity by haemagglutination-inhibition assay. A panel of fourteen IgG preparations of the four gamma chain subclasses were prepared from myeloma sera and used as inhibitors of haemagglutination. Each of six IgM anti-globulins demonstrated different reactivity profiles with these IgG preparations. In addition, the fraction of the serum IgG which had bound to and cryoprecipitated with the IgM preparations, termed 'antigen-IgG', was purified and assayed for subclass content. The gamma chain subclasses found in the 'antigen-IgG' fractions showed that each IgM cryoprecipitated an IgG from serum which had different quantities of the subclasses present. These 'autologous' reactivity patterns were in instances different from the specificities expected from the results obtained with the myeloma proteins. When all antigen-IgG pools were tested with each IgM, some antiglobulins showed stronger reactivity with isologous than with their own, antigen-IgG pools. The IgM anti-IgG preparations were also compared in reactivity with IgG and its subunits in order to localize the antigenic determinant(s) with which these autoantibodies react. Heavy chains showed far greater reactivity than Fc fragment for 5/6 IgM preparations. Light chains, F(ab')2, pFc' and Fab were non-reactive. A relationship between the length of papain digestion and Fc reactivity was demonstrated. Based on the data, possible locations for the antigenic determinant(s) were considered.", "contents": "Studies of human anti-IgM anti-IgG cryoglobulins. I. Patterns of reactivity with autologous and isologous human IgG and its subunits. Monoclonal human anti-IgG preparations purified from mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulins were tested for their antigenic specificity by haemagglutination-inhibition assay. A panel of fourteen IgG preparations of the four gamma chain subclasses were prepared from myeloma sera and used as inhibitors of haemagglutination. Each of six IgM anti-globulins demonstrated different reactivity profiles with these IgG preparations. In addition, the fraction of the serum IgG which had bound to and cryoprecipitated with the IgM preparations, termed 'antigen-IgG', was purified and assayed for subclass content. The gamma chain subclasses found in the 'antigen-IgG' fractions showed that each IgM cryoprecipitated an IgG from serum which had different quantities of the subclasses present. These 'autologous' reactivity patterns were in instances different from the specificities expected from the results obtained with the myeloma proteins. When all antigen-IgG pools were tested with each IgM, some antiglobulins showed stronger reactivity with isologous than with their own, antigen-IgG pools. The IgM anti-IgG preparations were also compared in reactivity with IgG and its subunits in order to localize the antigenic determinant(s) with which these autoantibodies react. Heavy chains showed far greater reactivity than Fc fragment for 5/6 IgM preparations. Light chains, F(ab')2, pFc' and Fab were non-reactive. A relationship between the length of papain digestion and Fc reactivity was demonstrated. Based on the data, possible locations for the antigenic determinant(s) were considered.", "PMID": 86510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10331", "title": "alpha-Foetoprotein:immunoreactivity of the major oestrogen-binding component in mouse amniotic fluid.", "content": "Competitive protein binding studies, using oestrone as the inhibitor, demonstrated that mouse amniotic fluid contains a high affinity oestradiol-binding component precipitable by monospecific rabbit anti-alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) in a double-antibody radio-immunoassay. On disc gel radio-electrophoresis the oestrogen-binding entity migrated as an alpha-1 protein which was immunoreactive to anti-AFP serum. Immunoprecipitation of protein-bound [3H]-oestradiol from solution was proportional to anti-AFP immunoglobulin G concentration. Rabbit antisera directed against other major proteins in amniotic fluid did not produce significant precipitation of radioactivity. Only when anti-AFP antiserum was the complexing protein and AFP, either crude or purified, was the binding protein did a substantial [3H]-oestradiol precipitate form. Our data suggest that oestradiol and anti-AFP do not bind at the same sites on the AFP molecule and that estradiol does not serve as a hapten in the production of anti-AFP serum in rabbits.", "contents": "alpha-Foetoprotein:immunoreactivity of the major oestrogen-binding component in mouse amniotic fluid. Competitive protein binding studies, using oestrone as the inhibitor, demonstrated that mouse amniotic fluid contains a high affinity oestradiol-binding component precipitable by monospecific rabbit anti-alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) in a double-antibody radio-immunoassay. On disc gel radio-electrophoresis the oestrogen-binding entity migrated as an alpha-1 protein which was immunoreactive to anti-AFP serum. Immunoprecipitation of protein-bound [3H]-oestradiol from solution was proportional to anti-AFP immunoglobulin G concentration. Rabbit antisera directed against other major proteins in amniotic fluid did not produce significant precipitation of radioactivity. Only when anti-AFP antiserum was the complexing protein and AFP, either crude or purified, was the binding protein did a substantial [3H]-oestradiol precipitate form. Our data suggest that oestradiol and anti-AFP do not bind at the same sites on the AFP molecule and that estradiol does not serve as a hapten in the production of anti-AFP serum in rabbits.", "PMID": 86511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10332", "title": "Studies of human IgM anti-IgG cryoglobulins: II. Isoelectric focusing characteristics of the reactive antigen and residual serum IgG pools.", "content": "The co-isoelectric focusing characteristics of the antigen-IgG and residual IgG pools in the serum of patients with mixed IgM:IgG cryoglobulinemia have been determined. The antigen IgG purified from five IgM cryoglobulins and the residual IgG purified from serum depleted of cryoglobulin were radiolabelled and co-isoelectric focused in polyacrylamide gels in order to determine if the IgM anti-globulin reacted in order to determine if the IgM anti-globulin reacted with IgGs having unique physicochemical properties. Electrofocusing profiles of the IgG from four sera showed only minor differences when the antigen-IgG was compared to residual serum IgG. In one instance, the IEF profile of the antigen-IgG pool was markedly restricted and of a different charge dispersion than the residual serum IgG. This correlated with the limited antigenic specificity previously shown for the autologous IgM antiglobulin.", "contents": "Studies of human IgM anti-IgG cryoglobulins: II. Isoelectric focusing characteristics of the reactive antigen and residual serum IgG pools. The co-isoelectric focusing characteristics of the antigen-IgG and residual IgG pools in the serum of patients with mixed IgM:IgG cryoglobulinemia have been determined. The antigen IgG purified from five IgM cryoglobulins and the residual IgG purified from serum depleted of cryoglobulin were radiolabelled and co-isoelectric focused in polyacrylamide gels in order to determine if the IgM anti-globulin reacted in order to determine if the IgM anti-globulin reacted with IgGs having unique physicochemical properties. Electrofocusing profiles of the IgG from four sera showed only minor differences when the antigen-IgG was compared to residual serum IgG. In one instance, the IEF profile of the antigen-IgG pool was markedly restricted and of a different charge dispersion than the residual serum IgG. This correlated with the limited antigenic specificity previously shown for the autologous IgM antiglobulin.", "PMID": 86512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10333", "title": "The specificity of heterologous antiserum against brain of nude mice.", "content": "Serum prepared in rabbits against brain of nude mice was tested for its T-cell specificity by immunoperoxidase staining. The difference in activity of this anti-brain serum against early precursors and more differentiated precursors of the haemopoietic cell lines was investigated by CFU-s and CFU-c determination after serum incubation. The results showed that the activity of the anti-nude brain serum is completely comparable to serum prepared against brain of normal mice.", "contents": "The specificity of heterologous antiserum against brain of nude mice. Serum prepared in rabbits against brain of nude mice was tested for its T-cell specificity by immunoperoxidase staining. The difference in activity of this anti-brain serum against early precursors and more differentiated precursors of the haemopoietic cell lines was investigated by CFU-s and CFU-c determination after serum incubation. The results showed that the activity of the anti-nude brain serum is completely comparable to serum prepared against brain of normal mice.", "PMID": 86513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10334", "title": "Protease inhibitors reduce mitogen induced lymphocyte stimulation.", "content": "Proteolytic events might play a role during lymphocyte activation. Mouse spleen cells were therefore stimulated in serum-free cultures by PHA, ConA, LPS and dextran sulphate and the effect of various added protease inhibitors on [3H]-thymidine incorporation investigated. Both soybean inhibitor and Trasylol inhibited the response of the cells to all mitogens. The other inhibitors (antipain, leupeptin, ovomucoid, alpha-1 trypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin) had little or no effect. The marked inhibitory effect of tosyl-lysine chloromethylketone could be neutralized by reduced glutathione, indicating an effect on intracellular glutathione rather than on proteases.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors reduce mitogen induced lymphocyte stimulation. Proteolytic events might play a role during lymphocyte activation. Mouse spleen cells were therefore stimulated in serum-free cultures by PHA, ConA, LPS and dextran sulphate and the effect of various added protease inhibitors on [3H]-thymidine incorporation investigated. Both soybean inhibitor and Trasylol inhibited the response of the cells to all mitogens. The other inhibitors (antipain, leupeptin, ovomucoid, alpha-1 trypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin) had little or no effect. The marked inhibitory effect of tosyl-lysine chloromethylketone could be neutralized by reduced glutathione, indicating an effect on intracellular glutathione rather than on proteases.", "PMID": 86514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10335", "title": "Immune responsiveness and oral immunization.", "content": "The effects on the immune response of daily feeding of 30 mg of human serum albumin to rats have been studied. Feeding for periods of 17-20 days consistently resulted in a specific systemic hyporesponsiveness evident on subsequent parenteral immunogen challenge. Local secretory sites such as the major salivary glands were not made hyporesponsive as evidenced by the salivary antibody titres and the enumeration of glandular plaque-forming cells. The levels and classes of antibodies present in the secretions and sera were identified by passive haemagglutination, and a sensitive red-cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction. By the use of radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination inhibition assays it was possible to quantitate the amount of antigen appearing in the circulation at varying times after feeding. It was shown in the use of oesophagectomised rats that absorption of small amounts of intact protein occurs from undefined sites in the oral cavity. Attempts were made to transfer the specific systemic hyporesponsiveness to syngeneic animals using spleen cell and serum transfers.", "contents": "Immune responsiveness and oral immunization. The effects on the immune response of daily feeding of 30 mg of human serum albumin to rats have been studied. Feeding for periods of 17-20 days consistently resulted in a specific systemic hyporesponsiveness evident on subsequent parenteral immunogen challenge. Local secretory sites such as the major salivary glands were not made hyporesponsive as evidenced by the salivary antibody titres and the enumeration of glandular plaque-forming cells. The levels and classes of antibodies present in the secretions and sera were identified by passive haemagglutination, and a sensitive red-cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction. By the use of radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination inhibition assays it was possible to quantitate the amount of antigen appearing in the circulation at varying times after feeding. It was shown in the use of oesophagectomised rats that absorption of small amounts of intact protein occurs from undefined sites in the oral cavity. Attempts were made to transfer the specific systemic hyporesponsiveness to syngeneic animals using spleen cell and serum transfers.", "PMID": 86517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10336", "title": "Immunogenetics of the McB1 macroglobulin allotype in cattle.", "content": "The paper describes a cattle serum antigen (McB1) which is controlled by a dominant gene (McB1), independent from those controlling the two macroglobulin markers McA1 and McA2 as well as from that controlling the low-density lipoprotein marker Ld1A1. McB1 is located on a high-molecular-weight serum protein which, very likely, is an alpha2-macroglobulin.", "contents": "Immunogenetics of the McB1 macroglobulin allotype in cattle. The paper describes a cattle serum antigen (McB1) which is controlled by a dominant gene (McB1), independent from those controlling the two macroglobulin markers McA1 and McA2 as well as from that controlling the low-density lipoprotein marker Ld1A1. McB1 is located on a high-molecular-weight serum protein which, very likely, is an alpha2-macroglobulin.", "PMID": 86518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10337", "title": "Uninhibited growth and metastases of herpes simplex virus-transformed cells in virus-sensitized hosts.", "content": "Four established tumour lines of hamster cells transformed by herpes simplex virus (HSV) but not shedding the virus were examined for continued expression of virus-associated antigens. Hamster or rabbits, appropriately immunized to the tumour cells, produced virus-neutralizing antibody. The serum titres were invariably low, suggesting that only small quantities of virion antigen were present in the cells. Hamster sensitized to HSV and resistant to virulent virus challenge did not reject low numbers of tumour cells, nor was the incidence of lung metastases significantly reduced. Virus-sensitized lymph-node cells, readily cytotoxic for HSV-infected hamster embryo fibroblasts, did not lyse any of three transformed lines tested in an 18-h 51chromium release test. Animals that had their tumour excised demonstrated no or only modest resistance to tumour rechallenge. Thus, virus-specific transplantation rejection antigen could not be detected in the HSV tumour lines although low levels of virus structural antigens were present.", "contents": "Uninhibited growth and metastases of herpes simplex virus-transformed cells in virus-sensitized hosts. Four established tumour lines of hamster cells transformed by herpes simplex virus (HSV) but not shedding the virus were examined for continued expression of virus-associated antigens. Hamster or rabbits, appropriately immunized to the tumour cells, produced virus-neutralizing antibody. The serum titres were invariably low, suggesting that only small quantities of virion antigen were present in the cells. Hamster sensitized to HSV and resistant to virulent virus challenge did not reject low numbers of tumour cells, nor was the incidence of lung metastases significantly reduced. Virus-sensitized lymph-node cells, readily cytotoxic for HSV-infected hamster embryo fibroblasts, did not lyse any of three transformed lines tested in an 18-h 51chromium release test. Animals that had their tumour excised demonstrated no or only modest resistance to tumour rechallenge. Thus, virus-specific transplantation rejection antigen could not be detected in the HSV tumour lines although low levels of virus structural antigens were present.", "PMID": 86519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10338", "title": "Tumor-associated antigens of chemically-induced murine tumors; the emergence of MuLV and fetal antigens after serial passage in culture.", "content": "Using radioiodinated Staphylococcus aureus protein A [125I]SPA to measure syngeneic, allogeneic and heterogeneic IgG bound to murine tumor cells, we performed a serological analysis of surface antigens of 8 solid tumors and 2 leukemias of BALB/c mice (3 chemically-induced colon carcinomas, 3 chemically-induced sarcomas, 1 murine leukemia virus (MuLV) induced leukemia, 1 irradiation induced leukemia, 1 spontaneous melanoma and 1 spontaneous sarcoma). We were able to detect and distinguish between at least five separate antigenic specificities on these tumors. Unique tumor-associated antigens were found on 3 of the tumors, MuLV related antigens on 8 tumors, fetal antigens on 7 tumors and two distinct common antigens on 7 tumors (common antigen 1 (CA-1) on 5 tumors and common antigen 2 (CA-2) on 2 tumors). Neither of the common antigens was found to be sarcoma, carcinoma or tissue-tupe specific. A number of tumors which did not originally express either MuLV or fetal antigens in primary cultures expressed these antigens after several serial passages in vitro.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigens of chemically-induced murine tumors; the emergence of MuLV and fetal antigens after serial passage in culture. Using radioiodinated Staphylococcus aureus protein A [125I]SPA to measure syngeneic, allogeneic and heterogeneic IgG bound to murine tumor cells, we performed a serological analysis of surface antigens of 8 solid tumors and 2 leukemias of BALB/c mice (3 chemically-induced colon carcinomas, 3 chemically-induced sarcomas, 1 murine leukemia virus (MuLV) induced leukemia, 1 irradiation induced leukemia, 1 spontaneous melanoma and 1 spontaneous sarcoma). We were able to detect and distinguish between at least five separate antigenic specificities on these tumors. Unique tumor-associated antigens were found on 3 of the tumors, MuLV related antigens on 8 tumors, fetal antigens on 7 tumors and two distinct common antigens on 7 tumors (common antigen 1 (CA-1) on 5 tumors and common antigen 2 (CA-2) on 2 tumors). Neither of the common antigens was found to be sarcoma, carcinoma or tissue-tupe specific. A number of tumors which did not originally express either MuLV or fetal antigens in primary cultures expressed these antigens after several serial passages in vitro.", "PMID": 86520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10339", "title": "A new virion precipitation test for oncovirus envelope antigens which detects common antigenic determinants in mammalian type-C viruses and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "A method for the study of oncovirus envelope antigens was developed, bases on the precipitation of intact virions by a double antibody technique. The amount of precipitated virus was then measured as reverse transcriptase activity. The method was designated the virion precipitation test (VPT). It has been used for titration of antibodies to envelope antigens of oncoviruses. The study of envelop antigens of 11 different oncoviruses permitted their differentiation into the following groups: (1) murine type-C viruses: (2) feline type-C viruses; (3) simian type-C viruses; (4) the RD-114/BEV group; (5) Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV); (6) bovine leukemia virus; (7) avian type-C viruses; (8) mouse mammary tumor virus. No common antigenic determinants were detected in the last three groups. Mammalian type-C viruses (RD-114, NIH-MuLV, G-MuLV) had common antigenic determinants in the envelope, as demonstrated with an anti-RD-114 serum. Mammalian type-C viruses also shared antigenic determinants with M-PMV. The relationship of type-C viruses to M-PMV decreased in the following order: RD-114--NIH-MuLV--G-MuLV. It was also shown that the endogenous xenotropic feline RD-114 virus was more closely related to xenotropic NIH-MuLV than to ecotropic G-MuLV. The nature of the common antigenic determinants, as demonstrated by VPT on the surface of mammalian type-C viruses and M-PMV, and their significance for the concept of oncovirus evolution are discussed.", "contents": "A new virion precipitation test for oncovirus envelope antigens which detects common antigenic determinants in mammalian type-C viruses and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. A method for the study of oncovirus envelope antigens was developed, bases on the precipitation of intact virions by a double antibody technique. The amount of precipitated virus was then measured as reverse transcriptase activity. The method was designated the virion precipitation test (VPT). It has been used for titration of antibodies to envelope antigens of oncoviruses. The study of envelop antigens of 11 different oncoviruses permitted their differentiation into the following groups: (1) murine type-C viruses: (2) feline type-C viruses; (3) simian type-C viruses; (4) the RD-114/BEV group; (5) Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV); (6) bovine leukemia virus; (7) avian type-C viruses; (8) mouse mammary tumor virus. No common antigenic determinants were detected in the last three groups. Mammalian type-C viruses (RD-114, NIH-MuLV, G-MuLV) had common antigenic determinants in the envelope, as demonstrated with an anti-RD-114 serum. Mammalian type-C viruses also shared antigenic determinants with M-PMV. The relationship of type-C viruses to M-PMV decreased in the following order: RD-114--NIH-MuLV--G-MuLV. It was also shown that the endogenous xenotropic feline RD-114 virus was more closely related to xenotropic NIH-MuLV than to ecotropic G-MuLV. The nature of the common antigenic determinants, as demonstrated by VPT on the surface of mammalian type-C viruses and M-PMV, and their significance for the concept of oncovirus evolution are discussed.", "PMID": 86521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10340", "title": "Tissue CEA in premalignant epithelial lesions and epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix: prognostic significance.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by the indirect triple-bridge immunoperoxidase method in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 191 patients with premalignant epithelial lesions or epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated 12 years ago. The frequency of tissue CEA positivity was found to increase with advancing clinical disease in the following manner: mild dysplasia, 25%; severe dysplasia, 37%; carcinoma in situ, 60%; invasive carcinoma stage I, 60%; stage IIa, 65%; stage IIb, 80%; and stages III and IV, 69%. The prognostic significance of the tissue CEA positivity was studied in two groups of patients formed on the basis of clinical spread and treatment of the disease. The first group of 60 patients with stage I and IIa cancers had undergone radical surgery. The second group of 44 patients with more advanced carcinoma had been treated by radiotherapy alone. No significant difference in the survival rates was observed in either group between patients with CEA-positive and CEA-negative tumours. In the light of the absence of CEA from normal cervical epithelium, the increasing occurrence of CEA from premalignant lesions to advancing malignant growth suggests that CEA reflects an aggressive potential in premalignant lesions. However, the survival data on patients with CEA-positive and -negative invasive carcinomas suggest that CEA-positive cancers are not more malignant than CEA-negative cancers.", "contents": "Tissue CEA in premalignant epithelial lesions and epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix: prognostic significance. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by the indirect triple-bridge immunoperoxidase method in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 191 patients with premalignant epithelial lesions or epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated 12 years ago. The frequency of tissue CEA positivity was found to increase with advancing clinical disease in the following manner: mild dysplasia, 25%; severe dysplasia, 37%; carcinoma in situ, 60%; invasive carcinoma stage I, 60%; stage IIa, 65%; stage IIb, 80%; and stages III and IV, 69%. The prognostic significance of the tissue CEA positivity was studied in two groups of patients formed on the basis of clinical spread and treatment of the disease. The first group of 60 patients with stage I and IIa cancers had undergone radical surgery. The second group of 44 patients with more advanced carcinoma had been treated by radiotherapy alone. No significant difference in the survival rates was observed in either group between patients with CEA-positive and CEA-negative tumours. In the light of the absence of CEA from normal cervical epithelium, the increasing occurrence of CEA from premalignant lesions to advancing malignant growth suggests that CEA reflects an aggressive potential in premalignant lesions. However, the survival data on patients with CEA-positive and -negative invasive carcinomas suggest that CEA-positive cancers are not more malignant than CEA-negative cancers.", "PMID": 86522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10341", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical localization of immunoglobulin synthesis in tumor cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study using the Fab fragment of an anti-human Ig antibody labelled with peroxidase was carried out on affected lymph nodes from five Hodgkin's disease patients. The tumor cells (Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin cells) showed an exclusively hyaloplasmic granular staining. By comparing these grains with ribisome staining. By comparing these grains with ribosome staining of the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells it could be suggested that they are free risobomes. This ribosomal Ig synthesis is a major argument for the B lymphocyte nature of Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells. The total absence of vacuole staining allows us to conclude that these cells are not histiocytic or macrophage derivatives.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical localization of immunoglobulin synthesis in tumor cells in Hodgkin's disease. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study using the Fab fragment of an anti-human Ig antibody labelled with peroxidase was carried out on affected lymph nodes from five Hodgkin's disease patients. The tumor cells (Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin cells) showed an exclusively hyaloplasmic granular staining. By comparing these grains with ribisome staining. By comparing these grains with ribosome staining of the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells it could be suggested that they are free risobomes. This ribosomal Ig synthesis is a major argument for the B lymphocyte nature of Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells. The total absence of vacuole staining allows us to conclude that these cells are not histiocytic or macrophage derivatives.", "PMID": 86523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10342", "title": "Immunosurveillance in pre-malignant occupational bladder disease.", "content": "A population of workers exposed to bladder carcinogens has been studied by comparing their immunoreactivity against bladder cancer cells and against a control cancer cell with that found in normal individuals and in patients with bladder cancer. Data are presented which indicate equivalent increases in specific reactivity against bladder cancer cells in clinically normal carcinogen-exposed workers and in patients with bladder cancer. Increases in reactivity are related to degree of exposure and also to early malignant changes in the urothelium. This indicates that immune recognition of tumour antigens does occur before development of overt malignancy.", "contents": "Immunosurveillance in pre-malignant occupational bladder disease. A population of workers exposed to bladder carcinogens has been studied by comparing their immunoreactivity against bladder cancer cells and against a control cancer cell with that found in normal individuals and in patients with bladder cancer. Data are presented which indicate equivalent increases in specific reactivity against bladder cancer cells in clinically normal carcinogen-exposed workers and in patients with bladder cancer. Increases in reactivity are related to degree of exposure and also to early malignant changes in the urothelium. This indicates that immune recognition of tumour antigens does occur before development of overt malignancy.", "PMID": 86524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10343", "title": "Moloney lymphoma cells express a polyprotein containing the GAG gene-coded p15 and the Moloney leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigen (MCSA).", "content": "The relationship between MCSA and the viral structural proteins in YAC Moloney lymphoma cells was further investigated by using membrane immunofluorescence and immunoadsorbent columns. As previously observed, MCSA showed only minimal capping and thereby differed in behaviour from gp70, p30 and p12 virion antigens. Whereas antibody-induced capping of gp70 did not change the membrane distribution of MCSA, co-capping was observed between MCSA and p30 and p12 gag protein antigens. This indicated that, whereas MCSA is distinct from gp70, it is linked to p30 and p12 on the membrane of living cells. It was then attempted to isolate MCSA on anti-p30 and anti-p15 immunoadsorbent columns from solubilized YAC cells. Contrary to what was expected, no MCSA was found to the anti-p30 column. On the other hand, a part (10-15%) of the MCSA was bound to the anti-p15 column, indicating that MCSA is linked to the gag p15.", "contents": "Moloney lymphoma cells express a polyprotein containing the GAG gene-coded p15 and the Moloney leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigen (MCSA). The relationship between MCSA and the viral structural proteins in YAC Moloney lymphoma cells was further investigated by using membrane immunofluorescence and immunoadsorbent columns. As previously observed, MCSA showed only minimal capping and thereby differed in behaviour from gp70, p30 and p12 virion antigens. Whereas antibody-induced capping of gp70 did not change the membrane distribution of MCSA, co-capping was observed between MCSA and p30 and p12 gag protein antigens. This indicated that, whereas MCSA is distinct from gp70, it is linked to p30 and p12 on the membrane of living cells. It was then attempted to isolate MCSA on anti-p30 and anti-p15 immunoadsorbent columns from solubilized YAC cells. Contrary to what was expected, no MCSA was found to the anti-p30 column. On the other hand, a part (10-15%) of the MCSA was bound to the anti-p15 column, indicating that MCSA is linked to the gag p15.", "PMID": 86525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10344", "title": "Antiserum to murine leukemia virus recognizes novel cell surface molecules associated with growth control and transformation.", "content": "Antiserum directed against murine leukemia virus also reacts with several external proteins present in rat cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus. Reaction of iodinated cell extracts with anti-MLV (murine leukemia virus) serum revealed the presence of a 200,000 dalton iodinated component detectable also by metabolic labelling with glucosamine only in serum-starved cultures restricted in the expression of transformation. A similar assay with iodinated cells that express the transformed phenotype revealed the preferential recognition of two components with an approximate molecular weight of 100,00 daltons as well as an additional 65,000-dalton external component. Growth of the transformed non-producer NT3-KR cells in the presence of inducers of C-type viruses leads to an increased synthesis of a 100,000-dalton glycoprotein (gp100) recognized by the anti-MLV serum which is also recognized by the antiserum in NRK-MSV-MLV transformed producer cells, in addition to a virus-like glycoprotein of 71,000 dalton (gp71). Absorption of the anti-MLV serum with monolayers of NT3-KR cells eliminated the ability of the serum to recognize the gp100 but not the gp71 from NRK-MSV-MLV-transformed producer cells. The mediation of post-translational changes in growth control is suggested by the transformation-dependent alteration in the molecular weight of the non-virion surface proteins recognized by anti-MLV serum in the rat cells used in this study.", "contents": "Antiserum to murine leukemia virus recognizes novel cell surface molecules associated with growth control and transformation. Antiserum directed against murine leukemia virus also reacts with several external proteins present in rat cells transformed by a temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus. Reaction of iodinated cell extracts with anti-MLV (murine leukemia virus) serum revealed the presence of a 200,000 dalton iodinated component detectable also by metabolic labelling with glucosamine only in serum-starved cultures restricted in the expression of transformation. A similar assay with iodinated cells that express the transformed phenotype revealed the preferential recognition of two components with an approximate molecular weight of 100,00 daltons as well as an additional 65,000-dalton external component. Growth of the transformed non-producer NT3-KR cells in the presence of inducers of C-type viruses leads to an increased synthesis of a 100,000-dalton glycoprotein (gp100) recognized by the anti-MLV serum which is also recognized by the antiserum in NRK-MSV-MLV transformed producer cells, in addition to a virus-like glycoprotein of 71,000 dalton (gp71). Absorption of the anti-MLV serum with monolayers of NT3-KR cells eliminated the ability of the serum to recognize the gp100 but not the gp71 from NRK-MSV-MLV-transformed producer cells. The mediation of post-translational changes in growth control is suggested by the transformation-dependent alteration in the molecular weight of the non-virion surface proteins recognized by anti-MLV serum in the rat cells used in this study.", "PMID": 86526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10345", "title": "Cell-mediated reactivity to antigens shared by Moloney-virus-induced lymphomas (LSTRA) and certain 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas.", "content": "Spleen cells (SC) both from BALB/c mice whose primary Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced sarcomas had spontaneously regressed and from normal, untreated BALB/c mice, were co-cultivated for 5 days with mitomycin-C-treated LSTRA cells; LSTRA is a BALB/c Moloney lymphoma which shares cell surface antigens with MSV-indiced sarcomas. These SC, referred to as CMR and CU cells, respectively, were shown to be cytotoxic to LSTRA cells in 3 h 51Cr-release assays; CMR cells showed, in most cases, the greatest lytic activity against LSTRA targets. The same SC were also reactive, in 20-h microcytotoxicity and 51Crassays, against target cells from a variety of transplanted sarcomas indiced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in Balb/c mice. The highest reactivity was seen when CMR or CU cells were tested against target cells from sarcoma lines that expressed an NB-ecotropic MuLV cross-reacting serologically with Moloney virus. Reactivity against isotope-labelled tumor cells expressing MuLV-associated cell surface antigens could be competititively inhibited by adding unlabelled tumor cells expressing such antigens. Finally, Winn assays were performed in which CMR cells strongly inhibited the outgrowth of cells from three sarcoma lines that express the NB-ecotropic MuLV. There was less but significant inhibition of cells from some other MCA sarcomas, either negative for the expression of MuLV-associated antigens or expressing the N-ecotropic endogenous BALB/c MuLV. CU cells enhanced tumor outgrowth in Winn assays at least as often as they inhibited it.", "contents": "Cell-mediated reactivity to antigens shared by Moloney-virus-induced lymphomas (LSTRA) and certain 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas. Spleen cells (SC) both from BALB/c mice whose primary Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced sarcomas had spontaneously regressed and from normal, untreated BALB/c mice, were co-cultivated for 5 days with mitomycin-C-treated LSTRA cells; LSTRA is a BALB/c Moloney lymphoma which shares cell surface antigens with MSV-indiced sarcomas. These SC, referred to as CMR and CU cells, respectively, were shown to be cytotoxic to LSTRA cells in 3 h 51Cr-release assays; CMR cells showed, in most cases, the greatest lytic activity against LSTRA targets. The same SC were also reactive, in 20-h microcytotoxicity and 51Crassays, against target cells from a variety of transplanted sarcomas indiced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in Balb/c mice. The highest reactivity was seen when CMR or CU cells were tested against target cells from sarcoma lines that expressed an NB-ecotropic MuLV cross-reacting serologically with Moloney virus. Reactivity against isotope-labelled tumor cells expressing MuLV-associated cell surface antigens could be competititively inhibited by adding unlabelled tumor cells expressing such antigens. Finally, Winn assays were performed in which CMR cells strongly inhibited the outgrowth of cells from three sarcoma lines that express the NB-ecotropic MuLV. There was less but significant inhibition of cells from some other MCA sarcomas, either negative for the expression of MuLV-associated antigens or expressing the N-ecotropic endogenous BALB/c MuLV. CU cells enhanced tumor outgrowth in Winn assays at least as often as they inhibited it.", "PMID": 86527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10346", "title": "Interplexiform cell of the mouse retina: a Golgi demonstration.", "content": "A neuron of the inner nuclear layer (INL) with some processes extending to the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and others to the inner plexiform layer (IPL) was discovered near the posterior pole of the mouse retina. The neuron's location and appearance are similar to the interplexiform cells of several other species. The relatively recent recognition of this cell type along with its characteristic of infrequent staining by the Golgi technique make the extent of its distribution among species uncertain. With each demonstration in a new species, the existence of the interplexiform cell as a sixth neuronal element of all vertebrate retinas becomes more assured.", "contents": "Interplexiform cell of the mouse retina: a Golgi demonstration. A neuron of the inner nuclear layer (INL) with some processes extending to the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and others to the inner plexiform layer (IPL) was discovered near the posterior pole of the mouse retina. The neuron's location and appearance are similar to the interplexiform cells of several other species. The relatively recent recognition of this cell type along with its characteristic of infrequent staining by the Golgi technique make the extent of its distribution among species uncertain. With each demonstration in a new species, the existence of the interplexiform cell as a sixth neuronal element of all vertebrate retinas becomes more assured.", "PMID": 86528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10347", "title": "[Nucleophagocytosis in monocytes--an immunocytologic phenomenon of anti-dna-antibodies].", "content": "In SLE-sera antinuclear antibodies pervent normal nuclear degeneration, i.e. lysis of free nuclei. In sera with high titers, small rigid LE-bodies develop rapidly, which are soon phagocytized in toto by neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. Classic LE-cells as well as Tart-cells are formed. The foreign appearance of the phagosomes in the monocytes is a result of the different digestive processes occuring in these phagocytes. With decreasing serum activity, the LE-bodies expand somewhat more and become viscous. From these nuclei, relatively small portions are phagocytized fairly late. Sj\u00f6gren-cells of the granulocytic as well as the monocytic type are generated. Nucleophagocytosis only occurs in the presence of antinuclear antibodies, regardless of whether it leads to LE-cell, Tart-cell or partial phagocytosis, i.e. Sj\u00f6gren-cells of the granulocytic or monocytic type. A non-specific nucleophagocytosis does not exist.", "contents": "[Nucleophagocytosis in monocytes--an immunocytologic phenomenon of anti-dna-antibodies]. In SLE-sera antinuclear antibodies pervent normal nuclear degeneration, i.e. lysis of free nuclei. In sera with high titers, small rigid LE-bodies develop rapidly, which are soon phagocytized in toto by neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. Classic LE-cells as well as Tart-cells are formed. The foreign appearance of the phagosomes in the monocytes is a result of the different digestive processes occuring in these phagocytes. With decreasing serum activity, the LE-bodies expand somewhat more and become viscous. From these nuclei, relatively small portions are phagocytized fairly late. Sj\u00f6gren-cells of the granulocytic as well as the monocytic type are generated. Nucleophagocytosis only occurs in the presence of antinuclear antibodies, regardless of whether it leads to LE-cell, Tart-cell or partial phagocytosis, i.e. Sj\u00f6gren-cells of the granulocytic or monocytic type. A non-specific nucleophagocytosis does not exist.", "PMID": 86530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10348", "title": "Correlation between Alcian Blue stainig of glycosaminoglycans of cat nucleus pulposus and TEM x-ray probe microanalysis.", "content": "The nucleus pulposus of cat intervertebral disc was examined after staining glycosaminoglycans with Alcian Blue and the results correlated with TEM X-ray probe microanalysis. In unstained sections a difference in copper levels between tissues and resin was detected. In tissue stained with Alcian blue before embedding, the copper levels were slightly increased and the morphological appearance of the intercellular material was amorphous. In sections restained after cutting, the relative levels of copper in the resin were considerably increased and tissue levels were significantly higher than in the resin. Moreover, the morphology of the intercellular material was altered from a rather amorphous material to a network. Sulphur levels behaved in similar manner to copper levels but any correlation between the elements was due to factors unrelated to glycosaminoglycan staining and probably resulted from contaminating sulphur.", "contents": "Correlation between Alcian Blue stainig of glycosaminoglycans of cat nucleus pulposus and TEM x-ray probe microanalysis. The nucleus pulposus of cat intervertebral disc was examined after staining glycosaminoglycans with Alcian Blue and the results correlated with TEM X-ray probe microanalysis. In unstained sections a difference in copper levels between tissues and resin was detected. In tissue stained with Alcian blue before embedding, the copper levels were slightly increased and the morphological appearance of the intercellular material was amorphous. In sections restained after cutting, the relative levels of copper in the resin were considerably increased and tissue levels were significantly higher than in the resin. Moreover, the morphology of the intercellular material was altered from a rather amorphous material to a network. Sulphur levels behaved in similar manner to copper levels but any correlation between the elements was due to factors unrelated to glycosaminoglycan staining and probably resulted from contaminating sulphur.", "PMID": 86531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10349", "title": "Multiple intracellular peptidases in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa possesses multiple intracellular peptidases which display overlapping substrate specificities. They were readily detected by an in situ staining procedure for peptidases separated in polyacrylamide gels, within which the auxilliary enzyme, l-amino acid oxidase, was immobilized. Eleven different intracellular peptidases were identified by electrophoretic separation and verified by their individual patterns of substrate specificities. Most peptide substrates tested were hydrolyzed by several different peptidases. The multiple intracellular peptidases may play overlapping roles in several basic cell processes which involve peptidase activity. The amount of peptidase activity for leucylglycine present in crude extracts of cells grown under widely different conditions was relatively constant, suggesting that this enzyme may be constitutive, although alterations in the amounts of individual peptidase isozymes may occur. A single enzyme, designated peptidase II, was partially purified and obtained free from the other peptidase species. Peptidase II was found to be an aminopeptidase with activity toward many peptides of varied composition and size. It was more active with tripeptides than homologous dipeptides and showed strong activity toward methionine-containing peptides. This enzyme, with a molecular weight of about 37,000, was thermolabile at 65 degrees C and was strongly inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, Zn(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+), but was insensitive to the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Peptidase II apparently possesses an essential sulfhydryl group and may be a metalloenzyme.", "contents": "Multiple intracellular peptidases in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa possesses multiple intracellular peptidases which display overlapping substrate specificities. They were readily detected by an in situ staining procedure for peptidases separated in polyacrylamide gels, within which the auxilliary enzyme, l-amino acid oxidase, was immobilized. Eleven different intracellular peptidases were identified by electrophoretic separation and verified by their individual patterns of substrate specificities. Most peptide substrates tested were hydrolyzed by several different peptidases. The multiple intracellular peptidases may play overlapping roles in several basic cell processes which involve peptidase activity. The amount of peptidase activity for leucylglycine present in crude extracts of cells grown under widely different conditions was relatively constant, suggesting that this enzyme may be constitutive, although alterations in the amounts of individual peptidase isozymes may occur. A single enzyme, designated peptidase II, was partially purified and obtained free from the other peptidase species. Peptidase II was found to be an aminopeptidase with activity toward many peptides of varied composition and size. It was more active with tripeptides than homologous dipeptides and showed strong activity toward methionine-containing peptides. This enzyme, with a molecular weight of about 37,000, was thermolabile at 65 degrees C and was strongly inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, Zn(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+), but was insensitive to the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Peptidase II apparently possesses an essential sulfhydryl group and may be a metalloenzyme.", "PMID": 86534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10350", "title": "Bacterial polysaccharide which binds Rhizobium trifolii to clover root hairs.", "content": "Immunofluorescence, quantitative immunoprecipitation, and inhibition of bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination indicate that cross-reactive antigenic determinants are present on the surface of Rhizobium trifolii and clover roots. These determinants are immunochemically unique to this Rhizobium-legume cross-inoculation group. The multivalent lectin trifoliin and antibody to the clover root antigenic determinants bind competitively to two acidic heteropolysaccharides isolated from capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403. The major polysaccharide is an antigen which lacks heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and endotoxic lipid A. The minor polysaccharide in the capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403 contains the same antigen in addition to heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and lipid A. The acidic polysaccharides of two strains of R. trifolii share the clover r-ot cross-reactive antigenic determinant despite other differences in their carbohydrate composition. Studies with monovalent antigen-binding fragments of anti-clover root antibody and Azotobacter vinelandii hybrid transformants carrying the unique antigenic determinant suggest that these polysaccharides bind R. trifolii to the clover root hair tips which contain trifoliin.", "contents": "Bacterial polysaccharide which binds Rhizobium trifolii to clover root hairs. Immunofluorescence, quantitative immunoprecipitation, and inhibition of bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination indicate that cross-reactive antigenic determinants are present on the surface of Rhizobium trifolii and clover roots. These determinants are immunochemically unique to this Rhizobium-legume cross-inoculation group. The multivalent lectin trifoliin and antibody to the clover root antigenic determinants bind competitively to two acidic heteropolysaccharides isolated from capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403. The major polysaccharide is an antigen which lacks heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, and endotoxic lipid A. The minor polysaccharide in the capsular material of R. Trifolii 0403 contains the same antigen in addition to heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and lipid A. The acidic polysaccharides of two strains of R. trifolii share the clover r-ot cross-reactive antigenic determinant despite other differences in their carbohydrate composition. Studies with monovalent antigen-binding fragments of anti-clover root antibody and Azotobacter vinelandii hybrid transformants carrying the unique antigenic determinant suggest that these polysaccharides bind R. trifolii to the clover root hair tips which contain trifoliin.", "PMID": 86535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10351", "title": "Nuclear division in temperature-sensitive multicellular mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive morphological mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis were stained with mithramycin, a fluorescent nuclear stain. Multicellular forms of the mutants each contained two or more nuclei, documenting that nuclear division accompanied the yeast-to-multicellular form conversion.", "contents": "Nuclear division in temperature-sensitive multicellular mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis. Temperature-sensitive morphological mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis were stained with mithramycin, a fluorescent nuclear stain. Multicellular forms of the mutants each contained two or more nuclei, documenting that nuclear division accompanied the yeast-to-multicellular form conversion.", "PMID": 86536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10352", "title": "Purification and characterization of a polyhook protein from Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "A polyhook-producing strain of Caulobacter crescentus was isolated, and the polyhook protein was purified. The antigenicity and morphology of the polyhook structure are similar to the wild-type hook except that the mutant strain produces a hook structure at least 10-fold the length of wild-type hooks (1.0 versus 0.1 micrometers). The molecular weight of the polyhook protein, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is 72,000, and the protein has a pI of approximately 6.1. Antibodies prepared against the polyhook protein were used to show that this protein is antigenically distinct from the Caulobacter flagellins. Amino acid analysis of the polyhook protein revealed compositional similarities to other gram-negative, bacterial hook proteins.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a polyhook protein from Caulobacter crescentus. A polyhook-producing strain of Caulobacter crescentus was isolated, and the polyhook protein was purified. The antigenicity and morphology of the polyhook structure are similar to the wild-type hook except that the mutant strain produces a hook structure at least 10-fold the length of wild-type hooks (1.0 versus 0.1 micrometers). The molecular weight of the polyhook protein, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is 72,000, and the protein has a pI of approximately 6.1. Antibodies prepared against the polyhook protein were used to show that this protein is antigenically distinct from the Caulobacter flagellins. Amino acid analysis of the polyhook protein revealed compositional similarities to other gram-negative, bacterial hook proteins.", "PMID": 86537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10353", "title": "Lysogenic pneumococci and their bacteriophages.", "content": "About half of pneumococci recovered from pediatric patients and one-third of isolates from adult patients yielded bacteriophages active against one or more of four noncapsulated indicator strains of pneumococcus. Strains of capsular types most frequently causing pediatric infections were associated with lysogeny. Classical restriction-modification phenomena have been demonstrated in vivo with some of the temperate phages, and correlation of restriction with the presence of one or the other of the two known pneumococcal restriction endonucleases has been established. The temperate phages differ serologically and in several other characteristics from virulent pneumococcal phages previously described. All pneumococcal phages so far studied can be classified into a minimum of three serological groups.", "contents": "Lysogenic pneumococci and their bacteriophages. About half of pneumococci recovered from pediatric patients and one-third of isolates from adult patients yielded bacteriophages active against one or more of four noncapsulated indicator strains of pneumococcus. Strains of capsular types most frequently causing pediatric infections were associated with lysogeny. Classical restriction-modification phenomena have been demonstrated in vivo with some of the temperate phages, and correlation of restriction with the presence of one or the other of the two known pneumococcal restriction endonucleases has been established. The temperate phages differ serologically and in several other characteristics from virulent pneumococcal phages previously described. All pneumococcal phages so far studied can be classified into a minimum of three serological groups.", "PMID": 86538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10354", "title": "The isolation of avian viral RNA and polypeptides.", "content": "From the same batch of virus, the four major avian viral structural proteins p27, p19, p15, and p12, the reverse transcriptase, the envelope glycoprotein gp85, and the high molecular weight 70 S RNA have been recovered. All proteins, except for gp85, have been purified by use of column chromatography procedures to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and isoelectric focusing. A new isolation procedure for p12 by affinity column chromatography takes advantage of its nucleic acid binding properties. The recovery of nondenatured viral structural proteins is demonstrated by the proteolytic activity revealed by p15. The purified proteins were used for the production of monospecific antibodies. The 70 S RNA served as source for the isolation of 35 S RNA subunits.", "contents": "The isolation of avian viral RNA and polypeptides. From the same batch of virus, the four major avian viral structural proteins p27, p19, p15, and p12, the reverse transcriptase, the envelope glycoprotein gp85, and the high molecular weight 70 S RNA have been recovered. All proteins, except for gp85, have been purified by use of column chromatography procedures to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and isoelectric focusing. A new isolation procedure for p12 by affinity column chromatography takes advantage of its nucleic acid binding properties. The recovery of nondenatured viral structural proteins is demonstrated by the proteolytic activity revealed by p15. The purified proteins were used for the production of monospecific antibodies. The 70 S RNA served as source for the isolation of 35 S RNA subunits.", "PMID": 86539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10355", "title": "Reduction of GTP activation of adenylate cyclase system by its coupling to hormone receptor.", "content": "We have examined the characteristics of the adenylate cyclase system from control and butyrate-treated cells. Butyrate treatment results in both an increased number of catecholamine receptors and an induction of a response to the hormone, as reported previously (Tallman, J.F., Smith, C.C., and Henneberry, R.C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 873-877); in addition, we found that the same treatment reduces the degree of activation of adenylate cyclase by GTP. We have demonstrated in two cell types that this decrease in GTP activation is inversely related to the degree of induction of the hormone response. Furthermore, in plasma membranes isolated from butyrate-treated cells, the hormone receptor is sensitive to GTP; i.e. GTP reduces the affinity of isoproterenol for the receptor. We propose that these changes reflect an interaction between the beta-adrenergic receptor and the nucleotide regulatory component and that this interaction represents, at least in part, the process of coupling. Several possible mechanisms which can account for the change in GTP activation are discussed in terms of our current understanding of the regulation of the adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "Reduction of GTP activation of adenylate cyclase system by its coupling to hormone receptor. We have examined the characteristics of the adenylate cyclase system from control and butyrate-treated cells. Butyrate treatment results in both an increased number of catecholamine receptors and an induction of a response to the hormone, as reported previously (Tallman, J.F., Smith, C.C., and Henneberry, R.C. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 873-877); in addition, we found that the same treatment reduces the degree of activation of adenylate cyclase by GTP. We have demonstrated in two cell types that this decrease in GTP activation is inversely related to the degree of induction of the hormone response. Furthermore, in plasma membranes isolated from butyrate-treated cells, the hormone receptor is sensitive to GTP; i.e. GTP reduces the affinity of isoproterenol for the receptor. We propose that these changes reflect an interaction between the beta-adrenergic receptor and the nucleotide regulatory component and that this interaction represents, at least in part, the process of coupling. Several possible mechanisms which can account for the change in GTP activation are discussed in terms of our current understanding of the regulation of the adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 86543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10356", "title": "Reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H does not require zinc for catalysis.", "content": "omicron-Phenanthroline, a zinc chelating agent, is known to inhibit the DNA polymerase activity of cellular DNA-dependent and viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. We find that omicron-phenanthroline does not inhibit the reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H activity of retroviruses. Kinetic studies, using DNA template-primers as an inhibitor of RNase H, suggest that zinc does not play any role in template-primer binding by reverse transcriptase. These results also indicate a distinct binding site for the template and triphosphate substrates. Cellular RNase H from calf thymus and RNase H-II from Rauscher leukemia virus are likewise resistant to omicron-phenanthroline inhibition, implying non-involvement of zinc in the nucleic acid hydrolysis by these enzymes.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H does not require zinc for catalysis. omicron-Phenanthroline, a zinc chelating agent, is known to inhibit the DNA polymerase activity of cellular DNA-dependent and viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. We find that omicron-phenanthroline does not inhibit the reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H activity of retroviruses. Kinetic studies, using DNA template-primers as an inhibitor of RNase H, suggest that zinc does not play any role in template-primer binding by reverse transcriptase. These results also indicate a distinct binding site for the template and triphosphate substrates. Cellular RNase H from calf thymus and RNase H-II from Rauscher leukemia virus are likewise resistant to omicron-phenanthroline inhibition, implying non-involvement of zinc in the nucleic acid hydrolysis by these enzymes.", "PMID": 86544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10357", "title": "Electron microscopical and biochemical investigations on retra viruses in spleen tissue in malignancy.", "content": "Simultaneous biochemical and electron microscopical investigations on surgically removed spleens yielded evidence for the presence of reverse transcriptase containing (Retra) virus in two patients with hematological malignancies with spleen involvement. In three other patients with hematological diseases and in one control patient, the spleens were negative in both assays. The results of these combined studies support the view, that retraviruses are present in human malignancies.", "contents": "Electron microscopical and biochemical investigations on retra viruses in spleen tissue in malignancy. Simultaneous biochemical and electron microscopical investigations on surgically removed spleens yielded evidence for the presence of reverse transcriptase containing (Retra) virus in two patients with hematological malignancies with spleen involvement. In three other patients with hematological diseases and in one control patient, the spleens were negative in both assays. The results of these combined studies support the view, that retraviruses are present in human malignancies.", "PMID": 86545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10358", "title": "Interaction of digitalis and spironolactone with human sex steroid receptors.", "content": "Spironolactone and digitoxin have previously been shown to interact with cytosol androgen and estrogen receptors, respectively, in the rat. The interaction of digitoxin with human uterine cytosol estrogen binding protein and spironolactone with human prostate and newborn prepuce cytosol dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding protein has been analyzed in this study. Specific estradiol binding was found only in premenopausal uteri. The dissociation constant for estradiol binding was 0.6--2.3 X 10(-9) M (n - 12). Digitoxin in concentrations varying between 0.5--2.0 X 10(-6) M inhibited specific estradiol binding with a Ki of 2.0--7.3 X 10(-7) M (n = 9). The dissociation constants for DHT and the human androgen cytosol binding protein in prostate and newborn prepuce were 0.27--3.0 X 10(-8) M (n = 12) and 0.6--2.0 X 10(-8) M (n = 5), respectively. Spironolactone at concentrations of 0.3--2.0 X 10(-6) M competitively inhibited this binding with an affinity about one order of magnitude less than that of DHT. Digitoxin and spironolactone did not displace estradiol and DHT, respectively, from testosterone-estrogen binding globulin in male or female plasma. The interaction of digitoxin with the human uterus estrogen binding protein and spironolactone with the human prostate and prepuce androgen binding protein is similar to our previous observations in the rat, and may explain the weak estrogenic effects of digitoxin and spironolactone in man.", "contents": "Interaction of digitalis and spironolactone with human sex steroid receptors. Spironolactone and digitoxin have previously been shown to interact with cytosol androgen and estrogen receptors, respectively, in the rat. The interaction of digitoxin with human uterine cytosol estrogen binding protein and spironolactone with human prostate and newborn prepuce cytosol dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding protein has been analyzed in this study. Specific estradiol binding was found only in premenopausal uteri. The dissociation constant for estradiol binding was 0.6--2.3 X 10(-9) M (n - 12). Digitoxin in concentrations varying between 0.5--2.0 X 10(-6) M inhibited specific estradiol binding with a Ki of 2.0--7.3 X 10(-7) M (n = 9). The dissociation constants for DHT and the human androgen cytosol binding protein in prostate and newborn prepuce were 0.27--3.0 X 10(-8) M (n = 12) and 0.6--2.0 X 10(-8) M (n = 5), respectively. Spironolactone at concentrations of 0.3--2.0 X 10(-6) M competitively inhibited this binding with an affinity about one order of magnitude less than that of DHT. Digitoxin and spironolactone did not displace estradiol and DHT, respectively, from testosterone-estrogen binding globulin in male or female plasma. The interaction of digitoxin with the human uterus estrogen binding protein and spironolactone with the human prostate and prepuce androgen binding protein is similar to our previous observations in the rat, and may explain the weak estrogenic effects of digitoxin and spironolactone in man.", "PMID": 86546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10359", "title": "A new technique for Gram staining paraffin-embedded tissue.", "content": "Five techniques for Gram staining bacteria in paraffin sections were compared on serial sections of pulmonary tissues from eight bacteriological necropsies. Brown and Hopp's method was the most satisfactory for distinguishing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, this method cannot be recommended as the preparations were frequently overstained, and the Gram-negative bacteria were stained indistinctly. A modification of Brown and Hopps' method was developed which stains larger numbers of Gram-negative bacteria and differentiates well between different cell types and connective tissue, and there is no risk of overstaining.", "contents": "A new technique for Gram staining paraffin-embedded tissue. Five techniques for Gram staining bacteria in paraffin sections were compared on serial sections of pulmonary tissues from eight bacteriological necropsies. Brown and Hopp's method was the most satisfactory for distinguishing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, this method cannot be recommended as the preparations were frequently overstained, and the Gram-negative bacteria were stained indistinctly. A modification of Brown and Hopps' method was developed which stains larger numbers of Gram-negative bacteria and differentiates well between different cell types and connective tissue, and there is no risk of overstaining.", "PMID": 86548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10360", "title": "The development of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice.", "content": "The histogenesis, the time of origin and the pattern of migration of the cells in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, have been studied in normal and reeler mice. The earliest indication of a defect in the reeler hippocampus is seen on the fifteenth embryonic day (E15) which is at least 24 hours after the first indication of a defect in the neocortex. It is not until E18, that the dentate gyrus shows signs of its incipient abnormality. It appears then, that in both the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus the gene defect first manifests itself at the stage at which the definitive cellular layers are assembled. Experiments involving the injection of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) at different developmental stages have confirmed that the site and rate of cellular proliferation in the reeler hippocampus and dentate gyrus are normal, as is the initial pattern of cell migration. However, in the reeler dentate gyrus, most postnatal cell proliferation occurs ectopically and in the hippocampus the normal \"inside-out\" sequence of neurogenesis is reversed, the earliest pyramidal cells generated coming to lie superficially within the stratum pyramidale and the later formed cells being added at progressively deeper levels. There is no discernible gradient in the time of origin of the granule cells in the radial dimension of the reeler dentate gyrus, whereas there is an obvious \"outside-in\" gradient in the normal animal. The characteristic gradients in cell proliferation seen in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the normal dentate gyrus are, however, also evident in the reeler mouse. Taken together, these observations suggest that the reeler gene exerts its effect on neuronal position only in the radial dimension, and does so at a stage of development subsequent to the proliferation and initial migration of the relevant neurons. Timm's sulfide silver preparations indicate that the characteristic staining patterns seen in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus appear at the same time, and mature at the same rate in normal and reeler mice.", "contents": "The development of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in normal and reeler mice. The histogenesis, the time of origin and the pattern of migration of the cells in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, have been studied in normal and reeler mice. The earliest indication of a defect in the reeler hippocampus is seen on the fifteenth embryonic day (E15) which is at least 24 hours after the first indication of a defect in the neocortex. It is not until E18, that the dentate gyrus shows signs of its incipient abnormality. It appears then, that in both the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus the gene defect first manifests itself at the stage at which the definitive cellular layers are assembled. Experiments involving the injection of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) at different developmental stages have confirmed that the site and rate of cellular proliferation in the reeler hippocampus and dentate gyrus are normal, as is the initial pattern of cell migration. However, in the reeler dentate gyrus, most postnatal cell proliferation occurs ectopically and in the hippocampus the normal \"inside-out\" sequence of neurogenesis is reversed, the earliest pyramidal cells generated coming to lie superficially within the stratum pyramidale and the later formed cells being added at progressively deeper levels. There is no discernible gradient in the time of origin of the granule cells in the radial dimension of the reeler dentate gyrus, whereas there is an obvious \"outside-in\" gradient in the normal animal. The characteristic gradients in cell proliferation seen in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the normal dentate gyrus are, however, also evident in the reeler mouse. Taken together, these observations suggest that the reeler gene exerts its effect on neuronal position only in the radial dimension, and does so at a stage of development subsequent to the proliferation and initial migration of the relevant neurons. Timm's sulfide silver preparations indicate that the characteristic staining patterns seen in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus appear at the same time, and mature at the same rate in normal and reeler mice.", "PMID": 86549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10361", "title": "Comparative study of the linearity and sensitivity of electron capture and flame photometric detectors using a pesticide standard.", "content": "A study was undertaken to compare and evaluate the different types of 63Ni and 3H electron capture (ECD) and flame photometric detectors (FPD) as part of the Canadian Check Sample Program  on Pesticide Residue Analysis. Twenty-seven laboratories were supplied with chlorpyrifos standard solutions for the determination of linear range and minimum detectable amounts (MDA). Each laboratory selected its own operating conditions except for the FPD study. Results for the FPD were compared with standardized flame conditions designed to optimize the exponential factor i, the S-mode. The MDA of the ECDs (pulsed and direct-current) ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 pg/sec for 63Ni and 3H sources respectively. The corresponding MDA for the linearized ECDs (pulse modulated or constant current) was 0.04 pg/sec and a linear range of 10(4) or greater with nitrogen as the carried gas. Use of argon/methane and a pulse width of 0.1 usec extended this range to 10(5) but the sensitivity was not as great as with nitrogen carrier gas. The practical limit of detector sensitivity was found to be instrument dependent depending primarily on the noise level. In the FPD study, operating in the P-mode gave an average MDA of 5.97 pg/sec and a linear range of 2 x 10(3). Similarly, the S-mode parameters were 81.1 pg/sec and 8 x 10(2) respectively with an average exponential factor of n 1.8. Attempts to apply optimized detector gas-flow conditions improved sensitivity and linearity in the S-mode only.", "contents": "Comparative study of the linearity and sensitivity of electron capture and flame photometric detectors using a pesticide standard. A study was undertaken to compare and evaluate the different types of 63Ni and 3H electron capture (ECD) and flame photometric detectors (FPD) as part of the Canadian Check Sample Program  on Pesticide Residue Analysis. Twenty-seven laboratories were supplied with chlorpyrifos standard solutions for the determination of linear range and minimum detectable amounts (MDA). Each laboratory selected its own operating conditions except for the FPD study. Results for the FPD were compared with standardized flame conditions designed to optimize the exponential factor i, the S-mode. The MDA of the ECDs (pulsed and direct-current) ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 pg/sec for 63Ni and 3H sources respectively. The corresponding MDA for the linearized ECDs (pulse modulated or constant current) was 0.04 pg/sec and a linear range of 10(4) or greater with nitrogen as the carried gas. Use of argon/methane and a pulse width of 0.1 usec extended this range to 10(5) but the sensitivity was not as great as with nitrogen carrier gas. The practical limit of detector sensitivity was found to be instrument dependent depending primarily on the noise level. In the FPD study, operating in the P-mode gave an average MDA of 5.97 pg/sec and a linear range of 2 x 10(3). Similarly, the S-mode parameters were 81.1 pg/sec and 8 x 10(2) respectively with an average exponential factor of n 1.8. Attempts to apply optimized detector gas-flow conditions improved sensitivity and linearity in the S-mode only.", "PMID": 86551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10362", "title": "Carcinogenicity of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) in pure inbred swiss mice.", "content": "Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical BHC (1) orally with the diet or by intubation and (2) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Symptoms of intoxication in the form of convulsions and tendency of circling in one direction with drooping ears were observed alongwith corneal opacity 40 weeks after the experiment. Oral BHC treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of liver tumours and tumours of lymphoreticular tissue. Males and females were equally susceptible. Skin painting of mice did not significantly increase the incidence of tumour.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) in pure inbred swiss mice. Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical BHC (1) orally with the diet or by intubation and (2) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Symptoms of intoxication in the form of convulsions and tendency of circling in one direction with drooping ears were observed alongwith corneal opacity 40 weeks after the experiment. Oral BHC treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of liver tumours and tumours of lymphoreticular tissue. Males and females were equally susceptible. Skin painting of mice did not significantly increase the incidence of tumour.", "PMID": 86552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10363", "title": "Treatment of Dupuytren's contracture by extensive fasciectomy through multiple Y-V--plasty incisions: short-term evaluation of 170 consecutive operations.", "content": "The zigzag incision with Y-V closure has unique advantages for the treatment of Dupuytren's disease. Much skin can be mobilized to the longitudinal finger axis. There is rarely a need for skin grafting in spite of full correction of the deformity. This approach, combined with properly applied tamponade bulk dressing, allows for early use of the hand with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Treatment of Dupuytren's contracture by extensive fasciectomy through multiple Y-V--plasty incisions: short-term evaluation of 170 consecutive operations. The zigzag incision with Y-V closure has unique advantages for the treatment of Dupuytren's disease. Much skin can be mobilized to the longitudinal finger axis. There is rarely a need for skin grafting in spite of full correction of the deformity. This approach, combined with properly applied tamponade bulk dressing, allows for early use of the hand with minimal morbidity.", "PMID": 86553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10364", "title": "Mass action and acridine orange staining: static and flow cytofluorometry.", "content": "We present results involving an approach to acridine orange staining of intact cells based on basic physicochemical considerations. We show by static microfluorometry of several in vitro and in vivo cell lines that the important parameters for such staining are the molar ratio (Formula: see text), and molar concentration of acridine orange. Differential nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic RNA staining are totally controlled by these two parameters. We show this by a physicochemical model of cell-dye interaction. Finally, we use the method to study the growth parameters of complex in vivo cell populations by automated multiparameter flow microfluorometry. We have explored also, both by static and flow systems, the effect on AO-cell staining of various cell pretreatments such as Triton X-100 and chelating agents.", "contents": "Mass action and acridine orange staining: static and flow cytofluorometry. We present results involving an approach to acridine orange staining of intact cells based on basic physicochemical considerations. We show by static microfluorometry of several in vitro and in vivo cell lines that the important parameters for such staining are the molar ratio (Formula: see text), and molar concentration of acridine orange. Differential nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic RNA staining are totally controlled by these two parameters. We show this by a physicochemical model of cell-dye interaction. Finally, we use the method to study the growth parameters of complex in vivo cell populations by automated multiparameter flow microfluorometry. We have explored also, both by static and flow systems, the effect on AO-cell staining of various cell pretreatments such as Triton X-100 and chelating agents.", "PMID": 86559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10365", "title": "Sedimentation velocity separation: a preparation method for cervical samples.", "content": "A preparation procedure, aiming at monolayer deposition of cervical exfoliative material on glass slides for high resolution prescreening has been developed. The main features of this procedure are centrifugal deposition after suspension and sedimentation of samples over isopycnic medium of 1.026 density. Fractioning of the separation column after centrifugation at 50 X g yields two preparations with leukocytes, bacteria and cellular debris predominantly located on the first slide and epithelial cells on the second one. The degree of spatial cellular isolation as well as the amount of diagnostically relevant cells per slide seem to fit the requirements of automated high resolution analysis.", "contents": "Sedimentation velocity separation: a preparation method for cervical samples. A preparation procedure, aiming at monolayer deposition of cervical exfoliative material on glass slides for high resolution prescreening has been developed. The main features of this procedure are centrifugal deposition after suspension and sedimentation of samples over isopycnic medium of 1.026 density. Fractioning of the separation column after centrifugation at 50 X g yields two preparations with leukocytes, bacteria and cellular debris predominantly located on the first slide and epithelial cells on the second one. The degree of spatial cellular isolation as well as the amount of diagnostically relevant cells per slide seem to fit the requirements of automated high resolution analysis.", "PMID": 86560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10366", "title": "Cytomorphologic results of preparation experiments for monolayer deposition of cervical material.", "content": "For automated prescreening methods by high resolution analysis serving as a detecting method in gynecologic mass screening programs a new monolayer deposition method of cervical material has been used. This method will be outlines briefly and the mode of evaluation as well as current cytomorphological findings will be presented. With regard to measurability of the slides prepared according to the new method a number of cytologic criteria were thought to be of particular importance. These criteria are delineated and compiled in a table. A form in which these criteria were listed was filled in by cytopathologists for each slide evaluated. When performing isolation and centrifugation procedures several new morphologic questions arose to the cytopathologist which can only partly be answered by now. If taking into account all criteria of evaluation it may be followed from the present experiences that slides of cervical material are much more suited for automated prescreening methods by high resolution analysis if prepared after isolation and centrifugation in macromolecular liquids than are conventional Papanicolaou smears or slides from suspensions with isolated cells that were not subjected to centrifugation procedures.", "contents": "Cytomorphologic results of preparation experiments for monolayer deposition of cervical material. For automated prescreening methods by high resolution analysis serving as a detecting method in gynecologic mass screening programs a new monolayer deposition method of cervical material has been used. This method will be outlines briefly and the mode of evaluation as well as current cytomorphological findings will be presented. With regard to measurability of the slides prepared according to the new method a number of cytologic criteria were thought to be of particular importance. These criteria are delineated and compiled in a table. A form in which these criteria were listed was filled in by cytopathologists for each slide evaluated. When performing isolation and centrifugation procedures several new morphologic questions arose to the cytopathologist which can only partly be answered by now. If taking into account all criteria of evaluation it may be followed from the present experiences that slides of cervical material are much more suited for automated prescreening methods by high resolution analysis if prepared after isolation and centrifugation in macromolecular liquids than are conventional Papanicolaou smears or slides from suspensions with isolated cells that were not subjected to centrifugation procedures.", "PMID": 86561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10367", "title": "The preparation of cervical scrape material for automated cytology using gallocyanin chrome-alum stain.", "content": "A method is described for preparing cervical scrape specimens for automated analysis on the Cerviscan prescreening system. In order to reduce the cellular clumping found in cervical scrape material, cells are collected in suspension, syringed to disaggregate the cell clumps, and then pipetted onto a glass to give a monolayer of cells. The cells are then stained with gallocyanin chrome-alum to give the required quantitation of nucleic acid content, using a rapid staining procedure. Experimental results are given which show that specimens prepared by this method are more suitable for automated analysis than the conventional Papanicolaou stained preparation.", "contents": "The preparation of cervical scrape material for automated cytology using gallocyanin chrome-alum stain. A method is described for preparing cervical scrape specimens for automated analysis on the Cerviscan prescreening system. In order to reduce the cellular clumping found in cervical scrape material, cells are collected in suspension, syringed to disaggregate the cell clumps, and then pipetted onto a glass to give a monolayer of cells. The cells are then stained with gallocyanin chrome-alum to give the required quantitation of nucleic acid content, using a rapid staining procedure. Experimental results are given which show that specimens prepared by this method are more suitable for automated analysis than the conventional Papanicolaou stained preparation.", "PMID": 86562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10368", "title": "A system for storage and retrieval of individual cells following flow cytometry.", "content": "A system has been developed to deposit cells in indexed locations on a gelatin-coated film following flow cytometry, allowing the measurements made of individual cells to be correlated with observed morphology or with subsequent microspectrophotometric measurements. Samples are deposited in a continuous track on the film by a deposition nib attached to the flow system below the observation point; laminar flow is preserved by adjusting the tape speed and the flow velocity. Locations of individual cells are indicated by etching the film with a spark triggered by the detection of a cell in the flow cytometer. After deposition, the film is dried by forced warm air. Cells on gelatin may be washed and restained with Papanicolaou and other stains with reasonable preservation of morphology. The system may be used for validation of automated cytodiagnostic procedures based on flow cytometry and for biomedical research.", "contents": "A system for storage and retrieval of individual cells following flow cytometry. A system has been developed to deposit cells in indexed locations on a gelatin-coated film following flow cytometry, allowing the measurements made of individual cells to be correlated with observed morphology or with subsequent microspectrophotometric measurements. Samples are deposited in a continuous track on the film by a deposition nib attached to the flow system below the observation point; laminar flow is preserved by adjusting the tape speed and the flow velocity. Locations of individual cells are indicated by etching the film with a spark triggered by the detection of a cell in the flow cytometer. After deposition, the film is dried by forced warm air. Cells on gelatin may be washed and restained with Papanicolaou and other stains with reasonable preservation of morphology. The system may be used for validation of automated cytodiagnostic procedures based on flow cytometry and for biomedical research.", "PMID": 86563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10369", "title": "Flow cytometry as a new method for the measurement of electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes using membrane charge staining by fluoresceinated polycations.", "content": "The binding of FITC-labeled poly-L-ornithine and poly-L-lysine to fresh or neuraminidase treated human, rat or rabbit erythrocytes was investigated by simultaneous cell volume and cell membrane fluorescence measurements in a flow cytometer. The cell volume was converted into cell surface and the distribution curve of the fluorescence/micrometer2 cell surface was calculated from all histogram classes by a computer program. The mean fluorescence/micrometer2 cell surface as a measure of the density of the negative charges on the cell surface was directly proportional to the elctrophoretic mobility of the erythrocytes, showing that polycation binding can effectively be used for the measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes. The computer fitting of the experimental two parameter histograms by two dimensional Gaussian normal distributions was found to be a very efficient way of data reduction, and a good separation of overlapping cell clusters was possible even in the case of low total numbers of cells in the histogram.", "contents": "Flow cytometry as a new method for the measurement of electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes using membrane charge staining by fluoresceinated polycations. The binding of FITC-labeled poly-L-ornithine and poly-L-lysine to fresh or neuraminidase treated human, rat or rabbit erythrocytes was investigated by simultaneous cell volume and cell membrane fluorescence measurements in a flow cytometer. The cell volume was converted into cell surface and the distribution curve of the fluorescence/micrometer2 cell surface was calculated from all histogram classes by a computer program. The mean fluorescence/micrometer2 cell surface as a measure of the density of the negative charges on the cell surface was directly proportional to the elctrophoretic mobility of the erythrocytes, showing that polycation binding can effectively be used for the measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes. The computer fitting of the experimental two parameter histograms by two dimensional Gaussian normal distributions was found to be a very efficient way of data reduction, and a good separation of overlapping cell clusters was possible even in the case of low total numbers of cells in the histogram.", "PMID": 86564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10370", "title": "Flow cytometry of mammalian sperm: progress in DNA and morphology measurement.", "content": "Variability in DNA content and head shape of mammalian sperm are potentially useful markers for flow cytometric monitoring of genetic damage in spermatogenic cells. The high refractive index and extreme flatness of the sperm heads produce an optical effect which interferes with DNA measurements in flow cytometers which have dye excitation and fluorescence light collection normal to the axis of flow. Orientation of sperm in flow controls this effect and results in coefficients of variation of 2.5% and 4.2%, respectively, for DNA measurements of mouse and human sperm. Alternatively, the optical effect can be used to generate shape-related information. Measurements on randomly oriented sperm from three mammalian species using a pair of fluorescence detectors indicate that large shape differences are detectable. Acriflavine-Feulgen stained sperm nuclei are significantly bleached during flow cytometric measurements at power levels routinely used in many flow cytometers. Dual beam studies of this phenomenon indicate it may be useful in detecting abnormally shaped sperm.", "contents": "Flow cytometry of mammalian sperm: progress in DNA and morphology measurement. Variability in DNA content and head shape of mammalian sperm are potentially useful markers for flow cytometric monitoring of genetic damage in spermatogenic cells. The high refractive index and extreme flatness of the sperm heads produce an optical effect which interferes with DNA measurements in flow cytometers which have dye excitation and fluorescence light collection normal to the axis of flow. Orientation of sperm in flow controls this effect and results in coefficients of variation of 2.5% and 4.2%, respectively, for DNA measurements of mouse and human sperm. Alternatively, the optical effect can be used to generate shape-related information. Measurements on randomly oriented sperm from three mammalian species using a pair of fluorescence detectors indicate that large shape differences are detectable. Acriflavine-Feulgen stained sperm nuclei are significantly bleached during flow cytometric measurements at power levels routinely used in many flow cytometers. Dual beam studies of this phenomenon indicate it may be useful in detecting abnormally shaped sperm.", "PMID": 86565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10371", "title": "Cytofluorometry of electromagnetically controlled cell dedifferentiation.", "content": "Cellular morphology changes, which appear related to dedifferentiation (despecialization), have been produced in vitro in the nucleated red blood cell of the frog. This has been achieved by controlled alterations in the electrochemical environment of these living cells, both by a selective modification of the ionic concentrations of an isotonic amphibian Ringer solution, and by the electromagnetic induction of pulsating current having specific waveform parameters. Laser flow microfluorometry shows that the modified Ringer solution is able, per se, to partially trigger the process in the same time interval that certain induced current waveforms can significantly affect the number of cells in the so-called dedifferentiated state. It has also been found that, for a given waveform, the repetition rate appears to have a significant effect on the rate of cell change. Preliminary automated image analysis of cell smears suggests that dedifferentiated and normal cells have the same integrated optical density but different nuclear areas. In conclusion, it appears that, after the initial electrochemical trigger, the early stage of the process, when the cells move from a state of specialized function to one of less specific activity, is the unfolding of their chromatin supercoil, not involving DNA synthesis. Then cytofluorometry allowed us to identify, for the first time, fundamental modifications which occur in the cell nucleus under electromagnetic exposure.", "contents": "Cytofluorometry of electromagnetically controlled cell dedifferentiation. Cellular morphology changes, which appear related to dedifferentiation (despecialization), have been produced in vitro in the nucleated red blood cell of the frog. This has been achieved by controlled alterations in the electrochemical environment of these living cells, both by a selective modification of the ionic concentrations of an isotonic amphibian Ringer solution, and by the electromagnetic induction of pulsating current having specific waveform parameters. Laser flow microfluorometry shows that the modified Ringer solution is able, per se, to partially trigger the process in the same time interval that certain induced current waveforms can significantly affect the number of cells in the so-called dedifferentiated state. It has also been found that, for a given waveform, the repetition rate appears to have a significant effect on the rate of cell change. Preliminary automated image analysis of cell smears suggests that dedifferentiated and normal cells have the same integrated optical density but different nuclear areas. In conclusion, it appears that, after the initial electrochemical trigger, the early stage of the process, when the cells move from a state of specialized function to one of less specific activity, is the unfolding of their chromatin supercoil, not involving DNA synthesis. Then cytofluorometry allowed us to identify, for the first time, fundamental modifications which occur in the cell nucleus under electromagnetic exposure.", "PMID": 86566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10372", "title": "Identification of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cytologic samples for flow cytometry.", "content": "Inflammatory cells are commonly present in cytologic specimens obtained for flow cytometry, and may interfere with the analysis of epithelial cells. We have found that detergent (Triton X-100) pretreatment in the two-step acridine orange staining procedure disrupts granulocyte cell membranes to yield bare nuclei; bladder epithelial and squamous cells on the other hand are quite resistant to the detergent treatment. Being deprived of their cytoplasmic RNA, the granulocytes lose red fluorescence. Moreover, the shearing forces in the cytometer extend the multisegmented granulocyte nuclei and align them in the direction of flow. Thus, they present as elongated objects in the measuring system, giving a large DNA fluorescence pulsewidth (nuclear size). These two phenomena make it possible to identify granulocytes in the recorded data, where they are discernible from the mononucleated leukocytes and from epithelial cells. By data selection the granulocytes can be excluded, rendering epithelial cell populations more amenable to analysis. This method may make it unnecessary to remove physically leukocytes from the specimen before flow cytometry; it may also provide a way to analyze the morphology of granulocyte nuclei and to assess methods to manipulate their membrane stability. Full protection from membrane disruption is accomplished by alcohol fixation, and partial protection by 20-30% serum.", "contents": "Identification of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cytologic samples for flow cytometry. Inflammatory cells are commonly present in cytologic specimens obtained for flow cytometry, and may interfere with the analysis of epithelial cells. We have found that detergent (Triton X-100) pretreatment in the two-step acridine orange staining procedure disrupts granulocyte cell membranes to yield bare nuclei; bladder epithelial and squamous cells on the other hand are quite resistant to the detergent treatment. Being deprived of their cytoplasmic RNA, the granulocytes lose red fluorescence. Moreover, the shearing forces in the cytometer extend the multisegmented granulocyte nuclei and align them in the direction of flow. Thus, they present as elongated objects in the measuring system, giving a large DNA fluorescence pulsewidth (nuclear size). These two phenomena make it possible to identify granulocytes in the recorded data, where they are discernible from the mononucleated leukocytes and from epithelial cells. By data selection the granulocytes can be excluded, rendering epithelial cell populations more amenable to analysis. This method may make it unnecessary to remove physically leukocytes from the specimen before flow cytometry; it may also provide a way to analyze the morphology of granulocyte nuclei and to assess methods to manipulate their membrane stability. Full protection from membrane disruption is accomplished by alcohol fixation, and partial protection by 20-30% serum.", "PMID": 86568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10373", "title": "Fluorescence flow analysis of lymphocyte activation using Hoechst 33342 dye.", "content": "The in vitro response of murine lymphocytes to allogeneic and mitogenic stimulation has been studied by using the nontoxic fluorescent DNA probe, Hoechst 33342, and a fluorescence flow cytometer-cell sorter. Under appropriate conditions, two peaks of fluorescent intensity, not related to cellular DNA content, can be seen. As early as 12 hr after culture set up, lymphocyte activation can be identified. It appears that Hoechst-labeled lymphocytes of higher fluorescence intensity represent those cells activated by allogeneic stimulation whereas cells obtained from the lower intensity peak are nonresponding lymphocytes.", "contents": "Fluorescence flow analysis of lymphocyte activation using Hoechst 33342 dye. The in vitro response of murine lymphocytes to allogeneic and mitogenic stimulation has been studied by using the nontoxic fluorescent DNA probe, Hoechst 33342, and a fluorescence flow cytometer-cell sorter. Under appropriate conditions, two peaks of fluorescent intensity, not related to cellular DNA content, can be seen. As early as 12 hr after culture set up, lymphocyte activation can be identified. It appears that Hoechst-labeled lymphocytes of higher fluorescence intensity represent those cells activated by allogeneic stimulation whereas cells obtained from the lower intensity peak are nonresponding lymphocytes.", "PMID": 86569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10374", "title": "Fluorescence polarization and pulse width analysis of chromosomes by a flow system.", "content": "Isolated Chinese hamster chromosomes have been analyzed using a multiparameter computer-controlled cell sorter to obtain information about unique properties of individual chromosomes. Parameters other than DNA content were sought that would further aid in distinguishing among chromosomes. The polarized emission of the DNA-specific bis-benzimidazole dye Hoechst 33342 was measured for each class of chromosomes identified by a distinct peak, i.e., differeing in DNA content. The emission anisotropy values for all chromosome classes was constant (emission anisotropy = 0.30), and the same value was obtained for purified DNA in solution. Pulse width was found to be a good parameter for resolving chromosomes as a function of total emission in the case of the smaller chromosomes and orientation (i.e., arm length) for large chromosomes. A simple theoretical model for predicting the pulse shapes generated by arbitrarily oriented, thin, rigid rods was developed and applied to the evaluation of the experimental data.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization and pulse width analysis of chromosomes by a flow system. Isolated Chinese hamster chromosomes have been analyzed using a multiparameter computer-controlled cell sorter to obtain information about unique properties of individual chromosomes. Parameters other than DNA content were sought that would further aid in distinguishing among chromosomes. The polarized emission of the DNA-specific bis-benzimidazole dye Hoechst 33342 was measured for each class of chromosomes identified by a distinct peak, i.e., differeing in DNA content. The emission anisotropy values for all chromosome classes was constant (emission anisotropy = 0.30), and the same value was obtained for purified DNA in solution. Pulse width was found to be a good parameter for resolving chromosomes as a function of total emission in the case of the smaller chromosomes and orientation (i.e., arm length) for large chromosomes. A simple theoretical model for predicting the pulse shapes generated by arbitrarily oriented, thin, rigid rods was developed and applied to the evaluation of the experimental data.", "PMID": 86570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10375", "title": "Quantitation of lymphocyte response to PHA by flow cytofluorometry. III. Heterogeneity of induction period.", "content": "Early events in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of mouse splenocytes have been quantitated by using flow cytometry and supravital staining with acridine orange (AO). Increasing percentages of single cells with increased metachromatic (red) AO staining were demonstrated in cultures stimulated by PHA for up to 24 hr. These differences in staining could be eliminated by fixation with 1:1 ethanol/acetone before staining. Stimulated cells showed an increase in nonspecific esterase activity as measured by flow cytometry after supravital staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The data reported show a heterogeneity in the per cell response of mouse splenocytes to PHA. The relationship between these data and the mechanism of mitogen stimulation is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitation of lymphocyte response to PHA by flow cytofluorometry. III. Heterogeneity of induction period. Early events in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of mouse splenocytes have been quantitated by using flow cytometry and supravital staining with acridine orange (AO). Increasing percentages of single cells with increased metachromatic (red) AO staining were demonstrated in cultures stimulated by PHA for up to 24 hr. These differences in staining could be eliminated by fixation with 1:1 ethanol/acetone before staining. Stimulated cells showed an increase in nonspecific esterase activity as measured by flow cytometry after supravital staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The data reported show a heterogeneity in the per cell response of mouse splenocytes to PHA. The relationship between these data and the mechanism of mitogen stimulation is discussed.", "PMID": 86571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10376", "title": "Different sensitivity of chromatin to acid denaturation in quiescent and cycling cells as revealed by flow cytometry.", "content": "The properties of DNA in situ as reflected by its staining with acridine orange are different in quiescent nonstimulated lymphocytes as compared with interphase lymphocytes that have entered the cell cycle after stimulation by mitogens. The difference is seen after cell treatment with buffers at pH 1.5 (1.3-1.9 range) followed by staining with acridine orange at pH 2.6 (2.3-2.9). Under these conditions the red metachromatic fluorescence of the acridine orange-DNA complex is higher in quiescent cells than in the cycling lymphocytes while the orthochromatic green fluorescence is higher in the cycling, interphase cells. The results suggest that DNA in condensed chromatin of quiescent lymphocytes (as in metaphase chromosomes) is more sensitive to acid-denaturation than DNA in dispersed chromatin of the cycling interphase cells. The phenomenon is used for flow cytometric differentiation between G0 and G1 cells and between G2 and M cells. In contrast to normal lymphocytes the method applied to neoplastic cells indicates the presence of cell subpopulations with condensed chromatin but with DNA content characteristic not only of G1 but also of S and G2 cells. The possibility that these cells represent quiescent (resting) subpopulations, arrested in G1, S and/or G2, is discussed.", "contents": "Different sensitivity of chromatin to acid denaturation in quiescent and cycling cells as revealed by flow cytometry. The properties of DNA in situ as reflected by its staining with acridine orange are different in quiescent nonstimulated lymphocytes as compared with interphase lymphocytes that have entered the cell cycle after stimulation by mitogens. The difference is seen after cell treatment with buffers at pH 1.5 (1.3-1.9 range) followed by staining with acridine orange at pH 2.6 (2.3-2.9). Under these conditions the red metachromatic fluorescence of the acridine orange-DNA complex is higher in quiescent cells than in the cycling lymphocytes while the orthochromatic green fluorescence is higher in the cycling, interphase cells. The results suggest that DNA in condensed chromatin of quiescent lymphocytes (as in metaphase chromosomes) is more sensitive to acid-denaturation than DNA in dispersed chromatin of the cycling interphase cells. The phenomenon is used for flow cytometric differentiation between G0 and G1 cells and between G2 and M cells. In contrast to normal lymphocytes the method applied to neoplastic cells indicates the presence of cell subpopulations with condensed chromatin but with DNA content characteristic not only of G1 but also of S and G2 cells. The possibility that these cells represent quiescent (resting) subpopulations, arrested in G1, S and/or G2, is discussed.", "PMID": 86572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10377", "title": "Flow cytometric prescreening of cervical smears.", "content": "One-parameter (nuclear DNA) and two-parameter (nuclear DNA and protein or cellular light scatter) measurements of cervical smears were performed using an ICP 11 and a cytofluorograf 4800 respectively. A total of about 1000 cases was analyzed. For the estimation of nuclear DNA alone two fluorochromes were tested (ethidium bromide (EB) and mithramycin (MMC)) combined with three different methods of cell preparation. For the two-parameter measurements cells were double stained with EB and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Red fluorescence (EB) versus green fluorescence (FITC) or red fluorescence versus scatter were recorded. A computer analysis of the one-parameter histograms was performed using discriminant analysis and the results were compared with the cytodiagnosis of microscopic specimens stained with the Papanicolaou technique. The error rates of the flow cytometric (FCM) data were as follows: (a) standard EB staining, 11% false negative, 26% false positive, 6% unsatisfactory results; (b) pepsination of vital cells and EB staining, 12% false negative, 14% false positive and 4% unsatisfactory results; (c) MMC staining, 10% false negative, 65% false positive and 5% unsatisfactory results. Our two-parameter measurements prove that, as confirmed by cell sorting, red fluorescence versus scatter allows separation of at least three subpopulations in most analyzed samples: (a) anucleated cells; (b) leukocytes; and (c) intermediate and superficial cells.", "contents": "Flow cytometric prescreening of cervical smears. One-parameter (nuclear DNA) and two-parameter (nuclear DNA and protein or cellular light scatter) measurements of cervical smears were performed using an ICP 11 and a cytofluorograf 4800 respectively. A total of about 1000 cases was analyzed. For the estimation of nuclear DNA alone two fluorochromes were tested (ethidium bromide (EB) and mithramycin (MMC)) combined with three different methods of cell preparation. For the two-parameter measurements cells were double stained with EB and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Red fluorescence (EB) versus green fluorescence (FITC) or red fluorescence versus scatter were recorded. A computer analysis of the one-parameter histograms was performed using discriminant analysis and the results were compared with the cytodiagnosis of microscopic specimens stained with the Papanicolaou technique. The error rates of the flow cytometric (FCM) data were as follows: (a) standard EB staining, 11% false negative, 26% false positive, 6% unsatisfactory results; (b) pepsination of vital cells and EB staining, 12% false negative, 14% false positive and 4% unsatisfactory results; (c) MMC staining, 10% false negative, 65% false positive and 5% unsatisfactory results. Our two-parameter measurements prove that, as confirmed by cell sorting, red fluorescence versus scatter allows separation of at least three subpopulations in most analyzed samples: (a) anucleated cells; (b) leukocytes; and (c) intermediate and superficial cells.", "PMID": 86573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10378", "title": "Quantitative analysis of flow microfluorometric data for screening gynecologic cytology specimens.", "content": "Gynecologic cytology specimens that included the entire spectrum of cervical cytology classification were stained with a combination of propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, then analyzed using a flow microfluorometer to measure nucleic acid and protein content, respectively. Numerous descriptors of the resulting two parameter distribution (nucleic acid versus protein) were defined. These descriptors included assessment of the presence or absence of abnormal cells. They also included measures of the staining intensity and dispersion of the normal squamous cell population and the intensity of inflammatory response in the cell population. Relative percentages of inflammatory and epithelial cells were demonstrated to effect the screening performance of this system only in borderline lesions. Decision tree algorithms allowed optimization of the selected parameters for screening logic of normal-abnormal decisions on a specimen-by-specimen basis. In addition, quantitative definitions of specimen adequacy were determined. Appropriate controls for batch staining of specimens were evaluated. These results of applying pattern recognition techniques to flow microfluorometer multiparameter data demonstrate that considerably more information about cell populations and subpopulations can be extracted than heretofore possible.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of flow microfluorometric data for screening gynecologic cytology specimens. Gynecologic cytology specimens that included the entire spectrum of cervical cytology classification were stained with a combination of propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, then analyzed using a flow microfluorometer to measure nucleic acid and protein content, respectively. Numerous descriptors of the resulting two parameter distribution (nucleic acid versus protein) were defined. These descriptors included assessment of the presence or absence of abnormal cells. They also included measures of the staining intensity and dispersion of the normal squamous cell population and the intensity of inflammatory response in the cell population. Relative percentages of inflammatory and epithelial cells were demonstrated to effect the screening performance of this system only in borderline lesions. Decision tree algorithms allowed optimization of the selected parameters for screening logic of normal-abnormal decisions on a specimen-by-specimen basis. In addition, quantitative definitions of specimen adequacy were determined. Appropriate controls for batch staining of specimens were evaluated. These results of applying pattern recognition techniques to flow microfluorometer multiparameter data demonstrate that considerably more information about cell populations and subpopulations can be extracted than heretofore possible.", "PMID": 86574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10379", "title": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. I. Light scatter and fluorescence parameters.", "content": "Two physical parameters were investigated to automatically recognize cells in sputum from human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and to separate them for preparation by the Papanicolaou methods, for human interactive identification and for automated high resolution image analysis. The two parameters, 0.5-15.0 degrees forward argon-ion laser light scatter to estimate total cell size and 546 nm Acridine orange fluorescence to approximate total cell DNA content, were measured in a flow-through fluorescence activated cell sorting system. Enrichment for neoplastic cells in three cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung averaged 7.8-fold over the original sputum when only green fluorescence was used and 10.5-fold using green fluorescence and forward light scatter. The average enrichment for neoplastic cells was 65.6-fold relative to polymorphonuclear deenrichment.", "contents": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. I. Light scatter and fluorescence parameters. Two physical parameters were investigated to automatically recognize cells in sputum from human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and to separate them for preparation by the Papanicolaou methods, for human interactive identification and for automated high resolution image analysis. The two parameters, 0.5-15.0 degrees forward argon-ion laser light scatter to estimate total cell size and 546 nm Acridine orange fluorescence to approximate total cell DNA content, were measured in a flow-through fluorescence activated cell sorting system. Enrichment for neoplastic cells in three cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung averaged 7.8-fold over the original sputum when only green fluorescence was used and 10.5-fold using green fluorescence and forward light scatter. The average enrichment for neoplastic cells was 65.6-fold relative to polymorphonuclear deenrichment.", "PMID": 86575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10380", "title": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. II. Acridine orange for cell sorting of sputum.", "content": "Fluorescence spectra were obtained from cells from sputum and pleural effusions stained with different fluorescent dyes and fixed by alternate methods. The spectra were referenced to a standard allowing for fluorescence comparisons of unstained and stained cells under various conditions. The metachromasia of acridine orange-stained cells offers nuclear/cytoplasmic differentiation in a single stain; mithramycin and propidium iodide do not. Unstained cells have an appreciable amount of green (546 nm) fluorescence, as does Carbowax in Saccomanno's preservative. Cytoplasm stained with acidine orange also has appreciable green fluorescence. Consequently, cells with much cytoplasm have high total fluorescence. Cytoplasmic fluorescence is negligible with mithramycin or propidium iodide. The metachromasia of acridine orange-stained cells is altered by alcohol and Carbowax levels in fixatives, keeping other factors constant.", "contents": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. II. Acridine orange for cell sorting of sputum. Fluorescence spectra were obtained from cells from sputum and pleural effusions stained with different fluorescent dyes and fixed by alternate methods. The spectra were referenced to a standard allowing for fluorescence comparisons of unstained and stained cells under various conditions. The metachromasia of acridine orange-stained cells offers nuclear/cytoplasmic differentiation in a single stain; mithramycin and propidium iodide do not. Unstained cells have an appreciable amount of green (546 nm) fluorescence, as does Carbowax in Saccomanno's preservative. Cytoplasm stained with acidine orange also has appreciable green fluorescence. Consequently, cells with much cytoplasm have high total fluorescence. Cytoplasmic fluorescence is negligible with mithramycin or propidium iodide. The metachromasia of acridine orange-stained cells is altered by alcohol and Carbowax levels in fixatives, keeping other factors constant.", "PMID": 86576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10381", "title": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. III. Light scatter and two fluorescence parameters.", "content": "Two fluorescence parameters and size are used in a flow through system to enrich sputum specimens for cancer cells. Human cells in sputum which are stained with acridine orange show a characteristic distribution of red and green fluorescence from which cancer cells can be localized. The peak enrichment is obtained by selectively sorting cells with the largest values of red and green fluorescence. Cancer cells located in other distribution regions having smaller fluorescence intensities show progressively diminished nuclear and cytoplasmic tinctorial features by Papanicolaou stain, consistent with the decreased intensity of red and green fluorescence.", "contents": "Automatic cell identification and enrichment in lung cancer. III. Light scatter and two fluorescence parameters. Two fluorescence parameters and size are used in a flow through system to enrich sputum specimens for cancer cells. Human cells in sputum which are stained with acridine orange show a characteristic distribution of red and green fluorescence from which cancer cells can be localized. The peak enrichment is obtained by selectively sorting cells with the largest values of red and green fluorescence. Cancer cells located in other distribution regions having smaller fluorescence intensities show progressively diminished nuclear and cytoplasmic tinctorial features by Papanicolaou stain, consistent with the decreased intensity of red and green fluorescence.", "PMID": 86577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10382", "title": "The Heidelberg flow analyzer and sorter (HEIFAS) approach on the prescreening of uterine cancer.", "content": "A dual laser flow system has been proved and used with a novel staining method for simultaneous quantitative DNA and protein analysis. A diamidinophenylindole compound (DAPI) for DNA has been employed in combination with sulforhodamine (SR 101) for protein. With this dye mixture various cell types of the cervical smear could be identified. Despite some overlapping, clusters of leukocytes, endocervicals, (para)basals, intermediates, superficials and dys/neoplastic cells together with artificial events could be discriminated. Up to now the problem of negative cells which create positive signals (false alarms) in the dys/neoplastic region could not be sufficiently solved.", "contents": "The Heidelberg flow analyzer and sorter (HEIFAS) approach on the prescreening of uterine cancer. A dual laser flow system has been proved and used with a novel staining method for simultaneous quantitative DNA and protein analysis. A diamidinophenylindole compound (DAPI) for DNA has been employed in combination with sulforhodamine (SR 101) for protein. With this dye mixture various cell types of the cervical smear could be identified. Despite some overlapping, clusters of leukocytes, endocervicals, (para)basals, intermediates, superficials and dys/neoplastic cells together with artificial events could be discriminated. Up to now the problem of negative cells which create positive signals (false alarms) in the dys/neoplastic region could not be sufficiently solved.", "PMID": 86578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10383", "title": "Cytofluorometric and cytochemical comparisons of normal and abnormal human cells from the female genital tract.", "content": "Acridine orange staining of exfoliated cells from epithelial tissues facilitates discrimination between normal and abnormal cells: abnormal cells develop highly elevated nuclear fluorescence. Comparisons of acridine orange (AO) staining with propidium iodide (PI) or Feulgen staining have shown that: (a) PI staining also provides highly elevated nuclear fluorescence from abnormal cells; (b) the distributions of nuclear fluorescence following AO or PI staining were usually not significantly different as judged by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; (c) fluorescence emission spectra from AO and PI stained cells are consistent with the hypothesis that both fluorochromes bind to DNA within cell nuclei; (d) DNAse treatment of AO stained normal cells eliminates the nuclear fluorescence peak from slit-scan contours; RNAse treatment has no effect on nuclear fluorescence; (e) the distribution of abnormal cell nuclear fluorescence after AO staining is usually, but not always, significantly different from the distribution of abnormal cell nuclear absorbance after Feulgen staining, with relative nuclear fluorescence being greater than relative nuclear absorbance. The hypothesis currently most consistent with these results is that elevated Feulgen DNA content can account for only part of the discrimination provided by AO staining, and that the chromatin within abnormal cells is altered so as to increase accessibility of DNA to intercalating dyes.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric and cytochemical comparisons of normal and abnormal human cells from the female genital tract. Acridine orange staining of exfoliated cells from epithelial tissues facilitates discrimination between normal and abnormal cells: abnormal cells develop highly elevated nuclear fluorescence. Comparisons of acridine orange (AO) staining with propidium iodide (PI) or Feulgen staining have shown that: (a) PI staining also provides highly elevated nuclear fluorescence from abnormal cells; (b) the distributions of nuclear fluorescence following AO or PI staining were usually not significantly different as judged by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; (c) fluorescence emission spectra from AO and PI stained cells are consistent with the hypothesis that both fluorochromes bind to DNA within cell nuclei; (d) DNAse treatment of AO stained normal cells eliminates the nuclear fluorescence peak from slit-scan contours; RNAse treatment has no effect on nuclear fluorescence; (e) the distribution of abnormal cell nuclear fluorescence after AO staining is usually, but not always, significantly different from the distribution of abnormal cell nuclear absorbance after Feulgen staining, with relative nuclear fluorescence being greater than relative nuclear absorbance. The hypothesis currently most consistent with these results is that elevated Feulgen DNA content can account for only part of the discrimination provided by AO staining, and that the chromatin within abnormal cells is altered so as to increase accessibility of DNA to intercalating dyes.", "PMID": 86579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10384", "title": "Detection of suspicious cells and rejection of artefacts in cervical cytology using the Leyden Television Analysis System.", "content": "In slide based automation of cervical cytology the first stage of analysis involves finding possibly suspicious cells, or areas on the slide with these types of cells. By using a television based system such as the Leyden Television Analysis System (LEYTAS), a number of detection methods can be applied to rapidly screen a large number of fields automatically for suspicious cells. In this paper, results using a parameter based on increased nuclear DNA content of cells are given and a second detection method based on a chromatin pattern feature, called chromatin contrast, is discussed. Two blind trials on 41 positive and 22 negative cervical slides, using the Leyden Television Analysis System to detect suspicious cells with an increased nuclear DNA content, were promising. In 1 of the 41 positive cases no suspicious cells were found. In the negative specimens, suspicious cells were detected in 1 of 9 cases and 1 of 13 cases, with the two detection parameters investigated. These findings are discussed and some automatic artefact rejection procedures with preliminary results are given.", "contents": "Detection of suspicious cells and rejection of artefacts in cervical cytology using the Leyden Television Analysis System. In slide based automation of cervical cytology the first stage of analysis involves finding possibly suspicious cells, or areas on the slide with these types of cells. By using a television based system such as the Leyden Television Analysis System (LEYTAS), a number of detection methods can be applied to rapidly screen a large number of fields automatically for suspicious cells. In this paper, results using a parameter based on increased nuclear DNA content of cells are given and a second detection method based on a chromatin pattern feature, called chromatin contrast, is discussed. Two blind trials on 41 positive and 22 negative cervical slides, using the Leyden Television Analysis System to detect suspicious cells with an increased nuclear DNA content, were promising. In 1 of the 41 positive cases no suspicious cells were found. In the negative specimens, suspicious cells were detected in 1 of 9 cases and 1 of 13 cases, with the two detection parameters investigated. These findings are discussed and some automatic artefact rejection procedures with preliminary results are given.", "PMID": 86580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10385", "title": "BioPEPR: a system for the automatic prescreening of cervical smears.", "content": "A feasibility study has indicated that a Prescion Encoding and Pattern Recognition (PEPR) cathode ray tube prescreening system for cervical smears can be both accurate and fast. Smears are prepared using a syringing technique and are stained with a Feulgen-type nuclear stain and a protein counter-stain. The use of film as an intermediate step between the cells and Bio PEPR allows the scanning of fields as large as 8 x 8 mm. The morphological features of the cells are measured as directed by a hierarchical decision strategy. Additional programs detect artifacts, overlaps, and leukocytes. For clean samples, false positive and false negative rates on the cell level have been obtained that will allow acceptable smear level rates (10% false positive, 1% false negative). These rates have been reached without compromising the required speed goals of 120 to 180 smears per hr. The efficiency of the system is dependent on the quality of the smears. Measurements on a set of 192 routinely prepared smears indicate acceptable false negative rates and a false positive rate of about 18%. A reduction of this rate is expected with small improvements in cell preparation and measuring software, leading to the overall system efficiency required for commercial feasibility.", "contents": "BioPEPR: a system for the automatic prescreening of cervical smears. A feasibility study has indicated that a Prescion Encoding and Pattern Recognition (PEPR) cathode ray tube prescreening system for cervical smears can be both accurate and fast. Smears are prepared using a syringing technique and are stained with a Feulgen-type nuclear stain and a protein counter-stain. The use of film as an intermediate step between the cells and Bio PEPR allows the scanning of fields as large as 8 x 8 mm. The morphological features of the cells are measured as directed by a hierarchical decision strategy. Additional programs detect artifacts, overlaps, and leukocytes. For clean samples, false positive and false negative rates on the cell level have been obtained that will allow acceptable smear level rates (10% false positive, 1% false negative). These rates have been reached without compromising the required speed goals of 120 to 180 smears per hr. The efficiency of the system is dependent on the quality of the smears. Measurements on a set of 192 routinely prepared smears indicate acceptable false negative rates and a false positive rate of about 18%. A reduction of this rate is expected with small improvements in cell preparation and measuring software, leading to the overall system efficiency required for commercial feasibility.", "PMID": 86581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10386", "title": "Pairs of fluorescent dyes as probes of DNA and chromosomes.", "content": "If two fluorescent dyes with different binding or fluorescence specificities are used simultaneously to stain DNA or chromosomes, the ratio of their fluorescent signals can provide information about base composition or base analogue substitution. Energy transfer between such dye pairs, possible if the fluorescence spectrum of one overlaps the absorption spectrum of the other, can modify observed fluorescence. Microfluorometric measurements were used to document the occurrence of energy transfer between quinacrine or 33258 Hoechst as energy donor and ethidium or 7-aminoactinomycin D as acceptor when used jointly to stain cytologic preparations of human metaphase chromosomes. Use of 7-aminoactinomycin D, a dye with G-C binding specificity, as energy acceptor permitted the identification of human chromosome regions presumptively enriched for clusters of A-T base pairs, based on the resistance of A-T specific fluorescence, from quinacrine or 33258 Hoechst, to energy transfer dependent quenching. The results provide information about basic structural features of metaphase chromosomes, and the associated methodology may prove useful in accentuating specific fluorescent polymorphic chromosome regions.", "contents": "Pairs of fluorescent dyes as probes of DNA and chromosomes. If two fluorescent dyes with different binding or fluorescence specificities are used simultaneously to stain DNA or chromosomes, the ratio of their fluorescent signals can provide information about base composition or base analogue substitution. Energy transfer between such dye pairs, possible if the fluorescence spectrum of one overlaps the absorption spectrum of the other, can modify observed fluorescence. Microfluorometric measurements were used to document the occurrence of energy transfer between quinacrine or 33258 Hoechst as energy donor and ethidium or 7-aminoactinomycin D as acceptor when used jointly to stain cytologic preparations of human metaphase chromosomes. Use of 7-aminoactinomycin D, a dye with G-C binding specificity, as energy acceptor permitted the identification of human chromosome regions presumptively enriched for clusters of A-T base pairs, based on the resistance of A-T specific fluorescence, from quinacrine or 33258 Hoechst, to energy transfer dependent quenching. The results provide information about basic structural features of metaphase chromosomes, and the associated methodology may prove useful in accentuating specific fluorescent polymorphic chromosome regions.", "PMID": 86582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10387", "title": "Interactions between pairs of DNA-specific fluorescent stains bound to mammalian cells.", "content": "The interactions between DNA-specific fluorescence stains complexed with mitotic Chinese hamster cells were studied by spectrofluorometric and flow fluorometric techniques. The degree of binding interactions and of energy transfer between stains was determined from the intensities and shapes of fluorescence emission spectra of cells complexed with pairs of stains. The stain pairs Hoechst 33258-chromomycin A3, Hoechst 33258-ethidium bromide, and chromomycin A3-ethidium bromide exhibited efficient energy transfer from the short wavelength absorber (donor) to the long wavelength absorber (acceptor), and little competitive or cooperative binding of stains. The stain pair quinacrine-ethidium bromide exhibited both energy transfer and competitive binding. None of the stain pairs showed evidence of strong electronic interactions between stains. The magnitude of energy transfer interactions was used to estimate the quantity and distribution of the stains molecules complexed to mitotic cells. The results indicate a fairly even distribution of each of these stains along the DNA of intracellular mitotic chromosomes.", "contents": "Interactions between pairs of DNA-specific fluorescent stains bound to mammalian cells. The interactions between DNA-specific fluorescence stains complexed with mitotic Chinese hamster cells were studied by spectrofluorometric and flow fluorometric techniques. The degree of binding interactions and of energy transfer between stains was determined from the intensities and shapes of fluorescence emission spectra of cells complexed with pairs of stains. The stain pairs Hoechst 33258-chromomycin A3, Hoechst 33258-ethidium bromide, and chromomycin A3-ethidium bromide exhibited efficient energy transfer from the short wavelength absorber (donor) to the long wavelength absorber (acceptor), and little competitive or cooperative binding of stains. The stain pair quinacrine-ethidium bromide exhibited both energy transfer and competitive binding. None of the stain pairs showed evidence of strong electronic interactions between stains. The magnitude of energy transfer interactions was used to estimate the quantity and distribution of the stains molecules complexed to mitotic cells. The results indicate a fairly even distribution of each of these stains along the DNA of intracellular mitotic chromosomes.", "PMID": 86583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10388", "title": "Acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene staining: a procedure for automated cervical cytology with a television based system (LEYTAS).", "content": "A sample preparation and staining procedure for automated cytology with a TV based system (LEYTAS) is described. It consists of a centrifugation technique and automated acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene staining of cervical specimens. The advantages of using both the fluorescence and the absorption image of acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene stained cervical cells for a television based system are discussed.", "contents": "Acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene staining: a procedure for automated cervical cytology with a television based system (LEYTAS). A sample preparation and staining procedure for automated cytology with a TV based system (LEYTAS) is described. It consists of a centrifugation technique and automated acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene staining of cervical specimens. The advantages of using both the fluorescence and the absorption image of acriflavine-Feulgen stilbene stained cervical cells for a television based system are discussed.", "PMID": 86584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10389", "title": "Fluorescence background discrimination by prebleaching.", "content": "A number of electrooptical techniques are described that discriminate against background fluorescence in biologic staining, whether from sample background or unbound excess stain. These techniques are based on the fluorescent decay lifetime difference between bound stain and the sample background or between the bound stain its free form. The fluorescence decay lifetimes may be measured either directly or in a combination gated photometry scheme to substantially enhance the sample background contrast. An alternative procedure uses the photochemical bleaching of fluorescent dyes under intense exposure to time discriminate with higher selectivity, sensitivity and in a more convenient fashion between diverse fluorescent molecules.", "contents": "Fluorescence background discrimination by prebleaching. A number of electrooptical techniques are described that discriminate against background fluorescence in biologic staining, whether from sample background or unbound excess stain. These techniques are based on the fluorescent decay lifetime difference between bound stain and the sample background or between the bound stain its free form. The fluorescence decay lifetimes may be measured either directly or in a combination gated photometry scheme to substantially enhance the sample background contrast. An alternative procedure uses the photochemical bleaching of fluorescent dyes under intense exposure to time discriminate with higher selectivity, sensitivity and in a more convenient fashion between diverse fluorescent molecules.", "PMID": 86585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10390", "title": "Preparation of specific antisera against adenoviruses by affinity bead immunization (ABI).", "content": "Certain adenovirus types can be replicated only to low titer in tissue cultures. Other, such as adenovirus strains associated with infantile gastroenteritis, cannot be replicated in vitro. A method which allows preparation of specific antisera has therefore been evaluated. The procedure involves coupling of group-specific antibodies against adenovirus capsid subunits to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B; reaction of crude virus suspensions with immobilized adenovirus-specific IgG; elimination of contaminating material by extensive washing using a wide pH range; and immunization with adenovirus immunogens immobilized on the beads. Efficient immunization was obtained with immunogen doses of both 50 ng and 50 microgram. The immunization procedure which has been designated affinity bead immunization (ABI) could therefore have a wide applicability in cases where the relevant immunogen constitutes a minor fraction of a crude preparation.", "contents": "Preparation of specific antisera against adenoviruses by affinity bead immunization (ABI). Certain adenovirus types can be replicated only to low titer in tissue cultures. Other, such as adenovirus strains associated with infantile gastroenteritis, cannot be replicated in vitro. A method which allows preparation of specific antisera has therefore been evaluated. The procedure involves coupling of group-specific antibodies against adenovirus capsid subunits to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B; reaction of crude virus suspensions with immobilized adenovirus-specific IgG; elimination of contaminating material by extensive washing using a wide pH range; and immunization with adenovirus immunogens immobilized on the beads. Efficient immunization was obtained with immunogen doses of both 50 ng and 50 microgram. The immunization procedure which has been designated affinity bead immunization (ABI) could therefore have a wide applicability in cases where the relevant immunogen constitutes a minor fraction of a crude preparation.", "PMID": 86586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10391", "title": "Amplified direct immunofluorescence (AMDI) for detection of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen.", "content": "Low antigen concentrations could be identified in human cells by sequential application of (a) FITC-labeled human antibodies at high dilution, (b) rabbit antiserum to the hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and (c) FITC-anti-rabbit globulin. The high specificity of direct immunofluorescence (a) was not affected by the amplifying steps (b) and (c). Using this AMDI technique Epstein-Barr (EB) virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) could be specifically stained with human sera up to a dilution of 1 : 4000. Owing to the high dilutions applied, unwanted antibody reactivity in the FITC-labeled serum could be blocked by preincubating with unlabeled undiluted human sera. Thus EBNA was selectively stained in EB virus producer cells. Moreover, EBNA was specifically detected in human tumor biopsy material by the use of AMDI.", "contents": "Amplified direct immunofluorescence (AMDI) for detection of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. Low antigen concentrations could be identified in human cells by sequential application of (a) FITC-labeled human antibodies at high dilution, (b) rabbit antiserum to the hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and (c) FITC-anti-rabbit globulin. The high specificity of direct immunofluorescence (a) was not affected by the amplifying steps (b) and (c). Using this AMDI technique Epstein-Barr (EB) virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) could be specifically stained with human sera up to a dilution of 1 : 4000. Owing to the high dilutions applied, unwanted antibody reactivity in the FITC-labeled serum could be blocked by preincubating with unlabeled undiluted human sera. Thus EBNA was selectively stained in EB virus producer cells. Moreover, EBNA was specifically detected in human tumor biopsy material by the use of AMDI.", "PMID": 86587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10392", "title": "Esterase staining of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.", "content": "Recently proposed esterase staining methods for the cytochemical identification of human peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes in our hands gave suboptimal results. Cellular purification and recommended fixation procedures appeared to decrease the esterase reactivity of leucocyte preparations. Drying for 12-18 h without further fixation of cytocentrifuge smears was found to produce  minimal loss of the staining capacity for 1-naphthyl butyrate esterase in mononuclear cells. It is hoped that the slightly modified procedure meets the need for a simple technique to define mononuclear blood cells for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Esterase staining of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recently proposed esterase staining methods for the cytochemical identification of human peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes in our hands gave suboptimal results. Cellular purification and recommended fixation procedures appeared to decrease the esterase reactivity of leucocyte preparations. Drying for 12-18 h without further fixation of cytocentrifuge smears was found to produce  minimal loss of the staining capacity for 1-naphthyl butyrate esterase in mononuclear cells. It is hoped that the slightly modified procedure meets the need for a simple technique to define mononuclear blood cells for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 86588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10393", "title": "A partial characterization of hepatitis B e antigen.", "content": "Partially purified hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAG) was prepared by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and molecular sieve chromatography of sera obtained from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. The antigenic specificity of the HBeAG preparations was investigated further with affinity chromatography. The results indicated that HBeAG is distinct and separable from DNA polymerase activity. Columns coupled with either goat IgG prepared from antiserum to human IgG or antibody to HBeAg bound all detectable HBeAg and bound 31% and 100% of the IgG, respectively, from a partially purified HBeAg preparation. Rate zonal sucrose sedimentation and molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography indicated a variability in molecular weight and charge; this finding suggested a heterogenous population of immunoreactivities containing HBeAg. Our preliminary results suggest the existence of an HBeAg-IgG complex.", "contents": "A partial characterization of hepatitis B e antigen. Partially purified hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAG) was prepared by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and molecular sieve chromatography of sera obtained from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. The antigenic specificity of the HBeAG preparations was investigated further with affinity chromatography. The results indicated that HBeAG is distinct and separable from DNA polymerase activity. Columns coupled with either goat IgG prepared from antiserum to human IgG or antibody to HBeAg bound all detectable HBeAg and bound 31% and 100% of the IgG, respectively, from a partially purified HBeAg preparation. Rate zonal sucrose sedimentation and molecular sieve and ion-exchange chromatography indicated a variability in molecular weight and charge; this finding suggested a heterogenous population of immunoreactivities containing HBeAg. Our preliminary results suggest the existence of an HBeAg-IgG complex.", "PMID": 86589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10394", "title": "Ultrastructure of Bacteroides species: Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus, and B. melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius.", "content": "Representative strains of two subspecies of Bacteroides melaninogenicus (subspecies melaninogenicus and subspecies intermedius) and Bacteroides asaccharolyticus as well as B. asaccharolyticus strain 536B isolated from a human perirectal abscess and Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 were examined by glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation, ruthenium red fixation and staining, and thorium hydroxyde staining as well as by the physical preparative techniques of critical point drying--transmission electron microscopy (CPD--TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All strains, with the exception of B. fragilis 25285, possessed an electron-dense material external to their outer membranes. Ruthenium red staining further revealed a layer, external to the surface of the outer membrane, that was distinct for each species examined. Thorium hydroxide, as well as CPD--TEM and SEM, showed the cells to be interconnected by thin fibers that not only connected adjacent cells but also traversed several microns to connect cell aggregates.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Bacteroides species: Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus, and B. melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius. Representative strains of two subspecies of Bacteroides melaninogenicus (subspecies melaninogenicus and subspecies intermedius) and Bacteroides asaccharolyticus as well as B. asaccharolyticus strain 536B isolated from a human perirectal abscess and Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 were examined by glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation, ruthenium red fixation and staining, and thorium hydroxyde staining as well as by the physical preparative techniques of critical point drying--transmission electron microscopy (CPD--TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All strains, with the exception of B. fragilis 25285, possessed an electron-dense material external to their outer membranes. Ruthenium red staining further revealed a layer, external to the surface of the outer membrane, that was distinct for each species examined. Thorium hydroxide, as well as CPD--TEM and SEM, showed the cells to be interconnected by thin fibers that not only connected adjacent cells but also traversed several microns to connect cell aggregates.", "PMID": 86590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10395", "title": "Haemangiopericytoma in otolaryngology.", "content": "Haemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumour with variable pathological behaviour. It arises from the proliferation of special cells called 'pericytes' which are found outside the blood capillaries. There is no specific predilection for any site in the body. Clinically and histologically, it can be benign or malignant, but this differentiation sometimes becomes rather a hard task for the pathologist. Wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be valuable adjuncts. Only fourteen cases of nasal haemangiopericytoma have been reported in the literature and these are individually set out in Table I. Another case is reported in this paper, with a review of all the tumours in the field of Otorhinolaryngology since 1942.", "contents": "Haemangiopericytoma in otolaryngology. Haemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumour with variable pathological behaviour. It arises from the proliferation of special cells called 'pericytes' which are found outside the blood capillaries. There is no specific predilection for any site in the body. Clinically and histologically, it can be benign or malignant, but this differentiation sometimes becomes rather a hard task for the pathologist. Wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be valuable adjuncts. Only fourteen cases of nasal haemangiopericytoma have been reported in the literature and these are individually set out in Table I. Another case is reported in this paper, with a review of all the tumours in the field of Otorhinolaryngology since 1942.", "PMID": 86592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10396", "title": "57Co-bleomycin kinetics in normal and tumour-bearing mice after systemic and local administration.", "content": "In tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice the body clearance and organ distribution of 57Co-BLM was measured at different time intervals after iv., sc., and it. administration of the drug. No significant difference could be demonstrated in body clearance following different doses and routes of application of labelled BLM in tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice. The organ distribution studies showed higher concentrations following iv. compared to sc. or it. of 57Co-BLM; however, the activity in the ipsilateral injection sites was significantly increased after sc. and it. injection. In tumour-bearing mice the activity in the lymph nodes draining injection site was as high as that seen in the draining lymph nodes following iv. injection. However, on the contralateral side, the lymph node concentration was significantly reduced after it. injection. These results indicate on the basis or organ distribution of 57Co-BLM a rational basis for it. treatment of malignant tumours.", "contents": "57Co-bleomycin kinetics in normal and tumour-bearing mice after systemic and local administration. In tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice the body clearance and organ distribution of 57Co-BLM was measured at different time intervals after iv., sc., and it. administration of the drug. No significant difference could be demonstrated in body clearance following different doses and routes of application of labelled BLM in tumour-free and tumour-bearing mice. The organ distribution studies showed higher concentrations following iv. compared to sc. or it. of 57Co-BLM; however, the activity in the ipsilateral injection sites was significantly increased after sc. and it. injection. In tumour-bearing mice the activity in the lymph nodes draining injection site was as high as that seen in the draining lymph nodes following iv. injection. However, on the contralateral side, the lymph node concentration was significantly reduced after it. injection. These results indicate on the basis or organ distribution of 57Co-BLM a rational basis for it. treatment of malignant tumours.", "PMID": 86593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10397", "title": "Increased ratio of 5 alpha-reductase: 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in the hyperplastic human prostate.", "content": "The activities of 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were assayed in homogenates of eight normal, 21 hyperplastic and four carcinomatous human prostates. Samples consisting of 300--500 microgram tissue protein in Tris buffer, pH 7.0, were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min in the presence of 50 nM-[3H]androgen and an NADPH-generating system started with 5 X 10(-4)M-NADP. The yield of 5 alpha- and 3 alpha-reduced metabolites, as established by using t.l.c. and g.l.c., gave an estimate of enzyme activity. The formation of metabolites denoting 5 alpha-reductase activity in normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous tissue respectively was 28.8 +/- 47 (S.E.M.), 76.8 +/- 8.9 and 3.5 +/- 0.7 pmol 30 min-1 mg protein-1; similarly, that denoting 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was 69.3 +/- 6.7, 46.6 +/- 5.7 and 38.8 +/- 22.1 pmol 30 min-1 mg protein-1. In all normal prostates 5 alpha-reductase activity was lower than 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Conversely, in 18 out of 21 hyperplastic prostates, 5 alpha-reductase activity was higher than 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The effect of the increase in 5 alpha-reductase activity without a compensatory change in 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was to alter the mean ratio between 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activities from 0.47 +/- 0.11 in the normal prostate to 1.84 +/- 0,19 in hyperplastic tissue. It is inferred that this change may predispose the hyperplastic prostate to asymmetrical rates of androgen metabolism and thereby contribute to the abnormal accumulation of dihydrotestosterone.", "contents": "Increased ratio of 5 alpha-reductase: 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in the hyperplastic human prostate. The activities of 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were assayed in homogenates of eight normal, 21 hyperplastic and four carcinomatous human prostates. Samples consisting of 300--500 microgram tissue protein in Tris buffer, pH 7.0, were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min in the presence of 50 nM-[3H]androgen and an NADPH-generating system started with 5 X 10(-4)M-NADP. The yield of 5 alpha- and 3 alpha-reduced metabolites, as established by using t.l.c. and g.l.c., gave an estimate of enzyme activity. The formation of metabolites denoting 5 alpha-reductase activity in normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous tissue respectively was 28.8 +/- 47 (S.E.M.), 76.8 +/- 8.9 and 3.5 +/- 0.7 pmol 30 min-1 mg protein-1; similarly, that denoting 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was 69.3 +/- 6.7, 46.6 +/- 5.7 and 38.8 +/- 22.1 pmol 30 min-1 mg protein-1. In all normal prostates 5 alpha-reductase activity was lower than 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Conversely, in 18 out of 21 hyperplastic prostates, 5 alpha-reductase activity was higher than 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The effect of the increase in 5 alpha-reductase activity without a compensatory change in 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was to alter the mean ratio between 5 alpha-reductase and 3 alpha (beta)-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activities from 0.47 +/- 0.11 in the normal prostate to 1.84 +/- 0,19 in hyperplastic tissue. It is inferred that this change may predispose the hyperplastic prostate to asymmetrical rates of androgen metabolism and thereby contribute to the abnormal accumulation of dihydrotestosterone.", "PMID": 86594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10398", "title": "Evaluation of audiovisual teaching material in family practice: a report of review activities, 1977--1978.", "content": "Audiovisual teaching materials have found increasing use in medical education in recent years, and a large number of excellent materials have been produced. The plethora of existing audiovisual teaching programs has made it difficult for educators and potential users to be aware of what is available and to select programs relevant to specific learning needs. The Audiovisual Review Committee has functioned over the last five years as a subcommittee of the Education Committee of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. This paper describes the experience of this group over the last two years and presents a complete listing of audiovisual teaching materials which have been reviewed and appraised during that period.", "contents": "Evaluation of audiovisual teaching material in family practice: a report of review activities, 1977--1978. Audiovisual teaching materials have found increasing use in medical education in recent years, and a large number of excellent materials have been produced. The plethora of existing audiovisual teaching programs has made it difficult for educators and potential users to be aware of what is available and to select programs relevant to specific learning needs. The Audiovisual Review Committee has functioned over the last five years as a subcommittee of the Education Committee of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. This paper describes the experience of this group over the last two years and presents a complete listing of audiovisual teaching materials which have been reviewed and appraised during that period.", "PMID": 86596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10399", "title": "Reflection coefficients of homopore membranes: effect of molecular size and configuration.", "content": "Osmotic water flow through membranes with uniform defined pores was measured for a variety of macromolecular solutes. Water flow increased linearly with applied hydrostatic pressure, allowing the effective osmotic pressure of the solutes to be estimated by extrapolation. Reflection coefficients for each solute-membrane combination were calculated and correlated with the ratio of solute size to pore size. For the same mean molecular size, proteins were found to have larger reflection coefficients than dextrans. Molecular rigidity may play a role in this difference in behavior.", "contents": "Reflection coefficients of homopore membranes: effect of molecular size and configuration. Osmotic water flow through membranes with uniform defined pores was measured for a variety of macromolecular solutes. Water flow increased linearly with applied hydrostatic pressure, allowing the effective osmotic pressure of the solutes to be estimated by extrapolation. Reflection coefficients for each solute-membrane combination were calculated and correlated with the ratio of solute size to pore size. For the same mean molecular size, proteins were found to have larger reflection coefficients than dextrans. Molecular rigidity may play a role in this difference in behavior.", "PMID": 86597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10400", "title": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Correlation of circulating lymphocyte fluctuations with disease activity in suppressed and unsuppressed animals.", "content": "Groups of juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with isogeneic central nervous system (CNS) tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were either left to develop late-onset chronic EAE (unsuppressed), or given a series of injections of bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to suppress the disease. All unsuppressed animals developed disease and all suppressed animals remained healthy over a 27-month period of study. some unsuppressed and suppressed animals were rechallenged with CNS tissue in CFA 12 or 26 months post-inoculation (PI). Unsuppressed animals all became sick 2-4 weeks after rechallenge, while rechallenged, suppressed animals were protected, indicating that the suppression was permanent. Pathologic findings in the CNS complemented the clinical changes. Circulating lymphocyte studies were performed on animals from all groups. Early (active, high-affinity rosetting) T cell levels in unsuppressed animals showed significant decreases during exacerbations (P less than 0.01) and normal values during remissions. After rechallenge, circulating early T cells decreased in unsuppressed animals with the development of signs. In suppressed animals, early T cells showed significant elevations during, and for a short time after, the period of suppressive injections, and normal values afterwards. These levels did not change significantly after rechallenge. Late (total, 24 hour rosetting) T cell and B cell values showed minor fluctuations only which did not correlate with disease activity. These results indicate that chronic relapsing EAE can be successfully suppressed with MBP in IFA, that this suppression is permanent and that the immunologic findings presented correlate well with the clinical and pathologic facets of the disease. the findings are presented in terms of their relevance to multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Correlation of circulating lymphocyte fluctuations with disease activity in suppressed and unsuppressed animals. Groups of juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with isogeneic central nervous system (CNS) tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were either left to develop late-onset chronic EAE (unsuppressed), or given a series of injections of bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to suppress the disease. All unsuppressed animals developed disease and all suppressed animals remained healthy over a 27-month period of study. some unsuppressed and suppressed animals were rechallenged with CNS tissue in CFA 12 or 26 months post-inoculation (PI). Unsuppressed animals all became sick 2-4 weeks after rechallenge, while rechallenged, suppressed animals were protected, indicating that the suppression was permanent. Pathologic findings in the CNS complemented the clinical changes. Circulating lymphocyte studies were performed on animals from all groups. Early (active, high-affinity rosetting) T cell levels in unsuppressed animals showed significant decreases during exacerbations (P less than 0.01) and normal values during remissions. After rechallenge, circulating early T cells decreased in unsuppressed animals with the development of signs. In suppressed animals, early T cells showed significant elevations during, and for a short time after, the period of suppressive injections, and normal values afterwards. These levels did not change significantly after rechallenge. Late (total, 24 hour rosetting) T cell and B cell values showed minor fluctuations only which did not correlate with disease activity. These results indicate that chronic relapsing EAE can be successfully suppressed with MBP in IFA, that this suppression is permanent and that the immunologic findings presented correlate well with the clinical and pathologic facets of the disease. the findings are presented in terms of their relevance to multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 86602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10401", "title": "Third complement component in cerebrospinal fluid in neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Conversion patterns by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Thirteen cerebrospinal fluid specimens (CSFs) from 10 patients with neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (nB) were examined for the presence of conversion products of C3 protein by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion products were found in 4 CSFs from nB patients, and the proportions of the split products to the total immunoprecipitate zones were 17, 34, 61 and 63%, respectively. CSFs with C3 conversion patterns showed higher C3 protein (beta 1C/A) levels compared with those with non-conversion, whereas the differences of C4 protein (beta 1E) levels were unremarkable. CSF with C3 conversion patterns also showed apparent inflammatory characteristics indicating blood-CSF barrier involvement which would be deduced from increased alpha 2-macroglobulin and IgA, both being regarded as sensitive internal barrier parameters: but IgA measurement was much higher than usually expected values. It is suggested that the increase in CSF C3 might be initiated by accelerated consumption of complement through the alternative pathway, leading to hypersynthetic or hyperinflux response in CSF.", "contents": "Third complement component in cerebrospinal fluid in neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Conversion patterns by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Thirteen cerebrospinal fluid specimens (CSFs) from 10 patients with neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome (nB) were examined for the presence of conversion products of C3 protein by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion products were found in 4 CSFs from nB patients, and the proportions of the split products to the total immunoprecipitate zones were 17, 34, 61 and 63%, respectively. CSFs with C3 conversion patterns showed higher C3 protein (beta 1C/A) levels compared with those with non-conversion, whereas the differences of C4 protein (beta 1E) levels were unremarkable. CSF with C3 conversion patterns also showed apparent inflammatory characteristics indicating blood-CSF barrier involvement which would be deduced from increased alpha 2-macroglobulin and IgA, both being regarded as sensitive internal barrier parameters: but IgA measurement was much higher than usually expected values. It is suggested that the increase in CSF C3 might be initiated by accelerated consumption of complement through the alternative pathway, leading to hypersynthetic or hyperinflux response in CSF.", "PMID": 86603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10402", "title": "Evidence for an intraaxonal transport of fixed and street rabies virus.", "content": "Colchicine was used to inhibit axonal transport and to demonstrate that rabies virus spread from the peripheral inoculation site to the CNS by the retrograde axoplasmic flow. Colchicine was applied by the mean of elastomer implants around the sciatic nerve of young rats in order to obtain higher local concentrations of the drug. This procedure avoided the systemic effects of colchicine encountered with the usual treatment. To confirm the efficiency of the axoplasmic flow inhibition by colchicine, 125I-tetanus toxin was used as a marker. Uptake of colchicine by the sciatic nerve was monitored by the use of 3H-labelled colchicine. Interruption of the retrograde axoplasmic flow resulted in prevention of fixed and street rabies virus propagation. Moreover, the centrifugal spread of rabies could be inhibited using this experimental procedure.", "contents": "Evidence for an intraaxonal transport of fixed and street rabies virus. Colchicine was used to inhibit axonal transport and to demonstrate that rabies virus spread from the peripheral inoculation site to the CNS by the retrograde axoplasmic flow. Colchicine was applied by the mean of elastomer implants around the sciatic nerve of young rats in order to obtain higher local concentrations of the drug. This procedure avoided the systemic effects of colchicine encountered with the usual treatment. To confirm the efficiency of the axoplasmic flow inhibition by colchicine, 125I-tetanus toxin was used as a marker. Uptake of colchicine by the sciatic nerve was monitored by the use of 3H-labelled colchicine. Interruption of the retrograde axoplasmic flow resulted in prevention of fixed and street rabies virus propagation. Moreover, the centrifugal spread of rabies could be inhibited using this experimental procedure.", "PMID": 86604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10403", "title": "Light and ultrastructural relationship between oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament of the guinea pig.", "content": "The interfaces and the relationships between collagen and oxytalan fibers were observed under light and electron microscopy. Guinea pig periodontal ligament was prepared for light and electron microscopy with perfusion using Peter's buffered formalin for light microscopy and GTA-S-collidine and OSO4 for electron microscopic studies. The tissue for light microscopy was stained with a modified Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin technique, in which pre-oxidization with potassium monopersulfate was carried out before staining so as to demonstrate the oxytalan fibers. EM tissues were routinely stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Two different structural relationships were observed. First, the subcomponents of the collagen and oxytalan fiber types interweave with each other; and, second, some of these two-fiber subcomponents appear attached to each other. These relationships and the known orientation of oxytalan fibers as seen in the periodontal ligament provide insight as to the function of oxytalan fibers. The oxytalan fibers may provide increased structural integrity and increased distribution of forces over a wider area of the periodontal ligament. Because of their close relationship to blood and lymph vessels in the periodontal ligament, they may also help to stabilize these elements by the same structural relationships to collagen fibers.", "contents": "Light and ultrastructural relationship between oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament of the guinea pig. The interfaces and the relationships between collagen and oxytalan fibers were observed under light and electron microscopy. Guinea pig periodontal ligament was prepared for light and electron microscopy with perfusion using Peter's buffered formalin for light microscopy and GTA-S-collidine and OSO4 for electron microscopic studies. The tissue for light microscopy was stained with a modified Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin technique, in which pre-oxidization with potassium monopersulfate was carried out before staining so as to demonstrate the oxytalan fibers. EM tissues were routinely stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Two different structural relationships were observed. First, the subcomponents of the collagen and oxytalan fiber types interweave with each other; and, second, some of these two-fiber subcomponents appear attached to each other. These relationships and the known orientation of oxytalan fibers as seen in the periodontal ligament provide insight as to the function of oxytalan fibers. The oxytalan fibers may provide increased structural integrity and increased distribution of forces over a wider area of the periodontal ligament. Because of their close relationship to blood and lymph vessels in the periodontal ligament, they may also help to stabilize these elements by the same structural relationships to collagen fibers.", "PMID": 86605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10404", "title": "Lipofuscin in human tongue muscle.", "content": "In a study of 107 tongue specimens lipofuscin granules were found to be present in the muscle fibers of 93% of the cases. The pigment was not found in young individuals under the age of 18 years. The pigmented granules, which were stored in clusters of different sizes at the nuclear poles, were PAS-positive, stained black or brown with the Masson-Fontana procedure, black with Sudan black, and strong purple-pink with Ziehl-Neelson staining; yellow autofluorescene was emitted in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence of the pigmented granules were characteristics of the endogenous lipid pigment described as lipofuscin. Statistical analyses indicated a direct correlation between increase in quantity and distribution of the pigment and increase in age (P = 0.001), in both males and females. Accumulation of the pigment in the tongue with aging was found to be similar to that in the myocardium.", "contents": "Lipofuscin in human tongue muscle. In a study of 107 tongue specimens lipofuscin granules were found to be present in the muscle fibers of 93% of the cases. The pigment was not found in young individuals under the age of 18 years. The pigmented granules, which were stored in clusters of different sizes at the nuclear poles, were PAS-positive, stained black or brown with the Masson-Fontana procedure, black with Sudan black, and strong purple-pink with Ziehl-Neelson staining; yellow autofluorescene was emitted in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence of the pigmented granules were characteristics of the endogenous lipid pigment described as lipofuscin. Statistical analyses indicated a direct correlation between increase in quantity and distribution of the pigment and increase in age (P = 0.001), in both males and females. Accumulation of the pigment in the tongue with aging was found to be similar to that in the myocardium.", "PMID": 86606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10405", "title": "Computerization of a bioassay: quantitation of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A).", "content": "The bioassay for SRS-A using isolated guinea-pig ileum bathed in atropine and pyrilamine has been computerized resulting in a more accurate collection and calculation of data. Areas under the polygraph tracings are calculated by a computer interfaced with the recording polygraph. After comparison of ileal responses obtained with known amounts of SRS-A standard, the computer determined the relative amounts of SRS-A in unknown samples. The program provided for a correction to adjust for changes in tissue responsiveness. Using this bioassay, we showed that ovalbumin-induced release of SRS-A from sensitized guinea-pig lung was parallel to the release of histamine measured fluorometrically. Ethanol inhibited release of these mediators of anaphylaxis in a similar fashion. Conversely, isoproterenol reduced ovalbumin-induced release of SRS-A to a greater extent than the release of histamine. The versatility of this technique should enable other bioassays to be improved in addition to greatly facilitating the determination of various pharmacologic analyses.", "contents": "Computerization of a bioassay: quantitation of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The bioassay for SRS-A using isolated guinea-pig ileum bathed in atropine and pyrilamine has been computerized resulting in a more accurate collection and calculation of data. Areas under the polygraph tracings are calculated by a computer interfaced with the recording polygraph. After comparison of ileal responses obtained with known amounts of SRS-A standard, the computer determined the relative amounts of SRS-A in unknown samples. The program provided for a correction to adjust for changes in tissue responsiveness. Using this bioassay, we showed that ovalbumin-induced release of SRS-A from sensitized guinea-pig lung was parallel to the release of histamine measured fluorometrically. Ethanol inhibited release of these mediators of anaphylaxis in a similar fashion. Conversely, isoproterenol reduced ovalbumin-induced release of SRS-A to a greater extent than the release of histamine. The versatility of this technique should enable other bioassays to be improved in addition to greatly facilitating the determination of various pharmacologic analyses.", "PMID": 86610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10406", "title": "The blind soldier: a study dealing with the symbolism of blindness in art.", "content": "An oil painting of a blind old English soldier done by James Ramsay in 1830 allows for some interesting thoughts about the use of symbolism in art and about the nature of blindness.", "contents": "The blind soldier: a study dealing with the symbolism of blindness in art. An oil painting of a blind old English soldier done by James Ramsay in 1830 allows for some interesting thoughts about the use of symbolism in art and about the nature of blindness.", "PMID": 86607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10407", "title": "Estimation of prostatic size by suprapubic ultrasonography.", "content": "Previous ultrasonic scanning of the prostate primarily has involved the transrectal approach. In this study the suprapubic approach was chosen because it uses basic ultrasound equipment and is atraumatic. In 29 patients undergoing prostatectomy there was a highly significant correlation (r equals 0.95) between the prostatic weight determined by this method and the postoperative weight of the adenoma.", "contents": "Estimation of prostatic size by suprapubic ultrasonography. Previous ultrasonic scanning of the prostate primarily has involved the transrectal approach. In this study the suprapubic approach was chosen because it uses basic ultrasound equipment and is atraumatic. In 29 patients undergoing prostatectomy there was a highly significant correlation (r equals 0.95) between the prostatic weight determined by this method and the postoperative weight of the adenoma.", "PMID": 86615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10408", "title": "[Trial of a synthetic absorbable suture, Polyglactin 910, in 100 urologic patients].", "content": "The authors studied the clinical tolerance of Polyglactine 910 (Vicryl) in 100 patients operated upon for urological disorders. The operations were mostly for ureterovesical reimplantations to treat reflux, pyelocaliceal kidney stones and ureteral calculi, and prostatic adenomectomy. The suture appears to be solid, and the knots do not loosen. It slides badly however and is not easy to manipulate. When used to close cavity walls this solid suture did not cause a higher percentage of abscess than catgut, when used to suture the urinary excretory tract the authors observed, in one case only, multiple calcification around the ureterovesical suture points and those used to close the bladder. The suture is not suitable for vaginal repair operations during the surgical treatment of incontinence. The authors conclude by defining the properties of a suture they would like to see become available: one which has the same solidity, is easier to manipulate, slides more easily, and, above all, has a different texture: a monofilament rather than a braided suture.", "contents": "[Trial of a synthetic absorbable suture, Polyglactin 910, in 100 urologic patients]. The authors studied the clinical tolerance of Polyglactine 910 (Vicryl) in 100 patients operated upon for urological disorders. The operations were mostly for ureterovesical reimplantations to treat reflux, pyelocaliceal kidney stones and ureteral calculi, and prostatic adenomectomy. The suture appears to be solid, and the knots do not loosen. It slides badly however and is not easy to manipulate. When used to close cavity walls this solid suture did not cause a higher percentage of abscess than catgut, when used to suture the urinary excretory tract the authors observed, in one case only, multiple calcification around the ureterovesical suture points and those used to close the bladder. The suture is not suitable for vaginal repair operations during the surgical treatment of incontinence. The authors conclude by defining the properties of a suture they would like to see become available: one which has the same solidity, is easier to manipulate, slides more easily, and, above all, has a different texture: a monofilament rather than a braided suture.", "PMID": 86613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10409", "title": "Serum beta-2-microglobulin levels in urological cancer.", "content": "Serum beta-2-microglobulin levels were measured in patients with renal, vesical and prostatic cancer. Measurements were made only on samples with a serum creatinine less than or equal to 105 mumol./l. to eliminate the possibility of elevated beta-2-microglobulin being a result of impaired renal function. This criterion eliminated 28 to 50 per cent of the patients with bladder cancer and 73 per cent of those who had undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma, which, obviously, limits the value of beta-2-microglobulin measurement for the surveillance in these cancers. Beta-2-microglobulin values in patients with prostatic cancer were seldom increased to more than 3.0 mg./l. In bladder cancer patients with normal serum creatinine the frequency of an elevated serum beta-2-microglobulin increased with the increase in tumor stage.", "contents": "Serum beta-2-microglobulin levels in urological cancer. Serum beta-2-microglobulin levels were measured in patients with renal, vesical and prostatic cancer. Measurements were made only on samples with a serum creatinine less than or equal to 105 mumol./l. to eliminate the possibility of elevated beta-2-microglobulin being a result of impaired renal function. This criterion eliminated 28 to 50 per cent of the patients with bladder cancer and 73 per cent of those who had undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma, which, obviously, limits the value of beta-2-microglobulin measurement for the surveillance in these cancers. Beta-2-microglobulin values in patients with prostatic cancer were seldom increased to more than 3.0 mg./l. In bladder cancer patients with normal serum creatinine the frequency of an elevated serum beta-2-microglobulin increased with the increase in tumor stage.", "PMID": 86616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10410", "title": "The results of prostatectomy: a symptomatic and urodynamic analysis of 152 patients.", "content": "There were 152 patients with prostatism investigated by inflow cystometry and pressure flow analysis of micturition before and after elective prostatectomy. Many symptoms attributed to obstruction were found to be owing to bladder instability, which was demonstrated in 60 per cent of the patients. The symptomatic improvement postoperatively was accompanied by a decrease in the incidence of instability to 25 per cent. The repeat urodynamic studies and symptom analysis demonstrated a surgical success rate of 88 per cent.", "contents": "The results of prostatectomy: a symptomatic and urodynamic analysis of 152 patients. There were 152 patients with prostatism investigated by inflow cystometry and pressure flow analysis of micturition before and after elective prostatectomy. Many symptoms attributed to obstruction were found to be owing to bladder instability, which was demonstrated in 60 per cent of the patients. The symptomatic improvement postoperatively was accompanied by a decrease in the incidence of instability to 25 per cent. The repeat urodynamic studies and symptom analysis demonstrated a surgical success rate of 88 per cent.", "PMID": 86617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10411", "title": "Resource for managing sleep disorders.", "content": "To enhance physicians' knowledge of the prevalent problem of sleep disorders, a 50-minute videotape program designed as a learning and self-assessment experience in evaluating and treating these disorders was coproduced with the Network for Continuing Medical Education. The program has been presented nationally to about 25,000 medical professionals. The mean correct score was 50% for the pretest, 69% for the instructional section, and 79% for the posttest; the composite score on the posttest was 59% higher than that on the pretest. Physicians' responses indicated strengths and weaknesses in their knowledge of sleep disorders, thus delineating future directions for medical education in insomnia, narcolepsy/cataplexy, nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and enuresis. All of these sleep disorders can be best evaluated and treated by the general physician.", "contents": "Resource for managing sleep disorders. To enhance physicians' knowledge of the prevalent problem of sleep disorders, a 50-minute videotape program designed as a learning and self-assessment experience in evaluating and treating these disorders was coproduced with the Network for Continuing Medical Education. The program has been presented nationally to about 25,000 medical professionals. The mean correct score was 50% for the pretest, 69% for the instructional section, and 79% for the posttest; the composite score on the posttest was 59% higher than that on the pretest. Physicians' responses indicated strengths and weaknesses in their knowledge of sleep disorders, thus delineating future directions for medical education in insomnia, narcolepsy/cataplexy, nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and enuresis. All of these sleep disorders can be best evaluated and treated by the general physician.", "PMID": 86618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10412", "title": "[Treatment with NK 631 (new bleomycin analog) of oral and maxillofacial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck were treated with NK 631 on a dosage schedule of 10 mg at a time 3 times weekly, by intravenous one-shot injection or intravenous drip infusion, to observe its therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. The treatment was assessed markedly effective in 3, moderately effective in 1 and ineffective in 4 of them. The treatment was also assessed moderately or markedly effective in 3 and ineffective in 2 out of squamous cell carcinoma cases. Hematologic findings, serum electrolytes and enzymologic findings were normal, but the pulmonary function examinations revealed a tendency for PaO2 to decrease slightly. In 1 case where frequent cough was observed, the cough was mitigated on withdrawal of the treatment. The adverse reactions that evolved included fever, alopecia, eruptions, nausea and vomiting, and pigmentation of the nail. To summarize these findings, the authors were impressed with NK 631 and that the agent would exert an excellent antitumor effect, compared with bleomycin, and that its effect would evolve at the early stage of its treatment. Fixed drug eruption was observed as an adverse reaction of this drug in 1 case; however, the adverse reactions of this bleomycin analog appear similar to those of its parent compound, bleomycin.", "contents": "[Treatment with NK 631 (new bleomycin analog) of oral and maxillofacial cancer (author's transl)]. Eight cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck were treated with NK 631 on a dosage schedule of 10 mg at a time 3 times weekly, by intravenous one-shot injection or intravenous drip infusion, to observe its therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. The treatment was assessed markedly effective in 3, moderately effective in 1 and ineffective in 4 of them. The treatment was also assessed moderately or markedly effective in 3 and ineffective in 2 out of squamous cell carcinoma cases. Hematologic findings, serum electrolytes and enzymologic findings were normal, but the pulmonary function examinations revealed a tendency for PaO2 to decrease slightly. In 1 case where frequent cough was observed, the cough was mitigated on withdrawal of the treatment. The adverse reactions that evolved included fever, alopecia, eruptions, nausea and vomiting, and pigmentation of the nail. To summarize these findings, the authors were impressed with NK 631 and that the agent would exert an excellent antitumor effect, compared with bleomycin, and that its effect would evolve at the early stage of its treatment. Fixed drug eruption was observed as an adverse reaction of this drug in 1 case; however, the adverse reactions of this bleomycin analog appear similar to those of its parent compound, bleomycin.", "PMID": 86625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10413", "title": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631). VI. Chronic toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate was studied in both sexes of beagle dogs. At dose levels of 0.3, 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg, pepleomycin was administered intramuscularly to dogs for 180 successive days. Two dogs of the 0.15 mg/kg dose group were used for recovery test for 35 days. As general findings, the decrease of food intake, the loss of body weight, ulceration of foot pad, nail root necrosis and onychoptosis, ulcer of tongue and labia, and alopecia, dermatitis and necrosis at friction sites were observed more severely in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes, especially in male, than those in bleomycin were. In the dose groups of 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg, their findings were observed as slightly as those in bleomycin were. The death occurred in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes. The lesions of liver and kidney were recognized in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes, severely in male, on histopathological findings. Additionally severe fibrosis of lung was observed in one of the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of female. In general chronic toxicity of pepleomycin was revealed more severely in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group than that of bleomycin was, but in the dose groups of 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg difference between their toxicities was not significant. In addition, chronic toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs showed more severely in male and its recovery was hardly recognized during its period. The maximum safety dose in this studies was estimated to be between 0.075 and 0.15 mg/kg in dogs.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on pepleomycin sulfate (NK631). VI. Chronic toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs (author's transl)]. Chronic toxicity and its recovery of pepleomycin sulfate was studied in both sexes of beagle dogs. At dose levels of 0.3, 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg, pepleomycin was administered intramuscularly to dogs for 180 successive days. Two dogs of the 0.15 mg/kg dose group were used for recovery test for 35 days. As general findings, the decrease of food intake, the loss of body weight, ulceration of foot pad, nail root necrosis and onychoptosis, ulcer of tongue and labia, and alopecia, dermatitis and necrosis at friction sites were observed more severely in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes, especially in male, than those in bleomycin were. In the dose groups of 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg, their findings were observed as slightly as those in bleomycin were. The death occurred in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes. The lesions of liver and kidney were recognized in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of both sexes, severely in male, on histopathological findings. Additionally severe fibrosis of lung was observed in one of the 0.3 mg/kg dose group of female. In general chronic toxicity of pepleomycin was revealed more severely in the 0.3 mg/kg dose group than that of bleomycin was, but in the dose groups of 0.15 and 0.075 mg/kg difference between their toxicities was not significant. In addition, chronic toxicity of pepleomycin in dogs showed more severely in male and its recovery was hardly recognized during its period. The maximum safety dose in this studies was estimated to be between 0.075 and 0.15 mg/kg in dogs.", "PMID": 86626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10414", "title": "[Clinical experience with NK 631 in malignant tumors of skin (author's transl)].", "content": "NK 631, a new derivative of bleomycin, was clinically used in 14 cases of malignant tumors of skin. The results obtained were remarkably effective in 7 cases, effective in 3 cases, slightly effective in 2 cases and ineffective in 2 cases. The effective ratio was 71% when calculated regarding slightly effective as ineffective. Compared with bleomycin, we were impressed that the side effects observed with NK 631 were similar to those with bleomycin, but the influences for lung were smaller and slighter than the latter.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with NK 631 in malignant tumors of skin (author's transl)]. NK 631, a new derivative of bleomycin, was clinically used in 14 cases of malignant tumors of skin. The results obtained were remarkably effective in 7 cases, effective in 3 cases, slightly effective in 2 cases and ineffective in 2 cases. The effective ratio was 71% when calculated regarding slightly effective as ineffective. Compared with bleomycin, we were impressed that the side effects observed with NK 631 were similar to those with bleomycin, but the influences for lung were smaller and slighter than the latter.", "PMID": 86628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10415", "title": "Human acute myelogenous leukemia antigens defined by simian antisera: evidence for leukemia-associated antigens distinct from immune response-associated alloantigens.", "content": "Leukemic blasts from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and peripheral blood T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations from his genetically identical normal twin were analyzed with the use of the simian antiserum-defining AML antigens and a rabbit antiserum to immune response-associated (la)-like antigens. Blast cells from the patient consistently reacted with both reagents, whereas the B-lymphocyte populations from the patient's normal identical twin reacted only with the rabbit anti-la serum and in no instances reacted with the antiserum to AML cell antigens. Blast cells from the AML patient significantly stimulated the lymphocytes of his normal twin and his own remission leukocytes, whereas the cells from the normal twin failed to stimulate the cells of the patient. These results suggested the existence on AML cells of tumor-associated antigens that are distinct from various other well-characterized normal human alloantigens and differentiation antigens including B-cell antigens. Changes were reported in the expression of leukemia-associated antigens and Ia-like antigens on the cells of an AML patient undergoing chemotherapy as well as in the ability of the simian antisera to distinguish antigens specific for myeloid leukemias from lymphocytic types of leukemias.", "contents": "Human acute myelogenous leukemia antigens defined by simian antisera: evidence for leukemia-associated antigens distinct from immune response-associated alloantigens. Leukemic blasts from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and peripheral blood T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations from his genetically identical normal twin were analyzed with the use of the simian antiserum-defining AML antigens and a rabbit antiserum to immune response-associated (la)-like antigens. Blast cells from the patient consistently reacted with both reagents, whereas the B-lymphocyte populations from the patient's normal identical twin reacted only with the rabbit anti-la serum and in no instances reacted with the antiserum to AML cell antigens. Blast cells from the AML patient significantly stimulated the lymphocytes of his normal twin and his own remission leukocytes, whereas the cells from the normal twin failed to stimulate the cells of the patient. These results suggested the existence on AML cells of tumor-associated antigens that are distinct from various other well-characterized normal human alloantigens and differentiation antigens including B-cell antigens. Changes were reported in the expression of leukemia-associated antigens and Ia-like antigens on the cells of an AML patient undergoing chemotherapy as well as in the ability of the simian antisera to distinguish antigens specific for myeloid leukemias from lymphocytic types of leukemias.", "PMID": 86633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10416", "title": "Human tumor-lymphocyte interaction in vitro. VI. Specificity of primary and secondary autologous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "A T-cell-enriched lymphocyte subset of samples from 15 tumor patients was tested for primary cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cell preparations and against 1-3 different allogeneic tumor cell preparations from biopsy material. Allogeneic cytotoxicity occurred in only 1 of 10 patients with autologous reactivity. The lymphocytes of 14 patients were cultured with autologous cells from biopsy material for 6 days. These lymphocytes killed autologous targets, but only 1 patient's lymphocytes were cytotoxic against 1 of the 4 allogeneic tumors tested. Cocultivation with allogeneic cells from biopsy specimens generated cytotoxicity toward the sensitizing allogeneic cells in 3 of 9 test combinations. In 2 of 3 instances the effectors were also active against the autologous tumor cells. Cytotoxicity in primary and secondary tests occurred thus only rarely against allogeneic targets. This indicated either the presence of individual tumor-related antigens on the cells from biopsy material or reflected the histocompatibility restriction of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Human tumor-lymphocyte interaction in vitro. VI. Specificity of primary and secondary autologous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. A T-cell-enriched lymphocyte subset of samples from 15 tumor patients was tested for primary cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cell preparations and against 1-3 different allogeneic tumor cell preparations from biopsy material. Allogeneic cytotoxicity occurred in only 1 of 10 patients with autologous reactivity. The lymphocytes of 14 patients were cultured with autologous cells from biopsy material for 6 days. These lymphocytes killed autologous targets, but only 1 patient's lymphocytes were cytotoxic against 1 of the 4 allogeneic tumors tested. Cocultivation with allogeneic cells from biopsy specimens generated cytotoxicity toward the sensitizing allogeneic cells in 3 of 9 test combinations. In 2 of 3 instances the effectors were also active against the autologous tumor cells. Cytotoxicity in primary and secondary tests occurred thus only rarely against allogeneic targets. This indicated either the presence of individual tumor-related antigens on the cells from biopsy material or reflected the histocompatibility restriction of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 86634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10417", "title": "Effect of Propionibacterium acnes on the cellular immune responses to tumor-specific antigens on malignant rat liver cells.", "content": "The effect of Propionibacterium acnes on the cellular immune responses to tumor-specific membrane antigens was investigated by microcytotoxicity assays (MA) and 51Cr release assays (CRA) with use of mesenteric lymph node cells (LNC) of syngeneic BD IV and BD VI rats. BD rat liver cell lines transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens were used as target cells with tumor-specific antigens. By MA, the LNC from rats that were inoculated with malignant liver cells under the adjuvant effect of heat-killed P. acnes showed significant cytotoxic response to the target cells but not to nonmalignant liver cells. By CRA, these LNC did not show specific cytolysis to the malignant liver cells. Assays with various target cells derived from BD rat liver and inhibition tests with syngeneic and xenogeneic antisera against tumor-specific antigens on the malignant liver cells proved that LNC reacted with tumor-specific individual or tumor-specific cross-reacting antigens on the malignant liver cells. Cytotoxic responses against the malignant liver cells were not demonstrated even by MA with use of the LNC from rats inoculated with either the malignant liver cells or P. acnes alone. LNC from the rats inoculated with both nonmalignant liver cells and P. acnes were not cytotoxic to malignant or nonmalignant liver cell lines.", "contents": "Effect of Propionibacterium acnes on the cellular immune responses to tumor-specific antigens on malignant rat liver cells. The effect of Propionibacterium acnes on the cellular immune responses to tumor-specific membrane antigens was investigated by microcytotoxicity assays (MA) and 51Cr release assays (CRA) with use of mesenteric lymph node cells (LNC) of syngeneic BD IV and BD VI rats. BD rat liver cell lines transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens were used as target cells with tumor-specific antigens. By MA, the LNC from rats that were inoculated with malignant liver cells under the adjuvant effect of heat-killed P. acnes showed significant cytotoxic response to the target cells but not to nonmalignant liver cells. By CRA, these LNC did not show specific cytolysis to the malignant liver cells. Assays with various target cells derived from BD rat liver and inhibition tests with syngeneic and xenogeneic antisera against tumor-specific antigens on the malignant liver cells proved that LNC reacted with tumor-specific individual or tumor-specific cross-reacting antigens on the malignant liver cells. Cytotoxic responses against the malignant liver cells were not demonstrated even by MA with use of the LNC from rats inoculated with either the malignant liver cells or P. acnes alone. LNC from the rats inoculated with both nonmalignant liver cells and P. acnes were not cytotoxic to malignant or nonmalignant liver cell lines.", "PMID": 86635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10418", "title": "[Disorders of heart rhythm during bicycle ergometry in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "During a test on a bicycle ergometer disorders of cardiac rhythm were revealed in 41 (20.5%) out of 240 patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent coronary arteriography. It is concluded that disorders of cardiac rhythm are mostly encountered in patients with ischemic heart disease attended by stenosing changes of the coronary arteries and disorders of left ventricular contractile function as demonstrated by ventriculography. In a few cases ventricular extrasystole may be the only sign of myocardial ischemia in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Disorders of heart rhythm during bicycle ergometry in ischemic heart disease]. During a test on a bicycle ergometer disorders of cardiac rhythm were revealed in 41 (20.5%) out of 240 patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent coronary arteriography. It is concluded that disorders of cardiac rhythm are mostly encountered in patients with ischemic heart disease attended by stenosing changes of the coronary arteries and disorders of left ventricular contractile function as demonstrated by ventriculography. In a few cases ventricular extrasystole may be the only sign of myocardial ischemia in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 86637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10419", "title": "[Healing of argon laser lesions of the rabbit iris (author's transl)].", "content": "Healing of perforating and low dose argon laser lesions of pigmented rabbit irides was studied by light microscopy. Low dose coagulation produced brown stained areas with fibrinous exudation of the surrounding tissue. Healing proceeded with little infiltration of leucocytes leading to an atrophic iris scar with numerous pigment macrophages. Laser iridotomies were closed within 28 days by a scar, shaped by proliferating cells and newly formed collagen fibrils. Lesions of the epithelium of the lens were demonstrated by hemalum staining of the nuclei, even in cases, when no lens opacities could be detected by biomicroscopy.", "contents": "[Healing of argon laser lesions of the rabbit iris (author's transl)]. Healing of perforating and low dose argon laser lesions of pigmented rabbit irides was studied by light microscopy. Low dose coagulation produced brown stained areas with fibrinous exudation of the surrounding tissue. Healing proceeded with little infiltration of leucocytes leading to an atrophic iris scar with numerous pigment macrophages. Laser iridotomies were closed within 28 days by a scar, shaped by proliferating cells and newly formed collagen fibrils. Lesions of the epithelium of the lens were demonstrated by hemalum staining of the nuclei, even in cases, when no lens opacities could be detected by biomicroscopy.", "PMID": 86638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10420", "title": "Immunologic features of a carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "Certain in vivo and in vitro immunologic features of carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer have been studied. The consistency of tumor induction, its natural history, and immunogenicity both in vivo and in vitro render this syngeneic murine bladder tumor a suitable model for immunologic studies. Pre-immunization of strain C3H/Hen mice with mid-gestational fetal cells did not protect the animals from tumor challenge. Sera of mice immunized with mid-gestational fetal cells were not cytotoxic to cultured tumor cells in a microcytotoxicity assay indicative of dissimilarity between the tumor associated antigen and the syngeneic mid-gestational fetal antigen.", "contents": "Immunologic features of a carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer: in vivo and in vitro studies. Certain in vivo and in vitro immunologic features of carcinogen-induced murine bladder cancer have been studied. The consistency of tumor induction, its natural history, and immunogenicity both in vivo and in vitro render this syngeneic murine bladder tumor a suitable model for immunologic studies. Pre-immunization of strain C3H/Hen mice with mid-gestational fetal cells did not protect the animals from tumor challenge. Sera of mice immunized with mid-gestational fetal cells were not cytotoxic to cultured tumor cells in a microcytotoxicity assay indicative of dissimilarity between the tumor associated antigen and the syngeneic mid-gestational fetal antigen.", "PMID": 86659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10421", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical and ultrastructural observations on preterminal noradrenergic axons following ligation or treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "This study was designed to compare the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment with those of mechanical constriction of noradrenergic preterminal fibres in the rat. Constriction produced a progressive accumulation of glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence, attributable to noradrenaline, in nerve trunks proximal to applied ligatures. The electron microscope showed that this accumulation comprised large numbers of granular vesicles in swollen axons. Degenerative changes were also present and the axonal microtubules were distorted or absent. Preterminal fibres also contained accumulated noradrenaline histofluorescence after 6-ODHA (100 mg/kg) treatment, though this accumulation was not as focal as it was after constriction. The ultrastructural appearance of preterminals from 6-OHDA-treated rats closesely resembled that seen proximal to constrictions. Swollen axons were present. These contained many granular vesicles and exhibited degenerative changes. The microtubules were disrupted or absent. It is suggested that 6-OHDA produces accumulation of noradrenaline storage vesicles and other organelles in preterminal fibres because the primary lesion of the terminals presents a barrier to intra-axonal transport of these organelles.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical and ultrastructural observations on preterminal noradrenergic axons following ligation or treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. This study was designed to compare the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment with those of mechanical constriction of noradrenergic preterminal fibres in the rat. Constriction produced a progressive accumulation of glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence, attributable to noradrenaline, in nerve trunks proximal to applied ligatures. The electron microscope showed that this accumulation comprised large numbers of granular vesicles in swollen axons. Degenerative changes were also present and the axonal microtubules were distorted or absent. Preterminal fibres also contained accumulated noradrenaline histofluorescence after 6-ODHA (100 mg/kg) treatment, though this accumulation was not as focal as it was after constriction. The ultrastructural appearance of preterminals from 6-OHDA-treated rats closesely resembled that seen proximal to constrictions. Swollen axons were present. These contained many granular vesicles and exhibited degenerative changes. The microtubules were disrupted or absent. It is suggested that 6-OHDA produces accumulation of noradrenaline storage vesicles and other organelles in preterminal fibres because the primary lesion of the terminals presents a barrier to intra-axonal transport of these organelles.", "PMID": 86660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10422", "title": "Are pancreatic beta-cells under vagal control?", "content": "To elucidate the importance of cholinergic innervation for pancreatic beta-cells in vivo, atropine sulphate (0.2 mg/kg body weight) was subcutaneously injected into mice 4 times a day for 10 days. Control animals received 0.9% NaCl. Paraffin sections of the pancreas were stained for beta-cells with aldehyde fuchsin and for alpha-cells (glucagon cells) with silver according to Grimelius. Endocrine and exocrine cell nuclei were measured with an ocular screw micrometer. The light absorbance at 550 nm wave-length of aldehyde-fuchsin-stained islet sections was measured with a microscope photometer. Atropine caused no loss of body weight or apparent food consumption. The nuclei of beta-cells shrank significantly in response to atropine; A550 of islet surfaces showed a significant negative correlation to beta-cell nuclear size. Acinar cell nuclei near islets also became smaller after atropine treatment but to a lesser extent. No such change was observed in the alpha-cells. A trophic influence of the vagal nerve may be important for the long-term control of beta-cell function.", "contents": "Are pancreatic beta-cells under vagal control? To elucidate the importance of cholinergic innervation for pancreatic beta-cells in vivo, atropine sulphate (0.2 mg/kg body weight) was subcutaneously injected into mice 4 times a day for 10 days. Control animals received 0.9% NaCl. Paraffin sections of the pancreas were stained for beta-cells with aldehyde fuchsin and for alpha-cells (glucagon cells) with silver according to Grimelius. Endocrine and exocrine cell nuclei were measured with an ocular screw micrometer. The light absorbance at 550 nm wave-length of aldehyde-fuchsin-stained islet sections was measured with a microscope photometer. Atropine caused no loss of body weight or apparent food consumption. The nuclei of beta-cells shrank significantly in response to atropine; A550 of islet surfaces showed a significant negative correlation to beta-cell nuclear size. Acinar cell nuclei near islets also became smaller after atropine treatment but to a lesser extent. No such change was observed in the alpha-cells. A trophic influence of the vagal nerve may be important for the long-term control of beta-cell function.", "PMID": 86661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10423", "title": "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris: Survival at two years. European Coronary Surgery Study Group.", "content": "768 men aged under 65 with angina pectoris, at least 50% obstruction in two or more major vessels, and a left-ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.5 took part in a prospective randomised trial of the effect of coronary-artery bypass on prognosis. 373 patients were alloted to medical and 395 to surgical treatment. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the distribution of variables recorded at the time of randomisation. 1. \"surgical\" patient was lost to follow-up. 26 \"surgical\" patients did not undergo surgery and 50 \"medical\" patients were operated on. All these 76 patients were retained in their original treatment groups for the analysis. At 2 years there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups. A significant difference was, however, found in the subset of patients with three-vessel disease, survival being significantly better for surgical patients. Operative (in-hospital) mortality was 3.6% in all operated patients and 1.5% in the last third. On average, 1.9 grafts per patient were inserted in the two-vessel-disease subgroup and 2.4 grafts per patient in the three-vessel-disease subgroup. Graft-patency rate was 90% within 9 months and 77% between 9 and 18 months after surgery. Symptomatic improvement was significantly better and deterioration less in the surgical group.", "contents": "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris: Survival at two years. European Coronary Surgery Study Group. 768 men aged under 65 with angina pectoris, at least 50% obstruction in two or more major vessels, and a left-ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.5 took part in a prospective randomised trial of the effect of coronary-artery bypass on prognosis. 373 patients were alloted to medical and 395 to surgical treatment. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the distribution of variables recorded at the time of randomisation. 1. \"surgical\" patient was lost to follow-up. 26 \"surgical\" patients did not undergo surgery and 50 \"medical\" patients were operated on. All these 76 patients were retained in their original treatment groups for the analysis. At 2 years there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups. A significant difference was, however, found in the subset of patients with three-vessel disease, survival being significantly better for surgical patients. Operative (in-hospital) mortality was 3.6% in all operated patients and 1.5% in the last third. On average, 1.9 grafts per patient were inserted in the two-vessel-disease subgroup and 2.4 grafts per patient in the three-vessel-disease subgroup. Graft-patency rate was 90% within 9 months and 77% between 9 and 18 months after surgery. Symptomatic improvement was significantly better and deterioration less in the surgical group.", "PMID": 86665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10424", "title": "Comparison between systemic and oral antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.", "content": "In a prospective randomised trial in which 93 patients undergoing elective colorectal operations were given a short prophylactic course of metronidazole and kanamycin orally or systemically, postoperative sepsis occurred in only 3 (6.5%) of those given antimicrobials systemically, compared with 17 (36%) of those given oral prophylaxis (P less than 0.01). 15 of the 17 infections in patients who received antimicrobials orally were due to kanamycin-resistant bacteria present in the colon at operation. Bacterial overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in 6 of the patients who received oral therapy. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis occurred in 7 patients, 6 of whom had received prophylaxis orally. These results indicate that oral administration of prophylactic antimicrobials in colon surgery should be avoided because of the risks of bacterial resistance, superinfection, and antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Systemic per-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis is safer and more effective.", "contents": "Comparison between systemic and oral antimicrobial prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. In a prospective randomised trial in which 93 patients undergoing elective colorectal operations were given a short prophylactic course of metronidazole and kanamycin orally or systemically, postoperative sepsis occurred in only 3 (6.5%) of those given antimicrobials systemically, compared with 17 (36%) of those given oral prophylaxis (P less than 0.01). 15 of the 17 infections in patients who received antimicrobials orally were due to kanamycin-resistant bacteria present in the colon at operation. Bacterial overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in 6 of the patients who received oral therapy. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis occurred in 7 patients, 6 of whom had received prophylaxis orally. These results indicate that oral administration of prophylactic antimicrobials in colon surgery should be avoided because of the risks of bacterial resistance, superinfection, and antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Systemic per-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis is safer and more effective.", "PMID": 86666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10425", "title": "The loin-pain/haematuria syndrome.", "content": "Nine patients with the loin-pain/haematuria syndrome are described. The previously reported clinical features of severe recurrent loin pain and tenderness in young women, the relationship of symptoms to use of oral contraceptives, and the demonstration of intrarenal vascular abnormalities by angiography are confirmed. Histology revealed minor non-specific abnormalities, and electron microscopy showed fibrin in the afferent arteriole and in glomerular capillaries of one patient only. No diagnostic changes were found on renography. In all patients except one the heparin-thrombin clotting-time was abnormal, suggesting increased platelet activity or release and providing further evidence of a vascular disorder.", "contents": "The loin-pain/haematuria syndrome. Nine patients with the loin-pain/haematuria syndrome are described. The previously reported clinical features of severe recurrent loin pain and tenderness in young women, the relationship of symptoms to use of oral contraceptives, and the demonstration of intrarenal vascular abnormalities by angiography are confirmed. Histology revealed minor non-specific abnormalities, and electron microscopy showed fibrin in the afferent arteriole and in glomerular capillaries of one patient only. No diagnostic changes were found on renography. In all patients except one the heparin-thrombin clotting-time was abnormal, suggesting increased platelet activity or release and providing further evidence of a vascular disorder.", "PMID": 86667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10426", "title": "Are apolipoproteins better discriminators than lipids for atherosclerosis?", "content": "Plasma-levels of major lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), two major apolipoproteins (apo-B and apo-A1), and two ratios (total-cholesterol/apo-B and apo-A1/apo-B) were studied in 218 survivors of myocardial infarction and 160 controls. Apolipoproteins were as good as lipids as discriminators between the populations under the age of 50 and better in the sixth to eighth decades.. Furthermore, values of total-cholesterol/apo-B and apo-A1/apo-B obtained from controls and normolipaemic survivors of myocardial infarction gave a bimodal distribution. The protein moiety of lipoproteins is a better discriminator than lipids between atherosclerotic subjects and controls.", "contents": "Are apolipoproteins better discriminators than lipids for atherosclerosis? Plasma-levels of major lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), two major apolipoproteins (apo-B and apo-A1), and two ratios (total-cholesterol/apo-B and apo-A1/apo-B) were studied in 218 survivors of myocardial infarction and 160 controls. Apolipoproteins were as good as lipids as discriminators between the populations under the age of 50 and better in the sixth to eighth decades.. Furthermore, values of total-cholesterol/apo-B and apo-A1/apo-B obtained from controls and normolipaemic survivors of myocardial infarction gave a bimodal distribution. The protein moiety of lipoproteins is a better discriminator than lipids between atherosclerotic subjects and controls.", "PMID": 86668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10427", "title": "Liver disease among homosexual males.", "content": "5% of 2612 homosexual males attending genitourinary clinics were found to be hepatitis-B surface-antigen (HBsAg) positive. Liver biopsy was done in 25 who had abnormal liver-function tests but no symptoms or signs of liver disease, and 14 (56%) of these proved to have chronic active hepatitis or active cirrhosis. Neither the liver-function tests nor the viral markers in serum reflected the severity of the liver disease. 38% of a group of 118 HBsAg positive patients were HBeAg positive, and sexual contacts of these individuals may be at serious risk of infection.", "contents": "Liver disease among homosexual males. 5% of 2612 homosexual males attending genitourinary clinics were found to be hepatitis-B surface-antigen (HBsAg) positive. Liver biopsy was done in 25 who had abnormal liver-function tests but no symptoms or signs of liver disease, and 14 (56%) of these proved to have chronic active hepatitis or active cirrhosis. Neither the liver-function tests nor the viral markers in serum reflected the severity of the liver disease. 38% of a group of 118 HBsAg positive patients were HBeAg positive, and sexual contacts of these individuals may be at serious risk of infection.", "PMID": 86669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10428", "title": "Obstructive nephropathy: successful evaluation with radionuclides.", "content": "A non-invasive test of nephron function, the renal parenchymal transit time (P.T.T.) index, is shown to be as accurate as antegrade pressure measurements in diagnosis of renal outflow obstruction. It is more sensitive than conventional methods of demonstrating the associated obstructive nephropathy. P.T.T. is useful in following the effects of surgery, or of temporising, in patients with confirmed or potential outflow tract obstruction. Renal radionuclide P.T.T. analysis gives the functional information essential for the management of patients in whom intravenous urography reveals a dilated renal pelvis.", "contents": "Obstructive nephropathy: successful evaluation with radionuclides. A non-invasive test of nephron function, the renal parenchymal transit time (P.T.T.) index, is shown to be as accurate as antegrade pressure measurements in diagnosis of renal outflow obstruction. It is more sensitive than conventional methods of demonstrating the associated obstructive nephropathy. P.T.T. is useful in following the effects of surgery, or of temporising, in patients with confirmed or potential outflow tract obstruction. Renal radionuclide P.T.T. analysis gives the functional information essential for the management of patients in whom intravenous urography reveals a dilated renal pelvis.", "PMID": 86670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10429", "title": "When should pre-term babies be sent home from neonatal units?", "content": "20 randomly selected infants of 33 weeks gestation and under at birth were allowed to go home from the neonatal unit provided they were clinically well and had passed the nadir of their postnatal  weight-loss and provided home conditions were satisfactory. Weight-gain at home was satisfactory and there was no increased rate of hospital readmission compared with 20 randomly selected pre-term infants who were discharged at a more traditional weight of 2200 g. There is therefore little justification for the widespread practice in Britain of delaying discharge of preterm infants until they reach a predetermined weight (usually 2000--2500 g).", "contents": "When should pre-term babies be sent home from neonatal units? 20 randomly selected infants of 33 weeks gestation and under at birth were allowed to go home from the neonatal unit provided they were clinically well and had passed the nadir of their postnatal  weight-loss and provided home conditions were satisfactory. Weight-gain at home was satisfactory and there was no increased rate of hospital readmission compared with 20 randomly selected pre-term infants who were discharged at a more traditional weight of 2200 g. There is therefore little justification for the widespread practice in Britain of delaying discharge of preterm infants until they reach a predetermined weight (usually 2000--2500 g).", "PMID": 86677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10430", "title": "Depression in women after perinatal death.", "content": "Post-partum depression was studied with the Beck inventory during a 6-month period in two groups of over 300 women. The difference in prevalence of depression between women who had had live births and women whose babies were stillborn or died in the first 7 days of life was influenced by age. At 6 months, post-partum depression was just as common in women aged under 24 whose babies had survived as in women of the same age whose babies had died.", "contents": "Depression in women after perinatal death. Post-partum depression was studied with the Beck inventory during a 6-month period in two groups of over 300 women. The difference in prevalence of depression between women who had had live births and women whose babies were stillborn or died in the first 7 days of life was influenced by age. At 6 months, post-partum depression was just as common in women aged under 24 whose babies had survived as in women of the same age whose babies had died.", "PMID": 86678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10431", "title": "Uromucoids and urinary stone formation.", "content": "Crystal formation was studied in fresh urine samples after rapid concentration to standard osmolarity in a rotary evaporator at 37 degrees C. Uromucoids promoted calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystal formation and also induced clustering of calcium phosphate precipitates. It is postulated that uromucoid precipitation is the first stage in stone formation. Minerals then deposit on the uromucoid precipitate and the whole complex becomes attached to the renal tubules.", "contents": "Uromucoids and urinary stone formation. Crystal formation was studied in fresh urine samples after rapid concentration to standard osmolarity in a rotary evaporator at 37 degrees C. Uromucoids promoted calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystal formation and also induced clustering of calcium phosphate precipitates. It is postulated that uromucoid precipitation is the first stage in stone formation. Minerals then deposit on the uromucoid precipitate and the whole complex becomes attached to the renal tubules.", "PMID": 86719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10432", "title": "Prostacyclin: a solution to some problems of extracorporeal circulation. Experiments in greyhounds.", "content": "In cardiopulmonary-bypass experiments in greyhounds the effects of adding prostacyclin, prostacyclin plus heparin, and heparin alone to the extracorporeal circulation were compared. With heparin alone platelet count and function were reduced, the pressure differential across the arterial filters rose, platelet deposits were found on the arterial filters, and plasma-fibrinogen levels fell. Plasma from these dogs was toxic to fetal-mouse hearts in culture. With prostacyclin alone, fibrinogen levels fell, but the platelets were preserved. With a combination of prostacyclin and heparin, platelet count and function were maintained, there was no consumption of fibrinogen, and there was little deposition on the arterial filters.", "contents": "Prostacyclin: a solution to some problems of extracorporeal circulation. Experiments in greyhounds. In cardiopulmonary-bypass experiments in greyhounds the effects of adding prostacyclin, prostacyclin plus heparin, and heparin alone to the extracorporeal circulation were compared. With heparin alone platelet count and function were reduced, the pressure differential across the arterial filters rose, platelet deposits were found on the arterial filters, and plasma-fibrinogen levels fell. Plasma from these dogs was toxic to fetal-mouse hearts in culture. With prostacyclin alone, fibrinogen levels fell, but the platelets were preserved. With a combination of prostacyclin and heparin, platelet count and function were maintained, there was no consumption of fibrinogen, and there was little deposition on the arterial filters.", "PMID": 86720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10433", "title": "Cimetidine and gastric cancer.", "content": "Three patients with dyspeptic symptoms who were being treated with the H2-receptor blocking drug, cimetidine, were later found to have gastric carcinoma. It was not possible to determine whether the association was fortuitous, whether the drug had masked the neoplastic change, or whether it was involved in some other way. Repeated clinical and endoscopic evaluation is essential in patients on this treatment for any length of time.", "contents": "Cimetidine and gastric cancer. Three patients with dyspeptic symptoms who were being treated with the H2-receptor blocking drug, cimetidine, were later found to have gastric carcinoma. It was not possible to determine whether the association was fortuitous, whether the drug had masked the neoplastic change, or whether it was involved in some other way. Repeated clinical and endoscopic evaluation is essential in patients on this treatment for any length of time.", "PMID": 86721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10434", "title": "Controlled comparison of day-hospital and outpatient treatment for neurotic disorders.", "content": "106 patients with anxiety, phobic, and depressive neuroses referred to the outpatient clinics of 6 psychiatrists were randomly assigned to outpatient care or two forms of psychiatric day care. Ratings of symptoms and social adjustment were recorded before treatment and after 4 and 8 months in 89 patients. There were no important differences in the outcome of day care and outpatient treatment although patients were more satisfied with the outpatient service. Because outpatient care is more economical of time and personnel it should be preferred to psychiatric day care for many neurotic disorders.", "contents": "Controlled comparison of day-hospital and outpatient treatment for neurotic disorders. 106 patients with anxiety, phobic, and depressive neuroses referred to the outpatient clinics of 6 psychiatrists were randomly assigned to outpatient care or two forms of psychiatric day care. Ratings of symptoms and social adjustment were recorded before treatment and after 4 and 8 months in 89 patients. There were no important differences in the outcome of day care and outpatient treatment although patients were more satisfied with the outpatient service. Because outpatient care is more economical of time and personnel it should be preferred to psychiatric day care for many neurotic disorders.", "PMID": 86727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10435", "title": "Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine.", "content": "Deaths from ischaemic heart-disease in 18 developed countries are not strongly associated with health-service factors such as doctor and nurse density. There is a negative association with gross national product per capita and a positive but inconsistent association with saturated and monounsaturated fat intake. The principal finding is a strong and specific negative association between ischaemic heart-disease deaths and alcohol consumption. This is shown to be wholly attributable to wine consumption.", "contents": "Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. Deaths from ischaemic heart-disease in 18 developed countries are not strongly associated with health-service factors such as doctor and nurse density. There is a negative association with gross national product per capita and a positive but inconsistent association with saturated and monounsaturated fat intake. The principal finding is a strong and specific negative association between ischaemic heart-disease deaths and alcohol consumption. This is shown to be wholly attributable to wine consumption.", "PMID": 86728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10436", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for severe renovascular hypertension due to renal-artery medial fibroplasia.", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (P.T.R.A.) was performed in a 43-year-old woman with medial fibroplasia of the right main renal artery that was causing high-grade stenoses and severe hypertension. The procedure led to a virtually complete dilatation of the stenosing lesions and a prompt and lasting fall in blood-pressure to normal. Hypersecretion of renin from the right kidney was also promptly suppressed. The procedure was well tolerated by the patient and no complications were discerned. P.T.R.A. deserves further investigation to assess its role in the management of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for severe renovascular hypertension due to renal-artery medial fibroplasia. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (P.T.R.A.) was performed in a 43-year-old woman with medial fibroplasia of the right main renal artery that was causing high-grade stenoses and severe hypertension. The procedure led to a virtually complete dilatation of the stenosing lesions and a prompt and lasting fall in blood-pressure to normal. Hypersecretion of renin from the right kidney was also promptly suppressed. The procedure was well tolerated by the patient and no complications were discerned. P.T.R.A. deserves further investigation to assess its role in the management of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 86770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10437", "title": "Oestrogen receptors and prognosis in early breast cancer.", "content": "In a study of the role of oestrogen-receptor analysis in early breast cancer the oestrogen-receptor content of the tumour was estimated in 286 patients undergoing mastectomy. These patients were followed for up to 39 months, and the recurrence of disease was noted in relation to the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor.Recurrence-rates were significantly higher in patients whose tumours did not contain receptors than in those whose tumours did. This same relationship was seen when women with and without axillary metastases were considered separately. The highest rates of recurrence were in women with axillary lymph-node involvement whose tumours lacked oestrogen receptors. Women without axillary-node involvement whose tumours lacked oestrogen receptors showed the same high rate of recurrence as all women with axillary-node involvement. The oestrogen-receptor content of a primary breast cancer appears to be an independent guide to early recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors and prognosis in early breast cancer. In a study of the role of oestrogen-receptor analysis in early breast cancer the oestrogen-receptor content of the tumour was estimated in 286 patients undergoing mastectomy. These patients were followed for up to 39 months, and the recurrence of disease was noted in relation to the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor.Recurrence-rates were significantly higher in patients whose tumours did not contain receptors than in those whose tumours did. This same relationship was seen when women with and without axillary metastases were considered separately. The highest rates of recurrence were in women with axillary lymph-node involvement whose tumours lacked oestrogen receptors. Women without axillary-node involvement whose tumours lacked oestrogen receptors showed the same high rate of recurrence as all women with axillary-node involvement. The oestrogen-receptor content of a primary breast cancer appears to be an independent guide to early recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 86771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10438", "title": "Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing and diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "\"Mason-type\" diabetics (mild diabetes which is dominantly inherited) are relatively free of retinopathy. Alcohol almost invariably causes facial flushing in these patients when they are given chlorpropamide (chlorpropamide alcohol flush, C.P.A.F.). 291 non-insulin-dependent diabetics were examined to see whether there was a difference in frequency of retinopathy between C.P.A.F. positive and negative cases who were of comparable age and duration of diabetes. Retinopathy was commoner and often severe in CPAF negative patients. Blindness from retinopathy was almost confined to C.P.A.F.-negative cases. Lens opacities, on the other hand, were equally common in both groups. Since C.P.A.F. is an inherited trait, retinopathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetics is to a considerable extent, although not entirely, determined by genetic factors.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing and diabetic retinopathy. \"Mason-type\" diabetics (mild diabetes which is dominantly inherited) are relatively free of retinopathy. Alcohol almost invariably causes facial flushing in these patients when they are given chlorpropamide (chlorpropamide alcohol flush, C.P.A.F.). 291 non-insulin-dependent diabetics were examined to see whether there was a difference in frequency of retinopathy between C.P.A.F. positive and negative cases who were of comparable age and duration of diabetes. Retinopathy was commoner and often severe in CPAF negative patients. Blindness from retinopathy was almost confined to C.P.A.F.-negative cases. Lens opacities, on the other hand, were equally common in both groups. Since C.P.A.F. is an inherited trait, retinopathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetics is to a considerable extent, although not entirely, determined by genetic factors.", "PMID": 86772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10439", "title": "High incidence of undetected neoplasia in maldescended testes.", "content": "Testicular biopsy specimens from 4 (8%) of 50 men previously treated for maldescended testes had a carcinoma-in-situ pattern. 2 of these men had adjacent invasive carcinoma (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma). The patient with embryonal carcinoma had an enlarged testis but the 3 other patients with neoplasia had no clinical signs or symptoms of malignancy. Routine follow-up including testicular biopsy in young men with maldescended testes is essential because of the increased risk of malignancy and may detect testicular neoplasia at a stage when orchidectomy alone is curative.", "contents": "High incidence of undetected neoplasia in maldescended testes. Testicular biopsy specimens from 4 (8%) of 50 men previously treated for maldescended testes had a carcinoma-in-situ pattern. 2 of these men had adjacent invasive carcinoma (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma). The patient with embryonal carcinoma had an enlarged testis but the 3 other patients with neoplasia had no clinical signs or symptoms of malignancy. Routine follow-up including testicular biopsy in young men with maldescended testes is essential because of the increased risk of malignancy and may detect testicular neoplasia at a stage when orchidectomy alone is curative.", "PMID": 86773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10440", "title": "Comparison of effects of different combined oral-contraceptive formulations on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "Oral glucose-tolerance tests were performed and fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels measured in 1628 Caucasian women taking combined oestrogen/progestagen oral contraceptives (o.c.) and 577 women not taking O.C. The former were divided into six groups according to the composition of the O.C Glucose tolerance deteriorated in all O.C. groups containing oestrane progestagens (nortestosterone-derived) or the gonane, norgestrel, but was unaltered by O.C. containing a pregnane progestagen (derived from progesterone). The greatest deterioration was with O.C. containing 75 microgram or more oestrogen, and this was associated with impairment of the early insulin response to glucose. In O.C. containing a pregnane progestagen insulin secretion was unaffected. In the remaining O.C. groups insulin secretion was increased; this was most pronounced with the O.C. containing a gonane progestagen. Serum-cholesterol was elevated only with O.C. containing 75 microgram or more oestrogen and an oestrane progestagen and tended to be lower in O.C. containing a gonane progestagen. O.C.-induced hypertriglyceridaemia was oestrogen-dose-related, and this effect was potentiated by the pregnane progestagen. The gonane progestagen antagonised oestrogen-induced hypertriglyceridaemia.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of different combined oral-contraceptive formulations on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Oral glucose-tolerance tests were performed and fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels measured in 1628 Caucasian women taking combined oestrogen/progestagen oral contraceptives (o.c.) and 577 women not taking O.C. The former were divided into six groups according to the composition of the O.C Glucose tolerance deteriorated in all O.C. groups containing oestrane progestagens (nortestosterone-derived) or the gonane, norgestrel, but was unaltered by O.C. containing a pregnane progestagen (derived from progesterone). The greatest deterioration was with O.C. containing 75 microgram or more oestrogen, and this was associated with impairment of the early insulin response to glucose. In O.C. containing a pregnane progestagen insulin secretion was unaffected. In the remaining O.C. groups insulin secretion was increased; this was most pronounced with the O.C. containing a gonane progestagen. Serum-cholesterol was elevated only with O.C. containing 75 microgram or more oestrogen and an oestrane progestagen and tended to be lower in O.C. containing a gonane progestagen. O.C.-induced hypertriglyceridaemia was oestrogen-dose-related, and this effect was potentiated by the pregnane progestagen. The gonane progestagen antagonised oestrogen-induced hypertriglyceridaemia.", "PMID": 86774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10441", "title": "Unrecognised nocturnal hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetics.", "content": "Overnight metabolic studies in 39 poorly controlled insulin-treated diabetic patients aged 9 to 66 years showed hypoglycaemia (blood-glucose less than 2 mmol/1) in 22 patients; it lasted 3 h or more in 17. Hypoglycaemic symptoms were very mild or absent, but 19 patients had other features of overtreatment with insulin. These included lethargy, depression, night sweats, morning headaches, fits (3 patients), glycogen-laden hepatomegaly (3), and acquired tolerance to high doses of insulin (mean 1 u/kg/24 h). The best clinical clue to recurrent nocturnal hypoglycaemia was the intermittent occurrence of symptoms, however \"mild\" and infrequent these appeared to be. Reduction of insulin by a mean of 25% in these patients (without change of species) did not result in loss of overall control; 1 patient with recurrent ketoacidosis was stablished on 40% of his initial dose. It is difficult, sometimes impossible, to achieve good overnight control with conventional once or twice daily insulin therapy. Since patients readily become tolerant of low blood-glucose levels, reliance on urine tests and symptoms of hypoglycaemia as a guide to dosage easily produces a spiral of overtreatment.", "contents": "Unrecognised nocturnal hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetics. Overnight metabolic studies in 39 poorly controlled insulin-treated diabetic patients aged 9 to 66 years showed hypoglycaemia (blood-glucose less than 2 mmol/1) in 22 patients; it lasted 3 h or more in 17. Hypoglycaemic symptoms were very mild or absent, but 19 patients had other features of overtreatment with insulin. These included lethargy, depression, night sweats, morning headaches, fits (3 patients), glycogen-laden hepatomegaly (3), and acquired tolerance to high doses of insulin (mean 1 u/kg/24 h). The best clinical clue to recurrent nocturnal hypoglycaemia was the intermittent occurrence of symptoms, however \"mild\" and infrequent these appeared to be. Reduction of insulin by a mean of 25% in these patients (without change of species) did not result in loss of overall control; 1 patient with recurrent ketoacidosis was stablished on 40% of his initial dose. It is difficult, sometimes impossible, to achieve good overnight control with conventional once or twice daily insulin therapy. Since patients readily become tolerant of low blood-glucose levels, reliance on urine tests and symptoms of hypoglycaemia as a guide to dosage easily produces a spiral of overtreatment.", "PMID": 86775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10442", "title": "Biopsy evidence of left ventricular myocardial abnormality in patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse and chest pain.", "content": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens were obtained at cardiac catheterisation in 11 patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse, chest pain, and normal coronary arteries. Specimens were examined for birefringence before and after contraction induced by adenosine triphosphate and were also subjected to histochemical analysis. Biopsy specimens from a control group of patients with rigorously defined normal left ventricular function and another control group with poor left ventricular function were also studied. Biopsy specimens from patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse showed a markedly subnormal birefringence response to adenosine triphosphate, with the group mean value intermediate between values for controls with normal and poor left ventricular function. Histochemical studies in the prolapse group also revealed an abnormal pattern, particularly for monoamine-oxidase activity. This is further evidence of a cardiomyopathy in this symptomatic subgroup of patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse.", "contents": "Biopsy evidence of left ventricular myocardial abnormality in patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse and chest pain. Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens were obtained at cardiac catheterisation in 11 patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse, chest pain, and normal coronary arteries. Specimens were examined for birefringence before and after contraction induced by adenosine triphosphate and were also subjected to histochemical analysis. Biopsy specimens from a control group of patients with rigorously defined normal left ventricular function and another control group with poor left ventricular function were also studied. Biopsy specimens from patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse showed a markedly subnormal birefringence response to adenosine triphosphate, with the group mean value intermediate between values for controls with normal and poor left ventricular function. Histochemical studies in the prolapse group also revealed an abnormal pattern, particularly for monoamine-oxidase activity. This is further evidence of a cardiomyopathy in this symptomatic subgroup of patients with mitral-leaflet prolapse.", "PMID": 86776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10443", "title": "Cause of anaemia in malaria.", "content": "51Cr studies showed that after complete eradication of malarial parasites erythrocyte life-span is reduced for 4-5 weeks and that the reduction is associated with the presence of complement-containing immune complexes on the red-cell surface. The rate of erythrophagocytosis in the spleen is increased during this period. 59Fe studies of erythropoiesis indicated a mild degree of marrow depression. A very important factor causing anaemia in malaria appears to be a complement-mediated immune process.", "contents": "Cause of anaemia in malaria. 51Cr studies showed that after complete eradication of malarial parasites erythrocyte life-span is reduced for 4-5 weeks and that the reduction is associated with the presence of complement-containing immune complexes on the red-cell surface. The rate of erythrophagocytosis in the spleen is increased during this period. 59Fe studies of erythropoiesis indicated a mild degree of marrow depression. A very important factor causing anaemia in malaria appears to be a complement-mediated immune process.", "PMID": 86777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10444", "title": "The puzzle of \"urethral syndrome\": a possible answer?", "content": "82 strains of slow-growing, CO2-dependent, gram-positive organisms have been isolated from the urine of 9 male and 73 female patients. 100% of the men and 93% of the women had urinary symptoms at the time of isolation, and 66% of the specimens showed pyuria. These organisms might account for the urinary symptoms of some patients previously diagnosed as having \"urethral syndrome\". Preliminary data show that, if appropriate antibacterial treatment is given, most of these patients become symptom-free, and the organism can no longer be isolated from the urine.", "contents": "The puzzle of \"urethral syndrome\": a possible answer? 82 strains of slow-growing, CO2-dependent, gram-positive organisms have been isolated from the urine of 9 male and 73 female patients. 100% of the men and 93% of the women had urinary symptoms at the time of isolation, and 66% of the specimens showed pyuria. These organisms might account for the urinary symptoms of some patients previously diagnosed as having \"urethral syndrome\". Preliminary data show that, if appropriate antibacterial treatment is given, most of these patients become symptom-free, and the organism can no longer be isolated from the urine.", "PMID": 86778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10445", "title": "Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy for common bileduct obstructions.", "content": "Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy (E.C.D.S.) was done in six patients with common bileduct obstructions. After E.C.D.S., jaundice disappeared and the patient's general condition improved. There were no complications. E.C.D.S. may be a suitable alternative to conventional surgery in patients with common bileduct obstructions.", "contents": "Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy for common bileduct obstructions. Endoscopic choledochoduodenostomy (E.C.D.S.) was done in six patients with common bileduct obstructions. After E.C.D.S., jaundice disappeared and the patient's general condition improved. There were no complications. E.C.D.S. may be a suitable alternative to conventional surgery in patients with common bileduct obstructions.", "PMID": 86779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10446", "title": "Simplifying radiological examinations. The urogram as a model.", "content": "The diagnostic yield of one and three film urograms was compared with that of complete examinations to determine whether a moderately complex examination could be simplified without loss of important diagnostic information. Although sensitivity was high (88-93%) and was not altered by increasing the complexity of the examination, the definitive disease diagnoses were more accurate with the three film rather than the one film studies. Specificity increased from 69% to 77-80% with the more complex examinations. A strategy based on terminating the examination if the single film urogram is normal with a three-film examination in positive cases might effect considerable savings, both economic and in terms of gonadal radiation dose, without serious diagnostic loss.", "contents": "Simplifying radiological examinations. The urogram as a model. The diagnostic yield of one and three film urograms was compared with that of complete examinations to determine whether a moderately complex examination could be simplified without loss of important diagnostic information. Although sensitivity was high (88-93%) and was not altered by increasing the complexity of the examination, the definitive disease diagnoses were more accurate with the three film rather than the one film studies. Specificity increased from 69% to 77-80% with the more complex examinations. A strategy based on terminating the examination if the single film urogram is normal with a three-film examination in positive cases might effect considerable savings, both economic and in terms of gonadal radiation dose, without serious diagnostic loss.", "PMID": 86785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10447", "title": "\"Have you eaten laburnum?\".", "content": "In an average summer over three thousand children are admitted to hospital in England and Wales because of laburnum poisoning. It is suggested that laburnum is not as dangerous as has been thought and that many of these admissions are unnecessary.", "contents": "\"Have you eaten laburnum?\". In an average summer over three thousand children are admitted to hospital in England and Wales because of laburnum poisoning. It is suggested that laburnum is not as dangerous as has been thought and that many of these admissions are unnecessary.", "PMID": 86787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10448", "title": "Epidemic hepatitis B caused by commercial human immunoglobulin.", "content": "An epidemic of acute hepatitis B followed the administration of human immunoglobulin to members of the staff of a mission hospital in India and their families. Jaundice developed in 123 (38%) of 325 persons inoculated. Hepatitis-B surface antigen was detected in three of the batches of immunoglobulin which were available for testing.", "contents": "Epidemic hepatitis B caused by commercial human immunoglobulin. An epidemic of acute hepatitis B followed the administration of human immunoglobulin to members of the staff of a mission hospital in India and their families. Jaundice developed in 123 (38%) of 325 persons inoculated. Hepatitis-B surface antigen was detected in three of the batches of immunoglobulin which were available for testing.", "PMID": 86788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10449", "title": "Delayed separation of the umbilical cord, widespread infections, and defective neutrophil mobility.", "content": "In six infants, from two families. the umbilical cords were still attached at 3 weeks of age. Five of these developed severe local and disseminated infections from which four died. Two of these children were tested, and both, including the survivor, had defective neutrophil mobility; in the survivor this was improved in vitro and in vivo by ascorbic acid. It is suggested that a primary genetic defect of a contractile protein could explain the association. The sixth child, with delayed cord separation but normal neutrophil mobility and no excess of infections, who has survived without special treatments, also has mastocytosis, apparently inherited independently.", "contents": "Delayed separation of the umbilical cord, widespread infections, and defective neutrophil mobility. In six infants, from two families. the umbilical cords were still attached at 3 weeks of age. Five of these developed severe local and disseminated infections from which four died. Two of these children were tested, and both, including the survivor, had defective neutrophil mobility; in the survivor this was improved in vitro and in vivo by ascorbic acid. It is suggested that a primary genetic defect of a contractile protein could explain the association. The sixth child, with delayed cord separation but normal neutrophil mobility and no excess of infections, who has survived without special treatments, also has mastocytosis, apparently inherited independently.", "PMID": 86829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10450", "title": "One-hour blood-xylose test in diagnosis of cow's milk protein intolerance.", "content": "In this prospective study, 18 consecutive children suspected of cow's milk protein intolerance (C.M.P.I.) on clinical grounds were investigated before and after challenge with cow's milk. One-hour blood-xylose, serum-IgE, eosinophil count, serum-complement (C3) and a jejunal biopsy specimen for histology and disaccharidase activity were obtained from all patients before challenge. Serum-complement was measured again 24 h after the beginning of the challenge and the first three tests were repeated on the fifth day. A second jejunal biopsy was obtained in 9 of the first 10 children. 15 of the 18 children were considered to have C.M.P.I. The one-hour blood-xylose test emerged as a simple and valuable test in the diagnosis of C.M.P.I. A significant drop (51--81%) in the one-hour blood-xylose level was observed in all 15 patients. In all patients but one it dropped below 25 mg/dl. Mean value (+/- S.D.) for the group was 47.5 +/- 11.1 mg/dl before and 17.2 +/- 4.2 mg/dl after cow's milk ingestion.", "contents": "One-hour blood-xylose test in diagnosis of cow's milk protein intolerance. In this prospective study, 18 consecutive children suspected of cow's milk protein intolerance (C.M.P.I.) on clinical grounds were investigated before and after challenge with cow's milk. One-hour blood-xylose, serum-IgE, eosinophil count, serum-complement (C3) and a jejunal biopsy specimen for histology and disaccharidase activity were obtained from all patients before challenge. Serum-complement was measured again 24 h after the beginning of the challenge and the first three tests were repeated on the fifth day. A second jejunal biopsy was obtained in 9 of the first 10 children. 15 of the 18 children were considered to have C.M.P.I. The one-hour blood-xylose test emerged as a simple and valuable test in the diagnosis of C.M.P.I. A significant drop (51--81%) in the one-hour blood-xylose level was observed in all 15 patients. In all patients but one it dropped below 25 mg/dl. Mean value (+/- S.D.) for the group was 47.5 +/- 11.1 mg/dl before and 17.2 +/- 4.2 mg/dl after cow's milk ingestion.", "PMID": 86830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10451", "title": "Progression of diabetic nephropathy.", "content": "Although deterioration of renal function in diabetic nephropathy varies considerably from one diabetic to another, its rate is constant in individuals. For each patient there is a linear relation between period (months) which elapses from the time serum creatinine becomes greater than 200 mumol/l and the inverse the inverse of the serum-creatinine. The observation is of practical importance in predicting the time at which end-stage renal failure will develop, so that treatment can be planned in advance.", "contents": "Progression of diabetic nephropathy. Although deterioration of renal function in diabetic nephropathy varies considerably from one diabetic to another, its rate is constant in individuals. For each patient there is a linear relation between period (months) which elapses from the time serum creatinine becomes greater than 200 mumol/l and the inverse the inverse of the serum-creatinine. The observation is of practical importance in predicting the time at which end-stage renal failure will develop, so that treatment can be planned in advance.", "PMID": 86831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10452", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency) by HLA typing.", "content": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (C.A.H.) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an HLA-linked recessive disorder. HLA-A and B antigens are expressed on amniotic cells. Prenatal diagnosis of C.A.H. by HLA typing of families and amniotic cells was attempted in two at-risk families. In one family HLA typing indicated that the fetus would have C.A.H., and this prediction was confirmed after birth. In the second family, HLA typing indicated that the fetus would be an unaffected, phenotypically normal carrier of the disease gene, and this prediction was also confirmed after birth.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency) by HLA typing. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (C.A.H.) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an HLA-linked recessive disorder. HLA-A and B antigens are expressed on amniotic cells. Prenatal diagnosis of C.A.H. by HLA typing of families and amniotic cells was attempted in two at-risk families. In one family HLA typing indicated that the fetus would have C.A.H., and this prediction was confirmed after birth. In the second family, HLA typing indicated that the fetus would be an unaffected, phenotypically normal carrier of the disease gene, and this prediction was also confirmed after birth.", "PMID": 86832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10453", "title": "Jejunal morphology in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In a prospective survey jejunal biopsy samples from 11 patients with multiple sclerosis on normal diets were compared with those from controls matched for age and sex. Quantitative histology, morphometry, and electron microscopy showed no difference between the two groups. Since there was no evidence that gluten sensitivity plays a role in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis, the wide adoption of gluten exclusion by patients seems unjustified.", "contents": "Jejunal morphology in multiple sclerosis. In a prospective survey jejunal biopsy samples from 11 patients with multiple sclerosis on normal diets were compared with those from controls matched for age and sex. Quantitative histology, morphometry, and electron microscopy showed no difference between the two groups. Since there was no evidence that gluten sensitivity plays a role in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis, the wide adoption of gluten exclusion by patients seems unjustified.", "PMID": 86833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10454", "title": "Severe hypertension after ingestion of an appetite suppressant (phenylpropanolamine) with indomethacin.", "content": "Severe systemic hypertension developed in a patient who took indomethacin shortly after ingesting an appetite suppressant ('Trimolets') containing phenylpropanolamine. The hypertension was attributed to a drug interaction whereby the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin exacerbated the sympathomimetic effects of phenylpropanolamine. It is suggested that withdrawal of preparations containing phenylpropranolamine from general use should be considered in view of their potential for adverse reactions with other commonly used drugs and their doubtful therapeutic value.", "contents": "Severe hypertension after ingestion of an appetite suppressant (phenylpropanolamine) with indomethacin. Severe systemic hypertension developed in a patient who took indomethacin shortly after ingesting an appetite suppressant ('Trimolets') containing phenylpropanolamine. The hypertension was attributed to a drug interaction whereby the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin exacerbated the sympathomimetic effects of phenylpropanolamine. It is suggested that withdrawal of preparations containing phenylpropranolamine from general use should be considered in view of their potential for adverse reactions with other commonly used drugs and their doubtful therapeutic value.", "PMID": 86834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10455", "title": "Successful therapy of advanced arteriosclerosis obliterans with prostacyclin.", "content": "Five patients with advanced arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities, as evidenced by resting pain, ischaemic ulcers, and focal necrosis, received intra-arterial infusions of prostacyclin at doses of 5--10 ng/kg/min for 72 h. Within 2 days of termination of the infusion, pain at rest had disappeared in all patients. In three of the five, the necrosis had completely regressed and the ischaemic ulcers healed within 2 months. The other two patients showed considerable improvement. Prostacyclin therapy was not associated with changes in the radiographic appearance of the major blood-vessels. However, muscle blood-flow, as measured by xenon-133 clearance, was significantly increased both during prostacyclin infusion and for the 6 weeks of measurement after its termination.", "contents": "Successful therapy of advanced arteriosclerosis obliterans with prostacyclin. Five patients with advanced arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities, as evidenced by resting pain, ischaemic ulcers, and focal necrosis, received intra-arterial infusions of prostacyclin at doses of 5--10 ng/kg/min for 72 h. Within 2 days of termination of the infusion, pain at rest had disappeared in all patients. In three of the five, the necrosis had completely regressed and the ischaemic ulcers healed within 2 months. The other two patients showed considerable improvement. Prostacyclin therapy was not associated with changes in the radiographic appearance of the major blood-vessels. However, muscle blood-flow, as measured by xenon-133 clearance, was significantly increased both during prostacyclin infusion and for the 6 weeks of measurement after its termination.", "PMID": 86835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10456", "title": "Disorders of chloriuretic hormone secretion.", "content": "Experimental evidence supports the existence of a circulating substance, natriuretic hormone, which augments electrolyte excretion. Because such a hormone probably acts by inhibiting chloride reabsorption in the thick, ascending limb of the loop of Henle it would more accurately be called chloriuretic hormone. Chloriuretic hormone must have an action which resembles that of loop diuretics such as frusemide and ethacrynic acid. An excess of chloriuretic hormone could explain all the manifestations of Bartter's syndrome, whereas a deficiency could account for Gordon's syndrome. Hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism may develop in subjects who are unable to increase chloriuretic hormone concentrations appropriately in response to progressive impairment of renal function.", "contents": "Disorders of chloriuretic hormone secretion. Experimental evidence supports the existence of a circulating substance, natriuretic hormone, which augments electrolyte excretion. Because such a hormone probably acts by inhibiting chloride reabsorption in the thick, ascending limb of the loop of Henle it would more accurately be called chloriuretic hormone. Chloriuretic hormone must have an action which resembles that of loop diuretics such as frusemide and ethacrynic acid. An excess of chloriuretic hormone could explain all the manifestations of Bartter's syndrome, whereas a deficiency could account for Gordon's syndrome. Hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism may develop in subjects who are unable to increase chloriuretic hormone concentrations appropriately in response to progressive impairment of renal function.", "PMID": 86837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10457", "title": "Effect of different operation policies on mortality from bleeding peptic ulcer.", "content": "The outcome in bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcer has been compared in two hospitals in Nottingham which take their patients randomly from a common source according to a fixed daily admission rota. Bleeding seemed equally severe in the two groups but 66 (32%) of 206 patients were operated upon at hospital A compared with 44 (46%) of 96 at hospital B (P=0.03), where operations also tended to be done earlier. Postoperative mortality-rates were virtually identical at the two hospitals, but at hospital B the overall death-rate from bleeding ulcer was higher, partly because of its higher operation-rate. The value of an aggressive surgical policy in bleeding peptic ulcer is questionable.", "contents": "Effect of different operation policies on mortality from bleeding peptic ulcer. The outcome in bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcer has been compared in two hospitals in Nottingham which take their patients randomly from a common source according to a fixed daily admission rota. Bleeding seemed equally severe in the two groups but 66 (32%) of 206 patients were operated upon at hospital A compared with 44 (46%) of 96 at hospital B (P=0.03), where operations also tended to be done earlier. Postoperative mortality-rates were virtually identical at the two hospitals, but at hospital B the overall death-rate from bleeding ulcer was higher, partly because of its higher operation-rate. The value of an aggressive surgical policy in bleeding peptic ulcer is questionable.", "PMID": 86845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10458", "title": "Tests of prolactin secretion in diagnosis of prolactinomas.", "content": "Prolactin-secreting tumours of the pituitary were identified and treated by transsphenoidal microsurgery in fourteen infertile females with hyperprolactinaemia. Resting prolactin levels were 590--9000 mU/1 (mean 3400). In seven patients, tomography of the pituitary fossa was normal and resting prolactin levels were 590-6000 mU/1 (mean 3400). In these patients the pre-operative diagnosis prolactinoma in these patients was made by demonstrating loss of the normal circadian prolactin profile and impaired prolactin response to intravenous thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) and metoclopramide stimulation. Prolactin response to the acute oral administration of L-dopa and bromocriptine was of less diagnostic value. Preoperative assessment of anterior pituitary function identified abnormalities other than hyperprolactinaemia in four patients (28%). Post-operative assessment indicated that microsurgery was curative in twelve patients (86%), selective in all, and without significant side-effect. It is concluded that dynamic tests such as T.R.H. and metoclopramide stimulation have considerable value in identifying hyperprolactinaemic patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas, particularly those which are radiologically occult.", "contents": "Tests of prolactin secretion in diagnosis of prolactinomas. Prolactin-secreting tumours of the pituitary were identified and treated by transsphenoidal microsurgery in fourteen infertile females with hyperprolactinaemia. Resting prolactin levels were 590--9000 mU/1 (mean 3400). In seven patients, tomography of the pituitary fossa was normal and resting prolactin levels were 590-6000 mU/1 (mean 3400). In these patients the pre-operative diagnosis prolactinoma in these patients was made by demonstrating loss of the normal circadian prolactin profile and impaired prolactin response to intravenous thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (T.R.H.) and metoclopramide stimulation. Prolactin response to the acute oral administration of L-dopa and bromocriptine was of less diagnostic value. Preoperative assessment of anterior pituitary function identified abnormalities other than hyperprolactinaemia in four patients (28%). Post-operative assessment indicated that microsurgery was curative in twelve patients (86%), selective in all, and without significant side-effect. It is concluded that dynamic tests such as T.R.H. and metoclopramide stimulation have considerable value in identifying hyperprolactinaemic patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas, particularly those which are radiologically occult.", "PMID": 86882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10459", "title": "Specific allergic sensitsation to filarial antigens in tropical eosinophilia syndrome.", "content": "Reaginic antibodies to antigens from the human filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi and the animal parasite Dirofilaria immitis were studied by histamine release from basophils in 7 patients with tropical eosinophilia (T.E.) and 18 patients with other manifestations of filarial infection (lymphatic changes or symptomless microfilaraemia). All the patients had antibodies to all three filariae but T.E. patients were more highly sensitised. T.E. patients responded more to antigens from microfilariae than did patients with non-T.E. filariasis and responded more to microfilarial antigens from the human parasites than to those from the animal parasite. These findings support the view that T.E. is a form of occult filariasis which results from host hypersensitivity to the microfilarial stage of parasites which, in other individuals, cause the more common lymphatic manifestations of filarial disease.", "contents": "Specific allergic sensitsation to filarial antigens in tropical eosinophilia syndrome. Reaginic antibodies to antigens from the human filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi and the animal parasite Dirofilaria immitis were studied by histamine release from basophils in 7 patients with tropical eosinophilia (T.E.) and 18 patients with other manifestations of filarial infection (lymphatic changes or symptomless microfilaraemia). All the patients had antibodies to all three filariae but T.E. patients were more highly sensitised. T.E. patients responded more to antigens from microfilariae than did patients with non-T.E. filariasis and responded more to microfilarial antigens from the human parasites than to those from the animal parasite. These findings support the view that T.E. is a form of occult filariasis which results from host hypersensitivity to the microfilarial stage of parasites which, in other individuals, cause the more common lymphatic manifestations of filarial disease.", "PMID": 86883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10460", "title": "Low frequency of chlamydial antibodies in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Serum samples from 55 patients with Crohn's disease and from 23 patients with ulcerative colitis were tested for antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis immunotypes by a micro-immunofluorescence technique. Antibody titres of 1:8 or greater against several immunotypes were detected in 14.5% of patients with Crohn's disease and in 21.7% of those with ulcerative colitis. These figures resemble the incidence in a healthy, non-venereal-disease population. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the presence of antibody and such factors as duration of symptoms, localisation of disease, or disease activity. These findings indicate that there is no reason to believe that Crohn's disease involves chlamydiae or that examination for chlamydial antibody is helpful in diagnosis.", "contents": "Low frequency of chlamydial antibodies in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Serum samples from 55 patients with Crohn's disease and from 23 patients with ulcerative colitis were tested for antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis immunotypes by a micro-immunofluorescence technique. Antibody titres of 1:8 or greater against several immunotypes were detected in 14.5% of patients with Crohn's disease and in 21.7% of those with ulcerative colitis. These figures resemble the incidence in a healthy, non-venereal-disease population. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the presence of antibody and such factors as duration of symptoms, localisation of disease, or disease activity. These findings indicate that there is no reason to believe that Crohn's disease involves chlamydiae or that examination for chlamydial antibody is helpful in diagnosis.", "PMID": 86884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10461", "title": "Cellular origins of the fetal-haemoglobin-containing cells of normal adults.", "content": "The origin of the small population of adult red cells which contain Hb F (F-cells) has been studied in a clonal disorder of haemopoiesis, polycythaemia rubra vera (P.R.V.). In eleven patients who had not received cytotoxic therapy F-cells comprised less than 0.1% to 11.9% of the circulating red cells, compared with 0.34% to 4.6% in 21 haematologically normal controls. Two additional patients were glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase heterozygotes in whom the clonal nature of the P.R.V. could be demonstrated directly; they had F-cell values of 2.1% and 8.3%. These observations indicate that F-cells arise from the same population of stem cells as other adult cells and not from a separate stem-cell pool.", "contents": "Cellular origins of the fetal-haemoglobin-containing cells of normal adults. The origin of the small population of adult red cells which contain Hb F (F-cells) has been studied in a clonal disorder of haemopoiesis, polycythaemia rubra vera (P.R.V.). In eleven patients who had not received cytotoxic therapy F-cells comprised less than 0.1% to 11.9% of the circulating red cells, compared with 0.34% to 4.6% in 21 haematologically normal controls. Two additional patients were glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase heterozygotes in whom the clonal nature of the P.R.V. could be demonstrated directly; they had F-cell values of 2.1% and 8.3%. These observations indicate that F-cells arise from the same population of stem cells as other adult cells and not from a separate stem-cell pool.", "PMID": 86885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10462", "title": "Classes of antibodies in acute gonorrhoea.", "content": "In patients with acute gonorrhoea the antibody responses to envelope antigens of Neisseria gonorrhoea were investigated with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG antibodies predominated even early in the disease but IgM and IgA antibodies were present. Surprisingly there were circulating antibodies linked to secretory piece. These were largely but not entirely IgA and were presumed to have been absorbed from sites of local production.", "contents": "Classes of antibodies in acute gonorrhoea. In patients with acute gonorrhoea the antibody responses to envelope antigens of Neisseria gonorrhoea were investigated with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG antibodies predominated even early in the disease but IgM and IgA antibodies were present. Surprisingly there were circulating antibodies linked to secretory piece. These were largely but not entirely IgA and were presumed to have been absorbed from sites of local production.", "PMID": 86886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10463", "title": "Tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "11 patients who developed tuberculosis while on long-term immunosuppressive-drug therapy are described. The indications for immunosuppressive therapy were varied, but all patients received high doses of corticosteroids with azathioprine in addition in 2 cases and chlorambucil in a third. The diagnosis was delayed in all cases because of suppression of symptoms, so that 4 patients died, 3 directly as a result of tuberculosis. 3 of the remaining patients were critically ill at the time of diagnosis but recovered with antituberculosis chemotherapy; whereas the other 4, although not critically ill, had advanced cavitated pulmonary tuberculosis with miliary spread in one case. A clear policy of investigation and, if indicated, chemoprophylaxis is necessary for all patients in whom long-term immunosuppressive therapy, especially with prednisolone, is contemplated. A high index of suspicion for tuberculosis must be maintained with regular clinical and radiological review.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients. 11 patients who developed tuberculosis while on long-term immunosuppressive-drug therapy are described. The indications for immunosuppressive therapy were varied, but all patients received high doses of corticosteroids with azathioprine in addition in 2 cases and chlorambucil in a third. The diagnosis was delayed in all cases because of suppression of symptoms, so that 4 patients died, 3 directly as a result of tuberculosis. 3 of the remaining patients were critically ill at the time of diagnosis but recovered with antituberculosis chemotherapy; whereas the other 4, although not critically ill, had advanced cavitated pulmonary tuberculosis with miliary spread in one case. A clear policy of investigation and, if indicated, chemoprophylaxis is necessary for all patients in whom long-term immunosuppressive therapy, especially with prednisolone, is contemplated. A high index of suspicion for tuberculosis must be maintained with regular clinical and radiological review.", "PMID": 86892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10464", "title": "An outbreak of gastroenteritis in young children caused by adenoviruses.", "content": "During October and November, 1978, gastroenteritis developed in 17 of 24 young children aged between eight months and two years from an R.A.F. station in the U.K. The illness, in which diarrhoea was always the predominant symptom, had an incubation period of eight to ten days and lasted about a week. It seemed to be transmitted from child to child, and in all but one instance parents and older siblings remained well. Stool specimens from 14 of the affected children were examined bacteriologically and virologically, and a highly significant association was found between the presence of adenovirus particles in stools, identified by electron microscopy, and the acute stage of the illness. This evidence suggests that an adenovirus was the cause of this outbreak of gastroenteritis.", "contents": "An outbreak of gastroenteritis in young children caused by adenoviruses. During October and November, 1978, gastroenteritis developed in 17 of 24 young children aged between eight months and two years from an R.A.F. station in the U.K. The illness, in which diarrhoea was always the predominant symptom, had an incubation period of eight to ten days and lasted about a week. It seemed to be transmitted from child to child, and in all but one instance parents and older siblings remained well. Stool specimens from 14 of the affected children were examined bacteriologically and virologically, and a highly significant association was found between the presence of adenovirus particles in stools, identified by electron microscopy, and the acute stage of the illness. This evidence suggests that an adenovirus was the cause of this outbreak of gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 86893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10465", "title": "Increased shelf-life and feulgen staining intensity of a modified trichloracetic acid-Schiff reagent.", "content": "Two modified formulae for the preparation of trichloracetic acid (TCA)-Schiff reagent have been presented in this communication. The modifications involve addition of 250 mg or 500 mg of trichloracetic acid per 100 ml of a 0.5% aqueous solution of basic fuchsin in place of NTCA which means 1.63 g of TCA per 10 ml of distilled water to be added to 100 ml of the dye solution. The use of TCA-Schiff reagents prepared by the modified method reveals a considerably faster Feulgen staining, a more intense colouration of the nuclei and a longer shelf-life of the dye-SO2 reagents as compared with the standard TCA-Schiff of Bloch and Godman. Possible interpretations for these phenomena have been presented.", "contents": "Increased shelf-life and feulgen staining intensity of a modified trichloracetic acid-Schiff reagent. Two modified formulae for the preparation of trichloracetic acid (TCA)-Schiff reagent have been presented in this communication. The modifications involve addition of 250 mg or 500 mg of trichloracetic acid per 100 ml of a 0.5% aqueous solution of basic fuchsin in place of NTCA which means 1.63 g of TCA per 10 ml of distilled water to be added to 100 ml of the dye solution. The use of TCA-Schiff reagents prepared by the modified method reveals a considerably faster Feulgen staining, a more intense colouration of the nuclei and a longer shelf-life of the dye-SO2 reagents as compared with the standard TCA-Schiff of Bloch and Godman. Possible interpretations for these phenomena have been presented.", "PMID": 86936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10466", "title": "Hoffman's violet and dahlia as specific stains for animal chromosomes.", "content": "The paper deals with staining of the chromosomes of animal testicular materials with two basic dyes, Hoffman's violet and dahlia of the triphenylmethane group, following iodine-dye procedure. The important finding, as presented herein, is that iodinated alcohol after staining can be substituted with various acids, both organic as well as inorganic, all of which act as trapping agent preventing leaching of the dye that binds with the chromosomal DNA. It is clear from this study that RNA is not involved by this process of staining, since treatment of stained sections with cold phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20--25 min and then stained also reveals perfect colouration of the chromosomes without any cytoplasmic staining. The in vitro absorption properties of Hoffman's violet have also been presented herein. The probable mechanism of action of these dyes has been suggested.", "contents": "Hoffman's violet and dahlia as specific stains for animal chromosomes. The paper deals with staining of the chromosomes of animal testicular materials with two basic dyes, Hoffman's violet and dahlia of the triphenylmethane group, following iodine-dye procedure. The important finding, as presented herein, is that iodinated alcohol after staining can be substituted with various acids, both organic as well as inorganic, all of which act as trapping agent preventing leaching of the dye that binds with the chromosomal DNA. It is clear from this study that RNA is not involved by this process of staining, since treatment of stained sections with cold phosphoric acid at 5 degrees C for 20--25 min and then stained also reveals perfect colouration of the chromosomes without any cytoplasmic staining. The in vitro absorption properties of Hoffman's violet have also been presented herein. The probable mechanism of action of these dyes has been suggested.", "PMID": 86937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10467", "title": "A differential staining technique for vertebrate histology.", "content": "A staining method is described for studying micro-anatomy of different vertebrate tissues in the light microscope. A staining sequence of celestin blue--erythrosin--orange G--fast green with mordanting in phosphomolybdic acid yields a satisfactory differentiation and fine colour contrast in various tissues. The efficacy of the method was tested on different avian and mammalian tissues.", "contents": "A differential staining technique for vertebrate histology. A staining method is described for studying micro-anatomy of different vertebrate tissues in the light microscope. A staining sequence of celestin blue--erythrosin--orange G--fast green with mordanting in phosphomolybdic acid yields a satisfactory differentiation and fine colour contrast in various tissues. The efficacy of the method was tested on different avian and mammalian tissues.", "PMID": 86938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10468", "title": "Simian rotavirus (SA 11) in serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections.", "content": "Tests were made on 169 sera from children up to 10 years of age for rotavirus antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests. The simian strain SA 11 served as a substitute antigen for the human rotavirus. Furthermore, the SA 11 complement-fixing antigen was compared with a commercial antigen of the bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. It was demonstrated that SA 11 which can be more easily propagated than most bovine strains, may be used as a substitute antigen in complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence for serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections.", "contents": "Simian rotavirus (SA 11) in serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections. Tests were made on 169 sera from children up to 10 years of age for rotavirus antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests. The simian strain SA 11 served as a substitute antigen for the human rotavirus. Furthermore, the SA 11 complement-fixing antigen was compared with a commercial antigen of the bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. It was demonstrated that SA 11 which can be more easily propagated than most bovine strains, may be used as a substitute antigen in complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence for serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections.", "PMID": 86940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10469", "title": "Bleomycin in combination chemotherapy of metastatic Wilms tumor: a late recurrent case, refractory to conventional therapy.", "content": "A patient with a late recurrence (13 years) of Wilms tumor is presented. After relapse with conventional chemotherapy, an objective partial remission was obtained with bleomycin, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, and cis-platinum. Stable disease was noted when bleomycin was withheld. Bleomycin in this combination appeared to effect a good response, and further studies of chemotherapy of Wilms tumor should include bleomycin in combination with other active agents.", "contents": "Bleomycin in combination chemotherapy of metastatic Wilms tumor: a late recurrent case, refractory to conventional therapy. A patient with a late recurrence (13 years) of Wilms tumor is presented. After relapse with conventional chemotherapy, an objective partial remission was obtained with bleomycin, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, and cis-platinum. Stable disease was noted when bleomycin was withheld. Bleomycin in this combination appeared to effect a good response, and further studies of chemotherapy of Wilms tumor should include bleomycin in combination with other active agents.", "PMID": 86941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10470", "title": "Bleomycin induces cataract formation in newborn rats in association with modifications of crystallin synthesis.", "content": "The antitumor antibiotic Bleomycin induces the formation of cataract when injected into newborn rats but not when injected into rats after 12 days or older. The development of these lesions is strictly associated with progressive biochemical modifications of the crystallins as demonstrated by electrophoresis on one and two-dimensional gels. When the lenses of the rats are observed histologically, the first modifications appear between 7 and 13 days after the injection of the drug concomitantly with the first biochemical modifications. Later on the fiber cells start to degenerate and there is a gradual destruction of the whole center of the lens.", "contents": "Bleomycin induces cataract formation in newborn rats in association with modifications of crystallin synthesis. The antitumor antibiotic Bleomycin induces the formation of cataract when injected into newborn rats but not when injected into rats after 12 days or older. The development of these lesions is strictly associated with progressive biochemical modifications of the crystallins as demonstrated by electrophoresis on one and two-dimensional gels. When the lenses of the rats are observed histologically, the first modifications appear between 7 and 13 days after the injection of the drug concomitantly with the first biochemical modifications. Later on the fiber cells start to degenerate and there is a gradual destruction of the whole center of the lens.", "PMID": 86942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10471", "title": "[Reverse transcription of the RNA of eukaryotes and viruses. Conditions for obtaining a long product].", "content": "The receiving of full-size DNA-copies of RNAs is necessary for molecular hybridisation experiments as well as for synthesis of recombinant bacterial plasmids with eucariotic DNA sequences. Some authors received such cDNAs for different RNAs with a help of variations in reaction conditions. In this article it is shown that such empirically chosen conditions mainly had an influence on a secondary structure of RNA-templates and that only in such a case the synthesis of the DNA-product with sizes corresponding to the RNA-template is possible.", "contents": "[Reverse transcription of the RNA of eukaryotes and viruses. Conditions for obtaining a long product]. The receiving of full-size DNA-copies of RNAs is necessary for molecular hybridisation experiments as well as for synthesis of recombinant bacterial plasmids with eucariotic DNA sequences. Some authors received such cDNAs for different RNAs with a help of variations in reaction conditions. In this article it is shown that such empirically chosen conditions mainly had an influence on a secondary structure of RNA-templates and that only in such a case the synthesis of the DNA-product with sizes corresponding to the RNA-template is possible.", "PMID": 86944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10472", "title": "[Conformational state and mechanism of functioning of gramicidin A].", "content": "Theoretical conformational analysis of the antibiotic gramicidin A HCO--L-Val--Gly--L-Ala--D-leu--L-Ala--D-Val--L-Val--D-Val--(L-Trp--D-Leu)3--L-Trp--NHCH2CH2OH has been carried out by stagewise computations of a serie of LD penta-decapeptide analogs, which approximated the structure of the natural compound at the final stage. The potential surface of the LD-peptide skeleton of the gramicidin molecule is shown to predetermine the existence of a set of pi4LD--Pi6LD structures. Low-energy helical structures with no hydrogen bonds have also been revealed, which are due to compensational relations between hydrogen bonding and nonbonded energies. Inclusion of D-Val into the amino acid sequence discriminate against alpha-helix, while Trp and Leu residues contribute to a formation of pi4LD and pi6LD helices and to a reduction of energy differences between them. Conformational properties and geometrical parameters of the lowest-energy helical structures of gramicidin provide transport of protones and of all alkali metal ions. A mechanism of cation transportation through the gramicidin trans-membrane channel is discussed.", "contents": "[Conformational state and mechanism of functioning of gramicidin A]. Theoretical conformational analysis of the antibiotic gramicidin A HCO--L-Val--Gly--L-Ala--D-leu--L-Ala--D-Val--L-Val--D-Val--(L-Trp--D-Leu)3--L-Trp--NHCH2CH2OH has been carried out by stagewise computations of a serie of LD penta-decapeptide analogs, which approximated the structure of the natural compound at the final stage. The potential surface of the LD-peptide skeleton of the gramicidin molecule is shown to predetermine the existence of a set of pi4LD--Pi6LD structures. Low-energy helical structures with no hydrogen bonds have also been revealed, which are due to compensational relations between hydrogen bonding and nonbonded energies. Inclusion of D-Val into the amino acid sequence discriminate against alpha-helix, while Trp and Leu residues contribute to a formation of pi4LD and pi6LD helices and to a reduction of energy differences between them. Conformational properties and geometrical parameters of the lowest-energy helical structures of gramicidin provide transport of protones and of all alkali metal ions. A mechanism of cation transportation through the gramicidin trans-membrane channel is discussed.", "PMID": 86946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10473", "title": "[Circular dichroism of DNA complexes with dyes. III. Effect of latent optical activity and the structure of the complexes].", "content": "Circular dichroism anisotropy was studied both theoretically and experimentally for the complexes of DNA and dsRNA with dyes (proflavine, 2,7-di-t-butyl proflavine, \"Hoechst-33258\") and antibiotics (distamycin A, netropsin and olivomycin). Theoretical analysis showed that general features of CD anisotropy, revealed in the previous studies (CD components--delta epsilon parallel to and delta epsilon perpendicular--are ten times or more bigger than the CD-effect without orientation, and delta epsilon parallel to approximately 2 delta epsilon perpendicular) are due to the existence of a specific effect named \"latent\" optical activity (LOA). This effect can be observed in many cases of non-chiral symmetrical chromophores if they are oriented. The effect is due to the excitation of an electrical dipole transition and a perpendicular magnetic dipole transition (or quadrupole transition) of a molecule. The amplitude and the sign of the LOA-effect depends on the orientation of the chromophores with respect to the light beam; with a random orientation the mutual compensation of LOA-effects of different chromophores happens and no LOA-effect appears. The analitycal expressions relating the value of LOA-effect of the system with electronical characteristics of the chromophores and the geometrical parametra of their arrangement was obtained. The experimental data obtained for the oriented complexes of DNA and dsRNA with proflavine made it possible to determine an angle between the chromophore and the plane perpendicular to the DNA axis--gamma. For the calf thymus DNA gamma = = + 1.8 +/- 0.4 degrees, for the phage T2 DNA gamma = + 2.2 +/- 0.4 degrees, and for phage f2 dsRNA gamma=--3.5 +/- +/- 0.5 degrees. These results, obtained at relatively low concentrations of the bound proflavine (r approximately 0.01), are in accordance with the intercalating mode of the dye binding. A study of CD anisotropy of DNA complexes with other ligands showed that many different chromophores possess LOA-effect. This phenomenon can be used to obtain both spectroscopic and structural information about the systems similar to those reported here.", "contents": "[Circular dichroism of DNA complexes with dyes. III. Effect of latent optical activity and the structure of the complexes]. Circular dichroism anisotropy was studied both theoretically and experimentally for the complexes of DNA and dsRNA with dyes (proflavine, 2,7-di-t-butyl proflavine, \"Hoechst-33258\") and antibiotics (distamycin A, netropsin and olivomycin). Theoretical analysis showed that general features of CD anisotropy, revealed in the previous studies (CD components--delta epsilon parallel to and delta epsilon perpendicular--are ten times or more bigger than the CD-effect without orientation, and delta epsilon parallel to approximately 2 delta epsilon perpendicular) are due to the existence of a specific effect named \"latent\" optical activity (LOA). This effect can be observed in many cases of non-chiral symmetrical chromophores if they are oriented. The effect is due to the excitation of an electrical dipole transition and a perpendicular magnetic dipole transition (or quadrupole transition) of a molecule. The amplitude and the sign of the LOA-effect depends on the orientation of the chromophores with respect to the light beam; with a random orientation the mutual compensation of LOA-effects of different chromophores happens and no LOA-effect appears. The analitycal expressions relating the value of LOA-effect of the system with electronical characteristics of the chromophores and the geometrical parametra of their arrangement was obtained. The experimental data obtained for the oriented complexes of DNA and dsRNA with proflavine made it possible to determine an angle between the chromophore and the plane perpendicular to the DNA axis--gamma. For the calf thymus DNA gamma = = + 1.8 +/- 0.4 degrees, for the phage T2 DNA gamma = + 2.2 +/- 0.4 degrees, and for phage f2 dsRNA gamma=--3.5 +/- +/- 0.5 degrees. These results, obtained at relatively low concentrations of the bound proflavine (r approximately 0.01), are in accordance with the intercalating mode of the dye binding. A study of CD anisotropy of DNA complexes with other ligands showed that many different chromophores possess LOA-effect. This phenomenon can be used to obtain both spectroscopic and structural information about the systems similar to those reported here.", "PMID": 86947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10474", "title": "[\"Revertase\" project: results of carrying out the scientific program].", "content": "The article summarizes the data obtained within the scope of the \"Revertase\" project organized in 1972 under the guidance of Scientific Councel on Molecular Biology. The scientific program included four main topics: synthesis of complementary DNA via reverse transcription on the various RNA templates and their use as tools in molecular biology, enzymatic synthesis of structural genes in double DNA-polymerase system and their propagation by means of genetic engineering, enzymology of reverse transcription, problems of molecular oncornavirology. It is stressed that the success in realization of this wide and intensive research program was achieved due to cooperative efforts and division of labour between scientists of different specialities due to international cooperation within the frame of the project. Appearance of more than 80 publications between 1973 and 1977 clearly manifested that the program was fullfilled and led to creation of a new area of research absent in the given countries before functioning of the \"Revertase\" project.", "contents": "[\"Revertase\" project: results of carrying out the scientific program]. The article summarizes the data obtained within the scope of the \"Revertase\" project organized in 1972 under the guidance of Scientific Councel on Molecular Biology. The scientific program included four main topics: synthesis of complementary DNA via reverse transcription on the various RNA templates and their use as tools in molecular biology, enzymatic synthesis of structural genes in double DNA-polymerase system and their propagation by means of genetic engineering, enzymology of reverse transcription, problems of molecular oncornavirology. It is stressed that the success in realization of this wide and intensive research program was achieved due to cooperative efforts and division of labour between scientists of different specialities due to international cooperation within the frame of the project. Appearance of more than 80 publications between 1973 and 1977 clearly manifested that the program was fullfilled and led to creation of a new area of research absent in the given countries before functioning of the \"Revertase\" project.", "PMID": 86943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10475", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the DNA products of reverse transcription].", "content": "DNA-products synthesized on pre-mRNA's from rat liver and rabbit erythroidal bone marrow cells, on rabbit globin mRNA and the RNA-templates themselves have been examined by electron microscopy. In spreading conditions providing extension of molecules the sizes of DNA-products corresponded to sizes of RNA templates. Globin mRNA, pre-mRNA as well as cDNA synthesized on these templates in the presence of actinomycine D were seen as single-stranded molecules by electron microscopy. The preparations of cDNA synthesized in the absence of actinomycine D on the pre-mRNA template were represented by double-stranded molecules along side with sigle-sranded. Up to 10% of double-stranded DNA-product appeared to be branched; all branches of such molecules had the thickness and rigidity of double-stranded structures. The possible ways of formation of branched structures are discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the DNA products of reverse transcription]. DNA-products synthesized on pre-mRNA's from rat liver and rabbit erythroidal bone marrow cells, on rabbit globin mRNA and the RNA-templates themselves have been examined by electron microscopy. In spreading conditions providing extension of molecules the sizes of DNA-products corresponded to sizes of RNA templates. Globin mRNA, pre-mRNA as well as cDNA synthesized on these templates in the presence of actinomycine D were seen as single-stranded molecules by electron microscopy. The preparations of cDNA synthesized in the absence of actinomycine D on the pre-mRNA template were represented by double-stranded molecules along side with sigle-sranded. Up to 10% of double-stranded DNA-product appeared to be branched; all branches of such molecules had the thickness and rigidity of double-stranded structures. The possible ways of formation of branched structures are discussed.", "PMID": 86945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10476", "title": "Detection of small numbers of monoclonal B lymphocytes in the blood of patients with lymphoma.", "content": "The definition of complete remission and early relapse in patients with lymphoid malignancy is complicated by the difficulty of recognizing the presence of small numbers of malignant lymphocytes in a population of normal lymphocytes. We have used a method based on the cytofluorometric detection of lymphocytes having homogeneous amounts of surface immunoglobulin of one light-chain class to study blood from patients with lymphomas. The test is capable of reliably detecting 10 per cent or less of monoclonal B lymphocytes in normal blood, and it shows a high incidnece (30 to 40 per cent) of previously unsuspected monoclonal B lymphocytes in patients who were though to have no abnormal blood cells according to standard morphologic technics. The ability to estimate the number of such cells may facilitate the planning of therapy and make more meaningful the concept of complete remission.", "contents": "Detection of small numbers of monoclonal B lymphocytes in the blood of patients with lymphoma. The definition of complete remission and early relapse in patients with lymphoid malignancy is complicated by the difficulty of recognizing the presence of small numbers of malignant lymphocytes in a population of normal lymphocytes. We have used a method based on the cytofluorometric detection of lymphocytes having homogeneous amounts of surface immunoglobulin of one light-chain class to study blood from patients with lymphomas. The test is capable of reliably detecting 10 per cent or less of monoclonal B lymphocytes in normal blood, and it shows a high incidnece (30 to 40 per cent) of previously unsuspected monoclonal B lymphocytes in patients who were though to have no abnormal blood cells according to standard morphologic technics. The ability to estimate the number of such cells may facilitate the planning of therapy and make more meaningful the concept of complete remission.", "PMID": 86953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10477", "title": "Specificities of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors.", "content": "Antisera to acetylcholine receptor purified from the electric organs of Torpedo and Electrophorus were highly species specific, but showed limited cross-reaction with receptors from all mammalian species tested. Antisera to receptor purified from rat muscle cross-reacted extensively with receptor from the muscles of other mammals. Antibodies to receptor from Electrophorus cross-reacting with receptor from Torpedo were affinity purified. Subsequently these showed increased cross-reaction with receptor from mammalian muscle. Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis reacted best with receptor from human muscle, but such sera also cross-reacted with receptor from other mammals, especially squirrel monkeys. These sera cross-reacted slightly with receptor from Torpedo, but not detectably with receptor from Electrophorus,", "contents": "Specificities of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. Antisera to acetylcholine receptor purified from the electric organs of Torpedo and Electrophorus were highly species specific, but showed limited cross-reaction with receptors from all mammalian species tested. Antisera to receptor purified from rat muscle cross-reacted extensively with receptor from the muscles of other mammals. Antibodies to receptor from Electrophorus cross-reacting with receptor from Torpedo were affinity purified. Subsequently these showed increased cross-reaction with receptor from mammalian muscle. Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis reacted best with receptor from human muscle, but such sera also cross-reacted with receptor from other mammals, especially squirrel monkeys. These sera cross-reacted slightly with receptor from Torpedo, but not detectably with receptor from Electrophorus,", "PMID": 86951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10478", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: review of diagnosis and management.", "content": "Although the cause of myasthenia gravis is still unknown, its pathogenesis appears clear: immunologic attack on synaptic receptors in muscle causes receptor deficiency, decreased miniature endplate potentials, and decrements in the compound action potentials evoked from muscles on repetitive stimulation of peripheral nerves. In addition to the involvement of skeletal muscle, some MG patients may manifest subtle alterations of the function of heart, lung, smooth muscle, and CNS, indicating that this is truly a systemic disorder. Modern therapy involves adjusting treatment to the needs of individual patients. Anticholinesterases, calcium, ephedrine, potassium, and germine partially correct the defect in neuromuscular transmission; prednisone, ACTH, cytotoxic drugs, antilymphocyte serums, gamma globulin, thoracic duct drainage, plasmapheresis, and thymectomy partially modify the abnormalities of the immune system.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: review of diagnosis and management. Although the cause of myasthenia gravis is still unknown, its pathogenesis appears clear: immunologic attack on synaptic receptors in muscle causes receptor deficiency, decreased miniature endplate potentials, and decrements in the compound action potentials evoked from muscles on repetitive stimulation of peripheral nerves. In addition to the involvement of skeletal muscle, some MG patients may manifest subtle alterations of the function of heart, lung, smooth muscle, and CNS, indicating that this is truly a systemic disorder. Modern therapy involves adjusting treatment to the needs of individual patients. Anticholinesterases, calcium, ephedrine, potassium, and germine partially correct the defect in neuromuscular transmission; prednisone, ACTH, cytotoxic drugs, antilymphocyte serums, gamma globulin, thoracic duct drainage, plasmapheresis, and thymectomy partially modify the abnormalities of the immune system.", "PMID": 86952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10479", "title": "[Use of psychotropic substances with antidepressive action in pain control].", "content": "Starting with the conviction that chronic oncological pain needs an interdisciplinary approach, the use of antidepressant tricyclic compounds in association with other techiques in antalgic therapy is commented on. In spite of the possible side effects, it is concluded that the drugs are definitely effective, and that in addition to combating the depressive component, when present, their analgesic action potentiates the effect of other drugs.", "contents": "[Use of psychotropic substances with antidepressive action in pain control]. Starting with the conviction that chronic oncological pain needs an interdisciplinary approach, the use of antidepressant tricyclic compounds in association with other techiques in antalgic therapy is commented on. In spite of the possible side effects, it is concluded that the drugs are definitely effective, and that in addition to combating the depressive component, when present, their analgesic action potentiates the effect of other drugs.", "PMID": 86979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10480", "title": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A material consisting of 23 endometrioid ovarian carcinomas, including 2 rare endometrioid tumors with argyrophil cells, was analyzed clinically and with the use of various histochemical staining methods. Electron microscopy was performed in 3 cases. Apical neutral mucin mixed with sulfate and carboxyl groups was typical for the cells at the light microscopic level, and a prominent Golgi complex with many small secretory vesicles was commonly seen at the ultrastructural level. The nuclei had concentric nuclear bodies and nucleoli with mesh-basket appearance. There was a positive correlation between the grade of differentiation and clinical stage. The corrected 5-year survival rate was 80% in stage I, 50% in stage II, 17% in stage III, and 0% in stage IV; the overall 5-year survival rate was 46%. Signs of increased endometrial estrogen activity were found in 6 of the 12 postmenopausal patients. In the whole series, 6 endometrial carcinomas were found simultaneously with the ovarian carcinoma.", "contents": "Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic study. A material consisting of 23 endometrioid ovarian carcinomas, including 2 rare endometrioid tumors with argyrophil cells, was analyzed clinically and with the use of various histochemical staining methods. Electron microscopy was performed in 3 cases. Apical neutral mucin mixed with sulfate and carboxyl groups was typical for the cells at the light microscopic level, and a prominent Golgi complex with many small secretory vesicles was commonly seen at the ultrastructural level. The nuclei had concentric nuclear bodies and nucleoli with mesh-basket appearance. There was a positive correlation between the grade of differentiation and clinical stage. The corrected 5-year survival rate was 80% in stage I, 50% in stage II, 17% in stage III, and 0% in stage IV; the overall 5-year survival rate was 46%. Signs of increased endometrial estrogen activity were found in 6 of the 12 postmenopausal patients. In the whole series, 6 endometrial carcinomas were found simultaneously with the ovarian carcinoma.", "PMID": 86981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10481", "title": "The development of preschool children of heroin-addicted mothers: a controlled study.", "content": "Disturbances of growth and behavior in infants and toddlers of women addicted to heroin during pregnancy have been reported in uncontrolled studies. In this study, 3- to 6-year-old children of heroin-addicted mothers were compared to three other groups matched for age, race, sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status. Heroin-exposed children weighed less and were shorter than those in the comparison groups; 14% had a head circumference below the third percentile. Heroin-exposed children were rated by parents as less well adjusted than control children and they differed significantly in perceptual measures and on subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities relating to the process of organization. These findings suggest that chronic intrauterine exposure to heroin may affect growth and behavior as well as perceptual and learning processes in preschool children.", "contents": "The development of preschool children of heroin-addicted mothers: a controlled study. Disturbances of growth and behavior in infants and toddlers of women addicted to heroin during pregnancy have been reported in uncontrolled studies. In this study, 3- to 6-year-old children of heroin-addicted mothers were compared to three other groups matched for age, race, sex, birth weight, and socioeconomic status. Heroin-exposed children weighed less and were shorter than those in the comparison groups; 14% had a head circumference below the third percentile. Heroin-exposed children were rated by parents as less well adjusted than control children and they differed significantly in perceptual measures and on subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities relating to the process of organization. These findings suggest that chronic intrauterine exposure to heroin may affect growth and behavior as well as perceptual and learning processes in preschool children.", "PMID": 86983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10482", "title": "Apparent allosterism by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and E. coli DNA polymerase I.", "content": "A recent report (1) presented evidence for allosterism in reverse transcription by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus reverse transcriptase and by E. coli DNA polymerase I. Our experiments also demonstrate these apparent cooperative effects when synthesis is catalyzed by either avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, feline sarcoma virus DNA polymerase, or E. coli DNA polymerase I (large fragment). We show that the apparent cooperativity depends on the use of oligo(dT)12-18 as primer. However, if the polymerase reaction products are isolated chromatographically, then the polymerases obey classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate and enzyme concentrations. These results suggest that the cooperative effects are an acid precipitation artifact. The results are also consistent with the enzyme operating by a distributive mechanism with the oligo(dT)12-18 primer.", "contents": "Apparent allosterism by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and E. coli DNA polymerase I. A recent report (1) presented evidence for allosterism in reverse transcription by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus reverse transcriptase and by E. coli DNA polymerase I. Our experiments also demonstrate these apparent cooperative effects when synthesis is catalyzed by either avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase, feline sarcoma virus DNA polymerase, or E. coli DNA polymerase I (large fragment). We show that the apparent cooperativity depends on the use of oligo(dT)12-18 as primer. However, if the polymerase reaction products are isolated chromatographically, then the polymerases obey classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate and enzyme concentrations. These results suggest that the cooperative effects are an acid precipitation artifact. The results are also consistent with the enzyme operating by a distributive mechanism with the oligo(dT)12-18 primer.", "PMID": 86985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10483", "title": "Isolation of human alpha-fetoprotein in two fractionation steps and demonstration of homogeneity.", "content": "Human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP) has been isolated from cord serum in 40% yield using an isolation procedure consisting of only two major steps: affinity chromatography followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The final product appeared homogeneous on the basis of five independent criteria for purity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated a single polypeptide chain with molecular weight of 71,000. The protein exhibited an apparent isoelectric point (pI') of 4.85, molecular radius of 3.0 nm and a valence (net H+/molecule) of 21.9 derived from computation of analytical PAGE data. The two-step isolation procedure made it possible for a single operator to isolate milligram amounts of hAFP in a matter of weeks.", "contents": "Isolation of human alpha-fetoprotein in two fractionation steps and demonstration of homogeneity. Human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP) has been isolated from cord serum in 40% yield using an isolation procedure consisting of only two major steps: affinity chromatography followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The final product appeared homogeneous on the basis of five independent criteria for purity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated a single polypeptide chain with molecular weight of 71,000. The protein exhibited an apparent isoelectric point (pI') of 4.85, molecular radius of 3.0 nm and a valence (net H+/molecule) of 21.9 derived from computation of analytical PAGE data. The two-step isolation procedure made it possible for a single operator to isolate milligram amounts of hAFP in a matter of weeks.", "PMID": 86988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10484", "title": "Genome of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29: analysis by heteroduplex mapping.", "content": "The virion RNA of avian myelocytoma virus MC29 was hybridized to full genome length DNA of the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus and analyzed by heteroduplex mapping in the electron microscopy. The results show that MC29 specific sequences for which there are no homologous counterparts in the Rous sarcoma virus genome make up a contiguous stretch of RNA about 1.8 kilobases long. These sequences are located approximately in the middle of the genome, replacing the 3' half of the gag gene, the entire pol gene, and the 5' portion of the env gene, which are absent from MC29. This MC29 specific genetic substitution may contain information for the leukemogenic transformation of the host cell.", "contents": "Genome of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29: analysis by heteroduplex mapping. The virion RNA of avian myelocytoma virus MC29 was hybridized to full genome length DNA of the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus and analyzed by heteroduplex mapping in the electron microscopy. The results show that MC29 specific sequences for which there are no homologous counterparts in the Rous sarcoma virus genome make up a contiguous stretch of RNA about 1.8 kilobases long. These sequences are located approximately in the middle of the genome, replacing the 3' half of the gag gene, the entire pol gene, and the 5' portion of the env gene, which are absent from MC29. This MC29 specific genetic substitution may contain information for the leukemogenic transformation of the host cell.", "PMID": 86989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10485", "title": "Antigenic drift in type A influenza virus: peptide mapping and antigenic analysis of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) variants selected with monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Variants of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) influenza virus, having hemagglutinin molecules with probably a single altered antigenic determinant, were isolated by growing the virus in the presence of the monoclonal hybridoma antibody PEG-1. The variants were analyzed by peptide mapping and characterized antigenically by using PEG-1 and four other monoclonal hybridoma antibodies to PR8 hemagglutinin. Peptide maps of the large hemagglutinin polypeptide, HA1, from 8 out of 10 variants showed a single changed peptide. This peptide from two of the variants was analyzed, and in each case a serine residue in the wild-type hemagglutinin was replaced by leucine in the variant. Although these eight variants showed identical peptide maps, one could be discriminated antigenically from the others with one of the hybridomas. (The peptide maps represented about one-third of the HA1 molecule.) Of the other two variants, one gave the same HA1 map as the wild type, but could be distinguished antigenically from wild-type virus by two of the hybridomas. The other was unique, and could be distinguished, both antigenically and by peptide mapping, from the other variants. Since a large number of the variants selected with PEG-1 showed the same peptide change, it is likely that this alteration in amino acid sequence (serine to leucine) was responsible for the inability of the variants to bind PEG-1 monoclonal antibody. We do not know, however, whether the changed amino acids were located within the antigenic sites or whether the change occurred somewhere else in the hemagglutinin molecule and altered the determinants through conformational changes.", "contents": "Antigenic drift in type A influenza virus: peptide mapping and antigenic analysis of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) variants selected with monoclonal antibodies. Variants of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) influenza virus, having hemagglutinin molecules with probably a single altered antigenic determinant, were isolated by growing the virus in the presence of the monoclonal hybridoma antibody PEG-1. The variants were analyzed by peptide mapping and characterized antigenically by using PEG-1 and four other monoclonal hybridoma antibodies to PR8 hemagglutinin. Peptide maps of the large hemagglutinin polypeptide, HA1, from 8 out of 10 variants showed a single changed peptide. This peptide from two of the variants was analyzed, and in each case a serine residue in the wild-type hemagglutinin was replaced by leucine in the variant. Although these eight variants showed identical peptide maps, one could be discriminated antigenically from the others with one of the hybridomas. (The peptide maps represented about one-third of the HA1 molecule.) Of the other two variants, one gave the same HA1 map as the wild type, but could be distinguished antigenically from wild-type virus by two of the hybridomas. The other was unique, and could be distinguished, both antigenically and by peptide mapping, from the other variants. Since a large number of the variants selected with PEG-1 showed the same peptide change, it is likely that this alteration in amino acid sequence (serine to leucine) was responsible for the inability of the variants to bind PEG-1 monoclonal antibody. We do not know, however, whether the changed amino acids were located within the antigenic sites or whether the change occurred somewhere else in the hemagglutinin molecule and altered the determinants through conformational changes.", "PMID": 86990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10486", "title": "In vitro transformation of mouse bone marrow cells by the polycythemic strain of Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "Strains of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) that are associated with polycythemia contain the defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). To determine whether the transforming ability of FLV was affected by the presence of this second agent, DBA/2J mouse bone marrow cells were infected in vitro. Criteria for transformation were the establishment of permanent lines, growth on semisolid agarose, and the production of tumors at the site of inoculation in syngeneic hosts. Two lines of immature hematopoietic cells that grow in suspension originated from the infected cultures. Each has an almost diploid karyotype (38-39 chromosomes) and 3-4 metacentric chromosomes. These transformed cells express gp71 viral envelope glycoprotein and p30 viral core protein antigens. Virus production was measured by reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) activity of the virions released into the medium. The virus, assayed in vivo for infectivity, has SFFV activity but is attenuated for leukemogenicity. The stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in the cells grown in medium supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylene bisacetamide indicates that the cells are erythroid in origin. SFFV may have a function analogous to erythropoietin in influencing the process of transformation by FLV.", "contents": "In vitro transformation of mouse bone marrow cells by the polycythemic strain of Friend leukemia virus. Strains of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) that are associated with polycythemia contain the defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). To determine whether the transforming ability of FLV was affected by the presence of this second agent, DBA/2J mouse bone marrow cells were infected in vitro. Criteria for transformation were the establishment of permanent lines, growth on semisolid agarose, and the production of tumors at the site of inoculation in syngeneic hosts. Two lines of immature hematopoietic cells that grow in suspension originated from the infected cultures. Each has an almost diploid karyotype (38-39 chromosomes) and 3-4 metacentric chromosomes. These transformed cells express gp71 viral envelope glycoprotein and p30 viral core protein antigens. Virus production was measured by reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) activity of the virions released into the medium. The virus, assayed in vivo for infectivity, has SFFV activity but is attenuated for leukemogenicity. The stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in the cells grown in medium supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylene bisacetamide indicates that the cells are erythroid in origin. SFFV may have a function analogous to erythropoietin in influencing the process of transformation by FLV.", "PMID": 86991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10487", "title": "The attenuation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine of the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats.", "content": "The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide on the exhibition of the signs of the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome was studied in rats. In preliminary studies approximately equi-sedative doses of these drugs were chosen. Morphine and THC produced a very similar degree of suppression of the signs of the quasi-morphine withdrawal, but unlike morphine, the effects of THC were not reversed by the narcotic antagonist, naloxone. The dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, produced a moderate suppression of the withdrawal syndrome and chlordiazepoxide was without significant effect. It is concluded that THC is of very similar potency to morphine in suppressing the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome, but its activity in this regard does not appear to be dependent upon the availability of opiate or dopamine receptors, nor is it due to sedation alone.", "contents": "The attenuation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine of the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide on the exhibition of the signs of the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome was studied in rats. In preliminary studies approximately equi-sedative doses of these drugs were chosen. Morphine and THC produced a very similar degree of suppression of the signs of the quasi-morphine withdrawal, but unlike morphine, the effects of THC were not reversed by the narcotic antagonist, naloxone. The dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, produced a moderate suppression of the withdrawal syndrome and chlordiazepoxide was without significant effect. It is concluded that THC is of very similar potency to morphine in suppressing the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome, but its activity in this regard does not appear to be dependent upon the availability of opiate or dopamine receptors, nor is it due to sedation alone.", "PMID": 86997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10488", "title": "[A new method of cytological staining].", "content": "The haematological method (Giemsa, Pappenheim, Wright, ecc.) is renowed for karyological legible, while the cytologic method (Papanicolau, Shorr, haematoxylon-eosine, etc.) for its view of the whole. Antithesis between two methods was subject polemics and discussions after put in round table promoted by Acta cytological in 1958. The present work suggests for the attention of cytologists an attempt at technical reconciliation of two methods, it obtained with a new coloration method that uses like fixative a cadmiumalcoholacetic mixture, like nuclear colouring the basic fuchsine maturing in presence of formic aldehyde and acetic acid, like cytoplasmatic colouring a triacid orange-eosine-blue mixture of aniline.", "contents": "[A new method of cytological staining]. The haematological method (Giemsa, Pappenheim, Wright, ecc.) is renowed for karyological legible, while the cytologic method (Papanicolau, Shorr, haematoxylon-eosine, etc.) for its view of the whole. Antithesis between two methods was subject polemics and discussions after put in round table promoted by Acta cytological in 1958. The present work suggests for the attention of cytologists an attempt at technical reconciliation of two methods, it obtained with a new coloration method that uses like fixative a cadmiumalcoholacetic mixture, like nuclear colouring the basic fuchsine maturing in presence of formic aldehyde and acetic acid, like cytoplasmatic colouring a triacid orange-eosine-blue mixture of aniline.", "PMID": 86998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10489", "title": "Central nervous system lesions biopsied or treated by CT-guided needle placement.", "content": "Computed tomography has been utilized to guide a needle into central nervous system lesions as small as one centimeter in diameter. Direct puncture has drained many abscesses effectively, provided material for immediate Gram stain and subsequent culture, and permitted irrigation with appropriate antibioties, Multilocular cerebral lesions and loculated extracerebral fluid collections have been aspirated and treated with this technique. Aspiration of known cystic tumors has reduced their mass and obviated some palliative decompressions. Unresectable gliomas and metastases have been biopsied prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Hemorrhage and other rare complications of biopsy may be detected and immediately treated.", "contents": "Central nervous system lesions biopsied or treated by CT-guided needle placement. Computed tomography has been utilized to guide a needle into central nervous system lesions as small as one centimeter in diameter. Direct puncture has drained many abscesses effectively, provided material for immediate Gram stain and subsequent culture, and permitted irrigation with appropriate antibioties, Multilocular cerebral lesions and loculated extracerebral fluid collections have been aspirated and treated with this technique. Aspiration of known cystic tumors has reduced their mass and obviated some palliative decompressions. Unresectable gliomas and metastases have been biopsied prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Hemorrhage and other rare complications of biopsy may be detected and immediately treated.", "PMID": 87000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10490", "title": "Metabolism of cyclic AMP in isolated renal tubules: effects of prostaglandins and parathyroid hormone.", "content": "Concentrations of cyclic AMP (cAMP) were increased in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters by both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) with maximal effects of PGE1 being 6-8 fold greater than those of PTH during a 10 min period. However, cAMP concentrations in cells treated with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) were increased with maximal concentrations of either hormone to the same degree. Similar effects of both hormones were observed on adenylate cyclase activity in renal homogenates. Simultaneous addition of hormones produced changes in both cAMP concentrations in intact tubules as well as adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates which were not completely additive. Degradation of cAMP, estimated in intact tubules as the difference in cAMP levels in the presence and absence of MIX, was increased by both hormones, however, changes were 2-3 fold greater in tubules exposed to PTH than to PGE1. Neither hormone directly altered cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in either 30,000 x g supernatant or pellets from renal cortical homogenates. The results suggest that both hormones increase the production of cAMP in renal cortical tubules and may share a common target cell type in this response. Degradation of cAMP, however, is differentially effected by the two hormones, probably reflecting differences exerted on intracellular mechanisms regulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of cAMP.", "contents": "Metabolism of cyclic AMP in isolated renal tubules: effects of prostaglandins and parathyroid hormone. Concentrations of cyclic AMP (cAMP) were increased in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters by both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) with maximal effects of PGE1 being 6-8 fold greater than those of PTH during a 10 min period. However, cAMP concentrations in cells treated with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) were increased with maximal concentrations of either hormone to the same degree. Similar effects of both hormones were observed on adenylate cyclase activity in renal homogenates. Simultaneous addition of hormones produced changes in both cAMP concentrations in intact tubules as well as adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates which were not completely additive. Degradation of cAMP, estimated in intact tubules as the difference in cAMP levels in the presence and absence of MIX, was increased by both hormones, however, changes were 2-3 fold greater in tubules exposed to PTH than to PGE1. Neither hormone directly altered cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in either 30,000 x g supernatant or pellets from renal cortical homogenates. The results suggest that both hormones increase the production of cAMP in renal cortical tubules and may share a common target cell type in this response. Degradation of cAMP, however, is differentially effected by the two hormones, probably reflecting differences exerted on intracellular mechanisms regulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of cAMP.", "PMID": 87002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10491", "title": "[The \"IgA secretory component complex\" in bronchial mucus in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease under different therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of \"IgA secretory component complex\" in the bronchial mucus was measured under different therapeutical influences. The \"IgA secretory component complex\" is a most important factor of the exogenous immunodefense. The formation of the \"IgA secretory component complex\" was independent from the age of the patients and from the intensity of their airway obstruction. Therapy with glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics had no certain influence on the formation of the immunocomplex. We did not find any certain influence of gammaglobulin therapy in adult patients with chronic airway obstruction, neither on the \"IgA secretory component complex\" nor on the immunoglobulin G, A and M. Furthermore, the clinical course of the disease was not influence by this therapy.", "contents": "[The \"IgA secretory component complex\" in bronchial mucus in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease under different therapy (author's transl)]. The concentration of \"IgA secretory component complex\" in the bronchial mucus was measured under different therapeutical influences. The \"IgA secretory component complex\" is a most important factor of the exogenous immunodefense. The formation of the \"IgA secretory component complex\" was independent from the age of the patients and from the intensity of their airway obstruction. Therapy with glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics had no certain influence on the formation of the immunocomplex. We did not find any certain influence of gammaglobulin therapy in adult patients with chronic airway obstruction, neither on the \"IgA secretory component complex\" nor on the immunoglobulin G, A and M. Furthermore, the clinical course of the disease was not influence by this therapy.", "PMID": 87005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10492", "title": "Some properties of the chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers.", "content": "The effect of mild proteolytic treatment on chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers was studied both at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C. At 4 degrees C binding of remnants to the cells was considerably lower than at 37 degrees C, and preincubation of the cells with pronase (2 micrograms/ml) further descreased binding of remnants at 4 degrees C by 63%. At 37 degrees C the effect of preincubation of pronase was less marked, suggesting that reconstruction of remnant binding structures(s) may occur. Only marginal effects on remnant catabolism by cytochalasin B in hepatocyte monolayers were evident. There was thus no positive evidence for a role of microfilaments during interiorization of remnant particles by the cells. Remnant uptake in hepatocytes was not inhibited by EDTA, the presence of asialofetuin, or treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. This indicates that remnant binding sites are different from the hepatic receptor for desialylated glycoproteins. The lack of effect of EDTA is also at variance with the observation that the receptor-mediated uptake of low-density lipoproteins in human fibroblasts depends on the presence of divalent cations.", "contents": "Some properties of the chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers. The effect of mild proteolytic treatment on chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers was studied both at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C. At 4 degrees C binding of remnants to the cells was considerably lower than at 37 degrees C, and preincubation of the cells with pronase (2 micrograms/ml) further descreased binding of remnants at 4 degrees C by 63%. At 37 degrees C the effect of preincubation of pronase was less marked, suggesting that reconstruction of remnant binding structures(s) may occur. Only marginal effects on remnant catabolism by cytochalasin B in hepatocyte monolayers were evident. There was thus no positive evidence for a role of microfilaments during interiorization of remnant particles by the cells. Remnant uptake in hepatocytes was not inhibited by EDTA, the presence of asialofetuin, or treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. This indicates that remnant binding sites are different from the hepatic receptor for desialylated glycoproteins. The lack of effect of EDTA is also at variance with the observation that the receptor-mediated uptake of low-density lipoproteins in human fibroblasts depends on the presence of divalent cations.", "PMID": 87006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10493", "title": "Possible tumour markers in patients with oesophagus cancer.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), and enzymes were determined in the blood of 59 patients with primary oesophagus carcinoma. Raised CEA values were encountered in 59% of the patients, and AFP above that of an age-matched control group in 33% of the patients. Values of CEA during progression were significantly higher than in regression of disease. Two patients had exceptionally high serum AFP, but in most cases AFP levels were not related to disease progress. CEA and AFP could appear in a discordant fashion. The combined assay did not improve diagnostic sensitivity.", "contents": "Possible tumour markers in patients with oesophagus cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), and enzymes were determined in the blood of 59 patients with primary oesophagus carcinoma. Raised CEA values were encountered in 59% of the patients, and AFP above that of an age-matched control group in 33% of the patients. Values of CEA during progression were significantly higher than in regression of disease. Two patients had exceptionally high serum AFP, but in most cases AFP levels were not related to disease progress. CEA and AFP could appear in a discordant fashion. The combined assay did not improve diagnostic sensitivity.", "PMID": 87007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10494", "title": "Isolation and properties of detergent-solubilized HLA antigens obtained from platelets.", "content": "Deoxycholate-solubilized HLA antigens have been isolated from platelets and comprised a mixture of 43,000- and 39,000-dalton polypeptide chains associated with beta2-microglobulin. Limited proteolysis experiments suggested that the 39,000-dalton chain is a fragment of the intact 43,000-dalton chain. Further proteolysis of the 39,000-dalton fragment yields a 33,000-dalton component. The 39,000-dalton molecule is more acidic than both the 43,000- and the 33,000-dalton chains. Differences in the amino acid compositions of the 43,000- and 39,000-dalton species demonstrate that the peptide(s) released on generation of the 39,000-dalton component are charged. The proteolytic split most probably occurs in the COOH-terminal end, which, owing to its content of charged amino acids, most probably is not integrated into the hydrocarbon matrix of the membrane. The 39,000- and 43,000-dalton components bind detergent in micellar form and can be incorporated into liposomes. The 33,000-dalton fragment has lost the ability to bind detergent micelles and is not incorporated into liposomes.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of detergent-solubilized HLA antigens obtained from platelets. Deoxycholate-solubilized HLA antigens have been isolated from platelets and comprised a mixture of 43,000- and 39,000-dalton polypeptide chains associated with beta2-microglobulin. Limited proteolysis experiments suggested that the 39,000-dalton chain is a fragment of the intact 43,000-dalton chain. Further proteolysis of the 39,000-dalton fragment yields a 33,000-dalton component. The 39,000-dalton molecule is more acidic than both the 43,000- and the 33,000-dalton chains. Differences in the amino acid compositions of the 43,000- and 39,000-dalton species demonstrate that the peptide(s) released on generation of the 39,000-dalton component are charged. The proteolytic split most probably occurs in the COOH-terminal end, which, owing to its content of charged amino acids, most probably is not integrated into the hydrocarbon matrix of the membrane. The 39,000- and 43,000-dalton components bind detergent in micellar form and can be incorporated into liposomes. The 33,000-dalton fragment has lost the ability to bind detergent micelles and is not incorporated into liposomes.", "PMID": 87008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10495", "title": "Distribution of Ia-antigen-like molecules on non-lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Ia-antigen-like molecules are expressed on cells within several different non-lymphoid tissues of the guinea-pig. In indirect immunofluorescence analyses anti-Ia-antigen antibodies stained epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract, the bile ducts, the respiratory tract and the urinary tract. The rabbit antibodies against Ia antigens also stained the cells of the parotid and the submandibular glands. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus, like the Kupffer cells of the liver, express Ia-antigen-like molecules. In several cases indirect immunoprecipitation analyses and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the immunofluorescence studies inasmuch as Ia-antigen-like subunits with apparent molecular weights of 26,000 and 34,000 could be isolated from the non-lymphoid organs.", "contents": "Distribution of Ia-antigen-like molecules on non-lymphoid tissues. Ia-antigen-like molecules are expressed on cells within several different non-lymphoid tissues of the guinea-pig. In indirect immunofluorescence analyses anti-Ia-antigen antibodies stained epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract, the bile ducts, the respiratory tract and the urinary tract. The rabbit antibodies against Ia antigens also stained the cells of the parotid and the submandibular glands. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus, like the Kupffer cells of the liver, express Ia-antigen-like molecules. In several cases indirect immunoprecipitation analyses and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the immunofluorescence studies inasmuch as Ia-antigen-like subunits with apparent molecular weights of 26,000 and 34,000 could be isolated from the non-lymphoid organs.", "PMID": 87009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10496", "title": "The plasma cell differentiation antigen PC.1 is absent in CH3/Tif and present in C3H/HeJ.", "content": "(C3H/TifxDBA/2)F1 mice, immunized with viable BALB/c plasmacytoma MOPC315 cells, produce antibodies directed against a cell-surface antigen. The strain and tissue distribution of this antigen was identical to that of the plasma cell differentiation alloantigen PC.1. The antigen is absent in the mouse strain C3H/Tif but is present in the closely related substrain C3H/HeJ. This is the third difference between surface structures of the B-cell lineage of C3H/Tif and C3H/HeJ mice.", "contents": "The plasma cell differentiation antigen PC.1 is absent in CH3/Tif and present in C3H/HeJ. (C3H/TifxDBA/2)F1 mice, immunized with viable BALB/c plasmacytoma MOPC315 cells, produce antibodies directed against a cell-surface antigen. The strain and tissue distribution of this antigen was identical to that of the plasma cell differentiation alloantigen PC.1. The antigen is absent in the mouse strain C3H/Tif but is present in the closely related substrain C3H/HeJ. This is the third difference between surface structures of the B-cell lineage of C3H/Tif and C3H/HeJ mice.", "PMID": 87010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10497", "title": "Phenotypes of 'null' lymphoid cells in human blood.", "content": "F(ab')2 antibody fragments of heteroantisera directed against p28,33 (or 'Ia-like') antigen, T-cell antigen(s) (T), myeloid antigen (M), and immunoglobulin have been used along with rosetting techniques to analyse the antigenic heterogeneity of 'null' or 'unclassified' lymphoid cells purified 'negatively' from human blood by E rosette depletion of T cells and B removal on an anti-immunoglobulin immunoabsorbent. The results confirm that considerable heterogeneity exists within the 'null' cell population; the majority of cells are p28,33+ and Fcgamma-receptor-positive, and a proportion but not all of these p28,33+, Fcgamma+ cells are also C3-receptor-positive but negative for the other heteroantigens (T and M). 2-6% were 'pre-B' by the criteria of immunofluorescent staining for cytoplasmic IgM in the absence of detectable cell surface Ig. 1-3% stained intensely with anti-IgM, anti-IgG or anti-IgA, or anti-k plus anti-lambda and were presumed to be plasma cells or their immediate precursors. No null cells stained with antibody to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme, a marker for early T lineage cells, and less than 1% expressed an acute ('non-T, non-B') lymphoblastic-leukaemia-associated membrane antigen which is believed to be an 'early' lymphoid lineage differentiation marker. A minor subpopulation made sheep 'E' rosettes, and another made mouse 'E' rosettes after neuraminidase pretreatment of the lymphoid cells. A small proportion of 'lymphoid', 'null cells' were reactive with an anti-myelomonocytic (M) antibody. It is suggested that 'null' lymphoid cells in blood are heterogeneous and that most are not immature T or B precursors but either a relatively mature B lymphocyte population with a very low density of membrane immunoglobulin or a distinct non-T, non-B cell type.", "contents": "Phenotypes of 'null' lymphoid cells in human blood. F(ab')2 antibody fragments of heteroantisera directed against p28,33 (or 'Ia-like') antigen, T-cell antigen(s) (T), myeloid antigen (M), and immunoglobulin have been used along with rosetting techniques to analyse the antigenic heterogeneity of 'null' or 'unclassified' lymphoid cells purified 'negatively' from human blood by E rosette depletion of T cells and B removal on an anti-immunoglobulin immunoabsorbent. The results confirm that considerable heterogeneity exists within the 'null' cell population; the majority of cells are p28,33+ and Fcgamma-receptor-positive, and a proportion but not all of these p28,33+, Fcgamma+ cells are also C3-receptor-positive but negative for the other heteroantigens (T and M). 2-6% were 'pre-B' by the criteria of immunofluorescent staining for cytoplasmic IgM in the absence of detectable cell surface Ig. 1-3% stained intensely with anti-IgM, anti-IgG or anti-IgA, or anti-k plus anti-lambda and were presumed to be plasma cells or their immediate precursors. No null cells stained with antibody to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme, a marker for early T lineage cells, and less than 1% expressed an acute ('non-T, non-B') lymphoblastic-leukaemia-associated membrane antigen which is believed to be an 'early' lymphoid lineage differentiation marker. A minor subpopulation made sheep 'E' rosettes, and another made mouse 'E' rosettes after neuraminidase pretreatment of the lymphoid cells. A small proportion of 'lymphoid', 'null cells' were reactive with an anti-myelomonocytic (M) antibody. It is suggested that 'null' lymphoid cells in blood are heterogeneous and that most are not immature T or B precursors but either a relatively mature B lymphocyte population with a very low density of membrane immunoglobulin or a distinct non-T, non-B cell type.", "PMID": 87011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10498", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous type C virus of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A type C retrovirus was isolated from a continuous cell line established from a spontaneous esophageal carcinoma of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) by prolonged cocultivation with canine cells. A DNA transcript of the viral RNA hybridized to a high level and kinetic analysis indicated the presence of multiple copies of the viral genome in rhesus monkey DNA, showing that the virus is endogenous in this species. The rhesus monkey virus closely resembles, in several respects, an endogenous type C virus previously isolated from stumptailed macques (Macaca arctoides), aa species closely related to rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an endogenous type C virus of rhesus monkeys. A type C retrovirus was isolated from a continuous cell line established from a spontaneous esophageal carcinoma of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) by prolonged cocultivation with canine cells. A DNA transcript of the viral RNA hybridized to a high level and kinetic analysis indicated the presence of multiple copies of the viral genome in rhesus monkey DNA, showing that the virus is endogenous in this species. The rhesus monkey virus closely resembles, in several respects, an endogenous type C virus previously isolated from stumptailed macques (Macaca arctoides), aa species closely related to rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 87013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10499", "title": "[Comprehensive view of air pollution problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Air pollution is treated under various aspects: natural, urban, industrial. Primary polluants are studied and their transformation into secondary polluants (oxidant smog, acid smog). Biologic effects on laboratory animals, human health are tackled.", "contents": "[Comprehensive view of air pollution problems (author's transl)]. Air pollution is treated under various aspects: natural, urban, industrial. Primary polluants are studied and their transformation into secondary polluants (oxidant smog, acid smog). Biologic effects on laboratory animals, human health are tackled.", "PMID": 87014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10500", "title": "Segregation of HLA--D specificities with the HLA--B12 allotype.", "content": "In a search for bone marrow donors and HLA-D homozygous cells, MLC family studies were performed. Results of the experiments, in which the Seventh Workshop cells 7W569-KR and 7W568-WE were found, are presented here. Within the KR and the WE families two identified and two non-identified HLA-B12 allotype that both families carry.", "contents": "Segregation of HLA--D specificities with the HLA--B12 allotype. In a search for bone marrow donors and HLA-D homozygous cells, MLC family studies were performed. Results of the experiments, in which the Seventh Workshop cells 7W569-KR and 7W568-WE were found, are presented here. Within the KR and the WE families two identified and two non-identified HLA-B12 allotype that both families carry.", "PMID": 87021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10501", "title": "HLA histocompatibility antigens in a Polynesian population -- Cook islanders of Mauke.", "content": "Polynesians living on the island of Mauke in the Cook Island group were typed for HLA-A and -B locus antigens. The Mauke population has restricted HLA polymorphism, with five A-locus antigens and four B-locus antigens accounting for a majority of the HLA phenotypes. Although some differences in antigen frequency were found when Mauke Islanders were compared with Polynesians from Easter Island and Samoa, the Mauke Islanders were closer in their HLA antigenic profile to polynesians than to Melanesians.", "contents": "HLA histocompatibility antigens in a Polynesian population -- Cook islanders of Mauke. Polynesians living on the island of Mauke in the Cook Island group were typed for HLA-A and -B locus antigens. The Mauke population has restricted HLA polymorphism, with five A-locus antigens and four B-locus antigens accounting for a majority of the HLA phenotypes. Although some differences in antigen frequency were found when Mauke Islanders were compared with Polynesians from Easter Island and Samoa, the Mauke Islanders were closer in their HLA antigenic profile to polynesians than to Melanesians.", "PMID": 87022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10502", "title": "NE1: a new neutrophil specific antigen.", "content": "The sera of three children with chronic benign neutropenia, due to anti-neutrophil antibodies, were studied with respect to their antibody specificity. This was done by screening the sera against a panel of leukocyte donors in the EDTA micro-agglutination test and in the indirect fluorescence test. Two of the sera contained antibodies against the known neutrophil-specific antigen NA2. The third serum was directed against a new neutrophil-specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed no correlation between this antigen and the already known neutrophil-specific antigens: 9A, NA1, NA2, NB1, and NC1. In the Dutch population the frequency of the new antigen, tentatively called NE1, is 23%, which gives a gene frequency of 0.12.", "contents": "NE1: a new neutrophil specific antigen. The sera of three children with chronic benign neutropenia, due to anti-neutrophil antibodies, were studied with respect to their antibody specificity. This was done by screening the sera against a panel of leukocyte donors in the EDTA micro-agglutination test and in the indirect fluorescence test. Two of the sera contained antibodies against the known neutrophil-specific antigen NA2. The third serum was directed against a new neutrophil-specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed no correlation between this antigen and the already known neutrophil-specific antigens: 9A, NA1, NA2, NB1, and NC1. In the Dutch population the frequency of the new antigen, tentatively called NE1, is 23%, which gives a gene frequency of 0.12.", "PMID": 87023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10503", "title": "HLA--DR typing of frozen B lymphocytes.", "content": "In the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic microtechnique it was found that antibody-killed frozen B lymphocytes are sufficiently stained for reliable reading after 30 min of incubation with trypan blue, while the background of staining is only about 10%. During the next 30 min of incubation, however, the background of staining increases to about 30%, whereafter it remains constant for at least 24 h. Formaldehyde is able to stop the trypan blue uptake by killed or damaged lymphocytes completely. Consequently, if formaldehyde is added to the reactions 30 min after the trypan blue addition, the otherwise rapidly increasing background of staining is kept at an acceptable level of 10%, thus making HLA-DR typing of frozen stored B lymphocytes possible. The trypan blue staining seems rather independent of incubation conditions before the addition of the dye. Similar results were obtained with T lymphocytes.", "contents": "HLA--DR typing of frozen B lymphocytes. In the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic microtechnique it was found that antibody-killed frozen B lymphocytes are sufficiently stained for reliable reading after 30 min of incubation with trypan blue, while the background of staining is only about 10%. During the next 30 min of incubation, however, the background of staining increases to about 30%, whereafter it remains constant for at least 24 h. Formaldehyde is able to stop the trypan blue uptake by killed or damaged lymphocytes completely. Consequently, if formaldehyde is added to the reactions 30 min after the trypan blue addition, the otherwise rapidly increasing background of staining is kept at an acceptable level of 10%, thus making HLA-DR typing of frozen stored B lymphocytes possible. The trypan blue staining seems rather independent of incubation conditions before the addition of the dye. Similar results were obtained with T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 87024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10504", "title": "Definition of two LD antigens in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey lymphocyte-defined (LD) antigens have been identified using two typing cells as stiumlators in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) assay. An analysis of the genetic behavior of these LD antigens in six rhesus monkey families revealed that both antigens were linked with RhLA. One probable recombinant indicated that the LD locus lies outside the two known RhLA-SD loci and the locus which controls the serum protein, properdin B(Bf). These two antigens, LD1 and LD2, had observed gene frequencies of 0.07 and 0.25, respectively. Neither of these two new LD antigens was significantly associated with any serologically defined (SD) antigen.", "contents": "Definition of two LD antigens in rhesus monkeys. Two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey lymphocyte-defined (LD) antigens have been identified using two typing cells as stiumlators in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) assay. An analysis of the genetic behavior of these LD antigens in six rhesus monkey families revealed that both antigens were linked with RhLA. One probable recombinant indicated that the LD locus lies outside the two known RhLA-SD loci and the locus which controls the serum protein, properdin B(Bf). These two antigens, LD1 and LD2, had observed gene frequencies of 0.07 and 0.25, respectively. Neither of these two new LD antigens was significantly associated with any serologically defined (SD) antigen.", "PMID": 87026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10505", "title": "HLA haplotype associations with disease.", "content": "Interest recently has extended to the problem of looking for HLA haplotype associations with particular diseases. Higher order interactions, that is to say of particular haplotypes with a disease, are much more complicated than individual antigen associations, with which most disease studies have so far been concerned. Our aim in this work is to explain the concept of higher order interactions and to discuss the difficulties involved when trying to measure such haplotype associations. The main emphasis is to point out that it is not easily possible to detect haplotype associations if an individual antigen association with the disease exists.", "contents": "HLA haplotype associations with disease. Interest recently has extended to the problem of looking for HLA haplotype associations with particular diseases. Higher order interactions, that is to say of particular haplotypes with a disease, are much more complicated than individual antigen associations, with which most disease studies have so far been concerned. Our aim in this work is to explain the concept of higher order interactions and to discuss the difficulties involved when trying to measure such haplotype associations. The main emphasis is to point out that it is not easily possible to detect haplotype associations if an individual antigen association with the disease exists.", "PMID": 87027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10506", "title": "The HLA antigens and leprosy in Thailand.", "content": "HLA-A and -B locus antigens were determined in 170 unrelated patients with leprosy and 100 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant deviations from expected antigen distribution in patients with any of the various forms of leprosy, though the number of patients studied is relatively small. There were some interesting trends, particularly a possible decrease in the number of tuberculoid patients with A9, and an increase in the proportions of lepromatous patients with B18 and B40. Limited evidence of a genetically controlled pre-disposition to the clinical manifestations of leprosy suggests that further studies with extended typing should be carried out on the HLA haplotype segregation in informative leprosy families. These should provide a clearer indication of the relevance of the HLA (including DR) and possibly of other non-HLA loci to the possible mechanism(s) of disease susceptibility.", "contents": "The HLA antigens and leprosy in Thailand. HLA-A and -B locus antigens were determined in 170 unrelated patients with leprosy and 100 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant deviations from expected antigen distribution in patients with any of the various forms of leprosy, though the number of patients studied is relatively small. There were some interesting trends, particularly a possible decrease in the number of tuberculoid patients with A9, and an increase in the proportions of lepromatous patients with B18 and B40. Limited evidence of a genetically controlled pre-disposition to the clinical manifestations of leprosy suggests that further studies with extended typing should be carried out on the HLA haplotype segregation in informative leprosy families. These should provide a clearer indication of the relevance of the HLA (including DR) and possibly of other non-HLA loci to the possible mechanism(s) of disease susceptibility.", "PMID": 87028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10507", "title": "Hemolytic plaque formation to allogeneic human type A and B red cells.", "content": "Plaque-forming cells can be generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes provided that the lymphocytes are prestimulated by in vitro sensitization in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. Of 91 blood type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell A antigen, 52% responded with plaque formation, whereas of 40 type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell B antigen, only 20% produced plaques. Similarly, reciprocal stimulation of type A and B persons showed higher plaque formation (65%) when 23 type B persons were stimulated with A than when 48 type A persons were stimulated with B red cells (19%). An optimal dilution of sensitizing cells is necessary and maximum time of sensitization was approximately 7 days.", "contents": "Hemolytic plaque formation to allogeneic human type A and B red cells. Plaque-forming cells can be generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes provided that the lymphocytes are prestimulated by in vitro sensitization in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. Of 91 blood type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell A antigen, 52% responded with plaque formation, whereas of 40 type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell B antigen, only 20% produced plaques. Similarly, reciprocal stimulation of type A and B persons showed higher plaque formation (65%) when 23 type B persons were stimulated with A than when 48 type A persons were stimulated with B red cells (19%). An optimal dilution of sensitizing cells is necessary and maximum time of sensitization was approximately 7 days.", "PMID": 87029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10508", "title": "Specificity of human lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro. II. Discrimination and cross-reactivity in repeated priming.", "content": "When studying the specificity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro against HLA-D determinants on allogeneic cells, it was found that specific restimulation of the primed cells 10 days after the first priming did not influence their discriminatory power compared to cells primed only once. Likewise, priming to one HLA-D determinant and repeated priming against another HLA-D determinant did not change the discrimination for the first priming antigen. Neither was there any increased relative reactivity to the second priming determinant. On simultaneous priming against two HLA-D determinants carried by two different stimulating cells, a good discrimination for both antigens was obtained compared to third party cells, but if the stimulations were separated by 24 h or more, the second priming was mainly without effect. Antigeneic competition is thought to be the mechanism involved in this early restriction of specificity.", "contents": "Specificity of human lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro. II. Discrimination and cross-reactivity in repeated priming. When studying the specificity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro against HLA-D determinants on allogeneic cells, it was found that specific restimulation of the primed cells 10 days after the first priming did not influence their discriminatory power compared to cells primed only once. Likewise, priming to one HLA-D determinant and repeated priming against another HLA-D determinant did not change the discrimination for the first priming antigen. Neither was there any increased relative reactivity to the second priming determinant. On simultaneous priming against two HLA-D determinants carried by two different stimulating cells, a good discrimination for both antigens was obtained compared to third party cells, but if the stimulations were separated by 24 h or more, the second priming was mainly without effect. Antigeneic competition is thought to be the mechanism involved in this early restriction of specificity.", "PMID": 87030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10509", "title": "HLA antigens and monoclonal gammapathy.", "content": "Despite the strict criteria required to distinguish Multiple Myeloma (M.M.) or Waldstr\u00f6m's Macroglobulinemia (W.M.) from Benign Monoclonal Gammapathy (B.M.G.), nosological frontiers are still unclear and accordingly justify a comparative serological study of M.M., W.M., and B.M.G. patients.", "contents": "HLA antigens and monoclonal gammapathy. Despite the strict criteria required to distinguish Multiple Myeloma (M.M.) or Waldstr\u00f6m's Macroglobulinemia (W.M.) from Benign Monoclonal Gammapathy (B.M.G.), nosological frontiers are still unclear and accordingly justify a comparative serological study of M.M., W.M., and B.M.G. patients.", "PMID": 87032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10510", "title": "Preparation of anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin using Canavalia lineata DC lectin for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.", "content": "To differentiate species-specificity of blood stains, anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin was raised in rabbits against Canavalia lineata DC lectin-serum complex (LSC). Adsorption of anti-LSC with human lipoprotein resulted in antiserum specific for alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was confirmed by Ouchterlony test that the antiserum adsorbed successively with monkey serum or anti-LSC adsorbed directly with monkey serum reacted with only human serum but not with mammalian ones. Immunoelectrosyneresis and anti-LSC consumption test could identify species-specificity of blood stains kept for up to two years and for up to several years, respectively. It is indicated that anti-LSC is quite effective for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.", "contents": "Preparation of anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin using Canavalia lineata DC lectin for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains. To differentiate species-specificity of blood stains, anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin was raised in rabbits against Canavalia lineata DC lectin-serum complex (LSC). Adsorption of anti-LSC with human lipoprotein resulted in antiserum specific for alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was confirmed by Ouchterlony test that the antiserum adsorbed successively with monkey serum or anti-LSC adsorbed directly with monkey serum reacted with only human serum but not with mammalian ones. Immunoelectrosyneresis and anti-LSC consumption test could identify species-specificity of blood stains kept for up to two years and for up to several years, respectively. It is indicated that anti-LSC is quite effective for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.", "PMID": 87033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10511", "title": "Fast green staining of whole embryos for examination and photography.", "content": "Immersion for 15 seconds in a 1:1 solution of 0.25% fast green and 95% ethyl alcohol facilitates the examination of normal and abnormal embryos for gross surface morphology and renders their surface detail highly photogenic. The method does not interfere with subsequent histological staining when the embryos are sectioned.", "contents": "Fast green staining of whole embryos for examination and photography. Immersion for 15 seconds in a 1:1 solution of 0.25% fast green and 95% ethyl alcohol facilitates the examination of normal and abnormal embryos for gross surface morphology and renders their surface detail highly photogenic. The method does not interfere with subsequent histological staining when the embryos are sectioned.", "PMID": 87036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10512", "title": "A histochemical method for gross demonstration of motor end plates.", "content": "The thiocholine-ferricyanide method of Karnovsky and Roots for histochemical demonstration of cholinesterases has been applied to whole fetal and neonatal mice and chicks for the visualization of motor end plate patterns in superficial muscles or deeper muscles exposed by dissection.", "contents": "A histochemical method for gross demonstration of motor end plates. The thiocholine-ferricyanide method of Karnovsky and Roots for histochemical demonstration of cholinesterases has been applied to whole fetal and neonatal mice and chicks for the visualization of motor end plate patterns in superficial muscles or deeper muscles exposed by dissection.", "PMID": 87037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10513", "title": "Cobalt staining of Actinia equina nematocysts.", "content": "Nematocysts of Actinia equina are stained black by incubation in 2% CoCl2 followed by an aqueous wash and H2S treatment. They are also stained positively by morin. Nematocysts isolated from the acrorhage were found to have a high concentration of calcium of which only 30% was \"free.\" It is suggested that the high concentration of calcium in the nematocysts accounts for their staining by cobalt and morin. Cobalt staining offers a simple and effective technique for investigation of nemotocysts.", "contents": "Cobalt staining of Actinia equina nematocysts. Nematocysts of Actinia equina are stained black by incubation in 2% CoCl2 followed by an aqueous wash and H2S treatment. They are also stained positively by morin. Nematocysts isolated from the acrorhage were found to have a high concentration of calcium of which only 30% was \"free.\" It is suggested that the high concentration of calcium in the nematocysts accounts for their staining by cobalt and morin. Cobalt staining offers a simple and effective technique for investigation of nemotocysts.", "PMID": 87038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10514", "title": "[Problems in radiation therapy for carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of radiation therapy within the total treatment for carcinoma of the rectum is reported in this paper. Early treatment with radiological contact methods as well as systemic post operative irradiation of advanced tumor stages are interpreted in detail, and attention is drawn to the importance of pre-operative irradiation meanwhile being tested at many places. Therapy of recurrences and of inoperable tumor stages, including chemotherapy, is explained on the basis of own experiences and of reviewing the data of the literature.", "contents": "[Problems in radiation therapy for carcinoma of the rectum (author's transl)]. The role of radiation therapy within the total treatment for carcinoma of the rectum is reported in this paper. Early treatment with radiological contact methods as well as systemic post operative irradiation of advanced tumor stages are interpreted in detail, and attention is drawn to the importance of pre-operative irradiation meanwhile being tested at many places. Therapy of recurrences and of inoperable tumor stages, including chemotherapy, is explained on the basis of own experiences and of reviewing the data of the literature.", "PMID": 87042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10515", "title": "Rapid quantitative assessment of Theileria infection in ticks.", "content": "A simplified method for methyl green pyronin staining is described for Theileria parva and T. annulata in whole salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Hyalomma anatolicum subspecies respectively. The stain gives results comparable with Feulgen staining and can be used after the ticks have been in cold storage for 3 days. There is considerable variability in the rate and intensity of infection of these ticks with theilerial parasites and it is concluded that the method permits large samples (60 ticks per person per day) to be examined to overcome this variability when assessing infection quantitatively.", "contents": "Rapid quantitative assessment of Theileria infection in ticks. A simplified method for methyl green pyronin staining is described for Theileria parva and T. annulata in whole salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Hyalomma anatolicum subspecies respectively. The stain gives results comparable with Feulgen staining and can be used after the ticks have been in cold storage for 3 days. There is considerable variability in the rate and intensity of infection of these ticks with theilerial parasites and it is concluded that the method permits large samples (60 ticks per person per day) to be examined to overcome this variability when assessing infection quantitatively.", "PMID": 87045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10516", "title": "Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) in advanced gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "The effectiveness of the cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + 5-fluorouracil schedule (CMF) in 28 patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer has been studied. No complete remission was obtained; partial remission and objective improvement constituted 56%. The median response period is calculated at a minimum of 12 months, without significant differences between the group of patients previously subjected to palliative canalization surgery and the group of patients not subjected to this operation. The overall median survival time is 10.8 months. On the basis of the data given, the authors conclude by stressing that the CMF combination should be studied more fully in relation to its use in gastrointestinal forms of cancer.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) in advanced gastrointestinal cancer. The effectiveness of the cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + 5-fluorouracil schedule (CMF) in 28 patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer has been studied. No complete remission was obtained; partial remission and objective improvement constituted 56%. The median response period is calculated at a minimum of 12 months, without significant differences between the group of patients previously subjected to palliative canalization surgery and the group of patients not subjected to this operation. The overall median survival time is 10.8 months. On the basis of the data given, the authors conclude by stressing that the CMF combination should be studied more fully in relation to its use in gastrointestinal forms of cancer.", "PMID": 87046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10517", "title": "Antibody binding to membrane of cultured melanoma cells by sera of melanoma patients.", "content": "One hundred and nine sera from 75 patients with malignant melanoma and 69 sera from as many healthy donors were assayed by isotopic antiglobulin technique (IAT) on 2 melanoma cell lines. The same picture of reactivity was observed with patients' and healthy donors' sera, and in both groups 35% of the cases were high responders on 1 line and 21% on the other one. The specificity of the reactions was analyzed by absorption experiments using 12 melanoma sera selected for their high binding activity. Pools of human erythrocytes or leukocytes did not remove, except in 1 case respectively, the activity of the sera, suggesting that it was not directed against alloantigens. Quantitative absorption experiments were done with the 2 melanoma lines and with 1 colon carcinoma line. The results, evaluated on the basis of absorption capacity per cell, indicate that the 2 melanoma lines had a similar amount of shared antigens, whereas the colon line was also effective in absorbing out the serum activity, but less frequently and less efficiently. Further experiments performed to analyze the influence of culturing the target cells in presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), showed that the activity of sera was removed, at various degrees for different sera, by absorption with free FBS, with FBS coupled to Sepharose 4B, and with normal leukocytes cultured overnight with 10% FBS. The same positive melanoma sera became negative when assayed on the same melanoma line cultured in gamma-globulin-depleted human AB serum. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, the activity of melanoma sera seems mostly directed against components of FBS absorbed on cell membrane during culturing.", "contents": "Antibody binding to membrane of cultured melanoma cells by sera of melanoma patients. One hundred and nine sera from 75 patients with malignant melanoma and 69 sera from as many healthy donors were assayed by isotopic antiglobulin technique (IAT) on 2 melanoma cell lines. The same picture of reactivity was observed with patients' and healthy donors' sera, and in both groups 35% of the cases were high responders on 1 line and 21% on the other one. The specificity of the reactions was analyzed by absorption experiments using 12 melanoma sera selected for their high binding activity. Pools of human erythrocytes or leukocytes did not remove, except in 1 case respectively, the activity of the sera, suggesting that it was not directed against alloantigens. Quantitative absorption experiments were done with the 2 melanoma lines and with 1 colon carcinoma line. The results, evaluated on the basis of absorption capacity per cell, indicate that the 2 melanoma lines had a similar amount of shared antigens, whereas the colon line was also effective in absorbing out the serum activity, but less frequently and less efficiently. Further experiments performed to analyze the influence of culturing the target cells in presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), showed that the activity of sera was removed, at various degrees for different sera, by absorption with free FBS, with FBS coupled to Sepharose 4B, and with normal leukocytes cultured overnight with 10% FBS. The same positive melanoma sera became negative when assayed on the same melanoma line cultured in gamma-globulin-depleted human AB serum. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, the activity of melanoma sera seems mostly directed against components of FBS absorbed on cell membrane during culturing.", "PMID": 87047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10518", "title": "[Comparative study of Y-chromatin and fluorocenters in the interphase nuclei of human cells].", "content": "Y-chromatin of nerve cells and fibroblasts in culture has a similar morphofunctional organization. The average number of fluorocentres in the above-mentioned cells is different, i.e. the number of fluorocentres in neurons is less than that in fibroblasts. The fluorescence intensity of fluorocentres does not depend upon the body size. The data of a comparative study of Y-chromatin permit two classes of bodies to be distinguished depending on fluorescence density and their size.", "contents": "[Comparative study of Y-chromatin and fluorocenters in the interphase nuclei of human cells]. Y-chromatin of nerve cells and fibroblasts in culture has a similar morphofunctional organization. The average number of fluorocentres in the above-mentioned cells is different, i.e. the number of fluorocentres in neurons is less than that in fibroblasts. The fluorescence intensity of fluorocentres does not depend upon the body size. The data of a comparative study of Y-chromatin permit two classes of bodies to be distinguished depending on fluorescence density and their size.", "PMID": 87044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10519", "title": "The effect of short-term high-dose treatment with methenamine hippurate of urinary infection in geriatric patients with indwelling catheters. I. The preparation and morphology of a quantified urine sediment.", "content": "A quantified sediment of the urine from patients with indwelling catheters was prepared by fixation of 0.1 ml urine in 0.9 ml 2% glutaraldehyde immediately after sampling. Slide preparations were then made from 0.2 ml of the glutaraldehyde suspensions by means of a cytocentrifuge. Bacteria and epithelial cells were properly contrasted by the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stain but haematoxylin-eosin and the Papanicolaou stain were superior as regards leukocyte morphology. It is suggested that glutaraldehyde-cytocentrifuge preparations of the urine cytology may be useful in the evaluation of urinary infection and in the evaluation of the therapy of urinary infection.", "contents": "The effect of short-term high-dose treatment with methenamine hippurate of urinary infection in geriatric patients with indwelling catheters. I. The preparation and morphology of a quantified urine sediment. A quantified sediment of the urine from patients with indwelling catheters was prepared by fixation of 0.1 ml urine in 0.9 ml 2% glutaraldehyde immediately after sampling. Slide preparations were then made from 0.2 ml of the glutaraldehyde suspensions by means of a cytocentrifuge. Bacteria and epithelial cells were properly contrasted by the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stain but haematoxylin-eosin and the Papanicolaou stain were superior as regards leukocyte morphology. It is suggested that glutaraldehyde-cytocentrifuge preparations of the urine cytology may be useful in the evaluation of urinary infection and in the evaluation of the therapy of urinary infection.", "PMID": 87049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10520", "title": "The haemostatic effect of purse-string suture in transvesical prostatectomy: a controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a series of 64 consecutive cases of transvesical prostatectomies it is shown that the use of a purse-string suture at the bladder neck significantly reduces the postoperative blood loss. A follow-up 3 months after operation has shown that the suture did not increase the number of either bladder neck stenoses, urinary incontinences, urinary infections or secondary lithiases.", "contents": "The haemostatic effect of purse-string suture in transvesical prostatectomy: a controlled clinical trial. In a series of 64 consecutive cases of transvesical prostatectomies it is shown that the use of a purse-string suture at the bladder neck significantly reduces the postoperative blood loss. A follow-up 3 months after operation has shown that the suture did not increase the number of either bladder neck stenoses, urinary incontinences, urinary infections or secondary lithiases.", "PMID": 87050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10521", "title": "Electrophoretic evaluation of different hormonal receptor sites in the prostate during anti-hormonal treatment and in response to hormones.", "content": "Physical separations of different receptor entities by gradient ultracentrifugation or by separations based on ionic strength are interfered with, either by contamination with non-specific binding sites or they are irrelevant because of the low yield of sites after processing. Electrophoretic separation may give a better resolution because of the different nett charges on SHBG and the specific receptors. Isoelectric microfocussing allows the additional differentiation of sites based on the individual isoelectric points of each entity. Using this method, differentiation of at least three different sites in prostate tissue has been achieved.", "contents": "Electrophoretic evaluation of different hormonal receptor sites in the prostate during anti-hormonal treatment and in response to hormones. Physical separations of different receptor entities by gradient ultracentrifugation or by separations based on ionic strength are interfered with, either by contamination with non-specific binding sites or they are irrelevant because of the low yield of sites after processing. Electrophoretic separation may give a better resolution because of the different nett charges on SHBG and the specific receptors. Isoelectric microfocussing allows the additional differentiation of sites based on the individual isoelectric points of each entity. Using this method, differentiation of at least three different sites in prostate tissue has been achieved.", "PMID": 87051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10522", "title": "Penile horn: verruca vulgaris.", "content": "A case report of penile horn is presented. It is a benign penile wart of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by excessive hypertrophy and cornification of the epithelium. Treatment consists of excision and/or application of bleomycin ointment.", "contents": "Penile horn: verruca vulgaris. A case report of penile horn is presented. It is a benign penile wart of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by excessive hypertrophy and cornification of the epithelium. Treatment consists of excision and/or application of bleomycin ointment.", "PMID": 87057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10523", "title": "[Heterologous antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in the treatment of staphylococcal sepsis].", "content": "The first experience with the immunotherapy of staphylococcal sepsis with heterologous anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin (cozym) with a high antitoxin titer--above 200 A. E./ml--is generalized in the article. The results of the anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin use in 19 patients are analysed. A comparative evaluation of the drug related to the donor preparation is set forth. The advantages of heterologous anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin are grounded.", "contents": "[Heterologous antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in the treatment of staphylococcal sepsis]. The first experience with the immunotherapy of staphylococcal sepsis with heterologous anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin (cozym) with a high antitoxin titer--above 200 A. E./ml--is generalized in the article. The results of the anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin use in 19 patients are analysed. A comparative evaluation of the drug related to the donor preparation is set forth. The advantages of heterologous anti-staphylococcal gamma-globulin are grounded.", "PMID": 87058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10524", "title": "[Control of immunity against swine plague by the viral neutralization test on rabbits].", "content": "An idea may be got on the properties of the vaccine by applying a specific gamma-globulin against swine fever in pigs, mixed in definite amounts with lapinized K-vaccine and this mixture is injected to rabbits. By studying the mixture of sera from pigs, vaccinated against swine fever prior to a fixed period of time, and the K-vaccine, applied to rabbits, an idea may be obtained on the tension of the immunity and re-vaccination requirements may be assessed.", "contents": "[Control of immunity against swine plague by the viral neutralization test on rabbits]. An idea may be got on the properties of the vaccine by applying a specific gamma-globulin against swine fever in pigs, mixed in definite amounts with lapinized K-vaccine and this mixture is injected to rabbits. By studying the mixture of sera from pigs, vaccinated against swine fever prior to a fixed period of time, and the K-vaccine, applied to rabbits, an idea may be obtained on the tension of the immunity and re-vaccination requirements may be assessed.", "PMID": 87059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10525", "title": "[Experiments for the serological establishment of the species of mycobacteria inducing an immune restructuring of the macroorganism].", "content": "Serological investigations are carried out on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig sera with two antigens each of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium bovinus, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium Kanzassi. One of the antigens is obtained through electrohydraulic destruction of delipidated mycobacteria, while the other constitutes cell walls, purified with ribonuclease, of non-delipidated mycobacterial cells, destroyed by the same method. The antigens, prepared by the electrohydraulic method, possess a markedly expressed complement-fixing capacity, conversely to the antigen from cell walls, which is slightly active in complement-fixation tests. Again a trend is observed towards a possible serological indentification of the species of mycobacteria that have caused the immune transformation of the major organism; yet the questions still remain to be settled. The immunogenes used possess a high activity and induce high titre antisera, established also in other investigations, which make reasonable their study as vaccines.", "contents": "[Experiments for the serological establishment of the species of mycobacteria inducing an immune restructuring of the macroorganism]. Serological investigations are carried out on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig sera with two antigens each of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium bovinus, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium Kanzassi. One of the antigens is obtained through electrohydraulic destruction of delipidated mycobacteria, while the other constitutes cell walls, purified with ribonuclease, of non-delipidated mycobacterial cells, destroyed by the same method. The antigens, prepared by the electrohydraulic method, possess a markedly expressed complement-fixing capacity, conversely to the antigen from cell walls, which is slightly active in complement-fixation tests. Again a trend is observed towards a possible serological indentification of the species of mycobacteria that have caused the immune transformation of the major organism; yet the questions still remain to be settled. The immunogenes used possess a high activity and induce high titre antisera, established also in other investigations, which make reasonable their study as vaccines.", "PMID": 87060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10526", "title": "[Arteriolar hyalinosis in testicular biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "Arteriolar hyalinosis is a common post mortem finding in the testes of even young men. Identical arteriolar hyalinoses can be demonstrated in testicular biopsies of patients with infertility or in patients operated on for cryptorchidism. In a series of such biopsies from 2400 patients, the frequency of arteriolar hyalinosis was examined. In 7 cases with positive findings, histochemical studies were carried out and in an additional 14 biopsies electron microscopy was performed. Arteriolar hyalinosis was found in 3.75% of the 2,400 patients with disturbances of fertility or cryptorchidism. The mean age of these patients was 34 years. In 58% of the cases with arteriolar hyalinosis the basic testicular lesion was tubular atrophy, in 22% cryptorchidism. The arteriolar lesions were due to deposits of lipoids and mucopolysaccharides. Electron microscopy revealed a granular material with vacuoles and rarely myelin bodies below the endothelial layer and between myocytes and fibrocytes of the arteriolar wall. In later stages elastin-like material could be demonstrated in the vicinity of the endothelial cells and collagen fibers at the periphery of these deposits. The etiology of testicular arteriolar hyalinosis and its pathogenetic significance are not yet clear.", "contents": "[Arteriolar hyalinosis in testicular biopsies (author's transl)]. Arteriolar hyalinosis is a common post mortem finding in the testes of even young men. Identical arteriolar hyalinoses can be demonstrated in testicular biopsies of patients with infertility or in patients operated on for cryptorchidism. In a series of such biopsies from 2400 patients, the frequency of arteriolar hyalinosis was examined. In 7 cases with positive findings, histochemical studies were carried out and in an additional 14 biopsies electron microscopy was performed. Arteriolar hyalinosis was found in 3.75% of the 2,400 patients with disturbances of fertility or cryptorchidism. The mean age of these patients was 34 years. In 58% of the cases with arteriolar hyalinosis the basic testicular lesion was tubular atrophy, in 22% cryptorchidism. The arteriolar lesions were due to deposits of lipoids and mucopolysaccharides. Electron microscopy revealed a granular material with vacuoles and rarely myelin bodies below the endothelial layer and between myocytes and fibrocytes of the arteriolar wall. In later stages elastin-like material could be demonstrated in the vicinity of the endothelial cells and collagen fibers at the periphery of these deposits. The etiology of testicular arteriolar hyalinosis and its pathogenetic significance are not yet clear.", "PMID": 87061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10527", "title": "[Biological properties of immunocompetent cells].", "content": "Inflammation is characterized by the combined reaction of living tissue of the target organ and various types of white blood cells recruited from the circulation and platelets, which tend to eliminate the injurious agent and to repair the damaged tissue. Much of the current knowledge of the functions and characteristics of human white blood cells has been derived from studies of lymphoid cells from patients with various diseases. The results of recent studies (17, 19, 28) have pointed to the diagnostic importance of the immunocompetent cells. The various characteristics of cells involved in immune mediated reactions of various organs and in circulation in man may lead to a better understanding of immune reactions and finally to effective therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "[Biological properties of immunocompetent cells]. Inflammation is characterized by the combined reaction of living tissue of the target organ and various types of white blood cells recruited from the circulation and platelets, which tend to eliminate the injurious agent and to repair the damaged tissue. Much of the current knowledge of the functions and characteristics of human white blood cells has been derived from studies of lymphoid cells from patients with various diseases. The results of recent studies (17, 19, 28) have pointed to the diagnostic importance of the immunocompetent cells. The various characteristics of cells involved in immune mediated reactions of various organs and in circulation in man may lead to a better understanding of immune reactions and finally to effective therapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 87063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10528", "title": "[Quantitative determination of the alpha-feto-protein in the practice of perinatal medicine. 1st communication: the physiology of the alpha-feto-protein and its quantitative proof by means of electrophoresis in antibody containing gel according to Laurell (author's transl)].", "content": "The alpha-feto-protein (AFP) ist described on the basis of the available literature; its diagnostic use up to the present is outlined, and an immunological method of its quantitative determination is presented. The results obtained by quantitating the level of AFP in the cord serum of 50 mature newborns (-x = 9,9 mg/100 ml) are in good agreement with other reports.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of the alpha-feto-protein in the practice of perinatal medicine. 1st communication: the physiology of the alpha-feto-protein and its quantitative proof by means of electrophoresis in antibody containing gel according to Laurell (author's transl)]. The alpha-feto-protein (AFP) ist described on the basis of the available literature; its diagnostic use up to the present is outlined, and an immunological method of its quantitative determination is presented. The results obtained by quantitating the level of AFP in the cord serum of 50 mature newborns (-x = 9,9 mg/100 ml) are in good agreement with other reports.", "PMID": 87065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10529", "title": "Specific staining of bacilli by means of immuno-indian-ink method and immunofluorescent method.", "content": "The possibilities for identification of B. anthracis are investigated by means of the Immuno-Indian-ink method (IIIM) and the immunofluorescent method (IFM) in their direct and indirect modifications. The specifity of sera against noncapsulated cells of B. anthrasis increases by their adsorption with antigenically related strains of B. cereus as their vegetative cells and spores are killed beforehand with performic acid. Repeated uses of the bacillus suspension for adsorption is possible by treating it with hydrochloric acid in order to restore its antigenic properties. The adsorbed sera against noncapsulated cells of B. anthracis in the direct and indirect modifications of IIIM and IFM stain specifically the 19 investigated B. anthracis strains but none of the 152 strains of saprophytic bacilli. In addition to that the possibility for differentiation of B. anthracis from saprophytic bacilli is established also by combination of cultivation on selective medium, facilitating the capsule formation of B. anthracis with IIIM and IFM, performed with sera against capsule antigens of the anthrax agent.", "contents": "Specific staining of bacilli by means of immuno-indian-ink method and immunofluorescent method. The possibilities for identification of B. anthracis are investigated by means of the Immuno-Indian-ink method (IIIM) and the immunofluorescent method (IFM) in their direct and indirect modifications. The specifity of sera against noncapsulated cells of B. anthrasis increases by their adsorption with antigenically related strains of B. cereus as their vegetative cells and spores are killed beforehand with performic acid. Repeated uses of the bacillus suspension for adsorption is possible by treating it with hydrochloric acid in order to restore its antigenic properties. The adsorbed sera against noncapsulated cells of B. anthracis in the direct and indirect modifications of IIIM and IFM stain specifically the 19 investigated B. anthracis strains but none of the 152 strains of saprophytic bacilli. In addition to that the possibility for differentiation of B. anthracis from saprophytic bacilli is established also by combination of cultivation on selective medium, facilitating the capsule formation of B. anthracis with IIIM and IFM, performed with sera against capsule antigens of the anthrax agent.", "PMID": 87066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10530", "title": "Environmental chemicals and nervous system dysfunction.", "content": "Selected examples of associations between nervous system diseases and exposures to occupational and environmental chemicals have been reviewed. Recent outbreaks of human neurotoxicity from both wellknown and previously unknown toxicants reemphasize the need for the medical community to give increased attention to chemical causes of nervous system dysfunction.", "contents": "Environmental chemicals and nervous system dysfunction. Selected examples of associations between nervous system diseases and exposures to occupational and environmental chemicals have been reviewed. Recent outbreaks of human neurotoxicity from both wellknown and previously unknown toxicants reemphasize the need for the medical community to give increased attention to chemical causes of nervous system dysfunction.", "PMID": 87062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10531", "title": "[Immunogenic complexes of the soluble surface antigens of Sh. sonnei].", "content": "The comparative study of the immunogenic properties of Sh. sonnei (phases I and II) soluble surface antigens obtained by the modified method of aqueous-saline extraction and Sh. sonnei (phase I) antigen obtained by Boivin's method was made with the use of the keratoconjunctival test in guinea pigs. The protective activity of a high molecular fraction obtained by the fractionation of phase I soluble surface antigens in Sepharose 4B was studied. Boivin's antigen, when used for immunization in optimum doses, was found to have pronounced protective properties, whereas phase II soluble surface antigens showed no protective activity. A high molecular fraction obtained from phase I soluble surface antigen was found to be the most immunogenic. Protective activity was largely connected with protein antigen. The question whether protein antigen was an independent protective antigen or whether it constituted a part of a complex which determined the protective activity of a high molecular fraction remained unsolved.", "contents": "[Immunogenic complexes of the soluble surface antigens of Sh. sonnei]. The comparative study of the immunogenic properties of Sh. sonnei (phases I and II) soluble surface antigens obtained by the modified method of aqueous-saline extraction and Sh. sonnei (phase I) antigen obtained by Boivin's method was made with the use of the keratoconjunctival test in guinea pigs. The protective activity of a high molecular fraction obtained by the fractionation of phase I soluble surface antigens in Sepharose 4B was studied. Boivin's antigen, when used for immunization in optimum doses, was found to have pronounced protective properties, whereas phase II soluble surface antigens showed no protective activity. A high molecular fraction obtained from phase I soluble surface antigen was found to be the most immunogenic. Protective activity was largely connected with protein antigen. The question whether protein antigen was an independent protective antigen or whether it constituted a part of a complex which determined the protective activity of a high molecular fraction remained unsolved.", "PMID": 87068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10532", "title": "[Role of macrophages in the immune response to soluble protein antigen and in staphylococcal infection].", "content": "In experiments on rabbits immunized with soluble protein antigen immune reactions were found to be accompanied by the production of lipofuscin in macrophages. This process was the morphological manifestation of the digestion of antigen by macrophages which thus acquired the ability to migrate in the organ and to form lymphoid follicules in the medullary zone of lymph nodes. The newly formed follicules seem to be the basis of pronounced specific immune response. In staphylococcal bacteriemia the phagocytic activity of macrophages was delayed, thus causing disturbances in lipofuscin production; as a result, the subsequent phases of immune response also lagged somewhat behind in time.", "contents": "[Role of macrophages in the immune response to soluble protein antigen and in staphylococcal infection]. In experiments on rabbits immunized with soluble protein antigen immune reactions were found to be accompanied by the production of lipofuscin in macrophages. This process was the morphological manifestation of the digestion of antigen by macrophages which thus acquired the ability to migrate in the organ and to form lymphoid follicules in the medullary zone of lymph nodes. The newly formed follicules seem to be the basis of pronounced specific immune response. In staphylococcal bacteriemia the phagocytic activity of macrophages was delayed, thus causing disturbances in lipofuscin production; as a result, the subsequent phases of immune response also lagged somewhat behind in time.", "PMID": 87069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10533", "title": "[Design of stable immunoglobulin erythrocyte diagnostica. 1. Erythocyte fixation and their sensitization by specific immunoglobulins].", "content": "The work presents the results of developing the method of fixation of erythrocyte constituting the cellular base of immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations and the sensitization of erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations of various specificity. Based on Ingraham's method, modified method of erythrocyte stabilization has been developed; it consists in the treatment of 50% cell suspension with 4% formaldehyde solution in the presence of 0.5% sucrose (erythrocyte suspension and formaldehyde solution being in the ratio 1 : 2.5). An economic and highly productive technique of sensitizing erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations has been developed. The essence of this technique lies in the interaction between 6% suspension of erythrocytes treated with formalin and tannin and the equal volume of sensitin taken in a working dose. The work also presents the method of synthesizing the bifunctional compound fluoro-borate bis-daizonium complex (obtained from benzidine) and discusses the comparative possibilities of the methods of developing immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations by sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes and by chemical conjugation.", "contents": "[Design of stable immunoglobulin erythrocyte diagnostica. 1. Erythocyte fixation and their sensitization by specific immunoglobulins]. The work presents the results of developing the method of fixation of erythrocyte constituting the cellular base of immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations and the sensitization of erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations of various specificity. Based on Ingraham's method, modified method of erythrocyte stabilization has been developed; it consists in the treatment of 50% cell suspension with 4% formaldehyde solution in the presence of 0.5% sucrose (erythrocyte suspension and formaldehyde solution being in the ratio 1 : 2.5). An economic and highly productive technique of sensitizing erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations has been developed. The essence of this technique lies in the interaction between 6% suspension of erythrocytes treated with formalin and tannin and the equal volume of sensitin taken in a working dose. The work also presents the method of synthesizing the bifunctional compound fluoro-borate bis-daizonium complex (obtained from benzidine) and discusses the comparative possibilities of the methods of developing immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations by sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes and by chemical conjugation.", "PMID": 87070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10534", "title": "[Admixtures present in antitoxic horse sera and pepsin preparations].", "content": "Antitoxic therapeutic sera produced by the method \"Diaferm-3\" (devised at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences) are contaminated in the process of production with group-specific substances and extraneous enzymes contained in crude preparations of swine pepsin. These ballast substances have a negative influence on the process of purification and the stability of antitoxin during the storage of the sera and constitute one of the reasons of their high reactogenicity.", "contents": "[Admixtures present in antitoxic horse sera and pepsin preparations]. Antitoxic therapeutic sera produced by the method \"Diaferm-3\" (devised at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences) are contaminated in the process of production with group-specific substances and extraneous enzymes contained in crude preparations of swine pepsin. These ballast substances have a negative influence on the process of purification and the stability of antitoxin during the storage of the sera and constitute one of the reasons of their high reactogenicity.", "PMID": 87071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10535", "title": "The cellular infiltrate in contact hypersensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse.", "content": "In the present work, the contact hypersensitivity skin test reaction to picryl chloride in CBA mice was examined. The test was performed by applying the contact allergen to the ear skin and making a series of histological analyses up to 24 hours after challenge. An increment in ear thickness, measured with an engineer's micrometer 24 hours after challenge, was obvious in a group of sensitized mice when compared with a nonsensitized control group, and the difference was found to be highly significant. One hour after challenge, mononuclear cells appeared in the dermis, increasing in numbers during the following 12 hours. At this time, neutrophil granulocytes were the dominant cells in the infiltrate and remained so up to 24 hours after challenge. On the basis of the experiments performed here we conclude that measuring of the ear swelling with a micrometer 24 hours after challenge is a useful and reliable test of contact sensitivity in the mouse.", "contents": "The cellular infiltrate in contact hypersensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse. In the present work, the contact hypersensitivity skin test reaction to picryl chloride in CBA mice was examined. The test was performed by applying the contact allergen to the ear skin and making a series of histological analyses up to 24 hours after challenge. An increment in ear thickness, measured with an engineer's micrometer 24 hours after challenge, was obvious in a group of sensitized mice when compared with a nonsensitized control group, and the difference was found to be highly significant. One hour after challenge, mononuclear cells appeared in the dermis, increasing in numbers during the following 12 hours. At this time, neutrophil granulocytes were the dominant cells in the infiltrate and remained so up to 24 hours after challenge. On the basis of the experiments performed here we conclude that measuring of the ear swelling with a micrometer 24 hours after challenge is a useful and reliable test of contact sensitivity in the mouse.", "PMID": 87073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10536", "title": "Photodynamic reactions induced by compounds derived from lichens.", "content": "Contact dermatitis from lichens is now well documented but the possible influence of exposure to sunlight is less clear. Positive reactions on photopatch testing has recently been described, but whether this represented an unspecific exacerbation or a true photoallergic response was difficult to evaluate. In this study 13 different substances derived from lichens commonly found in nature were investigated with regard to their capacity to induce photo-oxidative membrane damage, as revealed by the photohemolysis technique. It was found that the earlier suggested ability to induce photosensitization could be confirmed for several of the lichen compounds investigated. It was also shown that singlet state excited oxygen may participate to some degree in some of these reactions.", "contents": "Photodynamic reactions induced by compounds derived from lichens. Contact dermatitis from lichens is now well documented but the possible influence of exposure to sunlight is less clear. Positive reactions on photopatch testing has recently been described, but whether this represented an unspecific exacerbation or a true photoallergic response was difficult to evaluate. In this study 13 different substances derived from lichens commonly found in nature were investigated with regard to their capacity to induce photo-oxidative membrane damage, as revealed by the photohemolysis technique. It was found that the earlier suggested ability to induce photosensitization could be confirmed for several of the lichen compounds investigated. It was also shown that singlet state excited oxygen may participate to some degree in some of these reactions.", "PMID": 87074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10537", "title": "Studies on Fc-receptor-bearing mononuclear leukocytes from peripheral blood of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Isopaque-Ficoll separated mononuclear cell suspensions from peripheral blood of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and healthy controls were investigated by means of a rosette assay for Fc-receptor-bearing leukocytes (EA-RFC), peroxidase staining for monocytes (Pox) and a plaque formation assay (PFC) as well as a 51Cr release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The cell suspensions were investigated both before and after fractionation on nylon fibre columns. In the patients the mean percentage of PFC in unfractionated cell suspensions was significantly higher than in the controls. In fractionated cell suspensions both the mean percentage of EA-RFC and the mean cytotoxicity index in the 51Cr release assay were significantly lower than in the controls. There were no differences in the percentages of PFC- and Pox-positive cells in fractionated cell suspensions. The results suggest a numerical defect of circulating Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes as estimated both by the rosette assay and the 51Cr release assay. These data may reflect a pathogenetic role of these lymphocytes in DH.", "contents": "Studies on Fc-receptor-bearing mononuclear leukocytes from peripheral blood of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Isopaque-Ficoll separated mononuclear cell suspensions from peripheral blood of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and healthy controls were investigated by means of a rosette assay for Fc-receptor-bearing leukocytes (EA-RFC), peroxidase staining for monocytes (Pox) and a plaque formation assay (PFC) as well as a 51Cr release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The cell suspensions were investigated both before and after fractionation on nylon fibre columns. In the patients the mean percentage of PFC in unfractionated cell suspensions was significantly higher than in the controls. In fractionated cell suspensions both the mean percentage of EA-RFC and the mean cytotoxicity index in the 51Cr release assay were significantly lower than in the controls. There were no differences in the percentages of PFC- and Pox-positive cells in fractionated cell suspensions. The results suggest a numerical defect of circulating Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes as estimated both by the rosette assay and the 51Cr release assay. These data may reflect a pathogenetic role of these lymphocytes in DH.", "PMID": 87075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10538", "title": "HLA antigens in patients with lichen planus.", "content": "HLA-ABC antigens were determined in 89 patients with biopsy-confirmed lichen planus, and the HLA antigen frequencies were compared with those in 1967 controls. The younger patients were predominantly male, the older patients predominantly female. No significant association was found between HLA types and lichen planus in this study. A slightly greater incidence of HLA-A3 and B5 antigens was seen, but this increased frequency was not as pronounced as reported by others. When combined, available data on HLA and lichen planus indicate a slightly, but significantly, increased frequency of HLA-A3. None of the HLA antigens known to be associated with insulin-dependent diabetes are associated with lichen planus.", "contents": "HLA antigens in patients with lichen planus. HLA-ABC antigens were determined in 89 patients with biopsy-confirmed lichen planus, and the HLA antigen frequencies were compared with those in 1967 controls. The younger patients were predominantly male, the older patients predominantly female. No significant association was found between HLA types and lichen planus in this study. A slightly greater incidence of HLA-A3 and B5 antigens was seen, but this increased frequency was not as pronounced as reported by others. When combined, available data on HLA and lichen planus indicate a slightly, but significantly, increased frequency of HLA-A3. None of the HLA antigens known to be associated with insulin-dependent diabetes are associated with lichen planus.", "PMID": 87076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10539", "title": "Oral photochemotherapy in lichen planus (LP) and mycosis fungoides (MF): ultrastructural modifications of the infiltrating cells.", "content": "Six patients (5 with mycosis fungoides and 1 with lichen planus) treated with PUVA, were subjected to biopsy of lesional skin before and during oral photochemotherapy. Ultrastructurally, a reduction in the density of cellular infiltrate was observed in the superficial dermis. In the same areas, necrotic cellular changes were observed. PUVA therapy exercises its beneficial effect by direct destruction of these cells.", "contents": "Oral photochemotherapy in lichen planus (LP) and mycosis fungoides (MF): ultrastructural modifications of the infiltrating cells. Six patients (5 with mycosis fungoides and 1 with lichen planus) treated with PUVA, were subjected to biopsy of lesional skin before and during oral photochemotherapy. Ultrastructurally, a reduction in the density of cellular infiltrate was observed in the superficial dermis. In the same areas, necrotic cellular changes were observed. PUVA therapy exercises its beneficial effect by direct destruction of these cells.", "PMID": 87077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10540", "title": "In situ identification of mononuclear cells infiltrating cutaneous carcinoma: an immuno-histochemical study.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the exact nature of the cells surrounding cutaneous tumours. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were tested with a horse antihuman T lymphocyte serum and with IgG, IgA and IgM rabbit antihuman serum. All the sections were respectively treated with rabbit anti-horse or swine antirabbit peroxidase-labelled serum. The advantages offered by the immunoperoxidase technique are briefly discussed. T cells are in overwhelming proportion in comparison with IgG, IgA and IgM bearing cells. This seems a further demonstration that mononuclear infiltrate surrounding cutaneous carcinoma mainly represents a cell-mediated immune response.", "contents": "In situ identification of mononuclear cells infiltrating cutaneous carcinoma: an immuno-histochemical study. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the exact nature of the cells surrounding cutaneous tumours. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were tested with a horse antihuman T lymphocyte serum and with IgG, IgA and IgM rabbit antihuman serum. All the sections were respectively treated with rabbit anti-horse or swine antirabbit peroxidase-labelled serum. The advantages offered by the immunoperoxidase technique are briefly discussed. T cells are in overwhelming proportion in comparison with IgG, IgA and IgM bearing cells. This seems a further demonstration that mononuclear infiltrate surrounding cutaneous carcinoma mainly represents a cell-mediated immune response.", "PMID": 87078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10541", "title": "An in vitro study of IgE production in severe atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 4 patients with severe atopic dermatitis and with high serum IgE levels produced measurable amounts of IgE in vitro in repeated tests. These patients had increased numbers of IgE-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes on at least one test occasion. No measurable IgE production in vitro was found in 6 other patients with atopic dermatitis and in 3 healthy controls. Inhibition of the IgE production was observed following treatment with PHA, Con A, PWM, mixed lymphocyte culture and radiation. LPS and histamine induced neither definite stimulation nor inhibition of IgE production. Supernatants from Con A stimulated cells were used in tests for suppressor factors. The hypothesis that depressed suppressor function of the T cells might be responsible for the tendency to increased IgE production in atopic dermatitis is discussed.", "contents": "An in vitro study of IgE production in severe atopic dermatitis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 4 patients with severe atopic dermatitis and with high serum IgE levels produced measurable amounts of IgE in vitro in repeated tests. These patients had increased numbers of IgE-bearing peripheral blood lymphocytes on at least one test occasion. No measurable IgE production in vitro was found in 6 other patients with atopic dermatitis and in 3 healthy controls. Inhibition of the IgE production was observed following treatment with PHA, Con A, PWM, mixed lymphocyte culture and radiation. LPS and histamine induced neither definite stimulation nor inhibition of IgE production. Supernatants from Con A stimulated cells were used in tests for suppressor factors. The hypothesis that depressed suppressor function of the T cells might be responsible for the tendency to increased IgE production in atopic dermatitis is discussed.", "PMID": 87079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10542", "title": "In vivo and in vitro immune responses to trichophytin in dermatophytosis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity in patients with verified dermatophytosis was investigated by means of skin test and lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) using purified trichophytin, prepared by the ethylene glycol method, and commercially available trichophytin. The purified trichophytin seemed to be more specific and sensitive both in skin test and in LST. In the majority of cases skin-positive patients were also positive in LST, especially when T. mentagrophytes or E. floccosum was the causative organism. Patients with non-chronic infections also showed a close correlation between skin reactivity and LST. Patients with chronic mycosis or infected with T. rubrum, on the other hand, were often skin-negative. Their lymphocyte reactivity in vitro, however, was usually positive, thus showing a discrepancy in the ability of these two methods to measure cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro immune responses to trichophytin in dermatophytosis. Cell-mediated immunity in patients with verified dermatophytosis was investigated by means of skin test and lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) using purified trichophytin, prepared by the ethylene glycol method, and commercially available trichophytin. The purified trichophytin seemed to be more specific and sensitive both in skin test and in LST. In the majority of cases skin-positive patients were also positive in LST, especially when T. mentagrophytes or E. floccosum was the causative organism. Patients with non-chronic infections also showed a close correlation between skin reactivity and LST. Patients with chronic mycosis or infected with T. rubrum, on the other hand, were often skin-negative. Their lymphocyte reactivity in vitro, however, was usually positive, thus showing a discrepancy in the ability of these two methods to measure cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 87080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10543", "title": "Dermatological manifestations in psoriatic arthritis: a follow-up study.", "content": "Of 227 patients with psoriasis and rheumatic complaints, inflammatory arthritis was present in 168 patients, of whom 95 have been followed up for more than 5 years and 28 had been followed up for more than 10 years. In patients with psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis the majority were women, but in the Distal joint group, males predominated. The skin disease usually began on the arms and was restricted in extent, initially. It usually began before the arthritis. A few cases were apparently precipitated by trauma, but more by psychological factors. The course pursued by the skin lesions was generally favourable. The skin lesions were resistant to treatment in 20% of the patients. Puberty, pregnancy and the menopause had little effect on the skin lesions. Nail lesions were present in 80%, a greater frequency than that seen in uncomplicated psoriasis. These nail lesions began at a later age than the skin lesions, and commonly preceded the development of arthritis. There was a family history of psoriasis in 26% of first-degree relatives. A history of polyarthritis was obtained quite frequently, and of psoriatic arthritis in 3% of patients with Distal arthritis, and 2% of the Indistinguishable group. The arthritis was usually mild in degree. Ankylosing spondylitis occurred in 5% and sacro-iliitis in 19%. The sheep cell agglutination test for rheumatoid factor was negative in the majority of patients. It was positive in 16% and a fluctuating positive result was obtained in 10%.", "contents": "Dermatological manifestations in psoriatic arthritis: a follow-up study. Of 227 patients with psoriasis and rheumatic complaints, inflammatory arthritis was present in 168 patients, of whom 95 have been followed up for more than 5 years and 28 had been followed up for more than 10 years. In patients with psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis the majority were women, but in the Distal joint group, males predominated. The skin disease usually began on the arms and was restricted in extent, initially. It usually began before the arthritis. A few cases were apparently precipitated by trauma, but more by psychological factors. The course pursued by the skin lesions was generally favourable. The skin lesions were resistant to treatment in 20% of the patients. Puberty, pregnancy and the menopause had little effect on the skin lesions. Nail lesions were present in 80%, a greater frequency than that seen in uncomplicated psoriasis. These nail lesions began at a later age than the skin lesions, and commonly preceded the development of arthritis. There was a family history of psoriasis in 26% of first-degree relatives. A history of polyarthritis was obtained quite frequently, and of psoriatic arthritis in 3% of patients with Distal arthritis, and 2% of the Indistinguishable group. The arthritis was usually mild in degree. Ankylosing spondylitis occurred in 5% and sacro-iliitis in 19%. The sheep cell agglutination test for rheumatoid factor was negative in the majority of patients. It was positive in 16% and a fluctuating positive result was obtained in 10%.", "PMID": 87081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10544", "title": "Oral retinoid and UVB radiation: a new, alternative treatment for psoriasis on an out-patient basis.", "content": "The combined application of an oral retinoid (Ro 10-9359) and phototherapy with predominantly UVB radiation (Selective Ultraviolet Phototherapy=SUP) is a new, highly effective method of treating psoriasis. It has few side effects and can be performed on an out-patient basis. With the aid of this combined treatment we achieved good or very good improvement in 19 out of 23 patients with generalized psoriasis (=82.6%). The average number of radiation sessions required to achieve this was 22.9, and the mean total therapeutic dose (TTD) was 73 J/cm2. In a control group of 40 psoriasis patients, who received only radiation therapy, we achieved good or very good results in only 60% with an average of 26 radiation sessions and 94 J/cm2 TTD. The effect of the oral retinoid and UVB radiation therapy is apparently additive, since the retinoid does not increase the sensitivity of the skin to light.", "contents": "Oral retinoid and UVB radiation: a new, alternative treatment for psoriasis on an out-patient basis. The combined application of an oral retinoid (Ro 10-9359) and phototherapy with predominantly UVB radiation (Selective Ultraviolet Phototherapy=SUP) is a new, highly effective method of treating psoriasis. It has few side effects and can be performed on an out-patient basis. With the aid of this combined treatment we achieved good or very good improvement in 19 out of 23 patients with generalized psoriasis (=82.6%). The average number of radiation sessions required to achieve this was 22.9, and the mean total therapeutic dose (TTD) was 73 J/cm2. In a control group of 40 psoriasis patients, who received only radiation therapy, we achieved good or very good results in only 60% with an average of 26 radiation sessions and 94 J/cm2 TTD. The effect of the oral retinoid and UVB radiation therapy is apparently additive, since the retinoid does not increase the sensitivity of the skin to light.", "PMID": 87082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10545", "title": "Systemic effects of local treatment with high doses of potent corticosteroids in psoriatics.", "content": "The risk of systemic effects of high doses of potent topical corticosteroids was evaluated in 6 psoriatics with lesions on more than 50% of the body surface. Before the examinations the patients had been treated for 3-4 months with 35-65 g fluorinated corticosteroids daily. General clinical examination, plasma cortisol determinations, and tetracosactrin tests were carried out. One patient showed clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome including diabetes mellitus, another had a slight Cushingoid appearance. The plasma cortisol levels were depressed in 5 of the 6 patients on the first post-treatment day. A subnormal plasmacortisol response to tetracosactrin stimulation was noted in 3 of the patients. In these cases the potent corticosteroid therapy was discontinued. One month later a follow-up was performed, which showed a clinical and laboratory normalization except for the tetracosactrin test in one case. The study emphasizes the risk of serious systemic effects of the absorbed corticosteroids, if high doses are used for long periods.", "contents": "Systemic effects of local treatment with high doses of potent corticosteroids in psoriatics. The risk of systemic effects of high doses of potent topical corticosteroids was evaluated in 6 psoriatics with lesions on more than 50% of the body surface. Before the examinations the patients had been treated for 3-4 months with 35-65 g fluorinated corticosteroids daily. General clinical examination, plasma cortisol determinations, and tetracosactrin tests were carried out. One patient showed clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome including diabetes mellitus, another had a slight Cushingoid appearance. The plasma cortisol levels were depressed in 5 of the 6 patients on the first post-treatment day. A subnormal plasmacortisol response to tetracosactrin stimulation was noted in 3 of the patients. In these cases the potent corticosteroid therapy was discontinued. One month later a follow-up was performed, which showed a clinical and laboratory normalization except for the tetracosactrin test in one case. The study emphasizes the risk of serious systemic effects of the absorbed corticosteroids, if high doses are used for long periods.", "PMID": 87083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10546", "title": "Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp.", "content": "Forty patients with recurrent follicular pustules of the scalp but without obvious necrosis or residual scarring were re-examined (mean 8.3 years after onset of lesions). The most common age at onset was 20-40 years. The sex ratio (M/F) was 3 : 1. Only 7 of 40 patients had concomitant acne vulgaris on the face. All patients still had active, recurring scalp lesions, although 7 out of 40 had had temporary remissions. Post-lesional scarring was not observed. Oral low-dose tetracyclines had a symptomatic effect in 7 of 11 patients. Most of the patients treated topically with steroids and alcoholic lotions experienced little or no effect. Histopathology disclosed a neutrophilic folliculitis. Bacteriological examinations showed only the usual resident microflora of the scalp with P. acnes being the most frequent species. In 3 cases (5 examined pustules), P acnes was isolated from the content of the pustules without being found on the skin surface over the pustule. Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp probably constitutes a disease entity.", "contents": "Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp. Forty patients with recurrent follicular pustules of the scalp but without obvious necrosis or residual scarring were re-examined (mean 8.3 years after onset of lesions). The most common age at onset was 20-40 years. The sex ratio (M/F) was 3 : 1. Only 7 of 40 patients had concomitant acne vulgaris on the face. All patients still had active, recurring scalp lesions, although 7 out of 40 had had temporary remissions. Post-lesional scarring was not observed. Oral low-dose tetracyclines had a symptomatic effect in 7 of 11 patients. Most of the patients treated topically with steroids and alcoholic lotions experienced little or no effect. Histopathology disclosed a neutrophilic folliculitis. Bacteriological examinations showed only the usual resident microflora of the scalp with P. acnes being the most frequent species. In 3 cases (5 examined pustules), P acnes was isolated from the content of the pustules without being found on the skin surface over the pustule. Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp probably constitutes a disease entity.", "PMID": 87084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10547", "title": "Incidence rate of oral lichen planus among Indian villagers.", "content": "In a house-to-house survey in South India, comprising 10,000 villagers, the age-adjusted incidence rate per 1,000 person-years for oral lichen planus was found to be 2.1 for males and 2.5 for females, based upon a 10-year follow-up study. The highest incidence was in the age group 55-64 for males and 45-54 for females. The age-adjusted relative risk was higher for the 'chewing habits' group (6.2) than for the 'smoking habit' group (2.2). The combined effect of the two habits appeared to be multiplicative; the age-adjusted relative risk for the mixed habit group being 13.7.", "contents": "Incidence rate of oral lichen planus among Indian villagers. In a house-to-house survey in South India, comprising 10,000 villagers, the age-adjusted incidence rate per 1,000 person-years for oral lichen planus was found to be 2.1 for males and 2.5 for females, based upon a 10-year follow-up study. The highest incidence was in the age group 55-64 for males and 45-54 for females. The age-adjusted relative risk was higher for the 'chewing habits' group (6.2) than for the 'smoking habit' group (2.2). The combined effect of the two habits appeared to be multiplicative; the age-adjusted relative risk for the mixed habit group being 13.7.", "PMID": 87085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10548", "title": "Dermatitis plantaris sicca: a retrospective study of children with recurrent dermatitis of the feet.", "content": "19 patients with recurrent dermatitis of the feet were re-examined in order to review the atopic predisposition, and the duration of the disease. 14 patients (74%) had a history of atopy, vis-\u00e0-vis 31.5% in the control group. In 8 patients (42%) the dermatitis persisted beyond puberty, though in a clinically considerably milder condition.", "contents": "Dermatitis plantaris sicca: a retrospective study of children with recurrent dermatitis of the feet. 19 patients with recurrent dermatitis of the feet were re-examined in order to review the atopic predisposition, and the duration of the disease. 14 patients (74%) had a history of atopy, vis-\u00e0-vis 31.5% in the control group. In 8 patients (42%) the dermatitis persisted beyond puberty, though in a clinically considerably milder condition.", "PMID": 87086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10549", "title": "Mycosis fungoides with digital ischaemia due to DIC.", "content": "A patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) developed digital ischaemia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides with digital ischaemia due to DIC. A patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) developed digital ischaemia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).", "PMID": 87087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10550", "title": "Does the cancer accompanying acanthosis nigricans contain endocrine cells of the APUD series?", "content": "Following the publication of Hage & Hage, who believe that gastric cancers accompanying malignant acanthosis nigricans might constitute a specific group of carcinomas in which cells from parts of the tumor arise from the APUD-series of endocrine cells, carcinomas of 2 patients with malignant acanthosis nigricans were subjected to investigation. There were no APUD-cells in the adenocarcinomas studied but they were present in the overlying mucosa. It is known, moreover, that internal carcinomas not accompanying malignant acanthosis nigricans may contain APUD cells.", "contents": "Does the cancer accompanying acanthosis nigricans contain endocrine cells of the APUD series? Following the publication of Hage & Hage, who believe that gastric cancers accompanying malignant acanthosis nigricans might constitute a specific group of carcinomas in which cells from parts of the tumor arise from the APUD-series of endocrine cells, carcinomas of 2 patients with malignant acanthosis nigricans were subjected to investigation. There were no APUD-cells in the adenocarcinomas studied but they were present in the overlying mucosa. It is known, moreover, that internal carcinomas not accompanying malignant acanthosis nigricans may contain APUD cells.", "PMID": 87088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10551", "title": "Solitary lichen planus simulating malignant lesions.", "content": "Four patients with similar cutaneous lesions clinically simulating Bowen's disease or basal cell carcinoma revealed histopathological changes of lichen planus. Examination by direct immunofluorescence was performed in two of the patients, showing ovoid bodies containing IgM, IgA and fibrinogen in one patient and IgM and fibrinogen in the other patient.", "contents": "Solitary lichen planus simulating malignant lesions. Four patients with similar cutaneous lesions clinically simulating Bowen's disease or basal cell carcinoma revealed histopathological changes of lichen planus. Examination by direct immunofluorescence was performed in two of the patients, showing ovoid bodies containing IgM, IgA and fibrinogen in one patient and IgM and fibrinogen in the other patient.", "PMID": 87089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10552", "title": "Liver biopsy in PUVA-treated patients.", "content": "Seventy-five liver biopsies were performed in 30 psoriatics and 5 patients with mycosis fungoides undergoing treatment with photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light. All patients had pre- and post-PUVA biopsies, the latter after one year. Five psoriatics had a further biopsy after 2 1/2 years of treatment. No statistically significant differences were found between biopsies taken before and after treatment.", "contents": "Liver biopsy in PUVA-treated patients. Seventy-five liver biopsies were performed in 30 psoriatics and 5 patients with mycosis fungoides undergoing treatment with photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light. All patients had pre- and post-PUVA biopsies, the latter after one year. Five psoriatics had a further biopsy after 2 1/2 years of treatment. No statistically significant differences were found between biopsies taken before and after treatment.", "PMID": 87091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10553", "title": "Clinical trial of a new chromone compound for systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis.", "content": "In a double-blind group comparative study, 14 adults with atopic dermatitis were treated systemically for 6 weeks with a new anti-allergic chromone compound (FPL 57787) 6 mg four times a day. A similar group of 13 adults was given placebo. Both groups improved during the trial in all the clinical assessments without significant differences, but there was a tendency to a decreased use of local treatment (hydrocortisone butyrate) in the active group during the trial. There were no drug-related complaints, but one patient in the active group had transiently elevated liver enzyme levels. Further investigations are warranted.", "contents": "Clinical trial of a new chromone compound for systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis. In a double-blind group comparative study, 14 adults with atopic dermatitis were treated systemically for 6 weeks with a new anti-allergic chromone compound (FPL 57787) 6 mg four times a day. A similar group of 13 adults was given placebo. Both groups improved during the trial in all the clinical assessments without significant differences, but there was a tendency to a decreased use of local treatment (hydrocortisone butyrate) in the active group during the trial. There were no drug-related complaints, but one patient in the active group had transiently elevated liver enzyme levels. Further investigations are warranted.", "PMID": 87092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10554", "title": "Peroral aromatic retinoid treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: double-blind comparison of Ro 10-9359 and placebo.", "content": "Nineteen patients with chronic, recalcitrant palmoplantar pustulosis took either placebo or aromatic retinoid ethyl ester (Ro 10-9359) during a 4-month therapeutic trial. The maximal dose of Ro 10-9359 varied between 25 and 100 mg per day, according to the individual patient's tolerance. An excellent or good therapeutic response was obtained in 6 out of 9 patients on the active medication and in 2 out of 10 patients on placebo. The difference in therapeutic response between the Ro 10-9359 group and the placebo group was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Drying and chapping of the lips was the most common side effect of Ro 10-9359 treatment.", "contents": "Peroral aromatic retinoid treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: double-blind comparison of Ro 10-9359 and placebo. Nineteen patients with chronic, recalcitrant palmoplantar pustulosis took either placebo or aromatic retinoid ethyl ester (Ro 10-9359) during a 4-month therapeutic trial. The maximal dose of Ro 10-9359 varied between 25 and 100 mg per day, according to the individual patient's tolerance. An excellent or good therapeutic response was obtained in 6 out of 9 patients on the active medication and in 2 out of 10 patients on placebo. The difference in therapeutic response between the Ro 10-9359 group and the placebo group was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Drying and chapping of the lips was the most common side effect of Ro 10-9359 treatment.", "PMID": 87093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10555", "title": "Treatment of scabies with disulfiram and benzyl benzoate emulsion: a controlled study.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 38 adults with scabies were treated with the scabicide Tenutex (a proprietary aqueous emulsion containing 0.5% DDT, 2% disulfiram and 22.5% benzyl benzoate) and 42 patients were treated with a similar emulsion lacking DDT. The treatment consisted of a single whole-body (except for the head) application which was washed off after 24 hours. When examined 3 weeks later, both groups were completely cured. Thereafter, a further 35 patients took part in an open trial with the DDT-free Tenutex emulsion and all patients were cured, irrespective of whether the treatments were administered by skilled personnel or by themselves at home. It is concluded that for the treatment of scabies in Sweden, the most commonly used preparation, Tenutex, can be replaced, without risk of loss of efficacy, by an emulsion containing 2% disulfiram and 22.5% benzyl benzoate, i.e. Tenutex without DDT.", "contents": "Treatment of scabies with disulfiram and benzyl benzoate emulsion: a controlled study. In a double-blind study, 38 adults with scabies were treated with the scabicide Tenutex (a proprietary aqueous emulsion containing 0.5% DDT, 2% disulfiram and 22.5% benzyl benzoate) and 42 patients were treated with a similar emulsion lacking DDT. The treatment consisted of a single whole-body (except for the head) application which was washed off after 24 hours. When examined 3 weeks later, both groups were completely cured. Thereafter, a further 35 patients took part in an open trial with the DDT-free Tenutex emulsion and all patients were cured, irrespective of whether the treatments were administered by skilled personnel or by themselves at home. It is concluded that for the treatment of scabies in Sweden, the most commonly used preparation, Tenutex, can be replaced, without risk of loss of efficacy, by an emulsion containing 2% disulfiram and 22.5% benzyl benzoate, i.e. Tenutex without DDT.", "PMID": 87094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10556", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of DDT from a parasiticide used for treatment of scabies.", "content": "Moderately to markedly increased plasma concentrations of DDT and its major metabolite DDE were found in 3 boys 4, 7 and 9 years of age and also in a 50-year-old woman who, because of suspected or proven scabies infection, had all repeatedly received between 7 and 200 applications of Tenutex (a DDT-containing scabicide) during recent years. Normal values were found in 4 untreated children and in 2 children who had been treated with Tenutex four and three times respectively. In 9 adults there was no significant increase in the plasma concentrations of DDT and DDE after a single 24-hour treatment with Tenutex. These results indicate that DDT, a known constituent of the scabicide Tenutex, can be percutaneously absorbed and lead to measurably increased plasma concentrations after repeated application, especially in children.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of DDT from a parasiticide used for treatment of scabies. Moderately to markedly increased plasma concentrations of DDT and its major metabolite DDE were found in 3 boys 4, 7 and 9 years of age and also in a 50-year-old woman who, because of suspected or proven scabies infection, had all repeatedly received between 7 and 200 applications of Tenutex (a DDT-containing scabicide) during recent years. Normal values were found in 4 untreated children and in 2 children who had been treated with Tenutex four and three times respectively. In 9 adults there was no significant increase in the plasma concentrations of DDT and DDE after a single 24-hour treatment with Tenutex. These results indicate that DDT, a known constituent of the scabicide Tenutex, can be percutaneously absorbed and lead to measurably increased plasma concentrations after repeated application, especially in children.", "PMID": 87095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10557", "title": "Erythromycin and lymecycline treatment in chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis--a partner-controlled study.", "content": "A group of 213 men with non-gonococcal urethritis and their sexual partners were treated either with erythromycin stearate 500 mgx2 for 15 days or with lymecycline 300 mgx2 for 10 or 20 days. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 40% of the men, from 26% of their female partners and from 56% of the partners of men with chlamydia-positive urethritis. One hundred and eighty-one men were available for evaluation of therapy. There were no significant differences between the treatment schedules. The cure rate was 86-90% in men with chlamydia-positive and 89-100% in men with chlamydia-negative urethritis. Four of the 17 chlamydia-positive females treated with erythromycin and 2 of the 20 chlamydia-positive females treated with lymecycline for 10 days still had chlamydia at re-examination.", "contents": "Erythromycin and lymecycline treatment in chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis--a partner-controlled study. A group of 213 men with non-gonococcal urethritis and their sexual partners were treated either with erythromycin stearate 500 mgx2 for 15 days or with lymecycline 300 mgx2 for 10 or 20 days. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 40% of the men, from 26% of their female partners and from 56% of the partners of men with chlamydia-positive urethritis. One hundred and eighty-one men were available for evaluation of therapy. There were no significant differences between the treatment schedules. The cure rate was 86-90% in men with chlamydia-positive and 89-100% in men with chlamydia-negative urethritis. Four of the 17 chlamydia-positive females treated with erythromycin and 2 of the 20 chlamydia-positive females treated with lymecycline for 10 days still had chlamydia at re-examination.", "PMID": 87096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10558", "title": "Acridine orange staining of urethral and cervical smears for the diagnosis of gonorrhea.", "content": "Smears of  urethral and cervical discharge for direct microscopical examination of gonococci were stained with acridine orange and methylene blue and the findings compared with culture of direct inoculated plates. These two staining methods yielded similar results. Acridine orange staining seems a valuable alternative due to its sharp image contrast.", "contents": "Acridine orange staining of urethral and cervical smears for the diagnosis of gonorrhea. Smears of  urethral and cervical discharge for direct microscopical examination of gonococci were stained with acridine orange and methylene blue and the findings compared with culture of direct inoculated plates. These two staining methods yielded similar results. Acridine orange staining seems a valuable alternative due to its sharp image contrast.", "PMID": 87097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10559", "title": "An analysis of factors for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes using Giemsa.", "content": "Various reagents were tested for the purpose of developing an improved Giemsa staining technique for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes. Reagents like acids, bases, buffers, protein denaturants and proteolytic enzymes were all potent inducers of differential staining. The best results were obtained by brief trypsinization followed by extraction of nucleic acids by incubation in hot HCl. There was poor contrast between unifilarly and bifilarly BrdU substituted chromatids in slides from which trypsin treatment was omitted. The method of slide preparation as they affect the spreads of BrdU substituted metaphases were also evaluated. The results support the role of these reagents in the conformational changes and structural lesions of chromosomal protein leading to differential staining.", "contents": "An analysis of factors for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes using Giemsa. Various reagents were tested for the purpose of developing an improved Giemsa staining technique for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes. Reagents like acids, bases, buffers, protein denaturants and proteolytic enzymes were all potent inducers of differential staining. The best results were obtained by brief trypsinization followed by extraction of nucleic acids by incubation in hot HCl. There was poor contrast between unifilarly and bifilarly BrdU substituted chromatids in slides from which trypsin treatment was omitted. The method of slide preparation as they affect the spreads of BrdU substituted metaphases were also evaluated. The results support the role of these reagents in the conformational changes and structural lesions of chromosomal protein leading to differential staining.", "PMID": 87099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10560", "title": "Melanin and dopa-positive cells in the skin of tropical cattle.", "content": "Various histochemical and histological techniques were used to study the melanin and dopa-positive cell distribution in the skin of some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Melanin pigments were concentrated in the basal and lower spinous layers of the epidermis and in the hair cortex, follicle sheaths and papillae of the various breeds. In the White Fulani and N'Dama breeds, melanin pigments were however found in all layers of the epidermis. Dopa-positive cells (melanocytes) were observed in the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles; the distribution pattern varied among breeds, being copiously disposed in the basal epidermis and papillary dermis in the White Fulani and Muturu and, except in areas of thick epidermal ridges, scanty in the epidermis and dermis of the Friesian and N'Dama. Mast cell distribution pattern in the various breeds was similar to that of the dopa-positive cells. Peroxidase-positive cells were present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis of the Muturu, widespread in the subepidermal layer of the N'Dama and very scanty in the dermis of the White Fulani and Friesian. Acid phosphatase activity was intense in the granular layer of the Muturu and N'Dama breeds and also in the papillary dermis and hair follicles, whereas alkaline phosphatase-positive dendritic cells, and 'clear' cells were also observed in the basal and upper epidermis.", "contents": "Melanin and dopa-positive cells in the skin of tropical cattle. Various histochemical and histological techniques were used to study the melanin and dopa-positive cell distribution in the skin of some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Melanin pigments were concentrated in the basal and lower spinous layers of the epidermis and in the hair cortex, follicle sheaths and papillae of the various breeds. In the White Fulani and N'Dama breeds, melanin pigments were however found in all layers of the epidermis. Dopa-positive cells (melanocytes) were observed in the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles; the distribution pattern varied among breeds, being copiously disposed in the basal epidermis and papillary dermis in the White Fulani and Muturu and, except in areas of thick epidermal ridges, scanty in the epidermis and dermis of the Friesian and N'Dama. Mast cell distribution pattern in the various breeds was similar to that of the dopa-positive cells. Peroxidase-positive cells were present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis of the Muturu, widespread in the subepidermal layer of the N'Dama and very scanty in the dermis of the White Fulani and Friesian. Acid phosphatase activity was intense in the granular layer of the Muturu and N'Dama breeds and also in the papillary dermis and hair follicles, whereas alkaline phosphatase-positive dendritic cells, and 'clear' cells were also observed in the basal and upper epidermis.", "PMID": 87102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10561", "title": "Microdissection in the study of renal structure. The normal nephron.", "content": "The technique of microdissection and the structure of nephrons and collecting ducts from normal kidneys were studied. The structure of the assumedly normal nephrons and collecting ducts is characterized by the uniformity of the outlines of the tubules. The various parts of the tubules are distinguished by the differences in diameter and epithelial structure.", "contents": "Microdissection in the study of renal structure. The normal nephron. The technique of microdissection and the structure of nephrons and collecting ducts from normal kidneys were studied. The structure of the assumedly normal nephrons and collecting ducts is characterized by the uniformity of the outlines of the tubules. The various parts of the tubules are distinguished by the differences in diameter and epithelial structure.", "PMID": 87103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10562", "title": "Lens antigen development in chick embryos studied in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Lens antigens, detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit antiserum against adult chick lens, appear in the chick embryo at stage 16. When eye rudiments are cultured in vitro, antigens developed; but they did not when optic cups were cultured but for a few cases. Isolated presumptive lens ectoderm from stage 4 did not develop antigens when cultured, but such ectoderm from stages 7--9 developed lens antigens and also showed lens structures. Stage 4 ectoderm could be induced to lens antigen development by alcohol-killed cups from stages 9--13. The experimental system can be used for in vitro studies on lens induction.", "contents": "Lens antigen development in chick embryos studied in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence. Lens antigens, detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit antiserum against adult chick lens, appear in the chick embryo at stage 16. When eye rudiments are cultured in vitro, antigens developed; but they did not when optic cups were cultured but for a few cases. Isolated presumptive lens ectoderm from stage 4 did not develop antigens when cultured, but such ectoderm from stages 7--9 developed lens antigens and also showed lens structures. Stage 4 ectoderm could be induced to lens antigen development by alcohol-killed cups from stages 9--13. The experimental system can be used for in vitro studies on lens induction.", "PMID": 87104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10563", "title": "A specific pattern of connections from the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus in the rat.", "content": "In the course of an investigation of the thalamic connections of the frontoparietal cortex in the albino rat, lesions were placed in the parietal cortex of adult rats, and the resulting terminal degeneration was observed in the ventrobasal complex, using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique. Lesions made in the primary somatosensory forelimb region of the cortex result in a narrow band of terminal degeneration which extends dorsoventrally throughout the rostrocaudal two-thirds of the ventrobasal complex. This portion of the ventrobasal complex coincides with the electrophysiological representation of the thalamic primary somatosensory forelimb area, and corresponds closely to the medial portion of the lateral part of the ventrobasal complex as described by Smith, as well as to the medial portion of the posterolateral ventral nucleus according to Matano et al. These results serve to confirm the close correlation determined electrophysiologically between the topographical organization of the somatosensory forelimb areas of both the parietal cortex and the ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus.", "contents": "A specific pattern of connections from the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus in the rat. In the course of an investigation of the thalamic connections of the frontoparietal cortex in the albino rat, lesions were placed in the parietal cortex of adult rats, and the resulting terminal degeneration was observed in the ventrobasal complex, using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique. Lesions made in the primary somatosensory forelimb region of the cortex result in a narrow band of terminal degeneration which extends dorsoventrally throughout the rostrocaudal two-thirds of the ventrobasal complex. This portion of the ventrobasal complex coincides with the electrophysiological representation of the thalamic primary somatosensory forelimb area, and corresponds closely to the medial portion of the lateral part of the ventrobasal complex as described by Smith, as well as to the medial portion of the posterolateral ventral nucleus according to Matano et al. These results serve to confirm the close correlation determined electrophysiologically between the topographical organization of the somatosensory forelimb areas of both the parietal cortex and the ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus.", "PMID": 87105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10564", "title": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of therapeutical doses of acetylsalicylic acid on lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood were investigated with the following results: Acetylsalicylic acid caused both in vitro and in vivo a reduction of complement receptor bearing lymphocytes and of lymphocytes identified with fluorescent rabbit antibody to human Ig (polyvalent) and to human IgG. Sheep red blood cell receptor bearing lymphocytes, and lymphocytes identified with antibody to human IgM and IgD were unaffected by acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood. The in vitro and in vivo effects of therapeutical doses of acetylsalicylic acid on lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood were investigated with the following results: Acetylsalicylic acid caused both in vitro and in vivo a reduction of complement receptor bearing lymphocytes and of lymphocytes identified with fluorescent rabbit antibody to human Ig (polyvalent) and to human IgG. Sheep red blood cell receptor bearing lymphocytes, and lymphocytes identified with antibody to human IgM and IgD were unaffected by acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 87107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10565", "title": "Axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) in sympathetic neurons of the cod, Gadus morhua.", "content": "The axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) has been studied in vivo in sympathetic neurons of the splanchnic nerve in the cod, Gadus morhua. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are transported at a mean axonal transport rate of 16 mm/day. After correction for a non-mobile fraction of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which does not contribute to the amine accumulation proximal to a ligature, a maximal rate of transport was calculated to about 45 mm/day for both amines. The increased level of catecholamines in front of a ligature could be depleted by reserpine treatment, which strongly suggests that both amines are stored in granules. PNMT is transported at a slow rate of 2 mm/day. The subcellular distribution of the cod PNMT was exclusively non-particular. The cod PNMT was further characterized by studying substrate specificity, temperature and pH optima. It is concluded that adrenaline and noradrenaline, stored in granules, are transported in a proximo-distal direction at a high rate compared to PNMT.", "contents": "Axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) in sympathetic neurons of the cod, Gadus morhua. The axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) has been studied in vivo in sympathetic neurons of the splanchnic nerve in the cod, Gadus morhua. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are transported at a mean axonal transport rate of 16 mm/day. After correction for a non-mobile fraction of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which does not contribute to the amine accumulation proximal to a ligature, a maximal rate of transport was calculated to about 45 mm/day for both amines. The increased level of catecholamines in front of a ligature could be depleted by reserpine treatment, which strongly suggests that both amines are stored in granules. PNMT is transported at a slow rate of 2 mm/day. The subcellular distribution of the cod PNMT was exclusively non-particular. The cod PNMT was further characterized by studying substrate specificity, temperature and pH optima. It is concluded that adrenaline and noradrenaline, stored in granules, are transported in a proximo-distal direction at a high rate compared to PNMT.", "PMID": 87108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10566", "title": "Abnormal gamma globulin binding of thyroid hormones.", "content": "Thyroid hormone levels were studied in a thyrotoxic patient, who was treated with propylthiouracil. He had heavily increased triiodothyronine concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, in spite of only mild clinical symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. A moderately increased serum triiodothyronine concentration was observed in another patient, who was euthyroid and who had recently recovered from subacute thyroiditis. By gel electrophoresis and precipitation tests with human anti-IgG and anti-IgA, a binding to the gamma globulins of both triiodothyronine and thyroxine was detected in patient 1, and of triiodothyronine in patient 2. Such abnormal binding may result in serious errors in the determination of thyroid hormone concentration by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Abnormal gamma globulin binding of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone levels were studied in a thyrotoxic patient, who was treated with propylthiouracil. He had heavily increased triiodothyronine concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, in spite of only mild clinical symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. A moderately increased serum triiodothyronine concentration was observed in another patient, who was euthyroid and who had recently recovered from subacute thyroiditis. By gel electrophoresis and precipitation tests with human anti-IgG and anti-IgA, a binding to the gamma globulins of both triiodothyronine and thyroxine was detected in patient 1, and of triiodothyronine in patient 2. Such abnormal binding may result in serious errors in the determination of thyroid hormone concentration by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 87110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10567", "title": "Determination of cell mediated immunity against tumour associated antigens in patients of ENT.", "content": "In an unconventional assay system (MEM Test) Caspary & Field claimed in 1971 to have detected lymphocyte sensitization to a common tumour antigen in all patients with cancer. There was no evidence of histogenetic specificity to the reaction and their conclusions are in direct contradiction to those of all workers who have studied the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes on tumour cells. To improve the specificity of the test system, another type of tumour antigen was used in MEM Test incubation. Tumour-associated antigens were prepared according to the hypertonic salt extraction method introduced by Reisfeld, Leonard, Meltzer et al. As shown by the results, information could be gained concerning the existence of a malignant tumour and its location.", "contents": "Determination of cell mediated immunity against tumour associated antigens in patients of ENT. In an unconventional assay system (MEM Test) Caspary & Field claimed in 1971 to have detected lymphocyte sensitization to a common tumour antigen in all patients with cancer. There was no evidence of histogenetic specificity to the reaction and their conclusions are in direct contradiction to those of all workers who have studied the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes on tumour cells. To improve the specificity of the test system, another type of tumour antigen was used in MEM Test incubation. Tumour-associated antigens were prepared according to the hypertonic salt extraction method introduced by Reisfeld, Leonard, Meltzer et al. As shown by the results, information could be gained concerning the existence of a malignant tumour and its location.", "PMID": 87106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10568", "title": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XX, Recombination DNA synthesis during mating in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "In crosses of dnaA recipients with HfrH at restrictive temperature a functional recombinant structure and viable recombinants were formed at a nearly normal rate, whereas recombination in crosses with HfrC was markedly inhibited. Recombinational DNA synthesis, as determined by 3H-thymine incorporation, was found in dnaA merozygotes from HfrH crosses. The recombinational synthesis was completed shortly after the end of mating. The replication of recombinant chromosomes in dnaA Lac+ recombinants started 120 minutes after interruption of mating, and at the restrictive temperature was sensitive to acridine orange, thus pointing to the presence of integrated F factor in the recombinant chromosome.", "contents": "Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria. XX, Recombination DNA synthesis during mating in Escherichia coli K-12. In crosses of dnaA recipients with HfrH at restrictive temperature a functional recombinant structure and viable recombinants were formed at a nearly normal rate, whereas recombination in crosses with HfrC was markedly inhibited. Recombinational DNA synthesis, as determined by 3H-thymine incorporation, was found in dnaA merozygotes from HfrH crosses. The recombinational synthesis was completed shortly after the end of mating. The replication of recombinant chromosomes in dnaA Lac+ recombinants started 120 minutes after interruption of mating, and at the restrictive temperature was sensitive to acridine orange, thus pointing to the presence of integrated F factor in the recombinant chromosome.", "PMID": 87111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10569", "title": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. IV. Reconstruction in R404 plasmid aggregate and separation of twelve genetically distinct derivative forms.", "content": "R404 plasmid aggregate is composed of two conjugative and two nonconjugative plasmids. Plasmid aggregate reconstructed from separated plasmids had the same genetic properties as the original R404 plasmid aggregate. It was found that plasmids of R404 factor could be transferred in conjugation in twelve different sets. These twelve genetically distinct classes of transconjugants formed only six groups differing in phenotypic characters.", "contents": "Genetic properties of the Salmonella enteritidis R404 plasmid aggregate. IV. Reconstruction in R404 plasmid aggregate and separation of twelve genetically distinct derivative forms. R404 plasmid aggregate is composed of two conjugative and two nonconjugative plasmids. Plasmid aggregate reconstructed from separated plasmids had the same genetic properties as the original R404 plasmid aggregate. It was found that plasmids of R404 factor could be transferred in conjugation in twelve different sets. These twelve genetically distinct classes of transconjugants formed only six groups differing in phenotypic characters.", "PMID": 87112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10570", "title": "Bacteriocinogeny of Rhizobium trifolii.", "content": "Rhizobium trifolii strains differing in cell and colony morphology, streptomycin resistance, phage sensitivity pattern and infectivity to clover plants produced bacteriocins sensitive to proteases. Elimination of bacteriocin production ability wtih SDS and rifampicin treatment indicates that this feature is plasmid controlled. Elimination of bacteriocinogenic plasmid did not influence other features of R. trifolii.", "contents": "Bacteriocinogeny of Rhizobium trifolii. Rhizobium trifolii strains differing in cell and colony morphology, streptomycin resistance, phage sensitivity pattern and infectivity to clover plants produced bacteriocins sensitive to proteases. Elimination of bacteriocin production ability wtih SDS and rifampicin treatment indicates that this feature is plasmid controlled. Elimination of bacteriocinogenic plasmid did not influence other features of R. trifolii.", "PMID": 87113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10571", "title": "The effect of strA mutation on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "Studies on 3H-dihydrostreptomycin accumulation and binding to ribosomes showed that ineffective strain CMts17 carries strB type mutation changing its membrane permeability to the drug. Introduction of high level streptomycin resistance of strA type into strain CMts17 was correlated with acquisition of effectiveness and membrane permeability to the drug. This suggests that changes in membrane permeability, responsible for ineffectiveness of strain CMts17, can be reversed by strA mutation.", "contents": "The effect of strA mutation on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium meliloti. Studies on 3H-dihydrostreptomycin accumulation and binding to ribosomes showed that ineffective strain CMts17 carries strB type mutation changing its membrane permeability to the drug. Introduction of high level streptomycin resistance of strA type into strain CMts17 was correlated with acquisition of effectiveness and membrane permeability to the drug. This suggests that changes in membrane permeability, responsible for ineffectiveness of strain CMts17, can be reversed by strA mutation.", "PMID": 87114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10572", "title": "Spermine hinders post-conjugational recombination in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Treatment of Hfr and F- mixture with spermine during the first minutes of mating decreased the number of viable recombinants and inhibited functional recombinant structure formation in the intragenic cross lacz157Xlaczs. The treatment applied after 15 minutes of mating was ineffective. The decrease of recombination frequency was not caused by any interference in mating union formation. The efficiency of donor DNA transfer in the presence of spermine was increased two-fold. Spermine blocked the formation of S1-nuclease degradable DNA in the post-conjugant recipient cells. It is suggested that spermine probably interferes with the early steps of recombination, most likely by the stabilization of DNA against strand separation.", "contents": "Spermine hinders post-conjugational recombination in Escherichia coli K-12. Treatment of Hfr and F- mixture with spermine during the first minutes of mating decreased the number of viable recombinants and inhibited functional recombinant structure formation in the intragenic cross lacz157Xlaczs. The treatment applied after 15 minutes of mating was ineffective. The decrease of recombination frequency was not caused by any interference in mating union formation. The efficiency of donor DNA transfer in the presence of spermine was increased two-fold. Spermine blocked the formation of S1-nuclease degradable DNA in the post-conjugant recipient cells. It is suggested that spermine probably interferes with the early steps of recombination, most likely by the stabilization of DNA against strand separation.", "PMID": 87115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10573", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli with altered level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities.", "content": "Five strains of Escherichia coli with reduced level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity were isolated. The mutations responsible for reduced activity of the enzyme have been localized in one of the strains between 25 and 27 minutes on the genetic map of E. coli. The mutants do not differ morphologically from the original strain. This suggest that beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is of the secondary importance in the biosynthesis of murein.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli with altered level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities. Five strains of Escherichia coli with reduced level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity were isolated. The mutations responsible for reduced activity of the enzyme have been localized in one of the strains between 25 and 27 minutes on the genetic map of E. coli. The mutants do not differ morphologically from the original strain. This suggest that beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is of the secondary importance in the biosynthesis of murein.", "PMID": 87116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10574", "title": "Study of interaction between IgG and IgM antibodies against rubella virus by the immunofluorescence method.", "content": "In immunoglobulin fractions or after elimination of IgG by absorption the immunofluorescence test for rubella IgM antibodies is more sensitive than in whole serum. Blocking of IgM activity by IgG antibodies was eliminated when the time of incubation of the serum with virus antigen was prolonged. After prolonged incubation higher titres of rubella antibodies were also obtained in the IgM immunoglobulin fractions. Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus suspension effectively absorbs antibodies of IgG class. The IgM antibody titres in absorbed sera of patients infected with rubella were in some cases 2 to 4 times higher than in unabsorbed sera.", "contents": "Study of interaction between IgG and IgM antibodies against rubella virus by the immunofluorescence method. In immunoglobulin fractions or after elimination of IgG by absorption the immunofluorescence test for rubella IgM antibodies is more sensitive than in whole serum. Blocking of IgM activity by IgG antibodies was eliminated when the time of incubation of the serum with virus antigen was prolonged. After prolonged incubation higher titres of rubella antibodies were also obtained in the IgM immunoglobulin fractions. Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus suspension effectively absorbs antibodies of IgG class. The IgM antibody titres in absorbed sera of patients infected with rubella were in some cases 2 to 4 times higher than in unabsorbed sera.", "PMID": 87117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10575", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus. IV. Blood, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal exudate cell reaction.", "content": "The migration inhibition test of leucocytes isolated both from the peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes as well as peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs, immunized with the various doses of measles virus was determined. For in vitro testing of cellular immunity to measles virus, viral antigens could be used in both infective and inactivated form.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test as an index of immunological response to measles virus. IV. Blood, spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal exudate cell reaction. The migration inhibition test of leucocytes isolated both from the peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes as well as peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs, immunized with the various doses of measles virus was determined. For in vitro testing of cellular immunity to measles virus, viral antigens could be used in both infective and inactivated form.", "PMID": 87118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10576", "title": "Study on dissimilatory reduction of sulphates.", "content": "A new strain of sulphate reducing bacteria was isolated from swampy forest soil. After 120 h reduction, sulphate conversion attained 100%, the molar ratio of the consumed lactate and reduced sulphate amounted to 2:1. This confirms the reduction mechanism proposed by Senez (1951).", "contents": "Study on dissimilatory reduction of sulphates. A new strain of sulphate reducing bacteria was isolated from swampy forest soil. After 120 h reduction, sulphate conversion attained 100%, the molar ratio of the consumed lactate and reduced sulphate amounted to 2:1. This confirms the reduction mechanism proposed by Senez (1951).", "PMID": 87119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10577", "title": "Beta-thromboglobulin and the diagnosis of thrombosis in elderly patients.", "content": "The plasma concentration of beta-thromboglobulin was estimated in elderly in-patients using a radio-immuno-assay technique. There were highly significance differences between the mean values of patients with arterial or venous thrombosis, as compared with controls. The ability of the test to detect thrombosis above the inguinal ligament means that it is a useful addition to the existing battery of tests for detecting thrombosis.", "contents": "Beta-thromboglobulin and the diagnosis of thrombosis in elderly patients. The plasma concentration of beta-thromboglobulin was estimated in elderly in-patients using a radio-immuno-assay technique. There were highly significance differences between the mean values of patients with arterial or venous thrombosis, as compared with controls. The ability of the test to detect thrombosis above the inguinal ligament means that it is a useful addition to the existing battery of tests for detecting thrombosis.", "PMID": 87120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10578", "title": "Comparison of different antigenic preparations of Coxiella burnetii used for antibody detection in guinea pigs.", "content": "The dynamics of antibody response in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetii was investigated by microagglutination (MA) and complement-fixation (CF) tests with different preparations of C. burnetii antigens. At the onset of antibody response the highest antibody titres were detected by the MA test with natural antigen 2, later on by the MA test with artificial antigen 2. Throughtout the 1-year period of observation, the CF antibody levels were usually lower and, with the exception of the highest infectious doses, the CF antibodies appeared later than agglutinating antibodies. There was no difference in the appearance of agglutinating and CF antibodies directed to antigen 1. Inactivation of the sera caused a marked decrease in antibody titres when tested with artificial antigen 2, whereas the antibody levels remained unchanged when tested with natural antigen 2.", "contents": "Comparison of different antigenic preparations of Coxiella burnetii used for antibody detection in guinea pigs. The dynamics of antibody response in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burnetii was investigated by microagglutination (MA) and complement-fixation (CF) tests with different preparations of C. burnetii antigens. At the onset of antibody response the highest antibody titres were detected by the MA test with natural antigen 2, later on by the MA test with artificial antigen 2. Throughtout the 1-year period of observation, the CF antibody levels were usually lower and, with the exception of the highest infectious doses, the CF antibodies appeared later than agglutinating antibodies. There was no difference in the appearance of agglutinating and CF antibodies directed to antigen 1. Inactivation of the sera caused a marked decrease in antibody titres when tested with artificial antigen 2, whereas the antibody levels remained unchanged when tested with natural antigen 2.", "PMID": 87123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10579", "title": "Isolation of a virus strain from Argas persicus ticks.", "content": "A previously undescribed virus was isolated from Argas persicus ticks collected on sentinel chicken in western Slovakia. The strain was lethal for suckling mice only after intracerebral inoculation. No symptoms were induced in adult mice. The virus strain was insensitive to sodium deoxycholate and resistant to ether treatment. An antigen prepared from the virus did not agglutinate goose or human O erythrocytes. The single strain obtained in 1976 appeared to be untrelated to a large number of known arboviruses when tested by the complement-fixation reaction.", "contents": "Isolation of a virus strain from Argas persicus ticks. A previously undescribed virus was isolated from Argas persicus ticks collected on sentinel chicken in western Slovakia. The strain was lethal for suckling mice only after intracerebral inoculation. No symptoms were induced in adult mice. The virus strain was insensitive to sodium deoxycholate and resistant to ether treatment. An antigen prepared from the virus did not agglutinate goose or human O erythrocytes. The single strain obtained in 1976 appeared to be untrelated to a large number of known arboviruses when tested by the complement-fixation reaction.", "PMID": 87124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10580", "title": "Isolation of an influenza A virus strain from a bird embryo (Larus ridibundus) collected in Slovakia.", "content": "Avian influenza virus A/Larus 36/77 (Hav7Nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (Larus ridibundus) embryo. This result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of influenza A virus.", "contents": "Isolation of an influenza A virus strain from a bird embryo (Larus ridibundus) collected in Slovakia. Avian influenza virus A/Larus 36/77 (Hav7Nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (Larus ridibundus) embryo. This result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of influenza A virus.", "PMID": 87125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10581", "title": "Plasma proteins in patients receiving intravenous amino acids or intravenous hyperalimentation after major surgery.", "content": "Eleven plasma proteins were compared for each of three groups of 10 closely matched patients before and 15 days after rectal excision who were receiving an addition to oral diets the following parenteral solutions by central venous catheter: 1) no hyperalimentation, 2) hypertonic glucose plus amino acids, or 3) amino acids alone. Plasma transferrin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein were normal before surgery in all but seven patients. Postoperatively, concentrations were decreased, but were restored to normal after full hyperalimentation whereas they were significantly less and lower than normal in controls and patients receiving amino acids. Acute phase proteins were higher than normal before surgery and also 15 days later. Lower values in patients receiving hyperalimentation were mainly due to hydration compared with higher values in the other groups caused by the higher incidence of sepsis. It is concluded that full hyperalimentation after major surgery restores \"visceral\" proteins more rapidly than by infusion of amino acids alone and is associated with fewer clinical complications.", "contents": "Plasma proteins in patients receiving intravenous amino acids or intravenous hyperalimentation after major surgery. Eleven plasma proteins were compared for each of three groups of 10 closely matched patients before and 15 days after rectal excision who were receiving an addition to oral diets the following parenteral solutions by central venous catheter: 1) no hyperalimentation, 2) hypertonic glucose plus amino acids, or 3) amino acids alone. Plasma transferrin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein were normal before surgery in all but seven patients. Postoperatively, concentrations were decreased, but were restored to normal after full hyperalimentation whereas they were significantly less and lower than normal in controls and patients receiving amino acids. Acute phase proteins were higher than normal before surgery and also 15 days later. Lower values in patients receiving hyperalimentation were mainly due to hydration compared with higher values in the other groups caused by the higher incidence of sepsis. It is concluded that full hyperalimentation after major surgery restores \"visceral\" proteins more rapidly than by infusion of amino acids alone and is associated with fewer clinical complications.", "PMID": 87126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10582", "title": "Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This study describes the clinical and laboratory features and the natural history of 31 patients with late onset (in the sixth decade or later) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with late onset SLE constitute a distinct subset of the general lupus population that accounts for approximately 12 per cent of the cases. Advanced age modifies the expression of SLE in terms of clinical presentation (pleuritis and/or pericarditis are the most common presenting manifestations) and pattern of organ involvement (pulmonary abnormalities are more common, whereas lymphadenopathy, Raynaud's phenomenon, neuropsychiatric disease, alopecia and skin rash are less common). Because SLE is not usually considered to be a disease that affects the elderly, and because the pattern of SLE in the older age group may differ substantially from the seen in younger patients, there is often a delay in diagnosis (median of 10 months, with a delay of over one year in 32 per cent of patients). In light of the high incidence of steroid complications in older patients (40 per cent in our series), and because these patients with SLE have a relatively good prognosis (five year survival of 92.3 per cent; nine year survival of 83.1 per cent), therapy should be more conservative in late onset SLE.", "contents": "Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus. This study describes the clinical and laboratory features and the natural history of 31 patients with late onset (in the sixth decade or later) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with late onset SLE constitute a distinct subset of the general lupus population that accounts for approximately 12 per cent of the cases. Advanced age modifies the expression of SLE in terms of clinical presentation (pleuritis and/or pericarditis are the most common presenting manifestations) and pattern of organ involvement (pulmonary abnormalities are more common, whereas lymphadenopathy, Raynaud's phenomenon, neuropsychiatric disease, alopecia and skin rash are less common). Because SLE is not usually considered to be a disease that affects the elderly, and because the pattern of SLE in the older age group may differ substantially from the seen in younger patients, there is often a delay in diagnosis (median of 10 months, with a delay of over one year in 32 per cent of patients). In light of the high incidence of steroid complications in older patients (40 per cent in our series), and because these patients with SLE have a relatively good prognosis (five year survival of 92.3 per cent; nine year survival of 83.1 per cent), therapy should be more conservative in late onset SLE.", "PMID": 87128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10583", "title": "Staining calcified tissues in plastic embedding medium.", "content": "Two procedures for staining sections of calcified teeth and/or bone embedded in plastic without dissolving the embedding medium were developed to study early bone regeneration in proximity to carbon implants in monkey alveolar bone and tissue degeneration in pathological human bone. These procedures allow differential staining of delicate bone tissues and prevent breakage of sections because the supporting plastic does not have to be removed.", "contents": "Staining calcified tissues in plastic embedding medium. Two procedures for staining sections of calcified teeth and/or bone embedded in plastic without dissolving the embedding medium were developed to study early bone regeneration in proximity to carbon implants in monkey alveolar bone and tissue degeneration in pathological human bone. These procedures allow differential staining of delicate bone tissues and prevent breakage of sections because the supporting plastic does not have to be removed.", "PMID": 87129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10584", "title": "Plasma complement and histamine changes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein.", "content": "Venous blood samples were obtained from 85 patients before and at three, ten, and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Whole complement hemolytic activity and plasma histamine were measured. The patients were observed for side effects. Clinical adverse reactions occurred in 18 (21%) of the patients. Changes in complement hemolytic activity occurred in all patients, but probably were the result of binding of fluorescein to complement proteins, or on the membrane of sensitized red blood cells used in the assay. Plasma histamine was increased within the first few minutes after infusion of fluorescein and persisted up to ten minutes. Increased histamine was found in 66% of patients with adverse reactions and in only 15% of patients with no reactions. Histamine may be an important mediator of adverse reactions to fluorescein.", "contents": "Plasma complement and histamine changes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Venous blood samples were obtained from 85 patients before and at three, ten, and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Whole complement hemolytic activity and plasma histamine were measured. The patients were observed for side effects. Clinical adverse reactions occurred in 18 (21%) of the patients. Changes in complement hemolytic activity occurred in all patients, but probably were the result of binding of fluorescein to complement proteins, or on the membrane of sensitized red blood cells used in the assay. Plasma histamine was increased within the first few minutes after infusion of fluorescein and persisted up to ten minutes. Increased histamine was found in 66% of patients with adverse reactions and in only 15% of patients with no reactions. Histamine may be an important mediator of adverse reactions to fluorescein.", "PMID": 87131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10585", "title": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: a cost-benefit analysis.", "content": "The prenatal detection of fetal neural tube defects (NTD) is now possible by means of a multi-tiered program utilizing maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening coupled with ultrasonography and amniocentesis where indicated. This paper considers the economic consequences of screening for fetal NTD a theoretical cohort of 100,000 pregnant women at risk of having an affected fetus who would elect to terminate their pregnancies if an affected fetus were found. The cost of the program was balanced against the benefits of the program, such as the averted costs of institutionalization, medical care, and the like. The total cost of the program to screen 100,000 such women was calculated to be $2,047,780, or slightly over $20 per woman screened, while the total economic benefits exceeded $4,000,000.", "contents": "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: a cost-benefit analysis. The prenatal detection of fetal neural tube defects (NTD) is now possible by means of a multi-tiered program utilizing maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening coupled with ultrasonography and amniocentesis where indicated. This paper considers the economic consequences of screening for fetal NTD a theoretical cohort of 100,000 pregnant women at risk of having an affected fetus who would elect to terminate their pregnancies if an affected fetus were found. The cost of the program was balanced against the benefits of the program, such as the averted costs of institutionalization, medical care, and the like. The total cost of the program to screen 100,000 such women was calculated to be $2,047,780, or slightly over $20 per woman screened, while the total economic benefits exceeded $4,000,000.", "PMID": 87134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10586", "title": "Degradation of tropoelastin and elastin substrates by human neutrophil elastase, free and bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in serum of the M and Z (Pi) phenotypes for alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Human neutrophil elastase degraded tropoelastin approximately 9 times faster than it did solubilized elastin and approximately 19 times faster than it did lung elastin. When bound to alpha2-M, the enzyme retained approximately 6 per cent of its activity toward tropoelastin and solubilized latter observations suggest that alpha2-M--bound elastase, cleared slowly from lung extracellular tissue space, may participate normally in the turnover of soluble precursor (s) of elastin and may contribute to the development of emphysema in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "contents": "Degradation of tropoelastin and elastin substrates by human neutrophil elastase, free and bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in serum of the M and Z (Pi) phenotypes for alpha1-antitrypsin. Human neutrophil elastase degraded tropoelastin approximately 9 times faster than it did solubilized elastin and approximately 19 times faster than it did lung elastin. When bound to alpha2-M, the enzyme retained approximately 6 per cent of its activity toward tropoelastin and solubilized latter observations suggest that alpha2-M--bound elastase, cleared slowly from lung extracellular tissue space, may participate normally in the turnover of soluble precursor (s) of elastin and may contribute to the development of emphysema in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "PMID": 87140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10587", "title": "Re-evaluation of sputum staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Data were collected at 2 teaching institutions, University Hospital, University of Michigan (UMH) and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Hospital, to evaluate the usefulness of the auramine-rhodamine fluorochrome stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized patients. The patients studied had received no prior therapy, and their sputum specimens were positive for a pathogenic Mycobacterium by microscopy or culture or both. The true-positive smear rate was 0.88 at UMH and 0.83 at UCLA; the relative false-positive smear rate was 0.12 at UMH and 0.17 at UCLA. The sensitivities at UMH and UCLA were 0.78 and 0.51, respectively, and the specificity was greater than 0.99 at both. The data suggest that sputum stained by the fluorochrome method is useful and reliable for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, because the false-positive rates are acceptably low in hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of sputum staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Data were collected at 2 teaching institutions, University Hospital, University of Michigan (UMH) and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Hospital, to evaluate the usefulness of the auramine-rhodamine fluorochrome stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized patients. The patients studied had received no prior therapy, and their sputum specimens were positive for a pathogenic Mycobacterium by microscopy or culture or both. The true-positive smear rate was 0.88 at UMH and 0.83 at UCLA; the relative false-positive smear rate was 0.12 at UMH and 0.17 at UCLA. The sensitivities at UMH and UCLA were 0.78 and 0.51, respectively, and the specificity was greater than 0.99 at both. The data suggest that sputum stained by the fluorochrome method is useful and reliable for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, because the false-positive rates are acceptably low in hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 87141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10588", "title": "Bleomycin.", "content": "Bleomycin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1975 for therapy against squamous cell carcinomas, testicular cancers, and malignant lymphomas. An extensive bibliography on this drug indicates that there is little evidence of activity against other malignancies. Although initially used exclusively as a single agent, bleomycin has been considered recently for use in combination chemotherapy. Because of associated toxicity involving the lung and mucous membranes, bleomycin should be used cautiously by physicians, particularly in noninvestigational settings.", "contents": "Bleomycin. Bleomycin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1975 for therapy against squamous cell carcinomas, testicular cancers, and malignant lymphomas. An extensive bibliography on this drug indicates that there is little evidence of activity against other malignancies. Although initially used exclusively as a single agent, bleomycin has been considered recently for use in combination chemotherapy. Because of associated toxicity involving the lung and mucous membranes, bleomycin should be used cautiously by physicians, particularly in noninvestigational settings.", "PMID": 87142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10589", "title": "[Effect of levorin on the chromatin of the prostate of dogs in its hypertrophy].", "content": "The effect of prolonged oral use of levorin on chromatin from the hypertrophic prostate of old dogs was studied. It was found that the chromatin from the hypertrophic prostate of old animals was characterized by a decrease in the relative content of non-histone proteins, the melting temperature and hyperchromism value. The results of the electrophoretic analysis of the histone fraction composition showed its proteolytic degradation. The matrix activity of chromatin in the RNA-polymerase system remained unchanged. Administration of levorin had no effect on the structural and functional characteristics of the chromatin isolated from the hypertrophic prostate of the old dogs.", "contents": "[Effect of levorin on the chromatin of the prostate of dogs in its hypertrophy]. The effect of prolonged oral use of levorin on chromatin from the hypertrophic prostate of old dogs was studied. It was found that the chromatin from the hypertrophic prostate of old animals was characterized by a decrease in the relative content of non-histone proteins, the melting temperature and hyperchromism value. The results of the electrophoretic analysis of the histone fraction composition showed its proteolytic degradation. The matrix activity of chromatin in the RNA-polymerase system remained unchanged. Administration of levorin had no effect on the structural and functional characteristics of the chromatin isolated from the hypertrophic prostate of the old dogs.", "PMID": 87145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10590", "title": "[Aspects of the biosynthesis of actinomycin C].", "content": "The protoplasts of Actinomyces sp. 26--115 producing actinomycin C were obtained by the action of lysozyme on the mycelial paste of a 48-hour microbial culture. The protoplast capacity for synthesizing actinomycin was decreased as compared to that of the intact mycelium. The transport of L-isoleucine, a precursor of actinomycin C biosynthesis in the protoplasts also decreased but this could not be the only cause of the decrease in the actinomycin biosynthesis capacity. The biosynthesis of actinomycin C by the protoplasts of Actinomycin sp. 26--115 did not require galactose and was not inhibited by glucose and exogenic actinomycin.", "contents": "[Aspects of the biosynthesis of actinomycin C]. The protoplasts of Actinomyces sp. 26--115 producing actinomycin C were obtained by the action of lysozyme on the mycelial paste of a 48-hour microbial culture. The protoplast capacity for synthesizing actinomycin was decreased as compared to that of the intact mycelium. The transport of L-isoleucine, a precursor of actinomycin C biosynthesis in the protoplasts also decreased but this could not be the only cause of the decrease in the actinomycin biosynthesis capacity. The biosynthesis of actinomycin C by the protoplasts of Actinomycin sp. 26--115 did not require galactose and was not inhibited by glucose and exogenic actinomycin.", "PMID": 87146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10591", "title": "[Ischemic cardiovascular accidents during treatment with progestins alone. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of ischaemic cardio-vascular accidents are reported under progestative treatment; the drug used was chlormadinone ac\u00e9tate (0,5 mg daily) in one patients, and nor\u00e9thist\u00e9rone (5 mg daily) in two others. The accident was observed in two cases at the end of the second menstrual cycle and in one case after three years. Lipid abnormalities have been detected in the three cases: minor type IV (two patients) and mixed hyperlipidaemia (one patient).", "contents": "[Ischemic cardiovascular accidents during treatment with progestins alone. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of ischaemic cardio-vascular accidents are reported under progestative treatment; the drug used was chlormadinone ac\u00e9tate (0,5 mg daily) in one patients, and nor\u00e9thist\u00e9rone (5 mg daily) in two others. The accident was observed in two cases at the end of the second menstrual cycle and in one case after three years. Lipid abnormalities have been detected in the three cases: minor type IV (two patients) and mixed hyperlipidaemia (one patient).", "PMID": 87143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10592", "title": "[Triaminotricarboxylic amino acid oxidation productions of actinoidin and ristomycin].", "content": "Aromatic acids with three benzene nuclei bound through oxygen were obtained from actinoidin and ristomycin on their oxydation with permanganates of methylated aglycones and peptides. The structures of the methyl esters of these acids were determined by spectral methods. They are the following: methyl-3,5-bis-(4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-4-methoxybenzoate (from ristomycin) and methyl-3-(2-chlor-4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-4-methoxybenzoate (from actinoidin). The compounds are the aromatic parts of the molecules of the unusual triaminotricarboxylic amino acids present in the aglycones of all antibiotics of the group of polycyclic glycopeptides.", "contents": "[Triaminotricarboxylic amino acid oxidation productions of actinoidin and ristomycin]. Aromatic acids with three benzene nuclei bound through oxygen were obtained from actinoidin and ristomycin on their oxydation with permanganates of methylated aglycones and peptides. The structures of the methyl esters of these acids were determined by spectral methods. They are the following: methyl-3,5-bis-(4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-4-methoxybenzoate (from ristomycin) and methyl-3-(2-chlor-4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-methoxycarbonyl-phenoxy)-4-methoxybenzoate (from actinoidin). The compounds are the aromatic parts of the molecules of the unusual triaminotricarboxylic amino acids present in the aglycones of all antibiotics of the group of polycyclic glycopeptides.", "PMID": 87147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10593", "title": "[Joint therapy of experimental tumors with diazan in combination with antibiotics].", "content": "Antitumor efficiency of combined therapy of experimental tumors with diazan and antibiotics was studied. The experiments were performed with leukosis La and P-388 and Walker carcinosarcoma. The kinetic regularities of the tumor process were used in planning regimens of the combined therapy. It was found that the combined use of diazan with antitumor antibiotics of the anthracyclin series increased the therapy efficacy. Therapeutic synergism of the drugs was noted which was evident from a significant increase in the average life rate and recovery of a part of the animals.", "contents": "[Joint therapy of experimental tumors with diazan in combination with antibiotics]. Antitumor efficiency of combined therapy of experimental tumors with diazan and antibiotics was studied. The experiments were performed with leukosis La and P-388 and Walker carcinosarcoma. The kinetic regularities of the tumor process were used in planning regimens of the combined therapy. It was found that the combined use of diazan with antitumor antibiotics of the anthracyclin series increased the therapy efficacy. Therapeutic synergism of the drugs was noted which was evident from a significant increase in the average life rate and recovery of a part of the animals.", "PMID": 87148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10594", "title": "[Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the Soviet bleomycin, bleomycetin, in a single administration to laboratory animals].", "content": "Toxicity of bleomycetin (bleomycin A2) administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intramusculary in a single dose to animals was almost identical. On its oral administration bleomycetin was 10--14 times less toxic than on its parenteral use. Rats were somewhat less sensitive to bleomycetin than mice. Bleomycetin had no significant effect on the level of the arterial pressure, respiration, ECG characteristics and elements of the vegetative nervous system in narcotized cats. After a single intravenous or subcutaneous administration to rabbits bleomycetin was detectable in the blood for 4--5 hours. The highest bleomycetin levels were registered in the skin, kidneys and lungs. Bleomycetin was mainly excreted with the urine.", "contents": "[Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the Soviet bleomycin, bleomycetin, in a single administration to laboratory animals]. Toxicity of bleomycetin (bleomycin A2) administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intramusculary in a single dose to animals was almost identical. On its oral administration bleomycetin was 10--14 times less toxic than on its parenteral use. Rats were somewhat less sensitive to bleomycetin than mice. Bleomycetin had no significant effect on the level of the arterial pressure, respiration, ECG characteristics and elements of the vegetative nervous system in narcotized cats. After a single intravenous or subcutaneous administration to rabbits bleomycetin was detectable in the blood for 4--5 hours. The highest bleomycetin levels were registered in the skin, kidneys and lungs. Bleomycetin was mainly excreted with the urine.", "PMID": 87149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10595", "title": "Human serum and epithelial spread in tissue culture.", "content": "The dependence of epithelial spread on human serum in culture has been studied. Using measured pieces of mouse ear skin epithelial outgrowth about floating explants (epiboly) and from adherent explants was studied. Where compared directly the two systems show similar results. Because of its ease of quantitation, the adherent explant culture was studied in greater detail. In this system in the presence of serum appreciable spread was found only after 48 h but spread continued for at least the next 4 days. In the absence of serum only minimal epithelial spread occurred. Adding serum to deficient media enhanced spreading and removing serum from media depressed spreading. The extent of spread appeared independent of mouse age for the first 4-10 weeks though 2-week-old mouse skin showed quantitatively greater spreading. The activity in human serum responsible for epithelial spread acts under conditions of minimal DNA synthesis and is not reproduced by bovine serum albumin, fetuin, or serum that had been exposed to 100 degrees C for 5 min. The activity is not dialyzable and it is resistant to the protease inhibitors DFP and PMSF. These studies suggest that a specific serum component(s) serves to support epithelial spread in vitro.", "contents": "Human serum and epithelial spread in tissue culture. The dependence of epithelial spread on human serum in culture has been studied. Using measured pieces of mouse ear skin epithelial outgrowth about floating explants (epiboly) and from adherent explants was studied. Where compared directly the two systems show similar results. Because of its ease of quantitation, the adherent explant culture was studied in greater detail. In this system in the presence of serum appreciable spread was found only after 48 h but spread continued for at least the next 4 days. In the absence of serum only minimal epithelial spread occurred. Adding serum to deficient media enhanced spreading and removing serum from media depressed spreading. The extent of spread appeared independent of mouse age for the first 4-10 weeks though 2-week-old mouse skin showed quantitatively greater spreading. The activity in human serum responsible for epithelial spread acts under conditions of minimal DNA synthesis and is not reproduced by bovine serum albumin, fetuin, or serum that had been exposed to 100 degrees C for 5 min. The activity is not dialyzable and it is resistant to the protease inhibitors DFP and PMSF. These studies suggest that a specific serum component(s) serves to support epithelial spread in vitro.", "PMID": 87150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10596", "title": "Serum concentrations of SP1 (pregnancy-specific-beta1-glycoprotein) in healthy, nonpregnant individuals, and in patients with nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms.", "content": "The presence of [SP1 (PSbetaG)] in healthy men and nonpregnant women was demonstrated with a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Detectable serum levels (1-5 ng/ml) were found in 37 of 69 individuals. Concentrations of 3-10 ng/ml could be detected in 80% of the patients with a variety of nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms and in 17% of patients with breast cancer. In 11% of these patients the serum level was raised to 10-50 ng/ml. SP1 was also found in extracts of fresh tumor tissue. In 27% of these specimens 3-15 ng/ml SP1 were found. Serum SP1 levels that were elevated before surgery fell to the normal range within a few days after tumor removal. SP1 might thus be regarded as a marker for various nontrophoblastic cancers and as such might become important as a guide to treatment.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of SP1 (pregnancy-specific-beta1-glycoprotein) in healthy, nonpregnant individuals, and in patients with nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms. The presence of [SP1 (PSbetaG)] in healthy men and nonpregnant women was demonstrated with a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Detectable serum levels (1-5 ng/ml) were found in 37 of 69 individuals. Concentrations of 3-10 ng/ml could be detected in 80% of the patients with a variety of nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms and in 17% of patients with breast cancer. In 11% of these patients the serum level was raised to 10-50 ng/ml. SP1 was also found in extracts of fresh tumor tissue. In 27% of these specimens 3-15 ng/ml SP1 were found. Serum SP1 levels that were elevated before surgery fell to the normal range within a few days after tumor removal. SP1 might thus be regarded as a marker for various nontrophoblastic cancers and as such might become important as a guide to treatment.", "PMID": 87152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10597", "title": "Antithyroid drugs and radioactive iodine. Fifteen years' experience with Graves' disease.", "content": "The population for this study included 186 patients who were treated between 1962 and 1977 for diffuse toxic goiter. Patients were divided into two groups according to the primary mode of therapy, which was either thioamides or sodium iodide I 131. Of 96 patients who were treated with primary drug therapy, only 16% experienced a prolonged remission (more than two years) of hyperthyroidism. Except for a greater likelihood of remission among patients with mild hyperthyroidism, no other clinical features of Graves' disease were predictive of the long-term response to drug therapy. Among the 90 patients who received primary sodium iodide I 131 therapy, those who were pretreated with thioamides required a higher total dose to achieve a cure (13.8 mCi vs 9.6 mCi) and had a lower initial incidence of hypothyroidism (54% vs 73%).", "contents": "Antithyroid drugs and radioactive iodine. Fifteen years' experience with Graves' disease. The population for this study included 186 patients who were treated between 1962 and 1977 for diffuse toxic goiter. Patients were divided into two groups according to the primary mode of therapy, which was either thioamides or sodium iodide I 131. Of 96 patients who were treated with primary drug therapy, only 16% experienced a prolonged remission (more than two years) of hyperthyroidism. Except for a greater likelihood of remission among patients with mild hyperthyroidism, no other clinical features of Graves' disease were predictive of the long-term response to drug therapy. Among the 90 patients who received primary sodium iodide I 131 therapy, those who were pretreated with thioamides required a higher total dose to achieve a cure (13.8 mCi vs 9.6 mCi) and had a lower initial incidence of hypothyroidism (54% vs 73%).", "PMID": 87156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10598", "title": "[Relationship between water transfers and the salinity of the environment in the isopod crustacean Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius)].", "content": "The isopod Crustacean Sphaeroma serratum is isotonic to the medium in sea water and hypertonic in diluted media. The drinking rate is 15.9 microliter in SW and 3.2 microliter 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. The extracellular space is 28.4% in SW and 27.0% of the wet weight in 50% SW. The rate of urine production, calculated from the half time for the loss of sodium diatriazoate is 11.8 mg in SW and 42.9 mg 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. 95% of the diffusion fluxes of water take place through the pleopods: their surface is about 62.6 mm2 in a 100 mg weighing animal. The activation energy of water molecules is 15.0 kcal/mol between +5 degrees C and +15 degrees C and 6.7 kcal/mol between +15 degrees C and +25 degrees C. The diffusion permeability coefficient Pd is 1.71 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 0.70 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. The osmotic permeability coefficient Pos has a mean value of 1.91 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 1.24 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. Our results are compared with those obtained in other Crustaceans and in Fishes. Their validity is discussed (influence of unstirred layers, solute-solvent interaction). They are explained according to the different theories dealing with the water transit through the membranes.", "contents": "[Relationship between water transfers and the salinity of the environment in the isopod crustacean Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius)]. The isopod Crustacean Sphaeroma serratum is isotonic to the medium in sea water and hypertonic in diluted media. The drinking rate is 15.9 microliter in SW and 3.2 microliter 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. The extracellular space is 28.4% in SW and 27.0% of the wet weight in 50% SW. The rate of urine production, calculated from the half time for the loss of sodium diatriazoate is 11.8 mg in SW and 42.9 mg 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. 95% of the diffusion fluxes of water take place through the pleopods: their surface is about 62.6 mm2 in a 100 mg weighing animal. The activation energy of water molecules is 15.0 kcal/mol between +5 degrees C and +15 degrees C and 6.7 kcal/mol between +15 degrees C and +25 degrees C. The diffusion permeability coefficient Pd is 1.71 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 0.70 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. The osmotic permeability coefficient Pos has a mean value of 1.91 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 1.24 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. Our results are compared with those obtained in other Crustaceans and in Fishes. Their validity is discussed (influence of unstirred layers, solute-solvent interaction). They are explained according to the different theories dealing with the water transit through the membranes.", "PMID": 87157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10599", "title": "[Carcinoma of the prostate with intraprostatic hematoma simulating adenoma].", "content": "A rare case is presented in which a Carcinoma of the prostate gland simulated an Adenoma. We feel that in similar cases, in particular with a \"soft\" rectal probe but with no infectious clinical picture, the possibility of a Carcinoma of the prostate gland should be considered. Prior to any handling of the \"adenoma\", a complete analytical, gammagraphic study, etc. should be carried out in order to rule our the existence of a carcinoma. Finally, in a similar case, anatomopathological study of the hematic material should also be carried out.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the prostate with intraprostatic hematoma simulating adenoma]. A rare case is presented in which a Carcinoma of the prostate gland simulated an Adenoma. We feel that in similar cases, in particular with a \"soft\" rectal probe but with no infectious clinical picture, the possibility of a Carcinoma of the prostate gland should be considered. Prior to any handling of the \"adenoma\", a complete analytical, gammagraphic study, etc. should be carried out in order to rule our the existence of a carcinoma. Finally, in a similar case, anatomopathological study of the hematic material should also be carried out.", "PMID": 87153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10600", "title": "On the mechanism of p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids transport by renal tissue.", "content": "The uptake of cyclic analogues of probenecid by kidney cortical slices has been studied in detail, in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for these compounds. Both p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid were accumulated against concentration gradient, by renal tissue under aerobic as well as anerobic conditions. PAH, phenol red and probenecid competitively inhibited the active accumulation of these compounds by kidney tissue. Aerobic uptake of probenecid analogues was stimulated by succinate and octanoate at low medium concentrations while inhibition of renal accumulation of these compounds occurred at higher concentrations. Both p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids like probenecid strongly interact with kidney cortex homogenates. Binding of these cyclic analogues to various cellular constituents of homogenate was efficiently inhibited by probenecid. The binding affinity of probenecid and analogues for kidney tissue, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and human serum albumin increased in the order : p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than di-n-propyl sulfamyl benzoic acid (probenecid). By contrast to the view put forward by Beyer (1950 & 1954), the results presented in this paper established that probenecid analogues are the true substrates of renal organic anion transport system.", "contents": "On the mechanism of p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids transport by renal tissue. The uptake of cyclic analogues of probenecid by kidney cortical slices has been studied in detail, in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for these compounds. Both p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid were accumulated against concentration gradient, by renal tissue under aerobic as well as anerobic conditions. PAH, phenol red and probenecid competitively inhibited the active accumulation of these compounds by kidney tissue. Aerobic uptake of probenecid analogues was stimulated by succinate and octanoate at low medium concentrations while inhibition of renal accumulation of these compounds occurred at higher concentrations. Both p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids like probenecid strongly interact with kidney cortex homogenates. Binding of these cyclic analogues to various cellular constituents of homogenate was efficiently inhibited by probenecid. The binding affinity of probenecid and analogues for kidney tissue, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and human serum albumin increased in the order : p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than di-n-propyl sulfamyl benzoic acid (probenecid). By contrast to the view put forward by Beyer (1950 & 1954), the results presented in this paper established that probenecid analogues are the true substrates of renal organic anion transport system.", "PMID": 87158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10601", "title": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. I. Subcellular localization, purification and characterization of acid phospholipase A1.", "content": "In mammalian cells the catabolism of membrane phosphoglycerides proceeds probably entirely through a deacylation pathway catalysed by phospholipase A and lysophospholipase (Wise & Elwyn, 1965). In the initial attack of diacylphosphoglycerides by phospholipase A two enzymatic activities with different positional specificities have been distinguished: phospholipase A1 (phosphatidate 1-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 (phosphatidate 2-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.4) (Van Deenen & De Haas, 1966). Studies on these intracellular phospholipases were mainly concerned with their subcellular localization. Only occasionally more detailed enzymatic investigations have been conducted on them, in contrast to export phospholipases e.g. from snake venom, bee venom and porcine pancreas, which have been extensively investigated (Brockerhoff & Jensen 1974a). In a previous paper (De Wolf et al., 1976a), the presence of phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 activities in bovine thyroid was demonstrated, using 1-[9, 10-3H] stearoyl-2-[1-14C] linoleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a substrate. Optimal activity was observed in both instances at pH 4. Addition of the anionic detergent sodium taurocholate increased the A2 type activity and decreased the A1 type activity suggesting the presence of different enzymes. The lack of influence of Ca2+-ions and EDTA and the acid pH optima could suggest lysosomal localization. In this paper the subcellular distribution of both acid phospholipase activities is described as well as a purification scheme for phospholipase A1. Some characteristics of the purified enzyme preparation are discussed.", "contents": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. I. Subcellular localization, purification and characterization of acid phospholipase A1. In mammalian cells the catabolism of membrane phosphoglycerides proceeds probably entirely through a deacylation pathway catalysed by phospholipase A and lysophospholipase (Wise & Elwyn, 1965). In the initial attack of diacylphosphoglycerides by phospholipase A two enzymatic activities with different positional specificities have been distinguished: phospholipase A1 (phosphatidate 1-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 (phosphatidate 2-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.4) (Van Deenen & De Haas, 1966). Studies on these intracellular phospholipases were mainly concerned with their subcellular localization. Only occasionally more detailed enzymatic investigations have been conducted on them, in contrast to export phospholipases e.g. from snake venom, bee venom and porcine pancreas, which have been extensively investigated (Brockerhoff & Jensen 1974a). In a previous paper (De Wolf et al., 1976a), the presence of phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 activities in bovine thyroid was demonstrated, using 1-[9, 10-3H] stearoyl-2-[1-14C] linoleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a substrate. Optimal activity was observed in both instances at pH 4. Addition of the anionic detergent sodium taurocholate increased the A2 type activity and decreased the A1 type activity suggesting the presence of different enzymes. The lack of influence of Ca2+-ions and EDTA and the acid pH optima could suggest lysosomal localization. In this paper the subcellular distribution of both acid phospholipase activities is described as well as a purification scheme for phospholipase A1. Some characteristics of the purified enzyme preparation are discussed.", "PMID": 87159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10602", "title": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. II. Hydrolysis of [3H, 14C] phosphatidylethanolamine by neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities.", "content": "Phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities are present in bovine thyroid (De Wolf et al., 1976). However, using exogenous [14C] phosphatidylcholine as substrate and subcellular fractions as enzyme source no activity could be detected at neutral and alkaline pH. Phospholipase A2 activity was found at neutral pH when [14C] phosphatidylethanolamine was substituted for [14C] phosphatidylcholine (De Wolf et al., 1976). In the present paper the occurrence of neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities is clearly established. In addition their subcellular localization was investigated.", "contents": "Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. II. Hydrolysis of [3H, 14C] phosphatidylethanolamine by neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities. Phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities are present in bovine thyroid (De Wolf et al., 1976). However, using exogenous [14C] phosphatidylcholine as substrate and subcellular fractions as enzyme source no activity could be detected at neutral and alkaline pH. Phospholipase A2 activity was found at neutral pH when [14C] phosphatidylethanolamine was substituted for [14C] phosphatidylcholine (De Wolf et al., 1976). In the present paper the occurrence of neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities is clearly established. In addition their subcellular localization was investigated.", "PMID": 87160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10603", "title": "Arterial and venous responses to hypothalamic stimulation in the dog.", "content": "Stimulation of the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus induces active constriction of both pre- and post-capillary vessels in the dog's hindlimb. Alpha-adrenolytic agents reduce these responses, indicating that they are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus dilates both resistance and capacitance vessels. The present study demonstrates that hypothalamic neurones can control venomotor tone.", "contents": "Arterial and venous responses to hypothalamic stimulation in the dog. Stimulation of the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus induces active constriction of both pre- and post-capillary vessels in the dog's hindlimb. Alpha-adrenolytic agents reduce these responses, indicating that they are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus dilates both resistance and capacitance vessels. The present study demonstrates that hypothalamic neurones can control venomotor tone.", "PMID": 87161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10604", "title": "[Analysis of the circadian rhythm of motor activity in white rats by using several pharmacologic agents which act on cerebral monoamines].", "content": "Three pharmacological agents, (disulfiram, imipramine and reserpine) influencing the brain monoamine transmitters have been studied to explain the mechanism involved in the motor circadian rhythm. The new results corroborate our previous ones : the norepinephrine transmitter responsible for the paradoxical sleep is unable to explain the depressed metabolic phase of the circadian rhythm; the negative results obtained with disulfiram and imipramine corroborate the previous results with nialamide. On the contrary, the agents which reduce the serotonine transmitter mechanisms (p-chlorophenylalanine) decrease the difference between active and sleep phases by their action involved in the non-activated sleep. Reserpine, supposed to reduce both transmitter mechanisms (serotonine and norepinephrine) shows a p-chlorophenylalanine-like effect, perhaps more strong. It thus appears that the non-activated sleep is responsible for the two essential sleep functions : the restitution function and the depressed phase of the circadian rhythm.", "contents": "[Analysis of the circadian rhythm of motor activity in white rats by using several pharmacologic agents which act on cerebral monoamines]. Three pharmacological agents, (disulfiram, imipramine and reserpine) influencing the brain monoamine transmitters have been studied to explain the mechanism involved in the motor circadian rhythm. The new results corroborate our previous ones : the norepinephrine transmitter responsible for the paradoxical sleep is unable to explain the depressed metabolic phase of the circadian rhythm; the negative results obtained with disulfiram and imipramine corroborate the previous results with nialamide. On the contrary, the agents which reduce the serotonine transmitter mechanisms (p-chlorophenylalanine) decrease the difference between active and sleep phases by their action involved in the non-activated sleep. Reserpine, supposed to reduce both transmitter mechanisms (serotonine and norepinephrine) shows a p-chlorophenylalanine-like effect, perhaps more strong. It thus appears that the non-activated sleep is responsible for the two essential sleep functions : the restitution function and the depressed phase of the circadian rhythm.", "PMID": 87162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10605", "title": "Tissue specific glucose-trehalose variations prior to spinning in the eri-silkworm, Philosamia ricini.", "content": "A sharp rise in trehalose level of haemolymph is observed towards the end of 4th instar accompanied with sudden fall of the sugar in fat body during the same period, but after moulting blood trehalose abruptly decreases. Whereas, blood glucose level is maintained constant throughout life span of both the instars. Silkgland of 5th instar larvae presents a consistent gradual increase in glucose-trehalose levels reaching to the maximum prior to spinning with a higher value for trehalose than glucose which can be attributed to the decrease in blood trehalose level during the period.", "contents": "Tissue specific glucose-trehalose variations prior to spinning in the eri-silkworm, Philosamia ricini. A sharp rise in trehalose level of haemolymph is observed towards the end of 4th instar accompanied with sudden fall of the sugar in fat body during the same period, but after moulting blood trehalose abruptly decreases. Whereas, blood glucose level is maintained constant throughout life span of both the instars. Silkgland of 5th instar larvae presents a consistent gradual increase in glucose-trehalose levels reaching to the maximum prior to spinning with a higher value for trehalose than glucose which can be attributed to the decrease in blood trehalose level during the period.", "PMID": 87163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10606", "title": "[Effect of submaximal muscular exercise of short duration on urinary excretion of catecholamines, DOPA and their metabolites].", "content": "Thirteen human subjects were submitted to a moderate muscular work on ergometric bicycle (at intensity corresponding to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake during 10 min). No modifications were observed in the urinary amounts of the three catecholamines (A, NA, DA), DOPA, DOPAC and 3-MT. On the contrary, the excretion of metadrenaline (MN) and normetadrenaline (NMN) was slightly increased, showing a mild stimulation of adrenergic system. Our result point out the interest of urinary methoxyamines as useful index of adrenergic activity in man. For experimental and physiopathological use, the metabolic alteration induced by a short submaximal muscular work is negligible for most adrenergic compounds, except for MN and NMN, the amounts of which are slightly modified.", "contents": "[Effect of submaximal muscular exercise of short duration on urinary excretion of catecholamines, DOPA and their metabolites]. Thirteen human subjects were submitted to a moderate muscular work on ergometric bicycle (at intensity corresponding to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake during 10 min). No modifications were observed in the urinary amounts of the three catecholamines (A, NA, DA), DOPA, DOPAC and 3-MT. On the contrary, the excretion of metadrenaline (MN) and normetadrenaline (NMN) was slightly increased, showing a mild stimulation of adrenergic system. Our result point out the interest of urinary methoxyamines as useful index of adrenergic activity in man. For experimental and physiopathological use, the metabolic alteration induced by a short submaximal muscular work is negligible for most adrenergic compounds, except for MN and NMN, the amounts of which are slightly modified.", "PMID": 87164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10607", "title": "Oxaloacetate deficiency in MCT-induced ketogenesis.", "content": "This study was an attempt to discover whether a deficiency in hepatic oxaloacetate can explain the acceleration of ketogenesis observed after the ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, constituent fatty acids from C8 to C12). The method of investigation used consisted in supplying oxaloacetate (by intraperitoneal injection of oxaloacetate, aspartate, or L-tryptophan) to rats that had ingested MCT. The indirectly given oxaloacetate caused a decrease in ketone body levels in the liver. The stimulation of ketogenesis induced by an exogenous supply of MCT is therefore at least partly due to a deficiency of oxaloacetate. The results show that this can be explained both by a leakage of this metabolite into the pathway of gluconeogenesis and by its reduction into malate. Since the acetyl-CoA derived from oxidized medium-chain fatty acids cannot enter into the Krebs cycle, it is diverted to the production of ketone bodies.", "contents": "Oxaloacetate deficiency in MCT-induced ketogenesis. This study was an attempt to discover whether a deficiency in hepatic oxaloacetate can explain the acceleration of ketogenesis observed after the ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, constituent fatty acids from C8 to C12). The method of investigation used consisted in supplying oxaloacetate (by intraperitoneal injection of oxaloacetate, aspartate, or L-tryptophan) to rats that had ingested MCT. The indirectly given oxaloacetate caused a decrease in ketone body levels in the liver. The stimulation of ketogenesis induced by an exogenous supply of MCT is therefore at least partly due to a deficiency of oxaloacetate. The results show that this can be explained both by a leakage of this metabolite into the pathway of gluconeogenesis and by its reduction into malate. Since the acetyl-CoA derived from oxidized medium-chain fatty acids cannot enter into the Krebs cycle, it is diverted to the production of ketone bodies.", "PMID": 87165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10608", "title": "Gastric chemoceptive projections to fasciculus solitarius and its dipole field structure.", "content": "The gastric branch of the vagus nerve, close to the stomach was stimulated electrically and the evoked potentials recorded from the fasciculus solitarius of frog within the stereotaxic coordinates P 4.1-4.6; L 0.5-0.8 and V 0.3-0.5. A predominantly monophasic negative potential, the amplitude (1.0-3.0 mV) of which rises with increase in stimulus strength up to 6 V, could be recorded. From the velocity of conduction (30 m/sec) it appears that the gastric afferent fibres belong to Group A. The depth-recording resulted in the reversal of the negative sign of the potential at depth beyond 180-200 mu. The significance of the appearance of a positive potential and the cellular configuration of the area of fasciculus is discussed in the context of a possible dipole that might exist in the spatial structure from which the depth-recording has been made.", "contents": "Gastric chemoceptive projections to fasciculus solitarius and its dipole field structure. The gastric branch of the vagus nerve, close to the stomach was stimulated electrically and the evoked potentials recorded from the fasciculus solitarius of frog within the stereotaxic coordinates P 4.1-4.6; L 0.5-0.8 and V 0.3-0.5. A predominantly monophasic negative potential, the amplitude (1.0-3.0 mV) of which rises with increase in stimulus strength up to 6 V, could be recorded. From the velocity of conduction (30 m/sec) it appears that the gastric afferent fibres belong to Group A. The depth-recording resulted in the reversal of the negative sign of the potential at depth beyond 180-200 mu. The significance of the appearance of a positive potential and the cellular configuration of the area of fasciculus is discussed in the context of a possible dipole that might exist in the spatial structure from which the depth-recording has been made.", "PMID": 87180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10609", "title": "Reinforcing stimulation of the postero-lateral hypothalamus and mating behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Male rats implanted with chronic electrodes into the postero-lateral hypothalamic site were tested for self-stimulation behaviour. Rats exhibiting steady self-stimulation behaviour were observed during mating tests with an oestrus female. During these tests the hypothalamus of male rats was stimulated. Results show that no stimulus-bound sexual behaviour was observed. Nevertheless, correlations were found between the rewarding value of the cerebral stimulation and the specific sexual components of mating behaviour. These results are interpreted with the hypothesis of a balancing effect between the reward elicited by direct stimulation of the brain and reward acquired by the presence of an oestrus female.", "contents": "Reinforcing stimulation of the postero-lateral hypothalamus and mating behaviour in the rat. Male rats implanted with chronic electrodes into the postero-lateral hypothalamic site were tested for self-stimulation behaviour. Rats exhibiting steady self-stimulation behaviour were observed during mating tests with an oestrus female. During these tests the hypothalamus of male rats was stimulated. Results show that no stimulus-bound sexual behaviour was observed. Nevertheless, correlations were found between the rewarding value of the cerebral stimulation and the specific sexual components of mating behaviour. These results are interpreted with the hypothesis of a balancing effect between the reward elicited by direct stimulation of the brain and reward acquired by the presence of an oestrus female.", "PMID": 87181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10610", "title": "Chronotropic response of isolated atria to acid base alterations.", "content": "The effect of acid-base alterations on spontaneous rate was analysed using isolated atria exposed to cumulative degrees of acidosis produced either by adding HCl or by increasing PCO2 in the incubation medium. Frequncy vs. pH curves were made to assess chronotropic response to acid-base changes. Heart rate was increased in alkalosis and decreased when the pH of the medium was lowered. Both \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" alterations affected the contraction rate to the same extent. Decreasing pH from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate more than the enhancement produced by the same change in pH towards the alkalotic side. When frequency was plotted as a function of hydrogen ion activity (aH+) a more linear relationship was obtained, either with pure \"metabolic\" or with \"respiratory\" acid-base alterations. Increasing (aH+) from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate to the same extent (respiratory alterations) or even less (metabolic alterations) than the enhancement produced by the same change in (aH+) towards the alkalotic side. Neither the increase in rate produced by alkalosis nor the decrease induced by acidosis were prevented by blocking the neurotransmitters by atropine or propranolol.", "contents": "Chronotropic response of isolated atria to acid base alterations. The effect of acid-base alterations on spontaneous rate was analysed using isolated atria exposed to cumulative degrees of acidosis produced either by adding HCl or by increasing PCO2 in the incubation medium. Frequncy vs. pH curves were made to assess chronotropic response to acid-base changes. Heart rate was increased in alkalosis and decreased when the pH of the medium was lowered. Both \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" alterations affected the contraction rate to the same extent. Decreasing pH from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate more than the enhancement produced by the same change in pH towards the alkalotic side. When frequency was plotted as a function of hydrogen ion activity (aH+) a more linear relationship was obtained, either with pure \"metabolic\" or with \"respiratory\" acid-base alterations. Increasing (aH+) from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate to the same extent (respiratory alterations) or even less (metabolic alterations) than the enhancement produced by the same change in (aH+) towards the alkalotic side. Neither the increase in rate produced by alkalosis nor the decrease induced by acidosis were prevented by blocking the neurotransmitters by atropine or propranolol.", "PMID": 87182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10611", "title": "[Use of a method of staining sections with methyl green-pyronine for histobacterioscopic purposes].", "content": "A method of staining of histological sections with methyl green-pyronine for histobacterioscopic detection of microflora in tissues is proposed. A bright red staining with pyronine of microbial agents and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida due to a high content of RNA in them permits elective detection of their insignificant amounts in tissues even at low magnifications of the microscope.", "contents": "[Use of a method of staining sections with methyl green-pyronine for histobacterioscopic purposes]. A method of staining of histological sections with methyl green-pyronine for histobacterioscopic detection of microflora in tissues is proposed. A bright red staining with pyronine of microbial agents and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida due to a high content of RNA in them permits elective detection of their insignificant amounts in tissues even at low magnifications of the microscope.", "PMID": 87185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10612", "title": "Histological and histochemical changes of the skeletal muscle in human chronic Chagas' disease.", "content": "Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies were performed in 7 subjects with chronic Chagas' disease. On clinical and laboratory grounds the selected patients were judged to be healthy, being the only abnormality found the presence of positive serum tests for Chagas' disease. Fibre type grouping of either type I or type II was observed in 5 of the 7 patients. Furthermore, in 2 of the 5 patients showing muscle fibre groupings, angular fibres reacting with NADH and non-specific sterase were also found. These observations strongly suggest denervation associated with reinervation. This picture often can be observed in the skeletal muscle of patients with well compensated denervatory conditions who did not show clinical evidences of denervation.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical changes of the skeletal muscle in human chronic Chagas' disease. Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies were performed in 7 subjects with chronic Chagas' disease. On clinical and laboratory grounds the selected patients were judged to be healthy, being the only abnormality found the presence of positive serum tests for Chagas' disease. Fibre type grouping of either type I or type II was observed in 5 of the 7 patients. Furthermore, in 2 of the 5 patients showing muscle fibre groupings, angular fibres reacting with NADH and non-specific sterase were also found. These observations strongly suggest denervation associated with reinervation. This picture often can be observed in the skeletal muscle of patients with well compensated denervatory conditions who did not show clinical evidences of denervation.", "PMID": 87186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10613", "title": "The embedding of ossicular chain specimens in plastic.", "content": "The following objects were specifically designed for teaching material to the medical students. Dried human auditory ossicles were bleached in 30% hydrogen peroxide solution and then, embedded in a good quality plastic. The plastic mass was shaped into a ball 5 cm in diameter, and the surface of which was polished with a good finish. The merits of the objects may be listed as follows; 1) A permenant preservation of the objects is possible because they are embedded in heat- and chemical-resistant material. 2) The objects are handy for use in the lecture room and easily observed by the students because of the magnifying effect of the plastic covering.", "contents": "The embedding of ossicular chain specimens in plastic. The following objects were specifically designed for teaching material to the medical students. Dried human auditory ossicles were bleached in 30% hydrogen peroxide solution and then, embedded in a good quality plastic. The plastic mass was shaped into a ball 5 cm in diameter, and the surface of which was polished with a good finish. The merits of the objects may be listed as follows; 1) A permenant preservation of the objects is possible because they are embedded in heat- and chemical-resistant material. 2) The objects are handy for use in the lecture room and easily observed by the students because of the magnifying effect of the plastic covering.", "PMID": 87187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10614", "title": "Detection, purification and characterization of a human cancer-associated galactosyltransferase acceptor.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight acceptor of galactosyltransferase activity was detected in sera and effusions of patients with extensive maligant disease. This substance was purified to homogeneity from both human serum and effusion by using sequential charcoal/Celite and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified acceptor was shown to act as substrate for both purified normal and cancer-associated human galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) isoenzymes, but had a higher affinity for the cancer-associated isoenzyme (Km = 20 microM) than for the normal isoenzyme (Km = 500 microM). The substrate was found to be a glycopeptide with mol.wt. approx. 3600 determined by polyacrylamide-gel chromatography. Carbohyydate analysis demonstrated only the presence of glucosamine and mannose. Amino acid analysis revealed that the peptide moiety consisted of eight different amino acids, including two residues of asparagine and one residue of serine, but no threonine. These structural data suggest that the acceptor is a fraction of an asparagine-glucosamine type of glycoprotein.", "contents": "Detection, purification and characterization of a human cancer-associated galactosyltransferase acceptor. A low-molecular-weight acceptor of galactosyltransferase activity was detected in sera and effusions of patients with extensive maligant disease. This substance was purified to homogeneity from both human serum and effusion by using sequential charcoal/Celite and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified acceptor was shown to act as substrate for both purified normal and cancer-associated human galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) isoenzymes, but had a higher affinity for the cancer-associated isoenzyme (Km = 20 microM) than for the normal isoenzyme (Km = 500 microM). The substrate was found to be a glycopeptide with mol.wt. approx. 3600 determined by polyacrylamide-gel chromatography. Carbohyydate analysis demonstrated only the presence of glucosamine and mannose. Amino acid analysis revealed that the peptide moiety consisted of eight different amino acids, including two residues of asparagine and one residue of serine, but no threonine. These structural data suggest that the acceptor is a fraction of an asparagine-glucosamine type of glycoprotein.", "PMID": 87190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10615", "title": "Comparison of three immunoassays for immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Three widely used radioassays that depend on different principles for the measurement of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in biologic fluids are the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF), Raji cell, and C1q binding tests. A comparison of the ability of these methods to measure immune complex-like material in 71 sera and 30 synovial fluids of 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was carried out by a group working in adjacent laboratories in a single institution. The highest number of abnormal levels in the seropositive group was detected by the C1q binding assay (91%). Levels of CIC by the mRF and Raji cell tests were elevated in 81% and 76% of the patients, respectively. The closest correlation was between the Raji and mRF tests (r = 0.44 and P = 0.002) although one depends on complement fixation and one does not. Though significant correlations between the levels of CIC determined by the C1q test and either the mRF (P = 0.2) or Raji cell (P = 0.3) assay were not found in this group, 59% of the samples had elevated levels by all three tests. The frequency of CIC in the sera of patients with seronegative RA was much lower, with the C1q test again giving the highest number of abnormal results (29% versus 16% and 12% for the Raji and mRF tests). In view of the technical problems associated with these tests, particularly lack of a uniform reliable standard, it is likely that all three tests measure the same material in most RA sera and that some of the differences observed are related to inherent variability in the tests themselves rather than intrinsic differences among the CIC detected in these samples.", "contents": "Comparison of three immunoassays for immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Three widely used radioassays that depend on different principles for the measurement of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in biologic fluids are the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF), Raji cell, and C1q binding tests. A comparison of the ability of these methods to measure immune complex-like material in 71 sera and 30 synovial fluids of 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was carried out by a group working in adjacent laboratories in a single institution. The highest number of abnormal levels in the seropositive group was detected by the C1q binding assay (91%). Levels of CIC by the mRF and Raji cell tests were elevated in 81% and 76% of the patients, respectively. The closest correlation was between the Raji and mRF tests (r = 0.44 and P = 0.002) although one depends on complement fixation and one does not. Though significant correlations between the levels of CIC determined by the C1q test and either the mRF (P = 0.2) or Raji cell (P = 0.3) assay were not found in this group, 59% of the samples had elevated levels by all three tests. The frequency of CIC in the sera of patients with seronegative RA was much lower, with the C1q test again giving the highest number of abnormal results (29% versus 16% and 12% for the Raji and mRF tests). In view of the technical problems associated with these tests, particularly lack of a uniform reliable standard, it is likely that all three tests measure the same material in most RA sera and that some of the differences observed are related to inherent variability in the tests themselves rather than intrinsic differences among the CIC detected in these samples.", "PMID": 87203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10616", "title": "[The antiexudative and anti-edematous action of sympathomimetics].", "content": "The anti-exudative and anti-edematous effects and the dose-effect relationship of a-sympathomimetics, especially of l-phenylephrine-HCl (PE), have been demonstrated using as model the rat pad-carrageenan edema and the histamine liberator test, the dosage being administered cutaneously, orally, and intraperitoneally. The beta-receptor activating compound bamethane sulfate was not effective when used on the same models. Evidence of percutaneous penetration of PE was provided both on isolated skin and in viro. PE, when injected intravenously or subcutaneously, produced a rise of blood pressure in experimental animals. When PE was administered orally and cutaneously, it did not, however, alter the blood pressure. The anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative effects remianed unchanged.", "contents": "[The antiexudative and anti-edematous action of sympathomimetics]. The anti-exudative and anti-edematous effects and the dose-effect relationship of a-sympathomimetics, especially of l-phenylephrine-HCl (PE), have been demonstrated using as model the rat pad-carrageenan edema and the histamine liberator test, the dosage being administered cutaneously, orally, and intraperitoneally. The beta-receptor activating compound bamethane sulfate was not effective when used on the same models. Evidence of percutaneous penetration of PE was provided both on isolated skin and in viro. PE, when injected intravenously or subcutaneously, produced a rise of blood pressure in experimental animals. When PE was administered orally and cutaneously, it did not, however, alter the blood pressure. The anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative effects remianed unchanged.", "PMID": 87205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10617", "title": "[Therapy and prophylaxis of experimental staphylococcal nephritis of the rabbit with gamma-globulin and F(ab')2-fragments (author's transl)].", "content": "Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of immunoglobulins and their combination with ampicillin were studied in an experimental bacterial nephritis model after i.v. injection of Staphylococcus aureus into rabbits. Untreated human IgG and a preparation containing F(ab')2-pieces were investigated on therapeutic effects. Both antibody preparations prevented the lethal purulent inflammation of kidneys when injected immediately before the infection. The course of the pathological process after infection was positively influenced by both immunoglobulins. The globulin containing F(ab)2-fragments was more effective. Repeated applications showed also a more significant therapeutical effect than did single treatment. Ampicillin was less effective against this resistant staphylococcus strain, in combination with immunoglobulins it was fully effective. F(ab')2-pieces of the human IgG activate the alternate pathway of the complement system, too, and are able to penetrate into cells. The antibacterial effect may be caused by this behaviour.", "contents": "[Therapy and prophylaxis of experimental staphylococcal nephritis of the rabbit with gamma-globulin and F(ab')2-fragments (author's transl)]. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of immunoglobulins and their combination with ampicillin were studied in an experimental bacterial nephritis model after i.v. injection of Staphylococcus aureus into rabbits. Untreated human IgG and a preparation containing F(ab')2-pieces were investigated on therapeutic effects. Both antibody preparations prevented the lethal purulent inflammation of kidneys when injected immediately before the infection. The course of the pathological process after infection was positively influenced by both immunoglobulins. The globulin containing F(ab)2-fragments was more effective. Repeated applications showed also a more significant therapeutical effect than did single treatment. Ampicillin was less effective against this resistant staphylococcus strain, in combination with immunoglobulins it was fully effective. F(ab')2-pieces of the human IgG activate the alternate pathway of the complement system, too, and are able to penetrate into cells. The antibacterial effect may be caused by this behaviour.", "PMID": 87206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10618", "title": "BUdR as a tracer of the possible mutagenic activity of Pb++ in human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "The method of SCE was used as an indicator of the possible mutagenic activity of lead acetate in in vitro cultures of human lymphocytes. After determining the optimal concentration of BUdR, the cultures were treated with increasing doses of the metal. The negative results obtained with this method led us to examine other parameters, in particular the classical cytogenetic aberrations.", "contents": "BUdR as a tracer of the possible mutagenic activity of Pb++ in human lymphocyte cultures. The method of SCE was used as an indicator of the possible mutagenic activity of lead acetate in in vitro cultures of human lymphocytes. After determining the optimal concentration of BUdR, the cultures were treated with increasing doses of the metal. The negative results obtained with this method led us to examine other parameters, in particular the classical cytogenetic aberrations.", "PMID": 87210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10619", "title": "The interaction of thermal tolerance with drug cytotoxicity in vitro.", "content": "The effect of preheating EMT6 cells in vitro on their response to cytotoxic agents of either 43 degrees C or 37 degrees C has been investigated. Preheating for 3 h at 40 degrees C produced measurable protection (thermal tolerance) to subsequent treatment for 1 h at 43 degrees C. This preheat treatment was further found to reduce cell killing by BLM and BCNU (drug tolerance) present during 1 h at 43 degrees C. In contrast, no such heat-induced drug tolerance was seen with ADR. An additional effect with ADR was the apparent elimination of heat-induced thermal tolerance at toxic drug doses. However, preheating under these conditions had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity of any of these drugs at 37 degrees C. Also, preheating for 1 h at 43 degrees C was found to sensitize cells to BLM and BCNU toxicity at 37 degrees C but to protect against ADR toxicity. The results are discussed in relation to known mechanisms of cell killing by heat and of thermal tolerance.", "contents": "The interaction of thermal tolerance with drug cytotoxicity in vitro. The effect of preheating EMT6 cells in vitro on their response to cytotoxic agents of either 43 degrees C or 37 degrees C has been investigated. Preheating for 3 h at 40 degrees C produced measurable protection (thermal tolerance) to subsequent treatment for 1 h at 43 degrees C. This preheat treatment was further found to reduce cell killing by BLM and BCNU (drug tolerance) present during 1 h at 43 degrees C. In contrast, no such heat-induced drug tolerance was seen with ADR. An additional effect with ADR was the apparent elimination of heat-induced thermal tolerance at toxic drug doses. However, preheating under these conditions had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity of any of these drugs at 37 degrees C. Also, preheating for 1 h at 43 degrees C was found to sensitize cells to BLM and BCNU toxicity at 37 degrees C but to protect against ADR toxicity. The results are discussed in relation to known mechanisms of cell killing by heat and of thermal tolerance.", "PMID": 87213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10620", "title": "Cancer of the prostate: early diagnosis by zinc and hormone analysis?", "content": "Zinc, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been measured in normal prostatic tissue and in specimens obtained from untreated patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). The metal--androgen relationship was examined and related to the pathological condition of the patients. The evidence suggests that discriminant analysis combining the hormonal data into a single variable is a reliable test for distinguishing between BPH and CaP patients. We have observed that the high Zn values found in BPH specimens were always associated with a DTH:T ratio greater than 1. Androgen tissue ratios less than 1 were characteristic of all CaP specimens, and these were usually preceded by a reduction in prostatic Zn concentration. Since these patterns, particularly those associated with neoplasia, precede the clinical manifestations, they may be used as an index for predicting the onset of carcinoma in the prostate gland. They may also be of value in monitoring the progress of the disease.", "contents": "Cancer of the prostate: early diagnosis by zinc and hormone analysis? Zinc, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been measured in normal prostatic tissue and in specimens obtained from untreated patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). The metal--androgen relationship was examined and related to the pathological condition of the patients. The evidence suggests that discriminant analysis combining the hormonal data into a single variable is a reliable test for distinguishing between BPH and CaP patients. We have observed that the high Zn values found in BPH specimens were always associated with a DTH:T ratio greater than 1. Androgen tissue ratios less than 1 were characteristic of all CaP specimens, and these were usually preceded by a reduction in prostatic Zn concentration. Since these patterns, particularly those associated with neoplasia, precede the clinical manifestations, they may be used as an index for predicting the onset of carcinoma in the prostate gland. They may also be of value in monitoring the progress of the disease.", "PMID": 87214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10621", "title": "Histamine release from platelets for assay of byssinogenic substances in cotton mill dust and related materials.", "content": "Previous reports suggest that byssinosis, an asthma-like condition among textile workers, may be mediated in part by histamine liberated following inhalation of dust. A simple, sensitive, and reliable procedure using pig platelets which contain the unusually high concentration of 0.8-1.6 microgram histamine/10(9) cells has been devised for the assay of histamine-releasing factors in cotton mill dust and related materials, and has yielded results generally in accordance with earlier assays using chopped lung tissue. As little as 50--100 microgram of total extractable substances from cotton mill dust can be measured. The activity of the extract is associated with the non-dialysable high molecular weight portion. However, conditions of acid hydrolysis do not destroy the activity. Extracts of leaves from different varieties of plant are highly potent, which suggests that the factors responsible for byssinosis are widely distributed plant components, present in textile fibre plants and converted to a respirable form by handling processes. Ellagic acid and sodium metasilicate release histamine from pig platelets, and represent new classes of compounds with possible roles in the aetiology of byssinosis.", "contents": "Histamine release from platelets for assay of byssinogenic substances in cotton mill dust and related materials. Previous reports suggest that byssinosis, an asthma-like condition among textile workers, may be mediated in part by histamine liberated following inhalation of dust. A simple, sensitive, and reliable procedure using pig platelets which contain the unusually high concentration of 0.8-1.6 microgram histamine/10(9) cells has been devised for the assay of histamine-releasing factors in cotton mill dust and related materials, and has yielded results generally in accordance with earlier assays using chopped lung tissue. As little as 50--100 microgram of total extractable substances from cotton mill dust can be measured. The activity of the extract is associated with the non-dialysable high molecular weight portion. However, conditions of acid hydrolysis do not destroy the activity. Extracts of leaves from different varieties of plant are highly potent, which suggests that the factors responsible for byssinosis are widely distributed plant components, present in textile fibre plants and converted to a respirable form by handling processes. Ellagic acid and sodium metasilicate release histamine from pig platelets, and represent new classes of compounds with possible roles in the aetiology of byssinosis.", "PMID": 87216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10622", "title": "Changes in expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes during rat liver development and neoplasia.", "content": "Albumin mRNA was isolated and purified from rat liver polysomes by a combination of immunoprecipitation of specific polysomes, poly(U)-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and fractionation of the resulting poly(A)-containing RNA on a sucrose gradient. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA was isolated from Morris hepatoma 7777 by a similar procedure. The purity of the mRNA preparations was determined by analytical gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the polypeptides synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the kinetics of hybridization to cDNA transcribed from albumin mRNA and AFP mRNA. The albumin mRNA possessed a chain length of approximately 2265 nucleotides and the AFP mRNA possesed a length of approximately 2235 nucleotides when examined under stringent denaturing conditions on agarose gels containing 10 mM methylmercury hydroxide. Analysis of poly(A) content by a hybridization assay with [3H]poly(U) revealed the presence in albumin mRNA of a poly(A) region containing approximately 100 adenosine residues. The AFP mRNA preparation was found to contain an average poly(A) tract of approximately 190 bases. Thus, albumin mRNA appears to contain approximately 330 untranslated nucleotides, and AFP mRNA appears to contain a similar number (approximately 285) of noncoding, nonpoly(A) bases. The purified albumin and AFP mRNA's were used as templates for synthesis of full-length cDNA hybridization probes. Both of the probes selectively hybridized to their templates with kinetics expected for single RNA species the sizes of albumin and AFP mRNA. ROt analysis was used to quantitate albumin and AFP mRNA sequences during normal liver postnatal development and liver oncogenesis. The number of polysomal AFP mRNA molecules per liver was found to drastically decrease during the first weeks of postnatal life, concomitant with a decline in the AFP synthetic capacity of the livers and in the serum concentrations of AFP. During this period, the concentration of albumin mRNA molecules per cell in the liver remained at high, approximately constant levels. In Morris hepatoma 7777, the concentration of AFP-specifying sequences was at least 10(3)-fold higher than that found in normal adult liver, whereas the content of albumin nRNA was four- to five-fold lower. These changes in concentration of albumin and AFP mRNA sequences closely correlated with a parallel variation in the specific protein synthetic capacity of the tissues.", "contents": "Changes in expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes during rat liver development and neoplasia. Albumin mRNA was isolated and purified from rat liver polysomes by a combination of immunoprecipitation of specific polysomes, poly(U)-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and fractionation of the resulting poly(A)-containing RNA on a sucrose gradient. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA was isolated from Morris hepatoma 7777 by a similar procedure. The purity of the mRNA preparations was determined by analytical gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the polypeptides synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the kinetics of hybridization to cDNA transcribed from albumin mRNA and AFP mRNA. The albumin mRNA possessed a chain length of approximately 2265 nucleotides and the AFP mRNA possesed a length of approximately 2235 nucleotides when examined under stringent denaturing conditions on agarose gels containing 10 mM methylmercury hydroxide. Analysis of poly(A) content by a hybridization assay with [3H]poly(U) revealed the presence in albumin mRNA of a poly(A) region containing approximately 100 adenosine residues. The AFP mRNA preparation was found to contain an average poly(A) tract of approximately 190 bases. Thus, albumin mRNA appears to contain approximately 330 untranslated nucleotides, and AFP mRNA appears to contain a similar number (approximately 285) of noncoding, nonpoly(A) bases. The purified albumin and AFP mRNA's were used as templates for synthesis of full-length cDNA hybridization probes. Both of the probes selectively hybridized to their templates with kinetics expected for single RNA species the sizes of albumin and AFP mRNA. ROt analysis was used to quantitate albumin and AFP mRNA sequences during normal liver postnatal development and liver oncogenesis. The number of polysomal AFP mRNA molecules per liver was found to drastically decrease during the first weeks of postnatal life, concomitant with a decline in the AFP synthetic capacity of the livers and in the serum concentrations of AFP. During this period, the concentration of albumin mRNA molecules per cell in the liver remained at high, approximately constant levels. In Morris hepatoma 7777, the concentration of AFP-specifying sequences was at least 10(3)-fold higher than that found in normal adult liver, whereas the content of albumin nRNA was four- to five-fold lower. These changes in concentration of albumin and AFP mRNA sequences closely correlated with a parallel variation in the specific protein synthetic capacity of the tissues.", "PMID": 87217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10623", "title": "Effects of surface charge on the conductance of the gramicidin channel.", "content": "The electric conductance of the cation-permeable gramicidin channel in negatively charged phosphatidylserine membranes has been studied. At low electrolyte concentrations the single-channel conductance is much larger in the negatively charged membrane than in a neutral membrane. This enhancement of conductance is in agreement with theoretical expectations, although a complete description of the salt concentration dependence of conductance was not possible. The results of these experiments may be compared with previous studies of a negatively charged gramicidin analog (O-pyromellityl gramicidin). It is found that the electrostatic effect on the conductance is much larger for a neutral channel embedded in a negatively charged lipid than for the negatively charged O-pyromellityl analog (with three charges at the channel mouth) embedded in a neutral lipid.", "contents": "Effects of surface charge on the conductance of the gramicidin channel. The electric conductance of the cation-permeable gramicidin channel in negatively charged phosphatidylserine membranes has been studied. At low electrolyte concentrations the single-channel conductance is much larger in the negatively charged membrane than in a neutral membrane. This enhancement of conductance is in agreement with theoretical expectations, although a complete description of the salt concentration dependence of conductance was not possible. The results of these experiments may be compared with previous studies of a negatively charged gramicidin analog (O-pyromellityl gramicidin). It is found that the electrostatic effect on the conductance is much larger for a neutral channel embedded in a negatively charged lipid than for the negatively charged O-pyromellityl analog (with three charges at the channel mouth) embedded in a neutral lipid.", "PMID": 87221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10624", "title": "Dicarbocyanine fluorescent probes of membrane potential block lymphocyte capping, deplete cellular ATP and inhibit respiration of isolated mitochondria.", "content": "3,3'-Dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide, a widely used fluorescent probe of membrane potential, was found to inhibit anti-Ig antibody, induced capping of mouse lymphocytes. The dye also lowered the cell ATP content. Experiments with isolated mitochondria revealed that the probe had a potent inhibitory action at site I of the respiratory chain. This mitochondrial blockade helps to explain the ATP depletion and blockade of capping, and gives cause for caution in the use of this dye as a probe of cell membrane potential. Three related dicarbocyanine dyes had similar toxic effects, but two cyanine dyes with much longer alkyl side chains, which have been used as probes of membrane fluidity, did not.", "contents": "Dicarbocyanine fluorescent probes of membrane potential block lymphocyte capping, deplete cellular ATP and inhibit respiration of isolated mitochondria. 3,3'-Dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide, a widely used fluorescent probe of membrane potential, was found to inhibit anti-Ig antibody, induced capping of mouse lymphocytes. The dye also lowered the cell ATP content. Experiments with isolated mitochondria revealed that the probe had a potent inhibitory action at site I of the respiratory chain. This mitochondrial blockade helps to explain the ATP depletion and blockade of capping, and gives cause for caution in the use of this dye as a probe of cell membrane potential. Three related dicarbocyanine dyes had similar toxic effects, but two cyanine dyes with much longer alkyl side chains, which have been used as probes of membrane fluidity, did not.", "PMID": 87222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10625", "title": "Human glomerular basement membrane. Heterogeneity of antigenic determinants.", "content": "Human glomerular basement membrane was solubilized by digestion with proteolytic enzymes and immunoreactive components were quantitated and characterized by using rabbit antibodies raised against the particulate membrane. A number of antigens were demonstrated but they did not separate on gel filtration. However, two antigenic components in a collagenase digest of the membrane could be separated and isolated by Sepharose 6B chromatography. Chemical characterization suggests that both fragments are noncollagenous glycopeptides (molecular weights approx. 1,000,000 and 60,000--200,000, respectively).", "contents": "Human glomerular basement membrane. Heterogeneity of antigenic determinants. Human glomerular basement membrane was solubilized by digestion with proteolytic enzymes and immunoreactive components were quantitated and characterized by using rabbit antibodies raised against the particulate membrane. A number of antigens were demonstrated but they did not separate on gel filtration. However, two antigenic components in a collagenase digest of the membrane could be separated and isolated by Sepharose 6B chromatography. Chemical characterization suggests that both fragments are noncollagenous glycopeptides (molecular weights approx. 1,000,000 and 60,000--200,000, respectively).", "PMID": 87223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10626", "title": "Human glomerular basement membrane. Antigenic determinants in human urine.", "content": "Antisera against particulate human glomerular basement membrane prepared from cadaver kidneys were raised in rabbits. It was shown that both normal individuals and patients with glomerular and tubular diseases excrete in their urine several antigens reactive with these antibodies. One antigen crossreacted immunologically with an antigen from human glomerular basement membrane while several others did not. One of the urinary antigens and the antigen crossreacting with the basement membrane were separated from the others by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, respectively. The pattern of anttigen excretion differed depending on the underlying renal disease but the multitude of different antigens detected complicates the interpretation of the patterns of excretion in different diseases.", "contents": "Human glomerular basement membrane. Antigenic determinants in human urine. Antisera against particulate human glomerular basement membrane prepared from cadaver kidneys were raised in rabbits. It was shown that both normal individuals and patients with glomerular and tubular diseases excrete in their urine several antigens reactive with these antibodies. One antigen crossreacted immunologically with an antigen from human glomerular basement membrane while several others did not. One of the urinary antigens and the antigen crossreacting with the basement membrane were separated from the others by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, respectively. The pattern of anttigen excretion differed depending on the underlying renal disease but the multitude of different antigens detected complicates the interpretation of the patterns of excretion in different diseases.", "PMID": 87224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10627", "title": "Molecular control of rabbit follicular testosterone production. Role of protein and RNA after stimulation with luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The time and dose dependence of the relationship between uptake of labelled precursors into protein and RNA and production of testosterone by rabbit follicles was examined. Although testosterone production was stimulated by luteinizing hormone at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 microgram/ml, the uptake of [3H]leucine into protein was significant only when the concentration of luteinizing hormone was greater than 2.5 microgram/ml. Increased production of testosterone was observed within 15 min of stimulation with luteinizing hormone whereas uptake of [3H]leucine was only significant at 90 min. Puromycin (40 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (10 microgram/ml) in the presence of luteinizing hormone inhibited the synthesis of both testosterone and protein. However, lower concentrations of puromycin (0.1, 1 and 10 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) had no effect on luteinizing hormone-induced testosterone production but significantly inhibited protein synthesis by 58, 37, 31 and 71%, respectively. Actinomycin D (20, 80 and 160 microgram/ml) alone and in combination with 5 microgram luteinizing hormone/ml severely inhibited uptake of [3H]uridine into RNA without affecting testosterone production. However, with 1 microgram actinomycin/ml, testosterone production was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than in the presence of luteinizing hormone alone. These results cast doubt on the obligatory role of RNA and protein synthesis in rabbit ovarian follicular steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Molecular control of rabbit follicular testosterone production. Role of protein and RNA after stimulation with luteinizing hormone. The time and dose dependence of the relationship between uptake of labelled precursors into protein and RNA and production of testosterone by rabbit follicles was examined. Although testosterone production was stimulated by luteinizing hormone at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 microgram/ml, the uptake of [3H]leucine into protein was significant only when the concentration of luteinizing hormone was greater than 2.5 microgram/ml. Increased production of testosterone was observed within 15 min of stimulation with luteinizing hormone whereas uptake of [3H]leucine was only significant at 90 min. Puromycin (40 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (10 microgram/ml) in the presence of luteinizing hormone inhibited the synthesis of both testosterone and protein. However, lower concentrations of puromycin (0.1, 1 and 10 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) had no effect on luteinizing hormone-induced testosterone production but significantly inhibited protein synthesis by 58, 37, 31 and 71%, respectively. Actinomycin D (20, 80 and 160 microgram/ml) alone and in combination with 5 microgram luteinizing hormone/ml severely inhibited uptake of [3H]uridine into RNA without affecting testosterone production. However, with 1 microgram actinomycin/ml, testosterone production was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than in the presence of luteinizing hormone alone. These results cast doubt on the obligatory role of RNA and protein synthesis in rabbit ovarian follicular steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 87225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10628", "title": "Properties of a goat anti-L antibody: further evidence for heterogeneity of the L antigen.", "content": "The preparation and properties of an antibody (anti-L) against low potassium type (LK) goat red cells raised in a high potassium type (HK) goat are described. This reagent stimulated active potassium transport, but showed only weak serological activity against low potassium type (LK) sheep and goat red cells. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that anti-L antibody has two specificities--a sodium pump-stimulating activity (anti-Lp) and a serological activity (anti-L1y).", "contents": "Properties of a goat anti-L antibody: further evidence for heterogeneity of the L antigen. The preparation and properties of an antibody (anti-L) against low potassium type (LK) goat red cells raised in a high potassium type (HK) goat are described. This reagent stimulated active potassium transport, but showed only weak serological activity against low potassium type (LK) sheep and goat red cells. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that anti-L antibody has two specificities--a sodium pump-stimulating activity (anti-Lp) and a serological activity (anti-L1y).", "PMID": 87226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10629", "title": "Hepatic uptake and degradation of trace doses of asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid in the intact rat.", "content": "Asialoorosomucoid and asialofetuin were prepared by using sialidase, which was removed chromatographically before the proteins were labelled with radioactive iodine. After intravenous administration of a small amount oa asialoglycoprotein (3--4 microgram/100 g body wt.) protein-bound and non-protein radioactivities in plasmas and livers of rats were determined at intervals over a period of 30 min. Transfer of either tracer protein from plasma to liver was almost complete in 5 min. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was evident very shortly thereafter, but degradation of asialoorosomucoid commenced after a significant delay and was initially slow relative to that of asialofetuin. Studies in vitro with crude hepatic lysosomal enzyme preparations indicated that asialoorosomucoid was less readily digested than asialofetuin, and that desialylation of orosomucoid or fetuin did not noticeably increase the susceptibility of these proteins to protease action. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was also demonstrable in liver homogenates in conditions under which albumin and asialotransferrin were stable. A generalized mathematical model was devised to represent the uptake and degradation of asialoglycoproteins by the liver. The theoretical assumptions that gave the best fits with experiment are outlined and discussed.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake and degradation of trace doses of asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid in the intact rat. Asialoorosomucoid and asialofetuin were prepared by using sialidase, which was removed chromatographically before the proteins were labelled with radioactive iodine. After intravenous administration of a small amount oa asialoglycoprotein (3--4 microgram/100 g body wt.) protein-bound and non-protein radioactivities in plasmas and livers of rats were determined at intervals over a period of 30 min. Transfer of either tracer protein from plasma to liver was almost complete in 5 min. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was evident very shortly thereafter, but degradation of asialoorosomucoid commenced after a significant delay and was initially slow relative to that of asialofetuin. Studies in vitro with crude hepatic lysosomal enzyme preparations indicated that asialoorosomucoid was less readily digested than asialofetuin, and that desialylation of orosomucoid or fetuin did not noticeably increase the susceptibility of these proteins to protease action. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was also demonstrable in liver homogenates in conditions under which albumin and asialotransferrin were stable. A generalized mathematical model was devised to represent the uptake and degradation of asialoglycoproteins by the liver. The theoretical assumptions that gave the best fits with experiment are outlined and discussed.", "PMID": 87227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10630", "title": "Intracellular localization and degradation of asialofetuin in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Analysis by isopycnic and differential centrifuging of the intracellular distribution of radioactivity following uptake of 125I-labelled asialofetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes showed that during incubations up to 1 h, most of the radioactivity was associated with structures which had a subcellular distribution pattern different from both the lysosomes and the plasma membrane. The latter two organelles were followed by means of enzyme markers. Ca2+ is necessary for the binding of asialofetuin to the plasma membrane, and it was also possible to differentiate between asialofetuin bound to the plasma membrane and that contained in intracellular structures by removing Ca2+ from the medium (by EGTA). Such experiments showed that asialofetuin became rapidly internalized. Practically all the labelled protein was located intracellularly in cells that had been incubated with asialofetuin for more than 30 min. When incubations were carried out for more than 1 h a peak appeared in the radioactivity distribution in the same place as the peak of activity of lysosomal marker enzymes. However, degradation of asialofetuin takes place in the lysosomes and this starts before the labelled protein can be found in the lysosomal fractions. Our data suggest that the rate-determining step in the cellular handling of asialofetuin is the transport of endocytized protein from the endocytic vesicles to the lysosomes.", "contents": "Intracellular localization and degradation of asialofetuin in isolated rat hepatocytes. Analysis by isopycnic and differential centrifuging of the intracellular distribution of radioactivity following uptake of 125I-labelled asialofetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes showed that during incubations up to 1 h, most of the radioactivity was associated with structures which had a subcellular distribution pattern different from both the lysosomes and the plasma membrane. The latter two organelles were followed by means of enzyme markers. Ca2+ is necessary for the binding of asialofetuin to the plasma membrane, and it was also possible to differentiate between asialofetuin bound to the plasma membrane and that contained in intracellular structures by removing Ca2+ from the medium (by EGTA). Such experiments showed that asialofetuin became rapidly internalized. Practically all the labelled protein was located intracellularly in cells that had been incubated with asialofetuin for more than 30 min. When incubations were carried out for more than 1 h a peak appeared in the radioactivity distribution in the same place as the peak of activity of lysosomal marker enzymes. However, degradation of asialofetuin takes place in the lysosomes and this starts before the labelled protein can be found in the lysosomal fractions. Our data suggest that the rate-determining step in the cellular handling of asialofetuin is the transport of endocytized protein from the endocytic vesicles to the lysosomes.", "PMID": 87228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10631", "title": "[Effect of long-term cytostatic therapy on the hematopoietic stem cells].", "content": "CFU-C and diffusion chamber studies were performed in patients with teratocarcinoma, who underwent long term chemotherapy. No significant decline of bone marrow CFU-C or diffusion chamber cell recovery was found during twelve months of cytotoxic treatment. In contrast to the results in these patients the CFU-C-content of the remission marrow in leukemic patients showed a significant decrease in relation to the duration of remission and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term cytostatic therapy on the hematopoietic stem cells]. CFU-C and diffusion chamber studies were performed in patients with teratocarcinoma, who underwent long term chemotherapy. No significant decline of bone marrow CFU-C or diffusion chamber cell recovery was found during twelve months of cytotoxic treatment. In contrast to the results in these patients the CFU-C-content of the remission marrow in leukemic patients showed a significant decrease in relation to the duration of remission and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 87230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10632", "title": "Lead contamination in street dust in Hong Kong.", "content": "Lead levels were generally found to be high in road-side dust samples collected from different sites throughout the Island of Hong Kong during winter 1977-78. Considerable differences in the concentration of lead amongst these sites were detected but such differences bore no direct relationship to the traffic volumes of the sites from which the samples were collected. Different districts within the city varied widely in the mean concentration of lead in their road-side dust samples.", "contents": "Lead contamination in street dust in Hong Kong. Lead levels were generally found to be high in road-side dust samples collected from different sites throughout the Island of Hong Kong during winter 1977-78. Considerable differences in the concentration of lead amongst these sites were detected but such differences bore no direct relationship to the traffic volumes of the sites from which the samples were collected. Different districts within the city varied widely in the mean concentration of lead in their road-side dust samples.", "PMID": 87234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10633", "title": "Transurethral resection of large prostates.", "content": "A total of 102 men (mean age 70) underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. The weight of the resected prostate ranged from 40 to 152 g. Two deaths occurred in patients aged 85 and 92 years, both of whom were generally unfit. The average postoperative stay in hospital was 8.3 days. The proportions of patients with incontinence, infection, and stricture were similar to those in other series of resections and open prostatectomies, suggesting that resection of the larger prostate is safe and an acceptable alternative to an open operation.", "contents": "Transurethral resection of large prostates. A total of 102 men (mean age 70) underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. The weight of the resected prostate ranged from 40 to 152 g. Two deaths occurred in patients aged 85 and 92 years, both of whom were generally unfit. The average postoperative stay in hospital was 8.3 days. The proportions of patients with incontinence, infection, and stricture were similar to those in other series of resections and open prostatectomies, suggesting that resection of the larger prostate is safe and an acceptable alternative to an open operation.", "PMID": 87236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10634", "title": "Double-staining procedure for the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test.", "content": "The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) double-staining procedure was reproducible, comparable to the conventional test, and easy to read. We recommend the use of the FTA-ABS double-staining procedure for microscopes with incident illumination, the 100 x/1.30 oil achromatic objective and the 6.3 x ocular to obtain optimal fluorescence, and the KP560 as a barrier filter to exclude rhodamine emission when fluorescein fluorescence is read. With this system, errors related to poor focusing or failure to visualise treponemes on all smears should be eliminated.", "contents": "Double-staining procedure for the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test. The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) double-staining procedure was reproducible, comparable to the conventional test, and easy to read. We recommend the use of the FTA-ABS double-staining procedure for microscopes with incident illumination, the 100 x/1.30 oil achromatic objective and the 6.3 x ocular to obtain optimal fluorescence, and the KP560 as a barrier filter to exclude rhodamine emission when fluorescein fluorescence is read. With this system, errors related to poor focusing or failure to visualise treponemes on all smears should be eliminated.", "PMID": 87240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10635", "title": "Effect of different preparation procedures on the ultrastructure of gonococci.", "content": "Culture samples of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli were studied by transmission and electron microscopy to evaluate the effect of different preparation procedures on the pilation of these organisms. Unfixed as well as fixed bacteria showed only few, long, filamentous appendages when investigated in ultrathin sections, negatively stained specimens, or critical-point dried preparations. Snap-frozen specimens of E. coli showed many short and thin pili after being shadowed with carbon and platinum whereas those of N. gonorrhoeae showed only some type-C-like pili. Thus, the number and morphological appearance of pili appear to be greatly influenced by the preparation techniques used for study by electronmicroscopy. Conclusions as to the type and the infectivity of a bacterial strain can, therefore, not be based on purely morphological criteria.", "contents": "Effect of different preparation procedures on the ultrastructure of gonococci. Culture samples of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli were studied by transmission and electron microscopy to evaluate the effect of different preparation procedures on the pilation of these organisms. Unfixed as well as fixed bacteria showed only few, long, filamentous appendages when investigated in ultrathin sections, negatively stained specimens, or critical-point dried preparations. Snap-frozen specimens of E. coli showed many short and thin pili after being shadowed with carbon and platinum whereas those of N. gonorrhoeae showed only some type-C-like pili. Thus, the number and morphological appearance of pili appear to be greatly influenced by the preparation techniques used for study by electronmicroscopy. Conclusions as to the type and the infectivity of a bacterial strain can, therefore, not be based on purely morphological criteria.", "PMID": 87241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10636", "title": "Transmitter histochemistry of the rat olfactory bulb III. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]GABA.", "content": "The distribution of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) labeled elements in rat olfactory bulb was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. [3H]GABA was strongly taken up into glial cells and pericytes in all layers of the bulb. The neuronal uptake of [3H]GABA was mainly seen in certain types of nerve terminals. About one-third of the granule dendritic terminals, some nerve endings of short axon cells, and certain nerve endings of extrabulbar origin showed a strong labeling. Labeling was seen in a small population of the periglomerular, short axon and granule cell bodies. Most cell bodies of these 3 types as well as the mitral cells did not, however, accumulate any appreciable amo9nt of [3H]GABA. The labeling pattern seen after injection of [3H]glycine and [3H]leucine was clearly different from the pattern seen after [3H]GABA injection. The labeling was more uniformly distributed over the components of the neuropil with a considerably higher activity over certain cell somata such as the mitral cells. The present results demonstrate that neuronal uptake and accumulation of [3H]GABA occur into populations of olfactory bulb cells and processes, which from neurophysiological and/or immunohistochemical studies are supposed to use GABA as a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Transmitter histochemistry of the rat olfactory bulb III. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]GABA. The distribution of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) labeled elements in rat olfactory bulb was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. [3H]GABA was strongly taken up into glial cells and pericytes in all layers of the bulb. The neuronal uptake of [3H]GABA was mainly seen in certain types of nerve terminals. About one-third of the granule dendritic terminals, some nerve endings of short axon cells, and certain nerve endings of extrabulbar origin showed a strong labeling. Labeling was seen in a small population of the periglomerular, short axon and granule cell bodies. Most cell bodies of these 3 types as well as the mitral cells did not, however, accumulate any appreciable amo9nt of [3H]GABA. The labeling pattern seen after injection of [3H]glycine and [3H]leucine was clearly different from the pattern seen after [3H]GABA injection. The labeling was more uniformly distributed over the components of the neuropil with a considerably higher activity over certain cell somata such as the mitral cells. The present results demonstrate that neuronal uptake and accumulation of [3H]GABA occur into populations of olfactory bulb cells and processes, which from neurophysiological and/or immunohistochemical studies are supposed to use GABA as a neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 87242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10637", "title": "Observations of HRP labeling following injection through a chronically implanted cannula--a method to avoid diffusion of HRP into injured fibers.", "content": "One of the limitations of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer method is the diffusion of HRP into injured axons resulting in unintended labeling of neurons not terminating in the injection area. To overcome this limitation, an experiment was designed to inject the HRP through an implanted cannula after degeneration and healing had taken place. It was shown that implantation of a cannula into the internal capsule significantly decreased the number of labeled axons in the injection site, thus limiting the unintended labeling of neurons from that injection. When injections followed implantation of the cannula by 24 h or more, fibers damaged by the cannula had healed or degenerated sufficiently that intraaxonal diffusion of HRP into those injured fibers did not occur. A significant difference between control (without the cannula) and experimental (with the cannula) injections was observed. Extensive axonal and neuronal labeling following the control injections was seen at the injection site and caudate nucleus, and in the thalamus and parietal cortex, respectively. Experimental injections resulted in sparse axonal and neuronal labeling evident mostly with the larger injections of HRP.", "contents": "Observations of HRP labeling following injection through a chronically implanted cannula--a method to avoid diffusion of HRP into injured fibers. One of the limitations of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer method is the diffusion of HRP into injured axons resulting in unintended labeling of neurons not terminating in the injection area. To overcome this limitation, an experiment was designed to inject the HRP through an implanted cannula after degeneration and healing had taken place. It was shown that implantation of a cannula into the internal capsule significantly decreased the number of labeled axons in the injection site, thus limiting the unintended labeling of neurons from that injection. When injections followed implantation of the cannula by 24 h or more, fibers damaged by the cannula had healed or degenerated sufficiently that intraaxonal diffusion of HRP into those injured fibers did not occur. A significant difference between control (without the cannula) and experimental (with the cannula) injections was observed. Extensive axonal and neuronal labeling following the control injections was seen at the injection site and caudate nucleus, and in the thalamus and parietal cortex, respectively. Experimental injections resulted in sparse axonal and neuronal labeling evident mostly with the larger injections of HRP.", "PMID": 87243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10638", "title": "The use of neurotoxins to characterize the rates and subcellular distributions of axonally transported dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine in the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), colchicine and cytochalasin B on the transport and subcellular distribution of proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied in the noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Four waves of transported 3H-labeled proteins and glycoproteins, defined by previous studies, as well as hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE, were examined after injection of each neurotoxin into the ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Blockade of subcellular components of TH, DBH and NE was compared to their endogenous hypothalamic distributions. 6-Hydroxydopamine variably blocked transport of all 4 waves of 3H protein and bilateral injections decreased hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE by 58.2, 56.9 and 52.2% of controls, respectively. Cytochalasin B blocked transport of protein waves I (72--192 mn/day) and III (13--20 mm/day) and decreased hypothalamic levels of TH to 60.1% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine blocked transport of waves I, II (24--48 mm/day) and V (1.4--2.9 mm/day) and blocked [3H]NE transport, while decreasing hypothalamic levels of DBH and NE to 56.6 and 69.3% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine and 6-OHDA, but not cytochalasin B, caused a backup of DBH immunofluorescence proximal to the injection site. DBH and NE appeared to be transported primarily in particulate form, while TH transport was predominantly soluble in distribution. None of the toxins differentially affected the transport of one particular subcellular component of TH, DBH or NE. Based on the differential blocking effects of these toxins, DBH and NE appeared to be associated with wave II, and TH with wave III, travelling at 24--48 mm/day and 13--20 mm/day respectively.", "contents": "The use of neurotoxins to characterize the rates and subcellular distributions of axonally transported dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine in the rat brain. The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), colchicine and cytochalasin B on the transport and subcellular distribution of proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied in the noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Four waves of transported 3H-labeled proteins and glycoproteins, defined by previous studies, as well as hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE, were examined after injection of each neurotoxin into the ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Blockade of subcellular components of TH, DBH and NE was compared to their endogenous hypothalamic distributions. 6-Hydroxydopamine variably blocked transport of all 4 waves of 3H protein and bilateral injections decreased hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE by 58.2, 56.9 and 52.2% of controls, respectively. Cytochalasin B blocked transport of protein waves I (72--192 mn/day) and III (13--20 mm/day) and decreased hypothalamic levels of TH to 60.1% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine blocked transport of waves I, II (24--48 mm/day) and V (1.4--2.9 mm/day) and blocked [3H]NE transport, while decreasing hypothalamic levels of DBH and NE to 56.6 and 69.3% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine and 6-OHDA, but not cytochalasin B, caused a backup of DBH immunofluorescence proximal to the injection site. DBH and NE appeared to be transported primarily in particulate form, while TH transport was predominantly soluble in distribution. None of the toxins differentially affected the transport of one particular subcellular component of TH, DBH or NE. Based on the differential blocking effects of these toxins, DBH and NE appeared to be associated with wave II, and TH with wave III, travelling at 24--48 mm/day and 13--20 mm/day respectively.", "PMID": 87244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10639", "title": "Axonal transport of nucleosides, nucleotides and 4S RNA in the neonatal rat visual system.", "content": "The axonal migration of RNA, the nucleoside uridine and its nucleotide derivates (NS/NT) were compared in neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Tritiated uridine was injected into right eyes of developing (1- or 4-day-old) and young adult (40-day-old) rats which were sacrificed at times after injection ranging from 6 h to 20 days. Right and left lateral geniculates were removed and assayed for trichloroacetic acid soluble (NS/NT) and RNA radioactivity. Left minus right geniculate (L-RLG) radioactivity was used as an index of axonally migrating radioactivity. Results showed that uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives were transported along both neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Greater than 90% of right geniculate (blood-borne) TCA soluble radioactivity was metabolized to volatile substances (probably 3H2O) by three days after injection, leaving approximately 3% of the neonatal and approximately 10% of the adult activity as [3H]NS/NT. In left geniculate fractions (containing transported material) approximately 15% and 40% of total TCA soluble radioactivity was present as [3H]NS/NT in neonates and adults, respectively. Thus, axonal NS/NT appears to be relatively protected from degradation when compared with blood-borne NS/NT. The amount of L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was 10 times higher than in young adults. Peaks of neonatal [3H]RNA occurred at 5 and 10 days after birth, whether injections were made at 1 or 4 days of age indicating that this [3H]RNA may be linked to developmental events. Gel electrophoretic analysis of neonatal geniculate RNA indicated that a small portion of the [3H]RNA in the first peak represented axonally transported 4S RNA. The remainder of the L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was probably due to a rapid and efficient incorporation of axonally transported [3H]NS/NT into extraaxonal geniculate RNA. In contrast, little or no axonal RNA transport could be demonstrated in the young adults.", "contents": "Axonal transport of nucleosides, nucleotides and 4S RNA in the neonatal rat visual system. The axonal migration of RNA, the nucleoside uridine and its nucleotide derivates (NS/NT) were compared in neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Tritiated uridine was injected into right eyes of developing (1- or 4-day-old) and young adult (40-day-old) rats which were sacrificed at times after injection ranging from 6 h to 20 days. Right and left lateral geniculates were removed and assayed for trichloroacetic acid soluble (NS/NT) and RNA radioactivity. Left minus right geniculate (L-RLG) radioactivity was used as an index of axonally migrating radioactivity. Results showed that uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives were transported along both neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Greater than 90% of right geniculate (blood-borne) TCA soluble radioactivity was metabolized to volatile substances (probably 3H2O) by three days after injection, leaving approximately 3% of the neonatal and approximately 10% of the adult activity as [3H]NS/NT. In left geniculate fractions (containing transported material) approximately 15% and 40% of total TCA soluble radioactivity was present as [3H]NS/NT in neonates and adults, respectively. Thus, axonal NS/NT appears to be relatively protected from degradation when compared with blood-borne NS/NT. The amount of L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was 10 times higher than in young adults. Peaks of neonatal [3H]RNA occurred at 5 and 10 days after birth, whether injections were made at 1 or 4 days of age indicating that this [3H]RNA may be linked to developmental events. Gel electrophoretic analysis of neonatal geniculate RNA indicated that a small portion of the [3H]RNA in the first peak represented axonally transported 4S RNA. The remainder of the L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was probably due to a rapid and efficient incorporation of axonally transported [3H]NS/NT into extraaxonal geniculate RNA. In contrast, little or no axonal RNA transport could be demonstrated in the young adults.", "PMID": 87246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10640", "title": "Kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum: a histofluorescent study.", "content": "Histochemical observation of catecholamine terminals in the striatum following kainic acid injections revealed a 'sphere of influence' which contained an increased intensity of dopamine fluorescence as well as non-specific tissue destruction at the injection site. The area of involvement was approximately 50% of the striatum and varied somewhat at any one dose range depending upon the site of injection. It is suggested that destruction of regulatory neuronal systems (cholinergic, GABAergic, peptidergic, etc.) results in a net increase of dopamine in the sphere of kainic acid influence.", "contents": "Kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum: a histofluorescent study. Histochemical observation of catecholamine terminals in the striatum following kainic acid injections revealed a 'sphere of influence' which contained an increased intensity of dopamine fluorescence as well as non-specific tissue destruction at the injection site. The area of involvement was approximately 50% of the striatum and varied somewhat at any one dose range depending upon the site of injection. It is suggested that destruction of regulatory neuronal systems (cholinergic, GABAergic, peptidergic, etc.) results in a net increase of dopamine in the sphere of kainic acid influence.", "PMID": 87248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10641", "title": "Effects of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on bile-induced histamine release and permeability alterations in canine oxyntic mucosa.", "content": "Damage to the stomach results in excessive movement of hydrogen ion (H+) out of the lumen, and increased movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) into the lumen. Histamine liberation during damage probably adds to the destruction by increased capillary permeability and formation of edema. Previous reports have shown that the synthetic prostaglandin analogue 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (Dm PGE2) protects dog gastric mucosa from aspirin- and ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage. The effects of dm PGE2 on bile salt (sodium taurocholate) induced injury has not been investigated. Using the canine Heidenhain pouch, the present study examined the action of dm PGE2 on gastric mucosal damage induced by 5 mM sodium taurocholate in 100 mM HCl. Bile salt damaged the pouch mucosa as evidenced by an increased loss of H+, and increased net fluxes of both Na+ and K+. There was also an increase in the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the Heidenhain pouch. Intravenous injection of dm PGE2 in the doses 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/kg 1/2 h before administration of the sodium taurocholate in HCl significantly reduced the net loss of H+ and the gain of Na+, K+, and histamine. It is concluded the dm PGE2 effectively protects the canine gastric mucosa from the damaging effects of bile salt and that the mechanism of dm PGE2 protection of canine oxyntic mucosa may be mediated in part via inhibition of the gastric mucosal release of histamine.", "contents": "Effects of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on bile-induced histamine release and permeability alterations in canine oxyntic mucosa. Damage to the stomach results in excessive movement of hydrogen ion (H+) out of the lumen, and increased movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) into the lumen. Histamine liberation during damage probably adds to the destruction by increased capillary permeability and formation of edema. Previous reports have shown that the synthetic prostaglandin analogue 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (Dm PGE2) protects dog gastric mucosa from aspirin- and ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage. The effects of dm PGE2 on bile salt (sodium taurocholate) induced injury has not been investigated. Using the canine Heidenhain pouch, the present study examined the action of dm PGE2 on gastric mucosal damage induced by 5 mM sodium taurocholate in 100 mM HCl. Bile salt damaged the pouch mucosa as evidenced by an increased loss of H+, and increased net fluxes of both Na+ and K+. There was also an increase in the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the Heidenhain pouch. Intravenous injection of dm PGE2 in the doses 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/kg 1/2 h before administration of the sodium taurocholate in HCl significantly reduced the net loss of H+ and the gain of Na+, K+, and histamine. It is concluded the dm PGE2 effectively protects the canine gastric mucosa from the damaging effects of bile salt and that the mechanism of dm PGE2 protection of canine oxyntic mucosa may be mediated in part via inhibition of the gastric mucosal release of histamine.", "PMID": 87250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10642", "title": "Periostitis associated with myelofibrosis.", "content": "Two patients with myelofibrosis developed fever, leg pain and periostitis. The first patient had myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and was symptomatic for months before x-rays showed periosteal new bone formation in the lower extremities. He subsequently developed periostitis of both upper extremities. Radiation of the lower extremities resulted in significant pain relief. The second patient had a past history of polycythemia vera and experienced painful periostitis of the tibiae and fibulae. 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate bone scans showed increased uptake in the involved bones in both patients. Asymptomatic or painful periostitis may be related to the increased bone blood flow associated with myelofibrosis. Radiation can afford successful palliation in the severely symptomatic patient.", "contents": "Periostitis associated with myelofibrosis. Two patients with myelofibrosis developed fever, leg pain and periostitis. The first patient had myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and was symptomatic for months before x-rays showed periosteal new bone formation in the lower extremities. He subsequently developed periostitis of both upper extremities. Radiation of the lower extremities resulted in significant pain relief. The second patient had a past history of polycythemia vera and experienced painful periostitis of the tibiae and fibulae. 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate bone scans showed increased uptake in the involved bones in both patients. Asymptomatic or painful periostitis may be related to the increased bone blood flow associated with myelofibrosis. Radiation can afford successful palliation in the severely symptomatic patient.", "PMID": 87252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10643", "title": "Cobalt-57 bleomycin for imaging head and neck tumors.", "content": "Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging was performed in 11 patients with a history of head and neck cancer. Clinical and scan findings concurred on the presence and extent of tumor in 9 patients (82%); tumor was present in 7 and absent in 2 of the 9. In 2 patients (18%) the scan demonstrated tumor in the neck but failed to show metastatic sites. Cobalt-57 bleomycin images were of good technical quality, with remarkably low background activity at 24 hours after administration. Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging appears to be a promising technique for evaluating patients with head and neck tumors.", "contents": "Cobalt-57 bleomycin for imaging head and neck tumors. Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging was performed in 11 patients with a history of head and neck cancer. Clinical and scan findings concurred on the presence and extent of tumor in 9 patients (82%); tumor was present in 7 and absent in 2 of the 9. In 2 patients (18%) the scan demonstrated tumor in the neck but failed to show metastatic sites. Cobalt-57 bleomycin images were of good technical quality, with remarkably low background activity at 24 hours after administration. Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging appears to be a promising technique for evaluating patients with head and neck tumors.", "PMID": 87253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10644", "title": "On the presence of reverse transcriptase in myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Buffy coats from 31 patients with a diagnosis of leukemia and 16 normal donors were tested for the presence of a viral-like reverse transcriptase. Eighty-five percent of fresh leukemic buffy coats were positive. Also tested were spleens from 16 patients with hematological disorders and 5 spleens from patients without history of hematological malignancy. The 5 normal spleens were negative. Also negative were 4 spleens from patients with Hairy cell leukemia. From the remaining 12 spleens 7 were positive. Reverse transcriptase measurements can be used to distinguish leukemic from normal buffy coats.", "contents": "On the presence of reverse transcriptase in myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders. Buffy coats from 31 patients with a diagnosis of leukemia and 16 normal donors were tested for the presence of a viral-like reverse transcriptase. Eighty-five percent of fresh leukemic buffy coats were positive. Also tested were spleens from 16 patients with hematological disorders and 5 spleens from patients without history of hematological malignancy. The 5 normal spleens were negative. Also negative were 4 spleens from patients with Hairy cell leukemia. From the remaining 12 spleens 7 were positive. Reverse transcriptase measurements can be used to distinguish leukemic from normal buffy coats.", "PMID": 87254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10645", "title": "Detection of reverse transcriptase activity in human cells.", "content": "Samples of three nonmalignant and seven leukemic human cells were examined for DNA polymerase activity that could be identified as RNA tumor virus reverse transcriptase. Experiments on virus-infected model animal cells provided the basis for cell fractionation procedures, and reconstituted systems of known virus, added to human cells, established a threshold of virus detection by enzyme assay at 1 to 10 particles/cell. DNA polymerase activity with some properties similar to a reverse transcriptase was detected in some of the human leukemic cells. However, parallel analyses of nonmalignant cells showed sufficient similarities to raise serious questions about the specificity of the criteria. Reverse transcriptase activity has been reported to be present in white blood cells from a proportion of cases of leukemia; however, it is concluded from the present study that the usual enzymatic criteria using synthetic template primers, which were used in most of the studies reported, are not sufficient to identify a DNA polymerase activity as viral reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "Detection of reverse transcriptase activity in human cells. Samples of three nonmalignant and seven leukemic human cells were examined for DNA polymerase activity that could be identified as RNA tumor virus reverse transcriptase. Experiments on virus-infected model animal cells provided the basis for cell fractionation procedures, and reconstituted systems of known virus, added to human cells, established a threshold of virus detection by enzyme assay at 1 to 10 particles/cell. DNA polymerase activity with some properties similar to a reverse transcriptase was detected in some of the human leukemic cells. However, parallel analyses of nonmalignant cells showed sufficient similarities to raise serious questions about the specificity of the criteria. Reverse transcriptase activity has been reported to be present in white blood cells from a proportion of cases of leukemia; however, it is concluded from the present study that the usual enzymatic criteria using synthetic template primers, which were used in most of the studies reported, are not sufficient to identify a DNA polymerase activity as viral reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 87260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10646", "title": "Isolation of rat alpha1-fetoprotein messenger RNA from Morris hepatoma 7777.", "content": "A double-antibody procedure has been developed for the isolation of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP)-synthesizing polysomes from Morris hepatoma 7777. The polyadenylic acid-containing RNA, subsequently purified by differential sedimentation on sucrose gradient and oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose chromatography, migrates as a single 21S component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; in a cell-free translation system, it yields a peptide product immunoprecipitable by anti-rat AFP antiserum, but not by anti-rat albumin, and which migrates slightly faster than serum AFP on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels. This messenger RNA fraction was used for the synthesis of a radioactive complementary DNA. In hybridization assays, the complementary DNA reassociated with its purified template at a Cr0t1/2 [product of RNA concentration (mol of nucleotides per liter) X half-time (sec)] of 1.5 X 10(-2). By constitute 3,2, and less than 0.01% of total polyadenylic acid-containing polysomal RNA of Morris hepatoma 7777, 10-day-old-rat liver, and adult rat liver, respectively. The high specificity of the polysome immunoprecipitation system, the electrophoretic homogeneity of the isolated messenger RNA fraction, its selective translation into AFP, and the specificity of the hybridization probe indicate that the procedure described yields a highly purified rat AJP messenger RNA.", "contents": "Isolation of rat alpha1-fetoprotein messenger RNA from Morris hepatoma 7777. A double-antibody procedure has been developed for the isolation of alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP)-synthesizing polysomes from Morris hepatoma 7777. The polyadenylic acid-containing RNA, subsequently purified by differential sedimentation on sucrose gradient and oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose chromatography, migrates as a single 21S component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; in a cell-free translation system, it yields a peptide product immunoprecipitable by anti-rat AFP antiserum, but not by anti-rat albumin, and which migrates slightly faster than serum AFP on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels. This messenger RNA fraction was used for the synthesis of a radioactive complementary DNA. In hybridization assays, the complementary DNA reassociated with its purified template at a Cr0t1/2 [product of RNA concentration (mol of nucleotides per liter) X half-time (sec)] of 1.5 X 10(-2). By constitute 3,2, and less than 0.01% of total polyadenylic acid-containing polysomal RNA of Morris hepatoma 7777, 10-day-old-rat liver, and adult rat liver, respectively. The high specificity of the polysome immunoprecipitation system, the electrophoretic homogeneity of the isolated messenger RNA fraction, its selective translation into AFP, and the specificity of the hybridization probe indicate that the procedure described yields a highly purified rat AJP messenger RNA.", "PMID": 87261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10647", "title": "A clinical investigation of total-body hyperthermia as cancer therapy.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients have been treated with total-body hyperthermia to 42 degrees C alone or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy in a preliminary investigation of this modality. Most had advanced cancers progressing despite other antineoplastic therapy. An overall objective response rate of 43% was obtained, with an additional 15% achieving good subjective palliation. Results did not differ significantly for hyperthermia alone or combined with another modality, but the trend favored combination therapy. Mortality and morbidity were acceptable and not significantly increased by adding chemotherapy or radiation to the regimen. These results are preliminary and need confirmation by further controlled studies.", "contents": "A clinical investigation of total-body hyperthermia as cancer therapy. Seventy-seven patients have been treated with total-body hyperthermia to 42 degrees C alone or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy in a preliminary investigation of this modality. Most had advanced cancers progressing despite other antineoplastic therapy. An overall objective response rate of 43% was obtained, with an additional 15% achieving good subjective palliation. Results did not differ significantly for hyperthermia alone or combined with another modality, but the trend favored combination therapy. Mortality and morbidity were acceptable and not significantly increased by adding chemotherapy or radiation to the regimen. These results are preliminary and need confirmation by further controlled studies.", "PMID": 87262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10648", "title": "Potential for therapy of drugs and hyperthermia.", "content": "The interaction of hyperthermia (41--45 degrees C) and chemotherapeutic agents frequently results in increased cytotoxicity over that predicted for an additive effect, although to date only a very limited number of drugs have been examined for such a possible interaction. At 42 degrees C, the upper limit of temperature useful for whole-body hyperthermia, the most promising agents of those examined to date appear to be the nitrosoureas and cis-platinum. Insufficient data exist for cyclophosphamide, whose long plasma half-life makes it an attractive candidate. Localized heating seems optimum at higher temperatures (43--45 degrees C). At these temperatures, not only those drugs effective at 42 degrees C but particularly bleomycin and possibly amphotericin B become candidates. No data exist in the literature on possible \"thermic sensitizers,\" i.e., drugs which are noncytotoxic at 37 degrees C but which become effective at elevated temperatures. Two special cases are Adriamycin and actinomycin D. These drugs may be contraindicated for clinical use, since not only synergism but also protection by hyperthermia have been demonstrated, depending upon the time-sequence relationships of the heat and drug treatments.", "contents": "Potential for therapy of drugs and hyperthermia. The interaction of hyperthermia (41--45 degrees C) and chemotherapeutic agents frequently results in increased cytotoxicity over that predicted for an additive effect, although to date only a very limited number of drugs have been examined for such a possible interaction. At 42 degrees C, the upper limit of temperature useful for whole-body hyperthermia, the most promising agents of those examined to date appear to be the nitrosoureas and cis-platinum. Insufficient data exist for cyclophosphamide, whose long plasma half-life makes it an attractive candidate. Localized heating seems optimum at higher temperatures (43--45 degrees C). At these temperatures, not only those drugs effective at 42 degrees C but particularly bleomycin and possibly amphotericin B become candidates. No data exist in the literature on possible \"thermic sensitizers,\" i.e., drugs which are noncytotoxic at 37 degrees C but which become effective at elevated temperatures. Two special cases are Adriamycin and actinomycin D. These drugs may be contraindicated for clinical use, since not only synergism but also protection by hyperthermia have been demonstrated, depending upon the time-sequence relationships of the heat and drug treatments.", "PMID": 87263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10649", "title": "Increase in immunogenicity with concomitant loss of tumorigenicity of respiratory tract carcinomas during in vitro culture.", "content": "Cell lines were established in vitro from respiratory tract carcinomas induced in rats by carcinogenic, polycyclic hydrocarbons. Propagation of the carcinoma lines in vitro lead to a progressive decrease in tumorigenicity. Tumor transplantation studies in X-irradiated, immunosuppressed recipients and in immunologically reconstituted recipients suggested that the cells are rejected because of their immunogenicity, since a high incidence of tumors was observed in X-irradiated recipients but not in normal or X-irradiated, reconstituted recipients. When immunologically competent rats were immunized with cells from an in vitro tumor line, strong tumor transplantation resistance resulted. Similar immunization with the corresponding in vivo tumor line caused very little if any protection, and immunization with a non-cross-reacting sarcoma line grown in vitro did not produce immunological protection against carcinoma cell lines. A single in vivo passage of the in vitro-adapted tumor line in immunosuppressed recipients fully restored tumorigenicity. The increase in immunogenicity of carcinomas cultured in vitro appears to involve preexisting angigens indigenous to the carcinomas rather than new antigens acquired during tissue culture, such as antigens related to retroviruses, mycoplasmas, or heterologous serum.", "contents": "Increase in immunogenicity with concomitant loss of tumorigenicity of respiratory tract carcinomas during in vitro culture. Cell lines were established in vitro from respiratory tract carcinomas induced in rats by carcinogenic, polycyclic hydrocarbons. Propagation of the carcinoma lines in vitro lead to a progressive decrease in tumorigenicity. Tumor transplantation studies in X-irradiated, immunosuppressed recipients and in immunologically reconstituted recipients suggested that the cells are rejected because of their immunogenicity, since a high incidence of tumors was observed in X-irradiated recipients but not in normal or X-irradiated, reconstituted recipients. When immunologically competent rats were immunized with cells from an in vitro tumor line, strong tumor transplantation resistance resulted. Similar immunization with the corresponding in vivo tumor line caused very little if any protection, and immunization with a non-cross-reacting sarcoma line grown in vitro did not produce immunological protection against carcinoma cell lines. A single in vivo passage of the in vitro-adapted tumor line in immunosuppressed recipients fully restored tumorigenicity. The increase in immunogenicity of carcinomas cultured in vitro appears to involve preexisting angigens indigenous to the carcinomas rather than new antigens acquired during tissue culture, such as antigens related to retroviruses, mycoplasmas, or heterologous serum.", "PMID": 87265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10650", "title": "Rapid decay of tumoricidal activity and loss of responsiveness to lymphokines in inflammatory macrophages.", "content": "The ability of inflammatory tissue macrophages harvested on glass coverslips implanted in the s.c. tissue of C57BL/6 mice to kill tumor cells in vitro has been examined. Macrophage present on coverslips implanted for less than 4 days are devoid of spontaneous tumoricidal activity but can be rendered cytotoxic for syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells in vitro by incubation in vitro with lymphokines release by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages on coverslips implanted for 4 to 7 days show significant spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, and their tumoricidal activity is further increased by additional incubation in vitro with lymphokines. With progression, the inflammatory macrophages harvested on coverslips implanted for longer than 7 days lack spontaneous cytotoxic activity and are also resistant to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These alterations in tumoricidal activity and responsiveness to lymphokines are accompanied by a marked reduction in the number of peroxidase-positive macrophages within the population, suggesting that maintenance of tumoricidal activity requires continuous influx of new peroxidase-positive macrophages from the circulation. Previously activated macrophages which have lost their tumoricidal activity and become refractory to reactivation by lymphokines in the extracellular environment can be reactivated by treatment in vitro with liposomes containing encapsulated lymphokines.", "contents": "Rapid decay of tumoricidal activity and loss of responsiveness to lymphokines in inflammatory macrophages. The ability of inflammatory tissue macrophages harvested on glass coverslips implanted in the s.c. tissue of C57BL/6 mice to kill tumor cells in vitro has been examined. Macrophage present on coverslips implanted for less than 4 days are devoid of spontaneous tumoricidal activity but can be rendered cytotoxic for syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells in vitro by incubation in vitro with lymphokines release by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages on coverslips implanted for 4 to 7 days show significant spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, and their tumoricidal activity is further increased by additional incubation in vitro with lymphokines. With progression, the inflammatory macrophages harvested on coverslips implanted for longer than 7 days lack spontaneous cytotoxic activity and are also resistant to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These alterations in tumoricidal activity and responsiveness to lymphokines are accompanied by a marked reduction in the number of peroxidase-positive macrophages within the population, suggesting that maintenance of tumoricidal activity requires continuous influx of new peroxidase-positive macrophages from the circulation. Previously activated macrophages which have lost their tumoricidal activity and become refractory to reactivation by lymphokines in the extracellular environment can be reactivated by treatment in vitro with liposomes containing encapsulated lymphokines.", "PMID": 87267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10651", "title": "Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic drugs.", "content": "Drug-induced pulmonary disease is an infrequent, but clinically significant, toxic manifestation of antineoplastic drug therapy. Pulmonary toxicity has been associated primarily with bleomycin therapy but also has been described with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and the nitrosoureas. Cytotoxic drug-induced pulmonary disease is characterized by an insidious and nonspecific presentation. The common pathologic process of a fibrosing alveolitis follows a variety of toxic mechanisms associated with the chemotherapeutic agents. The importance of close clinical monitoring is emphasized by the necessity for early withdrawal of the drug in order to halt or reverse potentially lethal pulmonary disease. At the same time, the nonspecific nature of the lung disease and the multitude of potential insults to the lung in a cancer patient make an early aggressive evaluation mandatory. A lung biopsy is almost always indicated.", "contents": "Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic drugs. Drug-induced pulmonary disease is an infrequent, but clinically significant, toxic manifestation of antineoplastic drug therapy. Pulmonary toxicity has been associated primarily with bleomycin therapy but also has been described with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and the nitrosoureas. Cytotoxic drug-induced pulmonary disease is characterized by an insidious and nonspecific presentation. The common pathologic process of a fibrosing alveolitis follows a variety of toxic mechanisms associated with the chemotherapeutic agents. The importance of close clinical monitoring is emphasized by the necessity for early withdrawal of the drug in order to halt or reverse potentially lethal pulmonary disease. At the same time, the nonspecific nature of the lung disease and the multitude of potential insults to the lung in a cancer patient make an early aggressive evaluation mandatory. A lung biopsy is almost always indicated.", "PMID": 87268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10652", "title": "Improved therapeutic index of bleomycin when administered by continuous infusion in mice.", "content": "The effects of three different dosage schedules on both therapeutic effect and pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin were studied in mice. Therapy was assessed by both survival and decreased tumor size in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Lung toxicity was estimated in nontumored mice as increases in lung collagen content by measuring lung hydroxyproline concentrations. In the first set of experiments, bleomycin injections twice daily (low-dose, high-frequency) produced a significant (34%) increase in lifespan over controls, whereas the same total dose given twice weekly did not result in increased survival. Both schedules produced pulmonary toxicity. Continuous sc infusion of bleomycin via an osmotic minipump was compared to these two schedules of intermittent injection. Identical total doses of drug were administered in all three schedules. Continuous infusion for 7 days produced marked inhibition of tumor growth (T/C = 16%), which was significantly better than twice weekly or ten-times weekly injection of the same total dose. Furthermore, at a total dose of 40 mg/kg of bleomycin, continuous infusion did not result in measurable pulmonary toxicity, whereas both schedules of bolus injection produced significant increases in lung collagen content. Thus, continuous infusion of bleomycin improved its therapeutic effect against Lewis lung carcinoma and also reduced its pulmonary toxicity.", "contents": "Improved therapeutic index of bleomycin when administered by continuous infusion in mice. The effects of three different dosage schedules on both therapeutic effect and pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin were studied in mice. Therapy was assessed by both survival and decreased tumor size in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Lung toxicity was estimated in nontumored mice as increases in lung collagen content by measuring lung hydroxyproline concentrations. In the first set of experiments, bleomycin injections twice daily (low-dose, high-frequency) produced a significant (34%) increase in lifespan over controls, whereas the same total dose given twice weekly did not result in increased survival. Both schedules produced pulmonary toxicity. Continuous sc infusion of bleomycin via an osmotic minipump was compared to these two schedules of intermittent injection. Identical total doses of drug were administered in all three schedules. Continuous infusion for 7 days produced marked inhibition of tumor growth (T/C = 16%), which was significantly better than twice weekly or ten-times weekly injection of the same total dose. Furthermore, at a total dose of 40 mg/kg of bleomycin, continuous infusion did not result in measurable pulmonary toxicity, whereas both schedules of bolus injection produced significant increases in lung collagen content. Thus, continuous infusion of bleomycin improved its therapeutic effect against Lewis lung carcinoma and also reduced its pulmonary toxicity.", "PMID": 87269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10653", "title": "Limitations of a portable infusion pump in ambulatory patients receiving continuous infusions of anticancer drugs.", "content": "The delivery of continuous iv bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil to nine ambulatory cancer patients was studied using a novel disposable portable infusion pump, the Ar/Med Infusor. Although the chemotherapy was satisfactorily delivered, there were significant mechanical problems, including variable flow rates and substantial drug cartridge failure. Most therapy courses were finished within 10% of the projected termination time. Serious venous complications did not occur. While further exploration of various devices for outpatient continuous iv therapy is recommended, we believe that technical improvements are needed for the Ar/Med Infusor.", "contents": "Limitations of a portable infusion pump in ambulatory patients receiving continuous infusions of anticancer drugs. The delivery of continuous iv bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil to nine ambulatory cancer patients was studied using a novel disposable portable infusion pump, the Ar/Med Infusor. Although the chemotherapy was satisfactorily delivered, there were significant mechanical problems, including variable flow rates and substantial drug cartridge failure. Most therapy courses were finished within 10% of the projected termination time. Serious venous complications did not occur. While further exploration of various devices for outpatient continuous iv therapy is recommended, we believe that technical improvements are needed for the Ar/Med Infusor.", "PMID": 87271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10654", "title": "Successful re-treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) after apparent allergic reactions.", "content": "Allergic or anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP) administration. We have seen two reactions among 50 patients treated in a phase II trial of CDDP. Both patients were successfully rechallenged after diphenhydramine pretreatment, and therapy was continued. In vivo and in vitro studies performed in one patient included negative skin tests, negative histamine release assay, negative lymphocyte stimulation studies, and normal total serum IgE. We conclude that some apparent allergic reactions occurring with CDDP may have a non-allergic etiology, and treatment may be successfully continued in selected patients.", "contents": "Successful re-treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) after apparent allergic reactions. Allergic or anaphylactic-like reactions have been reported with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP) administration. We have seen two reactions among 50 patients treated in a phase II trial of CDDP. Both patients were successfully rechallenged after diphenhydramine pretreatment, and therapy was continued. In vivo and in vitro studies performed in one patient included negative skin tests, negative histamine release assay, negative lymphocyte stimulation studies, and normal total serum IgE. We conclude that some apparent allergic reactions occurring with CDDP may have a non-allergic etiology, and treatment may be successfully continued in selected patients.", "PMID": 87272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10655", "title": "Radiation therapy in the management of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.", "content": "The lesions of mycosis fungoides (MF), a neoplasm of T lymphocytes, are extremely radiosensitive. The history of ionizing radiation in the treatment of MF is discussed in this paper. Low-energy X-rays have long been successful in the treatment of individual lesions and in the effective palliation of patients with this disease. The major breakthrough in the treatment of MF with ionizing radiation came with the development of the ability to treat the total skin by means of electrons which penetrate to depths of only 1--2 cm, thereby treating the epidermis and dermis while sparing more deeply situated tissues. The complications and results of this therapy are reviewed. The aggressive use of electron-beam therapy has resulted in many long-term remissions. It is important to use high initial doses of radiation and to treat patients when they are still in the early stages of disease. The potential use of other modalities of radiation, including total-lymphoid radiation with megavoltage photons, low-dose fractionated total-body radiation, and sequential hemibody radiation, are reviewed.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in the management of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. The lesions of mycosis fungoides (MF), a neoplasm of T lymphocytes, are extremely radiosensitive. The history of ionizing radiation in the treatment of MF is discussed in this paper. Low-energy X-rays have long been successful in the treatment of individual lesions and in the effective palliation of patients with this disease. The major breakthrough in the treatment of MF with ionizing radiation came with the development of the ability to treat the total skin by means of electrons which penetrate to depths of only 1--2 cm, thereby treating the epidermis and dermis while sparing more deeply situated tissues. The complications and results of this therapy are reviewed. The aggressive use of electron-beam therapy has resulted in many long-term remissions. It is important to use high initial doses of radiation and to treat patients when they are still in the early stages of disease. The potential use of other modalities of radiation, including total-lymphoid radiation with megavoltage photons, low-dose fractionated total-body radiation, and sequential hemibody radiation, are reviewed.", "PMID": 87276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10656", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Between 1972 and 1977, the Southwest Oncology Group studied the following three chemotherapy programs for the treatment of patients with advanced forms of mycosis fungoides: (a) cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) (seven patients); (b) adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (HOP) (five patients); and (c) cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (COP plus bleomycin) (12 patients). Among the 24 evaluable patients there was an overall objective response rate of 95% with seven (29%) achieving a complete remission. With the adriamycin-containing chemotherapy, five (42%) of 12 patients achieved a complete remission compared to two (17%) of 12 patients treated with COP plus bleomycin. The median duration of remission (partial plus complete) was longer with the COP plus bleomycin combination (median, 47 weeks) than with the adriamycin-containing combinations (median, 22 weeks; P = 0.03). The median survival for all 24 evaluable patients was 95 weeks and was similar regardless of remission-induction therapy. In summary, combination chemotherapy proved to be effective palliative therapy for advanced mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Between 1972 and 1977, the Southwest Oncology Group studied the following three chemotherapy programs for the treatment of patients with advanced forms of mycosis fungoides: (a) cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) (seven patients); (b) adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (HOP) (five patients); and (c) cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (COP plus bleomycin) (12 patients). Among the 24 evaluable patients there was an overall objective response rate of 95% with seven (29%) achieving a complete remission. With the adriamycin-containing chemotherapy, five (42%) of 12 patients achieved a complete remission compared to two (17%) of 12 patients treated with COP plus bleomycin. The median duration of remission (partial plus complete) was longer with the COP plus bleomycin combination (median, 47 weeks) than with the adriamycin-containing combinations (median, 22 weeks; P = 0.03). The median survival for all 24 evaluable patients was 95 weeks and was similar regardless of remission-induction therapy. In summary, combination chemotherapy proved to be effective palliative therapy for advanced mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 87277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10657", "title": "Effect of ventricular extrasystoles on idioventricular rhythm in patients with complete heart block.", "content": "Idioventricular rate, QRS width, site of block and responses to premature ventricular stimulation were studied in 23 patients with chronic complete heart block in an attempt to distinguish patients liable to syncopal attacks. Seven patients were asymptomatic, five gave a history of presyncope and 11 of syncope. Although the mean idioventricular rate of the nine patients in the narrow QRS group (39.7 per min) was significantly faster than that of the 14 patients in the wide QRS group (35.3 per min; P less than 0.05), the rate did not distinguish symptomatic patients within either the narrow or the wide QRS groups. His bundle studies of the site of block and the effect of single and paired right ventricular stimulation upon idioventricular rhythm were also unhelpful. The response of the return cycle to increasingly premature ventricular extrasystoles, however, proved more complex than was anticipated.", "contents": "Effect of ventricular extrasystoles on idioventricular rhythm in patients with complete heart block. Idioventricular rate, QRS width, site of block and responses to premature ventricular stimulation were studied in 23 patients with chronic complete heart block in an attempt to distinguish patients liable to syncopal attacks. Seven patients were asymptomatic, five gave a history of presyncope and 11 of syncope. Although the mean idioventricular rate of the nine patients in the narrow QRS group (39.7 per min) was significantly faster than that of the 14 patients in the wide QRS group (35.3 per min; P less than 0.05), the rate did not distinguish symptomatic patients within either the narrow or the wide QRS groups. His bundle studies of the site of block and the effect of single and paired right ventricular stimulation upon idioventricular rhythm were also unhelpful. The response of the return cycle to increasingly premature ventricular extrasystoles, however, proved more complex than was anticipated.", "PMID": 87278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10658", "title": "Clinico-pathological and histochemical studies on hypertrophic duct epithelium in human non-endocrine pancreas cancer.", "content": "The hypertrophic duct epithelium of the pancreas, including the pyloric gland metaplasia, mucous cell hypertrophy and ductal papillary hyperplasia were studied clinico-pathologically and histochemically to examine their precancerous character. A total of 180 surgical and autopsy specimens (90 pancreata with cancer and 90 pancreata without cancer) were analysed. The overall incidence of these three types of hypertrophic epithelium in the pancreas cancer was much higher than that in the pancreas without cancer. These hypertrophic lesions appeared most frequently in the interlobular duct. The histochemical study revealed the presence of a new type of glycoprotein in these hypertrophic duct epithelia, however, this substance was not detected in the cancer cells nor in the normal epithelium. This suggests that these hypertrophic lesions may not be the precursors of cancer but rather the coexistent lesions of pancreas cancer.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological and histochemical studies on hypertrophic duct epithelium in human non-endocrine pancreas cancer. The hypertrophic duct epithelium of the pancreas, including the pyloric gland metaplasia, mucous cell hypertrophy and ductal papillary hyperplasia were studied clinico-pathologically and histochemically to examine their precancerous character. A total of 180 surgical and autopsy specimens (90 pancreata with cancer and 90 pancreata without cancer) were analysed. The overall incidence of these three types of hypertrophic epithelium in the pancreas cancer was much higher than that in the pancreas without cancer. These hypertrophic lesions appeared most frequently in the interlobular duct. The histochemical study revealed the presence of a new type of glycoprotein in these hypertrophic duct epithelia, however, this substance was not detected in the cancer cells nor in the normal epithelium. This suggests that these hypertrophic lesions may not be the precursors of cancer but rather the coexistent lesions of pancreas cancer.", "PMID": 87280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10659", "title": "Horseradish peroxidase-labelled cells in cervical sympathetic and trigeminal nervous systems after injection of HRP into tooth pulp in monkeys and tree shrews (a preliminary report).", "content": "The neurons that project to the tooth pulp were examined by the HRP-retrograde transport technique, using 4 monkeys (3 Japanese monkeys and a crab-eating monkey) and 6 tree shrews. The present investigation showed that a large number of sympathetic cervical ganglion neurons, small and medium in size, project to the molar teeth from the superior, middle and inferior ganglia and a small number of Gasserian gangilon neurons (small in size) to the molar teeth ipsilaterally.", "contents": "Horseradish peroxidase-labelled cells in cervical sympathetic and trigeminal nervous systems after injection of HRP into tooth pulp in monkeys and tree shrews (a preliminary report). The neurons that project to the tooth pulp were examined by the HRP-retrograde transport technique, using 4 monkeys (3 Japanese monkeys and a crab-eating monkey) and 6 tree shrews. The present investigation showed that a large number of sympathetic cervical ganglion neurons, small and medium in size, project to the molar teeth from the superior, middle and inferior ganglia and a small number of Gasserian gangilon neurons (small in size) to the molar teeth ipsilaterally.", "PMID": 87281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10660", "title": "The force-interval relationship of the left ventricle.", "content": "We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the force-interval relationship of the human left ventricle and compared it to previous studies done in both intact subjects as well as isolated muscle. The characteristics of the force-interval relationship of the normal patient resembed those of normal isolated mammalian muscle (except when exposed to high levels of catecholamines). The relationship in group 2 (patients with increased left ventricular dimensions and normal pressure indices) resembled those obtained from isolated muscles from hypertrophied hearts. The relationship from group 3 (patients with increased left ventricular EDDs and depressed pressure indices, two of whom were in clinical heart failure) resumbled those induced in normal muscles exposed to high levels of catecholamines, and those obtained from experimentally induced heart failure. The force-interval relationships of the four patients who fell into the third group were strikingly different from the other groups. This suggests that the force-interval relationship may be useful to describe changes in the inotropic state of the patient's heart.", "contents": "The force-interval relationship of the left ventricle. We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the force-interval relationship of the human left ventricle and compared it to previous studies done in both intact subjects as well as isolated muscle. The characteristics of the force-interval relationship of the normal patient resembed those of normal isolated mammalian muscle (except when exposed to high levels of catecholamines). The relationship in group 2 (patients with increased left ventricular dimensions and normal pressure indices) resembled those obtained from isolated muscles from hypertrophied hearts. The relationship from group 3 (patients with increased left ventricular EDDs and depressed pressure indices, two of whom were in clinical heart failure) resumbled those induced in normal muscles exposed to high levels of catecholamines, and those obtained from experimentally induced heart failure. The force-interval relationships of the four patients who fell into the third group were strikingly different from the other groups. This suggests that the force-interval relationship may be useful to describe changes in the inotropic state of the patient's heart.", "PMID": 87282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10661", "title": "Dispersion of atrial refractoriness in patients with sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "Abnormal atrial refractoriness was examined as a cause of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AFF) in patients with bradycardia. Refractory periods at three disparate right atrial sites were compared in 17 patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) and 16 controls. Atrial pacing shortened refractory periods, but failed to decrease dispersion of refractoriness significantly. During sinus rhythm, duration and dispersion of refractoriness were greater in SND patients than in controls. These differences persisted with atrial pacing. For example, at the paced rate, dispersion of effective refractory periods in SND patients was greater than in controls (62.9 +/- 34 vs 36.6 +/- 21 msec, p less than 0.01). Six SND patients had AFF, but they did not have greater dispersion than other SND patients, or unusually short or long refractory periods. Thus, prolonged and nonuniform refractoriness were features of SND. Abnormal refractoriness in SND reflected atrial disease and persisted with pacing. These abnormalities were not unique to patients with AFF.", "contents": "Dispersion of atrial refractoriness in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Abnormal atrial refractoriness was examined as a cause of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AFF) in patients with bradycardia. Refractory periods at three disparate right atrial sites were compared in 17 patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) and 16 controls. Atrial pacing shortened refractory periods, but failed to decrease dispersion of refractoriness significantly. During sinus rhythm, duration and dispersion of refractoriness were greater in SND patients than in controls. These differences persisted with atrial pacing. For example, at the paced rate, dispersion of effective refractory periods in SND patients was greater than in controls (62.9 +/- 34 vs 36.6 +/- 21 msec, p less than 0.01). Six SND patients had AFF, but they did not have greater dispersion than other SND patients, or unusually short or long refractory periods. Thus, prolonged and nonuniform refractoriness were features of SND. Abnormal refractoriness in SND reflected atrial disease and persisted with pacing. These abnormalities were not unique to patients with AFF.", "PMID": 87283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10662", "title": "Specific IgE antibodies to platinum salts in sensitized workers.", "content": "A RAST has been developed for the measurement of IgE antibodies specific to platinum chloride complexes in sensitized workers. Human serum albumin covalently linked to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method was reacted with ammonium tetrachloroplatinite (II) (NH4)2PtCl4. This conjugate was more suitable for the RAST, than conjugates of HSA and the platinum salt prepared in solution and then linked to the activated Sepharose, showing better sensitivity and giving lower levels of non-specific uptake of IgE from sera of non-exposed subjects with high total levels of IgE, e.g. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillotics.", "contents": "Specific IgE antibodies to platinum salts in sensitized workers. A RAST has been developed for the measurement of IgE antibodies specific to platinum chloride complexes in sensitized workers. Human serum albumin covalently linked to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method was reacted with ammonium tetrachloroplatinite (II) (NH4)2PtCl4. This conjugate was more suitable for the RAST, than conjugates of HSA and the platinum salt prepared in solution and then linked to the activated Sepharose, showing better sensitivity and giving lower levels of non-specific uptake of IgE from sera of non-exposed subjects with high total levels of IgE, e.g. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillotics.", "PMID": 87284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10663", "title": "IgE mediated hypersensitivity to pancreatic extract (PE) in parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children.", "content": "On exposure to pancreatic extract (PE), four parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children developed immediate hypersensitivity-like symptoms: i.e. rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and/or anaphylaxis. IgE to PE was demonstrated in the subjects by skin testing, leucocyte histamine release and radioallergosorbent test (RAST). No serum precipitating antibodies were found. Bronchial challenge caused an immediate asthmatic response. No delayed asthmatic response or hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like reaction occurred. The responsible antigen for PE induced asthma is unknown; trypsin failed to inhibit PE-RAST and is therefore not responsible in these subjects. Caution should be exercised in using PE for skin testing and bronchial challenge in subjects with suspected hypersensitivity to PE. Certain measures were found useful in preventing the occurrence of symptoms in the four subjects.", "contents": "IgE mediated hypersensitivity to pancreatic extract (PE) in parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children. On exposure to pancreatic extract (PE), four parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children developed immediate hypersensitivity-like symptoms: i.e. rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and/or anaphylaxis. IgE to PE was demonstrated in the subjects by skin testing, leucocyte histamine release and radioallergosorbent test (RAST). No serum precipitating antibodies were found. Bronchial challenge caused an immediate asthmatic response. No delayed asthmatic response or hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like reaction occurred. The responsible antigen for PE induced asthma is unknown; trypsin failed to inhibit PE-RAST and is therefore not responsible in these subjects. Caution should be exercised in using PE for skin testing and bronchial challenge in subjects with suspected hypersensitivity to PE. Certain measures were found useful in preventing the occurrence of symptoms in the four subjects.", "PMID": 87285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10664", "title": "Passive transfer in man and the monkey of Type I allergy due to heat labile and heat stable antibody to complex salts of platinum.", "content": "Passive transfer (P-K) tests have been performed in man and monkeys with sera from a group of six refinery workers sensitive to ammonium hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinite. Positive (P-K) prick test reactions were elicited in three human recipients and in the monkey to three of the test sera. The other three sera gave inconsistent results in man and negative results in monkeys and these differences appeared to correspond with the duration of exposure of the workers. The passive transfer tests did not correlate with the intensity of the prick test reactions in the donors or with the RAST; there was partial correlation with total levels of IgE. Antigen mediated histamine release from whole blood and washed leucocytes from two of the six subjects correlated with the RAST and P-K levels. These findings confirm the presence of specific IgE antibody to the platinum salts, and also of heat stable, short-term sensitising antibodies, presumably STS-IgG.", "contents": "Passive transfer in man and the monkey of Type I allergy due to heat labile and heat stable antibody to complex salts of platinum. Passive transfer (P-K) tests have been performed in man and monkeys with sera from a group of six refinery workers sensitive to ammonium hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinite. Positive (P-K) prick test reactions were elicited in three human recipients and in the monkey to three of the test sera. The other three sera gave inconsistent results in man and negative results in monkeys and these differences appeared to correspond with the duration of exposure of the workers. The passive transfer tests did not correlate with the intensity of the prick test reactions in the donors or with the RAST; there was partial correlation with total levels of IgE. Antigen mediated histamine release from whole blood and washed leucocytes from two of the six subjects correlated with the RAST and P-K levels. These findings confirm the presence of specific IgE antibody to the platinum salts, and also of heat stable, short-term sensitising antibodies, presumably STS-IgG.", "PMID": 87286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10665", "title": "A radioimmune assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase-levels in prostatic disease.", "content": "Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases.", "contents": "A radioimmune assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase-levels in prostatic disease. Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases.", "PMID": 87287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10666", "title": "Microencapsulated antibodies in radioimmunoassay--I. Determination of digoxin.", "content": "We describe the application of the microencapsulated-antibody technique to the radioimmunoassay of digoxin in serum. Droplets of emulsified rabbit antibody are microencapsulated in a semipermeable nylon membrane by an interfacial polymerization technique. The antibody microcapsules are incubated with 125I-labeled digoxin and unlabeled digoxin for 15 min at 37 degrees C, then free and bound digoxin are separated by centrifugation. Subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic concentrations of digoxin in sera can be determined, with use of a standard curve prepared by use of known amounts of digoxin. With this technique we obtained an intra-laboratory correlation coefficient of 0.945 for 100 patients' sera and one of 0.940 for interlaboratory results for 21 sera (10 laboratories) when compared to a routine clinical laboratory radioimmunoassay for digoxin. Icterus, lipemia, hemoglobin, or disproteinemia had no effect on the analytical recovery of digoxin. The standard curve was linear to 6 microgram/L; the sensitivity was 0.25 microgram/L.", "contents": "Microencapsulated antibodies in radioimmunoassay--I. Determination of digoxin. We describe the application of the microencapsulated-antibody technique to the radioimmunoassay of digoxin in serum. Droplets of emulsified rabbit antibody are microencapsulated in a semipermeable nylon membrane by an interfacial polymerization technique. The antibody microcapsules are incubated with 125I-labeled digoxin and unlabeled digoxin for 15 min at 37 degrees C, then free and bound digoxin are separated by centrifugation. Subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic concentrations of digoxin in sera can be determined, with use of a standard curve prepared by use of known amounts of digoxin. With this technique we obtained an intra-laboratory correlation coefficient of 0.945 for 100 patients' sera and one of 0.940 for interlaboratory results for 21 sera (10 laboratories) when compared to a routine clinical laboratory radioimmunoassay for digoxin. Icterus, lipemia, hemoglobin, or disproteinemia had no effect on the analytical recovery of digoxin. The standard curve was linear to 6 microgram/L; the sensitivity was 0.25 microgram/L.", "PMID": 87288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10667", "title": "An activity of hydrolyzing elastase substrate succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide in human bile.", "content": "Human hepatic bile contained an activity of hydrolyzing N-succinyl-L-alanyl-Lalanyl-L-alanine-p-nitroanilide, a substrate for elastase. The activity was associated with high molecular weight materials and was metal dependent. Neither elastase nor elastase-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex was implicated in this activity.", "contents": "An activity of hydrolyzing elastase substrate succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide in human bile. Human hepatic bile contained an activity of hydrolyzing N-succinyl-L-alanyl-Lalanyl-L-alanine-p-nitroanilide, a substrate for elastase. The activity was associated with high molecular weight materials and was metal dependent. Neither elastase nor elastase-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex was implicated in this activity.", "PMID": 87289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10668", "title": "Development of antinuclear antibodies during acebutolol therapy.", "content": "Eleven patients were studied while taking the beta blocker acebutolol for a period ranging from 12 to more than 24 wk. Control titers for fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) were obtained in all. Serial testing was performed over the duration of the therapy and following its discontinuation. Additional immunologic testing was performed in most patients. The patients were observed closely for the development of clinical autoimmune disease. Using a sensitive assay, fluorescent ANA developed in 8 of 9 patients with negative values in the control period. In no patient has evidence of clinical autoimmune disease developed. In general, the titers of ANA tended to rise with increasing duration of therapy and decline after its discontinuation. Positive lupus erythematosus cell preparations were also observed in several patients. These data suggest that autoantibodies are frequently induced by acebutolol and, although no evidence of clinical autoimmune disease has been reported, immunologic surveillance is warranted.", "contents": "Development of antinuclear antibodies during acebutolol therapy. Eleven patients were studied while taking the beta blocker acebutolol for a period ranging from 12 to more than 24 wk. Control titers for fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) were obtained in all. Serial testing was performed over the duration of the therapy and following its discontinuation. Additional immunologic testing was performed in most patients. The patients were observed closely for the development of clinical autoimmune disease. Using a sensitive assay, fluorescent ANA developed in 8 of 9 patients with negative values in the control period. In no patient has evidence of clinical autoimmune disease developed. In general, the titers of ANA tended to rise with increasing duration of therapy and decline after its discontinuation. Positive lupus erythematosus cell preparations were also observed in several patients. These data suggest that autoantibodies are frequently induced by acebutolol and, although no evidence of clinical autoimmune disease has been reported, immunologic surveillance is warranted.", "PMID": 87291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10669", "title": "Effects of DAPI on human leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), a fluorochrome specific for AT-rich DNA, was supplied for 24 h at various concentrations to human leukocytes in culture. This treatment caused the appearance on the chromosomes of specific areas lacking spiralization. In particular, the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1,9, and 16, a short region on the long arm of chromosomes 1 and 2, and the distal heterochromatic part of the long arm of the Y chromosome were despiralized. The despiralization pattern of DAPI is compared with those previously obtained with Hoechst 33258 and Distamycin A.", "contents": "Effects of DAPI on human leukocytes in vitro. DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), a fluorochrome specific for AT-rich DNA, was supplied for 24 h at various concentrations to human leukocytes in culture. This treatment caused the appearance on the chromosomes of specific areas lacking spiralization. In particular, the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1,9, and 16, a short region on the long arm of chromosomes 1 and 2, and the distal heterochromatic part of the long arm of the Y chromosome were despiralized. The despiralization pattern of DAPI is compared with those previously obtained with Hoechst 33258 and Distamycin A.", "PMID": 87292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10670", "title": "[Histamine concentration and diamine oxidase activity in the small intestine in superior mesenteric artery occlusion].", "content": "During intestinal ischemia in rabbits histamine concentration and diamine oxidase activity were altered in the intestinal wall and in the perfusate of mesenteric vessels. The results were interpreted as a histamine release and an increased catabolism of diamine oxidase. Thus, the combination of release of vasoactive histamine and partial elimination of a protective enzyme may contribute to the fatal outcome after mesenteric ischemia.", "contents": "[Histamine concentration and diamine oxidase activity in the small intestine in superior mesenteric artery occlusion]. During intestinal ischemia in rabbits histamine concentration and diamine oxidase activity were altered in the intestinal wall and in the perfusate of mesenteric vessels. The results were interpreted as a histamine release and an increased catabolism of diamine oxidase. Thus, the combination of release of vasoactive histamine and partial elimination of a protective enzyme may contribute to the fatal outcome after mesenteric ischemia.", "PMID": 87294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10671", "title": "[Incidence of anaphylactoid reactions following infusion with colloid volume substitutes].", "content": "All available colloid volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions with a total incidence of 0.033%. The frequency of life threatening reactions was 0.003% for plasma protein solutions, 0.006% for hydroxyethyl starch, 0.008% for dextran and 0.038% for gelatin solutions.", "contents": "[Incidence of anaphylactoid reactions following infusion with colloid volume substitutes]. All available colloid volume substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid reactions with a total incidence of 0.033%. The frequency of life threatening reactions was 0.003% for plasma protein solutions, 0.006% for hydroxyethyl starch, 0.008% for dextran and 0.038% for gelatin solutions.", "PMID": 87295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10672", "title": "[Hormone concentrations in thyroid gland tissue and plasma in autonomous thyroid adenomas with and without thyrostatic pretreatment].", "content": "The thyroid hormone concentrations of T2, T3 (and the inactive R-T3) were determined in thyroid tissue of 20 patients with autonomous adenomas. High concentrations were found in scintigrafically decompensated adenomas without preoperative thyrostatic treatment. Decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment, compersated adenomas and a group of 9 euthyroid goiters showed no difference in tissue-concentrations of T4 and T3. The amount of tissue-R-T3 seems to be lowered in autonomy. The plasma-concentration of T3, which was intraoperatively elevated in the venous effluent from decompensated adenomas without thyrostatic treatment, was significantly lower in the blood draining decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment as well as compensated adenomas.", "contents": "[Hormone concentrations in thyroid gland tissue and plasma in autonomous thyroid adenomas with and without thyrostatic pretreatment]. The thyroid hormone concentrations of T2, T3 (and the inactive R-T3) were determined in thyroid tissue of 20 patients with autonomous adenomas. High concentrations were found in scintigrafically decompensated adenomas without preoperative thyrostatic treatment. Decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment, compersated adenomas and a group of 9 euthyroid goiters showed no difference in tissue-concentrations of T4 and T3. The amount of tissue-R-T3 seems to be lowered in autonomy. The plasma-concentration of T3, which was intraoperatively elevated in the venous effluent from decompensated adenomas without thyrostatic treatment, was significantly lower in the blood draining decompensated adenomas after thyrostatic treatment as well as compensated adenomas.", "PMID": 87296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10673", "title": "[Serologic breast cancer follow-up monitoring using pregnancy-associated alpha-2-glycoproteins].", "content": "The variations in serum level of the alpha 2-PAG (pregnancy associated glycoprotein) were studied during the treatment of 25 patients with breast cancer. A good correlation was found between alpha 2-PAG concentration and the course of the disease. Serum alpha 2-Pag levels rose prior to the clinical recognition of metastatic disease and decreased significantly on successful treatment. alpha 2-PAG appears to have potential as an indicator of the growth of micrometastases.", "contents": "[Serologic breast cancer follow-up monitoring using pregnancy-associated alpha-2-glycoproteins]. The variations in serum level of the alpha 2-PAG (pregnancy associated glycoprotein) were studied during the treatment of 25 patients with breast cancer. A good correlation was found between alpha 2-PAG concentration and the course of the disease. Serum alpha 2-Pag levels rose prior to the clinical recognition of metastatic disease and decreased significantly on successful treatment. alpha 2-PAG appears to have potential as an indicator of the growth of micrometastases.", "PMID": 87297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10674", "title": "[Indications and results of percutaneous transhepatic bile-duct drainage].", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the bile duct (PTCD) is a method that has few complications and can successfully relieve an obstructive jaundice. As a palliative drainage in malignancies of the liver and the porta of the liver it reduces the jaundice and prevents the accompanying troublesome pruritus, thus prolonging life. It reduces postoperative lethality and complications by reducing the jaundice preoperatively. Suppurative cholangitis with bile duct obstruction is quickly relieved by administration of antibiotics into the drainage.", "contents": "[Indications and results of percutaneous transhepatic bile-duct drainage]. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the bile duct (PTCD) is a method that has few complications and can successfully relieve an obstructive jaundice. As a palliative drainage in malignancies of the liver and the porta of the liver it reduces the jaundice and prevents the accompanying troublesome pruritus, thus prolonging life. It reduces postoperative lethality and complications by reducing the jaundice preoperatively. Suppurative cholangitis with bile duct obstruction is quickly relieved by administration of antibiotics into the drainage.", "PMID": 87298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10675", "title": "Management of postoperative constipation in anorectal surgery.", "content": "Fifty patients who had undergone proctologic operations were given a combination of standardized senna concentrate and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for prevention or treatment of postoperative constipation. Two Senokot S tablets were given on the evening of the first postoperative day. Patients who had bowel movements after receiving this dose and remained in the hospital received two tablets on each of the following two days. Otherwise, dosage was increased gradually to a maximum of four tablets twice daily until defecation occurred or until the four-day treatment period was over. All patients achieved bowel movements, and in no case was it necessary to administer an enema. No hard stools were passed on the day patients were discharged from the hospital. Overall results were excellent or good in 94 per cent of cases; these results were not affected by age. Ninety-two per cent had bowel movements after the first or second dose was administered. On the day of discharge from the hospital, fecal consistency was satisfactory in 88 per cent of cases and loose in 12 per cent. Except for a single instance of diarrhea after administration of one dose, which involved a patient with a history of loose stools, no side effect occurred during the trial. In view of these responses and the virtual absence of side effects in this study group, Senokot S tablets are judged to be of demonstrated value in the postoperative management of patients undergoing proctologic operations.", "contents": "Management of postoperative constipation in anorectal surgery. Fifty patients who had undergone proctologic operations were given a combination of standardized senna concentrate and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for prevention or treatment of postoperative constipation. Two Senokot S tablets were given on the evening of the first postoperative day. Patients who had bowel movements after receiving this dose and remained in the hospital received two tablets on each of the following two days. Otherwise, dosage was increased gradually to a maximum of four tablets twice daily until defecation occurred or until the four-day treatment period was over. All patients achieved bowel movements, and in no case was it necessary to administer an enema. No hard stools were passed on the day patients were discharged from the hospital. Overall results were excellent or good in 94 per cent of cases; these results were not affected by age. Ninety-two per cent had bowel movements after the first or second dose was administered. On the day of discharge from the hospital, fecal consistency was satisfactory in 88 per cent of cases and loose in 12 per cent. Except for a single instance of diarrhea after administration of one dose, which involved a patient with a history of loose stools, no side effect occurred during the trial. In view of these responses and the virtual absence of side effects in this study group, Senokot S tablets are judged to be of demonstrated value in the postoperative management of patients undergoing proctologic operations.", "PMID": 87299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10676", "title": "[Drugs and acute agranulocytosis: analysis of previous drug intake in 42 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "An exact account of previous drug intake was obtained in 42 patients with acute agranulocytosis. Because of the multiplicity of administered drugs, often in the form of multiple-drug preparations, it was possible in only a minority of cases to ascribe with any degree of certainty a causative role to any particular drug. But outstanding as possible causes were thyrostatic drugs and pyrazolone. But no conclusion could be drawn as to the incidence of agranulocytosis with regard to these drugs because of the absence of data on the frequency that they are prescribed and the unknown number of fatal cases of agranulocytosis. The results indicate that multiple drug treatment and in particular the unnecessary prescribing of multiple-drug preparations makes it difficult to ascertain side-effects of drugs. They once again point to the need of frequent checks of white cell count in the drug treatment of pyrexial diseases.", "contents": "[Drugs and acute agranulocytosis: analysis of previous drug intake in 42 patients (author's transl)]. An exact account of previous drug intake was obtained in 42 patients with acute agranulocytosis. Because of the multiplicity of administered drugs, often in the form of multiple-drug preparations, it was possible in only a minority of cases to ascribe with any degree of certainty a causative role to any particular drug. But outstanding as possible causes were thyrostatic drugs and pyrazolone. But no conclusion could be drawn as to the incidence of agranulocytosis with regard to these drugs because of the absence of data on the frequency that they are prescribed and the unknown number of fatal cases of agranulocytosis. The results indicate that multiple drug treatment and in particular the unnecessary prescribing of multiple-drug preparations makes it difficult to ascertain side-effects of drugs. They once again point to the need of frequent checks of white cell count in the drug treatment of pyrexial diseases.", "PMID": 87302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10677", "title": "[Cancer of the colon: clinical and morphological aspects of local cryosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Using strict indications, local cryosurgery was performed in 86 patients with cancer of the colon. Survival time was longer both for patients with advanced tumour growth and distant metastases and those with potentially curable tumour but in too poor a general condition for operation. Other advantages of cryosurgery are the low complication and mortality rates, the possibility of out-patient treatment without anaesthesia, and thus a general reduction in cost. Indications for colostomy as final palliation can therefore be more narrowly defined than previously customary.", "contents": "[Cancer of the colon: clinical and morphological aspects of local cryosurgery (author's transl)]. Using strict indications, local cryosurgery was performed in 86 patients with cancer of the colon. Survival time was longer both for patients with advanced tumour growth and distant metastases and those with potentially curable tumour but in too poor a general condition for operation. Other advantages of cryosurgery are the low complication and mortality rates, the possibility of out-patient treatment without anaesthesia, and thus a general reduction in cost. Indications for colostomy as final palliation can therefore be more narrowly defined than previously customary.", "PMID": 87304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10678", "title": "Local oxygen tension and its relationship to unit activity during penicillin interictal discharges in the bullfrog hippocampus.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of extracellular unit activity and pO2 were made with single polarographic microelectrodes in penicillin foci of the bullfrog hippocampus. Individual penicillin-induced ECoG interictal discharges were often associated with both a burst of extracellular unit activity and a simultaneous transient decrease in pO2. The bursts of unit activity lasted up to 1500 msec and were followed by longer periods of inhibition. Transient decreases in pO2 began within 150 msec of the onsets of the bursts but outlasted the bursts by many seconds. The durations of the pO2 transients ranged from 10 to 90 sec, depending upon the frequency of interictal discharges. When the frequency of interictal discharges increased, the pO2 transients summated such that pO2 approached 0 mm Hg. The magnitude of the pO2 decrease was related to both the baseline pO2 and the intensity of the associated burst of action potentials. The transient decrease in pO2 most likely represents increased local tissue O2 consumption. These measurements provide, for the first time, a means of assessing the relationship between local neuronal activity and local oxygen utilization in seizures.", "contents": "Local oxygen tension and its relationship to unit activity during penicillin interictal discharges in the bullfrog hippocampus. Simultaneous measurements of extracellular unit activity and pO2 were made with single polarographic microelectrodes in penicillin foci of the bullfrog hippocampus. Individual penicillin-induced ECoG interictal discharges were often associated with both a burst of extracellular unit activity and a simultaneous transient decrease in pO2. The bursts of unit activity lasted up to 1500 msec and were followed by longer periods of inhibition. Transient decreases in pO2 began within 150 msec of the onsets of the bursts but outlasted the bursts by many seconds. The durations of the pO2 transients ranged from 10 to 90 sec, depending upon the frequency of interictal discharges. When the frequency of interictal discharges increased, the pO2 transients summated such that pO2 approached 0 mm Hg. The magnitude of the pO2 decrease was related to both the baseline pO2 and the intensity of the associated burst of action potentials. The transient decrease in pO2 most likely represents increased local tissue O2 consumption. These measurements provide, for the first time, a means of assessing the relationship between local neuronal activity and local oxygen utilization in seizures.", "PMID": 87307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10679", "title": "Nerve fiber conduction-velocity distributions. I. Estimation based on the single-fiber and compound action potentials.", "content": "A method is described for estimating the distribution of nerve-fiber conduction velocities in a nerve bundle. This method is based on a detailed general model of the nerve bundle compound action potential, which is characterized as a weighted sum of delayed single-fiber action potentials. The non-iterative estimation method is applied to two examples taken from existing literature, demonstrating the similarity of conduction velocity and fiber diameter distributions, sensitivity of the estimate to variations in important model parameters, and applicability to the differentiation of normal and abnormal nerve function.", "contents": "Nerve fiber conduction-velocity distributions. I. Estimation based on the single-fiber and compound action potentials. A method is described for estimating the distribution of nerve-fiber conduction velocities in a nerve bundle. This method is based on a detailed general model of the nerve bundle compound action potential, which is characterized as a weighted sum of delayed single-fiber action potentials. The non-iterative estimation method is applied to two examples taken from existing literature, demonstrating the similarity of conduction velocity and fiber diameter distributions, sensitivity of the estimate to variations in important model parameters, and applicability to the differentiation of normal and abnormal nerve function.", "PMID": 87308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10680", "title": "Nerve fiber conduction-velocity distributions. II. Estimation based on two compound action potentials.", "content": "A method is presented for estimating nerve fiber conduction velocity distributions from non-invasive measurements of the compound action potential at two distinct locations separated by a known distance along the nerve bundle. This method is based on a model of the compound action potential as a weighted sum of delayed single-fiber action potentials, but does not require explicit knowledge of the single-fiber action potential wave shapes in order to yield a unique estimate of the conduction velocity distribution. Illustrative examples are presented from normal and diseases nerves. This method appears to have clinical applications in the electrophysiological assessment of peripheral nerve function.", "contents": "Nerve fiber conduction-velocity distributions. II. Estimation based on two compound action potentials. A method is presented for estimating nerve fiber conduction velocity distributions from non-invasive measurements of the compound action potential at two distinct locations separated by a known distance along the nerve bundle. This method is based on a model of the compound action potential as a weighted sum of delayed single-fiber action potentials, but does not require explicit knowledge of the single-fiber action potential wave shapes in order to yield a unique estimate of the conduction velocity distribution. Illustrative examples are presented from normal and diseases nerves. This method appears to have clinical applications in the electrophysiological assessment of peripheral nerve function.", "PMID": 87309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10681", "title": "The estimation of conduction velocity in human skeletal muscle in situ with surface electrodes.", "content": "In the present study new methods were developed for estimation of conduction velocity using surface electrodes. The subjects were 4 healthy male volunteers, aged 23-29 years. EMGs were recorded from m. biceps brachii by several surface electrodes and a fine-wire bipolar electrode during weak isometric contraction with the elbow positioned at 90 degrees. Surface electrodes, 8 mm in diameter, were spaced along the course of muscle fibers at 20 mm intervals, while the bipolar fine-wire electrode was inserted in the middle of the muscle. The EMGs recorded on the magnetic tape were analyzed through a mini-computer system (ATAC-2300). Triggering a signal averager by spike potentials of single motor unit recorded by the inserted electrode, the average contribution of the single motor unit to the surface EMG could be extracted. The conduction velocity in m. biceps brachii determined from the averaged waves of each surface electrode was 4.6 +/- 0.5 m/sec (mean +/- S.D.). The conduction velocity estimated from the cross-correlation analysis between the EMGs of two different surface electrodes agreed well with the value obtained by the averaging technique mentioned above.", "contents": "The estimation of conduction velocity in human skeletal muscle in situ with surface electrodes. In the present study new methods were developed for estimation of conduction velocity using surface electrodes. The subjects were 4 healthy male volunteers, aged 23-29 years. EMGs were recorded from m. biceps brachii by several surface electrodes and a fine-wire bipolar electrode during weak isometric contraction with the elbow positioned at 90 degrees. Surface electrodes, 8 mm in diameter, were spaced along the course of muscle fibers at 20 mm intervals, while the bipolar fine-wire electrode was inserted in the middle of the muscle. The EMGs recorded on the magnetic tape were analyzed through a mini-computer system (ATAC-2300). Triggering a signal averager by spike potentials of single motor unit recorded by the inserted electrode, the average contribution of the single motor unit to the surface EMG could be extracted. The conduction velocity in m. biceps brachii determined from the averaged waves of each surface electrode was 4.6 +/- 0.5 m/sec (mean +/- S.D.). The conduction velocity estimated from the cross-correlation analysis between the EMGs of two different surface electrodes agreed well with the value obtained by the averaging technique mentioned above.", "PMID": 87310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10682", "title": "Unilateral lesions of the olfactory tubercle modifying general arousal effects in the rat olfactory bulb.", "content": "The centrifugal control exerted by different arousal states on the rat olfactory bulb was investigated. The olfactory tubercle was unilaterally coagulated with either 1 mA or 3 mA current. The vigilance state parameters and multiunit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving rats, stimulated either by their usual food odor or by isoamyl acetate, in a hungry or a satiated state. In each animal, a unilateral lesion affected resting activity and the relative proportion of positive (excitatory) and negative (inhibitory) responses in the same way in both olfactory bulbs; these effects were proportional to the extent of the lesion. In wakefulness, a nutritional modulation of the bulb responses for food odor existed in spite of a slight decrease in the general arousal level. In slow wave sleep (SWS), when compared to a control group, the rats with lesions showed an increase of neocortical desynchronization induced by olfactory stimulation, and a large decrease of mitral cell excitability. Inhibition of the olfactory input, which normally develops during SWS, could involve mainly mesencephalic neurons reaching the olfactory tubercle and the bulb via the ventral part of the medial forebrain bundle.", "contents": "Unilateral lesions of the olfactory tubercle modifying general arousal effects in the rat olfactory bulb. The centrifugal control exerted by different arousal states on the rat olfactory bulb was investigated. The olfactory tubercle was unilaterally coagulated with either 1 mA or 3 mA current. The vigilance state parameters and multiunit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving rats, stimulated either by their usual food odor or by isoamyl acetate, in a hungry or a satiated state. In each animal, a unilateral lesion affected resting activity and the relative proportion of positive (excitatory) and negative (inhibitory) responses in the same way in both olfactory bulbs; these effects were proportional to the extent of the lesion. In wakefulness, a nutritional modulation of the bulb responses for food odor existed in spite of a slight decrease in the general arousal level. In slow wave sleep (SWS), when compared to a control group, the rats with lesions showed an increase of neocortical desynchronization induced by olfactory stimulation, and a large decrease of mitral cell excitability. Inhibition of the olfactory input, which normally develops during SWS, could involve mainly mesencephalic neurons reaching the olfactory tubercle and the bulb via the ventral part of the medial forebrain bundle.", "PMID": 87311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10683", "title": "Electro-oculographic and electroencephalographic correlative study of optokinetic responses in brain lesions.", "content": "Electro-oculograms of induced optokinetic responses (OKR) and EEG were recorded in 61 patients with either left or right hemisphere lesions. Of the 61 patients 55 showed focal EEG disturbances as follows: occipito-temporal (7 cases), parieto-temporal (10 cases), occipito-parieto-temporal (26 cases), temporal (9 cases) and frontal (3 cases). Symmetric OKR (21 cases) were recorded when no EEG changes were observed or when these were localized to left or right temporal and frontal electrodes and exceptionally when unilateral occipital and parietal regions were also involved. In 40 cases with unilateral hemispheric lesion a contralateral abnormal OKR was observed. Low frequency OKR with or without amplitude changes, especially of fast (saccadic) component, was mainly observed in parietal localization. In severely disturbed OKR, i.e. random jerks, the abnormal brain waves were mainly localized to the occipito-parieto-temporal region. In all cases in which no response was obtained the affected area was the occipito-parieto-temporal. These findings are discussed with reference to the regulating systems of slow (smooth) and fast (saccadic) eye movements triggered by visual stimuli.", "contents": "Electro-oculographic and electroencephalographic correlative study of optokinetic responses in brain lesions. Electro-oculograms of induced optokinetic responses (OKR) and EEG were recorded in 61 patients with either left or right hemisphere lesions. Of the 61 patients 55 showed focal EEG disturbances as follows: occipito-temporal (7 cases), parieto-temporal (10 cases), occipito-parieto-temporal (26 cases), temporal (9 cases) and frontal (3 cases). Symmetric OKR (21 cases) were recorded when no EEG changes were observed or when these were localized to left or right temporal and frontal electrodes and exceptionally when unilateral occipital and parietal regions were also involved. In 40 cases with unilateral hemispheric lesion a contralateral abnormal OKR was observed. Low frequency OKR with or without amplitude changes, especially of fast (saccadic) component, was mainly observed in parietal localization. In severely disturbed OKR, i.e. random jerks, the abnormal brain waves were mainly localized to the occipito-parieto-temporal region. In all cases in which no response was obtained the affected area was the occipito-parieto-temporal. These findings are discussed with reference to the regulating systems of slow (smooth) and fast (saccadic) eye movements triggered by visual stimuli.", "PMID": 87312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10684", "title": "Rapid eye movements in REM sleep--more evidence for a periodic organization.", "content": "Density scores of horizontal eye movements during 70 REM sleep periods of normal young adults and combat neurotic patients were subjected to spectral analysis. The results showed that in 58% of all REM periods, spectral peaks occurred at either 0.1 c/min or 0.05 c/min. The percentages of spectral peaks at these frequencies were equal in both groups. Since the estimated variance at these frequencies was significantly higher than the estimated variance at the adjacent frequencies and the mean variance at the rest of the spectra, it was concluded that eye movements in REM sleep tend to cluster every 10-20 min. These results and findings on the neural control of REM ocular activity suggest that REMs in sleep are generated by at least 3 generators: a burst generator, an isolated eye movement generator, and a 10-20 min periodic generator.", "contents": "Rapid eye movements in REM sleep--more evidence for a periodic organization. Density scores of horizontal eye movements during 70 REM sleep periods of normal young adults and combat neurotic patients were subjected to spectral analysis. The results showed that in 58% of all REM periods, spectral peaks occurred at either 0.1 c/min or 0.05 c/min. The percentages of spectral peaks at these frequencies were equal in both groups. Since the estimated variance at these frequencies was significantly higher than the estimated variance at the adjacent frequencies and the mean variance at the rest of the spectra, it was concluded that eye movements in REM sleep tend to cluster every 10-20 min. These results and findings on the neural control of REM ocular activity suggest that REMs in sleep are generated by at least 3 generators: a burst generator, an isolated eye movement generator, and a 10-20 min periodic generator.", "PMID": 87313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10685", "title": "Influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS) on human sleep. I. Sleep pattern changes.", "content": "A 20 min period of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS), administered just before sleep onset in 16 human subjects, appeared to alter significantly the first sleep cycle of the succeeding sleep. The length of the first sleep cycle and the amount of REM sleep increased, whereas a shift from deep to more superficial NREM sleep occurred. This effect of DBS on sleep is discussed with respect to data from the literature on the effect of narcotic DBS and on that of local brain stimulation in animals.", "contents": "Influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS) on human sleep. I. Sleep pattern changes. A 20 min period of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS), administered just before sleep onset in 16 human subjects, appeared to alter significantly the first sleep cycle of the succeeding sleep. The length of the first sleep cycle and the amount of REM sleep increased, whereas a shift from deep to more superficial NREM sleep occurred. This effect of DBS on sleep is discussed with respect to data from the literature on the effect of narcotic DBS and on that of local brain stimulation in animals.", "PMID": 87314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10686", "title": "Influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS) on human sleep. II. Sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnoea.", "content": "The influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS), administered just before sleep onset, on the number of apnoeas and of sleep stage changes during the first part of the succeeding night sleep to the end of the first sleep cycle has been studied in 7 patients with sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnorea. When compared with the corresponding period of the baseline night, both phenomena are increased significantly. These results indicate that DBS influences slow periodic sleep phenomena. It is suggested that the target area for this influence might be mesencephalo-pontine reticular structures, which play a role in the generation of these slow periodic phenomena.", "contents": "Influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS) on human sleep. II. Sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnoea. The influence of diffuse brain stimulation (DBS), administered just before sleep onset, on the number of apnoeas and of sleep stage changes during the first part of the succeeding night sleep to the end of the first sleep cycle has been studied in 7 patients with sleep-induced periodic breathing with apnorea. When compared with the corresponding period of the baseline night, both phenomena are increased significantly. These results indicate that DBS influences slow periodic sleep phenomena. It is suggested that the target area for this influence might be mesencephalo-pontine reticular structures, which play a role in the generation of these slow periodic phenomena.", "PMID": 87315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10687", "title": "Short latency somatosensory potentials in humans.", "content": "A sequence of high frequency potentials was averaged from the scalp of 10 normal human subjects during the first 25 msec following median nerve stimulation. There was a large positive component with a peak latency between 18.9 and 22.3 msec localized to the somatosensory area contralateral to stimulation. This was preceded by an early positive potential arising peripherally (peak latency 7.7-9.7) and at least 3 negative to positive deflections which appear to originate in multiple subcortical structures. When corrected for arm length, intersubject variability was less than 5% for all components. With further clarification, this method should allow one to study neural conduction along the entire somatosensory pathway.", "contents": "Short latency somatosensory potentials in humans. A sequence of high frequency potentials was averaged from the scalp of 10 normal human subjects during the first 25 msec following median nerve stimulation. There was a large positive component with a peak latency between 18.9 and 22.3 msec localized to the somatosensory area contralateral to stimulation. This was preceded by an early positive potential arising peripherally (peak latency 7.7-9.7) and at least 3 negative to positive deflections which appear to originate in multiple subcortical structures. When corrected for arm length, intersubject variability was less than 5% for all components. With further clarification, this method should allow one to study neural conduction along the entire somatosensory pathway.", "PMID": 87316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10688", "title": "Principal component analysis of ERP differences related to the meaning of an ambiguous word.", "content": "Event-related potentials (ERPs) to the noun and verb meanings of/'led/in the single ambiguous phrase 'it was/'led/' were re-analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). These data had previously been analyzed by SWDA and reported in this journal. PCA defined 3 meaning-related components, comprising 40.3% of the entire data variance. The N150 component was shown to be larger for the noun meaning than for the verb meaning; the P230 epoch differed in its anterior-posterior distribution according to meaning; and N370 for noun responses was relatively more negative at the right posterior lead and positive at the left anterior. All components taken together, the left anterior lead showed the greatest meaning-related difference. Previous analysis by SWDA had resulted in significant discriminant functions for left hemisphere ERPs, but this analysis did not yield a clear definition of the effects of meaning on specific ERP components or of the scalp distributions of meaning-related components. Thus, while the results of both analyses support the interpretation that the perceived meaning of words has a substantial effect on ERP wave forms, PCA appears to provide the clearest definition of the ERP component effects.", "contents": "Principal component analysis of ERP differences related to the meaning of an ambiguous word. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to the noun and verb meanings of/'led/in the single ambiguous phrase 'it was/'led/' were re-analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). These data had previously been analyzed by SWDA and reported in this journal. PCA defined 3 meaning-related components, comprising 40.3% of the entire data variance. The N150 component was shown to be larger for the noun meaning than for the verb meaning; the P230 epoch differed in its anterior-posterior distribution according to meaning; and N370 for noun responses was relatively more negative at the right posterior lead and positive at the left anterior. All components taken together, the left anterior lead showed the greatest meaning-related difference. Previous analysis by SWDA had resulted in significant discriminant functions for left hemisphere ERPs, but this analysis did not yield a clear definition of the effects of meaning on specific ERP components or of the scalp distributions of meaning-related components. Thus, while the results of both analyses support the interpretation that the perceived meaning of words has a substantial effect on ERP wave forms, PCA appears to provide the clearest definition of the ERP component effects.", "PMID": 87317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10689", "title": "Projections on the cortical somatic I barrel subfield from ipsilateral vibrissae in adult rodents.", "content": "In adult rats and mice, ipsilateral projections to SI posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) are demonstrated for mystacial vibrissae (sinus hairs). Mechanical stimulation with angular deflections in the 2-5 degrees range, elicits potentials in limited areas of SI whose geometric centers coincide for two homologous (contra- and ipsilateral) vibrissae. The cortical domains for two adjacent vibrissae overlap one another slightly. Phase reversal of potentials and unit discharges are also present within the cortex. Ablation of the SI area contralateral to the SI area under study completely abolishes the ipsilaterally projected potentials. It is proposed that ipsilateral responses are mediated via the corpus callosum with an extra delay of 4-5 msec, thus giving each hemisphere the opportunity to compare vibrissal information originating from the two mystacial pads.", "contents": "Projections on the cortical somatic I barrel subfield from ipsilateral vibrissae in adult rodents. In adult rats and mice, ipsilateral projections to SI posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) are demonstrated for mystacial vibrissae (sinus hairs). Mechanical stimulation with angular deflections in the 2-5 degrees range, elicits potentials in limited areas of SI whose geometric centers coincide for two homologous (contra- and ipsilateral) vibrissae. The cortical domains for two adjacent vibrissae overlap one another slightly. Phase reversal of potentials and unit discharges are also present within the cortex. Ablation of the SI area contralateral to the SI area under study completely abolishes the ipsilaterally projected potentials. It is proposed that ipsilateral responses are mediated via the corpus callosum with an extra delay of 4-5 msec, thus giving each hemisphere the opportunity to compare vibrissal information originating from the two mystacial pads.", "PMID": 87318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10690", "title": "An optical scan system for encoding and tabulation of visually scored sleep data.", "content": "A system for computer-assisted encoding, tabulation and analysis of visually scored sleep data is presented. The main features of the system are: (1) The use of computer-readable optical scan sheets for direct encoding of the sleep data. This eliminates the need for a separate transcription and/or key-punching operation. (2) The development of a visually scored data base, organized by NREM and REM periods, which contains all items of visually scored data indexed by time and/or page of occurrence in the sleep record. The advantages of this new system are: (a) the low cost per night of operation; (b) the facilitation of analysis of cycle phenomena and testing of new hypotheses that would usually involve retabulation of the data; and (c) the facilitation of analysis of real-time correlates of visually scored sleep stages.", "contents": "An optical scan system for encoding and tabulation of visually scored sleep data. A system for computer-assisted encoding, tabulation and analysis of visually scored sleep data is presented. The main features of the system are: (1) The use of computer-readable optical scan sheets for direct encoding of the sleep data. This eliminates the need for a separate transcription and/or key-punching operation. (2) The development of a visually scored data base, organized by NREM and REM periods, which contains all items of visually scored data indexed by time and/or page of occurrence in the sleep record. The advantages of this new system are: (a) the low cost per night of operation; (b) the facilitation of analysis of cycle phenomena and testing of new hypotheses that would usually involve retabulation of the data; and (c) the facilitation of analysis of real-time correlates of visually scored sleep stages.", "PMID": 87319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10691", "title": "A static charge sensitive bed. A new method for recording body movements during sleep.", "content": "The principle of 'a static charge sensitive bed' method for recording body movements during sleep is described. We made records during 30 nights and the measured total number of movements per night (80-200) is in agreement with the findings of studies based on a combination of direct observation, EMG and videotape. The method is simple, inexpensive and very sensitive to all kinds of movement.", "contents": "A static charge sensitive bed. A new method for recording body movements during sleep. The principle of 'a static charge sensitive bed' method for recording body movements during sleep is described. We made records during 30 nights and the measured total number of movements per night (80-200) is in agreement with the findings of studies based on a combination of direct observation, EMG and videotape. The method is simple, inexpensive and very sensitive to all kinds of movement.", "PMID": 87320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10692", "title": "Release of growth hormone from purified somatotrophs: role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Studies were carried out to simultaneously measure cAMP and cGMP accumulation and GH release from acutely dispersed purified somatotrophs obtained from rat adenohypophyses. cAMP accumulation was dramatically increased by both prostaglandin E2 (10(-6) M) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 0.5 mM) within 1 min of their addition, while there was a delay of 8--16 min before a significant increase in GH release was seen. SRIF (100, 10, or 1 ng/ml) completely blocked the stimulated release of GH. SRIF also consistently decreased the elevation of cAMP induced by the two secretagogues, but this decrease was small and not always significant. cGMP was unmeasurable (less than 0.02 fmol/1000 cells) in all of our experiments, while basal cAMP levels were about 1 fmol/1000 cells. We conclude that cAMP plays a role in the intracellular mechanisms governing GH release and that SRIF primarily acts subsequent to cAMP elevation, with a possible secondard or minor action on cAMP formation.", "contents": "Release of growth hormone from purified somatotrophs: role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Studies were carried out to simultaneously measure cAMP and cGMP accumulation and GH release from acutely dispersed purified somatotrophs obtained from rat adenohypophyses. cAMP accumulation was dramatically increased by both prostaglandin E2 (10(-6) M) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 0.5 mM) within 1 min of their addition, while there was a delay of 8--16 min before a significant increase in GH release was seen. SRIF (100, 10, or 1 ng/ml) completely blocked the stimulated release of GH. SRIF also consistently decreased the elevation of cAMP induced by the two secretagogues, but this decrease was small and not always significant. cGMP was unmeasurable (less than 0.02 fmol/1000 cells) in all of our experiments, while basal cAMP levels were about 1 fmol/1000 cells. We conclude that cAMP plays a role in the intracellular mechanisms governing GH release and that SRIF primarily acts subsequent to cAMP elevation, with a possible secondard or minor action on cAMP formation.", "PMID": 87323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10693", "title": "The use of Midodrin in the treatment of ejaculation disorders following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.", "content": "The long-term treatment of retrograde ejaculation disorders following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with the alpha-sympathomimetic, Midodrin, administered orally, led to improvements in the intensity of orgasm and the degree of erection. Normal ejaculation was induced in 7 out of 12 patients and emission of spermatozoa into the posterior urethra was restored in 3 out of 12 patients by a single intravenous injection of 25--30 mg Midodrin.", "contents": "The use of Midodrin in the treatment of ejaculation disorders following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. The long-term treatment of retrograde ejaculation disorders following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with the alpha-sympathomimetic, Midodrin, administered orally, led to improvements in the intensity of orgasm and the degree of erection. Normal ejaculation was induced in 7 out of 12 patients and emission of spermatozoa into the posterior urethra was restored in 3 out of 12 patients by a single intravenous injection of 25--30 mg Midodrin.", "PMID": 87324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10694", "title": "Fine specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes: C57BL effector cells induced by autologous cells modified with hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NIP) are not heteroclitic.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated to syngeneic cells derivatized with serologically cross-reactive compounds (4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NP) and (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NIP) in order to investigate the possible role of a heteroclytic T and B cell receptor marker (U. Krawinkel et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1977. 7:566) in CTL-target cell interaction. The cytotoxic cells of both BALB/c and C57BL/10 (B 10) origin react specifically with target cells of the inducer type; no heteroclicity of the overall cytotoxic response can be observed by CTL of B 10 origin. The results suggest that in this system, the specificity of CTL is determined by a receptor with a variable region different from that of the isolated NP-specific antigen-binding T cell receptor material.", "contents": "Fine specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes: C57BL effector cells induced by autologous cells modified with hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NIP) are not heteroclitic. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated to syngeneic cells derivatized with serologically cross-reactive compounds (4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NP) and (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitro-phenyl)acetyl (NIP) in order to investigate the possible role of a heteroclytic T and B cell receptor marker (U. Krawinkel et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1977. 7:566) in CTL-target cell interaction. The cytotoxic cells of both BALB/c and C57BL/10 (B 10) origin react specifically with target cells of the inducer type; no heteroclicity of the overall cytotoxic response can be observed by CTL of B 10 origin. The results suggest that in this system, the specificity of CTL is determined by a receptor with a variable region different from that of the isolated NP-specific antigen-binding T cell receptor material.", "PMID": 87325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10695", "title": "Antigen-specific suppressor cells in hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance.", "content": "Tolerance to the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) induced by the injection of DNP coupled to isologous IgG (carrier-determined tolerance) is associated with a receptor blockade of antigen-binding lymphocytes. In the present study, hapten-specific suppressor cells were detected in the spleens of mice made tolerant by intravenous injection of 20 microgram DNP-IgG. When spleen cells from mice rendered tolerant to DNP were co-cultured with normal spleen cells in Marbrook cultures, the response to DNP-Ficoll was suppressed, while the response to sheep red blood cells was not altered. Depletion of T cells from these spleens restored the normal anti-DNP response. The suppressor cells were not detectable in the spleen lymphocyte population of mice in the early stages of tolerance but were present on day 7 after injection of tolerogen, and disappeared by day 14. Mice injected with larger doses of 1 mg or four weekly doses of 200 microgram DNP-IgG did not have detectable suppressor cells. Thus, it appears that a short-lived suppressor T cell is generated in carrier-determined tolerance. This cell most likely plays a minor role in the mechanism of carrier-determined tolerance and may be associated with the receptor blockade which is seen early in tolerance.", "contents": "Antigen-specific suppressor cells in hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance. Tolerance to the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) induced by the injection of DNP coupled to isologous IgG (carrier-determined tolerance) is associated with a receptor blockade of antigen-binding lymphocytes. In the present study, hapten-specific suppressor cells were detected in the spleens of mice made tolerant by intravenous injection of 20 microgram DNP-IgG. When spleen cells from mice rendered tolerant to DNP were co-cultured with normal spleen cells in Marbrook cultures, the response to DNP-Ficoll was suppressed, while the response to sheep red blood cells was not altered. Depletion of T cells from these spleens restored the normal anti-DNP response. The suppressor cells were not detectable in the spleen lymphocyte population of mice in the early stages of tolerance but were present on day 7 after injection of tolerogen, and disappeared by day 14. Mice injected with larger doses of 1 mg or four weekly doses of 200 microgram DNP-IgG did not have detectable suppressor cells. Thus, it appears that a short-lived suppressor T cell is generated in carrier-determined tolerance. This cell most likely plays a minor role in the mechanism of carrier-determined tolerance and may be associated with the receptor blockade which is seen early in tolerance.", "PMID": 87326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10696", "title": "Relationship between histocompatibility antigens, other surface determinants and the IgE receptor on rat mast cells.", "content": "Rat alloantibodies recognizing classical transplantation antigens (CTA) or non-H-1 determinants were able to compete effectively with monomeric IgE or IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes for receptor sites on the rat mast cell surface. Inhibitory capacity, however, was entirely confined to anti-CTA antibodies of the IgG2a subclass, whereas IgG1 antibodies lacked this ability. Analogously, F(ab')2 fragments of anti-CTA antibody consistently failed to affect IgE binding, but exposure of cell-bound F(ab')2 to anti-rat IgG restored its inhibitory capacity. From these results it was concluded that receptor sites recognizing the Fc portion of the anti-CTA molecule are involved in the inhibition process. Based on a cytotoxicity assay and on comparative absorption studies on alloantisera, the existence and relative amount of CTA and I region-associated antigens on purified rat mast cells and lymph node cells were analyzed. Whereas the CTA concentration per unit surface area on both cell types was very similar, rat mast cells consistently lacked Ia antigens.", "contents": "Relationship between histocompatibility antigens, other surface determinants and the IgE receptor on rat mast cells. Rat alloantibodies recognizing classical transplantation antigens (CTA) or non-H-1 determinants were able to compete effectively with monomeric IgE or IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes for receptor sites on the rat mast cell surface. Inhibitory capacity, however, was entirely confined to anti-CTA antibodies of the IgG2a subclass, whereas IgG1 antibodies lacked this ability. Analogously, F(ab')2 fragments of anti-CTA antibody consistently failed to affect IgE binding, but exposure of cell-bound F(ab')2 to anti-rat IgG restored its inhibitory capacity. From these results it was concluded that receptor sites recognizing the Fc portion of the anti-CTA molecule are involved in the inhibition process. Based on a cytotoxicity assay and on comparative absorption studies on alloantisera, the existence and relative amount of CTA and I region-associated antigens on purified rat mast cells and lymph node cells were analyzed. Whereas the CTA concentration per unit surface area on both cell types was very similar, rat mast cells consistently lacked Ia antigens.", "PMID": 87327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10697", "title": "T cell-produced immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) bears determinants coded for by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex and lacks allogeneic restriction.", "content": "An immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) produced by in vivo alloantigen-activated T cells suppresses in vitro antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and probably represents the soluble form of the T cell Fc receptor. To study the relationship between IBF and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), two types of experiments were undertaken. First, different IBF were prepared by injecting thymocytes from mice of H-2k, H-2b and H-2d haplotypes into irradiated, allogeneic recipient mice. Cells recovered in the spleens five days later were incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C, and IBF was purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized IgG. Purified IBF was then applied to immunosorbents prepared with anti-H-2 and anti-Ia anti sera. Acid eluates were then tested for their suppressive activity on in vitro antibody production to SRBC. Under these conditions, IBF was found to react with antisera raised against products of the whole MHC and of the I region of the MHC, but not with anti-H-2 D antisera. These data indicate that IBF bears, or is associated with Ia determinants. Second, IBF preparations from mice of H-2k, H-2b, H-2d haplotypes were tested for their capacity to suppress the in vitro antibody production to SRBC by spleen cells of a series of mouse strains. The data indicate that IBF is not genetically restricted in its function.", "contents": "T cell-produced immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) bears determinants coded for by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex and lacks allogeneic restriction. An immunoglobulin binding factor (IBF) produced by in vivo alloantigen-activated T cells suppresses in vitro antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and probably represents the soluble form of the T cell Fc receptor. To study the relationship between IBF and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), two types of experiments were undertaken. First, different IBF were prepared by injecting thymocytes from mice of H-2k, H-2b and H-2d haplotypes into irradiated, allogeneic recipient mice. Cells recovered in the spleens five days later were incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C, and IBF was purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized IgG. Purified IBF was then applied to immunosorbents prepared with anti-H-2 and anti-Ia anti sera. Acid eluates were then tested for their suppressive activity on in vitro antibody production to SRBC. Under these conditions, IBF was found to react with antisera raised against products of the whole MHC and of the I region of the MHC, but not with anti-H-2 D antisera. These data indicate that IBF bears, or is associated with Ia determinants. Second, IBF preparations from mice of H-2k, H-2b, H-2d haplotypes were tested for their capacity to suppress the in vitro antibody production to SRBC by spleen cells of a series of mouse strains. The data indicate that IBF is not genetically restricted in its function.", "PMID": 87328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10698", "title": "Induction and characterization of isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies to BALB/c myeloma S117: lack of reactivity with major idiotypic determinants.", "content": "Isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies were induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with the BALB/c-derived myeloma protein S117 which binds N-acetylglucosamine-containing antigens including Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO). Most BALB/c mice produced anti-S 117 idiotypic antibodies, as shown by various different immunization protocols. The antibodies of individual mice were of intermediate to high affinity (2.8 x 10(6) M-1 to 1.4 x 10(8) M-1). In isoelectric focusing, most individual antibodies were shown to consist of a small number of clonotypes, but each mouse produced its own unique set of clones so that the potential clonal repertoire of strain BALB/c is rather large. Most importantly, all isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies were directed against idiotypic determinants of S117 that are not shared with induced anti-A-CHO antibodies, whereas it has been shown previously that allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-S 117 idiotypic antibodies react with idiotypic determinants unique to S 117 as well as with those that are shared with anti-A-CHO antibodies. The data suggest that the expression of S 117 idiotypic determinants in strain BALB/c is not under antibody-mediated, anti-idiotypic feedback control.", "contents": "Induction and characterization of isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies to BALB/c myeloma S117: lack of reactivity with major idiotypic determinants. Isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies were induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with the BALB/c-derived myeloma protein S117 which binds N-acetylglucosamine-containing antigens including Group A streptococcal carbohydrate (A-CHO). Most BALB/c mice produced anti-S 117 idiotypic antibodies, as shown by various different immunization protocols. The antibodies of individual mice were of intermediate to high affinity (2.8 x 10(6) M-1 to 1.4 x 10(8) M-1). In isoelectric focusing, most individual antibodies were shown to consist of a small number of clonotypes, but each mouse produced its own unique set of clones so that the potential clonal repertoire of strain BALB/c is rather large. Most importantly, all isogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies were directed against idiotypic determinants of S117 that are not shared with induced anti-A-CHO antibodies, whereas it has been shown previously that allogeneic and xenogeneic anti-S 117 idiotypic antibodies react with idiotypic determinants unique to S 117 as well as with those that are shared with anti-A-CHO antibodies. The data suggest that the expression of S 117 idiotypic determinants in strain BALB/c is not under antibody-mediated, anti-idiotypic feedback control.", "PMID": 87329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10699", "title": "Staining of granulopoietic agar colonies with a modified Papanicolaou technique.", "content": "The aceto-orcein method of staining agar cultured granulopoietic marrow cells has not been entirely satisfactory. In staining whole colonies the original colony structure is lost and the colony cells have blurred cytoplasm. A slight modification of the Papanicolaou technique used for staining vaginal smears improved the quality of stained granulopoietic agar preparations. Smeared Papanicolaou stained colony cells could be compared with smeared ordinary Giemsa stained blood and marrow cells. The Papanicolaou method enabled staining of agar colonies without manipulation of the original colony structure. The preparations of transferred intact colonies had cells with distinct cytoplasm and clear cellular outlines and a background without disturbing masses of stained agar.", "contents": "Staining of granulopoietic agar colonies with a modified Papanicolaou technique. The aceto-orcein method of staining agar cultured granulopoietic marrow cells has not been entirely satisfactory. In staining whole colonies the original colony structure is lost and the colony cells have blurred cytoplasm. A slight modification of the Papanicolaou technique used for staining vaginal smears improved the quality of stained granulopoietic agar preparations. Smeared Papanicolaou stained colony cells could be compared with smeared ordinary Giemsa stained blood and marrow cells. The Papanicolaou method enabled staining of agar colonies without manipulation of the original colony structure. The preparations of transferred intact colonies had cells with distinct cytoplasm and clear cellular outlines and a background without disturbing masses of stained agar.", "PMID": 87338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10700", "title": "Histamine release in dogs by Emulphor EL620.", "content": "A vehicle containing ethanol and Emulphor EL620 lowers blood pressure and increases heart rate in morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs. These effects are associated with histamine release caused by Emulphor EL620.", "contents": "Histamine release in dogs by Emulphor EL620. A vehicle containing ethanol and Emulphor EL620 lowers blood pressure and increases heart rate in morphine-chloralose anesthetized dogs. These effects are associated with histamine release caused by Emulphor EL620.", "PMID": 87339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10701", "title": "Inhibition of fading in fluorescence microscopy of fixed cells.", "content": "Following Hirschfeld et al., dithionite was added to mounting media to inhibit fluorescence fading. Excellent response is reported for fluorescein, acridine orange, 33258 Hoechst, acriflavine, berberine (and ethidium bromide), but not for quinacrine.", "contents": "Inhibition of fading in fluorescence microscopy of fixed cells. Following Hirschfeld et al., dithionite was added to mounting media to inhibit fluorescence fading. Excellent response is reported for fluorescein, acridine orange, 33258 Hoechst, acriflavine, berberine (and ethidium bromide), but not for quinacrine.", "PMID": 87340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10702", "title": "Association between pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) and mixed leucocyte reaction determinants on the leucocyte surface.", "content": "alpha2-PAG is present on the surface on mononuclear blood leucocytes and can be demonstrated predominantly on B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Pretreatment of cells with antibody to alpha2-PAG leads to a marked reduction in Fc-rosette formation. Competitive blocking experiments with specific antisera reveal a particularly close association between alpha2-PAG and MLR (mixed leucocyte reaction) determinants on the cell surface. These findings suggest one mechanism whereby alpha2-PAG may modify cell-mediated immune responses.", "contents": "Association between pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG) and mixed leucocyte reaction determinants on the leucocyte surface. alpha2-PAG is present on the surface on mononuclear blood leucocytes and can be demonstrated predominantly on B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Pretreatment of cells with antibody to alpha2-PAG leads to a marked reduction in Fc-rosette formation. Competitive blocking experiments with specific antisera reveal a particularly close association between alpha2-PAG and MLR (mixed leucocyte reaction) determinants on the cell surface. These findings suggest one mechanism whereby alpha2-PAG may modify cell-mediated immune responses.", "PMID": 87341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10703", "title": "Specific inhibition of formation of acid-fastness in mycobacteria by 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid.", "content": "3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid obtained from Euphorbia adenochlora selectively inhibited the formation of acid-fastness in mycobacteria without retardation of their growth. Gross reductions in contents of wax D, cord factor and free mycolic acids were found in the nonacid-fast bacilli compared with the normal ones.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of formation of acid-fastness in mycobacteria by 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid. 3,3'-Di-O-methylellagic acid obtained from Euphorbia adenochlora selectively inhibited the formation of acid-fastness in mycobacteria without retardation of their growth. Gross reductions in contents of wax D, cord factor and free mycolic acids were found in the nonacid-fast bacilli compared with the normal ones.", "PMID": 87342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10704", "title": "A simple one-step procedure for staining the nucleolus organizer regions.", "content": "A simple silver staining technique for routine use is described by which the nucleolus organizer regions of mammalian chromosomes, including those of mouse chromosomes, are stained selectively.", "contents": "A simple one-step procedure for staining the nucleolus organizer regions. A simple silver staining technique for routine use is described by which the nucleolus organizer regions of mammalian chromosomes, including those of mouse chromosomes, are stained selectively.", "PMID": 87343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10705", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein in tumor-bearing mice assayed by particle agglutination inhibition.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatoma BW7756-bearing mice was measured by a new particle agglutination inhibition test employing AFP adsorbed to charcoal particles. The AFP levels and tumor weights showed nearly parallel increases to means of 2633 microgram/ml and 5.2 g, respectively, 28 days after implantation.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein in tumor-bearing mice assayed by particle agglutination inhibition. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatoma BW7756-bearing mice was measured by a new particle agglutination inhibition test employing AFP adsorbed to charcoal particles. The AFP levels and tumor weights showed nearly parallel increases to means of 2633 microgram/ml and 5.2 g, respectively, 28 days after implantation.", "PMID": 87345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10706", "title": "Colored filters for microphotography: a costless 'do-it-yourself' solution.", "content": "Black and white microphotography makes use of several colored filters for an increased contrast. These filters are sometimes expensive and do not correspond exactly to the stain to be masked on the negative. Our specific colored filters contain a sufficient and adjusted amount of the dye used in the staining technic in an Agar medium.", "contents": "Colored filters for microphotography: a costless 'do-it-yourself' solution. Black and white microphotography makes use of several colored filters for an increased contrast. These filters are sometimes expensive and do not correspond exactly to the stain to be masked on the negative. Our specific colored filters contain a sufficient and adjusted amount of the dye used in the staining technic in an Agar medium.", "PMID": 87346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10707", "title": "Sequential quantitative studies on hyperplastic nodules in the liver of rats treated with carcinogenic chemicals.", "content": "Sequential quantitative analyses were made of hyperplastic liver nodules induced by treating male Fischer rats first with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and then with N-(2-fluorenyl)acetamide (2-FAA), alpha-isomer of 1,2-3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-BHC), or phenobarbital. The test rats were injected ip with 200 mg/kg body weight of DEN, given basal diet containing 2-FAA, alpha-BHC, or phenobarbital from week 2 to 12, and subjected to partial hepatectomy at the end of week 3. From week 6, significantly higher percentage areas of hyperplastic nodules per unit area of liver were found in all experimental groups than in the control group. From week 8, significantly more hyperplastic nodules were found in all experimental groups than in the control group. Continuous administration of alpha-BHC or phenobarbital for 12 weeks with partial hepatectomy did not induce hyperplastic nodules. Continuous administration of 2-FAA did induce hyperplastic nodules, but the percentage areas and number of these nodules were significantly lower than in rats injected with DEN and then given 2-FAA orally, with partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "Sequential quantitative studies on hyperplastic nodules in the liver of rats treated with carcinogenic chemicals. Sequential quantitative analyses were made of hyperplastic liver nodules induced by treating male Fischer rats first with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and then with N-(2-fluorenyl)acetamide (2-FAA), alpha-isomer of 1,2-3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-BHC), or phenobarbital. The test rats were injected ip with 200 mg/kg body weight of DEN, given basal diet containing 2-FAA, alpha-BHC, or phenobarbital from week 2 to 12, and subjected to partial hepatectomy at the end of week 3. From week 6, significantly higher percentage areas of hyperplastic nodules per unit area of liver were found in all experimental groups than in the control group. From week 8, significantly more hyperplastic nodules were found in all experimental groups than in the control group. Continuous administration of alpha-BHC or phenobarbital for 12 weeks with partial hepatectomy did not induce hyperplastic nodules. Continuous administration of 2-FAA did induce hyperplastic nodules, but the percentage areas and number of these nodules were significantly lower than in rats injected with DEN and then given 2-FAA orally, with partial hepatectomy.", "PMID": 87355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10708", "title": "Benign prostatic hypertrophy: When should you consider prostatectomy for your patient?", "content": "Watching the way a patient voids is the easiest way to determine the presence of prostatic obstruction. Uroflowmetry can objectively measure the amount of obstruction. Clinical evaluation of prostatism should include an intravenous urogram, serum creatinine determination, urinalysis, urine culture, and cystoscopy. Suspicious areas of induration in the prostate should be biopsied. Surgery is not required for most men with prostatic hypertrophy. Indications for prostatectomy are severe symptoms of obstruction, significant renal or bladder decompensation, recurrent urinary tract infection, bladder calculi, and recurrent bleeding.", "contents": "Benign prostatic hypertrophy: When should you consider prostatectomy for your patient? Watching the way a patient voids is the easiest way to determine the presence of prostatic obstruction. Uroflowmetry can objectively measure the amount of obstruction. Clinical evaluation of prostatism should include an intravenous urogram, serum creatinine determination, urinalysis, urine culture, and cystoscopy. Suspicious areas of induration in the prostate should be biopsied. Surgery is not required for most men with prostatic hypertrophy. Indications for prostatectomy are severe symptoms of obstruction, significant renal or bladder decompensation, recurrent urinary tract infection, bladder calculi, and recurrent bleeding.", "PMID": 87358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10709", "title": "Angiocardiographic left ventricular volume determination in tricuspid atresia. Comparison of patients with and without palliative surgery.", "content": "Group A (n = 10) had reduced pulmonary blood flow and no previous surgery, group B (n = 9) had decreased pulmonary blood flow despite a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt and those in group C (n = 10) had increased pulmonary blood flow 9 of whom had no previous surgery and 1 a large Waterston anastomosis. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular systolic output (LVSO) were higher than normal in all 3 groups with an order of descending magnitude of group C (278 +/- 20% and 264 +/- 32%), group B (264 +/- 19% and 243 +/- 37%) and group A (189 +/- 14% and 190 +/- 13%). For the entire group A, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal (0.66 +/- 0.06 or 97 +/- 8%) with low systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SAO2) averaging 58%, but the LVEF of those infants less than 6 months with a mean SAO2 of 49% was lowered to 0.58 +/- 0.08 or 87 +/- 13% of normal. The ejection fraction was reduced to the greatest extent (0.50 +/- 0.04 or 81 +/- 6%) in group B patients who averaged 12.8 years of age and had undergone shunt procedures 10 months to 13.6 years, median 7.8 years previously. These findings indicate that a moderate degree of arterial desaturation appears to be better tolerated than a chronic volume overload in patients with tricuspid atresia.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic left ventricular volume determination in tricuspid atresia. Comparison of patients with and without palliative surgery. Group A (n = 10) had reduced pulmonary blood flow and no previous surgery, group B (n = 9) had decreased pulmonary blood flow despite a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt and those in group C (n = 10) had increased pulmonary blood flow 9 of whom had no previous surgery and 1 a large Waterston anastomosis. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular systolic output (LVSO) were higher than normal in all 3 groups with an order of descending magnitude of group C (278 +/- 20% and 264 +/- 32%), group B (264 +/- 19% and 243 +/- 37%) and group A (189 +/- 14% and 190 +/- 13%). For the entire group A, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal (0.66 +/- 0.06 or 97 +/- 8%) with low systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SAO2) averaging 58%, but the LVEF of those infants less than 6 months with a mean SAO2 of 49% was lowered to 0.58 +/- 0.08 or 87 +/- 13% of normal. The ejection fraction was reduced to the greatest extent (0.50 +/- 0.04 or 81 +/- 6%) in group B patients who averaged 12.8 years of age and had undergone shunt procedures 10 months to 13.6 years, median 7.8 years previously. These findings indicate that a moderate degree of arterial desaturation appears to be better tolerated than a chronic volume overload in patients with tricuspid atresia.", "PMID": 87361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10710", "title": "Experience in palliative treatment of univentricular heart including tricuspid atresia.", "content": "Over a period of ten years 110 patients with univentricular heart, including cases with tricuspid atresia, received palliation. The overall hospital mortality was 14.5%. Late mortality during a mean follow-up period of two years, was 6%. A group of patients with univentricular heart (\"complex\" group: 21 cases) had numerous and significant associated anomalies which affected the surgical results (16 survivors). Eight patients were discovered to have univentricular heart only at open heart surgery (5 survivors). In the remaining patients hospital mortality was 7.4% (6/81). As compared with the natural history these results indicate that palliative surgery is still an effective type of treatment for these two severe cardiac malformations.", "contents": "Experience in palliative treatment of univentricular heart including tricuspid atresia. Over a period of ten years 110 patients with univentricular heart, including cases with tricuspid atresia, received palliation. The overall hospital mortality was 14.5%. Late mortality during a mean follow-up period of two years, was 6%. A group of patients with univentricular heart (\"complex\" group: 21 cases) had numerous and significant associated anomalies which affected the surgical results (16 survivors). Eight patients were discovered to have univentricular heart only at open heart surgery (5 survivors). In the remaining patients hospital mortality was 7.4% (6/81). As compared with the natural history these results indicate that palliative surgery is still an effective type of treatment for these two severe cardiac malformations.", "PMID": 87362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10711", "title": "Neutralization kinetic studies with genital cytomegalovirus isolates, an antigenically variable group.", "content": "Antisera were prepared in rabbits against four low-passage genital isolates, and against two established strains of human cytomegalovirus. With these sera, and seven strains of virus, 42 virus-antisera combinations were examined by kinetic neutralization procedures, and NK-values derived. No evidence accrued indicating that the five genital isolates constituted an antigenically distinct group. The findings support the view that the human cytomegaloviruses are antigenically heterogeneous, with different strains reflecting an antigenic mosaic, the elements of which are present in varying amounts.", "contents": "Neutralization kinetic studies with genital cytomegalovirus isolates, an antigenically variable group. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against four low-passage genital isolates, and against two established strains of human cytomegalovirus. With these sera, and seven strains of virus, 42 virus-antisera combinations were examined by kinetic neutralization procedures, and NK-values derived. No evidence accrued indicating that the five genital isolates constituted an antigenically distinct group. The findings support the view that the human cytomegaloviruses are antigenically heterogeneous, with different strains reflecting an antigenic mosaic, the elements of which are present in varying amounts.", "PMID": 87363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10712", "title": "Observations of antigenic relatedness between viruses of the herpes simplex \"neutroseron\".", "content": "The antigenic relatedness of three viruses of the herpes simplex type 1 neutroseron - herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and bovine mammillitis virus (BMV) - has been examined by immune precipitation and virus neutralization tests. Many virus-specific infected-cell polypeptides were shown to possess antigenic sites shared by both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cross-neutralization between the viruses is mediated through antibodies to at least two antigenic sites, one shared by HSV-1, HSV-2 and BMV and one shared by HSV-1 and HSV-2 but not BMV.", "contents": "Observations of antigenic relatedness between viruses of the herpes simplex \"neutroseron\". The antigenic relatedness of three viruses of the herpes simplex type 1 neutroseron - herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and bovine mammillitis virus (BMV) - has been examined by immune precipitation and virus neutralization tests. Many virus-specific infected-cell polypeptides were shown to possess antigenic sites shared by both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cross-neutralization between the viruses is mediated through antibodies to at least two antigenic sites, one shared by HSV-1, HSV-2 and BMV and one shared by HSV-1 and HSV-2 but not BMV.", "PMID": 87364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10713", "title": "A novel surface antigen on lymphoid cells transformed by Epstein-Barr virus.", "content": "A surface antigen (SA) was detected on EBV-carrying lymphoid cell lines by an indirect membrane immunofluorescence test with serum from rabbits immunized with Raji cells; the antiserum had been extensively absorbed with normal human blood and tonsil cells. The SA was not detected on normal human umbilical-cord and adult peripheral blood lymphocytes or EBV-negative cell lines. The incidences of the SA and EBV-determined membrane antigen (MA) on certain EBV-carrying cell lines were not compatible. Antibody against SA or MA was differentially abolished by absorption with the SA-positive but MA-negative cell line or the MA-positive but SA-negative cell line, respectively. The results of cross-absorption tests of antisera against either Raji cells or P3HR-1 cells suggested that SA is not a single but a complex antigen.", "contents": "A novel surface antigen on lymphoid cells transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. A surface antigen (SA) was detected on EBV-carrying lymphoid cell lines by an indirect membrane immunofluorescence test with serum from rabbits immunized with Raji cells; the antiserum had been extensively absorbed with normal human blood and tonsil cells. The SA was not detected on normal human umbilical-cord and adult peripheral blood lymphocytes or EBV-negative cell lines. The incidences of the SA and EBV-determined membrane antigen (MA) on certain EBV-carrying cell lines were not compatible. Antibody against SA or MA was differentially abolished by absorption with the SA-positive but MA-negative cell line or the MA-positive but SA-negative cell line, respectively. The results of cross-absorption tests of antisera against either Raji cells or P3HR-1 cells suggested that SA is not a single but a complex antigen.", "PMID": 87368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10714", "title": "Apparent absence of virus-specific transplantation rejection antigen in herpes simplex virus-transformed hamster cells.", "content": "HSV-1 sensitized hosts were not resistant to challenge with small numbers of HSV-1 transformed cells. Virus immunization did not inhibit or enhance the incidence of tumour metastases.", "contents": "Apparent absence of virus-specific transplantation rejection antigen in herpes simplex virus-transformed hamster cells. HSV-1 sensitized hosts were not resistant to challenge with small numbers of HSV-1 transformed cells. Virus immunization did not inhibit or enhance the incidence of tumour metastases.", "PMID": 87369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10715", "title": "Anti-allergic activities of a new benzopyranopyridine derivative Y-12,141 in rats.", "content": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated in rats by IgE-like antibodies against egg albumin or the benzylpenicilloyl determinant was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by intravenous treatment with Y-12,141; the ED50 was 0.09--0.2 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect of Y-12,141 ON PCA was about 5 times as potent as that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Oral treatment with Y-12,141 resulted in the inhibition of PCA, showing an ED50 of 2.5 mg/kg. This action of Y-12,141 on PCA was considered to be due to the inhibition of the release of allergic mediatros from mast cells in a manner similar to DSCG. The results suggest that Y-12,141 may have an anti-allergic activity.", "contents": "Anti-allergic activities of a new benzopyranopyridine derivative Y-12,141 in rats. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated in rats by IgE-like antibodies against egg albumin or the benzylpenicilloyl determinant was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by intravenous treatment with Y-12,141; the ED50 was 0.09--0.2 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect of Y-12,141 ON PCA was about 5 times as potent as that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Oral treatment with Y-12,141 resulted in the inhibition of PCA, showing an ED50 of 2.5 mg/kg. This action of Y-12,141 on PCA was considered to be due to the inhibition of the release of allergic mediatros from mast cells in a manner similar to DSCG. The results suggest that Y-12,141 may have an anti-allergic activity.", "PMID": 87373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10716", "title": "Similarity of casein- and endotoxin-induced, myeloma- associated and aged SJL/J amyloid in various strains of mice.", "content": "Amyloidosis was induced in a number of strains of mice by repeated injections of casein and endotoxin. Spontaneous amyloid was obtained from Balb/C mice bearing a myeloma tumor (IgG2a producing MOPC 173 tumor) and from aged SJL/J mice. Both the induced and spontaneous forms were similar in their size, immunological reactivity, peptide maps and in the susceptibility of histological sections to oxidizing agents with or without trypsin digestion. Since case-induced murine amyloid resembles the nonimmunoglobulin from of human amyloid, it is concluded that an immunoglobulin form in mice has yet to be characterized.", "contents": "Similarity of casein- and endotoxin-induced, myeloma- associated and aged SJL/J amyloid in various strains of mice. Amyloidosis was induced in a number of strains of mice by repeated injections of casein and endotoxin. Spontaneous amyloid was obtained from Balb/C mice bearing a myeloma tumor (IgG2a producing MOPC 173 tumor) and from aged SJL/J mice. Both the induced and spontaneous forms were similar in their size, immunological reactivity, peptide maps and in the susceptibility of histological sections to oxidizing agents with or without trypsin digestion. Since case-induced murine amyloid resembles the nonimmunoglobulin from of human amyloid, it is concluded that an immunoglobulin form in mice has yet to be characterized.", "PMID": 87374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10717", "title": "Antigen-induced release of histamine from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices. I. Optimum conditions for in vitro passive sensitization and challenge with antigen.", "content": "The effect of several parameters (pH, Ca++ concentration, time, temperature, lung slice size) on in vitro antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices was investigated. With respect to pH, Ca++ concentration and time, the optimal conditions for the passive sensitization step (pH 7.8, Ca++ 1.5 mM, 2 h) were distinctly different from those for the antigen challenge step (pH 8.2, Ca++ 10mM, 15 min). Maximum antigen-induced release was obtained with 3 X 0.25 X 0.25 mm lung slices at 37 degrees C using air as gas phase.", "contents": "Antigen-induced release of histamine from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices. I. Optimum conditions for in vitro passive sensitization and challenge with antigen. The effect of several parameters (pH, Ca++ concentration, time, temperature, lung slice size) on in vitro antigen-induced histamine release from passively sensitized guinea pig lung slices was investigated. With respect to pH, Ca++ concentration and time, the optimal conditions for the passive sensitization step (pH 7.8, Ca++ 1.5 mM, 2 h) were distinctly different from those for the antigen challenge step (pH 8.2, Ca++ 10mM, 15 min). Maximum antigen-induced release was obtained with 3 X 0.25 X 0.25 mm lung slices at 37 degrees C using air as gas phase.", "PMID": 87375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10718", "title": "Lateral and transmembrane redistribution of tissue-specific antigens in single cells and monolayers.", "content": "Tissue-specific antigens in the membranes of corneal endothelial cells react with anti-tissue antibodies only in metabolically active monolayers and dispersed cells. After metabolic inhibition by exposure of these preparations to cold, the antigen-antibody complexes, like free antigens, undergo transmembrane redistribution leading to their internalization by the cells. This transmembrane redistribution is reversible and can be followed by using fluorescein-labeled antibodies. Reexpression of the complexes on the cell surfaces occurs after return from metabolic inhibition to metabolic activity. Dispersed corneal endothelial cells are also capable of lateral redistribution (capping) of the complexes although cells in monolayers do not share this capability. Capping in the dispersed cells occurs only at ambient temperatures and, because it results in shedding of the complexes, is irreversible. The data indicate that macromolecules in the membranes of cells organized in tissues are restricted in their movement as compared to the macromolecules of cells functioning in a dispersed state.", "contents": "Lateral and transmembrane redistribution of tissue-specific antigens in single cells and monolayers. Tissue-specific antigens in the membranes of corneal endothelial cells react with anti-tissue antibodies only in metabolically active monolayers and dispersed cells. After metabolic inhibition by exposure of these preparations to cold, the antigen-antibody complexes, like free antigens, undergo transmembrane redistribution leading to their internalization by the cells. This transmembrane redistribution is reversible and can be followed by using fluorescein-labeled antibodies. Reexpression of the complexes on the cell surfaces occurs after return from metabolic inhibition to metabolic activity. Dispersed corneal endothelial cells are also capable of lateral redistribution (capping) of the complexes although cells in monolayers do not share this capability. Capping in the dispersed cells occurs only at ambient temperatures and, because it results in shedding of the complexes, is irreversible. The data indicate that macromolecules in the membranes of cells organized in tissues are restricted in their movement as compared to the macromolecules of cells functioning in a dispersed state.", "PMID": 87377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10719", "title": "Preferential synthesis of IgE reaginic antibodies in rats immunized with alum-adsorbed antigens.", "content": "The reaginic antibody response to alum-precipitated ovalbumin (OA) and the dialyzed water-soluble extracts of ragweed (DWSR) and Alternaria tenuis (DWST) in several strains of rats appeared to be wholly an IgE response. There was no evidence of a heat-stable (IgGa) antibody to OA, DWSR and DWST in the sera of the rats immunized with these antigens suspended in alum. Wistar-Furth and Lew inbred and hooded outbred rats produced comparable amounts of reaginic antibody after immunization with DWST, but BN inbred rats failed to generate a reaginic response to this antigen. The amount of antigen-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells did not always correlate with the level of circulating IgE-specific antibody.", "contents": "Preferential synthesis of IgE reaginic antibodies in rats immunized with alum-adsorbed antigens. The reaginic antibody response to alum-precipitated ovalbumin (OA) and the dialyzed water-soluble extracts of ragweed (DWSR) and Alternaria tenuis (DWST) in several strains of rats appeared to be wholly an IgE response. There was no evidence of a heat-stable (IgGa) antibody to OA, DWSR and DWST in the sera of the rats immunized with these antigens suspended in alum. Wistar-Furth and Lew inbred and hooded outbred rats produced comparable amounts of reaginic antibody after immunization with DWST, but BN inbred rats failed to generate a reaginic response to this antigen. The amount of antigen-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells did not always correlate with the level of circulating IgE-specific antibody.", "PMID": 87378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10720", "title": "The effect of hapten-specific suppression of IgE on antigen-induced histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of a mixture of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP3-OA) and dextran sulfate into Swiss-Webster mice elicited short-lived primary and long-lasting secondary IgE antibody responses to both DNP and OA. Histamine was released on in vitro challenge with antigen (OA or DNP22-BSA) of washed peritoneal mast cells (PMC) obtained from mice during a primary or a secondary IgE response. Administration of an intravenous injection of a tolerogenic conjugate of DNP8-mouse gamma-globulin, either prior to immunizationor during an ongoing IgE response, resulted in almost complete disappearance of circulating anti-DNP IgE antibody and in a very marked decrease in histamine release from PMC on challenge with DNP22-BSA. However, the IgE response to OA of these mice and the histamine release from their PMC on challenge with OA were not affected. Moreover, the PMC of mice, which had been tolerized to DNP, could be passively sensitized with serum containing DNP-specific IgE antibody for the release of histamine on DNP22-BSA challenge. The most significant finding of this study is the observation that the time course for the loss of reactivity of PMC to DNP22-BSA, after administration of the tolerogen during an ongoing secondary response, paralleled the decrease in circulating anti-GNP IgE antibody.", "contents": "The effect of hapten-specific suppression of IgE on antigen-induced histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells. Subcutaneous injections of a mixture of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP3-OA) and dextran sulfate into Swiss-Webster mice elicited short-lived primary and long-lasting secondary IgE antibody responses to both DNP and OA. Histamine was released on in vitro challenge with antigen (OA or DNP22-BSA) of washed peritoneal mast cells (PMC) obtained from mice during a primary or a secondary IgE response. Administration of an intravenous injection of a tolerogenic conjugate of DNP8-mouse gamma-globulin, either prior to immunizationor during an ongoing IgE response, resulted in almost complete disappearance of circulating anti-DNP IgE antibody and in a very marked decrease in histamine release from PMC on challenge with DNP22-BSA. However, the IgE response to OA of these mice and the histamine release from their PMC on challenge with OA were not affected. Moreover, the PMC of mice, which had been tolerized to DNP, could be passively sensitized with serum containing DNP-specific IgE antibody for the release of histamine on DNP22-BSA challenge. The most significant finding of this study is the observation that the time course for the loss of reactivity of PMC to DNP22-BSA, after administration of the tolerogen during an ongoing secondary response, paralleled the decrease in circulating anti-GNP IgE antibody.", "PMID": 87380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10721", "title": "Inhibition of rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release by histamine-rat gammaglobulin conjugate.", "content": "Histamin-rat-gamma-globulin conjugate inhibited degranulation and histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells to a greater extent than the rat globulin or histamine alone. Since mast cells contain histamine receptors, it may be assumed that the histamine bound to the gamma-globulin combines with the rat mast cell histamine receptor and inhibits the degranulation and histamine release by a feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release by histamine-rat gammaglobulin conjugate. Histamin-rat-gamma-globulin conjugate inhibited degranulation and histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells to a greater extent than the rat globulin or histamine alone. Since mast cells contain histamine receptors, it may be assumed that the histamine bound to the gamma-globulin combines with the rat mast cell histamine receptor and inhibits the degranulation and histamine release by a feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 87381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10722", "title": "Impairment of acute protein reactivity in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The acute phase protein response was studied after elective surgery in 13 normal subjects and 9 patients with severe  chronic renal failure. Total haemolytic complement reactivity (CH50) and serum concentrations of C1q, C1s, C4, C3, factor B, properdin, C5, C9, C-reactive protein (CRP), caeruloplasmin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin were measured preoperatively and on days 2, 4 and 6 after operation. Abnormalities were seen in the group with chronic renal failure. Firstly, there was no significant acute phase response of C1s, C3, C5, C9 and CH50 and a significant reduction in the response of factor B. Secondly, CRP showed prolonged elevation in the post-operative period in contrast to the transient rise seen in the control group. With the possible exception of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, the behaviour of the non-complement proteins (caeruloplasmin and haptoglobin) was comparable for the two groups. These defects could impair the physiological response to infection in patients with severe chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Impairment of acute protein reactivity in chronic renal failure. The acute phase protein response was studied after elective surgery in 13 normal subjects and 9 patients with severe  chronic renal failure. Total haemolytic complement reactivity (CH50) and serum concentrations of C1q, C1s, C4, C3, factor B, properdin, C5, C9, C-reactive protein (CRP), caeruloplasmin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin were measured preoperatively and on days 2, 4 and 6 after operation. Abnormalities were seen in the group with chronic renal failure. Firstly, there was no significant acute phase response of C1s, C3, C5, C9 and CH50 and a significant reduction in the response of factor B. Secondly, CRP showed prolonged elevation in the post-operative period in contrast to the transient rise seen in the control group. With the possible exception of alpha1-acid glycoprotein, the behaviour of the non-complement proteins (caeruloplasmin and haptoglobin) was comparable for the two groups. These defects could impair the physiological response to infection in patients with severe chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 87382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10723", "title": "Acute inflammation following intraperitoneal injection of antigen into actively sensitised rats.", "content": "Rats actively sensitised to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of BSA. By washing out the peritoneal cavities at different times it was possible to divide the changes that occurred into two phases. The first was characterised by the release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) with an associated extravasation of plasma proteins. The second phase was characterised by an increase in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the peritoneal cavity. Extracellular enzyme activites were also investigated. The kinetics of these events were studied and are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Acute inflammation following intraperitoneal injection of antigen into actively sensitised rats. Rats actively sensitised to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Freund's complete adjuvant were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of BSA. By washing out the peritoneal cavities at different times it was possible to divide the changes that occurred into two phases. The first was characterised by the release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) with an associated extravasation of plasma proteins. The second phase was characterised by an increase in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the peritoneal cavity. Extracellular enzyme activites were also investigated. The kinetics of these events were studied and are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 87383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10724", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase, phosphoethanolamine, and ethanolamine content in benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "The amino acid patterns of benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens show that the contents of phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are very variable from one tissue sample to another. An increased phosphoethanolamine content is accompanied by a low ethanolamine content, and vice versa. The concentrations of the two substances correlate well. There exists a possible involvement of alkaline phosphatase in this inverse relationship between phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine. In specimens with increased phosphoethanolamine and decreased ethanolamine levels alkaline phosphatase activity was low; however in specimens with decreased phosphoethanolamine and increased ethanolamine levels alkaline phosphatase activity was high.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase, phosphoethanolamine, and ethanolamine content in benign prostatic hypertrophy. The amino acid patterns of benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens show that the contents of phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are very variable from one tissue sample to another. An increased phosphoethanolamine content is accompanied by a low ethanolamine content, and vice versa. The concentrations of the two substances correlate well. There exists a possible involvement of alkaline phosphatase in this inverse relationship between phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine. In specimens with increased phosphoethanolamine and decreased ethanolamine levels alkaline phosphatase activity was low; however in specimens with decreased phosphoethanolamine and increased ethanolamine levels alkaline phosphatase activity was high.", "PMID": 87386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10725", "title": "Immunochemical identification of prostatic epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence technique for identifying prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate primary prostatic cell cultures and established cell lines of prostatic origin. With the use of this technique, we positively identified acid phosphatase immunochemically of prostatic origin in cell lines EB 33 and MA 160. Other cell lines showing positive immunofluorescence reactions include H 494, H 575, and DU 145.", "contents": "Immunochemical identification of prostatic epithelial cells in culture. An indirect immunofluorescence technique for identifying prostatic acid phosphatase was used to evaluate primary prostatic cell cultures and established cell lines of prostatic origin. With the use of this technique, we positively identified acid phosphatase immunochemically of prostatic origin in cell lines EB 33 and MA 160. Other cell lines showing positive immunofluorescence reactions include H 494, H 575, and DU 145.", "PMID": 87387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10726", "title": "Qualitative analysis of proteinuria associated with bladder cancer.", "content": "In the present investigation molecular components associated with the urines from bladder cancer patients and normal individuals are identified. Polyacrylamide gels of urines from bladder cancer, bladder papilloma, and normal individual exhibit clear differences in banding patterns. Urine from bladder cancer patients shows gels with increased quantities of low (less than 100,000) and increased and additional high (less than 100,000) molecular weight proteins when compared to gels with urine from papilloma and normal individuals. In order to localize and identify proteins in the urine from bladder cancer, papilloma, and normal individuals, proteins were separately fractionated on Sephadex G-200 columns and each elution fraction was reacted on Ouchterlony gel diffusion against various specific antisera. The qualitative analysis of proteins in urine from bladder cancer patients is discussed in relation to their molecular weight distribution in the Sephadex G-200 profiles and their possible role in tumor host relationships.", "contents": "Qualitative analysis of proteinuria associated with bladder cancer. In the present investigation molecular components associated with the urines from bladder cancer patients and normal individuals are identified. Polyacrylamide gels of urines from bladder cancer, bladder papilloma, and normal individual exhibit clear differences in banding patterns. Urine from bladder cancer patients shows gels with increased quantities of low (less than 100,000) and increased and additional high (less than 100,000) molecular weight proteins when compared to gels with urine from papilloma and normal individuals. In order to localize and identify proteins in the urine from bladder cancer, papilloma, and normal individuals, proteins were separately fractionated on Sephadex G-200 columns and each elution fraction was reacted on Ouchterlony gel diffusion against various specific antisera. The qualitative analysis of proteins in urine from bladder cancer patients is discussed in relation to their molecular weight distribution in the Sephadex G-200 profiles and their possible role in tumor host relationships.", "PMID": 87388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10727", "title": "Side-specific effects of sodium on (Na,K)-ATPase. Studies with inside-out red cell membrane vesicles.", "content": "Using inside-out vesicles of human red cell membranes, the side-specific effects of Na+ on phosphorylation of (Na,K)-ATPase have been studied using low concentrations of [gamma-32P]ATP (less than or equal to 0.1 microM). Phosphorylation is stimulated by Na+ at the cytoplasmic membrane surface (extravesicular Na+) alone and not by Na+ at the external surface (intravesicular Na+). At 37 degrees C, external Na+ (less than or equal to 10 mM) does, however, increase the steady state level (approximately 2 1/2-fold) of phosphoenzyme above that observed with cytoplasmic Na+ alone; hydrolysis is increased to only a small extent. Little stimulation by external Na+ is observed at 0 degrees C. As Na+ at the cytoplasmic side is decreased to very low levels (less than or equal to 0.2 mM) several kinetic changes are observed: (i) the apparent turnover of phosphoenzyme (ratio Na+-ATP-ase/phosphoenzyme level) is markedly increased (approximately 3-fold, (ii) Rbext sensitivity (inhibition of (Na)-ATPase at low ATP levels) is reduced, and (iii) the ratio of Na+ ions transported per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed is decreased. These results are compatible with a reaction pathway involving a transition from one form of phosphoenzyme, E1-P, to another, E2-P of which the hydrolysis is decreased by moderate levels of external Na+. It is suggested also that an alternate reaction pathway for Na+-ATPase occurs at very low cytoplasmic Na+, one via hydrolysis of E1-P and not associated with Na+ translocation.", "contents": "Side-specific effects of sodium on (Na,K)-ATPase. Studies with inside-out red cell membrane vesicles. Using inside-out vesicles of human red cell membranes, the side-specific effects of Na+ on phosphorylation of (Na,K)-ATPase have been studied using low concentrations of [gamma-32P]ATP (less than or equal to 0.1 microM). Phosphorylation is stimulated by Na+ at the cytoplasmic membrane surface (extravesicular Na+) alone and not by Na+ at the external surface (intravesicular Na+). At 37 degrees C, external Na+ (less than or equal to 10 mM) does, however, increase the steady state level (approximately 2 1/2-fold) of phosphoenzyme above that observed with cytoplasmic Na+ alone; hydrolysis is increased to only a small extent. Little stimulation by external Na+ is observed at 0 degrees C. As Na+ at the cytoplasmic side is decreased to very low levels (less than or equal to 0.2 mM) several kinetic changes are observed: (i) the apparent turnover of phosphoenzyme (ratio Na+-ATP-ase/phosphoenzyme level) is markedly increased (approximately 3-fold, (ii) Rbext sensitivity (inhibition of (Na)-ATPase at low ATP levels) is reduced, and (iii) the ratio of Na+ ions transported per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed is decreased. These results are compatible with a reaction pathway involving a transition from one form of phosphoenzyme, E1-P, to another, E2-P of which the hydrolysis is decreased by moderate levels of external Na+. It is suggested also that an alternate reaction pathway for Na+-ATPase occurs at very low cytoplasmic Na+, one via hydrolysis of E1-P and not associated with Na+ translocation.", "PMID": 87396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10728", "title": "The sialoglycoproteins of murine erythrocyte ghosts. A modified periodic acid-Schiff stain procedure staining nonsubstituted and O-acetylated sialyl residues on glycopeptides.", "content": "Murine erythrocyte ghosts (from DBA/2, CD-1, and B6D2 strains) contain significant amounts of O-acetylated sialyl residues, which are slowly oxidized by periodate. Sialic acids have been purified from murine erythrocyte ghosts and the existence of O-acetylated sialic acids has been confirmed: 1) by assaying with the Warren procedure before and after de-O-acetylation with 0.1 N NaOH for 45 min at 4 degrees C; 2) by thin layer chromatography on cellulose; and 3) by gas-liquid chromatography. Because these sialyl residues are unevenly distributed on the sialoglycoproteins of murine erythrocyte ghosts, the periodic acid-Schiff staining detects only one major sialoglycoprotein. A modification of the periodic acid-Schiff stain method removes these O-acetyl groups after electrophoresis and reveals two additional sialoglycoproteins which bear the majority of the O-acetylated sialyl residues. Rat erythrocyte ghosts have similar residues on one of their two sialoglycoproteins. Ghosts of human, rabbit, and guinea pig erythrocytes do not contain detectable amounts of O-acetylated sialyl residues.", "contents": "The sialoglycoproteins of murine erythrocyte ghosts. A modified periodic acid-Schiff stain procedure staining nonsubstituted and O-acetylated sialyl residues on glycopeptides. Murine erythrocyte ghosts (from DBA/2, CD-1, and B6D2 strains) contain significant amounts of O-acetylated sialyl residues, which are slowly oxidized by periodate. Sialic acids have been purified from murine erythrocyte ghosts and the existence of O-acetylated sialic acids has been confirmed: 1) by assaying with the Warren procedure before and after de-O-acetylation with 0.1 N NaOH for 45 min at 4 degrees C; 2) by thin layer chromatography on cellulose; and 3) by gas-liquid chromatography. Because these sialyl residues are unevenly distributed on the sialoglycoproteins of murine erythrocyte ghosts, the periodic acid-Schiff staining detects only one major sialoglycoprotein. A modification of the periodic acid-Schiff stain method removes these O-acetyl groups after electrophoresis and reveals two additional sialoglycoproteins which bear the majority of the O-acetylated sialyl residues. Rat erythrocyte ghosts have similar residues on one of their two sialoglycoproteins. Ghosts of human, rabbit, and guinea pig erythrocytes do not contain detectable amounts of O-acetylated sialyl residues.", "PMID": 87397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10729", "title": "Studies with anti-growth hormone receptor antibodies.", "content": "Antisera against a partially purified growth hormone receptor derived from rabbit liver were generated in guinea pigs. The antisera specifically inhibited the binding of 125I-ovine growth hormone (oGH) to liver membranes but had no effect on the binding of 125I-ovine prolactin to rabbit mammary gland receptors. These antisera did not bind or destroy 125I-oGH. Moreover, the binding of labeled growth hormone to membrane particles derived from liver of several species was also inhibited by the antisera, thus suggesting that immunological determinants of the growth hormone receptor of several species are similar. gamma-Globulin fractions derived from the antisera were responsible for the inhibition. In addition 125I-gamma-globulin derived from one antiserum bound to membrane pellets with a corresponding decline in 125I-oGH binding. Kinetic analysis of inhibition of 125I-oGH binding suggested a hyperbolic competitive inhibition, a point of view which is favored by the demonstration of a hormone receptor . antibody complex. The availability of the antireceptor sera confirmed previous data that differential affinity chromatography separated growth hormone and prolactin receptors in solubilized rabbit liver membrane preparations. The antireceptor sera will be useful probes in further characterization of the growth hormone receptor.", "contents": "Studies with anti-growth hormone receptor antibodies. Antisera against a partially purified growth hormone receptor derived from rabbit liver were generated in guinea pigs. The antisera specifically inhibited the binding of 125I-ovine growth hormone (oGH) to liver membranes but had no effect on the binding of 125I-ovine prolactin to rabbit mammary gland receptors. These antisera did not bind or destroy 125I-oGH. Moreover, the binding of labeled growth hormone to membrane particles derived from liver of several species was also inhibited by the antisera, thus suggesting that immunological determinants of the growth hormone receptor of several species are similar. gamma-Globulin fractions derived from the antisera were responsible for the inhibition. In addition 125I-gamma-globulin derived from one antiserum bound to membrane pellets with a corresponding decline in 125I-oGH binding. Kinetic analysis of inhibition of 125I-oGH binding suggested a hyperbolic competitive inhibition, a point of view which is favored by the demonstration of a hormone receptor . antibody complex. The availability of the antireceptor sera confirmed previous data that differential affinity chromatography separated growth hormone and prolactin receptors in solubilized rabbit liver membrane preparations. The antireceptor sera will be useful probes in further characterization of the growth hormone receptor.", "PMID": 87398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10730", "title": "Response to hormones of cells cultured from human giant cell tumors of bone.", "content": "Giant cell tumors of bone obtained from 7 patients were dispersed with clostridial collagenase and trypsin and adherent cells were maintained in culture. Early cultures contained both mononucleated and multinucleated cells presumably derived from the stromal and giant cells of the original tumor. The original multinucleated cells did not survive for greater than 7-10 days whereas the mononucleated cells persisted and could be passaged by trypsinization. In 5 of 7 early cultures exposed to parathyroid hormone (PTH) there was a rise in cAMP within 5-10 min in both cells and medium which averaged approximately 12-fold. None of the cells responded to calcitonin and a variable rise in cAMP was seen after incubation with prostaglandin E2. In cells cultured from 3 tumors the PTH response disappeared with passage of the cells, but in the remaining 2, PTH response persisted through multiple passages. The presence as well as the magnitude of the PTH-induced cAMP response in these cells is consistent with a skeletal origin.", "contents": "Response to hormones of cells cultured from human giant cell tumors of bone. Giant cell tumors of bone obtained from 7 patients were dispersed with clostridial collagenase and trypsin and adherent cells were maintained in culture. Early cultures contained both mononucleated and multinucleated cells presumably derived from the stromal and giant cells of the original tumor. The original multinucleated cells did not survive for greater than 7-10 days whereas the mononucleated cells persisted and could be passaged by trypsinization. In 5 of 7 early cultures exposed to parathyroid hormone (PTH) there was a rise in cAMP within 5-10 min in both cells and medium which averaged approximately 12-fold. None of the cells responded to calcitonin and a variable rise in cAMP was seen after incubation with prostaglandin E2. In cells cultured from 3 tumors the PTH response disappeared with passage of the cells, but in the remaining 2, PTH response persisted through multiple passages. The presence as well as the magnitude of the PTH-induced cAMP response in these cells is consistent with a skeletal origin.", "PMID": 87400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10731", "title": "Evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in liver infiltrates of patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "The proportions of T and B lymphocytes in the liver infiltrates of 23 patients with chronic active hepatitis have been determined. The results were compared with the values obtained from peripheral blood and with the presence of HB virus markers and alpha-fetoprotein in liver tissue. A group of patients with chronic liver disease other than chronic active hepatitis were studied as controls. In chronic active hepatitis the percentage of hepatic T cells was 49 +/- 8 SD (control patients 61 +/- 8) (P less than 0.01), whereas the percentage of B cells was 40 +/- 10 (control patients 18 +/- 8) (P less than 0.01). No correlation was observed between hepatic T and B cells and the presence of HB virus. The numbers of T cells in liver tissue was significantly higher, the numbers of B cells lower, in patients whose biopsies were positive for alpha-fetoprotein than in those whose biopsies were negative. In peripheral blood, only the patients with chronic active hepatitis and established cirrhosis presented lower absolute values of T cells, whereas surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes were within the normal range.", "contents": "Evaluation of T and B lymphocytes in liver infiltrates of patients with chronic active hepatitis. The proportions of T and B lymphocytes in the liver infiltrates of 23 patients with chronic active hepatitis have been determined. The results were compared with the values obtained from peripheral blood and with the presence of HB virus markers and alpha-fetoprotein in liver tissue. A group of patients with chronic liver disease other than chronic active hepatitis were studied as controls. In chronic active hepatitis the percentage of hepatic T cells was 49 +/- 8 SD (control patients 61 +/- 8) (P less than 0.01), whereas the percentage of B cells was 40 +/- 10 (control patients 18 +/- 8) (P less than 0.01). No correlation was observed between hepatic T and B cells and the presence of HB virus. The numbers of T cells in liver tissue was significantly higher, the numbers of B cells lower, in patients whose biopsies were positive for alpha-fetoprotein than in those whose biopsies were negative. In peripheral blood, only the patients with chronic active hepatitis and established cirrhosis presented lower absolute values of T cells, whereas surface immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes were within the normal range.", "PMID": 87402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10732", "title": "Correction of Fallot's tetralogy after palliative operations.", "content": "During the period 1960 to 1978, 98 patients underwent intracardiac repair of Fallot's tetralogy after palliative operations. Preoperative symptoms were cyanosis, dyspnea, increased fatigue with squatting and hypoxic spells. The hemoglobin concentration varied from 19 to 22 g/100 ml. At correction only 65 of 95 shunts were patent and needed surgical closure. Seventeen early deaths occurred (19%), the main causes being cardiac failure and arrhythmia. One patient died 3 years after correction from pneumonia. The subjective clinical result was excellent or good in all surviving patients. At repeat heart catheterization in 26 patients a high percentage of residual ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis/insufficiency was found. However, the majority of defects were of minimal haemodynamic significance, and so far did not seem to do harm to the patients' subjective function.", "contents": "Correction of Fallot's tetralogy after palliative operations. During the period 1960 to 1978, 98 patients underwent intracardiac repair of Fallot's tetralogy after palliative operations. Preoperative symptoms were cyanosis, dyspnea, increased fatigue with squatting and hypoxic spells. The hemoglobin concentration varied from 19 to 22 g/100 ml. At correction only 65 of 95 shunts were patent and needed surgical closure. Seventeen early deaths occurred (19%), the main causes being cardiac failure and arrhythmia. One patient died 3 years after correction from pneumonia. The subjective clinical result was excellent or good in all surviving patients. At repeat heart catheterization in 26 patients a high percentage of residual ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis/insufficiency was found. However, the majority of defects were of minimal haemodynamic significance, and so far did not seem to do harm to the patients' subjective function.", "PMID": 87399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10733", "title": "Detection of bacterial phosphatase activity by means of an original and simple test.", "content": "A new test for the detection of bacterial phosphatase activity has been devised. The test is performed using agar media containing both methyl green (MG) and phenolphthalein diphosphate (PDP); in these media phosphatase-producing strains grow deep-green-stained colonies whereas non-producing strains do not. A total of 739 different strains were tested, including 593 staphylococci, 95 micrococci, 11 streptococci, 10 corynebacteria, 14 enterobacteria, and 16 candidae. All strains found phosphatase-positive according to the conventional phosphatase test displayed deep-green-stained colonies on MG-PDP media, whereas all phosphatase-negative strains showed unstained colonies on the same media. The main advantages of the present phosphatase test as compared with other conventional ones are that it is more simple to perform, it can reveal the phosphatase activity of colonies grown in deep agar, and can be incorporated into commercial multitest kits.", "contents": "Detection of bacterial phosphatase activity by means of an original and simple test. A new test for the detection of bacterial phosphatase activity has been devised. The test is performed using agar media containing both methyl green (MG) and phenolphthalein diphosphate (PDP); in these media phosphatase-producing strains grow deep-green-stained colonies whereas non-producing strains do not. A total of 739 different strains were tested, including 593 staphylococci, 95 micrococci, 11 streptococci, 10 corynebacteria, 14 enterobacteria, and 16 candidae. All strains found phosphatase-positive according to the conventional phosphatase test displayed deep-green-stained colonies on MG-PDP media, whereas all phosphatase-negative strains showed unstained colonies on the same media. The main advantages of the present phosphatase test as compared with other conventional ones are that it is more simple to perform, it can reveal the phosphatase activity of colonies grown in deep agar, and can be incorporated into commercial multitest kits.", "PMID": 87403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10734", "title": "Antibodies to germinating and yeast cells of Candida albicans in human and rabbit sera.", "content": "Two major antigenic components, I and II, were detected by double immunodiffusion in sonic extracts of the germinating (G) or yeast (Y) cells of the dimorphis organism, Candida albicans group A. Component I may be a heterogeneous mixture of antigens which are stable to heating and phenol. Component II is more homogeneous but is labile to heat and phenol. Rabbit antisera, showing only precipitin to component II or certain human sera at high dilution, were found to react with G cells to give an immunofluorescence which was confined to the germ tubes. This suggested that component II is localised on the germ tubes, whereas no immunofluorescent reaction against the yeast cells could be detected under the same conditions although component II was as readily extracted from these cells as from G cells. This suggested that component II might exist in a cryptic state in the Y cells. In support of the latter contention it was shown that live Y cells did not absorb precipitin to component II nor were they capable of providing these antibodies in rabbits. Using both human and rabbit sera, it was shown that the antigenic specificity of the immunofluorescence assay where Y cells were used was related to component I and that where G cells were used it was related to both components I and II.", "contents": "Antibodies to germinating and yeast cells of Candida albicans in human and rabbit sera. Two major antigenic components, I and II, were detected by double immunodiffusion in sonic extracts of the germinating (G) or yeast (Y) cells of the dimorphis organism, Candida albicans group A. Component I may be a heterogeneous mixture of antigens which are stable to heating and phenol. Component II is more homogeneous but is labile to heat and phenol. Rabbit antisera, showing only precipitin to component II or certain human sera at high dilution, were found to react with G cells to give an immunofluorescence which was confined to the germ tubes. This suggested that component II is localised on the germ tubes, whereas no immunofluorescent reaction against the yeast cells could be detected under the same conditions although component II was as readily extracted from these cells as from G cells. This suggested that component II might exist in a cryptic state in the Y cells. In support of the latter contention it was shown that live Y cells did not absorb precipitin to component II nor were they capable of providing these antibodies in rabbits. Using both human and rabbit sera, it was shown that the antigenic specificity of the immunofluorescence assay where Y cells were used was related to component I and that where G cells were used it was related to both components I and II.", "PMID": 87404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10735", "title": "Intracellular marking with lucifer yellow CH and horseradish peroxidase of cells electrophysiologically characterized as glia in the cerebral cortex of the cat.", "content": "Intracellular microelectrodes filled with either Lucifer Yellow CH, a highly florescent dye, or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to electrophysiologically characterize and mark cells in the cerebral cortex of cat. Fifty-eight cells, characterized electrophysiologically as glia, were marked with Lucifer Yellow CH. All were identified as protoplasmic astrocytes, and included cells in the glia limitans of the molecular layer. An additional 54 cells, similarly characterized as glia, were labeled with HRP. The results were the same; only protoplasmic astrocytes were labeled. The \"staining quality\" of the glia labeled with HRP was superior to that of cells injected with Lucifer Yellow; greater lengths of individual processes were revealed, and they could often be followed to blood vessels where they ended on the walls of vessels with expanded perivascular end-feet. The observations indicate that the many previously reported studies on presumed glial cells in the cat cerebral cortex have characterized the behavior of protoplasmic astrocytes. Neurons were also marked during these experiments. The \"staining\" quality of the Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was excellent; dendritic spines, axons, and axon collaterals were clearly visible. These fine neuronal details were not as well revealed after HRP labeling. High resting membrane potentials (RMP's) were not a prerequisite for obtaining well-marked neurons (mean RMP of Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was -33.6 mV; mean RMP of HRP filled neurons was 42.3 mV). In contrast, the mean RMPs of Lucifer Yellow and HRP marked glia was -68 Mv and -75 mV respectively, and the quality of \"staining\" appeared to be more closely related to the RMP.", "contents": "Intracellular marking with lucifer yellow CH and horseradish peroxidase of cells electrophysiologically characterized as glia in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Intracellular microelectrodes filled with either Lucifer Yellow CH, a highly florescent dye, or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to electrophysiologically characterize and mark cells in the cerebral cortex of cat. Fifty-eight cells, characterized electrophysiologically as glia, were marked with Lucifer Yellow CH. All were identified as protoplasmic astrocytes, and included cells in the glia limitans of the molecular layer. An additional 54 cells, similarly characterized as glia, were labeled with HRP. The results were the same; only protoplasmic astrocytes were labeled. The \"staining quality\" of the glia labeled with HRP was superior to that of cells injected with Lucifer Yellow; greater lengths of individual processes were revealed, and they could often be followed to blood vessels where they ended on the walls of vessels with expanded perivascular end-feet. The observations indicate that the many previously reported studies on presumed glial cells in the cat cerebral cortex have characterized the behavior of protoplasmic astrocytes. Neurons were also marked during these experiments. The \"staining\" quality of the Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was excellent; dendritic spines, axons, and axon collaterals were clearly visible. These fine neuronal details were not as well revealed after HRP labeling. High resting membrane potentials (RMP's) were not a prerequisite for obtaining well-marked neurons (mean RMP of Lucifer Yellow filled neurons was -33.6 mV; mean RMP of HRP filled neurons was 42.3 mV). In contrast, the mean RMPs of Lucifer Yellow and HRP marked glia was -68 Mv and -75 mV respectively, and the quality of \"staining\" appeared to be more closely related to the RMP.", "PMID": 87405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10736", "title": "Trajectory of group Ia afferent fibers stained with horseradish peroxidase in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat: three dimensional reconstructions from serial sections.", "content": "A reconstruction was made of the intramedullary trajectory of 23 physiologically identified Ia afferents from cat hind limb muscles (medial gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum-hallucis longus, and hamstring). The afferents were stained by intra-axonally injected HRP. The axons of these afferents were traced over distances of 5.8 mm to 15.7 mm rostrocaudally. In the dorsal funiculus fibers from all the muscles showed a similar course and similarly bifurcated into an ascending and a descending branch. The mean diameters of stem axons, ascending branches, and descending branches were 6.6 micrometer, 5.8 micrometer, and 3.0 micrometer, respectively. Within the analyzed lengths of the spinal cord five to eleven collaterals were given off from the two branches. The distances between adjacent collaterals of the ascending and descending branches averaged 1200 micrometer and 790 micrometer, respectively. The collaterals as a rule passed through the medial half of the dorsal horn before they entered the deeper parts of the gray matter. The terminal distribution areas common to all Ia collaterals were: (1) the medial half of the base of the dorsal horn, mainly lamina VI: (2) lamina VII; and (3) lamina IX. The numbers of terminals were largest in lamina IX and smallest in lamina VII. The density of terminals in lamina IX was highest in the homonymous motor cell column. The terminal distribution areas of adjacent collaterals showed no overlap in the sagittal plane. Terminal branches carried one bouton terminal and up to six boutons en passage with an average of 1.8 terminals per terminal branch. Apparent axosomatic and axodendritic contacts were seen on small-sized and medium-sized neurons in laminae V-VI, medium-sized neurons in lamina VII, and large neurons in lamina IX. One motoneurons was contacted by an average of 3.3 terminals. In addition to the common features, Ia collaterals of various muscles of origin showed some differences in their trajectories in the ventral horn, and in their terminations in the gray matter.", "contents": "Trajectory of group Ia afferent fibers stained with horseradish peroxidase in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat: three dimensional reconstructions from serial sections. A reconstruction was made of the intramedullary trajectory of 23 physiologically identified Ia afferents from cat hind limb muscles (medial gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum-hallucis longus, and hamstring). The afferents were stained by intra-axonally injected HRP. The axons of these afferents were traced over distances of 5.8 mm to 15.7 mm rostrocaudally. In the dorsal funiculus fibers from all the muscles showed a similar course and similarly bifurcated into an ascending and a descending branch. The mean diameters of stem axons, ascending branches, and descending branches were 6.6 micrometer, 5.8 micrometer, and 3.0 micrometer, respectively. Within the analyzed lengths of the spinal cord five to eleven collaterals were given off from the two branches. The distances between adjacent collaterals of the ascending and descending branches averaged 1200 micrometer and 790 micrometer, respectively. The collaterals as a rule passed through the medial half of the dorsal horn before they entered the deeper parts of the gray matter. The terminal distribution areas common to all Ia collaterals were: (1) the medial half of the base of the dorsal horn, mainly lamina VI: (2) lamina VII; and (3) lamina IX. The numbers of terminals were largest in lamina IX and smallest in lamina VII. The density of terminals in lamina IX was highest in the homonymous motor cell column. The terminal distribution areas of adjacent collaterals showed no overlap in the sagittal plane. Terminal branches carried one bouton terminal and up to six boutons en passage with an average of 1.8 terminals per terminal branch. Apparent axosomatic and axodendritic contacts were seen on small-sized and medium-sized neurons in laminae V-VI, medium-sized neurons in lamina VII, and large neurons in lamina IX. One motoneurons was contacted by an average of 3.3 terminals. In addition to the common features, Ia collaterals of various muscles of origin showed some differences in their trajectories in the ventral horn, and in their terminations in the gray matter.", "PMID": 87406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10737", "title": "AVLINE: a search resource for audiovisual instructional materials.", "content": "This manuscript describes the historical development and present scope of AVLINE (AudioVisuals-on-LINE), the National Library of Medicine's computer data base of information on nonprint instructional materials in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and allied health. The manuscript outlines the early and present review processes and involvement of dentistry peer reviewers; and provides data describing AVLINE titles by health science discipline and media characteristics for the total data base and the subset of dentistry. The manuscript also includes information on how to access AVLINE and a sample AVLINE citation.", "contents": "AVLINE: a search resource for audiovisual instructional materials. This manuscript describes the historical development and present scope of AVLINE (AudioVisuals-on-LINE), the National Library of Medicine's computer data base of information on nonprint instructional materials in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and allied health. The manuscript outlines the early and present review processes and involvement of dentistry peer reviewers; and provides data describing AVLINE titles by health science discipline and media characteristics for the total data base and the subset of dentistry. The manuscript also includes information on how to access AVLINE and a sample AVLINE citation.", "PMID": 87407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10738", "title": "Early effects of corticosteroids on basophils, leukocyte histamine, and tissue histamine.", "content": "The comparative effect in 11 atopic subjects of a single intravenous injection of methylprednisolone on sequential studies of blood eosinophils, basophils, leukocyte sensitivity to antigen for histamine release, leukocyte histamine content, and skin histamine was examined. No significant changes occurred in any parameter after placebo treatment. In contrast, 4 hr after intravenous treatment with steroid there were significant decreases in mean eosinophil counts (-95%), basophil counts (-72%), and histamine content of 1 X 10(7) leukocyte samples (-62%). Temporal changes in the latter paralleled alterations in circulating basophil levels. No significant changes occured in the antigen histamine release sensitivity, or the total skin histamine. Studies over a longer period after steroids in 4 subjects showed eosinophil and basophil levels at a nadir at 8 hr, remaining suppressed for 24 hr, and returned to pretreatment levels by 72 hr. Results suggest that corticosteroids induce a prominent decrease in leukocyte histamine due to a depletion of basophils without a decrease in histamine content per basophil, and that skin tissue histamine stores remain unchanged by such treatment.", "contents": "Early effects of corticosteroids on basophils, leukocyte histamine, and tissue histamine. The comparative effect in 11 atopic subjects of a single intravenous injection of methylprednisolone on sequential studies of blood eosinophils, basophils, leukocyte sensitivity to antigen for histamine release, leukocyte histamine content, and skin histamine was examined. No significant changes occurred in any parameter after placebo treatment. In contrast, 4 hr after intravenous treatment with steroid there were significant decreases in mean eosinophil counts (-95%), basophil counts (-72%), and histamine content of 1 X 10(7) leukocyte samples (-62%). Temporal changes in the latter paralleled alterations in circulating basophil levels. No significant changes occured in the antigen histamine release sensitivity, or the total skin histamine. Studies over a longer period after steroids in 4 subjects showed eosinophil and basophil levels at a nadir at 8 hr, remaining suppressed for 24 hr, and returned to pretreatment levels by 72 hr. Results suggest that corticosteroids induce a prominent decrease in leukocyte histamine due to a depletion of basophils without a decrease in histamine content per basophil, and that skin tissue histamine stores remain unchanged by such treatment.", "PMID": 87408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10739", "title": "Cytotoxicity of ionophore A23187 for basophils and other human blood cells.", "content": "The calcium ionophore A23187(A23) at concentrations exceeding 1 microgram/ml has been shown to be progressively cytotoxic for human blood basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes. Toxicity to basophils was considered to be manifested by the increasing inability of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) to inhibit histamine release (HR) at increasing concentrations of A23. The toxicity to neutrophils and lymphocytes was demonstrated by decreased lactate production (LP) after incubation with A23 of Ficoll-Hypaque fractions greatly enriched in each respective cell type. Red cells present in dextran-sedimented leukocytes were increasingly susceptible to lysis during washing subsequent to exposure to increasing concentrations of A23. A concentration of 4 microgram A23/ml, which is cytotoxic at 37 degrees C, produced optimal and noncytotoxic HR at 22 degrees C. It was possible to reduce A23 concentrations required for optimal HR by increasing Ca++ from 0.6 to 3 mM.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of ionophore A23187 for basophils and other human blood cells. The calcium ionophore A23187(A23) at concentrations exceeding 1 microgram/ml has been shown to be progressively cytotoxic for human blood basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes. Toxicity to basophils was considered to be manifested by the increasing inability of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) to inhibit histamine release (HR) at increasing concentrations of A23. The toxicity to neutrophils and lymphocytes was demonstrated by decreased lactate production (LP) after incubation with A23 of Ficoll-Hypaque fractions greatly enriched in each respective cell type. Red cells present in dextran-sedimented leukocytes were increasingly susceptible to lysis during washing subsequent to exposure to increasing concentrations of A23. A concentration of 4 microgram A23/ml, which is cytotoxic at 37 degrees C, produced optimal and noncytotoxic HR at 22 degrees C. It was possible to reduce A23 concentrations required for optimal HR by increasing Ca++ from 0.6 to 3 mM.", "PMID": 87409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10740", "title": "Plasmodium-infected blood cells analyzed and sorted by flow fluorimetry with the deoxyribonucleic acid binding dye 33258 Hoechst.", "content": "Red cells from Plasmodium berghei infected mouse blood can be sorted on the basis of their DNA content with the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst. The optimal conditions for dye uptake have been established and with these conditions uninfected cells are nonfluorescent and can be completely separated from infected cells which exhibit fluorescence in almost direct proportion to the number of parasite nuclei (i.e. DNA) they contain. The number of fluorescent cells detected and their fluorescence intensity is shown to be dependent on the dye concentration and the incubation medium being used. At least a proportion of the infected cells sorted from each fluorescence peak in the cell distribution retain their infectivity in vivo with some, but not all, conditions of labeling. This technique is being used to separate minor cell populations from infected blood for biochemical and immunochemical analyses and to screen human samples for malaria infected cells.", "contents": "Plasmodium-infected blood cells analyzed and sorted by flow fluorimetry with the deoxyribonucleic acid binding dye 33258 Hoechst. Red cells from Plasmodium berghei infected mouse blood can be sorted on the basis of their DNA content with the bisbenzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst. The optimal conditions for dye uptake have been established and with these conditions uninfected cells are nonfluorescent and can be completely separated from infected cells which exhibit fluorescence in almost direct proportion to the number of parasite nuclei (i.e. DNA) they contain. The number of fluorescent cells detected and their fluorescence intensity is shown to be dependent on the dye concentration and the incubation medium being used. At least a proportion of the infected cells sorted from each fluorescence peak in the cell distribution retain their infectivity in vivo with some, but not all, conditions of labeling. This technique is being used to separate minor cell populations from infected blood for biochemical and immunochemical analyses and to screen human samples for malaria infected cells.", "PMID": 87413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10741", "title": "Specificities of killing by T lymphocytes generated against syngeneic SV40 transformants: studies employing recombinants within the H-2 complex.", "content": "T lymphocyte effectors to syngeneic SV40-transformed cells, generated by secondary in vitro sensitization of immune spleen cells, lyse SV40 transformed targets that are syngeneic at the H-2 locus. In this study we have employed recombinants within the H-2 region to examine in detail this H-2 specificity. H-2b effectors were found to lyse SV40-transformed targets from recombinants bearing either H-2Kb or H-2Db.H-2k effectors recognized only SV40-transformed H-2Kk, and not H-2Dk target cells. By using the same protocol for sensitization, no effector cells could be detected in H-2d mice. Effectors generated in H-2 recombinant mice showed that the response capacity resides with K and D. For example, HTG, which is H-2d except at the D locus (H-2Db), produced effector cells specific for SV40-transformed H-2Db targets. Thus, the secondary in vitro response to SV40 transformants was found to depend only on the K and D alleles and not to be modified by the I region to any measurable extent.", "contents": "Specificities of killing by T lymphocytes generated against syngeneic SV40 transformants: studies employing recombinants within the H-2 complex. T lymphocyte effectors to syngeneic SV40-transformed cells, generated by secondary in vitro sensitization of immune spleen cells, lyse SV40 transformed targets that are syngeneic at the H-2 locus. In this study we have employed recombinants within the H-2 region to examine in detail this H-2 specificity. H-2b effectors were found to lyse SV40-transformed targets from recombinants bearing either H-2Kb or H-2Db.H-2k effectors recognized only SV40-transformed H-2Kk, and not H-2Dk target cells. By using the same protocol for sensitization, no effector cells could be detected in H-2d mice. Effectors generated in H-2 recombinant mice showed that the response capacity resides with K and D. For example, HTG, which is H-2d except at the D locus (H-2Db), produced effector cells specific for SV40-transformed H-2Db targets. Thus, the secondary in vitro response to SV40 transformants was found to depend only on the K and D alleles and not to be modified by the I region to any measurable extent.", "PMID": 87414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10742", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of anti-GAT antibodies. III. Determinant specificity and immunoglobulin class distribution of CGAT idiotype.", "content": "The humoral response to poly-(L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine 30, L-tyrosine10), GAT, in mice is further characterized by both idiotype and fine specificity analyses. The common idiotype on murine anti-GAT antibodies (CGAT) was identified in anti-GAT antisera from seven additional strains of mice. These data confirm that the CGAT idiotype can be induced in all inbred strains of mice. Using a partially inbred strain of mice selected for their ability to respond to poly-(L-glutamic acid50, L-tyrosine50), GT, we demonstrated that the GT copolymer is capable of inducing antibodies that express the CGAT idiotype. In contrast, antisera directed against poly-(L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine40), GA, bind GAT but lack CGAT idiotype. These results indicate that GAT molecules contain determinants either similar or identical to those on GT molecules, which are responsible for the induction of CGAT idiotypic antibodies. We also demonstrated that both GAT responder and nonresponder strains of mice can produce anti-GAT antibodies with similar fine specificity patterns and CGAT idiotype. In addition, we demonstrate that antibodies of the IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 immunoglobulin classes express the CGAT idiotype.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of anti-GAT antibodies. III. Determinant specificity and immunoglobulin class distribution of CGAT idiotype. The humoral response to poly-(L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine 30, L-tyrosine10), GAT, in mice is further characterized by both idiotype and fine specificity analyses. The common idiotype on murine anti-GAT antibodies (CGAT) was identified in anti-GAT antisera from seven additional strains of mice. These data confirm that the CGAT idiotype can be induced in all inbred strains of mice. Using a partially inbred strain of mice selected for their ability to respond to poly-(L-glutamic acid50, L-tyrosine50), GT, we demonstrated that the GT copolymer is capable of inducing antibodies that express the CGAT idiotype. In contrast, antisera directed against poly-(L-glutamic acid60, L-alanine40), GA, bind GAT but lack CGAT idiotype. These results indicate that GAT molecules contain determinants either similar or identical to those on GT molecules, which are responsible for the induction of CGAT idiotypic antibodies. We also demonstrated that both GAT responder and nonresponder strains of mice can produce anti-GAT antibodies with similar fine specificity patterns and CGAT idiotype. In addition, we demonstrate that antibodies of the IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 immunoglobulin classes express the CGAT idiotype.", "PMID": 87415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10743", "title": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antigen-specific IgG in human sera with 125I-protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Radiolabeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (Staph A) has been used to develop a solid phase, noncompetitive radioimmunoassay for quantitation of specific IgG antibody. The assay involves two incubations: First, agarose-insolubilized antigen is mixed with serum samples for 1 to 4 hr during which specific antibody is bound; second, after a washing procedure, the solid phase immune complexes are incubated for 4 to 18 hr with 125I-Staph A, during which the radiolabeled detection protein binds to the insolubilized specific IgG antibody. In a comparative study of the IgG antiphospholipase A antibody content of 23 human sera drawn from honeybee venom-sensitive patients, resulted of the Staph A assay correlated highly (r = 0.981, p less than 0.001, N = 23) with those obtained from a liquid phase, competitive radioimmunoprecipitation (double antibody) assay. The two assays demonstrated comparable precision, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In contrast, the use of 125I-Staph A in the solid phase radioimmunoassay was superior to 125I rabbit anti-human IgG because of lower negative serum (blank) values, shorter time required to reach equilibrium binding, and greater precision and reproducibility. In principle, the 125I Staph A assay may be applied ot IgG quantitation for crude allergen extracts as well as purified antigens. Furthermore, the sera of a number of mammalian species may be studied without further modification.", "contents": "Solid phase radioimmunoassay for quantitation of antigen-specific IgG in human sera with 125I-protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Radiolabeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (Staph A) has been used to develop a solid phase, noncompetitive radioimmunoassay for quantitation of specific IgG antibody. The assay involves two incubations: First, agarose-insolubilized antigen is mixed with serum samples for 1 to 4 hr during which specific antibody is bound; second, after a washing procedure, the solid phase immune complexes are incubated for 4 to 18 hr with 125I-Staph A, during which the radiolabeled detection protein binds to the insolubilized specific IgG antibody. In a comparative study of the IgG antiphospholipase A antibody content of 23 human sera drawn from honeybee venom-sensitive patients, resulted of the Staph A assay correlated highly (r = 0.981, p less than 0.001, N = 23) with those obtained from a liquid phase, competitive radioimmunoprecipitation (double antibody) assay. The two assays demonstrated comparable precision, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In contrast, the use of 125I-Staph A in the solid phase radioimmunoassay was superior to 125I rabbit anti-human IgG because of lower negative serum (blank) values, shorter time required to reach equilibrium binding, and greater precision and reproducibility. In principle, the 125I Staph A assay may be applied ot IgG quantitation for crude allergen extracts as well as purified antigens. Furthermore, the sera of a number of mammalian species may be studied without further modification.", "PMID": 87416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10744", "title": "Synergistic cytotoxicity. I. Characterization of a heat labile plasma fraction that induces nonspecific cytotoxicity by human mononuclear cells.", "content": "The mechanism by which non-immune mononuclear cells recognize invading foreign material and are activated for cytotoxic attack was studied in a model system employing human mononuclear cells, fresh plasma, and 51Cr-labeled xenogeneic target erythrocytes. In these experiments, fresh antibody-depleted plasma or mononuclear leukocytes alone were poorly cytotoxic to xenogenic erythrocytes. However, these target cells were rapidly lysed when both fresh antibody-depleted plasma and mononuclear cells were present in the assay. The plasma factor could not be removed by extensive absorption with the target cells, was present in plasma from hypogammaglobulinemic patients, was heat labile, and was sensitive to incubation with zymosan and cobra venom factor. The \"antigen\" specificity of this reaction was directed by the serum factor inasmuch as target cells autologous to the effector cells could be killed in the presence of antibody-depleted xenogeneic plasma, but not autologous plasma. These data suggest that an important mechanism for the recognition of \"foreigness\" by non-immune mononuclear cells is via interaction with a plasma component, possibly a factor related to serum complement.", "contents": "Synergistic cytotoxicity. I. Characterization of a heat labile plasma fraction that induces nonspecific cytotoxicity by human mononuclear cells. The mechanism by which non-immune mononuclear cells recognize invading foreign material and are activated for cytotoxic attack was studied in a model system employing human mononuclear cells, fresh plasma, and 51Cr-labeled xenogeneic target erythrocytes. In these experiments, fresh antibody-depleted plasma or mononuclear leukocytes alone were poorly cytotoxic to xenogenic erythrocytes. However, these target cells were rapidly lysed when both fresh antibody-depleted plasma and mononuclear cells were present in the assay. The plasma factor could not be removed by extensive absorption with the target cells, was present in plasma from hypogammaglobulinemic patients, was heat labile, and was sensitive to incubation with zymosan and cobra venom factor. The \"antigen\" specificity of this reaction was directed by the serum factor inasmuch as target cells autologous to the effector cells could be killed in the presence of antibody-depleted xenogeneic plasma, but not autologous plasma. These data suggest that an important mechanism for the recognition of \"foreigness\" by non-immune mononuclear cells is via interaction with a plasma component, possibly a factor related to serum complement.", "PMID": 87417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10745", "title": "Cell types required for H-2-restricted cytotoxic responses generated by trinitrobenzene sulfonate-modified syngeneic cells or trinitrophenyl-conjugated proteins.", "content": "Murine spleen cells were fractionated over nylon wool or Sephadex G-10 columns, and the cell types involved in the generation of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific, H-2 restricted (TNP-self) cytotoxic effector cells were studied from cultures stimulated with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-modified syngeneic cells, TNP-conjugated soluble proteins such as bovine gamma-globulin (TNP-BGG), or bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). Unfractionated or nylon nonadherent responding cells generated such effectors, irrespective of whether the cultures were stimulated with TNBS-modified cells or TNP-conjugated proteins. TNP-modified T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and phagocyte-enriched spleen cells were all capable of stimulating TNP-self effectors. TNP-self effectors. TNP-self as well as allogeneic cytotoxic responses were dependent on the presence of a radioresistant non-T cell that was removed by Sephadex G-10 fractionation and was replaced by irradiated, Thy 1.2-negative, glass adherent spleen cells, enriched in phagocytic cells. Results obtained by using glass adherent cells that were allogeneic or semi-syngeneic to the responding cells indicated that H-2 homology was not required for efficient glass adherent cell function, and that the H-2 restriction of TNP-self effectors is not determined by these glass adherent cells.", "contents": "Cell types required for H-2-restricted cytotoxic responses generated by trinitrobenzene sulfonate-modified syngeneic cells or trinitrophenyl-conjugated proteins. Murine spleen cells were fractionated over nylon wool or Sephadex G-10 columns, and the cell types involved in the generation of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific, H-2 restricted (TNP-self) cytotoxic effector cells were studied from cultures stimulated with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-modified syngeneic cells, TNP-conjugated soluble proteins such as bovine gamma-globulin (TNP-BGG), or bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). Unfractionated or nylon nonadherent responding cells generated such effectors, irrespective of whether the cultures were stimulated with TNBS-modified cells or TNP-conjugated proteins. TNP-modified T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and phagocyte-enriched spleen cells were all capable of stimulating TNP-self effectors. TNP-self effectors. TNP-self as well as allogeneic cytotoxic responses were dependent on the presence of a radioresistant non-T cell that was removed by Sephadex G-10 fractionation and was replaced by irradiated, Thy 1.2-negative, glass adherent spleen cells, enriched in phagocytic cells. Results obtained by using glass adherent cells that were allogeneic or semi-syngeneic to the responding cells indicated that H-2 homology was not required for efficient glass adherent cell function, and that the H-2 restriction of TNP-self effectors is not determined by these glass adherent cells.", "PMID": 87418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10746", "title": "A quantitative assay for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat based on permeability of spinal cords to 125I-human gamma-globulin.", "content": "We have developed a quantitative assay for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the rat based on permeability of the spinal cord to 125I-human gamma-globulin (HGG). This assay is highly reproducible and eliminates many of the drawbacks of assaying for EAE on the basis of clinical and/or histologic criteria. Using the assay, we have shown a direct correlation between onset of histologic changes in the spinal cord and onset of permeability changes in the spinal cord. No rat without histologic lesions manifest permeability alterations, and all rats with histologic lesions did manifest increased permeability to 125I-HGG. Furthermore, strains of rats susceptible to EAE demonstrated permeability changes, whereas resistant rats did not. In addition, we demonstrated by permeability and histologic criteria that guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant is encephalitogenic in the Lewis rat. We also demonstrated that recipients of passive transfer of sensitized cells develop permeability changes along with histologic lesions. We conclude that measuring permeability to 125I-HGG in the spinal cords of rats is a valid assay for EAE, and its improves upon current indices of EAE in that it is readily quantifiable.", "contents": "A quantitative assay for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat based on permeability of spinal cords to 125I-human gamma-globulin. We have developed a quantitative assay for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the rat based on permeability of the spinal cord to 125I-human gamma-globulin (HGG). This assay is highly reproducible and eliminates many of the drawbacks of assaying for EAE on the basis of clinical and/or histologic criteria. Using the assay, we have shown a direct correlation between onset of histologic changes in the spinal cord and onset of permeability changes in the spinal cord. No rat without histologic lesions manifest permeability alterations, and all rats with histologic lesions did manifest increased permeability to 125I-HGG. Furthermore, strains of rats susceptible to EAE demonstrated permeability changes, whereas resistant rats did not. In addition, we demonstrated by permeability and histologic criteria that guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant is encephalitogenic in the Lewis rat. We also demonstrated that recipients of passive transfer of sensitized cells develop permeability changes along with histologic lesions. We conclude that measuring permeability to 125I-HGG in the spinal cords of rats is a valid assay for EAE, and its improves upon current indices of EAE in that it is readily quantifiable.", "PMID": 87421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10747", "title": "Detection of HLA-DRw (Ia-like) antigens on human T lymphocytes grown in tissue culture.", "content": "Human T lymphocytes that proliferate in the presence of conditioned medium from PHA-stimulated allogeneic peripheral blood cells were shown to express IPA antigens after the 8th culture day. Ia antigens as detected by xenogeneic antisera were present on 80 to 90% of the cultured cells which were also strongly reactive with xenogeneic antisera defining a human T cell antigen and formed E rosettes. Control cultures with PHA or no conditioned medium expressed T cell but not Ia antigens. These cultured T cells also express the same HLA-DRw determinants as the B cells of the donor they were derived from. Absorption of xenogeneic Ia, and HLA-DRw alloantisera with cultured T cells completely removed the reactivity of these sera for enriched peripheral blood B lymphocytes from normal donors.", "contents": "Detection of HLA-DRw (Ia-like) antigens on human T lymphocytes grown in tissue culture. Human T lymphocytes that proliferate in the presence of conditioned medium from PHA-stimulated allogeneic peripheral blood cells were shown to express IPA antigens after the 8th culture day. Ia antigens as detected by xenogeneic antisera were present on 80 to 90% of the cultured cells which were also strongly reactive with xenogeneic antisera defining a human T cell antigen and formed E rosettes. Control cultures with PHA or no conditioned medium expressed T cell but not Ia antigens. These cultured T cells also express the same HLA-DRw determinants as the B cells of the donor they were derived from. Absorption of xenogeneic Ia, and HLA-DRw alloantisera with cultured T cells completely removed the reactivity of these sera for enriched peripheral blood B lymphocytes from normal donors.", "PMID": 87422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10748", "title": "IgE-selective and antigen-specific unresponsiveness in mice. I. Induction of the unresponsiveness by administration of ovalbumin-pullulan conjugate.", "content": "An experimental model was demonstrated in mice for the induction of IgE-selective unresponsiveness to ovalbumin, a protein antigen. An administration of ovalbumin, conjugated with pullulan, a linear polymer of glucose, (OA-pullulan) into mice resulted in the induction of a long lasting, IgE-selective unresponsiveness to the subsequent immunization with native OA in the form optimal to elicit IgE antibody response. The IgE-selective unresponsiveness is antigen specific and is infectious to normal mice by transferring the spleen cells from mice receiving OA-pullulan conjugate at least 2 weeks before. In contrast to other modified antigens, OA-pullulan was found to elicit good IgM and IgG antibody responses, but not an IgE response, without the aid of an adjuvant.", "contents": "IgE-selective and antigen-specific unresponsiveness in mice. I. Induction of the unresponsiveness by administration of ovalbumin-pullulan conjugate. An experimental model was demonstrated in mice for the induction of IgE-selective unresponsiveness to ovalbumin, a protein antigen. An administration of ovalbumin, conjugated with pullulan, a linear polymer of glucose, (OA-pullulan) into mice resulted in the induction of a long lasting, IgE-selective unresponsiveness to the subsequent immunization with native OA in the form optimal to elicit IgE antibody response. The IgE-selective unresponsiveness is antigen specific and is infectious to normal mice by transferring the spleen cells from mice receiving OA-pullulan conjugate at least 2 weeks before. In contrast to other modified antigens, OA-pullulan was found to elicit good IgM and IgG antibody responses, but not an IgE response, without the aid of an adjuvant.", "PMID": 87426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10749", "title": "Cross-reactions between tryptic polypeptides of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C.", "content": "The strong cross-reactions demonstrated for staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) and C1 (SEC1) by measurement of antigen-binding capacity were reflected in well defined polypeptides obtained by limited tryptic digestion from SEB and SEC1. Two antigenic determinants on each enterotoxin were capable of reacting with heterologous antibody, one on the first 57 amino acids and one on the last 150 residues of the polypeptide backbone. The larger, carboxyl terminal polypeptides bound efficiently to homologous antiserum but about two orders of magnitude less efficiently to heterologous antibody. The amino terminal peptides showed only weak homologous binding but nearly comparable heterologous binding. It is proposed that the determinant on the amino terminal polypeptides is largely responsible for the strong reciprocal binding of the intact enterotoxins and that their low antigen-binding capacity is due to a random or a structurally distorted conformation in solution.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between tryptic polypeptides of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. The strong cross-reactions demonstrated for staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) and C1 (SEC1) by measurement of antigen-binding capacity were reflected in well defined polypeptides obtained by limited tryptic digestion from SEB and SEC1. Two antigenic determinants on each enterotoxin were capable of reacting with heterologous antibody, one on the first 57 amino acids and one on the last 150 residues of the polypeptide backbone. The larger, carboxyl terminal polypeptides bound efficiently to homologous antiserum but about two orders of magnitude less efficiently to heterologous antibody. The amino terminal peptides showed only weak homologous binding but nearly comparable heterologous binding. It is proposed that the determinant on the amino terminal polypeptides is largely responsible for the strong reciprocal binding of the intact enterotoxins and that their low antigen-binding capacity is due to a random or a structurally distorted conformation in solution.", "PMID": 87427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10750", "title": "Plaque-forming cell response in BALB/c mice to two preparations of LPS extracted from Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "The pattern of development of antibody-forming cells in BALB/c mice after immunization with PW-LPS or TCA-LPS was shown to be different. On days 10 and 20, the primary response to PW-LPS was characterized by a low level of IgM synthesis. The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to TCA-LPS, however, increased from day 10 to day 20. Initially, IgM was the only detectable antibody synthesized but by day 20 a significant number of IgG-producing spleen cells had developed. After a secondary immunization with the appropriate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation, IgG-producing spleen cells were detected in mice immunized with either PW-or TCA-LPS. Partial removal of the LAP or TCA-LPS with phenol or trypsin and pronase significantly reduced the PFC response, suggesting that the protein moiety played an influential role in the immunogenicity of TCA-LPS. The TCA-LPS contained the same antigenic dterminants as PW-LPS, so any difference observed between PFC response was not due to any associated immunogenic moiety.", "contents": "Plaque-forming cell response in BALB/c mice to two preparations of LPS extracted from Salmonella enteritidis. The pattern of development of antibody-forming cells in BALB/c mice after immunization with PW-LPS or TCA-LPS was shown to be different. On days 10 and 20, the primary response to PW-LPS was characterized by a low level of IgM synthesis. The plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to TCA-LPS, however, increased from day 10 to day 20. Initially, IgM was the only detectable antibody synthesized but by day 20 a significant number of IgG-producing spleen cells had developed. After a secondary immunization with the appropriate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation, IgG-producing spleen cells were detected in mice immunized with either PW-or TCA-LPS. Partial removal of the LAP or TCA-LPS with phenol or trypsin and pronase significantly reduced the PFC response, suggesting that the protein moiety played an influential role in the immunogenicity of TCA-LPS. The TCA-LPS contained the same antigenic dterminants as PW-LPS, so any difference observed between PFC response was not due to any associated immunogenic moiety.", "PMID": 87428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10751", "title": "The expression of Ia antigenic determinants on macrophages required for the in vitro antibody response.", "content": "A subpopulation of antigen-presenting macrophages required for an in vitro antibody response to burro erythrocytes was deleted by pretreating the splenic macrophages with anti-Ia serum and complement (C). The in vitro response of the macrophage depleted T-B cell population could not be restored by the addition of macrophages resistant to anti-Ia antibodies and C (Ia-). The response of Ia- macrophages and the macrophage-depleted T-B cells was only reconstituted by the addition of Ia+ macrophages. Macrophages pretreated with anti-Ia antibodies restricted to react with determinants of one I subregion could not support the in vitro antibody response when added to cultures whose macrophages were pretreated with anti-Ia serum and C specific for the I-J subregion. These results confirmed that Ia determinants of the I-A, the I-E, and the I-C subregions were all expressed on the I-J+ macrophage required for an in vitro antibody response.", "contents": "The expression of Ia antigenic determinants on macrophages required for the in vitro antibody response. A subpopulation of antigen-presenting macrophages required for an in vitro antibody response to burro erythrocytes was deleted by pretreating the splenic macrophages with anti-Ia serum and complement (C). The in vitro response of the macrophage depleted T-B cell population could not be restored by the addition of macrophages resistant to anti-Ia antibodies and C (Ia-). The response of Ia- macrophages and the macrophage-depleted T-B cells was only reconstituted by the addition of Ia+ macrophages. Macrophages pretreated with anti-Ia antibodies restricted to react with determinants of one I subregion could not support the in vitro antibody response when added to cultures whose macrophages were pretreated with anti-Ia serum and C specific for the I-J subregion. These results confirmed that Ia determinants of the I-A, the I-E, and the I-C subregions were all expressed on the I-J+ macrophage required for an in vitro antibody response.", "PMID": 87431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10752", "title": "The activation of guinea pig T lymphocytes by anti-beta 2-microglobulin serum.", "content": "In order to study further the role of beta 2-m in the regulation of the immune response, we have examined the effects of a goat anti-guinea pig beta 2-m serum on a number of T lymphocyte functions in vitro. Anti-beta 2-m serum produced a marked inhibition of the response of peritoneal exudate T cells to antigen and mitogen stimulation. Surprisingly, a marked activation of lymph node T lymphocyte proliferation was observed in the absence of antigen or mitogen stimulation. This stimulatory effect of anti-beta 2-m serum was shown to be specific for beta 2-m and required the presence of macrophages. The T cell proliferative response induced by anti-beta 2-m could not be blocked by antisera to the antigens of the guinea pig MHC. These studies suggest that beta2-m may play some critical role in the immune response at the level of T cell activation.", "contents": "The activation of guinea pig T lymphocytes by anti-beta 2-microglobulin serum. In order to study further the role of beta 2-m in the regulation of the immune response, we have examined the effects of a goat anti-guinea pig beta 2-m serum on a number of T lymphocyte functions in vitro. Anti-beta 2-m serum produced a marked inhibition of the response of peritoneal exudate T cells to antigen and mitogen stimulation. Surprisingly, a marked activation of lymph node T lymphocyte proliferation was observed in the absence of antigen or mitogen stimulation. This stimulatory effect of anti-beta 2-m serum was shown to be specific for beta 2-m and required the presence of macrophages. The T cell proliferative response induced by anti-beta 2-m could not be blocked by antisera to the antigens of the guinea pig MHC. These studies suggest that beta2-m may play some critical role in the immune response at the level of T cell activation.", "PMID": 87432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10753", "title": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. III. Generation of a helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) across an I-J subregion disparity.", "content": "Allogeneic effect factors (AEF) were produced across an I-J subregion incompatibility. The helper activity of these AEFs is H-2 restricted since they help B cells only of the stimulator haplotype and of other haplotypes that carry the same I-J subregion gene(s) as the stimulator haplotype. Immunoadsorption studies demonstrate that they consist of I-J determinants derived initially from the GVHR host and MLR stimulator cells and not the GVHR donor and MLR responder cells used to generate AEF. It is postulated that the genetic restriction of AEF helper activity is mediated in part by the ability of the GVHR activated donor T cells to acquire, in vivo, recipient T cell and/or macrophage derived I-J determinants. Cellular adsorption studies indicate that AEF helper activity may be adsorbed by B cells, but neither T cells nor macrophages, of the stimulator haplotype. The results suggest that an I-J-positive AEF interacts with an I-J subregion controlled complementary recognition structure on a target B cell and, after antigenic stimulation, activates that B cell to IgG antibody synthesis.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. III. Generation of a helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) across an I-J subregion disparity. Allogeneic effect factors (AEF) were produced across an I-J subregion incompatibility. The helper activity of these AEFs is H-2 restricted since they help B cells only of the stimulator haplotype and of other haplotypes that carry the same I-J subregion gene(s) as the stimulator haplotype. Immunoadsorption studies demonstrate that they consist of I-J determinants derived initially from the GVHR host and MLR stimulator cells and not the GVHR donor and MLR responder cells used to generate AEF. It is postulated that the genetic restriction of AEF helper activity is mediated in part by the ability of the GVHR activated donor T cells to acquire, in vivo, recipient T cell and/or macrophage derived I-J determinants. Cellular adsorption studies indicate that AEF helper activity may be adsorbed by B cells, but neither T cells nor macrophages, of the stimulator haplotype. The results suggest that an I-J-positive AEF interacts with an I-J subregion controlled complementary recognition structure on a target B cell and, after antigenic stimulation, activates that B cell to IgG antibody synthesis.", "PMID": 87436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10754", "title": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. V. The role of Ia antigens on Mphi in the binding.", "content": "The effect of anti-Ia alloantiserum on the capacity of selected peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (selected PEL) to bind to antigen-pulsed F1 (responder x nonresponder) macrophages was investigated. With the use of selected PEL for antigens under Ir gene control, it was shown that anti-Ia serum to the responder haplotype blocked adherence of selected PEL to antigen-pulsed macrophages whereas anti-Ia serum to the nonresponder haplotype did not. The target cell of the anti-Ia alloantiserum appeared to be the macrophage because anti-13 Ia in contrast to anti-2 Ia did not inhibit binding of F1 (2 x 13) DNP-GL selected PEL to DNP-GL pulsed strain-2 Mphi (responder strain). Taken together with previous experiments that indicate that an antibody to the native protein antigen employed is unable to block specific binding, the present results suggest that T cells may recognize fragments of exogenous antigen in association with Ia molecules.", "contents": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. V. The role of Ia antigens on Mphi in the binding. The effect of anti-Ia alloantiserum on the capacity of selected peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (selected PEL) to bind to antigen-pulsed F1 (responder x nonresponder) macrophages was investigated. With the use of selected PEL for antigens under Ir gene control, it was shown that anti-Ia serum to the responder haplotype blocked adherence of selected PEL to antigen-pulsed macrophages whereas anti-Ia serum to the nonresponder haplotype did not. The target cell of the anti-Ia alloantiserum appeared to be the macrophage because anti-13 Ia in contrast to anti-2 Ia did not inhibit binding of F1 (2 x 13) DNP-GL selected PEL to DNP-GL pulsed strain-2 Mphi (responder strain). Taken together with previous experiments that indicate that an antibody to the native protein antigen employed is unable to block specific binding, the present results suggest that T cells may recognize fragments of exogenous antigen in association with Ia molecules.", "PMID": 87437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10755", "title": "Interferon-induced enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils requires RNA synthesis.", "content": "Incubation of human leukocytes with certain viruses results in the enhancement of IgE-mediated release of histamine. This enhancement is produced by interferon. The present experiments show that an induction period of 6 to 9 hr and new RNA synthesis are required for interferon to enhance histamine release. This points to the possibility that interferon may exert its antiviral and histamine-release enhancing activities by acting through a common pathway.", "contents": "Interferon-induced enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils requires RNA synthesis. Incubation of human leukocytes with certain viruses results in the enhancement of IgE-mediated release of histamine. This enhancement is produced by interferon. The present experiments show that an induction period of 6 to 9 hr and new RNA synthesis are required for interferon to enhance histamine release. This points to the possibility that interferon may exert its antiviral and histamine-release enhancing activities by acting through a common pathway.", "PMID": 87438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10756", "title": "Differences in HLA antigen recognition by human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "The specificity of in vitro induced human influenza-immune cytotoxic effector cells was analyzed with respect to recognition of HLA-A and -B-linked gene products. The influenza-immune cytotoxic activity observed on panels of virus-infected targets demonstrated that virus-immune effectors preferentially lyse targets with which they share HLA-A or -B specificities. Virus-immune effectors from certain donors recognized virus in conjunction with some, but not all, of their self HLA-A and -B antigens. Among donors who share a given HLA antigen (such as A2 or B7), there are differences in the ability of their virus-immune T cells to recognize the shared antigen. Virus-infected target cells from HLA-A2 or -B7 \"nonresponder\" donors could be lysed by virus-immune T cells obtained from other donors who shared only the HLA-A2 or -B7 antigen with these target cells. These observations suggest that the absence of cytotoxic T cell responses by some donors to influenza virus in conjunction with HLA-A2 or -B7 is not due to control by the structural genes that code for these HLA antigens, but rather may result from control by regulatory genes that act at the level of the responder and/or stimulator cell. The results are discussed in the context of Ir gene regulation of human T cell responses.", "contents": "Differences in HLA antigen recognition by human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells. The specificity of in vitro induced human influenza-immune cytotoxic effector cells was analyzed with respect to recognition of HLA-A and -B-linked gene products. The influenza-immune cytotoxic activity observed on panels of virus-infected targets demonstrated that virus-immune effectors preferentially lyse targets with which they share HLA-A or -B specificities. Virus-immune effectors from certain donors recognized virus in conjunction with some, but not all, of their self HLA-A and -B antigens. Among donors who share a given HLA antigen (such as A2 or B7), there are differences in the ability of their virus-immune T cells to recognize the shared antigen. Virus-infected target cells from HLA-A2 or -B7 \"nonresponder\" donors could be lysed by virus-immune T cells obtained from other donors who shared only the HLA-A2 or -B7 antigen with these target cells. These observations suggest that the absence of cytotoxic T cell responses by some donors to influenza virus in conjunction with HLA-A2 or -B7 is not due to control by the structural genes that code for these HLA antigens, but rather may result from control by regulatory genes that act at the level of the responder and/or stimulator cell. The results are discussed in the context of Ir gene regulation of human T cell responses.", "PMID": 87440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10757", "title": "Mechanisms of mouse mast cell activation and inactivation for IgE-mediated histamine release.", "content": "The IgE-mediated histamine release from mouse mast cells requires Ca++, is optimal at 37 degrees C, and is enhanced by phosphatidylserine. The rate of release is relatively slow. The mast cells can be activated to release histamine by either anti-IgE or anti-Fab antibodies and, in the case of cells from sensitized mice, by the immunizing antigen. The incubation of mast cells with antigen in the absence of Ca++ or phosphatidylserine fails to release histamine. Such cells are desensitized to the further addition under optimal conditions of the same antigen. Desensitization is antigen specific, requires optimal levels of antigen, and occurs at both 30 degrees and 37 degrees C. In contrast, anti-IgE desensitizes all IgE-mediated histamine release reactions.", "contents": "Mechanisms of mouse mast cell activation and inactivation for IgE-mediated histamine release. The IgE-mediated histamine release from mouse mast cells requires Ca++, is optimal at 37 degrees C, and is enhanced by phosphatidylserine. The rate of release is relatively slow. The mast cells can be activated to release histamine by either anti-IgE or anti-Fab antibodies and, in the case of cells from sensitized mice, by the immunizing antigen. The incubation of mast cells with antigen in the absence of Ca++ or phosphatidylserine fails to release histamine. Such cells are desensitized to the further addition under optimal conditions of the same antigen. Desensitization is antigen specific, requires optimal levels of antigen, and occurs at both 30 degrees and 37 degrees C. In contrast, anti-IgE desensitizes all IgE-mediated histamine release reactions.", "PMID": 87441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10758", "title": "Human immune responses to hapten-conjugated cells. II. The roles of autologous and allogeneic histocompatibility determinants in proliferative responses in vitro.", "content": "Proliferative responses of human lymphocytes primed in vitro to autologous TNP-cells were found to be associated with autologous D-region determinants irrespective of HLA-B locus antigens. Family studies of secondary TNP-conjugate proliferative responses demonstrated a gene dosage effect in this phenomenon. Moreover, co-culture with allogeneic cells did not affect the net TNP-conjugate proliferative responses of primed responder cells, suggesting that HLA-D region preference was due to a requirement for representation of TNP-molecules in association or combination with autologous MHC structures. Alloantigens were found to influence the sensitization of lymphocytes to autologous hapten-conjugated cells. Co-culture of allogeneic and TNP-modified autologous stimulator cells in primary cultures enhanced the secondary TNP proliferative response. Sensitization of human lymphocytes to allogeneic cells alone did not prime responses to autologous modified cells. However, priming lymphocytes to modified autologous cells potentiated responses to allogeneic cells. The data suggest a complex relationship between responses to alloantigens and modified autologous cells.", "contents": "Human immune responses to hapten-conjugated cells. II. The roles of autologous and allogeneic histocompatibility determinants in proliferative responses in vitro. Proliferative responses of human lymphocytes primed in vitro to autologous TNP-cells were found to be associated with autologous D-region determinants irrespective of HLA-B locus antigens. Family studies of secondary TNP-conjugate proliferative responses demonstrated a gene dosage effect in this phenomenon. Moreover, co-culture with allogeneic cells did not affect the net TNP-conjugate proliferative responses of primed responder cells, suggesting that HLA-D region preference was due to a requirement for representation of TNP-molecules in association or combination with autologous MHC structures. Alloantigens were found to influence the sensitization of lymphocytes to autologous hapten-conjugated cells. Co-culture of allogeneic and TNP-modified autologous stimulator cells in primary cultures enhanced the secondary TNP proliferative response. Sensitization of human lymphocytes to allogeneic cells alone did not prime responses to autologous modified cells. However, priming lymphocytes to modified autologous cells potentiated responses to allogeneic cells. The data suggest a complex relationship between responses to alloantigens and modified autologous cells.", "PMID": 87444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10759", "title": "The proliferative response of human lymphocytes to antigen is suppressed preferentially by lymphocytes precultured with the same antigen.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes activated in vitro with antigen to which the donor is reactive are capable of suppressing the secondary proliferative response of autochthonous fresh cells to antigen. Both antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific suppression can be detected in each experiment. These suppressor cells act by decreasing the number of lymphocytes entering the proliferative response rather than by slowing or otherwise inhibiting ongoing proliferation. The suppressor cells must be added soon after fresh cells are stimulated with antigen to be effective, but the suppressor cells themselves need not proliferate to exert their effect. Suppressor cells are optimally effective when added in numbers equal to those of the responding population, but still exert a significant effect at one-eighth that number.", "contents": "The proliferative response of human lymphocytes to antigen is suppressed preferentially by lymphocytes precultured with the same antigen. Human blood lymphocytes activated in vitro with antigen to which the donor is reactive are capable of suppressing the secondary proliferative response of autochthonous fresh cells to antigen. Both antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific suppression can be detected in each experiment. These suppressor cells act by decreasing the number of lymphocytes entering the proliferative response rather than by slowing or otherwise inhibiting ongoing proliferation. The suppressor cells must be added soon after fresh cells are stimulated with antigen to be effective, but the suppressor cells themselves need not proliferate to exert their effect. Suppressor cells are optimally effective when added in numbers equal to those of the responding population, but still exert a significant effect at one-eighth that number.", "PMID": 87445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10760", "title": "Immune suppression in vivo with antigen-modified syngeneic cells. II. T cell-mediated nonresponsiveness to fowl gamma-globulin.", "content": "Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells coupled with the palmitoyl derivative of fowl gammma-globulin (p-F gamma G) results in a profound state of F gamma G-specific tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of p-F gamma G coupled syngeneic cells specifically reduces both the primary and secondary hapten and carrier-specific PFC responses to TNP-F gamma G. Since the haptenic response is affected, the tolerance functions at the level of the F gamma G-specific helper T cell. As few as 10(3) p-F gamma G spleen cells carrying only 1 ng of p-F gamma G can induce tolerance. At least a 2-day-induction period is required. This nonresponsiveness is long lived, lasting over 120 days. Spleen cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. Treatment of tolerant spleens with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum + C eliminates the suppressor cell activity. In addition, thymocytes and purified splenic T cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal recipients. Thus, at least a component of this nonresponsiveness is mediated by suppressor T cells. The requirement of antigen association with cell membrane components and the general applicability of this method of inducing T cell nonresponsiveness are discussed.", "contents": "Immune suppression in vivo with antigen-modified syngeneic cells. II. T cell-mediated nonresponsiveness to fowl gamma-globulin. Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells coupled with the palmitoyl derivative of fowl gammma-globulin (p-F gamma G) results in a profound state of F gamma G-specific tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of p-F gamma G coupled syngeneic cells specifically reduces both the primary and secondary hapten and carrier-specific PFC responses to TNP-F gamma G. Since the haptenic response is affected, the tolerance functions at the level of the F gamma G-specific helper T cell. As few as 10(3) p-F gamma G spleen cells carrying only 1 ng of p-F gamma G can induce tolerance. At least a 2-day-induction period is required. This nonresponsiveness is long lived, lasting over 120 days. Spleen cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. Treatment of tolerant spleens with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum + C eliminates the suppressor cell activity. In addition, thymocytes and purified splenic T cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal recipients. Thus, at least a component of this nonresponsiveness is mediated by suppressor T cells. The requirement of antigen association with cell membrane components and the general applicability of this method of inducing T cell nonresponsiveness are discussed.", "PMID": 87447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10761", "title": "Evidence for shared idiotypy expressed by the IgM, IgG, and IgA serum proteins of a patient with a complex multiple paraprotein disorder.", "content": "The results of a comparative idiotypic analysis of multiple Ig paraproteins isolated from the serum of an individual patient, Ca, with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia are reported. At initial presentation, Ca serum was found to contain two major paraproteins, an IgMkappa and an IgGkappa, together with a small elevation in the level of IgA protein. The patient's clinical course was characterized by dramatic and opposing changes in the respective serum levels of the IgMkappa and IgGkappa paraproteins over an extended time period that coincided in part with received chemotherapy. Idiotypic antigenic analysis of the IgMkappa and IgGkappa paraproteins revealed that the two monotypic proteins shared identical idiotypic determinants. The Ca IgA serum fraction, specifically isolated by an immunoabsorbent and free of any IgG and IgM, was shown to possess idiotypic determinants identical to the IgG and IgM proteins. In extensive tests of specificity, the idiotypic determinants shared by Ca IgM, IgG, and IgA proteins were not present in large excesses of heterologous IgM and IgG, nor on Ig molecules contained in a large number of normal and myeloma sera.", "contents": "Evidence for shared idiotypy expressed by the IgM, IgG, and IgA serum proteins of a patient with a complex multiple paraprotein disorder. The results of a comparative idiotypic analysis of multiple Ig paraproteins isolated from the serum of an individual patient, Ca, with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia are reported. At initial presentation, Ca serum was found to contain two major paraproteins, an IgMkappa and an IgGkappa, together with a small elevation in the level of IgA protein. The patient's clinical course was characterized by dramatic and opposing changes in the respective serum levels of the IgMkappa and IgGkappa paraproteins over an extended time period that coincided in part with received chemotherapy. Idiotypic antigenic analysis of the IgMkappa and IgGkappa paraproteins revealed that the two monotypic proteins shared identical idiotypic determinants. The Ca IgA serum fraction, specifically isolated by an immunoabsorbent and free of any IgG and IgM, was shown to possess idiotypic determinants identical to the IgG and IgM proteins. In extensive tests of specificity, the idiotypic determinants shared by Ca IgM, IgG, and IgA proteins were not present in large excesses of heterologous IgM and IgG, nor on Ig molecules contained in a large number of normal and myeloma sera.", "PMID": 87449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10762", "title": "The activation of the alternative complement pathway by fetal calf serum and mouse thymocytes.", "content": "Mouse thymocytes activated the alternative complement pathway of mouse serum in the presence of heated fetal calf serum. The activation required C3 from the fetal calf serum but was independent of antibody either in the murine or bovine serum. No other murine cells tested, including erythrocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph node cells, spleen cells, and various cultured cell lines, activated the alternative complement pathway as effectively as thymocytes. In addition, sera from species other than cows could not substitute for fetal calf serum. The C3 deposited on thymocytes was in the form of both C3b (immune adherence positive) and C3bi (conglutinable). We propose that the basis of activation in this system is the specific protection of bovine C3b on mouse thymocyte surface.", "contents": "The activation of the alternative complement pathway by fetal calf serum and mouse thymocytes. Mouse thymocytes activated the alternative complement pathway of mouse serum in the presence of heated fetal calf serum. The activation required C3 from the fetal calf serum but was independent of antibody either in the murine or bovine serum. No other murine cells tested, including erythrocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph node cells, spleen cells, and various cultured cell lines, activated the alternative complement pathway as effectively as thymocytes. In addition, sera from species other than cows could not substitute for fetal calf serum. The C3 deposited on thymocytes was in the form of both C3b (immune adherence positive) and C3bi (conglutinable). We propose that the basis of activation in this system is the specific protection of bovine C3b on mouse thymocyte surface.", "PMID": 87451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10763", "title": "Slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated peritoneal mast cells of the normal rat. I. Conditions of generation and initial characterization.", "content": "When rat peritoneal mast cells were exposed to the ionophore A23187, a principle was released that possessed the biologic properties of slow reacting substance (SRS) from various sources. The response was dose, time, and temperature dependent with no activity being demonstrated in unstimulated cells. Supporting evidence that the mast cell product was similar or identical to SRS obtained from other sources include: 1) appropriate differential bioassay profile, 2) resistance to lipolysis and proteolysis, 3) acid lability and base stability, 4) inactivation by limpet arylsulfatase, and 5) inhibition by low concentrations FPL 55712. These data demonstrate that the isolated rat peritoneal mast cell contains the biosynthetic capacity to produce a bioreactive substance with the properties of SRS.", "contents": "Slow reacting substance (SRS) from ionophore A23187-stimulated peritoneal mast cells of the normal rat. I. Conditions of generation and initial characterization. When rat peritoneal mast cells were exposed to the ionophore A23187, a principle was released that possessed the biologic properties of slow reacting substance (SRS) from various sources. The response was dose, time, and temperature dependent with no activity being demonstrated in unstimulated cells. Supporting evidence that the mast cell product was similar or identical to SRS obtained from other sources include: 1) appropriate differential bioassay profile, 2) resistance to lipolysis and proteolysis, 3) acid lability and base stability, 4) inactivation by limpet arylsulfatase, and 5) inhibition by low concentrations FPL 55712. These data demonstrate that the isolated rat peritoneal mast cell contains the biosynthetic capacity to produce a bioreactive substance with the properties of SRS.", "PMID": 87453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10764", "title": "Regulation of IgE antibody production by serum molecules. V. Evidence that coincidental sensitization and imbalance in the normal damping mechanism results in \"allergic breakthrough\".", "content": "Experiments presented in this paper were designed to test a new concept concerning the possible pathogenesis of the allergic phenotype. This concept, termed \"allergic breakthrough\" considers that one of the avenues toward the allergic phenotype involves coincidental sensitization combined with an imbalance in the normal damping mechanism that serves to limit IgE antibody production. The three predictions of this concept that can be tested experimentally are: 1) manipulations that are effective in heightening or re-establishing the damping mechanism should manifest persistence insofar as IgE antibody synthesis to the relevant allergen is concerned; 2) once allergic breakthrough has occurred, the height of production of IgE antibodies specific for the sensitizing agent should remain elevated at levels characteristic of the allergic phenotype, even after the threshold of damping activity has returned to a normal level; and 3) allergic breakthrough should display specificity in that breakthrough would occur in response to subsequent exposure to the specific antigen to which coincidental sensitization initially occurred, but not for other unrelated antigens. The studies presented herein confirm each one of these predictions, thereby providing substantial support for the validity of this concept as one possible distinguishing feature between individuals manifesting the nonallergic and allergic phenotypes, respectively.", "contents": "Regulation of IgE antibody production by serum molecules. V. Evidence that coincidental sensitization and imbalance in the normal damping mechanism results in \"allergic breakthrough\". Experiments presented in this paper were designed to test a new concept concerning the possible pathogenesis of the allergic phenotype. This concept, termed \"allergic breakthrough\" considers that one of the avenues toward the allergic phenotype involves coincidental sensitization combined with an imbalance in the normal damping mechanism that serves to limit IgE antibody production. The three predictions of this concept that can be tested experimentally are: 1) manipulations that are effective in heightening or re-establishing the damping mechanism should manifest persistence insofar as IgE antibody synthesis to the relevant allergen is concerned; 2) once allergic breakthrough has occurred, the height of production of IgE antibodies specific for the sensitizing agent should remain elevated at levels characteristic of the allergic phenotype, even after the threshold of damping activity has returned to a normal level; and 3) allergic breakthrough should display specificity in that breakthrough would occur in response to subsequent exposure to the specific antigen to which coincidental sensitization initially occurred, but not for other unrelated antigens. The studies presented herein confirm each one of these predictions, thereby providing substantial support for the validity of this concept as one possible distinguishing feature between individuals manifesting the nonallergic and allergic phenotypes, respectively.", "PMID": 87455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10765", "title": "Specific inhibition of human lymphocyte responses by primed autologous lymphocytes. I. Evaluation of MLR inhibition as a model for suppression.", "content": "Human lymphocytes from person A, primed for 10 to 14 days in MLC against lymphocytes from person B, inhibit specifically the proliferative response to B by fresh (i.e., unprimed) lymphocytes of A. Gamma-irradiated (2000 R) primed lymphocytes likewise inhibit specifically, although less strongly. Cells of A, primed with cells of B and then irradiated, usually can inhibit the response of A to cells of any individual sharing HLA-D antigens with B, and the effect tends to be independent of the number of stimulating cells. We also often see inhibition of responses to cells sharing HLA-A and -B antigens with person B, but this effect tends to be lost when the number of stimulating cells is increased. Similarly, at low doses, cells primed for HLA-D antigen a appear not to inhibit the response to an irrelevant HLA-D antigen b on the same stimulating cell. At higher doses of primed cells, even the response to the irrelevant antigen is inhibited. These data suggest to us that at least two mechnaisms may be involved: one directed at the stimulating cell (most likely cell-mediated cytolysis), and predominant at high ratios of primed cells to stimulating cells; the other directed at specific clones of responding cells, and predominant at low ratios.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of human lymphocyte responses by primed autologous lymphocytes. I. Evaluation of MLR inhibition as a model for suppression. Human lymphocytes from person A, primed for 10 to 14 days in MLC against lymphocytes from person B, inhibit specifically the proliferative response to B by fresh (i.e., unprimed) lymphocytes of A. Gamma-irradiated (2000 R) primed lymphocytes likewise inhibit specifically, although less strongly. Cells of A, primed with cells of B and then irradiated, usually can inhibit the response of A to cells of any individual sharing HLA-D antigens with B, and the effect tends to be independent of the number of stimulating cells. We also often see inhibition of responses to cells sharing HLA-A and -B antigens with person B, but this effect tends to be lost when the number of stimulating cells is increased. Similarly, at low doses, cells primed for HLA-D antigen a appear not to inhibit the response to an irrelevant HLA-D antigen b on the same stimulating cell. At higher doses of primed cells, even the response to the irrelevant antigen is inhibited. These data suggest to us that at least two mechnaisms may be involved: one directed at the stimulating cell (most likely cell-mediated cytolysis), and predominant at high ratios of primed cells to stimulating cells; the other directed at specific clones of responding cells, and predominant at low ratios.", "PMID": 87456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10766", "title": "Suppressor cells for the afferent phase of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride: inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by T cells from mice injected with picryl sulfonic acid.", "content": "Previous reports have shown that picryl sulfonic acid (PSA) induces suppressor T cells that inhibit the effector phase of contact sensitivity, whereeas its DNP counterpart, dinitrobenzenesulfonate (DNBS) induces cells that inhibit the afferent phase of sensitization. Accordingly, cells from mice injected with DNBS, but not PSA, could be shown to inhibit the DNA synthesis in the lymph nodes that occurs during sensitization. It is now shown that PSA does induce T cells that suppress DNA synthesis but this can only be detected with enriched T cells or by using a regimen of PSA injection different frm previously used to induce suppressor cells for the effector phase. The T cells did not affect responses to oxazolone or dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and were distinguishable from suppressors of the efferent phase in that they could be produced in adult thymectomized but not cyclophosphamide-treated mice. T cells from mice injected with DNBS that inhibited DNA synthesis to DNFB had the same properties.", "contents": "Suppressor cells for the afferent phase of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride: inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by T cells from mice injected with picryl sulfonic acid. Previous reports have shown that picryl sulfonic acid (PSA) induces suppressor T cells that inhibit the effector phase of contact sensitivity, whereeas its DNP counterpart, dinitrobenzenesulfonate (DNBS) induces cells that inhibit the afferent phase of sensitization. Accordingly, cells from mice injected with DNBS, but not PSA, could be shown to inhibit the DNA synthesis in the lymph nodes that occurs during sensitization. It is now shown that PSA does induce T cells that suppress DNA synthesis but this can only be detected with enriched T cells or by using a regimen of PSA injection different frm previously used to induce suppressor cells for the effector phase. The T cells did not affect responses to oxazolone or dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and were distinguishable from suppressors of the efferent phase in that they could be produced in adult thymectomized but not cyclophosphamide-treated mice. T cells from mice injected with DNBS that inhibited DNA synthesis to DNFB had the same properties.", "PMID": 87459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10767", "title": "Binding studies with antibodies having phosphorylcholine specificity and fragments derived from their homologous Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 capsular polysaccharide.", "content": "The capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 (S-27) has been fragmented into oligosaccharides by controlled degradations. Binding of these derived small ligands with heterogeneous rabbit anti-S-27 antibody of selected phosphorylcholine affinity indicates that a major immunodeterminant of S-27 is the phosphorylcholine moiety, but that these anti-PC. antibodies are also capable of binding to the polysaccharide backbone from which the P.C. has been removed.", "contents": "Binding studies with antibodies having phosphorylcholine specificity and fragments derived from their homologous Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 capsular polysaccharide. The capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 (S-27) has been fragmented into oligosaccharides by controlled degradations. Binding of these derived small ligands with heterogeneous rabbit anti-S-27 antibody of selected phosphorylcholine affinity indicates that a major immunodeterminant of S-27 is the phosphorylcholine moiety, but that these anti-PC. antibodies are also capable of binding to the polysaccharide backbone from which the P.C. has been removed.", "PMID": 87460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10768", "title": "Neoantigen of the complement membrane attack complex of cytotoxic human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) specific for the assembling membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy on the surface of cytotoxic lymphocytes during the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reaction. This study employed antibody-sensitized chicken erythrocytes as target cells, human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells, and RITC-conjugated rabbit F(ab')2-anti-neoAg. NeoAg was present on 60% of ADCC plaque-forming lymphocytes (PFL). Eight out of 182 neoAg-positive PFL were observed in direct contact with their target cells. In these cases MAC-specific neoAg was visualized at the zone of contact between the cells. Anti-neoAg Ig was found to inhibit ADCC plaque assays up to 62%; and 51Cr-release assays up to 79%. Stimulation of lymphocytes by PHA or mixed lymphocyte culture increased the expression of neoAg. In the case of PHA, increased neoAg expression was correlated with an increased incorporation of 14C-leucine into C5, C6, C7, and C8 antigens, which was detected by immunodiffusion and autoradiography.", "contents": "Neoantigen of the complement membrane attack complex of cytotoxic human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) specific for the assembling membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy on the surface of cytotoxic lymphocytes during the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) reaction. This study employed antibody-sensitized chicken erythrocytes as target cells, human peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells, and RITC-conjugated rabbit F(ab')2-anti-neoAg. NeoAg was present on 60% of ADCC plaque-forming lymphocytes (PFL). Eight out of 182 neoAg-positive PFL were observed in direct contact with their target cells. In these cases MAC-specific neoAg was visualized at the zone of contact between the cells. Anti-neoAg Ig was found to inhibit ADCC plaque assays up to 62%; and 51Cr-release assays up to 79%. Stimulation of lymphocytes by PHA or mixed lymphocyte culture increased the expression of neoAg. In the case of PHA, increased neoAg expression was correlated with an increased incorporation of 14C-leucine into C5, C6, C7, and C8 antigens, which was detected by immunodiffusion and autoradiography.", "PMID": 87461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10769", "title": "Properties and applications of monoclonal antibodies directed against determinants of the Thy-1 locus.", "content": "Fusion of cells of the mouse myeloma line, P3/X63-Ag8 with spleen cells from AKR/J mice immunized against C3H thymocytes or from (BALB/c x BALB.K)F1 mice immunized against AKR/J thymocytes gave rise to hybrid cell lines that continuously secrete antibodies specific for the Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 antigens, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies from four such cell lines were analyzed in detail. All were 19S IgM, and, in the presence of complement (C), had high lytic titers on T cells of the appropriate antigenicity. Their specificity was shown by lysis of thymocytes from Thy-1 congenic mouse strains, A/J(Thy-1.2) and A. Thy 1.1. Furthermore, they lyse only 60 to 70% of lymph node cells, suggesting cytotoxicity for mature T cells and not B cells. Treatment of peripheral lymphocyte populations with monoclonal antibody plus C eliminated effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, their precursors, and the mitogenic response to Con A, but did not affect the response to LPS. Purified, fluorescein-labeled monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody could be used to distinguish T and B cells. Purified antibody coupled to Sepharose 6MB was used to separate viable T and B cells. Two independently isolated anti-Thy-1.2 hybridomas are indistinguishable and bind the same determinant whereas a third is unique and may bind a separate site.", "contents": "Properties and applications of monoclonal antibodies directed against determinants of the Thy-1 locus. Fusion of cells of the mouse myeloma line, P3/X63-Ag8 with spleen cells from AKR/J mice immunized against C3H thymocytes or from (BALB/c x BALB.K)F1 mice immunized against AKR/J thymocytes gave rise to hybrid cell lines that continuously secrete antibodies specific for the Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1 antigens, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies from four such cell lines were analyzed in detail. All were 19S IgM, and, in the presence of complement (C), had high lytic titers on T cells of the appropriate antigenicity. Their specificity was shown by lysis of thymocytes from Thy-1 congenic mouse strains, A/J(Thy-1.2) and A. Thy 1.1. Furthermore, they lyse only 60 to 70% of lymph node cells, suggesting cytotoxicity for mature T cells and not B cells. Treatment of peripheral lymphocyte populations with monoclonal antibody plus C eliminated effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, their precursors, and the mitogenic response to Con A, but did not affect the response to LPS. Purified, fluorescein-labeled monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody could be used to distinguish T and B cells. Purified antibody coupled to Sepharose 6MB was used to separate viable T and B cells. Two independently isolated anti-Thy-1.2 hybridomas are indistinguishable and bind the same determinant whereas a third is unique and may bind a separate site.", "PMID": 87465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10770", "title": "In search of alpha 1-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "alpha 1-Microglobulin was found by immunofluorescence not to be associated with human lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines. No accumulation of alpha 1-microglobulin was detected in culture media of these cell lines. A weak membrane fluorescence with anti-alpha 1-microglobulin on peripheral lymphocytes could not be blocked by the purified protein. No release of alpha 1-microglobulin into the growth medium was seen by normal cultured leukocytes. Treatment of normal lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and various cell lines with solubilization techniques did not yield any alpha 1-microglobulin. alpha 1-Microglobulin and protein HC display immunologic and biochemical identity. However, anti-protein HC stained almost all of the tested cell lines and normal lymphocytes. Blocking experiments with the purified protein were not successful. Antibodies reacting with a minor impurity (50,000 d) in the alpha 1-microglobulin or protein HC preparations could be absorbed from anti-alpha 1-microglobulin with normal leukocytes and a lymphoid cell line.", "contents": "In search of alpha 1-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface. alpha 1-Microglobulin was found by immunofluorescence not to be associated with human lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines. No accumulation of alpha 1-microglobulin was detected in culture media of these cell lines. A weak membrane fluorescence with anti-alpha 1-microglobulin on peripheral lymphocytes could not be blocked by the purified protein. No release of alpha 1-microglobulin into the growth medium was seen by normal cultured leukocytes. Treatment of normal lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and various cell lines with solubilization techniques did not yield any alpha 1-microglobulin. alpha 1-Microglobulin and protein HC display immunologic and biochemical identity. However, anti-protein HC stained almost all of the tested cell lines and normal lymphocytes. Blocking experiments with the purified protein were not successful. Antibodies reacting with a minor impurity (50,000 d) in the alpha 1-microglobulin or protein HC preparations could be absorbed from anti-alpha 1-microglobulin with normal leukocytes and a lymphoid cell line.", "PMID": 87466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10771", "title": "Genetic control of the IgG2a response to sheep erythrocytes in mice: isotype- and antigen-specific T cell-mediated suppression in low responders.", "content": "The IgG2a response to sheep erythrocytes is examined in different congenic strains of mice. B10, B6, and C57BL/Ks animals produce a low level of IgG2a antibodies to SRBC during the primary response in vivo. They remain low responders after secondary challenge in vitro. Total spleen cells or nylon-purified T cells from these low responders inhibit the IgG2a response of H-2 compatible-responding mice in a mixed culture system. This suppression is mediated by Thy-1+, Ly-1-, Ly-2+, and I-J+T cells only present in the spleen of low responding animals. These suppressor T cells appear to be IgG2a- and SRBC-specific. Function of non-H-2-linked genes as regulators of suppressor T cells differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of the IgG2a response to sheep erythrocytes in mice: isotype- and antigen-specific T cell-mediated suppression in low responders. The IgG2a response to sheep erythrocytes is examined in different congenic strains of mice. B10, B6, and C57BL/Ks animals produce a low level of IgG2a antibodies to SRBC during the primary response in vivo. They remain low responders after secondary challenge in vitro. Total spleen cells or nylon-purified T cells from these low responders inhibit the IgG2a response of H-2 compatible-responding mice in a mixed culture system. This suppression is mediated by Thy-1+, Ly-1-, Ly-2+, and I-J+T cells only present in the spleen of low responding animals. These suppressor T cells appear to be IgG2a- and SRBC-specific. Function of non-H-2-linked genes as regulators of suppressor T cells differentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 87467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10772", "title": "Maturation of the lymphoid system. I. Induction of tolerance in neonates with a T-dependent antigen that is an obligate immunogen in adults.", "content": "A/J mice displayed a striking ontogenetic difference in the capacity to respond to DNP-Ficoll, a T-independent antigen, and to aggregated human gamma-globulin (AHGG), a T-dependent antigen. Thus, whereas responses to DNP-Ficoll of 4-day-old mice were similar in magnitude to those of adult animals, responses to AHGG did not become pronounced until mice were some 30 to 40 days of age. The inability of young animals to respond to AHGG was reflective of a negative consequence of lymphocyte/antigen interaction, since such mice became specifically unresponsive to subsequent challenges with AHGG. Unresponsiveness induced by neonatal injection of AHGG lasted 50 to 60 days, in contrast to that induced by deaggregated HGG, which persisted some 100 days longer. The unresponsive state induced by injection of neonates with AHGG maintained itself upon adoptive transfer and did not appear to be linked to suppressive factors associated with either serum or lymphoid cells for its maintenance. Finally, AHGG was also shown to be capable of inducing unresponsiveness in neonatal, athymic mice. These results demonstrate that AHGG, the normally immunogenic form of HGG in adult mice, can serve as an effective tolerogen when administered into a neonatal environment.", "contents": "Maturation of the lymphoid system. I. Induction of tolerance in neonates with a T-dependent antigen that is an obligate immunogen in adults. A/J mice displayed a striking ontogenetic difference in the capacity to respond to DNP-Ficoll, a T-independent antigen, and to aggregated human gamma-globulin (AHGG), a T-dependent antigen. Thus, whereas responses to DNP-Ficoll of 4-day-old mice were similar in magnitude to those of adult animals, responses to AHGG did not become pronounced until mice were some 30 to 40 days of age. The inability of young animals to respond to AHGG was reflective of a negative consequence of lymphocyte/antigen interaction, since such mice became specifically unresponsive to subsequent challenges with AHGG. Unresponsiveness induced by neonatal injection of AHGG lasted 50 to 60 days, in contrast to that induced by deaggregated HGG, which persisted some 100 days longer. The unresponsive state induced by injection of neonates with AHGG maintained itself upon adoptive transfer and did not appear to be linked to suppressive factors associated with either serum or lymphoid cells for its maintenance. Finally, AHGG was also shown to be capable of inducing unresponsiveness in neonatal, athymic mice. These results demonstrate that AHGG, the normally immunogenic form of HGG in adult mice, can serve as an effective tolerogen when administered into a neonatal environment.", "PMID": 87468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10773", "title": "Maturation of the lymphoid system. II. Characterization of the cellular levels of unresponsiveness induced in neonates by a T-dependent antigen that is an obligate immunogen in adults.", "content": "It has previously shown that AHGG, a form of HGG that is highly immunogenic in euthymic adult mice, is capable of inducing specific unresponsiveness when injected into neonatal animals. This report extends this finding and indicates that such a neonatal treatment results in the induction of tolerance in T as well as B cells. Furthermore, a similar conclusion was reached regarding specific T lymphocyte function in animals treated as neonates with OVA. The ability of LPS to modulate responses of neonatal animals to AHGG or DHGG was also examined. It appeared that such mice were not susceptible to the adjuvant effects of LPS until the 4th week of life. Furthermore, LPS was incapable of inhibiting the unresponsiveness induced in mice by either DHGG or AHGG until the 3rd or 4th week of life.", "contents": "Maturation of the lymphoid system. II. Characterization of the cellular levels of unresponsiveness induced in neonates by a T-dependent antigen that is an obligate immunogen in adults. It has previously shown that AHGG, a form of HGG that is highly immunogenic in euthymic adult mice, is capable of inducing specific unresponsiveness when injected into neonatal animals. This report extends this finding and indicates that such a neonatal treatment results in the induction of tolerance in T as well as B cells. Furthermore, a similar conclusion was reached regarding specific T lymphocyte function in animals treated as neonates with OVA. The ability of LPS to modulate responses of neonatal animals to AHGG or DHGG was also examined. It appeared that such mice were not susceptible to the adjuvant effects of LPS until the 4th week of life. Furthermore, LPS was incapable of inhibiting the unresponsiveness induced in mice by either DHGG or AHGG until the 3rd or 4th week of life.", "PMID": 87469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10774", "title": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. IV. Dual recognition of B cell-associated Mls locus and I-region determinants by a helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) generated across a minor H locus disparity.", "content": "A helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) was produced across an incompatibility at the minor histocompatibility loci. This AEF is genetically restricted in its activity since it helps B cells only of the stimulator haplotype and of haplotypes that share both an Mls and I-region identity with the stimulator haplotype. The I-region genes involved here map to the I-A and/or I-C subregions. An anti-LyM immunoadsorbent column but neither an anti-H-2 nor an anti-Ia column absorbed AEF helper activity. It is suggested that the activation of T helper cells by a positive allogeneic effect across a minor H locus difference and their genetically restricted interaction with allogeneic B cells may in part be due to the acquisition by alloactivated T cells of stimulator cell-derived LyM and/or Mls determinants. The data presented indicate that helper T cells recognize Mls locus alloantigens in the milieu of self Ia antigens.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. IV. Dual recognition of B cell-associated Mls locus and I-region determinants by a helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) generated across a minor H locus disparity. A helper allogeneic effect factor (AEF) was produced across an incompatibility at the minor histocompatibility loci. This AEF is genetically restricted in its activity since it helps B cells only of the stimulator haplotype and of haplotypes that share both an Mls and I-region identity with the stimulator haplotype. The I-region genes involved here map to the I-A and/or I-C subregions. An anti-LyM immunoadsorbent column but neither an anti-H-2 nor an anti-Ia column absorbed AEF helper activity. It is suggested that the activation of T helper cells by a positive allogeneic effect across a minor H locus difference and their genetically restricted interaction with allogeneic B cells may in part be due to the acquisition by alloactivated T cells of stimulator cell-derived LyM and/or Mls determinants. The data presented indicate that helper T cells recognize Mls locus alloantigens in the milieu of self Ia antigens.", "PMID": 87470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10775", "title": "The action of strontium on basophil leukocytes and its use to probe the relationship between immunologic stimulus and secretory response.", "content": "Strontium will substitute for calcium in the activation of histamine secretion from human basophil leukocytes stimulated by an immunologic reaction or by the ionophore A23187. Strontium is required in 10-fold higher concentration (1 to 10 mM) to activate histamine release compared with calcium (0.1 to 1.0 mM). In terms of maximum release obtainable for a particular immunologic stimulus, strontium is more effective than calcium. Results are presented to show that calcium and strontium act at the same site but strontium is a more sensitive probe for that site. Strontium can be used to demonstrate that immunologic stimuli activate calcium-binding sites in basophils even when no secretion is observed in the presence of calcium. It is suggested that the degree of secretion observed from basophils depends on the number of occupied Fc receptors for IgE and the coupling of these Fc receptors to calcium transport sites.", "contents": "The action of strontium on basophil leukocytes and its use to probe the relationship between immunologic stimulus and secretory response. Strontium will substitute for calcium in the activation of histamine secretion from human basophil leukocytes stimulated by an immunologic reaction or by the ionophore A23187. Strontium is required in 10-fold higher concentration (1 to 10 mM) to activate histamine release compared with calcium (0.1 to 1.0 mM). In terms of maximum release obtainable for a particular immunologic stimulus, strontium is more effective than calcium. Results are presented to show that calcium and strontium act at the same site but strontium is a more sensitive probe for that site. Strontium can be used to demonstrate that immunologic stimuli activate calcium-binding sites in basophils even when no secretion is observed in the presence of calcium. It is suggested that the degree of secretion observed from basophils depends on the number of occupied Fc receptors for IgE and the coupling of these Fc receptors to calcium transport sites.", "PMID": 87471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10776", "title": "Thymic control of secretory antibody responses in the rat.", "content": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on salivary and serum antibody responses was studied in rats. Local immunization of thymectomized rats with a T-dependent antigen (DNPBGG) elicited negligible amounts of IgA anti-DNP antibody in saliva. In contrast, both normal and sham-thymectomized animals demonstrated substantial levels of salivary IgA antibody. All thymectomized rats locally injected with a T-independent antigen (DNP-Lys-Ficoll) exhibited salivary IgA antibody production. Salivary IgG antibodies were somewhat decreased in thymectomized rats injected with either antigen; however, the final effect of T cell deprivation on IgG synthesis was not as pronounced as on IgA synthesis. Serum IgA antibody was induced in control rats injected with DNPBGG, whereas this Ig class of antibody was absent in thymectomized rats. The results suggest that thymus-derived cells exert a regulatory influence on both serum and secretory IgA responses to antigens.", "contents": "Thymic control of secretory antibody responses in the rat. The effect of neonatal thymectomy on salivary and serum antibody responses was studied in rats. Local immunization of thymectomized rats with a T-dependent antigen (DNPBGG) elicited negligible amounts of IgA anti-DNP antibody in saliva. In contrast, both normal and sham-thymectomized animals demonstrated substantial levels of salivary IgA antibody. All thymectomized rats locally injected with a T-independent antigen (DNP-Lys-Ficoll) exhibited salivary IgA antibody production. Salivary IgG antibodies were somewhat decreased in thymectomized rats injected with either antigen; however, the final effect of T cell deprivation on IgG synthesis was not as pronounced as on IgA synthesis. Serum IgA antibody was induced in control rats injected with DNPBGG, whereas this Ig class of antibody was absent in thymectomized rats. The results suggest that thymus-derived cells exert a regulatory influence on both serum and secretory IgA responses to antigens.", "PMID": 87472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10777", "title": "The genetics of PLT response. II. HLA-DRw is a major PLT-stimulating determinant.", "content": "PLT response is restricted by the HLA-D region. The present study was undertaken to help define the role of HLA-DRw in PLT restimulation. Haplotype-primed intrafamily PLT cells were made against specificities HLA-DRw1, HLA-DRw3, and HLA-DRw7; each PLT was then restimulated with cells from a 35-member unrelated panel. Restimulation values for each PLT were subjected to bimodal clustering analysis. In addition, blocking experiments were performed with other intrafamily and homozygous typing cell PLT after preincubation with B cell alloantisera. The results show a high correlation (0.881 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 1.00) between the HLA-DRw specificity of the priming haplotype and the HLA-DRw specificity of unrelated panel cells that restimulate in PLT. When stimulating cells were absorbed with the corresponding DRw alloantisera or p29,34 heteroantiserum (against B cell specific antigens), PLT restimulation was significantly blocked. However, the PLT cells treated with antisera showed no effect. The results strongly suggest that HLA-DRw is the principal PLT-stimulating determinant.", "contents": "The genetics of PLT response. II. HLA-DRw is a major PLT-stimulating determinant. PLT response is restricted by the HLA-D region. The present study was undertaken to help define the role of HLA-DRw in PLT restimulation. Haplotype-primed intrafamily PLT cells were made against specificities HLA-DRw1, HLA-DRw3, and HLA-DRw7; each PLT was then restimulated with cells from a 35-member unrelated panel. Restimulation values for each PLT were subjected to bimodal clustering analysis. In addition, blocking experiments were performed with other intrafamily and homozygous typing cell PLT after preincubation with B cell alloantisera. The results show a high correlation (0.881 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 1.00) between the HLA-DRw specificity of the priming haplotype and the HLA-DRw specificity of unrelated panel cells that restimulate in PLT. When stimulating cells were absorbed with the corresponding DRw alloantisera or p29,34 heteroantiserum (against B cell specific antigens), PLT restimulation was significantly blocked. However, the PLT cells treated with antisera showed no effect. The results strongly suggest that HLA-DRw is the principal PLT-stimulating determinant.", "PMID": 87478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10778", "title": "A serologic comparison of Moloney lymphoma cell surface and Moloney oncornavirus antigens.", "content": "Moloney lymphomas and Moloney sarcomas share strong tumor antigens. In this report we analyze the cell-surface antigens on a Balb/c Moloney lymphoma, LSTRA, using hyperimmune sarcoma regressor sera (alphaMo) as a primary reagent. We also use heterologous anti-viral p30 and gp70 sera for a direct analysis of virion protein antigens on the LSTRA surface. Using radiolabeled alphaMo-binding assays, we demonstrate that LSTRA tumor antigens detected by these sera are all Moloney viral antigens; approximately 1/3 of these antigenic determinants are expressed on the intact virus, and the other determinants are revealed by detergent lysis of the virus. The major viral antigens expressed on the LSTRA cell surface are viral env gene products, whereas gag gene products are only sparsely represented. We conclude that alphaMo sera detect almost exclusively viral antigens on LSTRA cells, and these antigens are almost exclusively virion env gene products.", "contents": "A serologic comparison of Moloney lymphoma cell surface and Moloney oncornavirus antigens. Moloney lymphomas and Moloney sarcomas share strong tumor antigens. In this report we analyze the cell-surface antigens on a Balb/c Moloney lymphoma, LSTRA, using hyperimmune sarcoma regressor sera (alphaMo) as a primary reagent. We also use heterologous anti-viral p30 and gp70 sera for a direct analysis of virion protein antigens on the LSTRA surface. Using radiolabeled alphaMo-binding assays, we demonstrate that LSTRA tumor antigens detected by these sera are all Moloney viral antigens; approximately 1/3 of these antigenic determinants are expressed on the intact virus, and the other determinants are revealed by detergent lysis of the virus. The major viral antigens expressed on the LSTRA cell surface are viral env gene products, whereas gag gene products are only sparsely represented. We conclude that alphaMo sera detect almost exclusively viral antigens on LSTRA cells, and these antigens are almost exclusively virion env gene products.", "PMID": 87479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10779", "title": "Specific inhibition of the antibody-mediated activation of a defective beta-D-galactosidase by circulating activating epitope-binding molecules.", "content": "Activation of a defective Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase by specific activating antibody is inhibited competitively by a molecule with immunoglobulin properties but devoid of activating capacity. This molecule is found in the serum of nonimmunized rabbits and is no longer detectable after beta-D-galactosidase administration, but can be demonstrated in rabbits injected with antigens other than the enzyme. The data show that the inhibitory molecule recognizes and interacts specifically with the activating epitope of the activatable enzyme and that, although unable to activate the latter, it competes with the activating antibody and inhibits activation.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of the antibody-mediated activation of a defective beta-D-galactosidase by circulating activating epitope-binding molecules. Activation of a defective Escherichia coli beta-D-galactosidase by specific activating antibody is inhibited competitively by a molecule with immunoglobulin properties but devoid of activating capacity. This molecule is found in the serum of nonimmunized rabbits and is no longer detectable after beta-D-galactosidase administration, but can be demonstrated in rabbits injected with antigens other than the enzyme. The data show that the inhibitory molecule recognizes and interacts specifically with the activating epitope of the activatable enzyme and that, although unable to activate the latter, it competes with the activating antibody and inhibits activation.", "PMID": 87481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10780", "title": "Immune response gene control of determinant selection. II. Genetic control of the murine T lymphocyte proliferative response to insulin.", "content": "The genetic control of the murine T cell proliferative response to insulin was examined. It was found for two responder strains of mice that each recognizes a different determinant on the insulin molecule. H-2b mice recognize a determinant in the A chain loop of insulin whereas H-2d mice recognize a determinant that resides in the B chain, possibly in the last eight amino acids. Using H-2 recombinant strains of mice, the location of Ir gene control of the response to both determinants was mapped to the K region and/or I-A subregion of H-2. The possibility of non-MHC regulation of MHC-controlled immune responses is suggested by studies of recombinant inbred strains of mice.", "contents": "Immune response gene control of determinant selection. II. Genetic control of the murine T lymphocyte proliferative response to insulin. The genetic control of the murine T cell proliferative response to insulin was examined. It was found for two responder strains of mice that each recognizes a different determinant on the insulin molecule. H-2b mice recognize a determinant in the A chain loop of insulin whereas H-2d mice recognize a determinant that resides in the B chain, possibly in the last eight amino acids. Using H-2 recombinant strains of mice, the location of Ir gene control of the response to both determinants was mapped to the K region and/or I-A subregion of H-2. The possibility of non-MHC regulation of MHC-controlled immune responses is suggested by studies of recombinant inbred strains of mice.", "PMID": 87482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10781", "title": "Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism.", "content": "Alcohol promotes accumulation of fat in the liver mainly by substitution of ethanol for fatty acids as the major hepatic fuel. The degree of lipid accumulation depends on the supply of dietary fat. Progressive alteration of the mitochondria, which occurs during chronic alcohol consumption, decreases fatty acid oxidation by interfering with citric acid cycle activity. This block is partially compensated for by increased ketone body production, which results in ketonemia. Thus, mitochondrial damage perpetuates fatty acid accumulation even in the absence of ethanol oxidation. Alcohol facilitates esterification of the accumulated fatty acids to triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters, all of which accumulate in the liver. The accumulated lipids are disposed of in part as serum lipoprotein, resulting in moderate hyperlipemia. In some individuals with pre-existing alterations  of lipid metabolism, small ethanol dose may provoke marked hyperlipemia which responds to alcohol withdrawal. Inhibition of the catabolism of cholesterol to bile salt may contribute to the hepatic accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. The capacity of lipoprotein production and hyperlipemia development increases during chronic alcohol consumption, probably as a result of the concomitant hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, this compensation is relatively inefficient in ridding the liver of fat. This inefficiency may be linked to alterations of hepatic microtubules induced by ethanol or its metabolites, which interfere with the export of protein from liver to serum, promoting hepatic accumulation of proteins as well as fat. As liver injury aggravates, hyperlipemia wanes and liver steatosis is exaggerated. Derangements of serum lipids similar to those found in other types of liver disease also become apparent. The changes in serum lipids may be a sensitive indicator of the progression of liver damage in the alcoholic.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism. Alcohol promotes accumulation of fat in the liver mainly by substitution of ethanol for fatty acids as the major hepatic fuel. The degree of lipid accumulation depends on the supply of dietary fat. Progressive alteration of the mitochondria, which occurs during chronic alcohol consumption, decreases fatty acid oxidation by interfering with citric acid cycle activity. This block is partially compensated for by increased ketone body production, which results in ketonemia. Thus, mitochondrial damage perpetuates fatty acid accumulation even in the absence of ethanol oxidation. Alcohol facilitates esterification of the accumulated fatty acids to triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters, all of which accumulate in the liver. The accumulated lipids are disposed of in part as serum lipoprotein, resulting in moderate hyperlipemia. In some individuals with pre-existing alterations  of lipid metabolism, small ethanol dose may provoke marked hyperlipemia which responds to alcohol withdrawal. Inhibition of the catabolism of cholesterol to bile salt may contribute to the hepatic accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. The capacity of lipoprotein production and hyperlipemia development increases during chronic alcohol consumption, probably as a result of the concomitant hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, this compensation is relatively inefficient in ridding the liver of fat. This inefficiency may be linked to alterations of hepatic microtubules induced by ethanol or its metabolites, which interfere with the export of protein from liver to serum, promoting hepatic accumulation of proteins as well as fat. As liver injury aggravates, hyperlipemia wanes and liver steatosis is exaggerated. Derangements of serum lipids similar to those found in other types of liver disease also become apparent. The changes in serum lipids may be a sensitive indicator of the progression of liver damage in the alcoholic.", "PMID": 87483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10782", "title": "Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. IV. Azobenzenearsonate-specific suppressor factor(s) bear cross-reactive idiotypic determinants the expression of which is linked to the heavy-chain allotype linkage group of genes.", "content": "T-cell derived suppressor factor(s) (SF) specific for azobenzenearsonate (ABA) were prepared by the mechanical disruption of suppressor cells. Such suppressor factors were adsorbed to and recovered from immunoadsorbents prepared from the F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit immunoglobulin directed against the cross-reactive idiotype of A/J anti-ABA antibodies. These ABA-suppressor factors were not retained on Sepharose 4B immunoadsorbent columns which had been coupled with F(ab')2 fragments or normal rabbit immunoglobulins prepared from prebleeds of rabbits used to make anti-idiotypic antiserum. The specificity of the F(ab')2 rabbit anti-idiotypic serum was established by direct idiotypic-binding assays and by affinity purification over an immunoadsorbent consisting of CRI+ anti-ABA immunoglobulin from A/J mice. ABA-suppressor factors were shown to be specifically absorbed and eluted from F(ab')2 anti-idiotypic columns. Futhermore, the eluted suppressor factor can be specifically reabsorbed and recovered from a second anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbent. The concordance between antigen-binding specificity and the presence of idiotypic determinants was demonstrated by adsorbing ABA SF to antigen columns and then fractionating the ABA-specific factor on anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbents. ABA-suppressor factors were shown to be specifically retained on immunoadsorbents directed against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants. Factor eluted from anti-MHC columns could then be specifically adsorbed to anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbents. This suggests that the same molecular complex that is recognized by the H-2 alloantiserum is specifically adsorbed to an anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbent. Genetic analysis of the expression of CRI+ suppressor factor was performed using the C.AL-20 mouse strain which has the AL/N allotype and produces CRI+ anti-ABA immunoglobulins. The implication of these findings to the nature of T-cell-derived regulatory molecules is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. IV. Azobenzenearsonate-specific suppressor factor(s) bear cross-reactive idiotypic determinants the expression of which is linked to the heavy-chain allotype linkage group of genes. T-cell derived suppressor factor(s) (SF) specific for azobenzenearsonate (ABA) were prepared by the mechanical disruption of suppressor cells. Such suppressor factors were adsorbed to and recovered from immunoadsorbents prepared from the F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit immunoglobulin directed against the cross-reactive idiotype of A/J anti-ABA antibodies. These ABA-suppressor factors were not retained on Sepharose 4B immunoadsorbent columns which had been coupled with F(ab')2 fragments or normal rabbit immunoglobulins prepared from prebleeds of rabbits used to make anti-idiotypic antiserum. The specificity of the F(ab')2 rabbit anti-idiotypic serum was established by direct idiotypic-binding assays and by affinity purification over an immunoadsorbent consisting of CRI+ anti-ABA immunoglobulin from A/J mice. ABA-suppressor factors were shown to be specifically absorbed and eluted from F(ab')2 anti-idiotypic columns. Futhermore, the eluted suppressor factor can be specifically reabsorbed and recovered from a second anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbent. The concordance between antigen-binding specificity and the presence of idiotypic determinants was demonstrated by adsorbing ABA SF to antigen columns and then fractionating the ABA-specific factor on anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbents. ABA-suppressor factors were shown to be specifically retained on immunoadsorbents directed against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants. Factor eluted from anti-MHC columns could then be specifically adsorbed to anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbents. This suggests that the same molecular complex that is recognized by the H-2 alloantiserum is specifically adsorbed to an anti-idiotypic immunoadsorbent. Genetic analysis of the expression of CRI+ suppressor factor was performed using the C.AL-20 mouse strain which has the AL/N allotype and produces CRI+ anti-ABA immunoglobulins. The implication of these findings to the nature of T-cell-derived regulatory molecules is discussed.", "PMID": 87484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10783", "title": "Tolerance induction during ontogeny. I. Presence of active suppression in mice rendered tolerant to human gamma-globulin in utero correlates with the breakdown of the tolerant state.", "content": "A specific state of T- and B-cell tolerance to human gamma-globulin (HGG) was induced in utero by intravenous administration of the deaggregated antigen to pregnant BALB/cCr mice. Tolerance persisted in the offspring until the 12th-wk of age and then began to gradually disappear. Suppressor cells could only be found when responsiveness to HGG ultimately appeared in the in utero-treated animals but not when they were completely unresponsives. In contrast, HGG-specific suppressors found in animals made unresponsive to HGG as adults appear to be associated with either the establishment and/or maintenance of the unresponsive state. To the extent that these experiments are consistent with natural self-tolerance to a serum protein, we conclude that active suppression is not a prerequisite from maintenance of unresponsiveness to self.", "contents": "Tolerance induction during ontogeny. I. Presence of active suppression in mice rendered tolerant to human gamma-globulin in utero correlates with the breakdown of the tolerant state. A specific state of T- and B-cell tolerance to human gamma-globulin (HGG) was induced in utero by intravenous administration of the deaggregated antigen to pregnant BALB/cCr mice. Tolerance persisted in the offspring until the 12th-wk of age and then began to gradually disappear. Suppressor cells could only be found when responsiveness to HGG ultimately appeared in the in utero-treated animals but not when they were completely unresponsives. In contrast, HGG-specific suppressors found in animals made unresponsive to HGG as adults appear to be associated with either the establishment and/or maintenance of the unresponsive state. To the extent that these experiments are consistent with natural self-tolerance to a serum protein, we conclude that active suppression is not a prerequisite from maintenance of unresponsiveness to self.", "PMID": 87485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10784", "title": "Induction and mode of action of suppressor cells generated against human gamma globulin. II. Effects of colchicine.", "content": "The ability of colchicine (Col) to interfere with suppressor cells specific for the soluble protein antigen human gamma globulin (HGG) has been examined. This interference may be the mechanism of the adjuvanticity promoted by Col. When injected into A/J mice at the appropriate time and concentration, both Col and cyclophosphamide promoted an adjuvant increase in the plaque-forming cell response to 100 micrograms of immunogenic, aggregated HGG. Col abrogated both the induction of suppressor cells when injected with 3 h of tolerization with deaggregated (DHGG) and the expression of previously induced suppressor cells when injected with the antigenic challenge. Interference with the generation and expression of antigen-specific suppressor cells had no detectable effects on the immunologic unresponsive state to HGG. Col did not interfere with the induction of tolerance at a dose (1 mg/kg) that abolished the generation of suppressor cells. Furthermore, the absence of colchicine-sensitive-suppressor cells during the establishment of tolerance had no observable effect on the duration of unresponsivness in either helper T- or B-lymphocyte populations. Finally, Col was not able to terminate the unresponsive state established by DHGG even when responsive splenic B cells could be demonstrated in tolerant animals. These data indicate that suppressor cells are not required for the establishment and maintenance of the unresponsive state to this antigen.", "contents": "Induction and mode of action of suppressor cells generated against human gamma globulin. II. Effects of colchicine. The ability of colchicine (Col) to interfere with suppressor cells specific for the soluble protein antigen human gamma globulin (HGG) has been examined. This interference may be the mechanism of the adjuvanticity promoted by Col. When injected into A/J mice at the appropriate time and concentration, both Col and cyclophosphamide promoted an adjuvant increase in the plaque-forming cell response to 100 micrograms of immunogenic, aggregated HGG. Col abrogated both the induction of suppressor cells when injected with 3 h of tolerization with deaggregated (DHGG) and the expression of previously induced suppressor cells when injected with the antigenic challenge. Interference with the generation and expression of antigen-specific suppressor cells had no detectable effects on the immunologic unresponsive state to HGG. Col did not interfere with the induction of tolerance at a dose (1 mg/kg) that abolished the generation of suppressor cells. Furthermore, the absence of colchicine-sensitive-suppressor cells during the establishment of tolerance had no observable effect on the duration of unresponsivness in either helper T- or B-lymphocyte populations. Finally, Col was not able to terminate the unresponsive state established by DHGG even when responsive splenic B cells could be demonstrated in tolerant animals. These data indicate that suppressor cells are not required for the establishment and maintenance of the unresponsive state to this antigen.", "PMID": 87486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10785", "title": "Active suppression of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-immune T cells. Requirement of an auxiliary T cell induced by antigen.", "content": "We investigated T-T cell interactions in the suppression of contact sensitivity. Suppressor cells that block the efferent limb of sensitivity (Ts-eff) can inhibit the passive transfer of contact sensitivity mediated by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene immune cells (T DH). But, Ts-eff cannot block the passive transfer of TDH which comes from cyclophosphamide (Cy) pretreated sensitized mice. We interpret these results to indicate that lymph node cells from sensitized mice contain not only TDH but also another intermediate cell which is required for the suppression of TDH by Ts-eff. This intermediate cell is sensitive to cyclophosphamide and requires antigen activation for its development. It is sensitive to adult thymectomy and anti-brain associated theta serum and is therefore designated as an auxiliary T-suppressor cell (Ts-aux). It is not sensitive to splenectomy and it carries I-J determinants. Ts-aux are required for the activity of suppressors of the efferent limb (Ts-eff) but not of suppressors of the afferent limb (Ts-aff). Thus, in the feedback loops in contact sensitivity, the generation of Tdh is coordinated with the development of auxiliary Ts which are essential for the suppression of those TDH.", "contents": "Active suppression of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-immune T cells. Requirement of an auxiliary T cell induced by antigen. We investigated T-T cell interactions in the suppression of contact sensitivity. Suppressor cells that block the efferent limb of sensitivity (Ts-eff) can inhibit the passive transfer of contact sensitivity mediated by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene immune cells (T DH). But, Ts-eff cannot block the passive transfer of TDH which comes from cyclophosphamide (Cy) pretreated sensitized mice. We interpret these results to indicate that lymph node cells from sensitized mice contain not only TDH but also another intermediate cell which is required for the suppression of TDH by Ts-eff. This intermediate cell is sensitive to cyclophosphamide and requires antigen activation for its development. It is sensitive to adult thymectomy and anti-brain associated theta serum and is therefore designated as an auxiliary T-suppressor cell (Ts-aux). It is not sensitive to splenectomy and it carries I-J determinants. Ts-aux are required for the activity of suppressors of the efferent limb (Ts-eff) but not of suppressors of the afferent limb (Ts-aff). Thus, in the feedback loops in contact sensitivity, the generation of Tdh is coordinated with the development of auxiliary Ts which are essential for the suppression of those TDH.", "PMID": 87487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10786", "title": "Mechanisms of idiotype suppression. I. In vitro generation of idiotype-specific suppressor T cells by anti-idiotype antibodies and specific antigen.", "content": "Normal BALB/c spleen cells are unresponsive in vitro to the phosphorylcholine (PC) determinant in the presence of anti-idiotype antibodies specific for the TEPC-15 myeloma protein (T15) which carries an idiotypic determinant indistinguishable from that of most anti-PC antibodies in BALB/c mice. The possibility that idiotype-specific suppressor cells may be generated during the culture period was examined by coculturing the cells with untreated syngeneic spleen cells. Cells that had been preincubated with anti-T15 idiotype (anti-T15id) antibodies and a PC-containing antigen, R36a for 3 d, were capable of specifically suppressing the anti-PC response of fresh normal spleen cells, indicating that idiotype-specific suppressor cells were generated during the culture period. The presence of specific antigen also appeared to be necessary because anti-T15id antibodies and a control antigen, DNP-Lys-Ficoll, were not capable of generating such suppressor cells. Suppressor cells were induced only in the population of spleen cells nonadherent to nylon wool and the suppressive activity was abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. These results indicate that anti-idiotype antibodies and specific antigen can generate idiotype-specific suppressor T cells in vitro. These in vitro results may reflect in vivo mechanisms of idiotype suppression.", "contents": "Mechanisms of idiotype suppression. I. In vitro generation of idiotype-specific suppressor T cells by anti-idiotype antibodies and specific antigen. Normal BALB/c spleen cells are unresponsive in vitro to the phosphorylcholine (PC) determinant in the presence of anti-idiotype antibodies specific for the TEPC-15 myeloma protein (T15) which carries an idiotypic determinant indistinguishable from that of most anti-PC antibodies in BALB/c mice. The possibility that idiotype-specific suppressor cells may be generated during the culture period was examined by coculturing the cells with untreated syngeneic spleen cells. Cells that had been preincubated with anti-T15 idiotype (anti-T15id) antibodies and a PC-containing antigen, R36a for 3 d, were capable of specifically suppressing the anti-PC response of fresh normal spleen cells, indicating that idiotype-specific suppressor cells were generated during the culture period. The presence of specific antigen also appeared to be necessary because anti-T15id antibodies and a control antigen, DNP-Lys-Ficoll, were not capable of generating such suppressor cells. Suppressor cells were induced only in the population of spleen cells nonadherent to nylon wool and the suppressive activity was abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. These results indicate that anti-idiotype antibodies and specific antigen can generate idiotype-specific suppressor T cells in vitro. These in vitro results may reflect in vivo mechanisms of idiotype suppression.", "PMID": 87488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10787", "title": "Different D end-dependent antigenic determinants are recognized by H-2-restricted cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza and Bebaru viruses.", "content": "Two different BALB/c anti-CBA (H-2k)monoclonal antibodies that bind to Kk and Dk antigens blocked Tc cell-mediated lysis of L929 (Kk, Dk) target cells, but with quite different specificity. One antibody (30R3) powerfully blocked Kk-specific lysis mediated by alloreactive or Kk-restricted Tc cells immune to ectromelia, Sendai, or influenza viruses. The other antibody (27R9) blocked these anti-Kk Tc cells much less than 30R3, but in contrast, 27R9 blocked anti-Dk lysis much more than 30R3. Most importantly, 27R9 strongly blocked Dk-restricted anti-influenza Tc cells, but did not significantly block Dk-restricted anti-Bebaru (BEB) lysis. This result indicated that different H-2 determinants coded in the D end of H-2k were recognized by influenza-and BEB-immune Tc cells. These determinants may be carried on two different molecules coded by the H-2D and H-2L loci, but other possibilities are not yet excluded.", "contents": "Different D end-dependent antigenic determinants are recognized by H-2-restricted cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza and Bebaru viruses. Two different BALB/c anti-CBA (H-2k)monoclonal antibodies that bind to Kk and Dk antigens blocked Tc cell-mediated lysis of L929 (Kk, Dk) target cells, but with quite different specificity. One antibody (30R3) powerfully blocked Kk-specific lysis mediated by alloreactive or Kk-restricted Tc cells immune to ectromelia, Sendai, or influenza viruses. The other antibody (27R9) blocked these anti-Kk Tc cells much less than 30R3, but in contrast, 27R9 blocked anti-Dk lysis much more than 30R3. Most importantly, 27R9 strongly blocked Dk-restricted anti-influenza Tc cells, but did not significantly block Dk-restricted anti-Bebaru (BEB) lysis. This result indicated that different H-2 determinants coded in the D end of H-2k were recognized by influenza-and BEB-immune Tc cells. These determinants may be carried on two different molecules coded by the H-2D and H-2L loci, but other possibilities are not yet excluded.", "PMID": 87489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10788", "title": "Two Plasmodium knowlesi-specific antigens on the surface of schizont-infected Rhesus monkey erythrocytes induce antibody production in immune hosts.", "content": "Purified schizonts (6--10 nuclei) and membranes of schizont-infected erythrocytes from the Malaysian and Philippine strain of Plasmodium knowlesi are analyzed immunochemically using immunoglobulin of rhesus monkey hyperimmune sera against schizonts and of sera from naturally immune monkeys. The anti-schizont Ig identifies less than 20 immune components in Triton X-100-solubilized schizonts and membranes of infected cells. Of these antigens, 9 (component 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 20) are common to parasites and membranes of infected erythrocytes, and 12 (2A,B, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13p, 14, 16A,B, 19 A,Bp, 21, 22p, and 23) are predominantly found in the parasite; 4 components (13i, 19A,Bi, 22A, B, and 24) are unique to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Only three parasite-specific components (1, 13, and 19) are exposed on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes as revealed by both lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extensive absorption of anti-schizont Ig using intact infected erythrocytes. Two plasmodium-specific antigens (1 and 13) on the surface of infected erythrocytes are recognized by sera of rhesus monkeys rendered naturally immune against P. knowlesi infections and, therefore, represent antigens in vivo. Analyses of schizonts and membranes of parasitized erythrocytes of the two different strains of P. knowlesi yields only some minor quantitative, but no qualitative differences when analyzed with both types of antisera. Importantly, components 1 and 13 appear identical in both strains.", "contents": "Two Plasmodium knowlesi-specific antigens on the surface of schizont-infected Rhesus monkey erythrocytes induce antibody production in immune hosts. Purified schizonts (6--10 nuclei) and membranes of schizont-infected erythrocytes from the Malaysian and Philippine strain of Plasmodium knowlesi are analyzed immunochemically using immunoglobulin of rhesus monkey hyperimmune sera against schizonts and of sera from naturally immune monkeys. The anti-schizont Ig identifies less than 20 immune components in Triton X-100-solubilized schizonts and membranes of infected cells. Of these antigens, 9 (component 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 20) are common to parasites and membranes of infected erythrocytes, and 12 (2A,B, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13p, 14, 16A,B, 19 A,Bp, 21, 22p, and 23) are predominantly found in the parasite; 4 components (13i, 19A,Bi, 22A, B, and 24) are unique to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Only three parasite-specific components (1, 13, and 19) are exposed on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes as revealed by both lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extensive absorption of anti-schizont Ig using intact infected erythrocytes. Two plasmodium-specific antigens (1 and 13) on the surface of infected erythrocytes are recognized by sera of rhesus monkeys rendered naturally immune against P. knowlesi infections and, therefore, represent antigens in vivo. Analyses of schizonts and membranes of parasitized erythrocytes of the two different strains of P. knowlesi yields only some minor quantitative, but no qualitative differences when analyzed with both types of antisera. Importantly, components 1 and 13 appear identical in both strains.", "PMID": 87490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10789", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of CSF proteins in known or probable infectious neurological diseases and the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "The CSF and serum proteins of 120 patients with known or probable infectious neurological diseases or the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were examined with thin-layer IEF. All but two of these patients exhibited one or combinations of different CSF-protein aberrations in the acidic and alkaline range. Aberrant non-Ig fractions (including transferrin, the tau-fraction and gamma-trace protein) were found in frequencies varying between 4 and 48%. CSF Ig components of restricted heterogeneity, i.e. oligoclonal bands and/or regional increases of gamma-globulins, were more frequent in patients with (meningo-)encephalitic or (meningo-)-myelitis/radiculitic disorders (respectively 69 and 48%) than in subjects with meningitis or Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (17%). The occurrence of such Ig abnormalities was higher in subacute or chronic than in acute disease and in subjects examined greater than 4 weeks after the onset rather than earlier. Ig-band spectra with marked anodal extension were found predominantly in (meningo-)encephalitic disorders with infratentorial symptoms. Age and sex were not found to influence the occurrence of abnormal Ig fractions. Such components could be detected in spite of pronounced blood-CSF barrier defects.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of CSF proteins in known or probable infectious neurological diseases and the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. The CSF and serum proteins of 120 patients with known or probable infectious neurological diseases or the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were examined with thin-layer IEF. All but two of these patients exhibited one or combinations of different CSF-protein aberrations in the acidic and alkaline range. Aberrant non-Ig fractions (including transferrin, the tau-fraction and gamma-trace protein) were found in frequencies varying between 4 and 48%. CSF Ig components of restricted heterogeneity, i.e. oligoclonal bands and/or regional increases of gamma-globulins, were more frequent in patients with (meningo-)encephalitic or (meningo-)-myelitis/radiculitic disorders (respectively 69 and 48%) than in subjects with meningitis or Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (17%). The occurrence of such Ig abnormalities was higher in subacute or chronic than in acute disease and in subjects examined greater than 4 weeks after the onset rather than earlier. Ig-band spectra with marked anodal extension were found predominantly in (meningo-)encephalitic disorders with infratentorial symptoms. Age and sex were not found to influence the occurrence of abnormal Ig fractions. Such components could be detected in spite of pronounced blood-CSF barrier defects.", "PMID": 87493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10790", "title": "Measles antibodies and kappa-lambda light chain distribution in immunoglobulins of patients affected with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The presence of measles antibodies in serum immunoglobulin G fractions from seven patients affected with multiple sclerosis was investigated with HI technic. The kappa-lambda light chain ratios of all samples under investigation were evaluated. Three multiple sclerosis patients, who displayed either fractionation or a tendency towards fractionation in their serum, had slightly elevated measles antibody titers associated to increased kappa/lambda ratios.", "contents": "Measles antibodies and kappa-lambda light chain distribution in immunoglobulins of patients affected with multiple sclerosis. The presence of measles antibodies in serum immunoglobulin G fractions from seven patients affected with multiple sclerosis was investigated with HI technic. The kappa-lambda light chain ratios of all samples under investigation were evaluated. Three multiple sclerosis patients, who displayed either fractionation or a tendency towards fractionation in their serum, had slightly elevated measles antibody titers associated to increased kappa/lambda ratios.", "PMID": 87494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10791", "title": "Pattern and flash visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In multiple sclerosis (MS), increase of delay may be important, but the earlier change is the behavior of the wave shape; amplitude is always lower even in MS patients without visual subjective symptomatology, provided not only flash but also pattern stimulation is performed. Normal amplitude with pattern stimulation does not necessarily mean normal with flash. Combining both stimulation methods, we obtained lowering of amplitude and change of wave shape in 100% of cases while latency was increased in only 77% of cases. Sectorial ischemic neuropathy, and open angle glaucoma patients show the same findings, which emphasizes that the method is not specific for demyelinating diseases, nor selective for papillomacular bundle involvement, but that VER, considering only its first components, reflects axonal damage somewhere in the visual pathway. Flash and pattern VER might be even more pathognomonic in MS than oligoclonal gammaglobulin fractionation on agar, positive in 75% of cases. It is suggested that subclinical MS cases should be submitted to full electro-ophthalmographic investigation.", "contents": "Pattern and flash visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis. In multiple sclerosis (MS), increase of delay may be important, but the earlier change is the behavior of the wave shape; amplitude is always lower even in MS patients without visual subjective symptomatology, provided not only flash but also pattern stimulation is performed. Normal amplitude with pattern stimulation does not necessarily mean normal with flash. Combining both stimulation methods, we obtained lowering of amplitude and change of wave shape in 100% of cases while latency was increased in only 77% of cases. Sectorial ischemic neuropathy, and open angle glaucoma patients show the same findings, which emphasizes that the method is not specific for demyelinating diseases, nor selective for papillomacular bundle involvement, but that VER, considering only its first components, reflects axonal damage somewhere in the visual pathway. Flash and pattern VER might be even more pathognomonic in MS than oligoclonal gammaglobulin fractionation on agar, positive in 75% of cases. It is suggested that subclinical MS cases should be submitted to full electro-ophthalmographic investigation.", "PMID": 87495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10792", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of viral neuroinfections by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase technics.", "content": "The results of immunofluorescent (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) technics applied for the detection of antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells in patients with mumps, herpes zoster and herpes simplex meningitis and meningoencephalitis are presented. Thirty patients were under study. The detection of mumps and herpes zoster viral antigen in CSF cells was possible in 100% of cases investigated. Herpes simplex virus antigen was detected in four of seven cases with symptoms of severe meningoencephalitis. Complement fixation (CF) antibodies to herpes simplex virus (type I) and positive seroconversion were detected in the four latter patients. The diagnostic value of the methods used for the detection of mumps, herpes simplex and herpes zoster viral antigens in CSF cells of patients is discussed.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of viral neuroinfections by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase technics. The results of immunofluorescent (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) technics applied for the detection of antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells in patients with mumps, herpes zoster and herpes simplex meningitis and meningoencephalitis are presented. Thirty patients were under study. The detection of mumps and herpes zoster viral antigen in CSF cells was possible in 100% of cases investigated. Herpes simplex virus antigen was detected in four of seven cases with symptoms of severe meningoencephalitis. Complement fixation (CF) antibodies to herpes simplex virus (type I) and positive seroconversion were detected in the four latter patients. The diagnostic value of the methods used for the detection of mumps, herpes simplex and herpes zoster viral antigens in CSF cells of patients is discussed.", "PMID": 87496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10793", "title": "A histological and histochemical study of changes of fiber types in experimental myotonia.", "content": "In both fast and slow muscles of rats treated with 20--25 diazacholesterol there were qualitative alterations, such as changes of fiber outlines, numerous moth-eaten fibers and rare ring fibers. In addition there were generally larger groups of Type I and intermediate fibers than in normal controls (\"type-grouping\" tendency) in the preparations for oxidative enzymes in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of myotonic animals. Quantitative evaluations of EDL and soleus of myotonic rats revealed moderate hypothrophy of Type I and Type II fibers with an increase in the numbers of Type I and of Type III fibers in the EDL and a significant decrease of the nondominant fibers in the soleus muscle. The data are discussed in the light of a neurally mediated and/or direct action of the drug on the muscle fiber.", "contents": "A histological and histochemical study of changes of fiber types in experimental myotonia. In both fast and slow muscles of rats treated with 20--25 diazacholesterol there were qualitative alterations, such as changes of fiber outlines, numerous moth-eaten fibers and rare ring fibers. In addition there were generally larger groups of Type I and intermediate fibers than in normal controls (\"type-grouping\" tendency) in the preparations for oxidative enzymes in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of myotonic animals. Quantitative evaluations of EDL and soleus of myotonic rats revealed moderate hypothrophy of Type I and Type II fibers with an increase in the numbers of Type I and of Type III fibers in the EDL and a significant decrease of the nondominant fibers in the soleus muscle. The data are discussed in the light of a neurally mediated and/or direct action of the drug on the muscle fiber.", "PMID": 87497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10794", "title": "Serum cortisol levels of multiple sclerosis patients during ACTH treatment.", "content": "The adrenocortical function in 52 multiple sclerosis patients was studied and compared to that of ten healthy control subjects. The basic secretion rate of cortisol of the MS patients was within the range of normal. Reactivity of the adrenal cortex to stimulation by synthetic ACTH was markedly reduced independent of the duration of the disease with the exception of four patients who were in an early stage of the disease. No difference could be demonstrated between patients undergoing a bout and patients in a stage of remission. The pathogenetic and prognostic significance of the results of the present study are discussed.", "contents": "Serum cortisol levels of multiple sclerosis patients during ACTH treatment. The adrenocortical function in 52 multiple sclerosis patients was studied and compared to that of ten healthy control subjects. The basic secretion rate of cortisol of the MS patients was within the range of normal. Reactivity of the adrenal cortex to stimulation by synthetic ACTH was markedly reduced independent of the duration of the disease with the exception of four patients who were in an early stage of the disease. No difference could be demonstrated between patients undergoing a bout and patients in a stage of remission. The pathogenetic and prognostic significance of the results of the present study are discussed.", "PMID": 87498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10795", "title": "On the mechanism of sudden death with subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "The mechanism of death in some patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is cardiac arrhythmia. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmias by suitable drugs might save the life of patients whose brain is still good.", "contents": "On the mechanism of sudden death with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The mechanism of death in some patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is cardiac arrhythmia. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmias by suitable drugs might save the life of patients whose brain is still good.", "PMID": 87499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10796", "title": "Neutral lipid and sphingolipid composition of the brain of a patient with membranous lipodystrophy.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from brains of a patient with membranous lipodystrophy (ML) and three normal patients and the neutral lipid and sphingolipid constituents were investigated. The storage of a large amount of free fatty acid was observed in the ML brain, but no cholesterol ester was found. Total lipid, cholesterol and cerebroside contents were slightly decreased in the white matter of the ML brain. The composition of free and sphingolipid fatty acids did not differ between ML and normal brains.", "contents": "Neutral lipid and sphingolipid composition of the brain of a patient with membranous lipodystrophy. Lipids were extracted from brains of a patient with membranous lipodystrophy (ML) and three normal patients and the neutral lipid and sphingolipid constituents were investigated. The storage of a large amount of free fatty acid was observed in the ML brain, but no cholesterol ester was found. Total lipid, cholesterol and cerebroside contents were slightly decreased in the white matter of the ML brain. The composition of free and sphingolipid fatty acids did not differ between ML and normal brains.", "PMID": 87500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10797", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials following stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in man.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potentials following trigeminal nerve stimulation can regularly be recorded from the contralateral scalp on C5/C6 (10--20 system), a region which overlies the primary face region of the somatosensory cortex. From the first three peaks analyzed (N 13, P 19 and N 26), the first positive peak (P 19) is most prominent and reliable and therefore is recommended for the routine measurements of neurophysiological examination.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials following stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in man. Somatosensory evoked potentials following trigeminal nerve stimulation can regularly be recorded from the contralateral scalp on C5/C6 (10--20 system), a region which overlies the primary face region of the somatosensory cortex. From the first three peaks analyzed (N 13, P 19 and N 26), the first positive peak (P 19) is most prominent and reliable and therefore is recommended for the routine measurements of neurophysiological examination.", "PMID": 87502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10798", "title": "Adherence of multiple sclerosis lymphocytes to measles infected cells.", "content": "Adherence of lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and control subjects to cells persistently infected by measles and control cells was studied. No statistically significant difference between MS patients and controls could be found in this test. Lymphocytes adhered more readily to cells infected by measles than to control cells. The cell to cell contacts are made by the tips of the microvillii of the Lu cells.", "contents": "Adherence of multiple sclerosis lymphocytes to measles infected cells. Adherence of lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and control subjects to cells persistently infected by measles and control cells was studied. No statistically significant difference between MS patients and controls could be found in this test. Lymphocytes adhered more readily to cells infected by measles than to control cells. The cell to cell contacts are made by the tips of the microvillii of the Lu cells.", "PMID": 87503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10799", "title": "The response of the acute-phase plasma protein alpha2-macroglobulin to vitamin A deficiency in the rat.", "content": "Alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) was determined in the sera of vitamin A-deficient and pair-fed control rats. Alpha2-macroglobulin levels were assayed by radial immunodiffusion using a purified standard sample from sera from turpentine-stressed rats. There was no significant increase in the serum level of alpha2-M in vitamin A-deficient rats relative to pair-fed controls, indicating that there was no acute response to the stress of the deficiency. When turpentine was injected to elicit an acute response, the serum level of alpha2-M rose equally (by almost 100-fold) in both deficient and normal rats. It was concluded that the response to vitamin A deficiency of serum glycoprotein synthesis shows some specificity in that the synthesis of alpha2-M in response to stress was not affected by vitamin A, whereas we previously found that levels of alpha1-M, which is very similar to alpha2-M, decline with vitamin A deficiency.", "contents": "The response of the acute-phase plasma protein alpha2-macroglobulin to vitamin A deficiency in the rat. Alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2-M) was determined in the sera of vitamin A-deficient and pair-fed control rats. Alpha2-macroglobulin levels were assayed by radial immunodiffusion using a purified standard sample from sera from turpentine-stressed rats. There was no significant increase in the serum level of alpha2-M in vitamin A-deficient rats relative to pair-fed controls, indicating that there was no acute response to the stress of the deficiency. When turpentine was injected to elicit an acute response, the serum level of alpha2-M rose equally (by almost 100-fold) in both deficient and normal rats. It was concluded that the response to vitamin A deficiency of serum glycoprotein synthesis shows some specificity in that the synthesis of alpha2-M in response to stress was not affected by vitamin A, whereas we previously found that levels of alpha1-M, which is very similar to alpha2-M, decline with vitamin A deficiency.", "PMID": 87510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10800", "title": "The effect of full-thickness skin grafts on the actomyosin content of contracting wounds.", "content": "In evaluating the myofibroblast theory of wound contraction, comparisons were made between grafted and nongrafted 15-day wounds. Pregnant rabbit uteri and normal rabbit skin were used as controls. Small amounts of actin and myosin were present in contracting open wounds but not in noncontracting grafted wounds, which suggests some participation for contractile proteins in wound contraction. The current study refutes the widely accepted contention that wound granulation tissue is as rich as smooth muscle in its contractile protein content.", "contents": "The effect of full-thickness skin grafts on the actomyosin content of contracting wounds. In evaluating the myofibroblast theory of wound contraction, comparisons were made between grafted and nongrafted 15-day wounds. Pregnant rabbit uteri and normal rabbit skin were used as controls. Small amounts of actin and myosin were present in contracting open wounds but not in noncontracting grafted wounds, which suggests some participation for contractile proteins in wound contraction. The current study refutes the widely accepted contention that wound granulation tissue is as rich as smooth muscle in its contractile protein content.", "PMID": 87511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10801", "title": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results of screening one million North American infants.", "content": "Pilot programs for screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism began in North America in 1972. To date, the five oldest programs (Quebec, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Oregon Regional, and New England Regional) have screened 1,046,362 infants. A total of 277 infants with congenital hypothyroidism have been detected and seven have been missed, resulting in a total of 284 affected infants in the screened population and an overall incidence of one in 3,684 live births. Of the affected infants, 246 were determined to have primary hypothyroidism, an incidence of one in 4,254 births. Ten infants with secondary-tertiary hypothyroidism were detected in Quebec, Oregon, and Toronto, an incidence of one in 68,200 births. Of all the infants with primary hypothyroidism who were adequately studied, 63% were determined to have aplastic or hypoplastic glands, 14% normal or enlarged glands, and 23% ectopic thyroid tissue. The estimated minimum incidence of infants with TBG deficiency is one in 8,913 births. Only 8 of the 277 detected infants were suspected clinically to have congenital hypothyroidism prior to the time of confirmation of the diagnosis at 4 to 8 weeks of age. The cost of screening varied from $0.70 to $1.60 per infant, depending on which costs were included in the estimate. Preliminary evidence from Quebec suggests that infants treated in the program have normal developmental testing scores at 18 months of age.", "contents": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results of screening one million North American infants. Pilot programs for screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism began in North America in 1972. To date, the five oldest programs (Quebec, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Oregon Regional, and New England Regional) have screened 1,046,362 infants. A total of 277 infants with congenital hypothyroidism have been detected and seven have been missed, resulting in a total of 284 affected infants in the screened population and an overall incidence of one in 3,684 live births. Of the affected infants, 246 were determined to have primary hypothyroidism, an incidence of one in 4,254 births. Ten infants with secondary-tertiary hypothyroidism were detected in Quebec, Oregon, and Toronto, an incidence of one in 68,200 births. Of all the infants with primary hypothyroidism who were adequately studied, 63% were determined to have aplastic or hypoplastic glands, 14% normal or enlarged glands, and 23% ectopic thyroid tissue. The estimated minimum incidence of infants with TBG deficiency is one in 8,913 births. Only 8 of the 277 detected infants were suspected clinically to have congenital hypothyroidism prior to the time of confirmation of the diagnosis at 4 to 8 weeks of age. The cost of screening varied from $0.70 to $1.60 per infant, depending on which costs were included in the estimate. Preliminary evidence from Quebec suggests that infants treated in the program have normal developmental testing scores at 18 months of age.", "PMID": 87512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10802", "title": "Spontaneous histamine secretion from leukocytes in the presence of strontium.", "content": "Basophil leukocytes from human blood secrete histamine in the absence of a membrane stimulus when incubated in a medium containing Sr++, 1 to 10 mM. Spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr++ is inhibited by La+++, 1 to 1000 nM and 2 deoxy-D-glucose, 30 to 300 microM. Spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr++ increases with increasing pH in the range 6.5 to 8.5. Agents which cause a rise of intracellular cyclic AMP level increase the spontaneous secretion in 194th presence of Sr++. The results suggest that spontaneous histamine release is a secretory response of the cells, and evidence is provided for a dual role of cyclic AMP in the control of histamine secretion.", "contents": "Spontaneous histamine secretion from leukocytes in the presence of strontium. Basophil leukocytes from human blood secrete histamine in the absence of a membrane stimulus when incubated in a medium containing Sr++, 1 to 10 mM. Spontaneous histamine secretion in the presence of Sr++ is inhibited by La+++, 1 to 1000 nM and 2 deoxy-D-glucose, 30 to 300 microM. Spontaneous secretion in the presence of Sr++ increases with increasing pH in the range 6.5 to 8.5. Agents which cause a rise of intracellular cyclic AMP level increase the spontaneous secretion in 194th presence of Sr++. The results suggest that spontaneous histamine release is a secretory response of the cells, and evidence is provided for a dual role of cyclic AMP in the control of histamine secretion.", "PMID": 87513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10803", "title": "Conformational changes of membrane-bound (Na+-K+)-ATPase as revealed by antibody inhibition.", "content": "As different structural states of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) may lead to a changed reactivity to antibodies, the influence of Na+, K+, Mg++, Pi and ATP on the reaction between highly purified (Na+-K+)-ATPase and antibodies directed against the membrane-bound enzyme was measured. The antigen antibody reaction was registered by measuring the antibody inhibition of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. In the membrane-bound but not in the solubilized enzyme four different degrees of antibody inhibition were obtained at equilibrium of the antigen antibody reaction if different combinations of Na+, K+, Mg++ and ATP were present during the incubation with the antibodies. Corresponding to the different degrees of inhibition, different rates of enzyme inhibition were measured. (a) The smallest degree of enzyme inhibition was obtained when (i) only Mg++, (ii) Mg++ and Na+ or (iii) Mg++ and K+ were present during the antigen antibody reaction. (b) The enzyme activity was inhibited more strongly if Na+, Mg++ and ATP were present together. (c) It was inhibited even more if only (i) Na+, (ii) K+, (iii) ATP or both (iv) ATP and Na+, (v) ATP and K+, (vi) ATP and Mg++, or if (vii) no ATP and activating ions were present. (d) The highest degree of antibody inhibition was obtained if Mg++, ATP and K+ were present together. In the presence of Mg++ plus ADP and in the presence of Mg++ plus the ATP analog adenylyl (beta-gamma-methylene) diphosphonate, Na+ and K+ did not influence the degree of antibody inhibition as they did in the presence of Mg++ plus ATP. It was further found that the degree of antibody inhibition in the presence of Mg++, ATP and K+ was affected by the sequence of which K+ and ATP were added to the enzyme prior to the addition of the antibodies. It is suggested that by antibody inhibition different conformations of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase could be detected. These conformations may possibly not occur in the solubilized enzyme and therefore do not seem to be necessarily linked to the intermediary steps of the ATP hydrolysis of the enzyme. The structural changes which are induced by Na+ and K+ in the presence of Mg++ plus ATP are proposed to occur during the Na+-K+ transport.", "contents": "Conformational changes of membrane-bound (Na+-K+)-ATPase as revealed by antibody inhibition. As different structural states of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) may lead to a changed reactivity to antibodies, the influence of Na+, K+, Mg++, Pi and ATP on the reaction between highly purified (Na+-K+)-ATPase and antibodies directed against the membrane-bound enzyme was measured. The antigen antibody reaction was registered by measuring the antibody inhibition of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. In the membrane-bound but not in the solubilized enzyme four different degrees of antibody inhibition were obtained at equilibrium of the antigen antibody reaction if different combinations of Na+, K+, Mg++ and ATP were present during the incubation with the antibodies. Corresponding to the different degrees of inhibition, different rates of enzyme inhibition were measured. (a) The smallest degree of enzyme inhibition was obtained when (i) only Mg++, (ii) Mg++ and Na+ or (iii) Mg++ and K+ were present during the antigen antibody reaction. (b) The enzyme activity was inhibited more strongly if Na+, Mg++ and ATP were present together. (c) It was inhibited even more if only (i) Na+, (ii) K+, (iii) ATP or both (iv) ATP and Na+, (v) ATP and K+, (vi) ATP and Mg++, or if (vii) no ATP and activating ions were present. (d) The highest degree of antibody inhibition was obtained if Mg++, ATP and K+ were present together. In the presence of Mg++ plus ADP and in the presence of Mg++ plus the ATP analog adenylyl (beta-gamma-methylene) diphosphonate, Na+ and K+ did not influence the degree of antibody inhibition as they did in the presence of Mg++ plus ATP. It was further found that the degree of antibody inhibition in the presence of Mg++, ATP and K+ was affected by the sequence of which K+ and ATP were added to the enzyme prior to the addition of the antibodies. It is suggested that by antibody inhibition different conformations of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase could be detected. These conformations may possibly not occur in the solubilized enzyme and therefore do not seem to be necessarily linked to the intermediary steps of the ATP hydrolysis of the enzyme. The structural changes which are induced by Na+ and K+ in the presence of Mg++ plus ATP are proposed to occur during the Na+-K+ transport.", "PMID": 87516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10804", "title": "RNA-directed DNA polymerase from particles released by normal goose cells.", "content": "Cells from a goose embryo were shown to release particle-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase and RNase H activities that required the presence of Nonidet P-40 for detection. The particles were not infectious and did not have endogenous DNA synthesis. The goose particle DNA polymerase was related to the DNA polymerase of spleen necrosis virus with respect to size and was inhibited by immunoglobulin G to spleen necrosis virus DNA polymerase. However, goose cells producing DNA polymerase-containing particles did not contain reticuloendotheliosis virus-related nucleotide sequences in their DNA.", "contents": "RNA-directed DNA polymerase from particles released by normal goose cells. Cells from a goose embryo were shown to release particle-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase and RNase H activities that required the presence of Nonidet P-40 for detection. The particles were not infectious and did not have endogenous DNA synthesis. The goose particle DNA polymerase was related to the DNA polymerase of spleen necrosis virus with respect to size and was inhibited by immunoglobulin G to spleen necrosis virus DNA polymerase. However, goose cells producing DNA polymerase-containing particles did not contain reticuloendotheliosis virus-related nucleotide sequences in their DNA.", "PMID": 87517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10805", "title": "Translation of bovine leukemia virus virion RNAs in heterologous protein-synthesizing systems.", "content": "Bovine leukemia virus 60 to 70S RNA was heat denatured, the polyadenylic acid-containing species were separated by velocity sedimentation, and several size classes were translated in a micrococcal nuclease-treated cell-free system from rabbit reticulocytes. The major RNA species sedimented at 38S and migrated as a single component of molecular weight 2.95 x 10(6) when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant polypeptides of the in vitro translation of bovine leukemia virus 38S RNA were products with molecular weights of 70,000 and 45,000; minor components with molecular weights of 145,000 and 18,000 were also observed. Two lines of evidence indicate that the 70,000- and 45,000-molecular weight polypeptides represent translation products of the gag gene of the bovine leukemia virus genome (Pr70gag and Pr45gag). First, they are specifically precipitated by a monospecific antiserum to the major internal protein, p24, and second, they are synthesized and correctly processed into virion proteins p24, p15, and p10 in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with bovine leukemia virus 38S RNA. The 145,000-molecular weight polypeptide was immunoprecipitated by the anti-p24 serum and not by an antiserum to the major envelope glycoprotein, gp60. It contained all the tryptic peptides of Pr70gag and additional peptides unique to it, and thus represents in elongation product of Pr70gag in an adjacent gene, presumably the pol gene. The 18,000-molecular weight product was antigenically unrelated to p24 and gp60 and shared no peptides in common with Pr70gag, Pr45gag, or the 145,000-molecular weight polypeptide. It was maximally synthesized on a polyadenylic acid-containing virion 16 to 18S RNA, and we present evidence that this RNA is a 3' end-derived subgenomic fragment of the bovine leukemia virus genome rather than a contaminating cellular RNA.", "contents": "Translation of bovine leukemia virus virion RNAs in heterologous protein-synthesizing systems. Bovine leukemia virus 60 to 70S RNA was heat denatured, the polyadenylic acid-containing species were separated by velocity sedimentation, and several size classes were translated in a micrococcal nuclease-treated cell-free system from rabbit reticulocytes. The major RNA species sedimented at 38S and migrated as a single component of molecular weight 2.95 x 10(6) when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant polypeptides of the in vitro translation of bovine leukemia virus 38S RNA were products with molecular weights of 70,000 and 45,000; minor components with molecular weights of 145,000 and 18,000 were also observed. Two lines of evidence indicate that the 70,000- and 45,000-molecular weight polypeptides represent translation products of the gag gene of the bovine leukemia virus genome (Pr70gag and Pr45gag). First, they are specifically precipitated by a monospecific antiserum to the major internal protein, p24, and second, they are synthesized and correctly processed into virion proteins p24, p15, and p10 in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with bovine leukemia virus 38S RNA. The 145,000-molecular weight polypeptide was immunoprecipitated by the anti-p24 serum and not by an antiserum to the major envelope glycoprotein, gp60. It contained all the tryptic peptides of Pr70gag and additional peptides unique to it, and thus represents in elongation product of Pr70gag in an adjacent gene, presumably the pol gene. The 18,000-molecular weight product was antigenically unrelated to p24 and gp60 and shared no peptides in common with Pr70gag, Pr45gag, or the 145,000-molecular weight polypeptide. It was maximally synthesized on a polyadenylic acid-containing virion 16 to 18S RNA, and we present evidence that this RNA is a 3' end-derived subgenomic fragment of the bovine leukemia virus genome rather than a contaminating cellular RNA.", "PMID": 87518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10806", "title": "Reticuloendotheliosis virus: detection of immunological relationship to mammalian type C retroviruses.", "content": "Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) p30 shares cross-reactive determinants and a common NH2-terminal tripeptide with mammalian type C viral p30's. An interspecies competition radioimmunoassay was developed, using iodinated REV p30 and a broadly reactive antiserum to mammalian virus p30's. The avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and mammalian non-type C retroviruses did not compete in this assay. Previous data indicating that the REV group is not represented completely in normal avian cell DNA lead us to speculate that this may be the first example of interclass transmission, albeit in the remote past, among the Retroviridae.", "contents": "Reticuloendotheliosis virus: detection of immunological relationship to mammalian type C retroviruses. Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) p30 shares cross-reactive determinants and a common NH2-terminal tripeptide with mammalian type C viral p30's. An interspecies competition radioimmunoassay was developed, using iodinated REV p30 and a broadly reactive antiserum to mammalian virus p30's. The avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and mammalian non-type C retroviruses did not compete in this assay. Previous data indicating that the REV group is not represented completely in normal avian cell DNA lead us to speculate that this may be the first example of interclass transmission, albeit in the remote past, among the Retroviridae.", "PMID": 87519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10807", "title": "Formation of Rous associated virus-60: origin of the polymerase gene.", "content": "The DNA of normal chicken embryos contains sequences related to the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of these viruses is encoded by a genetic element known as the pol gene. The nature of the endogenous virus pol gene in chicken cells was investigated by testing its ability to participate in genetic recombination. Rous-associated virus-60-type recombinant viruses isolated after infection of chicken cells with strains tsLA337PR-B or tsNY21SR-A, both of which produce a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase, also possessed the temperature-sensitive lesion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the endogenous viral information used for the generation of Rous-associated virus-60 is deficient in at least part of the pol gene and that the defect includes that portion represented by the lesions in NY21 and LA337. The frequency of polymerase-negative BH-Rous sarcoma virus alpha formation was not affected by the levels of endogenous viral expression, which suggests that the alpha defect is not derived from the endogenous pol gene.", "contents": "Formation of Rous associated virus-60: origin of the polymerase gene. The DNA of normal chicken embryos contains sequences related to the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of these viruses is encoded by a genetic element known as the pol gene. The nature of the endogenous virus pol gene in chicken cells was investigated by testing its ability to participate in genetic recombination. Rous-associated virus-60-type recombinant viruses isolated after infection of chicken cells with strains tsLA337PR-B or tsNY21SR-A, both of which produce a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase, also possessed the temperature-sensitive lesion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the endogenous viral information used for the generation of Rous-associated virus-60 is deficient in at least part of the pol gene and that the defect includes that portion represented by the lesions in NY21 and LA337. The frequency of polymerase-negative BH-Rous sarcoma virus alpha formation was not affected by the levels of endogenous viral expression, which suggests that the alpha defect is not derived from the endogenous pol gene.", "PMID": 87520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10808", "title": "Comparison of the small RNAs of polymerase-deficient and polymerase-positive Rous sarcoma virus and another species of avian retrovirus.", "content": "The small RNAs contained in virions of avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses are a virus-specific subset of the total small RNA population of the host cell. The reverse transcriptase protein must be present in the budding virion for this selection to take place. Virions of the alpha form of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus, which lack detectable reverse transcriptase, incorporated an unselected population of small RNAs identical to total chicken cell small RNA. Virions of reticuloendotheliosis virus, which contain a reverse transcriptase unrelated to that of the avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses, contained a distinctly different population of small RNAs although both the avian leukosis and sarcoma and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses were grown in chicken cells. Because the primer for avian leukosis and sarcoma virus RNA-dependent DNA synthesis is a host cell tRNA, the differences in reverse transcriptase small RNA selection may help explain the failure of different species of retrovirus to complement for the reverse transcriptase.", "contents": "Comparison of the small RNAs of polymerase-deficient and polymerase-positive Rous sarcoma virus and another species of avian retrovirus. The small RNAs contained in virions of avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses are a virus-specific subset of the total small RNA population of the host cell. The reverse transcriptase protein must be present in the budding virion for this selection to take place. Virions of the alpha form of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus, which lack detectable reverse transcriptase, incorporated an unselected population of small RNAs identical to total chicken cell small RNA. Virions of reticuloendotheliosis virus, which contain a reverse transcriptase unrelated to that of the avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses, contained a distinctly different population of small RNAs although both the avian leukosis and sarcoma and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses were grown in chicken cells. Because the primer for avian leukosis and sarcoma virus RNA-dependent DNA synthesis is a host cell tRNA, the differences in reverse transcriptase small RNA selection may help explain the failure of different species of retrovirus to complement for the reverse transcriptase.", "PMID": 87521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10809", "title": "Synthesis of long complementary DNA in the endogenous reaction by equine infectious anemia virus.", "content": "In the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction, equine infectious anemia virus is able to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) of 8,000 nucleotides in high yield. After 2 h in 50 muM dNTP, about 2.8 mug of cDNA per mg of protein is produced, almost 30% of which is long cDNA. The system thus compares favorably with the other two well-characterized endogenous reaction systems, Moloney murine leukemia virus and avian sarcoma virus. Elongation rates of 100 to 150 nucleotides per min have been observed; these rates are comparable to those seen with purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and significantly higher than those observed in vivo. In the absence of actinomycin D, equine infectious anemia virus does not require high dNTP levels for either optimal incorporation or long cDNA synthesis. The amount of long cDNA synthesized is maximal at 2 h in 50 muM dNTP; neither longer time nor higher dNTP levels (through 1.8 mM) increased this yield. Half-maximum yield in 2 h was achieved at about 15 muM dNTP, which is very similar to the published K(M)'s for isolated avian and murine reverse transcriptases. Total incorporation, on the other hand, continues to rise slowly through 1 mM dNTP; the half-maximum was 30 to 50 muM dNTP. In the presence of 100 mug of actinomycin D per ml, however, higher dNTP levels are required for long cDNA synthesis. We conclude that equine infectious anemia virus is exceptionally well-suited to studies of the physical organization of the retrovirus genome and to investigations of the mechanism of synthesis of the double-standard cDNA endogenous reaction product.", "contents": "Synthesis of long complementary DNA in the endogenous reaction by equine infectious anemia virus. In the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction, equine infectious anemia virus is able to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) of 8,000 nucleotides in high yield. After 2 h in 50 muM dNTP, about 2.8 mug of cDNA per mg of protein is produced, almost 30% of which is long cDNA. The system thus compares favorably with the other two well-characterized endogenous reaction systems, Moloney murine leukemia virus and avian sarcoma virus. Elongation rates of 100 to 150 nucleotides per min have been observed; these rates are comparable to those seen with purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and significantly higher than those observed in vivo. In the absence of actinomycin D, equine infectious anemia virus does not require high dNTP levels for either optimal incorporation or long cDNA synthesis. The amount of long cDNA synthesized is maximal at 2 h in 50 muM dNTP; neither longer time nor higher dNTP levels (through 1.8 mM) increased this yield. Half-maximum yield in 2 h was achieved at about 15 muM dNTP, which is very similar to the published K(M)'s for isolated avian and murine reverse transcriptases. Total incorporation, on the other hand, continues to rise slowly through 1 mM dNTP; the half-maximum was 30 to 50 muM dNTP. In the presence of 100 mug of actinomycin D per ml, however, higher dNTP levels are required for long cDNA synthesis. We conclude that equine infectious anemia virus is exceptionally well-suited to studies of the physical organization of the retrovirus genome and to investigations of the mechanism of synthesis of the double-standard cDNA endogenous reaction product.", "PMID": 87522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10810", "title": "Effects of nerve stimulation and drugs on the release of histamine and norepinephrine from the isolated heart.", "content": "Compound 48/80 and polymyxin B elicited prompt and sharp increases in histamine output from the isolated guinea pig heart and had no effect on norepinephrine output. Dextran decreased histamine output without affecting norepinephrine output. Bradykinin increased both histamine and norepinephrine output; the histamine output increased only after a latent period. Stimulation of both left and right stellate ganglia increased norepinephrine output, but only right ganglion stimulation increased histamine output, after a latency. Stimulation of the right but not the left vagus nerve decreased histamine output first, then increased it moderately, the peak of which came later than norepinephrine release. It was suggested that histamine release following nerve stimulation and bradykinin was secondary to norepinephrine release. Isoniazid decreased the output of both histamine and norepinephrine. Aminoguanidine increased histamine output but decreased norepinephrine output.", "contents": "Effects of nerve stimulation and drugs on the release of histamine and norepinephrine from the isolated heart. Compound 48/80 and polymyxin B elicited prompt and sharp increases in histamine output from the isolated guinea pig heart and had no effect on norepinephrine output. Dextran decreased histamine output without affecting norepinephrine output. Bradykinin increased both histamine and norepinephrine output; the histamine output increased only after a latent period. Stimulation of both left and right stellate ganglia increased norepinephrine output, but only right ganglion stimulation increased histamine output, after a latency. Stimulation of the right but not the left vagus nerve decreased histamine output first, then increased it moderately, the peak of which came later than norepinephrine release. It was suggested that histamine release following nerve stimulation and bradykinin was secondary to norepinephrine release. Isoniazid decreased the output of both histamine and norepinephrine. Aminoguanidine increased histamine output but decreased norepinephrine output.", "PMID": 87528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10811", "title": "Combined treatment with by-pass operation, irradiation and immunochemotherapy for advanced thoracic esophageal cancer.", "content": "Based on the experimental results that operative stress of thoracotomy or laparothoracotomy has enhanced tumor growth remarkably in rats compared with laparotomy, a new combined treatment with by-pass operation, irradiation and immunochemotherapy was investigated in 39 advanced thoracic esophageal cancer patients. At by-pass operation, abdominal esophagus was divided and its proximal stump was closed immediately. Cervical esophagus was then divided and its distal stump was pulled out to the right supraclavicular region to make outer fistula. Thus, anticancer drug was poured into the esophagus through outer fistula very easily just before irradiation and then irradiation was performed under the condition that the lesion was immersed in the drugs. As anticancer agent, Mitomycin-C, 5-Fluorouracil or Bleomycin was given alternately. Lately, the combination of 5-Fluorouracil and Vitamin A was preferably used. The changes of immunological parameters and the survival after the onset of treatment was reported.", "contents": "Combined treatment with by-pass operation, irradiation and immunochemotherapy for advanced thoracic esophageal cancer. Based on the experimental results that operative stress of thoracotomy or laparothoracotomy has enhanced tumor growth remarkably in rats compared with laparotomy, a new combined treatment with by-pass operation, irradiation and immunochemotherapy was investigated in 39 advanced thoracic esophageal cancer patients. At by-pass operation, abdominal esophagus was divided and its proximal stump was closed immediately. Cervical esophagus was then divided and its distal stump was pulled out to the right supraclavicular region to make outer fistula. Thus, anticancer drug was poured into the esophagus through outer fistula very easily just before irradiation and then irradiation was performed under the condition that the lesion was immersed in the drugs. As anticancer agent, Mitomycin-C, 5-Fluorouracil or Bleomycin was given alternately. Lately, the combination of 5-Fluorouracil and Vitamin A was preferably used. The changes of immunological parameters and the survival after the onset of treatment was reported.", "PMID": 87530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10812", "title": "[Experiments towards the viral etiology of a preleukemic syndrome: osteomyelofibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study describes the separation and purification of a reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases from the human spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The specific requirements with respect to bivalent cations and templateprimers for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta and DNA polymerase-gamma, as well as for the reverse transcriptase, are reported. Sedimentation velocity measurements of the purified enzymes gave values of 150 000, 40 000, 100 000 and 70 000 daltons for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta, and DNA polymerase-gamma and the reverse transcriptase respectively. The purified reverse transcriptase was specifically inhibited by antisera to the reverse transcriptases of the two primate viruses, SiSV and GaLV. Antisera raised against the myelofibrotic spleen reverse transcriptase inhibited the homologous enzyme and also the reverse transcriptase from SiSV and GaLV. DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma from the same spleen were not inhibited by the antisera. These results constitute the first indication of a possible retroviral etiology for myelofibrotic syndrome. Since SiSV and GaLV are exogenous to all primates the results indicate that this polymerase was acquired and the results are most simply interpreted as indicating that virus related to the SiSV-GaLV group is present in man.", "contents": "[Experiments towards the viral etiology of a preleukemic syndrome: osteomyelofibrosis (author's transl)]. The present study describes the separation and purification of a reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases from the human spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The specific requirements with respect to bivalent cations and templateprimers for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta and DNA polymerase-gamma, as well as for the reverse transcriptase, are reported. Sedimentation velocity measurements of the purified enzymes gave values of 150 000, 40 000, 100 000 and 70 000 daltons for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta, and DNA polymerase-gamma and the reverse transcriptase respectively. The purified reverse transcriptase was specifically inhibited by antisera to the reverse transcriptases of the two primate viruses, SiSV and GaLV. Antisera raised against the myelofibrotic spleen reverse transcriptase inhibited the homologous enzyme and also the reverse transcriptase from SiSV and GaLV. DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma from the same spleen were not inhibited by the antisera. These results constitute the first indication of a possible retroviral etiology for myelofibrotic syndrome. Since SiSV and GaLV are exogenous to all primates the results indicate that this polymerase was acquired and the results are most simply interpreted as indicating that virus related to the SiSV-GaLV group is present in man.", "PMID": 87539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10813", "title": "Mallory bodies. Horseradish peroxidase: specific cytochemical and biochemical marker for alcoholic hyalin.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a glycoprotein enzyme, bound specifically to Mallory bodies (MBs) in cryostat sections of autopsy liver and liver biopsies. In contrast, HRP did not bind to cryostat sections of normal liver. The specificity of HRP binding was also observed using light and electron microscopy in autopsy liver-derived subcell fractions prepared by the MB isolation procedure. In order to quantitate HRP binding, a solid phase colorimetric assay was developed. This assay involves immobilizing purified MBs or homogenized tissue fractions in glass tubes, incubating with HRP, and measuring the enzymatic activity of bound HRP. A linear relationship between MB concentration and HRP binding was observed. The assay was capable of detecting as little as 1 microgram of MB protein. The specificity of HRP binding was also investigated using the solid phase assay. The specific activity (HRP bound per milligram of protein) of purified MBs was 10 to 15 times that of a glass wool-filtered liver homogenate suggesting that the solid phase assay may be of use in monitoring the purification of MBs. HRP did not bind to normal liver homogenate even when large loads were assayed. The results of this study indicate that HRP binding, employed cytochemically, represents a rapid and facile procedure for ascertaining the presence of MBs in tissue. In some cases, those structures may not be easily visualized by conventional staining procedures. Furthermore, quantitation of MBs in tissue may be possible by using a solid phase enzyme-linked assay.", "contents": "Mallory bodies. Horseradish peroxidase: specific cytochemical and biochemical marker for alcoholic hyalin. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a glycoprotein enzyme, bound specifically to Mallory bodies (MBs) in cryostat sections of autopsy liver and liver biopsies. In contrast, HRP did not bind to cryostat sections of normal liver. The specificity of HRP binding was also observed using light and electron microscopy in autopsy liver-derived subcell fractions prepared by the MB isolation procedure. In order to quantitate HRP binding, a solid phase colorimetric assay was developed. This assay involves immobilizing purified MBs or homogenized tissue fractions in glass tubes, incubating with HRP, and measuring the enzymatic activity of bound HRP. A linear relationship between MB concentration and HRP binding was observed. The assay was capable of detecting as little as 1 microgram of MB protein. The specificity of HRP binding was also investigated using the solid phase assay. The specific activity (HRP bound per milligram of protein) of purified MBs was 10 to 15 times that of a glass wool-filtered liver homogenate suggesting that the solid phase assay may be of use in monitoring the purification of MBs. HRP did not bind to normal liver homogenate even when large loads were assayed. The results of this study indicate that HRP binding, employed cytochemically, represents a rapid and facile procedure for ascertaining the presence of MBs in tissue. In some cases, those structures may not be easily visualized by conventional staining procedures. Furthermore, quantitation of MBs in tissue may be possible by using a solid phase enzyme-linked assay.", "PMID": 87542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10814", "title": "Histochemical change of the endothelial basal lamina of the diabetic lymphatic vessel.", "content": "Electron micrsocopic periodic acid methenamine silver staining of lymphatic endothelial basal lamina taken from diabetic patient has shown a positively changed basal lamina, which is an early sign of the changes and plays an important role in pathological tissue changes in the disease.", "contents": "Histochemical change of the endothelial basal lamina of the diabetic lymphatic vessel. Electron micrsocopic periodic acid methenamine silver staining of lymphatic endothelial basal lamina taken from diabetic patient has shown a positively changed basal lamina, which is an early sign of the changes and plays an important role in pathological tissue changes in the disease.", "PMID": 87546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10815", "title": "[Pathogenesis of Sudeck's syndrom and a new possibility for its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors describe the microcircular haemodynamics of Sudeck's syndrom together with the characteristic vitious circle of pain, rigidity, oedema and osteoporosis. Based on theoretical considerations and own results the infusion of dextran (Rheomacrodex 10%) as a pathogenetic base therapy is recommended. For increasing efficiency according to their experiences early treatment is suggested.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of Sudeck's syndrom and a new possibility for its treatment (author's transl)]. Authors describe the microcircular haemodynamics of Sudeck's syndrom together with the characteristic vitious circle of pain, rigidity, oedema and osteoporosis. Based on theoretical considerations and own results the infusion of dextran (Rheomacrodex 10%) as a pathogenetic base therapy is recommended. For increasing efficiency according to their experiences early treatment is suggested.", "PMID": 87547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10816", "title": "Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer.", "content": "The problems encountered in the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer are outlined on the basis of a review of the literature published in the last 15 years and the authors' experience with 157 patients over the period 1970 to 1977. The overwhelming evidence favors resection as opposed to any palliative procedure. Although the number of patients eligible for 5-year follow-up is small, the data suggest that total pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy may be the most appropriate operation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. The problems encountered in the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer are outlined on the basis of a review of the literature published in the last 15 years and the authors' experience with 157 patients over the period 1970 to 1977. The overwhelming evidence favors resection as opposed to any palliative procedure. Although the number of patients eligible for 5-year follow-up is small, the data suggest that total pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy may be the most appropriate operation.", "PMID": 87548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10817", "title": "Serum-myelin-basic-protein assay in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with head injury.", "content": "Serum levels of myelin basic protein (M.B.P.), a nervous-system-specific protein, were measured in 157 patients after head injury and related both to the type of brain damage and to the clinical outcome assessed three months after injury. Mean concentrations of M.B.P. in patients with severe intracerebral damage, with or without associated extracerebral haematoma, were significantly raised at the time of admission and remained high for two weeks after injury. In patients with extracerebral haematoma not associated with severe intracerebral damage mean M.B.P. values rose four to six days after injury and were significantly raised only in patients with poor eventual outcome. Mean serum-M.B.P. concentrations in patients with a good outcome after injury were similar to those in controls. In patients with a poor outcome the mean M.B.P. levels between two and six days after injury were significantly higher than in those with a good outcome. The assay of serum-M.B.P. may be valuable in assessment of severity of brain damage in patients after head injury and in prediction of outcome.", "contents": "Serum-myelin-basic-protein assay in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with head injury. Serum levels of myelin basic protein (M.B.P.), a nervous-system-specific protein, were measured in 157 patients after head injury and related both to the type of brain damage and to the clinical outcome assessed three months after injury. Mean concentrations of M.B.P. in patients with severe intracerebral damage, with or without associated extracerebral haematoma, were significantly raised at the time of admission and remained high for two weeks after injury. In patients with extracerebral haematoma not associated with severe intracerebral damage mean M.B.P. values rose four to six days after injury and were significantly raised only in patients with poor eventual outcome. Mean serum-M.B.P. concentrations in patients with a good outcome after injury were similar to those in controls. In patients with a poor outcome the mean M.B.P. levels between two and six days after injury were significantly higher than in those with a good outcome. The assay of serum-M.B.P. may be valuable in assessment of severity of brain damage in patients after head injury and in prediction of outcome.", "PMID": 87549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10818", "title": "Significance of loin pain in women. A study of 100 consecutive cases referred to a urological clinic.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive female patients referred to a urology clinic in Sheffield with suspected renal pain, only 22% has upper-urinary-tract lesions. A full history and examination, an analysis of a midstream specimen of urine, and a straight X-ray examination of the renal tract indicated or excluded an upper-urinary-tract lesion in 94% of the cases. In the remaining 6%, where an upper-urinary-tract abnormality was diagnosed only after urography, the findings were incidental in most cases and no treatment was necessary.", "contents": "Significance of loin pain in women. A study of 100 consecutive cases referred to a urological clinic. Of 100 consecutive female patients referred to a urology clinic in Sheffield with suspected renal pain, only 22% has upper-urinary-tract lesions. A full history and examination, an analysis of a midstream specimen of urine, and a straight X-ray examination of the renal tract indicated or excluded an upper-urinary-tract lesion in 94% of the cases. In the remaining 6%, where an upper-urinary-tract abnormality was diagnosed only after urography, the findings were incidental in most cases and no treatment was necessary.", "PMID": 87550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10819", "title": "Oral versus intravenous high-dose steroid treatment of renal allograft rejection. The big shot or not?", "content": "50 episodes of renal allograft rejection were treated by oral prednisolone and 49 by intravenous methylprednisolone. Both treatments achieved reversal of rejection in approximately 60% of episodes. Morbidity-rates, as assessed by hypertension, oliguria, fluid retention, and infection, tended to be greater after oral treatment. When the results were reexamined for accelerated, acute, and chronic rejection episodes the only difference demonstrated was an increased frequency of fluid retention in patients treated by oral prednisolone for an acute rejection episode. There was no evidence that intravenous methylprednisolone was nephrotoxic.", "contents": "Oral versus intravenous high-dose steroid treatment of renal allograft rejection. The big shot or not? 50 episodes of renal allograft rejection were treated by oral prednisolone and 49 by intravenous methylprednisolone. Both treatments achieved reversal of rejection in approximately 60% of episodes. Morbidity-rates, as assessed by hypertension, oliguria, fluid retention, and infection, tended to be greater after oral treatment. When the results were reexamined for accelerated, acute, and chronic rejection episodes the only difference demonstrated was an increased frequency of fluid retention in patients treated by oral prednisolone for an acute rejection episode. There was no evidence that intravenous methylprednisolone was nephrotoxic.", "PMID": 87551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10820", "title": "Is azathioprine necessary in renal transplantation?", "content": "In renal-transplant patients in whom azathioprine therapy was withdrawn early because of bone-marrow suppression no rebound graft rejection was noted. Any subsequent rejection episodes were satisfactorily treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Of 15 patients in whom azathioprine was stopped electively after at least 2 years, only 1 had a subsequent cellular rejection. It is concluded that azathioprine may not have a major role in the immunosuppressive management of renal-transplant patients. If azathioprine has to be stopped there seems to be no good indication for restarting it.", "contents": "Is azathioprine necessary in renal transplantation? In renal-transplant patients in whom azathioprine therapy was withdrawn early because of bone-marrow suppression no rebound graft rejection was noted. Any subsequent rejection episodes were satisfactorily treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Of 15 patients in whom azathioprine was stopped electively after at least 2 years, only 1 had a subsequent cellular rejection. It is concluded that azathioprine may not have a major role in the immunosuppressive management of renal-transplant patients. If azathioprine has to be stopped there seems to be no good indication for restarting it.", "PMID": 87552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10821", "title": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: detection of carrier state by metabolic stress of platelets.", "content": "A stress test has been designed which shows a consistent abnormality in platelets from carriers of the Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome (W.A.S.) gene. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (D.D.G.), an inhibitor of glycolysis, completely inhibited second-wave adrenaline (epinephrine)-induced aggregation of platelets from 10 W.A.S. carriers, whereas it had no effect on the response of control platelets. Antimycin A (Ant A), an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, had no effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation of either carriers or controls. Incubation of control platelets with a combination of Ant A and D.D.G. inhibited aggregation in a way comparable to the effect of D.D.G. alone on carrier cells. Thus, W.A.S. carriers have a defect in platelet metabolism similar to that produced in normal platelets with Ant A. The D.D.G. stress test is a simple reproducible assay for detection of W.A.S. carriers.", "contents": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: detection of carrier state by metabolic stress of platelets. A stress test has been designed which shows a consistent abnormality in platelets from carriers of the Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome (W.A.S.) gene. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (D.D.G.), an inhibitor of glycolysis, completely inhibited second-wave adrenaline (epinephrine)-induced aggregation of platelets from 10 W.A.S. carriers, whereas it had no effect on the response of control platelets. Antimycin A (Ant A), an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, had no effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation of either carriers or controls. Incubation of control platelets with a combination of Ant A and D.D.G. inhibited aggregation in a way comparable to the effect of D.D.G. alone on carrier cells. Thus, W.A.S. carriers have a defect in platelet metabolism similar to that produced in normal platelets with Ant A. The D.D.G. stress test is a simple reproducible assay for detection of W.A.S. carriers.", "PMID": 87553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10822", "title": "Uptake of iron by duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with iron-deficiency anaemia and primary haemochromatosis.", "content": "Iron uptake by human duodenal mucosa in vitro was considerably higher in iron-deficient patients than in controls. In biopsy specimens taken after treatment with iron, uptake fell to normal levels, although total iron in the mucosa remained low. In iron-overloaded patients with primary haemochromatosis, there was inappropriately high uptake of iron by the biopsy specimens. Kinetic analysis suggested that this was the result of affinity for iron being increased in a carrier in the enterocyte.", "contents": "Uptake of iron by duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with iron-deficiency anaemia and primary haemochromatosis. Iron uptake by human duodenal mucosa in vitro was considerably higher in iron-deficient patients than in controls. In biopsy specimens taken after treatment with iron, uptake fell to normal levels, although total iron in the mucosa remained low. In iron-overloaded patients with primary haemochromatosis, there was inappropriately high uptake of iron by the biopsy specimens. Kinetic analysis suggested that this was the result of affinity for iron being increased in a carrier in the enterocyte.", "PMID": 87554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10823", "title": "Early detection of cancer of oesophagus along Caspian Littoral. Report of a pilot project.", "content": "A simple mass-screening procedure for the early detection by brush cytology of oesophageal cancer in 280 adults in high-incidence villages of the Caspian Littoral is described. The presence of atypical cells in 7%, and the discovery of frank carcinoma in 3 symptom-free people encourages continuation of the project.", "contents": "Early detection of cancer of oesophagus along Caspian Littoral. Report of a pilot project. A simple mass-screening procedure for the early detection by brush cytology of oesophageal cancer in 280 adults in high-incidence villages of the Caspian Littoral is described. The presence of atypical cells in 7%, and the discovery of frank carcinoma in 3 symptom-free people encourages continuation of the project.", "PMID": 87555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10824", "title": "Carnitine deficiency induced during intermittent haemodialysis for renal failure.", "content": "Carnitine concentration was measured in plasma, muscle, and dialysate before and after haemodialysis in patients with renal failure and in plasma and muscle of healthy controls. In eight of the nine patients carnitine concentration in muscle after haemodialysis was only 10% of the concentration in controls. Plasma-carnitine varied in patients before dialysis and in all of them was reduced by dialysis. The loss of carnitine into the dialysate (190--2100 mumol/treatment) greatly exceeded the normal loss in urine for most of patients, and was only partly compensated for. In some patients normal or high plasma-carnitine and low concentrations in muscle indicated that the carnitine-concentrating mechanisms in the muscle cell had failed. The reduction in carnitine will interfere seriously with normal cellular functions and this may help to explain the clinical syndrome of cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure which has been observed in some patients treated for a long time with intermittent haemodialysis.", "contents": "Carnitine deficiency induced during intermittent haemodialysis for renal failure. Carnitine concentration was measured in plasma, muscle, and dialysate before and after haemodialysis in patients with renal failure and in plasma and muscle of healthy controls. In eight of the nine patients carnitine concentration in muscle after haemodialysis was only 10% of the concentration in controls. Plasma-carnitine varied in patients before dialysis and in all of them was reduced by dialysis. The loss of carnitine into the dialysate (190--2100 mumol/treatment) greatly exceeded the normal loss in urine for most of patients, and was only partly compensated for. In some patients normal or high plasma-carnitine and low concentrations in muscle indicated that the carnitine-concentrating mechanisms in the muscle cell had failed. The reduction in carnitine will interfere seriously with normal cellular functions and this may help to explain the clinical syndrome of cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure which has been observed in some patients treated for a long time with intermittent haemodialysis.", "PMID": 87556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10825", "title": "Bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weaning foods.", "content": "Although emphasis on infant feeding is rightly being placed on breast-feeding, the need for safe weaning foods for the developing world must also receive its due attention. Traditional weaning foods used for young infants in a typical West African village can be as hazardous, bacteriologically, as commercial milk products, and providing a breast-fed child with supplements under the conditions which prevail in much of the developing world is potentially dangerous, whatever the source of the food.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weaning foods. Although emphasis on infant feeding is rightly being placed on breast-feeding, the need for safe weaning foods for the developing world must also receive its due attention. Traditional weaning foods used for young infants in a typical West African village can be as hazardous, bacteriologically, as commercial milk products, and providing a breast-fed child with supplements under the conditions which prevail in much of the developing world is potentially dangerous, whatever the source of the food.", "PMID": 87565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10826", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin in advanced testicular non-seminoma.", "content": "40 patients with disseminated testicular non-seminoma were treated with cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Complete remission was achieved in 24 (60%) patients and partial remission in 11 (28%). 22 of the 24 complete responders, who have been followed-up for a median of 11 months, have been tumour-free for 5--30 months. There were 3 drug-related deaths. This regimen is the most effective remission-induction treatment available for disseminated testicular non-seminoma. Patients should be treated in centres experienced in the specialised management of this potentia-ly curable disease.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin in advanced testicular non-seminoma. 40 patients with disseminated testicular non-seminoma were treated with cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Complete remission was achieved in 24 (60%) patients and partial remission in 11 (28%). 22 of the 24 complete responders, who have been followed-up for a median of 11 months, have been tumour-free for 5--30 months. There were 3 drug-related deaths. This regimen is the most effective remission-induction treatment available for disseminated testicular non-seminoma. Patients should be treated in centres experienced in the specialised management of this potentia-ly curable disease.", "PMID": 87614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10827", "title": "Cure of aplastic anaemia in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria by marrow transfusion from identical twin: Failure of peripheral-leucocyte transfusion to correct marrow aplasia.", "content": "The ability of syngeneic peripheral leucocytes to cure marrow aplasia was tested in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (P.N.H.). Transfusion of 7.1X10(10) white cells obtained by leucopheresis from an identical-twin donor, providing 3.4X10(4) myeloid progenitors (C.F.U.-C)/kg, failed to improve marrow function within two months. In contrast, transfusion of 1.3X10(10) nucleated bone-marrow cells, representing 6.4X10(4) C.F.U.-C/kg, from the same donor resulted in prompt bone-marrow recovery. These observations support the hypothesis that aplastic anaemia in P.N.H. is a stem-cell defect that may be corrected by the simple infusion of relatively small numbers of normal bone-marrow cells. They also seem to indicate a distinct advantage of marrow cells over peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in their ability to correct marrow aplasia.", "contents": "Cure of aplastic anaemia in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria by marrow transfusion from identical twin: Failure of peripheral-leucocyte transfusion to correct marrow aplasia. The ability of syngeneic peripheral leucocytes to cure marrow aplasia was tested in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (P.N.H.). Transfusion of 7.1X10(10) white cells obtained by leucopheresis from an identical-twin donor, providing 3.4X10(4) myeloid progenitors (C.F.U.-C)/kg, failed to improve marrow function within two months. In contrast, transfusion of 1.3X10(10) nucleated bone-marrow cells, representing 6.4X10(4) C.F.U.-C/kg, from the same donor resulted in prompt bone-marrow recovery. These observations support the hypothesis that aplastic anaemia in P.N.H. is a stem-cell defect that may be corrected by the simple infusion of relatively small numbers of normal bone-marrow cells. They also seem to indicate a distinct advantage of marrow cells over peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in their ability to correct marrow aplasia.", "PMID": 87615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10828", "title": "Cytochrome b is present in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Analysis of dithionite difference spectra demonstrated that cytochrome b was present in neutrophil homogenates from a 17-year-old girl and her 25-year-old brother who had the autosomal recessive form of chronic granulomatous disease, and from an 18-year-old boy with the X-linked form of chronic granulomatous disease. These results indicate that the postulated importance of cytochrome b in the oxygen burst during phagocytosis is questionable.", "contents": "Cytochrome b is present in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Analysis of dithionite difference spectra demonstrated that cytochrome b was present in neutrophil homogenates from a 17-year-old girl and her 25-year-old brother who had the autosomal recessive form of chronic granulomatous disease, and from an 18-year-old boy with the X-linked form of chronic granulomatous disease. These results indicate that the postulated importance of cytochrome b in the oxygen burst during phagocytosis is questionable.", "PMID": 87617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10829", "title": "Improvement in iron status and liver function in patients with transfusional iron overload with long-term subcutaneous desferrioxamine.", "content": "Subcutaneous desferrioxamine (2--4 g over 12 h) was administered 6 nights each week to 34 patients with transfusional iron overloads who continued to receive regular blood-transfusions. All 34 patients showed a fall in serum-ferritin after 5 to 12 months. In some patients serum-ferritin fell almost to normal. Liver function improved in all the patients, serum-aspartate-transaminase levels fell in all 17 patients tested, and liver-iron fell in 5 of 6 patients tested. These studies show that body-iron stores can be substantially reduced, to normal or near normal levels, by long-term subcutaneous desferrioxamine in patients with transfusional iron overload despite the need for continued blood-transfusion. They also show that removal of iron is accompanied by improved organ function.", "contents": "Improvement in iron status and liver function in patients with transfusional iron overload with long-term subcutaneous desferrioxamine. Subcutaneous desferrioxamine (2--4 g over 12 h) was administered 6 nights each week to 34 patients with transfusional iron overloads who continued to receive regular blood-transfusions. All 34 patients showed a fall in serum-ferritin after 5 to 12 months. In some patients serum-ferritin fell almost to normal. Liver function improved in all the patients, serum-aspartate-transaminase levels fell in all 17 patients tested, and liver-iron fell in 5 of 6 patients tested. These studies show that body-iron stores can be substantially reduced, to normal or near normal levels, by long-term subcutaneous desferrioxamine in patients with transfusional iron overload despite the need for continued blood-transfusion. They also show that removal of iron is accompanied by improved organ function.", "PMID": 87616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10830", "title": "Non-A non-B hepatitis associated with chronic liver disease in a haemodialysis unit.", "content": "To clarify the aetiology of an outbreak of HBsAg-negative acute hepatitis in the renal unit at Fulham Hospital in 1968--70, serological tests for antibody to hepatitis-A virus (anti-H.A.V.) were done retrospectively on serum samples obtained at the time of the outbreak. 7 patients had had two previous episodes of clinical HBsAg-negative hepatitis. Serum samples were available from 24 of the 29 infected patients, and these were paired in 12 instances. There was a slight increase in the titre of anti-H.A.V. in 1 patient, and a further 2 patients who subsequently developed chronic hepatitis showed a decrease in titre, but no changes in titre were detected in the remaining 21 cases. These findings do not provide evidence for the involvement of hepatitis-A virus in the outbreak of hepatitis and effectively exclude a role for this virus in the chrnoic liver disease which developed subsequently in 8 (28%) of the patients. This outbreak is therefore probably non-A non-B hepatitis, which has not been reported previously in Great Britain in a haemodialysis unit. The results confirm that this form of hepatitis may be related to a high frequency of persistent hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Non-A non-B hepatitis associated with chronic liver disease in a haemodialysis unit. To clarify the aetiology of an outbreak of HBsAg-negative acute hepatitis in the renal unit at Fulham Hospital in 1968--70, serological tests for antibody to hepatitis-A virus (anti-H.A.V.) were done retrospectively on serum samples obtained at the time of the outbreak. 7 patients had had two previous episodes of clinical HBsAg-negative hepatitis. Serum samples were available from 24 of the 29 infected patients, and these were paired in 12 instances. There was a slight increase in the titre of anti-H.A.V. in 1 patient, and a further 2 patients who subsequently developed chronic hepatitis showed a decrease in titre, but no changes in titre were detected in the remaining 21 cases. These findings do not provide evidence for the involvement of hepatitis-A virus in the outbreak of hepatitis and effectively exclude a role for this virus in the chrnoic liver disease which developed subsequently in 8 (28%) of the patients. This outbreak is therefore probably non-A non-B hepatitis, which has not been reported previously in Great Britain in a haemodialysis unit. The results confirm that this form of hepatitis may be related to a high frequency of persistent hepatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 87618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10831", "title": "Dependence on chlormethiazole and effects of its withdrawal.", "content": "Five cases of physical dependence on chlormethiazole are reported. Because sudden withdrawal may precipitate an acute \"organic psychosis\", chlormethiazole should only be used in hospitals and, even then, only for a maximum of 9 days.", "contents": "Dependence on chlormethiazole and effects of its withdrawal. Five cases of physical dependence on chlormethiazole are reported. Because sudden withdrawal may precipitate an acute \"organic psychosis\", chlormethiazole should only be used in hospitals and, even then, only for a maximum of 9 days.", "PMID": 87619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10832", "title": "Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Apomorphine in combination with a peripheral dopamine receptor blocker (domeperidone) was administered to four parkinsonian patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine was not reduced by domperidone, while nausea, drowsiness, sedation, and arterial hypotension were prevented. Combination of domperidone with dopamine agonists may result in more effective treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease. Apomorphine in combination with a peripheral dopamine receptor blocker (domeperidone) was administered to four parkinsonian patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine was not reduced by domperidone, while nausea, drowsiness, sedation, and arterial hypotension were prevented. Combination of domperidone with dopamine agonists may result in more effective treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 87620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10833", "title": "A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread. Association with a viral agent.", "content": "In December, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a resort camp in Colorado. Data obtained by questionnaire from 760 persons indicated that 418 (55%) had had gastroenteritis at the camp or within a week of leaving it, with peak onset within a two-day period. Symptoms included vomiting (81%), diarrhoea (65%), and fever (49%); median duration of illness was twenty-four hours. The attack-rate increased with consumption of water or ice-containing beverages. The camp water supply was found to be inadequately chlorinated and contaminated by a leaking septic tank. Although routine laboratory tests did not reveal bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, immune electron microscopy detected virus-like particles in two of five diarrhoeal stool filtrates. Oral administration of one of these bacteria-free filtrates to two volunteers induced a gastrointestinal illness similar to that observed in the camp visitors.", "contents": "A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread. Association with a viral agent. In December, 1976, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a resort camp in Colorado. Data obtained by questionnaire from 760 persons indicated that 418 (55%) had had gastroenteritis at the camp or within a week of leaving it, with peak onset within a two-day period. Symptoms included vomiting (81%), diarrhoea (65%), and fever (49%); median duration of illness was twenty-four hours. The attack-rate increased with consumption of water or ice-containing beverages. The camp water supply was found to be inadequately chlorinated and contaminated by a leaking septic tank. Although routine laboratory tests did not reveal bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, immune electron microscopy detected virus-like particles in two of five diarrhoeal stool filtrates. Oral administration of one of these bacteria-free filtrates to two volunteers induced a gastrointestinal illness similar to that observed in the camp visitors.", "PMID": 87627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10834", "title": "Food allergies and migraine.", "content": "60 migraine patients completed elimination diets after a 5-day period of withdrawal from their normal diet. 52 (87%) of these patients had been using oral contraceptive steroids, tobacco, and/or ergotamine for an average of 3 years, 22 years, and 7.4 years respectively. The commonest foods causing reactions were wheat (78%), orange (65%), eggs (45%), tea and coffee (40% each), chocolate and milk (37%) each), beef (35%), and corn, cane sugar, and yeast (33% each). When an average of ten common foods were avoided there was a dramatic fall in the number of headaches per month, 85% of patients becoming headache-free. The 25% of patients with hypertension became normotensive. Chemicals in the home environment can make this testing difficult for outpatients. Both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by food intolerance.", "contents": "Food allergies and migraine. 60 migraine patients completed elimination diets after a 5-day period of withdrawal from their normal diet. 52 (87%) of these patients had been using oral contraceptive steroids, tobacco, and/or ergotamine for an average of 3 years, 22 years, and 7.4 years respectively. The commonest foods causing reactions were wheat (78%), orange (65%), eggs (45%), tea and coffee (40% each), chocolate and milk (37%) each), beef (35%), and corn, cane sugar, and yeast (33% each). When an average of ten common foods were avoided there was a dramatic fall in the number of headaches per month, 85% of patients becoming headache-free. The 25% of patients with hypertension became normotensive. Chemicals in the home environment can make this testing difficult for outpatients. Both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by food intolerance.", "PMID": 87628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10835", "title": "Increased hepatic copper concentration in Indian childhood cirrhosis.", "content": "19 Indian children with liver disease were studied. 5 in whom a clinical and histological diagnosis of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis was made had massive orcein-staining deposits in liver cells. The hepatic copper content in these 5 cases was strikingly high (1389 microgram/g dry tissue, range 1045--2303) the normal range being 15--55 microgram/g. Of the other 14 cases, only 2 had hepatic copper levels above normal (170 and 262 microgram/g.) This high hepatic copper concentration may be caused by excessive copper ingestion or an abnormality of copper metabolism.", "contents": "Increased hepatic copper concentration in Indian childhood cirrhosis. 19 Indian children with liver disease were studied. 5 in whom a clinical and histological diagnosis of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis was made had massive orcein-staining deposits in liver cells. The hepatic copper content in these 5 cases was strikingly high (1389 microgram/g dry tissue, range 1045--2303) the normal range being 15--55 microgram/g. Of the other 14 cases, only 2 had hepatic copper levels above normal (170 and 262 microgram/g.) This high hepatic copper concentration may be caused by excessive copper ingestion or an abnormality of copper metabolism.", "PMID": 87675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10836", "title": "Cytoplasmic copper and its toxic effects. Studies in Indian childhood cirrhosis.", "content": "Morphological, histochemical, and chemical study of three necropsy specimens of liver in the terminal stage of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis revealed a strikingly high copper content. it is proposed that excess accumulation of copper in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes disturbs the microtubular system, causing hydropic swelling and the formation of Mallory's hyalin. Copper and copper-binding protein showed topographical association with Mallory's hyalin. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining and the lysosomal copper distribution also suggested that copper had a cytotoxic effect. The pattern of copper distribution in Indian Childhood Cirrhosis differs from that in Wilson's disease and in prolonged cholestasis with excessive hepatic copper deposition, indicating a different mechanism of the copper accumulation.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic copper and its toxic effects. Studies in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Morphological, histochemical, and chemical study of three necropsy specimens of liver in the terminal stage of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis revealed a strikingly high copper content. it is proposed that excess accumulation of copper in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes disturbs the microtubular system, causing hydropic swelling and the formation of Mallory's hyalin. Copper and copper-binding protein showed topographical association with Mallory's hyalin. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining and the lysosomal copper distribution also suggested that copper had a cytotoxic effect. The pattern of copper distribution in Indian Childhood Cirrhosis differs from that in Wilson's disease and in prolonged cholestasis with excessive hepatic copper deposition, indicating a different mechanism of the copper accumulation.", "PMID": 87676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10837", "title": "Genetic marker for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A rare genetic type (Bf F1) of properdin factor B is found in 22.6% of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus but in only 1.9% of the general population, yielding a relative risk of 15.0. This indicates that a genetic locus for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is very close on chromosome 6 to Bf, and that Bf F1 is a marker for nearly 1 out of 4 insulin-dependent diabetic patients.", "contents": "Genetic marker for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A rare genetic type (Bf F1) of properdin factor B is found in 22.6% of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus but in only 1.9% of the general population, yielding a relative risk of 15.0. This indicates that a genetic locus for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is very close on chromosome 6 to Bf, and that Bf F1 is a marker for nearly 1 out of 4 insulin-dependent diabetic patients.", "PMID": 87677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10838", "title": "Influence of once-daily administration of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on arterial pressure and its variability.", "content": "Intra-arterial pressure was recorded over 24 h in hypertensive patients before and during long-term treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists given once daily under standardised conditions. Arterial pressure was reduced throughout the 24 h after the last dose as was variability of pressure during physical activity; variability during sleep and rest did not change significantly.", "contents": "Influence of once-daily administration of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on arterial pressure and its variability. Intra-arterial pressure was recorded over 24 h in hypertensive patients before and during long-term treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists given once daily under standardised conditions. Arterial pressure was reduced throughout the 24 h after the last dose as was variability of pressure during physical activity; variability during sleep and rest did not change significantly.", "PMID": 87678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10839", "title": "Improvement of chronic congestive heart-failure by oral captopril.", "content": "Catopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, was given orally during cardiac catheterisation to 6 normotensive patients with refractory congestive heart-failure. 60--180 minutes after administration of 25 mg captopril, arterial pressure fell by 25%, cardiac index rose by 38%, and left-ventricular pressure and right-atrial pressure fell by 25% and 40% respectively. Plasma-renin activity rose while plasma noradrenaline and aldosterone fell. These data suggest that, in the short term, captopril can reduce both preload and afterload, and improve cardiac function, in refractory congestive heart-failure.", "contents": "Improvement of chronic congestive heart-failure by oral captopril. Catopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, was given orally during cardiac catheterisation to 6 normotensive patients with refractory congestive heart-failure. 60--180 minutes after administration of 25 mg captopril, arterial pressure fell by 25%, cardiac index rose by 38%, and left-ventricular pressure and right-atrial pressure fell by 25% and 40% respectively. Plasma-renin activity rose while plasma noradrenaline and aldosterone fell. These data suggest that, in the short term, captopril can reduce both preload and afterload, and improve cardiac function, in refractory congestive heart-failure.", "PMID": 87679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10840", "title": "Is arterial hypertension crucial for the development of cerebral haemorrhage in premature infants?", "content": "Computerised tomography has revealed that more than 40% of premature neonates (birth weight smaller than 1500 g) have cerebral bleeds in the first 3 or 4 days of extrauterine life. Injection studies done at necropsy have shown that they usually originate in the capillaries of the germinal matrix. It is suggested that premature neonates are hypertensive when their blood-pressure is compared with that in utero, and that events that lead to further rises in pressure are common. Their capillaries are not protected against rises in arterial pressure because autoregulation is impaired. Furthermore, the capillaries in the germinal matrix are not supported by firm glial structures. Arterial pressure rises are therefore likely to be responsible for germinal matrix haemorrhage in the premature neonate, and the risk of haemorrhage probably diminishes as autoregulation of cerebral blood-flow is restored a few days after birth.", "contents": "Is arterial hypertension crucial for the development of cerebral haemorrhage in premature infants? Computerised tomography has revealed that more than 40% of premature neonates (birth weight smaller than 1500 g) have cerebral bleeds in the first 3 or 4 days of extrauterine life. Injection studies done at necropsy have shown that they usually originate in the capillaries of the germinal matrix. It is suggested that premature neonates are hypertensive when their blood-pressure is compared with that in utero, and that events that lead to further rises in pressure are common. Their capillaries are not protected against rises in arterial pressure because autoregulation is impaired. Furthermore, the capillaries in the germinal matrix are not supported by firm glial structures. Arterial pressure rises are therefore likely to be responsible for germinal matrix haemorrhage in the premature neonate, and the risk of haemorrhage probably diminishes as autoregulation of cerebral blood-flow is restored a few days after birth.", "PMID": 87680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10841", "title": "Effect of rubella vaccination programme on serological status of young adults in United Kingdom.", "content": "Antibody to rubella virus was measured in over 10,000 serum samples collected in 1976, 1977, and 1978 from young adult blood donors and university students. The incidence of seronegatives was lower (4--7%) among females born in 1956 and subsequently--i.e., among the age groups offered rubella vaccine at school--than among females born before 1654 (11--20%). The incidence of seronegatives among males in the 1977 and 1978 surveys had the opposite trend, with a higher proportion of seronegatives in younger males, born in 1956 and subsequently, than in older males. The findings provide evidence that the rubella vaccination programme in the U.K. is having a significant impact on the immunological status of young females of childbearing age. Nevertheless too high a proportion of young females remains potentially susceptible to rubella.", "contents": "Effect of rubella vaccination programme on serological status of young adults in United Kingdom. Antibody to rubella virus was measured in over 10,000 serum samples collected in 1976, 1977, and 1978 from young adult blood donors and university students. The incidence of seronegatives was lower (4--7%) among females born in 1956 and subsequently--i.e., among the age groups offered rubella vaccine at school--than among females born before 1654 (11--20%). The incidence of seronegatives among males in the 1977 and 1978 surveys had the opposite trend, with a higher proportion of seronegatives in younger males, born in 1956 and subsequently, than in older males. The findings provide evidence that the rubella vaccination programme in the U.K. is having a significant impact on the immunological status of young females of childbearing age. Nevertheless too high a proportion of young females remains potentially susceptible to rubella.", "PMID": 87687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10842", "title": "How district hospitals see acute colitis.", "content": "Acute colitis was an uncommon cause of admission to twenty-two district hospitals in 1975--77. The overall mortality in this series of 130 patients was 5.2%, 1.8% during medical treatment and 20% after urgent surgical treatment. A third of the patients were admitted without previous diagnosis. Four-fifths responded to medical treatment and the rest were treated by urgent colectomy. Four of the six related deaths and half the urgent operations occurred among 18 patients iwth colonic dilatation. This complication was often detected within two days of admission by abdominal X-ray; symptoms and signs were unhelpful in its recognition. Early admission to hospital of patients with severe unexplained diarrhoea or a sharp attack of colitis, rapid investigation to exclude infection, and energetic treatment of colitis, monitored by abdominal X-rays to detect colonic dilatation at its earliest stage, might reduce the frequency and danger of this complication.", "contents": "How district hospitals see acute colitis. Acute colitis was an uncommon cause of admission to twenty-two district hospitals in 1975--77. The overall mortality in this series of 130 patients was 5.2%, 1.8% during medical treatment and 20% after urgent surgical treatment. A third of the patients were admitted without previous diagnosis. Four-fifths responded to medical treatment and the rest were treated by urgent colectomy. Four of the six related deaths and half the urgent operations occurred among 18 patients iwth colonic dilatation. This complication was often detected within two days of admission by abdominal X-ray; symptoms and signs were unhelpful in its recognition. Early admission to hospital of patients with severe unexplained diarrhoea or a sharp attack of colitis, rapid investigation to exclude infection, and energetic treatment of colitis, monitored by abdominal X-rays to detect colonic dilatation at its earliest stage, might reduce the frequency and danger of this complication.", "PMID": 87688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10843", "title": "Survey of operating room pollution within an N.H.S. district.", "content": "Pollution by waste anaesthetic gases was measured in all operating departments in a typical N.H.S. district. Methods were chosen to provide time-weighted average levels over the period of each operating session. The results showed that air-conditioning alone could not guarantee pollution levels below suggested maximum levels and that to meet those requirements air-conditioning plus scavenging was necessary. Background pollution levels were found to be representative of the personal exposure of nursing staff but approximated to only one third of the anaesthetists' personal exposure. Dental clinics presented special problems, namely the very high levels of pollution to which the dentist and his assistants were exposed.", "contents": "Survey of operating room pollution within an N.H.S. district. Pollution by waste anaesthetic gases was measured in all operating departments in a typical N.H.S. district. Methods were chosen to provide time-weighted average levels over the period of each operating session. The results showed that air-conditioning alone could not guarantee pollution levels below suggested maximum levels and that to meet those requirements air-conditioning plus scavenging was necessary. Background pollution levels were found to be representative of the personal exposure of nursing staff but approximated to only one third of the anaesthetists' personal exposure. Dental clinics presented special problems, namely the very high levels of pollution to which the dentist and his assistants were exposed.", "PMID": 87689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10844", "title": "Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: improved blood-glucose and intermediary-metabolite control in diabetics.", "content": "Blood-levels of glucose and the major intermediary metabolites, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine, were measured in 7 insulin-dependent diabetics during 24 h of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (C.S.I.I.) from a portable dual-rate syringe pump. Results were compared with metabolic profiles during the patients' conventional insulin treatment and with those of 17 non-diabetics. The mean 24 h plasma-glucose during C.S.I.I. was not significantly different from that in non-diabetics. During infusion blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine were also close to those in the non-diabetic state. Thus, C.S.I.I. provides strict control not only of blood-glucose but also of major metabolites, an essential prerequisite for investigating the influence of good metabolic control on diabetic microangiography.", "contents": "Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: improved blood-glucose and intermediary-metabolite control in diabetics. Blood-levels of glucose and the major intermediary metabolites, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine, were measured in 7 insulin-dependent diabetics during 24 h of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (C.S.I.I.) from a portable dual-rate syringe pump. Results were compared with metabolic profiles during the patients' conventional insulin treatment and with those of 17 non-diabetics. The mean 24 h plasma-glucose during C.S.I.I. was not significantly different from that in non-diabetics. During infusion blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine were also close to those in the non-diabetic state. Thus, C.S.I.I. provides strict control not only of blood-glucose but also of major metabolites, an essential prerequisite for investigating the influence of good metabolic control on diabetic microangiography.", "PMID": 87724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10845", "title": "Restoration of normal lipid and aminoacid metabolism in diabetic patients treated with a portable insulin-infusion pump.", "content": "To determine whether abnormalities of lipid and aminoacid metabolism observed in diabetes are corrected when plasma-glucose levels are restored to normal, eight insulin-dependent diabetics were treated for 7-14 days with a portable infusion pump which delivers insulin subcutaneously in basal (between-meal) doses with pulse-dose increments before meals. Mean plasma-glucose (206 +/- 24 mg/dl during conventional insulin treatment) fell to 89 +/- 3 mg/dl at day 7 and 84 +/- 2 mg/dl at day 14 of pump treatment; glycosuria was eliminated. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were elevated during conventional insulin treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump treatment. Plasma-levels of branched-chain aminoacids were 50-60% above control levels during conventional treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump therapy. Aminoacids were reduced from their high postprandial levels to normal values after insulin-pump treatment. In addition to restoring plasma-glucose to normal, treatment of diabetes with a portable insulin-infusion system results in restoration of normal lipid and aminoacid metabolism. Long-term use of this system may determine whether metabolic changes resulting from insulin lack cause the complications of diabetes.", "contents": "Restoration of normal lipid and aminoacid metabolism in diabetic patients treated with a portable insulin-infusion pump. To determine whether abnormalities of lipid and aminoacid metabolism observed in diabetes are corrected when plasma-glucose levels are restored to normal, eight insulin-dependent diabetics were treated for 7-14 days with a portable infusion pump which delivers insulin subcutaneously in basal (between-meal) doses with pulse-dose increments before meals. Mean plasma-glucose (206 +/- 24 mg/dl during conventional insulin treatment) fell to 89 +/- 3 mg/dl at day 7 and 84 +/- 2 mg/dl at day 14 of pump treatment; glycosuria was eliminated. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were elevated during conventional insulin treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump treatment. Plasma-levels of branched-chain aminoacids were 50-60% above control levels during conventional treatment but fell to normal after 7 days of pump therapy. Aminoacids were reduced from their high postprandial levels to normal values after insulin-pump treatment. In addition to restoring plasma-glucose to normal, treatment of diabetes with a portable insulin-infusion system results in restoration of normal lipid and aminoacid metabolism. Long-term use of this system may determine whether metabolic changes resulting from insulin lack cause the complications of diabetes.", "PMID": 87725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10846", "title": "Ultrasound detection of brain damage in preterm infants.", "content": "A linear-array real-time ultrasound scanner with a 5 MHz probe was used to examine the brains of 31 infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestation. The equipment was mounted on a small trolley and the infants could easily be scanned in their incubators. 7 of the 31 infants were shown to have cerebral lesions, including haemorrhages into the germinal layer and ventricles, hydrocephalus, and infarction of the periventricular region and cerebral cortex. The type and extent of the lesions were conformed by computerised tomography and at necropsy. Ultrasound scanning is a safe, simple, non-invasive technique that provides valuable information for the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of lesions in the brains of newborn infants.", "contents": "Ultrasound detection of brain damage in preterm infants. A linear-array real-time ultrasound scanner with a 5 MHz probe was used to examine the brains of 31 infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestation. The equipment was mounted on a small trolley and the infants could easily be scanned in their incubators. 7 of the 31 infants were shown to have cerebral lesions, including haemorrhages into the germinal layer and ventricles, hydrocephalus, and infarction of the periventricular region and cerebral cortex. The type and extent of the lesions were conformed by computerised tomography and at necropsy. Ultrasound scanning is a safe, simple, non-invasive technique that provides valuable information for the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of lesions in the brains of newborn infants.", "PMID": 87726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10847", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possible masking of viral antigen.", "content": "Serial serum samples from 22 patients with transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis and 2 chimpanzees with the experimentally induced disease were tested for circulating immune complexes by Raji-cell radioimmunoassay. 13 patients (59%) and 1 chimpanzee had circulating immune complexes immediately before, coincident with, or during the return to normal of raised aminotransferase activity. 7 of the 10 patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis had detectable complexes at levels which waxed and waned in parallel with changes in serum aminotransferase activity. Immune complexes may contain and mask viral antigens, and their presence may explain the failure of conventional immunological techniques to detect virus antigens.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possible masking of viral antigen. Serial serum samples from 22 patients with transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis and 2 chimpanzees with the experimentally induced disease were tested for circulating immune complexes by Raji-cell radioimmunoassay. 13 patients (59%) and 1 chimpanzee had circulating immune complexes immediately before, coincident with, or during the return to normal of raised aminotransferase activity. 7 of the 10 patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis had detectable complexes at levels which waxed and waned in parallel with changes in serum aminotransferase activity. Immune complexes may contain and mask viral antigens, and their presence may explain the failure of conventional immunological techniques to detect virus antigens.", "PMID": 87727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10848", "title": "Production of IgE complexes by allergen challenge in atopic patients and the effect of sodium cromoglycate.", "content": "Specific IgE complexes and symptoms of asthma and eczema were produced in two allergic patients by oral challenge with food allergen. Both symptoms and IgE complexes could be prevented by pre-treatment with oral sodium cromoglycate. The IgE complexes can fix complement and may therefore provide the vehicle of the \"late\" responses seen in immediate hypersensitivity. The central role of gut sensitivity is emphasised by the protection afforded by sodium cromoglycate both when given acutely, against the effects of an oral challenge, and when given continuously for asthma and eczema due to food allergy.", "contents": "Production of IgE complexes by allergen challenge in atopic patients and the effect of sodium cromoglycate. Specific IgE complexes and symptoms of asthma and eczema were produced in two allergic patients by oral challenge with food allergen. Both symptoms and IgE complexes could be prevented by pre-treatment with oral sodium cromoglycate. The IgE complexes can fix complement and may therefore provide the vehicle of the \"late\" responses seen in immediate hypersensitivity. The central role of gut sensitivity is emphasised by the protection afforded by sodium cromoglycate both when given acutely, against the effects of an oral challenge, and when given continuously for asthma and eczema due to food allergy.", "PMID": 87728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10849", "title": "Immune complexes containing food proteins in normal and atopic subjects after oral challenge and effect of sodium cromoglycate on antigen absorption.", "content": "After ingestion of food, immune complexes containing food proteins as antigens were demonstrated in the serum of normal and atopic subjects. In the atopic patients challenged with the food to which they were sensitive, abnormal levels were detected. The same atopic patients pretreated with oral sodium cromoglycate had less antigen entry, diminished immune-complex formation, and no atopic symptoms. Tests for antigen entry and immune-complex formation after oral challenge may permit objective assessment of food allergy and may show whether drugs such as oral sodium cromoglycate are likely to benefit individual patients.", "contents": "Immune complexes containing food proteins in normal and atopic subjects after oral challenge and effect of sodium cromoglycate on antigen absorption. After ingestion of food, immune complexes containing food proteins as antigens were demonstrated in the serum of normal and atopic subjects. In the atopic patients challenged with the food to which they were sensitive, abnormal levels were detected. The same atopic patients pretreated with oral sodium cromoglycate had less antigen entry, diminished immune-complex formation, and no atopic symptoms. Tests for antigen entry and immune-complex formation after oral challenge may permit objective assessment of food allergy and may show whether drugs such as oral sodium cromoglycate are likely to benefit individual patients.", "PMID": 87729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10850", "title": "Significance of elevated mid-trimester maternal plasma-alpha-fetoprotein values.", "content": "In a prospective trial of 15,481 pregnancies, 667 women (4.3%) had two sequential mid-trimester plasma-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) values above 2 times the median. The outcome of these pregnancies was open neural-tube defect (12.4%), birthweight less than 2.5 kg (10.3%), twins (9.8%), fetal wastage (9.5%), perinatal death (2.6%), other (1.3%), and \"normal\" singleton (54.1%). At higher A.F.P. cutoffs the proportion of \"normal\" singleton pregnancies declined rapidly, being 19% at 3 times the median and 9% at 4 times the median. If it is assumed that ultrasonography and amniotic-fluid A.F.P. assay can detect twins and most cases of neural-tube defect, the outcome of the residual pregnancies is still strongly influenced by plasma-A.F.P. level. Thus at a cut-off of 4 times the median two-thirds of the pregnancies in this residual group will end in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal death. It is suggested that counselling of women taking part in A.F.P. screening programmes should be strongly influenced by maternal plasma-A.F.P. levels, even if ultrasonographic findings and amniotic-fluid levels are normal.", "contents": "Significance of elevated mid-trimester maternal plasma-alpha-fetoprotein values. In a prospective trial of 15,481 pregnancies, 667 women (4.3%) had two sequential mid-trimester plasma-alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) values above 2 times the median. The outcome of these pregnancies was open neural-tube defect (12.4%), birthweight less than 2.5 kg (10.3%), twins (9.8%), fetal wastage (9.5%), perinatal death (2.6%), other (1.3%), and \"normal\" singleton (54.1%). At higher A.F.P. cutoffs the proportion of \"normal\" singleton pregnancies declined rapidly, being 19% at 3 times the median and 9% at 4 times the median. If it is assumed that ultrasonography and amniotic-fluid A.F.P. assay can detect twins and most cases of neural-tube defect, the outcome of the residual pregnancies is still strongly influenced by plasma-A.F.P. level. Thus at a cut-off of 4 times the median two-thirds of the pregnancies in this residual group will end in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal death. It is suggested that counselling of women taking part in A.F.P. screening programmes should be strongly influenced by maternal plasma-A.F.P. levels, even if ultrasonographic findings and amniotic-fluid levels are normal.", "PMID": 87736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10851", "title": "Plasma assay of fetal factors VIIIC and IX for prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.", "content": "Fetal blood unmixed with maternal blood or amniotic fluid was obtained by direct-vision fetoscopy in 22 consecutive cases at 15--22 weeks' gestation; the investigation was done either for prenatal diagnosis or before therapeutic abortion. Fetal plasma factors VIIIC and IX averaged 50 I.U./dl (S.D. 12.8) and 12.5 I.U./dl (S.D. 2.4), respectively. Two male fetuses at risk of haemophilia had normal factor VIIIC levels by these criteria, and both pregnancies ended in the birth of a normal boy. Five others gave 3 normal and 2 haemophilic results, which were confirmed in two of the three terminated pregnancies.", "contents": "Plasma assay of fetal factors VIIIC and IX for prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia. Fetal blood unmixed with maternal blood or amniotic fluid was obtained by direct-vision fetoscopy in 22 consecutive cases at 15--22 weeks' gestation; the investigation was done either for prenatal diagnosis or before therapeutic abortion. Fetal plasma factors VIIIC and IX averaged 50 I.U./dl (S.D. 12.8) and 12.5 I.U./dl (S.D. 2.4), respectively. Two male fetuses at risk of haemophilia had normal factor VIIIC levels by these criteria, and both pregnancies ended in the birth of a normal boy. Five others gave 3 normal and 2 haemophilic results, which were confirmed in two of the three terminated pregnancies.", "PMID": 87775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10852", "title": "Defective reticuloendothelial system function in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The function of the splenic reticuloendothelial system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) was assessed by determining the clearance of autologous heat-damaged erythrocytes from the circulation. 11/13 patients with active R.A. had a defect in the clearance of red cells and there was a significant inverse correlation between splenic function and the level of circulating immune complexes detected by a Clq-binding assay. Splenic function was normal in 13 patients with inactive disease who had been treated with either gold or prednisone. A serial study on 1 patient with active R.A. showed a clear correlation between fluctuations in disease activity, splenic function, and the level of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Defective reticuloendothelial system function in rheumatoid arthritis. The function of the splenic reticuloendothelial system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) was assessed by determining the clearance of autologous heat-damaged erythrocytes from the circulation. 11/13 patients with active R.A. had a defect in the clearance of red cells and there was a significant inverse correlation between splenic function and the level of circulating immune complexes detected by a Clq-binding assay. Splenic function was normal in 13 patients with inactive disease who had been treated with either gold or prednisone. A serial study on 1 patient with active R.A. showed a clear correlation between fluctuations in disease activity, splenic function, and the level of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 87776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10853", "title": "Korean haemorrhagic fever in staff in an animal laboratory.", "content": "In March, 1975, and January, 1978, there were outbreaks of Korean haemorrhagic fever (K.H.F.) among staff in the animal laboratory of the clinical research building of Tohoku University hospital. 13 doctors and 1 veterinarian had K.H.F., and all except 1 had a mild but typical clinical course. K.H.F. antibody titres were significantly raised in all 14 patients. 12 other doctors working in the same room had no symptoms and no K.H.F. antibody. K.H.F. antibody was also detected in 3 animal technicians who had not been ill, but who had worked in the same room. Antibody was not detected in any of the 4 technicians who worked in different animal rooms in another building. Epidemiological studies suggest that laboratory rats were the source of the infection. High titres of K.H.F. antibody were most common in rats reared in the animal laboratory associated with the outbreak.", "contents": "Korean haemorrhagic fever in staff in an animal laboratory. In March, 1975, and January, 1978, there were outbreaks of Korean haemorrhagic fever (K.H.F.) among staff in the animal laboratory of the clinical research building of Tohoku University hospital. 13 doctors and 1 veterinarian had K.H.F., and all except 1 had a mild but typical clinical course. K.H.F. antibody titres were significantly raised in all 14 patients. 12 other doctors working in the same room had no symptoms and no K.H.F. antibody. K.H.F. antibody was also detected in 3 animal technicians who had not been ill, but who had worked in the same room. Antibody was not detected in any of the 4 technicians who worked in different animal rooms in another building. Epidemiological studies suggest that laboratory rats were the source of the infection. High titres of K.H.F. antibody were most common in rats reared in the animal laboratory associated with the outbreak.", "PMID": 87777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10854", "title": "Undifferentiated carcinoma in young men: the atypical teratoma syndrome.", "content": "In 5 young men with apparent undifferentiated carcinoma involving lung, mediastinum, and lymph-nodes subsequent response to treatment, tumour-marker analysis, and histology review suggested a diagnosis of embryonal-cell carcinoma. It is suggested that atypical presentation of extragonadal germ-cell tumours may be common. Because such tumours respond to chemotherapy, accurate diagnosis is essential.", "contents": "Undifferentiated carcinoma in young men: the atypical teratoma syndrome. In 5 young men with apparent undifferentiated carcinoma involving lung, mediastinum, and lymph-nodes subsequent response to treatment, tumour-marker analysis, and histology review suggested a diagnosis of embryonal-cell carcinoma. It is suggested that atypical presentation of extragonadal germ-cell tumours may be common. Because such tumours respond to chemotherapy, accurate diagnosis is essential.", "PMID": 87778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10855", "title": "Detection of extracranial carotid stenosis by computed tomography.", "content": "Ten patients with transient ischaemic attacks (T.I.A.) within the carotid territory were examined by aortic-arch angiography and computed tomography (C.T.) of the neck. C.T. showed evidence of carotid calcifications in all 17 angiographically abnormal arteries, and there was no evidence of calcification in the 3 normal arteries. C.T. of the neck promises to be a useful technique for the investigation of patients with T.I.A.s.", "contents": "Detection of extracranial carotid stenosis by computed tomography. Ten patients with transient ischaemic attacks (T.I.A.) within the carotid territory were examined by aortic-arch angiography and computed tomography (C.T.) of the neck. C.T. showed evidence of carotid calcifications in all 17 angiographically abnormal arteries, and there was no evidence of calcification in the 3 normal arteries. C.T. of the neck promises to be a useful technique for the investigation of patients with T.I.A.s.", "PMID": 87779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10856", "title": "Liposomes in arthritis: a new approach.", "content": "Intra-articular liposomal cortisol palmitate in a dose equivalent to 2 mg of cortisol produced a worthwhile therapeutic response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This may represent a valuable new approach to treatment.", "contents": "Liposomes in arthritis: a new approach. Intra-articular liposomal cortisol palmitate in a dose equivalent to 2 mg of cortisol produced a worthwhile therapeutic response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This may represent a valuable new approach to treatment.", "PMID": 87780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10857", "title": "Correlation between computed tomographic values and liver iron content in thalassaemia major with iron overload.", "content": "Computer tomographic (CT) scans of the liver were obtained in six thalassaemic patients with iron overload confirmed by liver biopsy. Mean CT values for the liver in individual patients were linearly related to the iron content estimated by liver biopsy (correlation coefficient = 0.995).", "contents": "Correlation between computed tomographic values and liver iron content in thalassaemia major with iron overload. Computer tomographic (CT) scans of the liver were obtained in six thalassaemic patients with iron overload confirmed by liver biopsy. Mean CT values for the liver in individual patients were linearly related to the iron content estimated by liver biopsy (correlation coefficient = 0.995).", "PMID": 87781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10858", "title": "Dacron bypass grafting in the relief of obstructive jaundice.", "content": "A new technique using a 'Dacron' tube bypass graft for relief of obstructive jaundice due to malignant disease is described. This method is applicable when a conventional bypass operation is technically impossible. Good palliation was achieved in all seven patients who survived the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Dacron bypass grafting in the relief of obstructive jaundice. A new technique using a 'Dacron' tube bypass graft for relief of obstructive jaundice due to malignant disease is described. This method is applicable when a conventional bypass operation is technically impossible. Good palliation was achieved in all seven patients who survived the immediate postoperative period.", "PMID": 87782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10859", "title": "Infants of very low birthweight. A 15-year analysis.", "content": "357 babies weighing 501--1500 g were born alive at Hammersmith Hospital in 1961--75. 58.5% died in the neonatal period and 1.4% at 4--25 months of age. 1.4% of the total are untraced, 5.3% have major handicap, 5.6% have minor handicap, and 27.8% are apparently normal. There was no significant improvement in neonatal mortality in three 5-year periods, 1961--65, 1966--70, and 1971--75, except that more small-for-gestational-age babies survived in the last period than in the first. More of these babies survived than did babies whose birthweight was appropriate for gestational age. There was no significant improvement in the proportion of handicapped children among the very-low-weight liveborn babies throughout the 15-year period, despite increasing complexity of care.", "contents": "Infants of very low birthweight. A 15-year analysis. 357 babies weighing 501--1500 g were born alive at Hammersmith Hospital in 1961--75. 58.5% died in the neonatal period and 1.4% at 4--25 months of age. 1.4% of the total are untraced, 5.3% have major handicap, 5.6% have minor handicap, and 27.8% are apparently normal. There was no significant improvement in neonatal mortality in three 5-year periods, 1961--65, 1966--70, and 1971--75, except that more small-for-gestational-age babies survived in the last period than in the first. More of these babies survived than did babies whose birthweight was appropriate for gestational age. There was no significant improvement in the proportion of handicapped children among the very-low-weight liveborn babies throughout the 15-year period, despite increasing complexity of care.", "PMID": 87789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10860", "title": "Diagnostic decision-process in suspected pulmonary embolism. Report of the Herlev hospital study group.", "content": "An analysis was made of how a diagnosis was arrived at in 60 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Patients underwent an initial clinical assessment, a chest X-ray examination, pulmonary scintiphotography, and final clinical assessment. Later, chest films and scintiphotos from these patients and from 120 controls were mixed and reread \"blind\". The results suggest that clinical physiologists were biased by the clinical information when interpreting the scintiphotos and that clinicians in turn believed implicitly in the scintigraphic report when they made the final diagnosis. The degree of agreement between the first and the second readings of the scintiphotos was unsatisfactory. The radiological findings did not correlate with the clinical and scintigraphic assessments. The study reveals some of the problems which arise in routine clinical practice, when the true diagnosis cannot be established by independent means.", "contents": "Diagnostic decision-process in suspected pulmonary embolism. Report of the Herlev hospital study group. An analysis was made of how a diagnosis was arrived at in 60 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Patients underwent an initial clinical assessment, a chest X-ray examination, pulmonary scintiphotography, and final clinical assessment. Later, chest films and scintiphotos from these patients and from 120 controls were mixed and reread \"blind\". The results suggest that clinical physiologists were biased by the clinical information when interpreting the scintiphotos and that clinicians in turn believed implicitly in the scintigraphic report when they made the final diagnosis. The degree of agreement between the first and the second readings of the scintiphotos was unsatisfactory. The radiological findings did not correlate with the clinical and scintigraphic assessments. The study reveals some of the problems which arise in routine clinical practice, when the true diagnosis cannot be established by independent means.", "PMID": 87790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10861", "title": "Sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: controlled trial of 3-month and 2-month regimens of chemotherapy.", "content": "Of 1072 Chinese patients with radiographically active pulmonary tuberculosis and no microscopic evidence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum examinations, only 691 (64%) were sputum-culture negative. All patients were randomly allocated to selective chemotherapy (antituberculosis chemotherapy not being started until the activity of the disease had been confirmed), to daily streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide for 2 months or 3 months, or to a standard 12-month control regimen. During the subsequent 12 months, 64% of the patients in the selective chemotherapy series started antituberculosis chemotherapy. Both 2-month and 3-month regimens were inadequate for patients whose pretreatment sputum cultures were positive (relapse-rates 14% and 7%, respectively, in patients with drug-sensitive strains) but in the patients whose first cultures were negative the relapse-rate was only 1% after both short-term regimens.", "contents": "Sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: controlled trial of 3-month and 2-month regimens of chemotherapy. Of 1072 Chinese patients with radiographically active pulmonary tuberculosis and no microscopic evidence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum examinations, only 691 (64%) were sputum-culture negative. All patients were randomly allocated to selective chemotherapy (antituberculosis chemotherapy not being started until the activity of the disease had been confirmed), to daily streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide for 2 months or 3 months, or to a standard 12-month control regimen. During the subsequent 12 months, 64% of the patients in the selective chemotherapy series started antituberculosis chemotherapy. Both 2-month and 3-month regimens were inadequate for patients whose pretreatment sputum cultures were positive (relapse-rates 14% and 7%, respectively, in patients with drug-sensitive strains) but in the patients whose first cultures were negative the relapse-rate was only 1% after both short-term regimens.", "PMID": 87829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10862", "title": "Reactions and antibody responses to reinforcing doses of adsorbed and plain tetanus vaccines.", "content": "In children aged 15--16 years receiving routine reinforcement tetanus immunisation, adsorbed vaccine caused more severe and more frequent local reactions than did plain formol toxoid, and a higher incidence of pyrexia. The incidence of swelling and erythema at the inoculation site increased with serum antitoxin titre at the time of inoculation, whereas pain and tenderness were related to the presence of the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Both vaccines gave satisfactory antibody responses over a 5-month observation period; plain formol toxoid induced higher mean titres than did the adsorbed vaccine. It is recommended that plain and not adsorbed vaccine be used when reinforcement of immunity to tetanus alone is desired.", "contents": "Reactions and antibody responses to reinforcing doses of adsorbed and plain tetanus vaccines. In children aged 15--16 years receiving routine reinforcement tetanus immunisation, adsorbed vaccine caused more severe and more frequent local reactions than did plain formol toxoid, and a higher incidence of pyrexia. The incidence of swelling and erythema at the inoculation site increased with serum antitoxin titre at the time of inoculation, whereas pain and tenderness were related to the presence of the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Both vaccines gave satisfactory antibody responses over a 5-month observation period; plain formol toxoid induced higher mean titres than did the adsorbed vaccine. It is recommended that plain and not adsorbed vaccine be used when reinforcement of immunity to tetanus alone is desired.", "PMID": 87830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10863", "title": "Plasma-triglycerides do not regulate high-density lipoprotein concentrations.", "content": "Diets high in carbohydrate and diets restricted in fat and calories were used to induce large fluctuations in plasma-triglycerides in patients with severe familial hypertriglyceridaemia. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay of the major HDL apoprotein, apo A-I, and were correlated with plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Patients with type-1 hyperlipoproteinaemia had apo A-I concentrations about 50% of normal, and no increase in apo A-1 concentrations was observed even when plasmatriglycerides were reduced to the normal range. Apo A-I concentrations in type-5 hyperlipoproteinaemia were not consistently low and did not correlate with plasma-lipid concentrations. It does not seem that hypertriglyceridaemia reduces HDL in either disorder.", "contents": "Plasma-triglycerides do not regulate high-density lipoprotein concentrations. Diets high in carbohydrate and diets restricted in fat and calories were used to induce large fluctuations in plasma-triglycerides in patients with severe familial hypertriglyceridaemia. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay of the major HDL apoprotein, apo A-I, and were correlated with plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Patients with type-1 hyperlipoproteinaemia had apo A-I concentrations about 50% of normal, and no increase in apo A-1 concentrations was observed even when plasmatriglycerides were reduced to the normal range. Apo A-I concentrations in type-5 hyperlipoproteinaemia were not consistently low and did not correlate with plasma-lipid concentrations. It does not seem that hypertriglyceridaemia reduces HDL in either disorder.", "PMID": 87831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10864", "title": "Karyotypic conversion in Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia with combination chemotherapy.", "content": "Twelve previously untreated patients with Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia received combination chemotherapy soon after diagnosis. There was karyotypic conversion in five: in four, the percentage of Ph1-positive cells fell to 10 or less. In two other patients, who had mosaic karyotypes at presentation, the percentage fell to 5% and zero.", "contents": "Karyotypic conversion in Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia with combination chemotherapy. Twelve previously untreated patients with Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia received combination chemotherapy soon after diagnosis. There was karyotypic conversion in five: in four, the percentage of Ph1-positive cells fell to 10 or less. In two other patients, who had mosaic karyotypes at presentation, the percentage fell to 5% and zero.", "PMID": 87832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10865", "title": "Diabetic twin pregnancy: an unequal result.", "content": "A diabetic mother produced twins dissimilar in both appearance and blood biochemistry--one being clearly macrosomic and \"hyperinsulinised\" at delivery, the other apparently normal. It is suggested that the development of fetal hyperinsulinism may depend not only on maternal blood-glucose control but also on fetal blood-supply or genetic factors.", "contents": "Diabetic twin pregnancy: an unequal result. A diabetic mother produced twins dissimilar in both appearance and blood biochemistry--one being clearly macrosomic and \"hyperinsulinised\" at delivery, the other apparently normal. It is suggested that the development of fetal hyperinsulinism may depend not only on maternal blood-glucose control but also on fetal blood-supply or genetic factors.", "PMID": 87833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10866", "title": "Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade.", "content": "24 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (group I) were compared with a group of 13 controls with similar clinical findings and myocardial function who were selected retrospectively (group II) . All patients received digitalis and diuretics, but group I patients received beta-blockers as well. The survival-rate in group I patients (83%, 66%, and 52% after one, two, and three years respectively) differed significantly from that in group II subjects (46%, 19%, and 10%, respectively). This finding is supported by the demonstration that beta-blockade improved myocardial function in group I subjects. It is therefore suggested that beta-blockade prolongs survival in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade. 24 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (group I) were compared with a group of 13 controls with similar clinical findings and myocardial function who were selected retrospectively (group II) . All patients received digitalis and diuretics, but group I patients received beta-blockers as well. The survival-rate in group I patients (83%, 66%, and 52% after one, two, and three years respectively) differed significantly from that in group II subjects (46%, 19%, and 10%, respectively). This finding is supported by the demonstration that beta-blockade improved myocardial function in group I subjects. It is therefore suggested that beta-blockade prolongs survival in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 87834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10867", "title": "Inhibition of sebum excretion by an H2 blocker.", "content": "Cimetidine, 1g orally per day, partially inhibited sebum excretion in patients with acne. Whether this was the result of H2-receptor blockade or an antiandrogen action is unknown.", "contents": "Inhibition of sebum excretion by an H2 blocker. Cimetidine, 1g orally per day, partially inhibited sebum excretion in patients with acne. Whether this was the result of H2-receptor blockade or an antiandrogen action is unknown.", "PMID": 87835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10868", "title": "Normal plasma-1,25-(OH)2-vitamin-D concentrations in nutritional osteomalacia.", "content": "Three patients with advanced untreated nutritional osteomalacia had low plasma concentrations of 25-OHD and 24, 25-(OH)2D, and a raised concentration of immuno-assayable parathyroid hormone. The plasma concentration of 1, 25-(OH)2D was normal in all 3 patients.", "contents": "Normal plasma-1,25-(OH)2-vitamin-D concentrations in nutritional osteomalacia. Three patients with advanced untreated nutritional osteomalacia had low plasma concentrations of 25-OHD and 24, 25-(OH)2D, and a raised concentration of immuno-assayable parathyroid hormone. The plasma concentration of 1, 25-(OH)2D was normal in all 3 patients.", "PMID": 87836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10869", "title": "Innovation in medical diagnosis--the Scandinavian curiosity.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a major diagnostic tool in Scandinavia, where 8000 such biopsies may be done in a large metropolitan hospital each year. The procedure is rapid, inexpensive, and technologically simple, yet it has found only limited, albeit increasing, acceptance in medical practice outside Scandinavia. Although the differences between Scandinavian and other medical systems may explain why the technique is not used more widely, there seems to be an underlying reluctance among medical communities to accept subjective types of innovation compared with objective innovation.", "contents": "Innovation in medical diagnosis--the Scandinavian curiosity. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a major diagnostic tool in Scandinavia, where 8000 such biopsies may be done in a large metropolitan hospital each year. The procedure is rapid, inexpensive, and technologically simple, yet it has found only limited, albeit increasing, acceptance in medical practice outside Scandinavia. Although the differences between Scandinavian and other medical systems may explain why the technique is not used more widely, there seems to be an underlying reluctance among medical communities to accept subjective types of innovation compared with objective innovation.", "PMID": 87842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10870", "title": "The safest place of birth: further evidence.", "content": "The distribution of births for each place of delivery was studied with a composite antenatal prediction score, incorporating the most important risk factors, which was developed for the second volume of British Births 1970. Although consultant hospitals are seen to have the greatest share of births at moderate and high risk, this is not sufficient to account for the whole amount by which perinatal mortality in these hospitals exceeds that in other places of delivery.", "contents": "The safest place of birth: further evidence. The distribution of births for each place of delivery was studied with a composite antenatal prediction score, incorporating the most important risk factors, which was developed for the second volume of British Births 1970. Although consultant hospitals are seen to have the greatest share of births at moderate and high risk, this is not sufficient to account for the whole amount by which perinatal mortality in these hospitals exceeds that in other places of delivery.", "PMID": 87843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10871", "title": "Lymphomas and occupational benzene exposure.", "content": "There was a significant excess of deaths caused by major lymphomas in men employed in occupations where benzene and/or coal tar fractions are used. The increase in risk was limited to those who were 45 years of age and older at death, an observation which is consistent with the possibility that chronic exposure might be important. Evidence from other studies suggests that benzene may adversely affect the immunological system.", "contents": "Lymphomas and occupational benzene exposure. There was a significant excess of deaths caused by major lymphomas in men employed in occupations where benzene and/or coal tar fractions are used. The increase in risk was limited to those who were 45 years of age and older at death, an observation which is consistent with the possibility that chronic exposure might be important. Evidence from other studies suggests that benzene may adversely affect the immunological system.", "PMID": 87845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10872", "title": "Does screening by \"Pap\" smears help prevent cervical cancer? A case-control study.", "content": "The Papanicolaou (Pap)-smear history of 212 cases of invasive cervical cancer was compared with that of 1060 age-matched controls drawn from neighbours. In the 5 years before the year of diagnosis 32% of the cases had been screened by Pap smear, compared with 56% of the controls. This difference was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.0001) and indicated a relative risk of invasive cancer of 2.7 in women who had not been screened by Pap smear, compared with those who had. Differences in Pap-smear history between cases and controls persisted when the data were stratified by age, income, education, marital history, smoking habit, employment status, and access to medical care. These results support the belief that the Pap smear is an effective screening procedure for invasive cervical cancer.", "contents": "Does screening by \"Pap\" smears help prevent cervical cancer? A case-control study. The Papanicolaou (Pap)-smear history of 212 cases of invasive cervical cancer was compared with that of 1060 age-matched controls drawn from neighbours. In the 5 years before the year of diagnosis 32% of the cases had been screened by Pap smear, compared with 56% of the controls. This difference was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.0001) and indicated a relative risk of invasive cancer of 2.7 in women who had not been screened by Pap smear, compared with those who had. Differences in Pap-smear history between cases and controls persisted when the data were stratified by age, income, education, marital history, smoking habit, employment status, and access to medical care. These results support the belief that the Pap smear is an effective screening procedure for invasive cervical cancer.", "PMID": 87887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10873", "title": "Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and Yersinia in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The relationship of three infectious agents, Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and Yersinia enterocolitica, to the aetiology, clinical course, and diagnosis of Crohn's disease was studied. There was no evidence of chlamydial infection in Crohn's disease and no indication either that cytomegalovirus alters the outcome of acute attacks or that infection with Y. enterocolitica is being misdiagnosed as Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and Yersinia in inflammatory bowel disease. The relationship of three infectious agents, Chlamydia, cytomegalovirus, and Yersinia enterocolitica, to the aetiology, clinical course, and diagnosis of Crohn's disease was studied. There was no evidence of chlamydial infection in Crohn's disease and no indication either that cytomegalovirus alters the outcome of acute attacks or that infection with Y. enterocolitica is being misdiagnosed as Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 87888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10874", "title": "New method for measuring milk intakes in breast-fed babies.", "content": "A method for the measurement of milk intake in young breast-fed babies is described in which heavy water (2H2O) enrichment in saliva is measured on only two occasions after a single oral dose of 2H2O. Values obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by test-weighing. This new method is ideal for routine surveys since it does not interfere with feeding habits and maternal life style, and no technical expertise is required of the mother.", "contents": "New method for measuring milk intakes in breast-fed babies. A method for the measurement of milk intake in young breast-fed babies is described in which heavy water (2H2O) enrichment in saliva is measured on only two occasions after a single oral dose of 2H2O. Values obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by test-weighing. This new method is ideal for routine surveys since it does not interfere with feeding habits and maternal life style, and no technical expertise is required of the mother.", "PMID": 87889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10875", "title": "Resorption of bone.", "content": "The cell-system responsible for resorption of bone is now considered to be a derivative of haematopoietic bone-marrow, not skeletal connective tissue. Consideration of mutant mice and rats, with defects of bone resorption giving osteopetrosis, suggests that the primary defect is of the professional scavengers, the mononuclear-phagocyte system, failing to recognise effete bone. To explain associated defects of thymic lymphocytes it is postulated that the mononuclear-phagocyte system may be activated to a major or minor extent by professional recognisers, thymic lymphocytes, as happens in some inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Resorption of bone. The cell-system responsible for resorption of bone is now considered to be a derivative of haematopoietic bone-marrow, not skeletal connective tissue. Consideration of mutant mice and rats, with defects of bone resorption giving osteopetrosis, suggests that the primary defect is of the professional scavengers, the mononuclear-phagocyte system, failing to recognise effete bone. To explain associated defects of thymic lymphocytes it is postulated that the mononuclear-phagocyte system may be activated to a major or minor extent by professional recognisers, thymic lymphocytes, as happens in some inflammatory reactions.", "PMID": 87897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10876", "title": "Postgraduate examinations for general practice in Canada and the United Kingdom.", "content": "The membership examination of the Royal College of General Practitioners (M.R.C.G.P.) emphasises factual knowledge, and it is suggested that a clinical component should be included, perhaps using simulated patients as in the certificate examination of the Canadian College of Family Physicians (C.C.F.P.).", "contents": "Postgraduate examinations for general practice in Canada and the United Kingdom. The membership examination of the Royal College of General Practitioners (M.R.C.G.P.) emphasises factual knowledge, and it is suggested that a clinical component should be included, perhaps using simulated patients as in the certificate examination of the Canadian College of Family Physicians (C.C.F.P.).", "PMID": 87898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10877", "title": "Early detection of idiopathic haemochromatosis: relative value of serum-ferritin and HLA typing.", "content": "A study of 18 unrelated families with idiopathic haemochromatosis (I.H.C.) was undertaken to define the relative values of HLA typing and serum-ferritin estimation in the early detection of the disease. Sharing of both HLA haplotypes with the proband indicated a high risk of I.H.C. in siblings; but HLA typing was of limited value in detecting affected offspring. Non-identical HLA indicated a low risk of I.H.C. in both siblings and offspring. The presence of HLA A3 was not clinically useful as a marker for I.H.C., since this antigen was also present in 40% of unaffected relatives. In contrast, the serum-ferritin concentration was elevated in 96% of patients with I.H.C. and in only 5% of unaffected relatives. HLA typing provides some indication of the risk of I.H.C. in first-degree relatives, but the combination of serum-ferritin, serum-iron, and transferrin saturation remains the most reliable screening regimen for early diagnosis of I.H.C.", "contents": "Early detection of idiopathic haemochromatosis: relative value of serum-ferritin and HLA typing. A study of 18 unrelated families with idiopathic haemochromatosis (I.H.C.) was undertaken to define the relative values of HLA typing and serum-ferritin estimation in the early detection of the disease. Sharing of both HLA haplotypes with the proband indicated a high risk of I.H.C. in siblings; but HLA typing was of limited value in detecting affected offspring. Non-identical HLA indicated a low risk of I.H.C. in both siblings and offspring. The presence of HLA A3 was not clinically useful as a marker for I.H.C., since this antigen was also present in 40% of unaffected relatives. In contrast, the serum-ferritin concentration was elevated in 96% of patients with I.H.C. and in only 5% of unaffected relatives. HLA typing provides some indication of the risk of I.H.C. in first-degree relatives, but the combination of serum-ferritin, serum-iron, and transferrin saturation remains the most reliable screening regimen for early diagnosis of I.H.C.", "PMID": 87915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10878", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "The concentration of 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP) was measured retrospectively in a second-trimester amniotic-fluid sample obtained from a mother who had an infant with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The concentration was more than three times the mean amniotic-fluid-17OHP concentration determined in pregnancies of comparable gestational age with normal outcome. In four further pregnancies tested, where the parents were heterozygous for CAH, amniotic-fluid concentrations of 17-OHP were normal. To date, three of the mothers have delivered normal infants. CAH can be detected in early pregnancy by specific radioimmunoassay techniques for steroid-hormone analysis in amniotic fluid. This antenatal test could be useful in those cases in which parents do not wish to risk having affected offspring.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The concentration of 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP) was measured retrospectively in a second-trimester amniotic-fluid sample obtained from a mother who had an infant with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The concentration was more than three times the mean amniotic-fluid-17OHP concentration determined in pregnancies of comparable gestational age with normal outcome. In four further pregnancies tested, where the parents were heterozygous for CAH, amniotic-fluid concentrations of 17-OHP were normal. To date, three of the mothers have delivered normal infants. CAH can be detected in early pregnancy by specific radioimmunoassay techniques for steroid-hormone analysis in amniotic fluid. This antenatal test could be useful in those cases in which parents do not wish to risk having affected offspring.", "PMID": 87946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10879", "title": "Potassium depletion and tissue loss in chronic heart-disease.", "content": "Weight-loss, total body-potassium, and total body-nitrogen were measured in 12 men and 15 women with severe chronic heart-disease. Compared with age-matched healthy controls, the men had lost an average of 13 kg in weight, 915 mmol of potassium, and 354 g of nitrogen, whereas the women had lost 5.6 kg of weight, 327 mmol of potassium, and 66 g of nitrogen. Although the potassium/nitrogen ratio in the lost tissue is not precisely known, the loss of nitrogen indicates that most of the potassium loss in men is due to tissue loss and that there is little fall in the intracellular concentration of potassium in either the men or the women.", "contents": "Potassium depletion and tissue loss in chronic heart-disease. Weight-loss, total body-potassium, and total body-nitrogen were measured in 12 men and 15 women with severe chronic heart-disease. Compared with age-matched healthy controls, the men had lost an average of 13 kg in weight, 915 mmol of potassium, and 354 g of nitrogen, whereas the women had lost 5.6 kg of weight, 327 mmol of potassium, and 66 g of nitrogen. Although the potassium/nitrogen ratio in the lost tissue is not precisely known, the loss of nitrogen indicates that most of the potassium loss in men is due to tissue loss and that there is little fall in the intracellular concentration of potassium in either the men or the women.", "PMID": 87947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10880", "title": "Pattern of milk flow in breast-fed infants.", "content": "122 six-day-old infants were test-weighed during breast feeding. Cross-sectional data collection avoided repeated interruptions of individual feeds. Milk flow conformed to a definite pattern: a mean of 50% of the feed from each breast was taken in the first two minutes of sucking and a mean of 80-90% was taken by four minutes. The second half of a ten-minute feed from either breast was almost non-nutritive. Preliminary studies suggest that the pattern is the same after one month of lactation.", "contents": "Pattern of milk flow in breast-fed infants. 122 six-day-old infants were test-weighed during breast feeding. Cross-sectional data collection avoided repeated interruptions of individual feeds. Milk flow conformed to a definite pattern: a mean of 50% of the feed from each breast was taken in the first two minutes of sucking and a mean of 80-90% was taken by four minutes. The second half of a ten-minute feed from either breast was almost non-nutritive. Preliminary studies suggest that the pattern is the same after one month of lactation.", "PMID": 87962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10881", "title": "New bacterial agent of pneumonia isolated from renal-transplant recipients.", "content": "A gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacillus has been isolated in embryonated eggs and in guineapigs from lung tissue of two renal-transplant recipients with acute purulent pneumonia. Culture of infected lung tissue and subculture of the egg isolate on artificial media, including media for legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila), failed to produce growth. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the organism is a prokaryote with a cell-wall structure typical of a gram-negative bacillus but different from that of L. pneumophila. In both patients serum antibody to both isolates developed in high titre. In its microbiological, tinctorial, and ultrastructural characteristics this bacterium differs sufficiently from L. pneumophila and other pulmonary pathogens to indicate that it may be a new agent of bacterial pneumonia.", "contents": "New bacterial agent of pneumonia isolated from renal-transplant recipients. A gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacillus has been isolated in embryonated eggs and in guineapigs from lung tissue of two renal-transplant recipients with acute purulent pneumonia. Culture of infected lung tissue and subculture of the egg isolate on artificial media, including media for legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila), failed to produce growth. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the organism is a prokaryote with a cell-wall structure typical of a gram-negative bacillus but different from that of L. pneumophila. In both patients serum antibody to both isolates developed in high titre. In its microbiological, tinctorial, and ultrastructural characteristics this bacterium differs sufficiently from L. pneumophila and other pulmonary pathogens to indicate that it may be a new agent of bacterial pneumonia.", "PMID": 87963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10882", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins do not cause non-autonomous, autonomous, or toxic multinodular goitres.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) were measured by radioreceptor assay in serum from 51 patients with a multinodular goitre, divided into four groups according to thyroid function, and in 30 normal people. In 9 patients who were euthyroid and had non-autonomous thyroid function and in 6 patients who were hyperthyroid, TSI index was normal . Of 21 euthyroid patients with autonomous function only 2 had a slightly abnormal TSI index (66 in both, normal greater than or equal to 68). Another series of 15 clinically euthyroid patients also had a normal TSI index. These results suggest that TSIs do not contribute to the pathogenesis of multinodular goitre, as has been suggested by others.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins do not cause non-autonomous, autonomous, or toxic multinodular goitres. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) were measured by radioreceptor assay in serum from 51 patients with a multinodular goitre, divided into four groups according to thyroid function, and in 30 normal people. In 9 patients who were euthyroid and had non-autonomous thyroid function and in 6 patients who were hyperthyroid, TSI index was normal . Of 21 euthyroid patients with autonomous function only 2 had a slightly abnormal TSI index (66 in both, normal greater than or equal to 68). Another series of 15 clinically euthyroid patients also had a normal TSI index. These results suggest that TSIs do not contribute to the pathogenesis of multinodular goitre, as has been suggested by others.", "PMID": 87964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10883", "title": "Short-term triiodothyronine in prevention of temporary hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.", "content": "To determine whether short-term thyroid hormone replacement prevents or merely delays temporary hypothyroidism after surgery for Graves' disease, serum T3, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and T4 were measured every 2 months for 18 months in two groups of Graves' disease patients who had had subtotal thyroidectomy. Group I (18 patients) were given T3 20 microgram four times daily from surgery through the twelfth postoperative month. Group II (18 patients) received no treatment. Hypothyroidism occurred at some time during the 18-month period in 10 group-II patients, but was temporary in 7. Temporary hypothyroidism did not occur in group-I patients, whose mean T4 level rose to that in group II within 2 months of T3 withdrawal. Short-term T3 replacement after surgery for Graves' disease thus prevents (and does not simply delay) temporary postoperative hypothyroidism without increasing the frequency of permanent hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Short-term triiodothyronine in prevention of temporary hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. To determine whether short-term thyroid hormone replacement prevents or merely delays temporary hypothyroidism after surgery for Graves' disease, serum T3, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and T4 were measured every 2 months for 18 months in two groups of Graves' disease patients who had had subtotal thyroidectomy. Group I (18 patients) were given T3 20 microgram four times daily from surgery through the twelfth postoperative month. Group II (18 patients) received no treatment. Hypothyroidism occurred at some time during the 18-month period in 10 group-II patients, but was temporary in 7. Temporary hypothyroidism did not occur in group-I patients, whose mean T4 level rose to that in group II within 2 months of T3 withdrawal. Short-term T3 replacement after surgery for Graves' disease thus prevents (and does not simply delay) temporary postoperative hypothyroidism without increasing the frequency of permanent hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 87965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10884", "title": "Reduction of pituitary-tumour size in patients with prolactinomas and acromegaly treated with bromocriptine with or without radiotherapy.", "content": "69 patients with prolactin-secreting or growth-hormone-secreting pituitary tumours were treated with bromocriptine with or without pituitary irradiation and followed up for 6 months to 6 1/2 years. Of 26 patients with prolactinomas, 11 had external pituitary irradiation in addition to bromocriptine. There was evidence of shrinkage of the pituitary tumour (either a reduction in fossa size or loss of visual-field defects) in 6 of these patients (23%), 3 of whom had been treated with bromocriptine alone. Of 43 acromegalic patients, 30 received external pituitary irradiation. 8 (19%) showed evidence of shrinkage of the pituitary tumour, including 2 who had received no radiotherapy. 1 patient treated with bromocriptine alone showed striking reduction in the size of his suprasellar extension, as assessed by serial computed-tomography scans over 11 months. At the same time his visual-field defects resolved and his deficient corticotrophin and thyrotrophin reserves returned to normal. Bromocriptine can reduce the size of both prolactin-secreting and growth-hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, and this is of potential importance in their management.", "contents": "Reduction of pituitary-tumour size in patients with prolactinomas and acromegaly treated with bromocriptine with or without radiotherapy. 69 patients with prolactin-secreting or growth-hormone-secreting pituitary tumours were treated with bromocriptine with or without pituitary irradiation and followed up for 6 months to 6 1/2 years. Of 26 patients with prolactinomas, 11 had external pituitary irradiation in addition to bromocriptine. There was evidence of shrinkage of the pituitary tumour (either a reduction in fossa size or loss of visual-field defects) in 6 of these patients (23%), 3 of whom had been treated with bromocriptine alone. Of 43 acromegalic patients, 30 received external pituitary irradiation. 8 (19%) showed evidence of shrinkage of the pituitary tumour, including 2 who had received no radiotherapy. 1 patient treated with bromocriptine alone showed striking reduction in the size of his suprasellar extension, as assessed by serial computed-tomography scans over 11 months. At the same time his visual-field defects resolved and his deficient corticotrophin and thyrotrophin reserves returned to normal. Bromocriptine can reduce the size of both prolactin-secreting and growth-hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, and this is of potential importance in their management.", "PMID": 87966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10885", "title": "Measurement of tissue pH in skin by glass microelectrodes.", "content": "Alterations in metabolic activity may be used as an indicator of tissue perfusion and haemodynamic status in peripheral ischaemia. A new type of microelectrode was used to measure pH in the skin of patients with vascular disease, and a decrease in pH was demonstrated along the leg, commensurate with the severity of the disease. Measurement of skin pH by this technique is easy and may be useful for assessing tissue perfusion or skin viability in other conditions.", "contents": "Measurement of tissue pH in skin by glass microelectrodes. Alterations in metabolic activity may be used as an indicator of tissue perfusion and haemodynamic status in peripheral ischaemia. A new type of microelectrode was used to measure pH in the skin of patients with vascular disease, and a decrease in pH was demonstrated along the leg, commensurate with the severity of the disease. Measurement of skin pH by this technique is easy and may be useful for assessing tissue perfusion or skin viability in other conditions.", "PMID": 87967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10886", "title": "Early clinical evaluation of minaxolone: a new intravenous steroid anaesthetic agent.", "content": "Minaxolone has been used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in 60 patients undergoing minor surgical procedures. With nitrous oxide as the only supplement, satisfactory conditions were obtained in 56 patients. Patient acceptance was high.", "contents": "Early clinical evaluation of minaxolone: a new intravenous steroid anaesthetic agent. Minaxolone has been used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in 60 patients undergoing minor surgical procedures. With nitrous oxide as the only supplement, satisfactory conditions were obtained in 56 patients. Patient acceptance was high.", "PMID": 87968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10887", "title": "Minaxolone: a new water-soluble steroid anaesthetic.", "content": "The induction characteristics of minaxolone, a water-soluble steroid anaesthetic, were studied in fit patients undergoing minor urological or gynaecological operations. Minaxolone acted as rapidly as thiopentone. A dose of 0.25 mg kg-1 did not always produce anaesthesia in patients who had not received premedication but 0.5 mg kg-1 was an adequate dose. Excitatory effects were less common with the higher doses of anaesthetic. These effects were usually slight and rarely interfered with the course of anaesthesia. Unlike propanidid, minaxolone did not prolong the duration of action of suxamethonium. Minaxolone is easy to administer and causes little venous damage.", "contents": "Minaxolone: a new water-soluble steroid anaesthetic. The induction characteristics of minaxolone, a water-soluble steroid anaesthetic, were studied in fit patients undergoing minor urological or gynaecological operations. Minaxolone acted as rapidly as thiopentone. A dose of 0.25 mg kg-1 did not always produce anaesthesia in patients who had not received premedication but 0.5 mg kg-1 was an adequate dose. Excitatory effects were less common with the higher doses of anaesthetic. These effects were usually slight and rarely interfered with the course of anaesthesia. Unlike propanidid, minaxolone did not prolong the duration of action of suxamethonium. Minaxolone is easy to administer and causes little venous damage.", "PMID": 87969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10888", "title": "Preoperative chest radiology. National study by the Royal College of Radiologists.", "content": "Over a period of four to five months, eight hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland took part in an investigation into the use of preoperative chest radiography (POCR) in 10,619 patients undergoing non-acute, non-cardiopulmonary surgery. Wide variations in the use of POCR were recorded both between centres (11.5--54.2%, mean 29.7%) and and between specialties, and this variation could not be explained on clinical grounds. POCR did not seem to influence the decision to operate or the choice of anaesthetic; nor was there any evidence that POCR, at the levels of utilisation observed in this study, would be of much value as a baseline against which subsequent radiographs in patients with postoperative pulmonary complications could be judged. In view of the absence of clinical usefulness of routine POCR in patients scheduled for non-emergency operations, other than those on heart and lung, and on financial grounds, there is a case for setting a temporary norm for POCR in non acute, non-cardiopulmonary surgery at the lowest level of utilisation found in the eight centres (12%). This norm could be used while the policy of abandoning routine POCR in such cases was discussed.", "contents": "Preoperative chest radiology. National study by the Royal College of Radiologists. Over a period of four to five months, eight hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland took part in an investigation into the use of preoperative chest radiography (POCR) in 10,619 patients undergoing non-acute, non-cardiopulmonary surgery. Wide variations in the use of POCR were recorded both between centres (11.5--54.2%, mean 29.7%) and and between specialties, and this variation could not be explained on clinical grounds. POCR did not seem to influence the decision to operate or the choice of anaesthetic; nor was there any evidence that POCR, at the levels of utilisation observed in this study, would be of much value as a baseline against which subsequent radiographs in patients with postoperative pulmonary complications could be judged. In view of the absence of clinical usefulness of routine POCR in patients scheduled for non-emergency operations, other than those on heart and lung, and on financial grounds, there is a case for setting a temporary norm for POCR in non acute, non-cardiopulmonary surgery at the lowest level of utilisation found in the eight centres (12%). This norm could be used while the policy of abandoning routine POCR in such cases was discussed.", "PMID": 87976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10889", "title": "An outbreak of hepatitis B from tattooing.", "content": "An outbreak of 34 cases of hepatitis B not all of them notified, is described. 31 was tattooed by one artist; 3 were secondary infections. All primary infections occurred in males aged 16-28 years. Several defects in hygiene in the tattooing procedure were noticed. Recommendations are made for the licensing and routine inspection of all tattoo parlours.", "contents": "An outbreak of hepatitis B from tattooing. An outbreak of 34 cases of hepatitis B not all of them notified, is described. 31 was tattooed by one artist; 3 were secondary infections. All primary infections occurred in males aged 16-28 years. Several defects in hygiene in the tattooing procedure were noticed. Recommendations are made for the licensing and routine inspection of all tattoo parlours.", "PMID": 87977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10890", "title": "The ultrastructural cytochemistry of peroxisomes in the guinea pig cochlea: a metabolic hypothesis for the stria vascularis.", "content": "The roles of catalase and alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase activities are studied in the peroxisomes of the guinea pig inner ear. The major activities are located primarily in the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. The peroxisomes of the stria vascularis behave cytochemically in a similar fashion to those found in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. This study indicates that the stria vascularis may behave as a compartmentalized metabolic system.", "contents": "The ultrastructural cytochemistry of peroxisomes in the guinea pig cochlea: a metabolic hypothesis for the stria vascularis. The roles of catalase and alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase activities are studied in the peroxisomes of the guinea pig inner ear. The major activities are located primarily in the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. The peroxisomes of the stria vascularis behave cytochemically in a similar fashion to those found in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. This study indicates that the stria vascularis may behave as a compartmentalized metabolic system.", "PMID": 87995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10891", "title": "Characteristics of tumor associated antigens in squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "For centuries physicians have been intrigued by the variable biologic behavior of cancer in humans. In recent years, attention has focused upon the host immune response as an indicator of patient prognosis and for potential use in tumor detection. In this study, tumor associated antigens were extracted from fresh squamous cell carcinoma and their biologic properties were characterized. Using the Leukocyte Migration Inhibition (LMI) assay, considerable sharing of antigenic determinates was noted among the 12 carcinomas and 18 patients studied, though none cross-reacted with each of the others which were studied. Immune assays using pooled tumor extracts successfully differentiated between tumor patients and control subjects, though further development will be necessary before small aggregates of tumor may be consistently detected.", "contents": "Characteristics of tumor associated antigens in squamous cell carcinoma. For centuries physicians have been intrigued by the variable biologic behavior of cancer in humans. In recent years, attention has focused upon the host immune response as an indicator of patient prognosis and for potential use in tumor detection. In this study, tumor associated antigens were extracted from fresh squamous cell carcinoma and their biologic properties were characterized. Using the Leukocyte Migration Inhibition (LMI) assay, considerable sharing of antigenic determinates was noted among the 12 carcinomas and 18 patients studied, though none cross-reacted with each of the others which were studied. Immune assays using pooled tumor extracts successfully differentiated between tumor patients and control subjects, though further development will be necessary before small aggregates of tumor may be consistently detected.", "PMID": 87996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10892", "title": "[Diagnostic value of laboratory and scintigraphic investigations in young infants with cholestatic jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of laboratory and scintigraphic examination techniques in young infants with cholestatic jaundice will be discussed. The correct diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis or extrahepatic biliary atresia cannot be derived from such investigations as determination of bilirubin, enzyme activities, immunologic or serologic parameters or scintigraphy of the liver. Only quantitative changes of serum LP-X before and after administration of cholestyramin and the modified rose-bengal test may help to establish a correct diagnosis in cholestatic jaundice during the first 6 weeks of life.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of laboratory and scintigraphic investigations in young infants with cholestatic jaundice (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of laboratory and scintigraphic examination techniques in young infants with cholestatic jaundice will be discussed. The correct diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis or extrahepatic biliary atresia cannot be derived from such investigations as determination of bilirubin, enzyme activities, immunologic or serologic parameters or scintigraphy of the liver. Only quantitative changes of serum LP-X before and after administration of cholestyramin and the modified rose-bengal test may help to establish a correct diagnosis in cholestatic jaundice during the first 6 weeks of life.", "PMID": 87997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10893", "title": "[Surgical treatment of congenital obstructive biliary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of bile duct atresia and hypoplasia are disappointing; no improval of long-term survival could be observed. With Kasai's hepato-jejuno-enterostomy which is not suited for the management of complete atresia. A new surgical procedure was evaluated in animal experimentation and in some patients: the bile was drained through the lymph system of the liver into the intestinal tract. Morphology, surgical procedure and indications as pertinent to this new approach are described and discussed. On the basis of the data available at present no conclusions can as yet be drawn, if the good results obtained in animal experimentation will be achieved in man as well. Surgical treatment of choledochus cysts is discussed. The procedure chosen depends upon the site of the cyst. Surgery is aimed at extirpation of the cyst and reconstruction of bile flow through the papilla Vateri. Curative and palliative procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of congenital obstructive biliary disease (author's transl)]. The results of surgical treatment of bile duct atresia and hypoplasia are disappointing; no improval of long-term survival could be observed. With Kasai's hepato-jejuno-enterostomy which is not suited for the management of complete atresia. A new surgical procedure was evaluated in animal experimentation and in some patients: the bile was drained through the lymph system of the liver into the intestinal tract. Morphology, surgical procedure and indications as pertinent to this new approach are described and discussed. On the basis of the data available at present no conclusions can as yet be drawn, if the good results obtained in animal experimentation will be achieved in man as well. Surgical treatment of choledochus cysts is discussed. The procedure chosen depends upon the site of the cyst. Surgery is aimed at extirpation of the cyst and reconstruction of bile flow through the papilla Vateri. Curative and palliative procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 87998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10894", "title": "Effect of double infection of cowpox virus-infected cells with paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) on formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen.", "content": "The formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (CPV S-ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with HVJ (Sendai virus). Simultaneous double infection, superinfection with HVJ and superinfection with CPV of cells persistently infected with HVJ similarly enhanced the formation of CPV S-ag, while pre-infection with HVJ was ineffective. To be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of greater than or equal to 1.0 and HVJ gene functions had to be expressed. The HVJ-infected cell extracts had an ability to accelerate uncoating (or degradation) of CPV, causing an early increase and a subsequent decrease in the infectivity of CPV. This activity reached a maximum 4--6 hr after HVJ infection, the increase paralleling enhancement of the total activity of several cellular enzymes. Addition of puromycin abolished the increase of these activities and the formation of CPV S-ag. Thus, the double infection with HVJ of CPV-infected cells induces an enhancement of CPV S-ag formation presumably as a consequence of activation of cellular enzymes which in turn accelerates uncoating of CPV.", "contents": "Effect of double infection of cowpox virus-infected cells with paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) on formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. The formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (CPV S-ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with HVJ (Sendai virus). Simultaneous double infection, superinfection with HVJ and superinfection with CPV of cells persistently infected with HVJ similarly enhanced the formation of CPV S-ag, while pre-infection with HVJ was ineffective. To be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of greater than or equal to 1.0 and HVJ gene functions had to be expressed. The HVJ-infected cell extracts had an ability to accelerate uncoating (or degradation) of CPV, causing an early increase and a subsequent decrease in the infectivity of CPV. This activity reached a maximum 4--6 hr after HVJ infection, the increase paralleling enhancement of the total activity of several cellular enzymes. Addition of puromycin abolished the increase of these activities and the formation of CPV S-ag. Thus, the double infection with HVJ of CPV-infected cells induces an enhancement of CPV S-ag formation presumably as a consequence of activation of cellular enzymes which in turn accelerates uncoating of CPV.", "PMID": 88002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10895", "title": "Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by benzophenanthridine alkaloids.", "content": "Benzophenanthridine alkaloids, fagaronine 4, O-methylfagaronine 5,nitidine 1, allonitidine 3 and methoxydihydronitidine 2 have been shown to possess inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. The enzyme inhibition (50%) by these alkaloids was found in the range of 6-60 microgram per milliliter of the reaction mixture when polynucleotide-oligodeoxynucleotide complexes were used as template primers. The results suggested that the benzophenanthridine alkaloids interacted with the template primers (particularly of the A:T base pairs) and not with the enzyme proteins. Kinetics reaction of the reverse transciptase inhibition showed that the alkaloids stopped the DNA polymerase synthesis instantly, probably by interacting with the template primer.", "contents": "Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids, fagaronine 4, O-methylfagaronine 5,nitidine 1, allonitidine 3 and methoxydihydronitidine 2 have been shown to possess inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. The enzyme inhibition (50%) by these alkaloids was found in the range of 6-60 microgram per milliliter of the reaction mixture when polynucleotide-oligodeoxynucleotide complexes were used as template primers. The results suggested that the benzophenanthridine alkaloids interacted with the template primers (particularly of the A:T base pairs) and not with the enzyme proteins. Kinetics reaction of the reverse transciptase inhibition showed that the alkaloids stopped the DNA polymerase synthesis instantly, probably by interacting with the template primer.", "PMID": 88001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10896", "title": "[Immunologic aspects of preparation of antiserum to the reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus].", "content": "After immunization of rabbits the antiserum was prepared against purified reverse transcriptase (revertase) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). The antiserum demonstrated enzymeneutralizing antibody activity that was associated with ummunoglobulin G fraction but not with IgM. The high antigenicity of AMV revertase for rabbits was shown. The active antiserum was obtained after 4 immunizations of rabbit with approximately 20 microgram of the enzyme. Non-specific revertase inhibitors were found in normal rabbit serum, which were absent in IgG fraction from this serum. The revertase activity of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and Visna virus was not neutralized by antisera against AMV polymerase. This work was supported by the project \"Revertase\".", "contents": "[Immunologic aspects of preparation of antiserum to the reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus]. After immunization of rabbits the antiserum was prepared against purified reverse transcriptase (revertase) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). The antiserum demonstrated enzymeneutralizing antibody activity that was associated with ummunoglobulin G fraction but not with IgM. The high antigenicity of AMV revertase for rabbits was shown. The active antiserum was obtained after 4 immunizations of rabbit with approximately 20 microgram of the enzyme. Non-specific revertase inhibitors were found in normal rabbit serum, which were absent in IgG fraction from this serum. The revertase activity of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and Visna virus was not neutralized by antisera against AMV polymerase. This work was supported by the project \"Revertase\".", "PMID": 88006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10897", "title": "[Purification and various biochemical and immunological properties of wild and mutant forms of Drosophila melanogaster 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase].", "content": "A 1500--2000-fold purification procedure using substrate elution from phosphocellulose is described for two isozymes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) coded for by the corresponding allelic genes. Taking into account the data of gel filtration and of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both isozymes are shown to be dimers containing identical polypeptides of mol. weight 50 000. Antisera against the highly purified sample of 6PGD, inactivated by lyophilization completely inhibited the enzyme activity. Antigens reacting to antisera were revealed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests in extracts of flies carrying the wild type or mutant Pgd allele, coding for 6PGD. In addition to 6PGD antigen (antigen 1) another protein (antigen 2) which shared no common antigenic precipitative determinants with the antigen 1 was revealed in extracts of the normal flies. Antigen 2 was demonstrated also in the six different mutants which expressed zero level of 6PGD activity and had no antigen 1. Mol weight of a 6PGD subunit and of antigen 2 purified by immobilized antibodies were shown to be identical by SDS-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. A transformation of \"antigen 2\" to \"antigen 1\" was performed by treatment of the former in 2% SDS-mercaptoethanol solution. As a result of SDS treatment no changes of antigenic properties of the inactivated and dissociated 6PGD dimers were observed in immunodiffusion tests.", "contents": "[Purification and various biochemical and immunological properties of wild and mutant forms of Drosophila melanogaster 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase]. A 1500--2000-fold purification procedure using substrate elution from phosphocellulose is described for two isozymes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) coded for by the corresponding allelic genes. Taking into account the data of gel filtration and of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both isozymes are shown to be dimers containing identical polypeptides of mol. weight 50 000. Antisera against the highly purified sample of 6PGD, inactivated by lyophilization completely inhibited the enzyme activity. Antigens reacting to antisera were revealed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests in extracts of flies carrying the wild type or mutant Pgd allele, coding for 6PGD. In addition to 6PGD antigen (antigen 1) another protein (antigen 2) which shared no common antigenic precipitative determinants with the antigen 1 was revealed in extracts of the normal flies. Antigen 2 was demonstrated also in the six different mutants which expressed zero level of 6PGD activity and had no antigen 1. Mol weight of a 6PGD subunit and of antigen 2 purified by immobilized antibodies were shown to be identical by SDS-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. A transformation of \"antigen 2\" to \"antigen 1\" was performed by treatment of the former in 2% SDS-mercaptoethanol solution. As a result of SDS treatment no changes of antigenic properties of the inactivated and dissociated 6PGD dimers were observed in immunodiffusion tests.", "PMID": 88008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10898", "title": "[Nature of mutations disrupting the formation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster, and their suppression].", "content": "Molecular nature of lethal and semilethal mutations in the Pgd locus of D. melanogaster coding for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6tpgd) was studied. All these mutations affect the structural gene of the Pgd locus: 3 semilethal mutations resulted in altered 6PGD molecules with the decreased catalytic activity; the remaining 8 lethals were \"zero\" alleles possessing mutant polypeptides inactive but capable to react with antisera against highly purified 6PGD. \"Zero\" or low activity alleles for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by ethyl methansulfonate were shown to be supressors for the lethal mutations in the Pgd locus. A monocistronic type of organization of the Pgd locus is suggested taking into account the biochemical mechanism of supression of the Pgd-lethals and their location in the structural gene coding for 6GPD.", "contents": "[Nature of mutations disrupting the formation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster, and their suppression]. Molecular nature of lethal and semilethal mutations in the Pgd locus of D. melanogaster coding for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6tpgd) was studied. All these mutations affect the structural gene of the Pgd locus: 3 semilethal mutations resulted in altered 6PGD molecules with the decreased catalytic activity; the remaining 8 lethals were \"zero\" alleles possessing mutant polypeptides inactive but capable to react with antisera against highly purified 6PGD. \"Zero\" or low activity alleles for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by ethyl methansulfonate were shown to be supressors for the lethal mutations in the Pgd locus. A monocistronic type of organization of the Pgd locus is suggested taking into account the biochemical mechanism of supression of the Pgd-lethals and their location in the structural gene coding for 6GPD.", "PMID": 88009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10899", "title": "A new stain for quantitative measurement of sprouting at neuromuscular junctions.", "content": "A new combined stain for the simultaneous demonstration of motor nerve terminals and cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions is described. It employs bromoindoxyl acetate dye-staining for cholinesterase and silver-gold impregnation for nerve terminals. The clarity and reliability of the stain permit quantitative measurements of neuromuscular junctions in order to evaluate nerve terminal sprouting as well as other pathological changes. The method is rapid, reproducible, and simple, and it is well suited for the processing of large numbers of frozen sections.", "contents": "A new stain for quantitative measurement of sprouting at neuromuscular junctions. A new combined stain for the simultaneous demonstration of motor nerve terminals and cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions is described. It employs bromoindoxyl acetate dye-staining for cholinesterase and silver-gold impregnation for nerve terminals. The clarity and reliability of the stain permit quantitative measurements of neuromuscular junctions in order to evaluate nerve terminal sprouting as well as other pathological changes. The method is rapid, reproducible, and simple, and it is well suited for the processing of large numbers of frozen sections.", "PMID": 88010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10900", "title": "Mitochondrial ATPase of Zajdela hepatoma. V. Mitochondria of Zajdela hepatoma contain membrane sectors of ATPase complex unassociated with F1.", "content": "Relative content of membrane sectors of ATPase complex in rat liver and Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria and the ability of mitochondrial membrane of the two sources to bind isolated soluble (F1) ATPase were examined. Approximately equal concentrations of oligomycin were required for 50% inhibition of ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles of rat liver and Zajdela hepatoma indicating practically identical content of membrane sectors of ATPase complex in both types of mitochondria. As detected by the increase in oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of submitochondrial particles incubated with isolated F1, the submitochondrial particles of Zajdela hepatoma in contrast to those of rat liver were able to bind specifically considerable amounts of exogenously added F1. The results indicate that mitochondria of Zajdela hepatoma contain membrane sectors of ATPase complex unassociated with F1 but capable of association with this enzyme.", "contents": "Mitochondrial ATPase of Zajdela hepatoma. V. Mitochondria of Zajdela hepatoma contain membrane sectors of ATPase complex unassociated with F1. Relative content of membrane sectors of ATPase complex in rat liver and Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria and the ability of mitochondrial membrane of the two sources to bind isolated soluble (F1) ATPase were examined. Approximately equal concentrations of oligomycin were required for 50% inhibition of ATPase activity in submitochondrial particles of rat liver and Zajdela hepatoma indicating practically identical content of membrane sectors of ATPase complex in both types of mitochondria. As detected by the increase in oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of submitochondrial particles incubated with isolated F1, the submitochondrial particles of Zajdela hepatoma in contrast to those of rat liver were able to bind specifically considerable amounts of exogenously added F1. The results indicate that mitochondria of Zajdela hepatoma contain membrane sectors of ATPase complex unassociated with F1 but capable of association with this enzyme.", "PMID": 88020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10901", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid markers in central nervous system metastases from testicular carcinoma.", "content": "Serum values of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) have been used to monitor disseminated testicular carcinoma. Serial measurements of these markers have been used to monitor the response to therapy, to follow the progress of disease, and to detect subclinical recurrences. With increasingly effective chemotherapy for systemic disease, central nervous system (CNS) metastases in testicular carcinoma are becoming increasingly important as a cause of treatment failure. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) values of AFP and HCG seem to be important ancillary acids in the neurosurgical management of CNS metastases from testicular cancer. Our preliminary experience with three cases suggests that these CSF markers (plus computerized tomograhic scanning) should be evaluated in patients with this disease.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid markers in central nervous system metastases from testicular carcinoma. Serum values of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) have been used to monitor disseminated testicular carcinoma. Serial measurements of these markers have been used to monitor the response to therapy, to follow the progress of disease, and to detect subclinical recurrences. With increasingly effective chemotherapy for systemic disease, central nervous system (CNS) metastases in testicular carcinoma are becoming increasingly important as a cause of treatment failure. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) values of AFP and HCG seem to be important ancillary acids in the neurosurgical management of CNS metastases from testicular cancer. Our preliminary experience with three cases suggests that these CSF markers (plus computerized tomograhic scanning) should be evaluated in patients with this disease.", "PMID": 88023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10902", "title": "Isoprinosine in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "An open therapeutic trial of isoprinosine was conducted in 15 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Long-term remissions occurred in 5 (33 percent), with documented improvement sustained for 2 or more years. Another patient was in remission 9 months after starting treatment, and three patients had transient remissions or stabilization. The disease was unaltered in five patients who had rapidly progressive SSPE when treatment started. These results compare with an average remission rate of about 5 percent in several series of untreated cases of SSPE or in cases treated with other antiviral agents. Patients in remission continued to have elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and measles antibody titers, with one exception. Isoprinosine was tolerated for several years without side effects, except for mild hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Isoprinosine in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. An open therapeutic trial of isoprinosine was conducted in 15 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Long-term remissions occurred in 5 (33 percent), with documented improvement sustained for 2 or more years. Another patient was in remission 9 months after starting treatment, and three patients had transient remissions or stabilization. The disease was unaltered in five patients who had rapidly progressive SSPE when treatment started. These results compare with an average remission rate of about 5 percent in several series of untreated cases of SSPE or in cases treated with other antiviral agents. Patients in remission continued to have elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and measles antibody titers, with one exception. Isoprinosine was tolerated for several years without side effects, except for mild hyperuricemia.", "PMID": 88024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10903", "title": "[Telethermographic evaluation of the use of acupuncture in fibrocystic dysplasia in the painful phase].", "content": "With this preliminary note the writers propose an objective documentation of acupuncture's effects in fibrocystic mastopathia during the painful phase, using thermography. Five patients have been treated with the following points: 6R, 5MP, 6MP, 4F all in the same session. In four cases clinic remission of symptoms and syntomatic change of the thermography picture have been obtained. In the treated cases menstruations have always been remarked in advance.", "contents": "[Telethermographic evaluation of the use of acupuncture in fibrocystic dysplasia in the painful phase]. With this preliminary note the writers propose an objective documentation of acupuncture's effects in fibrocystic mastopathia during the painful phase, using thermography. Five patients have been treated with the following points: 6R, 5MP, 6MP, 4F all in the same session. In four cases clinic remission of symptoms and syntomatic change of the thermography picture have been obtained. In the treated cases menstruations have always been remarked in advance.", "PMID": 88026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10904", "title": "Histological staining of hepatitis B antigen in paraffin embedded liver tissue.", "content": "Two hundred and six unselected liver biopsies were stained with Gomori's aldehyde fuschin, aldehyde thionine, and a modified orcein stain, according to Shikata and others (1974). Six cases showed positive cytoplasmatic staining indicative of hepatitis B antigen. It is suggested that one of these methods should be used in the study of liver biopsies, as an additional tool in the detection of hepatitis B carriers.", "contents": "Histological staining of hepatitis B antigen in paraffin embedded liver tissue. Two hundred and six unselected liver biopsies were stained with Gomori's aldehyde fuschin, aldehyde thionine, and a modified orcein stain, according to Shikata and others (1974). Six cases showed positive cytoplasmatic staining indicative of hepatitis B antigen. It is suggested that one of these methods should be used in the study of liver biopsies, as an additional tool in the detection of hepatitis B carriers.", "PMID": 88033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10905", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein levels in placenta, maternal, and cord blood in normal and pathologic pregnancy.", "content": "The level of placental alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in normal pregnancy at term was found to be 5050 +/- ng/g fresh tissue. A significant increase was noted in the toxemic placenta associated with a rise in circulating maternal AFP level and a nonsignificant increase in cord blood. The increase in maternal AFP level in cases of premature delivery before 33 weeks' gestation and postmature delivery after 40 weeks' gestation predicted that maternal AFP measurement throughout the second and third trimester of pregnancy could be clinically established as an index of placental function.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein levels in placenta, maternal, and cord blood in normal and pathologic pregnancy. The level of placental alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in normal pregnancy at term was found to be 5050 +/- ng/g fresh tissue. A significant increase was noted in the toxemic placenta associated with a rise in circulating maternal AFP level and a nonsignificant increase in cord blood. The increase in maternal AFP level in cases of premature delivery before 33 weeks' gestation and postmature delivery after 40 weeks' gestation predicted that maternal AFP measurement throughout the second and third trimester of pregnancy could be clinically established as an index of placental function.", "PMID": 88034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10906", "title": "Effect of bromodeoxyuridine and interferon on cellular and viral functions in human prostatic cells.", "content": "Some of the human prostatic cells in culture apparently produce oncornavirus-like particles. Bromodeoxyuridine does not enhance the production of these particles. On the contrary, this drug depresses such production. This depression is likely to be due to the cytotoxic effects of bromodeoxyuridine for these cells. These results can be interpreted to suggest that the human prostatic cells used in this study do not contain endogenous oncornavirus genetic information that is inducible. Purified human interferon inhibits the production of oncornavirus-like particles by these prostatic cells. It is also inhibits the rate of cellular DNA synthesis in these cells. These results are consistent with the notion that the inhibitory effects of interferon are mediated through its effect on cellular biosynthetic machinery.", "contents": "Effect of bromodeoxyuridine and interferon on cellular and viral functions in human prostatic cells. Some of the human prostatic cells in culture apparently produce oncornavirus-like particles. Bromodeoxyuridine does not enhance the production of these particles. On the contrary, this drug depresses such production. This depression is likely to be due to the cytotoxic effects of bromodeoxyuridine for these cells. These results can be interpreted to suggest that the human prostatic cells used in this study do not contain endogenous oncornavirus genetic information that is inducible. Purified human interferon inhibits the production of oncornavirus-like particles by these prostatic cells. It is also inhibits the rate of cellular DNA synthesis in these cells. These results are consistent with the notion that the inhibitory effects of interferon are mediated through its effect on cellular biosynthetic machinery.", "PMID": 88035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10907", "title": "The validity of parental reporting of infant development.", "content": "A developmental questionnaire, encompassing the ages from 4 weeks to 36 months, has been  devised that, when completed by parents, can be used to screen children as being developmentally normal, questionable, or abnormal. A total of 526 infants were screened by this questionnaire at 28 weeks of age and then examined at 40 weeks of age by a full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination. Underscreening of those with major abnormalities was 2.6%, and of those with minor abnormalities, 10%. Overscreening was 6%. In view of the demonstrated high reliability and validity of the full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination on which the questionnaire is based, the relatively small percentages of overscreening and underscreening make it the most accurate and useful screening questionnaire to date.", "contents": "The validity of parental reporting of infant development. A developmental questionnaire, encompassing the ages from 4 weeks to 36 months, has been  devised that, when completed by parents, can be used to screen children as being developmentally normal, questionable, or abnormal. A total of 526 infants were screened by this questionnaire at 28 weeks of age and then examined at 40 weeks of age by a full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination. Underscreening of those with major abnormalities was 2.6%, and of those with minor abnormalities, 10%. Overscreening was 6%. In view of the demonstrated high reliability and validity of the full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination on which the questionnaire is based, the relatively small percentages of overscreening and underscreening make it the most accurate and useful screening questionnaire to date.", "PMID": 88036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10908", "title": "Polyadenylation and reverse transcription of influenza viral RNA.", "content": "The polyadenylation of Fowl Plague Viral RNA and of Influenza A/Victoria Viral RNA using E. coli poly (A) polymerase and the subsequent reverse transcription of the polyadenylated species is reported. We have shown that all 8 genome fragments are adenylated and that an average of 25--30 adenylic acid residues per molecule is sufficient for maximal transcription with reverse transcriptase. The cDNA product is 95% sensitive to Sl-nuclease and hybridisation analysis against viral RNA reveals it to be a faithful copy of the RNA. Amongst the transcription products are long, discrete copies of genes 1--8, the lengths of which are comparable with those of the vRNA determined by electrophoresis on formamide acrylamide gels. These single-stranded cDNAs have been further transcribed to form double-stranded products with hair-pin structures at one end. Analysis of this material on native acrylamide gels revealed some DNA bands corresponding to the predicted sizes for genes 4--8.", "contents": "Polyadenylation and reverse transcription of influenza viral RNA. The polyadenylation of Fowl Plague Viral RNA and of Influenza A/Victoria Viral RNA using E. coli poly (A) polymerase and the subsequent reverse transcription of the polyadenylated species is reported. We have shown that all 8 genome fragments are adenylated and that an average of 25--30 adenylic acid residues per molecule is sufficient for maximal transcription with reverse transcriptase. The cDNA product is 95% sensitive to Sl-nuclease and hybridisation analysis against viral RNA reveals it to be a faithful copy of the RNA. Amongst the transcription products are long, discrete copies of genes 1--8, the lengths of which are comparable with those of the vRNA determined by electrophoresis on formamide acrylamide gels. These single-stranded cDNAs have been further transcribed to form double-stranded products with hair-pin structures at one end. Analysis of this material on native acrylamide gels revealed some DNA bands corresponding to the predicted sizes for genes 4--8.", "PMID": 88038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10909", "title": "A new method for the size estimation of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus.", "content": "Previous estimates of the size of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus have been unreliable because of a lack of suitable RNA species as size markers. We have attempted to overcome this problem by utilising the ability of AMV reverse transcriptase to synthesise full length DNA copies of RNA molecules in the presence of a suitable primer. By comparing such DNA copies of the RNA segments of the influenza virus genome with sequenced restriction fragments from the E. coli plasmid pBR322, we have made more reliable estimates of the sizes of the eight genome segments from influenza virus A/NT/60/68.", "contents": "A new method for the size estimation of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus. Previous estimates of the size of the RNA genome segments of influenza virus have been unreliable because of a lack of suitable RNA species as size markers. We have attempted to overcome this problem by utilising the ability of AMV reverse transcriptase to synthesise full length DNA copies of RNA molecules in the presence of a suitable primer. By comparing such DNA copies of the RNA segments of the influenza virus genome with sequenced restriction fragments from the E. coli plasmid pBR322, we have made more reliable estimates of the sizes of the eight genome segments from influenza virus A/NT/60/68.", "PMID": 88039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10910", "title": "Pyrophosphate-condensing activity linked to nucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "In some preparations of DNA dependent RNA polymerase a new enzymatic activity has been found which catalyzes the condensation of two pyrophosphate molecules, liberated in the process of RNA synthesis, to one molecule of orthophosphate and one molecule of Mg (or Mn) - chelate complex with trimetaphosphate. This activity can also cooperate with DNA-polymerase, on condition that both enzymes originate from the same cells. These results point to two general conclusions. First, energy is conserved in the overall process of nucleic acid synthesis and turnover, so that the process does not require an energy influx from the cell's general resources. Second, the synthesis of nucleic acids is catalyzed by a complex enzyme system which contains at least two separate enzymes, one responsible for nucleic acid polymerization and the other for energy conservation via pyrophosphate condensation.", "contents": "Pyrophosphate-condensing activity linked to nucleic acid synthesis. In some preparations of DNA dependent RNA polymerase a new enzymatic activity has been found which catalyzes the condensation of two pyrophosphate molecules, liberated in the process of RNA synthesis, to one molecule of orthophosphate and one molecule of Mg (or Mn) - chelate complex with trimetaphosphate. This activity can also cooperate with DNA-polymerase, on condition that both enzymes originate from the same cells. These results point to two general conclusions. First, energy is conserved in the overall process of nucleic acid synthesis and turnover, so that the process does not require an energy influx from the cell's general resources. Second, the synthesis of nucleic acids is catalyzed by a complex enzyme system which contains at least two separate enzymes, one responsible for nucleic acid polymerization and the other for energy conservation via pyrophosphate condensation.", "PMID": 88040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10911", "title": "Effect of toyocamycin on the synthesis of the 70S RNA of a murine retrovirus.", "content": "The murine Eveline cell line chronically infected by Friend virus was treated with Toyocamycin (TMC), an adenosin analog and the virions released in the presence of the drug were examined for their RNA. It was found that 70S RNA which was synthesized incorporated Toyocamycin. However, its subunit structure and its poly (A) content were apparently preserved. This incorporation may explain loss of endogenous reverse transcriptase activity.", "contents": "Effect of toyocamycin on the synthesis of the 70S RNA of a murine retrovirus. The murine Eveline cell line chronically infected by Friend virus was treated with Toyocamycin (TMC), an adenosin analog and the virions released in the presence of the drug were examined for their RNA. It was found that 70S RNA which was synthesized incorporated Toyocamycin. However, its subunit structure and its poly (A) content were apparently preserved. This incorporation may explain loss of endogenous reverse transcriptase activity.", "PMID": 88041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10912", "title": "The response of ataxia telangiectasia cells to bleomycin.", "content": "The autosomal recessive disorder, ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterised by cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The molecular basis of this radiosensitivity is the subject of controversy. We report here that cultured fibroblasts from AT patients are also sensitive to the lethal effects of bleomycin. As with ionizing radiation, no defect has been observed in the overall rejoining of single or double-strand breaks produced by bleomycin. Since, however, only apyrimidinic (and to a lesser extent apurinic) sites and strand breaks are known to be produced by bleomycin, we tentatively suggest that AT cells are unable to rejoin a very small fraction of the total strand breaks. We attribute our inability to detect such unrejoined strand breaks to the relative insensitivity of the sucrose gradient procedures normally used to detect strand breaks.", "contents": "The response of ataxia telangiectasia cells to bleomycin. The autosomal recessive disorder, ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterised by cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The molecular basis of this radiosensitivity is the subject of controversy. We report here that cultured fibroblasts from AT patients are also sensitive to the lethal effects of bleomycin. As with ionizing radiation, no defect has been observed in the overall rejoining of single or double-strand breaks produced by bleomycin. Since, however, only apyrimidinic (and to a lesser extent apurinic) sites and strand breaks are known to be produced by bleomycin, we tentatively suggest that AT cells are unable to rejoin a very small fraction of the total strand breaks. We attribute our inability to detect such unrejoined strand breaks to the relative insensitivity of the sucrose gradient procedures normally used to detect strand breaks.", "PMID": 88042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10913", "title": "Detection and partial sequence analysis of gastrin mRNA by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe.", "content": "We have used a specific deoxyoligonucleotide probe to detect gastrin mRNA in poly(A)-enriched RNA preparations from hog antrum. The nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide, d(C-T-C-C-T-C-C-A-T-C-C-A), was deduced from the unique amino acid sequence Trp-Met-Glu-Glu of gastrin. When used with hog antral RNA, the dodecanucleotide is an effective primer for the synthesis of gastrin-specific cDNA as judged by nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have determined an 81-nucleotide sequence corresponding to the region of the gastrin mRNA that codes for the known amino acid sequence of the G34 progastrin intermediate species, and we have demonstrated the presence of two consecutive basic residues preceding the G34 sequence in the prohormone. Hybridization of gastrin cDNA or synthetic dodecanucleotide to hog antral RNA separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels in the presence of methylmercuric hydroxide indicates that the mRNA coding for gastrin is about 620 nucleotides long. These results suggest that the gastrin precursor peptide contains 110-140 amino acids. This method should be of general application for detection and characterization of mRNAs corresponding to proteins of known amino acid sequence.", "contents": "Detection and partial sequence analysis of gastrin mRNA by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe. We have used a specific deoxyoligonucleotide probe to detect gastrin mRNA in poly(A)-enriched RNA preparations from hog antrum. The nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide, d(C-T-C-C-T-C-C-A-T-C-C-A), was deduced from the unique amino acid sequence Trp-Met-Glu-Glu of gastrin. When used with hog antral RNA, the dodecanucleotide is an effective primer for the synthesis of gastrin-specific cDNA as judged by nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have determined an 81-nucleotide sequence corresponding to the region of the gastrin mRNA that codes for the known amino acid sequence of the G34 progastrin intermediate species, and we have demonstrated the presence of two consecutive basic residues preceding the G34 sequence in the prohormone. Hybridization of gastrin cDNA or synthetic dodecanucleotide to hog antral RNA separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels in the presence of methylmercuric hydroxide indicates that the mRNA coding for gastrin is about 620 nucleotides long. These results suggest that the gastrin precursor peptide contains 110-140 amino acids. This method should be of general application for detection and characterization of mRNAs corresponding to proteins of known amino acid sequence.", "PMID": 88048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10914", "title": "Superinduction of alpha 2u globulin by actinomycin D: evidence for drug-mediated increase in alpha 2u mRNA.", "content": "Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, increased the hepatic concentration of alpha 2u globulin, an androgen-inducible protein in the rat. Spayed female rats with a marginally induced state of alpha 2u synthesis showed an approximately 5-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin within 3-6 hr after treatment with actinomycin D. Initial treatment of these animals with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, followed by actinomycin D, resulted within 2-3 hr in a more than 2-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin compared to animals treated with the androgen alone. In spite of inhibition of hepatic synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA to less than 25% of control, superinduction with actinomycin D resulted in a parallel increase in the translatable mRNA for alpha 2u globulin. These results showing increase in both alpha 2u globulin and its translatable mRNA after superinduction with actinomycin D support the concept of post-transcriptional repression of alpha2u synthesis.", "contents": "Superinduction of alpha 2u globulin by actinomycin D: evidence for drug-mediated increase in alpha 2u mRNA. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, increased the hepatic concentration of alpha 2u globulin, an androgen-inducible protein in the rat. Spayed female rats with a marginally induced state of alpha 2u synthesis showed an approximately 5-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin within 3-6 hr after treatment with actinomycin D. Initial treatment of these animals with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, followed by actinomycin D, resulted within 2-3 hr in a more than 2-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin compared to animals treated with the androgen alone. In spite of inhibition of hepatic synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA to less than 25% of control, superinduction with actinomycin D resulted in a parallel increase in the translatable mRNA for alpha 2u globulin. These results showing increase in both alpha 2u globulin and its translatable mRNA after superinduction with actinomycin D support the concept of post-transcriptional repression of alpha2u synthesis.", "PMID": 88049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10915", "title": "Cytotoxic T cells: Lyt phenotype and blocking of killing activity by Lyt antisera.", "content": "WE REEXAMINED TWO QUESTIONS CONCERNING LYT ANTIGENS OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS OF THE MOUSE: is Lyt-1 antigen expressed on cytotoxic effector cells and can cytotoxicity be blocked by antibody to Lyt antigens in the absence of added complement? A 3-hr (51)Cr-release assay with splenic effector cells and leukemia or myeloma target cells was used to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells against allogeneic targets was abolished by exposure to Lyt-1, Lyt-2, or Lyt-3 antiserum and complement. Specificity was established by tests with C57BL/6 Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of effector cells directed against semisyngeneic myeloma targets was reduced by Lyt-1, -2, or -3 antiserum and complement. Effector cell cytotoxicity against another semisyngeneic target was only marginally affected by Lyt-1 antiserum and complement, but was abolished by Lyt-2 or -3 antiserum and complement. It appears likely that cytotoxic T cells are a heterogeneous population with regard to Lyt-1 expression and that past studies indicating an apparent absence of Lyt-1 on cytotoxic T cells revealed a quantitative, not qualitative, feature of these cells. With regard to the activity of Lyt antisera in the absence of added complement, selective blocking of effector cell cytotoxicity for allogeneic and semisyngeneic targets was found with Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera but not with Lyt-1 antiserum. The specificity of blocking was established by tests with Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. With the exception of blocking by antisera to the H-2 haplotype expressed by the target cell, no effector cell blocking was observed with alloantisera or heteroantisera to a range of other cell surface molecules present on mouse lymphoid cells. One possibility to account for the selective blocking by Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera is that Lyt-2,3 determinants on the surface of cytotoxic T cells have a close spatial relation to the T cell receptor.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cells: Lyt phenotype and blocking of killing activity by Lyt antisera. WE REEXAMINED TWO QUESTIONS CONCERNING LYT ANTIGENS OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS OF THE MOUSE: is Lyt-1 antigen expressed on cytotoxic effector cells and can cytotoxicity be blocked by antibody to Lyt antigens in the absence of added complement? A 3-hr (51)Cr-release assay with splenic effector cells and leukemia or myeloma target cells was used to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells against allogeneic targets was abolished by exposure to Lyt-1, Lyt-2, or Lyt-3 antiserum and complement. Specificity was established by tests with C57BL/6 Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of effector cells directed against semisyngeneic myeloma targets was reduced by Lyt-1, -2, or -3 antiserum and complement. Effector cell cytotoxicity against another semisyngeneic target was only marginally affected by Lyt-1 antiserum and complement, but was abolished by Lyt-2 or -3 antiserum and complement. It appears likely that cytotoxic T cells are a heterogeneous population with regard to Lyt-1 expression and that past studies indicating an apparent absence of Lyt-1 on cytotoxic T cells revealed a quantitative, not qualitative, feature of these cells. With regard to the activity of Lyt antisera in the absence of added complement, selective blocking of effector cell cytotoxicity for allogeneic and semisyngeneic targets was found with Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera but not with Lyt-1 antiserum. The specificity of blocking was established by tests with Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. With the exception of blocking by antisera to the H-2 haplotype expressed by the target cell, no effector cell blocking was observed with alloantisera or heteroantisera to a range of other cell surface molecules present on mouse lymphoid cells. One possibility to account for the selective blocking by Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera is that Lyt-2,3 determinants on the surface of cytotoxic T cells have a close spatial relation to the T cell receptor.", "PMID": 88050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10916", "title": "Major histocompatibility complex products restrict the adherence of cytolytic T lymphocytes to minor histocompatibility antigens or to trinitrophenyl determinants on schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "We have previously shown that schistosomula passaged through mice acquire histocompatibility (H) antigens that can be recognized either by alloantibody or by alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). The latter specifically adhere to but fail to damage the parasite. In this paper we describe the use of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-labeled schistosomula to show that the adherence of CTL with specificity for TNP-modified syngeneic cells is restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in a fashion similar to that seen in the lysis of TNP-labeled tumor targets. Thus, these CTL adhere only to schistosomula that have both the appropriate H antigens and TNP determinants on their surface, and not to schistosomula bearing either of these antigens by themselves. We note a significant degree of adherence to schistosomula bearing TNP determinants and H antigens allogeneic to the CTL. Anti-minor H antigen CTL are also restricted by the MHC in their adherence; thus, they only adhere to schistosomula that carry both the major and minor H antigens of the stimulator cells. These antigens can be acquired either by a single passage in vivo of schistosomula through congenic strains that possess both the relevant antigens or by sequential passage through two different strains, each contributing one of the antigens in question.", "contents": "Major histocompatibility complex products restrict the adherence of cytolytic T lymphocytes to minor histocompatibility antigens or to trinitrophenyl determinants on schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. We have previously shown that schistosomula passaged through mice acquire histocompatibility (H) antigens that can be recognized either by alloantibody or by alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). The latter specifically adhere to but fail to damage the parasite. In this paper we describe the use of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-labeled schistosomula to show that the adherence of CTL with specificity for TNP-modified syngeneic cells is restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in a fashion similar to that seen in the lysis of TNP-labeled tumor targets. Thus, these CTL adhere only to schistosomula that have both the appropriate H antigens and TNP determinants on their surface, and not to schistosomula bearing either of these antigens by themselves. We note a significant degree of adherence to schistosomula bearing TNP determinants and H antigens allogeneic to the CTL. Anti-minor H antigen CTL are also restricted by the MHC in their adherence; thus, they only adhere to schistosomula that carry both the major and minor H antigens of the stimulator cells. These antigens can be acquired either by a single passage in vivo of schistosomula through congenic strains that possess both the relevant antigens or by sequential passage through two different strains, each contributing one of the antigens in question.", "PMID": 88051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10917", "title": "Surface mapping of mouse thymocytes.", "content": "The blocking method used previously for determining the relative positions of different components of the cell surface was modified by first fixing the cells with paraformaldehyde. This technique was applied to the H-2K (K), H-2D (D), TL, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 surface components of mouse thymocytes, and the results were compared in parallel with data obtained with the original technique with unfixed cells. Previous mapping data with unfixed cells, indicating the positions of these molecules relative to one another, were confirmed with paraformaldehyde-fixed cells, with one exception. On unfixed cells, D and TL appeared sufficiently adjacent to produce mutual interference in the attachment of anti-D and anti-TL antibodies. With paraformaldehyde-fixed cells this was not so, D and TL appearing sufficiently separated from one another to obviate interference in the attachment of anti-D and anti-TL antibodies. The previously reported close association of K with Lyt-1 and of D with Lyt-2 were demonstrable equally with unfixed and paraformaldehyde-fixed thymocytes. It is suggested that activation of D sites, and alternatively of TL sites, by antibody in the present experiments brings these two molecules into apposition and that this movement may exemplify a mechanism concerned in immunological recognition and response.", "contents": "Surface mapping of mouse thymocytes. The blocking method used previously for determining the relative positions of different components of the cell surface was modified by first fixing the cells with paraformaldehyde. This technique was applied to the H-2K (K), H-2D (D), TL, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 surface components of mouse thymocytes, and the results were compared in parallel with data obtained with the original technique with unfixed cells. Previous mapping data with unfixed cells, indicating the positions of these molecules relative to one another, were confirmed with paraformaldehyde-fixed cells, with one exception. On unfixed cells, D and TL appeared sufficiently adjacent to produce mutual interference in the attachment of anti-D and anti-TL antibodies. With paraformaldehyde-fixed cells this was not so, D and TL appearing sufficiently separated from one another to obviate interference in the attachment of anti-D and anti-TL antibodies. The previously reported close association of K with Lyt-1 and of D with Lyt-2 were demonstrable equally with unfixed and paraformaldehyde-fixed thymocytes. It is suggested that activation of D sites, and alternatively of TL sites, by antibody in the present experiments brings these two molecules into apposition and that this movement may exemplify a mechanism concerned in immunological recognition and response.", "PMID": 88052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10918", "title": "Cell-mediated lysis of lipid vesicles containing eye muscle protein: implications regarding pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy.", "content": "We prepared artificial vesicles that are lysed upon cell-mediated immunological attack by human lymphocytes. These vesicles are made from a mixture of dimyristoyl lecithin, dipalmitoyl lecithin, and cholesterol, have eye muscle membrane protein (EMP) inserted into the bilayer wall, and contain intravesicular (99m)Tc marker. Injury to the vesicular membrane was assessed by measurement of (99m)Tc release. Thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg-anti-Tg complex (TgA) bind to EMP-vesicles to an extent equal to or greater than to native eye muscle membranes in vitro; this binding requires the presence of normal human IgG. The role of Tg, TgA, IgG, and peripheral blood lymphocytes in altering membrane permeability was analyzed. Incubation of vesicles for up to 3 hr alone, with added IgG alone, or with further addition of Tg or TgA did not result in (99m)Tc release. Addition of lymphocytes from normal donors to the above four preparations showed release in the presence of TgA. Lymphocytes from each of eight patients with Graves ophthalmopathy caused release not only in the presence of TgA, but also in the presence of Tg. Separation of a patient's lymphocytes into high- and low-affinity rosette-formers (T and K cells, respectively) showed that cell-mediated vesicle lysis in the presence of TgA was greater with K cells than with T cells, while vesicle lysis in the presence of Tg was greater with T cells than with K cells. Vesicles made with inserted Tg but lacking EMP were not lysed by such T cells. Lymphocytes failed to induce permeability changes in vesicles containing other inserted proteins obtained from human nonextraocular muscle, liver, spleen, or adrenal, even if Tg or TgA were present. The results support the concept that muscle cell damage in Graves ophthalmopathy is immunological, cell-mediated, and of two types: (i) K lymphocytes reacting to immune complex, TgA, on the eye muscle cell surface (i.e., antibody-dependent cytotoxicity) and (ii) sensitized T lymphocytes reacting to Tg on the eye muscle cell surface. An antigenic role for EMP is possible, but has not been unequivocally proven.", "contents": "Cell-mediated lysis of lipid vesicles containing eye muscle protein: implications regarding pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy. We prepared artificial vesicles that are lysed upon cell-mediated immunological attack by human lymphocytes. These vesicles are made from a mixture of dimyristoyl lecithin, dipalmitoyl lecithin, and cholesterol, have eye muscle membrane protein (EMP) inserted into the bilayer wall, and contain intravesicular (99m)Tc marker. Injury to the vesicular membrane was assessed by measurement of (99m)Tc release. Thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg-anti-Tg complex (TgA) bind to EMP-vesicles to an extent equal to or greater than to native eye muscle membranes in vitro; this binding requires the presence of normal human IgG. The role of Tg, TgA, IgG, and peripheral blood lymphocytes in altering membrane permeability was analyzed. Incubation of vesicles for up to 3 hr alone, with added IgG alone, or with further addition of Tg or TgA did not result in (99m)Tc release. Addition of lymphocytes from normal donors to the above four preparations showed release in the presence of TgA. Lymphocytes from each of eight patients with Graves ophthalmopathy caused release not only in the presence of TgA, but also in the presence of Tg. Separation of a patient's lymphocytes into high- and low-affinity rosette-formers (T and K cells, respectively) showed that cell-mediated vesicle lysis in the presence of TgA was greater with K cells than with T cells, while vesicle lysis in the presence of Tg was greater with T cells than with K cells. Vesicles made with inserted Tg but lacking EMP were not lysed by such T cells. Lymphocytes failed to induce permeability changes in vesicles containing other inserted proteins obtained from human nonextraocular muscle, liver, spleen, or adrenal, even if Tg or TgA were present. The results support the concept that muscle cell damage in Graves ophthalmopathy is immunological, cell-mediated, and of two types: (i) K lymphocytes reacting to immune complex, TgA, on the eye muscle cell surface (i.e., antibody-dependent cytotoxicity) and (ii) sensitized T lymphocytes reacting to Tg on the eye muscle cell surface. An antigenic role for EMP is possible, but has not been unequivocally proven.", "PMID": 88053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10919", "title": "Immunological tolerance: high-dose antigen-induced suppressor cells from tolerant animals inactivate antigen-presenting macrophages.", "content": "Studies were carried out to characterize the target cell for the activity of suppressor cells induced in highzone tolerance to deaggregated human gamma globulin (HGG). We applied an in vitro system for the initiation of an immune response, consisting of culturing spleen lymphocytes on HGG-fed macrophages, in which initiator T cells are generated. These cells, when injected into the foot pads of syngeneic mice, recruit specific anti-HGG effector T lymphocytes. We found that HGG-fed macrophages were incapable of signaling spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals to generate initiator cells. Spleen cells from tolerant animals, when mixed with spleen cells from normal donors, inhibited the capacity of the normal population to give rise to initiator cells after culture on HGG-fed macrophages. Thus, suppressor T cells, which inhibit education of T cells by antigen-fed macrophages, exist in the tolerant spleen. Spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals, when seeded on macrophages fed simultaneously with HGG and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), also prevented the macrophages from signaling an anti-KLH response. Spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals from which the suppressor cells were depleted by \"affinity chromatography\" on histamine columns, when seeded on macrophages fed with HGG and KLH, generated initiators to both antigens. It appears, therefore, that suppressor cells act at the level of antigen-presenting macrophages, affecting macrophages fed with the tolerogen, and therefore affecting also the immunogenic effect of other antigens presented by the same macrophages. By testing the mode of action of suppressor cells on the tolerogen-fed macrophage, we found that the suppressors manifest a cytotoxic effect on such macrophages. We propose that the suppressor cell is, in fact, an anti modified-self killer, acting on macrophages possessing surface self-antigens \"modified\" by the tolerogen. The similarity in cell-surface markers between suppressors and anti modified-self killers supports this concept.", "contents": "Immunological tolerance: high-dose antigen-induced suppressor cells from tolerant animals inactivate antigen-presenting macrophages. Studies were carried out to characterize the target cell for the activity of suppressor cells induced in highzone tolerance to deaggregated human gamma globulin (HGG). We applied an in vitro system for the initiation of an immune response, consisting of culturing spleen lymphocytes on HGG-fed macrophages, in which initiator T cells are generated. These cells, when injected into the foot pads of syngeneic mice, recruit specific anti-HGG effector T lymphocytes. We found that HGG-fed macrophages were incapable of signaling spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals to generate initiator cells. Spleen cells from tolerant animals, when mixed with spleen cells from normal donors, inhibited the capacity of the normal population to give rise to initiator cells after culture on HGG-fed macrophages. Thus, suppressor T cells, which inhibit education of T cells by antigen-fed macrophages, exist in the tolerant spleen. Spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals, when seeded on macrophages fed simultaneously with HGG and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), also prevented the macrophages from signaling an anti-KLH response. Spleen cells from HGG-tolerant animals from which the suppressor cells were depleted by \"affinity chromatography\" on histamine columns, when seeded on macrophages fed with HGG and KLH, generated initiators to both antigens. It appears, therefore, that suppressor cells act at the level of antigen-presenting macrophages, affecting macrophages fed with the tolerogen, and therefore affecting also the immunogenic effect of other antigens presented by the same macrophages. By testing the mode of action of suppressor cells on the tolerogen-fed macrophage, we found that the suppressors manifest a cytotoxic effect on such macrophages. We propose that the suppressor cell is, in fact, an anti modified-self killer, acting on macrophages possessing surface self-antigens \"modified\" by the tolerogen. The similarity in cell-surface markers between suppressors and anti modified-self killers supports this concept.", "PMID": 88054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10920", "title": "Fine specificity of antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) produced by hybrid cell lines.", "content": "The polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion technique has been used to analyze the diversity of the antibody response to the terpolymer poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10)(GAT). Nine stable clones (all producing IgM K anti-GAT antibodies) were isolated from a fusion between P3-X63-Ag8 myeloma cells and spleen cells from a DBA/2 mouse sensitized to GAT 5 days earlier. Seven other clones (producing IgG K anti-GAT antibodies) were derived from another fusion between NSI myeloma cells and spleen cells of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrid mice hyperimmunized with GAT. These 16 anti-GAT antibodies were grouped according to their pattern of reactivity with GAT and the two related polymers of poly(Glu60Ala40) (GA) and poly(GLU50Tyr50) (GT). Two monoclonal anti-GAT antibodies (IgM F9-102.2 and IgG F17-148.3) demonstrated crossreactivity with GA but failed to crossreact with GT determinants. In contrast, the remaining 14 hybridoma antibodies demonstrated preferential reactivity with GAT but also exhibited crossreactive binding to GT and in some cases GA. There was a correlation between the fine specificity pattern and the presence of a common anti-GAT idiotype on these antibodies. Thus, the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies which reacted with GT shared crossreactive idiotypic determinants (CGAT) present in mouse anti-GAT immune sera. In contrast, the monoclonal F9-102.2 and F17-148.3 antibodies that failed to bind to GT lacked the major CGAT idiotypic determinants.", "contents": "Fine specificity of antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) produced by hybrid cell lines. The polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion technique has been used to analyze the diversity of the antibody response to the terpolymer poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10)(GAT). Nine stable clones (all producing IgM K anti-GAT antibodies) were isolated from a fusion between P3-X63-Ag8 myeloma cells and spleen cells from a DBA/2 mouse sensitized to GAT 5 days earlier. Seven other clones (producing IgG K anti-GAT antibodies) were derived from another fusion between NSI myeloma cells and spleen cells of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrid mice hyperimmunized with GAT. These 16 anti-GAT antibodies were grouped according to their pattern of reactivity with GAT and the two related polymers of poly(Glu60Ala40) (GA) and poly(GLU50Tyr50) (GT). Two monoclonal anti-GAT antibodies (IgM F9-102.2 and IgG F17-148.3) demonstrated crossreactivity with GA but failed to crossreact with GT determinants. In contrast, the remaining 14 hybridoma antibodies demonstrated preferential reactivity with GAT but also exhibited crossreactive binding to GT and in some cases GA. There was a correlation between the fine specificity pattern and the presence of a common anti-GAT idiotype on these antibodies. Thus, the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies which reacted with GT shared crossreactive idiotypic determinants (CGAT) present in mouse anti-GAT immune sera. In contrast, the monoclonal F9-102.2 and F17-148.3 antibodies that failed to bind to GT lacked the major CGAT idiotypic determinants.", "PMID": 88055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10921", "title": "Human breast carcinoma antigen is immunologically related to the polypeptide of the group-specific glycoprotein of mouse mammary tumor virus.", "content": "We have shown [Mesa-Tejada, R., Keydar, I., Ramanarayanan, M., Ohno, T., Fenoglio, C. & Spiegelman, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1529--1533] that an antigen immunologically related to gp52, a 52,000-dalton glycoprotein of the mouse mammary tumor virus, can be identified in sections of human breast cancer by means of an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction was established by absorption experiments which revealed that only purified gp52, or material containing it, served to eliminate the IgG molecules responsible for the immunohistochemical reaction in the human breast tumors. We show here that the cross-reactivity between the human and murine tumor antigens is due to the polypeptide rather than the polysaccharide components of gp.52. Sugar-free gp52 prepared by deglycosylation with a mixture of glycosidases was as fully effective as the intact gp52 in removing from anti-MMTV the IgG responsible for the reaction with the human tumor antigen. In contrast, the isolated polysaccharide of gp52 was unable to exert blocking activity.", "contents": "Human breast carcinoma antigen is immunologically related to the polypeptide of the group-specific glycoprotein of mouse mammary tumor virus. We have shown [Mesa-Tejada, R., Keydar, I., Ramanarayanan, M., Ohno, T., Fenoglio, C. & Spiegelman, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1529--1533] that an antigen immunologically related to gp52, a 52,000-dalton glycoprotein of the mouse mammary tumor virus, can be identified in sections of human breast cancer by means of an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction was established by absorption experiments which revealed that only purified gp52, or material containing it, served to eliminate the IgG molecules responsible for the immunohistochemical reaction in the human breast tumors. We show here that the cross-reactivity between the human and murine tumor antigens is due to the polypeptide rather than the polysaccharide components of gp.52. Sugar-free gp52 prepared by deglycosylation with a mixture of glycosidases was as fully effective as the intact gp52 in removing from anti-MMTV the IgG responsible for the reaction with the human tumor antigen. In contrast, the isolated polysaccharide of gp52 was unable to exert blocking activity.", "PMID": 88056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10922", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of the fetal spine before 20 weeks' gestation.", "content": "The ultrasonic appearance of the normal and abnormal fetal spine before 20 weeks' gestation was reviewed in 121 pregnances. A model was constructed to establish the mechanism of production in the various configurations seen. The relative roles of ultrasonography, alpha fetoprotein assay, and fetoscopy in the diagnosis of spina bifida are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of the fetal spine before 20 weeks' gestation. The ultrasonic appearance of the normal and abnormal fetal spine before 20 weeks' gestation was reviewed in 121 pregnances. A model was constructed to establish the mechanism of production in the various configurations seen. The relative roles of ultrasonography, alpha fetoprotein assay, and fetoscopy in the diagnosis of spina bifida are discussed.", "PMID": 88060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10923", "title": "The extra-articular deposition of fibrinogen antigenic material in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Experimental suction blisters were elicited on extensor and flexor sites or forearm skin of patients both with rheumatoid arthritis and without rheumatoid diseases. The blister fluid obtained was investigated, together with rheumatoid bursa fluid and rheumatoid noduli material by crossed and quantitative immunoelectrophoresis for fibrinogen antigenic material, plasminogen and inhibitors of fibrinolysis. In rheumatoid noduli and rheumatoid bursa fluid, fibrinogen degradation products identical with those previously described in rheumatoid synovial fluid and in bullous dermatosis were found (3, 14). On the other hand, no fibrinogen antigenic material was found in the experimental suction blisters. These results indicate that the fibrinogen degradation products in rheumatoid inflammatory exudate are probably not specific for a rheumatoid process, but rather part of a general mechanism in inflammation.", "contents": "The extra-articular deposition of fibrinogen antigenic material in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Experimental suction blisters were elicited on extensor and flexor sites or forearm skin of patients both with rheumatoid arthritis and without rheumatoid diseases. The blister fluid obtained was investigated, together with rheumatoid bursa fluid and rheumatoid noduli material by crossed and quantitative immunoelectrophoresis for fibrinogen antigenic material, plasminogen and inhibitors of fibrinolysis. In rheumatoid noduli and rheumatoid bursa fluid, fibrinogen degradation products identical with those previously described in rheumatoid synovial fluid and in bullous dermatosis were found (3, 14). On the other hand, no fibrinogen antigenic material was found in the experimental suction blisters. These results indicate that the fibrinogen degradation products in rheumatoid inflammatory exudate are probably not specific for a rheumatoid process, but rather part of a general mechanism in inflammation.", "PMID": 88067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10924", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia: coexistent cytochemical markers for monocytes and granulocytes in the leukemic cells.", "content": "A 22-year-old man presented with mediastinal lymphoma and lymphoblastic leukemia. The leukemic cells in his blood and marrow did not stain positively with Sudan black B, peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, or nonspecific esterase, and were considered as either lymphoblasts or stem cells. One year after the initial presentation, acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed and he died. The leukemic cells possessed the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of both monocytes and granulocytes. This case illustrates the close ontogenetic relationship between the monocytes and the granulocytes. It also demonstrates that our present concept of acute myelomonocytic leukemia should be broadened to include cases in which the leukemic cells possess the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of both the monocytes and the granulocytes.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia: coexistent cytochemical markers for monocytes and granulocytes in the leukemic cells. A 22-year-old man presented with mediastinal lymphoma and lymphoblastic leukemia. The leukemic cells in his blood and marrow did not stain positively with Sudan black B, peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, or nonspecific esterase, and were considered as either lymphoblasts or stem cells. One year after the initial presentation, acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed and he died. The leukemic cells possessed the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of both monocytes and granulocytes. This case illustrates the close ontogenetic relationship between the monocytes and the granulocytes. It also demonstrates that our present concept of acute myelomonocytic leukemia should be broadened to include cases in which the leukemic cells possess the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of both the monocytes and the granulocytes.", "PMID": 88075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10925", "title": "Teratogenic action and embryo lethality of AY 9944R. Prevention by a hypercholesterolemia-provoking diet.", "content": "Embryomortality and teratogenesis provoked by inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis are well demonstrated. Teratogenic action is particularly reflected by holoprosencephalies, but also by uro-genital abnormalities. A hypercholesterolemia-provoking diet has been shown to be completely effective for preventing holoprosencephaly, but only partially so for preventing the uro-genital malformations and fetal mortality. It is thus possible that the two types of abnormalities are governed by different mechanisms. In addition, the diet itself, whose hypercholesterolemic effect is considerable, has certain disadvantages. It seems to have a certain effect on fetal mortality and could be responsible for several uro-genital malformations. This deserves further study.", "contents": "Teratogenic action and embryo lethality of AY 9944R. Prevention by a hypercholesterolemia-provoking diet. Embryomortality and teratogenesis provoked by inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis are well demonstrated. Teratogenic action is particularly reflected by holoprosencephalies, but also by uro-genital abnormalities. A hypercholesterolemia-provoking diet has been shown to be completely effective for preventing holoprosencephaly, but only partially so for preventing the uro-genital malformations and fetal mortality. It is thus possible that the two types of abnormalities are governed by different mechanisms. In addition, the diet itself, whose hypercholesterolemic effect is considerable, has certain disadvantages. It seems to have a certain effect on fetal mortality and could be responsible for several uro-genital malformations. This deserves further study.", "PMID": 88081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10926", "title": "Interpretation of isolated agenesis of the pituitary.", "content": "Cholesterol synthesis inhibitors administered to rats caused more or less complete forms of the holoprosencephalic syndrome, consisting of severe abnormalities of the brain, sense organs and pituitary. The absence of the pituitary was also observed in fetuses without externally visible cephalic abnormalities. These observations suggest that the isolated absence of the pituitary is the lesser form of the holoprosencephalic syndrome. This interpretation is also valid for cases of isolated absence of the pituitary observed in humans.", "contents": "Interpretation of isolated agenesis of the pituitary. Cholesterol synthesis inhibitors administered to rats caused more or less complete forms of the holoprosencephalic syndrome, consisting of severe abnormalities of the brain, sense organs and pituitary. The absence of the pituitary was also observed in fetuses without externally visible cephalic abnormalities. These observations suggest that the isolated absence of the pituitary is the lesser form of the holoprosencephalic syndrome. This interpretation is also valid for cases of isolated absence of the pituitary observed in humans.", "PMID": 88082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10927", "title": "Different teratogenic efficacy to mouse fetal CNS of 5-azacytidine in combination with X-irradiation depends on the sequence of successive application.", "content": "The single treatment of pregnant mice on day 12 post conception with 5-azacytidine (AzaCr), followed by a single irradiation dose of 200 rad two hours later, is exclusively neurotoxic to the fetus, as shown by a severe hypoplasia of the parieto-occipital regions of the telencephalon. This effect is explicable by the specific function of the mitotic cell population for the integrity of the cortex wall. Combining these two hazards in the reverse manner, i.e., irradiation followed by AzaCr, resulted in no general hypoplastic effect in the forebrain and only caused a depletion of cells in the marginal cortex. This indicates a significantly diminished AzaCr sensitivity of fetal cortical cells subsequent to X-irradiation. In addition, rosette-like cell clustering in the cortex of all X-irradiated animals occurs to a similar degree, irrespective of any additional AzaCr-treatment. The only conformity between these different schedules is that a great portion of the surviving cells is most likely in the DNA synthesizing phase at the time of irradiation. It is therefore concluded that rosette formation starts perferentially from cells injured during the S-phase.", "contents": "Different teratogenic efficacy to mouse fetal CNS of 5-azacytidine in combination with X-irradiation depends on the sequence of successive application. The single treatment of pregnant mice on day 12 post conception with 5-azacytidine (AzaCr), followed by a single irradiation dose of 200 rad two hours later, is exclusively neurotoxic to the fetus, as shown by a severe hypoplasia of the parieto-occipital regions of the telencephalon. This effect is explicable by the specific function of the mitotic cell population for the integrity of the cortex wall. Combining these two hazards in the reverse manner, i.e., irradiation followed by AzaCr, resulted in no general hypoplastic effect in the forebrain and only caused a depletion of cells in the marginal cortex. This indicates a significantly diminished AzaCr sensitivity of fetal cortical cells subsequent to X-irradiation. In addition, rosette-like cell clustering in the cortex of all X-irradiated animals occurs to a similar degree, irrespective of any additional AzaCr-treatment. The only conformity between these different schedules is that a great portion of the surviving cells is most likely in the DNA synthesizing phase at the time of irradiation. It is therefore concluded that rosette formation starts perferentially from cells injured during the S-phase.", "PMID": 88083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10928", "title": "[The inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus: results from radiation therapy and conclusions for irradiation planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Conclusions are drawn for irradiation planning from treatment results of 161 patients with inoperable esophageal carcinomas, comparable with reference to the technique applied using moving-field irradiation and delivering a total focal dose of 6000 rd. The palliative effect of radiation therapy is obtained by measurable dilatation of the stenosis in more than 90% of the patients. 5-year survival, however, was found only in cases of an average target volume comprising 500 cm3 within the 80% isodose, largely independent of the stage of the primary tumor. The best correlation between tumor extension and target volume is found in T3 tumors. A target volume larger than 700 cm3 does not seem to be required. The rate and localization of the recurrences are showing that a minimum safety distance beyond the radiologically ascertained tumor expansion is indispensable.", "contents": "[The inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus: results from radiation therapy and conclusions for irradiation planning (author's transl)]. Conclusions are drawn for irradiation planning from treatment results of 161 patients with inoperable esophageal carcinomas, comparable with reference to the technique applied using moving-field irradiation and delivering a total focal dose of 6000 rd. The palliative effect of radiation therapy is obtained by measurable dilatation of the stenosis in more than 90% of the patients. 5-year survival, however, was found only in cases of an average target volume comprising 500 cm3 within the 80% isodose, largely independent of the stage of the primary tumor. The best correlation between tumor extension and target volume is found in T3 tumors. A target volume larger than 700 cm3 does not seem to be required. The rate and localization of the recurrences are showing that a minimum safety distance beyond the radiologically ascertained tumor expansion is indispensable.", "PMID": 88087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10929", "title": "Non-HLA-D determinants detected by the micro-MLC test.", "content": "A modified, highly sensitive microculture technique was used to demonstrate the presence of ? non-HLA-D-encoded Lad when both stimulator and responder cells were presumably HLA-D identical and when tested in conventional mini-MLC in round bottomed Linbro/Cooke plates failed to demonstrate any significant stimulation.", "contents": "Non-HLA-D determinants detected by the micro-MLC test. A modified, highly sensitive microculture technique was used to demonstrate the presence of ? non-HLA-D-encoded Lad when both stimulator and responder cells were presumably HLA-D identical and when tested in conventional mini-MLC in round bottomed Linbro/Cooke plates failed to demonstrate any significant stimulation.", "PMID": 88097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10930", "title": "Specific inhibition of T-cell-mediated cytolosis by alloantiserum against HLA-D-related (DR) antigens.", "content": "Lymphocytes sensitized against HLA-A and B region-compatible, HLA-D region-incompatible stimulators were cytotoxic for target cells having the correct HLA-D antigens. This form of cytotoxicity was inhibited by platelet-absorbed pregnancy sera containing antibodies to the HLA-DR antigens of the target cells but not by sera with antibodies against other DR antigens. This form of CML was also inhibited by unlabeled monocytes and B cells of the relevant HLA-D specificity but not by T lymphocytes from the same donors.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of T-cell-mediated cytolosis by alloantiserum against HLA-D-related (DR) antigens. Lymphocytes sensitized against HLA-A and B region-compatible, HLA-D region-incompatible stimulators were cytotoxic for target cells having the correct HLA-D antigens. This form of cytotoxicity was inhibited by platelet-absorbed pregnancy sera containing antibodies to the HLA-DR antigens of the target cells but not by sera with antibodies against other DR antigens. This form of CML was also inhibited by unlabeled monocytes and B cells of the relevant HLA-D specificity but not by T lymphocytes from the same donors.", "PMID": 88098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10931", "title": "Role of I-J-subregion gene products in the regulation of macrophage-T-Lymphocyte interaction.", "content": "Pretreatment of splenic macrophages with anti-Ia serum specific for the various known I subregions and complement deleted the macrophages required for an in vitro antibody response to burro erythrocytes. Antibodies directed at the gene products of the I-J subregion, however, were unique in that they did not require the presence of complement. When macrophages and macrophage depleted cells were obtained from strains B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) differing only at the I-J subregion, they could not be mixed in culture for an effective response. Differences at other I subregions using alternative strain combinations resulted in an enhanced response. These results suggest that the I-J subregion has a critical role in macrophage-T cell interaction.", "contents": "Role of I-J-subregion gene products in the regulation of macrophage-T-Lymphocyte interaction. Pretreatment of splenic macrophages with anti-Ia serum specific for the various known I subregions and complement deleted the macrophages required for an in vitro antibody response to burro erythrocytes. Antibodies directed at the gene products of the I-J subregion, however, were unique in that they did not require the presence of complement. When macrophages and macrophage depleted cells were obtained from strains B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) differing only at the I-J subregion, they could not be mixed in culture for an effective response. Differences at other I subregions using alternative strain combinations resulted in an enhanced response. These results suggest that the I-J subregion has a critical role in macrophage-T cell interaction.", "PMID": 88100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10932", "title": "[Dynamic characteristics of the fluorescence of human peripheral blood neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes intravitally fluorochrome-stained with acridine orange].", "content": "Neutrophil segmentonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes of the human peripheral blood vitally stained with Acridine Orange (AO) in concentrations of 250 and 330 mcg/ml show different fluorescence dynamics. The number of neutrophil segmentonuclear granulocytes with green fluorescence of nuclei decreases, whereas the number of cells with red fluorescence of nuclei increases. As a criterion of this process, time T1/2 is taken during which the number of green-fluorescent cells decreases twofold. With AO concentrations of 250 and 330 mcg/ml, T1/2 is equal to 40 or 5 minutes, resp. The nuclei of lymphocytes within a 60 minutes observation show green fluorescence. This effect is likely to be due to structural-functional peculiarities of neutrophil segmentonuclear granulocytes and lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Dynamic characteristics of the fluorescence of human peripheral blood neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes intravitally fluorochrome-stained with acridine orange]. Neutrophil segmentonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes of the human peripheral blood vitally stained with Acridine Orange (AO) in concentrations of 250 and 330 mcg/ml show different fluorescence dynamics. The number of neutrophil segmentonuclear granulocytes with green fluorescence of nuclei decreases, whereas the number of cells with red fluorescence of nuclei increases. As a criterion of this process, time T1/2 is taken during which the number of green-fluorescent cells decreases twofold. With AO concentrations of 250 and 330 mcg/ml, T1/2 is equal to 40 or 5 minutes, resp. The nuclei of lymphocytes within a 60 minutes observation show green fluorescence. This effect is likely to be due to structural-functional peculiarities of neutrophil segmentonuclear granulocytes and lymphocytes.", "PMID": 88107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10933", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the leukocyte myeloperoxidases from various sources].", "content": "The antigenic difference between myeloperoxidases of human, rabbit, guinea pig, horse, dog, sheep and mouse leucocytes and horse radish peroxidase was investigated. By counterimmunoelectrophoresis with antiserum specific for human and mouse myeloperoxidase and horse radish peroxidase, the enzyme catalysing peroxidase reaction in leucocytes from the above sources was shown to possess species specificity and different antigenic composition.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the leukocyte myeloperoxidases from various sources]. The antigenic difference between myeloperoxidases of human, rabbit, guinea pig, horse, dog, sheep and mouse leucocytes and horse radish peroxidase was investigated. By counterimmunoelectrophoresis with antiserum specific for human and mouse myeloperoxidase and horse radish peroxidase, the enzyme catalysing peroxidase reaction in leucocytes from the above sources was shown to possess species specificity and different antigenic composition.", "PMID": 88108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10934", "title": "Evaluation of the chloride and bromide salts of cetylpyridium for the transportation of sputum in tuberculosis bacteriology.", "content": "The usefulness of cetylpyridium chloride and cetylpyridium bromide, at a final concentration of 1% in 1% solution of sodium chloride, for the transportation of sputum in tuberculosis bacteriology, was evaluated. It was found that these compounds did not alter the staining properties nor the viability of the tubercle bacilli for at least 14 days.", "contents": "Evaluation of the chloride and bromide salts of cetylpyridium for the transportation of sputum in tuberculosis bacteriology. The usefulness of cetylpyridium chloride and cetylpyridium bromide, at a final concentration of 1% in 1% solution of sodium chloride, for the transportation of sputum in tuberculosis bacteriology, was evaluated. It was found that these compounds did not alter the staining properties nor the viability of the tubercle bacilli for at least 14 days.", "PMID": 88109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10935", "title": "[Cystectomy as \"ultima ratio\" after failure of radiotherapy in bladder cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients were cystectomized an average of 2 years after unsuccessful curative radiotherapy. This technically difficult procedure has a high mortality rate of about 10--20%. None of the patients survived more than 5 years, but improved quality of life was the main subjective impression. A tumor-free specimen -- the effect of radio-induced downstaging -- is no guarantee of long-term survival. 4 of 6 patients without histological tumor cells in the cystectomy or lymph node specimens died of metastic disease. The indications for \"salvage\" cystectomy were: untreatable bladder hemorrhage, in some instances as emergency; frequently recurrent tumors; and subjectively unbearable state of disease.", "contents": "[Cystectomy as \"ultima ratio\" after failure of radiotherapy in bladder cancer (author's transl)]. 20 patients were cystectomized an average of 2 years after unsuccessful curative radiotherapy. This technically difficult procedure has a high mortality rate of about 10--20%. None of the patients survived more than 5 years, but improved quality of life was the main subjective impression. A tumor-free specimen -- the effect of radio-induced downstaging -- is no guarantee of long-term survival. 4 of 6 patients without histological tumor cells in the cystectomy or lymph node specimens died of metastic disease. The indications for \"salvage\" cystectomy were: untreatable bladder hemorrhage, in some instances as emergency; frequently recurrent tumors; and subjectively unbearable state of disease.", "PMID": 88112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10936", "title": "[Comparative statistic of complications in openprostatectomy and transurethral resection (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the case material of 1049 patients, the advantages and disadvantages of enucleation and the transurethral resection of the prostatic adenoma are compared. There are no significant differences in the lethality of the operation. Although at present preference is generally given to the transurethral resection, this procedure appears less favorable to us with regard to the intraoperative complications as well as late complications of urethral strictures, during long-term follow-up.", "contents": "[Comparative statistic of complications in openprostatectomy and transurethral resection (author's transl)]. On the basis of the case material of 1049 patients, the advantages and disadvantages of enucleation and the transurethral resection of the prostatic adenoma are compared. There are no significant differences in the lethality of the operation. Although at present preference is generally given to the transurethral resection, this procedure appears less favorable to us with regard to the intraoperative complications as well as late complications of urethral strictures, during long-term follow-up.", "PMID": 88113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10937", "title": "Beta-2-microglobulin as renal diagnostic agent.", "content": "Our group has undertaken the determination of serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin in 250 patients. We have compared this diagnostic entity to radioisotopic glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. We have also analyzed the cost effectiveness of each of these diagnostic entities and combinations thereof. We conclude that beta-2-microglobulin is a simple test to perform; it is specific, sensitive, and accurate. Its cost effectiveness is excellent. We advocate its wide clinical usage.", "contents": "Beta-2-microglobulin as renal diagnostic agent. Our group has undertaken the determination of serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin in 250 patients. We have compared this diagnostic entity to radioisotopic glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. We have also analyzed the cost effectiveness of each of these diagnostic entities and combinations thereof. We conclude that beta-2-microglobulin is a simple test to perform; it is specific, sensitive, and accurate. Its cost effectiveness is excellent. We advocate its wide clinical usage.", "PMID": 88114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10938", "title": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia in an XX man.", "content": "A sixty-nine-year-old white phenotypic male who was being investigated for a myeloproliferative disorder, was found to have an XX karyotype in all cells examined in bone marrow, lymphocytes, and skin fibroblast cultures. Despite essentially no testosterone in the plasma, he also suffered from severe prostatic hyperplasia, a finding not reported previously in patients with this genotype. While endocrine studies showed normal follicle-stimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone level was twice the upper limit of normal and estrogens were in the normal female range. Except for complete absence of Leydig cells, testicular histology resembled that usually found in Klinefelter syndrome. The patient died of the combined effects of the myeloproliferative disease and urinary tract obstruction. The mechanism of occurrence of the sex chromosome anomaly as well as the cause and implication of the unusual finding of prostatic hyperplasia are discussed.", "contents": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia in an XX man. A sixty-nine-year-old white phenotypic male who was being investigated for a myeloproliferative disorder, was found to have an XX karyotype in all cells examined in bone marrow, lymphocytes, and skin fibroblast cultures. Despite essentially no testosterone in the plasma, he also suffered from severe prostatic hyperplasia, a finding not reported previously in patients with this genotype. While endocrine studies showed normal follicle-stimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone level was twice the upper limit of normal and estrogens were in the normal female range. Except for complete absence of Leydig cells, testicular histology resembled that usually found in Klinefelter syndrome. The patient died of the combined effects of the myeloproliferative disease and urinary tract obstruction. The mechanism of occurrence of the sex chromosome anomaly as well as the cause and implication of the unusual finding of prostatic hyperplasia are discussed.", "PMID": 88115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10939", "title": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of latent form of prostatic cancer].", "content": "36 cases of cancer of the prostate, diagnosed at the histological study of the tissue removed during adenomectomy, have been studied. The most common from is a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a well developed parenchyma. Elastic consistency and smooth surface of the tumors make difficult their clinical, diagnosis. As compared to other forms of prostatic cancer, these tumors are characterized by a more favourable clinical course and prognosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of latent form of prostatic cancer]. 36 cases of cancer of the prostate, diagnosed at the histological study of the tissue removed during adenomectomy, have been studied. The most common from is a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a well developed parenchyma. Elastic consistency and smooth surface of the tumors make difficult their clinical, diagnosis. As compared to other forms of prostatic cancer, these tumors are characterized by a more favourable clinical course and prognosis.", "PMID": 88120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10940", "title": "Antigenic determinants of influenza virus hemagglutinin. II. Antigenic reactivity of the isolated N-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of A/Memphis/72 hemagglutinin heavy chain.", "content": "Gel filtration of a cyanogen bromide digest of pure intact hemagglutinin from A/Memphis/102/72 influenza virus allowed the isolation of a variety of fragments. One of these fragments consists of three cyanogen bromide peptides (CNl and CN3 from HA1, and CNl from HA2) which remain linked together by disulphide bonds. This fragment was found to be antigenically active, as it was able to form antigen-antibody complexes (detected by affinity chromatography of radioiodinated peptide-IgG mixtures on protein A-Sepharose) with IgG directed against the protein moiety of viral hemagglutinin. The three cyanogen bromide peptides present in this disulphide-linked fragment were separated by gel filtration, carried out under reducing conditions, and tested for antigenic activity after controlled reoxidation of the individual peptides. Only one cyanogen bromide peptide, CNl from HA1, showed significant binding to antibody. The results indicate that antigenic activity of A/Mem/1O2/72 hemagglutinin resides within the N-terminal 170 amino acid residues of the hemagglutinin heavy chain.", "contents": "Antigenic determinants of influenza virus hemagglutinin. II. Antigenic reactivity of the isolated N-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of A/Memphis/72 hemagglutinin heavy chain. Gel filtration of a cyanogen bromide digest of pure intact hemagglutinin from A/Memphis/102/72 influenza virus allowed the isolation of a variety of fragments. One of these fragments consists of three cyanogen bromide peptides (CNl and CN3 from HA1, and CNl from HA2) which remain linked together by disulphide bonds. This fragment was found to be antigenically active, as it was able to form antigen-antibody complexes (detected by affinity chromatography of radioiodinated peptide-IgG mixtures on protein A-Sepharose) with IgG directed against the protein moiety of viral hemagglutinin. The three cyanogen bromide peptides present in this disulphide-linked fragment were separated by gel filtration, carried out under reducing conditions, and tested for antigenic activity after controlled reoxidation of the individual peptides. Only one cyanogen bromide peptide, CNl from HA1, showed significant binding to antibody. The results indicate that antigenic activity of A/Mem/1O2/72 hemagglutinin resides within the N-terminal 170 amino acid residues of the hemagglutinin heavy chain.", "PMID": 88123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10941", "title": "[The diagnostic value and risks of small bowel biopsy: an assessment in 80 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Small bowel biopsy is a routine procedure used mainly in the evaluation of malabsorption. The Crosby-Kugler capsule, which permits the performance of just one biopsy per session and hydraulic biopsy tubes, permitting multiple biopsies from any level of the small bowel, have been in use now with several modifications for about 20 years. The diagnostic range and risks of these tools are described briefly in this paper and discussed in the light of our own experience in 80 patients. In accordance with the experience of others, we found that small bowel biopsy was accompanied by only a few minor complications and we consider it a valuable procedure in clinical diagnosis and experimental research.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value and risks of small bowel biopsy: an assessment in 80 patients (author's transl)]. Small bowel biopsy is a routine procedure used mainly in the evaluation of malabsorption. The Crosby-Kugler capsule, which permits the performance of just one biopsy per session and hydraulic biopsy tubes, permitting multiple biopsies from any level of the small bowel, have been in use now with several modifications for about 20 years. The diagnostic range and risks of these tools are described briefly in this paper and discussed in the light of our own experience in 80 patients. In accordance with the experience of others, we found that small bowel biopsy was accompanied by only a few minor complications and we consider it a valuable procedure in clinical diagnosis and experimental research.", "PMID": 88134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10942", "title": "[New data on glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans].", "content": "The most important investigations on glycose aminoglycans and proteoglycans, carried out within the recent 5-7 years, are reviewed. Data on primary structures repeating in glycose aminoglycans and on relationship between these biopolymers and protein components in proteoglycans are considered. Newer information on conformational characteristics of glycose aminoglycans, various complexes aggregation of proteoglycans and distribution of the biopolymers in animal tissues and cells is discussed. Properties of proteoglycans in various solutions are briefly considered.", "contents": "[New data on glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans]. The most important investigations on glycose aminoglycans and proteoglycans, carried out within the recent 5-7 years, are reviewed. Data on primary structures repeating in glycose aminoglycans and on relationship between these biopolymers and protein components in proteoglycans are considered. Newer information on conformational characteristics of glycose aminoglycans, various complexes aggregation of proteoglycans and distribution of the biopolymers in animal tissues and cells is discussed. Properties of proteoglycans in various solutions are briefly considered.", "PMID": 88130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10943", "title": "[Therapy of postoperative arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred after surgery in 9 patients. Oxprenolol or pindolol were used as primary drugs in 8 cases. The effect of therapy was documented quantitatively by an arrhythmia computer with trendscription and alarm recording. Beta-receptor blockade was successful in 6 cases. On supraventricular tachycardia with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was abolished by quinidine. Severe ventricular instability with fibrillation following myocardial infarction was temporarily suppressed by lidocaine. One fatal outcome was caused by severe illness. Although all patients were suffering from coronary artery and/or hypertensive heart disease with diminished cardiac reserve, no serious side effects were directly related to beta-receptor blockade. Therefore beta-receptor blocking drugs are recommended as drugs of first choice in the treatment of postoperative arrhythmias induced by sympathetic overstimulation. Dysrhythmias based on cellular pathology should be treated with conventional antiarrhythmic drugs alone or combined with beta-blockers.", "contents": "[Therapy of postoperative arrhythmias (author's transl)]. Severe supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred after surgery in 9 patients. Oxprenolol or pindolol were used as primary drugs in 8 cases. The effect of therapy was documented quantitatively by an arrhythmia computer with trendscription and alarm recording. Beta-receptor blockade was successful in 6 cases. On supraventricular tachycardia with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was abolished by quinidine. Severe ventricular instability with fibrillation following myocardial infarction was temporarily suppressed by lidocaine. One fatal outcome was caused by severe illness. Although all patients were suffering from coronary artery and/or hypertensive heart disease with diminished cardiac reserve, no serious side effects were directly related to beta-receptor blockade. Therefore beta-receptor blocking drugs are recommended as drugs of first choice in the treatment of postoperative arrhythmias induced by sympathetic overstimulation. Dysrhythmias based on cellular pathology should be treated with conventional antiarrhythmic drugs alone or combined with beta-blockers.", "PMID": 88135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10944", "title": "[Mechanisms of cardiac rhythm disorder in hypothalamic lesions in basal meningiomas before and after surgery].", "content": "Seventeen of 27 patients studied before and after surgical operations for basal meningioma frequently showed forms of cardial sinusal arythmia, sinusal tachycardia and ventricular extrasystolia. These pathological changes in cardiac rhythmics appeared and were aggravated during the postoperational period. Their possible pathophysiological mechanisms, due to the effect of the tumor and operative injury to the hypothalamo-diencephalic apparatus are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of cardiac rhythm disorder in hypothalamic lesions in basal meningiomas before and after surgery]. Seventeen of 27 patients studied before and after surgical operations for basal meningioma frequently showed forms of cardial sinusal arythmia, sinusal tachycardia and ventricular extrasystolia. These pathological changes in cardiac rhythmics appeared and were aggravated during the postoperational period. Their possible pathophysiological mechanisms, due to the effect of the tumor and operative injury to the hypothalamo-diencephalic apparatus are discussed.", "PMID": 88138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10945", "title": "Non-histone chromatin proteins of mouse spleen cells during the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and aggregated human gamma-globulin.", "content": "1. The protein/DNA ratio in chromatin of spleen cells increased during immunization; the ratio was the highest at the time of the maximum antibody synthesis, then decreased to the control values. 2. In the spleen cells of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or aggregated human gamma-globulin, several characteristic fractions of non-histone chromatin proteins were preferentially synthesized: two antigen-specific fractions were observed in the phase of IgM and IgG synthesis, respectively, and the third, unspecific fraction was detected when the antibody synthesis ceased.", "contents": "Non-histone chromatin proteins of mouse spleen cells during the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and aggregated human gamma-globulin. 1. The protein/DNA ratio in chromatin of spleen cells increased during immunization; the ratio was the highest at the time of the maximum antibody synthesis, then decreased to the control values. 2. In the spleen cells of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or aggregated human gamma-globulin, several characteristic fractions of non-histone chromatin proteins were preferentially synthesized: two antigen-specific fractions were observed in the phase of IgM and IgG synthesis, respectively, and the third, unspecific fraction was detected when the antibody synthesis ceased.", "PMID": 88139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10946", "title": "[Receptors for complement on rat mast cells and release of histamine].", "content": "Using rat complement-treated zymosan particles a rosetting of purified rat peritoneal mast cells could be demonstrated. The question was investigated whether the binding of activated complement could be a trigger of histamine release. Varying the degree of complement label on the zymosan particles, the time and temperature of incubation and the dependence on Ca2+ ions, we could not induce a release of histamine in any case. The addition of labeled zymosan increased slightly the mediator release induced by ATP. The immunologic significance of the complement receptors on mast cells is still unclear.", "contents": "[Receptors for complement on rat mast cells and release of histamine]. Using rat complement-treated zymosan particles a rosetting of purified rat peritoneal mast cells could be demonstrated. The question was investigated whether the binding of activated complement could be a trigger of histamine release. Varying the degree of complement label on the zymosan particles, the time and temperature of incubation and the dependence on Ca2+ ions, we could not induce a release of histamine in any case. The addition of labeled zymosan increased slightly the mediator release induced by ATP. The immunologic significance of the complement receptors on mast cells is still unclear.", "PMID": 88140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10947", "title": "[Allergy and lectins: action between IgE-mediated histamine release and glycoproteins from Viscum album L. (mistletoe)].", "content": "Low-molecular constituents from Viscum album (toxic) release, in irritatively toxic manner, histamine from human leukocytes without destroying the cells (cytotox test). This histamine release is prevented by preincubation with viscum lectins. The viscum lectin blocks the Fc-portion of allergen-specific IgE against anti-IgE [125I]. Lectin also inhibits the allergen-specific histamine release from human leukocytes occurring through IgE; this can be demonstrated on leukocytes from patients with atopic extrinsic asthma. The inhibitory effect of lectin could also be due to a primary membrane effect, in addition to blockage of IgE.", "contents": "[Allergy and lectins: action between IgE-mediated histamine release and glycoproteins from Viscum album L. (mistletoe)]. Low-molecular constituents from Viscum album (toxic) release, in irritatively toxic manner, histamine from human leukocytes without destroying the cells (cytotox test). This histamine release is prevented by preincubation with viscum lectins. The viscum lectin blocks the Fc-portion of allergen-specific IgE against anti-IgE [125I]. Lectin also inhibits the allergen-specific histamine release from human leukocytes occurring through IgE; this can be demonstrated on leukocytes from patients with atopic extrinsic asthma. The inhibitory effect of lectin could also be due to a primary membrane effect, in addition to blockage of IgE.", "PMID": 88141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10948", "title": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "content": "The formation of macrophage-lymphocyte rosettes was studied in lymphocyte cultures from patients with Graves' disease; Hashimoto's thyroiditis, other thyroid diseases and control subjects; the cultures were incubated with normal human thyroid and other non-specific antigens. At the end of incubation, the cell pellets were smeared on slides, stained with Wright's stain and the number of rosettes determined under the microscope. The membrane immunofluorescence technique was employed to identify whether the surrounding lymphocytes were T- or B-lymphocytes. In Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the mean percentages of rosette formation with crude thyroid antigen were 0.98 +/- 0.22% (mean +/- SEM), and 1.15 +/- 0.25%, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of control lymphocytes (0.03 +/- 0.02%). Lymphocytes from other thyroid diseases also gave higher values than controls. Kidney antigen, used as a control antigen, gave negative results in Graves' disease and other thyroid diseases, but in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the mean percentage was of borderline significance. In the direct immunofluorescent staining study using fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human Ig determinants, including the Fab fraction of anti-human IgG, it appeared that both B- and T-lymphocytes were involved in the rosettes, although B-lymphocytes were more numerous. These results indicate that in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a probable immune reaction with thyroid antigen can be demonstrated by macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation.", "contents": "Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The formation of macrophage-lymphocyte rosettes was studied in lymphocyte cultures from patients with Graves' disease; Hashimoto's thyroiditis, other thyroid diseases and control subjects; the cultures were incubated with normal human thyroid and other non-specific antigens. At the end of incubation, the cell pellets were smeared on slides, stained with Wright's stain and the number of rosettes determined under the microscope. The membrane immunofluorescence technique was employed to identify whether the surrounding lymphocytes were T- or B-lymphocytes. In Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the mean percentages of rosette formation with crude thyroid antigen were 0.98 +/- 0.22% (mean +/- SEM), and 1.15 +/- 0.25%, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of control lymphocytes (0.03 +/- 0.02%). Lymphocytes from other thyroid diseases also gave higher values than controls. Kidney antigen, used as a control antigen, gave negative results in Graves' disease and other thyroid diseases, but in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the mean percentage was of borderline significance. In the direct immunofluorescent staining study using fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human Ig determinants, including the Fab fraction of anti-human IgG, it appeared that both B- and T-lymphocytes were involved in the rosettes, although B-lymphocytes were more numerous. These results indicate that in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a probable immune reaction with thyroid antigen can be demonstrated by macrophage-lymphocyte rosette formation.", "PMID": 88154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10949", "title": "[Endogenous opiates (endorphins) and pain].", "content": "The current knowledge of the physiological role of endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors, is presented. The possible role for pain perception, acupuncture analgesia, stress analgesia and opiate addiction is discussed.", "contents": "[Endogenous opiates (endorphins) and pain]. The current knowledge of the physiological role of endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors, is presented. The possible role for pain perception, acupuncture analgesia, stress analgesia and opiate addiction is discussed.", "PMID": 88155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10950", "title": "Orthochromatic leukodystrophy with pigmented glial cells. An adult case with clinical-anatomical study.", "content": "The case history is reported of a woman who died at the age of 36, at the conclusion of 11 years progressive neurological and psychiatric symptomatology. The anatomical and histological examination demonstrated an orthochromatic leukodystrophy with pigmented glial cells. Attention is drawn to the difficulty of finding these cells, which serve to differentiate between the unusual and the \"simple\" form of the disease. In the reported patient the pigmented cells were found around the vessels and only in specific cerebral locations. It is emphasized that the form is extremely rare (this is the tenth case so far reported). The significance of whether the iron content should be considered as an incidental or necessary finding is discussed. Systematic research for pigmented casts of this kind is taken to be important for all brains presenting a diffuse sclerosis after a protracted clinical course, mainly in adult patients.", "contents": "Orthochromatic leukodystrophy with pigmented glial cells. An adult case with clinical-anatomical study. The case history is reported of a woman who died at the age of 36, at the conclusion of 11 years progressive neurological and psychiatric symptomatology. The anatomical and histological examination demonstrated an orthochromatic leukodystrophy with pigmented glial cells. Attention is drawn to the difficulty of finding these cells, which serve to differentiate between the unusual and the \"simple\" form of the disease. In the reported patient the pigmented cells were found around the vessels and only in specific cerebral locations. It is emphasized that the form is extremely rare (this is the tenth case so far reported). The significance of whether the iron content should be considered as an incidental or necessary finding is discussed. Systematic research for pigmented casts of this kind is taken to be important for all brains presenting a diffuse sclerosis after a protracted clinical course, mainly in adult patients.", "PMID": 88156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10951", "title": "A silver impregnation method for reactive microglia in 1 mum epoxy sections.", "content": "A simple rapid ammoniacal silver nitrate impregnation method for reactive microglia in 1 mum epoxy-embedded tissue is presented. This has been applied to demonstrate argyrophilic microglia in stab-wounded rat brain and in the human cerebellar cortex.", "contents": "A silver impregnation method for reactive microglia in 1 mum epoxy sections. A simple rapid ammoniacal silver nitrate impregnation method for reactive microglia in 1 mum epoxy-embedded tissue is presented. This has been applied to demonstrate argyrophilic microglia in stab-wounded rat brain and in the human cerebellar cortex.", "PMID": 88157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10952", "title": "Human corneal endothelium in organ culture. The influence of temperature and medium of incubation.", "content": "Forty-four human corneas from patients between 21 and 86 years were incubated in Eagle's minimum essential medium with Earle's salts 10--46 h post mortem. The influence of incubation temperature and composition of the medium on endothelial survival was evaluated. Whole corneas were stained by alizarine red. Recent cell loss was indicated by morphological alterations in the endothelial pattern. After 20--28 h of incubation minimum cell loss was found at 31 degrees C when 8% Dextrane-250 and 20% serum or 8% Dextrane-500 and 10% serum was added to the medium.", "contents": "Human corneal endothelium in organ culture. The influence of temperature and medium of incubation. Forty-four human corneas from patients between 21 and 86 years were incubated in Eagle's minimum essential medium with Earle's salts 10--46 h post mortem. The influence of incubation temperature and composition of the medium on endothelial survival was evaluated. Whole corneas were stained by alizarine red. Recent cell loss was indicated by morphological alterations in the endothelial pattern. After 20--28 h of incubation minimum cell loss was found at 31 degrees C when 8% Dextrane-250 and 20% serum or 8% Dextrane-500 and 10% serum was added to the medium.", "PMID": 88158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10953", "title": "Postmortal \"vital\" staining of the external eye.", "content": "Two hundred and two eyes from 112 individuals were vital-stained from 2 to 46 h after death. Intensity and extension of staining were studied in ten regions. The staining gradually progressed after death, also within non-exposed areas. It most often started anteriorly on the tarsus and finanally included the fornix. Microscopy revealed diffuse cell staining by rose bengal or trypan blue. The cell nucleus was most often more intensely stained than the cytoplasm. Up to five h after death, neutral red had only stained vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Later diffuse staining of cells occurred. Tetrazolium differed from the above dyes in that the pronounced staining seen immediately after death gradually decreased in the course of time. Microscopy disclosed stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm up to 18 h after death. Then cell staining was only seen as a rare exception in relation to extracellular dye granules. However, the mucous thread in the inferior fornix showed gradually increasing postmortal tetrazolium staining. The amount of mucus was found to be the same in dead persons as in the living. The characteristic appearance of the dead eye is due, among other things, to ruptures of the corneal epithelium (fluorescein-stained) and cell death, and not to drying up or coating by mucus.", "contents": "Postmortal \"vital\" staining of the external eye. Two hundred and two eyes from 112 individuals were vital-stained from 2 to 46 h after death. Intensity and extension of staining were studied in ten regions. The staining gradually progressed after death, also within non-exposed areas. It most often started anteriorly on the tarsus and finanally included the fornix. Microscopy revealed diffuse cell staining by rose bengal or trypan blue. The cell nucleus was most often more intensely stained than the cytoplasm. Up to five h after death, neutral red had only stained vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Later diffuse staining of cells occurred. Tetrazolium differed from the above dyes in that the pronounced staining seen immediately after death gradually decreased in the course of time. Microscopy disclosed stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm up to 18 h after death. Then cell staining was only seen as a rare exception in relation to extracellular dye granules. However, the mucous thread in the inferior fornix showed gradually increasing postmortal tetrazolium staining. The amount of mucus was found to be the same in dead persons as in the living. The characteristic appearance of the dead eye is due, among other things, to ruptures of the corneal epithelium (fluorescein-stained) and cell death, and not to drying up or coating by mucus.", "PMID": 88159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10954", "title": "Bleomycin as adjuvant in radiation therapy of advanced squamous cell carcinoma in head and neck.", "content": "Since 1969, Bleomycin (BLM) has been used in three different ways at the Radium Centre in Copenhagen. First BLM given as the sole treatment led to complete regressions in 12% of 138 patients (12). Secondly BLM was used as simultaneous adjuvant in radiation therapy for 86 previously untreated patients, but 66% developed mucositis which disrupted the treatment. In a third period BLM was therefore combined sequentially with radiation, administered for 2 weeks prior to radiation therapy to 142 patients. The tumour shrinkage achieved with preirradiation BLM was very pronounced in 38% of cases. 104 patients with T3 tumours have been observed for a minimum of 3 years. The medium survival time, 47 months for those sequentially treated patients responding pronouncedly to BLM, was greater than for the remainder of the sequentially treated patients, 16 months (2 p = 0.010) and for the patients treated simultaneously with BLM, 15 months (2 p = 0.013). The prognostic value of the degree of shrinkage achieved with preirradiation BLM treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Bleomycin as adjuvant in radiation therapy of advanced squamous cell carcinoma in head and neck. Since 1969, Bleomycin (BLM) has been used in three different ways at the Radium Centre in Copenhagen. First BLM given as the sole treatment led to complete regressions in 12% of 138 patients (12). Secondly BLM was used as simultaneous adjuvant in radiation therapy for 86 previously untreated patients, but 66% developed mucositis which disrupted the treatment. In a third period BLM was therefore combined sequentially with radiation, administered for 2 weeks prior to radiation therapy to 142 patients. The tumour shrinkage achieved with preirradiation BLM was very pronounced in 38% of cases. 104 patients with T3 tumours have been observed for a minimum of 3 years. The medium survival time, 47 months for those sequentially treated patients responding pronouncedly to BLM, was greater than for the remainder of the sequentially treated patients, 16 months (2 p = 0.010) and for the patients treated simultaneously with BLM, 15 months (2 p = 0.013). The prognostic value of the degree of shrinkage achieved with preirradiation BLM treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 88160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10955", "title": "Cytology and cytochemistry of acinic cell carcinoma.", "content": "In a primary material of 314 epithelial parotid tumours treated at the University Hospital in Ume\u00e5 since 1958, fiften (11 female and 4 male patients) were classified as acinic cell carcinomas. Four of the female patients were in the age range 16--19 years. At the ultrastructural level, granulated cells were the predominant cell type in four tumours studied. Agranulated cells highly reminiscent of intercalated duct cells were also encountered, however. Various cytochemical techniques were employed to demonstrate periodate reactive carbohydrates and acid phosphatase activity. Tumour specimens were also collected and analysed for their content of amylase and cyclic AMP. The cyto- and biochemical findings are discussed and correlated to those observed in normal salivary gland tissue.", "contents": "Cytology and cytochemistry of acinic cell carcinoma. In a primary material of 314 epithelial parotid tumours treated at the University Hospital in Ume\u00e5 since 1958, fiften (11 female and 4 male patients) were classified as acinic cell carcinomas. Four of the female patients were in the age range 16--19 years. At the ultrastructural level, granulated cells were the predominant cell type in four tumours studied. Agranulated cells highly reminiscent of intercalated duct cells were also encountered, however. Various cytochemical techniques were employed to demonstrate periodate reactive carbohydrates and acid phosphatase activity. Tumour specimens were also collected and analysed for their content of amylase and cyclic AMP. The cyto- and biochemical findings are discussed and correlated to those observed in normal salivary gland tissue.", "PMID": 88162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10956", "title": "Argyrophil cells in the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "The silver positive cells of the exocrine pancreas and primary pancreatic cancers were studied with the Grimelius silver stain and the Fontana-Masson technique. In the pancreas, cells containing black granules with the Grimelius method, which at the same time react negative to Fontana-Masson, are considered argyrophil. These cells were present in the basal portion of some of the acinar tissue and in the ductal epithelia, as well as in the A cells of islets. The incidence and distribution of these argyrophil cells were also studied in a variety of ductal lesions. In the so-called ductal proliferation numerous numbers of positive cells were found. Argyrophil cells were frequently situated in the basal portion of ductal squamous cell metaplasia. In goblet cell metaplasia the numbers were few, and less than in normal ducts. We concluded that the distribution and incidence of argyrophil cells in the ductal epithelia is related to chronic pancreatitis, and in particular to regenerative processes. The incidence of argyrophil cells in primary pancreatic cancer, excluding islets cell origin, was 18 per 41 cases (43.4%). We considered them pancreatic cancer with argyrophil cells.", "contents": "Argyrophil cells in the exocrine pancreas. The silver positive cells of the exocrine pancreas and primary pancreatic cancers were studied with the Grimelius silver stain and the Fontana-Masson technique. In the pancreas, cells containing black granules with the Grimelius method, which at the same time react negative to Fontana-Masson, are considered argyrophil. These cells were present in the basal portion of some of the acinar tissue and in the ductal epithelia, as well as in the A cells of islets. The incidence and distribution of these argyrophil cells were also studied in a variety of ductal lesions. In the so-called ductal proliferation numerous numbers of positive cells were found. Argyrophil cells were frequently situated in the basal portion of ductal squamous cell metaplasia. In goblet cell metaplasia the numbers were few, and less than in normal ducts. We concluded that the distribution and incidence of argyrophil cells in the ductal epithelia is related to chronic pancreatitis, and in particular to regenerative processes. The incidence of argyrophil cells in primary pancreatic cancer, excluding islets cell origin, was 18 per 41 cases (43.4%). We considered them pancreatic cancer with argyrophil cells.", "PMID": 88163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10957", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein producing rhabdomyosarcoma of the adult liver.", "content": "An autopsy case of a rare primary tumor in a 76-year-old man is described. The tumor is histologically comprised of rhabdomyoblasts massively infiltrating without any epithelial elements referable to be as hepatoma. There was no evidence that regarded the hepatic tumor as metastatic secondary tumor in histological examination of other organs. Furthermore, interesting was the production of alpha-fetoprotein from the tumor cells that was detected by immunofluorescent antibody technique. Review of the literature on primary liver rhabdomyosarcomas or adult hepatoblastomas shows no similar case.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein producing rhabdomyosarcoma of the adult liver. An autopsy case of a rare primary tumor in a 76-year-old man is described. The tumor is histologically comprised of rhabdomyoblasts massively infiltrating without any epithelial elements referable to be as hepatoma. There was no evidence that regarded the hepatic tumor as metastatic secondary tumor in histological examination of other organs. Furthermore, interesting was the production of alpha-fetoprotein from the tumor cells that was detected by immunofluorescent antibody technique. Review of the literature on primary liver rhabdomyosarcomas or adult hepatoblastomas shows no similar case.", "PMID": 88164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10958", "title": "Anaphylatoxin-induced shock and two patterns of anaphylactic shock: hemodynamics and mediators.", "content": "In the dog, different cardiorespiratory reactions were identified in two types of anaphylactic shock and in C5a-AT (anaphylatoxin)-induced shock. All three types had in common a portal blood pooling with consequent decrease in the venous return, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. In anaphylaxis (a) of the first type, at a low titer of hemagglutinating antibodies, the latent period was 68 s and heart and lung function was unchanged. In the second type, at high titer, the latency was 19 s and pulmonary hypertension and decreased heart contractility occurred. After AT injection pulmonary hypertension appeared with tachypnea and unchanged heart function. Tachyphylaxis, but not cross-over tachyphylaxis against the anaphylactic agent and AT was observed in dogs and isolated guinea pig lungs. AT induced a transient release and a, a prolonged release of histamine, prostaglandins (PGs), and thromboxane A2 and endoperoxides from guinea pig lungs. SRS-A was released only in a. Indomethacin inhibited AT-induced release of PGs in guinea-pig lungs and AT-induced hypotension in the dog though it did not prevent the drop in cardiac output. These model studies suggest that different patterns of clinical a. can occur, depending on the type of antibodies and/or mediators involved.", "contents": "Anaphylatoxin-induced shock and two patterns of anaphylactic shock: hemodynamics and mediators. In the dog, different cardiorespiratory reactions were identified in two types of anaphylactic shock and in C5a-AT (anaphylatoxin)-induced shock. All three types had in common a portal blood pooling with consequent decrease in the venous return, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. In anaphylaxis (a) of the first type, at a low titer of hemagglutinating antibodies, the latent period was 68 s and heart and lung function was unchanged. In the second type, at high titer, the latency was 19 s and pulmonary hypertension and decreased heart contractility occurred. After AT injection pulmonary hypertension appeared with tachypnea and unchanged heart function. Tachyphylaxis, but not cross-over tachyphylaxis against the anaphylactic agent and AT was observed in dogs and isolated guinea pig lungs. AT induced a transient release and a, a prolonged release of histamine, prostaglandins (PGs), and thromboxane A2 and endoperoxides from guinea pig lungs. SRS-A was released only in a. Indomethacin inhibited AT-induced release of PGs in guinea-pig lungs and AT-induced hypotension in the dog though it did not prevent the drop in cardiac output. These model studies suggest that different patterns of clinical a. can occur, depending on the type of antibodies and/or mediators involved.", "PMID": 88165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10959", "title": "Vascular anatomy and tissue osmolality in the filiform and fungiform papillae of the cat's tongue.", "content": "The vascular anatomy of the filiform and fungiform papillae of the feline tongue was studied by i.a. injection of India ink. Vascular loops of various appearances were found in the types of papillae studied, i.e. the large and the small filiform papillae and the fungiform ones. Such hairpin loops may function as countercurrent exchangers and to test this hypothesis tissue osmolality was determined in the papillae, while exposing them to various isotonic electrolyte solutions. The large filiform papillae with a vascular arrangement similar to that of intestinal villi exhibited a marked osmolar gradient from tip to base when exposed to a solution containing both glucose and sodium. If sodium and/or glucose was excluded from the solution, tissue osmolality was significantly decreased. This was also the case when the chloride ions of the solution was substituted with sulphate. The small filiform papillae are only provided with one or a few capillary loops. They exhibited a less marked osmolar gradient than the large ones and one of the different electrolyte solutions decreased the gradient. In the fungiform papillae a tissue hyperosmolality at the tip was also demonstrated. It is proposed that the papillary epithelium is provided with active transport mechanism(s) and that the papillary vessels function as countercurrent multipliers. The functional importance of these mechanisms are tentatively discussed.", "contents": "Vascular anatomy and tissue osmolality in the filiform and fungiform papillae of the cat's tongue. The vascular anatomy of the filiform and fungiform papillae of the feline tongue was studied by i.a. injection of India ink. Vascular loops of various appearances were found in the types of papillae studied, i.e. the large and the small filiform papillae and the fungiform ones. Such hairpin loops may function as countercurrent exchangers and to test this hypothesis tissue osmolality was determined in the papillae, while exposing them to various isotonic electrolyte solutions. The large filiform papillae with a vascular arrangement similar to that of intestinal villi exhibited a marked osmolar gradient from tip to base when exposed to a solution containing both glucose and sodium. If sodium and/or glucose was excluded from the solution, tissue osmolality was significantly decreased. This was also the case when the chloride ions of the solution was substituted with sulphate. The small filiform papillae are only provided with one or a few capillary loops. They exhibited a less marked osmolar gradient than the large ones and one of the different electrolyte solutions decreased the gradient. In the fungiform papillae a tissue hyperosmolality at the tip was also demonstrated. It is proposed that the papillary epithelium is provided with active transport mechanism(s) and that the papillary vessels function as countercurrent multipliers. The functional importance of these mechanisms are tentatively discussed.", "PMID": 88166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10960", "title": "A case of merbromin (Mercurochrome) intoxication possibly resulting in aplastic anemia.", "content": "A patient is described who appeared to be suffering from mercury intoxication caused by local application of merbromin to an operation wound and who developed aplastic anemia, which we ascribed to merbromin.", "contents": "A case of merbromin (Mercurochrome) intoxication possibly resulting in aplastic anemia. A patient is described who appeared to be suffering from mercury intoxication caused by local application of merbromin to an operation wound and who developed aplastic anemia, which we ascribed to merbromin.", "PMID": 88168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10961", "title": "The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and stress.", "content": "The effect of a 75-hour vigil on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), i.a., was studied in two experiments with 63 healthy male volunteers. The ESR was increased at the end of the vigil compared with pre-exposure values. The increases did not correlate significantly with concomitant changes in serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol or gammaglobulins, except for a significant, negative correlation with cholesterol changes in one of the two studies. Although the mechanism for the increases in ESR in response to stressor exposure remains unclear, it is concluded that when using the ESR in clinical practice, allowance should be made for situational factors such as the patient having experienced some stressful days and sleepless nights.", "contents": "The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and stress. The effect of a 75-hour vigil on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), i.a., was studied in two experiments with 63 healthy male volunteers. The ESR was increased at the end of the vigil compared with pre-exposure values. The increases did not correlate significantly with concomitant changes in serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol or gammaglobulins, except for a significant, negative correlation with cholesterol changes in one of the two studies. Although the mechanism for the increases in ESR in response to stressor exposure remains unclear, it is concluded that when using the ESR in clinical practice, allowance should be made for situational factors such as the patient having experienced some stressful days and sleepless nights.", "PMID": 88169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10962", "title": "Quantitation of coronary arterial narrowing at necropsy in sudden coronary death: analysis of 31 patients and comparison with 25 control subjects.", "content": "A quantitative analysis of the degree and extent of coronary arterial narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques in the entire lengths of each of the four major coronary arteries in a group of patients dying suddenly from coronary heart disease (\"sudden coronary death\") is described at necropsy. Cross sections were examined histologically in a total of 1,564 five mm long segments of the left main, left anterior descending left circumflex and right coronary arteries in 31 patients with sudden coronary death, and the observations were compared with those from examination of 1,100 five mm segments of the major epicardial coronary arteries in 25 control subjects. An average of 25 cm (50 five mm segments) of coronary artery were examined from each patient and an average of 22 cm (44 five mm segments) from each control subject. Of the 1,564 five mm segments examined in the 31 study patients, 557 (36 percent) were 76 to 100 percent narrowed in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques (control subjects 3 percent), 536 (34 percent) were 51 to 75 percent narrowed (control subjects 22 percent), 360 (23 percent) were 26 to 50 percent narrowed (control subjects 42 percent) and only 111 segments (7 percent) had 25 percent or less narrowing (control subjects 33 percent). The amount of severe (greater than 75 percent) narrowing of the right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries was similar. Additionally, the amount of severe (greater than 75 percent) narrowing in the distal one half of the right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries was similar to that in the proximal halves of these three arteries. The number of 5 mm coronary arterial segments narrowed 76 to 100 percent in cross-sectional area in the 31 study patients was not affected by the patient's age of death, sex, presence or absence of previous angina pectoris or myocardial infarction or the weight of the heart.", "contents": "Quantitation of coronary arterial narrowing at necropsy in sudden coronary death: analysis of 31 patients and comparison with 25 control subjects. A quantitative analysis of the degree and extent of coronary arterial narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques in the entire lengths of each of the four major coronary arteries in a group of patients dying suddenly from coronary heart disease (\"sudden coronary death\") is described at necropsy. Cross sections were examined histologically in a total of 1,564 five mm long segments of the left main, left anterior descending left circumflex and right coronary arteries in 31 patients with sudden coronary death, and the observations were compared with those from examination of 1,100 five mm segments of the major epicardial coronary arteries in 25 control subjects. An average of 25 cm (50 five mm segments) of coronary artery were examined from each patient and an average of 22 cm (44 five mm segments) from each control subject. Of the 1,564 five mm segments examined in the 31 study patients, 557 (36 percent) were 76 to 100 percent narrowed in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques (control subjects 3 percent), 536 (34 percent) were 51 to 75 percent narrowed (control subjects 22 percent), 360 (23 percent) were 26 to 50 percent narrowed (control subjects 42 percent) and only 111 segments (7 percent) had 25 percent or less narrowing (control subjects 33 percent). The amount of severe (greater than 75 percent) narrowing of the right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries was similar. Additionally, the amount of severe (greater than 75 percent) narrowing in the distal one half of the right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries was similar to that in the proximal halves of these three arteries. The number of 5 mm coronary arterial segments narrowed 76 to 100 percent in cross-sectional area in the 31 study patients was not affected by the patient's age of death, sex, presence or absence of previous angina pectoris or myocardial infarction or the weight of the heart.", "PMID": 88171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10963", "title": "Use of prostaglandin E1 in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 was used to treat five infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum who had persistent severe hypoxemia after the creation of an interatrial communication. Three infants had a dramatic improvement in systemic arterial oxygen saturation associated with dilation of the ductus arteriosus; in two of the three cases urgent surgery was avoided. Two infants had no clinical evidence of increased ductal shunting and no improvement in oxygen saturation. A trial of prostaglandin E1 is recommended for treatment of severe hypoxemia in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum if the presence of a large atrial septal defect is established.", "contents": "Use of prostaglandin E1 in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. Prostaglandin E1 was used to treat five infants with d-transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum who had persistent severe hypoxemia after the creation of an interatrial communication. Three infants had a dramatic improvement in systemic arterial oxygen saturation associated with dilation of the ductus arteriosus; in two of the three cases urgent surgery was avoided. Two infants had no clinical evidence of increased ductal shunting and no improvement in oxygen saturation. A trial of prostaglandin E1 is recommended for treatment of severe hypoxemia in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum if the presence of a large atrial septal defect is established.", "PMID": 88172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10964", "title": "Prognosis for the newborn with transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "To determine the prognosis for the newborn with transposition of the great arteries, the clinical course of 112 consecutive neonates with dextrotransposition was reviewed. Patients were managed with balloon atrial septostomy at initial cardiac catheterization, palliative operation if needed in the 1st year of life and Mustard's intraatrial baffle repair. The 1st month of life was the period of greatest risk (8 percent mortality rate). Between balloon septostomy and baffle repair, 14 of 103 patients at risk (14 percent) either died or had a cerebrovascular accident. The mortality rate at baffle repair was 14 percent (10 deaths in 71 patients), and there were 3 late postoperative deaths. Actuarial analysis of the data indicates that with this plan of management, approximately 50 percent of newborns with transposition of the great arteries will survive 5 years with excellent function and an additional 15 to 20 percent will survive with one or more medical handicaps.", "contents": "Prognosis for the newborn with transposition of the great arteries. To determine the prognosis for the newborn with transposition of the great arteries, the clinical course of 112 consecutive neonates with dextrotransposition was reviewed. Patients were managed with balloon atrial septostomy at initial cardiac catheterization, palliative operation if needed in the 1st year of life and Mustard's intraatrial baffle repair. The 1st month of life was the period of greatest risk (8 percent mortality rate). Between balloon septostomy and baffle repair, 14 of 103 patients at risk (14 percent) either died or had a cerebrovascular accident. The mortality rate at baffle repair was 14 percent (10 deaths in 71 patients), and there were 3 late postoperative deaths. Actuarial analysis of the data indicates that with this plan of management, approximately 50 percent of newborns with transposition of the great arteries will survive 5 years with excellent function and an additional 15 to 20 percent will survive with one or more medical handicaps.", "PMID": 88173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10965", "title": "The utilization of radioimmunoassay antibodies for the immunohistologic staining of polypeptide hormones on paraffin-embedded tissue.", "content": "A method is described whereby commercially available radioimmunoassay-grade antibodies specific for the polypeptide hormones calcitonin, gastrin, glucagon, and somotastatin are used to detect these antigens on paraffin sections of routinely fixed tissue. The hormone antibodies are applied to deparaffinized tissue sections as the primary specific immune sera using the standard peroxidase technic. The use of these hormone antibodies to detect their respective antigens has proved valuable in demonstrating polypeptide forming tumor cells in pathologic specimens.", "contents": "The utilization of radioimmunoassay antibodies for the immunohistologic staining of polypeptide hormones on paraffin-embedded tissue. A method is described whereby commercially available radioimmunoassay-grade antibodies specific for the polypeptide hormones calcitonin, gastrin, glucagon, and somotastatin are used to detect these antigens on paraffin sections of routinely fixed tissue. The hormone antibodies are applied to deparaffinized tissue sections as the primary specific immune sera using the standard peroxidase technic. The use of these hormone antibodies to detect their respective antigens has proved valuable in demonstrating polypeptide forming tumor cells in pathologic specimens.", "PMID": 88176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10966", "title": "Cytochemical diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "Blood and bone-marrow smears from adult patients with acute leukemias were stained for esterase reaction, consecutively with naphthol AS D-chloracetate (chloracetate esterase) followed by alpha naphthyl butyrate (nonspecific esterase). The two substrates were, respectively, granulocyte- and monocyte-specific. By this method three subgroups of acute nonlymphocytic leukemias could be distinguished. Leukemic cells may be positive for either chloracetate esterase or nonspecific esterases, and the authors believe these two subgroups represent \"true\" granulocytic and \"pure\" monocytic leukemias. In a third group, leukemic cells contained both esterases in the same cell, and it is believed this group may represent \"true\" myelomonocytic leukemias. In the majority of patients in this group, leukemia evolved from a preleukemic phase. When only Romanowsky-stained smears are used, the monocytoid feature and absolute elevated monocyte counts in acute granulocytic leukemia may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of the leukemia  as acute myelomonocytic leukemia. This happened in five of the 13 cases in the study. The presence of granulocyte- and monocyte-specific esterases in a single cell supports the concept of a common origin of granulocytes and monocytes. The authors conclude that the combined esterase reaction can distinguish among acute granulocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, and acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Cytochemical diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood and bone-marrow smears from adult patients with acute leukemias were stained for esterase reaction, consecutively with naphthol AS D-chloracetate (chloracetate esterase) followed by alpha naphthyl butyrate (nonspecific esterase). The two substrates were, respectively, granulocyte- and monocyte-specific. By this method three subgroups of acute nonlymphocytic leukemias could be distinguished. Leukemic cells may be positive for either chloracetate esterase or nonspecific esterases, and the authors believe these two subgroups represent \"true\" granulocytic and \"pure\" monocytic leukemias. In a third group, leukemic cells contained both esterases in the same cell, and it is believed this group may represent \"true\" myelomonocytic leukemias. In the majority of patients in this group, leukemia evolved from a preleukemic phase. When only Romanowsky-stained smears are used, the monocytoid feature and absolute elevated monocyte counts in acute granulocytic leukemia may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of the leukemia  as acute myelomonocytic leukemia. This happened in five of the 13 cases in the study. The presence of granulocyte- and monocyte-specific esterases in a single cell supports the concept of a common origin of granulocytes and monocytes. The authors conclude that the combined esterase reaction can distinguish among acute granulocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, and acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 88177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10967", "title": "Comparison of stainable iron in aspirated and needle-biopsy specimens of bone marrow.", "content": "A comparison of stainable iron in simultaneously obtained aspirated smears and needle-biopsy specimens from 1,000 patients was undertaken. Significant differences occurred when iron was assessed as absent in the aspirated smear. In only 35% of the corresponding needle-biopsy specimens was iron absent. When only the aspirated smear was used, there was a significant overdiagnosis of iron deficiency. In general, iron tended to be less in the aspirated smear; however, correlations were better when iron stores were assessed as being present or increased in the aspirated smears, for stainable iron in the needle-biopsy specimen was always present in equal or greater amounts. Hemosiderotic smears (increased stainable iron) and needle-biopsy specimens (3+ -4+) correlated well. The aspirated smear and needle-biopsy are complementary procedures, and each has advantages. In the authors' experience, the needle-biopsy was preferable to the aspirated smear for evaluation of iron stores, particularly when iron stores were low or absent.", "contents": "Comparison of stainable iron in aspirated and needle-biopsy specimens of bone marrow. A comparison of stainable iron in simultaneously obtained aspirated smears and needle-biopsy specimens from 1,000 patients was undertaken. Significant differences occurred when iron was assessed as absent in the aspirated smear. In only 35% of the corresponding needle-biopsy specimens was iron absent. When only the aspirated smear was used, there was a significant overdiagnosis of iron deficiency. In general, iron tended to be less in the aspirated smear; however, correlations were better when iron stores were assessed as being present or increased in the aspirated smears, for stainable iron in the needle-biopsy specimen was always present in equal or greater amounts. Hemosiderotic smears (increased stainable iron) and needle-biopsy specimens (3+ -4+) correlated well. The aspirated smear and needle-biopsy are complementary procedures, and each has advantages. In the authors' experience, the needle-biopsy was preferable to the aspirated smear for evaluation of iron stores, particularly when iron stores were low or absent.", "PMID": 88178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10968", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An approach to rapid laboratory diagnosis.", "content": "Laboratory procedures used to establish the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were evaluated using an experimental murine model. Touch preparations and suspension smears were prepared from lung tissue know to contain Pneumocystis cysts. These preparations were stained by a variety of methods known to demonstrate either cyst forms or sporozoites and trophozoites. Suspension smears proved to be superior to touch preparations in terms of cyst content and homogeneity of staining. Also, methods that stain cyst forms were superior to those that stain sporozoites and trophozoites for location and identification of organisms. The authors believe that suspension smears prepared from lung tissue and stained with toluidine blue O should be examined initially as a rapid screening method for Pneumocystis cysts. When the results of this initial screen are negative or inconclusive, additional suspension smears stainded by the modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method should be examined, pending availability of histologic sections.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An approach to rapid laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory procedures used to establish the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were evaluated using an experimental murine model. Touch preparations and suspension smears were prepared from lung tissue know to contain Pneumocystis cysts. These preparations were stained by a variety of methods known to demonstrate either cyst forms or sporozoites and trophozoites. Suspension smears proved to be superior to touch preparations in terms of cyst content and homogeneity of staining. Also, methods that stain cyst forms were superior to those that stain sporozoites and trophozoites for location and identification of organisms. The authors believe that suspension smears prepared from lung tissue and stained with toluidine blue O should be examined initially as a rapid screening method for Pneumocystis cysts. When the results of this initial screen are negative or inconclusive, additional suspension smears stainded by the modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method should be examined, pending availability of histologic sections.", "PMID": 88179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10969", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of the A subunit of human coagulation factor XIII.", "content": "Utilizing a fluorescent technique for the localization of transglutaminase activity after electrophoresis on thin layer agarose gels, we observed a new polymorphism of coagulation factor XIII in both platelets and plasma. The electrophoretic pattern was that of a dimeric protein. Homozygotes gave a single band, while heterozygotes presented a three banded pattern. The polymorphism was found to be due to variation of the A subunit. Data from Australian blood donors indicate that the A subunit of factor XIII has an autosomal locus.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of the A subunit of human coagulation factor XIII. Utilizing a fluorescent technique for the localization of transglutaminase activity after electrophoresis on thin layer agarose gels, we observed a new polymorphism of coagulation factor XIII in both platelets and plasma. The electrophoretic pattern was that of a dimeric protein. Homozygotes gave a single band, while heterozygotes presented a three banded pattern. The polymorphism was found to be due to variation of the A subunit. Data from Australian blood donors indicate that the A subunit of factor XIII has an autosomal locus.", "PMID": 88180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10970", "title": "Research needs in low vision.", "content": "Research needs are presented for several areas of low vision: (1) reading and learning, (2) new low-vision aids, (3) modifying the environment, (4) utilization of disciplines, (5) new technologies, and (6) integrating low-vision services.", "contents": "Research needs in low vision. Research needs are presented for several areas of low vision: (1) reading and learning, (2) new low-vision aids, (3) modifying the environment, (4) utilization of disciplines, (5) new technologies, and (6) integrating low-vision services.", "PMID": 88182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10971", "title": "Peroperative fat staining of frozen sections in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Roth and Gallaher recently described a fat staining method for rapid peroperative differentiation between parathyroid adenoma and chief cell hyperplasia. They used Sudan IV in a solution of ethanol and acetone. This solution, however, was found to cause a considerable dissolution of small lipid droplets from the tissue; in our hands sections stained with this technique were diffcult to interpret. To diminish the loss of fat from the tissue, we have used a modification of Lillie's supersaturated ispropanol method with oil red O. This method gave a deeper staining and increased the difference between hyperfunctioning and unnivolved parathyroid tissue with respect to the amount of stainable lipid in the chief cells. It was found to be a valuable supplement, adding a functional dimension to the structural interpretation of the tissue, and it facilitated the peroperative distinction between ademona and hyperplasia. The pattern of lipid distribution within the glands from patients with nodular hyperplasia suggests that the compact nodules of such glands are autonomously hyperfunctioning, whereas the intervening parts of the parenchyma are more or less responsive to the serum calcium level.", "contents": "Peroperative fat staining of frozen sections in primary hyperparathyroidism. Roth and Gallaher recently described a fat staining method for rapid peroperative differentiation between parathyroid adenoma and chief cell hyperplasia. They used Sudan IV in a solution of ethanol and acetone. This solution, however, was found to cause a considerable dissolution of small lipid droplets from the tissue; in our hands sections stained with this technique were diffcult to interpret. To diminish the loss of fat from the tissue, we have used a modification of Lillie's supersaturated ispropanol method with oil red O. This method gave a deeper staining and increased the difference between hyperfunctioning and unnivolved parathyroid tissue with respect to the amount of stainable lipid in the chief cells. It was found to be a valuable supplement, adding a functional dimension to the structural interpretation of the tissue, and it facilitated the peroperative distinction between ademona and hyperplasia. The pattern of lipid distribution within the glands from patients with nodular hyperplasia suggests that the compact nodules of such glands are autonomously hyperfunctioning, whereas the intervening parts of the parenchyma are more or less responsive to the serum calcium level.", "PMID": 88183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10972", "title": "Reconstruction after total gastrectomy: construction of a Hunt-Lawrence pouch using Auto Suture staples.", "content": "A simple gastric reservoir using autosuture staples can be constructed rapidly after total gastrectomy. The importance of both a reservoir capacity and delayed evacuation was supported by the clinical course of most of the patients. All 18 patients had improved nutrition. Patients resected for cure tended to have greater weight gain and less abdominal discomfort. Occasionally patients who underwent only palliative resection were long-term survivors with a clinical course similar to that of patients resected for cure. On the basis of these results, it is unfair not to consider this type of reconstruction in patients who have undergone a total gastrectomy because it adds little to the operating time, yet it provides better palliation in terms of nutrition and abdominal comfort on both a short- and long-term basis.", "contents": "Reconstruction after total gastrectomy: construction of a Hunt-Lawrence pouch using Auto Suture staples. A simple gastric reservoir using autosuture staples can be constructed rapidly after total gastrectomy. The importance of both a reservoir capacity and delayed evacuation was supported by the clinical course of most of the patients. All 18 patients had improved nutrition. Patients resected for cure tended to have greater weight gain and less abdominal discomfort. Occasionally patients who underwent only palliative resection were long-term survivors with a clinical course similar to that of patients resected for cure. On the basis of these results, it is unfair not to consider this type of reconstruction in patients who have undergone a total gastrectomy because it adds little to the operating time, yet it provides better palliation in terms of nutrition and abdominal comfort on both a short- and long-term basis.", "PMID": 88184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10973", "title": "Binding of antigen to surface Ig during in vitro hyposensitization of isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "The mechanism of in vitro hyposensitization was examined in isolated rat mast cells. Surface distribution of immunoglobulin was examined by immunofluorescence technique. Hyposensitization could be ascribed neither to changes in the distribution of surface immunoglobulins nor to capping or shedding phenomena. The distribution of cell-bound antigen and the number of antigen-positive cells (patch-bearing cells) was not changed by hyposensitization. The binding of antigen to surface Ig was quantitated by I125-labelled antigen. In rats sensitized to two different antigens, hyposensitization of the mast cells with one of these inhibited the subsequent histamine release induced by either of the two antigens, whereas no changes were observed in the antigen binding capacity. The present investigation indicates that the mechanism of in vitro hyposensitization is the result of events secondary to the initial binding of antigen to the mast cell surface immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Binding of antigen to surface Ig during in vitro hyposensitization of isolated rat mast cells. The mechanism of in vitro hyposensitization was examined in isolated rat mast cells. Surface distribution of immunoglobulin was examined by immunofluorescence technique. Hyposensitization could be ascribed neither to changes in the distribution of surface immunoglobulins nor to capping or shedding phenomena. The distribution of cell-bound antigen and the number of antigen-positive cells (patch-bearing cells) was not changed by hyposensitization. The binding of antigen to surface Ig was quantitated by I125-labelled antigen. In rats sensitized to two different antigens, hyposensitization of the mast cells with one of these inhibited the subsequent histamine release induced by either of the two antigens, whereas no changes were observed in the antigen binding capacity. The present investigation indicates that the mechanism of in vitro hyposensitization is the result of events secondary to the initial binding of antigen to the mast cell surface immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 88188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10974", "title": "Audiotape slide teaching: use with automated and simple apparatus.", "content": "Using a cross-over design trial and a series of 20 audiotape slide programmes on clinical physics and measurement, no difference in teaching effectiveness was found between their use with synchronised automated apparatus and simple manual equipment. In both cases 91% of the main lecture points were immediately recalled and there was a significant gain in knowledge from an average pre-test MCQ score of 43%--76% post-test score. The advantages and disadvantages of automated and simple equipment were discussed. The anaesthetists found the teaching by the tapeslide technique very acceptable, helpful and useful.", "contents": "Audiotape slide teaching: use with automated and simple apparatus. Using a cross-over design trial and a series of 20 audiotape slide programmes on clinical physics and measurement, no difference in teaching effectiveness was found between their use with synchronised automated apparatus and simple manual equipment. In both cases 91% of the main lecture points were immediately recalled and there was a significant gain in knowledge from an average pre-test MCQ score of 43%--76% post-test score. The advantages and disadvantages of automated and simple equipment were discussed. The anaesthetists found the teaching by the tapeslide technique very acceptable, helpful and useful.", "PMID": 88189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10975", "title": "The cerebellar projection from the lateral reticular nucleus as studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The cerebellar projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) was studied in cats by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (the projection to the paramedian lobule was not included, see Brodal, 1975, for afferents to this cortical region). The entire cerebellar cortex and all cerebellar nuclei receive fibres from the NRL. The strongest connection is with the anterior lobe and lobulus VIIIB of the posterior lobe vermis. As concerns the anterior lobe the observations confirm the previous finding by Brodal (1975) that there is a clearcut topical pattern in the nuclear projection to this part of the cerebellum. The observations furthermore show that crus II is the only cerebellar region devoid of fibres from the subtrigeminal part of the NRL. The cerebellar projection from the NRL is bilateral with a heavy ipsilateral preponderance. The large majority of the labeled cells within the NRL are of the small category (less than 25 micrometer in size). This and the other findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the nucleus.", "contents": "The cerebellar projection from the lateral reticular nucleus as studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The cerebellar projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) was studied in cats by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (the projection to the paramedian lobule was not included, see Brodal, 1975, for afferents to this cortical region). The entire cerebellar cortex and all cerebellar nuclei receive fibres from the NRL. The strongest connection is with the anterior lobe and lobulus VIIIB of the posterior lobe vermis. As concerns the anterior lobe the observations confirm the previous finding by Brodal (1975) that there is a clearcut topical pattern in the nuclear projection to this part of the cerebellum. The observations furthermore show that crus II is the only cerebellar region devoid of fibres from the subtrigeminal part of the NRL. The cerebellar projection from the NRL is bilateral with a heavy ipsilateral preponderance. The large majority of the labeled cells within the NRL are of the small category (less than 25 micrometer in size). This and the other findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on the efferent and afferent connections of the nucleus.", "PMID": 88191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10976", "title": "Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat as demonstrated by somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP).", "content": "Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat were demonstrated using the somatopetal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport technique. After injection of the tracer into the anterior wall of the stomach, labelled neurons were observed bilaterally within spinal ganglia T4--L1. They were most numerous in ganglia T8--T10. No clear evidence of somatotopic organization of the labelled cells was found. Most of the cells measured 35--40 micrometer in diameter. There was a striking paucity of cells smaller than 30 micrometer. The predominance of medium-sized spinal ganglion cells may indicate that the stomach is innervated mainly by small myelinated rather than unmyelinated splanchnic afferent fibers.", "contents": "Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat as demonstrated by somatopetal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Spinal ganglion cells innervating the stomach of the rat were demonstrated using the somatopetal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport technique. After injection of the tracer into the anterior wall of the stomach, labelled neurons were observed bilaterally within spinal ganglia T4--L1. They were most numerous in ganglia T8--T10. No clear evidence of somatotopic organization of the labelled cells was found. Most of the cells measured 35--40 micrometer in diameter. There was a striking paucity of cells smaller than 30 micrometer. The predominance of medium-sized spinal ganglion cells may indicate that the stomach is innervated mainly by small myelinated rather than unmyelinated splanchnic afferent fibers.", "PMID": 88192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10977", "title": "Lidocaine (without epinephrine) does not affect the fine structure or microtubules of the trigeminal nerve in vivo.", "content": "The authors examined the fine structure and microtubules of unmyelinated axons and Schwann cells in the infraorbital branch of rat trigeminal nerve 1, 3.5 and 24 hours after intraneural injection of lidocaine HC1, 1--4 per cent, 0.2 ml, or saline solution, 0.2 ml; untreated control nerves were also examined. These concentrations of lidocaine are more than sufficient to block impulse conduction and rapid axonal transport in rat infraorbital nerve, but contrary to previous reports, significant structural change was not found as compared with control nerves.", "contents": "Lidocaine (without epinephrine) does not affect the fine structure or microtubules of the trigeminal nerve in vivo. The authors examined the fine structure and microtubules of unmyelinated axons and Schwann cells in the infraorbital branch of rat trigeminal nerve 1, 3.5 and 24 hours after intraneural injection of lidocaine HC1, 1--4 per cent, 0.2 ml, or saline solution, 0.2 ml; untreated control nerves were also examined. These concentrations of lidocaine are more than sufficient to block impulse conduction and rapid axonal transport in rat infraorbital nerve, but contrary to previous reports, significant structural change was not found as compared with control nerves.", "PMID": 88193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10978", "title": "A novel method to assess antihistamine and decongestant efficacy.", "content": "A method has been developed to equalize as many of the variables as possible in a clinical trial to assess the response to medication in allergic rhinitis. This method was used to study the effectiveness of azatadine maleate and pseudoephedrine sulfate alone and in combination. Azatadine effectively relieved symptoms of hay fever but did not reduce nasal congestion to a significant degree. Pseudoephedrine relieved nasal congestion but did not reduce symptoms. The combination of azatadine and pseudoephedrine relieved both symptoms and congestion.", "contents": "A novel method to assess antihistamine and decongestant efficacy. A method has been developed to equalize as many of the variables as possible in a clinical trial to assess the response to medication in allergic rhinitis. This method was used to study the effectiveness of azatadine maleate and pseudoephedrine sulfate alone and in combination. Azatadine effectively relieved symptoms of hay fever but did not reduce nasal congestion to a significant degree. Pseudoephedrine relieved nasal congestion but did not reduce symptoms. The combination of azatadine and pseudoephedrine relieved both symptoms and congestion.", "PMID": 88194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10979", "title": "Denaturization of allergen P: effect on allergenicity, antigenicity and immunogenicity.", "content": "When allergen P was denatured by 8M urea, the modified molecule still reacted with IgE specific for the native allergen but not with hemagglutinating antibodies. Heating at 100 degrees C abolished the reaction in both cases. The results suggested differences between allergenic and antigenic capacities which may be based on structural differences of the antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Denaturization of allergen P: effect on allergenicity, antigenicity and immunogenicity. When allergen P was denatured by 8M urea, the modified molecule still reacted with IgE specific for the native allergen but not with hemagglutinating antibodies. Heating at 100 degrees C abolished the reaction in both cases. The results suggested differences between allergenic and antigenic capacities which may be based on structural differences of the antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 88195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10980", "title": "Immunologic diagnosis of cancer.", "content": "Immunologic tests for the specific detection of tumor specific antigens would provide a method for the early detection of malignancy. Using immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent techniques it is possible to measure antigenic markers. Carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha1 fetoprotein are helpful in following treatment and prognosis of a patient. Skin tests and tests for cellular immunity help to measure the immune competence of the cancer patient.", "contents": "Immunologic diagnosis of cancer. Immunologic tests for the specific detection of tumor specific antigens would provide a method for the early detection of malignancy. Using immunodiffusion and immunofluorescent techniques it is possible to measure antigenic markers. Carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha1 fetoprotein are helpful in following treatment and prognosis of a patient. Skin tests and tests for cellular immunity help to measure the immune competence of the cancer patient.", "PMID": 88196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10981", "title": "[Use in histological technic of naphtol AS-D chloroacetate for demonstration of granulocyte series elements].", "content": "The authors report their experience of a histo-enzymatic method, using Naphtol AS-D Chloroacetate as a substrate, for the specific demonstration of elements of the granulocyte series, in histological sections, after formol fixation and mounting in paraffin wax. This simple and reliable staining technique offers the possibility of very rapid diagnostic orientation in haematological conditions.", "contents": "[Use in histological technic of naphtol AS-D chloroacetate for demonstration of granulocyte series elements]. The authors report their experience of a histo-enzymatic method, using Naphtol AS-D Chloroacetate as a substrate, for the specific demonstration of elements of the granulocyte series, in histological sections, after formol fixation and mounting in paraffin wax. This simple and reliable staining technique offers the possibility of very rapid diagnostic orientation in haematological conditions.", "PMID": 88197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10982", "title": "A study of HLA-A, B, C, and DR specificities in pigeon breeder's disease.", "content": "The frequencies of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens were determined among 51 symptomatic pigeon breeders, 102 asymptomatic pigeon breeders, and 100 normal blood donors. The HLA-DR specificities were also studied in 32 symptomatic and 29 asymptomatic pigeon breeders. All subjects were white. Symptomatic subjects were defined by the development of respiratory symptoms or decreased pulmonary function after aerosol challenge with pigeon serum. Asymptomatic subjects were comparably exposed to pigeons but had no pulmonary signs or symptoms after aerosol challenge. No significant association was found between any of the tested HLA specificities and pigeon breeders. This lack of association and the observed paucity of multiplex families indicate that HLA complex genetic factors tested in this study do not favor the development of pigeon breeder's disease in exposed persons.", "contents": "A study of HLA-A, B, C, and DR specificities in pigeon breeder's disease. The frequencies of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens were determined among 51 symptomatic pigeon breeders, 102 asymptomatic pigeon breeders, and 100 normal blood donors. The HLA-DR specificities were also studied in 32 symptomatic and 29 asymptomatic pigeon breeders. All subjects were white. Symptomatic subjects were defined by the development of respiratory symptoms or decreased pulmonary function after aerosol challenge with pigeon serum. Asymptomatic subjects were comparably exposed to pigeons but had no pulmonary signs or symptoms after aerosol challenge. No significant association was found between any of the tested HLA specificities and pigeon breeders. This lack of association and the observed paucity of multiplex families indicate that HLA complex genetic factors tested in this study do not favor the development of pigeon breeder's disease in exposed persons.", "PMID": 88199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10983", "title": "An animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in rabbits. Development of chronic pulmonary inflammation and cell-mediated hypersensitivity after repeated aerosol challenge.", "content": "Chronic pulmonary inflammation was produced in immunized rabbits by repeated aerosol exposure to soluble antigen. The pulmonary inflammatory response was correlated with the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the lung as evaluated by migration-inhibition studies using bronchoalveolar cells. Such inflammation could be produced with either pigeon dropping extract, an etiologic agent of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or with human gamma globulin. Development of the inflammatory response was immunospecific and could not be transferred to normal recipients with large quantities of immune serum. Collectively, these data suggest that the development of pulmonary inflammation was due to a cell-mediated immunologic reaction in the lung.", "contents": "An animal model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in rabbits. Development of chronic pulmonary inflammation and cell-mediated hypersensitivity after repeated aerosol challenge. Chronic pulmonary inflammation was produced in immunized rabbits by repeated aerosol exposure to soluble antigen. The pulmonary inflammatory response was correlated with the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the lung as evaluated by migration-inhibition studies using bronchoalveolar cells. Such inflammation could be produced with either pigeon dropping extract, an etiologic agent of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or with human gamma globulin. Development of the inflammatory response was immunospecific and could not be transferred to normal recipients with large quantities of immune serum. Collectively, these data suggest that the development of pulmonary inflammation was due to a cell-mediated immunologic reaction in the lung.", "PMID": 88200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10984", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of halogenated hydrocarbons.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic modeling is being applied to chemicals posing health hazards because of their presence as contaminants in our environment. This paper presents a rationale for constructing mathematical models based on anatomic and physiological principles. Pharmacokinetic investigations incorporating such models are illustrated for two halogenated hydrocarbons that exhibit different patterns of disposition in the rat: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and Kepone. The models permit interspecies comparison and prediction of normal pharmacokinetic behavior and alterations induced by intervention measures. As an example a theoretical limit is predicted in the case of a treatment for Kepone poisoning involving oral administration of adsorbents.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of halogenated hydrocarbons. Pharmacokinetic modeling is being applied to chemicals posing health hazards because of their presence as contaminants in our environment. This paper presents a rationale for constructing mathematical models based on anatomic and physiological principles. Pharmacokinetic investigations incorporating such models are illustrated for two halogenated hydrocarbons that exhibit different patterns of disposition in the rat: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and Kepone. The models permit interspecies comparison and prediction of normal pharmacokinetic behavior and alterations induced by intervention measures. As an example a theoretical limit is predicted in the case of a treatment for Kepone poisoning involving oral administration of adsorbents.", "PMID": 88202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10985", "title": "Ethical considerations in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Cancer treatment has improved dramatically in the recent past. As a consequence, the range of choices has been greatly broadened. With a much larger range of choices and a larger range of treatment disciplines available, decisions regarding treatment create major ethical burdens for the physician and for the patient. The participation of the patient in such choices improves the ethical posture of the therapist, whenever that is possible, and also improves the probability that the best treatment will be administered. Clinical research plays an important role in cancer treatment, not only in the the discovery of new treatment, but in the provision of the best possible care for patients participating in such research. At all levels of clinical research, such treatment has the potential for being the best available treatment when conducted in the most professional manner. While poor clinical research, like poor conventional treatment, certainly exists, it is nonetheless true that clinical research has a permanent place in cancer treatment and provides an important alternate to cancer quackery. Virtually every patient with a malignant disease has some effective treatment available to him, even in the most hopeless circumstance, where the Phase I type of clinical investigation still offers significant opportunity and hope.", "contents": "Ethical considerations in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer treatment has improved dramatically in the recent past. As a consequence, the range of choices has been greatly broadened. With a much larger range of choices and a larger range of treatment disciplines available, decisions regarding treatment create major ethical burdens for the physician and for the patient. The participation of the patient in such choices improves the ethical posture of the therapist, whenever that is possible, and also improves the probability that the best treatment will be administered. Clinical research plays an important role in cancer treatment, not only in the the discovery of new treatment, but in the provision of the best possible care for patients participating in such research. At all levels of clinical research, such treatment has the potential for being the best available treatment when conducted in the most professional manner. While poor clinical research, like poor conventional treatment, certainly exists, it is nonetheless true that clinical research has a permanent place in cancer treatment and provides an important alternate to cancer quackery. Virtually every patient with a malignant disease has some effective treatment available to him, even in the most hopeless circumstance, where the Phase I type of clinical investigation still offers significant opportunity and hope.", "PMID": 88204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10986", "title": "Experience with a hospice-care program for the terminally ill.", "content": "A hospice-care program offers an opportunity to provide effective palliative care for patients terminally ill with malignant disease and to develop improved methods for coping with the problems of the dying patient. All patients for whom antitumor therapy does not offer a reasonable possibility of cure are eligible for Church Hospital's multidisciplinary program, the focus of which is on both the patient and his family. Acceptance by medical staff, patients and families has been enthusiastic. Both conventional and unconventional methods can be helpful in making terminally ill patients more comfortable. Much has been learned about the control of pain in such patients. Intestinal obstruction can often be managed non-operatively without the use of nasogastric tube. Other common symptoms such as weakness, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, etc. can be relieved with varying degrees of success. An objective of the program is to allow the patient to be at home for most of his terminal illness and to die there if possible. By utilizing patient and family instruction, visiting nurses and home health aides, approximately two-thirds of the patients in the program at any given time are at home. Basing the program in an acute care hospital has allowed coordination with the curative treatment of malignant disease and effective use of radiation and chemotherapy for palliative purposes. The organizational structure, financing, facilities and clinical experience with 100 consecutive patients of the Church Hospital hospice-care program are described.", "contents": "Experience with a hospice-care program for the terminally ill. A hospice-care program offers an opportunity to provide effective palliative care for patients terminally ill with malignant disease and to develop improved methods for coping with the problems of the dying patient. All patients for whom antitumor therapy does not offer a reasonable possibility of cure are eligible for Church Hospital's multidisciplinary program, the focus of which is on both the patient and his family. Acceptance by medical staff, patients and families has been enthusiastic. Both conventional and unconventional methods can be helpful in making terminally ill patients more comfortable. Much has been learned about the control of pain in such patients. Intestinal obstruction can often be managed non-operatively without the use of nasogastric tube. Other common symptoms such as weakness, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, etc. can be relieved with varying degrees of success. An objective of the program is to allow the patient to be at home for most of his terminal illness and to die there if possible. By utilizing patient and family instruction, visiting nurses and home health aides, approximately two-thirds of the patients in the program at any given time are at home. Basing the program in an acute care hospital has allowed coordination with the curative treatment of malignant disease and effective use of radiation and chemotherapy for palliative purposes. The organizational structure, financing, facilities and clinical experience with 100 consecutive patients of the Church Hospital hospice-care program are described.", "PMID": 88209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10987", "title": "[Hormonal desexing of boars with chlormadinone acetate].", "content": "Chloromadinone acetate produces a dependable desexualising effect on boar by contant administration in feed rations of 30 mg per die over 70 days. Sexual odour thus can be widely eliminated. Other aspects studied in a group of 107 boars are body weight development, sexual behaviour, slaughter yield, and skin quality.", "contents": "[Hormonal desexing of boars with chlormadinone acetate]. Chloromadinone acetate produces a dependable desexualising effect on boar by contant administration in feed rations of 30 mg per die over 70 days. Sexual odour thus can be widely eliminated. Other aspects studied in a group of 107 boars are body weight development, sexual behaviour, slaughter yield, and skin quality.", "PMID": 88210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10988", "title": "An investigation of elevated blood lead levels in Detroit children.", "content": "The findings of this report are based on data from 1309 children living near three heavily traveled streets in Detroit. This study was designed to determine the most probable reasons for elevated blood lead levels in young children. The authors used a linear multivariate regression to evaluate the effects of distance from the highway, age and sex of the child, and housing condition. The authors found that the distance the child lived from the highway did not have a measurable affect on blood lead level. Housing condition played the most important role in determining blood lead level. Poorer housing caused a higher average blood lead level and caused the blood lead distribution to skew, giving a significantly greater number of blood leads over 40 micrograms/100 ml. Age also was important in determining blood lead level. There was a decrease of about 1 micrograms/100 for each increase of one year in the child's age. Sex also appeared to play a small role. In all three areas of the study, blood lead levels were slightly higher in girls than in boys. This study shows, as many have before, that the primary cause of the lead problem with children can be greatly diminished by improved housing.", "contents": "An investigation of elevated blood lead levels in Detroit children. The findings of this report are based on data from 1309 children living near three heavily traveled streets in Detroit. This study was designed to determine the most probable reasons for elevated blood lead levels in young children. The authors used a linear multivariate regression to evaluate the effects of distance from the highway, age and sex of the child, and housing condition. The authors found that the distance the child lived from the highway did not have a measurable affect on blood lead level. Housing condition played the most important role in determining blood lead level. Poorer housing caused a higher average blood lead level and caused the blood lead distribution to skew, giving a significantly greater number of blood leads over 40 micrograms/100 ml. Age also was important in determining blood lead level. There was a decrease of about 1 micrograms/100 for each increase of one year in the child's age. Sex also appeared to play a small role. In all three areas of the study, blood lead levels were slightly higher in girls than in boys. This study shows, as many have before, that the primary cause of the lead problem with children can be greatly diminished by improved housing.", "PMID": 88207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10989", "title": "Acridine orange particles in cultured fibroblasts. A comparative study of macular corneal dystrophy, systemic mucopolysaccharidoses types I-H and II, and normal controls.", "content": "Vital staining with the fluorescent dye, acridine orange, was evaluated as a means of detecting abnormalities of lysosomes in cultivated fibroblasts of patients with macular corneal dystrophy and mucopolysaccharidoses types I-H (Hurler's syndrome) and type II (Hunter's syndrome). Multiple cultures were compared with normal fibroblasts using a \"double-masked\" design to exclude observer bias. Cells of patients with the mucopolysaccharidoses were easily and accurately separated from other fibroblasts. Contrary to a recent report, corneal fibroblasts of patients with macular corneal dystrophy were indistinguishable from control cells.", "contents": "Acridine orange particles in cultured fibroblasts. A comparative study of macular corneal dystrophy, systemic mucopolysaccharidoses types I-H and II, and normal controls. Vital staining with the fluorescent dye, acridine orange, was evaluated as a means of detecting abnormalities of lysosomes in cultivated fibroblasts of patients with macular corneal dystrophy and mucopolysaccharidoses types I-H (Hurler's syndrome) and type II (Hunter's syndrome). Multiple cultures were compared with normal fibroblasts using a \"double-masked\" design to exclude observer bias. Cells of patients with the mucopolysaccharidoses were easily and accurately separated from other fibroblasts. Contrary to a recent report, corneal fibroblasts of patients with macular corneal dystrophy were indistinguishable from control cells.", "PMID": 88211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10990", "title": "Automotive exhaust and mouse activity: relationships between pollutant concentrations and decreases in wheel running.", "content": "Groups of male and female mice inhaled either clean air, 100 ppm carbon monoxide, or light-irradiated and nonirradiated automotive exhaust containing nominally 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm carbon monoxide in three tests with exposure lasting from 4 to 7 days. Exhaust from a factory or lean-tuned engine in the first and third tests reversibly suppressed activity wheel running during exposure in mice of both sexes by as much as 78.3 and 83.1%, respectively. Light-irradiated exhaust suppressed running more than nonirradiated exhaust. For the second test, when the engine was tuned to be low in pollutants other than carbon monoxide, exhaust did not suppress running. Exposure to carbon monoxide alone only slightly decreased running in male mice, but increased running in female mice.", "contents": "Automotive exhaust and mouse activity: relationships between pollutant concentrations and decreases in wheel running. Groups of male and female mice inhaled either clean air, 100 ppm carbon monoxide, or light-irradiated and nonirradiated automotive exhaust containing nominally 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm carbon monoxide in three tests with exposure lasting from 4 to 7 days. Exhaust from a factory or lean-tuned engine in the first and third tests reversibly suppressed activity wheel running during exposure in mice of both sexes by as much as 78.3 and 83.1%, respectively. Light-irradiated exhaust suppressed running more than nonirradiated exhaust. For the second test, when the engine was tuned to be low in pollutants other than carbon monoxide, exhaust did not suppress running. Exposure to carbon monoxide alone only slightly decreased running in male mice, but increased running in female mice.", "PMID": 88208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10991", "title": "A comparative study of O'nyong nyong virus with Chikungunya virus and plaque variants.", "content": "Two plaque variants of Chikungunya (CHIK) virus were serologically compared with O'nyong nyong (ONN) virus in order to elucidate the reported one way antigenic relationships between the two viruses. Three different hypotheses are examined and evidence is shown to support one of them. Comparison of some biological properties of the viruses showed ONN to be distinct in some respects. All viruses and variants were found to replicate in Anopheles gambiae cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of O'nyong nyong virus with Chikungunya virus and plaque variants. Two plaque variants of Chikungunya (CHIK) virus were serologically compared with O'nyong nyong (ONN) virus in order to elucidate the reported one way antigenic relationships between the two viruses. Three different hypotheses are examined and evidence is shown to support one of them. Comparison of some biological properties of the viruses showed ONN to be distinct in some respects. All viruses and variants were found to replicate in Anopheles gambiae cells.", "PMID": 88212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10992", "title": "Inosiplex in the treatment of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Six patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were treated with the antiviral agent inosiplex. The clinical condition of four children continued to deteriorate in spite of the treatment, the condition of one remained unchanged, and that of another improved minimally. The effect of inosiplex in these patients is not evident since this group demonstrated a pattern of progression similar to that seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis without specific treatment.", "contents": "Inosiplex in the treatment of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Six patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were treated with the antiviral agent inosiplex. The clinical condition of four children continued to deteriorate in spite of the treatment, the condition of one remained unchanged, and that of another improved minimally. The effect of inosiplex in these patients is not evident since this group demonstrated a pattern of progression similar to that seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis without specific treatment.", "PMID": 88215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10993", "title": "Differential effect of clofibrate on inflammation-induced alterations in plasma proteins in the rat.", "content": "Daily intramuscular injections of clofibrate begun 6h before the initiation of inflammation induced by the subcutaneous injection of turpentine exerted a differential, dose-dependent inhibition of the anticipated acute-phase globulin response. Specifically, clofibrate at 140mg/kg muted the increase in alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein, but did not affect that of seromucoid or haptoglobin and only transiently inhibited the rise in copper and the rebound in transferrin. A higher dose, 280mg/kg, markedly suppressed alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein appearance and the rebound in transferrin, somewhat inhibited the increase in seromucoid and haptoglobin and only transiently affected the rise in plasma copper; 420mg of clofibrate/kg very nearly abolished the appearance of alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein, markedly suppressed the transferrin rebound and the increases in seromucoid and haptoglobin and again only transiently affected the increase in copper. Clofibrate did not diminish the localized inflammatory response, did not cause microscopically detectable liver damage and did not prevent the hypozincaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and enhanced amino acid uptake by liver usually associated with inflammation. Thus it is unlikely that clofibrate exerted its dose-dependent selective inhibition by muting the initial stimulus or by impairing hepatic metabolism. This seemingly selective action of clofibrate on plasma-protein alterations during inflammation may provide a means of elucidating the function of individual acute-phase globulin during disease. Clofibrate of itself, apart from inflammation, produced decreases in plasma zinc, copper, transferrin and seromucoid and an increase in hepatic amino acid uptake that were to some extent dependent on the dose of the drug.", "contents": "Differential effect of clofibrate on inflammation-induced alterations in plasma proteins in the rat. Daily intramuscular injections of clofibrate begun 6h before the initiation of inflammation induced by the subcutaneous injection of turpentine exerted a differential, dose-dependent inhibition of the anticipated acute-phase globulin response. Specifically, clofibrate at 140mg/kg muted the increase in alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein, but did not affect that of seromucoid or haptoglobin and only transiently inhibited the rise in copper and the rebound in transferrin. A higher dose, 280mg/kg, markedly suppressed alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein appearance and the rebound in transferrin, somewhat inhibited the increase in seromucoid and haptoglobin and only transiently affected the rise in plasma copper; 420mg of clofibrate/kg very nearly abolished the appearance of alpha(2)-macrofoetoprotein, markedly suppressed the transferrin rebound and the increases in seromucoid and haptoglobin and again only transiently affected the increase in copper. Clofibrate did not diminish the localized inflammatory response, did not cause microscopically detectable liver damage and did not prevent the hypozincaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and enhanced amino acid uptake by liver usually associated with inflammation. Thus it is unlikely that clofibrate exerted its dose-dependent selective inhibition by muting the initial stimulus or by impairing hepatic metabolism. This seemingly selective action of clofibrate on plasma-protein alterations during inflammation may provide a means of elucidating the function of individual acute-phase globulin during disease. Clofibrate of itself, apart from inflammation, produced decreases in plasma zinc, copper, transferrin and seromucoid and an increase in hepatic amino acid uptake that were to some extent dependent on the dose of the drug.", "PMID": 88218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10994", "title": "Evidence for a role of phosphatidylinositol turnover in stimulus-secretion coupling. Studies with rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "Histamine secretion and phosphatidylinositol turnover were compared in antigen-sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with a number of different ligands. A small and variable increase in the incorporation of [(32)P]P(i) and of [(3)H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol was observed when the cells were treated with immunoglobulin E-directed ligands (antigens and concanavalin A), and this was accompanied by a low amount of secretion (<10% of total cell histamine). In the presence of added phosphatidylserine, the addition of immunoglobulin E-directed ligands invariably led to an enhanced rate (approx. 4-fold) of labelling of phosphatidylinositol and, in the presence of Ca(2+), this was accompanied by the secretion of histamine. The labelling of phosphatidylinositol and histamine secretion were also stimulated by chymotrypsin and compound 48/80. Whereas the phosphatidylinositol response did not require the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), the secretion of histamine was either enhanced or dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) (depending on the ligand used). The dependence on ligand concentration for the phosphatidylinositol response and histamine secretion were similar. The increased isotopic incorporation into phosphatidylinositol continued for about 1h although histamine secretion (elicited with concanavalin A) stopped within 2min. These results support the proposition that metabolic events involving phosphatidylinositol play a necessary intermediate role in the regulation of Ca(2+) channels by ligand-activated receptors.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of phosphatidylinositol turnover in stimulus-secretion coupling. Studies with rat peritoneal mast cells. Histamine secretion and phosphatidylinositol turnover were compared in antigen-sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with a number of different ligands. A small and variable increase in the incorporation of [(32)P]P(i) and of [(3)H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol was observed when the cells were treated with immunoglobulin E-directed ligands (antigens and concanavalin A), and this was accompanied by a low amount of secretion (<10% of total cell histamine). In the presence of added phosphatidylserine, the addition of immunoglobulin E-directed ligands invariably led to an enhanced rate (approx. 4-fold) of labelling of phosphatidylinositol and, in the presence of Ca(2+), this was accompanied by the secretion of histamine. The labelling of phosphatidylinositol and histamine secretion were also stimulated by chymotrypsin and compound 48/80. Whereas the phosphatidylinositol response did not require the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), the secretion of histamine was either enhanced or dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) (depending on the ligand used). The dependence on ligand concentration for the phosphatidylinositol response and histamine secretion were similar. The increased isotopic incorporation into phosphatidylinositol continued for about 1h although histamine secretion (elicited with concanavalin A) stopped within 2min. These results support the proposition that metabolic events involving phosphatidylinositol play a necessary intermediate role in the regulation of Ca(2+) channels by ligand-activated receptors.", "PMID": 88219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10995", "title": "Binding of unmodified low-density lipoproteins to human fibroblasts. An investigation by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The bindinf of unmodified low density lipoproteins to the plasma membrane of fibroblasts was studied at the ultrastructural level. The bound low density lipoprotein was visualized by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, with the use of an antiserum against apoprotein B. Immunoreactive regions representing bound apoprotein B were found on the plasma membrane, in indented regions with a diameter of 0.15--0.30 micrometer and a fuzzy coat on the cytoplasmic side. Fibroblasts from a patient homozygous for hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa showed no immunoreactive material in the indented regions. The specific 125I-labelled low density lipoprotein binding to these homozygous fibroblasts was 7% compared to control fibroblasts.", "contents": "Binding of unmodified low-density lipoproteins to human fibroblasts. An investigation by immunoelectron microscopy. The bindinf of unmodified low density lipoproteins to the plasma membrane of fibroblasts was studied at the ultrastructural level. The bound low density lipoprotein was visualized by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, with the use of an antiserum against apoprotein B. Immunoreactive regions representing bound apoprotein B were found on the plasma membrane, in indented regions with a diameter of 0.15--0.30 micrometer and a fuzzy coat on the cytoplasmic side. Fibroblasts from a patient homozygous for hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa showed no immunoreactive material in the indented regions. The specific 125I-labelled low density lipoprotein binding to these homozygous fibroblasts was 7% compared to control fibroblasts.", "PMID": 88231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10996", "title": "Association of myelin basic protein with detergent micelles.", "content": "Equilibrium measurements of the binding of central nervous system myelin basic protein to sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium deoxycholate and lysophosphatidylcholine have been obtained by gel permeation chromatography and dialysis. This protein associates with large amounts of each of these surfactants: the apparent saturation weight ratios (surfactant/protein) being 3.58 +/- 0.12 and 2.30 +/- 0.15 for dodecyl sulphate at ionic strengths 0.30 and 0.10, respectively 1.34 +/- 0.10 for deoxycholate (at 0.12 ionic strength) and 4.0 +/- 0.5 for lysophosphatidylcholine. Binding to the ionic surfactants increases markedly close to their critical micelle concentrations. Sedimentation analysis shows that at 0.30 ionic strenght in excess dodecyl sulphate the protein is monomeric. It becomes dimeric when the binding ratio falls below 1 at a free detergent concentration of approximately 0.25 mM: below this concentration much of the protein and deterent forms an insoluble complex. The amount of dodecyl sulphate bound at high concentrations and at both above-mentioned ionic strengths corresponds closely to that expected for interaction of a single poly-peptide with two micelles. Variability of deoxycholate micelle size on interaction with other molecules precludes a similar analysis for this surfactant. Association was observed only with single micelles of lysophosphatidylcholine. The results provide strong evidence for dual lipid-binding sites on basic protein and indicate that lipid bilayer cross-linking by this protein may be effected by single molecules.", "contents": "Association of myelin basic protein with detergent micelles. Equilibrium measurements of the binding of central nervous system myelin basic protein to sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium deoxycholate and lysophosphatidylcholine have been obtained by gel permeation chromatography and dialysis. This protein associates with large amounts of each of these surfactants: the apparent saturation weight ratios (surfactant/protein) being 3.58 +/- 0.12 and 2.30 +/- 0.15 for dodecyl sulphate at ionic strengths 0.30 and 0.10, respectively 1.34 +/- 0.10 for deoxycholate (at 0.12 ionic strength) and 4.0 +/- 0.5 for lysophosphatidylcholine. Binding to the ionic surfactants increases markedly close to their critical micelle concentrations. Sedimentation analysis shows that at 0.30 ionic strenght in excess dodecyl sulphate the protein is monomeric. It becomes dimeric when the binding ratio falls below 1 at a free detergent concentration of approximately 0.25 mM: below this concentration much of the protein and deterent forms an insoluble complex. The amount of dodecyl sulphate bound at high concentrations and at both above-mentioned ionic strengths corresponds closely to that expected for interaction of a single poly-peptide with two micelles. Variability of deoxycholate micelle size on interaction with other molecules precludes a similar analysis for this surfactant. Association was observed only with single micelles of lysophosphatidylcholine. The results provide strong evidence for dual lipid-binding sites on basic protein and indicate that lipid bilayer cross-linking by this protein may be effected by single molecules.", "PMID": 88232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10997", "title": "[Quantitative immunoenzyme technic in the evaluation of specificity of the beta 1-g-globulin test in trophoblastic tumors].", "content": "The method of guantitative immunoenzymatic determination of beta 1-G-globulin (TSG) in the blood serum has been developed. The sensitivity of the method is 6 ng/ml TSG. It has been shown that elevated levels (12-100 ng/ml and higher) are usually observed in trophoblastic tumours of the uterus. The TSG ectopic synthesis is found to proceed in some tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and testicular teratoblastomas.", "contents": "[Quantitative immunoenzyme technic in the evaluation of specificity of the beta 1-g-globulin test in trophoblastic tumors]. The method of guantitative immunoenzymatic determination of beta 1-G-globulin (TSG) in the blood serum has been developed. The sensitivity of the method is 6 ng/ml TSG. It has been shown that elevated levels (12-100 ng/ml and higher) are usually observed in trophoblastic tumours of the uterus. The TSG ectopic synthesis is found to proceed in some tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and testicular teratoblastomas.", "PMID": 88235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10998", "title": "[Simple method of detection of Fc receptor sites on cells].", "content": "A bacterial adhesion technique for identification of Fc-receptor bearing cells is based on the ability of Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan 1 strain, to form rosettes with cells previously treated with immune complexes or heat aggregated Ig G. The new technique is distinguished from other Fc-receptor detection methods by its simplicity and ease of detection of both immune complexes and aggregated IgG-binding cells.", "contents": "[Simple method of detection of Fc receptor sites on cells]. A bacterial adhesion technique for identification of Fc-receptor bearing cells is based on the ability of Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan 1 strain, to form rosettes with cells previously treated with immune complexes or heat aggregated Ig G. The new technique is distinguished from other Fc-receptor detection methods by its simplicity and ease of detection of both immune complexes and aggregated IgG-binding cells.", "PMID": 88236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_10999", "title": "Immunologic studies of native and modified human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor.", "content": "Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight greater than one-million daltons. Two activities are associated with this large molecule: FVIII procoagulant activity and vWF activity. Incubation of FVIII/vWF with proteolytic enzymes causes rapid inactivation of the FVIII procoagulant activity but has little effect on the vWF activity or antigenicity. In an attempt to gain insight into the structural features required for these two activities, antisera were raised in rabbits to normal, thrombin-inactivated, and plasmin-inactivated FVIII/vWF. All of these proteolytically modified forms of FVIII/vWF cross-reacted with each of the rabbit antisera; each blocked the ability of a human inhibitor to inactivate native active FVIII/vWF. Each of the antisera was a potent inhibitor of vWF activity and inactivated vWF activity at the same titer. The antisera were much less potent inhibitors of FVIII activity than of vWF activity. Antibodies to thrombin-inactivated FVIII/vWF or normal FVIII/vWF had about the same ability to inactivate FVIII procoagulant activity. Surprisingly, those to plasmin-inactivated FVIII/vWF still retained about 50% of this inhibitory capacity. A comparison of the three types of antigens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-6 M urea demonstrated that the structure of thrombin-inactivated FVIII/vWF was indistinguishable from that of normal FVIII/vWF, while plasmin-inactivated FVII/vWF was completely cleaved to lower molecular weight fragments. Some of the reported variations in the ability of rabbit antibodies to inhibit procoagulant activity may be due to partial degradation of the starting antigen. The retention by FVIII/vWF protein of its immunologic properties even after extensive proteolytic degradation suggests that under nondenaturing conditions, the conformation of the native and degraded molecules are very similar.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of native and modified human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight greater than one-million daltons. Two activities are associated with this large molecule: FVIII procoagulant activity and vWF activity. Incubation of FVIII/vWF with proteolytic enzymes causes rapid inactivation of the FVIII procoagulant activity but has little effect on the vWF activity or antigenicity. In an attempt to gain insight into the structural features required for these two activities, antisera were raised in rabbits to normal, thrombin-inactivated, and plasmin-inactivated FVIII/vWF. All of these proteolytically modified forms of FVIII/vWF cross-reacted with each of the rabbit antisera; each blocked the ability of a human inhibitor to inactivate native active FVIII/vWF. Each of the antisera was a potent inhibitor of vWF activity and inactivated vWF activity at the same titer. The antisera were much less potent inhibitors of FVIII activity than of vWF activity. Antibodies to thrombin-inactivated FVIII/vWF or normal FVIII/vWF had about the same ability to inactivate FVIII procoagulant activity. Surprisingly, those to plasmin-inactivated FVIII/vWF still retained about 50% of this inhibitory capacity. A comparison of the three types of antigens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-6 M urea demonstrated that the structure of thrombin-inactivated FVIII/vWF was indistinguishable from that of normal FVIII/vWF, while plasmin-inactivated FVII/vWF was completely cleaved to lower molecular weight fragments. Some of the reported variations in the ability of rabbit antibodies to inhibit procoagulant activity may be due to partial degradation of the starting antigen. The retention by FVIII/vWF protein of its immunologic properties even after extensive proteolytic degradation suggests that under nondenaturing conditions, the conformation of the native and degraded molecules are very similar.", "PMID": 88237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11000", "title": "[Anti-smoking activities in Switzerland and their evaluation].", "content": "Activities against smoking in Switzerland are planned and evaluated by the \"Swiss Interagency Council on Smoking and Health\". With special regard to the particular local situation it tries to coordinate the programs of its members (private organization as well as state authorities) in accordance with a multi-step plan (information about the effects of smoking, publicity, motivation for change of behavior, support of smoking-withdrawal programs, influencing legislation). Evaluation of anti-smoking programs so far has only been fragmentary, showing some circumstantial evidence for a trend towards non-smoking. It is planned to evaluate the impact of future programs by periodical surveys of representative samples of the adult population, monitoring knowledge of the hazards of smoking, attitudes towards smoking, motivation for change of behavior as well as the actual smoking habits.", "contents": "[Anti-smoking activities in Switzerland and their evaluation]. Activities against smoking in Switzerland are planned and evaluated by the \"Swiss Interagency Council on Smoking and Health\". With special regard to the particular local situation it tries to coordinate the programs of its members (private organization as well as state authorities) in accordance with a multi-step plan (information about the effects of smoking, publicity, motivation for change of behavior, support of smoking-withdrawal programs, influencing legislation). Evaluation of anti-smoking programs so far has only been fragmentary, showing some circumstantial evidence for a trend towards non-smoking. It is planned to evaluate the impact of future programs by periodical surveys of representative samples of the adult population, monitoring knowledge of the hazards of smoking, attitudes towards smoking, motivation for change of behavior as well as the actual smoking habits.", "PMID": 88241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11001", "title": "The cytological differentiating potential of pineal parenchymal neoplasms (true pinealomas). A clinicopathological study of 28 tumours.", "content": "A series of 28 pineal parenchymal tumours is described, with special reference to the potential of some of these neoplasms to differentiate along glial or ganglionic lines, or both. The more undifferentiated tumours (pineoblastomas, 11 cases) were the most frequent: they are histologically similar to medulloblastomas. One example showed focal differentiation to retinoblastoma at the primary site. The histological features of pineoblastomas merged with those of pineocytomas (7 cases), in which the lobular architecture is reminiscent of that of the mature pineal gland. In addition, 10 further examples in the group of pineocytomas showed more advanced differentiation as follows: towards astrocytes only (2 cases), towards ganglion cells only (1) case) and towards both astrocytes and ganglion cells (gangliogliomas) (7 cases). Confirmation of the pineal parenchymal nature of these neoplasms and of their differentiating potential was provided by a modification of the Ach\u00facarro-Hortega's silver carbonate impregnation technique for pineal parenchymal cells, by specific silver impregnations for axonal processes, and by an immunoperoxidase stain for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein. Electron microscopy of one new example of pineocytoma with neuronal and astrocytic differentiation demonstrated the presence of numerous microtubules, of clear-centred and dense-core vesicles, and of synaptic complexes. Seven illustrative clinical histories with pathological findings are presented. The identification of special features of cellular differentiation is of importance in evaluating the biological behaviour of these neoplasms since a definite correlation can be established between the patient's age, some of the cytological variants, and the malignant potential of the tumour. Pineoblastomas are highly malignant neoplasms of children and young adults which disseminate widely throughout the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. -ineocytomas without cellular evidence of further differentiation occur at any age and are also clinically malignant, but with a somewhat lesser tendency to metastasize than pineoblastomas. Pineobytomas with astrocytic differentiation occur in adults and may be either slowly growing or malignant. Pineocytomas with neuronal or with neuronal and astrocytic differentiation occur in later life, remain localized, and are relatively benign. Since the latter account for approximately one-third of pineal parenchymal tumours and are likely to be relatively radio-resistant, tissue diagnosis is imperative for a determination of the therapeutic approach. Radiation to the entire neuraxis should be administered to patients with pineoblastomas and malignant pineocytomas in view of their high frequency of cerebrospinal metastasis. An accurate histological classification of these tumours therefore carries important clinical and therapeutic implications...", "contents": "The cytological differentiating potential of pineal parenchymal neoplasms (true pinealomas). A clinicopathological study of 28 tumours. A series of 28 pineal parenchymal tumours is described, with special reference to the potential of some of these neoplasms to differentiate along glial or ganglionic lines, or both. The more undifferentiated tumours (pineoblastomas, 11 cases) were the most frequent: they are histologically similar to medulloblastomas. One example showed focal differentiation to retinoblastoma at the primary site. The histological features of pineoblastomas merged with those of pineocytomas (7 cases), in which the lobular architecture is reminiscent of that of the mature pineal gland. In addition, 10 further examples in the group of pineocytomas showed more advanced differentiation as follows: towards astrocytes only (2 cases), towards ganglion cells only (1) case) and towards both astrocytes and ganglion cells (gangliogliomas) (7 cases). Confirmation of the pineal parenchymal nature of these neoplasms and of their differentiating potential was provided by a modification of the Ach\u00facarro-Hortega's silver carbonate impregnation technique for pineal parenchymal cells, by specific silver impregnations for axonal processes, and by an immunoperoxidase stain for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein. Electron microscopy of one new example of pineocytoma with neuronal and astrocytic differentiation demonstrated the presence of numerous microtubules, of clear-centred and dense-core vesicles, and of synaptic complexes. Seven illustrative clinical histories with pathological findings are presented. The identification of special features of cellular differentiation is of importance in evaluating the biological behaviour of these neoplasms since a definite correlation can be established between the patient's age, some of the cytological variants, and the malignant potential of the tumour. Pineoblastomas are highly malignant neoplasms of children and young adults which disseminate widely throughout the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. -ineocytomas without cellular evidence of further differentiation occur at any age and are also clinically malignant, but with a somewhat lesser tendency to metastasize than pineoblastomas. Pineobytomas with astrocytic differentiation occur in adults and may be either slowly growing or malignant. Pineocytomas with neuronal or with neuronal and astrocytic differentiation occur in later life, remain localized, and are relatively benign. Since the latter account for approximately one-third of pineal parenchymal tumours and are likely to be relatively radio-resistant, tissue diagnosis is imperative for a determination of the therapeutic approach. Radiation to the entire neuraxis should be administered to patients with pineoblastomas and malignant pineocytomas in view of their high frequency of cerebrospinal metastasis. An accurate histological classification of these tumours therefore carries important clinical and therapeutic implications...", "PMID": 88244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11002", "title": "A comparison of the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (area 17) in the macaque monkey.", "content": "Both anterograde and retrograde transport tracing methods were used to study the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG), the inferior pulvinar and subdivisions of the lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (striate cortex or area 17). The DLG projects only to striate cortex. These projections are retinotopically organized, and do not extend to any cortical layers above layer IVA. In contrast the inferior pulvinar (PI) and the immediately adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar (PL alpha 48) project to both striate and prestriate cortex. The projections from these two thalamic areas to the striate cortex are also retinotopically organized and exist in parallel with those from the DLG. In contrast to the DLG, the projections from PI and PL alpha terminate above layer IVA in striate cortex, i.e. layers I, II and III. In prestriate cortex the layers of termination include layers IV, III and I. The pulvinar terminations in layers II and III of area 17 occur in segregated patches as do the geniculate terminations in layers IVC and IVA. On the other hand the pulvinar terminations in layer I which overlie those in layers II and III of area 17 appeared to be continuous. Control studies show that the remainder of the lateral pulvinar overlying PL alpha does not project to striate cortex. It is concluded that there are 3 visuotopically organized inputs from the lateral thalamus to primary visual cortex and that each of these inputs have different layers of termination. The inputs from PI and DLG can convey direct retinal inputs while those from PI and PL alpha can also be involved in intrinsic cortico-thalamocortical connection with prestriate cortex. It remains, then that it cannot be tacitly assumed that the ascending inputs which influence the response properties of the primary cortical neurons arise solely from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. It is also argued that these inputs to the supragranular layers may be excitatory as those from the DLG to the IVth layer.", "contents": "A comparison of the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (area 17) in the macaque monkey. Both anterograde and retrograde transport tracing methods were used to study the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG), the inferior pulvinar and subdivisions of the lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (striate cortex or area 17). The DLG projects only to striate cortex. These projections are retinotopically organized, and do not extend to any cortical layers above layer IVA. In contrast the inferior pulvinar (PI) and the immediately adjacent portion of the lateral pulvinar (PL alpha 48) project to both striate and prestriate cortex. The projections from these two thalamic areas to the striate cortex are also retinotopically organized and exist in parallel with those from the DLG. In contrast to the DLG, the projections from PI and PL alpha terminate above layer IVA in striate cortex, i.e. layers I, II and III. In prestriate cortex the layers of termination include layers IV, III and I. The pulvinar terminations in layers II and III of area 17 occur in segregated patches as do the geniculate terminations in layers IVC and IVA. On the other hand the pulvinar terminations in layer I which overlie those in layers II and III of area 17 appeared to be continuous. Control studies show that the remainder of the lateral pulvinar overlying PL alpha does not project to striate cortex. It is concluded that there are 3 visuotopically organized inputs from the lateral thalamus to primary visual cortex and that each of these inputs have different layers of termination. The inputs from PI and DLG can convey direct retinal inputs while those from PI and PL alpha can also be involved in intrinsic cortico-thalamocortical connection with prestriate cortex. It remains, then that it cannot be tacitly assumed that the ascending inputs which influence the response properties of the primary cortical neurons arise solely from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. It is also argued that these inputs to the supragranular layers may be excitatory as those from the DLG to the IVth layer.", "PMID": 88245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11003", "title": "Specific uptake and retrograde flow of antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by central nervous system noradrenergic neurons in vivo.", "content": "This study sought to determine whether the administration in vivo of antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (AD beta H) is taken up by central noradrenergic neurons and transported by retrograde flow to the cell bodies of origin. AD beta H serum or preimmune serum (control) in volumes of 1--20 microliter were stereotaxically injected into the lateral ventricle. Rats were sacrificed at times ranging from 1 h to 8 days. Cryostat sections were stained with fluorescein conjugated IgG. After 24 h, a bilateral granular fluorescence was seen only in neuronal cell bodies corresponding to noradrenergic cell groups A1--A7 with the most intense fluorescence localized within perikarya and processes of the locus coeruleus (A6) and subcoeruleus. This technique also permitted the visualization of the ascending dorsal and ventral noradrenergic bundles as well as varicose fibers and terminals in a pattern identical to that reported with histofluorescence, autoradiographic, biochemical and classical immunofluorescence techniques for the identification of noradrenergic fiber distributions. At 3 and 6 h, the first detectable fluorescence was observed in forebrain noradrenergic terminals and in fibers of the dorsal and ventral noradrenergic bundles. At 10 h fluorescent varicosities were first visualized within the caudal dorsal bundle and some cytoplasmic fluorescent particles were seen within locus coeruleus cell bodies. After 18 h locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus cell bodies were heavily stained, whereas medullary noradrenergic cell groups and nerve fibers were not labeled until after 24 h. An intense locus coeruleus fluorescence remained for 3 days and was completely absent after 6 days. Bilateral transection of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in the rostral mesencephalon, at the time of injection, effectively blocked the retrograde transport of fluorescing material to the locus coeruleus. The overall staining pattern suggests that, in vivo, central noradrenergic fibers are capable of taking up antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The ability of a dorsal bundle transection to abolish locus coeruleus staining, as well as the time course of AD beta H staining in noradrenergic neurons, suggests that AD beta H is transported via a rapid retrograde flow process. This technique combines retrograde transport of a marker protein with the sensitivity and specificity of immunocytochemical procedures to provide a new tool for the neuroanatomical study of neurotransmitter systems.", "contents": "Specific uptake and retrograde flow of antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by central nervous system noradrenergic neurons in vivo. This study sought to determine whether the administration in vivo of antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (AD beta H) is taken up by central noradrenergic neurons and transported by retrograde flow to the cell bodies of origin. AD beta H serum or preimmune serum (control) in volumes of 1--20 microliter were stereotaxically injected into the lateral ventricle. Rats were sacrificed at times ranging from 1 h to 8 days. Cryostat sections were stained with fluorescein conjugated IgG. After 24 h, a bilateral granular fluorescence was seen only in neuronal cell bodies corresponding to noradrenergic cell groups A1--A7 with the most intense fluorescence localized within perikarya and processes of the locus coeruleus (A6) and subcoeruleus. This technique also permitted the visualization of the ascending dorsal and ventral noradrenergic bundles as well as varicose fibers and terminals in a pattern identical to that reported with histofluorescence, autoradiographic, biochemical and classical immunofluorescence techniques for the identification of noradrenergic fiber distributions. At 3 and 6 h, the first detectable fluorescence was observed in forebrain noradrenergic terminals and in fibers of the dorsal and ventral noradrenergic bundles. At 10 h fluorescent varicosities were first visualized within the caudal dorsal bundle and some cytoplasmic fluorescent particles were seen within locus coeruleus cell bodies. After 18 h locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus cell bodies were heavily stained, whereas medullary noradrenergic cell groups and nerve fibers were not labeled until after 24 h. An intense locus coeruleus fluorescence remained for 3 days and was completely absent after 6 days. Bilateral transection of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in the rostral mesencephalon, at the time of injection, effectively blocked the retrograde transport of fluorescing material to the locus coeruleus. The overall staining pattern suggests that, in vivo, central noradrenergic fibers are capable of taking up antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The ability of a dorsal bundle transection to abolish locus coeruleus staining, as well as the time course of AD beta H staining in noradrenergic neurons, suggests that AD beta H is transported via a rapid retrograde flow process. This technique combines retrograde transport of a marker protein with the sensitivity and specificity of immunocytochemical procedures to provide a new tool for the neuroanatomical study of neurotransmitter systems.", "PMID": 88246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11004", "title": "Nerve terminal proteins of the rabbit visual relay nuclei identified by axonal transport and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The proteins in nerve terminals can be uniquely identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled during synthesis in the cell body and then transported intra-axonally to the terminals. We have explored the potential of the identification procedure by comparing the proteins which are transported from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus (SC) of the rabbit. We have been able to identify between 150 and 200 proteins which ate common to both LGN and SC nerve terminals, very few of which are present at significantly different concentrations in one nucleus relative to the other. The similarity between proteins sent from the retina along two neural pathways subserving different functions illustrates the subtlety of biochemical changes that must underlie physiological differences. Only a small fraction of the labeled proteins are major proteins of the relay nuclei as judged by Coomassie-staining, and some of these arise from in situ nonspecific labeling with blood-borne radioactivity, rather than by transport to the terminals. We have shown that about 5 times more proteins are transported at fast than at intermediate transport rates. More than 50% of the fast proteins turn over rapidly and are gone in 24 h. Few intermediate proteins turn over rapidly. Since only 6% of the proteins in the relay nuclei (at 36 h) could not be detected in the optic tract at that time, transsynaptic labeling by breakdown and resynthesis must be small, if it occurs at all.", "contents": "Nerve terminal proteins of the rabbit visual relay nuclei identified by axonal transport and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The proteins in nerve terminals can be uniquely identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled during synthesis in the cell body and then transported intra-axonally to the terminals. We have explored the potential of the identification procedure by comparing the proteins which are transported from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus (SC) of the rabbit. We have been able to identify between 150 and 200 proteins which ate common to both LGN and SC nerve terminals, very few of which are present at significantly different concentrations in one nucleus relative to the other. The similarity between proteins sent from the retina along two neural pathways subserving different functions illustrates the subtlety of biochemical changes that must underlie physiological differences. Only a small fraction of the labeled proteins are major proteins of the relay nuclei as judged by Coomassie-staining, and some of these arise from in situ nonspecific labeling with blood-borne radioactivity, rather than by transport to the terminals. We have shown that about 5 times more proteins are transported at fast than at intermediate transport rates. More than 50% of the fast proteins turn over rapidly and are gone in 24 h. Few intermediate proteins turn over rapidly. Since only 6% of the proteins in the relay nuclei (at 36 h) could not be detected in the optic tract at that time, transsynaptic labeling by breakdown and resynthesis must be small, if it occurs at all.", "PMID": 88248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11005", "title": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma: the rationale for preoperative chemotherapy and delayed surgery.", "content": "From 1973--1975, 31 patients with biopsied primary osteogenic sarcoma were treated with preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgical ablation of the primary tumor. Surgery was delayed in order to obtain a custom-fitted prosthetic bone implant in an attempt to avoid amputation. Preoperative chemotherapy included high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR) and adriamycin (T-5 protocol) and was administered for 3 months preoperatively and continued with the inclusion of cyclophosphamide for approximately 5 months postoperatively. At a follow-up period of 30--52 months, 23 of 31 patients (75%) are surviving (21 of 23 with no evidence of disease). Histologic examination of primary tumor removed at surgery revealed varying degrees of tumor destruction (from very little effect to no evidence of viable tumor) attributable to the effect of chemotherapy. The 21 patients that are disease-free survivors had a more complete effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the primary tumor. Some patients achieving favorable effects upon the primary tumor did so only after the dose of HDMTX was escalated to greater than the starting dose of 8 g/m2. Preoperative chemotherapy for all patients with osteogenic sarcoma would seem to offer the following advantages: 1) Evaluation of the effect of HDMTX with CFR on the primary tumor with escalation of the dose of HDMTX until a clinical response is observed, thus defining the dose of HDMTX effective in that patient, to be continued postoperatively as adjuvant therapy; 2) The early use of systemic therapy to eradicate distant microfoci of disease that will eventually kill the patient if not adequately treated by effective chemotherapy; 3) Allow more time for postoperative healing without the need to start adjuvant chemotherapy immediately; and 4) Provide the surgeon time to plan resection surgery. To date, 20 additional patients with biopsy proven osteogenic sarcoma have been treated with more aggressive preoperative chemotherapy (T-7) for approximately 2 1/2 months prior to definitive surgery (resection or amputation). Doses of HDMTX were escalated where necessary and good clinical responses were obtained in 19 of 20 patients. In the majority of patients, no evidence of viable tumor was found on histologic examination of the surgically removed primary tumor. All 20 patients are surviving free of active disease at this brief follow-up period of 4--20 months.", "contents": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma: the rationale for preoperative chemotherapy and delayed surgery. From 1973--1975, 31 patients with biopsied primary osteogenic sarcoma were treated with preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgical ablation of the primary tumor. Surgery was delayed in order to obtain a custom-fitted prosthetic bone implant in an attempt to avoid amputation. Preoperative chemotherapy included high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR) and adriamycin (T-5 protocol) and was administered for 3 months preoperatively and continued with the inclusion of cyclophosphamide for approximately 5 months postoperatively. At a follow-up period of 30--52 months, 23 of 31 patients (75%) are surviving (21 of 23 with no evidence of disease). Histologic examination of primary tumor removed at surgery revealed varying degrees of tumor destruction (from very little effect to no evidence of viable tumor) attributable to the effect of chemotherapy. The 21 patients that are disease-free survivors had a more complete effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the primary tumor. Some patients achieving favorable effects upon the primary tumor did so only after the dose of HDMTX was escalated to greater than the starting dose of 8 g/m2. Preoperative chemotherapy for all patients with osteogenic sarcoma would seem to offer the following advantages: 1) Evaluation of the effect of HDMTX with CFR on the primary tumor with escalation of the dose of HDMTX until a clinical response is observed, thus defining the dose of HDMTX effective in that patient, to be continued postoperatively as adjuvant therapy; 2) The early use of systemic therapy to eradicate distant microfoci of disease that will eventually kill the patient if not adequately treated by effective chemotherapy; 3) Allow more time for postoperative healing without the need to start adjuvant chemotherapy immediately; and 4) Provide the surgeon time to plan resection surgery. To date, 20 additional patients with biopsy proven osteogenic sarcoma have been treated with more aggressive preoperative chemotherapy (T-7) for approximately 2 1/2 months prior to definitive surgery (resection or amputation). Doses of HDMTX were escalated where necessary and good clinical responses were obtained in 19 of 20 patients. In the majority of patients, no evidence of viable tumor was found on histologic examination of the surgically removed primary tumor. All 20 patients are surviving free of active disease at this brief follow-up period of 4--20 months.", "PMID": 88251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11006", "title": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: pretreatment assessment, correlation of radiation treatment parameters with survival, and identification and management of radiation treatment failure.", "content": "Between January 1969 and February 1975, 344 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus were managed primarily at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto. One hundred sixty-eight (168) of the patients were treated palliatively and 176 of the patients were treated by radical doses of radiation, surgical resection or both. Survival of the radical treatment group was biphasic, the steeper component being identical to the survival of the palliative treatment group, thereby representing a group of patients that did not respond to radical treatment. Analysis of pretreatment assessment parameters indicated that all patients with T1 lesions (length less than or equal to 5 cm, circumference incomplete) and all patients with Stage I disease responded to treatment. Patients who were female, age greater than or equal to 70 years, N0 or had well differentiated squamous cell histology, responded to treatment in at least 80% of cases. No patient with extralymphatic distant metastases responded to treatment. The presence of other major disease did not affect response to treatment. Thirty patients had surgical resections and their survival was not significantly greater than the 146 patients who had radical radiation alone. Survival analysis revealed an optimum range of nominal standard dose (NSD) of 1602--1714 rets (median 1679 rets) for patients treated by radiation alone. An optimum port size (area) of 100--140 cm2 was observed for patients receiving 5000 rads and supervoltage irradiation gave a significantly improved survival in comparison with megavoltage irradiation. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of patients treated by radical doses or radiation developed esophageal strictures postradiation and on the basis of radiological, endoscopic or histological evidence 75% of these strictures were considered to be associated with the persistence of malignancy. On the basis of postmortem examinations (32) and death certificates there was overall an 80% failure to control the disease locally and 95% of strictures were associated with persistence of malignancy in the esophagus. Thirty-one of the 146 patients receiving radical radiation alone had palliation for esophageal obstruction following radiotherapy. The construction of a physiological bypass (e.g., colon) resulted in a mean survival of 215 days which was much longer than the survival observed with rigid esophageal tubes (35 days) or gastrostomy tubes (58 days).", "contents": "Carcinoma of the esophagus: pretreatment assessment, correlation of radiation treatment parameters with survival, and identification and management of radiation treatment failure. Between January 1969 and February 1975, 344 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus were managed primarily at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto. One hundred sixty-eight (168) of the patients were treated palliatively and 176 of the patients were treated by radical doses of radiation, surgical resection or both. Survival of the radical treatment group was biphasic, the steeper component being identical to the survival of the palliative treatment group, thereby representing a group of patients that did not respond to radical treatment. Analysis of pretreatment assessment parameters indicated that all patients with T1 lesions (length less than or equal to 5 cm, circumference incomplete) and all patients with Stage I disease responded to treatment. Patients who were female, age greater than or equal to 70 years, N0 or had well differentiated squamous cell histology, responded to treatment in at least 80% of cases. No patient with extralymphatic distant metastases responded to treatment. The presence of other major disease did not affect response to treatment. Thirty patients had surgical resections and their survival was not significantly greater than the 146 patients who had radical radiation alone. Survival analysis revealed an optimum range of nominal standard dose (NSD) of 1602--1714 rets (median 1679 rets) for patients treated by radiation alone. An optimum port size (area) of 100--140 cm2 was observed for patients receiving 5000 rads and supervoltage irradiation gave a significantly improved survival in comparison with megavoltage irradiation. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of patients treated by radical doses or radiation developed esophageal strictures postradiation and on the basis of radiological, endoscopic or histological evidence 75% of these strictures were considered to be associated with the persistence of malignancy. On the basis of postmortem examinations (32) and death certificates there was overall an 80% failure to control the disease locally and 95% of strictures were associated with persistence of malignancy in the esophagus. Thirty-one of the 146 patients receiving radical radiation alone had palliation for esophageal obstruction following radiotherapy. The construction of a physiological bypass (e.g., colon) resulted in a mean survival of 215 days which was much longer than the survival observed with rigid esophageal tubes (35 days) or gastrostomy tubes (58 days).", "PMID": 88252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11007", "title": "Occurrence of a thermostable antigen of ovarian carcinoma in normal tissues and secretions.", "content": "Thermostable antigen (TA) occurs in ovarian carcinoma and in certain specialized tissues. High titers of TA were found in nineteen of twenty endocervical extracts but not in myometrium, endometrium, or exocervix. TA was present in all of sixteen cervical mucus samples. Antibodies to perchloric acid extract of bronchus showed cross-reaticity with TA from ovarian carcinoma and cervix. Immunofluorescence with frozen sections revealed TA to be present in the columnar epithelium of ovarian neoplasms, and endocervical glands, in bronchial seromucous glands and in hepatic bile canaliculi. Immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion were used to test for cancer patient antibodies against TA. All sera tested negative. An immunofluorescence inhibition test for circulating TA also tested negative in sera of ovarian and cervical cancer patients.", "contents": "Occurrence of a thermostable antigen of ovarian carcinoma in normal tissues and secretions. Thermostable antigen (TA) occurs in ovarian carcinoma and in certain specialized tissues. High titers of TA were found in nineteen of twenty endocervical extracts but not in myometrium, endometrium, or exocervix. TA was present in all of sixteen cervical mucus samples. Antibodies to perchloric acid extract of bronchus showed cross-reaticity with TA from ovarian carcinoma and cervix. Immunofluorescence with frozen sections revealed TA to be present in the columnar epithelium of ovarian neoplasms, and endocervical glands, in bronchial seromucous glands and in hepatic bile canaliculi. Immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion were used to test for cancer patient antibodies against TA. All sera tested negative. An immunofluorescence inhibition test for circulating TA also tested negative in sera of ovarian and cervical cancer patients.", "PMID": 88253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11008", "title": "Induction chemotherapy in advanced squamous head and neck carcinoma with high-dose cis-platinum and bleomycin infusion.", "content": "Forty patients with advanced head and neck cancer were treated with combined Cis-platinum-Bleomycin chemotherapy. Cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (DDP) 120 mg/m2 iv was given after prehydration, with mannitol diuresis on Day 1. On Day 3, an initial loading dose of Bleomycin 15 mg/m2 was given by rapid iv push followed by continuous 24 hour intravenous infusion of Bleomycin 15 mg/m2 Day 3 through Day 10. DDP 120 mg/m2 iv was administered again on Day 22. The patients were evaluated for tumor response and resectability between Day 29 to Day 35. Of 39 patients who were evaluable, there were 8 complete responses or CR (20%) and 22 partial responses or PR (56%), for a major response rate of 76%. Nineteen patients had surgery (14 patients whose lesions were initially inoperable and 5 patients who were initially operable). Chemotherapy toxicity in 40 patients included alopecia (40), vomiting (39), mucositis (11), skin rash (10), fever (17), weight loss of more than 5 lbs. (25), WBC less than 3,000 (2), platelets less than 100,000 (1), peak serum creatinine of 2 mg% (3), severe-hearing loss (1), hypersensitivity reaction (2). Surgical complication in 19 patients were pharyngocutaneous fistulae (2), wound dehiscence (1), meningitis and brain abscess (1). There was one death secondary to nephrotoxicity. This particular combination chemotherapy when given as initial treatment, appears very effective in reduction of tumor bulk. Long-term follow-up and randomization is necessary to determine effect upon survival.", "contents": "Induction chemotherapy in advanced squamous head and neck carcinoma with high-dose cis-platinum and bleomycin infusion. Forty patients with advanced head and neck cancer were treated with combined Cis-platinum-Bleomycin chemotherapy. Cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (DDP) 120 mg/m2 iv was given after prehydration, with mannitol diuresis on Day 1. On Day 3, an initial loading dose of Bleomycin 15 mg/m2 was given by rapid iv push followed by continuous 24 hour intravenous infusion of Bleomycin 15 mg/m2 Day 3 through Day 10. DDP 120 mg/m2 iv was administered again on Day 22. The patients were evaluated for tumor response and resectability between Day 29 to Day 35. Of 39 patients who were evaluable, there were 8 complete responses or CR (20%) and 22 partial responses or PR (56%), for a major response rate of 76%. Nineteen patients had surgery (14 patients whose lesions were initially inoperable and 5 patients who were initially operable). Chemotherapy toxicity in 40 patients included alopecia (40), vomiting (39), mucositis (11), skin rash (10), fever (17), weight loss of more than 5 lbs. (25), WBC less than 3,000 (2), platelets less than 100,000 (1), peak serum creatinine of 2 mg% (3), severe-hearing loss (1), hypersensitivity reaction (2). Surgical complication in 19 patients were pharyngocutaneous fistulae (2), wound dehiscence (1), meningitis and brain abscess (1). There was one death secondary to nephrotoxicity. This particular combination chemotherapy when given as initial treatment, appears very effective in reduction of tumor bulk. Long-term follow-up and randomization is necessary to determine effect upon survival.", "PMID": 88255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11009", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced head and neck cancer with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in an effective outpatient schedule.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck, twenty-six of whom had failed prior irradiation, were treated with an out-patient chemotherapy regimen combining methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). The overall response rate among evaluable patients was 61%, with 22.5% complete remission. If 6 additional patients not completing 3 weeks of treatment are included, the response rate was 51.4%. The median duration of partial remission was 3 months, but none of the complete remitters has relapsed with a follow-up of two to twenty months (median six). Response rate was not dependent on performance status, prior irradiation, or primary site. Toxicity was mild. The remission rate and duration suggest that this regimen may be superior to single agents, and as effective as more complicated and toxic regimens using higher doses of the same drugs.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced head and neck cancer with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II in an effective outpatient schedule. Thirty-one patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck, twenty-six of whom had failed prior irradiation, were treated with an out-patient chemotherapy regimen combining methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). The overall response rate among evaluable patients was 61%, with 22.5% complete remission. If 6 additional patients not completing 3 weeks of treatment are included, the response rate was 51.4%. The median duration of partial remission was 3 months, but none of the complete remitters has relapsed with a follow-up of two to twenty months (median six). Response rate was not dependent on performance status, prior irradiation, or primary site. Toxicity was mild. The remission rate and duration suggest that this regimen may be superior to single agents, and as effective as more complicated and toxic regimens using higher doses of the same drugs.", "PMID": 88256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11010", "title": "Evidence for antigenic distinctness of the Epstein--Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen and the Herpesvirus papio-determined nuclear antigen.", "content": "Previous serological evidence indicated that Epstein--Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) has cross reactive components with the herpesvirus papio-determined nuclear antigen (HUPNA) and, in addition, it has distinct components of its own, not present in HUPNA. In the present study, this hypothesis was studied by absorption experiments. Absorption of anti-EBNA positive human sera with EBNA abolished both anti-EBNA and anti-HUPNA reactivity. Absorption with HUPNA removed all anti-HUPNA reactivity but did not reduce anti-EBNA to any detectable degree, thus confirming the hypothesis.", "contents": "Evidence for antigenic distinctness of the Epstein--Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen and the Herpesvirus papio-determined nuclear antigen. Previous serological evidence indicated that Epstein--Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) has cross reactive components with the herpesvirus papio-determined nuclear antigen (HUPNA) and, in addition, it has distinct components of its own, not present in HUPNA. In the present study, this hypothesis was studied by absorption experiments. Absorption of anti-EBNA positive human sera with EBNA abolished both anti-EBNA and anti-HUPNA reactivity. Absorption with HUPNA removed all anti-HUPNA reactivity but did not reduce anti-EBNA to any detectable degree, thus confirming the hypothesis.", "PMID": 88257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11011", "title": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on neutrophil function in cancer patients.", "content": "The effect of adjuvant and palliative combination chemotherapy (Vincristine, MeCCNU, 5-Fluorouracil) on neutrophil function was studied in 18 patients prior to and during the anticancer treatment. Neutrophil responsiveness was assessed by leukocyte chemotaxis and chemiluminescence. No impairment could be observed in the circulating phagocyte function in either of the 2 groups before or in connection with short or long-term treatment.", "contents": "The effect of combination chemotherapy on neutrophil function in cancer patients. The effect of adjuvant and palliative combination chemotherapy (Vincristine, MeCCNU, 5-Fluorouracil) on neutrophil function was studied in 18 patients prior to and during the anticancer treatment. Neutrophil responsiveness was assessed by leukocyte chemotaxis and chemiluminescence. No impairment could be observed in the circulating phagocyte function in either of the 2 groups before or in connection with short or long-term treatment.", "PMID": 88258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11012", "title": "Influence of various 2- and 2'-substituted polyadenylic acids on murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase.", "content": "Several newly synthesized polyadenylic acid [(A)n] analogues, including poly(2-methyladenylic acid) [(m2A)n], poly(2-ethyladenylic acid) [(e2A)n], poly(2-isopropyladenylic acid) [(i-pro2A)n], poly(2-methylthioadenylic acid) [(ms2A)n], poly(2-ethylthioadenylic acid) [(e2A)n], poly(2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) [(dAfl)n] and poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) [(dAz)n] have been evaluated for their effects on the RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of Moloney murine leukemia virus; (m2A)n and (e2A)n did not markedly affect reverse transcriptase activity, (dAfl)n served as an efficient template for the reverse transcriptase reaction, and (i-pro2A)n, (ms2A)n, (es2A)n and (dAz)n strongly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity. (dAfl)n also served as an efficient template (Km : 0.025 micron) for the reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "contents": "Influence of various 2- and 2'-substituted polyadenylic acids on murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. Several newly synthesized polyadenylic acid [(A)n] analogues, including poly(2-methyladenylic acid) [(m2A)n], poly(2-ethyladenylic acid) [(e2A)n], poly(2-isopropyladenylic acid) [(i-pro2A)n], poly(2-methylthioadenylic acid) [(ms2A)n], poly(2-ethylthioadenylic acid) [(e2A)n], poly(2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) [(dAfl)n] and poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyadenylic acid) [(dAz)n] have been evaluated for their effects on the RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) activity of Moloney murine leukemia virus; (m2A)n and (e2A)n did not markedly affect reverse transcriptase activity, (dAfl)n served as an efficient template for the reverse transcriptase reaction, and (i-pro2A)n, (ms2A)n, (es2A)n and (dAz)n strongly inhibited reverse transcriptase activity. (dAfl)n also served as an efficient template (Km : 0.025 micron) for the reverse transcriptase of avian myeloblastosis virus.", "PMID": 88259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11013", "title": "Induction of a plasmodial stage of Physarum without plasmalemma invaginations.", "content": "Experimentally generated protoplasmic drops of Physarum show time-dependent differentiation processes, i.e. regeneration of plasmalemma, actomyosin fibrillogenesis and regeneration of the plasmalemma invagination system. According to Hatano (1970), caffeine treatment of drops results in a pinching off process of small translucent droplets in which specific effects of Ca++ on protoplasmic streaming phenomena were demonstrated. The light and electron microscopic investigation of the original drop reveal that the time-dependent differentiation processes, e.g. actomyosin fibrillogenesis, are not inhibited by caffeine. However, caffeine hinders the regeneration of the plasmalemma invaginations in the original drop (up to a drop age of 30--40 min). The experimental advantage of this stage of Physarum with full vitality, but without plasmalemma invaginations is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of a plasmodial stage of Physarum without plasmalemma invaginations. Experimentally generated protoplasmic drops of Physarum show time-dependent differentiation processes, i.e. regeneration of plasmalemma, actomyosin fibrillogenesis and regeneration of the plasmalemma invagination system. According to Hatano (1970), caffeine treatment of drops results in a pinching off process of small translucent droplets in which specific effects of Ca++ on protoplasmic streaming phenomena were demonstrated. The light and electron microscopic investigation of the original drop reveal that the time-dependent differentiation processes, e.g. actomyosin fibrillogenesis, are not inhibited by caffeine. However, caffeine hinders the regeneration of the plasmalemma invaginations in the original drop (up to a drop age of 30--40 min). The experimental advantage of this stage of Physarum with full vitality, but without plasmalemma invaginations is discussed.", "PMID": 88262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11014", "title": "Properties of a basement membrane-related glycoprotein synthesized in culture by a mouse embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line.", "content": "Two glycoproteins, GP-1 and GP-2, have been isolated from an extracellular membrane synthesized in cell culture by an embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. Both proteins are rich in half-cystine residues and contain approximately 12-15% carbohydrate. Antibodies have been obtained against one of the glycoproteins, GP-2, in rabbits. The antibody reacts with basement membranes from adult mouse and human kidney glomeruli and tubules, and all basement membranes tested from mouse embryonic tissues. The molecular properties of GP-2 are superficially similar to LETS protein; however, immunological and other criteria show that they are distinct proteins. The presence of LETS protein and GP-2 in basement membranes suggests that there are subtle interactions which are important in adhesion of epithelial cells to basement membranes.", "contents": "Properties of a basement membrane-related glycoprotein synthesized in culture by a mouse embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line. Two glycoproteins, GP-1 and GP-2, have been isolated from an extracellular membrane synthesized in cell culture by an embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. Both proteins are rich in half-cystine residues and contain approximately 12-15% carbohydrate. Antibodies have been obtained against one of the glycoproteins, GP-2, in rabbits. The antibody reacts with basement membranes from adult mouse and human kidney glomeruli and tubules, and all basement membranes tested from mouse embryonic tissues. The molecular properties of GP-2 are superficially similar to LETS protein; however, immunological and other criteria show that they are distinct proteins. The presence of LETS protein and GP-2 in basement membranes suggests that there are subtle interactions which are important in adhesion of epithelial cells to basement membranes.", "PMID": 88263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11015", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a 9 kbp terminally redundant DNA carrying the infectivity of Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Detergent-disrupted virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus synthesize a 9 kbp double-stranded infectious DNA. It contains mainly full-length, single-stranded DNA, and its infectivity and size are insensitive to digestion by the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. Analysis of fragmentation of the DNA using restriction endonucleases has shown that it is indistinguishable from the linear double-stranded DNA synthesized in infected cells. On the basis of the positions of the cleavage sites for a number of enzymes, the 9 kbp DNA has a 575 base direct terminal repetition. It is longer than the viral RNA at both ends, evidently due to repetitive copying of segments of the RNA. Virions also synthesize an 8.4 kbp double-stranded circular DNA that lacks one copy of the terminal repetition, as well as viral DNA longer than 9 kbp. The enzymatic machinery in the virions of retroviruses therefore appears to be responsible for all the steps involved in making fully double-stranded linear and one form of circular DNA.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a 9 kbp terminally redundant DNA carrying the infectivity of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Detergent-disrupted virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus synthesize a 9 kbp double-stranded infectious DNA. It contains mainly full-length, single-stranded DNA, and its infectivity and size are insensitive to digestion by the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. Analysis of fragmentation of the DNA using restriction endonucleases has shown that it is indistinguishable from the linear double-stranded DNA synthesized in infected cells. On the basis of the positions of the cleavage sites for a number of enzymes, the 9 kbp DNA has a 575 base direct terminal repetition. It is longer than the viral RNA at both ends, evidently due to repetitive copying of segments of the RNA. Virions also synthesize an 8.4 kbp double-stranded circular DNA that lacks one copy of the terminal repetition, as well as viral DNA longer than 9 kbp. The enzymatic machinery in the virions of retroviruses therefore appears to be responsible for all the steps involved in making fully double-stranded linear and one form of circular DNA.", "PMID": 88264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11016", "title": "Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific proteins and phosphoproteins.", "content": "We have examined the proteins secreted into the growth medium by normal and transformed cells. Transformed cell lines from several mammalian species all secrete proteins in the 58,000 dalton molecular weight range. These proteins are all immunologically related and are secreted at low levels or not at all by the parental normal cell lines. Secretion of the 58K proteins occurs with either DNA or RNA virus transformation and with spontaneous transformation. The transformed cells also secrete phosphoproteins in the same size range, but these are immunologically distinct from the 58K proteins mentioned above. The sizes of the phosphoproteins are species-specific and unrelated to the transforming virus. Incubation of conditioned media from transformed cell cultures with gamma-32P-ATP labels phosphoproteins of the same sizes, indicating the presence in the media of both protein kinase and substrate. All three properties (58K protein, phosphoprotein, in vitro phosphorylation) are closely correlated with transformation in cells transformed by temperature-sensitive viruses. The biological implications of these results remain unknown, but the results may be relevant to recent data on the (phospho)proteins and protein kinase encoded by RNA tumor viruses and the molecular basis of the transformed phenotype.", "contents": "Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific proteins and phosphoproteins. We have examined the proteins secreted into the growth medium by normal and transformed cells. Transformed cell lines from several mammalian species all secrete proteins in the 58,000 dalton molecular weight range. These proteins are all immunologically related and are secreted at low levels or not at all by the parental normal cell lines. Secretion of the 58K proteins occurs with either DNA or RNA virus transformation and with spontaneous transformation. The transformed cells also secrete phosphoproteins in the same size range, but these are immunologically distinct from the 58K proteins mentioned above. The sizes of the phosphoproteins are species-specific and unrelated to the transforming virus. Incubation of conditioned media from transformed cell cultures with gamma-32P-ATP labels phosphoproteins of the same sizes, indicating the presence in the media of both protein kinase and substrate. All three properties (58K protein, phosphoprotein, in vitro phosphorylation) are closely correlated with transformation in cells transformed by temperature-sensitive viruses. The biological implications of these results remain unknown, but the results may be relevant to recent data on the (phospho)proteins and protein kinase encoded by RNA tumor viruses and the molecular basis of the transformed phenotype.", "PMID": 88265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11017", "title": "Evidence for a gonad-specific receptor for H-Y antigen: binding of exogenous H-Y antigen to gonadal cells is independent of beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "This report addresses the question whether two different types of binding exist for the reaction of H-Y antigen with the cell surface. Anti-H-Y antiserum in the presence of complement was cytotoxic only for gonadal cells expressing their own H-Y antigen, but not to ovarian cells loaded with H-Y antigen. H-Y antigen was co-redistributed with beta 2--microglobulin on newborn testicular cells, but some residual H-Y activity was found on similarly treated testis cells from 15 day old rats. After beta 2--microglobulin redistribution, testis cells maintained their binding capacity for exogenous H-Y antigen prepared from epididymal fluid or Daudi cell culture supernatants. This result suggests that exogenous H-Y antigen is bound via a gonad-specific receptor which is independent of beta 2--microglobulin and that this type of binding for H-Y antigen is different from the beta 2--m-associated expression of H-Y antigen on the cell surface.", "contents": "Evidence for a gonad-specific receptor for H-Y antigen: binding of exogenous H-Y antigen to gonadal cells is independent of beta 2-microglobulin. This report addresses the question whether two different types of binding exist for the reaction of H-Y antigen with the cell surface. Anti-H-Y antiserum in the presence of complement was cytotoxic only for gonadal cells expressing their own H-Y antigen, but not to ovarian cells loaded with H-Y antigen. H-Y antigen was co-redistributed with beta 2--microglobulin on newborn testicular cells, but some residual H-Y activity was found on similarly treated testis cells from 15 day old rats. After beta 2--microglobulin redistribution, testis cells maintained their binding capacity for exogenous H-Y antigen prepared from epididymal fluid or Daudi cell culture supernatants. This result suggests that exogenous H-Y antigen is bound via a gonad-specific receptor which is independent of beta 2--microglobulin and that this type of binding for H-Y antigen is different from the beta 2--m-associated expression of H-Y antigen on the cell surface.", "PMID": 88266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11018", "title": "Multiple genes coding for the androgen-regulated major urinary proteins of the mouse.", "content": "We have purified a cDNA fragment complementary to the mRNA coding for one of the major urinary proteins (MUPs) synthesized in the mouse liver. Using this cDNA as a hybridization probe, we have shown that the level of MUP mRNA is lower in the livers of females and castrated males than in those of males. The addition of testosterone to females and castrated males results in an increase in the concentration of the mRNA to levels found in males. There are approximately 15 gene per haploid genome coding for the MUPs; this allows a possible new interpretation of some of the genetic data concerning the regulation of levels of the different MUPs in the urine (Szoka and Paigen, 1978). Finally, we have shown that mouse MUP and rat alpha 2u-globulin mRNA share common sequences, but that there are surprising differences in gene number and regulation of the genes in these two closely related animals.", "contents": "Multiple genes coding for the androgen-regulated major urinary proteins of the mouse. We have purified a cDNA fragment complementary to the mRNA coding for one of the major urinary proteins (MUPs) synthesized in the mouse liver. Using this cDNA as a hybridization probe, we have shown that the level of MUP mRNA is lower in the livers of females and castrated males than in those of males. The addition of testosterone to females and castrated males results in an increase in the concentration of the mRNA to levels found in males. There are approximately 15 gene per haploid genome coding for the MUPs; this allows a possible new interpretation of some of the genetic data concerning the regulation of levels of the different MUPs in the urine (Szoka and Paigen, 1978). Finally, we have shown that mouse MUP and rat alpha 2u-globulin mRNA share common sequences, but that there are surprising differences in gene number and regulation of the genes in these two closely related animals.", "PMID": 88267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11019", "title": "Transitory increase in chromosomal DNA (Fleulgen) during floral differentiation in Rhoeo discolor.", "content": "Scanning cytophotometric measurements on 3200 telophase and 1700 interphase nuclei (Feulgen-stained) in vegetative and reproductive buds of Rhoeo discolor revealed a transitory increase in staining intensity in more than half of the cells in early differentiating floral buds. The differences between the vegetative and floral nuclei are significant at the 0.001 level of probability and highly reproducible, independent of the type of hydrolysis used. We suggest that the different Feulgen extinction values reflect different nuclear DNA amounts, because methodical errors can fairly be excluded. The occurrence of an extra DNA (control DNA) of the kind of the floral DNA' detected by Wardell and Skoog (1973) and Wardell (1976) in tobacco is discussed.", "contents": "Transitory increase in chromosomal DNA (Fleulgen) during floral differentiation in Rhoeo discolor. Scanning cytophotometric measurements on 3200 telophase and 1700 interphase nuclei (Feulgen-stained) in vegetative and reproductive buds of Rhoeo discolor revealed a transitory increase in staining intensity in more than half of the cells in early differentiating floral buds. The differences between the vegetative and floral nuclei are significant at the 0.001 level of probability and highly reproducible, independent of the type of hydrolysis used. We suggest that the different Feulgen extinction values reflect different nuclear DNA amounts, because methodical errors can fairly be excluded. The occurrence of an extra DNA (control DNA) of the kind of the floral DNA' detected by Wardell and Skoog (1973) and Wardell (1976) in tobacco is discussed.", "PMID": 88268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11020", "title": "[Possibilities for improvement in the histocytological comparison of tumor elements].", "content": "Pappenheim's staining is indispensable for comparisons between cytological and histological pictures in oncology. A well-stained tumour tissue section then offers advantages similar to that of smear cytological pictures without loss of syntopic relationships. For general pictures, however, haematoxylin-eosin taining offers most advantage.", "contents": "[Possibilities for improvement in the histocytological comparison of tumor elements]. Pappenheim's staining is indispensable for comparisons between cytological and histological pictures in oncology. A well-stained tumour tissue section then offers advantages similar to that of smear cytological pictures without loss of syntopic relationships. For general pictures, however, haematoxylin-eosin taining offers most advantage.", "PMID": 88275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11021", "title": "[Changes of various proteins in older blood stains].", "content": "26 unequally old groups of blood stains up to 180 days old were examined for the presence of albumin, Ig A, Ig G immunoglobulins, beta 1 C globulin and transferrin. To ensure different external conditions, each group was composed so as to contain blood stains of the same age but preserved under different conditions and on different types of underlying material. Albumin and Ig G immunoglobulin proved to be among the most stable ones. However, due to variations in the results the practical uses of this type of blood stain age estimation appear to be problematic.", "contents": "[Changes of various proteins in older blood stains]. 26 unequally old groups of blood stains up to 180 days old were examined for the presence of albumin, Ig A, Ig G immunoglobulins, beta 1 C globulin and transferrin. To ensure different external conditions, each group was composed so as to contain blood stains of the same age but preserved under different conditions and on different types of underlying material. Albumin and Ig G immunoglobulin proved to be among the most stable ones. However, due to variations in the results the practical uses of this type of blood stain age estimation appear to be problematic.", "PMID": 88276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11022", "title": "Induced synthesis of chromochelatin, the low molecular weight bismuth-binding protein in rat kidneys.", "content": "Bismuth administered subcutaneously to rats as BiCl3 is deposited in the kidneys, where it is bound to two classes of proteins: one of high molecular weight and a fraction of molecular weight approx. 7500 (chromochelatin). The latter fraction prevails on repeated exposure to bismuth. The bismuth-binding protein is heterogenous and using polyacrylamide gel may be divided into three fractions of which all contain bismuth and copper. In parallel with increasing concentration of chromochelatin due to bismuth administration, the incorporation of L-[35S]cysteine is elevated in all three fractions. The incorporation is augmented especially if repeated administration of bismuth is applied. Cycloheximide (CH) completely abolishes the inducing effect of bismuth on the incorporation of L-[35S]cysteine into chromochelatin both following single and repeated administration of bismuth. Actinomycin D (AcD) eliminates the incorporation only in the case of single dose of bismuth. The obtained results suggest that the elevation of chromochelatin levels in the kidney following administration of bismuth is due to the induction of the de novo protein synthesis.", "contents": "Induced synthesis of chromochelatin, the low molecular weight bismuth-binding protein in rat kidneys. Bismuth administered subcutaneously to rats as BiCl3 is deposited in the kidneys, where it is bound to two classes of proteins: one of high molecular weight and a fraction of molecular weight approx. 7500 (chromochelatin). The latter fraction prevails on repeated exposure to bismuth. The bismuth-binding protein is heterogenous and using polyacrylamide gel may be divided into three fractions of which all contain bismuth and copper. In parallel with increasing concentration of chromochelatin due to bismuth administration, the incorporation of L-[35S]cysteine is elevated in all three fractions. The incorporation is augmented especially if repeated administration of bismuth is applied. Cycloheximide (CH) completely abolishes the inducing effect of bismuth on the incorporation of L-[35S]cysteine into chromochelatin both following single and repeated administration of bismuth. Actinomycin D (AcD) eliminates the incorporation only in the case of single dose of bismuth. The obtained results suggest that the elevation of chromochelatin levels in the kidney following administration of bismuth is due to the induction of the de novo protein synthesis.", "PMID": 88277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11023", "title": "[Effect of human interferon on viral production in a cell line chronically infected by a type D retrovirus (Mason-Pfizer virus)].", "content": "Human interferon specifically inhibits the viral multiplication in a human cell line infected by a type D retrovirus, the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV). This inhibition is less important than for type C viruses.", "contents": "[Effect of human interferon on viral production in a cell line chronically infected by a type D retrovirus (Mason-Pfizer virus)]. Human interferon specifically inhibits the viral multiplication in a human cell line infected by a type D retrovirus, the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV). This inhibition is less important than for type C viruses.", "PMID": 88278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11024", "title": "[Impairment of rapid axonal transport and concomitant anomaly of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in acrylamide induced neuropathy].", "content": "The axonal transport of proteins was studied by radioautography in preganglionic axons of ciliary ganglia in Leghorn chickens treated by acrylamide. The slow axonal transport of proteins was hardly affected. In contrast, the fast axonal transport was severely impaired. Indeed, radioactive proteins accumulated focally at the periphery of several preterminal axons in regions showing a local disorganization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which seemed to be one of the earliest changes induced by acrylamide.", "contents": "[Impairment of rapid axonal transport and concomitant anomaly of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in acrylamide induced neuropathy]. The axonal transport of proteins was studied by radioautography in preganglionic axons of ciliary ganglia in Leghorn chickens treated by acrylamide. The slow axonal transport of proteins was hardly affected. In contrast, the fast axonal transport was severely impaired. Indeed, radioactive proteins accumulated focally at the periphery of several preterminal axons in regions showing a local disorganization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which seemed to be one of the earliest changes induced by acrylamide.", "PMID": 88279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11025", "title": "Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and imidazole carboxamide (ABVD) therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (MVPP).", "content": "Forty-one previously treated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen -- ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, velbe/vincristine, imidazole carboxamide). Complete remission was achieved in three patients (7%), partial remission in 23 (56%), and no response in 15 patients (37%). The median survival of the group was 12 months from the start of therapy. Survival correlated with response to treatment. No apparent benefit resulted from giving more than six courses of therapy (3 months' treatment time). There was no serious haematological toxicity in patients without bone marrow disease, and bleomycin and adriamycin toxicity was not apparent clinically or at autopsy in the dosages employed in the regime. Alopoecia was very frequent. The role for ABVD, other than as a primary induction regimen, appears to be in conjunction with other regimens in the induction of patients with adverse features at presentation or during induction; or in the salvage and palliation of patients who demonstrate a response but fail to achieve remission, either initially or at relapse, with MOPP (mustine, vincristine rpocarbazine, and prednisolone) or MVPP (mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone.", "contents": "Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and imidazole carboxamide (ABVD) therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease resistant to mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone (MVPP). Forty-one previously treated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen -- ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, velbe/vincristine, imidazole carboxamide). Complete remission was achieved in three patients (7%), partial remission in 23 (56%), and no response in 15 patients (37%). The median survival of the group was 12 months from the start of therapy. Survival correlated with response to treatment. No apparent benefit resulted from giving more than six courses of therapy (3 months' treatment time). There was no serious haematological toxicity in patients without bone marrow disease, and bleomycin and adriamycin toxicity was not apparent clinically or at autopsy in the dosages employed in the regime. Alopoecia was very frequent. The role for ABVD, other than as a primary induction regimen, appears to be in conjunction with other regimens in the induction of patients with adverse features at presentation or during induction; or in the salvage and palliation of patients who demonstrate a response but fail to achieve remission, either initially or at relapse, with MOPP (mustine, vincristine rpocarbazine, and prednisolone) or MVPP (mustine, vinblastine, procarbazine and prednisolone.", "PMID": 88280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11026", "title": "New micro-turbidimetric method for determination of protein in cerebrospinal fluid and urine.", "content": "We report a new micro-scale (0.1-mL sample) turbidimetric method for determination of protein by use of benzethonium chloride in alkali. The method is highly specific for protein, has a higher sensitivity than the classic method of Lowry et al., and shows satisfactory reproducibility and recovery. The turbidity produced in our method is the same for albumin and gamma-globulin and is more stable than in Meulemans' method (in which sulfosalicylic acid is used) or in the method of Bossak et al. (in which trichloracetic acid is used). In contrast to Pesce and Strande's method, there is no manipulative loss of protein.", "contents": "New micro-turbidimetric method for determination of protein in cerebrospinal fluid and urine. We report a new micro-scale (0.1-mL sample) turbidimetric method for determination of protein by use of benzethonium chloride in alkali. The method is highly specific for protein, has a higher sensitivity than the classic method of Lowry et al., and shows satisfactory reproducibility and recovery. The turbidity produced in our method is the same for albumin and gamma-globulin and is more stable than in Meulemans' method (in which sulfosalicylic acid is used) or in the method of Bossak et al. (in which trichloracetic acid is used). In contrast to Pesce and Strande's method, there is no manipulative loss of protein.", "PMID": 88281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11027", "title": "Hepatic function assessed (in rats) during chemotherapy with some anti-cancer drugs.", "content": "Using rats, we studied how best to assess hepatic damage after administering therapeutic doses of each of five anti-cancer drugs or of the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride. As indexes, we compared measurement of the concentration of administered antipyrine in plasma with measurement in serum of alpha-fetoprotein or of the activities of five enzymes that reportedly best reflect hepatic damage. The biological half-life of antipyrine in the plasma was increased more than threefold on pretreating the rats with any of the five cytotoxic drugs or with carbon tetrachloride. In contrast, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, or glutamate dehydrogenase were not consistently increased. Of the enzymes tested in serum, aspartate aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase best indicated hepatic impairment resulting from the treatment with anti-cancer drugs. Our results imply that determination of the pharmacokinetics of marker drugs such as antipyrine better indicates hepatic dysfunction induced by cytotoxic agents than does measurement of the enzymes liberated into serum as a result of damage to liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Hepatic function assessed (in rats) during chemotherapy with some anti-cancer drugs. Using rats, we studied how best to assess hepatic damage after administering therapeutic doses of each of five anti-cancer drugs or of the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride. As indexes, we compared measurement of the concentration of administered antipyrine in plasma with measurement in serum of alpha-fetoprotein or of the activities of five enzymes that reportedly best reflect hepatic damage. The biological half-life of antipyrine in the plasma was increased more than threefold on pretreating the rats with any of the five cytotoxic drugs or with carbon tetrachloride. In contrast, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, or glutamate dehydrogenase were not consistently increased. Of the enzymes tested in serum, aspartate aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase best indicated hepatic impairment resulting from the treatment with anti-cancer drugs. Our results imply that determination of the pharmacokinetics of marker drugs such as antipyrine better indicates hepatic dysfunction induced by cytotoxic agents than does measurement of the enzymes liberated into serum as a result of damage to liver mitochondria.", "PMID": 88282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11028", "title": "IgD myeloma protein with \"unreactive\" light chain determinants.", "content": "Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma showed a monoclonal protein, classified by immunoelectrophoresis as IgD. Immunofixation electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis failed to demonstrate a precipitation reaction between the paraprotein and antisera to immunoglobulin light chains. The light chains of the monoclonal protein, immunologically inaccessible in the intact molecule, reacted with anti-lambda chain antisera only after reduction and alkylation of the paraprotein. Moreover, interpretation of the immunoelectrophoretic patterns was hampered by the presence in patient's serum of free lambda chains having about the same mobility as that of the paraprotein.", "contents": "IgD myeloma protein with \"unreactive\" light chain determinants. Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma showed a monoclonal protein, classified by immunoelectrophoresis as IgD. Immunofixation electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis failed to demonstrate a precipitation reaction between the paraprotein and antisera to immunoglobulin light chains. The light chains of the monoclonal protein, immunologically inaccessible in the intact molecule, reacted with anti-lambda chain antisera only after reduction and alkylation of the paraprotein. Moreover, interpretation of the immunoelectrophoretic patterns was hampered by the presence in patient's serum of free lambda chains having about the same mobility as that of the paraprotein.", "PMID": 88283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11029", "title": "The quantitation of pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein by enzyme linked immunoassay.", "content": "A rapid enzyme linked immunoassay for pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein is described. The method is sensitive and precise (within batch C.V. = 6.5-7.4%) and should be suitable for the biochemical monitoring of pregnancy and the investigation of patients suffering from various malignancies.", "contents": "The quantitation of pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein by enzyme linked immunoassay. A rapid enzyme linked immunoassay for pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein is described. The method is sensitive and precise (within batch C.V. = 6.5-7.4%) and should be suitable for the biochemical monitoring of pregnancy and the investigation of patients suffering from various malignancies.", "PMID": 88284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11030", "title": "[Determination of proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of adults using two immunochemical methods (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of CSF proteins by electrophoretical and immunological techniques suggests the Laser immunonephelemetrical method is suitable as a \"Standard method\". The average levels of albumin, IgG, IgM, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin have been determined and the correlations between these levels have been calculated. The values of albumin and IgG allow a classification of neurologic diseases according to a diagram. The variations of IgM, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin levels are not yet explained.", "contents": "[Determination of proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of adults using two immunochemical methods (author's transl)]. A study of CSF proteins by electrophoretical and immunological techniques suggests the Laser immunonephelemetrical method is suitable as a \"Standard method\". The average levels of albumin, IgG, IgM, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin have been determined and the correlations between these levels have been calculated. The values of albumin and IgG allow a classification of neurologic diseases according to a diagram. The variations of IgM, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin levels are not yet explained.", "PMID": 88285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11031", "title": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis: immunovirological studies and results of isoprinosine therapy.", "content": "Two patients with progressive rubella panencephalitis, one with and one without stigmata of congenital rubella, were treated for 9 months with isoprinosine and showed continued clinical deterioration. Immunoviorological studies performed before, during and after treatment were unaffected by drug therapy. The virus was recovered on one occasion from the lymphocytes of one of these cases. Neither patient showed any major defects in cellular or humoral immunity. However, the lymphocytes of the patient with stigmata of congenital rubella failed to respond to rubella virus in vitro and had a heat stable, non-dialysable serum inhibitor of in vitro protein A stimulated proliferative responses. Both patients' serum interfered with the production of interferon by normal donor lymphocytes following stimulation with rubella and varicella virus antigen. Increasing serum titres of interferon which did not appear to be lymphoid or immune-specific in origin were found in these two cases.", "contents": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis: immunovirological studies and results of isoprinosine therapy. Two patients with progressive rubella panencephalitis, one with and one without stigmata of congenital rubella, were treated for 9 months with isoprinosine and showed continued clinical deterioration. Immunoviorological studies performed before, during and after treatment were unaffected by drug therapy. The virus was recovered on one occasion from the lymphocytes of one of these cases. Neither patient showed any major defects in cellular or humoral immunity. However, the lymphocytes of the patient with stigmata of congenital rubella failed to respond to rubella virus in vitro and had a heat stable, non-dialysable serum inhibitor of in vitro protein A stimulated proliferative responses. Both patients' serum interfered with the production of interferon by normal donor lymphocytes following stimulation with rubella and varicella virus antigen. Increasing serum titres of interferon which did not appear to be lymphoid or immune-specific in origin were found in these two cases.", "PMID": 88287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11032", "title": "A case of trisomy 22 in Pongo pygmaeus.", "content": "A behaviorally and clinically abnormal female orangutan was analyzed cytologically using general banding techniques and by an alkaline silver method for staining nucleolus organizer regions. The karyotype had 49 chromosomes, including an extra chromosome 22 (49,XX + 22). No variant chromosome types or heterozygous structural rearrangements were found. Nine of the 14 large acrocentric chromosomes, Nos. 11--17, and three of the five presumptive human G-group equivalents, i.e., two of three chromosomes 22, and one chromosome from pair 23, exhibited positive silver staining of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR).", "contents": "A case of trisomy 22 in Pongo pygmaeus. A behaviorally and clinically abnormal female orangutan was analyzed cytologically using general banding techniques and by an alkaline silver method for staining nucleolus organizer regions. The karyotype had 49 chromosomes, including an extra chromosome 22 (49,XX + 22). No variant chromosome types or heterozygous structural rearrangements were found. Nine of the 14 large acrocentric chromosomes, Nos. 11--17, and three of the five presumptive human G-group equivalents, i.e., two of three chromosomes 22, and one chromosome from pair 23, exhibited positive silver staining of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR).", "PMID": 88305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11033", "title": "T antigen banding on chromosomes of simian virus 40 infected muntjac cells.", "content": "Chromosomes were prepared from mitotic munjac cells 48 to 72 h after infection with SV40 virus. When stained for SV40 T antigen by indirect immunofluorescence, all chromosomes within an infected cell were fluorescent, indicating the presence of T antigen. Furthermore, the chromosomes were not uniformly stained but appeared to have regions of high and low fluorescence intensity. A variety of controls showed that the banding patterns are specific and highly reproducible and may indeed reflect the binding sites of T antigen. The bright, fluorescent bands T antigen were found to correspond to bands visualized by trypsin-Giesma staining (G-bands) and also by quinacrine staining (Q-bands). Current knowledge of chromosome banding indicates that Q-bands reflect the distribution of AT-rich regions along the chromosome. From the DNA sequence of SV40, it is known that one of the T antigen binding sites contains AT-rich sequences; thus, T antigen banding might be due to the base-specific binding of T antigen to chromatin. In addition, these bands have been implicated as centers for chromosome condensation and units in control of DNA replication. While the functional significance of T antigen binding has yet to be determined, the SV40-muntjac system provides an unusual opportunity to study the interaction of a known regulatory protein with mammalian chromosomes.", "contents": "T antigen banding on chromosomes of simian virus 40 infected muntjac cells. Chromosomes were prepared from mitotic munjac cells 48 to 72 h after infection with SV40 virus. When stained for SV40 T antigen by indirect immunofluorescence, all chromosomes within an infected cell were fluorescent, indicating the presence of T antigen. Furthermore, the chromosomes were not uniformly stained but appeared to have regions of high and low fluorescence intensity. A variety of controls showed that the banding patterns are specific and highly reproducible and may indeed reflect the binding sites of T antigen. The bright, fluorescent bands T antigen were found to correspond to bands visualized by trypsin-Giesma staining (G-bands) and also by quinacrine staining (Q-bands). Current knowledge of chromosome banding indicates that Q-bands reflect the distribution of AT-rich regions along the chromosome. From the DNA sequence of SV40, it is known that one of the T antigen binding sites contains AT-rich sequences; thus, T antigen banding might be due to the base-specific binding of T antigen to chromatin. In addition, these bands have been implicated as centers for chromosome condensation and units in control of DNA replication. While the functional significance of T antigen binding has yet to be determined, the SV40-muntjac system provides an unusual opportunity to study the interaction of a known regulatory protein with mammalian chromosomes.", "PMID": 88306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11034", "title": "Sterility in hybrid cattle. I. Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in somatic and meiotic chromosomes.", "content": "The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's) in somatic as well as in meiotic chromosomes of Bos taurus, Bos banteng, Bison bison, and their hybrids are analyzed. C-bands are present in the centromeric regions of every autosome. The X chromosome does not show a distinct C-band in the centromeric region, whereas the Y chromosome contains an appreciable amount of C-band material. In somatic metaphases, NOR's are present on the telomeric ends of five pairs of autosomes. During pachytene, five autosomal bivalents contain NOR's on their terminal ends. Meiotic preparations made from sterile bulls did not contain stages beyond the degenerating pachytene, which are C-banding, more frequently showed clustering of heterochromatin than did the pachytene stage in normal bulls.", "contents": "Sterility in hybrid cattle. I. Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in somatic and meiotic chromosomes. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's) in somatic as well as in meiotic chromosomes of Bos taurus, Bos banteng, Bison bison, and their hybrids are analyzed. C-bands are present in the centromeric regions of every autosome. The X chromosome does not show a distinct C-band in the centromeric region, whereas the Y chromosome contains an appreciable amount of C-band material. In somatic metaphases, NOR's are present on the telomeric ends of five pairs of autosomes. During pachytene, five autosomal bivalents contain NOR's on their terminal ends. Meiotic preparations made from sterile bulls did not contain stages beyond the degenerating pachytene, which are C-banding, more frequently showed clustering of heterochromatin than did the pachytene stage in normal bulls.", "PMID": 88307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11035", "title": "Heterogeneity of constitutive heterochromatin in somatic Syrian hamster chromosomes.", "content": "Syrian hamster constitutive heterochromatin was analyzed for C-band distribution and for BrU late-replication pattern. Characteristic for this species is relatively large amounts of sex-chromosome and autosomal heterochromatin. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin was determined. The long term of the X chromosome, the whole Y, the short arms of 8 autosomal pairs, the long arm of the smallest metacentric pair, and the centromeric regions of 12 pairs stained intensely dark on C-band preparations. In contrast to the heterochromatin in the centromeric regions, the autosomal short-arm heterochromatin has an increased susceptibility to the denaturation process, as indicated by prolonged exposure to NaOH or Ba(OH)2. Such further exposure to denaturing agents results in an intense dark stain only on the sex-chromosome heterochromatin and centromeric regions of the autosomes. The BrdU late-replication pattern demonstrated that the late-replicating regions correspond to C-bands. Centromeric regions replicate late in the S phase; however, no centromeric region is among the latest replicating segments of the complement. Centromeric and noncentromeric heterochromatin are two distinct categories of constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of constitutive heterochromatin in somatic Syrian hamster chromosomes. Syrian hamster constitutive heterochromatin was analyzed for C-band distribution and for BrU late-replication pattern. Characteristic for this species is relatively large amounts of sex-chromosome and autosomal heterochromatin. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin was determined. The long term of the X chromosome, the whole Y, the short arms of 8 autosomal pairs, the long arm of the smallest metacentric pair, and the centromeric regions of 12 pairs stained intensely dark on C-band preparations. In contrast to the heterochromatin in the centromeric regions, the autosomal short-arm heterochromatin has an increased susceptibility to the denaturation process, as indicated by prolonged exposure to NaOH or Ba(OH)2. Such further exposure to denaturing agents results in an intense dark stain only on the sex-chromosome heterochromatin and centromeric regions of the autosomes. The BrdU late-replication pattern demonstrated that the late-replicating regions correspond to C-bands. Centromeric regions replicate late in the S phase; however, no centromeric region is among the latest replicating segments of the complement. Centromeric and noncentromeric heterochromatin are two distinct categories of constitutive heterochromatin.", "PMID": 88308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11036", "title": "Demonstration of specific heterochromatic segments in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) by a distamycin/DAPI double staining technique.", "content": "Orangutan metaphase chromosomes, obtained from a female animal with trisomy 22, were stained by a recently developed distamycin/DAPI fluorescent technique which had been shown to differentiate specific C-bands on human chromosomes, as well as by other banding techniques. Distamycin/DAPI-brilliant fluorescence was observed in the short arm regions of acrocentric chromosomes 11--17, 22 and 23, and a brightly fluorescent paracentromeric band was seen on chromosome 8. A smaller amount of fluorescence was found adjacent to the centromere of most of the other chromosomes. Sequential distamycin/DAPI and Giemsa C-staining of the metaphases revealed that the \"hot-spots\" on acrocentrics correspond to C-band material in their short arm. The less intensely fluorescent centric bands on other chromosomes coincide with centromeric C-bands. Reverse fluorescent staining of organutan chromosomes with chromomycin A3 revealed brightly fluorescent regions at short arms of some acrocentrics probably  confined to the satellite, either in a heteromorphic form (Nos. 11, 14, 17) or of similar size (No. 22).", "contents": "Demonstration of specific heterochromatic segments in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) by a distamycin/DAPI double staining technique. Orangutan metaphase chromosomes, obtained from a female animal with trisomy 22, were stained by a recently developed distamycin/DAPI fluorescent technique which had been shown to differentiate specific C-bands on human chromosomes, as well as by other banding techniques. Distamycin/DAPI-brilliant fluorescence was observed in the short arm regions of acrocentric chromosomes 11--17, 22 and 23, and a brightly fluorescent paracentromeric band was seen on chromosome 8. A smaller amount of fluorescence was found adjacent to the centromere of most of the other chromosomes. Sequential distamycin/DAPI and Giemsa C-staining of the metaphases revealed that the \"hot-spots\" on acrocentrics correspond to C-band material in their short arm. The less intensely fluorescent centric bands on other chromosomes coincide with centromeric C-bands. Reverse fluorescent staining of organutan chromosomes with chromomycin A3 revealed brightly fluorescent regions at short arms of some acrocentrics probably  confined to the satellite, either in a heteromorphic form (Nos. 11, 14, 17) or of similar size (No. 22).", "PMID": 88309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11037", "title": "Palliation of massive hemoptysis from unresectable carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Unresectable carcinoma of the lung has traditionally been recognized as a contraindication to surgery in massive hemoptysis. A 60-year-old man had massive hemoptysis. At surgery an unresectable neoplastic mass invading the mediastinum and great vessels was encountered. Subtotal resection was accomplished using a stapler (Autostapler). The margins of the bronchial and vascular staples were of necessity placed directly through the tumor. The patient had an uneventful recovery and has survived six months without further hemoptysis. This method is presented as an effective strategic retreat under circumstances not permitting definitive therapy.", "contents": "Palliation of massive hemoptysis from unresectable carcinoma of the lung. Unresectable carcinoma of the lung has traditionally been recognized as a contraindication to surgery in massive hemoptysis. A 60-year-old man had massive hemoptysis. At surgery an unresectable neoplastic mass invading the mediastinum and great vessels was encountered. Subtotal resection was accomplished using a stapler (Autostapler). The margins of the bronchial and vascular staples were of necessity placed directly through the tumor. The patient had an uneventful recovery and has survived six months without further hemoptysis. This method is presented as an effective strategic retreat under circumstances not permitting definitive therapy.", "PMID": 88310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11038", "title": "[Acid reduction and ulcer healing through vagotomy: is an inhibition of histamine release an essential reason for this?].", "content": "In a prospective, consecutive study the histamine content of corpus mucosa and the basal and maximally stimulated acid output were measured in male patients who had selective vagotomy to correct a chronic duodenal ulcer. The increase in histamine content after vagotomy was directly proportional to a decrease in maximum acid output. The relationships between histamine content, recurrent ulcer, and reduction in acid output point to a causal relationship between inhibition of histamine release and successful vagotomy.", "contents": "[Acid reduction and ulcer healing through vagotomy: is an inhibition of histamine release an essential reason for this?]. In a prospective, consecutive study the histamine content of corpus mucosa and the basal and maximally stimulated acid output were measured in male patients who had selective vagotomy to correct a chronic duodenal ulcer. The increase in histamine content after vagotomy was directly proportional to a decrease in maximum acid output. The relationships between histamine content, recurrent ulcer, and reduction in acid output point to a causal relationship between inhibition of histamine release and successful vagotomy.", "PMID": 88312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11039", "title": "[Plasma histamine level during and following kidney allotransplantation in man].", "content": "In human kidney allotransplantation, elevated plasma histamine levels were measured before surgery, following revascularization, and in single cases also several days after surgery. The maximum extent of this histamine release must be tested with respect to time and to localization. Its significance must be established. The intermittently increasing plasma histamine levels (greater than 1 ng/ml) must be considered as a possible risk regarding stress ulcer pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Plasma histamine level during and following kidney allotransplantation in man]. In human kidney allotransplantation, elevated plasma histamine levels were measured before surgery, following revascularization, and in single cases also several days after surgery. The maximum extent of this histamine release must be tested with respect to time and to localization. Its significance must be established. The intermittently increasing plasma histamine levels (greater than 1 ng/ml) must be considered as a possible risk regarding stress ulcer pathogenesis.", "PMID": 88313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11040", "title": "The mechanism of C-binding: depurination and beta-elimination.", "content": "C-banding of chromosomes involves the differential solubilization of fragmented DNA from euchromatin by three sequential treatments: 1. Acid, 2. Mild base, 3. Hot salt. The data indicate solubilization is effected by 1) depurination, 2) DNA denaturation, 3) chain breakage of the depurinated sites respectively in the three treatments. Conditions were found wherein each treatment in proper sequence was necessary for C-banding and the appropriate chemical reactions were measured in these treatment conditions. The acid treatment (0.2 N HCl) depurinates chromosomal DNA at the rate of 0.26 x 10(-6) purines/dalton min to an alkaline molecular weight of 10(5) daltons but does not break the depurinated sites. Bleomycin can substitute for acid as a base removing agent. Sodium borohydride, by reducing the depurinated sugar's aldehyde thereby preventing chain breakage by the beta-elimination reaction, reversibly inhibits DNA-extraction. Chain breakage at the DNA's apurinic sites occurs not in the 2 min mild alkali treatment where the half-life for breakage is 26 min but in the 18 h hot salt treatment where the half-life for chain breakage is 1-2 h. Most of the DNA extraction occurs in the hot salt as 10(5) dalton fragments as measured in formamide gradients. Bleomycin is introduced as a substitute for HCl; it removes nitrogenous bases from DNA in situ while better preserving the morphology of the final C-banded chromosomes.", "contents": "The mechanism of C-binding: depurination and beta-elimination. C-banding of chromosomes involves the differential solubilization of fragmented DNA from euchromatin by three sequential treatments: 1. Acid, 2. Mild base, 3. Hot salt. The data indicate solubilization is effected by 1) depurination, 2) DNA denaturation, 3) chain breakage of the depurinated sites respectively in the three treatments. Conditions were found wherein each treatment in proper sequence was necessary for C-banding and the appropriate chemical reactions were measured in these treatment conditions. The acid treatment (0.2 N HCl) depurinates chromosomal DNA at the rate of 0.26 x 10(-6) purines/dalton min to an alkaline molecular weight of 10(5) daltons but does not break the depurinated sites. Bleomycin can substitute for acid as a base removing agent. Sodium borohydride, by reducing the depurinated sugar's aldehyde thereby preventing chain breakage by the beta-elimination reaction, reversibly inhibits DNA-extraction. Chain breakage at the DNA's apurinic sites occurs not in the 2 min mild alkali treatment where the half-life for breakage is 26 min but in the 18 h hot salt treatment where the half-life for chain breakage is 1-2 h. Most of the DNA extraction occurs in the hot salt as 10(5) dalton fragments as measured in formamide gradients. Bleomycin is introduced as a substitute for HCl; it removes nitrogenous bases from DNA in situ while better preserving the morphology of the final C-banded chromosomes.", "PMID": 88314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11041", "title": "Light microscope analysis of meiotic prophase chromosomes by silver staining.", "content": "A method is described for the silver staining of the synaptonemal complex in surface-spread mammalian spermatocytes for light microscope examination. The method is quick, reliable, of broad applicability, and provides a means of making karyotype analysis at meiotic prophase. Many hundreds of suitable cells can be examined in an average preparation in a relatively short space of time. It has so far been applied only to mammalian spermatocytes, but could be used for karyotype analysis in oocytes of mammals and also applied to gonocytes of non-mammalian species.", "contents": "Light microscope analysis of meiotic prophase chromosomes by silver staining. A method is described for the silver staining of the synaptonemal complex in surface-spread mammalian spermatocytes for light microscope examination. The method is quick, reliable, of broad applicability, and provides a means of making karyotype analysis at meiotic prophase. Many hundreds of suitable cells can be examined in an average preparation in a relatively short space of time. It has so far been applied only to mammalian spermatocytes, but could be used for karyotype analysis in oocytes of mammals and also applied to gonocytes of non-mammalian species.", "PMID": 88315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11042", "title": "Forums in gastrointestinal roentgenology: transhepatic portal venography and selective obliteration of gastroesophageal varices using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate).", "content": "Five patients with Child's class C alcoholic cirrhosis and actively bleeding gastroesophageal varices underwent transhepatic portal venography and selective obliteration of varices with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate). Temporary control of bleeding was obtained in four patients and complete control in one. This new technique is best utilized to stop active variceal hemorrhage in patients who are not candidates for portasystemic shunt surgery or to control bleeding while the patient's general medical condition is improved to decrease the risk of subsequent shunt surgery.", "contents": "Forums in gastrointestinal roentgenology: transhepatic portal venography and selective obliteration of gastroesophageal varices using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate). Five patients with Child's class C alcoholic cirrhosis and actively bleeding gastroesophageal varices underwent transhepatic portal venography and selective obliteration of varices with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate). Temporary control of bleeding was obtained in four patients and complete control in one. This new technique is best utilized to stop active variceal hemorrhage in patients who are not candidates for portasystemic shunt surgery or to control bleeding while the patient's general medical condition is improved to decrease the risk of subsequent shunt surgery.", "PMID": 88316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11043", "title": "Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease.", "content": "Histological review of a liver biopsy from a patient with known Whipple's disease revealed a prominence of Kupffer cells containing PAS-positive granules. Electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped organisms in the Kupffer cells but the presence of these structures were not associated with overt liver injury. This is thought to be the first reported demonstration of these bacillary bodies in this location.", "contents": "Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease. Histological review of a liver biopsy from a patient with known Whipple's disease revealed a prominence of Kupffer cells containing PAS-positive granules. Electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped organisms in the Kupffer cells but the presence of these structures were not associated with overt liver injury. This is thought to be the first reported demonstration of these bacillary bodies in this location.", "PMID": 88317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11044", "title": "[Liver function studies under the influence of hormonal contraceptives (sequential preparations)].", "content": "20 fertile women who were treated with mestranol as oestrogen and both gestagenes chlormadinonacetate and norethisteronacetate were investigated. Alkaline phosphatase, ASAT, ALAT, alpha-amylase, cholesterol, bilirubin, serumproteins, indocyanine green half time, paper electrophoresis of serumproteins, thymol and zinc sulfate turbidity tests were examined during the first therapy cycle. Elevation of ALAT activity (6,3 I U/l to 12,14 u/l) was found during treatment with mestranol/chlormadinonacetate. A depression of ALAT (up to 5,34 u/l) was observed under additional therapy with gestagene chlormadinonacetate. Statistical significance was noted only for ALAT and alpha 1 globuline under sequential therapy with mestranol/norethisteronacetate.", "contents": "[Liver function studies under the influence of hormonal contraceptives (sequential preparations)]. 20 fertile women who were treated with mestranol as oestrogen and both gestagenes chlormadinonacetate and norethisteronacetate were investigated. Alkaline phosphatase, ASAT, ALAT, alpha-amylase, cholesterol, bilirubin, serumproteins, indocyanine green half time, paper electrophoresis of serumproteins, thymol and zinc sulfate turbidity tests were examined during the first therapy cycle. Elevation of ALAT activity (6,3 I U/l to 12,14 u/l) was found during treatment with mestranol/chlormadinonacetate. A depression of ALAT (up to 5,34 u/l) was observed under additional therapy with gestagene chlormadinonacetate. Statistical significance was noted only for ALAT and alpha 1 globuline under sequential therapy with mestranol/norethisteronacetate.", "PMID": 88322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11045", "title": "Changes in seizure susceptibility, sleep time and sleep spindles following thalamic and cerebellar lesions.", "content": "The present experiment attempted to clarify conflicting evidence on the relationship of sleep spindles to seizure activation. Seizure thresholds were calculated in minutes post-injection following IP administration of the convulsant drug monomethylhydrazine (MMH) to cats with lesions intended to alter the occurrence of spontaneous 12-15 c/sec sleep spindles recorded from sensorimotor cortex. Twelve cats with bilateral cortical and subcortical recording electrodes were divided into 3 groups receiving electrolytic lesions in the dentate nucleus (group I), the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus (group II), or in one of various 'control' regions (group III). Lesion sites in group III animals avoided primary afferent pathways to VB thalamus, destruction of which has been found to enhance sleep spindle activity, and included cerebellar white matter and ventral pontine tegmentum. Prior to the MMH trials, baseline EEGs were obtained during pre- and post-lesion conditions. Following the MMH trial, lesions were verified histologically. Results of the MMH trial revealed that animals with dentate and ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed elevated seizure thresholds and slow wave sleep times relative to their own pre-lesion EEG baselines and to the pre- and post-lesion baselines of control animals. Furthermore, an increased incidence of sleep spindles was associated with dentate lesions while animals with ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed a shift in frequency from 8-11 c/sec to 12-15 c/sec activity during that state. These findings are compatible with the view that sleep spindles do not facilitate seizure activation and may, in fact, exert a protective influence.", "contents": "Changes in seizure susceptibility, sleep time and sleep spindles following thalamic and cerebellar lesions. The present experiment attempted to clarify conflicting evidence on the relationship of sleep spindles to seizure activation. Seizure thresholds were calculated in minutes post-injection following IP administration of the convulsant drug monomethylhydrazine (MMH) to cats with lesions intended to alter the occurrence of spontaneous 12-15 c/sec sleep spindles recorded from sensorimotor cortex. Twelve cats with bilateral cortical and subcortical recording electrodes were divided into 3 groups receiving electrolytic lesions in the dentate nucleus (group I), the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus (group II), or in one of various 'control' regions (group III). Lesion sites in group III animals avoided primary afferent pathways to VB thalamus, destruction of which has been found to enhance sleep spindle activity, and included cerebellar white matter and ventral pontine tegmentum. Prior to the MMH trials, baseline EEGs were obtained during pre- and post-lesion conditions. Following the MMH trial, lesions were verified histologically. Results of the MMH trial revealed that animals with dentate and ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed elevated seizure thresholds and slow wave sleep times relative to their own pre-lesion EEG baselines and to the pre- and post-lesion baselines of control animals. Furthermore, an increased incidence of sleep spindles was associated with dentate lesions while animals with ventrobasal thalamic lesions showed a shift in frequency from 8-11 c/sec to 12-15 c/sec activity during that state. These findings are compatible with the view that sleep spindles do not facilitate seizure activation and may, in fact, exert a protective influence.", "PMID": 88323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11046", "title": "Prostaglandin E1-induced latent epileptogenic foci.", "content": "Suprafusion of 125 microliter 6% KCl solution over the visual cortex of rabbits 2-24 h after they suffered a prostaglandin (PG) E1-induced epileptic seizure was found to cause a recurrence of seizure activity. The initial seizure was induced by the cortical suprafusion of PGE1 over the left visual cortex of PG transport inhibitor-pretreated rabbits. Control animals that were not pretreated with PG transport inhibitors (bromcresol green or probenecid), or received suprafusion of saline or PGF2 alpha rather than PGE1, did  not show initial seizure activity. In these animals, and in animals that had PG-induced seizures 72 h before KCl administration, the KCl solution caused only inhibition of the visually evoked response but no seizure activity. The results are interpreted to indicate that under appropriate conditions PGE1 can create a latent epileptogenic focus which can be reactivated by KCl. It is suggested that since PGE1 is produced by the brain normally, and in increased amounts as the result of overstimulation, irritation or trauma, this potent autacoid may play a role in the spontaneous development of latent epileptogenic foci or the recurrence of epileptic seizures.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1-induced latent epileptogenic foci. Suprafusion of 125 microliter 6% KCl solution over the visual cortex of rabbits 2-24 h after they suffered a prostaglandin (PG) E1-induced epileptic seizure was found to cause a recurrence of seizure activity. The initial seizure was induced by the cortical suprafusion of PGE1 over the left visual cortex of PG transport inhibitor-pretreated rabbits. Control animals that were not pretreated with PG transport inhibitors (bromcresol green or probenecid), or received suprafusion of saline or PGF2 alpha rather than PGE1, did  not show initial seizure activity. In these animals, and in animals that had PG-induced seizures 72 h before KCl administration, the KCl solution caused only inhibition of the visually evoked response but no seizure activity. The results are interpreted to indicate that under appropriate conditions PGE1 can create a latent epileptogenic focus which can be reactivated by KCl. It is suggested that since PGE1 is produced by the brain normally, and in increased amounts as the result of overstimulation, irritation or trauma, this potent autacoid may play a role in the spontaneous development of latent epileptogenic foci or the recurrence of epileptic seizures.", "PMID": 88324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11047", "title": "Analogue analyser for on-line eye movement detection.", "content": "A system of single movement detection is obtained by discriminating the velocities and orientations of eye ball displacements. The orthogonal components of eye velocity (Vx and Vy) are generated from the horizontal (X) and the vertical (Y) components of the movements by means of two derivative circuits and the velocity modulus (V) is generated through a vector operator from Vx and Vy. The onset and end of individual movements are detected on the basis of a preselected V, Vx or Vy threshold and, for every movement thus identified, the integral function of V(t), Vx(t) or Vy(t), characteristic of the type of movement, is generated in such a way that its final value represents ball displacement.", "contents": "Analogue analyser for on-line eye movement detection. A system of single movement detection is obtained by discriminating the velocities and orientations of eye ball displacements. The orthogonal components of eye velocity (Vx and Vy) are generated from the horizontal (X) and the vertical (Y) components of the movements by means of two derivative circuits and the velocity modulus (V) is generated through a vector operator from Vx and Vy. The onset and end of individual movements are detected on the basis of a preselected V, Vx or Vy threshold and, for every movement thus identified, the integral function of V(t), Vx(t) or Vy(t), characteristic of the type of movement, is generated in such a way that its final value represents ball displacement.", "PMID": 88325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11048", "title": "Assessment of the H-reflex excitability curve using a cubic spline function.", "content": "A procedure for modeling H-reflex recovery curve data is described. The procedure involves fitting a cubic spline function to the recorded data points in such a way that the goodness of fit is determined by the standard error of the mean of each point. The cubic spline function possesses numerous advantages over other subjective and objective procedures for extracting information from the excitability curve.", "contents": "Assessment of the H-reflex excitability curve using a cubic spline function. A procedure for modeling H-reflex recovery curve data is described. The procedure involves fitting a cubic spline function to the recorded data points in such a way that the goodness of fit is determined by the standard error of the mean of each point. The cubic spline function possesses numerous advantages over other subjective and objective procedures for extracting information from the excitability curve.", "PMID": 88326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11049", "title": "Nocturnal and diurnal sleep in Macaca sylvana.", "content": "In Macaca sylvana restrained in chairs, continuous 24 h recordings were obtained of scalp EEG, neck EMG, bilateral EOG, motility of the head and lever manipulation. A total of 32 days were studied in 8 monkeys. Recordings were divided into epochs of 30 sec and analyzed in a PDP-12 computer. Four stages of sleep and 5 stages of wakefulness were identified by combination of the above data. Results were as follows: (1) During the night, there was 21% wakefulness and during the day 20% sleep, including a considerable amount of REM. (2) Recordings of spontaneous motility of head and hands proved an excellent indicator of sleep-wakefulness cycles. (3) Spectral analysis revealed the cyclic characteristics of non-REM sleep, with peaks at 360, 149, 72, and 55 min. (4) Stages of wakefulness had ultradian cycles, and stage W-2 was the most important in number and duration of occurrences. (5) Night wakefulness had characteristics different from day wakefulness. (6) Study of sequences showed that stage II was the least differentiated being transitional among the other stages, while stage III-IV was never preceded by wakefulness or REM, and almost always it followed stage II (99.0% of the time). (7) The high statistical significance of results obtained under restraint in different monkeys suggests that this situation has great potential value in the investigation of physiological mechanisms of ultradian rhythms.", "contents": "Nocturnal and diurnal sleep in Macaca sylvana. In Macaca sylvana restrained in chairs, continuous 24 h recordings were obtained of scalp EEG, neck EMG, bilateral EOG, motility of the head and lever manipulation. A total of 32 days were studied in 8 monkeys. Recordings were divided into epochs of 30 sec and analyzed in a PDP-12 computer. Four stages of sleep and 5 stages of wakefulness were identified by combination of the above data. Results were as follows: (1) During the night, there was 21% wakefulness and during the day 20% sleep, including a considerable amount of REM. (2) Recordings of spontaneous motility of head and hands proved an excellent indicator of sleep-wakefulness cycles. (3) Spectral analysis revealed the cyclic characteristics of non-REM sleep, with peaks at 360, 149, 72, and 55 min. (4) Stages of wakefulness had ultradian cycles, and stage W-2 was the most important in number and duration of occurrences. (5) Night wakefulness had characteristics different from day wakefulness. (6) Study of sequences showed that stage II was the least differentiated being transitional among the other stages, while stage III-IV was never preceded by wakefulness or REM, and almost always it followed stage II (99.0% of the time). (7) The high statistical significance of results obtained under restraint in different monkeys suggests that this situation has great potential value in the investigation of physiological mechanisms of ultradian rhythms.", "PMID": 88327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11050", "title": "Cold-induced diminution of paradoxical sleep in man.", "content": "Prolonged exposure to cold produced a chronic diminution in PS (PS-hyposomnia) primarily in the tonic component of PS. No significant change occurred in the REM (phasic or obligatory) component of PS. An inverse correlation was found in the activity of the pituitary-adrenal cortical system and the level of PS. The classical rebound phenomenon that occurs after PS deprivation was not observed in this study and it is suggested that the rebound effect characteristic of PS deprivation is related not to total PS but to its phasic (obligatory) component.", "contents": "Cold-induced diminution of paradoxical sleep in man. Prolonged exposure to cold produced a chronic diminution in PS (PS-hyposomnia) primarily in the tonic component of PS. No significant change occurred in the REM (phasic or obligatory) component of PS. An inverse correlation was found in the activity of the pituitary-adrenal cortical system and the level of PS. The classical rebound phenomenon that occurs after PS deprivation was not observed in this study and it is suggested that the rebound effect characteristic of PS deprivation is related not to total PS but to its phasic (obligatory) component.", "PMID": 88328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11051", "title": "Visual and computer-based analysis of 24 h sleep-waking patterns in the dog.", "content": "Sleep and waking EEG patterns recorded over 24 h periods in 7 adult beagle dogs were studied both visually and by computer. Online analysis was carried out using a mini-computer. The following quantitative data were computed and listed (and/or stored on disc) at 30 sec intervals: power spectrum analysis of one cortical derivation by means of Fast Fourier Transformation, the spectrum being divided in 4 bands (0.5-3.5, 3.5-7.5, 7.5-13.5, 13.5-25 c/sec); the power contained in the 3.5-7.5 c/sec band of the hippocampal derivation; a spindle detection algorithm empirically defined and based on the power contained in the 10.5-14.5 c/sec band of subepochs of 0.8 sec and the background power; average EMG and EOG amplitudes. Plots were made of the quantitative data (on the y axis) showing evolution with time (on the x axis). Comparisons with the y ordinates enabled a visual estimate of stage to be made. Automatic classification was done by means of minimal distance, using visually selected epochs and calculated parameters as references. Visual and computer-based analyses allowed the following patterns to be defined: wakefulness, transitional stage, light slow wave sleep, deep slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Sleep-waking cycles of 20-30 min alternated during the 24 h period with rapid transitions from one stage to another.", "contents": "Visual and computer-based analysis of 24 h sleep-waking patterns in the dog. Sleep and waking EEG patterns recorded over 24 h periods in 7 adult beagle dogs were studied both visually and by computer. Online analysis was carried out using a mini-computer. The following quantitative data were computed and listed (and/or stored on disc) at 30 sec intervals: power spectrum analysis of one cortical derivation by means of Fast Fourier Transformation, the spectrum being divided in 4 bands (0.5-3.5, 3.5-7.5, 7.5-13.5, 13.5-25 c/sec); the power contained in the 3.5-7.5 c/sec band of the hippocampal derivation; a spindle detection algorithm empirically defined and based on the power contained in the 10.5-14.5 c/sec band of subepochs of 0.8 sec and the background power; average EMG and EOG amplitudes. Plots were made of the quantitative data (on the y axis) showing evolution with time (on the x axis). Comparisons with the y ordinates enabled a visual estimate of stage to be made. Automatic classification was done by means of minimal distance, using visually selected epochs and calculated parameters as references. Visual and computer-based analyses allowed the following patterns to be defined: wakefulness, transitional stage, light slow wave sleep, deep slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Sleep-waking cycles of 20-30 min alternated during the 24 h period with rapid transitions from one stage to another.", "PMID": 88329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11052", "title": "Coloured pattern displacement and VEP amplitude.", "content": "The results of this experiment confirm that evoked potential amplitude is linear with checkerboard pattern displacement. We have also found that this linear relationship holds for red, green and blue patterns. The hypothesis that there would be no significant differences between the amplitude of the evoked potential to colour/'black' stimulation and a white/'black' stimulus of equivalent luminance has been substituted. Differences were found between colours. The mean level for the blue pattern was lower than that for the red and the green patterns. We have further confirmed the relationship between luminance and the latency of the evoked potential. Differences in latency were found between all conditions in this study, suggesting that more accurate methods of measuring luminance are required in studies using colour pattern displacement if latency measurements are the main focus of the study.", "contents": "Coloured pattern displacement and VEP amplitude. The results of this experiment confirm that evoked potential amplitude is linear with checkerboard pattern displacement. We have also found that this linear relationship holds for red, green and blue patterns. The hypothesis that there would be no significant differences between the amplitude of the evoked potential to colour/'black' stimulation and a white/'black' stimulus of equivalent luminance has been substituted. Differences were found between colours. The mean level for the blue pattern was lower than that for the red and the green patterns. We have further confirmed the relationship between luminance and the latency of the evoked potential. Differences in latency were found between all conditions in this study, suggesting that more accurate methods of measuring luminance are required in studies using colour pattern displacement if latency measurements are the main focus of the study.", "PMID": 88330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11053", "title": "Spinal evoked potential in man: a maturational study.", "content": "Summated evoked potentials to peroneal nerve stimulation which arise in the cauda equina and spinal cord afferent pathways were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of 95 infants, children and adults. The conduction velocity of these potentials from lumbar to cervical recording sites was calculated. Additionally, segmental conduction velocities over peroneal nerve, caudal and rostral spinal cord were determined. In all age groups the speed of conduction up the spine was non-linear. It was slower over caudal spinal cord segments than over peripheral nerve or rostral cord. All these velocities were about half adult values in the newborn and progressively increased with age. The conduction velocity over peripheral nerve was within the adult range by 3 years of age. The speed of conduction over the spinal cord did not reach adult values until the 5th year. This suggests that spinal cord afferent pathways mature at a slower rate than peripheral nerve fibers.", "contents": "Spinal evoked potential in man: a maturational study. Summated evoked potentials to peroneal nerve stimulation which arise in the cauda equina and spinal cord afferent pathways were recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of 95 infants, children and adults. The conduction velocity of these potentials from lumbar to cervical recording sites was calculated. Additionally, segmental conduction velocities over peroneal nerve, caudal and rostral spinal cord were determined. In all age groups the speed of conduction up the spine was non-linear. It was slower over caudal spinal cord segments than over peripheral nerve or rostral cord. All these velocities were about half adult values in the newborn and progressively increased with age. The conduction velocity over peripheral nerve was within the adult range by 3 years of age. The speed of conduction over the spinal cord did not reach adult values until the 5th year. This suggests that spinal cord afferent pathways mature at a slower rate than peripheral nerve fibers.", "PMID": 88331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11054", "title": "Effects of H-reflex conditioning upon the contralateral alpha motoneuron pool.", "content": "H-reflex recovery curves have been elicited by subliminal conditioning stimuli applied to the ipsilateral and contralateral posterior tibial nerves in 10 healthy female subjects. In both types of recovery curve there was clear evidence of a period of facilitation in the ipsilateral soleus motoneuron pool 75-250 msec after the conditioning stimulus. These results indicate the bilateral nature of the facilitation and show it to be most probably produced by stimulus-evoked inputs as opposed to twitch-evoked inputs. If the facilitation is produced by descending long-loop reflex influences, then complementary evidence is provided for previous electromyographic data showing the bilaterality of long-loop reflexes evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation. It is impossible, however, at the present time, to rule out the possible involvement of cutaneous afferent discharges or other stimulus evoked inputs in the late facilitation.", "contents": "Effects of H-reflex conditioning upon the contralateral alpha motoneuron pool. H-reflex recovery curves have been elicited by subliminal conditioning stimuli applied to the ipsilateral and contralateral posterior tibial nerves in 10 healthy female subjects. In both types of recovery curve there was clear evidence of a period of facilitation in the ipsilateral soleus motoneuron pool 75-250 msec after the conditioning stimulus. These results indicate the bilateral nature of the facilitation and show it to be most probably produced by stimulus-evoked inputs as opposed to twitch-evoked inputs. If the facilitation is produced by descending long-loop reflex influences, then complementary evidence is provided for previous electromyographic data showing the bilaterality of long-loop reflexes evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation. It is impossible, however, at the present time, to rule out the possible involvement of cutaneous afferent discharges or other stimulus evoked inputs in the late facilitation.", "PMID": 88332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11055", "title": "Derivation of reliable electromyograms and their relation to tension in mammalian skeletal muscles during synchronous stimulation.", "content": "There exists a good correlation between the measured electrical activities and isometric twitch tension in the cat soleus muscle during synchronous stimulation. For an unbiased sampling of electrical activities by averaging a number of electromyograms over the muscle concerned, a relation of the form E = 0.98T + 5.35 has been established. It is hoped that this relation will prove valuable in clinical application where EMGs are used. Electrode types for EMG pick-up differ in terms of the signal recorded due to the difference in the spatial and temporal addition of individual motor unit firing and the constructional difference of the electrodes. Fine wire pairs are the best for linearity and ease of application. Whe surface electrodes are used because of their non-invasive nature, care must be exercised to established the exact relation between EMG and tension. EMG recordings from different sites within a muscle show considerable variation. A more reliable measure can be obtained by external averaging of multiple pairs of electrodes.", "contents": "Derivation of reliable electromyograms and their relation to tension in mammalian skeletal muscles during synchronous stimulation. There exists a good correlation between the measured electrical activities and isometric twitch tension in the cat soleus muscle during synchronous stimulation. For an unbiased sampling of electrical activities by averaging a number of electromyograms over the muscle concerned, a relation of the form E = 0.98T + 5.35 has been established. It is hoped that this relation will prove valuable in clinical application where EMGs are used. Electrode types for EMG pick-up differ in terms of the signal recorded due to the difference in the spatial and temporal addition of individual motor unit firing and the constructional difference of the electrodes. Fine wire pairs are the best for linearity and ease of application. Whe surface electrodes are used because of their non-invasive nature, care must be exercised to established the exact relation between EMG and tension. EMG recordings from different sites within a muscle show considerable variation. A more reliable measure can be obtained by external averaging of multiple pairs of electrodes.", "PMID": 88333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11056", "title": "Event-related potential changes in healthy aged females.", "content": "Neurophysiological changes in the central nervous system were demonstrated with EEG even-related potentials in healthy, aged women. Compared to young women, the aged women showed decreased amplitude of the late sustained potential (SP), increased P2 latency, disruption of the normal stimulus intensity-response amplitude function of P2 and increased amplitude of the P1 component. These age-related changes are interpreted as neurophysiological reflections of CNS deterioration found in non-senile elderly persons.", "contents": "Event-related potential changes in healthy aged females. Neurophysiological changes in the central nervous system were demonstrated with EEG even-related potentials in healthy, aged women. Compared to young women, the aged women showed decreased amplitude of the late sustained potential (SP), increased P2 latency, disruption of the normal stimulus intensity-response amplitude function of P2 and increased amplitude of the P1 component. These age-related changes are interpreted as neurophysiological reflections of CNS deterioration found in non-senile elderly persons.", "PMID": 88334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11057", "title": "Combined modulating effects of the general arousal and the specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses in the rat.", "content": "The combined modulating effects of the general level of arousal and specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses were investigated in the rat. Vigilance state parameters and multi-unit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving animals stimulated by control odours and by their usual food odour, either in the hungry or the satiated state. The nutritionally modulated bulb responses towards food odour were observed only for high arousal level (wakefulness). In rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), no olfactory response occurred. In slow wave sleep (SWS), one observed either a high bulb responsiveness to stimuli with neocortical arousal, or a general inexcitability. Each odorous stimulus in SWS elicited a higher neocortical arousal rate in the hungry than in the satiated state, as did food odour compared with control odours in both nutritional states. In SWS, a progressive alteration of the nutritionally modulated responses occurred at first at the bulb level and later for inner structures. Rats fed 2 h a day displayed a reversed circadian sleep-waking cycle and a lower SWS proportion compared with rats fed ad libitum. The hunger arousal could quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the activity of structures regulating the sleep-waking pattern.", "contents": "Combined modulating effects of the general arousal and the specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses in the rat. The combined modulating effects of the general level of arousal and specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses were investigated in the rat. Vigilance state parameters and multi-unit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving animals stimulated by control odours and by their usual food odour, either in the hungry or the satiated state. The nutritionally modulated bulb responses towards food odour were observed only for high arousal level (wakefulness). In rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), no olfactory response occurred. In slow wave sleep (SWS), one observed either a high bulb responsiveness to stimuli with neocortical arousal, or a general inexcitability. Each odorous stimulus in SWS elicited a higher neocortical arousal rate in the hungry than in the satiated state, as did food odour compared with control odours in both nutritional states. In SWS, a progressive alteration of the nutritionally modulated responses occurred at first at the bulb level and later for inner structures. Rats fed 2 h a day displayed a reversed circadian sleep-waking cycle and a lower SWS proportion compared with rats fed ad libitum. The hunger arousal could quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the activity of structures regulating the sleep-waking pattern.", "PMID": 88335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11058", "title": "Alpha and beta coma in drug intoxication uncomplicated by cerebral hypoxia.", "content": "Four patients who were rendered comatose or stuporous by drug intoxication, but who were not hypoxic, are described. Three patients received high doses of chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and one took a suicidal overdose of nitrazepam. The patient with nitrazepam overdose and two of those with chlormethiazole intoxication conformed to the criteria of 'alpha coma', showing non-reactive generalized or frontally predominant alpha activity in the EEG. The fourth patient who was unconscious after chlormethiazole administration exhibite generalized non-reactive activity in the slow beta range. All four recovered completely without neurological sequelae following the withdrawal of the offending agents. The similarities between the effects of structural lesions and pharmacological depression of the brain stem reticular formation are discussed. It is suggested that in both situations disturbed reticulo-thalamic interactions are important in the pathogenesis of alpha coma. It is concluded that when this electroencephalographic and behavioural picture is seen in drug intoxication, in the absence of significant hypoxaemia, a favourable outcome may be anticipated.", "contents": "Alpha and beta coma in drug intoxication uncomplicated by cerebral hypoxia. Four patients who were rendered comatose or stuporous by drug intoxication, but who were not hypoxic, are described. Three patients received high doses of chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and one took a suicidal overdose of nitrazepam. The patient with nitrazepam overdose and two of those with chlormethiazole intoxication conformed to the criteria of 'alpha coma', showing non-reactive generalized or frontally predominant alpha activity in the EEG. The fourth patient who was unconscious after chlormethiazole administration exhibite generalized non-reactive activity in the slow beta range. All four recovered completely without neurological sequelae following the withdrawal of the offending agents. The similarities between the effects of structural lesions and pharmacological depression of the brain stem reticular formation are discussed. It is suggested that in both situations disturbed reticulo-thalamic interactions are important in the pathogenesis of alpha coma. It is concluded that when this electroencephalographic and behavioural picture is seen in drug intoxication, in the absence of significant hypoxaemia, a favourable outcome may be anticipated.", "PMID": 88336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11059", "title": "The EEG at different stages of acute secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndromes.", "content": "One hundred and thirty EEGs were analysed from 113 patients with acute secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndromes. The EEG pattern was related to the stage of the midbrain syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. A decrease in the number of different EEG patterns was associated with increasing intracranial pressure. Unfavourable prognosis was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. Lateralization by the EEG proved to be superior to clinical findings in full stages of the midbrain syndrome. EEG abnormalities due to the herniation itself interfered with EEG changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases, the above mentioned regularities were blurred.", "contents": "The EEG at different stages of acute secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndromes. One hundred and thirty EEGs were analysed from 113 patients with acute secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndromes. The EEG pattern was related to the stage of the midbrain syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. A decrease in the number of different EEG patterns was associated with increasing intracranial pressure. Unfavourable prognosis was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. Lateralization by the EEG proved to be superior to clinical findings in full stages of the midbrain syndrome. EEG abnormalities due to the herniation itself interfered with EEG changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases, the above mentioned regularities were blurred.", "PMID": 88337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11060", "title": "Inhibition in penicillin-induced epileptic foci.", "content": "A previous study indicated that the early surface negative component (associated with recurrent inhibition) of the evoked potential recorded from cat pericruciate cortex, subsequent to pyramidal tract stimulation, was altered after application of penicillin to the cortical surface (Van Duijn et al. 1973). This suggested that decreased effectiveness of recurrent inhibition might be the basis for epileptogenicity of penicillin. To verify that recurrent inhibition is functionally decreased in the penicillin epileptic focus and to assess alternative sites for penicillin action, this phenomenon was investigated at the cellular level. Neurons were recorded extracellularly and response to stimuli monitored throughout the transition from normal cortex to epileptogenic cortex. Stimuli employed were peduncular stimulation (to test recurrent inhibitory pathways), epicortical stimulation (to test inhibitory pathways, bypassing the recurrent collateral system), and forepaw footpad shock (to test the responsiveness ofneurons to afferent input). In normal cortex, PT cells were inhibited by peduncular or epicortical stimulation and excited by forepaw stimulation, with the excitation followed by a period of inhibition. In the penicillin focus, inhibition was not observed in response to any of the 3 stimuli, and the excitatory response to forepaw stimulation was maintained. The bursting non-PT cells, most likely candidates for interneurons, exhibited excitation in response to peduncular and epicortical stimulation, consistent with involvement in inhibitory pathways. Nonetheless, in the penicillin focus, excitatory response to peduncular and epicortical stimulation was maintained. Excitatory response to forepaw stimulation was also maintained in the penicillin focus. The results demonstrate a loss of effectiveness of recurrent inhibition measured at the PT cell body in the penicillin focus. Further, the reduction in inhibitory feedback occurs in conjunction with maintained or enhanced excitability of the neurons which are most likely candidates for inhibitory interneurons. Thus, penicillin is most likely exerting its effect at the inhibitory synapses onto PT cells in the cortex, thereby allowing excitatory input to have greater influence on neuronal firing.", "contents": "Inhibition in penicillin-induced epileptic foci. A previous study indicated that the early surface negative component (associated with recurrent inhibition) of the evoked potential recorded from cat pericruciate cortex, subsequent to pyramidal tract stimulation, was altered after application of penicillin to the cortical surface (Van Duijn et al. 1973). This suggested that decreased effectiveness of recurrent inhibition might be the basis for epileptogenicity of penicillin. To verify that recurrent inhibition is functionally decreased in the penicillin epileptic focus and to assess alternative sites for penicillin action, this phenomenon was investigated at the cellular level. Neurons were recorded extracellularly and response to stimuli monitored throughout the transition from normal cortex to epileptogenic cortex. Stimuli employed were peduncular stimulation (to test recurrent inhibitory pathways), epicortical stimulation (to test inhibitory pathways, bypassing the recurrent collateral system), and forepaw footpad shock (to test the responsiveness ofneurons to afferent input). In normal cortex, PT cells were inhibited by peduncular or epicortical stimulation and excited by forepaw stimulation, with the excitation followed by a period of inhibition. In the penicillin focus, inhibition was not observed in response to any of the 3 stimuli, and the excitatory response to forepaw stimulation was maintained. The bursting non-PT cells, most likely candidates for interneurons, exhibited excitation in response to peduncular and epicortical stimulation, consistent with involvement in inhibitory pathways. Nonetheless, in the penicillin focus, excitatory response to peduncular and epicortical stimulation was maintained. Excitatory response to forepaw stimulation was also maintained in the penicillin focus. The results demonstrate a loss of effectiveness of recurrent inhibition measured at the PT cell body in the penicillin focus. Further, the reduction in inhibitory feedback occurs in conjunction with maintained or enhanced excitability of the neurons which are most likely candidates for inhibitory interneurons. Thus, penicillin is most likely exerting its effect at the inhibitory synapses onto PT cells in the cortex, thereby allowing excitatory input to have greater influence on neuronal firing.", "PMID": 88338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11061", "title": "Automatic recognition of inter-ictal epileptic activity in prolonged EEG recordings.", "content": "A method of automatic recognition and quantification of inter-ictal epileptic activity in the human EEG had previously been developed and tested using short recordings from awake subjects. This paper describes the adaptation of the method for use during overnight recordings in free-moving unattended patients, in combination with the already existing seizure monitoring system. EEG s were recorded from scalp and sphenoidal electrodes, using cable telemetry and a PDP-12 computer. The spike and sharp wave recognition method allowed the on-line analysis of 16 channels. A section of the 16-channel EEG including 1 sec before and 1 sec after each detected spike was saved on digital magnetic tape. Upon completion of the monitoring session, the tape was played back on the EEG machine, giving a discontinuous tracing of spike sections; this constituted a highly concentrated view of the inter-ictal epileptic activity, in traditional paper form. The spike sections were further analyzed by computer to determine and display on the computer terminal the spatial and temporal distributions of the epileptic activity, providing a complete synopsis of the recording. Several examples of the type of information available from this anslysis are discussed in detail. False detection rates are given for 34 six hour recordings, indicating a high vari ability in the performance, mainly because of artefacts. It is concluded that the final computer displays could only be trusted after visual inspection of the EEG sections provided on paper. The variety of morphologies of artefacts appeared to preclude a total automatic elimination.", "contents": "Automatic recognition of inter-ictal epileptic activity in prolonged EEG recordings. A method of automatic recognition and quantification of inter-ictal epileptic activity in the human EEG had previously been developed and tested using short recordings from awake subjects. This paper describes the adaptation of the method for use during overnight recordings in free-moving unattended patients, in combination with the already existing seizure monitoring system. EEG s were recorded from scalp and sphenoidal electrodes, using cable telemetry and a PDP-12 computer. The spike and sharp wave recognition method allowed the on-line analysis of 16 channels. A section of the 16-channel EEG including 1 sec before and 1 sec after each detected spike was saved on digital magnetic tape. Upon completion of the monitoring session, the tape was played back on the EEG machine, giving a discontinuous tracing of spike sections; this constituted a highly concentrated view of the inter-ictal epileptic activity, in traditional paper form. The spike sections were further analyzed by computer to determine and display on the computer terminal the spatial and temporal distributions of the epileptic activity, providing a complete synopsis of the recording. Several examples of the type of information available from this anslysis are discussed in detail. False detection rates are given for 34 six hour recordings, indicating a high vari ability in the performance, mainly because of artefacts. It is concluded that the final computer displays could only be trusted after visual inspection of the EEG sections provided on paper. The variety of morphologies of artefacts appeared to preclude a total automatic elimination.", "PMID": 88339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11062", "title": "Vestibulo-ocular responses during the states of sleep in the cat.", "content": "The vestibulo-ocular response (VOR) was recorded during natural sleep in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. By using a small amplitude sinusoidal head rotation (11 degrees) peak-to-peak at 0.4 Hz) which elicited only slow compensatory eye movements, the VOR amplitude was found to decrease steeply (down to 40% or less) during slow-wave sleep. The phase of the VOR with respect to head position remained approximately constant. With a larger amplitude of sinusoidal rotation (320 degrees peak-to-peak at 0.05 Hz) the VOR response included nystagmus. During slow-wave sleep, nystagmus disappeared and the overall amplitude of the response decreased. Simultaneously, the phase of the eye response with respect to head position shifted by up to 90 degrees in advance. During paradoxical sleep, VOR disappeared in all cases and was replaced by randomly occurring bursts of rapid eye movements. These results are discussed in terms of a parametric control model of VOR.", "contents": "Vestibulo-ocular responses during the states of sleep in the cat. The vestibulo-ocular response (VOR) was recorded during natural sleep in cats with chronically implanted electrodes. By using a small amplitude sinusoidal head rotation (11 degrees) peak-to-peak at 0.4 Hz) which elicited only slow compensatory eye movements, the VOR amplitude was found to decrease steeply (down to 40% or less) during slow-wave sleep. The phase of the VOR with respect to head position remained approximately constant. With a larger amplitude of sinusoidal rotation (320 degrees peak-to-peak at 0.05 Hz) the VOR response included nystagmus. During slow-wave sleep, nystagmus disappeared and the overall amplitude of the response decreased. Simultaneously, the phase of the eye response with respect to head position shifted by up to 90 degrees in advance. During paradoxical sleep, VOR disappeared in all cases and was replaced by randomly occurring bursts of rapid eye movements. These results are discussed in terms of a parametric control model of VOR.", "PMID": 88340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11063", "title": "Sleep onset and first cycle of sleep in human subjects: change with time of day.", "content": "The first cycle of sleep was studied in different situations: normal night sleep, naps, diurnal sleep after night shifts (3 x 8 shift workers). Results show two types of first cycle: some started with SWS (normal cycles), others with REM (sleep onset REM periods: SOREMPs). (1) Normal cycles: the length of SWS in the first cycle was positively correlated with prior wakefulness; conversely, the latency of SWS decreased as prior wakefulness increased; the decrease was due to the decrease in the length of the previous stage II or of the sleep onset latency (SOL). Length of sleep onset (SO) showed only few variations. The structure of the first cycle of shift workers' sleep probably reflects an important sleep loss. (2) SOREMPs occcurred during diurnal sleep. Some hypotheses about these cycles are discussed including REM 'pressures' (circadian, sleep loss) and inter-individual variations.", "contents": "Sleep onset and first cycle of sleep in human subjects: change with time of day. The first cycle of sleep was studied in different situations: normal night sleep, naps, diurnal sleep after night shifts (3 x 8 shift workers). Results show two types of first cycle: some started with SWS (normal cycles), others with REM (sleep onset REM periods: SOREMPs). (1) Normal cycles: the length of SWS in the first cycle was positively correlated with prior wakefulness; conversely, the latency of SWS decreased as prior wakefulness increased; the decrease was due to the decrease in the length of the previous stage II or of the sleep onset latency (SOL). Length of sleep onset (SO) showed only few variations. The structure of the first cycle of shift workers' sleep probably reflects an important sleep loss. (2) SOREMPs occcurred during diurnal sleep. Some hypotheses about these cycles are discussed including REM 'pressures' (circadian, sleep loss) and inter-individual variations.", "PMID": 88341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11064", "title": "Relationships between the late component of the contingent negative variation and the bereitschaftspotential.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the late component of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in a S1-S2-respond paradigm shares critical features with the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) prior to self-paced voluntary movements. In a group of 8 subjects, the late CNV and the BP exhibited: (a) similar effects of response speed variation, (b) corresponding influences of subjective factors, and (c) a similar scalp distribution with the exception that the BP was much more lateralized. In contrast, no such relationships were found between early CNV and BP.", "contents": "Relationships between the late component of the contingent negative variation and the bereitschaftspotential. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the late component of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in a S1-S2-respond paradigm shares critical features with the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) prior to self-paced voluntary movements. In a group of 8 subjects, the late CNV and the BP exhibited: (a) similar effects of response speed variation, (b) corresponding influences of subjective factors, and (c) a similar scalp distribution with the exception that the BP was much more lateralized. In contrast, no such relationships were found between early CNV and BP.", "PMID": 88342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11065", "title": "A CNV rebound effect.", "content": "Fifty normal volunteers were tested in two conditions: (1) a constant-foreperiod reaction time situation consisting of a flash-tone-key press sequence (control trials); (2) a '50%-letters' condition, in which two types of trials occurred randomly--no letters trials, which were identical to control trials, and letters trials, which were similar to control trials but also involved the presentation of four auditory letters within the flash-tone interval as part of a short-term memory task. Compared to control trials, CNV amplitude showed a pattern of reduction in letters trials accompanied by slower reaction times to tone (CNV distraction effect). Compared to control trials, CNV amplitude showed an unexpected supranormal increase in no-letters trials. The CNV rebound effect observed in no-letters trials was interpreted as reflecting a switching of attention from the divided attention set intrinsic to letters trials (listening for letters and preparing for response to tone) to an undivided attention set in no-letters trials (simply preparing for response to tone). The CNV rebound effect, which is diminished in aging individuals and absent in psychosurgery patients, appears to represent a non-invasive technique of possible value in assessing pathophysiology of human brain functioning.", "contents": "A CNV rebound effect. Fifty normal volunteers were tested in two conditions: (1) a constant-foreperiod reaction time situation consisting of a flash-tone-key press sequence (control trials); (2) a '50%-letters' condition, in which two types of trials occurred randomly--no letters trials, which were identical to control trials, and letters trials, which were similar to control trials but also involved the presentation of four auditory letters within the flash-tone interval as part of a short-term memory task. Compared to control trials, CNV amplitude showed a pattern of reduction in letters trials accompanied by slower reaction times to tone (CNV distraction effect). Compared to control trials, CNV amplitude showed an unexpected supranormal increase in no-letters trials. The CNV rebound effect observed in no-letters trials was interpreted as reflecting a switching of attention from the divided attention set intrinsic to letters trials (listening for letters and preparing for response to tone) to an undivided attention set in no-letters trials (simply preparing for response to tone). The CNV rebound effect, which is diminished in aging individuals and absent in psychosurgery patients, appears to represent a non-invasive technique of possible value in assessing pathophysiology of human brain functioning.", "PMID": 88343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11066", "title": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. I. Hippocampal EEG correlates of gross motor behaviour.", "content": "It was shown that rewarding spectral shifts (i.e. increase in amplitude or peak frequency of the hippocampal EEG) causes a solitary dog to show increased motor behaviour. Rewarded spectral shifts concurred with a variety of behavioural transitions. It was found that statistically significant modulations occur in the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG correlated with: (1) the transition from walking to standing; (2) the transition from standing while eating to walking away from the food dish; (3) the increase in speed of a walking dog, caused by rewarding the animal; and with (4) each head movement in a learned series of head movements. Thus behavioural transitions to a more active state are accompanied by an increase of amplitude, frequency and rhythmicity in the theta band of the hippocampal EEG; behavioural transitions to a less active state show the inverse relationship with the hippocampal EEG. A close relationship between modulations of the dog's hippocampal EEG activity and elementary motor acts is stressed. The hypothesis is put forward that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect the degree to which a number of motor and sensory structures in the limbic midbrain and brain stem are active.", "contents": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. I. Hippocampal EEG correlates of gross motor behaviour. It was shown that rewarding spectral shifts (i.e. increase in amplitude or peak frequency of the hippocampal EEG) causes a solitary dog to show increased motor behaviour. Rewarded spectral shifts concurred with a variety of behavioural transitions. It was found that statistically significant modulations occur in the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG correlated with: (1) the transition from walking to standing; (2) the transition from standing while eating to walking away from the food dish; (3) the increase in speed of a walking dog, caused by rewarding the animal; and with (4) each head movement in a learned series of head movements. Thus behavioural transitions to a more active state are accompanied by an increase of amplitude, frequency and rhythmicity in the theta band of the hippocampal EEG; behavioural transitions to a less active state show the inverse relationship with the hippocampal EEG. A close relationship between modulations of the dog's hippocampal EEG activity and elementary motor acts is stressed. The hypothesis is put forward that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect the degree to which a number of motor and sensory structures in the limbic midbrain and brain stem are active.", "PMID": 88344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11067", "title": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. II. Hippocampal EEG correlates with elementary motor acts.", "content": "A positive correlation has been shown between the speed of forced stepping on a conveyor belt and the amplitude and frequency of the concomitant hippocampal EEG. Significant modulation in the spectral properties of the dog's hippocampal EEG has been found in relation to 3 elementary motor acts: stepping, respiratory movements and a reflex movement in reaction to linear acceleration of the animal. The findings support the idea that within a certain experimental situation the hippocampal EEG reflects the intensity of motor behaviour in a non-specific but predictable way. However, some experimental results indicate that sensory inputs may modulate the hippocampal EEG as well.", "contents": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. II. Hippocampal EEG correlates with elementary motor acts. A positive correlation has been shown between the speed of forced stepping on a conveyor belt and the amplitude and frequency of the concomitant hippocampal EEG. Significant modulation in the spectral properties of the dog's hippocampal EEG has been found in relation to 3 elementary motor acts: stepping, respiratory movements and a reflex movement in reaction to linear acceleration of the animal. The findings support the idea that within a certain experimental situation the hippocampal EEG reflects the intensity of motor behaviour in a non-specific but predictable way. However, some experimental results indicate that sensory inputs may modulate the hippocampal EEG as well.", "PMID": 88345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11068", "title": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. III. Hippocampal EEG correlates of stimulus-response tasks and of sexual behaviour.", "content": "A dog was trained to perform a spatial sound discrimination. The hippocampal EEG correlates and the movement correlates of correct trials were compared with those of incorrect trials and of 'pressings in between'. Correct and wrong responses on a place learning task were compared both with respect to the hippocampal EEG correlates and to the motor behaviour. Where significant differences in EEG correlates were found, the motor behaviour differed significantly as well. The same was found for 2 behavioral states with different motor behavioural qualities which occurred during copulation. The data support the hypothesis that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect in a predictable but non-specific way the intensity of motor behaviour. They question the postulated correlations between hippocampal EEG and 'internal processes', on the ground that unambiguous experimental verification of such hypothesis appears to be very difficult.", "contents": "Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. III. Hippocampal EEG correlates of stimulus-response tasks and of sexual behaviour. A dog was trained to perform a spatial sound discrimination. The hippocampal EEG correlates and the movement correlates of correct trials were compared with those of incorrect trials and of 'pressings in between'. Correct and wrong responses on a place learning task were compared both with respect to the hippocampal EEG correlates and to the motor behaviour. Where significant differences in EEG correlates were found, the motor behaviour differed significantly as well. The same was found for 2 behavioral states with different motor behavioural qualities which occurred during copulation. The data support the hypothesis that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect in a predictable but non-specific way the intensity of motor behaviour. They question the postulated correlations between hippocampal EEG and 'internal processes', on the ground that unambiguous experimental verification of such hypothesis appears to be very difficult.", "PMID": 88346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11069", "title": "Long duration EEG studies in the case of a psychotic child.", "content": "Three biotelemetric examinations and a whole night sleep recording were carried out in an 8-year-old child whose behaviour alternated between excitation and autism with stereotypes. The EEG showed 5 c/sec temporo-parietal sharp wave discharges lasting from 1 sec to 20 min. These discharges were at times unilateral and predominantly right sided, at other times bilateral, without any clinical sign of epilepsy. The chronological distribution of right, left and bilateral discharges during the successive 1 min epochs was computed and related to corresponding 'behavioural states' of the child. The paroxysmal discharges predominated when the child was awake but not involved in any relational activity; during sleep, they mostly appeared during light NREM sleep (stage I) and paradoxical sleep. The significance of these paroxysmal discharges is discussed in relation to stereotyped behaviour, vigilance and early disorganization of biological rhythms.", "contents": "Long duration EEG studies in the case of a psychotic child. Three biotelemetric examinations and a whole night sleep recording were carried out in an 8-year-old child whose behaviour alternated between excitation and autism with stereotypes. The EEG showed 5 c/sec temporo-parietal sharp wave discharges lasting from 1 sec to 20 min. These discharges were at times unilateral and predominantly right sided, at other times bilateral, without any clinical sign of epilepsy. The chronological distribution of right, left and bilateral discharges during the successive 1 min epochs was computed and related to corresponding 'behavioural states' of the child. The paroxysmal discharges predominated when the child was awake but not involved in any relational activity; during sleep, they mostly appeared during light NREM sleep (stage I) and paradoxical sleep. The significance of these paroxysmal discharges is discussed in relation to stereotyped behaviour, vigilance and early disorganization of biological rhythms.", "PMID": 88347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11070", "title": "Off-response: its clinical incidence in very young children.", "content": "Off-responses to repetitive photic stimulation may be of various shapes. In particular, very young children with respiratory distress showed a typical off-response. This reaction is rather peculiar; it consists of a triphasic, very sharp wave followed by a depolarization of longer duration. The latency is about 200 msec. This off-response seems to be the reaction of an immature brain.", "contents": "Off-response: its clinical incidence in very young children. Off-responses to repetitive photic stimulation may be of various shapes. In particular, very young children with respiratory distress showed a typical off-response. This reaction is rather peculiar; it consists of a triphasic, very sharp wave followed by a depolarization of longer duration. The latency is about 200 msec. This off-response seems to be the reaction of an immature brain.", "PMID": 88348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11071", "title": "Aminopyridine-induced seizure activity.", "content": "Typical seizure activity can be induced by applying 3-aminopyridine to the surface of the cat cortex. The well known characteristics of epileptiform discharges were readily observed by simultaneous recording from both the surface and deeper layers.", "contents": "Aminopyridine-induced seizure activity. Typical seizure activity can be induced by applying 3-aminopyridine to the surface of the cat cortex. The well known characteristics of epileptiform discharges were readily observed by simultaneous recording from both the surface and deeper layers.", "PMID": 88349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11072", "title": "Interference suppression for EEG recording during open heart surgery.", "content": "A device for recording the EEG during open heart surgery is described. It differs from most standard equipment in two ways. First, the input circuit is completely floating from earth and will withstand 500 V DC. Second, radiofrequency (RF) shielding and filtering permits continuous recording of the EEG during electro-surgery in the operating room. The almost undisturbed recording permits on-line continuous EEG monitoring by means of quantitative signal analysis methods.", "contents": "Interference suppression for EEG recording during open heart surgery. A device for recording the EEG during open heart surgery is described. It differs from most standard equipment in two ways. First, the input circuit is completely floating from earth and will withstand 500 V DC. Second, radiofrequency (RF) shielding and filtering permits continuous recording of the EEG during electro-surgery in the operating room. The almost undisturbed recording permits on-line continuous EEG monitoring by means of quantitative signal analysis methods.", "PMID": 88350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11073", "title": "A reflex hammer for accurate measurement of reflex latency.", "content": "A hammer equipped with a piezo-electric crystal is suitable to measure fast tendon jerk latencies more accurately than a hammer equipped with a mechanical switching device. Measurements show that the hammer supplied with a piezo-electric crystal gives a pulse within 50 musec--at least 10 times faster than hammers supplied with a mechanical switch--which is negligible in comparison with the latency of any reflex response.", "contents": "A reflex hammer for accurate measurement of reflex latency. A hammer equipped with a piezo-electric crystal is suitable to measure fast tendon jerk latencies more accurately than a hammer equipped with a mechanical switching device. Measurements show that the hammer supplied with a piezo-electric crystal gives a pulse within 50 musec--at least 10 times faster than hammers supplied with a mechanical switch--which is negligible in comparison with the latency of any reflex response.", "PMID": 88351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11074", "title": "Differential arousal response to gustatory stimuli in the awake rabbit.", "content": "ECoG arousal response as elicited by deionized water and by several concentrations of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tasting substances, all applied intraorally, were studied in the awake restrained rabbit. The study was carried out on 17 chronic preparations of adult male animals (2.6 kg average body weight). Water as a stimulant was presented in 60 trials and tastants across qualities and concentrations in 245 trials. Arousal was quantitatively characterized by its duration, frequency increment and amplitude decrement as compared to prestimulus conditions. Arousal induced by tastants was compared to that induced by water. Water and tastants induced arousals differentiable by the parameters measured. Further, most tastants produced a dose-dependent response. Comparison of ECoG and behavioral data clearly indicate that tastants inducing behavioral aversion also produce an arousal which significantly differs from response to water while behavioral preference was found not to show similar correspondence with ECoG data. The possibility of using arousal as an objective indicator for taste aversion is discussed.", "contents": "Differential arousal response to gustatory stimuli in the awake rabbit. ECoG arousal response as elicited by deionized water and by several concentrations of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tasting substances, all applied intraorally, were studied in the awake restrained rabbit. The study was carried out on 17 chronic preparations of adult male animals (2.6 kg average body weight). Water as a stimulant was presented in 60 trials and tastants across qualities and concentrations in 245 trials. Arousal was quantitatively characterized by its duration, frequency increment and amplitude decrement as compared to prestimulus conditions. Arousal induced by tastants was compared to that induced by water. Water and tastants induced arousals differentiable by the parameters measured. Further, most tastants produced a dose-dependent response. Comparison of ECoG and behavioral data clearly indicate that tastants inducing behavioral aversion also produce an arousal which significantly differs from response to water while behavioral preference was found not to show similar correspondence with ECoG data. The possibility of using arousal as an objective indicator for taste aversion is discussed.", "PMID": 88352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11075", "title": "Visual and computer-assisted assessment of the EEG in epilepsy of late onset.", "content": "A study was made of 275 patients presenting with suspected epilepsy after the age of 20 years. In 122 it was concluded that the attacks were non-epileptic. In 60 others cerebral pathology was found. If the EEG was visibly abnormal the risk of cerebral pathology was 8 times greater than when the record was normal. The EEGs were also assessed by an automatic pattern recognition technique, which classified them as abnormal by reference to a control population of 300 volunteers. 90% of EEGs from patients with pathology were classified as abnormal and, conversely, 86% of patients with abnormal records (as assessed by the automatic analysis) had pathology.", "contents": "Visual and computer-assisted assessment of the EEG in epilepsy of late onset. A study was made of 275 patients presenting with suspected epilepsy after the age of 20 years. In 122 it was concluded that the attacks were non-epileptic. In 60 others cerebral pathology was found. If the EEG was visibly abnormal the risk of cerebral pathology was 8 times greater than when the record was normal. The EEGs were also assessed by an automatic pattern recognition technique, which classified them as abnormal by reference to a control population of 300 volunteers. 90% of EEGs from patients with pathology were classified as abnormal and, conversely, 86% of patients with abnormal records (as assessed by the automatic analysis) had pathology.", "PMID": 88353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11076", "title": "Monosynaptic spinal reflexes elicited at various phases of the EEG alpha cycle.", "content": "Relationships between the phase of EEG alpha waves and motor activities have been reported in the literature. In this study such a relation was investigated for electrically or mechanically evoked monosynaptic reflexes in the soleus muscle of normal humans. EEG alpha activity, derived from electrodes widespread over the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres, was tested but no relationships between alpha phase and reflex amplitudes were found.", "contents": "Monosynaptic spinal reflexes elicited at various phases of the EEG alpha cycle. Relationships between the phase of EEG alpha waves and motor activities have been reported in the literature. In this study such a relation was investigated for electrically or mechanically evoked monosynaptic reflexes in the soleus muscle of normal humans. EEG alpha activity, derived from electrodes widespread over the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres, was tested but no relationships between alpha phase and reflex amplitudes were found.", "PMID": 88354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11077", "title": "A 200-point analog computer of average transients for electrophysiological measurements.", "content": "A 200-point computer of average transients uses capacitors as the memory devices and MOS-FET switches. The averaged wave form is stored exponentially and the memory decays exponentially when that input is removed. The memory exponential time constant (i.e. the number of sweeps averaged) can be varied with one resistor. Read-out to an oscilloscope occurs simultaneously with read-in of each new signal. This linear circuit computes a highly accurate average, even though 10% components are used. It is more cost-effective than commercial digital averagers for many applications and can average evoked potentials, field potentials, weak single units and intracellularly recorded postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "A 200-point analog computer of average transients for electrophysiological measurements. A 200-point computer of average transients uses capacitors as the memory devices and MOS-FET switches. The averaged wave form is stored exponentially and the memory decays exponentially when that input is removed. The memory exponential time constant (i.e. the number of sweeps averaged) can be varied with one resistor. Read-out to an oscilloscope occurs simultaneously with read-in of each new signal. This linear circuit computes a highly accurate average, even though 10% components are used. It is more cost-effective than commercial digital averagers for many applications and can average evoked potentials, field potentials, weak single units and intracellularly recorded postsynaptic potentials.", "PMID": 88355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11078", "title": "System for studying the delta rhythm during sleep and its topographical amplitude distribution.", "content": "An analogue system of processing all-night sleep EEG records which leads to the representation of sleep cycles by the continuous variation of the amplitude parameter in a given frequency band is described. The curves obtained are analogous to those resulting from more sophisticated computerized analyses. The cycles which they outline are in good concordance with those of the classic hypnogram. Moreover, the simplicity and the rapidity of the processing easily allow its application to multiple EEG channels. A topographical discrimination of the amplitude parameter during sleep was observed in normal subjecttion. The results obtained are illustrated in the case of a normal child and a young normal adult.", "contents": "System for studying the delta rhythm during sleep and its topographical amplitude distribution. An analogue system of processing all-night sleep EEG records which leads to the representation of sleep cycles by the continuous variation of the amplitude parameter in a given frequency band is described. The curves obtained are analogous to those resulting from more sophisticated computerized analyses. The cycles which they outline are in good concordance with those of the classic hypnogram. Moreover, the simplicity and the rapidity of the processing easily allow its application to multiple EEG channels. A topographical discrimination of the amplitude parameter during sleep was observed in normal subjecttion. The results obtained are illustrated in the case of a normal child and a young normal adult.", "PMID": 88356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11079", "title": "Frequency-following responses in primary auditory and reticular formation structures.", "content": "The responses of the cat brain to tonal stimuli were recorded from the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, reticular formation and the far field. The response consisted of an onset component and a frequency-following response (FFR) component in the inferior colliculus (IC) and the far field. In contrast to previous work, the FFR was also observed in the reticular formation. The response in the reticular formation was abolished at lower doses of pentobarbital and at lower relative intensities of masking than that in the IC and far field. The amplitude of the FFR increased and the latency decreased with progressive ventral movement of the electrode through the IC. The onset component of the response in IC was more easily masked than the FFR component, while the FFR component was depressed to a somewhat greater extent by pentobarbital administration. These findings suggest that the different components of the response to tonal stimuli are generated by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Frequency-following responses in primary auditory and reticular formation structures. The responses of the cat brain to tonal stimuli were recorded from the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, reticular formation and the far field. The response consisted of an onset component and a frequency-following response (FFR) component in the inferior colliculus (IC) and the far field. In contrast to previous work, the FFR was also observed in the reticular formation. The response in the reticular formation was abolished at lower doses of pentobarbital and at lower relative intensities of masking than that in the IC and far field. The amplitude of the FFR increased and the latency decreased with progressive ventral movement of the electrode through the IC. The onset component of the response in IC was more easily masked than the FFR component, while the FFR component was depressed to a somewhat greater extent by pentobarbital administration. These findings suggest that the different components of the response to tonal stimuli are generated by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 88357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11080", "title": "Amplitude of evoked potentials and degree of event-related desynchronization (ERD) during photic stimulation.", "content": "The variations in amplitude of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and parallel changes in amount of event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band were studied in central derivations of scalp EEG, in 10 normal subjects. Two methods were used to estimate the amplitude of VEPs in small groups of 10 responses: (1) inverse and matched filtering techniques; (2) two-way rank analysis of variance by the Friedman test. The two methods gave similar results and two groups, statistically different, emerged. The first, with large VEP amplitude, having at the same time large ERD, and the second, with small VEP amplitude and small ERD.", "contents": "Amplitude of evoked potentials and degree of event-related desynchronization (ERD) during photic stimulation. The variations in amplitude of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and parallel changes in amount of event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band were studied in central derivations of scalp EEG, in 10 normal subjects. Two methods were used to estimate the amplitude of VEPs in small groups of 10 responses: (1) inverse and matched filtering techniques; (2) two-way rank analysis of variance by the Friedman test. The two methods gave similar results and two groups, statistically different, emerged. The first, with large VEP amplitude, having at the same time large ERD, and the second, with small VEP amplitude and small ERD.", "PMID": 88358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11081", "title": "Spinal cord seizures elicited by high pressures of helium.", "content": "Rats with complete spinal transections were compressed in helium-oxygen to 120 bars. Tremors and increased EMG activity in limbs rostral as well as caudal to the lesions were observed beginning at 30 bars. Spinal seizures occurred at 95 bars, similar to cortical seizure thresholds of intact rats. Denervated limbs remained flaccid throughout the dives. No rostro-caudal progression of symptoms was evident in normal animals, but fluctuation of symptoms with increasing pressure was frequently observed. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of pressure on aggregates of neurons exceed those on isolated components.", "contents": "Spinal cord seizures elicited by high pressures of helium. Rats with complete spinal transections were compressed in helium-oxygen to 120 bars. Tremors and increased EMG activity in limbs rostral as well as caudal to the lesions were observed beginning at 30 bars. Spinal seizures occurred at 95 bars, similar to cortical seizure thresholds of intact rats. Denervated limbs remained flaccid throughout the dives. No rostro-caudal progression of symptoms was evident in normal animals, but fluctuation of symptoms with increasing pressure was frequently observed. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of pressure on aggregates of neurons exceed those on isolated components.", "PMID": 88359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11082", "title": "Hippocampal evoked potentials and EEG changes during classical conditioning in the rat.", "content": "Hippocampal evoked potentials (EPs) and EEG responses were studied in rats, using a classical conditioning paradigm (water, US), with a spatially discontiguous CS-US arrangement in order to separate the CS and goal-related responses. In early training, when the orienting score was high, the tone CS, instead of eliciting a definite EP, usually reset hippocampal theta activity in phase, i.e. theta rhythm became time-locked to CS. With further training, orienting activity (ORI) decreased to the preconditioning level, and this was associated with the recurrence of short-latency and high voltage hippocampal EPs, similar to those observed during habituation. This high voltage EP predicted that the animal would not orient any more towards CS. This correlation was confirmed by behavioural (satiation, shock US) and by pharmacological (scopolamine HBr, 2 mg/kg) treatments, all of which reduced the ORI score. Hippocampal EEGs also showed characteristic changes during conditioning. ORI towards CS was accompanied by higher frequency spectral peaks (9 c/sec) than response to US (7--8 c/sec). This correlation was seen both across sessions and within trials. We conclude that the above changes are related to orienting, attentional factors rather than to movement-related variables.", "contents": "Hippocampal evoked potentials and EEG changes during classical conditioning in the rat. Hippocampal evoked potentials (EPs) and EEG responses were studied in rats, using a classical conditioning paradigm (water, US), with a spatially discontiguous CS-US arrangement in order to separate the CS and goal-related responses. In early training, when the orienting score was high, the tone CS, instead of eliciting a definite EP, usually reset hippocampal theta activity in phase, i.e. theta rhythm became time-locked to CS. With further training, orienting activity (ORI) decreased to the preconditioning level, and this was associated with the recurrence of short-latency and high voltage hippocampal EPs, similar to those observed during habituation. This high voltage EP predicted that the animal would not orient any more towards CS. This correlation was confirmed by behavioural (satiation, shock US) and by pharmacological (scopolamine HBr, 2 mg/kg) treatments, all of which reduced the ORI score. Hippocampal EEGs also showed characteristic changes during conditioning. ORI towards CS was accompanied by higher frequency spectral peaks (9 c/sec) than response to US (7--8 c/sec). This correlation was seen both across sessions and within trials. We conclude that the above changes are related to orienting, attentional factors rather than to movement-related variables.", "PMID": 88362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11083", "title": "[Results of long-lasting drug intake on child development; clinical and electrophysiological study during drug withdrawal].", "content": "The case of a child under continuous anticonvulsant medication, especially barbiturate, since the age of 8 months for atypical seizures is reported. Medication was withdrawn when the child was 7.7 years old. The child was then under care in a Day Hospital with an autistic-like syndrome associated with important disturbances of sleep-waking regulation, complete learning incapability and major EEG abnormalities. The EEG paroxysmal discharges observed in the waking and all-night sleep records gradually decreased and then disappeared as the withdrawal was pursued over a period of several months. During the same period, the child's behaviour markedly improved and his sleep disturbances disappeared. The possibility of iatrogenic effects of early and continuous anti-convulsant therapies is discussed, even though the drug plasma levels remain within ranges generally considered as non-toxic.", "contents": "[Results of long-lasting drug intake on child development; clinical and electrophysiological study during drug withdrawal]. The case of a child under continuous anticonvulsant medication, especially barbiturate, since the age of 8 months for atypical seizures is reported. Medication was withdrawn when the child was 7.7 years old. The child was then under care in a Day Hospital with an autistic-like syndrome associated with important disturbances of sleep-waking regulation, complete learning incapability and major EEG abnormalities. The EEG paroxysmal discharges observed in the waking and all-night sleep records gradually decreased and then disappeared as the withdrawal was pursued over a period of several months. During the same period, the child's behaviour markedly improved and his sleep disturbances disappeared. The possibility of iatrogenic effects of early and continuous anti-convulsant therapies is discussed, even though the drug plasma levels remain within ranges generally considered as non-toxic.", "PMID": 88363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11084", "title": "'alpha pattern coma' following cerebral anoxia.", "content": "In 30 patients, who were all comatose as a result of cerebral anoxia after cardiac arrest, at least one EEG with activity in the alpha frequency range was recorded. Regionally the activity of the above mentioned characteristic was often diffusely distributed or most pronounced occipitally, whereas a tendency to affect other regions was rarely observed. In 50% of the patients, where more than one EEG was recorded, the 'alpha' rhythm was still present in the following record. Only one of the patients survived, and even so, with considerable mental defects. In 4 patients the level of consciousness improved, but 3 of them never reached a definite level of cortical function and died as a result of cerebral anoxia.", "contents": "'alpha pattern coma' following cerebral anoxia. In 30 patients, who were all comatose as a result of cerebral anoxia after cardiac arrest, at least one EEG with activity in the alpha frequency range was recorded. Regionally the activity of the above mentioned characteristic was often diffusely distributed or most pronounced occipitally, whereas a tendency to affect other regions was rarely observed. In 50% of the patients, where more than one EEG was recorded, the 'alpha' rhythm was still present in the following record. Only one of the patients survived, and even so, with considerable mental defects. In 4 patients the level of consciousness improved, but 3 of them never reached a definite level of cortical function and died as a result of cerebral anoxia.", "PMID": 88365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11085", "title": "Kinetic complexity of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA in normal and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from liver nuclei of untreated rats and 3 h or 12 h after partial hepatectomy or sham operation was hybridized to the complementary DNAs (cDNAs). In the homologous reactions two major components could be seen. When compared to normal liver, the complexity  of the least abundant class was lower in nuclei from livers 3 h after partial hepatectomy and was higher in those isolated 12 h after operation. The heterologous reactions revealed an increase of some abundant poly(A)-containing sequences and a loss or dilution of rare sequences 3 h after operation. The latter effect was not specific to the regeneration process but occurred after laparotomy as well. 12 h after partial hepatectomy, however, about 10% new poly(A)-containing sequences were detected, corresponding to about 5000 molecules of 4500 nucleotides length, which are unique to regenerating nuclei.", "contents": "Kinetic complexity of nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA in normal and regenerating rat liver. Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from liver nuclei of untreated rats and 3 h or 12 h after partial hepatectomy or sham operation was hybridized to the complementary DNAs (cDNAs). In the homologous reactions two major components could be seen. When compared to normal liver, the complexity  of the least abundant class was lower in nuclei from livers 3 h after partial hepatectomy and was higher in those isolated 12 h after operation. The heterologous reactions revealed an increase of some abundant poly(A)-containing sequences and a loss or dilution of rare sequences 3 h after operation. The latter effect was not specific to the regeneration process but occurred after laparotomy as well. 12 h after partial hepatectomy, however, about 10% new poly(A)-containing sequences were detected, corresponding to about 5000 molecules of 4500 nucleotides length, which are unique to regenerating nuclei.", "PMID": 88367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11086", "title": "Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with isolated intestinal epithelial cells from rat. 2. Characterization and structural requirements of the stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on production of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulated adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) production in rat intestinal epithelial cells. The stimulation was dependent on time and temperature and was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Under optimal conditions (at 15 degrees C, with 0.2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylaxanthine, at a cell concentration up to 18 microgram DNA/ml), the cyclic AMP production produced by vasoactive intestinal peptide was constant for 10 min and stopped after 15 min incubation, at either low (1 nM) or high (30 nM) concentration of the peptide. This plateau effect was demonstrated not to be due to an inactivation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the medium nor to an alteration of receptors for the peptide. Cyclic AMP production was sensitive to a concentration as low as 0.1 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide. Maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP levels by vasoactive intestinal peptide was observed with 30 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide and represented an 11-fold increased above basal. The dorse-response curve was monophasic with a Km of 2.3 x 10(-9) M. No cooperative effects were detected by Hill analysis. The positive non-linear relationship observed between stimulation of cyclic AMP production and occupancy of binding site was not time-dependent as indicated by experiments performed after 15, 45 and 120 min incubation. Maximal and half-maximal responses were obtained at about 70% and 7% occupation of binding sites, respectively. Chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide and porcine secretin were agonists of porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide with a 6-times and a 120-times lower potency, respectively. Among secretin analogs that were found to have low affinity for vasoactive intestinal peptide binding sites, [4-alanine, 5-valine]secretin, that resembles vasoactive intestinal peptide at the first seven amino acids at the N-terminal end, was a partial agonist of vasoactive peptide at the first seven amino acids at the N-terminal end, was a partial agonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide and others failed to stimulate cyclic AMP production. Glucagon (10microM), gastric inhibitory peptide (0.1 microM), substance, P, neurotensin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, human gastrin I with leucine at residue 15, Leu-enkephalinand somatostatin (1 microM) did not alter cyclicAMP levels. Non-peptide mediators such as dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and histamine, tested at 10 microM, were also ineffective. Prostaglandins E2, E1 and isoproterenol, tested at 10 microM, induced an increase of cyclic AMP levels above basal but were 9.5, 13.7 and 17.5 times less efficient than vasoactive intestinal peptide, respectively. Thus vasoactive intestinal peptide is a unique stimulus of cyclic AMP production in rat intestinal epithelial cells.", "contents": "Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with isolated intestinal epithelial cells from rat. 2. Characterization and structural requirements of the stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on production of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. Porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulated adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) production in rat intestinal epithelial cells. The stimulation was dependent on time and temperature and was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Under optimal conditions (at 15 degrees C, with 0.2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylaxanthine, at a cell concentration up to 18 microgram DNA/ml), the cyclic AMP production produced by vasoactive intestinal peptide was constant for 10 min and stopped after 15 min incubation, at either low (1 nM) or high (30 nM) concentration of the peptide. This plateau effect was demonstrated not to be due to an inactivation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the medium nor to an alteration of receptors for the peptide. Cyclic AMP production was sensitive to a concentration as low as 0.1 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide. Maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP levels by vasoactive intestinal peptide was observed with 30 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide and represented an 11-fold increased above basal. The dorse-response curve was monophasic with a Km of 2.3 x 10(-9) M. No cooperative effects were detected by Hill analysis. The positive non-linear relationship observed between stimulation of cyclic AMP production and occupancy of binding site was not time-dependent as indicated by experiments performed after 15, 45 and 120 min incubation. Maximal and half-maximal responses were obtained at about 70% and 7% occupation of binding sites, respectively. Chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide and porcine secretin were agonists of porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide with a 6-times and a 120-times lower potency, respectively. Among secretin analogs that were found to have low affinity for vasoactive intestinal peptide binding sites, [4-alanine, 5-valine]secretin, that resembles vasoactive intestinal peptide at the first seven amino acids at the N-terminal end, was a partial agonist of vasoactive peptide at the first seven amino acids at the N-terminal end, was a partial agonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide and others failed to stimulate cyclic AMP production. Glucagon (10microM), gastric inhibitory peptide (0.1 microM), substance, P, neurotensin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, human gastrin I with leucine at residue 15, Leu-enkephalinand somatostatin (1 microM) did not alter cyclicAMP levels. Non-peptide mediators such as dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and histamine, tested at 10 microM, were also ineffective. Prostaglandins E2, E1 and isoproterenol, tested at 10 microM, induced an increase of cyclic AMP levels above basal but were 9.5, 13.7 and 17.5 times less efficient than vasoactive intestinal peptide, respectively. Thus vasoactive intestinal peptide is a unique stimulus of cyclic AMP production in rat intestinal epithelial cells.", "PMID": 88368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11087", "title": "Relative effectiveness of spinal cord and purified myelin basic protein in producing resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Isolated myelin basic protein (MBP) was less effective than an equivalent amount of spinal cord in inducing protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by a challenge of either cord, purified myelin or MBP. Complete protection was only obtained when an MBP challenge was preceded by spinal cord treatment. There was a 100% incidence of disease in the guinea pigs pretreated with MBP before challenge with spinal cord or myelin, but the onset was delayed by 3--4 weeks and the disease was less severe than in the controls. Recurrent disease was seen in some control and pretreated animals challenged with spinal cord but not in animals challenged with MBP.", "contents": "Relative effectiveness of spinal cord and purified myelin basic protein in producing resistance to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Isolated myelin basic protein (MBP) was less effective than an equivalent amount of spinal cord in inducing protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis produced by a challenge of either cord, purified myelin or MBP. Complete protection was only obtained when an MBP challenge was preceded by spinal cord treatment. There was a 100% incidence of disease in the guinea pigs pretreated with MBP before challenge with spinal cord or myelin, but the onset was delayed by 3--4 weeks and the disease was less severe than in the controls. Recurrent disease was seen in some control and pretreated animals challenged with spinal cord but not in animals challenged with MBP.", "PMID": 88369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11088", "title": "Termination of natural tolerance to alpha-foetoprotein in rats: study of cell-mediated immunity in the macrophage migration inhibition test.", "content": "Immunization of rats with mouse alpha-foetoprotein has been earlier shown to induce the antibody response to self AFP or rats. In this work a single injection of AFPm resulted in termination of natural tolerance of effector T-cells to AFPr, as shown by the macrophage migration inhibition test using peritoneal exudate cells from immunized animals. A significant reaction was elicited by both AFPm and AFPr in the course of primary, secondary and third immunization with AFPm. Pronounced MMI reaction to AFPm and AFPr has developed when AFPr was used as a booster antigen after primary injection with AFPm. Both the kinetics and magnitude of cell-mediated response to heterologous and self AFP injected either in CFA or without it were studied by the MMI test. T-cells of immune PEC were demonstrated by T-B separation to be responsible for MMI elicited by AFPm and AFPr.", "contents": "Termination of natural tolerance to alpha-foetoprotein in rats: study of cell-mediated immunity in the macrophage migration inhibition test. Immunization of rats with mouse alpha-foetoprotein has been earlier shown to induce the antibody response to self AFP or rats. In this work a single injection of AFPm resulted in termination of natural tolerance of effector T-cells to AFPr, as shown by the macrophage migration inhibition test using peritoneal exudate cells from immunized animals. A significant reaction was elicited by both AFPm and AFPr in the course of primary, secondary and third immunization with AFPm. Pronounced MMI reaction to AFPm and AFPr has developed when AFPr was used as a booster antigen after primary injection with AFPm. Both the kinetics and magnitude of cell-mediated response to heterologous and self AFP injected either in CFA or without it were studied by the MMI test. T-cells of immune PEC were demonstrated by T-B separation to be responsible for MMI elicited by AFPm and AFPr.", "PMID": 88377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11089", "title": "IUDs--update on safety, effectiveness, and research.", "content": "After nearly two decades of use, the IUD remains \"a generally safe, effective and useful form of birth control\" (337). With fewer than six pregnancies per 100 women-years of use and fewer than ten deaths per one million women-years of use, according to a comprehensive new review by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the IUD has an important place in modern family planning programs.", "contents": "IUDs--update on safety, effectiveness, and research. After nearly two decades of use, the IUD remains \"a generally safe, effective and useful form of birth control\" (337). With fewer than six pregnancies per 100 women-years of use and fewer than ten deaths per one million women-years of use, according to a comprehensive new review by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the IUD has an important place in modern family planning programs.", "PMID": 88379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11090", "title": "The effect of O-betahydroxyethyl-rutosides (HR) on the number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in patients with occlusive arterial disease.", "content": "The diagnostic value and the effect of the therapy on the number and kind of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in 68 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs were investigated. The modified SILBERGLEIT'S method was used. 8 types of aggregates were found. The means number of aggregates in 20 healthy subjects was 8.2 but in 46 patients suffering from obliterative arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs this number was significantly higher, i.e. about 62. A significant decrease in the number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the group of 14 patients receiving HR orally 1800 mg daily and 16 patients receiving HR intravenously 2000 mg daily was found. In 16 persons a lower HR dose (orally 900 mg daily and intravenously 500 mg daily) did not influence the number of rosettes. In 22 patients receiving nicotinic acid (orally 900 mg daily, intramuscularly 600 mg daily) no significant changes in the number of rosettes was observed.", "contents": "The effect of O-betahydroxyethyl-rutosides (HR) on the number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in patients with occlusive arterial disease. The diagnostic value and the effect of the therapy on the number and kind of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in 68 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs were investigated. The modified SILBERGLEIT'S method was used. 8 types of aggregates were found. The means number of aggregates in 20 healthy subjects was 8.2 but in 46 patients suffering from obliterative arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs this number was significantly higher, i.e. about 62. A significant decrease in the number of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the group of 14 patients receiving HR orally 1800 mg daily and 16 patients receiving HR intravenously 2000 mg daily was found. In 16 persons a lower HR dose (orally 900 mg daily and intravenously 500 mg daily) did not influence the number of rosettes. In 22 patients receiving nicotinic acid (orally 900 mg daily, intramuscularly 600 mg daily) no significant changes in the number of rosettes was observed.", "PMID": 88383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11091", "title": "Fractionation of outdated freeze-dried plasma: a comparative study of cold- and heat-ethanol fractionation procedures.", "content": "In a comparative study a total volume of 1435 kg outdated freeze-dried plasma, equivalent to approx. 200,000 kg liquid plasma, was fractionated into albumin (20%): about 30% of the total plasma volume was fractionated following the cold-ethanol procedure and about 70% following the heat-ethanol method. Average albumin recovery following cold-ethanol preparation was 47% of the albumin originally present in the freeze-dried plasma (= 50% of total protein); following heat-ethanol fractionation, 71%. Gelfiltration of heat-ethanol albumin showed a main peak (= 93%) representing albumin monomers and one slightly faster component (= 7%) representing albumin dimers. Gelfiltration of cold-ethanol isolated albumin on the other hand showed four peaks: albumin monomers (= 60%), albumin dimers (= 15%), and two other peaks representing higher molecular weight molecules (= 25%). Hemoglobin present in the reconstituted plasma was reduced about five-fold in the cold-ethanol product and about ten-fold in the heat-ethanol albumin. Stability tests of both products did not differ from equivalent products isolated from normal human plasma. Besides albumin, immunoglobulins may be isolated as Cohn fraction II-III prior to the heating procedure without significant albumin loss.", "contents": "Fractionation of outdated freeze-dried plasma: a comparative study of cold- and heat-ethanol fractionation procedures. In a comparative study a total volume of 1435 kg outdated freeze-dried plasma, equivalent to approx. 200,000 kg liquid plasma, was fractionated into albumin (20%): about 30% of the total plasma volume was fractionated following the cold-ethanol procedure and about 70% following the heat-ethanol method. Average albumin recovery following cold-ethanol preparation was 47% of the albumin originally present in the freeze-dried plasma (= 50% of total protein); following heat-ethanol fractionation, 71%. Gelfiltration of heat-ethanol albumin showed a main peak (= 93%) representing albumin monomers and one slightly faster component (= 7%) representing albumin dimers. Gelfiltration of cold-ethanol isolated albumin on the other hand showed four peaks: albumin monomers (= 60%), albumin dimers (= 15%), and two other peaks representing higher molecular weight molecules (= 25%). Hemoglobin present in the reconstituted plasma was reduced about five-fold in the cold-ethanol product and about ten-fold in the heat-ethanol albumin. Stability tests of both products did not differ from equivalent products isolated from normal human plasma. Besides albumin, immunoglobulins may be isolated as Cohn fraction II-III prior to the heating procedure without significant albumin loss.", "PMID": 88384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11092", "title": "[Effect of procaine on the loss of erythrocyte phospholipids during blood preservation in ACD-AG-stabilizer].", "content": "The phospholipid changes of erythrocytes were investigated following the storage under blood bank conditions up to 42 days (ACD-AG-stabilisator) without and with addition of procaine (25 mM). The phospholipid loss of erythrocytes is described as two-step occurrence. The rapid decrease in the first three days is followed by a further loss up to the end of the storage period. The concomitant increase of phospholipid fractions of supernatant shows that the erythrocyte membranes lose their phospholipids mainly by a passive way. For the further loss of phospholipids the action of a phospholipase A is adopted. The addition of procaine hinders strongly the phospholipid loss of erythrocytes. The clinical importance of these procaine action is shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of procaine on the loss of erythrocyte phospholipids during blood preservation in ACD-AG-stabilizer]. The phospholipid changes of erythrocytes were investigated following the storage under blood bank conditions up to 42 days (ACD-AG-stabilisator) without and with addition of procaine (25 mM). The phospholipid loss of erythrocytes is described as two-step occurrence. The rapid decrease in the first three days is followed by a further loss up to the end of the storage period. The concomitant increase of phospholipid fractions of supernatant shows that the erythrocyte membranes lose their phospholipids mainly by a passive way. For the further loss of phospholipids the action of a phospholipase A is adopted. The addition of procaine hinders strongly the phospholipid loss of erythrocytes. The clinical importance of these procaine action is shortly discussed.", "PMID": 88385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11093", "title": "[Spontaneous rosette forming, Fc and complement receptor bearing lymphocytes in pediatric diseases].", "content": "Investigations with lymphocyte subpopulations were made in 51 children aged from 1-14 years with infections of the upper airways, with acute leukaemias, and other malignant diseases. T-lymphocytes were registered by means of the spontaneous rosette test. The attempt of proving B-lymphocytes was made by means of an EAC test with human erythrocytes, anti-D-immunoglobulins and human complement. The results were compared with those obtained by an EAC test with sheep erythrocytes, sheep haemolysin and mice complement and the significance of complement discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rosette forming, Fc and complement receptor bearing lymphocytes in pediatric diseases]. Investigations with lymphocyte subpopulations were made in 51 children aged from 1-14 years with infections of the upper airways, with acute leukaemias, and other malignant diseases. T-lymphocytes were registered by means of the spontaneous rosette test. The attempt of proving B-lymphocytes was made by means of an EAC test with human erythrocytes, anti-D-immunoglobulins and human complement. The results were compared with those obtained by an EAC test with sheep erythrocytes, sheep haemolysin and mice complement and the significance of complement discussed.", "PMID": 88386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11094", "title": "Effect of radiotherapy on the neutrophil and the lymphocyte enzymatic equipment and serum immunoglobulins in patients with cancer of the larynx.", "content": "In 30 patients with cancer of the larynx, aged 40 to 70 years, treated by radiotherapy 6 to 9 years ago the decreased activity of neutrophil beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase accompanied by a decrease of absolute count of enzyme-positive cells was noted. Numbers of acid phosphatase-positive neutrophils were also decreased. Moderate increase of the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity and of numbers of enzyme-positive cells was another observed feature. The main finding in lymphocytes of the patients consisted in the appearance of cells exhibiting diffusion of lysosomal enzymes, especially of beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and to a lesser degree of acid phosphatase into the cell cytoplasm. Moderate increase of immunoglobulin level, especially that of IgA, reflected probably the immunologic mobilization of patients.", "contents": "Effect of radiotherapy on the neutrophil and the lymphocyte enzymatic equipment and serum immunoglobulins in patients with cancer of the larynx. In 30 patients with cancer of the larynx, aged 40 to 70 years, treated by radiotherapy 6 to 9 years ago the decreased activity of neutrophil beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase accompanied by a decrease of absolute count of enzyme-positive cells was noted. Numbers of acid phosphatase-positive neutrophils were also decreased. Moderate increase of the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity and of numbers of enzyme-positive cells was another observed feature. The main finding in lymphocytes of the patients consisted in the appearance of cells exhibiting diffusion of lysosomal enzymes, especially of beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and to a lesser degree of acid phosphatase into the cell cytoplasm. Moderate increase of immunoglobulin level, especially that of IgA, reflected probably the immunologic mobilization of patients.", "PMID": 88387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11095", "title": "Extramedullary haematopoiesis in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis was detected in routine sections of spleen and liver from two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In patients with other types of hemolytic anemia and in normal persons, extramedullary hematopoiesis was not found in spleen or liver. The results of this study raise the possibility that TTP may fit within the myeloproliferative category, perhaps representing an acute variant of Di-Guglielmo Syndrome.", "contents": "Extramedullary haematopoiesis in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was detected in routine sections of spleen and liver from two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In patients with other types of hemolytic anemia and in normal persons, extramedullary hematopoiesis was not found in spleen or liver. The results of this study raise the possibility that TTP may fit within the myeloproliferative category, perhaps representing an acute variant of Di-Guglielmo Syndrome.", "PMID": 88388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11096", "title": "[Compatibility of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG). Possible side effects and complications].", "content": "The results in the antihuman lymphocytic globulines (AHLG) therapy of 25 patients with predominantly haematological and neurological diseases are reported. Extent and scope of the side-effects observed are discussed. A careful clinical, clinico-chemical and immunological observation of the patients during the AHLG therapy is indispensable for performing this biological immunosuppression and a strict selection of patients is also required. Under these conditions there are no higher risk and responsibility in an AHLG therapy than in other intensive kinds of therapy.", "contents": "[Compatibility of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG). Possible side effects and complications]. The results in the antihuman lymphocytic globulines (AHLG) therapy of 25 patients with predominantly haematological and neurological diseases are reported. Extent and scope of the side-effects observed are discussed. A careful clinical, clinico-chemical and immunological observation of the patients during the AHLG therapy is indispensable for performing this biological immunosuppression and a strict selection of patients is also required. Under these conditions there are no higher risk and responsibility in an AHLG therapy than in other intensive kinds of therapy.", "PMID": 88389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11097", "title": "[Use of antilymphocyte globulin in autoimmune nervous system diseases].", "content": "The pathogenetic bases for the indication of immunosuppression in multiple sclerosis are represented in a survey, rested upon experiences in the clinical compatability test of AHLG Dessau. The knowledge gained in animal experiments and epidemiology in recent years is considered and problems of membrane, slow-virus hypothesis, genetic problems and changes of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes are critically referred to.", "contents": "[Use of antilymphocyte globulin in autoimmune nervous system diseases]. The pathogenetic bases for the indication of immunosuppression in multiple sclerosis are represented in a survey, rested upon experiences in the clinical compatability test of AHLG Dessau. The knowledge gained in animal experiments and epidemiology in recent years is considered and problems of membrane, slow-virus hypothesis, genetic problems and changes of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes are critically referred to.", "PMID": 88390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11098", "title": "Electroimmunoassay of factor IX in patients with liver damage and vitamin K unresponsive coagulation disorder.", "content": "Factor IX antigen and activity were assayed in a group of patients with liver disease and in a group of patients in coumarin therapy. In patients with liver disease there was a similar decrease in activity and antigen. On the other hand factor IX activity is decreased in coumarin treatment with factor IX antigen remaining normal. Factor IX electrophoretic mobility in liver disease is normal.", "contents": "Electroimmunoassay of factor IX in patients with liver damage and vitamin K unresponsive coagulation disorder. Factor IX antigen and activity were assayed in a group of patients with liver disease and in a group of patients in coumarin therapy. In patients with liver disease there was a similar decrease in activity and antigen. On the other hand factor IX activity is decreased in coumarin treatment with factor IX antigen remaining normal. Factor IX electrophoretic mobility in liver disease is normal.", "PMID": 88391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11099", "title": "[Determination of selected coagulation parameters in induced abortion by means of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha].", "content": "There were accomplished investigations about changes of bleeding and recalcification time, platelet count, levels of heat-fibrin, prothrombin, partial thromboplastin time, platelet adhesiveness and heparinocytes at 10 women during induction of therapeutic abortion by use of intramuscular injections of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha in the first and second trimester of pregnancy. The studies were performed before treatment, 30 minutes, 4 and 8 hours after beginning 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha-administration, 2 hours after expulsion of product of conception  and 24 hours after first injection. The following investigations showed statistical significant changes: Prothrombin decreased during treatment with 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha and did not obtain the starting value 24 hours after first injection. Platelet count showed an equal attitude. The heparinocytes showed a continuous falling off up to 2 hours after termination the pregnancy. A significant ascent was noticed 24 hours after first investigation. The results of studies did not indicate a strong injury of coagulation system. They support the positive estimate for induction of therapeutic abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha in the first and second trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Determination of selected coagulation parameters in induced abortion by means of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha]. There were accomplished investigations about changes of bleeding and recalcification time, platelet count, levels of heat-fibrin, prothrombin, partial thromboplastin time, platelet adhesiveness and heparinocytes at 10 women during induction of therapeutic abortion by use of intramuscular injections of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha in the first and second trimester of pregnancy. The studies were performed before treatment, 30 minutes, 4 and 8 hours after beginning 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha-administration, 2 hours after expulsion of product of conception  and 24 hours after first injection. The following investigations showed statistical significant changes: Prothrombin decreased during treatment with 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha and did not obtain the starting value 24 hours after first injection. Platelet count showed an equal attitude. The heparinocytes showed a continuous falling off up to 2 hours after termination the pregnancy. A significant ascent was noticed 24 hours after first investigation. The results of studies did not indicate a strong injury of coagulation system. They support the positive estimate for induction of therapeutic abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha in the first and second trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 88392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11100", "title": "[Activation by means of various adsorbents. (Contribution to the mechanism of contact activation of the blood coagulation process)].", "content": "20 different adsorbing substances were examined for the purpose of determining physico-chemical parameters influencing the contact activation in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). In the course of these examinations the prerequisites for the process under way were found to exist in a low adsorbing activity of the substance used as a surface and in the reversibility of adsorption. The effect activating the contact will depend on surface conditions and to a lesser degree on its size. An even crystal structure and the size of particles will have a positive influence on the surface properties and thus on the effect activating the contact.", "contents": "[Activation by means of various adsorbents. (Contribution to the mechanism of contact activation of the blood coagulation process)]. 20 different adsorbing substances were examined for the purpose of determining physico-chemical parameters influencing the contact activation in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). In the course of these examinations the prerequisites for the process under way were found to exist in a low adsorbing activity of the substance used as a surface and in the reversibility of adsorption. The effect activating the contact will depend on surface conditions and to a lesser degree on its size. An even crystal structure and the size of particles will have a positive influence on the surface properties and thus on the effect activating the contact.", "PMID": 88393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11101", "title": "[The protease inhibitor potential in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome].", "content": "In 70 newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and in roughly the same number of eutrophic mature newborns the total antiplasmin, progressive antithrombin and alpha 2-macroglobulin was determined, the latter in an enzymatical as well as immunochemical way. In healthy mature newborns the progressive antithrombin was somewhat below the level of adults, alpha 2-macroglobulin was above it in both methods and total antiplasmin within it. All parameters of protease inhibitory capacity were significantly lowered in newborns with RDS. Smaller values could be found in patients with bleedings and in those who died later on. Even in those patients with a birth weight under 2,000 g there was a tendency to lower values which can only be partially due to the specificity of development of inhibitors. Progressive antithrombin, total antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin determined enzymatically are correlated in newborns with RDS jointly and with numerous other parameters of the coagulation system. These relations point to the fact that all components are included in the same consumption process, viz. in the process of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Alpha 2-macroglobulin values determined immunochemically do not correlate with coagulation parameters determined enzymatically as well as with other parameters. They lay partially above or below those determined enzymatically. This behaviour can only be explained by a partial enzyme complex binding of alpha 2-macroglobulin in newborns with RDS.", "contents": "[The protease inhibitor potential in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome]. In 70 newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and in roughly the same number of eutrophic mature newborns the total antiplasmin, progressive antithrombin and alpha 2-macroglobulin was determined, the latter in an enzymatical as well as immunochemical way. In healthy mature newborns the progressive antithrombin was somewhat below the level of adults, alpha 2-macroglobulin was above it in both methods and total antiplasmin within it. All parameters of protease inhibitory capacity were significantly lowered in newborns with RDS. Smaller values could be found in patients with bleedings and in those who died later on. Even in those patients with a birth weight under 2,000 g there was a tendency to lower values which can only be partially due to the specificity of development of inhibitors. Progressive antithrombin, total antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin determined enzymatically are correlated in newborns with RDS jointly and with numerous other parameters of the coagulation system. These relations point to the fact that all components are included in the same consumption process, viz. in the process of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Alpha 2-macroglobulin values determined immunochemically do not correlate with coagulation parameters determined enzymatically as well as with other parameters. They lay partially above or below those determined enzymatically. This behaviour can only be explained by a partial enzyme complex binding of alpha 2-macroglobulin in newborns with RDS.", "PMID": 88394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11102", "title": "Some aspects of order and symbolism in schizophrenia.", "content": "Developing out R\u00fcmke's term of \"PraecoxGef\u00fchl\", it is described that the schizophrenic disorder in his way of being is the fundamental underlying reason for dissociation of his thoughts and feelings. This consequently leads to a distortion in his system of sign recognition and the meaning attached to the different semantic and syntactic levels. By means of the \"Wahnarbeit\" and other mechanisms the schizophrenic tries to build another order in which he can feel more at ease with his overwhelming experiences. The conceptualization of his thoughts is performed by using a \"principle of symmetry\"--attaching the meaning of one perceived object (I) of reality to another conceptualized object (II). Very often we are unable to understand the individualistic nature of schizophrenic symbolization because of this mechanism.", "contents": "Some aspects of order and symbolism in schizophrenia. Developing out R\u00fcmke's term of \"PraecoxGef\u00fchl\", it is described that the schizophrenic disorder in his way of being is the fundamental underlying reason for dissociation of his thoughts and feelings. This consequently leads to a distortion in his system of sign recognition and the meaning attached to the different semantic and syntactic levels. By means of the \"Wahnarbeit\" and other mechanisms the schizophrenic tries to build another order in which he can feel more at ease with his overwhelming experiences. The conceptualization of his thoughts is performed by using a \"principle of symmetry\"--attaching the meaning of one perceived object (I) of reality to another conceptualized object (II). Very often we are unable to understand the individualistic nature of schizophrenic symbolization because of this mechanism.", "PMID": 88395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11103", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of hypotensive circulatory disorders in general practice. Experiences with Gutron using the Thulesius-diagram for diagnosis and supervision of therapy].", "content": "The alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent Gutron, given orally for 10 days, induced a subjective and objective improvement of orthostatic disorders in a total of 114 hypotensive patients in 7 general practices. The use of the Thulesius diagram in diagnosing orthostatic disorders further improved the rate of success and diminished the frequency of side effects distinctly. Gutron is indicated in all patients with a systolic blood pressure fall of at least 10 mmHg and a concomitant rise in heart rate when changing from lying to standing position (asympathicotonic and sympathicotonic hypotension).", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of hypotensive circulatory disorders in general practice. Experiences with Gutron using the Thulesius-diagram for diagnosis and supervision of therapy]. The alpha-adrenergic stimulating agent Gutron, given orally for 10 days, induced a subjective and objective improvement of orthostatic disorders in a total of 114 hypotensive patients in 7 general practices. The use of the Thulesius diagram in diagnosing orthostatic disorders further improved the rate of success and diminished the frequency of side effects distinctly. Gutron is indicated in all patients with a systolic blood pressure fall of at least 10 mmHg and a concomitant rise in heart rate when changing from lying to standing position (asympathicotonic and sympathicotonic hypotension).", "PMID": 88400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11104", "title": "[Tetanus antibodies in conventional gamma globulin preparations].", "content": "Different specimens of one of the most common polyvalent immunoglobulin-preparations in the Federal Republic of Germany contain tetanus-antitoxin with an average titer of 40 I.E.Hml. The injection of 5 ml of this conventional gammaglobulin effects in an adult person a titer of ca. 0,75 I.E. Tetanus-antitoxin/ml serum (minimal protectin level = 0,01 I.E./ml). The prophylactic application of 5 ml of the conventional IgG-preparation (gammaglobulin) in travelers against epidemic hepatitis results in a protection against tetanus, too, at least for 3-4 weeks.", "contents": "[Tetanus antibodies in conventional gamma globulin preparations]. Different specimens of one of the most common polyvalent immunoglobulin-preparations in the Federal Republic of Germany contain tetanus-antitoxin with an average titer of 40 I.E.Hml. The injection of 5 ml of this conventional gammaglobulin effects in an adult person a titer of ca. 0,75 I.E. Tetanus-antitoxin/ml serum (minimal protectin level = 0,01 I.E./ml). The prophylactic application of 5 ml of the conventional IgG-preparation (gammaglobulin) in travelers against epidemic hepatitis results in a protection against tetanus, too, at least for 3-4 weeks.", "PMID": 88401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11105", "title": "[The problem of hepatic dysfunction of the diagnosis of hypernephroid kidney carcinomas (Stauffer syndrome)].", "content": "In 43 patients with histologically proved hypernephroid kidney cancer evaluation of the electrophoretic results, serum alkaline phosphatase, thromboplastin time (Quick's time) and bromthalein retention (n = 10) was carried out. As a control group the serum values of 10 patients with clinical tentative diagnosis of hypernephroid kidney cancer were checked; in this group operation and histological examination showed no kidney tumor. Only in one patient we found the typical constellation with elevated alkaline phosphatase, diminished albumin, elevated alpha-2 globuline fraction, and decreased thromboplastin time. 10 patients with histologically proved hypernephroid kidney cancer (nephrectomy) did not show any hepatic dysfunctions. Concerning the laboratory findings there was no difference between the two groups. In case of hepatic dysfunctions of unknown etiology a liver punction should be carried out for histologically examination. The cause of hepatic dysfunction (Stauffer syndrome) in cases of hypernephroid kidney cancer are discussed.", "contents": "[The problem of hepatic dysfunction of the diagnosis of hypernephroid kidney carcinomas (Stauffer syndrome)]. In 43 patients with histologically proved hypernephroid kidney cancer evaluation of the electrophoretic results, serum alkaline phosphatase, thromboplastin time (Quick's time) and bromthalein retention (n = 10) was carried out. As a control group the serum values of 10 patients with clinical tentative diagnosis of hypernephroid kidney cancer were checked; in this group operation and histological examination showed no kidney tumor. Only in one patient we found the typical constellation with elevated alkaline phosphatase, diminished albumin, elevated alpha-2 globuline fraction, and decreased thromboplastin time. 10 patients with histologically proved hypernephroid kidney cancer (nephrectomy) did not show any hepatic dysfunctions. Concerning the laboratory findings there was no difference between the two groups. In case of hepatic dysfunctions of unknown etiology a liver punction should be carried out for histologically examination. The cause of hepatic dysfunction (Stauffer syndrome) in cases of hypernephroid kidney cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 88402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11106", "title": "You are what you wear.", "content": "Uniforms and professional roles are frequently tied in the minds of both staff and patient, so it may be advisable to return to greater use of uniforms by hospital professional staffs.", "contents": "You are what you wear. Uniforms and professional roles are frequently tied in the minds of both staff and patient, so it may be advisable to return to greater use of uniforms by hospital professional staffs.", "PMID": 88404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11107", "title": "Correlated inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis and silver staining by actinomycin D.", "content": "Preferential inhibition of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA by low doses of actinomycin D was used to investigate the quantitative relationship between the intensity of silver staining of nucleoli and the rate of RNA-synthesis. The two parameters were found to be strongly correlated in human diploid fibroblasts.", "contents": "Correlated inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis and silver staining by actinomycin D. Preferential inhibition of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA by low doses of actinomycin D was used to investigate the quantitative relationship between the intensity of silver staining of nucleoli and the rate of RNA-synthesis. The two parameters were found to be strongly correlated in human diploid fibroblasts.", "PMID": 88405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11108", "title": "Nucleolus organiser regions on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from infertile males investigated using a specific silver stain.", "content": "Mitotic preparations from 30 subfertile males and meiotic preparations from 3 normal and 2 subfertile males were examined by means of the Ag-I technique of Bloom and Goodpasture (1976) to reveal nucleolus organiser regions (NORs). In the mitotic preparations, each subject was found to have a characteristic number of Ag-positive NORs per cell, within a range of 6--10. Analysis of satellite associations showed that the mean number of satellite associations per cell was related to the modal number of Ag-positive NORs for each subject. In the meiotic preparations, silver deposition was observed throughout meiotic prophase, but disappeared totally during diakinesis and metaphase II. It was seen again in early spermatids, and disappeared again as nuclear elongation took place. This pattern was observed in both normal and subfertile subjects, and may provide indirect evidence for the activation of rRNA genes during spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Nucleolus organiser regions on mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from infertile males investigated using a specific silver stain. Mitotic preparations from 30 subfertile males and meiotic preparations from 3 normal and 2 subfertile males were examined by means of the Ag-I technique of Bloom and Goodpasture (1976) to reveal nucleolus organiser regions (NORs). In the mitotic preparations, each subject was found to have a characteristic number of Ag-positive NORs per cell, within a range of 6--10. Analysis of satellite associations showed that the mean number of satellite associations per cell was related to the modal number of Ag-positive NORs for each subject. In the meiotic preparations, silver deposition was observed throughout meiotic prophase, but disappeared totally during diakinesis and metaphase II. It was seen again in early spermatids, and disappeared again as nuclear elongation took place. This pattern was observed in both normal and subfertile subjects, and may provide indirect evidence for the activation of rRNA genes during spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 88406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11109", "title": "Serum protein polymorphisms in a village community from the Gambia, West Africa (Hp, Tf, and Gc).", "content": "Serum samples from 857 inhabitants of the village of Keneba, The Gambia, West Africa, were examined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In 203 cases no haptoglobin could be detected, whilst in the remaining 654 samples the three common haptoglobin phenotypes were found with gene frequencies of 0.651 (Hp1) and 0.349 (Hp2). The D1 transferrin variant gene was found with a frequency of 0.025. In the serum Gc system the fast variant Gc-Ab was detected, the gene frequencies being: Gc1, 0.943; Gc2, 0.044; and GcAb, 0.013.", "contents": "Serum protein polymorphisms in a village community from the Gambia, West Africa (Hp, Tf, and Gc). Serum samples from 857 inhabitants of the village of Keneba, The Gambia, West Africa, were examined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In 203 cases no haptoglobin could be detected, whilst in the remaining 654 samples the three common haptoglobin phenotypes were found with gene frequencies of 0.651 (Hp1) and 0.349 (Hp2). The D1 transferrin variant gene was found with a frequency of 0.025. In the serum Gc system the fast variant Gc-Ab was detected, the gene frequencies being: Gc1, 0.943; Gc2, 0.044; and GcAb, 0.013.", "PMID": 88407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11110", "title": "Pathological features of cantharidin-induced toxic cardiomyopathy: lack of correlation between electron-microscopic and histopathologic myocardial damage.", "content": "Electron-microscopic evidence of the cardiotoxic effects of cantharidin administered to rabbits was observed. No correlation was found between the electron-microscopic changes and the light-microscopic features as assessed by special histological stains. The reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Pathological features of cantharidin-induced toxic cardiomyopathy: lack of correlation between electron-microscopic and histopathologic myocardial damage. Electron-microscopic evidence of the cardiotoxic effects of cantharidin administered to rabbits was observed. No correlation was found between the electron-microscopic changes and the light-microscopic features as assessed by special histological stains. The reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 88399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11111", "title": "Cytochemical analysis on a case of familial 17ps.", "content": "Chromosome 17ps was identified in the mother and daughter but not the father of a normal family with no history of congenital abnormality. In addition to G-band and Ag-NOR staining, previously used to study this abnormality, we applied N-band and C-band techniques. Our results showed that 17ps has no demonstrable ribosomal cistron or constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Cytochemical analysis on a case of familial 17ps. Chromosome 17ps was identified in the mother and daughter but not the father of a normal family with no history of congenital abnormality. In addition to G-band and Ag-NOR staining, previously used to study this abnormality, we applied N-band and C-band techniques. Our results showed that 17ps has no demonstrable ribosomal cistron or constitutive heterochromatin.", "PMID": 88409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11112", "title": "Nucleolar organizing regions of human chromosomes.", "content": "Silver-stained cells from 49 parents with a history of several abortions were compared with cells from 35 parents with normal liveborn children. The modal and mean number of silver-stained NORs (Ag-NORs) observed on D- or G-group chromosomes was similar in both groups and between males and females. Ag-NORs were randomly distributed on all five acrocentric pairs. The distribution and size of Ag-NORs within an individual was not random and was fairly consistent from cell to cell. The mean number of associations per cell was similar in both males and females of the abortion group and was less than the number of associations in controls. The probability of D- or G-group chromosomes being associated was near the expected probability of 0.6 for D-association and 0.4 for G-association. The frequency of association of any chromosome combination did not differ statistically from the expected values, though the number of associations, 15/22, was higher than expected.", "contents": "Nucleolar organizing regions of human chromosomes. Silver-stained cells from 49 parents with a history of several abortions were compared with cells from 35 parents with normal liveborn children. The modal and mean number of silver-stained NORs (Ag-NORs) observed on D- or G-group chromosomes was similar in both groups and between males and females. Ag-NORs were randomly distributed on all five acrocentric pairs. The distribution and size of Ag-NORs within an individual was not random and was fairly consistent from cell to cell. The mean number of associations per cell was similar in both males and females of the abortion group and was less than the number of associations in controls. The probability of D- or G-group chromosomes being associated was near the expected probability of 0.6 for D-association and 0.4 for G-association. The frequency of association of any chromosome combination did not differ statistically from the expected values, though the number of associations, 15/22, was higher than expected.", "PMID": 88410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11113", "title": "Localization of the nucleolar organizer by computer-aided analysis of a variant no. 21 in a human isolate.", "content": "A variant chromosome no. 21 consisting of two stalks and two satellites in tandem was detected during a survey of a human isolate. The variant segregated in three generations of a large kindred. One male had the variant no. 21, a metacentric Y, and a 47,XXY complement; however, no other evidence of chromosomal nondisjunction was found. Computer-aided analysis of sequentially stained variant no. 21 chromosomes indicated that silver-stained material corresponded to the proximal stalk region (as defined by Giemsa), but often covered both the distal stalk and satellite (also as defined by Giemsa). These data support the hypothesis that human nucleolar organizers are localized to the stalks of acrocentric chromosomes.", "contents": "Localization of the nucleolar organizer by computer-aided analysis of a variant no. 21 in a human isolate. A variant chromosome no. 21 consisting of two stalks and two satellites in tandem was detected during a survey of a human isolate. The variant segregated in three generations of a large kindred. One male had the variant no. 21, a metacentric Y, and a 47,XXY complement; however, no other evidence of chromosomal nondisjunction was found. Computer-aided analysis of sequentially stained variant no. 21 chromosomes indicated that silver-stained material corresponded to the proximal stalk region (as defined by Giemsa), but often covered both the distal stalk and satellite (also as defined by Giemsa). These data support the hypothesis that human nucleolar organizers are localized to the stalks of acrocentric chromosomes.", "PMID": 88411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11114", "title": "[Intravascular persistence, tissue storage and excretion of hydroxyethyl starch (HAS)].", "content": "Hydroxyethyl starch is a derivative of amylopectin, the branched glycogen-like alpha-1,4-glucose polymer, the amylase hydrolysis of which is retarded by hydroxyethylation. If 70 to 90 per cent of the glucose polymer units contain hydroxyethyl groups, the intravascular persistence and urinary excretion of hydroxyethyl starch of a molecular weight of 435,000 is similar to that of Dextran 70. Hydroxyethyl starch and Dextran 70 are stored briefly in reticuloendothelial and hepatic cells, and cause swelling and vacuolation of renal tubules with little alteration of renal function. Elimination of hydroxyethyl starch from sites of tissue storage is much faster than elimination of the non-metabolized polymers acacia and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The distribution and excretion kinetics of hydroxyethyl starch are thus appropriate for a plasma substitute.", "contents": "[Intravascular persistence, tissue storage and excretion of hydroxyethyl starch (HAS)]. Hydroxyethyl starch is a derivative of amylopectin, the branched glycogen-like alpha-1,4-glucose polymer, the amylase hydrolysis of which is retarded by hydroxyethylation. If 70 to 90 per cent of the glucose polymer units contain hydroxyethyl groups, the intravascular persistence and urinary excretion of hydroxyethyl starch of a molecular weight of 435,000 is similar to that of Dextran 70. Hydroxyethyl starch and Dextran 70 are stored briefly in reticuloendothelial and hepatic cells, and cause swelling and vacuolation of renal tubules with little alteration of renal function. Elimination of hydroxyethyl starch from sites of tissue storage is much faster than elimination of the non-metabolized polymers acacia and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The distribution and excretion kinetics of hydroxyethyl starch are thus appropriate for a plasma substitute.", "PMID": 88413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11115", "title": "Immunological and serological diversity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: identification of new immunotypes and highly protective strains.", "content": "Gonococci, irrespective of serotype or immunotype, varied significantly in their capacity to induce immunity in animal models, and in vitro serological relatedness did not always insure in vivo cross-protection. By using a serum bactericidal assay followed by in vivo cross-protection studies, new immunotypic strains which were highly protective were identified from cultures isolated in different geographical areas and from patients with various clinical manifestations. Beta-lactamase production and gonococcal immunotype did not appear as related characteristics in that certain penicillin-sensitive strains were highly effective in immunizing animals against infection with beta-lactamase producers. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of using appropriate biological tests and strains for the investigation of gonococcal immunity and vaccine development. Immunization with a combination of a few major gonococcal immunotypic immunogens may provide substantial protection against the majority of penicillin-sensitive and beta-lactamase-producing gonococci. Investigation of isolated immunotypic immunogens is in progress.", "contents": "Immunological and serological diversity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: identification of new immunotypes and highly protective strains. Gonococci, irrespective of serotype or immunotype, varied significantly in their capacity to induce immunity in animal models, and in vitro serological relatedness did not always insure in vivo cross-protection. By using a serum bactericidal assay followed by in vivo cross-protection studies, new immunotypic strains which were highly protective were identified from cultures isolated in different geographical areas and from patients with various clinical manifestations. Beta-lactamase production and gonococcal immunotype did not appear as related characteristics in that certain penicillin-sensitive strains were highly effective in immunizing animals against infection with beta-lactamase producers. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of using appropriate biological tests and strains for the investigation of gonococcal immunity and vaccine development. Immunization with a combination of a few major gonococcal immunotypic immunogens may provide substantial protection against the majority of penicillin-sensitive and beta-lactamase-producing gonococci. Investigation of isolated immunotypic immunogens is in progress.", "PMID": 88414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11116", "title": "Chemical, immunochemical, and structural studies of the cross-reactive antigens of Streptococcus mutans AHT and B13.", "content": "Two antigenic polysaccharides were extracted from cell walls of the cross-reactive strains Streptococcus mutans AHT (a) and S. mutans B13 (d). The antigens extracted from walls by the hot formamide method, were purified by affinity chromatography on columns containing the galactose-specific lectin from the castor bean and were found to be diheteroglycans consisting of galactose and glucose. Antigenic specificities of both the serotype-specific and the cross-reactive sites on each polymer were studied: the AHT (a) antigen is determined by D-galactose linked 1 leads to 6 to adjacent sugar, the B13 (d) antigen is determined by D-glucose similarly linked to o its neighbor, and the cross-reactive (a--d) site present on both polymers consists of D-galactose linked 1 leads to 6 to a subterminal sugar moiety. Methylation analysis revealed structural similarities between the purified polysaccharides that may reflect the nature of the cross-reactive sites and differences that may reflect the natures of the specific haptenic regions. Based on these studies, a partial hypothetical structural model is proposed.", "contents": "Chemical, immunochemical, and structural studies of the cross-reactive antigens of Streptococcus mutans AHT and B13. Two antigenic polysaccharides were extracted from cell walls of the cross-reactive strains Streptococcus mutans AHT (a) and S. mutans B13 (d). The antigens extracted from walls by the hot formamide method, were purified by affinity chromatography on columns containing the galactose-specific lectin from the castor bean and were found to be diheteroglycans consisting of galactose and glucose. Antigenic specificities of both the serotype-specific and the cross-reactive sites on each polymer were studied: the AHT (a) antigen is determined by D-galactose linked 1 leads to 6 to adjacent sugar, the B13 (d) antigen is determined by D-glucose similarly linked to o its neighbor, and the cross-reactive (a--d) site present on both polymers consists of D-galactose linked 1 leads to 6 to a subterminal sugar moiety. Methylation analysis revealed structural similarities between the purified polysaccharides that may reflect the nature of the cross-reactive sites and differences that may reflect the natures of the specific haptenic regions. Based on these studies, a partial hypothetical structural model is proposed.", "PMID": 88415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11117", "title": "Surface fibrils (fimbriae) of Actinomyces viscosus T14V.", "content": "Surface antigens of Actinomyces viscosus T14V were released from cell walls by digestion with lysozyme. These were separated by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography into fractions rich in carbohydrate or protein. The former contained a polysaccharide high in 6-deoxytalose, along with a peptide fragment from the cell wall. In the protein-rich fractions, material of high molecular weight was present, which contained some carbohydrate and up to 14.3% nitrogen. Aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and glycine were detected in these fractions, along with smaller amounts of 10 other amino acids. Most of the alanine was present as the L isomer and thus was not from peptidoglycan. Electron microscopy of the high-molecular-weight material revealed long fibrils, 3.5 to 4.5 nm in diameter, which resembled those seen on bacterial cells. V-specific antiserum, prepared by absorbing anti-A. viscosus T14V serum with cell walls of the avirulent strain (A. viscosus T14AV), did not react with the 6-deoxytalose polysaccharide but reacted well with isolated fibrils, and this was not inhibited by 6-deoxytalose.", "contents": "Surface fibrils (fimbriae) of Actinomyces viscosus T14V. Surface antigens of Actinomyces viscosus T14V were released from cell walls by digestion with lysozyme. These were separated by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography into fractions rich in carbohydrate or protein. The former contained a polysaccharide high in 6-deoxytalose, along with a peptide fragment from the cell wall. In the protein-rich fractions, material of high molecular weight was present, which contained some carbohydrate and up to 14.3% nitrogen. Aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and glycine were detected in these fractions, along with smaller amounts of 10 other amino acids. Most of the alanine was present as the L isomer and thus was not from peptidoglycan. Electron microscopy of the high-molecular-weight material revealed long fibrils, 3.5 to 4.5 nm in diameter, which resembled those seen on bacterial cells. V-specific antiserum, prepared by absorbing anti-A. viscosus T14V serum with cell walls of the avirulent strain (A. viscosus T14AV), did not react with the 6-deoxytalose polysaccharide but reacted well with isolated fibrils, and this was not inhibited by 6-deoxytalose.", "PMID": 88416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11118", "title": "Passive sensitization of human basophils: evidence for heterogeneity in the IgE molecule.", "content": "Possible functional heterogeneity of human IgE antibody was studied by passively sensitizing human basophils for antigen-induced histamine release. Six sera of known IgE anti-ragweed antigen E and total IgE content were diluted to contain 10 ng of antibody but differed with respect to the ratio of specific/total IgE. The relative ability of the sera to passively sensitize generally reflected the specific/total IgE ratio but one serum was 2.5 times more active than the remainder. This ability did not reflect the IgG antibody level nor was it due to a dialyzable or heat-stable factor. These data indicate functional IgE heterogeneity, probably due to the interaction of the Fc portion of IgE with the basophil receptor.", "contents": "Passive sensitization of human basophils: evidence for heterogeneity in the IgE molecule. Possible functional heterogeneity of human IgE antibody was studied by passively sensitizing human basophils for antigen-induced histamine release. Six sera of known IgE anti-ragweed antigen E and total IgE content were diluted to contain 10 ng of antibody but differed with respect to the ratio of specific/total IgE. The relative ability of the sera to passively sensitize generally reflected the specific/total IgE ratio but one serum was 2.5 times more active than the remainder. This ability did not reflect the IgG antibody level nor was it due to a dialyzable or heat-stable factor. These data indicate functional IgE heterogeneity, probably due to the interaction of the Fc portion of IgE with the basophil receptor.", "PMID": 88417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11119", "title": "Enigma of disodium cromoglycate action on mast cells.", "content": "In rat peritoneal mast cells, disodium cromoglycate showed no inhibitory effect on histamine release values if the cells were preincubated with the drug for 40 min prior to stimulation with antigen, compound 48/80 or ATP. If the drug was added simultaneously with antigen or a low dose of compound 48/80, a repression of histamine release occurred. No such effect was noted if ATP was employed as histamine liberator.", "contents": "Enigma of disodium cromoglycate action on mast cells. In rat peritoneal mast cells, disodium cromoglycate showed no inhibitory effect on histamine release values if the cells were preincubated with the drug for 40 min prior to stimulation with antigen, compound 48/80 or ATP. If the drug was added simultaneously with antigen or a low dose of compound 48/80, a repression of histamine release occurred. No such effect was noted if ATP was employed as histamine liberator.", "PMID": 88418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11120", "title": "Effect of norepinephrine on in vitro histamine release from rat mast cells.", "content": "The effect of norepinephrine on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, was studied in an in vitro system. It was found that norepinephrine, within the concentration range 10(-5)--10(-3) M, exerts a significant, dose-related, repressive effect. This effect is greatly potentiated by the beta-antagonist practolol (10(-3) M), throughout the concentration range of 10(-11)--10(-3) M norepinephrine. Methoxyamine, a selective alpha-adrenergic agonist, also represses histamine release in a dose-dependent manner; however, it is not as potent as norepinephrine. The present results would seem to suggest that the repressive effect on histamine release, observed within a low concentration range of norepinephrine, may be due to alpha-adrenoceptor mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of norepinephrine on in vitro histamine release from rat mast cells. The effect of norepinephrine on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, was studied in an in vitro system. It was found that norepinephrine, within the concentration range 10(-5)--10(-3) M, exerts a significant, dose-related, repressive effect. This effect is greatly potentiated by the beta-antagonist practolol (10(-3) M), throughout the concentration range of 10(-11)--10(-3) M norepinephrine. Methoxyamine, a selective alpha-adrenergic agonist, also represses histamine release in a dose-dependent manner; however, it is not as potent as norepinephrine. The present results would seem to suggest that the repressive effect on histamine release, observed within a low concentration range of norepinephrine, may be due to alpha-adrenoceptor mechanisms.", "PMID": 88419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11121", "title": "Chromatographic studies of uremic plasma.", "content": "In order to characterize the spectrum of possibly toxic retention compounds in uremia we have developed a simple reproducible method of separating fractions of uremic serum by Sephadex G-15 column chromatography. This technique, which requires no prior deproteinisation and is carried out at ambient temperatures, allowed the separation of uremic serum into several well defined fractions. Subsequent thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that each peak represented a mixture of peptides, and that there were qualitative and quantitative differences between the plasma of normal and uremic patients as well as between patients with acute renal failure and chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Chromatographic studies of uremic plasma. In order to characterize the spectrum of possibly toxic retention compounds in uremia we have developed a simple reproducible method of separating fractions of uremic serum by Sephadex G-15 column chromatography. This technique, which requires no prior deproteinisation and is carried out at ambient temperatures, allowed the separation of uremic serum into several well defined fractions. Subsequent thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that each peak represented a mixture of peptides, and that there were qualitative and quantitative differences between the plasma of normal and uremic patients as well as between patients with acute renal failure and chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 88420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11122", "title": "Serological detection of a polyoma-tumor-associated membrane antigen.", "content": "Syngeneic antisera raised against three polyoma tumors, SEYF-a SESO and SEWE, of strain ABY, A and ASW origin, respectively, contain antibodies directed against multiple specificities. One specificity is cross-reactive for the three polyoma tumors, but appears to be absent from a large variety of other tumors tested. Other, more \"public\" antigens are shared with a variety of other tumors of viral or non-viral origin. Five different public specificities of this type have been demonstrated and to some extent defined. Since the SEWE ascites tumor, with the shortest passage history, is much less liable to induce antibodies against the public specificities than the long-passaged SEYF-a and SESO, it is likely that the corresponding antigenic determinants arise as a result of passenger virus pick-up during continued passage, or are due to secondary cytogenetic changes.", "contents": "Serological detection of a polyoma-tumor-associated membrane antigen. Syngeneic antisera raised against three polyoma tumors, SEYF-a SESO and SEWE, of strain ABY, A and ASW origin, respectively, contain antibodies directed against multiple specificities. One specificity is cross-reactive for the three polyoma tumors, but appears to be absent from a large variety of other tumors tested. Other, more \"public\" antigens are shared with a variety of other tumors of viral or non-viral origin. Five different public specificities of this type have been demonstrated and to some extent defined. Since the SEWE ascites tumor, with the shortest passage history, is much less liable to induce antibodies against the public specificities than the long-passaged SEYF-a and SESO, it is likely that the corresponding antigenic determinants arise as a result of passenger virus pick-up during continued passage, or are due to secondary cytogenetic changes.", "PMID": 88422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11123", "title": "Testicular biopsy for infertility: a review of sixty-eight cases with a simplified histologic classification of lesions.", "content": "Sixty-eight testicular biopsies (29 bilateral and 39 unilateral) done for evaluation of oligospermia and azoospermia are reviewed. A simplified classification of the histologic lesions observed is proposed. A brief discussion of the etiology and pathogenesis of some of these lesions is included.", "contents": "Testicular biopsy for infertility: a review of sixty-eight cases with a simplified histologic classification of lesions. Sixty-eight testicular biopsies (29 bilateral and 39 unilateral) done for evaluation of oligospermia and azoospermia are reviewed. A simplified classification of the histologic lesions observed is proposed. A brief discussion of the etiology and pathogenesis of some of these lesions is included.", "PMID": 88424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11124", "title": "Inhibition of murine sarcoma virus-induced foci formation by cytidine analogues and other drugs chemotherapeutically effective in human malignancies.", "content": "The present report describes an in vitro culture system using the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus transformation focus assay to evaluate the antiviral activities of 12 commonly used chemotherapeutically effective drugs. Since these drugs are cytotoxic, the plating efficiencies of the cells treated were monitored simultaneously. Using this procedure, Adriamycin, Daunorubicin, Bleomycin Camptothecin, Mithramycin, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, thioguanine, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), azacytidine and cyclocytidine were tested. Of all these compounds tested only the cytidine analogues - cyclocytidine, ara-C and, to a lesser extent, azacytidine - showed selective effect on inhibition of viral foci over cytotoxicity. Studies on the duration of exposure to ara-C indicated that an exposure time of 10-30 h produced the most pronounced effect on the inhibition of foci formation over that of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Inhibition of murine sarcoma virus-induced foci formation by cytidine analogues and other drugs chemotherapeutically effective in human malignancies. The present report describes an in vitro culture system using the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus transformation focus assay to evaluate the antiviral activities of 12 commonly used chemotherapeutically effective drugs. Since these drugs are cytotoxic, the plating efficiencies of the cells treated were monitored simultaneously. Using this procedure, Adriamycin, Daunorubicin, Bleomycin Camptothecin, Mithramycin, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, thioguanine, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), azacytidine and cyclocytidine were tested. Of all these compounds tested only the cytidine analogues - cyclocytidine, ara-C and, to a lesser extent, azacytidine - showed selective effect on inhibition of viral foci over cytotoxicity. Studies on the duration of exposure to ara-C indicated that an exposure time of 10-30 h produced the most pronounced effect on the inhibition of foci formation over that of cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 88425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11125", "title": "[Cancer en cuirasse, induced by a malignant mixed salivary gland tumor].", "content": "A case of cancer en cuirasse is reported, deriving from a metastasizing malignant mixed tumor of the lacrimal gland. Based on histological criteria, the primary benigne prognosis of mixed tumors of lacrimal glands is discussed. According to sensitivity testing to cytostatic agents treatment with 375 mg of bleomycin achieved a recurrence-free interval of eight months. Pathogenesis of secondary effects are discussed (so-drug-induced called bleomycin-lung).", "contents": "[Cancer en cuirasse, induced by a malignant mixed salivary gland tumor]. A case of cancer en cuirasse is reported, deriving from a metastasizing malignant mixed tumor of the lacrimal gland. Based on histological criteria, the primary benigne prognosis of mixed tumors of lacrimal glands is discussed. According to sensitivity testing to cytostatic agents treatment with 375 mg of bleomycin achieved a recurrence-free interval of eight months. Pathogenesis of secondary effects are discussed (so-drug-induced called bleomycin-lung).", "PMID": 88426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11126", "title": "Aldehyde-fuchsin: historical and chemical considerations.", "content": "The staining mechanisms of Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin are not yet fully understood. It seemed therefore timely to review the history of this dye class in context with current dye and aldehyde chemistry. In 1861 Lauth treated basic fuchsin with acetaldehyde. This dye became known as Aldehyde Blue, but consisted of violet and blue dyes. Schiff (1866) studied several aldehyde-fuchsins; these compounds contained two molecules of dye and three molecules of aldehyde. Acetaldehyde-fuchsin prepared according to Schiff's directions showed staining properties similar to those of Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin. This dye class was soon superseded by new dyes more suitable for textile dyeing, and chemical investigations of aldehyde-fuchsins ceased around the turn of the century. Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin has been regarded as a Schiff base. However, according to chemical data, low molecular aliphatic aldehydes and aromatic amines tend to form condensation products. Correlations of chemical and histochemical observations suggest such processes during aging of dye solutions. Models of dimers and polymers of aldehyde-fuchsin could be built without steric hindrance. The nature of the bonds formed by various components of aldehyde-fuchsin solutions is not clear. However, cystine in proteins, e.g. in basement membranes, apparently does not play a role in the binding of aldehyde-fuchsin by unoxidized Carnoy- or methacarn-fixed sections.", "contents": "Aldehyde-fuchsin: historical and chemical considerations. The staining mechanisms of Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin are not yet fully understood. It seemed therefore timely to review the history of this dye class in context with current dye and aldehyde chemistry. In 1861 Lauth treated basic fuchsin with acetaldehyde. This dye became known as Aldehyde Blue, but consisted of violet and blue dyes. Schiff (1866) studied several aldehyde-fuchsins; these compounds contained two molecules of dye and three molecules of aldehyde. Acetaldehyde-fuchsin prepared according to Schiff's directions showed staining properties similar to those of Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin. This dye class was soon superseded by new dyes more suitable for textile dyeing, and chemical investigations of aldehyde-fuchsins ceased around the turn of the century. Gomori's aldehyde-fuchsin has been regarded as a Schiff base. However, according to chemical data, low molecular aliphatic aldehydes and aromatic amines tend to form condensation products. Correlations of chemical and histochemical observations suggest such processes during aging of dye solutions. Models of dimers and polymers of aldehyde-fuchsin could be built without steric hindrance. The nature of the bonds formed by various components of aldehyde-fuchsin solutions is not clear. However, cystine in proteins, e.g. in basement membranes, apparently does not play a role in the binding of aldehyde-fuchsin by unoxidized Carnoy- or methacarn-fixed sections.", "PMID": 88428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11127", "title": "C cell (parafollicular cell) -- immunoreactive thyroglobulin: purification, identification and immunological characterization.", "content": "In relation to our earlier finding that the thyroglobulin-like material responsible for the cytochemical immunoreaction of C cells was obtained in the peak I fraction of Bio-Gel A-5 m, which included faster sedimenting components of thyroglobulin, the present study has identified the positive reacting component and clarified its immunochemical and immunohistochemical properties. 1. The peak I fraction of dog and hog thyroglobulin was chromatographed on a Bio-Gel A-50 m column. Antiserum to the faster eluted peak I'1 only immunoreacted with C cells. The peak I'1 was then refiltered on Bio-Gel A-150 m column. Antiserum to peak I''1 fraction of both species which was eluted in the first part had high immune specificity for C cells. 2. When 4-30% and 2-16% continuous gradient gels of polyacrylamide were employed, peak I''1 represented a single electrophoretic band corresponding to the component with the largest molecular weight in thyroglobulin. The protein was named C-thyroglobulin. The molecular weight was approximately 2,600,000, four times as large as 19 S, as calculated by relative mobility on the 2-16% gradient gel. 3. In double diffusion tests, anti-peak I''1 antiserum produced two immunoprecipitin lines with its own antigen. The reaction was different from that of anti-19 S antiserum which formed a single line. 4. On immunoperoxidase staining, anti-peak I''1 antiserum reacted to C cells in exactly the same way as anti-calcitonin antiserum. 5. When anti-peak I''1 antiserum was absorbed with calcitonin, the subsequent reaction of the C cells was greatly decreased. The absorption of anti-calcitonin antiserum with increased amounts of peak I''1 abolished the C cell reaction. On the basis of these observations, the possibility that C-thyroglobulin is a biosynthetic precursor of calcitonin exists.", "contents": "C cell (parafollicular cell) -- immunoreactive thyroglobulin: purification, identification and immunological characterization. In relation to our earlier finding that the thyroglobulin-like material responsible for the cytochemical immunoreaction of C cells was obtained in the peak I fraction of Bio-Gel A-5 m, which included faster sedimenting components of thyroglobulin, the present study has identified the positive reacting component and clarified its immunochemical and immunohistochemical properties. 1. The peak I fraction of dog and hog thyroglobulin was chromatographed on a Bio-Gel A-50 m column. Antiserum to the faster eluted peak I'1 only immunoreacted with C cells. The peak I'1 was then refiltered on Bio-Gel A-150 m column. Antiserum to peak I''1 fraction of both species which was eluted in the first part had high immune specificity for C cells. 2. When 4-30% and 2-16% continuous gradient gels of polyacrylamide were employed, peak I''1 represented a single electrophoretic band corresponding to the component with the largest molecular weight in thyroglobulin. The protein was named C-thyroglobulin. The molecular weight was approximately 2,600,000, four times as large as 19 S, as calculated by relative mobility on the 2-16% gradient gel. 3. In double diffusion tests, anti-peak I''1 antiserum produced two immunoprecipitin lines with its own antigen. The reaction was different from that of anti-19 S antiserum which formed a single line. 4. On immunoperoxidase staining, anti-peak I''1 antiserum reacted to C cells in exactly the same way as anti-calcitonin antiserum. 5. When anti-peak I''1 antiserum was absorbed with calcitonin, the subsequent reaction of the C cells was greatly decreased. The absorption of anti-calcitonin antiserum with increased amounts of peak I''1 abolished the C cell reaction. On the basis of these observations, the possibility that C-thyroglobulin is a biosynthetic precursor of calcitonin exists.", "PMID": 88429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11128", "title": "The affinity of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin for components of the muscle spindle.", "content": "Sections through the soleus muscle of the rat were incubated with concanavalin A (Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Binding of these lectins to structures which comprise the muscle spindle was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The distribution of the lectins was heaviest in the outer capsule of the spindle and at the surface of intrafusal muscle fibres. The periaxial space in the equatorial region of spindles was unlabelled except in the immediate vicinity of the axial bundle. Binding by Con A was more extensive than by WGA, suggesting that more glucopyranoside units are accessible within the muscle spindle than are those of N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "The affinity of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin for components of the muscle spindle. Sections through the soleus muscle of the rat were incubated with concanavalin A (Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Binding of these lectins to structures which comprise the muscle spindle was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The distribution of the lectins was heaviest in the outer capsule of the spindle and at the surface of intrafusal muscle fibres. The periaxial space in the equatorial region of spindles was unlabelled except in the immediate vicinity of the axial bundle. Binding by Con A was more extensive than by WGA, suggesting that more glucopyranoside units are accessible within the muscle spindle than are those of N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 88430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11129", "title": "Immunofluorescent and biochemical studies on tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase of the bullfrog sciatic nerves.", "content": "Immunofluorescence specific for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was accentuated in both proximal and distal segments of the sciatic nerve after ligation. Estimations of the enzyme activities confirmed the above results. Mean axoplasmic flow rates of TH and DBH in bullfrog sciatic nerve were found to be 8 and 123 mm/day, respectively. They were decreased by colchicine or by cold temperatures (4 degrees C).", "contents": "Immunofluorescent and biochemical studies on tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase of the bullfrog sciatic nerves. Immunofluorescence specific for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was accentuated in both proximal and distal segments of the sciatic nerve after ligation. Estimations of the enzyme activities confirmed the above results. Mean axoplasmic flow rates of TH and DBH in bullfrog sciatic nerve were found to be 8 and 123 mm/day, respectively. They were decreased by colchicine or by cold temperatures (4 degrees C).", "PMID": 88431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11130", "title": "The inhibitory effect of xanthine derivatives on alkaline phosphatase in the rat brain.", "content": "Histochemical and biochemical studies were carried out on the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase (A1-P) activity in rat cerebral cortex with various methylxanthine derivatives. The histochemical study revealed that A1-P activity was completely inhibited with 2 mM theophylline or aminophylline, only slightly inhibited with 5 mM of xanthine, and no way inhibited even with 5 mM of diprophylline or caffeine. The biochemical study showed that A1-P activity was markedly inhibited by 1 mM theophylline, to 36% of the control value, and equally markedly by 1 mM aminophylline to 26% of the control value. It was only inhibited to 99% of the control value even by 5 mM diprophylline and conversely slightly activated, to 110% of the control value, by caffeine. The relationship between the pharmacological activities of methylxanthine derivatives and A1-P was studied, and the biological role of A1-P in the central nervous system was also discussed.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of xanthine derivatives on alkaline phosphatase in the rat brain. Histochemical and biochemical studies were carried out on the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase (A1-P) activity in rat cerebral cortex with various methylxanthine derivatives. The histochemical study revealed that A1-P activity was completely inhibited with 2 mM theophylline or aminophylline, only slightly inhibited with 5 mM of xanthine, and no way inhibited even with 5 mM of diprophylline or caffeine. The biochemical study showed that A1-P activity was markedly inhibited by 1 mM theophylline, to 36% of the control value, and equally markedly by 1 mM aminophylline to 26% of the control value. It was only inhibited to 99% of the control value even by 5 mM diprophylline and conversely slightly activated, to 110% of the control value, by caffeine. The relationship between the pharmacological activities of methylxanthine derivatives and A1-P was studied, and the biological role of A1-P in the central nervous system was also discussed.", "PMID": 88432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11131", "title": "Methods of heavy metal electron microscopic histochemistry applied to frog lung surfactant.", "content": "Four heavy metal staining methods have been applied to frog lung surfactant. Among them, the iodoplatinate method is the only one that almost exclusively visualizes the phospholipid moiety being produced in the lamellated bodies of the pulmonary epithelial cells and forming the backbone of organized structures within the extracellular lining layer. The other three techniques-ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide, osmium tetroxide-ferrocyanide, acidic phosphotungstic acid in chromatic (Rambourg technique)--more or less give electron contrast to glycoproteins and to a lesser extent to the hydrophilic parts of phospholipids. They all show the extracellular lining layer to be a two component system: the content of the lamellar bodies form--when released--membranous configurations, similar to those observed in mammalian lungs; they unfold in an amorphous hypophase, which is apparently secreted by goblet cells of the pulmonary epithelium.", "contents": "Methods of heavy metal electron microscopic histochemistry applied to frog lung surfactant. Four heavy metal staining methods have been applied to frog lung surfactant. Among them, the iodoplatinate method is the only one that almost exclusively visualizes the phospholipid moiety being produced in the lamellated bodies of the pulmonary epithelial cells and forming the backbone of organized structures within the extracellular lining layer. The other three techniques-ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide, osmium tetroxide-ferrocyanide, acidic phosphotungstic acid in chromatic (Rambourg technique)--more or less give electron contrast to glycoproteins and to a lesser extent to the hydrophilic parts of phospholipids. They all show the extracellular lining layer to be a two component system: the content of the lamellar bodies form--when released--membranous configurations, similar to those observed in mammalian lungs; they unfold in an amorphous hypophase, which is apparently secreted by goblet cells of the pulmonary epithelium.", "PMID": 88433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11132", "title": "A new selective ultrahistochemical method for the demonstration of calcium using N,N-naphthaloylhydroxylamine.", "content": "A new, simple, rapid, and highly sensitive and selective method for the ultrahistochemical detection of calcium is described. The reagent N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine (1,8-C10H6CON(ONa)CO) sodium salt was employed in this study for the demonstration of calcium at the subcellular level in relaxed and contracted muscles (smooth muscle of the stomach, thoracic aorta, and myocardial muscle cells) of the rat (in vitro as well as in vivo) and in the human vascular smooth muscle of the aorta with atherosclerotic calcification. Direct evidence of the presence of calcium in the electron-dense reaction products (calcium N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine) is given by X-ray microanalysis of 1,500-2,000 A thick sections. The significance of distributional differences in the localization of calcium in subcellular structures of relaxed and contracted muscles is discussed in relation to the role of calcium in the control of the muscle activity during the contraction-relaxation cycle.", "contents": "A new selective ultrahistochemical method for the demonstration of calcium using N,N-naphthaloylhydroxylamine. A new, simple, rapid, and highly sensitive and selective method for the ultrahistochemical detection of calcium is described. The reagent N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine (1,8-C10H6CON(ONa)CO) sodium salt was employed in this study for the demonstration of calcium at the subcellular level in relaxed and contracted muscles (smooth muscle of the stomach, thoracic aorta, and myocardial muscle cells) of the rat (in vitro as well as in vivo) and in the human vascular smooth muscle of the aorta with atherosclerotic calcification. Direct evidence of the presence of calcium in the electron-dense reaction products (calcium N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine) is given by X-ray microanalysis of 1,500-2,000 A thick sections. The significance of distributional differences in the localization of calcium in subcellular structures of relaxed and contracted muscles is discussed in relation to the role of calcium in the control of the muscle activity during the contraction-relaxation cycle.", "PMID": 88434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11133", "title": "Heat activation of Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores: theromdynamics and effect of alcohols, furfural, and high pressure.", "content": "The thermodynamic parameters for the heat activation of the sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were determined. For the apparent activation enthalpy (DeltaH(#)) a value of 1,151 kJ/mol was found, whereas a value of 3,644 J./ degrees K.mol was calculated for the apparent activation entropy (DeltaS(#)). n-Alcohols (from methanol to octanol), phenethyl alcohol, and furfural lowered the activation temperature of P. blakesleeanus spores. The heat resistance of the spores was lowered concomitantly. The effect of the alcohols was a linear function of the concentration in the range that could be applied. When the log of the concentration needed to produce an equal shift of the activation temperature was plotted for each alochol against the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, a straight line was obtained. The free energy of adsorption of the n-alcohols to their active sites was calculated to be -2,487 J/mol of CH(2) groups. Although still inconclusive, this points toward an involvement of protein in the activation process. The effect of phenethyl alcohol was similar to the effect of n-alcohols, but furfural produced a greater shift than would be expected from the value of its partition coefficient. When the heat activation of the spores was performed under high pressure, the activation temperature was raised by 2 to 4 degrees K/1,000 atm. However, with pressures higher than 1,000 atm (1.013 x 10(5) kPa) the activation temperature was lowered until the pressure became lethal (more than 2,500 atm). It is known that membrane phase transition temperatures are shifted upward by about 20 degrees K/1,000 atm and that protein conformational changes are shifted upward by 2 to 6 degrees K/1,000 atm. Consequently, heat activation of fungal spores seems to be triggered by a protein conformational change and not by a membrane phase transition. Activation volumes of -54.1 cm(3)/mol at 38 degrees C and -79.3 cm(2)/mol at 40 degrees C were found for the lowering effect of high pressure on the heat activation temperature.", "contents": "Heat activation of Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores: theromdynamics and effect of alcohols, furfural, and high pressure. The thermodynamic parameters for the heat activation of the sporangiospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus were determined. For the apparent activation enthalpy (DeltaH(#)) a value of 1,151 kJ/mol was found, whereas a value of 3,644 J./ degrees K.mol was calculated for the apparent activation entropy (DeltaS(#)). n-Alcohols (from methanol to octanol), phenethyl alcohol, and furfural lowered the activation temperature of P. blakesleeanus spores. The heat resistance of the spores was lowered concomitantly. The effect of the alcohols was a linear function of the concentration in the range that could be applied. When the log of the concentration needed to produce an equal shift of the activation temperature was plotted for each alochol against the log of the octanol/water partition coefficient, a straight line was obtained. The free energy of adsorption of the n-alcohols to their active sites was calculated to be -2,487 J/mol of CH(2) groups. Although still inconclusive, this points toward an involvement of protein in the activation process. The effect of phenethyl alcohol was similar to the effect of n-alcohols, but furfural produced a greater shift than would be expected from the value of its partition coefficient. When the heat activation of the spores was performed under high pressure, the activation temperature was raised by 2 to 4 degrees K/1,000 atm. However, with pressures higher than 1,000 atm (1.013 x 10(5) kPa) the activation temperature was lowered until the pressure became lethal (more than 2,500 atm). It is known that membrane phase transition temperatures are shifted upward by about 20 degrees K/1,000 atm and that protein conformational changes are shifted upward by 2 to 6 degrees K/1,000 atm. Consequently, heat activation of fungal spores seems to be triggered by a protein conformational change and not by a membrane phase transition. Activation volumes of -54.1 cm(3)/mol at 38 degrees C and -79.3 cm(2)/mol at 40 degrees C were found for the lowering effect of high pressure on the heat activation temperature.", "PMID": 88438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11134", "title": "New maltose Blu mutations in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Mutations in the genes pgi, pfkA, and ptsG resulted in a maltose Blu phenotype in Escherichia coli K-12, bringing the number of known Blu alleles to six. The Blu phenotype, as visualized by staining with iodine vapor, is a convenient mutant isolation technique.", "contents": "New maltose Blu mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. Mutations in the genes pgi, pfkA, and ptsG resulted in a maltose Blu phenotype in Escherichia coli K-12, bringing the number of known Blu alleles to six. The Blu phenotype, as visualized by staining with iodine vapor, is a convenient mutant isolation technique.", "PMID": 88439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11135", "title": "What makes a difference in learning from media.", "content": "Media design and selection decisions are often made solely on the basis of how information is to be delivered to the learner. With reference to recent and current research, this paper stresses the need to base such decisions on the compatibility of media with the content to be presented and with the learners. Application of these factors in the design of mediated instruction and the selection of materials is also considered.", "contents": "What makes a difference in learning from media. Media design and selection decisions are often made solely on the basis of how information is to be delivered to the learner. With reference to recent and current research, this paper stresses the need to base such decisions on the compatibility of media with the content to be presented and with the learners. Application of these factors in the design of mediated instruction and the selection of materials is also considered.", "PMID": 88441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11136", "title": "What really makes a difference in learning from media, another view.", "content": "Research has not produced an algorithm for the selection of media formats. More research is required on the effects of presentation techniques. Production decisions are influenced by many considerations.", "contents": "What really makes a difference in learning from media, another view. Research has not produced an algorithm for the selection of media formats. More research is required on the effects of presentation techniques. Production decisions are influenced by many considerations.", "PMID": 88442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11137", "title": "Developing a new perspective for biomedical Communications.", "content": "A three-dimensional model is utilized in an attempt to develop a complete picture of the many facets of biomedical communications. This model provides a suitable visual structure from which to explore the complex interactions of individuals, institutions, and activities in defining the field of biomedical communications. The first dimension of the model was developed through a historical overview of the environment of the biomedical communicator and suggests that changing organization goals, client needs, technology, and resources have influenced the evolution of different types of biomedical communicators. The second dimension of the model identifies five major work roles that may be performed by the biomedical communicator of today. The final dimension of the model is developed by a consideration of the major communication methods (illustration, photography, cinematography, television, audiovisual, and computer) of the biomedical communicator.", "contents": "Developing a new perspective for biomedical Communications. A three-dimensional model is utilized in an attempt to develop a complete picture of the many facets of biomedical communications. This model provides a suitable visual structure from which to explore the complex interactions of individuals, institutions, and activities in defining the field of biomedical communications. The first dimension of the model was developed through a historical overview of the environment of the biomedical communicator and suggests that changing organization goals, client needs, technology, and resources have influenced the evolution of different types of biomedical communicators. The second dimension of the model identifies five major work roles that may be performed by the biomedical communicator of today. The final dimension of the model is developed by a consideration of the major communication methods (illustration, photography, cinematography, television, audiovisual, and computer) of the biomedical communicator.", "PMID": 88444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11138", "title": "Radiolabeled sucrose covalently linked to protein. A device for quantifying degradation of plasma proteins catabolized by lysosomal mechanisms.", "content": "A general method is described for assessing the degradation of proteins metabolized by lysosomal mechanisms. The method depends on the lysosomal trapping of sucrose which is covalently bound to the protein of interest and thus caried into the lysosome with it. The validity of the method was demonstrated in vitro in studies of the catabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured fibroblasts. Sucrose-derivatized LDL was not distinguished from 125I-LDL by fibroblasts, either in terms of surface binding or rate of uptake. 14C from [14C]sucrose-LDL accumulated in the cells as predicted; very little appeared in the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the medium (2% of total uptake). 14C-labeled metabolites in the cells (modal apparent Mr = 1000-2000) were separated from undegraded LDL by gel filtration. LDL degradation calculated from the 14C metabolites accumulating intracellularly was in excellent agreement with that calculated from paired studies using 125I-LDL. Finally, the validity of the method was demonstrated in vivo using asialofetuin, a protein previously shown to be selectively taken up and degraded by the liver. In principle, the method described should be applicable to the study of the sites of degradation of any of the plasma proteins.", "contents": "Radiolabeled sucrose covalently linked to protein. A device for quantifying degradation of plasma proteins catabolized by lysosomal mechanisms. A general method is described for assessing the degradation of proteins metabolized by lysosomal mechanisms. The method depends on the lysosomal trapping of sucrose which is covalently bound to the protein of interest and thus caried into the lysosome with it. The validity of the method was demonstrated in vitro in studies of the catabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured fibroblasts. Sucrose-derivatized LDL was not distinguished from 125I-LDL by fibroblasts, either in terms of surface binding or rate of uptake. 14C from [14C]sucrose-LDL accumulated in the cells as predicted; very little appeared in the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the medium (2% of total uptake). 14C-labeled metabolites in the cells (modal apparent Mr = 1000-2000) were separated from undegraded LDL by gel filtration. LDL degradation calculated from the 14C metabolites accumulating intracellularly was in excellent agreement with that calculated from paired studies using 125I-LDL. Finally, the validity of the method was demonstrated in vivo using asialofetuin, a protein previously shown to be selectively taken up and degraded by the liver. In principle, the method described should be applicable to the study of the sites of degradation of any of the plasma proteins.", "PMID": 88445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11139", "title": "Transient in vivo protein adsorption onto polymeric biomaterials.", "content": "The adsorption of albumin, gamma-globulin, and fibrinogen was measured on three ex vivo polymeric shunt surfaces [polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Silastic, and segmented polyether urethane (Biomer)] exposed to flowing heparinized, canine blood in vivo. Small amounts of radiolabeled proteins were infused into anesthetized mongrel dogs and the deposition of radioactivity on the walls of femoral arteriovenous shunts was followed with time for two hours following initial blood-polymer contact. Previously, transient in vivo platelet and fibrin deposition onto PVC, Silastic, and Biomer was measured by a similar technique in the absence of anticoagulant. A time-dependent phase of thrombus deposition followed by thromboembolism was observed on the PVC and Silastic shunt surfaces but not on the Biomer surface. In the studies reported here on PVC and Silastic, fibrinogen adsorption was found to predominate initially, though it subsequently desorbed somewhat and was replaced by albumin and gamma-globulin. On Biomer, the adsorption of all three proteins increased with time following initial blood contact and fibrinogen was less prominent initially. The PVC surface was found to become passivated with respect to further thrombogenesis after 60-min exposure to flowing blood, at which time a higher fraction of albumin was present on the surface compared to that at earlier blood contact times. These results indicate that rearrangement of adsorbed protein species occurs with time on polymer surfaces exposed to flowing blood in vivo. Early and predominant fibrinogen adsorption appears to be an important factor in the thrombogenic and embolic events observed on the PVC and Silastic shunt surfaces in vivo.", "contents": "Transient in vivo protein adsorption onto polymeric biomaterials. The adsorption of albumin, gamma-globulin, and fibrinogen was measured on three ex vivo polymeric shunt surfaces [polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Silastic, and segmented polyether urethane (Biomer)] exposed to flowing heparinized, canine blood in vivo. Small amounts of radiolabeled proteins were infused into anesthetized mongrel dogs and the deposition of radioactivity on the walls of femoral arteriovenous shunts was followed with time for two hours following initial blood-polymer contact. Previously, transient in vivo platelet and fibrin deposition onto PVC, Silastic, and Biomer was measured by a similar technique in the absence of anticoagulant. A time-dependent phase of thrombus deposition followed by thromboembolism was observed on the PVC and Silastic shunt surfaces but not on the Biomer surface. In the studies reported here on PVC and Silastic, fibrinogen adsorption was found to predominate initially, though it subsequently desorbed somewhat and was replaced by albumin and gamma-globulin. On Biomer, the adsorption of all three proteins increased with time following initial blood contact and fibrinogen was less prominent initially. The PVC surface was found to become passivated with respect to further thrombogenesis after 60-min exposure to flowing blood, at which time a higher fraction of albumin was present on the surface compared to that at earlier blood contact times. These results indicate that rearrangement of adsorbed protein species occurs with time on polymer surfaces exposed to flowing blood in vivo. Early and predominant fibrinogen adsorption appears to be an important factor in the thrombogenic and embolic events observed on the PVC and Silastic shunt surfaces in vivo.", "PMID": 88452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11140", "title": "Epithelioid cell cultures from rat small intestine. Characterization by morphologic and immunologic criteria.", "content": "Rat small intestinal epithelial cell lines have been established in vitro and subcultured serially for periods up to 6 mo. These cells have an epithelioid morphology, grow as monolayers of closely opposed polygonal cells, and during the logarithmic phase of growth have a population doubling time of 19--22 h. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of microvilli, tight junctions, an extensive Golgi complex, and the presence of extracellular amorphous material similar in appearance to isolated basement membrane. These cells exhibit a number of features characteristic of normal cells in culture; namely, a normal rat diploid karyotype, strong density inhibition of growth, lack of growth in soft agar, and a low plating efficiency when seeded at low density. They did not produce tumors when injected in syngeneic animals. Immunochemical studies were performed to determine their origin using antisera prepared against rat small intestinal crypt cell plasma membrane, brush border membrane of villus cells and isolated sucrase-isomaltase complex. Antigenic determinants specific for small intestinal epithelial (crypt and villus) cells were demonstrated on the surface of the epithelioid cells, but they lacked immunological determinants specific for differentiated villus cells. An antiserum specifically staining extracellular material surrounding the cells cultured in vitro demonstrated cross-reactivity to basement membrane in rat intestinal frozen sections. It is concluded that the cultured epithelioid cells have features of undifferentiated small intestinal crypt cells.", "contents": "Epithelioid cell cultures from rat small intestine. Characterization by morphologic and immunologic criteria. Rat small intestinal epithelial cell lines have been established in vitro and subcultured serially for periods up to 6 mo. These cells have an epithelioid morphology, grow as monolayers of closely opposed polygonal cells, and during the logarithmic phase of growth have a population doubling time of 19--22 h. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of microvilli, tight junctions, an extensive Golgi complex, and the presence of extracellular amorphous material similar in appearance to isolated basement membrane. These cells exhibit a number of features characteristic of normal cells in culture; namely, a normal rat diploid karyotype, strong density inhibition of growth, lack of growth in soft agar, and a low plating efficiency when seeded at low density. They did not produce tumors when injected in syngeneic animals. Immunochemical studies were performed to determine their origin using antisera prepared against rat small intestinal crypt cell plasma membrane, brush border membrane of villus cells and isolated sucrase-isomaltase complex. Antigenic determinants specific for small intestinal epithelial (crypt and villus) cells were demonstrated on the surface of the epithelioid cells, but they lacked immunological determinants specific for differentiated villus cells. An antiserum specifically staining extracellular material surrounding the cells cultured in vitro demonstrated cross-reactivity to basement membrane in rat intestinal frozen sections. It is concluded that the cultured epithelioid cells have features of undifferentiated small intestinal crypt cells.", "PMID": 88453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11141", "title": "Life history of mouse sperm protein. Intratesticular stages.", "content": "A basic protein fraction, migrating as a single band in acetic acid-urea gel, distinct from histones, was isolated from mouse sperm collected from vasa deferentia and caudae epididymides and was used to immunize female rabbits. The presence of antibodies to the mouse sperm protein (MSP) in the rabbit antisera was demonstrated by a cytoimmunofluorescence procedure using the cells of origin of the antigenic protein, the mature mouse sperm. The specificity of the antisera was verified by fluid and gel precipitation tests and by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The latter procedure demonstrated the presence of two antigen-antibody systems, consonant with earlier reports that the basic chromosomal protein of mouse sperm is heterogeneous. MSP antigen in situ was recognized by the specific antibodies of the rabbit antisera only after the smear of mature sperm was treated with either of two reducing agents: 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. However, when the immunofluorescence procedure was applied to untreated smears of mouse testicular cells, spermatids of all stages from 1 to 14-15 were positive, while spermatocytes, stage 16 spermatids and spermatozoa were negative. After treatment of testes smears with reducing agent, only spermatocytes remained negative. Those observations indicate the following: (a) MSP is immunogenic in a heterologous species; (b) its antigenic sites are detectable in spermatozoa and spermatids of all stages, but not in primary spermatocytes; (c) those antigenic sites become masked at about stage 15 of spermiogenesis and may be unmasked by treatment with a reducing agent. The interpretation is made, therefore, that one or more components of MSP are assembled at the beginning of spermiogenesis and undergo an alteration in the final intratesticular stage of spermatid maturation. That alteration may be presumed to be the formation of disulfide linkages between the cysteine residues.", "contents": "Life history of mouse sperm protein. Intratesticular stages. A basic protein fraction, migrating as a single band in acetic acid-urea gel, distinct from histones, was isolated from mouse sperm collected from vasa deferentia and caudae epididymides and was used to immunize female rabbits. The presence of antibodies to the mouse sperm protein (MSP) in the rabbit antisera was demonstrated by a cytoimmunofluorescence procedure using the cells of origin of the antigenic protein, the mature mouse sperm. The specificity of the antisera was verified by fluid and gel precipitation tests and by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The latter procedure demonstrated the presence of two antigen-antibody systems, consonant with earlier reports that the basic chromosomal protein of mouse sperm is heterogeneous. MSP antigen in situ was recognized by the specific antibodies of the rabbit antisera only after the smear of mature sperm was treated with either of two reducing agents: 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. However, when the immunofluorescence procedure was applied to untreated smears of mouse testicular cells, spermatids of all stages from 1 to 14-15 were positive, while spermatocytes, stage 16 spermatids and spermatozoa were negative. After treatment of testes smears with reducing agent, only spermatocytes remained negative. Those observations indicate the following: (a) MSP is immunogenic in a heterologous species; (b) its antigenic sites are detectable in spermatozoa and spermatids of all stages, but not in primary spermatocytes; (c) those antigenic sites become masked at about stage 15 of spermiogenesis and may be unmasked by treatment with a reducing agent. The interpretation is made, therefore, that one or more components of MSP are assembled at the beginning of spermiogenesis and undergo an alteration in the final intratesticular stage of spermatid maturation. That alteration may be presumed to be the formation of disulfide linkages between the cysteine residues.", "PMID": 88454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11142", "title": "A cinematographical study of the development of vitally stained Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "We report observations from time-lapse films of the development of Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) stained with the vital dye neutral red. We have used this dye to enable us to track individual cells, as they move through multicellular tissues in later Dd stages. Our observations lead us to new conclusions about the control of cell movement and cell contact during Dd development, including the tentative conclusion that the aggregation control competences regulate cell behaviour throughout the whole of Dd. development. We are led to specific hypotheses for the mechanisms of later morphogenetic movements and pattern formation.", "contents": "A cinematographical study of the development of vitally stained Dictyostelium discoideum. We report observations from time-lapse films of the development of Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) stained with the vital dye neutral red. We have used this dye to enable us to track individual cells, as they move through multicellular tissues in later Dd stages. Our observations lead us to new conclusions about the control of cell movement and cell contact during Dd development, including the tentative conclusion that the aggregation control competences regulate cell behaviour throughout the whole of Dd. development. We are led to specific hypotheses for the mechanisms of later morphogenetic movements and pattern formation.", "PMID": 88455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11143", "title": "Steroid receptor content in cytosol from normal and hyperplastic human prostates.", "content": "Analyses of steroid hormone receptors were performed using a dextran-coated charcoal technique in cytosolic preparations from 40 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 10 normal human prostates. Binding data were calculated according to Scathchard. In all BPH specimens, receptors for the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (MT) were found (mean maximum number of binding sites, 566 fmol/mg DNA; mean Kd, 0.61 nM), and 25 of 28 samples contained progestin [17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4.8-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (R5020)] receptors (mean maximum number of binding sites, 420 fmol/mg DNA; mean Kd, 0.39 nM). No specimen contained glucocorticoid [dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-16 alpha-methyl-11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione); n = 16] or estrogen [17 beta-estradiol or 11 beta-methoxy-17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-estradiol (R2858); n = 26] receptors. No correlations were found between receptor content and age of the patients, weight of adenomas, or percentage of different cell types within the specimens. MT receptors were found in all normal prostates, while 5 of the specimens lacked progestin receptors. Estrogen receptors were found in 3 of the normal prostates, whereas none contained glucocorticoid receptors. The ligand specificity of the MT receptor in a normal prostate with minor amounts of progestin receptors was typical of an androgen receptor, and the ligand specificity of the R5020 receptor in a BPH specimen was typical of a progestin receptor. MT and R5020 had approximately the same affinity for the progestin receptor, whereas the relative binding affinity of R5020 for the androgen receptor was below 0.02 compared to that of MT. The androgen receptor was found to be more stable during repeated freezing and thawing than the progestin receptor.", "contents": "Steroid receptor content in cytosol from normal and hyperplastic human prostates. Analyses of steroid hormone receptors were performed using a dextran-coated charcoal technique in cytosolic preparations from 40 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 10 normal human prostates. Binding data were calculated according to Scathchard. In all BPH specimens, receptors for the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (MT) were found (mean maximum number of binding sites, 566 fmol/mg DNA; mean Kd, 0.61 nM), and 25 of 28 samples contained progestin [17 alpha, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-4.8-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (R5020)] receptors (mean maximum number of binding sites, 420 fmol/mg DNA; mean Kd, 0.39 nM). No specimen contained glucocorticoid [dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-16 alpha-methyl-11 beta, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione); n = 16] or estrogen [17 beta-estradiol or 11 beta-methoxy-17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-estradiol (R2858); n = 26] receptors. No correlations were found between receptor content and age of the patients, weight of adenomas, or percentage of different cell types within the specimens. MT receptors were found in all normal prostates, while 5 of the specimens lacked progestin receptors. Estrogen receptors were found in 3 of the normal prostates, whereas none contained glucocorticoid receptors. The ligand specificity of the MT receptor in a normal prostate with minor amounts of progestin receptors was typical of an androgen receptor, and the ligand specificity of the R5020 receptor in a BPH specimen was typical of a progestin receptor. MT and R5020 had approximately the same affinity for the progestin receptor, whereas the relative binding affinity of R5020 for the androgen receptor was below 0.02 compared to that of MT. The androgen receptor was found to be more stable during repeated freezing and thawing than the progestin receptor.", "PMID": 88456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11144", "title": "Detection of adenovirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "A solid-phase direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of adenovirus antigen in extracts of infected cells by using antihexon serum. Results with simulated clinical specimens consisting of normal nasal wash specimens seeded with varying concentrations of adenovirus type 5 showed that antigen could be detected in extracts of HEp-2 cell cultures inoculated with 10(2.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) and 10(1.5) TCID50 after 2 and 4 days of incubation, respectively. Fifty-three clinical nasal wash specimens containing adenovirus type 5 (stored for 5 years at -70 degrees C) were used to evaluate antigen detection by ELISA in HEp-2 cell extracts and by manifestation of cytopathic effect in human embryonic kidney cells. After 2 days of incubation, 62% were positive by ELISA, whereas none was positive for cytopathic effect. After 4 days of incubation, 76% were ELISA positive and 47% were positive for cytopathic effect. The results according to infectivity titers indicated that clinical specimens containing 10(3.0) TCID50 or greater were all positive by ELISA after 2 days of incubation in HEp-2 cells, and by 4 days all but one specimen containing 10(2.0) TCID50 or greater were ELISA positive. ELISA and immunofluorescent methods for antigen detection were compared using 24 of the 53 clinical specimens containing adenovirus type 5. Nearly equivalent sensitivities were demonstrated. These results suggest that ELISA may provide an alternative method of detecting and identifying adenoviral infections in humans.", "contents": "Detection of adenovirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A solid-phase direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of adenovirus antigen in extracts of infected cells by using antihexon serum. Results with simulated clinical specimens consisting of normal nasal wash specimens seeded with varying concentrations of adenovirus type 5 showed that antigen could be detected in extracts of HEp-2 cell cultures inoculated with 10(2.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) and 10(1.5) TCID50 after 2 and 4 days of incubation, respectively. Fifty-three clinical nasal wash specimens containing adenovirus type 5 (stored for 5 years at -70 degrees C) were used to evaluate antigen detection by ELISA in HEp-2 cell extracts and by manifestation of cytopathic effect in human embryonic kidney cells. After 2 days of incubation, 62% were positive by ELISA, whereas none was positive for cytopathic effect. After 4 days of incubation, 76% were ELISA positive and 47% were positive for cytopathic effect. The results according to infectivity titers indicated that clinical specimens containing 10(3.0) TCID50 or greater were all positive by ELISA after 2 days of incubation in HEp-2 cells, and by 4 days all but one specimen containing 10(2.0) TCID50 or greater were ELISA positive. ELISA and immunofluorescent methods for antigen detection were compared using 24 of the 53 clinical specimens containing adenovirus type 5. Nearly equivalent sensitivities were demonstrated. These results suggest that ELISA may provide an alternative method of detecting and identifying adenoviral infections in humans.", "PMID": 88457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11145", "title": "Antibodies detectable by counterimmunoelectrophoresis against Bacteroides antigens in serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Heat-extracted antigens from seven species of Bacteroides were used in passive hemagglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Sera from 87 normal persons (group I) and 15 patients with ulcerative colitis (group II) were of low and equal reactivity in passive hemagglutination tests; all positive tests were eliminated by 2-mercaptoethanol reduction of the sera. When these same sera were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis with six of the Bacteroides antigens, no significant difference in the percentage of positive reactions was noted. However, using the chi-square test, the seventh antigen, prepared from Bacteroides vulgatus, successfully distinguished the two populations at the 0.025 level. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests with the B. vulgatus antigen also provided a means to separate the patients in group II with active disease from those in remission at a P value of 0.01. All the sera from 12 patients with defined Crohn's disease activity indexes reacted with the B. vulgatus antigen in counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Reduction and alkylation of patient sera with 2-mercaptoethanol and iodoacetamide removed detectable antibody in 78% of the samples, which suggested a dominant role of immunoglobulin M in the response to Bacteroides antigens.", "contents": "Antibodies detectable by counterimmunoelectrophoresis against Bacteroides antigens in serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Heat-extracted antigens from seven species of Bacteroides were used in passive hemagglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Sera from 87 normal persons (group I) and 15 patients with ulcerative colitis (group II) were of low and equal reactivity in passive hemagglutination tests; all positive tests were eliminated by 2-mercaptoethanol reduction of the sera. When these same sera were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis with six of the Bacteroides antigens, no significant difference in the percentage of positive reactions was noted. However, using the chi-square test, the seventh antigen, prepared from Bacteroides vulgatus, successfully distinguished the two populations at the 0.025 level. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests with the B. vulgatus antigen also provided a means to separate the patients in group II with active disease from those in remission at a P value of 0.01. All the sera from 12 patients with defined Crohn's disease activity indexes reacted with the B. vulgatus antigen in counterimmunoelectrophoretic tests. Reduction and alkylation of patient sera with 2-mercaptoethanol and iodoacetamide removed detectable antibody in 78% of the samples, which suggested a dominant role of immunoglobulin M in the response to Bacteroides antigens.", "PMID": 88458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11146", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescence test for serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease: evidence for serogroup diversity of Legionnaires disease bacterial antigens and for multiple specificity of human antibodies.", "content": "Evidence obtained by others who used direct immunofluorescence staining to demonstrate serological differences among strains of Legionnaires disease bacterium prompted this study of parameters influencing the ability of the indirect immunofluorescence test to detect human antibodies to Legionnaires disease bacterium. A total of 25 Legionnaires disease bacterium strains, representing four serogroups, were used as immunofluorescence antigens to test selected human sera. The use of diethyl ether in preparing the antigens was discontinued when it was found that titers against ether-killed group 2 (Togus 1-like) antigens were impossible to determine. Instead, heat-killed suspensions of Legionnaires disease bacterium in 0.5% buffered normal chicken yolk sac were used to show the serogroup diversity of the strains and the serogroup specificity of the antibody response of some, but not all, patients with serological evidence of Legionnaires disease. These studies suggest that multiple antigens should be used in serological tests for Legionnaires disease. Furthermore, the fact that some sera contain antibodies that bind equally well to strains of all four serogroups implies that demonstration of a fourfold increase in titer of paired sera when tested with a single antigen should not be interpreted as evidence of infection with a strain of the same serogroup.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescence test for serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease: evidence for serogroup diversity of Legionnaires disease bacterial antigens and for multiple specificity of human antibodies. Evidence obtained by others who used direct immunofluorescence staining to demonstrate serological differences among strains of Legionnaires disease bacterium prompted this study of parameters influencing the ability of the indirect immunofluorescence test to detect human antibodies to Legionnaires disease bacterium. A total of 25 Legionnaires disease bacterium strains, representing four serogroups, were used as immunofluorescence antigens to test selected human sera. The use of diethyl ether in preparing the antigens was discontinued when it was found that titers against ether-killed group 2 (Togus 1-like) antigens were impossible to determine. Instead, heat-killed suspensions of Legionnaires disease bacterium in 0.5% buffered normal chicken yolk sac were used to show the serogroup diversity of the strains and the serogroup specificity of the antibody response of some, but not all, patients with serological evidence of Legionnaires disease. These studies suggest that multiple antigens should be used in serological tests for Legionnaires disease. Furthermore, the fact that some sera contain antibodies that bind equally well to strains of all four serogroups implies that demonstration of a fourfold increase in titer of paired sera when tested with a single antigen should not be interpreted as evidence of infection with a strain of the same serogroup.", "PMID": 88459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11147", "title": "Simple, differential staining technique for enumerating rickettsiae in yolk sac, tissue culture extracts, or purified suspensions.", "content": "A differential staining method employing acridine orange-stained rickettsiae and safranin-stained standardized suspensions of Shigella dysenteriae is described for enumerating rickettsiae harvested during various stages of the growth cycle.", "contents": "Simple, differential staining technique for enumerating rickettsiae in yolk sac, tissue culture extracts, or purified suspensions. A differential staining method employing acridine orange-stained rickettsiae and safranin-stained standardized suspensions of Shigella dysenteriae is described for enumerating rickettsiae harvested during various stages of the growth cycle.", "PMID": 88460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11148", "title": "Extractable antigen shared by Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strains.", "content": "Extracts from several species of gram-positive cocci were prepared by a modification of the Rantz-Randall autoclave method and tested for reactions with rabbit anti-Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) sera in a capillary precipitin test. Antigen preparations from two reference strains of P. anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) and six clinical isolates of P. anaerobius reacted with the P. anaerobius antisera. These extracts formed a line of identity by immunodiffusion and displayed at least one precipitin line by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption of the antisera with either the autoclaved extract or a 10% whole-cell suspension from each of the eight P. anaerobius strains removed the precipitin line(s) observed during immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Extracts prepared to other species of Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Streptococcus did not react with the P. anaerobius antisera in a capillary precipitin test. In addition antisera to Lancefield groups A to G did not react with the extracts from the eight P. anaerobius strains. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts from the eight strains showed that they contained approximately 0.2 mg of carbohydrate per ml and 3.6 mg of protein per ml. The rabbit anti-P. anaerobius sera used in this study detected a common antigen(s) shared by strains of P. anaerobius, but did not react with autoclave extracts prepared from other species of gram-positive cocci. This extractable antigen could be used in a capillary precipitin test to rapidly identify P. anaerobius strains isolated in the clinical microbiology laboratory.", "contents": "Extractable antigen shared by Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strains. Extracts from several species of gram-positive cocci were prepared by a modification of the Rantz-Randall autoclave method and tested for reactions with rabbit anti-Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) sera in a capillary precipitin test. Antigen preparations from two reference strains of P. anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) and six clinical isolates of P. anaerobius reacted with the P. anaerobius antisera. These extracts formed a line of identity by immunodiffusion and displayed at least one precipitin line by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption of the antisera with either the autoclaved extract or a 10% whole-cell suspension from each of the eight P. anaerobius strains removed the precipitin line(s) observed during immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Extracts prepared to other species of Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Streptococcus did not react with the P. anaerobius antisera in a capillary precipitin test. In addition antisera to Lancefield groups A to G did not react with the extracts from the eight P. anaerobius strains. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts from the eight strains showed that they contained approximately 0.2 mg of carbohydrate per ml and 3.6 mg of protein per ml. The rabbit anti-P. anaerobius sera used in this study detected a common antigen(s) shared by strains of P. anaerobius, but did not react with autoclave extracts prepared from other species of gram-positive cocci. This extractable antigen could be used in a capillary precipitin test to rapidly identify P. anaerobius strains isolated in the clinical microbiology laboratory.", "PMID": 88461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11149", "title": "Sputum screening by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy.", "content": "Gram-stained smears of specimens submitted for sputum cultures were compared with direct wet mounts examined by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy (NIM) for enumeration of squamous epithelial cells (EPC) and leukocytes (WBC). The results obtained by the two methods were comparable, but specimens were more rapidly screened and cell types were more readily differentiated by NIM. Specimens submitted for sputum culture over a 3-month period were examined for EPC and WBC by NIM. Twenty-two percent of the specimens had greater than 25 EPC/field or a predominance of EPC (class I), 30% had greater than 25 EPC and greater than 25 WBC/field (class II), and 48% had greater than 25 WBC/field or a predominance of WBC (class III). The clinical relevance of the culture results was determined by reviewing the records of patients whose specimens were included in the study. Class I specimens provided only 30% clinically relevant culture results. Specimens in class II provided useful culture results in 63% of the patients, and 96% of those in class III provided clinically relevant information. The results confirm the value of sputum screening and demonstrate that NIM provides a rapid, simple, and accurate method for sputum screening.", "contents": "Sputum screening by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy. Gram-stained smears of specimens submitted for sputum cultures were compared with direct wet mounts examined by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy (NIM) for enumeration of squamous epithelial cells (EPC) and leukocytes (WBC). The results obtained by the two methods were comparable, but specimens were more rapidly screened and cell types were more readily differentiated by NIM. Specimens submitted for sputum culture over a 3-month period were examined for EPC and WBC by NIM. Twenty-two percent of the specimens had greater than 25 EPC/field or a predominance of EPC (class I), 30% had greater than 25 EPC and greater than 25 WBC/field (class II), and 48% had greater than 25 WBC/field or a predominance of WBC (class III). The clinical relevance of the culture results was determined by reviewing the records of patients whose specimens were included in the study. Class I specimens provided only 30% clinically relevant culture results. Specimens in class II provided useful culture results in 63% of the patients, and 96% of those in class III provided clinically relevant information. The results confirm the value of sputum screening and demonstrate that NIM provides a rapid, simple, and accurate method for sputum screening.", "PMID": 88462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11150", "title": "Sulfide silver stainability of a type of bouton in spinal cord motoneuron neuropil: an electron microscopic study with Timm's method for demonstration of heavy metals.", "content": "Spinal cord motoneuron neuropil (cervical and lumbar enlargements) has been studied at the ultrastructural level after fixation with glutaraldehyde and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Based on the appearance of the synaptic specializations, different types of boutons were identified and correlated with the classification of bouton types based on osmicated tissue. The sulfide silver method for histochemical demonstration of heavy metals was applied to the same region. The localization of reaction products (silver grains) was predominantly in the terminals. Within the bouton, the grains were mainly in the specialized region of the synaptic contact, and the presynaptic network has also labelled, but to a lesser degree. All stained boutons had the same type of paramembranous synaptic specialization, but not all of the boutons with this type of specialization were stained. The stained boutons are interpreted as a fraction of the 'F' boutons.", "contents": "Sulfide silver stainability of a type of bouton in spinal cord motoneuron neuropil: an electron microscopic study with Timm's method for demonstration of heavy metals. Spinal cord motoneuron neuropil (cervical and lumbar enlargements) has been studied at the ultrastructural level after fixation with glutaraldehyde and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Based on the appearance of the synaptic specializations, different types of boutons were identified and correlated with the classification of bouton types based on osmicated tissue. The sulfide silver method for histochemical demonstration of heavy metals was applied to the same region. The localization of reaction products (silver grains) was predominantly in the terminals. Within the bouton, the grains were mainly in the specialized region of the synaptic contact, and the presynaptic network has also labelled, but to a lesser degree. All stained boutons had the same type of paramembranous synaptic specialization, but not all of the boutons with this type of specialization were stained. The stained boutons are interpreted as a fraction of the 'F' boutons.", "PMID": 88463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11151", "title": "A variant of the pyroantimonate technique suitable for localization of calcium in ovarian tissue.", "content": "Osmium-pyroantimonate solutions for the precipitation of cations are unsuitable for use with delicate mammalian oocytes. A variant of the pyroantimonate technique employing a mixture of pyroantimonate and glutaraldehyde has been found to give successful and repeatable results if a fixation time of 4 hr is used. Calcium-containing antimonate precipitates were localized principally in nuclei, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and cytoplasmic processes of both oocytes and follicle cells, and along the plasma membrane in small oocytes. Deposits were also concentrated around the periphery of lipid droplets in the follicle cells. The presence of calcium in the precipitates was confirmed by x-ray microprobe analysis.", "contents": "A variant of the pyroantimonate technique suitable for localization of calcium in ovarian tissue. Osmium-pyroantimonate solutions for the precipitation of cations are unsuitable for use with delicate mammalian oocytes. A variant of the pyroantimonate technique employing a mixture of pyroantimonate and glutaraldehyde has been found to give successful and repeatable results if a fixation time of 4 hr is used. Calcium-containing antimonate precipitates were localized principally in nuclei, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and cytoplasmic processes of both oocytes and follicle cells, and along the plasma membrane in small oocytes. Deposits were also concentrated around the periphery of lipid droplets in the follicle cells. The presence of calcium in the precipitates was confirmed by x-ray microprobe analysis.", "PMID": 88471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11152", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of plasminogen activator on porcine kidney cell strain: LLC-PK1 (LP100).", "content": "An antibody to plasminogen activator (PA) produced by the cultured cells of the pig kidney cell strain LLC-PK1 (LP100) was used to localize PA on the cell's free (unattached) surface. Localization was accomplished by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method (PAP) at the light microscopic level and at the electron microsopic level. Localization was commonly more intense at cell to cell junctions and was associated with blebs and vesiculation in this area. We are proposing that membrane shedding by blebs and vesiculation may be the mechanism of PA release in the LLC-PK1 (LP100) cell strain.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of plasminogen activator on porcine kidney cell strain: LLC-PK1 (LP100). An antibody to plasminogen activator (PA) produced by the cultured cells of the pig kidney cell strain LLC-PK1 (LP100) was used to localize PA on the cell's free (unattached) surface. Localization was accomplished by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method (PAP) at the light microscopic level and at the electron microsopic level. Localization was commonly more intense at cell to cell junctions and was associated with blebs and vesiculation in this area. We are proposing that membrane shedding by blebs and vesiculation may be the mechanism of PA release in the LLC-PK1 (LP100) cell strain.", "PMID": 88472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11153", "title": "Complement receptor binding of C3b-coated cells treated with C3b inactivator, beta 1H globulin and trypsin.", "content": "Treatment of 125I-C3b bound to EAC1423b with C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin (beta 1H) cleaved the alpha-chain of C3b into 65,000- and 42,000-dalton fragments, both of which remained disulfide-bonded to the intact beta-chain (C3bi). Subsequent treatment with trypsin (0.1 microgram/ml) released 125I into the supernatant and yielded cells coated with a 33,000-dalton fragment of alpha-chain, presumably C3d. These results are in agreement with those obtained by others using fluid phase C3b. C3b-coated cells (EAC1423b) adhered to complement (C) receptors on human erythrocytes, glomeruli, and monocytes. C3bi-coated cells adhered to the receptors on glomeruli and monocytes, but not to those on human erythrocytes. C3d-coated cells adhered only to the monocyte receptors. The findings suggest that the glomerular C receptor recognizes portions of the C3 molecule different from those recognized by either the erythrocyte or monocyte receptors.", "contents": "Complement receptor binding of C3b-coated cells treated with C3b inactivator, beta 1H globulin and trypsin. Treatment of 125I-C3b bound to EAC1423b with C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta 1H globulin (beta 1H) cleaved the alpha-chain of C3b into 65,000- and 42,000-dalton fragments, both of which remained disulfide-bonded to the intact beta-chain (C3bi). Subsequent treatment with trypsin (0.1 microgram/ml) released 125I into the supernatant and yielded cells coated with a 33,000-dalton fragment of alpha-chain, presumably C3d. These results are in agreement with those obtained by others using fluid phase C3b. C3b-coated cells (EAC1423b) adhered to complement (C) receptors on human erythrocytes, glomeruli, and monocytes. C3bi-coated cells adhered to the receptors on glomeruli and monocytes, but not to those on human erythrocytes. C3d-coated cells adhered only to the monocyte receptors. The findings suggest that the glomerular C receptor recognizes portions of the C3 molecule different from those recognized by either the erythrocyte or monocyte receptors.", "PMID": 88474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11154", "title": "Role of surface IgM and IgD in the functional differentiation of human B lymphocytes: effect of papain treatment.", "content": "Short-term treatment of normal human B lymphocytes with low concentrations of papain resulted in selective and reversible removal of sIgD determinants, whereas HLA and Ia-like antigens, sIgM as well as receptors for E, C3, and FcIgG were unaffected. When studied for their capacity to generate antigen-specific direct PFC, papain-treated (delta-) B cells were highly sensitive to inactivation by even low concentrations of antigen. In addition, these cells were impaired in their ability to cooperate normally with T-helper cells or their humoral product(s).", "contents": "Role of surface IgM and IgD in the functional differentiation of human B lymphocytes: effect of papain treatment. Short-term treatment of normal human B lymphocytes with low concentrations of papain resulted in selective and reversible removal of sIgD determinants, whereas HLA and Ia-like antigens, sIgM as well as receptors for E, C3, and FcIgG were unaffected. When studied for their capacity to generate antigen-specific direct PFC, papain-treated (delta-) B cells were highly sensitive to inactivation by even low concentrations of antigen. In addition, these cells were impaired in their ability to cooperate normally with T-helper cells or their humoral product(s).", "PMID": 88476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11155", "title": "Demonstration of Fcgamma receptors on human basophil granulocytes.", "content": "Fcgamma receptors were detected on human basophil granulocytes. The mononuclear cell fraction of human peripheral blood was incubated with heat-aggregated human IgG (HGG) followed by 125I-anti-HGG. Autoradiography of the cells showed that the majority of basophil granulocytes gave a significant number of grains. Basophils were not labeled by preincubation of the same cells with monomeric HGG followed by 125I-anti-HGG. However, the binding of aggregated HGG to basophils was inhibited by the presence of a high concentration of monomeric HGG or its Fc fragment but not by the Fab fragment. Evidence was obtained that Fcgamma receptors are distinct from IgE receptors on the same cells: i) Saturation of basophils with IgE did not affect the binding of aggregated HGG to the cells. ii) Preincubation with and the presence of aggregated HGG failed to affect the binding of 125I-IgE to basophils, or to block passive sensitization of the cells with IgE antibodies. iii) The Fcgamma receptors did not co-cap with IgE receptors. Aggregated HGG failed to induce histamine release from basophils even in the presence of D2O. It was also found that the presence of aggregated HGG on basophils did not modulate IgE-mediated histamine release from the cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of Fcgamma receptors on human basophil granulocytes. Fcgamma receptors were detected on human basophil granulocytes. The mononuclear cell fraction of human peripheral blood was incubated with heat-aggregated human IgG (HGG) followed by 125I-anti-HGG. Autoradiography of the cells showed that the majority of basophil granulocytes gave a significant number of grains. Basophils were not labeled by preincubation of the same cells with monomeric HGG followed by 125I-anti-HGG. However, the binding of aggregated HGG to basophils was inhibited by the presence of a high concentration of monomeric HGG or its Fc fragment but not by the Fab fragment. Evidence was obtained that Fcgamma receptors are distinct from IgE receptors on the same cells: i) Saturation of basophils with IgE did not affect the binding of aggregated HGG to the cells. ii) Preincubation with and the presence of aggregated HGG failed to affect the binding of 125I-IgE to basophils, or to block passive sensitization of the cells with IgE antibodies. iii) The Fcgamma receptors did not co-cap with IgE receptors. Aggregated HGG failed to induce histamine release from basophils even in the presence of D2O. It was also found that the presence of aggregated HGG on basophils did not modulate IgE-mediated histamine release from the cells.", "PMID": 88477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11156", "title": "Ia-bearing bone marrow-cultured macrophages induce antigen-specific helper T cells for antibody synthesis.", "content": "In bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures supplemented with colony-stimulating factor (CSF), accessory cells develop that are capable of inducing specific helper T cells. These accessory cells become effective after 4 days in culture and can be found not only in the adherent but also in the nonadherent cell population. On the other hand, very few accessory cells with helper cell-inducing capacity are obtained in BMC cultures without CSF. The active BMC-derived cell type has been shown to carry Ia surface antigen, since pretreatment with anti-Ia serum and complement abolished the capacity of these cells to function like macrophages in helper T cell induction. Moreover, the appearance of functional accessory cells in these cultures coincided with the presence of Ia-bearing cells.", "contents": "Ia-bearing bone marrow-cultured macrophages induce antigen-specific helper T cells for antibody synthesis. In bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures supplemented with colony-stimulating factor (CSF), accessory cells develop that are capable of inducing specific helper T cells. These accessory cells become effective after 4 days in culture and can be found not only in the adherent but also in the nonadherent cell population. On the other hand, very few accessory cells with helper cell-inducing capacity are obtained in BMC cultures without CSF. The active BMC-derived cell type has been shown to carry Ia surface antigen, since pretreatment with anti-Ia serum and complement abolished the capacity of these cells to function like macrophages in helper T cell induction. Moreover, the appearance of functional accessory cells in these cultures coincided with the presence of Ia-bearing cells.", "PMID": 88478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11157", "title": "Histamine-releasing activity (HRA). I. Production by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated human mononuclear cells.", "content": "Supernatants from 1- to 2-day cultures of human mononuclear cells induced the release of histamine from basophils. Generation of this histamine-releasing activity (HRA) was stimulated by addition of concanavalin A to the cell cultures. Mononuclear cells were also cultured with SKSD and Candida albicans antigens. Stimulation of HRA production by these antigens was correlated with positive delayed skin reactions. Serial dilutions of supernatants assayed for HRA provided a semiquantitative determination of the level of HRA in mitogen- or antigen-stimulated samples. Antigen increased HRA production when added during the first or second day of culture. Generation of HRA probably requires active protein synthesis, since puromycin was inhibitory, and since preformed HRA could not be recovered from lysed cells. HRA was detected in supernatants after 4 hr, and the effects of antigen stimulation were apparent after 8 hr of culture. Replacement of supernatants with fresh culture medium allowed continued synthesis of substantial quantities of HRA during the second day of culture. A linear correlation was observed between the amount of HRA produced and the mononuclear cell concentration. Our findings provide evidence for the interaction of lymphocytes and basophils via a soluble mediator.", "contents": "Histamine-releasing activity (HRA). I. Production by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated human mononuclear cells. Supernatants from 1- to 2-day cultures of human mononuclear cells induced the release of histamine from basophils. Generation of this histamine-releasing activity (HRA) was stimulated by addition of concanavalin A to the cell cultures. Mononuclear cells were also cultured with SKSD and Candida albicans antigens. Stimulation of HRA production by these antigens was correlated with positive delayed skin reactions. Serial dilutions of supernatants assayed for HRA provided a semiquantitative determination of the level of HRA in mitogen- or antigen-stimulated samples. Antigen increased HRA production when added during the first or second day of culture. Generation of HRA probably requires active protein synthesis, since puromycin was inhibitory, and since preformed HRA could not be recovered from lysed cells. HRA was detected in supernatants after 4 hr, and the effects of antigen stimulation were apparent after 8 hr of culture. Replacement of supernatants with fresh culture medium allowed continued synthesis of substantial quantities of HRA during the second day of culture. A linear correlation was observed between the amount of HRA produced and the mononuclear cell concentration. Our findings provide evidence for the interaction of lymphocytes and basophils via a soluble mediator.", "PMID": 88479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11158", "title": "T-T interactions in the induction of antigen-specific human suppressor T lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "We intended to investigate whether the suppression of antigen-induced antibody responses in vitro in man by T suppressor cells required contact of T suppressor cells with target cells or whether this effect was mediated by factors released by T suppressor cells. To this end supernatants of antigen-induced T suppressor cells were tested (by a plaque forming cell assay) for their capacity to suppress antibody responses of autologous and allogeneic human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have shown that supernatants of antigen-specific T suppressor cells, designated as TsF24: a) can suppress an antibody response of autologous but not allogeneic lymphocytes to the inducing antigen; b) are antigen-specific in their effect; and 3) are produced by radiosensitive T cells. Furthermore, the target of the factor is a radiosensitive T cell. These findings taken together indicate that, in the generation of T-effector suppressor cells in man, T-T interactions occur, and in addition, that cellfree factors may be involved in these interactions.", "contents": "T-T interactions in the induction of antigen-specific human suppressor T lymphocytes in vitro. We intended to investigate whether the suppression of antigen-induced antibody responses in vitro in man by T suppressor cells required contact of T suppressor cells with target cells or whether this effect was mediated by factors released by T suppressor cells. To this end supernatants of antigen-induced T suppressor cells were tested (by a plaque forming cell assay) for their capacity to suppress antibody responses of autologous and allogeneic human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have shown that supernatants of antigen-specific T suppressor cells, designated as TsF24: a) can suppress an antibody response of autologous but not allogeneic lymphocytes to the inducing antigen; b) are antigen-specific in their effect; and 3) are produced by radiosensitive T cells. Furthermore, the target of the factor is a radiosensitive T cell. These findings taken together indicate that, in the generation of T-effector suppressor cells in man, T-T interactions occur, and in addition, that cellfree factors may be involved in these interactions.", "PMID": 88481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11159", "title": "Tumor-specific immunity induced by somatic hybrids. I. Lack of relationship between immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of selected hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid clones were derived from fusion of TEPC-15 plasmacytoma cells of BALB/c mice with mouse L cells of C3H origin. The morphology, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity of three representative clones were extensively studied. One clone (LTC-1) showed a morphology intermediate to that of either parental cell and possessed the highest tumorigenic and immunogenic properties. The other two clones displayed a \"flat\" morphology which differed significantly from that of either parent. One of these two, LTC-4, eventually induced tumors in some (BALB/c X C3H)F1 mice but failed to stimulate protective immunity against TEPC-15 tumor cells in BALB/c mice. The other hybrid clone, LTC-2, has a \"very flat\" morphology and did not induce tumors, although it was capable of stimulating a significant level of tumor immunity. Histologically, all the tumors induced by hybrid cells were fibrosarcomas rather than plasmacytomas. These results indicate that the morphology of hybrid cells may be correlated with the tumorigenicity as well as the histologic appearance of tumor. In addition, the degree of tumorigenicity of individual hybrid clones does not correspond to their immunogenicity in the host, suggesting that major antigens responsible for immunogenicity may not play an important role in induction of tumors.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immunity induced by somatic hybrids. I. Lack of relationship between immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of selected hybrids. Hybrid clones were derived from fusion of TEPC-15 plasmacytoma cells of BALB/c mice with mouse L cells of C3H origin. The morphology, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity of three representative clones were extensively studied. One clone (LTC-1) showed a morphology intermediate to that of either parental cell and possessed the highest tumorigenic and immunogenic properties. The other two clones displayed a \"flat\" morphology which differed significantly from that of either parent. One of these two, LTC-4, eventually induced tumors in some (BALB/c X C3H)F1 mice but failed to stimulate protective immunity against TEPC-15 tumor cells in BALB/c mice. The other hybrid clone, LTC-2, has a \"very flat\" morphology and did not induce tumors, although it was capable of stimulating a significant level of tumor immunity. Histologically, all the tumors induced by hybrid cells were fibrosarcomas rather than plasmacytomas. These results indicate that the morphology of hybrid cells may be correlated with the tumorigenicity as well as the histologic appearance of tumor. In addition, the degree of tumorigenicity of individual hybrid clones does not correspond to their immunogenicity in the host, suggesting that major antigens responsible for immunogenicity may not play an important role in induction of tumors.", "PMID": 88482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11160", "title": "Tumor-specific immunity induced by somatic hybrids. II. Elicitation of enhanced immunity against the parent plasmacytoma.", "content": "Hybrid cells derived from fusion of a BALB/c plasmacytoma (TEPC-15) and L cells (C3H origin) were used to stimulate tumor-specific immunity against the parental plasmacytoma cells. Live hybrid cells induced tumor-specific immunity against TEPC-15 more effectively than mitomycin-treated hybrid or TEPC-15 tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of immunity with spleen cells of mice immunized with hybrid cells was also more effective than that with mitomycin-treated tumor cells. The immunity induced by the hybrid cells was specific to the TEPC-15 tumor because the mice that received immune spleen cells were not protected against challenge with either HOPC-8 or McPC-603 plasmacytomas. T cell populations were primarily responsible for the transfer of specific immunity based on the sensitivity of immune cells to anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. Mice that had established solid tumors were treated with 5 x 10(7) spleen cells to evaluate the therapeutic value of the hybrid-induced immune cells. Tumors in the mice that received immune cells gradually regressed over a 40-day period, whereas tumors on the control mice continued to grow. These results suggest that a rearrangement of tumor-specific antigens on allogeneic hybrid cells can enhance their immunogenicity.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immunity induced by somatic hybrids. II. Elicitation of enhanced immunity against the parent plasmacytoma. Hybrid cells derived from fusion of a BALB/c plasmacytoma (TEPC-15) and L cells (C3H origin) were used to stimulate tumor-specific immunity against the parental plasmacytoma cells. Live hybrid cells induced tumor-specific immunity against TEPC-15 more effectively than mitomycin-treated hybrid or TEPC-15 tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of immunity with spleen cells of mice immunized with hybrid cells was also more effective than that with mitomycin-treated tumor cells. The immunity induced by the hybrid cells was specific to the TEPC-15 tumor because the mice that received immune spleen cells were not protected against challenge with either HOPC-8 or McPC-603 plasmacytomas. T cell populations were primarily responsible for the transfer of specific immunity based on the sensitivity of immune cells to anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. Mice that had established solid tumors were treated with 5 x 10(7) spleen cells to evaluate the therapeutic value of the hybrid-induced immune cells. Tumors in the mice that received immune cells gradually regressed over a 40-day period, whereas tumors on the control mice continued to grow. These results suggest that a rearrangement of tumor-specific antigens on allogeneic hybrid cells can enhance their immunogenicity.", "PMID": 88483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11161", "title": "T cell recognition in the mixed lymphocyte response. I. Non-T, radiation-resistant splenic adherent cells are the predominant stimulators in the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "The ability of subpopulations of murine spleen cells to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) was studied. It was found that T cells (nylon-nonadherent spleen cells) and B cells [G-10 passed and treated with rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMB) and complement (C)] were poor stimulators of an MLR. In contrast, whole spleen cells or B cells plus adherent cells (RAMB +C-treated spleen cells) produced good stimulation. However, a non-T, radiation-resistant splenic adherent cell (SAC) population was up to 20 to 50 times more efficient as a stimulator of an MLR on a per cell basis than an unseparated spleen population. These SAC were shown to express Ia determinants encoded by genes in I-A and I-E/C. These results suggest that Ia+ SAC may be the predominant stimulating cells in spleen cell populations, and the preferential target for T cell recognition in cell interaction events.", "contents": "T cell recognition in the mixed lymphocyte response. I. Non-T, radiation-resistant splenic adherent cells are the predominant stimulators in the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction. The ability of subpopulations of murine spleen cells to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) was studied. It was found that T cells (nylon-nonadherent spleen cells) and B cells [G-10 passed and treated with rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMB) and complement (C)] were poor stimulators of an MLR. In contrast, whole spleen cells or B cells plus adherent cells (RAMB +C-treated spleen cells) produced good stimulation. However, a non-T, radiation-resistant splenic adherent cell (SAC) population was up to 20 to 50 times more efficient as a stimulator of an MLR on a per cell basis than an unseparated spleen population. These SAC were shown to express Ia determinants encoded by genes in I-A and I-E/C. These results suggest that Ia+ SAC may be the predominant stimulating cells in spleen cell populations, and the preferential target for T cell recognition in cell interaction events.", "PMID": 88485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11162", "title": "Immunologic cross-reaction of stratum corneum basic protein and a keratohyalin granule protein.", "content": "Antiserum to the stratum corneum basic protein (SCBP) of newborn rat epidermis was used to test for cross-reactive proteins in extracts of skin and in tissue sections. The antibody reacts strongly with epidermal extracts but very poor with dermal extracts. Buffer extracts of epidermis give a reaction of partial identity or identity with the antigen, SCBP. Urea extracts of isolated stratum corneum give a reaction of identity with SCBP. When the proteins of these extracts are separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the immunoreactive peak in the 4 M urea extract corresponds to the 49,000 MW SCBP. The immunoreactive peak in the 1 M potassium phosphate extract corresponds to a 52,000 MW protein. This protein is rapidly and transiently labeled after injection of 3H-histidine into newborn rats, in contrast to the SCBP which is labeled after a 5-hr lag. The 52,000 MW protein appears to be an immunologically related precursor of the SCBP. Immunoreactive proteins were localized in tissue sections by the indirect immunoperoxidase method. A strong positive reaction was seen in keratohyalin granules and in the stratum corneum. The reaction of keratohyalin granules corroborates the extraction of a cross-reactive protein by 1 M potassium phosphate, a method for extraction of keratohyalin granules from epidermis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a protein of 52,000 MW is present in keratohyalin and is converted to the SCBP (49,000 MW) concomitantly with the conconversion of a granular cell to a stratum corneum cell.", "contents": "Immunologic cross-reaction of stratum corneum basic protein and a keratohyalin granule protein. Antiserum to the stratum corneum basic protein (SCBP) of newborn rat epidermis was used to test for cross-reactive proteins in extracts of skin and in tissue sections. The antibody reacts strongly with epidermal extracts but very poor with dermal extracts. Buffer extracts of epidermis give a reaction of partial identity or identity with the antigen, SCBP. Urea extracts of isolated stratum corneum give a reaction of identity with SCBP. When the proteins of these extracts are separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the immunoreactive peak in the 4 M urea extract corresponds to the 49,000 MW SCBP. The immunoreactive peak in the 1 M potassium phosphate extract corresponds to a 52,000 MW protein. This protein is rapidly and transiently labeled after injection of 3H-histidine into newborn rats, in contrast to the SCBP which is labeled after a 5-hr lag. The 52,000 MW protein appears to be an immunologically related precursor of the SCBP. Immunoreactive proteins were localized in tissue sections by the indirect immunoperoxidase method. A strong positive reaction was seen in keratohyalin granules and in the stratum corneum. The reaction of keratohyalin granules corroborates the extraction of a cross-reactive protein by 1 M potassium phosphate, a method for extraction of keratohyalin granules from epidermis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a protein of 52,000 MW is present in keratohyalin and is converted to the SCBP (49,000 MW) concomitantly with the conconversion of a granular cell to a stratum corneum cell.", "PMID": 88487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11163", "title": "Effects of aging and chronic sun exposure on melanocytes in human skin.", "content": "Both aging and sun exposure have well-documented effects on the human melanocyte system. Paired biopsies of habitually exposed and nonexposed skin from adjacent anatomic sites were obtained from 8 donors aged 28 to 80 yr in order to study the combined effect of chronic actinic irradiation and chronologic aging. Density of dopa-positive melanocytes was roughly twofold higher in the exposed than in the nonexposed skin at all ages, suggesting an irreversible effect of sun exposure. Melanocyte density declined approximately 6 to 8% of the surviving population per decade in both sites. Dopa-positivity of individual melanocytes was consistently greater in the chronically exposed skin than in the nonexposed skin of the same subject and did not vary with age. These data strengthen and expand earlier observations of age-related melanocyte changes, and explain the apparent paradox of a generalized increase in pigmentation and simultaneous decrease in melanocyte density which frequently accompany advancing age. In addition, the present study suggests that the principal effect of chronic sun exposure on the human pigmentary system is not premature \"aging\" as currently recognized histologically, but rather activation and/or proliferation of the exposed melanocytes.", "contents": "Effects of aging and chronic sun exposure on melanocytes in human skin. Both aging and sun exposure have well-documented effects on the human melanocyte system. Paired biopsies of habitually exposed and nonexposed skin from adjacent anatomic sites were obtained from 8 donors aged 28 to 80 yr in order to study the combined effect of chronic actinic irradiation and chronologic aging. Density of dopa-positive melanocytes was roughly twofold higher in the exposed than in the nonexposed skin at all ages, suggesting an irreversible effect of sun exposure. Melanocyte density declined approximately 6 to 8% of the surviving population per decade in both sites. Dopa-positivity of individual melanocytes was consistently greater in the chronically exposed skin than in the nonexposed skin of the same subject and did not vary with age. These data strengthen and expand earlier observations of age-related melanocyte changes, and explain the apparent paradox of a generalized increase in pigmentation and simultaneous decrease in melanocyte density which frequently accompany advancing age. In addition, the present study suggests that the principal effect of chronic sun exposure on the human pigmentary system is not premature \"aging\" as currently recognized histologically, but rather activation and/or proliferation of the exposed melanocytes.", "PMID": 88488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11164", "title": "Abrogation of cell-mediated immunity by a serum blocking factor isolated from patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 80% of patients with infectious mononucleosis in this study failed to produce macrophage migration-inhibition factor in response to partially purified early antigen of Epstein-Barr virus or to tetanus toxoid, whereas lymphocytes from normal subjects did produce this lymphokine. Subsequent analysis of serum from the patients with infectious mononucleosis revealed a serum factor that completely abrogated antigen-specific inhibition of migration by human leukocytes as well as lymphocyte blastogenesis. The serum blocking factor was present in sera from 11 (73%) of 15 patients with infectious mononucleos but only in sera from two (13%) of 15 normal subjects. Samples of serum from five of the patients with infectious mononucleosis and five normal subjects were fractionated with use of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and the eluants were assayed for several substances known to inhibit cell-mediated immunity. Serum blocking factor activity could be demonstrated only in fractionated sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The serum blocking factor is postulated to be either a soluble immune complex or some as yet unidentified immunoregulatory globulin contained in the IgG fraction of human serum.", "contents": "Abrogation of cell-mediated immunity by a serum blocking factor isolated from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Lymphocytes from 80% of patients with infectious mononucleosis in this study failed to produce macrophage migration-inhibition factor in response to partially purified early antigen of Epstein-Barr virus or to tetanus toxoid, whereas lymphocytes from normal subjects did produce this lymphokine. Subsequent analysis of serum from the patients with infectious mononucleosis revealed a serum factor that completely abrogated antigen-specific inhibition of migration by human leukocytes as well as lymphocyte blastogenesis. The serum blocking factor was present in sera from 11 (73%) of 15 patients with infectious mononucleos but only in sera from two (13%) of 15 normal subjects. Samples of serum from five of the patients with infectious mononucleosis and five normal subjects were fractionated with use of Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and the eluants were assayed for several substances known to inhibit cell-mediated immunity. Serum blocking factor activity could be demonstrated only in fractionated sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The serum blocking factor is postulated to be either a soluble immune complex or some as yet unidentified immunoregulatory globulin contained in the IgG fraction of human serum.", "PMID": 88489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11165", "title": "Antibody to early antigens of varicella-zoster virus during varicella and zoster.", "content": "IgG antibody to the early antigens of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was studied during both varicella and zoster by the indirect immunoperoxidase antibody technique. In parallel, complement-fixing, immune-adherence hemagglutinating, IgG, and IgM antibodies to VZV were studied. In both varicella and zoster infections, antibody to the early antigens of VZV appeared three to five days after onset of infection, reached a peak during the second week, and progressively decreased in titer until it disappeared, usually within two months. This antibody usually appeared slightly later than IgG or IgM antibody and grossly correlated with IgM antibody in varicella. In zoster infections, IgM antibody to VZV was not found by the immune-adherence hemagglutination assay at a titer of greater than or equal to 1:4, whereas antibody to the early antigens showed a curve similar to that found in varicella. It is suggested that antibody to the early antigens of VZV be considered as a marker of acute VZV infection, which is associated with a specific and significant IgM antibody response in varicella but not in zoster.", "contents": "Antibody to early antigens of varicella-zoster virus during varicella and zoster. IgG antibody to the early antigens of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was studied during both varicella and zoster by the indirect immunoperoxidase antibody technique. In parallel, complement-fixing, immune-adherence hemagglutinating, IgG, and IgM antibodies to VZV were studied. In both varicella and zoster infections, antibody to the early antigens of VZV appeared three to five days after onset of infection, reached a peak during the second week, and progressively decreased in titer until it disappeared, usually within two months. This antibody usually appeared slightly later than IgG or IgM antibody and grossly correlated with IgM antibody in varicella. In zoster infections, IgM antibody to VZV was not found by the immune-adherence hemagglutination assay at a titer of greater than or equal to 1:4, whereas antibody to the early antigens showed a curve similar to that found in varicella. It is suggested that antibody to the early antigens of VZV be considered as a marker of acute VZV infection, which is associated with a specific and significant IgM antibody response in varicella but not in zoster.", "PMID": 88490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11166", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide-derived serotype polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis group B.", "content": "Three immunologically distinct types of polysaccharides have been isolated by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography from the lipopolysaccharide extracts of group B Neisseria meningitidis. All types contain a set of common determinants, as well as distinct ones; all of these determinants are detectable by either immunodiffusion or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polysaccharides elute from a Sepharose 4B column in the range of 2-3 x 10(5) daltons and have isoelectric points from 4.2 to 4.3. Their antigenicity is destroyed by oxidation but is unaffected by neuraminidase, lysozyme, or trypsin. One type of polysaccharide cross-reacts with the Gc2 polysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in immunodiffusion systems. Chemical analysis indicates that these polysaccharides contain hexoses, hexosamines, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, ethanolamine, and heptose; analysis of amino acids indicates protein contents of less than 0.05%. In contrast to the lipopolysaccharide from which they are derived, these polysaccharides contain no lipid A and less than 0.5% fatty acids. All three types are precipitated by wheat germ agglutinin but not by concanavalin A or fucose-binding protein. Specific inhibition of this precipitation can be achieved with N-acetyl glucosamine. These antigens may be the bases of a lipopolysaccharide-derived typing system for group B N. meningitidis.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide-derived serotype polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis group B. Three immunologically distinct types of polysaccharides have been isolated by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography from the lipopolysaccharide extracts of group B Neisseria meningitidis. All types contain a set of common determinants, as well as distinct ones; all of these determinants are detectable by either immunodiffusion or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polysaccharides elute from a Sepharose 4B column in the range of 2-3 x 10(5) daltons and have isoelectric points from 4.2 to 4.3. Their antigenicity is destroyed by oxidation but is unaffected by neuraminidase, lysozyme, or trypsin. One type of polysaccharide cross-reacts with the Gc2 polysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in immunodiffusion systems. Chemical analysis indicates that these polysaccharides contain hexoses, hexosamines, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, ethanolamine, and heptose; analysis of amino acids indicates protein contents of less than 0.05%. In contrast to the lipopolysaccharide from which they are derived, these polysaccharides contain no lipid A and less than 0.5% fatty acids. All three types are precipitated by wheat germ agglutinin but not by concanavalin A or fucose-binding protein. Specific inhibition of this precipitation can be achieved with N-acetyl glucosamine. These antigens may be the bases of a lipopolysaccharide-derived typing system for group B N. meningitidis.", "PMID": 88491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11167", "title": "Mouse protection test for group B Streptococcus type III.", "content": "The mouse model has been used previously for the study of protection against challenge with strains of group B Streptococcus types Ia, Ib, and Ic, but investigators have not yet been successful in causing lethal disease when type III strains are inoculated. In this study, six clinical isolates belonging to serotype III were lethal in seven-week-old outbred albino mice; the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for mice tested ranged from 1.8 x 10(4) to 4.6 x 10(6). In contrast, a laboratory prototype strain of serotype III was not lethal. The lethality observed with this protection test depended on both the volume of the inoculum given and the medium in which the streptococci were suspended. LD50 values decreased as the volume of the inoculum, given intraperitoneally, increased, up to a volume of 1.5 ml. Hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to a clinical isolate of type III protected mice against an estimated 90% lethal dose of the isolate. Normal rabbit serum and heterologous antisera, except for one of two antisera to type Ia organisms, were not protective. Absorption of type III antiserum with whole organisms of serotype III or with purified, type III-specific polysaccharide inhibited protection of mice against type III organisms.", "contents": "Mouse protection test for group B Streptococcus type III. The mouse model has been used previously for the study of protection against challenge with strains of group B Streptococcus types Ia, Ib, and Ic, but investigators have not yet been successful in causing lethal disease when type III strains are inoculated. In this study, six clinical isolates belonging to serotype III were lethal in seven-week-old outbred albino mice; the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for mice tested ranged from 1.8 x 10(4) to 4.6 x 10(6). In contrast, a laboratory prototype strain of serotype III was not lethal. The lethality observed with this protection test depended on both the volume of the inoculum given and the medium in which the streptococci were suspended. LD50 values decreased as the volume of the inoculum, given intraperitoneally, increased, up to a volume of 1.5 ml. Hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to a clinical isolate of type III protected mice against an estimated 90% lethal dose of the isolate. Normal rabbit serum and heterologous antisera, except for one of two antisera to type Ia organisms, were not protective. Absorption of type III antiserum with whole organisms of serotype III or with purified, type III-specific polysaccharide inhibited protection of mice against type III organisms.", "PMID": 88492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11168", "title": "The amnion regulates movement of fetally derived alpha-fetoprotein into maternal blood.", "content": "The present investigation documents that, under normal conditions, most fetally produced AFP reaches the maternal circulation via diffusion across the amnion from amniotic fluid. This has been determined by comparing maternal serum AFP levels with amniotic fluid albumin concentrations in paired samples. The proportionally demonstrated between them indicates a proportional, transamniotic exchange of the two proteins, each originating on opposite sides of the amnion. Albumin is known to reach amniotic fluid by transamniotic diffusion from maternal blood. All amnions restrict AFP movement into maternal serum, but some are distinctly more restrictive than others; in such cases, a relatively greater increase in amniotic fluid AFP concentration would likely have to occur from a fetal lesion before being reflected in maternal serum. Inconsistencies found in several paired samples identify that other variables may also influence passage of AFP to the mother.", "contents": "The amnion regulates movement of fetally derived alpha-fetoprotein into maternal blood. The present investigation documents that, under normal conditions, most fetally produced AFP reaches the maternal circulation via diffusion across the amnion from amniotic fluid. This has been determined by comparing maternal serum AFP levels with amniotic fluid albumin concentrations in paired samples. The proportionally demonstrated between them indicates a proportional, transamniotic exchange of the two proteins, each originating on opposite sides of the amnion. Albumin is known to reach amniotic fluid by transamniotic diffusion from maternal blood. All amnions restrict AFP movement into maternal serum, but some are distinctly more restrictive than others; in such cases, a relatively greater increase in amniotic fluid AFP concentration would likely have to occur from a fetal lesion before being reflected in maternal serum. Inconsistencies found in several paired samples identify that other variables may also influence passage of AFP to the mother.", "PMID": 88493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11169", "title": "Concept of cytostatic therapy in advanced tumours of the head and neck.", "content": "In cases with inoperable tumours of the head and neck some benefit may still be derived from cytostatics and radiotherapy. One treatment concept is based on intraarterial infusion therapy (bleomycin, methotrexate), while the systemic intravenous application of cytostatic substances (bleomycin, cyclophosphamide) is considered as an alternative of the intra-arterial approach is ruled out. Of the 31 intra-arterially and the 30 intravenously treated patients (all except 2 had squamous cell carcinomas), 64,5% and 20%, respectively, went into remission. This documents the validity of our treatment concept.", "contents": "Concept of cytostatic therapy in advanced tumours of the head and neck. In cases with inoperable tumours of the head and neck some benefit may still be derived from cytostatics and radiotherapy. One treatment concept is based on intraarterial infusion therapy (bleomycin, methotrexate), while the systemic intravenous application of cytostatic substances (bleomycin, cyclophosphamide) is considered as an alternative of the intra-arterial approach is ruled out. Of the 31 intra-arterially and the 30 intravenously treated patients (all except 2 had squamous cell carcinomas), 64,5% and 20%, respectively, went into remission. This documents the validity of our treatment concept.", "PMID": 88495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11170", "title": "Studies on antihistaminic action. II: In vitro and in vivo effect of chlorpheniramine and its analogs on the uptake and retention of 5-hydroxytryptamine by rabbit blood platelets.", "content": "We have previously shown that the antihistaminic drug, chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) increased blood histamine levels more rapidly than it did the blood 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the rabbit (Sankar, Li and Santare, 1974). The present studies show that, while the in vitro addition of CTM to isolated rabbit blood platelets inhibited the platelet uptake of labeled 5-HT-14C, its administration to rabbits increased such in vitro uptake by platelets isolated from recipient animals. This is possibly due to the enhancement of release (depletion) of 5-HT from platelets in vivo. Such depleted platelets, will take up larger amounts of 5-HT on in vitro incubation. Our studies also show increased levels of blood 5-HT within minutes after administration of CTM to rabbits, further indicating that CTM deplets the platelets of their 5-HT on in vivo administration. Our present studies show that D-CTM is more active than brompheniramine in this system, while the fluorine derivative is least active. It is postulated that the antecedent release of histamine and 5-HT from tissues by antihistamines, renders further anaphylactic challenge or hypersensitivity episode less severe.", "contents": "Studies on antihistaminic action. II: In vitro and in vivo effect of chlorpheniramine and its analogs on the uptake and retention of 5-hydroxytryptamine by rabbit blood platelets. We have previously shown that the antihistaminic drug, chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM) increased blood histamine levels more rapidly than it did the blood 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the rabbit (Sankar, Li and Santare, 1974). The present studies show that, while the in vitro addition of CTM to isolated rabbit blood platelets inhibited the platelet uptake of labeled 5-HT-14C, its administration to rabbits increased such in vitro uptake by platelets isolated from recipient animals. This is possibly due to the enhancement of release (depletion) of 5-HT from platelets in vivo. Such depleted platelets, will take up larger amounts of 5-HT on in vitro incubation. Our studies also show increased levels of blood 5-HT within minutes after administration of CTM to rabbits, further indicating that CTM deplets the platelets of their 5-HT on in vivo administration. Our present studies show that D-CTM is more active than brompheniramine in this system, while the fluorine derivative is least active. It is postulated that the antecedent release of histamine and 5-HT from tissues by antihistamines, renders further anaphylactic challenge or hypersensitivity episode less severe.", "PMID": 88496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11171", "title": "Maturation of the inhibitory feedback action of oestrogen on follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the immature female rat: a role for alpha-foetoprotein.", "content": "The maturation of the inhibitory feedback action of oestrogen on FSH secretion in the immature female rat was studied from 5 days of age until after the first ovulation. To study the role of the oestrogen binding alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) which is present in the blood of young animals, the effects of various doses of oestradiol and of the synthetic oestrogen R2858 (11 beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-oestradiol), which is not bound by AFP, were compared in ovariectomized rats. A rise in the serum concentration of FSH within 2 days of ovariectomy was first observed in rats ovariectomized at 8 days of age. Between 8 and 28 days of age the rise in FSH after ovariectomy could be prevented by oestrogen injections in such a way that the resulting FSH concentration amounted to 50% of that in ovariectomized control rats. This was achieved with a constant dose of 0.00015 microgram R2858/100 g body weight, whereas the dose of oestradiol needed decreased from 0.05 to 0.01 microgram/100 g body weight indicating an increased sensitivity to the feedback action of oestradiol. After day 28, sensitivity to the feedback action of both R2858 and oestradiol decreased progressively up to the time of the first ovulation. In contrast to results at earlier ages, none of the doses of either oestrogen was capable of maintaining near-physiological concentrations of FSH after 20 days of age. It is concluded that the apparent increase in sensitivity to the feedback action of oestradiol occurring before 28 days of age reflects the disappearance of AFP from the blood, whereas the subsequent decrease in sensitivity is independent of AFP. Moreover, it is concluded that up to about 20 days of age oestradiol could be, though not necessarily is, the sole ovarian factor involved in regulating FSH secretion, whereas at later ages additional steroids and/or factors must be involved.", "contents": "Maturation of the inhibitory feedback action of oestrogen on follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the immature female rat: a role for alpha-foetoprotein. The maturation of the inhibitory feedback action of oestrogen on FSH secretion in the immature female rat was studied from 5 days of age until after the first ovulation. To study the role of the oestrogen binding alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) which is present in the blood of young animals, the effects of various doses of oestradiol and of the synthetic oestrogen R2858 (11 beta-methoxy-17-ethynyl-oestradiol), which is not bound by AFP, were compared in ovariectomized rats. A rise in the serum concentration of FSH within 2 days of ovariectomy was first observed in rats ovariectomized at 8 days of age. Between 8 and 28 days of age the rise in FSH after ovariectomy could be prevented by oestrogen injections in such a way that the resulting FSH concentration amounted to 50% of that in ovariectomized control rats. This was achieved with a constant dose of 0.00015 microgram R2858/100 g body weight, whereas the dose of oestradiol needed decreased from 0.05 to 0.01 microgram/100 g body weight indicating an increased sensitivity to the feedback action of oestradiol. After day 28, sensitivity to the feedback action of both R2858 and oestradiol decreased progressively up to the time of the first ovulation. In contrast to results at earlier ages, none of the doses of either oestrogen was capable of maintaining near-physiological concentrations of FSH after 20 days of age. It is concluded that the apparent increase in sensitivity to the feedback action of oestradiol occurring before 28 days of age reflects the disappearance of AFP from the blood, whereas the subsequent decrease in sensitivity is independent of AFP. Moreover, it is concluded that up to about 20 days of age oestradiol could be, though not necessarily is, the sole ovarian factor involved in regulating FSH secretion, whereas at later ages additional steroids and/or factors must be involved.", "PMID": 88497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11172", "title": "In vitro model for natural tolerance to self-antigens. Inhibition of the development of surface-immunoglobulin-negative lymphocytes into T-dependent responsive B cells by antigen.", "content": "Neonatal and adult splenic cell suspensions were labeled with fluorescein isothiocynate-anti-Ig and fractionated into surface-immunoglobulin- (s-Ig) positive and s-Ig-negative subpopulations by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The subpopulations were then tested by splenic focus assay for both frequency and tolerance susceptibility of clonable 2,4,-dinitrophenol (DNP) precursors. It was shown that both adult, and neonatal, s-Ig-negative subsets contained clonable DNP-specific B-cell precursors. However, because these precursors result in fewer clones secreting IgG, they appeared to be less mature than the s-Ig-positive precursors. In the absence of helper T cells, it was found that exposure of s-Ig-negative lymphocytes to tolerogen during the process in which they were acquiring surface receptors resulted in nearly total abrogation of potential DNP clones. This finding provides compelling evidence for clonal abortion.", "contents": "In vitro model for natural tolerance to self-antigens. Inhibition of the development of surface-immunoglobulin-negative lymphocytes into T-dependent responsive B cells by antigen. Neonatal and adult splenic cell suspensions were labeled with fluorescein isothiocynate-anti-Ig and fractionated into surface-immunoglobulin- (s-Ig) positive and s-Ig-negative subpopulations by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The subpopulations were then tested by splenic focus assay for both frequency and tolerance susceptibility of clonable 2,4,-dinitrophenol (DNP) precursors. It was shown that both adult, and neonatal, s-Ig-negative subsets contained clonable DNP-specific B-cell precursors. However, because these precursors result in fewer clones secreting IgG, they appeared to be less mature than the s-Ig-positive precursors. In the absence of helper T cells, it was found that exposure of s-Ig-negative lymphocytes to tolerogen during the process in which they were acquiring surface receptors resulted in nearly total abrogation of potential DNP clones. This finding provides compelling evidence for clonal abortion.", "PMID": 88498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11173", "title": "Ia determinants on stimulated human T lymphocytes. Occurrence on mitogen- and antigen-activated T cells.", "content": "Human T-cell blasts were generated by stimulation with mitogens and antigens. A proportion of these blasts expressed Ia antigens detectable by immunofluorescence with both allo- and hetero-antiserums. The maximal expression of Ia antigens was delayed and usually occurred after the peak of blastogenesis. Among the three mitogens used, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was most effective in giving a high percentage and intense Ia staining of T-cell blasts. Phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A blasts gave weaker and lower percentages of Ia staining. Activation by alloantigens and soluble antigens such as tetanus toxoid and purified protein derivative resulted in Ia expression on T cells comparable to PWM stimulation. Depletion of Ia+ cells from freshly isolated T cells with anti-Ia and complement decreased subsequent Ia expression, suggesting that a proportion of Ia+ blasts were derived from Ia-bearing peripheral blood T cells. When the specificities of the Ia antigens on T-cell blasts were examined with alloantiserums, it was evident that the T blasts expressed similar HLA-DR determinants to those on B cells from the same donor; occasional minor differences between stimulated T cells and autologous B-cell lines or fresh B cells were encountered.", "contents": "Ia determinants on stimulated human T lymphocytes. Occurrence on mitogen- and antigen-activated T cells. Human T-cell blasts were generated by stimulation with mitogens and antigens. A proportion of these blasts expressed Ia antigens detectable by immunofluorescence with both allo- and hetero-antiserums. The maximal expression of Ia antigens was delayed and usually occurred after the peak of blastogenesis. Among the three mitogens used, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was most effective in giving a high percentage and intense Ia staining of T-cell blasts. Phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A blasts gave weaker and lower percentages of Ia staining. Activation by alloantigens and soluble antigens such as tetanus toxoid and purified protein derivative resulted in Ia expression on T cells comparable to PWM stimulation. Depletion of Ia+ cells from freshly isolated T cells with anti-Ia and complement decreased subsequent Ia expression, suggesting that a proportion of Ia+ blasts were derived from Ia-bearing peripheral blood T cells. When the specificities of the Ia antigens on T-cell blasts were examined with alloantiserums, it was evident that the T blasts expressed similar HLA-DR determinants to those on B cells from the same donor; occasional minor differences between stimulated T cells and autologous B-cell lines or fresh B cells were encountered.", "PMID": 88499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11174", "title": "Fine specificity of regulatory T cells. II. Suppressor and helper T cells are induced by different regions of hen egg-white lysozyme in a genetically nonresponder mouse strain.", "content": "We have examined the ability of two purified peptide fragments derived from hen (chicken) egg-white lysozyme (HEL); N-terminal, Co-terminal peptide (a.a. 1--17:cys 6--cys 127:120--129) and mixed disulfide LII peptide (LII) (a.a. 13--105) to induce antigen-specific suppression or help in B10 (H-2b) nonresponder and B10.A (H-2a) responder mice. An anti-HEL primary in vitro antibody response can be obtained in either strain by stimulation with HEL coupled to erythrocytes (RBC). Preimmunization with HEL-complete Freund's adjuvant-(CFA) or N-C-CFA-induced suppression of the anti-HEL PFC response to HEL-RBC in spleen cell cultures from B10 mice, whereas helper activity was demonstrated in cultures from B10.A mice similarly immunized. LII-CFA priming elicited helper cells in both C57BL/10 Sn (B10) and B10.A/SgSn (B10.A) mice. The genetic nonresponsiveness of B10 mice to HEL can therefore be attributed to the activation of suppressor T cells by a limited portion of the molecule (e.g., N-C) which prevent the potential response directed against other epitopes on the same molecule (e.g., LII). One manifestation of major histocompatibility complex gene activity appears to be the intramolecular selection of different antigenic determinants leading to activation of functionally different T-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Fine specificity of regulatory T cells. II. Suppressor and helper T cells are induced by different regions of hen egg-white lysozyme in a genetically nonresponder mouse strain. We have examined the ability of two purified peptide fragments derived from hen (chicken) egg-white lysozyme (HEL); N-terminal, Co-terminal peptide (a.a. 1--17:cys 6--cys 127:120--129) and mixed disulfide LII peptide (LII) (a.a. 13--105) to induce antigen-specific suppression or help in B10 (H-2b) nonresponder and B10.A (H-2a) responder mice. An anti-HEL primary in vitro antibody response can be obtained in either strain by stimulation with HEL coupled to erythrocytes (RBC). Preimmunization with HEL-complete Freund's adjuvant-(CFA) or N-C-CFA-induced suppression of the anti-HEL PFC response to HEL-RBC in spleen cell cultures from B10 mice, whereas helper activity was demonstrated in cultures from B10.A mice similarly immunized. LII-CFA priming elicited helper cells in both C57BL/10 Sn (B10) and B10.A/SgSn (B10.A) mice. The genetic nonresponsiveness of B10 mice to HEL can therefore be attributed to the activation of suppressor T cells by a limited portion of the molecule (e.g., N-C) which prevent the potential response directed against other epitopes on the same molecule (e.g., LII). One manifestation of major histocompatibility complex gene activity appears to be the intramolecular selection of different antigenic determinants leading to activation of functionally different T-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 88500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11175", "title": "Release of prolactin and LH and histamine-containing cells in brain.", "content": "The effects of histamine released from mast cells by the compound 48/80, a degranulating agent, on plasma prolactin and LH levels, were examined in rats. Compound 48/80 given systemically (s.c.) at a dose of 2 mg/100 g b.w. significantly increased at 15 and 60 min after injection, both prolactin and LH release in ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. Prolactin but not LH was also augmented in the plasma of male rats following s.c. administration of compound 48/80. There were no modifications of plasma prolactin levels in male rats at 15, 30 or 60 min after intraventricular injection of 50 microgram compound 48/80. Results suggest that the hormone effects were due to histamine released from median eminence mast cells after systemic injection of compound 48/80.", "contents": "Release of prolactin and LH and histamine-containing cells in brain. The effects of histamine released from mast cells by the compound 48/80, a degranulating agent, on plasma prolactin and LH levels, were examined in rats. Compound 48/80 given systemically (s.c.) at a dose of 2 mg/100 g b.w. significantly increased at 15 and 60 min after injection, both prolactin and LH release in ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. Prolactin but not LH was also augmented in the plasma of male rats following s.c. administration of compound 48/80. There were no modifications of plasma prolactin levels in male rats at 15, 30 or 60 min after intraventricular injection of 50 microgram compound 48/80. Results suggest that the hormone effects were due to histamine released from median eminence mast cells after systemic injection of compound 48/80.", "PMID": 88502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11176", "title": "Taurine in the developing rabbit visual system: changes in concentration and axonal transport including a comparison with axonally transported proteins.", "content": "[35S]Taurine injected intravitreally into rabbits was transported axonally to the optic nerve terminals. Considerably more [35S]taurine was transported in young rabbits than in mature rabbits. The time course of taurine transport did not parallel that of proteins labeled with [3H]proline in the same system. The concentration of taurine in all components of the visual system, except retina, was greater in young animals than in mature animals, and was especially high in optic nerve. The possible functions of the high concentrations of taurine and the greater amount of axonally transported taurine in developing mammalian CNS are discussed.", "contents": "Taurine in the developing rabbit visual system: changes in concentration and axonal transport including a comparison with axonally transported proteins. [35S]Taurine injected intravitreally into rabbits was transported axonally to the optic nerve terminals. Considerably more [35S]taurine was transported in young rabbits than in mature rabbits. The time course of taurine transport did not parallel that of proteins labeled with [3H]proline in the same system. The concentration of taurine in all components of the visual system, except retina, was greater in young animals than in mature animals, and was especially high in optic nerve. The possible functions of the high concentrations of taurine and the greater amount of axonally transported taurine in developing mammalian CNS are discussed.", "PMID": 88503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11177", "title": "Muscle fibrillation caused by cytochalasin-B applied to the motor nerve.", "content": "Cytochalasin-B, a drug known to interfere with axoplasmic transport, evoked fibrillary potentials in the geniohyoid muscle when applied to its motor nerve. Despite this denervation-like effect, neuromuscular transmission remained normal. Some contractile characteristics of the muscle were studied. It was found that contraction time, isometric twitch tension, and half-relaxation time were not altered by the drug treatment. The present findings show that neurogenic molecular factors conveyed by axoplasmic transport to the nerve terminal are involved in the regulation of some muscle membrane characteristics but do not modify the muscle contractile features.", "contents": "Muscle fibrillation caused by cytochalasin-B applied to the motor nerve. Cytochalasin-B, a drug known to interfere with axoplasmic transport, evoked fibrillary potentials in the geniohyoid muscle when applied to its motor nerve. Despite this denervation-like effect, neuromuscular transmission remained normal. Some contractile characteristics of the muscle were studied. It was found that contraction time, isometric twitch tension, and half-relaxation time were not altered by the drug treatment. The present findings show that neurogenic molecular factors conveyed by axoplasmic transport to the nerve terminal are involved in the regulation of some muscle membrane characteristics but do not modify the muscle contractile features.", "PMID": 88504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11178", "title": "Striato-nigral astrocytic melanization.", "content": "Abnormal pigmentation was found in the striatum, pallidum and substantia nigra of two unrelated patients. Both had suffered from debilitating joint disease; there was no evidence of a progressive neurologic disorder. The pigment was localized in astrocytes and had the histochemical and electron microscopic features of melanin. The tissue changes suggest an anomaly of catecholamine metabolism either endogenous or induced by a still unknown exogenous factor.", "contents": "Striato-nigral astrocytic melanization. Abnormal pigmentation was found in the striatum, pallidum and substantia nigra of two unrelated patients. Both had suffered from debilitating joint disease; there was no evidence of a progressive neurologic disorder. The pigment was localized in astrocytes and had the histochemical and electron microscopic features of melanin. The tissue changes suggest an anomaly of catecholamine metabolism either endogenous or induced by a still unknown exogenous factor.", "PMID": 88507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11179", "title": "Ischemic lesions of the hippocampus and their relation to Ammon's horn sclerosis. A neuropathological study of two cases and a comparison to the vascular anatomy.", "content": "Two adult brains with small ischemic lesions in the hippocampus, due to impairment of the supply from the posterior cerebral artery, are presented. The first case corresponds to what is described in the literature as \"incisural sclerosis\" and shows no difference in vulnerability between the Sommer and the Spielmeyer sector. In the second case the hippocampal lesion is due to an embolic occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and consists of selective necrosis of the subiculum, the Sommer sector and part of the endfolium of the pyramidal layer, the Spielmeyer sector remaining noninfarcted. The postmortem angiograms of 12l hippocampi of adults, as well as full term born and premature infants, show that the h1 and h2 sectors and part of the h3 sector of the hippocampus are supplied by the same \"sulcus\" arteries. Although there is a selective vulnerability to ischemia in some sectors of the hippocampus, which is typical for Ammon's horn sclerosis, this cannot be explained by a difference of arterial supply or by compression of arteries during the process of birth.", "contents": "Ischemic lesions of the hippocampus and their relation to Ammon's horn sclerosis. A neuropathological study of two cases and a comparison to the vascular anatomy. Two adult brains with small ischemic lesions in the hippocampus, due to impairment of the supply from the posterior cerebral artery, are presented. The first case corresponds to what is described in the literature as \"incisural sclerosis\" and shows no difference in vulnerability between the Sommer and the Spielmeyer sector. In the second case the hippocampal lesion is due to an embolic occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and consists of selective necrosis of the subiculum, the Sommer sector and part of the endfolium of the pyramidal layer, the Spielmeyer sector remaining noninfarcted. The postmortem angiograms of 12l hippocampi of adults, as well as full term born and premature infants, show that the h1 and h2 sectors and part of the h3 sector of the hippocampus are supplied by the same \"sulcus\" arteries. Although there is a selective vulnerability to ischemia in some sectors of the hippocampus, which is typical for Ammon's horn sclerosis, this cannot be explained by a difference of arterial supply or by compression of arteries during the process of birth.", "PMID": 88508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11180", "title": "Nerve conduction in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome.", "content": "Fifty cases of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome were investigated clinically and electrophysiologically--20 in the acute phase, and 30, as a matter of followup, many years after. The sural nerve was biopsied in six cases. There was no evident correlation between clinical symptoms and slowing of motor and sensory conduction. Nerve conduction velocity became slower after the beginning of clinical improvement. The electrophysiological abnormalities concerned both sensory and motor fibers despite the frequent absence of clinical sensory manifestations. The so-called long nerves were involved earlier and more markedly than the so-called short nerves. Conduction velocity and distal latency were equally affected. A slight electrophysiological defect was noticeable even many years after the acute phase of the syndrome, in completely symptoms free patients. Some correlation existed between conduction velocity changes and histological findings.", "contents": "Nerve conduction in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome. Fifty cases of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome were investigated clinically and electrophysiologically--20 in the acute phase, and 30, as a matter of followup, many years after. The sural nerve was biopsied in six cases. There was no evident correlation between clinical symptoms and slowing of motor and sensory conduction. Nerve conduction velocity became slower after the beginning of clinical improvement. The electrophysiological abnormalities concerned both sensory and motor fibers despite the frequent absence of clinical sensory manifestations. The so-called long nerves were involved earlier and more markedly than the so-called short nerves. Conduction velocity and distal latency were equally affected. A slight electrophysiological defect was noticeable even many years after the acute phase of the syndrome, in completely symptoms free patients. Some correlation existed between conduction velocity changes and histological findings.", "PMID": 88509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11181", "title": "Effect of furosemide (lasix) on acute severe experimental cerebral edema.", "content": "The effect of furosemide (Lasix) therapy on a standardized experimental cerebral edema, induced in rats by applying a cooling stamp to the right side of the skull over the right coronal suture by means of a stereotactic instrument, was examined. The hemispherically separated water and electrolyte contents of the brain were analyzed after 24 h. Following furosemide therapy, the behavior of these edema parameters was compared statistically with dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin. An increase of the water and sodium content, and a decrease of potassium was observed 24 h after the trauma, especially in the right hemisphere. Furosemide did not improve either the water content or the electrolyte balance. By contrast, the administration of dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin was followed by a significant improvement of the edema. In experiments with cats, the course of the edema and the effect of furosemide on the cold brain injury of the right hemisphere were observed by measuring the intracranial pressure (ICP) values, and by continuous monitoring of the EEG. The ventricular CSF pressure and epidural pressures were also recorded. The electrical brain activity was continuously compared with the course of the ICP by means of computer analysis. In addition, the blood osmolality and diuresis were monitored. The ICP increased rapidly after the trauma, establishing considerable pressure gradients, and the EEG power intensities decreased markedly on the right side. Histologically, there was an extended edema of the white matter of both hemispheres. The ICP was not lowered by single injections or high dose infusions of furosemide, and the EEG power intensities also did not improve. Infusions of large volumes of furosemide even resulted in an increase of ICP, but infusion of 40% sorbitol effected a rapid decrease of ICP and EEG recovery over the left hemisphere. Sorbitol infusion also caused a marked rise in the blood osmolality, whereas furosemide had no such effect. The results raise considerable doubts as to the propriety of the exclusive use of furosemide for cases of acute cerebral edema with raised ICP. The diuretic effect is insufficient to establish an osmotic gradient, and its general dehydrating effect does not acutely influence the ICP. The absence of effect on the experimental tissue edema would not appear to commend furosemide as basic therapy for cases of traumatic cerebral edema.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide (lasix) on acute severe experimental cerebral edema. The effect of furosemide (Lasix) therapy on a standardized experimental cerebral edema, induced in rats by applying a cooling stamp to the right side of the skull over the right coronal suture by means of a stereotactic instrument, was examined. The hemispherically separated water and electrolyte contents of the brain were analyzed after 24 h. Following furosemide therapy, the behavior of these edema parameters was compared statistically with dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin. An increase of the water and sodium content, and a decrease of potassium was observed 24 h after the trauma, especially in the right hemisphere. Furosemide did not improve either the water content or the electrolyte balance. By contrast, the administration of dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin was followed by a significant improvement of the edema. In experiments with cats, the course of the edema and the effect of furosemide on the cold brain injury of the right hemisphere were observed by measuring the intracranial pressure (ICP) values, and by continuous monitoring of the EEG. The ventricular CSF pressure and epidural pressures were also recorded. The electrical brain activity was continuously compared with the course of the ICP by means of computer analysis. In addition, the blood osmolality and diuresis were monitored. The ICP increased rapidly after the trauma, establishing considerable pressure gradients, and the EEG power intensities decreased markedly on the right side. Histologically, there was an extended edema of the white matter of both hemispheres. The ICP was not lowered by single injections or high dose infusions of furosemide, and the EEG power intensities also did not improve. Infusions of large volumes of furosemide even resulted in an increase of ICP, but infusion of 40% sorbitol effected a rapid decrease of ICP and EEG recovery over the left hemisphere. Sorbitol infusion also caused a marked rise in the blood osmolality, whereas furosemide had no such effect. The results raise considerable doubts as to the propriety of the exclusive use of furosemide for cases of acute cerebral edema with raised ICP. The diuretic effect is insufficient to establish an osmotic gradient, and its general dehydrating effect does not acutely influence the ICP. The absence of effect on the experimental tissue edema would not appear to commend furosemide as basic therapy for cases of traumatic cerebral edema.", "PMID": 88510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11182", "title": "The response of focal ischemic cerebral edema to dexamethasone.", "content": "Twenty-four h after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the cat, the hemispheric swelling due to edema is markedly reduced under treatment with large doses of dexamethasone than is the case with the untreated group. The increase of regional water and sodium content in the MCA territory is less in the dexamethasone treated group, whereas the potassium changes in the ischemic tissue showed only small differences between the two groups. The potassium content of the non-ischemic tissue is slightly increased in the dexamethasone treated animals when comparing with the untreated group. RISA activity in the tissue is increased in the grey and the white matter of both groups. The less marked RISA-131 activity in the cortical grey matter of the treated animals indicates blood-brain barrier damage of a smaller degree due to dexamethasone. These findings indicate a beneficial effect of dexamethasone on local ischemic edema. Regarding our results and the pharmacokinetics of this steroid the dexamethasone loading of a patient has to be in the range of about 100 mg per day for the adult, and has to be started immediately after the onset of a stroke.", "contents": "The response of focal ischemic cerebral edema to dexamethasone. Twenty-four h after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the cat, the hemispheric swelling due to edema is markedly reduced under treatment with large doses of dexamethasone than is the case with the untreated group. The increase of regional water and sodium content in the MCA territory is less in the dexamethasone treated group, whereas the potassium changes in the ischemic tissue showed only small differences between the two groups. The potassium content of the non-ischemic tissue is slightly increased in the dexamethasone treated animals when comparing with the untreated group. RISA activity in the tissue is increased in the grey and the white matter of both groups. The less marked RISA-131 activity in the cortical grey matter of the treated animals indicates blood-brain barrier damage of a smaller degree due to dexamethasone. These findings indicate a beneficial effect of dexamethasone on local ischemic edema. Regarding our results and the pharmacokinetics of this steroid the dexamethasone loading of a patient has to be in the range of about 100 mg per day for the adult, and has to be started immediately after the onset of a stroke.", "PMID": 88511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11183", "title": "Epileptic laughter: electroclinical and cinefilm report of a case.", "content": "A woman, aged 30, experienced attacks of pathological laughter which began during the first months of life; they meet the qualifying criteria of epileptic laughter. Several attacks were recorded by polygraphy and cinefilm. The attack begins with a feeling of unreality associated with a forced, involuntary smile progressing to full laughter. The patient tried to mask the laughter which was not accompanied by euphoria but was followed by loss of consciousness and automatisms. Only during the latter phase of the previously normal EEG did an ictal discharge appear over the right hemisphere. On the basis of the electroclinical pattern and of a review of the literature, the seizure is tentatively explained in terms of a progressive ictal involvement of temporodiencephalic structures.", "contents": "Epileptic laughter: electroclinical and cinefilm report of a case. A woman, aged 30, experienced attacks of pathological laughter which began during the first months of life; they meet the qualifying criteria of epileptic laughter. Several attacks were recorded by polygraphy and cinefilm. The attack begins with a feeling of unreality associated with a forced, involuntary smile progressing to full laughter. The patient tried to mask the laughter which was not accompanied by euphoria but was followed by loss of consciousness and automatisms. Only during the latter phase of the previously normal EEG did an ictal discharge appear over the right hemisphere. On the basis of the electroclinical pattern and of a review of the literature, the seizure is tentatively explained in terms of a progressive ictal involvement of temporodiencephalic structures.", "PMID": 88513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11184", "title": "5-Azacytidine hydrolysis kinetics measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.", "content": "Hydrolysis of 5-azacytidine, an experimental anticancer drug, in aqueous buffers was measured using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure and a 13C-NMR method. The former utilized a 17.5-micron Aminex A-6 strong cation-exchanger column eluted with 0.4 M, pH 4.6 ammonium formate buffer at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The hydrolysis sequence as well as the existence of a labile intermediate, N-formylguanylribosylurea, was unequivocally established using 6-13C-5-azacytidine and NMR spectral techniques. A reversible ring opening step to the N-formylguanylribosylurea with an equilibrium constant of 0.58 +/- 0.03 between pH 5.6 and 8.5, followed by an irreversible formation of guanylribosylurea, was found by HPLC. The data confirm previous assumptions on the hydrolytic kinetics. The pH dependency of hydrolysis was examined, and the hydrolysis profile gave a normal V shape with the most stable pH at 7.0. Rather stable intravenous dosage forms can be formulated.", "contents": "5-Azacytidine hydrolysis kinetics measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Hydrolysis of 5-azacytidine, an experimental anticancer drug, in aqueous buffers was measured using a high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure and a 13C-NMR method. The former utilized a 17.5-micron Aminex A-6 strong cation-exchanger column eluted with 0.4 M, pH 4.6 ammonium formate buffer at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The hydrolysis sequence as well as the existence of a labile intermediate, N-formylguanylribosylurea, was unequivocally established using 6-13C-5-azacytidine and NMR spectral techniques. A reversible ring opening step to the N-formylguanylribosylurea with an equilibrium constant of 0.58 +/- 0.03 between pH 5.6 and 8.5, followed by an irreversible formation of guanylribosylurea, was found by HPLC. The data confirm previous assumptions on the hydrolytic kinetics. The pH dependency of hydrolysis was examined, and the hydrolysis profile gave a normal V shape with the most stable pH at 7.0. Rather stable intravenous dosage forms can be formulated.", "PMID": 88514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11185", "title": "Stabilization of 5-azacytidine by nucleophilic addition of bisulfite ion.", "content": "5-Azacytidine (I) stability was increased approximately 10-fold over its stability in water or lactated Ringer injection by the addition of excess sodium bisulfite and the maintenance of pH approximately 2.5. The increased stability in the presence of bisulfite at pH 2.5 was attributed to the addition of bisulfite across the 5-6 protonated imine bond of I, which prevented the hydrolytic attack on this labile double bond. However, above pH 4, bisulfite increased I degradation. At higher pH, the compound was no longer protonated and bisulfite did not form the stable addition product. The addition compound quickly decomposed above pH 6 to give back the parent compound and, thus, acted as a I prodrug. The intact drug remaining was assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the reversibility of the bisulfite-I addition product above pH 6 was demonstrated by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The potential utility of the bisulfite-I addition product as a I prodrug in parenteral and possible oral dosage forms is discussed.", "contents": "Stabilization of 5-azacytidine by nucleophilic addition of bisulfite ion. 5-Azacytidine (I) stability was increased approximately 10-fold over its stability in water or lactated Ringer injection by the addition of excess sodium bisulfite and the maintenance of pH approximately 2.5. The increased stability in the presence of bisulfite at pH 2.5 was attributed to the addition of bisulfite across the 5-6 protonated imine bond of I, which prevented the hydrolytic attack on this labile double bond. However, above pH 4, bisulfite increased I degradation. At higher pH, the compound was no longer protonated and bisulfite did not form the stable addition product. The addition compound quickly decomposed above pH 6 to give back the parent compound and, thus, acted as a I prodrug. The intact drug remaining was assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the reversibility of the bisulfite-I addition product above pH 6 was demonstrated by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The potential utility of the bisulfite-I addition product as a I prodrug in parenteral and possible oral dosage forms is discussed.", "PMID": 88515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11186", "title": "Neural control of skeletal muscle cholinesterase: a study using organ-cultured rat muscle.", "content": "1. It has been proposed that the influence of innervation on the cholinesterase activity (ChE) of skeletal muscle and on end-plate ChE in particular is mediated by trophic substance(s) moved by axonal transport and released from nerve. We have tested this hypothesis using rat extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) and diaphragm muscles denervated in vitro for several days and then maintained in organ culture to assay putative trophic substance(s). 2. The cholinesterase activity (ChE) of rat extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) muscles decreased dramatically after 5 days of denervation in vivo as previously reported. The ChE of rat e.d.l. muscles denervated in vivo for 3 days and then maintained in organ culture for 2 days was essentially identical to that of muscles denervated 5 days in vivo. 3. The ChE OF E.D.L. MUSCLES DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 3 DAYS AND THEN MAINTAINED FOR 2 DAYS IN CULTURE MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH SCIATIC NERVE OR INNERVATED MUSCLE EXTRACT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF MUSCLES DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 5 DAYS OR DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 3 DAYS AND THEN CULTURED FOR 2 DAYS IN CULTURE MEDIUM ALONE. Supplementing the culture medium with brain or spinal cord extract also significantly increased the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles. 4. Supplementing the culture medium with liver or spleen extract or with the extract of muscle denervated for 3--7 days in vivo before extraction did not increase the ChE or organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles. 5. The effect of muscle extract on the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles was dose dependent and occurred gradually reaching a maximum after approximately 24 h of culture. 6. Substance(s) which increased the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles were found to accumulate in transected sciatic nerve in the region just proximal to the site of transection where substances moved by axonal transport are known to accumulate. 7. Media conditioned with neurally stimulated e.d.l. or diaphragm muscles caused a substantial and highly significant increase in the ChE of e.d.l. or diaphragm muscles denervated in vivo and then maintained in organ culture. Media conditioned in the same way with unstimulated muscles did not increase the ChE OF ORGAN-CULTURED MUSCLES. 8. The active substance(s) released by neural stimulation continued to be released when muscle contraction was blocked by adding D-tubocurarine to the medium during conditioning but the release of these substance(s) was significantly reduced when magnesium (10mM) was added to the medium during conditioning. 9 The substance(s) released by neural stimulation selectively increased ChE in the end-plate region. In diaphragm segments denervated in vivo and then maintained in medium conditioned with neurally stimulated muscle, there was a 102% increase in end-plate ChE but no detectable increase in background ChE. 10...", "contents": "Neural control of skeletal muscle cholinesterase: a study using organ-cultured rat muscle. 1. It has been proposed that the influence of innervation on the cholinesterase activity (ChE) of skeletal muscle and on end-plate ChE in particular is mediated by trophic substance(s) moved by axonal transport and released from nerve. We have tested this hypothesis using rat extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) and diaphragm muscles denervated in vitro for several days and then maintained in organ culture to assay putative trophic substance(s). 2. The cholinesterase activity (ChE) of rat extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) muscles decreased dramatically after 5 days of denervation in vivo as previously reported. The ChE of rat e.d.l. muscles denervated in vivo for 3 days and then maintained in organ culture for 2 days was essentially identical to that of muscles denervated 5 days in vivo. 3. The ChE OF E.D.L. MUSCLES DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 3 DAYS AND THEN MAINTAINED FOR 2 DAYS IN CULTURE MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH SCIATIC NERVE OR INNERVATED MUSCLE EXTRACT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF MUSCLES DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 5 DAYS OR DENERVATED IN VIVO FOR 3 DAYS AND THEN CULTURED FOR 2 DAYS IN CULTURE MEDIUM ALONE. Supplementing the culture medium with brain or spinal cord extract also significantly increased the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles. 4. Supplementing the culture medium with liver or spleen extract or with the extract of muscle denervated for 3--7 days in vivo before extraction did not increase the ChE or organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles. 5. The effect of muscle extract on the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles was dose dependent and occurred gradually reaching a maximum after approximately 24 h of culture. 6. Substance(s) which increased the ChE of organ-cultured e.d.l. muscles were found to accumulate in transected sciatic nerve in the region just proximal to the site of transection where substances moved by axonal transport are known to accumulate. 7. Media conditioned with neurally stimulated e.d.l. or diaphragm muscles caused a substantial and highly significant increase in the ChE of e.d.l. or diaphragm muscles denervated in vivo and then maintained in organ culture. Media conditioned in the same way with unstimulated muscles did not increase the ChE OF ORGAN-CULTURED MUSCLES. 8. The active substance(s) released by neural stimulation continued to be released when muscle contraction was blocked by adding D-tubocurarine to the medium during conditioning but the release of these substance(s) was significantly reduced when magnesium (10mM) was added to the medium during conditioning. 9 The substance(s) released by neural stimulation selectively increased ChE in the end-plate region. In diaphragm segments denervated in vivo and then maintained in medium conditioned with neurally stimulated muscle, there was a 102% increase in end-plate ChE but no detectable increase in background ChE. 10...", "PMID": 88516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11187", "title": "Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylates, a new series of orally active antiallergy agents.", "content": "A series of novel 3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives has been prepared and tested for antiallergenic activity. Members of the series, including both carboxylic acid salts and esters, have been found to exhibit oral activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. Activity is optimized by H or CH3 substitution at the 5 position and lower alkyl groups at the 6 position. Ethyl 6-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno-[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylate and 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid dipotassium salt were the most potent of the esters and salts, respectively. Such compounds have been shown to have a duration of action of up to 4 h in the PCA test and to inhibit both histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro and allergen-induced bronchospasm in the rat lung.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylates, a new series of orally active antiallergy agents. A series of novel 3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives has been prepared and tested for antiallergenic activity. Members of the series, including both carboxylic acid salts and esters, have been found to exhibit oral activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. Activity is optimized by H or CH3 substitution at the 5 position and lower alkyl groups at the 6 position. Ethyl 6-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno-[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylate and 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid dipotassium salt were the most potent of the esters and salts, respectively. Such compounds have been shown to have a duration of action of up to 4 h in the PCA test and to inhibit both histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro and allergen-induced bronchospasm in the rat lung.", "PMID": 88521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11188", "title": "Pyranenamines: a new series of antiallergic compounds.", "content": "Condensation of 3,5-diacylpyrantriones with various aromatic amines gave a new class of potent, orally active, antiallergic compounds, the 3-[(arylamino)ethylidene]-5-acylpyrantriones, hereafter referred to as pyranenamines, as evaluated not only in the traditional rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay but also in the in vitro fragmented rat and primate lung assay. Potencies in the PCA system, when measured intravenously, reached a maximum ID50 of 0.9 mu/kg (1000 times more potent than disodium chromoglycate) with 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[(3,5-bis-glyceramoylphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione (100), as predicted by structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Potencies in the iv PCA system correlated well with potencies in the in vitro rat lung system but not with potencies in the oral PCA system or the in vitro primate lung system. Several compounds had good oral potency, and one analogue, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione hydrochloride (78), reached an oral ID50 of less than 1 mg/kg and was better than 10 times more effective than disodium chromoglycate at inhibiting the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in the fragmented primate lung assay.", "contents": "Pyranenamines: a new series of antiallergic compounds. Condensation of 3,5-diacylpyrantriones with various aromatic amines gave a new class of potent, orally active, antiallergic compounds, the 3-[(arylamino)ethylidene]-5-acylpyrantriones, hereafter referred to as pyranenamines, as evaluated not only in the traditional rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay but also in the in vitro fragmented rat and primate lung assay. Potencies in the PCA system, when measured intravenously, reached a maximum ID50 of 0.9 mu/kg (1000 times more potent than disodium chromoglycate) with 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[(3,5-bis-glyceramoylphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione (100), as predicted by structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Potencies in the iv PCA system correlated well with potencies in the in vitro rat lung system but not with potencies in the oral PCA system or the in vitro primate lung system. Several compounds had good oral potency, and one analogue, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3-[1-[3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]ethylidene]-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione hydrochloride (78), reached an oral ID50 of less than 1 mg/kg and was better than 10 times more effective than disodium chromoglycate at inhibiting the release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in the fragmented primate lung assay.", "PMID": 88522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11189", "title": "Antiallergy activity of substituted 11-oxo-11 H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acids.", "content": "A series of substituted 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acids were prepared and evaluated as antiallergy agents. Several analogues were orally active. 2-Methyl-11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinoazoline-8-carboxylic acid (6) was superior to cromolyn sodium and doxantrazole orally and intravenously in the rat PCA test and a rat allergic bronchospasm model.", "contents": "Antiallergy activity of substituted 11-oxo-11 H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acids. A series of substituted 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acids were prepared and evaluated as antiallergy agents. Several analogues were orally active. 2-Methyl-11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinoazoline-8-carboxylic acid (6) was superior to cromolyn sodium and doxantrazole orally and intravenously in the rat PCA test and a rat allergic bronchospasm model.", "PMID": 88523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11190", "title": "A technique for investigating the antigenicity of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells.", "content": "Antisera to rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cells were prepared by: intraarticular injection of rabbits with these cells, subsequent synovectomy, and autologous immunization of each animal with the cultured rabbit synovial cells, or homogenized whole rabbit synovial membrane. Resultant antisera were studied by immunofluorescence and 51chromium cytotoxicity tests against other cultured rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid cells. Activity of positive sera could be removed by absorption with nonrheumatoid cells, except for one antiserum which appeared to produce immunofluorescent staining specific for rheumatoid cells.", "contents": "A technique for investigating the antigenicity of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Antisera to rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial cells were prepared by: intraarticular injection of rabbits with these cells, subsequent synovectomy, and autologous immunization of each animal with the cultured rabbit synovial cells, or homogenized whole rabbit synovial membrane. Resultant antisera were studied by immunofluorescence and 51chromium cytotoxicity tests against other cultured rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid cells. Activity of positive sera could be removed by absorption with nonrheumatoid cells, except for one antiserum which appeared to produce immunofluorescent staining specific for rheumatoid cells.", "PMID": 88519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11191", "title": "A modified levanol fast cyanine 5RN staining method for myoepithelial cells.", "content": "The specificity of the tannic acid--phosphomolybdic acid--Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN procedure for myosin-like proteins in myoepithelial cells is hampered by the affinity of the dye for other structures. The selectivity of myoepithelial cell staining is enhanced by oxidation of sections, nuclear staining by Safranin-O, and differentiation with Tartrazine.", "contents": "A modified levanol fast cyanine 5RN staining method for myoepithelial cells. The specificity of the tannic acid--phosphomolybdic acid--Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN procedure for myosin-like proteins in myoepithelial cells is hampered by the affinity of the dye for other structures. The selectivity of myoepithelial cell staining is enhanced by oxidation of sections, nuclear staining by Safranin-O, and differentiation with Tartrazine.", "PMID": 88524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11192", "title": "The clinical significance of autoantibodies to a soluble cytoplasmic antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Seventy-two patients were studied whose sera contained antibodies to a cytoplasmic antigen, RO. The majority had clinical features typical of systemic lupus erythematosus and there appeared to be an overlap with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Of interest is that certain patients with lupus respond predominantly to cytoplasmic antigens and in some cases were ANA negative. Demonstration of this system is important in enlarging the serologic spectrum characteristic of SLE patients, and also may be an important marker for systemic disease in patients with predominantly cutaneous involvement.", "contents": "The clinical significance of autoantibodies to a soluble cytoplasmic antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. Seventy-two patients were studied whose sera contained antibodies to a cytoplasmic antigen, RO. The majority had clinical features typical of systemic lupus erythematosus and there appeared to be an overlap with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Of interest is that certain patients with lupus respond predominantly to cytoplasmic antigens and in some cases were ANA negative. Demonstration of this system is important in enlarging the serologic spectrum characteristic of SLE patients, and also may be an important marker for systemic disease in patients with predominantly cutaneous involvement.", "PMID": 88520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11193", "title": "Role of radiotherapy in the management of breast cancer.", "content": "There is no subject as controversial as the treatment of early breast cancer in spite of 90,000 new cases per year and more than 30,000 deaths per year in the USA alone. Radical mastectomy has been in practice for over 80 years. Radiotherapy, alone, was used 50 years ago. Today, however, we are unable to state which is the method of choice in the management of early breast cancer. Radiotherapy did not become popular as the primary treatment modality during the radium and orthovoltage era because of technical problems. These technical problems have been overcome during the afterloading and supervoltage era. Unfortunately, we do not have a large series in radiotherapy to compare with those of 80 years of radical mastectomies. Until such time, radiotherapy will play an adjuvant and palliative role in the management of breast cancer patients.", "contents": "Role of radiotherapy in the management of breast cancer. There is no subject as controversial as the treatment of early breast cancer in spite of 90,000 new cases per year and more than 30,000 deaths per year in the USA alone. Radical mastectomy has been in practice for over 80 years. Radiotherapy, alone, was used 50 years ago. Today, however, we are unable to state which is the method of choice in the management of early breast cancer. Radiotherapy did not become popular as the primary treatment modality during the radium and orthovoltage era because of technical problems. These technical problems have been overcome during the afterloading and supervoltage era. Unfortunately, we do not have a large series in radiotherapy to compare with those of 80 years of radical mastectomies. Until such time, radiotherapy will play an adjuvant and palliative role in the management of breast cancer patients.", "PMID": 88525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11194", "title": "Patterns of inflammation in prostatic hyperplasia: a histologic and bacteriologic study.", "content": "In a series of 162 cases of surgically resected hyperplastic prostates the incidence of inflammation is 98.1%. Six morphologic patterns of inflammation are described: 1) segregated glandular inflammation, 2) periglandular inflammation, 3) diffuse stromal inflammation, 4) isolated stromal lymphoid nodules, 5) acute necrotizing inflammation and 6) focal granulomatous inflammation. The most common pattern, segregated glandular inflammation, is characterized by intraluminal neutrophils and foamy macrophages and by chronic inflammatory cells in the surrounding stroma. No significant morphological differences are found among groups of cases with positive and negative evidence by culture of bacterial prostatic infection. Quantitative but not qualitative morphologic differences are found between cases of gram-negative infections and infection by gram-positive organisms that often are considered non-pathogens.", "contents": "Patterns of inflammation in prostatic hyperplasia: a histologic and bacteriologic study. In a series of 162 cases of surgically resected hyperplastic prostates the incidence of inflammation is 98.1%. Six morphologic patterns of inflammation are described: 1) segregated glandular inflammation, 2) periglandular inflammation, 3) diffuse stromal inflammation, 4) isolated stromal lymphoid nodules, 5) acute necrotizing inflammation and 6) focal granulomatous inflammation. The most common pattern, segregated glandular inflammation, is characterized by intraluminal neutrophils and foamy macrophages and by chronic inflammatory cells in the surrounding stroma. No significant morphological differences are found among groups of cases with positive and negative evidence by culture of bacterial prostatic infection. Quantitative but not qualitative morphologic differences are found between cases of gram-negative infections and infection by gram-positive organisms that often are considered non-pathogens.", "PMID": 88527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11195", "title": "Falsely positive specific human chorionic gonadotropin assays in patients with testicular tumors: conversion to negative with testosterone administration.", "content": "We report false elevations of serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels in 4 patients with testicular germ cell tumors. Elevated circulating luteinizing hormone levels that resulted from unilateral orchiectomy were responsible for the falsely positive human chorionic gonadotropin activity measured in commercial radioimmunoassays. In 3 patients tested aliquots of serum evaluated in reliable human chorionic gonadotropin assay systems revealed no elevation. We administered testosterone to 3 patients who had elevations of luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Luteinizing hormone was suppress-d to normal levels 1 week later in 2 patients and in 1 it was diminished but still slightly elevated. In all 3 cases the falsely positive human chorionic gonadotropin results converted to negative. Recognition of falsely positive elevations of human chorionic gonadotropin can spare patients unnecessary operations and/or chemotherapy.", "contents": "Falsely positive specific human chorionic gonadotropin assays in patients with testicular tumors: conversion to negative with testosterone administration. We report false elevations of serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels in 4 patients with testicular germ cell tumors. Elevated circulating luteinizing hormone levels that resulted from unilateral orchiectomy were responsible for the falsely positive human chorionic gonadotropin activity measured in commercial radioimmunoassays. In 3 patients tested aliquots of serum evaluated in reliable human chorionic gonadotropin assay systems revealed no elevation. We administered testosterone to 3 patients who had elevations of luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Luteinizing hormone was suppress-d to normal levels 1 week later in 2 patients and in 1 it was diminished but still slightly elevated. In all 3 cases the falsely positive human chorionic gonadotropin results converted to negative. Recognition of falsely positive elevations of human chorionic gonadotropin can spare patients unnecessary operations and/or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 88528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11196", "title": "Specific binding of prolactin by the prostate gland of the rat and man.", "content": "Specific binding sites for 125iodine-prolactin are present in membrane particles obtained from the rat ventral prostate, human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. In the ventral prostate glands of young rats (1 to 4 months old) specific binding of 125iodine-prolactin is higher than in older animals (greater than 8 months old). Subcellular distribution studies revealed that specific 125iodine-prolactin binding activity is associated primarily with the 15,000 and 100,000 g particulate membrane fractions of the rat ventral prostate and human prostate glands. In rats between 2 and 4 months old significant increases in the prolactin binding activity in the 100,000 g membrane fraction of the ventral prostate are observed to occur without concomitant increases in prolactin binding activity in the 15,000 g fraction. The level of specific 125iodine-prolactin binding activity present in the human prostate gland is lower than that observed in the rat ventral prostate gland. Localization of specific prolactin binding sites in the rat ventral psotate and the human prostate gland suggests that prolactin could influence the function of these tissues directly.", "contents": "Specific binding of prolactin by the prostate gland of the rat and man. Specific binding sites for 125iodine-prolactin are present in membrane particles obtained from the rat ventral prostate, human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. In the ventral prostate glands of young rats (1 to 4 months old) specific binding of 125iodine-prolactin is higher than in older animals (greater than 8 months old). Subcellular distribution studies revealed that specific 125iodine-prolactin binding activity is associated primarily with the 15,000 and 100,000 g particulate membrane fractions of the rat ventral prostate and human prostate glands. In rats between 2 and 4 months old significant increases in the prolactin binding activity in the 100,000 g membrane fraction of the ventral prostate are observed to occur without concomitant increases in prolactin binding activity in the 15,000 g fraction. The level of specific 125iodine-prolactin binding activity present in the human prostate gland is lower than that observed in the rat ventral prostate gland. Localization of specific prolactin binding sites in the rat ventral psotate and the human prostate gland suggests that prolactin could influence the function of these tissues directly.", "PMID": 88529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11197", "title": "Techniques for evaluating humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus).", "content": "Twenty mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were removed from their dams 48 h after birth, and hand-reared. Methods for monitoring their immune capability are described. Passive humoral immunity was determined by serum protein electrophoresis. Active humoral immunity following Clostridium toxoid vaccination was determined by immunodiffusion. Cell-mediated immunity was assayed using contact sensitization to 1-nitro, 2,4-dichlorobenzene (DNCB).", "contents": "Techniques for evaluating humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus). Twenty mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were removed from their dams 48 h after birth, and hand-reared. Methods for monitoring their immune capability are described. Passive humoral immunity was determined by serum protein electrophoresis. Active humoral immunity following Clostridium toxoid vaccination was determined by immunodiffusion. Cell-mediated immunity was assayed using contact sensitization to 1-nitro, 2,4-dichlorobenzene (DNCB).", "PMID": 88530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11198", "title": "Sensitization of leukocytes of cancer patients against fetal antigens: leukocyte migration studies.", "content": "Hypertonic extracts from human fetuses (10--22 wk of gestation) were used to test the sensitizaton of leukocytes from cancer patients against fetal antigens in a direct, microcapillary tube assay system. Leukocytes were simultaneously exposed to a panel of allogeneic tumor extracts and a panel of fetal extracts. Leukocytes from 24 gastric cancer patients, 43 colorectal cancer patients, and 13 lung cancer patients were assayed with extracts obtained from gastric, colorectal, and oat cell carcinomas, respectively, and these extracts were also used with leukocytes from 41 patients bearing tumors of various other organs. Significant migration inhibition by tumor extracts was observed in 81.6% of the tests with gastric cancer, 67.4% of the tests with colorectal cancer, 69.0% of the tests with lung cancer, and 51.2% of the tests with other types of cancer. With fetal extracts, significant migration inhibition occurred in 58.3, 58.7, 59.6, and 54.9% of the tests, respectively. Reactivity against fetal extracts did not depend on the gestation age of the fetuses used for extraction. The conclusion was reached that the leukocytes of most of the cancer patients were sensitized against substances contained in fetal extracts irrespective of the type of tumor of the leukocyte donor. The cross-reactivity pattern suggested that 3-M KCl extracts of whole human fetuses contained a complex mixture of specificities related to the various fetal organs and tissues, which may have represented counterparts to most of the tumor-associated specificities.", "contents": "Sensitization of leukocytes of cancer patients against fetal antigens: leukocyte migration studies. Hypertonic extracts from human fetuses (10--22 wk of gestation) were used to test the sensitizaton of leukocytes from cancer patients against fetal antigens in a direct, microcapillary tube assay system. Leukocytes were simultaneously exposed to a panel of allogeneic tumor extracts and a panel of fetal extracts. Leukocytes from 24 gastric cancer patients, 43 colorectal cancer patients, and 13 lung cancer patients were assayed with extracts obtained from gastric, colorectal, and oat cell carcinomas, respectively, and these extracts were also used with leukocytes from 41 patients bearing tumors of various other organs. Significant migration inhibition by tumor extracts was observed in 81.6% of the tests with gastric cancer, 67.4% of the tests with colorectal cancer, 69.0% of the tests with lung cancer, and 51.2% of the tests with other types of cancer. With fetal extracts, significant migration inhibition occurred in 58.3, 58.7, 59.6, and 54.9% of the tests, respectively. Reactivity against fetal extracts did not depend on the gestation age of the fetuses used for extraction. The conclusion was reached that the leukocytes of most of the cancer patients were sensitized against substances contained in fetal extracts irrespective of the type of tumor of the leukocyte donor. The cross-reactivity pattern suggested that 3-M KCl extracts of whole human fetuses contained a complex mixture of specificities related to the various fetal organs and tissues, which may have represented counterparts to most of the tumor-associated specificities.", "PMID": 88534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11199", "title": "Production and characterization of xenogeneic antisera to a human renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen.", "content": "Antisera to human renal cell carcinomas were produced by the immunization of goats and rabbits with dissociated tumor cells and/or tumor homogenates from single donors. After absorptions with human red blood cells and homogenates of human liver, lung, spleen, and heart, all the immune sera reacted on immunofluorescence with the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules of adult and fetal human kidneys and with the proximal convoluted tubular epithelia of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. After further absorption with pooled normal human kidney homogenates, the immune sera on immunofluorescence showed cytoplasmic staining of smears and sections of 21 of the 22 human renal cell carcinomas tested. These sera did not show any staining of normal adult human tissues including normal kidney adjacent to the carcinomas, perirenal fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes from the patients, human fetal kidneys, transplanted renal adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice, and several human tumors tested, i.e., transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinomas of the breast and colon, squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs, malignant lymphoma, and melanoma. Autoradiography of tissue sections with 131I-labeled antitumor globulins revealed greater localization of radioactivity in tumors than in adjacent normal kidney. Membrane immunofluorescence with the immune sera rendered tumor-specific after appropriate absorptions revealed tumor-associated antigens on the surfaces of all 5 human renal carcinoma cell lines tested.", "contents": "Production and characterization of xenogeneic antisera to a human renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen. Antisera to human renal cell carcinomas were produced by the immunization of goats and rabbits with dissociated tumor cells and/or tumor homogenates from single donors. After absorptions with human red blood cells and homogenates of human liver, lung, spleen, and heart, all the immune sera reacted on immunofluorescence with the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules of adult and fetal human kidneys and with the proximal convoluted tubular epithelia of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. After further absorption with pooled normal human kidney homogenates, the immune sera on immunofluorescence showed cytoplasmic staining of smears and sections of 21 of the 22 human renal cell carcinomas tested. These sera did not show any staining of normal adult human tissues including normal kidney adjacent to the carcinomas, perirenal fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes from the patients, human fetal kidneys, transplanted renal adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice, and several human tumors tested, i.e., transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinomas of the breast and colon, squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs, malignant lymphoma, and melanoma. Autoradiography of tissue sections with 131I-labeled antitumor globulins revealed greater localization of radioactivity in tumors than in adjacent normal kidney. Membrane immunofluorescence with the immune sera rendered tumor-specific after appropriate absorptions revealed tumor-associated antigens on the surfaces of all 5 human renal carcinoma cell lines tested.", "PMID": 88535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11200", "title": "Immunospecificity of nuclear nonhistone protein-DNA complexes in colon adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Tumor-specific antisera against dehistonized chromatin isolated from transplantable colon adenocarcinoma (from male noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats) were produced. The specificities of these antisera were determined by complement fixation. In the presence of these antisera, only chromatin from colon adenocarcinoma significantly fixed complement, whereas chromatins isolated from normal rat colon epithelia were inactive. Administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats produced an early change in the immunospecificity of colon epithelial chromatin similar to that for colon adenocarcinoma. Several lines of experimental evidence indicated that nuclear antigen was not a carcinoembryonic antigen-like substance. Common antigens were also present in human colon adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "Immunospecificity of nuclear nonhistone protein-DNA complexes in colon adenocarcinoma. Tumor-specific antisera against dehistonized chromatin isolated from transplantable colon adenocarcinoma (from male noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats) were produced. The specificities of these antisera were determined by complement fixation. In the presence of these antisera, only chromatin from colon adenocarcinoma significantly fixed complement, whereas chromatins isolated from normal rat colon epithelia were inactive. Administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats produced an early change in the immunospecificity of colon epithelial chromatin similar to that for colon adenocarcinoma. Several lines of experimental evidence indicated that nuclear antigen was not a carcinoembryonic antigen-like substance. Common antigens were also present in human colon adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 88536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11201", "title": "Tumor-associated antigens in cervical cancer tissues and in sera from patients with cervical cancer or with head and neck cancer.", "content": "Hyperimmune New Zealand White rabbit sera prepared against partially purified tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of invasive cervical cancer tissues (CaCx's) were used to demonstrate TAA in CaCx's and circulating TAA (C-TAA) in sera from patients with cervical cancer or with head and neck cancer. Anti-CaCx serum adsorbed with pooled normal cervical tissue (NCx) antigen preparations and with lyophilized pooled normal human plasma gave precipitin in gel reactions with CaCx but not with NCx, which indicated the presence of TAA in CaCx. The adsorbed antisera reacted with sera from patients with cervical and head and neck cancers, which indicated the presence of C-TAA in such sera. False-positive reactions with control sera from normal humans or from patients with benign gynecologic diseases were much less frequently observed. Statistical analysis of data obtained by the testing of 96 coded serum samples from the National Cancer Institute-Mayo Clinic Serum Bank (Rochester, Minn.) revealed that the results were significant and that specificity was high but sensitivity of the assay was relatively low.", "contents": "Tumor-associated antigens in cervical cancer tissues and in sera from patients with cervical cancer or with head and neck cancer. Hyperimmune New Zealand White rabbit sera prepared against partially purified tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of invasive cervical cancer tissues (CaCx's) were used to demonstrate TAA in CaCx's and circulating TAA (C-TAA) in sera from patients with cervical cancer or with head and neck cancer. Anti-CaCx serum adsorbed with pooled normal cervical tissue (NCx) antigen preparations and with lyophilized pooled normal human plasma gave precipitin in gel reactions with CaCx but not with NCx, which indicated the presence of TAA in CaCx. The adsorbed antisera reacted with sera from patients with cervical and head and neck cancers, which indicated the presence of C-TAA in such sera. False-positive reactions with control sera from normal humans or from patients with benign gynecologic diseases were much less frequently observed. Statistical analysis of data obtained by the testing of 96 coded serum samples from the National Cancer Institute-Mayo Clinic Serum Bank (Rochester, Minn.) revealed that the results were significant and that specificity was high but sensitivity of the assay was relatively low.", "PMID": 88537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11202", "title": "Specific immune response genes of new inbred strains of guinea pigs.", "content": "Distribution of specific immune-response (Ir) genes controlling responsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens, homopolymer of poly-L-lysine (PLL), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA) and copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and limiting doses of 2,4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum albumin  (DNP-GPA) was surveyed in new inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 9  and JY 10, established in this Institute. The PLL gene was not found in any of the guinea pigs. The GA gene was found in JY 1 and JY 2 guinea pigs and the GT gene in all the guinea pigs. The gene controlling responsiveness to low doses (1 microgram) of DNP-GPA was found in JY 1, JY 9 and JY 10 guinea pigs. The associated (Ia) antigens was discussed.", "contents": "Specific immune response genes of new inbred strains of guinea pigs. Distribution of specific immune-response (Ir) genes controlling responsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens, homopolymer of poly-L-lysine (PLL), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA) and copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and limiting doses of 2,4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum albumin  (DNP-GPA) was surveyed in new inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 9  and JY 10, established in this Institute. The PLL gene was not found in any of the guinea pigs. The GA gene was found in JY 1 and JY 2 guinea pigs and the GT gene in all the guinea pigs. The gene controlling responsiveness to low doses (1 microgram) of DNP-GPA was found in JY 1, JY 9 and JY 10 guinea pigs. The associated (Ia) antigens was discussed.", "PMID": 88533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11203", "title": "Oncofetal antigen: a tumor-associated fetal antigen immunogenic in man.", "content": "Oncofetal antigen (OFA) has been defined with the use of human natural antibodies as a membrane antigen of human cancer cells that cross-reacts with human fetal brain tissues. The immunogen that elicits the antibody is unknown. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunogenicity of the OFA found on tumor cells. Postoperative melanoma patients were immunized with OFA-positive melanoma cells. Anti-OFA reactivities in the immunized sera were titrated by the immune adherence assay with the use of a known OFA-positive cultured melanoma cell line, M14, as target cell. Alloantibodies were excluded by absorption with lymphoblastoid cells autologous to M14. Anti-OFA antibody then was identified by absorption with fetal brain. In 6 months of immunization, 19 of 23 patients produced increased anti-OFA antibodies. The peak titers ranged from 1:16 to 1:2,048. Sera from 18 patients who were not immunized also were tested for 6 months postoperatively, and none had significant increases in antibody titers. The increase of anti-OFA antibody titer in response to the immunization with OFA-positive tumor cells suggests the immunogenic capability of tumor-related OFA in man.", "contents": "Oncofetal antigen: a tumor-associated fetal antigen immunogenic in man. Oncofetal antigen (OFA) has been defined with the use of human natural antibodies as a membrane antigen of human cancer cells that cross-reacts with human fetal brain tissues. The immunogen that elicits the antibody is unknown. The present study was undertaken to examine the immunogenicity of the OFA found on tumor cells. Postoperative melanoma patients were immunized with OFA-positive melanoma cells. Anti-OFA reactivities in the immunized sera were titrated by the immune adherence assay with the use of a known OFA-positive cultured melanoma cell line, M14, as target cell. Alloantibodies were excluded by absorption with lymphoblastoid cells autologous to M14. Anti-OFA antibody then was identified by absorption with fetal brain. In 6 months of immunization, 19 of 23 patients produced increased anti-OFA antibodies. The peak titers ranged from 1:16 to 1:2,048. Sera from 18 patients who were not immunized also were tested for 6 months postoperatively, and none had significant increases in antibody titers. The increase of anti-OFA antibody titer in response to the immunization with OFA-positive tumor cells suggests the immunogenic capability of tumor-related OFA in man.", "PMID": 88539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11204", "title": "[Clinico-biochemical principles of healing of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Individual glyco- and mucoproteins and collagen metabolites were determined in dynamics in 297 patients with transmural, macrofocal nontransmural, and microfocal myocardial infarction. It is shown that these laboratory findings enable one to appraise the course of myocardial infarction healing. This may serve as one of the criteria for the elaboration of individualized rehabilitation programs.", "contents": "[Clinico-biochemical principles of healing of myocardial infarct]. Individual glyco- and mucoproteins and collagen metabolites were determined in dynamics in 297 patients with transmural, macrofocal nontransmural, and microfocal myocardial infarction. It is shown that these laboratory findings enable one to appraise the course of myocardial infarction healing. This may serve as one of the criteria for the elaboration of individualized rehabilitation programs.", "PMID": 88540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11205", "title": "[Course of the rheumatic process in mitral heart defects after primary and repeated courses of treatment with titrated gamma-globulin].", "content": "Titrated gamma-globulin, which the authors used in the preoperative management of patients with acquired valvular disease and minimum rheumatism activity, contained high titers of antibodies against the antigens of streptococcus (streptokinase, streptohyaluronidase, streptolysin 0) and Coxsackie A13, A18, and B3 viruses. Its use in combination with antirheumatic agents did not cause any complications and made it possible to reduce the activity of the process in most cases with grade I and after repeated courses also in grade II activity of rheumatism. Treatment with titrated gamma-globulin stimulates the organism's defence forces (factors of nonspecific immunity: complement, lysozyme, interferon) and leads to diminution of the isolation of cardiotropic viruses from blood and bioptic material of the atria of patients.", "contents": "[Course of the rheumatic process in mitral heart defects after primary and repeated courses of treatment with titrated gamma-globulin]. Titrated gamma-globulin, which the authors used in the preoperative management of patients with acquired valvular disease and minimum rheumatism activity, contained high titers of antibodies against the antigens of streptococcus (streptokinase, streptohyaluronidase, streptolysin 0) and Coxsackie A13, A18, and B3 viruses. Its use in combination with antirheumatic agents did not cause any complications and made it possible to reduce the activity of the process in most cases with grade I and after repeated courses also in grade II activity of rheumatism. Treatment with titrated gamma-globulin stimulates the organism's defence forces (factors of nonspecific immunity: complement, lysozyme, interferon) and leads to diminution of the isolation of cardiotropic viruses from blood and bioptic material of the atria of patients.", "PMID": 88541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11206", "title": "Distribution of five antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "A variety of antigens may be detected in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence and distribution of five antigens in 37 HCC and their relation to each other in a given tumor was examined by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. alpha 1-Antitrypsin was frequently expressed in HCC (73 per cent of cases), whereas alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen were less common. HBsAg, but not HBcAg, was observed in tumor cells in seven of nine HCC from HBsAg-positive patients. In 20 HCC (54 per cent), two or more antigens, most frequently alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-fetoprotein, were detected. Double staining for simultaneous localization of two antigens in the same tissue section revealed that different antigens were usually present in different tumor cells, although some cells displayed two antigens simultaneously. These findings suggest that hepatocellular carcinoma cells are functionally heterogeneous, even if they appear histologically monomorphic.", "contents": "Distribution of five antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma. A variety of antigens may be detected in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence and distribution of five antigens in 37 HCC and their relation to each other in a given tumor was examined by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. alpha 1-Antitrypsin was frequently expressed in HCC (73 per cent of cases), whereas alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen were less common. HBsAg, but not HBcAg, was observed in tumor cells in seven of nine HCC from HBsAg-positive patients. In 20 HCC (54 per cent), two or more antigens, most frequently alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-fetoprotein, were detected. Double staining for simultaneous localization of two antigens in the same tissue section revealed that different antigens were usually present in different tumor cells, although some cells displayed two antigens simultaneously. These findings suggest that hepatocellular carcinoma cells are functionally heterogeneous, even if they appear histologically monomorphic.", "PMID": 88543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11207", "title": "The effect of developmental disabilities on mental health.", "content": "Behavioral abnormalities in the developmentally disabled child are usually ascribed to parental mismanagement of a child perceived as abnormal. (Review of the available data points to the existence of primary behavioral abnormalities due directly to the cerebral dysfunction.) This has important implications for parental counseling and management.", "contents": "The effect of developmental disabilities on mental health. Behavioral abnormalities in the developmentally disabled child are usually ascribed to parental mismanagement of a child perceived as abnormal. (Review of the available data points to the existence of primary behavioral abnormalities due directly to the cerebral dysfunction.) This has important implications for parental counseling and management.", "PMID": 88544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11208", "title": "Structure, function, and antigenicity of cholera toxin.", "content": "Chemical modification of intact cholera toxin or its B subunit by either partial nitration or reduction and alkylation did not result in significant loss of biological activity as determined by measurement of cyclic AMP in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Complete nitration or succinylation in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride resulted in complete loss of biological activity and significantly affected the immunoreactivity of the toxin and B subunit. Compositional analyses of both the isolated alpha and gamma chains of the toxin were typical of globular proteins and did not reveal significant hydrophobicity. Analysis of antigenic relationships by radioimmunoassay indicated a partial crossreactivity between the alpha chain and the B subunit of cholera toxin. Since previous structural studies of the beta chain of cholera toxin indicated chemical similarity with the glycoprotein hormones [Kurosky et al. Science 195:299 (1977)], radioimmunoassay procedures were employed to investigate for possible crossreactivity. No evidence of crossreactivity between cholera toxin subunits and subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone was found.", "contents": "Structure, function, and antigenicity of cholera toxin. Chemical modification of intact cholera toxin or its B subunit by either partial nitration or reduction and alkylation did not result in significant loss of biological activity as determined by measurement of cyclic AMP in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Complete nitration or succinylation in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride resulted in complete loss of biological activity and significantly affected the immunoreactivity of the toxin and B subunit. Compositional analyses of both the isolated alpha and gamma chains of the toxin were typical of globular proteins and did not reveal significant hydrophobicity. Analysis of antigenic relationships by radioimmunoassay indicated a partial crossreactivity between the alpha chain and the B subunit of cholera toxin. Since previous structural studies of the beta chain of cholera toxin indicated chemical similarity with the glycoprotein hormones [Kurosky et al. Science 195:299 (1977)], radioimmunoassay procedures were employed to investigate for possible crossreactivity. No evidence of crossreactivity between cholera toxin subunits and subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone was found.", "PMID": 88548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11209", "title": "Electrocoagulation: palliative surgery to control metastatic cutaneous malignancy.", "content": "The adaptation of the principles of electrocoagulation to controlling symptomatic cutaneous metastatic disease is discussed. The technique permits minimal anesthesia, excellent hemostasis, local control, satisfactory cosmesis with reduced hospitalization. Two illustrative cases are reported of metastatic malignant melanoma and metastatic leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Electrocoagulation: palliative surgery to control metastatic cutaneous malignancy. The adaptation of the principles of electrocoagulation to controlling symptomatic cutaneous metastatic disease is discussed. The technique permits minimal anesthesia, excellent hemostasis, local control, satisfactory cosmesis with reduced hospitalization. Two illustrative cases are reported of metastatic malignant melanoma and metastatic leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 88549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11210", "title": "Cancer of the breast. Radiation therapy.", "content": "There are many questions that have to be answered concerning the role of radiotherapy in the management of primary breast cancer. Hopefully, prospective clinical trials will provide some answers, but more basic research into the biology of breast cancer and the host-tumor relationship will be needed. There are indications that radiotherapy alone, or following minimal extirpative surgery in selected cases, may be as effective for control of breast cancer as conventional mastectomies. The role of radiotherapy following segmental mastectomy, with or without axillary dissection, needs to be clarified. The possibility exists that high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation such as neutron or pi meson beams may provide better local control than conventional radiation. Thus, it may be possible to treat effectively all primary breast cancers with such radiations and obviate the need for any type of mastectomy. It remains to be demonstrated whether adjuvant chemotherapy is as effective as radiotherapy in preventing chest wall and regional node recurrences. If it is not, there may be a place for both adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Likewise, effective chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy may increase the local and regional control achieved with radiotherapy alone and make more primary lesions suitable for treatment without mastectomy. Meyer (1970) recently called attention to the leukopenia and cellualr immune deficiency produced by irradiation to the thorax and mediastinum. Further study is necessary to define exactly how much immunosuppression results from radiotherapy, its clinical significance and what can be done to avoid or counter it. If Stjervsward's thesis (1974) concerning the deleterious effects of radiotherapy on survival is correct, then it is of great importance to identify those patients most likely to be adversely affected by radiotherapy. Conversely, it may be possible in the future to identify a subgroup of patients who would not be adversely affected by radiation and who would be most likely to benefit from it.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. Radiation therapy. There are many questions that have to be answered concerning the role of radiotherapy in the management of primary breast cancer. Hopefully, prospective clinical trials will provide some answers, but more basic research into the biology of breast cancer and the host-tumor relationship will be needed. There are indications that radiotherapy alone, or following minimal extirpative surgery in selected cases, may be as effective for control of breast cancer as conventional mastectomies. The role of radiotherapy following segmental mastectomy, with or without axillary dissection, needs to be clarified. The possibility exists that high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation such as neutron or pi meson beams may provide better local control than conventional radiation. Thus, it may be possible to treat effectively all primary breast cancers with such radiations and obviate the need for any type of mastectomy. It remains to be demonstrated whether adjuvant chemotherapy is as effective as radiotherapy in preventing chest wall and regional node recurrences. If it is not, there may be a place for both adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Likewise, effective chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy may increase the local and regional control achieved with radiotherapy alone and make more primary lesions suitable for treatment without mastectomy. Meyer (1970) recently called attention to the leukopenia and cellualr immune deficiency produced by irradiation to the thorax and mediastinum. Further study is necessary to define exactly how much immunosuppression results from radiotherapy, its clinical significance and what can be done to avoid or counter it. If Stjervsward's thesis (1974) concerning the deleterious effects of radiotherapy on survival is correct, then it is of great importance to identify those patients most likely to be adversely affected by radiotherapy. Conversely, it may be possible in the future to identify a subgroup of patients who would not be adversely affected by radiation and who would be most likely to benefit from it.", "PMID": 88550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11211", "title": "Heterogeneity of HLA-BW35 based on the diallelic BW4-BW6 system.", "content": "Utilizing the diallelic BW4-BW6 system of antigens and antibodies, we divided subjects possessing HLA-BW35 into two groups, depending on the association of their BW35 antigens with BW4 or BW6, and demonstrated in family studies that the associated antigens appeared to be inherited together. Absorption experiments were performed to establish the validity of the typings. Anti-human beta2-microglobulin was used in an effort to \"map\" the location of the BW4 and BW6 antigenic determinants on the HLA molecule.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of HLA-BW35 based on the diallelic BW4-BW6 system. Utilizing the diallelic BW4-BW6 system of antigens and antibodies, we divided subjects possessing HLA-BW35 into two groups, depending on the association of their BW35 antigens with BW4 or BW6, and demonstrated in family studies that the associated antigens appeared to be inherited together. Absorption experiments were performed to establish the validity of the typings. Anti-human beta2-microglobulin was used in an effort to \"map\" the location of the BW4 and BW6 antigenic determinants on the HLA molecule.", "PMID": 88551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11212", "title": "Effect of age on axoplasmic transport of cholinesterase in rat sciatic nerves.", "content": "Senile muscle atrophy has been attributed to an impaired ability of old nerves to transport trophic factors. To evaluate the effect of age on axoplasmic transport, we measured the accumulation of cholinesterase activity above a ligature around sciatic nerves of young (7--8 months), middle-aged (19--20 months), and old (31--32 months) male rats. Protein content and cholinesterase activity per mm of nerve were higher in middle-aged and old than in young nerves. However, accumulation of cholinesterase activity was significantly lower by middle age and was strikingly reduced by old age. This large reduction in axoplasmic transport appeared to result from factors other than axonal loss. A model in which old nerves have an increased number of temporary focal blockages of particle movement in axoplasmic channels is proposed to explain the decreased transport.", "contents": "Effect of age on axoplasmic transport of cholinesterase in rat sciatic nerves. Senile muscle atrophy has been attributed to an impaired ability of old nerves to transport trophic factors. To evaluate the effect of age on axoplasmic transport, we measured the accumulation of cholinesterase activity above a ligature around sciatic nerves of young (7--8 months), middle-aged (19--20 months), and old (31--32 months) male rats. Protein content and cholinesterase activity per mm of nerve were higher in middle-aged and old than in young nerves. However, accumulation of cholinesterase activity was significantly lower by middle age and was strikingly reduced by old age. This large reduction in axoplasmic transport appeared to result from factors other than axonal loss. A model in which old nerves have an increased number of temporary focal blockages of particle movement in axoplasmic channels is proposed to explain the decreased transport.", "PMID": 88552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11213", "title": "Altered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with oral contraceptive and oestrogen use. Report from the Medications Working Group of the Lipid Research Clinics Program.", "content": "In a study of women attending ten North American Lipid Research Clinics plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density (L.D.L.), very low density (V.L.D.L.), and high density (H.D.L.) lipoprotein levels in those taking oral contraceptives (O.C.) and in those taking oestrogens for menopausal symptoms were compared with those in women not taking gonadal hormones, after adjustment for age, educational attainment, and body-mass index, O.C. and oestrogen users were leaner than non-users. Compared with controls, O.C. users showed increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels, but H.D.L.-cholesterol levels were similar. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and H.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels were positively associated with the quantity of the oestrogen component of the O.C. preparations. Compared with non-users, menopausal oestrogen users had slightly lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, significant decreases in L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol, and a significant increase in H.D.L.-cholesterol.", "contents": "Altered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with oral contraceptive and oestrogen use. Report from the Medications Working Group of the Lipid Research Clinics Program. In a study of women attending ten North American Lipid Research Clinics plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density (L.D.L.), very low density (V.L.D.L.), and high density (H.D.L.) lipoprotein levels in those taking oral contraceptives (O.C.) and in those taking oestrogens for menopausal symptoms were compared with those in women not taking gonadal hormones, after adjustment for age, educational attainment, and body-mass index, O.C. and oestrogen users were leaner than non-users. Compared with controls, O.C. users showed increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels, but H.D.L.-cholesterol levels were similar. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and H.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels were positively associated with the quantity of the oestrogen component of the O.C. preparations. Compared with non-users, menopausal oestrogen users had slightly lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, significant decreases in L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol, and a significant increase in H.D.L.-cholesterol.", "PMID": 88553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11214", "title": "Multiple biotin-dependent carboxylase deficiencies associated with defects in T-cell and B-cell immunity.", "content": "Three siblings presented in early childhood with central-nervous-system (CNS) dysfunction, candida dermatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and alopecia. Two were studied immunologically and had absent delayed-hypersensitivity skin-test responses and absent in-vitro lymphocyte responses to candida antigen. One of them had selective IgA deficiency and no antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide immunisation, and the other had a subnormal percentage of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The first two siblings died with progressive CNS deterioration and overwhelming infection. The third child, who presented with a periorificial candida dermatitis, alopecia, keratoconjunctivitis, and intermittent ataxia at eighteen months of age, had intermittent lactic acidosis and raised excretion of beta-hydroxyproprionate, methylcitrate, beta-methylcrotonylglycine, and beta-hydroxyisovalerate in urine. After four days of oral biotin, 10 mg/per day, the metabolites in her urine were significantly reduced, suggesting a biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. These findings, taken with previous reports of immune defects in patients with disorders of branched-chain aminoacid catabolism, suggest a new biochemical basis for primary immunodeficiency disease.", "contents": "Multiple biotin-dependent carboxylase deficiencies associated with defects in T-cell and B-cell immunity. Three siblings presented in early childhood with central-nervous-system (CNS) dysfunction, candida dermatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and alopecia. Two were studied immunologically and had absent delayed-hypersensitivity skin-test responses and absent in-vitro lymphocyte responses to candida antigen. One of them had selective IgA deficiency and no antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide immunisation, and the other had a subnormal percentage of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The first two siblings died with progressive CNS deterioration and overwhelming infection. The third child, who presented with a periorificial candida dermatitis, alopecia, keratoconjunctivitis, and intermittent ataxia at eighteen months of age, had intermittent lactic acidosis and raised excretion of beta-hydroxyproprionate, methylcitrate, beta-methylcrotonylglycine, and beta-hydroxyisovalerate in urine. After four days of oral biotin, 10 mg/per day, the metabolites in her urine were significantly reduced, suggesting a biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. These findings, taken with previous reports of immune defects in patients with disorders of branched-chain aminoacid catabolism, suggest a new biochemical basis for primary immunodeficiency disease.", "PMID": 88554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11215", "title": "Biotin-responsive alopecia and developmental regression.", "content": "A 10-month-old boy presented with dermatitis and alopecia and became severely hypotonic. Screening for urinary organic acids revealed a large quantity of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and raised levels of beta-methylcrotonylglycine and 3-hydroxypropionate. Activities of propionyl CoA carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase in cultured fibroblasts were normal. Treatment with oral biotin resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement, which might therefore suggest a defect in biotin absorption or transport.", "contents": "Biotin-responsive alopecia and developmental regression. A 10-month-old boy presented with dermatitis and alopecia and became severely hypotonic. Screening for urinary organic acids revealed a large quantity of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and raised levels of beta-methylcrotonylglycine and 3-hydroxypropionate. Activities of propionyl CoA carboxylase, beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase in cultured fibroblasts were normal. Treatment with oral biotin resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement, which might therefore suggest a defect in biotin absorption or transport.", "PMID": 88555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11216", "title": "Salt intake and diuretic treatment of hypertension.", "content": "24 h urinary sodium excretion was used to monitor salt intake in 36 patients with essential hypertension to determine whether limitation of the antihypertensive action of thiazide diuretics could be explained by increased salt appetitie stimulated by salt depletion. Sodium excretion in these patients was similar before treatment to that observed in normotensive controls, and no change was observed during 2 years' treatment with bendrofluazide. However, plasma-renin rose progressively over the 2 years even in 5 of 8 patients whose renin was not stimulated initially by diuretics. Thus, there is no evidence that a voluntary increase in salt intake limits the efficacy of diuretic treatment; on the other hand, progressive stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be an important limiting factor to the antihypertensive action of diuretics. If so, the antihypertensive effect of dietary salt restriction may be similarly limited.", "contents": "Salt intake and diuretic treatment of hypertension. 24 h urinary sodium excretion was used to monitor salt intake in 36 patients with essential hypertension to determine whether limitation of the antihypertensive action of thiazide diuretics could be explained by increased salt appetitie stimulated by salt depletion. Sodium excretion in these patients was similar before treatment to that observed in normotensive controls, and no change was observed during 2 years' treatment with bendrofluazide. However, plasma-renin rose progressively over the 2 years even in 5 of 8 patients whose renin was not stimulated initially by diuretics. Thus, there is no evidence that a voluntary increase in salt intake limits the efficacy of diuretic treatment; on the other hand, progressive stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be an important limiting factor to the antihypertensive action of diuretics. If so, the antihypertensive effect of dietary salt restriction may be similarly limited.", "PMID": 88556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11217", "title": "Induction of specific tolerance in rabbits by kidney allografting and short periods of cyclosporin-A treatment.", "content": "A short period of daily treatment with cyclosporin A (25 mg/kg orally or 18 mg/kg by intramuscular injection) induced specific tolerance lasting more than 12 months in 60% of nephrectomised rabbits allografted with one kidney. Tolerant rabbits accepted second kidney and skin allografts from the original donor even though all immunosuppressive therapy had been withdrawn at least 70 days earlier, while third party allografts were rejected normally. These results strongly support the hypothesis that cyclosporin A induces operational tolerance to antigens in a donor-specific, not tissue-specific fashion.", "contents": "Induction of specific tolerance in rabbits by kidney allografting and short periods of cyclosporin-A treatment. A short period of daily treatment with cyclosporin A (25 mg/kg orally or 18 mg/kg by intramuscular injection) induced specific tolerance lasting more than 12 months in 60% of nephrectomised rabbits allografted with one kidney. Tolerant rabbits accepted second kidney and skin allografts from the original donor even though all immunosuppressive therapy had been withdrawn at least 70 days earlier, while third party allografts were rejected normally. These results strongly support the hypothesis that cyclosporin A induces operational tolerance to antigens in a donor-specific, not tissue-specific fashion.", "PMID": 88557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11218", "title": "Lactase degradation by human enteric bacteria.", "content": "Twelve non-pathogenic bacteria and two yeast strains isolated from the duodenal aspirate or mucosa of five children with diarrhoea were tested for their ability to degrade non-human lactase in vitro. Both yeast strains and eleven of the bacterial strains significantly reduced lactase activity. A similar action on human lactase could be a cause of lactose intolerance.", "contents": "Lactase degradation by human enteric bacteria. Twelve non-pathogenic bacteria and two yeast strains isolated from the duodenal aspirate or mucosa of five children with diarrhoea were tested for their ability to degrade non-human lactase in vitro. Both yeast strains and eleven of the bacterial strains significantly reduced lactase activity. A similar action on human lactase could be a cause of lactose intolerance.", "PMID": 88558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11219", "title": "Risk factors for death in treated hypertensive patients. Report from the D.H.S.S. Hypertension Care Computing Project.", "content": "A prospective study was performed to determine factors at presentation influencing survival in 2587 treated hypertensive patients who were followed for an average of 4 years. 86% had been referred to hospital clinics with hypertension and 14% were seen solely by their general practitioners. Of the 156 deaths, 81% were from cardiovascular causes. Independent risk factors for cardiovascular death were age, impairment of renal function, smoking habits, and systolic blood-pressure before treatment. Other independent factors of importance were proteinuria, history of myocardial infarction, and retinal changes of accelerated hypertension. Increased weight, serum cholesterol, and serum uric acid were not independent risk factors. Although these results agree substantially with data for normal populations, notable exceptions were impairment of renal function, which was very important in hypertensives, and raised serum cholesterol, which was not an independent risk factor in this hypertensive population.", "contents": "Risk factors for death in treated hypertensive patients. Report from the D.H.S.S. Hypertension Care Computing Project. A prospective study was performed to determine factors at presentation influencing survival in 2587 treated hypertensive patients who were followed for an average of 4 years. 86% had been referred to hospital clinics with hypertension and 14% were seen solely by their general practitioners. Of the 156 deaths, 81% were from cardiovascular causes. Independent risk factors for cardiovascular death were age, impairment of renal function, smoking habits, and systolic blood-pressure before treatment. Other independent factors of importance were proteinuria, history of myocardial infarction, and retinal changes of accelerated hypertension. Increased weight, serum cholesterol, and serum uric acid were not independent risk factors. Although these results agree substantially with data for normal populations, notable exceptions were impairment of renal function, which was very important in hypertensives, and raised serum cholesterol, which was not an independent risk factor in this hypertensive population.", "PMID": 88564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11220", "title": "Eight years' experience with a weekday gynaecological ward.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1978, 9651 patients were admitted to a gynaecological ward in use five days a week. 39.5% of patients were admitted as \"day cases\", the rest as \"overnight stay\" patients. Patients can choose between local or general anaesthesia and between day care or overnight stay. The procedures carried out were termination of pregnancy (41.3%), laparoscopy (14.1%), minor gynaecological procedures (41.2%), and urological procedures (3.4%). Despite an 80% increase in work load during these 8 years the waiting list, which fell by 62% in the first year, has been maintained at that level. The advantages of having such a unit in a modern gynaecological service are discussed.", "contents": "Eight years' experience with a weekday gynaecological ward. Between 1971 and 1978, 9651 patients were admitted to a gynaecological ward in use five days a week. 39.5% of patients were admitted as \"day cases\", the rest as \"overnight stay\" patients. Patients can choose between local or general anaesthesia and between day care or overnight stay. The procedures carried out were termination of pregnancy (41.3%), laparoscopy (14.1%), minor gynaecological procedures (41.2%), and urological procedures (3.4%). Despite an 80% increase in work load during these 8 years the waiting list, which fell by 62% in the first year, has been maintained at that level. The advantages of having such a unit in a modern gynaecological service are discussed.", "PMID": 88565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11221", "title": "Combined management of malignant teratoma of the testis.", "content": "Intensive chemotherapy with bleomycin and vinblastine was used as initial treatment in patients with advanced testicular teratoma and after relapse following lymph-node irradiation in patients with early-stage disease. Between January, 1976, and March, 1978, 84 patients, 28 with early disease and 56 with advanced disease, were treated. All 28 men with early-stage disease are alive and disease-free. Patients with advanced disease were divided into two groups. Patients with bulky multiple lung metastases and those with liver involvement did poorly, only 4 of 23 (17.4%) being disease-free. Conversely, patients with bulky abdominal nodes and those with limited lung disease did well, 17 of 21 previously untreated patients (80.9%) being alive and disease-free. Within the latter group, 16 patients were managed with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and/or surgery. Of these, 15 (93.4%) are disease-free.", "contents": "Combined management of malignant teratoma of the testis. Intensive chemotherapy with bleomycin and vinblastine was used as initial treatment in patients with advanced testicular teratoma and after relapse following lymph-node irradiation in patients with early-stage disease. Between January, 1976, and March, 1978, 84 patients, 28 with early disease and 56 with advanced disease, were treated. All 28 men with early-stage disease are alive and disease-free. Patients with advanced disease were divided into two groups. Patients with bulky multiple lung metastases and those with liver involvement did poorly, only 4 of 23 (17.4%) being disease-free. Conversely, patients with bulky abdominal nodes and those with limited lung disease did well, 17 of 21 previously untreated patients (80.9%) being alive and disease-free. Within the latter group, 16 patients were managed with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and/or surgery. Of these, 15 (93.4%) are disease-free.", "PMID": 88606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11222", "title": "Chronic cryptic Q-fever infection of the heart.", "content": "Evidence of chronic Coxiella burneti infection of the heart, a disease previously considered peculiar to patients with valvular heart-disease, was found in a patient during routine serological tests before resection of a ventricular aneurysm and also by isolation of the rickettsia from the resected tissue. The patient had no symptoms or signs of Q-fever endocarditis and none of the laboratory evidence usually associated with it.", "contents": "Chronic cryptic Q-fever infection of the heart. Evidence of chronic Coxiella burneti infection of the heart, a disease previously considered peculiar to patients with valvular heart-disease, was found in a patient during routine serological tests before resection of a ventricular aneurysm and also by isolation of the rickettsia from the resected tissue. The patient had no symptoms or signs of Q-fever endocarditis and none of the laboratory evidence usually associated with it.", "PMID": 88607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11223", "title": "Negro alpha-thalassaemia is caused by deletion of a single alpha-globin gene.", "content": "Studies in two Jamaican Negro families, including haematological and haemoglobin analysis, haemoglobin synthesis, and globin messenger-RNA assay, have defined two alpha-thalassaemia phenotypes which resemble the severe (alpha-thalassaemia 1) and mild (alpha-thalassaemia 2) forms of the disorder described in Orientals. Genetic analysis suggests that subjects with the alpha-thalassaemia-1 phenotype are homozygous for the alpha-thalassaemia-2 determinant. Restriction-endonuclease mapping shows that alpha-thalassaemia-2 results from the deletion of one of the linked pair of alpha-chain genes. Hence the genotypes of the alpha-thalassaemia heterozygotes and homozygotes in these families are -alpha/alpha alpha and -alpha/-alpha respectively. If these are the usual alpha-thalassaemia genotypes in Negroes, these findings explain the difference in clinical expression of the disorder between Orientals and Negroes--in particular, the absence of haemoglobin Bart's hydrops and the rarity of haemoglobin-H disease in Negroes.", "contents": "Negro alpha-thalassaemia is caused by deletion of a single alpha-globin gene. Studies in two Jamaican Negro families, including haematological and haemoglobin analysis, haemoglobin synthesis, and globin messenger-RNA assay, have defined two alpha-thalassaemia phenotypes which resemble the severe (alpha-thalassaemia 1) and mild (alpha-thalassaemia 2) forms of the disorder described in Orientals. Genetic analysis suggests that subjects with the alpha-thalassaemia-1 phenotype are homozygous for the alpha-thalassaemia-2 determinant. Restriction-endonuclease mapping shows that alpha-thalassaemia-2 results from the deletion of one of the linked pair of alpha-chain genes. Hence the genotypes of the alpha-thalassaemia heterozygotes and homozygotes in these families are -alpha/alpha alpha and -alpha/-alpha respectively. If these are the usual alpha-thalassaemia genotypes in Negroes, these findings explain the difference in clinical expression of the disorder between Orientals and Negroes--in particular, the absence of haemoglobin Bart's hydrops and the rarity of haemoglobin-H disease in Negroes.", "PMID": 88608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11224", "title": "Male infertility due to sulphasalazine.", "content": "Four young immigrants whose ulcerative colitis was controlled by sulphasalazine had oligospermia and infertility. No other cause for infertility was found in any of them nor in their wives. Findings on semen analyses rapidly improved in all patients on withdrawal of sulphasalazine, which resulted in four pregnancies in three of the wives. Reintroduction of sulphasalazine was followed by rapid deterioration in the semen of two patients. The frequency and importance of the effect of sulphasalazine on fertility requires further evaluation.", "contents": "Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Four young immigrants whose ulcerative colitis was controlled by sulphasalazine had oligospermia and infertility. No other cause for infertility was found in any of them nor in their wives. Findings on semen analyses rapidly improved in all patients on withdrawal of sulphasalazine, which resulted in four pregnancies in three of the wives. Reintroduction of sulphasalazine was followed by rapid deterioration in the semen of two patients. The frequency and importance of the effect of sulphasalazine on fertility requires further evaluation.", "PMID": 88609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11225", "title": "Oral clonidine as a growth hormone stimulation test.", "content": "A single oral dose of 0.15 mg/m2 of clonidine was given to eighteen healthy children and adolescents and to seven patients with hypopituitarism. In healthy subjects there was a pronounced increase in plasma growth hormone from 4.9 +/- 1.3 ng/ml (+/- SEM) to 34.4 +/- 4.5 ng/ml. In the patients with hypopituitarism there was no change in growth-hormone concentrations. Clonidine induced a slight increase in blood glucose in healthy subjects and a slight decrease in patients with hypopituitarism. During the test systolic blood-pressure decreased by a mean of 20 mm Hg in the healthy subjects and by 25 mm Hg in the patients with hypopituitarism. The only side-effect observed was drowsiness. Oral administration of clonidine, a well-tolerated drug, seems to be a simple test for of GH reserves in children and adolescents.", "contents": "Oral clonidine as a growth hormone stimulation test. A single oral dose of 0.15 mg/m2 of clonidine was given to eighteen healthy children and adolescents and to seven patients with hypopituitarism. In healthy subjects there was a pronounced increase in plasma growth hormone from 4.9 +/- 1.3 ng/ml (+/- SEM) to 34.4 +/- 4.5 ng/ml. In the patients with hypopituitarism there was no change in growth-hormone concentrations. Clonidine induced a slight increase in blood glucose in healthy subjects and a slight decrease in patients with hypopituitarism. During the test systolic blood-pressure decreased by a mean of 20 mm Hg in the healthy subjects and by 25 mm Hg in the patients with hypopituitarism. The only side-effect observed was drowsiness. Oral administration of clonidine, a well-tolerated drug, seems to be a simple test for of GH reserves in children and adolescents.", "PMID": 88610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11226", "title": "Hairy-cell leukaemia with polyarteritis nodosa.", "content": "In four patients a systemic vasculitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa developed within 2 years of the onset of hairy-cell leukaemia. Arteriographic studies in two patients revealed microaneurysms, and biopsy specimens in three patients revealed a vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels. Blood neutrophilia and neutrophilic vascular infiltrate were absent. One patient had circulating immune complexes. Two patients responded to corticosteroids alone, one required cyclophosphamide as well as steroids, and one improved without chemotherapy. The association of vasculitis with hairy-cell leukaemia may provide insight into the pathogenesis of arteritis.", "contents": "Hairy-cell leukaemia with polyarteritis nodosa. In four patients a systemic vasculitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa developed within 2 years of the onset of hairy-cell leukaemia. Arteriographic studies in two patients revealed microaneurysms, and biopsy specimens in three patients revealed a vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels. Blood neutrophilia and neutrophilic vascular infiltrate were absent. One patient had circulating immune complexes. Two patients responded to corticosteroids alone, one required cyclophosphamide as well as steroids, and one improved without chemotherapy. The association of vasculitis with hairy-cell leukaemia may provide insight into the pathogenesis of arteritis.", "PMID": 88611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11227", "title": "Relationship of oestrogen-receptor status to survival in breast cancer.", "content": "The oestrogen-receptor (E.R.) content of the primary tumour was measured in 133 postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer. 79 (59%) were positive for E.R. and 54 (41%) negative. Curves of life survival show that women with E.R.-positive tumours live longer than those with E.R.-negative tumours.", "contents": "Relationship of oestrogen-receptor status to survival in breast cancer. The oestrogen-receptor (E.R.) content of the primary tumour was measured in 133 postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer. 79 (59%) were positive for E.R. and 54 (41%) negative. Curves of life survival show that women with E.R.-positive tumours live longer than those with E.R.-negative tumours.", "PMID": 88612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11228", "title": "Autoimmune disease and the theory of clonal abortion. Is it still relevant?", "content": "Explanations for self-tolerance and its failure in autoimmune disease remain conjectural. Earlier deletional theories and the later clonal abortion theory as a basis for central B-cell (and possibly T-cell) tolerance seemed to conflict with various experimental and clinical observations, including those relating to the ability to induce autoimmune reactivity in normal adult animals. Accordingly, immunoregulatory controls have dominated discussions. However, there is recent compelling experimental evidence in favour of clonal abortion of B lymphocytes in the absence of T-cell help. It is proposed that two sets of regulatory systems operate at different stages in life to establish and maintain self-recognition: a central tolerance operates through clonal abortion during embryonic and early postnatal life and during childhood and beyond, ancillary regulatory systems deal with the self-reactive cells which emerge in a milieu in which helper influences interfere with clonal abortion.", "contents": "Autoimmune disease and the theory of clonal abortion. Is it still relevant? Explanations for self-tolerance and its failure in autoimmune disease remain conjectural. Earlier deletional theories and the later clonal abortion theory as a basis for central B-cell (and possibly T-cell) tolerance seemed to conflict with various experimental and clinical observations, including those relating to the ability to induce autoimmune reactivity in normal adult animals. Accordingly, immunoregulatory controls have dominated discussions. However, there is recent compelling experimental evidence in favour of clonal abortion of B lymphocytes in the absence of T-cell help. It is proposed that two sets of regulatory systems operate at different stages in life to establish and maintain self-recognition: a central tolerance operates through clonal abortion during embryonic and early postnatal life and during childhood and beyond, ancillary regulatory systems deal with the self-reactive cells which emerge in a milieu in which helper influences interfere with clonal abortion.", "PMID": 88613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11229", "title": "Aspiration cytology and outpatient excision of breast lumps.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 30 consecutive women with clinically non-malignant breast lumps. All aspirates were shown to be benign on cytology and the lumps were excised under local anaesthetic at the outpatient department. Frozen section and paraffin section histology of the excised lump confirmed the diagnosis. Follow-up at the outpatient department and a postal questionnaire revealed the following wound complications: redness (70%), bruising (55%), and discharge (35%). Outpatient excision of solid breast lumps is a safe, rapid, and economical method of treating non-malignant breast lumps, if it is preceded by an accurate cytological interpretation of a technically satisfactory aspirate.", "contents": "Aspiration cytology and outpatient excision of breast lumps. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 30 consecutive women with clinically non-malignant breast lumps. All aspirates were shown to be benign on cytology and the lumps were excised under local anaesthetic at the outpatient department. Frozen section and paraffin section histology of the excised lump confirmed the diagnosis. Follow-up at the outpatient department and a postal questionnaire revealed the following wound complications: redness (70%), bruising (55%), and discharge (35%). Outpatient excision of solid breast lumps is a safe, rapid, and economical method of treating non-malignant breast lumps, if it is preceded by an accurate cytological interpretation of a technically satisfactory aspirate.", "PMID": 88619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11230", "title": "Epidemic of breast enlargement in an Italian school.", "content": "An outbreak of breast enlargement in girls and boys attending a school in Milan, first noted in November, 1977, was followed up until the end of 1978. 213 boys aged 3-14 years and 110 girls aged 3-7 years were studied; control children attending five other schools were also examined. In total 1647 boys and 476 girls were examined. Breast enlargement was significantly more common in boys (29.0%) and girls (21.6%) aged 3-5 years, boys (58.0%) aged 6-10, and girls (67.1%) aged 6-7 from the school in Milan, than in age and sex matched children at control schools. Breast enlargement was not pronounced and disappeared within 8 months. Hormonal determinations were within normal limits except for 17 beta-oestradiol which was slightly raised. Although oestrogen contamination was not detected when samples of school meals were tested, an uncontrolled supply of poultry and beef was suspected as being the cause of this outbreak.", "contents": "Epidemic of breast enlargement in an Italian school. An outbreak of breast enlargement in girls and boys attending a school in Milan, first noted in November, 1977, was followed up until the end of 1978. 213 boys aged 3-14 years and 110 girls aged 3-7 years were studied; control children attending five other schools were also examined. In total 1647 boys and 476 girls were examined. Breast enlargement was significantly more common in boys (29.0%) and girls (21.6%) aged 3-5 years, boys (58.0%) aged 6-10, and girls (67.1%) aged 6-7 from the school in Milan, than in age and sex matched children at control schools. Breast enlargement was not pronounced and disappeared within 8 months. Hormonal determinations were within normal limits except for 17 beta-oestradiol which was slightly raised. Although oestrogen contamination was not detected when samples of school meals were tested, an uncontrolled supply of poultry and beef was suspected as being the cause of this outbreak.", "PMID": 88620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11231", "title": "Training of doctors and delivery of health care in developing countries.", "content": "In the past two decades, the training of doctors in developing countries has become confused with the delivery of health care. There should be a balance in the financial aid directed to rural and to urban areas; at present rural areas receive too much. The urban hospital, and especially the national teaching hospital, where most of the teaching, care of the seriously sick, and research are done, is in decline. In the training of doctors, the vital clinical approach, oriented towards the individual patient, is losing ground.", "contents": "Training of doctors and delivery of health care in developing countries. In the past two decades, the training of doctors in developing countries has become confused with the delivery of health care. There should be a balance in the financial aid directed to rural and to urban areas; at present rural areas receive too much. The urban hospital, and especially the national teaching hospital, where most of the teaching, care of the seriously sick, and research are done, is in decline. In the training of doctors, the vital clinical approach, oriented towards the individual patient, is losing ground.", "PMID": 88621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11232", "title": "[Radiotherapy of colorectal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors are of the opinion that radiotherapy is always indicated for colorectal carcinoma patients: (1) Operable carcinomas should be given radiation treatment before operation; postoperative saturation of high-risk cases at the full tumor dose is recommended. (2) Inoperable or partially operated carcinomas should be treated with tumoricidal radiation dose. (3) Radiotherapy is also indicated for cases of local recurrence, especially in the floor of the pelvis, in view of the frequent lack of possible operative access. The necessary dose rate must take into account any prior radiation load. (4) The excellent palliative results are themselves a recommendation for radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of colorectal carcinomas (author's transl)]. The authors are of the opinion that radiotherapy is always indicated for colorectal carcinoma patients: (1) Operable carcinomas should be given radiation treatment before operation; postoperative saturation of high-risk cases at the full tumor dose is recommended. (2) Inoperable or partially operated carcinomas should be treated with tumoricidal radiation dose. (3) Radiotherapy is also indicated for cases of local recurrence, especially in the floor of the pelvis, in view of the frequent lack of possible operative access. The necessary dose rate must take into account any prior radiation load. (4) The excellent palliative results are themselves a recommendation for radiotherapy.", "PMID": 88653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11233", "title": "[Clinical observations and therapy of the papillomas of the mucous membrane in the otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "It's possible papillomas of oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal regions concerning clinical and prognostical aspects to divide under a unit principle. In addition to the criterion of juvenile/adult you must consider solitary or multiple appearance, as well as the macroscopical keratinization. An adequate classification under the aspect of the different malignancy on the basis of morphological and clinical examination of 30 papillomas is proposed. The group of adult, multiple and unkeratinized papillomas of the larynx shows in opposite of opinions of today a tendency of malignancy. Infusion therapy with Bleomycin leads to a volume reduction and to a prolongation of the interval on the papillomas of the larynx, who tend to a malignant degeneration and to a short interval.", "contents": "[Clinical observations and therapy of the papillomas of the mucous membrane in the otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. It's possible papillomas of oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal regions concerning clinical and prognostical aspects to divide under a unit principle. In addition to the criterion of juvenile/adult you must consider solitary or multiple appearance, as well as the macroscopical keratinization. An adequate classification under the aspect of the different malignancy on the basis of morphological and clinical examination of 30 papillomas is proposed. The group of adult, multiple and unkeratinized papillomas of the larynx shows in opposite of opinions of today a tendency of malignancy. Infusion therapy with Bleomycin leads to a volume reduction and to a prolongation of the interval on the papillomas of the larynx, who tend to a malignant degeneration and to a short interval.", "PMID": 88654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11234", "title": "Hormonal effects on the regulation of hepatic heme biosynthesis.", "content": "Drug-induced porphyrin accumulation occurs in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free Waymouth MD 705/1 medium. Addition of insulin and thyroxine to the medium results in a marked enhancement of porphyrin accumulation. The addition of hydrocortisone results in a further enhancement of porphyrine accumulation. Several agents which are reported to increase intracellular adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels, viz. glucagon, sodium fluoride, cAMP or its dibutyryl derivative, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and papaverine enhanced drug-induced porphyrin biosynthesis. On the other have, agents which are reported to decrease intra-cellular cAMP levels, viz. alloxan and imidazole, diminished drug-induced porphyrin accumulation. cAMP appears to enhance, but not to function as a \"second messenger\" in drug-induced porphyrin biosynthesis. Drug-induced porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells depend upon the insulin to glucagon ratio. A low level of porphyrin accumulation occurs at insulin to glucagon ratios similar to those found following glucose administration in vivo, suggesting a possible explanation for the therapeutic effect of glucose in hepatic porphyria. The 5 alpha A(A:B trans) and 5 beta H(A:Bcis) steroids are equipotent in inducing delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free culture medium. Thus, there is no specific steric requirement for porphyrin-inducing activity in steroids.", "contents": "Hormonal effects on the regulation of hepatic heme biosynthesis. Drug-induced porphyrin accumulation occurs in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free Waymouth MD 705/1 medium. Addition of insulin and thyroxine to the medium results in a marked enhancement of porphyrin accumulation. The addition of hydrocortisone results in a further enhancement of porphyrine accumulation. Several agents which are reported to increase intracellular adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels, viz. glucagon, sodium fluoride, cAMP or its dibutyryl derivative, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and papaverine enhanced drug-induced porphyrin biosynthesis. On the other have, agents which are reported to decrease intra-cellular cAMP levels, viz. alloxan and imidazole, diminished drug-induced porphyrin accumulation. cAMP appears to enhance, but not to function as a \"second messenger\" in drug-induced porphyrin biosynthesis. Drug-induced porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells depend upon the insulin to glucagon ratio. A low level of porphyrin accumulation occurs at insulin to glucagon ratios similar to those found following glucose administration in vivo, suggesting a possible explanation for the therapeutic effect of glucose in hepatic porphyria. The 5 alpha A(A:B trans) and 5 beta H(A:Bcis) steroids are equipotent in inducing delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and porphyrin accumulation in chick embryo liver cells maintained in serum-free culture medium. Thus, there is no specific steric requirement for porphyrin-inducing activity in steroids.", "PMID": 88665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11235", "title": "[Treatment with immunoglobulins (author's transl)].", "content": "Passive immunisation by injecting gamma-globulin prepared from a large donor pool or specific antibodies from selected single donors is of great importance in daily practice for prophylaxis. An example is given for each of the 3 most important indications: a) gamma-Globulin for viral disease (e.g. measles prophylaxis); b) Antitoxic immunoglobulins (e.g. tetanus prophylaxis); c) Rhesus-anti-D-gamma-globulin for prophylaxis of rhesus sensitization. In contrast, substitution with great amounts of gammg-globulin is of little importance for the practizing paediatrician, since such cases are rare. This is the domain of the specialist who should be consulted for planning the therapeutic procedure. Data are given on immunoglobulin preparations commercially available and their application. Side effects are listed. They are particularly severe and dangerous in patients with profound hypo-gamma-globulinemia.", "contents": "[Treatment with immunoglobulins (author's transl)]. Passive immunisation by injecting gamma-globulin prepared from a large donor pool or specific antibodies from selected single donors is of great importance in daily practice for prophylaxis. An example is given for each of the 3 most important indications: a) gamma-Globulin for viral disease (e.g. measles prophylaxis); b) Antitoxic immunoglobulins (e.g. tetanus prophylaxis); c) Rhesus-anti-D-gamma-globulin for prophylaxis of rhesus sensitization. In contrast, substitution with great amounts of gammg-globulin is of little importance for the practizing paediatrician, since such cases are rare. This is the domain of the specialist who should be consulted for planning the therapeutic procedure. Data are given on immunoglobulin preparations commercially available and their application. Side effects are listed. They are particularly severe and dangerous in patients with profound hypo-gamma-globulinemia.", "PMID": 88670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11236", "title": "[Immunosuppression (author's transl)].", "content": "Among different procedures of immunosuppression in man medical treatment with cytotoxic drugs has become the most important. Biological methods are still under development but promise to gain in importance since they are more specific and have fewer side effects. The clinical effect of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation is undisputed. Its effects has been proven in some but not all immuno-inflammatory diseases. Before immunosuppressive therapy is started it must be known whether it is effective in the particular disease involved. The severity of the disease has to be critically balanced against the possible side effects of cytotoxic drugs.", "contents": "[Immunosuppression (author's transl)]. Among different procedures of immunosuppression in man medical treatment with cytotoxic drugs has become the most important. Biological methods are still under development but promise to gain in importance since they are more specific and have fewer side effects. The clinical effect of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation is undisputed. Its effects has been proven in some but not all immuno-inflammatory diseases. Before immunosuppressive therapy is started it must be known whether it is effective in the particular disease involved. The severity of the disease has to be critically balanced against the possible side effects of cytotoxic drugs.", "PMID": 88671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11237", "title": "[Cellular bases of immunological recognition. Antigen-binding receptors of T-lymphocytes].", "content": "The chemical nature, structural peculiarities, immunological specificity of antigen-binding receptors of various T cell subpopulations and the differences of these receptors from the whole Ig molecule were characterized by using a number of techniques, in particular, the selective absorption of T lymphocytes on corresponding target cell monolayers with the following elution of adherent lymphocytes. Participation of H-antigens, Ia-proteins, Ir-gene and Ig V-gene products in processes related to the specific contact of different T subpopulations with an antigen is discussed and a concept on T cell receptors is outlined. According to this concept, receptor active centres of two antigen-recognizing T subpopulations, antigen-reactive cells and effector cell precursors, differ in their nature, being represented by Ir-gene products and V-gene products, respectively. Each of these products is bound to the cell surface with a H-antigen molecule which functions as a constant portion of the receptor in both cell types. These receptors or their subunits freely moving in the cell membrane probably become stabilized during antigen-driven differentiation. This may be accomplished either by combination of several subunits into one multivalent molecule or by replacing the constant part of the receptor molecule by other plasma cell membrane proteins (Ia-proteins in helpers,  differentiation antigens in killers). Three steps of the lethal T killer-target interaction are described, as well as the conditions promoting or inhibiting each of these steps. Possible mechanism of disturbance of cell membrane permeability resulting in lysis of target cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Cellular bases of immunological recognition. Antigen-binding receptors of T-lymphocytes]. The chemical nature, structural peculiarities, immunological specificity of antigen-binding receptors of various T cell subpopulations and the differences of these receptors from the whole Ig molecule were characterized by using a number of techniques, in particular, the selective absorption of T lymphocytes on corresponding target cell monolayers with the following elution of adherent lymphocytes. Participation of H-antigens, Ia-proteins, Ir-gene and Ig V-gene products in processes related to the specific contact of different T subpopulations with an antigen is discussed and a concept on T cell receptors is outlined. According to this concept, receptor active centres of two antigen-recognizing T subpopulations, antigen-reactive cells and effector cell precursors, differ in their nature, being represented by Ir-gene products and V-gene products, respectively. Each of these products is bound to the cell surface with a H-antigen molecule which functions as a constant portion of the receptor in both cell types. These receptors or their subunits freely moving in the cell membrane probably become stabilized during antigen-driven differentiation. This may be accomplished either by combination of several subunits into one multivalent molecule or by replacing the constant part of the receptor molecule by other plasma cell membrane proteins (Ia-proteins in helpers,  differentiation antigens in killers). Three steps of the lethal T killer-target interaction are described, as well as the conditions promoting or inhibiting each of these steps. Possible mechanism of disturbance of cell membrane permeability resulting in lysis of target cells are discussed.", "PMID": 88666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11238", "title": "[mRNA of mouse plasmacytoma. Reverse transcription and translation in cell-free systems].", "content": "Total poly(A)-mRNA from polyribosomes of MOPC 21 mouse myeloma were investigated. Poly(A)-mRNA was released by two successive chromatography on oligo (dT)-cellulose. A 14S fraction of total poly(A)-mRNA was obtained and partially purified by sucrose gradient centrifigation followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. As estimated from the electrophoretic analysis, the 14S mRNA has three components, one of which appears to be 18S rRNA and two others--mRNAs with molecular weight of 5.2.10(5) and 3.8.10(5), respectively. Total poly(A)-mRNA and partially purified 14S mRNA were active when employed as a template in a reverse transcription and cell-free system from wheat germ. DNA complementary to the 14S mRNA was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This cDNA was heterogeneous in size with the average size of about 800 nucleotides when analyzed by gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The maximal length was about 1100 nucleotides that consistent with full template length. About half of the translation product directed by the 14S mRNA migrated as mature L-chain Ig (upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate). The presented data suggested that 14S mRNA species contain mRNA L-chain Ig.", "contents": "[mRNA of mouse plasmacytoma. Reverse transcription and translation in cell-free systems]. Total poly(A)-mRNA from polyribosomes of MOPC 21 mouse myeloma were investigated. Poly(A)-mRNA was released by two successive chromatography on oligo (dT)-cellulose. A 14S fraction of total poly(A)-mRNA was obtained and partially purified by sucrose gradient centrifigation followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. As estimated from the electrophoretic analysis, the 14S mRNA has three components, one of which appears to be 18S rRNA and two others--mRNAs with molecular weight of 5.2.10(5) and 3.8.10(5), respectively. Total poly(A)-mRNA and partially purified 14S mRNA were active when employed as a template in a reverse transcription and cell-free system from wheat germ. DNA complementary to the 14S mRNA was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This cDNA was heterogeneous in size with the average size of about 800 nucleotides when analyzed by gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. The maximal length was about 1100 nucleotides that consistent with full template length. About half of the translation product directed by the 14S mRNA migrated as mature L-chain Ig (upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate). The presented data suggested that 14S mRNA species contain mRNA L-chain Ig.", "PMID": 88667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11239", "title": "Suppression and reversal of allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys with basic protein and peptides.", "content": "We have extended earlier studies on the suppression of clinically evident experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in monkeys, repeated injections of human basis protein. The results confirm that after suppressive treatment, recovered animals remain clinically normal and do not show spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. However, recovered animals are susceptible to EAE upon renewed challenge, and they develop the disease more rapidly and more severely than after the initial challenge; resuppression is also accomplished in these cases by the same methods used previously. The results indicate further that the basic protein or peptide T administered without mycobacteria is effective in suppressing the development of basic protein-induced EAE regardless of the species from which it was derived.", "contents": "Suppression and reversal of allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys with basic protein and peptides. We have extended earlier studies on the suppression of clinically evident experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in monkeys, repeated injections of human basis protein. The results confirm that after suppressive treatment, recovered animals remain clinically normal and do not show spontaneous recurrence of symptoms. However, recovered animals are susceptible to EAE upon renewed challenge, and they develop the disease more rapidly and more severely than after the initial challenge; resuppression is also accomplished in these cases by the same methods used previously. The results indicate further that the basic protein or peptide T administered without mycobacteria is effective in suppressing the development of basic protein-induced EAE regardless of the species from which it was derived.", "PMID": 88679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11240", "title": "Electron microscopic identification of mammillary body terminals in the rat's AV thalamic nucleus by means of anterograde transport of HRP. A quantitative comparison with the EM degeneration and EM autoradiographic techniques.", "content": "A comparison has been made between the number of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled mammillary body terminals in the antero-ventral (AV) nucleus and the number of such terminals labeled with the electron microscopic (EM) autoradiographic [6] and EM degeneration technique [6]. With the antero-grade HRP technique less terminals were labeled than with the autoradiographic technique, but more than with the degeneration technique. Furthermore it may be concluded that the anterograde HRP technique is suitable for determining the type of terminal and does not require the long exposure time of the autoradiographic technique.", "contents": "Electron microscopic identification of mammillary body terminals in the rat's AV thalamic nucleus by means of anterograde transport of HRP. A quantitative comparison with the EM degeneration and EM autoradiographic techniques. A comparison has been made between the number of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled mammillary body terminals in the antero-ventral (AV) nucleus and the number of such terminals labeled with the electron microscopic (EM) autoradiographic [6] and EM degeneration technique [6]. With the antero-grade HRP technique less terminals were labeled than with the autoradiographic technique, but more than with the degeneration technique. Furthermore it may be concluded that the anterograde HRP technique is suitable for determining the type of terminal and does not require the long exposure time of the autoradiographic technique.", "PMID": 88693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11241", "title": "Retrograde transport of bisbenzimide and propidium iodide through axons to their parent cell bodies.", "content": "Two fluorescent substances bisbenzimide (Bb), which fluoresces yellow-green and propidium iodide (PI), which fluoresces orange were found to be transported retrogradely through axons to their parent cell bodies in rat and cat. Bb gives a very strong and long lasting fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling and is very effectively transported over long distances both in rat and cat. Bb and PI also label glial nuclei around retrogradely labeled neurons. Bb in addition labels glial nuclei along axons through which it is transported. Bb and PI can be transported retrogradely through two divergent collaterals to one and the same cell.", "contents": "Retrograde transport of bisbenzimide and propidium iodide through axons to their parent cell bodies. Two fluorescent substances bisbenzimide (Bb), which fluoresces yellow-green and propidium iodide (PI), which fluoresces orange were found to be transported retrogradely through axons to their parent cell bodies in rat and cat. Bb gives a very strong and long lasting fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling and is very effectively transported over long distances both in rat and cat. Bb and PI also label glial nuclei around retrogradely labeled neurons. Bb in addition labels glial nuclei along axons through which it is transported. Bb and PI can be transported retrogradely through two divergent collaterals to one and the same cell.", "PMID": 88694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11242", "title": "Immunochemical studies of myelin basic protein in shiverer mouse devoid of major dense line of myelin.", "content": "The myelin-deficient mutant Shiverer (Shi/Shi) lacks basic protein (MBP) in the myelin of its central nervous system (CNS). Less than 3% of the normal content in MBP is present in a brain extract of Shi/Shi as determined by radioimmunoassay. Indirect immunofluorescence is negative when using specific anti-MBP serum. The importance of Shi/Shi (as compared to other hypomelinating mutants) stems from the specificity of this genetic lesion, i.e. the lack of basic protein.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of myelin basic protein in shiverer mouse devoid of major dense line of myelin. The myelin-deficient mutant Shiverer (Shi/Shi) lacks basic protein (MBP) in the myelin of its central nervous system (CNS). Less than 3% of the normal content in MBP is present in a brain extract of Shi/Shi as determined by radioimmunoassay. Indirect immunofluorescence is negative when using specific anti-MBP serum. The importance of Shi/Shi (as compared to other hypomelinating mutants) stems from the specificity of this genetic lesion, i.e. the lack of basic protein.", "PMID": 88695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11243", "title": "Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in primary sensory neurons.", "content": "The cut end of the sciatic nerve of adult rats was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rats were allowed to survive for 12 h--5 days. 12--18 h postoperatively small dorsal root ganglion cells more heavily labeled than large ones. After 48--72 h more large cells were intensely labeled. From 18 h onwards large amounts of HRP labeling was observed ipsilaterally in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, from 48 h also in deeper laminae and in the gracile nucleus. The heavy labeling clearly indicates the potential of the present approach for mapping purposes. The findings also indicate that short postoperative survivals can be used for rather selective marking of small cells and fibers.", "contents": "Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in primary sensory neurons. The cut end of the sciatic nerve of adult rats was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rats were allowed to survive for 12 h--5 days. 12--18 h postoperatively small dorsal root ganglion cells more heavily labeled than large ones. After 48--72 h more large cells were intensely labeled. From 18 h onwards large amounts of HRP labeling was observed ipsilaterally in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, from 48 h also in deeper laminae and in the gracile nucleus. The heavy labeling clearly indicates the potential of the present approach for mapping purposes. The findings also indicate that short postoperative survivals can be used for rather selective marking of small cells and fibers.", "PMID": 88696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11244", "title": "Fuorescent retrograde neuronal labeling in rat by means of substances binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA.", "content": "Six fluorescent substances, binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA, were injected in rat caudate-putamen. This resulted in retrograde axonal transport and fluorescent retrograde labeling of neurons in center-medium parafascicular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe. Two of these substances, i.e. \"True Blue' and 'Granular Blue', give a very striking blue fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling. Mid-thoracic spinal injections of these two substances in rat also resulted in a pronounced retrograde fluorescent labeling of neurons of the descending brainstem pathways and of neurons in the sensori-motor cortex.", "contents": "Fuorescent retrograde neuronal labeling in rat by means of substances binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA. Six fluorescent substances, binding specifically to adenine-thymine rich DNA, were injected in rat caudate-putamen. This resulted in retrograde axonal transport and fluorescent retrograde labeling of neurons in center-medium parafascicular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe. Two of these substances, i.e. \"True Blue' and 'Granular Blue', give a very striking blue fluorescent retrograde neuronal labeling. Mid-thoracic spinal injections of these two substances in rat also resulted in a pronounced retrograde fluorescent labeling of neurons of the descending brainstem pathways and of neurons in the sensori-motor cortex.", "PMID": 88697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11245", "title": "Hypothalamic projection to the pulvinar-LP complex in the cat: a study by the silver impregnation method.", "content": "This study was designated to determine the exact terminal portion of the hypothalamo-thalamic projection found in our previous study by the HRP method [7]. Electrolytic lesions were made in the brains of 13 adult cats, and the ensuing degenerating fibers were impregnated with Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer methods. Following the lesions of the hypothalamic small nucleus which had been reported to receive abundant HRP transport from the pulvinar-LP complex, terminal degeneration concentrated in the dorsolateral marginal area of LP, forming a well-defined and dorsomedially stretched slim column along the medial border of the pulvinar. The level of its appearance approximately corresponds with the stereotaxic coronal plane, Fr. 7.0. In the contralateral same thalamic  area the degenerating fibers were also traced though they were much fewer.", "contents": "Hypothalamic projection to the pulvinar-LP complex in the cat: a study by the silver impregnation method. This study was designated to determine the exact terminal portion of the hypothalamo-thalamic projection found in our previous study by the HRP method [7]. Electrolytic lesions were made in the brains of 13 adult cats, and the ensuing degenerating fibers were impregnated with Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer methods. Following the lesions of the hypothalamic small nucleus which had been reported to receive abundant HRP transport from the pulvinar-LP complex, terminal degeneration concentrated in the dorsolateral marginal area of LP, forming a well-defined and dorsomedially stretched slim column along the medial border of the pulvinar. The level of its appearance approximately corresponds with the stereotaxic coronal plane, Fr. 7.0. In the contralateral same thalamic  area the degenerating fibers were also traced though they were much fewer.", "PMID": 88698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11246", "title": "Forebrain projections of the ventral tegmentum as studied by axonal transport of [3H]dopamine in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-four hours after [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) injections into different parts of the ventral tegmentum the radioactivity recovered in the forebrain showed a highly regional distribution which corresponded to well-known DA projections. Selective degeneration of DA-neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) markedly reduced the axoplasmic transport after [3H]DA injections. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) was found to project primarily to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and amygdala. The DA-innervation of the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala derive from cells widely distributed in the VTA and SN.", "contents": "Forebrain projections of the ventral tegmentum as studied by axonal transport of [3H]dopamine in the rat. Twenty-four hours after [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) injections into different parts of the ventral tegmentum the radioactivity recovered in the forebrain showed a highly regional distribution which corresponded to well-known DA projections. Selective degeneration of DA-neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) markedly reduced the axoplasmic transport after [3H]DA injections. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) was found to project primarily to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and amygdala. The DA-innervation of the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala derive from cells widely distributed in the VTA and SN.", "PMID": 88699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11247", "title": "Fast axonal transport in rat sciatic nerve. Inhibition by pineal indoles.", "content": "The effect of pineal indoles on fast axoplasmic transport of proteins in the sciatic nerve was examined in rats injected with [3H]leucine in the sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion. Melatonin (350-1100 nmol) applied locally in the sciatic nerve impaired significantly axonal transport. At a 350-nmol dose all other indoles tested (i.e., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine) were less potent than melatonin to impair fast axonal flow. Vinblastine injected either into the ganglion or in the sciatic nerve markedly inhibited axonal transport.", "contents": "Fast axonal transport in rat sciatic nerve. Inhibition by pineal indoles. The effect of pineal indoles on fast axoplasmic transport of proteins in the sciatic nerve was examined in rats injected with [3H]leucine in the sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion. Melatonin (350-1100 nmol) applied locally in the sciatic nerve impaired significantly axonal transport. At a 350-nmol dose all other indoles tested (i.e., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine) were less potent than melatonin to impair fast axonal flow. Vinblastine injected either into the ganglion or in the sciatic nerve markedly inhibited axonal transport.", "PMID": 88700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11248", "title": "Observations on the morphology of intracellularly stained gamma-motoneurons in relation to their axon conduction velocity.", "content": "Hindlimb gamma-motoneurons of adult cats were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. The gamma-motor-axons had intramedullary diameters between 2.0 micron and 2.4 micron and lacked recurrent collaterals. The conduction velocity of the gamma-motor-axons (20-29 m/sec) was close to what could be predicted from the relationship between conduction velocity and intramedullary diameter of much thicker adult alpha-motor-axons. However, the gamma-motor-axons were conducting much faster than alpha-motor-axons of 1-week-old kittens in spite of the fact that these two types of axons had about the same dimensions intramedullarly.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology of intracellularly stained gamma-motoneurons in relation to their axon conduction velocity. Hindlimb gamma-motoneurons of adult cats were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. The gamma-motor-axons had intramedullary diameters between 2.0 micron and 2.4 micron and lacked recurrent collaterals. The conduction velocity of the gamma-motor-axons (20-29 m/sec) was close to what could be predicted from the relationship between conduction velocity and intramedullary diameter of much thicker adult alpha-motor-axons. However, the gamma-motor-axons were conducting much faster than alpha-motor-axons of 1-week-old kittens in spite of the fact that these two types of axons had about the same dimensions intramedullarly.", "PMID": 88701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11249", "title": "Visualization of the HRP reaction product using the polarization microscope.", "content": "The reaction product of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining can be visualized with considerable contrast using the polarization microscope. This is illustrated on whole mount preparations of the cat retina which were stained after injection of HRP into the superior colliculus. When the specimen is placed between two crossed polarizing filters, the stained cells appear rather bright, in contrast to the other components of the tissue which remain dark. The visualization with the polarization microscope was compared with bright-field and dark-field illumination and was found to be superior to them.", "contents": "Visualization of the HRP reaction product using the polarization microscope. The reaction product of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining can be visualized with considerable contrast using the polarization microscope. This is illustrated on whole mount preparations of the cat retina which were stained after injection of HRP into the superior colliculus. When the specimen is placed between two crossed polarizing filters, the stained cells appear rather bright, in contrast to the other components of the tissue which remain dark. The visualization with the polarization microscope was compared with bright-field and dark-field illumination and was found to be superior to them.", "PMID": 88702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11250", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the water-soluble lens proteins in the embryo of Xenopus laevis with the mutation of periodic albinism].", "content": "The crystallins of ap mutants of Xenopus laevis have been studied in comparison with those of normal embryos and adults using the complex of immunochemical methods (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoadsorption, immunofluorescence, isoelectrofocusing with immunoidentification). The analysis was carried out with antisera to electrophoretic fractions of the mutant lens. 11 organ-specific antigens were found in the lens of both the normal and mutant animals. These proteins are heterogenous by electrophoretic mobility, isoelectrical point, antigenic and species specificity. Each class of crystallins contains antigens which are specific: a) for amphibians only, b) for lower vertebrates, c) for vertebrates in general. No qualitative differences were found between crystallins of the normal and mutant animals. Immunofluorescence analysis has shown that crystalins appear in the normal and mutant embryos practically at the same time. No significant differences in the appearance of specific immunofluorescence between the normal and mutant embryos were found (with various antisera). gamma-crystallins and, perhaps, a part of the primary lens fibers. Alpha-crystallins appear later. gamma-crystallins are first identified the synthesis of which manifests itself at the advanced developmental stages. The quantitative predominance of some beta--gamma-crystallins in the mutant lens detected by us (electrophoresis, isoelectrofocusing) is not related to their earlier synthesis in the embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the water-soluble lens proteins in the embryo of Xenopus laevis with the mutation of periodic albinism]. The crystallins of ap mutants of Xenopus laevis have been studied in comparison with those of normal embryos and adults using the complex of immunochemical methods (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoadsorption, immunofluorescence, isoelectrofocusing with immunoidentification). The analysis was carried out with antisera to electrophoretic fractions of the mutant lens. 11 organ-specific antigens were found in the lens of both the normal and mutant animals. These proteins are heterogenous by electrophoretic mobility, isoelectrical point, antigenic and species specificity. Each class of crystallins contains antigens which are specific: a) for amphibians only, b) for lower vertebrates, c) for vertebrates in general. No qualitative differences were found between crystallins of the normal and mutant animals. Immunofluorescence analysis has shown that crystalins appear in the normal and mutant embryos practically at the same time. No significant differences in the appearance of specific immunofluorescence between the normal and mutant embryos were found (with various antisera). gamma-crystallins and, perhaps, a part of the primary lens fibers. Alpha-crystallins appear later. gamma-crystallins are first identified the synthesis of which manifests itself at the advanced developmental stages. The quantitative predominance of some beta--gamma-crystallins in the mutant lens detected by us (electrophoresis, isoelectrofocusing) is not related to their earlier synthesis in the embryogenesis.", "PMID": 88703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11251", "title": "Histochemical identification of T cells in oral lichen planus.", "content": "Lysosomal activity was demonstrated in the majority of the lymphocytes forming the mononuclear cell infiltrate in oral lichen planus. Staining for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, nonspecific esterase, and beta-glucuronidase was present in these cells in tissue sections, indicating their T cell origin. Small numbers of enzyme-negative lymphocytes were also present. Macrophages showing stronger staining were found scattered through the infiltrates in large numbers. These observations indicate roles for T cells and macrophages in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.", "contents": "Histochemical identification of T cells in oral lichen planus. Lysosomal activity was demonstrated in the majority of the lymphocytes forming the mononuclear cell infiltrate in oral lichen planus. Staining for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, nonspecific esterase, and beta-glucuronidase was present in these cells in tissue sections, indicating their T cell origin. Small numbers of enzyme-negative lymphocytes were also present. Macrophages showing stronger staining were found scattered through the infiltrates in large numbers. These observations indicate roles for T cells and macrophages in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.", "PMID": 88704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11252", "title": "[Infectious toxic hypotension--effect and dosage of midodrine (author's transl)].", "content": "A new alpha-sympathicomimetic drug with peroral effect is midodrine. The effective oral dosage in infancy and childhood is 0.06 mg/kg/dosi. The therapeutic effect, comparing the drug with etilefrin is shown in 120 children with pneumonia, enteritis, meningitis in a random study. The results give an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart frequency, statistically proved, on the first day of treatment. Therefore it seems that midodrine is qualified for the treatment of hypotension in infectious diseases.", "contents": "[Infectious toxic hypotension--effect and dosage of midodrine (author's transl)]. A new alpha-sympathicomimetic drug with peroral effect is midodrine. The effective oral dosage in infancy and childhood is 0.06 mg/kg/dosi. The therapeutic effect, comparing the drug with etilefrin is shown in 120 children with pneumonia, enteritis, meningitis in a random study. The results give an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart frequency, statistically proved, on the first day of treatment. Therefore it seems that midodrine is qualified for the treatment of hypotension in infectious diseases.", "PMID": 88708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11253", "title": "Cryohypophysectomy for bone pain of metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "In a series of 22 patients, cryohypophysectomy gave relief of bone pain from metastatic breast cancer for 3 months in 55% of patients and for 6 months in 32% of patients. On average they were pain free for 55% of their remaining life. Advantages of this technique are the avoidance of a major operation, the mild disturbance to the patient, a short hospital stay and the paucity of significant complications apart from a need for hormone replacement.", "contents": "Cryohypophysectomy for bone pain of metastatic breast cancer. In a series of 22 patients, cryohypophysectomy gave relief of bone pain from metastatic breast cancer for 3 months in 55% of patients and for 6 months in 32% of patients. On average they were pain free for 55% of their remaining life. Advantages of this technique are the avoidance of a major operation, the mild disturbance to the patient, a short hospital stay and the paucity of significant complications apart from a need for hormone replacement.", "PMID": 88709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11254", "title": "Drugs or drums: what relieves postoperative pain?", "content": "The cybernetic model of analgesia is a simple servo-loop: altered sensory input--complaints--medication--temporary restoration of acceptable processing of the sensory input--return of altered sensations. Under ordinary clinical circumstances the functioning of this mechanism is masked by \"noise\" generated by the interaction of several persons who provide the medication and time factors prolonging the interval between the onset of complaints and the action of the medication. Demand analgesia (DA) has been designed to provide prompt pain relief under the patient's direct control. The technique turned out to be useful also for the investigation of acute pain's course. The present protocol was designed to study the precision with which patients respond to minute changes in the level of a narcotic (hydromorphone) at the target site: this was achieved by varying in a double-blind fashion the amount of narcotic delivered in response to triggering the apparatus and noting how the patient adapts the dosing interval in response to the imposed changes. Thirty-four patients were studied following extensive surgery. Observation times ranged from 16 to 75 h (median 45 h) during which 89 dose changes were initiated. While the majority of subjects adapted successfully to up to 4-fold variations in drug delivery, a sizeable minority (7/34) triggered the apparatus in response to some clue other than the amount of drug received. These non-drug responders seem to correspond to the \"placebo reactors\" of other therapeutic settings. Our calculations allowed the estimation of how large was the contribution of drug action and non-drug action to the overall therapeutic effect. In the drug-responsive group, the mean contribution of drug action was 78%, while among the non-drug responders this amounted to only 40%. The difference between these two figures is statistically significant (P less than 0.02), at the same time it also reveals important contributions of non-drug factors in drug responders and vice versa. Whether a subject behaves as a placebo reactor or not might depend on the circumstances rather than on innate mechanisms.", "contents": "Drugs or drums: what relieves postoperative pain? The cybernetic model of analgesia is a simple servo-loop: altered sensory input--complaints--medication--temporary restoration of acceptable processing of the sensory input--return of altered sensations. Under ordinary clinical circumstances the functioning of this mechanism is masked by \"noise\" generated by the interaction of several persons who provide the medication and time factors prolonging the interval between the onset of complaints and the action of the medication. Demand analgesia (DA) has been designed to provide prompt pain relief under the patient's direct control. The technique turned out to be useful also for the investigation of acute pain's course. The present protocol was designed to study the precision with which patients respond to minute changes in the level of a narcotic (hydromorphone) at the target site: this was achieved by varying in a double-blind fashion the amount of narcotic delivered in response to triggering the apparatus and noting how the patient adapts the dosing interval in response to the imposed changes. Thirty-four patients were studied following extensive surgery. Observation times ranged from 16 to 75 h (median 45 h) during which 89 dose changes were initiated. While the majority of subjects adapted successfully to up to 4-fold variations in drug delivery, a sizeable minority (7/34) triggered the apparatus in response to some clue other than the amount of drug received. These non-drug responders seem to correspond to the \"placebo reactors\" of other therapeutic settings. Our calculations allowed the estimation of how large was the contribution of drug action and non-drug action to the overall therapeutic effect. In the drug-responsive group, the mean contribution of drug action was 78%, while among the non-drug responders this amounted to only 40%. The difference between these two figures is statistically significant (P less than 0.02), at the same time it also reveals important contributions of non-drug factors in drug responders and vice versa. Whether a subject behaves as a placebo reactor or not might depend on the circumstances rather than on innate mechanisms.", "PMID": 88710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11255", "title": "Cloning of an almost full-length chicken conalbumin double-stranded cDNA.", "content": "Chicken conalbumin double-stranded cDNA (con-dscDNA) was synthesized from a laying hen oviduct mRNA preparation enriched for conalbumin mRNA (con-mRNA). The dscDNA was inserted by blunt-end ligation into the Sal I site of plasmid pBR322 which had been repaired with DNA polymerase I to create Taq I sites on each side of the inserted fragment. After bacterial transformation, one hybrid recombinant, pBR322-con1, which contains the largest inserted dscDNA (about 2350 bp) was shown to hybridize specifically to the RNA which is translated into conalbumin. Electron microscopic examination of hybrid molecules between con-mRNA and pBR322-con1 DNA indicate that the inserted con-dscDNA is an almost full-length double-stranded transcript of conalbumin mRNA.", "contents": "Cloning of an almost full-length chicken conalbumin double-stranded cDNA. Chicken conalbumin double-stranded cDNA (con-dscDNA) was synthesized from a laying hen oviduct mRNA preparation enriched for conalbumin mRNA (con-mRNA). The dscDNA was inserted by blunt-end ligation into the Sal I site of plasmid pBR322 which had been repaired with DNA polymerase I to create Taq I sites on each side of the inserted fragment. After bacterial transformation, one hybrid recombinant, pBR322-con1, which contains the largest inserted dscDNA (about 2350 bp) was shown to hybridize specifically to the RNA which is translated into conalbumin. Electron microscopic examination of hybrid molecules between con-mRNA and pBR322-con1 DNA indicate that the inserted con-dscDNA is an almost full-length double-stranded transcript of conalbumin mRNA.", "PMID": 88720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11256", "title": "Detection of AKR MuLV-specific RNA in AKR mouse cells by in situ hybridization.", "content": "Conditions for the detection of complex RNA sequences by in situ hybridization have been investigated by using a single-stranded 3H-cDNA probe complementary to the AKR MuLV genome and in vitro cultured AKR mouse cells which spontaneously produce AKR MuLV. It is shown that fixation with glutaraldehyde at low concentration allows cellular RNA to be sufficiently well retained during the annealing process and that stringent conditions in situ can be maintained by means of formamide. Some conditions which promote atypical and non-specific binding of the probe have been identified.", "contents": "Detection of AKR MuLV-specific RNA in AKR mouse cells by in situ hybridization. Conditions for the detection of complex RNA sequences by in situ hybridization have been investigated by using a single-stranded 3H-cDNA probe complementary to the AKR MuLV genome and in vitro cultured AKR mouse cells which spontaneously produce AKR MuLV. It is shown that fixation with glutaraldehyde at low concentration allows cellular RNA to be sufficiently well retained during the annealing process and that stringent conditions in situ can be maintained by means of formamide. Some conditions which promote atypical and non-specific binding of the probe have been identified.", "PMID": 88721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11257", "title": "Effects of ethidium bromide on the production of ribosomal RNA in cultured mouse cells.", "content": "A treatment of primary mouse kidney cell cultures with 5 microM Ethidium Bromide (Eth Br) reduces the transcription of nuclear-coded genes and especially of ribosomal RNA genes. This effect was consistently observed when comparing drug-treated and control cells for (i), the incorporation of 3H uridine into total nuclear and B RNA polymerases as determined in isolated nuclei. It became more pronounced with exposure time; however, after removal of the drug, there was a progressive recovery of RNA synthesis culminating in the complete reversal of the drug effect. That this effect is probably not due only to the suppression of mitochondrial protein synthesis by the drug, is shown by a comparative study of the effects of chloramphenicol treatment. In addition, in the cytoplasm Eth Br depresses the labeling of 28 S rRNA more than that of 18 S whereas no abnormal accumulation of 28 S rRNA is observed in the nucleus. It is suggested that Eth Br may affect either the stability of the 28 S rRNA or its rate of formation from the 32 S precursor.", "contents": "Effects of ethidium bromide on the production of ribosomal RNA in cultured mouse cells. A treatment of primary mouse kidney cell cultures with 5 microM Ethidium Bromide (Eth Br) reduces the transcription of nuclear-coded genes and especially of ribosomal RNA genes. This effect was consistently observed when comparing drug-treated and control cells for (i), the incorporation of 3H uridine into total nuclear and B RNA polymerases as determined in isolated nuclei. It became more pronounced with exposure time; however, after removal of the drug, there was a progressive recovery of RNA synthesis culminating in the complete reversal of the drug effect. That this effect is probably not due only to the suppression of mitochondrial protein synthesis by the drug, is shown by a comparative study of the effects of chloramphenicol treatment. In addition, in the cytoplasm Eth Br depresses the labeling of 28 S rRNA more than that of 18 S whereas no abnormal accumulation of 28 S rRNA is observed in the nucleus. It is suggested that Eth Br may affect either the stability of the 28 S rRNA or its rate of formation from the 32 S precursor.", "PMID": 88722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11258", "title": "The influenza virus: Antigenic composition and immune response.", "content": "The architecture and chemical composition of the influenza virus particle is described with particular reference to the protein constituents and their genetic control. The dominant role in infection of the surface proteins - haemagglutinins and neuraminidases - acting as antigens and undergoing variation in time known as antigenic drift and shift is explained. The immuno-diffusion technique has illuminated the interrelationships of the haemagglutinins of influenza A viruses recovered over long periods of time. The H0 and H1 haemagglutinins are now regarded as a single sub-type with H2 and H3 representing the haemagglutinins of the 1957 and 1968 sub-types. Animal influenza viruses of pigs, horses and birds are described. A relation to human influenza strains has been shown to exist in certain instances as is the capacity of some human strains to pass to the animal kingdom.", "contents": "The influenza virus: Antigenic composition and immune response. The architecture and chemical composition of the influenza virus particle is described with particular reference to the protein constituents and their genetic control. The dominant role in infection of the surface proteins - haemagglutinins and neuraminidases - acting as antigens and undergoing variation in time known as antigenic drift and shift is explained. The immuno-diffusion technique has illuminated the interrelationships of the haemagglutinins of influenza A viruses recovered over long periods of time. The H0 and H1 haemagglutinins are now regarded as a single sub-type with H2 and H3 representing the haemagglutinins of the 1957 and 1968 sub-types. Animal influenza viruses of pigs, horses and birds are described. A relation to human influenza strains has been shown to exist in certain instances as is the capacity of some human strains to pass to the animal kingdom.", "PMID": 88726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11259", "title": "[Tumour immunology (author's transl)].", "content": "The anti-tumour immune mechanism as it operates in vivo and in vitro is reviewed. Tumour-specific antigens on the surface of the tumour cell induce cellular (lymphocytes, macrophages) and humoral (antibodies, mediators) reactions which are capable of destroying the tumour cell. The combined operation of these mechanisms is described in detail, e.g. opsonization of tumour cells, enhancement, escape mechanism, specific versus unspecific reactions, potentiation. Analyses of tumour-specific cell-mediated reactions gain more and more importance as attempts to influence the function and differentiation of individual cells become more and more successful.", "contents": "[Tumour immunology (author's transl)]. The anti-tumour immune mechanism as it operates in vivo and in vitro is reviewed. Tumour-specific antigens on the surface of the tumour cell induce cellular (lymphocytes, macrophages) and humoral (antibodies, mediators) reactions which are capable of destroying the tumour cell. The combined operation of these mechanisms is described in detail, e.g. opsonization of tumour cells, enhancement, escape mechanism, specific versus unspecific reactions, potentiation. Analyses of tumour-specific cell-mediated reactions gain more and more importance as attempts to influence the function and differentiation of individual cells become more and more successful.", "PMID": 88727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11260", "title": "[Immunotherapy of malignant growths (author's transl)].", "content": "Our knowledge of antigens which are associated with different types of malignant tumours is steadily increasing. These antigens exist in considerable numbers, but, so far with few exceptions, only their presence can be demonstrated by certain methods; to isolate and identify them has not yet been possible. These antigens are, therefore, suitable not so much for the primary diagnosis, but rather, like the carcinoembryonic antigen, the tissue-polypeptide antigen or the alpha-feto-protein, for assessing the success of treatment. Active immunization has recently received a fresh impulse by the use of the enzyme neuraminidase, derived from Vibrio cholerae, in the treatment of tumour cells. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in human cancer. As to specific active immunotherapy BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations of these and other micro-organisms together with polynucleotides, levamisol, statolon, tilorone have been employed. Although the results are not uniform they are promising. Attempts at cellular transfer of immunity are not very encouraging. It should be emphasized that the findings apply to human cancer. Experimental studies have produced very interesting results.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy of malignant growths (author's transl)]. Our knowledge of antigens which are associated with different types of malignant tumours is steadily increasing. These antigens exist in considerable numbers, but, so far with few exceptions, only their presence can be demonstrated by certain methods; to isolate and identify them has not yet been possible. These antigens are, therefore, suitable not so much for the primary diagnosis, but rather, like the carcinoembryonic antigen, the tissue-polypeptide antigen or the alpha-feto-protein, for assessing the success of treatment. Active immunization has recently received a fresh impulse by the use of the enzyme neuraminidase, derived from Vibrio cholerae, in the treatment of tumour cells. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in human cancer. As to specific active immunotherapy BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations of these and other micro-organisms together with polynucleotides, levamisol, statolon, tilorone have been employed. Although the results are not uniform they are promising. Attempts at cellular transfer of immunity are not very encouraging. It should be emphasized that the findings apply to human cancer. Experimental studies have produced very interesting results.", "PMID": 88728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11261", "title": "[Visualization of the thoracic duct during surgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Anaesthetists generally object, because of the risk of aspiration, to the pre-operative administration of coloured cream for visualizing the thoracic duct during surgical operations on the oesophagus, lung hilus and major vessels of the mediastinum. The possibility was, therefore, studied to mark the thoracic duct without involving the digestive tract. The following method was developed: a dye was injected into the wall of the distant portion of the oesophagus; the dye passes into the lymphatics and is transported first into the abdominal vessels and subsequently into the thoracic duct. Six dyes were tested in animal experiments. Evans blue and patent blue proved suitable.", "contents": "[Visualization of the thoracic duct during surgical operations (author's transl)]. Anaesthetists generally object, because of the risk of aspiration, to the pre-operative administration of coloured cream for visualizing the thoracic duct during surgical operations on the oesophagus, lung hilus and major vessels of the mediastinum. The possibility was, therefore, studied to mark the thoracic duct without involving the digestive tract. The following method was developed: a dye was injected into the wall of the distant portion of the oesophagus; the dye passes into the lymphatics and is transported first into the abdominal vessels and subsequently into the thoracic duct. Six dyes were tested in animal experiments. Evans blue and patent blue proved suitable.", "PMID": 88729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11262", "title": "[Tracheal stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "13 cases of stenosis of the trachea are reported and its causes are reviewed. The main causal factors are malignant and benign growths, but chronic granulating tracheitis consequent on prolonged artificial ventilation also plays a role. The extent of the stenosis necessitated partial resection of the trachea in 9 patients. Problems attendant on the operation are reviewed with special reference to after-treatment. In cases of inoperable cancer with tracheal narrowing endoscopic removal of tumour tissue may be life-prolonging measure.", "contents": "[Tracheal stenosis (author's transl)]. 13 cases of stenosis of the trachea are reported and its causes are reviewed. The main causal factors are malignant and benign growths, but chronic granulating tracheitis consequent on prolonged artificial ventilation also plays a role. The extent of the stenosis necessitated partial resection of the trachea in 9 patients. Problems attendant on the operation are reviewed with special reference to after-treatment. In cases of inoperable cancer with tracheal narrowing endoscopic removal of tumour tissue may be life-prolonging measure.", "PMID": 88730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11263", "title": "[Prevention and clinical aspects of pneumoconiosis induced by organic dusts (author's transl)].", "content": "Only those pneumoconioses induced by organic dusts are discussed which are met with in Germany. They comprise: byssinosis which is caused by toxic agents in cotton and flax, farmer's lung, sprayer's fever, exogenous allergic alveolitis due to thermophil actinomyces in the dust of mouldy agricultural meterials or the air of air-conditioning systems, bird fancier's lung which is caused by antigens in animal waste products. Byssinosis and farmer's lung have now been acknowledged as occupational diseases.", "contents": "[Prevention and clinical aspects of pneumoconiosis induced by organic dusts (author's transl)]. Only those pneumoconioses induced by organic dusts are discussed which are met with in Germany. They comprise: byssinosis which is caused by toxic agents in cotton and flax, farmer's lung, sprayer's fever, exogenous allergic alveolitis due to thermophil actinomyces in the dust of mouldy agricultural meterials or the air of air-conditioning systems, bird fancier's lung which is caused by antigens in animal waste products. Byssinosis and farmer's lung have now been acknowledged as occupational diseases.", "PMID": 88731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11264", "title": "[Polychemotherapy of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma: preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "Preliminary results indicate that BACO and SAKK are capable of inducing remission in 80-90% of cases of small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma; these remissions last for about 6 months and not only prolong, but improve the quality of, life. In view of the small number of cases so far observed no assessment can as yet be made of the superiority of one or the other method concerning the incidence and duration of remissions and survival time. In cases of squamous cell cancer the two therapeutic methods succeeded in only 30-40% of the patients in inducing partical remissions and they did not appear to improve the quality of life. The question whether the treatment actually prolongs life as compared with the natural course of the disease remains open.", "contents": "[Polychemotherapy of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma: preliminary results (author's transl)]. Preliminary results indicate that BACO and SAKK are capable of inducing remission in 80-90% of cases of small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma; these remissions last for about 6 months and not only prolong, but improve the quality of, life. In view of the small number of cases so far observed no assessment can as yet be made of the superiority of one or the other method concerning the incidence and duration of remissions and survival time. In cases of squamous cell cancer the two therapeutic methods succeeded in only 30-40% of the patients in inducing partical remissions and they did not appear to improve the quality of life. The question whether the treatment actually prolongs life as compared with the natural course of the disease remains open.", "PMID": 88732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11265", "title": "Cycloheximide inhibition of hormonal induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA.", "content": "The induction of hepatic alpha 2u-globulin synthesis by glucocorticoids in isolated hepatocytes occurs via an increase in the level of its mRNA as measured by cell-free translation and by hydbridization to an alpha 2u-globulin cDNA probe. To explore whether induction of this mRNA is a direct or an indirect consequence of the interaction of the dexamethasone-receptor complex with the alpha 2u-globulin genome, the requirement for ongoing protein synthesis was examined. Concentrations of cycloheximide too low to prevent precursor incorporation into total poly(A)-containing RNA do prevent the hormonal induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA. Furthermore, incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into total protein was decreased by only 40-50%, and the appearance of the dexamethasone-induced glycosylated forms of alpha 2u-globulin was completely prevented in these cycloheximide-treated hepatocytes. The results suggest that the synthesis of a protein mediator(s) may be required for the induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA by glucocorticoids and that the steroid-receptor complex may not interact directly with the alpha 2u-globulin genome.", "contents": "Cycloheximide inhibition of hormonal induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA. The induction of hepatic alpha 2u-globulin synthesis by glucocorticoids in isolated hepatocytes occurs via an increase in the level of its mRNA as measured by cell-free translation and by hydbridization to an alpha 2u-globulin cDNA probe. To explore whether induction of this mRNA is a direct or an indirect consequence of the interaction of the dexamethasone-receptor complex with the alpha 2u-globulin genome, the requirement for ongoing protein synthesis was examined. Concentrations of cycloheximide too low to prevent precursor incorporation into total poly(A)-containing RNA do prevent the hormonal induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA. Furthermore, incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into total protein was decreased by only 40-50%, and the appearance of the dexamethasone-induced glycosylated forms of alpha 2u-globulin was completely prevented in these cycloheximide-treated hepatocytes. The results suggest that the synthesis of a protein mediator(s) may be required for the induction of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA by glucocorticoids and that the steroid-receptor complex may not interact directly with the alpha 2u-globulin genome.", "PMID": 88733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11266", "title": "Noncovalent intermolecular crosslinks are produced by bleomycin reaction with duplex DNA.", "content": "Reaction of covalently closed circular PM2 bacteriophage DNA with the anticancer drug bleomycin produces nicked circular (form II) and linear duplex (form III) DNA [Lloyd, R.S., Haidle, C.W. & Robberson, D.L. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1890-1896]. As the reaction proceeds, the frequencies of both form II and form III DNA increase and, concomitantly, an increasing fraction of the DNA mass is found to be in crosslinked structures. Approximately 16% of the PM2 DNA mass is found to be crosslinked after 30 min of reaction with bleomycin at 0.5 microgram/ml. The proportion of each form found in any given crosslinked structure is directly related to the concentration of uncrosslinked (monomeric) forms. Multiple sites of crosslinking occur, and these frequently extend over a region of approximately 500 nucleotide pairs. The intermolecular crosslinked bonds are dissociated by extensive dialysis or by the addition of salt at high concentration (0.8 M NaCl), as would be expected if the bonds were noncovalent. Because intramolecular covalent crosslinks between complementary strands are not detected, it is suggested that intermolecular crosslinks are formed by noncovalent association of bleomycin molecules bound to each of the forms of DNA.", "contents": "Noncovalent intermolecular crosslinks are produced by bleomycin reaction with duplex DNA. Reaction of covalently closed circular PM2 bacteriophage DNA with the anticancer drug bleomycin produces nicked circular (form II) and linear duplex (form III) DNA [Lloyd, R.S., Haidle, C.W. & Robberson, D.L. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1890-1896]. As the reaction proceeds, the frequencies of both form II and form III DNA increase and, concomitantly, an increasing fraction of the DNA mass is found to be in crosslinked structures. Approximately 16% of the PM2 DNA mass is found to be crosslinked after 30 min of reaction with bleomycin at 0.5 microgram/ml. The proportion of each form found in any given crosslinked structure is directly related to the concentration of uncrosslinked (monomeric) forms. Multiple sites of crosslinking occur, and these frequently extend over a region of approximately 500 nucleotide pairs. The intermolecular crosslinked bonds are dissociated by extensive dialysis or by the addition of salt at high concentration (0.8 M NaCl), as would be expected if the bonds were noncovalent. Because intramolecular covalent crosslinks between complementary strands are not detected, it is suggested that intermolecular crosslinks are formed by noncovalent association of bleomycin molecules bound to each of the forms of DNA.", "PMID": 88734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11267", "title": "beta 0 thalassemia, a nonsense mutation in man.", "content": "We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region and the first 74 amino acids of the nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA in a patient with homozygous beta 0 thalassemia. We identified the molecular defect as a single nucleotide substitution in the coding region of the mRNA. At the position corresponding to amino acid 17, replacement of an adenine by a uracil changes the triplet AAG, which codes for lysine in the normal beta chain, to an amber termination codon, UAG. This type of beta 0 thalassemia represents an example of a nonsense mutation in man.", "contents": "beta 0 thalassemia, a nonsense mutation in man. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region and the first 74 amino acids of the nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA in a patient with homozygous beta 0 thalassemia. We identified the molecular defect as a single nucleotide substitution in the coding region of the mRNA. At the position corresponding to amino acid 17, replacement of an adenine by a uracil changes the triplet AAG, which codes for lysine in the normal beta chain, to an amber termination codon, UAG. This type of beta 0 thalassemia represents an example of a nonsense mutation in man.", "PMID": 88735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11268", "title": "Virolysis of mouse mammary tumor virus by sera from breast cancer patients.", "content": "All type C retroviruses are lysed by human serum in apparently antibody-independent, complement-mediated reactions. In contrast, we have now determined that the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a type B retrovirus, is not disrupted by normal human serum. MMTV was lysed, however, when rabbit antibody to whole MMTV was added to the serum. By taking advantage of this dependence of MMTV lysis on specific antibody, a virolytic assay was developed, based on the measurement of reverse transcriptase released from disrupted virions, to search for evidence of antibodies to MMTV in human sera. Significantly greater virolytic activity was detected in the sera of patients with breast cancer than in sera of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.001) or colorectal cancer (P less than 0.001) or in sera from apparently healthy individuals (P less than 0.002). This assay thus appears to be able to detect a unique attribute, possibly the presence of an antibody crossreacting with MMTV, in serum in patient with breast cancer.", "contents": "Virolysis of mouse mammary tumor virus by sera from breast cancer patients. All type C retroviruses are lysed by human serum in apparently antibody-independent, complement-mediated reactions. In contrast, we have now determined that the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a type B retrovirus, is not disrupted by normal human serum. MMTV was lysed, however, when rabbit antibody to whole MMTV was added to the serum. By taking advantage of this dependence of MMTV lysis on specific antibody, a virolytic assay was developed, based on the measurement of reverse transcriptase released from disrupted virions, to search for evidence of antibodies to MMTV in human sera. Significantly greater virolytic activity was detected in the sera of patients with breast cancer than in sera of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.001) or colorectal cancer (P less than 0.001) or in sera from apparently healthy individuals (P less than 0.002). This assay thus appears to be able to detect a unique attribute, possibly the presence of an antibody crossreacting with MMTV, in serum in patient with breast cancer.", "PMID": 88736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11269", "title": "[Radiology of joint trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Demonstration of the value of diagnostic radiology in the field of surgical trauma, especially in trauma of the skeletal system. Recommendation to place special emphasis on optimal X-ray technique - in the radiography of acute trauma as well as in follow-up studies.", "contents": "[Radiology of joint trauma (author's transl)]. Demonstration of the value of diagnostic radiology in the field of surgical trauma, especially in trauma of the skeletal system. Recommendation to place special emphasis on optimal X-ray technique - in the radiography of acute trauma as well as in follow-up studies.", "PMID": 88748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11270", "title": "Transrenal ureteral embolization.", "content": "Transrenal closure of the ureter with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate using adjuvant balloon catheter occlusion was successfully performed for the palliative management of inoperable vesicovaginal and vesicosacral fistulas in 3 patients. Unilateral percutaneous nephrostomy provided supravesical urinary diversion as well as access for permanent embolization of the ureter. The contralateral kidney was nonfunctional in 2 patients. In the third, in addition to unilateral ureteral occlusion, the contralateral kidney was defunctionalized by embolization of the renal artery (\"radiological nephrectomy\") to avoid the need for bilateral nephrostomy drainage.", "contents": "Transrenal ureteral embolization. Transrenal closure of the ureter with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate using adjuvant balloon catheter occlusion was successfully performed for the palliative management of inoperable vesicovaginal and vesicosacral fistulas in 3 patients. Unilateral percutaneous nephrostomy provided supravesical urinary diversion as well as access for permanent embolization of the ureter. The contralateral kidney was nonfunctional in 2 patients. In the third, in addition to unilateral ureteral occlusion, the contralateral kidney was defunctionalized by embolization of the renal artery (\"radiological nephrectomy\") to avoid the need for bilateral nephrostomy drainage.", "PMID": 88749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11271", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in large-bowel cancer: demonstration of effectiveness of single agent chemotherapy in a prospectively controlled,, randomized trial.", "content": "In a prospectively randomized study, the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU on survival and recurrence rates was analyzed in 299 evaluable patients with colorectal carcinoma who either underwent a curative or a palliative resection. In the treatment group, chemotherapy consisted of the intravenous administration of 12 mg/kg daily of 5-FU for 4 consecutive days, then 6 mg/kg on alternate days, to the point of toxicity, or to a maximum of five doses, followed by 12mg/kg weekly for 1 year. Some degree of drug toxicity was seen in the majority of patients, was rarely severe, and there have been no drug-related deaths. Analysis of the survival curves and disease-free interval curves reveal definite evidence of drug benefit in two unfavorable subgroups, namely patients with Dukes C tumors and in patients whose tumor was located in the rectum. In the chemotherapy groups, patients who were treated to toxicity (WBC less than 4000 mm3), the disease-free interval was significantly longer than the nonleukopenic patients. We conclude that the addition of 5-FU to the surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma provides a small, but significant benefit in patients with colorectal cancer in certain unfavorable subgroups, namely patients with Dukes C lesions and patients with rectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in large-bowel cancer: demonstration of effectiveness of single agent chemotherapy in a prospectively controlled,, randomized trial. In a prospectively randomized study, the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU on survival and recurrence rates was analyzed in 299 evaluable patients with colorectal carcinoma who either underwent a curative or a palliative resection. In the treatment group, chemotherapy consisted of the intravenous administration of 12 mg/kg daily of 5-FU for 4 consecutive days, then 6 mg/kg on alternate days, to the point of toxicity, or to a maximum of five doses, followed by 12mg/kg weekly for 1 year. Some degree of drug toxicity was seen in the majority of patients, was rarely severe, and there have been no drug-related deaths. Analysis of the survival curves and disease-free interval curves reveal definite evidence of drug benefit in two unfavorable subgroups, namely patients with Dukes C tumors and in patients whose tumor was located in the rectum. In the chemotherapy groups, patients who were treated to toxicity (WBC less than 4000 mm3), the disease-free interval was significantly longer than the nonleukopenic patients. We conclude that the addition of 5-FU to the surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma provides a small, but significant benefit in patients with colorectal cancer in certain unfavorable subgroups, namely patients with Dukes C lesions and patients with rectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 88753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11272", "title": "Adjvant treatment of tongue and floor of the mouth cancers.", "content": "Since January 1974, 95 patients with anterior tongue and floor of the mouth cancers were included in a randomized trial. After stratification according to staging and initial treatment, one-third of the patients received chemotherapy for 2 years (methotrexate 400 mg followed by citrovorum factor 100 mg + bleomycin 60 mg/week, during the first 15 weeks), one-third of the patients received immunotherapy with weekly C. parvum injections during 2 years, while the remaining third did not receive any treatment. If adjuvant treatment seems to delay recurrence it did not significantly decrease the recurrence rate. Survival is also not signigicantly modified by adjuvant treatment and was better for patients with small tumors. Patients who previously received radiotherapy did not benefit from adjuvant therapy.", "contents": "Adjvant treatment of tongue and floor of the mouth cancers. Since January 1974, 95 patients with anterior tongue and floor of the mouth cancers were included in a randomized trial. After stratification according to staging and initial treatment, one-third of the patients received chemotherapy for 2 years (methotrexate 400 mg followed by citrovorum factor 100 mg + bleomycin 60 mg/week, during the first 15 weeks), one-third of the patients received immunotherapy with weekly C. parvum injections during 2 years, while the remaining third did not receive any treatment. If adjuvant treatment seems to delay recurrence it did not significantly decrease the recurrence rate. Survival is also not signigicantly modified by adjuvant treatment and was better for patients with small tumors. Patients who previously received radiotherapy did not benefit from adjuvant therapy.", "PMID": 88754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11273", "title": "Secondary MLC responses of primed lymphocytes after selective sensitization to non-HLA-D determinants.", "content": "Two HLA-B,D-identical siblings, who differed only for the HLA-A region because of a maternal recombinational event, were studied in primary (1 degrees) and secondary (2 degrees) mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The HLA-A:B recombinant child did not respond to its HLA-B,D-identical sibling in either 1 degrees or 2 degrees MLC. In the reciprocal combination the non-recombinant child responded only weakly in 1 degrees MLC but responded significantly in 2 degrees MLC to the HLA-A:B recombinant child. Thus, it was possible to selectively prime to a non-HLA-D determinant, which is controlled by a gene located distal to HLA-B. Because this determinant was not present on T-cells, it could be distinguished from the serologically defined antigen controlled by the HLA-A locus. Such primed lymphocytes, as well as lymphocytes primed between HLA-identical siblings, revealed high autologous control responses which were not observed when using lymphocytes primed in conventional one-haplotype combinations. The significant 2 degrees MLC response to autologous cells after sensitization to allogeneic cells may reflect recognition of self antigens and raises the question to what extent genetic similarity between responding and stimulating cells is required in the priming phase to elicit a 2 degrees response to autologous cells.", "contents": "Secondary MLC responses of primed lymphocytes after selective sensitization to non-HLA-D determinants. Two HLA-B,D-identical siblings, who differed only for the HLA-A region because of a maternal recombinational event, were studied in primary (1 degrees) and secondary (2 degrees) mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The HLA-A:B recombinant child did not respond to its HLA-B,D-identical sibling in either 1 degrees or 2 degrees MLC. In the reciprocal combination the non-recombinant child responded only weakly in 1 degrees MLC but responded significantly in 2 degrees MLC to the HLA-A:B recombinant child. Thus, it was possible to selectively prime to a non-HLA-D determinant, which is controlled by a gene located distal to HLA-B. Because this determinant was not present on T-cells, it could be distinguished from the serologically defined antigen controlled by the HLA-A locus. Such primed lymphocytes, as well as lymphocytes primed between HLA-identical siblings, revealed high autologous control responses which were not observed when using lymphocytes primed in conventional one-haplotype combinations. The significant 2 degrees MLC response to autologous cells after sensitization to allogeneic cells may reflect recognition of self antigens and raises the question to what extent genetic similarity between responding and stimulating cells is required in the priming phase to elicit a 2 degrees response to autologous cells.", "PMID": 88755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11274", "title": "Alloantigens derived from stimulator cells and bound onto MLC-activated rat T lymphoblasts.", "content": "Rat T lymphocytes were activated in MLC (mixed leucocyte culture) against allogeneic stimulator cells. A few percent of such T blasts could be shown to carry IgM on their surface when a mixture of T and B lymphocytes was used as responder cells. The immunoglobulin was absent when purified T lymphocytes served as responders. A large proportion of MLC T lymphoblasts could be shown to carry stimulator alloantigens on their surface. These antigens were demonstrated (a) by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-stimulator alloantibody and FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate Isomer I)-labelled F(ab)2 fragments of rabbit anti-rat Ig; (b) by autoradiography after internal labelling of stimulator cells, which showed the transfer of label from stimulator to responder cells. For biochemical analysis T blasts were restimulated with internally labelled allogeneic or syngeneic stimulator cells, and bound radiolabelled stimulator alloantigens were analysed on SDS-PAGE (sodium lauryl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results suggest that intact SD antigens with a molecular weight of 45,000 daltons and LD determinants with a molecular weight of 34,000 daltons derived from stimulator cells are found on MLC T blasts. No evidence of binding of the 27,000-dalton Ia chain to T blasts was found. Possible arrangements of these molecules on the responder blasts is discussed.", "contents": "Alloantigens derived from stimulator cells and bound onto MLC-activated rat T lymphoblasts. Rat T lymphocytes were activated in MLC (mixed leucocyte culture) against allogeneic stimulator cells. A few percent of such T blasts could be shown to carry IgM on their surface when a mixture of T and B lymphocytes was used as responder cells. The immunoglobulin was absent when purified T lymphocytes served as responders. A large proportion of MLC T lymphoblasts could be shown to carry stimulator alloantigens on their surface. These antigens were demonstrated (a) by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-stimulator alloantibody and FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate Isomer I)-labelled F(ab)2 fragments of rabbit anti-rat Ig; (b) by autoradiography after internal labelling of stimulator cells, which showed the transfer of label from stimulator to responder cells. For biochemical analysis T blasts were restimulated with internally labelled allogeneic or syngeneic stimulator cells, and bound radiolabelled stimulator alloantigens were analysed on SDS-PAGE (sodium lauryl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results suggest that intact SD antigens with a molecular weight of 45,000 daltons and LD determinants with a molecular weight of 34,000 daltons derived from stimulator cells are found on MLC T blasts. No evidence of binding of the 27,000-dalton Ia chain to T blasts was found. Possible arrangements of these molecules on the responder blasts is discussed.", "PMID": 88756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11275", "title": "Quantification of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) by immunoprecipitation techniques: the influence of a cross-reacting high molecular weight alpha2-protein.", "content": "Two serum proteins with SP1 determinants were separated by means of size chromatography and preparative zone electrophoresis. One of the proteins had beta1 electrophoretic mobility and an estimated molecular weight of 90,000, and the other had alpha2-mobility and a molecular weight around 400,000. When available antibody preparations to SP1 were used, the high molecular weight protein formed immunoprecipitates only when polyethyleneglycol (PEG) was added to the agarose. It is shown that the high molecular weight protein has a pronounced effect on quantification of SP1 by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, whereas the effect was less pronounced but still considerable when quantification was performed by radial immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Quantification of the pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1) by immunoprecipitation techniques: the influence of a cross-reacting high molecular weight alpha2-protein. Two serum proteins with SP1 determinants were separated by means of size chromatography and preparative zone electrophoresis. One of the proteins had beta1 electrophoretic mobility and an estimated molecular weight of 90,000, and the other had alpha2-mobility and a molecular weight around 400,000. When available antibody preparations to SP1 were used, the high molecular weight protein formed immunoprecipitates only when polyethyleneglycol (PEG) was added to the agarose. It is shown that the high molecular weight protein has a pronounced effect on quantification of SP1 by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, whereas the effect was less pronounced but still considerable when quantification was performed by radial immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 88757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11276", "title": "Con-A-activated T cells secrete factors with polyclonal B-cell-activating properties.", "content": "Concanavalin A induced polyclonal antibody synthesis in normal spleen cells in vitro. Optimal responses were obtained by Con A concentrations lower than those optimal for induction of DNA synthesis. T cells, but not macrophages, were necessary for the effect. Spleen cells from nude mice were not activated, whereas cells from the LPS non-responder stain C3H/HeJ were activated to polyclonal antibody synthesis by Con A. Supernatants from Con A activated spleen cells could by themselves induce polyclonal antibody synthesis in untreated spleen cell cultures, even when Con A had been removed by absorption with Sephadex G-50 and when alpha-methyl-mannoside was present in the secondary cultures. T cells produced the active supernatants, which were competent to induce polyclonal antibody synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, in both H-2-incompatible and compatible strains. When the supernants were absorbed with erythrocyte antigens, they specifically induced an enhanced response, in secondary cultures, to the antigen used for absorption. Possible mechanisms of this specific effect are discussed.", "contents": "Con-A-activated T cells secrete factors with polyclonal B-cell-activating properties. Concanavalin A induced polyclonal antibody synthesis in normal spleen cells in vitro. Optimal responses were obtained by Con A concentrations lower than those optimal for induction of DNA synthesis. T cells, but not macrophages, were necessary for the effect. Spleen cells from nude mice were not activated, whereas cells from the LPS non-responder stain C3H/HeJ were activated to polyclonal antibody synthesis by Con A. Supernatants from Con A activated spleen cells could by themselves induce polyclonal antibody synthesis in untreated spleen cell cultures, even when Con A had been removed by absorption with Sephadex G-50 and when alpha-methyl-mannoside was present in the secondary cultures. T cells produced the active supernatants, which were competent to induce polyclonal antibody synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, in both H-2-incompatible and compatible strains. When the supernants were absorbed with erythrocyte antigens, they specifically induced an enhanced response, in secondary cultures, to the antigen used for absorption. Possible mechanisms of this specific effect are discussed.", "PMID": 88758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11277", "title": "Endotoxins of anaerobic gram-negative rods.", "content": "Endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Fusobacterium are similar to those of Salmonella with respect to chemical composition, O-antigenic specificity and endotoxic activity. Bacteroides LPS are highly atypical with respect to the chemical composition, and their endotoxic activity is low. O-Antigenic specificity is present. B. fragilis LPS is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro and in vivo. The chemotactic activity is brought about by activation of the alternative complement pathway.", "contents": "Endotoxins of anaerobic gram-negative rods. Endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Fusobacterium are similar to those of Salmonella with respect to chemical composition, O-antigenic specificity and endotoxic activity. Bacteroides LPS are highly atypical with respect to the chemical composition, and their endotoxic activity is low. O-Antigenic specificity is present. B. fragilis LPS is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro and in vivo. The chemotactic activity is brought about by activation of the alternative complement pathway.", "PMID": 88759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11278", "title": "On the occurrence of serum antibodies to Bacteroides fragilis and serogroups of E. coli in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "Eight strains of Bacteroides fragilis, five isolated from patients with Crohn's disease and three from healthy individuals, and according to biochemical tests belonging to four subspecies, were subjected to a serologic examination with tube agglutination and passive hemagglutination (HA) tests using hyperimmune rabbit antisera. A close antigenic relationship was demonstrated between two of the strains and minor relationships between three other strains. Cross absorption experiments showed that the antigenically related strains had common antigen(s) besides strain specific antigens. Crude antigens of each of the eight B. fragilis strains, and eight known serotypes of nonenteropathic E. coli, were used in passive HA tests to study the occurrence of circulating hemagglutinins in patients with Crohn's disease, and in control patients and healthy individuals with no obvious intestinal disease. It was found that patients with Crohn's disease had higher titres against B. fragilis than control patients and healthy individuals (the p-value was less than 0.01 if titres greater than or equal to 1:40 were chosen as comparison, equal for males and females). Higher titres were also recorded for Crohn's patients against the various serotypes of E. coli than for control patients and healthy individuals (if titres less than or equal to 1:160 were chosen as comparison the p-value was less than 0.01 for men and less than 0.001 for women.", "contents": "On the occurrence of serum antibodies to Bacteroides fragilis and serogroups of E. coli in patients with Crohn's disease. Eight strains of Bacteroides fragilis, five isolated from patients with Crohn's disease and three from healthy individuals, and according to biochemical tests belonging to four subspecies, were subjected to a serologic examination with tube agglutination and passive hemagglutination (HA) tests using hyperimmune rabbit antisera. A close antigenic relationship was demonstrated between two of the strains and minor relationships between three other strains. Cross absorption experiments showed that the antigenically related strains had common antigen(s) besides strain specific antigens. Crude antigens of each of the eight B. fragilis strains, and eight known serotypes of nonenteropathic E. coli, were used in passive HA tests to study the occurrence of circulating hemagglutinins in patients with Crohn's disease, and in control patients and healthy individuals with no obvious intestinal disease. It was found that patients with Crohn's disease had higher titres against B. fragilis than control patients and healthy individuals (the p-value was less than 0.01 if titres greater than or equal to 1:40 were chosen as comparison, equal for males and females). Higher titres were also recorded for Crohn's patients against the various serotypes of E. coli than for control patients and healthy individuals (if titres less than or equal to 1:160 were chosen as comparison the p-value was less than 0.01 for men and less than 0.001 for women.", "PMID": 88760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11279", "title": "[Considerations on the radiological treatment of inoperable bronchogenic carcinomas or recurrences after surgical intervention].", "content": "From 1964 to 1977, 315 carcinomas of the bronchus either inoperable or recurring following surgery were treated by radiotherapy using high energy machines (telecobalt therapy and/or Betatron: X-rays or electrons). 116 patients (36.8%) had well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, 70 (22.2%) had undifferentiated or poorly differentiated carcinomas, 97 (30.8%) had small-cell anaplasic carcinomas, and 32 patients (10.2%) had adenocarcinomas or other types of bronchial carcinoma. 199 patients (63.2%) were treated exclusively by radiotherapy and 116 (36.8%) by surgery followed by radiotherapy: 28 had exploratory thoracotomies, 73 curative resections and 15 palliative resections. At the end of irradiation treatment 140 patients (44.5%) showed a subjective and objective (clinical and radiological) improvement, whereas 111 patients, (35.2%) although chest X-rays showed no radiological improvement, had a subjective response; 64 patients (20.3%) showed deterioration. 33.5% of the patients (88/263) lived at least 1 year after completion of radiotherapy: in 25.9% (42/162) the treatment was exclusively radiotherapy and 45.5% (46/101) underwent irradiation after surgery. 12.4% (31/249) of the patients were alive 2 years after completion of irradiation and 5.4% (11/203) after 5 years.", "contents": "[Considerations on the radiological treatment of inoperable bronchogenic carcinomas or recurrences after surgical intervention]. From 1964 to 1977, 315 carcinomas of the bronchus either inoperable or recurring following surgery were treated by radiotherapy using high energy machines (telecobalt therapy and/or Betatron: X-rays or electrons). 116 patients (36.8%) had well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, 70 (22.2%) had undifferentiated or poorly differentiated carcinomas, 97 (30.8%) had small-cell anaplasic carcinomas, and 32 patients (10.2%) had adenocarcinomas or other types of bronchial carcinoma. 199 patients (63.2%) were treated exclusively by radiotherapy and 116 (36.8%) by surgery followed by radiotherapy: 28 had exploratory thoracotomies, 73 curative resections and 15 palliative resections. At the end of irradiation treatment 140 patients (44.5%) showed a subjective and objective (clinical and radiological) improvement, whereas 111 patients, (35.2%) although chest X-rays showed no radiological improvement, had a subjective response; 64 patients (20.3%) showed deterioration. 33.5% of the patients (88/263) lived at least 1 year after completion of radiotherapy: in 25.9% (42/162) the treatment was exclusively radiotherapy and 45.5% (46/101) underwent irradiation after surgery. 12.4% (31/249) of the patients were alive 2 years after completion of irradiation and 5.4% (11/203) after 5 years.", "PMID": 88762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11280", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis. Review, personal and prospective studies].", "content": "1. In a review of methods developed for the identification of fetal malformations, the technique, risks and results of amniocentesis are presented. 2. Large series already published have demonstrated the relative simplicity and feasibility of the procedure as well as current indications for its utilization. These include the detection of chromosomal anomalies, the determination of sex (in certain sex-linked disorders), documentation of enzymatic and metabolic deficiencies, and the demonstration of open lesions of the neural tube by appropriate techniques. 3. Experience with over 500 cases personally tested by the authors entirely confirms the major indications for and benefits of this modern method for the detection and prevention of severe congenital anomalies during early pregnancy. 4. The identification of chromosomal alterations is currently the major objective of the method. Increased risks are associated with pregnancies involving a maternal age of 35 years or older (which account for 1-3% of aneuploidies), the birth of a previous infant with free trisomy 21 (1% recurrence risk) or secondary to a parental chromosome translocation (as much as 10% risk of aneuploidy). Fetal karyotyping for determination of sex, in cases where the mother is a carrier of an X-linked recessive gene (on average, 50% of male offspring will be affected), is an inadequate method of diagnosis to be utilized only until alternative techniques render possible specific diagnosis of the anomalies under consideration (hemophilias A and B, muscular dystrophy, etc). 5. Several of these techniques are now nearing development through the advent of fetoscopy and advanced ultrasound methodology, and have already been applied to the detection of certain sex-linked disorders and also for diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies (thalassemias, sickel cell anemia) and other conditions requiring the obtaining of fetal blood for diagnosis. Technology allowing direct examination of fetal parts by means of optical instruments is particularly useful in cases where a severe fetal morphologic malformation cannot currently be identified by indirect visualization (ultrasound) or by analysis of cytogenetic or molecular markers. 6. Pathological accumulations of alpha-fetoprotein which are associated with diverse feto-placental abnormalities (particularly open malformations of the neural tube) can be detected in the amniotic fluid and/or maternal blood. In extension of this approach, it is foreseeable that conditions existing prenatally will be diagnosed in a growing number of cases from the study of fetal cells and molecules which can be isolated from the venous blood of pregnant women. This will become feasible as a result of some well-developed techniques which allow separation of fetal from maternal cells and metabolites, and also to some extremely fine analytic techniques, notably examination of the DNA itself by means of restriction enzymes.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis. Review, personal and prospective studies]. 1. In a review of methods developed for the identification of fetal malformations, the technique, risks and results of amniocentesis are presented. 2. Large series already published have demonstrated the relative simplicity and feasibility of the procedure as well as current indications for its utilization. These include the detection of chromosomal anomalies, the determination of sex (in certain sex-linked disorders), documentation of enzymatic and metabolic deficiencies, and the demonstration of open lesions of the neural tube by appropriate techniques. 3. Experience with over 500 cases personally tested by the authors entirely confirms the major indications for and benefits of this modern method for the detection and prevention of severe congenital anomalies during early pregnancy. 4. The identification of chromosomal alterations is currently the major objective of the method. Increased risks are associated with pregnancies involving a maternal age of 35 years or older (which account for 1-3% of aneuploidies), the birth of a previous infant with free trisomy 21 (1% recurrence risk) or secondary to a parental chromosome translocation (as much as 10% risk of aneuploidy). Fetal karyotyping for determination of sex, in cases where the mother is a carrier of an X-linked recessive gene (on average, 50% of male offspring will be affected), is an inadequate method of diagnosis to be utilized only until alternative techniques render possible specific diagnosis of the anomalies under consideration (hemophilias A and B, muscular dystrophy, etc). 5. Several of these techniques are now nearing development through the advent of fetoscopy and advanced ultrasound methodology, and have already been applied to the detection of certain sex-linked disorders and also for diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies (thalassemias, sickel cell anemia) and other conditions requiring the obtaining of fetal blood for diagnosis. Technology allowing direct examination of fetal parts by means of optical instruments is particularly useful in cases where a severe fetal morphologic malformation cannot currently be identified by indirect visualization (ultrasound) or by analysis of cytogenetic or molecular markers. 6. Pathological accumulations of alpha-fetoprotein which are associated with diverse feto-placental abnormalities (particularly open malformations of the neural tube) can be detected in the amniotic fluid and/or maternal blood. In extension of this approach, it is foreseeable that conditions existing prenatally will be diagnosed in a growing number of cases from the study of fetal cells and molecules which can be isolated from the venous blood of pregnant women. This will become feasible as a result of some well-developed techniques which allow separation of fetal from maternal cells and metabolites, and also to some extremely fine analytic techniques, notably examination of the DNA itself by means of restriction enzymes.", "PMID": 88763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11281", "title": "The diagnosis and management of hairy-cell leukaemia.", "content": "Over a 4-year period 203 patients with various types of leukaemia were treated by the Haematology Unit at the Johannesburg Hospital. Ten of them were suffering from the condition known as hairy-cell leukaemia or leukaemic reticulo-endotheliosis. They were all men, and ranged in age from 29 to 67 years (mean 56 years). The majority presented with pancytopenia, and there was invariably splenomegaly, while lymphadenopathy was rare. Hairy cells were identified microscopically in the peripheral blood of 7 patients and in 5 the specific cytochemical marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, was present. In addition, in a further 2 patients this feature, which was not identified in the peripheral blood, was found in the splenic cells. The bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens characteristically showed extensive lymphoid infiltration associated with a dense disordered deposition of reticulin fibres. Electron microscopical and immunological studies proved to be of doubtful diagnostic value. Splenectomy was carried out on 9 patients, and there was tumour involvement in all the spleens removed. Two patients died from septicaemia, the one before splenectomy and the other 9 months after the operation. The 8 remaining patients have had their subjective symptoms alleviated and their peripheral blood indices have been improved by splenectomy, and none has required further treatment for periods now ranging from 7 to 41 months.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of hairy-cell leukaemia. Over a 4-year period 203 patients with various types of leukaemia were treated by the Haematology Unit at the Johannesburg Hospital. Ten of them were suffering from the condition known as hairy-cell leukaemia or leukaemic reticulo-endotheliosis. They were all men, and ranged in age from 29 to 67 years (mean 56 years). The majority presented with pancytopenia, and there was invariably splenomegaly, while lymphadenopathy was rare. Hairy cells were identified microscopically in the peripheral blood of 7 patients and in 5 the specific cytochemical marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, was present. In addition, in a further 2 patients this feature, which was not identified in the peripheral blood, was found in the splenic cells. The bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens characteristically showed extensive lymphoid infiltration associated with a dense disordered deposition of reticulin fibres. Electron microscopical and immunological studies proved to be of doubtful diagnostic value. Splenectomy was carried out on 9 patients, and there was tumour involvement in all the spleens removed. Two patients died from septicaemia, the one before splenectomy and the other 9 months after the operation. The 8 remaining patients have had their subjective symptoms alleviated and their peripheral blood indices have been improved by splenectomy, and none has required further treatment for periods now ranging from 7 to 41 months.", "PMID": 88770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11282", "title": "Cardiovascular hemodynamics after opsonic alpha-2-surface binding glycoprotein therapy in injured patients.", "content": "Depression of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic function has been clearly documented following trauma and operation. This phagocytic failure is mediated in part by depletion of an opsonic glycoprotein. Depletion of this opsonic protein may result in prolonged blood retention of potentially harmful particulates that may interfere with the microcirculation and may possibly result in altered organ function. Isolation and identification of this opsonic protein has led to the finding of the identity between opsonic glycoprotein and cold insoluble globulin (CIg) or so-called plasma fibronectin. Since CIg is concentrated in cryoprecipitate, this blood component was used as a readily available source of opsonic protein for replacement studies. Nine patients were studied following a 1-hour infusion of cryoprecipitate obtained from 10 units of plasma and suspended in a volume of 250 ml. Both the pulmonary shunt fraction and the fraction of dead space ventilation decreased significantly (P = 0.02) after cryoprecipitate administration. Limb blood flow (P = 0.001), limb oxygen consumption (P = 0.001), and reactive hyperemia of the limb (P = 0.05) increased significantly following cryoprecipitate infusion. Cardiac output, total oxygen consumption did not change consistently. The data demonstrate that the infusion of cryoprecipitate resulted in improved pulmonary and microcirculatory function--possibly due to opsonic glycoprotein replacement.", "contents": "Cardiovascular hemodynamics after opsonic alpha-2-surface binding glycoprotein therapy in injured patients. Depression of reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytic function has been clearly documented following trauma and operation. This phagocytic failure is mediated in part by depletion of an opsonic glycoprotein. Depletion of this opsonic protein may result in prolonged blood retention of potentially harmful particulates that may interfere with the microcirculation and may possibly result in altered organ function. Isolation and identification of this opsonic protein has led to the finding of the identity between opsonic glycoprotein and cold insoluble globulin (CIg) or so-called plasma fibronectin. Since CIg is concentrated in cryoprecipitate, this blood component was used as a readily available source of opsonic protein for replacement studies. Nine patients were studied following a 1-hour infusion of cryoprecipitate obtained from 10 units of plasma and suspended in a volume of 250 ml. Both the pulmonary shunt fraction and the fraction of dead space ventilation decreased significantly (P = 0.02) after cryoprecipitate administration. Limb blood flow (P = 0.001), limb oxygen consumption (P = 0.001), and reactive hyperemia of the limb (P = 0.05) increased significantly following cryoprecipitate infusion. Cardiac output, total oxygen consumption did not change consistently. The data demonstrate that the infusion of cryoprecipitate resulted in improved pulmonary and microcirculatory function--possibly due to opsonic glycoprotein replacement.", "PMID": 88771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11283", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of Rhesus monkeys. XII: Cellular typing for D locus antigens in families.", "content": "Typing cells (TC) were used for the identification of D locus antigens in rhesus monkey families. The antigens defined by this cellular method always segregated with the other RhLA-controlled markers except in one offspring with a proven recombination within the RhLA region; in that case, the D antigen was inherited in coupling with an antigen of the Ia1 locus (the analog of the human DR locus). With two exceptions, each TC or group of TC's was associated with one of the serologically defined Ia1 antigens. The two exceptions were associated with \"blanks\" of that series. Interestingly, two independent (mutually MLC responsive) TC groups appeared to be associated with the same Ia1 antigen 75. Equally noteworthy was the observed \"inclusion phenomenon\" among cells of several TC groups, each associated with a single Ia1 antigen or blank of that series. In these cases, some of the TC's of the group were unidirectionally MLC-responsive against other cells of the same group. Certain pitfalls of cellular typing are discussed; unexpected \"false positive\" results were attributed to prior immunization with products of non-D loci which have described recently (van Es & Balner 1978b).", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of Rhesus monkeys. XII: Cellular typing for D locus antigens in families. Typing cells (TC) were used for the identification of D locus antigens in rhesus monkey families. The antigens defined by this cellular method always segregated with the other RhLA-controlled markers except in one offspring with a proven recombination within the RhLA region; in that case, the D antigen was inherited in coupling with an antigen of the Ia1 locus (the analog of the human DR locus). With two exceptions, each TC or group of TC's was associated with one of the serologically defined Ia1 antigens. The two exceptions were associated with \"blanks\" of that series. Interestingly, two independent (mutually MLC responsive) TC groups appeared to be associated with the same Ia1 antigen 75. Equally noteworthy was the observed \"inclusion phenomenon\" among cells of several TC groups, each associated with a single Ia1 antigen or blank of that series. In these cases, some of the TC's of the group were unidirectionally MLC-responsive against other cells of the same group. Certain pitfalls of cellular typing are discussed; unexpected \"false positive\" results were attributed to prior immunization with products of non-D loci which have described recently (van Es & Balner 1978b).", "PMID": 88774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11284", "title": "Lack of linkage between acute intermittent porphyria and the A and B loci of the HLA system.", "content": "Forty-six members of a family known to have Porphyria were studied. As the disease is often latent clinically, erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity was determined to classify the subjects as being healthy or carriers. HLA--A, B, C, Bf, GLO antigens were determined. No linkage between acute intermittent Porphyria and the HLA system was noted in this family.", "contents": "Lack of linkage between acute intermittent porphyria and the A and B loci of the HLA system. Forty-six members of a family known to have Porphyria were studied. As the disease is often latent clinically, erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity was determined to classify the subjects as being healthy or carriers. HLA--A, B, C, Bf, GLO antigens were determined. No linkage between acute intermittent Porphyria and the HLA system was noted in this family.", "PMID": 88775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11285", "title": "B cell antigens of Black Americans.", "content": "Fourty-four unrelated North American Blacks and one Black family were tested for B-cell specific antigens with 7th International Workshop antisera. DR specificities were clearly defined in this group, but were generally less frequent than reported for Black Americans in the 7th Workshop report and were most similar in frequency to those reported for African Blacks. Five new B-cell specificities (DuB40-43, 45) were identified. In contradistinction to Caucasians, Black Americans type for HLA-D with homozygous typing cells failed to exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium between D and DR types.", "contents": "B cell antigens of Black Americans. Fourty-four unrelated North American Blacks and one Black family were tested for B-cell specific antigens with 7th International Workshop antisera. DR specificities were clearly defined in this group, but were generally less frequent than reported for Black Americans in the 7th Workshop report and were most similar in frequency to those reported for African Blacks. Five new B-cell specificities (DuB40-43, 45) were identified. In contradistinction to Caucasians, Black Americans type for HLA-D with homozygous typing cells failed to exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium between D and DR types.", "PMID": 88776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11286", "title": "Cross-reactions of HLA antibodies: VII. Rate of sensitization and serological specificity.", "content": "Varying the sensitization time of the complement-dependent antibody mediated cytotoxicity test, while carefully controlling other test conditions, has enabled us to characterize the subtle reactivities of several broadly reactive sera. In particular, we can discriminate between classes of cells, e.g., HLA-B7 from B27; subclasses cells, e.g., Bw51 from Bw52; and cells carrying new antigens, e.g., Ao79. This manipulation of the cytotoxicity test is discussed in view of its usefulness in separating primary from cross-reactive specificities and in detecting new specificities.", "contents": "Cross-reactions of HLA antibodies: VII. Rate of sensitization and serological specificity. Varying the sensitization time of the complement-dependent antibody mediated cytotoxicity test, while carefully controlling other test conditions, has enabled us to characterize the subtle reactivities of several broadly reactive sera. In particular, we can discriminate between classes of cells, e.g., HLA-B7 from B27; subclasses cells, e.g., Bw51 from Bw52; and cells carrying new antigens, e.g., Ao79. This manipulation of the cytotoxicity test is discussed in view of its usefulness in separating primary from cross-reactive specificities and in detecting new specificities.", "PMID": 88777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11287", "title": "HLA-A, -B, and -D antigens in paralytic poliomyelitis.", "content": "Sixty-two unrelated Caucasian patients from the Munich area who had had paralytic poliomyelitis in the 1950s and the early 1960s were analyzed. HLA-A and -B typing was performed for 26 antigens. HLA-D tying was done using six different established homozygous typing cells defining the specificities Dw1-Dw5 and Dw11, plus one locally defined typing cell. None of the HLA-A, -B or -D determinants showed a significant deviation in frequency from control populations. Of interest may be a decrease of B8 and an increase of Bw16 (Bw38/39) and B27, but these deviations are not significant in their P values are corrected for the number of comparisons made.", "contents": "HLA-A, -B, and -D antigens in paralytic poliomyelitis. Sixty-two unrelated Caucasian patients from the Munich area who had had paralytic poliomyelitis in the 1950s and the early 1960s were analyzed. HLA-A and -B typing was performed for 26 antigens. HLA-D tying was done using six different established homozygous typing cells defining the specificities Dw1-Dw5 and Dw11, plus one locally defined typing cell. None of the HLA-A, -B or -D determinants showed a significant deviation in frequency from control populations. Of interest may be a decrease of B8 and an increase of Bw16 (Bw38/39) and B27, but these deviations are not significant in their P values are corrected for the number of comparisons made.", "PMID": 88778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11288", "title": "Analysis of progesterone in unextracted serum: a method using danazol [17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno(2, 3-d) isoxazol-17-ol] a blocker of steroid binding to proteins.", "content": "A technique has been developed in which progesterone may be measured by radioimmunoassay in unextracted serum. The method depends on the displacement of progesterone from serum binding proteins by danazol, [17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno (2,3-d) isoxazol-17-ol], a compound which also blocks recombination of free progesterone with proteins and does not cross react with the progesterone antiserum. This new method saves time and labour, and fulfills the criteria of sensitivity and precision for clinical use. The results correlate well with those of conventional assays for progesterone.", "contents": "Analysis of progesterone in unextracted serum: a method using danazol [17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno(2, 3-d) isoxazol-17-ol] a blocker of steroid binding to proteins. A technique has been developed in which progesterone may be measured by radioimmunoassay in unextracted serum. The method depends on the displacement of progesterone from serum binding proteins by danazol, [17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yno (2,3-d) isoxazol-17-ol], a compound which also blocks recombination of free progesterone with proteins and does not cross react with the progesterone antiserum. This new method saves time and labour, and fulfills the criteria of sensitivity and precision for clinical use. The results correlate well with those of conventional assays for progesterone.", "PMID": 88780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11289", "title": "Antisera reactive directly to estrone sulfate.", "content": "Derivatives of estrone were prepared and linked to bovine serum albumin or its methyl-esterified form to produce immunogens which were effective in raising antisera to estrone sulfate. The most effective was estrone-3-methylphosphonothioate, electrostatically complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin. The ionically combined hapten functioned as an antigenic determinant as do covalently bound haptens when administered to sheep in emulsions with Freund's complete adjuvant. Estrone-3-phosphate covalently or electrostatically linked to bovine serum albumin also produced antisera reactive to estrone sulfate. Estrone sulfate itself, after electrostatically complexing to methylated bovine serum albumin and administration with Freund's complete adjuvant to sheep, was ineffective in producing antisera. The sera which had workable titres to estrone sulfate showed considerable cross-reaction with free estrone but was otherwise highly specific with little or no reaction with other steroid sulfates, glucosiduronates or other free steroids. Radioimmunoassay curves using [6,7-3H]-estrone sulfate were highly sensitive and were effective in the range of 5-250 pg estrone sulfate.", "contents": "Antisera reactive directly to estrone sulfate. Derivatives of estrone were prepared and linked to bovine serum albumin or its methyl-esterified form to produce immunogens which were effective in raising antisera to estrone sulfate. The most effective was estrone-3-methylphosphonothioate, electrostatically complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin. The ionically combined hapten functioned as an antigenic determinant as do covalently bound haptens when administered to sheep in emulsions with Freund's complete adjuvant. Estrone-3-phosphate covalently or electrostatically linked to bovine serum albumin also produced antisera reactive to estrone sulfate. Estrone sulfate itself, after electrostatically complexing to methylated bovine serum albumin and administration with Freund's complete adjuvant to sheep, was ineffective in producing antisera. The sera which had workable titres to estrone sulfate showed considerable cross-reaction with free estrone but was otherwise highly specific with little or no reaction with other steroid sulfates, glucosiduronates or other free steroids. Radioimmunoassay curves using [6,7-3H]-estrone sulfate were highly sensitive and were effective in the range of 5-250 pg estrone sulfate.", "PMID": 88781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11290", "title": "Cytoplasmic differentiation antigens of human epidermal cells.", "content": "Three immunologically distinct types of cytoplasmic antigens have been found to be expressed concurrently in normal human skin. These antigens are tissue but not species specific and differ by their location in different subpopulations of cells. One type is present only in the superficial layers of the epidermis, another only in basal cells, and the third is present in all keratinocytes. All subjects studied to date have all three types of antigens in their skin. There seems to be two subgroups of antigens of each type. One subgroup consists of antigens expressed universally in all subjects. The other consists of a family of variably expressed antigens which are common to some but not all persons. They may represent genetically determined alloantigens different from HLA. The superficial basal cell antigens are absent or greatly decreased in expression in malignant, but not in benign, tumors of the epidermis. This finding, along with the stratification of the antigens in different layers of the skin, suggests that epidermal cytoplasmic antigens are differentiation antigens.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic differentiation antigens of human epidermal cells. Three immunologically distinct types of cytoplasmic antigens have been found to be expressed concurrently in normal human skin. These antigens are tissue but not species specific and differ by their location in different subpopulations of cells. One type is present only in the superficial layers of the epidermis, another only in basal cells, and the third is present in all keratinocytes. All subjects studied to date have all three types of antigens in their skin. There seems to be two subgroups of antigens of each type. One subgroup consists of antigens expressed universally in all subjects. The other consists of a family of variably expressed antigens which are common to some but not all persons. They may represent genetically determined alloantigens different from HLA. The superficial basal cell antigens are absent or greatly decreased in expression in malignant, but not in benign, tumors of the epidermis. This finding, along with the stratification of the antigens in different layers of the skin, suggests that epidermal cytoplasmic antigens are differentiation antigens.", "PMID": 88782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11291", "title": "Analysis of guinea pig membrane proteins recognized by heterologous antilymphocyte sera. Specific recognition of Ia alloantigens.", "content": "Heterologous antilymphocytes sera (ALS) produced in several species against a variety of guinea pig lymphocytes populations were studied by immunoprecipitation experiments and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses to characterize the membrane proteins recognized by these antisera. Although a number of different proteins were recognized by these sera, high-titered antibodies against guinea pig Ia antigens could be demonstrated in all ALS, including those produced against thymocytes. Furthermore, selective absorptions and sequential precipitation experiments revealed significant levels of xenoantibodies that recognized specific Ia alloantigenic determinants. The potential significance of antibodies against Ia antigens in heterologous antilymphocyte and antithymocyte sera is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of guinea pig membrane proteins recognized by heterologous antilymphocyte sera. Specific recognition of Ia alloantigens. Heterologous antilymphocytes sera (ALS) produced in several species against a variety of guinea pig lymphocytes populations were studied by immunoprecipitation experiments and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses to characterize the membrane proteins recognized by these antisera. Although a number of different proteins were recognized by these sera, high-titered antibodies against guinea pig Ia antigens could be demonstrated in all ALS, including those produced against thymocytes. Furthermore, selective absorptions and sequential precipitation experiments revealed significant levels of xenoantibodies that recognized specific Ia alloantigenic determinants. The potential significance of antibodies against Ia antigens in heterologous antilymphocyte and antithymocyte sera is discussed.", "PMID": 88783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11292", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with vinblastine, bleomycin and methotrexate in DTIC-resistant metastatic melanoma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with metastatic DTIC-resistant malignant melanoma were treated with vinblastine, bleomycin and methotrexate combination chemotherapy. Three patients showed an objective response (one complete response). The therapy was well tolerated and easy to administer. This combination appears to produce in DTIC-resistance patients a response rate similar to that obtained with DTIC.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with vinblastine, bleomycin and methotrexate in DTIC-resistant metastatic melanoma. Fifteen patients with metastatic DTIC-resistant malignant melanoma were treated with vinblastine, bleomycin and methotrexate combination chemotherapy. Three patients showed an objective response (one complete response). The therapy was well tolerated and easy to administer. This combination appears to produce in DTIC-resistance patients a response rate similar to that obtained with DTIC.", "PMID": 88784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11293", "title": "Fetal specific serum proteins of the Indian buffalo.", "content": "Fetal specific serum proteins of the Indian buffalo were investigated using rabbit antibuffalo fetal serum, absorbed with lyophilised adult buffalo serum, and subjected to gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analysis. AFP was found to be the major fetal specific serum protein of the Indian buffalo. A close antigenic relationship between the fetal specific serum proteins of the buffalo, sheep and goat and a distant relationship between these proteins of ruminants and man was found by immunological cross reaction studies.", "contents": "Fetal specific serum proteins of the Indian buffalo. Fetal specific serum proteins of the Indian buffalo were investigated using rabbit antibuffalo fetal serum, absorbed with lyophilised adult buffalo serum, and subjected to gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analysis. AFP was found to be the major fetal specific serum protein of the Indian buffalo. A close antigenic relationship between the fetal specific serum proteins of the buffalo, sheep and goat and a distant relationship between these proteins of ruminants and man was found by immunological cross reaction studies.", "PMID": 88787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11294", "title": "[Fractionation of the Trichinella spiralis antigen and allergy diagnosis trails].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to fractionate an antigen of Trichinella spiralis with Sephadex G-50 and G-100. The specificty of the fractions has been followed up by means of the intradermal allergic reaction in six pigs, experimentally infected with Trichenalla spiralis, one with Trichocephalus suis and three, born by trichinellosis-affected sows. The second fraction has been tested also on four pigs, experimentally inoculated with Ascaris suum, nine--with Ascarsis suum and Oesophagostomum and 19 healthy pigs. The intradermal allergic tests were effected with thrichinellous fractions, diluted 1:1000. The results obtained from the investigations indicate that the best separation of the complete trichinellous antigen, obtained from lyophilized trichinellae, is achieved with Sephadex G-100. In the case of an intradermal allergic test, a well-expressed reaction is attained with the 2nd fraction and the 1st fraction, the reaction being maintained for a longer times with the 2nd fraction.", "contents": "[Fractionation of the Trichinella spiralis antigen and allergy diagnosis trails]. Experiments were carried out to fractionate an antigen of Trichinella spiralis with Sephadex G-50 and G-100. The specificty of the fractions has been followed up by means of the intradermal allergic reaction in six pigs, experimentally infected with Trichenalla spiralis, one with Trichocephalus suis and three, born by trichinellosis-affected sows. The second fraction has been tested also on four pigs, experimentally inoculated with Ascaris suum, nine--with Ascarsis suum and Oesophagostomum and 19 healthy pigs. The intradermal allergic tests were effected with thrichinellous fractions, diluted 1:1000. The results obtained from the investigations indicate that the best separation of the complete trichinellous antigen, obtained from lyophilized trichinellae, is achieved with Sephadex G-100. In the case of an intradermal allergic test, a well-expressed reaction is attained with the 2nd fraction and the 1st fraction, the reaction being maintained for a longer times with the 2nd fraction.", "PMID": 88790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11295", "title": "[Effect of axoplasmic flow elimination and denervation on the contents of protein, nucleic acids and glycogen in rat muscle].", "content": "Disturbance of the axoplasmic flow was evoked by ligation of the sciatic nerve with a silk thread moistened with 0.05 solution of colchicine (exposition for 30 s). No intoxication was observed in the animals, the motor function of the operated extremety was preserved. Two weeks after elimination of the axoplasmic flow practically the same changes in the content of contractile and sarcoplasmic proteins, glycogen, DNA and RNA were observed in musculi gastrocnemius as with surgical denervation. The data obtained evidence for an important role of the axoplasmic flow to maintain the normal metabolism in muscles.", "contents": "[Effect of axoplasmic flow elimination and denervation on the contents of protein, nucleic acids and glycogen in rat muscle]. Disturbance of the axoplasmic flow was evoked by ligation of the sciatic nerve with a silk thread moistened with 0.05 solution of colchicine (exposition for 30 s). No intoxication was observed in the animals, the motor function of the operated extremety was preserved. Two weeks after elimination of the axoplasmic flow practically the same changes in the content of contractile and sarcoplasmic proteins, glycogen, DNA and RNA were observed in musculi gastrocnemius as with surgical denervation. The data obtained evidence for an important role of the axoplasmic flow to maintain the normal metabolism in muscles.", "PMID": 88785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11296", "title": "[Aspects related to the antigenic structure and serological specificity of brucellae phylogenetically related to S- and R-forms and dissociated into R-variants].", "content": "The antigenic structures and serological properties of Brucellae S- and R-forms, phylogenetically differentiated, and dissociated R-variants are studied by means of gel-precipitation, immunoelectrophoresis and fixation of the complement. The Brucella suis 1330S, Brucella suis 1330R, Brucella ovis 02 and Brucella abortus 99 are involved in the experiments. Both specific and general antigenic structures are established in all strains studied, but only homologous antibodies from the antigen-antibody complex in the complement-fixation test, induced by the phylogenetically differentiated S- and R-forms (Brucella ovis) or brucellae, diverged into R-variants. Cross complement-fixation tests between the antisera, prepared against S-forms and antigens from natural R-forms (Brucella ovis) or dissociative R-forms (R-variants) have not been observed. Also cross reactions between antisera, induced by R-forms (natural R-forms--Brucella ovis, or dissociative R-variants) and antigens, obtained from S-forms of brucellae are found.", "contents": "[Aspects related to the antigenic structure and serological specificity of brucellae phylogenetically related to S- and R-forms and dissociated into R-variants]. The antigenic structures and serological properties of Brucellae S- and R-forms, phylogenetically differentiated, and dissociated R-variants are studied by means of gel-precipitation, immunoelectrophoresis and fixation of the complement. The Brucella suis 1330S, Brucella suis 1330R, Brucella ovis 02 and Brucella abortus 99 are involved in the experiments. Both specific and general antigenic structures are established in all strains studied, but only homologous antibodies from the antigen-antibody complex in the complement-fixation test, induced by the phylogenetically differentiated S- and R-forms (Brucella ovis) or brucellae, diverged into R-variants. Cross complement-fixation tests between the antisera, prepared against S-forms and antigens from natural R-forms (Brucella ovis) or dissociative R-forms (R-variants) have not been observed. Also cross reactions between antisera, induced by R-forms (natural R-forms--Brucella ovis, or dissociative R-variants) and antigens, obtained from S-forms of brucellae are found.", "PMID": 88791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11297", "title": "[Residual action of Neguvon, Neocidol, Nuvanol and Dursban on the imaginal and larval stages of the housefly].", "content": "It is shown that Dursban, Neocydol and Neguvon preparations, mixed with swine manure at amounts of 500 mg/kg, kill 100 per cent the larvae of the domestic fly up to the 30th, 20th and 10th day, respectively, while the Neguvon and Neocydol preparations in cattle manure, up to the 10th day. Lower concentrations possess a residual effect of a shorter duration. It is also shown that the type of the surfaces and the pH of the mater on which the preparations are placed markedly affect the inctesicide activity and the residual effect of the preparations. The highest activity and the longest residual effect manifest preparations that have been placed on surfaces with a low absorption capacity. The highest effect has been achieved when the preparations are smeared on glass, a lower one, when placed on wood, and the poorest, when laid on mortar.", "contents": "[Residual action of Neguvon, Neocidol, Nuvanol and Dursban on the imaginal and larval stages of the housefly]. It is shown that Dursban, Neocydol and Neguvon preparations, mixed with swine manure at amounts of 500 mg/kg, kill 100 per cent the larvae of the domestic fly up to the 30th, 20th and 10th day, respectively, while the Neguvon and Neocydol preparations in cattle manure, up to the 10th day. Lower concentrations possess a residual effect of a shorter duration. It is also shown that the type of the surfaces and the pH of the mater on which the preparations are placed markedly affect the inctesicide activity and the residual effect of the preparations. The highest activity and the longest residual effect manifest preparations that have been placed on surfaces with a low absorption capacity. The highest effect has been achieved when the preparations are smeared on glass, a lower one, when placed on wood, and the poorest, when laid on mortar.", "PMID": 88792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11298", "title": "Epidemiological investigations on viral hepatitis in preschool and school communities. Note II. Evaluation of the prophylactic efficiency of standard gammaglobulin administration.", "content": "At the beginning of the 1977--1978 schoolyear 10% standard gammaglobulin (0.03 ml/kg body weight) was administered to 974 preschool children and 530 schoolchildren. Representative groups of children were tested serologically and virologically before gammaglobulin administration and 3 months afterwards. No statistically significant reductions of viral hepatitis morbidity were recorded in the protected groups as against controls.", "contents": "Epidemiological investigations on viral hepatitis in preschool and school communities. Note II. Evaluation of the prophylactic efficiency of standard gammaglobulin administration. At the beginning of the 1977--1978 schoolyear 10% standard gammaglobulin (0.03 ml/kg body weight) was administered to 974 preschool children and 530 schoolchildren. Representative groups of children were tested serologically and virologically before gammaglobulin administration and 3 months afterwards. No statistically significant reductions of viral hepatitis morbidity were recorded in the protected groups as against controls.", "PMID": 88794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11299", "title": "[Joint use of thyroid and antithyroid preparations].", "content": "On the model of the mammary gland cancer, induced by a carcinogen in rats, it is shown that thyroxine (in a dose approximately equal to the physiological one, which per se would stimulate neoplasia or renders no effect) increases the antineoplastic action of the thyroid function inhibitors when administered simultaneously. Thus, they may be considered a positive compensation factor. Simultaneous application of the thyroid hormone with a hypolipidemic preparation--cetamiphene seems to be mostly advantageous.", "contents": "[Joint use of thyroid and antithyroid preparations]. On the model of the mammary gland cancer, induced by a carcinogen in rats, it is shown that thyroxine (in a dose approximately equal to the physiological one, which per se would stimulate neoplasia or renders no effect) increases the antineoplastic action of the thyroid function inhibitors when administered simultaneously. Thus, they may be considered a positive compensation factor. Simultaneous application of the thyroid hormone with a hypolipidemic preparation--cetamiphene seems to be mostly advantageous.", "PMID": 88805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11300", "title": "[Search for viral genetic information in human tumor DNA by means of transfection].", "content": "In embryonal human cell culture there was found the biological activity of DNA preparations, obtained from peripheral blood cells of acute leukemia patients, which was manifested in the production of virus-like RNA-containing particles, as evidenced by the radioisotope analysis findings and by the reverse transcriptase content in these particles. Also, a rapid growth of the cultures was noted. The DNA preparations from rhabdomyosarcoma, neurinoma and synovial sarcoma in man would cause only an enhancement of human embryonal cell cultures growth. No production of virus-like particles in the latter was noted.", "contents": "[Search for viral genetic information in human tumor DNA by means of transfection]. In embryonal human cell culture there was found the biological activity of DNA preparations, obtained from peripheral blood cells of acute leukemia patients, which was manifested in the production of virus-like RNA-containing particles, as evidenced by the radioisotope analysis findings and by the reverse transcriptase content in these particles. Also, a rapid growth of the cultures was noted. The DNA preparations from rhabdomyosarcoma, neurinoma and synovial sarcoma in man would cause only an enhancement of human embryonal cell cultures growth. No production of virus-like particles in the latter was noted.", "PMID": 88806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11301", "title": "[Cytological diagnosis of prostatic cancer].", "content": "The authors has made 836 cytological assays in 184 patients with adenoma and cancer of the prostate. Eighty patients were examined using the complex technic (the puncture material and secretion of the prostate, and urine for the presence of atypical cells). Cytographs characteristic of such prestatic lesions are described.", "contents": "[Cytological diagnosis of prostatic cancer]. The authors has made 836 cytological assays in 184 patients with adenoma and cancer of the prostate. Eighty patients were examined using the complex technic (the puncture material and secretion of the prostate, and urine for the presence of atypical cells). Cytographs characteristic of such prestatic lesions are described.", "PMID": 88808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11302", "title": "Immunofluorescent staining of platelet suspensions and detection of antiplatelet antibody in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "Direct immunofluorescent staining of 31 specimens of platelets obtained from 13 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) revealed positive staining on the surface of platelets for both immunoglobulins (Igs) and human B1C globulin in 9 specimens, for only Igs in 1 specimen and for human B1C alone in 5 specimens. The pattern of the positive immunofluorescent staining was granular. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of normal platelets in serum obtained from patients with ITP was positive for antiplatelet antibody in 9 out of 31 specimens. This suggests that platelets in patients with ITP may be damaged by an antiplatelet autoantibody acting directly on the platelet surface and/or by antigen antibody complexes binding via Fc IgG receptors on the surface of the platelets.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent staining of platelet suspensions and detection of antiplatelet antibody in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Direct immunofluorescent staining of 31 specimens of platelets obtained from 13 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) revealed positive staining on the surface of platelets for both immunoglobulins (Igs) and human B1C globulin in 9 specimens, for only Igs in 1 specimen and for human B1C alone in 5 specimens. The pattern of the positive immunofluorescent staining was granular. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of normal platelets in serum obtained from patients with ITP was positive for antiplatelet antibody in 9 out of 31 specimens. This suggests that platelets in patients with ITP may be damaged by an antiplatelet autoantibody acting directly on the platelet surface and/or by antigen antibody complexes binding via Fc IgG receptors on the surface of the platelets.", "PMID": 88810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11303", "title": "Freedom from transmission of hepatitis-B of gamma-globulin and heat-inactivated plasma protein fraction prepared from contaminated human plasma by fractionation with solid-phase polyelectrolytes.", "content": "Plasma contaminated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and shown by others to be infectious when injected in a dilution of 1:1,000,000 in chimpanzees, was fractionated by a solid-phase polyelectrolyte (PE) procedure for its content of plasma protein fraction (PPF) and gamma-globulin (immune serum globulin; ISG). Quantitative Ausria II radioimmunoassays showed that nearly half the HBsAg was bound by the PE and could be eluted at low pH, while the rest was found in the heat-inactivated PPF. When the ISG was concentrated to 16%, the 13 mg/kg (comparable to a human dose) was injected intramuscularly in 6 chimpanzees, or when the PPF was heated at 60 degrees C for h and injected intravenously in 2 chimpanzees, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatitis B infection after 12 months, although 1 chimp of 2 who received the same material showed a borderline positive anti-HBsAg antibody result on one of 52 weekly serum samples. Since the new PE fractionation method is essentially nondenaturing, and simpler than the classical ethanol procedures, it was important to establish the noninfectivity of the final products.", "contents": "Freedom from transmission of hepatitis-B of gamma-globulin and heat-inactivated plasma protein fraction prepared from contaminated human plasma by fractionation with solid-phase polyelectrolytes. Plasma contaminated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and shown by others to be infectious when injected in a dilution of 1:1,000,000 in chimpanzees, was fractionated by a solid-phase polyelectrolyte (PE) procedure for its content of plasma protein fraction (PPF) and gamma-globulin (immune serum globulin; ISG). Quantitative Ausria II radioimmunoassays showed that nearly half the HBsAg was bound by the PE and could be eluted at low pH, while the rest was found in the heat-inactivated PPF. When the ISG was concentrated to 16%, the 13 mg/kg (comparable to a human dose) was injected intramuscularly in 6 chimpanzees, or when the PPF was heated at 60 degrees C for h and injected intravenously in 2 chimpanzees, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatitis B infection after 12 months, although 1 chimp of 2 who received the same material showed a borderline positive anti-HBsAg antibody result on one of 52 weekly serum samples. Since the new PE fractionation method is essentially nondenaturing, and simpler than the classical ethanol procedures, it was important to establish the noninfectivity of the final products.", "PMID": 88811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11304", "title": "Recognition of a non-HLA-ABC antigen present on B and T lymphocytes and monocytes only detectable with the indirect immunofluorescence test.", "content": "The serum of a 39-year-old male under long-term platelet transfusion therapy for hypoplastic anemia with thrombocytopenia was investigated for the presence of leukocyte and platelet antibodies after the patients had received platelet concentrates from more than 700 random donors. The serological studies of his serum revealed: (1) the absence of platelet-reactive antibodies; (2) the absence of agglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies against leukocytes; (3) the presence of at least two granulocyte-specific antibodies, one with the specificity anti-NA2 and the other with an undefined specificity, both only detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, and (4) the presence of cytotoxic-negative fluorescence-positive peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cell-reactive antibodies, not directed against HLA-A, B or C antigens. The significance and implications of these findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Recognition of a non-HLA-ABC antigen present on B and T lymphocytes and monocytes only detectable with the indirect immunofluorescence test. The serum of a 39-year-old male under long-term platelet transfusion therapy for hypoplastic anemia with thrombocytopenia was investigated for the presence of leukocyte and platelet antibodies after the patients had received platelet concentrates from more than 700 random donors. The serological studies of his serum revealed: (1) the absence of platelet-reactive antibodies; (2) the absence of agglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies against leukocytes; (3) the presence of at least two granulocyte-specific antibodies, one with the specificity anti-NA2 and the other with an undefined specificity, both only detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, and (4) the presence of cytotoxic-negative fluorescence-positive peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cell-reactive antibodies, not directed against HLA-A, B or C antigens. The significance and implications of these findings are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 88812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11305", "title": "A new case of gamma-3 heavy chain disease. Biochemical and immunological investigations.", "content": "A new gamma 3 heavy chain disease (gamma 3-HCD) protein (Emm) is described. A molecular weight of 70,000-80,000 daltons was estimated. Antigenic analysis showed that protein Emm lacks light chains and the CH1 domain of heavy chains, whereas the antigenic determinants of the gamma 3 Fc fragment (CH2 and CH3 domains) as well as those of the gamma 3 hinge region were present. Since the anomalous protein was temporarily present in serum Emm, a transient triggering of a cell clone which produces the gamma 3-HCD protein is suggested.", "contents": "A new case of gamma-3 heavy chain disease. Biochemical and immunological investigations. A new gamma 3 heavy chain disease (gamma 3-HCD) protein (Emm) is described. A molecular weight of 70,000-80,000 daltons was estimated. Antigenic analysis showed that protein Emm lacks light chains and the CH1 domain of heavy chains, whereas the antigenic determinants of the gamma 3 Fc fragment (CH2 and CH3 domains) as well as those of the gamma 3 hinge region were present. Since the anomalous protein was temporarily present in serum Emm, a transient triggering of a cell clone which produces the gamma 3-HCD protein is suggested.", "PMID": 88813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11306", "title": "Subtypic linearity in the bovine B blood group system.", "content": "The technique of proteolytic digestion employing the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and protease was used to investigate the physical order of subtypic determinants occurring on bovine erythrocytes. In the B system subgroup Y1, Y2, the determinants behaved as if linearly arranged in the same order as predicted from their serological behavior; furthermore, the differences between the two subtypes appeared to be quantitative rather than qualitative. In the E'1, E'2, E'3 subgroup, however, the subtypic determinants did not appear  to be physically linear, although they are serologically linear.", "contents": "Subtypic linearity in the bovine B blood group system. The technique of proteolytic digestion employing the enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and protease was used to investigate the physical order of subtypic determinants occurring on bovine erythrocytes. In the B system subgroup Y1, Y2, the determinants behaved as if linearly arranged in the same order as predicted from their serological behavior; furthermore, the differences between the two subtypes appeared to be quantitative rather than qualitative. In the E'1, E'2, E'3 subgroup, however, the subtypic determinants did not appear  to be physically linear, although they are serologically linear.", "PMID": 88814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11307", "title": "Macrophage heterogeneity.", "content": "Macrophages are a mobile, functionally diverse group of cells which may be recruited and stimulated to a high degree of metabolic activity. Heterogeneity may be detected from one site to another and result from local influences, e.g. lung v. peritoneal cells, or occur within a population and arise dur to different stages of differentiation, maturation or activation or possibly from distinct cell lines. Recruitment and turnover are important determinants of the diversity of cells at any one site. In addition, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and secretory capacities of macrophages are greatly influenced by the degree and nature of stimulation possibly affecting only a subpopulation of the cells. Accessory cell activity is also a function of a minor population of macrophages which have distinct surface antigens. The sources of the heterogeneity and the interrelationship between the macrophages subpopulations remain to be determined.", "contents": "Macrophage heterogeneity. Macrophages are a mobile, functionally diverse group of cells which may be recruited and stimulated to a high degree of metabolic activity. Heterogeneity may be detected from one site to another and result from local influences, e.g. lung v. peritoneal cells, or occur within a population and arise dur to different stages of differentiation, maturation or activation or possibly from distinct cell lines. Recruitment and turnover are important determinants of the diversity of cells at any one site. In addition, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and secretory capacities of macrophages are greatly influenced by the degree and nature of stimulation possibly affecting only a subpopulation of the cells. Accessory cell activity is also a function of a minor population of macrophages which have distinct surface antigens. The sources of the heterogeneity and the interrelationship between the macrophages subpopulations remain to be determined.", "PMID": 88815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11308", "title": "[Persistent infection in murine L cells infected with the parainfluenza virus SV5].", "content": "Persistent infection of mouse L cells was achieved by serial passages of undiluted parainfluenza SV5 virus. At the level of the 10--12th passage a stationary noncytocidal type of persistent infection was established. A low level of the infectious virus produced by the persistently infected cells was observed; the number of cells synthesizing the virus-specific antigen detectable by immunofluorescence was high. Persistently infected cells were resistant to the infection with the homologous virus and sensitive to superinfection with heterologous viruses. The persisting virus had marked interfering activity. The possibility of participation of defective interfering particles and endogenous oncornavirus in the maintenance of the persistent infection is discussed.", "contents": "[Persistent infection in murine L cells infected with the parainfluenza virus SV5]. Persistent infection of mouse L cells was achieved by serial passages of undiluted parainfluenza SV5 virus. At the level of the 10--12th passage a stationary noncytocidal type of persistent infection was established. A low level of the infectious virus produced by the persistently infected cells was observed; the number of cells synthesizing the virus-specific antigen detectable by immunofluorescence was high. Persistently infected cells were resistant to the infection with the homologous virus and sensitive to superinfection with heterologous viruses. The persisting virus had marked interfering activity. The possibility of participation of defective interfering particles and endogenous oncornavirus in the maintenance of the persistent infection is discussed.", "PMID": 88818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11309", "title": "[Hemagglutinin antigens of influenza viruses isolated from man and birds].", "content": "Immunological analysis has shown hemagglutinins of avian viruses like hemagglutinins of human viruses to have a complex antigenic composition. Three antigenic determinants were discovered in hemagglutinin of A/Chicken/12/71 virus previously designated H3 and in hemagglutinin of A/Tern/18/73 virus previously designated Hav7. The H3 determinant and the second determinant are identical in avian and A/Hong Kong/1/68 human viruses. In addition, hemagglutinins of avian viruses have a determinant specific for each virus which is lacking in human influenza virus hemagglutinin.", "contents": "[Hemagglutinin antigens of influenza viruses isolated from man and birds]. Immunological analysis has shown hemagglutinins of avian viruses like hemagglutinins of human viruses to have a complex antigenic composition. Three antigenic determinants were discovered in hemagglutinin of A/Chicken/12/71 virus previously designated H3 and in hemagglutinin of A/Tern/18/73 virus previously designated Hav7. The H3 determinant and the second determinant are identical in avian and A/Hong Kong/1/68 human viruses. In addition, hemagglutinins of avian viruses have a determinant specific for each virus which is lacking in human influenza virus hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 88816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11310", "title": "[Search for a new antigen associated with oncornavirus D in human breast cancer tumors].", "content": "An antigen similar in its specificity to a nonvirion antigen emerging in stationary tissue culture cells spontaneously or experimentally infected with oncornavirus D was found in mammary gland cancer tumour tissues of 9 out of 54 examined patients. This virus-associated antigen was absent in 17 examined specimens of benign tumours of the same localization (fibroadenomas, mastopathies) or in the organs of a normal adult man or human embryo.", "contents": "[Search for a new antigen associated with oncornavirus D in human breast cancer tumors]. An antigen similar in its specificity to a nonvirion antigen emerging in stationary tissue culture cells spontaneously or experimentally infected with oncornavirus D was found in mammary gland cancer tumour tissues of 9 out of 54 examined patients. This virus-associated antigen was absent in 17 examined specimens of benign tumours of the same localization (fibroadenomas, mastopathies) or in the organs of a normal adult man or human embryo.", "PMID": 88817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11311", "title": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) associated with lymphocytes negative for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity.", "content": "A modified histochemical procedure for nonspecific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in human lymphocytes was used to identify a subpopulation of E-rosette forming cells. Performing a one hour reaction at pH 6.5 the distinct dot-like staining pattern was almost exclusively observed on high affinity E-rosettes which sedimented readily in a regular Ficoll-Metrizoate gradient. By combining latex phagocytosis with staining for ANAE activity, a clear-cut distinction between mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes could be made. An attempt was undertaken to relate the ANAE marker on human lymphocytes to their functional capacity in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions. Using as targets two allogeneic (K562,IGR3) and a xenogeneic cell line (L1210) it could be clearly demonstrated that high SCMC activity is mediated by ANAE negative mononuclear cells, whereas enrichment for ANAE positive lymphocytes resulted in a loss of SCMC.", "contents": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) associated with lymphocytes negative for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity. A modified histochemical procedure for nonspecific acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in human lymphocytes was used to identify a subpopulation of E-rosette forming cells. Performing a one hour reaction at pH 6.5 the distinct dot-like staining pattern was almost exclusively observed on high affinity E-rosettes which sedimented readily in a regular Ficoll-Metrizoate gradient. By combining latex phagocytosis with staining for ANAE activity, a clear-cut distinction between mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes could be made. An attempt was undertaken to relate the ANAE marker on human lymphocytes to their functional capacity in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions. Using as targets two allogeneic (K562,IGR3) and a xenogeneic cell line (L1210) it could be clearly demonstrated that high SCMC activity is mediated by ANAE negative mononuclear cells, whereas enrichment for ANAE positive lymphocytes resulted in a loss of SCMC.", "PMID": 88829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11312", "title": "A cytologic aid to diagnosing congenital glaucoma.", "content": "Using the Giemsa and Papanicolaou staining methods, the authors studied the superficial corneal epithelium of 17 glaucoma patients and 25 normal patients. Smears of the normal patients exhibited a high frequency of precornified cells and a paucity of cornified cells with pyknotic nuclei. Smears of the glaucomatous patients illustrated striking tinctorial changes; these changes were so pronounced that examination of a single section strongly suggested a diagnosis of glaucoma. A case report is presented in which a preliminary diagnosis of congenital glaucoma was disproved by these staining techniques.", "contents": "A cytologic aid to diagnosing congenital glaucoma. Using the Giemsa and Papanicolaou staining methods, the authors studied the superficial corneal epithelium of 17 glaucoma patients and 25 normal patients. Smears of the normal patients exhibited a high frequency of precornified cells and a paucity of cornified cells with pyknotic nuclei. Smears of the glaucomatous patients illustrated striking tinctorial changes; these changes were so pronounced that examination of a single section strongly suggested a diagnosis of glaucoma. A case report is presented in which a preliminary diagnosis of congenital glaucoma was disproved by these staining techniques.", "PMID": 88831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11313", "title": "Role of radiation therapy in rectal cancer.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of radiation therapy as an adjuvant to surgical resection in potentially curable rectal cancers is summarized by the authors, who are participating in clinical trials to evaluate results.", "contents": "Role of radiation therapy in rectal cancer. The advantages and disadvantages of radiation therapy as an adjuvant to surgical resection in potentially curable rectal cancers is summarized by the authors, who are participating in clinical trials to evaluate results.", "PMID": 88833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11314", "title": "[Use of electromyography of the bladder sphincter for the differentiation of prostate adenoma and prostate carcinoma].", "content": "82% of the male patients with healthy urogenital tract showed an isoelectric line in the simultaneous EMG-derivation of the sphincter of the bladder under conditions of rest; in 18% of the males a moderate activity was present. In voluntary innervation at once an intensive electric activity of a spindle-shaped discontinuous pattern of the action potential developed in 76% of the patients. In the pressing trial in 83% of the cases a slight to moderately strong activity appeared. In contrast to the examined patients with healthy outlet of the vesicle the patients in whom an adenoma of the prostate gland or a carcinoma of the prostate gland, respectively, was present exhibited deviations from the normal pattern of the action potential, in which cases carriers of adenoma and carcinoma differed. Whether and to what extent the electromyography on the m. sphincter vesicae allows the possibility of the differentiation between adenoma of the prostate gland and carcinoma of the prostate gland in the early clinical stage shall be reserved for further examination.", "contents": "[Use of electromyography of the bladder sphincter for the differentiation of prostate adenoma and prostate carcinoma]. 82% of the male patients with healthy urogenital tract showed an isoelectric line in the simultaneous EMG-derivation of the sphincter of the bladder under conditions of rest; in 18% of the males a moderate activity was present. In voluntary innervation at once an intensive electric activity of a spindle-shaped discontinuous pattern of the action potential developed in 76% of the patients. In the pressing trial in 83% of the cases a slight to moderately strong activity appeared. In contrast to the examined patients with healthy outlet of the vesicle the patients in whom an adenoma of the prostate gland or a carcinoma of the prostate gland, respectively, was present exhibited deviations from the normal pattern of the action potential, in which cases carriers of adenoma and carcinoma differed. Whether and to what extent the electromyography on the m. sphincter vesicae allows the possibility of the differentiation between adenoma of the prostate gland and carcinoma of the prostate gland in the early clinical stage shall be reserved for further examination.", "PMID": 88850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11315", "title": "[Selective demonstration of amyloid deposits and methodical possibilities of analysis of their ultrastructural differences (author's transl)].", "content": "In preparations stained with congo-rot and covered with arabic gum amyloid deposits reveal intensive, positive birefringence. Collagen is isotropic or shows a mild negative birefringence. This method is most suitable for selective optical demonstration of amyloid deposits. On the base of investigations on ultrastructural stability of amyloid deposits (resistance to performic acid and induced proteolysis) two types may be distinguished: (1) amyloid deposits of labile structure (generalized, secondary amyloidosis) and (2) amyloid deposits of stable structure (generalized primary amyloidosis, local and senile amyloid deposits).", "contents": "[Selective demonstration of amyloid deposits and methodical possibilities of analysis of their ultrastructural differences (author's transl)]. In preparations stained with congo-rot and covered with arabic gum amyloid deposits reveal intensive, positive birefringence. Collagen is isotropic or shows a mild negative birefringence. This method is most suitable for selective optical demonstration of amyloid deposits. On the base of investigations on ultrastructural stability of amyloid deposits (resistance to performic acid and induced proteolysis) two types may be distinguished: (1) amyloid deposits of labile structure (generalized, secondary amyloidosis) and (2) amyloid deposits of stable structure (generalized primary amyloidosis, local and senile amyloid deposits).", "PMID": 88852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11316", "title": "[Effectiveness of supplemental bleomycin therapy in vulvar cancer].", "content": "It is reported about the application of  bleomycin within a randomized prospective investigation. Bleomycin was used for additional chemo-therapy at the vulva-carcinoma. There were treated with Bleomycin 27 of 55 women from two gynaecological hospitals. -- After a period of two years and a half there can not be shown by the \"life-table-method\" advantage neither in comparison to the only surgical therapy not to the cryo-surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of supplemental bleomycin therapy in vulvar cancer]. It is reported about the application of  bleomycin within a randomized prospective investigation. Bleomycin was used for additional chemo-therapy at the vulva-carcinoma. There were treated with Bleomycin 27 of 55 women from two gynaecological hospitals. -- After a period of two years and a half there can not be shown by the \"life-table-method\" advantage neither in comparison to the only surgical therapy not to the cryo-surgical treatment.", "PMID": 88853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11317", "title": "[Status and developmental trends of immunologic contraceptive technics].", "content": "The development of contraceptive vaccines is matter of international research. Among antigens possible unique to the reproductive process, sperm antigens, antigens of seminal plasma and of the ovum, antigens of placental hormones and of placenta specific proteins appear suitable targets of the production of fertility regulating vaccines. High specifity of these vaccines can prevent cross reaction with other body cells.", "contents": "[Status and developmental trends of immunologic contraceptive technics]. The development of contraceptive vaccines is matter of international research. Among antigens possible unique to the reproductive process, sperm antigens, antigens of seminal plasma and of the ovum, antigens of placental hormones and of placenta specific proteins appear suitable targets of the production of fertility regulating vaccines. High specifity of these vaccines can prevent cross reaction with other body cells.", "PMID": 88854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11318", "title": "[Serum concentration of the pregnancy-associated alpha2 glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG, protein of the \"pregnancy zone\", PZ) in malignant gynecologic diseases].", "content": "The concentration of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG, PZ) was investigated by means of electroimmunodiffusion and single radial immunodiffusion in sera of 30 patients suffering from malignant genital diseases. Results of electroimmunodiffusion indicate that surgical and/or radiological treatment is followed by a significant decrease of PZ serum level. But few months later values have been measured as detected before therapy. There were no significant differences of PZ levels in dependence on localization, histological findings and stage of gynaecological cancer. These findings indicate that periodic determinations of serum PZ do not supply the diagnosis for controlling the course of gynaecological cancer.", "contents": "[Serum concentration of the pregnancy-associated alpha2 glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG, protein of the \"pregnancy zone\", PZ) in malignant gynecologic diseases]. The concentration of pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (alpha2-PAG, PZ) was investigated by means of electroimmunodiffusion and single radial immunodiffusion in sera of 30 patients suffering from malignant genital diseases. Results of electroimmunodiffusion indicate that surgical and/or radiological treatment is followed by a significant decrease of PZ serum level. But few months later values have been measured as detected before therapy. There were no significant differences of PZ levels in dependence on localization, histological findings and stage of gynaecological cancer. These findings indicate that periodic determinations of serum PZ do not supply the diagnosis for controlling the course of gynaecological cancer.", "PMID": 88855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11319", "title": "[Improvement in the primary immunization scheme for children against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus].", "content": "The authors studied the reactigenic properties, immunological and epidemiological efficacy of vaccination of children aged under one year by the experimental schemes (AKDC-AKDC-K -- 1 ml, and AKDC-AKDC-K -- 0.5 ml) in comparison with the official pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus immunization scheme. There proved to be a greater immunogenicity and a better protective effect against pertussis in vaccination according to the experimental schemes. The vaccine reactions were somewhat more incident in children vaccinated according to the AKDC-AKDC-K -- 1 ml scheme, but their essential reduction was reached with reduction of the pertussis antigen third vaccination dose to 0.5 ml.", "contents": "[Improvement in the primary immunization scheme for children against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus]. The authors studied the reactigenic properties, immunological and epidemiological efficacy of vaccination of children aged under one year by the experimental schemes (AKDC-AKDC-K -- 1 ml, and AKDC-AKDC-K -- 0.5 ml) in comparison with the official pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus immunization scheme. There proved to be a greater immunogenicity and a better protective effect against pertussis in vaccination according to the experimental schemes. The vaccine reactions were somewhat more incident in children vaccinated according to the AKDC-AKDC-K -- 1 ml scheme, but their essential reduction was reached with reduction of the pertussis antigen third vaccination dose to 0.5 ml.", "PMID": 88857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11320", "title": "Biochemical and histological studies on prostates in castrated dogs after treatment with androstanediol, oestradiol and cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the castrated dog was investigated. BPH was induced by 6 months' treatment with 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol) alone and in combination with 17 beta-oestradiol (Oe2). RNA, DNA and zinc content of the glands were determined in addition to histological examination and measurement of the prostates. Two different types of prostatic enlargement were observed. First, 3 alpha-diol induced typical diffuse canine hyperplasia with replacement of functional activity. DNA, RNA and the zinc content of total glands were increased compared with intact controls. Second, 3 alpha-diol plus Oe2 produced on the one hand a more striking increase of prostatic weights, but on the other a loss of typical morphological structure and function. Histologically, transformation of simple glandular epithelium into stratified squamous metaplasia occurred in addition to stimulation of fibromuscular tissue. Biochemically, a relative decrease of DNA per mg tissue was measured with a fall in the RNA to DNA ratio and zinc to the values of castrates. Administration of CA resulted in an abolition of the 3 alpha-diol effect. Biochemical determinations and histological examinations revealed an effect similar to castration after treatment with 3 alpha-diol plus CA. After treatment with 3 alpha-diol plus Oe2 plus CA fibromuscular stimulation as an oestrogen effect predominated in addition to glandular atrophy and metaplastic changes, especially in prostatic ducts. Epithelial hyperplasia is an effect of 3 alpha-diol, whereas metaplastic proliferation only occurs in oestrogenized and androgenized dogs. In both types of prostatic enlargement CA prevents development of hyperplastic prostate.", "contents": "Biochemical and histological studies on prostates in castrated dogs after treatment with androstanediol, oestradiol and cyproterone acetate. The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the castrated dog was investigated. BPH was induced by 6 months' treatment with 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol) alone and in combination with 17 beta-oestradiol (Oe2). RNA, DNA and zinc content of the glands were determined in addition to histological examination and measurement of the prostates. Two different types of prostatic enlargement were observed. First, 3 alpha-diol induced typical diffuse canine hyperplasia with replacement of functional activity. DNA, RNA and the zinc content of total glands were increased compared with intact controls. Second, 3 alpha-diol plus Oe2 produced on the one hand a more striking increase of prostatic weights, but on the other a loss of typical morphological structure and function. Histologically, transformation of simple glandular epithelium into stratified squamous metaplasia occurred in addition to stimulation of fibromuscular tissue. Biochemically, a relative decrease of DNA per mg tissue was measured with a fall in the RNA to DNA ratio and zinc to the values of castrates. Administration of CA resulted in an abolition of the 3 alpha-diol effect. Biochemical determinations and histological examinations revealed an effect similar to castration after treatment with 3 alpha-diol plus CA. After treatment with 3 alpha-diol plus Oe2 plus CA fibromuscular stimulation as an oestrogen effect predominated in addition to glandular atrophy and metaplastic changes, especially in prostatic ducts. Epithelial hyperplasia is an effect of 3 alpha-diol, whereas metaplastic proliferation only occurs in oestrogenized and androgenized dogs. In both types of prostatic enlargement CA prevents development of hyperplastic prostate.", "PMID": 88858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11321", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms of alpha-fetoprotein production in injured rat liver.", "content": "The role of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-suppressing factor(s) in the increased production of AFP in liver injury was investigated with carbon tetrachloride and ethionine-treated rats. Elevated concentrations of serum AFP induced by these treatments decreased upon administration of prednisolone. However, injections of methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which significantly accelerated the rapid fall of serum AFP levels after birth, produced no such effects on increased AFP levels in hepatic injury. This ineffectiveness of methionine and ATP may suggests that their metabolisms are impaired in the injured liver.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms of alpha-fetoprotein production in injured rat liver. The role of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-suppressing factor(s) in the increased production of AFP in liver injury was investigated with carbon tetrachloride and ethionine-treated rats. Elevated concentrations of serum AFP induced by these treatments decreased upon administration of prednisolone. However, injections of methionine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which significantly accelerated the rapid fall of serum AFP levels after birth, produced no such effects on increased AFP levels in hepatic injury. This ineffectiveness of methionine and ATP may suggests that their metabolisms are impaired in the injured liver.", "PMID": 88859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11322", "title": "Histamine-release in rat gastric mucosa by pentagastrin.", "content": "The release of histamine from isolated gastric mucosa of the rat was studied by a superfusion model. Pentagastrin increased the basal efflux of histamine in a dose dependent manner. Secretin failed to influence the release of histamine under similar conditions. The results are compatible with the view that in gastric mucosa pentagastrin releases histamine which then may react with the receptors of the parietal cell thus serving as mediator in the acid secretory process.", "contents": "Histamine-release in rat gastric mucosa by pentagastrin. The release of histamine from isolated gastric mucosa of the rat was studied by a superfusion model. Pentagastrin increased the basal efflux of histamine in a dose dependent manner. Secretin failed to influence the release of histamine under similar conditions. The results are compatible with the view that in gastric mucosa pentagastrin releases histamine which then may react with the receptors of the parietal cell thus serving as mediator in the acid secretory process.", "PMID": 88860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11323", "title": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase in sensory nerve terminals of mouse trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in sensory nerve terminals in sinus hair in the nose of the mice was studied after local (s.c.) or i.v. injections. HRP spread into the sinus hair follicles and surrounded the nerve terminals of the Merkel disc endings and lanceolate terminals. It was incorporated into vacuoles and vesicles of these terminals. Subsequently, HRP was demonstrated in nerve cell bodies in the ophthalmo-maxillary part of the trigeminal ganglion, indicating a somatopetal axonal transport of the tracer. In this way the sensory neurons may be subjected to various influences from the periphery.", "contents": "Uptake of horseradish peroxidase in sensory nerve terminals of mouse trigeminal nerve. Uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in sensory nerve terminals in sinus hair in the nose of the mice was studied after local (s.c.) or i.v. injections. HRP spread into the sinus hair follicles and surrounded the nerve terminals of the Merkel disc endings and lanceolate terminals. It was incorporated into vacuoles and vesicles of these terminals. Subsequently, HRP was demonstrated in nerve cell bodies in the ophthalmo-maxillary part of the trigeminal ganglion, indicating a somatopetal axonal transport of the tracer. In this way the sensory neurons may be subjected to various influences from the periphery.", "PMID": 88862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11324", "title": "Improved Nissl method to stain formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde-fixed material.", "content": "Nissl staining of paraffin sections from formaldehyde- or glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens is significantly intensified when sections are kept in a 50% (w/v) aqueous solution of potassium metabisulfite before being stained by a conventional Nissl method.", "contents": "Improved Nissl method to stain formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde-fixed material. Nissl staining of paraffin sections from formaldehyde- or glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens is significantly intensified when sections are kept in a 50% (w/v) aqueous solution of potassium metabisulfite before being stained by a conventional Nissl method.", "PMID": 88863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11325", "title": "Human acoustic neurinomas: nervous system specific biochemical parameters.", "content": "A series of 24 human acoustic neurinomas from 24 patients has been assayed for several biochemical parameters characteristic of the nervous system. S 100 protein, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity, and the myelin lipids galactosylceramide and sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide). Myelin basic protein was not detected. These finding further support the neuroectodermal origin of the human acoustic neurinoma, and provide additional biochemical markers for further study.", "contents": "Human acoustic neurinomas: nervous system specific biochemical parameters. A series of 24 human acoustic neurinomas from 24 patients has been assayed for several biochemical parameters characteristic of the nervous system. S 100 protein, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase activity, and the myelin lipids galactosylceramide and sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide). Myelin basic protein was not detected. These finding further support the neuroectodermal origin of the human acoustic neurinoma, and provide additional biochemical markers for further study.", "PMID": 88864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11326", "title": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein and intermediate filaments in human glioma cells.", "content": "Cultured human glioma cells were studied by double indirect immunofluorescence technique using antisera against intermediate filaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein. With both antisera cytoplasmic fibrillar fluorescence was seen. Perinuclear bundles of intermediate-sized filaments, induced by vinblastine treatment, were strongly stained with both antisera. The degree of codistribution of the two types of antigenic determinants varied considerably from cell to cell. The results suggest that two types of filament-related antigenic determinants can be present in the same cell, and also that glial fibrillary acidic protein-related filaments may possess functional similarities to the intermediate filaments found in other cells. Glial fibrillary acidic protein remains as a useful and specific antigenic marker for the study of glial cells in vitro.", "contents": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein and intermediate filaments in human glioma cells. Cultured human glioma cells were studied by double indirect immunofluorescence technique using antisera against intermediate filaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein. With both antisera cytoplasmic fibrillar fluorescence was seen. Perinuclear bundles of intermediate-sized filaments, induced by vinblastine treatment, were strongly stained with both antisera. The degree of codistribution of the two types of antigenic determinants varied considerably from cell to cell. The results suggest that two types of filament-related antigenic determinants can be present in the same cell, and also that glial fibrillary acidic protein-related filaments may possess functional similarities to the intermediate filaments found in other cells. Glial fibrillary acidic protein remains as a useful and specific antigenic marker for the study of glial cells in vitro.", "PMID": 88866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11327", "title": "Type C particles in culture of human glioblastoma cells.", "content": "A long-term cell culture of human glioblastoma was investigated microscopically, virologically, and biochemically. Reverse transcriptase activity was detected in cultured human glioblastoma cells. 3H uridine was incorporated into particles of buoyant density at 1.07 g/ml (Ficoll) which is equal to that of Oncorna virus particles, but 3H thymidine was not incorporated at all. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase activity was also demonstrated with the particles, suggesting that the cultured human glioblastoma cells were producing type C Oncorna virus. Ultrastructural observations of cell culture of glioblastoma showed type C virus particles in cisternae and culture medium. Budding of the virus was also seen on the surface of the cell. The mean diameter of the particles was approximately 100 nm. Ca. 1.1 nm of spikes protruded from the envelope. Both types of virions were observed, i.e. the doughnut-shaped type form and the solid circular form.", "contents": "Type C particles in culture of human glioblastoma cells. A long-term cell culture of human glioblastoma was investigated microscopically, virologically, and biochemically. Reverse transcriptase activity was detected in cultured human glioblastoma cells. 3H uridine was incorporated into particles of buoyant density at 1.07 g/ml (Ficoll) which is equal to that of Oncorna virus particles, but 3H thymidine was not incorporated at all. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase activity was also demonstrated with the particles, suggesting that the cultured human glioblastoma cells were producing type C Oncorna virus. Ultrastructural observations of cell culture of glioblastoma showed type C virus particles in cisternae and culture medium. Budding of the virus was also seen on the surface of the cell. The mean diameter of the particles was approximately 100 nm. Ca. 1.1 nm of spikes protruded from the envelope. Both types of virions were observed, i.e. the doughnut-shaped type form and the solid circular form.", "PMID": 88868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11328", "title": "Eosinophilic globoid body of the pancreas.", "content": "Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the eosinophilic globoid body of the human pancreas are described. It had a central cavity surrounded by a collarband measuring approximately 70 micrometers in diameter and is definitely different from cross section of small arteries. The complex ultrastructure was revealed with electron microscope in the eosinophilic globoid body. This consisted of various patterns of unit membranes. Some of the bodies are probably derived from the membrane systems of the pancreatic acinar cells.", "contents": "Eosinophilic globoid body of the pancreas. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the eosinophilic globoid body of the human pancreas are described. It had a central cavity surrounded by a collarband measuring approximately 70 micrometers in diameter and is definitely different from cross section of small arteries. The complex ultrastructure was revealed with electron microscope in the eosinophilic globoid body. This consisted of various patterns of unit membranes. Some of the bodies are probably derived from the membrane systems of the pancreatic acinar cells.", "PMID": 88869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11329", "title": "New aspects of the morphology of circulating megakaryocytes in rabbits.", "content": "Circulating cytoplasmatic megakaryocytes, isolated from central venous blood of rabbits by a saponinhaemolysis leuco-concentration technique, were found to have two morphological appearances: a globular and an oblong form, referring to the shape of the cells as a whole as well as to the shape of the nuclei. The nucleus was either centrally or peripherally located. Of the megakaryocytes observed, 40% were cytoplasmatic and 60% naked nuclei. Regressive changes in the residual nucleus was observed, only 1.5% showing karyorrhexis or karyolysis. Megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocytes were never encountered. The average megakarycyte content per ml central venous blood was 3.8 (range: 0-10). A not previously described cytoplasmatic-ligating process, in which the nucleus seemed to move out of the cytoplasm, forming a naked nucleus and leaving the total cytoplasm intact, was observed. We call this phenomenon \"nucleus escape\". The function and fate of the intravascular megakaryocytes are briefly discussed.", "contents": "New aspects of the morphology of circulating megakaryocytes in rabbits. Circulating cytoplasmatic megakaryocytes, isolated from central venous blood of rabbits by a saponinhaemolysis leuco-concentration technique, were found to have two morphological appearances: a globular and an oblong form, referring to the shape of the cells as a whole as well as to the shape of the nuclei. The nucleus was either centrally or peripherally located. Of the megakaryocytes observed, 40% were cytoplasmatic and 60% naked nuclei. Regressive changes in the residual nucleus was observed, only 1.5% showing karyorrhexis or karyolysis. Megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocytes were never encountered. The average megakarycyte content per ml central venous blood was 3.8 (range: 0-10). A not previously described cytoplasmatic-ligating process, in which the nucleus seemed to move out of the cytoplasm, forming a naked nucleus and leaving the total cytoplasm intact, was observed. We call this phenomenon \"nucleus escape\". The function and fate of the intravascular megakaryocytes are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 88870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11330", "title": "Infantile vaginal tumour with alpha-fetoprotein synghesis.", "content": "A 17-month-old girl with a vaginal embryonal carcinoma (germ cell tumour) is reported. Alpha-fetoprtoein (AFP) was elevated before treatment in blood and vaginal fluid. Normal levels of AFP in blood and vaginal fluid were found after radiation and comination chemotherapy. By an indirect immunoperoxidase staining AFP was demonstrated in tumour tissue. 24-month-old local recurrence was preceded by a slight increase in serum AFP, and AFP could also be demonstrated in vaginal fluid and vaginal smears.", "contents": "Infantile vaginal tumour with alpha-fetoprotein synghesis. A 17-month-old girl with a vaginal embryonal carcinoma (germ cell tumour) is reported. Alpha-fetoprtoein (AFP) was elevated before treatment in blood and vaginal fluid. Normal levels of AFP in blood and vaginal fluid were found after radiation and comination chemotherapy. By an indirect immunoperoxidase staining AFP was demonstrated in tumour tissue. 24-month-old local recurrence was preceded by a slight increase in serum AFP, and AFP could also be demonstrated in vaginal fluid and vaginal smears.", "PMID": 88871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11331", "title": "Suppressor cells for in vivo cytotoxic responses--regulation of the in vivo activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by suppressive cells.", "content": "A significant in vivo activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified autologous cells and of a DNA-synthesis response in the peripheral lymphnodes is observed in cyclophosphamide (CyP) treated mice after skinpainting with trinitrochlorbenzene (TNCB) or after injection of TNP-coupled spleen cells (TNP-Spl) into the footpads. The activation of these responses can be suppressed by the transfer of spleen cells or lymphnode cells from skinpainted normal mice, but not from skinpainted mice that had been pretreated with CyP. Suppressive activity is also induced by injections of TNP-Spl i.p. or trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS) i.v. Optimal activation of suppression occurs with 3--4 days. The suppressive activity is antigen-specific at least in respect to its activation. Suppressor cells of this kind also suppress the induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses and the priming for in vitro secondary responses. However, these two responses are less sensitive to the suppression, and their in vivo activation is accordingly much less restricted with the in vivo activation of DNA-synthesis and primary CTL responses. DH and CMC memory can be activated ty TNCB skinpainting without pretreatment with CyP.", "contents": "Suppressor cells for in vivo cytotoxic responses--regulation of the in vivo activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by suppressive cells. A significant in vivo activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified autologous cells and of a DNA-synthesis response in the peripheral lymphnodes is observed in cyclophosphamide (CyP) treated mice after skinpainting with trinitrochlorbenzene (TNCB) or after injection of TNP-coupled spleen cells (TNP-Spl) into the footpads. The activation of these responses can be suppressed by the transfer of spleen cells or lymphnode cells from skinpainted normal mice, but not from skinpainted mice that had been pretreated with CyP. Suppressive activity is also induced by injections of TNP-Spl i.p. or trinitrobenzosulfonate (TNBS) i.v. Optimal activation of suppression occurs with 3--4 days. The suppressive activity is antigen-specific at least in respect to its activation. Suppressor cells of this kind also suppress the induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses and the priming for in vitro secondary responses. However, these two responses are less sensitive to the suppression, and their in vivo activation is accordingly much less restricted with the in vivo activation of DNA-synthesis and primary CTL responses. DH and CMC memory can be activated ty TNCB skinpainting without pretreatment with CyP.", "PMID": 88878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11332", "title": "A tumor T cell line which can be specifically activated by antigen.", "content": "We have shown that permanently transformed T cells of a leukemic line (485-2) maintain their immunocompetent function and can be specifically activated by antigen. This cell line should facilitate investigations into the biochemical mechanisms of T cell activation and may help elucidate the nature of the T cell receptor.", "contents": "A tumor T cell line which can be specifically activated by antigen. We have shown that permanently transformed T cells of a leukemic line (485-2) maintain their immunocompetent function and can be specifically activated by antigen. This cell line should facilitate investigations into the biochemical mechanisms of T cell activation and may help elucidate the nature of the T cell receptor.", "PMID": 88883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11333", "title": "On the mechanism of histamine release induced by thapsigargin from Thapsia garganica L.", "content": "Thapsigargin (Tg) is a pure chemical compound isolated from Thapsia garganica with a molecular weight of 650. It releases histamine from isolated rat mast cells but not from isolated histamine-retaining mast cell granules. The rate of release is markedly influenced by pretreatment of mast cells with Tg prior to the addition of calcium. In agreement with the effect of the ionophore A23187 but in contrast to many other calcium-dependent histamine-releasing agents, cells preincubated with Tg respond to the secretory action of calcium whenever the ion is introduced. However, after dilution of Tg-pretreated cells histamine release induced by the addition of calcium became dependent on the time of its addition. The secretory reaction induced by Tg and calcium can be divided into a two-step reaction at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of mass cells with Tg renders the cells insensitive to the secretory action of compound 48/80 in the absence of calcium, and this effect could be partly counteracted if 1 mM of strontium was added together with compound 48/80. It is concluded that among various calcium- and energy-dependent histamine-releasing agents Tg most closely resembles the action of fluoride on isolated rat mast cells.", "contents": "On the mechanism of histamine release induced by thapsigargin from Thapsia garganica L. Thapsigargin (Tg) is a pure chemical compound isolated from Thapsia garganica with a molecular weight of 650. It releases histamine from isolated rat mast cells but not from isolated histamine-retaining mast cell granules. The rate of release is markedly influenced by pretreatment of mast cells with Tg prior to the addition of calcium. In agreement with the effect of the ionophore A23187 but in contrast to many other calcium-dependent histamine-releasing agents, cells preincubated with Tg respond to the secretory action of calcium whenever the ion is introduced. However, after dilution of Tg-pretreated cells histamine release induced by the addition of calcium became dependent on the time of its addition. The secretory reaction induced by Tg and calcium can be divided into a two-step reaction at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of mass cells with Tg renders the cells insensitive to the secretory action of compound 48/80 in the absence of calcium, and this effect could be partly counteracted if 1 mM of strontium was added together with compound 48/80. It is concluded that among various calcium- and energy-dependent histamine-releasing agents Tg most closely resembles the action of fluoride on isolated rat mast cells.", "PMID": 88885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11334", "title": "Diagnostic dilemma of a 13-month-old boy with 'late-onset' combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "A 13-month-old boy had a \"late-onset\" form of combined immunodeficiency and a fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of one month's duration. There was no evidence of cutaneous-delayed hypersensitivity responses to diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, Candida albicans, or streptokinase-streptodornase, or of lymphocyte DNA synthesis after in vitro stimulation with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and only 2% to 4% of peripheral blood E-rosetted T lymphocytes. The serum IgM level was normal (62 mg/dL), whereas the other immunoglobulins were markedly reduced. Despite an increased number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes, in vitro Ig secretion after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was substantially reduced. The thymus gland was dysplastic with no Hassalls' corpuscles or thymocytes, and other lymphoid organs showed depletion of T-dependent areas to a greater extent than the B-dependent areas.", "contents": "Diagnostic dilemma of a 13-month-old boy with 'late-onset' combined immunodeficiency. A 13-month-old boy had a \"late-onset\" form of combined immunodeficiency and a fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of one month's duration. There was no evidence of cutaneous-delayed hypersensitivity responses to diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, Candida albicans, or streptokinase-streptodornase, or of lymphocyte DNA synthesis after in vitro stimulation with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and only 2% to 4% of peripheral blood E-rosetted T lymphocytes. The serum IgM level was normal (62 mg/dL), whereas the other immunoglobulins were markedly reduced. Despite an increased number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes, in vitro Ig secretion after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was substantially reduced. The thymus gland was dysplastic with no Hassalls' corpuscles or thymocytes, and other lymphoid organs showed depletion of T-dependent areas to a greater extent than the B-dependent areas.", "PMID": 88898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11335", "title": "Human fibroblasts produce \"pregnancy-specific\" beta-1 glycoprotein in vitro.", "content": "Normal and genetic variant strains of nonmalignant human fibroblasts produce in vitro a substance indistinguishable from the recently described \"pregnancy-specific\" beta-1 glycoprotein (PSbetaG, PAPP-C, SP1). Demonstration of this presumed placenta-specific material in a nonplacental site raises questions about its normal physiologic role and use as a cancer marker.", "contents": "Human fibroblasts produce \"pregnancy-specific\" beta-1 glycoprotein in vitro. Normal and genetic variant strains of nonmalignant human fibroblasts produce in vitro a substance indistinguishable from the recently described \"pregnancy-specific\" beta-1 glycoprotein (PSbetaG, PAPP-C, SP1). Demonstration of this presumed placenta-specific material in a nonplacental site raises questions about its normal physiologic role and use as a cancer marker.", "PMID": 88900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11336", "title": "Climate and the evolution of skull metrics in man.", "content": "Two types of data, anthropometric and gene frequencies, may be used to reconstruct human evolution. Previous research, reconstructing the history of racial differentiation on the basis of gene frequencies, indicated that the major separation between human groups was that between Africans and Europeans on one side and peoples from Australia, East Asia and Americas on the other. A similar attempt by Howells ('73b), based on skull measurements in 17 ancient populations, in agreement with earlier anthropometric data, showed the major separation to be between Africans and Australians on one side and Europeans, Asians and Americans on the other. Climate could be a contributing factor to the observed differences in skull and anthropometric measurements. Howells' data showed high correlations with several climatic indicators. Carrying out the phylogenetic analysis after elimination by linear regression of the effects of climate has resolved to a great extent the discrepancy between anthropometric and gene frequency data.", "contents": "Climate and the evolution of skull metrics in man. Two types of data, anthropometric and gene frequencies, may be used to reconstruct human evolution. Previous research, reconstructing the history of racial differentiation on the basis of gene frequencies, indicated that the major separation between human groups was that between Africans and Europeans on one side and peoples from Australia, East Asia and Americas on the other. A similar attempt by Howells ('73b), based on skull measurements in 17 ancient populations, in agreement with earlier anthropometric data, showed the major separation to be between Africans and Australians on one side and Europeans, Asians and Americans on the other. Climate could be a contributing factor to the observed differences in skull and anthropometric measurements. Howells' data showed high correlations with several climatic indicators. Carrying out the phylogenetic analysis after elimination by linear regression of the effects of climate has resolved to a great extent the discrepancy between anthropometric and gene frequency data.", "PMID": 88901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11337", "title": "Actions of diethylcarbamazine in experimental anaphylaxis.", "content": "Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is an anthelmintic drug which has been used recently, with varying results, in the treatment of bronchial asthma. We have examined the pharmacological activity of this drug in several in vivo and in vitro models of experimental anaphylaxis. DEC at doses of 25 and 50 mg per kg given intraperitoneally significantly reduced the mortality rate in sensitized guinea pigs during protracted shock phase but did not modify the time for the appearance of dyspnoea when antigen (egg albumin) was administered as aerosol. Nor did DEC at therapeutic doses inhibit the degranulation and histamine release from rat isolated peritoneal mast cells induced by phospholipase A, compound 48/80, and antigen respectively. It has been suggested that one possible explanation for the apparent effectiveness of DEC in asthma is its ability to antagonize prostaglandin F2 alpha. Our results using in vivo and in vitro models of bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs do not support this hypothesis to explain the inhibition of protacted shock by DEC.", "contents": "Actions of diethylcarbamazine in experimental anaphylaxis. Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is an anthelmintic drug which has been used recently, with varying results, in the treatment of bronchial asthma. We have examined the pharmacological activity of this drug in several in vivo and in vitro models of experimental anaphylaxis. DEC at doses of 25 and 50 mg per kg given intraperitoneally significantly reduced the mortality rate in sensitized guinea pigs during protracted shock phase but did not modify the time for the appearance of dyspnoea when antigen (egg albumin) was administered as aerosol. Nor did DEC at therapeutic doses inhibit the degranulation and histamine release from rat isolated peritoneal mast cells induced by phospholipase A, compound 48/80, and antigen respectively. It has been suggested that one possible explanation for the apparent effectiveness of DEC in asthma is its ability to antagonize prostaglandin F2 alpha. Our results using in vivo and in vitro models of bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs do not support this hypothesis to explain the inhibition of protacted shock by DEC.", "PMID": 88897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11338", "title": "Accumulation of radioiodine in thiouracil-hyperplastic thyroids of chicks.", "content": "Kinetics of accumulation of radioiodine was studied in thyroids of chickens before, during, and following ingestion of 0.25% thiouracil (TU). After a latent period of about 5 days, weight of the thyroid gland increased, reaching its maximum (42 mg/100 g body wt) after 21 days of TU ingestion; thyroid weight decreased immediately on withdrawal of TU but tended to plateau at a higher level than that of controls. One-way clearance increased by day 4 of ingestion of TU and reached its peak early during hyperplasia; it very quickly reverted to a control level on withdrawal of TU. Exit-rate constant increased markedly during early hyperplasia and decreased to a level less than normal after withdrawal of TU. Concentration of 127I decreased by a factor of 18 by 2 wk of feeding TU; it increased to practically a normal level by 1 wk after withdrawal of TU.", "contents": "Accumulation of radioiodine in thiouracil-hyperplastic thyroids of chicks. Kinetics of accumulation of radioiodine was studied in thyroids of chickens before, during, and following ingestion of 0.25% thiouracil (TU). After a latent period of about 5 days, weight of the thyroid gland increased, reaching its maximum (42 mg/100 g body wt) after 21 days of TU ingestion; thyroid weight decreased immediately on withdrawal of TU but tended to plateau at a higher level than that of controls. One-way clearance increased by day 4 of ingestion of TU and reached its peak early during hyperplasia; it very quickly reverted to a control level on withdrawal of TU. Exit-rate constant increased markedly during early hyperplasia and decreased to a level less than normal after withdrawal of TU. Concentration of 127I decreased by a factor of 18 by 2 wk of feeding TU; it increased to practically a normal level by 1 wk after withdrawal of TU.", "PMID": 88903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11339", "title": "Immunological relationships of Long Island isolates of Babesia microti.", "content": "Studies to detect strain differences among two rodent-derived and one human-derived Babesia microti isolates from Long Island were undertaken, using various methods. Superinfection experiments using the homologous and heterologous isolates showed cross-protection. All hamsters were resistant to superinfection challenges of increasing dosages of both the homologous and heterologous isolates. Attempts to infect other laboratory animals with the Long Island isolates of B. microti were successful in intact and splenectomized Sprague-Dawley rats and questionable in Swiss mice. Nylar and CFW mice as well as CFW and Wistar intact and splenectomized rats were refractory to B. microti isolates from Long Island. Indirect fluorescence tests using convalescent sera from six Long Island cases of babesiosis showed no titer differences with tests using the three Long Island antigens as well as the Gray strain antigens. The rise of hamster IgG anti-B. microti antibody was followed by indirect immunofluorescence done at different parasitemia levels. The IgG antibody in hamsters was detected early in the course of infection, rose rapidly concurrent with increasing parasitemia, and became stable at high titers for the duration of the infection. IgG antibody titers were unaffected by homologous superinfection challenges.", "contents": "Immunological relationships of Long Island isolates of Babesia microti. Studies to detect strain differences among two rodent-derived and one human-derived Babesia microti isolates from Long Island were undertaken, using various methods. Superinfection experiments using the homologous and heterologous isolates showed cross-protection. All hamsters were resistant to superinfection challenges of increasing dosages of both the homologous and heterologous isolates. Attempts to infect other laboratory animals with the Long Island isolates of B. microti were successful in intact and splenectomized Sprague-Dawley rats and questionable in Swiss mice. Nylar and CFW mice as well as CFW and Wistar intact and splenectomized rats were refractory to B. microti isolates from Long Island. Indirect fluorescence tests using convalescent sera from six Long Island cases of babesiosis showed no titer differences with tests using the three Long Island antigens as well as the Gray strain antigens. The rise of hamster IgG anti-B. microti antibody was followed by indirect immunofluorescence done at different parasitemia levels. The IgG antibody in hamsters was detected early in the course of infection, rose rapidly concurrent with increasing parasitemia, and became stable at high titers for the duration of the infection. IgG antibody titers were unaffected by homologous superinfection challenges.", "PMID": 88904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11340", "title": "[Toxic pathology of the hepatocyte in histiotype culture. II--Effects of an organic chlorine compound: lindane. Effect of a foreign metabolizable substance and toxic effect].", "content": "Lindane or HCH is gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, still used as an agricultural insecticide. Tests were carried out using primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes at the 11th day of incubation, for a fixed period of 40 hours, using different concentrations of the substance. From 0.5 to 10 mumol/l, acid phosphatase fell significantly, without any other consequences being observed. From 25 to 50 mumol/l, there was a tendency to hypertrophy of the mitochondria, to hyperplasia of the granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and of the Golgi system. Growth was unchanged and acid phosphatase decreased. From 75 to 125 mumol/l, these changes were accompanied by signs of cellular damage and there was marked autophagia. Growth was reduced and acid phosphatase greatly decreased. From 150 to 175 mumol/l, the lesions were markedly polymorphous and some indicative of impending cytolysis, in particular spiral tearing of the hyaloplasm. Growth was markedly impaired, whilst there was a paradoxal increase in acid phosphatase. In increasing concentration, L first had the effect of a metabolisable foreign substance, of the \"phenobarbital\" type, then a definite toxic action. Sensitivity of the individual hepatocytes differed.", "contents": "[Toxic pathology of the hepatocyte in histiotype culture. II--Effects of an organic chlorine compound: lindane. Effect of a foreign metabolizable substance and toxic effect]. Lindane or HCH is gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, still used as an agricultural insecticide. Tests were carried out using primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes at the 11th day of incubation, for a fixed period of 40 hours, using different concentrations of the substance. From 0.5 to 10 mumol/l, acid phosphatase fell significantly, without any other consequences being observed. From 25 to 50 mumol/l, there was a tendency to hypertrophy of the mitochondria, to hyperplasia of the granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and of the Golgi system. Growth was unchanged and acid phosphatase decreased. From 75 to 125 mumol/l, these changes were accompanied by signs of cellular damage and there was marked autophagia. Growth was reduced and acid phosphatase greatly decreased. From 150 to 175 mumol/l, the lesions were markedly polymorphous and some indicative of impending cytolysis, in particular spiral tearing of the hyaloplasm. Growth was markedly impaired, whilst there was a paradoxal increase in acid phosphatase. In increasing concentration, L first had the effect of a metabolisable foreign substance, of the \"phenobarbital\" type, then a definite toxic action. Sensitivity of the individual hepatocytes differed.", "PMID": 88915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11341", "title": "Failure of mechanical properties to parallel changes in lung connective tissue composition in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters.", "content": "Lung volumes and volume pressure (V-P) relationships were measured in anesthetized hamsters 8, 30, 60, and 90 days after induction of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Subsequently, total collagen, elastin, protein, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and dry weight were determined in the lungs of each animal. The mean volume of air in the lungs at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cm H2O and mean quasi-static compliance were decreased at 8 and 30 days and had returned toward normal by 60 and 90 days. Dry lung weight and total protein content were increased at 8 days, peaked at 30 days, and were still greater than normal at 90 days; DNA peaked at 8 days, remained unchanged through day 60, and returned to normal by day 90. Collagen and elastin content, although not significantly different from control at day 8, was increased at day 30 with peak values attained at day 90. Ratios of collagen or elastin to dry weight, total protein, and DNA were decreased at 8 days, normal at 30 days, and increased at 90 days. The ratios of collagen or elastin to total protein, dry lung weight, or DNA cannot be used as indicators of the amounts of these proteins in the whole lung. We conclude that in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis induced with bleomycin the pattern of changing biochemical composition of the lungs cannot be inferred from the lung volumes or V-P relations.", "contents": "Failure of mechanical properties to parallel changes in lung connective tissue composition in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Lung volumes and volume pressure (V-P) relationships were measured in anesthetized hamsters 8, 30, 60, and 90 days after induction of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Subsequently, total collagen, elastin, protein, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and dry weight were determined in the lungs of each animal. The mean volume of air in the lungs at a transpulmonary pressure of 25 cm H2O and mean quasi-static compliance were decreased at 8 and 30 days and had returned toward normal by 60 and 90 days. Dry lung weight and total protein content were increased at 8 days, peaked at 30 days, and were still greater than normal at 90 days; DNA peaked at 8 days, remained unchanged through day 60, and returned to normal by day 90. Collagen and elastin content, although not significantly different from control at day 8, was increased at day 30 with peak values attained at day 90. Ratios of collagen or elastin to dry weight, total protein, and DNA were decreased at 8 days, normal at 30 days, and increased at 90 days. The ratios of collagen or elastin to total protein, dry lung weight, or DNA cannot be used as indicators of the amounts of these proteins in the whole lung. We conclude that in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis induced with bleomycin the pattern of changing biochemical composition of the lungs cannot be inferred from the lung volumes or V-P relations.", "PMID": 88916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11342", "title": "The doctor's white coat. The image of the physician in modern America.", "content": "The social perception of the physician has changed during the past century. This is reflected in the changing use of a symbol of the profession, the white coat. This dress originated in operating rooms, scientific laboratories, and modern hospitals, each of which contributed to the social understanding of what it means to be a healer. Adding the cultural significance of \"whiteness\" reveals a broad spectrum of meaning surrounding the healing encounter whose most important aspects are the authority and supernatural powers of scientific physicians and the protection of patients. A major force aiding in the adoption of this symbol was the shift in sick care from home to hospital, where it served to legitimate otherwise socially taboo behavior. Recent changes in how scientific medicine is publicly viewed have eroded these established meanings. The resulting tensions affect individual patient-physician encounters and interactions between the profession and society as a whole.", "contents": "The doctor's white coat. The image of the physician in modern America. The social perception of the physician has changed during the past century. This is reflected in the changing use of a symbol of the profession, the white coat. This dress originated in operating rooms, scientific laboratories, and modern hospitals, each of which contributed to the social understanding of what it means to be a healer. Adding the cultural significance of \"whiteness\" reveals a broad spectrum of meaning surrounding the healing encounter whose most important aspects are the authority and supernatural powers of scientific physicians and the protection of patients. A major force aiding in the adoption of this symbol was the shift in sick care from home to hospital, where it served to legitimate otherwise socially taboo behavior. Recent changes in how scientific medicine is publicly viewed have eroded these established meanings. The resulting tensions affect individual patient-physician encounters and interactions between the profession and society as a whole.", "PMID": 88917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11343", "title": "[Paroxystic vasomotor skin manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "Paroxystic vasomotor skin manifestations are provoked by various etiologies. Widespread or generalized vasomotor skin manifestations may be induced by a physiological reaction (emotinal flushing), by a drug (vasodilator drugs, antabuse, antidiabetic, sulfonamides), by a discharge of histamine (urticaria, mastocytosis) or by an hypersecretion of serotonin (dumping-syndrome, carcinoid syndrome). They may be caused by an endocrinopathy (menopause, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycaemia, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, endocrine pancreas, carcinoma). More rarely vasomotor troubles happen in homocystinuria, inhalation of a toxic (trichlorethylen, calcic cyanamid) and exceptionally in some immunohaematologic diseases. Main localized vasomotor skin manifestations observed are dermographism, facial flushing (Sluder's syndrome, cluster headaches, Frey's syndrome, Riley-Day's syndrome) and acral syndromes (Raynaud's phenomenon, erythromelalgia).", "contents": "[Paroxystic vasomotor skin manifestations (author's transl)]. Paroxystic vasomotor skin manifestations are provoked by various etiologies. Widespread or generalized vasomotor skin manifestations may be induced by a physiological reaction (emotinal flushing), by a drug (vasodilator drugs, antabuse, antidiabetic, sulfonamides), by a discharge of histamine (urticaria, mastocytosis) or by an hypersecretion of serotonin (dumping-syndrome, carcinoid syndrome). They may be caused by an endocrinopathy (menopause, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycaemia, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, endocrine pancreas, carcinoma). More rarely vasomotor troubles happen in homocystinuria, inhalation of a toxic (trichlorethylen, calcic cyanamid) and exceptionally in some immunohaematologic diseases. Main localized vasomotor skin manifestations observed are dermographism, facial flushing (Sluder's syndrome, cluster headaches, Frey's syndrome, Riley-Day's syndrome) and acral syndromes (Raynaud's phenomenon, erythromelalgia).", "PMID": 88921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11344", "title": "Systemic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis). Ultrastructure of the hyaline with particular reference to the cross-banded structure.", "content": "Systematic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis) is characterized by hyalinized skin lesions. Electron microscopic examination of a hyalinized skin tumor from a 19-year-old man with this syndrome revealed that the hyaline was composed of ruthenium red-positive ultrastructures (granules, filaments, and a kind of cross-banded structure), indicating the presence of glycosamino-glycan or glycoprotein, and a small number of thin collagen fibrils. Using a new ruthenium red staining method combined with an enzymatic digestion procedure, it was demonstrated that the cross-banded structure and granules consisted of chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan and/or glycoprotein, and that the cross-banded structure is probably a noncollageneous aggregate of the granules attached to the parallel-arranged filaments of hyaluronic acid-like nature.", "contents": "Systemic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis). Ultrastructure of the hyaline with particular reference to the cross-banded structure. Systematic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis) is characterized by hyalinized skin lesions. Electron microscopic examination of a hyalinized skin tumor from a 19-year-old man with this syndrome revealed that the hyaline was composed of ruthenium red-positive ultrastructures (granules, filaments, and a kind of cross-banded structure), indicating the presence of glycosamino-glycan or glycoprotein, and a small number of thin collagen fibrils. Using a new ruthenium red staining method combined with an enzymatic digestion procedure, it was demonstrated that the cross-banded structure and granules consisted of chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan and/or glycoprotein, and that the cross-banded structure is probably a noncollageneous aggregate of the granules attached to the parallel-arranged filaments of hyaluronic acid-like nature.", "PMID": 88923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11345", "title": "Mucosubstances in otitis media with effusion.", "content": "Histochemical localization of sialomucins and sulfated polysaccharides have been demonstrated in the mucous membrane of the middle ear in different middle ear effusions. Inasmuch as a more neutral stain with alcian blue-PAS is still present after treatment with neuraminidase, it is strongly suggested that neutral polysaccharides coexist with neuraminic acid in the middle ear glycoproteins. Sulfated polysaccharides are present only in the mucoid effusions. The use of precise nomenclature for mucosubstances is strongly recommended and is outlined. The nature of the specificity of the histochemical stains is discussed.", "contents": "Mucosubstances in otitis media with effusion. Histochemical localization of sialomucins and sulfated polysaccharides have been demonstrated in the mucous membrane of the middle ear in different middle ear effusions. Inasmuch as a more neutral stain with alcian blue-PAS is still present after treatment with neuraminidase, it is strongly suggested that neutral polysaccharides coexist with neuraminic acid in the middle ear glycoproteins. Sulfated polysaccharides are present only in the mucoid effusions. The use of precise nomenclature for mucosubstances is strongly recommended and is outlined. The nature of the specificity of the histochemical stains is discussed.", "PMID": 88920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11346", "title": "Copper stains and the syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis. Evaluation of staining methods and their usefulness for diagnosis and trials of penicillamine treatment.", "content": "Use of Shikata's stain was found to be a sensitive method for the demonstration of copper-protein complexes, but use of the rhodamine stain may be more reliable. Interobserver agreement was slightly better with Shikata's stain. Hepatic copper increased with the histologic progression of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (CNDC). All specimens that contained Mallory bodies and most specimens (91%) that contained bile yielded positive copper stains. No correlation was found between positive copper stains and other histologic features. A strongly positive copper stain aided in the diagnosis of CNDC. All specimens with negative copper stains contained less than 250 microgram of copper per gram of dry weight. From a strongly positive copper stain, the chemical copper content could not be predicted with certainty. Shikata's method seemed adequate to evaluate penicillamine treatment trials.", "contents": "Copper stains and the syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis. Evaluation of staining methods and their usefulness for diagnosis and trials of penicillamine treatment. Use of Shikata's stain was found to be a sensitive method for the demonstration of copper-protein complexes, but use of the rhodamine stain may be more reliable. Interobserver agreement was slightly better with Shikata's stain. Hepatic copper increased with the histologic progression of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (CNDC). All specimens that contained Mallory bodies and most specimens (91%) that contained bile yielded positive copper stains. No correlation was found between positive copper stains and other histologic features. A strongly positive copper stain aided in the diagnosis of CNDC. All specimens with negative copper stains contained less than 250 microgram of copper per gram of dry weight. From a strongly positive copper stain, the chemical copper content could not be predicted with certainty. Shikata's method seemed adequate to evaluate penicillamine treatment trials.", "PMID": 88927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11347", "title": "The regulative role of food consumption in the induction of rat liver cell proliferation by drugs and environmental pollutants.", "content": "alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) was used to stimulate cell proliferation in rat liver. Food consumption at two different stages of the replicative cycle was found to be required for the enhancement of DNA synthesis by this agent: (1) Before or at the time of alpha-HCH administration (G0), (2) 12--15 hours later, i.e. 5--8 hours before initiation of DNA synthesis (\"R\"-point). Other alpha-HCH mediated changes in the liver i.e. organ enlargement and the induction of drug-metabolising enzymes, remained unaffected by the absence of food. This suggests that the nutritional control is specific for induction of DNA synthesis. It is concluded that food consumption, in addition to specific stimuli of liver growth, is an exogenous regulator of liver cell proliferation.", "contents": "The regulative role of food consumption in the induction of rat liver cell proliferation by drugs and environmental pollutants. alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) was used to stimulate cell proliferation in rat liver. Food consumption at two different stages of the replicative cycle was found to be required for the enhancement of DNA synthesis by this agent: (1) Before or at the time of alpha-HCH administration (G0), (2) 12--15 hours later, i.e. 5--8 hours before initiation of DNA synthesis (\"R\"-point). Other alpha-HCH mediated changes in the liver i.e. organ enlargement and the induction of drug-metabolising enzymes, remained unaffected by the absence of food. This suggests that the nutritional control is specific for induction of DNA synthesis. It is concluded that food consumption, in addition to specific stimuli of liver growth, is an exogenous regulator of liver cell proliferation.", "PMID": 88930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11348", "title": "[Structural and functional reactive changes in the bushy interceptor of the frog urinary bladder upon adequate stimulation].", "content": "Morphological and functional changes in the bushy receptors of the frog urinary bladder were studied after a definite cystectasia (bladder wall distention). Morphological and electrophysiological parameters were registered synchronously. Under the effect of distention the total rate of afferent impulse activity was demonstrated to increase with a simultaneous increase of the average size of the receptor end-plates and with changing (growing round) in their form. Increment of the average size of the end-plates overtakes that of the distance between two points chosen on the urinary bladder wall; certain shifts are also observed in time parameters for staining the receptors with methylene blue. A possibility is suggested on interconnections of morphological and electrophysiological shifts.", "contents": "[Structural and functional reactive changes in the bushy interceptor of the frog urinary bladder upon adequate stimulation]. Morphological and functional changes in the bushy receptors of the frog urinary bladder were studied after a definite cystectasia (bladder wall distention). Morphological and electrophysiological parameters were registered synchronously. Under the effect of distention the total rate of afferent impulse activity was demonstrated to increase with a simultaneous increase of the average size of the receptor end-plates and with changing (growing round) in their form. Increment of the average size of the end-plates overtakes that of the distance between two points chosen on the urinary bladder wall; certain shifts are also observed in time parameters for staining the receptors with methylene blue. A possibility is suggested on interconnections of morphological and electrophysiological shifts.", "PMID": 88931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11349", "title": "[Obtaining pure antibodies with the aid of an immunosorbent based on sephadex].", "content": "A method for production of pure antibodies by means of an immunosorbent based on sephadex according to the technique of Wilson and Nakane modified by the authors is described. The method requires no special equipment, is simple and may be used in any laboratory for immunomorphological studies.", "contents": "[Obtaining pure antibodies with the aid of an immunosorbent based on sephadex]. A method for production of pure antibodies by means of an immunosorbent based on sephadex according to the technique of Wilson and Nakane modified by the authors is described. The method requires no special equipment, is simple and may be used in any laboratory for immunomorphological studies.", "PMID": 88932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11350", "title": "[Tubular aggregates in a case of chronic proximal spinal atrophy].", "content": "The case of a 35 years-old man, with chronic proximal muscle atrophy in which at the muscle biopsy tubular aggregates were found by histochemistry procedures is reported. The tubular aggregates stained positive with the modified Gomori trichrome, haematoxylin-eosin, DPNH-diaphorase, non specific esterases, phosphorylase, P.A.S., oil red O and lactate dehydrogenase. They did not show in the routine and acid pre-incubated ATPase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase. Only found in type II fibers. A brief discussion about the pathogenesis and function of the tubular aggregates is made. The authors believe that the tubular aggregates in this case are secondary to prolonged use of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin, associated with the basic denervation process and alcohol abuse.", "contents": "[Tubular aggregates in a case of chronic proximal spinal atrophy]. The case of a 35 years-old man, with chronic proximal muscle atrophy in which at the muscle biopsy tubular aggregates were found by histochemistry procedures is reported. The tubular aggregates stained positive with the modified Gomori trichrome, haematoxylin-eosin, DPNH-diaphorase, non specific esterases, phosphorylase, P.A.S., oil red O and lactate dehydrogenase. They did not show in the routine and acid pre-incubated ATPase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase. Only found in type II fibers. A brief discussion about the pathogenesis and function of the tubular aggregates is made. The authors believe that the tubular aggregates in this case are secondary to prolonged use of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin, associated with the basic denervation process and alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 88934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11351", "title": "[Meningeal melanomatosis: cytomorphologic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "Six cases of meningeal melanomatosis are reported. The cytomorphological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid lead to diagnosis in all of them. Emphasis is given to morphological characteristics of the tumor cells and specially to the melanin dark brown pigment, observed in all cases here reported.", "contents": "[Meningeal melanomatosis: cytomorphologic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid]. Six cases of meningeal melanomatosis are reported. The cytomorphological analysis of cerebrospinal fluid lead to diagnosis in all of them. Emphasis is given to morphological characteristics of the tumor cells and specially to the melanin dark brown pigment, observed in all cases here reported.", "PMID": 88935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11352", "title": "The resources centre in the dental school.", "content": "A brief introduction to the philosophy of resources centre based teaching has been presented. A review of the situation with respect to audio-visual usage in some dental schools in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America has been conducted. It is apparent that the trend towards the use of audio-visual material in dental teaching is increasing in both countries. Concomitant with this increase is the real requirement to develop a management function commensurate with production and usage potential. The implementation of a resources centre based teaching model in the dental school will provide a potential for enormous improvement in teaching efficiency as well as a vast increase in teaching effectiveness in the various dental disciplines. In like manner, the student population will find an opportunity to participate more fully, more positively, and more personally in an enhanced teaching and learning environment.", "contents": "The resources centre in the dental school. A brief introduction to the philosophy of resources centre based teaching has been presented. A review of the situation with respect to audio-visual usage in some dental schools in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America has been conducted. It is apparent that the trend towards the use of audio-visual material in dental teaching is increasing in both countries. Concomitant with this increase is the real requirement to develop a management function commensurate with production and usage potential. The implementation of a resources centre based teaching model in the dental school will provide a potential for enormous improvement in teaching efficiency as well as a vast increase in teaching effectiveness in the various dental disciplines. In like manner, the student population will find an opportunity to participate more fully, more positively, and more personally in an enhanced teaching and learning environment.", "PMID": 88937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11353", "title": "Search for Epstein-Barr and type C oncornaviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Lymphoblastoid cell lines were derived from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus by allowing spontaneous transformation of peripheral B lymphocytes (B cells) harboring endogenous Epstein-Barr virus or by superinfecting peripheral lymphocytes with exogeneous Epstein-Barr virus. Results of extensive studies aimed at identifying type C oncornaviruses in these lymphoblastoid cells were entirely negative by electron microscopy, DNA-DNA hybridization, reverse transcriptase assays, and cocultivation experiments. These results do not support the postulated association of oncornavirus infection in human systemic erythematosus.", "contents": "Search for Epstein-Barr and type C oncornaviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lymphoblastoid cell lines were derived from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus by allowing spontaneous transformation of peripheral B lymphocytes (B cells) harboring endogenous Epstein-Barr virus or by superinfecting peripheral lymphocytes with exogeneous Epstein-Barr virus. Results of extensive studies aimed at identifying type C oncornaviruses in these lymphoblastoid cells were entirely negative by electron microscopy, DNA-DNA hybridization, reverse transcriptase assays, and cocultivation experiments. These results do not support the postulated association of oncornavirus infection in human systemic erythematosus.", "PMID": 88943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11354", "title": "The interaction of short-chain aralkyl alcohols and amines with the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Erythrocytes in isotonic saline are hemolyzed by benzyl alcohol and by 2-phenylethanol, but not by the corresponding amines nor by the ring-or side-chain-hydroxylated analogs. All these compounds could however interact with the erythrocyte membrane since: a) they facilitated the hemolytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylelytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylethanol; b) they exerted a protective effect against controlled hypotonic hemolysis.", "contents": "The interaction of short-chain aralkyl alcohols and amines with the erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocytes in isotonic saline are hemolyzed by benzyl alcohol and by 2-phenylethanol, but not by the corresponding amines nor by the ring-or side-chain-hydroxylated analogs. All these compounds could however interact with the erythrocyte membrane since: a) they facilitated the hemolytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylelytic effect of benzyl alcohol and/or of phenylethanol; b) they exerted a protective effect against controlled hypotonic hemolysis.", "PMID": 88950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11355", "title": "A clinical study of low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch, a new plasma expander.", "content": "1. The pharmacokinetics of a new plasma expander, low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES) were examined in six normovolaemic men. 2. One hour post-infusion, 13.5% of the total dose of LMW-HES injected was excreted in the urine, 50.2% was present in the intravascular space, and 36.3% was unaccounted for. 3. Twenty-four hours post-infusion, 65.5% of the total dose of injected LMW-HES had been excreted in the urine, 4.1% remained intravascularly, and 30.4% was unaccounted for. 4. The plasma volume increased rapidly from a mean value of 45.7 ml kg-1 to a maximum value of 57.9 ml kg-1 immediately  post-injection, then gradually returned to normal over 24 h. 5. The infusion of an average of 58.1 g had no effect on ESR, renal and hepatic biochemical indices. 6. LMW-HES appears to be safe and effective, and should be of value clinically when rapid and short-lived augmentation of the plasma volume is required.", "contents": "A clinical study of low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch, a new plasma expander. 1. The pharmacokinetics of a new plasma expander, low molecular weight-hydroxyethyl starch (LMW-HES) were examined in six normovolaemic men. 2. One hour post-infusion, 13.5% of the total dose of LMW-HES injected was excreted in the urine, 50.2% was present in the intravascular space, and 36.3% was unaccounted for. 3. Twenty-four hours post-infusion, 65.5% of the total dose of injected LMW-HES had been excreted in the urine, 4.1% remained intravascularly, and 30.4% was unaccounted for. 4. The plasma volume increased rapidly from a mean value of 45.7 ml kg-1 to a maximum value of 57.9 ml kg-1 immediately  post-injection, then gradually returned to normal over 24 h. 5. The infusion of an average of 58.1 g had no effect on ESR, renal and hepatic biochemical indices. 6. LMW-HES appears to be safe and effective, and should be of value clinically when rapid and short-lived augmentation of the plasma volume is required.", "PMID": 88951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11356", "title": "Brain metastases in malignant teratoma: a review of four years' experience and an assessment of the role of tumour markers.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1977, 247 patients with malignant teratoma have been treated in two units in London. Seventeen have developed brain metastases, an overall incidence of 6.2%. The median survival from diagnosis of cerebral metastases is 6 weeks and all patients except one have died. The survivor is disease-free 12 months after completing treatment, which included extensive use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Serum gonadotrophin (HCG) and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) estimations have been performed in 264 patients as a means of monitoring the effects of therapy. In 42 patients (37 of whom had Stage IV disease) the peak HCG level was greater than 10(4) iu/l, and the incidence of brain metastases in this group was 26%, significantly higher than in the group with HCG levels below 10(4) iu/l, for which the incidence of cerebral deposits was 1.8% (P less than 0.0001). No significant correlation was seen between peak AFP levels and the incidence of brain metastasis. With the aim of improving results by earlier diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens have been examined for HCG and AFP levels in 56 subjects, 9 of whom had brain metastases. A serum: CSF HCG ratio less than 40 is an accurate indication of the presence of brain metastases, and may have considerable predictive value. However, false-negative serum: CSF HCG rations (greater than 40) frequently occur in patients with proven brain deposits. Estimation of AFP in spinal fluid has not contributed to the early diagnosis of brain metastases in malignant teratoma.", "contents": "Brain metastases in malignant teratoma: a review of four years' experience and an assessment of the role of tumour markers. Between 1973 and 1977, 247 patients with malignant teratoma have been treated in two units in London. Seventeen have developed brain metastases, an overall incidence of 6.2%. The median survival from diagnosis of cerebral metastases is 6 weeks and all patients except one have died. The survivor is disease-free 12 months after completing treatment, which included extensive use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Serum gonadotrophin (HCG) and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) estimations have been performed in 264 patients as a means of monitoring the effects of therapy. In 42 patients (37 of whom had Stage IV disease) the peak HCG level was greater than 10(4) iu/l, and the incidence of brain metastases in this group was 26%, significantly higher than in the group with HCG levels below 10(4) iu/l, for which the incidence of cerebral deposits was 1.8% (P less than 0.0001). No significant correlation was seen between peak AFP levels and the incidence of brain metastasis. With the aim of improving results by earlier diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens have been examined for HCG and AFP levels in 56 subjects, 9 of whom had brain metastases. A serum: CSF HCG ratio less than 40 is an accurate indication of the presence of brain metastases, and may have considerable predictive value. However, false-negative serum: CSF HCG rations (greater than 40) frequently occur in patients with proven brain deposits. Estimation of AFP in spinal fluid has not contributed to the early diagnosis of brain metastases in malignant teratoma.", "PMID": 88952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11357", "title": "Spontaneous resolution of lichen myxoedematosus.", "content": "Lichen myxoedematosus was diagnosed in a 44-year-old woman in 1957. Despite the persistence of an abnormal serum protein, the skin lesions cleared by 1965. The protein abnormality disappeared several years later.", "contents": "Spontaneous resolution of lichen myxoedematosus. Lichen myxoedematosus was diagnosed in a 44-year-old woman in 1957. Despite the persistence of an abnormal serum protein, the skin lesions cleared by 1965. The protein abnormality disappeared several years later.", "PMID": 88953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11358", "title": "The relation between pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels and abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels were measured in 54 potentially diabetic patients in the third trimester of pregnancy using a laser nephelometric method. All patients were tested by the 50 g oral glucose tolerance test. The results show that a significantly greater number of patients with abnormal glucose tolerance had SP1 levels above the mean compared with patients with normal glucose responses. All patients with a diabetic type response had SP1 levels above the mean. There was no significant difference in SP1 levels in the fasting and two-hour plasma samples. The study suggests that patients with asymptomatic glucose intolerance in pregnancy have higher SP1 levels than patients with normal glucose tolerance. It is possible that one of the factors controlling the placental output of SP1 is the maternal blood glucose level.", "contents": "The relation between pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels and abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein (SP1) levels were measured in 54 potentially diabetic patients in the third trimester of pregnancy using a laser nephelometric method. All patients were tested by the 50 g oral glucose tolerance test. The results show that a significantly greater number of patients with abnormal glucose tolerance had SP1 levels above the mean compared with patients with normal glucose responses. All patients with a diabetic type response had SP1 levels above the mean. There was no significant difference in SP1 levels in the fasting and two-hour plasma samples. The study suggests that patients with asymptomatic glucose intolerance in pregnancy have higher SP1 levels than patients with normal glucose tolerance. It is possible that one of the factors controlling the placental output of SP1 is the maternal blood glucose level.", "PMID": 88954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11359", "title": "Acycloguanosine: antiviral activity in the rabbit cornea.", "content": "We describe experiments, using the multiple microinoculation technique, to produce superficial herpes simplex keratitis in the rabbit cornea, which showed a potent antiviral effect of acycloguanosine.", "contents": "Acycloguanosine: antiviral activity in the rabbit cornea. We describe experiments, using the multiple microinoculation technique, to produce superficial herpes simplex keratitis in the rabbit cornea, which showed a potent antiviral effect of acycloguanosine.", "PMID": 88955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11360", "title": "Model RNA-directed DNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and its associated RNase H.", "content": "A model RNA template-primer system is described for the study of RNA-directed double-stranded DNA synthesis by purified avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and its associated RNase H. In the presence of complementary RNA primer, oligo(rI), and the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates dGTP, dTTP, and dATP, 3'-(rC)30-40-poly(rA) directs the sequential synthesis of poly(dT) and poly(dA) from a specific site at the 3' end of the RNA template. With this model RNA template-primer, optimal conditions for double-stranded DNA synthesis are described. Analysis of the kinetics of DNA synthesis shows that initially there is rapid synthesis of poly(dT). After a brief time lag, poly(dA) synthesis and the DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity are initiated. While poly(rA) is directing the synthesis of poly(dT), the requirements for DNA synthesis indicate that the newly synthesized poly(dT) is acting as template for poly(dA) synthesis. Furthermore, selective inhibitor studies using NaF show that activation of RNase H is not just a time-related event, but is required for synthesis of the anti-complementary strand of DNA. To determine the specific role of RNase H in this synthetic sequence, the primer for poly(dA) synthesis was investigated. By use of formamide--poly-acrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, it is shown that poly(dT) is not acting as both template and primer for poly(dA) synthesis since no poly(dT)-poly(dA) covalent linkages are observed in radioactive poly(dA) product. Identification of 2',3'-[32P]AMP on paper chromatograms of alkali-treated poly(dA) product synthesized with [alpha-32P]dATP as substrate demonstrates the presence of rAMP-dAMP phosphodiester linkages in the poly(dA) product. Therefore, a new functional role of RNase H is demonstrated in the RNA-directed synthesis of double-stranded DNA. Not only is RNase H responsible for the degradation of poly(rA) following formation of a poly(rA)-poly(dT) hybrid but also the poly(rA)fragments generated are serving as primers for initiation of synthesis of the second strand of the double-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Model RNA-directed DNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and its associated RNase H. A model RNA template-primer system is described for the study of RNA-directed double-stranded DNA synthesis by purified avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase and its associated RNase H. In the presence of complementary RNA primer, oligo(rI), and the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates dGTP, dTTP, and dATP, 3'-(rC)30-40-poly(rA) directs the sequential synthesis of poly(dT) and poly(dA) from a specific site at the 3' end of the RNA template. With this model RNA template-primer, optimal conditions for double-stranded DNA synthesis are described. Analysis of the kinetics of DNA synthesis shows that initially there is rapid synthesis of poly(dT). After a brief time lag, poly(dA) synthesis and the DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity are initiated. While poly(rA) is directing the synthesis of poly(dT), the requirements for DNA synthesis indicate that the newly synthesized poly(dT) is acting as template for poly(dA) synthesis. Furthermore, selective inhibitor studies using NaF show that activation of RNase H is not just a time-related event, but is required for synthesis of the anti-complementary strand of DNA. To determine the specific role of RNase H in this synthetic sequence, the primer for poly(dA) synthesis was investigated. By use of formamide--poly-acrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, it is shown that poly(dT) is not acting as both template and primer for poly(dA) synthesis since no poly(dT)-poly(dA) covalent linkages are observed in radioactive poly(dA) product. Identification of 2',3'-[32P]AMP on paper chromatograms of alkali-treated poly(dA) product synthesized with [alpha-32P]dATP as substrate demonstrates the presence of rAMP-dAMP phosphodiester linkages in the poly(dA) product. Therefore, a new functional role of RNase H is demonstrated in the RNA-directed synthesis of double-stranded DNA. Not only is RNase H responsible for the degradation of poly(rA) following formation of a poly(rA)-poly(dT) hybrid but also the poly(rA)fragments generated are serving as primers for initiation of synthesis of the second strand of the double-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 88956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11361", "title": "Enzymic polyadenylation of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and synthesis of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The 5S ribosomal RNA has been isolated, pure and intact, from rat liver (5 mg of 5S RNA from 150g of liver). The 5S RNA serves as a primer for calf thymus poly(A) polymerase with 20% of the efficiency of (Ap)3A. Bacterial 5S RNA and transfer RNA also serve as primers; rat liver 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs support poly(A) synthesis poorly. Neither the 5S RNA primer nor the appended poly(A) tract is nicked or degraded by poly(A) polymerase, and initiation of poly(A) tracts on 5S RNA primers continues throughout the reaction period. The rate of initiation is dependent on the enzyme concentration; the ATP concentration affects the rate of elongation. The polyadenylated material increases in size over time, with the largest material reaching a size of 6.8 S in 5 h, corresponding to an appended poly(A) tract of 140 nucleotides. Using polyadenylated 5S RNA, oliog(dTY as primer, and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, we synthesized DNA complementary to 5S RNA. The complementary DNA has an apparent molecular weight (in alkaline sucrose gradients) of 4.3 X 10(4). Base composition analysis and nearest-neighbor analysis of the DNA are as expected for a complement of 5S RNA, indicating that the entire 5S sequence is copied. The complementary DNA hybridizes to 5S RNA with a R0t1/2 of 8.9 X 10(-4) mol.s.L-1. No hybrid is formed with Escherichia coli 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA, E. coli 5S ribosomal RNA, yeast transfer RNA, rat liver transfer RNA, or rat liver 18S and 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. The Tm of the 5S RNA:5S DNA hybrid in 15 mM NaCl containing 1.5 mM sodium citrate is 74 degrees C, 2.5 degrees C below the theoretical melting temperature of a DNA duplex of 60% G + C. Analysis of the hybrid in buoyant density gradients also indicates that hybridization is both specific and precise. The complementary DNA anneals to calf thymus, rat liver, and salmon sperm DNAs but not to E. coli DNA. Annealing of 5S cDNA to calf thymus DNA with a C0t1/2 of 2.1 suggests that there are several thousand 5S RNA genes in the calf thymus genome (haploid). At least that number of 5S RNA genes is present in the salmon sperm genome.", "contents": "Enzymic polyadenylation of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and synthesis of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. The 5S ribosomal RNA has been isolated, pure and intact, from rat liver (5 mg of 5S RNA from 150g of liver). The 5S RNA serves as a primer for calf thymus poly(A) polymerase with 20% of the efficiency of (Ap)3A. Bacterial 5S RNA and transfer RNA also serve as primers; rat liver 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs support poly(A) synthesis poorly. Neither the 5S RNA primer nor the appended poly(A) tract is nicked or degraded by poly(A) polymerase, and initiation of poly(A) tracts on 5S RNA primers continues throughout the reaction period. The rate of initiation is dependent on the enzyme concentration; the ATP concentration affects the rate of elongation. The polyadenylated material increases in size over time, with the largest material reaching a size of 6.8 S in 5 h, corresponding to an appended poly(A) tract of 140 nucleotides. Using polyadenylated 5S RNA, oliog(dTY as primer, and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, we synthesized DNA complementary to 5S RNA. The complementary DNA has an apparent molecular weight (in alkaline sucrose gradients) of 4.3 X 10(4). Base composition analysis and nearest-neighbor analysis of the DNA are as expected for a complement of 5S RNA, indicating that the entire 5S sequence is copied. The complementary DNA hybridizes to 5S RNA with a R0t1/2 of 8.9 X 10(-4) mol.s.L-1. No hybrid is formed with Escherichia coli 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA, E. coli 5S ribosomal RNA, yeast transfer RNA, rat liver transfer RNA, or rat liver 18S and 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. The Tm of the 5S RNA:5S DNA hybrid in 15 mM NaCl containing 1.5 mM sodium citrate is 74 degrees C, 2.5 degrees C below the theoretical melting temperature of a DNA duplex of 60% G + C. Analysis of the hybrid in buoyant density gradients also indicates that hybridization is both specific and precise. The complementary DNA anneals to calf thymus, rat liver, and salmon sperm DNAs but not to E. coli DNA. Annealing of 5S cDNA to calf thymus DNA with a C0t1/2 of 2.1 suggests that there are several thousand 5S RNA genes in the calf thymus genome (haploid). At least that number of 5S RNA genes is present in the salmon sperm genome.", "PMID": 88957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11362", "title": "Plasma clearance and liver metabolism of native and asialo-human transcortin in the rat.", "content": "Plasma kinetics and liver metabolism of iodinated human corticosteroid-binding protein have been studied in ovariectomized female rats. 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin prepared by a modified chloramine T reaction was shown to be physically intact and biologically active. Intravenously injected 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin was shown to give a complex clearance pattern from the plasma, with half-lives of 7.5 and 51 min. Estrogen injections had no effect on plasma clearance rate. Direct involvement of liver plasma membrane receptors for asialoglycoproteins in 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin metabolism was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro using asialofetuin as a competitive inhibitor. 125I labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin was cleared from the plasma with a half-life of less than 1 min, while the simultaneous injection of 5 mg asialofetuin maintained the circulating plasma lebels. Asialofetuin also slowed the clearance of intact 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin from the plasma (t1/2 = 90 min). Binding of 125I-labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin to rat liver plasma membranes in vitro was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by asialofetuin, but not by intact human corticosteroid-binding globulin or fetuin. 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin did not bind significantly to the membranes. It is concluded that human corticosteroid-binding globulin clearance from rat plasma is rapid and that the carbohydrate moiety of human corticosteroid-binding globulin is involved in its clearance and catabolism by the liver.", "contents": "Plasma clearance and liver metabolism of native and asialo-human transcortin in the rat. Plasma kinetics and liver metabolism of iodinated human corticosteroid-binding protein have been studied in ovariectomized female rats. 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin prepared by a modified chloramine T reaction was shown to be physically intact and biologically active. Intravenously injected 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin was shown to give a complex clearance pattern from the plasma, with half-lives of 7.5 and 51 min. Estrogen injections had no effect on plasma clearance rate. Direct involvement of liver plasma membrane receptors for asialoglycoproteins in 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin metabolism was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro using asialofetuin as a competitive inhibitor. 125I labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin was cleared from the plasma with a half-life of less than 1 min, while the simultaneous injection of 5 mg asialofetuin maintained the circulating plasma lebels. Asialofetuin also slowed the clearance of intact 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin from the plasma (t1/2 = 90 min). Binding of 125I-labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin to rat liver plasma membranes in vitro was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by asialofetuin, but not by intact human corticosteroid-binding globulin or fetuin. 125I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin did not bind significantly to the membranes. It is concluded that human corticosteroid-binding globulin clearance from rat plasma is rapid and that the carbohydrate moiety of human corticosteroid-binding globulin is involved in its clearance and catabolism by the liver.", "PMID": 88959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11363", "title": "Ontogenesis of pyruvate kinase in the brain and liver tissues of the rat.", "content": "The ontogenetic study of pyruvate kinase in the brain and liver tissues was performed in different batches of rats, from the foetus at the 13th day of gestation to the adult subject. -- According to the kinetic study, the shape of the curve is transformed from sigmoid to hyperbolic from the 13th day of foetal life to adulthood in the brain. Hill coefficient increases with the age of animal in the liver tissue. -- According to polyacrylamide gel isoelectrofocusing, a family of four, transitory or definite bands are detected in the foetal brain : they are well defined by their pHi : M4, M3, M2, M1 ; at the adult stage, M1 predominates, M2 is minor. Threee principal bands are distinguished in the liver : two are characteristic of foetal life (Lf and M2), one of adulthood (L). -- According to the immunochemical tests, there are antigenic determinants common to M1, M2, M3 and M4. The confrontation of the first two methods prompts the conclusion that the kinetic of the enzyme (and perhaps its function) varies with the animals age and is linked to its molecular structure. With the third method, it allows to stress the precociousness of the appearance of the common antigenic determinants, simultaneously with immature enzymatic forms. The signification of the kinetic modifications as well as the succession of the isozymes of the M type in a determined order are discussed and the in vivo formation of hydbrids is suggested.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of pyruvate kinase in the brain and liver tissues of the rat. The ontogenetic study of pyruvate kinase in the brain and liver tissues was performed in different batches of rats, from the foetus at the 13th day of gestation to the adult subject. -- According to the kinetic study, the shape of the curve is transformed from sigmoid to hyperbolic from the 13th day of foetal life to adulthood in the brain. Hill coefficient increases with the age of animal in the liver tissue. -- According to polyacrylamide gel isoelectrofocusing, a family of four, transitory or definite bands are detected in the foetal brain : they are well defined by their pHi : M4, M3, M2, M1 ; at the adult stage, M1 predominates, M2 is minor. Threee principal bands are distinguished in the liver : two are characteristic of foetal life (Lf and M2), one of adulthood (L). -- According to the immunochemical tests, there are antigenic determinants common to M1, M2, M3 and M4. The confrontation of the first two methods prompts the conclusion that the kinetic of the enzyme (and perhaps its function) varies with the animals age and is linked to its molecular structure. With the third method, it allows to stress the precociousness of the appearance of the common antigenic determinants, simultaneously with immature enzymatic forms. The signification of the kinetic modifications as well as the succession of the isozymes of the M type in a determined order are discussed and the in vivo formation of hydbrids is suggested.", "PMID": 88961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11364", "title": "Use of trypsin for rapid and efficient purification of murine sarcoma and leukemia virus.", "content": "A method is described for purification of MSV-MuLV from culture supernatant of chronically infected 78A,1 rat embryo cell line. This method involves direct polyethylene glycol-NaCl precipitation of the low speed supernatant of culture fluid followed by digestion of the pellet with trypsin. This procedure efficiently disrupts large aggregates which normally entrap most of the virus. Highly purified virus can be obtained in very good yield by a combination of sedimentation velocity and isopycnic centrifugation : yields up to 100 A280 units (17 mg of protein) of purified virus per liter of culture fluid can be observed. This procedure appears well suited for large scale isolation of virion associated enzymatic activities.", "contents": "Use of trypsin for rapid and efficient purification of murine sarcoma and leukemia virus. A method is described for purification of MSV-MuLV from culture supernatant of chronically infected 78A,1 rat embryo cell line. This method involves direct polyethylene glycol-NaCl precipitation of the low speed supernatant of culture fluid followed by digestion of the pellet with trypsin. This procedure efficiently disrupts large aggregates which normally entrap most of the virus. Highly purified virus can be obtained in very good yield by a combination of sedimentation velocity and isopycnic centrifugation : yields up to 100 A280 units (17 mg of protein) of purified virus per liter of culture fluid can be observed. This procedure appears well suited for large scale isolation of virion associated enzymatic activities.", "PMID": 88963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11365", "title": "[Dynamic model of protein behavior in water. Possible mechanism of association and dissociation of specific complexes].", "content": "The proposed mechanism of association and dissociation of specific protein complex with ligands is based on the assumption that thermal fluctuations in the non-polar cavities of protein are interrelated due to the co-operative properties of macromolecules. The non-polar cavities, representing the active centres and clefts in the globule jump from the \"open\" state to the \"closed\" one with a certain amount of water being removed to the external medium. It is assumed that the association of ligand with the active centre is accompanied by stabilization of the chest state and destibilization of the open one, dissociation being a reverse process. A rapid change in the state of the active centre under the influence of ligand induces a slow relaxation process resulting in similar alterations in the state of the auxiliary non-polar cavities of protein. As a result, the binding constant of ligand increases, while the free energy of protein decreases. Expressions have been obtained which relate the rate constants of association, dissociation and the binding constant to the rate-constant of the nonpolar cavities transitions from the closed state to the open one, and vice versa. They gave a possibility for a qualitative interpretation of the effect of some specific and non-specific agents upon the stability of immunoglobulins, on the influence of salts upon the association and dissociation of antibody-antigene complexes and on the increase in the constant of binding between antibodies and haptens in the course of prolonged immunisation.", "contents": "[Dynamic model of protein behavior in water. Possible mechanism of association and dissociation of specific complexes]. The proposed mechanism of association and dissociation of specific protein complex with ligands is based on the assumption that thermal fluctuations in the non-polar cavities of protein are interrelated due to the co-operative properties of macromolecules. The non-polar cavities, representing the active centres and clefts in the globule jump from the \"open\" state to the \"closed\" one with a certain amount of water being removed to the external medium. It is assumed that the association of ligand with the active centre is accompanied by stabilization of the chest state and destibilization of the open one, dissociation being a reverse process. A rapid change in the state of the active centre under the influence of ligand induces a slow relaxation process resulting in similar alterations in the state of the auxiliary non-polar cavities of protein. As a result, the binding constant of ligand increases, while the free energy of protein decreases. Expressions have been obtained which relate the rate constants of association, dissociation and the binding constant to the rate-constant of the nonpolar cavities transitions from the closed state to the open one, and vice versa. They gave a possibility for a qualitative interpretation of the effect of some specific and non-specific agents upon the stability of immunoglobulins, on the influence of salts upon the association and dissociation of antibody-antigene complexes and on the increase in the constant of binding between antibodies and haptens in the course of prolonged immunisation.", "PMID": 88960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11366", "title": "[Compartmentation of gramicidin 5 in membranes of sensitive bacteria and protein-lipid interactions].", "content": "Gramicidin S is sorbed on the isolated membranes of granicidin-sensitive Micrococcus lysodeikticus strain. The antibiotic inhibits the membrane malate dehydrogenase within the temperature range of 9--42 degrees C, i.e. under conditions of gel and liquid-crystalline lipid state; however its effect at 10 degrees C is 10 times as low as is observed at 42 degrees C. The inhibitory effect of gramicidin S on malate dehydrogenase can be eliminated and the antibiotic can be removed from the membrane by an excess of different phospholipids. No transfer of the membrane components on exogenous phospholipids is observed. A prolonged (about 2 hrs, 30 degrees C) incubation of the membranes with gramicidin S results in irreversible inactivation of malate dehydrogenase, although the antibiotic can be still eliminated by an addition of phospholipid emulsions. It is suggested that gramicidin S forms complexes with phospholipids, in which the antibiotic is oriented to water. These complexes disturb the lipid-protein interactions, resulting in relaxation of the binding between the boundary phospholipids and proteins, in the loosening of near-protein lipid zones and simultaneous condensation of acid phospholipids in the whole membrane. Destruction of the lipid zone is accompanied by changes in the enzyme activity, by separation of lipid and protein regions and by transphase enzyme transitions (expulsion or immersion). A slow formation of secondary protein-protein associates may be irreversible.", "contents": "[Compartmentation of gramicidin 5 in membranes of sensitive bacteria and protein-lipid interactions]. Gramicidin S is sorbed on the isolated membranes of granicidin-sensitive Micrococcus lysodeikticus strain. The antibiotic inhibits the membrane malate dehydrogenase within the temperature range of 9--42 degrees C, i.e. under conditions of gel and liquid-crystalline lipid state; however its effect at 10 degrees C is 10 times as low as is observed at 42 degrees C. The inhibitory effect of gramicidin S on malate dehydrogenase can be eliminated and the antibiotic can be removed from the membrane by an excess of different phospholipids. No transfer of the membrane components on exogenous phospholipids is observed. A prolonged (about 2 hrs, 30 degrees C) incubation of the membranes with gramicidin S results in irreversible inactivation of malate dehydrogenase, although the antibiotic can be still eliminated by an addition of phospholipid emulsions. It is suggested that gramicidin S forms complexes with phospholipids, in which the antibiotic is oriented to water. These complexes disturb the lipid-protein interactions, resulting in relaxation of the binding between the boundary phospholipids and proteins, in the loosening of near-protein lipid zones and simultaneous condensation of acid phospholipids in the whole membrane. Destruction of the lipid zone is accompanied by changes in the enzyme activity, by separation of lipid and protein regions and by transphase enzyme transitions (expulsion or immersion). A slow formation of secondary protein-protein associates may be irreversible.", "PMID": 88965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11367", "title": "[Heterogeneity in organization of lipids in the bacterial membrane].", "content": "The lipids of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes were 50%-substituted by phosphatidyl choline using lipid-exchanging proteins isolated from rat liver. The incorporation of phosphatidyl choline into the membrane did not significantly change the malate dehydrogenase activity and the temperature dependence activity in the Arrhenius plots for the enzyme. Gramicidin S--modifier of membrane lipids--had similar effects both on the intact membranes and on the phosphatidyl-enriched membranes. A conclusion is made on structural heterogeneity of the bacterial membrane and on the presence of a boundary lipid fraction, which controls the functioning of malate dehydrogenase and is characterized by a low-rate exchange with other lipids.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity in organization of lipids in the bacterial membrane]. The lipids of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes were 50%-substituted by phosphatidyl choline using lipid-exchanging proteins isolated from rat liver. The incorporation of phosphatidyl choline into the membrane did not significantly change the malate dehydrogenase activity and the temperature dependence activity in the Arrhenius plots for the enzyme. Gramicidin S--modifier of membrane lipids--had similar effects both on the intact membranes and on the phosphatidyl-enriched membranes. A conclusion is made on structural heterogeneity of the bacterial membrane and on the presence of a boundary lipid fraction, which controls the functioning of malate dehydrogenase and is characterized by a low-rate exchange with other lipids.", "PMID": 88966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11368", "title": "[Porton uptake by isolated chloroplasts during cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport catalyzed by photosystem I in the presence of ferredoxin].", "content": "Proton uptake by isolated chloroplasts during cyclic electron transport in the presence of ferredoxin and under NADP+ reduction from the ascorbate--TMPD donor pair under anaerobic conditions was studied. It was found that during cyclic transport the proton uptake is less intensive than under NADP+ reduction. In the presence of ATP the proton uptake is increased in the first case and is decreased in the second one. During cyclic transport in the presence of gramicidin D the proton uptake is completely suppressed and under NADP+ reduction is decreased down to 0,08--0,09 mk equiv H+ per mg of chlorophyll, irrespective of ferredoxin or NADP+ concentrations. The role of ferredoxin NADP+ reductase in a proton uptake by thylakoids is discussed.", "contents": "[Porton uptake by isolated chloroplasts during cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport catalyzed by photosystem I in the presence of ferredoxin]. Proton uptake by isolated chloroplasts during cyclic electron transport in the presence of ferredoxin and under NADP+ reduction from the ascorbate--TMPD donor pair under anaerobic conditions was studied. It was found that during cyclic transport the proton uptake is less intensive than under NADP+ reduction. In the presence of ATP the proton uptake is increased in the first case and is decreased in the second one. During cyclic transport in the presence of gramicidin D the proton uptake is completely suppressed and under NADP+ reduction is decreased down to 0,08--0,09 mk equiv H+ per mg of chlorophyll, irrespective of ferredoxin or NADP+ concentrations. The role of ferredoxin NADP+ reductase in a proton uptake by thylakoids is discussed.", "PMID": 88967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11369", "title": "[Liver structure as a possible factor in the regulation of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis].", "content": "AFP-containing hepatocytes were shown to lose the membrane antigen, localized in the region of bile capillaries, due to the mouse liver regeneration induced by CCl4 and paracetamol poisoning. Both in the liver regeneration and early postnatal ontogenesis the cessation of the AFP synthesis in hepatocytes coincides with the appearance of the bile capillary antigen on the cell surface. It is suggested that the AFP synthesis cessation is the result of the arrangement of cell contacts characteristic of the definitive liver balk.", "contents": "[Liver structure as a possible factor in the regulation of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis]. AFP-containing hepatocytes were shown to lose the membrane antigen, localized in the region of bile capillaries, due to the mouse liver regeneration induced by CCl4 and paracetamol poisoning. Both in the liver regeneration and early postnatal ontogenesis the cessation of the AFP synthesis in hepatocytes coincides with the appearance of the bile capillary antigen on the cell surface. It is suggested that the AFP synthesis cessation is the result of the arrangement of cell contacts characteristic of the definitive liver balk.", "PMID": 88968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11370", "title": "[Immunohistochemical study of the differentiation of the cephalic lobe of the adenohypophysis in chick embryos].", "content": "It was shown by means of indirect immunofluorescence that ACTH appeared in the cephalic lobe of the chick embryo pituitary beginning from the 8th day of the development. A new tissue-specific antigen (A3) is revealed, which is localized in the cephalic lobe of adenohypophysis and becomes manifest at the 7th day of embryogenesis. Quantitative analysis of ACTH and A3 localization in the cells of 11-day chick embryo adenohypophyses allows a conclusion that A3 is localized in corticotropic cells.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical study of the differentiation of the cephalic lobe of the adenohypophysis in chick embryos]. It was shown by means of indirect immunofluorescence that ACTH appeared in the cephalic lobe of the chick embryo pituitary beginning from the 8th day of the development. A new tissue-specific antigen (A3) is revealed, which is localized in the cephalic lobe of adenohypophysis and becomes manifest at the 7th day of embryogenesis. Quantitative analysis of ACTH and A3 localization in the cells of 11-day chick embryo adenohypophyses allows a conclusion that A3 is localized in corticotropic cells.", "PMID": 88969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11371", "title": "[Biosynthesis and production of specific beta 1-globulin (SBG) during pregnancy in rats].", "content": "It has been shown that pregnancy specific beta 1-globulin (SBG) is found in the rat blood serum on the 5--7th day of pregnancy. SBG reaches the maximum by the end of pregnancy and is not detected already at the 3d--4th day after delivery. The placenta is the site of the SBG synthesis. Other organs of the pregnant rat are not able to incorporate radioactive aminoacids into the protein in vitro.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis and production of specific beta 1-globulin (SBG) during pregnancy in rats]. It has been shown that pregnancy specific beta 1-globulin (SBG) is found in the rat blood serum on the 5--7th day of pregnancy. SBG reaches the maximum by the end of pregnancy and is not detected already at the 3d--4th day after delivery. The placenta is the site of the SBG synthesis. Other organs of the pregnant rat are not able to incorporate radioactive aminoacids into the protein in vitro.", "PMID": 88970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11372", "title": "[Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin by long-term cultured cells of murine hepatoma].", "content": "The capacity of continuous cell of XXIIa mouse hepatoma (strain MHXXIIa) to synthesize alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin was studied by immunoautoradiography. Albumin and transferrin were detected in the polyethylene glycol concentrated growth medium of hepatoma cells on the 5th year (the 55th month) of their cultivation. alpha-fetoprotein was not found. Only transferrin was revealed in the growth medium of hepa toma cells of the 8th year (the 92d month) of cultivation. Two clonal cultures obtained on the 8th year of hepatoma cell cultivation were also characterized by the ability to synthesize transferrin. The continuous mouse hepatoma cells retained their malignancy. The agar micro-precipitation reaction showed the presence of alpha-fetofetoprotein in lyfogel concentrated serum of mice with tumors formed after inoculation of the hepatoma cells of the 5th year of cultivation. However, alpha-fetoprotein was not detected in the serum of mice with tumors induced by inoculation of the hepatoma cells of the 8th year of cultivation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin by long-term cultured cells of murine hepatoma]. The capacity of continuous cell of XXIIa mouse hepatoma (strain MHXXIIa) to synthesize alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and transferrin was studied by immunoautoradiography. Albumin and transferrin were detected in the polyethylene glycol concentrated growth medium of hepatoma cells on the 5th year (the 55th month) of their cultivation. alpha-fetoprotein was not found. Only transferrin was revealed in the growth medium of hepa toma cells of the 8th year (the 92d month) of cultivation. Two clonal cultures obtained on the 8th year of hepatoma cell cultivation were also characterized by the ability to synthesize transferrin. The continuous mouse hepatoma cells retained their malignancy. The agar micro-precipitation reaction showed the presence of alpha-fetofetoprotein in lyfogel concentrated serum of mice with tumors formed after inoculation of the hepatoma cells of the 5th year of cultivation. However, alpha-fetoprotein was not detected in the serum of mice with tumors induced by inoculation of the hepatoma cells of the 8th year of cultivation.", "PMID": 88971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11373", "title": "The effect of cultured endothelial cells on factor VIII procoagulant activity.", "content": "Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells produce a protein that has von Willebrand factor activity and forms immunoprecipitates with rabbit antibody to purified plasma factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) protein, but it has no FVIII procoagulant activity. Of the three characteristics of plasma FVIII/vWF protein, only FVIII procoagulant activity is readily destroyed by trace proteases. A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated protease activity in culture medium under conditions that had been used by others to show that endothelial cells do not synthesize protein with FVIII procoagulant activity. However, even if cultured endothelial cells are placed in protease-free culture medium, no FVIII procoagulant activity can be detected, despite an increase in the level of protein with vWF activity from 0 to 0.57 microgram/ml by 48 hr. This observation and the lack of protease activity in medium left in contact with the cells for 48 hr led to the hypothesis that proteases exist on the surface of cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. Protease activity was quantitated by the hydrolysis of p-nitroaniline from the substrate, N-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginyl-p-nitroanilide and by degradation of the procoagulant activity of added purified plasma FVIII/vWF protein. In the absence of endothelial cells, no protease activity was present in protease-free culture medium whether or not it had previously overlaid cultured cells. This medium did not cause cleavage of p-nitroaniline from the tripeptide substrate, and 83% of added FVIII procoagulant activity remained after 48 hr. When the synthetic tripeptide was incubated in contact with cultured endothelial cells, 7.3 +/- 0.8 X 10(-10) moles of p-nitroaniline/hr was released; moreover, only 47% of the added FVIII procoagulant activity remained after 48 hr. Given this rate of destruction, it can be calculated that sufficient protease activity exists on the surface of cultured endothelial cells to degrade the procoagulant activity of approximately 1.6 microgram FVIII/vWF protein/hr. This degradation rate is 45 times the rate of release of FVIII/vWF protein from cultured endothelial cells when assessed by the generation of protein with vWF activity. Hence, the detection of FVIII procoagulant activity, if in fact synthesized by cultured endothelial cells, will be most difficult.", "contents": "The effect of cultured endothelial cells on factor VIII procoagulant activity. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells produce a protein that has von Willebrand factor activity and forms immunoprecipitates with rabbit antibody to purified plasma factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) protein, but it has no FVIII procoagulant activity. Of the three characteristics of plasma FVIII/vWF protein, only FVIII procoagulant activity is readily destroyed by trace proteases. A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated protease activity in culture medium under conditions that had been used by others to show that endothelial cells do not synthesize protein with FVIII procoagulant activity. However, even if cultured endothelial cells are placed in protease-free culture medium, no FVIII procoagulant activity can be detected, despite an increase in the level of protein with vWF activity from 0 to 0.57 microgram/ml by 48 hr. This observation and the lack of protease activity in medium left in contact with the cells for 48 hr led to the hypothesis that proteases exist on the surface of cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. Protease activity was quantitated by the hydrolysis of p-nitroaniline from the substrate, N-benzoyl-phenylalanyl-valyl-arginyl-p-nitroanilide and by degradation of the procoagulant activity of added purified plasma FVIII/vWF protein. In the absence of endothelial cells, no protease activity was present in protease-free culture medium whether or not it had previously overlaid cultured cells. This medium did not cause cleavage of p-nitroaniline from the tripeptide substrate, and 83% of added FVIII procoagulant activity remained after 48 hr. When the synthetic tripeptide was incubated in contact with cultured endothelial cells, 7.3 +/- 0.8 X 10(-10) moles of p-nitroaniline/hr was released; moreover, only 47% of the added FVIII procoagulant activity remained after 48 hr. Given this rate of destruction, it can be calculated that sufficient protease activity exists on the surface of cultured endothelial cells to degrade the procoagulant activity of approximately 1.6 microgram FVIII/vWF protein/hr. This degradation rate is 45 times the rate of release of FVIII/vWF protein from cultured endothelial cells when assessed by the generation of protein with vWF activity. Hence, the detection of FVIII procoagulant activity, if in fact synthesized by cultured endothelial cells, will be most difficult.", "PMID": 88972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11374", "title": "[Nuclear surface of buccal cells as a function of the nature of the stain. Measurements with an image analyzing computer].", "content": "Measure of nuclear areas was performed on buccal smears by the Quantimet 720 image analysing computer. Five different staining procedures were used and we consider that toluidin blue at pH 4 is the best for a fine quantitative caryometry.", "contents": "[Nuclear surface of buccal cells as a function of the nature of the stain. Measurements with an image analyzing computer]. Measure of nuclear areas was performed on buccal smears by the Quantimet 720 image analysing computer. Five different staining procedures were used and we consider that toluidin blue at pH 4 is the best for a fine quantitative caryometry.", "PMID": 88973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11375", "title": "[Modifications of the maternal immune response associated to pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reviews the literature on the immune status of pregnant women. No major alteration of the immune response was observed. If any, the modifications are not important and involve the synthesis of immunoglobulins, the presence of circulating immune complexes, some sub-populations of mononuclear cells and the in vitro lymphocyte response to T dependent antigens. Phagocytosis, the number of B and T cells and mitogen lymphocyte response are normal. Studies on the immuno-suppressive effect of both pregnant women sera and serum substances (hormones, pregnancy associated or specific proteins, carcino-embryonic antigens) are reported. Discrepancies are observed between conclusions drawn by various authors: they relate to the efficiency of the measurement and to the observed effect. The contradictory results obtained with alpha-foetoprotein provide an illustration of the critical analysis of these studies. Finally, the in vivo immune status of pregnant women is reported as observed in cutaneous tests, transplantations and auto-immune diseases. The most relevant observations are: a defect of the expression of delayed hypersensitivity reaction, a facilitating effect of pregnancy in kidney transplantation similar to that obtained after transfusion and an inconstant and mild defect of graft immunity. Therefore, pregnancy produces a specific immune status about which tests presently available give few relevant results, similar to those obtained in some cancers.", "contents": "[Modifications of the maternal immune response associated to pregnancy (author's transl)]. The author reviews the literature on the immune status of pregnant women. No major alteration of the immune response was observed. If any, the modifications are not important and involve the synthesis of immunoglobulins, the presence of circulating immune complexes, some sub-populations of mononuclear cells and the in vitro lymphocyte response to T dependent antigens. Phagocytosis, the number of B and T cells and mitogen lymphocyte response are normal. Studies on the immuno-suppressive effect of both pregnant women sera and serum substances (hormones, pregnancy associated or specific proteins, carcino-embryonic antigens) are reported. Discrepancies are observed between conclusions drawn by various authors: they relate to the efficiency of the measurement and to the observed effect. The contradictory results obtained with alpha-foetoprotein provide an illustration of the critical analysis of these studies. Finally, the in vivo immune status of pregnant women is reported as observed in cutaneous tests, transplantations and auto-immune diseases. The most relevant observations are: a defect of the expression of delayed hypersensitivity reaction, a facilitating effect of pregnancy in kidney transplantation similar to that obtained after transfusion and an inconstant and mild defect of graft immunity. Therefore, pregnancy produces a specific immune status about which tests presently available give few relevant results, similar to those obtained in some cancers.", "PMID": 88974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11376", "title": "Results of transurethral resection of prostate in patients with cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with bladder outflow obstruction and a past history of cerebrovascular accident are described. Sixteen patients regained normal micturition control. Poor results occurred in the more handicapped patients, especially in those with additional neurological problems. Patients who present with bladder outflow obstruction should be treated surgically. To determine those patients who will have a poor result full clinical and neurological assessment must be made, together with urodynamic studies. In order to improve these results a team approach is required between the urologist, geriatrician, nurse and physiotherapist.", "contents": "Results of transurethral resection of prostate in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Twenty-two patients with bladder outflow obstruction and a past history of cerebrovascular accident are described. Sixteen patients regained normal micturition control. Poor results occurred in the more handicapped patients, especially in those with additional neurological problems. Patients who present with bladder outflow obstruction should be treated surgically. To determine those patients who will have a poor result full clinical and neurological assessment must be made, together with urodynamic studies. In order to improve these results a team approach is required between the urologist, geriatrician, nurse and physiotherapist.", "PMID": 88982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11377", "title": "A critical evaluation of the results of transurethral resection of the prostate.", "content": "In a review of 1057 consecutive prostatectomies of which 95% were performed transurethrally, carcinoma was present in 11.8%. There were 10 deaths within a month of operation (0.9%), 9 of these patients having been exceptionally old and unfit. The rate of complications and the end results appear to justify using transurethral resection as the method of choice for prostatectomy whenever it is feasible.", "contents": "A critical evaluation of the results of transurethral resection of the prostate. In a review of 1057 consecutive prostatectomies of which 95% were performed transurethrally, carcinoma was present in 11.8%. There were 10 deaths within a month of operation (0.9%), 9 of these patients having been exceptionally old and unfit. The rate of complications and the end results appear to justify using transurethral resection as the method of choice for prostatectomy whenever it is feasible.", "PMID": 88983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11378", "title": "A placebo-controlled double-blind study of the effect of phenoxybenzamine in benign prostatic obstruction.", "content": "A double-blind placebo-controlled study of phenoxybenzamine for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic obstruction is reported. Statistically significant evidence of an improvement in both the peak and mean flow-rates was found. Both diurnal and nocturnal frequency were significantly diminished. Residual urine was unaffected, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Urethral pressure recordings confirmed the reduction in the closure pressure in the prostatic segment of the urethra. It was concluded that there was good evidence that the treatment is effective.", "contents": "A placebo-controlled double-blind study of the effect of phenoxybenzamine in benign prostatic obstruction. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of phenoxybenzamine for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic obstruction is reported. Statistically significant evidence of an improvement in both the peak and mean flow-rates was found. Both diurnal and nocturnal frequency were significantly diminished. Residual urine was unaffected, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Urethral pressure recordings confirmed the reduction in the closure pressure in the prostatic segment of the urethra. It was concluded that there was good evidence that the treatment is effective.", "PMID": 88984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11379", "title": "Receptor proteins for androgens in prostatic disease.", "content": "The suitability of an exchange assay with methyltrienolone (R1881) for the measurement of androgen receptors in human prostatic tumours has been investigated. Having established the specificity of this compound for androgen receptor assay, a pilot study was carried out to measure dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor in 27 cases of benign hypertrophy and 18 cases of malignant tumour of the prostate.", "contents": "Receptor proteins for androgens in prostatic disease. The suitability of an exchange assay with methyltrienolone (R1881) for the measurement of androgen receptors in human prostatic tumours has been investigated. Having established the specificity of this compound for androgen receptor assay, a pilot study was carried out to measure dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor in 27 cases of benign hypertrophy and 18 cases of malignant tumour of the prostate.", "PMID": 88985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11380", "title": "The value of alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin in the management of testicular tumours.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin levels were estimated in 115 patients. Sixty-nine patients had non-seminomatous germ cell tumours and 34 patients had seminomas. Twenty-six patients showed elevated serum makers.", "contents": "The value of alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin in the management of testicular tumours. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin levels were estimated in 115 patients. Sixty-nine patients had non-seminomatous germ cell tumours and 34 patients had seminomas. Twenty-six patients showed elevated serum makers.", "PMID": 88986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11381", "title": "A trial of bleomycin versus adriamycin in advanced carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients were studied in a controlled clinical trial to assess the value of Adriamycin and Bleomycin in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the bladder. The previously reported high response rates for both drugs were not observed in this trial. Administration of Bleomycin was accompanied by a toxicity rate so high that treatment had to be abandoned. Neither Adriamycin nor Bleomycin, therefore, used as single agents, have a role in the chemotherapy of advanced bladder cancer. Other agents should be investigated and assessed by controlled clinical trials that are disease-orientated rather than drug-orientated.", "contents": "A trial of bleomycin versus adriamycin in advanced carcinoma of the bladder. Thirty-seven patients were studied in a controlled clinical trial to assess the value of Adriamycin and Bleomycin in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the bladder. The previously reported high response rates for both drugs were not observed in this trial. Administration of Bleomycin was accompanied by a toxicity rate so high that treatment had to be abandoned. Neither Adriamycin nor Bleomycin, therefore, used as single agents, have a role in the chemotherapy of advanced bladder cancer. Other agents should be investigated and assessed by controlled clinical trials that are disease-orientated rather than drug-orientated.", "PMID": 88987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11382", "title": "The Celestin tube in the palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia.", "content": "A series of 105 patients with dysphagia due to inoperable carcinoma of the oesophagus or cardia of the stomach, and 11 patients with dysphagia secondary to malignant medistinal nodes, was treated by intubation with a Celestin tube. The hospital mortality was high but 81 patients left hospital and 29 were still alive at 6 months. The prognosis for those with dysphagia due to malignant posterior mediastinal nodes was very poor, with no survivors at 6 months. Oesophageal perforation was a serious operative complication, with a hospital mortality of 83 per cent. Chest and wound infections were the most common postoperative complications occurring in 28 and 20 per cent of the patients, respectively. The restoration of swallowing was satisfactory in the majority of survivors although readmission with a blocked or displaced tube was not uncommon.", "contents": "The Celestin tube in the palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. A series of 105 patients with dysphagia due to inoperable carcinoma of the oesophagus or cardia of the stomach, and 11 patients with dysphagia secondary to malignant medistinal nodes, was treated by intubation with a Celestin tube. The hospital mortality was high but 81 patients left hospital and 29 were still alive at 6 months. The prognosis for those with dysphagia due to malignant posterior mediastinal nodes was very poor, with no survivors at 6 months. Oesophageal perforation was a serious operative complication, with a hospital mortality of 83 per cent. Chest and wound infections were the most common postoperative complications occurring in 28 and 20 per cent of the patients, respectively. The restoration of swallowing was satisfactory in the majority of survivors although readmission with a blocked or displaced tube was not uncommon.", "PMID": 88988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11383", "title": "Does rectal examination affect serum acid phosphatase levels?", "content": "Formol-stable serum acid phosphatase (SAP) was measured in 200 patients with symptoms of prostatism, before and at varying time intervals after digital rectal examination. In three separate groups of 50 patients SAP levels were measured before and at 5, 15 and 30 min following rectal examination and in a fourth group of 50 patients it was measured before and at 6, 24 and 48 h after examination. No significant change occurred in SAP levels following this examination in any of the groups studied. We conclude that rectal examination does not raise the SAP and that, contrary to popular belief, blood levels recorded at any time within this 48-h period are reliable.", "contents": "Does rectal examination affect serum acid phosphatase levels? Formol-stable serum acid phosphatase (SAP) was measured in 200 patients with symptoms of prostatism, before and at varying time intervals after digital rectal examination. In three separate groups of 50 patients SAP levels were measured before and at 5, 15 and 30 min following rectal examination and in a fourth group of 50 patients it was measured before and at 6, 24 and 48 h after examination. No significant change occurred in SAP levels following this examination in any of the groups studied. We conclude that rectal examination does not raise the SAP and that, contrary to popular belief, blood levels recorded at any time within this 48-h period are reliable.", "PMID": 88989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11384", "title": "Sudden death during ambulatory monitoring.", "content": "Three patients with ischaemic heart disease died suddenly while being monitored with an ambulatory tape recorder. Two had terminal ventricular fibrillation initiated by paired bidirectional ventricular ectopic beats against a background of scattered ectopic activity; both had had ventricular tachycardia during routine treadmill exercise testing in the week before death. The third patient developed bizarre ventricular complexes followed by asystole. Sudden death may be due to ventricular fibrillation initiated by paired ventricular ectopic beats with changing morphology, or asystole following bizarre ventricular complexes. Exercise testing may have an important predictive value.", "contents": "Sudden death during ambulatory monitoring. Three patients with ischaemic heart disease died suddenly while being monitored with an ambulatory tape recorder. Two had terminal ventricular fibrillation initiated by paired bidirectional ventricular ectopic beats against a background of scattered ectopic activity; both had had ventricular tachycardia during routine treadmill exercise testing in the week before death. The third patient developed bizarre ventricular complexes followed by asystole. Sudden death may be due to ventricular fibrillation initiated by paired ventricular ectopic beats with changing morphology, or asystole following bizarre ventricular complexes. Exercise testing may have an important predictive value.", "PMID": 88992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11385", "title": "Analysis of fast axoplasmic transport in nerve ligation and adriamycin-induced neuronal perikaryon lesions.", "content": "Fast axoplasmic transport was examined in experimental nerve ligation and adriamycin-induced neuronal perikaryon lesions. Animals were sacrificed at precisely 3 and 4 h following the injection of [3H]leucine. In single ligated nerves, the 3 and 4 h down-flow rates, which include the time for neuronal processing of labelled material, were 379.2 +/- 23.51 and 370.8 +/- 26.93 mm/day, respectively, compared to the calculated rate of fast axoplasmic transport of 345.6 +/- 25.22 mm/day. In double-ligated nerves the down-flow rates were 364.8 +/- 40.32 and 342 +/- 32.2 mm/day, respectively, while the fast axoplasmic transport rate was 273.6 +/- 36.16 mm/day. In contrast, in adriamycin toxicity the down-flow rates were 363.9 +/- 21.54 and 378 +/- 14.69 mm/day with a normal calculated rate of fast axoplasmic transport of 420 +/- 18 mm/day. These studies illustrate that evaluation of two (or more) different time intervals can be used to assess the site of impaired delivery of labelled materials to the peripheral portions of the nerve. Furthermore, a single time interval examination of transport should not be equated with axoplasmic transport especially under pathological conditions.", "contents": "Analysis of fast axoplasmic transport in nerve ligation and adriamycin-induced neuronal perikaryon lesions. Fast axoplasmic transport was examined in experimental nerve ligation and adriamycin-induced neuronal perikaryon lesions. Animals were sacrificed at precisely 3 and 4 h following the injection of [3H]leucine. In single ligated nerves, the 3 and 4 h down-flow rates, which include the time for neuronal processing of labelled material, were 379.2 +/- 23.51 and 370.8 +/- 26.93 mm/day, respectively, compared to the calculated rate of fast axoplasmic transport of 345.6 +/- 25.22 mm/day. In double-ligated nerves the down-flow rates were 364.8 +/- 40.32 and 342 +/- 32.2 mm/day, respectively, while the fast axoplasmic transport rate was 273.6 +/- 36.16 mm/day. In contrast, in adriamycin toxicity the down-flow rates were 363.9 +/- 21.54 and 378 +/- 14.69 mm/day with a normal calculated rate of fast axoplasmic transport of 420 +/- 18 mm/day. These studies illustrate that evaluation of two (or more) different time intervals can be used to assess the site of impaired delivery of labelled materials to the peripheral portions of the nerve. Furthermore, a single time interval examination of transport should not be equated with axoplasmic transport especially under pathological conditions.", "PMID": 89000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11386", "title": "Autonomic block, cardiovascular depression and histamine release produced by polymyxin B in the cat.", "content": "The present study quantifies the autonomic block, the cardiovascular depression and the histamine releasing effects of polymyxin B in nine anaesthetized cats. The dose requirements for 50 per cent depression of the mean arterial blood pressure, the bradycardiac response to vagal stimulation, and the contraction of the nictitating membrane elicited by pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk have a narrow range of scatter, being of the order of 6--12 mg.kg-1 of the polymycin B base. The neuromuscular blocking dose (ED50), previously determined and hereby confired, also falls in the same range. Bradycardia and possibly histamine release are also observable. The relatively unremarkable effect of polymyxin B on the heart rate can be attributed to the balance between the vagal, sympathetic and ganglionic blocks, as well as the possible histamine release. All effects are long-lasting. Thus lack of tissue specificity makes it implausible to explain the neuromuscular and the cardiovascular effects of polymyxin B solely by the cholinergic mechanism of action. Ganglionic block and histamine release do not completely explain hypotension induced by polymyxin B. We propose that all biological effects of polymyxin B derive from a common mechanism of action, which may be its antimembrane antibacterial action. We would like to alert anaesthetists to the possiblity that polymyxin B may cause severe multiple organ system depression, in addition to neuromuscular block.", "contents": "Autonomic block, cardiovascular depression and histamine release produced by polymyxin B in the cat. The present study quantifies the autonomic block, the cardiovascular depression and the histamine releasing effects of polymyxin B in nine anaesthetized cats. The dose requirements for 50 per cent depression of the mean arterial blood pressure, the bradycardiac response to vagal stimulation, and the contraction of the nictitating membrane elicited by pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk have a narrow range of scatter, being of the order of 6--12 mg.kg-1 of the polymycin B base. The neuromuscular blocking dose (ED50), previously determined and hereby confired, also falls in the same range. Bradycardia and possibly histamine release are also observable. The relatively unremarkable effect of polymyxin B on the heart rate can be attributed to the balance between the vagal, sympathetic and ganglionic blocks, as well as the possible histamine release. All effects are long-lasting. Thus lack of tissue specificity makes it implausible to explain the neuromuscular and the cardiovascular effects of polymyxin B solely by the cholinergic mechanism of action. Ganglionic block and histamine release do not completely explain hypotension induced by polymyxin B. We propose that all biological effects of polymyxin B derive from a common mechanism of action, which may be its antimembrane antibacterial action. We would like to alert anaesthetists to the possiblity that polymyxin B may cause severe multiple organ system depression, in addition to neuromuscular block.", "PMID": 89005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11387", "title": "A reliable Golgi-Kopsch modification.", "content": "A reliable Golgi-Kopsch variant is described. Tissue is fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Tissue slabs (2.5--4 thick) are immersed for 5--7 days in a solution containing 3.5 g potassium dichromate, 15 g sucrose, 1.65 ml formaldehyde in 100 ml distilled water, washed briefly in 0.75% silver nitrate, and immersed in 0.75% silver nitrate for 2--3 days. Procedures for cutting, counterstaining, and handling sections are described.", "contents": "A reliable Golgi-Kopsch modification. A reliable Golgi-Kopsch variant is described. Tissue is fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Tissue slabs (2.5--4 thick) are immersed for 5--7 days in a solution containing 3.5 g potassium dichromate, 15 g sucrose, 1.65 ml formaldehyde in 100 ml distilled water, washed briefly in 0.75% silver nitrate, and immersed in 0.75% silver nitrate for 2--3 days. Procedures for cutting, counterstaining, and handling sections are described.", "PMID": 89002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11388", "title": "The pathophysiology of asthma.", "content": "Because postmortem studies of humans provide little information on the initial pathophysiologic events in asthma, animal models have been developed. Recently the Ascaris-allergic rhesus monkey has provided an opportunity to examine the onset of pathophysiologic changes following challenge and to correlate them with airway structure. These studies have suggested that the initial interaction between antigen and mast cells may occur in the bronchial lumen or in the epithelium superficial to the tight junctions, where a small but significant percentage of airway mast cells exist. It also appears that this initial antigen-antibody interaction results in the release of mediators that both stimulate the rapidly adapting stretch receptors in the mucosa and alter the mucosal barrier so that proteins of large molecular weight can penetrate. The fact that antigen challenge results in hyperresponsiveness to a subsequent dose of inhaled histamine and increased systemic absorption of histamine suggests that the airway hyperresponsiveness could be related to increased penetration of histamine into the bronchial wall. These observations suggest that the initial event in an acute asthmatic attack is the release of mediators from superficial mast cells, and that this amplifies the allergic response by altering the mucosal permeability so that more antigen reaches the submucosal mast cells. This altered permeability may also help explain the hyperreactivity of the airways to nonspecific airway stimulants in persons with asthma.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of asthma. Because postmortem studies of humans provide little information on the initial pathophysiologic events in asthma, animal models have been developed. Recently the Ascaris-allergic rhesus monkey has provided an opportunity to examine the onset of pathophysiologic changes following challenge and to correlate them with airway structure. These studies have suggested that the initial interaction between antigen and mast cells may occur in the bronchial lumen or in the epithelium superficial to the tight junctions, where a small but significant percentage of airway mast cells exist. It also appears that this initial antigen-antibody interaction results in the release of mediators that both stimulate the rapidly adapting stretch receptors in the mucosa and alter the mucosal barrier so that proteins of large molecular weight can penetrate. The fact that antigen challenge results in hyperresponsiveness to a subsequent dose of inhaled histamine and increased systemic absorption of histamine suggests that the airway hyperresponsiveness could be related to increased penetration of histamine into the bronchial wall. These observations suggest that the initial event in an acute asthmatic attack is the release of mediators from superficial mast cells, and that this amplifies the allergic response by altering the mucosal permeability so that more antigen reaches the submucosal mast cells. This altered permeability may also help explain the hyperreactivity of the airways to nonspecific airway stimulants in persons with asthma.", "PMID": 89006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11389", "title": "Chemotherapy for advanced cervical cancer with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "Nine patients with advanced cancer of the uterine cervix, having failed radiotherapy, were treated with a combination regimen of parenteral methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Eight of the patients had objective partial remissions lasting a median of 4 months. All patients improved subjectively. Five of the patients, however, had sudden unpredictable onset of severe myelosuppression accompanied by stomatitis. Such frequent severe toxicity was not observed in patients with other malignancies treated with this combination. It is likely that impaired excretion of methotrexate resulting from ureteral dysfunction led to increased toxicity. In future protocols for advanced cervical cancer, methotrexate will be replaced by other effective agents. The very high response rate (89%) suggests that similar but less toxic combinations may contribute substantially to the future effective treatment of advanced cervical cancer.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for advanced cervical cancer with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Nine patients with advanced cancer of the uterine cervix, having failed radiotherapy, were treated with a combination regimen of parenteral methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Eight of the patients had objective partial remissions lasting a median of 4 months. All patients improved subjectively. Five of the patients, however, had sudden unpredictable onset of severe myelosuppression accompanied by stomatitis. Such frequent severe toxicity was not observed in patients with other malignancies treated with this combination. It is likely that impaired excretion of methotrexate resulting from ureteral dysfunction led to increased toxicity. In future protocols for advanced cervical cancer, methotrexate will be replaced by other effective agents. The very high response rate (89%) suggests that similar but less toxic combinations may contribute substantially to the future effective treatment of advanced cervical cancer.", "PMID": 89007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11390", "title": "Reversible effects of olfactory nerve section on behavior and biochemistry in mice.", "content": "Coincident with the sectioning of the primary olfactory nerves in mice there is a dramatic loss of both olfactory-mediated behavior and the ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport the neuron specific marker, carnosine. These deficiencies are only temporary, and the ability of food deprived mice to locate buried food pellets returns within 21 days after olfactory nerve section. The ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport carnosine appears to increase between 8 days and 45 days after surgery. These data support the notion of behaviorally significant functional regeneration of olfactory neurons.", "contents": "Reversible effects of olfactory nerve section on behavior and biochemistry in mice. Coincident with the sectioning of the primary olfactory nerves in mice there is a dramatic loss of both olfactory-mediated behavior and the ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport the neuron specific marker, carnosine. These deficiencies are only temporary, and the ability of food deprived mice to locate buried food pellets returns within 21 days after olfactory nerve section. The ability of the primary olfactory neurons to synthesize and transport carnosine appears to increase between 8 days and 45 days after surgery. These data support the notion of behaviorally significant functional regeneration of olfactory neurons.", "PMID": 89004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11391", "title": "The early effects of chemical carcinogens on adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. II. Effects on unscheduled DNA synthesis, cell division and alpha-fetoprotein production.", "content": "The effects of exposure of rat hepatocytes in primary maintenance culture to chemical carcinogens has been studied with respect cytotoxicity and alterations in mitotic index, unscheduled DNA synthesis and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) production. All compounds tested produced cytotoxicity. Increases in mitotic index and unscheduled DNA synthesis and the production of AFP were observed after treatment of the cells with the carcinogens but not after treatment with the non-carcinogenic isomers. These increases were dose-dependent and depended on the time of exposure and the time incubated postexposure. The patterns of the increase in mitotic index and AFP production after cessation of carcinogen exposure were very similar, with the increase in mitotic index occurring slightly before that for the AFP production and it is suggested from this and other data that the production of AFP is dependent on the generation of a cell species functionally distinct from the non-dividing hepatocytes. It is also suggested that measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis in conjunction with that of AFP production in cultured hepatocytes may be useful as part of a screening programme for chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "The early effects of chemical carcinogens on adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. II. Effects on unscheduled DNA synthesis, cell division and alpha-fetoprotein production. The effects of exposure of rat hepatocytes in primary maintenance culture to chemical carcinogens has been studied with respect cytotoxicity and alterations in mitotic index, unscheduled DNA synthesis and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) production. All compounds tested produced cytotoxicity. Increases in mitotic index and unscheduled DNA synthesis and the production of AFP were observed after treatment of the cells with the carcinogens but not after treatment with the non-carcinogenic isomers. These increases were dose-dependent and depended on the time of exposure and the time incubated postexposure. The patterns of the increase in mitotic index and AFP production after cessation of carcinogen exposure were very similar, with the increase in mitotic index occurring slightly before that for the AFP production and it is suggested from this and other data that the production of AFP is dependent on the generation of a cell species functionally distinct from the non-dividing hepatocytes. It is also suggested that measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis in conjunction with that of AFP production in cultured hepatocytes may be useful as part of a screening programme for chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 89011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11392", "title": "[Demonstration of antigen associated with human breast cancers].", "content": "The insoluble pellet of human mammary carcinomas was solubilized by an acid buffer. Antiserum prepared with this acidosoluble fraction, after suitable absorption gave one precipitin line with the immunizing extracts: this line is different from those given by the tumor associated antigens actually known. The same antiserum reacted only with sections of human mammary carcinomas by immunofluorescence . It did not stain sections of normal mammary glands or benign mammary diseases. Reactivity with cancers of other organs was absent or doubtful. Hence it is likely that an antigen associated to human mammary carcinomas was characterized.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antigen associated with human breast cancers]. The insoluble pellet of human mammary carcinomas was solubilized by an acid buffer. Antiserum prepared with this acidosoluble fraction, after suitable absorption gave one precipitin line with the immunizing extracts: this line is different from those given by the tumor associated antigens actually known. The same antiserum reacted only with sections of human mammary carcinomas by immunofluorescence . It did not stain sections of normal mammary glands or benign mammary diseases. Reactivity with cancers of other organs was absent or doubtful. Hence it is likely that an antigen associated to human mammary carcinomas was characterized.", "PMID": 89014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11393", "title": "[Heparin inhibition of the antithrombin activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin].", "content": "The interaction between thrombin and alpha-2-macroglobulin was studied on human purified materials, either in the presence or in the absence of heparin, by kinetic analysis of thrombin inhibition and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of heparin, binding of thrombin to alpha-2-macroglobulin, shown by electrophoresis, leads to the loss of the coagulant property of the enzyme. In the presence of heparin the rate of inhibition of thrombin clotting activity by alpha-2-macroglobulin is strongly decreased. Heparin binds to thrombin, impairing the formation of thrombin-alpha-2-macroglobulin complex. These data show that heparin paradoxically protects thrombin from inhibition by alpha-2-macroglobulin whereas it increases the enzyme inhibition by antithrombin III. Such a phenomenon could be of practical interest for treatment of thrombosis in patients with high plasma level of alpha-2-macroglobulin and low level of antithrombin III, such as occurs in the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Heparin inhibition of the antithrombin activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin]. The interaction between thrombin and alpha-2-macroglobulin was studied on human purified materials, either in the presence or in the absence of heparin, by kinetic analysis of thrombin inhibition and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of heparin, binding of thrombin to alpha-2-macroglobulin, shown by electrophoresis, leads to the loss of the coagulant property of the enzyme. In the presence of heparin the rate of inhibition of thrombin clotting activity by alpha-2-macroglobulin is strongly decreased. Heparin binds to thrombin, impairing the formation of thrombin-alpha-2-macroglobulin complex. These data show that heparin paradoxically protects thrombin from inhibition by alpha-2-macroglobulin whereas it increases the enzyme inhibition by antithrombin III. Such a phenomenon could be of practical interest for treatment of thrombosis in patients with high plasma level of alpha-2-macroglobulin and low level of antithrombin III, such as occurs in the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 89015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11394", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of \"pregnancy-specific\"-beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1).", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for SP1 (\"pregnancy-specific\" beta 1-glycoprotein) is described in which a sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/L was achieved by use of an antiserum with Ka approximately equal to 1.7 x 10(11) L/mol and delayed addition of a 125I-SP1 tracer (specific acty, 25 Ci/g) that was stable for use in the assay for at least six to seven weeks. We also report an additional anti-SP1 serum, from an early bleeding, that displayed \"apparent positive cooperativity\" in the IgG but not the IgM fraction.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of \"pregnancy-specific\"-beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1). A radioimmunoassay for SP1 (\"pregnancy-specific\" beta 1-glycoprotein) is described in which a sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/L was achieved by use of an antiserum with Ka approximately equal to 1.7 x 10(11) L/mol and delayed addition of a 125I-SP1 tracer (specific acty, 25 Ci/g) that was stable for use in the assay for at least six to seven weeks. We also report an additional anti-SP1 serum, from an early bleeding, that displayed \"apparent positive cooperativity\" in the IgG but not the IgM fraction.", "PMID": 89016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11395", "title": "A new and universal free/bound separation technique for the \"CENTRIA\" automated radioimmunoassay system.", "content": "A new separation procedure based on the double-antibody technique has been adapted to the CENTRIA System. This procedure is universally applicable and lends itself to easy adaptation to commercial RIA kits in which liquid reagents are used. This second antibody is covalently linked to agarose (Sepharose) and the lyophilized powder is subsequently tableted for easy use on the instrument. The technique was applied to radioimmunoassay for thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone), alpha-fetoprotein, and ferritin. Performance characteristics were as follows: sensitivity 1.5 milliunits/L, 4.5 micrograms/L, and 4.5 micrograms/L, respectively; intrarun precision 1.7, 9, and 3.4%, and interrun precision 7.6, 13, and 14.5%. All three assays were clinically validated.", "contents": "A new and universal free/bound separation technique for the \"CENTRIA\" automated radioimmunoassay system. A new separation procedure based on the double-antibody technique has been adapted to the CENTRIA System. This procedure is universally applicable and lends itself to easy adaptation to commercial RIA kits in which liquid reagents are used. This second antibody is covalently linked to agarose (Sepharose) and the lyophilized powder is subsequently tableted for easy use on the instrument. The technique was applied to radioimmunoassay for thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone), alpha-fetoprotein, and ferritin. Performance characteristics were as follows: sensitivity 1.5 milliunits/L, 4.5 micrograms/L, and 4.5 micrograms/L, respectively; intrarun precision 1.7, 9, and 3.4%, and interrun precision 7.6, 13, and 14.5%. All three assays were clinically validated.", "PMID": 89017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11396", "title": "Induction of human antigen-specific and non-specific helper factors in vitro.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leucocytes, cultured for 4--6 days with the appropriate concentration of protein or synthetic polypeptide antigen, yield helper cells. These cells, after a further 24 hr incubation with the appropriate antigen release helper factors, which are of two types, antigen specific and non-specific; a similar situation to that described in the mouse. These factors are assayed by their effects on the plaque-forming cell response of mouse spleen cells cultures in vitro. The potential applications of this new assay for human T cell function are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of human antigen-specific and non-specific helper factors in vitro. Human peripheral blood leucocytes, cultured for 4--6 days with the appropriate concentration of protein or synthetic polypeptide antigen, yield helper cells. These cells, after a further 24 hr incubation with the appropriate antigen release helper factors, which are of two types, antigen specific and non-specific; a similar situation to that described in the mouse. These factors are assayed by their effects on the plaque-forming cell response of mouse spleen cells cultures in vitro. The potential applications of this new assay for human T cell function are discussed.", "PMID": 89019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11397", "title": "beta 2-Microglobulin: methods and clinical applications.", "content": "beta 2-Microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein that is found in most biological fluids. It was originally isolated from urine of cadmium-poisoned patients. Its amino acid sequence was established and shown to be structurally related to immunoglobulin constant domains. With the aid of antibodies specific against beta 2-microglobulin, the protein was detected on the membranes of all nucleated cells, normal and neoplastic. Measuring the quantity of beta 2-microglobulin showed that high levels are present in patients with renal tubular deficiencies and several other pathological conditions including neoplastic diseases. Extremely high levels were detected in seminal fluid and colostrum. Despite the structural relationship to immunoglobulins, no immunological relationship was demonstrated with these proteins using antibodies specific for beta 2-microglobulin. However, such antibodies are cytotoxic to all cells carrying beta 2-microglobulin on their surfaces. The discovery that beta 2-microglobulin is an integral part of the histocompatibility antigens of human and murine origin stimulated further research and interest in this molecule. Several groups of investigators have shown that beta 2-microglobulin is the low molecular weight chain and is noncovalently bound to a high molecular weight chain which carries the histocompatibility antigens. The structure of the histocompatibility antigens of lymphocytes (HLA) was shown by immunochemical as well as biological methods, and it is now well accepted. The antibodies against beta 2-microglobulin are extremely useful in the isolation of the histocompatibility antigens for sequence studies. Furthermore, the antibody to beta 2-microglobulin revealed that other structures may be bound to beta 2-microglobulin such as phytohemoagglutimin (PHA) receptors, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) antigens, etc. Murine thymus leukemia (TL) antigen also contains beta 2-microglobulin as an integral part of its structure; other tumor antigens may have a similar structure. Through all these studies, beta 2-microglobulin emerged as the best known membrane protein that can serve as a model for study of the arrangement and the function of the cell membrane.", "contents": "beta 2-Microglobulin: methods and clinical applications. beta 2-Microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein that is found in most biological fluids. It was originally isolated from urine of cadmium-poisoned patients. Its amino acid sequence was established and shown to be structurally related to immunoglobulin constant domains. With the aid of antibodies specific against beta 2-microglobulin, the protein was detected on the membranes of all nucleated cells, normal and neoplastic. Measuring the quantity of beta 2-microglobulin showed that high levels are present in patients with renal tubular deficiencies and several other pathological conditions including neoplastic diseases. Extremely high levels were detected in seminal fluid and colostrum. Despite the structural relationship to immunoglobulins, no immunological relationship was demonstrated with these proteins using antibodies specific for beta 2-microglobulin. However, such antibodies are cytotoxic to all cells carrying beta 2-microglobulin on their surfaces. The discovery that beta 2-microglobulin is an integral part of the histocompatibility antigens of human and murine origin stimulated further research and interest in this molecule. Several groups of investigators have shown that beta 2-microglobulin is the low molecular weight chain and is noncovalently bound to a high molecular weight chain which carries the histocompatibility antigens. The structure of the histocompatibility antigens of lymphocytes (HLA) was shown by immunochemical as well as biological methods, and it is now well accepted. The antibodies against beta 2-microglobulin are extremely useful in the isolation of the histocompatibility antigens for sequence studies. Furthermore, the antibody to beta 2-microglobulin revealed that other structures may be bound to beta 2-microglobulin such as phytohemoagglutimin (PHA) receptors, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) antigens, etc. Murine thymus leukemia (TL) antigen also contains beta 2-microglobulin as an integral part of its structure; other tumor antigens may have a similar structure. Through all these studies, beta 2-microglobulin emerged as the best known membrane protein that can serve as a model for study of the arrangement and the function of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 89022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11398", "title": "Subcellular localization of polluting metals in roadside earthworms exposed to traffic exhaust gases.", "content": "The aim was to make a subcellular localization of metals in tissue from lumbricid earthworms exposed to environmental pollution. Scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde only, and with no electron staining, was used. Zinc was registered in the metachromatic mucous granules of the epidermal cells, and zinc, iron and lead in the chloragosomes of the chloragocytes suggesting that metal may be excreted together with the slime or stored in chloragosomes. Relatively few metal nuclear inclusions were encountered probably due to the fact that some metal leaks out during the preparation process. A comparison is made with a chemical analysis of cellular fractions (Talberg, 1977).", "contents": "Subcellular localization of polluting metals in roadside earthworms exposed to traffic exhaust gases. The aim was to make a subcellular localization of metals in tissue from lumbricid earthworms exposed to environmental pollution. Scanning transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde only, and with no electron staining, was used. Zinc was registered in the metachromatic mucous granules of the epidermal cells, and zinc, iron and lead in the chloragosomes of the chloragocytes suggesting that metal may be excreted together with the slime or stored in chloragosomes. Relatively few metal nuclear inclusions were encountered probably due to the fact that some metal leaks out during the preparation process. A comparison is made with a chemical analysis of cellular fractions (Talberg, 1977).", "PMID": 89023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11399", "title": "The role of chromosomal proteins in the C-banding of Allium cepa chromosomes.", "content": "When chromosomes of Allium cepa are subjected to a C-banding procedure (incubation in saturated barium hydroxide followed by phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C for 1 h) and then treated with Giemsa stain, bands appear at the telomeres of all chromosomes. Microspectrophotometric measurements of Feulgen-DNA content, demonstrated that the C-banding procedure extracted DNA from the nuclei. Staining of banded chromosomes with several DNA-specific stains showed that this loss was differential, with the band DNA exhibiting more resistance to extraction than that of the rest of the chromosome. The C-banding procedure did not extract chromosomal proteins, however, and no difference in mass per unit length could be detected by Nomarski optics between band and interband regions. Several experiments demonstrated that chromosomal proteins play a significant role in C-banding. First, treatment of chromosomes with pronase before C-banding resulted in the elimination of differential staining with Giemsa. Furthermore, in preparations where the DNA was completely hydrolysed with hot TCA, the remaining chromosomal proteins were found to exhibit a differential affinity for Giemsa stain. Amido black staining demonstrated that total chromosomal protein was uniformly distributed after the hot TCA digestion, but the proteins localized in the telomeres had a greater affinity for the Giemsa stain than the bulk of the chromosomal proteins. When the TCA-digested chromosomes were subjected to the C-banding procedure before staining, the differential affinity of the telomeres for the Giemsa stain was lost. Thus, C-banding appears to be the result of a complex interaction between protein and DNA in which the greater resistance to extraction of the band DNA is necessary to stabilize and preserve chromatin protein which exhibits a differential affinity for Giemsa stain.", "contents": "The role of chromosomal proteins in the C-banding of Allium cepa chromosomes. When chromosomes of Allium cepa are subjected to a C-banding procedure (incubation in saturated barium hydroxide followed by phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C for 1 h) and then treated with Giemsa stain, bands appear at the telomeres of all chromosomes. Microspectrophotometric measurements of Feulgen-DNA content, demonstrated that the C-banding procedure extracted DNA from the nuclei. Staining of banded chromosomes with several DNA-specific stains showed that this loss was differential, with the band DNA exhibiting more resistance to extraction than that of the rest of the chromosome. The C-banding procedure did not extract chromosomal proteins, however, and no difference in mass per unit length could be detected by Nomarski optics between band and interband regions. Several experiments demonstrated that chromosomal proteins play a significant role in C-banding. First, treatment of chromosomes with pronase before C-banding resulted in the elimination of differential staining with Giemsa. Furthermore, in preparations where the DNA was completely hydrolysed with hot TCA, the remaining chromosomal proteins were found to exhibit a differential affinity for Giemsa stain. Amido black staining demonstrated that total chromosomal protein was uniformly distributed after the hot TCA digestion, but the proteins localized in the telomeres had a greater affinity for the Giemsa stain than the bulk of the chromosomal proteins. When the TCA-digested chromosomes were subjected to the C-banding procedure before staining, the differential affinity of the telomeres for the Giemsa stain was lost. Thus, C-banding appears to be the result of a complex interaction between protein and DNA in which the greater resistance to extraction of the band DNA is necessary to stabilize and preserve chromatin protein which exhibits a differential affinity for Giemsa stain.", "PMID": 89024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11400", "title": "[Conservative treatment of echinococcus alveolaris of the liver: preliminary observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Mebendazol (Vermox) was given for six months at an oral daily dose of 2 g to three patients with inoperable infestation of the liver by Echinococcus alveolaris. In two patients the general state improved greatly, with reduction in the size of the liver infiltrate, regression in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels. Treatment continues in the third case.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of echinococcus alveolaris of the liver: preliminary observations (author's transl)]. Mebendazol (Vermox) was given for six months at an oral daily dose of 2 g to three patients with inoperable infestation of the liver by Echinococcus alveolaris. In two patients the general state improved greatly, with reduction in the size of the liver infiltrate, regression in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels. Treatment continues in the third case.", "PMID": 89026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11401", "title": "Binding specificity of rat alpha-fetoprotein for a series of estrogen derivatives: studies using equilibrium and nonequilibrium binding techniques.", "content": "The binding specificity of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for a series of estrogen derivatives has been investigated and compared to that of the uterine cytosol estrogen receptor. In addition, several equilibrium and nonequilibrium binding techniques have been examined for their appropriateness in studying AFP-estrogen interactions under different experimental conditions. The ratio of association constants (RAC) of various estrogen derivatives (compared to 17 beta-estradiol; RAC = 100%) were determined using a rapid and convenient miniaturized equilibrium assay that utilizes the partitioning properties of Sephadex G-25. AFP has the highest affinity for estrone derivatives and is especially tolerant of small, nonpolar substituents in the D ring; it binds nonsteroidal estrogens and antiestrogens weakly or not at all. Thus, it has a binding specificity quite unlike that of the estrogen receptor. Several potential affinity labels were studied. Of these, 16-diazoestrone, a photoreactive compound, has the highest affinity for AFP (RAC = 121%). Another equilibrium technique, steady state polyacrylamide electrophoresis, effects a clear separation between AFP and albumin. It is superior to conventional polyacrylamide electrophoresis under conditions where dissociation is rapid. Charcoaldextran adsorption also rapidly removes estradiol that is bound to AFP (t1/2 = approximately 10 min at 0 C). The AFP-estradiol complex appears to be stabilized by adsorption to hydroxylapatite, however, so that hydroxylapatite can be employed in a batchwise manner to assay binding to AFP. This is the most appropriate technique when high concentrations of ligand are used. These studies highlight the marked differences in binding specificity between rat AFP and the uterine cytosol estrogen receptor and indicate the techniques most appropriate for binding measurements under different conditions. This work should facilitate the design of affinity labeling reagents for rat AFP as well.", "contents": "Binding specificity of rat alpha-fetoprotein for a series of estrogen derivatives: studies using equilibrium and nonequilibrium binding techniques. The binding specificity of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for a series of estrogen derivatives has been investigated and compared to that of the uterine cytosol estrogen receptor. In addition, several equilibrium and nonequilibrium binding techniques have been examined for their appropriateness in studying AFP-estrogen interactions under different experimental conditions. The ratio of association constants (RAC) of various estrogen derivatives (compared to 17 beta-estradiol; RAC = 100%) were determined using a rapid and convenient miniaturized equilibrium assay that utilizes the partitioning properties of Sephadex G-25. AFP has the highest affinity for estrone derivatives and is especially tolerant of small, nonpolar substituents in the D ring; it binds nonsteroidal estrogens and antiestrogens weakly or not at all. Thus, it has a binding specificity quite unlike that of the estrogen receptor. Several potential affinity labels were studied. Of these, 16-diazoestrone, a photoreactive compound, has the highest affinity for AFP (RAC = 121%). Another equilibrium technique, steady state polyacrylamide electrophoresis, effects a clear separation between AFP and albumin. It is superior to conventional polyacrylamide electrophoresis under conditions where dissociation is rapid. Charcoaldextran adsorption also rapidly removes estradiol that is bound to AFP (t1/2 = approximately 10 min at 0 C). The AFP-estradiol complex appears to be stabilized by adsorption to hydroxylapatite, however, so that hydroxylapatite can be employed in a batchwise manner to assay binding to AFP. This is the most appropriate technique when high concentrations of ligand are used. These studies highlight the marked differences in binding specificity between rat AFP and the uterine cytosol estrogen receptor and indicate the techniques most appropriate for binding measurements under different conditions. This work should facilitate the design of affinity labeling reagents for rat AFP as well.", "PMID": 89027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11402", "title": "Functional cytology of the pituitary gland of the teleost Clarias batrachus (L.).", "content": "The RPD (rostral pars distalis) is formed of two cell types. The erythrosinophilic acidophils were hypertrophied in response to ammonium sulphate treatment and dark background adaptation. The response to former may be due to osmoregulatory involvement. The PbH positive corticotrophs were markedly hypertrophied and degranulated in response to metopirone and ammonium sulphate treatments. They were moderately activated in the dark and white background adapted fish. The PPD (proximal pars distalis) is composed of two types of cyanophils and acidophils. The thyrotrophs are identified by their hypertrophic response to radiothyroidectomy and thiourea treatment. They are distributed in the ventral part of the PPD, posterior neurohypophysis and PI (pars intermedia). The gonadotrophs which largely occupy the dorsal aspect of the PPD increase numerically as the gonads mature and become the major cell type before spawning. The acidophilic somatotrophs are distributed all over the PPD. They are the predominant cell type in the PPD of fish with immature gonads. They gave strong reaction to Baker's acid haematein indicating the presence of phospholipid. Both PbH and PAS cells of PI were stimulated in fish kept in dark background whereas they did not exhibit any obvious change under white background adaptation.", "contents": "Functional cytology of the pituitary gland of the teleost Clarias batrachus (L.). The RPD (rostral pars distalis) is formed of two cell types. The erythrosinophilic acidophils were hypertrophied in response to ammonium sulphate treatment and dark background adaptation. The response to former may be due to osmoregulatory involvement. The PbH positive corticotrophs were markedly hypertrophied and degranulated in response to metopirone and ammonium sulphate treatments. They were moderately activated in the dark and white background adapted fish. The PPD (proximal pars distalis) is composed of two types of cyanophils and acidophils. The thyrotrophs are identified by their hypertrophic response to radiothyroidectomy and thiourea treatment. They are distributed in the ventral part of the PPD, posterior neurohypophysis and PI (pars intermedia). The gonadotrophs which largely occupy the dorsal aspect of the PPD increase numerically as the gonads mature and become the major cell type before spawning. The acidophilic somatotrophs are distributed all over the PPD. They are the predominant cell type in the PPD of fish with immature gonads. They gave strong reaction to Baker's acid haematein indicating the presence of phospholipid. Both PbH and PAS cells of PI were stimulated in fish kept in dark background whereas they did not exhibit any obvious change under white background adaptation.", "PMID": 89028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11403", "title": "Disposition of the pulmonary toxin, bleomycin.", "content": "The disposition of bleomycin in rats was investigated with the use of a 57Co-labeled bleomycin radioimmunoassay. Bleomycin (1 mg/kg, ip) reached a peak serum level of 0.7-1.0 microgram/ml in 54 +/- 4 min (mean +/- SE) and was eliminated with a t 1/2 of 32 +/- 1 min. The apparent volume of distribution in rats was 184 +/- 11 ml/kg. No change in t 1/2 was observed when rats were pretreated with phenobarbital (1 mg/ml in drinking water for 4 days) or exposed to ozone (3 ppm, 24 hr). Probenecid (0.2 g/kg, ip) given 20 min prior to bleomycin administration increased the t 1/2 2-fold. The order of tissue distribution of 57Co-labeled bleomycin 2 hr after ip administration was: kidney greater than liver greater than lungs greater than spleen greater than heart greater than thymus. The affinity of 57Co-labeled bleomycin for homogenates of lungs, liver, or kidney was equal.", "contents": "Disposition of the pulmonary toxin, bleomycin. The disposition of bleomycin in rats was investigated with the use of a 57Co-labeled bleomycin radioimmunoassay. Bleomycin (1 mg/kg, ip) reached a peak serum level of 0.7-1.0 microgram/ml in 54 +/- 4 min (mean +/- SE) and was eliminated with a t 1/2 of 32 +/- 1 min. The apparent volume of distribution in rats was 184 +/- 11 ml/kg. No change in t 1/2 was observed when rats were pretreated with phenobarbital (1 mg/ml in drinking water for 4 days) or exposed to ozone (3 ppm, 24 hr). Probenecid (0.2 g/kg, ip) given 20 min prior to bleomycin administration increased the t 1/2 2-fold. The order of tissue distribution of 57Co-labeled bleomycin 2 hr after ip administration was: kidney greater than liver greater than lungs greater than spleen greater than heart greater than thymus. The affinity of 57Co-labeled bleomycin for homogenates of lungs, liver, or kidney was equal.", "PMID": 89025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11404", "title": "Inhibition of cortisone action in mice by heparin.", "content": "A single dose of heparin applied in a depot-form (Freund's incomplete adjuvant or Ca-phosphate gel) inhibits the effects of intraperitoneally injected cortisone on the lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen), on the peritoneal and peripheral lymphoid cell count and serum gamma globulin level as well as on the liver glycogen deposition in mice. The same dose of heparin did not influence the action of hydrocortisone measured on the thymic and spleen involution and liver glycogen content. The route of cortisone administration seems to be critical, as heparin shows no or only minor effects when cortisone is applied subcutaneously; moreover, the action of cortisone per se is more marked by subcutaneous than by intraperitoneal administration. The results suggest the hypothesis that heparin inhibits cortisone-cortisol conversion and this inhibition is mediated by macrophages.", "contents": "Inhibition of cortisone action in mice by heparin. A single dose of heparin applied in a depot-form (Freund's incomplete adjuvant or Ca-phosphate gel) inhibits the effects of intraperitoneally injected cortisone on the lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen), on the peritoneal and peripheral lymphoid cell count and serum gamma globulin level as well as on the liver glycogen deposition in mice. The same dose of heparin did not influence the action of hydrocortisone measured on the thymic and spleen involution and liver glycogen content. The route of cortisone administration seems to be critical, as heparin shows no or only minor effects when cortisone is applied subcutaneously; moreover, the action of cortisone per se is more marked by subcutaneous than by intraperitoneal administration. The results suggest the hypothesis that heparin inhibits cortisone-cortisol conversion and this inhibition is mediated by macrophages.", "PMID": 89029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11405", "title": "Immunochemical studies of beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments. Determination of the number of antigenic determinants and a comparison with tryptophanyl- tRNA synthetases from other sources and with reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus.", "content": "The immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction of the antiserum from rabbits immunized with homogeneous beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase inhibits the enzyme activity in the reactions of both tRNATrp aminoacylation and tryptophan activation. Fab fragments of IgG act in a similar way. Common antigenic determinants have been detected in tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases from beef, pig, chicken and rat livers using pure antibodies against beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. This observation indicates the evolutional stability of certain structural features of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases. The interaction of antibodies with the fragments of beef tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase produced by endogenous and tryptic proteolysis of the enzyme has been studied. On third of the antiserum antibodies interacting with the C-terminal fragment of the enzyme (Mr approximately equal to 40000) inhibits its activity whereas the antibodies to the N-terminal fragment (Mr approximately equal to 20000) have no effect on the enzyme activity. The immunochemical identity of the two synthetase fragments differing in their enzymatic activity supports the assumption that the loss of enzymatic activity of the tryptic fragment is caused by lack of a small peptide which is retained in case of endogenous proteolysis; probably the amino acid residues of this peptide participate in formation of active centre of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. A radioimmunochemical method is described for determining the number of antigenic determinants. One molecule of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was found to bind 9 (+/- 1) molecules of Fab fragments. Antibodies against tryptophanyl-tRNA snythetase from beef pancreas do not inhibit noticeably the activity of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. No antigenic determinants in common have been detected in reverse transcriptase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by radioimmunochemical assays.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its fragments. Determination of the number of antigenic determinants and a comparison with tryptophanyl- tRNA synthetases from other sources and with reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction of the antiserum from rabbits immunized with homogeneous beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase inhibits the enzyme activity in the reactions of both tRNATrp aminoacylation and tryptophan activation. Fab fragments of IgG act in a similar way. Common antigenic determinants have been detected in tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases from beef, pig, chicken and rat livers using pure antibodies against beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. This observation indicates the evolutional stability of certain structural features of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases. The interaction of antibodies with the fragments of beef tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase produced by endogenous and tryptic proteolysis of the enzyme has been studied. On third of the antiserum antibodies interacting with the C-terminal fragment of the enzyme (Mr approximately equal to 40000) inhibits its activity whereas the antibodies to the N-terminal fragment (Mr approximately equal to 20000) have no effect on the enzyme activity. The immunochemical identity of the two synthetase fragments differing in their enzymatic activity supports the assumption that the loss of enzymatic activity of the tryptic fragment is caused by lack of a small peptide which is retained in case of endogenous proteolysis; probably the amino acid residues of this peptide participate in formation of active centre of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. A radioimmunochemical method is described for determining the number of antigenic determinants. One molecule of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase was found to bind 9 (+/- 1) molecules of Fab fragments. Antibodies against tryptophanyl-tRNA snythetase from beef pancreas do not inhibit noticeably the activity of reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. No antigenic determinants in common have been detected in reverse transcriptase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by radioimmunochemical assays.", "PMID": 89031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11406", "title": "Structural studies on the immunodominant group of lipid A from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.", "content": "Lipid A isolated from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was used for immunization of rabbits to afford antisera to lipid A with titers of 1:640 in the passive hemolysis test. Exhaustion of immune serume with sheep erythrocytes decreased antibody titers up to 1:160. Authentic samples of 2-(DL-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, 2-tetradecanoylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate have been synthesized in order to carry out a comparative study of inhibitory activity of these compounds and lipid A using a system of lipid A and antiserum to lipid A. As a result, the immunodominant moiety of the lipid A of Y. pseudotuberculosis proved to contain a D-glucosamine residue acylated with 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the amino group. The nature of the fatty acid acylating the amino group of glucosamine does not play an important role in the structure of immunodominant moiety of lipid A.", "contents": "Structural studies on the immunodominant group of lipid A from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Lipid A isolated from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was used for immunization of rabbits to afford antisera to lipid A with titers of 1:640 in the passive hemolysis test. Exhaustion of immune serume with sheep erythrocytes decreased antibody titers up to 1:160. Authentic samples of 2-(DL-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, 2-tetradecanoylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate have been synthesized in order to carry out a comparative study of inhibitory activity of these compounds and lipid A using a system of lipid A and antiserum to lipid A. As a result, the immunodominant moiety of the lipid A of Y. pseudotuberculosis proved to contain a D-glucosamine residue acylated with 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the amino group. The nature of the fatty acid acylating the amino group of glucosamine does not play an important role in the structure of immunodominant moiety of lipid A.", "PMID": 89032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11407", "title": "Immune response deficiency of BSVS mice. II. Generalized deficiency to thymus-dependent antigens.", "content": "BSVS mice gave abnormally low IgG responses to 5 thymus-dependent antigens as well as a weak delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells. In contrast to IgG, the IgM antibody responses of these mice were normal to three T-independent antigens as well as to all five T-dependent antigens. The low immune responsiveness of BSVS mice was also reflected in the low levels of IgG(2)a, IgG(2)b and IgG(3) in their normal serum. The low T-dependent immune responses may result from BSVS mice having been selectively bred for susceptibility to infection with St. Louis encephalitis virus and Salmonella. C57BL/6J mice, which are also highly susceptible to Salmonella, gave low immune responses similar to, but genetically distinct from, those of BSVS mice. The levels of Ig-positive and theta-positive cells were normal in BSVS and C57BL/6J mice.", "contents": "Immune response deficiency of BSVS mice. II. Generalized deficiency to thymus-dependent antigens. BSVS mice gave abnormally low IgG responses to 5 thymus-dependent antigens as well as a weak delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells. In contrast to IgG, the IgM antibody responses of these mice were normal to three T-independent antigens as well as to all five T-dependent antigens. The low immune responsiveness of BSVS mice was also reflected in the low levels of IgG(2)a, IgG(2)b and IgG(3) in their normal serum. The low T-dependent immune responses may result from BSVS mice having been selectively bred for susceptibility to infection with St. Louis encephalitis virus and Salmonella. C57BL/6J mice, which are also highly susceptible to Salmonella, gave low immune responses similar to, but genetically distinct from, those of BSVS mice. The levels of Ig-positive and theta-positive cells were normal in BSVS and C57BL/6J mice.", "PMID": 89033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11408", "title": "In vitro induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "Murine spleen cells, cultured in vitro for 6 days in the presence of high concentrations of burro erythrocytes (BRBC), are sensitized to exhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) specific for this antigen. Such cells, on being injected with antigen into the footpads of normal mice, cause a 24-h swelling reaction. This activity of the cultured cells requires the presence of BRBC both during the in vitro incubation and in the footpad. The activity of the sensitized cells in causing swelling is sensitive to anti-Thy-1 antibody and complement, and the kinetics of the swelling reaction are characteristic of a DTH response. In vivo low-dose priming of the spleen cell donors considerably enhances the ability of the cultured cells to cause swelling. This system provides a means of studying the regulation of the induction of DTH in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Murine spleen cells, cultured in vitro for 6 days in the presence of high concentrations of burro erythrocytes (BRBC), are sensitized to exhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) specific for this antigen. Such cells, on being injected with antigen into the footpads of normal mice, cause a 24-h swelling reaction. This activity of the cultured cells requires the presence of BRBC both during the in vitro incubation and in the footpad. The activity of the sensitized cells in causing swelling is sensitive to anti-Thy-1 antibody and complement, and the kinetics of the swelling reaction are characteristic of a DTH response. In vivo low-dose priming of the spleen cell donors considerably enhances the ability of the cultured cells to cause swelling. This system provides a means of studying the regulation of the induction of DTH in vitro.", "PMID": 89035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11409", "title": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. II. The cerebellar connections studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "After HRP injections in kittens and adult cats into parts of the cerebellum known to receive spinal afferents, retrogradely labelled neurones were found in the C1--C4 segments of the spinal cord, primarily in the central cervical nucleus (CCN). A few labelled neurones were also found in laminae IV and VI--IX of Rexed. The results obtained in kittens and adult cats were similar. Control HRP injections were made into the vestibular nuclei and the inferior colliculus. After injections mainly involving the vestibular nuclei a few faintly labelled neurones were found in the C1--C4 segments in, and occasionally also outside the CCN, in laminae VI--VIII. After injections into the inferior colliculus, however, no labelled neurones were observed in these segments. After spinal cord hemisections at C1 and bilateral HRP injections into the anterior lobe, nearly all labelled CCN neurones were found ipsilateral to the hemisections. Labelled axons of such CCN neurones could be traced across the midline to the lateral funiculus. A few neurones were found outside the CCN in laminae VII--IX. Contralaterally labelled neurones were found mainly in lamina VI.", "contents": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. II. The cerebellar connections studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. After HRP injections in kittens and adult cats into parts of the cerebellum known to receive spinal afferents, retrogradely labelled neurones were found in the C1--C4 segments of the spinal cord, primarily in the central cervical nucleus (CCN). A few labelled neurones were also found in laminae IV and VI--IX of Rexed. The results obtained in kittens and adult cats were similar. Control HRP injections were made into the vestibular nuclei and the inferior colliculus. After injections mainly involving the vestibular nuclei a few faintly labelled neurones were found in the C1--C4 segments in, and occasionally also outside the CCN, in laminae VI--VIII. After injections into the inferior colliculus, however, no labelled neurones were observed in these segments. After spinal cord hemisections at C1 and bilateral HRP injections into the anterior lobe, nearly all labelled CCN neurones were found ipsilateral to the hemisections. Labelled axons of such CCN neurones could be traced across the midline to the lateral funiculus. A few neurones were found outside the CCN in laminae VII--IX. Contralaterally labelled neurones were found mainly in lamina VI.", "PMID": 89038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11410", "title": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. III. The cerebellar connections studied with anterograde transport of 3H-leucine.", "content": "Injections of 3H-leucine were made into the region of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the C1--C4 segments of the spinal cord in 19 adult cats. In the cerebellum labelled mossy fibre terminals were found bilaterally concentrated in lobule I and adjoining parts of lobule II of the anterior lobe. In addition, a fair number of terminals were found in the basal parts of lobules III--VIII. The terminals were mainly found in the vermal zone. Only a minor proportion was observed in the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe and only occasionally were terminals seen in the hemispheral parts. No labelled climbing fibres were observed. Axons probably derived from the CCN were found to ascend in the brain stem, mostly contralateral to the injection site. They passed close to the vestibular nuclear complex and some fibres appeared to terminate in the nucleus x of Brodal and Pompeiano. The majority of axons entered the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle, a few via the restiform body. The findings suggest that lobules I--II are important recipients of information from the neck.", "contents": "The central cervical nucleus in the cat. III. The cerebellar connections studied with anterograde transport of 3H-leucine. Injections of 3H-leucine were made into the region of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in the C1--C4 segments of the spinal cord in 19 adult cats. In the cerebellum labelled mossy fibre terminals were found bilaterally concentrated in lobule I and adjoining parts of lobule II of the anterior lobe. In addition, a fair number of terminals were found in the basal parts of lobules III--VIII. The terminals were mainly found in the vermal zone. Only a minor proportion was observed in the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe and only occasionally were terminals seen in the hemispheral parts. No labelled climbing fibres were observed. Axons probably derived from the CCN were found to ascend in the brain stem, mostly contralateral to the injection site. They passed close to the vestibular nuclear complex and some fibres appeared to terminate in the nucleus x of Brodal and Pompeiano. The majority of axons entered the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle, a few via the restiform body. The findings suggest that lobules I--II are important recipients of information from the neck.", "PMID": 89039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11411", "title": "Fractionation of mouse alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "4 distinct alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) containing fractions were obtained upon ion-exchange chromatography of late-gestational fetal mouse extracts. Despite this chromatographic heterogeneity, the individual AFP isolates were antigenically indistinguishable.", "contents": "Fractionation of mouse alpha-fetoprotein. 4 distinct alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) containing fractions were obtained upon ion-exchange chromatography of late-gestational fetal mouse extracts. Despite this chromatographic heterogeneity, the individual AFP isolates were antigenically indistinguishable.", "PMID": 89043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11412", "title": "Autoradiography and differential hemoglobin staining as aids to the study of fish hematology.", "content": "The confused state of the existing knowledge regarding the cell types in peripheral blood and hematopoiesis of fishes has been highlighted. Inadequacies of techniques presently used have been pointed out and the advantages of using Graham-Knoll's method for haemoglobin staining when counter stained with Giemsa together with autoradiography using tritiated thymidine have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Autoradiography and differential hemoglobin staining as aids to the study of fish hematology. The confused state of the existing knowledge regarding the cell types in peripheral blood and hematopoiesis of fishes has been highlighted. Inadequacies of techniques presently used have been pointed out and the advantages of using Graham-Knoll's method for haemoglobin staining when counter stained with Giemsa together with autoradiography using tritiated thymidine have been demonstrated.", "PMID": 89044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11413", "title": "Plasma steroid and protein hormone concentrations in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in normal men.", "content": "Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin were measured by RIA in patients with BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) and in control men. The testosterone concentrations in the BPH group were significantly lower than that of the control group. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin and estradiol, did not differ significantly in the 2 groups.", "contents": "Plasma steroid and protein hormone concentrations in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and in normal men. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin were measured by RIA in patients with BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) and in control men. The testosterone concentrations in the BPH group were significantly lower than that of the control group. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin and estradiol, did not differ significantly in the 2 groups.", "PMID": 89045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11414", "title": "Macrophage immunity to influenza virus: in vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "Using M-TUR, a macrophage-adapted avian influenza A virus (Hav1, Nav3), antiviral resistance of peritoneal macrophages obtained from specifically or nonspecifically immunized mice towards in vitro infection was assessed. M-TUR grew to high titers in macrophages from nonimmune mice thereby causing a marked cytopathic effect. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from mice specifically immunized with TUR virus were not affected by infection with M-TUR in vitro. This antiviral immunity was specific: mice immunized with antigenetically unrelated influenza strains such as influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3, N2) or influenza B/Lee yielded susceptible macrophages. Specific macrophage immunity could be abrogated by trypsin treatment in vitro. Susceptible macrophages from nonimmune hosts became resistant following in vitro exposure to homologous anti-TUR sera. Peritoneal exudate cells from BCG-infected animals were less susceptible to in vitro challenge with M-TUR than control macrophages. In vivo treatment of mice with the unspecific immunostimulants BCG or Corynebacterium parvum did not protect the animals against lethal infection with a hepatotropic variant of TUR.", "contents": "Macrophage immunity to influenza virus: in vitro and in vivo studies. Using M-TUR, a macrophage-adapted avian influenza A virus (Hav1, Nav3), antiviral resistance of peritoneal macrophages obtained from specifically or nonspecifically immunized mice towards in vitro infection was assessed. M-TUR grew to high titers in macrophages from nonimmune mice thereby causing a marked cytopathic effect. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from mice specifically immunized with TUR virus were not affected by infection with M-TUR in vitro. This antiviral immunity was specific: mice immunized with antigenetically unrelated influenza strains such as influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3, N2) or influenza B/Lee yielded susceptible macrophages. Specific macrophage immunity could be abrogated by trypsin treatment in vitro. Susceptible macrophages from nonimmune hosts became resistant following in vitro exposure to homologous anti-TUR sera. Peritoneal exudate cells from BCG-infected animals were less susceptible to in vitro challenge with M-TUR than control macrophages. In vivo treatment of mice with the unspecific immunostimulants BCG or Corynebacterium parvum did not protect the animals against lethal infection with a hepatotropic variant of TUR.", "PMID": 89051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11415", "title": "Cyclic AMP and lipogenesis in fat cells from thyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Thyroid hormones regulate lipid metabolism by affecting lipogenesis as well as lipolysis. The present paper discusses the way thyroidectomy induced an enhancement in lipogenesis in rat fat cells. The doubling in the conversion of glucose to CO2 and fatty acids seen after thyroidectomy was found to be due to a modification in the actual pathway of glucose metabolism: there was a preferential stimulation of the conversion of glucose to CO2 by the pentose cycle (utilisation of [1-14C]glucose) while the production of fatty acids and glyceride-glycerol proceeded, respectively, much more, or only slightly more, via the pathway of [6-14C]glucose metabolism. Studies employing the phosphodiesterase inhibitor MIX, or the cyclic AMP analogue, DBcAMP showed that the lipogenic process depends on cyclic AMP. As the stimulatory effect of thyroidectomy was not abolished, however, lipogenesis must be under the independent control of both cyclic AMP and absence of thyroid hormones. Insulin, a further mediator of lipogenesis was found to further enhance the already preexisting high conversion of glucose to CO2 in fat cells from thyroidectomized rats. It is concluded that at least three factors modify lipogenesis: thyroidectomy, cyclic AMP and insulin; each achieving its effect in an independent manner.", "contents": "Cyclic AMP and lipogenesis in fat cells from thyroidectomized rats. Thyroid hormones regulate lipid metabolism by affecting lipogenesis as well as lipolysis. The present paper discusses the way thyroidectomy induced an enhancement in lipogenesis in rat fat cells. The doubling in the conversion of glucose to CO2 and fatty acids seen after thyroidectomy was found to be due to a modification in the actual pathway of glucose metabolism: there was a preferential stimulation of the conversion of glucose to CO2 by the pentose cycle (utilisation of [1-14C]glucose) while the production of fatty acids and glyceride-glycerol proceeded, respectively, much more, or only slightly more, via the pathway of [6-14C]glucose metabolism. Studies employing the phosphodiesterase inhibitor MIX, or the cyclic AMP analogue, DBcAMP showed that the lipogenic process depends on cyclic AMP. As the stimulatory effect of thyroidectomy was not abolished, however, lipogenesis must be under the independent control of both cyclic AMP and absence of thyroid hormones. Insulin, a further mediator of lipogenesis was found to further enhance the already preexisting high conversion of glucose to CO2 in fat cells from thyroidectomized rats. It is concluded that at least three factors modify lipogenesis: thyroidectomy, cyclic AMP and insulin; each achieving its effect in an independent manner.", "PMID": 89052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11416", "title": "The production and control of anti--venous sera.", "content": "This paper describes the species of venomous snakes found in Costa Rica as well as anti-venom sera prepared by the Instituto Clodomiro Picado: polyvalent sera for use in human or veterinary medicine, and anti-Micrurus and anti-Lachesis monovalent sera. These sera are prepared in horses, purified with ammonium sulphate, then concentrated and delivered either in liquid or freeze-dried form. Controls are in accordance with NIH recommendations. For cases of hypersensitivity to horse serum, a polyvalent anti-Bothrops and anti-Crotalus serum from sheep has been prepared.", "contents": "The production and control of anti--venous sera. This paper describes the species of venomous snakes found in Costa Rica as well as anti-venom sera prepared by the Instituto Clodomiro Picado: polyvalent sera for use in human or veterinary medicine, and anti-Micrurus and anti-Lachesis monovalent sera. These sera are prepared in horses, purified with ammonium sulphate, then concentrated and delivered either in liquid or freeze-dried form. Controls are in accordance with NIH recommendations. For cases of hypersensitivity to horse serum, a polyvalent anti-Bothrops and anti-Crotalus serum from sheep has been prepared.", "PMID": 89053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11417", "title": "Program for the expansion and improvement of biologics production and control in Latin America.", "content": "The production and control of biologicals sufficient to meet the needs of the countries in the Americas has been of basic concern to the Pan American Health Organization for many years. This is evidenced by the Ten-Year Health Plan for the Americas, drawn up in Santiago, Chile in 1972 by the Health Ministers of the Americas, in which the goal of making the Region self-sufficient in all of the essential immunizing agents within a ten-year period, was established. At present only Canada and the United States are more or less self-sufficient in this regard. All of the others are, to a greater or lesser degree, dependent on imports. In PAHO's present program the greatest emphasis is being placed on the development of effective control systems, particularly at the national level. The steps taken to achieve this goal and the progress to date are outlined.", "contents": "Program for the expansion and improvement of biologics production and control in Latin America. The production and control of biologicals sufficient to meet the needs of the countries in the Americas has been of basic concern to the Pan American Health Organization for many years. This is evidenced by the Ten-Year Health Plan for the Americas, drawn up in Santiago, Chile in 1972 by the Health Ministers of the Americas, in which the goal of making the Region self-sufficient in all of the essential immunizing agents within a ten-year period, was established. At present only Canada and the United States are more or less self-sufficient in this regard. All of the others are, to a greater or lesser degree, dependent on imports. In PAHO's present program the greatest emphasis is being placed on the development of effective control systems, particularly at the national level. The steps taken to achieve this goal and the progress to date are outlined.", "PMID": 89054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11418", "title": "[Determination of antigen structures of Pasteurella multocida: the preparation of vaccines].", "content": "The discovery of the role played by somatic antigens of the Pasteurella multocida A and D capsular types in the immunization of susceptible species makes it necessary to type the somatic antigens of the isolated strains prior to any action to induce active or passive immunity. Only immunoprecipitation in gel was chosen out of the various typing techniques proposed, and a correlation was established between the capsular types (according to Carter), somatic types (according to Namioka) and types determined by immunoprecipitation in gel (according to Heddleston). Parallel to this, the same technique was developed for strains of Pasteurella multocida B and E capsular types, and the immunogenicity of these capsular antigens was proven.", "contents": "[Determination of antigen structures of Pasteurella multocida: the preparation of vaccines]. The discovery of the role played by somatic antigens of the Pasteurella multocida A and D capsular types in the immunization of susceptible species makes it necessary to type the somatic antigens of the isolated strains prior to any action to induce active or passive immunity. Only immunoprecipitation in gel was chosen out of the various typing techniques proposed, and a correlation was established between the capsular types (according to Carter), somatic types (according to Namioka) and types determined by immunoprecipitation in gel (according to Heddleston). Parallel to this, the same technique was developed for strains of Pasteurella multocida B and E capsular types, and the immunogenicity of these capsular antigens was proven.", "PMID": 89055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11419", "title": "Demonstration of a novel cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type, in hepatocellular carcinoma.", "content": "Vitamin A level and the cytosol-binding proteins specific for vitamin A ere studied in human tumor and its surrounding tissue. The tissues examined were 10 hepatocellular carcinomas which were surgically removed, 4 other malignant tumors (2 metastatic liver cancer and one each of gastric cancer and glioma), and 3 human fetal livers. Compared with surrounding tissues, considerable decrease of vitamin A content was observed in the hepatocellular carcinoma suggesting local deficient state of the vitamin. In addition to cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), a new molecular species having affinity for both retinol and retinoic acid was detected in the cytosols obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma as well as glioma by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. With regard to ligand specificity, the protein was found to be similar to cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type or CRBP(F) which was originally recognized in the fish eye cytosol. Since the protein was also demonstrated in human fetal liver, CRBP(F) is considered to be an oncofetal protein in nature. The present study further revealed that CRBP(F) was detected in 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (whereas plasma alpha-fetoprotein was significantly elevated only in 50%), and hepatocellular carcinoma contained CRBP(F) in a larger amount than CRABP.", "contents": "Demonstration of a novel cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type, in hepatocellular carcinoma. Vitamin A level and the cytosol-binding proteins specific for vitamin A ere studied in human tumor and its surrounding tissue. The tissues examined were 10 hepatocellular carcinomas which were surgically removed, 4 other malignant tumors (2 metastatic liver cancer and one each of gastric cancer and glioma), and 3 human fetal livers. Compared with surrounding tissues, considerable decrease of vitamin A content was observed in the hepatocellular carcinoma suggesting local deficient state of the vitamin. In addition to cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) and retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), a new molecular species having affinity for both retinol and retinoic acid was detected in the cytosols obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma as well as glioma by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. With regard to ligand specificity, the protein was found to be similar to cellular retinol-binding protein, F-type or CRBP(F) which was originally recognized in the fish eye cytosol. Since the protein was also demonstrated in human fetal liver, CRBP(F) is considered to be an oncofetal protein in nature. The present study further revealed that CRBP(F) was detected in 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (whereas plasma alpha-fetoprotein was significantly elevated only in 50%), and hepatocellular carcinoma contained CRBP(F) in a larger amount than CRABP.", "PMID": 89058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11420", "title": "HLA and cell-mediated immunity in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "In 20 patients with severe HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis a significant association has been found between the HLA determinants A1, B8, and Dw3 and cell-mediated immunity directed against human liver specific lipoprotein in vitro. This observation induces further speculation that genetic immunoregulatory action might be involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic active hepatitis in vivo.", "contents": "HLA and cell-mediated immunity in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis. In 20 patients with severe HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis a significant association has been found between the HLA determinants A1, B8, and Dw3 and cell-mediated immunity directed against human liver specific lipoprotein in vitro. This observation induces further speculation that genetic immunoregulatory action might be involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic active hepatitis in vivo.", "PMID": 89064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11421", "title": "[Experimental yolk sac tumors in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the experimentally induced yolk sac tumor in the rat was made in special regard to the characteristics and origin of tumor cells. Pregnant rats which fetuses were removed on the 12th day of gestation, developed tumors derived from the fetal membranes left outside the uterus, which were composed of differentiated teratomas and yolk sac tumors. Serial observation of the oncogenesis revealed that an early lesion of the yolk sac tumor appeared in a nodule found as early as 3 weeks after the fetectomy and production of alpha-phetoprotein (AFP) was observed histochemically in the tumor cells 5 weeks after the fetectomy. A cultured cell line established after cloning from the transplantable yolk sac tumor which had been induced similarly and converted into ascitic form was also investigated. Light and electron microscopic studies on both induced tumors and the cultured cells indicated a similarity of AFP producing tumor cells with parietal yolk sac cells and of PAS-positive hyaline-like substance with the Reichert membrane. It is reasonable to conclude that the yolk sac tumor observed is regarded as a parietal yolk sac carcinoma described by Pierce. Histogenesis of the tumor is also discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental yolk sac tumors in the rat (author's transl)]. A study on the experimentally induced yolk sac tumor in the rat was made in special regard to the characteristics and origin of tumor cells. Pregnant rats which fetuses were removed on the 12th day of gestation, developed tumors derived from the fetal membranes left outside the uterus, which were composed of differentiated teratomas and yolk sac tumors. Serial observation of the oncogenesis revealed that an early lesion of the yolk sac tumor appeared in a nodule found as early as 3 weeks after the fetectomy and production of alpha-phetoprotein (AFP) was observed histochemically in the tumor cells 5 weeks after the fetectomy. A cultured cell line established after cloning from the transplantable yolk sac tumor which had been induced similarly and converted into ascitic form was also investigated. Light and electron microscopic studies on both induced tumors and the cultured cells indicated a similarity of AFP producing tumor cells with parietal yolk sac cells and of PAS-positive hyaline-like substance with the Reichert membrane. It is reasonable to conclude that the yolk sac tumor observed is regarded as a parietal yolk sac carcinoma described by Pierce. Histogenesis of the tumor is also discussed.", "PMID": 89066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11422", "title": "Trasylol prevents trypsin-induced shock in dogs.", "content": "The effect of simultaneous intravenous administration in the dog of bovine trypsin and Trasylol followed by continued infusion of Trasylol was studied. Special attention was paid to the interchange between the dominating plasma protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin and a-macroglobulins and to the disappearance of Trasylol and its trypsin complexes from the circulation. The following results were obtained: 1) Trypsin was preferentially bound by the alpha-macroglobulins, though Trasylol is a strong trypsin inhibitor. 2) On saturation of the alpha-macroglobulins, a considerable amount of trypsin was bound by alpha1-antitrypsin. 3) Trasylol was bound to the trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and then rapidly eliminated from the circulation. 4) On saturation of the alpha-macroglobulins, Trasylol was identified in a free form but increasing amounts of Trasylol were also bound to trypsin. This could be explained not only by direct complexation of Trasylol and trypsin but also by a transfer of trypsin from unstable trypsin-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes to free Trasylol.", "contents": "Trasylol prevents trypsin-induced shock in dogs. The effect of simultaneous intravenous administration in the dog of bovine trypsin and Trasylol followed by continued infusion of Trasylol was studied. Special attention was paid to the interchange between the dominating plasma protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin and a-macroglobulins and to the disappearance of Trasylol and its trypsin complexes from the circulation. The following results were obtained: 1) Trypsin was preferentially bound by the alpha-macroglobulins, though Trasylol is a strong trypsin inhibitor. 2) On saturation of the alpha-macroglobulins, a considerable amount of trypsin was bound by alpha1-antitrypsin. 3) Trasylol was bound to the trypsin-alpha-macroglobulin complexes and then rapidly eliminated from the circulation. 4) On saturation of the alpha-macroglobulins, Trasylol was identified in a free form but increasing amounts of Trasylol were also bound to trypsin. This could be explained not only by direct complexation of Trasylol and trypsin but also by a transfer of trypsin from unstable trypsin-alpha1-antitrypsin complexes to free Trasylol.", "PMID": 89067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11423", "title": "Observations on the results of specific histochemical techniques and empirical staining methods on several tissue/organ types using a variety of fixing fluids.", "content": "Several histotechniques (Harris hematoxylin and alcoholic eosin, Gomori's reticulum method, Verhoeff's elastic stain; Gomori's trichrome, Mallory's aniline blue collagen stain and the Cameron and Steele method) were each used with a number of fixatives (Lavdowsky's chromic acid, Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, neutral buffered formalin, Lavdowsky's formalinacetic acid-alcohol, Zenker's and Helley's). Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative provided superior results as compared to the other fixing fluids and its use was critical with respect to the trichrome or connective tissue staining procedures. The Cameron and Steele modification used with Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative gave the best differentiation of tissue types and was also the most reproducible.", "contents": "Observations on the results of specific histochemical techniques and empirical staining methods on several tissue/organ types using a variety of fixing fluids. Several histotechniques (Harris hematoxylin and alcoholic eosin, Gomori's reticulum method, Verhoeff's elastic stain; Gomori's trichrome, Mallory's aniline blue collagen stain and the Cameron and Steele method) were each used with a number of fixatives (Lavdowsky's chromic acid, Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, neutral buffered formalin, Lavdowsky's formalinacetic acid-alcohol, Zenker's and Helley's). Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative provided superior results as compared to the other fixing fluids and its use was critical with respect to the trichrome or connective tissue staining procedures. The Cameron and Steele modification used with Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative gave the best differentiation of tissue types and was also the most reproducible.", "PMID": 89068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11424", "title": "Duodenal glucagonoma: a case report.", "content": "A case of a primary carcinoid islet cell tumor of the duodenum is reported, demonstrated by histochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to be composed of alpha cells containing glucagon-like material. The patient was found on admission to have hyperglycemia and a diffuse skin rash. Primary duodenal glucagonoma has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Duodenal glucagonoma: a case report. A case of a primary carcinoid islet cell tumor of the duodenum is reported, demonstrated by histochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to be composed of alpha cells containing glucagon-like material. The patient was found on admission to have hyperglycemia and a diffuse skin rash. Primary duodenal glucagonoma has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 89070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11425", "title": "Effects of alkylating agents on lymphocytes from controls and from patients with Fanconi's anemia. Studies of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations, and kinetics of cell division.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations and the dynamics of cell division in peripheral blood lymphocytes of four patients with Fanconi's anemia were studied after in vitro exposure to alkylating agents TEPA and mitomycin. SCE frequency was significantly increased even after very low doses of mutagens, while chromosome aberrations were significantly increased only after high doses (0.160 micrograms/ml mitomycin and 10(-5) M TEPA). The responses of Fanconi's anemia cells and control cells did not differ significantly. The increased frequency of both SCE and chromosome aberrations was accompanied by gradual delay of cell division, which was most conspicuous in cells from patients with Fanconi's anemia.", "contents": "Effects of alkylating agents on lymphocytes from controls and from patients with Fanconi's anemia. Studies of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations, and kinetics of cell division. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations and the dynamics of cell division in peripheral blood lymphocytes of four patients with Fanconi's anemia were studied after in vitro exposure to alkylating agents TEPA and mitomycin. SCE frequency was significantly increased even after very low doses of mutagens, while chromosome aberrations were significantly increased only after high doses (0.160 micrograms/ml mitomycin and 10(-5) M TEPA). The responses of Fanconi's anemia cells and control cells did not differ significantly. The increased frequency of both SCE and chromosome aberrations was accompanied by gradual delay of cell division, which was most conspicuous in cells from patients with Fanconi's anemia.", "PMID": 89073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11426", "title": "Complete deficiency of constitutive heterochromatin on a human chromosome 9.", "content": "In cultured amniotic fluid cells a mediocentric chromosome 9 appeared to be completely deficient in constitutive heterochromatin when stained with distamycin A and DAPI. In addition, this deficient chromosome was found in a blood cell culture from the father. Both the father and the child after birth were phenotypically normal. Evidently, a considerable heterozygotic deficit of chromosome 9 heterochromatin can be tolerated without affecting the phenotype. The heterochromatin defect was also shown by G11-staining. Distamycin A-DAPI staining is highly reproducible and is recommended as a fluorescent alternative to often less successful G11-methods for the detection of heteromorphism of chromosome 9.", "contents": "Complete deficiency of constitutive heterochromatin on a human chromosome 9. In cultured amniotic fluid cells a mediocentric chromosome 9 appeared to be completely deficient in constitutive heterochromatin when stained with distamycin A and DAPI. In addition, this deficient chromosome was found in a blood cell culture from the father. Both the father and the child after birth were phenotypically normal. Evidently, a considerable heterozygotic deficit of chromosome 9 heterochromatin can be tolerated without affecting the phenotype. The heterochromatin defect was also shown by G11-staining. Distamycin A-DAPI staining is highly reproducible and is recommended as a fluorescent alternative to often less successful G11-methods for the detection of heteromorphism of chromosome 9.", "PMID": 89074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11427", "title": "Group-specific component (Gc) and transferrin (Tf) subtypes ascertained by isoelectric focusing. A simple nonimmunological staining procedure for Gc.", "content": "Simultaneous subtyping of Gc and TfC by isoelectric focusing allows us to compute the following gene frequencies for the Belgian population: Gc1S = 0.543 Gc1F = 0.167 Gc2 = 0.290 TfC1 = 0.784 TfC2 = 0.206 TfB = 0.007 TfD = 0.003. The Gc bands were precipitated by sulfosalicylic acid instead of by immunofixation.", "contents": "Group-specific component (Gc) and transferrin (Tf) subtypes ascertained by isoelectric focusing. A simple nonimmunological staining procedure for Gc. Simultaneous subtyping of Gc and TfC by isoelectric focusing allows us to compute the following gene frequencies for the Belgian population: Gc1S = 0.543 Gc1F = 0.167 Gc2 = 0.290 TfC1 = 0.784 TfC2 = 0.206 TfB = 0.007 TfD = 0.003. The Gc bands were precipitated by sulfosalicylic acid instead of by immunofixation.", "PMID": 89075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11428", "title": "Determinant selection and macrophage function in genetic control of the immune response.", "content": "The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig, is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin in CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificities of the elicited antibodies and indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By constrast, strain 2 T cells recognized a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acid residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which areas of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "contents": "Determinant selection and macrophage function in genetic control of the immune response. The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig, is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin in CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificities of the elicited antibodies and indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By constrast, strain 2 T cells recognized a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acid residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which areas of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.", "PMID": 89077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11429", "title": "The cell-mediated immune response of the pig to orally administered antigen.", "content": "The immune response of pigs to oral immunization with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) was assessed using the indirect macrophage migration assay. Two days' exposure to the antigen resulted in the inhibition of macrophage migration by supernatants of cultures from the intestine but not the mesenteric lymph node or spleen. Stimulation for 7 days resulted in macrophage inhibition by supernatants of lymphocyte cultures prepared from the intestine, mesenteric lymph node and spleen. Supernatants of splenic lymphocytes from animals stimulated for 2 or 3 days produced enhancement of macrophage migration.", "contents": "The cell-mediated immune response of the pig to orally administered antigen. The immune response of pigs to oral immunization with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) was assessed using the indirect macrophage migration assay. Two days' exposure to the antigen resulted in the inhibition of macrophage migration by supernatants of cultures from the intestine but not the mesenteric lymph node or spleen. Stimulation for 7 days resulted in macrophage inhibition by supernatants of lymphocyte cultures prepared from the intestine, mesenteric lymph node and spleen. Supernatants of splenic lymphocytes from animals stimulated for 2 or 3 days produced enhancement of macrophage migration.", "PMID": 89079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11430", "title": "Immunological unresponsiveness in mice. II. Cellular basis of immunological unresponsiveness induced in foetal and neonatal mice by transfer of human gamma-globulin by the maternal route.", "content": "The cellular basis of the mechanism of immunological tolerance to human gamma-globulin (H gamma G) induced in foetal and neonatal mice by materno-foetal or materno-neonatal transfer after a single injection of tolerogen (deaggregated H gamma G) into the mothers was investigated using a cell transfer system and assays of passive haemagglutinating antibodies and plaque-forming cells to H gamma G. The results demonstrated that B cells are mainly involved in the tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation, whereas inactivation of T cells may account for the tolerance induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage. Treatment of the mothers with tolerogen and then anti-H gamma G serum reduced the tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation, but did not affect that induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage. Cell transfer experiments showed that B-cell tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation was prevented by passive antibody, while T-cell tolerance induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage was not affected by passive antibody. Assay of the anti-DNP antibody response after immunization with DNP10-H gamma G showed that treatment of mice with the tolerogen on the eighteenth day of gestation, but not the fourteenth day of gestation, inactivated H gamma G-reactive helper cells. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the results of the cell transfer experiments described as above.", "contents": "Immunological unresponsiveness in mice. II. Cellular basis of immunological unresponsiveness induced in foetal and neonatal mice by transfer of human gamma-globulin by the maternal route. The cellular basis of the mechanism of immunological tolerance to human gamma-globulin (H gamma G) induced in foetal and neonatal mice by materno-foetal or materno-neonatal transfer after a single injection of tolerogen (deaggregated H gamma G) into the mothers was investigated using a cell transfer system and assays of passive haemagglutinating antibodies and plaque-forming cells to H gamma G. The results demonstrated that B cells are mainly involved in the tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation, whereas inactivation of T cells may account for the tolerance induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage. Treatment of the mothers with tolerogen and then anti-H gamma G serum reduced the tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation, but did not affect that induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage. Cell transfer experiments showed that B-cell tolerance induced on the fourteenth day of gestation was prevented by passive antibody, while T-cell tolerance induced on the eighteenth day of gestation and in the neonatal stage was not affected by passive antibody. Assay of the anti-DNP antibody response after immunization with DNP10-H gamma G showed that treatment of mice with the tolerogen on the eighteenth day of gestation, but not the fourteenth day of gestation, inactivated H gamma G-reactive helper cells. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the results of the cell transfer experiments described as above.", "PMID": 89080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11431", "title": "Studies on the immune response in chickens. III. Effect of substitution of carrier on elicitation of anti-hapten antibody responses and generation of hapten-specific memory.", "content": "The role of carrier in both elicitation of anti-hapten antibody responses and generation of hapten-specific memory in chickens were studied using dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugate of T-independent antigen carrier (DNP--Ficoll), that of isologous serum protein DNP--chicken serum albumin (CSA), and heavily conjugated DNP--bovine gammaglobulin (BGG). All of these DNP--conjugates could generate DNP specific memory as markedly as moderately conjugated DNP--BGG. Both DNP--Ficoll and DNP--CSA hardly elicited the primary and secondary anti-DNP antibody responses. Heavily conjugated DNP--BGG did not elicit a significant primary anti-DNP response as moderately conjugated DNP--BGG. It is suggested therefore that, when chickens are stimulated with hapten-carrier conjugates, hapten-specific memory is generated independently of T-cell function, but the elicitation of both the primary and secondary anti-hapten antibody responses is somehow relevant to T-cell function, although the T-cell dependence is less marked in the secondary than in the primary response.", "contents": "Studies on the immune response in chickens. III. Effect of substitution of carrier on elicitation of anti-hapten antibody responses and generation of hapten-specific memory. The role of carrier in both elicitation of anti-hapten antibody responses and generation of hapten-specific memory in chickens were studied using dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugate of T-independent antigen carrier (DNP--Ficoll), that of isologous serum protein DNP--chicken serum albumin (CSA), and heavily conjugated DNP--bovine gammaglobulin (BGG). All of these DNP--conjugates could generate DNP specific memory as markedly as moderately conjugated DNP--BGG. Both DNP--Ficoll and DNP--CSA hardly elicited the primary and secondary anti-DNP antibody responses. Heavily conjugated DNP--BGG did not elicit a significant primary anti-DNP response as moderately conjugated DNP--BGG. It is suggested therefore that, when chickens are stimulated with hapten-carrier conjugates, hapten-specific memory is generated independently of T-cell function, but the elicitation of both the primary and secondary anti-hapten antibody responses is somehow relevant to T-cell function, although the T-cell dependence is less marked in the secondary than in the primary response.", "PMID": 89081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11432", "title": "Studies on the resistance to tolerance induction against human IgG in DDD mice. II. Tolerogen-resistant T-cell population in the spleen.", "content": "Further studies were carried out to investigate cellular sites of the resistance to the induction of immunological tolerance to HGG in DDD mice, assuming the presence of a subset of tolerogen-resistant splenic T cells. Spleen-seeking T cells were shown to be relatively resistant in comparison with lymph node-seeking T cells. The existence of a tolerogen-resistant T-cell subpopulation was indicated from the experiments demonstrating that tolerance was easily attained after adult thymectomy and that lymph node T cells became much more resistant to tolerance induction after adult splenectomy. The latter experimental result might also exclude the possibility of differences in microenvironment (probably in A cells) between spleen and lymph node. An attempt was made to investigate a possible involvement of A cells in the induction of tolerance. A cells were deprived in vivo by irradiation of the host 3 days prior to spleen cell transfer and in vitro by passing a spleen cell suspension through a Sephadox G-10 column. The deprivation of A cells resulted in priming of the host by the tolerogen rather than easier tolerance induction. No suppressive activity was observed in lymph node cells from tolerized mice. These results suggest that there exists a set of T cells, generated relatively recently in the thymus, preferentially migrating into spleen and there becoming resistant to tolerance induction.", "contents": "Studies on the resistance to tolerance induction against human IgG in DDD mice. II. Tolerogen-resistant T-cell population in the spleen. Further studies were carried out to investigate cellular sites of the resistance to the induction of immunological tolerance to HGG in DDD mice, assuming the presence of a subset of tolerogen-resistant splenic T cells. Spleen-seeking T cells were shown to be relatively resistant in comparison with lymph node-seeking T cells. The existence of a tolerogen-resistant T-cell subpopulation was indicated from the experiments demonstrating that tolerance was easily attained after adult thymectomy and that lymph node T cells became much more resistant to tolerance induction after adult splenectomy. The latter experimental result might also exclude the possibility of differences in microenvironment (probably in A cells) between spleen and lymph node. An attempt was made to investigate a possible involvement of A cells in the induction of tolerance. A cells were deprived in vivo by irradiation of the host 3 days prior to spleen cell transfer and in vitro by passing a spleen cell suspension through a Sephadox G-10 column. The deprivation of A cells resulted in priming of the host by the tolerogen rather than easier tolerance induction. No suppressive activity was observed in lymph node cells from tolerized mice. These results suggest that there exists a set of T cells, generated relatively recently in the thymus, preferentially migrating into spleen and there becoming resistant to tolerance induction.", "PMID": 89082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11433", "title": "Chemotactic factor receptors of human PMN leucocytes. I. Effects on migration of labelling plasma membrane determinants with impermeant covalent reagents and inhibition of labelling by chemotactic factors.", "content": "The mechanism of stimulation of human PMN leucocyte-directed migration by chemotactic factors was studied by pre-labelling plasma membrane determinants with impermeant covalent reagents and assessing the effects of such modification on spontaneous mitration and chemotaxis in modified Boyden chambers. Pre-treatment of PMN leucocytes with 10(-9) to 10(-6) M isethionyl acetimidate, which selectively labels amino groups, enhanced spontaneous migration and concomitantly inhibited chemotaxis to fragments of the fifth component of complement (C5fr), 12-L-OH-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and several formyl--methionyl (f--Met) peptides to an extent that was inversely related to the magnitude of the chemotactic response of untreated PMN leucocytes. Para-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate, which selectively labels sulphydryl groups, inhibited chemotaxis to diverse stimuli without substantially influencing spontaneous migration, while the diazonium salt of sulphanilic acid, which labels several types of plasma membrane determinants, altered neither spontaneous nor chemotactic migration. Incubation of PMN leucocytes with various concentrations of [3H]-isethionyl acetimidate labelled from 33,000 amino groups per PMN leucocyte at 10(-6) M to over 800,000 at 10-4) M, a reaction that was substantially inhibited by chemotactic concentrations of C5fr and HETE, but not by f--Met peptides. Subcellular fractionation of PMN leucocytes labelled with [3H]-isethionyl acetimidate localized the radioactivity to membrane-rich fractions. Free amino groups thus appear to be functionally critical determinants of some chemotactic factor receptors on the plasma membrane of PMN leucocytes.", "contents": "Chemotactic factor receptors of human PMN leucocytes. I. Effects on migration of labelling plasma membrane determinants with impermeant covalent reagents and inhibition of labelling by chemotactic factors. The mechanism of stimulation of human PMN leucocyte-directed migration by chemotactic factors was studied by pre-labelling plasma membrane determinants with impermeant covalent reagents and assessing the effects of such modification on spontaneous mitration and chemotaxis in modified Boyden chambers. Pre-treatment of PMN leucocytes with 10(-9) to 10(-6) M isethionyl acetimidate, which selectively labels amino groups, enhanced spontaneous migration and concomitantly inhibited chemotaxis to fragments of the fifth component of complement (C5fr), 12-L-OH-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and several formyl--methionyl (f--Met) peptides to an extent that was inversely related to the magnitude of the chemotactic response of untreated PMN leucocytes. Para-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate, which selectively labels sulphydryl groups, inhibited chemotaxis to diverse stimuli without substantially influencing spontaneous migration, while the diazonium salt of sulphanilic acid, which labels several types of plasma membrane determinants, altered neither spontaneous nor chemotactic migration. Incubation of PMN leucocytes with various concentrations of [3H]-isethionyl acetimidate labelled from 33,000 amino groups per PMN leucocyte at 10(-6) M to over 800,000 at 10-4) M, a reaction that was substantially inhibited by chemotactic concentrations of C5fr and HETE, but not by f--Met peptides. Subcellular fractionation of PMN leucocytes labelled with [3H]-isethionyl acetimidate localized the radioactivity to membrane-rich fractions. Free amino groups thus appear to be functionally critical determinants of some chemotactic factor receptors on the plasma membrane of PMN leucocytes.", "PMID": 89083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11434", "title": "Autoregulation of germ tube formation by Candida albicans.", "content": "Germ tube formation by Candida albicans is at least partially controlled by a product(s) of the yeast phase of the organism which is released from cells upon incubation at 37 degrees C in tissue culture medium or fetal calf serum. This germination regulatory substance is stable under conditions of lyophilization and heating of 70 degrees C, but becomes inactivated at pH values of 4.0 and 9.5. A germination regulatory substance was produced by both strains of C. albicans tested and by a strain of C. tropicalis. Production does not appear to be a universal characteristic of yeasts because the factor could not be recovered from either Cryptococcus laurentii or Candida parapsilosis. Previously described C. albicans germination inhibitors such as cysteine, tryptophol, and phenylethyl alcohol appear not to be the substance described here. Because of the ability of the factor to influence C. albicans morphology, we have designated it morphogenic autoregulatory substance.", "contents": "Autoregulation of germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Germ tube formation by Candida albicans is at least partially controlled by a product(s) of the yeast phase of the organism which is released from cells upon incubation at 37 degrees C in tissue culture medium or fetal calf serum. This germination regulatory substance is stable under conditions of lyophilization and heating of 70 degrees C, but becomes inactivated at pH values of 4.0 and 9.5. A germination regulatory substance was produced by both strains of C. albicans tested and by a strain of C. tropicalis. Production does not appear to be a universal characteristic of yeasts because the factor could not be recovered from either Cryptococcus laurentii or Candida parapsilosis. Previously described C. albicans germination inhibitors such as cysteine, tryptophol, and phenylethyl alcohol appear not to be the substance described here. Because of the ability of the factor to influence C. albicans morphology, we have designated it morphogenic autoregulatory substance.", "PMID": 89087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11435", "title": "Isolation and characterization of homogeneous heat-labile enterotoxins with high specific activity from Escherichia coli cultures.", "content": "The heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) has been isolated in homogeneous form with high specific activity from three sources: cell-free supernatant, NaCl extract, and whole-cell lysates of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. In vitro immunological assays were used in lieu of tedious and highly variable bioassays to recognize fractions with activity. This revealed that the major portion of the LT remained adherent to columns containing agarose, from which it could be eluted quantitatively in practically homogeneous form by galactose. Isolated LT has remarkable similarities to the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) in both subunit structure and amino acid composition, although there are also notable differences in these two enterotoxins, which are related immunologically and by mode of action. Unlike choleragen, in which the A region is totally nicked, E. coli LT, depending on its source, is activated by proteolytic processing. The activity of LT is equivalent to that of choleragen in bioassays on adrenal cells, in rabbit skin, and in rabbit ileal loops, especially when, depending on the source of material, the LT has been activated by treatment with trypsin. The whole-cell lysate is the richest source of LT.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of homogeneous heat-labile enterotoxins with high specific activity from Escherichia coli cultures. The heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) has been isolated in homogeneous form with high specific activity from three sources: cell-free supernatant, NaCl extract, and whole-cell lysates of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. In vitro immunological assays were used in lieu of tedious and highly variable bioassays to recognize fractions with activity. This revealed that the major portion of the LT remained adherent to columns containing agarose, from which it could be eluted quantitatively in practically homogeneous form by galactose. Isolated LT has remarkable similarities to the cholera enterotoxin (choleragen) in both subunit structure and amino acid composition, although there are also notable differences in these two enterotoxins, which are related immunologically and by mode of action. Unlike choleragen, in which the A region is totally nicked, E. coli LT, depending on its source, is activated by proteolytic processing. The activity of LT is equivalent to that of choleragen in bioassays on adrenal cells, in rabbit skin, and in rabbit ileal loops, especially when, depending on the source of material, the LT has been activated by treatment with trypsin. The whole-cell lysate is the richest source of LT.", "PMID": 89088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11436", "title": "Antigenic specificity of neutralizing antibody to cholera toxin.", "content": "Selected rabbit antisera to cholera toxin antigens and convalescent cholera patient sera were analyzed using the permeability factor neutralization test and two sensitive in vitro serological assays specific for cholera toxin, cholera toxin A subunit, and cholera toxin B subunit. The results indicated that antisera to cholera toxin contained toxin-neutralizing activity as well as antibodies specific for both the A subunit and B subunit. It was clearly established that antisera to B subunit, devoid of significant anti-A subunit activity, neutralized the vascular permeability activity of cholera toxin. Antisera to A subunit contained neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to both A and B subunits. Absorption with B subunit removed both the toxin-neutralizing and anti-B subunit activities, while the anti-A activity was unaffected. Neutralizing antibody titers of rabbits immunized with B subunit were also observed to be significantly higher than neutralizing antibody titers of sera from A subunit-immunized rabbits, despite the overall similarity in anti-B subunit titers as determined by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay of sera from the two groups of rabbits. Anti-alpha chain sera neither neutralized cholera toxin nor possessed significant antitoxin or anti-B subunit titers as determined by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay. The anti-alpha chain sera contained high levels of antibody specific for A subunit, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the alpha chain is part of the A subunit structure. In contrast, the gamma chain was not shown to be antigenic. Sera from convalescent cholera patients possessed toxin-neutralizing antibody as well as passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay antibody against both A and B subunits.", "contents": "Antigenic specificity of neutralizing antibody to cholera toxin. Selected rabbit antisera to cholera toxin antigens and convalescent cholera patient sera were analyzed using the permeability factor neutralization test and two sensitive in vitro serological assays specific for cholera toxin, cholera toxin A subunit, and cholera toxin B subunit. The results indicated that antisera to cholera toxin contained toxin-neutralizing activity as well as antibodies specific for both the A subunit and B subunit. It was clearly established that antisera to B subunit, devoid of significant anti-A subunit activity, neutralized the vascular permeability activity of cholera toxin. Antisera to A subunit contained neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to both A and B subunits. Absorption with B subunit removed both the toxin-neutralizing and anti-B subunit activities, while the anti-A activity was unaffected. Neutralizing antibody titers of rabbits immunized with B subunit were also observed to be significantly higher than neutralizing antibody titers of sera from A subunit-immunized rabbits, despite the overall similarity in anti-B subunit titers as determined by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay of sera from the two groups of rabbits. Anti-alpha chain sera neither neutralized cholera toxin nor possessed significant antitoxin or anti-B subunit titers as determined by passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay. The anti-alpha chain sera contained high levels of antibody specific for A subunit, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the alpha chain is part of the A subunit structure. In contrast, the gamma chain was not shown to be antigenic. Sera from convalescent cholera patients possessed toxin-neutralizing antibody as well as passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay antibody against both A and B subunits.", "PMID": 89089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11437", "title": "Antigenic determinants in influenza virus hemagglutinin.", "content": "Three antigenic determinants were revealed in H3 hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses isolated from 1968 to 1975. One of them was common for all viruses, and two others specified differences between the viruses possessing H3 hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Antigenic determinants in influenza virus hemagglutinin. Three antigenic determinants were revealed in H3 hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses isolated from 1968 to 1975. One of them was common for all viruses, and two others specified differences between the viruses possessing H3 hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 89090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11438", "title": "Inactivators of fibroblast interferon found in human serum.", "content": "Investigation of the inactivators of fibroblast interferon has shown that those substances could be identified in every specimen of serum taken from normal individuals. These inactivators were found to destroy a mean of 82% of the interferon antiviral activity beyond that caused by the effects of temperature alone. The inactivators exerted no effect at 4 degrees C but were found in a variety of animal as well as human sera. Although slight differences were found to exist in the extent of inactivation when comparing normal human serum to serum from patients (i) receiving chronic hemodialysis, (ii) with jaundice, or (iii) with underlying malignancies, the differences did not appear to be clinically significant. In exploring the nature of the substances, we found that both dialyzable and non-dialyzable inactivators exist, but the former appear to be the major factors responsible for the unwanted process.", "contents": "Inactivators of fibroblast interferon found in human serum. Investigation of the inactivators of fibroblast interferon has shown that those substances could be identified in every specimen of serum taken from normal individuals. These inactivators were found to destroy a mean of 82% of the interferon antiviral activity beyond that caused by the effects of temperature alone. The inactivators exerted no effect at 4 degrees C but were found in a variety of animal as well as human sera. Although slight differences were found to exist in the extent of inactivation when comparing normal human serum to serum from patients (i) receiving chronic hemodialysis, (ii) with jaundice, or (iii) with underlying malignancies, the differences did not appear to be clinically significant. In exploring the nature of the substances, we found that both dialyzable and non-dialyzable inactivators exist, but the former appear to be the major factors responsible for the unwanted process.", "PMID": 89091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11439", "title": "Distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of different Sporothrix schenckii cell types.", "content": "The distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of yeastlike forms, hyphae, and conidia of Sporothrix schenckii was studied by staining with colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin. By using colloidal iron hydroxide it was shown that the external cell wall layer of one strain (strain 1099.18) could be resolved into two reactive sublayers and that these layers were present in many but not all cells of the same population. In contrast, most cells of another strain (strain 1099.12) were stained by colloidal iron hydroxide, but only one reactive layer was seen. Acidic layers of the yeastlike forms of the two strains were much thicker than those of conidia and hyphae. By the cationized ferritin staining procedure it was observed that the acidic layers of yeast forms sloughed off of cells, probably due to cell-cell or cell-medium attrition in shaken submerged cultures or to a process by which the outer layers detach from cells as they are replaced by newly synthesized ones. The colloidal iron hydroxide- and cationized ferritin-reactive cell surface layers of S. schenckii correspond to the previously described (L. R. Travassos et al., Exp. Mycol. 1:293-305, 1977) concanavalin A-reactive peptidorhamnomannan complexes, and their reactivity is probably due to the presence of acidic amino acids of low pK values rather than to glucuronic acid units.", "contents": "Distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of different Sporothrix schenckii cell types. The distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of yeastlike forms, hyphae, and conidia of Sporothrix schenckii was studied by staining with colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin. By using colloidal iron hydroxide it was shown that the external cell wall layer of one strain (strain 1099.18) could be resolved into two reactive sublayers and that these layers were present in many but not all cells of the same population. In contrast, most cells of another strain (strain 1099.12) were stained by colloidal iron hydroxide, but only one reactive layer was seen. Acidic layers of the yeastlike forms of the two strains were much thicker than those of conidia and hyphae. By the cationized ferritin staining procedure it was observed that the acidic layers of yeast forms sloughed off of cells, probably due to cell-cell or cell-medium attrition in shaken submerged cultures or to a process by which the outer layers detach from cells as they are replaced by newly synthesized ones. The colloidal iron hydroxide- and cationized ferritin-reactive cell surface layers of S. schenckii correspond to the previously described (L. R. Travassos et al., Exp. Mycol. 1:293-305, 1977) concanavalin A-reactive peptidorhamnomannan complexes, and their reactivity is probably due to the presence of acidic amino acids of low pK values rather than to glucuronic acid units.", "PMID": 89092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11440", "title": "Antigens of Micropolyspora faeni strains.", "content": "Exocellular antigens from Micropolyspora faeni and Micropolyspora rectivirgula were prepared by growing them in a synthetic broth culture at 50 degrees C for 1 week under continuous shaking. The broth was separated from the organisms by filtration and the filtrate was dialyzed and freeze-dried. The cross-reactivity of these antigens were studied by antigen-antibody crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and the presence of similar antigens in different strains by tandem crossed-immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-M. faeni and anti-M. rectivirgula sera. The results indicate that a number of antigenic components are common to the different strains of M. faeni and M. rectivirgula, while each strain demonstrates several specific antigenic determinants. Of the 26 clearly demonstrable precipitin arcs formed by crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, only 1 was detected in all the strains while 2 more were detected frequently. This study indicates that M. rectivirgula and M. faeni strains are not distinguishable from each other by morphological, biochemical or immunological criteria.", "contents": "Antigens of Micropolyspora faeni strains. Exocellular antigens from Micropolyspora faeni and Micropolyspora rectivirgula were prepared by growing them in a synthetic broth culture at 50 degrees C for 1 week under continuous shaking. The broth was separated from the organisms by filtration and the filtrate was dialyzed and freeze-dried. The cross-reactivity of these antigens were studied by antigen-antibody crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and the presence of similar antigens in different strains by tandem crossed-immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-M. faeni and anti-M. rectivirgula sera. The results indicate that a number of antigenic components are common to the different strains of M. faeni and M. rectivirgula, while each strain demonstrates several specific antigenic determinants. Of the 26 clearly demonstrable precipitin arcs formed by crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, only 1 was detected in all the strains while 2 more were detected frequently. This study indicates that M. rectivirgula and M. faeni strains are not distinguishable from each other by morphological, biochemical or immunological criteria.", "PMID": 89093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11441", "title": "Characterisation of the reaginic response to sulphonamides in mice.", "content": "Reaginic responses were induced in immunised mice with either 4-sulphanilamidobenzoic acid (4-SABA) or sulphamethoxazole (SMX) coupled to chicken gamma-globulin (CGG). The former was coupled through the carboxylic group of benzoic acid and the latter through the diazo derivative of the sulphanilamide group. The specificity of the reaginic responses obtained was assessed in each case by inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat. Immunisation with 4-SABA-CGG resulted in antibodies which recognised the sulphanilamide group as immunodominant and, therefore, they cross-reacted strongly with other sulphonamides. In contrast, SMX-CGG-induced IgE antibodies directed primarily to the methoxazole end of the molecule and cross-reactivity with other sulphonamides could not be demonstrated. This model may be useful for a more comprehensive study of allergic reactions induced by sulphonamides.", "contents": "Characterisation of the reaginic response to sulphonamides in mice. Reaginic responses were induced in immunised mice with either 4-sulphanilamidobenzoic acid (4-SABA) or sulphamethoxazole (SMX) coupled to chicken gamma-globulin (CGG). The former was coupled through the carboxylic group of benzoic acid and the latter through the diazo derivative of the sulphanilamide group. The specificity of the reaginic responses obtained was assessed in each case by inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat. Immunisation with 4-SABA-CGG resulted in antibodies which recognised the sulphanilamide group as immunodominant and, therefore, they cross-reacted strongly with other sulphonamides. In contrast, SMX-CGG-induced IgE antibodies directed primarily to the methoxazole end of the molecule and cross-reactivity with other sulphonamides could not be demonstrated. This model may be useful for a more comprehensive study of allergic reactions induced by sulphonamides.", "PMID": 89094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11442", "title": "Effects of drugs on the acute inflammation following intraperitoneal injection of antigen into actively sensitised rats.", "content": "When actively sensitised rats were injected intraperitoneally with antigen, the local reaction that ensued can be divided into two phases: an immediate reaction characterised by histamine and SRS-A release with an associated extravasation of plasma proteins, and a later reaction involving infiltration of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes. When the immediate reaction was modified by BRL 10833 (which inhibits histamine release from rat mast cells and reduces extravasation of plasma proteins), there was no reduction in neutrophil infiltration. FPL 55712, an SRS-A antagonist, also failed to inhibit neutrophil infiltration. The beta-adrenoreceptor stimulants isoprenaline and salbutamol reduced neutrophil infiltration. Isoprenaline inhibited the extravasation of plasma proteins when given before antigen, but even when administered to rats after antigen, when extravasation was complete, it still inhibited neutrophil infiltration. Propranolol reversed isoprenaline-induced inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.", "contents": "Effects of drugs on the acute inflammation following intraperitoneal injection of antigen into actively sensitised rats. When actively sensitised rats were injected intraperitoneally with antigen, the local reaction that ensued can be divided into two phases: an immediate reaction characterised by histamine and SRS-A release with an associated extravasation of plasma proteins, and a later reaction involving infiltration of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes. When the immediate reaction was modified by BRL 10833 (which inhibits histamine release from rat mast cells and reduces extravasation of plasma proteins), there was no reduction in neutrophil infiltration. FPL 55712, an SRS-A antagonist, also failed to inhibit neutrophil infiltration. The beta-adrenoreceptor stimulants isoprenaline and salbutamol reduced neutrophil infiltration. Isoprenaline inhibited the extravasation of plasma proteins when given before antigen, but even when administered to rats after antigen, when extravasation was complete, it still inhibited neutrophil infiltration. Propranolol reversed isoprenaline-induced inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.", "PMID": 89095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11443", "title": "CEA and non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) in medullary carcinomas of the thyroid.", "content": "An immunohistological study of five cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was undertaken with monospecific antisera against CEA and NCA. CEA was present in different areas of the tumors: cell cytoplasm, cell membrane at its apical pole when the tumor had a pseudoglandular organization, deposits in the lumen of pseudoglands, and peri- and extra-cellular deposits. From these extra-cellular deposits, CEA could easily reach the circulation, thus causing rising serum levels up to high values. NCA was found in the same tumors and in the same localizations.", "contents": "CEA and non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) in medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. An immunohistological study of five cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was undertaken with monospecific antisera against CEA and NCA. CEA was present in different areas of the tumors: cell cytoplasm, cell membrane at its apical pole when the tumor had a pseudoglandular organization, deposits in the lumen of pseudoglands, and peri- and extra-cellular deposits. From these extra-cellular deposits, CEA could easily reach the circulation, thus causing rising serum levels up to high values. NCA was found in the same tumors and in the same localizations.", "PMID": 89098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11444", "title": "Epstein-Barr virus-induced membrane antigens: immunochemical characterization of Triton X-100 solubilized viral membrane antigens from EBV-superinfected Raji cells.", "content": "In an attempt to qualitatively identify the membrane antigen (MA) complex induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of lymphoblastoid cells, superinfected Raji cells were surface labelled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method and solubilized with Triton X-100, then the 125I-labelled membrane proteins were precipitated by sera containing high antibody titers to MA. Analysis of these immune precipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis identified four major EBV-specific membrane proteins with molecular weights (mol. wt) of 280,000, 250,000, 170,000 and 90,000. Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and infectious mononucleosis (IM) and from EBV-infected disease-free individuals showed differential patterns of reactivity to these antigens with some sera only recognizing three or less of the antigens. The results from invesigations with these sera also indicated that these major proteins were not related to EBV-induced viral capsid antigens (VCA) or the virus-associated early antigen (EA) complexes as defined by immunofluorescence. Metabolic labelling of EBV-infected Raji cells with [14C]glucosamine, followed by Triton X-100 solubilization and radioimmune precipitation, identified the 280,000, 250,000 and 90,000 components as glycoproteins. The lactoperoxidase-labelled 170,000 molecular weight component was not significantly glycosylated and, therefore, could not be categorized as a glycoprotein on the basis of this study. In addition, a glycoprotein with a mol. wt of 130,000 was identified by this approach which also appeared to be specified by EBV. The results from these investigations, therefore, indicated that the EBV-induced MA complex was composed of four major glycoproteins and one nonglycosylated high mol. wt protein.", "contents": "Epstein-Barr virus-induced membrane antigens: immunochemical characterization of Triton X-100 solubilized viral membrane antigens from EBV-superinfected Raji cells. In an attempt to qualitatively identify the membrane antigen (MA) complex induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of lymphoblastoid cells, superinfected Raji cells were surface labelled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method and solubilized with Triton X-100, then the 125I-labelled membrane proteins were precipitated by sera containing high antibody titers to MA. Analysis of these immune precipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis identified four major EBV-specific membrane proteins with molecular weights (mol. wt) of 280,000, 250,000, 170,000 and 90,000. Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and infectious mononucleosis (IM) and from EBV-infected disease-free individuals showed differential patterns of reactivity to these antigens with some sera only recognizing three or less of the antigens. The results from invesigations with these sera also indicated that these major proteins were not related to EBV-induced viral capsid antigens (VCA) or the virus-associated early antigen (EA) complexes as defined by immunofluorescence. Metabolic labelling of EBV-infected Raji cells with [14C]glucosamine, followed by Triton X-100 solubilization and radioimmune precipitation, identified the 280,000, 250,000 and 90,000 components as glycoproteins. The lactoperoxidase-labelled 170,000 molecular weight component was not significantly glycosylated and, therefore, could not be categorized as a glycoprotein on the basis of this study. In addition, a glycoprotein with a mol. wt of 130,000 was identified by this approach which also appeared to be specified by EBV. The results from these investigations, therefore, indicated that the EBV-induced MA complex was composed of four major glycoproteins and one nonglycosylated high mol. wt protein.", "PMID": 89099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11445", "title": "Differential inducibility of Epstein-Barr virus in cloned, non-producer Raji cells.", "content": "Cells of the human lymphoblastoid non-producer line Raji were cloned in soft agar. Individual colonies were isolated and analyzed for their inducibility of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated early antigen (EA). The induction of EA by the tumor promoter TPA varied among the different cell clones. Clones with very high and very low inducibility of the resident Epstein-Barr virus genome were further analyzed. Constant differences in the inducibility of EA were observed after activation by tumor promoters, 5-iododeoxyuridine or antibodies to human IgM. Induction of EA synthesis by superinfection with Epstein-Barr virus from the P3HR-1 line, however, did not vary among the clones tested. No differences in expression of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) were noted in cells of clones with high or low susceptibility to EA induction. DNA reassociation kinetics demonstrated that Raji cells with high susceptibility to EA induction contained a significantly higher number of Epstein-Barr virus genome equivalents per cell than cells with low susceptibility. Treatment of Raji cells with the tumor promoter TPA did not change the ratio of Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNA to cellular DNA.", "contents": "Differential inducibility of Epstein-Barr virus in cloned, non-producer Raji cells. Cells of the human lymphoblastoid non-producer line Raji were cloned in soft agar. Individual colonies were isolated and analyzed for their inducibility of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated early antigen (EA). The induction of EA by the tumor promoter TPA varied among the different cell clones. Clones with very high and very low inducibility of the resident Epstein-Barr virus genome were further analyzed. Constant differences in the inducibility of EA were observed after activation by tumor promoters, 5-iododeoxyuridine or antibodies to human IgM. Induction of EA synthesis by superinfection with Epstein-Barr virus from the P3HR-1 line, however, did not vary among the clones tested. No differences in expression of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) were noted in cells of clones with high or low susceptibility to EA induction. DNA reassociation kinetics demonstrated that Raji cells with high susceptibility to EA induction contained a significantly higher number of Epstein-Barr virus genome equivalents per cell than cells with low susceptibility. Treatment of Raji cells with the tumor promoter TPA did not change the ratio of Epstein-Barr virus-specific DNA to cellular DNA.", "PMID": 89100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11446", "title": "No exit: a symbolic interactionist perspective on aging.", "content": "Most research on socialization for old age, including that of Rosow, Neugarten, and Riley, reflects a normative bias. An alternative perspective on later life is put forth from the symbolic-interactionist tradition in sociology. The concepts of career and status passage reflect an imagery of humans capable of exercising choice and negotiating their way through life. Later life is seen as a unique status passage in that it is inevitable, irreversible, and does not lead to any subsequent status. Controlling the passage therefore assumes great importance.", "contents": "No exit: a symbolic interactionist perspective on aging. Most research on socialization for old age, including that of Rosow, Neugarten, and Riley, reflects a normative bias. An alternative perspective on later life is put forth from the symbolic-interactionist tradition in sociology. The concepts of career and status passage reflect an imagery of humans capable of exercising choice and negotiating their way through life. Later life is seen as a unique status passage in that it is inevitable, irreversible, and does not lead to any subsequent status. Controlling the passage therefore assumes great importance.", "PMID": 89097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11447", "title": "Tumour antigens and alloantigens. II. Lack of association of rat hepatoma-D23-specific antigen with beta 2 microglobulin.", "content": "It has previously been shown that the tumour-specific antigen of the chemically-induced rat hepatoma D23 has determinants recognised by alloantisera raised against normal syngeneic liver and spleen. However, no reactions were observed with alloantisera raised against syngeneic erythrocytes suggesting that the alloantigeneic determinant responsible for this cross-reactivity is not a major serologically-defined histocompatibility antigen. This concept has been further examined using a defined turkey anti-rat beta 2 microglobulin antiserum. This antiserum failed to block the binding of syngeneic antihepatoma D23 sera to hepatoma D23 target cells as assessed using membrane immunofluorescence and complement-dependant 51Cr release tests. Furthermore, immune precipitates formed from soluble tumour extracts containing hepatoma D23 specific  antigen with turkey anti-rat beta 2 microglobulin failed to generate a tumour-specific antibody response in syngeneic rats althouth a cross-reactive antiserum was produced following immunization of allogeneic rats with the immune precipitate.", "contents": "Tumour antigens and alloantigens. II. Lack of association of rat hepatoma-D23-specific antigen with beta 2 microglobulin. It has previously been shown that the tumour-specific antigen of the chemically-induced rat hepatoma D23 has determinants recognised by alloantisera raised against normal syngeneic liver and spleen. However, no reactions were observed with alloantisera raised against syngeneic erythrocytes suggesting that the alloantigeneic determinant responsible for this cross-reactivity is not a major serologically-defined histocompatibility antigen. This concept has been further examined using a defined turkey anti-rat beta 2 microglobulin antiserum. This antiserum failed to block the binding of syngeneic antihepatoma D23 sera to hepatoma D23 target cells as assessed using membrane immunofluorescence and complement-dependant 51Cr release tests. Furthermore, immune precipitates formed from soluble tumour extracts containing hepatoma D23 specific  antigen with turkey anti-rat beta 2 microglobulin failed to generate a tumour-specific antibody response in syngeneic rats althouth a cross-reactive antiserum was produced following immunization of allogeneic rats with the immune precipitate.", "PMID": 89102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11448", "title": "Tumour-related antigen specificities associated with 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rat embryo cells.", "content": "Rat embryo cells were treated in vitro for 18 h with 10 micrograms/ml 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Syngenetic male rats were immunized with several inocula of treated cells to prepare antisera which were screened for membrane immunofluorescence reactivity against panels of established chemically-induced syngeneic rat tumours. Three separate antiserum pools raised against MCA-treated cells reacted with certain chemically-induced tumours, whereas antisera to control (DMSO-treated) cells were completely negative. The reactions observed were reproducible and highly specific for particular target tumours. Absorption studies indicated that each antiserum contained antibodies to several different antigens, present on different tumours. Antiserum prepared against extranuclear membrane from MCA-treated cells, rather than intact MCA-treated cells, was negative. This suggests that the antibody responses were directed against antigens arising subsequently to MCA treatment and injection into syngeneic hosts. It is postulated that carcinomgen treatment results in the acquisition of multiple neoantigens among a treated cell population, which represent an early change in a sequence of events leading to malignant transformation.", "contents": "Tumour-related antigen specificities associated with 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rat embryo cells. Rat embryo cells were treated in vitro for 18 h with 10 micrograms/ml 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Syngenetic male rats were immunized with several inocula of treated cells to prepare antisera which were screened for membrane immunofluorescence reactivity against panels of established chemically-induced syngeneic rat tumours. Three separate antiserum pools raised against MCA-treated cells reacted with certain chemically-induced tumours, whereas antisera to control (DMSO-treated) cells were completely negative. The reactions observed were reproducible and highly specific for particular target tumours. Absorption studies indicated that each antiserum contained antibodies to several different antigens, present on different tumours. Antiserum prepared against extranuclear membrane from MCA-treated cells, rather than intact MCA-treated cells, was negative. This suggests that the antibody responses were directed against antigens arising subsequently to MCA treatment and injection into syngeneic hosts. It is postulated that carcinomgen treatment results in the acquisition of multiple neoantigens among a treated cell population, which represent an early change in a sequence of events leading to malignant transformation.", "PMID": 89103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11449", "title": "The histochemical behaviour, electrophoretic mobility and distribution in cell fractions of acid phosphatase isozymes in prostatic cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.", "content": "Acid phosphatase isozymes were investigated in cancerous prostatic tissue (4 cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (6 cases). Electron-microscopic histochemical examination of cancer tissue revealed irregular acid beta-glycerophosphatase staining in various cell organelles, including the plasma membrane, which was not seen in non-malignant tissue. Cancerous tissue homogenates also contained isozymic acid phosphatase species with high electrophoretic mobility, which was not detectable in benign tissue unless treated with detergent. Fractionation by differential centrifugation confirmed that much of the acid phosphatase activity in cancer tissue was extra-lysosomal. The detection of these isozyme properties may provide an opportunity, by means of tissue investigations, to define tumour stages earlier than on the basis of increased levels of serum acid phosphatase activity indicative of stage IV (D) prostatic cancer.", "contents": "The histochemical behaviour, electrophoretic mobility and distribution in cell fractions of acid phosphatase isozymes in prostatic cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. Acid phosphatase isozymes were investigated in cancerous prostatic tissue (4 cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (6 cases). Electron-microscopic histochemical examination of cancer tissue revealed irregular acid beta-glycerophosphatase staining in various cell organelles, including the plasma membrane, which was not seen in non-malignant tissue. Cancerous tissue homogenates also contained isozymic acid phosphatase species with high electrophoretic mobility, which was not detectable in benign tissue unless treated with detergent. Fractionation by differential centrifugation confirmed that much of the acid phosphatase activity in cancer tissue was extra-lysosomal. The detection of these isozyme properties may provide an opportunity, by means of tissue investigations, to define tumour stages earlier than on the basis of increased levels of serum acid phosphatase activity indicative of stage IV (D) prostatic cancer.", "PMID": 89105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11450", "title": "Purification of a human prostate specific antigen.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum raised against the crude extract of normal human prostatic tissue contained antibodies to a prostatic tissue-specific antigen as shown by immunoprecipitation techniques. Using this antiserum a prostate antigen was detected in normal, benign hypertrophic, and malignant prostatic tissues, but not in other human tissues. The prostate antigen was purified to homogeneity from prostatic tissues and showed a single protein band on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. This report thus presents the first demonstration of the purification of a prostate-specific antigen that does not represent prostatic acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Rabbit antiserum raised against the crude extract of normal human prostatic tissue contained antibodies to a prostatic tissue-specific antigen as shown by immunoprecipitation techniques. Using this antiserum a prostate antigen was detected in normal, benign hypertrophic, and malignant prostatic tissues, but not in other human tissues. The prostate antigen was purified to homogeneity from prostatic tissues and showed a single protein band on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. This report thus presents the first demonstration of the purification of a prostate-specific antigen that does not represent prostatic acid phosphatase.", "PMID": 89106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11451", "title": "[Bone perfusion after plate osteosynthesis. A study of the intact rabbit tibia with disulfin blue vital staining].", "content": "After operative fracture treatment an interference with blood supply has to be expected. The fixation of a plate to an intact rabbit tibia lead to extended areas where circulation is disturbed. These disturbances were partially reversible within one week without structural changes visible in the recovering bone. Only the zones remaining without vascular supply after one week started to recover in the 4th week, when intracanalicular remodelling and the formation of new Haversian systems became visible at the borders of the avascular regions.", "contents": "[Bone perfusion after plate osteosynthesis. A study of the intact rabbit tibia with disulfin blue vital staining]. After operative fracture treatment an interference with blood supply has to be expected. The fixation of a plate to an intact rabbit tibia lead to extended areas where circulation is disturbed. These disturbances were partially reversible within one week without structural changes visible in the recovering bone. Only the zones remaining without vascular supply after one week started to recover in the 4th week, when intracanalicular remodelling and the formation of new Haversian systems became visible at the borders of the avascular regions.", "PMID": 89107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11452", "title": "The effect of clupein on anisotropy and basophilia of polytene chromosomes.", "content": "When polytene chromosomes are subjected to a clupein treatment, their properties of basophilia and anisotropy are affected. The basophilia is deeply reduced, except in the nucleolar zones, puffs and sites of RNA accumulation. On the other hand, the chromosome birefringence increases. The phenomenon of anomalous dispersion of birefringence usually observed on polytene chromosomes stained with toluidine blue solutions turns into a normal negative dispersion of birefringence, when staining is preceded by clupein treatment. It is concluded that the clupein molecules attach orderly and preferentially to sequential DNA phosphates unbound to chromosome proteins, accentuating DNA anisotropic characteristics. The clupein molecules appear not attaching to RNA phosphates.", "contents": "The effect of clupein on anisotropy and basophilia of polytene chromosomes. When polytene chromosomes are subjected to a clupein treatment, their properties of basophilia and anisotropy are affected. The basophilia is deeply reduced, except in the nucleolar zones, puffs and sites of RNA accumulation. On the other hand, the chromosome birefringence increases. The phenomenon of anomalous dispersion of birefringence usually observed on polytene chromosomes stained with toluidine blue solutions turns into a normal negative dispersion of birefringence, when staining is preceded by clupein treatment. It is concluded that the clupein molecules attach orderly and preferentially to sequential DNA phosphates unbound to chromosome proteins, accentuating DNA anisotropic characteristics. The clupein molecules appear not attaching to RNA phosphates.", "PMID": 89108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11453", "title": "Anisotropic staining of apurinic acid with toluidine blue.", "content": "Using normal rat liver imprints, studies were carried out on the effects of histone extraction and the formation of aldehyde groups from deoxyribose on anisotropic toluidine blue staining of depurinized DNA after sodium bisulfite treatment. The anisotropic effect of bisulfite was found to be determined by binding of bisulfite ions to the aldehyde groups of apurinic acid which, together with free phosphate groups of DNA ensure coparallel attachment of the dye molecules. It was also shown that at pH 5.0 toluidine blue binds with both the phosphate and aldehyde groups of apurinic acid, to give anisotropic staining.", "contents": "Anisotropic staining of apurinic acid with toluidine blue. Using normal rat liver imprints, studies were carried out on the effects of histone extraction and the formation of aldehyde groups from deoxyribose on anisotropic toluidine blue staining of depurinized DNA after sodium bisulfite treatment. The anisotropic effect of bisulfite was found to be determined by binding of bisulfite ions to the aldehyde groups of apurinic acid which, together with free phosphate groups of DNA ensure coparallel attachment of the dye molecules. It was also shown that at pH 5.0 toluidine blue binds with both the phosphate and aldehyde groups of apurinic acid, to give anisotropic staining.", "PMID": 89109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11454", "title": "Lung elasticity in regional and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Static deflation air and saline pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed on five normal excised baboon lungs, four with radiation-induced upper lobe fibrosis, and two with diffuse bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Curves were compared visually and using half-inflation pressures (h). When plotted as percent of observed vital capacity vs. transpulmonary pressure, the radiation-associated curves were similar in shape to control curves. Also, h values were not significantly different between the two groups. The bleomycin-associated curves, however, were shifted rightward and exhibited increased h values. PV curves were correlated with connective tissue data. Elastin concentration was increased in the irradiated upper lobes through loss of associated constituents. Elastin accumulated in the lower lobes of the irradiated animals through compensatory growth and in the bleomycin-associated lungs through excessive production. Collagen followed a similar but less dramatic trend. We conclude connective tissue accumulation may not lead to rightward shifted PV curves if accumulation is present in relatively noninflatable lung units, or as part of compensatory lung growth.", "contents": "Lung elasticity in regional and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Static deflation air and saline pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed on five normal excised baboon lungs, four with radiation-induced upper lobe fibrosis, and two with diffuse bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Curves were compared visually and using half-inflation pressures (h). When plotted as percent of observed vital capacity vs. transpulmonary pressure, the radiation-associated curves were similar in shape to control curves. Also, h values were not significantly different between the two groups. The bleomycin-associated curves, however, were shifted rightward and exhibited increased h values. PV curves were correlated with connective tissue data. Elastin concentration was increased in the irradiated upper lobes through loss of associated constituents. Elastin accumulated in the lower lobes of the irradiated animals through compensatory growth and in the bleomycin-associated lungs through excessive production. Collagen followed a similar but less dramatic trend. We conclude connective tissue accumulation may not lead to rightward shifted PV curves if accumulation is present in relatively noninflatable lung units, or as part of compensatory lung growth.", "PMID": 89110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11455", "title": "Descending tracts of the lateral columns of the rat spinal cord: a study using the horseradish peroxidase and silver impregnation techniques.", "content": "The location of the cells of origin and the projection areas of descending fibre tracts of the spinal cord lateral columns were examined in rats. Unilateral micro-transections of subpopulations of lateral column fibres, at C2 or T10, with subsequent application of horseradish peroxidase to the severed axons, allowed identification, by retrograde labelling, of those cell groups projecting to the spinal cord through the lateral columns. Additionally, the pattern of fibre and preterminal degeneration below the level of transection was examined using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique. The largest number of labelled cells was observed in the ventral portion of nucleus gigantocellularis, projecting ipsilaterally through both the anterolateral (AL) and dorsolateral (DL) columns. Labelled cells were observed in the dorsal portion of the lateral vestibular nucleus (lv) following a T10 transection, and throughout the necleus following a C2 transection. Protein marker was observed in the large Deiters' cells of the lv, ipsilaterally. Also following an AL, but not a DL, column transection, retrograde labelled cells occurred throughout necleus reticularis pontis oralis (rpoo), bilaterally. At the border of rpoo and the lateral lemniscus, a discrete group of labelled cells was observed bilaterally following a DL column transection. This group of reticulospinal cells was located in a position similar to that of the A7 cell group reported in histofluorescence studies. The most extensive group of labelled cells following a DL column transection occurred in the magnocellular portion of the contralateral red nucleus. Although lavelled cells were observed in the red nucleus following either a C2 or T10 DL column transection, labelled cells were more numbeous and extended further rostrally and dorsally, following a high cervical transection. Labelled cells in nucleus raphe magnus were also more numerous following a DL column transection. Additional groups of labelled cells were seen following both an AL or DL column transection. These groups included necleus subcoeruleus ipsilaterally, and nucleus reticularis ventralis and the nucleus of the tract of spinal V, bilaterally. Labelled cells were observed as far forwards as the hypothalamus, occurring predominantly in the paraventricular nucleus, ipsilaterally. A few labelled cells were observed in the lateral hypothalamus. Some cell groups were labelled only after a C2 transection. These included the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, ipsilaterally, the descending vestibular necleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus, contralaterally, and the central grey matter and nucleus raphe pallidus. Fibre and preterminal degeneration resulting from unilateral AL or DL column transection was examined. Following an AL column transection degeneration was most intense in the ipsilateral laminae V, VI and VII...", "contents": "Descending tracts of the lateral columns of the rat spinal cord: a study using the horseradish peroxidase and silver impregnation techniques. The location of the cells of origin and the projection areas of descending fibre tracts of the spinal cord lateral columns were examined in rats. Unilateral micro-transections of subpopulations of lateral column fibres, at C2 or T10, with subsequent application of horseradish peroxidase to the severed axons, allowed identification, by retrograde labelling, of those cell groups projecting to the spinal cord through the lateral columns. Additionally, the pattern of fibre and preterminal degeneration below the level of transection was examined using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique. The largest number of labelled cells was observed in the ventral portion of nucleus gigantocellularis, projecting ipsilaterally through both the anterolateral (AL) and dorsolateral (DL) columns. Labelled cells were observed in the dorsal portion of the lateral vestibular nucleus (lv) following a T10 transection, and throughout the necleus following a C2 transection. Protein marker was observed in the large Deiters' cells of the lv, ipsilaterally. Also following an AL, but not a DL, column transection, retrograde labelled cells occurred throughout necleus reticularis pontis oralis (rpoo), bilaterally. At the border of rpoo and the lateral lemniscus, a discrete group of labelled cells was observed bilaterally following a DL column transection. This group of reticulospinal cells was located in a position similar to that of the A7 cell group reported in histofluorescence studies. The most extensive group of labelled cells following a DL column transection occurred in the magnocellular portion of the contralateral red nucleus. Although lavelled cells were observed in the red nucleus following either a C2 or T10 DL column transection, labelled cells were more numbeous and extended further rostrally and dorsally, following a high cervical transection. Labelled cells in nucleus raphe magnus were also more numerous following a DL column transection. Additional groups of labelled cells were seen following both an AL or DL column transection. These groups included necleus subcoeruleus ipsilaterally, and nucleus reticularis ventralis and the nucleus of the tract of spinal V, bilaterally. Labelled cells were observed as far forwards as the hypothalamus, occurring predominantly in the paraventricular nucleus, ipsilaterally. A few labelled cells were observed in the lateral hypothalamus. Some cell groups were labelled only after a C2 transection. These included the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, ipsilaterally, the descending vestibular necleus and the deep layers of the superior colliculus, contralaterally, and the central grey matter and nucleus raphe pallidus. Fibre and preterminal degeneration resulting from unilateral AL or DL column transection was examined. Following an AL column transection degeneration was most intense in the ipsilateral laminae V, VI and VII...", "PMID": 89111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11456", "title": "Methylmercury hydroxide enhancement of translation and transcription of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA's.", "content": "Translation of total mRNA in heterologous protein-synthesizing systems is often employed as an indirect means of assessing relative mRNA concentrations. However, it is well known that the efficiency of translation of specific mRNAs differs. One such example is the poor translational efficiency of conalbumin mRNA relative to ovalbumin mRNA. In this report we have studied the translation of conalbumin and ovalbumin mRNAs in crude mRNA preparations and with highly purified mRNA preparations. We find that treatment of RNA with methylmercury hydroxide prior to translation improves the translational efficiency of both mRNAs and preferentially improves translational efficiency of conalbumin mRNA to the point where it more correctly reflects the relative concentration of these two mRNAs in crude mRNA preparations. Conalbumin mRNA is also a poor template for the synthesis of full length cDNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, and treatment of this mRNA with methylmercury hydroxide increases the size of DNA sequences synthesized. We conclude that treatment with methylmercury hydroxide produces a partial denaturation of mRNA complexed with either itself or with other RNA molecules and results in more efficient utilization in both translational assays and DNA polymerization reactions.", "contents": "Methylmercury hydroxide enhancement of translation and transcription of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA's. Translation of total mRNA in heterologous protein-synthesizing systems is often employed as an indirect means of assessing relative mRNA concentrations. However, it is well known that the efficiency of translation of specific mRNAs differs. One such example is the poor translational efficiency of conalbumin mRNA relative to ovalbumin mRNA. In this report we have studied the translation of conalbumin and ovalbumin mRNAs in crude mRNA preparations and with highly purified mRNA preparations. We find that treatment of RNA with methylmercury hydroxide prior to translation improves the translational efficiency of both mRNAs and preferentially improves translational efficiency of conalbumin mRNA to the point where it more correctly reflects the relative concentration of these two mRNAs in crude mRNA preparations. Conalbumin mRNA is also a poor template for the synthesis of full length cDNA synthesis by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, and treatment of this mRNA with methylmercury hydroxide increases the size of DNA sequences synthesized. We conclude that treatment with methylmercury hydroxide produces a partial denaturation of mRNA complexed with either itself or with other RNA molecules and results in more efficient utilization in both translational assays and DNA polymerization reactions.", "PMID": 89113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11457", "title": "Heat-induced fragmentation of human alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) possesses a single subunit chain (Mr approximately 185,000) when incubated with dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol at 37 degrees C and analyzed by dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The present study details the observation that heating alpha 2 M to 90 degrees C under identical conditions produces at least two additional polypeptide chains, termed bands II and III, with apparent molecular weights of 125,00 and 62,000. The generation of these fragments is enhanced by increasing the time of incubation. The appearance of band II composition of the buffer, dodecyl sulfate concentrations, or alpha 2 M protein concentration in the incubation mixture. The electrophoretic bands II and III of alpha 2 M have dissimilar 125I-labeled tryptic peptide digests and also differ in their amino acid composition. The heat-induced fragmentation of alpha 2M is not affected by the inclusion of a variety of low molecular weight protease inhibitors, suggesting that the appearance of bands II and III is not due to enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. When the subunit chain of alpha 2M is first cleaved by trypsin into the previously described Mr = 85,000 derivative, neither band II nor III material, nor other lower molecular weight products are generated by heat treatment. Furthermore, preincubation of alpha 2M with methylamine prevents fragmentation of the subunit chain. These results indicate that these fragments are neither pre-existing subunits of alpha 2M nor derivatives formed prior to treatment for gel analysis. These data provide evidence that a covalent bond in the alpha 2M molecule is unusually susceptible to heat-induced cleavage.", "contents": "Heat-induced fragmentation of human alpha 2-macroglobulin. Previous studies have demonstrated that human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) possesses a single subunit chain (Mr approximately 185,000) when incubated with dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol at 37 degrees C and analyzed by dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The present study details the observation that heating alpha 2 M to 90 degrees C under identical conditions produces at least two additional polypeptide chains, termed bands II and III, with apparent molecular weights of 125,00 and 62,000. The generation of these fragments is enhanced by increasing the time of incubation. The appearance of band II composition of the buffer, dodecyl sulfate concentrations, or alpha 2 M protein concentration in the incubation mixture. The electrophoretic bands II and III of alpha 2 M have dissimilar 125I-labeled tryptic peptide digests and also differ in their amino acid composition. The heat-induced fragmentation of alpha 2M is not affected by the inclusion of a variety of low molecular weight protease inhibitors, suggesting that the appearance of bands II and III is not due to enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. When the subunit chain of alpha 2M is first cleaved by trypsin into the previously described Mr = 85,000 derivative, neither band II nor III material, nor other lower molecular weight products are generated by heat treatment. Furthermore, preincubation of alpha 2M with methylamine prevents fragmentation of the subunit chain. These results indicate that these fragments are neither pre-existing subunits of alpha 2M nor derivatives formed prior to treatment for gel analysis. These data provide evidence that a covalent bond in the alpha 2M molecule is unusually susceptible to heat-induced cleavage.", "PMID": 89116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11458", "title": "[Esophago-jejunostomy at the level of the neck for restoration of continuity in carcinoma of the esophagus (after esophageal resection or for palliative reasons) (author's transl)].", "content": "A technic of esophago-jejunostomy in the neck is described which uses a Y loop, to which is given a further blood supply through the internal mammary vessels, united to the vessels of the transplanted loop through microsurgical anastomoses. This technic is used either for purely palliative reasons or when the esophageal tumour has become inoperable, or after esophagectomy as a procedure for reconstruction of the digestive tract.", "contents": "[Esophago-jejunostomy at the level of the neck for restoration of continuity in carcinoma of the esophagus (after esophageal resection or for palliative reasons) (author's transl)]. A technic of esophago-jejunostomy in the neck is described which uses a Y loop, to which is given a further blood supply through the internal mammary vessels, united to the vessels of the transplanted loop through microsurgical anastomoses. This technic is used either for purely palliative reasons or when the esophageal tumour has become inoperable, or after esophagectomy as a procedure for reconstruction of the digestive tract.", "PMID": 89117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11459", "title": "Anaphylatoxin-induced histamine release with human leukocytes: studies of C3a leukocyte binding and histamine release.", "content": "Purified human C3a and synthetic COOH-terminal peptides of C3a, i.e., a pentapeptide, Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg (5R), and an octapeptide, Ala-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg (8R) induced histamine release from human basophil granulocytes. On a molar basis, 5R was one-tenth and 8R was one-fifth as active as C3a in causing histamine release. It was found that 125I-C3a binds to whole leukocytes, interacting with both mononuclear cells and neutrophils and the binding was inhibited by preincubation of cells with unlabeled C3a, but not by C5a. 5R and 8R also inhibited the binding of 125I-C3a to the cells. However, on a molar basis, 2,000 times more 8R or 6,000 times more 5R is required for 50% inhibition of 125I-C3a binding as compared with native C3a. Autoradiography of cells using 125I-C3a and 125I-C5a showed preferential binding of 125I-C3a to eosinophils and basophils, whereas 125I-C5a binds primarily to neutrophils and eosinophils and to a lesser extent to basophils. The preferential binding of C3a and C5a to different cell types may herald significance related to their physiological functions.", "contents": "Anaphylatoxin-induced histamine release with human leukocytes: studies of C3a leukocyte binding and histamine release. Purified human C3a and synthetic COOH-terminal peptides of C3a, i.e., a pentapeptide, Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg (5R), and an octapeptide, Ala-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg (8R) induced histamine release from human basophil granulocytes. On a molar basis, 5R was one-tenth and 8R was one-fifth as active as C3a in causing histamine release. It was found that 125I-C3a binds to whole leukocytes, interacting with both mononuclear cells and neutrophils and the binding was inhibited by preincubation of cells with unlabeled C3a, but not by C5a. 5R and 8R also inhibited the binding of 125I-C3a to the cells. However, on a molar basis, 2,000 times more 8R or 6,000 times more 5R is required for 50% inhibition of 125I-C3a binding as compared with native C3a. Autoradiography of cells using 125I-C3a and 125I-C5a showed preferential binding of 125I-C3a to eosinophils and basophils, whereas 125I-C5a binds primarily to neutrophils and eosinophils and to a lesser extent to basophils. The preferential binding of C3a and C5a to different cell types may herald significance related to their physiological functions.", "PMID": 89118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11460", "title": "Characterization of a distinct nuclear acidic protein antigen (MA) and clinical findings in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with MA antibodies.", "content": "Circulating antibodies against certain nuclear acidic protein antigens have been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance in connective tissue disease. We describe a new precipitin system found in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigen, called MA, was prepared from calf thymus nuclei, and was shown to be distinct from other nuclear acidic protein antigens by physicochemical and immunologic techniques. MA antibodies were detected in the serum of 12 of 66 lupus patients and in none of 554 sera from normal controls or patients with other rheumatic diseases. Lupus patients having MA antibodies had more severe disease than did lupus patients with Sm or native DNA antibodies, manifested by recalcitrant skin rashes and a significantly greater incidence of hypocomplementemia, serious renal disease, hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and neurological disease (P values range from 0.025 to 0.005). The presence of circulating MA antigen was demonstrated in three lupus patients immediately before a flare of nephritis. These data suggest that MA is a nuclear acidic protein antigen that may identify a subset of lupus patients with very severe disease. The presence of the antigen in the circulation before clinical flares suggests a possible biologic role for the MA system in an immune complex nephritis.", "contents": "Characterization of a distinct nuclear acidic protein antigen (MA) and clinical findings in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with MA antibodies. Circulating antibodies against certain nuclear acidic protein antigens have been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic importance in connective tissue disease. We describe a new precipitin system found in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigen, called MA, was prepared from calf thymus nuclei, and was shown to be distinct from other nuclear acidic protein antigens by physicochemical and immunologic techniques. MA antibodies were detected in the serum of 12 of 66 lupus patients and in none of 554 sera from normal controls or patients with other rheumatic diseases. Lupus patients having MA antibodies had more severe disease than did lupus patients with Sm or native DNA antibodies, manifested by recalcitrant skin rashes and a significantly greater incidence of hypocomplementemia, serious renal disease, hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and neurological disease (P values range from 0.025 to 0.005). The presence of circulating MA antigen was demonstrated in three lupus patients immediately before a flare of nephritis. These data suggest that MA is a nuclear acidic protein antigen that may identify a subset of lupus patients with very severe disease. The presence of the antigen in the circulation before clinical flares suggests a possible biologic role for the MA system in an immune complex nephritis.", "PMID": 89119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11461", "title": "Receptor-mediated binding and internalization of leukocyte elastase by alveolar macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Radioiodinated leukocyte elastase was found to bind rapidly and specifically to alveolar macrophages in vitro. In contrast to the binding of pancreatic and bacterial proteases, leukocyte elastase binding did not require the presence of alpha 2 macroglobulin. The binding was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled enzyme and was saturable by increasing elastase concentrations. Leukocyte elastase binding thus met criteria for receptor-mediated binding, with and estimated association constant of 4.97 x 10(5) M-1 and an estimated total of 640 x 10(6) binding sites/cell. It differed from the previously described binding of lysosomal glycosidases to macrophages in that it was insensitive to trypsin pretreatment, did not require calcium ions, and was not inhibited by yeast mannan. High-resolution autoradiography indicated that the cell-associated radiolabeled leukocyte elastase was rapidly incorporated into phagolysosomes. Macrophage binding may have a role in clearance of leukocyte elastase from tissue sites where alpha 2 macroglobulin is absent or present in low concentration. Thus, enzyme uptake by alveolar macrophages may be an important factor in the amelioration of lung tissue injury by extracellular leukocyte elastase.", "contents": "Receptor-mediated binding and internalization of leukocyte elastase by alveolar macrophages in vitro. Radioiodinated leukocyte elastase was found to bind rapidly and specifically to alveolar macrophages in vitro. In contrast to the binding of pancreatic and bacterial proteases, leukocyte elastase binding did not require the presence of alpha 2 macroglobulin. The binding was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled enzyme and was saturable by increasing elastase concentrations. Leukocyte elastase binding thus met criteria for receptor-mediated binding, with and estimated association constant of 4.97 x 10(5) M-1 and an estimated total of 640 x 10(6) binding sites/cell. It differed from the previously described binding of lysosomal glycosidases to macrophages in that it was insensitive to trypsin pretreatment, did not require calcium ions, and was not inhibited by yeast mannan. High-resolution autoradiography indicated that the cell-associated radiolabeled leukocyte elastase was rapidly incorporated into phagolysosomes. Macrophage binding may have a role in clearance of leukocyte elastase from tissue sites where alpha 2 macroglobulin is absent or present in low concentration. Thus, enzyme uptake by alveolar macrophages may be an important factor in the amelioration of lung tissue injury by extracellular leukocyte elastase.", "PMID": 89120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11462", "title": "Comparison of spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia in the beagle appears to progress with age from a glandular to a cystic histological appearance. Prostatic hyperplasia can be induced in young beagles with intact testes by treatment for 4 mo with either dihydrotestosterone or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, alone, or with either of these steroids in combination with 17 beta-estradiol. In contrast, the induction of prostatic hyperplasia in young castrated beagles, in which the gland had been allowed to involute for 1 mo, requires the administration of both 17 beta-estradiol and either 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol or dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol, either singly or in combination, did not produce the hyperplastic condition in intact or castrated beagles. The experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia is identical in pathology to the glandular hyperplasia that occurs naturally in the aging dog with intact testes. However, cystic hyperplasia was not produced by any of the treatments tested in young animals.", "contents": "Comparison of spontaneous and experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. Spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia in the beagle appears to progress with age from a glandular to a cystic histological appearance. Prostatic hyperplasia can be induced in young beagles with intact testes by treatment for 4 mo with either dihydrotestosterone or 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, alone, or with either of these steroids in combination with 17 beta-estradiol. In contrast, the induction of prostatic hyperplasia in young castrated beagles, in which the gland had been allowed to involute for 1 mo, requires the administration of both 17 beta-estradiol and either 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol or dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol, either singly or in combination, did not produce the hyperplastic condition in intact or castrated beagles. The experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia is identical in pathology to the glandular hyperplasia that occurs naturally in the aging dog with intact testes. However, cystic hyperplasia was not produced by any of the treatments tested in young animals.", "PMID": 89121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11463", "title": "Acquired lipidosis of marrow macrophages: birefringent blue crystals and Gaucher-like cells, sea-blue histiocytes, and grey-green crystals.", "content": "Three varieties of compound lipid inclusions occurring as a secondary phenomenon in marrow macrophages are detectable and distinguishable by Romanowsky staining, ultraviolet fluorescence, and polarised light. Birefringent blue crystals and Gaucher-like cells form one variety, sea-blue granules another, and grey-green crystals a third. All occur chiefly in myeloid leukaemias, either acute or chronic.", "contents": "Acquired lipidosis of marrow macrophages: birefringent blue crystals and Gaucher-like cells, sea-blue histiocytes, and grey-green crystals. Three varieties of compound lipid inclusions occurring as a secondary phenomenon in marrow macrophages are detectable and distinguishable by Romanowsky staining, ultraviolet fluorescence, and polarised light. Birefringent blue crystals and Gaucher-like cells form one variety, sea-blue granules another, and grey-green crystals a third. All occur chiefly in myeloid leukaemias, either acute or chronic.", "PMID": 89122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11464", "title": "Alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin in gonadal yolk-sac tumours.", "content": "Since gonadal yolk-sac tumour in pure form or as a component of mixed germ cell tumour is in the majority of patients highly malignant, its histological recognition is of great prognostic importance. Yolk-sac tumour may assume various different histological guises, which have hitherto caused considerable terminological confusion; the present paper is aimed at correlating these morphological diversities with biochemical features which are consistent with yolk-sac differentiation. Using an enzyme-bridge immunoperoxidase technique, a series of 16 gonadal germ cell tumours with a yolk-sac component were screened for the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin. These proteins, normally produced by human yolk sac, were demonstrable in all the morphological patterns of yolk-sac tumour we have previously described. Six malignant non-germ cell tumours were submitted to the same investigations, and no evidence of the three protein markers was found in five; one tumour, however, an oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus, stained positively for transferrin.", "contents": "Alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin in gonadal yolk-sac tumours. Since gonadal yolk-sac tumour in pure form or as a component of mixed germ cell tumour is in the majority of patients highly malignant, its histological recognition is of great prognostic importance. Yolk-sac tumour may assume various different histological guises, which have hitherto caused considerable terminological confusion; the present paper is aimed at correlating these morphological diversities with biochemical features which are consistent with yolk-sac differentiation. Using an enzyme-bridge immunoperoxidase technique, a series of 16 gonadal germ cell tumours with a yolk-sac component were screened for the presence of alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin. These proteins, normally produced by human yolk sac, were demonstrable in all the morphological patterns of yolk-sac tumour we have previously described. Six malignant non-germ cell tumours were submitted to the same investigations, and no evidence of the three protein markers was found in five; one tumour, however, an oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus, stained positively for transferrin.", "PMID": 89123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11465", "title": "A syntax program designed to present base linguistic structures to language-disordered children.", "content": "An intervention strategy for teaching syntax to language-disordered children is described, and the results of its use in a controlled study with 11 children are reported. The therapy program attempts to move the child from single words through a series of successive approximations to use of the construct noun + \"is\" + verbing + noun, incorporating auditory directions and visual stimuli in the form of cards and boards upon which the cards are sequentially ordered. The results of the experimental group who participated in this therapeutic sequence were compared to those of 11 control subjects and suggested significant gains as measured by the pre- to postprogram performance (t = 2.31, p 0.05). Advantages and limitations of this type of intervention strategy are also discussed.", "contents": "A syntax program designed to present base linguistic structures to language-disordered children. An intervention strategy for teaching syntax to language-disordered children is described, and the results of its use in a controlled study with 11 children are reported. The therapy program attempts to move the child from single words through a series of successive approximations to use of the construct noun + \"is\" + verbing + noun, incorporating auditory directions and visual stimuli in the form of cards and boards upon which the cards are sequentially ordered. The results of the experimental group who participated in this therapeutic sequence were compared to those of 11 control subjects and suggested significant gains as measured by the pre- to postprogram performance (t = 2.31, p 0.05). Advantages and limitations of this type of intervention strategy are also discussed.", "PMID": 89125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11466", "title": "The use of visual feedback to control vocal intensity and nasalization.", "content": "A device which provides visual feedback of vocal intensity, nasalization, or a ratio of nasalization to vocal intensity, is described. The device was used in several experiments in which control of vocal intensity was a necessary component. Normal and hypernasal speakers were able to control their vocal intensities successfully when using the visual display. The display also was used in an experiment designed to determine how well normal speakers can manipulate their nasalization without visual feedback and whether they improve when feedback is provided. Subjects manipulated their nasalization first without feedback, then with feedback, then, again, without feedback. The subjects' performance improved when feedback was provided and determined when feedback was removed. It appears that this device is useful for many applications in a variety of settings.", "contents": "The use of visual feedback to control vocal intensity and nasalization. A device which provides visual feedback of vocal intensity, nasalization, or a ratio of nasalization to vocal intensity, is described. The device was used in several experiments in which control of vocal intensity was a necessary component. Normal and hypernasal speakers were able to control their vocal intensities successfully when using the visual display. The display also was used in an experiment designed to determine how well normal speakers can manipulate their nasalization without visual feedback and whether they improve when feedback is provided. Subjects manipulated their nasalization first without feedback, then with feedback, then, again, without feedback. The subjects' performance improved when feedback was provided and determined when feedback was removed. It appears that this device is useful for many applications in a variety of settings.", "PMID": 89126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11467", "title": "Piroxicam pharmacokinetics in man: aspirin and antacid interaction studies.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies with piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, have been carried out following the administration of single and multiple oral doses. A plasma half-life of approximately 45 hours is observed, permitting the use of single daily doses in therapy. Enterohepatic recirculation of drug is suggested by the presence of multiple peaks in plasma concentration curves. Piroxicam is highly bound to serum proteins. The absorption and disposition of piroxicam are unaffected by the concomitant administration of aspirin and antiacids. Salicylate plasma levels are similarly unaffected by piroxicam administration.", "contents": "Piroxicam pharmacokinetics in man: aspirin and antacid interaction studies. Pharmacokinetic studies with piroxicam, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, have been carried out following the administration of single and multiple oral doses. A plasma half-life of approximately 45 hours is observed, permitting the use of single daily doses in therapy. Enterohepatic recirculation of drug is suggested by the presence of multiple peaks in plasma concentration curves. Piroxicam is highly bound to serum proteins. The absorption and disposition of piroxicam are unaffected by the concomitant administration of aspirin and antiacids. Salicylate plasma levels are similarly unaffected by piroxicam administration.", "PMID": 89124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11468", "title": "Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, elevated immunoglobulin E levels, and food allergy.", "content": "Four infants presented with the combination of food allergy, transient hypogammaglobulinemia (THI), and elevated serum IgE levels. Food allergy was documented by history, positive skin tests for immediate hypersensitivity, radioallergosorbent test, histamine release studies, and lymphocyte transformation in response to food allergens. THI was probably secondary to decreased production since there was no evidence of protein loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Immunologic studies revealed normal B cell number and function in vitro. T cell number and proliferative response to mitogens and antigens were normal but T cells were deficient in their ability to generate helper factors necessary for B cell maturation into immunoglobulin secretory cells. The THI and the deficient production of T cell--helper factor resolved after the age of 20 to 24 mo. A defect in immunoregulation may be responsible for the immunologic abnormalities observed in these patients and their propensity to develop IgE antibodies to food allergens.", "contents": "Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, elevated immunoglobulin E levels, and food allergy. Four infants presented with the combination of food allergy, transient hypogammaglobulinemia (THI), and elevated serum IgE levels. Food allergy was documented by history, positive skin tests for immediate hypersensitivity, radioallergosorbent test, histamine release studies, and lymphocyte transformation in response to food allergens. THI was probably secondary to decreased production since there was no evidence of protein loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Immunologic studies revealed normal B cell number and function in vitro. T cell number and proliferative response to mitogens and antigens were normal but T cells were deficient in their ability to generate helper factors necessary for B cell maturation into immunoglobulin secretory cells. The THI and the deficient production of T cell--helper factor resolved after the age of 20 to 24 mo. A defect in immunoregulation may be responsible for the immunologic abnormalities observed in these patients and their propensity to develop IgE antibodies to food allergens.", "PMID": 89129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11469", "title": "Regulation of bowel function by a laxative/stool softener preparation in aged nursing home patients.", "content": "A 12-week program for 42 chronically constipated patients in a nursing home involved a graduated dosage regimen of standardized senna concentrate with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Senokot-S Tablets), a high-fiber diet, and an increased fluid intake. The program achieved a satisfactory pattern of bowel evacuation in 36 (86 percent) of these patients. This pattern, as observed during a 4-week follow-up period while therapy was continued, was characterized by absence of fecal impactions, regular comfortable bowel movements of appropriate consistency, minimal or no straining at stool, and minimal or no resort to enemas. In the initial 2-week control period, none of the 42 patients had responded adequately to only dietary modification and increased hydration. Six additional patients whose response to the control regimen was equivocal, also appeared to benefit from the medication program. Two of these were able to discontinue the laxative tablets completely by the end of the 12-week test period. None of the 48 patients who completed the course experienced any adverse effects related to this rehabilitative program.", "contents": "Regulation of bowel function by a laxative/stool softener preparation in aged nursing home patients. A 12-week program for 42 chronically constipated patients in a nursing home involved a graduated dosage regimen of standardized senna concentrate with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Senokot-S Tablets), a high-fiber diet, and an increased fluid intake. The program achieved a satisfactory pattern of bowel evacuation in 36 (86 percent) of these patients. This pattern, as observed during a 4-week follow-up period while therapy was continued, was characterized by absence of fecal impactions, regular comfortable bowel movements of appropriate consistency, minimal or no straining at stool, and minimal or no resort to enemas. In the initial 2-week control period, none of the 42 patients had responded adequately to only dietary modification and increased hydration. Six additional patients whose response to the control regimen was equivocal, also appeared to benefit from the medication program. Two of these were able to discontinue the laxative tablets completely by the end of the 12-week test period. None of the 48 patients who completed the course experienced any adverse effects related to this rehabilitative program.", "PMID": 89132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11470", "title": "Occult progressive renal damage in the elderly male due to benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "A review of the case histories of 345 patients who underwent protatectomy showed that 1.7 percent (6 patients) had \"occult and progessive renal damage\" secondary to prostatic hypertrophy. All these men were over the age of 60 and the disturbances in micturition were so mild that the patients were unaware of, or chose to ignore them. The presenting symptoms were nonspecific and included generalized weakness, anorexia, nausea, constipation, and weight loss. Investigation revealed impaired renal function of varying degrees. Prostatectomy was associated with a dramatic improvement in all 6 patients. Physicians should be aware of the clinical entity of occult and progressive renal damage secondary to obstruction of the bladder outlet, especially in the elderly male. Uremia can develop with minimal urinary symptoms. Elderly men often suppress or deny their symptoms because of the fear of operation.", "contents": "Occult progressive renal damage in the elderly male due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. A review of the case histories of 345 patients who underwent protatectomy showed that 1.7 percent (6 patients) had \"occult and progessive renal damage\" secondary to prostatic hypertrophy. All these men were over the age of 60 and the disturbances in micturition were so mild that the patients were unaware of, or chose to ignore them. The presenting symptoms were nonspecific and included generalized weakness, anorexia, nausea, constipation, and weight loss. Investigation revealed impaired renal function of varying degrees. Prostatectomy was associated with a dramatic improvement in all 6 patients. Physicians should be aware of the clinical entity of occult and progressive renal damage secondary to obstruction of the bladder outlet, especially in the elderly male. Uremia can develop with minimal urinary symptoms. Elderly men often suppress or deny their symptoms because of the fear of operation.", "PMID": 89133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11471", "title": "Hospitalization of the elderly patient for acute illness.", "content": "There is a paucity of studies on the characteristics of elderly patients who are admitted for treatment of acute disorders, even though their utilization of hospitals is high. This study involved 828 older persons admitted to a general hospital during a period of six months, for the treatment of acute illness. The typical patient appeared to be a woman in her 70's who entered the medical department because of a cardiovascular or a gastrointestinal disturbance, stayed no longer than 10 days, and returned home to live with her spouse. Though such a person apparently needed minimal assistance in readjusting successfully to the community, there were some exceptions, especially among those who had been living alone or with persons other than a spouse. There was minimal utilization of professional services that might help to assure an optimal post-hospital readjustment.", "contents": "Hospitalization of the elderly patient for acute illness. There is a paucity of studies on the characteristics of elderly patients who are admitted for treatment of acute disorders, even though their utilization of hospitals is high. This study involved 828 older persons admitted to a general hospital during a period of six months, for the treatment of acute illness. The typical patient appeared to be a woman in her 70's who entered the medical department because of a cardiovascular or a gastrointestinal disturbance, stayed no longer than 10 days, and returned home to live with her spouse. Though such a person apparently needed minimal assistance in readjusting successfully to the community, there were some exceptions, especially among those who had been living alone or with persons other than a spouse. There was minimal utilization of professional services that might help to assure an optimal post-hospital readjustment.", "PMID": 89134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11472", "title": "Neurotoxic effects of leptophos (PhosvelR) in chickens and rats following chronic low-level feeding.", "content": "Leptophos (O-[4-bromo-2,5 dichlorophenyl] O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate) (PhosvelR) was administered orally to chickens and rats in doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg/day for 26 weeks. Hens fed 5.0 mg/kg, except one, showed ataxia and became paralysed in the legs at varying times from 8 to 19 weeks. A fifth hen showed ataxia early in the experiment but recovered fully for the remainder of the experiment. Rats fed both doses and chickens fed 0.5 mg/kg showed no signs of delayed neurotoxicity. All hens fed 5.0 mg/kg stopped laying by about the third week. Animals of both species fed 5.0 mg/kg either lost weight (chickens) or gained less weight (rats) than the others. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the chickens given both doses was significantly depressed at first, then increased, and later dropped to control levels. AChE of rats fed 0.5 mg/kg was significantly inhibited but soon recovered to within control levels. On the other hand, the AChE of rats fed 5.0 mg/kg was inhibited throughout the experiment. Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) of both species was first inhibited and then recovered erratically for both insecticide concentrations. Histological alterations in the spinal cord of paralysed hens included axon and myelin degeneration in the ventral, lateral and posterior columns. In the paralysed hens, 79% of the neurotoxic esterase in the brain were inhibited, whereas in the non-paralysed hens (including the one non-paralysed hen receiving 5.0 mg/kg/day) and all rats only about half as much was inhibited.", "contents": "Neurotoxic effects of leptophos (PhosvelR) in chickens and rats following chronic low-level feeding. Leptophos (O-[4-bromo-2,5 dichlorophenyl] O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate) (PhosvelR) was administered orally to chickens and rats in doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg/day for 26 weeks. Hens fed 5.0 mg/kg, except one, showed ataxia and became paralysed in the legs at varying times from 8 to 19 weeks. A fifth hen showed ataxia early in the experiment but recovered fully for the remainder of the experiment. Rats fed both doses and chickens fed 0.5 mg/kg showed no signs of delayed neurotoxicity. All hens fed 5.0 mg/kg stopped laying by about the third week. Animals of both species fed 5.0 mg/kg either lost weight (chickens) or gained less weight (rats) than the others. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the chickens given both doses was significantly depressed at first, then increased, and later dropped to control levels. AChE of rats fed 0.5 mg/kg was significantly inhibited but soon recovered to within control levels. On the other hand, the AChE of rats fed 5.0 mg/kg was inhibited throughout the experiment. Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) of both species was first inhibited and then recovered erratically for both insecticide concentrations. Histological alterations in the spinal cord of paralysed hens included axon and myelin degeneration in the ventral, lateral and posterior columns. In the paralysed hens, 79% of the neurotoxic esterase in the brain were inhibited, whereas in the non-paralysed hens (including the one non-paralysed hen receiving 5.0 mg/kg/day) and all rats only about half as much was inhibited.", "PMID": 89138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11473", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of procollagens. I. Light microscopic distribution of procollagen I, III and IV antigenicity in the rat incisor tooth by the indirect peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method.", "content": "Frozen sections of the growing end of the rat incisor tooth were exposed to antisera or affinity prepared antibodies against partially purified type I, II, or IV procollagen in the hope of detecting the location of the corresponding antigens by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique. The distribution of immunostaining was similar with antisera as with purified antibodies of a given type, but differed for each type; that is, predentin, odontoblasts, pulp and periodontal tissue were the sites of type I; blood vessel walls, pulp and periodontal tissue, of type III; and basement membranes, of type IV antigenicity. It was demonstrated, at least in cases of type I and III, that immunostaining detected the corresponding procollagens and related substances, but not the corresponding collagens. The interpretation of these observations is that: 1) odontoblasts elaborate procollagen I for release to predentin and subsequent transformation to dentinal collagen I; 2) pulp and periodontal cells produce procollagens I and III which presumably become collagens I and III respectively, while the adventitial cells of blood vessels give rise to collagen III; and 3) procollagen IV is associated with basement membranes and, occasionally, adjacent cells.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of procollagens. I. Light microscopic distribution of procollagen I, III and IV antigenicity in the rat incisor tooth by the indirect peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. Frozen sections of the growing end of the rat incisor tooth were exposed to antisera or affinity prepared antibodies against partially purified type I, II, or IV procollagen in the hope of detecting the location of the corresponding antigens by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique. The distribution of immunostaining was similar with antisera as with purified antibodies of a given type, but differed for each type; that is, predentin, odontoblasts, pulp and periodontal tissue were the sites of type I; blood vessel walls, pulp and periodontal tissue, of type III; and basement membranes, of type IV antigenicity. It was demonstrated, at least in cases of type I and III, that immunostaining detected the corresponding procollagens and related substances, but not the corresponding collagens. The interpretation of these observations is that: 1) odontoblasts elaborate procollagen I for release to predentin and subsequent transformation to dentinal collagen I; 2) pulp and periodontal cells produce procollagens I and III which presumably become collagens I and III respectively, while the adventitial cells of blood vessels give rise to collagen III; and 3) procollagen IV is associated with basement membranes and, occasionally, adjacent cells.", "PMID": 89153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11474", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of procollagens. II. Electron microscopic distribution of procollagen I antigenicity in the odontoblasts and predentin of rat incisor teeth by a direct method using peroxidase linked antibodies.", "content": "In an attempt to locate procollagen I in rats odontoblasts, antibodies raised in rabbits were purified by affinity methods and linked to peroxidase. They were then incubated with chopped slices from the growing end of rat incisor teeth. The antibodies binding to the antigens in the slices were visualized by reacting the peroxidase moiety with diaminobenzidine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The slices were then embedded in Epon and sectioned for ultrastructural study. Within odontoblasts, the immunostaining indicative of procollagen I antigenicity is moderate in rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, strong in spherical and cylindrical Golgi distensions, intense in secretory granules, and variable in lysosomal structures. In predentin, immunostaining is intense close to the odontoblast layer, but decreases gradually in a distal direction. Hence, procollagen I (and/or substances endowed with similar antigenicity such as pro alpha (I) chains and procollagen fragments) is present: 1) along the intracellular pathway of collagen precursors where its concentration gradually increases to reach a maximum in secretory granules; 2) in predentin, into which it is released from the granules for transformation into nonimmunoreactive collagen I; and 3) in lysosomal structures where some of it is hydrolyzed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of procollagens. II. Electron microscopic distribution of procollagen I antigenicity in the odontoblasts and predentin of rat incisor teeth by a direct method using peroxidase linked antibodies. In an attempt to locate procollagen I in rats odontoblasts, antibodies raised in rabbits were purified by affinity methods and linked to peroxidase. They were then incubated with chopped slices from the growing end of rat incisor teeth. The antibodies binding to the antigens in the slices were visualized by reacting the peroxidase moiety with diaminobenzidine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The slices were then embedded in Epon and sectioned for ultrastructural study. Within odontoblasts, the immunostaining indicative of procollagen I antigenicity is moderate in rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, strong in spherical and cylindrical Golgi distensions, intense in secretory granules, and variable in lysosomal structures. In predentin, immunostaining is intense close to the odontoblast layer, but decreases gradually in a distal direction. Hence, procollagen I (and/or substances endowed with similar antigenicity such as pro alpha (I) chains and procollagen fragments) is present: 1) along the intracellular pathway of collagen precursors where its concentration gradually increases to reach a maximum in secretory granules; 2) in predentin, into which it is released from the granules for transformation into nonimmunoreactive collagen I; and 3) in lysosomal structures where some of it is hydrolyzed.", "PMID": 89154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11475", "title": "A chemical mechanism for tissue staining by osmium tetroxide-ferrocyanide mixtures.", "content": "The presence of Fe(CN)6(-4) provides sequential, one-electron reduction pathways for OSO4. An equilibrium is established containing OSO4, Fe(CN)6(-4), Fe(CN)6(-3), OSO2(OH)4(-4), and labile cyano-bridged OS-Fe species containing Os in nominal oxidation states of VIII, VII, and VI. These osmium complexes are chelated by appropriately placed donor atoms in the macromolecular tissue matrix, and chelation facilitates the reduction of osmium in situ to lower oxidation states (predominantly IV) that are relatively nonlabile. The greater reactivity and concentration of the Os(VII and VI) intermediates in this system leads to more Os deposition than OsO4 alone; the chelation is responsible for the immobilization of Os and the observed staining pattern in electron micrographs. Chemical data from model systems and electron micrographs of tissue are presented in support of this mechanism.", "contents": "A chemical mechanism for tissue staining by osmium tetroxide-ferrocyanide mixtures. The presence of Fe(CN)6(-4) provides sequential, one-electron reduction pathways for OSO4. An equilibrium is established containing OSO4, Fe(CN)6(-4), Fe(CN)6(-3), OSO2(OH)4(-4), and labile cyano-bridged OS-Fe species containing Os in nominal oxidation states of VIII, VII, and VI. These osmium complexes are chelated by appropriately placed donor atoms in the macromolecular tissue matrix, and chelation facilitates the reduction of osmium in situ to lower oxidation states (predominantly IV) that are relatively nonlabile. The greater reactivity and concentration of the Os(VII and VI) intermediates in this system leads to more Os deposition than OsO4 alone; the chelation is responsible for the immobilization of Os and the observed staining pattern in electron micrographs. Chemical data from model systems and electron micrographs of tissue are presented in support of this mechanism.", "PMID": 89155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11476", "title": "Nucleolus organizer regions in two species of Bovidae.", "content": "Silver-staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in somatic cells of Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) and European buffalo Murrah type (Bubalus bubalus) indicates that the NORs are located in the telomeres of chromosomes 2,3,4,11, and 29 of cattle and chromosomes 3,4,6,23, and 24 of buffalo. Chromosome identification was by Q-banding. Analysis of 326 metaphase cells showed a mean value of 7.7 +/- 1.2 for Ag-NORs with a range between 4 and 10 for cattle. In all of the cells examined, either one or both homologues of chromosome 29 showed telomeric silver staining for cattle. Meiotic preparations showed not more than 5 clusters of silver grains in the pachytene stage of cattle.", "contents": "Nucleolus organizer regions in two species of Bovidae. Silver-staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in somatic cells of Holstein cattle (Bos taurus) and European buffalo Murrah type (Bubalus bubalus) indicates that the NORs are located in the telomeres of chromosomes 2,3,4,11, and 29 of cattle and chromosomes 3,4,6,23, and 24 of buffalo. Chromosome identification was by Q-banding. Analysis of 326 metaphase cells showed a mean value of 7.7 +/- 1.2 for Ag-NORs with a range between 4 and 10 for cattle. In all of the cells examined, either one or both homologues of chromosome 29 showed telomeric silver staining for cattle. Meiotic preparations showed not more than 5 clusters of silver grains in the pachytene stage of cattle.", "PMID": 89140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11477", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of sulfated complex carbohydrates with a modified iron diamine procedure.", "content": "A thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (TCH-SP) sequence was applied to thin sections of specimens that had been reacted with the high iron diamine (HID) method for ultrastructural localization of sulfated complex carbohydrates. The exposure to TCH-SP enhanced the electron opacity of HID-reactive sites and increased the sensitivity of the procedure. This held true for HID-reacted specimens whether or not they had been post-treated with osmium tetroxide. However in those not postosmicated after HID, the contrast and specificity appeared superior, as sites of osmiophilia were densified equally in specimens exposed to HID, and unexposed controls, by the final osmium tetroxide-TCH-SP sequence. Staining of immature granules of developing polymorphonuclear neutrophils by HID was intensified by the post-treatment with TCH-SP. In addition, granules of blood mononuclear leukocytes and heterophagosomes of peritoneal macrophages revealed HID affinity and hence content of sulfated mucosubstance that was not evident without the TCH-SP steps. Control procedures which entailed initial exposure of the specimen to FeCl3 or MgCl2 solutions and treatment of thin sections with TCH-SP failed to impart density to these sites.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of sulfated complex carbohydrates with a modified iron diamine procedure. A thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (TCH-SP) sequence was applied to thin sections of specimens that had been reacted with the high iron diamine (HID) method for ultrastructural localization of sulfated complex carbohydrates. The exposure to TCH-SP enhanced the electron opacity of HID-reactive sites and increased the sensitivity of the procedure. This held true for HID-reacted specimens whether or not they had been post-treated with osmium tetroxide. However in those not postosmicated after HID, the contrast and specificity appeared superior, as sites of osmiophilia were densified equally in specimens exposed to HID, and unexposed controls, by the final osmium tetroxide-TCH-SP sequence. Staining of immature granules of developing polymorphonuclear neutrophils by HID was intensified by the post-treatment with TCH-SP. In addition, granules of blood mononuclear leukocytes and heterophagosomes of peritoneal macrophages revealed HID affinity and hence content of sulfated mucosubstance that was not evident without the TCH-SP steps. Control procedures which entailed initial exposure of the specimen to FeCl3 or MgCl2 solutions and treatment of thin sections with TCH-SP failed to impart density to these sites.", "PMID": 89157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11478", "title": "Immunoregulation of localized and disseminated murine myeloma: antigen-specific regulation of MOPC-315 stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation.", "content": "Tumor development, MOPC-315 stem cells, and M315-secretory cells were quantitated in carrier-primed BALB/c mice that had been challenged subcutaneously or i.v. with mixtures of TNP-carrier and TNP-binding MOPC-315 cells. We observed that tumor incidence, myeloma stem cells, and secretory myeloma cells were: i) suppressed in mice in whom carrier-specific suppressor T cells had previously been induced and ii) initially ehnahced in mice with carrier-specific helper T cells. The early enhancement in mice with carrier-specific helper T cells was followed by progressively declining myeloma stem cell frequencies and regression of established tumors. These studies demonstrate that T cell-derived immunoregulators of host origin can be focused onto localized and disseminated malignant B cells and specifically regulate the expansion and differentiation of the neoplastic clone.", "contents": "Immunoregulation of localized and disseminated murine myeloma: antigen-specific regulation of MOPC-315 stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation. Tumor development, MOPC-315 stem cells, and M315-secretory cells were quantitated in carrier-primed BALB/c mice that had been challenged subcutaneously or i.v. with mixtures of TNP-carrier and TNP-binding MOPC-315 cells. We observed that tumor incidence, myeloma stem cells, and secretory myeloma cells were: i) suppressed in mice in whom carrier-specific suppressor T cells had previously been induced and ii) initially ehnahced in mice with carrier-specific helper T cells. The early enhancement in mice with carrier-specific helper T cells was followed by progressively declining myeloma stem cell frequencies and regression of established tumors. These studies demonstrate that T cell-derived immunoregulators of host origin can be focused onto localized and disseminated malignant B cells and specifically regulate the expansion and differentiation of the neoplastic clone.", "PMID": 89159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11479", "title": "Depletion of NK by cellular immunoadsorption.", "content": "The binding of human natural killer (NK) cells to their tumor cell targets was investigated by using monolayers of sensitive target cell lines. Monolayers of K562 and HSB, a myeloid and T cell line, respectively, were prepared on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic tissue culture dishes and briefly fixed with 0.2% formaldehyde. Freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated on the monolayers. Nonadherent PBL were then removed, after gentle agitation, by decanting and gently washing the monolayer. They were tested, along with unseparated controls, for NK activity in a short-term 51Cr release assay. PBL that were nonadherent to a tested monolayer had only 20 to 60% of the control cytotoxic activity. Our results suggest that NK recognition sites on the effector lymphocytes were able to interact with reciprocal determinants on the target cell monolayers, resulting in selective loss of NK effector cells from the PBL population. The specificity of the NK effector-target interaction was investigated by testing the ability of each monolayer to remove activity against both targets. These data imply heterogeneity with regard to recognition structure within the NK effector population as well as among the target cells.", "contents": "Depletion of NK by cellular immunoadsorption. The binding of human natural killer (NK) cells to their tumor cell targets was investigated by using monolayers of sensitive target cell lines. Monolayers of K562 and HSB, a myeloid and T cell line, respectively, were prepared on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic tissue culture dishes and briefly fixed with 0.2% formaldehyde. Freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated on the monolayers. Nonadherent PBL were then removed, after gentle agitation, by decanting and gently washing the monolayer. They were tested, along with unseparated controls, for NK activity in a short-term 51Cr release assay. PBL that were nonadherent to a tested monolayer had only 20 to 60% of the control cytotoxic activity. Our results suggest that NK recognition sites on the effector lymphocytes were able to interact with reciprocal determinants on the target cell monolayers, resulting in selective loss of NK effector cells from the PBL population. The specificity of the NK effector-target interaction was investigated by testing the ability of each monolayer to remove activity against both targets. These data imply heterogeneity with regard to recognition structure within the NK effector population as well as among the target cells.", "PMID": 89160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11480", "title": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. III. A macrophage-mediated immune response gene function in the mouse.", "content": "The I region of the MHC appears to control antigen-specific macrophage-T lymphocyte interaction. The immune response to antigens such as Gl phi 9 are under control of two distinct I subregions, I-A and I-E/I-C. We have asked in a macrophage-dependent, antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation assay whether either or both gene products need be expressed in the antigen-presenting cells. We find that both Ir-Gl phi 9 alpha and beta genes must be expressed and function in the antigen-presenting cell.", "contents": "Adherent cell function in murine T lymphocyte antigen recognition. III. A macrophage-mediated immune response gene function in the mouse. The I region of the MHC appears to control antigen-specific macrophage-T lymphocyte interaction. The immune response to antigens such as Gl phi 9 are under control of two distinct I subregions, I-A and I-E/I-C. We have asked in a macrophage-dependent, antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation assay whether either or both gene products need be expressed in the antigen-presenting cells. We find that both Ir-Gl phi 9 alpha and beta genes must be expressed and function in the antigen-presenting cell.", "PMID": 89161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11481", "title": "Inheritance of tolerance susceptibility to human gamma-globulin in congenic mice.", "content": "The genetic control of susceptibility to tolerance induction with human gamma-globulin (HGG) was studied by using H-2 congenic mice. Strains tested that were congenic with C57BL/10Sn were completely tolerized by 1.0 mg deaggregated HGG. In contrast A/Sn mice showed full tolerance whereas A.SW mice were only intermediately tolerant. It was further shown that (B10 X SJL)F1 mice could be rendered tolerant but (B10.S X SJL)F1 mice could not. These data indicate a role for H-2 linked genes in control of tolerance susceptibility. Results obtained with the progeny of (B10.S X SJL)F1 backcrossed to B10.S indicate that two non-H-2 linked genes are involved in control of tolerance induction. Preliminary mapping studies show the H-2 gene located to the left of the IC subregion. These results confirm our previous finding that both H-2 and non-H-2 genes control susceptibility of adult mice to tolerance induction with HGG.", "contents": "Inheritance of tolerance susceptibility to human gamma-globulin in congenic mice. The genetic control of susceptibility to tolerance induction with human gamma-globulin (HGG) was studied by using H-2 congenic mice. Strains tested that were congenic with C57BL/10Sn were completely tolerized by 1.0 mg deaggregated HGG. In contrast A/Sn mice showed full tolerance whereas A.SW mice were only intermediately tolerant. It was further shown that (B10 X SJL)F1 mice could be rendered tolerant but (B10.S X SJL)F1 mice could not. These data indicate a role for H-2 linked genes in control of tolerance susceptibility. Results obtained with the progeny of (B10.S X SJL)F1 backcrossed to B10.S indicate that two non-H-2 linked genes are involved in control of tolerance induction. Preliminary mapping studies show the H-2 gene located to the left of the IC subregion. These results confirm our previous finding that both H-2 and non-H-2 genes control susceptibility of adult mice to tolerance induction with HGG.", "PMID": 89162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11482", "title": "Demonstration and partial characterization of 22-nm HBsAg and Dane particles of subtype HBsAg/ady.", "content": "The present paper describes the demonstration of d, y, w, and r HBsAg determinants in one serum. It was shown that there are two populations of HBsAg particles: HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ady. All complete Dane particles were of subtype HBsAg/ady. Further characterization of HBsAg/ady particles did not reveal morphologic differences when they were compared with HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay particles. An HBsAg/ady phenotype may be the result of a double infection with hepatitis B viruses or exchanges of DNA sequences that determine HBsAg/ay and HBsAg/ad to form a new genotype.", "contents": "Demonstration and partial characterization of 22-nm HBsAg and Dane particles of subtype HBsAg/ady. The present paper describes the demonstration of d, y, w, and r HBsAg determinants in one serum. It was shown that there are two populations of HBsAg particles: HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ady. All complete Dane particles were of subtype HBsAg/ady. Further characterization of HBsAg/ady particles did not reveal morphologic differences when they were compared with HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay particles. An HBsAg/ady phenotype may be the result of a double infection with hepatitis B viruses or exchanges of DNA sequences that determine HBsAg/ay and HBsAg/ad to form a new genotype.", "PMID": 89163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11483", "title": "The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. I. Evidence for antigen-specific helper T cells.", "content": "Mice were primed subcutaneously with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells. Seven days later, spleen cells from these in vivo primed mice, or spleen cells from naive mice, were co-cultured with TNP-modified syngeneic cells. Spleen cells from the in vivo primed mice demonstrated augmented cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. The spleens of these in vivo primed mice contained a population of radioresistant, antigen-specific, helper T cells. Specifically, spleen cells from these mice, after x-irradiation, were able to augment the in vitro CTL response of normal spleen cells to TNP-modified syngeneic cells.", "contents": "The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. I. Evidence for antigen-specific helper T cells. Mice were primed subcutaneously with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells. Seven days later, spleen cells from these in vivo primed mice, or spleen cells from naive mice, were co-cultured with TNP-modified syngeneic cells. Spleen cells from the in vivo primed mice demonstrated augmented cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. The spleens of these in vivo primed mice contained a population of radioresistant, antigen-specific, helper T cells. Specifically, spleen cells from these mice, after x-irradiation, were able to augment the in vitro CTL response of normal spleen cells to TNP-modified syngeneic cells.", "PMID": 89164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11484", "title": "The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. II. Evidence for antigen-specific suppressor T cells.", "content": "The subcutaneous administration of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-coupled syngeneic cells 7 days before co-culture with TNP-coupled syngeneic stimulator cells results in increased cytolytic activity. This augmented cytotoxic response has been shown to be dependent, at least partially, on radioresistant \"helper\" T cells. In this paper we have demonstrated that TNBS-generated suppressor T cells that are capable of suppressing contact sensitivity can specifically suppress the augmented response seen after subcutaneous priming. The i.v. administration of TNP-coupled cells results in priming of the recipient; however, if cells from these animals are transferred to a second recipient, there is evidence of suppressor activity. Thus, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is controlled by the same type of complex interactions previously demonstrated for humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.", "contents": "The cytolytic T lymphocyte response to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. II. Evidence for antigen-specific suppressor T cells. The subcutaneous administration of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-coupled syngeneic cells 7 days before co-culture with TNP-coupled syngeneic stimulator cells results in increased cytolytic activity. This augmented cytotoxic response has been shown to be dependent, at least partially, on radioresistant \"helper\" T cells. In this paper we have demonstrated that TNBS-generated suppressor T cells that are capable of suppressing contact sensitivity can specifically suppress the augmented response seen after subcutaneous priming. The i.v. administration of TNP-coupled cells results in priming of the recipient; however, if cells from these animals are transferred to a second recipient, there is evidence of suppressor activity. Thus, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is controlled by the same type of complex interactions previously demonstrated for humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.", "PMID": 89165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11485", "title": "Soluble antigen extracts used as blocking agents to obtain specificity in serotyping of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Specific immunofluorescent (IF) conjugates were prepared for Streptococcus mutans serotypes d and g. Serotype specificity was obtained by blocking the cross-reacting antibodies with soluble antigen extracted from cells of the cross-reacting strains. Soluble antigen extracts are particularly useful in obtaining specificity with quantities of conjugates that are too small to be efficiently subjected to adsorption procedures. They also can be used advantageously to block traces of cross-reactivity that frequently remain with conjugates that have been subjected to conventional adsorption procedures. S. mutans isolates from dental plaque samples were identified as belonging to serotypes d or g on the basis of IF staining with conjugates that were made type-specific by blocking the cross-reacting antibodies with appropriate soluble antigen extracts.", "contents": "Soluble antigen extracts used as blocking agents to obtain specificity in serotyping of Streptococcus mutans. Specific immunofluorescent (IF) conjugates were prepared for Streptococcus mutans serotypes d and g. Serotype specificity was obtained by blocking the cross-reacting antibodies with soluble antigen extracted from cells of the cross-reacting strains. Soluble antigen extracts are particularly useful in obtaining specificity with quantities of conjugates that are too small to be efficiently subjected to adsorption procedures. They also can be used advantageously to block traces of cross-reactivity that frequently remain with conjugates that have been subjected to conventional adsorption procedures. S. mutans isolates from dental plaque samples were identified as belonging to serotypes d or g on the basis of IF staining with conjugates that were made type-specific by blocking the cross-reacting antibodies with appropriate soluble antigen extracts.", "PMID": 89169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11486", "title": "A method for specifically detecting internal immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The detection of specifically internal immunoglobulin by  staining of fixed preparations of lymphoid cells with appropriate fluorescein-conjugated antisera can be hampered by binding of the conjugates to membrane-bound immunoglobulin. Without preventing staining through membrane-bound immunoglobulin, it is impossible to be sure whether lightly stained cells contain only small amounts of immunoglobulin or wehter the staining is entirely due to the membrane-bound material. Surface immunoglobulin can be stripped from tonsil cells prior to making preparation, and this can be achieved without loss of viable cells. As compared with untreated preparations, pronase-stripped smears contain little non-cellular debris and greatly reduced numbers of small lymphocytes faintly stained by polyvalent anti-human immunoglobulin. The remaining stained cells can be said to specifically contain internal immunoglobulin and are easily scored.", "contents": "A method for specifically detecting internal immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence. The detection of specifically internal immunoglobulin by  staining of fixed preparations of lymphoid cells with appropriate fluorescein-conjugated antisera can be hampered by binding of the conjugates to membrane-bound immunoglobulin. Without preventing staining through membrane-bound immunoglobulin, it is impossible to be sure whether lightly stained cells contain only small amounts of immunoglobulin or wehter the staining is entirely due to the membrane-bound material. Surface immunoglobulin can be stripped from tonsil cells prior to making preparation, and this can be achieved without loss of viable cells. As compared with untreated preparations, pronase-stripped smears contain little non-cellular debris and greatly reduced numbers of small lymphocytes faintly stained by polyvalent anti-human immunoglobulin. The remaining stained cells can be said to specifically contain internal immunoglobulin and are easily scored.", "PMID": 89170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11487", "title": "Agarose isoelectric focusing of native human immunoglobulin M and alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "content": "The resolution of native 19S IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin by agarose isoelectric focusing is described. The agarose used was practically charge free, thus avoiding disadvantages of electroendoosmosis, and gives a very large network gel, with minimal molecular sieving effects. The resolving power is comparable to that obtained in thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Clones of human IgM showed a microclonal heterogeneity, similar to IgG antibody heterogeneity, alpha 2-macroglobulin gave a pattern of seven bands in the pI range of 4.1 to 4.9. The flexibility of the agarose isoelectric focusing (IEF) system with regard to immunodetection techniques is illustrated by the use of immunofixation and two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrofocusing. The agarose IEF method has several advantages, viz., non-toxicity, simple handling, uniform and rapid gel formation, and considerably shortened fixing and staining times. The value of the new method is discussed, in particular its usefulness in detecting and isolating IgM antibodies of known specificity produced by cells in culture.", "contents": "Agarose isoelectric focusing of native human immunoglobulin M and alpha 2-macroglobulin. The resolution of native 19S IgM and alpha 2-macroglobulin by agarose isoelectric focusing is described. The agarose used was practically charge free, thus avoiding disadvantages of electroendoosmosis, and gives a very large network gel, with minimal molecular sieving effects. The resolving power is comparable to that obtained in thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Clones of human IgM showed a microclonal heterogeneity, similar to IgG antibody heterogeneity, alpha 2-macroglobulin gave a pattern of seven bands in the pI range of 4.1 to 4.9. The flexibility of the agarose isoelectric focusing (IEF) system with regard to immunodetection techniques is illustrated by the use of immunofixation and two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrofocusing. The agarose IEF method has several advantages, viz., non-toxicity, simple handling, uniform and rapid gel formation, and considerably shortened fixing and staining times. The value of the new method is discussed, in particular its usefulness in detecting and isolating IgM antibodies of known specificity produced by cells in culture.", "PMID": 89171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11488", "title": "Antigen-specific detection of soluble immune complexes by a solid phase specific antibody system.", "content": "An antigen-specific immune complex assay based on the following principle has been developed: xenogeneic, antigen-specific antibodies are attached to a solid phase. During first incubation with patient's serum, immune complexes in antigen excess are bound to the xenogeneic antibody by their free antigenic determinants. In a second incubation a labeled antibody, specific for human immunoglobulins, is combined with the antibody part of the immune complex. Quantitation of the label allows the determination of the immune complexes. The principle of the method has been varied using artificial soluble immune complexes of tetanus toxoid and human anti-tetanus toxoid antibody, and immune complexes prepared by mixing patient sera containing either HBsAg or anti-HBsAg antibodies. The reliability of the results is shown by their coefficient of variation (2.5%). With the method described soluble immune complexes predominantly in slight antigen excess, which are thought to be responsible for development of immune complex disease, have been detected.", "contents": "Antigen-specific detection of soluble immune complexes by a solid phase specific antibody system. An antigen-specific immune complex assay based on the following principle has been developed: xenogeneic, antigen-specific antibodies are attached to a solid phase. During first incubation with patient's serum, immune complexes in antigen excess are bound to the xenogeneic antibody by their free antigenic determinants. In a second incubation a labeled antibody, specific for human immunoglobulins, is combined with the antibody part of the immune complex. Quantitation of the label allows the determination of the immune complexes. The principle of the method has been varied using artificial soluble immune complexes of tetanus toxoid and human anti-tetanus toxoid antibody, and immune complexes prepared by mixing patient sera containing either HBsAg or anti-HBsAg antibodies. The reliability of the results is shown by their coefficient of variation (2.5%). With the method described soluble immune complexes predominantly in slight antigen excess, which are thought to be responsible for development of immune complex disease, have been detected.", "PMID": 89172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11489", "title": "Cyclic GMP System in epidermis: I. Effect of ischemia.", "content": "When keratome-sliced pig epidermis was floated on Hank's balanced salt solution, we observed a rapid decrease in the intracellular level of cyclic GMP. A portion of the lost cyclic GMP was detected in the incubation medium. When the epidermis was kept in air at room temperature, the cyclic GMP level also decreased rapidly but to a lesser degree. Incubating the epidermal slice at 37 degrees C in Hank's balanced salt solution with the addition of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) prevented the decrease. Also, after the cyclic GMP level had fallen, it could be raised to be the in vitro level by the addition of IBMX. Increased amounts of cyclic GMP were detectable in the medium in this case. These data indicate that the decrease in cyclic GMP in ischemic epidermis is due to sudden activation of epidermal cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase and also in part due to leakage of cyclic GMP extracellularly. In contrast to the rapid decline in the cyclic GMP level, ischemia caused a rapid and transient increase in epidermal cyclic AMP. This confirms previous data by ourselves and by others (Br J Dermatol 92: 249-254, 1975; J Invest Dermatol 68:125-127, 1977). These \"ischemic effects\" must be avoided in order to measure the \"in vivo level\" of cyclic nucleotides in epidermis.", "contents": "Cyclic GMP System in epidermis: I. Effect of ischemia. When keratome-sliced pig epidermis was floated on Hank's balanced salt solution, we observed a rapid decrease in the intracellular level of cyclic GMP. A portion of the lost cyclic GMP was detected in the incubation medium. When the epidermis was kept in air at room temperature, the cyclic GMP level also decreased rapidly but to a lesser degree. Incubating the epidermal slice at 37 degrees C in Hank's balanced salt solution with the addition of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) prevented the decrease. Also, after the cyclic GMP level had fallen, it could be raised to be the in vitro level by the addition of IBMX. Increased amounts of cyclic GMP were detectable in the medium in this case. These data indicate that the decrease in cyclic GMP in ischemic epidermis is due to sudden activation of epidermal cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase and also in part due to leakage of cyclic GMP extracellularly. In contrast to the rapid decline in the cyclic GMP level, ischemia caused a rapid and transient increase in epidermal cyclic AMP. This confirms previous data by ourselves and by others (Br J Dermatol 92: 249-254, 1975; J Invest Dermatol 68:125-127, 1977). These \"ischemic effects\" must be avoided in order to measure the \"in vivo level\" of cyclic nucleotides in epidermis.", "PMID": 89173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11490", "title": "Studies on the contact sensitization of man with simple chemicals: V. Clonal priming allows direct in vitro assessment of autologous HLA-associated factors required for immune response to dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Human lymphocytes from dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-sensitized human subjects primed in first culture with dinitrophenylated-antigens yield a population of cells which respond in an accelerated manner to the same or similar antigen in second culture. Using this \"clonal priming\" approach, we have demonstrated that such a primed population showed maximal proliferative response to dinitrophenylated autologous cells. These DNP primed clones also showed responses to some dinitrophenylated allogeneic leukocytes. The magnitude of the accelerated blastogenic response with allogeneic leukocytes varied in most instances in relation to the degree of sharing of HLA-A, B, and DRw antigens with the original autologous stimulator. These findings show that the self-specific factors recognized in conjunction with the dinitrophenyl antigen are closely but not invariably associated with established major histocompatibility (MHC)-associated serologic typing results. While DNP primed clones fail to respond to unmodified autologous leukocytes, they often show significant responses to unmodified allogeneic leukocytes. If such accelerated responses to unmodified allogeneic leukocytes are not the result of nonspecific activation of allogeneic responding lymphocyte clones, these findings further indicate that DNP modified self can resemble some alloantigens.", "contents": "Studies on the contact sensitization of man with simple chemicals: V. Clonal priming allows direct in vitro assessment of autologous HLA-associated factors required for immune response to dinitrochlorobenzene. Human lymphocytes from dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-sensitized human subjects primed in first culture with dinitrophenylated-antigens yield a population of cells which respond in an accelerated manner to the same or similar antigen in second culture. Using this \"clonal priming\" approach, we have demonstrated that such a primed population showed maximal proliferative response to dinitrophenylated autologous cells. These DNP primed clones also showed responses to some dinitrophenylated allogeneic leukocytes. The magnitude of the accelerated blastogenic response with allogeneic leukocytes varied in most instances in relation to the degree of sharing of HLA-A, B, and DRw antigens with the original autologous stimulator. These findings show that the self-specific factors recognized in conjunction with the dinitrophenyl antigen are closely but not invariably associated with established major histocompatibility (MHC)-associated serologic typing results. While DNP primed clones fail to respond to unmodified autologous leukocytes, they often show significant responses to unmodified allogeneic leukocytes. If such accelerated responses to unmodified allogeneic leukocytes are not the result of nonspecific activation of allogeneic responding lymphocyte clones, these findings further indicate that DNP modified self can resemble some alloantigens.", "PMID": 89174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11491", "title": "Spatial orientation and distribution of antigens within human glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Antibodies to GBM have a linear staining pattern along the GBM by immunofluorescence. In this study, we have examined the distribution of human GBM antigens using Goodpasture antibody and heterologous rabbit anti-human GBM antibody. Goodpasture sera and Goodpasture antibody eluted from diseased kidneys reacted as a single linear component within the GBM. Rabbit anti-human GBM was shown to react along distinctly separate zones of the inner and outer aspects of the GBM; the central portion of the GBM seemed to be nonreactive with this antibody. In comparison, Goodpasture antibodies reacted along the inner zone of the GBM but at a locus external to that reacting with heterologous rabbit anti-GBM antibody. These observations of linear binding of antibody to different sites along the GBM suggest a spatial organization of antigen not previously observed.", "contents": "Spatial orientation and distribution of antigens within human glomerular basement membrane. Antibodies to GBM have a linear staining pattern along the GBM by immunofluorescence. In this study, we have examined the distribution of human GBM antigens using Goodpasture antibody and heterologous rabbit anti-human GBM antibody. Goodpasture sera and Goodpasture antibody eluted from diseased kidneys reacted as a single linear component within the GBM. Rabbit anti-human GBM was shown to react along distinctly separate zones of the inner and outer aspects of the GBM; the central portion of the GBM seemed to be nonreactive with this antibody. In comparison, Goodpasture antibodies reacted along the inner zone of the GBM but at a locus external to that reacting with heterologous rabbit anti-GBM antibody. These observations of linear binding of antibody to different sites along the GBM suggest a spatial organization of antigen not previously observed.", "PMID": 89178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11492", "title": "XYZ data interpreted by a 12-lead computer program using the derived electrocardiogram.", "content": "The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) derived from the Frank xyz signals was compared with the conventional 12-lead ECG using the Telemed computer system. In 100 cases studied. Telemed's interpretations were essentially similar in 77, but substantially different in 23. In the 23 cases, interpretations of the derived tracings tended to be more accurate in 14 cases, and less accurate in four cases. In the diagnosis of infarction the probability that the interpretation of the derived tracing will be correct more often was 90%. The better performance may have been related to closer agreement with the vectorcardiogram (VCG). As a substitute for the conventional ECG, the derived ECG offers the prospect of a computerized system that is more practical and more versatile than most currently used systems.", "contents": "XYZ data interpreted by a 12-lead computer program using the derived electrocardiogram. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) derived from the Frank xyz signals was compared with the conventional 12-lead ECG using the Telemed computer system. In 100 cases studied. Telemed's interpretations were essentially similar in 77, but substantially different in 23. In the 23 cases, interpretations of the derived tracings tended to be more accurate in 14 cases, and less accurate in four cases. In the diagnosis of infarction the probability that the interpretation of the derived tracing will be correct more often was 90%. The better performance may have been related to closer agreement with the vectorcardiogram (VCG). As a substitute for the conventional ECG, the derived ECG offers the prospect of a computerized system that is more practical and more versatile than most currently used systems.", "PMID": 89179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11493", "title": "Time course of changes in ventricular excitability and conduction during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the dog: effect of lidocaine.", "content": "Strength-interval curves and conduction times were determined in anesthetized dogs during and following myocardial ischemia using a computerized system capable of determining a 5 point strength-interval curve with conduction times within 20 seconds. At the peak incidence of ligation arrhythmias (5 minutes of ischemia), the falling limb of the strength-interval curve was shifted to the left and conduction time was prolonged, while at 15 minutes of ischemia, the strength-interval was shifted upward and conduction times had returned toward control. Lidocaine enhanced the upward shift of the strength-interval curve, contributing to the electrical stability of the myocardium during this phase of ischemia. During the first minute following abrupt reperfusion of the ischemic zone, there was a slight downward shift of the early part of the strength-interval curve, and conduction times tended to be shorter than control. Lidocaine enhanced the electrophysiological alterations following abrupt reperfusion; that is, it reduced excitation thresholds and increased the tendency to superconductivity. Thus, lidocaine enhanced electrical stability during acute ischemia but tended to exaggerate electrophysiologic defects observed during abrupt reperfusion.", "contents": "Time course of changes in ventricular excitability and conduction during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the dog: effect of lidocaine. Strength-interval curves and conduction times were determined in anesthetized dogs during and following myocardial ischemia using a computerized system capable of determining a 5 point strength-interval curve with conduction times within 20 seconds. At the peak incidence of ligation arrhythmias (5 minutes of ischemia), the falling limb of the strength-interval curve was shifted to the left and conduction time was prolonged, while at 15 minutes of ischemia, the strength-interval was shifted upward and conduction times had returned toward control. Lidocaine enhanced the upward shift of the strength-interval curve, contributing to the electrical stability of the myocardium during this phase of ischemia. During the first minute following abrupt reperfusion of the ischemic zone, there was a slight downward shift of the early part of the strength-interval curve, and conduction times tended to be shorter than control. Lidocaine enhanced the electrophysiological alterations following abrupt reperfusion; that is, it reduced excitation thresholds and increased the tendency to superconductivity. Thus, lidocaine enhanced electrical stability during acute ischemia but tended to exaggerate electrophysiologic defects observed during abrupt reperfusion.", "PMID": 89180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11494", "title": "Unusual artifacts in electrocardiographic monitoring.", "content": "Three unusual artifacts noted during Holter and telemetry monitoring, not previously described, are presented. Recognition of the artifacts prevented misinterpretation and wrong treatment. The clues to the identification of the artifacts and the need for avoiding wrong interpretation and inappropriate treatment are discussed. The cause of the telemetry artifact is discussed.", "contents": "Unusual artifacts in electrocardiographic monitoring. Three unusual artifacts noted during Holter and telemetry monitoring, not previously described, are presented. Recognition of the artifacts prevented misinterpretation and wrong treatment. The clues to the identification of the artifacts and the need for avoiding wrong interpretation and inappropriate treatment are discussed. The cause of the telemetry artifact is discussed.", "PMID": 89181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11495", "title": "Atrial repolarization: its role in ST elevation.", "content": "In four patients, ectopic supraventricular rhythm (or beats) with cephalad anomalous atrial activation and, generally, a short PR, were always associated with an ST elevation in the leads with a negative P wave. An inverted Ta wave appears to be responsible for the ST elevation.", "contents": "Atrial repolarization: its role in ST elevation. In four patients, ectopic supraventricular rhythm (or beats) with cephalad anomalous atrial activation and, generally, a short PR, were always associated with an ST elevation in the leads with a negative P wave. An inverted Ta wave appears to be responsible for the ST elevation.", "PMID": 89183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11496", "title": "Acid fast staining of oxidized neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain.", "content": "Acid fast staining of the bleached residuum of substantia nigra neuromelanin and of oxidized inferior olive lipofuscin was demonstrated in paraffin and frozen sections stained with the acetic acid, carbol fuchsin method of Barbeito-Lopez and the aldehyde fuchsin method of Gomori. Acid fast staining occurred when sections were exposed to a prestain oxidation with potassium permanganate in conjunction with a poststain differentiation with dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid fast staining with acetic acid, carbol fuchsin was differentiable and in contrast to the acid fast staining with aldehyde fuchsin which was nondifferentiable. A possible histochemical basis for differentiable and nondifferentiable acid fast staining was discussed. The identify of the bleached residuum of neuromelanin as lipofuscin was also discussed.", "contents": "Acid fast staining of oxidized neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain. Acid fast staining of the bleached residuum of substantia nigra neuromelanin and of oxidized inferior olive lipofuscin was demonstrated in paraffin and frozen sections stained with the acetic acid, carbol fuchsin method of Barbeito-Lopez and the aldehyde fuchsin method of Gomori. Acid fast staining occurred when sections were exposed to a prestain oxidation with potassium permanganate in conjunction with a poststain differentiation with dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid fast staining with acetic acid, carbol fuchsin was differentiable and in contrast to the acid fast staining with aldehyde fuchsin which was nondifferentiable. A possible histochemical basis for differentiable and nondifferentiable acid fast staining was discussed. The identify of the bleached residuum of neuromelanin as lipofuscin was also discussed.", "PMID": 89189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11497", "title": "Definition of cellular immune responses to brain antigens in human head trauma.", "content": "Cellular immune responses to brain antigens in patients with head injury were studied by applying the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. The investigation was conducted in three phases. 1) In the initial phase, evaluation of a series of 22 test and 25 control cases obtained at random during a 2- to 6-week time frame following a traumatic event indicated significant non-adherence of leukocytes (NAL) in 77% of the test group and 20% of the control group in the presence of brain antigen. 2) In a second phase, larger test population was divided into four groups of different posttraumatic intervals. This study measured NAL in the presence of normal heart of normal brain antigen. Assays revealed an initial significant NAL in the presence of both antigens; however, after the first week following injury the majority of cases manifested significant NAL only with brain antigen. These values of NAL persisted over a 6- to 8-week period. 3) As a final phase of investigation, analysis of a sequential series of assays in 12 patients over a 90-day period indicated significant NAL in the presence of brain antigen within the first week of injury, this was followed by a drop in NAL in most of the cases. Studies at 7 to 60 days posttrauma demonstrated significant NAL with brain antigen alone, with a subsequent drop by 90 days. These observations are interpreted to represent sensitization of leukocyte subgroups to brain proteins that are immunologically recognized following the traumatic event.", "contents": "Definition of cellular immune responses to brain antigens in human head trauma. Cellular immune responses to brain antigens in patients with head injury were studied by applying the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. The investigation was conducted in three phases. 1) In the initial phase, evaluation of a series of 22 test and 25 control cases obtained at random during a 2- to 6-week time frame following a traumatic event indicated significant non-adherence of leukocytes (NAL) in 77% of the test group and 20% of the control group in the presence of brain antigen. 2) In a second phase, larger test population was divided into four groups of different posttraumatic intervals. This study measured NAL in the presence of normal heart of normal brain antigen. Assays revealed an initial significant NAL in the presence of both antigens; however, after the first week following injury the majority of cases manifested significant NAL only with brain antigen. These values of NAL persisted over a 6- to 8-week period. 3) As a final phase of investigation, analysis of a sequential series of assays in 12 patients over a 90-day period indicated significant NAL in the presence of brain antigen within the first week of injury, this was followed by a drop in NAL in most of the cases. Studies at 7 to 60 days posttrauma demonstrated significant NAL with brain antigen alone, with a subsequent drop by 90 days. These observations are interpreted to represent sensitization of leukocyte subgroups to brain proteins that are immunologically recognized following the traumatic event.", "PMID": 89190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11498", "title": "Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ-cell tumors.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of six patients with histologically verified intracranial germ-cell tumors were assayed serially for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Two patients had embryonal carcinomas, two had choriocarcinomas, and two had dysgerminomas. The marker profile for a given tumor in either CSF or serum correlated with the histological diagnosis; that is, embryonal carcinoma produced AFP and HCG, choriocarcinoma produced HCG, and dysgerminoma produced no markers. The marker levels in serum and CSF declined with therapy and rose usually prior to the development of overt clinical symptoms if the patient's tumor recurred. A CSF-to-serum gradient of the marker levels was present in three of four patients, and the serum levels were often normal when the CSF values were elevated. Ventricular marker levels were lower than the lumbar levels in two of two patients. The assay of these biological markers is a sensitive indicator of the success of therapy, and the presence of a CSF-to-serum gradient suggests that the major portion of the neoplasm rests within the central nervous system. A histological diagnosis can be inferred without the necessity of surgery in appropriate clinical contexts.", "contents": "Alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ-cell tumors. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of six patients with histologically verified intracranial germ-cell tumors were assayed serially for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Two patients had embryonal carcinomas, two had choriocarcinomas, and two had dysgerminomas. The marker profile for a given tumor in either CSF or serum correlated with the histological diagnosis; that is, embryonal carcinoma produced AFP and HCG, choriocarcinoma produced HCG, and dysgerminoma produced no markers. The marker levels in serum and CSF declined with therapy and rose usually prior to the development of overt clinical symptoms if the patient's tumor recurred. A CSF-to-serum gradient of the marker levels was present in three of four patients, and the serum levels were often normal when the CSF values were elevated. Ventricular marker levels were lower than the lumbar levels in two of two patients. The assay of these biological markers is a sensitive indicator of the success of therapy, and the presence of a CSF-to-serum gradient suggests that the major portion of the neoplasm rests within the central nervous system. A histological diagnosis can be inferred without the necessity of surgery in appropriate clinical contexts.", "PMID": 89191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11499", "title": "Antigenic subtypes of HBsAg: their distribution and pattern of occurence among blood donors and patients with liver diseases and leprosy in Tamilnadu, India.", "content": "One hundred and seventy hepatitis B Surface antigen positive sera derived from blood donors, patients with liver diseases and leprosy were antigenically subtyped by Rheophoresis and 107 of them by agar-gel diffusion. For the first time in India HBsAg/adr as a predominant subtype (64.0%) is documented. Of the two methods adopted, Rheophoresis showed a greater sensitivity of typing, namely 82.3% in contrast to 39.2% only by agar-gel diffusion (p less than 0.001). Analysis of the Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody (anti HBe) positive sera for subtype predeliction revealed the same pattern as in HBe system negative sera.", "contents": "Antigenic subtypes of HBsAg: their distribution and pattern of occurence among blood donors and patients with liver diseases and leprosy in Tamilnadu, India. One hundred and seventy hepatitis B Surface antigen positive sera derived from blood donors, patients with liver diseases and leprosy were antigenically subtyped by Rheophoresis and 107 of them by agar-gel diffusion. For the first time in India HBsAg/adr as a predominant subtype (64.0%) is documented. Of the two methods adopted, Rheophoresis showed a greater sensitivity of typing, namely 82.3% in contrast to 39.2% only by agar-gel diffusion (p less than 0.001). Analysis of the Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody (anti HBe) positive sera for subtype predeliction revealed the same pattern as in HBe system negative sera.", "PMID": 89201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11500", "title": "Etiology of human liver cancer: controlled prospective study in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma was investigated in a prospective study over 6 yr and 5 mo in 403 clinically unselected patients derived from a homogeneous population by means of serial determination of alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) by radioimmunoassay. The diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was proved in 90% by laparoscopy and/or histology and/or autopsy. The incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma in liver cirrhosis in the clinically studied patients was 4.47%, significantly lower than in the autopsy material (11.03%; p less than or equal to 0.025). In the follow-up study, all patients with increasing AFP concentrations exhibited a primary liver cell carcinoma. A transitory rise of AFP (higher than 50 ng/ml) was observed in 15.1% of patients with liver cirrhosis without primary liver cell cancer. In contrast to the results of animal experiments, this transitory rise of AFP was not followed by malignant transformation of the cirrhotic tissue. Posthepatitic liver cirrhosis was observed in 21.57%, postalcoholic liver cirrhosis in 42.93%, and cryptogenic liver cirrhosis in 27.30%. Liver cirrhosis of other etiology occurred in 8.19%. The incidences of primary liver cell cancer in these 4 groups were 4.94, 4.62, 5.45, and 0%, respectively. These differences are not statistically significant, although in absolute figures postalcoholic liver cirrhosis is the main cause of primary liver cell carcinoma in this sample from West Germany. HBs antigen-positive liver cirrhosis was more often associated with primary liver cell cancer than HBs antigen-negative liver cirrhosis (6.58 versus 3.96%); this difference also is not statistically significant. Observations of larger groups of patients may show a higher risk of developing primary liver cell carcinoma in those with a combination of alcohol abuse and HBs antigenemia and/or acute hepatitis in the history. Patients without these 2 risk factors had an incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma of 2.61%; those with 1 risk factor, 5.77%; and those with both risk factors, 10.71%.", "contents": "Etiology of human liver cancer: controlled prospective study in liver cirrhosis. The incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma was investigated in a prospective study over 6 yr and 5 mo in 403 clinically unselected patients derived from a homogeneous population by means of serial determination of alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) by radioimmunoassay. The diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was proved in 90% by laparoscopy and/or histology and/or autopsy. The incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma in liver cirrhosis in the clinically studied patients was 4.47%, significantly lower than in the autopsy material (11.03%; p less than or equal to 0.025). In the follow-up study, all patients with increasing AFP concentrations exhibited a primary liver cell carcinoma. A transitory rise of AFP (higher than 50 ng/ml) was observed in 15.1% of patients with liver cirrhosis without primary liver cell cancer. In contrast to the results of animal experiments, this transitory rise of AFP was not followed by malignant transformation of the cirrhotic tissue. Posthepatitic liver cirrhosis was observed in 21.57%, postalcoholic liver cirrhosis in 42.93%, and cryptogenic liver cirrhosis in 27.30%. Liver cirrhosis of other etiology occurred in 8.19%. The incidences of primary liver cell cancer in these 4 groups were 4.94, 4.62, 5.45, and 0%, respectively. These differences are not statistically significant, although in absolute figures postalcoholic liver cirrhosis is the main cause of primary liver cell carcinoma in this sample from West Germany. HBs antigen-positive liver cirrhosis was more often associated with primary liver cell cancer than HBs antigen-negative liver cirrhosis (6.58 versus 3.96%); this difference also is not statistically significant. Observations of larger groups of patients may show a higher risk of developing primary liver cell carcinoma in those with a combination of alcohol abuse and HBs antigenemia and/or acute hepatitis in the history. Patients without these 2 risk factors had an incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma of 2.61%; those with 1 risk factor, 5.77%; and those with both risk factors, 10.71%.", "PMID": 89198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11501", "title": "Clinical aspects of alpha 1-fetoprotein determination in human liver cancer and in humans and experimental animals at carcinogenic risk.", "content": "Recent findings concerning the significance of alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) as a tool for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of tumor diseases are reviewed briefly. The applicability of this protein marker to the early diagnosis of patients at carcinogenic risk is discussed. In addition, experimental data obtained with a model of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis are reported. The increase of proliferative activity in precancerous liver tissue preceded AFP production under experimental conditions with azodyes and aflatoxin B1 as carcinogens. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relation of AFP to changes of cell populations and to liver tissue rearrangement led to the conclusion that AFP-producing cells cannot be precursors of malignant hepatocytes; however, AFP appeared to be linked to dividing hepatocytes at a certain step of cell differentiation regardless of the stages of precancerous development. A decrease in the rate of nuclear RNA synthesis was observed in both precancerous and tumor tissues. A possible analogy between the early phase of AFP production in animal carcinogenesis and that in human carcinogenesis is considered.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of alpha 1-fetoprotein determination in human liver cancer and in humans and experimental animals at carcinogenic risk. Recent findings concerning the significance of alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) as a tool for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of tumor diseases are reviewed briefly. The applicability of this protein marker to the early diagnosis of patients at carcinogenic risk is discussed. In addition, experimental data obtained with a model of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis are reported. The increase of proliferative activity in precancerous liver tissue preceded AFP production under experimental conditions with azodyes and aflatoxin B1 as carcinogens. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relation of AFP to changes of cell populations and to liver tissue rearrangement led to the conclusion that AFP-producing cells cannot be precursors of malignant hepatocytes; however, AFP appeared to be linked to dividing hepatocytes at a certain step of cell differentiation regardless of the stages of precancerous development. A decrease in the rate of nuclear RNA synthesis was observed in both precancerous and tumor tissues. A possible analogy between the early phase of AFP production in animal carcinogenesis and that in human carcinogenesis is considered.", "PMID": 89199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11502", "title": "Antigenic changes associated with liver carcinogenesis.", "content": "Carcinogen-induced experimental hepatomas are often characterized by new individually distinct antigens capable of inducing tumor immunity in syngeneic hosts. These antigens arise as a consequence of cell-carcinogen interaction and may result from modification or replacement of normal cell-surface components. Their role in immunosurveillance is not established, but they offer a target for tumor immunotherapy. Reexpressed fetal antigens have also been detected, either as secretory products (alpha 1-fetoprotein) or as common cell-surface components on hepatoma cells. The role of fetal antigens in therapy is doubtful, but they may be important diagnostic indicators of neoplastic change. Possibly associated with these are common antigens initiated early after carcinogen treatment, before malignant cells are detected. Together, the antigens associated with liver carcinogenesis may prove to be powerful tools in understanding the process of liver neoplasia.", "contents": "Antigenic changes associated with liver carcinogenesis. Carcinogen-induced experimental hepatomas are often characterized by new individually distinct antigens capable of inducing tumor immunity in syngeneic hosts. These antigens arise as a consequence of cell-carcinogen interaction and may result from modification or replacement of normal cell-surface components. Their role in immunosurveillance is not established, but they offer a target for tumor immunotherapy. Reexpressed fetal antigens have also been detected, either as secretory products (alpha 1-fetoprotein) or as common cell-surface components on hepatoma cells. The role of fetal antigens in therapy is doubtful, but they may be important diagnostic indicators of neoplastic change. Possibly associated with these are common antigens initiated early after carcinogen treatment, before malignant cells are detected. Together, the antigens associated with liver carcinogenesis may prove to be powerful tools in understanding the process of liver neoplasia.", "PMID": 89200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11503", "title": "Elongation of DNA complementary to the 5' end of the avian sarcoma virus genome by the virion-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.", "content": "RNA-dependent DNA synthesis in a virion-associated reaction has been described as being dependent upon the detergent concentration used for disruption of the virion. In this study, the Triton X-100 concentration was found to affect the elongation of the initially synthesized DNA complementary to the last approximately 100 nucleotides at the 5' end of the RNA (cDNA100). Whereas elongation of cDNA100 increased with time of incubation at the optimal detergent concentration, this process was retarded at higher detergent concentrations. At the optimal detergent concentration, elongated DNA was of low chemical complexity, indicating that extension of cDNA100 occurred at a unique site on the RNA. Higher than optimal detergent concentrations resulted in nonspecific elongation and in DNA of high chemical complexity. This was shown by oligopyrimidine tract analysis. Furthermore, actinomycin D was observed to inhibit the elongation of cDNA100 at the optimal detergent concentration. The nature of the elongation process was elucidated by analysis of DNA synthesized in a virion-associated reaction in the presence of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. At the optimal detergent concentration DNA complementary only to avian sarcoma virus RNA was synthesized, whereas at higher concentrations DNA was copied from both avian sarcoma virus and Qbeta RNA. We conclude that the elongation mechanism of cDNA100 is affected by the detergent concentration and elongation is unspecific at higher than optimal detergent concentrations. The mechanism by which the nonionic detergent stimulates DNA synthesis has not yet been resolve. We assume that other factors in addition to DNA polymerase are involved in elongation of cDNA100.", "contents": "Elongation of DNA complementary to the 5' end of the avian sarcoma virus genome by the virion-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RNA-dependent DNA synthesis in a virion-associated reaction has been described as being dependent upon the detergent concentration used for disruption of the virion. In this study, the Triton X-100 concentration was found to affect the elongation of the initially synthesized DNA complementary to the last approximately 100 nucleotides at the 5' end of the RNA (cDNA100). Whereas elongation of cDNA100 increased with time of incubation at the optimal detergent concentration, this process was retarded at higher detergent concentrations. At the optimal detergent concentration, elongated DNA was of low chemical complexity, indicating that extension of cDNA100 occurred at a unique site on the RNA. Higher than optimal detergent concentrations resulted in nonspecific elongation and in DNA of high chemical complexity. This was shown by oligopyrimidine tract analysis. Furthermore, actinomycin D was observed to inhibit the elongation of cDNA100 at the optimal detergent concentration. The nature of the elongation process was elucidated by analysis of DNA synthesized in a virion-associated reaction in the presence of bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. At the optimal detergent concentration DNA complementary only to avian sarcoma virus RNA was synthesized, whereas at higher concentrations DNA was copied from both avian sarcoma virus and Qbeta RNA. We conclude that the elongation mechanism of cDNA100 is affected by the detergent concentration and elongation is unspecific at higher than optimal detergent concentrations. The mechanism by which the nonionic detergent stimulates DNA synthesis has not yet been resolve. We assume that other factors in addition to DNA polymerase are involved in elongation of cDNA100.", "PMID": 89203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11504", "title": "Avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses: evolutionary linkage with mammalian type C retroviruses.", "content": "Reticuloendotheliosis viruses have been shown to be causative of tumors in a variety of avian species. The major structural protein of these non-genetically transmitted viruses is demonstrated to possess antigenic determinants common to those of all known mammalian type C viruses. These findings establish a mammalian origin for this oncogenic avian retrovirus group. None of the known mammalian type C virus groups demonstrated a closer immunological relationship to avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses. These results suggest that reticuloendotheliosis viruses have been non-genetically transmitted for a long period of evolution or that these viruses may have arisen by relatively recent infection of birds with an as yet undiscovered mammalian type C retrovirus.", "contents": "Avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses: evolutionary linkage with mammalian type C retroviruses. Reticuloendotheliosis viruses have been shown to be causative of tumors in a variety of avian species. The major structural protein of these non-genetically transmitted viruses is demonstrated to possess antigenic determinants common to those of all known mammalian type C viruses. These findings establish a mammalian origin for this oncogenic avian retrovirus group. None of the known mammalian type C virus groups demonstrated a closer immunological relationship to avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses. These results suggest that reticuloendotheliosis viruses have been non-genetically transmitted for a long period of evolution or that these viruses may have arisen by relatively recent infection of birds with an as yet undiscovered mammalian type C retrovirus.", "PMID": 89204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11505", "title": "Urinary diversion for ureteral obstruction in the presence of recurrent colon carcinoma.", "content": "Selection of patients who might benefit from urinary diversion when recurrent colorectal cancer obstructs both ureters is difficult. Combinations of chemotherapy and radiation therapy will prolong a useful, comfortable and dignified life in some patients. Radiation therapy seems to be more effective than chemotherapy and, therefore, patients most likely to benefit are those with localized pelvic recurrences without carcinomatosis and those who are well nourished, active and highly motivated. Herein we discuss 6 patients who were diverted and the methods of selection.", "contents": "Urinary diversion for ureteral obstruction in the presence of recurrent colon carcinoma. Selection of patients who might benefit from urinary diversion when recurrent colorectal cancer obstructs both ureters is difficult. Combinations of chemotherapy and radiation therapy will prolong a useful, comfortable and dignified life in some patients. Radiation therapy seems to be more effective than chemotherapy and, therefore, patients most likely to benefit are those with localized pelvic recurrences without carcinomatosis and those who are well nourished, active and highly motivated. Herein we discuss 6 patients who were diverted and the methods of selection.", "PMID": 89205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11506", "title": "Half and total body radiation for carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Despite recent advances in the treatment of stage D carcinoma of the prostate many patients become refractory to all therapeutic modalities. Progressive and incapacitating pain is one of the most difficult symptoms to manage. Ten patients with severely symptomatic metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate have been treated with either single or sequential doses of half body radiation using 800 rad delivered by a Linac 10 mV linear accelerator. There were 15 courses of half body radiation delivered and a good to excellent response was noted in 11 instances. Results often were immediate and the duration of the response was variable. Treatment was well tolerated with no fatal complications. Half and total body radiation appears to offer significant palliation and its use with other forms of therapy warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Half and total body radiation for carcinoma of the prostate. Despite recent advances in the treatment of stage D carcinoma of the prostate many patients become refractory to all therapeutic modalities. Progressive and incapacitating pain is one of the most difficult symptoms to manage. Ten patients with severely symptomatic metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate have been treated with either single or sequential doses of half body radiation using 800 rad delivered by a Linac 10 mV linear accelerator. There were 15 courses of half body radiation delivered and a good to excellent response was noted in 11 instances. Results often were immediate and the duration of the response was variable. Treatment was well tolerated with no fatal complications. Half and total body radiation appears to offer significant palliation and its use with other forms of therapy warrants further investigation.", "PMID": 89206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11507", "title": "Antigenic analysis of human heart tissue--characterization of cardiac antigens.", "content": "The human heart antigens demonstrated in citric acid extracts by immunodiffusion were submitted to further analysis. Heart antigens were precipitated at 30% to 70% saturated ammonium sulphate. These fractions contained antigens reactive with rabbit antisera to human heart. The third fraction out of four proteins which were separated by Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, was reactive against rabbit antisera to human heart. The intensely stained proteins of both heart antigens were located at the nineth protein band out of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein exhibited precipitin line against rabbit antisera to human heart by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and had mobility between that of serum alpha2 and beta1 globulin in immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of human heart tissue--characterization of cardiac antigens. The human heart antigens demonstrated in citric acid extracts by immunodiffusion were submitted to further analysis. Heart antigens were precipitated at 30% to 70% saturated ammonium sulphate. These fractions contained antigens reactive with rabbit antisera to human heart. The third fraction out of four proteins which were separated by Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, was reactive against rabbit antisera to human heart. The intensely stained proteins of both heart antigens were located at the nineth protein band out of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein exhibited precipitin line against rabbit antisera to human heart by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and had mobility between that of serum alpha2 and beta1 globulin in immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 89208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11508", "title": "DNA polymerase from Gross murine leukemia.", "content": "DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from Gross virus was characterized with regard to template specificity. Changes in pH in the reaction medium in vitro exert a varying influence on this enzyme's activity depending on the template used.", "contents": "DNA polymerase from Gross murine leukemia. DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from Gross virus was characterized with regard to template specificity. Changes in pH in the reaction medium in vitro exert a varying influence on this enzyme's activity depending on the template used.", "PMID": 89209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11509", "title": "Inhibition of spontaneous transformation of rat embryo cells releasing endogenous type C virus by virus-specific antiserum.", "content": "Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rat embryo cell clones predictably undergo transformation after 20-30 in vitro passages following spontaneous release of endogenous rat leukemia virus (RaLV). In the presence of RaLV-specific antiserum, virus production and infectivity were reduced and transformation was delayed from 6 to 25 weeks. Transformation was not associated with an increased expression of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-related src gene RNA.", "contents": "Inhibition of spontaneous transformation of rat embryo cells releasing endogenous type C virus by virus-specific antiserum. Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rat embryo cell clones predictably undergo transformation after 20-30 in vitro passages following spontaneous release of endogenous rat leukemia virus (RaLV). In the presence of RaLV-specific antiserum, virus production and infectivity were reduced and transformation was delayed from 6 to 25 weeks. Transformation was not associated with an increased expression of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-related src gene RNA.", "PMID": 89211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11510", "title": "[State of the heart conduction system in the sick sinus syndrome (according to the recording of the bundle of His potentials and the atrial stimulation test)].", "content": "It was established that the presence of Samoilov-Wenckebach's periods and prolongation of the H--V interval at low frequency of the imposed rhythm as well as periods of asystolia of more than 1,200 msec are most typical for these patients. An attempt was made to determine the type of cardiac stimulation indicated for such patients from the character of the disorders of rhythm observed in them and the initial frequency of their own cardiac contractions.", "contents": "[State of the heart conduction system in the sick sinus syndrome (according to the recording of the bundle of His potentials and the atrial stimulation test)]. It was established that the presence of Samoilov-Wenckebach's periods and prolongation of the H--V interval at low frequency of the imposed rhythm as well as periods of asystolia of more than 1,200 msec are most typical for these patients. An attempt was made to determine the type of cardiac stimulation indicated for such patients from the character of the disorders of rhythm observed in them and the initial frequency of their own cardiac contractions.", "PMID": 89215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11511", "title": "[Treatment of severe ventricular arrhythmia by means of repeated cardiac stimulation].", "content": "The overdrive pacing method is widely used now in clinical practice for prevention and treatment of severe ventricular disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The mechanisms of arrhythmia suppression by means of this stimulation is analysed. Indications are determined for the choice of the site of stimulation and optimal impulce frequency in ischemic heart disease, and overdosage with digitalis drugs, as well as in myocardiopathy.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe ventricular arrhythmia by means of repeated cardiac stimulation]. The overdrive pacing method is widely used now in clinical practice for prevention and treatment of severe ventricular disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The mechanisms of arrhythmia suppression by means of this stimulation is analysed. Indications are determined for the choice of the site of stimulation and optimal impulce frequency in ischemic heart disease, and overdosage with digitalis drugs, as well as in myocardiopathy.", "PMID": 89216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11512", "title": "[Possibility of using trimecaine for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of triamecain (mesocain) was studied in 104 patients with acute or chronic form of ischemic heart disease during 169 episodes of disorder of cardiac activity rhythm. It is shown that trimecain possesses marked antiarrhythmic activity manifested in disorders of automaticity and excitability as well as in cardiac fibrillation. Intolerance to the drug was a relatively rare occurrence.", "contents": "[Possibility of using trimecaine for the treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders in myocardial infarct]. The antiarrhythmic effect of triamecain (mesocain) was studied in 104 patients with acute or chronic form of ischemic heart disease during 169 episodes of disorder of cardiac activity rhythm. It is shown that trimecain possesses marked antiarrhythmic activity manifested in disorders of automaticity and excitability as well as in cardiac fibrillation. Intolerance to the drug was a relatively rare occurrence.", "PMID": 89217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11513", "title": "[Chaotic atrial rhythm (problems of diagnosis and treatment)].", "content": "The article gives a clinical and electrocardiographic analysis of 16 cases with chaotic atrial rhythm in ischemic heart disease and in diseases which cause overexertion, dilatation, and changes of the atrial myocardium. The significance of such diagnostic criteria of chaotic atrial rhythm as the presence of three or more different P waves in each ECG lead, the absence of a dominative atrial pacemaker, differnt P--P, P--R, and R--R periods, and the isoelectrical PP segment is confirmed. Symptoms are pointed out for differentiating chaotic atrial rhythm from polytopic atrial extrasystole, cardiac fibrillation, and supraventricular pacemaker migration. The expediency of separating chaotic atrial rhythm as an independent form of atrial arrhythmias is emphasized. The use of isoptin, agents bloking beta-adrenergic receptors, lidocaine, and cardiac glycosides in chaotic atrial rhythm is recommended.", "contents": "[Chaotic atrial rhythm (problems of diagnosis and treatment)]. The article gives a clinical and electrocardiographic analysis of 16 cases with chaotic atrial rhythm in ischemic heart disease and in diseases which cause overexertion, dilatation, and changes of the atrial myocardium. The significance of such diagnostic criteria of chaotic atrial rhythm as the presence of three or more different P waves in each ECG lead, the absence of a dominative atrial pacemaker, differnt P--P, P--R, and R--R periods, and the isoelectrical PP segment is confirmed. Symptoms are pointed out for differentiating chaotic atrial rhythm from polytopic atrial extrasystole, cardiac fibrillation, and supraventricular pacemaker migration. The expediency of separating chaotic atrial rhythm as an independent form of atrial arrhythmias is emphasized. The use of isoptin, agents bloking beta-adrenergic receptors, lidocaine, and cardiac glycosides in chaotic atrial rhythm is recommended.", "PMID": 89218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11514", "title": "[2 variants of the anti-arrhythmic effect of atropine in extrasystole].", "content": "The antiarrhythmic effect of a single intravenous atropine injection (0.02 mg/kg body mass) was studied in 202 patients with extrasystole of various origin by rhythmography. Record of the chronotropic reaction and dynamics of the extrasystole interval suggests that there are two variations of the antiarrhythmic effect of atropine: frequency suppression of extrasystole and a \"pure\" antiarrhythmic effect. The data obtained are evidence that the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic effect of atropine is heterogeneous and complex.", "contents": "[2 variants of the anti-arrhythmic effect of atropine in extrasystole]. The antiarrhythmic effect of a single intravenous atropine injection (0.02 mg/kg body mass) was studied in 202 patients with extrasystole of various origin by rhythmography. Record of the chronotropic reaction and dynamics of the extrasystole interval suggests that there are two variations of the antiarrhythmic effect of atropine: frequency suppression of extrasystole and a \"pure\" antiarrhythmic effect. The data obtained are evidence that the mechanism of the antiarrhythmic effect of atropine is heterogeneous and complex.", "PMID": 89219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11515", "title": "[Study of ectopic cardiac activity under the effect of psychological stress].", "content": "Mental and emotional load consisting of several psychological tests was used in 35 patients with ischemic heart disease to disclose hazardous and latent forms of disorders of cardiac rhythm as possible forewarning of sudden death and to study the role of the psychological factor and stress situation in their origin. The reaction of extopic myocardial activity to the load proved different. In distinction to patients with functional cardiovascular disorders, patients with organic affections of the myocardium responded to the load by the appearance of extrasystoles during the load or by their greated frequency. In patients with functional cardiovascular disorders there was mostly a decrease in the number of initial extrasystoles and in some cases their total disappearance.", "contents": "[Study of ectopic cardiac activity under the effect of psychological stress]. Mental and emotional load consisting of several psychological tests was used in 35 patients with ischemic heart disease to disclose hazardous and latent forms of disorders of cardiac rhythm as possible forewarning of sudden death and to study the role of the psychological factor and stress situation in their origin. The reaction of extopic myocardial activity to the load proved different. In distinction to patients with functional cardiovascular disorders, patients with organic affections of the myocardium responded to the load by the appearance of extrasystoles during the load or by their greated frequency. In patients with functional cardiovascular disorders there was mostly a decrease in the number of initial extrasystoles and in some cases their total disappearance.", "PMID": 89220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11516", "title": "[Electrocardiography with the use of the orthoclinostatic test in the diagnosis of extrasystolic arrhythmia in childhood].", "content": "The differential-diagnostic importance of some ECG criteria and results of orthoclinostatic test in distinguishing functional form organic extrasystolic arrhythmias in childhood is appraised. Among the electrocardiographic indices the coupling interval is of great importance in differential diagnosis. Left-ventricular extrasystole is mostly encountered in rhythm disorders of functional origin. The data of the orthoclinostatic test are highly reliable in distinguishing functional disorders of rhythm from organic disorders.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography with the use of the orthoclinostatic test in the diagnosis of extrasystolic arrhythmia in childhood]. The differential-diagnostic importance of some ECG criteria and results of orthoclinostatic test in distinguishing functional form organic extrasystolic arrhythmias in childhood is appraised. Among the electrocardiographic indices the coupling interval is of great importance in differential diagnosis. Left-ventricular extrasystole is mostly encountered in rhythm disorders of functional origin. The data of the orthoclinostatic test are highly reliable in distinguishing functional disorders of rhythm from organic disorders.", "PMID": 89221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11517", "title": "[Change in the thresholds of development of ventricular arrhythmias after stimulation of negative emotiogenic hypothalamic centers].", "content": "The dynamics of changes in the thresholds of the origin of ventricular extrasystole, paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and ventricular fibrillation in long-term stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus were studied in experiments on rabbits. It was found that myocardial resistance to the development of arrhythmias depended on the manifestation of the sympathetico-parasympathic interaction on the heart. In predominance of parasympathetic effects on the heart during hypothalamic stimulation, the threshold of the origin of arrhythmia increased by 40% for ventricular extrasystole, by 38% for paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and by more than 36% for ventricular fibrillation. In predominance of sympathetic effects during stimulation of negative emotiogenic hypothalamic centers, the threshold of arrhythmia origin decreased by 45% for ventricular extrasystole, by 32% for paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and by 24% for ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "[Change in the thresholds of development of ventricular arrhythmias after stimulation of negative emotiogenic hypothalamic centers]. The dynamics of changes in the thresholds of the origin of ventricular extrasystole, paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and ventricular fibrillation in long-term stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus were studied in experiments on rabbits. It was found that myocardial resistance to the development of arrhythmias depended on the manifestation of the sympathetico-parasympathic interaction on the heart. In predominance of parasympathetic effects on the heart during hypothalamic stimulation, the threshold of the origin of arrhythmia increased by 40% for ventricular extrasystole, by 38% for paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and by more than 36% for ventricular fibrillation. In predominance of sympathetic effects during stimulation of negative emotiogenic hypothalamic centers, the threshold of arrhythmia origin decreased by 45% for ventricular extrasystole, by 32% for paroxysmal ventricular tachysystole and by 24% for ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 89222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11518", "title": "[Lymphocyte membrane receptors mediating recognition of antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "The present article summarizes briefly our knowledge of antigen-specific B- and T-lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B-lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T-lymphocyte receptors which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined but it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor. However, T-lymphocytes express two polypeptide chains which bear variable domains sharing idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B-lymphocytes. These Tau chains can bind the corresponding antigen.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte membrane receptors mediating recognition of antigens (author's transl)]. The present article summarizes briefly our knowledge of antigen-specific B- and T-lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B-lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T-lymphocyte receptors which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined but it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor. However, T-lymphocytes express two polypeptide chains which bear variable domains sharing idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B-lymphocytes. These Tau chains can bind the corresponding antigen.", "PMID": 89223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11519", "title": "[The antigenic e system in carriers of the surface antigen of viral hepatitis B (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1972, Magnius and Espmark on confronting different sera containing the surface antigen of hepatitis B with each other, demonstrated a new antigenic item which they called e. In later works the presence of this new antigenic specificity was associated with a greater rate of incidence of chronic hepatic lesion and a greater contagiousness of B virus. In the present study the e system was determined in a group of HBsAG positive blood donors and in a group of patients carrying HBeAG who had been admitted to the hospital for different reasons. The results showed an elevated rate of anti-e antibodies in the asymptomatic donors, and this could be correlated with clinical and biochemical indemnity of the liver function. HBsAg carriers mainly presented renal insufficiency or hematologic disorders, probably related to a deficient immune response. Determination of the e system shows its usefulness in enabling HBsAg positive carriers to be classified according to whether they present or not present hepatic lesion. The presence of HBeAg could be correlated with hepatic lesion, while HBeAc seems to determine some type of protection on those patients who have it in their sera.", "contents": "[The antigenic e system in carriers of the surface antigen of viral hepatitis B (author's transl)]. In 1972, Magnius and Espmark on confronting different sera containing the surface antigen of hepatitis B with each other, demonstrated a new antigenic item which they called e. In later works the presence of this new antigenic specificity was associated with a greater rate of incidence of chronic hepatic lesion and a greater contagiousness of B virus. In the present study the e system was determined in a group of HBsAG positive blood donors and in a group of patients carrying HBeAG who had been admitted to the hospital for different reasons. The results showed an elevated rate of anti-e antibodies in the asymptomatic donors, and this could be correlated with clinical and biochemical indemnity of the liver function. HBsAg carriers mainly presented renal insufficiency or hematologic disorders, probably related to a deficient immune response. Determination of the e system shows its usefulness in enabling HBsAg positive carriers to be classified according to whether they present or not present hepatic lesion. The presence of HBeAg could be correlated with hepatic lesion, while HBeAc seems to determine some type of protection on those patients who have it in their sera.", "PMID": 89274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11520", "title": "Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease.", "content": "54 babies who had been solely breast-fed for more than 6 months, 77 babies who had been breast-fed for 2--6 months, and 105 babies who had been weaned to cow's-milk-based formulas at less than 2 months were followed for the first 3 years of life. All the babies had the same pattern of solid food intake until 1 year of age. Compared with formula feeding, prolonged breast-feeding resulted in a lower incidence of severe or obvious atopic disease particularly in babies with family history of atopy.", "contents": "Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. 54 babies who had been solely breast-fed for more than 6 months, 77 babies who had been breast-fed for 2--6 months, and 105 babies who had been weaned to cow's-milk-based formulas at less than 2 months were followed for the first 3 years of life. All the babies had the same pattern of solid food intake until 1 year of age. Compared with formula feeding, prolonged breast-feeding resulted in a lower incidence of severe or obvious atopic disease particularly in babies with family history of atopy.", "PMID": 89278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11521", "title": "Increase in leg blood-flow by normovolaemic haemodilution in intermittent claudication.", "content": "Normovolaemic haemodilution down to a packed-cell volume of 35% was done in 10 patients with stable intermittent claudication. For a mean reducation in the packed-cell volume of 21.5% there was a 170% increase in peak calf blood-flow and a 111% increase in haemoglobin delivery. 7 of the 10 patients reported an increased walking distance. Normovolaemic haemodilution may be of use in the management of some patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "Increase in leg blood-flow by normovolaemic haemodilution in intermittent claudication. Normovolaemic haemodilution down to a packed-cell volume of 35% was done in 10 patients with stable intermittent claudication. For a mean reducation in the packed-cell volume of 21.5% there was a 170% increase in peak calf blood-flow and a 111% increase in haemoglobin delivery. 7 of the 10 patients reported an increased walking distance. Normovolaemic haemodilution may be of use in the management of some patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "PMID": 89279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11522", "title": "Preoperative haemoglobin as predictor of outcome of diabetic amputations.", "content": "Simple factors which may serve as predictors of the success or failure of amputations in the feet were examined in 59 consecutive diabetics. Age, sex, method of diabetic control, smoling, presence of neuropathy or peripheral pulses, preoperative blood-urea, and temperature did not correlate with success of amuptations. The average preoperative white-cell count and blood-sugar were higher in the failure group (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05 respectively), but there was considerable overlap between the groups. By contrast, the preoperative haemoglobin level was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in patients whose amputations healed than in those with failure of healing, both at the digital and metatarsal or transmetatarsal levels; also, there was very little overlap in haemoglobin levels between the success and failure groups. All 18 amputations done in patients with a preoperative haemoglobin less than 12.0 g/dl were successful, whilst all 30 amputations in those with a preoperative level greater than 13.0 g/dl failed.", "contents": "Preoperative haemoglobin as predictor of outcome of diabetic amputations. Simple factors which may serve as predictors of the success or failure of amputations in the feet were examined in 59 consecutive diabetics. Age, sex, method of diabetic control, smoling, presence of neuropathy or peripheral pulses, preoperative blood-urea, and temperature did not correlate with success of amuptations. The average preoperative white-cell count and blood-sugar were higher in the failure group (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05 respectively), but there was considerable overlap between the groups. By contrast, the preoperative haemoglobin level was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in patients whose amputations healed than in those with failure of healing, both at the digital and metatarsal or transmetatarsal levels; also, there was very little overlap in haemoglobin levels between the success and failure groups. All 18 amputations done in patients with a preoperative haemoglobin less than 12.0 g/dl were successful, whilst all 30 amputations in those with a preoperative level greater than 13.0 g/dl failed.", "PMID": 89280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11523", "title": "\"Incessant ovulation\" and ovarian cancer.", "content": "A case-control study of 150 ovarian cancer patients under the age of 50 and individually matched controls was done to study the influence of fertility and oral contraceptive use on the risk of ovarian cancer. The risk decreased with increasing numbers of live births, with increasing numbers of incomplete pregnancies, and with the use of oral contraceptives. These three factors can be amalgamated into a single index of protection--\"protected time\"--by considering them all as periods of anovulation. The complement of protected time--viz., \"ovulatory age\", the period between menarche and diagnosis of ovarian cancer (or cessation of menses) minus \"protected time\"--was strongly related to risk of ovarian cancer. Other factors found to be associated with increased ovarian cancer risk were obesity, cervical polyps, and gallbladder disease. Women who had an \"immediate\" intolerance to oral contraceptive use had a fourfold increased risk of ovarian cancer. 7 patients, but no controls, could recall a family history of ovarian cancer.", "contents": "\"Incessant ovulation\" and ovarian cancer. A case-control study of 150 ovarian cancer patients under the age of 50 and individually matched controls was done to study the influence of fertility and oral contraceptive use on the risk of ovarian cancer. The risk decreased with increasing numbers of live births, with increasing numbers of incomplete pregnancies, and with the use of oral contraceptives. These three factors can be amalgamated into a single index of protection--\"protected time\"--by considering them all as periods of anovulation. The complement of protected time--viz., \"ovulatory age\", the period between menarche and diagnosis of ovarian cancer (or cessation of menses) minus \"protected time\"--was strongly related to risk of ovarian cancer. Other factors found to be associated with increased ovarian cancer risk were obesity, cervical polyps, and gallbladder disease. Women who had an \"immediate\" intolerance to oral contraceptive use had a fourfold increased risk of ovarian cancer. 7 patients, but no controls, could recall a family history of ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 89281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11524", "title": "Evidence for raised K-cell levels in type-I diabetes.", "content": "The proportion of blood mononuclear cells forming low-affinity rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (K cells) was abnormally high in 13 (57%) of 23 children with classical type-1 diabetes at diagnosis but normal in children who had had diabetes for more than a year. A raised proportion of K cells was also found in 5 out of 10 unaffected siblings with islet-cell antibodies and at least one HLA haplotype in common with the diabetic proband; and in 10 (45%) of 22 subjects with type-1 diabetes and co-existent autoimmune thyroid disease irrespective of the duration of diabetes or the presence of islet-cell antibodies. These findings may be new evidence for lymphocyte-mediated beta-cell destruction and support the idea of immunogenetic heterogeneity within type-1 diabetes.", "contents": "Evidence for raised K-cell levels in type-I diabetes. The proportion of blood mononuclear cells forming low-affinity rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (K cells) was abnormally high in 13 (57%) of 23 children with classical type-1 diabetes at diagnosis but normal in children who had had diabetes for more than a year. A raised proportion of K cells was also found in 5 out of 10 unaffected siblings with islet-cell antibodies and at least one HLA haplotype in common with the diabetic proband; and in 10 (45%) of 22 subjects with type-1 diabetes and co-existent autoimmune thyroid disease irrespective of the duration of diabetes or the presence of islet-cell antibodies. These findings may be new evidence for lymphocyte-mediated beta-cell destruction and support the idea of immunogenetic heterogeneity within type-1 diabetes.", "PMID": 89282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11525", "title": "Familial pseudohyperkalaemia. A new syndrome.", "content": "Inherited pseudohyperkalaemia due to an abnormal red-blood-cell potassium leak was discovered in 16 of 28 relatives of a woman with pseudohyperkalaemia. Autosomal dominance seemed to account for inheritance of this abnormality. Affected subjects were not anaemic and had normal in-vivo plasma-potassium concentrations.", "contents": "Familial pseudohyperkalaemia. A new syndrome. Inherited pseudohyperkalaemia due to an abnormal red-blood-cell potassium leak was discovered in 16 of 28 relatives of a woman with pseudohyperkalaemia. Autosomal dominance seemed to account for inheritance of this abnormality. Affected subjects were not anaemic and had normal in-vivo plasma-potassium concentrations.", "PMID": 89283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11526", "title": "Central-nervous-system defects in children born to mothers exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy.", "content": "In a two-year study of mothers of children with congenital central-nervous-system defects and their matched-pair controls, exposure to noxious influences during pregnancy was analysed. Information on exposure was gained by interviews with all the mothers, sometimes supplemented by visits to their places of work. Significantly more case-mothers than control-mothers had been exposed to organic solvents during the first trimester of pregnancy (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Central-nervous-system defects in children born to mothers exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy. In a two-year study of mothers of children with congenital central-nervous-system defects and their matched-pair controls, exposure to noxious influences during pregnancy was analysed. Information on exposure was gained by interviews with all the mothers, sometimes supplemented by visits to their places of work. Significantly more case-mothers than control-mothers had been exposed to organic solvents during the first trimester of pregnancy (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 89284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11527", "title": "Rehabilitation of the coronary patient.", "content": "52 out of 56 patients with myocardial infarction completed a 6-week rehabilitation programme. The exercise programme started on the second day of admission and continued during the patient's stay in hospital and for 6 weeks thereafter, with weekly attendances at the hospital. All the patients were assessed monthly by a coronary rehabilitation team. 77% of the patients went back to work in an average time of 9.5 weeks after onset of the infarction; 61% went to their original jobs and 16% had to modify their jobs. The approximate hospital cost per patient for the complete course was 11.33 pounds.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the coronary patient. 52 out of 56 patients with myocardial infarction completed a 6-week rehabilitation programme. The exercise programme started on the second day of admission and continued during the patient's stay in hospital and for 6 weeks thereafter, with weekly attendances at the hospital. All the patients were assessed monthly by a coronary rehabilitation team. 77% of the patients went back to work in an average time of 9.5 weeks after onset of the infarction; 61% went to their original jobs and 16% had to modify their jobs. The approximate hospital cost per patient for the complete course was 11.33 pounds.", "PMID": 89291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11528", "title": "Evidence of whooping-cough-vaccine efficacy from the 1978 whooping-cough epidemic in Hertfordshire.", "content": "The question of the efficacy of whooping-cough immunisation was central to the controversy that started in 1974. Definitive answers were not possible at the time because of the very low levels of whooping-cough in the preceding years and the absence of up-to-date information. The widespread abandonment of whooping-cough immunisation and the subsequent epidemic of whooping-cough have provided a natural epidemiological experiment. Figures from Hertfordshire in 1978 show that for children aged 4 years and under whooping-cough immunisation conferred 92% protection.", "contents": "Evidence of whooping-cough-vaccine efficacy from the 1978 whooping-cough epidemic in Hertfordshire. The question of the efficacy of whooping-cough immunisation was central to the controversy that started in 1974. Definitive answers were not possible at the time because of the very low levels of whooping-cough in the preceding years and the absence of up-to-date information. The widespread abandonment of whooping-cough immunisation and the subsequent epidemic of whooping-cough have provided a natural epidemiological experiment. Figures from Hertfordshire in 1978 show that for children aged 4 years and under whooping-cough immunisation conferred 92% protection.", "PMID": 89292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11529", "title": "Intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist as a contraceptive agent.", "content": "The stimulatory luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered intranasally once daily to twenty-seven regularly menstruating women to determine its efficacy as a contraceptive agent. Ovulation was inhibited during all but 2 of the 89 treatment months. The failures were due to initial technical problems with the nasal spray. Twenty-one of the twenty-seven women had slight menstrual-like anovulatory bleeds during the 3--6 month trial. The remaining six women were amenorrhoeic. Ovulatory menstrual cycles rapidly returned after discontinuation of treatment. There were no serious side-effects.", "contents": "Intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist as a contraceptive agent. The stimulatory luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was administered intranasally once daily to twenty-seven regularly menstruating women to determine its efficacy as a contraceptive agent. Ovulation was inhibited during all but 2 of the 89 treatment months. The failures were due to initial technical problems with the nasal spray. Twenty-one of the twenty-seven women had slight menstrual-like anovulatory bleeds during the 3--6 month trial. The remaining six women were amenorrhoeic. Ovulatory menstrual cycles rapidly returned after discontinuation of treatment. There were no serious side-effects.", "PMID": 89330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11530", "title": "Oesophageal lesions in northern Iran: a premalignant condition?", "content": "An endoscopic survey was undertaken in northern Iran to identify and determine the prevalence of possible precancerous lesions of the oesophagus. 218 men and 212 women, aged between 15 and 70 years, were included in the study. Oesophagoscopies were done on all 430 subjects and biopsies on 418. A chronic oesophagitis, involving mainly the middle and lower thirds of the oesophagus, was found in 80% of the subjects, and the frequency was very high even in the younger age-groups. Clinically and histologically the oesophagitis in this rural population was different from that observed in the low-risk areas of Europe and the United States, where oesophagitis is often associated with reflux. Dysplasia was diagnosed in 16 subjects and invasive carcinoma in 11. The very high prevalence of chronic oesophagitis in northern Iran, where a high incidence of oesophageal cancer has also been reported, suggests that these two lesions are associated.", "contents": "Oesophageal lesions in northern Iran: a premalignant condition? An endoscopic survey was undertaken in northern Iran to identify and determine the prevalence of possible precancerous lesions of the oesophagus. 218 men and 212 women, aged between 15 and 70 years, were included in the study. Oesophagoscopies were done on all 430 subjects and biopsies on 418. A chronic oesophagitis, involving mainly the middle and lower thirds of the oesophagus, was found in 80% of the subjects, and the frequency was very high even in the younger age-groups. Clinically and histologically the oesophagitis in this rural population was different from that observed in the low-risk areas of Europe and the United States, where oesophagitis is often associated with reflux. Dysplasia was diagnosed in 16 subjects and invasive carcinoma in 11. The very high prevalence of chronic oesophagitis in northern Iran, where a high incidence of oesophageal cancer has also been reported, suggests that these two lesions are associated.", "PMID": 89331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11531", "title": "Antigen-antibody system associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence.", "content": "Ten chimpanzees were infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis by inoculation of patient serum or serum from a chimpanzee previously inoculated with patient serum. Convalescent serum from one of them reacted, in indirect immunofluorescent tests, with some of the hepatocyte nuclei in sections of autologous liver biopsy specimens and specimens from eight of the other chimpanzees. Serum from a convalescent patient reacted in the same way. These positive sera did not react with liver sections from uninfected chimpanzees. No reaction with positive liver sections was given by serum from chimpanzees which were uninfected or had antibodies to hepatitis A or B antigens. These control results suggest that the antigen-antibody system detected has specificity for non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "contents": "Antigen-antibody system associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Ten chimpanzees were infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis by inoculation of patient serum or serum from a chimpanzee previously inoculated with patient serum. Convalescent serum from one of them reacted, in indirect immunofluorescent tests, with some of the hepatocyte nuclei in sections of autologous liver biopsy specimens and specimens from eight of the other chimpanzees. Serum from a convalescent patient reacted in the same way. These positive sera did not react with liver sections from uninfected chimpanzees. No reaction with positive liver sections was given by serum from chimpanzees which were uninfected or had antibodies to hepatitis A or B antigens. These control results suggest that the antigen-antibody system detected has specificity for non-A, non-B hepatitis.", "PMID": 89332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11532", "title": "Antithyroid-antibody activity in the snyovial fluid of patients with various arthritides.", "content": "Microsomal and thyroglobulin autoantibody activity has been detected in synovial fluid from 34 of 50 patients with various arthritides (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthrosis, and gout). Serum from only 4 of these patients showed thyroid-autoantibody activity, and the serum titres were considerably lower than the synovial-fluid titres. This suggests that thyroid autoantibody is produced locally in the joints of these patients.", "contents": "Antithyroid-antibody activity in the snyovial fluid of patients with various arthritides. Microsomal and thyroglobulin autoantibody activity has been detected in synovial fluid from 34 of 50 patients with various arthritides (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthrosis, and gout). Serum from only 4 of these patients showed thyroid-autoantibody activity, and the serum titres were considerably lower than the synovial-fluid titres. This suggests that thyroid autoantibody is produced locally in the joints of these patients.", "PMID": 89333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11533", "title": "Sequestration of staphylococci at an inaccessible focus.", "content": "The persistence of staphylococcal arthritis in a patient treated with nafcillin was attributed to intracellular sequestration of staphylococci. These intraphagocytic organisms were protected against bactericidal activity. The infection was cleared by rifampin--an agent which can penetrate leucocyte membranes. When clinical infections do not respond to seemingly adequate antimicrobial treatment, intracellular persistence of bacteria should be considered.", "contents": "Sequestration of staphylococci at an inaccessible focus. The persistence of staphylococcal arthritis in a patient treated with nafcillin was attributed to intracellular sequestration of staphylococci. These intraphagocytic organisms were protected against bactericidal activity. The infection was cleared by rifampin--an agent which can penetrate leucocyte membranes. When clinical infections do not respond to seemingly adequate antimicrobial treatment, intracellular persistence of bacteria should be considered.", "PMID": 89334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11534", "title": "Fatal aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure.", "content": "Two patients died after inhalation of gastric contents during general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Both had received antacid therapy before surgery and their stomachs contained large volumes of fluid. Failure to empty the stomach preoperatively may have been a major contributory cause of these deaths.", "contents": "Fatal aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure. Two patients died after inhalation of gastric contents during general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Both had received antacid therapy before surgery and their stomachs contained large volumes of fluid. Failure to empty the stomach preoperatively may have been a major contributory cause of these deaths.", "PMID": 89335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11535", "title": "Rapid-turnover transport proteins: an index of subclinical protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "The effect of protein and energy restriction on the plasma proteins, albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, haptoglobulins, and immunoglobulins, was studied in obese subjects. Plasma albumin and transferrins failed to respond to short-term restriction of either protein or energy. Prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, however, were very sensitive to changes in both dietary protein and energy and responded rapidly to refeeding. Prealbumin and retinol-binding protein could be used to detect subclinical malnutrition and monitor the effectiveness of dietary treatment.", "contents": "Rapid-turnover transport proteins: an index of subclinical protein-energy malnutrition. The effect of protein and energy restriction on the plasma proteins, albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, haptoglobulins, and immunoglobulins, was studied in obese subjects. Plasma albumin and transferrins failed to respond to short-term restriction of either protein or energy. Prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, however, were very sensitive to changes in both dietary protein and energy and responded rapidly to refeeding. Prealbumin and retinol-binding protein could be used to detect subclinical malnutrition and monitor the effectiveness of dietary treatment.", "PMID": 89336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11536", "title": "Observations on the adequacy of breast-feeding.", "content": "The faltering of growth which frequently occurs in babies at the age of about 3 months in developing countries is sometimes attributed to insufficient food or to increased exposure to infection. The adequacy of breast-milk as a sole source of food for the young infant is examined in relation to the calculated average requirements for protein and energy. It is concluded that breast milk will fail to cover the energy needs of many infants after about 3 months unless a regulatory mechanism permits infants with higher than average requirements to obtain larger amounts of milk.", "contents": "Observations on the adequacy of breast-feeding. The faltering of growth which frequently occurs in babies at the age of about 3 months in developing countries is sometimes attributed to insufficient food or to increased exposure to infection. The adequacy of breast-milk as a sole source of food for the young infant is examined in relation to the calculated average requirements for protein and energy. It is concluded that breast milk will fail to cover the energy needs of many infants after about 3 months unless a regulatory mechanism permits infants with higher than average requirements to obtain larger amounts of milk.", "PMID": 89342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11537", "title": "Changing pattern of schistosomiasis in Egypt 1935--79.", "content": "A village in the Nile surveyed for schistosomiasis by J. A. Scott in 1935 was surveyed again in 1979. The same number of people as in the 1935 survey were randomly selected for investigation by the same parasitological techniques as those used by Scott. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection had increased from 3.2% to 73%, whereas S. haematobium infection, which had been very common in 1935 (74%), had almost disappeared (2.2%). In the local district hospital since 1972 the percentage of urine specimens found to contain S. haematobium ova has dropped from 30 to 9%, while the percentage of stool specimens containing S. mansoni ova has increased from 2 to 22%. In the local irrigation canals snail intermediate hosts for S. mansoni have outnumbered those for S. haematobium by a factor of 5--40 in the past 7 years. Changes in the proportions of snail vectors appear to be related to construction of the Aswan High Dam and to changes in the water-flow patterns of the Nile. The change in the relative frequencies of the two infections had important public-health implications, since the hepatosplenic schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni is more difficult to treat and is associated with more morbidity and mortality than the urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium.", "contents": "Changing pattern of schistosomiasis in Egypt 1935--79. A village in the Nile surveyed for schistosomiasis by J. A. Scott in 1935 was surveyed again in 1979. The same number of people as in the 1935 survey were randomly selected for investigation by the same parasitological techniques as those used by Scott. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection had increased from 3.2% to 73%, whereas S. haematobium infection, which had been very common in 1935 (74%), had almost disappeared (2.2%). In the local district hospital since 1972 the percentage of urine specimens found to contain S. haematobium ova has dropped from 30 to 9%, while the percentage of stool specimens containing S. mansoni ova has increased from 2 to 22%. In the local irrigation canals snail intermediate hosts for S. mansoni have outnumbered those for S. haematobium by a factor of 5--40 in the past 7 years. Changes in the proportions of snail vectors appear to be related to construction of the Aswan High Dam and to changes in the water-flow patterns of the Nile. The change in the relative frequencies of the two infections had important public-health implications, since the hepatosplenic schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni is more difficult to treat and is associated with more morbidity and mortality than the urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium.", "PMID": 89343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11538", "title": "Cimetidine: interaction with oral anticoagulants in man.", "content": "In 6 patients anticoagulated with warfarin, nicoumalone, or phenindione the addition of cimetidine prolonged the prothrombin-time (PT) by a mean of 12.6 s (range 5--23 s). In 7 volunteers taking daily subtherapeutic doses of warfarin the addition of cimetidine increased the PT from 19.4 to 22.9 s and the plasma-warfarin concentration from 0.96 to 1.76 microgram/ml. Cimetidine reduced the single-dose clearance of warfarin and antipyrine. The basis of the interaction between cimetidine and oral anticoagulants is probably inhibition of drug metabolism. Care should be exercised in concomitant therapy.", "contents": "Cimetidine: interaction with oral anticoagulants in man. In 6 patients anticoagulated with warfarin, nicoumalone, or phenindione the addition of cimetidine prolonged the prothrombin-time (PT) by a mean of 12.6 s (range 5--23 s). In 7 volunteers taking daily subtherapeutic doses of warfarin the addition of cimetidine increased the PT from 19.4 to 22.9 s and the plasma-warfarin concentration from 0.96 to 1.76 microgram/ml. Cimetidine reduced the single-dose clearance of warfarin and antipyrine. The basis of the interaction between cimetidine and oral anticoagulants is probably inhibition of drug metabolism. Care should be exercised in concomitant therapy.", "PMID": 89387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11539", "title": "Cold pressor test in detection of coronary heart-disease and cardiomyopathy using technetium-99m gated blood-pool imaging.", "content": "50 normotensive subjects (22 controls with no cardiac disease, 24 patients with coronary heart-disease, and 4 with early cardiomyopathy) were investigated with gated cardiac blood-pool scintigraphy before and during cold pressor stimulation. The controls had no change or a significant rise (p less than 0.005) in left ventricular ejection fraction and preserved normal myocardial-wall motion, whereas patients with coronary-artery disease or cardiomyopathy had a significant fall (p less than 0.001) in left ventricular ejection fraction and many developed abnormal regional wall motion despite the absence of angina pectoris. Cold pressor gated cardiac blood-pool studies were more sensitive than single-lead exercise electrocardiography (p = 0.03) in the detection of patients with severe coronary-artery disease without previous myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Cold pressor test in detection of coronary heart-disease and cardiomyopathy using technetium-99m gated blood-pool imaging. 50 normotensive subjects (22 controls with no cardiac disease, 24 patients with coronary heart-disease, and 4 with early cardiomyopathy) were investigated with gated cardiac blood-pool scintigraphy before and during cold pressor stimulation. The controls had no change or a significant rise (p less than 0.005) in left ventricular ejection fraction and preserved normal myocardial-wall motion, whereas patients with coronary-artery disease or cardiomyopathy had a significant fall (p less than 0.001) in left ventricular ejection fraction and many developed abnormal regional wall motion despite the absence of angina pectoris. Cold pressor gated cardiac blood-pool studies were more sensitive than single-lead exercise electrocardiography (p = 0.03) in the detection of patients with severe coronary-artery disease without previous myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 89388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11540", "title": "Identification of a clinical isolate as Legionella pneumophila by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of cellular fatty acids.", "content": "Culture of a bronchial aspirate from an immunosuppressed patient with severe pneumonia yielded a growth of filamentous poorly staining gram-negative rods. Fluorescence with Legionella pneumophila direct fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugate was equivocal. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC/mass-spectrometry (GLC-MS) of the cellular fatty acids of the isolate confirmed that the organism was L. pneumophila. GLC and GLC-MS constitute a rapid and definitive method for identification of L. pneumophila isolates.", "contents": "Identification of a clinical isolate as Legionella pneumophila by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of cellular fatty acids. Culture of a bronchial aspirate from an immunosuppressed patient with severe pneumonia yielded a growth of filamentous poorly staining gram-negative rods. Fluorescence with Legionella pneumophila direct fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugate was equivocal. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC/mass-spectrometry (GLC-MS) of the cellular fatty acids of the isolate confirmed that the organism was L. pneumophila. GLC and GLC-MS constitute a rapid and definitive method for identification of L. pneumophila isolates.", "PMID": 89389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11541", "title": "Tolfenamic acid is as effective as ergotamine during migraine attacks.", "content": "Tolfenamic acid (a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis), ergotamine tartrate, acetylsalicylic acid, or placebo was administered during 160 migraine attacks in twenty women in a double-blind, cross-over study. Tolfenamic acid and ergotamine were equally effective in reducing the duration and intensity of attacks, but side-effects, especially nausea, were less common with tolfenamic acid. This probably accounted for the patients' preference for tolfenamic acid. The effectiveness of tolfenamic acid in acute migraine attacks accords with the postulated role of prostaglandins in migraine.", "contents": "Tolfenamic acid is as effective as ergotamine during migraine attacks. Tolfenamic acid (a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis), ergotamine tartrate, acetylsalicylic acid, or placebo was administered during 160 migraine attacks in twenty women in a double-blind, cross-over study. Tolfenamic acid and ergotamine were equally effective in reducing the duration and intensity of attacks, but side-effects, especially nausea, were less common with tolfenamic acid. This probably accounted for the patients' preference for tolfenamic acid. The effectiveness of tolfenamic acid in acute migraine attacks accords with the postulated role of prostaglandins in migraine.", "PMID": 89390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11542", "title": "Pulmonary haemorrhage and haemolytic anaemia due to trimellitic anhydride.", "content": "Two young men who had been exposed at work to epoxy resin powder containing trimellitic anhydride (TMA) presented with haemolytic anaemia and repeated haemoptyses. They did not return to work at the factory and the symptoms and the anaemia resolved spontaneously. Seven similar cases have lately been presented at meetings, so it seems that TMA, already known to cause respiratory syndromes such as asthma, can also lead to several extrapulmonary toxic effects, including haemoptyses and haemolytic anaemia. Studies on these patients' sera with TMA haptenised protein and cells pointed to an immunological mechanism.", "contents": "Pulmonary haemorrhage and haemolytic anaemia due to trimellitic anhydride. Two young men who had been exposed at work to epoxy resin powder containing trimellitic anhydride (TMA) presented with haemolytic anaemia and repeated haemoptyses. They did not return to work at the factory and the symptoms and the anaemia resolved spontaneously. Seven similar cases have lately been presented at meetings, so it seems that TMA, already known to cause respiratory syndromes such as asthma, can also lead to several extrapulmonary toxic effects, including haemoptyses and haemolytic anaemia. Studies on these patients' sera with TMA haptenised protein and cells pointed to an immunological mechanism.", "PMID": 89391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11543", "title": "Paraquat poisoning: significance of plasma-paraquat concentrations.", "content": "Plasma-paraquat concentrations were measured in 79 patients who had ingested liquid or granular weedkillers containing paraquat. At any given time after ingestion, the plasma-paraquat concentrations in the patients who died usually exceeded those in the survivors. It is suggested that measurement of plasma-paraquat concentrations is useful in assessing the severity and predicting the outcome of poisoning. Patients whose plasma concentrations do not exceed 2.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.16, and 0.1 mg/l at 4, 6, 10, 16, and 24 h respectively are likely to survive.", "contents": "Paraquat poisoning: significance of plasma-paraquat concentrations. Plasma-paraquat concentrations were measured in 79 patients who had ingested liquid or granular weedkillers containing paraquat. At any given time after ingestion, the plasma-paraquat concentrations in the patients who died usually exceeded those in the survivors. It is suggested that measurement of plasma-paraquat concentrations is useful in assessing the severity and predicting the outcome of poisoning. Patients whose plasma concentrations do not exceed 2.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.16, and 0.1 mg/l at 4, 6, 10, 16, and 24 h respectively are likely to survive.", "PMID": 89392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11544", "title": "Acromegaly and narcolepsy.", "content": "7 of 372 acromegalic patients had troublesome episodes of paroxysmal daytime sleep. Although 3 patients had complete remission of symptoms within a few days of pituitary implantation of isotopes, the cause of this increased frequency of narcolepsy among acromegalic patients is not known.", "contents": "Acromegaly and narcolepsy. 7 of 372 acromegalic patients had troublesome episodes of paroxysmal daytime sleep. Although 3 patients had complete remission of symptoms within a few days of pituitary implantation of isotopes, the cause of this increased frequency of narcolepsy among acromegalic patients is not known.", "PMID": 89393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11545", "title": "Identification of some infants at immediate risk of dying unexpectedly and justifying intensive study.", "content": "Children who die unexpectedly in infancy often have symptoms of illness before death. Survey data are used to evaluate risks associated with symptoms. There is a 1 in 50 chance of unexpected infant death occurring in the next 9 days when two or more symptoms occur in infants defined to be at high risk by a discriminant score. The score is based on data collected on all infants at birth and by health visitors at 1 month. This system would identify 50% of cot deaths and provides a basis for prospective physiological studies.", "contents": "Identification of some infants at immediate risk of dying unexpectedly and justifying intensive study. Children who die unexpectedly in infancy often have symptoms of illness before death. Survey data are used to evaluate risks associated with symptoms. There is a 1 in 50 chance of unexpected infant death occurring in the next 9 days when two or more symptoms occur in infants defined to be at high risk by a discriminant score. The score is based on data collected on all infants at birth and by health visitors at 1 month. This system would identify 50% of cot deaths and provides a basis for prospective physiological studies.", "PMID": 89401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11546", "title": "Huntington's chorea. The basis for long-term prevention.", "content": "A long-term programme to reduce the incidence of Huntington's Chorea has been established in South Wales, based on a study of all individuals known to be affected or at high risk in a defined population of 1.7 million people. Systematic but non-directive genetic counselling is being given to all adults at risk, accompanied by regular follow-up to provide both further information and practical support where required. The number of observed and projected new cases of the disorder born between 1900 and 1970 has remained almost constant, despite a progressive reduction in birth-rate in the general population during this period. Prospective monitoring of all births in the high-risk population will allow an estimate to be made of future trends and will show whether preventive measures are having any significant effect on the future incidence of the disorder in the population.", "contents": "Huntington's chorea. The basis for long-term prevention. A long-term programme to reduce the incidence of Huntington's Chorea has been established in South Wales, based on a study of all individuals known to be affected or at high risk in a defined population of 1.7 million people. Systematic but non-directive genetic counselling is being given to all adults at risk, accompanied by regular follow-up to provide both further information and practical support where required. The number of observed and projected new cases of the disorder born between 1900 and 1970 has remained almost constant, despite a progressive reduction in birth-rate in the general population during this period. Prospective monitoring of all births in the high-risk population will allow an estimate to be made of future trends and will show whether preventive measures are having any significant effect on the future incidence of the disorder in the population.", "PMID": 89402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11547", "title": "Prospective study of chlamydial infection in neonates.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the cervices of 4% (36/900) of pregnant women tested. 20 infants born through chlamydia-infected cervices were followed up for a year, as were 18 infants born to chlamydia-negative mothers. A statistically significant excess of conjunctivitis and pneumonia was found in infants exposed to chlamydia. The attack-rate for inclusion conjunctivitis was 35% (7/20) and for chlamydial pneumonia it was 20% (4/20). Chlamydiae were recovered from 10 of the 20 (50%) exposed infants, and seroconversion was demonstrated in 14 (70%). None of the 18 unexposed infants showed evidence of chlamydial infection. Thus in our clinic 2.8% of all newborns acquired chlamydial infection, with incidence-rates of 14 cases of conjunctivitis and 8 cases of pneumonia per 1000 live births. Neonatal chlamydial infection is thus a major public-health problem warranting a preventive programme based on the fuller provision of diagnostic services and the treatment of infected pregnant women.", "contents": "Prospective study of chlamydial infection in neonates. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the cervices of 4% (36/900) of pregnant women tested. 20 infants born through chlamydia-infected cervices were followed up for a year, as were 18 infants born to chlamydia-negative mothers. A statistically significant excess of conjunctivitis and pneumonia was found in infants exposed to chlamydia. The attack-rate for inclusion conjunctivitis was 35% (7/20) and for chlamydial pneumonia it was 20% (4/20). Chlamydiae were recovered from 10 of the 20 (50%) exposed infants, and seroconversion was demonstrated in 14 (70%). None of the 18 unexposed infants showed evidence of chlamydial infection. Thus in our clinic 2.8% of all newborns acquired chlamydial infection, with incidence-rates of 14 cases of conjunctivitis and 8 cases of pneumonia per 1000 live births. Neonatal chlamydial infection is thus a major public-health problem warranting a preventive programme based on the fuller provision of diagnostic services and the treatment of infected pregnant women.", "PMID": 89446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11548", "title": "Acupuncture in heroin addicts; changes in Met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "In heroin addicts showing features of heroin withdrawal basal beta-endorphin levels were elevated in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and did not change during electroacupuncture, although this therapy suppressed the clinical features of withdrawal. Met-enkephalin levels were not elevated in blood or CSF before treatment. However, successful electroacupuncture was associated with a rise in CSF met-enkephalin levels in all patients studied, although concentrations in blood did not alter.", "contents": "Acupuncture in heroin addicts; changes in Met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. In heroin addicts showing features of heroin withdrawal basal beta-endorphin levels were elevated in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and did not change during electroacupuncture, although this therapy suppressed the clinical features of withdrawal. Met-enkephalin levels were not elevated in blood or CSF before treatment. However, successful electroacupuncture was associated with a rise in CSF met-enkephalin levels in all patients studied, although concentrations in blood did not alter.", "PMID": 89447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11549", "title": "Mitral-annulus calcification and cerebral or retinal ischaemia.", "content": "Radiological and echocardiographic evidence of extensive mitral-annulus calcification was present in 8 patients (aged 64 to 78) from a series of 151 consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of retinal or cerebral ischaemia but in none of 188 controls matched for age and sex. The mitral-annulus calcification syndrome appears to be significantly associated with cerebral emboli, particularly in the elderly. Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive means of making the diagnosis and distinguishing the condition from others with similar physical signs.", "contents": "Mitral-annulus calcification and cerebral or retinal ischaemia. Radiological and echocardiographic evidence of extensive mitral-annulus calcification was present in 8 patients (aged 64 to 78) from a series of 151 consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of retinal or cerebral ischaemia but in none of 188 controls matched for age and sex. The mitral-annulus calcification syndrome appears to be significantly associated with cerebral emboli, particularly in the elderly. Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive means of making the diagnosis and distinguishing the condition from others with similar physical signs.", "PMID": 89448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11550", "title": "Value of new diagnostic aids in relation to the disease process in pancreatic cancer.", "content": "An assessment was made of the diagnostic value of six tests done on 28 patients who proved to have resectable and 45 patients who had non-resectable pancreatic cancer. Ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were the most sensitive tests for the diagnosis of resectable tumours. Ultrasonography was slightly, and cytology definitely, better for the diagnosis of resectable tumours than for the diagnosis of non-resectable tumours. Computerised tomography, angiography, and scintigraphy were not effective means of diagnosing resectable tumours. The differences in diagnostic sensitivities of the tests for resectable and non-resectable disease are probably due to variations in pathological features which influence not only the stage of presentation, but also the detectability of the tumour. As long as investigation is limited to patients with symptoms, a large proportion of tumours will not be diagnosed at a resectable stage. However, the results of this study suggest that the resectability rate may be maximised by the early use of ultrasonography in patients with symptoms suggesting cancer in the region of the head of the pancreas, and in patients with vague, non-specific complaints. A combination of ERCP and direct ductal aspiration for cytology is the best means of diagnosing resectable tumours.", "contents": "Value of new diagnostic aids in relation to the disease process in pancreatic cancer. An assessment was made of the diagnostic value of six tests done on 28 patients who proved to have resectable and 45 patients who had non-resectable pancreatic cancer. Ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were the most sensitive tests for the diagnosis of resectable tumours. Ultrasonography was slightly, and cytology definitely, better for the diagnosis of resectable tumours than for the diagnosis of non-resectable tumours. Computerised tomography, angiography, and scintigraphy were not effective means of diagnosing resectable tumours. The differences in diagnostic sensitivities of the tests for resectable and non-resectable disease are probably due to variations in pathological features which influence not only the stage of presentation, but also the detectability of the tumour. As long as investigation is limited to patients with symptoms, a large proportion of tumours will not be diagnosed at a resectable stage. However, the results of this study suggest that the resectability rate may be maximised by the early use of ultrasonography in patients with symptoms suggesting cancer in the region of the head of the pancreas, and in patients with vague, non-specific complaints. A combination of ERCP and direct ductal aspiration for cytology is the best means of diagnosing resectable tumours.", "PMID": 89449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11551", "title": "A new look at HLA genetics with particular reference to type-1 diabetes.", "content": "HLA genotypes were ascertained in 150 families with a diabetic child from the same geographical area. There was preferential zygotic assortment of the paternal HLA A1-B8 haplotype (63--65% compared with the expected 50%) in 69 diabetic families and 33 control families (pooled from elsewhere) who were informative for this haplotype. In diabetic families, the offspring also had an increased incidence of the maternal HLA A2-B15-Cw3 haplotype. Irrespective of which parent contributed the HLA A1-B8 haplotype, there was a significantly increased incidence of male children (63%) who inherited this particular haplotype. This probably explains the known excess of male diabetic children.", "contents": "A new look at HLA genetics with particular reference to type-1 diabetes. HLA genotypes were ascertained in 150 families with a diabetic child from the same geographical area. There was preferential zygotic assortment of the paternal HLA A1-B8 haplotype (63--65% compared with the expected 50%) in 69 diabetic families and 33 control families (pooled from elsewhere) who were informative for this haplotype. In diabetic families, the offspring also had an increased incidence of the maternal HLA A2-B15-Cw3 haplotype. Irrespective of which parent contributed the HLA A1-B8 haplotype, there was a significantly increased incidence of male children (63%) who inherited this particular haplotype. This probably explains the known excess of male diabetic children.", "PMID": 89450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11552", "title": "Thymidine sensitivity of cultured leukaemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured leukaemic lymphocytes from patients with T, null, or pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are shown to be highly sensitive to growth inhibition by thymidine. Thymidine sensitivity was correlated with reduced activity of the catabolic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase and sustained elevation of the deoxythymidine triphosphate pool after exposure to thymidine. It is suggested that thymidine may have a role in the management of certain acute lymphoblastic leukaemias of lymphomas.", "contents": "Thymidine sensitivity of cultured leukaemic lymphocytes. Cultured leukaemic lymphocytes from patients with T, null, or pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are shown to be highly sensitive to growth inhibition by thymidine. Thymidine sensitivity was correlated with reduced activity of the catabolic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase and sustained elevation of the deoxythymidine triphosphate pool after exposure to thymidine. It is suggested that thymidine may have a role in the management of certain acute lymphoblastic leukaemias of lymphomas.", "PMID": 89451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11553", "title": "Vitiligo patterns simulating autoimmune and rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Several variants of generalised vitiligo can be recognised by their cutaneous distribution. In some, certain anatomical regions--e.g., hands--are predominantly affected while the cutaneous depigmentation in other variants shows a similar anatomical distribution to that of the internal structures affected in some of the autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Five patients have been seen, and three described by others, with vitiligo affecting skin of eyelids and lower front of neck, reminiscent of the anatomical distribution of lesions in thyrotoxicosis with exophthalmos: two of these patients have thyrotoxicosis. Another variant of vitiligo mimicks the anatomical distribution of lesions in ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and ulcerative colitis and there are cases simulating lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It is suggested that the parts of the body affected in each vitiligo variant and its corresponding internal disease constitute a set os mosiac patches with distinctive shared characters. These may have morphogenetic functions during embryonic development and be potentially autoantigenic later in life.", "contents": "Vitiligo patterns simulating autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Several variants of generalised vitiligo can be recognised by their cutaneous distribution. In some, certain anatomical regions--e.g., hands--are predominantly affected while the cutaneous depigmentation in other variants shows a similar anatomical distribution to that of the internal structures affected in some of the autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Five patients have been seen, and three described by others, with vitiligo affecting skin of eyelids and lower front of neck, reminiscent of the anatomical distribution of lesions in thyrotoxicosis with exophthalmos: two of these patients have thyrotoxicosis. Another variant of vitiligo mimicks the anatomical distribution of lesions in ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and ulcerative colitis and there are cases simulating lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It is suggested that the parts of the body affected in each vitiligo variant and its corresponding internal disease constitute a set os mosiac patches with distinctive shared characters. These may have morphogenetic functions during embryonic development and be potentially autoantigenic later in life.", "PMID": 89452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11554", "title": "Drinking problems: putting the Third World on the map.", "content": "The extent of alcohol-related problems in developing countries is reviewed, and it shows that alcoholism has a serious impact in these countries. Moreover, the impact has special features, which are discussed. Suggestions for controlling alcoholism in the Third World are made.", "contents": "Drinking problems: putting the Third World on the map. The extent of alcohol-related problems in developing countries is reviewed, and it shows that alcoholism has a serious impact in these countries. Moreover, the impact has special features, which are discussed. Suggestions for controlling alcoholism in the Third World are made.", "PMID": 89458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11555", "title": "Oral glucose-tolerance tests and the diagnosis of diabetes: results of a prospective study based on the Whitehall survey.", "content": "Men who participated in the Whitehall survey and were found to be glucose intolerant have been studied 6--8 years later, together with a control group of men with normal screening blood-sugar levels. Ophthalmoscopically visible microvascular retinal disease was confined to men diagnosed as probably diabetic after the survey because their 2 h blood-sugar level (after a 50 g oral glucose load) in the survey examination or during a subsequent standard oral glucose-tolerance test was greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). The lowest blood-sugar in a \"diabetic\" subsequently found to have retinopathy was 229 mg/dl. Men with lesser degrees of glucose intolerance, including 34 who had \"worsened to diabetes\", did not have visible retinovascular disease at follow-up. If diabetes implies a risk of specific microvascular complications in the medium term, then the findings in this study support proposals for the revision of diagnostic criteria based on glucose-tolerance tests.", "contents": "Oral glucose-tolerance tests and the diagnosis of diabetes: results of a prospective study based on the Whitehall survey. Men who participated in the Whitehall survey and were found to be glucose intolerant have been studied 6--8 years later, together with a control group of men with normal screening blood-sugar levels. Ophthalmoscopically visible microvascular retinal disease was confined to men diagnosed as probably diabetic after the survey because their 2 h blood-sugar level (after a 50 g oral glucose load) in the survey examination or during a subsequent standard oral glucose-tolerance test was greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). The lowest blood-sugar in a \"diabetic\" subsequently found to have retinopathy was 229 mg/dl. Men with lesser degrees of glucose intolerance, including 34 who had \"worsened to diabetes\", did not have visible retinovascular disease at follow-up. If diabetes implies a risk of specific microvascular complications in the medium term, then the findings in this study support proposals for the revision of diagnostic criteria based on glucose-tolerance tests.", "PMID": 89497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11556", "title": "Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos.", "content": "Death from cardiovascular disease is rare among Eskimos. Haemostasis was investigated in twenty-one Greeland Eskimos and twenty-one age and sex matched Danish controls. Platelet lipid analysis demonstrated that a high consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as cis 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5]) by Eskimos increased the proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the platelets. The Eskimos had a significantly longer bleeding-time due to a reduction in platelet aggregation. It is suggested that C20:5 in the platelets is converted by the vascular-wall tissue to an anti-aggregatory prostacyclin. Partial dietary substitution of arachidonic acid by eicosapentaenoic acid may reduce the incidence of thrombotic disorders, including myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Death from cardiovascular disease is rare among Eskimos. Haemostasis was investigated in twenty-one Greeland Eskimos and twenty-one age and sex matched Danish controls. Platelet lipid analysis demonstrated that a high consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as cis 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5]) by Eskimos increased the proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the platelets. The Eskimos had a significantly longer bleeding-time due to a reduction in platelet aggregation. It is suggested that C20:5 in the platelets is converted by the vascular-wall tissue to an anti-aggregatory prostacyclin. Partial dietary substitution of arachidonic acid by eicosapentaenoic acid may reduce the incidence of thrombotic disorders, including myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 89498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11557", "title": "Prevention of chronic HBsAg carrier state in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers by hepatitis B immunoglobulin.", "content": "21 children of HBsAg-carrier mothers were given 0.5 ml/kg hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) within 48 h after birth and subsequently 0.16 ml/kg every month for 6 months; 20 children were not treated. None of the HBIg-treated children became HBsAg positive, compared with 5 of the untreated children (p less than 0.02). 2 of 3 children who were not started on HBIg until the fourth or fifth day after birth also became HBsAg positive. 4 children of mothers who had acute hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy were treated with HBIg and remained HBsAg negative, whereas another, untreated, child became HBsAg positive.", "contents": "Prevention of chronic HBsAg carrier state in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers by hepatitis B immunoglobulin. 21 children of HBsAg-carrier mothers were given 0.5 ml/kg hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) within 48 h after birth and subsequently 0.16 ml/kg every month for 6 months; 20 children were not treated. None of the HBIg-treated children became HBsAg positive, compared with 5 of the untreated children (p less than 0.02). 2 of 3 children who were not started on HBIg until the fourth or fifth day after birth also became HBsAg positive. 4 children of mothers who had acute hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy were treated with HBIg and remained HBsAg negative, whereas another, untreated, child became HBsAg positive.", "PMID": 89499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11558", "title": "Plasma-exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with myasthenia gravis underwent a course of plasma exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy. In fifteen there was dramatic clinical improvement which has been maintained for periods up to 19 months. Nine of these patients now take no anticholinesterase drugs. Six patients had a recurrence 3--9 months after the first course but in the three given a second course remissions were again obtained.", "contents": "Plasma-exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy in myasthenia gravis. Twenty-one patients with myasthenia gravis underwent a course of plasma exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy. In fifteen there was dramatic clinical improvement which has been maintained for periods up to 19 months. Nine of these patients now take no anticholinesterase drugs. Six patients had a recurrence 3--9 months after the first course but in the three given a second course remissions were again obtained.", "PMID": 89500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11559", "title": "HLA-DRW4 in 91% of Jewish pemphigus vulgaris patients.", "content": "HLA-DRW4 was found in all 11 female and 10 out of 12 male Jewish patients with pemphigus vulgaris, a frequency of 91% in all, which was significantly higher than the 25% frequency among normal Jewish controls. The relative risk was 31.5. The BW38-DRW4 haplotype occurred in 12 out of 22 patients (55%) but in only 2% of White non-Jews and 11% of normal Jewish people.", "contents": "HLA-DRW4 in 91% of Jewish pemphigus vulgaris patients. HLA-DRW4 was found in all 11 female and 10 out of 12 male Jewish patients with pemphigus vulgaris, a frequency of 91% in all, which was significantly higher than the 25% frequency among normal Jewish controls. The relative risk was 31.5. The BW38-DRW4 haplotype occurred in 12 out of 22 patients (55%) but in only 2% of White non-Jews and 11% of normal Jewish people.", "PMID": 89501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11560", "title": "Effect of irradiation on thyroid-autoantibody production.", "content": "Irradiated lymphocytes have been found to stimulate thyroid-autoantibody synthesis by lymphocyte cultures. It is proposed that a similar effect is involved in the increased autoimmune response which follows radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on thyroid-autoantibody production. Irradiated lymphocytes have been found to stimulate thyroid-autoantibody synthesis by lymphocyte cultures. It is proposed that a similar effect is involved in the increased autoimmune response which follows radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease.", "PMID": 89502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11561", "title": "New pathways of nitrogen excretion in inborn errors of urea synthesis.", "content": "The defect in nitrogen excretion in patients with inborn errors of urea synthesis can be controlled by exploiting the biosynthetic pathways of readily excretable non-urea metabolites which contain nitrogen derived from ammonium, alanine, glutamate, and glutamine. Two classes of such metabolites are the urea-cycle intermediates--including citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, and arginine--and the aminoacid acylation products--hippuric acid (the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid) and phenylactylglutamine (the glutamine conjugate of phenylactic acid). Thus the urea cycle may serve as a model for the development of excretion pathways of toxic precursors which accumulate in inborn errors of metabolism.", "contents": "New pathways of nitrogen excretion in inborn errors of urea synthesis. The defect in nitrogen excretion in patients with inborn errors of urea synthesis can be controlled by exploiting the biosynthetic pathways of readily excretable non-urea metabolites which contain nitrogen derived from ammonium, alanine, glutamate, and glutamine. Two classes of such metabolites are the urea-cycle intermediates--including citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, and arginine--and the aminoacid acylation products--hippuric acid (the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid) and phenylactylglutamine (the glutamine conjugate of phenylactic acid). Thus the urea cycle may serve as a model for the development of excretion pathways of toxic precursors which accumulate in inborn errors of metabolism.", "PMID": 89510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11562", "title": "Prevention and treatment of endometrial disease in climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy.", "content": "The treatment regimens are described in 74 patients with endometrial disease among 850 climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy. Cystic hyperplasia was associated with unopposed oestrogen therapy without progestagen. Two courses of 21 days of 5 mg norethisterone daily caused reversion to normal in all 57 cases of cystic hyperplasia and 6 of the 8 cases of atypical hyperplasia. 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma referred from elsewhere demonstrated the problems of inappropriate and unsupervised unopposed oestrogen therapy and the difficulty in distinguishing severe hyperplasia from malignancy. Cyclical low-dose oestrogen therapy with 7--13 days of progestagen does not seem to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma.", "contents": "Prevention and treatment of endometrial disease in climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy. The treatment regimens are described in 74 patients with endometrial disease among 850 climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy. Cystic hyperplasia was associated with unopposed oestrogen therapy without progestagen. Two courses of 21 days of 5 mg norethisterone daily caused reversion to normal in all 57 cases of cystic hyperplasia and 6 of the 8 cases of atypical hyperplasia. 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma referred from elsewhere demonstrated the problems of inappropriate and unsupervised unopposed oestrogen therapy and the difficulty in distinguishing severe hyperplasia from malignancy. Cyclical low-dose oestrogen therapy with 7--13 days of progestagen does not seem to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma.", "PMID": 89511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11563", "title": "Anticonvulsant drugs and cancer. A cohort study in patients with severe epilepsy.", "content": "Over 2000 epileptic patients admitted to the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy between 1931 and 1971 and taking anticonvulsants were followed up to the end of 1977. Mortality between 1951 and 1977 was greatly in excess of that in the general population of England and Wales in that period allowing for age and sex. Some of the excess was directly attributable to epilepsy, but there were also more deaths from suicide and circulatory, respiratory, and malignant disease than would be expected. Apart from the brain and central nervous system, no particular site had a significant excess of tumours. In particular, there were no liver tumours (and only one gallbladder carcinoma). This makes it unlikely that the liver tumours produced on feeding phenobarbitone to mice are indicators of major human risk.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant drugs and cancer. A cohort study in patients with severe epilepsy. Over 2000 epileptic patients admitted to the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy between 1931 and 1971 and taking anticonvulsants were followed up to the end of 1977. Mortality between 1951 and 1977 was greatly in excess of that in the general population of England and Wales in that period allowing for age and sex. Some of the excess was directly attributable to epilepsy, but there were also more deaths from suicide and circulatory, respiratory, and malignant disease than would be expected. Apart from the brain and central nervous system, no particular site had a significant excess of tumours. In particular, there were no liver tumours (and only one gallbladder carcinoma). This makes it unlikely that the liver tumours produced on feeding phenobarbitone to mice are indicators of major human risk.", "PMID": 89512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11564", "title": "Biochemical prediction of gallstones early in an attack of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were measured during 122 attacks of acute pancreatitis in 114 patients, on the day of admission to hospital and 2 days after admission. Concentrations in 74 attacks associated with gallstones were compared with concentrations in 31 attacks in which no stones were found. 24 attacks were severe by clinical criteria. On the day of admission plasma GOT concentrations of more than 60 IU/l were found in 88% of attacks associated with gallstones, but in no attacks without gallstones. Plasma concentrations of more than 25 mumol/l bilirubin and more than 14 King-Armstrong units AP were found in 62% and 66% respectively, of attacks associated with gallstones, and 5% and 10%, respectively, of attacks without stones. In attacks associated with gallstones plasma concentrations of GOT and bilirubin usually fell over the first 48 h of admission. No correlation was observed between these biochemical values and the severity of the attack. In the absence of a history of excessive alcohol consumption, increases in plasma GOT on the day of admission to hospital suggest that gallstones are responsible for the pancreatitis.", "contents": "Biochemical prediction of gallstones early in an attack of acute pancreatitis. Plasma concentrations of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were measured during 122 attacks of acute pancreatitis in 114 patients, on the day of admission to hospital and 2 days after admission. Concentrations in 74 attacks associated with gallstones were compared with concentrations in 31 attacks in which no stones were found. 24 attacks were severe by clinical criteria. On the day of admission plasma GOT concentrations of more than 60 IU/l were found in 88% of attacks associated with gallstones, but in no attacks without gallstones. Plasma concentrations of more than 25 mumol/l bilirubin and more than 14 King-Armstrong units AP were found in 62% and 66% respectively, of attacks associated with gallstones, and 5% and 10%, respectively, of attacks without stones. In attacks associated with gallstones plasma concentrations of GOT and bilirubin usually fell over the first 48 h of admission. No correlation was observed between these biochemical values and the severity of the attack. In the absence of a history of excessive alcohol consumption, increases in plasma GOT on the day of admission to hospital suggest that gallstones are responsible for the pancreatitis.", "PMID": 89554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11565", "title": "Detection of cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes with plasma.", "content": "Evidence is accumulating which indicates that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis interferes with the formation of recognition markers on hydrolytic enzymes. As a result these hydrolases leak into the extracellular space and some of them display abnormal thermolabilities. By heat inactivation of plasma alpha-mannosidase at 41 degrees C and plasma phosphatase at 36.5 degrees C, both enzymes being assayed at pH 5.4, it is possible to differentiate normal people from cystic fibrosis carriers and patients.", "contents": "Detection of cystic fibrosis homozygotes and heterozygotes with plasma. Evidence is accumulating which indicates that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis interferes with the formation of recognition markers on hydrolytic enzymes. As a result these hydrolases leak into the extracellular space and some of them display abnormal thermolabilities. By heat inactivation of plasma alpha-mannosidase at 41 degrees C and plasma phosphatase at 36.5 degrees C, both enzymes being assayed at pH 5.4, it is possible to differentiate normal people from cystic fibrosis carriers and patients.", "PMID": 89555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11566", "title": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant Asian women and their babies.", "content": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) was measured in cord blood taken at delivery and in fasting blood taken from 44 Asian mothers in the first day of the puerperium. Blood was taken from the baby 48 h after delivery. Cord-blood samples were also taken at 43 non-Asian deliveries. Plasma 25-OHD concentrations in Asians were low at delivery; in 81% of the mothers and 36% of the babies plasma 25-OHD was in the osteomalacic range. Asian lower than concentrations in non-Asian controls. 4 Asian babies had vraniotabes and 1 had neonatal tetany. 1 non-Asian baby had craniotabes. A review of 3327 deliveries in 1978 confirmed that neonatal tetany was significantly more common in Asian babies (2.3%) than in non-Asian babies (0.3%). In 44 other Asian mothers supplements of 1000 units of vitamin D daily during pregnancy significantly increased plasma-25-OHD concentrations at delivery.", "contents": "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant Asian women and their babies. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) was measured in cord blood taken at delivery and in fasting blood taken from 44 Asian mothers in the first day of the puerperium. Blood was taken from the baby 48 h after delivery. Cord-blood samples were also taken at 43 non-Asian deliveries. Plasma 25-OHD concentrations in Asians were low at delivery; in 81% of the mothers and 36% of the babies plasma 25-OHD was in the osteomalacic range. Asian lower than concentrations in non-Asian controls. 4 Asian babies had vraniotabes and 1 had neonatal tetany. 1 non-Asian baby had craniotabes. A review of 3327 deliveries in 1978 confirmed that neonatal tetany was significantly more common in Asian babies (2.3%) than in non-Asian babies (0.3%). In 44 other Asian mothers supplements of 1000 units of vitamin D daily during pregnancy significantly increased plasma-25-OHD concentrations at delivery.", "PMID": 89556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11567", "title": "Incidence of myeloid leukaemia in Lancashire.", "content": "Identification of a \"cluster\" of cases of acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic myeloproliferative disorders in Lytham St. Annes, Lancashire, prompted an analysis of the incidence of myeloid leukaemias in Lancashire (excluding Ormskirk Health District), as recorded by the Manchester Cancer Registry. Although statistically there was no significant difference in the trend of incidence between the whole former borough of Lytham St. Annes and the other districts studied, the reported incidence of these diseases in the area as a whole had almost doubled, and in two districts nearly trebled, between two consecutive 6 year periods, beginning in 1965. This represents a substantially larger increase than mortality data suggests has occurred nationally in the same period, and is unlikely to be due solely to more accurate diagnosis or reporting.", "contents": "Incidence of myeloid leukaemia in Lancashire. Identification of a \"cluster\" of cases of acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic myeloproliferative disorders in Lytham St. Annes, Lancashire, prompted an analysis of the incidence of myeloid leukaemias in Lancashire (excluding Ormskirk Health District), as recorded by the Manchester Cancer Registry. Although statistically there was no significant difference in the trend of incidence between the whole former borough of Lytham St. Annes and the other districts studied, the reported incidence of these diseases in the area as a whole had almost doubled, and in two districts nearly trebled, between two consecutive 6 year periods, beginning in 1965. This represents a substantially larger increase than mortality data suggests has occurred nationally in the same period, and is unlikely to be due solely to more accurate diagnosis or reporting.", "PMID": 89557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11568", "title": "Clonidine in Tourette's syndrome.", "content": "Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by changing motor and phonic tics, compulsive actions, and other behavioural symptoms. Small doses of clonidine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, improves the condition in some children unresponsive to haloperidol. Clonidine presumably acts by inhibiting central noradrenergic function. Metabolic and clinical findings suggest the involvement of monoamines, including noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, in TS.", "contents": "Clonidine in Tourette's syndrome. Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by changing motor and phonic tics, compulsive actions, and other behavioural symptoms. Small doses of clonidine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, improves the condition in some children unresponsive to haloperidol. Clonidine presumably acts by inhibiting central noradrenergic function. Metabolic and clinical findings suggest the involvement of monoamines, including noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, in TS.", "PMID": 89558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11569", "title": "Blindness and paraplegia in severe childhood hypertension.", "content": "3 children with severe renal hypertension and bilateral infarction of the optic nerves are described. 1 patient also had a transverse myelopathy. Such complications may perhaps be prevented by earlier detection of hypertension and gradual reduction of blood-pressure.", "contents": "Blindness and paraplegia in severe childhood hypertension. 3 children with severe renal hypertension and bilateral infarction of the optic nerves are described. 1 patient also had a transverse myelopathy. Such complications may perhaps be prevented by earlier detection of hypertension and gradual reduction of blood-pressure.", "PMID": 89559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11570", "title": "Duct obstruction with an acrylate glue for treatment of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.", "content": "Six patients have been treated for chronic alcoholic pancreatitis by total obstruction of the pancreatic duct. In each instance the pancreatic duct was of near normal calibre, and any other procedure would have involved pancreatic resection. There has been little morbidity, and three of six cases have had complete pain relief.", "contents": "Duct obstruction with an acrylate glue for treatment of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Six patients have been treated for chronic alcoholic pancreatitis by total obstruction of the pancreatic duct. In each instance the pancreatic duct was of near normal calibre, and any other procedure would have involved pancreatic resection. There has been little morbidity, and three of six cases have had complete pain relief.", "PMID": 89560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11571", "title": "Improving the long-term outlook in bacterial meningitis.", "content": "In bacterial and tuberculous meningitis the supply of glucose to the brain seems to be inadequate for its demands which are increased as a consequence of increased cerebral glycolysis. Treatment of patients with glucose infusions to restore cerebrospinal-fluid glucose to normal is therefore indicated.", "contents": "Improving the long-term outlook in bacterial meningitis. In bacterial and tuberculous meningitis the supply of glucose to the brain seems to be inadequate for its demands which are increased as a consequence of increased cerebral glycolysis. Treatment of patients with glucose infusions to restore cerebrospinal-fluid glucose to normal is therefore indicated.", "PMID": 89561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11572", "title": "Anorexia nervosa in males.", "content": "Five cases of anorexia nervosa in males aged 13--23 years are described. Four patients presented to a general medical outpatient clinic with emaciation, and the fifth was diagnosed retrospectively. Sinus bradycardia was a useful pointer to the diagnosis, which was confirmed by the finding of characteristic psychopathological features of a relentless \"pursuit of thinness\", along with a fear of becoming obese.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa in males. Five cases of anorexia nervosa in males aged 13--23 years are described. Four patients presented to a general medical outpatient clinic with emaciation, and the fifth was diagnosed retrospectively. Sinus bradycardia was a useful pointer to the diagnosis, which was confirmed by the finding of characteristic psychopathological features of a relentless \"pursuit of thinness\", along with a fear of becoming obese.", "PMID": 89570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11573", "title": "Shelf-life of citric acid-toluidine blue O-SO2 and its influence on Feulgen staining.", "content": "The paper reports on the preparation of a dye-SO2 reagent employing a Schiff-type dye, toluidine blue O. The method is to replace 5 ml of N HCl per 100 ml of the dye solution by citric acid. The usual potassium metabisulphite is then added. The pH of this new modified dye-SO2 reagent is 2.5 as against 1.6 for the hydrochloric acid-toluidine blue O-SO2. The shelf-life of this newly developed dye-SO2 reagent is four weeks with appreciable reduction of staining intensity after this period as compared with that of a freshly prepared dye-reagent with N HCl. A possible interpretation for the observed phenomenon has been suggested.", "contents": "Shelf-life of citric acid-toluidine blue O-SO2 and its influence on Feulgen staining. The paper reports on the preparation of a dye-SO2 reagent employing a Schiff-type dye, toluidine blue O. The method is to replace 5 ml of N HCl per 100 ml of the dye solution by citric acid. The usual potassium metabisulphite is then added. The pH of this new modified dye-SO2 reagent is 2.5 as against 1.6 for the hydrochloric acid-toluidine blue O-SO2. The shelf-life of this newly developed dye-SO2 reagent is four weeks with appreciable reduction of staining intensity after this period as compared with that of a freshly prepared dye-reagent with N HCl. A possible interpretation for the observed phenomenon has been suggested.", "PMID": 89614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11574", "title": "Detection of DNA in mammalian tissues following removal of RNA with cold phosphoric acid.", "content": "The paper deals with the staining of nuclei in mammalian tissue sections with night blue, belonging to diphenylnaphthylmethane group and is devoid of any primary amino group in its molecules but is provided with a secondary amino group and tertiary amino groups. Staining of the DNA-phosphate groups with an aqueous solution of night blue depends upon selective removal of RNA from formalin-fixed mammalian tissues by the use of cold concentrated phosphoric acid for 20 min or 75% phosphoric acid in the cold for 2 h. Moreover, sections from which RNA has been extracted can be hydrolysed in 6N HCl at room temperature for 15 min and then can be stained with the aqueous solution of the dye. Sections of tissues after only acid hydrolysis and staining also reveal very satisfactory staining of the nuclei. Possible mechanism of staining has been suggested.", "contents": "Detection of DNA in mammalian tissues following removal of RNA with cold phosphoric acid. The paper deals with the staining of nuclei in mammalian tissue sections with night blue, belonging to diphenylnaphthylmethane group and is devoid of any primary amino group in its molecules but is provided with a secondary amino group and tertiary amino groups. Staining of the DNA-phosphate groups with an aqueous solution of night blue depends upon selective removal of RNA from formalin-fixed mammalian tissues by the use of cold concentrated phosphoric acid for 20 min or 75% phosphoric acid in the cold for 2 h. Moreover, sections from which RNA has been extracted can be hydrolysed in 6N HCl at room temperature for 15 min and then can be stained with the aqueous solution of the dye. Sections of tissues after only acid hydrolysis and staining also reveal very satisfactory staining of the nuclei. Possible mechanism of staining has been suggested.", "PMID": 89615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11575", "title": "Fixation of mammalian tissues in different fixatives and its influence on the staining with methyl green-pyronin.", "content": "This investigation is a study on the role of fixation of different mammalian tissues in different fixatives as well as in 10% neutral formalin containing different metal cations and its effect on the staining with the dye-mixture, methyl green-pyronin. The results indicate variation in the colour of the nuclei in tissues fixed in the different fixatives. The possible role of the fixatives on nuclear colouration has been discussed.", "contents": "Fixation of mammalian tissues in different fixatives and its influence on the staining with methyl green-pyronin. This investigation is a study on the role of fixation of different mammalian tissues in different fixatives as well as in 10% neutral formalin containing different metal cations and its effect on the staining with the dye-mixture, methyl green-pyronin. The results indicate variation in the colour of the nuclei in tissues fixed in the different fixatives. The possible role of the fixatives on nuclear colouration has been discussed.", "PMID": 89616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11576", "title": "Independent learning packages (audio tape/pamphlet) for a course in cell excitation: evidence that they can be at least as effective as conventional lectures.", "content": "Three tape/pamphlet independent learning packages have been constructed to serve the same learning objectives as three conventional lectures on the physiology of the nerve axon. The learning efficacy of each package was compared with that of its companion lecture with the co-operation of fifty first-year medical students in a controlled experiment. The packages were at least as effective as the lectures in generating both short- and long-term attainment of their intrinsic learning objectives. The findings are discussed in relation to learning efficacy, student study time, student acceptability, package preparation time and costing.", "contents": "Independent learning packages (audio tape/pamphlet) for a course in cell excitation: evidence that they can be at least as effective as conventional lectures. Three tape/pamphlet independent learning packages have been constructed to serve the same learning objectives as three conventional lectures on the physiology of the nerve axon. The learning efficacy of each package was compared with that of its companion lecture with the co-operation of fifty first-year medical students in a controlled experiment. The packages were at least as effective as the lectures in generating both short- and long-term attainment of their intrinsic learning objectives. The findings are discussed in relation to learning efficacy, student study time, student acceptability, package preparation time and costing.", "PMID": 89619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11577", "title": "[Studies on human immunoglobulin preparations: I. Viral antibody profiles (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was undertaken to assess the viral antibody spectrum in human immunoglobulin preparations from four different manufacturers for intravenous and/or intramuscular application. Studies of the kind seem to be reasonable for calculating the expected therapeutic effect of the administered immunoglobulin. The investigated 16 gammaglobulin batches showed almost the same variety of viral antibodies and only slightly differring antibody titers. It is interesting to note, that antibodies to vaccinia virus could not be demonstrated. Quantitative determination of viral antibody titers in immunoglobulin preparations for standardization purposes should include the testing of antibodies to viruses against which a therapy with gammaglobulins is reasonable.", "contents": "[Studies on human immunoglobulin preparations: I. Viral antibody profiles (author's transl)]. A study was undertaken to assess the viral antibody spectrum in human immunoglobulin preparations from four different manufacturers for intravenous and/or intramuscular application. Studies of the kind seem to be reasonable for calculating the expected therapeutic effect of the administered immunoglobulin. The investigated 16 gammaglobulin batches showed almost the same variety of viral antibodies and only slightly differring antibody titers. It is interesting to note, that antibodies to vaccinia virus could not be demonstrated. Quantitative determination of viral antibody titers in immunoglobulin preparations for standardization purposes should include the testing of antibodies to viruses against which a therapy with gammaglobulins is reasonable.", "PMID": 89620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11578", "title": "[Studies on human immunoglobulin preparations: II. Purity and composition (author's transl)].", "content": "16 human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous and/or intramuscular use of 4 different manufacturers were tested with regard to their purity and composition. Anticomplementary activity was detected in preparations for i.m. application, but surprisingly also in some preparations for intravenous use, a fact which may possibly cause allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Besides IgG, which accounted for the main part of the protein content, small amounts of IgA, IgD, and IgM were found. IgE was detected in every batch studied. Some contained IgE-concentrations, usually seen in atopic persons.", "contents": "[Studies on human immunoglobulin preparations: II. Purity and composition (author's transl)]. 16 human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous and/or intramuscular use of 4 different manufacturers were tested with regard to their purity and composition. Anticomplementary activity was detected in preparations for i.m. application, but surprisingly also in some preparations for intravenous use, a fact which may possibly cause allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Besides IgG, which accounted for the main part of the protein content, small amounts of IgA, IgD, and IgM were found. IgE was detected in every batch studied. Some contained IgE-concentrations, usually seen in atopic persons.", "PMID": 89621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11579", "title": "Simulation and prevention of retrovirus--specific reactions by mycoplasmas.", "content": "From human mycosis fungoides tumor-derived cell lines, Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated. This mycoplasma shared the following characteristics with retroviruses: uptake of 3H-uridine, but not of 3H-thymidine in cell culture; banding at 1.16 g/ml sucrose density and partial shift to retrovirus core density position (approximately equal to 1.24 g/ml) after detergent treatment; incorporation of 3H-TMP into high molecular weight material in standard reverse transcriptase assays with the template-primer poly (A) . (dT)12. On the other hand, the specific reverse transcriptase reaction of retroviruses with poly(A) . (dT)12 and poly(C) . (dG) approximately 16 was almost completely abolished in the presence of the mycoplasma. Thus, M. hyorhinis may interfere with identification and isolation procedures for retroviruses.", "contents": "Simulation and prevention of retrovirus--specific reactions by mycoplasmas. From human mycosis fungoides tumor-derived cell lines, Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated. This mycoplasma shared the following characteristics with retroviruses: uptake of 3H-uridine, but not of 3H-thymidine in cell culture; banding at 1.16 g/ml sucrose density and partial shift to retrovirus core density position (approximately equal to 1.24 g/ml) after detergent treatment; incorporation of 3H-TMP into high molecular weight material in standard reverse transcriptase assays with the template-primer poly (A) . (dT)12. On the other hand, the specific reverse transcriptase reaction of retroviruses with poly(A) . (dT)12 and poly(C) . (dG) approximately 16 was almost completely abolished in the presence of the mycoplasma. Thus, M. hyorhinis may interfere with identification and isolation procedures for retroviruses.", "PMID": 89623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11580", "title": "Cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine combination therapy of testicular tumors: an analysis.", "content": "A combination regimen consisting of cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine was evaluated in 86 patients with metastatic testicular tumors. Prior therapy included surgical resection of primary tumor (84 patients), radiotheapy (21 patients), chemotherapy (33 patients). Thirteen patients received prior bleomycin and vincristine or vinblastine. Of 80 evaluable patients 51 achieved complete response (CR) and 26 achieved partial response (PR), for an overall response rate 96.5%. There was no significant difference in response rates or survival with respect to prior therapy, sites of metastatic lesions, and tumor histology. The median survival time was not reached in an observation period of 44+ months. Sixty patients were alive 11+--44+ months, and 57 of these were free of disease. Thirty-two of the 60 patients (53%) had a survival time greater than 20 months. Toxicities included nephrotoxicity (18 patients) leukopenia, (69 patients), thrombocytopenia (nine patients), and anemia (56 patients). Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity was fatal in one patient. Other toxicities included nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, fever, alopecia, and neurological effects.", "contents": "Cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine combination therapy of testicular tumors: an analysis. A combination regimen consisting of cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine was evaluated in 86 patients with metastatic testicular tumors. Prior therapy included surgical resection of primary tumor (84 patients), radiotheapy (21 patients), chemotherapy (33 patients). Thirteen patients received prior bleomycin and vincristine or vinblastine. Of 80 evaluable patients 51 achieved complete response (CR) and 26 achieved partial response (PR), for an overall response rate 96.5%. There was no significant difference in response rates or survival with respect to prior therapy, sites of metastatic lesions, and tumor histology. The median survival time was not reached in an observation period of 44+ months. Sixty patients were alive 11+--44+ months, and 57 of these were free of disease. Thirty-two of the 60 patients (53%) had a survival time greater than 20 months. Toxicities included nephrotoxicity (18 patients) leukopenia, (69 patients), thrombocytopenia (nine patients), and anemia (56 patients). Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity was fatal in one patient. Other toxicities included nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, fever, alopecia, and neurological effects.", "PMID": 89624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11581", "title": "[Congenital analgesia. Third communication: the onset of pain sensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital analgesia in a girl is reported for the third time. The most prominent symptom in the prepubertal child is that pain is now perceived over the entire body. Training normal perception of pain proceeded by stages. It can be established subjectively and by objective investigations. The physiology of analgesia and its probable pathomechanism are discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital analgesia. Third communication: the onset of pain sensitivity (author's transl)]. Congenital analgesia in a girl is reported for the third time. The most prominent symptom in the prepubertal child is that pain is now perceived over the entire body. Training normal perception of pain proceeded by stages. It can be established subjectively and by objective investigations. The physiology of analgesia and its probable pathomechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 89628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11582", "title": "[Methodological hints on the gas chromatographic determination of kelevan and kepone in potatoes, potato foliage and soil].", "content": "The gas chromatographic determination of Kelevan, an ethyllaevulinic acid derivative of Kepone, requires its conversion to Kepone. Thermal decomposition in the injection block of the gas chromatograph at 45 degrees C. has proved to be well suited for routine work. The sample is extracted with acetonitrile; the extract is purified and concentrated under reduced pressure. The separation of Kelevan from Kepone already metabolically produced is possible by column chromatography (silica gel; elution with benzene and 5% acetone in benzene). The determination of pre-existent Kepone and of Kelevan (after thermal conversion to Kepone) was achieved by means of a Pye-Unicam gas chromatograph. The limits of detection are 0.002 p.p.m. for Kepone, and 0.003 p.p.m. for Kelevan. The recovery of Kelevan and Kepone added to control samples (for every 10 determinations with different amounts added to potatoes, potato foliage and soil samples) ranges from 63 to 88%; the standard derivation, from +/- 1.7 to 7.3%.", "contents": "[Methodological hints on the gas chromatographic determination of kelevan and kepone in potatoes, potato foliage and soil]. The gas chromatographic determination of Kelevan, an ethyllaevulinic acid derivative of Kepone, requires its conversion to Kepone. Thermal decomposition in the injection block of the gas chromatograph at 45 degrees C. has proved to be well suited for routine work. The sample is extracted with acetonitrile; the extract is purified and concentrated under reduced pressure. The separation of Kelevan from Kepone already metabolically produced is possible by column chromatography (silica gel; elution with benzene and 5% acetone in benzene). The determination of pre-existent Kepone and of Kelevan (after thermal conversion to Kepone) was achieved by means of a Pye-Unicam gas chromatograph. The limits of detection are 0.002 p.p.m. for Kepone, and 0.003 p.p.m. for Kelevan. The recovery of Kelevan and Kepone added to control samples (for every 10 determinations with different amounts added to potatoes, potato foliage and soil samples) ranges from 63 to 88%; the standard derivation, from +/- 1.7 to 7.3%.", "PMID": 89629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11583", "title": "CEA-like antigens in different histologic types of human lung carcinoma.", "content": "Comparative studies on the presence and immunological reactivity of CEA and CEA-like antigens in lung and digestive tract cancers were performed. Specific goat and rabbit anti-CEA immune sera were used. Immunofluorescence studies revealed in histologically different types of the lung carcinomas the presence of the cross reacting antigen with classical CEA. Absorption procedures, and double diffusion tests have shown the existence of two at least antigenic determinants in CEA molecule: 1. the determinant specific for the lower parts of the digestive tract cancers not found in the lung carcinomas, and 2. the determinant common for the lung, and the digestive tract cancers.", "contents": "CEA-like antigens in different histologic types of human lung carcinoma. Comparative studies on the presence and immunological reactivity of CEA and CEA-like antigens in lung and digestive tract cancers were performed. Specific goat and rabbit anti-CEA immune sera were used. Immunofluorescence studies revealed in histologically different types of the lung carcinomas the presence of the cross reacting antigen with classical CEA. Absorption procedures, and double diffusion tests have shown the existence of two at least antigenic determinants in CEA molecule: 1. the determinant specific for the lower parts of the digestive tract cancers not found in the lung carcinomas, and 2. the determinant common for the lung, and the digestive tract cancers.", "PMID": 89630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11584", "title": "Carcinomas of the liver in rats ingesting kepone.", "content": "Young male and female albino rats ingested 0, 1, 5, 10 or 25 ppm Kepone, an organochlorine pesticide, in the diet for two years. Carcinomas of the liver, as well as hyperplastic nodules and moderate and severe diffuse hyperplasia were observed in Kepone-treated rats. Such hepatic lesions were not seen in control rats. Female rats ingesting Kepone were more susceptible than male rats to hepatic carcinogenesis. Rats ingesting 50 or 80 ppm Kepone developed severe diffuse hepatic hyperplasia and did not survive beyond 26 weeks.", "contents": "Carcinomas of the liver in rats ingesting kepone. Young male and female albino rats ingested 0, 1, 5, 10 or 25 ppm Kepone, an organochlorine pesticide, in the diet for two years. Carcinomas of the liver, as well as hyperplastic nodules and moderate and severe diffuse hyperplasia were observed in Kepone-treated rats. Such hepatic lesions were not seen in control rats. Female rats ingesting Kepone were more susceptible than male rats to hepatic carcinogenesis. Rats ingesting 50 or 80 ppm Kepone developed severe diffuse hepatic hyperplasia and did not survive beyond 26 weeks.", "PMID": 89631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11585", "title": "[Prognostic elements in bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "In spite of improvements in diagnosis and treatment, the fatal prognosis of lung cancer has persisted over the course of 25 years in a series of nearly 4000 patients. Only 30% (1149 cases) were operable, and on 23% of those resected (i.e. 7% of the total) survived for 5 years. An assessment is made of the relationship between survival and sex, age, tumour size and site, radiological picture, stage of invasiveness, type of surgery and degree of radicality, histological picture, and number of circulating lymphocytes. Age, sex and the type of resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) had no relation to prognosis. Palliative surgery was always associated with a fatal prognosis, as were cases with invasion of the chest wall, or, more particularly, with oat cell cancers. The outlook was more favourable in cases where radical treatment was given, in cases of squamous cancer, as opposed to other histological types, in those in stage 1 (Am. Joint Committee classification), and those with greater than 2000/mm3 lymphocytes--especially in adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "[Prognostic elements in bronchial carcinoma]. In spite of improvements in diagnosis and treatment, the fatal prognosis of lung cancer has persisted over the course of 25 years in a series of nearly 4000 patients. Only 30% (1149 cases) were operable, and on 23% of those resected (i.e. 7% of the total) survived for 5 years. An assessment is made of the relationship between survival and sex, age, tumour size and site, radiological picture, stage of invasiveness, type of surgery and degree of radicality, histological picture, and number of circulating lymphocytes. Age, sex and the type of resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy) had no relation to prognosis. Palliative surgery was always associated with a fatal prognosis, as were cases with invasion of the chest wall, or, more particularly, with oat cell cancers. The outlook was more favourable in cases where radical treatment was given, in cases of squamous cancer, as opposed to other histological types, in those in stage 1 (Am. Joint Committee classification), and those with greater than 2000/mm3 lymphocytes--especially in adenocarcinomas.", "PMID": 89646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11586", "title": "Characterization of murine hepatoma BW7756. I. Selected biochemical properties of liver and hepatoma.", "content": "Selected biochemical properties, based on hepatocellular function, were assessed in the mouse hepatoma BW7756 and host and/or normal mouse liver. These biochemical properties included (a) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) production, (b) lipid composition, (c) isozyme patterns and enzyme activities, and (d) cyclic AMP levels. The tumor evidenced an exponential growth phase and vigorous production of AFP in the first 3 weeks following transplant. The concentration of AFP in the sera of tumor-bearing mice increases roughly with the growth of the hepatoma. The percentage of total lipid in the hepatoma was greater than in either normal or host liver; however, the liver displayed more phospholipid than the tumor, while more triglyceride was demonstrable in the hepatoma. Of the 17 isozyme patterns analyzed, seven--acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino-transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, esterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase--were different in the liver and the tumor. The cyclic AMP levels decreased in the tumor and the host spleen from day 10 to day 21; however, slight increases were noted in the tumor and host spleen and liver at day 28. These studies suggested 2--3 weeks posttransplantation as the optimal time for investigational use of this hepatoma.", "contents": "Characterization of murine hepatoma BW7756. I. Selected biochemical properties of liver and hepatoma. Selected biochemical properties, based on hepatocellular function, were assessed in the mouse hepatoma BW7756 and host and/or normal mouse liver. These biochemical properties included (a) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) production, (b) lipid composition, (c) isozyme patterns and enzyme activities, and (d) cyclic AMP levels. The tumor evidenced an exponential growth phase and vigorous production of AFP in the first 3 weeks following transplant. The concentration of AFP in the sera of tumor-bearing mice increases roughly with the growth of the hepatoma. The percentage of total lipid in the hepatoma was greater than in either normal or host liver; however, the liver displayed more phospholipid than the tumor, while more triglyceride was demonstrable in the hepatoma. Of the 17 isozyme patterns analyzed, seven--acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino-transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, esterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase--were different in the liver and the tumor. The cyclic AMP levels decreased in the tumor and the host spleen from day 10 to day 21; however, slight increases were noted in the tumor and host spleen and liver at day 28. These studies suggested 2--3 weeks posttransplantation as the optimal time for investigational use of this hepatoma.", "PMID": 89649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11587", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Clinicopathologic study of 6 cases.", "content": "6 cases of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary are presented. In 4 patients pure endodermal sinus tumor was found microscopically. 1 patient had endodermal sinus tumor in one ovary and gonadoblastoma in the contralateral one. In another case endodermal sinus tumor was accompanied by an embryonal teratoma. Histologically, the tumor had characteristic features with meshwork of spaces and channels lined by embryonal cells, glomerulus-like structures known as Schiller-Duval bodies, solid aggregates of epithelial cells, hyaline basement membranes and round, PAS-positive small globules found both intra- and extracellulary. In 1 patient the elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein was stated. All patients were treated surgically with adjunctive radiation and/or with chemical agents. None of them were cured. The median duration of survival amounted to 8.5 months. Discussing the value of the more recent approach to diagnostic and therapeutic methods found in the literature, it must be emphasized that the demonstration of elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein in patient with that tumor lend not only further support to its yolk sac origin but also might be useful to monitor response to the therapy applied. It is also of prognostic significance by indicating the presence of residual or recurrent disease, even in its subclinical stage. Combined postoperative irradiation and triple chemotherapy according to the VAC regimen of patients can prevent recurrence and in some cases even may cause permanent remission of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Clinicopathologic study of 6 cases. 6 cases of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary are presented. In 4 patients pure endodermal sinus tumor was found microscopically. 1 patient had endodermal sinus tumor in one ovary and gonadoblastoma in the contralateral one. In another case endodermal sinus tumor was accompanied by an embryonal teratoma. Histologically, the tumor had characteristic features with meshwork of spaces and channels lined by embryonal cells, glomerulus-like structures known as Schiller-Duval bodies, solid aggregates of epithelial cells, hyaline basement membranes and round, PAS-positive small globules found both intra- and extracellulary. In 1 patient the elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein was stated. All patients were treated surgically with adjunctive radiation and/or with chemical agents. None of them were cured. The median duration of survival amounted to 8.5 months. Discussing the value of the more recent approach to diagnostic and therapeutic methods found in the literature, it must be emphasized that the demonstration of elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein in patient with that tumor lend not only further support to its yolk sac origin but also might be useful to monitor response to the therapy applied. It is also of prognostic significance by indicating the presence of residual or recurrent disease, even in its subclinical stage. Combined postoperative irradiation and triple chemotherapy according to the VAC regimen of patients can prevent recurrence and in some cases even may cause permanent remission of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 89650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11588", "title": "Molluscum contagiosum of the palpebral conjunctiva. Report of a case.", "content": "A molluscum contagiosum nodule, situated at the palpebral conjunctiva of the left lower eyelid at the level of the marginal and tarsal conjunctiva, was observed in a 53-year-old male. A mild follicular conjunctivitis was present, except in a zone immediately below the molluscum. On the corresponding site of this molluscum at the bulbar conjunctiva, the limbus and the cornea, no follicles, epithelial keratitis nor erosions were seen. Clinical diagnosis in atypically situated mollusca can be difficult. Cytological studies in these cases are very helpful. Alcohol-carbowax fixated and Papanicolau stained preparations proved to be very satisfactory for cytological examination. It has never been reported that a molluscum, situated in the palpebral conjunctiva, disappeared spontaneously.", "contents": "Molluscum contagiosum of the palpebral conjunctiva. Report of a case. A molluscum contagiosum nodule, situated at the palpebral conjunctiva of the left lower eyelid at the level of the marginal and tarsal conjunctiva, was observed in a 53-year-old male. A mild follicular conjunctivitis was present, except in a zone immediately below the molluscum. On the corresponding site of this molluscum at the bulbar conjunctiva, the limbus and the cornea, no follicles, epithelial keratitis nor erosions were seen. Clinical diagnosis in atypically situated mollusca can be difficult. Cytological studies in these cases are very helpful. Alcohol-carbowax fixated and Papanicolau stained preparations proved to be very satisfactory for cytological examination. It has never been reported that a molluscum, situated in the palpebral conjunctiva, disappeared spontaneously.", "PMID": 89651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11589", "title": "Neurologic sequelae in the survivors of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.", "content": "We report our experience with the neurologic sequelae (at a mean follow-up of 24 months) among the 15 surviving infants who have had neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) documented by computerized tomographic (CT) brain scan. Neurologically six infants (40%) are normal, six infants (40%) mildly impaired, and three infants (20%) moderate to severely impaired. The neurologic outcome correlated to the degree of hemorrhage seen in the CT scans when IVH was classified into four grades. None of the other neonatal factors examined showed significant correlation with the outcome.", "contents": "Neurologic sequelae in the survivors of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. We report our experience with the neurologic sequelae (at a mean follow-up of 24 months) among the 15 surviving infants who have had neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) documented by computerized tomographic (CT) brain scan. Neurologically six infants (40%) are normal, six infants (40%) mildly impaired, and three infants (20%) moderate to severely impaired. The neurologic outcome correlated to the degree of hemorrhage seen in the CT scans when IVH was classified into four grades. None of the other neonatal factors examined showed significant correlation with the outcome.", "PMID": 89657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11590", "title": "[Progressive acquisition of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Culex pipiens (L.) larvae in the South of France].", "content": "A high resistance level has been detected in certain Culex pipiens populations after seven years of chlorpyrifos larval treatments in the Montpellier area (Southern France). The highest rate recorded in 1973 was x 15, in 1974 x 33,3, in 1975 x 47 and in 1976 x 73. The resistance level depends on the application frequency of this larvicide and the various biotope types. \"Closed populations\" are subjected to a higher selection pressure than \"open populations\". It is now necessary to find a replacement compound for chlorpyrifos as there is a quick reinfestation and thus the treatment frequency had to be increased these last two years.", "contents": "[Progressive acquisition of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Culex pipiens (L.) larvae in the South of France]. A high resistance level has been detected in certain Culex pipiens populations after seven years of chlorpyrifos larval treatments in the Montpellier area (Southern France). The highest rate recorded in 1973 was x 15, in 1974 x 33,3, in 1975 x 47 and in 1976 x 73. The resistance level depends on the application frequency of this larvicide and the various biotope types. \"Closed populations\" are subjected to a higher selection pressure than \"open populations\". It is now necessary to find a replacement compound for chlorpyrifos as there is a quick reinfestation and thus the treatment frequency had to be increased these last two years.", "PMID": 89656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11591", "title": "[Comparative action of 31 insecticides on chlorpyrifos-sensitive and resistant Culex pipiens (L.) larvae in the South of France].", "content": "In urban and sub-urban areas larval populations of Culex pipiens are now resistant to chlorpyrifos. A replacement compound must be found so 31 pesticides were tested against 3 strains: 2 of them were bred in the laboratory (on sensitive and one resistant) and the third one collected in an area treated with agricultural pesticides and chlorpyrifos. The results show that this last compound induces a cross-resistance only to organophosphorus compounds especially to parathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyrimiphos-methyl, diazinon and Abate. Agricultural pesticides made this species resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphorus compounds. Among the latest, trichlorfon, azinphos-methyl, methidathion and malathion are still efficient as are propoxur, Decis (pyrethroid), methoprene and Dimilin.", "contents": "[Comparative action of 31 insecticides on chlorpyrifos-sensitive and resistant Culex pipiens (L.) larvae in the South of France]. In urban and sub-urban areas larval populations of Culex pipiens are now resistant to chlorpyrifos. A replacement compound must be found so 31 pesticides were tested against 3 strains: 2 of them were bred in the laboratory (on sensitive and one resistant) and the third one collected in an area treated with agricultural pesticides and chlorpyrifos. The results show that this last compound induces a cross-resistance only to organophosphorus compounds especially to parathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyrimiphos-methyl, diazinon and Abate. Agricultural pesticides made this species resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphorus compounds. Among the latest, trichlorfon, azinphos-methyl, methidathion and malathion are still efficient as are propoxur, Decis (pyrethroid), methoprene and Dimilin.", "PMID": 89655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11592", "title": "Scabies, a current pandemic.", "content": "Scabies, caused by the itch mite and transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, is being seen in pandemic proportion. In the United States this infestation is seen in patients of all ages and socioeconomic levels. Scabies is often misdiagnosed, and the classic form occurs less frequently in the current cycle. Differential diagnosis includes most pruritic dermatoses. Diagnosis should be made with certainity, preferably by identification of the mite, before therapy is begun. Modern scabicides are high effective.", "contents": "Scabies, a current pandemic. Scabies, caused by the itch mite and transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, is being seen in pandemic proportion. In the United States this infestation is seen in patients of all ages and socioeconomic levels. Scabies is often misdiagnosed, and the classic form occurs less frequently in the current cycle. Differential diagnosis includes most pruritic dermatoses. Diagnosis should be made with certainity, preferably by identification of the mite, before therapy is begun. Modern scabicides are high effective.", "PMID": 89671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11593", "title": "[Isotopic indicators in the diagnosis of malignant pleurisies (author's transl)].", "content": "The tracers that are used in thoracic pathology have an elective tumoural affinity, present such a special reaction towards pleural effusions that we were led to study Bleomycin labelled with Cobalt 57 in 34 cases of pleurisy of various etiologies. The hyperfixation, circumscribed to the effusion in all these cases, presented a double problem : of radiobiological risk and of diagnostic significance. We tried to solve the last problem by means of a precise protocol applied to 16 cases, quantifying comparatively the specific radio-activity of pleural fluid and serum and studying the evolution of the pleural serous gradient, after injection of 2 mCi of labelled Bleomycin in 16 patients with suspected malignant pleurisy. From this limited study, it appeared that the sero-pleural gradient of the tracer, 24 hours after injection, was very high, above 5 and up to 15 in 7 malignant pleurisies out of 8; between 2 and 4 in others. It was sometimes below 5 and less in effusions, non malignant or doubtful. This gradient decreased very rapidly to reach 0 on the fourth day, except in recurring chronic effusions. Pending the confirmation of results, after a prolonged experiment, this protocol appeared valuable for diagnostic and physiopathological reasons.", "contents": "[Isotopic indicators in the diagnosis of malignant pleurisies (author's transl)]. The tracers that are used in thoracic pathology have an elective tumoural affinity, present such a special reaction towards pleural effusions that we were led to study Bleomycin labelled with Cobalt 57 in 34 cases of pleurisy of various etiologies. The hyperfixation, circumscribed to the effusion in all these cases, presented a double problem : of radiobiological risk and of diagnostic significance. We tried to solve the last problem by means of a precise protocol applied to 16 cases, quantifying comparatively the specific radio-activity of pleural fluid and serum and studying the evolution of the pleural serous gradient, after injection of 2 mCi of labelled Bleomycin in 16 patients with suspected malignant pleurisy. From this limited study, it appeared that the sero-pleural gradient of the tracer, 24 hours after injection, was very high, above 5 and up to 15 in 7 malignant pleurisies out of 8; between 2 and 4 in others. It was sometimes below 5 and less in effusions, non malignant or doubtful. This gradient decreased very rapidly to reach 0 on the fourth day, except in recurring chronic effusions. Pending the confirmation of results, after a prolonged experiment, this protocol appeared valuable for diagnostic and physiopathological reasons.", "PMID": 89672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11594", "title": "Effect of a teaching program on knowledge and compliance of cardiac patients.", "content": "This study was designed to look at the effect of a comprehensive teaching program on patient knowledge and compliance. Thirty patients who had had valve replacement surgery and 18 patients who had had coronary artery bypass surgery were included in the study. Twenty-five of these patients were taught by masters-prepared clinical specialists and 23 by nurses with less than masters preparation. Measurements of knowledge and compliance were obtained preoperatively, at discharge, and during the first two postoperative visits. Findings included significant changes in knowledge scores from the preoperative test to the discharge test and stability in most scores from discharge to both postoperative visits. Compliance percentages were significantly higher than those reported for cardiac patients in a previous study. Patients taught by masters-prepared nurses had significantly higher test scores at discharge than did patients taught by nurses with less than masters preparation.", "contents": "Effect of a teaching program on knowledge and compliance of cardiac patients. This study was designed to look at the effect of a comprehensive teaching program on patient knowledge and compliance. Thirty patients who had had valve replacement surgery and 18 patients who had had coronary artery bypass surgery were included in the study. Twenty-five of these patients were taught by masters-prepared clinical specialists and 23 by nurses with less than masters preparation. Measurements of knowledge and compliance were obtained preoperatively, at discharge, and during the first two postoperative visits. Findings included significant changes in knowledge scores from the preoperative test to the discharge test and stability in most scores from discharge to both postoperative visits. Compliance percentages were significantly higher than those reported for cardiac patients in a previous study. Patients taught by masters-prepared nurses had significantly higher test scores at discharge than did patients taught by nurses with less than masters preparation.", "PMID": 89667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11595", "title": "Effect of positioning of postoperative fractured-hip patients as related to comfort.", "content": "Twenty-three elderly patients, who had experienced repair of a fractured hip with Richards' compression nail and plate,were surveyed in a midwestern general hospital over a four and one-half month period. This study, which measured which position best maintained comfort postoperatively for these patients, demonstrated that the best way of positioning patients was not always as perceived by nurses. The study also correlated positioning with body weight and with sleeping side habit. Findings verified previous research on pain and nursing comfort measures. The quality of nursing care can be demonstratively improved when the diagnosis of these elderly patients is not allowed to preclude the provision of appropriate therapy and nursing care.", "contents": "Effect of positioning of postoperative fractured-hip patients as related to comfort. Twenty-three elderly patients, who had experienced repair of a fractured hip with Richards' compression nail and plate,were surveyed in a midwestern general hospital over a four and one-half month period. This study, which measured which position best maintained comfort postoperatively for these patients, demonstrated that the best way of positioning patients was not always as perceived by nurses. The study also correlated positioning with body weight and with sleeping side habit. Findings verified previous research on pain and nursing comfort measures. The quality of nursing care can be demonstratively improved when the diagnosis of these elderly patients is not allowed to preclude the provision of appropriate therapy and nursing care.", "PMID": 89668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11596", "title": "[Demonstration and semi-automatic assay of gelatin in serum].", "content": "We suggest a semi-automatic method for the determination of gelatin. The measured concentration of gelatin is not dependant for the amino-acid composition of that plasma substitute preparation. Plasmatic proteins are separated previously from gelatin by precipitation using trichloracetic acid (5 p. cent; vol/vol). Modified gelatin lower in molecular weight than proteins can be found in the supernatant. It is determined by Lowry method with an automatic continuous flow system. Standardization must be realized using gelatin's solution since the developped coloration intensity with proteins is stronger. At electrophoresis, gelatin migrates essentially towards beta-globulins. beta-globulins increased with the gelatin level in serum. Percentage of variation for beta globulins and other fractions must be determinated in function of the protein level before perfusion. So it is possible to study the percentage of variation of these electrophoretic fractions independantly of the altered protein level.", "contents": "[Demonstration and semi-automatic assay of gelatin in serum]. We suggest a semi-automatic method for the determination of gelatin. The measured concentration of gelatin is not dependant for the amino-acid composition of that plasma substitute preparation. Plasmatic proteins are separated previously from gelatin by precipitation using trichloracetic acid (5 p. cent; vol/vol). Modified gelatin lower in molecular weight than proteins can be found in the supernatant. It is determined by Lowry method with an automatic continuous flow system. Standardization must be realized using gelatin's solution since the developped coloration intensity with proteins is stronger. At electrophoresis, gelatin migrates essentially towards beta-globulins. beta-globulins increased with the gelatin level in serum. Percentage of variation for beta globulins and other fractions must be determinated in function of the protein level before perfusion. So it is possible to study the percentage of variation of these electrophoretic fractions independantly of the altered protein level.", "PMID": 89682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11597", "title": "Cost effectiveness of screening children in health centers.", "content": "Aides from poor neighborhoods in Denver, Colo., screened children in four health centers for problems in hearing, vision, articulation, and development, and children with abnormal test results were referred to specialists for evaluation. In 3 months, paraprofessional aides did 3,183 tests, of which 302 yielded abnormal results. In 146 instances, these abnormal results led to the evaluation of the children by a specialist, who recommended treatment in 95 instances. The total annual cost of maintaining one paraprofessional aide was $10,937. The average cost per test performed by such an aide was $2.87, $30 per abnormal test result, and $96 per test resulting in a decision to treat. The results show the importance of considering the later stages of followup in evaluating a screening program.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness of screening children in health centers. Aides from poor neighborhoods in Denver, Colo., screened children in four health centers for problems in hearing, vision, articulation, and development, and children with abnormal test results were referred to specialists for evaluation. In 3 months, paraprofessional aides did 3,183 tests, of which 302 yielded abnormal results. In 146 instances, these abnormal results led to the evaluation of the children by a specialist, who recommended treatment in 95 instances. The total annual cost of maintaining one paraprofessional aide was $10,937. The average cost per test performed by such an aide was $2.87, $30 per abnormal test result, and $96 per test resulting in a decision to treat. The results show the importance of considering the later stages of followup in evaluating a screening program.", "PMID": 89677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11598", "title": "Presence of alloreactive Ia antigens on murine intestine epithelial cells.", "content": "Purified intestine epithelial cells express Ia antigens as determined by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The intestinal Ia antigens react at least with alloantisera directed against the H-2 I-A subregion.", "contents": "Presence of alloreactive Ia antigens on murine intestine epithelial cells. Purified intestine epithelial cells express Ia antigens as determined by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The intestinal Ia antigens react at least with alloantisera directed against the H-2 I-A subregion.", "PMID": 89689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11599", "title": "Heterologous B-cell antisera may detect non-Ig, non-HLA-DR antigens.", "content": "A heterologous antiserum (antiserum 7420) against B-lymphocyte antigen(s) was raised in a rabbit by immunization with peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). After absorptions with pooled normal human serum, IgA, IgD, and IgM M-components, the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated F(ab')2 fragments were prepared and further absorbed with normal peripheral blood leucocytes. The F(ab')2 fragments, studied in direct immunofluorescence, reacted with both normal and CLL B lymphocytes but not with T lymphocytes. Comparative studies with an HLA-DR antiserum showed that the antigen(s) detected by 7420 antiserum did not redistribute together with HLA-DR antigens in cocapping experiments, nor did the HLA-DR antiserum block the reaction of 7420 F(ab')2 fragments with B lymphocytes. The 7420 F(ab')2 fragments prcipitated detergent-solubilized B-cell membrane material with a molecular weight of around 40,000 and 150,000 daltons. The conclusion drawn is that the 7420 and HLA-DR antigens are different. The 7420 antigen was also shown to be different from classical HLA antigens, beta 2-microglobulin, surface immunoglobulin, the Fc receptor, and HC protein.", "contents": "Heterologous B-cell antisera may detect non-Ig, non-HLA-DR antigens. A heterologous antiserum (antiserum 7420) against B-lymphocyte antigen(s) was raised in a rabbit by immunization with peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). After absorptions with pooled normal human serum, IgA, IgD, and IgM M-components, the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated F(ab')2 fragments were prepared and further absorbed with normal peripheral blood leucocytes. The F(ab')2 fragments, studied in direct immunofluorescence, reacted with both normal and CLL B lymphocytes but not with T lymphocytes. Comparative studies with an HLA-DR antiserum showed that the antigen(s) detected by 7420 antiserum did not redistribute together with HLA-DR antigens in cocapping experiments, nor did the HLA-DR antiserum block the reaction of 7420 F(ab')2 fragments with B lymphocytes. The 7420 F(ab')2 fragments prcipitated detergent-solubilized B-cell membrane material with a molecular weight of around 40,000 and 150,000 daltons. The conclusion drawn is that the 7420 and HLA-DR antigens are different. The 7420 antigen was also shown to be different from classical HLA antigens, beta 2-microglobulin, surface immunoglobulin, the Fc receptor, and HC protein.", "PMID": 89690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11600", "title": "[Isoelectrofocusing on polyacrilamide gel in the study of gamma-globulin changes during neurological illnesses (author's transl)].", "content": "Isoelectrofocusing on polyacrilamide gel in the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is particularly suitable for investigations of gamma-globuline changes in the course of various neurological conditions. This technique makes it possible to recognise three patterns besides the normal one. The first is characterized by a diffuse increase in gamma-globulines with a great number of high density fractions showing uniform distribution in the alkaline pH area. It was observed in a case of Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome and in two cases of intramedullary tumours. It seems to be due to an alteration in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The second pattern shows a diffuse increase in the number of fractions and appears uneven owing to a certain amount of higher density bands which stand out clearly. This was observed in one case of tubercolous meningo-encephalytis, in one case of chickenpox encephalytis and one case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient affected by lymphogranuloma. This pattern is probably due to an alteration of blood-brain as well as of immunological systems. The third pattern presents a clear fractionation of gamma-globulins gathered in a certain number of highly coloured bands, mainly in the most alkaline area of gel. This was observed in all the ten cases of multiple sclerosis and in the only case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This may be attributed to the intrathecal production of oligoclonal gamma-globulines (Ig.G.).", "contents": "[Isoelectrofocusing on polyacrilamide gel in the study of gamma-globulin changes during neurological illnesses (author's transl)]. Isoelectrofocusing on polyacrilamide gel in the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is particularly suitable for investigations of gamma-globuline changes in the course of various neurological conditions. This technique makes it possible to recognise three patterns besides the normal one. The first is characterized by a diffuse increase in gamma-globulines with a great number of high density fractions showing uniform distribution in the alkaline pH area. It was observed in a case of Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome and in two cases of intramedullary tumours. It seems to be due to an alteration in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The second pattern shows a diffuse increase in the number of fractions and appears uneven owing to a certain amount of higher density bands which stand out clearly. This was observed in one case of tubercolous meningo-encephalytis, in one case of chickenpox encephalytis and one case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient affected by lymphogranuloma. This pattern is probably due to an alteration of blood-brain as well as of immunological systems. The third pattern presents a clear fractionation of gamma-globulins gathered in a certain number of highly coloured bands, mainly in the most alkaline area of gel. This was observed in all the ten cases of multiple sclerosis and in the only case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This may be attributed to the intrathecal production of oligoclonal gamma-globulines (Ig.G.).", "PMID": 89685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11601", "title": "Idiotypic determinants in alloantigen receptors. I. Role in a leucocyte migration inhibition reaction.", "content": "An anti-idiotypic serum was prepared by injecting BALB anti-AKR serum into (BALB X AKR)F1 mice. Pretreatment of BALB anti-AKR immune cells with this anti-idiotypic serum plus complement abrogated a leucocyte migration inhibition reaction (LMIR) against AKR extracts but not against purified protein derivative By itself, the serum induced LMIR in immune cells but not in normal cells. The reaction was strain-specific and anti-Thy 1,2 plus complement sensitive. These results indicate that alloantigen receptors, able to trigger in LMIR in immune cells, have idiotypic determinants similar to those of circulating antibodies of the same specificity. Thus the LMIR is a good model for the study of receptors cell-mediated immune reactions of primed cells.", "contents": "Idiotypic determinants in alloantigen receptors. I. Role in a leucocyte migration inhibition reaction. An anti-idiotypic serum was prepared by injecting BALB anti-AKR serum into (BALB X AKR)F1 mice. Pretreatment of BALB anti-AKR immune cells with this anti-idiotypic serum plus complement abrogated a leucocyte migration inhibition reaction (LMIR) against AKR extracts but not against purified protein derivative By itself, the serum induced LMIR in immune cells but not in normal cells. The reaction was strain-specific and anti-Thy 1,2 plus complement sensitive. These results indicate that alloantigen receptors, able to trigger in LMIR in immune cells, have idiotypic determinants similar to those of circulating antibodies of the same specificity. Thus the LMIR is a good model for the study of receptors cell-mediated immune reactions of primed cells.", "PMID": 89691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11602", "title": "Evidence for the expression of Thy-l-analogous structures on human thymic epithelial cells.", "content": "Cultured human thymic tissue was examined electron microscopically and analysed for the expression of the Thy-l-analogous antigen. It was found that almost all cultured cells were of epithelial appearance, exhibiting both tonofibrils and well-developed demosomes. Absorption of an anti-human brain serum highly purified for antibodies directed against the non-species-specific determinant of the Thy-l-analogous antigen with these cultured cells revealed its presence on thymic epithelial cells. Using the indirect peroxidase-labelled antibody technique, this molecule could be localized on the non-attached cell surface of human thymic epithelial cells with the preference of their cell processes. The biological significance of the expression of this antigen on the thymic epithelial cells of various species for cellular interaction within the thymus is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the expression of Thy-l-analogous structures on human thymic epithelial cells. Cultured human thymic tissue was examined electron microscopically and analysed for the expression of the Thy-l-analogous antigen. It was found that almost all cultured cells were of epithelial appearance, exhibiting both tonofibrils and well-developed demosomes. Absorption of an anti-human brain serum highly purified for antibodies directed against the non-species-specific determinant of the Thy-l-analogous antigen with these cultured cells revealed its presence on thymic epithelial cells. Using the indirect peroxidase-labelled antibody technique, this molecule could be localized on the non-attached cell surface of human thymic epithelial cells with the preference of their cell processes. The biological significance of the expression of this antigen on the thymic epithelial cells of various species for cellular interaction within the thymus is discussed.", "PMID": 89692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11603", "title": "CSF -- oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The present paper is concerned with a correlation between clinical parameters of multiple sclerosis and different agar gel electrophoretical patterns in CSF. The agar gel electrophoresis represents clearly the most sensitive method for the demonstration of oligoclonal bands in CSF.", "contents": "CSF -- oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis. The present paper is concerned with a correlation between clinical parameters of multiple sclerosis and different agar gel electrophoretical patterns in CSF. The agar gel electrophoresis represents clearly the most sensitive method for the demonstration of oligoclonal bands in CSF.", "PMID": 89693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11604", "title": "[Contraceptive hormones, vascular risk and abnormal precipitation of serum gamma-globulins (author's transl)].", "content": "The monoclonal anti-ethinyl-estradiol antibody previously found in the serum of a woman on oral contraceptives, was precipitated by 25% saturated ammonium sulfate \u00e0 22 degrees C. This simple test has been used to investigate the possible relationship between abnormally precipitating gamma-globulins (GAP) and the vascular risk of the pill. Four groups of women were studied: --50 women who had never used the pill; --100 women on oral contraceptives; --30 women who had stopped the pill; --17 women who had experienced venous or arterial thrombosis during oral contraception. The results obtained indicate: 1) that a GAP increase is nearly always associated with the thrombotic events (90% of the cases in group 4); 2) that the presence of GAP is seen only in part of the women population on oral contraceptives representing approximately 30% of the total population investigated as indicated by a bimodal distribution; 3) that the GAP remain increased for months and even years after the pill was discontinued. The significance of this test is discussed. It is proposed that the presence of GAP in the serum appears to be related to the presence of ethinyl-estradiol binding antibodies. This hypothesis is verified by experiments in progress.", "contents": "[Contraceptive hormones, vascular risk and abnormal precipitation of serum gamma-globulins (author's transl)]. The monoclonal anti-ethinyl-estradiol antibody previously found in the serum of a woman on oral contraceptives, was precipitated by 25% saturated ammonium sulfate \u00e0 22 degrees C. This simple test has been used to investigate the possible relationship between abnormally precipitating gamma-globulins (GAP) and the vascular risk of the pill. Four groups of women were studied: --50 women who had never used the pill; --100 women on oral contraceptives; --30 women who had stopped the pill; --17 women who had experienced venous or arterial thrombosis during oral contraception. The results obtained indicate: 1) that a GAP increase is nearly always associated with the thrombotic events (90% of the cases in group 4); 2) that the presence of GAP is seen only in part of the women population on oral contraceptives representing approximately 30% of the total population investigated as indicated by a bimodal distribution; 3) that the GAP remain increased for months and even years after the pill was discontinued. The significance of this test is discussed. It is proposed that the presence of GAP in the serum appears to be related to the presence of ethinyl-estradiol binding antibodies. This hypothesis is verified by experiments in progress.", "PMID": 89695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11605", "title": "[Allergy and histamine release (author's transl)].", "content": "Histamine is released from mastocytes and basophils polymorphonuclears. This occurs particularly in reaginic type of allergy. The different phases of the reaginic process has been studied: IgE bridgings with antigens, cell membrane activation, cytoplasmic biochemical reactions involving cyclic AMP and GMP leading to microtubules activities, contraction of microfibrils and degranulation. Calcium and magnesium contribute to the regulation of histamine release. Histamine releases could also be seen in non reaginic type of immuns allergic reactions by way of direct or indirect activation of complements, by stimulation of PAF, etc...Finally, quite a few substances could also provoke histamine release of non immunologic type (physical agents, snake and bee venoms chemical substances in micro or macromollecular forms used in therapeutics...). Their mechanisms of action are various; yet in a way, they present similaritis with immunoallergic reactions. In practice, it is often difficult to assert the allergic nature of a histaminic reaction. Immunologic evidences should be cautioniously searched before any conclusion.", "contents": "[Allergy and histamine release (author's transl)]. Histamine is released from mastocytes and basophils polymorphonuclears. This occurs particularly in reaginic type of allergy. The different phases of the reaginic process has been studied: IgE bridgings with antigens, cell membrane activation, cytoplasmic biochemical reactions involving cyclic AMP and GMP leading to microtubules activities, contraction of microfibrils and degranulation. Calcium and magnesium contribute to the regulation of histamine release. Histamine releases could also be seen in non reaginic type of immuns allergic reactions by way of direct or indirect activation of complements, by stimulation of PAF, etc...Finally, quite a few substances could also provoke histamine release of non immunologic type (physical agents, snake and bee venoms chemical substances in micro or macromollecular forms used in therapeutics...). Their mechanisms of action are various; yet in a way, they present similaritis with immunoallergic reactions. In practice, it is often difficult to assert the allergic nature of a histaminic reaction. Immunologic evidences should be cautioniously searched before any conclusion.", "PMID": 89696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11606", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as carcinocythemia.", "content": "A case of rhabdomyosarcoma presenting with circulating tumour cells (carcinocythemia) is discussed. Tumor cells must be differentiated from leukemic cells or a leukemoid reaction. If the abnormal cells appear as syncytia, tumor should be strongly suspected. Cytochemical and/or histochemical stains should also be employed to differentiate tumor cells from hematopoietic cells.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as carcinocythemia. A case of rhabdomyosarcoma presenting with circulating tumour cells (carcinocythemia) is discussed. Tumor cells must be differentiated from leukemic cells or a leukemoid reaction. If the abnormal cells appear as syncytia, tumor should be strongly suspected. Cytochemical and/or histochemical stains should also be employed to differentiate tumor cells from hematopoietic cells.", "PMID": 89701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11607", "title": "[The fate of children who have undergone correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Report of fifty long term assessments (author's transl)].", "content": "50 children who had beneficied of repair of Fallot's tetralogy with a follow up of 2 to 11 years, were psychologicaly and physicaly evaluated. Work capacity tests were performed in 12 cases. Children with early repair (before 5 years of age) have a very better result. Preliminary palliative treatment cause worse results. Physical capacities are normal in the majority of children. Work capacity is not different from normal children. Repair before school age is the best way for a normal life.", "contents": "[The fate of children who have undergone correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Report of fifty long term assessments (author's transl)]. 50 children who had beneficied of repair of Fallot's tetralogy with a follow up of 2 to 11 years, were psychologicaly and physicaly evaluated. Work capacity tests were performed in 12 cases. Children with early repair (before 5 years of age) have a very better result. Preliminary palliative treatment cause worse results. Physical capacities are normal in the majority of children. Work capacity is not different from normal children. Repair before school age is the best way for a normal life.", "PMID": 89697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11608", "title": "The influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antithyroid agents on myeloperoxidase-catalysed activities of human leucocytes.", "content": "Viable leucocytes obtained fresh from normal human subjects were shown to be able to catalyse the in vitro iodination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a H2O2-generating system. The rate and degree of iodination were greatly improved by sonication of the cells. A balanced salt solution was a more favourable medium than phosphate buffer for the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalysed iodination of whole cells and sonicated cells. Reactions known to be catalysed by other peroxidases (e.g. thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and lactoperoxidase), such as inorganic iodide exchange for organic iodine in di-iodotyrosine (DIT) and the de-iodination of thyroxine (T4), were also catalysed by the sonicated leucocyte suspension in the system used. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, flufenamic acid and naproxen were far less effective inhibitors of MPO-catalysed BSA iodination of sonicated leucocytes at concentrations expected in blood with therapeutic dose levels than was observed earlier with TPO-catalysed in vitro iodination of BSA. The antithyroid drug methylmercapto-imidazole (MMI) inhibited in vitro MPO-catalysed 131I delabelling of 131I-DIT at all concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-2)M, whereas 131I-T4 delabelling was markedly stimulated at the same drug concentrations. On the other hand, 125I incorporation into 131I-DIT was not affected by increased concentrations of MMI up to 10(-5)M. At higher drug concentrations the drug caused inhibition of MPO-catalysed exchange of inorganic iodide for organic iodine in DIT.", "contents": "The influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antithyroid agents on myeloperoxidase-catalysed activities of human leucocytes. Viable leucocytes obtained fresh from normal human subjects were shown to be able to catalyse the in vitro iodination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a H2O2-generating system. The rate and degree of iodination were greatly improved by sonication of the cells. A balanced salt solution was a more favourable medium than phosphate buffer for the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalysed iodination of whole cells and sonicated cells. Reactions known to be catalysed by other peroxidases (e.g. thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and lactoperoxidase), such as inorganic iodide exchange for organic iodine in di-iodotyrosine (DIT) and the de-iodination of thyroxine (T4), were also catalysed by the sonicated leucocyte suspension in the system used. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin, flufenamic acid and naproxen were far less effective inhibitors of MPO-catalysed BSA iodination of sonicated leucocytes at concentrations expected in blood with therapeutic dose levels than was observed earlier with TPO-catalysed in vitro iodination of BSA. The antithyroid drug methylmercapto-imidazole (MMI) inhibited in vitro MPO-catalysed 131I delabelling of 131I-DIT at all concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-2)M, whereas 131I-T4 delabelling was markedly stimulated at the same drug concentrations. On the other hand, 125I incorporation into 131I-DIT was not affected by increased concentrations of MMI up to 10(-5)M. At higher drug concentrations the drug caused inhibition of MPO-catalysed exchange of inorganic iodide for organic iodine in DIT.", "PMID": 89704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11609", "title": "Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations in advanced stages of induced exencephaly and spinal bifida.", "content": "This investigation was performed to demonstrate the morphologic basis of the elevation of fetal proteins in the amniotic fluid of fetuses with neural tube defects. Pregnant rats were treated with hypervitaminosis. A to induce exencephaly or with trypan blue to produce spina bifida aperta. The malformations were studied on days 15-20. On day 15 of gestation, edema developed in the primitive nervous tissue. This was followed by the appearance of quickly expanding hemorrhages throughout the ventricular and intermediate zones. Some capillaries did not rupture but collapsed and showed degenerative changes of the endothelium, probably due to lack of blood perfusion. The ventricular layer in exencephaly and spina bifida aperta was exposed to the amniotic cavity due to non closure of the neural tube. On day 17, this superficial lining of the primitive nervous tissue was disrupted by the expanding hemorrhages and subsequent necrosis. As a result vast amounts of fetal blood and cell debris were extruded into the amniotic fluid. During days 18 to 20, the degeneration of the nervous tissue proceeded rapidly. This process showed the same features in the ventricular cells, the primitive neurons and the neurons. Initially it was characterized by condensation of the nuclear chromatin and the cytoplasm, irregular outlines and breakdown of the plasma membrane. Only part of the cell debris was phagocytozed by macrophages. It is concluded that the leakage of fetal serum and cell debris causes the elevation of fetal protein levels in the amniotic fluid of fetuses with open neural tube defects.", "contents": "Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations in advanced stages of induced exencephaly and spinal bifida. This investigation was performed to demonstrate the morphologic basis of the elevation of fetal proteins in the amniotic fluid of fetuses with neural tube defects. Pregnant rats were treated with hypervitaminosis. A to induce exencephaly or with trypan blue to produce spina bifida aperta. The malformations were studied on days 15-20. On day 15 of gestation, edema developed in the primitive nervous tissue. This was followed by the appearance of quickly expanding hemorrhages throughout the ventricular and intermediate zones. Some capillaries did not rupture but collapsed and showed degenerative changes of the endothelium, probably due to lack of blood perfusion. The ventricular layer in exencephaly and spina bifida aperta was exposed to the amniotic cavity due to non closure of the neural tube. On day 17, this superficial lining of the primitive nervous tissue was disrupted by the expanding hemorrhages and subsequent necrosis. As a result vast amounts of fetal blood and cell debris were extruded into the amniotic fluid. During days 18 to 20, the degeneration of the nervous tissue proceeded rapidly. This process showed the same features in the ventricular cells, the primitive neurons and the neurons. Initially it was characterized by condensation of the nuclear chromatin and the cytoplasm, irregular outlines and breakdown of the plasma membrane. Only part of the cell debris was phagocytozed by macrophages. It is concluded that the leakage of fetal serum and cell debris causes the elevation of fetal protein levels in the amniotic fluid of fetuses with open neural tube defects.", "PMID": 89706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11610", "title": "Behavioral consequences of interference with CNS development in the early fetal period.", "content": "As a part of a series of investigations into the structural and functional consequences of interference with cell proliferation, mice were treated with 5-azacytidine during two stages of early fetal life. Treatment on either the twelfth or fourteenth day of gestation led to permanent significant reductions in body weight and brain weight. Behaviorally, the earlier treatment was associated with a delay in development of the righting reflex, permanent deficits in locomotor coordination, and hypoactivity. Treatment on the fourteenth day of gestation led to decreased passive avoidance, increased active avoidance, and hyperactivity--the same syndrome observed after treatment on the eighteenth day. Both treatments led to abnormal behavior on a spatial maze task. The developmental outcome of injuries induced in the early fetal period appears similar to the outcome of injuries at later stages of development.", "contents": "Behavioral consequences of interference with CNS development in the early fetal period. As a part of a series of investigations into the structural and functional consequences of interference with cell proliferation, mice were treated with 5-azacytidine during two stages of early fetal life. Treatment on either the twelfth or fourteenth day of gestation led to permanent significant reductions in body weight and brain weight. Behaviorally, the earlier treatment was associated with a delay in development of the righting reflex, permanent deficits in locomotor coordination, and hypoactivity. Treatment on the fourteenth day of gestation led to decreased passive avoidance, increased active avoidance, and hyperactivity--the same syndrome observed after treatment on the eighteenth day. Both treatments led to abnormal behavior on a spatial maze task. The developmental outcome of injuries induced in the early fetal period appears similar to the outcome of injuries at later stages of development.", "PMID": 89707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11611", "title": "The effects of compound 48/80 on the fibrinolytic activity of dogs.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that histamine by itself, did play some role in the activation mechanism of fibrinolysis. In this particular work, it was demonstrated that histamine at doses not affecting blood pressure levels, did not exert any direct immediate effect on fibrinolytic activity. Compount 48/80, a powerful mast cell depleter and histamine liberator, by itself, has no direct molecular effect on fibrinolytic activity, but rather, through the release of activators and/or inhibitors form mast cells, will exert either an activating or inhibiting action, according to the dose used. Low doses, such as 0.2 mg/kg i.v. will achieve a higher degree of activator release, while doses of 1.0 mg/kg will result in higher inhibitors release from mast cells.", "contents": "The effects of compound 48/80 on the fibrinolytic activity of dogs. It has been demonstrated that histamine by itself, did play some role in the activation mechanism of fibrinolysis. In this particular work, it was demonstrated that histamine at doses not affecting blood pressure levels, did not exert any direct immediate effect on fibrinolytic activity. Compount 48/80, a powerful mast cell depleter and histamine liberator, by itself, has no direct molecular effect on fibrinolytic activity, but rather, through the release of activators and/or inhibitors form mast cells, will exert either an activating or inhibiting action, according to the dose used. Low doses, such as 0.2 mg/kg i.v. will achieve a higher degree of activator release, while doses of 1.0 mg/kg will result in higher inhibitors release from mast cells.", "PMID": 89709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11612", "title": "Fluorochrome staining of multilamellar liposomes.", "content": "Multilamellar liposomes can be stained with such fluorochromes as acridine orange, eosin Y, neutral red, and thiazine red. The liposomes are brought into a 1% solution of the fluorochrome; 5-10 minutes later they are centrifuged and washed by resuspending in water or phosphate buffered saline three times. The last pellet is resuspended and a drop studied with the fluorescence microscope (1000 x magnification). The fluorochrome is seen to be accumulated in the liposomal membranes. Acridine orange could also be trapped in the aqueous compartments of the liposomes but the trapped fluorochrome was gradually lost from the liposomes. Part of the fluorochrome, however, remained associated with the liposomal membranes for a long time. Additional experiments justify the conclusion that an equilibrium is maintained between fluorochromes in the aqueous and lipid phases.", "contents": "Fluorochrome staining of multilamellar liposomes. Multilamellar liposomes can be stained with such fluorochromes as acridine orange, eosin Y, neutral red, and thiazine red. The liposomes are brought into a 1% solution of the fluorochrome; 5-10 minutes later they are centrifuged and washed by resuspending in water or phosphate buffered saline three times. The last pellet is resuspended and a drop studied with the fluorescence microscope (1000 x magnification). The fluorochrome is seen to be accumulated in the liposomal membranes. Acridine orange could also be trapped in the aqueous compartments of the liposomes but the trapped fluorochrome was gradually lost from the liposomes. Part of the fluorochrome, however, remained associated with the liposomal membranes for a long time. Additional experiments justify the conclusion that an equilibrium is maintained between fluorochromes in the aqueous and lipid phases.", "PMID": 89716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11613", "title": "Gallocyanin-chromalum for improved scanning electron microscopy of whole nuclei without critical point drying.", "content": "Bone marrow nuclei fixed with modified Carnoy's, then stained with gallocyanin chromalum followed by air drying showed no difference in morphology when compared by means of scanning electron microscopy with similar nuclei prepared by critical point drying. Glutaraldehyde at pH 4.0 and 7.1, mercury-containing Zenker's fluid, and chromalum alone, all of which are considered to be nuclear protein cross-linking fixatives, failed to preserve the nuclear morphology as well as gallocyanin-chromalum or critical point prepared bone marro nuclei.", "contents": "Gallocyanin-chromalum for improved scanning electron microscopy of whole nuclei without critical point drying. Bone marrow nuclei fixed with modified Carnoy's, then stained with gallocyanin chromalum followed by air drying showed no difference in morphology when compared by means of scanning electron microscopy with similar nuclei prepared by critical point drying. Glutaraldehyde at pH 4.0 and 7.1, mercury-containing Zenker's fluid, and chromalum alone, all of which are considered to be nuclear protein cross-linking fixatives, failed to preserve the nuclear morphology as well as gallocyanin-chromalum or critical point prepared bone marro nuclei.", "PMID": 89717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11614", "title": "Differential dichrome staining of tissue culture monolayers: alternate dyes and possible mechanism.", "content": "A polyacid-dependent dichrome has been devised which will differentiate epithelial from mesenchymal cells in young dividing primary cultures. Epithelial cells and colonies and nuclei are stained with metanil yellow, the stain is fixed and differentiated with phosphotungstic acid, and the mesenchymal elements are stained with toluidine blue. Several other dyes are tested for substitution in this method. Biebrich scarlet and aniline blue could be substituted for the metanil yellow; Bismarck brown T, Janus green B, crystal violet, and neutral red could be substituted for the basic dye.", "contents": "Differential dichrome staining of tissue culture monolayers: alternate dyes and possible mechanism. A polyacid-dependent dichrome has been devised which will differentiate epithelial from mesenchymal cells in young dividing primary cultures. Epithelial cells and colonies and nuclei are stained with metanil yellow, the stain is fixed and differentiated with phosphotungstic acid, and the mesenchymal elements are stained with toluidine blue. Several other dyes are tested for substitution in this method. Biebrich scarlet and aniline blue could be substituted for the metanil yellow; Bismarck brown T, Janus green B, crystal violet, and neutral red could be substituted for the basic dye.", "PMID": 89718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11615", "title": "A comparison of methods using diaminobenzidine (DAB) to localize peroxidases in erythrocytes, neutrophils, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex.", "content": "Reactions using diaminobenzidine (DAB) to localize the enzyme peroxidase in neutrophils and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex during immunological staining are usually performed in Tris-HCl or phosphate buffer at pH 7.2-7.6. However, DAB solutions at pH 7.2-7.6 often demonstrate erythrocyte pseudoperoxidase as well. By lowering the pH of the DAB solutions, it is possible to selectively suppress the reactivity of pseudoperoxidase while maintaining optimal reactions in neutrophils and PAP complex. For this purpose we recommend ammonium acetate-citric acid buffer at pH 5.5 (pH 5.0-6.0) containing 44 mg DAB per 100 ml buffer and 0.003%-0.03% with respect to H2O2.", "contents": "A comparison of methods using diaminobenzidine (DAB) to localize peroxidases in erythrocytes, neutrophils, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Reactions using diaminobenzidine (DAB) to localize the enzyme peroxidase in neutrophils and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complex during immunological staining are usually performed in Tris-HCl or phosphate buffer at pH 7.2-7.6. However, DAB solutions at pH 7.2-7.6 often demonstrate erythrocyte pseudoperoxidase as well. By lowering the pH of the DAB solutions, it is possible to selectively suppress the reactivity of pseudoperoxidase while maintaining optimal reactions in neutrophils and PAP complex. For this purpose we recommend ammonium acetate-citric acid buffer at pH 5.5 (pH 5.0-6.0) containing 44 mg DAB per 100 ml buffer and 0.003%-0.03% with respect to H2O2.", "PMID": 89720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11616", "title": "Double fluorescent staining for the separate demonstration of chromosomes and microtubules in mitotic cells in vitro.", "content": "A simple fluorescent method for double staining of mitotic cells using a rhodamine B indirect immunofluorescent method for tubulin and the DNA-specific fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 for nuclei and chromosomes is described. This procedure enables one through the use of appropriate excitation filters to view at will either chromosomes and nuclei or tubulin within the same cell.", "contents": "Double fluorescent staining for the separate demonstration of chromosomes and microtubules in mitotic cells in vitro. A simple fluorescent method for double staining of mitotic cells using a rhodamine B indirect immunofluorescent method for tubulin and the DNA-specific fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 for nuclei and chromosomes is described. This procedure enables one through the use of appropriate excitation filters to view at will either chromosomes and nuclei or tubulin within the same cell.", "PMID": 89722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11617", "title": "Regulation of collagenase. Therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Why the cornea ulcerates, in the sense of what goes awry, may be related to the trapping of wound healing in a phase of proteolytic debridement related to a persistent epithelial defect. The initial avascularity of the cornea makes it particularly vulnerable to proteolytic damage. Studies on the biochemistry and cell biology of corneal ulceration have indicated that sequential interactions occur which result in the generation of collagenase activity and the development of ulceration. It is likely that the interactions are susceptible to intervention; and it is thought that eventual, successful treatment of corneal ulceration will require a complex therapy, with interventions at multiple sites of regulation.", "contents": "Regulation of collagenase. Therapeutic considerations. Why the cornea ulcerates, in the sense of what goes awry, may be related to the trapping of wound healing in a phase of proteolytic debridement related to a persistent epithelial defect. The initial avascularity of the cornea makes it particularly vulnerable to proteolytic damage. Studies on the biochemistry and cell biology of corneal ulceration have indicated that sequential interactions occur which result in the generation of collagenase activity and the development of ulceration. It is likely that the interactions are susceptible to intervention; and it is thought that eventual, successful treatment of corneal ulceration will require a complex therapy, with interventions at multiple sites of regulation.", "PMID": 89726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11618", "title": "Detection of multiple variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The identification of antigen types in tsetse salivary gland metacyclic populations of Trypanosoma brucei requires the production of monospecific antisera to the corresponding bloodstream variable antigen types. Monospecific antisera against clones from cyclically transmitted populations are difficult to prepare, however, owing to the antigenic lability of such clones. This problem has been overcome by isolating an antigenically stable clone from a syringe-infected rabbit at a time when its serum showed incipient activity towards metacyclic trypanosomes. Monospecific antisera raised against this clone reacted with up to 20% metacyclics in trypanolysis and immunofluorescence tests, confirming that a clone-derived metacyclic population of T. brucei is heterogeneous with respect to variable antigen type.", "contents": "Detection of multiple variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of Trypanosoma brucei. The identification of antigen types in tsetse salivary gland metacyclic populations of Trypanosoma brucei requires the production of monospecific antisera to the corresponding bloodstream variable antigen types. Monospecific antisera against clones from cyclically transmitted populations are difficult to prepare, however, owing to the antigenic lability of such clones. This problem has been overcome by isolating an antigenically stable clone from a syringe-infected rabbit at a time when its serum showed incipient activity towards metacyclic trypanosomes. Monospecific antisera raised against this clone reacted with up to 20% metacyclics in trypanolysis and immunofluorescence tests, confirming that a clone-derived metacyclic population of T. brucei is heterogeneous with respect to variable antigen type.", "PMID": 89727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11619", "title": "Induction of human antibody responses in vitro with emphasis on allogeneic helper factors.", "content": "Systems have been developed for the reproducible production of antigen-specific plaque forming cells for both tonsillar and peripheral blood B cells. Allogeneic helper activity was an essential supplement and monocyte removal was important, especially in the peripheral blood situation. Highly active allogeneic helper factors could be obtained from undirectional MLC supernatants which aided the proeuction of antigen-driven plaques. These factors also caused a polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes. A number of clinical applications of the above system were described. A defect in the T cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with respect to the generation of helper activities was delineated.", "contents": "Induction of human antibody responses in vitro with emphasis on allogeneic helper factors. Systems have been developed for the reproducible production of antigen-specific plaque forming cells for both tonsillar and peripheral blood B cells. Allogeneic helper activity was an essential supplement and monocyte removal was important, especially in the peripheral blood situation. Highly active allogeneic helper factors could be obtained from undirectional MLC supernatants which aided the proeuction of antigen-driven plaques. These factors also caused a polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes. A number of clinical applications of the above system were described. A defect in the T cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with respect to the generation of helper activities was delineated.", "PMID": 89729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11620", "title": "Human B cell function in a polyclonally induced plaque forming cell system. Cell triggering and immunoregulation.", "content": "The use of a sensitive PFC assay against a specific antigenic determinant (SRBC) following polyclonal triggering of human lymphocytes has provided a unique insight into the complex mechanisms of triggering of human B cells. The system is under the strict regulation of a delicate balance between helper and suppressor influences reflecting in certain circumstances the activity of distinct subsets of immunoregulatory cells. Lymphoid cells in certain diseases characterized by disordered immunoregulation, when as system, may in effect be manifesting an abnormal expression of immunoregulatory mechanisms operable in normal immune responses. In vivo activation of lymphoid cells by PBAs may have an important role in disease states as well as in the subsequent in vitro expression of B cell function. Furthermore, it is quite possible that under certain circumstances some B cell responses which appear to be purely antigen-specific may be reflections of synergy between PBA substances and specific antigen. The use of PBAs as probes and sensitive PVC systems as assays has already proven fruitful in the dissection of the complex mechanisms of nonspecific B cell triggering in man and may indeed ultimately lead to an understanding of the mechanisms of specificity of immune reactivity.", "contents": "Human B cell function in a polyclonally induced plaque forming cell system. Cell triggering and immunoregulation. The use of a sensitive PFC assay against a specific antigenic determinant (SRBC) following polyclonal triggering of human lymphocytes has provided a unique insight into the complex mechanisms of triggering of human B cells. The system is under the strict regulation of a delicate balance between helper and suppressor influences reflecting in certain circumstances the activity of distinct subsets of immunoregulatory cells. Lymphoid cells in certain diseases characterized by disordered immunoregulation, when as system, may in effect be manifesting an abnormal expression of immunoregulatory mechanisms operable in normal immune responses. In vivo activation of lymphoid cells by PBAs may have an important role in disease states as well as in the subsequent in vitro expression of B cell function. Furthermore, it is quite possible that under certain circumstances some B cell responses which appear to be purely antigen-specific may be reflections of synergy between PBA substances and specific antigen. The use of PBAs as probes and sensitive PVC systems as assays has already proven fruitful in the dissection of the complex mechanisms of nonspecific B cell triggering in man and may indeed ultimately lead to an understanding of the mechanisms of specificity of immune reactivity.", "PMID": 89732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11621", "title": "[Bromocriptine for palliation of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Experimental and clinical profile of a drug (author's' transl)].", "content": "Since prolactin has several modes of action on prostatic growth and physiology, the effect of the antiprolactin bromocriptine on plasma kinetics and intraprostatic metabolism of testosterone was studied in patients with untreated prostatic cancer; a therapy protocol was deduced which was controlled in 27 patients with advanced inoperable prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bromocriptine resulted in a significant suppression of prolactin and testosterone as well and favored testosterone elimination from the plasma pool. Prostatic androgen uptake was enhanced and the intraprostatic metabolism altered in relation to tumor grade. Adjunctive administration of bromocriptine to 27 patients, mostly in the state of hormone resistance, resulted in an overall objective regression of 22.2% and in stable disease in 55.6% of the patients. In half of the individuals a prompt relief of bone pain from osseous metastases was observed as well as improvement of micturition and decline of phosphatase activity. This preliminary data justify further investigations under controlled and randomized conditions.", "contents": "[Bromocriptine for palliation of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Experimental and clinical profile of a drug (author's' transl)]. Since prolactin has several modes of action on prostatic growth and physiology, the effect of the antiprolactin bromocriptine on plasma kinetics and intraprostatic metabolism of testosterone was studied in patients with untreated prostatic cancer; a therapy protocol was deduced which was controlled in 27 patients with advanced inoperable prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bromocriptine resulted in a significant suppression of prolactin and testosterone as well and favored testosterone elimination from the plasma pool. Prostatic androgen uptake was enhanced and the intraprostatic metabolism altered in relation to tumor grade. Adjunctive administration of bromocriptine to 27 patients, mostly in the state of hormone resistance, resulted in an overall objective regression of 22.2% and in stable disease in 55.6% of the patients. In half of the individuals a prompt relief of bone pain from osseous metastases was observed as well as improvement of micturition and decline of phosphatase activity. This preliminary data justify further investigations under controlled and randomized conditions.", "PMID": 89747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11622", "title": "Acid mucopolysaccharides in mammary tumors of dogs.", "content": "The predominant acid mucopolysaccharides found in selected epithelial mammary tumors of dogs stained with alcian blue and were labile to hyaluronidase digestion. These histochemical characteristics identified them as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4- and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The intensity of the staining of these acid mucopolysaccharides varied in a transitionary process from a precartilaginous to a pseudocartilaginous intercellular matrix to mature hyaline cartilage. The tumor acid mucopolysaccharides were indistinguishable from those associated with formation of cartilage in developing mammals; such cartilage is reported to be produced only by cells of mesodermal origin. There was no evidence to suggest transitional changes in myoepithelial cells, neoplastic epithelial cells or their components that could contribute to the formation of the acid mucopolysaccharides. It was concluded that the heterotopic tissues (cartilage, bone and fibrous connective tissue) in the epithelial mammary tumors were derived from cells of mesodermal origin and formed the adjacent stroma in areas of neoplasia.", "contents": "Acid mucopolysaccharides in mammary tumors of dogs. The predominant acid mucopolysaccharides found in selected epithelial mammary tumors of dogs stained with alcian blue and were labile to hyaluronidase digestion. These histochemical characteristics identified them as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4- and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The intensity of the staining of these acid mucopolysaccharides varied in a transitionary process from a precartilaginous to a pseudocartilaginous intercellular matrix to mature hyaline cartilage. The tumor acid mucopolysaccharides were indistinguishable from those associated with formation of cartilage in developing mammals; such cartilage is reported to be produced only by cells of mesodermal origin. There was no evidence to suggest transitional changes in myoepithelial cells, neoplastic epithelial cells or their components that could contribute to the formation of the acid mucopolysaccharides. It was concluded that the heterotopic tissues (cartilage, bone and fibrous connective tissue) in the epithelial mammary tumors were derived from cells of mesodermal origin and formed the adjacent stroma in areas of neoplasia.", "PMID": 89749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11623", "title": "A comparison of the antibacterial properties of some udder creams and ointments.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of three udder creams and two ointments was assayed using three different methods. Seven different bacterial genera were used as test organisms providing a total of 17 strains. Only a single strain of corynebacterium was inhibited by all the preparations. Certain strains of staphylococci and streptococci were inhibited by four of the preparations. The gram-negative organisms showed greatest resistance to the antibacterial agents tested. The in vitro assays showed only one of the five preparations to have even slight bactericidal activity. These preparations when tested on the teats of dry and lactating cows showed similar results to the in vitro experiments.", "contents": "A comparison of the antibacterial properties of some udder creams and ointments. The antibacterial activity of three udder creams and two ointments was assayed using three different methods. Seven different bacterial genera were used as test organisms providing a total of 17 strains. Only a single strain of corynebacterium was inhibited by all the preparations. Certain strains of staphylococci and streptococci were inhibited by four of the preparations. The gram-negative organisms showed greatest resistance to the antibacterial agents tested. The in vitro assays showed only one of the five preparations to have even slight bactericidal activity. These preparations when tested on the teats of dry and lactating cows showed similar results to the in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 89750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11624", "title": "Epithelioid cell granulomata in the mucosa of the small intestine in Whipple's disease.", "content": "This report is the first description of sarcoid-like epithelioid cell granulomata in the mucosa of the small intestine in a case of Whipple's disease. The epithelioid cells do not contain PAS-positive material or products of bacterial degradation. Their ultrastructural features characterize them as histiocytes which have become secretory rather than phagocytic. These sarcoid-like lesions are considered to be a morphological manifestation of an immunological process in Whipple's disease and not to represent evidence of sarcoidosis as a concomitant or associated disorder.", "contents": "Epithelioid cell granulomata in the mucosa of the small intestine in Whipple's disease. This report is the first description of sarcoid-like epithelioid cell granulomata in the mucosa of the small intestine in a case of Whipple's disease. The epithelioid cells do not contain PAS-positive material or products of bacterial degradation. Their ultrastructural features characterize them as histiocytes which have become secretory rather than phagocytic. These sarcoid-like lesions are considered to be a morphological manifestation of an immunological process in Whipple's disease and not to represent evidence of sarcoidosis as a concomitant or associated disorder.", "PMID": 89752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11625", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the alpha-globulins in human kidney tumor tissue].", "content": "Four individual tissue proteins were studied both in normal and tumoral tissue of kidney (hypernephroma, Wilms tumor) using immunochemical analysis. Occurrence of an antigen, which was absent in definitive tissue of homologous origin, as well as a decrease in biosynthesis of some homologous antigens were found in malignant tissue.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the alpha-globulins in human kidney tumor tissue]. Four individual tissue proteins were studied both in normal and tumoral tissue of kidney (hypernephroma, Wilms tumor) using immunochemical analysis. Occurrence of an antigen, which was absent in definitive tissue of homologous origin, as well as a decrease in biosynthesis of some homologous antigens were found in malignant tissue.", "PMID": 89757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11626", "title": "Differentiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 by immunofluorescence: discriminative staining by labelled IgG preparations.", "content": "While evaluating herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing by indirect immunofluorescence staining, an undesired specific staining pattern turned out to be a reliable marker for herpes simplex type 1. Cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 displayed clear staining with a FITC-conjugated antiglobulin preparation, also in the absence of herpes simplex-specific antibodies. Using the same conjugate, herpes simplex type-2-infected cells exhibited no fluorescence. The particular type of staining observed was influenced by neither the anatomical site of origin of the virus isolate nor the cell type used for virus preparation. Herpes simplex type 1-specific fluorescence was only obtained with the use of FITC-conjugates possessing anti-IgG activity. Both reliability and specificity of this discriminating procedure as a diagnostic tool has been established by typing 282 virus isolates over a period of 4 years.", "contents": "Differentiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 by immunofluorescence: discriminative staining by labelled IgG preparations. While evaluating herpes simplex virus (HSV) typing by indirect immunofluorescence staining, an undesired specific staining pattern turned out to be a reliable marker for herpes simplex type 1. Cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 displayed clear staining with a FITC-conjugated antiglobulin preparation, also in the absence of herpes simplex-specific antibodies. Using the same conjugate, herpes simplex type-2-infected cells exhibited no fluorescence. The particular type of staining observed was influenced by neither the anatomical site of origin of the virus isolate nor the cell type used for virus preparation. Herpes simplex type 1-specific fluorescence was only obtained with the use of FITC-conjugates possessing anti-IgG activity. Both reliability and specificity of this discriminating procedure as a diagnostic tool has been established by typing 282 virus isolates over a period of 4 years.", "PMID": 89761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11627", "title": "[Uniform method for determining the alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin activity in human blood serum (plasma)].", "content": "A modified spectrophotometric method is developed for simultaneous estimation of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in human blood serum (plasma); the method is based on dissimilar interaction of these inhibitors with trypsin in the systems with a low molecular substrate N-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester. alpha 1-Antitrypsin was estimated by inhibition of the arginine esterase activity of trypsin in a mixture containing human blood serum diluted 50-fold. alpha 2-Macroglobulin was estimated by maintained arginine esterase activity of the trypsin-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex, formed after interaction of an excess of trypsin with blood serum, diluted 10-fold and after subsequent inactivation of free, unbound with alpha 2-macroglobulin, trypsin by treatment with the soy bean inhibitor of trypsin. alpha 1-Antitrypsin and alpha 2-macrog-obulin were estimated by means of the method described in blood serum of healthy persons and in patients with burns or with carcinoma of pancreas. The method enables to estimate two main inhibitors of blood plasma proteinases in a small volume of blood serum (0.1 ml) very rapidly and specifically using commercially available substrate; the method might be recommended for routine clinical analysis.", "contents": "[Uniform method for determining the alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin activity in human blood serum (plasma)]. A modified spectrophotometric method is developed for simultaneous estimation of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in human blood serum (plasma); the method is based on dissimilar interaction of these inhibitors with trypsin in the systems with a low molecular substrate N-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester. alpha 1-Antitrypsin was estimated by inhibition of the arginine esterase activity of trypsin in a mixture containing human blood serum diluted 50-fold. alpha 2-Macroglobulin was estimated by maintained arginine esterase activity of the trypsin-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex, formed after interaction of an excess of trypsin with blood serum, diluted 10-fold and after subsequent inactivation of free, unbound with alpha 2-macroglobulin, trypsin by treatment with the soy bean inhibitor of trypsin. alpha 1-Antitrypsin and alpha 2-macrog-obulin were estimated by means of the method described in blood serum of healthy persons and in patients with burns or with carcinoma of pancreas. The method enables to estimate two main inhibitors of blood plasma proteinases in a small volume of blood serum (0.1 ml) very rapidly and specifically using commercially available substrate; the method might be recommended for routine clinical analysis.", "PMID": 89758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11628", "title": "Strain-specific antigens in Rhizobium leguminosarum.", "content": "Fifty strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, isolated from five species of host plant (Pisum sativum, P. arvense, Vicia sativa, V. faba, and a Lathyrus sp.) were examined for the presence of strain-specific somatic antigens by immune-diffusions against 13 antisera. Thirty eight strains (76 per cent) were found to belong to the same sero-group and were serologically indistinguishable from each other, but four of these strains also exhibited non-reciprocal cross reactivity with other antisera. In contrast to this, five Australian strains, isolated from P. sativum, showed a high degree of strain specificity.", "contents": "Strain-specific antigens in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Fifty strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, isolated from five species of host plant (Pisum sativum, P. arvense, Vicia sativa, V. faba, and a Lathyrus sp.) were examined for the presence of strain-specific somatic antigens by immune-diffusions against 13 antisera. Thirty eight strains (76 per cent) were found to belong to the same sero-group and were serologically indistinguishable from each other, but four of these strains also exhibited non-reciprocal cross reactivity with other antisera. In contrast to this, five Australian strains, isolated from P. sativum, showed a high degree of strain specificity.", "PMID": 89766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11629", "title": "[In vitro study of the sensitizing activity of an antirabies immunoglobulin and its fractions].", "content": "The dynamics of the blood in guinea pigs sensitized with heterogenous antirabic immunoglobulin was studied. The damage of neutrophils in the blood was found to be an index which allowed to detect changed sensitivity to heterogenous protein already at an early period (on day 6) after immunization, whereas the indirect mast cell degranulation test detected it only at a later period (on day 21). The above methods revealed that beta 1 and beta 2 globulin fractions possessed high sensitizing activity.", "contents": "[In vitro study of the sensitizing activity of an antirabies immunoglobulin and its fractions]. The dynamics of the blood in guinea pigs sensitized with heterogenous antirabic immunoglobulin was studied. The damage of neutrophils in the blood was found to be an index which allowed to detect changed sensitivity to heterogenous protein already at an early period (on day 6) after immunization, whereas the indirect mast cell degranulation test detected it only at a later period (on day 21). The above methods revealed that beta 1 and beta 2 globulin fractions possessed high sensitizing activity.", "PMID": 89768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11630", "title": "[Submicroscopic organization of M. pneumoniae studied by means of negative contrasting, ultrathin sections and scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The ultrastructure of M. pneumoniae, grown on a solid culture medium and in a liquid one, was studied by a number of methods. Two types of cells were shown to prevail in the culture: spherical cells (0.5--1 micrometer) forming chains of different configurations and filamentous cells (5 micrometer long and greater) with spherical enlargements along their whole length. The absence of microcapsules made M. pneumoniae different from other species of mycoplasms, and the organism proliferated by division into 2 daughter cells, equal or unequal in size, by the segmentation of the cytoplasm and the formation of elementary bodies inside the cell and on its surface.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic organization of M. pneumoniae studied by means of negative contrasting, ultrathin sections and scanning electron microscopy]. The ultrastructure of M. pneumoniae, grown on a solid culture medium and in a liquid one, was studied by a number of methods. Two types of cells were shown to prevail in the culture: spherical cells (0.5--1 micrometer) forming chains of different configurations and filamentous cells (5 micrometer long and greater) with spherical enlargements along their whole length. The absence of microcapsules made M. pneumoniae different from other species of mycoplasms, and the organism proliferated by division into 2 daughter cells, equal or unequal in size, by the segmentation of the cytoplasm and the formation of elementary bodies inside the cell and on its surface.", "PMID": 89769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11631", "title": "Effect of some insecticides on the periodic activity of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.).", "content": "The effect of the insecticides Hungaria L-7, Dimecron-50, Thimet-10 G and Satox 20 WSC containing lindane, phosphamidon, phorate and trichlorfon, respectively, as active ingredient was investigated on the survival and pumping behaviour of the fresh-water mussel Anodonta cygnea L. The shortening of active periods was used as indicator of the sublethal effects. Hungaria L-7, Thimet-10 G and Satox 20 WSC caused significant inhibition of the filtering activity, while Dimecron-50 was less effective. Fifty per cent shortening of active periods required 6 X 10-3 g/l Hungaria L-7, 8 X 10-3 g/l Thimet-10 G and 2 X 10-2 ml/l Satox 20 WSC. Thimet and Satox were lethal at 10-1 g/l and 1 m/l concentrations, respectively. Although the mechanism of the effect can be different with various substances, the results have shown, that monitoring of the activity of mussels can be a suitable test for the biological indications of water pollution.", "contents": "Effect of some insecticides on the periodic activity of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.). The effect of the insecticides Hungaria L-7, Dimecron-50, Thimet-10 G and Satox 20 WSC containing lindane, phosphamidon, phorate and trichlorfon, respectively, as active ingredient was investigated on the survival and pumping behaviour of the fresh-water mussel Anodonta cygnea L. The shortening of active periods was used as indicator of the sublethal effects. Hungaria L-7, Thimet-10 G and Satox 20 WSC caused significant inhibition of the filtering activity, while Dimecron-50 was less effective. Fifty per cent shortening of active periods required 6 X 10-3 g/l Hungaria L-7, 8 X 10-3 g/l Thimet-10 G and 2 X 10-2 ml/l Satox 20 WSC. Thimet and Satox were lethal at 10-1 g/l and 1 m/l concentrations, respectively. Although the mechanism of the effect can be different with various substances, the results have shown, that monitoring of the activity of mussels can be a suitable test for the biological indications of water pollution.", "PMID": 89770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11632", "title": "Purification of RNA-directed DNA polymerase from mouse spleen infected with Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from spleens of Balb/c and NMRI mice infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus. The method includes cell fractionation and lysis of microsomal fraction, chromtography on Sephadex G-200 and phosphocellulose. Estimation of molecular weight from the sedimentation rate of the purified enzyme in a glycerol gradient was consistent with a structure containing one polypeptide with a molecular weight of 70,000. Purified RLV DNA polymerase from spleen could transcribe purified DNA polymerase from purified virions. This simple preparation method offers a procedure for large scale preparation of the RNA-directed DNA polymerase which can be used for synthesis of DNA complementary to mRNA.", "contents": "Purification of RNA-directed DNA polymerase from mouse spleen infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from spleens of Balb/c and NMRI mice infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus. The method includes cell fractionation and lysis of microsomal fraction, chromtography on Sephadex G-200 and phosphocellulose. Estimation of molecular weight from the sedimentation rate of the purified enzyme in a glycerol gradient was consistent with a structure containing one polypeptide with a molecular weight of 70,000. Purified RLV DNA polymerase from spleen could transcribe purified DNA polymerase from purified virions. This simple preparation method offers a procedure for large scale preparation of the RNA-directed DNA polymerase which can be used for synthesis of DNA complementary to mRNA.", "PMID": 89771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11633", "title": "[Antigenic composition of adenovirus hexons].", "content": "Quantitative relations between the group-specific and the type-specific components of the hexons of adenovirus type 2 and 5 were studied by means of FITC-conjugated Fab-fragments of antibodies directed against type 2 and type 5 hexons. From the sedimentation constant of the complexes of hexons and Fab in the region of excess of Fab we conclude that there are at least 20 determinants on the hexon. Half of these are type-specific and the others are group-specific. Both components of the type 2 hexon consist of equal parts of carbodiimide sensitive and carbodiimide resistent determinants.", "contents": "[Antigenic composition of adenovirus hexons]. Quantitative relations between the group-specific and the type-specific components of the hexons of adenovirus type 2 and 5 were studied by means of FITC-conjugated Fab-fragments of antibodies directed against type 2 and type 5 hexons. From the sedimentation constant of the complexes of hexons and Fab in the region of excess of Fab we conclude that there are at least 20 determinants on the hexon. Half of these are type-specific and the others are group-specific. Both components of the type 2 hexon consist of equal parts of carbodiimide sensitive and carbodiimide resistent determinants.", "PMID": 89772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11634", "title": "A technique for demonstrating of dehydrogenase activities in Epon-embedded, semithin sections of the nervous tissue.", "content": "Experiments were performed aiming at establishing optimal conditions for demonstrating the activity of dehydrogenases in Epon-embedded, semithin sections. Small fragments of the nervous tissue were incubated 1, 4, 10 and 24 h 37, 20 and 4 degrees C in the presence of NBT or TC NBT. The incubated fragments were embedded in Epon and semithin sections prepared thereof. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and of alpha-glycerol dehydrogenase was evaluated. The experiments have shown that semithin, Epon-embedded sections may be used for demonstration and cytological localization of respiratory enzymes. Various experimental conditions were tried. Optimal results obtained when unfixed tissue fragments were incubated for 24 h at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "A technique for demonstrating of dehydrogenase activities in Epon-embedded, semithin sections of the nervous tissue. Experiments were performed aiming at establishing optimal conditions for demonstrating the activity of dehydrogenases in Epon-embedded, semithin sections. Small fragments of the nervous tissue were incubated 1, 4, 10 and 24 h 37, 20 and 4 degrees C in the presence of NBT or TC NBT. The incubated fragments were embedded in Epon and semithin sections prepared thereof. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and of alpha-glycerol dehydrogenase was evaluated. The experiments have shown that semithin, Epon-embedded sections may be used for demonstration and cytological localization of respiratory enzymes. Various experimental conditions were tried. Optimal results obtained when unfixed tissue fragments were incubated for 24 h at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 89774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11635", "title": "Effect of mast cell chymase of rat skin on intercellular matrix: a histochemical study.", "content": "The effects of purified mast cell chymase of rat skin on intercellular matrix were studied histochemically using cartilage as a model. The enzyme effectively releases proteoglycans from neonatal human costal cartilage. An analysis of the primary site of proteolytic attack by chymase in the matrix was attempted. The results suggest that components containing the more acidic radicals (e.g. sulphates) are hydrolyzed first. After a prolonged attack, the matrix loses most of its staining with Toluidine Blue and Alcian Blue, and staining of collagen is increased. The hydrolyzed regions of cartilage in Alcian Blue-stained sections exhibited a purple interference colour in polarized light. A similar interference colour appeared after incubating sections of rat skin with chymase. The mast cell chymase presumably promotes diffusion of plasma to the site of injury by the direct breakdown of connective tissue ground substance.", "contents": "Effect of mast cell chymase of rat skin on intercellular matrix: a histochemical study. The effects of purified mast cell chymase of rat skin on intercellular matrix were studied histochemically using cartilage as a model. The enzyme effectively releases proteoglycans from neonatal human costal cartilage. An analysis of the primary site of proteolytic attack by chymase in the matrix was attempted. The results suggest that components containing the more acidic radicals (e.g. sulphates) are hydrolyzed first. After a prolonged attack, the matrix loses most of its staining with Toluidine Blue and Alcian Blue, and staining of collagen is increased. The hydrolyzed regions of cartilage in Alcian Blue-stained sections exhibited a purple interference colour in polarized light. A similar interference colour appeared after incubating sections of rat skin with chymase. The mast cell chymase presumably promotes diffusion of plasma to the site of injury by the direct breakdown of connective tissue ground substance.", "PMID": 89775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11636", "title": "Histochemical and morphological evaluation of cerebral cortex of newborn rat in the course of joint ethanol and pyrazole administration.", "content": "The object of the study was the cerebral cortex of newborn rat. Tissue material was collected from the 2-nd to the 8-th hour after birth both from control animals and newborns whose mothers had been given both ethanol and pyrazole throughout gestation period, and also either ethanol alone or pyrazole. The drug were administered by gastric tube, in doses: ethanol 8.0 g/kg body weight, pyrazole 36 mg/kg body weight. Histochemical studies revealed variation in the intensity of reaction of the respiratory enzymes during examination of the cortex of newborns whose mothers had been fed with ethanol alone, or pyrazole alone. A strong inhibition of enzymatic reaction was observed in the examined cerebral cortex of newborns after a joint ethanol and pyrazole administration. Morphological studies showed an inhibition of maturing process of the cerebral cortex cells of animals treated with ethanol alone, whereas the cerebral cortex of animals whose mothers had been given both ethanol and pyrazole, presented symptoms allowing to diagnose encephalitis congenita symptomatica.", "contents": "Histochemical and morphological evaluation of cerebral cortex of newborn rat in the course of joint ethanol and pyrazole administration. The object of the study was the cerebral cortex of newborn rat. Tissue material was collected from the 2-nd to the 8-th hour after birth both from control animals and newborns whose mothers had been given both ethanol and pyrazole throughout gestation period, and also either ethanol alone or pyrazole. The drug were administered by gastric tube, in doses: ethanol 8.0 g/kg body weight, pyrazole 36 mg/kg body weight. Histochemical studies revealed variation in the intensity of reaction of the respiratory enzymes during examination of the cortex of newborns whose mothers had been fed with ethanol alone, or pyrazole alone. A strong inhibition of enzymatic reaction was observed in the examined cerebral cortex of newborns after a joint ethanol and pyrazole administration. Morphological studies showed an inhibition of maturing process of the cerebral cortex cells of animals treated with ethanol alone, whereas the cerebral cortex of animals whose mothers had been given both ethanol and pyrazole, presented symptoms allowing to diagnose encephalitis congenita symptomatica.", "PMID": 89776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11637", "title": "Timolol transitory manifestations of dry eyes in long term treatment.", "content": "In 64 patients treated with timolol eye drops (0.25% and 0.50%) seven patients developed transitory sensation of dry eyes. Two of these subjects also had xerostomia. Conjunctival and corneal defects were disclosed simultaneously with rose bengal staining. Morphologically, some of these lesions might have the same appearance as of the early stages of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca. A reduction of Schirmer test and break-up time was noted. The duration of symptoms ranged from 3 to 13 days. The mean time of treatment at the d\u00e9but of symptoms was 30 weeks (range 23--43 weeks). A pathogenesis of these seemingly harmless findings is at the present obscure. In none of our patients was the treatment discontinued and the symptoms did not reappear.", "contents": "Timolol transitory manifestations of dry eyes in long term treatment. In 64 patients treated with timolol eye drops (0.25% and 0.50%) seven patients developed transitory sensation of dry eyes. Two of these subjects also had xerostomia. Conjunctival and corneal defects were disclosed simultaneously with rose bengal staining. Morphologically, some of these lesions might have the same appearance as of the early stages of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca. A reduction of Schirmer test and break-up time was noted. The duration of symptoms ranged from 3 to 13 days. The mean time of treatment at the d\u00e9but of symptoms was 30 weeks (range 23--43 weeks). A pathogenesis of these seemingly harmless findings is at the present obscure. In none of our patients was the treatment discontinued and the symptoms did not reappear.", "PMID": 89777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11638", "title": "Fibrinolytic factors in aqueous humour and serum from patients with Fuchs' dystrophy and patients with cataract.", "content": "The concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, plasminogen, C3-complement, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinolytic activity, were studied in the aqueous humour and serum from nine patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, 17 patients with uncomplicated senile cataract and in the secondary aqueous from six cataract patients. Finally, the aqueous humour and serum from two patients anterior uveitis were studied. An increased concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, plasminogen and C3-complement was found in both the aqueous and the serum from patients with Fuchs' dystrophy when compared with the primary aqueous and serum from patients with cataract but this was only significant for alpha 1-antitrypsin in aqueous humour. A significant increase in the amount of FDP was found in the serum of the Fuchs' patients compared with the cataract patients. Fibrinolytic activity could not be demonstrated in the serum in any of the patient groups. The concentrations of the various factors found in the secondary aqueous of the cataract patients differed only slightly from the content of the primary aqueous of the Fuchs' patients.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic factors in aqueous humour and serum from patients with Fuchs' dystrophy and patients with cataract. The concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, plasminogen, C3-complement, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinolytic activity, were studied in the aqueous humour and serum from nine patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, 17 patients with uncomplicated senile cataract and in the secondary aqueous from six cataract patients. Finally, the aqueous humour and serum from two patients anterior uveitis were studied. An increased concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, plasminogen and C3-complement was found in both the aqueous and the serum from patients with Fuchs' dystrophy when compared with the primary aqueous and serum from patients with cataract but this was only significant for alpha 1-antitrypsin in aqueous humour. A significant increase in the amount of FDP was found in the serum of the Fuchs' patients compared with the cataract patients. Fibrinolytic activity could not be demonstrated in the serum in any of the patient groups. The concentrations of the various factors found in the secondary aqueous of the cataract patients differed only slightly from the content of the primary aqueous of the Fuchs' patients.", "PMID": 89778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11639", "title": "Comparative study of the influence of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the activity of the horizontal semicircular canal in the frog.", "content": "This work is an electrophysiological study made in the frog. The technique allows one to test and to compare the actions of a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics, directly introduced into the labyrinthic cavity, on the spontaneous activity of a vestibular receptor--the horizontal semicircular canal. The effects of aminoglycoside solutions have been compared with those of physiological solutions (NaCl 7 g/l, Ringer) and of penicillin (not ototoxic). The results obtained show: (1) After the introduction of a physiological solution the activity disappears only very briefly (electrical artefact, probably); after a few minutes the activity returns to its initial value. A similar phenomenon is obtained with penicillin. (2) When used at a dose of 10 microgram, all the aminoglycosides studied generally induced an important and lasting decrease in semicircular canal activity. (3) These aminoglycosides have been classified according to their vestibular local toxicity. Their descending order of influence is as follows: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin (BBK 8), neomycin, sisomycin, gentamicin and lividomycin, tobramycin, kanendomycin. (4) A parallel can be drawn between local vestibular toxicity and clinical ototoxicity. The role and importance of the hemolabyrinthic barrier are noted and the notion of ototoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative study of the influence of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the activity of the horizontal semicircular canal in the frog. This work is an electrophysiological study made in the frog. The technique allows one to test and to compare the actions of a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics, directly introduced into the labyrinthic cavity, on the spontaneous activity of a vestibular receptor--the horizontal semicircular canal. The effects of aminoglycoside solutions have been compared with those of physiological solutions (NaCl 7 g/l, Ringer) and of penicillin (not ototoxic). The results obtained show: (1) After the introduction of a physiological solution the activity disappears only very briefly (electrical artefact, probably); after a few minutes the activity returns to its initial value. A similar phenomenon is obtained with penicillin. (2) When used at a dose of 10 microgram, all the aminoglycosides studied generally induced an important and lasting decrease in semicircular canal activity. (3) These aminoglycosides have been classified according to their vestibular local toxicity. Their descending order of influence is as follows: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin (BBK 8), neomycin, sisomycin, gentamicin and lividomycin, tobramycin, kanendomycin. (4) A parallel can be drawn between local vestibular toxicity and clinical ototoxicity. The role and importance of the hemolabyrinthic barrier are noted and the notion of ototoxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 89779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11640", "title": "Tumorigenicity and karyotype of rat embryo cell lines transformed by BK virus.", "content": "A rat embryo cell line transformed by BK virus was used to induce tumors in rats. Cell lines were established from these tumors. Other sublines were obtained by in vitro cloning of the parental line. Growth characteristics and karyotypes were compared to the tumorigenicity of these cell lines. The in vitro cloned sublines had a low tumorigenicity. Tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines varied from high to undetectable. The tumor cell line with the highest tumorigenicity also had the highest saturation density in vitro, but otherwise there was little correlation between tumorigenicity and the in vitro characteristics of the cells. Karyotype analysis was done for two cell lines with high or low tumorigenicity which both had a near-diploid complement of chromosomes. The findings were in agreement with the expression-supression model of Rabinowitz and Sachs (1970). The suppression chromosomes seemed to be confined in group A, the expression chromosomes in group B.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity and karyotype of rat embryo cell lines transformed by BK virus. A rat embryo cell line transformed by BK virus was used to induce tumors in rats. Cell lines were established from these tumors. Other sublines were obtained by in vitro cloning of the parental line. Growth characteristics and karyotypes were compared to the tumorigenicity of these cell lines. The in vitro cloned sublines had a low tumorigenicity. Tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines varied from high to undetectable. The tumor cell line with the highest tumorigenicity also had the highest saturation density in vitro, but otherwise there was little correlation between tumorigenicity and the in vitro characteristics of the cells. Karyotype analysis was done for two cell lines with high or low tumorigenicity which both had a near-diploid complement of chromosomes. The findings were in agreement with the expression-supression model of Rabinowitz and Sachs (1970). The suppression chromosomes seemed to be confined in group A, the expression chromosomes in group B.", "PMID": 89780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11641", "title": "Histological diagnosis of myocardial injury. Comparison of hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP)-stained sections obtained during autopsy with isolated viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia.", "content": "The light microscopic appearances in hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP)-stained histological sections from cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue were put in relation to the reactions of isolated viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia in suspension and their morphology in paraffin-embedded sections. Special attention was paid to prenecrotic phases of myocytic injury which were followed, in viable rat cardiac myocytes, by light microscopy, and confirmed with biochemical assays indicating increased plasma membrane permeability. In cases of sudden death, and traumatic injury to the heart and skeletal muscle, there was good agreement between alterations demonstrated with the HBFP technique and alterations of viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia. In isolated myocytes, these alterations were associated with irregular contractility which, when occurring in situ, might have influenced the cardiac function prior to death. Moreover, the changes develop at a much faster rate than the inflammatory reaction following tissue injury and may therefore be regarded as an early vital phenomenon of significance in clinico-pathological and medico-legal considerations.", "contents": "Histological diagnosis of myocardial injury. Comparison of hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP)-stained sections obtained during autopsy with isolated viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia. The light microscopic appearances in hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP)-stained histological sections from cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue were put in relation to the reactions of isolated viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia in suspension and their morphology in paraffin-embedded sections. Special attention was paid to prenecrotic phases of myocytic injury which were followed, in viable rat cardiac myocytes, by light microscopy, and confirmed with biochemical assays indicating increased plasma membrane permeability. In cases of sudden death, and traumatic injury to the heart and skeletal muscle, there was good agreement between alterations demonstrated with the HBFP technique and alterations of viable rat cardiac myocytes exposed to anoxia. In isolated myocytes, these alterations were associated with irregular contractility which, when occurring in situ, might have influenced the cardiac function prior to death. Moreover, the changes develop at a much faster rate than the inflammatory reaction following tissue injury and may therefore be regarded as an early vital phenomenon of significance in clinico-pathological and medico-legal considerations.", "PMID": 89781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11642", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of the teichoic acid from Staphylococcus hyicus.", "content": "The wall teichoic acid of Staphylococcus hyicus has been isolated and characterized. The teichoic acid is a glycerol phosphate polymer with glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine. Interaction with concanavalin A and susceptibility to alpha- but not to beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase showed that the sugar is in the alpha-configuration.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of the teichoic acid from Staphylococcus hyicus. The wall teichoic acid of Staphylococcus hyicus has been isolated and characterized. The teichoic acid is a glycerol phosphate polymer with glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine. Interaction with concanavalin A and susceptibility to alpha- but not to beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase showed that the sugar is in the alpha-configuration.", "PMID": 89782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11643", "title": "Characterization of fractions containing the thermostable agglutinogens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Extract was prepared by heat treatment (100 degrees C. 2 h) of bacteria of N. gonorrhoeae strain 8551. The acid precipitate (pH 2.5) of the extract was resolved by gel chromatography (Sepharose CL-6B) into material eluted with the void volume (Fr. I) and material retarded by the column (Fr. II). Fr. I contained at least three precipitinogens, the antigenic determinant a of LPS and the protein determinant b. The antigens demonstrable in Fr. I were also detected in an outer membrane preparation obtained by extraction of the bacteria with a lithium acetate buffer. Fr. II contained LPS and several other precipitinogens. The antigens of Fr. I included the heat stable agglutinogens of the gonococcus, and antibodies of these could be raised by immunization of rabbits with the Fr. I material.", "contents": "Characterization of fractions containing the thermostable agglutinogens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Extract was prepared by heat treatment (100 degrees C. 2 h) of bacteria of N. gonorrhoeae strain 8551. The acid precipitate (pH 2.5) of the extract was resolved by gel chromatography (Sepharose CL-6B) into material eluted with the void volume (Fr. I) and material retarded by the column (Fr. II). Fr. I contained at least three precipitinogens, the antigenic determinant a of LPS and the protein determinant b. The antigens demonstrable in Fr. I were also detected in an outer membrane preparation obtained by extraction of the bacteria with a lithium acetate buffer. Fr. II contained LPS and several other precipitinogens. The antigens of Fr. I included the heat stable agglutinogens of the gonococcus, and antibodies of these could be raised by immunization of rabbits with the Fr. I material.", "PMID": 89783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11644", "title": "Microvascular permeability to macromolecules in thermal injury.", "content": "Thermal injury of the skin causes an inflammatory reaction with formation of edema, mainly due to vasodilatation, increased extravascular osmotic activity and increased microvascular permeability to macromolecules. These reactions are due to local and systemic effects . At the site of injury heat itself causes microvascular damage. Vascular changes may also be mediated by vasoactive compounds, e.g. liberation of histamine and increased synthesis of prostaglandins. Reflex mechanisms elicited via the nervous system must also be considered. Morphological studies revealed increased number of vacuoles, a large number of open endothelial intercellular junctions and changes of the interstitial tissue at the site of thermal injury. The vascular reactions described can be modified by drugs, especially indomethacin which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and drugs which competitively antagonize the effects of histamine at H2-receptors.", "contents": "Microvascular permeability to macromolecules in thermal injury. Thermal injury of the skin causes an inflammatory reaction with formation of edema, mainly due to vasodilatation, increased extravascular osmotic activity and increased microvascular permeability to macromolecules. These reactions are due to local and systemic effects . At the site of injury heat itself causes microvascular damage. Vascular changes may also be mediated by vasoactive compounds, e.g. liberation of histamine and increased synthesis of prostaglandins. Reflex mechanisms elicited via the nervous system must also be considered. Morphological studies revealed increased number of vacuoles, a large number of open endothelial intercellular junctions and changes of the interstitial tissue at the site of thermal injury. The vascular reactions described can be modified by drugs, especially indomethacin which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and drugs which competitively antagonize the effects of histamine at H2-receptors.", "PMID": 89784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11645", "title": "Identification of the small pore in muscle capillaries.", "content": "Electron microscope studies have been carried out in order to identify the structural counterpart of the small pore of muscle capillaries. Experiments with horseradish peroxidase (40,000 MW) and microperoxidase (1,900 MW) indicate that the clefts between capillary endothelial cells, rather than endothelial vesicles or transendothelial channels, are the counterpart of the pore. The structural properties of the clefts that enable them to serve as the small pore are presumably related to the nature of the attachment between plasma membranes of neighboring endothelial cells.", "contents": "Identification of the small pore in muscle capillaries. Electron microscope studies have been carried out in order to identify the structural counterpart of the small pore of muscle capillaries. Experiments with horseradish peroxidase (40,000 MW) and microperoxidase (1,900 MW) indicate that the clefts between capillary endothelial cells, rather than endothelial vesicles or transendothelial channels, are the counterpart of the pore. The structural properties of the clefts that enable them to serve as the small pore are presumably related to the nature of the attachment between plasma membranes of neighboring endothelial cells.", "PMID": 89785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11646", "title": "Capillary permeability to interstitial microinjections of macromolecules and influence of capillary hydrostatic pressure on endothelial ultrastructure.", "content": "The transcapillary flux of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, mol. diam. 50--60 A) and ferritin (mol. diam. 110--120 A), microinjected interstitially into the biceps femoris muscle of rats, was analyzed in the electron microscope. From 1 min postinjection HRP was observed to occupy endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles in all positions to be expected if a vesicular transendothelial transport of material occurs in the interstitium-to-lumen direction. Permeation of HRP through the intercellular clefts of the endothelium could not be demonstrated unequivocally. The periendothelial basement membrane appeared to constitute a significant permeability barrier against ferritin. The endothelial ultrastructure in muscle capillaries was analysed morphometrically after artificial perfusions of rat hindquarters at venous outflow pressures of -4 cm H2O and +10 cm H2O. In the \"high pressure\" material the endothelium was thinner and the frequency of vesicles open towards the interstitium was lower than after perfusion at low outflow pressure. The findings may indicate that net transendothelial transport via vesicles varies with hemodynamics.", "contents": "Capillary permeability to interstitial microinjections of macromolecules and influence of capillary hydrostatic pressure on endothelial ultrastructure. The transcapillary flux of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, mol. diam. 50--60 A) and ferritin (mol. diam. 110--120 A), microinjected interstitially into the biceps femoris muscle of rats, was analyzed in the electron microscope. From 1 min postinjection HRP was observed to occupy endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles in all positions to be expected if a vesicular transendothelial transport of material occurs in the interstitium-to-lumen direction. Permeation of HRP through the intercellular clefts of the endothelium could not be demonstrated unequivocally. The periendothelial basement membrane appeared to constitute a significant permeability barrier against ferritin. The endothelial ultrastructure in muscle capillaries was analysed morphometrically after artificial perfusions of rat hindquarters at venous outflow pressures of -4 cm H2O and +10 cm H2O. In the \"high pressure\" material the endothelium was thinner and the frequency of vesicles open towards the interstitium was lower than after perfusion at low outflow pressure. The findings may indicate that net transendothelial transport via vesicles varies with hemodynamics.", "PMID": 89786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11647", "title": "Ultrastructure of rat renal tubular basement membrane--meshwork structure demonstration by negative staining.", "content": "The tubular basement membrane (TBM) (i.e. tubular basal lamina) of rat kidney was shown to be a fine meshwork by electron microscopy after negative staining. Strands of the meshwork formed a regular three dimensional lattice work. The pores of the meshwork were polygonal. There were two main pore sizes: one approximately 30 A in diameter, the other 42--60 A. In view of our previous observation that glomerular and alveolar basement membranes were made up fine meshwork, it is quite possible that the basement membranes of other organs are also made up such fine meshwork.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rat renal tubular basement membrane--meshwork structure demonstration by negative staining. The tubular basement membrane (TBM) (i.e. tubular basal lamina) of rat kidney was shown to be a fine meshwork by electron microscopy after negative staining. Strands of the meshwork formed a regular three dimensional lattice work. The pores of the meshwork were polygonal. There were two main pore sizes: one approximately 30 A in diameter, the other 42--60 A. In view of our previous observation that glomerular and alveolar basement membranes were made up fine meshwork, it is quite possible that the basement membranes of other organs are also made up such fine meshwork.", "PMID": 89787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11648", "title": "Observations concerning the staining properties of the macroconidia of certain dermatophyton species.", "content": "Staining of the macroconidia of several Dermatophyton species by lactophenol-cotton blue was investigated. Young macroconidia stain variably; their cytoplasm may appear homogeneous or inhomogeneous. The possible explanation seems to be variation in the composition of the cytoplasm. In some macroconidia dark-staining filament was seen along the longitudinal axis. Mature macroconidia showed basal or basal+apical homogeneous deep staining. The intensive apical staining suggests that the apical structure differs from the structure of the side wall.", "contents": "Observations concerning the staining properties of the macroconidia of certain dermatophyton species. Staining of the macroconidia of several Dermatophyton species by lactophenol-cotton blue was investigated. Young macroconidia stain variably; their cytoplasm may appear homogeneous or inhomogeneous. The possible explanation seems to be variation in the composition of the cytoplasm. In some macroconidia dark-staining filament was seen along the longitudinal axis. Mature macroconidia showed basal or basal+apical homogeneous deep staining. The intensive apical staining suggests that the apical structure differs from the structure of the side wall.", "PMID": 89788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11649", "title": "Liberation of histamine by compound 48/80, tolazoline, betahistine and burimamide from isolated spontaneously beating guinea pig and rabbit atrial pairs.", "content": "Tolazoline, betahistine, burimamide and compound 48/80 release histamine from isolated guinea pig atria resulting in histamine concentrations that stimulate H2-receptors. Tolazoline, burimamide and 48/80 also release histamine from rabbit atria but do not result in histamine concentrations that will stimulate either H1- or H2-receptors. However, betahistine (which does not release histamine from rabbit atria) and tolazoline stimulate the rabbit atrial chronotropic response by releasing catecholamines.", "contents": "Liberation of histamine by compound 48/80, tolazoline, betahistine and burimamide from isolated spontaneously beating guinea pig and rabbit atrial pairs. Tolazoline, betahistine, burimamide and compound 48/80 release histamine from isolated guinea pig atria resulting in histamine concentrations that stimulate H2-receptors. Tolazoline, burimamide and 48/80 also release histamine from rabbit atria but do not result in histamine concentrations that will stimulate either H1- or H2-receptors. However, betahistine (which does not release histamine from rabbit atria) and tolazoline stimulate the rabbit atrial chronotropic response by releasing catecholamines.", "PMID": 89803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11650", "title": "Histamine-releasing effect of a corticotrophin derivative. II. Mechanism of action of histamine release by C 44 680-Ba, compared with that of Cpd. 48/80, dextran and triton.", "content": "The mechanism of the histamine-liberating action of the synthetic polypeptide C 44 680-Ba, an alkyl-prolyl derivative of beta 1-19 corticotrophin, was investigated and compared with those of Compound 48/80, dextran, Melittin and Triton X-100. It was found that the release of histamine from rat peritoneal cells induced by the polypeptide is dependent on temperature, pH, calcium ions and energy-providing processes. In regard to these criteria, the mode of action of this histamine liberator resembles that of Compound 48/80 but is quite distinct from that of the unspecific substance Triton X-100.", "contents": "Histamine-releasing effect of a corticotrophin derivative. II. Mechanism of action of histamine release by C 44 680-Ba, compared with that of Cpd. 48/80, dextran and triton. The mechanism of the histamine-liberating action of the synthetic polypeptide C 44 680-Ba, an alkyl-prolyl derivative of beta 1-19 corticotrophin, was investigated and compared with those of Compound 48/80, dextran, Melittin and Triton X-100. It was found that the release of histamine from rat peritoneal cells induced by the polypeptide is dependent on temperature, pH, calcium ions and energy-providing processes. In regard to these criteria, the mode of action of this histamine liberator resembles that of Compound 48/80 but is quite distinct from that of the unspecific substance Triton X-100.", "PMID": 89804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11651", "title": "[Situation and trends of hyposensitisation treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of the hyposensitization treatment by Noon and Freeman in 1911, an essential change of the hyposensibilisation technique, despite numerous recently published results, has not been able to be demonstrated up to now. In most cases, treatment is still done with and allergen mixture consisting of a variety of unknown compounds with changing composition according to own experiences concerning initial and final dosis of the allergen or the application intervals. The linkage of the allergens to chemical substances, the modification into so-called allergoids as well as the investigation of the hyposensitisation success, such as determination of blocking antibodies, the course of the titre of specific antibodies by the RAST technique, the histamin liberation from leucocytes of allergic persons after antigen contact and the lymphocyte stimulation by allergens are starting points for developing a scientific base to the hyposensitisation treatment and for introducing new results mainly from experiments on animals into the clinical practice. Standardisation of allergens, optimisation of the dosis and the application intervals as well as the further decrease of the allergenicity and the optimal choice of the adjuvants have to be regarded as the problems to be solved in the next future. On the other hand, the use of allergen determinants linked to non-immune carriers or the induction of a tolerance by another way seem to be not yet a subject with clinical relevance during the next years.", "contents": "[Situation and trends of hyposensitisation treatment (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of the hyposensitization treatment by Noon and Freeman in 1911, an essential change of the hyposensibilisation technique, despite numerous recently published results, has not been able to be demonstrated up to now. In most cases, treatment is still done with and allergen mixture consisting of a variety of unknown compounds with changing composition according to own experiences concerning initial and final dosis of the allergen or the application intervals. The linkage of the allergens to chemical substances, the modification into so-called allergoids as well as the investigation of the hyposensitisation success, such as determination of blocking antibodies, the course of the titre of specific antibodies by the RAST technique, the histamin liberation from leucocytes of allergic persons after antigen contact and the lymphocyte stimulation by allergens are starting points for developing a scientific base to the hyposensitisation treatment and for introducing new results mainly from experiments on animals into the clinical practice. Standardisation of allergens, optimisation of the dosis and the application intervals as well as the further decrease of the allergenicity and the optimal choice of the adjuvants have to be regarded as the problems to be solved in the next future. On the other hand, the use of allergen determinants linked to non-immune carriers or the induction of a tolerance by another way seem to be not yet a subject with clinical relevance during the next years.", "PMID": 89808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11652", "title": "A route for direct retinal input to the preoptic hypothalamus: dendritic projections into the optic chiasm.", "content": "With the use of Golgi, horseradish peroxidase, and electron microscopic techniques, neurons within a broad region of the preoptic hypothalamus of the mouse were shown to have dendrites that projected well into the depths of the optic chiasm. Further experimental and ultrastructural investigation demonstrated synapses between these dendrites and retinal axonal boutons within the chiasm. All synapses located in the chiasm were classified as Gray's type I. The possible function of these dendritic projections is discussed.", "contents": "A route for direct retinal input to the preoptic hypothalamus: dendritic projections into the optic chiasm. With the use of Golgi, horseradish peroxidase, and electron microscopic techniques, neurons within a broad region of the preoptic hypothalamus of the mouse were shown to have dendrites that projected well into the depths of the optic chiasm. Further experimental and ultrastructural investigation demonstrated synapses between these dendrites and retinal axonal boutons within the chiasm. All synapses located in the chiasm were classified as Gray's type I. The possible function of these dendritic projections is discussed.", "PMID": 89809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11653", "title": "alpha 2-Macroglobulin in vitamin A-deficient children.", "content": "Serum samples were obtained from 43 children 14 years old or younger in Malaysia and Guatemala. The levels of the serum glycoprotein alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) were assayed by two methods: the trypsin-binding assay of Ganrot (Clin. Chim. Acta 14:493, 1960) and a radial immunodiffusion assay against alpha 2-M antiserum. The two methods gave the same results. When serum alpha 2-M levels were plotted against serum vitamin A concentrations, they were significantly correlated (r = 0.505, P less than 0.001); children with serum vitamin A levels greater than 40 micrograms/100 ml had alpha 2-M levels of 3.71 +/- 0.79 mg/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 13), while those with level less than 40 micrograms/100 ml had alpha 2-M levels of 2.78 +/- 0.51 mg/ml (n = 30); the difference was significant (P less than 0.001). Normal, apparently healthy children had alpha 2-M levels of 3.90 +/- 0.39 mg/ml. Most of the children sampled suffered from a variety of infections; of these, measles appeared to counteract the effect of vitamin A deficiency by elevating alpha 2-M levels. Vitamin A-deficient children with measles had alpha 2-M levels not significantly lower than those of normal children. The difference between deficient and normal values of alpha 2-M was still significant (P less than 0.05) when expressed per milligram of serum protein, showing that the effect was not caused by lowered serum protein concentrations associated with protein-calorie malnutrition, from which most of the deficiency children suffered.", "contents": "alpha 2-Macroglobulin in vitamin A-deficient children. Serum samples were obtained from 43 children 14 years old or younger in Malaysia and Guatemala. The levels of the serum glycoprotein alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) were assayed by two methods: the trypsin-binding assay of Ganrot (Clin. Chim. Acta 14:493, 1960) and a radial immunodiffusion assay against alpha 2-M antiserum. The two methods gave the same results. When serum alpha 2-M levels were plotted against serum vitamin A concentrations, they were significantly correlated (r = 0.505, P less than 0.001); children with serum vitamin A levels greater than 40 micrograms/100 ml had alpha 2-M levels of 3.71 +/- 0.79 mg/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 13), while those with level less than 40 micrograms/100 ml had alpha 2-M levels of 2.78 +/- 0.51 mg/ml (n = 30); the difference was significant (P less than 0.001). Normal, apparently healthy children had alpha 2-M levels of 3.90 +/- 0.39 mg/ml. Most of the children sampled suffered from a variety of infections; of these, measles appeared to counteract the effect of vitamin A deficiency by elevating alpha 2-M levels. Vitamin A-deficient children with measles had alpha 2-M levels not significantly lower than those of normal children. The difference between deficient and normal values of alpha 2-M was still significant (P less than 0.05) when expressed per milligram of serum protein, showing that the effect was not caused by lowered serum protein concentrations associated with protein-calorie malnutrition, from which most of the deficiency children suffered.", "PMID": 89810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11654", "title": "Comparative study of ascorbic acid and disodium cromoglycate in some models of experimental anaphylaxis.", "content": "The pharmacological activity of vitamin C and the antiallergic drug disodium cromoglycate are compared in models of rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release, and in protracted anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig. Our results demonstrate that ascorbic acid has a very weak inhibitory effect on degranulation and histamine release from mast cells, and therefore cannot be considered a prophylactic antiallergic drug such as disodium cromoglycate.", "contents": "Comparative study of ascorbic acid and disodium cromoglycate in some models of experimental anaphylaxis. The pharmacological activity of vitamin C and the antiallergic drug disodium cromoglycate are compared in models of rat mast cell degranulation and histamine release, and in protracted anaphylactic shock in the guinea pig. Our results demonstrate that ascorbic acid has a very weak inhibitory effect on degranulation and histamine release from mast cells, and therefore cannot be considered a prophylactic antiallergic drug such as disodium cromoglycate.", "PMID": 89807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11655", "title": "Immunologic localization of elastin by electron microscopy.", "content": "Research on the pathogenesis of experimental emphysema has involved studies of the distribution of and destruction of elastin in the alveolar interstitium. The ill-defined organization of elastin in the alveolar interstitium makes it difficult to identify the elastin specifically by staining procedures ordinarily used for electron microscopy. This problem becomes more significant when the elastic tissue is fragmented during emphysema development and localization of the elastin fragments is essential. Therefore, a specific technique using high-titer antibodies against purified canine lung elastin was developed. The primary antibody was used on preembedded or etched postembedded sections. Localization of the antielastin IgG was accomplished with ferritin-labeled rabbit antisheep IgG as the secondary antibody. Treatment with the preimmune serum gave negligible ferritin background staining. The antielastin antibody did not react with lung connective tissue proteins such as the microfibrillar component of elastin or collagen or proteoglycan. The antielastin antibody appeared to be species specific. The method may be useful for studies of experimental emphysema.", "contents": "Immunologic localization of elastin by electron microscopy. Research on the pathogenesis of experimental emphysema has involved studies of the distribution of and destruction of elastin in the alveolar interstitium. The ill-defined organization of elastin in the alveolar interstitium makes it difficult to identify the elastin specifically by staining procedures ordinarily used for electron microscopy. This problem becomes more significant when the elastic tissue is fragmented during emphysema development and localization of the elastin fragments is essential. Therefore, a specific technique using high-titer antibodies against purified canine lung elastin was developed. The primary antibody was used on preembedded or etched postembedded sections. Localization of the antielastin IgG was accomplished with ferritin-labeled rabbit antisheep IgG as the secondary antibody. Treatment with the preimmune serum gave negligible ferritin background staining. The antielastin antibody did not react with lung connective tissue proteins such as the microfibrillar component of elastin or collagen or proteoglycan. The antielastin antibody appeared to be species specific. The method may be useful for studies of experimental emphysema.", "PMID": 89814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11656", "title": "Bleomycin-induced injury and metaplasia of alveolar type 2 cells. Relationship of cellular responses to drug presence in the lung.", "content": "Metaplastic epithelial cells are often observed lining alveoli in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The hypothesis that these cellular changes are induced by the direct action of the drug on differentiating Type 2 cells is now examined in a sequential study to correlate the presence of 3H bleomycin in the lung with the pattern of injury and repair of the alveolar epithelium. A single intravenous dose or multiple small intraperitoneal doses induce focal necrosis of Type 1 epithelial cells followed by Type 2 cell regeneration. At the time of maximal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in these cells, significant amounts of 3H bleomycin are demonstrable in the lung by scintillation counting; and in autoradiographs, the drug appears to concentrate in epithelial cells. Subsequently many abnormal Type 2 cells are seen. Some are binucleate, and others show nuclear disruption. The usual process of differentiation to Type 1 cells does not occur; instead, a variety of epithelial forms are found, including fetal-like tubular structures and ciliated and squamous metaplastic cells. The correlation of epithelial injury and repair with the direct demonstration of bleomycin in the lung indicates that Type 2 cells are susceptible to injury in the division and differentiation phases of the cell cycle and may then produce a variety of inappropriate alveolar lining cells.", "contents": "Bleomycin-induced injury and metaplasia of alveolar type 2 cells. Relationship of cellular responses to drug presence in the lung. Metaplastic epithelial cells are often observed lining alveoli in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The hypothesis that these cellular changes are induced by the direct action of the drug on differentiating Type 2 cells is now examined in a sequential study to correlate the presence of 3H bleomycin in the lung with the pattern of injury and repair of the alveolar epithelium. A single intravenous dose or multiple small intraperitoneal doses induce focal necrosis of Type 1 epithelial cells followed by Type 2 cell regeneration. At the time of maximal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in these cells, significant amounts of 3H bleomycin are demonstrable in the lung by scintillation counting; and in autoradiographs, the drug appears to concentrate in epithelial cells. Subsequently many abnormal Type 2 cells are seen. Some are binucleate, and others show nuclear disruption. The usual process of differentiation to Type 1 cells does not occur; instead, a variety of epithelial forms are found, including fetal-like tubular structures and ciliated and squamous metaplastic cells. The correlation of epithelial injury and repair with the direct demonstration of bleomycin in the lung indicates that Type 2 cells are susceptible to injury in the division and differentiation phases of the cell cycle and may then produce a variety of inappropriate alveolar lining cells.", "PMID": 89815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11657", "title": "Effect of encephlitogenic protein. PPD and tetanus toxoid on leukocyte migration in agarose. A study of \"cross-reactivity\".", "content": "The reactivity to three antigens: bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP), PPD, and tetanus toxoid, was studied with blood leukocytes from healthy humans using Clausen's (5) leukocyte migration in agarose technique. There is an obvious correlation between the reaction of EP (all concentrations studied) and to low concentrations of PPD; and between the reactivity to low concentrations of EP and low concentrations of tetanus toxoid. After vaccination with tetanus vaccine, a marked increase in reactivity to the toxoid sometimes occurred; at the same time, a marked reactivity to EP appeared. Various explanations are discussed: a true immunological cross-reactivity, that the correlations are due to a variability in individual response with respect to lymphokine production, and that BCG and tetanus vaccinations produce an adjuvant effect increasing a pre-existing low reactivity to EP.", "contents": "Effect of encephlitogenic protein. PPD and tetanus toxoid on leukocyte migration in agarose. A study of \"cross-reactivity\". The reactivity to three antigens: bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP), PPD, and tetanus toxoid, was studied with blood leukocytes from healthy humans using Clausen's (5) leukocyte migration in agarose technique. There is an obvious correlation between the reaction of EP (all concentrations studied) and to low concentrations of PPD; and between the reactivity to low concentrations of EP and low concentrations of tetanus toxoid. After vaccination with tetanus vaccine, a marked increase in reactivity to the toxoid sometimes occurred; at the same time, a marked reactivity to EP appeared. Various explanations are discussed: a true immunological cross-reactivity, that the correlations are due to a variability in individual response with respect to lymphokine production, and that BCG and tetanus vaccinations produce an adjuvant effect increasing a pre-existing low reactivity to EP.", "PMID": 89821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11658", "title": "The effect of isoproterenol on hypoxia-mediated histamine release.", "content": "In 13 guinea pigs the pulmonary circulation was isolated from the systemic circulation and perfused with Tris buffer alone or with isoproterenol. The lungs were initially ventilated with 100% O2 and then switched to 100% N2 to induce alveolar hypoxia. The effluent was collected from the aorta and assayed for histamine. In the control group (n = 7) the histamine levels rose markedly with hypoxia. In the group perfused with Tris buffer and isoproterenol (n = 6) the rise in histamine levels was markedly diminished. Therefore, the authors conclude that isoproterenol, in their in vivo model, had a dramatic effect on hypoxia (non-immunologic) mediated histamine release.", "contents": "The effect of isoproterenol on hypoxia-mediated histamine release. In 13 guinea pigs the pulmonary circulation was isolated from the systemic circulation and perfused with Tris buffer alone or with isoproterenol. The lungs were initially ventilated with 100% O2 and then switched to 100% N2 to induce alveolar hypoxia. The effluent was collected from the aorta and assayed for histamine. In the control group (n = 7) the histamine levels rose markedly with hypoxia. In the group perfused with Tris buffer and isoproterenol (n = 6) the rise in histamine levels was markedly diminished. Therefore, the authors conclude that isoproterenol, in their in vivo model, had a dramatic effect on hypoxia (non-immunologic) mediated histamine release.", "PMID": 89823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11659", "title": "Motor unit irritability in Beagles Before and after exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors.", "content": "Electromyographic (EMG) examinations were performed on Beagles before and for 7 days after oral administration of one of the following organophosphate (OP) compounds; ronnel (55.0 or 110.0 mg/kg), dichlorvos (29.7, 59.4, or 148.5 mg/kg), or cythioate (24.8 or 33.0 mg/kg). The EMG values determined were evoked potentials, after-discharge activity, F-wave activity, nerve conduction velocity, and motor unit potential activity associated with interosseous and pectineal reflexes. Erythrocyte cholinesterase (ChE) activities were measured in some dogs. Ronnel did not have an effect on ChE activity, whereas dichlorvos and cythioate, at all dosage levels, had an inhibitory effect. Some dogs had minor signs of OP toxicosis. The EMG changes for individual OP compounds were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05), but pooled results revealed an increased duration of evoked potentials, increased after-discharge activity, and decreased F-wave activity; however, only the effect on duration was significant (P less than 0.05). Reflex motor unit potential activity and nerve conduction velocities were not affected. Effects of neostigmine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg) given IV to anesthetized, atropinized Beagles were similar to those effects shown by pooled data for the OP compounds, but considerably more muscle fasciculation was produced. Results of this study indicate that even when erythrocyte ChE activity is reduced by OP compounds at dosage levels that produce no or minimal visible signs of toxicosis, EMG reveals little evidence for increased motor unit irritability.", "contents": "Motor unit irritability in Beagles Before and after exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Electromyographic (EMG) examinations were performed on Beagles before and for 7 days after oral administration of one of the following organophosphate (OP) compounds; ronnel (55.0 or 110.0 mg/kg), dichlorvos (29.7, 59.4, or 148.5 mg/kg), or cythioate (24.8 or 33.0 mg/kg). The EMG values determined were evoked potentials, after-discharge activity, F-wave activity, nerve conduction velocity, and motor unit potential activity associated with interosseous and pectineal reflexes. Erythrocyte cholinesterase (ChE) activities were measured in some dogs. Ronnel did not have an effect on ChE activity, whereas dichlorvos and cythioate, at all dosage levels, had an inhibitory effect. Some dogs had minor signs of OP toxicosis. The EMG changes for individual OP compounds were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05), but pooled results revealed an increased duration of evoked potentials, increased after-discharge activity, and decreased F-wave activity; however, only the effect on duration was significant (P less than 0.05). Reflex motor unit potential activity and nerve conduction velocities were not affected. Effects of neostigmine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg) given IV to anesthetized, atropinized Beagles were similar to those effects shown by pooled data for the OP compounds, but considerably more muscle fasciculation was produced. Results of this study indicate that even when erythrocyte ChE activity is reduced by OP compounds at dosage levels that produce no or minimal visible signs of toxicosis, EMG reveals little evidence for increased motor unit irritability.", "PMID": 89824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11660", "title": "Leukogenic properties of purified BLV and possible routes of its transmission with blood cells present in milk.", "content": "The results of five years studies on the possibility of experimental induction of bovine leukemia with purified BLV and different BLV-containing materials demonstrated that inoculation of calves with purified BLV (structures of 1.14-1.17 g/ml density in 20-60% sucrose gradient) can induce oncornavirus infection and bovine leukemia. From 41 experimentally infected calves 9 showed evidence of bovine leukemia. 5 of these 9 animals were from a group of 22 calves inoculated with purified BLV. Diagnosis of bovine leukemia in these 9 animals was established by hematologic (3 animals) and histologic method (6 animals). BLV was isolated from leukocytes of all of them. It was shown also that before the development of bovine leukemia the development of oncornavirus infection takes place. But only a small part of the animals with oncornavirus infection and presence of antibodies became ill with typical forms of hemoblastosis. The investigation of the role of milk and blood cells in milk in bovine leukemia transmission was also carried out. The presence was demonstrated of oncornavirus structures antigenically identical with BLV in milk and reproduction of these structures in blood cells being present in milk. These results, and also the induction of bovine leukemia, in cattle by rearing with raw milk from cattle with leukemia, allow us to suppose the possible routes of bovine leukemia transmission in nature.", "contents": "Leukogenic properties of purified BLV and possible routes of its transmission with blood cells present in milk. The results of five years studies on the possibility of experimental induction of bovine leukemia with purified BLV and different BLV-containing materials demonstrated that inoculation of calves with purified BLV (structures of 1.14-1.17 g/ml density in 20-60% sucrose gradient) can induce oncornavirus infection and bovine leukemia. From 41 experimentally infected calves 9 showed evidence of bovine leukemia. 5 of these 9 animals were from a group of 22 calves inoculated with purified BLV. Diagnosis of bovine leukemia in these 9 animals was established by hematologic (3 animals) and histologic method (6 animals). BLV was isolated from leukocytes of all of them. It was shown also that before the development of bovine leukemia the development of oncornavirus infection takes place. But only a small part of the animals with oncornavirus infection and presence of antibodies became ill with typical forms of hemoblastosis. The investigation of the role of milk and blood cells in milk in bovine leukemia transmission was also carried out. The presence was demonstrated of oncornavirus structures antigenically identical with BLV in milk and reproduction of these structures in blood cells being present in milk. These results, and also the induction of bovine leukemia, in cattle by rearing with raw milk from cattle with leukemia, allow us to suppose the possible routes of bovine leukemia transmission in nature.", "PMID": 89827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11661", "title": "Studies on cell lines derived from calf, thymic and skin forms of bovine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "The etiology of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) is not known. Long-term monolayer cultures were made from calf (CLS), thymic (TLS) and skin (SLS) forms, and serological tests, electron microscopic observations and reverse transcriptase assays were employed for the detection of an etiological agent. Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) antigen and reverse transcriptase activities remained negative in cultures from SBL cases. Treatment of a culture from CLS 3178 with 5'-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone resulted in production of BLV which may have been acquired from the BLV-infected dam of CLS 3178, and in an alteration of cell morphology. Focus formation in monolayer cultures and colony formation in soft agar cultures were observed in this treated cell line. Human fetal lung fibroblast cells cocultivated with the cultures from SBL resulted in rapid proliferation of cells with an increased focus formation.", "contents": "Studies on cell lines derived from calf, thymic and skin forms of bovine lymphosarcoma. The etiology of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) is not known. Long-term monolayer cultures were made from calf (CLS), thymic (TLS) and skin (SLS) forms, and serological tests, electron microscopic observations and reverse transcriptase assays were employed for the detection of an etiological agent. Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) antigen and reverse transcriptase activities remained negative in cultures from SBL cases. Treatment of a culture from CLS 3178 with 5'-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone resulted in production of BLV which may have been acquired from the BLV-infected dam of CLS 3178, and in an alteration of cell morphology. Focus formation in monolayer cultures and colony formation in soft agar cultures were observed in this treated cell line. Human fetal lung fibroblast cells cocultivated with the cultures from SBL resulted in rapid proliferation of cells with an increased focus formation.", "PMID": 89828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11662", "title": "Innervation of the feline eustachian tube.", "content": "The distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves in the feline eustachian tube was studied using histochemical techniques. Adrenergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the tubal wall. All three types of nerve fibers occurred in the subepithelial layer, around small blood vessels and around the acini of seromucous glands. No nerves displaying substance P or enkephalin immunoreactivity were observed.", "contents": "Innervation of the feline eustachian tube. The distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves in the feline eustachian tube was studied using histochemical techniques. Adrenergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the tubal wall. All three types of nerve fibers occurred in the subepithelial layer, around small blood vessels and around the acini of seromucous glands. No nerves displaying substance P or enkephalin immunoreactivity were observed.", "PMID": 89826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11663", "title": "Does a defect of energy metabolism in the nerve fiber underlie axonal degeneration in polyneuropathies?", "content": "A number of chemically unrelated neurotoxic compounds and several types of metabolic abnormalities cause strikingly similar patterns of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in humans and animals. Experimental studies with laboratory species have demonstrated that many toxic polyneuropathies are associated with distal and retrograde axonal degeneration occurring in vulnerable nerve fiber tracts in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system. This has been termed central-peripheral distal axonopathy. Recent observations from the authors' laboratories regarding (1) the spatial-temporal evolution of nerve fiber degeneration in experimental toxic neuropathies and (2) the inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by chemically unrelated neurotoxic compounds point to a common metabolic basis for many distal axonopathies. It is postulated that neurotoxic compounds deplete energy supplies in the axon by inhibiting nerve fiber enzymes required for the maintenance of energy synthesis. Resupply of enzymes from the neuronal soma fails to meet the increased demand for enzyme replacement in the axon, causing the concentration of enzymes to drop in distal regions. This leads to a local blockade of energy-dependent axonal transport, which produces a series of pathological changes culminating in distal nerve fiber degeneration. The idea provides a working hypothesis with which to study the cause of inherited and acquired human and animal polyneuropathies.", "contents": "Does a defect of energy metabolism in the nerve fiber underlie axonal degeneration in polyneuropathies? A number of chemically unrelated neurotoxic compounds and several types of metabolic abnormalities cause strikingly similar patterns of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in humans and animals. Experimental studies with laboratory species have demonstrated that many toxic polyneuropathies are associated with distal and retrograde axonal degeneration occurring in vulnerable nerve fiber tracts in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system. This has been termed central-peripheral distal axonopathy. Recent observations from the authors' laboratories regarding (1) the spatial-temporal evolution of nerve fiber degeneration in experimental toxic neuropathies and (2) the inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by chemically unrelated neurotoxic compounds point to a common metabolic basis for many distal axonopathies. It is postulated that neurotoxic compounds deplete energy supplies in the axon by inhibiting nerve fiber enzymes required for the maintenance of energy synthesis. Resupply of enzymes from the neuronal soma fails to meet the increased demand for enzyme replacement in the axon, causing the concentration of enzymes to drop in distal regions. This leads to a local blockade of energy-dependent axonal transport, which produces a series of pathological changes culminating in distal nerve fiber degeneration. The idea provides a working hypothesis with which to study the cause of inherited and acquired human and animal polyneuropathies.", "PMID": 89830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11664", "title": "Chronic lead intoxication: effects on developing optic nerve.", "content": "The effects of chronic lead intoxication were studied by examining the optic nerve of mice given lead-containing mother's milk from day 1 to day 21 of life. Biochemical assays for myelin basic protein, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodieterase, and cerebroside sulfotransferase showed that the total amount of myelin produced by the lead-exposed animals was decreased. Lead exposure did not alter the number of oligodendroglia or the relationship between axons and myelin sheaths. The hypomyelination was paralleled by a reduction in size of optic axons in the lead-exposed animals. The data suggest that chronic exposure to lead in developing mice results in a primary effect on neurons and that hypomyelination is secondary to reduction in axon size.", "contents": "Chronic lead intoxication: effects on developing optic nerve. The effects of chronic lead intoxication were studied by examining the optic nerve of mice given lead-containing mother's milk from day 1 to day 21 of life. Biochemical assays for myelin basic protein, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodieterase, and cerebroside sulfotransferase showed that the total amount of myelin produced by the lead-exposed animals was decreased. Lead exposure did not alter the number of oligodendroglia or the relationship between axons and myelin sheaths. The hypomyelination was paralleled by a reduction in size of optic axons in the lead-exposed animals. The data suggest that chronic exposure to lead in developing mice results in a primary effect on neurons and that hypomyelination is secondary to reduction in axon size.", "PMID": 89831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11665", "title": "[Induction of reaginic hypersensitivity to tartrazine in the rabbit immunization by ingestion of the covalent conjugate tartrazine-human serum albumin (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitization to simple chemical substances acting as haptens is not well known in food allergy. For that purpose, a study was made in rabbit using tartrazine alone with adjuvant, or mixed with human serum albumin (HSA), or conjugated by covalent BOP bonds with HSA. Hypersensitivity was evaluated by rabbit basophil degranulation test which would offer more specificity through cell membrane IgE-antibody reactions, and thus, more accuracy than classical passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The data showed that sensitization could not be induced by ingestion of tartrazine with adjuvant or mixed with a protein. But covalent conjugate T-HSA mixed with adjuvant sensitized 8 of the 9 rabbits studied. It seems that preceding irritation of intestinal mucous membrane by acetylsalicylic acid enables one to obtain a more long lasting sensitization.", "contents": "[Induction of reaginic hypersensitivity to tartrazine in the rabbit immunization by ingestion of the covalent conjugate tartrazine-human serum albumin (author's transl)]. Sensitization to simple chemical substances acting as haptens is not well known in food allergy. For that purpose, a study was made in rabbit using tartrazine alone with adjuvant, or mixed with human serum albumin (HSA), or conjugated by covalent BOP bonds with HSA. Hypersensitivity was evaluated by rabbit basophil degranulation test which would offer more specificity through cell membrane IgE-antibody reactions, and thus, more accuracy than classical passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The data showed that sensitization could not be induced by ingestion of tartrazine with adjuvant or mixed with a protein. But covalent conjugate T-HSA mixed with adjuvant sensitized 8 of the 9 rabbits studied. It seems that preceding irritation of intestinal mucous membrane by acetylsalicylic acid enables one to obtain a more long lasting sensitization.", "PMID": 89829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11666", "title": "Giant exomphalos--conservative or operative treatment?", "content": "The rate of survival for infants with intact giant exomphatos has much improved during the last 20 years; this is partly due to better respiratory and nutritional support. The use of a staged operative closure using a sialon prosthesis has been advocated for 12 years, but our data do not show this to be superior to nonoperative management.", "contents": "Giant exomphalos--conservative or operative treatment? The rate of survival for infants with intact giant exomphatos has much improved during the last 20 years; this is partly due to better respiratory and nutritional support. The use of a staged operative closure using a sialon prosthesis has been advocated for 12 years, but our data do not show this to be superior to nonoperative management.", "PMID": 89835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11667", "title": "Dynamic redistribution of concanavalin A binding sites on isolated guinea pig keratinocytes.", "content": "Modifications in the distribution of the binding sites for concanavalin A (Con A) were studied on trypsin isolated living guinea pig keratinocytes. Fluorescein-labelled Con A was used and the in vitro procedure has included short-term cultures, experiments at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C, the study of colchicine and vincaleucoblastine effects. It was possible to induce different patterns of staining corresponding to distinct redistribution of Con A binding sites; the distinct redistribution was correlated to the effects of Con A, colchicine and vincaleucoblastine. These findings demonstrated that the system used was appropriate to the study of some dynamic events on the keratinocytes membranes.", "contents": "Dynamic redistribution of concanavalin A binding sites on isolated guinea pig keratinocytes. Modifications in the distribution of the binding sites for concanavalin A (Con A) were studied on trypsin isolated living guinea pig keratinocytes. Fluorescein-labelled Con A was used and the in vitro procedure has included short-term cultures, experiments at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C, the study of colchicine and vincaleucoblastine effects. It was possible to induce different patterns of staining corresponding to distinct redistribution of Con A binding sites; the distinct redistribution was correlated to the effects of Con A, colchicine and vincaleucoblastine. These findings demonstrated that the system used was appropriate to the study of some dynamic events on the keratinocytes membranes.", "PMID": 89836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11668", "title": "Esophagomyotomy versus forceful dilation for achalasia of the esophagus: results in 899 patients.", "content": "Between 1949 and 1976, 899 patients underwent treatment for achalasia of the esophagus at the Mayo Clinic, 431 by forceful hydrostatic or pneumatic dilation and 468 by a standardized transthoracic esophagomyotomy. Esophageal leak and mediastinal sepsis was an uncommon but major complication of both types of therapy, occurring four times more often with dilation (4%) than with myotomy (1%), although no deaths resulted from this in either group. The 30-day mortality was 0.2% after myotomy and 0.5% after forceful dilation. Although there was minimal morbidity and mortality with either modality, the late results were significantly superior after myotomy. Excellent to good results were obtained by 85% of the group treated with myotomy but only by 65% of those treated with hydrostatic dilation. Late poor results were encountered three times more frequently after dilation (19%) than after myotomy (6%). Analysis of poor results after myotomy indicates that late serious complications of gastroesophageal reflux developed in only 3% of patients operated on.", "contents": "Esophagomyotomy versus forceful dilation for achalasia of the esophagus: results in 899 patients. Between 1949 and 1976, 899 patients underwent treatment for achalasia of the esophagus at the Mayo Clinic, 431 by forceful hydrostatic or pneumatic dilation and 468 by a standardized transthoracic esophagomyotomy. Esophageal leak and mediastinal sepsis was an uncommon but major complication of both types of therapy, occurring four times more often with dilation (4%) than with myotomy (1%), although no deaths resulted from this in either group. The 30-day mortality was 0.2% after myotomy and 0.5% after forceful dilation. Although there was minimal morbidity and mortality with either modality, the late results were significantly superior after myotomy. Excellent to good results were obtained by 85% of the group treated with myotomy but only by 65% of those treated with hydrostatic dilation. Late poor results were encountered three times more frequently after dilation (19%) than after myotomy (6%). Analysis of poor results after myotomy indicates that late serious complications of gastroesophageal reflux developed in only 3% of patients operated on.", "PMID": 89837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11669", "title": "Esophageal carcinoma: an aggressive approach.", "content": "During a 3-year period, 45 patients with esophageal carcinoma (18 of the lower and 27 of the middle third) underwent esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy. All patients were considered to be in Stage I and Stage II preoperatively, but at the time of operation, 66% were found to have Stage III disease. All patients underwent mobilization of the stomach through a laparotomy, and resection of the esophagus and reconstruction of the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract through a separate right lateral thoracotomy incision. Following operation, 22 patients (10, Stage I and II and 12, Stage III) received no radiotherapy and 23 patients (5, Stage I and II and 18, Stage III) received radiotherapy. Two patients died in the immediate postoperative period, for a surgical mortality of 4.8%. Because of the acceptable survival and enhancement of quality of life, esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy should be offered not only to Stage I and II patients with esophageal carcinoma but also to selected patients with Stage III disease and those with lower and middle third esophageal lesions.", "contents": "Esophageal carcinoma: an aggressive approach. During a 3-year period, 45 patients with esophageal carcinoma (18 of the lower and 27 of the middle third) underwent esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy. All patients were considered to be in Stage I and Stage II preoperatively, but at the time of operation, 66% were found to have Stage III disease. All patients underwent mobilization of the stomach through a laparotomy, and resection of the esophagus and reconstruction of the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract through a separate right lateral thoracotomy incision. Following operation, 22 patients (10, Stage I and II and 12, Stage III) received no radiotherapy and 23 patients (5, Stage I and II and 18, Stage III) received radiotherapy. Two patients died in the immediate postoperative period, for a surgical mortality of 4.8%. Because of the acceptable survival and enhancement of quality of life, esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy should be offered not only to Stage I and II patients with esophageal carcinoma but also to selected patients with Stage III disease and those with lower and middle third esophageal lesions.", "PMID": 89838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11670", "title": "Recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis.", "content": "Eighteen patients with recurrent episodes of life-threatening anaphylaxis of unknown cause were studied. Each patient had repeated detailed histories taken and had repeated physical examinations, hypersensitivity skin tests to foods, and complete blood cell counts. In addition, each patient underwent stringent dietary manipulation. Seventeen of the 18 patients underwent a series of studies. Three patients were hospitalized for study. Results of all tests were essentially normal except for an elevated plasma histamine level during attacks in two patients. Episodes could not be prevented with antihistamine therapy. Attacks were treated successfully by instructing the patients in the self-administration of epinephrine. It thus appears that recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis due to nonimmunologic histamine release of anaphylaxis due to nonimmunologic histamine release can occur without discernible cause and can be lifethreatening.", "contents": "Recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis. Eighteen patients with recurrent episodes of life-threatening anaphylaxis of unknown cause were studied. Each patient had repeated detailed histories taken and had repeated physical examinations, hypersensitivity skin tests to foods, and complete blood cell counts. In addition, each patient underwent stringent dietary manipulation. Seventeen of the 18 patients underwent a series of studies. Three patients were hospitalized for study. Results of all tests were essentially normal except for an elevated plasma histamine level during attacks in two patients. Episodes could not be prevented with antihistamine therapy. Attacks were treated successfully by instructing the patients in the self-administration of epinephrine. It thus appears that recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis due to nonimmunologic histamine release of anaphylaxis due to nonimmunologic histamine release can occur without discernible cause and can be lifethreatening.", "PMID": 89839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11671", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of cartilage proteoglycans. Antigenic determinants of substructures.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in rabbits by injection of cartilage proteoglycan monomers, isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region, polysaccharide-peptides prepared by trypsin digestion of proteoglycans and link-protein. The rabbits injected with the proteoglycan monomers made antibodies reacting with the intact proteoglycan. The antiserum contained antibodies specific for, and also reacting with, the isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region and the keratan sulphate-rich region. In addition there were probably antibodies reacting with other structures of the proteoglycan monomer. When isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region was used for immunization the antibodies obtained reacted specifically with the hyaluronic acid-binding region. The antibodies obtained from rabbits immunized with the polysaccharide-peptides reacted with the proteoglycan monomers and showed a reaction identical with that of the chondroitin sulphate-peptides isolated after trypsin digestion of proteoglycans. The antibodies prepared with the link-protein as the antigen reacted only with the link-protein and not with any preparation from the proteoglycan monomer. Neither did any of the antisera raised against the proteoglycan monomer or its substructures react with the link-protein. Separately it was shown that the peptide 'maps' prepared from trypsin digests of the link-protein and the hyaluronic acid-binding region were different. Therefore it appears that the link-protein is not structurally related to the proteoglycan or the hyaluronic acid-binding region. Digestion of proteoglycan monomers or isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region with trypsin did not destroy the antigenic sites of the hyaluronic acid-binding region. In contrast trypsin digests of previously reduced and alkylated preparations did not react with the anti-(hyaluronic acid-binding region). The trypsin digests, however, reacted with both the antibodies directed against the chondroitin sulphate-peptides and those against the keratan sulphate-peptides. Trypsin digestion of the link-proteins destroyed the antigenic site and the reactivity with the antibodies. By combining immunoassay of proteoglycan preparations before and after trypsin digestion it is feasible to quantitatively determine its substructures by using the antisera described above.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of cartilage proteoglycans. Antigenic determinants of substructures. Antibodies were raised in rabbits by injection of cartilage proteoglycan monomers, isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region, polysaccharide-peptides prepared by trypsin digestion of proteoglycans and link-protein. The rabbits injected with the proteoglycan monomers made antibodies reacting with the intact proteoglycan. The antiserum contained antibodies specific for, and also reacting with, the isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region and the keratan sulphate-rich region. In addition there were probably antibodies reacting with other structures of the proteoglycan monomer. When isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region was used for immunization the antibodies obtained reacted specifically with the hyaluronic acid-binding region. The antibodies obtained from rabbits immunized with the polysaccharide-peptides reacted with the proteoglycan monomers and showed a reaction identical with that of the chondroitin sulphate-peptides isolated after trypsin digestion of proteoglycans. The antibodies prepared with the link-protein as the antigen reacted only with the link-protein and not with any preparation from the proteoglycan monomer. Neither did any of the antisera raised against the proteoglycan monomer or its substructures react with the link-protein. Separately it was shown that the peptide 'maps' prepared from trypsin digests of the link-protein and the hyaluronic acid-binding region were different. Therefore it appears that the link-protein is not structurally related to the proteoglycan or the hyaluronic acid-binding region. Digestion of proteoglycan monomers or isolated hyaluronic acid-binding region with trypsin did not destroy the antigenic sites of the hyaluronic acid-binding region. In contrast trypsin digests of previously reduced and alkylated preparations did not react with the anti-(hyaluronic acid-binding region). The trypsin digests, however, reacted with both the antibodies directed against the chondroitin sulphate-peptides and those against the keratan sulphate-peptides. Trypsin digestion of the link-proteins destroyed the antigenic site and the reactivity with the antibodies. By combining immunoassay of proteoglycan preparations before and after trypsin digestion it is feasible to quantitatively determine its substructures by using the antisera described above.", "PMID": 89842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11672", "title": "Mutant analysis of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "NAD(+)-specific glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) from Escherichia coli was purified to homogeneity by a relatively simple procedure involving affinity chromatography on agarose-hexane-NAD(+) and repeated crystallization. Rabbit antiserum directed against this protein produced one precipitin line in double-diffusion studies against the pure enzyme, and two lines against crude extracts of wild-type E. coli strains. Both precipitin lines represent the interaction of antibody with determinants specific for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Nine independent mutants of E. coli lacking glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity all possessed some antigenic cross-reacting material to the wild-type enzyme. The mutants could be divided into three groups on the basis of the types and amounts of precipitin lines observed in double-diffusion experiments; one group formed little cross-reacting material. The cross-reacting material in crude cell-free extracts of several of the mutant strains were also tested for alterations in their affinity for NAD(+) and their phosphorylative activity. The cumulative data indicate that the protein in several of the mutant strains is severely altered, and thus that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is unlikely to have an essential, non-catalytic function such as buffering nicotinamide nucleotide or glycolytic-intermediate concentrations. Others of the mutants tested have cross-reacting material which behaved like the wild-type enzyme for the several parameters studied; the proteins from these strains, once purified, might serve as useful analogues of the wild-type enzyme.", "contents": "Mutant analysis of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. NAD(+)-specific glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) from Escherichia coli was purified to homogeneity by a relatively simple procedure involving affinity chromatography on agarose-hexane-NAD(+) and repeated crystallization. Rabbit antiserum directed against this protein produced one precipitin line in double-diffusion studies against the pure enzyme, and two lines against crude extracts of wild-type E. coli strains. Both precipitin lines represent the interaction of antibody with determinants specific for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Nine independent mutants of E. coli lacking glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity all possessed some antigenic cross-reacting material to the wild-type enzyme. The mutants could be divided into three groups on the basis of the types and amounts of precipitin lines observed in double-diffusion experiments; one group formed little cross-reacting material. The cross-reacting material in crude cell-free extracts of several of the mutant strains were also tested for alterations in their affinity for NAD(+) and their phosphorylative activity. The cumulative data indicate that the protein in several of the mutant strains is severely altered, and thus that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is unlikely to have an essential, non-catalytic function such as buffering nicotinamide nucleotide or glycolytic-intermediate concentrations. Others of the mutants tested have cross-reacting material which behaved like the wild-type enzyme for the several parameters studied; the proteins from these strains, once purified, might serve as useful analogues of the wild-type enzyme.", "PMID": 89843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11673", "title": "Structure of antigenic determinants in the N-terminal region of dermatosparactic sheep procollagen type I.", "content": "About half of the rabbit antisera raised against type-I procollagen, p alpha 1(I) chain or nonreduced procollagen peptides reacted in a radioimmunoassay with the reduced form of peptide Col 1, which  comprises the whole non-collagenous region at the N-terminus of procollagen. Proteolytic fragments prepared from reduced peptide Col 1 were still effective inhibitors of the antibodies and allowed the localization of two antigenic determinants. The antigenically active regions have the sequences less than Glu-Glu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Gln-Glu and Gly-Asp-Thr-Gly-Pro-Arg, and are located at the N- and C-termini of the peptide respectively. Antibodies raised against reduced peptide Col 1 bind to a determinant localized in a different region of the peptide.", "contents": "Structure of antigenic determinants in the N-terminal region of dermatosparactic sheep procollagen type I. About half of the rabbit antisera raised against type-I procollagen, p alpha 1(I) chain or nonreduced procollagen peptides reacted in a radioimmunoassay with the reduced form of peptide Col 1, which  comprises the whole non-collagenous region at the N-terminus of procollagen. Proteolytic fragments prepared from reduced peptide Col 1 were still effective inhibitors of the antibodies and allowed the localization of two antigenic determinants. The antigenically active regions have the sequences less than Glu-Glu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Gln-Glu and Gly-Asp-Thr-Gly-Pro-Arg, and are located at the N- and C-termini of the peptide respectively. Antibodies raised against reduced peptide Col 1 bind to a determinant localized in a different region of the peptide.", "PMID": 89844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11674", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Mycoplasma sp. demonstrated by phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid pH 0,4].", "content": "Ultrastructural observation of Mycoplasma sp. revealed by the phosphotungstic acid-cromic acid, pH 0,4. Arq. Inst. Biol., S\u00e3o Paulo, 45(3) :169-176, 1978. Cells of IB-RS-2 (clone C-26-3) swine line were examined under electron microscopy, employing the differential coloration with PTA-ACr 5 %, pH 0,4, during 30 minutes, at 37 degrees C. Through this method we could observe the intracitoplasmatic forms, electronically dense, rather pleomorfic, with sizes varying between 60nm and 640nm and a unitary membrane of 90A similar to the extracellular forms described as Mycoplasma sp.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Mycoplasma sp. demonstrated by phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid pH 0,4]. Ultrastructural observation of Mycoplasma sp. revealed by the phosphotungstic acid-cromic acid, pH 0,4. Arq. Inst. Biol., S\u00e3o Paulo, 45(3) :169-176, 1978. Cells of IB-RS-2 (clone C-26-3) swine line were examined under electron microscopy, employing the differential coloration with PTA-ACr 5 %, pH 0,4, during 30 minutes, at 37 degrees C. Through this method we could observe the intracitoplasmatic forms, electronically dense, rather pleomorfic, with sizes varying between 60nm and 640nm and a unitary membrane of 90A similar to the extracellular forms described as Mycoplasma sp.", "PMID": 89840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11675", "title": "Demonstration of cross-reacting material in Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "Antibodies against placental hexosaminidase A and kidney alpha-subunits were raised in rabbits after cross-linking the antigens with glutaraldehyde. Anti-(alpha(n)-subunit) antiserum (anti-alpha(n)) precipitated hexosaminidase A but not hexosaminidase B, whereas anti-(hexosaminidase A) antiserum precipitated both hexosaminidases A and B. Specific anti-(hexosaminidase A) antiserum was prepared by absorbing antiserum with hexosaminidase B. Both anti-alpha(n) and anti-(hexosaminidase A) antisera precipitated the CR (cross-reacting) material from eight unrelated patients with Tay-Sachs disease. Immunotitration, immunoelectrophoresis, double-immunodiffusion and radial-immunodiffusion techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of CR material. The CR-material-antibody complex was enzymically inactive. Antiserum raised against kidney or placental hexosaminidase A, without cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, failed to precipitate the CR material, implying that treatment of the protein with glutaraldehyde exposes antigenic determinants that are hidden in the native protein. Since anti-(hexosaminidase B) antiserum did not precipitate the CR material during the immunoelectrophoresis of Tay-Sachs liver extracts, it is suggested that altered alpha-subunits do not combine with beta-subunits. By using immunotitration we have demonstrated the competition between the hexosaminidase B-free Tay-Sachs liver extract and hexosaminidase A for the common binding sites on monospecific anti-(cross-linked hexosaminidase A) antiserum. The amount of CR material in the liver samples from seven cases of Tay-Sachs desease was found to be in the same range as theoretically calculated alpha-subunits in normal liver samples. Similar results were obtained by the radial-immunodiffusion studies. The present studies therefore suggest that Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a structural-gene mutation.", "contents": "Demonstration of cross-reacting material in Tay-Sachs disease. Antibodies against placental hexosaminidase A and kidney alpha-subunits were raised in rabbits after cross-linking the antigens with glutaraldehyde. Anti-(alpha(n)-subunit) antiserum (anti-alpha(n)) precipitated hexosaminidase A but not hexosaminidase B, whereas anti-(hexosaminidase A) antiserum precipitated both hexosaminidases A and B. Specific anti-(hexosaminidase A) antiserum was prepared by absorbing antiserum with hexosaminidase B. Both anti-alpha(n) and anti-(hexosaminidase A) antisera precipitated the CR (cross-reacting) material from eight unrelated patients with Tay-Sachs disease. Immunotitration, immunoelectrophoresis, double-immunodiffusion and radial-immunodiffusion techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of CR material. The CR-material-antibody complex was enzymically inactive. Antiserum raised against kidney or placental hexosaminidase A, without cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, failed to precipitate the CR material, implying that treatment of the protein with glutaraldehyde exposes antigenic determinants that are hidden in the native protein. Since anti-(hexosaminidase B) antiserum did not precipitate the CR material during the immunoelectrophoresis of Tay-Sachs liver extracts, it is suggested that altered alpha-subunits do not combine with beta-subunits. By using immunotitration we have demonstrated the competition between the hexosaminidase B-free Tay-Sachs liver extract and hexosaminidase A for the common binding sites on monospecific anti-(cross-linked hexosaminidase A) antiserum. The amount of CR material in the liver samples from seven cases of Tay-Sachs desease was found to be in the same range as theoretically calculated alpha-subunits in normal liver samples. Similar results were obtained by the radial-immunodiffusion studies. The present studies therefore suggest that Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a structural-gene mutation.", "PMID": 89845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11676", "title": "Interactions of rat alpha-foetoprotein with bilirubin.", "content": "The binding of bilirubin to rat-alpha-foetoprotein has been measured by changes in the absorption spectrum and by the appearance of two intense circular-dichroism bands. Furthermore binding of this bile pigment has been demonstrated by a decrease of its enzymic oxidation rate and by competition experiments with bovine serum albumin-agarose. The binding parameters have been determined as follows: n = 1.0 mol bound/mol of protein and Ka = 2.9 X 10(6) M-1. Competition of oestradiol for the bilirubin-binding site has not been established.", "contents": "Interactions of rat alpha-foetoprotein with bilirubin. The binding of bilirubin to rat-alpha-foetoprotein has been measured by changes in the absorption spectrum and by the appearance of two intense circular-dichroism bands. Furthermore binding of this bile pigment has been demonstrated by a decrease of its enzymic oxidation rate and by competition experiments with bovine serum albumin-agarose. The binding parameters have been determined as follows: n = 1.0 mol bound/mol of protein and Ka = 2.9 X 10(6) M-1. Competition of oestradiol for the bilirubin-binding site has not been established.", "PMID": 89846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11677", "title": "[Alterations in pharmacokinetics during toxicity tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Some possible reasons are discussed which may lead to changes in the pharmacokinetics of a drug during long-term toxicity tests. Since most of these alterations have toxicological consequences, their evaluation can be helpful in the interpretation of toxicity studies. Furthermore, and altered pharmacokinetic profile may be a diagnostic tool for the detection of organ damage (e.g., eliminatory organs). In this paper three examples of the \"radioactive test dose method\" are shown. This method allows a direct comparison of the pharmacokinetics between pretreated animals and controls by administration of a single radioactive test dose to both groups.", "contents": "[Alterations in pharmacokinetics during toxicity tests (author's transl)]. Some possible reasons are discussed which may lead to changes in the pharmacokinetics of a drug during long-term toxicity tests. Since most of these alterations have toxicological consequences, their evaluation can be helpful in the interpretation of toxicity studies. Furthermore, and altered pharmacokinetic profile may be a diagnostic tool for the detection of organ damage (e.g., eliminatory organs). In this paper three examples of the \"radioactive test dose method\" are shown. This method allows a direct comparison of the pharmacokinetics between pretreated animals and controls by administration of a single radioactive test dose to both groups.", "PMID": 89849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11678", "title": "Mechanism of action studies of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent.", "content": "1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), lidamidine hydrochloride), a novel antidiarrheal agent, inhibited contractile activity in isolated guinea pig ileum stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, dimethylphenylpiperazinium, prostaglandin E2, BaCl2 and KCl. WHR-1142A also blocked spontaneous and stimulated contractile activity measured with extraluminal strain gauges in the duodenum, ileum and colon of dogs. Studies on the autonomic effects of WHR-1142A indicated little, if any, peripheral adrenergic stimulatory or cholinergic blocking activity. Inhibition of intestinal motility by WHR-1142A was not antagonized by naloxone. WHR-1142A also showed no morphine-like analgesic effects and was devoid of any H1-antihistamine activity. WHR-1142A appears to be a pharmacologically unique antidiarrheal agent.", "contents": "Mechanism of action studies of lidamidine hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), a novel antidiarrheal agent. 1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methylamidinourea hydrochloride (WHR-1142A), lidamidine hydrochloride), a novel antidiarrheal agent, inhibited contractile activity in isolated guinea pig ileum stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, dimethylphenylpiperazinium, prostaglandin E2, BaCl2 and KCl. WHR-1142A also blocked spontaneous and stimulated contractile activity measured with extraluminal strain gauges in the duodenum, ileum and colon of dogs. Studies on the autonomic effects of WHR-1142A indicated little, if any, peripheral adrenergic stimulatory or cholinergic blocking activity. Inhibition of intestinal motility by WHR-1142A was not antagonized by naloxone. WHR-1142A also showed no morphine-like analgesic effects and was devoid of any H1-antihistamine activity. WHR-1142A appears to be a pharmacologically unique antidiarrheal agent.", "PMID": 89850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11679", "title": "Preliminary studies on nasal decongestant activity from the seed of the shea butter tree, Butyrospermum parkii.", "content": "1 The seed of Butyrospermum parkii yields shea butter which according to local traditional healers relieves inflammation of the nostrils. 2 Since there is as yet no absolutely satisfactory nasal decongestant in clinical use, it was decided to investigate the effects of shea butter in nasal congestion. The substance was prepared in the laboratory. 3 The human subjects used were those suffering from rhinitis with moderate to severe nasal congestion. They were divided into the test group which received shea butter, the control group which was treated with xylometazoline and the 'placebo' group which received white petroleum jelly B.P. 4 The results showed that nasal congestion was relieved more satisfactorily in the test group than in the other two groups. 5 It is concluded that shea butter may prove more efficacious in nasal congestion than conventional nasal drops.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on nasal decongestant activity from the seed of the shea butter tree, Butyrospermum parkii. 1 The seed of Butyrospermum parkii yields shea butter which according to local traditional healers relieves inflammation of the nostrils. 2 Since there is as yet no absolutely satisfactory nasal decongestant in clinical use, it was decided to investigate the effects of shea butter in nasal congestion. The substance was prepared in the laboratory. 3 The human subjects used were those suffering from rhinitis with moderate to severe nasal congestion. They were divided into the test group which received shea butter, the control group which was treated with xylometazoline and the 'placebo' group which received white petroleum jelly B.P. 4 The results showed that nasal congestion was relieved more satisfactorily in the test group than in the other two groups. 5 It is concluded that shea butter may prove more efficacious in nasal congestion than conventional nasal drops.", "PMID": 89854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11680", "title": "Changes in the molecular composition of circulating hydroxyethyl starch following consecutive daily infusions in man.", "content": "1 Changes in the circulating molecular composition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were determined in four normal men following three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions (total 1,500 ml), by passage of trichloroacetic acid filtrates of plasma through a Sepharose CL4B gel filtration column. 2 The HES recovered from the intravascular space 10 min following the injection on Days 1, 2 and 3, was of a narrower molecular size distribution than the injected material, with a noticeable shift to molecules of a low molecular weight (LMW) size. 3 The HES in the sampled plasma 24 h post-injection on Days 1, 2 and 3 consisted of molecules possessing a LMW distribution, concomitantly with a slight shift to molecules of a larger molecule size. 4 The HES recovered from the bloodstream 480 h after the third and final injection consisted of molecules possessing an intermediate size distribution, between LMW and high molecular weight (HMW) size material. 5 The results indicate that large HES molecules contained in the injected material are eliminated from the bloodstream; the HMW fraction at least partially by a alpha-amylase mediated catabolism, and the resulting LMW fraction by excretion.", "contents": "Changes in the molecular composition of circulating hydroxyethyl starch following consecutive daily infusions in man. 1 Changes in the circulating molecular composition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were determined in four normal men following three consecutive daily 500 ml infusions (total 1,500 ml), by passage of trichloroacetic acid filtrates of plasma through a Sepharose CL4B gel filtration column. 2 The HES recovered from the intravascular space 10 min following the injection on Days 1, 2 and 3, was of a narrower molecular size distribution than the injected material, with a noticeable shift to molecules of a low molecular weight (LMW) size. 3 The HES in the sampled plasma 24 h post-injection on Days 1, 2 and 3 consisted of molecules possessing a LMW distribution, concomitantly with a slight shift to molecules of a larger molecule size. 4 The HES recovered from the bloodstream 480 h after the third and final injection consisted of molecules possessing an intermediate size distribution, between LMW and high molecular weight (HMW) size material. 5 The results indicate that large HES molecules contained in the injected material are eliminated from the bloodstream; the HMW fraction at least partially by a alpha-amylase mediated catabolism, and the resulting LMW fraction by excretion.", "PMID": 89855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11681", "title": "An antigen associated with mesenchyme in human tumours that cross-reacts with brain glycoprotein.", "content": "Anti-NSA3 antiserum was found to react with many kinds of benign and malignant tumours, as well as foetal skin and intestinal extracts. The corresponding antigens isolated from nervous tissue, benign breast adenoma, and a fibrosarcoma were compared. Immunoprecipitation cannot distinguish between these antigens, and their amino-acid contents were comparable. However, immuno-absorption identified an antigenic determinant that was confined to nervous tissue. Indirect immunofluorescence further confirmed the validity of the concept of a nervous form vs a mesenchymal form of the antigen. Furthermore, immunofluorescence enabled the localization of the antigen found in non-nervous tissue to mesenchyme (mesenchyme-associated antigen: MAA), whether the mesenchymal tissue be normal (foetal organs), tumoral (fibrosarcoma) or reactional (connective-tissue stroma of epithelial tumours).", "contents": "An antigen associated with mesenchyme in human tumours that cross-reacts with brain glycoprotein. Anti-NSA3 antiserum was found to react with many kinds of benign and malignant tumours, as well as foetal skin and intestinal extracts. The corresponding antigens isolated from nervous tissue, benign breast adenoma, and a fibrosarcoma were compared. Immunoprecipitation cannot distinguish between these antigens, and their amino-acid contents were comparable. However, immuno-absorption identified an antigenic determinant that was confined to nervous tissue. Indirect immunofluorescence further confirmed the validity of the concept of a nervous form vs a mesenchymal form of the antigen. Furthermore, immunofluorescence enabled the localization of the antigen found in non-nervous tissue to mesenchyme (mesenchyme-associated antigen: MAA), whether the mesenchymal tissue be normal (foetal organs), tumoral (fibrosarcoma) or reactional (connective-tissue stroma of epithelial tumours).", "PMID": 89856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11682", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to human colon-tumour cells. II. Analysis of the antigens involved.", "content": "The relationship between carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and A antigenic determinants on the cell surface of colon-tumour cells was studied by the ADCC assay. Antiserum prepared in 2 rabbits to an undecapeptide analogous to the amino terminal of CEA(1-11) was found by us either to participate in (Rabbit 2) or specifically inhibit (Rabbit 1) ADCC. The binding spectra of these two antisera and of antiserum to the whole CEA molecule were similar. All of them react with A and non-A colon-tumour cells as well as red blood cells of Type A (RBC-A) and their activity was completely absorbed on RBC-A but not on B or O. O-type, ADCC-reactive human sera always react with A-type colon-tumour cells and RBC-A, and some of them with non-A colon-tumour cells also. The degree of inhibition of their reactivity by anti-CEA(1-11) R1 varied between sera, from none to almost a complete inhibition, and is not related to whether the serum is of cancer or non-cancer origin. Non-reactive O-type sera contain anti-A activity demonstrable by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence. However, they cannot participate in ADCC reaction nor inhibit it. The sera, which contain lymphocyte-dependent antibody to A-type colon-tumour cells, lysed RBC-A, without the addition of lymphocytes or complement, in an immunologically specific way. It is concluded that the reactivity seen in our ADCC system is related to a determinant common to A and CEA (and maybe to other normal cross-reacting antigens) which most probably resides in the amino terminal part of these molecules. This determinant elicits the production of lymphocyte-dependent antibodies in about 50% of people with blood group O. Thus, the amino terminal part of CEA is not a tumour-specific part of the CEA molecule. No specific anti-tumour activity was found in patients' serum by this method, and claims for its demonstration by other methods may well be related to the non-specific activity observed here.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to human colon-tumour cells. II. Analysis of the antigens involved. The relationship between carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and A antigenic determinants on the cell surface of colon-tumour cells was studied by the ADCC assay. Antiserum prepared in 2 rabbits to an undecapeptide analogous to the amino terminal of CEA(1-11) was found by us either to participate in (Rabbit 2) or specifically inhibit (Rabbit 1) ADCC. The binding spectra of these two antisera and of antiserum to the whole CEA molecule were similar. All of them react with A and non-A colon-tumour cells as well as red blood cells of Type A (RBC-A) and their activity was completely absorbed on RBC-A but not on B or O. O-type, ADCC-reactive human sera always react with A-type colon-tumour cells and RBC-A, and some of them with non-A colon-tumour cells also. The degree of inhibition of their reactivity by anti-CEA(1-11) R1 varied between sera, from none to almost a complete inhibition, and is not related to whether the serum is of cancer or non-cancer origin. Non-reactive O-type sera contain anti-A activity demonstrable by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence. However, they cannot participate in ADCC reaction nor inhibit it. The sera, which contain lymphocyte-dependent antibody to A-type colon-tumour cells, lysed RBC-A, without the addition of lymphocytes or complement, in an immunologically specific way. It is concluded that the reactivity seen in our ADCC system is related to a determinant common to A and CEA (and maybe to other normal cross-reacting antigens) which most probably resides in the amino terminal part of these molecules. This determinant elicits the production of lymphocyte-dependent antibodies in about 50% of people with blood group O. Thus, the amino terminal part of CEA is not a tumour-specific part of the CEA molecule. No specific anti-tumour activity was found in patients' serum by this method, and claims for its demonstration by other methods may well be related to the non-specific activity observed here.", "PMID": 89858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11683", "title": "Induction of foci of altered, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hepatocytes in carcinogen-treated rats fed a choline-deficient diet.", "content": "A series of experiments was performed to investigate whether, after exposure of rats to a chemical hepatocarcinogen, feeding a choline-deficient (CD) diet would promote the proliferation of initiated liver cells, and their evolution to foci of altered \u03b3-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive hepatocytes, without subjecting the animals to further experimental manipulations.Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in single doses of 15-150 mg/kg body weight, was injected into male, Sprague-Dawley rats, either intact or 18 h after a partial hepatectomy (PH). The animals were then fed either a CD or a choline-supplemented (CS) diet for 2-8 weeks. Emergence in the liver of foci of altered, GGT+ hepatocytes was studied by histological and histochemical techniques. Foci, in varying numbers, developed in the liver of all rats fed the CD diet. The number of foci induced was larger when DEN was administered after PH rather than to intact rats. Foci developed in none of the livers of rats fed the CS diet, except in one experiment in which 30 mg DEN/kg body weight was injected after a PH. In all cases, foci of altered, GGT+ hepatocytes were shown to be \u03b1-foetoprotein after immunofluorescence staining of liver sections.It is concluded that feeding a CD diet exerts a strong promoting action on the proliferation and further evolution of liver cells initiated by a chemical carcinogen, providing the basis for a new and efficient procedure for the induction of foci of altered hepatocytes in rat liver.", "contents": "Induction of foci of altered, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hepatocytes in carcinogen-treated rats fed a choline-deficient diet. A series of experiments was performed to investigate whether, after exposure of rats to a chemical hepatocarcinogen, feeding a choline-deficient (CD) diet would promote the proliferation of initiated liver cells, and their evolution to foci of altered \u03b3-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive hepatocytes, without subjecting the animals to further experimental manipulations.Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), in single doses of 15-150 mg/kg body weight, was injected into male, Sprague-Dawley rats, either intact or 18 h after a partial hepatectomy (PH). The animals were then fed either a CD or a choline-supplemented (CS) diet for 2-8 weeks. Emergence in the liver of foci of altered, GGT+ hepatocytes was studied by histological and histochemical techniques. Foci, in varying numbers, developed in the liver of all rats fed the CD diet. The number of foci induced was larger when DEN was administered after PH rather than to intact rats. Foci developed in none of the livers of rats fed the CS diet, except in one experiment in which 30 mg DEN/kg body weight was injected after a PH. In all cases, foci of altered, GGT+ hepatocytes were shown to be \u03b1-foetoprotein after immunofluorescence staining of liver sections.It is concluded that feeding a CD diet exerts a strong promoting action on the proliferation and further evolution of liver cells initiated by a chemical carcinogen, providing the basis for a new and efficient procedure for the induction of foci of altered hepatocytes in rat liver.", "PMID": 89859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11684", "title": "Morphological Abnormalities in cultured erythroid colonies (BFU-E) from the blood of two patients with HEMPAS.", "content": "The results of cytological and ultrastructural analysis of erythroid burst colonies derived from the peripheral blood of two patients with HEMPAS have been compared to those obtained in normal controls. Using the plasma clot technique, in studies on 10 subjects we confirmed that most of the colonies consisted or erythroblasts with a synchronous and normal maturation involving a wave of nuclear extrusion at day 13. In contrast, the majority of well-haemoglobinized colonies from HEMPAS consisted of numerous bi- or multinucleated erythroblasts displaying the supplementary double membrane beneath their plasma membrane. This excessive membrane may be present as a continuous or fragmented structure in different erythroblasts from the same colony. These findings suggest that the progeny derived from one BFU-E may vary considerably in their morphological defects. Furthermore, one third of the packed colonies appeared to be formed by non-haemoglobinized cells which were clearly identified by electron microscopy as very early erythroblasts. These cells were unable to mature and subsequently lysed. Thus dyserythropoiesis occurred in culture both at early and late stages of maturation. These studies clearly demonstrate that HEMPAS is a disorder resulting from defective erythroid committed cells.", "contents": "Morphological Abnormalities in cultured erythroid colonies (BFU-E) from the blood of two patients with HEMPAS. The results of cytological and ultrastructural analysis of erythroid burst colonies derived from the peripheral blood of two patients with HEMPAS have been compared to those obtained in normal controls. Using the plasma clot technique, in studies on 10 subjects we confirmed that most of the colonies consisted or erythroblasts with a synchronous and normal maturation involving a wave of nuclear extrusion at day 13. In contrast, the majority of well-haemoglobinized colonies from HEMPAS consisted of numerous bi- or multinucleated erythroblasts displaying the supplementary double membrane beneath their plasma membrane. This excessive membrane may be present as a continuous or fragmented structure in different erythroblasts from the same colony. These findings suggest that the progeny derived from one BFU-E may vary considerably in their morphological defects. Furthermore, one third of the packed colonies appeared to be formed by non-haemoglobinized cells which were clearly identified by electron microscopy as very early erythroblasts. These cells were unable to mature and subsequently lysed. Thus dyserythropoiesis occurred in culture both at early and late stages of maturation. These studies clearly demonstrate that HEMPAS is a disorder resulting from defective erythroid committed cells.", "PMID": 89861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11685", "title": "Cut-off levels for maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of neural tube defects: validation of the use of multiples of the normal median.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of measurement of maternal plasma alpha-feto-protein (AFP) by a standard radioimmunoassay technique, as a method of screening for neural tube defects (NTDs) between 15 and 20 weeks gestation. There was a good fit of a log-normal distribution to the data at each week and multiples of the normal median were equivalent to constant centiles over weeks 15 to 20 and possibly at later weeks also. There were 700 plasma samples from women with normal prenancies and 60 from women with pregnancies complicated by fetal NTDs (30 with anencephaly and 30 with spina bifida). At 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, 90 per cent of women with fetuses affected by anencephaly, 70 per cent of those with fetuses affected by open spina bifida and 3 per cent ofthose with normal pregnancies had plasma AFP levels at or above 2.4 times the normal median for each gestational week. It was estimated that 2.1, 2.4 and 3.1 times the normal median maternal plasma AFP levels were equivalent to the 95th, 97th and 99th centiles respectively. The interassay coefficients of variation estimated on control sera throughout the entire study were 4 to 6 per cent.", "contents": "Cut-off levels for maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of neural tube defects: validation of the use of multiples of the normal median. A retrospective study was made of measurement of maternal plasma alpha-feto-protein (AFP) by a standard radioimmunoassay technique, as a method of screening for neural tube defects (NTDs) between 15 and 20 weeks gestation. There was a good fit of a log-normal distribution to the data at each week and multiples of the normal median were equivalent to constant centiles over weeks 15 to 20 and possibly at later weeks also. There were 700 plasma samples from women with normal prenancies and 60 from women with pregnancies complicated by fetal NTDs (30 with anencephaly and 30 with spina bifida). At 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, 90 per cent of women with fetuses affected by anencephaly, 70 per cent of those with fetuses affected by open spina bifida and 3 per cent ofthose with normal pregnancies had plasma AFP levels at or above 2.4 times the normal median for each gestational week. It was estimated that 2.1, 2.4 and 3.1 times the normal median maternal plasma AFP levels were equivalent to the 95th, 97th and 99th centiles respectively. The interassay coefficients of variation estimated on control sera throughout the entire study were 4 to 6 per cent.", "PMID": 89862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11686", "title": "The relation between maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and fetomaternal haemorrhage.", "content": "Spontaneous fetomaternal haemorrhage at 14 to 20 weeks gestation resulted in raised serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 13 of 150 patients attending a genetic counselling clinic. In all 13 patients, the placenta was anterior or fundal in position. By allowing for a rise in serum AFP levels of 4 microgram/l for each fetal cell seen in 30 high power fields (Kleihauer test), a 62.5 per cent reduction in the number of patients selected for amniocentesis because of raised serum AFP levels would have been achieved. The occurrence of fetomaternal haemorrhages at the time of amniocentesis can be detected by either the Kleihauer technique or the measurement of maternal serum AFP levels.", "contents": "The relation between maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and fetomaternal haemorrhage. Spontaneous fetomaternal haemorrhage at 14 to 20 weeks gestation resulted in raised serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 13 of 150 patients attending a genetic counselling clinic. In all 13 patients, the placenta was anterior or fundal in position. By allowing for a rise in serum AFP levels of 4 microgram/l for each fetal cell seen in 30 high power fields (Kleihauer test), a 62.5 per cent reduction in the number of patients selected for amniocentesis because of raised serum AFP levels would have been achieved. The occurrence of fetomaternal haemorrhages at the time of amniocentesis can be detected by either the Kleihauer technique or the measurement of maternal serum AFP levels.", "PMID": 89863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11687", "title": "Amino acid sequence of California quail lysozyme. Effect of evolutionary substitutions on the antigenic structure of lysozyme.", "content": "To examine the effect of amino acid substitutions in lysozyme on the binding of antibodies to lysozyme, we purified lysozyme from the egg whites of California quail and Gambel quail. Tryptic peptides were isolated from digests of the reduced and carboxymethylated lysozymes and subjected to quantitative analysis of their amino acid compositions. The two proteins were identical by this criterion. Each peptide from the California quail lysozyme was then sequenced by quantitative Edman degradation, and the peptides were ordered by homology with other bird lysozymes. California quail lysozyme is most similar in amino acid sequence to bobwhite quail lysozyme, from which it differs by two substitutions: arginine for lysine at position 68 and histidine for glutamine at position 121. California and bobwhite quail lysozymes were antigenically distinct from each other in quantitative microcomplement fixation tests, indicating that substitutions at one or both of these positions can alter the antigenic structure of lysozyme. Yet neither of these positions is among those claimed to account for the precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme [Atassi, M. Z., & Lee, C.-L. (1978) Biochem. J. 171, 429--434]. Two possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of California quail lysozyme. Effect of evolutionary substitutions on the antigenic structure of lysozyme. To examine the effect of amino acid substitutions in lysozyme on the binding of antibodies to lysozyme, we purified lysozyme from the egg whites of California quail and Gambel quail. Tryptic peptides were isolated from digests of the reduced and carboxymethylated lysozymes and subjected to quantitative analysis of their amino acid compositions. The two proteins were identical by this criterion. Each peptide from the California quail lysozyme was then sequenced by quantitative Edman degradation, and the peptides were ordered by homology with other bird lysozymes. California quail lysozyme is most similar in amino acid sequence to bobwhite quail lysozyme, from which it differs by two substitutions: arginine for lysine at position 68 and histidine for glutamine at position 121. California and bobwhite quail lysozymes were antigenically distinct from each other in quantitative microcomplement fixation tests, indicating that substitutions at one or both of these positions can alter the antigenic structure of lysozyme. Yet neither of these positions is among those claimed to account for the precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme [Atassi, M. Z., & Lee, C.-L. (1978) Biochem. J. 171, 429--434]. Two possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 89864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11688", "title": "Comparison of fluorescence energy transfer and quenching methods to establish the position and orientation of components within the transverse plane of the lipid bilayer. Application to the gramicidin A--bilayer interaction.", "content": "Fluorescence quenching and resonance energy transfer methods have been used to investigate the position of fluorophores in the lateral and transverse planes of the lipid bilayer. A series of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n = 2, 6, 9, and 12) have been used as energy-transfer acceptors so that apparent transfer distances from a membrane-bound donor (N-stearoyltryptophan) have a transverse as well as a lateral component. Both theory and experiment show that the energy-transfer method is not precise enough to discriminate between the positions of the fluorophores in the transverse plane of the bilayer. The n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids are also susceptible to quenching by the indole moiety of tryptophan. The relative quenching efficiency can provide a semiquantitative measure of the position of quenching molecules in the lipid bilayer. The quenching techniques are applied to the determination of the orientation of gramicidin A in lipid bilayers. The tryptophan residues of gramicidin appear to be located near the membrane surface in agreement with the head-to-head dimeric structure proposed by D. W. Urry et al. [(1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 672--676].", "contents": "Comparison of fluorescence energy transfer and quenching methods to establish the position and orientation of components within the transverse plane of the lipid bilayer. Application to the gramicidin A--bilayer interaction. Fluorescence quenching and resonance energy transfer methods have been used to investigate the position of fluorophores in the lateral and transverse planes of the lipid bilayer. A series of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n = 2, 6, 9, and 12) have been used as energy-transfer acceptors so that apparent transfer distances from a membrane-bound donor (N-stearoyltryptophan) have a transverse as well as a lateral component. Both theory and experiment show that the energy-transfer method is not precise enough to discriminate between the positions of the fluorophores in the transverse plane of the bilayer. The n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids are also susceptible to quenching by the indole moiety of tryptophan. The relative quenching efficiency can provide a semiquantitative measure of the position of quenching molecules in the lipid bilayer. The quenching techniques are applied to the determination of the orientation of gramicidin A in lipid bilayers. The tryptophan residues of gramicidin appear to be located near the membrane surface in agreement with the head-to-head dimeric structure proposed by D. W. Urry et al. [(1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 672--676].", "PMID": 89867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11689", "title": "Biosynthesis of streptomycin. Enzymic oxidation of dihydrostreptomycin (6-phosphate) to streptomycin (6-phosphate) with a particulate fraction of Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Resting cells and to a greater extent permeabilized cells of Streptomyces griseus can oxidize dihydrostreptomycin to streptomycin. The dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase activity was localized in the 100,000 X g particulate fraction. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the particulate suspension gave a band at a density of 1.09 which consisted mainly of membrane vesicles. This fraction had high dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase activity. S. griseus protoplasts also contain high oxidoreductase activity. These data are consistent with localization of the enzyme in the cell membrane. Dihydrostreptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate can both serve as substrates for the oxidoreducatase, but the phosphate was the better substrate in the cell free system. Addition of cofactors was not required for the bound dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase. The electron acceptor for the oxidation is unknown. Oxidation of dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate to streptomycin 6-phosphate very probably represents the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of streptomycin.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of streptomycin. Enzymic oxidation of dihydrostreptomycin (6-phosphate) to streptomycin (6-phosphate) with a particulate fraction of Streptomyces griseus. Resting cells and to a greater extent permeabilized cells of Streptomyces griseus can oxidize dihydrostreptomycin to streptomycin. The dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase activity was localized in the 100,000 X g particulate fraction. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the particulate suspension gave a band at a density of 1.09 which consisted mainly of membrane vesicles. This fraction had high dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase activity. S. griseus protoplasts also contain high oxidoreductase activity. These data are consistent with localization of the enzyme in the cell membrane. Dihydrostreptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate can both serve as substrates for the oxidoreducatase, but the phosphate was the better substrate in the cell free system. Addition of cofactors was not required for the bound dihydrostreptomycin oxidoreductase. The electron acceptor for the oxidation is unknown. Oxidation of dihydrostreptomycin 6-phosphate to streptomycin 6-phosphate very probably represents the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of streptomycin.", "PMID": 89869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11690", "title": "Effects of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers on concanavalin A 'capping' in bovine lymphocytes.", "content": "The effects of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane on concanavalin A 'capping' in bovine lymphocytes were evaluated, gamma and delta hexochlorocyclohexane inhibited 'capping' whereas the alpha and beta isomers were without effect. In addition, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane has been shown to antagonize the maintenance of preformed 'caps' and cause the rapid dispersal of the concanavalin A-receptor complexes over the surface of cells by a temperature-dependent mechanism. The possible role of a gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-sensitive process in the organization of microflow patterns in the lectin-activated lymphocyte membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers on concanavalin A 'capping' in bovine lymphocytes. The effects of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane on concanavalin A 'capping' in bovine lymphocytes were evaluated, gamma and delta hexochlorocyclohexane inhibited 'capping' whereas the alpha and beta isomers were without effect. In addition, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane has been shown to antagonize the maintenance of preformed 'caps' and cause the rapid dispersal of the concanavalin A-receptor complexes over the surface of cells by a temperature-dependent mechanism. The possible role of a gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-sensitive process in the organization of microflow patterns in the lectin-activated lymphocyte membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 89870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11691", "title": "Maternal plasma alpha-feto-protein in missed abortion.", "content": "Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 8 pregnancies, which several weeks later ended as missed abortions, were evaluated. In 7 patients, blood sampling before or after the death of their fetuses revealed almost normal maternal AFP values. The relatively viable placenta of missed abortion probably hampers the eventual leakage/transudation of fetal AFP into maternal circulation.", "contents": "Maternal plasma alpha-feto-protein in missed abortion. Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 8 pregnancies, which several weeks later ended as missed abortions, were evaluated. In 7 patients, blood sampling before or after the death of their fetuses revealed almost normal maternal AFP values. The relatively viable placenta of missed abortion probably hampers the eventual leakage/transudation of fetal AFP into maternal circulation.", "PMID": 89872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11692", "title": "Specific precipitation of mouse and rat alpha 2-macroglobulin by immune sera directed against murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "Leukemia viruses preparations obtained from plasma of leukemic mice or rats were used to immunize rabbits. By immunoelectrophoresis, these non-absorbed antisera reacted specifically with one single mouse serum alpha 2 globulin which was further identified as alpha 2-macroglobulin by several criteria, including gel chromatography and nitracentrifugation. When mouse plasma derived virions were used as antigen, they gave rise to antibodies cross-reacting completely with the corresponding mouse and guinea pig protein and partially with rat and calf globulin. Immunization of rabbits with rat plasma derived virions induced antibodies directed preferentially against the rat alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "contents": "Specific precipitation of mouse and rat alpha 2-macroglobulin by immune sera directed against murine leukemia viruses. Leukemia viruses preparations obtained from plasma of leukemic mice or rats were used to immunize rabbits. By immunoelectrophoresis, these non-absorbed antisera reacted specifically with one single mouse serum alpha 2 globulin which was further identified as alpha 2-macroglobulin by several criteria, including gel chromatography and nitracentrifugation. When mouse plasma derived virions were used as antigen, they gave rise to antibodies cross-reacting completely with the corresponding mouse and guinea pig protein and partially with rat and calf globulin. Immunization of rabbits with rat plasma derived virions induced antibodies directed preferentially against the rat alpha 2-macroglobulin.", "PMID": 89873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11693", "title": "Effects of toyocamycin on the biological activity of a murine oncornavirus produced by a chronically infected cell line.", "content": "Production of Friend virus by chronically infected cells (Friend-Eveline cell line) is depressed by Toyocamycin, an adenosine analogue, at doses which stop cellular growth. The infectivity and the endogenous reverse transcriptase activity of the virions are diminished. These effects are likely to be due to the incorporation of Toyocamycin into the 70S RNA.", "contents": "Effects of toyocamycin on the biological activity of a murine oncornavirus produced by a chronically infected cell line. Production of Friend virus by chronically infected cells (Friend-Eveline cell line) is depressed by Toyocamycin, an adenosine analogue, at doses which stop cellular growth. The infectivity and the endogenous reverse transcriptase activity of the virions are diminished. These effects are likely to be due to the incorporation of Toyocamycin into the 70S RNA.", "PMID": 89874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11694", "title": "Hageman-factor-dependent fibrinolysis: generation of fibrinolytic activity by the interaction of human activated factor XI and plasminogen.", "content": "Human coagulation factor XI has been purified, and upon activation with Hageman factor fragments, was found to convert the fibrinolytic proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin. This proactivator activity was shown to be functionally and antigenically distinct from prekallikrein. When the gamma-globulin fractions of plasma deficient in Hageman factor, prekallikrein and factor XI were isolated, factor-XI-deficient plasma possessed two-thirds of the plasminogen proactivator activity of the Hageman-factor-deficient plasma, while prekallikrein deficient plasma had only one-third of the plasminogen proactivator activity. Thus, the Hageman-factor-dependent plasminogen proactivator previously reported to be present in the gamma-globulin fraction of normal human plasma is a function of prekallikrein and factor XI, while the activity observed in prekallikrein-deficient plasma is attributable to factor XI. When compared utilizing digestion of iodinated fibrin, prekallikrein and factor XIa had similar potency per active site; they were, however, far less active than urokinase.", "contents": "Hageman-factor-dependent fibrinolysis: generation of fibrinolytic activity by the interaction of human activated factor XI and plasminogen. Human coagulation factor XI has been purified, and upon activation with Hageman factor fragments, was found to convert the fibrinolytic proenzyme plasminogen to plasmin. This proactivator activity was shown to be functionally and antigenically distinct from prekallikrein. When the gamma-globulin fractions of plasma deficient in Hageman factor, prekallikrein and factor XI were isolated, factor-XI-deficient plasma possessed two-thirds of the plasminogen proactivator activity of the Hageman-factor-deficient plasma, while prekallikrein deficient plasma had only one-third of the plasminogen proactivator activity. Thus, the Hageman-factor-dependent plasminogen proactivator previously reported to be present in the gamma-globulin fraction of normal human plasma is a function of prekallikrein and factor XI, while the activity observed in prekallikrein-deficient plasma is attributable to factor XI. When compared utilizing digestion of iodinated fibrin, prekallikrein and factor XIa had similar potency per active site; they were, however, far less active than urokinase.", "PMID": 89876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11695", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin.", "content": "We describe the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for erythropoietin. Antisera were raised in rabbits with an impure human urinary erythropoietin preparation used as immunogen, but with pure human erytropoietin serving as the labeled antigen in the RIA and as a primary standard. The immunoreactivity of erythropoietin is not altered significantly by the mode of labeling with radioiodine, even though the biologic activity is lost. With this method, it is possible to detect 2--3 mU of erythropoietin in a volume of 0.1--0.3 ml. Therefore, the method can be used for detection of normal and subnormal serum titers as well as elevated titers. RIA for erythropoietin does not distinguish between the native (active in vivo) and the asialo form (inactive in vivo) and cannot yet be used for routine monitoring of crude fractions during purification.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin. We describe the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for erythropoietin. Antisera were raised in rabbits with an impure human urinary erythropoietin preparation used as immunogen, but with pure human erytropoietin serving as the labeled antigen in the RIA and as a primary standard. The immunoreactivity of erythropoietin is not altered significantly by the mode of labeling with radioiodine, even though the biologic activity is lost. With this method, it is possible to detect 2--3 mU of erythropoietin in a volume of 0.1--0.3 ml. Therefore, the method can be used for detection of normal and subnormal serum titers as well as elevated titers. RIA for erythropoietin does not distinguish between the native (active in vivo) and the asialo form (inactive in vivo) and cannot yet be used for routine monitoring of crude fractions during purification.", "PMID": 89877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11696", "title": "The implementation of a large-scale self-instructional course in medical information resources.", "content": "The implementation of library orientation and bibliographic instruction in health sciences centers presents some interesting as well as perplexing problems. The Rowland Medical Library at The University of Mississippi Medical Center had to confront and reexamine these problems when faced with the requirement to teach 298 freshman and sophomore medical students in one ten-week quarter. This paper outlines the development and implementation of a large-scale self-instructional approach to library instruction. The package consisted of an audiotape, a videotape, a written program, self-teaching quizzes, a performance test, and a student evaluation. Performance test results and student evaluation data are presented which indicate that this format can successfully be employed to meet course objectives and to be accepted by students.", "contents": "The implementation of a large-scale self-instructional course in medical information resources. The implementation of library orientation and bibliographic instruction in health sciences centers presents some interesting as well as perplexing problems. The Rowland Medical Library at The University of Mississippi Medical Center had to confront and reexamine these problems when faced with the requirement to teach 298 freshman and sophomore medical students in one ten-week quarter. This paper outlines the development and implementation of a large-scale self-instructional approach to library instruction. The package consisted of an audiotape, a videotape, a written program, self-teaching quizzes, a performance test, and a student evaluation. Performance test results and student evaluation data are presented which indicate that this format can successfully be employed to meet course objectives and to be accepted by students.", "PMID": 89878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11697", "title": "Self-report reliability of skid-row alcoholics.", "content": "The stability of self-report of 72 skid-row alcoholics over a one to six month interval was explored. Relatively high response agreement on reinterview was indicated for demographic items, but less reliability was observed on items assessing social functioning and drinking patterns. Implications of the findings for the evaluation of treatment programs are discussed.", "contents": "Self-report reliability of skid-row alcoholics. The stability of self-report of 72 skid-row alcoholics over a one to six month interval was explored. Relatively high response agreement on reinterview was indicated for demographic items, but less reliability was observed on items assessing social functioning and drinking patterns. Implications of the findings for the evaluation of treatment programs are discussed.", "PMID": 89879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11698", "title": "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in bilharziasis.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-four patients of various ages from an endemic area, diagnosed as having bilharziasis by the presence of living Schistosoma haematobium's ova in the mid-stream urine sample, have been investigated for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in the serum. One hundred and forty-one (49.6%), were positive; no false positives have occurred. Radioimmunoassay is capable of increasing the positivity rate still further. The detection of AFP will be of limited value as a screening test in countries where bilharziasis is endemic.", "contents": "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in bilharziasis. Two hundred and eighty-four patients of various ages from an endemic area, diagnosed as having bilharziasis by the presence of living Schistosoma haematobium's ova in the mid-stream urine sample, have been investigated for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in the serum. One hundred and forty-one (49.6%), were positive; no false positives have occurred. Radioimmunoassay is capable of increasing the positivity rate still further. The detection of AFP will be of limited value as a screening test in countries where bilharziasis is endemic.", "PMID": 89881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11699", "title": "Cytological changes due to urinary calculi: a consideration of the relationship between calculi and the development of urothelial carcinoma.", "content": "Urinary calculi can induce urothelial cellular abnormalities comparable with those of malignancy; this was found in 11 out of 62 lithiasis cases. Severe cellular changes, comparable with those of carcinoma in situ, may be seen in the epithelium adjacent to a calculus. Squamous metaplasia was frequently observed in cases with staghorn stones in the renal pelvis. The abrasive effect of the calculus may result in many multinucleated cells in the sediment. When the calculi are removed the cytological atypia and the observed multinucleation disappeared, and none of these 62 patients developed urothelial carcinoma. A possible relationship was found between a long-term clinical history of lithiasis and the development of cancer of the upper urinary tract in a study of 92 cases of carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis.", "contents": "Cytological changes due to urinary calculi: a consideration of the relationship between calculi and the development of urothelial carcinoma. Urinary calculi can induce urothelial cellular abnormalities comparable with those of malignancy; this was found in 11 out of 62 lithiasis cases. Severe cellular changes, comparable with those of carcinoma in situ, may be seen in the epithelium adjacent to a calculus. Squamous metaplasia was frequently observed in cases with staghorn stones in the renal pelvis. The abrasive effect of the calculus may result in many multinucleated cells in the sediment. When the calculi are removed the cytological atypia and the observed multinucleation disappeared, and none of these 62 patients developed urothelial carcinoma. A possible relationship was found between a long-term clinical history of lithiasis and the development of cancer of the upper urinary tract in a study of 92 cases of carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis.", "PMID": 89882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11700", "title": "Non-operative arterial embolisation in primary liver tumours.", "content": "Three patients with primary hepatic tumours were treated by selective arterial embolisation with gelatin-foam fragments to induce necrosis. In the two with histologically proved hepatocellular carcinoma ultrasonography suggested that necrosis had been induced, as did the rapid initial falls in serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration by 95 and 81% of the original values respectively. Treatment was continued with a course of adriamycin, and both patients remained well and symptom free at 10 and 12 months. In the third patient, who had an expanding and highly vascular benign hepatic adenoma associated with use of a contraceptive pill, embolisation obliterated the tumour mass. Tumour embolisation should be regarded as only the first step in managing hepatocellular carcinoma and as a means of reducing appreciably the viable tumour mass before chemotherapy. It may be used as the primary and definitive treatment in patients with benign liver tumours.", "contents": "Non-operative arterial embolisation in primary liver tumours. Three patients with primary hepatic tumours were treated by selective arterial embolisation with gelatin-foam fragments to induce necrosis. In the two with histologically proved hepatocellular carcinoma ultrasonography suggested that necrosis had been induced, as did the rapid initial falls in serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration by 95 and 81% of the original values respectively. Treatment was continued with a course of adriamycin, and both patients remained well and symptom free at 10 and 12 months. In the third patient, who had an expanding and highly vascular benign hepatic adenoma associated with use of a contraceptive pill, embolisation obliterated the tumour mass. Tumour embolisation should be regarded as only the first step in managing hepatocellular carcinoma and as a means of reducing appreciably the viable tumour mass before chemotherapy. It may be used as the primary and definitive treatment in patients with benign liver tumours.", "PMID": 89883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11701", "title": "Axonal transport of actin: slow component b is the principal source of actin for the axon.", "content": "Axonally transported proteins were studied in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells using the standard radioisotopic labeling procedure. Two slowly moving groups of proteins were identified in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells. The more slowly moving group of proteins, designated slow component a (SCa) was transported at 0.2-0.5 mm/day. Five polypeptides contained greater than 75% of the total radioactivity transported in SCa. Two of these polypeptides correspond to the subunits of tubulin, while the other three correspond to the slow component triplet. The other slowly moving group of proteins, which is designated slow component b (SCb), was transported at approximately 2 mm/day. Twenty labeled polypeptides were identified in SCb. The major labeled polypeptides transported in SCb differ from those transported in SCa. One of the polypeptides transported in SCb co-migrates with skeletal muscle actin in SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. This polypeptide behaved identically to skeletal muscle actin on DNaseI affinity columns. Since DNaseI is a highly specific affinity ligand for actin, we conclude that the labeled SCb polypeptide which comigrates with actin in SDS-gels is actin. Between 1.4 and 5.7% of the total radioactivity transported in SCb is attributable to action. Detailed comparison of the distribution of total radioactivity in the optic axons with the distribution of radioactive actin in the optic axons at post-injection times between 6 and 77 days showed that actin was transported specifically in SCb, and not in SCa. Furthermore, analyses of the proteins transported in the fast component of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells by DNaseI affinity chromatography failed to reveal an actin-like moiety. Slow component a, SCb and the fast component are the major components of axonal transport in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells. Thus, in these neurons, actin is transported principally and possibly only in SCb. Guinea pig retinal ganglion cell axons project principally to the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. The fate of actin axonally transported to the region of the axon terminals was studied by determining the kinetics by which radioactivity associated with actin accumulates and then decays in the superior colliculus. The results of these studies indicate that labeled actin has a half-life in the superior colliculus of approximately 28 days.", "contents": "Axonal transport of actin: slow component b is the principal source of actin for the axon. Axonally transported proteins were studied in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells using the standard radioisotopic labeling procedure. Two slowly moving groups of proteins were identified in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells. The more slowly moving group of proteins, designated slow component a (SCa) was transported at 0.2-0.5 mm/day. Five polypeptides contained greater than 75% of the total radioactivity transported in SCa. Two of these polypeptides correspond to the subunits of tubulin, while the other three correspond to the slow component triplet. The other slowly moving group of proteins, which is designated slow component b (SCb), was transported at approximately 2 mm/day. Twenty labeled polypeptides were identified in SCb. The major labeled polypeptides transported in SCb differ from those transported in SCa. One of the polypeptides transported in SCb co-migrates with skeletal muscle actin in SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. This polypeptide behaved identically to skeletal muscle actin on DNaseI affinity columns. Since DNaseI is a highly specific affinity ligand for actin, we conclude that the labeled SCb polypeptide which comigrates with actin in SDS-gels is actin. Between 1.4 and 5.7% of the total radioactivity transported in SCb is attributable to action. Detailed comparison of the distribution of total radioactivity in the optic axons with the distribution of radioactive actin in the optic axons at post-injection times between 6 and 77 days showed that actin was transported specifically in SCb, and not in SCa. Furthermore, analyses of the proteins transported in the fast component of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells by DNaseI affinity chromatography failed to reveal an actin-like moiety. Slow component a, SCb and the fast component are the major components of axonal transport in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells. Thus, in these neurons, actin is transported principally and possibly only in SCb. Guinea pig retinal ganglion cell axons project principally to the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. The fate of actin axonally transported to the region of the axon terminals was studied by determining the kinetics by which radioactivity associated with actin accumulates and then decays in the superior colliculus. The results of these studies indicate that labeled actin has a half-life in the superior colliculus of approximately 28 days.", "PMID": 89886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11702", "title": "The role of axonal transport in the regulation of enzyme activity in sympathetic ganglia of adult rats.", "content": "The relationship of perikaryal and presynaptic enzyme activity to axonal transport was studied in adult sympathetic neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Surgical axotomy or local colchicine application to the postganglionic nerves resulted in a significant decrease in ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity without a significant alteration in choline acetyltransferase activity. Colchicine did not appear to block axonal impulse conduction since pupillary and eyelid function remained normal. Consequently, the reduced T-OH activity resulted from alteration of other axonal functions. Axotomy or colchicine application decreased T-OH activity in decentralized ganglia, suggesting that the depression of perikaryal T-OH was not secondary to altered orthograde transsynaptic interactions. Colchicine did not prevent transsynaptic induction of T-OH by reserpine, suggesting that axonal transport is not necessary for enzyme induction. Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment partially prevented the effects of colchicine application. It is concluded that in adult sympathetic neurons both orthograde transsynaptic mechanisms and the retrograde transport of NGF normally govern perikaryal T-OH activity.", "contents": "The role of axonal transport in the regulation of enzyme activity in sympathetic ganglia of adult rats. The relationship of perikaryal and presynaptic enzyme activity to axonal transport was studied in adult sympathetic neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Surgical axotomy or local colchicine application to the postganglionic nerves resulted in a significant decrease in ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity without a significant alteration in choline acetyltransferase activity. Colchicine did not appear to block axonal impulse conduction since pupillary and eyelid function remained normal. Consequently, the reduced T-OH activity resulted from alteration of other axonal functions. Axotomy or colchicine application decreased T-OH activity in decentralized ganglia, suggesting that the depression of perikaryal T-OH was not secondary to altered orthograde transsynaptic interactions. Colchicine did not prevent transsynaptic induction of T-OH by reserpine, suggesting that axonal transport is not necessary for enzyme induction. Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment partially prevented the effects of colchicine application. It is concluded that in adult sympathetic neurons both orthograde transsynaptic mechanisms and the retrograde transport of NGF normally govern perikaryal T-OH activity.", "PMID": 89887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11703", "title": "The effects of drug which destroy the sympathetic nervous system on the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor.", "content": "It has been proposed that the drugs (6-hydroxydopamine, guanethidine, vinblastine) which are known to destroy sympathetic neurons in neonatal animals do so by preventing the accumulation of retrogradely transported nerve growth factor (NGF). It was found, consistent with the proposal, that administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg s.c.) or vinblastine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) 16 h prior to the administration of [125I]NGF complete prevented the accumulation of retrogradely transported [125I]NGF in superior cervical ganglia of neonatal rats. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or vinblastine to adult rats (where it does not cause sympathetic neuron cell death) did not completely prevent the retrograde transport of NGF, although 6-hydroxydopamine produced an alteration of the time course of accumulation (early times unaffected, later times depressed). The administration of guanethidine to adult rats (50 mg/kg/day) produced a modest decrease in the accumulation of NGF (40-60%). It would appear, however, that this decrease cannot account for the cytotoxic effects of guanethidine since: (1) sub-cytotoxic doses of guanethidine and non-cytotoxic guanidinium blocking agents also produce modest decreases in the retrograde transport in NGF; and (2) the retrograde transport of [125I]NGF is not affected in neonatal animals until after the neurons are clearly damaged. Hence, the data are entirely consistent with the hypothesis that NGF deprivation caused by 6-hydroxydopamine and vinblastine is the mechanism of the cytotoxic effects of these drugs on sympathetic neurons in neonatal animals. Guanethidine destroys sympathetic neurons by some other mechanism.", "contents": "The effects of drug which destroy the sympathetic nervous system on the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor. It has been proposed that the drugs (6-hydroxydopamine, guanethidine, vinblastine) which are known to destroy sympathetic neurons in neonatal animals do so by preventing the accumulation of retrogradely transported nerve growth factor (NGF). It was found, consistent with the proposal, that administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg s.c.) or vinblastine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) 16 h prior to the administration of [125I]NGF complete prevented the accumulation of retrogradely transported [125I]NGF in superior cervical ganglia of neonatal rats. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or vinblastine to adult rats (where it does not cause sympathetic neuron cell death) did not completely prevent the retrograde transport of NGF, although 6-hydroxydopamine produced an alteration of the time course of accumulation (early times unaffected, later times depressed). The administration of guanethidine to adult rats (50 mg/kg/day) produced a modest decrease in the accumulation of NGF (40-60%). It would appear, however, that this decrease cannot account for the cytotoxic effects of guanethidine since: (1) sub-cytotoxic doses of guanethidine and non-cytotoxic guanidinium blocking agents also produce modest decreases in the retrograde transport in NGF; and (2) the retrograde transport of [125I]NGF is not affected in neonatal animals until after the neurons are clearly damaged. Hence, the data are entirely consistent with the hypothesis that NGF deprivation caused by 6-hydroxydopamine and vinblastine is the mechanism of the cytotoxic effects of these drugs on sympathetic neurons in neonatal animals. Guanethidine destroys sympathetic neurons by some other mechanism.", "PMID": 89888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11704", "title": "Influence of cysteamine on differential staining of BUdR-substituted human chromosomes.", "content": "In 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-substituted human chromsomes stained with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) differential staining is suppressed totally by the H+-donor cysteamine (concentration 0.08 M). We propose that differential staining appears because the double BUdR-substituted chromatid will be disintegrated via a photosensitive dye-visible light system. It is suggested that cysteamine prevents the production of strand breaks in DNA and, consequently, differential staining in BUdR-substituted chromosomes. Furthermore it is shown that differential staining with DAPI causes irreversible changes in the double BUdR-substituted chromatid. This finding can be explained with the above mentioned mechanism.", "contents": "Influence of cysteamine on differential staining of BUdR-substituted human chromosomes. In 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-substituted human chromsomes stained with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) differential staining is suppressed totally by the H+-donor cysteamine (concentration 0.08 M). We propose that differential staining appears because the double BUdR-substituted chromatid will be disintegrated via a photosensitive dye-visible light system. It is suggested that cysteamine prevents the production of strand breaks in DNA and, consequently, differential staining in BUdR-substituted chromosomes. Furthermore it is shown that differential staining with DAPI causes irreversible changes in the double BUdR-substituted chromatid. This finding can be explained with the above mentioned mechanism.", "PMID": 89890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11705", "title": "Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: extracellular protease and elastase as in vivo virulence factors.", "content": "The effects on mortality of supplemental injections of protease and elastase were determined in burned mice infected with non-lethal inocula of a toxin-producing but non-proteolytic-enzyme-producing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When a variety of solutions containing proteolytic enzyme were injected under these conditions, the mortality increased significantly. This did not occur when organisms other than P. aeruginosa were used. Injections of the enzyme solutions alone were non-lethal. Injection of a solution of alpha 2-macroglobulin, which was shown to inhibit proteolytic activity, together with a proteolytic enzyme--toxin producing strain of P. aeruginosa caused a significant delay in mortality when compared with controls. It was concluded that protease, elastase, and toxin production were necessary for P. aeruginosa to express full virulence in the burned mouse model.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: extracellular protease and elastase as in vivo virulence factors. The effects on mortality of supplemental injections of protease and elastase were determined in burned mice infected with non-lethal inocula of a toxin-producing but non-proteolytic-enzyme-producing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When a variety of solutions containing proteolytic enzyme were injected under these conditions, the mortality increased significantly. This did not occur when organisms other than P. aeruginosa were used. Injections of the enzyme solutions alone were non-lethal. Injection of a solution of alpha 2-macroglobulin, which was shown to inhibit proteolytic activity, together with a proteolytic enzyme--toxin producing strain of P. aeruginosa caused a significant delay in mortality when compared with controls. It was concluded that protease, elastase, and toxin production were necessary for P. aeruginosa to express full virulence in the burned mouse model.", "PMID": 89891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11706", "title": "Relationship of hepatitis B surface antigen to serum alpha-fetoprotein in nonmalignant diseases of the liver.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 89 healthy adult Chinese, 170 patients with histologically verified non-malignant liver diseases, and 14 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers with normal liver histology. In 97% of the healthy adults, AFP levels were under 20 ng/ml, which is then regarded as the normal upper limit. Cases with supranormally elevated AFP levels ranged from 15-51% in chronic hepatic disorders and were 33% in acute hepatitis. None of the healthy HBsAg carriers had abnormal AFP level. HBs antigenemia was found to be related to AFP elevation in chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and acute hepatitis but not in chronic persistent hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers. The correlation could be demonstrated only when the sensitive third generation test was employed to define seropositivity of HBsAg. Events after hepatic injury induced by hepatitis B virus, rather than the HBs antigenemia itself, are probably responsible for the association. Whether the association of HBsAg and elevated serum AFP in these nonmalignant hepatic disorders contributes to the higher risk of subsequent development of hepatocarcinoma in Taiwan is unknown and requires further long-term longitudinal study.", "contents": "Relationship of hepatitis B surface antigen to serum alpha-fetoprotein in nonmalignant diseases of the liver. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 89 healthy adult Chinese, 170 patients with histologically verified non-malignant liver diseases, and 14 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers with normal liver histology. In 97% of the healthy adults, AFP levels were under 20 ng/ml, which is then regarded as the normal upper limit. Cases with supranormally elevated AFP levels ranged from 15-51% in chronic hepatic disorders and were 33% in acute hepatitis. None of the healthy HBsAg carriers had abnormal AFP level. HBs antigenemia was found to be related to AFP elevation in chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and acute hepatitis but not in chronic persistent hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers. The correlation could be demonstrated only when the sensitive third generation test was employed to define seropositivity of HBsAg. Events after hepatic injury induced by hepatitis B virus, rather than the HBs antigenemia itself, are probably responsible for the association. Whether the association of HBsAg and elevated serum AFP in these nonmalignant hepatic disorders contributes to the higher risk of subsequent development of hepatocarcinoma in Taiwan is unknown and requires further long-term longitudinal study.", "PMID": 89892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11707", "title": "Use of PM-2 DNA degradation as a pharmacokinetic assay for bleomycin.", "content": "The PM-2 DNA fluorescence assay has been shown to be a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible assay for bleomycin biochemical activity. The assay can detect bleomycin in human serum in the nmol range. The method measures DNA degradative activity of bleomycin and could be used to determine activity of bleomycin analogs and metabolites. The usefulness of the assay to perform bleomycin pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients has been demonstrated. Linear regression analyses of parallel bleomycin assays with the radioimmunoassay gave a coefficient of correlation of 0.98 to 0.78 with trichloroacetic acid-treated serum. These results indicate excellent agreement between the two assays.", "contents": "Use of PM-2 DNA degradation as a pharmacokinetic assay for bleomycin. The PM-2 DNA fluorescence assay has been shown to be a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible assay for bleomycin biochemical activity. The assay can detect bleomycin in human serum in the nmol range. The method measures DNA degradative activity of bleomycin and could be used to determine activity of bleomycin analogs and metabolites. The usefulness of the assay to perform bleomycin pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients has been demonstrated. Linear regression analyses of parallel bleomycin assays with the radioimmunoassay gave a coefficient of correlation of 0.98 to 0.78 with trichloroacetic acid-treated serum. These results indicate excellent agreement between the two assays.", "PMID": 89893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11708", "title": "Ultrastructural and autoradiographic study of the effects of bleomycin on the interphase nucleus of cultured normal cells.", "content": "Primary cultures of hepatocytes and epithelial endometrial cells were treated with bleomycin (10 to 200 microgram/ml) for 30 to 300 min. Structural changes were studied with a staining method which contrasts ribonucleoproteins. The earliest visible alteration was the accumulation of perichromatin granules in association with the nucleolus. This disturbance was frequently accompanied by modifications in the nucleolar architecture. After larger treatments, the most striking changes were nucleolar segregation and the appearance of spherical clear bodies in the nucleolus. In the extranucleolar area, a remarkable diminution of ribonucleoprotein fibrils and clustering of interchromatin granules were observed. Functional disturbances in the synthesis and transporting of RNA to the cytoplasm were studied by high-resolution quantitative autoradiography after labeling with tritiated uridine. Bleomycin produces a strong inhibition of RNA synthesis in nucleolar and extranucleolar areas. Important decreases of [3H]uridine incorporation were observed as early as 30 min after the administration of drug. Alterations of processing and/or transporting of RNA to the cytoplasm were found after treatments with bleomycin (100 microgram/ml) for 30 to 300 min. It is suggested that the diminution of ribonucleoprotein fibrils is related to the inhibition of RNA synthesis while the accumulation of perichromatin granules is connected to alteration of the transporting and/or processing.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and autoradiographic study of the effects of bleomycin on the interphase nucleus of cultured normal cells. Primary cultures of hepatocytes and epithelial endometrial cells were treated with bleomycin (10 to 200 microgram/ml) for 30 to 300 min. Structural changes were studied with a staining method which contrasts ribonucleoproteins. The earliest visible alteration was the accumulation of perichromatin granules in association with the nucleolus. This disturbance was frequently accompanied by modifications in the nucleolar architecture. After larger treatments, the most striking changes were nucleolar segregation and the appearance of spherical clear bodies in the nucleolus. In the extranucleolar area, a remarkable diminution of ribonucleoprotein fibrils and clustering of interchromatin granules were observed. Functional disturbances in the synthesis and transporting of RNA to the cytoplasm were studied by high-resolution quantitative autoradiography after labeling with tritiated uridine. Bleomycin produces a strong inhibition of RNA synthesis in nucleolar and extranucleolar areas. Important decreases of [3H]uridine incorporation were observed as early as 30 min after the administration of drug. Alterations of processing and/or transporting of RNA to the cytoplasm were found after treatments with bleomycin (100 microgram/ml) for 30 to 300 min. It is suggested that the diminution of ribonucleoprotein fibrils is related to the inhibition of RNA synthesis while the accumulation of perichromatin granules is connected to alteration of the transporting and/or processing.", "PMID": 89895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11709", "title": "Electrofocusing patterns of fucosyltransferases in plasma of patients with neoplastic disease.", "content": "Electrofocusing patterns of plasma fucosyltransferases provide information concerning marrow status of patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Three enzymes were detected in normal plasmas using an acceptor terminating in the sequence N-acetylglucosamine-galactose. The enzyme which focused at pH 4.7 was elevated during rapid proliferation of myeloid cells, e.g., acute myelogenous leukemias and certain infectious diseases. Activity at pI = 5.1 was decreased in acute myelogenous leukemia patients, and from other observations, appears related to the level of erythropoietic activity. Acceptor studies show this enzyme to be specified by the H gene. A third enzyme focused at pH 5.5 and appeared to be correlated with a later step in granulocytes maturation. Two other plasma fucosyltransferases (pl = 5.6 and 8.3) were detected with a high-molecular-weight acceptor terminating in N-acetylglucosamine. This activity was markedly elevated during regeneration of a normal marrow population during drug-induced remission of acute myelogenous leukemia. Additional isoenzymes were detected, using this acceptor, in plasma of patients with certain solid tumors and multiple myeloma. However, the new isoelectric points observed (pH 6.0, 6.9, and 7.8) suggest these enzymes are probably not derived from hematopoietic tissues.", "contents": "Electrofocusing patterns of fucosyltransferases in plasma of patients with neoplastic disease. Electrofocusing patterns of plasma fucosyltransferases provide information concerning marrow status of patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Three enzymes were detected in normal plasmas using an acceptor terminating in the sequence N-acetylglucosamine-galactose. The enzyme which focused at pH 4.7 was elevated during rapid proliferation of myeloid cells, e.g., acute myelogenous leukemias and certain infectious diseases. Activity at pI = 5.1 was decreased in acute myelogenous leukemia patients, and from other observations, appears related to the level of erythropoietic activity. Acceptor studies show this enzyme to be specified by the H gene. A third enzyme focused at pH 5.5 and appeared to be correlated with a later step in granulocytes maturation. Two other plasma fucosyltransferases (pl = 5.6 and 8.3) were detected with a high-molecular-weight acceptor terminating in N-acetylglucosamine. This activity was markedly elevated during regeneration of a normal marrow population during drug-induced remission of acute myelogenous leukemia. Additional isoenzymes were detected, using this acceptor, in plasma of patients with certain solid tumors and multiple myeloma. However, the new isoelectric points observed (pH 6.0, 6.9, and 7.8) suggest these enzymes are probably not derived from hematopoietic tissues.", "PMID": 89896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11710", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels and hepatic alterations during chemical carcinogenesis in C57BL/6N mice.", "content": "Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by administration of acetylaminofluorene or chlordane to C57BL/6N mice. Lesions which closely resembled the neoplastic nodule described as a putative premalignant lesion in rats were evident. alpha-Fetoprotein elevations were noted only in the presence of the malignant lesions for both carcinogens. In this regard, the responses of these mice were similar to those seen during spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein levels and hepatic alterations during chemical carcinogenesis in C57BL/6N mice. Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced by administration of acetylaminofluorene or chlordane to C57BL/6N mice. Lesions which closely resembled the neoplastic nodule described as a putative premalignant lesion in rats were evident. alpha-Fetoprotein elevations were noted only in the presence of the malignant lesions for both carcinogens. In this regard, the responses of these mice were similar to those seen during spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis.", "PMID": 89897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11711", "title": "Differential expression of alpha-fetoprotein and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in chemical and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "The expression of two markers of fetal liver, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), was studied in chemical and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Serum AFP concentration increased within 3 weeks 3 weeks from the commencement of feeding of o-aminoazotuluene. This early elevation subsided about 3 months after the beginning of the administration of the carcinogen. A new, sustained elevation of the serum AFP level followed at 5 to 6 months accompanied by the appearance of liver tumors. In immunofluorescence, some small oval cells and scattered adult-type hepatocytes contained AFP during the early stage of chemical carcinogenesis. During the later phase, AFP was detected in a few of the nodular areas, in solitary hepatocytes, and in groups of carcinoma cells. GGT activity in the liver increased within 1 week after the carcinogen regimen was started, preceding the early increase of AFP production. At the final stage, the chemically induced hepatomas contained about 80 times more GGT than did normal liver. In histochemical staining, proliferating oval cells and small areas of hepatocytes stained for GGT during the early weeks, and later most nodules, small areas of nonnodular parenchyma, and carcinomas contained GGT. During spontaneous carcinogenesis in male C3HeB/FeJ mice, premalignant lesions, accompanied  by a slight increase of serum AFP, precede the appearance of liver tumors. No cells staining for AFP were detected during this early stage. Once overt liver cancers had developed, AFP was readily detectable in the tumors and was localized to some but not all carcinoma cells. The corresponding serum AFP levels were highly elevated. In contrast to the high levels of GGT found during chemical carcinogenesis, no elevation of GGT was found in livers at various stages of spontaneous carcinogenesis, including cancers in eight individual mice. These results indicate that the production of AFP and GGT is not turned on as a single \"genetic package,\" and that these two markers differ in their behaviour in liver carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Differential expression of alpha-fetoprotein and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in chemical and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis. The expression of two markers of fetal liver, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), was studied in chemical and spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Serum AFP concentration increased within 3 weeks 3 weeks from the commencement of feeding of o-aminoazotuluene. This early elevation subsided about 3 months after the beginning of the administration of the carcinogen. A new, sustained elevation of the serum AFP level followed at 5 to 6 months accompanied by the appearance of liver tumors. In immunofluorescence, some small oval cells and scattered adult-type hepatocytes contained AFP during the early stage of chemical carcinogenesis. During the later phase, AFP was detected in a few of the nodular areas, in solitary hepatocytes, and in groups of carcinoma cells. GGT activity in the liver increased within 1 week after the carcinogen regimen was started, preceding the early increase of AFP production. At the final stage, the chemically induced hepatomas contained about 80 times more GGT than did normal liver. In histochemical staining, proliferating oval cells and small areas of hepatocytes stained for GGT during the early weeks, and later most nodules, small areas of nonnodular parenchyma, and carcinomas contained GGT. During spontaneous carcinogenesis in male C3HeB/FeJ mice, premalignant lesions, accompanied  by a slight increase of serum AFP, precede the appearance of liver tumors. No cells staining for AFP were detected during this early stage. Once overt liver cancers had developed, AFP was readily detectable in the tumors and was localized to some but not all carcinoma cells. The corresponding serum AFP levels were highly elevated. In contrast to the high levels of GGT found during chemical carcinogenesis, no elevation of GGT was found in livers at various stages of spontaneous carcinogenesis, including cancers in eight individual mice. These results indicate that the production of AFP and GGT is not turned on as a single \"genetic package,\" and that these two markers differ in their behaviour in liver carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 89898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11712", "title": "Modulation of cellular interactions between C3H/10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts by phosphodiesterase inhibitors.", "content": "It has been demonstrated previously that nontransformed C3H/10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts (10T1/2) can induce a state of reversible growth inhibition in cocultured malignantly transformed mouse fibroblasts and that this inhibition is modulated by serum concentration. The present study suggests that cyclic nucleotides may be implicated in this intercellular communication. The phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline, caffeine, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBX) at concentrations of 10(-3) M, maintained continuously, were all found to inhibit the expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced malignant transformation when added 7 days after removal of carcinogen. IBX was the most potent, causing 100% inhibition at 10(-4) M and 70% inhibition at 10(-5) M. This inhibition was partially reversible in the former case and completely reversible in the latter case by removal of drug. Complete inhibition by 10(-4) M IBX was still observed when treatment was delayed 21 days postcarcinogen. In reconstruction experiments, utilizing confluent monolayers of 10T1/2 cells overlaid with transformed cells, IBX caused a dose-dependent inhibition of colony size of the transformed cells. Adenosine cyclic 2':3'-monophosphoric acid (cAMP) and N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophophoric acid potentiated this response. The presence of non-transformed 10T1/2 cells was required for this effect, since a concentration of IBX (10(-4) M) inhibitory for the growth of transformed cells in mixed cultures was without effect on the growth rate, plating efficiency, or saturation density of pure cultures of 10T1/2 cells or of their transformed counterparts. Conditioned medium removed from IBX-treated 10T1/2 cells was not growth inhibitory for transformed cells, indicating a requirement for cell-cell contact. IBX caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP in confluent 10T1/2 cells and a more pronounced increase in cAMP concentration in the culture medium of these cells. The dose-response effects of IBX on growth inhibition of malignant cells in mixed cultures appear to correlate well with its ability to elevate cAMP levels. Thus, IBX increased the capacity of 10T1/2 cells to cause reversible growth arrest of transformed cells and appears to act in a manner analogous to the previously reported effects of serum.", "contents": "Modulation of cellular interactions between C3H/10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. It has been demonstrated previously that nontransformed C3H/10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts (10T1/2) can induce a state of reversible growth inhibition in cocultured malignantly transformed mouse fibroblasts and that this inhibition is modulated by serum concentration. The present study suggests that cyclic nucleotides may be implicated in this intercellular communication. The phosphodiesterase inhibitors theophylline, caffeine, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBX) at concentrations of 10(-3) M, maintained continuously, were all found to inhibit the expression of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced malignant transformation when added 7 days after removal of carcinogen. IBX was the most potent, causing 100% inhibition at 10(-4) M and 70% inhibition at 10(-5) M. This inhibition was partially reversible in the former case and completely reversible in the latter case by removal of drug. Complete inhibition by 10(-4) M IBX was still observed when treatment was delayed 21 days postcarcinogen. In reconstruction experiments, utilizing confluent monolayers of 10T1/2 cells overlaid with transformed cells, IBX caused a dose-dependent inhibition of colony size of the transformed cells. Adenosine cyclic 2':3'-monophosphoric acid (cAMP) and N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophophoric acid potentiated this response. The presence of non-transformed 10T1/2 cells was required for this effect, since a concentration of IBX (10(-4) M) inhibitory for the growth of transformed cells in mixed cultures was without effect on the growth rate, plating efficiency, or saturation density of pure cultures of 10T1/2 cells or of their transformed counterparts. Conditioned medium removed from IBX-treated 10T1/2 cells was not growth inhibitory for transformed cells, indicating a requirement for cell-cell contact. IBX caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP in confluent 10T1/2 cells and a more pronounced increase in cAMP concentration in the culture medium of these cells. The dose-response effects of IBX on growth inhibition of malignant cells in mixed cultures appear to correlate well with its ability to elevate cAMP levels. Thus, IBX increased the capacity of 10T1/2 cells to cause reversible growth arrest of transformed cells and appears to act in a manner analogous to the previously reported effects of serum.", "PMID": 89899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11713", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein as a carrier protein in plasma and its bilirubin-binding ability.", "content": "The bilirubin-binding ability of human alpha-fetoproteins, which were purified from fetal cord serum and from ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient, was examined by the difference spectrum and the Jacobsen peroxidase methods. The difference spectrum observed as a result of the specific binding of bilirubin to alpha-fetoprotein had a maximum at 482 nm, and this pattern was quite similar to that observed for serum albumin. The result obtained by the difference spectrum method showed that 1 mol of each alpha-fetoprotein bound 1 mol of bilirubin at pH 8.3 and that the dissociation constants of the complexes of bilirubin with fetal alpha-fetoprotein and hepatoma-derived alpha-fetoprotein were 2.6 x 10(-7) and 5.0 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The Jacobsen enzymatic method using horseradish peroxidase gave the same values for molar binding ratios and similar dissociation constants, 7.1 x 10(-7) M for fetal alpha-fetoprotein and 7.4 x 10(-7) M for hepatoma-derived alpha-fetoprotein. These results indicate that alpha-fetoprotein may function as a carrier protein for bilirubin as has been shown for serum albumin.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein as a carrier protein in plasma and its bilirubin-binding ability. The bilirubin-binding ability of human alpha-fetoproteins, which were purified from fetal cord serum and from ascites fluid of a hepatoma-bearing patient, was examined by the difference spectrum and the Jacobsen peroxidase methods. The difference spectrum observed as a result of the specific binding of bilirubin to alpha-fetoprotein had a maximum at 482 nm, and this pattern was quite similar to that observed for serum albumin. The result obtained by the difference spectrum method showed that 1 mol of each alpha-fetoprotein bound 1 mol of bilirubin at pH 8.3 and that the dissociation constants of the complexes of bilirubin with fetal alpha-fetoprotein and hepatoma-derived alpha-fetoprotein were 2.6 x 10(-7) and 5.0 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The Jacobsen enzymatic method using horseradish peroxidase gave the same values for molar binding ratios and similar dissociation constants, 7.1 x 10(-7) M for fetal alpha-fetoprotein and 7.4 x 10(-7) M for hepatoma-derived alpha-fetoprotein. These results indicate that alpha-fetoprotein may function as a carrier protein for bilirubin as has been shown for serum albumin.", "PMID": 89900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11714", "title": "Specificity of DNA-associated nuclear antigens in HeLa cells and distribution during the cell cycle.", "content": "Chromosomal nonhistone protein:DNA complexes prepared from synchronized HeLa cells were used to immunize white rabbits. The antisera reacted specifically in complement fixation tests with chromatins isolated from HeLa cells and not with those from a number of other human and animal tissues. Specificity to this cell type was also demonstrated by immunocytochemical reaction. Both immunochemical tests revealed that the specific antigens are continuously present throughout the cell cycle. The immunological activity was dependent upon chromosomal nonhistone protein(s) being bound to DNA. Our findings are consistent with these chromatin antigens being stable nuclear components [complexes of chromosomal non-histone protein(s) with DNA] characteristic of cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Specificity of DNA-associated nuclear antigens in HeLa cells and distribution during the cell cycle. Chromosomal nonhistone protein:DNA complexes prepared from synchronized HeLa cells were used to immunize white rabbits. The antisera reacted specifically in complement fixation tests with chromatins isolated from HeLa cells and not with those from a number of other human and animal tissues. Specificity to this cell type was also demonstrated by immunocytochemical reaction. Both immunochemical tests revealed that the specific antigens are continuously present throughout the cell cycle. The immunological activity was dependent upon chromosomal nonhistone protein(s) being bound to DNA. Our findings are consistent with these chromatin antigens being stable nuclear components [complexes of chromosomal non-histone protein(s) with DNA] characteristic of cellular differentiation.", "PMID": 89901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11715", "title": "In vitro synthesis of murine pre-alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "Murine alpha-fetoprotein was synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of radioactive amino acids under the direction of alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA isolated from mouse yolk sacs. The radiolabeled alpha-fetoprotein was isolated by immunoabsorption, and the amino acid residues at the NH2 terminus were determined by radioactive sequencing techniques. In a comparison to the NH2-terminal sequence of circulating alpha-fetoprotein, the in vitro-synthesized alpha-fetoprotein was found to contain an extra peptide 20 amino acids long linked at the NH2 terminus, the sequence of which is: (formula: see text). The molecular size, the hydrophobic nature, and the other properties of the peptide are consistent with the \"leader\" or \"signal\" piece found in the precursors of many other secretory proteins. This suggests that alpha-fetoprotein, the synthesis of which is limited primarily to fetal development, is produced in the form of the precursor as are secretory proteins in the adult tissues.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of murine pre-alpha-fetoprotein. Murine alpha-fetoprotein was synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of radioactive amino acids under the direction of alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA isolated from mouse yolk sacs. The radiolabeled alpha-fetoprotein was isolated by immunoabsorption, and the amino acid residues at the NH2 terminus were determined by radioactive sequencing techniques. In a comparison to the NH2-terminal sequence of circulating alpha-fetoprotein, the in vitro-synthesized alpha-fetoprotein was found to contain an extra peptide 20 amino acids long linked at the NH2 terminus, the sequence of which is: (formula: see text). The molecular size, the hydrophobic nature, and the other properties of the peptide are consistent with the \"leader\" or \"signal\" piece found in the precursors of many other secretory proteins. This suggests that alpha-fetoprotein, the synthesis of which is limited primarily to fetal development, is produced in the form of the precursor as are secretory proteins in the adult tissues.", "PMID": 89902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11716", "title": "Rat alpha-macrofetoprotein (acute-phase alpha 2-macroglobulin) during hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "Rat alpha-macrofetoprotein (AMF) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are secreted by the fetal liver and become elevated in serum during hepatocarcinogenesis and in animals bearing hepatocellular carcinomas. It has been suggested that these fetal plasma proteins may be influenced by related control mechanisms. The experiments presented herein examined the early responses of these plasma proteins during hepatocarcinogenesis using the hepatocarcinogens acetylaminofluorene and diethylnitrosamine. Under these conditions, AFP serum concentrations were elevated within a few days of exposure to acetylaminofluorene, whereas AMF serum concentrations remained essentially normal. AFP became elevated after a number of weeks of exposure to diethylnitrosamine. In either regimen, AMF became elevated only later when large primary hepatocellular carcinomas were found. The time of appearance of AMF after transfer of an AFP-secreting Morris hepatoma indicated that AMF was elevated only in animals with extremely large, necrotic tumors. Thus, it appears that elevation of serum AFP resulted from either exposure to hepatocarcinogens or production by hepatocellular carcinomas, but that the elevations of serum AMF levels resulted from inflammatory injury or necrosis of tumor tissues.", "contents": "Rat alpha-macrofetoprotein (acute-phase alpha 2-macroglobulin) during hepatocarcinogenesis. Rat alpha-macrofetoprotein (AMF) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are secreted by the fetal liver and become elevated in serum during hepatocarcinogenesis and in animals bearing hepatocellular carcinomas. It has been suggested that these fetal plasma proteins may be influenced by related control mechanisms. The experiments presented herein examined the early responses of these plasma proteins during hepatocarcinogenesis using the hepatocarcinogens acetylaminofluorene and diethylnitrosamine. Under these conditions, AFP serum concentrations were elevated within a few days of exposure to acetylaminofluorene, whereas AMF serum concentrations remained essentially normal. AFP became elevated after a number of weeks of exposure to diethylnitrosamine. In either regimen, AMF became elevated only later when large primary hepatocellular carcinomas were found. The time of appearance of AMF after transfer of an AFP-secreting Morris hepatoma indicated that AMF was elevated only in animals with extremely large, necrotic tumors. Thus, it appears that elevation of serum AFP resulted from either exposure to hepatocarcinogens or production by hepatocellular carcinomas, but that the elevations of serum AMF levels resulted from inflammatory injury or necrosis of tumor tissues.", "PMID": 89903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11717", "title": "Additive effects of bleomycin and neocarzinostatin on degradation of DNA, inhibition of DNA polymerase beta, and cell growth.", "content": "The interactions of the two antitumor protein antibiotics, neocarzinostatin (NCS) and bleomycin (BLM), were studied on subcellular and cellular levels. BLM and NCS were found to remove thymine from double-stranded DNA. Combination experiments using BLM and NCS together in an assay with isolated DNA revealed an additive effect in splitting. Under limiting concentration conditions, BLM and NCS induce alkali-labile sites in DNA without a subsequent cleavage of the chain. After transfer of BLM- or NCS-treated DNA into an alkaline solution, strand scissions occur. Combination of BLM and NCS results in an additive DNA-cleaving effect, which indicates that the splitting reactions initiated by BLM or NCS are not influenced if the two antibiotics are applied in combination. The DNA polymerase beta is inhibited by BLM (at higher concentrations) and by NCS in a competitive way with respect to DNA. The inhibition constant of BLM and NCS in a combination experiment was found to be the result of the sum of the inhibition constants of BLM and NCS. Using L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, it was found that cells incubated with both BLM and NCS show \"unbalanced growth.\" The dose-response curves from BLM and NCS have identical slopes; they are characteristic for compounds which selectively inhibit DNA synthesis. By use of isobolograms, it could also be clearly shown that BLM and NCS interact additively.", "contents": "Additive effects of bleomycin and neocarzinostatin on degradation of DNA, inhibition of DNA polymerase beta, and cell growth. The interactions of the two antitumor protein antibiotics, neocarzinostatin (NCS) and bleomycin (BLM), were studied on subcellular and cellular levels. BLM and NCS were found to remove thymine from double-stranded DNA. Combination experiments using BLM and NCS together in an assay with isolated DNA revealed an additive effect in splitting. Under limiting concentration conditions, BLM and NCS induce alkali-labile sites in DNA without a subsequent cleavage of the chain. After transfer of BLM- or NCS-treated DNA into an alkaline solution, strand scissions occur. Combination of BLM and NCS results in an additive DNA-cleaving effect, which indicates that the splitting reactions initiated by BLM or NCS are not influenced if the two antibiotics are applied in combination. The DNA polymerase beta is inhibited by BLM (at higher concentrations) and by NCS in a competitive way with respect to DNA. The inhibition constant of BLM and NCS in a combination experiment was found to be the result of the sum of the inhibition constants of BLM and NCS. Using L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, it was found that cells incubated with both BLM and NCS show \"unbalanced growth.\" The dose-response curves from BLM and NCS have identical slopes; they are characteristic for compounds which selectively inhibit DNA synthesis. By use of isobolograms, it could also be clearly shown that BLM and NCS interact additively.", "PMID": 89904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11718", "title": "Enhancement of bleomycin activity against Lewis lung tumors in mice by local hyperthermia.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of the drug bleomycin in vitro has previously been shown to be enhanced by hyperthermia. This report demonstrates in vivo a more than additive interaction between local tumor hyperthermia (43 degrees, 60 min) and bleomycin (15 mg/kg s.c.) against s.c.-implanted Lewis lung carcinomas in mice. Local hyperthermia was produced by the application of 2450-MHz microwaves to the region of the tumor without induction of significant whole-body hyperthermia. The combined drug and heat treatments were applied to tumors on Days 4, 7, and 10 following implantation. The response of the tumors to simultaneous treatment was a 17-day growth delay compared with controls, whereas the local hyperthermia and bleomycin individually resulted in only 3- and 4-day growth delays, respectively. If the two treatments were given either 4 or 24 hr apart only an additive effect on growth delay was observed.", "contents": "Enhancement of bleomycin activity against Lewis lung tumors in mice by local hyperthermia. The cytotoxicity of the drug bleomycin in vitro has previously been shown to be enhanced by hyperthermia. This report demonstrates in vivo a more than additive interaction between local tumor hyperthermia (43 degrees, 60 min) and bleomycin (15 mg/kg s.c.) against s.c.-implanted Lewis lung carcinomas in mice. Local hyperthermia was produced by the application of 2450-MHz microwaves to the region of the tumor without induction of significant whole-body hyperthermia. The combined drug and heat treatments were applied to tumors on Days 4, 7, and 10 following implantation. The response of the tumors to simultaneous treatment was a 17-day growth delay compared with controls, whereas the local hyperthermia and bleomycin individually resulted in only 3- and 4-day growth delays, respectively. If the two treatments were given either 4 or 24 hr apart only an additive effect on growth delay was observed.", "PMID": 89905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11719", "title": "Effects of systemically administered bleomycin or adriamycin with local hyperthermia on primary tumor and lung metastases.", "content": "Exposure of cells in tissue culture to bleomycin or Adriamycin during 43 degrees C hyperthermia increased cytotoxicity dramatically compared to exposure at 37 degrees C. This study was designed to test whether this interaction was useful in tumor-bearing animals. C3H mice bearing the KHT tumor were treated with bleomycin (7 or 15 mg/kg) or with Adriamycin (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) with or without local heating of the tumor to 43 degrees C for 30 minutes by 13.56 MHz radiofrequency fields. The effects were assessed by growth delay (mean tumor diameter doubling time) and cure rate. In separate experiments, BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors were treated identically, but tumors were excised 2 hours after treatment and tumor cell survival was assayed by colony formation. Antitumor effects of systemic bleomycin were potentiated by local hyperthermia. The two modalities had to be administered close together in time to observe the potentiation, suggesting a true interaction. There was a \"threshold\" for bleomycin potentiation in vivo between 42 degrees C and 43 degrees C, just as observed in tissue culture experiments. The antitumor activity of Adriamycin was not potentiated in vivo in these tumor systems except in cell survival experiments at doses higher than those compatible with survival of the host. The toxicity of drug combined with heat was greater than that of either modality alone. Hyperthermia did not adversely affect the incidence or severity of spontaneous lung metastases from KHT tumors. In fact, groups treated with heat and bleomycin had less severe lung metastases than groups treated with bleomycin alone. We conclude that local heating of tumors may be a useful adjunct to systemic bleomycin therapy. In vivo potentiation of Adriamycin by heat, however, could not be demonstrated in these tumor systems.", "contents": "Effects of systemically administered bleomycin or adriamycin with local hyperthermia on primary tumor and lung metastases. Exposure of cells in tissue culture to bleomycin or Adriamycin during 43 degrees C hyperthermia increased cytotoxicity dramatically compared to exposure at 37 degrees C. This study was designed to test whether this interaction was useful in tumor-bearing animals. C3H mice bearing the KHT tumor were treated with bleomycin (7 or 15 mg/kg) or with Adriamycin (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) with or without local heating of the tumor to 43 degrees C for 30 minutes by 13.56 MHz radiofrequency fields. The effects were assessed by growth delay (mean tumor diameter doubling time) and cure rate. In separate experiments, BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors were treated identically, but tumors were excised 2 hours after treatment and tumor cell survival was assayed by colony formation. Antitumor effects of systemic bleomycin were potentiated by local hyperthermia. The two modalities had to be administered close together in time to observe the potentiation, suggesting a true interaction. There was a \"threshold\" for bleomycin potentiation in vivo between 42 degrees C and 43 degrees C, just as observed in tissue culture experiments. The antitumor activity of Adriamycin was not potentiated in vivo in these tumor systems except in cell survival experiments at doses higher than those compatible with survival of the host. The toxicity of drug combined with heat was greater than that of either modality alone. Hyperthermia did not adversely affect the incidence or severity of spontaneous lung metastases from KHT tumors. In fact, groups treated with heat and bleomycin had less severe lung metastases than groups treated with bleomycin alone. We conclude that local heating of tumors may be a useful adjunct to systemic bleomycin therapy. In vivo potentiation of Adriamycin by heat, however, could not be demonstrated in these tumor systems.", "PMID": 89906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11720", "title": "Evaluation of cyclocytidine in children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors.", "content": "Cyclocytidine, a slow-release form of cytosine arabinoside, was evaluated in 69 children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors. One child with acute lymphocytic leukemia attained a complete remission. This child had received intrathecal cytosine arabinoside prior to the cyclocytidine. Eighteen of the 31 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia/acute undifferentiated leukemia who did not respond received two or more courses of the drug. There were no responses in 15 children with acute myelogenous leukemia, in 11 children with neuroblastoma, or in 11 children with various solid tumors of childhood. A dose of 600 ng/m2/day for 10 consecutive days is tolerated in children.", "contents": "Evaluation of cyclocytidine in children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors. Cyclocytidine, a slow-release form of cytosine arabinoside, was evaluated in 69 children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors. One child with acute lymphocytic leukemia attained a complete remission. This child had received intrathecal cytosine arabinoside prior to the cyclocytidine. Eighteen of the 31 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia/acute undifferentiated leukemia who did not respond received two or more courses of the drug. There were no responses in 15 children with acute myelogenous leukemia, in 11 children with neuroblastoma, or in 11 children with various solid tumors of childhood. A dose of 600 ng/m2/day for 10 consecutive days is tolerated in children.", "PMID": 89907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11721", "title": "A new method for degradation of the protein part of glycoproteins: isolation of the carbohydrate chains of asialofetuin.", "content": "A new method has been developed for degrading the protein part of several glycoproteins, whilst leaving the carbohydrate portion virtually intact apart from partial degradation at the reducing end. The method is based upon stabilization of the glycosidic linkages of the sugar residues by trifluoroacetyl groups and subsequent cleavage of the peptide bonds by transamidation. The two reactions are carried out in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid. After O- and N-detrifluoroacetylation, the carbohydrate portion can be isolated and re-N-acetylated. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by the isolation from asialofetuin of the carbohydrate chains that are attached by N- and O-glycosyl links.", "contents": "A new method for degradation of the protein part of glycoproteins: isolation of the carbohydrate chains of asialofetuin. A new method has been developed for degrading the protein part of several glycoproteins, whilst leaving the carbohydrate portion virtually intact apart from partial degradation at the reducing end. The method is based upon stabilization of the glycosidic linkages of the sugar residues by trifluoroacetyl groups and subsequent cleavage of the peptide bonds by transamidation. The two reactions are carried out in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid. After O- and N-detrifluoroacetylation, the carbohydrate portion can be isolated and re-N-acetylated. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by the isolation from asialofetuin of the carbohydrate chains that are attached by N- and O-glycosyl links.", "PMID": 89909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11722", "title": "Post-extrasystolic left ventricular peak pressure with and without left ventricular failure.", "content": "18 patients without valvular pathology, coronary artery disease, or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were haemodynamically and angiographically investigated in order to analyse the effects of a ventricular extrasystolic beat upon the post-extrasystolic left ventricular peak pressure. In eight normal patients (group I), the post-extrasystolic peak pressure (P.ES.P.P.) was lower than that of the pre-extrasystolic beat; in 10 patients with symptoms of left ventricular failure (group II) the P.ES.P.P. significantly increased. The reasons are: 1) cardiac origin: stroke volume increased more in group II; 2) arterial origin. a) aortic compliance was lower in group II (this is probably related to the older age of patients in group II), and by decrease in end-diastolic aortic pressure was smaller in group II. Part of this arterial effect (2b) may probably be explained from the fact that post-extrasystolic compensatory pauses are equal in both groups, but the decay time of arterial pressure during diastole (assuming an exponential decay) is larger in group II. At the same age and with the identical aortic compliance only the two factors 1 and 2b play a part in the changes in P.ES.P.P.", "contents": "Post-extrasystolic left ventricular peak pressure with and without left ventricular failure. 18 patients without valvular pathology, coronary artery disease, or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were haemodynamically and angiographically investigated in order to analyse the effects of a ventricular extrasystolic beat upon the post-extrasystolic left ventricular peak pressure. In eight normal patients (group I), the post-extrasystolic peak pressure (P.ES.P.P.) was lower than that of the pre-extrasystolic beat; in 10 patients with symptoms of left ventricular failure (group II) the P.ES.P.P. significantly increased. The reasons are: 1) cardiac origin: stroke volume increased more in group II; 2) arterial origin. a) aortic compliance was lower in group II (this is probably related to the older age of patients in group II), and by decrease in end-diastolic aortic pressure was smaller in group II. Part of this arterial effect (2b) may probably be explained from the fact that post-extrasystolic compensatory pauses are equal in both groups, but the decay time of arterial pressure during diastole (assuming an exponential decay) is larger in group II. At the same age and with the identical aortic compliance only the two factors 1 and 2b play a part in the changes in P.ES.P.P.", "PMID": 89910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11723", "title": "Relations between fibrillar centres and nucleolus-associated chromatin in Ehrlich tumour cells.", "content": "By means of diaminobenzidine staining method, the relations between fibrillar centres and nucleolus-associated chromatin are analyzed in Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli. There is a continuity between fibrillar centres and condensed intra-nucleolar chromatin. The meaning of these connections is discussed.", "contents": "Relations between fibrillar centres and nucleolus-associated chromatin in Ehrlich tumour cells. By means of diaminobenzidine staining method, the relations between fibrillar centres and nucleolus-associated chromatin are analyzed in Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli. There is a continuity between fibrillar centres and condensed intra-nucleolar chromatin. The meaning of these connections is discussed.", "PMID": 89913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11724", "title": "[Application to the study of connections in the CNS of the retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex].", "content": "The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex was observed in neurons of the substantia nigra and of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, after previous injection into the striatum. The histochemical demonstration of iron is simple and rapid, and can be combined with that of horseradish peroxidase, under precise conditions in the sequence of reactions. The iron-dextran complex revealed to be a valuable material for neuronal connectivity studies in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Application to the study of connections in the CNS of the retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex]. The retrograde axonal transport of an iron-dextran complex was observed in neurons of the substantia nigra and of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, after previous injection into the striatum. The histochemical demonstration of iron is simple and rapid, and can be combined with that of horseradish peroxidase, under precise conditions in the sequence of reactions. The iron-dextran complex revealed to be a valuable material for neuronal connectivity studies in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 89914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11725", "title": "[Identification of actin microfilaments in the neurosecretory axons of rat neural lobe].", "content": "Incubation of rat neural lobes with heavy meromyosin (HMM) after prolonged glycerination, induced characteristic arrowhead decoration of a number of microfilaments at different levels of the neurosecretory axons. In non terminal sections of axons the labelled microfilaments showed preferential relationships with microtubules in addition to occasional contacts with the axolemma and various axonal organelles. In axonal endings, they were mainly associated to microvesicles and appeared to be anchored on the axolemma facing the perivascular space at the level of membranous densifications.", "contents": "[Identification of actin microfilaments in the neurosecretory axons of rat neural lobe]. Incubation of rat neural lobes with heavy meromyosin (HMM) after prolonged glycerination, induced characteristic arrowhead decoration of a number of microfilaments at different levels of the neurosecretory axons. In non terminal sections of axons the labelled microfilaments showed preferential relationships with microtubules in addition to occasional contacts with the axolemma and various axonal organelles. In axonal endings, they were mainly associated to microvesicles and appeared to be anchored on the axolemma facing the perivascular space at the level of membranous densifications.", "PMID": 89915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11726", "title": "Correlation of function and morphology of neonatal rat and embryonic chick cultured cardiac and vascular muscle cells.", "content": "To develop morphological criteria which can be applied systematically for the identification of isolated cardiac and vascular muscle cells in mammalian and avian primary cultures, we have correlated structural and staining properties with excitability, contraction, and norepinephrine sensitivity of isolated muscle cells. The primary cultures of cardiac and vascular muscle contained muscle cells and nonmuscle cells. The muscle cells could be clearly identified by action potentials, contractility, and Masson's trichrome stain characteristics, similar to those of cells from intact source heart and blood vessels. Furthermore, the muscle cells were highly responsive to norepinephrine, showing unequivocal increases in contraction frequency. The sensitivity to norepinephrine was found to be very high (ED50 = 2.3 X 10(-9) M) Phase-contrast observation was sufficient to identify muscle cells only when those cells were contracting. There were no unequivocal morphological characteristics that distinguished between quiescent muscle cells and nonmuscle cells in the absence of histochemical staining. Ultrastructural examination by scanning electron microscopy failed to distinguish between muscle and nonmuscle cells. Histological staining was, therefore, the only reliable nonfunctional identification process that separated muscle cells from nonmuscle cells. Primary cultures, containing nonmuscle as well as muscle cells, are an important experimental preparation because the cellular heterogeneity probably minimizes muscle cell loss of function and phenotypic changes. The correlation we have established between cell staining and function will facilitate exploration of single cell properties, which together constitute hearts and blood vessels.", "contents": "Correlation of function and morphology of neonatal rat and embryonic chick cultured cardiac and vascular muscle cells. To develop morphological criteria which can be applied systematically for the identification of isolated cardiac and vascular muscle cells in mammalian and avian primary cultures, we have correlated structural and staining properties with excitability, contraction, and norepinephrine sensitivity of isolated muscle cells. The primary cultures of cardiac and vascular muscle contained muscle cells and nonmuscle cells. The muscle cells could be clearly identified by action potentials, contractility, and Masson's trichrome stain characteristics, similar to those of cells from intact source heart and blood vessels. Furthermore, the muscle cells were highly responsive to norepinephrine, showing unequivocal increases in contraction frequency. The sensitivity to norepinephrine was found to be very high (ED50 = 2.3 X 10(-9) M) Phase-contrast observation was sufficient to identify muscle cells only when those cells were contracting. There were no unequivocal morphological characteristics that distinguished between quiescent muscle cells and nonmuscle cells in the absence of histochemical staining. Ultrastructural examination by scanning electron microscopy failed to distinguish between muscle and nonmuscle cells. Histological staining was, therefore, the only reliable nonfunctional identification process that separated muscle cells from nonmuscle cells. Primary cultures, containing nonmuscle as well as muscle cells, are an important experimental preparation because the cellular heterogeneity probably minimizes muscle cell loss of function and phenotypic changes. The correlation we have established between cell staining and function will facilitate exploration of single cell properties, which together constitute hearts and blood vessels.", "PMID": 89916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11727", "title": "Equivalence between international units and mass units of alpha-foetoprotein. Report of a collaborative study.", "content": "A study aimed at establishing a correspondence between the international unitage which presently defines the activity of the WHO alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) standard and mass units of AFP was carried out in collaboration with 11 laboratories from seven countries. Various methods of assay, including radial immunodiffusion, enzymo-immunoassay, Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and radio-rocket immunoelectrophoresis, were used. The mean value of 11 individual estimates indicated that one international unit (I.U.) was worth 1.17 ng of AFP (90% confidence interval = 1.06-1.28). Since there was no objective basis on which to evaluate the relative purity of AFPs from various sources, it was felt that each purified AFP should be given equal weight; accordingly when only results from the six laboratories which purified their reference material were taken into account, one I.U. was found to be worth on average 1.21 ng of AFP (90% confidence interval = 1.02-1.43). It is proposed that the official correspondence between international and mass units be based upon that equivalence. It is interesting to compare these results with those of the first collaborative study in 1974; at that time, one I.U. was found to be worth 1.19 ng of AFP on average which is very close to the 1.21 ng figure. The 90% confidence interval was 0.93-1.52. Although there is better agreement between laboratories in the second study, the distribution of individual equivalences is still quite heterogenous, and it is therefore recommended that the present international unitage continue to be used.", "contents": "Equivalence between international units and mass units of alpha-foetoprotein. Report of a collaborative study. A study aimed at establishing a correspondence between the international unitage which presently defines the activity of the WHO alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) standard and mass units of AFP was carried out in collaboration with 11 laboratories from seven countries. Various methods of assay, including radial immunodiffusion, enzymo-immunoassay, Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and radio-rocket immunoelectrophoresis, were used. The mean value of 11 individual estimates indicated that one international unit (I.U.) was worth 1.17 ng of AFP (90% confidence interval = 1.06-1.28). Since there was no objective basis on which to evaluate the relative purity of AFPs from various sources, it was felt that each purified AFP should be given equal weight; accordingly when only results from the six laboratories which purified their reference material were taken into account, one I.U. was found to be worth on average 1.21 ng of AFP (90% confidence interval = 1.02-1.43). It is proposed that the official correspondence between international and mass units be based upon that equivalence. It is interesting to compare these results with those of the first collaborative study in 1974; at that time, one I.U. was found to be worth 1.19 ng of AFP on average which is very close to the 1.21 ng figure. The 90% confidence interval was 0.93-1.52. Although there is better agreement between laboratories in the second study, the distribution of individual equivalences is still quite heterogenous, and it is therefore recommended that the present international unitage continue to be used.", "PMID": 89918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11728", "title": "Cellular cooperation in lymphocyte activation. II. Cooperative response of human peripheral T and B lymphocytes to rabbit anti-human beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "In the present study we attempted to clarify the effects of anti-beta 2-microglobulin (a-beta 2m) on lymphocyte activation. Neither a-beta 2m IgG fraction nor F(ab')2 had a mitogenic effect on either highly purified T or B lymphocytes alone, while their mitogenic effect was observed when T and B lymphocytes were appropriately reconstituted. When T lymphocytes were reconstituted with mitomycin C (MMC) treated B lymphocytes, a negligible decrease in the response to a-beta 2m was observed compared to the response of an untreated mixture to a-beta 2m. On the other hand, when B lymphocytes were reconstituted with MMC-treated T lymphocytes, the response was markedly diminished. It was found, moreover, that the response of T lymphocytes separated by a semipermeable membrane from MMC-treated B lymphocytes was not enhanced, while a mixture of T and MMC-treated B lymphocytes in the same chamber showed a marked response. These results lead to the conclusion that the cells responding to a-beta 2m are mainly T lymphocytes whose response is strongly enhanced by B lymphocytes, and that for the mitogenic effect of a-beta 2m direct cell-to-cell interaction between T and B lymphocytes is necessary.", "contents": "Cellular cooperation in lymphocyte activation. II. Cooperative response of human peripheral T and B lymphocytes to rabbit anti-human beta 2-microglobulin. In the present study we attempted to clarify the effects of anti-beta 2-microglobulin (a-beta 2m) on lymphocyte activation. Neither a-beta 2m IgG fraction nor F(ab')2 had a mitogenic effect on either highly purified T or B lymphocytes alone, while their mitogenic effect was observed when T and B lymphocytes were appropriately reconstituted. When T lymphocytes were reconstituted with mitomycin C (MMC) treated B lymphocytes, a negligible decrease in the response to a-beta 2m was observed compared to the response of an untreated mixture to a-beta 2m. On the other hand, when B lymphocytes were reconstituted with MMC-treated T lymphocytes, the response was markedly diminished. It was found, moreover, that the response of T lymphocytes separated by a semipermeable membrane from MMC-treated B lymphocytes was not enhanced, while a mixture of T and MMC-treated B lymphocytes in the same chamber showed a marked response. These results lead to the conclusion that the cells responding to a-beta 2m are mainly T lymphocytes whose response is strongly enhanced by B lymphocytes, and that for the mitogenic effect of a-beta 2m direct cell-to-cell interaction between T and B lymphocytes is necessary.", "PMID": 89920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11729", "title": "Inhibition of human neutrophil migration by aggregated gammaglobulin.", "content": "Heat-aggregated human gammaglobulin has been shown to inhibit the random migration of human neutrophils in serum-containing medium. This inhibition was not due to metabolic exhaustion or deactivation of the cells, since migration in the presence of aggregated gammaglobulin and casein as a chemotactic stimulus was not inhibited. The inhibition of migration was not mediated by a negative chemotactic gradient produced as a result of complement activation, and could be demonstrated in complement-depleted serum. Sera obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis with evidence of circulating immune complexes were able to significantly inhibit neutrophil migration, indicating that this phenomenon may be a useful means for the detection of circulating immune complexes. It is suggested that aggregated gammaglobulin or immune complexes can inhibit the chemokinetic effect of serum on neutrophils by a reversible interaction with the neutrophil surface, and that this inhibition could contribute to the accumulation of neutrophils at sites of immune complex deposition in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of human neutrophil migration by aggregated gammaglobulin. Heat-aggregated human gammaglobulin has been shown to inhibit the random migration of human neutrophils in serum-containing medium. This inhibition was not due to metabolic exhaustion or deactivation of the cells, since migration in the presence of aggregated gammaglobulin and casein as a chemotactic stimulus was not inhibited. The inhibition of migration was not mediated by a negative chemotactic gradient produced as a result of complement activation, and could be demonstrated in complement-depleted serum. Sera obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis with evidence of circulating immune complexes were able to significantly inhibit neutrophil migration, indicating that this phenomenon may be a useful means for the detection of circulating immune complexes. It is suggested that aggregated gammaglobulin or immune complexes can inhibit the chemokinetic effect of serum on neutrophils by a reversible interaction with the neutrophil surface, and that this inhibition could contribute to the accumulation of neutrophils at sites of immune complex deposition in vivo.", "PMID": 89921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11730", "title": "Cephradine-induced interstitial nephritis.", "content": "A patient developed acute interstitial nephritis following cephradine administration. The clinical illness preceding the interstitial nephritis and the eosinophilia in peripheral blood suggested an allergic reaction. Immunological studies demonstrated an allergy to cephradine and penicillins which was IgG2-mediated. It is probable, therefore, that allergy to cephradine caused the renal lesion from which there was full clinical and biochemical recovery.", "contents": "Cephradine-induced interstitial nephritis. A patient developed acute interstitial nephritis following cephradine administration. The clinical illness preceding the interstitial nephritis and the eosinophilia in peripheral blood suggested an allergic reaction. Immunological studies demonstrated an allergy to cephradine and penicillins which was IgG2-mediated. It is probable, therefore, that allergy to cephradine caused the renal lesion from which there was full clinical and biochemical recovery.", "PMID": 89922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11731", "title": "Osteosarcoma complicating Paget's disease of the spine with neurologic complications.", "content": "An osteosarcoma with neurologic manifestations complicated Paget's disease of the lumbar spine in a 63-year-old man. Initially without demonstrable metastasis, the patient was treated by decompressive laminectomy followed by radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy (COMPADRI-1 regimen). While such treatment may not be curative, there are significant palliative benefits.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma complicating Paget's disease of the spine with neurologic complications. An osteosarcoma with neurologic manifestations complicated Paget's disease of the lumbar spine in a 63-year-old man. Initially without demonstrable metastasis, the patient was treated by decompressive laminectomy followed by radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy (COMPADRI-1 regimen). While such treatment may not be curative, there are significant palliative benefits.", "PMID": 89924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11732", "title": "Characteristics of renal handling of human immunoglobulin light chain by the perfused rat kidney.", "content": "1. The renal handling of purified human immunoglobulin light chain has been studied with an isolated perfused rat kidney preparation. 2. Human immunoglobulin light chain was freely filtered and largely reabsorbed. Fractional reabsorption was characteristic for each of four light chains and varied between 56% and 86%. No renal tubular maximum for human light chain was obtained. 3. Light chains at concentrations up to 10 times those seen in human myeloma were without effect on glomerular filtration rate or sodium and potassium reabsorption in experiments lasting up to 2 h. 4. Filtered and reabsorbed light chain returned ultimately to the perfusion medium, indicating a unique property of the tubular handling of this protein. None of the inhibitors tested (ouabain, frusemide, acetazolamide, probenicid) influenced light chain reabsorption. 5. The results are taken to indicate that light chain reaches the site of the transport enzyme, Na+,K+-dependent ATPase, at concentrations which vary with the nature of the light chain. This may provide a mechanism for renal damage in patients with myeloma, after prolonged exposure.", "contents": "Characteristics of renal handling of human immunoglobulin light chain by the perfused rat kidney. 1. The renal handling of purified human immunoglobulin light chain has been studied with an isolated perfused rat kidney preparation. 2. Human immunoglobulin light chain was freely filtered and largely reabsorbed. Fractional reabsorption was characteristic for each of four light chains and varied between 56% and 86%. No renal tubular maximum for human light chain was obtained. 3. Light chains at concentrations up to 10 times those seen in human myeloma were without effect on glomerular filtration rate or sodium and potassium reabsorption in experiments lasting up to 2 h. 4. Filtered and reabsorbed light chain returned ultimately to the perfusion medium, indicating a unique property of the tubular handling of this protein. None of the inhibitors tested (ouabain, frusemide, acetazolamide, probenicid) influenced light chain reabsorption. 5. The results are taken to indicate that light chain reaches the site of the transport enzyme, Na+,K+-dependent ATPase, at concentrations which vary with the nature of the light chain. This may provide a mechanism for renal damage in patients with myeloma, after prolonged exposure.", "PMID": 89925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11733", "title": "Sequential silver staining and hybridization in situ on nucleolus organizing regions in human cells.", "content": "Chromosome preparations from eight individuals were first stained with silver nitrate to reveal the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) and then hybridized in situ with ribosomal RNA. In six individuals the size of the silver-staining regions was positively correlated with the amount of label present after hybridization in situ. Thus the variation in silver-staining intensity among chromosomes was largely explained by variation in the number of rDNA gene copies per NOR. However, in two individuals this correlation was absent, suggesting that other factors can also influence the size of the silver-staining region.", "contents": "Sequential silver staining and hybridization in situ on nucleolus organizing regions in human cells. Chromosome preparations from eight individuals were first stained with silver nitrate to reveal the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) and then hybridized in situ with ribosomal RNA. In six individuals the size of the silver-staining regions was positively correlated with the amount of label present after hybridization in situ. Thus the variation in silver-staining intensity among chromosomes was largely explained by variation in the number of rDNA gene copies per NOR. However, in two individuals this correlation was absent, suggesting that other factors can also influence the size of the silver-staining region.", "PMID": 89936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11734", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein in children with primary intracranial tumors.", "content": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured in 10 cases of primary brain tumors in children (4 cases of medulloblastoma, 4 cases of germ cell tumor and 2 cases of astrocytoma). As a result, elevation in AFP was observed only in a case of embryonal carcinoma that showed partial mixture of germinoma. The absence of AFP elevation in 3 other cases of pure germinoma (atypical teratoma; pinealoma) agrees with reports which describe that, in the germ cell tumor of the gonads, a rise in AFP is not observed in pure seminoma but is found in embryonal carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). The fluctuations in AFP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid are considered to be of significance in the diagnosis and treatment of primary intracranial malignant germ cell tumors.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein in children with primary intracranial tumors. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured in 10 cases of primary brain tumors in children (4 cases of medulloblastoma, 4 cases of germ cell tumor and 2 cases of astrocytoma). As a result, elevation in AFP was observed only in a case of embryonal carcinoma that showed partial mixture of germinoma. The absence of AFP elevation in 3 other cases of pure germinoma (atypical teratoma; pinealoma) agrees with reports which describe that, in the germ cell tumor of the gonads, a rise in AFP is not observed in pure seminoma but is found in embryonal carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). The fluctuations in AFP in serum and cerebrospinal fluid are considered to be of significance in the diagnosis and treatment of primary intracranial malignant germ cell tumors.", "PMID": 89937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11735", "title": "Proconvulsant, convulsant and other actions of the D- and L-stereoisomers of allylglycine in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio.", "content": "The effects of the intravenous or intracerebroventricular injection of the stereoisomers, and the racemic mixture, of allylglycine (2-amino-pent-4-enoic acid) have been studied in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. Enhancement of the natural syndrome of photosensitivy epilepsy is seen 1-12 h (maximally at 3-8 h) after L-allyglycine, 100 mg/kg, intravenously, or D,L-allyglycine, 200 mg/kg, intravenously. Such enhancement is seen with a slower onset, and to a lesser, and more variable, extent after D-allyglycine, 500-750 mg/kg, intravenously. Brief focal or generalised seizures occurred (in the absence of intermittent photic stimulation) after L-allyglycine, 150-200 mg/kg, intravenously. This effect is similar to that previously observed after D,L-allyglycine, 300-400 mg/kg. D-Allyglycine, 780 mg/kg, intravenously produced episodes of vertical nystagmus with increased extensor motor tone, but no 'spontaneous' seizures. Intracerebroventricular injection of L-allylglycine, D-allyglycine or D,L-allyglycine, 100 mg in 1 ml saline, did not modify the natural syndrome of photosensitive epilepsy. D-Allylglycine, or D,L-allyglycine, 100 mg intracerebroventricularly, after 1-2 h gave rise to a syndrome with vomiting, sustained vertical nystagmus, and intermittent extensor spasms. The results are interpreted in terms of regional differences in the metabolism of the two isomers to active compounds that can inhibit glutamic acid decarboxylase. D-Allylglycine is active only at the brain stem and cerebellum because D-amino acid oxidase is largely confined to these brain areas.", "contents": "Proconvulsant, convulsant and other actions of the D- and L-stereoisomers of allylglycine in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio. The effects of the intravenous or intracerebroventricular injection of the stereoisomers, and the racemic mixture, of allylglycine (2-amino-pent-4-enoic acid) have been studied in baboons, Papio papio, with photosensitive epilepsy. Enhancement of the natural syndrome of photosensitivy epilepsy is seen 1-12 h (maximally at 3-8 h) after L-allyglycine, 100 mg/kg, intravenously, or D,L-allyglycine, 200 mg/kg, intravenously. Such enhancement is seen with a slower onset, and to a lesser, and more variable, extent after D-allyglycine, 500-750 mg/kg, intravenously. Brief focal or generalised seizures occurred (in the absence of intermittent photic stimulation) after L-allyglycine, 150-200 mg/kg, intravenously. This effect is similar to that previously observed after D,L-allyglycine, 300-400 mg/kg. D-Allyglycine, 780 mg/kg, intravenously produced episodes of vertical nystagmus with increased extensor motor tone, but no 'spontaneous' seizures. Intracerebroventricular injection of L-allylglycine, D-allyglycine or D,L-allyglycine, 100 mg in 1 ml saline, did not modify the natural syndrome of photosensitive epilepsy. D-Allylglycine, or D,L-allyglycine, 100 mg intracerebroventricularly, after 1-2 h gave rise to a syndrome with vomiting, sustained vertical nystagmus, and intermittent extensor spasms. The results are interpreted in terms of regional differences in the metabolism of the two isomers to active compounds that can inhibit glutamic acid decarboxylase. D-Allylglycine is active only at the brain stem and cerebellum because D-amino acid oxidase is largely confined to these brain areas.", "PMID": 89942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11736", "title": "Coupling between neuronal activity and focal blood flow in experimental seizures.", "content": "Local blood flow, ECoG and single cortical neurone activity were recorded simultaneously from single microelectrodes in 17 cats. Seizures were induced by repeated intravenous injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 10-20 mg/kg) or by local application of 1 M Na-penicillin. Seven to 20 sec after appearance of burst activity in cortical neurones and ECoG, focal flow increased up to 300% of control. The extent of this flow increase was significantly correlated with the change in firing rate of the neurones. With cessation of seizure activity the flow returned to or below control values. Forty to 70 mg/kg PTZ caused status epilepticus with high voltage rhythmic discharges lasting 30 min-2 h. In 3 cats with status, the flow decreased below control despite persisting seizures, indicative of uncoupling between activity and flow. The delayed coupling between activity and flow during drug-induced seizures indicates a metabolic mediator. Uncoupling observed in cases with long lasting seizures may be due to brain oedema following increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Coupling between neuronal activity and focal blood flow in experimental seizures. Local blood flow, ECoG and single cortical neurone activity were recorded simultaneously from single microelectrodes in 17 cats. Seizures were induced by repeated intravenous injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 10-20 mg/kg) or by local application of 1 M Na-penicillin. Seven to 20 sec after appearance of burst activity in cortical neurones and ECoG, focal flow increased up to 300% of control. The extent of this flow increase was significantly correlated with the change in firing rate of the neurones. With cessation of seizure activity the flow returned to or below control values. Forty to 70 mg/kg PTZ caused status epilepticus with high voltage rhythmic discharges lasting 30 min-2 h. In 3 cats with status, the flow decreased below control despite persisting seizures, indicative of uncoupling between activity and flow. The delayed coupling between activity and flow during drug-induced seizures indicates a metabolic mediator. Uncoupling observed in cases with long lasting seizures may be due to brain oedema following increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 89943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11737", "title": "The influence of cortisone on EEG and seizure activity in the baboon Papio papio.", "content": "The ability of cortisone to modify EEG and seizure activity was investigated in the baboon, Papio papio. Acute intramuscular doses (0.5-4 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent increase in seizure response to a flashing light stimulus. This increase in seizure response was apparent in both seizure duration and the spread of convulsive activity. Along with enhancement of seizures, cortisone was found to cause marked changes in the EEG, ranging from the appearance of interictal paroxysmal activity to alterations in spectral characteristics of the wave forms. Increases in slow waves appeared concomitant with a decrease in fast activity in the 18-25 c/sec range. Since previous studies have indicated that seizure proclivity in the Papio papio is maximal at the time of the day when cortisol excretion rates peak, these findings lend further evidence to the idea that corticosteroids may be involved in the thythmic variation of seizure activity in the baboon.", "contents": "The influence of cortisone on EEG and seizure activity in the baboon Papio papio. The ability of cortisone to modify EEG and seizure activity was investigated in the baboon, Papio papio. Acute intramuscular doses (0.5-4 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent increase in seizure response to a flashing light stimulus. This increase in seizure response was apparent in both seizure duration and the spread of convulsive activity. Along with enhancement of seizures, cortisone was found to cause marked changes in the EEG, ranging from the appearance of interictal paroxysmal activity to alterations in spectral characteristics of the wave forms. Increases in slow waves appeared concomitant with a decrease in fast activity in the 18-25 c/sec range. Since previous studies have indicated that seizure proclivity in the Papio papio is maximal at the time of the day when cortisol excretion rates peak, these findings lend further evidence to the idea that corticosteroids may be involved in the thythmic variation of seizure activity in the baboon.", "PMID": 89944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11738", "title": "EEG, pattern-evoked potentials and nerve conduction velocity in a family with adrenoleucodystrophy.", "content": "In a family with 8 children one case of adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD), verified by autopsy, 2 cases with clinical signs of ALD and four other clinically healthy subjects with pathological ACTH tests were found. As an initial sign in the EEG, temporo-occipital slowing occurred. Further EEG studies showed spread of the primary local abnormalities, indicating diffuse brain dysfunction during progression of the disease. Terminal EEG flattening may be characteristic for late stages of the disease. No correlation could be established between lateralization, paroxysms and actual stage of the disease. Abnormal EEGs occurred not only in clinically and subclinically affected male patients, but also in a girl, who might be a carrier of ALD. Visual evoked potentials showed an increased latency of the P2 wave in the clinically, and in one subclinically, affected subjects. Motor nerve conduction velocity was reduced in only 2 patients. Antidromic sensory nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was normal in all patients.", "contents": "EEG, pattern-evoked potentials and nerve conduction velocity in a family with adrenoleucodystrophy. In a family with 8 children one case of adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD), verified by autopsy, 2 cases with clinical signs of ALD and four other clinically healthy subjects with pathological ACTH tests were found. As an initial sign in the EEG, temporo-occipital slowing occurred. Further EEG studies showed spread of the primary local abnormalities, indicating diffuse brain dysfunction during progression of the disease. Terminal EEG flattening may be characteristic for late stages of the disease. No correlation could be established between lateralization, paroxysms and actual stage of the disease. Abnormal EEGs occurred not only in clinically and subclinically affected male patients, but also in a girl, who might be a carrier of ALD. Visual evoked potentials showed an increased latency of the P2 wave in the clinically, and in one subclinically, affected subjects. Motor nerve conduction velocity was reduced in only 2 patients. Antidromic sensory nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was normal in all patients.", "PMID": 89945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11739", "title": "Hippocampal theta in rats under urethane: generators and phase relations.", "content": "Recordings were made from the directly visualized dorsal hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats with silver ball and tungsten microelectrodes. Theta of about 5 c/sec was elicited by reticular stimulation and was located in two broad strata in and subjacent to CA1. A superficial generator yielded 200-250 microV theta from the alveus, stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale; a null-theta and phase-reversal point was located in stratum radiatum; a deep generator yielded 300-500 microV theta in stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus and distal stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, with maximum amplitude near the fissure. No theta was found in CA3. Cross-correlation analyses between generators yielded coefficients on the order of -0.80 while within a generator--especially the deep one--coefficients could reach +0.95. Phase analyses showed the two generators were about 180 degrees out of phase, with the deep generator leading. Septotemporal movement along the upper generator yielded no phase shifts; similar movement along the deep generator showed slight lead ing in septal portions. Subiculofimbrial movement in both generators showed a complex pattern of phase shifts: generally, subicular sites led fimbrial sites, but an inversion of 10 degrees-20 degrees occurred in the millimeter anterior to the center of the hippocampus. Anatomical, phase and other datal led to consideration of a possible retrohippocampal role in supplementing the well-known pacemaker in the medial septum.", "contents": "Hippocampal theta in rats under urethane: generators and phase relations. Recordings were made from the directly visualized dorsal hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats with silver ball and tungsten microelectrodes. Theta of about 5 c/sec was elicited by reticular stimulation and was located in two broad strata in and subjacent to CA1. A superficial generator yielded 200-250 microV theta from the alveus, stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale; a null-theta and phase-reversal point was located in stratum radiatum; a deep generator yielded 300-500 microV theta in stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the hippocampus and distal stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, with maximum amplitude near the fissure. No theta was found in CA3. Cross-correlation analyses between generators yielded coefficients on the order of -0.80 while within a generator--especially the deep one--coefficients could reach +0.95. Phase analyses showed the two generators were about 180 degrees out of phase, with the deep generator leading. Septotemporal movement along the upper generator yielded no phase shifts; similar movement along the deep generator showed slight lead ing in septal portions. Subiculofimbrial movement in both generators showed a complex pattern of phase shifts: generally, subicular sites led fimbrial sites, but an inversion of 10 degrees-20 degrees occurred in the millimeter anterior to the center of the hippocampus. Anatomical, phase and other datal led to consideration of a possible retrohippocampal role in supplementing the well-known pacemaker in the medial septum.", "PMID": 89946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11740", "title": "Visual evoked potentials in monkeys.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from 2 cortical sites in stump-tailed macaques. VEPs recorded from striate cortex were basically consistent between animals (especially at low light intensity), remained remarkably stable over time, and compared favorably to VEPs reported by other investigators. We concluded that the VEP recorded from the striate cortex of day-active monkeys consists of 5 major peaks within the first 250 msec. The potentials recorded from post-central gyrus were simpler and more individualized and did not show intensity-related latency changes or increases in inter-subject variability. However, amplitudes of potentials recorded from both electrode placements increased with light intensity apparently reflecting the amplitude of individual potentials rather than the variability of these potentials from which the average VEPs were derived.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials in monkeys. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from 2 cortical sites in stump-tailed macaques. VEPs recorded from striate cortex were basically consistent between animals (especially at low light intensity), remained remarkably stable over time, and compared favorably to VEPs reported by other investigators. We concluded that the VEP recorded from the striate cortex of day-active monkeys consists of 5 major peaks within the first 250 msec. The potentials recorded from post-central gyrus were simpler and more individualized and did not show intensity-related latency changes or increases in inter-subject variability. However, amplitudes of potentials recorded from both electrode placements increased with light intensity apparently reflecting the amplitude of individual potentials rather than the variability of these potentials from which the average VEPs were derived.", "PMID": 89947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11741", "title": "In-phase brain activities during arousal and sleep.", "content": "EEG of sensorimotor area, EMG of neck muscles and unit activity in lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus, recorded in freely moving cats, were analysed for the presence of correlations between them. The 3 activities were first integrated with a 2 sec time constant, then a correlation coefficient was assessed between time-linked points of the 3 records for periods of 40 sec. The average vlaues of the correlation coefficients were found to increase from arousal through slow synchronized sleep (S sleep), reaching the highest value in REM sleep. The average of the values in REM was found to be significantly different from those in arousal and S sleep. These differences were statistically significant for the correlation coefficients between EEG and LG activities, as well as of EMG and LG. On the contrary, the correlation between EEG and EMG, which may be thought of as having more direct anatomical connections and a higher degree of physiological dependence, did not change as a function of the different physiological states.", "contents": "In-phase brain activities during arousal and sleep. EEG of sensorimotor area, EMG of neck muscles and unit activity in lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus, recorded in freely moving cats, were analysed for the presence of correlations between them. The 3 activities were first integrated with a 2 sec time constant, then a correlation coefficient was assessed between time-linked points of the 3 records for periods of 40 sec. The average vlaues of the correlation coefficients were found to increase from arousal through slow synchronized sleep (S sleep), reaching the highest value in REM sleep. The average of the values in REM was found to be significantly different from those in arousal and S sleep. These differences were statistically significant for the correlation coefficients between EEG and LG activities, as well as of EMG and LG. On the contrary, the correlation between EEG and EMG, which may be thought of as having more direct anatomical connections and a higher degree of physiological dependence, did not change as a function of the different physiological states.", "PMID": 89948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11742", "title": "Event-related potentials recorded from young and old adults during a memory retrieval task.", "content": "Six healthy old and 8 healthy young subjects each received a series of trials in a memory retrieval task devised by Sternberg (1966). On each trials, the subject received a memory set of 1-4 digits and was then shown a test digit. The subject's task was to press one of two response buttons indicating whether the test digit was a member of the memory set for that trial. Response time (RT) was found to be an increasing, linear function of the number of items held in memory. The slope of the RT function was a composite measure of the time necessary to process each additional item in memory while the intercept was a measure of stimulus encoding and response processes that do not depend on memory set size (see Sternberg 1966, 1969, 1975). We found that the latency of P3 to the test stimulus also increased with increases in memory set size, although the slope of the P3 was less than that for RT. We have suggested that the intercept of the P3 slope reflects the time it takes to encode the test stimulus before the evaluation of the stimulus starts, while the slope reflects the amount of time per digit needed to evaluate the set. We have suggested that the difference between RT and P3 slopes represents the additional time per digit which the subjects waits before making a response, due to low confidence occurring with more difficult task conditions (i.e., when set size = 4). We further suggest that the intercept of the RT-P3 latency slope is a reflection of pure response processes. Time estimates of these processes are made for young and old subjects.", "contents": "Event-related potentials recorded from young and old adults during a memory retrieval task. Six healthy old and 8 healthy young subjects each received a series of trials in a memory retrieval task devised by Sternberg (1966). On each trials, the subject received a memory set of 1-4 digits and was then shown a test digit. The subject's task was to press one of two response buttons indicating whether the test digit was a member of the memory set for that trial. Response time (RT) was found to be an increasing, linear function of the number of items held in memory. The slope of the RT function was a composite measure of the time necessary to process each additional item in memory while the intercept was a measure of stimulus encoding and response processes that do not depend on memory set size (see Sternberg 1966, 1969, 1975). We found that the latency of P3 to the test stimulus also increased with increases in memory set size, although the slope of the P3 was less than that for RT. We have suggested that the intercept of the P3 slope reflects the time it takes to encode the test stimulus before the evaluation of the stimulus starts, while the slope reflects the amount of time per digit needed to evaluate the set. We have suggested that the difference between RT and P3 slopes represents the additional time per digit which the subjects waits before making a response, due to low confidence occurring with more difficult task conditions (i.e., when set size = 4). We further suggest that the intercept of the RT-P3 latency slope is a reflection of pure response processes. Time estimates of these processes are made for young and old subjects.", "PMID": 89949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11743", "title": "A comparison of EEG activity in the left and right cerebral hemispheres by power-spectrum analysis during language and non-language tasks.", "content": "In 10 female subjects, power-spectrum analysis was performed on the alpha activity elicted during the resting state, 4 right hemispheric tasks, and 3 left hemispheric tasks. The data were treated in 3 ways: approach 1, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity; approach 2, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity adjusted for the resting state; and approach 3, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity adjusted for the previous task. Approaches 1 and 2 revealed few significant differences in the alpha activity of the hemispheres, but approach 3 provided data that better fit the theory of decreased power spectrum of attenuation of activity in the activated hemisphere. Thus, approach 3 may be useful in developing an electroencephalographic test for determining cerebral dominance for language.", "contents": "A comparison of EEG activity in the left and right cerebral hemispheres by power-spectrum analysis during language and non-language tasks. In 10 female subjects, power-spectrum analysis was performed on the alpha activity elicted during the resting state, 4 right hemispheric tasks, and 3 left hemispheric tasks. The data were treated in 3 ways: approach 1, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity; approach 2, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity adjusted for the resting state; and approach 3, comparing the right and left hemispheric alpha activity adjusted for the previous task. Approaches 1 and 2 revealed few significant differences in the alpha activity of the hemispheres, but approach 3 provided data that better fit the theory of decreased power spectrum of attenuation of activity in the activated hemisphere. Thus, approach 3 may be useful in developing an electroencephalographic test for determining cerebral dominance for language.", "PMID": 89950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11744", "title": "Contingent negative variation and evoked potential amplitude as a function of inspired nitrous oxide concentration.", "content": "Nine subjects were given to breath 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The inhaled gas concentrations were monitored by a mass spectrograph. At each gas concentration the CNV was measured in a standard long S1-S2 CNV paradigm to a click and tone with a mandatory button press at S2. The results confirmed the previous observations of Lader and Morris (1974) that the cortical evoked potential decreases rapidly with increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide. The CNV, however, against prediction remains surprisingly well preserved up to the borders of unconsciousness. In this situation there is little correlation between CNV amplitude and attention, arousal or reaction time.", "contents": "Contingent negative variation and evoked potential amplitude as a function of inspired nitrous oxide concentration. Nine subjects were given to breath 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The inhaled gas concentrations were monitored by a mass spectrograph. At each gas concentration the CNV was measured in a standard long S1-S2 CNV paradigm to a click and tone with a mandatory button press at S2. The results confirmed the previous observations of Lader and Morris (1974) that the cortical evoked potential decreases rapidly with increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide. The CNV, however, against prediction remains surprisingly well preserved up to the borders of unconsciousness. In this situation there is little correlation between CNV amplitude and attention, arousal or reaction time.", "PMID": 89951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11745", "title": "A functional measure of brain activity: brain stem transmission time.", "content": "Surface-recorded auditory nerve and brain stem responses are being used routinely for diagnostic purposes in man. When interest is in auditory diagnosis, the electric response threshold is of primary importance. However, when used in neurological diagnosis, the wave form of the response is important. As a measure of one aspect of response wave form, this paper suggests the use of brain stem transmission time (BTT), defined as the time interval between the first earlobe-negative wave (response of the auditory nerve--the 'input' to the brain stem) and the earlobe-positive wave from the region of the inferior colliculus (the 'output' of the brain stem). The paper shows that BTT is longest in neonates, approaches adult values at the age of about 3 years, is relatively independent of click intensity, conductive hearing loss (middle ear lesion), click rate (except for high rates) and click frequency (filtered clicks). The finding that in a given age group, BTT is generally independent of most stimulus conditions, makes it a useful functional test of brain stem activity.", "contents": "A functional measure of brain activity: brain stem transmission time. Surface-recorded auditory nerve and brain stem responses are being used routinely for diagnostic purposes in man. When interest is in auditory diagnosis, the electric response threshold is of primary importance. However, when used in neurological diagnosis, the wave form of the response is important. As a measure of one aspect of response wave form, this paper suggests the use of brain stem transmission time (BTT), defined as the time interval between the first earlobe-negative wave (response of the auditory nerve--the 'input' to the brain stem) and the earlobe-positive wave from the region of the inferior colliculus (the 'output' of the brain stem). The paper shows that BTT is longest in neonates, approaches adult values at the age of about 3 years, is relatively independent of click intensity, conductive hearing loss (middle ear lesion), click rate (except for high rates) and click frequency (filtered clicks). The finding that in a given age group, BTT is generally independent of most stimulus conditions, makes it a useful functional test of brain stem activity.", "PMID": 89952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11746", "title": "n-Hexane-induced changes in visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms of industrial workers.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and averaged extraocular electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from 15 workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane for 5-21 years and from 10 healthy control persons. The amplitude of the VEP components was clearly smaller among the exposed subjects with the exception of N0, which tended to be larger. In addition, the latencies of P1 and N1 were longer among the exposed workers, while that of P2 was slightly shorter. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the ERGs was also diministed among the exposed subjects. The changes were interpreted to indicate cerebral dysfunction, probably conduction block in intracerebral axons. n-Hexane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon found in gasoline and used in various industrial applications. It has been shown to cause axonal neuropathy of the dying-back type in both experimental animals and humans. According to the present findings the central nervous system is alos susceptible to the toxic effects of n-hexane.", "contents": "n-Hexane-induced changes in visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms of industrial workers. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and averaged extraocular electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from 15 workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane for 5-21 years and from 10 healthy control persons. The amplitude of the VEP components was clearly smaller among the exposed subjects with the exception of N0, which tended to be larger. In addition, the latencies of P1 and N1 were longer among the exposed workers, while that of P2 was slightly shorter. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the ERGs was also diministed among the exposed subjects. The changes were interpreted to indicate cerebral dysfunction, probably conduction block in intracerebral axons. n-Hexane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon found in gasoline and used in various industrial applications. It has been shown to cause axonal neuropathy of the dying-back type in both experimental animals and humans. According to the present findings the central nervous system is alos susceptible to the toxic effects of n-hexane.", "PMID": 89953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11747", "title": "[Insomnia and memory. Apropos of a case of striato-nigral degeneration].", "content": "Sleep and memory were investigated in a well educated patient suffering from striato-nigral degeneration. Despite almost total insomnia (only 591 min of stages 1 and 2, without any stage 3, 4 or paradoxical sleep during a continuous 4 day recording) it was not possible to objectify significant short or long term memory impairment.", "contents": "[Insomnia and memory. Apropos of a case of striato-nigral degeneration]. Sleep and memory were investigated in a well educated patient suffering from striato-nigral degeneration. Despite almost total insomnia (only 591 min of stages 1 and 2, without any stage 3, 4 or paradoxical sleep during a continuous 4 day recording) it was not possible to objectify significant short or long term memory impairment.", "PMID": 89954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11748", "title": "A method for continuously monitoring the electrical threshold of single intraspinal nerve fibers.", "content": "A method is described for the determination and continuous monitoring of the electrical threshold of single primary afferent fibres within the spinal cord of the cat. The centre barrels of multibarrel micropipettes, filled with 3.6 M NaCl, were used as stimulating electrodes, impulses in single afferents were recorded peripherally and a firing index of 50% was maintained by using a feedback circuit to regulate the amplitude of the stimulating pulses (0.2-0.3 msec duration, less than 2 microA).", "contents": "A method for continuously monitoring the electrical threshold of single intraspinal nerve fibers. A method is described for the determination and continuous monitoring of the electrical threshold of single primary afferent fibres within the spinal cord of the cat. The centre barrels of multibarrel micropipettes, filled with 3.6 M NaCl, were used as stimulating electrodes, impulses in single afferents were recorded peripherally and a firing index of 50% was maintained by using a feedback circuit to regulate the amplitude of the stimulating pulses (0.2-0.3 msec duration, less than 2 microA).", "PMID": 89955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11749", "title": "[Psychoses, immunity and neurospecific antigens. Current knowledge and perspectives].", "content": "Investigations performed by various workers during the last ten years suggest that some forms of mental illness are associated with a variety of immunological reactions. Significant variations in immunoglobulin ratios have been observed in patients with psychotic illness, and cellular and humoral cytotoxic activities against cerebral tissue have been demonstrated in vitro. At the molecular level, several subjects can be proposed for investigation into immunological phenomena in neuropathology. Thus, the neurospecific antigens, which have been isolated by biochemical methods, but the physiological role of which is largely unknown, open news ways to the experimental exploration of psychopathology.", "contents": "[Psychoses, immunity and neurospecific antigens. Current knowledge and perspectives]. Investigations performed by various workers during the last ten years suggest that some forms of mental illness are associated with a variety of immunological reactions. Significant variations in immunoglobulin ratios have been observed in patients with psychotic illness, and cellular and humoral cytotoxic activities against cerebral tissue have been demonstrated in vitro. At the molecular level, several subjects can be proposed for investigation into immunological phenomena in neuropathology. Thus, the neurospecific antigens, which have been isolated by biochemical methods, but the physiological role of which is largely unknown, open news ways to the experimental exploration of psychopathology.", "PMID": 89957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11750", "title": "Purification and properties of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from cytoplasmic A-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus.", "content": "1. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with cytoplasmic A-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus was isolated to near homogeneity by a procedure which includes dissociation of proteins from RNA by centrifugation in a step gradient of cesium chloride, followed by an affinity chromatography on poly(rC)-agarose column. Two species of DNA polymerase were separated by the chromatography: enzyme I in 0.55 M NaCl and enzyme II in 0.80 M NaCl eluate, respectively. 2. The purified DNA polymerases consist of two major polypeptides, with molecular weights of 94,000 and 42,000, as the intrinsic subunits. Both enzyme protomers with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.3--6.4 S and a molecular weight of 115,000--120,000 associate to form active oligomers in low-ionic-strength buffer. 3. Both enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis of RNA in RNA . DNA hybrids as well as the RNA-dependent synthesis of DNA; these are the intrinsic activities of the reverse transcriptase from B-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus as well as from avian and mammalian C-type oncornaviruses. The general catalytic properties are similar to those of the enzyme from B-type particles. Compared with DNA polymerases I, DNA polymerase II exhibited a high affinity for all the template-primers tested and, in addition, a high preference for (rC)N . (dG)12--18.", "contents": "Purification and properties of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from cytoplasmic A-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus. 1. The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase associated with cytoplasmic A-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus was isolated to near homogeneity by a procedure which includes dissociation of proteins from RNA by centrifugation in a step gradient of cesium chloride, followed by an affinity chromatography on poly(rC)-agarose column. Two species of DNA polymerase were separated by the chromatography: enzyme I in 0.55 M NaCl and enzyme II in 0.80 M NaCl eluate, respectively. 2. The purified DNA polymerases consist of two major polypeptides, with molecular weights of 94,000 and 42,000, as the intrinsic subunits. Both enzyme protomers with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.3--6.4 S and a molecular weight of 115,000--120,000 associate to form active oligomers in low-ionic-strength buffer. 3. Both enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis of RNA in RNA . DNA hybrids as well as the RNA-dependent synthesis of DNA; these are the intrinsic activities of the reverse transcriptase from B-type particles of murine mammary tumor virus as well as from avian and mammalian C-type oncornaviruses. The general catalytic properties are similar to those of the enzyme from B-type particles. Compared with DNA polymerases I, DNA polymerase II exhibited a high affinity for all the template-primers tested and, in addition, a high preference for (rC)N . (dG)12--18.", "PMID": 89959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11751", "title": "Bone marrow culture in vitro. A technique for analysis and permanent recording of cellular composition.", "content": "The in vitro cloning of haematopoietic progenitor cells derived from blood or bone marrow is now an established technique for the study of normal and abnormal blood formation. In semi-solid agar the results are conventionally recorded as the number of clusters or colonies that grow on the plate under controlled culture conditions. However, the demonstration of detailed morphology within these cellular aggregates remains unsatisfactory. Aspiration techniques are cumbersome and invariably disturb cellular relationships within the supporting matrix while supravital staining is limited by variable uptake of dye by the agar. We describe a method in which the entire cell-containing layer is removed from the Petri dish, fixed, and after mounting on a glass-slide, is air-dried. This preparation stains well with a wide variety of biological dyes, is minimally influenced by background colouration of the culture medium and excellent demonstration of morphologic detail is possible. A permanent record of the cellular composition of the culture is easily obtained by mounting the stained agar disc.", "contents": "Bone marrow culture in vitro. A technique for analysis and permanent recording of cellular composition. The in vitro cloning of haematopoietic progenitor cells derived from blood or bone marrow is now an established technique for the study of normal and abnormal blood formation. In semi-solid agar the results are conventionally recorded as the number of clusters or colonies that grow on the plate under controlled culture conditions. However, the demonstration of detailed morphology within these cellular aggregates remains unsatisfactory. Aspiration techniques are cumbersome and invariably disturb cellular relationships within the supporting matrix while supravital staining is limited by variable uptake of dye by the agar. We describe a method in which the entire cell-containing layer is removed from the Petri dish, fixed, and after mounting on a glass-slide, is air-dried. This preparation stains well with a wide variety of biological dyes, is minimally influenced by background colouration of the culture medium and excellent demonstration of morphologic detail is possible. A permanent record of the cellular composition of the culture is easily obtained by mounting the stained agar disc.", "PMID": 89962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11752", "title": "In vitro erythropoiesis. II. Cytochemical enumeration of erythroid stem cells (CFU-e and BFU-e) from normal mouse and human hematopoietic tissues.", "content": "A procedure which provides more accuracy in the identification and scoring of in vitro derived erythroid colonies (i.e. BFU-e and CFU-e) from normal mouse and human marrow and spleen cells has been developed. Up to now identification of erythroid colonies has been based on staining with acidified benzidine which consistently displays \"background staining\" of granulocyte/macrophage colonies. The staining reaction with these reagents is such that identification of erythroid colonies is less than precise. The modified benzidine procedure described herein eliminates the staining reactivity of granulocyte/macrophage colonies and specifically reacts with only those cells that contain hemoglobin. Furthermore, individual colonies and/or cells may readily be counterstained and examined by high resolution light microscopy.", "contents": "In vitro erythropoiesis. II. Cytochemical enumeration of erythroid stem cells (CFU-e and BFU-e) from normal mouse and human hematopoietic tissues. A procedure which provides more accuracy in the identification and scoring of in vitro derived erythroid colonies (i.e. BFU-e and CFU-e) from normal mouse and human marrow and spleen cells has been developed. Up to now identification of erythroid colonies has been based on staining with acidified benzidine which consistently displays \"background staining\" of granulocyte/macrophage colonies. The staining reaction with these reagents is such that identification of erythroid colonies is less than precise. The modified benzidine procedure described herein eliminates the staining reactivity of granulocyte/macrophage colonies and specifically reacts with only those cells that contain hemoglobin. Furthermore, individual colonies and/or cells may readily be counterstained and examined by high resolution light microscopy.", "PMID": 89963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11753", "title": "Inhibition of blastic transformation and immunoglobulin release in lymphocytes cultured in the presence of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).", "content": "Blastic transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in cultures containing various concentrations of homogenous alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied. It was found that AFP in concentrations of 4-12 microgram/ml inhibits both blastic transformation and immunoglobulin release (IgA, IgG) in lymphocyte cultures. It is suggested that AFP plays an important role in immunoregulation during the fetal life.", "contents": "Inhibition of blastic transformation and immunoglobulin release in lymphocytes cultured in the presence of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Blastic transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in cultures containing various concentrations of homogenous alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied. It was found that AFP in concentrations of 4-12 microgram/ml inhibits both blastic transformation and immunoglobulin release (IgA, IgG) in lymphocyte cultures. It is suggested that AFP plays an important role in immunoregulation during the fetal life.", "PMID": 89967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11754", "title": "Repeated light- and electron microscopic studies of the small-bowel mucosa in Whipple's disease.", "content": "The small-bowel mucosa of a patient with Whipple's disease in the florid state and one year after starting antibiotic treatment, in complete clinical remission was examined by the author. As a result of treatment, light-microscopic changes led to total regression. Electronmicroscopically, in the florid state, destruction of small-bowel epithelial cells was observed, mostly in the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts. The changes of epithelial cells regressed after one year of treatment. In the lamina propria, a large amount of macrophages containing characteristic inclusions were found which persisted even after treatment. The composition of inclusions has, however, changed. The macrophages were cells poor in organelles and of a primitive differentiation. Presumably, this morphological picture is associated with the digestion incapability of cells and this may lead to the development of \"acquired storage disease\".", "contents": "Repeated light- and electron microscopic studies of the small-bowel mucosa in Whipple's disease. The small-bowel mucosa of a patient with Whipple's disease in the florid state and one year after starting antibiotic treatment, in complete clinical remission was examined by the author. As a result of treatment, light-microscopic changes led to total regression. Electronmicroscopically, in the florid state, destruction of small-bowel epithelial cells was observed, mostly in the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts. The changes of epithelial cells regressed after one year of treatment. In the lamina propria, a large amount of macrophages containing characteristic inclusions were found which persisted even after treatment. The composition of inclusions has, however, changed. The macrophages were cells poor in organelles and of a primitive differentiation. Presumably, this morphological picture is associated with the digestion incapability of cells and this may lead to the development of \"acquired storage disease\".", "PMID": 89968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11755", "title": "Shape change of blood platelets induced by myelin basic protein.", "content": "Myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from bovine spinal cord caused a marked shape change reaction of human blood platelets which was not accompanied by the release reaction and not inhibited by methysergide and spiroperidol. Only those basic proteins, including MBP, which had previously shown to exert neuronal depolarisation also induced the shape change reactions. Therefore, these findings may extend the use of platelets as neuronal models.", "contents": "Shape change of blood platelets induced by myelin basic protein. Myelin basic protein (MBP) isolated from bovine spinal cord caused a marked shape change reaction of human blood platelets which was not accompanied by the release reaction and not inhibited by methysergide and spiroperidol. Only those basic proteins, including MBP, which had previously shown to exert neuronal depolarisation also induced the shape change reactions. Therefore, these findings may extend the use of platelets as neuronal models.", "PMID": 89969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11756", "title": "An alkaline protease in the delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions in the guinea-pigs.", "content": "An alkaline hemoglobinolytic protease was extracted from the delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin as an antigen in the guinea-pig. The enzyme was heat-labile and inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents. The mol.wt. was more than 100,000 and optimal pH around 9.", "contents": "An alkaline protease in the delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions in the guinea-pigs. An alkaline hemoglobinolytic protease was extracted from the delayed hypersensitivity skin lesions induced by bovine gamma-globulin as an antigen in the guinea-pig. The enzyme was heat-labile and inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents. The mol.wt. was more than 100,000 and optimal pH around 9.", "PMID": 89970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11757", "title": "Cell type-specific neural cell surface antigens.", "content": "Immunological methods have served to define several cell surface antigens that are differentially expressed among neural cell types and are developmentally regulated. These antigens have served as useful markers for cell identification and isolation of several neural cell types. The molecular nature and functional properties of almost all of these antigens are presently unknown.", "contents": "Cell type-specific neural cell surface antigens. Immunological methods have served to define several cell surface antigens that are differentially expressed among neural cell types and are developmentally regulated. These antigens have served as useful markers for cell identification and isolation of several neural cell types. The molecular nature and functional properties of almost all of these antigens are presently unknown.", "PMID": 89973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11758", "title": "Incorporation of 35S-sulfate into yolk platelets of Xenopus laevis embryos. A study using electron microscope autoradiography.", "content": "Inorganic 35S-sulfate was injected into Xenopus laevis embryos before first cleavage to study incorporation of the label into the yolk platelets in order to localize glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Electron microscope autoradiography of embryonic thin sections from blastulae and gastrulae revealed that the primary site of label incorporation is at the edge of the yolk platelets, and, to a lesser extent, in their interiors. Autoradiography of isolated yolk platelets, lacking unit membranes, indicated the absence of label. Thus, edge associated label comes from the yolk platelets membrane, and interior label is solubilized in the glycerol-water gradient during yolk platelets isolation. Ruthenium red staining of yolk platelet in situ shows haavy deposits of the dye on the yolk platelet membrane surface facing the cytoplasmic surface. The crystalline main body of isolated yolk platelets does not take up the dye. It appears that continuous synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycan occurs primarily at the outer surface yolk platelet membranes during early development, providing a novel site for this process.", "contents": "Incorporation of 35S-sulfate into yolk platelets of Xenopus laevis embryos. A study using electron microscope autoradiography. Inorganic 35S-sulfate was injected into Xenopus laevis embryos before first cleavage to study incorporation of the label into the yolk platelets in order to localize glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Electron microscope autoradiography of embryonic thin sections from blastulae and gastrulae revealed that the primary site of label incorporation is at the edge of the yolk platelets, and, to a lesser extent, in their interiors. Autoradiography of isolated yolk platelets, lacking unit membranes, indicated the absence of label. Thus, edge associated label comes from the yolk platelets membrane, and interior label is solubilized in the glycerol-water gradient during yolk platelets isolation. Ruthenium red staining of yolk platelet in situ shows haavy deposits of the dye on the yolk platelet membrane surface facing the cytoplasmic surface. The crystalline main body of isolated yolk platelets does not take up the dye. It appears that continuous synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycan occurs primarily at the outer surface yolk platelet membranes during early development, providing a novel site for this process.", "PMID": 89978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11759", "title": "[Phospholipids and blood coagulation].", "content": "After a simplified survey of the chemistry of phospholipids (PL) their presence in the lipid part of thromboplastin is dealt with, the significance of this structure being stressed. In addition, the condition, mode of action and synthesis of PL in blood platelets are extensively discussed and the impact of the composition of thrombocytic PL in the membrane and granular fraction by plasma lipid substances is referred to. The relations between single forms of PL and those proteins activating coagulation are represented and the conditions for the development of such activating complexes are referred to. Subsequently the coagulation stimulating properties of PL, thromboplastin, thrombocytes, and artifically produced PL are compared and the attempt is made to draw certain conclusions from sometimes contradictory results. Finally, the anticoagulative effect of phosphatidylserin is referred to.", "contents": "[Phospholipids and blood coagulation]. After a simplified survey of the chemistry of phospholipids (PL) their presence in the lipid part of thromboplastin is dealt with, the significance of this structure being stressed. In addition, the condition, mode of action and synthesis of PL in blood platelets are extensively discussed and the impact of the composition of thrombocytic PL in the membrane and granular fraction by plasma lipid substances is referred to. The relations between single forms of PL and those proteins activating coagulation are represented and the conditions for the development of such activating complexes are referred to. Subsequently the coagulation stimulating properties of PL, thromboplastin, thrombocytes, and artifically produced PL are compared and the attempt is made to draw certain conclusions from sometimes contradictory results. Finally, the anticoagulative effect of phosphatidylserin is referred to.", "PMID": 89981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11760", "title": "Human leukaemia-associated antigens expressed by acute myelocytic leukaemia cells and their detection by heterologous antisera.", "content": "Antisera against human acute myelocytic leukaemias were tested in complement-dependent in-vitro cytotocity tests against leukaemia cells and normal cells as targets. After absorption with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogeneous donors the antisera reacted with leukaemia cells, but not with leukocytes from bone marrow and the peripheral blood of children in remission, lymphocytes from healthy donors, enriched B-lymphocytes, enriched T-lymphocytes, PHA-induced blasts and cord blood lymphocytes. Extensive cross reactions were obtained in the tests against leukaemia cells. The antisera reacted not only with AML cells, but also with ALL, CLL, and CML cells. It was possible to remove the cross-reactivity with ALL cells through absorption with ALL cells or with fetal tissue, and to remove the cross reactivity with CLL cells through absorption with CLL. A complete absorption of the anti-AML sera was possible with AML and CML cells. After absorption with fetal tissue and CLL cells the antisera showed exclusively specificity for myelocytic leukaemias. Thus, AML cells contain three leukaemia-associated membrane antigen components: an antigen of fetal origin, a \"CLL-specific\" antigen, and an antigen that occurs on myelocytic leukaemias.", "contents": "Human leukaemia-associated antigens expressed by acute myelocytic leukaemia cells and their detection by heterologous antisera. Antisera against human acute myelocytic leukaemias were tested in complement-dependent in-vitro cytotocity tests against leukaemia cells and normal cells as targets. After absorption with erythrocytes and spleen cells from allogeneous donors the antisera reacted with leukaemia cells, but not with leukocytes from bone marrow and the peripheral blood of children in remission, lymphocytes from healthy donors, enriched B-lymphocytes, enriched T-lymphocytes, PHA-induced blasts and cord blood lymphocytes. Extensive cross reactions were obtained in the tests against leukaemia cells. The antisera reacted not only with AML cells, but also with ALL, CLL, and CML cells. It was possible to remove the cross-reactivity with ALL cells through absorption with ALL cells or with fetal tissue, and to remove the cross reactivity with CLL cells through absorption with CLL. A complete absorption of the anti-AML sera was possible with AML and CML cells. After absorption with fetal tissue and CLL cells the antisera showed exclusively specificity for myelocytic leukaemias. Thus, AML cells contain three leukaemia-associated membrane antigen components: an antigen of fetal origin, a \"CLL-specific\" antigen, and an antigen that occurs on myelocytic leukaemias.", "PMID": 89982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11761", "title": "Human leukaemia-associated antigens expressed by acute lymphocytic leukaemias and their detection with heterologous antisera to T, B-, and non-T-non-B subtype AL blasts.", "content": "Antisera from rabbits and goats against subtypes of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL with T-cell markers, ALL with B-cell markers, Non-T-non-B ALL) were tested for their specificity in complement-dependent in-vitro cytotoxicity testing. After absorption of the fivefold diluted antisera with erythrocytes and spleen cells of allogenous donors they reacted with ALL cells, but not with leukaemias of other types (AML, CLL, CML), lymphocytes of healthy donors, enriched B-lymphocytes, enriched T-lymphocytes, PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, cord lymphocytes and bone marrow lymphocytes of patients in remission. In the reactions of the antisera against ALL cells the subtype of ALL is of major importance: Six rabbit antisera and one goat antiserum against T-subtype ALL reacted in all 19 tests with the leukaemia cells of 5 patients with T-cell ALL and in all 9 tests with thymocytes of 3 donors, but only in 14 out of 41 tests with the leukaemia cells of 14 Non-T-non-B ALL patients. One antiserum against a B-subtype ALL lysed B-cell ALL (1/1), but not T-cell ALL (0/3), Non-T-non-B-cell ALL (1/5) and thymocytes (0/2). Four antisera against Non-T-non-B-subtype ALL reacted in 22 out of 46 tests with the Non-T-non-B cells of 17 ALL patients, but did not react with the leukaemia cells of 4 children with T-cell ALL (0/16), one child with B-cell ALL (0/1) thymocytes of 2 donors (0/4). The reactions of the anti-ALL sera with fetal liver cells, complete absorbability of the antileukaemic activity of the antisera with fetal tissue and the reactions of an anti-fetal serum with ALL cells point to the existence of fetal antigen components as leukaemia-associated antigens.", "contents": "Human leukaemia-associated antigens expressed by acute lymphocytic leukaemias and their detection with heterologous antisera to T, B-, and non-T-non-B subtype AL blasts. Antisera from rabbits and goats against subtypes of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL with T-cell markers, ALL with B-cell markers, Non-T-non-B ALL) were tested for their specificity in complement-dependent in-vitro cytotoxicity testing. After absorption of the fivefold diluted antisera with erythrocytes and spleen cells of allogenous donors they reacted with ALL cells, but not with leukaemias of other types (AML, CLL, CML), lymphocytes of healthy donors, enriched B-lymphocytes, enriched T-lymphocytes, PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, cord lymphocytes and bone marrow lymphocytes of patients in remission. In the reactions of the antisera against ALL cells the subtype of ALL is of major importance: Six rabbit antisera and one goat antiserum against T-subtype ALL reacted in all 19 tests with the leukaemia cells of 5 patients with T-cell ALL and in all 9 tests with thymocytes of 3 donors, but only in 14 out of 41 tests with the leukaemia cells of 14 Non-T-non-B ALL patients. One antiserum against a B-subtype ALL lysed B-cell ALL (1/1), but not T-cell ALL (0/3), Non-T-non-B-cell ALL (1/5) and thymocytes (0/2). Four antisera against Non-T-non-B-subtype ALL reacted in 22 out of 46 tests with the Non-T-non-B cells of 17 ALL patients, but did not react with the leukaemia cells of 4 children with T-cell ALL (0/16), one child with B-cell ALL (0/1) thymocytes of 2 donors (0/4). The reactions of the anti-ALL sera with fetal liver cells, complete absorbability of the antileukaemic activity of the antisera with fetal tissue and the reactions of an anti-fetal serum with ALL cells point to the existence of fetal antigen components as leukaemia-associated antigens.", "PMID": 89983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11762", "title": "Elevation of an acid ribonuclease in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Ribonuclease (Ribonucleate nucleotide 2'-transferase E.C. 2.7.7.17) activity in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia measured at pH 4.5-6.0 amounts to more than three times of that in serum of healthy subjects. At pH 6.0-8.0 the elevation of ribonuclease activity in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia is less pronounced and amounts to about two times of that in normal ones. Using chromatography on CM Sephadex C-50 column, serum ribonuclease of both normal and chronic granulocytic leukaemia patients was separated into five distinct fractions. In serum of healthy subjects ribonuclease fractions denoted I-V contribute to 10; 21; 29; 22, and 18 percent of the total ribonuclease activity. In the serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia a decrease in ribonuclease fraction III to merely 17 percent and an increase in contribution of fraction IV to 32 percent of total ribonuclease activity could be observed. The comparison of each individual concentration of fraction in normal and leukaemia patients serum reveals, that ribonuclease fraction IV will increase about 3 times. A less pronounced increase could also be found for fractions I, II and V. However, ribonuclease fraction IV may be supposed to carry more than 50 percent of the whole extra load of ribonuclease present in the serum of chronic granulocytic leukaemia patients.", "contents": "Elevation of an acid ribonuclease in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Ribonuclease (Ribonucleate nucleotide 2'-transferase E.C. 2.7.7.17) activity in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia measured at pH 4.5-6.0 amounts to more than three times of that in serum of healthy subjects. At pH 6.0-8.0 the elevation of ribonuclease activity in serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia is less pronounced and amounts to about two times of that in normal ones. Using chromatography on CM Sephadex C-50 column, serum ribonuclease of both normal and chronic granulocytic leukaemia patients was separated into five distinct fractions. In serum of healthy subjects ribonuclease fractions denoted I-V contribute to 10; 21; 29; 22, and 18 percent of the total ribonuclease activity. In the serum of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia a decrease in ribonuclease fraction III to merely 17 percent and an increase in contribution of fraction IV to 32 percent of total ribonuclease activity could be observed. The comparison of each individual concentration of fraction in normal and leukaemia patients serum reveals, that ribonuclease fraction IV will increase about 3 times. A less pronounced increase could also be found for fractions I, II and V. However, ribonuclease fraction IV may be supposed to carry more than 50 percent of the whole extra load of ribonuclease present in the serum of chronic granulocytic leukaemia patients.", "PMID": 89984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11763", "title": "Recovery course in mouse spleen and bone marrow after continuous irradiation.", "content": "The paper deals with the recovery process of some parameters in the spleen and bone marrow till day 60 after continuous irradiation with a daily dose of 476.5 mGy (50 R), 957 mGy (100 R) and 4785 mGy (500 R) up to the total accumulated dose of 9570 mGy (1000 R). The recovery process in the spleen and bone marrow are relatively significant and completed till day 28 or 60 respectively after irradiation.", "contents": "Recovery course in mouse spleen and bone marrow after continuous irradiation. The paper deals with the recovery process of some parameters in the spleen and bone marrow till day 60 after continuous irradiation with a daily dose of 476.5 mGy (50 R), 957 mGy (100 R) and 4785 mGy (500 R) up to the total accumulated dose of 9570 mGy (1000 R). The recovery process in the spleen and bone marrow are relatively significant and completed till day 28 or 60 respectively after irradiation.", "PMID": 89985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11764", "title": "Progenitor white cells and serum inhibitors in patients with bone marrow aplasia.", "content": "In patients with various blood diseases, especially with bone marrow hypoplasia following parameters were determined: presence of antibodies against autologous bone marrow, number of granulocyte-progenitor cells in short term bone marrow cultures and stimulating or inhibiting factors in patient's serum influencing the proliferative activity of bone marrow colonies. The results as well as possible clinical aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Progenitor white cells and serum inhibitors in patients with bone marrow aplasia. In patients with various blood diseases, especially with bone marrow hypoplasia following parameters were determined: presence of antibodies against autologous bone marrow, number of granulocyte-progenitor cells in short term bone marrow cultures and stimulating or inhibiting factors in patient's serum influencing the proliferative activity of bone marrow colonies. The results as well as possible clinical aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 89986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11765", "title": "[Relationship between the capacity to be stimulated of lymphocyte subpopulations and the RAI staging in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia].", "content": "By means of the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia the possibility of stimulating them by using different mitogens was checked and compared with normal persons. The examination covered 11 patients treated with extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB), 5 patients treated with a chlorambucil therapy, and 10 untreated patients who were classified according to the staging system proposed by RAI. The lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were stimulated as mixed and isolated T and B-lymphocytes in the microculture by using the mitogens PHA, PWM, ConA, and LPS. In all CLL patients there was a diminished stimulation rate of a mixed lymphocyte population. A relation existed between the seriousness of the stage and the diminution of the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine. A corresponding correlation could not be identified in untreated CLL patients. Isolated T-lymphocytes revealed better results of stimulation than the total population. As to their function B-lymphocytes showed a dependance on the kind of therapy. In the mixed lymphocyte culture of normal persons the best findings could be observed after stimulation with PHA, that is also valid for CLL patients. PHA, PWA, ConA, and LPS were suitable as substances stimulating B-lymphocytes with different efficacy in normal persons and CLL patients. Both collectives showed the best results in the T-lymphocyte culture after stimulation with LPS.", "contents": "[Relationship between the capacity to be stimulated of lymphocyte subpopulations and the RAI staging in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. By means of the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia the possibility of stimulating them by using different mitogens was checked and compared with normal persons. The examination covered 11 patients treated with extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB), 5 patients treated with a chlorambucil therapy, and 10 untreated patients who were classified according to the staging system proposed by RAI. The lymphocytes of the peripheral blood were stimulated as mixed and isolated T and B-lymphocytes in the microculture by using the mitogens PHA, PWM, ConA, and LPS. In all CLL patients there was a diminished stimulation rate of a mixed lymphocyte population. A relation existed between the seriousness of the stage and the diminution of the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine. A corresponding correlation could not be identified in untreated CLL patients. Isolated T-lymphocytes revealed better results of stimulation than the total population. As to their function B-lymphocytes showed a dependance on the kind of therapy. In the mixed lymphocyte culture of normal persons the best findings could be observed after stimulation with PHA, that is also valid for CLL patients. PHA, PWA, ConA, and LPS were suitable as substances stimulating B-lymphocytes with different efficacy in normal persons and CLL patients. Both collectives showed the best results in the T-lymphocyte culture after stimulation with LPS.", "PMID": 89987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11766", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative erythrocyte volume distribution curves in children with cyanotic heart defects].", "content": "The behaviour of the volume distribution curves (VVK) of red blood cells in children with cyanosed organic heart defect is reported by taking preoperative and postoperative observations as a basis. MCV determined from the volume distribution curve amounts to 80.3 micron3. If the volume distribution curves of the preoperative patient group are compared with the postoperative patient group (4 months) by means of the criteria DSmax, DS, inclination and dispersion, no significant changes can be identified. Therefore, shifting maturity divisions cannot be assumed in children with cyanosed organic heart defects, even in those with a preoperative hypoxia of a high degree.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative erythrocyte volume distribution curves in children with cyanotic heart defects]. The behaviour of the volume distribution curves (VVK) of red blood cells in children with cyanosed organic heart defect is reported by taking preoperative and postoperative observations as a basis. MCV determined from the volume distribution curve amounts to 80.3 micron3. If the volume distribution curves of the preoperative patient group are compared with the postoperative patient group (4 months) by means of the criteria DSmax, DS, inclination and dispersion, no significant changes can be identified. Therefore, shifting maturity divisions cannot be assumed in children with cyanosed organic heart defects, even in those with a preoperative hypoxia of a high degree.", "PMID": 89988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11767", "title": "[Sialic acid content and IgG binding of the glycocalyx of preserved erythrocytes].", "content": "Fractions of light and heavy erythrocytes were separated by centrifugation from blood samples banked in ACD-AG medium at 4 degrees C for periods up to 6 weeks. Both light and heavy erythrocytes have lost about 4,9% of their content of sialic acids during banking for 6 weeks. This reduction is in accord with a 6%-decrease of their agglutination by means of alcian blue. It is, however, a variance with the inhibition of agglutination by anti-IgG sera. The present findings provide evidence for the role alterations of the red cell membrane may play in the process of recognition and phagocytosis of banked erythrocytes. With regard to these alterations we suggest two types of rapid elimination of transfused banked erythrocytes: a) Primary elimination refers to cells primarily loaded with immunoglobulins such as to get recognized and phagocytized by macrophages. b) Secondary elimination accounts for rigid erythrocytes suffering from additional degradation while retained in the spleen prior to their loading with immunoglobulins and ensuing phagocytosis. Secondary elimination is considered a process more relevant to reutilisation of banked blood.", "contents": "[Sialic acid content and IgG binding of the glycocalyx of preserved erythrocytes]. Fractions of light and heavy erythrocytes were separated by centrifugation from blood samples banked in ACD-AG medium at 4 degrees C for periods up to 6 weeks. Both light and heavy erythrocytes have lost about 4,9% of their content of sialic acids during banking for 6 weeks. This reduction is in accord with a 6%-decrease of their agglutination by means of alcian blue. It is, however, a variance with the inhibition of agglutination by anti-IgG sera. The present findings provide evidence for the role alterations of the red cell membrane may play in the process of recognition and phagocytosis of banked erythrocytes. With regard to these alterations we suggest two types of rapid elimination of transfused banked erythrocytes: a) Primary elimination refers to cells primarily loaded with immunoglobulins such as to get recognized and phagocytized by macrophages. b) Secondary elimination accounts for rigid erythrocytes suffering from additional degradation while retained in the spleen prior to their loading with immunoglobulins and ensuing phagocytosis. Secondary elimination is considered a process more relevant to reutilisation of banked blood.", "PMID": 89989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11768", "title": "Some aspects for the further improvement in cell cryopreservation.", "content": "According to theoretical considerations and to results of own experimental investigations in heart muscle fragments of adult rats the authors are of opinion that more attention should be attributed to the cryoprotective medium as a whole, i.e. not only to the proper cryoprotectant, but to the other components of the cryoprotective medium as well. The suppose that the still unsatisfactory results of cell preservation, including blood and bone marrow cells, can be essentially improved by optimizing the composition of the basal medium.", "contents": "Some aspects for the further improvement in cell cryopreservation. According to theoretical considerations and to results of own experimental investigations in heart muscle fragments of adult rats the authors are of opinion that more attention should be attributed to the cryoprotective medium as a whole, i.e. not only to the proper cryoprotectant, but to the other components of the cryoprotective medium as well. The suppose that the still unsatisfactory results of cell preservation, including blood and bone marrow cells, can be essentially improved by optimizing the composition of the basal medium.", "PMID": 89990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11769", "title": "[Protective effect of selenium compounds in the freeze preservation of erythrocytes].", "content": "The influence of sodium selenite, selenomethionine and sodium selenite with tocopherols in combination on the survival of cryopreserved erythrocytes was investigated. Percent hemolysis is marked decreased after a three-hour incubation of the whole blood with addition of selenomethionine as well as sodium selenite with tocopherole in combination before cryopreservation. The protective effect is attributed to the antioxydative and membrane stabilizing effectiveness of selenium and tocopherol.", "contents": "[Protective effect of selenium compounds in the freeze preservation of erythrocytes]. The influence of sodium selenite, selenomethionine and sodium selenite with tocopherols in combination on the survival of cryopreserved erythrocytes was investigated. Percent hemolysis is marked decreased after a three-hour incubation of the whole blood with addition of selenomethionine as well as sodium selenite with tocopherole in combination before cryopreservation. The protective effect is attributed to the antioxydative and membrane stabilizing effectiveness of selenium and tocopherol.", "PMID": 89991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11770", "title": "[The binding of dyes of fibrinogen].", "content": "Examinations performed by means of the agargel-electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, discelectrophoresis, and chromatography on gel in human plasma and preparations of fibrinogen revealed that fibrinogen will form complexes with 18 examined dyes of different chemical structure, from a total amounting to 46. The findings indicate a marked affinity of fibrinogen towards small molecules in general. In nearly all complex forming colour materials, fibrinogen could be identified by immunodiffusion in the colour-blood supernatant liquid. The physiological significance of the binding capacity of fibrinogen is discussed.", "contents": "[The binding of dyes of fibrinogen]. Examinations performed by means of the agargel-electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, discelectrophoresis, and chromatography on gel in human plasma and preparations of fibrinogen revealed that fibrinogen will form complexes with 18 examined dyes of different chemical structure, from a total amounting to 46. The findings indicate a marked affinity of fibrinogen towards small molecules in general. In nearly all complex forming colour materials, fibrinogen could be identified by immunodiffusion in the colour-blood supernatant liquid. The physiological significance of the binding capacity of fibrinogen is discussed.", "PMID": 89992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11771", "title": "Short heparin thrombin clotting time, increased fibrinogen and platelet aggregates count in coronary disease: a probable hypercoagulable state.", "content": "Several indices of plasmatic and platelet coagulability (H.T.C.T., AT III, fibrinogen and Wu-Hoak test) were studied in 82 patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. The most interesting result is the consistent shortening of H.T.C.T. as compared to the control group, particularly in patients with acute myocardial infarction. H.T.C.T. was always inversely correlated with the fibrinogen level. Those data suggest an important influence of fibrinogen levels on H.T.C.T., but this observation does not rule out the possibility that the heparin neutralizing activity (PF 4) will also influence the test. No positive correlation between H.T.C.T. and AT III could be observed. The elevated levels of AT III in acute myocardial infarction did not confirm the existence of a consumption of AT III due to chronic intravascular coagulation in these patients. The Wu-Hoak test increased only in patients with acute coronary disease, never in the other groups. In conclusion, H.T.C.T. may be assumed to be a valid test for indicating the existence of a possible hypercoagulability state.", "contents": "Short heparin thrombin clotting time, increased fibrinogen and platelet aggregates count in coronary disease: a probable hypercoagulable state. Several indices of plasmatic and platelet coagulability (H.T.C.T., AT III, fibrinogen and Wu-Hoak test) were studied in 82 patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. The most interesting result is the consistent shortening of H.T.C.T. as compared to the control group, particularly in patients with acute myocardial infarction. H.T.C.T. was always inversely correlated with the fibrinogen level. Those data suggest an important influence of fibrinogen levels on H.T.C.T., but this observation does not rule out the possibility that the heparin neutralizing activity (PF 4) will also influence the test. No positive correlation between H.T.C.T. and AT III could be observed. The elevated levels of AT III in acute myocardial infarction did not confirm the existence of a consumption of AT III due to chronic intravascular coagulation in these patients. The Wu-Hoak test increased only in patients with acute coronary disease, never in the other groups. In conclusion, H.T.C.T. may be assumed to be a valid test for indicating the existence of a possible hypercoagulability state.", "PMID": 89993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11772", "title": "[A further case of Tn-polyagglutination].", "content": "Another case of Tn-polyagglutination is described where for 6 years those responses have been observed which are typical of the acquired erythrocyte changes, viz. mixed-field polyagglutination by normal adult sera of all blood groups, no response with anti-TAh, agglutination of a certain part of erythrocytes by anti-TnSs, anti-ADb, anti-AHP, agglomeration of the other part by protamin sulfate and A-like specificity. Papain treatment eliminates polyagglutination by human sera of adults. Sera of new-borns did not agglutinate Tn-erythrocytes. Mrs. B. B. 38 years old belongs to blood group 0 and shows latent signs of haemolysis as well as permanently lowered leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers. The difficulties in blood group serology in connection with polyagglutination are referred too.", "contents": "[A further case of Tn-polyagglutination]. Another case of Tn-polyagglutination is described where for 6 years those responses have been observed which are typical of the acquired erythrocyte changes, viz. mixed-field polyagglutination by normal adult sera of all blood groups, no response with anti-TAh, agglutination of a certain part of erythrocytes by anti-TnSs, anti-ADb, anti-AHP, agglomeration of the other part by protamin sulfate and A-like specificity. Papain treatment eliminates polyagglutination by human sera of adults. Sera of new-borns did not agglutinate Tn-erythrocytes. Mrs. B. B. 38 years old belongs to blood group 0 and shows latent signs of haemolysis as well as permanently lowered leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers. The difficulties in blood group serology in connection with polyagglutination are referred too.", "PMID": 89994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11773", "title": "Seasonal changes in the blood parameters of two major carps, Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.).", "content": "Seasonal changes in blood properties of two Indian major carps, L. rohita and C. mrigala, were investigated. Haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte numbers showed seasonal fluctuations, being high from September to November and again in April-May, and low from January to March. Males had generally higher blood values than the females.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the blood parameters of two major carps, Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.). Seasonal changes in blood properties of two Indian major carps, L. rohita and C. mrigala, were investigated. Haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte numbers showed seasonal fluctuations, being high from September to November and again in April-May, and low from January to March. Males had generally higher blood values than the females.", "PMID": 89995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11774", "title": "[Surgical treatment of rectal neoplasms in the very old patient].", "content": "Efforts and results of curative and palliative treatment of rectum carcinoma in the very aged (more than 75 years old) are shown by a follow-up study including 212 patients operated in our clinic. Establishing an absolute indication for radical resection of the malignant tumor the contraindications in this collective are pointed out. There is practically no difference between the results of curative and palliative treatment of rectum carcinoma in the very aged regarding letality and morbidity if contraindications are strictly considered and accurate pre- and postoperative treatment is guaranteed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of rectal neoplasms in the very old patient]. Efforts and results of curative and palliative treatment of rectum carcinoma in the very aged (more than 75 years old) are shown by a follow-up study including 212 patients operated in our clinic. Establishing an absolute indication for radical resection of the malignant tumor the contraindications in this collective are pointed out. There is practically no difference between the results of curative and palliative treatment of rectum carcinoma in the very aged regarding letality and morbidity if contraindications are strictly considered and accurate pre- and postoperative treatment is guaranteed.", "PMID": 89997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11775", "title": "Expanding psychiatry's role in child abuse treatment.", "content": "Child abuse, a problem that has plagued societies for centuries, has been largely ignored by psychiatrists, the author asserts. He traces the relatively recent interest in the problem of other medical specialists such as pediatricians and radiologists and maintains that it is time for psychiatrists to become more involved. He explains how problems of confidentiality, the patient's lack of motivation for treatment, and other factors have discouraged many psychiatrists from treating child abusers. He demonstrates ways psychiatrists can treat both the abused child and his family if they are willing to use non-traditional services such as home intervention.", "contents": "Expanding psychiatry's role in child abuse treatment. Child abuse, a problem that has plagued societies for centuries, has been largely ignored by psychiatrists, the author asserts. He traces the relatively recent interest in the problem of other medical specialists such as pediatricians and radiologists and maintains that it is time for psychiatrists to become more involved. He explains how problems of confidentiality, the patient's lack of motivation for treatment, and other factors have discouraged many psychiatrists from treating child abusers. He demonstrates ways psychiatrists can treat both the abused child and his family if they are willing to use non-traditional services such as home intervention.", "PMID": 90001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11776", "title": "The role of religious institutions in evangelization.", "content": "Religious institutions are called to make an exodus out of their own holy land into the true holy land of humankind. By reflecting on the Beatitudes and Jesus' humanity, Catholic-sponsored health care institutions can better understand the meaning of evangelization.", "contents": "The role of religious institutions in evangelization. Religious institutions are called to make an exodus out of their own holy land into the true holy land of humankind. By reflecting on the Beatitudes and Jesus' humanity, Catholic-sponsored health care institutions can better understand the meaning of evangelization.", "PMID": 90002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11777", "title": "Group-specific component (Gc) 'subtypes' of Gc1 by isoelectric focusing in US blacks and whites.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing was applied to the Gc polymorphism. In agreement with Constans et al., we found two common 'subtypes' of Gc1 that could not be identified by conventional electrophoretic procedures. They are labeled Gc1F and Gc1S. Gc1F has a slightly lower isoelectric point than Gc1S. In groups of US blacks the allele frequencies were for Gc1F; 0.732 and for Gc1S; 0.147. In whites these figures were 0.149 and 0.572. We also found GcAb in blacks with a frequency of 0.015. The concentrations in serum of Gc protein as measured by radial immunodiffusion did not differ according to phenotype.", "contents": "Group-specific component (Gc) 'subtypes' of Gc1 by isoelectric focusing in US blacks and whites. Isoelectric focusing was applied to the Gc polymorphism. In agreement with Constans et al., we found two common 'subtypes' of Gc1 that could not be identified by conventional electrophoretic procedures. They are labeled Gc1F and Gc1S. Gc1F has a slightly lower isoelectric point than Gc1S. In groups of US blacks the allele frequencies were for Gc1F; 0.732 and for Gc1S; 0.147. In whites these figures were 0.149 and 0.572. We also found GcAb in blacks with a frequency of 0.015. The concentrations in serum of Gc protein as measured by radial immunodiffusion did not differ according to phenotype.", "PMID": 90007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11778", "title": "Isolation and characterization of diploid clones from adult and newborn rat liver cell lines.", "content": "A high frequency of diploid and near-diploid clones were developed from cell lines derived from adult and newborn rat liver using micropipettes. There were some differences in morphology, biochemical properties and growth rate between clones. Cloned cells had low levels of tyrosine transaminase activity, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and albumin content. A diploid clone and pseudodiploid clone derived from adult rat liver cell line were positive for alpha-fetoprotein.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of diploid clones from adult and newborn rat liver cell lines. A high frequency of diploid and near-diploid clones were developed from cell lines derived from adult and newborn rat liver using micropipettes. There were some differences in morphology, biochemical properties and growth rate between clones. Cloned cells had low levels of tyrosine transaminase activity, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and albumin content. A diploid clone and pseudodiploid clone derived from adult rat liver cell line were positive for alpha-fetoprotein.", "PMID": 90011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11779", "title": "Characterization of the WIDR: a human colon carcinoma cell line.", "content": "We describe the establishment and characterization of WiDr, a cell line derived from a human colon carcinoma. It produces carcinoembryonic antigen in culture, and has a doubling time of 15 hr with plating efficiency of 51%. The HLA antigenic profile and the allozyme genetic signature (composed of eight gene-enzyme systems) of WiDr cells are different from those of HeLa cells. Furthermore, WiDr cells possess three marker chromosomes, again distinct from the HeLa marker chromosomes. Finally, it is highly tumorigenic in four different xenogeneic animal models. Based on these studies, WiDr represents a useful model cell line for tumor cell biology investigations.", "contents": "Characterization of the WIDR: a human colon carcinoma cell line. We describe the establishment and characterization of WiDr, a cell line derived from a human colon carcinoma. It produces carcinoembryonic antigen in culture, and has a doubling time of 15 hr with plating efficiency of 51%. The HLA antigenic profile and the allozyme genetic signature (composed of eight gene-enzyme systems) of WiDr cells are different from those of HeLa cells. Furthermore, WiDr cells possess three marker chromosomes, again distinct from the HeLa marker chromosomes. Finally, it is highly tumorigenic in four different xenogeneic animal models. Based on these studies, WiDr represents a useful model cell line for tumor cell biology investigations.", "PMID": 90012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11780", "title": "[Immunoglobulins and other plasme proteins in late pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins, alpha-2-macroglobulin and complement component C3 were measured from 490 pregnant women shortly before date and compared with the serum concentration of the same proteins in a group of female blood donors. Concentration of immunoglobulin G was found to be significantly (2 p less than 0.001) reduced during late pregnancy, while the serum level of immunoglobulin M in the group of pregnant women was significantly (2 p less than 0.01) increased. No difference between the serum concentration of immunoglobulin A could be observed between both groups. A significant increase (2 p less than 0.01) could also be observed regarding the serum levels of the complement component C3 and of alpha-2-Macroglobulin in the group of pregnant women. The findings are discussed with respect to the alterations during late pregnancy.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulins and other plasme proteins in late pregnancy (author's transl)]. Serum levels of immunoglobulins, alpha-2-macroglobulin and complement component C3 were measured from 490 pregnant women shortly before date and compared with the serum concentration of the same proteins in a group of female blood donors. Concentration of immunoglobulin G was found to be significantly (2 p less than 0.001) reduced during late pregnancy, while the serum level of immunoglobulin M in the group of pregnant women was significantly (2 p less than 0.01) increased. No difference between the serum concentration of immunoglobulin A could be observed between both groups. A significant increase (2 p less than 0.01) could also be observed regarding the serum levels of the complement component C3 and of alpha-2-Macroglobulin in the group of pregnant women. The findings are discussed with respect to the alterations during late pregnancy.", "PMID": 90013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11781", "title": "Interactions between human serum proteins and oral streptococci reveal occurrence of receptors for aggregated beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "A total of 31 strains of oral streptococci representing Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus milleri were tested for possible binding of human immunoglobulins G, G1, G2, G3, G4, A1, A2, M1, and M2 and haptoglobin, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Radiolabeled beta 2-microglobulin in aggregated form showed affinity for 20 of the 31 strains tested. Binding activity for the protein was found in strains belonging to all five species. The bacterial receptor was resistant to trypsin. Monomeric, unlabeled beta 2-microglobulin did not interfere with the binding of the aggregated form. Of the other proteins tested, only the immunoglobulin A1 protein showed positive binding, and that was only with a single strain of S. milleri. beta 2-Microglobulin is present on all nucleated cell membranes in vivo. The reaction between aggregated beta 2-microglobulin and oral streptococci is a new type of human-bacterium interaction which should be considered in studies of bacterial adherence.", "contents": "Interactions between human serum proteins and oral streptococci reveal occurrence of receptors for aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. A total of 31 strains of oral streptococci representing Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus milleri were tested for possible binding of human immunoglobulins G, G1, G2, G3, G4, A1, A2, M1, and M2 and haptoglobin, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Radiolabeled beta 2-microglobulin in aggregated form showed affinity for 20 of the 31 strains tested. Binding activity for the protein was found in strains belonging to all five species. The bacterial receptor was resistant to trypsin. Monomeric, unlabeled beta 2-microglobulin did not interfere with the binding of the aggregated form. Of the other proteins tested, only the immunoglobulin A1 protein showed positive binding, and that was only with a single strain of S. milleri. beta 2-Microglobulin is present on all nucleated cell membranes in vivo. The reaction between aggregated beta 2-microglobulin and oral streptococci is a new type of human-bacterium interaction which should be considered in studies of bacterial adherence.", "PMID": 90015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11782", "title": "Structure and serological specificity of the K13-antigenic polysaccharide (K13 antigen) of urinary tract-infective Escherichia coli.", "content": "The primary structure of the K13-antigenic polysaccharide (K13 antigen) of Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 was elucidated by composition, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The polysaccharide consists of a repeating sequence of 3-linked ribofuranose and 7-linked 3-deoxymannooctulosonic acid (KDO). About 50% of the KDO residues are O-acetylated at position 4 or 5. Measurement of the optical rotary dispersion indicated that in aqueous solution the K13 polysaccharide assumes a secondary structure in which the carboxyl groups of KDO are engaged. The serological specificity of the K13 polysaccharide is expressed through KDO and its O-acetyl substituent, the ribose unit being antigenically silent. There are two populations of anti-K13 antibodies one directed against the charged region of the KDO and the other against the O-acetyl groups.", "contents": "Structure and serological specificity of the K13-antigenic polysaccharide (K13 antigen) of urinary tract-infective Escherichia coli. The primary structure of the K13-antigenic polysaccharide (K13 antigen) of Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 was elucidated by composition, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The polysaccharide consists of a repeating sequence of 3-linked ribofuranose and 7-linked 3-deoxymannooctulosonic acid (KDO). About 50% of the KDO residues are O-acetylated at position 4 or 5. Measurement of the optical rotary dispersion indicated that in aqueous solution the K13 polysaccharide assumes a secondary structure in which the carboxyl groups of KDO are engaged. The serological specificity of the K13 polysaccharide is expressed through KDO and its O-acetyl substituent, the ribose unit being antigenically silent. There are two populations of anti-K13 antibodies one directed against the charged region of the KDO and the other against the O-acetyl groups.", "PMID": 90016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11783", "title": "Optical demonstration of Chlamydiae in cell cultures by means of fluorochrome 33,258 H.", "content": "Fluorochrome 33,258 H, a bisbenzimidazole, was employed for demonstrating Chlamydiae in cell cultures, and proved to be particularly suitable for illustrating the unique intracellular reproduction processes of these organisms. The staining procedure is simple and permits a selective differentiation of chlamydial inclusions and their developmental processes in the cell. Contrary to other staining methods, all stages of the chlamydial reproduction cycle can be illustrated thus permitting the early demonstration of Chlamydiae in the cell. The procedure is suitable not only in experimental investigations on Chlamydiae but also in clinical diagnostics.", "contents": "Optical demonstration of Chlamydiae in cell cultures by means of fluorochrome 33,258 H. Fluorochrome 33,258 H, a bisbenzimidazole, was employed for demonstrating Chlamydiae in cell cultures, and proved to be particularly suitable for illustrating the unique intracellular reproduction processes of these organisms. The staining procedure is simple and permits a selective differentiation of chlamydial inclusions and their developmental processes in the cell. Contrary to other staining methods, all stages of the chlamydial reproduction cycle can be illustrated thus permitting the early demonstration of Chlamydiae in the cell. The procedure is suitable not only in experimental investigations on Chlamydiae but also in clinical diagnostics.", "PMID": 90017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11784", "title": "Structure of tumor antigen on hybrid cells between mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse fibroblast L cells.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse fibroblast L cells and MM2 mouse mammary ascites tumor grown in BALB/c mice were isolated and the structures of tumor-associated surface antigen of the hybrid cells, and parental MM2 and mouse L cells were investigated by the methods of radioiodination of membrane proteins, immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigens of MM2 tumor (anti-MM2 serum), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two molecules of 105,000 and 76,000 daltons were detected on the MM2 cell surface, but no MM2 tumor antigen was detected on the mouse L cells. On the hybrids between these two kinds of cells, in addition to the two MM2 tumor antigens, molecules of 48,000-51,000 and 12,000 daltons were observed. On Sendai-virus-infected mouse L cells only a molecule of 68,000 daltons was detected by the anti-MM2 serum, and furthermore this molecule was also detected by normal mouse serum, indicating that antibodies against Sendai virus were contaminating in both the anti-MM2 and normal mouse sera used, and thus the molecules detected on the hybrid cells were distinguishable from possible viral components of Sendai virus on the hybrid cells. The results indicate that somatic cell hybrids between mouse L cells and MM2 tumor grown in BALB/c mice expressed on their cell surface the molecules that were not exposed on either parent cell. The experiments comparing newly detected molecules with the H-2 antigen suggested that they were similar to H-2 in their electrophoretic pattern.", "contents": "Structure of tumor antigen on hybrid cells between mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse fibroblast L cells. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse fibroblast L cells and MM2 mouse mammary ascites tumor grown in BALB/c mice were isolated and the structures of tumor-associated surface antigen of the hybrid cells, and parental MM2 and mouse L cells were investigated by the methods of radioiodination of membrane proteins, immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigens of MM2 tumor (anti-MM2 serum), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two molecules of 105,000 and 76,000 daltons were detected on the MM2 cell surface, but no MM2 tumor antigen was detected on the mouse L cells. On the hybrids between these two kinds of cells, in addition to the two MM2 tumor antigens, molecules of 48,000-51,000 and 12,000 daltons were observed. On Sendai-virus-infected mouse L cells only a molecule of 68,000 daltons was detected by the anti-MM2 serum, and furthermore this molecule was also detected by normal mouse serum, indicating that antibodies against Sendai virus were contaminating in both the anti-MM2 and normal mouse sera used, and thus the molecules detected on the hybrid cells were distinguishable from possible viral components of Sendai virus on the hybrid cells. The results indicate that somatic cell hybrids between mouse L cells and MM2 tumor grown in BALB/c mice expressed on their cell surface the molecules that were not exposed on either parent cell. The experiments comparing newly detected molecules with the H-2 antigen suggested that they were similar to H-2 in their electrophoretic pattern.", "PMID": 90019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11785", "title": "Reciprocal 8;14 translocation in EBV-negative B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia with Burkitt-type cells.", "content": "A cytogenetic study, including prophase-prometaphase chromosome analysis, of a patient with EBV-genome-negative acute lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell type with Burkitt-type cells is presented. All bone-marrow mitoses examined had a 14q+ marker chromosome which was identified as a reciprocal 8;14 translocation of exactly the same type as in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "Reciprocal 8;14 translocation in EBV-negative B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia with Burkitt-type cells. A cytogenetic study, including prophase-prometaphase chromosome analysis, of a patient with EBV-genome-negative acute lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell type with Burkitt-type cells is presented. All bone-marrow mitoses examined had a 14q+ marker chromosome which was identified as a reciprocal 8;14 translocation of exactly the same type as in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "PMID": 90020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11786", "title": "Cell lines with spontaneous secretion of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-globulin.", "content": "Pregnancy-associated alpha 2-globulin (PA alpha 2G) was quantitated by radioimmunoassay in culture media from 34 exponentially growing human cell lines. Only 8/34 cell lines produced PA alpha 2G. The highest secretion was found in cell lines of histiocytic lymphoma origin while it was low in some carcinoma-derived lines. The results may support an assumption that PA alpha 2G is a normal cell product of B-lymphoid, monocytic and epithelial cells but may also simply indicate that ectopic PA alpha 2G production is especially common in tumors derived from such cells. The availability of PA alpha 2G-producing cell lines should facilitate studies of the immunoregulatory role of this protein.", "contents": "Cell lines with spontaneous secretion of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-globulin. Pregnancy-associated alpha 2-globulin (PA alpha 2G) was quantitated by radioimmunoassay in culture media from 34 exponentially growing human cell lines. Only 8/34 cell lines produced PA alpha 2G. The highest secretion was found in cell lines of histiocytic lymphoma origin while it was low in some carcinoma-derived lines. The results may support an assumption that PA alpha 2G is a normal cell product of B-lymphoid, monocytic and epithelial cells but may also simply indicate that ectopic PA alpha 2G production is especially common in tumors derived from such cells. The availability of PA alpha 2G-producing cell lines should facilitate studies of the immunoregulatory role of this protein.", "PMID": 90021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11787", "title": "Symbolism in the dreams of the blind.", "content": "The present study compared a group of visually handicapped adults and normally-sighted college students with respect to extent of symbolic content in nocturnal dreams. The visually handicapped group comprised individuals who were partially sighted, congenitally blind and adventitiously blind. Each subject was required to keep a dream-diary for a period of two or four months. These diaries were then content-analyzed for frequency of symbolic instances, with symbols being identified in line with the criteria suggested by Hall (1966) and Hall and Nordby (1972). Although individual differences were marked and some visually handicapped subjects reported highly symbolic dreams, this group, on the whole, revealed less symbolism in dreams than did the normally sighted subjects. There was also a tendency for individuals blinded later in life (after age seven) to manifest more symbolic content in dreams than subjects blinded earlier (before age five). However, for the partially sighted subjects in the study, there emerged no clear relationship between age of onset of visual impairment and amount of symbolism in dreams. In general, the present findings were congruent with those of Blank (1958).", "contents": "Symbolism in the dreams of the blind. The present study compared a group of visually handicapped adults and normally-sighted college students with respect to extent of symbolic content in nocturnal dreams. The visually handicapped group comprised individuals who were partially sighted, congenitally blind and adventitiously blind. Each subject was required to keep a dream-diary for a period of two or four months. These diaries were then content-analyzed for frequency of symbolic instances, with symbols being identified in line with the criteria suggested by Hall (1966) and Hall and Nordby (1972). Although individual differences were marked and some visually handicapped subjects reported highly symbolic dreams, this group, on the whole, revealed less symbolism in dreams than did the normally sighted subjects. There was also a tendency for individuals blinded later in life (after age seven) to manifest more symbolic content in dreams than subjects blinded earlier (before age five). However, for the partially sighted subjects in the study, there emerged no clear relationship between age of onset of visual impairment and amount of symbolism in dreams. In general, the present findings were congruent with those of Blank (1958).", "PMID": 90024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11788", "title": "Vitreous body oxygen tension following experimental branch retinal vein obstruction.", "content": "We obstructed either temporal or nasal superior and inferior retinal veins on one eye of rhesus monkeys with xenon photocoagulation. This resulted in large areas of nonperfused retina adjacent to normal retina in the same eye. Intraretinal neovascularization (new vessels in the retina) developed following the absorption of retinal hemorrhage and edema. We used microelectrodes to measure and compare vitreous body oxygen tensions over the nonperfused and over the normal retinal areas. There was no significant difference between the oxygen tension measurements in the same eye.", "contents": "Vitreous body oxygen tension following experimental branch retinal vein obstruction. We obstructed either temporal or nasal superior and inferior retinal veins on one eye of rhesus monkeys with xenon photocoagulation. This resulted in large areas of nonperfused retina adjacent to normal retina in the same eye. Intraretinal neovascularization (new vessels in the retina) developed following the absorption of retinal hemorrhage and edema. We used microelectrodes to measure and compare vitreous body oxygen tensions over the nonperfused and over the normal retinal areas. There was no significant difference between the oxygen tension measurements in the same eye.", "PMID": 90026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11789", "title": "Ocular findings in systemic cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity.", "content": "SCBH was induced by immunizing guinea pigs with a protein antigen and challenging 1 week later with a large intraperitoneal dose of the same antigen. Animals developed a delayed-onset, erythematous skin rash and dermal infiltration by basophils and eosinophils. The uveal tracts of these animals were infiltrated by eosinophils, as were several other internal organs. The eye is affected in SCBH, and as in other forms of ocular cell-mediated hypersensitivity, the eosinophil is a prominent cellular component of these reactions.", "contents": "Ocular findings in systemic cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. SCBH was induced by immunizing guinea pigs with a protein antigen and challenging 1 week later with a large intraperitoneal dose of the same antigen. Animals developed a delayed-onset, erythematous skin rash and dermal infiltration by basophils and eosinophils. The uveal tracts of these animals were infiltrated by eosinophils, as were several other internal organs. The eye is affected in SCBH, and as in other forms of ocular cell-mediated hypersensitivity, the eosinophil is a prominent cellular component of these reactions.", "PMID": 90029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11790", "title": "Effect of iontophoretic and topical application of antiviral agents in treatment of experimental HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits.", "content": "Cathodal (-) iontophoresis of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-adenine 5'-monophosphate (vidarabine monophosphate; Ara-AMP) was performed once daily for 3 days for the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis in rabbit eyes, and the therapeutic efficacy was compared with that of topical treatment of Ara-AMP and idoxuridine (IDU) administered five times daily for 4 days. With the treatment initiated 24 hr after viral inoculation, Ara-AMP cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significant suppression of epithelial and anterior segment disease processes. Topical IDU (0.5%) or Ara-AMP (10%) also significantly improved the disease process when compared to the placebo-treated group; however, iontophoresis of Ara-AMP resulted in a more marked improvement. Slit-lamp examination indicated that iontophoresis did not cause any observable pathologic changes in corneal epithelium, stroma, conjunctiva, or iris of rabbit eyes. This experiment suggests that iontophoresis of Ara-AMP is a safe and effective approach for preventing the development of herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits.", "contents": "Effect of iontophoretic and topical application of antiviral agents in treatment of experimental HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits. Cathodal (-) iontophoresis of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-adenine 5'-monophosphate (vidarabine monophosphate; Ara-AMP) was performed once daily for 3 days for the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis in rabbit eyes, and the therapeutic efficacy was compared with that of topical treatment of Ara-AMP and idoxuridine (IDU) administered five times daily for 4 days. With the treatment initiated 24 hr after viral inoculation, Ara-AMP cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significant suppression of epithelial and anterior segment disease processes. Topical IDU (0.5%) or Ara-AMP (10%) also significantly improved the disease process when compared to the placebo-treated group; however, iontophoresis of Ara-AMP resulted in a more marked improvement. Slit-lamp examination indicated that iontophoresis did not cause any observable pathologic changes in corneal epithelium, stroma, conjunctiva, or iris of rabbit eyes. This experiment suggests that iontophoresis of Ara-AMP is a safe and effective approach for preventing the development of herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits.", "PMID": 90030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11791", "title": "Ultrastructural modulations of cell surface determinants in pathological processes.", "content": "A novel approach for the ultrastructural localization of surface sialic acids is presented. Membrane-bound sialyl residues are chemically modified in situ by the covalent attachment of biotinyl residues, the latter of which are subsequently localized by ferritin-conjugated avidin. In contrast to previous methods, which have been based on electrostatic interactions, the above method does not affect cell surface charge. Consequently, the macromolecular configuration of the labeled sialoglycoconjugates is preserved. The method has been found to be more accurate in the quantitative evaluation and the topographical localization of membrane-based sialic acids both in normal and pathologically induced surface modulations. Modulations in cell surface sialic acid content and/or distribution have been demonstrated in beta-thalassemia and transformed lymphoid cells, and the consequences of such alterations are discussed regarding destruction vs. escape from the immune surveillance system.", "contents": "Ultrastructural modulations of cell surface determinants in pathological processes. A novel approach for the ultrastructural localization of surface sialic acids is presented. Membrane-bound sialyl residues are chemically modified in situ by the covalent attachment of biotinyl residues, the latter of which are subsequently localized by ferritin-conjugated avidin. In contrast to previous methods, which have been based on electrostatic interactions, the above method does not affect cell surface charge. Consequently, the macromolecular configuration of the labeled sialoglycoconjugates is preserved. The method has been found to be more accurate in the quantitative evaluation and the topographical localization of membrane-based sialic acids both in normal and pathologically induced surface modulations. Modulations in cell surface sialic acid content and/or distribution have been demonstrated in beta-thalassemia and transformed lymphoid cells, and the consequences of such alterations are discussed regarding destruction vs. escape from the immune surveillance system.", "PMID": 90032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11792", "title": "Flow cytometry of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Methods are given for the preparation and staining of human spermatozoa for flow cytometric DNA measurements. Using agents for the reductive cleavage of disulfide crosslinks and suitable proteolytic enzymes an effective decondensation of the sperm chromatin and a DNA-proportional uptake of fluorochromes is achieved. Thus reliable and precise measurements of the relative DNA content of human spermatozoa are possible and the two subpopulations of haploid spermatozoa can be distinguished according to the difference in their DNA content.", "contents": "Flow cytometry of human spermatozoa. Methods are given for the preparation and staining of human spermatozoa for flow cytometric DNA measurements. Using agents for the reductive cleavage of disulfide crosslinks and suitable proteolytic enzymes an effective decondensation of the sperm chromatin and a DNA-proportional uptake of fluorochromes is achieved. Thus reliable and precise measurements of the relative DNA content of human spermatozoa are possible and the two subpopulations of haploid spermatozoa can be distinguished according to the difference in their DNA content.", "PMID": 90040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11793", "title": "The association of carbohydrate with tubulin and in vitro assembled microtubules from bovine brain.", "content": "Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin (PC tubulin) was analyzed for neutral and amino sugar content, which was found to be 8.3 +/- 0.11 and 0.8 +/- 0.02 mol/mol dimer, respectively. A histochemical-electron-microscopic investigation was undertaken to attempt to localize carbohydrate associated with polymerized microtubules (MT). Outer diameters of MT assembled in vitro from bovine brain MT protein (tubulin and microtubule associated proteins) were found to increase upon treatment with ruthenium red, Alcian blue, and lanthanum hydroxide, which have been reported to possess specificity for complex carbohydrates. Concanavalin A-reactive sites were detected on the surface and in the lumen of MT assembled from MT protein and from PC tubulin.", "contents": "The association of carbohydrate with tubulin and in vitro assembled microtubules from bovine brain. Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin (PC tubulin) was analyzed for neutral and amino sugar content, which was found to be 8.3 +/- 0.11 and 0.8 +/- 0.02 mol/mol dimer, respectively. A histochemical-electron-microscopic investigation was undertaken to attempt to localize carbohydrate associated with polymerized microtubules (MT). Outer diameters of MT assembled in vitro from bovine brain MT protein (tubulin and microtubule associated proteins) were found to increase upon treatment with ruthenium red, Alcian blue, and lanthanum hydroxide, which have been reported to possess specificity for complex carbohydrates. Concanavalin A-reactive sites were detected on the surface and in the lumen of MT assembled from MT protein and from PC tubulin.", "PMID": 90041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11794", "title": "[Topo-optical reactions on the membrane of the human red cell ghost (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous studies have proved that the thiazin dyes toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and the quinolin dyes N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride, N,N'-6,6'-dichlorpseudoisocyanine chloride are suitable for topo-optical reaction on the membrane of the red blood cells. In the present study the applicability of the thiazin and quinolin dyes on the membrane of the human red cell ghost was examined. Optical analysis revealed that the thiazin dyes are bound in radial position to the membrane, while the quinolin dyes are bound parallel to the membrane's plane.", "contents": "[Topo-optical reactions on the membrane of the human red cell ghost (author's transl)]. Previous studies have proved that the thiazin dyes toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and the quinolin dyes N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride, N,N'-6,6'-dichlorpseudoisocyanine chloride are suitable for topo-optical reaction on the membrane of the red blood cells. In the present study the applicability of the thiazin and quinolin dyes on the membrane of the human red cell ghost was examined. Optical analysis revealed that the thiazin dyes are bound in radial position to the membrane, while the quinolin dyes are bound parallel to the membrane's plane.", "PMID": 90042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11795", "title": "Immunohistochemistry on Bouin-fixed fetal tissue, stored for thirty years in ethanol.", "content": "Human fetal tissue fixed with Bouin and kept for 30 years in ethanol is still useful in immunohistochemistry. The localization of beta-endorphin immunoreactive cells in the pituitary is given as example.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry on Bouin-fixed fetal tissue, stored for thirty years in ethanol. Human fetal tissue fixed with Bouin and kept for 30 years in ethanol is still useful in immunohistochemistry. The localization of beta-endorphin immunoreactive cells in the pituitary is given as example.", "PMID": 90043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11796", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of myosin light chains from chicken fast white, slow red, and cardiac muscle.", "content": "Antibodies were formed against the myosin light chains isolated from chicken fast skeletal, slow skeletal, and cardiac muscle and the antigenicities of the light chains were compared by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. It was shown that fast light chains are immunologically different from light chains of slow and cardiac myosin, while the slow and cardiac muscle light chains have similar immunological characteristics; that is, the light chains of apparent molecular weight about 27,000 daltons in SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of slow and cardiac muscle are immunologically indistinguishable, and the other light chains of apparent molecular weight about 19,000 daltons of both muscles include a common antigenic site.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of myosin light chains from chicken fast white, slow red, and cardiac muscle. Antibodies were formed against the myosin light chains isolated from chicken fast skeletal, slow skeletal, and cardiac muscle and the antigenicities of the light chains were compared by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. It was shown that fast light chains are immunologically different from light chains of slow and cardiac myosin, while the slow and cardiac muscle light chains have similar immunological characteristics; that is, the light chains of apparent molecular weight about 27,000 daltons in SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of slow and cardiac muscle are immunologically indistinguishable, and the other light chains of apparent molecular weight about 19,000 daltons of both muscles include a common antigenic site.", "PMID": 90044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11797", "title": "alpha-Fetoprotein gene expression. Control of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA levels in cultured rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "The expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was infestigated in a cloned cell culture derived from Morris hepatoma 7777, which shows a density-dependent variation in the AFP synthesis rate. The rate of secretion of AFP was found to be governed by the level of cytoplasmic mRNAAFP. Saturation hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA to excess cloned cDNAAFP was used to illustrate quantitatively how mRNAAFP is regulated in these tumor cells. It was found that the mRNAAFP level is primarily determined by its rate of transcription and mRNAAFP declines to 40% of its maximum level, and it accumulates at 20% of its maximum rate. The half-life of mRNAAFP was found to be 40 h, 5 to 6 times that of poly(A)-containing RNA. This difference in stability, in cells doubling every 20 h, results in a 2 1/2-fold increase in the fraction of mRNAAFP above that expected from the relative transcription rate of mRNAAFP. During maximal synthesis of AFP, mRNAAFP accumulates in the cytoplasm at a rate 25 times greater than an average middle abundance mRNA and 1000 times greater than the average low abundance mRNA. These results and the relatively high translational efficiency of mRNAAFP explain how cells can optimize production of an abundant protein.", "contents": "alpha-Fetoprotein gene expression. Control of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA levels in cultured rat hepatoma cells. The expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was infestigated in a cloned cell culture derived from Morris hepatoma 7777, which shows a density-dependent variation in the AFP synthesis rate. The rate of secretion of AFP was found to be governed by the level of cytoplasmic mRNAAFP. Saturation hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA to excess cloned cDNAAFP was used to illustrate quantitatively how mRNAAFP is regulated in these tumor cells. It was found that the mRNAAFP level is primarily determined by its rate of transcription and mRNAAFP declines to 40% of its maximum level, and it accumulates at 20% of its maximum rate. The half-life of mRNAAFP was found to be 40 h, 5 to 6 times that of poly(A)-containing RNA. This difference in stability, in cells doubling every 20 h, results in a 2 1/2-fold increase in the fraction of mRNAAFP above that expected from the relative transcription rate of mRNAAFP. During maximal synthesis of AFP, mRNAAFP accumulates in the cytoplasm at a rate 25 times greater than an average middle abundance mRNA and 1000 times greater than the average low abundance mRNA. These results and the relatively high translational efficiency of mRNAAFP explain how cells can optimize production of an abundant protein.", "PMID": 90046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11798", "title": "Distribution of myosin isoenzymes among skeletal muscle fiber types.", "content": "Using an immunocytochemical approach, we have demonstrated a preferential distribution of myosin isoenzymes with respect to the pattern of fiber types in skeletal muscles of the rat. In an earlier study, we had shown that fluorescein-labeled antibody against \"white\" myosin from the chicken pectoralis stained all the white, intermediate and about half the red fibers of the rat diaphragm, a fast-twitch muscle (Gauthier and Lowey, 1977). We have now extended this study to include antibodies prepared against the \"head\" (S1) and \"rod\" portions of myosin, as well as the alkali- and 5,5'dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-light chains. Antibodies capable of distinguishing between alkali 1 and alkali 2 type myosin were also used to localize these isoenzymes in the same fast muscle. We observed, by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence, that the same fibers which had reacted previously with antibodies against white myosin reacted with antibodies to the proteolytic subfragments and to the low molecular-weight subunits of myosin. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that the myosins of the reactive fibers in rat skeletal muscle are sufficiently similar to share antigenic determinants. The homology, furthermore, is not confined to a limited region of the myosin molecule, but includes the head and rod portions and all classes of light chains. Despite the similarities, some differences exist in the protein compositions of these fibers: antibodies to S1 did not stain the reactive (fast) red fiber as strongly as they did the white and intermediate fibers. Non-uniform staining was also observed with antibodies specific for A2 myosin; the fast red fiber again showed weaker fluorescence than did the other reactive fibers. These results could indicate a variable distribution of myosin isoenzymes according to their alkali-light chain composition among fiber types. Alternatively, there may exist yet another myosin isoenzyme which is localized in the fast red fiber. Those red fibers which did not react with any of the antibodies to pectoralis myosin, did react strongly with an antibody against myosin isolated from the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), a slow red muscle of the chicken. The myosin in these fibers (slow red fibers) is, therefore, distinct from the other myosin isoenzymes. In the rat soleus, a slow-twitch muscle, the majority of the fibers reacted only with antibody against ALD myosin. A minority, however, reacted with antiboddies to pectoralis as well as ALD myosin, which indicates that both fast and slow myosin can coexist within the same fiber of a normal adult muscle. These immunocytochemical studies have emphasized that a wide range of isoenzymes may contribute to the characteristic physiological properties of individual fiber types in a mixed muscle.", "contents": "Distribution of myosin isoenzymes among skeletal muscle fiber types. Using an immunocytochemical approach, we have demonstrated a preferential distribution of myosin isoenzymes with respect to the pattern of fiber types in skeletal muscles of the rat. In an earlier study, we had shown that fluorescein-labeled antibody against \"white\" myosin from the chicken pectoralis stained all the white, intermediate and about half the red fibers of the rat diaphragm, a fast-twitch muscle (Gauthier and Lowey, 1977). We have now extended this study to include antibodies prepared against the \"head\" (S1) and \"rod\" portions of myosin, as well as the alkali- and 5,5'dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-light chains. Antibodies capable of distinguishing between alkali 1 and alkali 2 type myosin were also used to localize these isoenzymes in the same fast muscle. We observed, by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence, that the same fibers which had reacted previously with antibodies against white myosin reacted with antibodies to the proteolytic subfragments and to the low molecular-weight subunits of myosin. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that the myosins of the reactive fibers in rat skeletal muscle are sufficiently similar to share antigenic determinants. The homology, furthermore, is not confined to a limited region of the myosin molecule, but includes the head and rod portions and all classes of light chains. Despite the similarities, some differences exist in the protein compositions of these fibers: antibodies to S1 did not stain the reactive (fast) red fiber as strongly as they did the white and intermediate fibers. Non-uniform staining was also observed with antibodies specific for A2 myosin; the fast red fiber again showed weaker fluorescence than did the other reactive fibers. These results could indicate a variable distribution of myosin isoenzymes according to their alkali-light chain composition among fiber types. Alternatively, there may exist yet another myosin isoenzyme which is localized in the fast red fiber. Those red fibers which did not react with any of the antibodies to pectoralis myosin, did react strongly with an antibody against myosin isolated from the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), a slow red muscle of the chicken. The myosin in these fibers (slow red fibers) is, therefore, distinct from the other myosin isoenzymes. In the rat soleus, a slow-twitch muscle, the majority of the fibers reacted only with antibody against ALD myosin. A minority, however, reacted with antiboddies to pectoralis as well as ALD myosin, which indicates that both fast and slow myosin can coexist within the same fiber of a normal adult muscle. These immunocytochemical studies have emphasized that a wide range of isoenzymes may contribute to the characteristic physiological properties of individual fiber types in a mixed muscle.", "PMID": 90047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11799", "title": "Anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane. In vivo and in vitro localization to the laminae rarae by cationic probes.", "content": "Cationized ferritin (CF) of narrow pI range (7.3-7.5) and the basic dye ruthenium red (RR) have been used as cationic probes to partially characterize anionic sites previously demonstrated in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). When CF was given i.v. to normal rats and the left kidney was fixed by perfusion 15 min thereafter, clusters of CF molecules were found throughout the lamina rara interna (LRI), lamina rara externa (LRE), and mesangial matrix distributed at regular (approximately 60 nm) intervals. When kidneys were perfused with aldehyde fixative containing RR, small (20 nm) RR-stained particles were seen in the same locations distributed with the same 60 nm repeating pattern, forming a quasiregular, lattice-like arrangement. Fine (approximately 3 nm) filaments connected the sites and extended between them and the membranes of adjoining endothelial and epithelial cells. When CF was given i.v. followed by perfusion with RR in situ, both probes localized to the same sites. CF remained firmly bound after prolonged perfusion with 0.1-0.2 M KCl or NaCl. It was displaced by perfusion with buffers of high ionic strength (0.4-0.5 M KCl) or pH (less than 3.0 or greater than 10.0). CF also bound (clustered at approximately 60 nm intervals) to isolated GBM's, and binding was lost when such isolated GBM's were treated with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a quasi-regular, lattice-like network of anionic sites in the LRI and LRE and the mesangial matrix. The sites are demonstrable in vivo (by CF binding), in fixed kidneys (by RR staining), and in isolated GBM's (by CF binding). The results obtained with CF show that the binding of CF (and probably also RR) to the laminae rarae is electrostatic in nature since it is displaced by treatment with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. With RR the sites resemble in morphology and staining properties the proteoglycan particles found in connective tissue matrices and in association with basement membranes in several other locations.", "contents": "Anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane. In vivo and in vitro localization to the laminae rarae by cationic probes. Cationized ferritin (CF) of narrow pI range (7.3-7.5) and the basic dye ruthenium red (RR) have been used as cationic probes to partially characterize anionic sites previously demonstrated in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). When CF was given i.v. to normal rats and the left kidney was fixed by perfusion 15 min thereafter, clusters of CF molecules were found throughout the lamina rara interna (LRI), lamina rara externa (LRE), and mesangial matrix distributed at regular (approximately 60 nm) intervals. When kidneys were perfused with aldehyde fixative containing RR, small (20 nm) RR-stained particles were seen in the same locations distributed with the same 60 nm repeating pattern, forming a quasiregular, lattice-like arrangement. Fine (approximately 3 nm) filaments connected the sites and extended between them and the membranes of adjoining endothelial and epithelial cells. When CF was given i.v. followed by perfusion with RR in situ, both probes localized to the same sites. CF remained firmly bound after prolonged perfusion with 0.1-0.2 M KCl or NaCl. It was displaced by perfusion with buffers of high ionic strength (0.4-0.5 M KCl) or pH (less than 3.0 or greater than 10.0). CF also bound (clustered at approximately 60 nm intervals) to isolated GBM's, and binding was lost when such isolated GBM's were treated with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a quasi-regular, lattice-like network of anionic sites in the LRI and LRE and the mesangial matrix. The sites are demonstrable in vivo (by CF binding), in fixed kidneys (by RR staining), and in isolated GBM's (by CF binding). The results obtained with CF show that the binding of CF (and probably also RR) to the laminae rarae is electrostatic in nature since it is displaced by treatment with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. With RR the sites resemble in morphology and staining properties the proteoglycan particles found in connective tissue matrices and in association with basement membranes in several other locations.", "PMID": 90048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11800", "title": "Immunological studies of the embryonic muscle cell surface. Antiserum to the prefusion myoblast.", "content": "Xenogeneic antisera raised in rabbits have been used to detect compositional changes at the cell surfaces of differentiating embryonic chick skeletal muscle. In this report, we present the serological characterization of antiserum (Anti-M-24) against muscle tissue and developmental stage-specific cell surface antigens of the prefusion myoblast. Cells from primary cultures of 12-d-old embryonic chick hindlimb muscle were injected into rabbits, and the resulting antisera were selectively absorbed to obtain immunological specificity. Cytotoxicity and immunohistochemical assays were used to test this antiserum. Absorption with embryonic or adult chick heart, brain, retina, liver, erythrocytes, or skeletal muscle fibroblasts failed to remove all reactivity of Anti-M-24 for myogenic cells at all stages of development. After absorption with embryonic myotubes, however, Anti-M-24 no longer reacted with differentiated myofibers, but did react with prefusion myoblasts. The myoblast surface antigens detected with Anti-M-24 are components of the muscle cell membrane: (a) these macromolecules are free to diffuse laterally within the myoblast membrane; (b) Anti-M-24, in the presence of complement, induced lysis of the muscle cell membrane; and (c) intact monolayers of viable myoblasts completely absorbed reactivity of Anti-M-24 for myoblasts. These antigens are not loosely adsorbed culture medium components or an artifact of tissue culture because: (a) absorption of Anti-M-24 with homogenized embryonic muscle removed all antibodies to cultured myoblasts; (b) Anti-M-24 reacted with myoblast surfaces in vivo; and (c) absorption of Anti-M-24 with culture media did not affect the titer of this antiserum for myoblasts. We conclude that myogenic cells at all stages of development possess externally exposed antigens which are undetected on other embryonic and adult chick tissues. In addition, myoblasts exhibit surface antigenic determinants that are either masked, absent, or present in very low concentrations on skeletal muscle fibroblasts, embryonic myotubes, or adult myofibers. These antigens are free to diffuse laterally within the myoblast membrane and may be modulated in response to appropriate environmental cues during myodifferentiation.", "contents": "Immunological studies of the embryonic muscle cell surface. Antiserum to the prefusion myoblast. Xenogeneic antisera raised in rabbits have been used to detect compositional changes at the cell surfaces of differentiating embryonic chick skeletal muscle. In this report, we present the serological characterization of antiserum (Anti-M-24) against muscle tissue and developmental stage-specific cell surface antigens of the prefusion myoblast. Cells from primary cultures of 12-d-old embryonic chick hindlimb muscle were injected into rabbits, and the resulting antisera were selectively absorbed to obtain immunological specificity. Cytotoxicity and immunohistochemical assays were used to test this antiserum. Absorption with embryonic or adult chick heart, brain, retina, liver, erythrocytes, or skeletal muscle fibroblasts failed to remove all reactivity of Anti-M-24 for myogenic cells at all stages of development. After absorption with embryonic myotubes, however, Anti-M-24 no longer reacted with differentiated myofibers, but did react with prefusion myoblasts. The myoblast surface antigens detected with Anti-M-24 are components of the muscle cell membrane: (a) these macromolecules are free to diffuse laterally within the myoblast membrane; (b) Anti-M-24, in the presence of complement, induced lysis of the muscle cell membrane; and (c) intact monolayers of viable myoblasts completely absorbed reactivity of Anti-M-24 for myoblasts. These antigens are not loosely adsorbed culture medium components or an artifact of tissue culture because: (a) absorption of Anti-M-24 with homogenized embryonic muscle removed all antibodies to cultured myoblasts; (b) Anti-M-24 reacted with myoblast surfaces in vivo; and (c) absorption of Anti-M-24 with culture media did not affect the titer of this antiserum for myoblasts. We conclude that myogenic cells at all stages of development possess externally exposed antigens which are undetected on other embryonic and adult chick tissues. In addition, myoblasts exhibit surface antigenic determinants that are either masked, absent, or present in very low concentrations on skeletal muscle fibroblasts, embryonic myotubes, or adult myofibers. These antigens are free to diffuse laterally within the myoblast membrane and may be modulated in response to appropriate environmental cues during myodifferentiation.", "PMID": 90049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11801", "title": "Slowly migrating axonal polypeptides. Inequalities in their rate and amount of transport between two branches of bifurcating axons.", "content": "Polypeptides in the dorsal root ganglion (L5) of the adult rat were radioactively labeled, and components slowly migrating in the sciatic nerve (peripheral axons) and dorsal root (central axons) were analyzed, using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. In particular, the transport rates and amounts of six major polypeptides, i.e., the triplet (reference 15; with mol wts of 200,000, 160,000, and 68,000 daltons), alpha- and beta-tubulins and actin were compared between the two axon branches. In peripheral axons, fronts of the triplet, tubulins, and actin migrate at 2-3 mm/d, 9-13 mm/d and approximately 19 mm/d, respectively. The corresponding values in central axons are 1-2 mm/d, 3-4 mm/d, and approximately 4 mm/d, indicating an obvious asymmetry in the transport rate between the two branches of bifurcating axons. A greater amount of labeled triplet, tubulins, and actin each is found to migrate in peripheral than in central axons. Another striking aspect of asymmetry between the two branches relates to the tubulins/triplet ratio which is significantly higher in the peripheral branch. Considerable proportions of radioactivities associated with tubulins and actin in the ganglion are nonmigratory, which are thought to derive mostly from periaxonal satellite cells. In contrast, most if not all of the labeled triplet is migratory, suggesting a virtual absence of triplet polypeptides in satellite cells. The possible significance of peripheral-central inequalities in slow axoplasmic transport is discussed from the viewpoints of axon volume and axonal outgrowth.", "contents": "Slowly migrating axonal polypeptides. Inequalities in their rate and amount of transport between two branches of bifurcating axons. Polypeptides in the dorsal root ganglion (L5) of the adult rat were radioactively labeled, and components slowly migrating in the sciatic nerve (peripheral axons) and dorsal root (central axons) were analyzed, using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and fluorography. In particular, the transport rates and amounts of six major polypeptides, i.e., the triplet (reference 15; with mol wts of 200,000, 160,000, and 68,000 daltons), alpha- and beta-tubulins and actin were compared between the two axon branches. In peripheral axons, fronts of the triplet, tubulins, and actin migrate at 2-3 mm/d, 9-13 mm/d and approximately 19 mm/d, respectively. The corresponding values in central axons are 1-2 mm/d, 3-4 mm/d, and approximately 4 mm/d, indicating an obvious asymmetry in the transport rate between the two branches of bifurcating axons. A greater amount of labeled triplet, tubulins, and actin each is found to migrate in peripheral than in central axons. Another striking aspect of asymmetry between the two branches relates to the tubulins/triplet ratio which is significantly higher in the peripheral branch. Considerable proportions of radioactivities associated with tubulins and actin in the ganglion are nonmigratory, which are thought to derive mostly from periaxonal satellite cells. In contrast, most if not all of the labeled triplet is migratory, suggesting a virtual absence of triplet polypeptides in satellite cells. The possible significance of peripheral-central inequalities in slow axoplasmic transport is discussed from the viewpoints of axon volume and axonal outgrowth.", "PMID": 90050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11802", "title": "Use of the fluorochrome 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in genetic and developmental studies of chloroplast DNA.", "content": "Use of the DNA-specific fluorochrome 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) makes it possible to examine in situ the structure of chloroplast DNA (chDNA) with the fluorescence microscope. This simplifies the study of genetic and developmental changes in chloroplast DNA. Three examples are presented. (a) Wild-type Euglena gracilis B contains several chloroplast DNA nucleoids per chloroplast. A yellow mutant lacking functional chloroplasts is similar, but such nucleoids are absent in an aplastidic mutant strain known from biochemical studies to have lost its chDNA. (b) In vegetative cells of the giant-celled marine algae Acetabularia and Batophora, only about a quarter of the chloroplasts have even one discernible chloroplast DNA particle, and such particles vary in size, showing a 30-fold variation in the amount of DNA-bound DAPI fluorescence detected per chloroplast. By contrast, 98% of chloroplasts in developing Acetabularia cysts contain chDNA, with as many as nine nucleoids per chloroplast. (c) DAPI-stained chloroplasts of chromophyte algae display the peripheral ring of DNA expected from electron microscope studies. However, these rings are not uniform in thickness, but are necklace-like, with the appearance of beads on a string. Since the multiple nucleoids in plastids of chlorophyte algae also appear to be interconnected throughout the chloroplast, a common structural plan may underlie chDNA morphology in both groups of algae.", "contents": "Use of the fluorochrome 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in genetic and developmental studies of chloroplast DNA. Use of the DNA-specific fluorochrome 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) makes it possible to examine in situ the structure of chloroplast DNA (chDNA) with the fluorescence microscope. This simplifies the study of genetic and developmental changes in chloroplast DNA. Three examples are presented. (a) Wild-type Euglena gracilis B contains several chloroplast DNA nucleoids per chloroplast. A yellow mutant lacking functional chloroplasts is similar, but such nucleoids are absent in an aplastidic mutant strain known from biochemical studies to have lost its chDNA. (b) In vegetative cells of the giant-celled marine algae Acetabularia and Batophora, only about a quarter of the chloroplasts have even one discernible chloroplast DNA particle, and such particles vary in size, showing a 30-fold variation in the amount of DNA-bound DAPI fluorescence detected per chloroplast. By contrast, 98% of chloroplasts in developing Acetabularia cysts contain chDNA, with as many as nine nucleoids per chloroplast. (c) DAPI-stained chloroplasts of chromophyte algae display the peripheral ring of DNA expected from electron microscope studies. However, these rings are not uniform in thickness, but are necklace-like, with the appearance of beads on a string. Since the multiple nucleoids in plastids of chlorophyte algae also appear to be interconnected throughout the chloroplast, a common structural plan may underlie chDNA morphology in both groups of algae.", "PMID": 90051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11803", "title": "Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. I. General results using various glycerination methods.", "content": "We have studied actin-containing filaments in spindles in Haemanthus endosperm cells glycerinated by various methods; the actin-containing filaments were identified by their reaction with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) to form 'decorated' filaments. Actin-containing filaments in the spindle were seen in amongst microtubules in bundles (both non-kinetochore microtubule bundles and kinetochore microtuble bundles) and were also seen not associated with microtubules. There were very few extra-spindle actin-containing filaments in these cells. Actin-containing filaments seemed to interact with microtubules, because the filaments remained close to and parallel to microtubules even when the microtubules were sharply curved. Because of the close association between microtubules and actin-containing filaments we could not identify all the actin-containing filaments present in microtubule bundles: microtubules obscured actin-containing filaments. We studied Haemanthus endosperm cells as they were glycerinated. For some of these observations we used phase-contrast microscopy. Glycerination caused the cells to shrink, initially, and this was followed by rapid expansion, but the cells did not expand to as large a volume as before glycerination. Spindle structure was maintained despite these changes in cell size. Evidences for this are that relative chromosome positions were maintained during glycerination, that spindle birefringence was maintained during glycerination, and that individual chromosomal spindle fibres remained birefringent during glycerination. Electron-microscopic observations supported this in that kinetochore microtubule bundles and non-kinetochore microtubule bundle were maintained during glycerination, as was the helical arrangement of spindle ribosomes into polyribosomes. One-step glycerination procedures were used (cells were treated with mixtures containing 25% glycerol, Triton-X-100 and HMM), and such procedures might be of general use. Living cells were embedded in fibrin clots in making light-microscopic observations; this procedure, too, might be of general use.", "contents": "Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. I. General results using various glycerination methods. We have studied actin-containing filaments in spindles in Haemanthus endosperm cells glycerinated by various methods; the actin-containing filaments were identified by their reaction with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) to form 'decorated' filaments. Actin-containing filaments in the spindle were seen in amongst microtubules in bundles (both non-kinetochore microtubule bundles and kinetochore microtuble bundles) and were also seen not associated with microtubules. There were very few extra-spindle actin-containing filaments in these cells. Actin-containing filaments seemed to interact with microtubules, because the filaments remained close to and parallel to microtubules even when the microtubules were sharply curved. Because of the close association between microtubules and actin-containing filaments we could not identify all the actin-containing filaments present in microtubule bundles: microtubules obscured actin-containing filaments. We studied Haemanthus endosperm cells as they were glycerinated. For some of these observations we used phase-contrast microscopy. Glycerination caused the cells to shrink, initially, and this was followed by rapid expansion, but the cells did not expand to as large a volume as before glycerination. Spindle structure was maintained despite these changes in cell size. Evidences for this are that relative chromosome positions were maintained during glycerination, that spindle birefringence was maintained during glycerination, and that individual chromosomal spindle fibres remained birefringent during glycerination. Electron-microscopic observations supported this in that kinetochore microtubule bundles and non-kinetochore microtubule bundle were maintained during glycerination, as was the helical arrangement of spindle ribosomes into polyribosomes. One-step glycerination procedures were used (cells were treated with mixtures containing 25% glycerol, Triton-X-100 and HMM), and such procedures might be of general use. Living cells were embedded in fibrin clots in making light-microscopic observations; this procedure, too, might be of general use.", "PMID": 90052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11804", "title": "Topographical variations in the structure of the smooth septate junction.", "content": "Smooth septate junctions in the midgut of Musca domestica and in Malpighian tubules of both Musca and Rhodnius prolixus are described. Details of the structures revealed after standard fixation, fixation in the presence of the stain, lanthanum hydroxide, and after freeze-fracture are discussed in the light of models previously put forward to explain the interrelations of the images obtained by these different methods. The organization of the junction between cells of the midgut varies in the apical-to-basal axis. At the apical border the septa (or ridges in freeze-fracture replicas) are packed tightly and follow an undulating but strictly parallel course. This packing loosens towards the middle of the junction until, at its basal extremity, the septa (ridges in replicas) are widely separated and follow independent meandering courses. That these features are found both in lanthanum-infiltrated specimens and freeze-fracture replicas allows a correlation to be made between the septa and the freeze-fracture ridges. The functional significance of these smooth septate junctions is discussed.", "contents": "Topographical variations in the structure of the smooth septate junction. Smooth septate junctions in the midgut of Musca domestica and in Malpighian tubules of both Musca and Rhodnius prolixus are described. Details of the structures revealed after standard fixation, fixation in the presence of the stain, lanthanum hydroxide, and after freeze-fracture are discussed in the light of models previously put forward to explain the interrelations of the images obtained by these different methods. The organization of the junction between cells of the midgut varies in the apical-to-basal axis. At the apical border the septa (or ridges in freeze-fracture replicas) are packed tightly and follow an undulating but strictly parallel course. This packing loosens towards the middle of the junction until, at its basal extremity, the septa (ridges in replicas) are widely separated and follow independent meandering courses. That these features are found both in lanthanum-infiltrated specimens and freeze-fracture replicas allows a correlation to be made between the septa and the freeze-fracture ridges. The functional significance of these smooth septate junctions is discussed.", "PMID": 90053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11805", "title": "Comparative serology of two clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.", "content": "Antiserum prepared in rabbits against Bacteroides fragilis showed numerous bands when reacted with B. fragilis antigen in Ouchterlony plates. This antiserum also reacted with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and showed one band of apparent identity with B. fragilis. The band of identity common for both organisms was lost if the antigen was heated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Antisera prepared against B. thetaiotaomicron did not react with B. fragilis.", "contents": "Comparative serology of two clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Antiserum prepared in rabbits against Bacteroides fragilis showed numerous bands when reacted with B. fragilis antigen in Ouchterlony plates. This antiserum also reacted with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and showed one band of apparent identity with B. fragilis. The band of identity common for both organisms was lost if the antigen was heated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Antisera prepared against B. thetaiotaomicron did not react with B. fragilis.", "PMID": 90054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11806", "title": "Concentration of dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha-androstanediol in naturally occurring and androgen-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that dihydrotestosterone accumulation in the prostate may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia in man and dog. However, the fact that the administration of 10 mg dihydrotestosterone/d to castrated, mongrel dogs (0.5 mg/kg body wt) causes little growth in the prostate, whereas identical doses of 3alpha- androstanediol regularly induce prostatic hyperplasia (> 14 g weight) has raised the possibility that the dihydrotestosterone accumulation may be the result rather than the cause of the pathology. To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, we measured the levels of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol in prostates from 75 dogs. In both naturally occurring and 3alpha-androstanediol-induced prostatic hyperplasia, the levels of dihydrotestosterone were high (>5 ng/g), whereas in immature glands and glands from dihydrotestosterone-treated animals, levels were similar (2.1 and 2.6 ng/g, respectively). 3alpha-Androstanediol levels were no different in animals treated with dihydrotestosterone or 3alpha-androstanediol.Therefore, because exogenous 3alpha-androstanediol is a better precursor of prostatic dihydrotestosterone than exogenous dihydrotestosterone itself, the effects of treatment with larger doses (2.5 mg/kg per d) of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol for 12 wk were examined. In these amounts, dihydrotestosterone was as effective as 3alpha-androstanediol in inducing the development of prostatic hyperplasia and in elevating prostatic dihydrotestosterone concentration. Because dihydrotestosterone accumulates in spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia, because the administration of sufficient amounts of dihydrotestosterone to the castrated dog can induce the development of prostatic hyperplasia, and because 3alpha-androstanediol induces the development of hyperplasia via conversion to dihydrotestosterone, we conclude that accumulation of dihydrotestosterone is the cause of canine prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Concentration of dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha-androstanediol in naturally occurring and androgen-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. Previous studies have suggested that dihydrotestosterone accumulation in the prostate may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia in man and dog. However, the fact that the administration of 10 mg dihydrotestosterone/d to castrated, mongrel dogs (0.5 mg/kg body wt) causes little growth in the prostate, whereas identical doses of 3alpha- androstanediol regularly induce prostatic hyperplasia (> 14 g weight) has raised the possibility that the dihydrotestosterone accumulation may be the result rather than the cause of the pathology. To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, we measured the levels of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol in prostates from 75 dogs. In both naturally occurring and 3alpha-androstanediol-induced prostatic hyperplasia, the levels of dihydrotestosterone were high (>5 ng/g), whereas in immature glands and glands from dihydrotestosterone-treated animals, levels were similar (2.1 and 2.6 ng/g, respectively). 3alpha-Androstanediol levels were no different in animals treated with dihydrotestosterone or 3alpha-androstanediol.Therefore, because exogenous 3alpha-androstanediol is a better precursor of prostatic dihydrotestosterone than exogenous dihydrotestosterone itself, the effects of treatment with larger doses (2.5 mg/kg per d) of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol for 12 wk were examined. In these amounts, dihydrotestosterone was as effective as 3alpha-androstanediol in inducing the development of prostatic hyperplasia and in elevating prostatic dihydrotestosterone concentration. Because dihydrotestosterone accumulates in spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia, because the administration of sufficient amounts of dihydrotestosterone to the castrated dog can induce the development of prostatic hyperplasia, and because 3alpha-androstanediol induces the development of hyperplasia via conversion to dihydrotestosterone, we conclude that accumulation of dihydrotestosterone is the cause of canine prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 90055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11807", "title": "Evidence for involvement of cyclic nucleotides in intrinsic factor secretion by isolated rabbit gastric mucosa.", "content": "Secretion of intrinsic factor (IF) has previously been demonstrated in isolated rabbit fundic mucosa maintained in organ culture. We have now investigated the possibility that cyclic nucleotides may play a role in IF secretion. A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl methylxanthine (IBMX), stimulated IF secretion nearly fourfold while increasing tissue levels of both cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). Peak IF secretion in response to IBMX was not reached until after tissue cAMP levels were maximal. Dibutyryl cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP increased secretion by the same order of magnitude as did IBMX, whereas corresponding analogues of cGMP had no such effect. Histamine increased secretion of IF. In the presence of 40 microM IBMX, histamine elevated tissue levels of cAMP, but not of cGMP, and the stimulating effect of 10 microM histamine on IF secretion was potentiated. An H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, blocked the increases in IF secretion and tissue cAMP levels due to histamine, and the increase in IF secretion due to IBMX. These observations are consistent with a role for cAMP in the secretion of IF by isolated gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Evidence for involvement of cyclic nucleotides in intrinsic factor secretion by isolated rabbit gastric mucosa. Secretion of intrinsic factor (IF) has previously been demonstrated in isolated rabbit fundic mucosa maintained in organ culture. We have now investigated the possibility that cyclic nucleotides may play a role in IF secretion. A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl methylxanthine (IBMX), stimulated IF secretion nearly fourfold while increasing tissue levels of both cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). Peak IF secretion in response to IBMX was not reached until after tissue cAMP levels were maximal. Dibutyryl cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP increased secretion by the same order of magnitude as did IBMX, whereas corresponding analogues of cGMP had no such effect. Histamine increased secretion of IF. In the presence of 40 microM IBMX, histamine elevated tissue levels of cAMP, but not of cGMP, and the stimulating effect of 10 microM histamine on IF secretion was potentiated. An H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, blocked the increases in IF secretion and tissue cAMP levels due to histamine, and the increase in IF secretion due to IBMX. These observations are consistent with a role for cAMP in the secretion of IF by isolated gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 90056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11808", "title": "Serum concentration of human alpha 2 HS glycoprotein during the inflammatory process: evidence that alpha 2 HS glycoprotein is a negative acute-phase reactant.", "content": "A nonspecific opsonin function has been ascribed to human alpha 2 HS glycoprotein. Its serum level has been shown to be decreased in trauma patients. Recent studies from this laboratory revealed a heterogeneity among the products obtained in the course of the preparation of the protein. To date, no definitive agreement existed with regard to a molecular homogeneous entity of alpha 2 HS glycoprotein (Ba-alpha 2 glycoproteins). The purpose of the current work was to study the variations in serum level of alpha 2 HS in patients suffering from an acute inflammatory process of bacterial etiology and to determine whether a decrease in alpha 2 HS was accompanied by the appearance of fragments of this protein in the serum. A method of preparing alpha 2 HS was thus developed, using an immune absorbent as a final purification step. In an intermediary step of the preparation, alpha 2 HS was found to bind zinc when metal chelate affinity chromatography was employed. Immunologically and physico-chemically pure alpha 2 HS was obtained. The protein consists of a unique polypeptide chain of about 50,000 daltons and has a unique amino-terminal residue, alanine. However, the protein maintained its molecular integrity with difficulty, and spontaneous fragments ranging from 30,000 to less than 10,000 daltons were produced in some of the preparations. No major modification in the molecular structure of the protein was noted in the sera of subjects suffering from an acute inflammatory process. Serum level of alpha 2 HS and alpha 1 antitrypsin (AT)was determined in 23 patients. When the acute-phase (AP-)reactant alpha 1 AT was increased (difference with normal mean greater than +2 or +3 SD), the sera showed a large decrease in alpha 2 HS (difference with normal mean less than -2 or -3 SD). The serum level of alpha 2 HS, albumin, alpha 2 macroglobulin, and of positive AP-reactants, orosomucoidinal study of seven patients. The results were submitted to a principal components analysis. Alpha 2 HS showed a negative correlation with the AP-reactants alpha 1 AT, orosomucoid, and haptoglobin (P less than 0.05) and a positive correlation with albumin (P less than 0.05); these findings indicate that alpha 2 HS is a negative AP-reactant. In addition, analysis of the principal components confirms thestrong analogy between alpha 2 HS and albumin and indicates that serum level behavior of the AP-reactants during the course of the disease closely depends on the protein studied.", "contents": "Serum concentration of human alpha 2 HS glycoprotein during the inflammatory process: evidence that alpha 2 HS glycoprotein is a negative acute-phase reactant. A nonspecific opsonin function has been ascribed to human alpha 2 HS glycoprotein. Its serum level has been shown to be decreased in trauma patients. Recent studies from this laboratory revealed a heterogeneity among the products obtained in the course of the preparation of the protein. To date, no definitive agreement existed with regard to a molecular homogeneous entity of alpha 2 HS glycoprotein (Ba-alpha 2 glycoproteins). The purpose of the current work was to study the variations in serum level of alpha 2 HS in patients suffering from an acute inflammatory process of bacterial etiology and to determine whether a decrease in alpha 2 HS was accompanied by the appearance of fragments of this protein in the serum. A method of preparing alpha 2 HS was thus developed, using an immune absorbent as a final purification step. In an intermediary step of the preparation, alpha 2 HS was found to bind zinc when metal chelate affinity chromatography was employed. Immunologically and physico-chemically pure alpha 2 HS was obtained. The protein consists of a unique polypeptide chain of about 50,000 daltons and has a unique amino-terminal residue, alanine. However, the protein maintained its molecular integrity with difficulty, and spontaneous fragments ranging from 30,000 to less than 10,000 daltons were produced in some of the preparations. No major modification in the molecular structure of the protein was noted in the sera of subjects suffering from an acute inflammatory process. Serum level of alpha 2 HS and alpha 1 antitrypsin (AT)was determined in 23 patients. When the acute-phase (AP-)reactant alpha 1 AT was increased (difference with normal mean greater than +2 or +3 SD), the sera showed a large decrease in alpha 2 HS (difference with normal mean less than -2 or -3 SD). The serum level of alpha 2 HS, albumin, alpha 2 macroglobulin, and of positive AP-reactants, orosomucoidinal study of seven patients. The results were submitted to a principal components analysis. Alpha 2 HS showed a negative correlation with the AP-reactants alpha 1 AT, orosomucoid, and haptoglobin (P less than 0.05) and a positive correlation with albumin (P less than 0.05); these findings indicate that alpha 2 HS is a negative AP-reactant. In addition, analysis of the principal components confirms thestrong analogy between alpha 2 HS and albumin and indicates that serum level behavior of the AP-reactants during the course of the disease closely depends on the protein studied.", "PMID": 90057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11809", "title": "Combined functional and immunochemical analysis of normal and abnormal human factor X.", "content": "Human Factor X was isolated from Cohn fraction III and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and isoelectric focusing. Two molecular forms with biological activity were observed at isoelectric points of 4.8 and 5.0. Antisera generated to Factor X was monospecific and used to establish an equilibrium competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay. This assay was specific for human Factor X and did not cross-react with human prothrombin or bovine Factor X within the sensitivity range of 6-300 ng Factor X antigen/ml. The mean concentration of Factor X based on the antigen was 11.9 mug/ml, whereas concentration values based on coagulant activity was 7.8 mug/ml. This 30% difference in measurement appears to result from the presence of a subpopulation of Factor X molecules devoid of coagulant activity. The radioimmunoassay was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare purified Factor X to plasmic Factor X obtained from normal, warfarintreated, acquired Factor X-deficient, and congenitaldeficient patients. In all but one case, the Factor X present in these plasmas was immunochemically identical to the purified Factor X and permitted precise quantitation of these abnormal Factor X molecules. Factor X procoagulant activity was analyzed relative to Factor X antigen and the specific activities were used to characterize normal and abnormal Factor X molecules. Reduced Factor X activity in plasmas from warfarin-treated and acquired Factor X-deficient patients was attributed to both decreases in Factor X antigen and decreased function of the Factor X molecules. Congenitally deficient patients, in general, showed a reduction in Factor X antigen in parallel with Factor X procoagulant activities resulting from comparable decreases in specific biological activity of the molecules.", "contents": "Combined functional and immunochemical analysis of normal and abnormal human factor X. Human Factor X was isolated from Cohn fraction III and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and isoelectric focusing. Two molecular forms with biological activity were observed at isoelectric points of 4.8 and 5.0. Antisera generated to Factor X was monospecific and used to establish an equilibrium competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay. This assay was specific for human Factor X and did not cross-react with human prothrombin or bovine Factor X within the sensitivity range of 6-300 ng Factor X antigen/ml. The mean concentration of Factor X based on the antigen was 11.9 mug/ml, whereas concentration values based on coagulant activity was 7.8 mug/ml. This 30% difference in measurement appears to result from the presence of a subpopulation of Factor X molecules devoid of coagulant activity. The radioimmunoassay was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare purified Factor X to plasmic Factor X obtained from normal, warfarintreated, acquired Factor X-deficient, and congenitaldeficient patients. In all but one case, the Factor X present in these plasmas was immunochemically identical to the purified Factor X and permitted precise quantitation of these abnormal Factor X molecules. Factor X procoagulant activity was analyzed relative to Factor X antigen and the specific activities were used to characterize normal and abnormal Factor X molecules. Reduced Factor X activity in plasmas from warfarin-treated and acquired Factor X-deficient patients was attributed to both decreases in Factor X antigen and decreased function of the Factor X molecules. Congenitally deficient patients, in general, showed a reduction in Factor X antigen in parallel with Factor X procoagulant activities resulting from comparable decreases in specific biological activity of the molecules.", "PMID": 90058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11810", "title": "Scleroderma: increased biosynthesis of triple-helical type I and type III procollagens associated with unaltered expression of collagenase by skin fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "To assess potential abnormalities in collagen metabolism in systemic scleroderma, skin fibroblast lines from patients with this disease were established and compared to control cell lines derived from healthy subjects. For studies on the biosynthesis of procollagen, the cells were incubated with [(14)C]proline in a medium supplemented with ascorbic acid and beta-aminopropionitrile, and the synthesis of nondialyzable [(14)C]hydroxyproline, in relation to DNA or cell protein, was taken as an index of procollagen formation. Five of eight scleroderma fibroblast cell lines demonstrated procollagen biosynthesis rates significantly higher than the controls, and the mean rate of procollagen synthesis by scleroderma fibroblasts was about twice that of the control cells. Control experiments demonstrated that the specific activity of the intracellular free proline was not different in scleroderma and control fibroblasts, and the mean population doubling times of the scleroderma and the control fibroblast cell lines were the same. The relative synthesis of the genetically distinct procollagens was examined by isolating type I and type III procollagens from the cell culture medium using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The ratios of type I/III procollagens in scleroderma cell lines did not differ from the controls. The helical stability of the collagenous portion of type I and type III procollagens, estimated by the resistance of (14)C-collagen to limited proteolytic digestion with pepsin under nondenaturing conditions, was the same in both scleroderma and control cultures. The capacity of the cells to synthesize enzymatically active and immunologically reacting collagenase was also studied; no marked differences in these parameters could be observed. The results suggest that cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with scleroderma demonstrate a metabolic abnormality expressed as increased synthesis of type I and type III procollagens in a normal ratio. This abnormality may play a role in the excessive accumulation of collagen in the skin and other organs affected in scleroderma.", "contents": "Scleroderma: increased biosynthesis of triple-helical type I and type III procollagens associated with unaltered expression of collagenase by skin fibroblasts in culture. To assess potential abnormalities in collagen metabolism in systemic scleroderma, skin fibroblast lines from patients with this disease were established and compared to control cell lines derived from healthy subjects. For studies on the biosynthesis of procollagen, the cells were incubated with [(14)C]proline in a medium supplemented with ascorbic acid and beta-aminopropionitrile, and the synthesis of nondialyzable [(14)C]hydroxyproline, in relation to DNA or cell protein, was taken as an index of procollagen formation. Five of eight scleroderma fibroblast cell lines demonstrated procollagen biosynthesis rates significantly higher than the controls, and the mean rate of procollagen synthesis by scleroderma fibroblasts was about twice that of the control cells. Control experiments demonstrated that the specific activity of the intracellular free proline was not different in scleroderma and control fibroblasts, and the mean population doubling times of the scleroderma and the control fibroblast cell lines were the same. The relative synthesis of the genetically distinct procollagens was examined by isolating type I and type III procollagens from the cell culture medium using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The ratios of type I/III procollagens in scleroderma cell lines did not differ from the controls. The helical stability of the collagenous portion of type I and type III procollagens, estimated by the resistance of (14)C-collagen to limited proteolytic digestion with pepsin under nondenaturing conditions, was the same in both scleroderma and control cultures. The capacity of the cells to synthesize enzymatically active and immunologically reacting collagenase was also studied; no marked differences in these parameters could be observed. The results suggest that cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with scleroderma demonstrate a metabolic abnormality expressed as increased synthesis of type I and type III procollagens in a normal ratio. This abnormality may play a role in the excessive accumulation of collagen in the skin and other organs affected in scleroderma.", "PMID": 90059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11811", "title": "Public antigenic determinant on a family of HLA-B molecules.", "content": "Serologic cross-reactivity among allelic gene products commonly occurs in the HLA complex, but the molecular basis of these serologic phenomena is incompletely characterized. Because of strong cross-reactivity among antigens comprising the B7 cross-reactive group (i.e., HLA-B7, Bw22, B27, B40, and Bw42) and because of the association of several antigens of this group with spondyloarthropathies, we initiated a study of the chemical basis of cross-reactivity among this group of antigens. Using classic serologic procedures, 125I-Protein A binding assay, and chemical immunoprecipitation techniques, we have defined a new antigenic determinant, tentatively designated \"X\", which is present on certain HLA-B molecules. By a series of sequential immunoprecipitation experiments, X was shown to be a \"public\" antigenic determinant distinct from the \"private\" determinants B7, Bw22, B27, and B40, but present on the same 44,000-dalton glycoprotein molecules. The implications of this finding regarding disease predisposition and HLA typing as a diagnostic aid are discussed.", "contents": "Public antigenic determinant on a family of HLA-B molecules. Serologic cross-reactivity among allelic gene products commonly occurs in the HLA complex, but the molecular basis of these serologic phenomena is incompletely characterized. Because of strong cross-reactivity among antigens comprising the B7 cross-reactive group (i.e., HLA-B7, Bw22, B27, B40, and Bw42) and because of the association of several antigens of this group with spondyloarthropathies, we initiated a study of the chemical basis of cross-reactivity among this group of antigens. Using classic serologic procedures, 125I-Protein A binding assay, and chemical immunoprecipitation techniques, we have defined a new antigenic determinant, tentatively designated \"X\", which is present on certain HLA-B molecules. By a series of sequential immunoprecipitation experiments, X was shown to be a \"public\" antigenic determinant distinct from the \"private\" determinants B7, Bw22, B27, and B40, but present on the same 44,000-dalton glycoprotein molecules. The implications of this finding regarding disease predisposition and HLA typing as a diagnostic aid are discussed.", "PMID": 90060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11812", "title": "Stimulation of neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism by human leukocytic pyrogen.", "content": "The ability of highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen (LP) to stimulate neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism was studied. Human peripheral blood neutrophils exposed to leukocytic pyrogen in vitro demonstrated an increase in the percentage of neutrophils reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and a marked stimulation of superoxide dismutase inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c. LP stimulation of neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism was dose and time dependent. Procedures that destroyed the pyrogenicity of LP also abolished the effects on neutrophil metabolism. Neutrophil hexose monophosphate shunt activity was also stimulated by LP. In a rabbit model, the effect of in vivo LP on neutrophil superoxide generation was also studied. There was a consistent increase in the percent and absolute number of NBT positive neutrophils. Peak stimulation of neutrophil metabolism occurred after defervescence suggesting several possible mechanisms. The observations reported here may, in part, explain the nonspecificity of the NBT test in febrile, noninfected patients and provide further understanding of neutrophil physiology during acute inflammation.", "contents": "Stimulation of neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism by human leukocytic pyrogen. The ability of highly purified human leukocytic pyrogen (LP) to stimulate neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism was studied. Human peripheral blood neutrophils exposed to leukocytic pyrogen in vitro demonstrated an increase in the percentage of neutrophils reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and a marked stimulation of superoxide dismutase inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c. LP stimulation of neutrophil oxygen-dependent metabolism was dose and time dependent. Procedures that destroyed the pyrogenicity of LP also abolished the effects on neutrophil metabolism. Neutrophil hexose monophosphate shunt activity was also stimulated by LP. In a rabbit model, the effect of in vivo LP on neutrophil superoxide generation was also studied. There was a consistent increase in the percent and absolute number of NBT positive neutrophils. Peak stimulation of neutrophil metabolism occurred after defervescence suggesting several possible mechanisms. The observations reported here may, in part, explain the nonspecificity of the NBT test in febrile, noninfected patients and provide further understanding of neutrophil physiology during acute inflammation.", "PMID": 90061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11813", "title": "Inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents of the ascorbate-induced elevations of platelet cyclic AMP levels.", "content": "Ascorbate induces a 10- to 25-fold rise in platelet guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and this action is prevented or reversed by the introduction of aspirin, indomethacin, ro 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (TYA). The reversal was 70-90% complete at 30 s, the earliest time point that was examined. As the effect of ascorbate on cGMP was not diminished by anaerobic conditions, which inhibited the oxidation of exogenous arachidonate by more than 95%, metabolic inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase activity did not duplicate the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Ascorbate did not act by the activation of phospholipase A2 in that the ascorbate-induced evevation of cGMP was not accompanied by increased oxygen consumption or the release of [14C]-arachidonate from prelabeled platelets. Thus, despite the finding that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents prevent and reverse the ascorbate-mediated elevation of cGMP, it was not possible to relate their respective antagonist and agonist actions to the oxidation of arachidonate.", "contents": "Inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents of the ascorbate-induced elevations of platelet cyclic AMP levels. Ascorbate induces a 10- to 25-fold rise in platelet guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and this action is prevented or reversed by the introduction of aspirin, indomethacin, ro 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (TYA). The reversal was 70-90% complete at 30 s, the earliest time point that was examined. As the effect of ascorbate on cGMP was not diminished by anaerobic conditions, which inhibited the oxidation of exogenous arachidonate by more than 95%, metabolic inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase activity did not duplicate the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Ascorbate did not act by the activation of phospholipase A2 in that the ascorbate-induced evevation of cGMP was not accompanied by increased oxygen consumption or the release of [14C]-arachidonate from prelabeled platelets. Thus, despite the finding that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents prevent and reverse the ascorbate-mediated elevation of cGMP, it was not possible to relate their respective antagonist and agonist actions to the oxidation of arachidonate.", "PMID": 90062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11814", "title": "Histamine release and complement changes following injection of contrast media in humans.", "content": "Mechanisms responsible for allergic-like reactions following administration of radiographic contrast media (RCM) are unclear. Aortic root blood specimens were obtained sequentially in 6 subjects following injection of RCM into the pulmonary artery during cardiac catheterization. In 5 subjects, elevated plasma histamine levels (up to 80 ng/ml) occurred within minutes. Levels of C3, C4, factor B, and total hemolytic complement activity were decreased in the same specimens. No hemodynamic or clinical abnormalities were noted. These findings support the concept that RCM can liberate histamine in vivo in humans. Complement alterations may be related to localized RCM-protein interaction. It is unclear whether complement changes are related to the RCM-induced allergic mediator release.", "contents": "Histamine release and complement changes following injection of contrast media in humans. Mechanisms responsible for allergic-like reactions following administration of radiographic contrast media (RCM) are unclear. Aortic root blood specimens were obtained sequentially in 6 subjects following injection of RCM into the pulmonary artery during cardiac catheterization. In 5 subjects, elevated plasma histamine levels (up to 80 ng/ml) occurred within minutes. Levels of C3, C4, factor B, and total hemolytic complement activity were decreased in the same specimens. No hemodynamic or clinical abnormalities were noted. These findings support the concept that RCM can liberate histamine in vivo in humans. Complement alterations may be related to localized RCM-protein interaction. It is unclear whether complement changes are related to the RCM-induced allergic mediator release.", "PMID": 90063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11815", "title": "[The level of alpha-feto protein in amniotic liquor. The antenatal diagnosis of some malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "We have measured the levels of alpha-feto protein in 127 samples of amniotic fluid, obtained in the course of antenata diagnosis, using the immunoelectrophoretic method of Laurell. The mean, the upper limit of normal and the extreme levels of alpha-feto protein in liquor have been calculated for each gestational age. The difficulties which have been met with in interpreting the results (false positives and false negatives) have been discussed.", "contents": "[The level of alpha-feto protein in amniotic liquor. The antenatal diagnosis of some malformations (author's transl)]. We have measured the levels of alpha-feto protein in 127 samples of amniotic fluid, obtained in the course of antenata diagnosis, using the immunoelectrophoretic method of Laurell. The mean, the upper limit of normal and the extreme levels of alpha-feto protein in liquor have been calculated for each gestational age. The difficulties which have been met with in interpreting the results (false positives and false negatives) have been discussed.", "PMID": 90064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11816", "title": "Superior sensitivity of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase with wheat germ agglutinin for studies of retrograde axonal transport.", "content": "We have compared the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), to the retrograde transport of HRP conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Morphometric studies have shown that WGA-HRP conjugates were 40 times more sensitive than free HRP, in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat submandibular gland to the superior cervical ganglion. Also, WGA-HRP was more sensitive than free HRP in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat tongue to the hypoglossal nucleus. Our findings with WGA-HRP are consistent with the observations by Schwab et al. who reported (-125I) WGA is a highly sensitive retrograde tracer (Brain Research 152:145, 1978 (22)).", "contents": "Superior sensitivity of conjugates of horseradish peroxidase with wheat germ agglutinin for studies of retrograde axonal transport. We have compared the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), to the retrograde transport of HRP conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Morphometric studies have shown that WGA-HRP conjugates were 40 times more sensitive than free HRP, in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat submandibular gland to the superior cervical ganglion. Also, WGA-HRP was more sensitive than free HRP in the tracing of retrograde connections from the rat tongue to the hypoglossal nucleus. Our findings with WGA-HRP are consistent with the observations by Schwab et al. who reported (-125I) WGA is a highly sensitive retrograde tracer (Brain Research 152:145, 1978 (22)).", "PMID": 90065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11817", "title": "Staining properties of aldehyde fuchsin analogs.", "content": "This investigation was designed to clarify the role of the aldehyde component of aldehyde fuchsin in its staining reactions. Several aldehyde fuchsin analogs were prepared by using different aldehydes. The staining quality of these analogs and pararosaniline-HCl was compared with that of aldehyde fuchsin prepared with paraldehyde in the usual way. The major findings of this investigation include: 1) Aldehyde fuchsin staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells requires a stain prepared with either paraldehyde or acetaldehyde. 2) An aldehyde moiety is required for aldehyde fuchsin staining of strong tissue anions. 3) Staining of elastic tissue with aldehyde fuchsin analogs resembles staining of strong tissue anions more than staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells. Possible reaction mechanisms of aldehyde fuchsin with tissue substrates are discussed.", "contents": "Staining properties of aldehyde fuchsin analogs. This investigation was designed to clarify the role of the aldehyde component of aldehyde fuchsin in its staining reactions. Several aldehyde fuchsin analogs were prepared by using different aldehydes. The staining quality of these analogs and pararosaniline-HCl was compared with that of aldehyde fuchsin prepared with paraldehyde in the usual way. The major findings of this investigation include: 1) Aldehyde fuchsin staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells requires a stain prepared with either paraldehyde or acetaldehyde. 2) An aldehyde moiety is required for aldehyde fuchsin staining of strong tissue anions. 3) Staining of elastic tissue with aldehyde fuchsin analogs resembles staining of strong tissue anions more than staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells. Possible reaction mechanisms of aldehyde fuchsin with tissue substrates are discussed.", "PMID": 90066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11818", "title": "The cationic carbocyanine dyes Stains-all DBTC, and Ethyl-Stains-all, DBTC-3,3',9 triethyl.", "content": "A simple method is presented for distinguishing two closely related metachromatic carbocyanine dyes: Ethyl-Stains-all, a triethyl dye, and Stains-all, a diethyl methyl dye. This has become important since one lot of the triethyl dye was distributed erroneously under the diethyl methyl label. The dyes differ in solubility and in differential staining of macromolecules. Studies performed with both dyes are summarized.", "contents": "The cationic carbocyanine dyes Stains-all DBTC, and Ethyl-Stains-all, DBTC-3,3',9 triethyl. A simple method is presented for distinguishing two closely related metachromatic carbocyanine dyes: Ethyl-Stains-all, a triethyl dye, and Stains-all, a diethyl methyl dye. This has become important since one lot of the triethyl dye was distributed erroneously under the diethyl methyl label. The dyes differ in solubility and in differential staining of macromolecules. Studies performed with both dyes are summarized.", "PMID": 90067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11819", "title": "Barrier filter for fluorescence microscopy of strongly autofluorescent plant tissues. Application to actin cables in Chara.", "content": "A liquid barrier filter for use in fluorescence microscopy of strongly autofluorescent plant tissues is described. The filter consists of a methanol solution of cupric chloride and ferric chloride and isolates fluorescein fluorescence from the strong red autofluorescence of photosynthetic plant tissues. Subcortical actin cables in the giant alga Chara are being visualized through use of this filter together with heavy meromyosin labeling.", "contents": "Barrier filter for fluorescence microscopy of strongly autofluorescent plant tissues. Application to actin cables in Chara. A liquid barrier filter for use in fluorescence microscopy of strongly autofluorescent plant tissues is described. The filter consists of a methanol solution of cupric chloride and ferric chloride and isolates fluorescein fluorescence from the strong red autofluorescence of photosynthetic plant tissues. Subcortical actin cables in the giant alga Chara are being visualized through use of this filter together with heavy meromyosin labeling.", "PMID": 90068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11820", "title": "Cellular origins of different forms of gastrin. The specific immunocytochemical localization of related peptides.", "content": "We have localized the antigenic determinants for the main forms of gastrin (big gastrin, G34, and little gastrin, G17) in hog antral mucosa using sequence specific antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Populations of monospecific antibodies were obtained after affinity immunoadsorption to remove populations of unwanted specificity. The specificity of the purified antisera was established by direct binding of 125I labeled peptides to antisera at the same dilutions as those used in immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that in hog antral mucosa there is a single population of cells with the antigenic determinants of the C-terminal region of G17 and G34, the N-terminal region of G17, the N-terminal region of G34, and the intact G17 molecule. In duodenum there are cells with only C-terminal reactivity; since gastrin and CCK share a common C-terminal sequence it is concluded that this cell type contains CCK-like peptides rather than gastrin.", "contents": "Cellular origins of different forms of gastrin. The specific immunocytochemical localization of related peptides. We have localized the antigenic determinants for the main forms of gastrin (big gastrin, G34, and little gastrin, G17) in hog antral mucosa using sequence specific antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Populations of monospecific antibodies were obtained after affinity immunoadsorption to remove populations of unwanted specificity. The specificity of the purified antisera was established by direct binding of 125I labeled peptides to antisera at the same dilutions as those used in immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that in hog antral mucosa there is a single population of cells with the antigenic determinants of the C-terminal region of G17 and G34, the N-terminal region of G17, the N-terminal region of G34, and the intact G17 molecule. In duodenum there are cells with only C-terminal reactivity; since gastrin and CCK share a common C-terminal sequence it is concluded that this cell type contains CCK-like peptides rather than gastrin.", "PMID": 90069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11821", "title": "The histochemical distribution of protein bound sulfhydryl groups in human epidermis by the new staining method.", "content": "Recently, we synthesized a new fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)-maleimide (DACM) which is nonfluorescent by itself but will react readily with -SH groups to form highly fluorescent addition products. By the use of this reagent, we studied the localization and concentration of -SH groups and S--S linkages in the human epidermis. The distribution of -SH groups in living layers was abundant in cytoplasm but not in nuclei. The fluorescence was concentrated on the cell membrane or intercellular spaces (MIC parts) and was increased at the spino-granular junction. In the horny layer, the fluorescence of the MIC parts appeared brilliantly in the lower layers and decreased gradually. On the other hand, the fluorescence of cytoplasm in keratinized cells in the stratum corneum was faint. The localization of S--S linkages was not a characteristic of the living layers, but appeared abruptly at the junction of living and horny layers. The fluorescence was localized to the MIC parts and disappeared gradually. The distribution of S--S linkages appeared to be very low in the cytoplasm of keratinized cells. No substantial fluorescence was localized on keratohyalin granules even after reduction.", "contents": "The histochemical distribution of protein bound sulfhydryl groups in human epidermis by the new staining method. Recently, we synthesized a new fluorescent thiol reagent, N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)-maleimide (DACM) which is nonfluorescent by itself but will react readily with -SH groups to form highly fluorescent addition products. By the use of this reagent, we studied the localization and concentration of -SH groups and S--S linkages in the human epidermis. The distribution of -SH groups in living layers was abundant in cytoplasm but not in nuclei. The fluorescence was concentrated on the cell membrane or intercellular spaces (MIC parts) and was increased at the spino-granular junction. In the horny layer, the fluorescence of the MIC parts appeared brilliantly in the lower layers and decreased gradually. On the other hand, the fluorescence of cytoplasm in keratinized cells in the stratum corneum was faint. The localization of S--S linkages was not a characteristic of the living layers, but appeared abruptly at the junction of living and horny layers. The fluorescence was localized to the MIC parts and disappeared gradually. The distribution of S--S linkages appeared to be very low in the cytoplasm of keratinized cells. No substantial fluorescence was localized on keratohyalin granules even after reduction.", "PMID": 90070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11822", "title": "Development of a new primary fixative for electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of intracellular antigens in cultured cells.", "content": "We have developed a new primary fixative that permits the localization of intracellular antigens with well preserved ultrastructural morphology. This primary fixation method employs a mixture of a water soluble carbodiimide with glutaraldehyde, and preserves morphology, yet produces a permeable cytosol matrix so that antibodies can gain access to fixed proteins. Cultured cells were primarily fixed, treated with detergent to permeabilize their membranes, reacted with peroxidase labeled antibodies, secondarily fixed, and embedded in situ. The variations in morphology and accessibility of intracellular antigens were evaluated for a variety of fixatives. Concanavalin A and alpha 2 macroglobulin were chosen as examples of intracellular protein antigens to evaluate these fixation methods. Both of the proteins were localized in intracellular vesicles.", "contents": "Development of a new primary fixative for electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of intracellular antigens in cultured cells. We have developed a new primary fixative that permits the localization of intracellular antigens with well preserved ultrastructural morphology. This primary fixation method employs a mixture of a water soluble carbodiimide with glutaraldehyde, and preserves morphology, yet produces a permeable cytosol matrix so that antibodies can gain access to fixed proteins. Cultured cells were primarily fixed, treated with detergent to permeabilize their membranes, reacted with peroxidase labeled antibodies, secondarily fixed, and embedded in situ. The variations in morphology and accessibility of intracellular antigens were evaluated for a variety of fixatives. Concanavalin A and alpha 2 macroglobulin were chosen as examples of intracellular protein antigens to evaluate these fixation methods. Both of the proteins were localized in intracellular vesicles.", "PMID": 90071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11823", "title": "Immunoferritin location of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in rat liver.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to locate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) in rat liver by direct immunoferritin labeling. By using Epon sections treated with sodium methoxide, homogenates or mitochondrial and mitoplast fractions, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase was found homogeneously distributed in the mitochondrial matrix. Immunoferritin was detected with high resolution which permits the identification of individual molecules. Measurements were made of the number of ferritin particles per square micron of mitochondrial surface, providing a novel and independent assessment of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase concentration.", "contents": "Immunoferritin location of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in rat liver. Experiments were carried out to locate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) in rat liver by direct immunoferritin labeling. By using Epon sections treated with sodium methoxide, homogenates or mitochondrial and mitoplast fractions, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase was found homogeneously distributed in the mitochondrial matrix. Immunoferritin was detected with high resolution which permits the identification of individual molecules. Measurements were made of the number of ferritin particles per square micron of mitochondrial surface, providing a novel and independent assessment of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase concentration.", "PMID": 90072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11824", "title": "Enzymatic tracers in the study of vascular permeability.", "content": "Elucidation of the ultrastructural basis of vascular permeability was aided by the development of cytochemical techniques for visualizing the distribution, within the vessel wall, of intravenously injected peroxidatic enzymes of varying molecular size. Tracer enzymes available range from 10 A (hemeoctapeptide) to 52 A (catalase) effective molecular radius. The use of enzymatic probe molecules assumes a thorough characterization of: (a) the molecular charge (isoelectric point of the native enzyme, and when feasible, its polyanionic and polycationic derivatives; (b) effective molecular radius (ae); (c) peroxidase activity (to detect by spectrophotometry of DAB-oxidizing activity, the optimal pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration to be employed in the cytochemical procedure). Molecular shape and state of dispersion of the enzymatic probes should be determined by gel chromatography and spectrophotometry of both the tracer solution and aliquots of blood plasma collected after i.v. injection of the tracer. Conditions required for the probe administration include: (a) the investigation of potential side effects (tests for toxicity and vascular leakage) and (b) estimation of the tracer volume and concentration which does not affect significantly the blood volume and osmotic pressure. Determination in vitro of the crosslinking of tracer molecules induced by the aldehyde fixative to be employed, also gives an indication on potential diffusion artifacts. Based on the information thus obtained, the design of the cytochemical procedure should also take into account the possible use of methods for enhancing the peroxidatic reaction product: nitrogenous ligands (imidazole, diaminopyrimidine, histidine) or polyphenolic mordants (galloylglucoses). The usefulness of peroxidatic tracers in the investigation of vascular permeability is exemplified by some results obtained on the microvascular endothelium in vivo (trasncytosis, intercellular pathway, etc.), and on endothelial cells isolated from heart microvasculature.", "contents": "Enzymatic tracers in the study of vascular permeability. Elucidation of the ultrastructural basis of vascular permeability was aided by the development of cytochemical techniques for visualizing the distribution, within the vessel wall, of intravenously injected peroxidatic enzymes of varying molecular size. Tracer enzymes available range from 10 A (hemeoctapeptide) to 52 A (catalase) effective molecular radius. The use of enzymatic probe molecules assumes a thorough characterization of: (a) the molecular charge (isoelectric point of the native enzyme, and when feasible, its polyanionic and polycationic derivatives; (b) effective molecular radius (ae); (c) peroxidase activity (to detect by spectrophotometry of DAB-oxidizing activity, the optimal pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration to be employed in the cytochemical procedure). Molecular shape and state of dispersion of the enzymatic probes should be determined by gel chromatography and spectrophotometry of both the tracer solution and aliquots of blood plasma collected after i.v. injection of the tracer. Conditions required for the probe administration include: (a) the investigation of potential side effects (tests for toxicity and vascular leakage) and (b) estimation of the tracer volume and concentration which does not affect significantly the blood volume and osmotic pressure. Determination in vitro of the crosslinking of tracer molecules induced by the aldehyde fixative to be employed, also gives an indication on potential diffusion artifacts. Based on the information thus obtained, the design of the cytochemical procedure should also take into account the possible use of methods for enhancing the peroxidatic reaction product: nitrogenous ligands (imidazole, diaminopyrimidine, histidine) or polyphenolic mordants (galloylglucoses). The usefulness of peroxidatic tracers in the investigation of vascular permeability is exemplified by some results obtained on the microvascular endothelium in vivo (trasncytosis, intercellular pathway, etc.), and on endothelial cells isolated from heart microvasculature.", "PMID": 90073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11825", "title": "The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques.", "content": "Biotin was covalently attached to antibodies, antigens and enzymes, and the effects of this labeling on the antigen and antibody binding capacity and on enzymatic activity were tested. Based on avidin-biotin interaction, the labeled proteins were used in quantitative enzyme-immunoassay and enzyme-immunohistochemical staining procedures. Two procedures were developed. In the first procedure, named the Bridged Avidin-Biotin (BRAB) technique four steps were used sequentially in order to quantify or detect an immobilized antigen: 1) incubation with biotin-labeled antibody; 2) incubation with avidin; 3) incubation with biotin-labeled enzyme; 4) measurement or histochemical staining of the enzyme. The technique is based on the observation that avidin possesses four active sites. In the second procedure, named the Labeled Avidin-Biotin (LAB) technique, biotin-labeled antibody and enzyme-labeled avidin are used sequentially. Enzyme-associated antigen is then quantified or revealed immunohistochemically. The optimal conditions for enzyme-immunoassay and enzyme-immunohistochemical staining using BRAB and LAB procedures were established.", "contents": "The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques. Biotin was covalently attached to antibodies, antigens and enzymes, and the effects of this labeling on the antigen and antibody binding capacity and on enzymatic activity were tested. Based on avidin-biotin interaction, the labeled proteins were used in quantitative enzyme-immunoassay and enzyme-immunohistochemical staining procedures. Two procedures were developed. In the first procedure, named the Bridged Avidin-Biotin (BRAB) technique four steps were used sequentially in order to quantify or detect an immobilized antigen: 1) incubation with biotin-labeled antibody; 2) incubation with avidin; 3) incubation with biotin-labeled enzyme; 4) measurement or histochemical staining of the enzyme. The technique is based on the observation that avidin possesses four active sites. In the second procedure, named the Labeled Avidin-Biotin (LAB) technique, biotin-labeled antibody and enzyme-labeled avidin are used sequentially. Enzyme-associated antigen is then quantified or revealed immunohistochemically. The optimal conditions for enzyme-immunoassay and enzyme-immunohistochemical staining using BRAB and LAB procedures were established.", "PMID": 90074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11826", "title": "Clinical applications of the enzyme labeled antibody method. Immunoperoxidase methods in diagnostic histopathology.", "content": "Histological criteria for the definition of disease entities have largely been established with light microscopy of conventionally stained and routinely processed tissue sections. More or less specific histochemical staining procedures and more recently enzyme-histochemical and quantitative histo- and cytochemical techniques in some cases provided additional criteria. In the last decade, however, the introduction of immunofluorescence and more recently the different immunoperoxidase methods have significantly influenced the scope of contemporary histopathology. Especially, the possibility to use immunoperoxidase methods on routinely processed tissue specimens has offered new dimensions in diagnostic pathology. These methods proved of particular importance for: 1) The development of new criteria for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment (e.g. immunological classification of lymphoma; plasmacell typing in intestinal inflammatory conditions; human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein in germ cell tumors of the testis). 2) The possibility of etiological diagnosis (e.g. the recognition of hepatitis B viral antigens in liver biopsy specimens; histological typing of causative micro-organisms in inflammatory conditions). 3) The recognition of disease entities that were hitherto unrecognized (e.g. hyperplasia of parafolicular C-cells in the thyroid in multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; gastric G-cell hyperplasia as a variant of Zollinger-Ellisons syndrome). 4) Functional analysis of tissue components (e.g. hormone content of pituitary and pancreatic adenomas; cytoplasmic differentiation produces in \"undifferentiated\" tumors). It can be expected that immunoenzymehistochemistry will soon play a major role in routine diagnostic histopathology.", "contents": "Clinical applications of the enzyme labeled antibody method. Immunoperoxidase methods in diagnostic histopathology. Histological criteria for the definition of disease entities have largely been established with light microscopy of conventionally stained and routinely processed tissue sections. More or less specific histochemical staining procedures and more recently enzyme-histochemical and quantitative histo- and cytochemical techniques in some cases provided additional criteria. In the last decade, however, the introduction of immunofluorescence and more recently the different immunoperoxidase methods have significantly influenced the scope of contemporary histopathology. Especially, the possibility to use immunoperoxidase methods on routinely processed tissue specimens has offered new dimensions in diagnostic pathology. These methods proved of particular importance for: 1) The development of new criteria for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment (e.g. immunological classification of lymphoma; plasmacell typing in intestinal inflammatory conditions; human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein in germ cell tumors of the testis). 2) The possibility of etiological diagnosis (e.g. the recognition of hepatitis B viral antigens in liver biopsy specimens; histological typing of causative micro-organisms in inflammatory conditions). 3) The recognition of disease entities that were hitherto unrecognized (e.g. hyperplasia of parafolicular C-cells in the thyroid in multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; gastric G-cell hyperplasia as a variant of Zollinger-Ellisons syndrome). 4) Functional analysis of tissue components (e.g. hormone content of pituitary and pancreatic adenomas; cytoplasmic differentiation produces in \"undifferentiated\" tumors). It can be expected that immunoenzymehistochemistry will soon play a major role in routine diagnostic histopathology.", "PMID": 90075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11827", "title": "The role of sialated glycoproteins in endocytosis, permeability and transmural passage in the myeloid endothelium.", "content": "Changes in the anionic charge distribution at the luminal face of the endothelium of the sinusoids of the bone marrow have been studied at sites of endocytosis by large bristle coated vesicles and at the sites of molecular permeability through diaphragmed fenestrae. The anionic charge distribution has also been studied at the abluminal aspect of these vessels at sites of transmural blood cell passage. Cationic surface markers such as colloidal iron, native ferritin and polycationic ferritin used at low pH, 1.8, and the use of neuraminidase show that the nonmodified endothelial cell surface has exposed sialic acid groups, which are absent at the sites of these functional specializations. Polycationic ferritin binding over a range of pH levels indicates the prsence of another species of anionic materials present at both the nonmodified cell surface and at the sites of the cell surface modifications. This second group of anionic compounds is neuraminidase resistant and has a pKa higher than that of sialic acid (pKa:2.6).", "contents": "The role of sialated glycoproteins in endocytosis, permeability and transmural passage in the myeloid endothelium. Changes in the anionic charge distribution at the luminal face of the endothelium of the sinusoids of the bone marrow have been studied at sites of endocytosis by large bristle coated vesicles and at the sites of molecular permeability through diaphragmed fenestrae. The anionic charge distribution has also been studied at the abluminal aspect of these vessels at sites of transmural blood cell passage. Cationic surface markers such as colloidal iron, native ferritin and polycationic ferritin used at low pH, 1.8, and the use of neuraminidase show that the nonmodified endothelial cell surface has exposed sialic acid groups, which are absent at the sites of these functional specializations. Polycationic ferritin binding over a range of pH levels indicates the prsence of another species of anionic materials present at both the nonmodified cell surface and at the sites of the cell surface modifications. This second group of anionic compounds is neuraminidase resistant and has a pKa higher than that of sialic acid (pKa:2.6).", "PMID": 90077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11828", "title": "The histochemistry of colonic mucins.", "content": "This presentation could perhaps better be titled the histochemistry of colonic mucins, as based upon PAS reactivity, since it mainly concerns development of methods for the identification of the various patterns of o-acylation of sialic acid as measured by alteration in PAS staining.", "contents": "The histochemistry of colonic mucins. This presentation could perhaps better be titled the histochemistry of colonic mucins, as based upon PAS reactivity, since it mainly concerns development of methods for the identification of the various patterns of o-acylation of sialic acid as measured by alteration in PAS staining.", "PMID": 90078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11829", "title": "Anomolous staining patterns in immunohistologic studies of malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A number of immunoperoxidase studies of malignant lymphomas have reported polytypic light chain staining of neoplastic cells, thus bringing into question the concept that the monoclonality of B cell lymphomas is reflected in their synthesis of monotypic light chain. In this study of a large number of Ig positive lymphomas, staining for a wide variety of antigens has identified clear differences between monotypic Ig synthesizing cells and cells staining polytypically which appear to be taking up Ig from the environment. Attention to the nature of Ig staining and staining for J chain were the two most useful criteria in differentiating Ig synthesis from uptake. The results confirm that malignant B cell lymphomas synthesise monotypic Ig.", "contents": "Anomolous staining patterns in immunohistologic studies of malignant lymphoma. A number of immunoperoxidase studies of malignant lymphomas have reported polytypic light chain staining of neoplastic cells, thus bringing into question the concept that the monoclonality of B cell lymphomas is reflected in their synthesis of monotypic light chain. In this study of a large number of Ig positive lymphomas, staining for a wide variety of antigens has identified clear differences between monotypic Ig synthesizing cells and cells staining polytypically which appear to be taking up Ig from the environment. Attention to the nature of Ig staining and staining for J chain were the two most useful criteria in differentiating Ig synthesis from uptake. The results confirm that malignant B cell lymphomas synthesise monotypic Ig.", "PMID": 90079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11830", "title": "Observations on the orthograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the precruciate cortex of the cat. The peroxidase was either applied directly to the surface or injected by glass micropipettes in single or multiple injections. Retrograde as well orthograde transport was observed by light and electron microscopy in different areas: in the thalamus: the nucleus ventralis lateralis and the nucleus centrum medianum, in the red nucleus and in the spinal cord. The distribution of HRP within the nervous elements of the nuclei: axon terminals and/or perikarya and dendrites, was observed by light and electron microscopy. HRP was present in dendrites and perikarya, indicating retrograde transport, in experiments where damage to the injected nervous tissue could be suspected. However HRP appeared restricted to the nerve endings, indicating orthograde transport, when the damage seemed to be minimal. This effect of injury on retrograde transport of HRP was further confirmed by experiments using bilateral HRP injections and unilateral lesions of the spinal cord to label rubro-spinal cells. Thus retrograde transport of HRP could be induced by lesion in systems where it does not occur normally. The normal intra-axonal transport of HRP appears to be from the perikaryon to the nerve endings. This orthograde transport can be seen under the light microscope and can be confused with faint retrograde labeling.", "contents": "Observations on the orthograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the precruciate cortex of the cat. The peroxidase was either applied directly to the surface or injected by glass micropipettes in single or multiple injections. Retrograde as well orthograde transport was observed by light and electron microscopy in different areas: in the thalamus: the nucleus ventralis lateralis and the nucleus centrum medianum, in the red nucleus and in the spinal cord. The distribution of HRP within the nervous elements of the nuclei: axon terminals and/or perikarya and dendrites, was observed by light and electron microscopy. HRP was present in dendrites and perikarya, indicating retrograde transport, in experiments where damage to the injected nervous tissue could be suspected. However HRP appeared restricted to the nerve endings, indicating orthograde transport, when the damage seemed to be minimal. This effect of injury on retrograde transport of HRP was further confirmed by experiments using bilateral HRP injections and unilateral lesions of the spinal cord to label rubro-spinal cells. Thus retrograde transport of HRP could be induced by lesion in systems where it does not occur normally. The normal intra-axonal transport of HRP appears to be from the perikaryon to the nerve endings. This orthograde transport can be seen under the light microscope and can be confused with faint retrograde labeling.", "PMID": 90081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11831", "title": "Augmentation of antigen-stimulated histamine release from human basophils by serum-treated zymosan particles. II. Dependence on IgE-mediated release.", "content": "It was observed previously that serum-treated zymosan particles (Zx) augmented antigen and anti-IgE stimulated histamine release. With most of the enhancement attributed to an increased rate of release, this suggested that Zx was active only during the course of IgE-mediated release. This association between IgE-mediated histamine release and responsiveness to Zx was examined further in the present report. Addition of Zx at various time intervals after release had been initiated indicated that the basophil responsiveness to Zx was limited in duration; maximum responsiveness to Zx correlated closely with the period in which the rate of IgE-mediated histamine release was maximum. The time-dependent decline in sensitivity to Zx paralleled the kinetics for desensitization to antigen. Addition of Zx failed to cause release from basophils desensitized in vitro or from basophils of a donor who failed to release histamine upon challenge with anti-IgE. In contrast to the enhancement of IgE-mediated release, Zx did not augment histamine release caused by C5a or the synthetic peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe. It is concluded that an obligatory link exists between ongoing IgE-mediated histamine release and enhancement by Zx.", "contents": "Augmentation of antigen-stimulated histamine release from human basophils by serum-treated zymosan particles. II. Dependence on IgE-mediated release. It was observed previously that serum-treated zymosan particles (Zx) augmented antigen and anti-IgE stimulated histamine release. With most of the enhancement attributed to an increased rate of release, this suggested that Zx was active only during the course of IgE-mediated release. This association between IgE-mediated histamine release and responsiveness to Zx was examined further in the present report. Addition of Zx at various time intervals after release had been initiated indicated that the basophil responsiveness to Zx was limited in duration; maximum responsiveness to Zx correlated closely with the period in which the rate of IgE-mediated histamine release was maximum. The time-dependent decline in sensitivity to Zx paralleled the kinetics for desensitization to antigen. Addition of Zx failed to cause release from basophils desensitized in vitro or from basophils of a donor who failed to release histamine upon challenge with anti-IgE. In contrast to the enhancement of IgE-mediated release, Zx did not augment histamine release caused by C5a or the synthetic peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe. It is concluded that an obligatory link exists between ongoing IgE-mediated histamine release and enhancement by Zx.", "PMID": 90083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11832", "title": "Adenosine receptor on human basophils: modulation of histamine release.", "content": "Adenosine, at physiologic concentrations, inhibits in vitro IgE-mediated human basophil histamine release in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibition dose-response curve is paralleled by an adenosine-induced increase in cAMP levels of human leukocyte preparations. Further evidence that the adenosine effect is related to changes in cAMP levels is that the nucleoside inhibits only in the first stage of antigen-induced histamine release and fails to inhibit the release caused by ionophore A23187. A poorly metabolized derivative of adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine inhibits as effectively as adenosine; dipyridamole, which blocks adenosine uptake, does not impair the inhibition caused by adenosine. Finally, theophylline, which is a competitive antagonist of adenosine in human lymphocytes also blocks the inhibition of release caused by adenosine. These data suggest that adenosine acts via a specific cell-surface receptor linked to adenylate cyclase. It appears that the human basophil has a specific receptor for adenosine and that this nucleoside may modulate the in vivo release of the mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Adenosine receptor on human basophils: modulation of histamine release. Adenosine, at physiologic concentrations, inhibits in vitro IgE-mediated human basophil histamine release in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibition dose-response curve is paralleled by an adenosine-induced increase in cAMP levels of human leukocyte preparations. Further evidence that the adenosine effect is related to changes in cAMP levels is that the nucleoside inhibits only in the first stage of antigen-induced histamine release and fails to inhibit the release caused by ionophore A23187. A poorly metabolized derivative of adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine inhibits as effectively as adenosine; dipyridamole, which blocks adenosine uptake, does not impair the inhibition caused by adenosine. Finally, theophylline, which is a competitive antagonist of adenosine in human lymphocytes also blocks the inhibition of release caused by adenosine. These data suggest that adenosine acts via a specific cell-surface receptor linked to adenylate cyclase. It appears that the human basophil has a specific receptor for adenosine and that this nucleoside may modulate the in vivo release of the mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 90084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11833", "title": "Alloantigen bound to agarose beads and syngeneic carrier cells are capable of stimulating mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Bead-bound antigen was prepared by coupling alloantigen covalently to agarose beads. Alloantigen-bearing syngeneic carrier cells were prepared by dilution of detergent solubilized alloantigen in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells. Both types of antigen were compared to spleen cells and reconstituted membrane fragments for the ability to stimulate cytolytic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. All these types of antigen could stimulate immune but not nonimmune spleen cells to form cytolytic T lymphocytes. The amount of lytic activity obtained with the bead-bound antigen was found to be only dependent upon the amount of H-2 antigen present in the culture and independent of the number of beads.", "contents": "Alloantigen bound to agarose beads and syngeneic carrier cells are capable of stimulating mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. Bead-bound antigen was prepared by coupling alloantigen covalently to agarose beads. Alloantigen-bearing syngeneic carrier cells were prepared by dilution of detergent solubilized alloantigen in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells. Both types of antigen were compared to spleen cells and reconstituted membrane fragments for the ability to stimulate cytolytic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. All these types of antigen could stimulate immune but not nonimmune spleen cells to form cytolytic T lymphocytes. The amount of lytic activity obtained with the bead-bound antigen was found to be only dependent upon the amount of H-2 antigen present in the culture and independent of the number of beads.", "PMID": 90085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11834", "title": "Non-H-2 linked control of low versus high responses of antigen-induced lymph node cell proliferation: possible role for antigen-presenting cells.", "content": "Quantitative differences in the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses of sensitized lymph node cells between low (C3H/Anf or C3H/Cr) and high (C3H/Hej or CBA/j) responder H-2k mice have been observed 1 to 2 weeks after in vivo sensitization with antigen (OVA, PPD, and GAT). We have shown that antigen presentation is less effective in the sensitized lymph node cell populations from low responder mice compared with those from high responder mice, suggesting that the number and/or functional status of antigen-presenting cells in the regional lymph nodes may be a key factor in determining the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cell traffic after sensitization plays an important role in determining the immune responsiveness of lymph nodes.", "contents": "Non-H-2 linked control of low versus high responses of antigen-induced lymph node cell proliferation: possible role for antigen-presenting cells. Quantitative differences in the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses of sensitized lymph node cells between low (C3H/Anf or C3H/Cr) and high (C3H/Hej or CBA/j) responder H-2k mice have been observed 1 to 2 weeks after in vivo sensitization with antigen (OVA, PPD, and GAT). We have shown that antigen presentation is less effective in the sensitized lymph node cell populations from low responder mice compared with those from high responder mice, suggesting that the number and/or functional status of antigen-presenting cells in the regional lymph nodes may be a key factor in determining the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cell traffic after sensitization plays an important role in determining the immune responsiveness of lymph nodes.", "PMID": 90086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11835", "title": "The immune response of Lewis rats to peptide 68-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein. I. T cell determinants.", "content": "A series of peptides, produced from peptide 68-88 by selective enzyme cleavage, were used to define the amino acid sequences required for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response (LPR), and serum antibody by peptide 68-88 in the Lewis rat. Here we present data that indicate that the T cell determinants for induction of EAE, an LPR, and helper function in the production of antibody are located in the same region of the molecule and that a minimum of 13 amino acids are involved; i.e., residues 71-85.", "contents": "The immune response of Lewis rats to peptide 68-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein. I. T cell determinants. A series of peptides, produced from peptide 68-88 by selective enzyme cleavage, were used to define the amino acid sequences required for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response (LPR), and serum antibody by peptide 68-88 in the Lewis rat. Here we present data that indicate that the T cell determinants for induction of EAE, an LPR, and helper function in the production of antibody are located in the same region of the molecule and that a minimum of 13 amino acids are involved; i.e., residues 71-85.", "PMID": 90087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11836", "title": "The immune response of Lewis rats to peptide 68-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein. II. B cell determinants.", "content": "A series of peptides, produced from peptide 68-88 by selective enzyme cleavage, were used to define the amino acid sequences reactive with Lewis rat anti-peptide 68-88 antibody. One hundred per cent of 38 rats immunized with peptide 68-88 recognized a B cell determinant residing in the region of residues 80-88. The three carboxy-terminal amino acids, residues 86-88, appeared to confer conformation on this determinant. In roughly two-thirds of the rats, the reactivity with this major B cell determinant was equal to the reactivity with the immunizing peptide. In these rats the anti-peptide 68-88 antibodies were of the IgG2 class. A third of the rats recognized an additional determinant(s) and in these the predominant class of antibody was IgG1.", "contents": "The immune response of Lewis rats to peptide 68-88 of guinea pig myelin basic protein. II. B cell determinants. A series of peptides, produced from peptide 68-88 by selective enzyme cleavage, were used to define the amino acid sequences reactive with Lewis rat anti-peptide 68-88 antibody. One hundred per cent of 38 rats immunized with peptide 68-88 recognized a B cell determinant residing in the region of residues 80-88. The three carboxy-terminal amino acids, residues 86-88, appeared to confer conformation on this determinant. In roughly two-thirds of the rats, the reactivity with this major B cell determinant was equal to the reactivity with the immunizing peptide. In these rats the anti-peptide 68-88 antibodies were of the IgG2 class. A third of the rats recognized an additional determinant(s) and in these the predominant class of antibody was IgG1.", "PMID": 90088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11837", "title": "A hapten-specific Ir gene.", "content": "When mice of different strains were immunized with a conjugate of 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) and chicken serum albumin (CSA), the antibody response was controlled by an Ir gene (Ir-phOx). H-2 alleles d and f were associated with a high response, k and a with an intermediate response, and allele b with a low response. The effect of the Ir gene was clear-cut in anti-carrier antibodies of the primary and the secondary response when the concentrations of anti-carrier antibodies varied between 1 and 350 microgram/ml. Anti-hapten antibodies reached a ceiling of ca. 1000 microgram/ml that was unaffected by the Ir gene. Before the ceiling was reached, antihapten antibodies were also subject to the control of the Ir-phOx gene. When the same carrier CSA was coupled with other haptens, BOC-ABA-Tyr or NO2phOx, antibody responses were not under the control of the Ir-phOx gene. This gene is probably responsible for the differences that have been observed earlier in delayed hypersensitivity and antibody responses to skin painting by phOx.", "contents": "A hapten-specific Ir gene. When mice of different strains were immunized with a conjugate of 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) and chicken serum albumin (CSA), the antibody response was controlled by an Ir gene (Ir-phOx). H-2 alleles d and f were associated with a high response, k and a with an intermediate response, and allele b with a low response. The effect of the Ir gene was clear-cut in anti-carrier antibodies of the primary and the secondary response when the concentrations of anti-carrier antibodies varied between 1 and 350 microgram/ml. Anti-hapten antibodies reached a ceiling of ca. 1000 microgram/ml that was unaffected by the Ir gene. Before the ceiling was reached, antihapten antibodies were also subject to the control of the Ir-phOx gene. When the same carrier CSA was coupled with other haptens, BOC-ABA-Tyr or NO2phOx, antibody responses were not under the control of the Ir-phOx gene. This gene is probably responsible for the differences that have been observed earlier in delayed hypersensitivity and antibody responses to skin painting by phOx.", "PMID": 90089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11838", "title": "Studies of reticuloendothelial function in the mouse with model immune complexes. II. Serum clearance, tissue uptake, and reticuloendothelial saturation in NZB/W mice.", "content": "We have extended the findings in the accompanying paper by characterizing the serum clearance and tissue uptake of model soluble immune complexes and the saturation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) by these complexes in normal mice and in mice with murine lupus (NZB/W F1 females). Adult NZB/W or young C3H mice were injected with radiolabeled stable site-specifically cross-linked mouse anti-DNP oligomers as model immune complexes to probe RES function. Blood clearance and uptake by liver, spleen, and kidney were unimpaired in NZB/W mice. To determine if the RES exhibits partial saturation in the NZB/W mice, we deliberately induced a state of RES blockade with heat-aggregated human gamma-glubulin (HAG). With increasing doses of HAG (1 to 4 mg/20 g body weight) both strains similarly showed a progressive increase in RES saturation as measured by reduced liver uptake of model oligomers. Recovery from saturation was complete by 120 min in both strains. At maximal liver saturation there was only a small increase in oligomer uptake by kidney or spleen, the majority of complexes remaining within the circulation. Thus, RES capacity for handling soluble model immune complexes appears unimpaired in NZB/W mice.", "contents": "Studies of reticuloendothelial function in the mouse with model immune complexes. II. Serum clearance, tissue uptake, and reticuloendothelial saturation in NZB/W mice. We have extended the findings in the accompanying paper by characterizing the serum clearance and tissue uptake of model soluble immune complexes and the saturation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) by these complexes in normal mice and in mice with murine lupus (NZB/W F1 females). Adult NZB/W or young C3H mice were injected with radiolabeled stable site-specifically cross-linked mouse anti-DNP oligomers as model immune complexes to probe RES function. Blood clearance and uptake by liver, spleen, and kidney were unimpaired in NZB/W mice. To determine if the RES exhibits partial saturation in the NZB/W mice, we deliberately induced a state of RES blockade with heat-aggregated human gamma-glubulin (HAG). With increasing doses of HAG (1 to 4 mg/20 g body weight) both strains similarly showed a progressive increase in RES saturation as measured by reduced liver uptake of model oligomers. Recovery from saturation was complete by 120 min in both strains. At maximal liver saturation there was only a small increase in oligomer uptake by kidney or spleen, the majority of complexes remaining within the circulation. Thus, RES capacity for handling soluble model immune complexes appears unimpaired in NZB/W mice.", "PMID": 90091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11839", "title": "Human blood T lymphocytes that suppress the mixed leukocyte culture reactivity of lymphocytes from HLA-B14 bearing individuals.", "content": "A nontransfused male patient with recurrent bladder carcinomata has been demonstrated to have blood T lymphocytes that suppress the MLC responsiveness of lymphocytes only from normal individuals positive for HLA-B14. Unexpectedly, this T-suppressor cell differs from three other reported blood T-suppressor cells arising in man in that it apparently does not require HLA-D locus compatibility between the suppressor cell and the lymphocyte being suppressed.", "contents": "Human blood T lymphocytes that suppress the mixed leukocyte culture reactivity of lymphocytes from HLA-B14 bearing individuals. A nontransfused male patient with recurrent bladder carcinomata has been demonstrated to have blood T lymphocytes that suppress the MLC responsiveness of lymphocytes only from normal individuals positive for HLA-B14. Unexpectedly, this T-suppressor cell differs from three other reported blood T-suppressor cells arising in man in that it apparently does not require HLA-D locus compatibility between the suppressor cell and the lymphocyte being suppressed.", "PMID": 90092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11840", "title": "Involvement of host Fc receptors in antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions are heterogeneous delayed time course basophil-rich responses that can be mediated by either T cells, B cells, or serum antibodies. The current study examined the mechanism by which antibodies mediate CBH in guinea pigs. Fc competition experiments were constructed by passively transferring mixtures of anti-KLH serum and normal heterologous gamma-globulins. It was found that rabbit IgG and its isolated and purified Fc fragment [but not the (Fab')2 fragment] inhibited the ability of guinea pig immune serum to transfer CBH. Concurrent inhibition of transferred KLH-specific CBH and systemic passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions by rabbit IgG or its Fc fragment, and not by sheep or bovine gamma-globulins, indicated that Fc receptors on cutaneous mast cells were probably involved in both CBH and PCA. It was also found that the basophil aspect of delayed cutaneous responses elicited by PHA was inhibited by Fc competition maneuvers. This could mean that some forms of apparently T cell-mediated CBH may be T cell dependent, but via secretion of molecules that bind to Fc receptors, as seems required in antibody-mediated CBH.", "contents": "Involvement of host Fc receptors in antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions are heterogeneous delayed time course basophil-rich responses that can be mediated by either T cells, B cells, or serum antibodies. The current study examined the mechanism by which antibodies mediate CBH in guinea pigs. Fc competition experiments were constructed by passively transferring mixtures of anti-KLH serum and normal heterologous gamma-globulins. It was found that rabbit IgG and its isolated and purified Fc fragment [but not the (Fab')2 fragment] inhibited the ability of guinea pig immune serum to transfer CBH. Concurrent inhibition of transferred KLH-specific CBH and systemic passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions by rabbit IgG or its Fc fragment, and not by sheep or bovine gamma-globulins, indicated that Fc receptors on cutaneous mast cells were probably involved in both CBH and PCA. It was also found that the basophil aspect of delayed cutaneous responses elicited by PHA was inhibited by Fc competition maneuvers. This could mean that some forms of apparently T cell-mediated CBH may be T cell dependent, but via secretion of molecules that bind to Fc receptors, as seems required in antibody-mediated CBH.", "PMID": 90094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11841", "title": "Differential activation of cytotoxic and suppressor T cells against syngeneic tumors in the mouse.", "content": "The cytotoxic T cell against a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, S1509a, was induced in syngeneic mice by deliberate immunization with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated live tumor cells. The soluble tumor antigen (STA) extracted from the same tumor by 3 M KCl was, however, unable to induce the cytotoxic T cell upon immunization, although it was able to activate predominantly the suppressor T cell that then specifically suppressed the effect of the cytotoxic T cell against the homologous tumor. The suppressor T cell generated by STA had the same characteristics as those found in tumor-bearing animals: 1) The suppressor T cell has a very strict specificity against individual tumors; 2) The cell expresses cell surface determinants controlled by genes in the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex. The activity of the cytotoxic T cell was completely inhibited by live tumor cells but not by STA, whereas that of the suppressor T cell was neutralized by STA. The results that cytotoxic and suppressor T cells are activated under different conditions, and that the antigenic determinants recognizable by these two cell types are not the same. The soluble extract contains only the determinants recognizable by the suppressor T cell, and the cytotoxic T cell can be activated only by the determinants associated with self antigen present on the surface of live tumor cells.", "contents": "Differential activation of cytotoxic and suppressor T cells against syngeneic tumors in the mouse. The cytotoxic T cell against a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, S1509a, was induced in syngeneic mice by deliberate immunization with mitomycin C (MMC)-treated live tumor cells. The soluble tumor antigen (STA) extracted from the same tumor by 3 M KCl was, however, unable to induce the cytotoxic T cell upon immunization, although it was able to activate predominantly the suppressor T cell that then specifically suppressed the effect of the cytotoxic T cell against the homologous tumor. The suppressor T cell generated by STA had the same characteristics as those found in tumor-bearing animals: 1) The suppressor T cell has a very strict specificity against individual tumors; 2) The cell expresses cell surface determinants controlled by genes in the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex. The activity of the cytotoxic T cell was completely inhibited by live tumor cells but not by STA, whereas that of the suppressor T cell was neutralized by STA. The results that cytotoxic and suppressor T cells are activated under different conditions, and that the antigenic determinants recognizable by these two cell types are not the same. The soluble extract contains only the determinants recognizable by the suppressor T cell, and the cytotoxic T cell can be activated only by the determinants associated with self antigen present on the surface of live tumor cells.", "PMID": 90095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11842", "title": "M467: a murine IgA myeloma protein that binds a bacterial protein. I. Recognition of common antigenic determinants on Salmonella flagellins.", "content": "We have studied the binding of M467, an IgA murine myeloma protein, to flagellin from seven species of Salmonella. It was found that M467 was reacting with antigenic determinants that were common to all the flagellins studied. These determinants were not related to serotypic antigens. Electronmicrographs of unreduced M467 showed a variety of polymeric species bound to flagella in a manner that could produce immobilization as well as agglutination and precipitation through cross-linking of antigenic determinants. Immunodiffusion in agar gel revealed that M467 was recognizing more than one group of peptide determinants on the flagellins studied. Passive hemagglutination inhibition and a solid phase radioimmunoassay provided evidence that there were differences in binding avidities between M467 and the various Salmonella flagellins studied. It was concluded that M467 is binding more than one specific group of antigenic peptide determinants on flagellin molecules. Flagellin from four of the seven species of Salmonella studied were deficient in one or more of these determinants.", "contents": "M467: a murine IgA myeloma protein that binds a bacterial protein. I. Recognition of common antigenic determinants on Salmonella flagellins. We have studied the binding of M467, an IgA murine myeloma protein, to flagellin from seven species of Salmonella. It was found that M467 was reacting with antigenic determinants that were common to all the flagellins studied. These determinants were not related to serotypic antigens. Electronmicrographs of unreduced M467 showed a variety of polymeric species bound to flagella in a manner that could produce immobilization as well as agglutination and precipitation through cross-linking of antigenic determinants. Immunodiffusion in agar gel revealed that M467 was recognizing more than one group of peptide determinants on the flagellins studied. Passive hemagglutination inhibition and a solid phase radioimmunoassay provided evidence that there were differences in binding avidities between M467 and the various Salmonella flagellins studied. It was concluded that M467 is binding more than one specific group of antigenic peptide determinants on flagellin molecules. Flagellin from four of the seven species of Salmonella studied were deficient in one or more of these determinants.", "PMID": 90100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11843", "title": "Specific absorption of T lymphocytes committed to soluble protein antigens by incubation on antigen-pulsed macrophage monolayers.", "content": "Monolayers of macrophages (Mphi) pulsed with antigen were used as immunosorbents for T lymphocytes from guinea pigs primed to soluble protein antigens. T lymphocytes were cultured on the Mphi monolayers for 4 hr, then aspirated and reincubated on a fresh monolayer pulsed with the same antigen for a second and a third step. T lymphocytes so treated were selectively deprived of cells responding in assay for antigen-dependent proliferation against the antigen used for pulsing the absorbing monolayer, but maintained their response to other antigens. The lymphocytes adhering to the Mphi of the absorbing monolayer were capable of giving a full response to the antigen used for pulsing the Mphi of the monolyers. The proliferative response of F1 T lymphocytes to antigen in association with Mphi of either parental strain could be absorbed leaving the response to antigen in association with Mphi of the other parental strain. The absorption of the proliferative response was not inhibited by addition of excess soluble antigen to the medium of the absorption culture. Our results indicate that specific guinea pig T lymphocytes responding by proliferation to soluble protein antigens recognize and bind specifically to a complex of Ia antigen and protein antigen at the surface of the Mphi.", "contents": "Specific absorption of T lymphocytes committed to soluble protein antigens by incubation on antigen-pulsed macrophage monolayers. Monolayers of macrophages (Mphi) pulsed with antigen were used as immunosorbents for T lymphocytes from guinea pigs primed to soluble protein antigens. T lymphocytes were cultured on the Mphi monolayers for 4 hr, then aspirated and reincubated on a fresh monolayer pulsed with the same antigen for a second and a third step. T lymphocytes so treated were selectively deprived of cells responding in assay for antigen-dependent proliferation against the antigen used for pulsing the absorbing monolayer, but maintained their response to other antigens. The lymphocytes adhering to the Mphi of the absorbing monolayer were capable of giving a full response to the antigen used for pulsing the Mphi of the monolyers. The proliferative response of F1 T lymphocytes to antigen in association with Mphi of either parental strain could be absorbed leaving the response to antigen in association with Mphi of the other parental strain. The absorption of the proliferative response was not inhibited by addition of excess soluble antigen to the medium of the absorption culture. Our results indicate that specific guinea pig T lymphocytes responding by proliferation to soluble protein antigens recognize and bind specifically to a complex of Ia antigen and protein antigen at the surface of the Mphi.", "PMID": 90101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11844", "title": "Some invariant properties of IgE-mediated basophil activation and desensitization.", "content": "We investigate certain general properties of antigen induced degranulation of sensitized basophils by analyzing two types of experiments: Experiments in which we expose basophils to two antigens sequentially and then determine the fraction of histamine released; and experiments in which we obtain time-dependent release and desensitization curves. To analyze the latter type of experiments we introduce a new way to plot release and desensitization data that depends on the nature of the interactions of histamine-containing units (histamine quanta) with themselves or the cells degranulation apparatus, but not on any specific properties of the antigen. From our analysis we conclude that: 1) A fraction of histamine within a population of basophils is nonreleasable by antigenic stimulation. 2) When a basophil degranulates the initial release of histamine appears to inhibit subsequent release. 3) The rate of histamine release is proportional to the amount of releasable histamine remaining in the cells when the amount remaining is small, as expected if release of histamine granules is a stochastic process. 4) There is no dependence of desensitization on the extracellular calcium concentration.", "contents": "Some invariant properties of IgE-mediated basophil activation and desensitization. We investigate certain general properties of antigen induced degranulation of sensitized basophils by analyzing two types of experiments: Experiments in which we expose basophils to two antigens sequentially and then determine the fraction of histamine released; and experiments in which we obtain time-dependent release and desensitization curves. To analyze the latter type of experiments we introduce a new way to plot release and desensitization data that depends on the nature of the interactions of histamine-containing units (histamine quanta) with themselves or the cells degranulation apparatus, but not on any specific properties of the antigen. From our analysis we conclude that: 1) A fraction of histamine within a population of basophils is nonreleasable by antigenic stimulation. 2) When a basophil degranulates the initial release of histamine appears to inhibit subsequent release. 3) The rate of histamine release is proportional to the amount of releasable histamine remaining in the cells when the amount remaining is small, as expected if release of histamine granules is a stochastic process. 4) There is no dependence of desensitization on the extracellular calcium concentration.", "PMID": 90103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11845", "title": "Detection of alpha-fetoprotein by supplementation counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE).", "content": "A simple, inexpensive and sensitive method of detecting alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by supplementation CIE assay is described. The method detects AFP at concentrations in the region of 20 ng/ml.", "contents": "Detection of alpha-fetoprotein by supplementation counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). A simple, inexpensive and sensitive method of detecting alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by supplementation CIE assay is described. The method detects AFP at concentrations in the region of 20 ng/ml.", "PMID": 90104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11846", "title": "Characterization of in vitro proliferative responses of human lymphocytes to leishmanial antigens.", "content": "Leishmaniasis is an intracellular protozoal infection for which host defense is believed to depend on cellular immune mechanisms. The in vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis and from control subjects to leishmanial antigens were examined. Only lymphocytes from patients responded to 1 microgram of leishmanial antigen/ml, whereas both patient and control lymphocytes responded to 10 micrograms/ml. The nonspecific responses were most likely not due to a mitogenic component in the antigen preparation because cord blood lymphocytes failed to respond at all concentrations of antigen tested. Both specific and nonspecific responses to leishmanial antigens were elicited in purified populations of thymus-derived (T) cells. This lymphocyte proliferation assay can be applied to the assessment of antigen-specific responsiveness of T cells from patients who represent the spectrum of host defense against leishmaniasis.", "contents": "Characterization of in vitro proliferative responses of human lymphocytes to leishmanial antigens. Leishmaniasis is an intracellular protozoal infection for which host defense is believed to depend on cellular immune mechanisms. The in vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis and from control subjects to leishmanial antigens were examined. Only lymphocytes from patients responded to 1 microgram of leishmanial antigen/ml, whereas both patient and control lymphocytes responded to 10 micrograms/ml. The nonspecific responses were most likely not due to a mitogenic component in the antigen preparation because cord blood lymphocytes failed to respond at all concentrations of antigen tested. Both specific and nonspecific responses to leishmanial antigens were elicited in purified populations of thymus-derived (T) cells. This lymphocyte proliferation assay can be applied to the assessment of antigen-specific responsiveness of T cells from patients who represent the spectrum of host defense against leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 90105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11847", "title": "Ability of antigen-specific helper cells to effect a class-restricted increase in total Ig-secreting cells in spleens after immunization with the antigen.", "content": "Immunization with antigens stimulates not only B lymphocytes secreting specific antibody but, in addition, results in the generation of very large numbers of splenic Ig-secreting cells which lack specificity for that antigen. The present report examined the nature of the antigens capable of eliciting this effect and the mechanisms whereby B cells could be nonspecifically activated. It is shown that the ability of T-dependent, but not T-independent antigens, to induce such increases requires the participation of T helper cells specific for the antigen so that any one antigen results in the activation of only a proportion of total B cells. Analysis of this nonspecific plaque-forming-cell response reveals that B cell activation is not random but occurs in a class-restricted manner. The magnitude of the increase and the isotype produced are shown to be characteristic of the immunizing antigen. Based on the data presented, the apparent nonspecific T-B collaboration can best be explained by invoking a second Ig-specific helper mechanism in which helper cells capable of recognizing determinants on Ig molecules, e.g. isotype or idiotype, cause the stimulation of B cells of any specificity providing they express that determinant.", "contents": "Ability of antigen-specific helper cells to effect a class-restricted increase in total Ig-secreting cells in spleens after immunization with the antigen. Immunization with antigens stimulates not only B lymphocytes secreting specific antibody but, in addition, results in the generation of very large numbers of splenic Ig-secreting cells which lack specificity for that antigen. The present report examined the nature of the antigens capable of eliciting this effect and the mechanisms whereby B cells could be nonspecifically activated. It is shown that the ability of T-dependent, but not T-independent antigens, to induce such increases requires the participation of T helper cells specific for the antigen so that any one antigen results in the activation of only a proportion of total B cells. Analysis of this nonspecific plaque-forming-cell response reveals that B cell activation is not random but occurs in a class-restricted manner. The magnitude of the increase and the isotype produced are shown to be characteristic of the immunizing antigen. Based on the data presented, the apparent nonspecific T-B collaboration can best be explained by invoking a second Ig-specific helper mechanism in which helper cells capable of recognizing determinants on Ig molecules, e.g. isotype or idiotype, cause the stimulation of B cells of any specificity providing they express that determinant.", "PMID": 90107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11848", "title": "Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against mouse macrophage and lymphocyte Fc receptors.", "content": "To investigate the antigenic relationship between the macrophage and lymphocyte Fc receptors (FcR), a monoclonal antibody capable of blocking mouse macrophage Fc receptors was selected. Hybrids were formed by fusing the P3U1 mouse myeloma and spleen cells from a rat immunized with the mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774 and P388D1. The Fab fragment of the monoclonal IgG secreted by clone 2.4G2, inhibited the trypsin-resistant Fc receptor II (FcRII), which is specific for immune aggregates of mouse IgG1 and IgG2b, but had no inhibitory effect on the trypsin-sensitive Fc receptor I (FcRI), which binds monomeric IgG2a and erythrocytes coated with IgG2a. Thus, the monoclonal 2.4G2 IgG appeared to be specific for macrophage FcRII. Further evidence that the 2.4G2 IgG was directed against FcRII came from binding studies of the monoclonal antibody to J774 cells and a series of independently isolated variants which do not express FcRII. These variants of J774 bound 5% as much of the monoclonal antibody as the parent line, which bound 600,000 molecules of 2.4G2 IgG per cell. The antigenic relatedness of mouse lymphocyte FcR to mouse macrophage FcRII was demonstrated by the binding of 2.4G2 IgG to FcR-bearing lymphoid cell lines and the inhibition of the lymphocyte FcR by the monoclonal antibody. Preincubation of spleen cells and peritioneal cells with 2.3G2 IgG likewise inhibited rosette formation with ox erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG. The ability of the hybridoma IgG to inhibit mouse FcRII was independent of the major histocompatibility complex. The 2.4G2 IgG antigenic determinant was not present on rat, guinea pig, rabbit, or human FcR-bearing cells.", "contents": "Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against mouse macrophage and lymphocyte Fc receptors. To investigate the antigenic relationship between the macrophage and lymphocyte Fc receptors (FcR), a monoclonal antibody capable of blocking mouse macrophage Fc receptors was selected. Hybrids were formed by fusing the P3U1 mouse myeloma and spleen cells from a rat immunized with the mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774 and P388D1. The Fab fragment of the monoclonal IgG secreted by clone 2.4G2, inhibited the trypsin-resistant Fc receptor II (FcRII), which is specific for immune aggregates of mouse IgG1 and IgG2b, but had no inhibitory effect on the trypsin-sensitive Fc receptor I (FcRI), which binds monomeric IgG2a and erythrocytes coated with IgG2a. Thus, the monoclonal 2.4G2 IgG appeared to be specific for macrophage FcRII. Further evidence that the 2.4G2 IgG was directed against FcRII came from binding studies of the monoclonal antibody to J774 cells and a series of independently isolated variants which do not express FcRII. These variants of J774 bound 5% as much of the monoclonal antibody as the parent line, which bound 600,000 molecules of 2.4G2 IgG per cell. The antigenic relatedness of mouse lymphocyte FcR to mouse macrophage FcRII was demonstrated by the binding of 2.4G2 IgG to FcR-bearing lymphoid cell lines and the inhibition of the lymphocyte FcR by the monoclonal antibody. Preincubation of spleen cells and peritioneal cells with 2.3G2 IgG likewise inhibited rosette formation with ox erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG. The ability of the hybridoma IgG to inhibit mouse FcRII was independent of the major histocompatibility complex. The 2.4G2 IgG antigenic determinant was not present on rat, guinea pig, rabbit, or human FcR-bearing cells.", "PMID": 90108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11849", "title": "Type-specific binding antibody to baboon endogenous virus (M7) reverse transcriptase.", "content": "A type-specific binding antibody to the baboon endogenous virus, M7, reverse transcriptase was developed and characterized using a double antibody immunoprecipitation assay. This assay allows the analysis of non-enzyme neutralizing binding antibody, as well as the detection of early antibody production before high titre enzyme neutralizing antibodies appear. The antibody described is unique among hyperimmune antisera to DNA polymerases in that it recognizes only type-specific determinants on the enzyme molecule. Analysis of the enzymes of several BaEV isolates indicated a grouping of those from Papio cynocephalus, P. anubis and the HL23VBab isolate. The RD-114 enzyme was in a separate class, and the P. papio and P. hamadryas DNA polymerases were distinguished from all the other BaEV enzymes but not from each other.", "contents": "Type-specific binding antibody to baboon endogenous virus (M7) reverse transcriptase. A type-specific binding antibody to the baboon endogenous virus, M7, reverse transcriptase was developed and characterized using a double antibody immunoprecipitation assay. This assay allows the analysis of non-enzyme neutralizing binding antibody, as well as the detection of early antibody production before high titre enzyme neutralizing antibodies appear. The antibody described is unique among hyperimmune antisera to DNA polymerases in that it recognizes only type-specific determinants on the enzyme molecule. Analysis of the enzymes of several BaEV isolates indicated a grouping of those from Papio cynocephalus, P. anubis and the HL23VBab isolate. The RD-114 enzyme was in a separate class, and the P. papio and P. hamadryas DNA polymerases were distinguished from all the other BaEV enzymes but not from each other.", "PMID": 90109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11850", "title": "The strategy of infection as a criterion for phylogenetic relationships of non-coli phages morphologically similar to phage T7.", "content": "Five phages which are morphologically similar to coliphage T7 but attack other host bacteria have been compared to T7 and to its relative, T3, by the following criteria: (a) cross-reactivity with antisera against T7 and T3, (b) DNA base sequence homologies, as determined by the C0t technique, (c) synthesis of two phage-coded enzymes: RNA polymerase and SAMase, (d) patterns of phage-directed protein synthesis, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of phage coat subunits. As judged by all these criteria, Pseudomonas phage PX3 is not related to T7; thus, morphological similarity was attributed to convergent evolution. The other phages, i.e. Serratia phage IV, Psuedomonas phage gh-1, Citrobacter phage ViIII and Klebsiella phage No. 11, were considered to be related to T7 on the basis of similarities in the patterns of phage-coded proteins and because, early after infection, these phages induced, as T7 does, an RNA polymerase which specifically transcribes the DNA of thehomologous phage. Phages IV and No. 11 also induced the early synthesis of SAMase (previously only known to occur upon T3 infection). With the exception of phage IV, however, DNA base sequence homologies with T7 or T3 seem to be poor or non-existent. The tested phages, again with the exception of phage IV, did not react with antiserum against T3 or T7. It is concluded that a particular pattern of phage-directed protein synthesis (as characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzyme tests) may provide evidence for phylogenetic relationships between phages, even in cases where other criteria, such as genetic recombination, serological cross-reaction, and DNA base sequence homologies, fail to indicate relatedness.", "contents": "The strategy of infection as a criterion for phylogenetic relationships of non-coli phages morphologically similar to phage T7. Five phages which are morphologically similar to coliphage T7 but attack other host bacteria have been compared to T7 and to its relative, T3, by the following criteria: (a) cross-reactivity with antisera against T7 and T3, (b) DNA base sequence homologies, as determined by the C0t technique, (c) synthesis of two phage-coded enzymes: RNA polymerase and SAMase, (d) patterns of phage-directed protein synthesis, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of phage coat subunits. As judged by all these criteria, Pseudomonas phage PX3 is not related to T7; thus, morphological similarity was attributed to convergent evolution. The other phages, i.e. Serratia phage IV, Psuedomonas phage gh-1, Citrobacter phage ViIII and Klebsiella phage No. 11, were considered to be related to T7 on the basis of similarities in the patterns of phage-coded proteins and because, early after infection, these phages induced, as T7 does, an RNA polymerase which specifically transcribes the DNA of thehomologous phage. Phages IV and No. 11 also induced the early synthesis of SAMase (previously only known to occur upon T3 infection). With the exception of phage IV, however, DNA base sequence homologies with T7 or T3 seem to be poor or non-existent. The tested phages, again with the exception of phage IV, did not react with antiserum against T3 or T7. It is concluded that a particular pattern of phage-directed protein synthesis (as characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzyme tests) may provide evidence for phylogenetic relationships between phages, even in cases where other criteria, such as genetic recombination, serological cross-reaction, and DNA base sequence homologies, fail to indicate relatedness.", "PMID": 90110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11851", "title": "Study of a new strain of paramyxoviruses isolated from wild ducks: antigenic and biological properties.", "content": "Among the different strains of avian paramyxoviruses isolated from migrating feral ducks, two were identified as Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) and the five others would correspond to a new serotype for which we suggest the name of Duck/Mississippi/75 virus. The characteristics of this new serotype are as follows: (1) Duck/Mississippi/75 virus is able to grow as well in allantoic as in amniotic cavities of embryonated hen's eggs; (2) the haemagglutinin and haemolytic activities can be detected with hen red blood cells; (3) the neuraminidase hydrolyses the alpha 2 leads to 3 bonds of the fetuin substrate and its pH activity could be species specific. Antigenically, this serotype is different from all human and animal paramyxoviruses, in spite of an antigenic relationship with NDV.", "contents": "Study of a new strain of paramyxoviruses isolated from wild ducks: antigenic and biological properties. Among the different strains of avian paramyxoviruses isolated from migrating feral ducks, two were identified as Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) and the five others would correspond to a new serotype for which we suggest the name of Duck/Mississippi/75 virus. The characteristics of this new serotype are as follows: (1) Duck/Mississippi/75 virus is able to grow as well in allantoic as in amniotic cavities of embryonated hen's eggs; (2) the haemagglutinin and haemolytic activities can be detected with hen red blood cells; (3) the neuraminidase hydrolyses the alpha 2 leads to 3 bonds of the fetuin substrate and its pH activity could be species specific. Antigenically, this serotype is different from all human and animal paramyxoviruses, in spite of an antigenic relationship with NDV.", "PMID": 90111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11852", "title": "Characteristics of a retrovirus associated with a hamster melanoma.", "content": "The continuous culture of a hamster melanoma cell line has led to the spontaneous appearance of a retrovirus (HaRV) with typical type-C characteristics. The virus differs from all other known hamster viruses in its ability to transform murine as well as rat and hamster cells with apparent one-hit kinetics. Guinea pig, human and feline cells were not transformed although reverse transcriptase activity was detected in the supernatant from infected human cells. HaRV-transformed hamster embryo cells produced solid tumours (all non-pigmented) in 4 out of 35 animals when injected into hamsters while HaRV-transformed murine cells produced no tumours in mice. Injection of HaRV alone in hamsters, mice and rabbits did not induce tumours. HaRV possesses a 70S RNA which dissociates to 35S in DMSO and has a reverse transcriptase which utilizes the 70S virus RNA as a template. The size, morphology and density (1.15 g/ml) are similar to other known type-C viruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the presence of polypeptides analogous to those found in other type-C viruses.", "contents": "Characteristics of a retrovirus associated with a hamster melanoma. The continuous culture of a hamster melanoma cell line has led to the spontaneous appearance of a retrovirus (HaRV) with typical type-C characteristics. The virus differs from all other known hamster viruses in its ability to transform murine as well as rat and hamster cells with apparent one-hit kinetics. Guinea pig, human and feline cells were not transformed although reverse transcriptase activity was detected in the supernatant from infected human cells. HaRV-transformed hamster embryo cells produced solid tumours (all non-pigmented) in 4 out of 35 animals when injected into hamsters while HaRV-transformed murine cells produced no tumours in mice. Injection of HaRV alone in hamsters, mice and rabbits did not induce tumours. HaRV possesses a 70S RNA which dissociates to 35S in DMSO and has a reverse transcriptase which utilizes the 70S virus RNA as a template. The size, morphology and density (1.15 g/ml) are similar to other known type-C viruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the presence of polypeptides analogous to those found in other type-C viruses.", "PMID": 90112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11853", "title": "Biochemical and immunological properties of the reverse transcriptase associated with a hamster retrovirus.", "content": "Several properties of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with a hamster retrovirus (HaRV) were examined and found to be similar to other polymerases from mammalian type-C viruses in that the enzyme (i) is more active with Mn2+ than Mg2+, (ii) uses the reverse transcriptase-specific poly(rCm).oligo(dG) template, (iii) possesses substantial endogenous polymerase activity and (iv) is strongly inhibited by homologous antisera and moderately inhibited by antisera directed against other type-C viruses. In contrast to previous reports of polymerases from other hamster viruses, HaRV polymerase is active in endogenous assays and the activity is associated with a 70,000 mol. wt. polypeptide in highly purified virions and with 70,000 and 85,000 mol. wt. polypeptides in fresh, unpurified virus. Only one major peak of polymerase activity eluted from DEAE-cellulose while subsequent elution of this peak from phosphocellulose produced two major peaks of polymerase activity. The mol. wt. of these two peaks were 70,000 and 85,000 by glycerol density-gradient sedimentation. The HaRV reverse transcriptase and p30 were found to be most closely related antigenically to other rodent retrovirus proteins.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological properties of the reverse transcriptase associated with a hamster retrovirus. Several properties of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with a hamster retrovirus (HaRV) were examined and found to be similar to other polymerases from mammalian type-C viruses in that the enzyme (i) is more active with Mn2+ than Mg2+, (ii) uses the reverse transcriptase-specific poly(rCm).oligo(dG) template, (iii) possesses substantial endogenous polymerase activity and (iv) is strongly inhibited by homologous antisera and moderately inhibited by antisera directed against other type-C viruses. In contrast to previous reports of polymerases from other hamster viruses, HaRV polymerase is active in endogenous assays and the activity is associated with a 70,000 mol. wt. polypeptide in highly purified virions and with 70,000 and 85,000 mol. wt. polypeptides in fresh, unpurified virus. Only one major peak of polymerase activity eluted from DEAE-cellulose while subsequent elution of this peak from phosphocellulose produced two major peaks of polymerase activity. The mol. wt. of these two peaks were 70,000 and 85,000 by glycerol density-gradient sedimentation. The HaRV reverse transcriptase and p30 were found to be most closely related antigenically to other rodent retrovirus proteins.", "PMID": 90113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11854", "title": "Genetic recombination in Rous sarcoma virus: the genesis of recombinants and lack of evidence for linkage between pol, env and src genes in three factor crosses.", "content": "Three factor crosses were performed between Rouse sarcoma virus mutants with temperature-sensitive markers in the pol and src genes and host range markers in the env gene. A number of recombinant viruses appeared to segregate from virus particles which were heterozygous for all three genes under study. The frequency of various recombinant genotypes in the progeny was consistent with there being no greater linkage between the neighbouring gene pairs of pol and env and env and src than between the more distant pol and src. The significance of these results to proposed mechanisms of avian retrovirus recombination is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in Rous sarcoma virus: the genesis of recombinants and lack of evidence for linkage between pol, env and src genes in three factor crosses. Three factor crosses were performed between Rouse sarcoma virus mutants with temperature-sensitive markers in the pol and src genes and host range markers in the env gene. A number of recombinant viruses appeared to segregate from virus particles which were heterozygous for all three genes under study. The frequency of various recombinant genotypes in the progeny was consistent with there being no greater linkage between the neighbouring gene pairs of pol and env and env and src than between the more distant pol and src. The significance of these results to proposed mechanisms of avian retrovirus recombination is discussed.", "PMID": 90114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11855", "title": "Immunochemical and oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex viruses.", "content": "RNA oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicate that the genome RNA obtained from Trinidad donkey (TRD) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus serotype I A, its vaccine strain derivative TC-83, and the VEE I B virus isolate PTF-39, have almost identical patterns of characteristic ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotides. The TC-83 strain and the I B isolate can, on the basis of these analyses, be considered as variants of the TRD virus and categorized as I AB serotypes. Comparisons made by single and co-electrophoreses of the ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I C isolate P676 indicate that 16 of 37 large oligonucleotides of the TC-83 virus co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I C isolate. Similar single and co-electrophoreses of ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I D isolate 3880 indicate that 18 of 41 TC-83 large oligonucleotides co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I D virus isolate. At least nine of the TC-83 large oligonucleotides appear on the basis of these analyses, to be present in the digests of the genome RNA obtained from these selected I B, I C and I D virus isolates. The ribonucleast T1 digests of three I E virus isolates (Mina II, 63U2 and 71U388) give oligonucleotide fingerprints which, although comparable to each other, are more distinct from the I A and I B RNA fingerprints than are those of the I C and I D RNA species. The ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotide fingerprints of VEE virus isolates belonging to serotypes (VEE subtypes) II, III and IV show little similarity to each other or to those of the serotype I virus isolates we have studied. The results obtained here agree with the reported close antigenic relationships of VEE, I A, I B, I C and I D virus isolates, and our studies suggest that these viruses have conserved nucleotide sequences. The I E virus isolates appear to have more distinct nucleotide sequences than do the other serotype 1 viruses. The results also agree with the serological differentiation of VEE, I, II, III and IV subtypes in that the oligonucleotide fingerprints of subtypes II to IV are different from each other and from those of the different serotype I virus isolates. On the basis of antigenic and genome relationships, VEE isolates can be classified as serotypes I to IV with serotype I viruses differentiated into the categories I AB, I C, I D and I E.", "contents": "Immunochemical and oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex viruses. RNA oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicate that the genome RNA obtained from Trinidad donkey (TRD) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus serotype I A, its vaccine strain derivative TC-83, and the VEE I B virus isolate PTF-39, have almost identical patterns of characteristic ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotides. The TC-83 strain and the I B isolate can, on the basis of these analyses, be considered as variants of the TRD virus and categorized as I AB serotypes. Comparisons made by single and co-electrophoreses of the ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I C isolate P676 indicate that 16 of 37 large oligonucleotides of the TC-83 virus co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I C isolate. Similar single and co-electrophoreses of ribonuclease T1 digests of the RNA species of TC-83 and a VEE I D isolate 3880 indicate that 18 of 41 TC-83 large oligonucleotides co-migrate with the oligonucleotides obtained from the I D virus isolate. At least nine of the TC-83 large oligonucleotides appear on the basis of these analyses, to be present in the digests of the genome RNA obtained from these selected I B, I C and I D virus isolates. The ribonucleast T1 digests of three I E virus isolates (Mina II, 63U2 and 71U388) give oligonucleotide fingerprints which, although comparable to each other, are more distinct from the I A and I B RNA fingerprints than are those of the I C and I D RNA species. The ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotide fingerprints of VEE virus isolates belonging to serotypes (VEE subtypes) II, III and IV show little similarity to each other or to those of the serotype I virus isolates we have studied. The results obtained here agree with the reported close antigenic relationships of VEE, I A, I B, I C and I D virus isolates, and our studies suggest that these viruses have conserved nucleotide sequences. The I E virus isolates appear to have more distinct nucleotide sequences than do the other serotype 1 viruses. The results also agree with the serological differentiation of VEE, I, II, III and IV subtypes in that the oligonucleotide fingerprints of subtypes II to IV are different from each other and from those of the different serotype I virus isolates. On the basis of antigenic and genome relationships, VEE isolates can be classified as serotypes I to IV with serotype I viruses differentiated into the categories I AB, I C, I D and I E.", "PMID": 90115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11856", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for virus antibody using binding of 125I-labelled protein A.", "content": "An assay for virus antibodies using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is described. Type B and type C RNA tumour viruses adsorbed on to polystryrene microtitre plate wells were incubated with antiserum and then with 125I-labelled protein A (I-pA) and bound radioactivity was determined. Technical details such as labelling, antigen concentration, storage of I-pA are reported. The specificity of the reaction was investigated in detail by competition experiments with purified unbound homologous viruses. This assay also proved to be sensitive for demonstration of autogenous immunity to both type B and type C RNA tumour viruses. A study using antisera against purified core and envelope virus proteins of mammary tumour and leukaemis viruses suggested that the reaction mainly involves surface antigens of the intact virions.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for virus antibody using binding of 125I-labelled protein A. An assay for virus antibodies using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is described. Type B and type C RNA tumour viruses adsorbed on to polystryrene microtitre plate wells were incubated with antiserum and then with 125I-labelled protein A (I-pA) and bound radioactivity was determined. Technical details such as labelling, antigen concentration, storage of I-pA are reported. The specificity of the reaction was investigated in detail by competition experiments with purified unbound homologous viruses. This assay also proved to be sensitive for demonstration of autogenous immunity to both type B and type C RNA tumour viruses. A study using antisera against purified core and envelope virus proteins of mammary tumour and leukaemis viruses suggested that the reaction mainly involves surface antigens of the intact virions.", "PMID": 90116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11857", "title": "Feline syncytium-forming virus: identification of a virion associated reverse transcriptase and electron microscopical observations of infected cells.", "content": "The maturation of feline syncytium-forming virus (FSFV), a member of the foamy virus sub-family (Spumavirinae), has been studied by electron microscopy of thin sections of infected feline embryo (FEA) cells. The initial event observed was formation of crescent-shaped nucleoids at the plasma membrane. As budding progressed, the nucleoid became circular in outline with an electron-lucent centre in fully mature extracellular particles. These observations suggested that the maturation of FSFV in fully permissive FEA cells resembled that of C-type RNA tumour viruses, rather thant the B-type mouse mammary tumour virus. In this respect FSFV may be distinct from other foamy viruses. However, like other foamy viruses FSFV possessed reverse transcriptase activity. Polymerase activity co-sedimented with infectivity in an equilibrium density gradient and exhibited a preference for poly(rA).oligo(dT)10 over poly(dA).oligo(dT)10 as exogenous template.", "contents": "Feline syncytium-forming virus: identification of a virion associated reverse transcriptase and electron microscopical observations of infected cells. The maturation of feline syncytium-forming virus (FSFV), a member of the foamy virus sub-family (Spumavirinae), has been studied by electron microscopy of thin sections of infected feline embryo (FEA) cells. The initial event observed was formation of crescent-shaped nucleoids at the plasma membrane. As budding progressed, the nucleoid became circular in outline with an electron-lucent centre in fully mature extracellular particles. These observations suggested that the maturation of FSFV in fully permissive FEA cells resembled that of C-type RNA tumour viruses, rather thant the B-type mouse mammary tumour virus. In this respect FSFV may be distinct from other foamy viruses. However, like other foamy viruses FSFV possessed reverse transcriptase activity. Polymerase activity co-sedimented with infectivity in an equilibrium density gradient and exhibited a preference for poly(rA).oligo(dT)10 over poly(dA).oligo(dT)10 as exogenous template.", "PMID": 90117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11858", "title": "Purification of measles virus with preservation of infectivity and antigenicity.", "content": "Measles virus Edmonston strain was purified by ultrafiltration followed by two successive sedimentations through sucrose. Purified virus retained infectivity and, when used as an immunogen, elicited high titred antibody to measles antigens by conventional serology. The measles preparations were examined by SDS-PAGE followed by staining. In addition, following PAGE, the purity of these preparations was assessed immunochemically using antisera directed to measles and host cell antigens. The results of these studies demonstrate the utility of the purification method for the preparation of milligram quantities of relatively pure measles virus.", "contents": "Purification of measles virus with preservation of infectivity and antigenicity. Measles virus Edmonston strain was purified by ultrafiltration followed by two successive sedimentations through sucrose. Purified virus retained infectivity and, when used as an immunogen, elicited high titred antibody to measles antigens by conventional serology. The measles preparations were examined by SDS-PAGE followed by staining. In addition, following PAGE, the purity of these preparations was assessed immunochemically using antisera directed to measles and host cell antigens. The results of these studies demonstrate the utility of the purification method for the preparation of milligram quantities of relatively pure measles virus.", "PMID": 90118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11859", "title": "Antigens of human cytomegalovirus: electroimmunodiffusion assay and comparison among strains.", "content": "The antigens of strain AD169 of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) were extracted by various methods and at different times following the appearance of cytopathic effects (c.p.e.) in infected fibroblasts. Assay with a pooled human serum in electroimmunodiffusion (EID) revealed that the most reactive preparations were obtained by shell-freeze (SF) extraction on the fourth day after 4+c.p.e. As many as 20 antigens could be detected in the original gels, most of which were stable upon storage at 4 degrees C for up to 4 weeks; of these, about 14 can be reproducibly seen on photographs. EID runs on day 4 SF preparations from high-passage CMV strains C87 and Davis and low passage recent isolates VD14, 1694 and 1723 resolved, respectively, 15, 15, 13, 11 and 11 antigens in the original gels (11, 9, 11,8 and 9 are visible in photographs). Strains 1694 and 1723 shared fewer antigens with one another and with high passage strains than were shared among the latter, whereas VD14 had relatively large numbers of antigens common to both low and high passage strains. At least six antigens were common to all strains.", "contents": "Antigens of human cytomegalovirus: electroimmunodiffusion assay and comparison among strains. The antigens of strain AD169 of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) were extracted by various methods and at different times following the appearance of cytopathic effects (c.p.e.) in infected fibroblasts. Assay with a pooled human serum in electroimmunodiffusion (EID) revealed that the most reactive preparations were obtained by shell-freeze (SF) extraction on the fourth day after 4+c.p.e. As many as 20 antigens could be detected in the original gels, most of which were stable upon storage at 4 degrees C for up to 4 weeks; of these, about 14 can be reproducibly seen on photographs. EID runs on day 4 SF preparations from high-passage CMV strains C87 and Davis and low passage recent isolates VD14, 1694 and 1723 resolved, respectively, 15, 15, 13, 11 and 11 antigens in the original gels (11, 9, 11,8 and 9 are visible in photographs). Strains 1694 and 1723 shared fewer antigens with one another and with high passage strains than were shared among the latter, whereas VD14 had relatively large numbers of antigens common to both low and high passage strains. At least six antigens were common to all strains.", "PMID": 90119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11860", "title": "Antigenic relationships between polypeptides derived from plantar and hand wart viruses.", "content": "Guinea pigs immunized with polypeptides derived from plantar and hand wart viruses developed both humoral and cell mediated immunity. The specificity of the antiserum was determined by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests and cellular immunity by intradermal tests. While whole plantar and hand wart virus particles (PV and HV) appeared to be immunologically analogous, they had different polypeptide patterns as shown by analysis on acrylamide slab gels. In particular, the P2 polypeptide (major virus protein) with different mol. wt. for PV (56750) and HV (54500) induced the production of high antibody titres in the animals and the immune sera specifically labelled wart substrates as shown in thie IF test, demonstrating that no cross humoral reaction occurs between these two polypeptides. Furthermore, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was observed in P2 polypeptide-inoculated guinea pigs when whole particles were introduced in skin tests, but a total cross reactivity between PV and HV was noticed at the cellular level. However, the study of the virus isolated from the lesions of a patient (Ri) bearing extensive common hand warts has shown that the virus particles possessed all the biochemical and immunological characteristics of PV, in particular with regard to the P2 polypeptide. Such a case may represent plantar-like warts located on the hands.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships between polypeptides derived from plantar and hand wart viruses. Guinea pigs immunized with polypeptides derived from plantar and hand wart viruses developed both humoral and cell mediated immunity. The specificity of the antiserum was determined by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests and cellular immunity by intradermal tests. While whole plantar and hand wart virus particles (PV and HV) appeared to be immunologically analogous, they had different polypeptide patterns as shown by analysis on acrylamide slab gels. In particular, the P2 polypeptide (major virus protein) with different mol. wt. for PV (56750) and HV (54500) induced the production of high antibody titres in the animals and the immune sera specifically labelled wart substrates as shown in thie IF test, demonstrating that no cross humoral reaction occurs between these two polypeptides. Furthermore, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was observed in P2 polypeptide-inoculated guinea pigs when whole particles were introduced in skin tests, but a total cross reactivity between PV and HV was noticed at the cellular level. However, the study of the virus isolated from the lesions of a patient (Ri) bearing extensive common hand warts has shown that the virus particles possessed all the biochemical and immunological characteristics of PV, in particular with regard to the P2 polypeptide. Such a case may represent plantar-like warts located on the hands.", "PMID": 90120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11861", "title": "Cross-reactive and type-specific complement-fixing structures of Oriboca virions.", "content": "Characteristics of two components of Oriboca virus were studied after they were separated and semipurified by velocity centrifugation. A component of low infectivity and broad cross-reactivity in the complement-fixation (CF) test had a sedimentation coefficient of 6--7S. Infectious Oriboca virions with hemagglutinating (HA) activity had a sedimentation coeffecient of 457S. These virions cross-reacted broadly with Murutucu viral antibody. The cross-reactive, virion-associated component and a type-specific CF fragment were released from virions by disruption with Nonidet P-40. These CF fragments separated by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation had densities of 1.245gm/ml and 1.181 gm/ml, respectively, and were both interpreted to be envelope structures. The type-specific CF antigen appeared to be related to the viral hemagglutinin in that it blocked hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, whereas the cross-reactive CF fragment did not.", "contents": "Cross-reactive and type-specific complement-fixing structures of Oriboca virions. Characteristics of two components of Oriboca virus were studied after they were separated and semipurified by velocity centrifugation. A component of low infectivity and broad cross-reactivity in the complement-fixation (CF) test had a sedimentation coefficient of 6--7S. Infectious Oriboca virions with hemagglutinating (HA) activity had a sedimentation coeffecient of 457S. These virions cross-reacted broadly with Murutucu viral antibody. The cross-reactive, virion-associated component and a type-specific CF fragment were released from virions by disruption with Nonidet P-40. These CF fragments separated by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation had densities of 1.245gm/ml and 1.181 gm/ml, respectively, and were both interpreted to be envelope structures. The type-specific CF antigen appeared to be related to the viral hemagglutinin in that it blocked hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, whereas the cross-reactive CF fragment did not.", "PMID": 90121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11862", "title": "Aspects of cellular immunity in multiple sclerosis. Antigen-reactivity of lymphocytes and lymphokine activity.", "content": "Some new results of cell-mediated immunity in multiple slcerosis (MS) are presented, based on the determination of charge-changing lymphokines as products of antigen sensitive lymphocytes (C PAL), obtained by several forms of the electrophoretic mobility (EM) method. Lymphocytes from MS react to myelin basic protein (BP), the reactivity in other neurological diseases depending on the degree of destruction of nervous parenchyma. Applying a membrane-associated antigen from normal brain (NTA), positive reactivity of MS lymphocytes was obtained. Besides the usual determination of lymphokines in vitro the sensitive EM test allows the demonstration of lymphokine activities in vivo; i.e. in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. In CSF of MS a high lymphokine activity was found. The differentiation of lymphokines and comparison between in vitro and in vivo activity were carried out. Moreover, a characteristic lymphokine pattern for MS with high activities in all regions of molecular weight, especially in the CSF, could be detected. On the basis of these findings, important also from the pathogenetic point of view, a diagnostic scheme for MS is suggested, consisting of a program of determination of the immuno-reactive CSF syndrome and some special procedures, including examination of lymphocyte reactivity.", "contents": "Aspects of cellular immunity in multiple sclerosis. Antigen-reactivity of lymphocytes and lymphokine activity. Some new results of cell-mediated immunity in multiple slcerosis (MS) are presented, based on the determination of charge-changing lymphokines as products of antigen sensitive lymphocytes (C PAL), obtained by several forms of the electrophoretic mobility (EM) method. Lymphocytes from MS react to myelin basic protein (BP), the reactivity in other neurological diseases depending on the degree of destruction of nervous parenchyma. Applying a membrane-associated antigen from normal brain (NTA), positive reactivity of MS lymphocytes was obtained. Besides the usual determination of lymphokines in vitro the sensitive EM test allows the demonstration of lymphokine activities in vivo; i.e. in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. In CSF of MS a high lymphokine activity was found. The differentiation of lymphokines and comparison between in vitro and in vivo activity were carried out. Moreover, a characteristic lymphokine pattern for MS with high activities in all regions of molecular weight, especially in the CSF, could be detected. On the basis of these findings, important also from the pathogenetic point of view, a diagnostic scheme for MS is suggested, consisting of a program of determination of the immuno-reactive CSF syndrome and some special procedures, including examination of lymphocyte reactivity.", "PMID": 90125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11863", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to human encephalitogenic protein as assayed by agarose leucocyte migration in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "Using a leucocyte migration test (Clausen's direct agarose gel migration method) hypersensitivity to human encephalitogenic protein has been examined in 50 multiple sclerosis patients (group 1), 50 healthy persons (group 2) and 25 patients with other neurological diseases (group 3). In group 1, 30 MS patients (60%) show an abnormal migration index, manifested either as inhibition or stimulation of migration; 29 controls in group 2 (58%), 11 O.N.D. patients in group 3 (44%) show an abnormal migration index. These results mean that lymphocyte hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein appears neither to be constant nor specific to multiple sclerosis. Three migration index curve types at different antigen concentration are obtained: monophasic curves within the normal index zones; monophasic curves staying in the inhibition or stimulation zone and biphasic curves with dose-effect relationship. Whatever the antigen used, this dose-effect relationship implies that the test must be carried out at different concentrations. The meaning of spontaneous sensitisation in healthy controls is discussed.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to human encephalitogenic protein as assayed by agarose leucocyte migration in multiple sclerosis patients. Using a leucocyte migration test (Clausen's direct agarose gel migration method) hypersensitivity to human encephalitogenic protein has been examined in 50 multiple sclerosis patients (group 1), 50 healthy persons (group 2) and 25 patients with other neurological diseases (group 3). In group 1, 30 MS patients (60%) show an abnormal migration index, manifested either as inhibition or stimulation of migration; 29 controls in group 2 (58%), 11 O.N.D. patients in group 3 (44%) show an abnormal migration index. These results mean that lymphocyte hypersensitivity to myelin basic protein appears neither to be constant nor specific to multiple sclerosis. Three migration index curve types at different antigen concentration are obtained: monophasic curves within the normal index zones; monophasic curves staying in the inhibition or stimulation zone and biphasic curves with dose-effect relationship. Whatever the antigen used, this dose-effect relationship implies that the test must be carried out at different concentrations. The meaning of spontaneous sensitisation in healthy controls is discussed.", "PMID": 90126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11864", "title": "E-PTA stains oligodendroglial surface membranes and microtubules in optic nerves during myelination.", "content": "Aldehyde fixed Xenopus tadpole and frog optic nerves were stained en bloc with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). During rapid myelination, intense staining was observed on cytoplasmic faces of paranodal terminal loops and loosely wrapped oligodendroglial membranes found along inner and outer surfaces of compact myelin sheaths. Oligodendroglial microtubules also were heavily stained. Where stained cytoplasmic faces fused to form a lamella of compact myelin, the intense staining was reduced to a thinner, fainter line. In optic nerves of adult frogs, the staining was less dense but the pattern was similar. The staining distribution and available histochemical evidence indicate that E-PTA stains positively charged proteins non specifically. Since myelin basic protein is found in oligodendroglia during myelination, we suggest that it is being stained by E-PTA while being transported along microtubules to sites where it is inserted into developing myelin lamellae.", "contents": "E-PTA stains oligodendroglial surface membranes and microtubules in optic nerves during myelination. Aldehyde fixed Xenopus tadpole and frog optic nerves were stained en bloc with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). During rapid myelination, intense staining was observed on cytoplasmic faces of paranodal terminal loops and loosely wrapped oligodendroglial membranes found along inner and outer surfaces of compact myelin sheaths. Oligodendroglial microtubules also were heavily stained. Where stained cytoplasmic faces fused to form a lamella of compact myelin, the intense staining was reduced to a thinner, fainter line. In optic nerves of adult frogs, the staining was less dense but the pattern was similar. The staining distribution and available histochemical evidence indicate that E-PTA stains positively charged proteins non specifically. Since myelin basic protein is found in oligodendroglia during myelination, we suggest that it is being stained by E-PTA while being transported along microtubules to sites where it is inserted into developing myelin lamellae.", "PMID": 90127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11865", "title": "Proteinase inhibitors in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Levels of the proteinase inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-m) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-at), and total protein, IgG and transferrin were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases. All groups except that termed \"meningitis\" had similar alpha 2-m levels, but alpha 1-at and transferrin were significantly depressed in MS. Total protein levels were normal and IgG levels were elevated in MS. Serum levels of alpha 1-at were normal so the decreases observed in the CSF in MS were not due to impaired systemic production. In view of previous reports that proteinase activity is high in MS plaques and CSF, the inhibitory capacity of alpha 2-m and alpha 1-at in CSF was measured. As any decreases in inhibitory capacity noted in MS were slight, they could only be important in the local environment of a plaque where enzyme levels may be critically high.", "contents": "Proteinase inhibitors in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Levels of the proteinase inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-m) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-at), and total protein, IgG and transferrin were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases. All groups except that termed \"meningitis\" had similar alpha 2-m levels, but alpha 1-at and transferrin were significantly depressed in MS. Total protein levels were normal and IgG levels were elevated in MS. Serum levels of alpha 1-at were normal so the decreases observed in the CSF in MS were not due to impaired systemic production. In view of previous reports that proteinase activity is high in MS plaques and CSF, the inhibitory capacity of alpha 2-m and alpha 1-at in CSF was measured. As any decreases in inhibitory capacity noted in MS were slight, they could only be important in the local environment of a plaque where enzyme levels may be critically high.", "PMID": 90128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11866", "title": "The effect of Cop 1, a synthetic polypeptide, on chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.", "content": "Cop 1, a synthetic polypeptide, was evaluated for its effect on a chronic relapsing form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pretreatment of juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs with Cop 1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) which were subsequently challenged with guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) had a marked effect in delaying or preventing the appearance of clinical signs of EAE. Administration of Cop 1 on appearance of clinical signs of EAE prevented progression of the first episode of the disease. Although relapses were not always prevented, they were modified on their duration and intensity both clinically and histologically.", "contents": "The effect of Cop 1, a synthetic polypeptide, on chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. Cop 1, a synthetic polypeptide, was evaluated for its effect on a chronic relapsing form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pretreatment of juvenile Strain 13 guinea pigs with Cop 1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) which were subsequently challenged with guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) had a marked effect in delaying or preventing the appearance of clinical signs of EAE. Administration of Cop 1 on appearance of clinical signs of EAE prevented progression of the first episode of the disease. Although relapses were not always prevented, they were modified on their duration and intensity both clinically and histologically.", "PMID": 90129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11867", "title": "Direct immunofixation after isoelectric focusing. An improved method for identification of cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteins.", "content": "An improved method for identification of CSF and serum proteins is described, using analytical isoelectric focusing followed by direct immunofixation in polyacrylamide gel. This method offers high sensitivity together with retained resolution after isoelectric focusing and is technically easy to perform. The gamma-trace protein, normal transferrin, haptoglobin and alpha 2-macroglobulin and two genetic alterations of transferrin were analyzed. The qualitative differences, previously observed on crossed immunoelectrofocusing, between transferrin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in the CSF and serum were confirmed by immunofixation. Protein components, differing in isoelectric pH by at least 0.03 pH unit and 0.5 mm apart were readily identified by this technique.", "contents": "Direct immunofixation after isoelectric focusing. An improved method for identification of cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteins. An improved method for identification of CSF and serum proteins is described, using analytical isoelectric focusing followed by direct immunofixation in polyacrylamide gel. This method offers high sensitivity together with retained resolution after isoelectric focusing and is technically easy to perform. The gamma-trace protein, normal transferrin, haptoglobin and alpha 2-macroglobulin and two genetic alterations of transferrin were analyzed. The qualitative differences, previously observed on crossed immunoelectrofocusing, between transferrin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in the CSF and serum were confirmed by immunofixation. Protein components, differing in isoelectric pH by at least 0.03 pH unit and 0.5 mm apart were readily identified by this technique.", "PMID": 90130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11868", "title": "Rhythmic palatal myoclonus and the dentato-olivary pathway.", "content": "The anatomical basis of palatal myoclonus and related rhythmic skeletal myoclonus is described. The most constant lesion is a special type of degeneration with hypertrophy of the olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, on the side opposite to the myoclonus when it is unilateral. This degeneration is usually secondary to a primary lesion located either in the ipsilateral (to the hypertrophied olive) central tegmental tract or in the contralateral dentate nucleus. To link these data, Trelles (1935, 1943) suggested a dentato-olivary pathway from the dentate nucleus to the contralateral inferior olive via the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract after crossing the midline. The existence of this pathway was demonstrated by Lapresle and Ben Hamida (1965-1971), first by showing a topistic relationship between dentate nucleus and contralateral inferior olive, then by delineating this pathway in the vicinity of the red nucleus at the crossing of the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract. The significance of these lesions with their ensuing symptoms is discussed. It is considered as a transsynaptic degeneration which probably reveals an archaic phenomenon, submerged but not lost through evolution.", "contents": "Rhythmic palatal myoclonus and the dentato-olivary pathway. The anatomical basis of palatal myoclonus and related rhythmic skeletal myoclonus is described. The most constant lesion is a special type of degeneration with hypertrophy of the olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, on the side opposite to the myoclonus when it is unilateral. This degeneration is usually secondary to a primary lesion located either in the ipsilateral (to the hypertrophied olive) central tegmental tract or in the contralateral dentate nucleus. To link these data, Trelles (1935, 1943) suggested a dentato-olivary pathway from the dentate nucleus to the contralateral inferior olive via the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract after crossing the midline. The existence of this pathway was demonstrated by Lapresle and Ben Hamida (1965-1971), first by showing a topistic relationship between dentate nucleus and contralateral inferior olive, then by delineating this pathway in the vicinity of the red nucleus at the crossing of the superior cerebellar peduncle and the central tegmental tract. The significance of these lesions with their ensuing symptoms is discussed. It is considered as a transsynaptic degeneration which probably reveals an archaic phenomenon, submerged but not lost through evolution.", "PMID": 90131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11869", "title": "Neuromyopathy during chronic amiodarone treatment. A case report.", "content": "Clinical, electrophysiological, and the nerve and muscle biopsy findings from a case treated with amiodarone are reported. Marked distal motor and sensory impairment and distal muscular atrophy were observed clinically. The electrophysiological examination revealed normal motor and sensory conduction velocities in the median nerve; the sensory action  potentials were polyphasic and reduced in amplitude. Electromyography revealed denervation potentials and severe loss of motor units in the M. extensor digitorum brevis and in the M. tibialis anterior. The light and electronmicroscopical study of a N. suralis biopsy displayed total loss of large myelinated fibers and an almost total reduction of small myelinated fibers. The number of unmyelinated axons was markedly reduced. Fibrocytes and degenerative axons polymorphous inclusion bodies were present in Schwann cells. The muscle biopsy revealed both neurogenic and myopathic changes. Lipid storage was also present in the muscle fibers. Physical and chemical analysis of the nerve and muscle biopsy revealed the content of iodine to be more than 40 times increased. The findings indicate damage of axons, schwann cells and muscle fibers. It is suggested that the lipid storage in nerve and muscle tissue might be related to the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites.", "contents": "Neuromyopathy during chronic amiodarone treatment. A case report. Clinical, electrophysiological, and the nerve and muscle biopsy findings from a case treated with amiodarone are reported. Marked distal motor and sensory impairment and distal muscular atrophy were observed clinically. The electrophysiological examination revealed normal motor and sensory conduction velocities in the median nerve; the sensory action  potentials were polyphasic and reduced in amplitude. Electromyography revealed denervation potentials and severe loss of motor units in the M. extensor digitorum brevis and in the M. tibialis anterior. The light and electronmicroscopical study of a N. suralis biopsy displayed total loss of large myelinated fibers and an almost total reduction of small myelinated fibers. The number of unmyelinated axons was markedly reduced. Fibrocytes and degenerative axons polymorphous inclusion bodies were present in Schwann cells. The muscle biopsy revealed both neurogenic and myopathic changes. Lipid storage was also present in the muscle fibers. Physical and chemical analysis of the nerve and muscle biopsy revealed the content of iodine to be more than 40 times increased. The findings indicate damage of axons, schwann cells and muscle fibers. It is suggested that the lipid storage in nerve and muscle tissue might be related to the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites.", "PMID": 90132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11870", "title": "Clinical and ultrastructural study of a sporadic case of hereditary sensory neuropathy. Morphological evidence for a slow rate fiber degeneration.", "content": "A sporadic case of hereditary sensory neuropathy, with a clinical course and severe trophic and sensory alterations typical for type II, is presented. There was a severe loss of myelin in the sural nerve biopsy taken from the ankle. The most impressive microscopic feature was the number of rudimentary onion bulbs with an empty core which contained nude axons in the peripheral schwann cell layers; they were interpreted as vestigial structures left by the former myelinated fibers. Electron microscopy also revealed a definite involvement of unmyelinated fibers with attempted regeneration, which was confirmed by the overrepresentation of small axons on their frequency distribution curve. The whole ultrastructural picture suggested the protracted nature of the fiber involvement. This may be considered as agreeing with the slow course proposed for a system degeneration.", "contents": "Clinical and ultrastructural study of a sporadic case of hereditary sensory neuropathy. Morphological evidence for a slow rate fiber degeneration. A sporadic case of hereditary sensory neuropathy, with a clinical course and severe trophic and sensory alterations typical for type II, is presented. There was a severe loss of myelin in the sural nerve biopsy taken from the ankle. The most impressive microscopic feature was the number of rudimentary onion bulbs with an empty core which contained nude axons in the peripheral schwann cell layers; they were interpreted as vestigial structures left by the former myelinated fibers. Electron microscopy also revealed a definite involvement of unmyelinated fibers with attempted regeneration, which was confirmed by the overrepresentation of small axons on their frequency distribution curve. The whole ultrastructural picture suggested the protracted nature of the fiber involvement. This may be considered as agreeing with the slow course proposed for a system degeneration.", "PMID": 90133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11871", "title": "Paramyotonia congenita. A clinical, electrophysiological and histological study of 12 patients.", "content": "The present paper describes the clinical, electrophysiological and histological findings made in 12 patients belonging to 2 genealogical lineages in Switzerland, suffering from paramyotonia congenita. This is the first report of this disease in Switzerland. The myopathy, transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, is characterized by a typical past medical history and by the persistent contraction of the muscles of the face, arms and legs provoked by exposure to cold. Also of diagnostic importance are the myotonic reactions inducible at room temperature, such as percussion myotonia, active myotonia and paradoxical myotonia. During paramyotonic episodes provoked by exposure of the subjects in a refrigeration chamber, serum potassium concentrations remained within normal limits. Potassium loading producing serum levels above 6 mEq/1 in 2 patients gave rise to stiffness and weakness of the arms and legs, but no signs of paralysis. Induced hypokalemia in 3 cases caused no paramyotonic symptoms. Electromyographic recordings in 5 patients showed myotonic discharges, which disappeared upon cooling of the limb, giving way to progressive muscular stiffness. Histological, histochemical and electronmicroscopical examination of the muscle tissue revealed only diagnostically unspecific myopathological changes.", "contents": "Paramyotonia congenita. A clinical, electrophysiological and histological study of 12 patients. The present paper describes the clinical, electrophysiological and histological findings made in 12 patients belonging to 2 genealogical lineages in Switzerland, suffering from paramyotonia congenita. This is the first report of this disease in Switzerland. The myopathy, transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance, is characterized by a typical past medical history and by the persistent contraction of the muscles of the face, arms and legs provoked by exposure to cold. Also of diagnostic importance are the myotonic reactions inducible at room temperature, such as percussion myotonia, active myotonia and paradoxical myotonia. During paramyotonic episodes provoked by exposure of the subjects in a refrigeration chamber, serum potassium concentrations remained within normal limits. Potassium loading producing serum levels above 6 mEq/1 in 2 patients gave rise to stiffness and weakness of the arms and legs, but no signs of paralysis. Induced hypokalemia in 3 cases caused no paramyotonic symptoms. Electromyographic recordings in 5 patients showed myotonic discharges, which disappeared upon cooling of the limb, giving way to progressive muscular stiffness. Histological, histochemical and electronmicroscopical examination of the muscle tissue revealed only diagnostically unspecific myopathological changes.", "PMID": 90134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11872", "title": "Primary malignant lymphoma of the CNS and polyneuropathy in a patient with necrotizing vasculitis treated with immunosuppression.", "content": "A woman, aged 58, who had undergone prolonged treatment with corticosteroids for generalized necrotizing vasculitis, and had received azathioprine (Imurel) for 18 months, 4 years after discontinuing the latter treatment, developed peripheral neuropathy and a rapidly progressing cerebral disorder suggesting a basal meningeal process. CSF cytology suggested malignant lymphoma with meningeal involvement. Immunological studies showed an increase of Null-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Autopsy disclosed a primary malignant lymphoma of the CNS with the histological appearance of a multilocular immunoblastoma showing almost ubiquitous meningocerebral involvement. Clinical and postmortem examinations failed to demonstrate any systemic extraneural lymphoproliferative disorder. In addition, there was peripheral polyneuropathy of the axonal type with denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle, but without lymphomatous involvement of the neuromuscular system. The possible relations between primary malignant lymphomas of the CNS and previous immunosuppressive treatment of immunoinflammatory disease are discussed in view of the concept of impaired immunoregulation. The pathogenetic background of peripheral polyneuropathy is unknown.", "contents": "Primary malignant lymphoma of the CNS and polyneuropathy in a patient with necrotizing vasculitis treated with immunosuppression. A woman, aged 58, who had undergone prolonged treatment with corticosteroids for generalized necrotizing vasculitis, and had received azathioprine (Imurel) for 18 months, 4 years after discontinuing the latter treatment, developed peripheral neuropathy and a rapidly progressing cerebral disorder suggesting a basal meningeal process. CSF cytology suggested malignant lymphoma with meningeal involvement. Immunological studies showed an increase of Null-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Autopsy disclosed a primary malignant lymphoma of the CNS with the histological appearance of a multilocular immunoblastoma showing almost ubiquitous meningocerebral involvement. Clinical and postmortem examinations failed to demonstrate any systemic extraneural lymphoproliferative disorder. In addition, there was peripheral polyneuropathy of the axonal type with denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle, but without lymphomatous involvement of the neuromuscular system. The possible relations between primary malignant lymphomas of the CNS and previous immunosuppressive treatment of immunoinflammatory disease are discussed in view of the concept of impaired immunoregulation. The pathogenetic background of peripheral polyneuropathy is unknown.", "PMID": 90135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11873", "title": "Infantile cortical measles inclusion body encephalitis during combined treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A case of cortical measles inclusion body encephalitis occuring in a boy aged 6 years 7 months, 4 months after uncomplicated measles is reported. The child was undergoing combined treatment ofr acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was in primary remission for 2 years. The neuropathological findings are characterized by necrosis, eosinophilic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the neuronal and glial cells within the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Nucleocapsides of paramyxoviruses were detected in the nuclear inclusion bodies of both cell types.", "contents": "Infantile cortical measles inclusion body encephalitis during combined treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A case of cortical measles inclusion body encephalitis occuring in a boy aged 6 years 7 months, 4 months after uncomplicated measles is reported. The child was undergoing combined treatment ofr acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was in primary remission for 2 years. The neuropathological findings are characterized by necrosis, eosinophilic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the neuronal and glial cells within the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Nucleocapsides of paramyxoviruses were detected in the nuclear inclusion bodies of both cell types.", "PMID": 90136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11874", "title": "Cytostatic treatment of meningeal blastoses.", "content": "Intrathecal treatment with MTX was attempted in patients with diffuse meningeal blastoses. As a rule, symptoms and clinical findings improved rapidly. As objective parameters, the differential cell pictures of the CSF showed dissimilar results during therapy (25 mg MTX weekly i.t.). In leukoses (n = 10) and malignant lymphomas (n = 12), the CSF could be cleared with three exceptions which concerned differentiated tumors. The success was similarly good with meningeal dissemination of a seminoma. Meningeal carcinoses with mammary carcinoma (n = 7) and melanoma (n = 2) showed dissimilar results. No alteration of the cytograms of four bronchial carcinomas and one colon carcinoma was demonstrable. Besides the growth form, the degree of differentiation appears to be decisive for the success of therapy. The labeling index appears to be a useful indicator. Since symptoms and clinical findings often markedly improve even when a success cannot be objectively detected cytologically, an attempt at therapy is always to be recommended.", "contents": "Cytostatic treatment of meningeal blastoses. Intrathecal treatment with MTX was attempted in patients with diffuse meningeal blastoses. As a rule, symptoms and clinical findings improved rapidly. As objective parameters, the differential cell pictures of the CSF showed dissimilar results during therapy (25 mg MTX weekly i.t.). In leukoses (n = 10) and malignant lymphomas (n = 12), the CSF could be cleared with three exceptions which concerned differentiated tumors. The success was similarly good with meningeal dissemination of a seminoma. Meningeal carcinoses with mammary carcinoma (n = 7) and melanoma (n = 2) showed dissimilar results. No alteration of the cytograms of four bronchial carcinomas and one colon carcinoma was demonstrable. Besides the growth form, the degree of differentiation appears to be decisive for the success of therapy. The labeling index appears to be a useful indicator. Since symptoms and clinical findings often markedly improve even when a success cannot be objectively detected cytologically, an attempt at therapy is always to be recommended.", "PMID": 90137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11875", "title": "Urinary glycosaminoglycans in patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy.", "content": "Urinary GAGs analysis in Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (PME) showed an accumulation of uronic acid in the fraction eluted by 1 M NaCl and 3 M NaCl. As analogous changes were found in other myoclonic and epileptic patients receiving large doses of anticonvulsant drugs, these alterations in the GAG urinary pattern were not considered a primary disturbance of PME.", "contents": "Urinary glycosaminoglycans in patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Urinary GAGs analysis in Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (PME) showed an accumulation of uronic acid in the fraction eluted by 1 M NaCl and 3 M NaCl. As analogous changes were found in other myoclonic and epileptic patients receiving large doses of anticonvulsant drugs, these alterations in the GAG urinary pattern were not considered a primary disturbance of PME.", "PMID": 90138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11876", "title": "Immunodeficiency in epilepsy: a new view.", "content": "Up to 12% of epileptic patients have subnormal IgA serum concentrations. Previous observations suggest that IgA deficiency is correlated with hydantoin treatment and also with the type of seizure. In a followup study it is shown that IgA deficiency in epileptics is a rather constant feature of a given patient. The most pronounced changes in IgA levels were seen in patients in whom the hydantoin medication also changed. However, low IgA levels have also been reported in untreated epileptics. A new classification for the immunodeficiency state in epileptics is introduced.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in epilepsy: a new view. Up to 12% of epileptic patients have subnormal IgA serum concentrations. Previous observations suggest that IgA deficiency is correlated with hydantoin treatment and also with the type of seizure. In a followup study it is shown that IgA deficiency in epileptics is a rather constant feature of a given patient. The most pronounced changes in IgA levels were seen in patients in whom the hydantoin medication also changed. However, low IgA levels have also been reported in untreated epileptics. A new classification for the immunodeficiency state in epileptics is introduced.", "PMID": 90139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11877", "title": "Rapid detection of malaria and other bloodstream parasites by fluorescence microscopy with 4'6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).", "content": "DAPI is a fluorescent dye which appears to complex specifically with DNA. We have used this probe to detect and identify malarial infections by fluorescence microscopy. Experiments were conducted using Plasmodium berghei yoeli--infected mouse blood, P. lophurae--infected duck blood, and P. vivax--infected human blood. Infected avian blood was used to detect parasites within nucleated erythrocytes. Control blood smears from uninfected hosts revealed fluorescence only in the leukocytes of mammalian blood or in nuclei of leukocytes and erythrocytes of avian blood. Cytoplasmic staining of red blood cells was absent in all controls. In contrast, the cytoplasm of infected red blood cells was stippled with fluorescence centers. Ring forms, trophozoites, segmenters, and merozoites frequently were observed. This simple procedure can be applied directly to routine clinical analysis, as well as experimental procedures, DAPI can also be used to stain other parasites, including nuclei in microfilariae.", "contents": "Rapid detection of malaria and other bloodstream parasites by fluorescence microscopy with 4'6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). DAPI is a fluorescent dye which appears to complex specifically with DNA. We have used this probe to detect and identify malarial infections by fluorescence microscopy. Experiments were conducted using Plasmodium berghei yoeli--infected mouse blood, P. lophurae--infected duck blood, and P. vivax--infected human blood. Infected avian blood was used to detect parasites within nucleated erythrocytes. Control blood smears from uninfected hosts revealed fluorescence only in the leukocytes of mammalian blood or in nuclei of leukocytes and erythrocytes of avian blood. Cytoplasmic staining of red blood cells was absent in all controls. In contrast, the cytoplasm of infected red blood cells was stippled with fluorescence centers. Ring forms, trophozoites, segmenters, and merozoites frequently were observed. This simple procedure can be applied directly to routine clinical analysis, as well as experimental procedures, DAPI can also be used to stain other parasites, including nuclei in microfilariae.", "PMID": 90141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11878", "title": "Inhibition of fertility in mice by passive immunization with antibodies to isolated zonae pellucidae.", "content": "A chromatographically purified preparation of gamma globulin produced against isolated zonae pellucidae of mice was used to immunize mice. A single 2.5 mg dose totally inhibited fertility for a minimum of 11 days.", "contents": "Inhibition of fertility in mice by passive immunization with antibodies to isolated zonae pellucidae. A chromatographically purified preparation of gamma globulin produced against isolated zonae pellucidae of mice was used to immunize mice. A single 2.5 mg dose totally inhibited fertility for a minimum of 11 days.", "PMID": 90147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11879", "title": "Treatment of a retarded child's faeces smearing and coprophagic behaviour.", "content": "The daily rearrangement of a profoundly retarded child's routine shower was effective in eliminating his low-frequency faeces smearing and coprophagic behaviour during the late afternoon/early evening part of the day. The effects appeared to generalise such that both types of behaviour were reduced at other times of the day and night. These results are discussed in terms of a social learning framework. A model for analysing the motivations and reinforcing conditions for rectal digging, coprophagy, and smearing faeces is also presented.", "contents": "Treatment of a retarded child's faeces smearing and coprophagic behaviour. The daily rearrangement of a profoundly retarded child's routine shower was effective in eliminating his low-frequency faeces smearing and coprophagic behaviour during the late afternoon/early evening part of the day. The effects appeared to generalise such that both types of behaviour were reduced at other times of the day and night. These results are discussed in terms of a social learning framework. A model for analysing the motivations and reinforcing conditions for rectal digging, coprophagy, and smearing faeces is also presented.", "PMID": 90148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11880", "title": "The evaluation of cell nuclei staining parameters regarding the reproducibility of fluorescence measurements.", "content": "The present methodological study is an attempt to optimize the staining parameters for a quantitative DNA determination of fluorescent cells. The application of pure dyes and a precise control of the staining procedure are preliminary conditions which have to be fulfilled, because the reproducibility of measurements is in this connection the most important criterion for a quantitative DNA related analysis of cell population. Chicken erythrocytes and isolated nuclei were applied as biological test objects. The staining procedure with acridine derivatives (acriflavine, proflavine, rivanol) was performed in accordance with the fluorescence-Feulgen reaction. The influence of staining parameters, such as (1) pH and (2) dye concentration of the staining solution, were evaluated regarding the spectral behaviour, the total fluorescence intensity, and the reproducibility of results.", "contents": "The evaluation of cell nuclei staining parameters regarding the reproducibility of fluorescence measurements. The present methodological study is an attempt to optimize the staining parameters for a quantitative DNA determination of fluorescent cells. The application of pure dyes and a precise control of the staining procedure are preliminary conditions which have to be fulfilled, because the reproducibility of measurements is in this connection the most important criterion for a quantitative DNA related analysis of cell population. Chicken erythrocytes and isolated nuclei were applied as biological test objects. The staining procedure with acridine derivatives (acriflavine, proflavine, rivanol) was performed in accordance with the fluorescence-Feulgen reaction. The influence of staining parameters, such as (1) pH and (2) dye concentration of the staining solution, were evaluated regarding the spectral behaviour, the total fluorescence intensity, and the reproducibility of results.", "PMID": 90149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11881", "title": "Depression of DNA synthesis in mouse spleen after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.", "content": "5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine is a highly effective cytostatic agent that preferentially affects the lymphatic system. Pretreatment of noninbred H mice with the drug markedly depressed the level of thymidine (dThd) incorporation into DNA in the spleen and also lowered the dThd and thymidylate kinase activities. Maximum effects were observed following administration of the analog in a single dose 24 hours before the mice were killed. Whereas cytidine and dThd did not reverse the inhibitory effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, excessive doses of deoxycytidine partially reversed this inhibition. Similar to the depression of dThd incorporation, a depression in the incorporation of deoxycytidine and cytidine into spleen DNA was found after 24-hour pretreatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. However, 7 days following 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, the incorporation of dThd into DNA in the spleens of mice was significantly increased. [3H]5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine was rapidly incorporated into spleen DNA, whereas deoxycytidine interfered with the incorporation of [3H]5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.", "contents": "Depression of DNA synthesis in mouse spleen after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine is a highly effective cytostatic agent that preferentially affects the lymphatic system. Pretreatment of noninbred H mice with the drug markedly depressed the level of thymidine (dThd) incorporation into DNA in the spleen and also lowered the dThd and thymidylate kinase activities. Maximum effects were observed following administration of the analog in a single dose 24 hours before the mice were killed. Whereas cytidine and dThd did not reverse the inhibitory effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, excessive doses of deoxycytidine partially reversed this inhibition. Similar to the depression of dThd incorporation, a depression in the incorporation of deoxycytidine and cytidine into spleen DNA was found after 24-hour pretreatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. However, 7 days following 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, the incorporation of dThd into DNA in the spleens of mice was significantly increased. [3H]5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine was rapidly incorporated into spleen DNA, whereas deoxycytidine interfered with the incorporation of [3H]5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.", "PMID": 90150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11882", "title": "Differential growth inhibition in two human carcinoma cell lines by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate analogs.", "content": "The inhibition of cell replication in two human carcinoma cell lines by various cyclic AMP analogs was explored. In all instances, the addition of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl-3-isoburylxanthine resulted in synergistic growth inhibition by the analogs. A correlation was found between an analog's ability to inhibit growth and its ability to activate protein kinase. A differential effect of the breakdown product 8-bromo-AMP (8-BrAMP) on cell replication in the two cell lines was observed; i.e., one cell type was extremely sensitive to inhibition by 8-BrAMP and the growth inhibition could not be reversed by uridine, whereas the other cell type was less sensitive to 8-BrAMP and the growth inhibition was significantly reversed by uridine.", "contents": "Differential growth inhibition in two human carcinoma cell lines by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate analogs. The inhibition of cell replication in two human carcinoma cell lines by various cyclic AMP analogs was explored. In all instances, the addition of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl-3-isoburylxanthine resulted in synergistic growth inhibition by the analogs. A correlation was found between an analog's ability to inhibit growth and its ability to activate protein kinase. A differential effect of the breakdown product 8-bromo-AMP (8-BrAMP) on cell replication in the two cell lines was observed; i.e., one cell type was extremely sensitive to inhibition by 8-BrAMP and the growth inhibition could not be reversed by uridine, whereas the other cell type was less sensitive to 8-BrAMP and the growth inhibition was significantly reversed by uridine.", "PMID": 90151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11883", "title": "Isolation of an endogenous type C virus related to the infectious primate type C viruses from the Asian rodent Vandeleuria oleracea.", "content": "A tissue culture line derived from the Asian rodent Vandeleuria oleracea has been shown to release an infectious, xenotropic type C virus. The virus-associated reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) and the major internal protein p30 are immunologically related to the respective proteins of the woolly monkey-gibbon ape group of infectious primate viruses. By these criteria the V. oleracea viral isolate is similar to the murine type C-I class of endogenous retroviruses and has been designated Vand C-I. Nucleic acid homology studies show that V. oleracea cellular DNA shares similar levels of homology with DNA from members of the Mus and Rattus genera and lower levels of homology with other rodent genera. The Vand C-I viral genome is present in V. oleracea cellular DNA in multiple copies, and partially related sequences can be detected in other rodent genera. These results support the conclusion that the Vand C-I viral genome is genetically transmitted in V. oleracea and that the type C-I class of endogenous retroviral genes has been highly conserved during evolution.", "contents": "Isolation of an endogenous type C virus related to the infectious primate type C viruses from the Asian rodent Vandeleuria oleracea. A tissue culture line derived from the Asian rodent Vandeleuria oleracea has been shown to release an infectious, xenotropic type C virus. The virus-associated reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) and the major internal protein p30 are immunologically related to the respective proteins of the woolly monkey-gibbon ape group of infectious primate viruses. By these criteria the V. oleracea viral isolate is similar to the murine type C-I class of endogenous retroviruses and has been designated Vand C-I. Nucleic acid homology studies show that V. oleracea cellular DNA shares similar levels of homology with DNA from members of the Mus and Rattus genera and lower levels of homology with other rodent genera. The Vand C-I viral genome is present in V. oleracea cellular DNA in multiple copies, and partially related sequences can be detected in other rodent genera. These results support the conclusion that the Vand C-I viral genome is genetically transmitted in V. oleracea and that the type C-I class of endogenous retroviral genes has been highly conserved during evolution.", "PMID": 90155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11884", "title": "Immunological characterization of mouse mammary tumor virus p10 and its presence in mammary tumors and sera of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) p10 and gp52 were purified and used as radiolabeled antigens in sensitive radioimmunoassays. These radioimmunoassays were specific for MMTV proteins since detergent-disrupted MMTV from C3H/HeN, RIII, and GR/N mice gave complete competition, whereas C3H/HeNf liver extracts and other lysed retroviruses did not. Both gp52 and p10 are coded by the viral genome, since MMTV grown in a heterologous cell line (feline kidney cells) competed in these assays. Sera from mammary tumor-bearing mice and mammary tumors from C3H/HeN and C3H/HeNf mice competed in both the gp52 and the p10 assays. Although these radioimmunoassays detected predominantly group-specific antigenic determinants in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeNf tumor extracts, type specificity was also found with gp52. Absorption of the anti-MMTV serum with C3H/HeNf tumor extracts removed all antibodies directed against p10 and decreased the anti-gp52 titer approximately 30-fold. When this absorbed antiserum was used at limiting dilution in the gp52 radioimmunoassay, C3H/HeN tumor extracts gave complete competition, whereas no competition was found with C3H/HeNf tumor extracts.", "contents": "Immunological characterization of mouse mammary tumor virus p10 and its presence in mammary tumors and sera of tumor-bearing mice. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) p10 and gp52 were purified and used as radiolabeled antigens in sensitive radioimmunoassays. These radioimmunoassays were specific for MMTV proteins since detergent-disrupted MMTV from C3H/HeN, RIII, and GR/N mice gave complete competition, whereas C3H/HeNf liver extracts and other lysed retroviruses did not. Both gp52 and p10 are coded by the viral genome, since MMTV grown in a heterologous cell line (feline kidney cells) competed in these assays. Sera from mammary tumor-bearing mice and mammary tumors from C3H/HeN and C3H/HeNf mice competed in both the gp52 and the p10 assays. Although these radioimmunoassays detected predominantly group-specific antigenic determinants in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeNf tumor extracts, type specificity was also found with gp52. Absorption of the anti-MMTV serum with C3H/HeNf tumor extracts removed all antibodies directed against p10 and decreased the anti-gp52 titer approximately 30-fold. When this absorbed antiserum was used at limiting dilution in the gp52 radioimmunoassay, C3H/HeN tumor extracts gave complete competition, whereas no competition was found with C3H/HeNf tumor extracts.", "PMID": 90156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11885", "title": "Simian virus 40 early mRNA's. I. Genomic localization of 3' and 5' termini and two major splices in mRNA from transformed and lytically infected cells.", "content": "We have studied the structure of polyadenylated virus-specific cytoplasmic mRNA's in mouse and human cells transformed by simian virus 40 and in monkey cells infected with simian virus 40 in the presence of cytosine arabinoside by means of reverse transcriptase-catalyzed complementary DNA synthesis and complementary DNA sequencing. Abundant mRNA species containing splices from residues 4490 to 4557 (0.533 to 0.546 map units [m.u.]) and 4490 to 4837 (0.533 to 0.600 m.u.) were identified in both transformed and infected cells. Two principal reverse transcriptase stops were observed at the 5' termini of these mRNA's, both occurring with approximately equal frequency. The most distal of these stops was localized at residues 5152 to 5154 (0.660 m.u.), and the second was at residues 5147 to 5148 (0.659 m.u.). Several additional minor stops, between approximately 0.62 and 0.65 m.u., were also found on complementary DNA copied from transformed cell mRNA; in contrast, only one additional stop was present on complementary DNA copied from early lytic mRNA. These data suggest the presence of a prinicipal 5' terminus of early lytic and transformed cell mRNA's at residues 5152 to 5154 and raise the possibility of additional 5' termini at one or more locations in the 0.62 to 0.659 m.u. region of these mRNA's. Transformed cell mRNA was also found to contain a single 3' terminus at positions 2504 and 2505 (0.153 m.u.); termini lying beyond this site were not detected.", "contents": "Simian virus 40 early mRNA's. I. Genomic localization of 3' and 5' termini and two major splices in mRNA from transformed and lytically infected cells. We have studied the structure of polyadenylated virus-specific cytoplasmic mRNA's in mouse and human cells transformed by simian virus 40 and in monkey cells infected with simian virus 40 in the presence of cytosine arabinoside by means of reverse transcriptase-catalyzed complementary DNA synthesis and complementary DNA sequencing. Abundant mRNA species containing splices from residues 4490 to 4557 (0.533 to 0.546 map units [m.u.]) and 4490 to 4837 (0.533 to 0.600 m.u.) were identified in both transformed and infected cells. Two principal reverse transcriptase stops were observed at the 5' termini of these mRNA's, both occurring with approximately equal frequency. The most distal of these stops was localized at residues 5152 to 5154 (0.660 m.u.), and the second was at residues 5147 to 5148 (0.659 m.u.). Several additional minor stops, between approximately 0.62 and 0.65 m.u., were also found on complementary DNA copied from transformed cell mRNA; in contrast, only one additional stop was present on complementary DNA copied from early lytic mRNA. These data suggest the presence of a prinicipal 5' terminus of early lytic and transformed cell mRNA's at residues 5152 to 5154 and raise the possibility of additional 5' termini at one or more locations in the 0.62 to 0.659 m.u. region of these mRNA's. Transformed cell mRNA was also found to contain a single 3' terminus at positions 2504 and 2505 (0.153 m.u.); termini lying beyond this site were not detected.", "PMID": 90157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11886", "title": "Initiation of DNA synthesis by the avian retrovirus reverse transcriptase in vitro: nature and location of the oligodeoxycytidylic acid primer binding site.", "content": "We have investigated the use of oligodeoxycytidylic acid [oligo(dC)] as a primer for the initiation of DNA synthesis by the avian retrovirus reverse transcriptase in vitro, employing the viral RNA genome as template. The addition of oligo(dC)(12-18) to viral 35S RNA results in a stimulation of DNA synthesis by the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase comparable to that observed when oligo(dT) is employed as a primer. Under similar conditions neither oligo(dA)(12-18) nor oligo(dG)(12-18) was active as primer for transcription of the avian retrovirus genome. Several different approaches have been employed to localize the oligo(dC)(12-18) binding site on the viral genome, including isolation of poly(A)-containing fragments, competition hybridization, and RNase H hydrolysis. These analyses indicate that oligo(dC)(12-18) binds to a site approximately 2,000 to 3,000 nucleotides from the 3' terminus of the genome of transforming strains of avian sarcoma viruses and approximately 700 to 1,000 nucleotides from the 3' terminus of nontransforming avian retroviruses. Therefore, the major site of initiation of DNA synthesis by oligo(dC)(12-18) appears to be in the vicinity of the 3' end of the env gene and the 5' end of the src gene, although the presence of minor initiation sites located elsewhere on the viral genome cannot be excluded by these data. Characterization of oligonucleotides after pancreatic RNase hydrolysis and poly(C)-Sepharose chromatography of viral RNA directly demonstrates the presence of oligoguanylic acid residues in the avian sarcoma virus genome. DNA sequences transcribed from the oligo(dC) primer appear to be conserved in all of the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses tested. The use of oligo(dC) as a tool for the production of specific complementary DNA probes is discussed.", "contents": "Initiation of DNA synthesis by the avian retrovirus reverse transcriptase in vitro: nature and location of the oligodeoxycytidylic acid primer binding site. We have investigated the use of oligodeoxycytidylic acid [oligo(dC)] as a primer for the initiation of DNA synthesis by the avian retrovirus reverse transcriptase in vitro, employing the viral RNA genome as template. The addition of oligo(dC)(12-18) to viral 35S RNA results in a stimulation of DNA synthesis by the viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase comparable to that observed when oligo(dT) is employed as a primer. Under similar conditions neither oligo(dA)(12-18) nor oligo(dG)(12-18) was active as primer for transcription of the avian retrovirus genome. Several different approaches have been employed to localize the oligo(dC)(12-18) binding site on the viral genome, including isolation of poly(A)-containing fragments, competition hybridization, and RNase H hydrolysis. These analyses indicate that oligo(dC)(12-18) binds to a site approximately 2,000 to 3,000 nucleotides from the 3' terminus of the genome of transforming strains of avian sarcoma viruses and approximately 700 to 1,000 nucleotides from the 3' terminus of nontransforming avian retroviruses. Therefore, the major site of initiation of DNA synthesis by oligo(dC)(12-18) appears to be in the vicinity of the 3' end of the env gene and the 5' end of the src gene, although the presence of minor initiation sites located elsewhere on the viral genome cannot be excluded by these data. Characterization of oligonucleotides after pancreatic RNase hydrolysis and poly(C)-Sepharose chromatography of viral RNA directly demonstrates the presence of oligoguanylic acid residues in the avian sarcoma virus genome. DNA sequences transcribed from the oligo(dC) primer appear to be conserved in all of the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses tested. The use of oligo(dC) as a tool for the production of specific complementary DNA probes is discussed.", "PMID": 90158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11887", "title": "Adsorption, penetration, and uncoating of murine leukemia virus studied by using its reverse transcriptase.", "content": "A procedure using the virus-associated reverse transcriptase was developed for following the kinetics of adsorption, penetration, and uncoating of murine leukemia virus. Viral adsorption to cell membrane was determined by assaying this enzyme activity in isolated debris of mechanically disrupted cells after infection with murine leukemia virus in the presence of actinomycin D. At 37 degrees C, viral adsorption proceeded at a high initial rate, but after 5 min of incubation with the virus, it gradually slowed down. At 4 degrees C, viral adsorption was slower but proceeded at a linear rate. Intracellular virus was determined by centrifuging the cytoplasmic fraction of the disrupted cells at 105,000 x g for 45 min and assaying reverse-transcriptase activity in the high-speed pellet thus obtained. Sucrose gradient analysis of the enzyme activity recovered from the cytoplasm of infected cells indicated that this activity represented intact virus particles. No appreciable amount of such particles was recovered from the cytoplasm of cells infected at 4 degrees C. This indicates that the virions recovered from the cytoplasm of cells infected at 37 degrees C are indeed intracellular virus particles which penetrated into the cells and not just membrane-bound particles mechanically released to the cytoplasmic fraction during cell disruption. By this procedure intracellular virus was found to accumulate in the cytoplasm, reaching a maximal level within 20 min. The accumulated intracellular virus particles gradually disappeared from the cytoplasm, evidently due to their uncoating which was completed within 80 min.", "contents": "Adsorption, penetration, and uncoating of murine leukemia virus studied by using its reverse transcriptase. A procedure using the virus-associated reverse transcriptase was developed for following the kinetics of adsorption, penetration, and uncoating of murine leukemia virus. Viral adsorption to cell membrane was determined by assaying this enzyme activity in isolated debris of mechanically disrupted cells after infection with murine leukemia virus in the presence of actinomycin D. At 37 degrees C, viral adsorption proceeded at a high initial rate, but after 5 min of incubation with the virus, it gradually slowed down. At 4 degrees C, viral adsorption was slower but proceeded at a linear rate. Intracellular virus was determined by centrifuging the cytoplasmic fraction of the disrupted cells at 105,000 x g for 45 min and assaying reverse-transcriptase activity in the high-speed pellet thus obtained. Sucrose gradient analysis of the enzyme activity recovered from the cytoplasm of infected cells indicated that this activity represented intact virus particles. No appreciable amount of such particles was recovered from the cytoplasm of cells infected at 4 degrees C. This indicates that the virions recovered from the cytoplasm of cells infected at 37 degrees C are indeed intracellular virus particles which penetrated into the cells and not just membrane-bound particles mechanically released to the cytoplasmic fraction during cell disruption. By this procedure intracellular virus was found to accumulate in the cytoplasm, reaching a maximal level within 20 min. The accumulated intracellular virus particles gradually disappeared from the cytoplasm, evidently due to their uncoating which was completed within 80 min.", "PMID": 90159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11888", "title": "Biochemical characterization of the type C retrovirus associated with lymphoproliferative disease of turkeys.", "content": "Turkeys inoculated with spleen extracts from lymphoproliferative disease (LPD)-affected birds developed viremia, followed by typical LPD lesions. Electron microscopy and biochemical characterization established that the virus present in the blood of infected turkeys is a type C retrovirus. The viral particles possess a buoyant density of 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradients; they contain high-molecular-weight RNA and an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase with efficient exogenous and endogenous activity. The LPD virus polymerase is preferentially activated by magnesium ions. Cross nucleic acid hybridization assays revealed no sequence homology between the viral genome of LPD and avian myeloblastosis virus or reticuloendotheliosis virus, thus indicating that the LPD virus belongs to a distinct group unrelated to the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus complex or to the reticuloendotheliosis virus group.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of the type C retrovirus associated with lymphoproliferative disease of turkeys. Turkeys inoculated with spleen extracts from lymphoproliferative disease (LPD)-affected birds developed viremia, followed by typical LPD lesions. Electron microscopy and biochemical characterization established that the virus present in the blood of infected turkeys is a type C retrovirus. The viral particles possess a buoyant density of 1.17 g/ml in sucrose gradients; they contain high-molecular-weight RNA and an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase with efficient exogenous and endogenous activity. The LPD virus polymerase is preferentially activated by magnesium ions. Cross nucleic acid hybridization assays revealed no sequence homology between the viral genome of LPD and avian myeloblastosis virus or reticuloendotheliosis virus, thus indicating that the LPD virus belongs to a distinct group unrelated to the avian leukosis-sarcoma virus complex or to the reticuloendotheliosis virus group.", "PMID": 90160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11889", "title": "Structure of products of the Moloney murine leukemia virus endogenous DNA polymerase reaction.", "content": "We have investigated the process by which the single-stranded RNA genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus is copied into DNA in vitro. DNA synthesis if initiated near the 5' end of the genome, and the elongation of the growing chain occurs by a jumping mechanism whereby the DNA synthesized at the 5' end of the genome is elongated along the 3' end. Unique DNA fragments synthesized beyond the 5' end of the genome in vitro have, at their 5' and 3' ends, copies of unique sequences from the 5' and 3' ends of the genome. These flank a copy of the 49- to 60-nucleotide terminally redundant sequence. These results indicate that the terminal redundancy serves as a \"bridge\" to allow a DNA molecule synthesized at the 5' end of the genome to serve as a primer for synthesis from the 3' end.", "contents": "Structure of products of the Moloney murine leukemia virus endogenous DNA polymerase reaction. We have investigated the process by which the single-stranded RNA genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus is copied into DNA in vitro. DNA synthesis if initiated near the 5' end of the genome, and the elongation of the growing chain occurs by a jumping mechanism whereby the DNA synthesized at the 5' end of the genome is elongated along the 3' end. Unique DNA fragments synthesized beyond the 5' end of the genome in vitro have, at their 5' and 3' ends, copies of unique sequences from the 5' and 3' ends of the genome. These flank a copy of the 49- to 60-nucleotide terminally redundant sequence. These results indicate that the terminal redundancy serves as a \"bridge\" to allow a DNA molecule synthesized at the 5' end of the genome to serve as a primer for synthesis from the 3' end.", "PMID": 90161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11890", "title": "Expression of baboon endogenous virus in exogenously infected baboon cells.", "content": "Strains of low-passage, fetal diploid, baboon (Papio cynocephalus) fibroblasts were susceptible to exogenous infection with three independent isolates of baboon endogenous virus, as measured by an immunofluorescence assay specific for viral p28. Infectivity of the M7 strain of baboon endogenous virus for baboon cells of fetal skin muscle origin was equivalent to that for human and dog cells in that similar, linear, single-hit titration patterns were obtained. The assay for supernatant RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, however, showed that baboon cells produced only low levels of virus after infection compared with the production by heterologous cells. The results showed that baboon endogenous virus was capable of penetrating baboon cells and that viral genes were expressed in infected cells. Replication of complete infectious virus was restricted, however, indicating that in this primate system homologous cells differentially regulated the expression of viral genes.", "contents": "Expression of baboon endogenous virus in exogenously infected baboon cells. Strains of low-passage, fetal diploid, baboon (Papio cynocephalus) fibroblasts were susceptible to exogenous infection with three independent isolates of baboon endogenous virus, as measured by an immunofluorescence assay specific for viral p28. Infectivity of the M7 strain of baboon endogenous virus for baboon cells of fetal skin muscle origin was equivalent to that for human and dog cells in that similar, linear, single-hit titration patterns were obtained. The assay for supernatant RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, however, showed that baboon cells produced only low levels of virus after infection compared with the production by heterologous cells. The results showed that baboon endogenous virus was capable of penetrating baboon cells and that viral genes were expressed in infected cells. Replication of complete infectious virus was restricted, however, indicating that in this primate system homologous cells differentially regulated the expression of viral genes.", "PMID": 90162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11891", "title": "Identification of the primate papovavirus HD as the stump-tailed macaque virus.", "content": "The recently isolated primate papovavirus HD is shown to be indistinguishable from the stump-tailed macaque virus by immunofluorescent reactivity, by restriction endonuclease analysis, and by nucleic acid hybridization assay.", "contents": "Identification of the primate papovavirus HD as the stump-tailed macaque virus. The recently isolated primate papovavirus HD is shown to be indistinguishable from the stump-tailed macaque virus by immunofluorescent reactivity, by restriction endonuclease analysis, and by nucleic acid hybridization assay.", "PMID": 90163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11892", "title": "Analysis of proteins of mouse sarcoma pseudotype viruses: type-specific radioimmunoassay for ecotropic virus p30's.", "content": "Murine sarcoma virus pseudotypes were prepared by infection of nonproducer cells (A1-2), which were transformed by the Gazdar strain of mouse sarcoma virus, with Gross (N-tropic), WN1802B (B-tropic), or Moloney (NB-tropic) viruses. The respective host range pseudotype sarcoma viruses were defined by the titration characteristics on cells with the appropriate Fv-1 genotype. Proteins from virus progeny were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands present in both the 65,000- and the 10,000- to 20,000- molecular-weight regions of the gel distinguished the pseudotype viruses from their respective helpers. Furthermore, two protein bands were noted in the p30 region of murine sarcoma virus (Gross), one corresponding to Gross virus p30, and another of slightly slower mobility. However, since the mobility of the putative sarcoma p30 is nearly indentical to that of WN1802B, its presence could not be established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Type-specific radioimmunoassays for Gross virus p30 and for WN1802B p30 were applied for analysis of pseudotype preparations, and among several ecotropic viruses tested, only the homologous virus scored in the respective assay. By use of these assays, pseudotype viruses were found to contain only 8 to 48% helper-specific p30's; the remainder is presumably derived from the sarcoma virus.", "contents": "Analysis of proteins of mouse sarcoma pseudotype viruses: type-specific radioimmunoassay for ecotropic virus p30's. Murine sarcoma virus pseudotypes were prepared by infection of nonproducer cells (A1-2), which were transformed by the Gazdar strain of mouse sarcoma virus, with Gross (N-tropic), WN1802B (B-tropic), or Moloney (NB-tropic) viruses. The respective host range pseudotype sarcoma viruses were defined by the titration characteristics on cells with the appropriate Fv-1 genotype. Proteins from virus progeny were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands present in both the 65,000- and the 10,000- to 20,000- molecular-weight regions of the gel distinguished the pseudotype viruses from their respective helpers. Furthermore, two protein bands were noted in the p30 region of murine sarcoma virus (Gross), one corresponding to Gross virus p30, and another of slightly slower mobility. However, since the mobility of the putative sarcoma p30 is nearly indentical to that of WN1802B, its presence could not be established by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Type-specific radioimmunoassays for Gross virus p30 and for WN1802B p30 were applied for analysis of pseudotype preparations, and among several ecotropic viruses tested, only the homologous virus scored in the respective assay. By use of these assays, pseudotype viruses were found to contain only 8 to 48% helper-specific p30's; the remainder is presumably derived from the sarcoma virus.", "PMID": 90164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11893", "title": "Use of UV irradiation to identify the genetic information of vesicular stomatitis virus responsible for shutting off cellular RNA synthesis.", "content": "UV irradiation of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus was employed to study the relationship between the expression of certain viral gene functions and viral inhibition of RNA synthesis in mouse myeloma (MPC-11) cells. Viral infectivity, protein synthesis, and viral mRNA synthesis were all highly susceptible to inactivation by UV radiation; however, low levels of viral transcriptase activity were detected in vitro in virus preparations subjected to large doses of UV radiation.  In sharp contrast, the capacity of vesicular stomatitis virus to shut off cellular transcription was quite resistant to UV radiation. The data presented here indicate that viral transcription is essential to inhibit host RNA metabolism, even though synthesis of viral polypeptides in the inhibited cells could not be detected. At those levels of UV radiation that inactivated all viral gene functions, except viral inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, the only viral product detected was non-adenylated, low-molecular-weight RNA species.", "contents": "Use of UV irradiation to identify the genetic information of vesicular stomatitis virus responsible for shutting off cellular RNA synthesis. UV irradiation of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus was employed to study the relationship between the expression of certain viral gene functions and viral inhibition of RNA synthesis in mouse myeloma (MPC-11) cells. Viral infectivity, protein synthesis, and viral mRNA synthesis were all highly susceptible to inactivation by UV radiation; however, low levels of viral transcriptase activity were detected in vitro in virus preparations subjected to large doses of UV radiation.  In sharp contrast, the capacity of vesicular stomatitis virus to shut off cellular transcription was quite resistant to UV radiation. The data presented here indicate that viral transcription is essential to inhibit host RNA metabolism, even though synthesis of viral polypeptides in the inhibited cells could not be detected. At those levels of UV radiation that inactivated all viral gene functions, except viral inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, the only viral product detected was non-adenylated, low-molecular-weight RNA species.", "PMID": 90165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11894", "title": "Characterization of a protein found in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus that shares immunological cross-reactivity with the gp70 found in mink cell focus-inducing virus particles.", "content": "Previously we detected an antigen in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) with a radioimmunoassay specific for the gp 70's of murine leukemia mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses. This antigen has now been characterized in competition radioimmunoassays with limiting dilutions of antibody and in pulse-labeling studies under conditions of antibody excess. Both methods of analysis indicate that the SFFV-encoded antigen is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 52,000. The gp52 shared immunological reactivity and methionine-containing tryptic peptides with the gp70 of a Friend MCF virus and was expressed on the surface of SFFV-infected cells as well as in the cytoplasm. The gp52 could be detected (i) in fibroblastic cell lines from several species when these cells were infected with SFFV; (ii) in several established erythroleukemic cell lines; and (iii) in the spleens of mice recently infected with SFFV. Although it shared immunochemical properties with the gp70 of Friend MCF virus, the gp52 could be distinguished from the MCF gp70 (i) by its apparent lack of group and interspecies immunological determinants compared with MCF virus-derived gp70's; (ii) by its failure to be released from cells infected with SFFV or SFFV plus helper virus; (iii) by its molecular weight; and (iv) by tryptic peptide analysis. The results indicate that SFFV codes for an MCF gp70-related gp52 which is apparently no longer a virion structural protein like the MCF gp70 from which it was originally derived.", "contents": "Characterization of a protein found in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus that shares immunological cross-reactivity with the gp70 found in mink cell focus-inducing virus particles. Previously we detected an antigen in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) with a radioimmunoassay specific for the gp 70's of murine leukemia mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses. This antigen has now been characterized in competition radioimmunoassays with limiting dilutions of antibody and in pulse-labeling studies under conditions of antibody excess. Both methods of analysis indicate that the SFFV-encoded antigen is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 52,000. The gp52 shared immunological reactivity and methionine-containing tryptic peptides with the gp70 of a Friend MCF virus and was expressed on the surface of SFFV-infected cells as well as in the cytoplasm. The gp52 could be detected (i) in fibroblastic cell lines from several species when these cells were infected with SFFV; (ii) in several established erythroleukemic cell lines; and (iii) in the spleens of mice recently infected with SFFV. Although it shared immunochemical properties with the gp70 of Friend MCF virus, the gp52 could be distinguished from the MCF gp70 (i) by its apparent lack of group and interspecies immunological determinants compared with MCF virus-derived gp70's; (ii) by its failure to be released from cells infected with SFFV or SFFV plus helper virus; (iii) by its molecular weight; and (iv) by tryptic peptide analysis. The results indicate that SFFV codes for an MCF gp70-related gp52 which is apparently no longer a virion structural protein like the MCF gp70 from which it was originally derived.", "PMID": 90166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11895", "title": "Biosynthesis of an unglycosylated envelope glycoprotein of Rous sarcoma virus in the presence of tunicamycin.", "content": "Cells stably infected with Rous sarcoma virus were treated with tunicamycin to prevent the glycosylation of the precursor (pr92gp) to the two viral envelope glycoproteins gp85 and gp35. Pretreatment of the cells for 4 h with the antibiotic resulted in a 90% reduction in [3H]mannose incorporation into total cellular glycoproteins, intracellular viral glycoproteins, and released virus particles. Protein synthesis and virus particle formation were not significantly affected by the treatment. A new polypeptide made in the presence of the drug was identified by immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled cell lysates with monospecific anti-gp85 and anti-gp35 sera. This polypeptide, migrating on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a molecule of 62,000 daltons (pr62), contained no [3H]mannose, was labeled with [S35]methionine and [3H]arginine, could not be chased into the higher-molecular-weight glycosylated form, and contained the same [3H]arginine tryptic peptides as pr92gp. The unglycosylated pr62 was still detectable 2 h after the pulse labeling of the cells. The lack of glycosylation of pr62 did not seem to reduce its stability. No clear evidence for the incorporation of this molecule or its cleavage products into viral particles could be obtained. To code for an envelope polypeptide of 62,000 daltons, only about 1,500 nucleotides or 15% of the total coding capacity of the virus are needed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of an unglycosylated envelope glycoprotein of Rous sarcoma virus in the presence of tunicamycin. Cells stably infected with Rous sarcoma virus were treated with tunicamycin to prevent the glycosylation of the precursor (pr92gp) to the two viral envelope glycoproteins gp85 and gp35. Pretreatment of the cells for 4 h with the antibiotic resulted in a 90% reduction in [3H]mannose incorporation into total cellular glycoproteins, intracellular viral glycoproteins, and released virus particles. Protein synthesis and virus particle formation were not significantly affected by the treatment. A new polypeptide made in the presence of the drug was identified by immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled cell lysates with monospecific anti-gp85 and anti-gp35 sera. This polypeptide, migrating on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a molecule of 62,000 daltons (pr62), contained no [3H]mannose, was labeled with [S35]methionine and [3H]arginine, could not be chased into the higher-molecular-weight glycosylated form, and contained the same [3H]arginine tryptic peptides as pr92gp. The unglycosylated pr62 was still detectable 2 h after the pulse labeling of the cells. The lack of glycosylation of pr62 did not seem to reduce its stability. No clear evidence for the incorporation of this molecule or its cleavage products into viral particles could be obtained. To code for an envelope polypeptide of 62,000 daltons, only about 1,500 nucleotides or 15% of the total coding capacity of the virus are needed.", "PMID": 90167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11896", "title": "Phosphonoformate inhibition of visna virus replication.", "content": "Phosphonoformate (PFA) inhibits multiplication of visna virus in sheep choroid plexus cells; a 50% reduction of virus yield was obtained by 20 to 80 microM PFA. Morphological changes, such as syncytial formation and cell degeneration, could be reversibly prevented by PFA. Cell growth was not significantly affected at 500 microM PFA, although prolonged treatment with 2 mM PFA did arrest cell growth. Cell-free reverse transcriptase activity primed with various synthetic template-primers was inhibited about 90% in the presence of 100 microM PFA. The results from kinetic experiments suggested that reverse transcriptase was utilized early but not late in the infection cycle. A structurally related substance, phosphonoacetate, did not inhibit visna virus multiplication and had no inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase activity at a concentration of 500 microM.", "contents": "Phosphonoformate inhibition of visna virus replication. Phosphonoformate (PFA) inhibits multiplication of visna virus in sheep choroid plexus cells; a 50% reduction of virus yield was obtained by 20 to 80 microM PFA. Morphological changes, such as syncytial formation and cell degeneration, could be reversibly prevented by PFA. Cell growth was not significantly affected at 500 microM PFA, although prolonged treatment with 2 mM PFA did arrest cell growth. Cell-free reverse transcriptase activity primed with various synthetic template-primers was inhibited about 90% in the presence of 100 microM PFA. The results from kinetic experiments suggested that reverse transcriptase was utilized early but not late in the infection cycle. A structurally related substance, phosphonoacetate, did not inhibit visna virus multiplication and had no inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase activity at a concentration of 500 microM.", "PMID": 90168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11897", "title": "Optimal conditions for synthesis of long complementary DNA product with Moloney murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Studies are described on the interrelationships between divalent metals, dNTP's and PPi in determining the properties of complementary DNA (cDNA) product from the in vitro reverse transcriptase reaction with detergent-treated Moloney murine leukemia virus. In spite of the several-fold greater amount of cDNA product with Mn2+ than with Mg2+, net yield of high-molecular-weight cDNA was much greater with Mg2+ thant with Mn2+. This held true, as well, for the reactions containing excess dNTP or dNTP plus PPi, both of which (as has been reported for Mg2+) promote synthesis of high-molecular-weight cDNA product. Hif total dNTP concentration remained important for maximum high-molecular-weight product with Mg2+ and was not replaced by simply providing dNTP in excess over Mg2+. Under the conditions tested here, addition of PPi did not further increase cDNA product size with Mg2+ when compared with dNTP in excess over Mg2+. Extent of degradation of the RNA template during the incubations was correlated with the size of cDNA product.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for synthesis of long complementary DNA product with Moloney murine leukemia virus. Studies are described on the interrelationships between divalent metals, dNTP's and PPi in determining the properties of complementary DNA (cDNA) product from the in vitro reverse transcriptase reaction with detergent-treated Moloney murine leukemia virus. In spite of the several-fold greater amount of cDNA product with Mn2+ than with Mg2+, net yield of high-molecular-weight cDNA was much greater with Mg2+ thant with Mn2+. This held true, as well, for the reactions containing excess dNTP or dNTP plus PPi, both of which (as has been reported for Mg2+) promote synthesis of high-molecular-weight cDNA product. Hif total dNTP concentration remained important for maximum high-molecular-weight product with Mg2+ and was not replaced by simply providing dNTP in excess over Mg2+. Under the conditions tested here, addition of PPi did not further increase cDNA product size with Mg2+ when compared with dNTP in excess over Mg2+. Extent of degradation of the RNA template during the incubations was correlated with the size of cDNA product.", "PMID": 90169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11898", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for the 36,000-dalton glycoprotein of murine mammary tumor viruses demonstrate type, group, and interspecies determinants.", "content": "Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs)  contain distinct membrane glycoproteins of 52,000 daltons (gp52) and 36,000 daltons (gp36). We report here the development of new radioimmunoassays for gp36, using gp36 purified by hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. These assays demonstrate that gp36 has both type-specific and group-specific antigenic determinants. The virus-coded nature of these determinants was shown by utilizing different MMTVs grown in the same feline cell line. Interspecies determinants on gp36 were demonstrated by the observations that (i) MC-MTV (a virus isolate from the Asian rodent Mus cervicolor, and morphologically identical to MMTVs) competed, with an altered slope, in the gp36 radioimmunoassay, and (ii) antisera raised against MC-MTV immunopreciptitated 125I-labeled gp36. The detection of gp36 in spontaneous mammary tumors of several strains of mice also facilitates further studies on the replication of MMTVs and the host's immune response to MMTV-mediated oncogenesis.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for the 36,000-dalton glycoprotein of murine mammary tumor viruses demonstrate type, group, and interspecies determinants. Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs)  contain distinct membrane glycoproteins of 52,000 daltons (gp52) and 36,000 daltons (gp36). We report here the development of new radioimmunoassays for gp36, using gp36 purified by hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. These assays demonstrate that gp36 has both type-specific and group-specific antigenic determinants. The virus-coded nature of these determinants was shown by utilizing different MMTVs grown in the same feline cell line. Interspecies determinants on gp36 were demonstrated by the observations that (i) MC-MTV (a virus isolate from the Asian rodent Mus cervicolor, and morphologically identical to MMTVs) competed, with an altered slope, in the gp36 radioimmunoassay, and (ii) antisera raised against MC-MTV immunopreciptitated 125I-labeled gp36. The detection of gp36 in spontaneous mammary tumors of several strains of mice also facilitates further studies on the replication of MMTVs and the host's immune response to MMTV-mediated oncogenesis.", "PMID": 90170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11899", "title": "Simultaneous purification of murine mammary tumor virus structural proteins: analysis of antigenic reactivities of native gp34 by radioimmunocompetition assays.", "content": "All the structural proteins (gp47, gp34, p27, p23, p16, and p12) of the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) were simultaneously purified utilizing alkylagarose chromatography as the initial fractionation step. Least-hydrophobic MuMTV polypeptides (p23, p16) and the slightly hydrophobic p27 were separated from moderately hydrophobic proteins gp47 and p12 by passage through octylimino (C(8))-agarose; the gp47 and p12 could be removed from the matrix by elution with ethylene glycol, whereas the most hydrophobic MuMTV protein, gp34, was eluted using nonionic detergent together with ethylene glycol. Subsequent purification steps involved ion-exchange or gel filtration chromatography. The resulting protein preparations appeared near-homogeneous on analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Recoveries of MuMTV proteins, based on their approximate individual contribution to total virus protein, ranged from about 20% for gp47 to greater than 100% for the minor structural component p23, the major phosphoprotein of MuMTV. Antiserum against purified C3H MuMTV gp34, together with purified, radioiodinated gp34, was used to develop a radioimmunoassay which showed that from 13 to 14% of total MuMTV protein by weight is gp34. Using this assay system, the group-specific antigenic reactivity of gp34 was also demonstrated. When solubilized preparations of C3H, RIII, and GR MuMTV's were used as competing antigens in gp34 radioimmunoassays with anti-C3H MuMTV serum, both group- and type-specific differences in antigenic reactivity were found.", "contents": "Simultaneous purification of murine mammary tumor virus structural proteins: analysis of antigenic reactivities of native gp34 by radioimmunocompetition assays. All the structural proteins (gp47, gp34, p27, p23, p16, and p12) of the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) were simultaneously purified utilizing alkylagarose chromatography as the initial fractionation step. Least-hydrophobic MuMTV polypeptides (p23, p16) and the slightly hydrophobic p27 were separated from moderately hydrophobic proteins gp47 and p12 by passage through octylimino (C(8))-agarose; the gp47 and p12 could be removed from the matrix by elution with ethylene glycol, whereas the most hydrophobic MuMTV protein, gp34, was eluted using nonionic detergent together with ethylene glycol. Subsequent purification steps involved ion-exchange or gel filtration chromatography. The resulting protein preparations appeared near-homogeneous on analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Recoveries of MuMTV proteins, based on their approximate individual contribution to total virus protein, ranged from about 20% for gp47 to greater than 100% for the minor structural component p23, the major phosphoprotein of MuMTV. Antiserum against purified C3H MuMTV gp34, together with purified, radioiodinated gp34, was used to develop a radioimmunoassay which showed that from 13 to 14% of total MuMTV protein by weight is gp34. Using this assay system, the group-specific antigenic reactivity of gp34 was also demonstrated. When solubilized preparations of C3H, RIII, and GR MuMTV's were used as competing antigens in gp34 radioimmunoassays with anti-C3H MuMTV serum, both group- and type-specific differences in antigenic reactivity were found.", "PMID": 90171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11900", "title": "Specific neutralization of defective spleen focus-forming virus in Friend virus complex by rat antiserum.", "content": "The spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), a rapidly transforming, replication-defective virus in Friend virus (FV) complex that is readily neutralized by antisera directed against its helper virus, was examined for the presence of SFFV-specific antigens. Antisera prepared in Fisher rats against an SFFV-infected Fisher rat embryo fibroblast line (SFFV-FRE) neutralized SFFV effectively, but not Friend-associated murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) whether the latter was tested alone or was mixed with SFFV in the FV complex. In contrast, serum from mice immunized with SFFV-infected nonproducer mouse cells had little or no neutralizing activity against SFFV. Both absorption and immunoprecipitation studies indicate that the SFFV-specific antigen is immunologically related to xenotropic murine leukemia virus antigens. The role of both SFFV- and F-MuLV-specific antigens in the neutralization of SFFV suggests that this defective virus could be an antigenic mosaic and that viruses in the FV complex may participate in a undirectional form of phenotypic mixing.", "contents": "Specific neutralization of defective spleen focus-forming virus in Friend virus complex by rat antiserum. The spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), a rapidly transforming, replication-defective virus in Friend virus (FV) complex that is readily neutralized by antisera directed against its helper virus, was examined for the presence of SFFV-specific antigens. Antisera prepared in Fisher rats against an SFFV-infected Fisher rat embryo fibroblast line (SFFV-FRE) neutralized SFFV effectively, but not Friend-associated murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) whether the latter was tested alone or was mixed with SFFV in the FV complex. In contrast, serum from mice immunized with SFFV-infected nonproducer mouse cells had little or no neutralizing activity against SFFV. Both absorption and immunoprecipitation studies indicate that the SFFV-specific antigen is immunologically related to xenotropic murine leukemia virus antigens. The role of both SFFV- and F-MuLV-specific antigens in the neutralization of SFFV suggests that this defective virus could be an antigenic mosaic and that viruses in the FV complex may participate in a undirectional form of phenotypic mixing.", "PMID": 90172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11901", "title": "Characterization of the 5'-terminal structure of simian virus 40 early mRNA's.", "content": "RPC-5 reverse-phase chromatography has been used to isolate fragments of simian virus 40 DNA generated by appropriate digestions with restriction endonucleases. Ten specific DNA fragments, mapping successively in a counterclock-wise direction from 0.67 to 0.515 on the simian virus 40 genome, were each hybridized to cytoplasmic mRNA obtained during the early phase of simian virus 40 infection. Primer extension methods with reverse transcriptase were used to characterize the 5' ends of two species of viral mRNA which were fractionated on sucrose gradients. Analysis of the complementary DNA products demonstrated the presence of two different spliced structures of simian virus 40 early mRNA's, both of which had the same 5'-end sequences (AUU), located at residues 18 to 20 on the viral genome. The mRNA for small-t contained a segment 588 bases in length (residues 18 to 605) spliced to residues 672. A 66-nucleotide segment rich in adenine-thymine was spliced out of this mRNA. The mRNA for large-T contained a segment 308 bases in length (residues 18 to 325) which is also spliced to residue 672. A 346-base segment was spliced from this mRNA. The results suggest that there are two levels for control of genetic expression. One would be the regulation of initiation of transcription at a common promoter; the other involves post-transcriptional splicing.", "contents": "Characterization of the 5'-terminal structure of simian virus 40 early mRNA's. RPC-5 reverse-phase chromatography has been used to isolate fragments of simian virus 40 DNA generated by appropriate digestions with restriction endonucleases. Ten specific DNA fragments, mapping successively in a counterclock-wise direction from 0.67 to 0.515 on the simian virus 40 genome, were each hybridized to cytoplasmic mRNA obtained during the early phase of simian virus 40 infection. Primer extension methods with reverse transcriptase were used to characterize the 5' ends of two species of viral mRNA which were fractionated on sucrose gradients. Analysis of the complementary DNA products demonstrated the presence of two different spliced structures of simian virus 40 early mRNA's, both of which had the same 5'-end sequences (AUU), located at residues 18 to 20 on the viral genome. The mRNA for small-t contained a segment 588 bases in length (residues 18 to 605) spliced to residues 672. A 66-nucleotide segment rich in adenine-thymine was spliced out of this mRNA. The mRNA for large-T contained a segment 308 bases in length (residues 18 to 325) which is also spliced to residue 672. A 346-base segment was spliced from this mRNA. The results suggest that there are two levels for control of genetic expression. One would be the regulation of initiation of transcription at a common promoter; the other involves post-transcriptional splicing.", "PMID": 90173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11902", "title": "Cell surface location of simian virus 40-specific proteins on HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2.", "content": "HeLa cells infected with the nondefective adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 or Ad2+ND2 were analyzed for cell surface location of the SV40-specific hybrid virus proteins by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Two different batches of sera from SV40 tumor-bearing hamsters, serum from SV40 tumor-bearing mice, or two different antisera prepared against purified sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured SV40 T-antigen, respectively, were used. All sera were shown to exhibit comparable T- and U-antibody titers and to specifically immunoprecipitate the SV40-specific proteins from cell extracts of Ad2+ND2-infected cells. Whereas analysis of living, hybrid virus-infected HeLa cells did not yield conclusive results, analysis of Formalin-fixed cells resulted in positive cell surface fluorescence with both Ad2+ND1- and Ad2+ND2-infected HeLa cells when antisera prepared against sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured SV40 T-antigen were used as first antibody. In contrast, sera from SV40 tumor-bearing animals were not or only very weakly able to stain the surfaces of these cells. The fact that the tumor sera had comparable or even higher T- and U-antibody titers than the antisera against sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured T-antigen but were not able to recognize SV40-specific proteins on the cell surface suggests that SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen may be an antigenic entity different from T- or U-antigen.", "contents": "Cell surface location of simian virus 40-specific proteins on HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2. HeLa cells infected with the nondefective adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 or Ad2+ND2 were analyzed for cell surface location of the SV40-specific hybrid virus proteins by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Two different batches of sera from SV40 tumor-bearing hamsters, serum from SV40 tumor-bearing mice, or two different antisera prepared against purified sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured SV40 T-antigen, respectively, were used. All sera were shown to exhibit comparable T- and U-antibody titers and to specifically immunoprecipitate the SV40-specific proteins from cell extracts of Ad2+ND2-infected cells. Whereas analysis of living, hybrid virus-infected HeLa cells did not yield conclusive results, analysis of Formalin-fixed cells resulted in positive cell surface fluorescence with both Ad2+ND1- and Ad2+ND2-infected HeLa cells when antisera prepared against sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured SV40 T-antigen were used as first antibody. In contrast, sera from SV40 tumor-bearing animals were not or only very weakly able to stain the surfaces of these cells. The fact that the tumor sera had comparable or even higher T- and U-antibody titers than the antisera against sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured T-antigen but were not able to recognize SV40-specific proteins on the cell surface suggests that SV40 tumor-specific transplantation antigen may be an antigenic entity different from T- or U-antigen.", "PMID": 90174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11903", "title": "Virus production by Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed lymphoid cells.", "content": "Cell lines obtained by in vitro transformation of bone marrow with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) can be divided into three classes: producers, releasing reverse transcriptase-containing particles and infectious virus; nonproducers, releasing no viral particles; and defective producers, the most common phenotype, releasing particulate reverse transcriptase in the absence of infectious virus. When such cell lines were analyzed 1 to 2 weeks after their isolation, however, all produced infectious virus. Because these cell lines were carried in culture, many ceased to release infectious virus but produced defective virions. One defective producer, SWR4, has been extensively studied. The particles it produces have the same density as that of virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). The particles contain no 35 to 70S RNA, as determined by analysis of [3H]uridine-labeled particles, and exhibit no endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. Although the reverse transcriptase enzyme is of normal size, the major structural protein of the defective virions has a molecular weight of 28,000 (p28), in contrast to the p30 of M-MuLV, and no viral glycoprotein was evident. The defective particles do not appear to arise either from the helper virus or from Abelson virus. An alteration of the protein of the helper virus is an unlikely source of p28 because particles produced by lymphoid cells transformed with another strain of M-MuLV as helper (M-MuLV-TB) contained p28 with an unaltered cleavage pattern, although M-MuLV-TB p30 differs from M-MuLV p30. The A-MuLV genome lacks the capacity to code for the reverse transcriptase virions. Clones of fibroblasts infected with A-MuLV only occasionally produce defective particles. The defective particles therefore probably arose from an endogenous virus that is preferentially expressed in the class of lymphoid cells transformed by A-MuLV. This interpretation implies that the majority of A-MuLV-transformed lymphoid cells completely lose expression of the helper virus genome.", "contents": "Virus production by Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed lymphoid cells. Cell lines obtained by in vitro transformation of bone marrow with Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) can be divided into three classes: producers, releasing reverse transcriptase-containing particles and infectious virus; nonproducers, releasing no viral particles; and defective producers, the most common phenotype, releasing particulate reverse transcriptase in the absence of infectious virus. When such cell lines were analyzed 1 to 2 weeks after their isolation, however, all produced infectious virus. Because these cell lines were carried in culture, many ceased to release infectious virus but produced defective virions. One defective producer, SWR4, has been extensively studied. The particles it produces have the same density as that of virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). The particles contain no 35 to 70S RNA, as determined by analysis of [3H]uridine-labeled particles, and exhibit no endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. Although the reverse transcriptase enzyme is of normal size, the major structural protein of the defective virions has a molecular weight of 28,000 (p28), in contrast to the p30 of M-MuLV, and no viral glycoprotein was evident. The defective particles do not appear to arise either from the helper virus or from Abelson virus. An alteration of the protein of the helper virus is an unlikely source of p28 because particles produced by lymphoid cells transformed with another strain of M-MuLV as helper (M-MuLV-TB) contained p28 with an unaltered cleavage pattern, although M-MuLV-TB p30 differs from M-MuLV p30. The A-MuLV genome lacks the capacity to code for the reverse transcriptase virions. Clones of fibroblasts infected with A-MuLV only occasionally produce defective particles. The defective particles therefore probably arose from an endogenous virus that is preferentially expressed in the class of lymphoid cells transformed by A-MuLV. This interpretation implies that the majority of A-MuLV-transformed lymphoid cells completely lose expression of the helper virus genome.", "PMID": 90175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11904", "title": "Electron microscopic stereological analysis of the normal human prostate and of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Normal and benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue was studied by quantitative electron microscopic measurements. Quantitative morphological procedures provide values for volume, surface, number of tissue and cellular components within human prostatic tissue. When a comparison is made of the stereological data of the glandular cell of benign prostatic hyperplasia to that of the normal human prostate no statistically significant difference in the relative volumetric amount of the cell organelles is indicated. An attempt was made to characterize the fine structure of the smooth muscle cells of the stromal area (fibromuscular) in normal and benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. In benign prostatic hyperplasia a significant increase in the relative amount of organelles in the smooth muscle cell was found, indicating an activation of these cells. Light microscopic analysis has revealed that benign prostatic hyperplasia is primarily a stromal disease.", "contents": "Electron microscopic stereological analysis of the normal human prostate and of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Normal and benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue was studied by quantitative electron microscopic measurements. Quantitative morphological procedures provide values for volume, surface, number of tissue and cellular components within human prostatic tissue. When a comparison is made of the stereological data of the glandular cell of benign prostatic hyperplasia to that of the normal human prostate no statistically significant difference in the relative volumetric amount of the cell organelles is indicated. An attempt was made to characterize the fine structure of the smooth muscle cells of the stromal area (fibromuscular) in normal and benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. In benign prostatic hyperplasia a significant increase in the relative amount of organelles in the smooth muscle cell was found, indicating an activation of these cells. Light microscopic analysis has revealed that benign prostatic hyperplasia is primarily a stromal disease.", "PMID": 90176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11905", "title": "Light microscopic stereological analysis of the normal human prostate and of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "Normal prostate glands from 6 men less than 30 years old and enucleated tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed by stereological methods. Studies on the relative volumetric amount of fibromuscular (stromal) and glandular areas of the gland reveal no statistically significant difference between the inner and outer parts of the normal prostate and between the inner part of the normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, in benign prostatic hyperplasia there is a significant increase in the volumetric amount of the fibromuscular tissue and a decrease in the glandular area compared to the outer part of the normal prostate and the whole normal prostate (sum of the inner and the outer parts). These stereological data are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Light microscopic stereological analysis of the normal human prostate and of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Normal prostate glands from 6 men less than 30 years old and enucleated tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia were analyzed by stereological methods. Studies on the relative volumetric amount of fibromuscular (stromal) and glandular areas of the gland reveal no statistically significant difference between the inner and outer parts of the normal prostate and between the inner part of the normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, in benign prostatic hyperplasia there is a significant increase in the volumetric amount of the fibromuscular tissue and a decrease in the glandular area compared to the outer part of the normal prostate and the whole normal prostate (sum of the inner and the outer parts). These stereological data are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "PMID": 90177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11906", "title": "Search for blocking factors in sera of patients with prostatic cancer.", "content": "Sera from patients with carcinoma of the prostate were screened for the presence of blocking factors by measuring the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes. The blastogenic index obtained in cancer sera is not significantly different from that obtained in sera of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (control group). Determination of alpha-2-globulins in the cancer sera by cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed slightly elevated levels in patients with metastatic disease but it did not correlate with the inhibitory blocking activity of the serum.", "contents": "Search for blocking factors in sera of patients with prostatic cancer. Sera from patients with carcinoma of the prostate were screened for the presence of blocking factors by measuring the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-induced blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes. The blastogenic index obtained in cancer sera is not significantly different from that obtained in sera of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (control group). Determination of alpha-2-globulins in the cancer sera by cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed slightly elevated levels in patients with metastatic disease but it did not correlate with the inhibitory blocking activity of the serum.", "PMID": 90178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11907", "title": "[Glaucoma - its nature, significance, treatment. Slide show with sound (51 slides, sound track cassette)].", "content": "A slide show is presented on primary glaucoma made for the instruction of laymen. The slide show should provide information for patients, but first of all it is meant to be a help for preventive measures.", "contents": "[Glaucoma - its nature, significance, treatment. Slide show with sound (51 slides, sound track cassette)]. A slide show is presented on primary glaucoma made for the instruction of laymen. The slide show should provide information for patients, but first of all it is meant to be a help for preventive measures.", "PMID": 90182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11908", "title": "[The indications and the efficiency of x-ray therapy of the eyelid tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "A short introduction deals with the frequency, the distribution and the histology of eyelid-tumors. Then the indication, the technics and the efficiency of X-ray therapy is discussed. Only malignomes of the early stage of TU I and TU II that are made sure by histological research may be treated by an experienced X-ray therapist. It is pointed to the importance of cooperation and the common planning between ophthalmic-surgical and X-ray therapeutics centers and the oculist. Observing the correct indication and technics we reached 97% of 5 years healing by X-ray therapy with our material of malign tumours of the eyelid in the early stage of TU I and TU II.", "contents": "[The indications and the efficiency of x-ray therapy of the eyelid tumours (author's transl)]. A short introduction deals with the frequency, the distribution and the histology of eyelid-tumors. Then the indication, the technics and the efficiency of X-ray therapy is discussed. Only malignomes of the early stage of TU I and TU II that are made sure by histological research may be treated by an experienced X-ray therapist. It is pointed to the importance of cooperation and the common planning between ophthalmic-surgical and X-ray therapeutics centers and the oculist. Observing the correct indication and technics we reached 97% of 5 years healing by X-ray therapy with our material of malign tumours of the eyelid in the early stage of TU I and TU II.", "PMID": 90183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11909", "title": "Management of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot in the first year of life.", "content": "The surgical management of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot in infants is debatable. The question of total correction versus palliation and the type of palliative procedure remain controversial. During the past 4 years, 30 infants, aged 1 day to 12 months (mean 5.6 months) with symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot underwent either total correction (21 infants) or palliation by relieving the pulmonary stenosis with a right ventricular outflow tract patch (nine infants). The ratio of diameter of the right pulmonary artery to diameter of the ascending aorta (PA/Ao ratio) was calculated from the anteroposterior cineangiogram of all patients. There were three operative deaths in the total correction group; two of these occurred in infants with PA/Ao ratios less than 0.3. One death occurred in the 19 patients undergoing total correction with PA/Ao ratios greater than 0.3 (mortality rate 5.3%). All nine infants undergoing right ventricular outflow tract patching had PA/Ao ratios less than 0.3, and one operative death occurred in this group. Four patients who had right ventricular outflow tract patching have had repeat cardiac catheterization 2 to 15 months postoperatively. All four have shown symmetrical enlargement of the pulmonary arterial tree and significant increases in their PA/Ao ratios.", "contents": "Management of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot in the first year of life. The surgical management of symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot in infants is debatable. The question of total correction versus palliation and the type of palliative procedure remain controversial. During the past 4 years, 30 infants, aged 1 day to 12 months (mean 5.6 months) with symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot underwent either total correction (21 infants) or palliation by relieving the pulmonary stenosis with a right ventricular outflow tract patch (nine infants). The ratio of diameter of the right pulmonary artery to diameter of the ascending aorta (PA/Ao ratio) was calculated from the anteroposterior cineangiogram of all patients. There were three operative deaths in the total correction group; two of these occurred in infants with PA/Ao ratios less than 0.3. One death occurred in the 19 patients undergoing total correction with PA/Ao ratios greater than 0.3 (mortality rate 5.3%). All nine infants undergoing right ventricular outflow tract patching had PA/Ao ratios less than 0.3, and one operative death occurred in this group. Four patients who had right ventricular outflow tract patching have had repeat cardiac catheterization 2 to 15 months postoperatively. All four have shown symmetrical enlargement of the pulmonary arterial tree and significant increases in their PA/Ao ratios.", "PMID": 90210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11910", "title": "Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Sixteen-year experience.", "content": "Infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) usually require urgent surgical intervention. Thirty patients with this anomaly, seen at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between 1962 and 1978, had palliative operations, 26 within the first 3 days of life. Six underwent a closed pulmonary valvotomy alone, with no survivors; six had only a systemic--pulmonary artery shunt, with three early survivors. Because of this experience, 17 had a combined procedure of valvotomy and shunt, with 14 early survivors. One patient recently underwent a definitive right ventricular outflow patch procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass. Eight patients subsequently have had corrective open-heart procedures, with five patients surviving from 2 to 10 years. A unicusp aortic homograft was used for repair in five and a Hancock valved conduit in three. Four patients are presently awaiting operation. We conclude that the initial surgical management of these critically ill infants must not only increase pulmonary blood flow but in addition provide an opportunity for right ventricular growth. Thus we continue to advocate the combined procedure of a valvotomy plus a shunt to provide adequate palliation. Repeat catheterization should be performed within a year to confirm the adequacy of the valvotomy, since this is essential to maximal right ventricular enlargement and to allow for definitive correction at a later date.", "contents": "Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Sixteen-year experience. Infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) usually require urgent surgical intervention. Thirty patients with this anomaly, seen at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between 1962 and 1978, had palliative operations, 26 within the first 3 days of life. Six underwent a closed pulmonary valvotomy alone, with no survivors; six had only a systemic--pulmonary artery shunt, with three early survivors. Because of this experience, 17 had a combined procedure of valvotomy and shunt, with 14 early survivors. One patient recently underwent a definitive right ventricular outflow patch procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass. Eight patients subsequently have had corrective open-heart procedures, with five patients surviving from 2 to 10 years. A unicusp aortic homograft was used for repair in five and a Hancock valved conduit in three. Four patients are presently awaiting operation. We conclude that the initial surgical management of these critically ill infants must not only increase pulmonary blood flow but in addition provide an opportunity for right ventricular growth. Thus we continue to advocate the combined procedure of a valvotomy plus a shunt to provide adequate palliation. Repeat catheterization should be performed within a year to confirm the adequacy of the valvotomy, since this is essential to maximal right ventricular enlargement and to allow for definitive correction at a later date.", "PMID": 90211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11911", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis, and in their household contacts.", "content": "During episodes of acute anterior uveitis, patients had a T-lymphopenia and a temporary increase in B-lymphocytes. The T-lymphopenia was not present in patients investigated early in their first attacks, and it persisted after the patients recovered clinically. In household contacts of patients with uveitis, there was a temporary T-lymphopenia. A similar degree of T-lymphopenia was present in patients with ankylosing spondylitis who had not had uveitis, but not in their household contacts. In patients with spondylitis, there was no greater reduction of T-cells when they had episodes of uveitis. In all groups of subjects studied, T-lymphopenia could be abolished, in vitro, with thymosin, a bovine thymic-hormone estract. The finding of T-lymphocyte depletion in the contacts of uveitis patients, as well as in the patients themselves, suggests that there may be lateral transmission of an infective agent (or agents) in the households during (or before) attacks of uveitis.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis, and in their household contacts. During episodes of acute anterior uveitis, patients had a T-lymphopenia and a temporary increase in B-lymphocytes. The T-lymphopenia was not present in patients investigated early in their first attacks, and it persisted after the patients recovered clinically. In household contacts of patients with uveitis, there was a temporary T-lymphopenia. A similar degree of T-lymphopenia was present in patients with ankylosing spondylitis who had not had uveitis, but not in their household contacts. In patients with spondylitis, there was no greater reduction of T-cells when they had episodes of uveitis. In all groups of subjects studied, T-lymphopenia could be abolished, in vitro, with thymosin, a bovine thymic-hormone estract. The finding of T-lymphocyte depletion in the contacts of uveitis patients, as well as in the patients themselves, suggests that there may be lateral transmission of an infective agent (or agents) in the households during (or before) attacks of uveitis.", "PMID": 90213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11912", "title": "Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong.", "content": "In a double-blind study carried out between 1972 and 1975 in Hong Kong 100 heroin addict volunteers were initially admitted to hospital for two weeks for stabilisation on 60 mg of methadone before being assigned at random to two groups: one group received methadone (range 30--130 mg, average 97 mg/day); those in the other group had their dose of methadone reduced at the rate of 1 mg/day and were then maintained on placebo. All subjects were provided with a broad range of supportive services. After thirty-two weeks 10% of the controls were still on treatment, compared with 76% of those receiving methadone. At the end of the three-year project, only 1 of the original 50 placebo subjects still turned up for treatment (2%), whereas the retention-rate (proportion still on treatment) for methadone subjects was 56%. Subjects who had dropped out of the study and were readmitted for methadone treatment under known conditions had the same retention-rate as the original treatment group.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong. In a double-blind study carried out between 1972 and 1975 in Hong Kong 100 heroin addict volunteers were initially admitted to hospital for two weeks for stabilisation on 60 mg of methadone before being assigned at random to two groups: one group received methadone (range 30--130 mg, average 97 mg/day); those in the other group had their dose of methadone reduced at the rate of 1 mg/day and were then maintained on placebo. All subjects were provided with a broad range of supportive services. After thirty-two weeks 10% of the controls were still on treatment, compared with 76% of those receiving methadone. At the end of the three-year project, only 1 of the original 50 placebo subjects still turned up for treatment (2%), whereas the retention-rate (proportion still on treatment) for methadone subjects was 56%. Subjects who had dropped out of the study and were readmitted for methadone treatment under known conditions had the same retention-rate as the original treatment group.", "PMID": 90214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11913", "title": "Effects of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "19 patients with Paget's disease were treated orally for 6 months with disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate. 1600 mg/day (10 patients) significantly reduced urine hydroxyproline, serum alkaline phosphatase, urine calcium, and the number of pagetic bone osteoclasts. Tetracycline double labelling revealed undisturbed bone mineralisation. There was improvement on quantitative bone-scans and bone pain diminished. There was a transient increase in parathyroid hormone level in 13 of the 19 patients during treatment, which was associated with a high serum 1,25 (OH)2D3. No adverse clinical side-effects have been observed and biochemical remission has persisted for 9 months.", "contents": "Effects of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on Paget's disease of bone. 19 patients with Paget's disease were treated orally for 6 months with disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate. 1600 mg/day (10 patients) significantly reduced urine hydroxyproline, serum alkaline phosphatase, urine calcium, and the number of pagetic bone osteoclasts. Tetracycline double labelling revealed undisturbed bone mineralisation. There was improvement on quantitative bone-scans and bone pain diminished. There was a transient increase in parathyroid hormone level in 13 of the 19 patients during treatment, which was associated with a high serum 1,25 (OH)2D3. No adverse clinical side-effects have been observed and biochemical remission has persisted for 9 months.", "PMID": 90215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11914", "title": "Long-term effects of captopril (SQ14 225) on blood-pressure and hormone levels in essential hypertension.", "content": "Captopril, an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was effective in the long-term reduction of blood-pressure in 17 patients with essential hypertension. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide produced a further hypotensive effect, and the combined treatment produced satisfactory control of the blood-pressure for eight months. Captopril prevented and reversed the secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalaemia induced by simultaneous diuretic administration, thus eliminating the need for potassium supplements. The fall in plasma-angiotensin-II and urinary aldosterone and rise in angiotensin I and plasma-renin provide biochemical evidence that captopril inhibits ACE in vivo. No change in circulating venous bradykinin levels could be detected. The hypotensive action of captopril is not mediated by changes in blood-bradykinin but may involve inhibition of the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems locally within the kidneys or blood vessels.", "contents": "Long-term effects of captopril (SQ14 225) on blood-pressure and hormone levels in essential hypertension. Captopril, an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was effective in the long-term reduction of blood-pressure in 17 patients with essential hypertension. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide produced a further hypotensive effect, and the combined treatment produced satisfactory control of the blood-pressure for eight months. Captopril prevented and reversed the secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypokalaemia induced by simultaneous diuretic administration, thus eliminating the need for potassium supplements. The fall in plasma-angiotensin-II and urinary aldosterone and rise in angiotensin I and plasma-renin provide biochemical evidence that captopril inhibits ACE in vivo. No change in circulating venous bradykinin levels could be detected. The hypotensive action of captopril is not mediated by changes in blood-bradykinin but may involve inhibition of the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems locally within the kidneys or blood vessels.", "PMID": 90216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11915", "title": "Improved sexual function in male haemodialysis patients on bromocriptine.", "content": "The effect of bromocriptine on sexual activity was studied in male haemodialysis patients in a single-blind placebo controlled trial with random cross-over. At a dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine twice day, plasma-prolactin concentrations were consistently reduced, while sexual function as assessed by a questionnaire was markedly improved. At the doses used, side-effects, particularly hypotension, were common, but bromocriptine helped to restore sexual function in dialysed patients.", "contents": "Improved sexual function in male haemodialysis patients on bromocriptine. The effect of bromocriptine on sexual activity was studied in male haemodialysis patients in a single-blind placebo controlled trial with random cross-over. At a dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine twice day, plasma-prolactin concentrations were consistently reduced, while sexual function as assessed by a questionnaire was markedly improved. At the doses used, side-effects, particularly hypotension, were common, but bromocriptine helped to restore sexual function in dialysed patients.", "PMID": 90217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11916", "title": "Steroid treatment of male subfertility caused by antisperm antibodies.", "content": "47 subfertile men with significant titres of antisperm antibodies were treated with one of two steroid regimens. The results were assessed by changes in sperm-counts and in serum antibody titres and by subsequent pregnancies. 15 oligozoospermic men were treated with prednisone 5 mg three times a day for 3--12 months. Sperm-counts became normal in 10 men and 4 of their wives became pregnant. 14 men with normal sperm-counts received the same treatment: antibody titres fell slightly and 3 of their wives became pregnant. 18 other men with normal sperm-counts were given one or more courses of methylprednisolone 96 mg/day for 7 days. There was a more pronounced fall in antibody titres in these men, and 7 of their wives became pregnant. Testicular biopsies in 3 men with high titres of antibodies and very low sperm-counts which became normal with prednisone showed adequate spermatogenesis; however, focal round-cell infiltration of seminiferous tubules was observed in 1 case. It is suggested that a steroid-responsive immune orchitis can occur spontaneously in man, and may contribute to the infertility of men with antisperm antibodies.", "contents": "Steroid treatment of male subfertility caused by antisperm antibodies. 47 subfertile men with significant titres of antisperm antibodies were treated with one of two steroid regimens. The results were assessed by changes in sperm-counts and in serum antibody titres and by subsequent pregnancies. 15 oligozoospermic men were treated with prednisone 5 mg three times a day for 3--12 months. Sperm-counts became normal in 10 men and 4 of their wives became pregnant. 14 men with normal sperm-counts received the same treatment: antibody titres fell slightly and 3 of their wives became pregnant. 18 other men with normal sperm-counts were given one or more courses of methylprednisolone 96 mg/day for 7 days. There was a more pronounced fall in antibody titres in these men, and 7 of their wives became pregnant. Testicular biopsies in 3 men with high titres of antibodies and very low sperm-counts which became normal with prednisone showed adequate spermatogenesis; however, focal round-cell infiltration of seminiferous tubules was observed in 1 case. It is suggested that a steroid-responsive immune orchitis can occur spontaneously in man, and may contribute to the infertility of men with antisperm antibodies.", "PMID": 90218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11917", "title": "Risk of ectopic pregnancy and duration of use of an intrauterine device.", "content": "A number of investigations have shown that accidental pregnancies occurring in long-term users of an intrauterine device (IUD) are more likely to be ectopic than those occurring in short-term users. An analysis of data collected in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study, strongly suggests that the earlier findings are attributable to the progressive reduction in the frequency of intrauterine implantation with duration of IUD use. The absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy in IUD users was found to remain fairly constant with duration of use at about 1.2 per 1000 women per annum.", "contents": "Risk of ectopic pregnancy and duration of use of an intrauterine device. A number of investigations have shown that accidental pregnancies occurring in long-term users of an intrauterine device (IUD) are more likely to be ectopic than those occurring in short-term users. An analysis of data collected in the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study, strongly suggests that the earlier findings are attributable to the progressive reduction in the frequency of intrauterine implantation with duration of IUD use. The absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy in IUD users was found to remain fairly constant with duration of use at about 1.2 per 1000 women per annum.", "PMID": 90219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11918", "title": "Cell number and cell size: organ growth and development and the control of catch-up growth in rats.", "content": "One of the most important hypotheses for the control of catch-up after nutritional growth restriction relates developmental vulnerability to an early phase of cell multiplication, rather than to a later phase of growth of cell size. A re-examination of growing tissues, however, does not show the expected sequence of growth events, and the former hypothesis is therefore not supported.", "contents": "Cell number and cell size: organ growth and development and the control of catch-up growth in rats. One of the most important hypotheses for the control of catch-up after nutritional growth restriction relates developmental vulnerability to an early phase of cell multiplication, rather than to a later phase of growth of cell size. A re-examination of growing tissues, however, does not show the expected sequence of growth events, and the former hypothesis is therefore not supported.", "PMID": 90220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11919", "title": "Adrenal steroids and the development of osteoporosis in oophorectomised women.", "content": "To explore the possibility that the wide variation in bone loss among oophorectomised women might be due to differences in adrenal androgens or their biosynthetic pathways, 18 women (10 with very fast and 8 with very slow bone loss) were selected. Serum levels of nine adrenal steroids, including the major androgens and cortisol, were measured under basal conditions and after overnight suppression followed by acute corticotropin stimulation. In addition, basal serum oestrone, oestradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sex-hormone-binding-globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, and urinary free cortisol were measured. The only significant differences found were that women who lost bone rapidly had significantly higher urinary free-cortisol excretion (p less than 0.001) and a paradoxically diminished cortisol response to corticotropin. These data make it unlikely that endogenous adrenal androgens or oestrogens are a major factor in preventing bone loss after cessation of ovarian function; cortisol by its catabolic effect, however, may be a significant factor in causing osteoporosis.", "contents": "Adrenal steroids and the development of osteoporosis in oophorectomised women. To explore the possibility that the wide variation in bone loss among oophorectomised women might be due to differences in adrenal androgens or their biosynthetic pathways, 18 women (10 with very fast and 8 with very slow bone loss) were selected. Serum levels of nine adrenal steroids, including the major androgens and cortisol, were measured under basal conditions and after overnight suppression followed by acute corticotropin stimulation. In addition, basal serum oestrone, oestradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sex-hormone-binding-globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, and urinary free cortisol were measured. The only significant differences found were that women who lost bone rapidly had significantly higher urinary free-cortisol excretion (p less than 0.001) and a paradoxically diminished cortisol response to corticotropin. These data make it unlikely that endogenous adrenal androgens or oestrogens are a major factor in preventing bone loss after cessation of ovarian function; cortisol by its catabolic effect, however, may be a significant factor in causing osteoporosis.", "PMID": 90269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11920", "title": "A glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor in treatment of dumping syndrome.", "content": "BAY g 5421, a glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor, produced symptomatic improvement in ten patients with the dumping syndrome. 100 mg BAY g 5421, given before a 50 g sucrose meal, produced pronounced attenuation of both hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic phases of plasma glucose levels; and it greatly reduced the rise in plasma levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin. Gastric emptying, studied simultaneously by an isotopic method, showed little difference between tests, suggesting that the improvement achieved was not mediated by slowing gastric emptying.", "contents": "A glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor in treatment of dumping syndrome. BAY g 5421, a glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor, produced symptomatic improvement in ten patients with the dumping syndrome. 100 mg BAY g 5421, given before a 50 g sucrose meal, produced pronounced attenuation of both hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic phases of plasma glucose levels; and it greatly reduced the rise in plasma levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin. Gastric emptying, studied simultaneously by an isotopic method, showed little difference between tests, suggesting that the improvement achieved was not mediated by slowing gastric emptying.", "PMID": 90270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11921", "title": "Hyponatraemic hypertensive syndrome with renal-artery occlusion corrected by captopril.", "content": "Malignant hypertension with severe hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, depletion of sodium and potassium, and elevated blood levels of renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and arginine vasopressin developed in a woman with renal-artery occlusion. Plasma angiotensin II was disproportionately high in relation to exchangeable sodium. Captopril, by inhibiting conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, further elevated the blood levels of renin and angiotensin I but corrected all other abnormalities. Unilateral nephrectomy was subsequently curative.", "contents": "Hyponatraemic hypertensive syndrome with renal-artery occlusion corrected by captopril. Malignant hypertension with severe hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, depletion of sodium and potassium, and elevated blood levels of renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and arginine vasopressin developed in a woman with renal-artery occlusion. Plasma angiotensin II was disproportionately high in relation to exchangeable sodium. Captopril, by inhibiting conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, further elevated the blood levels of renin and angiotensin I but corrected all other abnormalities. Unilateral nephrectomy was subsequently curative.", "PMID": 90271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11922", "title": "Detection of herpes-simplex viral genome in brain tissue.", "content": "Herpes-simplex virus type (HSV-1) nucleic-acid sequences were detected by in-situ hybridisation in thin sections of brains from mice which had been inoculated 24 weeks previously with HSV-1. These mice were not ill, and infectious virus could not be recovered from them. HSV-1 sequences were also present in brain smears from 3 of 4 elderly patients who had died with chronic psychiatric illness and neuropathological changes but not in smears from 2 patients who had had acute psychotic episodes and minimum abnormal histology. Adenovirus type 7 nucleic-acid sequences were not detected in these human specimens.", "contents": "Detection of herpes-simplex viral genome in brain tissue. Herpes-simplex virus type (HSV-1) nucleic-acid sequences were detected by in-situ hybridisation in thin sections of brains from mice which had been inoculated 24 weeks previously with HSV-1. These mice were not ill, and infectious virus could not be recovered from them. HSV-1 sequences were also present in brain smears from 3 of 4 elderly patients who had died with chronic psychiatric illness and neuropathological changes but not in smears from 2 patients who had had acute psychotic episodes and minimum abnormal histology. Adenovirus type 7 nucleic-acid sequences were not detected in these human specimens.", "PMID": 90272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11923", "title": "Use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver grafting.", "content": "Femoro-femoral partial cardiopulmonary bypass has been used in two patients under going orthotopic liver allografting who had severe cardiovascular disturbances on trial clamping of their venae cavae. Flows of 2-3 litres/min resulted in satisfactory cardiovascular control during the anhepatic phase in each ase. A third patient who tolerated caval clamping withstood the grafting without bypass. Having bypass available for use in critical cases could increase the safety of orthotopic liver transplantation.", "contents": "Use of partial cardiopulmonary bypass during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver grafting. Femoro-femoral partial cardiopulmonary bypass has been used in two patients under going orthotopic liver allografting who had severe cardiovascular disturbances on trial clamping of their venae cavae. Flows of 2-3 litres/min resulted in satisfactory cardiovascular control during the anhepatic phase in each ase. A third patient who tolerated caval clamping withstood the grafting without bypass. Having bypass available for use in critical cases could increase the safety of orthotopic liver transplantation.", "PMID": 90273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11924", "title": "Randomised comparative studies in the treatment of cancer in the United Kingdom: room for improvement?", "content": "The basic details of randomised clinical studies in cancer treatment under way in the United Kingdom were ascertained in a postal survey. The cancers of major interest were those of lung, breast, colon and rectum, and lymphomas and leukaemias. In general, only a small proportion of cancer patients are entered into clinical studies; and most of the individual studies aim for a small number of patients, with patient entry over a long period.", "contents": "Randomised comparative studies in the treatment of cancer in the United Kingdom: room for improvement? The basic details of randomised clinical studies in cancer treatment under way in the United Kingdom were ascertained in a postal survey. The cancers of major interest were those of lung, breast, colon and rectum, and lymphomas and leukaemias. In general, only a small proportion of cancer patients are entered into clinical studies; and most of the individual studies aim for a small number of patients, with patient entry over a long period.", "PMID": 90280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11925", "title": "Bites by the carpet viper in the Niger Valley.", "content": "60 people who had been bitten by the carpet viper, Echis carinatus, were seen in four months at Zungeru Health Centre, in North West Nigeria, where snake-bite patients have recently occupied 10% of beds. Health statistics greatly underestimate the frequency, morbidity, and mortality of snake bite in the rural tropics and further studies will probably confirm other areas endemic for E. carinatus within its vast distribution zone. Regular supplies of effective antivenom are crucial to gain a community's confidence in conventional, as opposed to traditional, treatment. Paramedical staff in a rural clinic can be trained in the definitive management and treatment, including successful antivenom therapy, of most snake-bite patients.", "contents": "Bites by the carpet viper in the Niger Valley. 60 people who had been bitten by the carpet viper, Echis carinatus, were seen in four months at Zungeru Health Centre, in North West Nigeria, where snake-bite patients have recently occupied 10% of beds. Health statistics greatly underestimate the frequency, morbidity, and mortality of snake bite in the rural tropics and further studies will probably confirm other areas endemic for E. carinatus within its vast distribution zone. Regular supplies of effective antivenom are crucial to gain a community's confidence in conventional, as opposed to traditional, treatment. Paramedical staff in a rural clinic can be trained in the definitive management and treatment, including successful antivenom therapy, of most snake-bite patients.", "PMID": 90281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11926", "title": "[Lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts by gramicidin S derivatives].", "content": "Gramicidin S derivatives with the substituted amino groups of ornithines (carbamoylgramicidin and diacetylgramicidin) possess nearly the same level of the lytic activity when acting on Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts in a 1 M sucrose solution as the original antibiotic. The lytic activity of gramicidin S and these derivatives considerably increases in a solution of sucrose in phosphate buffer. The dependence of the lytic activity of gramicidin on its concentration is of a complex character: two \"peaks\" of activity and a region of \"nonlyzing\" concentrations. The lytic activity of gramicidin derivatives with substituted amino groups directly depends on the concentration. When gramicidin S acts upon the intact cells of M. lysodeikticus, it impair with the permeability of their membranes and causes a loss of compounds absorbing at 260 nm; the derivatives with the substituted amino groups change the permeability of the cellular membranes only to a slight extent.", "contents": "[Lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts by gramicidin S derivatives]. Gramicidin S derivatives with the substituted amino groups of ornithines (carbamoylgramicidin and diacetylgramicidin) possess nearly the same level of the lytic activity when acting on Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts in a 1 M sucrose solution as the original antibiotic. The lytic activity of gramicidin S and these derivatives considerably increases in a solution of sucrose in phosphate buffer. The dependence of the lytic activity of gramicidin on its concentration is of a complex character: two \"peaks\" of activity and a region of \"nonlyzing\" concentrations. The lytic activity of gramicidin derivatives with substituted amino groups directly depends on the concentration. When gramicidin S acts upon the intact cells of M. lysodeikticus, it impair with the permeability of their membranes and causes a loss of compounds absorbing at 260 nm; the derivatives with the substituted amino groups change the permeability of the cellular membranes only to a slight extent.", "PMID": 90326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11927", "title": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. IV. The nuclease as a model for protein folding.", "content": "This is the last in a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4 (staphylococcal nuclease, micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses the use of the nuclease as a model system for the study of the mechanisms and energetics of the folding-unfolding reaction in proteins and for the study of the interrelationships between amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure.", "contents": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. IV. The nuclease as a model for protein folding. This is the last in a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4 (staphylococcal nuclease, micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses the use of the nuclease as a model system for the study of the mechanisms and energetics of the folding-unfolding reaction in proteins and for the study of the interrelationships between amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure.", "PMID": 90333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11928", "title": "Interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin with L-asparaginase.", "content": "Obvious protection of the catalytic activity of Esch. coli L-asparaginase by alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was observed under conditions otherwise propitious to the dissociation of the tetrameric molecule into inactive subunits, i.e. very diluted enzyme solutions or the presence of either SDS or urea. The degree of protection depended on enzyme and alpha 2M concentrations respectively, and on the preincubation time of the alpha 2M-enzyme mixture prior to substrate addition. The formation of a catalytically active complex between alpha 2M and L-asparaginase was confirmed by gel filtration on a Sephadex-G column and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fact that the migration distance of the active complex corresponded to the migration of alpha 2M and the absence in that case of a migration band corresponding to the intact molecule suggest that complexing of the enzyme with alpha 2M prevented its dissociation into subunits and thus its inactivation. Addition of alpha 2M to the already dissociated enzyme molecule did not restore its catalytic activity. Alpha2-macroglobulin was shown to have an inhibiting effect on the proteolytic activity of almost all proteases and no effect on their esterolytic activity. Furthermore, it prevents the inhibition of esterolytic activity by some natural compounds. The effect of alpha 2M on other types of catalytic activity has not been investigated enough to afford a generalization of the possible role of this macroglobulin in the control of enzyme activity in the body. This paper reports the results of an in vitro study of the effect of alpha 2M on the catalytic activity of an important amidase, i.e. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase 3.5.1.1), which in recent years has been used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children.", "contents": "Interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin with L-asparaginase. Obvious protection of the catalytic activity of Esch. coli L-asparaginase by alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was observed under conditions otherwise propitious to the dissociation of the tetrameric molecule into inactive subunits, i.e. very diluted enzyme solutions or the presence of either SDS or urea. The degree of protection depended on enzyme and alpha 2M concentrations respectively, and on the preincubation time of the alpha 2M-enzyme mixture prior to substrate addition. The formation of a catalytically active complex between alpha 2M and L-asparaginase was confirmed by gel filtration on a Sephadex-G column and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fact that the migration distance of the active complex corresponded to the migration of alpha 2M and the absence in that case of a migration band corresponding to the intact molecule suggest that complexing of the enzyme with alpha 2M prevented its dissociation into subunits and thus its inactivation. Addition of alpha 2M to the already dissociated enzyme molecule did not restore its catalytic activity. Alpha2-macroglobulin was shown to have an inhibiting effect on the proteolytic activity of almost all proteases and no effect on their esterolytic activity. Furthermore, it prevents the inhibition of esterolytic activity by some natural compounds. The effect of alpha 2M on other types of catalytic activity has not been investigated enough to afford a generalization of the possible role of this macroglobulin in the control of enzyme activity in the body. This paper reports the results of an in vitro study of the effect of alpha 2M on the catalytic activity of an important amidase, i.e. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase 3.5.1.1), which in recent years has been used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children.", "PMID": 90334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11929", "title": "Human alpha-fetoprotein/AFP/ I. Isolation of homogenous AFP from cord blood serum.", "content": "The AFP from human cord blood was isolated by means of affinity chromatography with the use of antibodies as ligands and by gel filtration. The preliminary purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on CNBr-Sepharose 4B coupled with anti AFP-antibody. Further purification was obtained by the use of immunoadsorbent with anti-human serum protein antibodies. Final purification was achieved by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Homogeneity of the purified AFP was demonstrated by means of gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Human alpha-fetoprotein/AFP/ I. Isolation of homogenous AFP from cord blood serum. The AFP from human cord blood was isolated by means of affinity chromatography with the use of antibodies as ligands and by gel filtration. The preliminary purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on CNBr-Sepharose 4B coupled with anti AFP-antibody. Further purification was obtained by the use of immunoadsorbent with anti-human serum protein antibodies. Final purification was achieved by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Homogeneity of the purified AFP was demonstrated by means of gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 90335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11930", "title": "Effect of N2 on the mutagenic and lethal activities of ICR-170 in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The nature of the N2 effect for ICR-170, i.e., the greater mutagenic and lethal activities of this agent in the presence of N2 than O2, has been studied at the ad-3 region of Neurospora crassa. The characteristics of the N2 effect for ICR-170 were that (1) the N2 effect with ICR-170 was displayed in conidia when N2 was administered during, but not before or after, ICR-170 treatment, (2) the highly increased mutagenic and lethal activities of ICR-170 in the presence of N2 were due to an anoxic condition rather than to the presence of N2 per se, (3) the high killing activity of ICR-170 under N2 was due largely to increased cytoplasmic inactivation, (4) the N2 effect was a general phenomenon at the ad-3 region of N. crassa, and (5) the highly ICR-170-induced mutation in conidia under N2 was attributable to an actual enhancement in the mutagenic activity of ICR-170 rather than to selective killing. With regard to the mechanisms of the N2 effect with ICR-170, results indicate that this effect (1) was not due to more extracellular oxidative degradation of ICR-170 molecules in the presence of O2, or to a greater uptake of ICR-170 by conidia under N2, but (2) was due to the inhibition of conidial respiration under an anoxic environment.", "contents": "Effect of N2 on the mutagenic and lethal activities of ICR-170 in Neurospora crassa. The nature of the N2 effect for ICR-170, i.e., the greater mutagenic and lethal activities of this agent in the presence of N2 than O2, has been studied at the ad-3 region of Neurospora crassa. The characteristics of the N2 effect for ICR-170 were that (1) the N2 effect with ICR-170 was displayed in conidia when N2 was administered during, but not before or after, ICR-170 treatment, (2) the highly increased mutagenic and lethal activities of ICR-170 in the presence of N2 were due to an anoxic condition rather than to the presence of N2 per se, (3) the high killing activity of ICR-170 under N2 was due largely to increased cytoplasmic inactivation, (4) the N2 effect was a general phenomenon at the ad-3 region of N. crassa, and (5) the highly ICR-170-induced mutation in conidia under N2 was attributable to an actual enhancement in the mutagenic activity of ICR-170 rather than to selective killing. With regard to the mechanisms of the N2 effect with ICR-170, results indicate that this effect (1) was not due to more extracellular oxidative degradation of ICR-170 molecules in the presence of O2, or to a greater uptake of ICR-170 by conidia under N2, but (2) was due to the inhibition of conidial respiration under an anoxic environment.", "PMID": 90338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11931", "title": "The relation between chemically induced sister-chromatid exchanges and chromatid breakage.", "content": "Studies of classical chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCES) suggest independent mechanisms for the two events despite some common features. Examination of chromosome breakage caused by X-rays, visible light, and viruses has shown that few chromatid breaks are accompanied by SCEs at the sites of breaks. No similar observations were available for chemically induced breaks, but it has been reported that rat chromosomes exposed to dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) contained a preponderance of both aberrations and SCEs in certain specific regions, implicating a common process in their formation. These conclusions were drawn from a comparison of breaks induced in vivo with SCEs induced in vitro. However, we used 7 chemical mutagens to induce both chromatid breaks and SCEs in \"harlequin\" chromosomes of cultured rat and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and found that 25% of the 914 breaks scored were associated with SCEs. The proportion of breaks accompanied by SCEs is related to the overall SCE frequency and falls into the range predicted on the basis that breaks and SCEs occur independently. The reported association between sites for SCEs and aberrations also reflects secondary factors, such as induction of SCEs and aberrations during DNA synthesis in late replicating regions of the chromosomes.", "contents": "The relation between chemically induced sister-chromatid exchanges and chromatid breakage. Studies of classical chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCES) suggest independent mechanisms for the two events despite some common features. Examination of chromosome breakage caused by X-rays, visible light, and viruses has shown that few chromatid breaks are accompanied by SCEs at the sites of breaks. No similar observations were available for chemically induced breaks, but it has been reported that rat chromosomes exposed to dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) contained a preponderance of both aberrations and SCEs in certain specific regions, implicating a common process in their formation. These conclusions were drawn from a comparison of breaks induced in vivo with SCEs induced in vitro. However, we used 7 chemical mutagens to induce both chromatid breaks and SCEs in \"harlequin\" chromosomes of cultured rat and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and found that 25% of the 914 breaks scored were associated with SCEs. The proportion of breaks accompanied by SCEs is related to the overall SCE frequency and falls into the range predicted on the basis that breaks and SCEs occur independently. The reported association between sites for SCEs and aberrations also reflects secondary factors, such as induction of SCEs and aberrations during DNA synthesis in late replicating regions of the chromosomes.", "PMID": 90339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11932", "title": "Hyperthermic enhancement of chromosome damage and lack of effect on sister-chromatid exchanges induced by bleomycin in Chinese hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells, M-3, were treated with BLM (1--4 micrograms/ml) for 30 min to 1 h at 37 degrees or 43 degrees C. After treatment, the cells were reincubated at 37 degrees until recovery. The material treated at 43 degrees showed increased damage expressed as chromosome and chromatid-type breaks and exchanges. Since the amount of BLM entering the cell at 37 degrees is supposedly similar to that which enters the cell at 43 degrees, the enhanced damage is the result of true synergism, and not the facilitation of the drug's entry into the cell.", "contents": "Hyperthermic enhancement of chromosome damage and lack of effect on sister-chromatid exchanges induced by bleomycin in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Chinese hamster cells, M-3, were treated with BLM (1--4 micrograms/ml) for 30 min to 1 h at 37 degrees or 43 degrees C. After treatment, the cells were reincubated at 37 degrees until recovery. The material treated at 43 degrees showed increased damage expressed as chromosome and chromatid-type breaks and exchanges. Since the amount of BLM entering the cell at 37 degrees is supposedly similar to that which enters the cell at 43 degrees, the enhanced damage is the result of true synergism, and not the facilitation of the drug's entry into the cell.", "PMID": 90340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11933", "title": "Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed during Go to four classes of DNA-damaging chemicals.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were treated prior to mitogenic stimulation with varying concentrations of 6 cytostatic drugs representing 4 classes of DNA-damaging chemicals. Afterwards the cells were washed to remove residual chemical and cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine for analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A dose-related increase in SCEs was observed in cells exposed during Go to the alkylating chemicals mitomycin C, chlorambucil, and thiotepa, while significant increases in SCEs were not noted in cultures exposed to methotrexate, cytarabine, or bleomycin. These findings suggest that not all classes of clatogenic chemicals which induce SCEs in proliferative cells substituted with BUdR are capable of inducing long-lived lesions in the DNA of Go lymphocytes that can lead to SCE formation.", "contents": "Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed during Go to four classes of DNA-damaging chemicals. Human lymphocytes were treated prior to mitogenic stimulation with varying concentrations of 6 cytostatic drugs representing 4 classes of DNA-damaging chemicals. Afterwards the cells were washed to remove residual chemical and cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine for analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A dose-related increase in SCEs was observed in cells exposed during Go to the alkylating chemicals mitomycin C, chlorambucil, and thiotepa, while significant increases in SCEs were not noted in cultures exposed to methotrexate, cytarabine, or bleomycin. These findings suggest that not all classes of clatogenic chemicals which induce SCEs in proliferative cells substituted with BUdR are capable of inducing long-lived lesions in the DNA of Go lymphocytes that can lead to SCE formation.", "PMID": 90341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11934", "title": "Gamma globulins of CSF and serum in multiple sclerosis: isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel and agar gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 139 patients with MS were analyzed with electrophoresis on agar gel (AGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) on polyacrylamide gel. In both methods, 82 percent of the patients had abnormal patterns of oligoclonal IgG bands in the gamma globulin and alkaline regions. With IEF, 10 percent of the serum samples contained faint bands corresponding to the bands in CSF. Most of the bands were found in the cathodal part of the alkaline IEF region, but there was no correlation with clinical characteristics. Each patient seems to have a special band pattern which does not change throughout the disease. The gamma-trace protein was seen in 77 percent of the patients on IEF and in 29 percent on AGE. On IEF it appeared at two positions, at pH 8.0 and 9.3, but about 10 other bands were seen in the \"normal\" alkaline CSF region, making the band pattern of IEF more difficult to interpret than that of AGE. This limits the routine clinical value of IEF, even if the high resolution capacity of this method is useful in research.", "contents": "Gamma globulins of CSF and serum in multiple sclerosis: isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel and agar gel electrophoresis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 139 patients with MS were analyzed with electrophoresis on agar gel (AGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) on polyacrylamide gel. In both methods, 82 percent of the patients had abnormal patterns of oligoclonal IgG bands in the gamma globulin and alkaline regions. With IEF, 10 percent of the serum samples contained faint bands corresponding to the bands in CSF. Most of the bands were found in the cathodal part of the alkaline IEF region, but there was no correlation with clinical characteristics. Each patient seems to have a special band pattern which does not change throughout the disease. The gamma-trace protein was seen in 77 percent of the patients on IEF and in 29 percent on AGE. On IEF it appeared at two positions, at pH 8.0 and 9.3, but about 10 other bands were seen in the \"normal\" alkaline CSF region, making the band pattern of IEF more difficult to interpret than that of AGE. This limits the routine clinical value of IEF, even if the high resolution capacity of this method is useful in research.", "PMID": 90346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11935", "title": "Psuedotumor cerebri and insecticide intoxication.", "content": "Three patients with headache and increased intracranial pressure had elevated blood, serum, and adipose levels of the organochlorine insecticide chlordecone (Kepone). These patients were among 23 employees who suffered from chronic chlordecone intoxication resulting from industrial exposure. In our three patients, investigations eliminated an intracranial mass or other known causes of psuedotumor cerebri. In all three patients, the capacity for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption was assessed by graded infusions into the subarachnoid space, and was found to be impaired even when papilledema was minimal.", "contents": "Psuedotumor cerebri and insecticide intoxication. Three patients with headache and increased intracranial pressure had elevated blood, serum, and adipose levels of the organochlorine insecticide chlordecone (Kepone). These patients were among 23 employees who suffered from chronic chlordecone intoxication resulting from industrial exposure. In our three patients, investigations eliminated an intracranial mass or other known causes of psuedotumor cerebri. In all three patients, the capacity for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption was assessed by graded infusions into the subarachnoid space, and was found to be impaired even when papilledema was minimal.", "PMID": 90347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11936", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the pancreas].", "content": "A series of 145 patients with cancer of the pancreas is presented. Radical surgery was performed in 23 cases. An assessment is made of anatomical and clinical factors likely to interfere with the results of surgery, particularly radical surgery. The mean survival after palliative operations was 5.5 months and after duodenocephalopancreatectomy 16.1 months. After resection, operative mortality as a whole was 21.6%, though in the last 5 years it had fallen to 8.8%. Actuarial survival after 1 yr was 56.3% and after 2 yr 18.8%. The average duration of the symptom picture was long due to the difficulty of making an early diagnosis. This has an adverse influence on the operability of cancer of the pancreas. On average, survival after resection was less in cases with infiltration of the lymph nodes, but not in those with extension of the neoplasia to neighbouring organs, such as the duodenum. The results of radical management were much the same as those reported in the literature and are regarded as unsatisfactory, even though better than those achieved with palliative surgery. Their improvement is discussed in the light of the technical features of duodenocephalopancreatectomy. It is felt that extensive lymphadenectomy is required and that this should be planned and performed in accordance with strict anatomical and surgical criteria.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the pancreas]. A series of 145 patients with cancer of the pancreas is presented. Radical surgery was performed in 23 cases. An assessment is made of anatomical and clinical factors likely to interfere with the results of surgery, particularly radical surgery. The mean survival after palliative operations was 5.5 months and after duodenocephalopancreatectomy 16.1 months. After resection, operative mortality as a whole was 21.6%, though in the last 5 years it had fallen to 8.8%. Actuarial survival after 1 yr was 56.3% and after 2 yr 18.8%. The average duration of the symptom picture was long due to the difficulty of making an early diagnosis. This has an adverse influence on the operability of cancer of the pancreas. On average, survival after resection was less in cases with infiltration of the lymph nodes, but not in those with extension of the neoplasia to neighbouring organs, such as the duodenum. The results of radical management were much the same as those reported in the literature and are regarded as unsatisfactory, even though better than those achieved with palliative surgery. Their improvement is discussed in the light of the technical features of duodenocephalopancreatectomy. It is felt that extensive lymphadenectomy is required and that this should be planned and performed in accordance with strict anatomical and surgical criteria.", "PMID": 90349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11937", "title": "[Personal experience in 121 cases of palliative operations in abdominal oncological surgery].", "content": "The Authors analyse 121 cases of patients affected by abdominal malignant tumors, who underwent a palliative operation. Although the number of the examinated cases is small, it appears clear that the longest survival requires, when possible, the removal of most of the malignant tissue. This seems to be in accordance with the results reported by the literature.", "contents": "[Personal experience in 121 cases of palliative operations in abdominal oncological surgery]. The Authors analyse 121 cases of patients affected by abdominal malignant tumors, who underwent a palliative operation. Although the number of the examinated cases is small, it appears clear that the longest survival requires, when possible, the removal of most of the malignant tissue. This seems to be in accordance with the results reported by the literature.", "PMID": 90350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11938", "title": "[Palliative treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Personal surgical experience].", "content": "Malignant tumours of the oesophagus cannot always be handled radically; in personal clinical experience, only a third of patients suffering from oesophageal carcinoma have been subjected to radical oesophagectomy. The purpose of palliative treatment is to suppress dysphagia and restore possibly natural, adequate feeding. As for techniques, intraluminal catheterization by the combined endoscopic and gastrotomic route has been personally preferred to surgical bypass and gastrostomy whose palliative value should be confined to cases in which no other technique can be used. Good results have been obtained with catheterization and patients have been able to feed themselves naturally without noting the ineluctability of their disease.", "contents": "[Palliative treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Personal surgical experience]. Malignant tumours of the oesophagus cannot always be handled radically; in personal clinical experience, only a third of patients suffering from oesophageal carcinoma have been subjected to radical oesophagectomy. The purpose of palliative treatment is to suppress dysphagia and restore possibly natural, adequate feeding. As for techniques, intraluminal catheterization by the combined endoscopic and gastrotomic route has been personally preferred to surgical bypass and gastrostomy whose palliative value should be confined to cases in which no other technique can be used. Good results have been obtained with catheterization and patients have been able to feed themselves naturally without noting the ineluctability of their disease.", "PMID": 90348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11939", "title": "Detection by antihapten antibodies of liver-bound compounds related to azocarcinogens or their metabolites.", "content": "The localization of known azocarcinogens and metabolites such as p-aminoazobenzene and N-methyl-p-aminoazobenzene bound to components of liver cells of rats fed single or multiple doses of 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene has been determined with the use of antibodies raised against p'-azo-p-aminoazobenzene and p'-azo-N-monomethyl-p-aminoazobenzene in the indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. These 2 antisera reacted with liver cells of rats fed 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene, p'-amino-p-aminoazobenzene, p'-amino-N-monomethyl-p-aminoazobenzene and N-methyl-p-aminoazobenzene. The results obtained in this study suggest that both major and minor metabolites of azocarcinogens have common antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Detection by antihapten antibodies of liver-bound compounds related to azocarcinogens or their metabolites. The localization of known azocarcinogens and metabolites such as p-aminoazobenzene and N-methyl-p-aminoazobenzene bound to components of liver cells of rats fed single or multiple doses of 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene has been determined with the use of antibodies raised against p'-azo-p-aminoazobenzene and p'-azo-N-monomethyl-p-aminoazobenzene in the indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. These 2 antisera reacted with liver cells of rats fed 3'-methyl-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene, p'-amino-p-aminoazobenzene, p'-amino-N-monomethyl-p-aminoazobenzene and N-methyl-p-aminoazobenzene. The results obtained in this study suggest that both major and minor metabolites of azocarcinogens have common antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 90352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11940", "title": "[Immunochemical study of the specific antigens of human amniotic fluid].", "content": "Four specific antigens (trophoblastic beta 1-globulin, placental lactogen, alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of human placenta) were identified using antisera to the native amniotic fluid. Five antigens with the mobility of prealbumins, alpha 1-globulins, alpha 2-globulins and beta 2-globulins which bear no resemblance with the previously studied antigens were identified using antisera to the acid fraction of the amniotic fluid. Both the prealbumins and alpha 2-globulin were found in the blood serum of foetuses of different age and of newborn infants; these proteins were absent from the blood serum of pregnant women and donors. They received the names of embryonic prealbumine 1, embryonic prealbumine 2 and embryonic alpha 2-globulin. The protein with the mobility of alpha 1-globulins was found in the amniotic fluid of foetuses and in the blood serum of pregnant women only and received the name of amniotic alpha 1-globulin. The concentration of the antigens in question was studied in the developing foetuses and in the blood serum of pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of the specific antigens of human amniotic fluid]. Four specific antigens (trophoblastic beta 1-globulin, placental lactogen, alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of human placenta) were identified using antisera to the native amniotic fluid. Five antigens with the mobility of prealbumins, alpha 1-globulins, alpha 2-globulins and beta 2-globulins which bear no resemblance with the previously studied antigens were identified using antisera to the acid fraction of the amniotic fluid. Both the prealbumins and alpha 2-globulin were found in the blood serum of foetuses of different age and of newborn infants; these proteins were absent from the blood serum of pregnant women and donors. They received the names of embryonic prealbumine 1, embryonic prealbumine 2 and embryonic alpha 2-globulin. The protein with the mobility of alpha 1-globulins was found in the amniotic fluid of foetuses and in the blood serum of pregnant women only and received the name of amniotic alpha 1-globulin. The concentration of the antigens in question was studied in the developing foetuses and in the blood serum of pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy.", "PMID": 90353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11941", "title": "Plasmodium berghei - infected red cells sorted according to DNA content.", "content": "A cell-sorting method is described for the analysis and separation of red blood cells in Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood based on their DNA content. This method involves a selective uptake of the bis-benzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst, a DNA-binding dye, by red blood cells containing parasites. Infected blood is incubated at 37 degrees C with the dye then washed at 4 degrees C to remove unbound dye. Uninfected cells are then non-fluorescent at the characteristic wavelengths for 33258 Hoechst excitation and emission, whereas parasitized cells display fluorescence intensities in approximately direct proportion tothe number of parasite nuclei (i.e. amount of parasite DNA) within the cell and can be sorted accordingly. Providing cells were incubated in a complex nutrient medium during dye uptake at 37 degrees C, the sorted parasite-infected cells produced lethal P. berghei infections when injected into BALB/c mice. The dye-labelling technique is simple and sufficient red blood cells at various stages of infection can be collected for biochemical or immunochemical studies by cell sorting.", "contents": "Plasmodium berghei - infected red cells sorted according to DNA content. A cell-sorting method is described for the analysis and separation of red blood cells in Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse blood based on their DNA content. This method involves a selective uptake of the bis-benzimidazole dye 33258 Hoechst, a DNA-binding dye, by red blood cells containing parasites. Infected blood is incubated at 37 degrees C with the dye then washed at 4 degrees C to remove unbound dye. Uninfected cells are then non-fluorescent at the characteristic wavelengths for 33258 Hoechst excitation and emission, whereas parasitized cells display fluorescence intensities in approximately direct proportion tothe number of parasite nuclei (i.e. amount of parasite DNA) within the cell and can be sorted accordingly. Providing cells were incubated in a complex nutrient medium during dye uptake at 37 degrees C, the sorted parasite-infected cells produced lethal P. berghei infections when injected into BALB/c mice. The dye-labelling technique is simple and sufficient red blood cells at various stages of infection can be collected for biochemical or immunochemical studies by cell sorting.", "PMID": 90356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11942", "title": "Diastropic dwarfism: a histochemical and ultrastructural study of the endochondral growth plate.", "content": "Chondro-osseous tissue from five patients with diastropic dwarfism was studied by histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic methods. The major abnormalities observed were: 1) irregular distribution of chondrocytes undergoing degeneration in the resting cartilage; 2) abnormal distribution of collagens in the resting cartilage; 3) a spectrum of fibrous matrix lesions in the resting cartilage which ranged from focal areas of aggregated collagen fibrils to large cystic lesions in which intracartilagenous ossification occurred; and 4) shortened, irregular cellular columns within the growth plate which were occasionally disrupted by matrix lesions extending from the resting cartilage. These alterations in chondro-osseous morphology have not been observed in any of the other skeletal dysplasias examined to date and appear to be pathognomonic for this disorder.", "contents": "Diastropic dwarfism: a histochemical and ultrastructural study of the endochondral growth plate. Chondro-osseous tissue from five patients with diastropic dwarfism was studied by histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopic methods. The major abnormalities observed were: 1) irregular distribution of chondrocytes undergoing degeneration in the resting cartilage; 2) abnormal distribution of collagens in the resting cartilage; 3) a spectrum of fibrous matrix lesions in the resting cartilage which ranged from focal areas of aggregated collagen fibrils to large cystic lesions in which intracartilagenous ossification occurred; and 4) shortened, irregular cellular columns within the growth plate which were occasionally disrupted by matrix lesions extending from the resting cartilage. These alterations in chondro-osseous morphology have not been observed in any of the other skeletal dysplasias examined to date and appear to be pathognomonic for this disorder.", "PMID": 90360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11943", "title": "A randomized combination chemotherapy trial, with and without adriamycin, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated and placed randomly between two combination protocols, one with adriamycin and the other without. Responses (more than 50% tumor regression) were 67% overall with 63% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the protocol containing it. The increase in the response rate seen with the addition of adriamycin was not statistically significant. The degree of response to chemotherapy was reduced by prior radiotherapy.", "contents": "A randomized combination chemotherapy trial, with and without adriamycin, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. One hundred seventeen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated and placed randomly between two combination protocols, one with adriamycin and the other without. Responses (more than 50% tumor regression) were 67% overall with 63% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the protocol containing it. The increase in the response rate seen with the addition of adriamycin was not statistically significant. The degree of response to chemotherapy was reduced by prior radiotherapy.", "PMID": 90354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11944", "title": "[II. Etiological classification of the small bowel diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A new classification of the small bowel diseases is proposed according to - the physiopathology; - the anatomo-pathology; - the etiology. In this second part, the ethiological classification is developed. One may distinguish the post-surgical lesions, congenital defects, the side-effects of drugs and the vascular lesions. Allergy and infection are especially studied. The main problems which may be solved in a next future are: the mechanism of chronic infections, the biochemical pathology and especially the normal and pathological immunology.", "contents": "[II. Etiological classification of the small bowel diseases (author's transl)]. A new classification of the small bowel diseases is proposed according to - the physiopathology; - the anatomo-pathology; - the etiology. In this second part, the ethiological classification is developed. One may distinguish the post-surgical lesions, congenital defects, the side-effects of drugs and the vascular lesions. Allergy and infection are especially studied. The main problems which may be solved in a next future are: the mechanism of chronic infections, the biochemical pathology and especially the normal and pathological immunology.", "PMID": 90363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11945", "title": "Sequence of 200 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of the genome RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus.", "content": "The sequence of 200 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of the genome RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, was determined by adding a poly(A) tract to the 3'-terminus of genome RNA, then using the poly(A) as a binding site for a primer to initiate reverse transcription of the RNA, and analysing the complementary DNA sequence by the dideoxynucleoside triphosphate chain termination method. Proceeding 3' to 5', the genome RNA sequence consisted of a sequence complementary to the leader RNA, followed by the sequence AAA, followed by a sequence complementary to the 5'-extremity of N protein mRNA. These results are discussed in terms of leader RNA function, mechanism of transcript processing at the junction between leader RNA and N mRNA, and N mRNA structure.", "contents": "Sequence of 200 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of the genome RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus. The sequence of 200 nucleotides at the 3'-terminus of the genome RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, was determined by adding a poly(A) tract to the 3'-terminus of genome RNA, then using the poly(A) as a binding site for a primer to initiate reverse transcription of the RNA, and analysing the complementary DNA sequence by the dideoxynucleoside triphosphate chain termination method. Proceeding 3' to 5', the genome RNA sequence consisted of a sequence complementary to the leader RNA, followed by the sequence AAA, followed by a sequence complementary to the 5'-extremity of N protein mRNA. These results are discussed in terms of leader RNA function, mechanism of transcript processing at the junction between leader RNA and N mRNA, and N mRNA structure.", "PMID": 90365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11946", "title": "Early psychosomatic pathology.", "content": "Early life vicissitudes and care, which are physical and concrete variables in their occurrence, but which are stored in the infant's mind in terms of relationships and emotional interplay, are basic for development in terms of body as well as of psychic orientation. Just as in psychic growth the interplay continues in the child's investment in the outside world (object), in the physical growth distorted early relationships, possibly deviated by the infant's physiological immaturities, interfere with the child's total health, and may lead to early psychosomatic pathology.", "contents": "Early psychosomatic pathology. Early life vicissitudes and care, which are physical and concrete variables in their occurrence, but which are stored in the infant's mind in terms of relationships and emotional interplay, are basic for development in terms of body as well as of psychic orientation. Just as in psychic growth the interplay continues in the child's investment in the outside world (object), in the physical growth distorted early relationships, possibly deviated by the infant's physiological immaturities, interfere with the child's total health, and may lead to early psychosomatic pathology.", "PMID": 90374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11947", "title": "Production of slides of CT images using an EMI multi-format imager and a Delcomat copier.", "content": "A method of reproducing 35 mm slides from CT images is described which is suited to a department with access to a Delcomat film copier.", "contents": "Production of slides of CT images using an EMI multi-format imager and a Delcomat copier. A method of reproducing 35 mm slides from CT images is described which is suited to a department with access to a Delcomat film copier.", "PMID": 90376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11948", "title": "Multilingual illustrative pregnancy posters and the 10 day rule.", "content": "Multilingual illustrative posters requesting information as to possible pregnancy were introduced to the X-ray Department of the Royal Northern Hospital. A subsequent reduction in accidental foetal radiation was observed.", "contents": "Multilingual illustrative pregnancy posters and the 10 day rule. Multilingual illustrative posters requesting information as to possible pregnancy were introduced to the X-ray Department of the Royal Northern Hospital. A subsequent reduction in accidental foetal radiation was observed.", "PMID": 90377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11949", "title": "[Goodglass and Kaplan's test in patients with language difficulties due to thalamic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Two out of three patients with language difficulties from ischemic, tumoral, or hemorrhagic lesions of the left thalamus were studied by means of Goodglass and Kaplan's test. Results were compared to those obtained by using the same test in a patient with a hemorrhagic lesion in the posterior ramus of the left internal capsule, but no thalamic lesion. They demonstrate the autonomy of the clinical picture of \"thalamic aphasia\" as described in several cases reported in the published literature. The suggestion is made that the term, aphasia, can be applied to these cases as long as care is taken when defining them.", "contents": "[Goodglass and Kaplan's test in patients with language difficulties due to thalamic lesions (author's transl)]. Two out of three patients with language difficulties from ischemic, tumoral, or hemorrhagic lesions of the left thalamus were studied by means of Goodglass and Kaplan's test. Results were compared to those obtained by using the same test in a patient with a hemorrhagic lesion in the posterior ramus of the left internal capsule, but no thalamic lesion. They demonstrate the autonomy of the clinical picture of \"thalamic aphasia\" as described in several cases reported in the published literature. The suggestion is made that the term, aphasia, can be applied to these cases as long as care is taken when defining them.", "PMID": 90378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11950", "title": "The weight of the human prostate.", "content": "The weight of the prostate proper was determined in an autopsy series comprising 205 cases. The dissection technique of Tisell & Salander made it possible to delimit the prostate proper from non-prostatic tissue. The mean weight of the \"normal\" prostate in adult men was about 11 grams (range 7--16). This weight as well as the water content did no change with age. Individuals who died after protracted disease had lower prostatic weight. The presence of periurethral adenomas was associated with a higher weight of the prostate proper.", "contents": "The weight of the human prostate. The weight of the prostate proper was determined in an autopsy series comprising 205 cases. The dissection technique of Tisell & Salander made it possible to delimit the prostate proper from non-prostatic tissue. The mean weight of the \"normal\" prostate in adult men was about 11 grams (range 7--16). This weight as well as the water content did no change with age. Individuals who died after protracted disease had lower prostatic weight. The presence of periurethral adenomas was associated with a higher weight of the prostate proper.", "PMID": 90380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11951", "title": "[Questions to television from psychopathology].", "content": "Progress is expected in psychopathological diagnosis by using audiovisual procedures. Nowadays, a valid psychopathology concept should be broadly planned and the important method of description as well as understanding procedures should be considered. For such a model of psychopathology it seems appropriate to investigate the different psychopathological phenomenons as expression of a disturbed communication ability. Concerning this outlook, new strategies are to be developed or procedures of other disciplines are to be adapted for the psychopathological research. It seems attractive to anticipate aid from structuralistic and information-theoretical issues for the breaking of yet substancially less good apperceived facts. The interest hereby concentrates upon the relationship between verbal and averbal phenomenons and upon better criteria for an interpretation of the phenomenons as an expression of the subjective experience of the psychiatric patient as well as of his/her communicative competence. In order to use audio-visual techniques successfully, an orientation in specfic, originary particularities of the different methodological assessments is required. The way and extent of such problems can be demonstrated for the study of psychopathological phenomenons by the importance of the camera guide, the selection, the enlargement of a sequence, and the combination of different parts of an interview. The criteria of a field-specific TV-methodology must first be elaborated for the majority of the questioning. The user of audiovisual methods not only has to consider the special needs of the psychic ill, but also has to face critically the seduction ways of this potential medium.", "contents": "[Questions to television from psychopathology]. Progress is expected in psychopathological diagnosis by using audiovisual procedures. Nowadays, a valid psychopathology concept should be broadly planned and the important method of description as well as understanding procedures should be considered. For such a model of psychopathology it seems appropriate to investigate the different psychopathological phenomenons as expression of a disturbed communication ability. Concerning this outlook, new strategies are to be developed or procedures of other disciplines are to be adapted for the psychopathological research. It seems attractive to anticipate aid from structuralistic and information-theoretical issues for the breaking of yet substancially less good apperceived facts. The interest hereby concentrates upon the relationship between verbal and averbal phenomenons and upon better criteria for an interpretation of the phenomenons as an expression of the subjective experience of the psychiatric patient as well as of his/her communicative competence. In order to use audio-visual techniques successfully, an orientation in specfic, originary particularities of the different methodological assessments is required. The way and extent of such problems can be demonstrated for the study of psychopathological phenomenons by the importance of the camera guide, the selection, the enlargement of a sequence, and the combination of different parts of an interview. The criteria of a field-specific TV-methodology must first be elaborated for the majority of the questioning. The user of audiovisual methods not only has to consider the special needs of the psychic ill, but also has to face critically the seduction ways of this potential medium.", "PMID": 90381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11952", "title": "Factor VIII: new clinical and genetic aspects.", "content": "Factor VIII is a complex molecule comprising a series of homologous oligomers with biological activity related to primary haemostasis (factor VIII related antigen/Willebrand factor; FVIIIRAg/WF). The structure or distribution of these oligomers is abnormal in von Willebrand's disease (vWd). The oligomers are associated with, or contain, a lower molecular weight entity with procoagulant activity (factor VIIIC) which has distinct antigenic determinants and is reduced or abnormal in haemophilia. Recessive and dominant forms of vWd have been recognised but two families are described each with features of both dominant and recessive inheritance; this is of importance in genetic counselling. Results of a new immunoradiometric assay for factor VIIIC antigen showed reduced levels in vWd and haemophilia and it was absent in 3 of 6 samples from fetuses of obligate carriers of haemophilia. The potential use of this assay for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia is described.", "contents": "Factor VIII: new clinical and genetic aspects. Factor VIII is a complex molecule comprising a series of homologous oligomers with biological activity related to primary haemostasis (factor VIII related antigen/Willebrand factor; FVIIIRAg/WF). The structure or distribution of these oligomers is abnormal in von Willebrand's disease (vWd). The oligomers are associated with, or contain, a lower molecular weight entity with procoagulant activity (factor VIIIC) which has distinct antigenic determinants and is reduced or abnormal in haemophilia. Recessive and dominant forms of vWd have been recognised but two families are described each with features of both dominant and recessive inheritance; this is of importance in genetic counselling. Results of a new immunoradiometric assay for factor VIIIC antigen showed reduced levels in vWd and haemophilia and it was absent in 3 of 6 samples from fetuses of obligate carriers of haemophilia. The potential use of this assay for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia is described.", "PMID": 90382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11953", "title": "4S RNA is present in regenerating optic axons of goldfish.", "content": "Regenerating optic axons of goldfish were loaded with [3H]RNA by injecting [3H]uridine into the eye and allowing time for the radioactivity to be delivered to the optic tectum. The axons were subsequently removed from the tecta by cutting the optic nerve and allowing the optic axons in the tectum to degenerate. Analysis of tectal [3H]RNA by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a selective loss of tritiated 4S RNA and not ribosomal RNA from the denervated tecta. These results support the hypothesis that regenerating optic axons of goldfish grow back into the tectum carrying 4C but not ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "4S RNA is present in regenerating optic axons of goldfish. Regenerating optic axons of goldfish were loaded with [3H]RNA by injecting [3H]uridine into the eye and allowing time for the radioactivity to be delivered to the optic tectum. The axons were subsequently removed from the tecta by cutting the optic nerve and allowing the optic axons in the tectum to degenerate. Analysis of tectal [3H]RNA by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a selective loss of tritiated 4S RNA and not ribosomal RNA from the denervated tecta. These results support the hypothesis that regenerating optic axons of goldfish grow back into the tectum carrying 4C but not ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 90383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11954", "title": "Intracavitary uses of colloids.", "content": "Pleural and peritoneal effusion secondary to primary malignancy is a significant problem in the management of the cancer patient. Respiratory embarrassment and discomfort associated with the formation and collection of fluid in the chest and abdomen are among the most distressing symptoms encountered as a result of malignant disease. The guidelines for treatment should be based on respiratory symptoms, and with the understanding that the procedure is palliative. Both surgical and medical forms of treatment have been used. These include thoracostomy-tube drainage alone or with the instillation of antimicrobial agents. Pleurectomy is effective but should be reserved for situations in which conservative approaches have failed. Antitumor agents, such as nitrogen mustard, are effective but toxic. The mode of action of antineoplastic agents is related to their ability to cause pleural sclerosis and obliterate the pleural space. Systemic chemotherapy and external beam radiation are rarely effective. The intracavitary application of radioactive colloids has been used since 1945. Colloidal radioactive gold Au 198 has been replaced by the pure beta emitter, colloidal chromic phosphate P 32. Instillation of a colloidal suspension of radioactive phosphorus represents a significant and effective palliative therapeutic modality for malignant effusion.", "contents": "Intracavitary uses of colloids. Pleural and peritoneal effusion secondary to primary malignancy is a significant problem in the management of the cancer patient. Respiratory embarrassment and discomfort associated with the formation and collection of fluid in the chest and abdomen are among the most distressing symptoms encountered as a result of malignant disease. The guidelines for treatment should be based on respiratory symptoms, and with the understanding that the procedure is palliative. Both surgical and medical forms of treatment have been used. These include thoracostomy-tube drainage alone or with the instillation of antimicrobial agents. Pleurectomy is effective but should be reserved for situations in which conservative approaches have failed. Antitumor agents, such as nitrogen mustard, are effective but toxic. The mode of action of antineoplastic agents is related to their ability to cause pleural sclerosis and obliterate the pleural space. Systemic chemotherapy and external beam radiation are rarely effective. The intracavitary application of radioactive colloids has been used since 1945. Colloidal radioactive gold Au 198 has been replaced by the pure beta emitter, colloidal chromic phosphate P 32. Instillation of a colloidal suspension of radioactive phosphorus represents a significant and effective palliative therapeutic modality for malignant effusion.", "PMID": 90386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11955", "title": "Radioisotope therapy in bone and joint disease.", "content": "The short range tissue destruction of beta-emitting radioisotopes can be utilized in painful metastatic disease of the skeleton by employing a radionuclide that is specifically metabolized in or adjacent to these lesions. Sodium phosphate P 32 has been used for this purpose for the past 25 yr. It uptake in skeletal tumor and in osteoblastic new bone adjacent to tumor can be markedly increased by pharmacologic stimulation using androgenic steroids, or during rebound deposition after a course of parathyroid hormone. Although efficacy in terms of subjective pain relief is high, more objective signs of success are often lacking, and survival, while more confortable, is not prolonged. Marrow depression is the most significant side effect. A beta-emitting, bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr, may have a better therapeutic/toxic ratio, and should receive further trial. Radiation-induced necrosis has also been applied, though more hesitantly, to the proliferative, destructive, but nonmalignant synovium in rheumatoid disease. Here, a number of colloidal preparations, most commonly 198Au, have been employed. Again, relief of symptoms, particularly recurrent joint effusions, is quite high, although the basic disease process is not reversed. The major hazard here appears to be leakage of material to regional lymph nodes, resulting in irradiation of circulating lymphocytes. Although chromosomal damage can be detected when such cells are then cultured, the actual consequences of this, if any, are not presently known. Both shorter-lived (165Dy) and longer-lived (32P) larger-size colloids are being evaluated, which may prove safer in this regard than 198Au.", "contents": "Radioisotope therapy in bone and joint disease. The short range tissue destruction of beta-emitting radioisotopes can be utilized in painful metastatic disease of the skeleton by employing a radionuclide that is specifically metabolized in or adjacent to these lesions. Sodium phosphate P 32 has been used for this purpose for the past 25 yr. It uptake in skeletal tumor and in osteoblastic new bone adjacent to tumor can be markedly increased by pharmacologic stimulation using androgenic steroids, or during rebound deposition after a course of parathyroid hormone. Although efficacy in terms of subjective pain relief is high, more objective signs of success are often lacking, and survival, while more confortable, is not prolonged. Marrow depression is the most significant side effect. A beta-emitting, bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr, may have a better therapeutic/toxic ratio, and should receive further trial. Radiation-induced necrosis has also been applied, though more hesitantly, to the proliferative, destructive, but nonmalignant synovium in rheumatoid disease. Here, a number of colloidal preparations, most commonly 198Au, have been employed. Again, relief of symptoms, particularly recurrent joint effusions, is quite high, although the basic disease process is not reversed. The major hazard here appears to be leakage of material to regional lymph nodes, resulting in irradiation of circulating lymphocytes. Although chromosomal damage can be detected when such cells are then cultured, the actual consequences of this, if any, are not presently known. Both shorter-lived (165Dy) and longer-lived (32P) larger-size colloids are being evaluated, which may prove safer in this regard than 198Au.", "PMID": 90387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11956", "title": "Results of systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis for tricuspid atresia with reduced pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "Fifty-six patients with tricuspid atresia and decreased pulmonary blood flow received a systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis as a preliminary operation. Thirty-five had a Waterston shunt, 12 a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, and nine various other procedures. The age at operation ranged from 2 days to 10 years (median 4.5 months). Pulmonary atresia was present in eight newborn infants. Four patients (7%), all less than 3 months old, died in hospital from persistent servere hypoxia despite the palliative procedure. By actuarial methods, 93% of the survivors were alive at and after one year (longest follow-up:9.8 years), while 83% had not required further palliation at and after four years from the first operation. None of the patients subsequently restudied had raised pulmonary pressure or resistances, and in most of them the pulmonary arterial tree was deemed adequate for the Fontan operation.", "contents": "Results of systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis for tricuspid atresia with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Fifty-six patients with tricuspid atresia and decreased pulmonary blood flow received a systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis as a preliminary operation. Thirty-five had a Waterston shunt, 12 a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, and nine various other procedures. The age at operation ranged from 2 days to 10 years (median 4.5 months). Pulmonary atresia was present in eight newborn infants. Four patients (7%), all less than 3 months old, died in hospital from persistent servere hypoxia despite the palliative procedure. By actuarial methods, 93% of the survivors were alive at and after one year (longest follow-up:9.8 years), while 83% had not required further palliation at and after four years from the first operation. None of the patients subsequently restudied had raised pulmonary pressure or resistances, and in most of them the pulmonary arterial tree was deemed adequate for the Fontan operation.", "PMID": 90392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11957", "title": "[Four cases of benign hepatic tumors associated with oral contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have observed 4 cases of benign liver tumors associated with oral contraception. These lesions have been revealed by pains or abdominal tumors, and have been treated by surgery, or not treated. The relations between tumors livers and pill are studied. These tumors are probably frequent and can give acute complications such hemorrhage and perhaps cancer.", "contents": "[Four cases of benign hepatic tumors associated with oral contraception (author's transl)]. The authors have observed 4 cases of benign liver tumors associated with oral contraception. These lesions have been revealed by pains or abdominal tumors, and have been treated by surgery, or not treated. The relations between tumors livers and pill are studied. These tumors are probably frequent and can give acute complications such hemorrhage and perhaps cancer.", "PMID": 90384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11958", "title": "[A case of pulmonary hemosiderosis associated with rhumatoid arthritis with LE cells (author's transl)].", "content": "In a three and a half old girl, we have noticed the apparition: first, of on idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis; then, five months later, of a rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells and antinuclear antibodies of very difficult detection. The meaning of this articular involvement is discussed: rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells, or rheumatoid arthritis marking the beginning of a systemic lupud erythematosus. The literature concerning the association of an hemosiderosis and a connectivite is reviewed.", "contents": "[A case of pulmonary hemosiderosis associated with rhumatoid arthritis with LE cells (author's transl)]. In a three and a half old girl, we have noticed the apparition: first, of on idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis; then, five months later, of a rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells and antinuclear antibodies of very difficult detection. The meaning of this articular involvement is discussed: rheumatoid arthritis with LE cells, or rheumatoid arthritis marking the beginning of a systemic lupud erythematosus. The literature concerning the association of an hemosiderosis and a connectivite is reviewed.", "PMID": 90385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11959", "title": "Histochemical methods for dissociated muscle fibers.", "content": "Skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers can be separated by brief (3--5 second) dissociation of formalin-fixed pieces with a Willems Polytron (Brinkmann Instrument Co.). Such separated fibers are useful for demonstration of abnormal accumulations of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals in metabolic diseases. Staining techniques for demonstration of various stored materials include: 1) toluidine blue at pH 2.8 for acid mucopolysaccharide in skeletal muscle fibers in Pompe's glycogenesis 2, 2) one-step trichrome stain for nemaline myopathy and for abnormal mitochondria in X-linked infantile cardiomyopathy, 3) periodic acid-methenamine silver stain for glycolipid-containing lysosomes in I-cell disease (mucolipidosis 2), 4) Sudan black B stain for lipid in skeletal muscle fibers in Reye's syndrome, infantile lactic acidosis, Leigh's infantile subacute necrotizing encephalopathy and Jansky-Bielschowsky late infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis, 5) iron stain for iron in cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers in thalassemia with advanced hemosiderosis, and 6) autofluorescence for \"ceroid\" in skeletal muscle fibers in Jansky-Bielschowsky disease.", "contents": "Histochemical methods for dissociated muscle fibers. Skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers can be separated by brief (3--5 second) dissociation of formalin-fixed pieces with a Willems Polytron (Brinkmann Instrument Co.). Such separated fibers are useful for demonstration of abnormal accumulations of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals in metabolic diseases. Staining techniques for demonstration of various stored materials include: 1) toluidine blue at pH 2.8 for acid mucopolysaccharide in skeletal muscle fibers in Pompe's glycogenesis 2, 2) one-step trichrome stain for nemaline myopathy and for abnormal mitochondria in X-linked infantile cardiomyopathy, 3) periodic acid-methenamine silver stain for glycolipid-containing lysosomes in I-cell disease (mucolipidosis 2), 4) Sudan black B stain for lipid in skeletal muscle fibers in Reye's syndrome, infantile lactic acidosis, Leigh's infantile subacute necrotizing encephalopathy and Jansky-Bielschowsky late infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis, 5) iron stain for iron in cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers in thalassemia with advanced hemosiderosis, and 6) autofluorescence for \"ceroid\" in skeletal muscle fibers in Jansky-Bielschowsky disease.", "PMID": 90404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11960", "title": "The assessing of acidophilia with Biebrich scarlet, ponceau de xylidine and woodstain scarlet.", "content": "Horobin and Bennion stated in 1973 that the bonding of Biebrich scarlet at an alkaline pH is hydrophobic as the isomers of Biebrich scarlet (ponceau de xylidine and woodstain scarlet) do not stain at that pH. If correct this would negate the use of Biebrich scarlet as proposed by Spicer and Lillie in 1961 as a measure of acidophilia. We have found all three isomers to stain similarly at an alkaline pH. Goldstein stated in 1963 that Biebrich scarlet saturated with urea stained elastic fibers only faintly or not at all. This we confirmed; we also found that the staining of other acidophilic structures (Paneth cell granules, sperm heads, etc.) was blocked. If only hydrogen bonding and not ionic bonding is blocked in an aqueous dye solution saturated with urea then the exact meaning of alkaline Biebrich scarlet staining is unknown.", "contents": "The assessing of acidophilia with Biebrich scarlet, ponceau de xylidine and woodstain scarlet. Horobin and Bennion stated in 1973 that the bonding of Biebrich scarlet at an alkaline pH is hydrophobic as the isomers of Biebrich scarlet (ponceau de xylidine and woodstain scarlet) do not stain at that pH. If correct this would negate the use of Biebrich scarlet as proposed by Spicer and Lillie in 1961 as a measure of acidophilia. We have found all three isomers to stain similarly at an alkaline pH. Goldstein stated in 1963 that Biebrich scarlet saturated with urea stained elastic fibers only faintly or not at all. This we confirmed; we also found that the staining of other acidophilic structures (Paneth cell granules, sperm heads, etc.) was blocked. If only hydrogen bonding and not ionic bonding is blocked in an aqueous dye solution saturated with urea then the exact meaning of alkaline Biebrich scarlet staining is unknown.", "PMID": 90405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11961", "title": "Affinity of chronic erythremic myelosis erythroblast nuclei for gold chloride.", "content": "Erythroblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (Di Guglielmo Syndrome) showed unique purple punctate nuclear staining after exposure to gold chloride. Presence of indole-containing material in the nuclei of these cells may account in part for the cytochemical reaction.", "contents": "Affinity of chronic erythremic myelosis erythroblast nuclei for gold chloride. Erythroblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (Di Guglielmo Syndrome) showed unique purple punctate nuclear staining after exposure to gold chloride. Presence of indole-containing material in the nuclei of these cells may account in part for the cytochemical reaction.", "PMID": 90406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11962", "title": "Pyridine-silver methods for the study of optic axons in retinal whole mounts.", "content": "The optic fibers in the retinas of diverse species may be selectively stained and viewed en bloc in the embryonic and adult states. Treat the eye as follows: 1) 50% pyridine for at least 16 hr, 2) distilled water 3--4 hr, 3) 20% H2O2 until the eye is a light brown, 4) 95% ethanol overnight, 5) 1.5% AgNO3 for 2--6 days at 37 C, 6) in water, remove the vitreous, then direct 0.25% pyrogallic acid in 1.25% formalin against the retina for 2--5 secs until the optic fibers are reduced to a coffee-copper color (1--4 minutes), 7) dissect the retina and mount flat on a glass slide, 8) cover with glycerin, apply a coverslip, and fix in place with nail polish. Variants for particular species are given. The technique offers an advantage over Golgi and methylene blue methods which tend to stain only a small percentage of fibers and frequently do not work at the earliest stages of development.", "contents": "Pyridine-silver methods for the study of optic axons in retinal whole mounts. The optic fibers in the retinas of diverse species may be selectively stained and viewed en bloc in the embryonic and adult states. Treat the eye as follows: 1) 50% pyridine for at least 16 hr, 2) distilled water 3--4 hr, 3) 20% H2O2 until the eye is a light brown, 4) 95% ethanol overnight, 5) 1.5% AgNO3 for 2--6 days at 37 C, 6) in water, remove the vitreous, then direct 0.25% pyrogallic acid in 1.25% formalin against the retina for 2--5 secs until the optic fibers are reduced to a coffee-copper color (1--4 minutes), 7) dissect the retina and mount flat on a glass slide, 8) cover with glycerin, apply a coverslip, and fix in place with nail polish. Variants for particular species are given. The technique offers an advantage over Golgi and methylene blue methods which tend to stain only a small percentage of fibers and frequently do not work at the earliest stages of development.", "PMID": 90407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11963", "title": "A combined silver and cholinesterase method for studying exact relations between the pre- and the postsynaptic elements at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Combination of Karnovsky's cholinesterase staining with silver impregnation of axons (modified Bodian's technique) offers a new means of studying the relation between the pre- and postsynaptic elements in the frog neuromuscular junction. The method can be applied to whole muscles so that synapses of individual superficial muscle fibers which have previously been investigated by electrophysiological techniques can be identified after staining. In this way synaptic activity can be correlated with such synaptic features as number of axon branches, length of the occupied synaptic gutter, axonal sprouts, etc. The distinction between occupied and unoccupied parts of the synaptic gutters is useful when studying reinnervation, regression, or growth of a synapse.", "contents": "A combined silver and cholinesterase method for studying exact relations between the pre- and the postsynaptic elements at the frog neuromuscular junction. Combination of Karnovsky's cholinesterase staining with silver impregnation of axons (modified Bodian's technique) offers a new means of studying the relation between the pre- and postsynaptic elements in the frog neuromuscular junction. The method can be applied to whole muscles so that synapses of individual superficial muscle fibers which have previously been investigated by electrophysiological techniques can be identified after staining. In this way synaptic activity can be correlated with such synaptic features as number of axon branches, length of the occupied synaptic gutter, axonal sprouts, etc. The distinction between occupied and unoccupied parts of the synaptic gutters is useful when studying reinnervation, regression, or growth of a synapse.", "PMID": 90408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11964", "title": "A new method of preparing insects for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP), used as an alternative to regular fixation and dehydration methods for insects, was found to be the only successful means of preparing the sugarbeet root maggot larva, Tetanops myopaeformis (R\u00f6der) (Diptera:Otitidae), for the scanning electron microscope. No morphological changes were evident when DMP treated sugarbeet root maggot adults were compared to fresh (unfixed) adults and glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed adults. The method has been used with success on several gropus of insects. Acidified CMP is quickly hydrolyzed by water in tissue to acetone and methanol. DMP is advantageous in that it penetrates water impermeable cuticles rapidly and saves several steps and time in the fixation and dehydration process.", "contents": "A new method of preparing insects for scanning electron microscopy. Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP), used as an alternative to regular fixation and dehydration methods for insects, was found to be the only successful means of preparing the sugarbeet root maggot larva, Tetanops myopaeformis (R\u00f6der) (Diptera:Otitidae), for the scanning electron microscope. No morphological changes were evident when DMP treated sugarbeet root maggot adults were compared to fresh (unfixed) adults and glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed adults. The method has been used with success on several gropus of insects. Acidified CMP is quickly hydrolyzed by water in tissue to acetone and methanol. DMP is advantageous in that it penetrates water impermeable cuticles rapidly and saves several steps and time in the fixation and dehydration process.", "PMID": 90409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11965", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of enzyme activities in plastic and paraffin embedded tissue sections.", "content": "Histochemical staining for enzymes is usually performed on frozen sections. This report lists the longer incubation times required to demonstrate esterase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, and cytochrome oxidase in plastic embedded and ruotine paraffin embedded tissues. The sections embedded in plastic, i.e. water soluble methacrylate (Polyscience's JB-4) and cut at 2 micrometers, were far superior to frozen sections and paraffin embedded sections both in tissue detail and in the localization of the histochemical reaction product.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of enzyme activities in plastic and paraffin embedded tissue sections. Histochemical staining for enzymes is usually performed on frozen sections. This report lists the longer incubation times required to demonstrate esterase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, and cytochrome oxidase in plastic embedded and ruotine paraffin embedded tissues. The sections embedded in plastic, i.e. water soluble methacrylate (Polyscience's JB-4) and cut at 2 micrometers, were far superior to frozen sections and paraffin embedded sections both in tissue detail and in the localization of the histochemical reaction product.", "PMID": 90411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11966", "title": "[Slide audiotape series for dental health education].", "content": "The authors report of the successful demonstration of a synchronized slide audiotape series on the subject of caries prophylaxis to 200 pupils from the forms 7-9. One month after the presentation of the synchronized slide audiotape series, the authors stated a positive change (as compared to the initial situation) in the children's health-related behaviour. The comparison of the results from quizzes after the demonstration of this series and after a simple verbal instruction, respectively, proved the superiority of the audiovisual instruction. It is pointed to various possibilities of using this synchronized slide audiotape series.", "contents": "[Slide audiotape series for dental health education]. The authors report of the successful demonstration of a synchronized slide audiotape series on the subject of caries prophylaxis to 200 pupils from the forms 7-9. One month after the presentation of the synchronized slide audiotape series, the authors stated a positive change (as compared to the initial situation) in the children's health-related behaviour. The comparison of the results from quizzes after the demonstration of this series and after a simple verbal instruction, respectively, proved the superiority of the audiovisual instruction. It is pointed to various possibilities of using this synchronized slide audiotape series.", "PMID": 90412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11967", "title": "The development of Onchocerca ochengi (nematoda: filariodea) to the infective stage in Simulium damnosum s.l. with a note on the histochemical staining of the parasite.", "content": "Onchocerca ochengi, an intradermal filarial parasite of cattle in Africa, was shown to develop normally to the infective stage in a member of the Simulium damnosum complex, almost certainly S. sanctipauli. The development of the parasite in the thoracic musculature and head of the fly was completed in 6 days at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees C. The larvae were very similar in rates of development, morphology and distribution to those of the human parasite O. volvulus in the same vector. No histochemical differences were found in the enzyme staining of O. ochengi distinct from the pattern described earlier for O. volvulus.", "contents": "The development of Onchocerca ochengi (nematoda: filariodea) to the infective stage in Simulium damnosum s.l. with a note on the histochemical staining of the parasite. Onchocerca ochengi, an intradermal filarial parasite of cattle in Africa, was shown to develop normally to the infective stage in a member of the Simulium damnosum complex, almost certainly S. sanctipauli. The development of the parasite in the thoracic musculature and head of the fly was completed in 6 days at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees C. The larvae were very similar in rates of development, morphology and distribution to those of the human parasite O. volvulus in the same vector. No histochemical differences were found in the enzyme staining of O. ochengi distinct from the pattern described earlier for O. volvulus.", "PMID": 90413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11968", "title": "[Effect of gramicidin on the potassium conductance of an isolated frog muscle fiber].", "content": "The antibiotic gramicidin A (1.10(-6) M) increases the K+ conductance of normal and detubulated frog skeletal muscle fibres in isotonic K2SO4 solution to a steady-state level, which is reached in 6--9 min, and corresponds to 8058 +/- 1669 and 5767 +/- 902 Om-1. 10(-6)/cm2, resp. There is no correlation between the initial K+ conductance and the value of the steady state of gramicidin A-induced conductance (r = 0.24). According to the dimer hypothesis, the dissociation rate constant of the garmicidin channels was found to be 0.006 +/- 0.0001 sec-1. This result supports the suggestion of a higher stability of gramicidin channels in muscle compared to the bimolecular lipid membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of gramicidin on the potassium conductance of an isolated frog muscle fiber]. The antibiotic gramicidin A (1.10(-6) M) increases the K+ conductance of normal and detubulated frog skeletal muscle fibres in isotonic K2SO4 solution to a steady-state level, which is reached in 6--9 min, and corresponds to 8058 +/- 1669 and 5767 +/- 902 Om-1. 10(-6)/cm2, resp. There is no correlation between the initial K+ conductance and the value of the steady state of gramicidin A-induced conductance (r = 0.24). According to the dimer hypothesis, the dissociation rate constant of the garmicidin channels was found to be 0.006 +/- 0.0001 sec-1. This result supports the suggestion of a higher stability of gramicidin channels in muscle compared to the bimolecular lipid membranes.", "PMID": 90415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11969", "title": "[Evaluation of the antigenic structural changes in the rat liver after a single carcinogenic exposure].", "content": "A single injection of hepatocarcinogen (4-dimethylaminoazobenzene) to rats resulted in antigenic rearrangement in rat liver, typical of hepatocellular tumors, whereas the treatment with a non-carcinogen isomere (4-diethylaminoazobenzene) did not have the same effect. It is assumed that antigenic rearrangement in hepatocytes caused by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene might be due to its carcinogenity.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the antigenic structural changes in the rat liver after a single carcinogenic exposure]. A single injection of hepatocarcinogen (4-dimethylaminoazobenzene) to rats resulted in antigenic rearrangement in rat liver, typical of hepatocellular tumors, whereas the treatment with a non-carcinogen isomere (4-diethylaminoazobenzene) did not have the same effect. It is assumed that antigenic rearrangement in hepatocytes caused by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene might be due to its carcinogenity.", "PMID": 90416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11970", "title": "Gastrin-histamine as a normal sequence in gastric acid stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "In a suspension of isolated gastric glands the effect of secretagogues on the oxyntic cells can only be detected by direct stimulation. An indirect stimulus like gastrin inducing one type of cell to liberate histamine which then acts on the oxyntic cells will not be detectable because of the very high dilution of the liberated substance. Thus the isolated gland preparation presents a means by which two steps in a sequential stimulation can be separated. There is no evidence that gastrin acts directly on the oxyntic cells but it does liberate histamine in a dose-effect relationship, which would in an intact stomach give histamine concentrations sufficient to effectively stimulate the acid secretion. Thus in the rabbit histamine seems to be a normal physiological mediator for gastrin stimulation.", "contents": "Gastrin-histamine as a normal sequence in gastric acid stimulation in the rabbit. In a suspension of isolated gastric glands the effect of secretagogues on the oxyntic cells can only be detected by direct stimulation. An indirect stimulus like gastrin inducing one type of cell to liberate histamine which then acts on the oxyntic cells will not be detectable because of the very high dilution of the liberated substance. Thus the isolated gland preparation presents a means by which two steps in a sequential stimulation can be separated. There is no evidence that gastrin acts directly on the oxyntic cells but it does liberate histamine in a dose-effect relationship, which would in an intact stomach give histamine concentrations sufficient to effectively stimulate the acid secretion. Thus in the rabbit histamine seems to be a normal physiological mediator for gastrin stimulation.", "PMID": 90419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11971", "title": "[Use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine for determining the duration of cell cycle phases].", "content": "The method of differential staining of sister chromatids by means of 5-bromdesoxyuridine (BDU) was used to determine duration of the cellular cycle and its phases in a cell culture of Chinese hamster. The mitotic cycle lasted for 16 hrs, G1 for 5 hrs, S for 8 hrs and G2 for 3 hrs. These values do not differ from those obtained by the autoradiography. The given method permits quicker determination of the cellular cycle phases duration as compared with the autoradiography method.", "contents": "[Use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine for determining the duration of cell cycle phases]. The method of differential staining of sister chromatids by means of 5-bromdesoxyuridine (BDU) was used to determine duration of the cellular cycle and its phases in a cell culture of Chinese hamster. The mitotic cycle lasted for 16 hrs, G1 for 5 hrs, S for 8 hrs and G2 for 3 hrs. These values do not differ from those obtained by the autoradiography. The given method permits quicker determination of the cellular cycle phases duration as compared with the autoradiography method.", "PMID": 90414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11972", "title": "Role of preoperative urography in benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "content": "The excretory urograms of 184 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia who subsequently underwent prostatectomy were reviewed to determine the usefulness of preoperative urography. Of 184 urograms reviewed, 10 were normal, 136 showed changes consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 38 revealed other abnormalities. Twenty-seven of 184 urograms (14.7 per cent) revealed significant pathologic conditions requiring further consideration, investigation, or treatment, of which 23 would not have been suspected without this radiologic examination.", "contents": "Role of preoperative urography in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The excretory urograms of 184 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia who subsequently underwent prostatectomy were reviewed to determine the usefulness of preoperative urography. Of 184 urograms reviewed, 10 were normal, 136 showed changes consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 38 revealed other abnormalities. Twenty-seven of 184 urograms (14.7 per cent) revealed significant pathologic conditions requiring further consideration, investigation, or treatment, of which 23 would not have been suspected without this radiologic examination.", "PMID": 90420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11973", "title": "Use of streptokinase instead of surgical interference for the treatment of urinary clot retention.", "content": "The value of streptokinase in treating 14 patients with bladder clot retention was studied. The fibrinolytic action of this proteolytic enzyme was successful in dissolving the clots in 13 of the 14 patients.", "contents": "Use of streptokinase instead of surgical interference for the treatment of urinary clot retention. The value of streptokinase in treating 14 patients with bladder clot retention was studied. The fibrinolytic action of this proteolytic enzyme was successful in dissolving the clots in 13 of the 14 patients.", "PMID": 90421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11974", "title": "[Analysis of the reasons for the refusal of surgical treatment among esophageal cancer patients].", "content": "Data on 544 patients with esophageal cancer are reported. The main reasons of their refusing the radical treatment were as follows: 1) a considerable local tumor proliferation (31.8%); 2) senile age, concomitant diseases, a general poor condition of patients (25.6%); 3) the presence of distant metastases (11.4%); 4) location of a tumor in the jugular or upper thoracic esophagus for which palliative radiotherapy was performed, but in some cases a palliative surgery (9.7%); 5) fear of surgery (15.4%); 6) no reason (6.4%).", "contents": "[Analysis of the reasons for the refusal of surgical treatment among esophageal cancer patients]. Data on 544 patients with esophageal cancer are reported. The main reasons of their refusing the radical treatment were as follows: 1) a considerable local tumor proliferation (31.8%); 2) senile age, concomitant diseases, a general poor condition of patients (25.6%); 3) the presence of distant metastases (11.4%); 4) location of a tumor in the jugular or upper thoracic esophagus for which palliative radiotherapy was performed, but in some cases a palliative surgery (9.7%); 5) fear of surgery (15.4%); 6) no reason (6.4%).", "PMID": 90426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11975", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the hepatic duct].", "content": "The authors experience with 96 patients treated for cancer of the hepatic porta arising from the hepatic duct is discussed. The most resultant technics of investigation in this pathology are retrograde endoscopic cholangio-cholecystography (in 30 patients) and transjugular cholangiography (in 3 patients). Thirteen patients were radically operated upon, they were subjected to a circular resection of the common bile duct the site of hepatic ducts branching with subsequent hepaticojejunostomy. It is believed that a higher degree of resectability in tumors of this zone may be possible on account of perfection of early diagnosis and widening of an extent of surgery.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cancer of the hepatic duct]. The authors experience with 96 patients treated for cancer of the hepatic porta arising from the hepatic duct is discussed. The most resultant technics of investigation in this pathology are retrograde endoscopic cholangio-cholecystography (in 30 patients) and transjugular cholangiography (in 3 patients). Thirteen patients were radically operated upon, they were subjected to a circular resection of the common bile duct the site of hepatic ducts branching with subsequent hepaticojejunostomy. It is believed that a higher degree of resectability in tumors of this zone may be possible on account of perfection of early diagnosis and widening of an extent of surgery.", "PMID": 90427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11976", "title": "[Pharmacological properties and antitumor activity of a preparation diiodo-benzo-tepa in experiments].", "content": "Experimental data on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, antitumor activity of the antitumor drug diiodo-benzo-TEPA are reported.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties and antitumor activity of a preparation diiodo-benzo-tepa in experiments]. Experimental data on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, antitumor activity of the antitumor drug diiodo-benzo-TEPA are reported.", "PMID": 90429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11977", "title": "Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer.", "content": "Dramatic improvements have been made in recent years in treatment of disseminated testicular cancer. Germ-cell neoplasms, even when advanced, are potentially curable by modern chemotherapy. Although disseminated testicular cancer is a rare disease, it is highly treatable, and primary physicians, internists and urologists should have some knowledge of its management.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer. Dramatic improvements have been made in recent years in treatment of disseminated testicular cancer. Germ-cell neoplasms, even when advanced, are potentially curable by modern chemotherapy. Although disseminated testicular cancer is a rare disease, it is highly treatable, and primary physicians, internists and urologists should have some knowledge of its management.", "PMID": 90432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11978", "title": "[An urodynamic study of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy treated conservatively with phytotherapy or testosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "Conservative therapy of benign prostatic hypertrophy comprises the administration of oestrogens, gestagens, androgens and anti-androgens. Phytodrugs, which contain an extract of Sabal serrulatum or Pygeum Africana as active substance are without side effects and are, therefore, being used increasingly. 74 patients with irritable or obstructive bladder symptoms due to benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with a phytodrug (Sabal serrulatum) or with testosterone throughout a period of three months. In group one (20 patients given phytodrugs and 10 patients given testosterone) clinical symptoms and measurements of residual urine, residual urine quotient, bladder capacity, micturition pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure were recorded at the beginning and at the end of therapy. In group two 28 patients were treated with the phytodrug in the first and third months with an intervening placebo trial lasting four weeks and 16 patients were given testosterone. Clinical symptoms and uroflow and residual urine only were charted in this group. None of the patients in either group showed an improvement in the urodynamic parameters of obstruction, but all patients felt a subjective alleviation of their symptoms.", "contents": "[An urodynamic study of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy treated conservatively with phytotherapy or testosterone (author's transl)]. Conservative therapy of benign prostatic hypertrophy comprises the administration of oestrogens, gestagens, androgens and anti-androgens. Phytodrugs, which contain an extract of Sabal serrulatum or Pygeum Africana as active substance are without side effects and are, therefore, being used increasingly. 74 patients with irritable or obstructive bladder symptoms due to benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with a phytodrug (Sabal serrulatum) or with testosterone throughout a period of three months. In group one (20 patients given phytodrugs and 10 patients given testosterone) clinical symptoms and measurements of residual urine, residual urine quotient, bladder capacity, micturition pressure and maximum urethral closure pressure were recorded at the beginning and at the end of therapy. In group two 28 patients were treated with the phytodrug in the first and third months with an intervening placebo trial lasting four weeks and 16 patients were given testosterone. Clinical symptoms and uroflow and residual urine only were charted in this group. None of the patients in either group showed an improvement in the urodynamic parameters of obstruction, but all patients felt a subjective alleviation of their symptoms.", "PMID": 90434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11979", "title": "[Biochemical and coagulation-physiology examinations before and after amniocentesis in early pregnancy].", "content": "In 46 women the alpha1-fetoprotein content, the soluble fibrin monomer complexes (LFMK), and the coagulation status were determined in the maternal serum at the beginning of the second trimester before and after amniocentesis. Increases of AFP by more than 100% of the original level pointed to fetomaternal microtransfusion, the quantity of which was calculated by means of a formula. Overall coagulation tests did not show any change after the puncture. A moderate LFMK increase was seen (p less than 0.05), which, however, was not clearly correlated with the AFP increase.", "contents": "[Biochemical and coagulation-physiology examinations before and after amniocentesis in early pregnancy]. In 46 women the alpha1-fetoprotein content, the soluble fibrin monomer complexes (LFMK), and the coagulation status were determined in the maternal serum at the beginning of the second trimester before and after amniocentesis. Increases of AFP by more than 100% of the original level pointed to fetomaternal microtransfusion, the quantity of which was calculated by means of a formula. Overall coagulation tests did not show any change after the puncture. A moderate LFMK increase was seen (p less than 0.05), which, however, was not clearly correlated with the AFP increase.", "PMID": 90435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11980", "title": "[Detection of humoral antibodies to species-specific and group ornithosis antigens in the dynamics of the infection].", "content": "The time course of antibody production to group- and species-specific antigens of ornithosis agent was studied by complement fixation (CFT) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. In rabbits after a single intravenous inoculation of the ornithosis agent, antibody to the homologous species-specific antigen appeared in the peripheral blood 3--5 days after inoculation and reached maximum levels during the 1-st week, and to the group-specific antigen could be detected 3--5 days after inoculation but reached maximum titers only 3--4 weeks later. In practical serological diagnosis of ornithosis and other chlamydia infections, the group antigen is used which gives retrospective diagnosis at 10--14 days or later. The results of the study suggest that the use of CFT with the species-specific antigen will not only differentiate ornithosis from other chlamydial infections but also will permit early serological diagnosis of ornithosis.", "contents": "[Detection of humoral antibodies to species-specific and group ornithosis antigens in the dynamics of the infection]. The time course of antibody production to group- and species-specific antigens of ornithosis agent was studied by complement fixation (CFT) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. In rabbits after a single intravenous inoculation of the ornithosis agent, antibody to the homologous species-specific antigen appeared in the peripheral blood 3--5 days after inoculation and reached maximum levels during the 1-st week, and to the group-specific antigen could be detected 3--5 days after inoculation but reached maximum titers only 3--4 weeks later. In practical serological diagnosis of ornithosis and other chlamydia infections, the group antigen is used which gives retrospective diagnosis at 10--14 days or later. The results of the study suggest that the use of CFT with the species-specific antigen will not only differentiate ornithosis from other chlamydial infections but also will permit early serological diagnosis of ornithosis.", "PMID": 90431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11981", "title": "Alpha-feto protein in the serum of patients with primary gastric cancer and liver metastases.", "content": "The authors presented a patient with primary gastric cancer and liver metastases. They permanently observed the AFP concentrations before, during and after cytostatic therapy. At the same time they examined possible sites of AFP production. It is supposed that AFP neo-synthesis takes place in the secondary site with participation of altered liver cells. In such cases it is important to watch the AFP values, and this is also necessary when the primary source of the secondary liver cancer is not known. Cytostatic drugs act only in a palliative way i.e. AFP concentrations drop to a lower level and the patient feels temporarily better.", "contents": "Alpha-feto protein in the serum of patients with primary gastric cancer and liver metastases. The authors presented a patient with primary gastric cancer and liver metastases. They permanently observed the AFP concentrations before, during and after cytostatic therapy. At the same time they examined possible sites of AFP production. It is supposed that AFP neo-synthesis takes place in the secondary site with participation of altered liver cells. In such cases it is important to watch the AFP values, and this is also necessary when the primary source of the secondary liver cancer is not known. Cytostatic drugs act only in a palliative way i.e. AFP concentrations drop to a lower level and the patient feels temporarily better.", "PMID": 90439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11982", "title": "The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in the female rat.", "content": "The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method was used; moreover, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase were demonstrated in sections. The major splanchnic nerve has its origin in the ninth and tenth thoracic sympathetic trunc ganglia. In the major splanchnic nerve a suprarenal ganglion is present. Sometimes the minor splanchnic nerve, arising from the tenth thoracic ganglion, joins the distal part of the suprarenal ganglion. The left and right major splanchnic nerves join the left and right celiac ganglia in the plexus. The left celiac ganglion is always bigger than the right one. The celiac plexus and the celiac inferior mesenteric plexus are joined by the intermesenteric plexus. Para-aortic nerves, originating in the caudal part of the thoracic sympathetic truncs, also join the abdominal prevertebral plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves, not symmetrical in their origin, join the prevertebral plexuses and give off branches to the abdominal organs. The suprarenal glands receive bundles of nerve fibers, sometimes ganglionated, from the suprarenal ganglion. The kidneys are innervated from the celiac plexus, the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves and the intermesenteric plexus. The ovarian nerves are derived from the celiac plexus, the intermesenteric plexus and the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves. Bundles of nerve fibers run from the suprarenal ganglion in the celiac plexus in the direction of the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In many respects this description is at variance with existing literature on the autonomic innervation in the rat. These differences with the standard literature are relevant to those workers engaged in experiments on the sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera.", "contents": "The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in the female rat. The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method was used; moreover, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase were demonstrated in sections. The major splanchnic nerve has its origin in the ninth and tenth thoracic sympathetic trunc ganglia. In the major splanchnic nerve a suprarenal ganglion is present. Sometimes the minor splanchnic nerve, arising from the tenth thoracic ganglion, joins the distal part of the suprarenal ganglion. The left and right major splanchnic nerves join the left and right celiac ganglia in the plexus. The left celiac ganglion is always bigger than the right one. The celiac plexus and the celiac inferior mesenteric plexus are joined by the intermesenteric plexus. Para-aortic nerves, originating in the caudal part of the thoracic sympathetic truncs, also join the abdominal prevertebral plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves, not symmetrical in their origin, join the prevertebral plexuses and give off branches to the abdominal organs. The suprarenal glands receive bundles of nerve fibers, sometimes ganglionated, from the suprarenal ganglion. The kidneys are innervated from the celiac plexus, the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves and the intermesenteric plexus. The ovarian nerves are derived from the celiac plexus, the intermesenteric plexus and the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves. Bundles of nerve fibers run from the suprarenal ganglion in the celiac plexus in the direction of the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In many respects this description is at variance with existing literature on the autonomic innervation in the rat. These differences with the standard literature are relevant to those workers engaged in experiments on the sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera.", "PMID": 90440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11983", "title": "Superficial anastomoses of blood vessels in the human heart.", "content": "We investigated superficial interarterial, intra-arterial, arterio-venous and veno-venous anastomoses in 100 hearts from men and women taken at random who died at 20-85 years of age. By means of careful dissection and injection into the blood vessels of a differently stained 12% solution of vinilit in acetone, we studied the number and localization of the anastomoses and their appearance. Interarterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramification of the left and the right coronary artery, were detected in 33 hearts. Intra-arterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramifications of one and the same artery, were seen in 5 hearts. Arterio-venous anastomoses were found in 39 hearts. Veno-venous anostomoses were found in 49 hearts. The veno-venous anastomoses display a great many variations, being commonly the regular finding in human veins.", "contents": "Superficial anastomoses of blood vessels in the human heart. We investigated superficial interarterial, intra-arterial, arterio-venous and veno-venous anastomoses in 100 hearts from men and women taken at random who died at 20-85 years of age. By means of careful dissection and injection into the blood vessels of a differently stained 12% solution of vinilit in acetone, we studied the number and localization of the anastomoses and their appearance. Interarterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramification of the left and the right coronary artery, were detected in 33 hearts. Intra-arterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramifications of one and the same artery, were seen in 5 hearts. Arterio-venous anastomoses were found in 39 hearts. Veno-venous anostomoses were found in 49 hearts. The veno-venous anastomoses display a great many variations, being commonly the regular finding in human veins.", "PMID": 90441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11984", "title": "Partial purification of MS specific brain antigens.", "content": "The present study was devoted to an immunochemical elucidation of antigenic similarities and differences between cytoplasmic and microsomal fractions of six multiple sclerosis (MS) and seven non-MS brain autopsy specimens. The antigenic composition of the samples studied was traced by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using antibodies made by immunization of rabbits with the corresponding fraction. The following data were obtained: 1. A measles antigen (defined as an antigen formed in vero cells during measles infection) and two specific antigens have been purified more than 3000-fold from MS brains by means of molecular filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography. 2. All three antigens have a molecular weight between 10(5)-10(6) daltons and isoelectric points between 3.5-6.0. 3. Measles antigen has also been found in three out of seven non-MS brains, however, it did not stimulate antibody formation in rabbits in contrast to measles antigen of MS brain. The significance of the above-mentioned data is discussed in view of the immunological abnormalities previously found in MS patients. It cannot be excluded that the antigens found represents one or more viral antigens.", "contents": "Partial purification of MS specific brain antigens. The present study was devoted to an immunochemical elucidation of antigenic similarities and differences between cytoplasmic and microsomal fractions of six multiple sclerosis (MS) and seven non-MS brain autopsy specimens. The antigenic composition of the samples studied was traced by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using antibodies made by immunization of rabbits with the corresponding fraction. The following data were obtained: 1. A measles antigen (defined as an antigen formed in vero cells during measles infection) and two specific antigens have been purified more than 3000-fold from MS brains by means of molecular filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography. 2. All three antigens have a molecular weight between 10(5)-10(6) daltons and isoelectric points between 3.5-6.0. 3. Measles antigen has also been found in three out of seven non-MS brains, however, it did not stimulate antibody formation in rabbits in contrast to measles antigen of MS brain. The significance of the above-mentioned data is discussed in view of the immunological abnormalities previously found in MS patients. It cannot be excluded that the antigens found represents one or more viral antigens.", "PMID": 90442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11985", "title": "Genetic basis of multiple sclerosis: HLA antigens, disease progression, and oligoclonal IgG in CSF.", "content": "The HLA antigens B7 and Dw2 occurred at elevated frequencies in 105 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (49 and 47%, respectively), compared to healthy controls (29 and 30%), especially in MS patients with oligoclonal CSF-IgG (51 and 50%), in cases with CSF-IgG index values above 1.5 (64 and 64%), and in those with the most malignant course of the disease (47 and 59%). Normal or only slightly elevated frequencies of B7 and Dw2 were found in MS patients without oligoclonal CSF IgG (35 and 29%), normal CSF-IgG index (43 and 39%), and the most benign course (42 and 37%). No correlation was found between the HLA type and measles virus antibody titers in serum or a measles virus antibody response within the CNS.", "contents": "Genetic basis of multiple sclerosis: HLA antigens, disease progression, and oligoclonal IgG in CSF. The HLA antigens B7 and Dw2 occurred at elevated frequencies in 105 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (49 and 47%, respectively), compared to healthy controls (29 and 30%), especially in MS patients with oligoclonal CSF-IgG (51 and 50%), in cases with CSF-IgG index values above 1.5 (64 and 64%), and in those with the most malignant course of the disease (47 and 59%). Normal or only slightly elevated frequencies of B7 and Dw2 were found in MS patients without oligoclonal CSF IgG (35 and 29%), normal CSF-IgG index (43 and 39%), and the most benign course (42 and 37%). No correlation was found between the HLA type and measles virus antibody titers in serum or a measles virus antibody response within the CNS.", "PMID": 90443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11986", "title": "Plasma estriol, progesterone, cortisol, placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein in a pregnancy with an anencephalic fetus followed from the seventh week till term.", "content": "Concentrations of total estriol, progesterone, cortisol, human placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein were measured in maternal venous plasma at regular intervals from the seventh week of pregnancy until term in a woman with an anencephalic fetus. Except for the first trimester, during which the values were in the lower normal range, the concentration of estriol was constantly subnormal. The \"physiological\" rise in cortisol levels was absent. Progesterone and HPL were both within the low normal range. The levels of alpha-fetoprotein were transiently raised during the 13th--25th weeks of pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma estriol, progesterone, cortisol, placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein in a pregnancy with an anencephalic fetus followed from the seventh week till term. Concentrations of total estriol, progesterone, cortisol, human placental lactogen and alpha-fetoprotein were measured in maternal venous plasma at regular intervals from the seventh week of pregnancy until term in a woman with an anencephalic fetus. Except for the first trimester, during which the values were in the lower normal range, the concentration of estriol was constantly subnormal. The \"physiological\" rise in cortisol levels was absent. Progesterone and HPL were both within the low normal range. The levels of alpha-fetoprotein were transiently raised during the 13th--25th weeks of pregnancy.", "PMID": 90444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11987", "title": "Effect of pregnancy zone protein on leucocyte migration inhibition, lymphoycte transformation and rosette formation by lymphocytes.", "content": "Pregnancy zone protein from pregnancy serum and control preparations from male serum were tested in lymphocyte transformation tests, in a system for rosette formation by T and B lymphocytes and in leucocyte migration inhibition tests using PPD-induced inhibition. PZ-protein preparations caused a dose dependent inhibition of lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with PHA, PPD and MLC. Inhibition was most pronounced in the PHA-system. In the rosette tests there was a tendency for T lymphocytes to bind fewer SRBC after incubation with PZ-protein while no effect on B rosettes was observed. In contrast, PPD-induced inhibition of leucocyte migration was abrogated effectively by PZ-protein, but not by corresponding fractions from male serum.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy zone protein on leucocyte migration inhibition, lymphoycte transformation and rosette formation by lymphocytes. Pregnancy zone protein from pregnancy serum and control preparations from male serum were tested in lymphocyte transformation tests, in a system for rosette formation by T and B lymphocytes and in leucocyte migration inhibition tests using PPD-induced inhibition. PZ-protein preparations caused a dose dependent inhibition of lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with PHA, PPD and MLC. Inhibition was most pronounced in the PHA-system. In the rosette tests there was a tendency for T lymphocytes to bind fewer SRBC after incubation with PZ-protein while no effect on B rosettes was observed. In contrast, PPD-induced inhibition of leucocyte migration was abrogated effectively by PZ-protein, but not by corresponding fractions from male serum.", "PMID": 90445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11988", "title": "Examination of parotid saliva for antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "Human parotid saliva was investigated for the presence of IgA antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans, lipotechoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, it was shown that the salivas of 12 subjects contained antibodies reacting with S. mutans serotype c and d and with LTA. Six salivas were tested against peptidoglycan but these tests indicated only low levels of antibodies. Absorption of saliva with whole cells of S. mutans inhibited the homologous reaction by up to 87% and the reaction with LTA by up to 52%. Also prior treatment of saliva with LTA caused a decrease in the salivary IgA reaction with LTA and with whole cells of S. mutans. Addition of peptidoglycan to saliva did not markedly affect the salivary IgA reaction with S. mutans. The data show that LTA may be responsible for part of the salivary IgA reaction with whole cells of S. mutans. The significance of LTA in this reaction may vary between different subjects and for different serotypes of S. mutans.", "contents": "Examination of parotid saliva for antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human parotid saliva was investigated for the presence of IgA antibodies reacting with Streptococcus mutans, lipotechoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, it was shown that the salivas of 12 subjects contained antibodies reacting with S. mutans serotype c and d and with LTA. Six salivas were tested against peptidoglycan but these tests indicated only low levels of antibodies. Absorption of saliva with whole cells of S. mutans inhibited the homologous reaction by up to 87% and the reaction with LTA by up to 52%. Also prior treatment of saliva with LTA caused a decrease in the salivary IgA reaction with LTA and with whole cells of S. mutans. Addition of peptidoglycan to saliva did not markedly affect the salivary IgA reaction with S. mutans. The data show that LTA may be responsible for part of the salivary IgA reaction with whole cells of S. mutans. The significance of LTA in this reaction may vary between different subjects and for different serotypes of S. mutans.", "PMID": 90446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11989", "title": "Specificity of antipyrogenic immunity.", "content": "The specificity of antipyrogenic immunity as well as the structural differences of the Enterobacteria responsible for pyrogenicity have been studied. Strains S. minnesota Re 595 and S. typhimurium SL 1102 as well as glycolipids obtained from them, further E. coli 083 and E. coli F 576 as well as the LPS extracted from them were used in the experiments. In conformity with the results of chemical analysis it was found that the method reflected exactly the antigenicity of the receptors responsible for pyrogenicity. Alterations of the antipyrogenic immunity may indicate that the structure of the single endotoxins responsible for pyrogenicity are different in antigenicity.", "contents": "Specificity of antipyrogenic immunity. The specificity of antipyrogenic immunity as well as the structural differences of the Enterobacteria responsible for pyrogenicity have been studied. Strains S. minnesota Re 595 and S. typhimurium SL 1102 as well as glycolipids obtained from them, further E. coli 083 and E. coli F 576 as well as the LPS extracted from them were used in the experiments. In conformity with the results of chemical analysis it was found that the method reflected exactly the antigenicity of the receptors responsible for pyrogenicity. Alterations of the antipyrogenic immunity may indicate that the structure of the single endotoxins responsible for pyrogenicity are different in antigenicity.", "PMID": 90447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11990", "title": "Antigenic relationships between strains of influenza B virus.", "content": "An immunological relationship between strains of influenza B virus, considerably differing from one another in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests, was established. The relationships were also evaluated based on the ability of influenza B viruses to replicate in the lungs of mice immunized with strains possessing antigenically distinct haemagglutinin. There was no substantial difference in the protection of animals immunized with homologous or heterologous strains. Studies on the character of the immunological response of men convalescent after influenza B infection or after vaccination showed an antibody increase to both the epidemic virus and chronologically remote viruses considerably differing in antigenic properties. The data obtained suggest that influenza B viruses isolated from 1940 to 1975 belong to one antigenic subtype.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships between strains of influenza B virus. An immunological relationship between strains of influenza B virus, considerably differing from one another in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests, was established. The relationships were also evaluated based on the ability of influenza B viruses to replicate in the lungs of mice immunized with strains possessing antigenically distinct haemagglutinin. There was no substantial difference in the protection of animals immunized with homologous or heterologous strains. Studies on the character of the immunological response of men convalescent after influenza B infection or after vaccination showed an antibody increase to both the epidemic virus and chronologically remote viruses considerably differing in antigenic properties. The data obtained suggest that influenza B viruses isolated from 1940 to 1975 belong to one antigenic subtype.", "PMID": 90457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11991", "title": "Cross-neutralization tests on sheep pox, goat pox and contagious pustular dermatitis viruses.", "content": "In cross-neutralization tests in cell cultures, sheep pox and contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD) hyperimmune sera did not cross-react in the heterologous system. But goat pox hyperimmune serum neutralized both sheep pox and CPD viruses revealing a one-way serological relationship of goat pox virus with both sheep pox and CPD viruses.", "contents": "Cross-neutralization tests on sheep pox, goat pox and contagious pustular dermatitis viruses. In cross-neutralization tests in cell cultures, sheep pox and contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD) hyperimmune sera did not cross-react in the heterologous system. But goat pox hyperimmune serum neutralized both sheep pox and CPD viruses revealing a one-way serological relationship of goat pox virus with both sheep pox and CPD viruses.", "PMID": 90458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11992", "title": "Transcatheter occlusive therapy of genitourinary abnormalities using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate).", "content": "Transcatheter occlusive therapy was performed with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in 14 patients with a variety of genitourinary abnormalities. Bucrylate was found to be a valuable agent when used to: (1) occlude vessels with very slow flow; (2) occlude vessels in patients with coagulopathies; (3) occlude high flow arteriovenous fistulas; (4) perform superselective vessel occlusion; and (5) produce permanent vessel obliteration. Bucrylate was used effectively in this group of patients and was used without complications or evidence of histotoxicity.", "contents": "Transcatheter occlusive therapy of genitourinary abnormalities using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate). Transcatheter occlusive therapy was performed with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in 14 patients with a variety of genitourinary abnormalities. Bucrylate was found to be a valuable agent when used to: (1) occlude vessels with very slow flow; (2) occlude vessels in patients with coagulopathies; (3) occlude high flow arteriovenous fistulas; (4) perform superselective vessel occlusion; and (5) produce permanent vessel obliteration. Bucrylate was used effectively in this group of patients and was used without complications or evidence of histotoxicity.", "PMID": 90459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11993", "title": "Histoenzymologic study of hyalocytes in tissue culture.", "content": "The mitochondrias of the hyalocytes contain lactic dehydrogenase but no glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, so that only aerobic respiration is possible. Among the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatases and beta-glucuronidase are found, the latter facilitating the turnover of the hyaluronic acid. There is no galactosidase, as the hyaluronic acid of the vitreous does not contain galactose.", "contents": "Histoenzymologic study of hyalocytes in tissue culture. The mitochondrias of the hyalocytes contain lactic dehydrogenase but no glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, so that only aerobic respiration is possible. Among the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatases and beta-glucuronidase are found, the latter facilitating the turnover of the hyaluronic acid. There is no galactosidase, as the hyaluronic acid of the vitreous does not contain galactose.", "PMID": 90462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11994", "title": "The use of a micro-computer in anaesthetic teaching.", "content": "The use of a relatively inexpensive microcomputer in computer-assisted learning is described. Circuits have been developed to allow slides to be shown during the course of a computer-assisted learning presentation, and also to allow the computer to control the delivery of an audiotape slide lecture.", "contents": "The use of a micro-computer in anaesthetic teaching. The use of a relatively inexpensive microcomputer in computer-assisted learning is described. Circuits have been developed to allow slides to be shown during the course of a computer-assisted learning presentation, and also to allow the computer to control the delivery of an audiotape slide lecture.", "PMID": 90465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11995", "title": "The dose-dependent fate of enzymatically active and inactivated tritiated methylated pancreatic elastase administered intratracheally in the hamster.", "content": "Hamsters were intratracheally instilled with saline solutions containing a high dose (145 to 220 micrograms) or a low dose (1.3 to 1.5 micrograms) of 3H-methylated pancreatic elastase or N-acetyl-(L-alanyl)3-L-alanine chloromethyl ketone-inactivated 3H-methylated pancreatic elastase. Only the lysyl residues of the elastase molecule were methylated and radiolabeled in a nonlabile manner. The 3H-methylated elastase preparation exhibited esterolytic and elastolytic activity, spectral properties, and emphysema-inducing properties indistinguishable from those of unmodified pancreatic elastase. There was no detectable hemorrhagic or emphysematous reaction with the inactivated 3H-methylated elastase, and this material was cleared from the lungs 11 times faster than the corresponding enzymatically active high dose of 3H-methylated elastase and 18 times faster than the corresponding enzymatically active low dose of 3H-methylated elastase. There were correspondingly higher amounts of radioactivity in the urine of hamsters treated with the inactivated elastase. All of the 3H radioactivity recovered from the urine was associated with epsilon-N-methyllysyl and epsilon-N,N-dimethyllysyl residues. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in the cells, primarily alveolar macrophages, lavaged from the lungs. The low dose of enzymatically active elastase caused neither detectable hemorrhage nor emphysema, both of which were associated with the high dose. At 144 days significant radioactivity (1,200 cpm) remained in the lungs of animals treated with high or low doses of enzymatically active elastase, whereas virtually no radioactivity (100 cpm) was found in the lungs of those treated with high or low doses of inactivated elastase. The data presented support the hypothesis that the formation of elastase complexes with alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 2-macroglobulin is associated with the slower clearance and the retention of significant amounts of radioactivity in the lungs. Some of the residual radioactivity found in the hamster lungs might represent enzymatically active elastase complexed with alpha 2-macroglobulin and might offer an explanation for the progressive nature of emphysema induced by a single dose of elastase.", "contents": "The dose-dependent fate of enzymatically active and inactivated tritiated methylated pancreatic elastase administered intratracheally in the hamster. Hamsters were intratracheally instilled with saline solutions containing a high dose (145 to 220 micrograms) or a low dose (1.3 to 1.5 micrograms) of 3H-methylated pancreatic elastase or N-acetyl-(L-alanyl)3-L-alanine chloromethyl ketone-inactivated 3H-methylated pancreatic elastase. Only the lysyl residues of the elastase molecule were methylated and radiolabeled in a nonlabile manner. The 3H-methylated elastase preparation exhibited esterolytic and elastolytic activity, spectral properties, and emphysema-inducing properties indistinguishable from those of unmodified pancreatic elastase. There was no detectable hemorrhagic or emphysematous reaction with the inactivated 3H-methylated elastase, and this material was cleared from the lungs 11 times faster than the corresponding enzymatically active high dose of 3H-methylated elastase and 18 times faster than the corresponding enzymatically active low dose of 3H-methylated elastase. There were correspondingly higher amounts of radioactivity in the urine of hamsters treated with the inactivated elastase. All of the 3H radioactivity recovered from the urine was associated with epsilon-N-methyllysyl and epsilon-N,N-dimethyllysyl residues. Significant levels of radioactivity were found in the cells, primarily alveolar macrophages, lavaged from the lungs. The low dose of enzymatically active elastase caused neither detectable hemorrhage nor emphysema, both of which were associated with the high dose. At 144 days significant radioactivity (1,200 cpm) remained in the lungs of animals treated with high or low doses of enzymatically active elastase, whereas virtually no radioactivity (100 cpm) was found in the lungs of those treated with high or low doses of inactivated elastase. The data presented support the hypothesis that the formation of elastase complexes with alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 2-macroglobulin is associated with the slower clearance and the retention of significant amounts of radioactivity in the lungs. Some of the residual radioactivity found in the hamster lungs might represent enzymatically active elastase complexed with alpha 2-macroglobulin and might offer an explanation for the progressive nature of emphysema induced by a single dose of elastase.", "PMID": 90469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11996", "title": "[Patterns of variations for air concentrations of some pollutants].", "content": "Patterns of diurnal variations for the air concentration of some pollutants emitted from motorvehicles are presented. Primary pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and reactive hydrocarbons) and secondary pollutants (ozone and nitrogen dioxide) are continuously monitored since 1974. Different typical patterns have been obtained in the winter and in the summer season. The values of r for 14 regression curves calculated for couples of primary pollutants are in the range from 0.73 to 0.95, indicating their common source. Diurnal patterns obtained for summer and winter are discussed in the light of photochemical atmospheric processes Values for the ratio NO/NO2 are higher than 1 in the winter season; the same ratio is lower than 1 in summer, from 13 to 24 hours.", "contents": "[Patterns of variations for air concentrations of some pollutants]. Patterns of diurnal variations for the air concentration of some pollutants emitted from motorvehicles are presented. Primary pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and reactive hydrocarbons) and secondary pollutants (ozone and nitrogen dioxide) are continuously monitored since 1974. Different typical patterns have been obtained in the winter and in the summer season. The values of r for 14 regression curves calculated for couples of primary pollutants are in the range from 0.73 to 0.95, indicating their common source. Diurnal patterns obtained for summer and winter are discussed in the light of photochemical atmospheric processes Values for the ratio NO/NO2 are higher than 1 in the winter season; the same ratio is lower than 1 in summer, from 13 to 24 hours.", "PMID": 90471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11997", "title": "[The effects of gammaglobulins in resistant epilepsies. A preliminary study (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of injections of gammaglobulins 16 M\u00e9rieux (1 ml/kg) was studied in 9 patients aged from 1 to 35 years suffering from epilepsy resistant to conventional anticonvulsant treatment. Different types of epilepsy were studied to try to discover a possible indication as a function of the type of epilepsy. Results were assessed according to the patients' behaviour, the frequency and severity of clinical fits, the results of psychological tests, and EEG tracing recorded over long periods of time. Recordings were repeated every 2 to 3 weeks. Favourable results were observed in 7 cases with: --an increased rate of sleeping and waking EEG tracings, --a reduction in the percentage of paroxysms whatever the wakefulness stage, --alterations in the percentages of some sleep stages. The possible mechanisms of action of IgG are discussed.", "contents": "[The effects of gammaglobulins in resistant epilepsies. A preliminary study (author's transl)]. The effect of injections of gammaglobulins 16 M\u00e9rieux (1 ml/kg) was studied in 9 patients aged from 1 to 35 years suffering from epilepsy resistant to conventional anticonvulsant treatment. Different types of epilepsy were studied to try to discover a possible indication as a function of the type of epilepsy. Results were assessed according to the patients' behaviour, the frequency and severity of clinical fits, the results of psychological tests, and EEG tracing recorded over long periods of time. Recordings were repeated every 2 to 3 weeks. Favourable results were observed in 7 cases with: --an increased rate of sleeping and waking EEG tracings, --a reduction in the percentage of paroxysms whatever the wakefulness stage, --alterations in the percentages of some sleep stages. The possible mechanisms of action of IgG are discussed.", "PMID": 90472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11998", "title": "Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Peroral pulsion intubation for the palliation of dysphagia due to oesophageal carcinoma was performed on 652 patients. The mortality was 16%, failure rate 3%, and hospital stay 3 days. Advanced disease and the presence of oesophagorespiratory fistula is not a contraindication to intubation.", "contents": "Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma. Peroral pulsion intubation for the palliation of dysphagia due to oesophageal carcinoma was performed on 652 patients. The mortality was 16%, failure rate 3%, and hospital stay 3 days. Advanced disease and the presence of oesophagorespiratory fistula is not a contraindication to intubation.", "PMID": 90475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_11999", "title": "[Isolation of the membranes of Actinomyces sp. 26-115, a producer of actinomycin C].", "content": "A summation fraction of the membranes of Actinomyces sp. 26-115 was obtained as a result of lysis of its protoplasts in a hypotonic medium. The qualitative content of protein, lipids, phospholipids, nucleic acids, glucosamine and muramic acid was determined in the membranes at various stages of the organism development. Phosphatidylcholine is the main component of phospholipids in this organism. Intracellular actinomycin was found inside the protoplasts. Electrophoregrams of the microprotoplasts and membranes are presented. Actinomycin was also detected in the membranes. Still, it is not clear whether it is a component of the membrane or it is adsorbed on the membrane during the process of its isolation. The final conclusion on the relationship between the membrane and localization of actinomycin in the cell requires further investigation.", "contents": "[Isolation of the membranes of Actinomyces sp. 26-115, a producer of actinomycin C]. A summation fraction of the membranes of Actinomyces sp. 26-115 was obtained as a result of lysis of its protoplasts in a hypotonic medium. The qualitative content of protein, lipids, phospholipids, nucleic acids, glucosamine and muramic acid was determined in the membranes at various stages of the organism development. Phosphatidylcholine is the main component of phospholipids in this organism. Intracellular actinomycin was found inside the protoplasts. Electrophoregrams of the microprotoplasts and membranes are presented. Actinomycin was also detected in the membranes. Still, it is not clear whether it is a component of the membrane or it is adsorbed on the membrane during the process of its isolation. The final conclusion on the relationship between the membrane and localization of actinomycin in the cell requires further investigation.", "PMID": 90478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12000", "title": "An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: homologous and crossed protection between serogroups according to Habs' classification.", "content": "Homologous and cross-reactions were studied in 16 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to different O serogroups according to Habs' classification. By slide agglutination, cross-reactions were rare between the strains of two or three serogroups: O2, O5 and O16; O1 and O9; O7 and O8; O13 and O14. Experiments of cross-protection have been performed in mice inoculated with acellular vaccines prepared from the 16 studied strains. A high homologous protection was observed with all the 16 strains, which is in favour of existence of an O serogroup-specific immunity. However, it exists some cross-protective reactions between the serogroups. This cross-protection allows to reduce the numbers of strains for a polyvalent vaccine. A classification of P. aeruginosa into 8 classes of related serogroups (A to H) is proposed which could be a basis for an antigenic classification of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: homologous and crossed protection between serogroups according to Habs' classification. Homologous and cross-reactions were studied in 16 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to different O serogroups according to Habs' classification. By slide agglutination, cross-reactions were rare between the strains of two or three serogroups: O2, O5 and O16; O1 and O9; O7 and O8; O13 and O14. Experiments of cross-protection have been performed in mice inoculated with acellular vaccines prepared from the 16 studied strains. A high homologous protection was observed with all the 16 strains, which is in favour of existence of an O serogroup-specific immunity. However, it exists some cross-protective reactions between the serogroups. This cross-protection allows to reduce the numbers of strains for a polyvalent vaccine. A classification of P. aeruginosa into 8 classes of related serogroups (A to H) is proposed which could be a basis for an antigenic classification of P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 90473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12001", "title": "[Chemotherapy of skin tumors of the head and neck].", "content": "The authors report on the therapeutic results performed in the 126 skin tumors with three different chemotherapic schedules: a) Endovenous Bleomycin (BLM); b) Combined schedule with BLM, Methotrexate (MTX), Cyclophosphamide and Corticoid; c) Local BLM infiltration. There were 42,8 % of complete remission and 87,2 % of responsiveness (effectiveness). The best response rates were achieved in not advanced tumors. Local BLM infiltration has shown the best response rates 63,9 % being this schedule performed mainly in not advanced tumors. Overdosage of local infiltration may produce tissue necrose. Response rates for squamouscell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma were alike. BMEM therapy presents the best results in the squamous cell carcinoma and the BLM infiltration in the basal cell carcinoma. There were 24 % of recurrence from the complete remissions.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of skin tumors of the head and neck]. The authors report on the therapeutic results performed in the 126 skin tumors with three different chemotherapic schedules: a) Endovenous Bleomycin (BLM); b) Combined schedule with BLM, Methotrexate (MTX), Cyclophosphamide and Corticoid; c) Local BLM infiltration. There were 42,8 % of complete remission and 87,2 % of responsiveness (effectiveness). The best response rates were achieved in not advanced tumors. Local BLM infiltration has shown the best response rates 63,9 % being this schedule performed mainly in not advanced tumors. Overdosage of local infiltration may produce tissue necrose. Response rates for squamouscell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma were alike. BMEM therapy presents the best results in the squamous cell carcinoma and the BLM infiltration in the basal cell carcinoma. There were 24 % of recurrence from the complete remissions.", "PMID": 90474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12002", "title": "Current status of prostate androgen receptors.", "content": "Over the past eight years, many investigators have attempted to measure androgen receptors in human prostate cytosol and nuclear extracts. It is clear that the concentration of unoccupied cytosol receptors is quite low though measurable if appropriate techniques such as agar gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient centrifugation (SDGC) or protamine sulfate precipitation are employed. Attempts to correlate these values in untreated patients with their subsequent response to therapy have not been successful. Recent attempts to measure total cytosol receptors, whose concentration is much higher, have been encouraging and suggest that their determination should be further explored. Measurement of the concentration of nuclear receptors present in salt extracts of nuclei has shown that the level of these receptors is higher than in cytosol and that interference from ligand binding to sex steroid binding globulin or other interfering binding proteins is minimal. It seems likely that greater success in correlating androgen receptors with the clinical response will be achieved from measurements of these nuclear receptors.", "contents": "Current status of prostate androgen receptors. Over the past eight years, many investigators have attempted to measure androgen receptors in human prostate cytosol and nuclear extracts. It is clear that the concentration of unoccupied cytosol receptors is quite low though measurable if appropriate techniques such as agar gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient centrifugation (SDGC) or protamine sulfate precipitation are employed. Attempts to correlate these values in untreated patients with their subsequent response to therapy have not been successful. Recent attempts to measure total cytosol receptors, whose concentration is much higher, have been encouraging and suggest that their determination should be further explored. Measurement of the concentration of nuclear receptors present in salt extracts of nuclei has shown that the level of these receptors is higher than in cytosol and that interference from ligand binding to sex steroid binding globulin or other interfering binding proteins is minimal. It seems likely that greater success in correlating androgen receptors with the clinical response will be achieved from measurements of these nuclear receptors.", "PMID": 90476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12003", "title": "Large needle biopsy diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma: problem areas.", "content": "The major problem area in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer by large needle biopsy is in the identification of follicular carcinoma and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Diagnosis of these tumors is facilitated by use of Bouin's solution as an initial fixative to duplicate the nuclear detail seen in the surgical specimen. As specimen size precludes demonstration of invasive characteristics, details of cellular and follicular architecture must be relied upon to indicate the need for surgical biopsy.", "contents": "Large needle biopsy diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma: problem areas. The major problem area in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer by large needle biopsy is in the identification of follicular carcinoma and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Diagnosis of these tumors is facilitated by use of Bouin's solution as an initial fixative to duplicate the nuclear detail seen in the surgical specimen. As specimen size precludes demonstration of invasive characteristics, details of cellular and follicular architecture must be relied upon to indicate the need for surgical biopsy.", "PMID": 90477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12004", "title": "Palliation of esophageal carcinoma with intraluminal tubes: experience with 30 patients.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1978, 26 patients with carcinomas of the thoracic esophagus and 4 with adenocarcinomas involving the esophagogastric junction were treated by the insertion of indwelling intraluminal (endoesophageal) tubes. Four different types of tube were inserted by the pull-through technique. Thirteen of the 30 patients died in the hospital within 30 days. However, among the 20 patients who did not have neoplasms of the upper third of the thoracic esophagus or who had not had a prior resection, only 5 died. The principal cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Survival averaged 2.5 months. Four patients survived 5 to 7 months. Deglutition was adequate in most patients but was not as satisfactory as after esophagogastrectomy. Our best results were obtained in patients with carcinoma of the middle or lower third of the esophagus, with or without an esophagorespiratory fistula, who had not had a previous resection.", "contents": "Palliation of esophageal carcinoma with intraluminal tubes: experience with 30 patients. Between 1968 and 1978, 26 patients with carcinomas of the thoracic esophagus and 4 with adenocarcinomas involving the esophagogastric junction were treated by the insertion of indwelling intraluminal (endoesophageal) tubes. Four different types of tube were inserted by the pull-through technique. Thirteen of the 30 patients died in the hospital within 30 days. However, among the 20 patients who did not have neoplasms of the upper third of the thoracic esophagus or who had not had a prior resection, only 5 died. The principal cause of death was aspiration pneumonia. Survival averaged 2.5 months. Four patients survived 5 to 7 months. Deglutition was adequate in most patients but was not as satisfactory as after esophagogastrectomy. Our best results were obtained in patients with carcinoma of the middle or lower third of the esophagus, with or without an esophagorespiratory fistula, who had not had a previous resection.", "PMID": 90489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12005", "title": "Isolation and immunological reactivity of soluble fractions from rat seminiferous tubule basement membrane.", "content": "A preparation rich in basement membranes isolated from rat testes (STBM) was exposed to pepsin, collagenase, trypsin, and pronase to obtain soluble fractions. The immunological reactivity of these fractions was studied by gel immunodiffusion or by passive hemagglutination tests against an anti-STBM serum. All fractions reacted with the antiserum, but the highest titer was detected when the antiserum was reacted with a fraction that contained only traces of hydroxyproline (fraction 1), whereas low titers were obtained with collagen or collagen fragments isolated from STBM. Antibodies in the anti-STBM serum were mainly directed to the glycoproteins of STBM not related to collagen. Fraction 1, obtained by subsequent collagenase and trypsin digestion of STBM and purification by Sephadex G-200, was a high molecular weight glycoprotein that was free of half-cystine and methionine, had only traces of hydroxyproline, and contained 7.2% neutral sugars, 0.26% sialic acid, and 8.7 residues of glucosamine per 1000 residues of amino acids.", "contents": "Isolation and immunological reactivity of soluble fractions from rat seminiferous tubule basement membrane. A preparation rich in basement membranes isolated from rat testes (STBM) was exposed to pepsin, collagenase, trypsin, and pronase to obtain soluble fractions. The immunological reactivity of these fractions was studied by gel immunodiffusion or by passive hemagglutination tests against an anti-STBM serum. All fractions reacted with the antiserum, but the highest titer was detected when the antiserum was reacted with a fraction that contained only traces of hydroxyproline (fraction 1), whereas low titers were obtained with collagen or collagen fragments isolated from STBM. Antibodies in the anti-STBM serum were mainly directed to the glycoproteins of STBM not related to collagen. Fraction 1, obtained by subsequent collagenase and trypsin digestion of STBM and purification by Sephadex G-200, was a high molecular weight glycoprotein that was free of half-cystine and methionine, had only traces of hydroxyproline, and contained 7.2% neutral sugars, 0.26% sialic acid, and 8.7 residues of glucosamine per 1000 residues of amino acids.", "PMID": 90490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12006", "title": "[Basic behavior and behavior after stimulation of inflammatory cellular response, leukocytary chemotaxis and phagocytosis in aged subjects with depression of cellular immunity].", "content": "A larger group of 70--75 years aged subjects was studied by means of various cutaneous tests, by E-rosette formation and by blastogenic response and 18 people showing a depressed cellular immunity were selected. These subjects and a similar control group with normal C.M.I. were further investigated in various condition of stimulation for cellular response in inflammation, chemotaxis, phagocytic activity and polysaccharide content in the granulocyte citoplasm. In general the former activity was not depressed, chemotaxis and phagocytic values were deficient, polysaccharide content appeared the same in the normal (control) and in the immune deficient group.", "contents": "[Basic behavior and behavior after stimulation of inflammatory cellular response, leukocytary chemotaxis and phagocytosis in aged subjects with depression of cellular immunity]. A larger group of 70--75 years aged subjects was studied by means of various cutaneous tests, by E-rosette formation and by blastogenic response and 18 people showing a depressed cellular immunity were selected. These subjects and a similar control group with normal C.M.I. were further investigated in various condition of stimulation for cellular response in inflammation, chemotaxis, phagocytic activity and polysaccharide content in the granulocyte citoplasm. In general the former activity was not depressed, chemotaxis and phagocytic values were deficient, polysaccharide content appeared the same in the normal (control) and in the immune deficient group.", "PMID": 90487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12007", "title": "Plasma level of the prodrug midodrine and its active metabolite in comparison with the alpha-mimetic action in dogs.", "content": "Midodrine, i.v. or orally administered, causes a prolonged elevation of blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. These cardiovascular changes are not correlated to the plasma levels of the intact drug. On administration of either midodrine or its metabolite, ST-1059, formed by cleavage of the glycine residue, the elevation of blood pressure and the reduction in heart rate were significantly correlated to the plasma level of ST-1059. The results are in agreement with the assumption that the pressor activity of midodrine is mainly exerted by its metabolite ST-1059.", "contents": "Plasma level of the prodrug midodrine and its active metabolite in comparison with the alpha-mimetic action in dogs. Midodrine, i.v. or orally administered, causes a prolonged elevation of blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. These cardiovascular changes are not correlated to the plasma levels of the intact drug. On administration of either midodrine or its metabolite, ST-1059, formed by cleavage of the glycine residue, the elevation of blood pressure and the reduction in heart rate were significantly correlated to the plasma level of ST-1059. The results are in agreement with the assumption that the pressor activity of midodrine is mainly exerted by its metabolite ST-1059.", "PMID": 90492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12008", "title": "Viruses isolated from reptiles: identification of three new members of the family Rhabdoviridae.", "content": "The growth of four viruses isolated from lizards in Brazil (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo viruses) and Australia (Almpiwar virus) was studied in a variety of continuous cell lines of mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine origin. Although replication was found in certain cell lines derived from the coldblooded species, cytopathic effect (CPE) was absent or minimal and growth was less than or equal to that in mammalian cells. Those observations appear to limit the value of poikilothermic cells for primary isolation of viruses from field-collected, cold-blooded vertebrates or arthropods that feed upon them. The four reptilian viruses were found to be naturally occurring temperature sensitive agents, with optima for growth of approximately 30 degrees C. Electron microscope studies showed three of the viruses (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo) to be new members of the family Rhabdoviridae. Marco virus particles were conically shaped and resembled bovine ephemeral fever virus, and two lyssaviruses (Kotonkan and Obodhiang). Chaco and Timbo viruses were cylindrical viruses resembling other rhabdoviruses with particle lengths longer than the prototype VSV. No serologic relationships were found in cross complement fixation tests between these viruses, Marco virus, and 34 other rhabdoviruses.", "contents": "Viruses isolated from reptiles: identification of three new members of the family Rhabdoviridae. The growth of four viruses isolated from lizards in Brazil (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo viruses) and Australia (Almpiwar virus) was studied in a variety of continuous cell lines of mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine origin. Although replication was found in certain cell lines derived from the coldblooded species, cytopathic effect (CPE) was absent or minimal and growth was less than or equal to that in mammalian cells. Those observations appear to limit the value of poikilothermic cells for primary isolation of viruses from field-collected, cold-blooded vertebrates or arthropods that feed upon them. The four reptilian viruses were found to be naturally occurring temperature sensitive agents, with optima for growth of approximately 30 degrees C. Electron microscope studies showed three of the viruses (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo) to be new members of the family Rhabdoviridae. Marco virus particles were conically shaped and resembled bovine ephemeral fever virus, and two lyssaviruses (Kotonkan and Obodhiang). Chaco and Timbo viruses were cylindrical viruses resembling other rhabdoviruses with particle lengths longer than the prototype VSV. No serologic relationships were found in cross complement fixation tests between these viruses, Marco virus, and 34 other rhabdoviruses.", "PMID": 90494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12009", "title": "[Use of hematoxylin to demonstrate the microcirculatory bed in full-thickness objects and sections of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "Slight modifications of the widely applied hematoxylin method of staining make it possible to reveal completely microcirculatory bed in total film preparations and in histological sections of the gastrointestinal wall. Hematoxylin staining of all elements in the vascular wall and the surrounding tissue helps to differentiate definitely every component of the microcirculatory bed and to demonstrate vascular-tissue and vascular-neural interconnections in film preparations and histological sections.", "contents": "[Use of hematoxylin to demonstrate the microcirculatory bed in full-thickness objects and sections of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract]. Slight modifications of the widely applied hematoxylin method of staining make it possible to reveal completely microcirculatory bed in total film preparations and in histological sections of the gastrointestinal wall. Hematoxylin staining of all elements in the vascular wall and the surrounding tissue helps to differentiate definitely every component of the microcirculatory bed and to demonstrate vascular-tissue and vascular-neural interconnections in film preparations and histological sections.", "PMID": 90495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12010", "title": "Intracellular potential changes of Corti's organ with anoxia.", "content": "Intracellular measurements of the resting cell membrane potentials of guinea pig Corti's organ were made in order to determine the sensitivity of this cell potential to anoxic hypoxia (a lowered oxygen state due to lack of respiratory oxygen) and to establish differences according to cell types or morphologic regions of the sensory epithelium. The negative cell potentials measured from successful electrode penetrations were found to be relatively more stable and resistant to change during a 120-s period of anoxia than was the positive endocochlear potential. The intracellular resting potentials were also much slower to recover after resumption of respiration. Data obtained from various cells in two different regions of Corti's organ is receiving oxygen from both the perilymph and the endolymph. An iontophoretic dye-marking technique was used to label some experimental cells for later histologic identification.", "contents": "Intracellular potential changes of Corti's organ with anoxia. Intracellular measurements of the resting cell membrane potentials of guinea pig Corti's organ were made in order to determine the sensitivity of this cell potential to anoxic hypoxia (a lowered oxygen state due to lack of respiratory oxygen) and to establish differences according to cell types or morphologic regions of the sensory epithelium. The negative cell potentials measured from successful electrode penetrations were found to be relatively more stable and resistant to change during a 120-s period of anoxia than was the positive endocochlear potential. The intracellular resting potentials were also much slower to recover after resumption of respiration. Data obtained from various cells in two different regions of Corti's organ is receiving oxygen from both the perilymph and the endolymph. An iontophoretic dye-marking technique was used to label some experimental cells for later histologic identification.", "PMID": 90497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12011", "title": "Relationship of centrifugal fibres to 'supporting' cells.", "content": "We have described cholinergic fibres which cross the tunnel to three levels of the cells on the opposite side--from the level of the efferent network to the base of a plaque at the level of the nucleus of the first Deiters cell. These fibres are dependent upon the OCB being intact. The same is true for those fibres seen within the Hensen cell region. However, the cholinesterase-staining fine fibres travelling along the floor of the tunnel to the base of the plaque are independent of the integrity of the OCB.", "contents": "Relationship of centrifugal fibres to 'supporting' cells. We have described cholinergic fibres which cross the tunnel to three levels of the cells on the opposite side--from the level of the efferent network to the base of a plaque at the level of the nucleus of the first Deiters cell. These fibres are dependent upon the OCB being intact. The same is true for those fibres seen within the Hensen cell region. However, the cholinesterase-staining fine fibres travelling along the floor of the tunnel to the base of the plaque are independent of the integrity of the OCB.", "PMID": 90498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12012", "title": "The goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, a ruminal metabolite from Leucaena leucocephala: effects in mice and rats.", "content": "Mice fed a diet containing 1% (w/w) 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (DHP) developed goitre even with a diet high in iodine whereas mimosine (0.5% w/w) did not produce goitre even with a low-iodine diet. Thyroid enlargement was apparent (measured morphometrically) by the 7th week and was advanced by the 11th week. Histologically the goitre was hyperplastic in type. No marked histological changes were found in other organs of mice fed DHP or any organs of mice fed mimosine, except for some atrophy of hair follicles. A single intragastric dose of DHP inhibited the uptake of 125I by the thyroid in the rat but an equivalent dose of mimosine did not. Evidence is presented that the inhibition occurs at the iodine binding step, as with methyl thiouracil, rather than at the iodide trapping step, as with thiocyanate. Chronic treatment of mice with DHP, as with 6-methyl thiouracil, increased the avidity of the thyroid in taking up 125I. The major conjugated form of DHP in mammals, DHP-3-O-glucuronide, was almost as effective a goitrogen as the unconjugated compound when given by mouth but considerably less active than the free form in the blood stream. It was concluded that DHP is a potent antithyroid compound of the thiouracil type with low general toxicity, since mammals can tolerate a level of intake sufficient to produce goitre in spite of iodine supplementation.", "contents": "The goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, a ruminal metabolite from Leucaena leucocephala: effects in mice and rats. Mice fed a diet containing 1% (w/w) 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (DHP) developed goitre even with a diet high in iodine whereas mimosine (0.5% w/w) did not produce goitre even with a low-iodine diet. Thyroid enlargement was apparent (measured morphometrically) by the 7th week and was advanced by the 11th week. Histologically the goitre was hyperplastic in type. No marked histological changes were found in other organs of mice fed DHP or any organs of mice fed mimosine, except for some atrophy of hair follicles. A single intragastric dose of DHP inhibited the uptake of 125I by the thyroid in the rat but an equivalent dose of mimosine did not. Evidence is presented that the inhibition occurs at the iodine binding step, as with methyl thiouracil, rather than at the iodide trapping step, as with thiocyanate. Chronic treatment of mice with DHP, as with 6-methyl thiouracil, increased the avidity of the thyroid in taking up 125I. The major conjugated form of DHP in mammals, DHP-3-O-glucuronide, was almost as effective a goitrogen as the unconjugated compound when given by mouth but considerably less active than the free form in the blood stream. It was concluded that DHP is a potent antithyroid compound of the thiouracil type with low general toxicity, since mammals can tolerate a level of intake sufficient to produce goitre in spite of iodine supplementation.", "PMID": 90499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12013", "title": "Immunological similarities of mammalian xanthine oxidases.", "content": "The degree of relatedness among mammalian xanthine oxidases (XO) was determined by microcomplement fixation. Rabbit anti bovine milk XO serum was tested against xanthine oxidase (homologous protein) and against the heterologous proteins of bovine liver, monkey liver, rat liver, lactating cow serum, nonlactating cow serum, and steer serum. The indices of dissimilarity for the heterologous proteins were expressed as units of immunological distance and the percent sequence differences among these proteins inferred from the y = 5x relationship where y is immunological distance and x is percent sequence difference. Rat liver XO differed by approximately 27% in amino acid sequence from bovine milk XO. In order of increasing immunological distance from bovine milk XO, the sources of XO ranked as follows: lactating cow serum less than nonlactating cow serum less than steer serum = beef liver less than monkey liver less rat liver. The monkey ranked much closer than the rat in order of phylogenetic kinship to the cow. Starch gel electrophoresis of liver, milk, and serum showed that the milk and the serum contained only cationic forms of xanthine oxidase while all the liver samples tested contained cationic as well as anionic forms of the enzyme. The electrophoretic mobility properties of xanthine oxidase confirmed the polymorphic nature of the enzyme as revealed by the immunological data.", "contents": "Immunological similarities of mammalian xanthine oxidases. The degree of relatedness among mammalian xanthine oxidases (XO) was determined by microcomplement fixation. Rabbit anti bovine milk XO serum was tested against xanthine oxidase (homologous protein) and against the heterologous proteins of bovine liver, monkey liver, rat liver, lactating cow serum, nonlactating cow serum, and steer serum. The indices of dissimilarity for the heterologous proteins were expressed as units of immunological distance and the percent sequence differences among these proteins inferred from the y = 5x relationship where y is immunological distance and x is percent sequence difference. Rat liver XO differed by approximately 27% in amino acid sequence from bovine milk XO. In order of increasing immunological distance from bovine milk XO, the sources of XO ranked as follows: lactating cow serum less than nonlactating cow serum less than steer serum = beef liver less than monkey liver less rat liver. The monkey ranked much closer than the rat in order of phylogenetic kinship to the cow. Starch gel electrophoresis of liver, milk, and serum showed that the milk and the serum contained only cationic forms of xanthine oxidase while all the liver samples tested contained cationic as well as anionic forms of the enzyme. The electrophoretic mobility properties of xanthine oxidase confirmed the polymorphic nature of the enzyme as revealed by the immunological data.", "PMID": 90501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12014", "title": "Quantitative studies of the interaction of cholecalciferol ((vitamin D3) and its metabolites with different genetic variants of the serum binding protein for these sterols.", "content": "Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its 25-hydroxy metabolite are transported in plasma bound to a specific protein, the binding protein for cholecalciferol and its metabolites (DBP). DBP is identical with the group-specific component (Gc) proteins, which are known to display genetic polymorphism. Studies were conducted to explore whether or not major differences in the transport of cholecalciferol and its biological metabolites might exist among persons with different Gc phenotypes. Detailed quantitative studies were first carried out on the interaction of 25(OH)D3 with DBP in 21 different samples of serum, representing eight different Gc phenotypes. The studies used a filter disc assay method that provided highly reproducible quantitative results with cholecalciferol-related sterols. The Gc phenotypes studied included the three common types (Gc 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2) and several uncommon genetic variants (Gc Ab-Ab, Ab-1, Ab-2, Chip-1, and Chip-2). The binding affinities for 25(OH)D3 observed with these different sera were all fairly similar to each other. More extensive studies were then conducted to compare the binding of four cholecalciferol-related sterols to each of three genetic variants of DBP, by using sera from homozygous persons with the Gc 1-1, Gc 2-2 and Gc Ab-Ab phenotypes. The ligands tested included cholecalciferol, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 24(R) 25(OH)2D3. The affinities of the three genetic types of DBP/Gc protein were found to be similar for each of the four cholecalciferol-related sterols. The apparent association constants for 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were similar (approx. 1--2 x 10(8) M-1); lesser affinities were observed for 1,25(OH)2D3 (kA approx. 1 x 10(7) M-1) and for cholecalciferol (kA approx. 3--4 x 10(5) M-1). Thus the common genetic variants of DBP/Gc protein, and the uncommon genetic variants studied here, all appear to have similar binding properties for cholecalciferol and its several metabolites.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of the interaction of cholecalciferol ((vitamin D3) and its metabolites with different genetic variants of the serum binding protein for these sterols. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its 25-hydroxy metabolite are transported in plasma bound to a specific protein, the binding protein for cholecalciferol and its metabolites (DBP). DBP is identical with the group-specific component (Gc) proteins, which are known to display genetic polymorphism. Studies were conducted to explore whether or not major differences in the transport of cholecalciferol and its biological metabolites might exist among persons with different Gc phenotypes. Detailed quantitative studies were first carried out on the interaction of 25(OH)D3 with DBP in 21 different samples of serum, representing eight different Gc phenotypes. The studies used a filter disc assay method that provided highly reproducible quantitative results with cholecalciferol-related sterols. The Gc phenotypes studied included the three common types (Gc 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2) and several uncommon genetic variants (Gc Ab-Ab, Ab-1, Ab-2, Chip-1, and Chip-2). The binding affinities for 25(OH)D3 observed with these different sera were all fairly similar to each other. More extensive studies were then conducted to compare the binding of four cholecalciferol-related sterols to each of three genetic variants of DBP, by using sera from homozygous persons with the Gc 1-1, Gc 2-2 and Gc Ab-Ab phenotypes. The ligands tested included cholecalciferol, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 24(R) 25(OH)2D3. The affinities of the three genetic types of DBP/Gc protein were found to be similar for each of the four cholecalciferol-related sterols. The apparent association constants for 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were similar (approx. 1--2 x 10(8) M-1); lesser affinities were observed for 1,25(OH)2D3 (kA approx. 1 x 10(7) M-1) and for cholecalciferol (kA approx. 3--4 x 10(5) M-1). Thus the common genetic variants of DBP/Gc protein, and the uncommon genetic variants studied here, all appear to have similar binding properties for cholecalciferol and its several metabolites.", "PMID": 90502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12015", "title": "Unaltered catabolism of desialylated low-density lipoprotein in the pig and in cultured rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Removal of the terminal sialic acid residues from many serum glycoproteins results in exposure of their penultimate galactose residues and rapid clearance from circulation by the liver. Low-density lipoprotein is a glycoprotein containing 21 galactose and 9 sialic acid residues per particle. Studies in this laboratory and others have shown that both the liver and extrahepatic tissues contribute to the degradation of low-density lipoprotein. This study was undertaken to determine whether desialylation of pig low-density lipoprotein alters its removal from circulation. Low-density lipoprotein was incubated at 37 degrees C with an agarose-bound neuraminidase, proteinase-free, from Clostridium perfringens. After 18 h at pH 5.0, 70% of the sialic acid residues were removed. The desialylated 131I-labelled and native 125I-labelled low-density lipoproteins were simultaneously injected into a pig, and their disappearance from plasma was followed for 96 h. The turnovers of the two were identical. In contrast, neuraminidase-treated fetuin was cleared about 200-fold faster than native fetuin. Studies were also performed in cultured rat hepatocytes. Rates of degradation of native and neuraminidase-treated low-density lipoprotein were similar, whereas asialo-fetuin was degraded at six to ten times the rate of native fetuin. Thus desialylation does not appear to alter low-density-lipoprotein catabolism by hepatic or extrahepatic cells.", "contents": "Unaltered catabolism of desialylated low-density lipoprotein in the pig and in cultured rat hepatocytes. Removal of the terminal sialic acid residues from many serum glycoproteins results in exposure of their penultimate galactose residues and rapid clearance from circulation by the liver. Low-density lipoprotein is a glycoprotein containing 21 galactose and 9 sialic acid residues per particle. Studies in this laboratory and others have shown that both the liver and extrahepatic tissues contribute to the degradation of low-density lipoprotein. This study was undertaken to determine whether desialylation of pig low-density lipoprotein alters its removal from circulation. Low-density lipoprotein was incubated at 37 degrees C with an agarose-bound neuraminidase, proteinase-free, from Clostridium perfringens. After 18 h at pH 5.0, 70% of the sialic acid residues were removed. The desialylated 131I-labelled and native 125I-labelled low-density lipoproteins were simultaneously injected into a pig, and their disappearance from plasma was followed for 96 h. The turnovers of the two were identical. In contrast, neuraminidase-treated fetuin was cleared about 200-fold faster than native fetuin. Studies were also performed in cultured rat hepatocytes. Rates of degradation of native and neuraminidase-treated low-density lipoprotein were similar, whereas asialo-fetuin was degraded at six to ten times the rate of native fetuin. Thus desialylation does not appear to alter low-density-lipoprotein catabolism by hepatic or extrahepatic cells.", "PMID": 90503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12016", "title": "Synthetic peptides comprising sequences of the human immunoglobulin E heavy chain capable of releasing histamine.", "content": "On the basis of previous studies on the structure-activity relationship of model polypeptide histamine liberators, a site within the Fc region of immunoglobulin E antibody molecules has been proposed as that responsible for the direct triggering of target mast cells after antigen challenge. Peptides comprising this region of the epsilon-chain have now been synthesized and shown to induce histamine release from normal rat peritoneal mast cells in a selective manner essentially similar to that mediated by anaphylactic antibody-antigen interaction.", "contents": "Synthetic peptides comprising sequences of the human immunoglobulin E heavy chain capable of releasing histamine. On the basis of previous studies on the structure-activity relationship of model polypeptide histamine liberators, a site within the Fc region of immunoglobulin E antibody molecules has been proposed as that responsible for the direct triggering of target mast cells after antigen challenge. Peptides comprising this region of the epsilon-chain have now been synthesized and shown to induce histamine release from normal rat peritoneal mast cells in a selective manner essentially similar to that mediated by anaphylactic antibody-antigen interaction.", "PMID": 90504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12017", "title": "Comparison of human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Structural evidence for three protein classes.", "content": "The structural relationships among human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from placenta, bone, kidney, liver and intestine were investigated by using three criteria. 1. Immunochemical characterization by using monospecific antisera prepared against either the placental isoenzyme or the liver isoenzyme distinguishes two antigenic groups: bone, kidney and liver isoenzymes cross-react with anti-(liver isoenzyme) serum, and the intestinal and placental isoenzymes cross-react with the anti-(placental isoenzyme) antiserum. 2. High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of the 32P-labelled denatured subunits of each enzyme distinguishes three groups of alkaline phosphatase: (a) the liver, bone and kidney isoenzymes, each with a unique isoelectric point in the native form, can be converted into a single form by treatment with neuraminidase; (b) the placental isoenzyme, whose position also shifts after removal of sialic acid; and (c) the intestinal isoenzyme, which is distinct from all other phosphatases and is unaffected by neuraminidase digestion. 3. Finally, we compare the primary structure of each enzyme by partial proteolytic-peptide 'mapping' in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. These results confirm the primary structural identity of liver and kidney isoenzymes and the non-identity of the placental and intestinal forms. These data provide direct experimental support for the existence of at least three alkaline phosphatase genes.", "contents": "Comparison of human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Structural evidence for three protein classes. The structural relationships among human alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from placenta, bone, kidney, liver and intestine were investigated by using three criteria. 1. Immunochemical characterization by using monospecific antisera prepared against either the placental isoenzyme or the liver isoenzyme distinguishes two antigenic groups: bone, kidney and liver isoenzymes cross-react with anti-(liver isoenzyme) serum, and the intestinal and placental isoenzymes cross-react with the anti-(placental isoenzyme) antiserum. 2. High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of the 32P-labelled denatured subunits of each enzyme distinguishes three groups of alkaline phosphatase: (a) the liver, bone and kidney isoenzymes, each with a unique isoelectric point in the native form, can be converted into a single form by treatment with neuraminidase; (b) the placental isoenzyme, whose position also shifts after removal of sialic acid; and (c) the intestinal isoenzyme, which is distinct from all other phosphatases and is unaffected by neuraminidase digestion. 3. Finally, we compare the primary structure of each enzyme by partial proteolytic-peptide 'mapping' in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. These results confirm the primary structural identity of liver and kidney isoenzymes and the non-identity of the placental and intestinal forms. These data provide direct experimental support for the existence of at least three alkaline phosphatase genes.", "PMID": 90505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12018", "title": "Articular cartilage preservation and storage. I. Application of tissue culture techniques to the storage of viable articular cartilage.", "content": "Articular cartilage slice explants were stored under various conditions, including freezing-thawing at various rates by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent, incubating in standard tissue culture medium (MEM Eagle:NCTC 135:15% fetal calf serum) in 5% CO2 and air at 4 degrees, 21 degrees, and 37 degrees C, and incubating in standard tissue culture medium containing 200 micrograms/ml alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 37 degrees C after first ascertaining a dose-response curve of vitamin E. Results indicated that articular cartilage slice explants did not survive freezing or storage at 4 degrees and 21 degrees C as measured by 35S uptake. When stored at 37 degrees C in standard tissue culture in 5% CO2 and air, the slice explants remained viable for up to 60 days. The addition of alpha-tocopherol to the medium resulted in significantly less release of previously incorporated 35Sin stored cartilage slices and significantly less reduction of the amount of hexosamine present in the stored explants. alpha-Tocopherol in the medium also preserved safranin O staining. Thus, the application of tissue culture techniques to the storage of articular cartilage made it possible to preserve cartilage slice explants in a viable, biochemically \"normal\" state.", "contents": "Articular cartilage preservation and storage. I. Application of tissue culture techniques to the storage of viable articular cartilage. Articular cartilage slice explants were stored under various conditions, including freezing-thawing at various rates by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent, incubating in standard tissue culture medium (MEM Eagle:NCTC 135:15% fetal calf serum) in 5% CO2 and air at 4 degrees, 21 degrees, and 37 degrees C, and incubating in standard tissue culture medium containing 200 micrograms/ml alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 37 degrees C after first ascertaining a dose-response curve of vitamin E. Results indicated that articular cartilage slice explants did not survive freezing or storage at 4 degrees and 21 degrees C as measured by 35S uptake. When stored at 37 degrees C in standard tissue culture in 5% CO2 and air, the slice explants remained viable for up to 60 days. The addition of alpha-tocopherol to the medium resulted in significantly less release of previously incorporated 35Sin stored cartilage slices and significantly less reduction of the amount of hexosamine present in the stored explants. alpha-Tocopherol in the medium also preserved safranin O staining. Thus, the application of tissue culture techniques to the storage of articular cartilage made it possible to preserve cartilage slice explants in a viable, biochemically \"normal\" state.", "PMID": 90509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12019", "title": "Anti-allergic properties of a new histamine antagonist, 4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2- [N-methyl-perhydroazepinyl-(4)]-1-(2H)-phthalazinone hydrochloride (azelastine).", "content": "Anti-allergic properties of 4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2 [N-methyl-perhydroazepinyl-(4)]-1-(2H)-phthalazinone hydrochloride (azelastine, A-5610) were investigated focusing the most attention on its decongestive effect. Intravenous injection of azelastine into anesthetized dogs with doses more than 0.1 mg/kg prevented the changes in nasal impedance provoked by histamine sprayed into the nasal cavity. When azelastine was given orally, the minimum effective dose to abolish the impedance reduction due to histamine was 2 mg/kg, in the case of cleamastine the same dose was required. Histamine release from the rat mesentery pieces by the condensation product of N-methyl-homoanisylamine formaldehyde (compound 48/80) (0.005%) was inhibited almost completely by pretreatment with azelastine at the concentrations of 10(-4) to 10(-3) g/ml, and in those concentrations azelastine alone released histamine scarcely. When 5 mg/kg of azelastine was given i.v. to rabbits, the characteristic changes in EEG -- a high-voltage low-frequency pattern -- persisted more than 1 h, but not the least inhibition in arousal response was noted. With the dose of 0.5 mg/kg, diphenhydramine impaired arousal response and slow waves with high amplitude dominantly appeared in EEG.", "contents": "Anti-allergic properties of a new histamine antagonist, 4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2- [N-methyl-perhydroazepinyl-(4)]-1-(2H)-phthalazinone hydrochloride (azelastine). Anti-allergic properties of 4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2 [N-methyl-perhydroazepinyl-(4)]-1-(2H)-phthalazinone hydrochloride (azelastine, A-5610) were investigated focusing the most attention on its decongestive effect. Intravenous injection of azelastine into anesthetized dogs with doses more than 0.1 mg/kg prevented the changes in nasal impedance provoked by histamine sprayed into the nasal cavity. When azelastine was given orally, the minimum effective dose to abolish the impedance reduction due to histamine was 2 mg/kg, in the case of cleamastine the same dose was required. Histamine release from the rat mesentery pieces by the condensation product of N-methyl-homoanisylamine formaldehyde (compound 48/80) (0.005%) was inhibited almost completely by pretreatment with azelastine at the concentrations of 10(-4) to 10(-3) g/ml, and in those concentrations azelastine alone released histamine scarcely. When 5 mg/kg of azelastine was given i.v. to rabbits, the characteristic changes in EEG -- a high-voltage low-frequency pattern -- persisted more than 1 h, but not the least inhibition in arousal response was noted. With the dose of 0.5 mg/kg, diphenhydramine impaired arousal response and slow waves with high amplitude dominantly appeared in EEG.", "PMID": 90510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12020", "title": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719), a new non-antihistaminic drug for immediate hypersensitivity allergies.", "content": "p-Chlorophenylthiobutanol (W-2719) has been found to effectively inhibit immunologic and non-immunologic histamine release and mast cell degranulation. It has been found to effectively suppress passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction not be antihistaminic action, but by inhibiting the release of allergic mediators.", "contents": "4-(p-Chlorophenylthio)butanol (W-2719), a new non-antihistaminic drug for immediate hypersensitivity allergies. p-Chlorophenylthiobutanol (W-2719) has been found to effectively inhibit immunologic and non-immunologic histamine release and mast cell degranulation. It has been found to effectively suppress passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction not be antihistaminic action, but by inhibiting the release of allergic mediators.", "PMID": 90512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12021", "title": "Rapid staining technique for Trichomonas vaginalis. Preliminary report.", "content": "A simple, rapid, staining method for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis has been tested on cultured trichomonads and specimens of vaginal discharge. Fifty-eight stained slides of vaginal discharge were examined and trichomonads were correctly identified in the 31 specimens from patients with confirmed vaginal trichomoniasis. No false-positive results were obtained. This staining procedure could prove a useful addition to wet-film and cultural methods.", "contents": "Rapid staining technique for Trichomonas vaginalis. Preliminary report. A simple, rapid, staining method for the identification of Trichomonas vaginalis has been tested on cultured trichomonads and specimens of vaginal discharge. Fifty-eight stained slides of vaginal discharge were examined and trichomonads were correctly identified in the 31 specimens from patients with confirmed vaginal trichomoniasis. No false-positive results were obtained. This staining procedure could prove a useful addition to wet-film and cultural methods.", "PMID": 90513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12022", "title": "[Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis].", "content": "Technique of counter current immunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.P.) was employed for the diagnosis of V.L. using an antigen grossly extracted (by means of repeated freezing and thawing) from culture of Leishmania. 6 lots of antigen were prepared - in various time - at the same way. Positive results are obtained in V.L. from 83.3 to 94% (according to various lots of antigens). Few false positivity (from 1.4 to 8.8%) are obtained in sera from patients with other diseases (especially) cirrhosis and blood disorders. No positivity in controls (blood donors). The reproducibility of results appear satisfactory. Our results suggested that C.I.E.P., rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of V.L. But false positivity and false negativity limit the value of these test.", "contents": "[Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis]. Technique of counter current immunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.P.) was employed for the diagnosis of V.L. using an antigen grossly extracted (by means of repeated freezing and thawing) from culture of Leishmania. 6 lots of antigen were prepared - in various time - at the same way. Positive results are obtained in V.L. from 83.3 to 94% (according to various lots of antigens). Few false positivity (from 1.4 to 8.8%) are obtained in sera from patients with other diseases (especially) cirrhosis and blood disorders. No positivity in controls (blood donors). The reproducibility of results appear satisfactory. Our results suggested that C.I.E.P., rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of V.L. But false positivity and false negativity limit the value of these test.", "PMID": 90514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12023", "title": "Identification of mouse bone marrow colony growth in agar-cultures by the nitroblue tetrazolium dye.", "content": "Identification of mouse bone marrow colony growth in soft agar cultures has been realized by layering of the plates with nitroblue tetrazolium at the concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies appear dark-blue coloured on the yellow surrounding medium and can be fixed, stored at 4 degrees C and counted few days later. This method allows the cultures to be assessed macroscopically and makes a better enumeration of small clusters even if spread and consisting of only 30-40 cells.", "contents": "Identification of mouse bone marrow colony growth in agar-cultures by the nitroblue tetrazolium dye. Identification of mouse bone marrow colony growth in soft agar cultures has been realized by layering of the plates with nitroblue tetrazolium at the concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies appear dark-blue coloured on the yellow surrounding medium and can be fixed, stored at 4 degrees C and counted few days later. This method allows the cultures to be assessed macroscopically and makes a better enumeration of small clusters even if spread and consisting of only 30-40 cells.", "PMID": 90515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12024", "title": "Location of the antigenic determinants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "Four antigenic regions of native bovine pancreatic ribonuclease have been located by using antibodies that react specifically with segments 1--13, 31--79, and 80--124. These antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography on columns to which these peptide segments were bound. Analysis of precipitin curves indicates that there are at least three antigenic determinants to which antibody molecules can bind simultaneously in the presence of excess antibodies. Analysis of binding data, however, for each purified specific antibody preparation, carried out by the method of Berzofsky et al. [Berzofsky, J. A., Curd, J. G., & Schechter, A. N. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 2113], leads to an estimate of four for the number of antigenic determinants in ribonuclease; this estimate had also been made earlier by Stelos et al. [Stelos, P., Fothergill, J. E., & Singer, S. J. (1960) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 6034]. We find that one determinant is associated with each of segments 1--13 and 80--124 and two with segment 31--79. No antigenic activity could be detected for segment 14--29 either in native ribonuclease or in the free fragment. These conclusions are based on (1) the use of specific peptides to isolate purified antibodies by affinity chromatography, (2) immunoprecipitation of an antigenic peptide from the peptic digest of ribonuclease, (3) competitive inhibition studies with various peptide and protein fragments [cyanogen bromide fragments 1--13, 31--79, and 80--124, the tryptic peptides 40--61 and 105--224, S-peptide, S-protein, and des(121--124)-RNase], and (4) comparison and evaluation of the published effects on antigenicity of chemical and enzymatic modifications and changes in sequence among homologous ribonucleases. These approaches provide evidence that the four antigenic determinants are localized around the alpha-helical portion of segment 1--10, somewhere in segment 40--61, at the beta bend in segment 63--75, and either at the beta bend or beta sheet in segment 87--104 of native ribonuclease.", "contents": "Location of the antigenic determinants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Four antigenic regions of native bovine pancreatic ribonuclease have been located by using antibodies that react specifically with segments 1--13, 31--79, and 80--124. These antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography on columns to which these peptide segments were bound. Analysis of precipitin curves indicates that there are at least three antigenic determinants to which antibody molecules can bind simultaneously in the presence of excess antibodies. Analysis of binding data, however, for each purified specific antibody preparation, carried out by the method of Berzofsky et al. [Berzofsky, J. A., Curd, J. G., & Schechter, A. N. (1976) Biochemistry, 15, 2113], leads to an estimate of four for the number of antigenic determinants in ribonuclease; this estimate had also been made earlier by Stelos et al. [Stelos, P., Fothergill, J. E., & Singer, S. J. (1960) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 6034]. We find that one determinant is associated with each of segments 1--13 and 80--124 and two with segment 31--79. No antigenic activity could be detected for segment 14--29 either in native ribonuclease or in the free fragment. These conclusions are based on (1) the use of specific peptides to isolate purified antibodies by affinity chromatography, (2) immunoprecipitation of an antigenic peptide from the peptic digest of ribonuclease, (3) competitive inhibition studies with various peptide and protein fragments [cyanogen bromide fragments 1--13, 31--79, and 80--124, the tryptic peptides 40--61 and 105--224, S-peptide, S-protein, and des(121--124)-RNase], and (4) comparison and evaluation of the published effects on antigenicity of chemical and enzymatic modifications and changes in sequence among homologous ribonucleases. These approaches provide evidence that the four antigenic determinants are localized around the alpha-helical portion of segment 1--10, somewhere in segment 40--61, at the beta bend in segment 63--75, and either at the beta bend or beta sheet in segment 87--104 of native ribonuclease.", "PMID": 90520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12025", "title": "Enzymic O-glycosylation of synthetic peptides from sequences in basic myelin protein.", "content": "Nine synthetic peptides containing sequences in the region of a threonine residue at position 98 of bovine basic myelin protein were prepared by the Merrifield solid-phase method and tested for their ability to be glycosylated with [14C]uridinediphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine and a crude detergent-solubilized preparation of uridinediphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine:mucin polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase obtained from porcine submaxillary glands. The tetrapeptide Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro and all larger peptides containing this sequence were glycosylated. The glycosylation was greater for peptides containing residues N-terminal to the Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro. Under the conditions used, the peptide Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro was glycoslyated twice as much as bovine basic myelin protein. Thr-Pro and Thr-Pro-Pro, as well as 10 other synthetic peptides which did not contain the Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro sequence, were not glycosylated. Treatment of the glycopeptide of Phe-Lys-Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser with an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase released N-acetylgalactosamine from the peptide, indicating that the hexosamine was covalently bonded to the peptide in an alpha linkage.", "contents": "Enzymic O-glycosylation of synthetic peptides from sequences in basic myelin protein. Nine synthetic peptides containing sequences in the region of a threonine residue at position 98 of bovine basic myelin protein were prepared by the Merrifield solid-phase method and tested for their ability to be glycosylated with [14C]uridinediphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine and a crude detergent-solubilized preparation of uridinediphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine:mucin polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase obtained from porcine submaxillary glands. The tetrapeptide Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro and all larger peptides containing this sequence were glycosylated. The glycosylation was greater for peptides containing residues N-terminal to the Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro. Under the conditions used, the peptide Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro was glycoslyated twice as much as bovine basic myelin protein. Thr-Pro and Thr-Pro-Pro, as well as 10 other synthetic peptides which did not contain the Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro sequence, were not glycosylated. Treatment of the glycopeptide of Phe-Lys-Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser with an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase released N-acetylgalactosamine from the peptide, indicating that the hexosamine was covalently bonded to the peptide in an alpha linkage.", "PMID": 90521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12026", "title": "Characterization of an RNA-directed DNA-polymerase from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in mice.", "content": "An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in NIH Swiss mice which produced non-infectious type C virus particles. The enzyme was isolated from a high speed particulate fraction which bands at a density of 1.16--1.19 g/ml in a sucrose gradient, and purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 7.5, a KCl optimum of 50 mM, and a Mn2+ optimum of 0.25 mM. It prefers (dT)15 . (A)n to (dT)15 . (dA)n as the primer template and transcribes the poly(C) strand of (dG)15 .(C)n and (dG)15 . (OMeC)n. It transcribes heteropolymeric regions of avian myeloblastosis virus 70 S RNA, and is inhibited by antiserum to Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase. Comparison of the properties of DNA polymerase purified from radiation-induced lymphoma cells with the DNA polymerase purified from non-defective murine type C RNA tumor viruses shows that the mouse lymphoma enzyme is both biochemically and immunologically related to murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Characterization of an RNA-directed DNA-polymerase from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in mice. An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from a cell line derived from a radiation-induced lymphoma in NIH Swiss mice which produced non-infectious type C virus particles. The enzyme was isolated from a high speed particulate fraction which bands at a density of 1.16--1.19 g/ml in a sucrose gradient, and purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 7.5, a KCl optimum of 50 mM, and a Mn2+ optimum of 0.25 mM. It prefers (dT)15 . (A)n to (dT)15 . (dA)n as the primer template and transcribes the poly(C) strand of (dG)15 .(C)n and (dG)15 . (OMeC)n. It transcribes heteropolymeric regions of avian myeloblastosis virus 70 S RNA, and is inhibited by antiserum to Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase. Comparison of the properties of DNA polymerase purified from radiation-induced lymphoma cells with the DNA polymerase purified from non-defective murine type C RNA tumor viruses shows that the mouse lymphoma enzyme is both biochemically and immunologically related to murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases.", "PMID": 90522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12027", "title": "Regulation of endogenous virus production by bromodeoxyuridine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or bromodeoxyuridine can enhance RNA type-C virus production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The resultant effect of simultaneous treatment of cells with 1 mM cyclic AMP and 65 muM bromodeoxyuridine is greater than their additive effects when used separately. The increase in virus production does not seem to involve viral gene amplification, but correlates with an increase in viral RNA transcription. The virus is also shown immunologically to be unique to the Chinese hamster cells and does not appear to be a result of external infection by other common laboratory type-C viruses. The control of this endogenous viral genomic expression may therefore by proposed to be under the normal Chinese hamster gene regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Regulation of endogenous virus production by bromodeoxyuridine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Either dibutyryl cyclic AMP or bromodeoxyuridine can enhance RNA type-C virus production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The resultant effect of simultaneous treatment of cells with 1 mM cyclic AMP and 65 muM bromodeoxyuridine is greater than their additive effects when used separately. The increase in virus production does not seem to involve viral gene amplification, but correlates with an increase in viral RNA transcription. The virus is also shown immunologically to be unique to the Chinese hamster cells and does not appear to be a result of external infection by other common laboratory type-C viruses. The control of this endogenous viral genomic expression may therefore by proposed to be under the normal Chinese hamster gene regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 90523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12028", "title": "Effect of alamethicin, gramicidin S and melittin upon the particulate guanylate cyclase from rat lung.", "content": "The channel-forming antibiotic alamethicin activated rat lung particulate guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.2), and the activated enzyme was further stimulated by sodium nitroprusside when a thiol such as 2-mercaptoethanol was present. Similar effects were seen with the antibiotic gramicidin S and with melittin, a polypeptide purified from bee venom. All of these agents are amphiphilic polypeptides. Nitroprusside was not able to stimulate both particulate and soluble enzyme treated with the nonionic amphiphile, Lubrol PX, suggesting that the membrane-active polypeptides had a different mechanism of action. These polypeptides are known to alter the membrane matrix by binding to phospholipid, and we suggest that this alteration allowed greater access of substrate and of nitroprusside to the enzyme. Lubrol PX, however, may interact preferentially with the enzyme, and thus block nitroprusside activation. The most potent of these agents was melittin, which stimulated nitroprusside activation at a concentration which had little effect by itself (7 microns), and at which others have demonstrated lytic effects on cells.", "contents": "Effect of alamethicin, gramicidin S and melittin upon the particulate guanylate cyclase from rat lung. The channel-forming antibiotic alamethicin activated rat lung particulate guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.2), and the activated enzyme was further stimulated by sodium nitroprusside when a thiol such as 2-mercaptoethanol was present. Similar effects were seen with the antibiotic gramicidin S and with melittin, a polypeptide purified from bee venom. All of these agents are amphiphilic polypeptides. Nitroprusside was not able to stimulate both particulate and soluble enzyme treated with the nonionic amphiphile, Lubrol PX, suggesting that the membrane-active polypeptides had a different mechanism of action. These polypeptides are known to alter the membrane matrix by binding to phospholipid, and we suggest that this alteration allowed greater access of substrate and of nitroprusside to the enzyme. Lubrol PX, however, may interact preferentially with the enzyme, and thus block nitroprusside activation. The most potent of these agents was melittin, which stimulated nitroprusside activation at a concentration which had little effect by itself (7 microns), and at which others have demonstrated lytic effects on cells.", "PMID": 90524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12029", "title": "Circular dichroic analysis of the secondary structure of myelin basic protein and derived peptides bound to detergents and to lipid vesicles.", "content": "In aqueous solution bovine myelin basic protein exhibits no significant alpha-helical or beta-pleated sheet structure. However, in vivo this protein is associated largely with the myelin membrane: experiments have therefore been performed to determine the structure of the protein when bound to lipid bilayers. Circular dichroism spectra show that this protein undergoes a major conformational change on binding to lipid bilayer vesicles formed from diacylphosphatidylserine or diacylphosphatidic acid, and on binding to micelles of several detergents. Association with diacylphosphatidylcholine failed to induce a structural change: this observation is interpreted in terms of an earlier report that lysophosphatidylcholine does increase the alpha-helical content of basic protein. These circular dichroism measurements and studies of the binding to the bilayer-forming lipids appear to provide support for significant hydrophobic lipid-protein interactions. Similar studies using two peptides produced by cleavf basic protein indicate that a major structure-forming region in the middle of the protein has been disrupted by this scission.", "contents": "Circular dichroic analysis of the secondary structure of myelin basic protein and derived peptides bound to detergents and to lipid vesicles. In aqueous solution bovine myelin basic protein exhibits no significant alpha-helical or beta-pleated sheet structure. However, in vivo this protein is associated largely with the myelin membrane: experiments have therefore been performed to determine the structure of the protein when bound to lipid bilayers. Circular dichroism spectra show that this protein undergoes a major conformational change on binding to lipid bilayer vesicles formed from diacylphosphatidylserine or diacylphosphatidic acid, and on binding to micelles of several detergents. Association with diacylphosphatidylcholine failed to induce a structural change: this observation is interpreted in terms of an earlier report that lysophosphatidylcholine does increase the alpha-helical content of basic protein. These circular dichroism measurements and studies of the binding to the bilayer-forming lipids appear to provide support for significant hydrophobic lipid-protein interactions. Similar studies using two peptides produced by cleavf basic protein indicate that a major structure-forming region in the middle of the protein has been disrupted by this scission.", "PMID": 90525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12030", "title": "Binding of bilirubin by bovine and human alpha-fetoprotein.", "content": "alpha-Fetoprotein, a fetal protein associated with certain tumors, was found to bind bilirubin. Addition of human or bovine alpha-fetoprotein to bilirubin solutions enhanced the light absorbance of bilirubin and shifted its  maximum. Bovine alpha-fetoprotein caused a marked shift towards shorter wavelengths, while human alpha-fetoprotein gave a slight red shift. The spectral changes were used to study the characteristics of the binding of bilirubin by bovine alpha-fetoprotein. These studies indicated the presence of one binding site/molecule of alpha-fetoprotein with an association constant of about 1.1 . 10(6) M-1. A difference between the spectral changes brought about by alpha-fetoprotein and albumin allowed comparison of their relative affinities for bilirubin. The spectrum approximated the average between the spectra induced by the two proteins when the ratio of bovine alpha-fetoprotein to bovine albumin was 6.3 : 1, and of the human proteins 21 : 1, respectively. These results show that alpha-fetoprotein from two species binds bilirubin with an affinity somewhat lower than that of albumin. Binding of bilirubin by alpha-fetoprotein is in agreement with the recent demonstration of structural homology between alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. Whether alpha-fetoprotein plays a role in the metabolism of bilirubin or other degradation products of heme remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Binding of bilirubin by bovine and human alpha-fetoprotein. alpha-Fetoprotein, a fetal protein associated with certain tumors, was found to bind bilirubin. Addition of human or bovine alpha-fetoprotein to bilirubin solutions enhanced the light absorbance of bilirubin and shifted its  maximum. Bovine alpha-fetoprotein caused a marked shift towards shorter wavelengths, while human alpha-fetoprotein gave a slight red shift. The spectral changes were used to study the characteristics of the binding of bilirubin by bovine alpha-fetoprotein. These studies indicated the presence of one binding site/molecule of alpha-fetoprotein with an association constant of about 1.1 . 10(6) M-1. A difference between the spectral changes brought about by alpha-fetoprotein and albumin allowed comparison of their relative affinities for bilirubin. The spectrum approximated the average between the spectra induced by the two proteins when the ratio of bovine alpha-fetoprotein to bovine albumin was 6.3 : 1, and of the human proteins 21 : 1, respectively. These results show that alpha-fetoprotein from two species binds bilirubin with an affinity somewhat lower than that of albumin. Binding of bilirubin by alpha-fetoprotein is in agreement with the recent demonstration of structural homology between alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. Whether alpha-fetoprotein plays a role in the metabolism of bilirubin or other degradation products of heme remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 90526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12031", "title": "Inhibition of lipolysis in hamster epididymal adipocytes by selective alpha-adrenergic agents. Evidence for cyclic AMP-dependent and independent mechanisms.", "content": "In this study the role of cyclic AMP in the antilpolytic effect of the alpha-adrenergic agents methoxamine and phenylephrine in hamster epididymal adipocytes was studied. Both methozamine and phenylephrine lowered the very high levels of cyclic AMP that were produced by high concentrations of isoproterenol (10 muM) or ACTH (100 MU/ml), and partially inhibited lipolysis. When lower concentrations of isoproterenol were used, the antilipolytic effect of phenylephrine and methoxamine was still evident. Under these conditions methoxamine produced a slight suppression of cyclic AMP levels while phenylephrine increased accumulation of cyclic AMP. It follows, therefore, that the inhibition of lipolysis by the alpha agents is most likely unrelated to changes in cyclic AMP levels; in contrast, phenylephrine promoted lipolysis and increased cyclic AMP levels. When the stimulus for lipolysis was provided by methylxanthines a different picture emerged. Methoxamine antagonized lipolysis and lowered cyclic AMP levels. In the presence of propranolol, phenylephrine lowered cyclic AMP levels and suppressed methylxanthine-accelerated lipolysis. It is suggested that when methy xanthines provide the stimulus for lipolysis the antilipolytic effect of methoxamine and phenylephrine (in the presence of propranolol) may be mediated by the suppression in cyclic AMP levels.", "contents": "Inhibition of lipolysis in hamster epididymal adipocytes by selective alpha-adrenergic agents. Evidence for cyclic AMP-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study the role of cyclic AMP in the antilpolytic effect of the alpha-adrenergic agents methoxamine and phenylephrine in hamster epididymal adipocytes was studied. Both methozamine and phenylephrine lowered the very high levels of cyclic AMP that were produced by high concentrations of isoproterenol (10 muM) or ACTH (100 MU/ml), and partially inhibited lipolysis. When lower concentrations of isoproterenol were used, the antilipolytic effect of phenylephrine and methoxamine was still evident. Under these conditions methoxamine produced a slight suppression of cyclic AMP levels while phenylephrine increased accumulation of cyclic AMP. It follows, therefore, that the inhibition of lipolysis by the alpha agents is most likely unrelated to changes in cyclic AMP levels; in contrast, phenylephrine promoted lipolysis and increased cyclic AMP levels. When the stimulus for lipolysis was provided by methylxanthines a different picture emerged. Methoxamine antagonized lipolysis and lowered cyclic AMP levels. In the presence of propranolol, phenylephrine lowered cyclic AMP levels and suppressed methylxanthine-accelerated lipolysis. It is suggested that when methy xanthines provide the stimulus for lipolysis the antilipolytic effect of methoxamine and phenylephrine (in the presence of propranolol) may be mediated by the suppression in cyclic AMP levels.", "PMID": 90527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12032", "title": "Relations between fatty acids and oestrogen binding properties of pure rat alpha 1-foetoprotein.", "content": "A delipidation procedure based on treatment with charcoal at pH 3 has been applied to highly purified rat alpha 1-foetoprotein preparations. The oestrogen binding properties of the delipidated proteins have been studied with an equilibrium dialysis technique, and compared with the properties of the untreated foetal protein, as well as those of preparations reconstituted from the defatted alpha 1-foetoprotein and the removed lipids. An important increase has been evidenced for the binding levels of oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta and diethylstilboestrol by the delipidated alpha 1-foetoprotein. A reversal of this effect has been obtained by incubating the delipidated protein either with the lipids extracted from the purified alpha 1-foetoprotein or with a potent competitor of the rat alpha 1-foetoprotein-oestrogen interaction, designated as 'L', previously demonstrated and isolated from whole rat sera, and tentatively characterized as a mixture of fatty acids. Scatchard analysis of the oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta binding parameters show that the enhanced fixation of the hormones after defatting is primarily due to a two-fold increase of the apparent number of binding sites/mol alpha 1-foetoprotein. The results are interpreted in terms of the probable, at least partial, identity between the lipids closely associated with the pure alpha 1-foetoprotein and the fatty acid mixture 'L' isolated from whole sera. The possible biological role of complex interplay between oestrophilic alpha 1-foetoproteins, phenolsteroids and fatty acids in the control of oestrogen levels during development is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Relations between fatty acids and oestrogen binding properties of pure rat alpha 1-foetoprotein. A delipidation procedure based on treatment with charcoal at pH 3 has been applied to highly purified rat alpha 1-foetoprotein preparations. The oestrogen binding properties of the delipidated proteins have been studied with an equilibrium dialysis technique, and compared with the properties of the untreated foetal protein, as well as those of preparations reconstituted from the defatted alpha 1-foetoprotein and the removed lipids. An important increase has been evidenced for the binding levels of oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta and diethylstilboestrol by the delipidated alpha 1-foetoprotein. A reversal of this effect has been obtained by incubating the delipidated protein either with the lipids extracted from the purified alpha 1-foetoprotein or with a potent competitor of the rat alpha 1-foetoprotein-oestrogen interaction, designated as 'L', previously demonstrated and isolated from whole rat sera, and tentatively characterized as a mixture of fatty acids. Scatchard analysis of the oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta binding parameters show that the enhanced fixation of the hormones after defatting is primarily due to a two-fold increase of the apparent number of binding sites/mol alpha 1-foetoprotein. The results are interpreted in terms of the probable, at least partial, identity between the lipids closely associated with the pure alpha 1-foetoprotein and the fatty acid mixture 'L' isolated from whole sera. The possible biological role of complex interplay between oestrophilic alpha 1-foetoproteins, phenolsteroids and fatty acids in the control of oestrogen levels during development is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 90528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12033", "title": "[Interaction between alpha-2 macroglobulin and trypsin with synthetic trypsin inhibitors].", "content": "The complex formed between trypsin (Tn) and alpha 2 Macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) retains the whole hydrolytic activity of the enzyme for synthetic substrates. Moreover synthetic inhibitors of low molecular weight stiel inhibit this activity. A comparative study of three inhibitors (Benzylamine, Butylamine, Benzamidine) has been carried out and shows that their behavior is similar. These inhibitors bind trypsin when it is bound to alpha 2 M and reciprocally alpha 2 M can bind Tn-inhibitor complex. Nevertheless the dissociation constant of the enzyme-inhibitor complex (Ki) is increased by alpha 2 M. In the case of Benzamidine the value of Ki is 2.22.10(-5) M for native enzyme and 13.4.10(-5) M for Tn-alpha 2 M and in the case of Butylamine this value increases from 0.5.10(-3) M to 2.95.10(-3) M. These variations of the Ki values are due to the modification of the accessibility of the inhibitor to the active site. Unpublished results show that the alpha 2 M molecule undergoes a deep structural modification in the course of the complex formation, which must lead to an increase of the value of Ki. This structural modification is probably irreversible so that the alpha 2 M complex has never been dissociated without altering the alpha 2 M molecule. The increase of the values of Ki cannot therefore result in an effective decrease of the association constant of the Tn-alpha 2 M complex.", "contents": "[Interaction between alpha-2 macroglobulin and trypsin with synthetic trypsin inhibitors]. The complex formed between trypsin (Tn) and alpha 2 Macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) retains the whole hydrolytic activity of the enzyme for synthetic substrates. Moreover synthetic inhibitors of low molecular weight stiel inhibit this activity. A comparative study of three inhibitors (Benzylamine, Butylamine, Benzamidine) has been carried out and shows that their behavior is similar. These inhibitors bind trypsin when it is bound to alpha 2 M and reciprocally alpha 2 M can bind Tn-inhibitor complex. Nevertheless the dissociation constant of the enzyme-inhibitor complex (Ki) is increased by alpha 2 M. In the case of Benzamidine the value of Ki is 2.22.10(-5) M for native enzyme and 13.4.10(-5) M for Tn-alpha 2 M and in the case of Butylamine this value increases from 0.5.10(-3) M to 2.95.10(-3) M. These variations of the Ki values are due to the modification of the accessibility of the inhibitor to the active site. Unpublished results show that the alpha 2 M molecule undergoes a deep structural modification in the course of the complex formation, which must lead to an increase of the value of Ki. This structural modification is probably irreversible so that the alpha 2 M complex has never been dissociated without altering the alpha 2 M molecule. The increase of the values of Ki cannot therefore result in an effective decrease of the association constant of the Tn-alpha 2 M complex.", "PMID": 90529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12034", "title": "Drug allergy: in vitro cross-allergenicity between amoxicillin and benzyl penicillin.", "content": "The capacity of amoxicillin to elicit allergenic reactions in vitro was determined on benzyl-penicillin sensitive patients. RAST and histamine release were performed on blood of these patients using B pen linked to human serum albumin (BPO-HSA) as allergen. A relationship was noted between the results of the in vitro tests and the date of the allergic manifestations. When results of RAST and histamine release were significant, amoxicillin was tested for its capacity to elicit histamine release and to inhibit RAST performed with BPO-HSA. A cross-allergenicity was observed in six sera out of eight. The results suggested that amoxicillin may be capable to react with cell-bound or serum IgE to give hypersensitive manifestations in some penicillin sensitive patients.", "contents": "Drug allergy: in vitro cross-allergenicity between amoxicillin and benzyl penicillin. The capacity of amoxicillin to elicit allergenic reactions in vitro was determined on benzyl-penicillin sensitive patients. RAST and histamine release were performed on blood of these patients using B pen linked to human serum albumin (BPO-HSA) as allergen. A relationship was noted between the results of the in vitro tests and the date of the allergic manifestations. When results of RAST and histamine release were significant, amoxicillin was tested for its capacity to elicit histamine release and to inhibit RAST performed with BPO-HSA. A cross-allergenicity was observed in six sera out of eight. The results suggested that amoxicillin may be capable to react with cell-bound or serum IgE to give hypersensitive manifestations in some penicillin sensitive patients.", "PMID": 90531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12035", "title": "Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, lactic-dehydrogenase and alpha 2-globulin in lung cancer.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with primary lung cancer were studied in whose blood we found a significant increase in the levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, lactic-dehydrogenase and alpha 2-globulins. The role of copper in pulmonary cancerogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, lactic-dehydrogenase and alpha 2-globulin in lung cancer. Twenty-six patients with primary lung cancer were studied in whose blood we found a significant increase in the levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, lactic-dehydrogenase and alpha 2-globulins. The role of copper in pulmonary cancerogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 90532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12036", "title": "Laminar origin of projections from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis.", "content": "The laminar origin of the efferent projections from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar and to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei has been studied using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections in either the dorsal or the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, cells heavily labeled with the horseradish peroxidase reaction product are restricted primarily to the upper stratum griseum superficiale. These cells have small, fusiform somas with dendrites which extend dorsally and ventrally, perpendicular to the pial surface. In contrast, following injections in the pulvinar, cells labeled with reaction product are restricted primarily to the lower stratum griseum superficiale and to the most superficial part of stratum opticum. These cells typically have larger somas than cells in the upper stratum griseum superficiale, and often have dendrites which emerge horizontally from the cell body. When taken together with previous electrophysiological and anatomical studies, the present findings suggest that there is a laminar subdivision of the tree shrew stratum griseum superficiale, and that these subdivisions project selectively to different thalamic targets.", "contents": "Laminar origin of projections from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. The laminar origin of the efferent projections from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar and to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei has been studied using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections in either the dorsal or the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, cells heavily labeled with the horseradish peroxidase reaction product are restricted primarily to the upper stratum griseum superficiale. These cells have small, fusiform somas with dendrites which extend dorsally and ventrally, perpendicular to the pial surface. In contrast, following injections in the pulvinar, cells labeled with reaction product are restricted primarily to the lower stratum griseum superficiale and to the most superficial part of stratum opticum. These cells typically have larger somas than cells in the upper stratum griseum superficiale, and often have dendrites which emerge horizontally from the cell body. When taken together with previous electrophysiological and anatomical studies, the present findings suggest that there is a laminar subdivision of the tree shrew stratum griseum superficiale, and that these subdivisions project selectively to different thalamic targets.", "PMID": 90538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12037", "title": "Cells of origin of the spinocerebellar tract in the rat, studied with the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellum, the distribution of labeled neurons was studied in the whole length of the spinal cord of the rat. To find the ascending side of the axons, injections were made following hemisections at C1 or between C1 and C2. Labeled spinocerebellar tract neurons were classified into two groups according to the axonal course in the spinal cord; one is composed of neurons with uncrossed ascending axons and the other, neurons with crossed ascending axons. Neurons of origin of the uncrossed tracts were located in the medial part of lamina VI of C2 to C8, the central part of lamina VII of C4 to C8, lamina V of C7 to L3 and Clarke's column. Neurons of origin of the crossed tracts were found in the central cervical nucleus of C1 to C3, the intermediate zone and the ventral horn of the lower thoracic and the lumbar segments (T11 to L3), and in the dorsal horn, the medial part of lamina VII and the ventrolateral part of the ventral horn of the sacral and caudal spinal cord. In comparison with our previous results in the cat, it was suggested that the spinocerebellar system in the rat is organized in the same fashion as in the cat, in terms of the location and the intraspinal axonal course of the cells of origin.", "contents": "Cells of origin of the spinocerebellar tract in the rat, studied with the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cerebellum, the distribution of labeled neurons was studied in the whole length of the spinal cord of the rat. To find the ascending side of the axons, injections were made following hemisections at C1 or between C1 and C2. Labeled spinocerebellar tract neurons were classified into two groups according to the axonal course in the spinal cord; one is composed of neurons with uncrossed ascending axons and the other, neurons with crossed ascending axons. Neurons of origin of the uncrossed tracts were located in the medial part of lamina VI of C2 to C8, the central part of lamina VII of C4 to C8, lamina V of C7 to L3 and Clarke's column. Neurons of origin of the crossed tracts were found in the central cervical nucleus of C1 to C3, the intermediate zone and the ventral horn of the lower thoracic and the lumbar segments (T11 to L3), and in the dorsal horn, the medial part of lamina VII and the ventrolateral part of the ventral horn of the sacral and caudal spinal cord. In comparison with our previous results in the cat, it was suggested that the spinocerebellar system in the rat is organized in the same fashion as in the cat, in terms of the location and the intraspinal axonal course of the cells of origin.", "PMID": 90539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12038", "title": "Axonal transport in early experimental diabetes.", "content": "In the present study fast axonal transport was examined in streptozotocin rats with 4 weeks duration in diabetes. Tritiated leucine and 14C-labelled glucosamine were injected into the fifth lumbar ganglion and TCA-soluble as well as insoluble activity were measured in segments of the sciatic nerve at various time intervals. (1) Time from injection until start of fast axonal transport was prolonged in diabetic rats whereas anterograde transport velocity was unchanged. (2) Incorporation of labelled leucine was reduced by 40%, whereas labelled glucosamine incorporation was unchanged. (3) Alterations observed in accumulations of labelled glycoconjugates proximal and distal to a collection crush might represent a decreased amount of retrograde transported material. The changes found in protein and glycoconjugate synthesis and transport could be related to the early reduction in axon calibre and conduction velocity in peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rat.", "contents": "Axonal transport in early experimental diabetes. In the present study fast axonal transport was examined in streptozotocin rats with 4 weeks duration in diabetes. Tritiated leucine and 14C-labelled glucosamine were injected into the fifth lumbar ganglion and TCA-soluble as well as insoluble activity were measured in segments of the sciatic nerve at various time intervals. (1) Time from injection until start of fast axonal transport was prolonged in diabetic rats whereas anterograde transport velocity was unchanged. (2) Incorporation of labelled leucine was reduced by 40%, whereas labelled glucosamine incorporation was unchanged. (3) Alterations observed in accumulations of labelled glycoconjugates proximal and distal to a collection crush might represent a decreased amount of retrograde transported material. The changes found in protein and glycoconjugate synthesis and transport could be related to the early reduction in axon calibre and conduction velocity in peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rat.", "PMID": 90540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12039", "title": "Effects of anti-white matter serum on myelin and lipid synthesis in brain prisms.", "content": "Tissue prisms prepared by choping whole mouse brain maintained respiratory capacity and ultrastructural integrity of 3 h in vitro. Normal rabbit serum (ca. 25%) caused no morphological change but inhibited the synthesis of galactolipids by the prisms. Heating the serum abolished the inhibition. Complement containing anti-white matter rabbit serum destroyed myelin and inhibited galactolipid synthesis to a greater degree than did normal serum. Structures other than myelin were unaffected by the antiserum. Incubation in the presence of heated anti-white matter serum eliminated the myelin destruction but resulted in specific morphological changes characterized by the doubling of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line. Immunoperoxidase studies suggest specific binding of immunoglobulin to components of myelin located at the intraperiod lone. These changes were similar to those found in organotypic cultures. Heated antiserum did not inhibit galactolipid synthesis but addition of complement (normal guinea pig serum) to the heated antiserum restored only that portion of the inhibition which exceeded that caused by normal serum. Heat labile factors in normal rabbit serum which inhibit myelin lipid synthesis in the prisms must be corrected for in studies in which the heating of serum is used to demonstrate that the effect is complement dependent. The prism system is simpler than that of organotypic cultures and may be useful in the study of myelinotoxic factors.", "contents": "Effects of anti-white matter serum on myelin and lipid synthesis in brain prisms. Tissue prisms prepared by choping whole mouse brain maintained respiratory capacity and ultrastructural integrity of 3 h in vitro. Normal rabbit serum (ca. 25%) caused no morphological change but inhibited the synthesis of galactolipids by the prisms. Heating the serum abolished the inhibition. Complement containing anti-white matter rabbit serum destroyed myelin and inhibited galactolipid synthesis to a greater degree than did normal serum. Structures other than myelin were unaffected by the antiserum. Incubation in the presence of heated anti-white matter serum eliminated the myelin destruction but resulted in specific morphological changes characterized by the doubling of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line. Immunoperoxidase studies suggest specific binding of immunoglobulin to components of myelin located at the intraperiod lone. These changes were similar to those found in organotypic cultures. Heated antiserum did not inhibit galactolipid synthesis but addition of complement (normal guinea pig serum) to the heated antiserum restored only that portion of the inhibition which exceeded that caused by normal serum. Heat labile factors in normal rabbit serum which inhibit myelin lipid synthesis in the prisms must be corrected for in studies in which the heating of serum is used to demonstrate that the effect is complement dependent. The prism system is simpler than that of organotypic cultures and may be useful in the study of myelinotoxic factors.", "PMID": 90541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12040", "title": "[Effect of organochlorine pesticides on the ocular electric response of the white mouse].", "content": "The injection of DDT or HCH resulted in a decrease of the amplitude of b-wave of electroretinograms without any modification of its latency, whereas a-wave remained unchanged. In conclusion, we may say that organochlorous pesticides do not act on photoreceptors or synapses, but they act only on bipolar and ganglionnar neurones.", "contents": "[Effect of organochlorine pesticides on the ocular electric response of the white mouse]. The injection of DDT or HCH resulted in a decrease of the amplitude of b-wave of electroretinograms without any modification of its latency, whereas a-wave remained unchanged. In conclusion, we may say that organochlorous pesticides do not act on photoreceptors or synapses, but they act only on bipolar and ganglionnar neurones.", "PMID": 90547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12041", "title": "[Neovascular glaucoma. Surgical technic].", "content": "We describe a surgical technique we have used in eight cases of neo-vascular glaucoma. Under the scleral flap of a trabeculectomy we insert a sheet of supramid. After a follow-up period of 8 to 24 months, half of the cases have a good functioning filtration bleb.", "contents": "[Neovascular glaucoma. Surgical technic]. We describe a surgical technique we have used in eight cases of neo-vascular glaucoma. Under the scleral flap of a trabeculectomy we insert a sheet of supramid. After a follow-up period of 8 to 24 months, half of the cases have a good functioning filtration bleb.", "PMID": 90548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12042", "title": "Comparative effects of lignocaine and lorcainide on conduction in the Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig heart.", "content": "The effects of lignocaine and lorcainide on conduction through the AV node and the ventricular conduction system have been investigated in the Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig heart. Basal conduction times were estimated at 80 and 120/min; at each frequency extra-stimuli with variable coupling intervals were applied in order to determine the change in conduction velocity and estimate refractory periods. In most of the preparations paced at 80/min premature impulses were blocked at a site distal to the AV node (distal gate). In therapeutic concentrations (1 to 5 mg . litre-1) and at low frequency of stimulation lignocaine did not change basal conduction times but had a definite slowing effect on the conduction of extra-systoles. Slowing of basal conduction times became prominent at higher frequencies of stimulation or at concentrations above 5 mg . litre-1. In all conditions the effect on the ventricular conduction system was more pronounced than on the AV node. Compared with lignocaine, lorcainide was more effective and more selective. Important changes in basal conduction times and in conduction of premature impulses were observed at 0.31 and 0.63 mg . litre-1. The effect on conduction in the ventricular conduction system was more pronounced than on conduction in the AV node. The dose-effect relationship for different parameters was steeper with lorcainide than with lignocaine. At high concentrations of lorcainide (greater than 1.25 mg . litre-1) intermittent block, especially in the ventricular conduction system, was frequently observed.", "contents": "Comparative effects of lignocaine and lorcainide on conduction in the Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig heart. The effects of lignocaine and lorcainide on conduction through the AV node and the ventricular conduction system have been investigated in the Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig heart. Basal conduction times were estimated at 80 and 120/min; at each frequency extra-stimuli with variable coupling intervals were applied in order to determine the change in conduction velocity and estimate refractory periods. In most of the preparations paced at 80/min premature impulses were blocked at a site distal to the AV node (distal gate). In therapeutic concentrations (1 to 5 mg . litre-1) and at low frequency of stimulation lignocaine did not change basal conduction times but had a definite slowing effect on the conduction of extra-systoles. Slowing of basal conduction times became prominent at higher frequencies of stimulation or at concentrations above 5 mg . litre-1. In all conditions the effect on the ventricular conduction system was more pronounced than on the AV node. Compared with lignocaine, lorcainide was more effective and more selective. Important changes in basal conduction times and in conduction of premature impulses were observed at 0.31 and 0.63 mg . litre-1. The effect on conduction in the ventricular conduction system was more pronounced than on conduction in the AV node. The dose-effect relationship for different parameters was steeper with lorcainide than with lignocaine. At high concentrations of lorcainide (greater than 1.25 mg . litre-1) intermittent block, especially in the ventricular conduction system, was frequently observed.", "PMID": 90549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12043", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "The innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle has been investigated ultrastructurally following fixation with a modified chromaffin reaction for the demonstration of biogenic amines (Tranzer and Richards, 1976). Three types of nerve profiles were revealed: (1) 60-70% of the profiles are adrenergic; (2) less than 5% of the profiles appear to be cholinergic; (3) up to 40% of the profiles are distinguished by the presence of a characteristically high proportion of electron-opaque, chromaffin-negative vesicles, 85-110 nm in diameter. This third type of profile was not affected by 6-OHDA, and is considered to represent the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of this tissue. Because of the morphological similarity of this nerve type, apart from the smaller vesicle size, to classical peptidergic nerve endings, they have been termed \"small p-type\" (sp-type). These results are discussed in relation to a previous report describing only two types of nerve profiles in this tissue (Gillespie and L\u00fcllmann-Rauch, 1974).", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves in the rat anococcygeus muscle. The innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle has been investigated ultrastructurally following fixation with a modified chromaffin reaction for the demonstration of biogenic amines (Tranzer and Richards, 1976). Three types of nerve profiles were revealed: (1) 60-70% of the profiles are adrenergic; (2) less than 5% of the profiles appear to be cholinergic; (3) up to 40% of the profiles are distinguished by the presence of a characteristically high proportion of electron-opaque, chromaffin-negative vesicles, 85-110 nm in diameter. This third type of profile was not affected by 6-OHDA, and is considered to represent the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of this tissue. Because of the morphological similarity of this nerve type, apart from the smaller vesicle size, to classical peptidergic nerve endings, they have been termed \"small p-type\" (sp-type). These results are discussed in relation to a previous report describing only two types of nerve profiles in this tissue (Gillespie and L\u00fcllmann-Rauch, 1974).", "PMID": 90550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12044", "title": "Neural inputs to the prefrontal agranular insular cortex in the rat: horseradish peroxidase study.", "content": "The prefrontal cortex, dorsal to the rhinal sulcus of the rat (hereinafter termed the agranular insular cortex) has been examined with the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled perikarya were seen in the region of the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle, consistently rostral to the caudal edge of the posterior mammillary nucleus. These cells were interpreted as being the rostral members of the A10 dopaminergic cell group. Labelled cells were also seen in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ipsilateral pyriform cortex, the contralateral agranular insular cortex, the ipsilateral basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, and the medio-dorsal, ventromedial, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei. Detailed examination of the thalamic input confirmed a differential innervation of the dorsal and ventral regions of the agranular insular cortex. Possible functional correlates of these prefrontal afferents are discussed.", "contents": "Neural inputs to the prefrontal agranular insular cortex in the rat: horseradish peroxidase study. The prefrontal cortex, dorsal to the rhinal sulcus of the rat (hereinafter termed the agranular insular cortex) has been examined with the use of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled perikarya were seen in the region of the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle, consistently rostral to the caudal edge of the posterior mammillary nucleus. These cells were interpreted as being the rostral members of the A10 dopaminergic cell group. Labelled cells were also seen in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the ipsilateral pyriform cortex, the contralateral agranular insular cortex, the ipsilateral basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, and the medio-dorsal, ventromedial, and parafascicular thalamic nuclei. Detailed examination of the thalamic input confirmed a differential innervation of the dorsal and ventral regions of the agranular insular cortex. Possible functional correlates of these prefrontal afferents are discussed.", "PMID": 90546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12045", "title": "Neovascularity related to a mural thrombus.", "content": "This is a case report on an unusual angiographic finding related to a left ventricular mural thrombus. An abnormal vascular blush of contrast was noted on performing coronary arteriography. This was attributed to neovascularity in a left ventricular mural thrombus. This abnormality must be distinguished from vascular fistulas, intracardiac communications, and tumors in making appropriate therapeutic decisions.", "contents": "Neovascularity related to a mural thrombus. This is a case report on an unusual angiographic finding related to a left ventricular mural thrombus. An abnormal vascular blush of contrast was noted on performing coronary arteriography. This was attributed to neovascularity in a left ventricular mural thrombus. This abnormality must be distinguished from vascular fistulas, intracardiac communications, and tumors in making appropriate therapeutic decisions.", "PMID": 90551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12046", "title": "Cell-free synthesis and membrane insertion of mouse H-2Dd histocompatibility antigen and beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "Messenger RNA from SL2 lymphoma cells was translated in a cell-free system in the presence of microsomal membranes. Mouse H-2Dd histocompatibility antigen was correctly assembled in the microsomal membranes, and transmembrane insertion of the nascent chain was accompanied by glycosylation and cleavage of the signal sequence H-2Kd antigens, synthesized in vivo, comprised a transmembrane glycoprotein and an unglycosylated protein in the cytoplasm. The glycosylated forms of the H-2Dd and H-2Kd antigens were modified during intracellular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. beta 2-Microglobulin was also synthesized in vitro, and transfer of this protein into microsomal vesicles was accompanied by cleavage of its signal sequence. In the endoplasmic reticulum, beta-microglobulin can bind to newly synthesized H-2d glycoproteins. The mRNAs coding for beta 2-microglobulin and H-2Dd antigen could be separated on aqueous sucrose gradients.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis and membrane insertion of mouse H-2Dd histocompatibility antigen and beta 2-microglobulin. Messenger RNA from SL2 lymphoma cells was translated in a cell-free system in the presence of microsomal membranes. Mouse H-2Dd histocompatibility antigen was correctly assembled in the microsomal membranes, and transmembrane insertion of the nascent chain was accompanied by glycosylation and cleavage of the signal sequence H-2Kd antigens, synthesized in vivo, comprised a transmembrane glycoprotein and an unglycosylated protein in the cytoplasm. The glycosylated forms of the H-2Dd and H-2Kd antigens were modified during intracellular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. beta 2-Microglobulin was also synthesized in vitro, and transfer of this protein into microsomal vesicles was accompanied by cleavage of its signal sequence. In the endoplasmic reticulum, beta-microglobulin can bind to newly synthesized H-2d glycoproteins. The mRNAs coding for beta 2-microglobulin and H-2Dd antigen could be separated on aqueous sucrose gradients.", "PMID": 90552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12047", "title": "Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine.", "content": "Three new mesenchymal phenotypes were expressed in cultures of Swiss 3T3 and C3H/10T1/2CL8 mouse cells treated with 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. These phenotypes were characterized as contractile striated muscle cells, biochemically differentiated adipocytes and chondrocytes capable of the biosynthesis of cartilage-specific proteins. The number of muscle and fat cells which appeared in treated cultures was dependent upon the concentration of 5-azacytidine used, but the chondrocyte phenotype was not expressed frequently enough for quantitation. The differentiated cell types were only observed several days or weeks after treatment with the analog, implying that cell division was obligatory for the expression of the new phenotypes. Oncogenically transformed C3H/10T1/2CL8 cells also developed muscle cells after exposure to 5-azacytidine, but at a reduced rate when compared to the parent line. Five subclones of the 10T1/2 line which were the progeny of single cells all expressed both the muscle and fat phenotypes following 5-azacytidine treatment. The effects of the analog are therefore not due to the selection of preexisting myoblasts or adipocytes in the cell populations. Rather, it is possible that 5-azacytidine, after incorporation into DNA, causes a reversion to a more pluripotential state from which the new phenotypes subsequently differentiate.", "contents": "Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine. Three new mesenchymal phenotypes were expressed in cultures of Swiss 3T3 and C3H/10T1/2CL8 mouse cells treated with 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. These phenotypes were characterized as contractile striated muscle cells, biochemically differentiated adipocytes and chondrocytes capable of the biosynthesis of cartilage-specific proteins. The number of muscle and fat cells which appeared in treated cultures was dependent upon the concentration of 5-azacytidine used, but the chondrocyte phenotype was not expressed frequently enough for quantitation. The differentiated cell types were only observed several days or weeks after treatment with the analog, implying that cell division was obligatory for the expression of the new phenotypes. Oncogenically transformed C3H/10T1/2CL8 cells also developed muscle cells after exposure to 5-azacytidine, but at a reduced rate when compared to the parent line. Five subclones of the 10T1/2 line which were the progeny of single cells all expressed both the muscle and fat phenotypes following 5-azacytidine treatment. The effects of the analog are therefore not due to the selection of preexisting myoblasts or adipocytes in the cell populations. Rather, it is possible that 5-azacytidine, after incorporation into DNA, causes a reversion to a more pluripotential state from which the new phenotypes subsequently differentiate.", "PMID": 90553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12048", "title": "[Ultrastructural identification of the nucleolus organizer by the silver staining technic].", "content": "The nucleolus organizer regions can be selectively stained in metaphase chromosome preparations by the Goodpasture and Bloom's technique which was adapted to electron microscopy analysis of cells during interphase. Using this technique, a selective accumulation of silver grains was observed over nucleolus light areas. This selective accumulation allows the identification of the interphase fibrillar centers as the nucleolus organizer regions. Ultrastructural relationships between fibrillar centers and dense fibrillar component are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural identification of the nucleolus organizer by the silver staining technic]. The nucleolus organizer regions can be selectively stained in metaphase chromosome preparations by the Goodpasture and Bloom's technique which was adapted to electron microscopy analysis of cells during interphase. Using this technique, a selective accumulation of silver grains was observed over nucleolus light areas. This selective accumulation allows the identification of the interphase fibrillar centers as the nucleolus organizer regions. Ultrastructural relationships between fibrillar centers and dense fibrillar component are discussed.", "PMID": 90561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12049", "title": "[Histamine production in mixed culture between allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes].", "content": "An increased production of histamine has been demonstrated during mixed cultures between allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes. This phenomenon could result from the action of a non-dialysable factor released by recipient cells in the presence of donor cells. This factor is able to increase histamine production from normal spleen cells. Little or no increase in histamine production is found during primary and mixed lymphocyte cultures (without previous allograft).", "contents": "[Histamine production in mixed culture between allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes]. An increased production of histamine has been demonstrated during mixed cultures between allograft donor and recipient lymphocytes. This phenomenon could result from the action of a non-dialysable factor released by recipient cells in the presence of donor cells. This factor is able to increase histamine production from normal spleen cells. Little or no increase in histamine production is found during primary and mixed lymphocyte cultures (without previous allograft).", "PMID": 90562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12050", "title": "The use of fluorescein conjugated antisera to identify proteins on stained and dried electrophoresis strips.", "content": "Paraprotein bands discovered on routine electrophoresis may be identified immunologically without repeating the electrophoretic separation. It is only necessary to heat the stained and dried strip in a hot air oven to reactivate the antigenic sites and insolubilise the protein. The strip may then be stained using specific antisera conjugated with fluorescein. The absence of prozone phenomena greatly helps in typing of free light chains.", "contents": "The use of fluorescein conjugated antisera to identify proteins on stained and dried electrophoresis strips. Paraprotein bands discovered on routine electrophoresis may be identified immunologically without repeating the electrophoretic separation. It is only necessary to heat the stained and dried strip in a hot air oven to reactivate the antigenic sites and insolubilise the protein. The strip may then be stained using specific antisera conjugated with fluorescein. The absence of prozone phenomena greatly helps in typing of free light chains.", "PMID": 90563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12051", "title": "Evidence for heterogeneous or incomplete immunoglobulins in oligoclonal CSF studied by electroimmunofixation.", "content": "10 oligoclonal CSF have been studied by electroimmunofixation techniques on Cellogel RS. The gammaglobulin bands are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The heterogeneous bands migrate preferentially in the cathodic part of the gamma zone. The light chain type of many homogeneous bands is lambda. Some oligoclonal bands may be composed of free homogeneous light chains. The free lambda chains have a more anodic migration than the free kappa chains. Furthermore, our results suggest the presence of free heavy chains in some instances.", "contents": "Evidence for heterogeneous or incomplete immunoglobulins in oligoclonal CSF studied by electroimmunofixation. 10 oligoclonal CSF have been studied by electroimmunofixation techniques on Cellogel RS. The gammaglobulin bands are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The heterogeneous bands migrate preferentially in the cathodic part of the gamma zone. The light chain type of many homogeneous bands is lambda. Some oligoclonal bands may be composed of free homogeneous light chains. The free lambda chains have a more anodic migration than the free kappa chains. Furthermore, our results suggest the presence of free heavy chains in some instances.", "PMID": 90564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12052", "title": "125Iodine labeling of beta-hexosaminidase A without modifying its properties.", "content": "Human placental beta-hexosaminidase A was labeled with 125iodine to high specific activity with the retention of conformational integrity as judged by the retention of enzymatic activity. The oligosaccharide structure also appeared to be intact since the labeled enzyme was cleared from the circulation of the rat with a half-life identical to that of the unlabeled enzyme and an excess of unlabeled enzyme effectively blocked the clearance of the labeled form. Furthermore, the pattern of inhibition of clearance of the native and labeled enzymes by asialofetuin and mannans was identical. This useful and mild procedure for labeling enzymes may be of general importance in the preparation of enzymes for metabolic studies in normal animals and animal models of genetic lysosomal storage disorders.", "contents": "125Iodine labeling of beta-hexosaminidase A without modifying its properties. Human placental beta-hexosaminidase A was labeled with 125iodine to high specific activity with the retention of conformational integrity as judged by the retention of enzymatic activity. The oligosaccharide structure also appeared to be intact since the labeled enzyme was cleared from the circulation of the rat with a half-life identical to that of the unlabeled enzyme and an excess of unlabeled enzyme effectively blocked the clearance of the labeled form. Furthermore, the pattern of inhibition of clearance of the native and labeled enzymes by asialofetuin and mannans was identical. This useful and mild procedure for labeling enzymes may be of general importance in the preparation of enzymes for metabolic studies in normal animals and animal models of genetic lysosomal storage disorders.", "PMID": 90565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12053", "title": "Advanced head and neck cancer treated by combined radiotherapy and VBM cytotoxic regimen--four-year results.", "content": "The 4-year results of treatment of advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck regions by radiotherapy combined with a cytotoxic regimen VBM (Vincristine, Bleomycin, Methotrexate) given synchronously are compared with those obtained with radiotherapy alone in similar patients. There was a statistically significant improvement in the results of the combined treatment at four years in terms of crude survival rate (56.1% v. 24.5%) and disease free survival rate (56.5% v. 21.8%). Both groups are examined for general prognostic features which might account for the difference. In the absence of such features it must be concluded that the addition of VBM to radiotherapy had produced a marked therapeutic improvement.", "contents": "Advanced head and neck cancer treated by combined radiotherapy and VBM cytotoxic regimen--four-year results. The 4-year results of treatment of advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck regions by radiotherapy combined with a cytotoxic regimen VBM (Vincristine, Bleomycin, Methotrexate) given synchronously are compared with those obtained with radiotherapy alone in similar patients. There was a statistically significant improvement in the results of the combined treatment at four years in terms of crude survival rate (56.1% v. 24.5%) and disease free survival rate (56.5% v. 21.8%). Both groups are examined for general prognostic features which might account for the difference. In the absence of such features it must be concluded that the addition of VBM to radiotherapy had produced a marked therapeutic improvement.", "PMID": 90567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12054", "title": "Discovery of an inherited bisatellited metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture.", "content": "The identification is reported of an extra bisatellited metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture from the third pregnancy of an identical twin (amniocentesis being performed because of age), and its subsequent finding in the maternal parent as an inherited familial marker. The carriers of the microchromosome are all clinically normal and the parents opted for continuation of pregnancy. Only one other report was found in the literature of a similar microchromosome detected in amniotic fluid culture, but we believe ours to be the first bisatellited microchromosome to be clearly identified from an amniotic cell culture using silver staining.", "contents": "Discovery of an inherited bisatellited metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture. The identification is reported of an extra bisatellited metacentric microchromosome in amniotic cell culture from the third pregnancy of an identical twin (amniocentesis being performed because of age), and its subsequent finding in the maternal parent as an inherited familial marker. The carriers of the microchromosome are all clinically normal and the parents opted for continuation of pregnancy. Only one other report was found in the literature of a similar microchromosome detected in amniotic fluid culture, but we believe ours to be the first bisatellited microchromosome to be clearly identified from an amniotic cell culture using silver staining.", "PMID": 90568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12055", "title": "Dual response of lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients to myelin basic protein.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from forty-nine patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), twelve patients with other neurological diseases and twenty-seven healthy individuals were examined by a two-stage procedure based on the Con A stimulation of the basic protein (BP) pre-treated lymphocytes. Enhanced BP-induced blastogenic stimulation (BS) (90--220% was observed in MS individual classified as active (A-MS), whereas suppressed BS (27--120%) was observed in MS patients classified as non-active (NA-MS). The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The results obtained with the MS patients' lymphocytes also differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from those of the two control groups. Either response obtained with MS lymphocytes could be elicited with a similar concentration of BP. The enhanced or suppressed response to BP did not correlate with the cellular response to common antigens such as candida and streptokinase-streptodornase. Most lymphocytes of individuals from the two control groups showed BS values of 100 +/- 20% in response to BP. However, some degree of stimulation or suppression was also obtained with lymphocytes from a few individuals of both control groups. The potential value and application of the two-stage procedure is discussed.", "contents": "Dual response of lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients to myelin basic protein. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from forty-nine patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), twelve patients with other neurological diseases and twenty-seven healthy individuals were examined by a two-stage procedure based on the Con A stimulation of the basic protein (BP) pre-treated lymphocytes. Enhanced BP-induced blastogenic stimulation (BS) (90--220% was observed in MS individual classified as active (A-MS), whereas suppressed BS (27--120%) was observed in MS patients classified as non-active (NA-MS). The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The results obtained with the MS patients' lymphocytes also differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from those of the two control groups. Either response obtained with MS lymphocytes could be elicited with a similar concentration of BP. The enhanced or suppressed response to BP did not correlate with the cellular response to common antigens such as candida and streptokinase-streptodornase. Most lymphocytes of individuals from the two control groups showed BS values of 100 +/- 20% in response to BP. However, some degree of stimulation or suppression was also obtained with lymphocytes from a few individuals of both control groups. The potential value and application of the two-stage procedure is discussed.", "PMID": 90569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12056", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of alpha 1-microglobulin by human lymphocytes.", "content": "alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha 1-m) was purified by column chromatography from a supernatant fluid of cultured T and B lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens. This protein had a molecular weight of 33,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, migrated in the alpha 1-region on immunoelectrophoresis and proved immunologically identical to alpha 1-m which had been purified from the urine of patients with renal tubular disorders. Using indirect immunofluorescence, alpha 1-m was detected on the surface of both T and B lymphocytes, displaying the same intensity on each cell type. These findings indicate that alpha 1-m is actively produced and secreted by T and B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of alpha 1-microglobulin by human lymphocytes. alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha 1-m) was purified by column chromatography from a supernatant fluid of cultured T and B lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens. This protein had a molecular weight of 33,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, migrated in the alpha 1-region on immunoelectrophoresis and proved immunologically identical to alpha 1-m which had been purified from the urine of patients with renal tubular disorders. Using indirect immunofluorescence, alpha 1-m was detected on the surface of both T and B lymphocytes, displaying the same intensity on each cell type. These findings indicate that alpha 1-m is actively produced and secreted by T and B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 90570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12057", "title": "Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in the presence of serum from pregnant women: correlation with serum levels of alpha-foetoprotein.", "content": "The effect of sera from women in different stages of pregnancy on cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been studied and correlated with alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) levels. Sera taken before the twentieth week of gestation showed low levels of AFP and failed to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibition was obtained with 38.5% of sera taken from weeks 20 to 30 and with 51.7% of sera after the thirtieth week of pregnancy. Average serum levels of AFP also increased with advanced gestation, but a consistent correlation was not found between AFP concentration and inhibitory activity for every individual serum tested. Lymphocytes from pregnant women or from normal blood donors behaved in the same way in these tests. The mechanisms of inhibition and the role of AFP are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in the presence of serum from pregnant women: correlation with serum levels of alpha-foetoprotein. The effect of sera from women in different stages of pregnancy on cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been studied and correlated with alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) levels. Sera taken before the twentieth week of gestation showed low levels of AFP and failed to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibition was obtained with 38.5% of sera taken from weeks 20 to 30 and with 51.7% of sera after the thirtieth week of pregnancy. Average serum levels of AFP also increased with advanced gestation, but a consistent correlation was not found between AFP concentration and inhibitory activity for every individual serum tested. Lymphocytes from pregnant women or from normal blood donors behaved in the same way in these tests. The mechanisms of inhibition and the role of AFP are discussed.", "PMID": 90571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12058", "title": "Antigenic properties of the Golgi derived scales of Pleurochrysis scherffelii.", "content": "The cell wall of the marine alga Pleurochrysis scherffelii is composed of Golgi-derived scales with four distinct subcomponents: amorphous coating material, radial microfibrils, spiral coating substances and spiral microfibrils. The antigenic properties of the Pleurochrysis scales were studied. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the amorphour to the amorphous coating material and to a heretofore undescribed peripheral subcompoent, known as the amorphoous rim modification substance. The antigenic subcomponents were detected by agglutination/precipitation, negative staining, and shadowing procedures. Scales of the Cricosphaera phase produced negative results when tested with Pleurochrysis scale antisera. A possible function of the amorphous rim modification substance in maintaining the integrity of spiral microfibrillar organization is introduced.", "contents": "Antigenic properties of the Golgi derived scales of Pleurochrysis scherffelii. The cell wall of the marine alga Pleurochrysis scherffelii is composed of Golgi-derived scales with four distinct subcomponents: amorphous coating material, radial microfibrils, spiral coating substances and spiral microfibrils. The antigenic properties of the Pleurochrysis scales were studied. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the amorphour to the amorphous coating material and to a heretofore undescribed peripheral subcompoent, known as the amorphoous rim modification substance. The antigenic subcomponents were detected by agglutination/precipitation, negative staining, and shadowing procedures. Scales of the Cricosphaera phase produced negative results when tested with Pleurochrysis scale antisera. A possible function of the amorphous rim modification substance in maintaining the integrity of spiral microfibrillar organization is introduced.", "PMID": 90583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12059", "title": "The differentiation and calcification of chondrocytes in primary cell cultures.", "content": "The cartilage from a non-immobilized fracture undergoes a series of morphological and biochemical changes resembling the in vivo differentiation and calcification in the epiphyseal plate. The studies reported here demonstrate that a homogeneous population of chondrocytes isolated from fracture callus fibrocartilage undergoes the same changes in vitro. Chondrocyte primary cultures were grown for 28 days during which time the morphological, histological and histochemical properties of the cultures were studied. Demonstrated by various histological procedures, chondrocytes synthesized the characteristic cartilage matrix, and progressively calcified with increased culture age. This system can be used to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification.", "contents": "The differentiation and calcification of chondrocytes in primary cell cultures. The cartilage from a non-immobilized fracture undergoes a series of morphological and biochemical changes resembling the in vivo differentiation and calcification in the epiphyseal plate. The studies reported here demonstrate that a homogeneous population of chondrocytes isolated from fracture callus fibrocartilage undergoes the same changes in vitro. Chondrocyte primary cultures were grown for 28 days during which time the morphological, histological and histochemical properties of the cultures were studied. Demonstrated by various histological procedures, chondrocytes synthesized the characteristic cartilage matrix, and progressively calcified with increased culture age. This system can be used to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification.", "PMID": 90584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12060", "title": "The effect of bleomycin on rat bone marrow cells.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the cytogenetic effects of the antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) in rats using the bone marrow system. A total of eighteen male and eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with varying concentration of BLM, over varying periods of time. The results revealed that at low concentrations BLM showed no alteration in the ploidy or the morphology of rat chromosomes. This however, was not the case when the dose or administration period was increased.", "contents": "The effect of bleomycin on rat bone marrow cells. Experiments were carried out to determine the cytogenetic effects of the antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) in rats using the bone marrow system. A total of eighteen male and eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with varying concentration of BLM, over varying periods of time. The results revealed that at low concentrations BLM showed no alteration in the ploidy or the morphology of rat chromosomes. This however, was not the case when the dose or administration period was increased.", "PMID": 90585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12061", "title": "Phleomycin and bleomycin: molecular model building studies.", "content": "Molecular model building studies were conducted to simulate phleomycin-bleomycin (PB) antibiotics and thus assess a hypothetical polyphleomycin-DNA complex proposed earlier. While the latter model was not conclusively proved it was found to be quite consistent with the structure of PB compounds.", "contents": "Phleomycin and bleomycin: molecular model building studies. Molecular model building studies were conducted to simulate phleomycin-bleomycin (PB) antibiotics and thus assess a hypothetical polyphleomycin-DNA complex proposed earlier. While the latter model was not conclusively proved it was found to be quite consistent with the structure of PB compounds.", "PMID": 90586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12062", "title": "The intra-nucleolar localization of amplified rDNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "A fluorescent Feulgen-stain was adapted in order to demonstrate DNA-containing structures inside the amplified nucleoli of Xenopus laevis. At all stages of oogenesis this method reveals granules or complex structures of DNA in each nucleolus. The micronucleoli which do not stain with this method and which do not reveal an internal structure in low molarity saline, unlike real nucleoli are considered as nucleolus-like bodies. The DNA-containing structures in the nucleoli can be composed of one or several granules, or they can be arranged in a linear, reticulated or circular form, independant of any correlation with the stage of oogenesis.", "contents": "The intra-nucleolar localization of amplified rDNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. A fluorescent Feulgen-stain was adapted in order to demonstrate DNA-containing structures inside the amplified nucleoli of Xenopus laevis. At all stages of oogenesis this method reveals granules or complex structures of DNA in each nucleolus. The micronucleoli which do not stain with this method and which do not reveal an internal structure in low molarity saline, unlike real nucleoli are considered as nucleolus-like bodies. The DNA-containing structures in the nucleoli can be composed of one or several granules, or they can be arranged in a linear, reticulated or circular form, independant of any correlation with the stage of oogenesis.", "PMID": 90588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12063", "title": "Observations on the synaptonemal complex in Armenian hamster spermatocytes by light microscopy.", "content": "Using the silver staining technique, in somatic and meiotic chromosomes of the Armenian hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), it is possible to stain synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in early spermatocytes. There are five pairs of autosomes (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8) which have terminally located NORs. Synaptonemal complexes and accessory structures present in the sex chromosomes within the sex vesicle can be easily observed using light microscopy.", "contents": "Observations on the synaptonemal complex in Armenian hamster spermatocytes by light microscopy. Using the silver staining technique, in somatic and meiotic chromosomes of the Armenian hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), it is possible to stain synaptonemal complexes (SCs) and the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in early spermatocytes. There are five pairs of autosomes (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8) which have terminally located NORs. Synaptonemal complexes and accessory structures present in the sex chromosomes within the sex vesicle can be easily observed using light microscopy.", "PMID": 90589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12064", "title": "Chromosome core structure revealed by silver staining.", "content": "Chromosomes were subjected to either prolonged hypotonic solution pretreatment or aging. Both conditions greatly loosened and dispersed the overlying epichromatin from the central chromosome core structure. This was followed by silver staining and examination with bright-field microscopy. The chromosome core selectively reduced the silver and stained black while the surrounding epichromatin stained yellow. A single core was seen extending the length of each chromatid. Nucleolus organizer regions appeared to be attached to the core, while kinetochores seemed to be specialized regions of the core itself. Cytochemical tests indicated that the core component(s) responsible for silver staining was non-histone protein(s).", "contents": "Chromosome core structure revealed by silver staining. Chromosomes were subjected to either prolonged hypotonic solution pretreatment or aging. Both conditions greatly loosened and dispersed the overlying epichromatin from the central chromosome core structure. This was followed by silver staining and examination with bright-field microscopy. The chromosome core selectively reduced the silver and stained black while the surrounding epichromatin stained yellow. A single core was seen extending the length of each chromatid. Nucleolus organizer regions appeared to be attached to the core, while kinetochores seemed to be specialized regions of the core itself. Cytochemical tests indicated that the core component(s) responsible for silver staining was non-histone protein(s).", "PMID": 90590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12065", "title": "Relation between the SCE points and the DNA replication bands.", "content": "A method for obtaining a combination of differential sister chromatid staining and DNA replication banding is described. Using this method the SCE points can be precisely localized to particular bands of individual chromosomes. It was shown, that SCEs occur not only in the regions of early DNA replication (= euchromatic segments = negative G-bands), but also in the regions of late DNA replication bands (=heterochromatic segments=positive G-bands). SCEs occurred about three times more frequently in the euchromatic segments than in the heterochromatic segments. Furthermore, more SCEs were observed in the early replicating X-chromosome than in the late replicating X-chromosome.", "contents": "Relation between the SCE points and the DNA replication bands. A method for obtaining a combination of differential sister chromatid staining and DNA replication banding is described. Using this method the SCE points can be precisely localized to particular bands of individual chromosomes. It was shown, that SCEs occur not only in the regions of early DNA replication (= euchromatic segments = negative G-bands), but also in the regions of late DNA replication bands (=heterochromatic segments=positive G-bands). SCEs occurred about three times more frequently in the euchromatic segments than in the heterochromatic segments. Furthermore, more SCEs were observed in the early replicating X-chromosome than in the late replicating X-chromosome.", "PMID": 90591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12066", "title": "Synaptonemal complexes of mouse and human pachytene chromosomes visualized by silver staining in air-dried preparations.", "content": "A new method is described which allows light microscopy visualization of the synaptonemal complexes in primary spermatocytes. The conventional acetic acid-alcohol fixed and air-dried preparations can be used for the modified silver staining technique. Several hundred pachytene spermatocytes from a single mouse testis or human testicular biopsy can be examined. The prospective utilization of the present method is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complexes of mouse and human pachytene chromosomes visualized by silver staining in air-dried preparations. A new method is described which allows light microscopy visualization of the synaptonemal complexes in primary spermatocytes. The conventional acetic acid-alcohol fixed and air-dried preparations can be used for the modified silver staining technique. Several hundred pachytene spermatocytes from a single mouse testis or human testicular biopsy can be examined. The prospective utilization of the present method is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 90592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12067", "title": "Immunofluorescent patterns of dissociated rat embryo cerebral cells during development in surface culture: distinctive reactions with neurite and perikaryon cell membranes.", "content": "The presence of antigenic determinants on surface cultures of dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral tissue has been investigated with the immunofluorescence technique. Antisera raised in rabbits against mature mouse brain reacted with the embryonic cells and enabled the identification of two distinct populations of immunofluorescent cells. One population clearly distinguishable by its ring fluorescence was involved in early cellular reaggregation and neurite formation. A second population which displayed dispersed fluorescence over the whole cell, did not establish intercellular contacts for prolonged periods of time in culture. Indirect evidence suggests that after several days in culture a great portion of the latter population was found in close proximity to the early aggregate, to form an immunofluorescent-heterotypic aggregate. A second antiserum, raised against embryonic rat cerebral cells, displayed immunofluorescent labeling patterns similar to those observed with the mature mouse brain antiserum, when reacted with freshly dissociated cerebral cells. As the cells differentiated in surface culture, distinctive patterns of immunofluorescent reactions developed. Large neuronal cells were labeled on their neuritic cell membranes by the antiserum to adult brain but not by the antiserum to embryonic cells. The results suggest that the anti-mature brain serum possess a class of antibodies which is able to react with antigenic determinants localized specifically on the neuritic plasma membrane.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent patterns of dissociated rat embryo cerebral cells during development in surface culture: distinctive reactions with neurite and perikaryon cell membranes. The presence of antigenic determinants on surface cultures of dissociated cells from rat embryo cerebral tissue has been investigated with the immunofluorescence technique. Antisera raised in rabbits against mature mouse brain reacted with the embryonic cells and enabled the identification of two distinct populations of immunofluorescent cells. One population clearly distinguishable by its ring fluorescence was involved in early cellular reaggregation and neurite formation. A second population which displayed dispersed fluorescence over the whole cell, did not establish intercellular contacts for prolonged periods of time in culture. Indirect evidence suggests that after several days in culture a great portion of the latter population was found in close proximity to the early aggregate, to form an immunofluorescent-heterotypic aggregate. A second antiserum, raised against embryonic rat cerebral cells, displayed immunofluorescent labeling patterns similar to those observed with the mature mouse brain antiserum, when reacted with freshly dissociated cerebral cells. As the cells differentiated in surface culture, distinctive patterns of immunofluorescent reactions developed. Large neuronal cells were labeled on their neuritic cell membranes by the antiserum to adult brain but not by the antiserum to embryonic cells. The results suggest that the anti-mature brain serum possess a class of antibodies which is able to react with antigenic determinants localized specifically on the neuritic plasma membrane.", "PMID": 90595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12068", "title": "Breach rhythm: the EEG related to skull defects.", "content": "From 33 patients with skull defects 89 EEGs were recorded, most with X ray control of the electrode sites. In 10 patients records were made shortly before and about 10 days after bone replacement. The remaining cases had EEGs either with or without bone replacement. The amplitude of alpha and frontal fast rhythms might be increased over or near unilateral posterior and frontal defects respectively. This enhancement was by a factor of less than 3. Since the electrode involved might not be in the defect but on adjacent bone this does not seem to be an effect of greater proximity to the generators. In 21 cases with defects involving or near to electrodes C3(/) and T3(4) sharply focal mu-like rhythms at 6--11 c/sec, usually with faster components, were seen. They formed two groups, at C3(4), responsive to fist clenching and other stimuli (not to eye opening) and at T3(4), unresponsive to any stimulus. In both groups the waves often had spike-like negative phases, but true spikes and also random slow waves with the same restricted focus and responsiveness were sometimes seen. Because of this complexity we prefer the term breach rhythm to mu or mu-like. Bone (or acrylic) replacement abolished central breach rhythm in 3 cases, but not in others and it might or might not restore the symmetry of alpha rhythm or fast rhythm, but burr holes, saw cuts etc., always remain after craniotomy. It is argued that, with the possible exception of 2 patients, the breach rhythms described in this series do not represent enhanced normal mu rhythm. Breach rhythm, even when very spike-like, appears to have little relationship to epilepsy and is not an indicator of recurrence of a tumour.", "contents": "Breach rhythm: the EEG related to skull defects. From 33 patients with skull defects 89 EEGs were recorded, most with X ray control of the electrode sites. In 10 patients records were made shortly before and about 10 days after bone replacement. The remaining cases had EEGs either with or without bone replacement. The amplitude of alpha and frontal fast rhythms might be increased over or near unilateral posterior and frontal defects respectively. This enhancement was by a factor of less than 3. Since the electrode involved might not be in the defect but on adjacent bone this does not seem to be an effect of greater proximity to the generators. In 21 cases with defects involving or near to electrodes C3(/) and T3(4) sharply focal mu-like rhythms at 6--11 c/sec, usually with faster components, were seen. They formed two groups, at C3(4), responsive to fist clenching and other stimuli (not to eye opening) and at T3(4), unresponsive to any stimulus. In both groups the waves often had spike-like negative phases, but true spikes and also random slow waves with the same restricted focus and responsiveness were sometimes seen. Because of this complexity we prefer the term breach rhythm to mu or mu-like. Bone (or acrylic) replacement abolished central breach rhythm in 3 cases, but not in others and it might or might not restore the symmetry of alpha rhythm or fast rhythm, but burr holes, saw cuts etc., always remain after craniotomy. It is argued that, with the possible exception of 2 patients, the breach rhythms described in this series do not represent enhanced normal mu rhythm. Breach rhythm, even when very spike-like, appears to have little relationship to epilepsy and is not an indicator of recurrence of a tumour.", "PMID": 90597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12069", "title": "Relation of frequency-analyzed EEG to monitoring behavior.", "content": "Two experiments examined the relation of prestimulus electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency to choice RT. Based on previous studies, initial analysis was concerned with 3--7 c/sec activity. In well-rested subjects (Exp. 1), trial-by-trial analyses indicated large variations in prestimulus EEG activity which were unrelated to RT and large variations in RT which were unrelated to prestimulus EEG. In Exp. 2, subjects were deprived of sleep for 1 night and within-subject comparisons made between RT and EEG activity immediately preceding the 10 shortest and 10 longest RT trials, and 10 trials where the subject failed to respond. Significant univariate correlations were found, largely between RT and the frequencies in the 15--20 c/sec range of EEG activity and not in the 3--7 c/sec activity. A multiple regression analysis using up to 5 EEG frequencies indicated significant correlations of prestimulus EEG activity with RT; but with considerable subject-to-subject variability in the EEG frequencies contributing to the multiple R. The overall results suggest that there can be considerable variation in EEG activity which is unrelated to performance, except when the EEG fluctuations are secondary to changes in arousal which, in turn, effect performance.", "contents": "Relation of frequency-analyzed EEG to monitoring behavior. Two experiments examined the relation of prestimulus electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency to choice RT. Based on previous studies, initial analysis was concerned with 3--7 c/sec activity. In well-rested subjects (Exp. 1), trial-by-trial analyses indicated large variations in prestimulus EEG activity which were unrelated to RT and large variations in RT which were unrelated to prestimulus EEG. In Exp. 2, subjects were deprived of sleep for 1 night and within-subject comparisons made between RT and EEG activity immediately preceding the 10 shortest and 10 longest RT trials, and 10 trials where the subject failed to respond. Significant univariate correlations were found, largely between RT and the frequencies in the 15--20 c/sec range of EEG activity and not in the 3--7 c/sec activity. A multiple regression analysis using up to 5 EEG frequencies indicated significant correlations of prestimulus EEG activity with RT; but with considerable subject-to-subject variability in the EEG frequencies contributing to the multiple R. The overall results suggest that there can be considerable variation in EEG activity which is unrelated to performance, except when the EEG fluctuations are secondary to changes in arousal which, in turn, effect performance.", "PMID": 90598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12070", "title": "Acute mouse and chronic dog toxicity studies of danthron, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, poloxalkol and combinations.", "content": "Because of an apparent typographic error in a US patent, there has been some confusion as to the acute oral toxicity of danthron and danthron in combination with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Acute oral toxicity studies in mice revealed LD50 values of greater than 7 gm/kg for danthron, 2.64 gm/kg for DSS and 3.42 gm/kg for danthron/DSS mixture (1:2 ratio). These results indicate that the lethality of these compounds is in the gm/kg range and not in the mg/kg range. A one year chronic toxicity study of danthron, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, poloxalkol and combinations in dogs failed to reveal any toxic effects. In particular, there was no evidence of hepatotoxicity or of any changes in the myenteric plexuses in the chronically treated dogs.", "contents": "Acute mouse and chronic dog toxicity studies of danthron, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, poloxalkol and combinations. Because of an apparent typographic error in a US patent, there has been some confusion as to the acute oral toxicity of danthron and danthron in combination with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Acute oral toxicity studies in mice revealed LD50 values of greater than 7 gm/kg for danthron, 2.64 gm/kg for DSS and 3.42 gm/kg for danthron/DSS mixture (1:2 ratio). These results indicate that the lethality of these compounds is in the gm/kg range and not in the mg/kg range. A one year chronic toxicity study of danthron, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, poloxalkol and combinations in dogs failed to reveal any toxic effects. In particular, there was no evidence of hepatotoxicity or of any changes in the myenteric plexuses in the chronically treated dogs.", "PMID": 90594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12071", "title": "Human slow auditory evoked potentials during natural and drug-induced sleep.", "content": "The alterations of human slow auditory evoked potential (SAEP) were studied during the sleep-waking cycle. Simultaneous recording of the mean square and standard error curves proved helpful in obtaining more information on the EEG samples used for averaging. In both natural and drug-induced sleep the earlier SAEP components decreased or disappeared, while the later components increased. A significant lengthening of all SAEP peak latencies was found in all sleep stages during tone-burst stimulation. With click stimulation the peak latencies of most SAEP components remained constant. Due to the variability of individual SAEPs, the interpretation of averaged SAEPs was commonly more difficult in sleep as compared with wakefulness. The alterations of SAEPs during sleep are considered from the point of view of their exrralemniscal origin. The hypothesis is put forward that the activating (desynchronizing) and depressing (synchronizing) systems participate in the generation of the earlier and later SAEP components, respectively.", "contents": "Human slow auditory evoked potentials during natural and drug-induced sleep. The alterations of human slow auditory evoked potential (SAEP) were studied during the sleep-waking cycle. Simultaneous recording of the mean square and standard error curves proved helpful in obtaining more information on the EEG samples used for averaging. In both natural and drug-induced sleep the earlier SAEP components decreased or disappeared, while the later components increased. A significant lengthening of all SAEP peak latencies was found in all sleep stages during tone-burst stimulation. With click stimulation the peak latencies of most SAEP components remained constant. Due to the variability of individual SAEPs, the interpretation of averaged SAEPs was commonly more difficult in sleep as compared with wakefulness. The alterations of SAEPs during sleep are considered from the point of view of their exrralemniscal origin. The hypothesis is put forward that the activating (desynchronizing) and depressing (synchronizing) systems participate in the generation of the earlier and later SAEP components, respectively.", "PMID": 90599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12072", "title": "[Effect of cooling and electrical stimulation of nuclei of raphe system on states of alertness in cat].", "content": "In cats prepared in a 'semi-chronic' manner (spinal cord transected, brachial plexus sectioned bilaterally) all states of alertness are present; their quantitative evolution is characterized by an immediate postoperative period with continuous wakefulness and a secondary period of recovery of the states of sleep, which are then maintained. In such a preparation, localized moderate cooling (+10 degrees C) of the nucleus raphe dorsalis induces slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep; the same type of cooling of the nucleus raphe magnus induces wakefulness; however, the electrical stimulation of these two nuclei always induces wakefulness. Cooling of the nuclei raphe centralis or pontis suppresses only the 'ponto-geniculo-occipital' (PGO) waves. Colling of the nuclei raphe obscurus and pallidus induces wakedfulness, but stage I of slow wave sleep may occur. Treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) before making the semi-chronic preparation produces the classical syndrome characterized by cortical activation and continuous discharge of PGO waves; in this case cooling of the nucleus raphe dorsalis no longer induces slow wave sleep but only paradoxical sleep; after injection of DL-5-HTP, slow wave sleep is obtained again through cooling; this effect diminishes progressively.", "contents": "[Effect of cooling and electrical stimulation of nuclei of raphe system on states of alertness in cat]. In cats prepared in a 'semi-chronic' manner (spinal cord transected, brachial plexus sectioned bilaterally) all states of alertness are present; their quantitative evolution is characterized by an immediate postoperative period with continuous wakefulness and a secondary period of recovery of the states of sleep, which are then maintained. In such a preparation, localized moderate cooling (+10 degrees C) of the nucleus raphe dorsalis induces slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep; the same type of cooling of the nucleus raphe magnus induces wakefulness; however, the electrical stimulation of these two nuclei always induces wakefulness. Cooling of the nuclei raphe centralis or pontis suppresses only the 'ponto-geniculo-occipital' (PGO) waves. Colling of the nuclei raphe obscurus and pallidus induces wakedfulness, but stage I of slow wave sleep may occur. Treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) before making the semi-chronic preparation produces the classical syndrome characterized by cortical activation and continuous discharge of PGO waves; in this case cooling of the nucleus raphe dorsalis no longer induces slow wave sleep but only paradoxical sleep; after injection of DL-5-HTP, slow wave sleep is obtained again through cooling; this effect diminishes progressively.", "PMID": 90600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12073", "title": "The effects of flurazepam hydrochloride on brain electrical activity during sleep.", "content": "To further evaluate the effects of flurazepam on EEG during sleep, following 7 nights of placebo baseline, flurazepam (30 mg) was administered to 6 young adult poor sleepers for 10 additional nights while 6 other young adult poor sleepers continued to receive placebo capsules in a double-blind paradigm. Three placebo follow-up nights were recorded 2--3 weeks post-treatment. Twelve good sleepers received only placebo capsules for the first 7 nights. Delta waves, 0.5--2 c/sec, and sleep spindles were counted on-line by a phasic detector. Delta activity was also analyzed off-line by PDP-12 computer for only the first 4 h of sleep and involved a comparison over stages of sleep. Click-evoked K-complexes during NREM sleep were analyzed for 6 good sleepers and 11 poor sleepers. Repeated use of flurazepam caused a gradual decrease in delta amplitude and count, and a gradual increase in sleep spindle rate. The decrease in delta amplitude was seen in all sleep stages, but the decrease was significant only during SWS and stage 2. The decrease in delta amplitude was significant by the 3rd drug night, but the rate of amplitude decrease tended to slow with continued treatment. The decrease in delta count was less pronounced and more gradual over drug nights than the rate of decrease in amplitude. Flurazepam also significantly reduced evoked K-complex amplitude but did not affect latency. Sleep spindle rate was significantly increased by drug night 5. Results of this study indicate that the reduction of SWS with flurazepam during the initial drug nights is due primarily to the decrease in delta amplitude, but, with continued use, the decrease in delta count also contributes to the decrease in stage 4 sleep.", "contents": "The effects of flurazepam hydrochloride on brain electrical activity during sleep. To further evaluate the effects of flurazepam on EEG during sleep, following 7 nights of placebo baseline, flurazepam (30 mg) was administered to 6 young adult poor sleepers for 10 additional nights while 6 other young adult poor sleepers continued to receive placebo capsules in a double-blind paradigm. Three placebo follow-up nights were recorded 2--3 weeks post-treatment. Twelve good sleepers received only placebo capsules for the first 7 nights. Delta waves, 0.5--2 c/sec, and sleep spindles were counted on-line by a phasic detector. Delta activity was also analyzed off-line by PDP-12 computer for only the first 4 h of sleep and involved a comparison over stages of sleep. Click-evoked K-complexes during NREM sleep were analyzed for 6 good sleepers and 11 poor sleepers. Repeated use of flurazepam caused a gradual decrease in delta amplitude and count, and a gradual increase in sleep spindle rate. The decrease in delta amplitude was seen in all sleep stages, but the decrease was significant only during SWS and stage 2. The decrease in delta amplitude was significant by the 3rd drug night, but the rate of amplitude decrease tended to slow with continued treatment. The decrease in delta count was less pronounced and more gradual over drug nights than the rate of decrease in amplitude. Flurazepam also significantly reduced evoked K-complex amplitude but did not affect latency. Sleep spindle rate was significantly increased by drug night 5. Results of this study indicate that the reduction of SWS with flurazepam during the initial drug nights is due primarily to the decrease in delta amplitude, but, with continued use, the decrease in delta count also contributes to the decrease in stage 4 sleep.", "PMID": 90601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12074", "title": "[Abolition by naloxone of the inhibitory effect of peripheral electrical stimulation on the blink reflex].", "content": "The effects of a low frequency (2 c/sec) peripheral stimulation (electro-acupuncture, EA) on the nociceptive (R2) response of the blink reflex elicited by supra-orbital nerve stimulation (0.1 msec, 1 shock/8 sec) were studied in 10 healthy subjects. EA stimulation produced a very significant inhibition of the reflex in 8 subjects. Double-blind injection of naloxone (0.8 mg) reversed this inhibition while no signiificant change was observed with placebo. These results suggest that EA stimulation induces the release of endogenous opiates.", "contents": "[Abolition by naloxone of the inhibitory effect of peripheral electrical stimulation on the blink reflex]. The effects of a low frequency (2 c/sec) peripheral stimulation (electro-acupuncture, EA) on the nociceptive (R2) response of the blink reflex elicited by supra-orbital nerve stimulation (0.1 msec, 1 shock/8 sec) were studied in 10 healthy subjects. EA stimulation produced a very significant inhibition of the reflex in 8 subjects. Double-blind injection of naloxone (0.8 mg) reversed this inhibition while no signiificant change was observed with placebo. These results suggest that EA stimulation induces the release of endogenous opiates.", "PMID": 90602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12075", "title": "Stimulus induced and seizure related changes in extracellular potassium concentration in cat thalamus (VPL).", "content": "Extracellular potassium activity (ak) and field potentials (fp) were measured in the nucleus ventro-postero-lateralis (VPL) thalami in order to assess the extent of thalamic participation in cortical seizure activity. Small increases (up to 0.7 mmole/l) or decreases (up to 0.2 mmole/l) in ak were induced by electrical stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. These changes in ak were spatially more limited than the simultaneously recorded fp. Similar observations were made during weak electrical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex and during interictal spikes in a cortical penicillin focus. Large and widespread increases in ak to levels of 11.6 mmoles/l and slow negative fps of 8 mV accompanied seizure generation either in a cortical penicillin focus or during intense repetitive electrical stimulation of the cortical surface. Subsequent to such increases ak fell to subnormal levels. The amplitudes and durations of such undershoots were correlated with the amplitudes of the preceding increases in ak. Sometimes thalamic seizures ceases before cortical epileptic episodes. This resulted in a decrease of cortical EEG amplitudes. After ablation of the sensorimotor cortex seizures in forepaw-VPL could be induced by stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. These results further support the conclusion that specific thalamic nuclei participate in seizure generation and may serve as a subcortical route of seizure spread.", "contents": "Stimulus induced and seizure related changes in extracellular potassium concentration in cat thalamus (VPL). Extracellular potassium activity (ak) and field potentials (fp) were measured in the nucleus ventro-postero-lateralis (VPL) thalami in order to assess the extent of thalamic participation in cortical seizure activity. Small increases (up to 0.7 mmole/l) or decreases (up to 0.2 mmole/l) in ak were induced by electrical stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. These changes in ak were spatially more limited than the simultaneously recorded fp. Similar observations were made during weak electrical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex and during interictal spikes in a cortical penicillin focus. Large and widespread increases in ak to levels of 11.6 mmoles/l and slow negative fps of 8 mV accompanied seizure generation either in a cortical penicillin focus or during intense repetitive electrical stimulation of the cortical surface. Subsequent to such increases ak fell to subnormal levels. The amplitudes and durations of such undershoots were correlated with the amplitudes of the preceding increases in ak. Sometimes thalamic seizures ceases before cortical epileptic episodes. This resulted in a decrease of cortical EEG amplitudes. After ablation of the sensorimotor cortex seizures in forepaw-VPL could be induced by stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. These results further support the conclusion that specific thalamic nuclei participate in seizure generation and may serve as a subcortical route of seizure spread.", "PMID": 90603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12076", "title": "Relation between extracellular potassium concentration and neuronal activities in cat thalamus (VPL) during projection of cortical epileptiform discharge.", "content": "Neuronal and potassium activities (ak) were measured in the nucleus ventro-posterolateralis thalami (VPL) during propagated epileptiform activity from the somatosensory cortex of cats. Seizures were induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of the cortical surface or by topical application of penicillin. The recruitment of VPL into a seizure resulted in large increases of ak to levels of up to 11.6 mmoles/l, accompanied by increased in neuronal discharge rate to 300/sec. Sometimes the rise in ak preceded active participation of a given thalamo-cortical relay (TCR) neuron in the seizure. After reaching a peak level, ak and neuronal discharge rate slowly declined during an ictal episode. After cessation of seizures all TCR neurons were inhibited, while ak fell to subnormal levels. The duration of these postictal depressions increased with the amplitude of preceding increases and subsequent undershoots in ak and could last up to 120 sec. During decay and undershoot in ak, relay capability of TCR neurons was reduced. Also the probability that action potentials elicited in intracortical endings of TCR cells would antidromically invade their cell bodies was decreased. The duration of these periods varied with the amplitude of undershoot in ak. Seizure threshold was increased during undershoots. These observations are consistent with a long-lasting postictal hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes. The hyperpolarization may be caused by the action of an electrogenic pump, which is probably involved in termination of seizure discharge.", "contents": "Relation between extracellular potassium concentration and neuronal activities in cat thalamus (VPL) during projection of cortical epileptiform discharge. Neuronal and potassium activities (ak) were measured in the nucleus ventro-posterolateralis thalami (VPL) during propagated epileptiform activity from the somatosensory cortex of cats. Seizures were induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of the cortical surface or by topical application of penicillin. The recruitment of VPL into a seizure resulted in large increases of ak to levels of up to 11.6 mmoles/l, accompanied by increased in neuronal discharge rate to 300/sec. Sometimes the rise in ak preceded active participation of a given thalamo-cortical relay (TCR) neuron in the seizure. After reaching a peak level, ak and neuronal discharge rate slowly declined during an ictal episode. After cessation of seizures all TCR neurons were inhibited, while ak fell to subnormal levels. The duration of these postictal depressions increased with the amplitude of preceding increases and subsequent undershoots in ak and could last up to 120 sec. During decay and undershoot in ak, relay capability of TCR neurons was reduced. Also the probability that action potentials elicited in intracortical endings of TCR cells would antidromically invade their cell bodies was decreased. The duration of these periods varied with the amplitude of undershoot in ak. Seizure threshold was increased during undershoots. These observations are consistent with a long-lasting postictal hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes. The hyperpolarization may be caused by the action of an electrogenic pump, which is probably involved in termination of seizure discharge.", "PMID": 90604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12077", "title": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin on the spontaneous activity of Purkinje, nucleus interpositus, red nucleus and motor cortex cells.", "content": "(1) Extracellular multiunit recordings were made of the spontaneous activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells, nucleus interpositus, red nucleus and sensorimotor cortex in acute cat preparations. (2) Changes in this spontaneous neural activity produced by the administration of diphyenylhydantoin (DPH) were studied. DPH was infused i.v., generally at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml and at a rate varying from 0.08 to 0.48 mg/kg/min. Two different patterns of infusion were used: fixed time, variable rate and variable time, fixed rate. Pulsed doses were also given at intervals of 5--10 min. (3) DPH at a level of 10--20 mg/kg produces a significative initial deceleration in all structures followed by a significative acceleration in the Purkinje cells, nucleus interpositus and red nucleus as a dose of 20--30 mg/kg is reached. Higher levels caused a profound depression of multiunit activity. (4) The activation produced by DPH is oscillatory (3--5/min) in character and is composed of 'trains' which occur at a rate of 20--30/sec with very rapid discharge frequencies (600--800 Hz). (5) A direct significant correlation was found between DPH serum levels and the intravenously administered dose. The activating DPH dose (20--30 mg/kg) corresponded to serum levels of 24--32 micrograms/ml. (6) The possibility is discussed whether the anticonvulsant action of DPH may be due in part to the production of rhythmic oscillatory activity in the cerebello-rubro-olivo-cerebellar ciruit and the depression of the cerebellothalamic-cortical pathway.", "contents": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin on the spontaneous activity of Purkinje, nucleus interpositus, red nucleus and motor cortex cells. (1) Extracellular multiunit recordings were made of the spontaneous activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells, nucleus interpositus, red nucleus and sensorimotor cortex in acute cat preparations. (2) Changes in this spontaneous neural activity produced by the administration of diphyenylhydantoin (DPH) were studied. DPH was infused i.v., generally at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml and at a rate varying from 0.08 to 0.48 mg/kg/min. Two different patterns of infusion were used: fixed time, variable rate and variable time, fixed rate. Pulsed doses were also given at intervals of 5--10 min. (3) DPH at a level of 10--20 mg/kg produces a significative initial deceleration in all structures followed by a significative acceleration in the Purkinje cells, nucleus interpositus and red nucleus as a dose of 20--30 mg/kg is reached. Higher levels caused a profound depression of multiunit activity. (4) The activation produced by DPH is oscillatory (3--5/min) in character and is composed of 'trains' which occur at a rate of 20--30/sec with very rapid discharge frequencies (600--800 Hz). (5) A direct significant correlation was found between DPH serum levels and the intravenously administered dose. The activating DPH dose (20--30 mg/kg) corresponded to serum levels of 24--32 micrograms/ml. (6) The possibility is discussed whether the anticonvulsant action of DPH may be due in part to the production of rhythmic oscillatory activity in the cerebello-rubro-olivo-cerebellar ciruit and the depression of the cerebellothalamic-cortical pathway.", "PMID": 90605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12078", "title": "Sleep patterns in Kleine-Levin syndrome.", "content": "Diurnal and nocturnal sleep records were obtained from a male and a female with Kleine-Levin syndrome, during excessive daytime sleep attacks and while they were asymptomatic. A common pattern of abnormal sleep was seen in both patients even during the asymptomatic period. The female, aflicted with a severe form of periodic hypersomnia, showed nocturnal and diurnal sleep onset REM periods. The different pattern of sleep abnormality in the female could be an expression of the severity of her symptoms or might indicate a variant of sleep abnormality present only in females with Kleine-Levin syndrome.", "contents": "Sleep patterns in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Diurnal and nocturnal sleep records were obtained from a male and a female with Kleine-Levin syndrome, during excessive daytime sleep attacks and while they were asymptomatic. A common pattern of abnormal sleep was seen in both patients even during the asymptomatic period. The female, aflicted with a severe form of periodic hypersomnia, showed nocturnal and diurnal sleep onset REM periods. The different pattern of sleep abnormality in the female could be an expression of the severity of her symptoms or might indicate a variant of sleep abnormality present only in females with Kleine-Levin syndrome.", "PMID": 90606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12079", "title": "Single unit activity vs. amplitude of the epidural evoked potential in primary auditory cortex of awake cats.", "content": "The study investigated, in primary auditory cortex (AI) of awake cats, the relationship over a range of stimuli between the amplitude and latency of the initial positive deflection (P1) of the primary evoked potential and the intensity of concurrent underlying evoked single unit activity. Epidural evoked potentials and extracellular responses of 155 single units to monaural 100 musec clicks ranging from 45 to 110 dB were recorded. At low stimulus levels, considerable unit response could occur with a very small P1. At middle stimulus levels, unit response was directly proportional to P1 amplitude. At higher stimulus levels, P1 amplitude continued to increase while unit response began to saturate.", "contents": "Single unit activity vs. amplitude of the epidural evoked potential in primary auditory cortex of awake cats. The study investigated, in primary auditory cortex (AI) of awake cats, the relationship over a range of stimuli between the amplitude and latency of the initial positive deflection (P1) of the primary evoked potential and the intensity of concurrent underlying evoked single unit activity. Epidural evoked potentials and extracellular responses of 155 single units to monaural 100 musec clicks ranging from 45 to 110 dB were recorded. At low stimulus levels, considerable unit response could occur with a very small P1. At middle stimulus levels, unit response was directly proportional to P1 amplitude. At higher stimulus levels, P1 amplitude continued to increase while unit response began to saturate.", "PMID": 90607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12080", "title": "Effect of stimulus intensity on short latency somatosensory evoked potentials.", "content": "The peripheral and central potentials evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the median nerve were investigated in a group of neurologically normal subjects. We found: (1) Motor threshold stimulation gave consistently submaximal responses and probably does not represent an optimal intensity for routine use. (2) The sum of motor plus sensory threshold gave potentials which were consistently at, or close to, maximal in amplitude. This intensity was comfortable for all subjects. (3) When stimulating at intensities above motor threshold, the increase in amplitude of peripheral potentials markedly exceeded that of the central potentials. There was evidence suggesting that amplitudes would decline at very high stimulus intensities. (4) The P13 peak latency and the P13--N9 interpeak latency declined and the N17--P13 interpeak latency increased with increasing intensities of stimulation. The N9 and N18 peak latencies remained stable.", "contents": "Effect of stimulus intensity on short latency somatosensory evoked potentials. The peripheral and central potentials evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the median nerve were investigated in a group of neurologically normal subjects. We found: (1) Motor threshold stimulation gave consistently submaximal responses and probably does not represent an optimal intensity for routine use. (2) The sum of motor plus sensory threshold gave potentials which were consistently at, or close to, maximal in amplitude. This intensity was comfortable for all subjects. (3) When stimulating at intensities above motor threshold, the increase in amplitude of peripheral potentials markedly exceeded that of the central potentials. There was evidence suggesting that amplitudes would decline at very high stimulus intensities. (4) The P13 peak latency and the P13--N9 interpeak latency declined and the N17--P13 interpeak latency increased with increasing intensities of stimulation. The N9 and N18 peak latencies remained stable.", "PMID": 90608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12081", "title": "A case of oesophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa.", "content": "The authors report a case of an oesophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and the submucosa. This case is interesting because of its long history for more than 18 months, the difficulty of fiberoptic diagnosis and the diagnostic value of rigid instruments completed via vital staining by o-toluidine.", "contents": "A case of oesophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa. The authors report a case of an oesophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and the submucosa. This case is interesting because of its long history for more than 18 months, the difficulty of fiberoptic diagnosis and the diagnostic value of rigid instruments completed via vital staining by o-toluidine.", "PMID": 90609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12082", "title": "Methylene blue dye spraying method in patients with ulcerative proctitis: a comparative study with morphological findings and functional capacity of the rectal epithelium.", "content": "Methylene Blue dye spraying method is currently used in the endoscopic assessment of the colonic mucosa of patients with chronic ulcerative proctocolitis. We have assessed the validity of this method in the evaluation of the functional capacity of the rectal mucosa in 17 patients with ulcerative proctitis and in 5 normal subjects. The ionic transmucosal fluxes of Na+ and K+ and the potential difference were used as parameters of the mucosal function. Our results indicate that methylene blue dye spraying method can be useful in the functional assessment of the rectal epithelium, especially for differentiating normal subjects and patients with mild ulcerative proctitis.", "contents": "Methylene blue dye spraying method in patients with ulcerative proctitis: a comparative study with morphological findings and functional capacity of the rectal epithelium. Methylene Blue dye spraying method is currently used in the endoscopic assessment of the colonic mucosa of patients with chronic ulcerative proctocolitis. We have assessed the validity of this method in the evaluation of the functional capacity of the rectal mucosa in 17 patients with ulcerative proctitis and in 5 normal subjects. The ionic transmucosal fluxes of Na+ and K+ and the potential difference were used as parameters of the mucosal function. Our results indicate that methylene blue dye spraying method can be useful in the functional assessment of the rectal epithelium, especially for differentiating normal subjects and patients with mild ulcerative proctitis.", "PMID": 90610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12083", "title": "Increased urinary beta 2-microglobulin in cadmium exposure: dose-effect relationship and biological significance of beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "A study on the general population from both cadmium-polluted and control areas and on cadmium alloy workers indicates that beta 2-MG in urine is very closely correlated with aging, but it indicates an association with cadmium exposure. However, the age factor is stronger than cadmium exposre in both polluted and control areas among persons without clinical proteinuria. On the other hand, cadmium exposure is most likely correlated with beta 2-MG even in nonpolluted areas. Thus it seems that there is no noneffect level of cadmium dose in affecting the elevation of beta 2-MG in urine. beta 2-MG in serum indicated a very close correlation with cadmium in blood among cadmium alloy workers. This may suggest that an increase of beta 2-MG in both blood and urine in an early stage of cadmium exposure is caused by the increased level of beta 2-MG in blood, which may be a result of stimulation due to cadmium, but not necessarily by the clinical dysfunction of reabsorption of beta 2-MG in the renal.", "contents": "Increased urinary beta 2-microglobulin in cadmium exposure: dose-effect relationship and biological significance of beta 2-microglobulin. A study on the general population from both cadmium-polluted and control areas and on cadmium alloy workers indicates that beta 2-MG in urine is very closely correlated with aging, but it indicates an association with cadmium exposure. However, the age factor is stronger than cadmium exposre in both polluted and control areas among persons without clinical proteinuria. On the other hand, cadmium exposure is most likely correlated with beta 2-MG even in nonpolluted areas. Thus it seems that there is no noneffect level of cadmium dose in affecting the elevation of beta 2-MG in urine. beta 2-MG in serum indicated a very close correlation with cadmium in blood among cadmium alloy workers. This may suggest that an increase of beta 2-MG in both blood and urine in an early stage of cadmium exposure is caused by the increased level of beta 2-MG in blood, which may be a result of stimulation due to cadmium, but not necessarily by the clinical dysfunction of reabsorption of beta 2-MG in the renal.", "PMID": 90611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12084", "title": "Identification and characterisation of the major antiproteases in equine serum and an investigation of their role in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).", "content": "Three major antiprotease components in equine serum were identified and characterised. These were the acidic prealbumin Pr, the homologue of human alpha-1 antitrypsin and 2 protease binding proteins, the acidic prealbumin Xc and alpha-2 macroglobulin, both capable of inhibiting the proteolytic activity of trypsin, but with only limited inhibitory effect on its esterolytic activity. The possible role of these serum antiproteases in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), analogous to the hereditary dysproteinaemia of alpha-1 antitrypsin in man, was investigated. There was no evidence of a genetically determined variation in the protease binding proteins but an increased frequency of the electrophoretically slower Pr antitrypsin alleles was present in horses affected with COPD. However, because of both the mixed breeding of the animals investigated and the lack of correlation with low serum trypsin inhibitory capacity, measured by inhibition of DL-BAPA hydrolysis, the significance of this observation could not be critically assessed.", "contents": "Identification and characterisation of the major antiproteases in equine serum and an investigation of their role in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Three major antiprotease components in equine serum were identified and characterised. These were the acidic prealbumin Pr, the homologue of human alpha-1 antitrypsin and 2 protease binding proteins, the acidic prealbumin Xc and alpha-2 macroglobulin, both capable of inhibiting the proteolytic activity of trypsin, but with only limited inhibitory effect on its esterolytic activity. The possible role of these serum antiproteases in the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), analogous to the hereditary dysproteinaemia of alpha-1 antitrypsin in man, was investigated. There was no evidence of a genetically determined variation in the protease binding proteins but an increased frequency of the electrophoretically slower Pr antitrypsin alleles was present in horses affected with COPD. However, because of both the mixed breeding of the animals investigated and the lack of correlation with low serum trypsin inhibitory capacity, measured by inhibition of DL-BAPA hydrolysis, the significance of this observation could not be critically assessed.", "PMID": 90612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12085", "title": "Characterization of a thermosensitive sporulation mutant of Bacillus subtilis affected in the structural gene of an intracellular protease.", "content": "A thermosensitive sporulation mutant (ts-15) of Bacillus subtilis has been isolated. This mutant when grown at the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) is unable to sporulate, shows no intracellular protease activity and no protein turnover. These three traits were recovered in two revertants (ts-15R1 and ts-15R2) and were also transmitted together by transformation into the wild type. Immunological studies have shown that when ts-15 is grown at 42 degrees C it synthesizes a 'cryptic' protein with apparently the same antigenic properties as the wild type or as ts-15 mutant grown at the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). The intracellular proteases from the wild type and from ts-15 grown at 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C were completely purified and their properties were studied with respect to their molecular weights, substrate specificity, inhibition pattern, heat inactivation and antigenicity. The molecular weight of the enzyme from the wild type or ts-15 grown at 30 degrees C was 64000--65000 in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate and 31000--32000 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. It was assumed therefore that the active enzyme is formed from two similar subunits. However, the intracellular protease from ts-15 grown at 42 degrees C showed the same molecular weight of 32000--34000 in the presence or in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate. On the basis of this experiment and others described in the paper we concluded that the mutation in ts-15 is most likely a point mutation in a structural gene of an intracellular protease and results in an inability to assemble the two subunits into an active form.", "contents": "Characterization of a thermosensitive sporulation mutant of Bacillus subtilis affected in the structural gene of an intracellular protease. A thermosensitive sporulation mutant (ts-15) of Bacillus subtilis has been isolated. This mutant when grown at the restrictive temperature (42 degrees C) is unable to sporulate, shows no intracellular protease activity and no protein turnover. These three traits were recovered in two revertants (ts-15R1 and ts-15R2) and were also transmitted together by transformation into the wild type. Immunological studies have shown that when ts-15 is grown at 42 degrees C it synthesizes a 'cryptic' protein with apparently the same antigenic properties as the wild type or as ts-15 mutant grown at the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). The intracellular proteases from the wild type and from ts-15 grown at 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C were completely purified and their properties were studied with respect to their molecular weights, substrate specificity, inhibition pattern, heat inactivation and antigenicity. The molecular weight of the enzyme from the wild type or ts-15 grown at 30 degrees C was 64000--65000 in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate and 31000--32000 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. It was assumed therefore that the active enzyme is formed from two similar subunits. However, the intracellular protease from ts-15 grown at 42 degrees C showed the same molecular weight of 32000--34000 in the presence or in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate. On the basis of this experiment and others described in the paper we concluded that the mutation in ts-15 is most likely a point mutation in a structural gene of an intracellular protease and results in an inability to assemble the two subunits into an active form.", "PMID": 90614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12086", "title": "Biosynthesis of a blood-group-I determinant reacting with anti-I Ma serum (group 1).", "content": "A blood-group-I determinant reacting specifically with anti-I Ma serum (group 1) has been produced biosynthetically by the action of a beta-galactosyl transferase isolated from human milk on a precursor glycoprotein produced by formic acid hydrolysis and beta-D-galactosidase action on blood-group H substance prepared from hog gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of a blood-group-I determinant reacting with anti-I Ma serum (group 1). A blood-group-I determinant reacting specifically with anti-I Ma serum (group 1) has been produced biosynthetically by the action of a beta-galactosyl transferase isolated from human milk on a precursor glycoprotein produced by formic acid hydrolysis and beta-D-galactosidase action on blood-group H substance prepared from hog gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 90615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12087", "title": "Biological role of gramicidin S in spore functions. Studies on gramicidin-S-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC9999.", "content": "Gramicidin-S-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC9999 have been isolated with a remarkly higher yield after ethidium bromide or acridine orange treatment, than after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment. Four (MIV, Smr170, R5 and EB 16) of 38 isolated mutants were characterized with respect to the lesion in gramicidin-S-synthesizing activity. The mutants sporulate to the same extent as the parental strain except mutant Smr 170 which sporulates less. However, mutant spores were more heat-sensitive and possessed a reduced level of dipicolinic acid content. No significant difference was observed in the germination time of wild-type and mutant spores. All spores germinated after 80--110 min, but the outgrowth time was different: all gramicidin-S-negative mutants grew out immediately after germination whereas wild-type spores required a lag period of 9--10 h. When the mutants were allowed to sporulate in the presence of gramicidin S, the spores were found to be heat-resistant and their outgrowth postponed to the same period as the parent spores. The addition of gramicidin also eliminated the deficiency of dipicolinic acid. A new class of gramicidin-S-negative mutant, R5, which only activates L-valine and L-leucine, is described. A possible biological function of gramicidin S in the heat-resistance and in the timing of spore outgrowth is discussed.", "contents": "Biological role of gramicidin S in spore functions. Studies on gramicidin-S-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC9999. Gramicidin-S-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis ATCC9999 have been isolated with a remarkly higher yield after ethidium bromide or acridine orange treatment, than after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment. Four (MIV, Smr170, R5 and EB 16) of 38 isolated mutants were characterized with respect to the lesion in gramicidin-S-synthesizing activity. The mutants sporulate to the same extent as the parental strain except mutant Smr 170 which sporulates less. However, mutant spores were more heat-sensitive and possessed a reduced level of dipicolinic acid content. No significant difference was observed in the germination time of wild-type and mutant spores. All spores germinated after 80--110 min, but the outgrowth time was different: all gramicidin-S-negative mutants grew out immediately after germination whereas wild-type spores required a lag period of 9--10 h. When the mutants were allowed to sporulate in the presence of gramicidin S, the spores were found to be heat-resistant and their outgrowth postponed to the same period as the parent spores. The addition of gramicidin also eliminated the deficiency of dipicolinic acid. A new class of gramicidin-S-negative mutant, R5, which only activates L-valine and L-leucine, is described. A possible biological function of gramicidin S in the heat-resistance and in the timing of spore outgrowth is discussed.", "PMID": 90616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12088", "title": "Lysolecithin analogs as adjuvants in delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. I. Characterization of the adjuvant effect.", "content": "The adjuvant activity of 5 different lysolecithin analogs (LLA) has been studied in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) using fowl gamma globulin, bovine serum albumin and the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10(GAT), as antigens. Increased DTH responses, by factors of 1.8--2.0 in CBA and BALB/c mice, showed that LLA are immunopotentiators if given intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) together with the antigen. The concentration range, within which LLA are active, is limited to 10--20 micrograms/mouse s.c. and 100--300 micrograms/mouse i.p. Adjuvanticity was tested as a function of the LLA structure. The most pronounced immunopotentiation was obtained with racemic 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphorylcholine (ET18-O-CH3). The LLA became less active with decreasing numbers of C atoms in the alkyl chain.", "contents": "Lysolecithin analogs as adjuvants in delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. I. Characterization of the adjuvant effect. The adjuvant activity of 5 different lysolecithin analogs (LLA) has been studied in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) using fowl gamma globulin, bovine serum albumin and the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10(GAT), as antigens. Increased DTH responses, by factors of 1.8--2.0 in CBA and BALB/c mice, showed that LLA are immunopotentiators if given intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) together with the antigen. The concentration range, within which LLA are active, is limited to 10--20 micrograms/mouse s.c. and 100--300 micrograms/mouse i.p. Adjuvanticity was tested as a function of the LLA structure. The most pronounced immunopotentiation was obtained with racemic 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphorylcholine (ET18-O-CH3). The LLA became less active with decreasing numbers of C atoms in the alkyl chain.", "PMID": 90617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12089", "title": "In vitro action of combined salbutamol and theophylline on anaphylactic contractions, mediator release and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in lung parenchyma.", "content": "The mechanisms involved in the anti-asthmatic action of combined bronchodilator therapy was studied by determining the effects of combined salbutamol and theophylline on anaphylactic contractions, histamine release, prostaglandin (PG)F2 ALha release, cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) and smooth muscle tone in guinea-pig peripheral airways in vitro. Combined, salbutamol (3 X 10(=8) M) and theophylline (3 X 10(-4) M) markedly inhibited anaphylactic contractions (85.8%) in lung strips. The inhibition of anaphylactic contractions was significantly greater than inhibition of histamine and PGF2 alpha-induced contractions. Histamine release was reduced by 66.1% but PGF2 alpha was not significantly altered. Increased c-AMP was observed with combined salbutamol (3 X 10(-8) M) and theophylline (3 X 10(-4) M) in the absence of antigen. The combined effect of salbutamol and theophylline was always greater than the sum of their individual effects. The results demonstrate that in peripheral airways theophylline potentiates the action of salbutamol both directly via smooth muscle relaxation and indirectly via inhibition in mediator release.", "contents": "In vitro action of combined salbutamol and theophylline on anaphylactic contractions, mediator release and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in lung parenchyma. The mechanisms involved in the anti-asthmatic action of combined bronchodilator therapy was studied by determining the effects of combined salbutamol and theophylline on anaphylactic contractions, histamine release, prostaglandin (PG)F2 ALha release, cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) and smooth muscle tone in guinea-pig peripheral airways in vitro. Combined, salbutamol (3 X 10(=8) M) and theophylline (3 X 10(-4) M) markedly inhibited anaphylactic contractions (85.8%) in lung strips. The inhibition of anaphylactic contractions was significantly greater than inhibition of histamine and PGF2 alpha-induced contractions. Histamine release was reduced by 66.1% but PGF2 alpha was not significantly altered. Increased c-AMP was observed with combined salbutamol (3 X 10(-8) M) and theophylline (3 X 10(-4) M) in the absence of antigen. The combined effect of salbutamol and theophylline was always greater than the sum of their individual effects. The results demonstrate that in peripheral airways theophylline potentiates the action of salbutamol both directly via smooth muscle relaxation and indirectly via inhibition in mediator release.", "PMID": 90618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12090", "title": "Idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: presence of sideroblastic changes in the erythropoietic precursors cultured from peripheral blood.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five patients with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia were examined in clonal culture for circulating erythropoietic precursors. Three of these patients had relatively mild anemia and revealed significant burst formation. Two patients who had severe anemia and required regular blood transfusions showed severe diminution or absence of circulating precursors. These results could suggest that the number of circulating erythropoietic precursors reflects effective erythropoiesis in the marrow. Ultrastructural morphology and ultrastructural Prussian-blue staining of the bursts from a patient revealed the characteristic mitochondrial deposition of ferrugionous material in pathologic normoblasts. Peripheral blood clonal cell cultures would, therefore, appear to be a potentially useful tool for analysis of biochemical abnormalities in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia.", "contents": "Idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: presence of sideroblastic changes in the erythropoietic precursors cultured from peripheral blood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five patients with idiopathic sideroblastic anemia were examined in clonal culture for circulating erythropoietic precursors. Three of these patients had relatively mild anemia and revealed significant burst formation. Two patients who had severe anemia and required regular blood transfusions showed severe diminution or absence of circulating precursors. These results could suggest that the number of circulating erythropoietic precursors reflects effective erythropoiesis in the marrow. Ultrastructural morphology and ultrastructural Prussian-blue staining of the bursts from a patient revealed the characteristic mitochondrial deposition of ferrugionous material in pathologic normoblasts. Peripheral blood clonal cell cultures would, therefore, appear to be a potentially useful tool for analysis of biochemical abnormalities in idiopathic sideroblastic anemia.", "PMID": 90619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12091", "title": "Hemopoietic stem cells bear sperm-associated antigens.", "content": "A fluorescence-activated cell sorter has been used to sort out enriched populations of murine hemopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow, based on fluorescence of cells labeled with various antisera. Significant positive enrichment for stem cells was obtained with rabbit anti-human brain, human anti-human sperm and mouse anti-mouse F9 sera but not with mouse anti-mouse Ia serum. These results support the hypothesis that the hemopoietic stem cell exhibits 'unique' surface antigens cross-reactive with sperm, brain and embryonic antigens.", "contents": "Hemopoietic stem cells bear sperm-associated antigens. A fluorescence-activated cell sorter has been used to sort out enriched populations of murine hemopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow, based on fluorescence of cells labeled with various antisera. Significant positive enrichment for stem cells was obtained with rabbit anti-human brain, human anti-human sperm and mouse anti-mouse F9 sera but not with mouse anti-mouse Ia serum. These results support the hypothesis that the hemopoietic stem cell exhibits 'unique' surface antigens cross-reactive with sperm, brain and embryonic antigens.", "PMID": 90620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12092", "title": "Recent evidence for the participation of vitamin A in glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Recent evidence supports the concept that vitamin A plays some role in glycoprotein synthesis in a large-variety of tissues examined. Its involvement may be through participation of a retinol-linked sugar, mannosyl retinyl phosphate (MRP). Upon injection of [3H]retinol and [14C]mannose into rats, [14C, 3H]MRP could be isolated from liver and intestinal mucosa, and identified by chromatographic and hydrolytic experiments. The enzyme system that forms MRP from GDP-mannose and retinyl phosphate was located primarily in rough endoplasmic reticulum of fractionated liver cells, with some activity also in smooth membranes and Golgi apparatus. Vitamin A deficiency resulted in depressed synthesis of the rat serum glycoprotein alpha 1-macroglubin (alpha 1-MG), as shown by a decline in labeling. Analysis of the labeled alpha 1-MG from serum of normal and vitamin A-deficient rats showed this to be the result of a defect in glycosylation. The specific activity ratio (deficient:normal) of the alpha 1-MG of serum declined progressively with development of the deficiency, as a result of underglycosylation. Complete carbohydrate analysis of the alpha 1-MG of normal and deficient serum revealed a sugar loss in this glycoprotein as a result of vitamin A deficiency.", "contents": "Recent evidence for the participation of vitamin A in glycoprotein synthesis. Recent evidence supports the concept that vitamin A plays some role in glycoprotein synthesis in a large-variety of tissues examined. Its involvement may be through participation of a retinol-linked sugar, mannosyl retinyl phosphate (MRP). Upon injection of [3H]retinol and [14C]mannose into rats, [14C, 3H]MRP could be isolated from liver and intestinal mucosa, and identified by chromatographic and hydrolytic experiments. The enzyme system that forms MRP from GDP-mannose and retinyl phosphate was located primarily in rough endoplasmic reticulum of fractionated liver cells, with some activity also in smooth membranes and Golgi apparatus. Vitamin A deficiency resulted in depressed synthesis of the rat serum glycoprotein alpha 1-macroglubin (alpha 1-MG), as shown by a decline in labeling. Analysis of the labeled alpha 1-MG from serum of normal and vitamin A-deficient rats showed this to be the result of a defect in glycosylation. The specific activity ratio (deficient:normal) of the alpha 1-MG of serum declined progressively with development of the deficiency, as a result of underglycosylation. Complete carbohydrate analysis of the alpha 1-MG of normal and deficient serum revealed a sugar loss in this glycoprotein as a result of vitamin A deficiency.", "PMID": 90625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12093", "title": "[Histological aspects of mycoses provoked by opportunistic fungi].", "content": "The histological study with Hotchkiss-Mc Manus staining and Grocott silver impregnation of tissues invaded by opportunistic fungi is a rapid and easy means of diagnosis. The inflammatory reactions around the fungus give the certitude that it is a pathogen and not a contaminant. The major opportunists among Canidida, Aspergillus, Mucor, Absidia and Cryptococcus species are presented in local and disseminated lesions, but all fungi, saprophytic in the normal host, can become pathogens in the immunodepressed patient.", "contents": "[Histological aspects of mycoses provoked by opportunistic fungi]. The histological study with Hotchkiss-Mc Manus staining and Grocott silver impregnation of tissues invaded by opportunistic fungi is a rapid and easy means of diagnosis. The inflammatory reactions around the fungus give the certitude that it is a pathogen and not a contaminant. The major opportunists among Canidida, Aspergillus, Mucor, Absidia and Cryptococcus species are presented in local and disseminated lesions, but all fungi, saprophytic in the normal host, can become pathogens in the immunodepressed patient.", "PMID": 90626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12094", "title": "Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium efflux from isolated renal cortical tubules: evidence for cyclic AMP mediation.", "content": "Effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) upon cyclic AMP and calcium efflux in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters were investigated. PTH caused a rapid rise in cyclic AMP levels, temporally preceding an increase in calcium efflux. Increases in both cyclic AMP levels and calcium efflux were noted over an identical PTH concentration range 0.007--0.7 U/ml). Other peptide hormones tested which had no effect upon cyclic AMP levels did not enhance efflux of calcium. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor methyl isobutylxanthine (MIX) was utilized in other studies to potentiate the cyclic AMP response, and produce a range of cyclic AMP concentrations in response to PTH. In these experiments a range of calcium efflux responses was noted which closely paralleled changes in cyclic AMP. Direct addition of cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP to isolated renal tubules caused increased efflux of calcium, while addition of 5'-AMP did not. These results indicate a role for cyclic AMP as a mediator of PTH-induced calcium efflux in this system and suggest that cyclic AMP may mediate the action of this hormone in enhancing renal conservation of calcium in vivo.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium efflux from isolated renal cortical tubules: evidence for cyclic AMP mediation. Effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) upon cyclic AMP and calcium efflux in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters were investigated. PTH caused a rapid rise in cyclic AMP levels, temporally preceding an increase in calcium efflux. Increases in both cyclic AMP levels and calcium efflux were noted over an identical PTH concentration range 0.007--0.7 U/ml). Other peptide hormones tested which had no effect upon cyclic AMP levels did not enhance efflux of calcium. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor methyl isobutylxanthine (MIX) was utilized in other studies to potentiate the cyclic AMP response, and produce a range of cyclic AMP concentrations in response to PTH. In these experiments a range of calcium efflux responses was noted which closely paralleled changes in cyclic AMP. Direct addition of cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP to isolated renal tubules caused increased efflux of calcium, while addition of 5'-AMP did not. These results indicate a role for cyclic AMP as a mediator of PTH-induced calcium efflux in this system and suggest that cyclic AMP may mediate the action of this hormone in enhancing renal conservation of calcium in vivo.", "PMID": 90629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12095", "title": "Studies on hemorrhagic tendency in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Recently it has been paid attention whether the liver diseases might induce the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or not, although it has well known that liver cirrhosis contribute to the hemorrhagic diathesis. In this paper, we studied on the hemorrhagic tendency and hemostatic tests in the patients with liver cirrhosis in order to clarify the coagulation and fibrinolytic activity. We can conclude that the hemorrhagic diathesis occurs due to the complex of decreases in platelet number, platelet functions, clotting factors, and increased fibrinolytic activity. The increased fibrinolytic activity may be primary and the frequency of clinically important DIC is quite low.", "contents": "Studies on hemorrhagic tendency in cirrhosis of the liver. Recently it has been paid attention whether the liver diseases might induce the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or not, although it has well known that liver cirrhosis contribute to the hemorrhagic diathesis. In this paper, we studied on the hemorrhagic tendency and hemostatic tests in the patients with liver cirrhosis in order to clarify the coagulation and fibrinolytic activity. We can conclude that the hemorrhagic diathesis occurs due to the complex of decreases in platelet number, platelet functions, clotting factors, and increased fibrinolytic activity. The increased fibrinolytic activity may be primary and the frequency of clinically important DIC is quite low.", "PMID": 90631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12096", "title": "Palliative treatment of obstructing esophagogastric malignancy by endoscopic positioning of a plastic prosthesis.", "content": "Two hundred patients with obstructing esophagogastric malignancy were treated with positioning of a plastic prosthesis. With the aid of a small caliber fiberendoscope and a pusher tube, the prosthesis was positioned under continuous visual control, using only local anesthesia. Seventy-seven patients had esophageal carcinoma, 25 had pulmonary carcinoma obstructing the esophagus, and 98 had gastric carcinoma. Of the latter, 21 had extensive stomach involvement and 8 had local tumor recurrence after esophagojejunostomy. A bronchoesophageal fistula was present in 17 patients. Complications were bleeding (3), perforation (16) with only one death, and obstruction either due to food impaction (13), tumor overgrowth (17), or reflux esophagitis (5); the latter two conditions were corrected by changing the tube in all cases. Tube migration occurred frequently, but could be prevented by adapting the shape of the prosthesis. The procedure was performed as ultimate palliation in patients unfit for surgical insertion and had a low mortality rate of 2%. In general, there was marked improvement in the quality of life.", "contents": "Palliative treatment of obstructing esophagogastric malignancy by endoscopic positioning of a plastic prosthesis. Two hundred patients with obstructing esophagogastric malignancy were treated with positioning of a plastic prosthesis. With the aid of a small caliber fiberendoscope and a pusher tube, the prosthesis was positioned under continuous visual control, using only local anesthesia. Seventy-seven patients had esophageal carcinoma, 25 had pulmonary carcinoma obstructing the esophagus, and 98 had gastric carcinoma. Of the latter, 21 had extensive stomach involvement and 8 had local tumor recurrence after esophagojejunostomy. A bronchoesophageal fistula was present in 17 patients. Complications were bleeding (3), perforation (16) with only one death, and obstruction either due to food impaction (13), tumor overgrowth (17), or reflux esophagitis (5); the latter two conditions were corrected by changing the tube in all cases. Tube migration occurred frequently, but could be prevented by adapting the shape of the prosthesis. The procedure was performed as ultimate palliation in patients unfit for surgical insertion and had a low mortality rate of 2%. In general, there was marked improvement in the quality of life.", "PMID": 90632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12097", "title": "Cell differentiation in human gastric gland as revealed by nuclear binding of tritiated actinomycin.", "content": "The nuclear binding of H3 actinomycin, which is closely linked to the differentiation phenomenon, was studied in human normal gastric mucosa. Actinomycin binding decreases in cells which differentiate and becomes very low in fully differentiated cells. In the gastric pits, there is a decreasing gradient of labelling from the deeper stem cells to the well-differentiated superficial cells. This indicates that migration and renewal of the surface epithelium occurs following a 'pipe-line' system. All the undifferentiated stem cells are labelled. Where the parietal cells are concerned all degrees of labelling are observed at various levels with a decreasing proportion of labelling from the surface to the bottom of the gland. With mucous cells and chief cells in the upper part of the gland a great number of poorly labelled mucous neck cells is observed. In the middle and lower part of the gland there is a new growth of heavily labelled cells. This means that in the normal human stomach chief cells probably do not originate from mucous cells.", "contents": "Cell differentiation in human gastric gland as revealed by nuclear binding of tritiated actinomycin. The nuclear binding of H3 actinomycin, which is closely linked to the differentiation phenomenon, was studied in human normal gastric mucosa. Actinomycin binding decreases in cells which differentiate and becomes very low in fully differentiated cells. In the gastric pits, there is a decreasing gradient of labelling from the deeper stem cells to the well-differentiated superficial cells. This indicates that migration and renewal of the surface epithelium occurs following a 'pipe-line' system. All the undifferentiated stem cells are labelled. Where the parietal cells are concerned all degrees of labelling are observed at various levels with a decreasing proportion of labelling from the surface to the bottom of the gland. With mucous cells and chief cells in the upper part of the gland a great number of poorly labelled mucous neck cells is observed. In the middle and lower part of the gland there is a new growth of heavily labelled cells. This means that in the normal human stomach chief cells probably do not originate from mucous cells.", "PMID": 90638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12098", "title": "The histomorphology of the elastic tissue system in the skin of the human hand.", "content": "This study compares the effectiveness of the Verhoeff and Puchtler-Sweat resorcin fuschin methods of staining the elastic tissue of palmar and dorsal skin specimens of the human hand. The resorcin stain demonstrates the \"oxytalan\" fibres of the elastic tissue system in the dermal papillary layer of the palmar skin. Oxytalan fibres are not generally demonstrated by the Verhoeff method and are not demonstrated in the dorsal skin specimens. These studies substantiate the existence of a system of elastic tissue fibres in the skin of the hand. The inter-relationship of the elastic and collagenous fibres appears to complement each of their functions; namely, in anchoring the dermo-epidermal junction, absorbing the stresses of stretch and compressive forces and return the tissues to their original state of tension, and providing protection to the dermal appendages in addition to lending a gradient mobility transmitted through the dermis to the subcutaneous layer to give suppleness and mobility to the skin.", "contents": "The histomorphology of the elastic tissue system in the skin of the human hand. This study compares the effectiveness of the Verhoeff and Puchtler-Sweat resorcin fuschin methods of staining the elastic tissue of palmar and dorsal skin specimens of the human hand. The resorcin stain demonstrates the \"oxytalan\" fibres of the elastic tissue system in the dermal papillary layer of the palmar skin. Oxytalan fibres are not generally demonstrated by the Verhoeff method and are not demonstrated in the dorsal skin specimens. These studies substantiate the existence of a system of elastic tissue fibres in the skin of the hand. The inter-relationship of the elastic and collagenous fibres appears to complement each of their functions; namely, in anchoring the dermo-epidermal junction, absorbing the stresses of stretch and compressive forces and return the tissues to their original state of tension, and providing protection to the dermal appendages in addition to lending a gradient mobility transmitted through the dermis to the subcutaneous layer to give suppleness and mobility to the skin.", "PMID": 90639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12099", "title": "Hemocyanins in spiders, VII. Immunological comparison of the subunits of Eurypelma californicum hemocyanin.", "content": "The isolated subunites of Eurypelma californicum hemocyanin were studied by aid of antibodies raised against whole, dissociated hemocyanin. The proportion of impurities was found to be low in almost all subunits. There was no cross reaction between the individual chains, and the total number of antigenically different subunits was found to be seven, confirming results obtained by different methods. If an artificial mixture prepared from purified subunits is compared to whole, dissociated hemocyanin, an overall very similar pattern is obtained but differences appear which are due to specific interaction.--The dimeric subunit 4D was shown to be a heterodimer (asymmetric dimer) composed of chains b and c4.", "contents": "Hemocyanins in spiders, VII. Immunological comparison of the subunits of Eurypelma californicum hemocyanin. The isolated subunites of Eurypelma californicum hemocyanin were studied by aid of antibodies raised against whole, dissociated hemocyanin. The proportion of impurities was found to be low in almost all subunits. There was no cross reaction between the individual chains, and the total number of antigenically different subunits was found to be seven, confirming results obtained by different methods. If an artificial mixture prepared from purified subunits is compared to whole, dissociated hemocyanin, an overall very similar pattern is obtained but differences appear which are due to specific interaction.--The dimeric subunit 4D was shown to be a heterodimer (asymmetric dimer) composed of chains b and c4.", "PMID": 90640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12100", "title": "Preparative electrophoresis of human lymphocytes. II. Use of non-immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes obtained by electrophoretic levitation for the elicitation of a rabbit anti-human \"T-cell\" serum.", "content": "By intradermal injection (in Freund's complete adjuvant) of rabbits with only a few million human T-lymphocytes, obtained by preparative electrophoresis, an anti-human \"T-cell\" serum can be obtained. Although the antiserum is best used in a fairly concentrated form, its anti-human \"T-cell\" specificity (by immunofluorescence and E-rosetting) appears excellent, without the need to resort to absorption with various unwanted antigens. There may however, also be other specificities in the antiserum, as it also reacts with human granulocytes.", "contents": "Preparative electrophoresis of human lymphocytes. II. Use of non-immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes obtained by electrophoretic levitation for the elicitation of a rabbit anti-human \"T-cell\" serum. By intradermal injection (in Freund's complete adjuvant) of rabbits with only a few million human T-lymphocytes, obtained by preparative electrophoresis, an anti-human \"T-cell\" serum can be obtained. Although the antiserum is best used in a fairly concentrated form, its anti-human \"T-cell\" specificity (by immunofluorescence and E-rosetting) appears excellent, without the need to resort to absorption with various unwanted antigens. There may however, also be other specificities in the antiserum, as it also reacts with human granulocytes.", "PMID": 90648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12101", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the volume expanding effect of hydroxyethyl starch 40000 in the dog acute hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "After acute hemorrhagic shock in dogs the hemodynamics of hydroxyethyl starch (MW: 40,000) are studied. The experiment shows that this plasma expander has a good efficiency for 3 to 4 hours. The indications of application of this colloidal solution are discussed.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the volume expanding effect of hydroxyethyl starch 40000 in the dog acute hemorrhagic shock]. After acute hemorrhagic shock in dogs the hemodynamics of hydroxyethyl starch (MW: 40,000) are studied. The experiment shows that this plasma expander has a good efficiency for 3 to 4 hours. The indications of application of this colloidal solution are discussed.", "PMID": 90651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12102", "title": "Characterization of the antigenic determinants of cholera toxin subunits.", "content": "The antigenic specificity of purified preparations of A subunit, B subunit, alpha chain, and gamma chain of cholera toxin was studied by double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay with antisera produced in rabbits and mice. Rabbits immunized with A subunit produced serum antibodies which were capable of binding radiolabeled A subunit, alpha chain, and B subunit. Rabbits immunized with alpha chain produced serum antibodies that would bind radiolabeled alpha chain and A subunit. Rabbits immunized with the B subunit produced serum antibodies monospecific for the B subunit. The gamma chain did not elicit measurable antibodies in rabbits or mice as evidenced by radioimmunoassay or double immunodiffusion. A sensitive competitive radioimmunoassay was developed in which the B subunit could inhibit binding of radiolabeled A subunit and alpha chain with either antisera prepared against A subunit or alpha chain. Neither the A subunit nor the alpha chain could inhibit binding of B subunit with the antiserum prepared against B subunit. In addition, selected elution fractions obtained during A- and B-subunit purification were used to immunize groups of mice. Mice responded to immunization with the elution fractions of A subunit by producing anti-A-subunit and anti-B-subunit serum antibody responses, whereas mice immunized with elution fractions of B subunit produced only antibodies specific for the B subunit. An equimolar amount of the two resulting protein peaks was used to immunize two groups of rabbits. Rabbits immunized with A subunit, produced a serum anti-B subunit response equal to that of rabbits immunized with the B subunit. Rabbits immunized with equimolar concentrations of A and B subunits were observed to be equally protected against intestinal loop challenge with Vibrio cholerae Inaba V86. The A subunit, not the B subunit, was biologically active when tested by the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma cell test. These studies provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that the A subunit, specifically of alpha chain, of cholera toxin contains antigenic determinants in common with the B subunit.", "contents": "Characterization of the antigenic determinants of cholera toxin subunits. The antigenic specificity of purified preparations of A subunit, B subunit, alpha chain, and gamma chain of cholera toxin was studied by double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay with antisera produced in rabbits and mice. Rabbits immunized with A subunit produced serum antibodies which were capable of binding radiolabeled A subunit, alpha chain, and B subunit. Rabbits immunized with alpha chain produced serum antibodies that would bind radiolabeled alpha chain and A subunit. Rabbits immunized with the B subunit produced serum antibodies monospecific for the B subunit. The gamma chain did not elicit measurable antibodies in rabbits or mice as evidenced by radioimmunoassay or double immunodiffusion. A sensitive competitive radioimmunoassay was developed in which the B subunit could inhibit binding of radiolabeled A subunit and alpha chain with either antisera prepared against A subunit or alpha chain. Neither the A subunit nor the alpha chain could inhibit binding of B subunit with the antiserum prepared against B subunit. In addition, selected elution fractions obtained during A- and B-subunit purification were used to immunize groups of mice. Mice responded to immunization with the elution fractions of A subunit by producing anti-A-subunit and anti-B-subunit serum antibody responses, whereas mice immunized with elution fractions of B subunit produced only antibodies specific for the B subunit. An equimolar amount of the two resulting protein peaks was used to immunize two groups of rabbits. Rabbits immunized with A subunit, produced a serum anti-B subunit response equal to that of rabbits immunized with the B subunit. Rabbits immunized with equimolar concentrations of A and B subunits were observed to be equally protected against intestinal loop challenge with Vibrio cholerae Inaba V86. The A subunit, not the B subunit, was biologically active when tested by the S49 mouse lymphosarcoma cell test. These studies provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that the A subunit, specifically of alpha chain, of cholera toxin contains antigenic determinants in common with the B subunit.", "PMID": 90654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12103", "title": "The indirect rat mast cell degranulation test reconsidered.", "content": "The indirect rat mast cell degranulation test for the detection of human reaginic antibodies was reinvestigated. When the mast cells were incubated with human reaginic serum at concentrations exceeding approximately 3%, a massive, non-specific histamine release occurred, irrespective of the presence or absence of allergen. At tolerated serum concentrations (below 3%), the allergen concentration did not influence the release process. We conclude that the indirect rat mast cell test is not applicable as an alternative test system for the study of immediate hypersensitivity in humans.", "contents": "The indirect rat mast cell degranulation test reconsidered. The indirect rat mast cell degranulation test for the detection of human reaginic antibodies was reinvestigated. When the mast cells were incubated with human reaginic serum at concentrations exceeding approximately 3%, a massive, non-specific histamine release occurred, irrespective of the presence or absence of allergen. At tolerated serum concentrations (below 3%), the allergen concentration did not influence the release process. We conclude that the indirect rat mast cell test is not applicable as an alternative test system for the study of immediate hypersensitivity in humans.", "PMID": 90655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12104", "title": "Complement profiles in monkeys subjected to aggregate (immune complex) anaphylaxis, and following injection of soluble and particulate polysaccharides.", "content": "Complement profiles were established in four groups of Macaca irus monkeys: (I) Aggregate (immune complex) anaphylaxis was induced following immunization, with ovalbumin. Upon challenge, systemic arterial pressure decreased from 115 to 50 mm Hg (mean values) in 10 min. The complement profiles revealed decreases in: C1q to less than 10% of initial value within 5 min; C4 proportional to hypotension; C3 slowly to 60% at 24 h; C5, C6, C7, C8 and factor B to about 80% of initial value in 5--30 min. Conversion products of C3 and factor B were detected on the day of anaphylaxis. In conclusion, mainly the classical and to a lesser extent the alternative pathway, were activated. Following injection of (II) native B 512 dextran, (III) biodegradable starch microspheres, and (IV) saline, no significant changes of complement profiles were seen. Conversion products of C3 and factor B were, however, demonstrable in groups II and III without appearance of clinical signs.", "contents": "Complement profiles in monkeys subjected to aggregate (immune complex) anaphylaxis, and following injection of soluble and particulate polysaccharides. Complement profiles were established in four groups of Macaca irus monkeys: (I) Aggregate (immune complex) anaphylaxis was induced following immunization, with ovalbumin. Upon challenge, systemic arterial pressure decreased from 115 to 50 mm Hg (mean values) in 10 min. The complement profiles revealed decreases in: C1q to less than 10% of initial value within 5 min; C4 proportional to hypotension; C3 slowly to 60% at 24 h; C5, C6, C7, C8 and factor B to about 80% of initial value in 5--30 min. Conversion products of C3 and factor B were detected on the day of anaphylaxis. In conclusion, mainly the classical and to a lesser extent the alternative pathway, were activated. Following injection of (II) native B 512 dextran, (III) biodegradable starch microspheres, and (IV) saline, no significant changes of complement profiles were seen. Conversion products of C3 and factor B were, however, demonstrable in groups II and III without appearance of clinical signs.", "PMID": 90656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12105", "title": "Analysis of the expression of H-2 and H-2-linked antigens on mammary tumor cells.", "content": "The products of the recently discovered H-2L locus were expressed on BALB/c mammary tumor cells and behaved as histocompatibility antigens, in contrast to the products of H-2 linked loci (Qa-loci) that did not influence the acceptance or rejection of tumor transplants.", "contents": "Analysis of the expression of H-2 and H-2-linked antigens on mammary tumor cells. The products of the recently discovered H-2L locus were expressed on BALB/c mammary tumor cells and behaved as histocompatibility antigens, in contrast to the products of H-2 linked loci (Qa-loci) that did not influence the acceptance or rejection of tumor transplants.", "PMID": 90659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12106", "title": "Establishment, characterization and virus expression of cell lines derived from radiation- and virus-induced lymphomas of C57BL/Ka mice.", "content": "Permanent cell lines have been established in vitro from lymphoid tumors induced in C57BH/Ka mice by fractionated X-irradiation or by inoculation of the radiation leukemia virus (RadOV). The cultured cells are lymphoblastic, replicate rapidly in vitro, and are tumorigenic in vivo. The cell surface markers Thy 1, Ly 1, Ly 2,3 and GIX are expressed by the lymphoid tumor cells in the mouse and persist in the corresponding cell lines; expression of the H-2 and TL antigens is greatly reduced during in vitro passage, but is restored on in vivo transplantation. The cell lines derived from RadLV-induced tumors (BL/VL lines) produce a virus population (RadLV/LTC) with the thymotropic and leukemogenic attributes of RadLV. Those derived from radiation-induced, virus-negative lymphomas (BL/RL lines) are initially devoid of MuLV expression, but frequently become spontaneous virus producers during in vitro cultivation.", "contents": "Establishment, characterization and virus expression of cell lines derived from radiation- and virus-induced lymphomas of C57BL/Ka mice. Permanent cell lines have been established in vitro from lymphoid tumors induced in C57BH/Ka mice by fractionated X-irradiation or by inoculation of the radiation leukemia virus (RadOV). The cultured cells are lymphoblastic, replicate rapidly in vitro, and are tumorigenic in vivo. The cell surface markers Thy 1, Ly 1, Ly 2,3 and GIX are expressed by the lymphoid tumor cells in the mouse and persist in the corresponding cell lines; expression of the H-2 and TL antigens is greatly reduced during in vitro passage, but is restored on in vivo transplantation. The cell lines derived from RadLV-induced tumors (BL/VL lines) produce a virus population (RadLV/LTC) with the thymotropic and leukemogenic attributes of RadLV. Those derived from radiation-induced, virus-negative lymphomas (BL/RL lines) are initially devoid of MuLV expression, but frequently become spontaneous virus producers during in vitro cultivation.", "PMID": 90660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12107", "title": "Characterization of a type-C virus produced by co-cultures of human leukemic bone-marrow and fetal canine thymus cells.", "content": "The putative human helper virus SKA-21/A204V, isolated by Nooter et al. in 1977 from human leukemic bone-marrow cells following co-culture with normal fetal canine thymus cells, Cf2th, has been characterized with respect to its major viral core protein, reverse transcriptase, and nucleic acid sequences. The results of these analyses show that this virus is not distinguishable from the woolly monkey type-C virus, SSAV-1, by the techniques employed.", "contents": "Characterization of a type-C virus produced by co-cultures of human leukemic bone-marrow and fetal canine thymus cells. The putative human helper virus SKA-21/A204V, isolated by Nooter et al. in 1977 from human leukemic bone-marrow cells following co-culture with normal fetal canine thymus cells, Cf2th, has been characterized with respect to its major viral core protein, reverse transcriptase, and nucleic acid sequences. The results of these analyses show that this virus is not distinguishable from the woolly monkey type-C virus, SSAV-1, by the techniques employed.", "PMID": 90662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12108", "title": "The differentiation of clonal rat yolk sac tumor cell lines cultivated with dibutyryl-cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate.", "content": "Five rat yolk sac tumor cell lines were cloned from a yolk sac tumor line which originally arose following fetectomy. The doubling time of each of the cloned tumor lines was about 50 h. All of the cloned tumor cell lines synthesized and secreted AFP and albumin but there was a gradual decrease in the synthesis of these proteins during serial passage. The cells formed clusters which looked like vitelline ducts or the parietal yolk sac and they also had basement membranes which closely resembled Reichert's membrane. When the cloned cell lines were cultivated in the presence of 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic-AMP, myotube-like and neuron-like cells appeared. Acetylcholine esterase and creatine phosphokinase activity were present when myotube-like cells were present whereas acetylcholine esterase activity predominated when neuron-like cells were present.", "contents": "The differentiation of clonal rat yolk sac tumor cell lines cultivated with dibutyryl-cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate. Five rat yolk sac tumor cell lines were cloned from a yolk sac tumor line which originally arose following fetectomy. The doubling time of each of the cloned tumor lines was about 50 h. All of the cloned tumor cell lines synthesized and secreted AFP and albumin but there was a gradual decrease in the synthesis of these proteins during serial passage. The cells formed clusters which looked like vitelline ducts or the parietal yolk sac and they also had basement membranes which closely resembled Reichert's membrane. When the cloned cell lines were cultivated in the presence of 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic-AMP, myotube-like and neuron-like cells appeared. Acetylcholine esterase and creatine phosphokinase activity were present when myotube-like cells were present whereas acetylcholine esterase activity predominated when neuron-like cells were present.", "PMID": 90664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12109", "title": "Demonstration of chicken fetal antigen (CFA) on normal splenic lymphocytes, Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines and other neoplasms.", "content": "Chicken fetal antigen (CFA) was detected on normal splenic lymphocytes and a direct relationship was observed between the percentage of CFA-positive cells and the age of the donor. The fetal antigen was also detected on lymphoblastoid tumor cells and cell lines induced by known avian oncogenic viruses (Marek's disease virus and avian leukosis virus), and on spontaneously occurring adenocarcinoma cells. The fetal antigen appears to be distinct from Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen.", "contents": "Demonstration of chicken fetal antigen (CFA) on normal splenic lymphocytes, Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines and other neoplasms. Chicken fetal antigen (CFA) was detected on normal splenic lymphocytes and a direct relationship was observed between the percentage of CFA-positive cells and the age of the donor. The fetal antigen was also detected on lymphoblastoid tumor cells and cell lines induced by known avian oncogenic viruses (Marek's disease virus and avian leukosis virus), and on spontaneously occurring adenocarcinoma cells. The fetal antigen appears to be distinct from Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen.", "PMID": 90665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12110", "title": "Identification of a Mycobacterium leprae specific protein antigen(s) and its possible application for the serodiagnosis of leprosy.", "content": "Acetone-killed Mycobacterium leprae separated from infected armadillo liver tissue without the use of proteases were treated with 0.2 M lithium acetate, 20 mM EDTA, pH 8.8 solution, and the concentrated antigen extract was analyzed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion. The antigen extract gave a single immunoprecipitate when reacted with pooled lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients sera made highly specific for M. leprae by adsorption. Apparently identical precipitates were produced by reacting the antigen extract with sera of each of 15 treated LL patients, 5 of 7 patients with tuberculoid leprosy, and 3 of 4 M. leprae infected armadillos. Serum from 1 of 16 persons immunized with BCG and from none of 15 patients with chlamydial urethritis or brucellosis reacted with the antigen. Identically prepared extracts of M. smegmatis, M. phlei, M. vaccae, M. duvali and M. diernhoferi gave no immunoprecipitates with sera from LL patients or infected armadillos. Preliminary characterization indicates the antigen is protein since antigenicity was destroyed by pronase and/or heat treatment. The relative specificity of the protein antigen for M. leprae and the presence of antibody to this antigen in patients with leprosy suggest a possible role for this antigen in the serodiagnosis of leprosy.", "contents": "Identification of a Mycobacterium leprae specific protein antigen(s) and its possible application for the serodiagnosis of leprosy. Acetone-killed Mycobacterium leprae separated from infected armadillo liver tissue without the use of proteases were treated with 0.2 M lithium acetate, 20 mM EDTA, pH 8.8 solution, and the concentrated antigen extract was analyzed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion. The antigen extract gave a single immunoprecipitate when reacted with pooled lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients sera made highly specific for M. leprae by adsorption. Apparently identical precipitates were produced by reacting the antigen extract with sera of each of 15 treated LL patients, 5 of 7 patients with tuberculoid leprosy, and 3 of 4 M. leprae infected armadillos. Serum from 1 of 16 persons immunized with BCG and from none of 15 patients with chlamydial urethritis or brucellosis reacted with the antigen. Identically prepared extracts of M. smegmatis, M. phlei, M. vaccae, M. duvali and M. diernhoferi gave no immunoprecipitates with sera from LL patients or infected armadillos. Preliminary characterization indicates the antigen is protein since antigenicity was destroyed by pronase and/or heat treatment. The relative specificity of the protein antigen for M. leprae and the presence of antibody to this antigen in patients with leprosy suggest a possible role for this antigen in the serodiagnosis of leprosy.", "PMID": 90666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12111", "title": "Pyridine extractability of acid-fastness from Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Various mycobacteria were tested for their ability to retain acid-fastness after treatment with pyridine: a) Mycobacterium leprae separated from organs of 20 experimentally infected armadillos (which were sacrificed); b) M. leprae separated from a biopsy of a lepromatous patient; c) direct smears of lepromatous tissues from armadillos; d) eighteen cultivable mycobacteria obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); E) cultivatable mycobacteria separated from the lymph nodes of a wild-caught armadillo and also the same organism grown in culture and Skinsnes' alleged M. leprae culture. A loss of acid-fastness was observed microscopically from M. leprae separated from experimentally infected armadillo tissues, M. leprae separated from a lepromatous patient biopsy, and M. leprae found in direct smears prepared from infected armadillo tissues. The eighteen cultivatable mycobacteria from ATCC, cultivatable mycobacteria separated from the tissue of a wild-caught armadillo (and also grown in culture) and Skinsnes' alleged M. leprae culture retained their acid-fastness. Testing of pyridine extractability of acid-fastness combined with those of D-DOPA oxidase testing proved to be extremely reliable in our laboratory in differentiating M. leprae from other mycobacteria.", "contents": "Pyridine extractability of acid-fastness from Mycobacterium leprae. Various mycobacteria were tested for their ability to retain acid-fastness after treatment with pyridine: a) Mycobacterium leprae separated from organs of 20 experimentally infected armadillos (which were sacrificed); b) M. leprae separated from a biopsy of a lepromatous patient; c) direct smears of lepromatous tissues from armadillos; d) eighteen cultivable mycobacteria obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); E) cultivatable mycobacteria separated from the lymph nodes of a wild-caught armadillo and also the same organism grown in culture and Skinsnes' alleged M. leprae culture. A loss of acid-fastness was observed microscopically from M. leprae separated from experimentally infected armadillo tissues, M. leprae separated from a lepromatous patient biopsy, and M. leprae found in direct smears prepared from infected armadillo tissues. The eighteen cultivatable mycobacteria from ATCC, cultivatable mycobacteria separated from the tissue of a wild-caught armadillo (and also grown in culture) and Skinsnes' alleged M. leprae culture retained their acid-fastness. Testing of pyridine extractability of acid-fastness combined with those of D-DOPA oxidase testing proved to be extremely reliable in our laboratory in differentiating M. leprae from other mycobacteria.", "PMID": 90667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12112", "title": "Tobacco leaf mesophyll peroxidase. Isolation, purification and some properties.", "content": "Two isoperoxidases, P1 and P2, were isolated from tobacco mesophyll leaves by the combined methods of ammonium sulphate precipitation, PAGE and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The pH otpima for P1 and P2 were 7.0 and 7.5 respectively. The values of Km for H2O2 were 1.82 and 0.87 mM for P1 and P2. Results from this investigationsuggest that these isoperoxidases differ in their electrophoretic, catalytic and physical properties.", "contents": "Tobacco leaf mesophyll peroxidase. Isolation, purification and some properties. Two isoperoxidases, P1 and P2, were isolated from tobacco mesophyll leaves by the combined methods of ammonium sulphate precipitation, PAGE and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The pH otpima for P1 and P2 were 7.0 and 7.5 respectively. The values of Km for H2O2 were 1.82 and 0.87 mM for P1 and P2. Results from this investigationsuggest that these isoperoxidases differ in their electrophoretic, catalytic and physical properties.", "PMID": 90669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12113", "title": "On the mechanism of Verhoeff's elastica stain: a convenient stain for myelin sheaths.", "content": "Verhoeff (1908) recommended an iron-hematein formula containing Lugol's solution for demonstration of elastic tissue; sections are differentiated until desired staining patterns are obtained. Verhoeff's stain colored a variety of tissue structures and showed higher substantivity for myelin sheaths than for elastin. Addition of HCL or omission of Lugol's solution decreased or abolished coloration of pseudo-elastica and thus enhanced selectivity for elastin. Substitution of Fe++ for Fe+++ abolished dye binding by elastin. A review of chemical data indicated interaction of components of Lugol's solution with the dye. Hematein and Fe+++ form a variety of cationic, anionic and non-ionic chelates; the ratio of these compounds changes with time. Dye binding apparently occurs mainly via van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Verhoeff's elastica stain is definitely not specific for elastin and is inferior to orcein and resorcin-fuchsin because of the required differentiation with its inherent bias to produce patterns which conform to expectations. However, Verhoeff's elastica stain is far superior to other metal-hematein technics for myelin sheaths. The combined Verhoeff-picro-Sirius Red F3BA stain can be performed in 30 min and does not require differentiation. It is therefore suggested to reclassify Verhoeff's elastica stain as a method for myelin sheaths.", "contents": "On the mechanism of Verhoeff's elastica stain: a convenient stain for myelin sheaths. Verhoeff (1908) recommended an iron-hematein formula containing Lugol's solution for demonstration of elastic tissue; sections are differentiated until desired staining patterns are obtained. Verhoeff's stain colored a variety of tissue structures and showed higher substantivity for myelin sheaths than for elastin. Addition of HCL or omission of Lugol's solution decreased or abolished coloration of pseudo-elastica and thus enhanced selectivity for elastin. Substitution of Fe++ for Fe+++ abolished dye binding by elastin. A review of chemical data indicated interaction of components of Lugol's solution with the dye. Hematein and Fe+++ form a variety of cationic, anionic and non-ionic chelates; the ratio of these compounds changes with time. Dye binding apparently occurs mainly via van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Verhoeff's elastica stain is definitely not specific for elastin and is inferior to orcein and resorcin-fuchsin because of the required differentiation with its inherent bias to produce patterns which conform to expectations. However, Verhoeff's elastica stain is far superior to other metal-hematein technics for myelin sheaths. The combined Verhoeff-picro-Sirius Red F3BA stain can be performed in 30 min and does not require differentiation. It is therefore suggested to reclassify Verhoeff's elastica stain as a method for myelin sheaths.", "PMID": 90671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12114", "title": "A structure in the wall of the internal carotid artery in the rat.", "content": "A structure has been found consistently in the wall of the internal carotid artery of the rat as it passes through the carotid canal. It consists of modified smooth muscle cells arranged longitudinally which exhibit abundant pinocytosis and are located close to endothelial cells, with which they make contact. These cells do not appear to be innervated. The closeness of this structure to the arterial lumen, into which it may actually protrude, suggests that it may be sensitive to vaso-active substances in arterial blood. If so, it is well place to affect cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "A structure in the wall of the internal carotid artery in the rat. A structure has been found consistently in the wall of the internal carotid artery of the rat as it passes through the carotid canal. It consists of modified smooth muscle cells arranged longitudinally which exhibit abundant pinocytosis and are located close to endothelial cells, with which they make contact. These cells do not appear to be innervated. The closeness of this structure to the arterial lumen, into which it may actually protrude, suggests that it may be sensitive to vaso-active substances in arterial blood. If so, it is well place to affect cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 90673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12115", "title": "Purification and characterization of multiple species (isolectins) of a slime mold lectin implicated in intercellular adhesion.", "content": "An improved purification procedure for the carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) of cohesive Polysphondylium pallidum cells has been devised. The procedure uses extraction of cells with lactose-containing buffer followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography of the redissolved precipitate on a column of acid-treated Sepharose 6B. All hemagglutination activity is adsorbed to the column and recoveries are about 70% of the activity of the starting cell lysate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the protein obtained with this procedure resolved three subunits with molecular weights of 26,500 (A), 26,000 (B), and 25,000 (C). Three species are resolved by isoelectric focusing with apparent pI values of 6.4 (I), 7.3 (II), and 7.5 (III) which contain Subunits A, B, and C in the following ratios: I, B:C at 2:1; II, A:B at 2:1, and III, A:B at 1:2. All three isoforms agglutinate rabbit and human type O erythrocytes and are thus isolectins. Isoforms II and III are separated from Isoform I by galactose-gradient elution of the Sepharose 6B column. Isoforms II and III aggregate extensively (nonamers and multiples thereof), but reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol reverses this process yielding a single species of Mr = 73,000 (trimer). Isoform I exists as trimers and hexamers and reduction has no effect on this distribution. Amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of S-[14C]carboxymethyl-isolectins indicate that Subunits A and B are very similar and may represent the same peptide chain, while Subunit C is a peptide quite distinct from A and B.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of multiple species (isolectins) of a slime mold lectin implicated in intercellular adhesion. An improved purification procedure for the carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) of cohesive Polysphondylium pallidum cells has been devised. The procedure uses extraction of cells with lactose-containing buffer followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography of the redissolved precipitate on a column of acid-treated Sepharose 6B. All hemagglutination activity is adsorbed to the column and recoveries are about 70% of the activity of the starting cell lysate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the protein obtained with this procedure resolved three subunits with molecular weights of 26,500 (A), 26,000 (B), and 25,000 (C). Three species are resolved by isoelectric focusing with apparent pI values of 6.4 (I), 7.3 (II), and 7.5 (III) which contain Subunits A, B, and C in the following ratios: I, B:C at 2:1; II, A:B at 2:1, and III, A:B at 1:2. All three isoforms agglutinate rabbit and human type O erythrocytes and are thus isolectins. Isoforms II and III are separated from Isoform I by galactose-gradient elution of the Sepharose 6B column. Isoforms II and III aggregate extensively (nonamers and multiples thereof), but reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol reverses this process yielding a single species of Mr = 73,000 (trimer). Isoform I exists as trimers and hexamers and reduction has no effect on this distribution. Amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of S-[14C]carboxymethyl-isolectins indicate that Subunits A and B are very similar and may represent the same peptide chain, while Subunit C is a peptide quite distinct from A and B.", "PMID": 90676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12116", "title": "Purification of a new high activity form of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and the effect of enzyme inactivation on its immunochemical reactivity.", "content": "A new form of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49) was purified from rat liver by protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography with diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and affinity chromatography with Cibacron blue agarose and NADP agarose. This form of the enzyme has a specific activity of over 600 units/mg of protein and gives essentially a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The form of the enzyme isolated by this purification method is 3 times more active than the form purified from liver by previously reported procedures. The relative mass of this pure glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by disc gel electrophoresis to be 269,000. This high activity glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, after inactivation by reaction with palmityl-CoA, was no longer precipitated by specific rabbit and goat antisera to this purified enzyme. Thus, the possibility still exists that starved fat-refed animals contain glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme protein in an inactivated form no longer detectable by either enzyme activity or immunoprecipitation.", "contents": "Purification of a new high activity form of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and the effect of enzyme inactivation on its immunochemical reactivity. A new form of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49) was purified from rat liver by protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography with diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and affinity chromatography with Cibacron blue agarose and NADP agarose. This form of the enzyme has a specific activity of over 600 units/mg of protein and gives essentially a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The form of the enzyme isolated by this purification method is 3 times more active than the form purified from liver by previously reported procedures. The relative mass of this pure glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by disc gel electrophoresis to be 269,000. This high activity glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, after inactivation by reaction with palmityl-CoA, was no longer precipitated by specific rabbit and goat antisera to this purified enzyme. Thus, the possibility still exists that starved fat-refed animals contain glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme protein in an inactivated form no longer detectable by either enzyme activity or immunoprecipitation.", "PMID": 90677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12117", "title": "Simplification and spin-spin analysis of the side chain proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the decapeptide gramicidin S using difference scalar decoupling and biosynthesis of specifically deuterated analogs.", "content": "Biosynthesis of specifically deuterated molecules and difference scalar decoupling permitted an analysis of all C alpha-C beta spin systems of gramicidin S. Proof is presented that proton magnetic resonance spectra obtained by difference scalar decoupling yield not only spectral assignments and simplification but also accurate chemicals shifts and scalar coupling constants. The variations in (3J alpha beta) and in proton chemical shifts at temperatures over the range of -54 degrees -+66 degrees C are consistent with the internal rotation around the C alpha-C beta bonds of Val1, Orn2, Leu3, and Phe4 residues discovered using carbon 13 spectroscopy. The value (3J alpha beta) = 1.5 Hz for the proline residue is consistent with there being only one C alpha-C beta conformer. This is supported by the small temperature dependence of (3J alpha beta). However, it cannot be rigorously excluded that oscillation between a major and a minor C alpha-C beta conformation occurs for proline.", "contents": "Simplification and spin-spin analysis of the side chain proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the decapeptide gramicidin S using difference scalar decoupling and biosynthesis of specifically deuterated analogs. Biosynthesis of specifically deuterated molecules and difference scalar decoupling permitted an analysis of all C alpha-C beta spin systems of gramicidin S. Proof is presented that proton magnetic resonance spectra obtained by difference scalar decoupling yield not only spectral assignments and simplification but also accurate chemicals shifts and scalar coupling constants. The variations in (3J alpha beta) and in proton chemical shifts at temperatures over the range of -54 degrees -+66 degrees C are consistent with the internal rotation around the C alpha-C beta bonds of Val1, Orn2, Leu3, and Phe4 residues discovered using carbon 13 spectroscopy. The value (3J alpha beta) = 1.5 Hz for the proline residue is consistent with there being only one C alpha-C beta conformer. This is supported by the small temperature dependence of (3J alpha beta). However, it cannot be rigorously excluded that oscillation between a major and a minor C alpha-C beta conformation occurs for proline.", "PMID": 90679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12118", "title": "Multiple solution conformations and internal rotations of the decapeptide gramicidin S.", "content": "The conformations of every C alpha H-C beta H2 moiety of the peptide gramicidin S are reported. Internal rotation occurs, but distinct preferences for one side chain rotamer, greater than 80%, are found for the D-phenylalanine and ornithine residues. Leucine and valine exhibit more extensive averaging while proline is shown to be at least 90% in the Ramachandran B conformation. The data are consistent with the coexistence of many tertiary conformations of gramicidin S; the statistical weights of the twelve major tertiary conformations consistent with the rotamer populations are reported. The relative statistical weights of the tertiary conformers depend upon temperature and solvent. A comparison of the conclusions from this publication and conformations derived by energy minimization procedures is made. Partial agreement was found, but the calculations have not yet predicted the wealth of coexisting tertiary conformations nor accounted for the subtle effects of solvent. It is proposed that a more complete picture of the conformational dynamics of gramicidin S and other peptides will result from calculations which use as a basis the extensive data reported here.", "contents": "Multiple solution conformations and internal rotations of the decapeptide gramicidin S. The conformations of every C alpha H-C beta H2 moiety of the peptide gramicidin S are reported. Internal rotation occurs, but distinct preferences for one side chain rotamer, greater than 80%, are found for the D-phenylalanine and ornithine residues. Leucine and valine exhibit more extensive averaging while proline is shown to be at least 90% in the Ramachandran B conformation. The data are consistent with the coexistence of many tertiary conformations of gramicidin S; the statistical weights of the twelve major tertiary conformations consistent with the rotamer populations are reported. The relative statistical weights of the tertiary conformers depend upon temperature and solvent. A comparison of the conclusions from this publication and conformations derived by energy minimization procedures is made. Partial agreement was found, but the calculations have not yet predicted the wealth of coexisting tertiary conformations nor accounted for the subtle effects of solvent. It is proposed that a more complete picture of the conformational dynamics of gramicidin S and other peptides will result from calculations which use as a basis the extensive data reported here.", "PMID": 90680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12119", "title": "The inhibition by xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors of the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells: relationship of enzyme activity to cyclic AMP concentrations.", "content": "The three xanthine derivatives, caffeine, theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) produced dose-dependent increases in cyclic AMP concentrations in HeLa cells after long term treatment. Only IBMX produced increases over the first 60 minutes, with a peak of approximately 5-fold control values five to 10 minutes after the addition of the drug. About four hours after the addition of either 0.67 or 1.0 mM IBMX there was a second peak in the concentration of cyclic AMP which was at least as large and usually larger than the peak observed at five to ten minutes. Neither caffeine nor theophylline increased cyclic AMP concentrations above control values until one hour after addition of the compounds, and there was no indication of a peak in the concentration at four hours. Between 24 and 72 hours, all three compounds produced elevations in cyclic AMP levels that were steadily maintained. At any given concentration, the order of potency was IBMX greater than theophylline greater than caffeine. If the xanthine derivatives were removed from the medium after 24 hours of treatment, the cyclic AMP concentrations fell to control levels within one hour. Treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) or hydrocortisone alone did not change the levels of cyclic AMP, nor did the presence of these inducers of alkaline phosphatase activity alter the effects of the xanthine derivations on cyclic AMP concentrations. The data showed a significant correlation between the magnitude of the increase in cycli AMP concentrations over the period from 24 to 72 hours and the degree of inhibition by the xanthine derivatives of the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "The inhibition by xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors of the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells: relationship of enzyme activity to cyclic AMP concentrations. The three xanthine derivatives, caffeine, theophylline and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) produced dose-dependent increases in cyclic AMP concentrations in HeLa cells after long term treatment. Only IBMX produced increases over the first 60 minutes, with a peak of approximately 5-fold control values five to 10 minutes after the addition of the drug. About four hours after the addition of either 0.67 or 1.0 mM IBMX there was a second peak in the concentration of cyclic AMP which was at least as large and usually larger than the peak observed at five to ten minutes. Neither caffeine nor theophylline increased cyclic AMP concentrations above control values until one hour after addition of the compounds, and there was no indication of a peak in the concentration at four hours. Between 24 and 72 hours, all three compounds produced elevations in cyclic AMP levels that were steadily maintained. At any given concentration, the order of potency was IBMX greater than theophylline greater than caffeine. If the xanthine derivatives were removed from the medium after 24 hours of treatment, the cyclic AMP concentrations fell to control levels within one hour. Treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdUrd) or hydrocortisone alone did not change the levels of cyclic AMP, nor did the presence of these inducers of alkaline phosphatase activity alter the effects of the xanthine derivations on cyclic AMP concentrations. The data showed a significant correlation between the magnitude of the increase in cycli AMP concentrations over the period from 24 to 72 hours and the degree of inhibition by the xanthine derivatives of the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 90681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12120", "title": "Radioimmunoassay system using a serovar-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen of Leptospira.", "content": "The serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto was labeled with sodium boro[3H]hydride after 1 h of oxidation with periodate. When 50 ng of the labeled compound was employed, 50% of the compound was bound to the antibodies contained in 7.5 x 10(-2) nl of anti-kremastos Kyoto serum. Under this condition, only 9 ng of the homologous TM antigen was required for 50% inhibition of serovar kremastos Kyoto 3H-TM antigen-anti-kremastos Kyoto serum binding, whereas 5,000 times as much TM antigen of serovar hebdomadis, which belongs to the same Hebdomadis serogroup as serovar kremastos, was required for the same inhibition. The TM antigens from serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and copenhageni, which belong to different serogroups, showed no inhibition in an amount of up to 3 x 10(3), 2 x 10(5), and 2 x 10(5) ng, respectively. In the inhibition study using the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen, inhibition values slightly fluctuated due to the antigen's insolubility. When the TM antigens were solubilized with 0.1% sodium taurodeoxycholate, the fluctuation in inhibition values was minimized, and the cross-reactivity of the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen with anti-kremastos Kyoto serum was diminished, while the inhibitory activity of the serovar kremastos Kyoto TM antigen was enhanced.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay system using a serovar-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen of Leptospira. The serovar-specific main (TM) antigen of Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto was labeled with sodium boro[3H]hydride after 1 h of oxidation with periodate. When 50 ng of the labeled compound was employed, 50% of the compound was bound to the antibodies contained in 7.5 x 10(-2) nl of anti-kremastos Kyoto serum. Under this condition, only 9 ng of the homologous TM antigen was required for 50% inhibition of serovar kremastos Kyoto 3H-TM antigen-anti-kremastos Kyoto serum binding, whereas 5,000 times as much TM antigen of serovar hebdomadis, which belongs to the same Hebdomadis serogroup as serovar kremastos, was required for the same inhibition. The TM antigens from serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and copenhageni, which belong to different serogroups, showed no inhibition in an amount of up to 3 x 10(3), 2 x 10(5), and 2 x 10(5) ng, respectively. In the inhibition study using the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen, inhibition values slightly fluctuated due to the antigen's insolubility. When the TM antigens were solubilized with 0.1% sodium taurodeoxycholate, the fluctuation in inhibition values was minimized, and the cross-reactivity of the serovar hebdomadis TM antigen with anti-kremastos Kyoto serum was diminished, while the inhibitory activity of the serovar kremastos Kyoto TM antigen was enhanced.", "PMID": 90682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12121", "title": "New method for estimating digestion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by phagocytic cells in vitro.", "content": "We describe a method by which phagocytosis and digestion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes or other phagocytic cells may be estimated. Suspensions of P. brasiliensis in its yeastlike phase were sonicated, counted, and incubated with known numbers of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. At given intervals, cytocentrifuge droplets were stained by a variation of Papanicolaou's method. Stained preparations were examined with phase-contrast optics. Digested organisms showed total or partial disappearance of protoplasm. Green-stained cell walls resisted digestion. The proportion of digested cells as a function of time was estimated.", "contents": "New method for estimating digestion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by phagocytic cells in vitro. We describe a method by which phagocytosis and digestion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes or other phagocytic cells may be estimated. Suspensions of P. brasiliensis in its yeastlike phase were sonicated, counted, and incubated with known numbers of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. At given intervals, cytocentrifuge droplets were stained by a variation of Papanicolaou's method. Stained preparations were examined with phase-contrast optics. Digested organisms showed total or partial disappearance of protoplasm. Green-stained cell walls resisted digestion. The proportion of digested cells as a function of time was estimated.", "PMID": 90683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12122", "title": "Regional topography within noradrenergic locus coeruleus as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "A hitherto unsuspected degree of regional topographic organization in the noradrenergic nucleus, locus coeruleus, was revealed by the use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from terminal areas receiving noradrenergic innervation. HRP was injected into hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, caudate-putamen, septum, amygdala-piriform cortex, cerebellum and cortex. Successful transport was obtained from all areas, including the caudate-putamen and cerebral cortex. The pattern of HRP positive cells in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus was markedly different depending on the location of the HRP injection. Thus, hippocampal injections labeled cells in the dorsal locus coeruleus but not at all in the ventral tip. Injections of HRP into caudate-putamen or cerebellum labeled the ventral tip along with the rest of the dorsal portion. HRP injections into the septum labeled cells only in the dorsal half of the dorsal locus coeruleus. There thus exists a three tier division of locus coeruleus into the ventral one third, dorsal one third and intermediate one third. A further division was seen in the anterior-posterior plane with HRP injections into the thalamus labeling the posterior pole of locus very intensely but with little transport to more anterior levels; conversely HRP injection into the hypothalamus resulted in intense labeling only in the anterior pole of locus coeruleus. Amygdala-piriform cortex HRP injections revealed a further pattern with very intensely reactive cells scattered sparsely throughout the nucleus. Cortical HRP injections yielded weaker labeling also in occasional, scattered cells. All HRP transport to locus coeruleus was shown to be noradrenergic by degeneration with 6-hydroxydopamine and due to terminal, rather than fiber of passage, uptake by control injection into the dorsal NA bundle. It is concluded that the locus coeruleus is not an homogenous nucleus with respect to the origin of the noradrenergic projections to sundry forebrain, spinal and cerebellar areas but is comprised of distinct subdivisions of noradrenergic neurons.", "contents": "Regional topography within noradrenergic locus coeruleus as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. A hitherto unsuspected degree of regional topographic organization in the noradrenergic nucleus, locus coeruleus, was revealed by the use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from terminal areas receiving noradrenergic innervation. HRP was injected into hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, caudate-putamen, septum, amygdala-piriform cortex, cerebellum and cortex. Successful transport was obtained from all areas, including the caudate-putamen and cerebral cortex. The pattern of HRP positive cells in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus was markedly different depending on the location of the HRP injection. Thus, hippocampal injections labeled cells in the dorsal locus coeruleus but not at all in the ventral tip. Injections of HRP into caudate-putamen or cerebellum labeled the ventral tip along with the rest of the dorsal portion. HRP injections into the septum labeled cells only in the dorsal half of the dorsal locus coeruleus. There thus exists a three tier division of locus coeruleus into the ventral one third, dorsal one third and intermediate one third. A further division was seen in the anterior-posterior plane with HRP injections into the thalamus labeling the posterior pole of locus very intensely but with little transport to more anterior levels; conversely HRP injection into the hypothalamus resulted in intense labeling only in the anterior pole of locus coeruleus. Amygdala-piriform cortex HRP injections revealed a further pattern with very intensely reactive cells scattered sparsely throughout the nucleus. Cortical HRP injections yielded weaker labeling also in occasional, scattered cells. All HRP transport to locus coeruleus was shown to be noradrenergic by degeneration with 6-hydroxydopamine and due to terminal, rather than fiber of passage, uptake by control injection into the dorsal NA bundle. It is concluded that the locus coeruleus is not an homogenous nucleus with respect to the origin of the noradrenergic projections to sundry forebrain, spinal and cerebellar areas but is comprised of distinct subdivisions of noradrenergic neurons.", "PMID": 90684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12123", "title": "Nutritional deficiencies and nutritional support therapy in geriatric cancer patients.", "content": "Nutritional deficits and their correction were studied in 45 cancer patients (age range, 60--86 years) who were undergoing various modalities of cancer therapy. Their nutritional status was maintained with a variety of commercially available special diets, and serum albumin concentrations were sequentially determined in order to gauge the efficacy of the nutritional support. Serum albumin levels were preserved when nutritional support was employed in surgical therapy. However, patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy or radiotherapy responded only to adequate levels of the standard hospital diet with or without supplements of special enteral diets. In the survivors, albumin levels were maintained; in the nonsurvivors, albumin levels decreased. This group of older patients tolerated nutritional support therapy, especially when it was carefully monitored. Satisfactory nutritional therapy can be achieved by use of appropriate enteral formulas. The method lends itself to adequate management in the outpatient or nursing-home situation during certain phases of cancer.", "contents": "Nutritional deficiencies and nutritional support therapy in geriatric cancer patients. Nutritional deficits and their correction were studied in 45 cancer patients (age range, 60--86 years) who were undergoing various modalities of cancer therapy. Their nutritional status was maintained with a variety of commercially available special diets, and serum albumin concentrations were sequentially determined in order to gauge the efficacy of the nutritional support. Serum albumin levels were preserved when nutritional support was employed in surgical therapy. However, patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy or radiotherapy responded only to adequate levels of the standard hospital diet with or without supplements of special enteral diets. In the survivors, albumin levels were maintained; in the nonsurvivors, albumin levels decreased. This group of older patients tolerated nutritional support therapy, especially when it was carefully monitored. Satisfactory nutritional therapy can be achieved by use of appropriate enteral formulas. The method lends itself to adequate management in the outpatient or nursing-home situation during certain phases of cancer.", "PMID": 90687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12124", "title": "Human T cell differentiation antigens and correlation of their expression with various markers of T cell maturation.", "content": "Two sets of differentiation antigens are demonstrated on human T cells by using 11 heterologous anti-human antisera raised against various normal and malignant T cells. The two antigenic determinants from the first set of differentiation antigens are expressed only on thymus cells and on T lymphoblasts, whereas the two antigenic determinants from the second set are expressed on blood T cells, Sezary cells, T.CLL cells, and thymus cells. Four T cell phenotypes are thus defined; two phenotypes are expressed only by T lymphoblasts, whereas the other two phenotypes are expressed both by normal and malignant T cells. Moreover, a clear-cut relationship exists between the four T cell antigenic phenotypes and two other markers of T cell differentiation: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and peanut agglutinin. Two phenotypes are linked with the presence of TdT, one phenotype is linked with the affinity for PNA, and the fourth phenotype is correlated with the absence of both markers.", "contents": "Human T cell differentiation antigens and correlation of their expression with various markers of T cell maturation. Two sets of differentiation antigens are demonstrated on human T cells by using 11 heterologous anti-human antisera raised against various normal and malignant T cells. The two antigenic determinants from the first set of differentiation antigens are expressed only on thymus cells and on T lymphoblasts, whereas the two antigenic determinants from the second set are expressed on blood T cells, Sezary cells, T.CLL cells, and thymus cells. Four T cell phenotypes are thus defined; two phenotypes are expressed only by T lymphoblasts, whereas the other two phenotypes are expressed both by normal and malignant T cells. Moreover, a clear-cut relationship exists between the four T cell antigenic phenotypes and two other markers of T cell differentiation: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and peanut agglutinin. Two phenotypes are linked with the presence of TdT, one phenotype is linked with the affinity for PNA, and the fourth phenotype is correlated with the absence of both markers.", "PMID": 90700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12125", "title": "Avian antigen-binding cells. I. Characterization of antigen-binding T cells from bursectiomized chickens by autoradiography.", "content": "Antigen-binding cells (ABC) from spleens of HGG-immunized, bursectomized agammaglobulinemic (Bx) chickens were detected by direct autoradiography with 125I-HGG and by sandwich autoradiography with HGG plus 125I-goat-anti-HGG. The specificity of antigen binding was demonstrated by 1) inhibition of binding of 125I-HGG by preincubation with unlabeled HGG and 2) a specific increase in ABC after immunization. The ABC from Bx chickens were not B cells, as shown by the virtual absence of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in this population and by the lack of inhibition of antigen binding by anti-immunoglobulin sera. The ABC were not macrophages and did not bind HGG via Fc receptors because their frequency was unchanged after passage over nylon wool or incubation with antigen-antibody complexes. The temperature dependence and azide stabilization of the ABC were characteristic of antigen-binding T cells. Therefore, T cells capable of binding soluble antigen were demonstrated in Bx chicken spleen, which is free of contamination by B cells and passively adsorbed antibody.", "contents": "Avian antigen-binding cells. I. Characterization of antigen-binding T cells from bursectiomized chickens by autoradiography. Antigen-binding cells (ABC) from spleens of HGG-immunized, bursectomized agammaglobulinemic (Bx) chickens were detected by direct autoradiography with 125I-HGG and by sandwich autoradiography with HGG plus 125I-goat-anti-HGG. The specificity of antigen binding was demonstrated by 1) inhibition of binding of 125I-HGG by preincubation with unlabeled HGG and 2) a specific increase in ABC after immunization. The ABC from Bx chickens were not B cells, as shown by the virtual absence of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in this population and by the lack of inhibition of antigen binding by anti-immunoglobulin sera. The ABC were not macrophages and did not bind HGG via Fc receptors because their frequency was unchanged after passage over nylon wool or incubation with antigen-antibody complexes. The temperature dependence and azide stabilization of the ABC were characteristic of antigen-binding T cells. Therefore, T cells capable of binding soluble antigen were demonstrated in Bx chicken spleen, which is free of contamination by B cells and passively adsorbed antibody.", "PMID": 90701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12126", "title": "Avian antigen-binding cells. II. Enrichment of antigen-binding B and T cells.", "content": "Antigen-binding B and T cells from chicken spleens were selected on plates of antigen-derived gelatin. Hapten-specific B cells from DNP-immune normal chicken spleens were selected on DNP-gelatin. As much as 165-fold functional enrichment of precursors of anti-DNP antibody-producing cells, as measured in an adoptive transfer system, was achieved. However, the enrichment of DNP-binding cells assessed by rosette formation and autoradiography was no more than 25-fold. HGG-specific T cells from bursectomized agammaglobulinemic chickens immunized with deaggregated HGG were selected on HGG-gelatin. In the fraction adherent to HGG-gelatin, at least a 20-fold enrichment of suppressors of the antibody response to TNP-HGG, as measured by adoptive transfer, was accomplished. In contrast, no more than 6-fold enrichment of HGG-binding cells was detected by autoradiography. Antigen-specific depletion and enrichment of suppressor T cells and of HGG-binding cells occurred in parallel, suggesting that suppressor cells can bind soluble antigen and can be isolated on antigen coupled to a solid support.", "contents": "Avian antigen-binding cells. II. Enrichment of antigen-binding B and T cells. Antigen-binding B and T cells from chicken spleens were selected on plates of antigen-derived gelatin. Hapten-specific B cells from DNP-immune normal chicken spleens were selected on DNP-gelatin. As much as 165-fold functional enrichment of precursors of anti-DNP antibody-producing cells, as measured in an adoptive transfer system, was achieved. However, the enrichment of DNP-binding cells assessed by rosette formation and autoradiography was no more than 25-fold. HGG-specific T cells from bursectomized agammaglobulinemic chickens immunized with deaggregated HGG were selected on HGG-gelatin. In the fraction adherent to HGG-gelatin, at least a 20-fold enrichment of suppressors of the antibody response to TNP-HGG, as measured by adoptive transfer, was accomplished. In contrast, no more than 6-fold enrichment of HGG-binding cells was detected by autoradiography. Antigen-specific depletion and enrichment of suppressor T cells and of HGG-binding cells occurred in parallel, suggesting that suppressor cells can bind soluble antigen and can be isolated on antigen coupled to a solid support.", "PMID": 90702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12127", "title": "Functional differentiation of T cell precursors. I. Parameters of carrier-specific tolerance in murine helper T cell precursors.", "content": "Irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow from sheep gamma-globulin- (SGG) tolerant syngeneic donors display reduced IgG responsiveness to challenge with trinitrophenylated (TNP)-SGG compared with recipients of normal marrow. This effect is SGG-specific and is due neither to suppressor T cells nor to antigen carryover. \"Helper T cell precursor tolerance\" can be induced with as little as 40 micrograms tolerogen (SGG). Unlike mature helper T cells, these precursors show both a rapid induction and rapid waning patterns, suggesting a high rate of turnover. Our results imply that marrow helper T cell precursors bear antigen-specific receptors and that the T cell repertoire must be at least partially generated before residence in the thymus.", "contents": "Functional differentiation of T cell precursors. I. Parameters of carrier-specific tolerance in murine helper T cell precursors. Irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow from sheep gamma-globulin- (SGG) tolerant syngeneic donors display reduced IgG responsiveness to challenge with trinitrophenylated (TNP)-SGG compared with recipients of normal marrow. This effect is SGG-specific and is due neither to suppressor T cells nor to antigen carryover. \"Helper T cell precursor tolerance\" can be induced with as little as 40 micrograms tolerogen (SGG). Unlike mature helper T cells, these precursors show both a rapid induction and rapid waning patterns, suggesting a high rate of turnover. Our results imply that marrow helper T cell precursors bear antigen-specific receptors and that the T cell repertoire must be at least partially generated before residence in the thymus.", "PMID": 90703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12128", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on suppressor cell activity in mice unresponsive to EAE.", "content": "Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in susceptible mice of (SJL/J X BALB/c)F1 hybrid, by injection of either mouse spinal cord homogenate, the small mouse basic protein, or Cop 1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, before EAE induction. It was demonstrated that the unresponsiveness induced by the three antigens is mediated by suppressor T cells residing in the spleen cell population and can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic recipients. Low dose of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) administered 2 days before the encephalitogenic challenge abrogated the unresponsiveness to EAE and reverted the protected mice sensitive to disease induction. Cyclophosphamide was also active on adoptively transferred unresponsiveness, thus donors that had been treated with cyclophosphamide were unable to further transfer unresponsiveness to EAE. These results indicate the elimination by cyclophosphamide of suppressor cells that interfere with the effector mechanisms leading to EAE.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on suppressor cell activity in mice unresponsive to EAE. Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in susceptible mice of (SJL/J X BALB/c)F1 hybrid, by injection of either mouse spinal cord homogenate, the small mouse basic protein, or Cop 1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, before EAE induction. It was demonstrated that the unresponsiveness induced by the three antigens is mediated by suppressor T cells residing in the spleen cell population and can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic recipients. Low dose of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) administered 2 days before the encephalitogenic challenge abrogated the unresponsiveness to EAE and reverted the protected mice sensitive to disease induction. Cyclophosphamide was also active on adoptively transferred unresponsiveness, thus donors that had been treated with cyclophosphamide were unable to further transfer unresponsiveness to EAE. These results indicate the elimination by cyclophosphamide of suppressor cells that interfere with the effector mechanisms leading to EAE.", "PMID": 90704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12129", "title": "B lymphocyte determinants in immunoglobulin A nephropathy.", "content": "Because of our prior demonstration of a strong association betwen a specific B lymphocyte determinant and the occurrence of chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the demonstration by others of the frequent concurrence of an IgA deposit disease, anaphylactoid purpura nephritis,with HLA-BW35, we conducted an investigation of the association among Minnesota Caucasians of the HLA markers BW35, DW1 and B lymphocyte determinants identified by three alloantisera with IgA nephropathy and the syndrome of recurrent macroscopic hematuria. The highly significant association between HLA-BW35, DW1, and B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L, B, and F, present in 50 normal Minnesota Caucasians, was not observed in 18 Minnesota patients with IgA nephropathy. The frequency of HLA-DW1 was the same among controls and patients, whereas the relative risk of developing IgA nephropathy was demonstrated to be increased 4- to 5-fold in the presence of the B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L and B. These sera appear to identify determinants on B lymphocytes associated with the disease state and possibly not intimately related to the HLA-D region. These findings emphasize the possible informativeness of defining B cell alloantisera on disease panels.", "contents": "B lymphocyte determinants in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Because of our prior demonstration of a strong association betwen a specific B lymphocyte determinant and the occurrence of chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the demonstration by others of the frequent concurrence of an IgA deposit disease, anaphylactoid purpura nephritis,with HLA-BW35, we conducted an investigation of the association among Minnesota Caucasians of the HLA markers BW35, DW1 and B lymphocyte determinants identified by three alloantisera with IgA nephropathy and the syndrome of recurrent macroscopic hematuria. The highly significant association between HLA-BW35, DW1, and B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L, B, and F, present in 50 normal Minnesota Caucasians, was not observed in 18 Minnesota patients with IgA nephropathy. The frequency of HLA-DW1 was the same among controls and patients, whereas the relative risk of developing IgA nephropathy was demonstrated to be increased 4- to 5-fold in the presence of the B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L and B. These sera appear to identify determinants on B lymphocytes associated with the disease state and possibly not intimately related to the HLA-D region. These findings emphasize the possible informativeness of defining B cell alloantisera on disease panels.", "PMID": 90705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12130", "title": "Selective effects of anti-Ia serum and complement treatment upon polyclonal B lymphocyte responses to dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Subpopulations of B lymphocytes have been shown to vary in their expression of Ia alloantigens and polyclonal responsiveness to thymic independent antigens. We have demonstrated that the polyclonal B cell antibody response to dextran sulfate is less sensitive to removal of Ia-positive cells than is the response to LPS. This is a consistent finding whether alloantibody and complement (C) pretreatment is directed toward cells bearing Ia antigens coded for by the entire I region or by the I-A or I-E subregions. Heterogeneity appears to exist within the dextran sulfate-sensitive population in that using high antibody; cell ratios during antibody and C-mediated cell selection results in an inhibition of the proliferative but not the antibody response. This result may indicate a differential expression of Ia antigens on dextran sulfate-sensitive B cells that respond by proliferation versus those cells that produce antibody. Alternatively, proliferative responses to dextran sulfate may be more dependent upon Ia-positive accessory cells than is the polyclonal antibody response.", "contents": "Selective effects of anti-Ia serum and complement treatment upon polyclonal B lymphocyte responses to dextran sulfate and lipopolysaccharide. Subpopulations of B lymphocytes have been shown to vary in their expression of Ia alloantigens and polyclonal responsiveness to thymic independent antigens. We have demonstrated that the polyclonal B cell antibody response to dextran sulfate is less sensitive to removal of Ia-positive cells than is the response to LPS. This is a consistent finding whether alloantibody and complement (C) pretreatment is directed toward cells bearing Ia antigens coded for by the entire I region or by the I-A or I-E subregions. Heterogeneity appears to exist within the dextran sulfate-sensitive population in that using high antibody; cell ratios during antibody and C-mediated cell selection results in an inhibition of the proliferative but not the antibody response. This result may indicate a differential expression of Ia antigens on dextran sulfate-sensitive B cells that respond by proliferation versus those cells that produce antibody. Alternatively, proliferative responses to dextran sulfate may be more dependent upon Ia-positive accessory cells than is the polyclonal antibody response.", "PMID": 90706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12131", "title": "Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigens. IV. Evidence for tolerance and specific active suppression of cell-mediated immune responses to ovalbumin.", "content": "We studied the effect of a single intragastric administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on the subsequent development of OVA-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in BDF1 mice. In animals fed OVA 7 days before subcutaneous sensitization with OVA-CFA, we observed a concomitant dose-dependent decrease in both the humoral and CMI responses specific for OVA. The CMI tolerance was found to be antigen-specific when assayed in vivo by ear swelling or in vitro by an antigen-induced T cell proliferation assay because OVA-fed mice responded normally to sensitization with horse gamma-globulin. It was also shown that either spleen or lymph node cells, but not serum, from OVA-fed donors transferred suppression to normal recipients. The transfer was mediated by antigen-specific suppressor T cells (Ts) that appeared to inhibit the induction phase (afferent limb) of the CMI response, since the Ts were only effective when transferred before or shortly after the onset of sensitization.", "contents": "Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigens. IV. Evidence for tolerance and specific active suppression of cell-mediated immune responses to ovalbumin. We studied the effect of a single intragastric administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on the subsequent development of OVA-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in BDF1 mice. In animals fed OVA 7 days before subcutaneous sensitization with OVA-CFA, we observed a concomitant dose-dependent decrease in both the humoral and CMI responses specific for OVA. The CMI tolerance was found to be antigen-specific when assayed in vivo by ear swelling or in vitro by an antigen-induced T cell proliferation assay because OVA-fed mice responded normally to sensitization with horse gamma-globulin. It was also shown that either spleen or lymph node cells, but not serum, from OVA-fed donors transferred suppression to normal recipients. The transfer was mediated by antigen-specific suppressor T cells (Ts) that appeared to inhibit the induction phase (afferent limb) of the CMI response, since the Ts were only effective when transferred before or shortly after the onset of sensitization.", "PMID": 90707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12132", "title": "Mechanisms of C-type viral leukemogenesis. I. Correlation of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis to viremia and leukemia.", "content": "Various inbred strains of mice respond immunologically to genetically transmitted ecotropic C-type viruses. Part of this response is T cell blastogenesis with type specificity for the viral envelope glycoprotein gp71. Of those nonviremic, nonleukemic strains, and F1 crosses examined, in which virus expression occurs early in life, gp71-specific blastogenic T cells were detected within the first 2 months of age and temporally preceded the development of a humoral immune response. However, in the viremic, highly leukemic strain of AKR mice, gp71-specific T cell blastogenesis in vitro was readily detectable throughout the preleukemic phase, the first 5 months of age. In appropriate F1 crosses and backcrosses, the persistent in vitro blastogenic response segregated with viremia and leukemia. These data suggest that in vivo T cell stimulation by endogenous viral gp71, caused by viremia, may contribute to virus-induced leukemogenesis in mice.", "contents": "Mechanisms of C-type viral leukemogenesis. I. Correlation of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis to viremia and leukemia. Various inbred strains of mice respond immunologically to genetically transmitted ecotropic C-type viruses. Part of this response is T cell blastogenesis with type specificity for the viral envelope glycoprotein gp71. Of those nonviremic, nonleukemic strains, and F1 crosses examined, in which virus expression occurs early in life, gp71-specific blastogenic T cells were detected within the first 2 months of age and temporally preceded the development of a humoral immune response. However, in the viremic, highly leukemic strain of AKR mice, gp71-specific T cell blastogenesis in vitro was readily detectable throughout the preleukemic phase, the first 5 months of age. In appropriate F1 crosses and backcrosses, the persistent in vitro blastogenic response segregated with viremia and leukemia. These data suggest that in vivo T cell stimulation by endogenous viral gp71, caused by viremia, may contribute to virus-induced leukemogenesis in mice.", "PMID": 90708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12133", "title": "FC receptor for IgM: factors influencing detection on human T lymphocytes.", "content": "This paper is concerned with technical standardization in detecting Fc-IgM receptors on human T lymphocytes. We have investigated a number of factors of critical importance in obtaining easily reproducible and reliable estimates of the numbers of TM cells among human peripheral T lymphocytes. A point of major importance is optimal coating of erythrocytes by IgM molecules. For this condition to be met, particular attention is required when erythrocytes from animals other than the one used for obtaining antiserum are used to prepare EA-IgM. Determination of the agglutinating titer of IgM preparation is useful in determing optimal sensitizing dilutions. Full expression of Fc receptors is favoured when human cord serum is added to the medium. The influence of incubation period of EA-lymphocytes mixtures on TM counts has also been investigated.", "contents": "FC receptor for IgM: factors influencing detection on human T lymphocytes. This paper is concerned with technical standardization in detecting Fc-IgM receptors on human T lymphocytes. We have investigated a number of factors of critical importance in obtaining easily reproducible and reliable estimates of the numbers of TM cells among human peripheral T lymphocytes. A point of major importance is optimal coating of erythrocytes by IgM molecules. For this condition to be met, particular attention is required when erythrocytes from animals other than the one used for obtaining antiserum are used to prepare EA-IgM. Determination of the agglutinating titer of IgM preparation is useful in determing optimal sensitizing dilutions. Full expression of Fc receptors is favoured when human cord serum is added to the medium. The influence of incubation period of EA-lymphocytes mixtures on TM counts has also been investigated.", "PMID": 90709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12134", "title": "A radioimmune assay for human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase and its application to erythrocytes.", "content": "A competition radioimmunoassay for human superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) is described. Radioiodinated SOD-1 is incubated with unlabeled competitor and limiting antibody, then immune complexes are isolated using Staphylococcus aureus. The assay is sensitive (detecting 5 ng enzyme) and reproducible. Average values for SOD-1 in lysates of erythrocytes from normal individuals is 854 +/- 100 ng/mg hemoglobin and that of patients with trisomy-21 is 1313 +/- 110 ng/mg hemoglobin.", "contents": "A radioimmune assay for human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase and its application to erythrocytes. A competition radioimmunoassay for human superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) is described. Radioiodinated SOD-1 is incubated with unlabeled competitor and limiting antibody, then immune complexes are isolated using Staphylococcus aureus. The assay is sensitive (detecting 5 ng enzyme) and reproducible. Average values for SOD-1 in lysates of erythrocytes from normal individuals is 854 +/- 100 ng/mg hemoglobin and that of patients with trisomy-21 is 1313 +/- 110 ng/mg hemoglobin.", "PMID": 90710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12135", "title": "The genetics of an expanded secretor system.", "content": "The genetics of salivary secretion of ABH blood group substance was investigated. Eight secretor phenotypes were determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Presence or absence of three different fractions were shown to be controlled by three different secretor gene loci. These loci are called Sec1, Sec2 and Sec3. Sec1 controls expression of the traditional secretor status. Sec2 and Sec3 are linked, but distinct, loci controlling the expression of low molecular weight ABH substance in human saliva. A dominant mode of inheritance for the Sec2 and Sec3 systems is described.", "contents": "The genetics of an expanded secretor system. The genetics of salivary secretion of ABH blood group substance was investigated. Eight secretor phenotypes were determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Presence or absence of three different fractions were shown to be controlled by three different secretor gene loci. These loci are called Sec1, Sec2 and Sec3. Sec1 controls expression of the traditional secretor status. Sec2 and Sec3 are linked, but distinct, loci controlling the expression of low molecular weight ABH substance in human saliva. A dominant mode of inheritance for the Sec2 and Sec3 systems is described.", "PMID": 90711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12136", "title": "Absence of four H-2d antigenic specificites in an H-2d sarcoma.", "content": "MCG4 is a BALB/c sarcoma induced as a solid tumour with 0.2 mgs of methylcholantrene. The primary tumour was serially transplanted subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. The ascites form obtained was sued to study the expression of H-2 antigeneic specificities in a postlabelling radioassay. MCG4 did not express H-2D.4 (private specificity of H-2d haplotypes) as well as H-2.3, H-2.8 and H-2.13 (public specificities). In addition it expressed H-2.5 (a public specificity not present in H-2d cells). These results were confirmed by quantitative absorption analysis using MCG4 and positive-negative normal lymphoid cells for a particular specificity. Results are discussed with regard to the control of expression of H-2 antigens by regulatory genes.", "contents": "Absence of four H-2d antigenic specificites in an H-2d sarcoma. MCG4 is a BALB/c sarcoma induced as a solid tumour with 0.2 mgs of methylcholantrene. The primary tumour was serially transplanted subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. The ascites form obtained was sued to study the expression of H-2 antigeneic specificities in a postlabelling radioassay. MCG4 did not express H-2D.4 (private specificity of H-2d haplotypes) as well as H-2.3, H-2.8 and H-2.13 (public specificities). In addition it expressed H-2.5 (a public specificity not present in H-2d cells). These results were confirmed by quantitative absorption analysis using MCG4 and positive-negative normal lymphoid cells for a particular specificity. Results are discussed with regard to the control of expression of H-2 antigens by regulatory genes.", "PMID": 90712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12137", "title": "Interganglionic axonal transport of neural peptides within the nervous system of Aplysia.", "content": "Neurons of the circumesophageal ganglia of Aplysia synthesize 1--2000 dalton peptides and subject them to axonal transport in large quantities in the pleuro-visceral connective and pedal nerves. Most of the protein transported in the connective nerves accumulates in the abdominal ganglion, although some passes out its peripheral nerves. Autoradiography revealed no evidence for terminations of the transporting axons in possible neurohemal areas of this ganglion. It is suggested that these data reflect the existence of a pathway mediating the \"directed delivery\" of neural peptides in this nervous system.", "contents": "Interganglionic axonal transport of neural peptides within the nervous system of Aplysia. Neurons of the circumesophageal ganglia of Aplysia synthesize 1--2000 dalton peptides and subject them to axonal transport in large quantities in the pleuro-visceral connective and pedal nerves. Most of the protein transported in the connective nerves accumulates in the abdominal ganglion, although some passes out its peripheral nerves. Autoradiography revealed no evidence for terminations of the transporting axons in possible neurohemal areas of this ganglion. It is suggested that these data reflect the existence of a pathway mediating the \"directed delivery\" of neural peptides in this nervous system.", "PMID": 90715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12138", "title": "Secretion of axonally transported neural peptides from the nervous system of Aplysia.", "content": "The possibility that proteins reaching the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia by axonal transport from the circumesophageal ganglia might be subject to secretion in that structure was examined. Transported labeled protein was found to be released from the abdominal ganglion; such release was enhanced by exposure to a high K+ medium and by electrical stimulation of the transporting axons. Stimulation of release was inhibited by lowering the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio of the medium. The released material is predominantly of 1--2000 daltons in molecular weight and appears to have been derived from a group of transported peptides of about the same size. The possibility is raised that these data may reflect the existence of a peptidergic second-order neurosecretory pathway in this nervous system.", "contents": "Secretion of axonally transported neural peptides from the nervous system of Aplysia. The possibility that proteins reaching the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia by axonal transport from the circumesophageal ganglia might be subject to secretion in that structure was examined. Transported labeled protein was found to be released from the abdominal ganglion; such release was enhanced by exposure to a high K+ medium and by electrical stimulation of the transporting axons. Stimulation of release was inhibited by lowering the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio of the medium. The released material is predominantly of 1--2000 daltons in molecular weight and appears to have been derived from a group of transported peptides of about the same size. The possibility is raised that these data may reflect the existence of a peptidergic second-order neurosecretory pathway in this nervous system.", "PMID": 90716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12139", "title": "Batrachotoxin inhibits axonal transport without affecting membrane potential in single neurons of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Intrasomatic injection of 0.25 ng of batrachotoxin (BTX) caused no depolarization of giant cerebral neurons (GCN) of Aplysia californica within 4 hr at 23 degrees C. The amplitude of action potential and the input resistance were slightly and reversibly decreased. The same dose of BTX caused a 68% inhibition of fast axonal transport.", "contents": "Batrachotoxin inhibits axonal transport without affecting membrane potential in single neurons of Aplysia californica. Intrasomatic injection of 0.25 ng of batrachotoxin (BTX) caused no depolarization of giant cerebral neurons (GCN) of Aplysia californica within 4 hr at 23 degrees C. The amplitude of action potential and the input resistance were slightly and reversibly decreased. The same dose of BTX caused a 68% inhibition of fast axonal transport.", "PMID": 90717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12140", "title": "On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones.", "content": "1. Rabbit peroneal nerves were incubated in vitro in two-compartment chambers. Step-gradients of temperature were established so that the proximal part of each nerve was slightly warmer than the distal part. After incubation, the distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity along the nerves was examined as an indication of the behaviour of rapid transport in adrenergic axons. 2. With temperature gradients of 5 and 8 degrees C, transport velocity in the proximal regions was expected from previous work to be, respectively, 1.5 and 2 times faster than in the distal regions. Exposing nerves to these gradients induced a significant increment in the concentration of DBH activity, beginning at the boundary between regions. This increment was up to 50% of the normal activity and it propagated distally at the velocity expected for transport at the local temperature. 3. A temperature gradient of 13 degrees C was expected to produce a threefold difference in transport velocity between proximal and distal regions. This gradient produced a slightly larger increment of DBH activity propagating distally, again at the expected velocity. However there was also a disproportionate accumulation of enzyme activity at the boundary between regions. Further increases in the temperature gradient did not enhance the size of the propagating increment but only the rate at which enzyme accumulated at the temperature boundary. 4. It was concluded that adrenergic nerves can transport between two and three times as much material per unit time as they normally do. The ability to increase the flux of material appeared to depend on increases in the concentration of material in motion. There was no indication that such increases led to significant changes in the velocity of transport.", "contents": "On the kinetics and maximal capacity of the system for rapid axonal transport in mammalian neurones. 1. Rabbit peroneal nerves were incubated in vitro in two-compartment chambers. Step-gradients of temperature were established so that the proximal part of each nerve was slightly warmer than the distal part. After incubation, the distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity along the nerves was examined as an indication of the behaviour of rapid transport in adrenergic axons. 2. With temperature gradients of 5 and 8 degrees C, transport velocity in the proximal regions was expected from previous work to be, respectively, 1.5 and 2 times faster than in the distal regions. Exposing nerves to these gradients induced a significant increment in the concentration of DBH activity, beginning at the boundary between regions. This increment was up to 50% of the normal activity and it propagated distally at the velocity expected for transport at the local temperature. 3. A temperature gradient of 13 degrees C was expected to produce a threefold difference in transport velocity between proximal and distal regions. This gradient produced a slightly larger increment of DBH activity propagating distally, again at the expected velocity. However there was also a disproportionate accumulation of enzyme activity at the boundary between regions. Further increases in the temperature gradient did not enhance the size of the propagating increment but only the rate at which enzyme accumulated at the temperature boundary. 4. It was concluded that adrenergic nerves can transport between two and three times as much material per unit time as they normally do. The ability to increase the flux of material appeared to depend on increases in the concentration of material in motion. There was no indication that such increases led to significant changes in the velocity of transport.", "PMID": 90719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12141", "title": "Use of color microfiche cards in teaching preclinical prosthodontics.", "content": "Color microfiche afford a low-cost method for providing students with a complete series of color illustrations depicting procedures to be performed in their preclinical laboratory exercises.", "contents": "Use of color microfiche cards in teaching preclinical prosthodontics. Color microfiche afford a low-cost method for providing students with a complete series of color illustrations depicting procedures to be performed in their preclinical laboratory exercises.", "PMID": 90720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12142", "title": "Figural symbolism in Chinese ideographs.", "content": "Hebrew-speaking subjects were presented with 42 pairs of Chinese characters designating antonymic concepts and were required to match them with their corresponding Hebrew words. Correct translation was significant and was related to foreign language study and academic experience. Highest success was found for the activity domain of the semantic differential and for attributes judged to afford a diagrammatic representation. Examination of the character-referent relationships suggested that translation success was due to principles of figural symbolism rather than to pictographic representation of the attributes in question. The results are seen as suggestive of the effects of figural symbolization on the invention and/or evolution of natural scripts and are discussed in terms of the manner in which the graphic medium has been fashioned to convey abstract concepts.", "contents": "Figural symbolism in Chinese ideographs. Hebrew-speaking subjects were presented with 42 pairs of Chinese characters designating antonymic concepts and were required to match them with their corresponding Hebrew words. Correct translation was significant and was related to foreign language study and academic experience. Highest success was found for the activity domain of the semantic differential and for attributes judged to afford a diagrammatic representation. Examination of the character-referent relationships suggested that translation success was due to principles of figural symbolism rather than to pictographic representation of the attributes in question. The results are seen as suggestive of the effects of figural symbolization on the invention and/or evolution of natural scripts and are discussed in terms of the manner in which the graphic medium has been fashioned to convey abstract concepts.", "PMID": 90721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12143", "title": "BLEDTA: tumor localization by a bleomycin analogue containing a metal-chelating group.", "content": "Two different Co(III) complexes of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin have been prepared, and their in vivo distribution in mice has been investigated. The more thermodynamically stable of the Co(III)-bleomycin complexes has been modified by reaction with the bifunctional chelating agent 1-(p-bromoacetamidophenyl)ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, to give a bleomycin derivative (BLEDTA) containing a powerful metal-chelating group. BLEDTA was radiolabeled with 111In(III) and its in vivo distribution in mice was examined. The potential of 111In-labeled BLEDTA as a tumor-visualizing agent was also investigated in humans with biopsy-proven cancers, predominantly (70%) squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. All of the 29 patients studied had at least one clinically proven site of the disease visualized with 111In-BLEDTA. These clinical results are significantly better than results we obtained in a comparable group of patients using directly labeled 111In-bleomycin and are similar to those reported by Nouel for 57Co-bleomycin [GANN Monogr. Cancer Res., 19, 301 (1976)].", "contents": "BLEDTA: tumor localization by a bleomycin analogue containing a metal-chelating group. Two different Co(III) complexes of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin have been prepared, and their in vivo distribution in mice has been investigated. The more thermodynamically stable of the Co(III)-bleomycin complexes has been modified by reaction with the bifunctional chelating agent 1-(p-bromoacetamidophenyl)ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, to give a bleomycin derivative (BLEDTA) containing a powerful metal-chelating group. BLEDTA was radiolabeled with 111In(III) and its in vivo distribution in mice was examined. The potential of 111In-labeled BLEDTA as a tumor-visualizing agent was also investigated in humans with biopsy-proven cancers, predominantly (70%) squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. All of the 29 patients studied had at least one clinically proven site of the disease visualized with 111In-BLEDTA. These clinical results are significantly better than results we obtained in a comparable group of patients using directly labeled 111In-bleomycin and are similar to those reported by Nouel for 57Co-bleomycin [GANN Monogr. Cancer Res., 19, 301 (1976)].", "PMID": 90724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12144", "title": "Modification of medical student perceptions of the cancer experience.", "content": "Social, cultural, economic, psychological, and interpersonal dimensions of cancer and cancer patient management were addressed by a diverse group of faculty in an elective course conducted for a small number of students in their second, third, and fourth years of medical school. The covert, symbolic attitudes which students held toward this disease were inferred from their scores on the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) prior to and at the conclusion of the course. At the outset of the course the degree of hopelessness attributed to cancer patients by students was projected in excess of the amount cancer patients actually experience. Test results from an additional 50 medical students identified these bleak perceptions as typical of second-through fourth-year medical students. Significant attitudinal shifts, new insights into cancer patient management, and generally improved interactional skills resulted from the course.", "contents": "Modification of medical student perceptions of the cancer experience. Social, cultural, economic, psychological, and interpersonal dimensions of cancer and cancer patient management were addressed by a diverse group of faculty in an elective course conducted for a small number of students in their second, third, and fourth years of medical school. The covert, symbolic attitudes which students held toward this disease were inferred from their scores on the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) prior to and at the conclusion of the course. At the outset of the course the degree of hopelessness attributed to cancer patients by students was projected in excess of the amount cancer patients actually experience. Test results from an additional 50 medical students identified these bleak perceptions as typical of second-through fourth-year medical students. Significant attitudinal shifts, new insights into cancer patient management, and generally improved interactional skills resulted from the course.", "PMID": 90726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12145", "title": "Proteolytic degradation of human erythrocyte band 3 by membrane-associated protease activity.", "content": "Antisera directed against the cytoplasmic portion of human erythrocyte Band 3 were used to follow the degradation of the band 3 molecule. Small amounts of Band 3 were degraded when well-washed red cell membrane ghosts were incubated in the cold; this process was greatly accelerated by incubating ghosts were incubated in the cold; this process was greatly accelerated by incubating ghosts at 37 degrees C. Band 3 labeled with pyridoxal-phosphate was digested at comparable rates. Band 3 digestion also took place when alkali-extracted ghost membranes were incubated at 37 degrees for prolonged periods. These results suggest that human erythrocytes contain tightly bound, membrane-associated proteolytic activity.", "contents": "Proteolytic degradation of human erythrocyte band 3 by membrane-associated protease activity. Antisera directed against the cytoplasmic portion of human erythrocyte Band 3 were used to follow the degradation of the band 3 molecule. Small amounts of Band 3 were degraded when well-washed red cell membrane ghosts were incubated in the cold; this process was greatly accelerated by incubating ghosts were incubated in the cold; this process was greatly accelerated by incubating ghosts at 37 degrees C. Band 3 labeled with pyridoxal-phosphate was digested at comparable rates. Band 3 digestion also took place when alkali-extracted ghost membranes were incubated at 37 degrees for prolonged periods. These results suggest that human erythrocytes contain tightly bound, membrane-associated proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 90727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12146", "title": "Asymmetry of the gramicidin channel in bilayers of asymmetric lipid composition: I. Single channel conductance.", "content": "Gramacidin-doped asymmetric bilayers made by the Montal-Mueller method exhibited an asymmetric current-voltage relationship. The asymmetric conductance was shown to be the product of two components, a rectifying single-channel conductance and an asymmetric voltage dependence of the reaction which leads to the conducting channel. The single-channel conductance was asymmetric in both asymmetric bilayers made of charged lipids and asymmetric bilayers made only of neutral lipids. The single-channel asymmetry decreased with increasing ion concentration. From the comparison of the single-channel conductance in symmetric and asymmetric bilayers and the dependence of the asymmetry on the solution ion concentrations, it was concluded that (1) the rate of ion entry into the channel is dependent on the lipid composition of the membrane and is asymmetric in asymmetric bilayers; (2) the entry step is rate determining at low ion concentrations; and (3) at higher ion concentrations the rate-determining step is the translocation across the main barrier in the membrane; and this translocation appears insensitive to lipid asymmetry.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the gramicidin channel in bilayers of asymmetric lipid composition: I. Single channel conductance. Gramacidin-doped asymmetric bilayers made by the Montal-Mueller method exhibited an asymmetric current-voltage relationship. The asymmetric conductance was shown to be the product of two components, a rectifying single-channel conductance and an asymmetric voltage dependence of the reaction which leads to the conducting channel. The single-channel conductance was asymmetric in both asymmetric bilayers made of charged lipids and asymmetric bilayers made only of neutral lipids. The single-channel asymmetry decreased with increasing ion concentration. From the comparison of the single-channel conductance in symmetric and asymmetric bilayers and the dependence of the asymmetry on the solution ion concentrations, it was concluded that (1) the rate of ion entry into the channel is dependent on the lipid composition of the membrane and is asymmetric in asymmetric bilayers; (2) the entry step is rate determining at low ion concentrations; and (3) at higher ion concentrations the rate-determining step is the translocation across the main barrier in the membrane; and this translocation appears insensitive to lipid asymmetry.", "PMID": 90728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12147", "title": "Asymmetry of the gramicidin channel in bilayers of asymmetric lipid composition: II. Voltage dependence of dimerization.", "content": "The asymmetric current-voltage relationship of gramicidin-doped asymmetric bilayers made by the Montal-Mueller technique was investigated in current relaxation experiments. It was shown that, in addition to the contribution of the asymmetric single channel conductance to the asymmetry of the steady-state current-voltage relationship, there is an asymmetric voltage dependence of the step which leads to the formation of the conducting channel. This asymmetric voltage dependence could be simulated in a model assuming a membrane-internal electrical potential drop or an equivalent potential, called asymmetry potential, which could be compensated by externally applying an offset potential. Significant asymmetry potentials were found in asymmetric bilayers made of charged lipids or only of neutral lipids. The asymmetry potential was dependent on the salt composition in the aqueous phase. The factors responsible for the asymmetry potential do not appear to be of electrostatic origin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the dimerization step which leads to the conducting ion channel may be a complex series of reactions which are influenced by one or more membrane structural properties not yet characterized, in addition to the effects of the externally applied electric field.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the gramicidin channel in bilayers of asymmetric lipid composition: II. Voltage dependence of dimerization. The asymmetric current-voltage relationship of gramicidin-doped asymmetric bilayers made by the Montal-Mueller technique was investigated in current relaxation experiments. It was shown that, in addition to the contribution of the asymmetric single channel conductance to the asymmetry of the steady-state current-voltage relationship, there is an asymmetric voltage dependence of the step which leads to the formation of the conducting channel. This asymmetric voltage dependence could be simulated in a model assuming a membrane-internal electrical potential drop or an equivalent potential, called asymmetry potential, which could be compensated by externally applying an offset potential. Significant asymmetry potentials were found in asymmetric bilayers made of charged lipids or only of neutral lipids. The asymmetry potential was dependent on the salt composition in the aqueous phase. The factors responsible for the asymmetry potential do not appear to be of electrostatic origin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the dimerization step which leads to the conducting ion channel may be a complex series of reactions which are influenced by one or more membrane structural properties not yet characterized, in addition to the effects of the externally applied electric field.", "PMID": 90729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12148", "title": "An historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining technique to the electron microscopy of viruses.", "content": "A brief historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining techniques to the study of the structure of viruses and their components as observed in the electron microscope is presented. Although the basic method of surrounding or embedding specimens in opaque dyes was used in light microscopy dating from about 1884, the equivalent preparative techniques applied to electron microscopy were comparatively recent. The combination of experiments on a sophisticated bacterial virus and the installation of a high resolution electron microscope in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, during 1954, subsequently led to the analysis of several important morphological features of animal, plant and bacterial viruses. The implications of the results from these early experiments on viruses and recent developments in negative staining methods for high resolution image analysis of electron micrographs are also discussed.", "contents": "An historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining technique to the electron microscopy of viruses. A brief historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining techniques to the study of the structure of viruses and their components as observed in the electron microscope is presented. Although the basic method of surrounding or embedding specimens in opaque dyes was used in light microscopy dating from about 1884, the equivalent preparative techniques applied to electron microscopy were comparatively recent. The combination of experiments on a sophisticated bacterial virus and the installation of a high resolution electron microscope in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, during 1954, subsequently led to the analysis of several important morphological features of animal, plant and bacterial viruses. The implications of the results from these early experiments on viruses and recent developments in negative staining methods for high resolution image analysis of electron micrographs are also discussed.", "PMID": 90730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12149", "title": "Biological X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "By means of X-ray microanalysis it is now practical to detect approximately 10(-19) g of an element in a static-probe analysis within an ultrathin section, with analytical spatial resolution in the range 20--30 nm. The main difficulties for biological microanalysis are connected not with sensitivity but with specimen preparation and beam damage. Careful cryopreparation, beginning with the quench-freezing of a small block of tissue, is essential even for determining the storage sites, or sites of binding in vivo, of physiologically active elements. In frozen-dried or frozen-hydrated sections of quench-frozen tissue, it is now possible to measure local mass fractions of diffusible as well as of bound elements.", "contents": "Biological X-ray microanalysis. By means of X-ray microanalysis it is now practical to detect approximately 10(-19) g of an element in a static-probe analysis within an ultrathin section, with analytical spatial resolution in the range 20--30 nm. The main difficulties for biological microanalysis are connected not with sensitivity but with specimen preparation and beam damage. Careful cryopreparation, beginning with the quench-freezing of a small block of tissue, is essential even for determining the storage sites, or sites of binding in vivo, of physiologically active elements. In frozen-dried or frozen-hydrated sections of quench-frozen tissue, it is now possible to measure local mass fractions of diffusible as well as of bound elements.", "PMID": 90731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12150", "title": "[Assay of \"pregnancy alpha 2 glycoprotein\" in the serum of prostatic cancer patients and changes during estrogen therapy].", "content": "Preliminary results are presented after measuring Pregnancy alpha 2 glycoprotein (P.A.G.) in a series of healthy males and those with cancer of the prostate, some of whom were being treated with oestrogens. Serum P.A.G. levels were measured in 21 patients with cancer of the prostate to observe any changes occurring during treatment with oestrogens. There was no significant difference between the P.A.G levels in healthy males and those with untreated prostatic cancer. Treatment however causes increased P.A.G. levels with wide individual variations. There is no apparent relationship between P.A.G. levels and the tumor stage, or efficacy of treatment. A relationship does exist however between the curves of serum P.A.G. levels in pregnant women and patients with prostatic cancer treated with oestrogens. Until proved otherwise, these measurements are of no practical value in patients with prostatic cancer, and future confirmation of these results by the study of a larger number of cases would be of value only in that they avoid other teams from repeating the same investigations.", "contents": "[Assay of \"pregnancy alpha 2 glycoprotein\" in the serum of prostatic cancer patients and changes during estrogen therapy]. Preliminary results are presented after measuring Pregnancy alpha 2 glycoprotein (P.A.G.) in a series of healthy males and those with cancer of the prostate, some of whom were being treated with oestrogens. Serum P.A.G. levels were measured in 21 patients with cancer of the prostate to observe any changes occurring during treatment with oestrogens. There was no significant difference between the P.A.G levels in healthy males and those with untreated prostatic cancer. Treatment however causes increased P.A.G. levels with wide individual variations. There is no apparent relationship between P.A.G. levels and the tumor stage, or efficacy of treatment. A relationship does exist however between the curves of serum P.A.G. levels in pregnant women and patients with prostatic cancer treated with oestrogens. Until proved otherwise, these measurements are of no practical value in patients with prostatic cancer, and future confirmation of these results by the study of a larger number of cases would be of value only in that they avoid other teams from repeating the same investigations.", "PMID": 90738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12151", "title": "Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The major drawback to treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid compounds is the reported low rate of remission. Eighty patients have been given long-term (at least one year; average, 4.4 years; range, one to 14 years) continuous treatment with a remission rate of 76% and an average follow-up of 7.8 years (one to 21 years). The prognostic test of suppressed uptake by the thyroid of less than 20% was about 75% accurate in predicting continuing remission when treatment was stopped. Of those in remission, 14 (23%) were treated for one year, 35 (57%) for one to five years, and 12 (20%) for more than five years. Mild reactions occurred in five (6%), hypothyroidism in two (3%). An antithyroid drug is safe and effective therapy for hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism. The major drawback to treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid compounds is the reported low rate of remission. Eighty patients have been given long-term (at least one year; average, 4.4 years; range, one to 14 years) continuous treatment with a remission rate of 76% and an average follow-up of 7.8 years (one to 21 years). The prognostic test of suppressed uptake by the thyroid of less than 20% was about 75% accurate in predicting continuing remission when treatment was stopped. Of those in remission, 14 (23%) were treated for one year, 35 (57%) for one to five years, and 12 (20%) for more than five years. Mild reactions occurred in five (6%), hypothyroidism in two (3%). An antithyroid drug is safe and effective therapy for hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 90740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12152", "title": "Neo-enactin, a new antifungal antibiotic potentiating polyene antifungal antibiotics. II. Taxonomic studies of the producing microorganism and simultaneous production of bleomycin group and streptothricin-like antibiotics.", "content": "A new antifungal antibiotic, named neo-enactin, was produced mainly in the mycelia of strain H 829-MY 10. Strain H 829-MY 10 was identified as a Streptoverticillium, determined to be nonchromogenic, and fits in the white color-series. Although Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli is known to be chromogenic, strain H 829-MY 10 is most related to that species. Thus, strain H 829-MY 10 is named as Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli subsp. neoenacticus. Besides neo-enactin, two bleomycin-group antibiotics and two streptothricin-like antibiotics were simultaneously produced by strain H 829-MY 10.", "contents": "Neo-enactin, a new antifungal antibiotic potentiating polyene antifungal antibiotics. II. Taxonomic studies of the producing microorganism and simultaneous production of bleomycin group and streptothricin-like antibiotics. A new antifungal antibiotic, named neo-enactin, was produced mainly in the mycelia of strain H 829-MY 10. Strain H 829-MY 10 was identified as a Streptoverticillium, determined to be nonchromogenic, and fits in the white color-series. Although Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli is known to be chromogenic, strain H 829-MY 10 is most related to that species. Thus, strain H 829-MY 10 is named as Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli subsp. neoenacticus. Besides neo-enactin, two bleomycin-group antibiotics and two streptothricin-like antibiotics were simultaneously produced by strain H 829-MY 10.", "PMID": 90741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12153", "title": "[Clinical application of NK 631, a new derivative of bleomycin (author's transl)].", "content": "It is impossible to accurately evaluate NK 631 as an anticancer agent from the findings only in the 7 cases; hence, the following is no more than the author's impression about the drug. However, NK 631 appeared to exert a similar anticancer effect to the currently available bleomycin. In other words, the drug will completely cure or greatly improve the early cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and bring about a transient regression in the advanced cases. The response of malignant lymphoma to this drug varied from case to case; in any event, it is impossible to anticipate a complete cure in this malignancy by single NK 631 therapy but by multiple combination chemotherapy, e.g., BEMP therapy. The adverse reactions to NK 631 that were observed included pulmonary fibrosis, though only in 1 case; hence, no conclusive opinion should be given herein about it pulmonary toxicity in comparison with the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. It remains a theme of the future statistic studies in a large number of cases. The other adverse reactions were anorexia and mild alopecia in some of the cases, which were similar to those to bleomycin. Pigmentation also occurred in one of the cases, but the author was impressed that this reaction was less likely to occur with NK 631.", "contents": "[Clinical application of NK 631, a new derivative of bleomycin (author's transl)]. It is impossible to accurately evaluate NK 631 as an anticancer agent from the findings only in the 7 cases; hence, the following is no more than the author's impression about the drug. However, NK 631 appeared to exert a similar anticancer effect to the currently available bleomycin. In other words, the drug will completely cure or greatly improve the early cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and bring about a transient regression in the advanced cases. The response of malignant lymphoma to this drug varied from case to case; in any event, it is impossible to anticipate a complete cure in this malignancy by single NK 631 therapy but by multiple combination chemotherapy, e.g., BEMP therapy. The adverse reactions to NK 631 that were observed included pulmonary fibrosis, though only in 1 case; hence, no conclusive opinion should be given herein about it pulmonary toxicity in comparison with the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. It remains a theme of the future statistic studies in a large number of cases. The other adverse reactions were anorexia and mild alopecia in some of the cases, which were similar to those to bleomycin. Pigmentation also occurred in one of the cases, but the author was impressed that this reaction was less likely to occur with NK 631.", "PMID": 90742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12154", "title": "[Clinical effects of NK 631 (pepleomycin) against malignant tumors of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The antitumor effect of pepleomycin observed in 11 cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck was compared with that of bleomycin in similar cases, and the former appeared slightly preferable. 2. The adverse reactions to the 2 drugs were similar to each other; however, those to pepleomycin were milder. 3. Only few cases exhibiting such severe pulmonary fibrosis as emphasized in the published data have been encountered in bleomycin treatment in the authors' department. However, with reference to the measurements of PaO2 in the pepleomycin-treated cases, this may be said to be an anticancer drug which is easier to use clinically. 4. Adverse reactions to pepleomycin, e.g., alopecia, malaise, and others, were less frequent and less severe than those to bleomycin. 5. It was studied by the auditory acuity test in 10 cases (excluding 1 dropout) whether any auditory acuity disorder would occur after pepleomycin treatment: No changes in auditory acuity were observed in any of the cases.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of NK 631 (pepleomycin) against malignant tumors of the head and neck (author's transl)]. 1. The antitumor effect of pepleomycin observed in 11 cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck was compared with that of bleomycin in similar cases, and the former appeared slightly preferable. 2. The adverse reactions to the 2 drugs were similar to each other; however, those to pepleomycin were milder. 3. Only few cases exhibiting such severe pulmonary fibrosis as emphasized in the published data have been encountered in bleomycin treatment in the authors' department. However, with reference to the measurements of PaO2 in the pepleomycin-treated cases, this may be said to be an anticancer drug which is easier to use clinically. 4. Adverse reactions to pepleomycin, e.g., alopecia, malaise, and others, were less frequent and less severe than those to bleomycin. 5. It was studied by the auditory acuity test in 10 cases (excluding 1 dropout) whether any auditory acuity disorder would occur after pepleomycin treatment: No changes in auditory acuity were observed in any of the cases.", "PMID": 90743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12155", "title": "[New methods for the automatic detection and differentiation of extrasystoles].", "content": "Two new methods for automatic detection of extrasystoles are proposed: according to the area described by T wave and changes in the projection of the cardiac EMF vector on different ECG leads when the localization of the excitation focus is changed. Telemetry at an ultrashort distance and a device preventing the recording of extrasystoles when patients move increase the authenticity of the findings in automatic detection of extrasystoles.", "contents": "[New methods for the automatic detection and differentiation of extrasystoles]. Two new methods for automatic detection of extrasystoles are proposed: according to the area described by T wave and changes in the projection of the cardiac EMF vector on different ECG leads when the localization of the excitation focus is changed. Telemetry at an ultrashort distance and a device preventing the recording of extrasystoles when patients move increase the authenticity of the findings in automatic detection of extrasystoles.", "PMID": 90748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12156", "title": "Methods of training deaf children to comprehend the passive voice.", "content": "Four variations of programmed filmstrips were shown to deaf children to improve comprehension of the passive voice. The design included two training strategies that treated the passive voice either as a unitary structure or as a contrast to the active voice. Within strategies two orders of training were compared for the various types of passive sentences: (nonreversible, reversible, agent-deleted) and (agent-deleted, nonreversible, reversible). Six filmstrips were constructed for the two strategies and three types of passive. Evaluation tests were administered before, immediately after, and three months following training. Forty deaf children were selected from two age ranges, 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 years. Within age groups 10 subjects served under each of the four strategy-order conditions. Evaluation tests consisted of a multiple choice picture-sentence matching test and a performance test in which subjects acted out six passive sentences using toys. Performance test scores increased significantly after training and surpassed pretraining after three months. Highest scores were achieved on nonreversible passives followed by reversible and agent-deleted passives. Reversal of agent and object was the most frequent error. Strategy and order differences were not significant.", "contents": "Methods of training deaf children to comprehend the passive voice. Four variations of programmed filmstrips were shown to deaf children to improve comprehension of the passive voice. The design included two training strategies that treated the passive voice either as a unitary structure or as a contrast to the active voice. Within strategies two orders of training were compared for the various types of passive sentences: (nonreversible, reversible, agent-deleted) and (agent-deleted, nonreversible, reversible). Six filmstrips were constructed for the two strategies and three types of passive. Evaluation tests were administered before, immediately after, and three months following training. Forty deaf children were selected from two age ranges, 9 to 12 and 13 to 16 years. Within age groups 10 subjects served under each of the four strategy-order conditions. Evaluation tests consisted of a multiple choice picture-sentence matching test and a performance test in which subjects acted out six passive sentences using toys. Performance test scores increased significantly after training and surpassed pretraining after three months. Highest scores were achieved on nonreversible passives followed by reversible and agent-deleted passives. Reversal of agent and object was the most frequent error. Strategy and order differences were not significant.", "PMID": 90749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12157", "title": "Age-dependent variability of ribosomal RNA-gene activity in man as determined from frequencies of silver staining nucleolus organizing regions on metaphase chromosomes of lymphocytes and fibroblasts.", "content": "Frequencies of silver staining nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) have been determined in lymphocytes and fibroblasts from very young and from aged persons. Since silver staining of NORs is associated with activity of ribosomal RNA-genes, we used this approach to investigate a possible inactivation of these genes during aging. Our lymphocyte data are based on a study per age-group of 220 metaphases from 10 subjects. Although in both age-groups modal numbers of silver staining chromosomes per metaphase had similar ranges over the subjects, the frequency of metaphases containing the maximal number of staining chromosomes was in the old age-group (80--89 years) significantly lower than in the young age-group (less than 1 year old). In fibroblasts, of which 75 metaphases from 4 subjects were included per age-group, differences were more pronounced. Modal numbers of silver staining chromosomes were for the aged persons (69--83 years) lower than for the young children (less than 1 year old). Highly significant differences were observed between both groups in frequency of metaphases containing the maximal number of positively reacting acrocentric chromosomes and, more in general, in frequencies of silver staining D- and G-group chromosomes, the lower frequencies being found in the old age-group. We propose the term NOR-junctions as distinct from satellite associations for arrangements of acrocentric chromosomes which after silver staining are visibly connected at their NORs. The number of acrocentric chromosomes involved in lymphocyte NOR-junctions of aged people was significantly higher than the number of joined acrocentrics in young children. The frequency of these NOR-junctions themselves, irrespective of the number of chromsomes involved, was higher for aged persons than for young children, although this difference appeared to be statistically not significantly higher than in fibroblasts. Also based on qualitative observations from our study we discuss tcehnical and biological problems of our approach to study cell aging in vivo by means of silver staining of NORs. We conclude that in man, reflected by the difference in frequencies of silver staining NORs between young and aged persons, a rather extensive loss of ribosomal RNA-gene activity may occur during aging.", "contents": "Age-dependent variability of ribosomal RNA-gene activity in man as determined from frequencies of silver staining nucleolus organizing regions on metaphase chromosomes of lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Frequencies of silver staining nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) have been determined in lymphocytes and fibroblasts from very young and from aged persons. Since silver staining of NORs is associated with activity of ribosomal RNA-genes, we used this approach to investigate a possible inactivation of these genes during aging. Our lymphocyte data are based on a study per age-group of 220 metaphases from 10 subjects. Although in both age-groups modal numbers of silver staining chromosomes per metaphase had similar ranges over the subjects, the frequency of metaphases containing the maximal number of staining chromosomes was in the old age-group (80--89 years) significantly lower than in the young age-group (less than 1 year old). In fibroblasts, of which 75 metaphases from 4 subjects were included per age-group, differences were more pronounced. Modal numbers of silver staining chromosomes were for the aged persons (69--83 years) lower than for the young children (less than 1 year old). Highly significant differences were observed between both groups in frequency of metaphases containing the maximal number of positively reacting acrocentric chromosomes and, more in general, in frequencies of silver staining D- and G-group chromosomes, the lower frequencies being found in the old age-group. We propose the term NOR-junctions as distinct from satellite associations for arrangements of acrocentric chromosomes which after silver staining are visibly connected at their NORs. The number of acrocentric chromosomes involved in lymphocyte NOR-junctions of aged people was significantly higher than the number of joined acrocentrics in young children. The frequency of these NOR-junctions themselves, irrespective of the number of chromsomes involved, was higher for aged persons than for young children, although this difference appeared to be statistically not significantly higher than in fibroblasts. Also based on qualitative observations from our study we discuss tcehnical and biological problems of our approach to study cell aging in vivo by means of silver staining of NORs. We conclude that in man, reflected by the difference in frequencies of silver staining NORs between young and aged persons, a rather extensive loss of ribosomal RNA-gene activity may occur during aging.", "PMID": 90756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12158", "title": "Dapsone and severe hypoalbuminaemia. A report of two cases.", "content": "Severe hypoalbuminaemia developed in two patients on long-term dapsone treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis. The patients had been treated with dapsone for 3 and 11 years before the syndrome developed and both recovered completely when dapsone was withdrawn. Albumin-turnover studies revealed a great increase in intravascular albumin catabolism and a modest decrease in synthesis.", "contents": "Dapsone and severe hypoalbuminaemia. A report of two cases. Severe hypoalbuminaemia developed in two patients on long-term dapsone treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis. The patients had been treated with dapsone for 3 and 11 years before the syndrome developed and both recovered completely when dapsone was withdrawn. Albumin-turnover studies revealed a great increase in intravascular albumin catabolism and a modest decrease in synthesis.", "PMID": 90758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12159", "title": "Does the nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?", "content": "Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were assessed, after a mean follow-up period of 5 years, in an unselected series of 159 adults presenting with the nephrotic syndrome between 1972 and 1975. 60% of the deaths were attributed to terminal renal failure, and the incidence of deaths from ischaemic heart-disease (IHD) was not significantly above normal. The proportion of patients experiencing angina and intermittent claudication and the prevalence of ischaemic electrocardiographic changes did not differ significantly from those of a London control population. At follow-up, hypertension was significantly more common (p less than 0.001) in male nephrotic patients than in controls. Earlier reports of a greatly increased incidence of IHD in unselected patients with the nephrotic syndrome were not confirmed. Routine treatment of hyperlipidaemia in the nephrotic syndrome is not, therefore, recommended.", "contents": "Does the nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were assessed, after a mean follow-up period of 5 years, in an unselected series of 159 adults presenting with the nephrotic syndrome between 1972 and 1975. 60% of the deaths were attributed to terminal renal failure, and the incidence of deaths from ischaemic heart-disease (IHD) was not significantly above normal. The proportion of patients experiencing angina and intermittent claudication and the prevalence of ischaemic electrocardiographic changes did not differ significantly from those of a London control population. At follow-up, hypertension was significantly more common (p less than 0.001) in male nephrotic patients than in controls. Earlier reports of a greatly increased incidence of IHD in unselected patients with the nephrotic syndrome were not confirmed. Routine treatment of hyperlipidaemia in the nephrotic syndrome is not, therefore, recommended.", "PMID": 90759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12160", "title": "Hypertriglyceridaemia associated with an abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein carrying excess apolipoprotein C-III-2.", "content": "Two men aged 48 and 35 years with severe hypertriglyceridaemia, glucose intolerance, and a secondary anaemia had more apolipoprotein C-III-2 and less apo C-III-1 on their triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d less than 1.006) than did types IV or V lipaemic controls. Although the patients' abnormal lipoproteins seemed to produce normal activation of lipoprotein lipase, they did not serve as an efficient substrate for purified lipoprotein lipase. Adipose tissue of case 1 had considerable lipoprotein-lipase activity and the hypertriglyceridaemia responded to dietary therapy (carbohydrate 180 g, fat 80 g, protein 60 g per day, and no alcohol). The haemolytic anaemia improved, but the patient remained glucose intolerant. The abnormal content of apo C-III-2 on the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, rendering them resistant to clearance by lipoprotein lipase, is believed to have contributed to the patients' severe hypertriglyceridaemia.", "contents": "Hypertriglyceridaemia associated with an abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein carrying excess apolipoprotein C-III-2. Two men aged 48 and 35 years with severe hypertriglyceridaemia, glucose intolerance, and a secondary anaemia had more apolipoprotein C-III-2 and less apo C-III-1 on their triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d less than 1.006) than did types IV or V lipaemic controls. Although the patients' abnormal lipoproteins seemed to produce normal activation of lipoprotein lipase, they did not serve as an efficient substrate for purified lipoprotein lipase. Adipose tissue of case 1 had considerable lipoprotein-lipase activity and the hypertriglyceridaemia responded to dietary therapy (carbohydrate 180 g, fat 80 g, protein 60 g per day, and no alcohol). The haemolytic anaemia improved, but the patient remained glucose intolerant. The abnormal content of apo C-III-2 on the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, rendering them resistant to clearance by lipoprotein lipase, is believed to have contributed to the patients' severe hypertriglyceridaemia.", "PMID": 90760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12161", "title": "Cimetidine in bleeding peptic ulcer.", "content": "The effect of cimetidine on the risk of further bleeding shortly after acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage from peptic ulcer was investigated in a double-blind randomised trial. 34 patients were given cimetidine and 32 placebo, the two groups being matched for age, sex, and severity of haemorrhage. Further bleeding within a week of admission was detected clinically in 8 patients on cimetidine and 15 on placebo. Cimetidine had no effect on bleeding from duodenal ulcer, but only 2 of 14 patients with gastric ulcer treated with cimetidine bled again, compared with 10 of 19 patients on placebo. Cimetidine, therefore, may help to prevent haemorrhage from gastric ulcer but not duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Cimetidine in bleeding peptic ulcer. The effect of cimetidine on the risk of further bleeding shortly after acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage from peptic ulcer was investigated in a double-blind randomised trial. 34 patients were given cimetidine and 32 placebo, the two groups being matched for age, sex, and severity of haemorrhage. Further bleeding within a week of admission was detected clinically in 8 patients on cimetidine and 15 on placebo. Cimetidine had no effect on bleeding from duodenal ulcer, but only 2 of 14 patients with gastric ulcer treated with cimetidine bled again, compared with 10 of 19 patients on placebo. Cimetidine, therefore, may help to prevent haemorrhage from gastric ulcer but not duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 90761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12162", "title": "The nature of remission in acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "content": "15 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) in remission were given immunotherapy and 17 similar patients were given immunotherapy plus chemotherapy with the drugs used to induce remission. Median remission length was 245 days for both groups and median survival was 465 days for patients given chemoimmunotherapy and 476 days for patients given only immunotherapy. The failure of remission chemotherapy in AML cannot be attributed to induced resistance because the same drugs induced a second remission in 60% of the patients. From laboratory studies with human AML cells it is suggested that in AML the residual leukaemic cells mature after induction chemotherapy and are then refractory to further drug treatment. Relapse occurs when the leukaemic population proliferates and the environment permits dedifferentiation into frank blast cells.", "contents": "The nature of remission in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. 15 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) in remission were given immunotherapy and 17 similar patients were given immunotherapy plus chemotherapy with the drugs used to induce remission. Median remission length was 245 days for both groups and median survival was 465 days for patients given chemoimmunotherapy and 476 days for patients given only immunotherapy. The failure of remission chemotherapy in AML cannot be attributed to induced resistance because the same drugs induced a second remission in 60% of the patients. From laboratory studies with human AML cells it is suggested that in AML the residual leukaemic cells mature after induction chemotherapy and are then refractory to further drug treatment. Relapse occurs when the leukaemic population proliferates and the environment permits dedifferentiation into frank blast cells.", "PMID": 90762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12163", "title": "Safety of postabortion sterilisation compared with interval sterilisation. A controlled study.", "content": "406 women--about one-fifth of those requesting an induced abortion and sterilisation over a thirty-three-month period--volunteered to be allocated randomly to either a concurrent induced-abortion/sterilisation group or a group which was sterilised six weeks after abortion. The abortion-attributable and sterilisation-attributable complication rates of 3.8% and 5.2%, respectively, for the concurrent group did not differ significantly from the 6.7% and 6.9% rates for the interval group. The estimated 2%-10% of women who would have changed their minds must be set against the 4% of women who became pregnant again before being sterilised. Efforts should be made to identify women likely to regret sterilisation.", "contents": "Safety of postabortion sterilisation compared with interval sterilisation. A controlled study. 406 women--about one-fifth of those requesting an induced abortion and sterilisation over a thirty-three-month period--volunteered to be allocated randomly to either a concurrent induced-abortion/sterilisation group or a group which was sterilised six weeks after abortion. The abortion-attributable and sterilisation-attributable complication rates of 3.8% and 5.2%, respectively, for the concurrent group did not differ significantly from the 6.7% and 6.9% rates for the interval group. The estimated 2%-10% of women who would have changed their minds must be set against the 4% of women who became pregnant again before being sterilised. Efforts should be made to identify women likely to regret sterilisation.", "PMID": 90768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12164", "title": "Increased tendency to spontaneous in-vitro lymphocyte transformation in clinically active multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 8 of 10 patients with clinically active multiple sclerosis (MS) but from only 3 of 18 patients with quiescent MS and 4 of 20 healthy donors transformed spontaneously on in-vitro culture. The transformed cells from all donors had the characteristics of B lymphocytes (surface and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin and complement receptors) and carried antigens of Epstein-Barr virus. It is suggested that these results are further evidence that immunoregulation in active MS is abnormal.", "contents": "Increased tendency to spontaneous in-vitro lymphocyte transformation in clinically active multiple sclerosis. Lymphocytes from 8 of 10 patients with clinically active multiple sclerosis (MS) but from only 3 of 18 patients with quiescent MS and 4 of 20 healthy donors transformed spontaneously on in-vitro culture. The transformed cells from all donors had the characteristics of B lymphocytes (surface and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin and complement receptors) and carried antigens of Epstein-Barr virus. It is suggested that these results are further evidence that immunoregulation in active MS is abnormal.", "PMID": 90801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12165", "title": "Post-menopausal oestrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. A case-control study.", "content": "To assess the efficacy of oestrogens in preventing the common major limb fractures of postmenopausal women, retrospective case-control research was used for a new purpose--to explore beneficial rather than adverse effect of treatment. Postmenopausal women admitted with fractures of the hip or distal radius and matched women admitted to the orthopaedic service for other reasons were surveyed. The \"risk\" of the non-oestrogen users, was estimated by inverting the customary odds ratio to calculate protection in terms of numbers of (exposed controls x non-exposed cases) divided by (exposed cases x non-exposed controls). Medical-record data for oestrogen usage in 157 matched case-control pairs gave an odds ratio for \"protection\" of 1.5 (10 x 150 divided by 7 x 147). If \"exposure\" was defined as starting oestrogens within 5 years of the menopause, this ratio rose to 2.6 (10x153 divided by 4x147). With oestrogen usage ascertained from standardised interviews of 80 case-control pairs, the ratio was 3.0 (20x72 divided by 8x60) (p=0.01), and rose to 3.8 (16x75 divided by 5x64) (p=0.01) for oestrogen \"exposure\" that began within five years of menopause. When lateral chest X-rays were blindly reviewed, the prevalence of oesteoporosis was 32% in the fracture cases and 15% in controls (p less than 0.01). The results add epidemiological evidence for the belief that exogenous oestrogens protect against postmenopausal osteoporosis.", "contents": "Post-menopausal oestrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. A case-control study. To assess the efficacy of oestrogens in preventing the common major limb fractures of postmenopausal women, retrospective case-control research was used for a new purpose--to explore beneficial rather than adverse effect of treatment. Postmenopausal women admitted with fractures of the hip or distal radius and matched women admitted to the orthopaedic service for other reasons were surveyed. The \"risk\" of the non-oestrogen users, was estimated by inverting the customary odds ratio to calculate protection in terms of numbers of (exposed controls x non-exposed cases) divided by (exposed cases x non-exposed controls). Medical-record data for oestrogen usage in 157 matched case-control pairs gave an odds ratio for \"protection\" of 1.5 (10 x 150 divided by 7 x 147). If \"exposure\" was defined as starting oestrogens within 5 years of the menopause, this ratio rose to 2.6 (10x153 divided by 4x147). With oestrogen usage ascertained from standardised interviews of 80 case-control pairs, the ratio was 3.0 (20x72 divided by 8x60) (p=0.01), and rose to 3.8 (16x75 divided by 5x64) (p=0.01) for oestrogen \"exposure\" that began within five years of menopause. When lateral chest X-rays were blindly reviewed, the prevalence of oesteoporosis was 32% in the fracture cases and 15% in controls (p less than 0.01). The results add epidemiological evidence for the belief that exogenous oestrogens protect against postmenopausal osteoporosis.", "PMID": 90802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12166", "title": "Relation of myocardial metal concentrations to water hardness and death-rates from ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Samples of normal heart muscle from an area with soft drinking-water (Burnley) contained significantly more magnesium and potassium than samples from an area with hard drinking-water (Hull). Females from the soft-water area had significantly more iron and copper. Males from the soft-water area had significantly less manganese and slightly less water in the heart muscle. Males in the soft water areas had significantly lower magnesium/potassium ratios, and both sexes had significantly higher potassium/sodium ratios, than those in hard water areas. The relationship between potassium/sodium ratio and death rates from arteriosclerotic disease suggests that the optimum potassium/sodium ratio is 2.8--3.0, and deviations in both directions are associated with increases in the death-rate from ischaemic heart-disease.", "contents": "Relation of myocardial metal concentrations to water hardness and death-rates from ischaemic heart disease. Samples of normal heart muscle from an area with soft drinking-water (Burnley) contained significantly more magnesium and potassium than samples from an area with hard drinking-water (Hull). Females from the soft-water area had significantly more iron and copper. Males from the soft-water area had significantly less manganese and slightly less water in the heart muscle. Males in the soft water areas had significantly lower magnesium/potassium ratios, and both sexes had significantly higher potassium/sodium ratios, than those in hard water areas. The relationship between potassium/sodium ratio and death rates from arteriosclerotic disease suggests that the optimum potassium/sodium ratio is 2.8--3.0, and deviations in both directions are associated with increases in the death-rate from ischaemic heart-disease.", "PMID": 90803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12167", "title": "Colonic motility in proctalgia fugax.", "content": "Intraluminal pressure recordings were obtained from the rectum and sigmoid colon in two patients experiencing attacks of proctalgia fugax. In each patient the pain appeared to result from contractions of the sigmoid colon, and not from spasm of the levator ani, rectal wall muscle, or anal sphincters, all of which have previously been suggested as the source of such pain. Proctalgia fugax therefore appears, at least in some patients, to be an unusual variant of the irritable bowel syndrome, in which pain is referred from the sigmoid colon to the rectum.", "contents": "Colonic motility in proctalgia fugax. Intraluminal pressure recordings were obtained from the rectum and sigmoid colon in two patients experiencing attacks of proctalgia fugax. In each patient the pain appeared to result from contractions of the sigmoid colon, and not from spasm of the levator ani, rectal wall muscle, or anal sphincters, all of which have previously been suggested as the source of such pain. Proctalgia fugax therefore appears, at least in some patients, to be an unusual variant of the irritable bowel syndrome, in which pain is referred from the sigmoid colon to the rectum.", "PMID": 90804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12168", "title": "Acute graft-versus-host disease in recipients of bone-marrow transplants from identical twin donors.", "content": "Three patients with acute leukaemia received bone-marrow from identical twin donors after pre-transplant preparation with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and total body irradiation. Later clinical and microscopic changes in all three patients suggested cutaneous acute graft-versus host disease. In two of the recipients thrombolytic thrombocytopenia developed during the seventh week after transplantation, and platelet half-life was reduced to 9 h in one recipient (normal 3--4 days). It is suggested that acute graft-versus-host disease in bone-marrow recipients sometimes may result from an imbalance between autoreactive lymphocytes and lymphocytes which suppress their effect and not always from genetically determined histocompatibility differences between donor and recipient.", "contents": "Acute graft-versus-host disease in recipients of bone-marrow transplants from identical twin donors. Three patients with acute leukaemia received bone-marrow from identical twin donors after pre-transplant preparation with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and total body irradiation. Later clinical and microscopic changes in all three patients suggested cutaneous acute graft-versus host disease. In two of the recipients thrombolytic thrombocytopenia developed during the seventh week after transplantation, and platelet half-life was reduced to 9 h in one recipient (normal 3--4 days). It is suggested that acute graft-versus-host disease in bone-marrow recipients sometimes may result from an imbalance between autoreactive lymphocytes and lymphocytes which suppress their effect and not always from genetically determined histocompatibility differences between donor and recipient.", "PMID": 90805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12169", "title": "Pre-eclampsia--a state of mother-fetus immune imbalance.", "content": "Serial lymphocyte counts and function tests were done during and after pre-eclamptic pregnancies, and in the offspring. Compared with normal pregnancies, pre-eclamptic pregnancies were associated with lower B-lymphocyte counts in the fathers; lower T-lymphocyte count, lower B-lymphocyte count, and impaired T-lymphocyte function in mothers; a low response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) tests between the mother and father; and an increased B-cell count in the children. Follow-up of one pre-eclamptic woman throughout pregnancy showed important immune changes at the beginning of the second trimester. These findings suggest that pre-eclampsia is caused by a combination of maternal and paternal hyporesponsiveness together with fetal hyperresponsiveness.", "contents": "Pre-eclampsia--a state of mother-fetus immune imbalance. Serial lymphocyte counts and function tests were done during and after pre-eclamptic pregnancies, and in the offspring. Compared with normal pregnancies, pre-eclamptic pregnancies were associated with lower B-lymphocyte counts in the fathers; lower T-lymphocyte count, lower B-lymphocyte count, and impaired T-lymphocyte function in mothers; a low response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) tests between the mother and father; and an increased B-cell count in the children. Follow-up of one pre-eclamptic woman throughout pregnancy showed important immune changes at the beginning of the second trimester. These findings suggest that pre-eclampsia is caused by a combination of maternal and paternal hyporesponsiveness together with fetal hyperresponsiveness.", "PMID": 90806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12170", "title": "Bottle feeding as a risk factor for cholera in infants.", "content": "To determine risk factors for cholera in infants, a retrospective matched-pair study of 42 cases and their controls was undertaken during an outbreak of El Tor cholera in Bahrain in the autumn of 1978. The highest attack-rate of cholera (125/10 000) occurred in infants in the 6--11 month age-group, which corresponds to the weaning age in this community. Significantly more cases than controls were principally bottle fed (greater than 50% milk intake by bottle) than principally breast fed during the week before onset of illness (p=0.004). Analysis of various patterns of breast and bottle feeding did not determine whether the protection afforded by breast feeding was a negative effect (due to the lack of exposure to contaminated bottle feedings for breast fed infants) or a positive effect (due to protective functions of constituents of human breast milk). Cholera infection (with or without symptoms) among mothers of either case or control infants was uncommon (case mothers 3, control mothers 5), and mean serum vibriocidal and antitoxic antibody levels were similar for the two groups of mothers. These observations suggest that maternal infection did not affect the relative risk of infants having symptomatic cholera.", "contents": "Bottle feeding as a risk factor for cholera in infants. To determine risk factors for cholera in infants, a retrospective matched-pair study of 42 cases and their controls was undertaken during an outbreak of El Tor cholera in Bahrain in the autumn of 1978. The highest attack-rate of cholera (125/10 000) occurred in infants in the 6--11 month age-group, which corresponds to the weaning age in this community. Significantly more cases than controls were principally bottle fed (greater than 50% milk intake by bottle) than principally breast fed during the week before onset of illness (p=0.004). Analysis of various patterns of breast and bottle feeding did not determine whether the protection afforded by breast feeding was a negative effect (due to the lack of exposure to contaminated bottle feedings for breast fed infants) or a positive effect (due to protective functions of constituents of human breast milk). Cholera infection (with or without symptoms) among mothers of either case or control infants was uncommon (case mothers 3, control mothers 5), and mean serum vibriocidal and antitoxic antibody levels were similar for the two groups of mothers. These observations suggest that maternal infection did not affect the relative risk of infants having symptomatic cholera.", "PMID": 90813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12171", "title": "Bacteriological criteria for feeding raw breast-milk to babies on neonatal units.", "content": "Aerobic cultures of 207 samples of drip breast-milk from seventy mothers in hospital showed that 6 (3%) were sterile and 170 (82%) contained only the commensal organisms coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus viridans. 25 (15%) grew potential pathogens--Staphylococcus aureus in 13 (6%); enterobacteria in 15 (7%); and group-B streptococci in 3 (2%). It is proposed that milk with commensals in any numbers may be considered for use unheated but not milk containing any potential pathogens.", "contents": "Bacteriological criteria for feeding raw breast-milk to babies on neonatal units. Aerobic cultures of 207 samples of drip breast-milk from seventy mothers in hospital showed that 6 (3%) were sterile and 170 (82%) contained only the commensal organisms coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus viridans. 25 (15%) grew potential pathogens--Staphylococcus aureus in 13 (6%); enterobacteria in 15 (7%); and group-B streptococci in 3 (2%). It is proposed that milk with commensals in any numbers may be considered for use unheated but not milk containing any potential pathogens.", "PMID": 90814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12172", "title": "Perinatal mortality: effectiveness of selective interventions.", "content": "Selective interventions for areas with high perinatal mortality-rates have been proposed. Measuring the effectiveness of intervention requires prior calculation of spontaneous regression towards the mean. A method is described and applied.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality: effectiveness of selective interventions. Selective interventions for areas with high perinatal mortality-rates have been proposed. Measuring the effectiveness of intervention requires prior calculation of spontaneous regression towards the mean. A method is described and applied.", "PMID": 90815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12173", "title": "Alcohol-induced brain damage and liver damage in young males.", "content": "37 alcoholic males under the age of 35 were examined clinically, by psychometric tests, by computerised tomography (CT scans), and by liver biopsy. Factors other than alcoholism that might have caused brain damage were excluded. The prevalence of brain damage in this group was far greater than that of severe liver damage: 59% were intellectually impaired and 49% had cerebral atrophy on CT scan, whereas only 19% had cirrhosis. There was no significant correlations between the degree of liver damage and the degree of intellectual impairment (p greater than 0-05), nor between the degree of intellectual impairment and the presence of cerebral atrophy. The CT scan is an inadequate measure of functional brain damage, psychometric testing is preferable. Other neurological complications of alcoholism were not impressive. Disabling intellectual impairment may be the earliest complication of chronic alcoholism and may arise early in the alcoholic career.", "contents": "Alcohol-induced brain damage and liver damage in young males. 37 alcoholic males under the age of 35 were examined clinically, by psychometric tests, by computerised tomography (CT scans), and by liver biopsy. Factors other than alcoholism that might have caused brain damage were excluded. The prevalence of brain damage in this group was far greater than that of severe liver damage: 59% were intellectually impaired and 49% had cerebral atrophy on CT scan, whereas only 19% had cirrhosis. There was no significant correlations between the degree of liver damage and the degree of intellectual impairment (p greater than 0-05), nor between the degree of intellectual impairment and the presence of cerebral atrophy. The CT scan is an inadequate measure of functional brain damage, psychometric testing is preferable. Other neurological complications of alcoholism were not impressive. Disabling intellectual impairment may be the earliest complication of chronic alcoholism and may arise early in the alcoholic career.", "PMID": 90858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12174", "title": "Prophylactic peroperative intravenous metronidazole in elective colorectal surgery.", "content": "In a prospective double-blind randomised trial 83 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery were given either preoperative intravenous metronidazole or intravenous normal saline. No other antimicrobials were given. Bowel preparation was the same for both groups. Deep post-operative wound sepsis occurred in 6 of 44 (13-6%) patients on metronidazole but in 20 of 39 (51-2%) control untreated patients. Anaerobes were responsible for all cases of deep sepsis in the metronidazole group (in 5 of the 6 cases aerobes were also isolated), and for 16 of the 20 cases of deep sepsis in the control group (all with aerobes). Superficial infection in the metronidazole group was caused by aerobes. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 5 of the 6 patients who developed deep sepsis on metronidazole and in 10 of 20 patients on placebo. Peroperative intravenous metronidazole dramatically reduced postoperative sepsis but failed to prevent infection in the presence of anastomotic breakdown.", "contents": "Prophylactic peroperative intravenous metronidazole in elective colorectal surgery. In a prospective double-blind randomised trial 83 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery were given either preoperative intravenous metronidazole or intravenous normal saline. No other antimicrobials were given. Bowel preparation was the same for both groups. Deep post-operative wound sepsis occurred in 6 of 44 (13-6%) patients on metronidazole but in 20 of 39 (51-2%) control untreated patients. Anaerobes were responsible for all cases of deep sepsis in the metronidazole group (in 5 of the 6 cases aerobes were also isolated), and for 16 of the 20 cases of deep sepsis in the control group (all with aerobes). Superficial infection in the metronidazole group was caused by aerobes. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 5 of the 6 patients who developed deep sepsis on metronidazole and in 10 of 20 patients on placebo. Peroperative intravenous metronidazole dramatically reduced postoperative sepsis but failed to prevent infection in the presence of anastomotic breakdown.", "PMID": 90859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12175", "title": "Suppression of pancreatic endocrine tumour secretion by long-acting somatostatin analogue.", "content": "A new long-acting octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, Des AA1,2,4,5,12,13 D Try8 somatostatin, has been tested in 8 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumours. The analogue given subcutaneously suppressed the tumour-derived hormones in patients with insulinomas, glucagonomas, and gastrinomas for up to 24 h. The prolonged action appeared to be the result of slow release from the injection site. No side-effects were observed. Studies of long-term administration of this new peptide are now warranted.", "contents": "Suppression of pancreatic endocrine tumour secretion by long-acting somatostatin analogue. A new long-acting octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, Des AA1,2,4,5,12,13 D Try8 somatostatin, has been tested in 8 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumours. The analogue given subcutaneously suppressed the tumour-derived hormones in patients with insulinomas, glucagonomas, and gastrinomas for up to 24 h. The prolonged action appeared to be the result of slow release from the injection site. No side-effects were observed. Studies of long-term administration of this new peptide are now warranted.", "PMID": 90860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12176", "title": "Prostacyclin overproduction in Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Urinary excretion of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha and thromboxane B2, the major metabolites of prostacyclin and of thromboxane A2, respectively, was measured by specific radioimmunoassays in five female patients with Bartter's syndrome and in five normal female controls. The patients with Bartter's syndrome excreted about four times as much 6-keto-PGF1alpha as the controls; their excretion of thromboxane B2 was no different from that of the controls. These data suggest that overproduction of prostacyclin mediates both the hyper-reninaemia and the hyporesponsiveness of blood-pressure to pressor agents in Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Prostacyclin overproduction in Bartter's syndrome. Urinary excretion of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha and thromboxane B2, the major metabolites of prostacyclin and of thromboxane A2, respectively, was measured by specific radioimmunoassays in five female patients with Bartter's syndrome and in five normal female controls. The patients with Bartter's syndrome excreted about four times as much 6-keto-PGF1alpha as the controls; their excretion of thromboxane B2 was no different from that of the controls. These data suggest that overproduction of prostacyclin mediates both the hyper-reninaemia and the hyporesponsiveness of blood-pressure to pressor agents in Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 90861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12177", "title": "A physiological role for calcitonin: protection of the maternal skeleton.", "content": "Plasma-calcitonin levels, measured with an established and reliable extraction radioimmunoassay technique, were significantly higher throughout normal pregnancy and lactation than in normal non-pregnant women, and were not immediately influenced by the acute stimulation of breast-feeding. Thus, more calcitonin circulates at times of physiologically increased calcium need. It is suggested that an important function of calcitonin is the protection of the healthy maternal skeleton from excessive resorption by opposing the resorptive action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on bone.", "contents": "A physiological role for calcitonin: protection of the maternal skeleton. Plasma-calcitonin levels, measured with an established and reliable extraction radioimmunoassay technique, were significantly higher throughout normal pregnancy and lactation than in normal non-pregnant women, and were not immediately influenced by the acute stimulation of breast-feeding. Thus, more calcitonin circulates at times of physiologically increased calcium need. It is suggested that an important function of calcitonin is the protection of the healthy maternal skeleton from excessive resorption by opposing the resorptive action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on bone.", "PMID": 90862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12178", "title": "Strong association between idiopathic membranous nephropathy and HLA-DRW3.", "content": "HLA A, B, and DR antigens were determined in a homogeneous group of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The frequency of HLA-DRW3 was significantly higher in the patients than in a control population. The frequencies of HLA B8 and B18, which are in linkage disequilibrium with DRW3, were also increased.", "contents": "Strong association between idiopathic membranous nephropathy and HLA-DRW3. HLA A, B, and DR antigens were determined in a homogeneous group of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The frequency of HLA-DRW3 was significantly higher in the patients than in a control population. The frequencies of HLA B8 and B18, which are in linkage disequilibrium with DRW3, were also increased.", "PMID": 90863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12179", "title": "Hyperammonaemia, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and blood-brain aminoacid transport: a unified theory of portal-systemic encephalopathy.", "content": "It is proposed that hyperammonaemia in liver cirrhosis or after portacaval shunt contributes to plasma neutral aminoacid imbalance and to increased activity of the blood-brain neutral amino-acid transport system. Plasma neutral aminoacid concentrations are deranged, partly, but not completely, because ammonia stimulates glucagon secretion; a high rate of gluconeogenesis and hyperinsulinaemia follow. Brain uptake of neutral aminoacids rises because ammonia stimulates brain-glutamine synthesis, which results in rapid exchange of brain glutamine for plasma neutral aminoacids. Hyperammonaemia therefore contributes to encephalopathy indirectly, by raising the brain concentration of neutral aminoacids which after neurotransmitter metabolism, rather than directly, by toxic effects on neuronal metabolism.", "contents": "Hyperammonaemia, plasma aminoacid imbalance, and blood-brain aminoacid transport: a unified theory of portal-systemic encephalopathy. It is proposed that hyperammonaemia in liver cirrhosis or after portacaval shunt contributes to plasma neutral aminoacid imbalance and to increased activity of the blood-brain neutral amino-acid transport system. Plasma neutral aminoacid concentrations are deranged, partly, but not completely, because ammonia stimulates glucagon secretion; a high rate of gluconeogenesis and hyperinsulinaemia follow. Brain uptake of neutral aminoacids rises because ammonia stimulates brain-glutamine synthesis, which results in rapid exchange of brain glutamine for plasma neutral aminoacids. Hyperammonaemia therefore contributes to encephalopathy indirectly, by raising the brain concentration of neutral aminoacids which after neurotransmitter metabolism, rather than directly, by toxic effects on neuronal metabolism.", "PMID": 90864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12180", "title": "Dietary cholesterol, fat, and fibre, and colon-cancer mortality. An analysis of international data.", "content": "It has been suggested that high fat, high cholesterol, and low fibre intakes play a role in the causation of colon cancer, but since they are highly intercorrelated, it is difficult to determine which (if any) variable is truly related to colon cancer. Food disappearance data for 1954--65 and mortality data for 1967--73 from 20 industrialised countries were used to assess which variables are independently related to colon cancer. Simple correlation analysis indicated that intake of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, and fibres are each highly correlated with mortality-rate for colon cancer. The partial correlation of dietary cholesterol with colon cancer remains highly significant when fat or fibre is controlled. However, the partial correlations of fat or of fibre iwth colon cancer are no longer significant when cholesterol is controlled. Cross-classification showed a highly signficant main effect for cholesterol, but nor for fat or fibre. The findings support the possibility of a causal relationship between cholesterol intake and colon cancer.", "contents": "Dietary cholesterol, fat, and fibre, and colon-cancer mortality. An analysis of international data. It has been suggested that high fat, high cholesterol, and low fibre intakes play a role in the causation of colon cancer, but since they are highly intercorrelated, it is difficult to determine which (if any) variable is truly related to colon cancer. Food disappearance data for 1954--65 and mortality data for 1967--73 from 20 industrialised countries were used to assess which variables are independently related to colon cancer. Simple correlation analysis indicated that intake of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, and fibres are each highly correlated with mortality-rate for colon cancer. The partial correlation of dietary cholesterol with colon cancer remains highly significant when fat or fibre is controlled. However, the partial correlations of fat or of fibre iwth colon cancer are no longer significant when cholesterol is controlled. Cross-classification showed a highly signficant main effect for cholesterol, but nor for fat or fibre. The findings support the possibility of a causal relationship between cholesterol intake and colon cancer.", "PMID": 90870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12181", "title": "Psychological response to breast cancer: effect on outcome.", "content": "A prospective, multidisciplinary, 5-year study of 69 consecutive female patients with early (T0,1N0,1M0) breast cancer was conducted. Patients' psychological responses to the diagnosis of cancer were assessed 3 months postoperatively. These responses were related to outcome 5 years after operation. Recurrence-free survival was significantly common among patients who had initially reacted to cancer by denial or who had a fighting spirit than among patients who had responded with stoic acceptance or feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.", "contents": "Psychological response to breast cancer: effect on outcome. A prospective, multidisciplinary, 5-year study of 69 consecutive female patients with early (T0,1N0,1M0) breast cancer was conducted. Patients' psychological responses to the diagnosis of cancer were assessed 3 months postoperatively. These responses were related to outcome 5 years after operation. Recurrence-free survival was significantly common among patients who had initially reacted to cancer by denial or who had a fighting spirit than among patients who had responded with stoic acceptance or feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.", "PMID": 90871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12182", "title": "Diarrhoeal mortality in two Bangladeshi villages with and without community-based oral rehydration therapy.", "content": "To combat dehydration from diarrhoea in Shamlapur, a village of 7021 people, multiple community-based points were set up by trained volunteers for the distribution of glucose-electrolyte oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets. The comparable adjoining village, Bordil, with a population of 3888, obtained its supply of ORS from Shamlapur. Surveilance for 2 years showed that although diarrhoeal attack-rates were equal, consumption of ORS after diarrhoea was 80% in Shamlapur and 38% in Bordil. There were 8 deaths in Shamlapur caused by diarrhoea and 23 in Bordil, showing an overall case fatality-rate of 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively, and a diarrhoeal mortality-rate per 1000 population of 0.6 and 2.9, respectively. The observation indicated that although it may not be possible to reduce diarrhoeal attack-rates, easy availability of rehydration solution and its early use after village-based training may save many lives, particularly those of children.", "contents": "Diarrhoeal mortality in two Bangladeshi villages with and without community-based oral rehydration therapy. To combat dehydration from diarrhoea in Shamlapur, a village of 7021 people, multiple community-based points were set up by trained volunteers for the distribution of glucose-electrolyte oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets. The comparable adjoining village, Bordil, with a population of 3888, obtained its supply of ORS from Shamlapur. Surveilance for 2 years showed that although diarrhoeal attack-rates were equal, consumption of ORS after diarrhoea was 80% in Shamlapur and 38% in Bordil. There were 8 deaths in Shamlapur caused by diarrhoea and 23 in Bordil, showing an overall case fatality-rate of 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively, and a diarrhoeal mortality-rate per 1000 population of 0.6 and 2.9, respectively. The observation indicated that although it may not be possible to reduce diarrhoeal attack-rates, easy availability of rehydration solution and its early use after village-based training may save many lives, particularly those of children.", "PMID": 90915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12183", "title": "Role of endothelium in sequestration of lipoprotein and firbrinogen in aortic lesions, thrombi, and graft pseudo-intimas.", "content": "In the soft, gelatinous thickenings that appear to be the precursors of fibrous plaques, concentrations of plasma low-density lipoproteins (LP) and fibrinogen were three to four times higher than that in normal intima, but their concentrations of fibrin was not significantly higher. By contrast, in 60% of cholesterol-rich areas from more advanced plaques, fibrin (mean concentration 22.7 mg/100 mg lipid-extracted dry weight) was ten times higher than normal, and this was associated with a twelve-fold increase in a bound LP fraction that was released by incubation with fibrinolytic enzymes. The origin of this fibrin is uncertain, and to test similarity of fibrin in the lesion with that of mural thrombus free and bound LP, fibrinogen, and cholesterol were measured in thrombi and pseudo-intimas from prosthesis grafts. In the pseudo-intimas and the thrombi that were not covered with endothelium the concentrations of all these substances were very low, but in thrombi covered with endothelium the concentrations of free and bound LP were similar to those in intimal lesions. Thus, endothelialisation appears to promote accumulation of LP in mural thrombi.", "contents": "Role of endothelium in sequestration of lipoprotein and firbrinogen in aortic lesions, thrombi, and graft pseudo-intimas. In the soft, gelatinous thickenings that appear to be the precursors of fibrous plaques, concentrations of plasma low-density lipoproteins (LP) and fibrinogen were three to four times higher than that in normal intima, but their concentrations of fibrin was not significantly higher. By contrast, in 60% of cholesterol-rich areas from more advanced plaques, fibrin (mean concentration 22.7 mg/100 mg lipid-extracted dry weight) was ten times higher than normal, and this was associated with a twelve-fold increase in a bound LP fraction that was released by incubation with fibrinolytic enzymes. The origin of this fibrin is uncertain, and to test similarity of fibrin in the lesion with that of mural thrombus free and bound LP, fibrinogen, and cholesterol were measured in thrombi and pseudo-intimas from prosthesis grafts. In the pseudo-intimas and the thrombi that were not covered with endothelium the concentrations of all these substances were very low, but in thrombi covered with endothelium the concentrations of free and bound LP were similar to those in intimal lesions. Thus, endothelialisation appears to promote accumulation of LP in mural thrombi.", "PMID": 90916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12184", "title": "Lymphocyte alteration by procainamide: relation to drug-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome.", "content": "Sera from 11 (65%) of 17 patients with newly diagnosed procainamide-induced lupus contained cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies to normal human lymphocytes in titres of 1/2 to 1/128. In contrast, only 3 of 15 patients on long-term procainamide therapy without lupus and 3 of 65 normal men had serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies, none at a titre higher than 1/2. Antibody levels in the lupus patients declined quickly after procainamide was stopped, in parallel with their clinical improvement. Procainamide (3.75 x 10(-3) mol/l) suppressed by more than 80% in-vitro phytohaemagglutinin-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation by normal human blood lymphocytes. At 3.75 x 10(-4) mol/l, procainamide enhanced the mitogenic response to 160 +/- 20% of normal. Thus procainamide may interact with the lymphocyte membrane, possibly producing a lupus syndrome directly, by altering lymphocyte function, or indirectly, by generating autoantibodies reactive with normal membrane structures.", "contents": "Lymphocyte alteration by procainamide: relation to drug-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. Sera from 11 (65%) of 17 patients with newly diagnosed procainamide-induced lupus contained cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies to normal human lymphocytes in titres of 1/2 to 1/128. In contrast, only 3 of 15 patients on long-term procainamide therapy without lupus and 3 of 65 normal men had serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies, none at a titre higher than 1/2. Antibody levels in the lupus patients declined quickly after procainamide was stopped, in parallel with their clinical improvement. Procainamide (3.75 x 10(-3) mol/l) suppressed by more than 80% in-vitro phytohaemagglutinin-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation by normal human blood lymphocytes. At 3.75 x 10(-4) mol/l, procainamide enhanced the mitogenic response to 160 +/- 20% of normal. Thus procainamide may interact with the lymphocyte membrane, possibly producing a lupus syndrome directly, by altering lymphocyte function, or indirectly, by generating autoantibodies reactive with normal membrane structures.", "PMID": 90917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12185", "title": "Iron absorption and loading in beta-thalassaemia intermedia.", "content": "Iron absorption and rates of iron accumulation were analysed in a group of patients with beta-thalassaemia intermedia. Iron absorption was strikingly increased and there was a progressive iron loading with increasing age. Balance studies indicated that by the time many of these patients reach the third or fourth decades their total iron loads may be of a similar magnitude to those of transfusion-dependent beta-thalassaemia homozygotes. If these patients are to be protected from cardiac, hepatic, and endocrine complications of iron overload in middle life it will be necessary to reduce gastrontestinal iron absorption, starting from early childhood.", "contents": "Iron absorption and loading in beta-thalassaemia intermedia. Iron absorption and rates of iron accumulation were analysed in a group of patients with beta-thalassaemia intermedia. Iron absorption was strikingly increased and there was a progressive iron loading with increasing age. Balance studies indicated that by the time many of these patients reach the third or fourth decades their total iron loads may be of a similar magnitude to those of transfusion-dependent beta-thalassaemia homozygotes. If these patients are to be protected from cardiac, hepatic, and endocrine complications of iron overload in middle life it will be necessary to reduce gastrontestinal iron absorption, starting from early childhood.", "PMID": 90918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12186", "title": "Maternal blocking factors in human pregnancy are found in plasma not serum.", "content": "Pregnancy plasma and sera were evaluated for differential blocking effects in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. Autologous pregnancy plasma, but not serum was found to contain a specific allogeneic inhibitor for paternal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Maternal blocking factors in human pregnancy are found in plasma not serum. Pregnancy plasma and sera were evaluated for differential blocking effects in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. Autologous pregnancy plasma, but not serum was found to contain a specific allogeneic inhibitor for paternal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 90919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12187", "title": "Extracorporeal immunoadsorption: initial experience in human systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Extracorporeal immunoadsorption and filtration was used in treatment of a 29-year-old woman with severe lupus nephritis. For the previous 35 days single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) antibody and immune-complex levels had been continuously raised with only partial improvement on prednisone therapy. Levels of immune complexes and ssDNA antibodies were substantially reduced by extracorporeal plasma filtration and adsorption of DNA collodion charcoal. There were no major clinical complications. After perfusion, the reduction of ssDNA binding and immune complexes in serum was sustained, serum C'3 became normal, and serum creatinine and proteinuria improved. 28 days after perfusion, subendothelial glomerular deposits were much reduced compared with those in a pre-perfusion biopsy specimen. Selective immunoadsorption is a promising new approach to persistent lupus nephritis refractory to drug therapy alone.", "contents": "Extracorporeal immunoadsorption: initial experience in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Extracorporeal immunoadsorption and filtration was used in treatment of a 29-year-old woman with severe lupus nephritis. For the previous 35 days single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) antibody and immune-complex levels had been continuously raised with only partial improvement on prednisone therapy. Levels of immune complexes and ssDNA antibodies were substantially reduced by extracorporeal plasma filtration and adsorption of DNA collodion charcoal. There were no major clinical complications. After perfusion, the reduction of ssDNA binding and immune complexes in serum was sustained, serum C'3 became normal, and serum creatinine and proteinuria improved. 28 days after perfusion, subendothelial glomerular deposits were much reduced compared with those in a pre-perfusion biopsy specimen. Selective immunoadsorption is a promising new approach to persistent lupus nephritis refractory to drug therapy alone.", "PMID": 90920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12188", "title": "The nature of piecemeal necrosis in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "On the basis of histological studies, it is proposed that the type of liver-cell death in piecemeal necrosis is apoptosis. The characteristic inconspicuousness of apoptosis explains why the mode of hepatocyte elimination in piecemeal necrosis has hitherto remained obscure. Cell-mediated immune attack induces apoptosis, not classical necrosis, and the occurrence of apoptosis in piecemeal necrosis links the observed morphological changes in chronic active hepatitis with the other evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. It is significant that apoptosis does not evoke inflammation or fibroplasia. In attempting to elucidate the cause of the fibrosis that accompanies progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis, it may thus be more relevant to study the effect on fibroblasts of substances liberated during lymphocyte-hepatocyte interactions than the death of the hepatocytes.", "contents": "The nature of piecemeal necrosis in chronic active hepatitis. On the basis of histological studies, it is proposed that the type of liver-cell death in piecemeal necrosis is apoptosis. The characteristic inconspicuousness of apoptosis explains why the mode of hepatocyte elimination in piecemeal necrosis has hitherto remained obscure. Cell-mediated immune attack induces apoptosis, not classical necrosis, and the occurrence of apoptosis in piecemeal necrosis links the observed morphological changes in chronic active hepatitis with the other evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. It is significant that apoptosis does not evoke inflammation or fibroplasia. In attempting to elucidate the cause of the fibrosis that accompanies progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis, it may thus be more relevant to study the effect on fibroblasts of substances liberated during lymphocyte-hepatocyte interactions than the death of the hepatocytes.", "PMID": 90921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12189", "title": "Effect of alprenolol on mortality among patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction. Preliminary results.", "content": "A double-blind study of alprenolol versus placebo was done in patients with definite or suspected myocardial infarction to show the effect of the drug on mortality-rate after a year of treatment in patients aged less than or equal to 65 and to study the tolerance of the drug by patients greater than 65 years of age. The dose given was 5--10 mg intravenously, followed by 200 mg twice a day, orally. Patients in whom beta-blockade was contraindicated were excluded. All deaths, side-effects, and dropouts were recorded. Of the 480 patients in the study, 238 patients received alprenolol and 242 placebo. During the year of follow-up 108 patients dropped out from the study. Mortality was not reduced in patients greater than 65 years of age. In those less than or equal to 65 years alprenolol significantly reduced mortality-rate (20% mortality in placebo group vs 9% in treated group). There was also a significant reduction in mortality-rate among those with definite infarction (28% in the placebo vs 15% in the treated group).", "contents": "Effect of alprenolol on mortality among patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction. Preliminary results. A double-blind study of alprenolol versus placebo was done in patients with definite or suspected myocardial infarction to show the effect of the drug on mortality-rate after a year of treatment in patients aged less than or equal to 65 and to study the tolerance of the drug by patients greater than 65 years of age. The dose given was 5--10 mg intravenously, followed by 200 mg twice a day, orally. Patients in whom beta-blockade was contraindicated were excluded. All deaths, side-effects, and dropouts were recorded. Of the 480 patients in the study, 238 patients received alprenolol and 242 placebo. During the year of follow-up 108 patients dropped out from the study. Mortality was not reduced in patients greater than 65 years of age. In those less than or equal to 65 years alprenolol significantly reduced mortality-rate (20% mortality in placebo group vs 9% in treated group). There was also a significant reduction in mortality-rate among those with definite infarction (28% in the placebo vs 15% in the treated group).", "PMID": 90964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12190", "title": "Effect of atenolol on recovery of the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The most notable changes in the 35-lead precordial electrocardiogram in 22 subjects in the first 6--12 months after acute myocardial infarction were a reduction in the amplitude of Q waves and a significant increase in the amplitude of the R waves. Patients who, in a random trial, had been given 100 mg atenolol daily from admission showed a significantly greater recovery in R-wave amplitude and decrease in Q waves than patients given placebo. It is concluded that atenolol improves the recovery of the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of atenolol on recovery of the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction. The most notable changes in the 35-lead precordial electrocardiogram in 22 subjects in the first 6--12 months after acute myocardial infarction were a reduction in the amplitude of Q waves and a significant increase in the amplitude of the R waves. Patients who, in a random trial, had been given 100 mg atenolol daily from admission showed a significantly greater recovery in R-wave amplitude and decrease in Q waves than patients given placebo. It is concluded that atenolol improves the recovery of the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 90965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12191", "title": "Long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetics at home.", "content": "6 insulin-requiring diabetics were treated at home with continuous, long-term, dual-rate subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) by means of a portable syringe pump. The duration of infusion was 48--111 days. Patients were initially stabilised on CSII in hospital and then allowed home, where capillary-blood glucose control was monitored by the patients with glucose-oxidase reagent strips. Patients diluted and changed their own insulin for the pump, adjusting the dose according to the control achieved. Mean (+/- SD) blood-glucose values ranged from 4.8 +/- 1.6 to 7.5 +/- 1.6 mmol/l. In 1 longstanding diabetic insulin requirements fell from 92 U/day to about 35 U/day on CSII. 2 newly diagnosed juvenile-onset diabetics were also infused: in 1 patient requirements fell to zero after 48 days and in the other the dose fell to 14 J/day after 51 days of CSII. No cannula-site infection or significant palpable lipodystrophy was experienced. Patients treated with \"open-loop\" systems have little or no insulin reserve: potential loss of control--for example, during intercurrent illness-demands careful metabolic monitoring and prompt correction.", "contents": "Long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetics at home. 6 insulin-requiring diabetics were treated at home with continuous, long-term, dual-rate subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) by means of a portable syringe pump. The duration of infusion was 48--111 days. Patients were initially stabilised on CSII in hospital and then allowed home, where capillary-blood glucose control was monitored by the patients with glucose-oxidase reagent strips. Patients diluted and changed their own insulin for the pump, adjusting the dose according to the control achieved. Mean (+/- SD) blood-glucose values ranged from 4.8 +/- 1.6 to 7.5 +/- 1.6 mmol/l. In 1 longstanding diabetic insulin requirements fell from 92 U/day to about 35 U/day on CSII. 2 newly diagnosed juvenile-onset diabetics were also infused: in 1 patient requirements fell to zero after 48 days and in the other the dose fell to 14 J/day after 51 days of CSII. No cannula-site infection or significant palpable lipodystrophy was experienced. Patients treated with \"open-loop\" systems have little or no insulin reserve: potential loss of control--for example, during intercurrent illness-demands careful metabolic monitoring and prompt correction.", "PMID": 90966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12192", "title": "Cerebral blood-flow and viscosity in relative polycythaemia.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF), red-cell mass, and plasma volume were measured in 39 patients with venous haematocrit values in the range 0.47--0.58. Patients with true polycythaemia were thus excluded. The 39 patients studied fell into two groups--those with a measured red-cell mass in the high-normal range and those with normal red-cell-mass values but reduced plasma-volume values (the relative-polycythaemia, low-plasma-volume group). The mean CBF was low in both the high-normal red-cell-mass (HNRCM) group (45.8 ml/100 g/min) and low-plasma-volume (LPV) group (48.8 ml/100 g/min). The haematocrit in the HNRCM group was 0.504 and in the LPV group 0.513. In a control group of subjects with a mean haematocrit of 0.421 CBF was 68.6 ml/100 g/min. Venesection was associated with a significant rise in CBF in both groups of patients--to 59.7 ml/100 g/min in the HNRCM group and 65.0 ml/100 g/min in the LPV group. Whole-blood viscosity fell significantly in both groups. Both groups demonstrated significant inverse relationships between CBF and haematocrit and between CBF and blood viscosity.", "contents": "Cerebral blood-flow and viscosity in relative polycythaemia. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), red-cell mass, and plasma volume were measured in 39 patients with venous haematocrit values in the range 0.47--0.58. Patients with true polycythaemia were thus excluded. The 39 patients studied fell into two groups--those with a measured red-cell mass in the high-normal range and those with normal red-cell-mass values but reduced plasma-volume values (the relative-polycythaemia, low-plasma-volume group). The mean CBF was low in both the high-normal red-cell-mass (HNRCM) group (45.8 ml/100 g/min) and low-plasma-volume (LPV) group (48.8 ml/100 g/min). The haematocrit in the HNRCM group was 0.504 and in the LPV group 0.513. In a control group of subjects with a mean haematocrit of 0.421 CBF was 68.6 ml/100 g/min. Venesection was associated with a significant rise in CBF in both groups of patients--to 59.7 ml/100 g/min in the HNRCM group and 65.0 ml/100 g/min in the LPV group. Whole-blood viscosity fell significantly in both groups. Both groups demonstrated significant inverse relationships between CBF and haematocrit and between CBF and blood viscosity.", "PMID": 90967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12193", "title": "Response of intestinal mucosa to gluten challenge in autistic subjects.", "content": "Eight autistic patients with steatorrhoea, hypocalciuria, and alleged behavioural improvements on gluten restriction, were fed ordinary diets plus 20 g gluten/day for 4 weeks. None of the patients had any significant change in body-weight or bowel habit as a result of gluten challenge, nor were any histological abnormalities detected on jejunal biopsy. The data suggest that the steatorrhoea and hypocalciuria seen in some autistic subjects cannot be accounted for by the presence of coeliac disease. Furthermore, these patients should not be confined to gluten-free diets, unless rigorous behavioural studies demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in behaviour as a result of the diet, or deterioration during challenge.", "contents": "Response of intestinal mucosa to gluten challenge in autistic subjects. Eight autistic patients with steatorrhoea, hypocalciuria, and alleged behavioural improvements on gluten restriction, were fed ordinary diets plus 20 g gluten/day for 4 weeks. None of the patients had any significant change in body-weight or bowel habit as a result of gluten challenge, nor were any histological abnormalities detected on jejunal biopsy. The data suggest that the steatorrhoea and hypocalciuria seen in some autistic subjects cannot be accounted for by the presence of coeliac disease. Furthermore, these patients should not be confined to gluten-free diets, unless rigorous behavioural studies demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in behaviour as a result of the diet, or deterioration during challenge.", "PMID": 90968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12194", "title": "Urinary immunoreactive trypsin excretion: a non-invasive screening test for pancreatic cancer.", "content": "The ratio of renal clearance of immunoreactive trypsin relative to renal clearance of creatinine was measured in 71 subjects including 27 controls and patients with cancer of pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and acute pancreatitis. The upper limit of the control range was 4.1 x 10(-5) (mean + 2SD). 6 of 9 patients (67%) with acute pancreatitis had raised values. All 18 patients with chronic pancreatitis had values within the control range. In contrast, all 17 patients with carcinoma of pancreas had raised clearance ratios. The test may therefore prove valuable in distinguishing between chronic pancreatitis and cancer of pancreas.", "contents": "Urinary immunoreactive trypsin excretion: a non-invasive screening test for pancreatic cancer. The ratio of renal clearance of immunoreactive trypsin relative to renal clearance of creatinine was measured in 71 subjects including 27 controls and patients with cancer of pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and acute pancreatitis. The upper limit of the control range was 4.1 x 10(-5) (mean + 2SD). 6 of 9 patients (67%) with acute pancreatitis had raised values. All 18 patients with chronic pancreatitis had values within the control range. In contrast, all 17 patients with carcinoma of pancreas had raised clearance ratios. The test may therefore prove valuable in distinguishing between chronic pancreatitis and cancer of pancreas.", "PMID": 90969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12195", "title": "Dopamine disorder in duodenal ulceration.", "content": "Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats were prevented by the dopamine agonists bromocriptine, lergotrile, and apomorphine, whereas both the severity of duodenal ulcers and the mortality among cysteamine-treated rats were raised by the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperiodol. Bromocriptine and lergotrile greatly reduced gastric-acid output in cysteamine-treated rats. A review of the literature shows a high incidence of duodenal ulcers in patients with Parkinson's disease (associated with dopamine deficiency) and a low occurrence in schizophrenics (associated with dopamine excess and/or hyperactivity). Thus, changes in peripheral and/or central dopamine concentrations and/or receptor activity may have a role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Dopamine disorder in duodenal ulceration. Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats were prevented by the dopamine agonists bromocriptine, lergotrile, and apomorphine, whereas both the severity of duodenal ulcers and the mortality among cysteamine-treated rats were raised by the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperiodol. Bromocriptine and lergotrile greatly reduced gastric-acid output in cysteamine-treated rats. A review of the literature shows a high incidence of duodenal ulcers in patients with Parkinson's disease (associated with dopamine deficiency) and a low occurrence in schizophrenics (associated with dopamine excess and/or hyperactivity). Thus, changes in peripheral and/or central dopamine concentrations and/or receptor activity may have a role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 90970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12196", "title": "Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine?", "content": "The headache phase of migraine may develop as the result of an abnormal interaction (and perhaps an abnormal release) of vasoactive neurotransmitters from terminals of the trigeminal nerve with large intracranial and extracranial blood-vessels. These blood-vessels, which dilate during the headache phase of migraine, are thought to receive axonal projections from all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Substance P, a potent vasodilating peptide, seems to be released from trigeminal nerve endings in response to nervous stimulation and is involved in the transmission of painful stimuli within the periphery. The vasoactive molecule serotonin, implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine, coexists with substance P in some terminals of the central nervous system and is present within the trigeminal ganglia. Within this nerve serotonin may modulate the function of primary sensory neurons. The abnormal release of substance P or as yet unidentified peptides or other transmitters from the fifth cranial nerve may explain both the hemicranial pain and the vasodilation which are characteristic of the headache of migraine.", "contents": "Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? The headache phase of migraine may develop as the result of an abnormal interaction (and perhaps an abnormal release) of vasoactive neurotransmitters from terminals of the trigeminal nerve with large intracranial and extracranial blood-vessels. These blood-vessels, which dilate during the headache phase of migraine, are thought to receive axonal projections from all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Substance P, a potent vasodilating peptide, seems to be released from trigeminal nerve endings in response to nervous stimulation and is involved in the transmission of painful stimuli within the periphery. The vasoactive molecule serotonin, implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine, coexists with substance P in some terminals of the central nervous system and is present within the trigeminal ganglia. Within this nerve serotonin may modulate the function of primary sensory neurons. The abnormal release of substance P or as yet unidentified peptides or other transmitters from the fifth cranial nerve may explain both the hemicranial pain and the vasodilation which are characteristic of the headache of migraine.", "PMID": 90971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12197", "title": "Fish-eye disease. A new familial condition with massive corneal opacities and dyslipoproteinaemia.", "content": "A man and his three daughters had massive corneal opacities called in their home village \"fish-eye disease\" because of the resemblance of the eyes to those of boiled fish. The two living daughters had the same dyslipoproteinaemia, characterised by normal serum cholesterol but raised serum triglycerides, raised very-low-density lipoproteins, strikingly high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides. LDL contained normal sized as well as abnormally large particles and a 90% reduction in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and the percentage of plasma cholesterol esters were normal, with excluded LCAT-deficiency. Normal electrophoretic mobility of HDL as well as other lipoprotein findings excluded Tangier disease. The clinical and laboratory abnormalities in fish-eye disease are atherosclerosis at old age, visual impairment, and dense corneal opacification. Fish-eye disease thus differs both clinically and in its lipoprotein abnormalities from LCAT-deficiency and Tangier disease.", "contents": "Fish-eye disease. A new familial condition with massive corneal opacities and dyslipoproteinaemia. A man and his three daughters had massive corneal opacities called in their home village \"fish-eye disease\" because of the resemblance of the eyes to those of boiled fish. The two living daughters had the same dyslipoproteinaemia, characterised by normal serum cholesterol but raised serum triglycerides, raised very-low-density lipoproteins, strikingly high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides. LDL contained normal sized as well as abnormally large particles and a 90% reduction in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and the percentage of plasma cholesterol esters were normal, with excluded LCAT-deficiency. Normal electrophoretic mobility of HDL as well as other lipoprotein findings excluded Tangier disease. The clinical and laboratory abnormalities in fish-eye disease are atherosclerosis at old age, visual impairment, and dense corneal opacification. Fish-eye disease thus differs both clinically and in its lipoprotein abnormalities from LCAT-deficiency and Tangier disease.", "PMID": 91022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12198", "title": "Combined use of guar and acarbose in reduction of postprandial glycaemia.", "content": "Symptoms associated with carbohydrate malabsorption limit the usefulness to diabetics of a powerful glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor (acarbose) which reduces postprandial glycaemia. Addition of a low dose (50 mg) of a acarbose together with 14.5 g guar gum to a breakfast test meal taken by 8 healthy volunteers reduced the mean peak rise in blood-glucose at 30 min by 70%. Areas under the insulin and gastrointestinal-polypeptide response curves were also greatly reduced. No evidence of carbohydrate malabsorption, as assessed by measurement of breath hydrogen, was found during any of the test periods. When acarbose was taken alone, 3 of the 8 subjects had troublesome symptoms and the 30 min rise in blood-glucose was reduced by only 28%. Thus, combination of these two agents effectively reduces the rate of carbohydrate absorption without increasing side-effects and may make combined acarbose and guar acceptable in the management of some diabetics.", "contents": "Combined use of guar and acarbose in reduction of postprandial glycaemia. Symptoms associated with carbohydrate malabsorption limit the usefulness to diabetics of a powerful glycoside-hydrolase inhibitor (acarbose) which reduces postprandial glycaemia. Addition of a low dose (50 mg) of a acarbose together with 14.5 g guar gum to a breakfast test meal taken by 8 healthy volunteers reduced the mean peak rise in blood-glucose at 30 min by 70%. Areas under the insulin and gastrointestinal-polypeptide response curves were also greatly reduced. No evidence of carbohydrate malabsorption, as assessed by measurement of breath hydrogen, was found during any of the test periods. When acarbose was taken alone, 3 of the 8 subjects had troublesome symptoms and the 30 min rise in blood-glucose was reduced by only 28%. Thus, combination of these two agents effectively reduces the rate of carbohydrate absorption without increasing side-effects and may make combined acarbose and guar acceptable in the management of some diabetics.", "PMID": 91023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12199", "title": "Atypical Legionella-like organisms: fastidious water-associated bacteria pathogenic for man.", "content": "A group of related bacteria designated atypical Legionella-like organisms (ALLO) has been identified. ALLO, like L. pneumophila, are fastidious gram-negative rods that grow well on charcoal yeast extract (CYE) agar and produce ground glass colonies and browning of modified yeast extract agar. Unlike L. pneumophila, ALLO do not grow well on Feeley-Gorman (FG) agar, and on CYE agar they fluoresce under longwave ultraviolet light. ALLO and L. pneumophila have a similar predominance of branched-chain forms among total cellular fatty acids but have distinctive fatty-acid profiles. 2 patients with culture-verified ALLO pneumonia and 10 with pneumonia of uncertain aetiology who seroconverted to ALLO offer evidence that ALLO may be a cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Like L. pneumophila, ALLO appear to be water-associated; both persons with culture-verified ALLO infection were exposed to fresh water or its contents before becoming ill, and two strains of ALLO were isolated from water or wet environments.", "contents": "Atypical Legionella-like organisms: fastidious water-associated bacteria pathogenic for man. A group of related bacteria designated atypical Legionella-like organisms (ALLO) has been identified. ALLO, like L. pneumophila, are fastidious gram-negative rods that grow well on charcoal yeast extract (CYE) agar and produce ground glass colonies and browning of modified yeast extract agar. Unlike L. pneumophila, ALLO do not grow well on Feeley-Gorman (FG) agar, and on CYE agar they fluoresce under longwave ultraviolet light. ALLO and L. pneumophila have a similar predominance of branched-chain forms among total cellular fatty acids but have distinctive fatty-acid profiles. 2 patients with culture-verified ALLO pneumonia and 10 with pneumonia of uncertain aetiology who seroconverted to ALLO offer evidence that ALLO may be a cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Like L. pneumophila, ALLO appear to be water-associated; both persons with culture-verified ALLO infection were exposed to fresh water or its contents before becoming ill, and two strains of ALLO were isolated from water or wet environments.", "PMID": 91024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12200", "title": "Modulation of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in man by stimulation and suppression tests.", "content": "In normal volunteers infusion of parathyroid extract raised plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D) levels by 80% (peak 8--40 h after infusion) without producing any significant change in plasma calcium, phosphate, or magnesium. An oral calcium load suppressed plasma 1,25-(OH)2D to 63% of control values within 48--72 h. These responses will be useful in the diagnosis and management of disturbances of calcium and mineral metabolism in which vitamin D metabolism is abnormal.", "contents": "Modulation of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in man by stimulation and suppression tests. In normal volunteers infusion of parathyroid extract raised plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D) levels by 80% (peak 8--40 h after infusion) without producing any significant change in plasma calcium, phosphate, or magnesium. An oral calcium load suppressed plasma 1,25-(OH)2D to 63% of control values within 48--72 h. These responses will be useful in the diagnosis and management of disturbances of calcium and mineral metabolism in which vitamin D metabolism is abnormal.", "PMID": 91025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12201", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on platelet noradrenaline and5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and aggregation.", "content": "Characteristics of receptor sites on platelets for noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) changed significantly between day 21 and day 28 of treatment in healthy women taking oral contraceptives. NA-induced and 5-HT-induced platelet aggregation and 5-HT uptake vaired accordingly. In untreated women with normal cycles no changes in either receptor site or in platelet function occurred between the luteal and postmenstrual phases. It is concluded that the observed changes are due to a pharmacological effect of the oral contraceptive rather than a normal physiological variation.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on platelet noradrenaline and5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and aggregation. Characteristics of receptor sites on platelets for noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) changed significantly between day 21 and day 28 of treatment in healthy women taking oral contraceptives. NA-induced and 5-HT-induced platelet aggregation and 5-HT uptake vaired accordingly. In untreated women with normal cycles no changes in either receptor site or in platelet function occurred between the luteal and postmenstrual phases. It is concluded that the observed changes are due to a pharmacological effect of the oral contraceptive rather than a normal physiological variation.", "PMID": 91026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12202", "title": "Cure of Burkitt's lymphoma. Ten-year follow-up of 157 Ugandan patients.", "content": "192 Ugandan patients with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated with various regimens containing high-dose cyclophosphamide. 21 patients died during induction therapy, and 14 died after partial responses. Of 157 patients who responded completely to treatment, 16 were lost to follow-up (10 in 69 died and 72 (51%) are alive and disease-free. 31 of the long-term survivors have relapsed at least once and have been successfully retreated. Overall, 34 surviving patients had central-nervous-system involvement, also successfully treated. It is concluded that Burkitt's lymphoma is curable in at least 50% of patients, and that relapse and central-nervous-system involvement are not incompatible with long survival.", "contents": "Cure of Burkitt's lymphoma. Ten-year follow-up of 157 Ugandan patients. 192 Ugandan patients with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated with various regimens containing high-dose cyclophosphamide. 21 patients died during induction therapy, and 14 died after partial responses. Of 157 patients who responded completely to treatment, 16 were lost to follow-up (10 in 69 died and 72 (51%) are alive and disease-free. 31 of the long-term survivors have relapsed at least once and have been successfully retreated. Overall, 34 surviving patients had central-nervous-system involvement, also successfully treated. It is concluded that Burkitt's lymphoma is curable in at least 50% of patients, and that relapse and central-nervous-system involvement are not incompatible with long survival.", "PMID": 91027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12203", "title": "Is the fetus \"scalped\" in labour?", "content": "Capillary blood-flow and tissue oxygenation of the scalp and/or forearm skin were measured in the three adult volunteers. Skin pressure required to occlude circulation was much lower for the scalp than for the forearm skin, and tissue oxygenation fell rapidly when capillary blood-flow fell below about 3 ml/100 g tissue/min. Since scalp circulation is not representative of the general circulation when pressure is applied, the tissue oxygenation level of the fetal scalp in labour (obtained by direct sampling or by transcutaneous electrodes) is not a good indicator of the well-being of a fetus.", "contents": "Is the fetus \"scalped\" in labour? Capillary blood-flow and tissue oxygenation of the scalp and/or forearm skin were measured in the three adult volunteers. Skin pressure required to occlude circulation was much lower for the scalp than for the forearm skin, and tissue oxygenation fell rapidly when capillary blood-flow fell below about 3 ml/100 g tissue/min. Since scalp circulation is not representative of the general circulation when pressure is applied, the tissue oxygenation level of the fetal scalp in labour (obtained by direct sampling or by transcutaneous electrodes) is not a good indicator of the well-being of a fetus.", "PMID": 91035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12204", "title": "[Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant disease obstructing the bile ducts is diagnosed in most cases at a time, when radical surgery is not possibly any more. Diagnostic procedures applied up to now are not suited for early diagnosis. 5 years survival rates of patients with carcinoma of the bile ducts are maximally 6%, in patients with carcinoma of the papilla 36%. In the Department of Surgery of the M\u00fcnster University, 126 such patients have been treated in the recent time; in 104 cases jaundice was apparent clinically. Radical pancreatoduodenectomy could be done only in 24 patients.", "contents": "[Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by carcinoma (author's transl)]. Malignant disease obstructing the bile ducts is diagnosed in most cases at a time, when radical surgery is not possibly any more. Diagnostic procedures applied up to now are not suited for early diagnosis. 5 years survival rates of patients with carcinoma of the bile ducts are maximally 6%, in patients with carcinoma of the papilla 36%. In the Department of Surgery of the M\u00fcnster University, 126 such patients have been treated in the recent time; in 104 cases jaundice was apparent clinically. Radical pancreatoduodenectomy could be done only in 24 patients.", "PMID": 91075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12205", "title": "[The color rendition of microscopical stains by the dyes produced in reversal color films (author's transl)].", "content": "When comparing spectral and colorimetric data of colors of our natural environment with the data of microscopical stains, we observe considerable differences in spectral transmittance respectively reflectance. Furthermore, the spectral locus of these colors are situated at very different positions in the color space or in a chromaticity diagram. By this reason, we must anticipate that usual color reversal materials being optimized in the very first line for the reproduction of colors like foliage green, sky blue or earth, cannot render the hues of histological stains in a satisfying manner. To prove this assertion, the reproducible ranges of hues in the color space were calculated by means of the spectral densities of the dyes developed in the three layers of various color reversal films, and these results were then compared with the spectral data of some stains often applied for histology (H-E, Goldner, Azan etc.). By this method, we find that no color film examined can reproduce in a sufficient manner all these stains at the same time. The results can allow for color micrography the selection of a definite film for best possible color matching of a least one interesting range of color.", "contents": "[The color rendition of microscopical stains by the dyes produced in reversal color films (author's transl)]. When comparing spectral and colorimetric data of colors of our natural environment with the data of microscopical stains, we observe considerable differences in spectral transmittance respectively reflectance. Furthermore, the spectral locus of these colors are situated at very different positions in the color space or in a chromaticity diagram. By this reason, we must anticipate that usual color reversal materials being optimized in the very first line for the reproduction of colors like foliage green, sky blue or earth, cannot render the hues of histological stains in a satisfying manner. To prove this assertion, the reproducible ranges of hues in the color space were calculated by means of the spectral densities of the dyes developed in the three layers of various color reversal films, and these results were then compared with the spectral data of some stains often applied for histology (H-E, Goldner, Azan etc.). By this method, we find that no color film examined can reproduce in a sufficient manner all these stains at the same time. The results can allow for color micrography the selection of a definite film for best possible color matching of a least one interesting range of color.", "PMID": 91083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12206", "title": "[Present state of resistance to antibiotics by tuberculous bacilli in Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Tuberculous bacilli isolated from recently infected patients from various african countries, are resistant to the main specific antibiotics. The present study analyses these resistances which are frequent and mainly directed against INH and streptomycin. Resistance against INH is frequently associated, and is due to inadequate monitoring of the treatment. The resistance against streptomycin is probably due in part to the frequent use of streptomycin against common non-tuberculous infections. The high frequency of thiacetazone resistance is associated with the geographical distribution of M. africanum. Given the situation, it is necessary to consider discarding this drug and replacing it. Unfortunately however, the most recent antibiotics, which have not yet generated resistant strains, are often too expensive.", "contents": "[Present state of resistance to antibiotics by tuberculous bacilli in Africa (author's transl)]. Tuberculous bacilli isolated from recently infected patients from various african countries, are resistant to the main specific antibiotics. The present study analyses these resistances which are frequent and mainly directed against INH and streptomycin. Resistance against INH is frequently associated, and is due to inadequate monitoring of the treatment. The resistance against streptomycin is probably due in part to the frequent use of streptomycin against common non-tuberculous infections. The high frequency of thiacetazone resistance is associated with the geographical distribution of M. africanum. Given the situation, it is necessary to consider discarding this drug and replacing it. Unfortunately however, the most recent antibiotics, which have not yet generated resistant strains, are often too expensive.", "PMID": 91079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12207", "title": "[Mycobacterium africanum (author's transl)].", "content": "A restatement about M. africanum. Diagnosis is based on the aspects of cultures and some biochemical features. Its resistance potentiality is that of M. tuberculosis except for Tb 1 with which resistance is very frequent. It has a rather low experimental virulence and seems to be confined to Africa.", "contents": "[Mycobacterium africanum (author's transl)]. A restatement about M. africanum. Diagnosis is based on the aspects of cultures and some biochemical features. Its resistance potentiality is that of M. tuberculosis except for Tb 1 with which resistance is very frequent. It has a rather low experimental virulence and seems to be confined to Africa.", "PMID": 91078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12208", "title": "Feulgen type staining with Hoffmann's violet-SO2 under exposure to UV rays.", "content": "The paper contains an account of the use of Hoffmann's violet-SO2 under exposure to UV rays during staining acid-hydrolysed DNA of mammalian tissue nuclei. Preparations stained with Hoffmann's violet-SO2 without exposure to UV rays reveal extremely pale violet nuclei but when stained under the influence of UV rays show a considerably faster reaction resulting in a very much deeper staining of the nuclei. Sections after staining with this dye-reagent require n-butanol as differentiating reagent. Possible interpretation for the increase in staining ability of this dye-reagent under exposure to UV rays has been elucidated and the reason for considering the reaction as Feulgen type has been discussed.", "contents": "Feulgen type staining with Hoffmann's violet-SO2 under exposure to UV rays. The paper contains an account of the use of Hoffmann's violet-SO2 under exposure to UV rays during staining acid-hydrolysed DNA of mammalian tissue nuclei. Preparations stained with Hoffmann's violet-SO2 without exposure to UV rays reveal extremely pale violet nuclei but when stained under the influence of UV rays show a considerably faster reaction resulting in a very much deeper staining of the nuclei. Sections after staining with this dye-reagent require n-butanol as differentiating reagent. Possible interpretation for the increase in staining ability of this dye-reagent under exposure to UV rays has been elucidated and the reason for considering the reaction as Feulgen type has been discussed.", "PMID": 91084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12209", "title": "Hydrochloric acid-sodium thiosulphate-Schiff reagent and its cytochemical properties.", "content": "Cytochemical properties of modified Schiff reagent, prepared with 5 ml of N HCl and 1.0 g of sodium thiosulphate, the latter replacing potassium metabisulphite, have been presented in this communication. It has been seen that such a modified Schiff reagent has a slightly elevated pH as compared with that of the conventional Schiff reagent. It has also been found that this modified Schiff reagent has a much longer shelf-life and that the staining intensity produced by this dye-reagent is more than those of the usual Schiff reagent prepared with N HCl and potassium metabisulphite (potassium pyrosulphite, K2S2O5). Possible mechanism as to why the staining intensity of the nuclei is more with this modified Schiff reagent as well as the reason as to why its shelf-life is increased compared with those of the conventional Schiff reagent have been discussed.", "contents": "Hydrochloric acid-sodium thiosulphate-Schiff reagent and its cytochemical properties. Cytochemical properties of modified Schiff reagent, prepared with 5 ml of N HCl and 1.0 g of sodium thiosulphate, the latter replacing potassium metabisulphite, have been presented in this communication. It has been seen that such a modified Schiff reagent has a slightly elevated pH as compared with that of the conventional Schiff reagent. It has also been found that this modified Schiff reagent has a much longer shelf-life and that the staining intensity produced by this dye-reagent is more than those of the usual Schiff reagent prepared with N HCl and potassium metabisulphite (potassium pyrosulphite, K2S2O5). Possible mechanism as to why the staining intensity of the nuclei is more with this modified Schiff reagent as well as the reason as to why its shelf-life is increased compared with those of the conventional Schiff reagent have been discussed.", "PMID": 91085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12210", "title": "Soluble immune complex disease associated with antigen heterogeneity an HLA related disorder.", "content": "It is suggested that soluble immune complex diseases arising after infections may result from the liberation of partially synthesized bacterial polypeptide or viral nucleic acid antigens. These disrupted antigens will have heterogeneous molecular weights due to antigenic material which is incomplete as a result of premature termination of synthesis. Antigens of this type have been shown to result in significant soluble complex formation in vitro when reacted with antisera from many individuals. Interestingly, this was demonstrated using an antigen which has been instrumental in defining, in the mouse, immune response genes. These genes are known to be linked to genes which code for lymphocyte antigens. If particular immune response genes are linked to HLA types in humans, as is thought to be the case, there may be a large number of soluble immune complex diseases caused by infectious agents which may be HLA type associated.", "contents": "Soluble immune complex disease associated with antigen heterogeneity an HLA related disorder. It is suggested that soluble immune complex diseases arising after infections may result from the liberation of partially synthesized bacterial polypeptide or viral nucleic acid antigens. These disrupted antigens will have heterogeneous molecular weights due to antigenic material which is incomplete as a result of premature termination of synthesis. Antigens of this type have been shown to result in significant soluble complex formation in vitro when reacted with antisera from many individuals. Interestingly, this was demonstrated using an antigen which has been instrumental in defining, in the mouse, immune response genes. These genes are known to be linked to genes which code for lymphocyte antigens. If particular immune response genes are linked to HLA types in humans, as is thought to be the case, there may be a large number of soluble immune complex diseases caused by infectious agents which may be HLA type associated.", "PMID": 91086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12211", "title": "The hepatitis B virus and its DNA polymerase: the prototype three-D virus.", "content": "The hepatitis B virus (HBV), the causal agent of serum hepatitis, has a diameter of 42 nm and is comprised of an outer surface coat and a 27 nm core. A unique DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is associated with the core of the virus. The core also houses a circular DNA that contains both double-stranded and single-stranded regions. In the endogenous reaction, the DNA polymerase repairs the single-stranded gaps of the viral DNA. The surface protein of the virus, called hepatitis B surface antigen, contains both lipid and carbohydrate, and is often present in particulate form in the blood of infected patients. In Asia and Africa HBV infection is associated with subsequent development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Although most patients recover completely from acute illness, the hepatitis B virus may cause chronic infection. Recently, a virus similar to human HBV was discovered in woodchucks. HBV has not yet been propagated in a cell culture system and the mode of replication of this unusual virus in hepatocytes is still moot. Although reliable therapy has not yet been provided, the problem of this world-wide infection has led to many interesting approaches to both vaccine production and anti-viral chemotherapy.", "contents": "The hepatitis B virus and its DNA polymerase: the prototype three-D virus. The hepatitis B virus (HBV), the causal agent of serum hepatitis, has a diameter of 42 nm and is comprised of an outer surface coat and a 27 nm core. A unique DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is associated with the core of the virus. The core also houses a circular DNA that contains both double-stranded and single-stranded regions. In the endogenous reaction, the DNA polymerase repairs the single-stranded gaps of the viral DNA. The surface protein of the virus, called hepatitis B surface antigen, contains both lipid and carbohydrate, and is often present in particulate form in the blood of infected patients. In Asia and Africa HBV infection is associated with subsequent development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Although most patients recover completely from acute illness, the hepatitis B virus may cause chronic infection. Recently, a virus similar to human HBV was discovered in woodchucks. HBV has not yet been propagated in a cell culture system and the mode of replication of this unusual virus in hepatocytes is still moot. Although reliable therapy has not yet been provided, the problem of this world-wide infection has led to many interesting approaches to both vaccine production and anti-viral chemotherapy.", "PMID": 91092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12212", "title": "[Psychosocial consequences of head injuries in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychosocial consequences of head injuries in children can be understood in terms of an interaction between pretraumatic conditions, conditions and sequelae of the trauma (injury) and posttraumatic factors. The results of these interactions in the area of psychosocial functioning can be defined as effects on development in general as well as effects on school behaviour, occupational and family situation. Taking into account these factors, and the reaction of the famility, two major reactions can be identified: (1) Insisting on the until now practised attitude to the child, (2) Abrupt changing of the attitude to the child after head injury. Both reactions lead to an inadequate handling of the child and in consequence to overtax or overprotection. Finally, also the reaction of the child has to be taken into account. It should be integrated into the rehabilitation program. There seem to be differences between children with slight and severe head injuries.", "contents": "[Psychosocial consequences of head injuries in children (author's transl)]. Psychosocial consequences of head injuries in children can be understood in terms of an interaction between pretraumatic conditions, conditions and sequelae of the trauma (injury) and posttraumatic factors. The results of these interactions in the area of psychosocial functioning can be defined as effects on development in general as well as effects on school behaviour, occupational and family situation. Taking into account these factors, and the reaction of the famility, two major reactions can be identified: (1) Insisting on the until now practised attitude to the child, (2) Abrupt changing of the attitude to the child after head injury. Both reactions lead to an inadequate handling of the child and in consequence to overtax or overprotection. Finally, also the reaction of the child has to be taken into account. It should be integrated into the rehabilitation program. There seem to be differences between children with slight and severe head injuries.", "PMID": 91100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12213", "title": "[Disturbances of mental development in infants and preschool children. Their recognition and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short introduction setting out the importance of development dimensions for the understanding of disturbances of development and some statistics on the frequency of peculiarities of behavior in the preschool age, some disorders of mental development of practical importance in the first years of life are dealt with. Psychomotor disturbances, disorders of speech and speaking and emotional and contact disturbances are emphasized.", "contents": "[Disturbances of mental development in infants and preschool children. Their recognition and treatment (author's transl)]. After a short introduction setting out the importance of development dimensions for the understanding of disturbances of development and some statistics on the frequency of peculiarities of behavior in the preschool age, some disorders of mental development of practical importance in the first years of life are dealt with. Psychomotor disturbances, disorders of speech and speaking and emotional and contact disturbances are emphasized.", "PMID": 91101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12214", "title": "[Radicular and pseudoradicular symptoms of the middle and lower cervical vertebral column (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnostic classification of the \"shoulder-hand-syndrome\" according to etiology and pathophysiological principles is of major importance. The radicular syndrome, subsumed as the shoulder-hand syndrome following a local lesion, must be exactly defined. The pseudoradicular syndrome, which frequently appears clinically in the cervical region under the guise of middle and lower cervical syndrome, has its cause in disturbed function of the vertebral joints. But it can also arise as a mixed syndrome, radicular and pseudoradicular, through a substantial root lesion. The diagnosis of a referred pain in a \"shoulder-hand syndrome\" can lead to the discovery of internal organic lesions or lesions of the locomotor apparatus of the extremities.", "contents": "[Radicular and pseudoradicular symptoms of the middle and lower cervical vertebral column (author's transl)]. The differential diagnostic classification of the \"shoulder-hand-syndrome\" according to etiology and pathophysiological principles is of major importance. The radicular syndrome, subsumed as the shoulder-hand syndrome following a local lesion, must be exactly defined. The pseudoradicular syndrome, which frequently appears clinically in the cervical region under the guise of middle and lower cervical syndrome, has its cause in disturbed function of the vertebral joints. But it can also arise as a mixed syndrome, radicular and pseudoradicular, through a substantial root lesion. The diagnosis of a referred pain in a \"shoulder-hand syndrome\" can lead to the discovery of internal organic lesions or lesions of the locomotor apparatus of the extremities.", "PMID": 91102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12215", "title": "[Diagnosis and clinical aspects of the cervicobrachial syndrome as seen by the rheumatologist (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the various diseases classified as cervicobrachial syndrome, from the rheumatological point of view rheumatic conditions of the soft parts such as periarthritis humeroscapularis, tendomyoses and insertion tendinoses are particularly important. Their exact clarification and differentiation from polymyalgia rheumatica and the rare polymyositis is also of great therapeutic significance. Moreover the rheumatologist is also frequently confronted with inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions of the cervical vertebral column and the shoulder joint which may set up various disease symptoms. A whole series of affections come into consideration in the differential diagnosis and they are summarized in a table.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and clinical aspects of the cervicobrachial syndrome as seen by the rheumatologist (author's transl)]. Among the various diseases classified as cervicobrachial syndrome, from the rheumatological point of view rheumatic conditions of the soft parts such as periarthritis humeroscapularis, tendomyoses and insertion tendinoses are particularly important. Their exact clarification and differentiation from polymyalgia rheumatica and the rare polymyositis is also of great therapeutic significance. Moreover the rheumatologist is also frequently confronted with inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions of the cervical vertebral column and the shoulder joint which may set up various disease symptoms. A whole series of affections come into consideration in the differential diagnosis and they are summarized in a table.", "PMID": 91103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12216", "title": "[The psychosomatics of pain, particularly in the cervicobrachial region (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is first given of the relevance of emotional factors to present-day pathological processes. Pain may be indicative of various causes: consecutive symptom of an organic process, expression of a functional disorder, emotionally conditioned symptom. The vicious circle of pain and emotion (anxiety, aggression, depression) is demonstrated as exemplified by nonarticular rheumatism. Tension revolt and suppressed aggression play a fundamental role in the cervicobrachial syndrome.", "contents": "[The psychosomatics of pain, particularly in the cervicobrachial region (author's transl)]. A description is first given of the relevance of emotional factors to present-day pathological processes. Pain may be indicative of various causes: consecutive symptom of an organic process, expression of a functional disorder, emotionally conditioned symptom. The vicious circle of pain and emotion (anxiety, aggression, depression) is demonstrated as exemplified by nonarticular rheumatism. Tension revolt and suppressed aggression play a fundamental role in the cervicobrachial syndrome.", "PMID": 91104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12217", "title": "Effects of caffeine on chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges induced by mitomycin C in BrdU-labeled human chromosomes.", "content": "The BrdU-Hoechst staining technique has been used in analyzing the effect of caffeine (CAF) on chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by mitomycin C (MC). CAF increased the frequency of SCE in MC-treated chromosomes in all specimens. The combination of MC and CAF caused a remarkable increase in all types of chromosome aberrations, but the most startling effect was the appearance of many cells with multiple aberrations (shattered chromosomes). The BrdU-Hoechst technique showed that the shattered chromosomes did not appear in cells that had replicated only once, but did occur in cells which replicated twice in the presence of MC and CAF. The large majority of chromatid breaks observed did not involve areas common to SCE; and the SCE frequency significantly increased in spite of the existence of multiple breaks. This indicates that very few of the breaks are incomplete exchanges and that the mechanism for formation of SCE might be different from that of chromosome breaks. In another experiment, monofunctional-MC (M-MC) had a small effect on SCE rates, though it induced shattered chromosomes with CAF post-treatment. Possible differences in the mechanisms leading to SCE and chromosome breaks are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges induced by mitomycin C in BrdU-labeled human chromosomes. The BrdU-Hoechst staining technique has been used in analyzing the effect of caffeine (CAF) on chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by mitomycin C (MC). CAF increased the frequency of SCE in MC-treated chromosomes in all specimens. The combination of MC and CAF caused a remarkable increase in all types of chromosome aberrations, but the most startling effect was the appearance of many cells with multiple aberrations (shattered chromosomes). The BrdU-Hoechst technique showed that the shattered chromosomes did not appear in cells that had replicated only once, but did occur in cells which replicated twice in the presence of MC and CAF. The large majority of chromatid breaks observed did not involve areas common to SCE; and the SCE frequency significantly increased in spite of the existence of multiple breaks. This indicates that very few of the breaks are incomplete exchanges and that the mechanism for formation of SCE might be different from that of chromosome breaks. In another experiment, monofunctional-MC (M-MC) had a small effect on SCE rates, though it induced shattered chromosomes with CAF post-treatment. Possible differences in the mechanisms leading to SCE and chromosome breaks are discussed.", "PMID": 91107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12218", "title": "Blastomycosis: report of three cases from Alberta with a review of Canadian cases.", "content": "Approximately 120 cases of blastomycosis have been reported from Canada to-date. The great majority of these occurred in the Eastern provinces. Since 1970, three cases of blastomycosis have been seen in Alberta. The first case, with meningeal and pulmonary involvements, was diagnosed at post-mortem. The second case was that of a 75-year-old male with a history of pancytopenia, aortic arteriosclerosis, exposure to mercury, and fever. KOH and periodic-acid schiff (PAS) stained smears of the lung tissue, received after autopsy, showed numerous budding yeast cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis along with some hyphal filaments. Similarly, budding cells of B. dermatitidis and hyphal segments were observed in large numbers in the PAS and Gomori's methenamine-silver (GMS) stained sections made from adrenals, lung, kidney, and spleen tissues. Attempts to culture the fungus on a variety of selective and non-selective media were unsuccessful, due to heavy bacterial contamination. The indirect fluoroscent antibody results were 2+ with the B. dermatitidis conjugate. The third case was that of a 31-year-old male, who was admitted to the hospital with the chief complaint of chest pain. Biopsy tissue sections, stained with the GMS procedure revealed a few foci with B. dermatitidis yeast cells. The immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) tests gave positive results against B. dermatitidis antigen (titre, 1:16). The CF titre declined following treatment with amphotericin B and the immunodiffusion test became negative after the institution of antifungal therapy. Except for the last patient, the other two patients had no history of travel in any known endemic areas. In addition to these cases, a survey of blastomycosis occurring in this country has been presented along with on the disease in dogs and a cat.", "contents": "Blastomycosis: report of three cases from Alberta with a review of Canadian cases. Approximately 120 cases of blastomycosis have been reported from Canada to-date. The great majority of these occurred in the Eastern provinces. Since 1970, three cases of blastomycosis have been seen in Alberta. The first case, with meningeal and pulmonary involvements, was diagnosed at post-mortem. The second case was that of a 75-year-old male with a history of pancytopenia, aortic arteriosclerosis, exposure to mercury, and fever. KOH and periodic-acid schiff (PAS) stained smears of the lung tissue, received after autopsy, showed numerous budding yeast cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis along with some hyphal filaments. Similarly, budding cells of B. dermatitidis and hyphal segments were observed in large numbers in the PAS and Gomori's methenamine-silver (GMS) stained sections made from adrenals, lung, kidney, and spleen tissues. Attempts to culture the fungus on a variety of selective and non-selective media were unsuccessful, due to heavy bacterial contamination. The indirect fluoroscent antibody results were 2+ with the B. dermatitidis conjugate. The third case was that of a 31-year-old male, who was admitted to the hospital with the chief complaint of chest pain. Biopsy tissue sections, stained with the GMS procedure revealed a few foci with B. dermatitidis yeast cells. The immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) tests gave positive results against B. dermatitidis antigen (titre, 1:16). The CF titre declined following treatment with amphotericin B and the immunodiffusion test became negative after the institution of antifungal therapy. Except for the last patient, the other two patients had no history of travel in any known endemic areas. In addition to these cases, a survey of blastomycosis occurring in this country has been presented along with on the disease in dogs and a cat.", "PMID": 91108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12219", "title": "Axonal transport of vasoactive intestinal peptide in sciatic nerve.", "content": "Dense plexuses of neurones containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been found in discrete areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and urogenital system. In many of these locations VIP is concentrated in nerve endings, where it can be released by high K+ concentrations in a Ca2+-dependent manner. VIP release may also be provoked by electrical stimulation of nerves, for example the vagus. VIP thus shows some of the features of neurotransmitter or neuromodulator substances. The presence of immunoreactive VIP in the fine terminal varicosities as well as in the cell bodies of neurones suggests that it might be transported from the perikaryon, where it is presumably formed, to the nerve endings, through the axonal transport system. Such transport would be in keeping with a role for the peptide as a neurohumor or neurohormone. We report here that VIP accumulates in constricted rat sciatic nerves in a manner suggesting fast, anterograde axonal flow.", "contents": "Axonal transport of vasoactive intestinal peptide in sciatic nerve. Dense plexuses of neurones containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been found in discrete areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and urogenital system. In many of these locations VIP is concentrated in nerve endings, where it can be released by high K+ concentrations in a Ca2+-dependent manner. VIP release may also be provoked by electrical stimulation of nerves, for example the vagus. VIP thus shows some of the features of neurotransmitter or neuromodulator substances. The presence of immunoreactive VIP in the fine terminal varicosities as well as in the cell bodies of neurones suggests that it might be transported from the perikaryon, where it is presumably formed, to the nerve endings, through the axonal transport system. Such transport would be in keeping with a role for the peptide as a neurohumor or neurohormone. We report here that VIP accumulates in constricted rat sciatic nerves in a manner suggesting fast, anterograde axonal flow.", "PMID": 91110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12220", "title": "Lysozyme-induced T-suppressor cells and antibodies have a predominant idiotype.", "content": "The existence of shared idiotypic determinants on the surfaces of T and B cells is now firmly established, suggesting that on both these cell types immunoglobulin variable regions are expressed which presumably function as antigen receptors. In most systems this has been inferred through the use of anti-idiotypic antibody instead of antigen to induce either helper or suppressor T cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that antigen-specific suppressor or helper factors can also bear idiotypic determinants. It is possible that these factors represent released receptors or portions of receptors. We show here the direct elimination of an antigen-induced T-suppressor  population by an anti-idiotypic serum and complement. These suppressor T cells as well as the idiotypic population used to generate the antiserum are each specific for the same limited portion of the multi-determinant antigen, lysozyme. Apparently, these suppressor cells are restricted in specificity as well as share idiotypy with antibodies of the same specificity.", "contents": "Lysozyme-induced T-suppressor cells and antibodies have a predominant idiotype. The existence of shared idiotypic determinants on the surfaces of T and B cells is now firmly established, suggesting that on both these cell types immunoglobulin variable regions are expressed which presumably function as antigen receptors. In most systems this has been inferred through the use of anti-idiotypic antibody instead of antigen to induce either helper or suppressor T cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that antigen-specific suppressor or helper factors can also bear idiotypic determinants. It is possible that these factors represent released receptors or portions of receptors. We show here the direct elimination of an antigen-induced T-suppressor  population by an anti-idiotypic serum and complement. These suppressor T cells as well as the idiotypic population used to generate the antiserum are each specific for the same limited portion of the multi-determinant antigen, lysozyme. Apparently, these suppressor cells are restricted in specificity as well as share idiotypy with antibodies of the same specificity.", "PMID": 91111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12221", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis: the Christchurch experience.", "content": "A service for biochemical analysis of amniotic fluid has been available since 1975. A total of 186 early pregnancy samples were received, the majority were from patients at risk for chromosome abnormalities or neural tube defects. The indications for analysis and the problems related to the results are presented and the need for an established genetic counselling system with a supra-regional assay service is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis: the Christchurch experience. A service for biochemical analysis of amniotic fluid has been available since 1975. A total of 186 early pregnancy samples were received, the majority were from patients at risk for chromosome abnormalities or neural tube defects. The indications for analysis and the problems related to the results are presented and the need for an established genetic counselling system with a supra-regional assay service is discussed.", "PMID": 91147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12222", "title": "[Effect of the nude mutation on alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and hemopoiesis in the mouse liver in the postnatal period of development].", "content": "The dynamics of population of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-containing cells in the liver and the level of AFP in the blood of C3H/HeJ+/+ and thymus-less mutant C3H/HeJnu/nu mice during postnatal development was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and radial immunodiffusion. The content of AFP-positive hepatocytes and AFP concentration in the blood serum of C3H/HeJnu/nu mice were shown to exceed markedly those in C3H/HeJ+/+ mice beginning from the age of 2 weeks. The histological analyses has revealed the foci of hemopoiesis in the liver of adult C3H/HeJnu/nu mice, unlike in the liver of normal mice. The neonatal thymectomy of C3H/HeJ+/+ mice did not influence the parameters under study. A possible relationship between the increased AFP level and the preservation of hemopoiesis in the liver of the mice homozygous by the mutation nude is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of the nude mutation on alpha-fetoprotein synthesis and hemopoiesis in the mouse liver in the postnatal period of development]. The dynamics of population of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-containing cells in the liver and the level of AFP in the blood of C3H/HeJ+/+ and thymus-less mutant C3H/HeJnu/nu mice during postnatal development was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and radial immunodiffusion. The content of AFP-positive hepatocytes and AFP concentration in the blood serum of C3H/HeJnu/nu mice were shown to exceed markedly those in C3H/HeJ+/+ mice beginning from the age of 2 weeks. The histological analyses has revealed the foci of hemopoiesis in the liver of adult C3H/HeJnu/nu mice, unlike in the liver of normal mice. The neonatal thymectomy of C3H/HeJ+/+ mice did not influence the parameters under study. A possible relationship between the increased AFP level and the preservation of hemopoiesis in the liver of the mice homozygous by the mutation nude is discussed.", "PMID": 91148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12223", "title": "Fluorescence iris angiography in the assessment of calcium dobesilate therapy in the treatment of diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "The authors employed fluorescence iridography and to evaluate the changes induced by a 1-year treatment with calcium dobesilate.", "contents": "Fluorescence iris angiography in the assessment of calcium dobesilate therapy in the treatment of diabetic microangiopathy. The authors employed fluorescence iridography and to evaluate the changes induced by a 1-year treatment with calcium dobesilate.", "PMID": 91149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12224", "title": "Oxytalan fibers in peripheral odontogenic fibromas. A histochemical study of eighteen cases.", "content": "Oxytalan fibers, identified by histochemical methods alone, were found embedded. Since oxytalan fibers have been found embedded in bone in the periodontal ligament, the finding of these fibers in the calcified material of peripheral odontogenic fibromas adds considerable weight to the assumption that these lesions are of periodontal ligament origin.", "contents": "Oxytalan fibers in peripheral odontogenic fibromas. A histochemical study of eighteen cases. Oxytalan fibers, identified by histochemical methods alone, were found embedded. Since oxytalan fibers have been found embedded in bone in the periodontal ligament, the finding of these fibers in the calcified material of peripheral odontogenic fibromas adds considerable weight to the assumption that these lesions are of periodontal ligament origin.", "PMID": 91150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12225", "title": "Primary care approaches to developmental disabilities.", "content": "Ninety-seven board certified pediatricians who spend at least 75% of their professional working hours involved in the delivery of primary care in New England were interviewed to explore their attitudes and current clinical approaches to developmental disabilities. The majority of the pediatricians relied exclusively on clinical judgment and general observations for assessing developmental problems in their offices. Responsibility for preschool screening for potential learning problems and the assessment of school failure were considered appropriate pediatric concerns. Reported customary approaches to a variety of developmental problems were not affected by the size of the practice nor by the socio-economic status of the patient population. Patterns of referral for consultation appeared to be more dependent on the nature of the suspected disorder than on the characteristics of the physicians or their practices. The need for more rigorous training in the developmental aspects of child health has been emphasized. In order to meet this challenge, more precise techniques for pediatric developmental assessment and more conclusive evaluations of specific interventions will have to be produced.", "contents": "Primary care approaches to developmental disabilities. Ninety-seven board certified pediatricians who spend at least 75% of their professional working hours involved in the delivery of primary care in New England were interviewed to explore their attitudes and current clinical approaches to developmental disabilities. The majority of the pediatricians relied exclusively on clinical judgment and general observations for assessing developmental problems in their offices. Responsibility for preschool screening for potential learning problems and the assessment of school failure were considered appropriate pediatric concerns. Reported customary approaches to a variety of developmental problems were not affected by the size of the practice nor by the socio-economic status of the patient population. Patterns of referral for consultation appeared to be more dependent on the nature of the suspected disorder than on the characteristics of the physicians or their practices. The need for more rigorous training in the developmental aspects of child health has been emphasized. In order to meet this challenge, more precise techniques for pediatric developmental assessment and more conclusive evaluations of specific interventions will have to be produced.", "PMID": 91155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12226", "title": "Applied teaching concepts of animated motion slides in otolaryngology.", "content": "Motion is an essential part of otolaryngologic function, and an understanding of concepts of motion is critical in teaching otolaryngology. Standard movie projection devices have intrinsic defects, such as considerable expense to make, complexity of operation, and a lack of flexibility. Slide projection transparencies (2X2) offer instructional flexibility but could not be used to project motion until recently. Using applications of gelatin films of images with polarizing light, we have been able to produce an illusion of motion similar to that used in creating the motion in cartoons. We have produced a series of slides for instructional purposes to show concepts in otolaryngology.", "contents": "Applied teaching concepts of animated motion slides in otolaryngology. Motion is an essential part of otolaryngologic function, and an understanding of concepts of motion is critical in teaching otolaryngology. Standard movie projection devices have intrinsic defects, such as considerable expense to make, complexity of operation, and a lack of flexibility. Slide projection transparencies (2X2) offer instructional flexibility but could not be used to project motion until recently. Using applications of gelatin films of images with polarizing light, we have been able to produce an illusion of motion similar to that used in creating the motion in cartoons. We have produced a series of slides for instructional purposes to show concepts in otolaryngology.", "PMID": 91151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12227", "title": "Hybridization properties of sequences adjacent to triphosphorylated 5'-ends of nuclear pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich carcinoma.", "content": "Triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments about 100 nucleotides long were prepared from purified nuclear pre-mRNA using a modified hydroxyapatite method /1/. These fragments as well as fragments of total pre-mRNA of the same size were polyadenylated in vitro by ATP:RNA adenyltransferase and used as templates for the synthesis of [32P] cDNA by reverse transcriptase in the presence of an oligo(dT) primer. The use of cDNA transcribed from the triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments of pre-mRNA (5'-cDNA) and from the total pre-mRNA fragments allows one to calculate the complexity of the 5'-end fraction pre-mRNA and to detect these sequences in polysomal mRNA. Sequences adjacent to 5'-phosphorylated ends of pre-mRNA represent a specific class of sequences with a complexity of about 200 kb. It was also found that about 25% of total pre-mRNA and about a half of sequences adjacent to triphosphorylated 5'-ends are present in polysomal mRNA. A high homology between triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments of pre-mRNA and mRNA sequences may be explained in terms of splicing. Less than 30% of 5'-cDNA hybridized to moderately repetitive DNA while most of them are represented by unique DNA sequences. About 15% of 5'-cDNA contained oligo(dA) sequences originated from oligo(U) in pre-mRNA from which it was transcribed.", "contents": "Hybridization properties of sequences adjacent to triphosphorylated 5'-ends of nuclear pre-mRNA from mouse Ehrlich carcinoma. Triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments about 100 nucleotides long were prepared from purified nuclear pre-mRNA using a modified hydroxyapatite method /1/. These fragments as well as fragments of total pre-mRNA of the same size were polyadenylated in vitro by ATP:RNA adenyltransferase and used as templates for the synthesis of [32P] cDNA by reverse transcriptase in the presence of an oligo(dT) primer. The use of cDNA transcribed from the triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments of pre-mRNA (5'-cDNA) and from the total pre-mRNA fragments allows one to calculate the complexity of the 5'-end fraction pre-mRNA and to detect these sequences in polysomal mRNA. Sequences adjacent to 5'-phosphorylated ends of pre-mRNA represent a specific class of sequences with a complexity of about 200 kb. It was also found that about 25% of total pre-mRNA and about a half of sequences adjacent to triphosphorylated 5'-ends are present in polysomal mRNA. A high homology between triphosphorylated 5'-end fragments of pre-mRNA and mRNA sequences may be explained in terms of splicing. Less than 30% of 5'-cDNA hybridized to moderately repetitive DNA while most of them are represented by unique DNA sequences. About 15% of 5'-cDNA contained oligo(dA) sequences originated from oligo(U) in pre-mRNA from which it was transcribed.", "PMID": 91157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12228", "title": "Reverse transcriptase mediated binding of primer tRNA to the viral genome.", "content": "A complex between tRNATrp (beef) and 35 S RNA from avian myeloblastosis virus is obtained when the mixture is preincubated in the presence of reverse transcriptase at 35 degrees C. The tRNA-RNA complex is active in initiating DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase. The interaction of tRNA with reverse transcriptase involves the partial unwinding of the acceptor stem of tRNA, as evidenced by nuclease digestion with RNAase T1 and micrococcal nuclease. When tRNA2Glu (coli), having a high degree of similarity with primer tRNA at the level of the acceptor stem, was used as primer for DNA synthesis, a low but significant level of incorporation was obtained, if the reaction was performed at 35 degrees C, while a high incorporation, similar to the one obtained with tRNATrp was obtained when the annealing between tRNA2Glu and 35 S RNA was performed at 80 degrees C. Our evidences point out to an important role of the viral DNA polymerase in positioning the primer on the RNA genome.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase mediated binding of primer tRNA to the viral genome. A complex between tRNATrp (beef) and 35 S RNA from avian myeloblastosis virus is obtained when the mixture is preincubated in the presence of reverse transcriptase at 35 degrees C. The tRNA-RNA complex is active in initiating DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase. The interaction of tRNA with reverse transcriptase involves the partial unwinding of the acceptor stem of tRNA, as evidenced by nuclease digestion with RNAase T1 and micrococcal nuclease. When tRNA2Glu (coli), having a high degree of similarity with primer tRNA at the level of the acceptor stem, was used as primer for DNA synthesis, a low but significant level of incorporation was obtained, if the reaction was performed at 35 degrees C, while a high incorporation, similar to the one obtained with tRNATrp was obtained when the annealing between tRNA2Glu and 35 S RNA was performed at 80 degrees C. Our evidences point out to an important role of the viral DNA polymerase in positioning the primer on the RNA genome.", "PMID": 91158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12229", "title": "alpha 1-Fetoprotein mRNA of rat yolk sac and hepatoma.", "content": "Rat alpha 1-fetoprotein mRNA was isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity by means of immunoadsorption and oligo (dT) cellulose affinity chromatography. Purified AFP mRNA migrated as a 21S peak in 2.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The translation product of this mRNA in micrococcal nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate was identified as AFP by specific immunoprecipitation, SDS-gel electrophoresis and tryptic digestion analysis. DNA complimentary to AFP mRNA was synthesized with avian meyloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This AFP cDNA was used as a probe to quantitate AFP mRNA in the developing rat liver and to compare the complexity and diversity of AFP mRNA derived from the normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 7777. We found that the amount of functional AFP mRNA is decreasing during liver development. There is very little, if any, AFP mRNA in the adult rat liver. A high degree of homology between the AFP mRNA sequences of yolk sac and hepatoma was also found.", "contents": "alpha 1-Fetoprotein mRNA of rat yolk sac and hepatoma. Rat alpha 1-fetoprotein mRNA was isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity by means of immunoadsorption and oligo (dT) cellulose affinity chromatography. Purified AFP mRNA migrated as a 21S peak in 2.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The translation product of this mRNA in micrococcal nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate was identified as AFP by specific immunoprecipitation, SDS-gel electrophoresis and tryptic digestion analysis. DNA complimentary to AFP mRNA was synthesized with avian meyloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This AFP cDNA was used as a probe to quantitate AFP mRNA in the developing rat liver and to compare the complexity and diversity of AFP mRNA derived from the normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 7777. We found that the amount of functional AFP mRNA is decreasing during liver development. There is very little, if any, AFP mRNA in the adult rat liver. A high degree of homology between the AFP mRNA sequences of yolk sac and hepatoma was also found.", "PMID": 91159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12230", "title": "Sequence homology adjacent to the 3' terminal poly(A) of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs.", "content": "We have determined the sequence of 80 nucleotides adjacent to 3' poly(A) of both (middle and bottom component) cowpea mosaic virus RNAs, using dideoxynucleotide termination of reverse transcription. Sequence conservation is indicated, there being about 80% homology between the first 65 bases of each RNA. Although both RNAs are polyadenylated, there is no AAUAAA sequence as associated with most known polyadenylated mRNAs of eukaryotes and viruses. However both RNAs are U and A-rich in this region.", "contents": "Sequence homology adjacent to the 3' terminal poly(A) of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs. We have determined the sequence of 80 nucleotides adjacent to 3' poly(A) of both (middle and bottom component) cowpea mosaic virus RNAs, using dideoxynucleotide termination of reverse transcription. Sequence conservation is indicated, there being about 80% homology between the first 65 bases of each RNA. Although both RNAs are polyadenylated, there is no AAUAAA sequence as associated with most known polyadenylated mRNAs of eukaryotes and viruses. However both RNAs are U and A-rich in this region.", "PMID": 91160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12231", "title": "[Efficacy of plasma substitutes of different molecular weight in acute haemorrhagic shock in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Dogs were bled into haemorrhagic shock. They were then given isovolaemic infusions of dextran 60 and 40 and of hydroxyethyl starch with an average molecular weight of 200,000 and 40,000 respectively with a view of assessing the haemodynamic efficacy of these plasma substitutes. Solutions of high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES 400) were retained in the circulation for about the same length of time as was dextran 60. HES 40 (molecular weight 40,000) was retained for about 3-4 hours as measured by cardiac output. For normalizing a relative hypovolaemia, e.g. during anaesthesia or in some emergencies, colloidal plasma substitutes which will be retained for only a short time are entirely satisfactory.", "contents": "[Efficacy of plasma substitutes of different molecular weight in acute haemorrhagic shock in dogs (author's transl)]. Dogs were bled into haemorrhagic shock. They were then given isovolaemic infusions of dextran 60 and 40 and of hydroxyethyl starch with an average molecular weight of 200,000 and 40,000 respectively with a view of assessing the haemodynamic efficacy of these plasma substitutes. Solutions of high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES 400) were retained in the circulation for about the same length of time as was dextran 60. HES 40 (molecular weight 40,000) was retained for about 3-4 hours as measured by cardiac output. For normalizing a relative hypovolaemia, e.g. during anaesthesia or in some emergencies, colloidal plasma substitutes which will be retained for only a short time are entirely satisfactory.", "PMID": 91161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12232", "title": "[Cryoapplication in the field of ORL (author's transl)].", "content": "After drawing attention to the literature concerning the use of cryotherapy in the field of ORL, the results of this therapy based on 40 cases, involving a total of 73 applications, are set out. Of mucous membrane affections otherwise resistant to therapy and inclined to recidivation, it was possible to cure two thirds of the cases and achieved an improvement in five further cases, giving altogether more than three quarters of the cases showing favourable results. An appliance was used which achieved a temperature of -40 degrees C at the tip of the probe, using the Joule-Thomson principle with expansion of nitrous oxide. This temperature is sufficiently low to effect surface changes, but is not so low as to cause destruction of larger amounts of tissue. Cryotherapy should occupy a permanent place in medical practice.", "contents": "[Cryoapplication in the field of ORL (author's transl)]. After drawing attention to the literature concerning the use of cryotherapy in the field of ORL, the results of this therapy based on 40 cases, involving a total of 73 applications, are set out. Of mucous membrane affections otherwise resistant to therapy and inclined to recidivation, it was possible to cure two thirds of the cases and achieved an improvement in five further cases, giving altogether more than three quarters of the cases showing favourable results. An appliance was used which achieved a temperature of -40 degrees C at the tip of the probe, using the Joule-Thomson principle with expansion of nitrous oxide. This temperature is sufficiently low to effect surface changes, but is not so low as to cause destruction of larger amounts of tissue. Cryotherapy should occupy a permanent place in medical practice.", "PMID": 91162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12233", "title": "Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure.", "content": "We describe a rapid and very sensitive method for detecting proteins as antigens after their separation in polyacrylamide/agarose composite gels, with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polyacrylamide matrix is crosslinked with a reagent that can be cleaved with periodate or alkali to facilitate transfer of the protein bands to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper, where they are coupled covalently. Specific proteins are detected by autoradiography after sequential incubation with unfractionated, unlabeled specific antiserum and 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Antibody and protein A can be removed with urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, and the same paper can be probed again with a different antiserum. An antiserum specific for the simian virus 40 virion proteins VP3 and VP2 has been prepared; it does not crossreact with VP1, as demonstrated by this method. An antiserum raised in rabbits against simian virus 40-transformed rabbit kidney cells is shown to be directed primarily against a periodate-sensitive moiety present in tumor (T) antigen from infected or transformed cells, whereas an antiserum raised in rabbits against large T antigen purified from lytically infected monkey kidney cells by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate [Lane, D.P. & Robbins, A.K. (1978) Virology 87, 182-193] is directed primarily against determinants that are not sensitive to periodate.", "contents": "Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure. We describe a rapid and very sensitive method for detecting proteins as antigens after their separation in polyacrylamide/agarose composite gels, with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polyacrylamide matrix is crosslinked with a reagent that can be cleaved with periodate or alkali to facilitate transfer of the protein bands to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper, where they are coupled covalently. Specific proteins are detected by autoradiography after sequential incubation with unfractionated, unlabeled specific antiserum and 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Antibody and protein A can be removed with urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, and the same paper can be probed again with a different antiserum. An antiserum specific for the simian virus 40 virion proteins VP3 and VP2 has been prepared; it does not crossreact with VP1, as demonstrated by this method. An antiserum raised in rabbits against simian virus 40-transformed rabbit kidney cells is shown to be directed primarily against a periodate-sensitive moiety present in tumor (T) antigen from infected or transformed cells, whereas an antiserum raised in rabbits against large T antigen purified from lytically infected monkey kidney cells by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate [Lane, D.P. & Robbins, A.K. (1978) Virology 87, 182-193] is directed primarily against determinants that are not sensitive to periodate.", "PMID": 91164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12234", "title": "Antigenic marker on a functional subpopulation of B cells, controlled by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex.", "content": "CBA/N mice have an X-linked recessive effect that results in the absence of a subpopulation of B cells carrying the Lyb3 surface marker. It has been shown previously that this marker is present on a mature subset of B cells in all mouse strains. In this paper the Lyb3+ B cell population in C57BL/6 mice was analyzed further. This subset of B cells selectively expresses a surface marker controlled by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. A cytotoxic antiserum recognizing this marker was raised by immunizing defective (CBA/N X C57BL/6)F1 male mice with C57BL/6 spleen cells. This antiserum also contained noncytotoxic, non-strain-restricted anti-Lyb3 antibodies. The possible functional relevance of this surface marker is discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic marker on a functional subpopulation of B cells, controlled by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. CBA/N mice have an X-linked recessive effect that results in the absence of a subpopulation of B cells carrying the Lyb3 surface marker. It has been shown previously that this marker is present on a mature subset of B cells in all mouse strains. In this paper the Lyb3+ B cell population in C57BL/6 mice was analyzed further. This subset of B cells selectively expresses a surface marker controlled by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. A cytotoxic antiserum recognizing this marker was raised by immunizing defective (CBA/N X C57BL/6)F1 male mice with C57BL/6 spleen cells. This antiserum also contained noncytotoxic, non-strain-restricted anti-Lyb3 antibodies. The possible functional relevance of this surface marker is discussed.", "PMID": 91165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12235", "title": "Definition of a unique cell surface antigen of mouse leukemia RL male 1 by cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "BALB/c x-ray-induced leukemia RL male 1 is strongly immunogenic for (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 mice. Transplants of RL male 1 regressed after initial growth, and after tumor regression mice could resist repeated inocula of 10(7) RL male 1 cells. Spleen cells from immunized mice after in vitro stimulation with RL male 1 were cytotoxic for RL male 1 cells in 3-hr 51Cr assays. Pretreatment of immune spleen cells with Thy-1, Lyt-2, or Lyt-3 antisera and complement eliminated cytotoxic activity, indicating that effector cells for RL male 1 lysis are T cells. Tests with other target cells showed little or no cytotoxicity. Analysis of the specificity of T-cell killing of RL male 1 by competitive inhibition assays with unlabeled cells indicated that only RL male 1 could inhibit killing; other BALB/c tumors (13 x-ray or murine leukemia virus-induced leukemias and three myelomas) failed to inhibit lysis of RL male 1. A range of alloantisera and heteroantisera were tested for their capacity to block lytic activity in the absence of added complement. H-2d antisera and Lyt-2 and -3 antisera blocked lysis, the latter at the level of the effector cell. Antisera to other cell surface alloantigens, murine leukemia virus-related antigens, and immunoglobulins did not block RL male 1 lysis. Thus, T cells from mice immunized against RL male 1 recognize an individually distinct or unique antigen that does not appear to be related to any of the serologically defined cell surface determinants of RL male 1. In its restriction to a single leukemia, the RL male 1 antigen resembles the individually distinct antigens of chemically induced tumors and other tumor types of rodents.", "contents": "Definition of a unique cell surface antigen of mouse leukemia RL male 1 by cell-mediated cytotoxicity. BALB/c x-ray-induced leukemia RL male 1 is strongly immunogenic for (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 mice. Transplants of RL male 1 regressed after initial growth, and after tumor regression mice could resist repeated inocula of 10(7) RL male 1 cells. Spleen cells from immunized mice after in vitro stimulation with RL male 1 were cytotoxic for RL male 1 cells in 3-hr 51Cr assays. Pretreatment of immune spleen cells with Thy-1, Lyt-2, or Lyt-3 antisera and complement eliminated cytotoxic activity, indicating that effector cells for RL male 1 lysis are T cells. Tests with other target cells showed little or no cytotoxicity. Analysis of the specificity of T-cell killing of RL male 1 by competitive inhibition assays with unlabeled cells indicated that only RL male 1 could inhibit killing; other BALB/c tumors (13 x-ray or murine leukemia virus-induced leukemias and three myelomas) failed to inhibit lysis of RL male 1. A range of alloantisera and heteroantisera were tested for their capacity to block lytic activity in the absence of added complement. H-2d antisera and Lyt-2 and -3 antisera blocked lysis, the latter at the level of the effector cell. Antisera to other cell surface alloantigens, murine leukemia virus-related antigens, and immunoglobulins did not block RL male 1 lysis. Thus, T cells from mice immunized against RL male 1 recognize an individually distinct or unique antigen that does not appear to be related to any of the serologically defined cell surface determinants of RL male 1. In its restriction to a single leukemia, the RL male 1 antigen resembles the individually distinct antigens of chemically induced tumors and other tumor types of rodents.", "PMID": 91166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12236", "title": "Human glomerular visceral epithelial cells synthesize a basal lamina collagen in vitro.", "content": "Isolated human glomeruli were digested with purified bacterial collagenase yielding epithelial cells. These cells grew to saturation density and did not become multi-layered. They were identified as visceral glomerular epithelial cells by their morphologic appearance by phase and electron microscopy and by the presence of surface receptors for C3b. Neither Factor VIII antigen nor Fc receptors were observed. The glomerular epithelial cells synthesized a collagenous protein that was antigenically similar to human glomerular basal lamina. Proteins precipitated from visceral epithelial cell medium with affinity purified antibody against noncollagenous glomerular basal lamina antigens yielded a single collagenase labile protein that by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrated with an apparent Mr of 168,000 in the presence of reducing agents. Analysis of hydroxyproline isomers yielded a ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to total hydroxyproline of 0.17. Pepsin digestion yielded a disulfide-bonded multimer which, with reduction, migrated with an apparent Mr of 148,000. These data demonstrate that human glomerular visceral epithelial cells can be isolated and propagated in vitro and that they synthesize a collagen similar to that found in vivo.", "contents": "Human glomerular visceral epithelial cells synthesize a basal lamina collagen in vitro. Isolated human glomeruli were digested with purified bacterial collagenase yielding epithelial cells. These cells grew to saturation density and did not become multi-layered. They were identified as visceral glomerular epithelial cells by their morphologic appearance by phase and electron microscopy and by the presence of surface receptors for C3b. Neither Factor VIII antigen nor Fc receptors were observed. The glomerular epithelial cells synthesized a collagenous protein that was antigenically similar to human glomerular basal lamina. Proteins precipitated from visceral epithelial cell medium with affinity purified antibody against noncollagenous glomerular basal lamina antigens yielded a single collagenase labile protein that by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrated with an apparent Mr of 168,000 in the presence of reducing agents. Analysis of hydroxyproline isomers yielded a ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to total hydroxyproline of 0.17. Pepsin digestion yielded a disulfide-bonded multimer which, with reduction, migrated with an apparent Mr of 148,000. These data demonstrate that human glomerular visceral epithelial cells can be isolated and propagated in vitro and that they synthesize a collagen similar to that found in vivo.", "PMID": 91167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12237", "title": "Cell-free synthesis and segregation of beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "beta2-Microglobulin has been synthesized in vitro by using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and mRNA from the mouse tumor cell line EL4. The molecule is synthesized as a precursor with an NH2-terminal extension of 19 amino acids: Ser-X-Ser-Val-X-Leu-Val-Phe-Leu-Val-Leu-Val-Ser-Leu-X-Gly-Leu-Tyr-X. The processing and segregation of this peripheral membrane protein are directly comparable to those of secretory proteins and integral membrane proteins: addition of dog pancreas microsomal membranes during translation caused conversion to the processed chain, but addition of membranes after synthesis did not; only the processed chain sedimented with the membrane vesicles and was protected from proteolysis by the vesicles; and processing of nascent beta 2-microglobulin was blocked by competitive inhibitors that prevent processing and segregation of secretory and integral membrane proteins. These results suggest that the signal sequences of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, and peripheral membrane proteins have a common function and a common receptor on the cytoplasmic face of dog pancreas microsomal membranes. This system also provides a means for studying in vitro the expression and function of the major histocompatibility antigens that are associated with beta 2-microglobulin on cell surfaces.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis and segregation of beta 2-microglobulin. beta2-Microglobulin has been synthesized in vitro by using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and mRNA from the mouse tumor cell line EL4. The molecule is synthesized as a precursor with an NH2-terminal extension of 19 amino acids: Ser-X-Ser-Val-X-Leu-Val-Phe-Leu-Val-Leu-Val-Ser-Leu-X-Gly-Leu-Tyr-X. The processing and segregation of this peripheral membrane protein are directly comparable to those of secretory proteins and integral membrane proteins: addition of dog pancreas microsomal membranes during translation caused conversion to the processed chain, but addition of membranes after synthesis did not; only the processed chain sedimented with the membrane vesicles and was protected from proteolysis by the vesicles; and processing of nascent beta 2-microglobulin was blocked by competitive inhibitors that prevent processing and segregation of secretory and integral membrane proteins. These results suggest that the signal sequences of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, and peripheral membrane proteins have a common function and a common receptor on the cytoplasmic face of dog pancreas microsomal membranes. This system also provides a means for studying in vitro the expression and function of the major histocompatibility antigens that are associated with beta 2-microglobulin on cell surfaces.", "PMID": 91168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12238", "title": "Reverse transcriptase pauses at N2-methylguanine during in vitro transcription of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "A restriction fragment strand complementary to a sequence near the 3' end of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA has been used to prime reverse transcriptase (avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7). In addition to transcripts that were extended to the 5' end of the RNA, two major transcription intermediates were observed. These discrete-sized cDNA intermediates are the result of a kinetic barrier imposed by monomethylation of the amino group on guanine that participates in base-pairing. Both major transcription intermediates correspond to attenuation at the known positions of N2-methylguanine (m2G) in the rRNA sequence. The relaxation time for elongation of the cDNA through m2G is approximately 3 min. No other major kinetic pauses were observed in the 1340 bases transcribed.", "contents": "Reverse transcriptase pauses at N2-methylguanine during in vitro transcription of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA. A restriction fragment strand complementary to a sequence near the 3' end of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA has been used to prime reverse transcriptase (avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7). In addition to transcripts that were extended to the 5' end of the RNA, two major transcription intermediates were observed. These discrete-sized cDNA intermediates are the result of a kinetic barrier imposed by monomethylation of the amino group on guanine that participates in base-pairing. Both major transcription intermediates correspond to attenuation at the known positions of N2-methylguanine (m2G) in the rRNA sequence. The relaxation time for elongation of the cDNA through m2G is approximately 3 min. No other major kinetic pauses were observed in the 1340 bases transcribed.", "PMID": 91169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12239", "title": "Heavy chain of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens is conformationally labile: a possible role for beta 2-microglobulin.", "content": "The three-dimensional organization of HLA antigens has been investigated by spectroscopic and immunochemical techniques. Measurement of the circular dichroism shows that in papain-solubilized HLA the heavy chain as well as the previously studied light chain (beta 2-microglobulin) consists predominantly of beta-pleated sheet structures. When heavy chain is separated from the light chain under denaturing conditions and is allowed to renature, about 50% of the beta structure is lost, concomitantly with most of the alloantigenic activity. Analysis of the two acid-cleaved fragments of HLA-B7 heavy chain shows that beta structure is preferentially lost from the COOH-terminal region of the heavy chain. Exposure to denaturants per se does not inevitably result in irreversible loss of antigenic activity. However, recovery of antigenic properties does seem to depend on reassociation of the two chains. The results reported here provide further evidence for (i) the similarity of HLA antigens and immunoglobulins at the three-dimensional level and (ii) two distinct and physiologically important conformations of the HLA heavy chain, depending upon whether it is associated with the light chain.", "contents": "Heavy chain of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens is conformationally labile: a possible role for beta 2-microglobulin. The three-dimensional organization of HLA antigens has been investigated by spectroscopic and immunochemical techniques. Measurement of the circular dichroism shows that in papain-solubilized HLA the heavy chain as well as the previously studied light chain (beta 2-microglobulin) consists predominantly of beta-pleated sheet structures. When heavy chain is separated from the light chain under denaturing conditions and is allowed to renature, about 50% of the beta structure is lost, concomitantly with most of the alloantigenic activity. Analysis of the two acid-cleaved fragments of HLA-B7 heavy chain shows that beta structure is preferentially lost from the COOH-terminal region of the heavy chain. Exposure to denaturants per se does not inevitably result in irreversible loss of antigenic activity. However, recovery of antigenic properties does seem to depend on reassociation of the two chains. The results reported here provide further evidence for (i) the similarity of HLA antigens and immunoglobulins at the three-dimensional level and (ii) two distinct and physiologically important conformations of the HLA heavy chain, depending upon whether it is associated with the light chain.", "PMID": 91170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12240", "title": "Induction, establishment in vitro, and characterization of functional, antigen-specific, carrier-primed murine T-cell lymphomas.", "content": "T cells were isolated from spleens of C57BL/Ka/Thy 1.1/Lb mice immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). The mice were infected in vitro with radiation leukemia virus and injected intrathymically into congenic C57BL/Ka (Thy 1.2) recipients. Within 3-4 months, seven thymic lymphomas developed, five of which were of donor type. The donor lymphomas were explanted and permanent cell lines were established in vitro. These lymphoma cells are capable of providing antigen-specific carrier (KLH)-primed help to DNP-primed B lymphocytes in secondary antibody production to DNP-KLH. They also enhance the secondary antibody response of whole period spleen cell populations to DNP-KLH. The availability of these immortal clonable populations of immunofunctional neoplastic T lymphocytes should facilitate biological and biochemical investigations of lymphocyte interactions during synthesis of antibody to thymus-dependent antigens.", "contents": "Induction, establishment in vitro, and characterization of functional, antigen-specific, carrier-primed murine T-cell lymphomas. T cells were isolated from spleens of C57BL/Ka/Thy 1.1/Lb mice immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). The mice were infected in vitro with radiation leukemia virus and injected intrathymically into congenic C57BL/Ka (Thy 1.2) recipients. Within 3-4 months, seven thymic lymphomas developed, five of which were of donor type. The donor lymphomas were explanted and permanent cell lines were established in vitro. These lymphoma cells are capable of providing antigen-specific carrier (KLH)-primed help to DNP-primed B lymphocytes in secondary antibody production to DNP-KLH. They also enhance the secondary antibody response of whole period spleen cell populations to DNP-KLH. The availability of these immortal clonable populations of immunofunctional neoplastic T lymphocytes should facilitate biological and biochemical investigations of lymphocyte interactions during synthesis of antibody to thymus-dependent antigens.", "PMID": 91171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12241", "title": "Distinct H-2-linked Ir genes control both antibody and T cell responses to different determinants on the same antigen, myoglobin.", "content": "The murine antibody and T lymphocyte proliferative responses to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) were found to be under control of two distinct H-2-linked immune response (Ir) genes (Ir-Mb-1, mapping in the I-A subregion, and Ir-Mb-2, mapping in I-C). H-2(d) mice (B10.D2 and DBA/2), with both genes, were high responders to Mb and its fragments for both antibody secretion and T cell proliferation, while H-2(b) (B10) and H-2(k) (B10.BR) mice were low responders. Strains with only Ir-Mb-2 [B10.A and B10.A(5R)], which were intermediate responders to Mb, made antibodies to and proliferated in response to the NH(2)-terminal fragment (1-55) but not the COOH-terminal fragment (132-153) when immunized with Mb. In contrast, mice carrying only the Ir-Mb-1 gene (D2.GD and B10.GD) made antibodies to and proliferated in response to both fragments. However, their proliferation to fragment (1-55) was often lower than that of their congenic high responders (DBA/2 and B10.D2, respectively), possibly because they respond to only some of the determinants on this NH(2)-terminal fragment. Thus, these data demonstrate that distinct Ir genes, mapping in separate I-subregions of H-2, control responses to different antigenic determinants on the same protein molecule. Moreover, the gene that controls the T lymphocyte responses to a given determinant also controls production of antibodies specific for that same determinant (or a closely associated one).", "contents": "Distinct H-2-linked Ir genes control both antibody and T cell responses to different determinants on the same antigen, myoglobin. The murine antibody and T lymphocyte proliferative responses to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) were found to be under control of two distinct H-2-linked immune response (Ir) genes (Ir-Mb-1, mapping in the I-A subregion, and Ir-Mb-2, mapping in I-C). H-2(d) mice (B10.D2 and DBA/2), with both genes, were high responders to Mb and its fragments for both antibody secretion and T cell proliferation, while H-2(b) (B10) and H-2(k) (B10.BR) mice were low responders. Strains with only Ir-Mb-2 [B10.A and B10.A(5R)], which were intermediate responders to Mb, made antibodies to and proliferated in response to the NH(2)-terminal fragment (1-55) but not the COOH-terminal fragment (132-153) when immunized with Mb. In contrast, mice carrying only the Ir-Mb-1 gene (D2.GD and B10.GD) made antibodies to and proliferated in response to both fragments. However, their proliferation to fragment (1-55) was often lower than that of their congenic high responders (DBA/2 and B10.D2, respectively), possibly because they respond to only some of the determinants on this NH(2)-terminal fragment. Thus, these data demonstrate that distinct Ir genes, mapping in separate I-subregions of H-2, control responses to different antigenic determinants on the same protein molecule. Moreover, the gene that controls the T lymphocyte responses to a given determinant also controls production of antibodies specific for that same determinant (or a closely associated one).", "PMID": 91172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12242", "title": "Non-H-2 antigens on fibroblasts and an embryocarcinoma cell line react with xenoantisera against H-2 antigens.", "content": "The murine embryocarcinoma cell line F9 lacks the classical transplantation antigens. However, rabbit anti-H-2 antigen sera, recognizing \"backbone structures\" of H-2 K and D antigens, react with three types of molecules manufactured by F9 cells. A 49,000- and a 25,000-dalton chain are glycoproteins located on the cell surface. The third component with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000, and the 25,000-dalton chain seem to be unrelated to the 49,000-dalton glycoprotein. The 25,000- and 15,000-dalton components are not manufactured by splenocytes, thymocytes, hepatocytes, or various lymphoma, mastocytoma, and plasmacytoma cell lines. However, fibroblasts derived from both embryos and adult animals synthesize 25,000- and 15,000-dalton molecules reactive with the rabbit anti-H-2 antigen sera. The 49,000-, 25,000-, and 15,000-dalton molecules are not recognized by a syngeneic anti-F9 cell serum.", "contents": "Non-H-2 antigens on fibroblasts and an embryocarcinoma cell line react with xenoantisera against H-2 antigens. The murine embryocarcinoma cell line F9 lacks the classical transplantation antigens. However, rabbit anti-H-2 antigen sera, recognizing \"backbone structures\" of H-2 K and D antigens, react with three types of molecules manufactured by F9 cells. A 49,000- and a 25,000-dalton chain are glycoproteins located on the cell surface. The third component with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000, and the 25,000-dalton chain seem to be unrelated to the 49,000-dalton glycoprotein. The 25,000- and 15,000-dalton components are not manufactured by splenocytes, thymocytes, hepatocytes, or various lymphoma, mastocytoma, and plasmacytoma cell lines. However, fibroblasts derived from both embryos and adult animals synthesize 25,000- and 15,000-dalton molecules reactive with the rabbit anti-H-2 antigen sera. The 49,000-, 25,000-, and 15,000-dalton molecules are not recognized by a syngeneic anti-F9 cell serum.", "PMID": 91173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12243", "title": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes control the expression of immunogenic properties of peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Macrophages, given keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro, from normal mice initiate in culture antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune reactions. On the other hand, macrophages from nude, from adult-thymectomized, or from neonatal-thymectomized mice are impaired with respect to their capacity to signal such an antigen-specific T cell reaction. Thymocytes from hydrocortisone-treated donors, added in culture to such impaired macrophages, rendered them immunologically potent. The capacity of macrophages from adult thymectomized mice to promote the activation of antigen-specific \"helper\" T cells which, cooperating with B lymphocytes, would lead to antibody production, was also impaired. Thus, it appears that short-lived T lymphocytes control the maturation of macrophages up to a stage at which they can present antigen-specific T cells with antigen in an immunogenic form. We found that such T lymphocytes also control the phagocytic properties of macrophages, yet the impairment of their immunogenic properties does not seem to be derived from decreased phagocytosis.", "contents": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes control the expression of immunogenic properties of peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages, given keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro, from normal mice initiate in culture antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune reactions. On the other hand, macrophages from nude, from adult-thymectomized, or from neonatal-thymectomized mice are impaired with respect to their capacity to signal such an antigen-specific T cell reaction. Thymocytes from hydrocortisone-treated donors, added in culture to such impaired macrophages, rendered them immunologically potent. The capacity of macrophages from adult thymectomized mice to promote the activation of antigen-specific \"helper\" T cells which, cooperating with B lymphocytes, would lead to antibody production, was also impaired. Thus, it appears that short-lived T lymphocytes control the maturation of macrophages up to a stage at which they can present antigen-specific T cells with antigen in an immunogenic form. We found that such T lymphocytes also control the phagocytic properties of macrophages, yet the impairment of their immunogenic properties does not seem to be derived from decreased phagocytosis.", "PMID": 91174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12244", "title": "Immune response genes have a variable influence on the selection of antigenic foreign and self determinants of insulin.", "content": "We studied the proliferative response of mouse T lymphocytes to determinants on ungulate insulins. The immunopotency of defined determinants on the molecule was found to be regulated by three factors: the immune response genes of the immunized mouse, the mode of presentation of insulin on cells or in adjuvant, and the intramolecular cooperativity between different determinants on the insulin molecule. Autosensitization against self determinants was observed under specific conditions. These findings emphasize the variable expression of immune response genes.", "contents": "Immune response genes have a variable influence on the selection of antigenic foreign and self determinants of insulin. We studied the proliferative response of mouse T lymphocytes to determinants on ungulate insulins. The immunopotency of defined determinants on the molecule was found to be regulated by three factors: the immune response genes of the immunized mouse, the mode of presentation of insulin on cells or in adjuvant, and the intramolecular cooperativity between different determinants on the insulin molecule. Autosensitization against self determinants was observed under specific conditions. These findings emphasize the variable expression of immune response genes.", "PMID": 91175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12245", "title": "Moderately raised blood lead levels in children.", "content": "There is no doubt that high blood lead levels are associated with mental subnormality and hyperactivity. Several recent studies in Britain and America have investigated the relation between moderate levels, i.e. between 20 and 40 microgram/100 ml and behavioural and cognitive phenomena. Epidemiological studies have generally failed to point to a clearcut relation between such levels and overactivity or decrements in performance on standard intelligence and educational tests. Published studies with the use of chelation techniques have suffered from methodological weaknesses. It is known that socio-economic factors are powerfully related to measured intelligence and behaviour and, on the evidence available, it is to them that attention should primarily be given if preventative measures are being considered. There remains the possibility that more refined test measures would detect impaired functioning in children with moderately raised lead levels, and that there is an interaction effect between lead and host resistance.", "contents": "Moderately raised blood lead levels in children. There is no doubt that high blood lead levels are associated with mental subnormality and hyperactivity. Several recent studies in Britain and America have investigated the relation between moderate levels, i.e. between 20 and 40 microgram/100 ml and behavioural and cognitive phenomena. Epidemiological studies have generally failed to point to a clearcut relation between such levels and overactivity or decrements in performance on standard intelligence and educational tests. Published studies with the use of chelation techniques have suffered from methodological weaknesses. It is known that socio-economic factors are powerfully related to measured intelligence and behaviour and, on the evidence available, it is to them that attention should primarily be given if preventative measures are being considered. There remains the possibility that more refined test measures would detect impaired functioning in children with moderately raised lead levels, and that there is an interaction effect between lead and host resistance.", "PMID": 91176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12246", "title": "[The diagnostic value of double-contrast-technique cystography in the evaluation of benign and malignant lesions of the urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Cystography by double-contrast-technique as a simple and quick method of evaluating benign and malignant lesions of the urinary bladder is being described. 301 examinations were reviewed and are being discussed in regard to diagnostic value, indication, complication and radiation exposure of this method. A few typical cases are being demonstrated to illustrate the value of this method in the spectrum of other diagnostic methods in the work-up of urinary bladder lesions.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of double-contrast-technique cystography in the evaluation of benign and malignant lesions of the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. Cystography by double-contrast-technique as a simple and quick method of evaluating benign and malignant lesions of the urinary bladder is being described. 301 examinations were reviewed and are being discussed in regard to diagnostic value, indication, complication and radiation exposure of this method. A few typical cases are being demonstrated to illustrate the value of this method in the spectrum of other diagnostic methods in the work-up of urinary bladder lesions.", "PMID": 91180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12247", "title": "[Difficulties and errors in the treatment of cancer of the prostate].", "content": "On the basis of personal experience and of data in the specialized literature, the author supports the complex treatment of prostatic cancer, by radiation, surgery and hormones. Castration should be performed from the beginning. Neither should the advanced stages of the disease be abandoned because total prostato-vesiculo-cystectomy, followed by radiation therapy of pelvic lymph-nodes and hormone administration may still have encouraging results.", "contents": "[Difficulties and errors in the treatment of cancer of the prostate]. On the basis of personal experience and of data in the specialized literature, the author supports the complex treatment of prostatic cancer, by radiation, surgery and hormones. Castration should be performed from the beginning. Neither should the advanced stages of the disease be abandoned because total prostato-vesiculo-cystectomy, followed by radiation therapy of pelvic lymph-nodes and hormone administration may still have encouraging results.", "PMID": 91181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12248", "title": "[Study of simultaneous dosage of carcino-embryonic antigen (C.E.A.) and beta 2-microglobulin in serum and pleural liquid (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous dosage of carcino-embryonic antigen and beta 2-microglobulin was studied in serum and pleural liquid. Among the 20 patients with non-neoplasic infections, the carcino-embryonic antigen was not increased in the serum and only once at a border-line level in the pleura. The level of beta 2-microglobulin seems to be related to the number of lymphocytes in the pleural liquid (increase in 45% of the cases compared to 20% in the serum). Among the 31 cancer patients, carcino-embryonic antigen is increased in the serum of 36% of the cases and in the pleura of 48%. In 5 observations, the pleural levels were considerably increased compared with serum levels, suggesting the existence of a pleural metastasis. The beta 2-microglobulin is elevated in only 26% of the cases in the pleural liquid and in 13% in the serum. At the present state of knowledge, it therefore seems unnecessary to continue investigations concerning the beta 2-microglobulin. On the contrary, the pleural dosage of carcinoembryonic antigen could contribute to the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Study of simultaneous dosage of carcino-embryonic antigen (C.E.A.) and beta 2-microglobulin in serum and pleural liquid (author's transl)]. Simultaneous dosage of carcino-embryonic antigen and beta 2-microglobulin was studied in serum and pleural liquid. Among the 20 patients with non-neoplasic infections, the carcino-embryonic antigen was not increased in the serum and only once at a border-line level in the pleura. The level of beta 2-microglobulin seems to be related to the number of lymphocytes in the pleural liquid (increase in 45% of the cases compared to 20% in the serum). Among the 31 cancer patients, carcino-embryonic antigen is increased in the serum of 36% of the cases and in the pleura of 48%. In 5 observations, the pleural levels were considerably increased compared with serum levels, suggesting the existence of a pleural metastasis. The beta 2-microglobulin is elevated in only 26% of the cases in the pleural liquid and in 13% in the serum. At the present state of knowledge, it therefore seems unnecessary to continue investigations concerning the beta 2-microglobulin. On the contrary, the pleural dosage of carcinoembryonic antigen could contribute to the diagnosis.", "PMID": 91184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12249", "title": "[Pleural mesothelioma: morphology, histochemistry, difficulties in diagnosis and nosologic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the material of the French Register, these authors define the epithelial aspects and the histological forms of diffuse pleural mesothelioma. Histochemistry studies, on pleural cytology and on tissues, are of the utmost importance in distinguishing mestothelioma from carcinoma. Hyaluronic acid is almost always showed in the epithelial mesothelioma, being otherwise only noticed in some very flourishing forms of mesothelial cell hyperplasia nad in rare mucus-secreting carcinoma. Cytoenzymology studies are very useful on pleural fluid material, making it possible to show the difference between macrophages and mesothelial cells. Difficulties encountered by pathologists are analysed with reference to the materials examined: cytology, needle biopsy, guided biopsies, surgical material and documents from autopsies. After a critical study of the structures seen in other pleural tumors mesothelioma is defined as a localized or diffuse tumor of the pleura, positively originating from mesothelial cells which manifest either epithelial structures of a double epithelial and mesenchymal composition.", "contents": "[Pleural mesothelioma: morphology, histochemistry, difficulties in diagnosis and nosologic problems (author's transl)]. Using the material of the French Register, these authors define the epithelial aspects and the histological forms of diffuse pleural mesothelioma. Histochemistry studies, on pleural cytology and on tissues, are of the utmost importance in distinguishing mestothelioma from carcinoma. Hyaluronic acid is almost always showed in the epithelial mesothelioma, being otherwise only noticed in some very flourishing forms of mesothelial cell hyperplasia nad in rare mucus-secreting carcinoma. Cytoenzymology studies are very useful on pleural fluid material, making it possible to show the difference between macrophages and mesothelial cells. Difficulties encountered by pathologists are analysed with reference to the materials examined: cytology, needle biopsy, guided biopsies, surgical material and documents from autopsies. After a critical study of the structures seen in other pleural tumors mesothelioma is defined as a localized or diffuse tumor of the pleura, positively originating from mesothelial cells which manifest either epithelial structures of a double epithelial and mesenchymal composition.", "PMID": 91185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12250", "title": "Measurement of antihaemophilic factor A antigen (VII:CAg) with a solid phase immunoradiometric method based on homologous non-haemophilic antibodies.", "content": "Antihaemophilic-factor-A-antibodies, which had spontaneously arisen in 2 patients, were used to develop an immunoradiometric method for measurement of antihaemophilic factor A antigen (VIII:CAg). 13 patients with severe haemophilia A had VII:CAg below the limit of detection (0.01 U/ml). Patients with moderate and mild haemophilia A either had VII:CAg roughly equal to factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C) or a not detectable VII:CAg, suggesting 2 different molecular mechanisms in moderate and mild haemophilia A. VIII:CAg could be detected in serum but in lower amounts than in plasma. In 2 patients with von Willebrand's disease VIII:CAg equalled VII:C. The post-transfusional retarded increase of VII:C in 1 patient with von Willebrand's disease was accompanied by a slight increase in VIII:CAg. Fetal plasma contained measurable amounts of VII:CAg.", "contents": "Measurement of antihaemophilic factor A antigen (VII:CAg) with a solid phase immunoradiometric method based on homologous non-haemophilic antibodies. Antihaemophilic-factor-A-antibodies, which had spontaneously arisen in 2 patients, were used to develop an immunoradiometric method for measurement of antihaemophilic factor A antigen (VIII:CAg). 13 patients with severe haemophilia A had VII:CAg below the limit of detection (0.01 U/ml). Patients with moderate and mild haemophilia A either had VII:CAg roughly equal to factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C) or a not detectable VII:CAg, suggesting 2 different molecular mechanisms in moderate and mild haemophilia A. VIII:CAg could be detected in serum but in lower amounts than in plasma. In 2 patients with von Willebrand's disease VIII:CAg equalled VII:C. The post-transfusional retarded increase of VII:C in 1 patient with von Willebrand's disease was accompanied by a slight increase in VIII:CAg. Fetal plasma contained measurable amounts of VII:CAg.", "PMID": 91190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12251", "title": "Histochemical study of orcein-positive hepatocellular material in paraffin sections of liver biopsy samples in the course of various liver diseases.", "content": "A histochemical study was carried out on orcein-positive hepatocellular material in 111 cases, 27 of which were stained positively by orcein. Orcein-positive material was very frequently found in protracted viral hepatitis and in chronic active hepatitis, as well as in other liver diseases with or without cholestasis; it was absent in liver cirrhosis. In all the cases considered the orcein-positive material was mainly formed of proteins, rich in amino acids with sulfhydryl and disulphide radicals, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, of NH2 alpha amino acids. The orcein-positive substance was apparently carbohydrate-free. The presence of copper was also confirmed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of orcein-positive hepatocellular material in paraffin sections of liver biopsy samples in the course of various liver diseases. A histochemical study was carried out on orcein-positive hepatocellular material in 111 cases, 27 of which were stained positively by orcein. Orcein-positive material was very frequently found in protracted viral hepatitis and in chronic active hepatitis, as well as in other liver diseases with or without cholestasis; it was absent in liver cirrhosis. In all the cases considered the orcein-positive material was mainly formed of proteins, rich in amino acids with sulfhydryl and disulphide radicals, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, of NH2 alpha amino acids. The orcein-positive substance was apparently carbohydrate-free. The presence of copper was also confirmed.", "PMID": 91188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12252", "title": "Disopyramide--an effective treatment for lignocaine resistant ventricular dysrhythmias.", "content": "Intravenous disopyramide was used in 13 patients who developed recurrent ventricular dysrhythmias despite initial treatment with intravenous lignocaine after admission to the Coronary Care Unit of a busy district hospital. This was effective in 8 of the 13 patients treated and there was no major side effects observed. Disopyramide has the advantage of being available both as an oral and an intravenous preparation and is a useful drug to be added to the list of more conventional anti-dysrhythmic agents.", "contents": "Disopyramide--an effective treatment for lignocaine resistant ventricular dysrhythmias. Intravenous disopyramide was used in 13 patients who developed recurrent ventricular dysrhythmias despite initial treatment with intravenous lignocaine after admission to the Coronary Care Unit of a busy district hospital. This was effective in 8 of the 13 patients treated and there was no major side effects observed. Disopyramide has the advantage of being available both as an oral and an intravenous preparation and is a useful drug to be added to the list of more conventional anti-dysrhythmic agents.", "PMID": 91197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12253", "title": "Circular forms of DNA synthesized by Rous sarcoma virus in vitro.", "content": "Electron microscopic analysis of the DNA product synthesized by detergent-disrupted preparations of Rous sarcoma virus in vitro revealed the presence of several interesting molecular forms including covalently closed circular DNA. The identification of such circular DNA indicates that virions of retroviruses contain all the components necessary to facilitate the complete synthesis of mature forms of viral DNA and therefore provide a useful system to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in their synthesis.", "contents": "Circular forms of DNA synthesized by Rous sarcoma virus in vitro. Electron microscopic analysis of the DNA product synthesized by detergent-disrupted preparations of Rous sarcoma virus in vitro revealed the presence of several interesting molecular forms including covalently closed circular DNA. The identification of such circular DNA indicates that virions of retroviruses contain all the components necessary to facilitate the complete synthesis of mature forms of viral DNA and therefore provide a useful system to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in their synthesis.", "PMID": 91199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12254", "title": "Polymorphism of the BoLA system.", "content": "The bovine lymphocyte antigen system (BoLA) was studied by serological methods. Evidence for the existence of one locus was established and six codominant alleles were found to segregate at this first locus. The frequency varied considerably among these genes, and the presence of a null allele suggests that new BoLA specificities are likely to be found in the cattle population.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the BoLA system. The bovine lymphocyte antigen system (BoLA) was studied by serological methods. Evidence for the existence of one locus was established and six codominant alleles were found to segregate at this first locus. The frequency varied considerably among these genes, and the presence of a null allele suggests that new BoLA specificities are likely to be found in the cattle population.", "PMID": 91208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12255", "title": "The structure and evolution of the HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 antigens.", "content": "The HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 antigenic determinants have been shown to co-migrate with HLA--B determinants on gel-filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography, using Lens culinaris lectin and antibody against human beta 2 microbulin. These and other published data imply that the HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 determinants reside on the same polypeptide chain as other HLA--B locus determinants. The implications of this in terms of the evolution of cross reacting groups of antigens at the HLA--B locus are discussed.", "contents": "The structure and evolution of the HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 antigens. The HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 antigenic determinants have been shown to co-migrate with HLA--B determinants on gel-filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography, using Lens culinaris lectin and antibody against human beta 2 microbulin. These and other published data imply that the HLA--Bw4 and Bw6 determinants reside on the same polypeptide chain as other HLA--B locus determinants. The implications of this in terms of the evolution of cross reacting groups of antigens at the HLA--B locus are discussed.", "PMID": 91209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12256", "title": "The association of HLA--B8 with atrophic thyroiditis.", "content": "One-hundred-and-forty-seven patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were studied with respect to HLA antigens as they related to various clinical features. HLA--B8 was found to be significantly increased among 59 patients with atrophic thyroiditis (57% vs. 26% for controls) but was identical to controls in 88 patients with goitrous thyroiditis (26%). No relation was found in either group between B8 and thyroid autoantibody titer or, in the case of goitrous thyroiditis, the rate of progression of the disease. Thus a link seems to be established between Graves' disease and atrophic thyroiditis in that both are significantly associated with HLA-B8. This study stresses the need to take clinical features into consideration when examining for HLA/disease associations.", "contents": "The association of HLA--B8 with atrophic thyroiditis. One-hundred-and-forty-seven patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were studied with respect to HLA antigens as they related to various clinical features. HLA--B8 was found to be significantly increased among 59 patients with atrophic thyroiditis (57% vs. 26% for controls) but was identical to controls in 88 patients with goitrous thyroiditis (26%). No relation was found in either group between B8 and thyroid autoantibody titer or, in the case of goitrous thyroiditis, the rate of progression of the disease. Thus a link seems to be established between Graves' disease and atrophic thyroiditis in that both are significantly associated with HLA-B8. This study stresses the need to take clinical features into consideration when examining for HLA/disease associations.", "PMID": 91210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12257", "title": "Increased frequency of HLA--DRw2 and DRw3 in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Previous studies of multiple sclerosis patients showed the existence of a positive association between multiple sclerosis and HLA--A3 and --B7, as well as a negative association with B12. These observations have been confirmed. In addition, a more marked association has been observed with two recently identified B-cell antigens, DRw2 and DRw3, closely related to the HLA--D locus. The presence of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found to bear no relationship with those two specificities. These results suggest that two genes of the HLA--DR region may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Increased frequency of HLA--DRw2 and DRw3 in multiple sclerosis. Previous studies of multiple sclerosis patients showed the existence of a positive association between multiple sclerosis and HLA--A3 and --B7, as well as a negative association with B12. These observations have been confirmed. In addition, a more marked association has been observed with two recently identified B-cell antigens, DRw2 and DRw3, closely related to the HLA--D locus. The presence of cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies was found to bear no relationship with those two specificities. These results suggest that two genes of the HLA--DR region may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 91212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12258", "title": "Detection of B-cell-specific alloantibodies in pregnancy sera in the lymphocytotoxicity and the indirect immunofluorescence techniques.", "content": "Two hundred and eight pregnancy sera were tested for the presence of antibodies specific for lymphocyte sub-populations by using the isolated B and T lymphocytes from the women's mating partners. This was done by the microlymphocytotoxicity and the indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Five sera (2.5%) reacted exclusively with B lymphocytes and sixty-three sera (30.2%) reacted with both B and T lymphocytes; none of the sera was specific for T cells. Several sera, reacting with both B and T lymphocytes, were absorbed with platelets and this procedure revealed nine additional antiseraa specific for B lymphocyte antigens. Specificity studies on a panel of forty-eight HLA-ABCD typed individuals indicated that most antisera possibly defined new B-cell antigens. Family studies established that the antigens defined by these antiser were coded for by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex.", "contents": "Detection of B-cell-specific alloantibodies in pregnancy sera in the lymphocytotoxicity and the indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Two hundred and eight pregnancy sera were tested for the presence of antibodies specific for lymphocyte sub-populations by using the isolated B and T lymphocytes from the women's mating partners. This was done by the microlymphocytotoxicity and the indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Five sera (2.5%) reacted exclusively with B lymphocytes and sixty-three sera (30.2%) reacted with both B and T lymphocytes; none of the sera was specific for T cells. Several sera, reacting with both B and T lymphocytes, were absorbed with platelets and this procedure revealed nine additional antiseraa specific for B lymphocyte antigens. Specificity studies on a panel of forty-eight HLA-ABCD typed individuals indicated that most antisera possibly defined new B-cell antigens. Family studies established that the antigens defined by these antiser were coded for by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex.", "PMID": 91215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12259", "title": "HLA determinants in idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "HLA-A and B antigens were defined in 154 unrelated idiopathic hemochromatosis patients. The study confirmed the highly significant positive association with HLA antigens A3 (corrected P less than 10(-10)) and B14 (corrected P less than 10(-9)). HLA-DR typing showed increased frequency of the specificity DRw6, which was frequently associated with the phenotype A3, B14 and antigen B14, suggesting linkage disequilibrium. This was borne out by PLT data.", "contents": "HLA determinants in idiopathic hemochromatosis. HLA-A and B antigens were defined in 154 unrelated idiopathic hemochromatosis patients. The study confirmed the highly significant positive association with HLA antigens A3 (corrected P less than 10(-10)) and B14 (corrected P less than 10(-9)). HLA-DR typing showed increased frequency of the specificity DRw6, which was frequently associated with the phenotype A3, B14 and antigen B14, suggesting linkage disequilibrium. This was borne out by PLT data.", "PMID": 91216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12260", "title": "The specificity of secondary MLC assayed by titration of primed lymphocyte populations.", "content": "The specificity of responses in secondary MLC was studied by titration (100 x 10(3) to 5 x 10(3)) of responder primed lymphocytes. In all instances, significant proliferative responses of responder primed lymphocytes to the specific stimulator occurred using lower responding cell numbers. When tested against allogeneic stimulating donors, three patterns of responses were observed: no significant responses, responses only at higher (100 x 10(3)) responding cell densities, and responses at lower responding cell densities, similar to those with the priming donor. In instances where primed lymphocytes responded significantly to allogeneic stimulating cells at lower cell densities, the responses were considered positive and the stimulating cells positive for the PL determinant. In several instances, primed lymphocytes responded significantly to allogeneic stimulators negative for the specific HLA-D and/or HLA-DR specificities. On the other hand, in experiments where allogeneic stimulating donors shared either HLA-D or DR specificity with the priming donor, a significant response was always observed. Thus, the PL determinant was present on stimulating allogeneic cells negative for specific HLA-D and DR specificities. The present data suggest that an analysis of the specificity of primed populations could be profoundly affected by the responder cell density at which the assay is performed. Also, the data suggest that other MHC determinants, including non-HLA loci may be important in secondary MLC.", "contents": "The specificity of secondary MLC assayed by titration of primed lymphocyte populations. The specificity of responses in secondary MLC was studied by titration (100 x 10(3) to 5 x 10(3)) of responder primed lymphocytes. In all instances, significant proliferative responses of responder primed lymphocytes to the specific stimulator occurred using lower responding cell numbers. When tested against allogeneic stimulating donors, three patterns of responses were observed: no significant responses, responses only at higher (100 x 10(3)) responding cell densities, and responses at lower responding cell densities, similar to those with the priming donor. In instances where primed lymphocytes responded significantly to allogeneic stimulating cells at lower cell densities, the responses were considered positive and the stimulating cells positive for the PL determinant. In several instances, primed lymphocytes responded significantly to allogeneic stimulators negative for the specific HLA-D and/or HLA-DR specificities. On the other hand, in experiments where allogeneic stimulating donors shared either HLA-D or DR specificity with the priming donor, a significant response was always observed. Thus, the PL determinant was present on stimulating allogeneic cells negative for specific HLA-D and DR specificities. The present data suggest that an analysis of the specificity of primed populations could be profoundly affected by the responder cell density at which the assay is performed. Also, the data suggest that other MHC determinants, including non-HLA loci may be important in secondary MLC.", "PMID": 91217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12261", "title": "On the heterogeneity of B40.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the heterogeneity of HLA-B40. At least two sub-groups can be recognized: Bw40.1 which is Cw3 associated and Bw40.2 which is Cw2 associated in Caucasians, but not in other populations. The recognition of Bw41 (Sabell), Bw47 (407*), and Bw48 (KSO) with both local Bw40 antisera and sera from the 7th Histocompatibility Workshop is discussed.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity of B40. Evidence is presented for the heterogeneity of HLA-B40. At least two sub-groups can be recognized: Bw40.1 which is Cw3 associated and Bw40.2 which is Cw2 associated in Caucasians, but not in other populations. The recognition of Bw41 (Sabell), Bw47 (407*), and Bw48 (KSO) with both local Bw40 antisera and sera from the 7th Histocompatibility Workshop is discussed.", "PMID": 91218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12262", "title": "A new HLA-B antigen (HOK-1) found in the Japanese.", "content": "The HLA-B8 antigen is one of the characteristic antigens associated with organ specific autoimmune diseases among Caucasians. Among the Japanese, HLA-B8 positives have been assumed to be extremely rare. By using some HLA-B8 typing sera, a new HLA-B antigen, HLA-Bw4 positive, was found in the Japanese. This new HLA-B antigen, tentatively called HOK-1, showed a phenotype frequency of 3.7% and a gene frequency of 1.9 +/- 0.6%. This antigen has a strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-Cw1 among the Japanese.", "contents": "A new HLA-B antigen (HOK-1) found in the Japanese. The HLA-B8 antigen is one of the characteristic antigens associated with organ specific autoimmune diseases among Caucasians. Among the Japanese, HLA-B8 positives have been assumed to be extremely rare. By using some HLA-B8 typing sera, a new HLA-B antigen, HLA-Bw4 positive, was found in the Japanese. This new HLA-B antigen, tentatively called HOK-1, showed a phenotype frequency of 3.7% and a gene frequency of 1.9 +/- 0.6%. This antigen has a strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA-Cw1 among the Japanese.", "PMID": 91219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12263", "title": "A simulation of HLA-DR matching in kidney transplantation.", "content": "A simulation of the matching for HLA-DR, B, A loci was achieved by taking into account the practical situation of kidney transplants for 89 donors and 322 potential recipients. A complete HLA-DR identical graft was theoretically possible in 52% of the cases. Conversely, if the identity for B or particularly the identities for both B and A were sought, the necessary pool of recipients would have to be much larger, requiring intense international cooperation.", "contents": "A simulation of HLA-DR matching in kidney transplantation. A simulation of the matching for HLA-DR, B, A loci was achieved by taking into account the practical situation of kidney transplants for 89 donors and 322 potential recipients. A complete HLA-DR identical graft was theoretically possible in 52% of the cases. Conversely, if the identity for B or particularly the identities for both B and A were sought, the necessary pool of recipients would have to be much larger, requiring intense international cooperation.", "PMID": 91220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12264", "title": "The frequency of HLA-Dw1 determinant in subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis.", "content": "Investigation of a group of 23 patients suffering from subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis for the frequency of the HLA-Dw1 determinant showed this determinatant to be more frequent--30.4%--compared to its frequency in a healthy population--19.1%. The finding is not statistically significant.", "contents": "The frequency of HLA-Dw1 determinant in subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis. Investigation of a group of 23 patients suffering from subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis for the frequency of the HLA-Dw1 determinant showed this determinatant to be more frequent--30.4%--compared to its frequency in a healthy population--19.1%. The finding is not statistically significant.", "PMID": 91221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12265", "title": "Identification of an antigen shared by mouse liver and lung.", "content": "In response to multiple injections of liver extract from Balb/c mice, DBA/1 mice produce antibodies against a component of the liver preparation which is not F-antigen, but which is able to precipitate in gel diffusion tests. This antigen is also found in extracts of Balb/c lung, but not in a variety of other organs tested. Liver extracts from all of the inbred strains studied contain the antigen, except extracts from DBA/1 mice. Furthermore, this antigen was not found in the liver or lungs of other vertebrates tested. The antigen has been designated antigen-L1.", "contents": "Identification of an antigen shared by mouse liver and lung. In response to multiple injections of liver extract from Balb/c mice, DBA/1 mice produce antibodies against a component of the liver preparation which is not F-antigen, but which is able to precipitate in gel diffusion tests. This antigen is also found in extracts of Balb/c lung, but not in a variety of other organs tested. Liver extracts from all of the inbred strains studied contain the antigen, except extracts from DBA/1 mice. Furthermore, this antigen was not found in the liver or lungs of other vertebrates tested. The antigen has been designated antigen-L1.", "PMID": 91223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12266", "title": "HLA-DR antigens in Black North-Americans and their association with HLA-D.", "content": "A random population of 108 Black North-Americans, 79 of whom had also been typed for HLA-D in Mixed Leukocyte Culture (MLC), were serologically tested for DRw with Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop trays. Clusters of B cell alloantisera were identified which defined several DRw antigens. Although the clusters for DRw1, DRw2, DRw3 and DRw7 showed similarities with the clusters derived during the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop, distinct differences were observed which should be taken into account for the assignment of the DRw antigens in Blacks. DRw6 was defined by a cluster of sera which also reacted with DRw1 and DRw2 cells. The tails of these sera were used to assign DRw6, but this was only possible with DRw1 and DRw2 negative cells. It was not possible to identify serum clusters specific for DRw4 or WIA8. The associations between DRw and the corresponding Dw specificities were reasonably good for DRw1, DRw2 and DRw7, but weaker for DRw3 and DRw5. The cumulative gene frequencies for DRw1, DRw2, DRw3, DRw5, DRw6 and DRw7 was 0.86. The frequencies of these six DRw antigens fitted into a Hardy-Weinberg distribution, suggesting that DRw in Blacks is controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles.", "contents": "HLA-DR antigens in Black North-Americans and their association with HLA-D. A random population of 108 Black North-Americans, 79 of whom had also been typed for HLA-D in Mixed Leukocyte Culture (MLC), were serologically tested for DRw with Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop trays. Clusters of B cell alloantisera were identified which defined several DRw antigens. Although the clusters for DRw1, DRw2, DRw3 and DRw7 showed similarities with the clusters derived during the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop, distinct differences were observed which should be taken into account for the assignment of the DRw antigens in Blacks. DRw6 was defined by a cluster of sera which also reacted with DRw1 and DRw2 cells. The tails of these sera were used to assign DRw6, but this was only possible with DRw1 and DRw2 negative cells. It was not possible to identify serum clusters specific for DRw4 or WIA8. The associations between DRw and the corresponding Dw specificities were reasonably good for DRw1, DRw2 and DRw7, but weaker for DRw3 and DRw5. The cumulative gene frequencies for DRw1, DRw2, DRw3, DRw5, DRw6 and DRw7 was 0.86. The frequencies of these six DRw antigens fitted into a Hardy-Weinberg distribution, suggesting that DRw in Blacks is controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles.", "PMID": 91224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12267", "title": "HLA antigens in a Scottish psoriatic population.", "content": "Sixty-one patients in the Dundee area suffering from psoriasis were typed for HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. On the basis of the typing results, the patients were divided into three groups, and studied with respect to sex, age of onset and familial incidence of the disease. The frequency of HLA-A1 appeared to be increased and HLA-B7 decreased but HLA-B13 and HLA-B17 were highly significantly increased (P less than 10(-6) and P less than 10(-10) respectively) in the psoriatic group compared to 204 controls. Of particular interest was a highly significant association of HLA-A1 with HLA-B17 in psoriatic patients. Family studies showed HLA-B17 to be a useful genetic marker for psoriasis in the families of B17 positive patients. Considerations of age of onset, familial incidence and typing data suggest that there is heterogeneity of genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and that one probable mechanism is the dominant inheritance of a \"disease allele\" in linkage disequilibrium with the allele coding for HLA-B17.", "contents": "HLA antigens in a Scottish psoriatic population. Sixty-one patients in the Dundee area suffering from psoriasis were typed for HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. On the basis of the typing results, the patients were divided into three groups, and studied with respect to sex, age of onset and familial incidence of the disease. The frequency of HLA-A1 appeared to be increased and HLA-B7 decreased but HLA-B13 and HLA-B17 were highly significantly increased (P less than 10(-6) and P less than 10(-10) respectively) in the psoriatic group compared to 204 controls. Of particular interest was a highly significant association of HLA-A1 with HLA-B17 in psoriatic patients. Family studies showed HLA-B17 to be a useful genetic marker for psoriasis in the families of B17 positive patients. Considerations of age of onset, familial incidence and typing data suggest that there is heterogeneity of genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and that one probable mechanism is the dominant inheritance of a \"disease allele\" in linkage disequilibrium with the allele coding for HLA-B17.", "PMID": 91225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12268", "title": "HLA-A and B antigen frequencies in Welsh coalworkers with pneumoconiosis and Caplan's syndrome.", "content": "HLA typing was performed on 267 Welsh coalworkers with pneumoconiosis (96 cases of simple pneumoconiosis, 115 cases of progressive massive fibrosis and 56 cases of Caplan's Syndrome) and 134 coalworkers with no abnormality. The presence or absence of rheumatoid factor was also determined. The results fail to confirm a previously reported increase in HLA-A1 and B18 in coalworkers with no pneumoconiosis. When correction was made for the number of antigens typed (i) HLA-Bw21 was significantly increased from 1.1% in the total group with pneumoconiosis to 8.2% in coalworkers with no abnormality (P corrected less than 0.032); (ii) HLA-Bw45 was increased in Caplan's Syndrome (10.7%) and Caplan's Syndrome patients with rheumatoid factor (16.1%) when compared to a non-occupationally exposed control group (0.8%) (P corrected = 0.019 and 0.0064 respectively). These results were not significant when comparisons were made with the coalworker group with no abnormality. The apparent higher frequency of Bw45 in Welsh coalworkers is discussed.", "contents": "HLA-A and B antigen frequencies in Welsh coalworkers with pneumoconiosis and Caplan's syndrome. HLA typing was performed on 267 Welsh coalworkers with pneumoconiosis (96 cases of simple pneumoconiosis, 115 cases of progressive massive fibrosis and 56 cases of Caplan's Syndrome) and 134 coalworkers with no abnormality. The presence or absence of rheumatoid factor was also determined. The results fail to confirm a previously reported increase in HLA-A1 and B18 in coalworkers with no pneumoconiosis. When correction was made for the number of antigens typed (i) HLA-Bw21 was significantly increased from 1.1% in the total group with pneumoconiosis to 8.2% in coalworkers with no abnormality (P corrected less than 0.032); (ii) HLA-Bw45 was increased in Caplan's Syndrome (10.7%) and Caplan's Syndrome patients with rheumatoid factor (16.1%) when compared to a non-occupationally exposed control group (0.8%) (P corrected = 0.019 and 0.0064 respectively). These results were not significant when comparisons were made with the coalworker group with no abnormality. The apparent higher frequency of Bw45 in Welsh coalworkers is discussed.", "PMID": 91226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12269", "title": "Evidence for an HLA-linked resistance gene in Buerger's disease.", "content": "The incidence of Thromboangiitis Obliterans in brothers and the high prevalence in some ethnic groups have led us to investigate the histocompatibility HLA-A, B and DR antigens of 46 Buerger's disease patients. The main result indicates a marked decreased freqeuncy of the B12 antigen: 2.2% vs 28% in controls. Our study suggests that Buerger's disease is, on the basis of HLA antigens, a distinct immunogenetic entity and not a particular form of arteriosclerosis. Moreover, this disorder may represent a clue to the existence of resistance genes linked to HLA.", "contents": "Evidence for an HLA-linked resistance gene in Buerger's disease. The incidence of Thromboangiitis Obliterans in brothers and the high prevalence in some ethnic groups have led us to investigate the histocompatibility HLA-A, B and DR antigens of 46 Buerger's disease patients. The main result indicates a marked decreased freqeuncy of the B12 antigen: 2.2% vs 28% in controls. Our study suggests that Buerger's disease is, on the basis of HLA antigens, a distinct immunogenetic entity and not a particular form of arteriosclerosis. Moreover, this disorder may represent a clue to the existence of resistance genes linked to HLA.", "PMID": 91227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12270", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of indirect immunofluorescent H-2 stain on tissue sections.", "content": "We have utilized H-2 specific antisera from congenic resistant donor recipient combinations to localize H-2 antigens in tissue sections using the indirect immunofluorescent technique. H-2 specific immunofluorescence is observed in spleen, kidney, and liver sections: however, especially with liver sections, there are cases in which the expected specific stain is weak or absent. In addition to microscopic evaluation by eye, we have employed a microscope attached photometer; recordings from this instrument differentiate positive from control stained spleen sections.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of indirect immunofluorescent H-2 stain on tissue sections. We have utilized H-2 specific antisera from congenic resistant donor recipient combinations to localize H-2 antigens in tissue sections using the indirect immunofluorescent technique. H-2 specific immunofluorescence is observed in spleen, kidney, and liver sections: however, especially with liver sections, there are cases in which the expected specific stain is weak or absent. In addition to microscopic evaluation by eye, we have employed a microscope attached photometer; recordings from this instrument differentiate positive from control stained spleen sections.", "PMID": 91229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12271", "title": "Strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA-Dw2 and and BfS in multiple sclerosis and in the normal population.", "content": "An increased frequency of the S allele of Properdin factor B (BfS) was found amongst 162 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with 470 normal controls. This increase was shown to be due to a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between BfS and HLA-Dw2 in 77 patients typed for both systems (delta = 3.84%, P = .0002). The same LD was demonstrated amongst 100 normal controls (delta = 2.24%, P = .0049) and 31 patients with idiopathic demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (IDPN). A total of 70 haplotypes with HLA-Dw2 were encountered (40 MS, seven IDPN and 23 normal controls) and all contained BfS. In the MS patient group, a much weaker association was noted between BfS and HLA-B7 suggesting either that the Bf locus is musch closer to the HLA-D than the HLA-B locus or (and) that HLA-D and Bf products selectively interact (perhaps on the surface of B lymphocytes) with evolutionary advantage or disadvantage resulting from certain allelic combinations. Strong associations between BfS1 and HLA-Bw21 (P = .0000) and BfF1 and HLA-B18 (P = .0001), both previously reported, were confirmed in the current study. No increase in the frequency of a glyoxalase (GLO) allele was found amongst the MS patients and no LD was encountered between HLA-Dw2 and a GLO allele. The possibility that the HLA-Dw2, BfS disequilibrium has resulted from a selective advantage conferred on the general community but at the expense of increasing susceptibility to MS should be considered.", "contents": "Strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA-Dw2 and and BfS in multiple sclerosis and in the normal population. An increased frequency of the S allele of Properdin factor B (BfS) was found amongst 162 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with 470 normal controls. This increase was shown to be due to a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between BfS and HLA-Dw2 in 77 patients typed for both systems (delta = 3.84%, P = .0002). The same LD was demonstrated amongst 100 normal controls (delta = 2.24%, P = .0049) and 31 patients with idiopathic demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (IDPN). A total of 70 haplotypes with HLA-Dw2 were encountered (40 MS, seven IDPN and 23 normal controls) and all contained BfS. In the MS patient group, a much weaker association was noted between BfS and HLA-B7 suggesting either that the Bf locus is musch closer to the HLA-D than the HLA-B locus or (and) that HLA-D and Bf products selectively interact (perhaps on the surface of B lymphocytes) with evolutionary advantage or disadvantage resulting from certain allelic combinations. Strong associations between BfS1 and HLA-Bw21 (P = .0000) and BfF1 and HLA-B18 (P = .0001), both previously reported, were confirmed in the current study. No increase in the frequency of a glyoxalase (GLO) allele was found amongst the MS patients and no LD was encountered between HLA-Dw2 and a GLO allele. The possibility that the HLA-Dw2, BfS disequilibrium has resulted from a selective advantage conferred on the general community but at the expense of increasing susceptibility to MS should be considered.", "PMID": 91230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12272", "title": "The quantitative histochemistry of ribonucleic acid using gallocyanin.", "content": "A method for the cytophotometric estimation of ribonucleic acid in tissue sections using gallocyanin-chrome alum is described. The dye obeys Beer's law in gelatin sections. The effect of deoxyribonuclease on the staining of ribonucleic acid is also investigated. The results indicate that this method is of value in the quantitation of ribonucleic acid.", "contents": "The quantitative histochemistry of ribonucleic acid using gallocyanin. A method for the cytophotometric estimation of ribonucleic acid in tissue sections using gallocyanin-chrome alum is described. The dye obeys Beer's law in gelatin sections. The effect of deoxyribonuclease on the staining of ribonucleic acid is also investigated. The results indicate that this method is of value in the quantitation of ribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 91237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12273", "title": "Combined stain for fish pituitary.", "content": "A new combined stain is described for the study of cell types in the fish pituitary. Tissues are prepared by fixing in formol-sublimate and then embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue is sectioned at 5 micron and than stained sequentially with performic acid-alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff, orange G, and acid fuchsin. As a result of this procedure acidophils stain as follows: lactotropes, red; corticotropes, light pink; melanotropes, bright pink; and somatotropes, orange. Cyanophils stain either magenta red (gonadotropes) or blue (thyrotropes). Neurosecretory material and the fibers of the pars nervosa which penetrate the pars intermedia stain light blue.", "contents": "Combined stain for fish pituitary. A new combined stain is described for the study of cell types in the fish pituitary. Tissues are prepared by fixing in formol-sublimate and then embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue is sectioned at 5 micron and than stained sequentially with performic acid-alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff, orange G, and acid fuchsin. As a result of this procedure acidophils stain as follows: lactotropes, red; corticotropes, light pink; melanotropes, bright pink; and somatotropes, orange. Cyanophils stain either magenta red (gonadotropes) or blue (thyrotropes). Neurosecretory material and the fibers of the pars nervosa which penetrate the pars intermedia stain light blue.", "PMID": 91238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12274", "title": "A rapid silver impregnation method for nervous tissue: a modified protargol-peroxide technic.", "content": "A rapid, reliable silver impregnation method is described for nervous tissue fixed in formol-saline, Bouin or Susa. Sections are impregnated for 10-15 minutes at room temperature or 37 C in a solution containing 0.5 g Protargol-S, 0.005-0.01 g allantoin, 1 ml of 1% Cu[NO3]2, 1 ml of 1% AgNO3, and 1-2 drops of 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Thereafter the sections are reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction and mounting. Alternatively, following the first reduction, the silver image can be intensified by placing sections in a silver-allantoin bath which is followed by reduction and mounting. This method is very reliable and selective, making it suitable for general routine and research use.", "contents": "A rapid silver impregnation method for nervous tissue: a modified protargol-peroxide technic. A rapid, reliable silver impregnation method is described for nervous tissue fixed in formol-saline, Bouin or Susa. Sections are impregnated for 10-15 minutes at room temperature or 37 C in a solution containing 0.5 g Protargol-S, 0.005-0.01 g allantoin, 1 ml of 1% Cu[NO3]2, 1 ml of 1% AgNO3, and 1-2 drops of 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Thereafter the sections are reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction and mounting. Alternatively, following the first reduction, the silver image can be intensified by placing sections in a silver-allantoin bath which is followed by reduction and mounting. This method is very reliable and selective, making it suitable for general routine and research use.", "PMID": 91239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12275", "title": "Displacement.", "content": "Displacement is a noncommital term for the reactions that occur when slides previously stained in phloxine or rose Bengal are immersed for varying lengths of time in a solution of another dye in ethyl Cellosolve. In most histotechnic texts Lendrum's (1947) phloxine-tartrazine is given as the stain for acidophilic inclusion bodies. However the lack between the phloxine and tartrazine has been a serious limitation. A number of dyes were tried as possible substitutes for the tartrazine. A rose Bengal-Bismark brown Y procedure was developed which stains similarly to Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine and which does have the needed contrast. After staining for 10 min in 1% aqueous rose Bengal and rinsing in isopropyl alcohol slides are placed for 20, 30, 40 and 50 min in 0.05% Bismark brown Y in ethyl Cellosolve. In various tissues and structures the rose Bengal is sequentially displaced by the Bismark brown Y. Thus collagen loses the red stain after 30 min while acedophilic structures like sperm heads and Paneth cell granules retain the red stain after 50 min in the displacement solution. The results are strikingly similar to staining with alkaline Biebrich scarlet.", "contents": "Displacement. Displacement is a noncommital term for the reactions that occur when slides previously stained in phloxine or rose Bengal are immersed for varying lengths of time in a solution of another dye in ethyl Cellosolve. In most histotechnic texts Lendrum's (1947) phloxine-tartrazine is given as the stain for acidophilic inclusion bodies. However the lack between the phloxine and tartrazine has been a serious limitation. A number of dyes were tried as possible substitutes for the tartrazine. A rose Bengal-Bismark brown Y procedure was developed which stains similarly to Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine and which does have the needed contrast. After staining for 10 min in 1% aqueous rose Bengal and rinsing in isopropyl alcohol slides are placed for 20, 30, 40 and 50 min in 0.05% Bismark brown Y in ethyl Cellosolve. In various tissues and structures the rose Bengal is sequentially displaced by the Bismark brown Y. Thus collagen loses the red stain after 30 min while acedophilic structures like sperm heads and Paneth cell granules retain the red stain after 50 min in the displacement solution. The results are strikingly similar to staining with alkaline Biebrich scarlet.", "PMID": 91240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12276", "title": "A new method of urinary stone analysis by batik histochemical staining of thin sections.", "content": "Thin sections of urinary calculi are prepared by petrographic methods using Araldite as the mounting medium. By covering the remaining part of the section with wax, an exposed segment of the section is stained by a histochemical technique. By the process of dewaxing and rewaxing, successive adjacent segments are stained by GBHA, Von Kossa, Schultz, and titan yellow methods for calcium oxalate, apatite, uric acid and urates, and magnesium in magnesium ammonium phosphate, respectively. If desired, matrix in additional segments is stained with PAS and aqueous toluidine blue. Microscopic examination of each layer through all the stained segments of a stone section reveals its chemical nature. Thus the chemical composition, morphology, and spatial distribution of the crystalline and matrix constituents of thin sections of urinary calculi are simultaneously revealed in situ.", "contents": "A new method of urinary stone analysis by batik histochemical staining of thin sections. Thin sections of urinary calculi are prepared by petrographic methods using Araldite as the mounting medium. By covering the remaining part of the section with wax, an exposed segment of the section is stained by a histochemical technique. By the process of dewaxing and rewaxing, successive adjacent segments are stained by GBHA, Von Kossa, Schultz, and titan yellow methods for calcium oxalate, apatite, uric acid and urates, and magnesium in magnesium ammonium phosphate, respectively. If desired, matrix in additional segments is stained with PAS and aqueous toluidine blue. Microscopic examination of each layer through all the stained segments of a stone section reveals its chemical nature. Thus the chemical composition, morphology, and spatial distribution of the crystalline and matrix constituents of thin sections of urinary calculi are simultaneously revealed in situ.", "PMID": 91241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12277", "title": "Feulgen, iron-propionocarmine and cupra-ammonium in preparing algal chromosomes for light microscopy.", "content": "A method for obtaining algal chromosomal preparations is described employing the Feulgen method for DNA staining, Fe-propionocarmine as an enhancing stain, and cupra-ammonium to remove cell wall material. Fe-propionocarmine applied as a gradient to the side provides cells stained with the Feulgen stain alone or with the Feulgen Fe-propionocarmine stain, thereby facilitating useful comparison. Where dilute the Fe-propionocarmine enhances nuclear staining without staining orthe organelles; where more concentration it also stains the nucleolus, spindle, spindle polar bodies, pyrenoid and protoplast. Treatment with cupra-ammonium, to remove polysaccharide wall material, followed by neutralization with propionocarmine, enables thinner squashes and better chromosome spreads without loss of differential staining. Preparations mounted in euparal are long-lasting.", "contents": "Feulgen, iron-propionocarmine and cupra-ammonium in preparing algal chromosomes for light microscopy. A method for obtaining algal chromosomal preparations is described employing the Feulgen method for DNA staining, Fe-propionocarmine as an enhancing stain, and cupra-ammonium to remove cell wall material. Fe-propionocarmine applied as a gradient to the side provides cells stained with the Feulgen stain alone or with the Feulgen Fe-propionocarmine stain, thereby facilitating useful comparison. Where dilute the Fe-propionocarmine enhances nuclear staining without staining orthe organelles; where more concentration it also stains the nucleolus, spindle, spindle polar bodies, pyrenoid and protoplast. Treatment with cupra-ammonium, to remove polysaccharide wall material, followed by neutralization with propionocarmine, enables thinner squashes and better chromosome spreads without loss of differential staining. Preparations mounted in euparal are long-lasting.", "PMID": 91242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12278", "title": "Selective vital staining of companion cells of potato tuber and parsnip root with neutral red.", "content": "When staining the internal phloem region of a potato tuber with the vital stain neutral red, it was observed that files of elongated cells of narrow diameter were heavily stained and were easily distinguishable from the more isodiametric parenchyma cells, many of which did not stain with neutral red. The elongated cells were identified as companion cells by locating the adjacent sieve-tube members through counterstaining with aniline blue and reviewing under violet light. Of a number of other plants surveyed, only parsnip roots possessed companion cells exhibiting a similar slective staining. In other plants both the companion cells and the surrounding parenchyma cells usually stained. Sieve-tube members never accumulated neutral red. It was concluded that the vacuoles of the companion cells of the potato tuber were stained by the ion trap mechanism because of the color of the accumulated stain, the lack of staining when neutral red was applied in an acidic solution, and the complete destaining after soaking in dilute ammonium hydroxide.", "contents": "Selective vital staining of companion cells of potato tuber and parsnip root with neutral red. When staining the internal phloem region of a potato tuber with the vital stain neutral red, it was observed that files of elongated cells of narrow diameter were heavily stained and were easily distinguishable from the more isodiametric parenchyma cells, many of which did not stain with neutral red. The elongated cells were identified as companion cells by locating the adjacent sieve-tube members through counterstaining with aniline blue and reviewing under violet light. Of a number of other plants surveyed, only parsnip roots possessed companion cells exhibiting a similar slective staining. In other plants both the companion cells and the surrounding parenchyma cells usually stained. Sieve-tube members never accumulated neutral red. It was concluded that the vacuoles of the companion cells of the potato tuber were stained by the ion trap mechanism because of the color of the accumulated stain, the lack of staining when neutral red was applied in an acidic solution, and the complete destaining after soaking in dilute ammonium hydroxide.", "PMID": 91243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12279", "title": "Stabilized Romanowsky blood stain.", "content": "It has been shown that the degradation of thiazine dyes which normally occurs in methanolic solution, as in the case of Romanowsky blood stains, can be prevented by making the solution acidic. In a certain range of acidity, the stain precipitates in the form of monothiazine eosinate, but by making the solution sufficiently acidic, eosin is protonated and the precipitate cannot form. These observations have been used to develop a blood stain which is stable, even at elevated temperatures, for several months. For use the stain is neutralized by a specially formulated fixative solution.", "contents": "Stabilized Romanowsky blood stain. It has been shown that the degradation of thiazine dyes which normally occurs in methanolic solution, as in the case of Romanowsky blood stains, can be prevented by making the solution acidic. In a certain range of acidity, the stain precipitates in the form of monothiazine eosinate, but by making the solution sufficiently acidic, eosin is protonated and the precipitate cannot form. These observations have been used to develop a blood stain which is stable, even at elevated temperatures, for several months. For use the stain is neutralized by a specially formulated fixative solution.", "PMID": 91244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12280", "title": "Simple method for visualization of the islets in fixed but otherwise intact pancreas.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive, reproducible method is described for prominently displaying the islets of Langerhans. The method consists of sequential arterial perfusion of the organ of the sacrificed animal with saline, formalin, hematoxylin, and water, followed by clearing in methyl salicylate. The procedure should be useful whenever islet tissue needs to be quantitatively distinquished from non islet tissue and fixation is allowable.", "contents": "Simple method for visualization of the islets in fixed but otherwise intact pancreas. A simple, inexpensive, reproducible method is described for prominently displaying the islets of Langerhans. The method consists of sequential arterial perfusion of the organ of the sacrificed animal with saline, formalin, hematoxylin, and water, followed by clearing in methyl salicylate. The procedure should be useful whenever islet tissue needs to be quantitatively distinquished from non islet tissue and fixation is allowable.", "PMID": 91245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12281", "title": "[Control of the success of radiotherapy in case of mastocarcinomas by means of mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the experience about modifications of the mammographic data caused by X-ray irradiations which are described in three publications of other authors. Then they mention a first case observed by themselves in 1953 and give a detailed description and documentation of a new observation. In these cases and contrary to the reports of the other authors, a total regression of the tumor shadow in the radiogram was found. The first patient had demonstratable pulmonary metastases already when she was irradiated and the new patient died of cachexia. Before she died, metastases of the vertebral column were demonstrated by radiography which, according to the general and clinical findings, had certainly already existed at the beginning of radiotherapy. It had not been possible to find out what was the nature of pasty swellings lying near the tumor which had not been visible on the radiogram.", "contents": "[Control of the success of radiotherapy in case of mastocarcinomas by means of mammography (author's transl)]. The authors present the experience about modifications of the mammographic data caused by X-ray irradiations which are described in three publications of other authors. Then they mention a first case observed by themselves in 1953 and give a detailed description and documentation of a new observation. In these cases and contrary to the reports of the other authors, a total regression of the tumor shadow in the radiogram was found. The first patient had demonstratable pulmonary metastases already when she was irradiated and the new patient died of cachexia. Before she died, metastases of the vertebral column were demonstrated by radiography which, according to the general and clinical findings, had certainly already existed at the beginning of radiotherapy. It had not been possible to find out what was the nature of pasty swellings lying near the tumor which had not been visible on the radiogram.", "PMID": 91246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12282", "title": "[Therapy with gestagens for gynecological tumors sensitive to hormones (author's transl)].", "content": "Our method of irradiation of the endometrial carcinoma is described. The patient collective concerned represents a negative selection, as only inoperable cases with an endometrial carcinoma undergo primary irradiation. The 5-year survival rate amounted to 50.4% of 802 patients in the period from 1950 through 1970. Additional therapy with gestagens is discussed and recommended. The histological alterations in the material obtained by so-called \"second-look curettages\" are reported. Application of gestagens to other hormonesensitive tumors such as carcinoma of the ovary or adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri is considered.", "contents": "[Therapy with gestagens for gynecological tumors sensitive to hormones (author's transl)]. Our method of irradiation of the endometrial carcinoma is described. The patient collective concerned represents a negative selection, as only inoperable cases with an endometrial carcinoma undergo primary irradiation. The 5-year survival rate amounted to 50.4% of 802 patients in the period from 1950 through 1970. Additional therapy with gestagens is discussed and recommended. The histological alterations in the material obtained by so-called \"second-look curettages\" are reported. Application of gestagens to other hormonesensitive tumors such as carcinoma of the ovary or adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri is considered.", "PMID": 91247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12283", "title": "[Clinical and roentgenological findings after radiation therapy of malignant esophageal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The palliative effect of treatment stands in the first place in radiation therapy of the esophageal carcinoma. Clinical and roentgenolocical features before and after radiation therapy are reported for 172 patients having been treated under high-voltage conditions between 1962 and 1977. The response of the tumor to irradiation is largely dependent on the tumor shape as visible in the radiograph. In case of tumors growing in polypous shape, often a regression of the tumor is observed even after low doses. An effect beginning later but frequently lasting for a longer time is found with tumors of circular stenosing and diffusely infiltrating growth. All in all a temporary dilatation of the tumor stenosis was achieved in 52% of the patients. Serious side effects of the radiation treatment rarely were observed.", "contents": "[Clinical and roentgenological findings after radiation therapy of malignant esophageal tumors (author's transl)]. The palliative effect of treatment stands in the first place in radiation therapy of the esophageal carcinoma. Clinical and roentgenolocical features before and after radiation therapy are reported for 172 patients having been treated under high-voltage conditions between 1962 and 1977. The response of the tumor to irradiation is largely dependent on the tumor shape as visible in the radiograph. In case of tumors growing in polypous shape, often a regression of the tumor is observed even after low doses. An effect beginning later but frequently lasting for a longer time is found with tumors of circular stenosing and diffusely infiltrating growth. All in all a temporary dilatation of the tumor stenosis was achieved in 52% of the patients. Serious side effects of the radiation treatment rarely were observed.", "PMID": 91248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12284", "title": "Detection of non-HLA antigens: effect of lymphocyte priming and amplification signals.", "content": "We studied three potential mechanisms that might account for the difficulty in detecting non-HLA antigenic disparities between HLA-identical siblings: (1) a low frequency of antigen-reactive cells; (2) the failure of antigen recognition to trigger proliferation or cytotoxicity; and (3) the development of suppressor cells or factors. In vitro sensitization was used to increase the frequency of antigen-reactive cells. Allogeneic lymphocytes or supernatants from mixed lymphocyte cultures were used to provide nonspecific proliferative signals. Neither approach was successful in facilitating the detection of proliferation or cytotoxicity between HLA-identical siblings. Furthermore, we found no evidence for the development of antigen-specific suppressor cells or factors. These data indicate that other mechanisms must underlie the difficulty in detecting non-HLA antigens in vitro.", "contents": "Detection of non-HLA antigens: effect of lymphocyte priming and amplification signals. We studied three potential mechanisms that might account for the difficulty in detecting non-HLA antigenic disparities between HLA-identical siblings: (1) a low frequency of antigen-reactive cells; (2) the failure of antigen recognition to trigger proliferation or cytotoxicity; and (3) the development of suppressor cells or factors. In vitro sensitization was used to increase the frequency of antigen-reactive cells. Allogeneic lymphocytes or supernatants from mixed lymphocyte cultures were used to provide nonspecific proliferative signals. Neither approach was successful in facilitating the detection of proliferation or cytotoxicity between HLA-identical siblings. Furthermore, we found no evidence for the development of antigen-specific suppressor cells or factors. These data indicate that other mechanisms must underlie the difficulty in detecting non-HLA antigens in vitro.", "PMID": 91249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12285", "title": "Further characterization of immunological unresponsiveness induced in mice by ultraviolet radiation. Growth and induction of nonultraviolet-induced tumors in ultraviolet-irradiated mice.", "content": "Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated mice were compared with unirradiated mice for their susceptibility to primary and transplanted tumors etiologically unrelated to UV radiation. Although UV-irradiated mice are unable to reject transplants of highly antigenic syngeneic tumors induced by UV light, the growth of syngeneic, non-UV-induced tumors generally was not accelerated in these animals. Furthermore, UV-irradiated mice were no more susceptible to the induction of primary leukemias, mammary tumors, or sarcomas than were unirradiated animals. Tests of immune responses to weak transplantation antigens showed that UV-irradiated mice rejected H-Y-incompatible skin grafts as vigorously as did normal animals, and that the primary in vitro cytotoxic responses of spleen cells from UV-irradiated mice to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells and to Hh antigens were unaffected. We conclude that the susceptibility of UV-irradiated mice to challenge with UV-induced tumors represents a selective unresponsiveness, and that it is not attributable to a generalized deficiency in the immune response to tumor-specific antigens or to weak transplantation antigens.", "contents": "Further characterization of immunological unresponsiveness induced in mice by ultraviolet radiation. Growth and induction of nonultraviolet-induced tumors in ultraviolet-irradiated mice. Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated mice were compared with unirradiated mice for their susceptibility to primary and transplanted tumors etiologically unrelated to UV radiation. Although UV-irradiated mice are unable to reject transplants of highly antigenic syngeneic tumors induced by UV light, the growth of syngeneic, non-UV-induced tumors generally was not accelerated in these animals. Furthermore, UV-irradiated mice were no more susceptible to the induction of primary leukemias, mammary tumors, or sarcomas than were unirradiated animals. Tests of immune responses to weak transplantation antigens showed that UV-irradiated mice rejected H-Y-incompatible skin grafts as vigorously as did normal animals, and that the primary in vitro cytotoxic responses of spleen cells from UV-irradiated mice to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells and to Hh antigens were unaffected. We conclude that the susceptibility of UV-irradiated mice to challenge with UV-induced tumors represents a selective unresponsiveness, and that it is not attributable to a generalized deficiency in the immune response to tumor-specific antigens or to weak transplantation antigens.", "PMID": 91250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12286", "title": "Enhanced effectiveness of adriamycin and bleomycin combined with local hyperthermia in neck node metastases from head and neck cancers.", "content": "The results of this study concern the comparison of the clinical effects of adriamycin (ADM) or bleomycin (BLM) alone and combined with local hyperthermia on 15 patients with multiple (29) neck node metastases from head and neck cancers. With repeated low fractional daily doses of drug a significant though transient tumor regression was obtained in 2/8 and in 3/6 of the lesions treated with ADM or BLM alone, respectively. When the drugs were combined with 42-43 degrees C hyperthermia, an overall response, either complete or partial, was seen in all the lesions. Complete regression was observed in 38% (3/8) and 43% (3/7) of the lesions treated with ADM or BLM, respectively, combined with heat. At a 4-month follow-up, 33% (2/6) and 40% (2/5) of the same groups of lesions remained still undetectable. These results suggest that the combined treatment of drugs and local hyperthermia can be advantageously employed in clinical practice for treating local tumors, especially recurrences in previously irradiated areas.", "contents": "Enhanced effectiveness of adriamycin and bleomycin combined with local hyperthermia in neck node metastases from head and neck cancers. The results of this study concern the comparison of the clinical effects of adriamycin (ADM) or bleomycin (BLM) alone and combined with local hyperthermia on 15 patients with multiple (29) neck node metastases from head and neck cancers. With repeated low fractional daily doses of drug a significant though transient tumor regression was obtained in 2/8 and in 3/6 of the lesions treated with ADM or BLM alone, respectively. When the drugs were combined with 42-43 degrees C hyperthermia, an overall response, either complete or partial, was seen in all the lesions. Complete regression was observed in 38% (3/8) and 43% (3/7) of the lesions treated with ADM or BLM, respectively, combined with heat. At a 4-month follow-up, 33% (2/6) and 40% (2/5) of the same groups of lesions remained still undetectable. These results suggest that the combined treatment of drugs and local hyperthermia can be advantageously employed in clinical practice for treating local tumors, especially recurrences in previously irradiated areas.", "PMID": 91251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12287", "title": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer. IV. Alterations and clinical response following cryoprostatectomy.", "content": "Evaluation of alterations in the level of the five major electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins (albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta- and gamma-globulin) in 18 patients with prostatic cancer prior to and following cryoprostatectomy disclosed: (i) a progressive increase in the level of alpha 2- and beta-globulin and the incidence of patients possessing statistically significant (p less than 0.05) elevations in these proteins with a progression of the stage of their malignancy; (ii) a significant decrease in albumin, alpha 2- and beta-globulin and increase in alpha 1- and gamma-globulin from their preoperative levels following cryoprostatectomy in patients with metastatic disease (stage III) in association with a favorable clinical response; (iii) an overall significant decrease in albumin and alpha 2-globulin and increase in alpha 1-globulin from their preoperative levels and (iv) a general association of decreases in albumin (83% of the patients) and alpha 2-globulin (92%) and gamma-globulin (75%) with a favorable clinical response following cryoprostatectomy. Limited to study of a small patient population, the present results confirm earlier studies suggestive of a prognostic potential for alpha 2-globulin, as applied to stage identification in prostatic cancer once the initial diagnosis has been made. Pending confirmation and evaluation of a larger patient population, the observed alterations in serum protein, while not pathognomonic for prostatic cancer, and alterations of inhibitory ('immunoregulatory') factors, may provide adjunctive criteria for monitoring the clinical response following cryoprostatectomy.", "contents": "Serum proteins in prostatic cancer. IV. Alterations and clinical response following cryoprostatectomy. Evaluation of alterations in the level of the five major electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins (albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta- and gamma-globulin) in 18 patients with prostatic cancer prior to and following cryoprostatectomy disclosed: (i) a progressive increase in the level of alpha 2- and beta-globulin and the incidence of patients possessing statistically significant (p less than 0.05) elevations in these proteins with a progression of the stage of their malignancy; (ii) a significant decrease in albumin, alpha 2- and beta-globulin and increase in alpha 1- and gamma-globulin from their preoperative levels following cryoprostatectomy in patients with metastatic disease (stage III) in association with a favorable clinical response; (iii) an overall significant decrease in albumin and alpha 2-globulin and increase in alpha 1-globulin from their preoperative levels and (iv) a general association of decreases in albumin (83% of the patients) and alpha 2-globulin (92%) and gamma-globulin (75%) with a favorable clinical response following cryoprostatectomy. Limited to study of a small patient population, the present results confirm earlier studies suggestive of a prognostic potential for alpha 2-globulin, as applied to stage identification in prostatic cancer once the initial diagnosis has been made. Pending confirmation and evaluation of a larger patient population, the observed alterations in serum protein, while not pathognomonic for prostatic cancer, and alterations of inhibitory ('immunoregulatory') factors, may provide adjunctive criteria for monitoring the clinical response following cryoprostatectomy.", "PMID": 91252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12288", "title": "Incidence of prostatic calcification in blacks in Washington, D.C., and selected African cities. Correlation of specimen roentgenographs and pathologic findings. Cooperative Prostatic Research Group.", "content": "The incidence of calcification in the prostate gland of black men from Washington, D.C., and from Ibadan, Nigeria, and Accra, Ghana, West Africa, was assessed in a total of 874 consecutive, unselected prostate specimens removed at autopsy during a five-year period (1973--1978). In the combined series there was a significant positive association between prostatic calcification and age (p less than 0.001). The frequency of calcification was significantly higher in the Washington, D.C. series than in the West African series at all age levels (p less than 0.001). This difference most likely reflects the different dietary patterns of the two population groups.", "contents": "Incidence of prostatic calcification in blacks in Washington, D.C., and selected African cities. Correlation of specimen roentgenographs and pathologic findings. Cooperative Prostatic Research Group. The incidence of calcification in the prostate gland of black men from Washington, D.C., and from Ibadan, Nigeria, and Accra, Ghana, West Africa, was assessed in a total of 874 consecutive, unselected prostate specimens removed at autopsy during a five-year period (1973--1978). In the combined series there was a significant positive association between prostatic calcification and age (p less than 0.001). The frequency of calcification was significantly higher in the Washington, D.C. series than in the West African series at all age levels (p less than 0.001). This difference most likely reflects the different dietary patterns of the two population groups.", "PMID": 91253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12289", "title": "[Synchronization of estrus in heifers using Chlorsuperlutin (CSL) vaginal tampons].", "content": "A pilot experiment with heifer heat synchronization with chlorsuperlutin-soked intravaginal tampons was conducted with 254 heifers in six herds in the North Moravian region. The rubber-foam tampons, cylindrical in shape (diameter 70 mm, height 70-90 mm), were introduced into the cranial part of the vagina, using an applicator and a vaginal speculum. Sixteen days after introduction, the tampons were removed by pulling the silon thread with which the tampons were cross-stitched. The heifers were inseminated on the second to fifth day after the removal of the tampons. The average performance in the application of the tampons was 38.5 tampons per hour, and in their removal 20.7 tampons per hour. The retention rate of the tampons was 97.6%; out of this, 79.8% of the tampons were pulled out by the silon thread. The signs of heat were good, 87.9% of the heifers could be inseminated intrauterinally. All the heifers with retained tampons were inseminated. The conception rate after the first insemination was 32.7%, after the second insemination 56.4%, and after two inseminations 68.1%. Out of the synchronized heifers, 8.1% were culled for slaughter. The drawbacks of this treatment include the low conception rate of the synchronized heifers, a high requirement for repeated insemination in the synchronized oestrus, and, consequently, a high sperm consumption.", "contents": "[Synchronization of estrus in heifers using Chlorsuperlutin (CSL) vaginal tampons]. A pilot experiment with heifer heat synchronization with chlorsuperlutin-soked intravaginal tampons was conducted with 254 heifers in six herds in the North Moravian region. The rubber-foam tampons, cylindrical in shape (diameter 70 mm, height 70-90 mm), were introduced into the cranial part of the vagina, using an applicator and a vaginal speculum. Sixteen days after introduction, the tampons were removed by pulling the silon thread with which the tampons were cross-stitched. The heifers were inseminated on the second to fifth day after the removal of the tampons. The average performance in the application of the tampons was 38.5 tampons per hour, and in their removal 20.7 tampons per hour. The retention rate of the tampons was 97.6%; out of this, 79.8% of the tampons were pulled out by the silon thread. The signs of heat were good, 87.9% of the heifers could be inseminated intrauterinally. All the heifers with retained tampons were inseminated. The conception rate after the first insemination was 32.7%, after the second insemination 56.4%, and after two inseminations 68.1%. Out of the synchronized heifers, 8.1% were culled for slaughter. The drawbacks of this treatment include the low conception rate of the synchronized heifers, a high requirement for repeated insemination in the synchronized oestrus, and, consequently, a high sperm consumption.", "PMID": 91254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12290", "title": "[Electrophoretic examination of changes in the protein spectrum of dogs after exposure to beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulfide].", "content": "In serum proteins, the alpha 3 + 4-globulin subfraction increases with a corresponding decrease of albumins. A statistically significant rise was observed from the 24th-48th hour from application with a progressive tendency reaching its maximum in the terminal stage of intoxication. This elevation reaches the values of 100% of the initial control values in the terminal stage. The drop in albumins is less significant and almost reciprocal with the rise of alpha-globulin content. In the values of beta-globulins, a change was observed in the quotient of beta 1/beta 2 globulins. No changes were ascertained in the values of gamma-globulins. Our results correspond to the data published by Gjessing and Chanutin, who observed a drop in albumins and rise in alpha-globulins after percutaneous implantation of the substance. The results suggest that the latent time between implantation and a statistically significant rise of the alpha-globulin fraction in the serum is 24-48 hours.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic examination of changes in the protein spectrum of dogs after exposure to beta, beta'-dichlorodiethylsulfide]. In serum proteins, the alpha 3 + 4-globulin subfraction increases with a corresponding decrease of albumins. A statistically significant rise was observed from the 24th-48th hour from application with a progressive tendency reaching its maximum in the terminal stage of intoxication. This elevation reaches the values of 100% of the initial control values in the terminal stage. The drop in albumins is less significant and almost reciprocal with the rise of alpha-globulin content. In the values of beta-globulins, a change was observed in the quotient of beta 1/beta 2 globulins. No changes were ascertained in the values of gamma-globulins. Our results correspond to the data published by Gjessing and Chanutin, who observed a drop in albumins and rise in alpha-globulins after percutaneous implantation of the substance. The results suggest that the latent time between implantation and a statistically significant rise of the alpha-globulin fraction in the serum is 24-48 hours.", "PMID": 91255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12291", "title": "Animals as monitors of environmental quality.", "content": "The various species of domesticated and wild animals can be excellent monitors of environmental quality. Although analyses of industrial air and water effluents and tests for toxicants in soils, plants, foods and feeds may provide some degree of predictability of environmental quality, the ultimate monitors are those organisms having metabolic activities that are comparable to man. If we closely observe animals that share our environment, like the coal miner's canary, they will alert us to unseen and perhaps devastating environmental hazards.", "contents": "Animals as monitors of environmental quality. The various species of domesticated and wild animals can be excellent monitors of environmental quality. Although analyses of industrial air and water effluents and tests for toxicants in soils, plants, foods and feeds may provide some degree of predictability of environmental quality, the ultimate monitors are those organisms having metabolic activities that are comparable to man. If we closely observe animals that share our environment, like the coal miner's canary, they will alert us to unseen and perhaps devastating environmental hazards.", "PMID": 91256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12292", "title": "Transfusion of hydroxyethylated amylopectin-protected frozen blood in man. I. Plasma clearance and renal excretion of the cryoprotectant.", "content": "In man following the autologous transfusion of blood previously frozen with 14% low molecular weight-hydroxyethylated amylopectin (cryo-HES), the clearance of this material from the intravascular space was compound, and appeared to consist of exponential components. The overall half-life -- however, was 10.6 +/- 3.0 (SD) h. Approximately 17% of the total infused cryo-HES was excreted in the urine 1 h postinjection, and 40% by 72 h. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was not affected by the presence of this substance in the bloodstream of the recipient. The results indicate that cryo-HES is removed rapidly following the transfusion of blood previously frozen with this material.", "contents": "Transfusion of hydroxyethylated amylopectin-protected frozen blood in man. I. Plasma clearance and renal excretion of the cryoprotectant. In man following the autologous transfusion of blood previously frozen with 14% low molecular weight-hydroxyethylated amylopectin (cryo-HES), the clearance of this material from the intravascular space was compound, and appeared to consist of exponential components. The overall half-life -- however, was 10.6 +/- 3.0 (SD) h. Approximately 17% of the total infused cryo-HES was excreted in the urine 1 h postinjection, and 40% by 72 h. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was not affected by the presence of this substance in the bloodstream of the recipient. The results indicate that cryo-HES is removed rapidly following the transfusion of blood previously frozen with this material.", "PMID": 91262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12293", "title": "IgG levels in mother-father-cord trios. Evidence for a large reduction of maternal IgG at birth.", "content": "Cord plasmas have a higher concentration of IgG than do the mothers, although autologous, fetal immunoglobulin G is only a small fraction of the neonate's complement. Maternal IgG levels are significantly lower than the nonpregnant adult female, a loss of about one third, which cannot be explained completely by maternal immunization of the fetus.", "contents": "IgG levels in mother-father-cord trios. Evidence for a large reduction of maternal IgG at birth. Cord plasmas have a higher concentration of IgG than do the mothers, although autologous, fetal immunoglobulin G is only a small fraction of the neonate's complement. Maternal IgG levels are significantly lower than the nonpregnant adult female, a loss of about one third, which cannot be explained completely by maternal immunization of the fetus.", "PMID": 91263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12294", "title": "Detection of the H and I blood group antigens in normal plasma. A comparison with A and i antigens.", "content": "The levels of A, H, I and i antigens were measured in the plasma of 185 normal subjects by the agglutination-inhibition method. The presence of H in the plasma was only detectable with immune anti-H. The level of H in the plasma was directly correlated with the amount on the red cells, and was affected by the donor secretor status. The plasma of group O secretors contained more H than the plasma of donors of other phenotypes. On the other hand, I and i plasma antigens were not related to the other systems studied. Unlike the Ii antigens on the red cell membrane, there was no relationship between the levels of I and i in plasma.", "contents": "Detection of the H and I blood group antigens in normal plasma. A comparison with A and i antigens. The levels of A, H, I and i antigens were measured in the plasma of 185 normal subjects by the agglutination-inhibition method. The presence of H in the plasma was only detectable with immune anti-H. The level of H in the plasma was directly correlated with the amount on the red cells, and was affected by the donor secretor status. The plasma of group O secretors contained more H than the plasma of donors of other phenotypes. On the other hand, I and i plasma antigens were not related to the other systems studied. Unlike the Ii antigens on the red cell membrane, there was no relationship between the levels of I and i in plasma.", "PMID": 91265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12295", "title": "[Kinin system components, free kinins and proteinase inhibitors in the edematous fluids of nephrotic syndrome patients].", "content": "Main components of the kinin system, free kinins, total arginine esterase activity content of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin fractions were estimated in various edematous fluids (transduates of different localization, pleural exudates of the inflammatory type) of patients with nephrotic syndrome of various etiology. Noninflammatory edematous fluids (interstitial, abdominal and pleural transudates) were found to contain activated kallikrein and prekallikrein from blood plasma; 3-10 ng/ml of free kinins were present in interstitial edematous fluids and 30-60 ng/ml - in abdominal transudate. Kinins of abdominal transudate were identified with bradikinin by chromatographic properties; a single low-molecular form of kininogene was found, its content did not exceed 10% of the substance occurring in blood plasma of the patients. These edematous fluids practically did not exhibit the kininase activity and contained unsignificant amounts of proteinase inhibitors. Pleural exdates of the inflammatory type were distinctly different from transudates in content of the kinin system components. Depending on the higher content of protein (2.5% as compared with 0.3-0.7% in transudates) the exudates contained high-molecular kininogene and kininase I. Relative content of kallikrein in pleural exudates was lower and that of prekallikrein - higher as compared with transudates; acid kininogenases were not observed. Free kinins (30 ng/ml) were found in three samples of pleural exudates out of five samples studied. The inflammatory type of pleural exudates correlated with the high level of alpha 1-antitrypsin. As shown by comparative analysis of protein fractions from edematous fluids and corresponding samples of blood plasma of patients with nephrotic syndrome, diffusion is the main reason, which determines the course of protein transition from inter-into exovasal space, under conditions of increased vascular permeability. Kallikrein activation and extravasal formation of bradikinin were apparently the long-term affecting factors, supporting the state of increased vascular permeability in nephrotic syndrome; they had an aggravating role in pathogenesis of refractory nephrotic edema, nephrotic crises and cutaneous erythema.", "contents": "[Kinin system components, free kinins and proteinase inhibitors in the edematous fluids of nephrotic syndrome patients]. Main components of the kinin system, free kinins, total arginine esterase activity content of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin fractions were estimated in various edematous fluids (transduates of different localization, pleural exudates of the inflammatory type) of patients with nephrotic syndrome of various etiology. Noninflammatory edematous fluids (interstitial, abdominal and pleural transudates) were found to contain activated kallikrein and prekallikrein from blood plasma; 3-10 ng/ml of free kinins were present in interstitial edematous fluids and 30-60 ng/ml - in abdominal transudate. Kinins of abdominal transudate were identified with bradikinin by chromatographic properties; a single low-molecular form of kininogene was found, its content did not exceed 10% of the substance occurring in blood plasma of the patients. These edematous fluids practically did not exhibit the kininase activity and contained unsignificant amounts of proteinase inhibitors. Pleural exdates of the inflammatory type were distinctly different from transudates in content of the kinin system components. Depending on the higher content of protein (2.5% as compared with 0.3-0.7% in transudates) the exudates contained high-molecular kininogene and kininase I. Relative content of kallikrein in pleural exudates was lower and that of prekallikrein - higher as compared with transudates; acid kininogenases were not observed. Free kinins (30 ng/ml) were found in three samples of pleural exudates out of five samples studied. The inflammatory type of pleural exudates correlated with the high level of alpha 1-antitrypsin. As shown by comparative analysis of protein fractions from edematous fluids and corresponding samples of blood plasma of patients with nephrotic syndrome, diffusion is the main reason, which determines the course of protein transition from inter-into exovasal space, under conditions of increased vascular permeability. Kallikrein activation and extravasal formation of bradikinin were apparently the long-term affecting factors, supporting the state of increased vascular permeability in nephrotic syndrome; they had an aggravating role in pathogenesis of refractory nephrotic edema, nephrotic crises and cutaneous erythema.", "PMID": 91261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12296", "title": "A new case of gamma heavy chain disease: clinical, immunochemical and structural characterization.", "content": "A new case of gamma heavy chain disease (gamma HCD) is described in a 77-year-old woman. The serum and urine contain an M-component and electrophoretic, antigenic and ultracentrifugal properties resembling those of the Fc fragment of IgG globulin. Analysis on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal studies show that gamma HCD portein is present in the serum as a dimer with a molecular weight of 58,000 daltons. Analysis of isotypic and allotypic markers along with the structural studies show that this HCD protein belongs to the IgG subclass and that deletion includes the total VH and CH1 regions with sequence starting at residue 225 in the middle of the hinge region.", "contents": "A new case of gamma heavy chain disease: clinical, immunochemical and structural characterization. A new case of gamma heavy chain disease (gamma HCD) is described in a 77-year-old woman. The serum and urine contain an M-component and electrophoretic, antigenic and ultracentrifugal properties resembling those of the Fc fragment of IgG globulin. Analysis on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal studies show that gamma HCD portein is present in the serum as a dimer with a molecular weight of 58,000 daltons. Analysis of isotypic and allotypic markers along with the structural studies show that this HCD protein belongs to the IgG subclass and that deletion includes the total VH and CH1 regions with sequence starting at residue 225 in the middle of the hinge region.", "PMID": 91266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12297", "title": "A new antigenic determinant on HBsAg. Geographic and subtype distribution and association with HBeAg and anti-HBe.", "content": "A new antigenic specificity for HBsAg is described, and its usefulness as an epidemiological marker is discussed. This specificity, l, was found in specimens from all geographic areas studied (United States, Latin America, South Africa, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea). In these areas, l was strongly associated with HBsAg/ay; y-positive, l-negative samples were observed only among specimens from United States volunteer blood donors. This determinant allowed a distinction of HBsAg/ad classes. Thus, the l determinant was detected in 51.4% of HBsAg/adw4, 44.1% of HBsAg/adw(non-w4), and 50% of HBsAg/adr. The association of l and other HBsAg determinants with HBeAg or anti-HBe was also investigated. HBeAg was found to be associated with the presence of the l determinant and with the r determinant. Anti-HBe was associated with the presence of the d and w determinants and with the absence of the l specificity.", "contents": "A new antigenic determinant on HBsAg. Geographic and subtype distribution and association with HBeAg and anti-HBe. A new antigenic specificity for HBsAg is described, and its usefulness as an epidemiological marker is discussed. This specificity, l, was found in specimens from all geographic areas studied (United States, Latin America, South Africa, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea). In these areas, l was strongly associated with HBsAg/ay; y-positive, l-negative samples were observed only among specimens from United States volunteer blood donors. This determinant allowed a distinction of HBsAg/ad classes. Thus, the l determinant was detected in 51.4% of HBsAg/adw4, 44.1% of HBsAg/adw(non-w4), and 50% of HBsAg/adr. The association of l and other HBsAg determinants with HBeAg or anti-HBe was also investigated. HBeAg was found to be associated with the presence of the l determinant and with the r determinant. Anti-HBe was associated with the presence of the d and w determinants and with the absence of the l specificity.", "PMID": 91267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12298", "title": "Human IgE response to the administration of blood components. II. Repeated gammaglobulin injections.", "content": "43 adults from a renal dialysis unit staff have received regularly spaced gamma-globulin administrations for hepatitis B prophylaxis. Several blood samples were collected over a prolonged period of time (160 days). Following gamma-globulin administration, anti-immunoglobulin antibodies of the IgE class were detected in 80% of this population, a fortnight after the first injection using serum absorptions on polymerized gamma-globulins or a specific inverse RAST method. The reactivity pattern of these IgE anti-immunoglobulin antibodies was similar to that observed for the anti-immunoglobulin antibodies with \"limited specificity\" detected by passive hemagglutination, in that they reacted with only one of the immunoglobulins of the panel used for their detection. A decrease of the overall IgE levels was observed in 62% of the subjects for a prolonged period of time following gamma-globulin administration. This suggests a feedback regulation mechanism for the reagin production in man, as it has already been observed in animals. A high incidence of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies of various classes was observed in this study. However, only a small number (4/43) of adverse reactions appeared following gamma-globulin administration. For some of these subjects, the presence of specific IgE anti-immunoglobulin, detected by the inverse-RAST technique, suggests a possible role of such antibodies in some intolerance reactions to gamma-globulin administration.", "contents": "Human IgE response to the administration of blood components. II. Repeated gammaglobulin injections. 43 adults from a renal dialysis unit staff have received regularly spaced gamma-globulin administrations for hepatitis B prophylaxis. Several blood samples were collected over a prolonged period of time (160 days). Following gamma-globulin administration, anti-immunoglobulin antibodies of the IgE class were detected in 80% of this population, a fortnight after the first injection using serum absorptions on polymerized gamma-globulins or a specific inverse RAST method. The reactivity pattern of these IgE anti-immunoglobulin antibodies was similar to that observed for the anti-immunoglobulin antibodies with \"limited specificity\" detected by passive hemagglutination, in that they reacted with only one of the immunoglobulins of the panel used for their detection. A decrease of the overall IgE levels was observed in 62% of the subjects for a prolonged period of time following gamma-globulin administration. This suggests a feedback regulation mechanism for the reagin production in man, as it has already been observed in animals. A high incidence of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies of various classes was observed in this study. However, only a small number (4/43) of adverse reactions appeared following gamma-globulin administration. For some of these subjects, the presence of specific IgE anti-immunoglobulin, detected by the inverse-RAST technique, suggests a possible role of such antibodies in some intolerance reactions to gamma-globulin administration.", "PMID": 91268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12299", "title": "Chido, Rodgers and C4. In vivo and in vitro coating of red blood cells, grouping and antibody detection.", "content": "C4 sucrose/low ionic strength (LIS)-coated red blood cells (RBC) are excellent for the detection of the previously 'nebulous' antibodies, anti-Chido and anti-Rodgers, as well as for serum/plasma typing of these antigens by an inhibition technique. By enzyme treatment of such cells, it is confirmed that the Ch and Rg antigens reside on the C4d part of the C4 molecule. Freshly taken RBC from normal individuals were examined with a sensitive Auto-Analyzer technique with anti-Chido, anti-C4 and anti-C3 sera. All normal RBC were shown to have C4d and C3d components on their surface. The technique was also very sensitive for the detection of the Ch antigen, which was detected on the RBC of all Chido-positive individuals, and which did not show great variation in strength by this method. The mode of in vivo C4 fixation on normal RBC seems to be different from the fixation in LIS or by RBC antibody-mediated activation.", "contents": "Chido, Rodgers and C4. In vivo and in vitro coating of red blood cells, grouping and antibody detection. C4 sucrose/low ionic strength (LIS)-coated red blood cells (RBC) are excellent for the detection of the previously 'nebulous' antibodies, anti-Chido and anti-Rodgers, as well as for serum/plasma typing of these antigens by an inhibition technique. By enzyme treatment of such cells, it is confirmed that the Ch and Rg antigens reside on the C4d part of the C4 molecule. Freshly taken RBC from normal individuals were examined with a sensitive Auto-Analyzer technique with anti-Chido, anti-C4 and anti-C3 sera. All normal RBC were shown to have C4d and C3d components on their surface. The technique was also very sensitive for the detection of the Ch antigen, which was detected on the RBC of all Chido-positive individuals, and which did not show great variation in strength by this method. The mode of in vivo C4 fixation on normal RBC seems to be different from the fixation in LIS or by RBC antibody-mediated activation.", "PMID": 91269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12300", "title": "[Primary liver cell carcinoma, aetiology and clinical picture (author's transl)].", "content": "Geographic area, age and sex influence the epidemiology of hepatoma. Aetiological factors are aflatoxins, sex hormones, thorotrast, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, immunosuppression, vinylchloride, parasites, cirrhosis of the liver, and the hepatitis-B virus. Early diagnosis of the tumour is possible using alpha 1-fetoprotein estimations and modern morphological methods, particularly scintiscanning. Tumour resection is therapeutically desirable, while selective chemotherapy remains palliative and liver transplantation failed to prolong survival.", "contents": "[Primary liver cell carcinoma, aetiology and clinical picture (author's transl)]. Geographic area, age and sex influence the epidemiology of hepatoma. Aetiological factors are aflatoxins, sex hormones, thorotrast, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, immunosuppression, vinylchloride, parasites, cirrhosis of the liver, and the hepatitis-B virus. Early diagnosis of the tumour is possible using alpha 1-fetoprotein estimations and modern morphological methods, particularly scintiscanning. Tumour resection is therapeutically desirable, while selective chemotherapy remains palliative and liver transplantation failed to prolong survival.", "PMID": 91271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12301", "title": "Suppression of experimental allergic neuritis with P2 protein of PNS myelin.", "content": "Experimental allergic neuritis was induced in the guinea pig with bovine PNS myelin. Treatment with P2 protein at the onset of the disease markedly reduced the severity of the clinical signs compared with untreated controls and animals treated with CNS myelin basic protein. The mortality was reduced from 94% in the combined control group to 50% in the treated group. Saline was a better vehicle for administration of the suppressive inoculation than incomplete Freund's adjuvant.", "contents": "Suppression of experimental allergic neuritis with P2 protein of PNS myelin. Experimental allergic neuritis was induced in the guinea pig with bovine PNS myelin. Treatment with P2 protein at the onset of the disease markedly reduced the severity of the clinical signs compared with untreated controls and animals treated with CNS myelin basic protein. The mortality was reduced from 94% in the combined control group to 50% in the treated group. Saline was a better vehicle for administration of the suppressive inoculation than incomplete Freund's adjuvant.", "PMID": 91275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12302", "title": "[Population genetic examination of esterase D in the L\u00fcbeck area (author's transl)].", "content": "1251 blood samples of non-related human beings coming from the area of L\u00fcbeck have been examined. Frequencies of the esterase D allel were EsD1 = 0.9001 and EsD2 = 0.0999.", "contents": "[Population genetic examination of esterase D in the L\u00fcbeck area (author's transl)]. 1251 blood samples of non-related human beings coming from the area of L\u00fcbeck have been examined. Frequencies of the esterase D allel were EsD1 = 0.9001 and EsD2 = 0.0999.", "PMID": 91277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12303", "title": "[The detection of gamma globulin and Inv-factors in semen and saliva and of haptoglobins in semen (author's transl)].", "content": "Gm- 1-, 2-, and Inv 1-factors can be demonstrated in semen and saliva. For the examination of traces it is necessary to verify the suitable dilutions for the different charges of antisera and to test the eluates of the samples if they have a sufficient concentration. We observed some incorrect negative results in seminal and saliva stains which were apparently caused by insufficient material. The demonstration was independent of the secretor type. Haptoglobin could not be determined in semen and saliva.", "contents": "[The detection of gamma globulin and Inv-factors in semen and saliva and of haptoglobins in semen (author's transl)]. Gm- 1-, 2-, and Inv 1-factors can be demonstrated in semen and saliva. For the examination of traces it is necessary to verify the suitable dilutions for the different charges of antisera and to test the eluates of the samples if they have a sufficient concentration. We observed some incorrect negative results in seminal and saliva stains which were apparently caused by insufficient material. The demonstration was independent of the secretor type. Haptoglobin could not be determined in semen and saliva.", "PMID": 91278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12304", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. A histopathologic study.", "content": "The results of an anatomohistopathologic study carried out on subjects who died from various causes in resuscitation centers are reported with specific reference to the evolutive phases of the adult respiratory distress syncrome (ARDS). While a precise anatomohistopathologic diagnosis of non-clinically diagnosed ARDS in its initial phase is considered possible, the importance of recognizing this pathology in cadavers and living patients is emphasized because of the medico-legal implications involved.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. A histopathologic study. The results of an anatomohistopathologic study carried out on subjects who died from various causes in resuscitation centers are reported with specific reference to the evolutive phases of the adult respiratory distress syncrome (ARDS). While a precise anatomohistopathologic diagnosis of non-clinically diagnosed ARDS in its initial phase is considered possible, the importance of recognizing this pathology in cadavers and living patients is emphasized because of the medico-legal implications involved.", "PMID": 91279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12305", "title": "[Results of experimental animal studies on pervascular influences of indwelling intravasal catheters upon free tissue grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "Free tissue grafting procedures were performed on sixteen experimental animals on the basis of previously described experiments (first communication). The objective of finding a suitable operating method for pervascular perfusion of epidermal grafts in animal experiments has been accomplished. At the same time, several possible ways of objectifying the results of blood gas analyses, temperature measurements, colorimetric determinations, and histological studies were subjected to tests.", "contents": "[Results of experimental animal studies on pervascular influences of indwelling intravasal catheters upon free tissue grafts (author's transl)]. Free tissue grafting procedures were performed on sixteen experimental animals on the basis of previously described experiments (first communication). The objective of finding a suitable operating method for pervascular perfusion of epidermal grafts in animal experiments has been accomplished. At the same time, several possible ways of objectifying the results of blood gas analyses, temperature measurements, colorimetric determinations, and histological studies were subjected to tests.", "PMID": 91280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12306", "title": "[Possibility of using the BI-3 jet injector for gamma globulin administration].", "content": "The results of weighing glass flasks before and after \"shooting\" preparations varying in viscosity into these flasks from type BI-3 jet injectors indicated that the ejected dose of gamma globulin corresponded to the preset value. Studies carried out by means of radioisotyope technique with the use of Tc99m showed that the intramuscular injection of gamma globulin with type BI-3 jet injector resulted in 75% of the preset dose penetrating the body. For this reason in mass vaccination against Botkin's disease the dose of the preparation in the injector should be increased by 1/3.", "contents": "[Possibility of using the BI-3 jet injector for gamma globulin administration]. The results of weighing glass flasks before and after \"shooting\" preparations varying in viscosity into these flasks from type BI-3 jet injectors indicated that the ejected dose of gamma globulin corresponded to the preset value. Studies carried out by means of radioisotyope technique with the use of Tc99m showed that the intramuscular injection of gamma globulin with type BI-3 jet injector resulted in 75% of the preset dose penetrating the body. For this reason in mass vaccination against Botkin's disease the dose of the preparation in the injector should be increased by 1/3.", "PMID": 91282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12307", "title": "[Erythrocyte diagnostica made from salmonellal phagolysates].", "content": "For the first time O antigens obtained from phagolysates were proved to be suitable for use as material for the production of highly specific erythrocyte diagnostic preparations. O antigens obtained from Salmonella by two methods, i.e. phage disintegration and Grasset's method, were subjected to comparative chemical analysis and found to have no essential difference. Nevertheless, the sensitizing potency of O antigens obtained from phagolysates were experimentally shown to be 3 times greater than that of O antigens obtained by Grasset's method. The optimum sensitizing doses established in the passive hemagglutination test for O antigens obtained by both methods indicated that these antigens were highly sensitive and specific.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte diagnostica made from salmonellal phagolysates]. For the first time O antigens obtained from phagolysates were proved to be suitable for use as material for the production of highly specific erythrocyte diagnostic preparations. O antigens obtained from Salmonella by two methods, i.e. phage disintegration and Grasset's method, were subjected to comparative chemical analysis and found to have no essential difference. Nevertheless, the sensitizing potency of O antigens obtained from phagolysates were experimentally shown to be 3 times greater than that of O antigens obtained by Grasset's method. The optimum sensitizing doses established in the passive hemagglutination test for O antigens obtained by both methods indicated that these antigens were highly sensitive and specific.", "PMID": 91283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12308", "title": "[Study of the subclasses of immunoglobulin G. II. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of IgG subclasses using antisera systems].", "content": "Bispecific antisera, or \"antisera-systems\", containing class- and subclass-specific antibodies to IgG were obtained from rabbits, goats and guinea pigs after brief courses of immunization with purified G1, G2, G3 and G4 paraproteins. After the elimination of antibodies to light chains by adsorption these antisera were tested in immunoelectrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion in gel with sera containing G paraproteins of different subclasses. In immunoelectrophoresis double lines and in radial immunodiffusion with G paraproteins of heterologous subclasses double rings were obtained: the external lines (or the external rings) were formed as a result of interaction between G paraproteins and antibodies to class-specific IgG determinants, the inner lines (or the inner rings) were formed as a result of interaction between the corresponding subclass of normal IgG and subclass-specific antibodies. The identification of different G paraprotein subclasses gave similar results when carried out with \"antisera-systems\" and with monospecific antisera to the corresponding IgG subclasses. \"Antisera-systems\" proved to be suitable for use in the identification of G paraprotein subclasses, as well as in the quantitation of different subclasses in normal IgG.", "contents": "[Study of the subclasses of immunoglobulin G. II. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of IgG subclasses using antisera systems]. Bispecific antisera, or \"antisera-systems\", containing class- and subclass-specific antibodies to IgG were obtained from rabbits, goats and guinea pigs after brief courses of immunization with purified G1, G2, G3 and G4 paraproteins. After the elimination of antibodies to light chains by adsorption these antisera were tested in immunoelectrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion in gel with sera containing G paraproteins of different subclasses. In immunoelectrophoresis double lines and in radial immunodiffusion with G paraproteins of heterologous subclasses double rings were obtained: the external lines (or the external rings) were formed as a result of interaction between G paraproteins and antibodies to class-specific IgG determinants, the inner lines (or the inner rings) were formed as a result of interaction between the corresponding subclass of normal IgG and subclass-specific antibodies. The identification of different G paraprotein subclasses gave similar results when carried out with \"antisera-systems\" and with monospecific antisera to the corresponding IgG subclasses. \"Antisera-systems\" proved to be suitable for use in the identification of G paraprotein subclasses, as well as in the quantitation of different subclasses in normal IgG.", "PMID": 91284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12309", "title": "[Immunologic study of the cellular components of bacillus pyocyaneus. V. Antigenic analysis of slime and its fractions].", "content": "Various slime fractions were obtained from newly isolated mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa by the method of ultrafiltration or differential centrifugation with subsequent gel chromatography. Purified slime was found to react with a broader spectrum of typing O sera than the corresponding cell wall lipopolysaccharides. Erythrocytic diagnostic preparations produced on the basis of slime antigens allowed to reveale the presence of circulating antibodies against P. aeruginosa. The slime components with molecular weight of 30,000--100,000 daltons and greater contained common antigenic determinants, and the slime components with molecular weight of 10,000--30,000 daltons contained both specific antigenic determinants and those also common to the high molecular components.", "contents": "[Immunologic study of the cellular components of bacillus pyocyaneus. V. Antigenic analysis of slime and its fractions]. Various slime fractions were obtained from newly isolated mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa by the method of ultrafiltration or differential centrifugation with subsequent gel chromatography. Purified slime was found to react with a broader spectrum of typing O sera than the corresponding cell wall lipopolysaccharides. Erythrocytic diagnostic preparations produced on the basis of slime antigens allowed to reveale the presence of circulating antibodies against P. aeruginosa. The slime components with molecular weight of 30,000--100,000 daltons and greater contained common antigenic determinants, and the slime components with molecular weight of 10,000--30,000 daltons contained both specific antigenic determinants and those also common to the high molecular components.", "PMID": 91285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12310", "title": "[Therapeutic and preventive vaccination of persons bitten by wolves in the Aktiubinsk region].", "content": "A total of 46 cases of wolves attacking people were registered in the Aktyubinsk region during the period of 1972--1976. These attacks resulted in 1 person dying of wounds and 2 persons being infected with rabies. In more than a half of the wolves available for examination after the attack rabies was confirmed by laboratory investigation. All the victims of such attacks received antirabies gamma globulin (0.25--0.5 ml per kg body weight) and the maximum doses of rabies vaccine (daily injections of 5 ml for 25 days, then 2 more injections in the same dose 10 and 20 days later). No complications were observed after the injections. The vaccination schedule recommended for use in the USSR for the prophylaxis of rabies proved to be effective.", "contents": "[Therapeutic and preventive vaccination of persons bitten by wolves in the Aktiubinsk region]. A total of 46 cases of wolves attacking people were registered in the Aktyubinsk region during the period of 1972--1976. These attacks resulted in 1 person dying of wounds and 2 persons being infected with rabies. In more than a half of the wolves available for examination after the attack rabies was confirmed by laboratory investigation. All the victims of such attacks received antirabies gamma globulin (0.25--0.5 ml per kg body weight) and the maximum doses of rabies vaccine (daily injections of 5 ml for 25 days, then 2 more injections in the same dose 10 and 20 days later). No complications were observed after the injections. The vaccination schedule recommended for use in the USSR for the prophylaxis of rabies proved to be effective.", "PMID": 91286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12311", "title": "Immunoassay of macrophage stimulating alpha 2 SB (surface binding) glycoprotein in pig plasma following missile trauma.", "content": "Pigs were subjected to a standardized missile trauma in the thigh and plasma samples were collected at various times after trauma. The plasma level of an opsonic alpha 2 SB (surface binding) glycoprotein related to macrophage phagocytosis was determined by an agglutination assay using 125I-labelled gelatin particles. The results indicated a transient but significance decrease (p less than 0.01) in the plasma agglutination activity after trauma reflecting a deficiency in plasma alpha 2 SB glycoprotein. One non-surviving animal showed a persistent decrease in the plasma level of alpha 2 SB glycoprotein, while the surviving animals showed a normalization indicating that this agglutination assay may have prognostic value during the course of posttraumatic therapy.", "contents": "Immunoassay of macrophage stimulating alpha 2 SB (surface binding) glycoprotein in pig plasma following missile trauma. Pigs were subjected to a standardized missile trauma in the thigh and plasma samples were collected at various times after trauma. The plasma level of an opsonic alpha 2 SB (surface binding) glycoprotein related to macrophage phagocytosis was determined by an agglutination assay using 125I-labelled gelatin particles. The results indicated a transient but significance decrease (p less than 0.01) in the plasma agglutination activity after trauma reflecting a deficiency in plasma alpha 2 SB glycoprotein. One non-surviving animal showed a persistent decrease in the plasma level of alpha 2 SB glycoprotein, while the surviving animals showed a normalization indicating that this agglutination assay may have prognostic value during the course of posttraumatic therapy.", "PMID": 91288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12312", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein assay in normal pregnant women. Perspectives of clinical use for purposes of diagnosis and prognosis.", "content": "Radioimmunological assay of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been performed in the serum of normal women at various stages of pregnancy and at the time of parturition; a total of 208 assay was carried out, AFP values rose until the 33rd week and at the time of childbirth dropped to levels about half of the maximum reached. No correlations were found between AFP values, neonatal weight and parity while the sex of the fetus appearech to have some influence. It is to be hoped that the application of these potential uses can be envisaged in the near future.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein assay in normal pregnant women. Perspectives of clinical use for purposes of diagnosis and prognosis. Radioimmunological assay of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been performed in the serum of normal women at various stages of pregnancy and at the time of parturition; a total of 208 assay was carried out, AFP values rose until the 33rd week and at the time of childbirth dropped to levels about half of the maximum reached. No correlations were found between AFP values, neonatal weight and parity while the sex of the fetus appearech to have some influence. It is to be hoped that the application of these potential uses can be envisaged in the near future.", "PMID": 91289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12313", "title": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice: lack of a pathogenetic role for complement.", "content": "Feeding a choline-deficient diet containing 0.5% DL-ethionine induces an acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in 100% of young female mice. Evidence for deposition of the third component of complement (C3) on acinar cell plasma membranes was sought, during the inductive stages, by a sandwich immunofluorescence technique. Such a localization could not be demonstrated even though the method is capable of detecting less than 8 x 10(-5) microgram of protein/mm2 of cell membrane. Artifactual binding of immunoglobulin reagents was encountered when goat antisera, with high levels of circulating immune complexes, formed the middle layer in the sandwich technique. This was attributed to the appearance of Fc receptors on the plasma membrane of degenerating acinar cells, and could be avoided by ultracentrifuging acinar cells, and could be avoided by ultracentrifuging the goat antisera prior to sue. In view of the fact that C3 cleavage represents an amplification loop in both the calssical and alternate pathways of complement activation, the lack of demonstrable C3 staining in tbe present experiments strongly suggests that complement plays no role in acinar cell necrosis in this model of pancreatitis.", "contents": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis in mice: lack of a pathogenetic role for complement. Feeding a choline-deficient diet containing 0.5% DL-ethionine induces an acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in 100% of young female mice. Evidence for deposition of the third component of complement (C3) on acinar cell plasma membranes was sought, during the inductive stages, by a sandwich immunofluorescence technique. Such a localization could not be demonstrated even though the method is capable of detecting less than 8 x 10(-5) microgram of protein/mm2 of cell membrane. Artifactual binding of immunoglobulin reagents was encountered when goat antisera, with high levels of circulating immune complexes, formed the middle layer in the sandwich technique. This was attributed to the appearance of Fc receptors on the plasma membrane of degenerating acinar cells, and could be avoided by ultracentrifuging acinar cells, and could be avoided by ultracentrifuging the goat antisera prior to sue. In view of the fact that C3 cleavage represents an amplification loop in both the calssical and alternate pathways of complement activation, the lack of demonstrable C3 staining in tbe present experiments strongly suggests that complement plays no role in acinar cell necrosis in this model of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 91291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12314", "title": "CPC-PTA section staining of acid glycans.", "content": "A cetylpyridinium chloride-phosphotungstic acid procedure suggested by Kel\u00e9nyi and Kiss (1976) for the staining of mast cell granules in ultrathin sections was slightly modified with regard to pretreatment, pH of incubation, and rinsing of sections. The method also proved suitable for the demonstration of various mucosubstances and of cartilage proteoglycan aggrebates.", "contents": "CPC-PTA section staining of acid glycans. A cetylpyridinium chloride-phosphotungstic acid procedure suggested by Kel\u00e9nyi and Kiss (1976) for the staining of mast cell granules in ultrathin sections was slightly modified with regard to pretreatment, pH of incubation, and rinsing of sections. The method also proved suitable for the demonstration of various mucosubstances and of cartilage proteoglycan aggrebates.", "PMID": 91292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12315", "title": "[A ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide section staining method (author's transl)].", "content": "We suggest a method for the section staining of polyanions by means of ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide. A 5 min incubation in diluted ruthenium red-OsO4 solution pH = 7.4 of ultrathin Durcupan-sections previously treated with sodium methoxide results in the opaque stining of mast cell granules, cartilage proteoglycans, and various epithelial mucosubstances.", "contents": "[A ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide section staining method (author's transl)]. We suggest a method for the section staining of polyanions by means of ruthenium red and osmium tetroxide. A 5 min incubation in diluted ruthenium red-OsO4 solution pH = 7.4 of ultrathin Durcupan-sections previously treated with sodium methoxide results in the opaque stining of mast cell granules, cartilage proteoglycans, and various epithelial mucosubstances.", "PMID": 91293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12316", "title": "Decay of murine intestinal epithelial cells under extrusion.", "content": "Electron microscopic findings of this study revealed 2 types of extrusion of brush border cells from the summits of intestinal villi: a) By expansion of initial vacuolation the degenerating cell enlarges and elevates itself above the level of the extrusion zone. Cells about to lift become sphered and are shed into the lumen for degradation to continue. b) Another group of cells vacuolating to a similar extend already may start apical decay in situ. In this case mechanical elevation, apparently, is inefficient or retarded such as to offer a cell the opportunity to decompose at its proper place in the mucosal lining. Contrary to type A extrusion, i.e. the desquamation of the entire degenerating cell, type B produces cellular debris to be shed into the lumen. Either type of exfoliation may be associated with the formation of gaps the closure of which proceeds slowly. The light microscopic test of cell viability by means of horseradish peroxidase demonstrated many brush border cells leaky such as to become loaded with the tracer irrespective of its vascular or enteric approach to the extrusion zone. Damage of the cell membrane due to a brief pretreatment with digitonin resulted in a dramatic rise of horseradish peroxidase positive cells. With respect to these findings, one cannot escape the conclusion that both types of extrusion confer intermittent leakage on the summits of intestinal villi which at least could account for part of the diffusion of macromolecules in either direction.", "contents": "Decay of murine intestinal epithelial cells under extrusion. Electron microscopic findings of this study revealed 2 types of extrusion of brush border cells from the summits of intestinal villi: a) By expansion of initial vacuolation the degenerating cell enlarges and elevates itself above the level of the extrusion zone. Cells about to lift become sphered and are shed into the lumen for degradation to continue. b) Another group of cells vacuolating to a similar extend already may start apical decay in situ. In this case mechanical elevation, apparently, is inefficient or retarded such as to offer a cell the opportunity to decompose at its proper place in the mucosal lining. Contrary to type A extrusion, i.e. the desquamation of the entire degenerating cell, type B produces cellular debris to be shed into the lumen. Either type of exfoliation may be associated with the formation of gaps the closure of which proceeds slowly. The light microscopic test of cell viability by means of horseradish peroxidase demonstrated many brush border cells leaky such as to become loaded with the tracer irrespective of its vascular or enteric approach to the extrusion zone. Damage of the cell membrane due to a brief pretreatment with digitonin resulted in a dramatic rise of horseradish peroxidase positive cells. With respect to these findings, one cannot escape the conclusion that both types of extrusion confer intermittent leakage on the summits of intestinal villi which at least could account for part of the diffusion of macromolecules in either direction.", "PMID": 91294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12317", "title": "ATPase activity in the breast: a comparison between three methods.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase enzymatic activity was investigated in human approximatively normal, dysplastic and neoplastic mammary tissue, by three different methods. Staining intensity varied within wide limits; myoepithelial cells and blood vessels showed similar enzymatic activity. Epithelial cells reacted only faintly, or not at all; carcinoma cells were never labelled. Stromal response was highly variable. The calcium-cobalt method of Padykula and Herman gave more intense reactions than the lead-nitrate procedure of Wachstein and Meisel, either in the original form or according to the modifications recommended by Russo and Wells. With the latter method the sharpness of stain deposits on the different structures was markedly enhanced. The functional significance of ATPase activity is discussed.", "contents": "ATPase activity in the breast: a comparison between three methods. Adenosine triphosphatase enzymatic activity was investigated in human approximatively normal, dysplastic and neoplastic mammary tissue, by three different methods. Staining intensity varied within wide limits; myoepithelial cells and blood vessels showed similar enzymatic activity. Epithelial cells reacted only faintly, or not at all; carcinoma cells were never labelled. Stromal response was highly variable. The calcium-cobalt method of Padykula and Herman gave more intense reactions than the lead-nitrate procedure of Wachstein and Meisel, either in the original form or according to the modifications recommended by Russo and Wells. With the latter method the sharpness of stain deposits on the different structures was markedly enhanced. The functional significance of ATPase activity is discussed.", "PMID": 91295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12318", "title": "Uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin of healthy women and in the skin of patients with acne vulgaris.", "content": "Skin samples of interscapular region were taken from healthy women and patients with Acne vulgaris. The material was incubated with 3H-testosterone. The incubation of a part of the material was preceeded by an incubation with the unlabelled testosterone. An autoradiography was employed to detect and localize an uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin. A significantly greater 3H-testosterone uptake was noted in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair sheaths and, in patients with Acne vulgaris, also within hair sacs and comedons.", "contents": "Uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin of healthy women and in the skin of patients with acne vulgaris. Skin samples of interscapular region were taken from healthy women and patients with Acne vulgaris. The material was incubated with 3H-testosterone. The incubation of a part of the material was preceeded by an incubation with the unlabelled testosterone. An autoradiography was employed to detect and localize an uptake of 3H-testosterone in the skin. A significantly greater 3H-testosterone uptake was noted in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair sheaths and, in patients with Acne vulgaris, also within hair sacs and comedons.", "PMID": 91296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12319", "title": "Rapid changes in the serum total protein and globulin levels in complications caused by facultatively pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The changes in the levels of total protein and four globulin fractions were followed up throughout the entire course of complications caused by Gram-negative facultative pathogens in 37 acute cases of respiratory insufficiency accompanying different underlying illnesses and in 9 chronic, bedridden patients given artificial ventilation. At the onset of the infectious complications, in the first place in septic shock, the levels of various globulin fractions showed a decrease corresponding to a half-life of 2 to 4 days. Neither the increased catabolism, nor the protein losses by the urine and tracheal secretions offer a sufficient explanation for the escape of globulins of this extent from the plasma. It seems that this is a consequence of the increase in capillary permeability due to the effect of antigen-antibody reactions and that of endotoxin. As a result, in the critical phase of the infectious complications, at the point of culmination, e.g. in septic shock, diminished amount of different globulins is transported to the site of utilization, that is, to the inflammatory area.", "contents": "Rapid changes in the serum total protein and globulin levels in complications caused by facultatively pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The changes in the levels of total protein and four globulin fractions were followed up throughout the entire course of complications caused by Gram-negative facultative pathogens in 37 acute cases of respiratory insufficiency accompanying different underlying illnesses and in 9 chronic, bedridden patients given artificial ventilation. At the onset of the infectious complications, in the first place in septic shock, the levels of various globulin fractions showed a decrease corresponding to a half-life of 2 to 4 days. Neither the increased catabolism, nor the protein losses by the urine and tracheal secretions offer a sufficient explanation for the escape of globulins of this extent from the plasma. It seems that this is a consequence of the increase in capillary permeability due to the effect of antigen-antibody reactions and that of endotoxin. As a result, in the critical phase of the infectious complications, at the point of culmination, e.g. in septic shock, diminished amount of different globulins is transported to the site of utilization, that is, to the inflammatory area.", "PMID": 91297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12320", "title": "Total protein, electrophoretic patterns, total amino acid and creatinine in the amniotic fluid of premature infants.", "content": "Total protein, total amino acid, creatinine and the 5 major protein fractions were determined in amniotic fluid samples from 42 normal and 12 premature neonates. Total protein, albumin, globulin, total amino acid, creatinine and A/G ratio were significantly lower in the 6 premature infants who developed the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) than in the controls. The alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma globulin levels were within the normal ranges. In the 4 premature stillborn babies, total protein and globulins were significantly higher than those of the controls, while the albumin, total amino acid and creatinine levels were normal. A/G ratio for this group was still lower than that for the former group and much lower than the control ratio. The remaining 2 premature alive infants showed a significant decrease in the alpha 1, alpha 2 globulins and creatinine levels. Slight increase in total amino acid, and significant increase in the beta globulin, while total protein, albumin, gamma globulin and A/G ratio were within the normal ranges.", "contents": "Total protein, electrophoretic patterns, total amino acid and creatinine in the amniotic fluid of premature infants. Total protein, total amino acid, creatinine and the 5 major protein fractions were determined in amniotic fluid samples from 42 normal and 12 premature neonates. Total protein, albumin, globulin, total amino acid, creatinine and A/G ratio were significantly lower in the 6 premature infants who developed the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) than in the controls. The alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma globulin levels were within the normal ranges. In the 4 premature stillborn babies, total protein and globulins were significantly higher than those of the controls, while the albumin, total amino acid and creatinine levels were normal. A/G ratio for this group was still lower than that for the former group and much lower than the control ratio. The remaining 2 premature alive infants showed a significant decrease in the alpha 1, alpha 2 globulins and creatinine levels. Slight increase in total amino acid, and significant increase in the beta globulin, while total protein, albumin, gamma globulin and A/G ratio were within the normal ranges.", "PMID": 91298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12321", "title": "[Circadian variations in the frequency of arrhythmia and quantitative analysis of rhythm disturbances].", "content": "In 29 patients with long term ECG monitoring the circadian rhythm of extrasystoles was investigated. A decrease of maximal frequency of extrasystoles was calculated for each hour and an increase of the minima during night was detected. In 77% of the patients also for 6 hour-segments a circadian rhythm could be calculated. The effect of the antiarrhythmic treatment on the frequency of extrasystoles was different depending on the frequency of the sinus rhythm.", "contents": "[Circadian variations in the frequency of arrhythmia and quantitative analysis of rhythm disturbances]. In 29 patients with long term ECG monitoring the circadian rhythm of extrasystoles was investigated. A decrease of maximal frequency of extrasystoles was calculated for each hour and an increase of the minima during night was detected. In 77% of the patients also for 6 hour-segments a circadian rhythm could be calculated. The effect of the antiarrhythmic treatment on the frequency of extrasystoles was different depending on the frequency of the sinus rhythm.", "PMID": 91299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12322", "title": "[Diagnostic progress in testicular carcinoma].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the serum tumour markers, beta-HCG and AFP, is investigated in 71 patients with malignant testicular tumours. Regular screening with beta-HCG and AFP, has improved the early diagnosis of recurrences and metastases in nonseminomatous testicular tumours.", "contents": "[Diagnostic progress in testicular carcinoma]. The diagnostic value of the serum tumour markers, beta-HCG and AFP, is investigated in 71 patients with malignant testicular tumours. Regular screening with beta-HCG and AFP, has improved the early diagnosis of recurrences and metastases in nonseminomatous testicular tumours.", "PMID": 91300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12323", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in the presence of myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and control subjects.", "content": "The transformation of lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of human myelin basic protein has been investigated in normal people, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls with other neurological diseases. There was little or no response at low concentrations (1--10 microgram/ml) but significant transformation at higher concentrations (100--1000 microgram/ml) in all three groups. There was no significant difference among the groups as a whole, but those MS patients who had had disease for more than 10 years did show greater responses than normal subjects (P less than 0.05). Increased responses could not be correlated with any other aspect of disease activity: in particular they were not increased in patients with acute relapses. The use of autologous serum instead of homologous AB Rhesus positive serum did not significantly alter lymphocyte responsiveness. The absence of any response in the presence of purified calf thymus histone suggests that the response to myelin basic protein indicates a low level of lymphocyte sensitization to this antigen even in normal subjects. The present evidence does not support a primary pathogenetic role for such a reaction in MS. The increased response in patients with a long duration of disease might merely be an effect of white matter damage or might represent an amplification of the normal immune response contributing to myelin breakdown and leading to the emergence of the progressive stage of the disease. The study of lymphocyte responsiveness over a wide range of concentrations of myelin basic protein is considered to resolve some of the controversy surrounding this subject in the literature.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in the presence of myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and control subjects. The transformation of lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of human myelin basic protein has been investigated in normal people, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls with other neurological diseases. There was little or no response at low concentrations (1--10 microgram/ml) but significant transformation at higher concentrations (100--1000 microgram/ml) in all three groups. There was no significant difference among the groups as a whole, but those MS patients who had had disease for more than 10 years did show greater responses than normal subjects (P less than 0.05). Increased responses could not be correlated with any other aspect of disease activity: in particular they were not increased in patients with acute relapses. The use of autologous serum instead of homologous AB Rhesus positive serum did not significantly alter lymphocyte responsiveness. The absence of any response in the presence of purified calf thymus histone suggests that the response to myelin basic protein indicates a low level of lymphocyte sensitization to this antigen even in normal subjects. The present evidence does not support a primary pathogenetic role for such a reaction in MS. The increased response in patients with a long duration of disease might merely be an effect of white matter damage or might represent an amplification of the normal immune response contributing to myelin breakdown and leading to the emergence of the progressive stage of the disease. The study of lymphocyte responsiveness over a wide range of concentrations of myelin basic protein is considered to resolve some of the controversy surrounding this subject in the literature.", "PMID": 91302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12324", "title": "Experimental subperiosteal implantation of porous Al2O3 ceramic for mandibular ridge augmentation.", "content": "Porous Al2O3 ceramic material with pore size of 100-750 micrometers was used for implants placed subperiosteally as alveolar ridge augmentation onlays in six Cercopithecus monkeys. Clinical and radiographic examination during the postoperative period revealed rapid healing and anchorage of the implant in five of the animals. One implant was lost. The implants were retrieved after 4, 10, 11 and 12 months' implantation time. Histologic and microradiographic examination demonstrated fibrous and bone tissue invasion into the pore system at the base of the subperiosteal implant, with good anchorage of the ceramic material to the jaw. Only fibrous tissue was found to project into the ceramic openings on the implant sides facing the periosteum. Labeling of the mineralizing tissue was attempted using intravenously administered tetracycline (Reverin) and calcein (Calcein) at varying intervals prior to sacrifice, but the labeling results were not impressive.", "contents": "Experimental subperiosteal implantation of porous Al2O3 ceramic for mandibular ridge augmentation. Porous Al2O3 ceramic material with pore size of 100-750 micrometers was used for implants placed subperiosteally as alveolar ridge augmentation onlays in six Cercopithecus monkeys. Clinical and radiographic examination during the postoperative period revealed rapid healing and anchorage of the implant in five of the animals. One implant was lost. The implants were retrieved after 4, 10, 11 and 12 months' implantation time. Histologic and microradiographic examination demonstrated fibrous and bone tissue invasion into the pore system at the base of the subperiosteal implant, with good anchorage of the ceramic material to the jaw. Only fibrous tissue was found to project into the ceramic openings on the implant sides facing the periosteum. Labeling of the mineralizing tissue was attempted using intravenously administered tetracycline (Reverin) and calcein (Calcein) at varying intervals prior to sacrifice, but the labeling results were not impressive.", "PMID": 91303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12325", "title": "The role of HLA-B27 in the diagnosis of low back pain.", "content": "The HLA-B27 antigen was determined in 652 patients with low back pain which had lasted for more than 3 months. A clinical and roentgenological examination of the sacroiliac joints and the thoraco-lumbar spine was performed in all the patients. The control group consisted of 302 unrelated persons who did not show signs of low back pain. Antigen HLA-B27 was found in 276 of these 652 patients attending the ward for rheumatic diseases (42.4 per cent) and in 37 of the 302 unrelated persons in the control group (12.2 per cent). The difference is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). Ankylosing spondylitis was found in 128 out of the 276 patients with low back pain and antigen HLA-B27. This demonstrates the importance of this antigen in the differential diagnosis of low back pain.", "contents": "The role of HLA-B27 in the diagnosis of low back pain. The HLA-B27 antigen was determined in 652 patients with low back pain which had lasted for more than 3 months. A clinical and roentgenological examination of the sacroiliac joints and the thoraco-lumbar spine was performed in all the patients. The control group consisted of 302 unrelated persons who did not show signs of low back pain. Antigen HLA-B27 was found in 276 of these 652 patients attending the ward for rheumatic diseases (42.4 per cent) and in 37 of the 302 unrelated persons in the control group (12.2 per cent). The difference is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). Ankylosing spondylitis was found in 128 out of the 276 patients with low back pain and antigen HLA-B27. This demonstrates the importance of this antigen in the differential diagnosis of low back pain.", "PMID": 91304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12326", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulin in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections, as staining method in diagnostic work.", "content": "52 specimens from 34 patients with multiple myeloma and 3 cases with reactive plasmacytosis were stained by the 2-step labelled or 3-step unlabelled immunoperoxidase (IP) technique for demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulin in order to test the utility of these methods as staining methods in routine diagnostic work. The specificity of the methods was high as agreement between IP staining and serumanalysis for M-component was achieved in 27 out of 28 cases, where complete serumanalysis were available. Interpersonal variation in interpretation of the staining results was low. With optimal dilutions of antisera the evaluations of the examiners were concordant in 51 out of 52 specimens. By comparing the different tissue specimens the best result was obtained with iliac bone biopsies both concerning IP staining and morphological preservation. No difference was observed between results obtained by the 2-step labelled and 3-step unlabelled IP techniques.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulin in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections, as staining method in diagnostic work. 52 specimens from 34 patients with multiple myeloma and 3 cases with reactive plasmacytosis were stained by the 2-step labelled or 3-step unlabelled immunoperoxidase (IP) technique for demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulin in order to test the utility of these methods as staining methods in routine diagnostic work. The specificity of the methods was high as agreement between IP staining and serumanalysis for M-component was achieved in 27 out of 28 cases, where complete serumanalysis were available. Interpersonal variation in interpretation of the staining results was low. With optimal dilutions of antisera the evaluations of the examiners were concordant in 51 out of 52 specimens. By comparing the different tissue specimens the best result was obtained with iliac bone biopsies both concerning IP staining and morphological preservation. No difference was observed between results obtained by the 2-step labelled and 3-step unlabelled IP techniques.", "PMID": 91305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12327", "title": "Effect of sensitization on spontaneous and phosphatidylserine-induced histamine release and on cyclic AMP and GMP levels in isolated rat mast cells.", "content": "Sprague Dawley rats were sensitized with 20 microgram or 100 mg egg albumin (using pertussis vaccine as adjuvant). Mast cells isolated from the former group of animals showed a higher degree of histamine release upon challenge in vitro with egg albumin than those from the latter group. Using the lower amount of antigen for immunization mast cells from Hooded Lister rats showed an even higher degree of histamine release induced by antigen. An increased antigen-induced histamine release was associated with an increased spontaneous and phosphatidylserine-induced histamine release. Histamine release induced by phosphatidylserine was found to be specific in so far as it was calcium dependent and theophylline-inhibited. The basal level of cyclic AMP in mast cells was significantly depressed by sensitization. There was a relationship between the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio and the degree of spontaneous, phosphatidylserine-induced and anaphylactic histamine release. The results suggest that sensitization induces an increased release of histamine not only to the specific antigenic stimulus but also to more unspecific stimuli. Concomitantly there is a fall in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio. The relationship between these two phenomena is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of sensitization on spontaneous and phosphatidylserine-induced histamine release and on cyclic AMP and GMP levels in isolated rat mast cells. Sprague Dawley rats were sensitized with 20 microgram or 100 mg egg albumin (using pertussis vaccine as adjuvant). Mast cells isolated from the former group of animals showed a higher degree of histamine release upon challenge in vitro with egg albumin than those from the latter group. Using the lower amount of antigen for immunization mast cells from Hooded Lister rats showed an even higher degree of histamine release induced by antigen. An increased antigen-induced histamine release was associated with an increased spontaneous and phosphatidylserine-induced histamine release. Histamine release induced by phosphatidylserine was found to be specific in so far as it was calcium dependent and theophylline-inhibited. The basal level of cyclic AMP in mast cells was significantly depressed by sensitization. There was a relationship between the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio and the degree of spontaneous, phosphatidylserine-induced and anaphylactic histamine release. The results suggest that sensitization induces an increased release of histamine not only to the specific antigenic stimulus but also to more unspecific stimuli. Concomitantly there is a fall in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio. The relationship between these two phenomena is discussed.", "PMID": 91306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12328", "title": "Palliative embolization of arterial renal tumour supply. Results in 10 cases.", "content": "Palliative occlusion of the arterial renal tumour supply was performed in 10 patients and the follow up is reported. Nine of the patients had no subsequent nephrectomy. Spongostan (99% gelatin) was used as the embolic material in 4 patients with the addition of steel coils in 2. Bucrylate was used in 6 cases. Six patients are alive with survival rates presently ranging from 3 to 24 months after embolization. Improvement of the survival time cannot be estimated but local symptoms such as hematuria and pain may be treated in those patients with renal tumours who are not considered for surgery.", "contents": "Palliative embolization of arterial renal tumour supply. Results in 10 cases. Palliative occlusion of the arterial renal tumour supply was performed in 10 patients and the follow up is reported. Nine of the patients had no subsequent nephrectomy. Spongostan (99% gelatin) was used as the embolic material in 4 patients with the addition of steel coils in 2. Bucrylate was used in 6 cases. Six patients are alive with survival rates presently ranging from 3 to 24 months after embolization. Improvement of the survival time cannot be estimated but local symptoms such as hematuria and pain may be treated in those patients with renal tumours who are not considered for surgery.", "PMID": 91307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12329", "title": "The development of mesosomes of Staphylococcus aureus during autolysis.", "content": "Mesosomes of Staphylococcus aureus were examined morphologically under the electron microscope. Three different methods of specimen preparation (thin section, freeze-fracture, and negative staining) were used to eliminate artifacts due to sample processing. Mesosomes were rarely seen in intact cells but were quite distinct in autolysed cells incubated in 1.2M sucrose -0.33M acetate buffer (pH 5.8) at 25 degrees C. The phospholipid content increased by 20% of the control as autolysis proceeded. Since the plasma membrane did not show any other significant changes, the development of mesosomes during autolysis was shown to be a real event. Most of the well-developed mesosomes were found at the septum in negatively stained specimens. Initial wall-lysis occurred at this site, suggesting a close relationship between autolysis and the development of mesosomes in S. aureus.", "contents": "The development of mesosomes of Staphylococcus aureus during autolysis. Mesosomes of Staphylococcus aureus were examined morphologically under the electron microscope. Three different methods of specimen preparation (thin section, freeze-fracture, and negative staining) were used to eliminate artifacts due to sample processing. Mesosomes were rarely seen in intact cells but were quite distinct in autolysed cells incubated in 1.2M sucrose -0.33M acetate buffer (pH 5.8) at 25 degrees C. The phospholipid content increased by 20% of the control as autolysis proceeded. Since the plasma membrane did not show any other significant changes, the development of mesosomes during autolysis was shown to be a real event. Most of the well-developed mesosomes were found at the septum in negatively stained specimens. Initial wall-lysis occurred at this site, suggesting a close relationship between autolysis and the development of mesosomes in S. aureus.", "PMID": 91308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12330", "title": "Purification of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-immunoabsorption and elution.", "content": "Purification of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was achieved by immunoabsorption and elution. Human tonsil cells or thymocytes were used as absorbents. Complement dependent microcytotoxicity tests showed that, in comparison to the parent sera, the eluate from tonsil cells was eight times, and that from thymocytes four times, more active. Antinuclear activity was eliminated by elution. The ALA was almost entirely IgM, IgG being involved in only a few cases. IgA lacked cytotoxic activity. ALA was directed at both T- and B-cell surface determinants, which suggests that, in SLE, it has a heterogeneous biological composition.", "contents": "Purification of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-immunoabsorption and elution. Purification of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was achieved by immunoabsorption and elution. Human tonsil cells or thymocytes were used as absorbents. Complement dependent microcytotoxicity tests showed that, in comparison to the parent sera, the eluate from tonsil cells was eight times, and that from thymocytes four times, more active. Antinuclear activity was eliminated by elution. The ALA was almost entirely IgM, IgG being involved in only a few cases. IgA lacked cytotoxic activity. ALA was directed at both T- and B-cell surface determinants, which suggests that, in SLE, it has a heterogeneous biological composition.", "PMID": 91309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12331", "title": "Use of recombinant DNA technology for the production of polypeptides.", "content": "DNA sequences corresponding to specific genes may be prepared by chemical synthesis, isolation of naturally occurring DNA, or reverse transcription. Such DNA may then be inserted into vectors such as plasmids or bacteriophages which carry the DNA into bacterial cells. Although significant differences exist in the basic molecular biology of eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms, these differences do not constitute absolute barriers to the expression of eucaryotic genes in bacteria. Several eucaryotic proteins, including insulin, growth hormone, ovalbumin, dihydrofolate reductase and somatostatin have been produced in bacteria. The use of chimeric microorganisms harboring recombinant DNA offers a completely new approach to the production of biologically useful polypeptides.", "contents": "Use of recombinant DNA technology for the production of polypeptides. DNA sequences corresponding to specific genes may be prepared by chemical synthesis, isolation of naturally occurring DNA, or reverse transcription. Such DNA may then be inserted into vectors such as plasmids or bacteriophages which carry the DNA into bacterial cells. Although significant differences exist in the basic molecular biology of eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms, these differences do not constitute absolute barriers to the expression of eucaryotic genes in bacteria. Several eucaryotic proteins, including insulin, growth hormone, ovalbumin, dihydrofolate reductase and somatostatin have been produced in bacteria. The use of chimeric microorganisms harboring recombinant DNA offers a completely new approach to the production of biologically useful polypeptides.", "PMID": 91311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12332", "title": "Detection and possible functional influence of antibodies directed againt the pancreatic islet cell surface.", "content": "Antibodies directed towards determinants on the surface of rat islet cells can be detected qualitatively by the indirect immunofluorescence or quantitatively by a specific radioassay for IgG. Antibodies are found in insulin-dependent diabetics or in rabbits immunized with islet cells. Such antibodies may affect the B-cell function as indicated by the inhibition of incorporation of radioactive leucine into proinsulin/insulin in vitro.", "contents": "Detection and possible functional influence of antibodies directed againt the pancreatic islet cell surface. Antibodies directed towards determinants on the surface of rat islet cells can be detected qualitatively by the indirect immunofluorescence or quantitatively by a specific radioassay for IgG. Antibodies are found in insulin-dependent diabetics or in rabbits immunized with islet cells. Such antibodies may affect the B-cell function as indicated by the inhibition of incorporation of radioactive leucine into proinsulin/insulin in vitro.", "PMID": 91312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12333", "title": "Inhibition of histamine release and ionophore-induced calcium flux in rat mast cells by lidocaine and chlorpromazine.", "content": "We studied the effects of lidocaine (L) and chlorromazine (C), two compounds known to affect the binding of calcium to cell membranes, on histamine release and calcium uptake by purified mast cells upon challenge with the ionophore A23,187 or with compound 48/80. At low concentrations L and C inhibited the Ca++ flux as well as histamine release while higher concentration caused enhancement in this function. Evidence was obtained that L 10(-4) M may displace Ca++ from the cell membranes.", "contents": "Inhibition of histamine release and ionophore-induced calcium flux in rat mast cells by lidocaine and chlorpromazine. We studied the effects of lidocaine (L) and chlorromazine (C), two compounds known to affect the binding of calcium to cell membranes, on histamine release and calcium uptake by purified mast cells upon challenge with the ionophore A23,187 or with compound 48/80. At low concentrations L and C inhibited the Ca++ flux as well as histamine release while higher concentration caused enhancement in this function. Evidence was obtained that L 10(-4) M may displace Ca++ from the cell membranes.", "PMID": 91313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12334", "title": "Mimickry of anti-granuloma effect of prostaglandin E by dibutyryl cyclic-AMP and some phosphodiesterase inhibitors.", "content": "Local administration of PGE1 to pre-formed inflammatory granulomata of rats results in a decrease of granulomatous tissue and reduction of prostaglandin concentrations in granulomatous exudates. Under the same experimental conditions, a similar correlation between these two effects is observed with dibutyryl cyclic-AMP. An anti-granuloma effect is also achieved with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, IBMX and RA-233, but not with theophylline, a rather feeble inhibitor of this enzyme. The present findings provide further support for the concept that elevation of cyclic-AMP in cell population(s) within granuloma is a promising line for pharmacological suppression of inflammatory tissue proliferation.", "contents": "Mimickry of anti-granuloma effect of prostaglandin E by dibutyryl cyclic-AMP and some phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Local administration of PGE1 to pre-formed inflammatory granulomata of rats results in a decrease of granulomatous tissue and reduction of prostaglandin concentrations in granulomatous exudates. Under the same experimental conditions, a similar correlation between these two effects is observed with dibutyryl cyclic-AMP. An anti-granuloma effect is also achieved with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, IBMX and RA-233, but not with theophylline, a rather feeble inhibitor of this enzyme. The present findings provide further support for the concept that elevation of cyclic-AMP in cell population(s) within granuloma is a promising line for pharmacological suppression of inflammatory tissue proliferation.", "PMID": 91315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12335", "title": "Retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Retrolental fibroplasia is more accurately referred to as retinopathy of prematurity. Host factors most clearly incriminated are the maturity of the infant and the time in oxygen therapy. A continuum of retinopathy ranges from abnormal arborization of terminal retinal vessels to a detached retina incorporated in a cicatrix behind the lens. Every high-risk infant should be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to discharge from the nursery. A thorough knowledge of the natural course of the disease is essential because many cases will resolve spontaneously.", "contents": "Retrolental fibroplasia. Retrolental fibroplasia is more accurately referred to as retinopathy of prematurity. Host factors most clearly incriminated are the maturity of the infant and the time in oxygen therapy. A continuum of retinopathy ranges from abnormal arborization of terminal retinal vessels to a detached retina incorporated in a cicatrix behind the lens. Every high-risk infant should be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to discharge from the nursery. A thorough knowledge of the natural course of the disease is essential because many cases will resolve spontaneously.", "PMID": 91318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12336", "title": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol--I. Introduction, experimental design, and aerosol generation methods.", "content": "A brief literature review on manganese toxicity is presented; as related to designing a chronic inhalation study for evaluating methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl when utilized as a motor fuel additive. The experimental design of this study is described. The generation system utilized to simulate the manganese aerosol produced by an internal combustion engine is described in detail. This generation system operated twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week producing aerosols at 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 with an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 0.11 micron.", "contents": "Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol--I. Introduction, experimental design, and aerosol generation methods. A brief literature review on manganese toxicity is presented; as related to designing a chronic inhalation study for evaluating methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl when utilized as a motor fuel additive. The experimental design of this study is described. The generation system utilized to simulate the manganese aerosol produced by an internal combustion engine is described in detail. This generation system operated twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week producing aerosols at 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 with an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 0.11 micron.", "PMID": 91319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12337", "title": "Histamine and cyclic AMP in isolated canine parietal cells.", "content": "The relationship between cyclic AMP production and the response of isolated canine parietal cells to histamine has been examined. Histamine increased cyclic AMP generation, and this effect correlated with histamine stimulation of oxygen consumption and aminopyrine accumulation. Metiamide inhibited histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP generation and oxygen consumption in a parallel fashion. At concentrations below 100 microM, isobutyl AMP production and oxygen consumption in a similar fashion. However, with IMX above 100 microM, histamine caused no further increases in oxygen consumption, despite markedly enhanced cyclic AMP generation. Neither carbachol nor gastrin increased cyclic AMP production beyond that produced by IMX alone, and the combinations of histamine and carbachol and of histamine and gastrin produced no greater cyclic AMP generation than produced by histamine. These findings support a close relationship between cyclic AMP production and the action of histamine but not of carbachol or gastrin on isolated parietal cells. The mechanisms underlying the potentiating interactions between histamine, carbachol, and gastrin involve step(s) beyond stimulation of cyclic AMP generation.", "contents": "Histamine and cyclic AMP in isolated canine parietal cells. The relationship between cyclic AMP production and the response of isolated canine parietal cells to histamine has been examined. Histamine increased cyclic AMP generation, and this effect correlated with histamine stimulation of oxygen consumption and aminopyrine accumulation. Metiamide inhibited histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP generation and oxygen consumption in a parallel fashion. At concentrations below 100 microM, isobutyl AMP production and oxygen consumption in a similar fashion. However, with IMX above 100 microM, histamine caused no further increases in oxygen consumption, despite markedly enhanced cyclic AMP generation. Neither carbachol nor gastrin increased cyclic AMP production beyond that produced by IMX alone, and the combinations of histamine and carbachol and of histamine and gastrin produced no greater cyclic AMP generation than produced by histamine. These findings support a close relationship between cyclic AMP production and the action of histamine but not of carbachol or gastrin on isolated parietal cells. The mechanisms underlying the potentiating interactions between histamine, carbachol, and gastrin involve step(s) beyond stimulation of cyclic AMP generation.", "PMID": 91322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12338", "title": "Molecular forms of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsin in pancreatitis patient sera.", "content": "The molecular forms of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsin in sera of patients with acute pancreatic inflammation have been characterized using a radioimmunoassay technique that is capable of detecting trypsinogen as well as trypsin bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin. Trypsin bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin is not immunoreactive under normal assay conditions. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin can be detected after gel filtration of serum on Bio-Gel A-0.5 m and acid treatment of column fractions. The average serum level of immunoreactive cationic trypsin from 20 patients with acute pancreatic inflammation was 1,590 ng/ml. An average normal value of 26 ng/ml has been obtained previously. Serum samples from 14 patients with pancreatic inflammation were chromatographed under conditions that resolve trypsinogen, alpha 1-antitrypsin-bound trypsin, and alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin. In each case, the major portion of the immunoreactive material eluted at a position corresponding to free trypsinogen, while a minor fraction of the immunoreactive material appeared to be trypsin bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin. The zymogen nature of the major peak was confirmed in one case by activation with human enteropeptidase. In 11 of 14 patients, acid treatment of the alpha 2-macroglobulin peak yielded immunoreactive trypsin.", "contents": "Molecular forms of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsin in pancreatitis patient sera. The molecular forms of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsin in sera of patients with acute pancreatic inflammation have been characterized using a radioimmunoassay technique that is capable of detecting trypsinogen as well as trypsin bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin. Trypsin bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin is not immunoreactive under normal assay conditions. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin can be detected after gel filtration of serum on Bio-Gel A-0.5 m and acid treatment of column fractions. The average serum level of immunoreactive cationic trypsin from 20 patients with acute pancreatic inflammation was 1,590 ng/ml. An average normal value of 26 ng/ml has been obtained previously. Serum samples from 14 patients with pancreatic inflammation were chromatographed under conditions that resolve trypsinogen, alpha 1-antitrypsin-bound trypsin, and alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin. In each case, the major portion of the immunoreactive material eluted at a position corresponding to free trypsinogen, while a minor fraction of the immunoreactive material appeared to be trypsin bound to alpha 1-antitrypsin. The zymogen nature of the major peak was confirmed in one case by activation with human enteropeptidase. In 11 of 14 patients, acid treatment of the alpha 2-macroglobulin peak yielded immunoreactive trypsin.", "PMID": 91323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12339", "title": "[Immunopathogenesis of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome].", "content": "Regarding immunopathogenesis of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKHS), peripheral blood lymphocytes of a female patient with this disease were tested for sensitization against several antigens such as myelinic basic protein (BP) and uveoretinal, brain and spleen tissue homogenates. For comparison, cells of seven patients with chorioretinitis only and cells of six patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology were also tested. Cells of healthy donors served as controls. The electromobility test and the leucocyte migration test were used as in vitro test systems for cell-mediated immunological reactivity. The results show a strong sensitivity against BP and uveoretinal and brain tissue homogenates in VKHS. In the patients suffering from chorioretinitis, a strong reactivity against uveoretinal homogenate only was found, while in patients with encephalitis, responses to brain antigens only were observed. Reactions towards spleen tissue homogenate were negative in all experiments. The extent to which this tissue-specific immunological reactivity, which is different from the monoreactivity in chorioretinitis or encephalitis, might be a characteristic phenomenon of the VKHS is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunopathogenesis of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]. Regarding immunopathogenesis of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKHS), peripheral blood lymphocytes of a female patient with this disease were tested for sensitization against several antigens such as myelinic basic protein (BP) and uveoretinal, brain and spleen tissue homogenates. For comparison, cells of seven patients with chorioretinitis only and cells of six patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology were also tested. Cells of healthy donors served as controls. The electromobility test and the leucocyte migration test were used as in vitro test systems for cell-mediated immunological reactivity. The results show a strong sensitivity against BP and uveoretinal and brain tissue homogenates in VKHS. In the patients suffering from chorioretinitis, a strong reactivity against uveoretinal homogenate only was found, while in patients with encephalitis, responses to brain antigens only were observed. Reactions towards spleen tissue homogenate were negative in all experiments. The extent to which this tissue-specific immunological reactivity, which is different from the monoreactivity in chorioretinitis or encephalitis, might be a characteristic phenomenon of the VKHS is discussed.", "PMID": 91325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12340", "title": "Fluorescein angiography and changes in aqueous humor protein after argon laser photomydriasis in rabbits.", "content": "In brown-eyed and blue-eyed rabbits, irises treated with argon laser photomydriasis (ALP) were studied by using fluorescein angiography and by evaluating the aqueous humor protein concentration. The following results were obtained. Immediately after ALP, a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier is demonstrated by a marked influx of fluorescein into the ciliary processes and into the anterior and posterior chambers. The dye flow into the aqueous humor decreases to normal values within 3 days. There is no fluorescein leakage from laser impacts themselves. Peripupillary capillary loops are permanently occluded, but in a few cases, recanalization occurs. Neovascularization did not occur during 56 days of observation. ALP initially leads to a six- to eightfold increase in normal aqueous humor protein concentration, which decays to normal values within 3 days.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography and changes in aqueous humor protein after argon laser photomydriasis in rabbits. In brown-eyed and blue-eyed rabbits, irises treated with argon laser photomydriasis (ALP) were studied by using fluorescein angiography and by evaluating the aqueous humor protein concentration. The following results were obtained. Immediately after ALP, a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier is demonstrated by a marked influx of fluorescein into the ciliary processes and into the anterior and posterior chambers. The dye flow into the aqueous humor decreases to normal values within 3 days. There is no fluorescein leakage from laser impacts themselves. Peripupillary capillary loops are permanently occluded, but in a few cases, recanalization occurs. Neovascularization did not occur during 56 days of observation. ALP initially leads to a six- to eightfold increase in normal aqueous humor protein concentration, which decays to normal values within 3 days.", "PMID": 91326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12341", "title": "Analysis of antigens in a commercial house-dust extract by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of a commercial house-dust extract revealed 43 immunoprecipitates. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with 106 different allergen extracts from animal hair and dander, feathers, fungi, pollen, foodstuffs, textiles and house-dust mites showed the presence of precipitating antibodies in the rabbit anti-house-dust serum against antigens from 34 of the extracts. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with the addition of antigen, and crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) with these 34 allergen extracts, as well as crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing rabbit antibodies against nine human serum proteins, allowed the identification of 14 antigens in the house-dust extract. These antigens were shown to originate from house-dust mites, hair and dander from various animals, fungi, feathers, human hair and dander, and human serum proteins.", "contents": "Analysis of antigens in a commercial house-dust extract by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of a commercial house-dust extract revealed 43 immunoprecipitates. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with 106 different allergen extracts from animal hair and dander, feathers, fungi, pollen, foodstuffs, textiles and house-dust mites showed the presence of precipitating antibodies in the rabbit anti-house-dust serum against antigens from 34 of the extracts. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with the addition of antigen, and crossed line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) with these 34 allergen extracts, as well as crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing rabbit antibodies against nine human serum proteins, allowed the identification of 14 antigens in the house-dust extract. These antigens were shown to originate from house-dust mites, hair and dander from various animals, fungi, feathers, human hair and dander, and human serum proteins.", "PMID": 91327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12342", "title": "Specific diagnosis of exogenous bronchial asthma in adults. Comparison between case history, intracutaneous test, RAST, histamine release from basophil leucocytes, and bronchial provocation.", "content": "Twenty-two adults with extrinsic bronchial asthma were examined with 26 different allergens from five groups: house dust + mite (30 BP), animal dandruff (30 BP), pollen (12 BP), mould fungi (11 BP), and feather + cotton (10 BP). The same allergen batch was used for each allergen extract in all analyses. Based on the results of the single analyses: case history (CH), intracutaneous test (ST), RAST, histamine release from basophil leucocytes (HR), and the results of the analysis combinations and the \"true diagnosis\" bronchial provocation (BP), the sensitivity and specificity (SE and SP) were calculated and shown graphically. An evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the single analyses and analysis combination was then possible. Generally, HR was the best individual analysis with very few false positive values and false negative values, followed by RAST, ST, and CH. None of them was able to predict allergy for feather + cotton. Otherwise, BP was positive when HR and rast reached scores 2 and 3 with the exception of RAST for animal dandruff. As regards ST, we had to reach score 3 in order to predict positive BP. CH would only provide the diagnosis with a maximum score in the pollen group. BP was positive in any analysis combination resulting in score 6 or more. ST appeared to be the most sensitive of the individual analyses. All the patients with ST score 0 showed negative BP for all allergen groups, whereas a corresponding sensitivity for HR score 0 was only achieved with animal dandruff, and for RAST score 0 for pollen only. In spite of the new analyses, BP is in many cases necessary if a definite diagnosis is required.", "contents": "Specific diagnosis of exogenous bronchial asthma in adults. Comparison between case history, intracutaneous test, RAST, histamine release from basophil leucocytes, and bronchial provocation. Twenty-two adults with extrinsic bronchial asthma were examined with 26 different allergens from five groups: house dust + mite (30 BP), animal dandruff (30 BP), pollen (12 BP), mould fungi (11 BP), and feather + cotton (10 BP). The same allergen batch was used for each allergen extract in all analyses. Based on the results of the single analyses: case history (CH), intracutaneous test (ST), RAST, histamine release from basophil leucocytes (HR), and the results of the analysis combinations and the \"true diagnosis\" bronchial provocation (BP), the sensitivity and specificity (SE and SP) were calculated and shown graphically. An evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the single analyses and analysis combination was then possible. Generally, HR was the best individual analysis with very few false positive values and false negative values, followed by RAST, ST, and CH. None of them was able to predict allergy for feather + cotton. Otherwise, BP was positive when HR and rast reached scores 2 and 3 with the exception of RAST for animal dandruff. As regards ST, we had to reach score 3 in order to predict positive BP. CH would only provide the diagnosis with a maximum score in the pollen group. BP was positive in any analysis combination resulting in score 6 or more. ST appeared to be the most sensitive of the individual analyses. All the patients with ST score 0 showed negative BP for all allergen groups, whereas a corresponding sensitivity for HR score 0 was only achieved with animal dandruff, and for RAST score 0 for pollen only. In spite of the new analyses, BP is in many cases necessary if a definite diagnosis is required.", "PMID": 91328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12343", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of histones in epiphyseal chondrocytes.", "content": "Epiphyseal growth plate chondrocyte nuclei of growing rats were studied for histone content using the ammoniacal silver technique. This stain, which is specific for the demonstration of the arginine-rich fractions of histones, revealed that growth plate nuclei vary in their histone content. Nuclei of cells of the proliferating zone revealed a significantly greater amount of postformalin ammoniacal silver deposit consistent with the presence of arginine-rich histones.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of histones in epiphyseal chondrocytes. Epiphyseal growth plate chondrocyte nuclei of growing rats were studied for histone content using the ammoniacal silver technique. This stain, which is specific for the demonstration of the arginine-rich fractions of histones, revealed that growth plate nuclei vary in their histone content. Nuclei of cells of the proliferating zone revealed a significantly greater amount of postformalin ammoniacal silver deposit consistent with the presence of arginine-rich histones.", "PMID": 91333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12344", "title": "Malignant premature ventricular beats in ambulatory patients.", "content": "The characteristics of premature ventricular beats predisposing to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation were assessed by 24-h ambulatory monitoring and maximal treadmill exercise testing in 339 cardiac patients with premature ventricular beats. Premature ventricular beats were divided into early (Q-premature ventricular beat less than QT), late (within the last 20% of the cardiac cycle), and midcycle. Ventricular tachycardia was recorded in 45 patients and ventricular fibrillation, in three. The frequency of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was 32% in patients with late, 16% in patients with early, and 7% in patients with midcycle premature ventricular beats (P less than 0.05). Patients with frequent (less than 10/min) multiformed premature ventricular beats had a frequency of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation of 44%, while only 13% of patients with frequent uniformed premature ventricular beats had ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.05). Ambulatory patients with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation have frequent multiformed premature ventricular beats, and the ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation is usually triggered by late premature ventricular beats.", "contents": "Malignant premature ventricular beats in ambulatory patients. The characteristics of premature ventricular beats predisposing to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation were assessed by 24-h ambulatory monitoring and maximal treadmill exercise testing in 339 cardiac patients with premature ventricular beats. Premature ventricular beats were divided into early (Q-premature ventricular beat less than QT), late (within the last 20% of the cardiac cycle), and midcycle. Ventricular tachycardia was recorded in 45 patients and ventricular fibrillation, in three. The frequency of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was 32% in patients with late, 16% in patients with early, and 7% in patients with midcycle premature ventricular beats (P less than 0.05). Patients with frequent (less than 10/min) multiformed premature ventricular beats had a frequency of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation of 44%, while only 13% of patients with frequent uniformed premature ventricular beats had ventricular tachycardia (P less than 0.05). Ambulatory patients with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation have frequent multiformed premature ventricular beats, and the ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation is usually triggered by late premature ventricular beats.", "PMID": 91336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12345", "title": "Presence of fibronectin in basement membranes and acidic structural glycoproteins from human placenta and lung.", "content": "Cold-insoluble globulin was detected in both trophoblast and alveolar basement membrane preparations, whereas it was not detected in GBM preparations. Acidic structural glycoproteins from both placental villi and lung parenchyma, which were extracted with 0.3 M acetic acid and recovered by adjusting the pH to 4.7, also contained CIg. Fractions of TBM, solubilized by either dilute alkali (0.01 N NaOH), by reduction and alkylation of the disulfide bonds, or by 0.3 M acetic acid extraction, all contained the antigen and possessed properties similar to those of ASG. The ASG fractions also reacted with antifibrinogen, but proof that the two types of determinants occur on a given molecular species is lacking at present. Purified collagenase solubilized CIg from ABM, from lung parenchyma, and from the stroma of placental villi, and this finding is strong evidence for an association of CIg with collagen in these connective tissues.", "contents": "Presence of fibronectin in basement membranes and acidic structural glycoproteins from human placenta and lung. Cold-insoluble globulin was detected in both trophoblast and alveolar basement membrane preparations, whereas it was not detected in GBM preparations. Acidic structural glycoproteins from both placental villi and lung parenchyma, which were extracted with 0.3 M acetic acid and recovered by adjusting the pH to 4.7, also contained CIg. Fractions of TBM, solubilized by either dilute alkali (0.01 N NaOH), by reduction and alkylation of the disulfide bonds, or by 0.3 M acetic acid extraction, all contained the antigen and possessed properties similar to those of ASG. The ASG fractions also reacted with antifibrinogen, but proof that the two types of determinants occur on a given molecular species is lacking at present. Purified collagenase solubilized CIg from ABM, from lung parenchyma, and from the stroma of placental villi, and this finding is strong evidence for an association of CIg with collagen in these connective tissues.", "PMID": 91337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12346", "title": "Transabdominal bilateral adrenalectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "A case is made for the more general adoption of the transabdominal approach to the adrenal glands as this has obvious advantages over bilateral loin incisions.", "contents": "Transabdominal bilateral adrenalectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma. A case is made for the more general adoption of the transabdominal approach to the adrenal glands as this has obvious advantages over bilateral loin incisions.", "PMID": 91342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12347", "title": "Studies on filariasis transmission in Kwale, a Tanzanian coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures.", "content": "The main vectors of bancroftian filariasis in Kwale, Tanzania, were Anopheles gambiae complex and Culex p. quinquefasciatus. After vector control by the insecticides Dursban (chlorpyrifos) or Abate (temephos), the number of all man-biting mosquitoes was reduced by 94.8%, and that of house-resting mosquitoes by 95.3%. Anopheles gambiae complex were highly exophilic, possibly due to a high proportion of Anopheles merus in this village. The infection rate of A. gambiae complex rose significantly in the post-control samples (P less than 0.05), but nevertheless the overall reduction in filariasis transmission was 87.2%. The infection rate of A. gambiae complex caught off human bait was significantly higher than that of the spray-caught sample (P less than 0.05). It was suggested that the former sample contained a higher proportion of A. merus. This species may be a better vector of filariasis than freshwater forms.", "contents": "Studies on filariasis transmission in Kwale, a Tanzanian coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures. The main vectors of bancroftian filariasis in Kwale, Tanzania, were Anopheles gambiae complex and Culex p. quinquefasciatus. After vector control by the insecticides Dursban (chlorpyrifos) or Abate (temephos), the number of all man-biting mosquitoes was reduced by 94.8%, and that of house-resting mosquitoes by 95.3%. Anopheles gambiae complex were highly exophilic, possibly due to a high proportion of Anopheles merus in this village. The infection rate of A. gambiae complex rose significantly in the post-control samples (P less than 0.05), but nevertheless the overall reduction in filariasis transmission was 87.2%. The infection rate of A. gambiae complex caught off human bait was significantly higher than that of the spray-caught sample (P less than 0.05). It was suggested that the former sample contained a higher proportion of A. merus. This species may be a better vector of filariasis than freshwater forms.", "PMID": 91349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12348", "title": "[Action of isoprinosine on the \"in vitro\" activation of human lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of isoprinosine on lymphocytes stimulated by optimal or suboptimal concentrations of polyclonal mitogens (ConA and PWM) was studied in 3, 5 and 7-days cultures. In some experiments, varying concentrations of isoprinosine were added to lymphocyte cultures at variuos times. Isoprinosine exerted no effect on non stimulated cells but enhanced the proliferative response in the presence of mitogens. The optimal response was obtained with a dose of 1 000 micrograms (/10(6) cells) of isoprinosine and on the 5th day in the cultures stimulated by ConA or PWM, but an enhancing effect could still be detected on the 7th day of culture. The effect seems stronger when isoprinosine is introduced earlier in the course of the cultures. Preliminary experiments suggest that isoprinosine increase the proliferation of both T and B cells and that its activity on B cells could be due to the potentiating action of helper T cells.", "contents": "[Action of isoprinosine on the \"in vitro\" activation of human lymphocytes (author's transl)]. The action of isoprinosine on lymphocytes stimulated by optimal or suboptimal concentrations of polyclonal mitogens (ConA and PWM) was studied in 3, 5 and 7-days cultures. In some experiments, varying concentrations of isoprinosine were added to lymphocyte cultures at variuos times. Isoprinosine exerted no effect on non stimulated cells but enhanced the proliferative response in the presence of mitogens. The optimal response was obtained with a dose of 1 000 micrograms (/10(6) cells) of isoprinosine and on the 5th day in the cultures stimulated by ConA or PWM, but an enhancing effect could still be detected on the 7th day of culture. The effect seems stronger when isoprinosine is introduced earlier in the course of the cultures. Preliminary experiments suggest that isoprinosine increase the proliferation of both T and B cells and that its activity on B cells could be due to the potentiating action of helper T cells.", "PMID": 91345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12349", "title": "[A quick and inexpensive staining method for vaginal smears].", "content": "Vaginal cytology is a commonly used method for diagnosis of sexual cycle phases in the rat, but all staining techniques are time consuming. A simple, easy and fast technique is reported here, that is based upon the use of a Lugol solution that allows precise identification of the sexual cycle day of the rat. Following this technique, samples are taken at 8:00 a.m. and a smear is made on the glass slide adding one drop of Lugol solution. This preparation is covered and seen directly under the optic microscope.", "contents": "[A quick and inexpensive staining method for vaginal smears]. Vaginal cytology is a commonly used method for diagnosis of sexual cycle phases in the rat, but all staining techniques are time consuming. A simple, easy and fast technique is reported here, that is based upon the use of a Lugol solution that allows precise identification of the sexual cycle day of the rat. Following this technique, samples are taken at 8:00 a.m. and a smear is made on the glass slide adding one drop of Lugol solution. This preparation is covered and seen directly under the optic microscope.", "PMID": 91350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12350", "title": "[Ascending aortic aneurysm with mucoid infiltration of the media and aortic leaflets. Pathogenic hypotheses- surgical consequences].", "content": "The theoretical and practical problems posed by aneurysms of the ascending aorta with mucoid infiltration of the Media and the aortic leaflets are discussed with reference to two suggestive cases. These histological changes are not specific for Marfan's syndrome, the relation with which is very inconstant. Incomplete replacement of the affected tissues risks a recurrence which is especially serious when the sinus of Valsalva is involved. Therefore, total replacement of the ascending aorta with aortic valve replacement and reimplantation of the coronary arteries is generally indicated. Histology of the excised tissues should be performed routinely with specific stains for mucopolysaccharides. Close follow-up of operated patients with this condition is recommended, especially those with only partial replacements.", "contents": "[Ascending aortic aneurysm with mucoid infiltration of the media and aortic leaflets. Pathogenic hypotheses- surgical consequences]. The theoretical and practical problems posed by aneurysms of the ascending aorta with mucoid infiltration of the Media and the aortic leaflets are discussed with reference to two suggestive cases. These histological changes are not specific for Marfan's syndrome, the relation with which is very inconstant. Incomplete replacement of the affected tissues risks a recurrence which is especially serious when the sinus of Valsalva is involved. Therefore, total replacement of the ascending aorta with aortic valve replacement and reimplantation of the coronary arteries is generally indicated. Histology of the excised tissues should be performed routinely with specific stains for mucopolysaccharides. Close follow-up of operated patients with this condition is recommended, especially those with only partial replacements.", "PMID": 91351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12351", "title": "[Value of continous 12-hour electrocardiography during the rehabilitation period in patients convalescing from myocardial infarction. Apropos of 40 cases].", "content": "The results of continuous 12-hour electrocardiography in 40 convalescent patients after myocardial infarction undergoing a programme of readaptation on average 4 weeks after the initial infarction are reported. The frequency and alarming nature of the VES observed in 75% patients who had already undergone selection for the coronary readaptation programme, 30% of whom were receiving antiarrhythmic therapy, is emphasized. The observation of a progressive increase in the number of VES during the day prompts the following suggestions: the possibility of limited continuous ECG monitoring at the end of the day, the need to adapt the dosage of antiarrhythmic drugs during this most critical period. The comparison of the results of continuous ECG with those of repeated exercise ECG seems very positive, but some reservations are made and it would seem logical to associate these two complementary methods of investigation.", "contents": "[Value of continous 12-hour electrocardiography during the rehabilitation period in patients convalescing from myocardial infarction. Apropos of 40 cases]. The results of continuous 12-hour electrocardiography in 40 convalescent patients after myocardial infarction undergoing a programme of readaptation on average 4 weeks after the initial infarction are reported. The frequency and alarming nature of the VES observed in 75% patients who had already undergone selection for the coronary readaptation programme, 30% of whom were receiving antiarrhythmic therapy, is emphasized. The observation of a progressive increase in the number of VES during the day prompts the following suggestions: the possibility of limited continuous ECG monitoring at the end of the day, the need to adapt the dosage of antiarrhythmic drugs during this most critical period. The comparison of the results of continuous ECG with those of repeated exercise ECG seems very positive, but some reservations are made and it would seem logical to associate these two complementary methods of investigation.", "PMID": 91352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12352", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of magnesium cations. Protection against ventricular excitability during cardiotonic therapy].", "content": "This study showed the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate during digitalis therapy complicated by ventricular hyperexcitability. 28 patients with cardiac disease and ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure were studied. Magnesium sulphate was given by slow intravenous infusion (30--50 mg/min) twice daily. The anti-arrhytmic action allowed treatment with digitalis until improvement in cardiac function was observed. The mechanism of the action of magnesium sulphate in digitalis--induced arrhythmias is discussed.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of magnesium cations. Protection against ventricular excitability during cardiotonic therapy]. This study showed the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate during digitalis therapy complicated by ventricular hyperexcitability. 28 patients with cardiac disease and ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure were studied. Magnesium sulphate was given by slow intravenous infusion (30--50 mg/min) twice daily. The anti-arrhytmic action allowed treatment with digitalis until improvement in cardiac function was observed. The mechanism of the action of magnesium sulphate in digitalis--induced arrhythmias is discussed.", "PMID": 91353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12353", "title": "Latex fetuin spheres as probes for influenza virus neuraminidase in productively and abortively infected cells.", "content": "Fetuin bound latex spheres do not adhere to the membranes of non-infected cells but adhere to those of cells productively infected by fowl plague virus (FPV Dobson strain). In contrast, asialo fetuin spheres do not attach to the membranes of productively infected cells. Moreover latex fetuin spheres incubated with extracts of productively infected cells and extensively washed are specifically enriched in neuraminidase activity without any trace of haemagglutinin. These observations suggest that viral neuraminidase in the membrane is the site of attachment of the sialic acid moieties of fetuin spheres. These neuraminidase sites are detectable when L cells are productively infected by a mammalian cell adapted mutant of the Dobson strain (FPV-B) but are not detectable on L cells abortively infected by wild type (FPV+). However, even in the abortive system, neuraminidase is synthesised de novo as shown by its labelling with 14C-glucosamine and by its isolation from labelled extracts of infected cells by latex fetuin spheres. These results show that misintegration of viral neuraminidase in the plasma membrane of L cells is a feature of abortive infection of these cells by the Dobson strain of FPV. However the relationship (if any) of this misintegration to abortive infection remains to be established.", "contents": "Latex fetuin spheres as probes for influenza virus neuraminidase in productively and abortively infected cells. Fetuin bound latex spheres do not adhere to the membranes of non-infected cells but adhere to those of cells productively infected by fowl plague virus (FPV Dobson strain). In contrast, asialo fetuin spheres do not attach to the membranes of productively infected cells. Moreover latex fetuin spheres incubated with extracts of productively infected cells and extensively washed are specifically enriched in neuraminidase activity without any trace of haemagglutinin. These observations suggest that viral neuraminidase in the membrane is the site of attachment of the sialic acid moieties of fetuin spheres. These neuraminidase sites are detectable when L cells are productively infected by a mammalian cell adapted mutant of the Dobson strain (FPV-B) but are not detectable on L cells abortively infected by wild type (FPV+). However, even in the abortive system, neuraminidase is synthesised de novo as shown by its labelling with 14C-glucosamine and by its isolation from labelled extracts of infected cells by latex fetuin spheres. These results show that misintegration of viral neuraminidase in the plasma membrane of L cells is a feature of abortive infection of these cells by the Dobson strain of FPV. However the relationship (if any) of this misintegration to abortive infection remains to be established.", "PMID": 91354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12354", "title": "[Method of histological diagnosis of liver alveococcosis].", "content": "A method for histological diagnosis of alveococcosis of the liver by staining sections with aniline gentian stain is proposed which permits to detect clearly scraps of the cuticular membrane and pre-vesical formations of the parasite even in those cases when small amounts of biopsy (operation) materials are brought for examinations.", "contents": "[Method of histological diagnosis of liver alveococcosis]. A method for histological diagnosis of alveococcosis of the liver by staining sections with aniline gentian stain is proposed which permits to detect clearly scraps of the cuticular membrane and pre-vesical formations of the parasite even in those cases when small amounts of biopsy (operation) materials are brought for examinations.", "PMID": 91357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12355", "title": "[Pulmonary cryptococcosis].", "content": "A clinico-morphological analysis of two observations of cryptococcomas of the lungs are presented. In one case the diagnosis was established on the basis of cytological examinations of the sputum. This form of pulmonary cryptococcosis as well as identification of cryptococci in the sputum by cytological examinations are first described in the Soviet literature. The attention is drawn to the difficulties of clinico-roentgenological and morphological diagnosis of this disease and to the necessity to differentiate it from metastases of hyperneophroma, diseases of parasitic origin, and mycoses by other fungi.", "contents": "[Pulmonary cryptococcosis]. A clinico-morphological analysis of two observations of cryptococcomas of the lungs are presented. In one case the diagnosis was established on the basis of cytological examinations of the sputum. This form of pulmonary cryptococcosis as well as identification of cryptococci in the sputum by cytological examinations are first described in the Soviet literature. The attention is drawn to the difficulties of clinico-roentgenological and morphological diagnosis of this disease and to the necessity to differentiate it from metastases of hyperneophroma, diseases of parasitic origin, and mycoses by other fungi.", "PMID": 91358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12356", "title": "Ultrastructure of peripheral nerves of mice inoculated with rabies virus.", "content": "Fourty adult female albino mice were inoculated in the right hind leg with rabies viruses of the street type. The mice were sacrificed with an interval of 24 hours each, starting in the next day after inoculation. From the 10th day ownwards the animals started presenting signs of paralysis, first on the leg where the viruses were inoculated anbnormalities were found in peripheral nerves compatible with axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination but the rabies viruses were not found in the axoplasm, myelin sheet, Schwann cell cytoplasm, endoneural or in the epineural structures.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of peripheral nerves of mice inoculated with rabies virus. Fourty adult female albino mice were inoculated in the right hind leg with rabies viruses of the street type. The mice were sacrificed with an interval of 24 hours each, starting in the next day after inoculation. From the 10th day ownwards the animals started presenting signs of paralysis, first on the leg where the viruses were inoculated anbnormalities were found in peripheral nerves compatible with axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination but the rabies viruses were not found in the axoplasm, myelin sheet, Schwann cell cytoplasm, endoneural or in the epineural structures.", "PMID": 91359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12357", "title": "[Familial spastic paraplegia with amyotrophy. Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical study and microdissection].", "content": "Four cases of familial spastic paraplegia with amyotrophy in siblings from a consanguineous married are reported. The routine laboratory examination were normal. The electromiography and muscle biopsy processed by histochemistry showed signs of denervation with reinervation. The motor nerve conduction velocity was decreased in the peroneal nerve in 3 cases. The teased fiber preparation of sural nerves was abnormal in four cases. It was found increased of C, D and G fibers suggesting demyelination with secondary remyelination. The authors believe the abnormalities found could be due the distal axonal degeneration, with secondary regeneration and suggest the hypothesis that the fact is an axoplasmic flow defect in the central and peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "[Familial spastic paraplegia with amyotrophy. Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical study and microdissection]. Four cases of familial spastic paraplegia with amyotrophy in siblings from a consanguineous married are reported. The routine laboratory examination were normal. The electromiography and muscle biopsy processed by histochemistry showed signs of denervation with reinervation. The motor nerve conduction velocity was decreased in the peroneal nerve in 3 cases. The teased fiber preparation of sural nerves was abnormal in four cases. It was found increased of C, D and G fibers suggesting demyelination with secondary remyelination. The authors believe the abnormalities found could be due the distal axonal degeneration, with secondary regeneration and suggest the hypothesis that the fact is an axoplasmic flow defect in the central and peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 91360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12358", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation during hypovolemic hypotension by acetylsalicylic acid and artificial respiration.", "content": "In vivo measurement of platelet aggregation was performed by a previously described photoelectric method. It is shown that platelet aggregation induced by arterial hypotension can be inhibited by i.v. administration of ASA and by artificial respiration. The inhibition of platelet aggregation following artificial ventilation is significantly more pronounced than by ASA given 24 h prior to the beginning of the experiments. Different sources of platelet aggregation in venous and arterial blood are informative about the canine lung not only as a filter for aggregates but also as a source of aggregating substances.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation during hypovolemic hypotension by acetylsalicylic acid and artificial respiration. In vivo measurement of platelet aggregation was performed by a previously described photoelectric method. It is shown that platelet aggregation induced by arterial hypotension can be inhibited by i.v. administration of ASA and by artificial respiration. The inhibition of platelet aggregation following artificial ventilation is significantly more pronounced than by ASA given 24 h prior to the beginning of the experiments. Different sources of platelet aggregation in venous and arterial blood are informative about the canine lung not only as a filter for aggregates but also as a source of aggregating substances.", "PMID": 91363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12359", "title": "In vivo microscopy of the hepatic microvascular system.", "content": "In vivo microscopic study of the responses of the various segments of the hepatic microvascular system to adrenergic, cholinergic, and other aminergic substances and their antagonists have revealed the relative distribution of receptor sites in these various vessels. The results also suggest a possible interaction of cholinergic substances with periportal mast cells. The release of serotonin, histamine and possibly other products from these cells results in dramatic alterations in blood flow through the hepatic sinusoids due to the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to the endothelium.", "contents": "In vivo microscopy of the hepatic microvascular system. In vivo microscopic study of the responses of the various segments of the hepatic microvascular system to adrenergic, cholinergic, and other aminergic substances and their antagonists have revealed the relative distribution of receptor sites in these various vessels. The results also suggest a possible interaction of cholinergic substances with periportal mast cells. The release of serotonin, histamine and possibly other products from these cells results in dramatic alterations in blood flow through the hepatic sinusoids due to the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to the endothelium.", "PMID": 91366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12360", "title": "The electrophoretically 'slow' and 'fast' forms of the alpha 2-macroglobulin molecule.", "content": "alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was isolated from human plasma by a four-step procedure: poly(ethylene glyco) fractionation, gel chromatography, euglobulin precipitation and immunoadsorption. No contaminants were detected in the final preparations by electrophoresis or immunoprecipitation. The protein ran as a single slow band in gel electrophoresis, and was designated 'S-alpha 2M'. S-alpha 2M bound about 2 mol of trypsin/mol. Treatment of S-alpha 2M with a proteinase or ammonium salts produced a form of the molecule more mobile in electrophoresis, and lacking proteinase-binding activity (F-alpha 2M). The electrophoretic mobility of the F-alpha 2M resulting from reaction with NH4+ salts was identical with that of proteinase complexes. We attribute the change in electrophoretic mobility of the alpha 2M to a conformation change, but there was no evidence of a change in pI or Strokes radius. Electrophoresis of S-alpha 2M in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate gave results consistent with the view that the alpha 2M molecule is a tetramer of identical subunits, assembled as a non-covalent pair of disulphide-linked dimers. Some of the subunits seemed to be 'nicked' into two-thires-length and one-third-length chains, however. This was not apparent with F-alpha 2M produced by ammonium salts. F-alpha 2M produced by trypsin showed two new bands attributable to cleavage of the subunit polypeptide chain near the middle. Immunoassays of F-alpha 2M gave 'rockets' 12-29% lower than those with S-alpha 2M. The nature of the interactions between subunits in S-alpha 2M and F-alpha 2M was investigated by treating each form with glutaraldehyde before electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A much greater degree of cross-linking was observed with the F-alpha 2M, indicating that the subunits interact most closely in this form of the molecule. Exposure of S-alpha 2M to 3 M-urea or pH3 resulted in dissociation to the disulphide-bonded half-molecules; these did not show the proteinase-binding activity characteristic of the intact alpha 2M. F-alpha 2M was less easily dissociated than was S-alpha 2M. S-alpha 2M was readily dissociated to the quarter-subunits by mild reduction, with the formation of 3-4 new thiol groups per subunit. Inact reactive alpha 2M could then be regenerated in high yield by reoxidation of the subunits. F-alpha 2M formed by reaction with a proteinase or ammonium salts was not dissociated under the same conditions, although the interchain disulphide bonds were reduced. If the thiol groups of the quarter-subunits of S-alpha 2M were blocked by carboxymethylation, oxidative reassociation did not occur. Nevertheless treatment of these subunits with methylammonium salts or a proteinase caused the reassembly of half-molecules and intact (F-) tetramers. It is emphasized that F-alpha 2M does not have the properties of a denatured form of the protein...", "contents": "The electrophoretically 'slow' and 'fast' forms of the alpha 2-macroglobulin molecule. alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was isolated from human plasma by a four-step procedure: poly(ethylene glyco) fractionation, gel chromatography, euglobulin precipitation and immunoadsorption. No contaminants were detected in the final preparations by electrophoresis or immunoprecipitation. The protein ran as a single slow band in gel electrophoresis, and was designated 'S-alpha 2M'. S-alpha 2M bound about 2 mol of trypsin/mol. Treatment of S-alpha 2M with a proteinase or ammonium salts produced a form of the molecule more mobile in electrophoresis, and lacking proteinase-binding activity (F-alpha 2M). The electrophoretic mobility of the F-alpha 2M resulting from reaction with NH4+ salts was identical with that of proteinase complexes. We attribute the change in electrophoretic mobility of the alpha 2M to a conformation change, but there was no evidence of a change in pI or Strokes radius. Electrophoresis of S-alpha 2M in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate gave results consistent with the view that the alpha 2M molecule is a tetramer of identical subunits, assembled as a non-covalent pair of disulphide-linked dimers. Some of the subunits seemed to be 'nicked' into two-thires-length and one-third-length chains, however. This was not apparent with F-alpha 2M produced by ammonium salts. F-alpha 2M produced by trypsin showed two new bands attributable to cleavage of the subunit polypeptide chain near the middle. Immunoassays of F-alpha 2M gave 'rockets' 12-29% lower than those with S-alpha 2M. The nature of the interactions between subunits in S-alpha 2M and F-alpha 2M was investigated by treating each form with glutaraldehyde before electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A much greater degree of cross-linking was observed with the F-alpha 2M, indicating that the subunits interact most closely in this form of the molecule. Exposure of S-alpha 2M to 3 M-urea or pH3 resulted in dissociation to the disulphide-bonded half-molecules; these did not show the proteinase-binding activity characteristic of the intact alpha 2M. F-alpha 2M was less easily dissociated than was S-alpha 2M. S-alpha 2M was readily dissociated to the quarter-subunits by mild reduction, with the formation of 3-4 new thiol groups per subunit. Inact reactive alpha 2M could then be regenerated in high yield by reoxidation of the subunits. F-alpha 2M formed by reaction with a proteinase or ammonium salts was not dissociated under the same conditions, although the interchain disulphide bonds were reduced. If the thiol groups of the quarter-subunits of S-alpha 2M were blocked by carboxymethylation, oxidative reassociation did not occur. Nevertheless treatment of these subunits with methylammonium salts or a proteinase caused the reassembly of half-molecules and intact (F-) tetramers. It is emphasized that F-alpha 2M does not have the properties of a denatured form of the protein...", "PMID": 91367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12361", "title": "Sulphate-ion/sodium-ion co-transport by brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex.", "content": "Uptake of SO(4) (2-) into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kindey cortex by a Ca(2+)-precipitation method was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. Uptake of SO(4) (2-) by the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and represented transport into an intra-vesicular space. Transport of SO(4) (2-) by brush-border membranes was stimulated in the presence of Na(+), compared with the presence of K(+) or other univalent cations. A typical ;overshoot' phenomenon was observed in the presence of an NaCl gradient (100mm-Na(+) outside/zero mm-Na(+) inside). Radioactive-SO(4) (2-) exchange was faster in the presence of Na(+) than in the presence of K(+). Addition of gramicidin-D, an ionophore for univalent cations, decreased the Na(+)-gradient-driven SO(4) (2-) uptake. SO(4) (2-) uptake was only saturable in the presence of Na(+). Counter-transport of Na(+)-dependent SO(4) (2-) transport was shown with MoO(4) (2-) and S(2)O(3) (2-), but not with PO(4) (2-). Changing the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane by establishing different diffusion potentials (anion replacement; K(+) gradient+/-valinomycin) was not able to alter Na(+)-dependent SO(4) (2-) uptake. The experiments indicate the presence of an electroneutral Na(+)/SO(4) (2-)-co-transport system in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex.", "contents": "Sulphate-ion/sodium-ion co-transport by brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex. Uptake of SO(4) (2-) into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kindey cortex by a Ca(2+)-precipitation method was investigated by using a rapid-filtration technique. Uptake of SO(4) (2-) by the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and represented transport into an intra-vesicular space. Transport of SO(4) (2-) by brush-border membranes was stimulated in the presence of Na(+), compared with the presence of K(+) or other univalent cations. A typical ;overshoot' phenomenon was observed in the presence of an NaCl gradient (100mm-Na(+) outside/zero mm-Na(+) inside). Radioactive-SO(4) (2-) exchange was faster in the presence of Na(+) than in the presence of K(+). Addition of gramicidin-D, an ionophore for univalent cations, decreased the Na(+)-gradient-driven SO(4) (2-) uptake. SO(4) (2-) uptake was only saturable in the presence of Na(+). Counter-transport of Na(+)-dependent SO(4) (2-) transport was shown with MoO(4) (2-) and S(2)O(3) (2-), but not with PO(4) (2-). Changing the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane by establishing different diffusion potentials (anion replacement; K(+) gradient+/-valinomycin) was not able to alter Na(+)-dependent SO(4) (2-) uptake. The experiments indicate the presence of an electroneutral Na(+)/SO(4) (2-)-co-transport system in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex.", "PMID": 91368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12362", "title": "Detection of a low-molecular-weight antigen on melanoma cells by a human antiserum in leukocyte-dependent antibody assays.", "content": "Biochemical characterization of serologically detected human melanoma antigens was undertaken for the development of immunodiagnostic assays in melanoma. An antiserum from a human melanoma patient, which detected melanoma antigens expressed on a large proportion of different melanoma cells, was used in leucocyte-dependent cytotoxic antibody (LDA) 51Cr-release assays to monitor the purification of melanoma antigens in urea/acetate extracts of lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled melanoma cell membranes. The separation procedures included affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A, gel filtration on porous polyacrylamide beads and preparative isoelectric focusing. The fractions were also monitored by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and by measurement of beta 2 microglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen content. The antigens detected by this antiserum appeared to be acidic (pI 3.5) low-mol.-wt glycoproteins of approximately 15,000 daltons which were resistant to heating at 56 degrees C and digestion with neuraminidase, but susceptible to repeated freeze-thawing and trypsin digestion. They did not appear to be related to HLA antigens, beta 2 microglobulin or known foetal antigens. The nature of the antigens detected in these studies is as yet unknown, but they appear similar to those described in the sera and urine of melanoma patients in previous reports. Thes combined results and the frequent expression of these antigens on melanoma cells from different patients suggest that assays to detect this antigen may provide a valuable immunodiagnostic aid in the management of melanoma.", "contents": "Detection of a low-molecular-weight antigen on melanoma cells by a human antiserum in leukocyte-dependent antibody assays. Biochemical characterization of serologically detected human melanoma antigens was undertaken for the development of immunodiagnostic assays in melanoma. An antiserum from a human melanoma patient, which detected melanoma antigens expressed on a large proportion of different melanoma cells, was used in leucocyte-dependent cytotoxic antibody (LDA) 51Cr-release assays to monitor the purification of melanoma antigens in urea/acetate extracts of lactoperoxidase 125I-labelled melanoma cell membranes. The separation procedures included affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A, gel filtration on porous polyacrylamide beads and preparative isoelectric focusing. The fractions were also monitored by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and by measurement of beta 2 microglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen content. The antigens detected by this antiserum appeared to be acidic (pI 3.5) low-mol.-wt glycoproteins of approximately 15,000 daltons which were resistant to heating at 56 degrees C and digestion with neuraminidase, but susceptible to repeated freeze-thawing and trypsin digestion. They did not appear to be related to HLA antigens, beta 2 microglobulin or known foetal antigens. The nature of the antigens detected in these studies is as yet unknown, but they appear similar to those described in the sera and urine of melanoma patients in previous reports. Thes combined results and the frequent expression of these antigens on melanoma cells from different patients suggest that assays to detect this antigen may provide a valuable immunodiagnostic aid in the management of melanoma.", "PMID": 91379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12363", "title": "The relation between maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein and birth weight in twin pregnancies.", "content": "In the course of routine screening for neural tube defects, maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured between 15 and 23 weeks of gestation in 64 twin pregnancies. Women with AFP levels more than twice the median for singleton pregnancies gave birth to infants with significantly decreased birth weights. Women with AFP less than the median also tended to produce twins with decreased birth weights. The distribution of gestations at delivery suggested that in twin pregnancies low AFP values gave an early warning of growth retardation while high values signal possible premature delivery.", "contents": "The relation between maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein and birth weight in twin pregnancies. In the course of routine screening for neural tube defects, maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured between 15 and 23 weeks of gestation in 64 twin pregnancies. Women with AFP levels more than twice the median for singleton pregnancies gave birth to infants with significantly decreased birth weights. Women with AFP less than the median also tended to produce twins with decreased birth weights. The distribution of gestations at delivery suggested that in twin pregnancies low AFP values gave an early warning of growth retardation while high values signal possible premature delivery.", "PMID": 91381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12364", "title": "Comparison of the effect of linear gramicidin analogues on bacterial sporulation, membrane permeability, and ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "Various analogues of linear gramicidin were tested for their biological activity in restoring the normal spore phenotype of gramicidin-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis and for their ability to increase cation conductivity of black lipid membranes and to inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase. Whereas many biologically active gramicidin analogues had no effect on membrane permeability, all biologically active peptides were able to inhibit ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase. These observations make it unlikely that membranes are the site of action of gramicidin during bacterial sporulation, but they are consistent with the notion that gramicidin functions to control RNA synthesis during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation (Sarkar & Paulus, 1972). The relationship between peptide structure and the ability to restore normal sporulation and inhibit RNA polymerase showed that the eight amino-terminal residues have little influence on the function of gramicidin, whereas the highly nonpolar repeating sequence D-leucyl-L-tryptophan is essential for biological activity and may represent the site of interaction with RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of linear gramicidin analogues on bacterial sporulation, membrane permeability, and ribonucleic acid polymerase. Various analogues of linear gramicidin were tested for their biological activity in restoring the normal spore phenotype of gramicidin-negative mutants of Bacillus brevis and for their ability to increase cation conductivity of black lipid membranes and to inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase. Whereas many biologically active gramicidin analogues had no effect on membrane permeability, all biologically active peptides were able to inhibit ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase. These observations make it unlikely that membranes are the site of action of gramicidin during bacterial sporulation, but they are consistent with the notion that gramicidin functions to control RNA synthesis during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation (Sarkar & Paulus, 1972). The relationship between peptide structure and the ability to restore normal sporulation and inhibit RNA polymerase showed that the eight amino-terminal residues have little influence on the function of gramicidin, whereas the highly nonpolar repeating sequence D-leucyl-L-tryptophan is essential for biological activity and may represent the site of interaction with RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 91382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12365", "title": "Adrenergic stimulation of membrane protein phosphorylation in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Adrenergic modification of membrane protein phosphorylation was studied in intact human erythrocytes. Micromolar norepinephrine increased 32P incorporation into Band 2 by 70%, and into Band 3 by 40%. Phosphorylation levels observed with a series of specific agonists and antagonists suggest that an alpha-adrenergic receptor is involved in this effect. The mechanism of linkage between this receptor and protein phosphorylation does not appear to involve modulation of intracellular concentrations of ATP, cyclic AMP, or cyclic GMP.", "contents": "Adrenergic stimulation of membrane protein phosphorylation in human erythrocytes. Adrenergic modification of membrane protein phosphorylation was studied in intact human erythrocytes. Micromolar norepinephrine increased 32P incorporation into Band 2 by 70%, and into Band 3 by 40%. Phosphorylation levels observed with a series of specific agonists and antagonists suggest that an alpha-adrenergic receptor is involved in this effect. The mechanism of linkage between this receptor and protein phosphorylation does not appear to involve modulation of intracellular concentrations of ATP, cyclic AMP, or cyclic GMP.", "PMID": 91385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12366", "title": "Galactosyltransferase from commerical preparations of fetuin.", "content": "A galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDPgalactose to asialoagalacto fetuin or N-acetylglucosamine was partly purified from two commerical preparations of fetuin and its kinetic properties were characterized. Several other preparations of fetuin were also found to contain galactosyltransferase activity.", "contents": "Galactosyltransferase from commerical preparations of fetuin. A galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDPgalactose to asialoagalacto fetuin or N-acetylglucosamine was partly purified from two commerical preparations of fetuin and its kinetic properties were characterized. Several other preparations of fetuin were also found to contain galactosyltransferase activity.", "PMID": 91386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12367", "title": "Role of cyclic GMP in submandibular gland secretion.", "content": "Cholinergic stimulation of rat submandibular gland slices resulted in a rapid increase in the level of cyclic GMP. This increase was dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Adrenergic agonists did not produce a significant elevation of cyclic GMP. The addition of Ca2+ to slices preincubated with the divalent ionophore A23187 caused a rapid rise in cyclic GMP levels which were unaffected by cholinergic stimulation. While these results could support a function for cyclic GMP in cholinergic-mediated K+-release from these glands, they do not support a role for this nucleotide in alpha-adrenergic agonist-induced K+-release or protease secretion.", "contents": "Role of cyclic GMP in submandibular gland secretion. Cholinergic stimulation of rat submandibular gland slices resulted in a rapid increase in the level of cyclic GMP. This increase was dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Adrenergic agonists did not produce a significant elevation of cyclic GMP. The addition of Ca2+ to slices preincubated with the divalent ionophore A23187 caused a rapid rise in cyclic GMP levels which were unaffected by cholinergic stimulation. While these results could support a function for cyclic GMP in cholinergic-mediated K+-release from these glands, they do not support a role for this nucleotide in alpha-adrenergic agonist-induced K+-release or protease secretion.", "PMID": 91387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12368", "title": "[Immunochemical analysis of histone H1 and H5 from pigeon erythroid cells].", "content": "An antiserum with the antibody titer of 1 : 4096 was obtained by immunization of rabbits with the tRNA-histone H5 complex from pigeon erythrocytes. The specificity of the antiserum was studied quantitatively from the reaction of the complement binding to a homologous antigen (histone H5) and its modifications (I, II, III), differing in the degree of phosphorylation. It was shown that phosphorylation of histone H5 increases the ability of the antigen to bind to antibodies, which is especially well-pronounced at the antiserum dilutions as high as 20480. The comparison of the antigenic properties of histones H5 from pigeon and chicken erythrocytes revealed beside structural differences of the proteins the presence of common antigenic determinants. A similar observation was made when histones H5 and H1 from pigeon erythrocytes were compared. Histone H1 from chicken erythrocytes and histone H1 from calf thymus did not produce criss-cross reactions with antiserum H5.", "contents": "[Immunochemical analysis of histone H1 and H5 from pigeon erythroid cells]. An antiserum with the antibody titer of 1 : 4096 was obtained by immunization of rabbits with the tRNA-histone H5 complex from pigeon erythrocytes. The specificity of the antiserum was studied quantitatively from the reaction of the complement binding to a homologous antigen (histone H5) and its modifications (I, II, III), differing in the degree of phosphorylation. It was shown that phosphorylation of histone H5 increases the ability of the antigen to bind to antibodies, which is especially well-pronounced at the antiserum dilutions as high as 20480. The comparison of the antigenic properties of histones H5 from pigeon and chicken erythrocytes revealed beside structural differences of the proteins the presence of common antigenic determinants. A similar observation was made when histones H5 and H1 from pigeon erythrocytes were compared. Histone H1 from chicken erythrocytes and histone H1 from calf thymus did not produce criss-cross reactions with antiserum H5.", "PMID": 91388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12369", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of tetrodotoxin in the late stage of experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "The action of tetrodotoxin (TT), blocking the fast sodium current, on arrhythmias that occurred 24 hours after occlusion of the coronary artery was studied in 10 dogs. TT injected intravenously in doses of 0.5--3.0 micrograms/kg significantly decreased the number of ventricular extrasystoles, and completely restored sinum rhythm in 4 animals. The maximum antiarrhythmic effect was noted 3 to 5 minutes after TT adminstration. It is suggested that arrhythmias and the antiarrhythmic effect of the drugs in the late stage of myocardial infarction are connected with the fast inward sodium current.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic effect of tetrodotoxin in the late stage of experimental myocardial infarct]. The action of tetrodotoxin (TT), blocking the fast sodium current, on arrhythmias that occurred 24 hours after occlusion of the coronary artery was studied in 10 dogs. TT injected intravenously in doses of 0.5--3.0 micrograms/kg significantly decreased the number of ventricular extrasystoles, and completely restored sinum rhythm in 4 animals. The maximum antiarrhythmic effect was noted 3 to 5 minutes after TT adminstration. It is suggested that arrhythmias and the antiarrhythmic effect of the drugs in the late stage of myocardial infarction are connected with the fast inward sodium current.", "PMID": 91393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12370", "title": "[Effect of diiodobenzotefa on the functionally different subpopulations of T-lymphocytes].", "content": "Diiodobenzo-tepa (DIB) was given orally to CBA mice in a dose of 25 mg/kg for 3 successive days. The number of nucleus-containing cells decreased 3.9 fold in the thymus and 1.4 fold in the bone marrow. In experiments on transplantation of lymphoid cells to intact or lethally irradiated (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 mice treated with DIB this substance did not influence the helper activity of T lymphocytes but inhibited the activity or B and T lymphocytes, inducing \"graft-versus-host\" and T cell-suppressor functions.", "contents": "[Effect of diiodobenzotefa on the functionally different subpopulations of T-lymphocytes]. Diiodobenzo-tepa (DIB) was given orally to CBA mice in a dose of 25 mg/kg for 3 successive days. The number of nucleus-containing cells decreased 3.9 fold in the thymus and 1.4 fold in the bone marrow. In experiments on transplantation of lymphoid cells to intact or lethally irradiated (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 mice treated with DIB this substance did not influence the helper activity of T lymphocytes but inhibited the activity or B and T lymphocytes, inducing \"graft-versus-host\" and T cell-suppressor functions.", "PMID": 91394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12371", "title": "Subsets of malignant lymphomas in children related to the cell phenotype.", "content": "We studied the lymphomatous cells of 39 children presenting with the classical features of malignant lymphoma. Twenty-two had T lymphoblasts. We could classify these patients into three subsets: The T lymphoblasts from children group 1 displayed antigen(s) shared by a thymocyte subpopulation, had terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT), but no affinity for peanut agglutinin (PNA). The T lymphoblasts from children group 2 lacked the thymocyte antigen(s), had no TDT, but showed affinity for PNA. The T lymphoblasts from children group 3 displayed mature T-cell antigens, had no TDT, and no affinity for PNA. Children from the three groups were similar in terms of clinical presentation, age and sex distribution, and cell morphology; however patients from the three groups might have a different prognosis. Fourteen children had B lymphoblasts that, in half of the cases, had affinity for Helix pomatia agglutinin. Three patients had lymphoblasts lacking specific marker. Two of them had cells displaying an antigen found on common acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and had TDT.", "contents": "Subsets of malignant lymphomas in children related to the cell phenotype. We studied the lymphomatous cells of 39 children presenting with the classical features of malignant lymphoma. Twenty-two had T lymphoblasts. We could classify these patients into three subsets: The T lymphoblasts from children group 1 displayed antigen(s) shared by a thymocyte subpopulation, had terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT), but no affinity for peanut agglutinin (PNA). The T lymphoblasts from children group 2 lacked the thymocyte antigen(s), had no TDT, but showed affinity for PNA. The T lymphoblasts from children group 3 displayed mature T-cell antigens, had no TDT, and no affinity for PNA. Children from the three groups were similar in terms of clinical presentation, age and sex distribution, and cell morphology; however patients from the three groups might have a different prognosis. Fourteen children had B lymphoblasts that, in half of the cases, had affinity for Helix pomatia agglutinin. Three patients had lymphoblasts lacking specific marker. Two of them had cells displaying an antigen found on common acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and had TDT.", "PMID": 91395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12372", "title": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin: differentiation between intravascular and extravascular platelet destruction.", "content": "To elucidate the usefulness of beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) in the differentiation of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia, plasma beta TG concentration was measured in one patient with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, four patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ATP), two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia (TTP), and one patient with thrombocytopenia secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Plasma beta TG was not measurable in amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, was normal in ATP, and was increased in TTP and DIC. These data indicate that in thrombocytopenic patients, increased plasma beta TG concentration may result from intravascular platelet consumption with release of platelet constituents in contrast to extravascular platelet destruction by the macrophage-monocyte system.", "contents": "Plasma beta-thromboglobulin: differentiation between intravascular and extravascular platelet destruction. To elucidate the usefulness of beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) in the differentiation of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia, plasma beta TG concentration was measured in one patient with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, four patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ATP), two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia (TTP), and one patient with thrombocytopenia secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Plasma beta TG was not measurable in amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, was normal in ATP, and was increased in TTP and DIC. These data indicate that in thrombocytopenic patients, increased plasma beta TG concentration may result from intravascular platelet consumption with release of platelet constituents in contrast to extravascular platelet destruction by the macrophage-monocyte system.", "PMID": 91396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12373", "title": "A new fluorescence technique for staining of mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "A recently developed fluorochrome, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), is used to stain mononuclear phagocytes of the mouse. After addition of heparin, these cells showed a bright yellow outer ring.", "contents": "A new fluorescence technique for staining of mononuclear phagocytes. A recently developed fluorochrome, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), is used to stain mononuclear phagocytes of the mouse. After addition of heparin, these cells showed a bright yellow outer ring.", "PMID": 91397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12374", "title": "Methyl xanthines, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and the spinal transmission of nociceptive information.", "content": "1 In spinal cats anaesthetized with either alpha-chloralose or sodium pentobarbitone, a study was made of the effects of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), mono- and di-butyryl cyclic AMP and the methyl xanthines, theophylline and isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX), on the responses of neurones of laminae I, IV and V to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. The compounds were administered from micropipettes positioned in the substantia gelatinosa. IBMX was also given intravenously.2 When administered in the substantia gelatinosa, neither cyclic AMP, its butyryl derivatives, nor the methyl xanthines had any effect on the excitation of neurones of spinal laminae IV and V by noxious heating of the skin or deflection of hairs. When the nociceptive responses of cells had been reduced by electrophoretic morphine, methyl xanthines and cyclic AMP failed to modify the effects of morphine on these deeper neurones. Electrophoretically administered naloxone reversed the effect of morphine.3 Intravenously administered IBMX (1 to 2 mg/kg) produced large transient increases in the firing rate of both C fibres and the excitation of dorsal horn neurones by noxious heating of the skin. These increases coincided with decreases in the mean systemic blood pressure, and probably resulted from increased temperatures being attained in the dermis by each noxious stimulus. When dorsal horn neurones were activated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve by a stimulus adequate to excite C fibres, intravenous IBMX produced a small or no increase in the number of spikes per stimulus.4 These results in the spinal cord do not support the hypothesis that the inhibition of synthesis of cyclic AMP is relevant to the analgesic action of morphine in mammals.", "contents": "Methyl xanthines, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and the spinal transmission of nociceptive information. 1 In spinal cats anaesthetized with either alpha-chloralose or sodium pentobarbitone, a study was made of the effects of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), mono- and di-butyryl cyclic AMP and the methyl xanthines, theophylline and isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX), on the responses of neurones of laminae I, IV and V to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. The compounds were administered from micropipettes positioned in the substantia gelatinosa. IBMX was also given intravenously.2 When administered in the substantia gelatinosa, neither cyclic AMP, its butyryl derivatives, nor the methyl xanthines had any effect on the excitation of neurones of spinal laminae IV and V by noxious heating of the skin or deflection of hairs. When the nociceptive responses of cells had been reduced by electrophoretic morphine, methyl xanthines and cyclic AMP failed to modify the effects of morphine on these deeper neurones. Electrophoretically administered naloxone reversed the effect of morphine.3 Intravenously administered IBMX (1 to 2 mg/kg) produced large transient increases in the firing rate of both C fibres and the excitation of dorsal horn neurones by noxious heating of the skin. These increases coincided with decreases in the mean systemic blood pressure, and probably resulted from increased temperatures being attained in the dermis by each noxious stimulus. When dorsal horn neurones were activated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve by a stimulus adequate to excite C fibres, intravenous IBMX produced a small or no increase in the number of spikes per stimulus.4 These results in the spinal cord do not support the hypothesis that the inhibition of synthesis of cyclic AMP is relevant to the analgesic action of morphine in mammals.", "PMID": 91402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12375", "title": "Non-immunological release of slow-reacting substance from guinea-pig lungs.", "content": "1 During incubation with calcium ionophore A23187, sensitized and unsensitized guinea-pig chopped lung released a slow-reacting substance (SRS) and histamine. 2 SRS possessed many characteristics of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). It was inactivated by arylsulphatase, antagonized by FPL55712 (1 microgram/ml) and more stable in alkali than acid. Furthermore, it behaved like SRS-A  by stimulating archidonic acid metabolism in guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. 3 Maximal ionophore generation of SRS in sensitized lung was greater than maximal anaphylactic generation of SRS-A but the release of histamine was not significantly different. Simultaneous challenge with antigen and ionophore produced more SRS-like or SRS-A-like activity than either stimulus alone. 4 These results have shown a non-immunological release from guinea-pig lung of SRS which was similar (or possibly identical) to SRS-A. It is suggested that in addition to mast cells, other cell types may be involved.", "contents": "Non-immunological release of slow-reacting substance from guinea-pig lungs. 1 During incubation with calcium ionophore A23187, sensitized and unsensitized guinea-pig chopped lung released a slow-reacting substance (SRS) and histamine. 2 SRS possessed many characteristics of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). It was inactivated by arylsulphatase, antagonized by FPL55712 (1 microgram/ml) and more stable in alkali than acid. Furthermore, it behaved like SRS-A  by stimulating archidonic acid metabolism in guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. 3 Maximal ionophore generation of SRS in sensitized lung was greater than maximal anaphylactic generation of SRS-A but the release of histamine was not significantly different. Simultaneous challenge with antigen and ionophore produced more SRS-like or SRS-A-like activity than either stimulus alone. 4 These results have shown a non-immunological release from guinea-pig lung of SRS which was similar (or possibly identical) to SRS-A. It is suggested that in addition to mast cells, other cell types may be involved.", "PMID": 91403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12376", "title": "Axonal transport and metabolism of [3H]fucose- and [35S]-sulfate-labeled macromolecules in the rat visual system.", "content": "The axonal transport of labeled macromolecules in retinal ganglion cells of rats was investigated from 1 to 20 days following intraocular injection of [3H]fucose and [35S]sulfate. Maximal incorporation of [3H]fucose into acid insoluble material in the retina was at 8 h, followed by a biphasic decline. Transported [3H]fucose (98% as glycoprotein) was in the optic nerve at 1 h, the optic tract and lateral geniculate body by 2 h, and the superior colliculus by 3 h after injection, indicating a rate of transport of approximately 200 mm/day. Radioactivity continued to accumulate in the superior colliculus for at least 8 h and began to decline rapidly by 24 h. Between 3 and 6 days levels rose again in both optic tract and superior colliculus before starting a gradual decline, indicating that a wave of rapidly transported material was delayed in leaving the retina. When proteins in the superior colliculus were fractionated by gel electrophoresis, the composition of the two fucosylated protein transport phases could be partially resolved. Radioactivity in individual gel peaks represented primarily in the first phase decayed with an average half-life of one day, althouth that in one prominent protein of molecular weight 280,000 turned over with a half-life of the order of 12 h. Radioactive peaks primarily in the second phase decayed with an average half-life of more than a week. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into acid insoluble material in the retina was maximal at 1-2 h, after which there was a rapid loss of label. The appearance of [35S]sulfate in the optic tract, lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus preceded by a short time that of the [3H]fucose; indicating a shorter retinal processing time for this label. The total transported [35S]sulfate in the superior colliculus peaked by 4-8 h and had fallen by 65% at one day; no prominent second wave of transport was observed as was the case for [3H]fucose. Acid insoluble [35S]sulfate in the superior colliculus was equally divided between glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans at all times examined, indicating that these macromolecules are transported at the same rate. [35S]Sulfate incorporated into various proteins fractionated by gel electrophoresis had heterogeneous turnover rates, the average being around 12 h. Radioactivity in one group of proteins, of molecular weight around 90,000, decayed with a half-life of only a few hours.", "contents": "Axonal transport and metabolism of [3H]fucose- and [35S]-sulfate-labeled macromolecules in the rat visual system. The axonal transport of labeled macromolecules in retinal ganglion cells of rats was investigated from 1 to 20 days following intraocular injection of [3H]fucose and [35S]sulfate. Maximal incorporation of [3H]fucose into acid insoluble material in the retina was at 8 h, followed by a biphasic decline. Transported [3H]fucose (98% as glycoprotein) was in the optic nerve at 1 h, the optic tract and lateral geniculate body by 2 h, and the superior colliculus by 3 h after injection, indicating a rate of transport of approximately 200 mm/day. Radioactivity continued to accumulate in the superior colliculus for at least 8 h and began to decline rapidly by 24 h. Between 3 and 6 days levels rose again in both optic tract and superior colliculus before starting a gradual decline, indicating that a wave of rapidly transported material was delayed in leaving the retina. When proteins in the superior colliculus were fractionated by gel electrophoresis, the composition of the two fucosylated protein transport phases could be partially resolved. Radioactivity in individual gel peaks represented primarily in the first phase decayed with an average half-life of one day, althouth that in one prominent protein of molecular weight 280,000 turned over with a half-life of the order of 12 h. Radioactive peaks primarily in the second phase decayed with an average half-life of more than a week. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into acid insoluble material in the retina was maximal at 1-2 h, after which there was a rapid loss of label. The appearance of [35S]sulfate in the optic tract, lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus preceded by a short time that of the [3H]fucose; indicating a shorter retinal processing time for this label. The total transported [35S]sulfate in the superior colliculus peaked by 4-8 h and had fallen by 65% at one day; no prominent second wave of transport was observed as was the case for [3H]fucose. Acid insoluble [35S]sulfate in the superior colliculus was equally divided between glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans at all times examined, indicating that these macromolecules are transported at the same rate. [35S]Sulfate incorporated into various proteins fractionated by gel electrophoresis had heterogeneous turnover rates, the average being around 12 h. Radioactivity in one group of proteins, of molecular weight around 90,000, decayed with a half-life of only a few hours.", "PMID": 91405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12377", "title": "The uptake and radioautographical localization in the frog retina of [3H](+/-)-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid, a selective inhibitor of neuronal GABA transport.", "content": "The accumulation of [3H](+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ([3H] ACHC) in frog retinae in vitro was highly localized in horizontal cells and their processes. [3H]GABA was also mainly accumulated within horizontal cells, but [3H]L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid ([3H]DABA) was taken up predominantly by the neuroglial M\u00fcller cells, whilst [3H]beta-alanine was localised largely within the photoreceptors. The uptake of [3H]ACHC (4.2 microM) was almost linear for 30 min and after 60 min a tissue/medium ratio of 5.25 was achieved. The uptake process was temperature sensitive highly dependent on sodium ions, and appeared to be mediated by a saturable transport process with an IC50 value of 0.83 mM. The accumulation of [3H]ACHC was inhibited by GABA and DABA (IC50 = 0.32 mM and 0.23 mM, respectively) whilst beta-alanine was a relatively weak inhibitor (IC50 = 9 mM) of ACHC uptake. In agreement with these results, the efflux of [3H]ACHC from the retina was increased by exposure to ACHC, GABA and DABA but not beta-alanine. In contrast, the efflux of [3H]DABA from the retina was not increased by GABA or ACHC, although DABA itself and potassium depolarization stimulated the release of [3H]DABA. These results strongly suggest that ACHC is accumulated in the frog retina by the same neuronal transport process as GABA. In contrast, the high affinity sites for DABA are localized mainly in glia, although inhibitor and release studies suggest that, at high concentration, DABA also interacts with the neuronal GABA (ACHC) transport process.", "contents": "The uptake and radioautographical localization in the frog retina of [3H](+/-)-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid, a selective inhibitor of neuronal GABA transport. The accumulation of [3H](+/-)-cis-3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid ([3H] ACHC) in frog retinae in vitro was highly localized in horizontal cells and their processes. [3H]GABA was also mainly accumulated within horizontal cells, but [3H]L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid ([3H]DABA) was taken up predominantly by the neuroglial M\u00fcller cells, whilst [3H]beta-alanine was localised largely within the photoreceptors. The uptake of [3H]ACHC (4.2 microM) was almost linear for 30 min and after 60 min a tissue/medium ratio of 5.25 was achieved. The uptake process was temperature sensitive highly dependent on sodium ions, and appeared to be mediated by a saturable transport process with an IC50 value of 0.83 mM. The accumulation of [3H]ACHC was inhibited by GABA and DABA (IC50 = 0.32 mM and 0.23 mM, respectively) whilst beta-alanine was a relatively weak inhibitor (IC50 = 9 mM) of ACHC uptake. In agreement with these results, the efflux of [3H]ACHC from the retina was increased by exposure to ACHC, GABA and DABA but not beta-alanine. In contrast, the efflux of [3H]DABA from the retina was not increased by GABA or ACHC, although DABA itself and potassium depolarization stimulated the release of [3H]DABA. These results strongly suggest that ACHC is accumulated in the frog retina by the same neuronal transport process as GABA. In contrast, the high affinity sites for DABA are localized mainly in glia, although inhibitor and release studies suggest that, at high concentration, DABA also interacts with the neuronal GABA (ACHC) transport process.", "PMID": 91406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12378", "title": "Prenatal and early postnatal beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated increase of cyclic AMP in slices of rat brain.", "content": "The levels of cyclic AMP in slices of cerebral cortex and cerebellum from newborn rats were significantly, but transiently, increased by exposure to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. Isobutylmethyxanthine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, enhanced this effect and permitted its detection in cerebral cortex obtained from the prenatal rat. These results are consistent with the possibilities that functional noradrenergic synapses are formed early in the ontogeny of the CNS, and that norepinephrine may exert cyclic AMP-mediated influences on brain development.", "contents": "Prenatal and early postnatal beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated increase of cyclic AMP in slices of rat brain. The levels of cyclic AMP in slices of cerebral cortex and cerebellum from newborn rats were significantly, but transiently, increased by exposure to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. Isobutylmethyxanthine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, enhanced this effect and permitted its detection in cerebral cortex obtained from the prenatal rat. These results are consistent with the possibilities that functional noradrenergic synapses are formed early in the ontogeny of the CNS, and that norepinephrine may exert cyclic AMP-mediated influences on brain development.", "PMID": 91411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12379", "title": "Organization of visual cortical projections to the claustrum in the cat.", "content": "The projection patterns from different visual areas of the parieto-occipital cortex to the claustrum were studied autoradiographically in cats. When [3H]proline was injected into 17, 18, 19 or Clare-Bishop areas, the label was transported to an area restricted to the dorsal and caudal parts of the claustrum without any suggestion of retinotopic organization. Injection in each of these visual areas resulted in individual patterns of projection but with overlapping fields of termination, a pattern similar to corticocaudate projection. When injected into area 7, a region shown to have neurons involved in visuomotor mechanisms, the label was transported to the same area as that of the visual projection. These and other findings suggest that claustrum may be reciprocally and topographically connected with the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Organization of visual cortical projections to the claustrum in the cat. The projection patterns from different visual areas of the parieto-occipital cortex to the claustrum were studied autoradiographically in cats. When [3H]proline was injected into 17, 18, 19 or Clare-Bishop areas, the label was transported to an area restricted to the dorsal and caudal parts of the claustrum without any suggestion of retinotopic organization. Injection in each of these visual areas resulted in individual patterns of projection but with overlapping fields of termination, a pattern similar to corticocaudate projection. When injected into area 7, a region shown to have neurons involved in visuomotor mechanisms, the label was transported to the same area as that of the visual projection. These and other findings suggest that claustrum may be reciprocally and topographically connected with the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 91412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12380", "title": "Projection of neostriatal spiny neurons to the substantia nigra. Application of a combined Golgi-staining and horseradish peroxidase transport procedure at both light and electron microscopic levels.", "content": "One type of striatonigral neuron in the rat has been characterized. Golgi impregnation of striatal neurons that had been retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase has shown that the medium-sized, densely spiny neurons project to the substantia nigra. Some of the synapses on three of these identified striatonigral neurons have been studied in the electron microscope following replacement of the Golgi deposit by means of the 'gold-toning' method. Synapsing axonal boutons were found on the following sites: soma and axon initial segment (symmetrical, with flattened or pleomorphic vesicles); primary and secondary dendritic shafts (symmetrical with pleomorphic vesicles); dendritic spines (asymmetrical, with spheroidal vesicles). These findings show that new information concerning neuronal connectivity can be obtained by combining three classical procedures in the same material: first, the Golgi method, that characterizes the type of neuron on the basis of its dendritic morphology; second, a retrograde tracing method, that identifies the projection area of the neuron; and, third, ultrastructural analysis of the nature of afferent terminals on the neuron.", "contents": "Projection of neostriatal spiny neurons to the substantia nigra. Application of a combined Golgi-staining and horseradish peroxidase transport procedure at both light and electron microscopic levels. One type of striatonigral neuron in the rat has been characterized. Golgi impregnation of striatal neurons that had been retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase has shown that the medium-sized, densely spiny neurons project to the substantia nigra. Some of the synapses on three of these identified striatonigral neurons have been studied in the electron microscope following replacement of the Golgi deposit by means of the 'gold-toning' method. Synapsing axonal boutons were found on the following sites: soma and axon initial segment (symmetrical, with flattened or pleomorphic vesicles); primary and secondary dendritic shafts (symmetrical with pleomorphic vesicles); dendritic spines (asymmetrical, with spheroidal vesicles). These findings show that new information concerning neuronal connectivity can be obtained by combining three classical procedures in the same material: first, the Golgi method, that characterizes the type of neuron on the basis of its dendritic morphology; second, a retrograde tracing method, that identifies the projection area of the neuron; and, third, ultrastructural analysis of the nature of afferent terminals on the neuron.", "PMID": 91416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12381", "title": "Direct immunofluorescence tests with counterstains for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in infected avian tissues.", "content": "Different methods of preparation and serological evaluation of rabbit globulins for use in fluorescent antibody conjugate and different methods of counterstaining with fluorescent antibody tests were evaluated for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in infected turkey tissues. The agar gel precipitin reaction was that chosen for testing and selecting antiserums to be used for fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugation. The fluorescent antibody staining was most pronounced with conjugate made from globulins precipitated with ammonium sulfate. A direct fluorescent antibody method with Evans blue counterstain correctly identified \"coded\" specimens of C. psittaci-infected and noninfected turkey air sacs. However, naphthalene black was superior to Evans blue as a counterstain when infected pericardial sacs were tested.", "contents": "Direct immunofluorescence tests with counterstains for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in infected avian tissues. Different methods of preparation and serological evaluation of rabbit globulins for use in fluorescent antibody conjugate and different methods of counterstaining with fluorescent antibody tests were evaluated for detection of Chlamydia psittaci in infected turkey tissues. The agar gel precipitin reaction was that chosen for testing and selecting antiserums to be used for fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugation. The fluorescent antibody staining was most pronounced with conjugate made from globulins precipitated with ammonium sulfate. A direct fluorescent antibody method with Evans blue counterstain correctly identified \"coded\" specimens of C. psittaci-infected and noninfected turkey air sacs. However, naphthalene black was superior to Evans blue as a counterstain when infected pericardial sacs were tested.", "PMID": 91417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12382", "title": "Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Prostatic cancer kills more men than any other malignant condition except that arising from the lung. \"Cancer Therapy: Prognostic Factors and Criteria of Response\" predicted that there would be approximately 17 500 deaths due to this disease in the United States in 1978. Surgery is only applicable in stages A and B, when the tumour, as shown by various tests, such as measurement of the acid phosphatase value, technetium scanning and radioimmunoassay, is confined to the prostate. Ideally, the lymph glands along the iliac and obturator vessels should first be removed and quick-sectioned. If malignant cells are found in the lymph glands, the disease is considered surgically incurable and the procedure should be abandoned. If, however, the glands are disease free, a total prostatovesiculectomy should be carried out. The author also discusses the place of palliative surgery, such as transurethral resection, in the treatment of cancer of the prostate.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. Prostatic cancer kills more men than any other malignant condition except that arising from the lung. \"Cancer Therapy: Prognostic Factors and Criteria of Response\" predicted that there would be approximately 17 500 deaths due to this disease in the United States in 1978. Surgery is only applicable in stages A and B, when the tumour, as shown by various tests, such as measurement of the acid phosphatase value, technetium scanning and radioimmunoassay, is confined to the prostate. Ideally, the lymph glands along the iliac and obturator vessels should first be removed and quick-sectioned. If malignant cells are found in the lymph glands, the disease is considered surgically incurable and the procedure should be abandoned. If, however, the glands are disease free, a total prostatovesiculectomy should be carried out. The author also discusses the place of palliative surgery, such as transurethral resection, in the treatment of cancer of the prostate.", "PMID": 91418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12383", "title": "Some observations on serum gammaglobulin concentrations in suckled beef calves.", "content": "Gammaglobulin concentrations were measured in serum samples collected from 23 single-suckled beef calves immediately after birth and from 346 calves at 48 +/- 12 hours postpartum. Considerable variation in these levels appeared to be associated with age and breed of dam. There were also indications that they might be influenced markedly by herd management. These post-suckling gammaglobulin concentrations were of no value in predicting incidence or severity of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in the beef herd as a whole, or in the individual neonate.", "contents": "Some observations on serum gammaglobulin concentrations in suckled beef calves. Gammaglobulin concentrations were measured in serum samples collected from 23 single-suckled beef calves immediately after birth and from 346 calves at 48 +/- 12 hours postpartum. Considerable variation in these levels appeared to be associated with age and breed of dam. There were also indications that they might be influenced markedly by herd management. These post-suckling gammaglobulin concentrations were of no value in predicting incidence or severity of undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in the beef herd as a whole, or in the individual neonate.", "PMID": 91420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12384", "title": "Kinetics of 57Co-bleomycin in mice after intravenous, subcutaneous and intratumoral injection.", "content": "In tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice the body clearance and organ distribution of 57Co-BLM was measured in different time intervals after iv, sc, and it administration of the drug. No significant differences could be demonstrated in body clearances following different doses and routes of application of labeled BLM in tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice. The organ distribution studies showed higher concentrations following iv compared to sc or it application of 57Co-BLM; however, the activity in the ipsilateral injection sites were significantly increased after sc and it injection. In tumor-bearing mice the activity in the draining lymph nodes of the injection site were as high as that seen in draining lymph nodes following iv injection. However, on the contralateral side, the lymph node concentration was significantly reduced after it injection. These results indicate on the basis of organ distribution of 57Co-BLM a rational basis for it treatment of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Kinetics of 57Co-bleomycin in mice after intravenous, subcutaneous and intratumoral injection. In tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice the body clearance and organ distribution of 57Co-BLM was measured in different time intervals after iv, sc, and it administration of the drug. No significant differences could be demonstrated in body clearances following different doses and routes of application of labeled BLM in tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice. The organ distribution studies showed higher concentrations following iv compared to sc or it application of 57Co-BLM; however, the activity in the ipsilateral injection sites were significantly increased after sc and it injection. In tumor-bearing mice the activity in the draining lymph nodes of the injection site were as high as that seen in draining lymph nodes following iv injection. However, on the contralateral side, the lymph node concentration was significantly reduced after it injection. These results indicate on the basis of organ distribution of 57Co-BLM a rational basis for it treatment of malignant tumors.", "PMID": 91421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12385", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver with alcoholic hyalin bodies and cytologic atypia.", "content": "Focal nodular hyperplasia is an uncommon hepatic lesion in which the component hepatocytes are usually histologically normal. A case of focal nodular hyperplasia with cytologically atypical hepatocytes is presented. Light and electron microscopic evidence is given for the presence of alcoholic hyalin in these cells. A review of cytologic changes reported in focal nodular hyperplasia by others is included. To our knowledge, the presence of alcoholic hyalin in focal nodular hyperplasia has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver with alcoholic hyalin bodies and cytologic atypia. Focal nodular hyperplasia is an uncommon hepatic lesion in which the component hepatocytes are usually histologically normal. A case of focal nodular hyperplasia with cytologically atypical hepatocytes is presented. Light and electron microscopic evidence is given for the presence of alcoholic hyalin in these cells. A review of cytologic changes reported in focal nodular hyperplasia by others is included. To our knowledge, the presence of alcoholic hyalin in focal nodular hyperplasia has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 91422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12386", "title": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone and its comparison with fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Two cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone are recorded, one in the distal fibula of a 66-year-old man, the other in the proximal tibia of a 61-year-old woman. The cytological, histological, and ultrastructural features of leiomyosarcoma of bone are described and compared with those of fibrosarcoma. These features are sufficiently characteristic to enable a confident diagnostic distinction between leiomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Nevertheless, certain basic similarities exist between these two tumors, manifested at the ultrastructural level by the presence of myofilaments in fibrosarcoma; it would seem that the observed differences relate to the degree of development of the myofilamentous structures. It is postulated that primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone need not necessarily always arise from the media of blood vessels; it might also conceivably develop through advanced myogenic metaplasia of a sarcoma originating from fibroblastic tissue.", "contents": "Primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone and its comparison with fibrosarcoma. Two cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone are recorded, one in the distal fibula of a 66-year-old man, the other in the proximal tibia of a 61-year-old woman. The cytological, histological, and ultrastructural features of leiomyosarcoma of bone are described and compared with those of fibrosarcoma. These features are sufficiently characteristic to enable a confident diagnostic distinction between leiomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Nevertheless, certain basic similarities exist between these two tumors, manifested at the ultrastructural level by the presence of myofilaments in fibrosarcoma; it would seem that the observed differences relate to the degree of development of the myofilamentous structures. It is postulated that primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone need not necessarily always arise from the media of blood vessels; it might also conceivably develop through advanced myogenic metaplasia of a sarcoma originating from fibroblastic tissue.", "PMID": 91423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12387", "title": "Inhibitory effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine 5'-triphosphate and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate on DNA polymerases from murine cells and oncornavirus.", "content": "The effects of the newly synthesized compound 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine 5'-triphosphate (ara-GTP) on the activity of DNA polymerases from mouse cells and oncornavirus were compared with those of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate. Ara-GTP did not replace deoxyguanosine 5'- triphosphate as substrate for these DNA polymerases but inhibited the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma and viral DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase alpha was more sensitive than DNA polymerases beta and gamma and viral DNA polymerase to inhibition by ara-GTP. The inhibitions by ara-GTP and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate were due to competition or partial competition 5'-triphosphate were due to competition or partial competition with deoxynucleoside triphosphate with the same base. The inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition of nucleotide incorporation varied depending on the combination of inhibitor, substrate(s), and enzyme species.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine 5'-triphosphate and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate on DNA polymerases from murine cells and oncornavirus. The effects of the newly synthesized compound 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine 5'-triphosphate (ara-GTP) on the activity of DNA polymerases from mouse cells and oncornavirus were compared with those of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate. Ara-GTP did not replace deoxyguanosine 5'- triphosphate as substrate for these DNA polymerases but inhibited the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma and viral DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase alpha was more sensitive than DNA polymerases beta and gamma and viral DNA polymerase to inhibition by ara-GTP. The inhibitions by ara-GTP and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate were due to competition or partial competition 5'-triphosphate were due to competition or partial competition with deoxynucleoside triphosphate with the same base. The inhibition constant (Ki) and the mode of inhibition of nucleotide incorporation varied depending on the combination of inhibitor, substrate(s), and enzyme species.", "PMID": 91427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12388", "title": "Detection of both T-cell and Ia-like antigens on cells from patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis.", "content": "Appropriately absorbed antisera to the lymphoblastoid cell lines HSB and SB detect a human T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (TLAA) and the human Ia-like antigens, respectively. Cells from some patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis expressed both TLAA and Ia antigens when tested in a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay (greater than 90% lysis with both antisera). When patients were in remission, expression of TLAA and Ia antigens returned to normal values. Quantitative absorption of anti-TLAA serum with increasing numbers of AMML cells showed that these cells could remove reactivity of the serum for both HSB and human thymocytes. Similarly, absorption of anti-Ia serum with AMML cells removed all serological reactivity when this serum was tested on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells or normal B-cells. These serological findings were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies using radiolabeled antigens. Cells from an AMML patient were labeled with 125I using lactoperoxidase; both the TLAA and Ia antigens were precipitated from the resulting solubilized membrane preparation. Leukemic cells from one AMML patient and one patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis were studied for Ia and TLAA antigens with a double fluorescence technique. Over 80% of the cells showed dual fluorescence.", "contents": "Detection of both T-cell and Ia-like antigens on cells from patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. Appropriately absorbed antisera to the lymphoblastoid cell lines HSB and SB detect a human T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (TLAA) and the human Ia-like antigens, respectively. Cells from some patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis expressed both TLAA and Ia antigens when tested in a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay (greater than 90% lysis with both antisera). When patients were in remission, expression of TLAA and Ia antigens returned to normal values. Quantitative absorption of anti-TLAA serum with increasing numbers of AMML cells showed that these cells could remove reactivity of the serum for both HSB and human thymocytes. Similarly, absorption of anti-Ia serum with AMML cells removed all serological reactivity when this serum was tested on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells or normal B-cells. These serological findings were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies using radiolabeled antigens. Cells from an AMML patient were labeled with 125I using lactoperoxidase; both the TLAA and Ia antigens were precipitated from the resulting solubilized membrane preparation. Leukemic cells from one AMML patient and one patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis were studied for Ia and TLAA antigens with a double fluorescence technique. Over 80% of the cells showed dual fluorescence.", "PMID": 91428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12389", "title": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of nineteen heterocyclic mustards (ICR compounds) in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 19 ICR compounds, including 6 reported previously, have been determined in the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase system. As with other physical and chemical agents, ICR 170 and 191 exhibit a phenotypic expression time of 7 to 9 days, independent of concentrations tested. Thirteen of these compounds are mutagenic. At equimolar concentrations, the compounds with the tertiary amine-type side chain (ICR 217, 340, 355, 368, 170, and 292) are more mutagenic than the compounds with the secondary amine-type side chain (ICR 449, 371, 191, and 372). All secondary amine types show a \"plateau\" in their concentration-dependent mutagenesis curves at 3 to 4 microM. Shortening of the side chain by one carbon (ICR 171) results in a reduced mutagenicity. Substitution of a sulfur atom for a nitrogen in the side chain (ICR 342) increases both mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. The presence of two 2-chloroethyl groups on the side chain (ICR 220) also results in greatly increased cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. When the 2-chloroethyl group of ICR 340, 372, 292, 191, or 170 is replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group (ICR 340-OH, 372-OH, 292-OH, 191-OH, or 170-OH), a mutagenically inactive compound results which remains toxic. Replacement of the amine linkage with an ether linkage (ICR 283) also yields a mutagenically inactive compound.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of nineteen heterocyclic mustards (ICR compounds) in cultured mammalian cells. The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 19 ICR compounds, including 6 reported previously, have been determined in the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase system. As with other physical and chemical agents, ICR 170 and 191 exhibit a phenotypic expression time of 7 to 9 days, independent of concentrations tested. Thirteen of these compounds are mutagenic. At equimolar concentrations, the compounds with the tertiary amine-type side chain (ICR 217, 340, 355, 368, 170, and 292) are more mutagenic than the compounds with the secondary amine-type side chain (ICR 449, 371, 191, and 372). All secondary amine types show a \"plateau\" in their concentration-dependent mutagenesis curves at 3 to 4 microM. Shortening of the side chain by one carbon (ICR 171) results in a reduced mutagenicity. Substitution of a sulfur atom for a nitrogen in the side chain (ICR 342) increases both mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. The presence of two 2-chloroethyl groups on the side chain (ICR 220) also results in greatly increased cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. When the 2-chloroethyl group of ICR 340, 372, 292, 191, or 170 is replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group (ICR 340-OH, 372-OH, 292-OH, 191-OH, or 170-OH), a mutagenically inactive compound results which remains toxic. Replacement of the amine linkage with an ether linkage (ICR 283) also yields a mutagenically inactive compound.", "PMID": 91429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12390", "title": "Role of single-breath carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity in monitoring the pulmonary effects of bleomycin in germ cell tumor patients.", "content": "Serial pulmonary function tests including single-breath carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity (DLCO), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec were performed in a relatively homogeneous group of male patients with germ cell tumors treated with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Of the pulmonary function tests used, the DLCO was shown to be the most sensitive indicator of subclinical bleomycin pulmonary effects. Decreases in DLCO were both total dose and schedule dependent. Patients receiving their total dose of bleomycin at a rate of 25 +/- 2 (S.D.) units/week developed a linear decrease in DLCO with increasing total doses of bleomycin. Changes in FVC did not correlate with bleomycin total dose. Although both the mean DLCO and FVC decreased after completion of bleomycin therapy, the mean FVC returned to base-line levels rapidly, whereas the decrease in mean DLCO was persistent for several months. When routine volumetric tests (FVC and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) and DLCO are used in a systematic manner, DLCO is the most sensitive indicator of the subclinical pulmonary effects of bleomycin in germ cell tumor patients treated with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.", "contents": "Role of single-breath carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity in monitoring the pulmonary effects of bleomycin in germ cell tumor patients. Serial pulmonary function tests including single-breath carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity (DLCO), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec were performed in a relatively homogeneous group of male patients with germ cell tumors treated with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Of the pulmonary function tests used, the DLCO was shown to be the most sensitive indicator of subclinical bleomycin pulmonary effects. Decreases in DLCO were both total dose and schedule dependent. Patients receiving their total dose of bleomycin at a rate of 25 +/- 2 (S.D.) units/week developed a linear decrease in DLCO with increasing total doses of bleomycin. Changes in FVC did not correlate with bleomycin total dose. Although both the mean DLCO and FVC decreased after completion of bleomycin therapy, the mean FVC returned to base-line levels rapidly, whereas the decrease in mean DLCO was persistent for several months. When routine volumetric tests (FVC and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) and DLCO are used in a systematic manner, DLCO is the most sensitive indicator of the subclinical pulmonary effects of bleomycin in germ cell tumor patients treated with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.", "PMID": 91430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12391", "title": "Control of permeation of bleomycin A2 by polyene antibiotics in cultured Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Control of permeation of bleomycin A2, a well-known antitumor antibiotic, in combination with various polyene macrolide antibiotics was analyzed in cultured Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Three polyene antibiotics, filipin, pentamycin, and pimaricin, were found to enhance the action of bleomycin A2 remarkably, while amphotericin B or nystatin could not. Although DNA synthesis and colony-forming activity of polyene-sensitive Chinese hamster V79 cells were synergistically inhibited by the combination of filipin and bleomycin A2, in a polyene-resistant subline (AMBR-1) derived from V79, they were only slightly affected in the presence of both drugs. The cellular uptake of [14C]bleomycin A2 by V79 was enhanced 2- to 4-fold in the presence of increasing doses of filipin or pentamycin, but not in the presence of amphotericin B. The treatment of V79 cells with filipin for 20 to 30 min was enought to block DNA synthesis almost completely when combined with 20 microgram belomycin A2 per ml. The pretreatment of the hamster cells with 6 microgram filipin per ml for 60 min continued to enhance the inhibitory action by bleomycin A2 of DNA synthesis up to 5 hr after the removal of filipin from the cultured medium.", "contents": "Control of permeation of bleomycin A2 by polyene antibiotics in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Control of permeation of bleomycin A2, a well-known antitumor antibiotic, in combination with various polyene macrolide antibiotics was analyzed in cultured Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Three polyene antibiotics, filipin, pentamycin, and pimaricin, were found to enhance the action of bleomycin A2 remarkably, while amphotericin B or nystatin could not. Although DNA synthesis and colony-forming activity of polyene-sensitive Chinese hamster V79 cells were synergistically inhibited by the combination of filipin and bleomycin A2, in a polyene-resistant subline (AMBR-1) derived from V79, they were only slightly affected in the presence of both drugs. The cellular uptake of [14C]bleomycin A2 by V79 was enhanced 2- to 4-fold in the presence of increasing doses of filipin or pentamycin, but not in the presence of amphotericin B. The treatment of V79 cells with filipin for 20 to 30 min was enought to block DNA synthesis almost completely when combined with 20 microgram belomycin A2 per ml. The pretreatment of the hamster cells with 6 microgram filipin per ml for 60 min continued to enhance the inhibitory action by bleomycin A2 of DNA synthesis up to 5 hr after the removal of filipin from the cultured medium.", "PMID": 91431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12392", "title": "Staging procedures and the role of surgery in testicular cancer.", "content": "The conventional staging system for testicular cancer is inadequate in discriminating between varying degrees of local, nodal, and pulmonary disease. This staging system which uses conventional tests including lymphangiogram, iv pyelogram, and inferior venacavogram has been demonstrated to have a 35%--53% error rate in distinguishing between stages I and II cancer based upon retroperitoneal node dissection. A surgicopathologic staging system has been proposed which improves upon the conventional staging system for testicular cancer. This clinical and surgicopathologic staging system has been proposed based on determination of serum alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin before and/or after orchiectomy and lymphadenectomy with a low staging error. The conventional surgical management of testicular cancer and the current status of the National Cancer Institute prospective randomized clinical trial assessing the role of intensive chemotherapy with or without cytoreductive surgery in poor-risk bulky stage III testicular cancer are discussed.", "contents": "Staging procedures and the role of surgery in testicular cancer. The conventional staging system for testicular cancer is inadequate in discriminating between varying degrees of local, nodal, and pulmonary disease. This staging system which uses conventional tests including lymphangiogram, iv pyelogram, and inferior venacavogram has been demonstrated to have a 35%--53% error rate in distinguishing between stages I and II cancer based upon retroperitoneal node dissection. A surgicopathologic staging system has been proposed which improves upon the conventional staging system for testicular cancer. This clinical and surgicopathologic staging system has been proposed based on determination of serum alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin before and/or after orchiectomy and lymphadenectomy with a low staging error. The conventional surgical management of testicular cancer and the current status of the National Cancer Institute prospective randomized clinical trial assessing the role of intensive chemotherapy with or without cytoreductive surgery in poor-risk bulky stage III testicular cancer are discussed.", "PMID": 91432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12393", "title": "Applications of biologic tumor markers in testicular cancer.", "content": "Quantitative measurement of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by double antibody radioimmunoassays originally developed at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md) has been performed in 130 patients with seminoma and in 300 patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Ten of 130 (7.7%) patients with seminoma, 99 of 152 (65%) patients with embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma, and five of five (100%) patients with pure choriocarcinoma had an elevated level of HCG. None of the patients with seminoma or choriocarcinoma had an elevated level of serum AFP although elevated levels were present in 67% of the patients with embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma. Either HCG or AFP was elevated in about 90% of the patients with clinically demonstrable embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma and choriocarcinoma. These two markers have been helpful in staging, detecting recurrence, prognosis, and localization (by the alpha subunit of HCG) of a tumor. Utilizing immunocytochemical techniques, HCG has been localized in syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma. AFP has been localized in yolk sac tumor and embryonal carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Applications of biologic tumor markers in testicular cancer. Quantitative measurement of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by double antibody radioimmunoassays originally developed at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md) has been performed in 130 patients with seminoma and in 300 patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Ten of 130 (7.7%) patients with seminoma, 99 of 152 (65%) patients with embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma, and five of five (100%) patients with pure choriocarcinoma had an elevated level of HCG. None of the patients with seminoma or choriocarcinoma had an elevated level of serum AFP although elevated levels were present in 67% of the patients with embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma. Either HCG or AFP was elevated in about 90% of the patients with clinically demonstrable embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma and choriocarcinoma. These two markers have been helpful in staging, detecting recurrence, prognosis, and localization (by the alpha subunit of HCG) of a tumor. Utilizing immunocytochemical techniques, HCG has been localized in syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma. AFP has been localized in yolk sac tumor and embryonal carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 91433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12394", "title": "Vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in disseminated testicular cancer: preliminary report of a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "Combination induction chemotherapy consisting of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was administered to 126 patients with advanced germ cell tumors of the testis. Following this 4-month induction therapy, maintenance treatment consisting of chlorambucil and actinomycin D alternating monthly with vinblastine was given for an additional 20-month period. Sixty-four patients (51%) achieved a complete remission, while 33 patients (26%) achieved a partial response. Responses were observed in all histologic categories. Seven patients (11%), who were in complete remission, have relapsed at a median time of 5 months. Median duration of remission is greater than 12 months for complete responders and 4 months for partial responders. Significant leukopenia was noted in 57% of evaluable courses and significant thrombocytopenia was noted in 18%. Less than 20% of patients were noted to have nephrotoxicity. Other toxic effects observed were gastrointestinal (42%), dermatologic (15%), pyrexia (14%), neuromuscular (9%), and pulmonary (less than 5%). Several pretreatment parameters are currently being evaluated to determine the impact on complete remission rate and survival.", "contents": "Vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in disseminated testicular cancer: preliminary report of a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Combination induction chemotherapy consisting of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was administered to 126 patients with advanced germ cell tumors of the testis. Following this 4-month induction therapy, maintenance treatment consisting of chlorambucil and actinomycin D alternating monthly with vinblastine was given for an additional 20-month period. Sixty-four patients (51%) achieved a complete remission, while 33 patients (26%) achieved a partial response. Responses were observed in all histologic categories. Seven patients (11%), who were in complete remission, have relapsed at a median time of 5 months. Median duration of remission is greater than 12 months for complete responders and 4 months for partial responders. Significant leukopenia was noted in 57% of evaluable courses and significant thrombocytopenia was noted in 18%. Less than 20% of patients were noted to have nephrotoxicity. Other toxic effects observed were gastrointestinal (42%), dermatologic (15%), pyrexia (14%), neuromuscular (9%), and pulmonary (less than 5%). Several pretreatment parameters are currently being evaluated to determine the impact on complete remission rate and survival.", "PMID": 91435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12395", "title": "Treatment of metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer: a preliminary report of induction chemotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy or radiotherapy.", "content": "Patients with metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer received an induction regimen consisting of bleomycin in 24-hour infusions and bolus iv doses of vinblastine followed by an Adriamycin and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination. Patients achieving complete remission after one or two cycles of this induction chemotherapy were then randomized to receive either radiotherapy (RT) to the previously involved tumor areas or maintenance chemotherapy (MCT) with CCNU, methotrexate, and vinblastine for 2 years. Among 62 evaluable patients, induction chemotherapy achieved 15 (24%) partial remissions and 35 (56%) complete remissions. Two patients with partial remission and single pulmonary metastases were rendered disease-free by surgical resection of residual tumor. Twenty patients received MCT and 15 received RT. To date, median survival is 10,8+ months in the MCT group with five relapses and 12.5 months in the RT group with two relapses. Toxicity in the induction phase was moderately severe with two drug-related deaths.", "contents": "Treatment of metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer: a preliminary report of induction chemotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients with metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer received an induction regimen consisting of bleomycin in 24-hour infusions and bolus iv doses of vinblastine followed by an Adriamycin and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) combination. Patients achieving complete remission after one or two cycles of this induction chemotherapy were then randomized to receive either radiotherapy (RT) to the previously involved tumor areas or maintenance chemotherapy (MCT) with CCNU, methotrexate, and vinblastine for 2 years. Among 62 evaluable patients, induction chemotherapy achieved 15 (24%) partial remissions and 35 (56%) complete remissions. Two patients with partial remission and single pulmonary metastases were rendered disease-free by surgical resection of residual tumor. Twenty patients received MCT and 15 received RT. To date, median survival is 10,8+ months in the MCT group with five relapses and 12.5 months in the RT group with two relapses. Toxicity in the induction phase was moderately severe with two drug-related deaths.", "PMID": 91436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12396", "title": "Chemotherapy for advanced germinal cell neoplasms: preliminary report of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study.", "content": "A series of 45 evaluable patients with stage III germ cell tumors have been treated between July 1977 and May 1978, with two cycles of an intensive five-drug regimen including cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). The patients were randomly assigned to receive the cis-platinum as a high dose 1-hour infusion with mannitol diuresis or as a low-dose 8-hour infusion without diuresis. The overall response rates were 36% complete response (CR) and 47% partial response (PR) after two cycles of induction therapy. Patients who achieved a CR or PR after two cycles were randomized to continue treatment with either a three-drug program of vinblastine, actinomycin D, and cis-platinum or a cyclic crossover regimen of three regimens (each containing three drugs) given in sequence at 3-week intervals with the entire sequence repeated at 9 weeks. During continuing treatment a minimum of five patients improved from PR to CR, so that the minimum CR rate will be 47%. A major determinant of response was extent of disease, with limited-disease patients having an 83% CR rate and advanced-disease patients having 22% CR rate. At present, there are no statistically significant differences between response rates for the two induction regimens. Patients have not been followed long enough on the continuing treatment arms to allow evaluation of improvement from PR to CR, duration of response, or duration of survival. Hematologic and renal toxiciity were not significantly different on the two induction treatment arms.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for advanced germinal cell neoplasms: preliminary report of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. A series of 45 evaluable patients with stage III germ cell tumors have been treated between July 1977 and May 1978, with two cycles of an intensive five-drug regimen including cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, vinblastine, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). The patients were randomly assigned to receive the cis-platinum as a high dose 1-hour infusion with mannitol diuresis or as a low-dose 8-hour infusion without diuresis. The overall response rates were 36% complete response (CR) and 47% partial response (PR) after two cycles of induction therapy. Patients who achieved a CR or PR after two cycles were randomized to continue treatment with either a three-drug program of vinblastine, actinomycin D, and cis-platinum or a cyclic crossover regimen of three regimens (each containing three drugs) given in sequence at 3-week intervals with the entire sequence repeated at 9 weeks. During continuing treatment a minimum of five patients improved from PR to CR, so that the minimum CR rate will be 47%. A major determinant of response was extent of disease, with limited-disease patients having an 83% CR rate and advanced-disease patients having 22% CR rate. At present, there are no statistically significant differences between response rates for the two induction regimens. Patients have not been followed long enough on the continuing treatment arms to allow evaluation of improvement from PR to CR, duration of response, or duration of survival. Hematologic and renal toxiciity were not significantly different on the two induction treatment arms.", "PMID": 91437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12397", "title": "Sequential combination chemotherapy and surgery for disseminated testicular cancer: cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), vinblastine, and bleomycin remission-induction therapy followed by cyclophosphamide and adriamycin.", "content": "A multimodality treatment program for disseminated testicular cancer using vinblastine/bleomycin/cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) remission-induction therapy followed by surgery and cyclophosphamide/Adriamycin maintenance therapy has been used in 25 patients. The overall complete and partial response rate was 100%. Six of six patients (100%) with stage II (advanced abdominal) disease have remained in complete remission for a median followup period of 8 months. Seventeen of 19 patients (89%) with stage III metastatic disease have been in complete remission for a median duration of 20 months. No relapses have occurred in any patients who achieved a complete remission. Two of 19 patients (11%) with stage III disease achieved a partial response; one died at 4 months and the other died at 14 months. The toxicity was severe, especially during remission induction. However, there were no drug- or surgically related deaths.", "contents": "Sequential combination chemotherapy and surgery for disseminated testicular cancer: cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), vinblastine, and bleomycin remission-induction therapy followed by cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. A multimodality treatment program for disseminated testicular cancer using vinblastine/bleomycin/cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) remission-induction therapy followed by surgery and cyclophosphamide/Adriamycin maintenance therapy has been used in 25 patients. The overall complete and partial response rate was 100%. Six of six patients (100%) with stage II (advanced abdominal) disease have remained in complete remission for a median followup period of 8 months. Seventeen of 19 patients (89%) with stage III metastatic disease have been in complete remission for a median duration of 20 months. No relapses have occurred in any patients who achieved a complete remission. Two of 19 patients (11%) with stage III disease achieved a partial response; one died at 4 months and the other died at 14 months. The toxicity was severe, especially during remission induction. However, there were no drug- or surgically related deaths.", "PMID": 91438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12398", "title": "Connectivity of the auditory forebrain nuclei in the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).", "content": "Injection of tritiated leucine and proline into the nucleus ovoidalis of the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) produces terminal labeling in the palaeostriatum and in three adjacent zones (field L1-L3) of the auditory neostriatum (AN). L2, situated between L1 and L3, receives the main input and corresponds to the former field L of Rose. These neuroanatomically defined zones of the auditory neostriatum are also characterized by differing properties of their neurons. Injection of radioactive material into the auditory neostriatum produces labeling of (i) a palaeostriatal, (ii) a ventral hyperstriatal, and (iii) an additional neostriatal area (Nd). Injection into the hyperstriatum ventrale reveals connections (i) to field L2, (ii) to the palaeostriatum, (iii) to Nd, and (iv) to the archistriatum. After injection into the palaeostriatum, labeling can be observed (i) in the neostriatum dorsale, (ii) in the hyperstriatum ventrale, (iii) in the archistriatum, (iv) in the diencephalic nuclei, nucleus ansae lenticularis and nucleus spiriformis lateralis, and (v) in the mesencephalic nuclei, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus and nucleus intercollicularis. These results show that a widespread connectivity exists among primary and presumably higher order auditory areas in the forebrain of birds. Connections also exist between these auditory areas and presumed vocal-motor areas (neostriatum dorsale, archistriatum, nucleus intercollicularis).", "contents": "Connectivity of the auditory forebrain nuclei in the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Injection of tritiated leucine and proline into the nucleus ovoidalis of the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) produces terminal labeling in the palaeostriatum and in three adjacent zones (field L1-L3) of the auditory neostriatum (AN). L2, situated between L1 and L3, receives the main input and corresponds to the former field L of Rose. These neuroanatomically defined zones of the auditory neostriatum are also characterized by differing properties of their neurons. Injection of radioactive material into the auditory neostriatum produces labeling of (i) a palaeostriatal, (ii) a ventral hyperstriatal, and (iii) an additional neostriatal area (Nd). Injection into the hyperstriatum ventrale reveals connections (i) to field L2, (ii) to the palaeostriatum, (iii) to Nd, and (iv) to the archistriatum. After injection into the palaeostriatum, labeling can be observed (i) in the neostriatum dorsale, (ii) in the hyperstriatum ventrale, (iii) in the archistriatum, (iv) in the diencephalic nuclei, nucleus ansae lenticularis and nucleus spiriformis lateralis, and (v) in the mesencephalic nuclei, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus and nucleus intercollicularis. These results show that a widespread connectivity exists among primary and presumably higher order auditory areas in the forebrain of birds. Connections also exist between these auditory areas and presumed vocal-motor areas (neostriatum dorsale, archistriatum, nucleus intercollicularis).", "PMID": 91442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12399", "title": "Chemotherapy for testicular cancer: current status of the National Cancer Institute Combined Modality Trial.", "content": "Twenty-five previously untreated patients with advanced testicular carcinoma were treated with a five-drug combination chemotherapy program containing cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). This drug regimen was used as part of a trial testing the efficacy of cytoreductive surgery (15 patients) and in ten additional patients not eligible for the combined modality study. Eleven of 25 (44%) patients had a complete response and 11 of 25 (44%) patients had a partial response. Nine of 11 (82%) patients with minimal tumor burden upon initiation of chemotherapy had a complete response. With a median followup of 12+ months, none have relapsed. Complete remissions in patients with very advanced bulky disease were rare (two of 14 [14%] patients) and of short duration, with both patients relapsing. In addition to the usual hematologic toxicity, 14 of 25 (56%) patients developed hypomagnesemia and five of 25 (20%) patients developed systemic reactions to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) which prevented further drug administration.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for testicular cancer: current status of the National Cancer Institute Combined Modality Trial. Twenty-five previously untreated patients with advanced testicular carcinoma were treated with a five-drug combination chemotherapy program containing cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). This drug regimen was used as part of a trial testing the efficacy of cytoreductive surgery (15 patients) and in ten additional patients not eligible for the combined modality study. Eleven of 25 (44%) patients had a complete response and 11 of 25 (44%) patients had a partial response. Nine of 11 (82%) patients with minimal tumor burden upon initiation of chemotherapy had a complete response. With a median followup of 12+ months, none have relapsed. Complete remissions in patients with very advanced bulky disease were rare (two of 14 [14%] patients) and of short duration, with both patients relapsing. In addition to the usual hematologic toxicity, 14 of 25 (56%) patients developed hypomagnesemia and five of 25 (20%) patients developed systemic reactions to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) which prevented further drug administration.", "PMID": 91439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12400", "title": "Distribution and fine structure of the lymphatic system in the human testis.", "content": "The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, and light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and anchoring filaments of the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps measuring up to 2 micron. The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymph vessels merges into collecting ducts, which together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by the lymphatic system in the spermatic cord.", "contents": "Distribution and fine structure of the lymphatic system in the human testis. The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, and light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and anchoring filaments of the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps measuring up to 2 micron. The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymph vessels merges into collecting ducts, which together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by the lymphatic system in the spermatic cord.", "PMID": 91443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12401", "title": "Localisation of nucleolus-organizing regions in interphase cells.", "content": "A technique based on the use of silver solutions, which selectively stains the nucleolus-organising regions (NORs) in chromosomes, was applied to interphase Ehrlich tumour cells. The results indicate that nucleolar fibrillar centres correspond to the NORs.", "contents": "Localisation of nucleolus-organizing regions in interphase cells. A technique based on the use of silver solutions, which selectively stains the nucleolus-organising regions (NORs) in chromosomes, was applied to interphase Ehrlich tumour cells. The results indicate that nucleolar fibrillar centres correspond to the NORs.", "PMID": 91444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12402", "title": "ZIO staining in synaptic vesicles of the rat pineal nerves after inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline synthesizing enzymes.", "content": "Two compartments have been defined in monoaminergic synaptic vesicles: the core or central compartment, storage site for monoamines, and the matrix or outer compartment, of unknown function. The outer compartment reacts with the mixture of zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO). This reaction is temperature and time dependent and may be abolished by -SH reagents. The effect of drugs inhibiting the synthesis of serotonin and noradrenaline (stored in the core) on the ZIO reaction in the matrix was studied in synaptic vesicles of rat pineal nerves. The inhibitors of monoamine synthesis abolish or decrease the ZIO reaction directly or in combination with the administration of tyramine. This effect is temperature dependent suggesting that the drugs act on different components of the matrix that react with ZIO at different temperatures. A comparison of the present results with those obtained with -SH reagents seems to indicate that the drugs assayed act, at least in part, by changing the accessibility of -SH groups in vesicle proteins. (An abstract of this paper was presented at the 7th International Congress of Pharmacology, Paris, 1978.)", "contents": "ZIO staining in synaptic vesicles of the rat pineal nerves after inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline synthesizing enzymes. Two compartments have been defined in monoaminergic synaptic vesicles: the core or central compartment, storage site for monoamines, and the matrix or outer compartment, of unknown function. The outer compartment reacts with the mixture of zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO). This reaction is temperature and time dependent and may be abolished by -SH reagents. The effect of drugs inhibiting the synthesis of serotonin and noradrenaline (stored in the core) on the ZIO reaction in the matrix was studied in synaptic vesicles of rat pineal nerves. The inhibitors of monoamine synthesis abolish or decrease the ZIO reaction directly or in combination with the administration of tyramine. This effect is temperature dependent suggesting that the drugs act on different components of the matrix that react with ZIO at different temperatures. A comparison of the present results with those obtained with -SH reagents seems to indicate that the drugs assayed act, at least in part, by changing the accessibility of -SH groups in vesicle proteins. (An abstract of this paper was presented at the 7th International Congress of Pharmacology, Paris, 1978.)", "PMID": 91445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12403", "title": "Differential staining and segregation of parental chromosomes in mouse-rabbit hybridomas.", "content": "Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining can be coupled with G-banding to identify the chromosomal contribution of each parent in mouse-rabbit hybridomas. A fast and essentially complete segregation of rabbit chromosomes is obtained in these cells. The rabbit X chromosome is preferentially maintained in media imposing HGPRT activity for cell growth. Mouse-rabbit hybridomas, some of which secrete rabbit immunoglobulin chains, should be a convenient material for the identification of chromosomes governing rabbit Ig chain synthesis.", "contents": "Differential staining and segregation of parental chromosomes in mouse-rabbit hybridomas. Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining can be coupled with G-banding to identify the chromosomal contribution of each parent in mouse-rabbit hybridomas. A fast and essentially complete segregation of rabbit chromosomes is obtained in these cells. The rabbit X chromosome is preferentially maintained in media imposing HGPRT activity for cell growth. Mouse-rabbit hybridomas, some of which secrete rabbit immunoglobulin chains, should be a convenient material for the identification of chromosomes governing rabbit Ig chain synthesis.", "PMID": 91448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12404", "title": "A cause of paired ventricular extrasystoles.", "content": "Eight patients with ventricular extrasystoles are reported in whom coupling intervals of the extrasystoles to the proceding sinus beats were variable and in whom paired ventricular extrasystoles were occasionally seen. In all patients, paired ventricular extrasystoles were initiated only by comparatively late coupled ventricular extrasystoles. However, the interval between the first and the second of these paired extrasystoles was always much shorter than the coupling interval of this first extrasystole to the preceding sinus beat, so that the latter extrasystole often interrupted the T wave of the first one, indicating the R-on-T phenomenon. In two patients there was a gap between the ranges of coupling intervals for single extrasystoles and for the first ones of paired extrasystoles. These observations suggest the presence of longitudinal dissociation in the reentrant pathway as one of the causes of paired ventricular extrasystoles.", "contents": "A cause of paired ventricular extrasystoles. Eight patients with ventricular extrasystoles are reported in whom coupling intervals of the extrasystoles to the proceding sinus beats were variable and in whom paired ventricular extrasystoles were occasionally seen. In all patients, paired ventricular extrasystoles were initiated only by comparatively late coupled ventricular extrasystoles. However, the interval between the first and the second of these paired extrasystoles was always much shorter than the coupling interval of this first extrasystole to the preceding sinus beat, so that the latter extrasystole often interrupted the T wave of the first one, indicating the R-on-T phenomenon. In two patients there was a gap between the ranges of coupling intervals for single extrasystoles and for the first ones of paired extrasystoles. These observations suggest the presence of longitudinal dissociation in the reentrant pathway as one of the causes of paired ventricular extrasystoles.", "PMID": 91452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12405", "title": "Evaluation of four \"kit\" immunoassay methods for determination of alpha-fetoprotein in serum during pregnancy.", "content": "We evaluated four immunoassay methods for determination of alpha-fetoprotein in serum. All are commercially available in kit form in North American and we find them acceptable with respect to sensitivity, stability, precision, linearity, and analytical recovery. For the Dainabott method, the median values from 16 through 20 weeks of gestation are 34.4, 38.1, 42.1, 51.4, and 66.3 micrograms/L for each week, respectively. Corresponding values for the Amersham method are 27.9, 31.4, 34.9, 38.2, and 54.0 micrograms/L, respectively. For the Behring-RIA method they are 33.4, 37.4, 39.4, 49.9, and 66.3 micrograms/L, respectively. Results for four cases of confirmed neural tube defects are presented.", "contents": "Evaluation of four \"kit\" immunoassay methods for determination of alpha-fetoprotein in serum during pregnancy. We evaluated four immunoassay methods for determination of alpha-fetoprotein in serum. All are commercially available in kit form in North American and we find them acceptable with respect to sensitivity, stability, precision, linearity, and analytical recovery. For the Dainabott method, the median values from 16 through 20 weeks of gestation are 34.4, 38.1, 42.1, 51.4, and 66.3 micrograms/L for each week, respectively. Corresponding values for the Amersham method are 27.9, 31.4, 34.9, 38.2, and 54.0 micrograms/L, respectively. For the Behring-RIA method they are 33.4, 37.4, 39.4, 49.9, and 66.3 micrograms/L, respectively. Results for four cases of confirmed neural tube defects are presented.", "PMID": 91454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12406", "title": "Kinetic aspects of the antigen-antibody reaction in various radioimmunoassays: effect of delayed addition of labeled or unlabeled antigens on sensitivity of assay.", "content": "The kinetics of the antigen-antibody reaction were examined systematically in four kinds of double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA). In all the RIAs, the dose-response curves obtained on delayed addition by 24 to 48 h of labeled antigens (curves B), were shifted downwards and to the left of those obtained on simultaneous addition of the reagents (curves A), resulting in improved sensitivity of the assay. On the contrary, the dose-response curves obtained on delayed addition of unlabeled antigens (curves C), were shifted upwards and to the right of curves A, resulting in reduced sensitivity. In human thyrotropin (hTSH) RIA, curves B and C approached curves A very little, even after 168 h of incubation. A similar phenomenon was observed with anti-hTSH antisera from five different sources at two incubation temperatures, and the dilution curves of 125I-labeled hTSH and unlabeled hTSH appeared to be parallel. Therefore, the phenomenon observed with hTSH RIA could not be attributed to the assay conditions or to peculiar properties of the reagents used. In insulin RIA, the reversibilities of the shifts of curves B and C were slight but comparable to those observed in hTSH RIA. In 1-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine RIA, curves B and C gradually approached curves A on prolonged incubation and curves B became nearly identical with curves A after 98 h of incubation. On the other hand, in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) RIA, curves B and C did not approach curves A, even on prolonged incubation for up to 288 h. The \"equilibrium affinity constants\" of the antibodies were of the same order of magnitude, thus it is unlikely that differences in the constants can account for the differences in the reversibility of these RIAs. In APF RIA, a significant amount of the antigen-antibody complex was precipitated without second antibody after centrifugation at 3000 X g. These findings suggest that the extent of dissociation of the immune complexes depends on their size, which in turn is related to the molecular weight of the antigen.", "contents": "Kinetic aspects of the antigen-antibody reaction in various radioimmunoassays: effect of delayed addition of labeled or unlabeled antigens on sensitivity of assay. The kinetics of the antigen-antibody reaction were examined systematically in four kinds of double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA). In all the RIAs, the dose-response curves obtained on delayed addition by 24 to 48 h of labeled antigens (curves B), were shifted downwards and to the left of those obtained on simultaneous addition of the reagents (curves A), resulting in improved sensitivity of the assay. On the contrary, the dose-response curves obtained on delayed addition of unlabeled antigens (curves C), were shifted upwards and to the right of curves A, resulting in reduced sensitivity. In human thyrotropin (hTSH) RIA, curves B and C approached curves A very little, even after 168 h of incubation. A similar phenomenon was observed with anti-hTSH antisera from five different sources at two incubation temperatures, and the dilution curves of 125I-labeled hTSH and unlabeled hTSH appeared to be parallel. Therefore, the phenomenon observed with hTSH RIA could not be attributed to the assay conditions or to peculiar properties of the reagents used. In insulin RIA, the reversibilities of the shifts of curves B and C were slight but comparable to those observed in hTSH RIA. In 1-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine RIA, curves B and C gradually approached curves A on prolonged incubation and curves B became nearly identical with curves A after 98 h of incubation. On the other hand, in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) RIA, curves B and C did not approach curves A, even on prolonged incubation for up to 288 h. The \"equilibrium affinity constants\" of the antibodies were of the same order of magnitude, thus it is unlikely that differences in the constants can account for the differences in the reversibility of these RIAs. In APF RIA, a significant amount of the antigen-antibody complex was precipitated without second antibody after centrifugation at 3000 X g. These findings suggest that the extent of dissociation of the immune complexes depends on their size, which in turn is related to the molecular weight of the antigen.", "PMID": 91455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12407", "title": "Decreased sialic acid and altered binding to lectins of purified alpha 2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Purified preparations of plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis are shown to have normal amounts of total hexose but as much as 40% decrease in their sialic acid content. The binding of these preparations to concanavalin A and wheat-germ agglutinin was markedly reduced as compared to normal values in controls. Intermediate values were found in obligate heterozygotes. These results suggest a possible alteration in the carbohydrate moiety of alpha 2-macroglobulin in cystic fibrosis, presumably due to a defective posttranslational process.", "contents": "Decreased sialic acid and altered binding to lectins of purified alpha 2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis. Purified preparations of plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin from patients with cystic fibrosis are shown to have normal amounts of total hexose but as much as 40% decrease in their sialic acid content. The binding of these preparations to concanavalin A and wheat-germ agglutinin was markedly reduced as compared to normal values in controls. Intermediate values were found in obligate heterozygotes. These results suggest a possible alteration in the carbohydrate moiety of alpha 2-macroglobulin in cystic fibrosis, presumably due to a defective posttranslational process.", "PMID": 91457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12408", "title": "Study of serum beta-2 microglobulin levels in breast cancer patients.", "content": "Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels were measured in normal individuals and in breast cancer patients. It was observed that there was a significant rise in levels especially in advanced stages of the disease. It was concluded that patients with a beta-2 microglobulin/creatinine ratio of greater than 3.8 were likely to have metastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "Study of serum beta-2 microglobulin levels in breast cancer patients. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels were measured in normal individuals and in breast cancer patients. It was observed that there was a significant rise in levels especially in advanced stages of the disease. It was concluded that patients with a beta-2 microglobulin/creatinine ratio of greater than 3.8 were likely to have metastatic breast cancer.", "PMID": 91458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12409", "title": "Selective production of human antigen specific helper factor from normal volunteers: implications for human Ir genes.", "content": "Based on previous systems for generating helper cells and factors from mouse spleen cell cultures, an in vitro system for the production and detection of human helper factors to the synthetic polypeptide antigens (T,G)-A--L and GAT10 was developed. The factors are made by human peripheral blood leucocytes and are antigen-specific, as judged both by functional criteria and specific binding and elution from antigen columns. Out of the first six volunteers studied two were high responders to (T,G)-A--L, but non-responders to GAT, two responders to GAT but not (T,G)-A--L. One subject made factors to both antigens and the sixth reacted to neither. The antigens chosen are known to be under MHC-linked immune response (Ir) gene control in all animal species tested, with some strains being responders while others are not. The selective responsiveness, different between individuals, thus suggests that the response to these antigens in man is under Ir gene control. Because of the small size of the sample initially studied and HLA typed, it was not surprising that there was no clear-cut association of response with any particular histocompatibility type at the HLA-A, B, C or D locus.", "contents": "Selective production of human antigen specific helper factor from normal volunteers: implications for human Ir genes. Based on previous systems for generating helper cells and factors from mouse spleen cell cultures, an in vitro system for the production and detection of human helper factors to the synthetic polypeptide antigens (T,G)-A--L and GAT10 was developed. The factors are made by human peripheral blood leucocytes and are antigen-specific, as judged both by functional criteria and specific binding and elution from antigen columns. Out of the first six volunteers studied two were high responders to (T,G)-A--L, but non-responders to GAT, two responders to GAT but not (T,G)-A--L. One subject made factors to both antigens and the sixth reacted to neither. The antigens chosen are known to be under MHC-linked immune response (Ir) gene control in all animal species tested, with some strains being responders while others are not. The selective responsiveness, different between individuals, thus suggests that the response to these antigens in man is under Ir gene control. Because of the small size of the sample initially studied and HLA typed, it was not surprising that there was no clear-cut association of response with any particular histocompatibility type at the HLA-A, B, C or D locus.", "PMID": 91463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12410", "title": "Antigens of the human trophoblast plasma membrane.", "content": "Using purified plasma membranes of human syncytial trophoblast as immunogen, we have raised heterologous antisera which reacted by indirect immunohistological methods with the surface of the trophoblast. This antigenic activity appears to be absent from other adult and foetal tissues. Its absence from maternal sera and its resistance to mild detergents treatment suggest that it is intimately associated with the surface membrane of the syncytial trophoblast. This antigen was found to be immunologically different to a number of proteins, including those known to be produced by the trophoblast. The identification of this antigen may indicate a potential line of research for the immunological regulation of human fertility.", "contents": "Antigens of the human trophoblast plasma membrane. Using purified plasma membranes of human syncytial trophoblast as immunogen, we have raised heterologous antisera which reacted by indirect immunohistological methods with the surface of the trophoblast. This antigenic activity appears to be absent from other adult and foetal tissues. Its absence from maternal sera and its resistance to mild detergents treatment suggest that it is intimately associated with the surface membrane of the syncytial trophoblast. This antigen was found to be immunologically different to a number of proteins, including those known to be produced by the trophoblast. The identification of this antigen may indicate a potential line of research for the immunological regulation of human fertility.", "PMID": 91464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12411", "title": "Antigen-specific detection of HBsAG-containing immune complexes in the course of hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "In recent studies extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis have been recognized as immune complex diseases. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been successfully identified in immune complexes, but the pathogenic role of HBsAg-containing immune complexes (IC) remains questionable. The subject of the present study was the antigen-specific determination of IC in the course of hepatitis B virus infection using a new HBsAg-specific IC test (Pernice & Sedlacek, 1978). This test is based on the following principle: rabbit anti-HBs-coated polystyrole test tubes are incubated with the IC-containing test sample. The HBsAg-containing IC bind to the solid phase by their free antigenic determinants. There they can be quantified using a peroxidase-labelled anti-human IgG antibody. A good correlation was found between the level of HBsAg-containing immune complexes and the clinical state of six patients in a follow-up study. IC could be detected simultaneously with HBsAg and either decreased or disappeared before the occurrence of free anti-HBs. In the sera of an additional twenty-eight patient suffering from chronic active hepatitis, HBsAg-containing immune complexes were detected in 85% of cases. One patient suffering from polyarteritis nodosa was also positive. Occasionally, extremely high levels of IC were found in the course of these diseases.", "contents": "Antigen-specific detection of HBsAG-containing immune complexes in the course of hepatitis B virus infection. In recent studies extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis have been recognized as immune complex diseases. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been successfully identified in immune complexes, but the pathogenic role of HBsAg-containing immune complexes (IC) remains questionable. The subject of the present study was the antigen-specific determination of IC in the course of hepatitis B virus infection using a new HBsAg-specific IC test (Pernice & Sedlacek, 1978). This test is based on the following principle: rabbit anti-HBs-coated polystyrole test tubes are incubated with the IC-containing test sample. The HBsAg-containing IC bind to the solid phase by their free antigenic determinants. There they can be quantified using a peroxidase-labelled anti-human IgG antibody. A good correlation was found between the level of HBsAg-containing immune complexes and the clinical state of six patients in a follow-up study. IC could be detected simultaneously with HBsAg and either decreased or disappeared before the occurrence of free anti-HBs. In the sera of an additional twenty-eight patient suffering from chronic active hepatitis, HBsAg-containing immune complexes were detected in 85% of cases. One patient suffering from polyarteritis nodosa was also positive. Occasionally, extremely high levels of IC were found in the course of these diseases.", "PMID": 91465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12412", "title": "Chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "During the past 10 to 15 years, there have been dramatic improvements in the prognosis of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease resulting from the development of combination chemotherapy. The long-term follow-up of patients with advanced disease treated with MOPP indicates that 66 per cent of those achieving complete remissions have not relapsed and remain off therapy at five and 10 years follow-up. Attempts to make additions, subtractions or modifications in the MOPP regimen have not generally improved the overall survival rate or reduced the toxicity. Development of non-cross-resistant combinations provides a rational approach to the treatment of primary induction failures and those who relapse after short initial remissions. Alternating sequence induction chemotherapy regimens show considerable promise. The use of combined modality approaches to the treatment of localized IB--IIIB Hodgkin's disease has made a significant impact on disease-free survival but has yet to alter actual survival. Combined modality approaches in advanced disease are encouraging but as yet long-term follow-up is not available to assess their worth vis-\u00e0-vis existing therapies for advanced disease. Improved survival has brought about concern over late complications, particularly second malignancies. These complications require careful monitoring and must be balanced against any survival benefit seen from combined modality approaches. However, the fact that patients now survive long enough to be potentially at risk for such long-term complications is a testament to the efficacy of modern day aggressive therapy.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. During the past 10 to 15 years, there have been dramatic improvements in the prognosis of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease resulting from the development of combination chemotherapy. The long-term follow-up of patients with advanced disease treated with MOPP indicates that 66 per cent of those achieving complete remissions have not relapsed and remain off therapy at five and 10 years follow-up. Attempts to make additions, subtractions or modifications in the MOPP regimen have not generally improved the overall survival rate or reduced the toxicity. Development of non-cross-resistant combinations provides a rational approach to the treatment of primary induction failures and those who relapse after short initial remissions. Alternating sequence induction chemotherapy regimens show considerable promise. The use of combined modality approaches to the treatment of localized IB--IIIB Hodgkin's disease has made a significant impact on disease-free survival but has yet to alter actual survival. Combined modality approaches in advanced disease are encouraging but as yet long-term follow-up is not available to assess their worth vis-\u00e0-vis existing therapies for advanced disease. Improved survival has brought about concern over late complications, particularly second malignancies. These complications require careful monitoring and must be balanced against any survival benefit seen from combined modality approaches. However, the fact that patients now survive long enough to be potentially at risk for such long-term complications is a testament to the efficacy of modern day aggressive therapy.", "PMID": 91466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12413", "title": "N-Acetylprocainamide pharmacokinetics in functionally anephric patients before and after perturbation by hemodialysis.", "content": "NAPA pharmacokinetics were studied in 6 functionally anephric patients. Distribution and nonrenal elimination of this drug were found to be the same as in individuals with normal renal function but renal clearance was reduced, resulting in a mean elimination t 1/2 of 41.9 hr (6.2 hr in normal subjects). Renal clearance of NAPA correlated well with ClCr. Dialysis removed NAPA from both red blood cells and plasma and increased ClT approximately fourfold. Dialysis itself resulted in a 77% reduction in ClS that limited the total amount of NAPA removed by this procedure. This reduction in ClS was sustained for at least 3 hr after dialysis and attenuated rebound in plasma NAPA concentrations.", "contents": "N-Acetylprocainamide pharmacokinetics in functionally anephric patients before and after perturbation by hemodialysis. NAPA pharmacokinetics were studied in 6 functionally anephric patients. Distribution and nonrenal elimination of this drug were found to be the same as in individuals with normal renal function but renal clearance was reduced, resulting in a mean elimination t 1/2 of 41.9 hr (6.2 hr in normal subjects). Renal clearance of NAPA correlated well with ClCr. Dialysis removed NAPA from both red blood cells and plasma and increased ClT approximately fourfold. Dialysis itself resulted in a 77% reduction in ClS that limited the total amount of NAPA removed by this procedure. This reduction in ClS was sustained for at least 3 hr after dialysis and attenuated rebound in plasma NAPA concentrations.", "PMID": 91468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12414", "title": "Cardiac rhythm in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "content": "One hundred adult patients with tricyclic antidepressant poisoning were studied by clinical observation and EKG monitoring. Sinus tachycardia was common but dysrhythmias were uncommon and unimportant. EKG monitoring did not influence the treatment of these patients and the value of its routine use in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning is questioned.", "contents": "Cardiac rhythm in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. One hundred adult patients with tricyclic antidepressant poisoning were studied by clinical observation and EKG monitoring. Sinus tachycardia was common but dysrhythmias were uncommon and unimportant. EKG monitoring did not influence the treatment of these patients and the value of its routine use in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning is questioned.", "PMID": 91469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12415", "title": "Transport of vitamin D metabolites.", "content": "Vitamin D and its metabolites are bound to an alpha globulin (DBP) in human serum. This carrier protein binds 25-OHD and 24,25(OH)2D with higher affinity than vitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D, but the binding is highly specific for the vitamin D structure. The carrier mechanism appears to be unique in that it is a high affinity and high capacity system, capable of binding as much as 120,000 IU of biological activity per liter of plasma. DBP is apparently identical to group-specific component, and a DBP-deficient state has not been identified among approximately 75,000 human sera examined thus far. The liver appears to be the site for synthesis of DBP, and serum DBP levels are increased during pregnancy and during estrogen-progesterone therapy. However, in a variety of disorders of mineral homeostasis, serum DBP levels are normal. Two tissue binding proteins for vitamin D metabolites have been identified. One protein, sedimenting at 5-6S, has been found in all nucleated tissues, and exhibits a ligand preference similar to DBP. This tissue binding protein appears to be a complex of serum DBP with a tissue protein which is heat-labile, and which shows no capacity for binding vitamin D sterols. The physiologic role, if any, for this complex of serum DBP and tissue protein is not presently understood. The other tissue binding component is a 3-4S protein found only in recognized target tissues, and which shows a high binding affinity and specificity for 1,25(OH)2 D. It appears to be the receptor in the receptor-1,25(OH)2D migration to the nucleus, leading to the biosynthesis of mRNA which codes for products which affect calcium and phosphorus transport in target tissues.", "contents": "Transport of vitamin D metabolites. Vitamin D and its metabolites are bound to an alpha globulin (DBP) in human serum. This carrier protein binds 25-OHD and 24,25(OH)2D with higher affinity than vitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D, but the binding is highly specific for the vitamin D structure. The carrier mechanism appears to be unique in that it is a high affinity and high capacity system, capable of binding as much as 120,000 IU of biological activity per liter of plasma. DBP is apparently identical to group-specific component, and a DBP-deficient state has not been identified among approximately 75,000 human sera examined thus far. The liver appears to be the site for synthesis of DBP, and serum DBP levels are increased during pregnancy and during estrogen-progesterone therapy. However, in a variety of disorders of mineral homeostasis, serum DBP levels are normal. Two tissue binding proteins for vitamin D metabolites have been identified. One protein, sedimenting at 5-6S, has been found in all nucleated tissues, and exhibits a ligand preference similar to DBP. This tissue binding protein appears to be a complex of serum DBP with a tissue protein which is heat-labile, and which shows no capacity for binding vitamin D sterols. The physiologic role, if any, for this complex of serum DBP and tissue protein is not presently understood. The other tissue binding component is a 3-4S protein found only in recognized target tissues, and which shows a high binding affinity and specificity for 1,25(OH)2 D. It appears to be the receptor in the receptor-1,25(OH)2D migration to the nucleus, leading to the biosynthesis of mRNA which codes for products which affect calcium and phosphorus transport in target tissues.", "PMID": 91467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12416", "title": "Buridan's ass: one man's view of the immune system.", "content": "This essay offers a highly biased and prejudiced interpretation of the immune response. The major points of this interpretation are: B and T lymphocyte diversity is generated by rearrangements within and among existing receptorcoding genes; the T cell receptor is a molecule genetically more closely related to immunoglobulins than to the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); the course of B and T lymphocyte differentiation is largely the same except for a final processing of T lymphocytes in the thymus; the processing is directed by MHC molecules of the thymus epithelium; Ir and Ia genes are identical; and the function of MHC polymorphism is to generate diversity at the population level.", "contents": "Buridan's ass: one man's view of the immune system. This essay offers a highly biased and prejudiced interpretation of the immune response. The major points of this interpretation are: B and T lymphocyte diversity is generated by rearrangements within and among existing receptorcoding genes; the T cell receptor is a molecule genetically more closely related to immunoglobulins than to the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); the course of B and T lymphocyte differentiation is largely the same except for a final processing of T lymphocytes in the thymus; the processing is directed by MHC molecules of the thymus epithelium; Ir and Ia genes are identical; and the function of MHC polymorphism is to generate diversity at the population level.", "PMID": 91475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12417", "title": "[Alpha-1-fetoprotein in tumour tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the indirect immunoperoxidase method, alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) can be demonstrated in paraffin sections of tumours by light-microscopy. Among 160 tumour preparations it was demonstrated in five of six endodermal sinus tumors, 19 of 40 teratomas, the three hepatoblastomas and 9 of 16 primary liver-cell carcinomas. Among 15 rhabdomyosarcomas, 15 Wilms tumours, 15 neuroblastomas and 15 other malignant tumours only one rhabdomyosarcoma contained AFP. No AFP was demonstrated in 35 various benign tumours and various other human tissue samples. Distribution of AFP-producing cells in tumour tissue is generally focal samples. In malignant teratomas AFP was found only in areas which corresponded to an endodermal sinus tumour or an embryonic carcinoma. The practical significance of the results consists of (1) demonstration and localisation of AFP in tumour tissue; (2) aiding the differential diagnosis and classification of tumours and their metastases; and (3) recognition of pathogenetic connection between embryonic carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumour.", "contents": "[Alpha-1-fetoprotein in tumour tissue (author's transl)]. Using the indirect immunoperoxidase method, alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) can be demonstrated in paraffin sections of tumours by light-microscopy. Among 160 tumour preparations it was demonstrated in five of six endodermal sinus tumors, 19 of 40 teratomas, the three hepatoblastomas and 9 of 16 primary liver-cell carcinomas. Among 15 rhabdomyosarcomas, 15 Wilms tumours, 15 neuroblastomas and 15 other malignant tumours only one rhabdomyosarcoma contained AFP. No AFP was demonstrated in 35 various benign tumours and various other human tissue samples. Distribution of AFP-producing cells in tumour tissue is generally focal samples. In malignant teratomas AFP was found only in areas which corresponded to an endodermal sinus tumour or an embryonic carcinoma. The practical significance of the results consists of (1) demonstration and localisation of AFP in tumour tissue; (2) aiding the differential diagnosis and classification of tumours and their metastases; and (3) recognition of pathogenetic connection between embryonic carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumour.", "PMID": 91477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12418", "title": "Foveal versus peripheral retinal responses: a new analysis for early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Visual potentials evoked by brief flashes (VEPs) were recorded in 85 patients with MS, 30 healthy controls and 25 neurological patients without demyelinating diseases. In a group of 44 patients, diffuse field stimulation was used, resutling in 15 altered responses (34%). In a second group of 41 patients with superimposable characteristics including age, sex, diagnosis of MS (definite, probable and possible) and score on the Rose's scale, the separate responses of central and peripheral retina were analysed. A total of 30 abnormal VEPs were recognized (73%) with the following distribution: 16 foveal VEPs (78%), 4 peripheral responses (13%) and 26 centreperiphery latency differences (CPLD, 60%). Twenty subjects of Group A with normal or slightly altered full field VEPs were retested with both stimulating methods with the following result: 3 altered full  field VEPs (15%) and 15 abnormal CPLD (75%). With diffuse field stimulation, the correlation between the VEP scores and the results of other examinations (visual, pyramidal, etc.) were insignficant; on the contrary, the CPLD was clearly correlated with the involvement of the visual and other systems in the fluctuating clinical course of MS.", "contents": "Foveal versus peripheral retinal responses: a new analysis for early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Visual potentials evoked by brief flashes (VEPs) were recorded in 85 patients with MS, 30 healthy controls and 25 neurological patients without demyelinating diseases. In a group of 44 patients, diffuse field stimulation was used, resutling in 15 altered responses (34%). In a second group of 41 patients with superimposable characteristics including age, sex, diagnosis of MS (definite, probable and possible) and score on the Rose's scale, the separate responses of central and peripheral retina were analysed. A total of 30 abnormal VEPs were recognized (73%) with the following distribution: 16 foveal VEPs (78%), 4 peripheral responses (13%) and 26 centreperiphery latency differences (CPLD, 60%). Twenty subjects of Group A with normal or slightly altered full field VEPs were retested with both stimulating methods with the following result: 3 altered full  field VEPs (15%) and 15 abnormal CPLD (75%). With diffuse field stimulation, the correlation between the VEP scores and the results of other examinations (visual, pyramidal, etc.) were insignficant; on the contrary, the CPLD was clearly correlated with the involvement of the visual and other systems in the fluctuating clinical course of MS.", "PMID": 91478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12419", "title": "Short latency mechanically evoked somatosensory potentials in humans.", "content": "Somatosensory potentials evoked by mechanical stimulation were recorded by surface electrodes over (1) the digital nerves in the index finger, (2) the median nerve at the wrist, (3) the median nerve near the axilla, (4) the brachial plexus, (5) the cervical cord at CII, (6) the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex. Nerve conduction velocities varied inversely with age and ranged from 43 to 68 m/sec. Mechanically evoked potentials recorded from the electrodes overlying the digital nerves were an artifact of the finger movement. All other electrode configurations recorded potentials comparable to those evoked by electrical stimulation of nerves. These mechanically evoked potentials could prove useful in the assessment of clinical disorders of somatosensory function from receptor to cortex in man.", "contents": "Short latency mechanically evoked somatosensory potentials in humans. Somatosensory potentials evoked by mechanical stimulation were recorded by surface electrodes over (1) the digital nerves in the index finger, (2) the median nerve at the wrist, (3) the median nerve near the axilla, (4) the brachial plexus, (5) the cervical cord at CII, (6) the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex. Nerve conduction velocities varied inversely with age and ranged from 43 to 68 m/sec. Mechanically evoked potentials recorded from the electrodes overlying the digital nerves were an artifact of the finger movement. All other electrode configurations recorded potentials comparable to those evoked by electrical stimulation of nerves. These mechanically evoked potentials could prove useful in the assessment of clinical disorders of somatosensory function from receptor to cortex in man.", "PMID": 91479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12420", "title": "Dipole-like neuronal sources of theta rhythm in dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus and cingulate cortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat.", "content": "Spatial distribution of theta activity was investigated in the dorsal hippocampal formation and overlying neocortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat. Laminar phase profiles from semi-microelectrode penetartions showed approximately 180 degrees phase shifts combined with small amplitude values in stratum radiatum of CA1, instratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus and in layer V/VI of the cingulate cortex at theta peak frequency. Evidence has been presented that layers of neurons in CA1, in the dorsal granular layer and in the cingulate cortex are the sources of dipole-like theta field potentials. A strong linear relationship between the neuronal theta sources in hippocampal CA1, dentate area and cingulate cortex was found.", "contents": "Dipole-like neuronal sources of theta rhythm in dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus and cingulate cortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat. Spatial distribution of theta activity was investigated in the dorsal hippocampal formation and overlying neocortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat. Laminar phase profiles from semi-microelectrode penetartions showed approximately 180 degrees phase shifts combined with small amplitude values in stratum radiatum of CA1, instratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus and in layer V/VI of the cingulate cortex at theta peak frequency. Evidence has been presented that layers of neurons in CA1, in the dorsal granular layer and in the cingulate cortex are the sources of dipole-like theta field potentials. A strong linear relationship between the neuronal theta sources in hippocampal CA1, dentate area and cingulate cortex was found.", "PMID": 91480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12421", "title": "L-tryptophan and sleep in healthy man.", "content": "The effect of L-tryptophan on night-time and day-time sleep (from 14.00 h) sleep was studied in six healthy males aged between 20 and 30 years. The doses used in the night-time studies were 2, 4 and 6 g, and in the day-time studies 1, 2 and 4 g. It was not possible to establish an effect of L-tryptophan compared with placebo on night-time sleep, but analysis of the sleep measures with 4 g compared with placebo and the other doses of L-tryptophan considered together suggested reduced awakenings, increased stage 3 and an increased percentage of REM sleep. With 4 g L-tryptophan there was an increase in the duration of stage 3 of day-time sleep compared with placebo. The studies provide marginal evidence that REM sleep may be modified by L-tryptophan in man, though the evidence is somewhat stronger that SWS may be increased. The effect on REM sleep may involve circadian mechanisms. The hypnotic activity of L-tryptophan per se is limited and uncertain.", "contents": "L-tryptophan and sleep in healthy man. The effect of L-tryptophan on night-time and day-time sleep (from 14.00 h) sleep was studied in six healthy males aged between 20 and 30 years. The doses used in the night-time studies were 2, 4 and 6 g, and in the day-time studies 1, 2 and 4 g. It was not possible to establish an effect of L-tryptophan compared with placebo on night-time sleep, but analysis of the sleep measures with 4 g compared with placebo and the other doses of L-tryptophan considered together suggested reduced awakenings, increased stage 3 and an increased percentage of REM sleep. With 4 g L-tryptophan there was an increase in the duration of stage 3 of day-time sleep compared with placebo. The studies provide marginal evidence that REM sleep may be modified by L-tryptophan in man, though the evidence is somewhat stronger that SWS may be increased. The effect on REM sleep may involve circadian mechanisms. The hypnotic activity of L-tryptophan per se is limited and uncertain.", "PMID": 91481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12422", "title": "Conditioning auditory stimuli and the cutaneous eyeblink reflex in humans: differential effects according to oligosynaptic or polysynaptic central pathways.", "content": "Electromyographic activity of orbicularis oculi muscles in humans was elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the supraorbital brahcn of the trigeminal nerve. The reflex consists of an early brief ipsilateral R1 and a later prolonged consensual R2. The threshold for R1 was considerably elevated compared to that of R2. In one experiment brief acoustic stimuli, at 70 dB SPL, were presented at various intervals, from 5 to 800 msec, prior to the eliciting stimulus. In a second experiment similar stimuli, with intensities varying from 30 to 70 dB SPL, were given at the fixed lead time of 100 msec. In each experiment the preliminary acoustic stimulus enhanced R1 and depressed R2. Potentiation of R1 developed more rapidly than did depression of R2 and exhibited an early and a late peak, whereas depression had a single intermediate trough. Both effects linearly increased with increases in the intensity of the acoustic prepulse. These restuls are discussed in relation to the neuronal circuits responsible for the expression of the two reflex components.", "contents": "Conditioning auditory stimuli and the cutaneous eyeblink reflex in humans: differential effects according to oligosynaptic or polysynaptic central pathways. Electromyographic activity of orbicularis oculi muscles in humans was elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the supraorbital brahcn of the trigeminal nerve. The reflex consists of an early brief ipsilateral R1 and a later prolonged consensual R2. The threshold for R1 was considerably elevated compared to that of R2. In one experiment brief acoustic stimuli, at 70 dB SPL, were presented at various intervals, from 5 to 800 msec, prior to the eliciting stimulus. In a second experiment similar stimuli, with intensities varying from 30 to 70 dB SPL, were given at the fixed lead time of 100 msec. In each experiment the preliminary acoustic stimulus enhanced R1 and depressed R2. Potentiation of R1 developed more rapidly than did depression of R2 and exhibited an early and a late peak, whereas depression had a single intermediate trough. Both effects linearly increased with increases in the intensity of the acoustic prepulse. These restuls are discussed in relation to the neuronal circuits responsible for the expression of the two reflex components.", "PMID": 91482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12423", "title": "Changes in human event related potentials with prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use.", "content": "Auditory event related potentials and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded in a series of behavioral tasks from 27 hospitalized human volunteers before, early during (1--3 days), late during (10--14 days) and after chronic THC intoxication at two dose levels (70--90 mg/day or 180--210 mg/day in divided doses). Twelve additional hospitalized volunteers served as a control group. The N1 component of the auditory event related potential in all tasks was depressed when tested early during 180--210 mg/day THC administration. No N1 changes were seen for the subjects receiving 70--90 mg/day or the control subjects. Ten to 14 days during the chronic THC perioe CNV was depressed in all tasks except the control task for both doses at the early THC testing. Only at the most difficult task at the higher of the doses was the CNV depressed at the test late in the THC period. The changes seen in the N1 and the CNV may be indicative of different aspects of a common attentional alteration during stimulus processing. The results on our more difficult tasks suggest the alteration may continue in complex stimulus processing tasks in heavy marijuana users.", "contents": "Changes in human event related potentials with prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use. Auditory event related potentials and contingent negative variation (CNV) were recorded in a series of behavioral tasks from 27 hospitalized human volunteers before, early during (1--3 days), late during (10--14 days) and after chronic THC intoxication at two dose levels (70--90 mg/day or 180--210 mg/day in divided doses). Twelve additional hospitalized volunteers served as a control group. The N1 component of the auditory event related potential in all tasks was depressed when tested early during 180--210 mg/day THC administration. No N1 changes were seen for the subjects receiving 70--90 mg/day or the control subjects. Ten to 14 days during the chronic THC perioe CNV was depressed in all tasks except the control task for both doses at the early THC testing. Only at the most difficult task at the higher of the doses was the CNV depressed at the test late in the THC period. The changes seen in the N1 and the CNV may be indicative of different aspects of a common attentional alteration during stimulus processing. The results on our more difficult tasks suggest the alteration may continue in complex stimulus processing tasks in heavy marijuana users.", "PMID": 91483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12424", "title": "Period-amplitude analysis of EMG from slow and fast extensors of cat during locomotion and jumping.", "content": "A real-time period-amplitude analysis program for EMG involving the detection of events consisting of the period and amplitude difference between maxima and minima was used to study the activity patterns of fast and slow, hind and forelimb extensors during treadmill locomotion and jumping. Events were stored in a two-dimensional table providing an easily interpreted quantification of frequency and amplitude parameters of single EMG bursts which were characterized over a range of movements by the mean frequency and amplitude. Periods between zero crossings of the original signal were also stored. Both mean frequency and mean amplitude remained relatively steady for the slow extensors throughout the range of movements, while the fast extensors exhibited an increase in both mean frequency and mean amplitude during the same movements. The results show that fast extensors of the hind and forelimb follow the kinetic demands of the movement, while the activity pattern of the slow extensors is constant and independent of the movement kinetics. Slight discontinuities in these trends are discussed in their possible relation to the dynamics of msucle recruitment. Period-amplitude analysis provides a useful method of quantifying the raw EMG while retaining much of the original information of the signal.", "contents": "Period-amplitude analysis of EMG from slow and fast extensors of cat during locomotion and jumping. A real-time period-amplitude analysis program for EMG involving the detection of events consisting of the period and amplitude difference between maxima and minima was used to study the activity patterns of fast and slow, hind and forelimb extensors during treadmill locomotion and jumping. Events were stored in a two-dimensional table providing an easily interpreted quantification of frequency and amplitude parameters of single EMG bursts which were characterized over a range of movements by the mean frequency and amplitude. Periods between zero crossings of the original signal were also stored. Both mean frequency and mean amplitude remained relatively steady for the slow extensors throughout the range of movements, while the fast extensors exhibited an increase in both mean frequency and mean amplitude during the same movements. The results show that fast extensors of the hind and forelimb follow the kinetic demands of the movement, while the activity pattern of the slow extensors is constant and independent of the movement kinetics. Slight discontinuities in these trends are discussed in their possible relation to the dynamics of msucle recruitment. Period-amplitude analysis provides a useful method of quantifying the raw EMG while retaining much of the original information of the signal.", "PMID": 91484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12425", "title": "Medial thalamic permanent electrodes for pain control in man: an electrophysiological and clinical study.", "content": "In 7 patients with medial thalamic electrodes implanted for relief of chronic pain, clinical observations and electrophysiological recordings showed: (1) Clinically, paresthesia in the pain area and contralateral half of the body was reported as well as some unpleasant side effects. The EEG was not changed during medial thalamic stimulation. (2) Threshold for non-painful and painful perception of electrical stimuli were not significantly raised by contralateral medial thalamic stimulation. (3) After electrical median nerve stimulation, evoked thalamic potentials started after 17 msec. With ipsilateral stimulation the early components (up to 40 msec) showed longer latencies and the late components slightly shorter latencies as compared to the contralateral stimulation. (4) Median nerve evoked cortical SSEPs are not significantly changed either by a 500 msec lasting conditioning stimulation of the dorsal columns or by such stimulation of the medial thalamic structures. A facilitation at about 90 msec was found in the cortical SSEP after medial thalamic conditioning in only one of three patients tested. (5) Visual and auditory evoked potentials can be recorded in the medial thalamus as well.", "contents": "Medial thalamic permanent electrodes for pain control in man: an electrophysiological and clinical study. In 7 patients with medial thalamic electrodes implanted for relief of chronic pain, clinical observations and electrophysiological recordings showed: (1) Clinically, paresthesia in the pain area and contralateral half of the body was reported as well as some unpleasant side effects. The EEG was not changed during medial thalamic stimulation. (2) Threshold for non-painful and painful perception of electrical stimuli were not significantly raised by contralateral medial thalamic stimulation. (3) After electrical median nerve stimulation, evoked thalamic potentials started after 17 msec. With ipsilateral stimulation the early components (up to 40 msec) showed longer latencies and the late components slightly shorter latencies as compared to the contralateral stimulation. (4) Median nerve evoked cortical SSEPs are not significantly changed either by a 500 msec lasting conditioning stimulation of the dorsal columns or by such stimulation of the medial thalamic structures. A facilitation at about 90 msec was found in the cortical SSEP after medial thalamic conditioning in only one of three patients tested. (5) Visual and auditory evoked potentials can be recorded in the medial thalamus as well.", "PMID": 91485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12426", "title": "Spontaneous interictal spiking in the awake kindled rat.", "content": "The spontaneous interictal spike (SIS) noted in EEG recordings is a signal of the abnormally excitable behavior of neurons in an epileptic focus. This study provides a detailed, quantitative, temporal and spatial profile of SIS in the amygdaloid kindled rat. The reproducible nature of the development and decline of SIS in kindling provides a useful model for biochemical study of the mechanisms that initiate and regulate SIS.", "contents": "Spontaneous interictal spiking in the awake kindled rat. The spontaneous interictal spike (SIS) noted in EEG recordings is a signal of the abnormally excitable behavior of neurons in an epileptic focus. This study provides a detailed, quantitative, temporal and spatial profile of SIS in the amygdaloid kindled rat. The reproducible nature of the development and decline of SIS in kindling provides a useful model for biochemical study of the mechanisms that initiate and regulate SIS.", "PMID": 91486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12427", "title": "Wakefulness-sleep modulation of thalamic multiple unit activity and EEG in man.", "content": "Quantitative changes in the number of EEG waves and MUA neuronal spikes of various thalamic nuclear groups were studied during steady and transitional wakefulness-sleep states in a group of patients with implanted electrodes, used as an electrophysiological procedure for the surgical treatment of unilateral tremor and rigidity. Thalamic nuclei included ventroposterolateral (VPL), ventrolateral (VL) and centromedian (CM). Steady states included initial wakefulness (W1), slow wave sleep (SWS) I, II, IV and IIL, paradoxical sleep phasic (PSP) and tonic (PST) and final wakefulness (W2). Transitional states included transition from SWS to PSP (transition) and from sleep to W2 (arousal). (1) There was a significant correlation in EEG and MUA between different thalamic nuclei simultaneously recorded in the same patient during different steady-states. (2) Thalamic MUA significantly decreased from W to SWS, increased from SWS to PS and SWS to W2, while thalamic EEG significantly decreased from W to SWS, increased from SWS to W2 but was not significantly modified from SWS to PS, consecutive steady-state shifts. (3) Thalamic MUA significantly decreased while EEG remained unchanged from PSP to PST consecutive steady-state shifts. (4) Both thalamic MUA and EEG significantly decreased from SWS II to IIL while they were not systematically modified from W1 to W2 indirect steady-state shifts. (5) Thalamic MUA significantly increased 1 sec before transition and arousal while EEG increased 5 sec after arousal and did not change during transition.", "contents": "Wakefulness-sleep modulation of thalamic multiple unit activity and EEG in man. Quantitative changes in the number of EEG waves and MUA neuronal spikes of various thalamic nuclear groups were studied during steady and transitional wakefulness-sleep states in a group of patients with implanted electrodes, used as an electrophysiological procedure for the surgical treatment of unilateral tremor and rigidity. Thalamic nuclei included ventroposterolateral (VPL), ventrolateral (VL) and centromedian (CM). Steady states included initial wakefulness (W1), slow wave sleep (SWS) I, II, IV and IIL, paradoxical sleep phasic (PSP) and tonic (PST) and final wakefulness (W2). Transitional states included transition from SWS to PSP (transition) and from sleep to W2 (arousal). (1) There was a significant correlation in EEG and MUA between different thalamic nuclei simultaneously recorded in the same patient during different steady-states. (2) Thalamic MUA significantly decreased from W to SWS, increased from SWS to PS and SWS to W2, while thalamic EEG significantly decreased from W to SWS, increased from SWS to W2 but was not significantly modified from SWS to PS, consecutive steady-state shifts. (3) Thalamic MUA significantly decreased while EEG remained unchanged from PSP to PST consecutive steady-state shifts. (4) Both thalamic MUA and EEG significantly decreased from SWS II to IIL while they were not systematically modified from W1 to W2 indirect steady-state shifts. (5) Thalamic MUA significantly increased 1 sec before transition and arousal while EEG increased 5 sec after arousal and did not change during transition.", "PMID": 91487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12428", "title": "Brain stem auditory evoked potentials and blink reflexes in quiescent multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and blink reflexes (BR) were studied in 25 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), the diagnosis being definite according to McAlpine's criteria, in the quiescent phase, without signs of brain stem involvement. BAEP abnormalities were found in 64% of the cases and BR abnormalities in 60%. A good correlation between the two tests was found in most patients. The abnormalities consisted of delayed latencies and/or high intraindividual variability in shape and latency of BAEP and BR components. It seems that demyelination of brain stem pathways results not only in conduction slowing but also in more serious dysfunction of the generators of the evoked components.", "contents": "Brain stem auditory evoked potentials and blink reflexes in quiescent multiple sclerosis. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and blink reflexes (BR) were studied in 25 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), the diagnosis being definite according to McAlpine's criteria, in the quiescent phase, without signs of brain stem involvement. BAEP abnormalities were found in 64% of the cases and BR abnormalities in 60%. A good correlation between the two tests was found in most patients. The abnormalities consisted of delayed latencies and/or high intraindividual variability in shape and latency of BAEP and BR components. It seems that demyelination of brain stem pathways results not only in conduction slowing but also in more serious dysfunction of the generators of the evoked components.", "PMID": 91488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12429", "title": "True checkerboard pattern reversal with light-emitting diodes.", "content": "The use of rectangular red light-emitting diodes permits construction of a true checkerboard pattern-reversal stimulator, which given evoked responses comparable in amplitude and wave form to those obtainable by a TV pattern generator. The device interfaces easily with commercial avergers and allows the incorporation of several features that may increase the sensitivity of visual evoked responses in screening for multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "True checkerboard pattern reversal with light-emitting diodes. The use of rectangular red light-emitting diodes permits construction of a true checkerboard pattern-reversal stimulator, which given evoked responses comparable in amplitude and wave form to those obtainable by a TV pattern generator. The device interfaces easily with commercial avergers and allows the incorporation of several features that may increase the sensitivity of visual evoked responses in screening for multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 91489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12430", "title": "Serial quantitative electroencephalography.", "content": "Repeated EEG examinations are often used in diagnostically difficult cases to assess whether an EEG abnormality is progressive, regressive, or stationary. The conventional visual method is, however, poorly adapted to consider the variability when consecutive EEG recordings are compared. Using computer analysis of EEGs, the feature of the recordings as well as their variances can be measured, and the differences between the recordings can be tested statistically. The aim of the present study was to develop a practicable method for quantitative serial EEG examinations. Twenty EEGs from 5 volunteers were recorded to obtain reference data. The data acquisition was automated to obtain data without visual bias. The previously developed method using age ratios was employed for the primary analysis. The changes of the EEG activity during the observation period were evaluated statistically. Differences between consecutive EEGs could be observed even in normal subjects but the number of 'false positive' findings was reduced by the automatic data selection, by the choice of proper measures, and by adequate statistical treatment. The diagnostic value of the method was tested in 59 EEGs from 13 patients with well-defined brain disorders. Most EEG changes which could be attributed to the development of the disease were discovered and labelled as statistically significant.", "contents": "Serial quantitative electroencephalography. Repeated EEG examinations are often used in diagnostically difficult cases to assess whether an EEG abnormality is progressive, regressive, or stationary. The conventional visual method is, however, poorly adapted to consider the variability when consecutive EEG recordings are compared. Using computer analysis of EEGs, the feature of the recordings as well as their variances can be measured, and the differences between the recordings can be tested statistically. The aim of the present study was to develop a practicable method for quantitative serial EEG examinations. Twenty EEGs from 5 volunteers were recorded to obtain reference data. The data acquisition was automated to obtain data without visual bias. The previously developed method using age ratios was employed for the primary analysis. The changes of the EEG activity during the observation period were evaluated statistically. Differences between consecutive EEGs could be observed even in normal subjects but the number of 'false positive' findings was reduced by the automatic data selection, by the choice of proper measures, and by adequate statistical treatment. The diagnostic value of the method was tested in 59 EEGs from 13 patients with well-defined brain disorders. Most EEG changes which could be attributed to the development of the disease were discovered and labelled as statistically significant.", "PMID": 91490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12431", "title": "A portable pulse-interval modulation telemetry/multiplexing EEG recording system for use in the home.", "content": "A portable 6-channel recording system employing time-division multiplexing with cable or radio-telemetry has been developed. The system is very compact and has proved to be reliable when used in a domestic environment. The use of multiplexing, in general, permits an expansion in the number of available channels and a reduction in equipment and tape costs, while the use of pulse interval modulation, in particular, overcomes tape recording limitations which may be encountered with the more common amplitude modulation techniques.", "contents": "A portable pulse-interval modulation telemetry/multiplexing EEG recording system for use in the home. A portable 6-channel recording system employing time-division multiplexing with cable or radio-telemetry has been developed. The system is very compact and has proved to be reliable when used in a domestic environment. The use of multiplexing, in general, permits an expansion in the number of available channels and a reduction in equipment and tape costs, while the use of pulse interval modulation, in particular, overcomes tape recording limitations which may be encountered with the more common amplitude modulation techniques.", "PMID": 91491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12432", "title": "A 16-fold semi-microelectrode for intracortical recording of field potentials.", "content": "A 16-fold semi-microelectrode with 10 x 10 sq. microns contacts at distances of 150 microns, produced by means of thin-film technology, is described. These small dimensions are required to study the laminar electrophysiological differences within the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "A 16-fold semi-microelectrode for intracortical recording of field potentials. A 16-fold semi-microelectrode with 10 x 10 sq. microns contacts at distances of 150 microns, produced by means of thin-film technology, is described. These small dimensions are required to study the laminar electrophysiological differences within the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 91493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12433", "title": "Event-related potential changes in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Ten chronic alcoholics (10+ year alcoholic drinking history) and ten age and sex matched controls were tested on an ERP paradigm which elicited a large P3 component. The N1 and P2 sensory evoked potential components did not differ in amplitude or latency between the two groups. The latency of the P3 was significantly longer for the alcoholics than the controls for both a response and non-response stimulus. This finding is consistent with the results seen in a variety of dementias and is offered as evidence of the dementing effects of prolonged alcoholism in this group of subjects. While the P3 latencies were prolonged for the alcoholics, their reaction times were not different from the controls. Single trial analysis using Woody's adaptive filter also demonstrated that the single trial estimates for the 3 latency were significantly prolonged for the alcoholics. The single trial correlation between the P3 latency and each trial's corresponding reaction time was significantly greater for the alcoholics than for the controls.", "contents": "Event-related potential changes in chronic alcoholics. Ten chronic alcoholics (10+ year alcoholic drinking history) and ten age and sex matched controls were tested on an ERP paradigm which elicited a large P3 component. The N1 and P2 sensory evoked potential components did not differ in amplitude or latency between the two groups. The latency of the P3 was significantly longer for the alcoholics than the controls for both a response and non-response stimulus. This finding is consistent with the results seen in a variety of dementias and is offered as evidence of the dementing effects of prolonged alcoholism in this group of subjects. While the P3 latencies were prolonged for the alcoholics, their reaction times were not different from the controls. Single trial analysis using Woody's adaptive filter also demonstrated that the single trial estimates for the 3 latency were significantly prolonged for the alcoholics. The single trial correlation between the P3 latency and each trial's corresponding reaction time was significantly greater for the alcoholics than for the controls.", "PMID": 91494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12434", "title": "Hyperbaric hyperreflexia: tendon-jerk and Hoffmann reflexes in man at 43 bars.", "content": "Tendon jerk (TJR) and Hoffmann (H) reflexes of the soleus muscle were studied in two men during a 26-day simulated oxygenhelium dive to a maximum pressure of 43 bars. The amplitude of the TJR response was observed to increase markedly after compression and also at the end of decompression. This biphasic pattern of enhanced reflectivity was reproduced by synchronised but much smaller variations in H reflex response. The positive facilitatory effects of applying Jenkdrassik's manoeuvre were reduced and the negative effects increased during hyperbaric exposure. Excitability cycles (twin-pulses methods) revealed modifications in one subject similar to those observed in clinical hyperreflexia, namely a shortening of Phase III and an enhancement of Phase IV. The other subject exhibited a notable depression of Phase IV. Abnormal EMG recordings are described including randomly-triggered slow wave potentials with no mechanical effects, and fixed, long latency late responses of a reflex nature with a definite mechanical effect. The contention that alterations in vestibulo-spinal relations may result in the release from tonic presynaptic inhibitory control of myotatic reflex arc excitability is discussed as a partial explanation for these and related findings.", "contents": "Hyperbaric hyperreflexia: tendon-jerk and Hoffmann reflexes in man at 43 bars. Tendon jerk (TJR) and Hoffmann (H) reflexes of the soleus muscle were studied in two men during a 26-day simulated oxygenhelium dive to a maximum pressure of 43 bars. The amplitude of the TJR response was observed to increase markedly after compression and also at the end of decompression. This biphasic pattern of enhanced reflectivity was reproduced by synchronised but much smaller variations in H reflex response. The positive facilitatory effects of applying Jenkdrassik's manoeuvre were reduced and the negative effects increased during hyperbaric exposure. Excitability cycles (twin-pulses methods) revealed modifications in one subject similar to those observed in clinical hyperreflexia, namely a shortening of Phase III and an enhancement of Phase IV. The other subject exhibited a notable depression of Phase IV. Abnormal EMG recordings are described including randomly-triggered slow wave potentials with no mechanical effects, and fixed, long latency late responses of a reflex nature with a definite mechanical effect. The contention that alterations in vestibulo-spinal relations may result in the release from tonic presynaptic inhibitory control of myotatic reflex arc excitability is discussed as a partial explanation for these and related findings.", "PMID": 91497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12435", "title": "EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. I. Methodology and analysis of complex behaviors.", "content": "This paper presents a methodology which uses nonlinear pattern recognition to study the spatial distribution of EEG patterns accompanying higher cortical functions. The multivariate decision rules reveal the essential EEG patterns which differentiate performance of two tasks. Cross-validation classification accuracy measures the generality of the findings. Using this method, EEG patterns were derived from a group of 23 adults during performance of several complex tasks, including Koh's block design, writing sentences, mental paper folding, and reading silently. These patterns discriminate between the tasks, are consistent with, and extend the results of, visual EEG interpretations and univariate analysis of spectral intensities. Since writing sentences could not be distinguished from mere scribbling, it is unclear whether the EEG patterns found to distinguish complex behaviors were related to the cognitive components of tasks, or to sensory-motor and performance-related factors.", "contents": "EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. I. Methodology and analysis of complex behaviors. This paper presents a methodology which uses nonlinear pattern recognition to study the spatial distribution of EEG patterns accompanying higher cortical functions. The multivariate decision rules reveal the essential EEG patterns which differentiate performance of two tasks. Cross-validation classification accuracy measures the generality of the findings. Using this method, EEG patterns were derived from a group of 23 adults during performance of several complex tasks, including Koh's block design, writing sentences, mental paper folding, and reading silently. These patterns discriminate between the tasks, are consistent with, and extend the results of, visual EEG interpretations and univariate analysis of spectral intensities. Since writing sentences could not be distinguished from mere scribbling, it is unclear whether the EEG patterns found to distinguish complex behaviors were related to the cognitive components of tasks, or to sensory-motor and performance-related factors.", "PMID": 91498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12436", "title": "EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. II. Analysis of controlled tasks.", "content": "This experiment was designed to distinguish possible EEG correlates of the cognitive components of tasks from EEG patterns associated with stimulus characteristics, limb and eye movements, and performance-related factors such as subjects' ability and effort. Thirty-two right-handed adults each performed 30 trials, lasting 6-15 sec each, of four simplified, controlled tasks: mental rotation of geometric forms, serial addition of a column of signed digits, substitution of letters with subsequent word recognition and visual fixation. The first three tasks could not be differentiated from each other. Each of these tasks could be differentiated from visual fixation by approximately 10% generalized reductions in alpha and beta band intensities, and slight increases in theta band intensities frontally and occipitally. We conclude that the EEG patterns which differentiated the complex tasks described in Part I were due to inter-task differences in stimulus characteristics, efferent activities and/or performance-related factors, rather than to cognitive differences. With these controls, no evidence for lateralization of different types of cognitive activity was found in the EEG.", "contents": "EEG patterns during 'cognitive' tasks. II. Analysis of controlled tasks. This experiment was designed to distinguish possible EEG correlates of the cognitive components of tasks from EEG patterns associated with stimulus characteristics, limb and eye movements, and performance-related factors such as subjects' ability and effort. Thirty-two right-handed adults each performed 30 trials, lasting 6-15 sec each, of four simplified, controlled tasks: mental rotation of geometric forms, serial addition of a column of signed digits, substitution of letters with subsequent word recognition and visual fixation. The first three tasks could not be differentiated from each other. Each of these tasks could be differentiated from visual fixation by approximately 10% generalized reductions in alpha and beta band intensities, and slight increases in theta band intensities frontally and occipitally. We conclude that the EEG patterns which differentiated the complex tasks described in Part I were due to inter-task differences in stimulus characteristics, efferent activities and/or performance-related factors, rather than to cognitive differences. With these controls, no evidence for lateralization of different types of cognitive activity was found in the EEG.", "PMID": 91499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12437", "title": "Effects of stimulus frequency on the blink reflex during rest and a task.", "content": "Blink reflexes were studied in 84 healthy subjects, applying 4 different stimulation frequencies. The experiments were subdivided into 3 periods: rest, binary choice task and final rest period. Independent of the applied stimulation frequency, an increment of R1 during the task was found, and it was concluded that R1 amplitude reflects the state of arousal of the subject. Within each of the 3 periods, R1 amplitudes decreased independently of the applied frequency, while R2 amplitudes decreased dependent on the applied frequency, i.e. at lower frequencies a smaller decrement in time could be observed. It was concluded that R2 habituated at frequencies lower than those so far reported.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus frequency on the blink reflex during rest and a task. Blink reflexes were studied in 84 healthy subjects, applying 4 different stimulation frequencies. The experiments were subdivided into 3 periods: rest, binary choice task and final rest period. Independent of the applied stimulation frequency, an increment of R1 during the task was found, and it was concluded that R1 amplitude reflects the state of arousal of the subject. Within each of the 3 periods, R1 amplitudes decreased independently of the applied frequency, while R2 amplitudes decreased dependent on the applied frequency, i.e. at lower frequencies a smaller decrement in time could be observed. It was concluded that R2 habituated at frequencies lower than those so far reported.", "PMID": 91500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12438", "title": "Dependence of refractory period measurements on conduction distance: a computer simulation analysis.", "content": "Computer simulations were used to study the recovery of conduction velocity in the temporal and spatial domains during the relative refractory period. The impulse exhibits increased duration and reduced amplitude during the relative refractory period as well as a reduced conduction velocity. Changes in conduction velocity are reflected by a deviation from linearity in the plots of latency variation versus interstimulus interval and of interval-between-impulses versus intersimulus interval. The latency increase for the second impulse is monotonically related to interstimulus interval, and is maximal at the beginning of relative refractory period. The magnitude of the latency increase is also related monotonically, but not in a linear manner, to conduction distance. The distance-dependence of latency variation during the relative refractory period is most marked close to the site of impulse initiation. These findings may be relevant to relative refractory period measurements in clinical neurophysiology.", "contents": "Dependence of refractory period measurements on conduction distance: a computer simulation analysis. Computer simulations were used to study the recovery of conduction velocity in the temporal and spatial domains during the relative refractory period. The impulse exhibits increased duration and reduced amplitude during the relative refractory period as well as a reduced conduction velocity. Changes in conduction velocity are reflected by a deviation from linearity in the plots of latency variation versus interstimulus interval and of interval-between-impulses versus intersimulus interval. The latency increase for the second impulse is monotonically related to interstimulus interval, and is maximal at the beginning of relative refractory period. The magnitude of the latency increase is also related monotonically, but not in a linear manner, to conduction distance. The distance-dependence of latency variation during the relative refractory period is most marked close to the site of impulse initiation. These findings may be relevant to relative refractory period measurements in clinical neurophysiology.", "PMID": 91501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12439", "title": "Procaine-induced seizures in epileptic monkeys with bilateral hippocampal foci.", "content": "Intravenous procaine HCl given at low doses (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) to two monkeys with bilateral alumina hippocampal foci depressed interictal spiking or had little effect. At 5.0 mg/kg unilateral limbic activation occurred. At 10.0 mg/kg unilateral or bilateral limbic activation and generalized seizures could be evoked within 3-10 min. At higher doses (15 and 20 mg/kg) bilateral limbic activation or brief (one min) generalized seizures occurred. The unilateral-onset psychomotor seizures were not identical to spontaneous psychomotor seizures, and the generalized seizures never occurred spontaneously in these monkeys. However, these results do indicate that procaine challenges may selectively activate limbic epileptogenic areas without activation of debilitating generalized tonic-clonic seizures.", "contents": "Procaine-induced seizures in epileptic monkeys with bilateral hippocampal foci. Intravenous procaine HCl given at low doses (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) to two monkeys with bilateral alumina hippocampal foci depressed interictal spiking or had little effect. At 5.0 mg/kg unilateral limbic activation occurred. At 10.0 mg/kg unilateral or bilateral limbic activation and generalized seizures could be evoked within 3-10 min. At higher doses (15 and 20 mg/kg) bilateral limbic activation or brief (one min) generalized seizures occurred. The unilateral-onset psychomotor seizures were not identical to spontaneous psychomotor seizures, and the generalized seizures never occurred spontaneously in these monkeys. However, these results do indicate that procaine challenges may selectively activate limbic epileptogenic areas without activation of debilitating generalized tonic-clonic seizures.", "PMID": 91502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12440", "title": "A pulsed integrator for EMG analysis.", "content": "A novel device is described which converts EMG signals to an output which is proportional to the area under the rectified curve in discrete time intervals. This is achieved by resetting a long time constant integrator at the desired rate and saving each integral in a sample/hold circuit for output during the subsequent integration period. This output is particularly useful for quantifying fast reflex events since the signal is integrated without leakage in each period and leaves no residual signal in subsequent periods.", "contents": "A pulsed integrator for EMG analysis. A novel device is described which converts EMG signals to an output which is proportional to the area under the rectified curve in discrete time intervals. This is achieved by resetting a long time constant integrator at the desired rate and saving each integral in a sample/hold circuit for output during the subsequent integration period. This output is particularly useful for quantifying fast reflex events since the signal is integrated without leakage in each period and leaves no residual signal in subsequent periods.", "PMID": 91503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12441", "title": "Comparison of interwave latencies of brain stem auditory evoked responses in narcoleptics, primary insomniacs and normal controls.", "content": "A study of brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAER) was carried out in 10 narcoleptics, 10 primary insomniacs and 10 normal controls to determine if a neurophysiologic abnormality could be detected in these primary sleep disorders. The mean interpeak conduction times of Wave I-III, III-V and Iv were compared between the following groups: normal controls awake and in monitored sleep; narcoleptics awake and in monitored sleep, normal controls awake and narcoleptics awake; normal controls awake and insomniacs awake; narcoleptics awake and insomniacs awake; narcoleptics with cataplexy (n = 6) awake and narcoleptics without cataplexy (n = 4) awake. No significant differences were found which suggests that these sleep disorders represent dysfunctions which do not involve brain stem structures subserving the BAER.", "contents": "Comparison of interwave latencies of brain stem auditory evoked responses in narcoleptics, primary insomniacs and normal controls. A study of brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAER) was carried out in 10 narcoleptics, 10 primary insomniacs and 10 normal controls to determine if a neurophysiologic abnormality could be detected in these primary sleep disorders. The mean interpeak conduction times of Wave I-III, III-V and Iv were compared between the following groups: normal controls awake and in monitored sleep; narcoleptics awake and in monitored sleep, normal controls awake and narcoleptics awake; normal controls awake and insomniacs awake; narcoleptics awake and insomniacs awake; narcoleptics with cataplexy (n = 6) awake and narcoleptics without cataplexy (n = 4) awake. No significant differences were found which suggests that these sleep disorders represent dysfunctions which do not involve brain stem structures subserving the BAER.", "PMID": 91504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12442", "title": "Convulsive effects of 3-aminopyridine on cortical neurones.", "content": "The authors examined the effects of 3-aminopyridine (3-AP) on pyramidal tract neurones in the motor cortex of anesthetised cats. 3-AP proved to be a strong convulsive agent. Local application of 3-AP in concentrations of 15-20 mM resulted in typical paroxysmal alterations of neuronal activity: (a) enhancement of background firing, (b) augmentation of EPSPs, (c) depression of IPSPs and (d) single and serial paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs). Serial PDSs were reflected by large synchronous waves in the surface ECoG.", "contents": "Convulsive effects of 3-aminopyridine on cortical neurones. The authors examined the effects of 3-aminopyridine (3-AP) on pyramidal tract neurones in the motor cortex of anesthetised cats. 3-AP proved to be a strong convulsive agent. Local application of 3-AP in concentrations of 15-20 mM resulted in typical paroxysmal alterations of neuronal activity: (a) enhancement of background firing, (b) augmentation of EPSPs, (c) depression of IPSPs and (d) single and serial paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs). Serial PDSs were reflected by large synchronous waves in the surface ECoG.", "PMID": 91505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12443", "title": "A microdrive for use with glass or metal microelectrodes in recording from freely-moving rats.", "content": "A new subminiature microdrive assembly is described for electrophysiological recording from behaving rats. This very small, lightweight system allows excellent precision in electrode placement and can maintain stable recordings over extended periods. Since the electrode is nonrotating, tissue damage is minimized. Either metal or glass microelectrodes may be used with the system, offering the possibility of iontophoresis for cell marking or neuropharmacological manipulations.", "contents": "A microdrive for use with glass or metal microelectrodes in recording from freely-moving rats. A new subminiature microdrive assembly is described for electrophysiological recording from behaving rats. This very small, lightweight system allows excellent precision in electrode placement and can maintain stable recordings over extended periods. Since the electrode is nonrotating, tissue damage is minimized. Either metal or glass microelectrodes may be used with the system, offering the possibility of iontophoresis for cell marking or neuropharmacological manipulations.", "PMID": 91506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12444", "title": "Properties of androphilic proteins in cytosols of human benign prostatic hypertrophy.", "content": "Androphilic proteins in the cytosol from the human benign prostatic hypertrophy are separated into two fractions by Sephadex chromatography; void volume fraction and IgG fraction which was eluted near the site of hIgG. In the present study, properties of these two androphilic proteins were compared. Association constants of these proteins were in the order of 10(9) M-1. However, the binding capacity of the former was smaller than that of the latter. These two androphilic proteins well bound to nuclei, and the high-affinity and saturable binding to nuclei was observed in the 3H-dihydrotestosterone-IgG fraction complex, while binding of 3H-dihydrotestosterone-void volume fraction complex to nuclei was low affinity and unsaturable. The binding of the complexes to chromatin seems to be of low affinity and nonsaturable. These androphilic proteins did not bind to calf thymus DNA. Salt extractability of the bound void volume fraction after incubation with nuclei was not different from that of the bound IgG fraction. It was observed that the chromatographic behavior of the androphilic protein in IgG fraction was changed after incubation with nuclei.", "contents": "Properties of androphilic proteins in cytosols of human benign prostatic hypertrophy. Androphilic proteins in the cytosol from the human benign prostatic hypertrophy are separated into two fractions by Sephadex chromatography; void volume fraction and IgG fraction which was eluted near the site of hIgG. In the present study, properties of these two androphilic proteins were compared. Association constants of these proteins were in the order of 10(9) M-1. However, the binding capacity of the former was smaller than that of the latter. These two androphilic proteins well bound to nuclei, and the high-affinity and saturable binding to nuclei was observed in the 3H-dihydrotestosterone-IgG fraction complex, while binding of 3H-dihydrotestosterone-void volume fraction complex to nuclei was low affinity and unsaturable. The binding of the complexes to chromatin seems to be of low affinity and nonsaturable. These androphilic proteins did not bind to calf thymus DNA. Salt extractability of the bound void volume fraction after incubation with nuclei was not different from that of the bound IgG fraction. It was observed that the chromatographic behavior of the androphilic protein in IgG fraction was changed after incubation with nuclei.", "PMID": 91507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12445", "title": "The influence of chemotherapy on the distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma of mouse skin.", "content": "Organ distribution and tumor uptake of 57Co-bleomycin (BLM) were examined in NMRI mice without tumor and with chemically (DMBA-) induced squamous cell carcinoma. In these tumors high accumulation of 57Co-BLM was recorded shortly after injection of 57Co-BLM and low uptake 24--48 h after application. Two groups of tumor-bearing mice received unlabeled bleomycin as a cytostatic in two different doses. Uptake of 57Co-bleomycin was reduced. The study suggests that in patients currently or previously under chemotherapy, 57Co-bleomycin tumor scintigraphy may lead to false negative results.", "contents": "The influence of chemotherapy on the distribution of 57Co-bleomycin in chemically induced squamous cell carcinoma of mouse skin. Organ distribution and tumor uptake of 57Co-bleomycin (BLM) were examined in NMRI mice without tumor and with chemically (DMBA-) induced squamous cell carcinoma. In these tumors high accumulation of 57Co-BLM was recorded shortly after injection of 57Co-BLM and low uptake 24--48 h after application. Two groups of tumor-bearing mice received unlabeled bleomycin as a cytostatic in two different doses. Uptake of 57Co-bleomycin was reduced. The study suggests that in patients currently or previously under chemotherapy, 57Co-bleomycin tumor scintigraphy may lead to false negative results.", "PMID": 91511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12446", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of bleomycin labelled with 57Co.", "content": "The chemical composition of bleomycin labelled with 57Co and its distribution and kinetics in the organs of tumour bearing rats were studied. For separating bleomycin, the chromatography on a CM-Sephadex C-25 column with a gradient of ammonium formate was found to be most suitable. It is also possible to use paper chromatography in 10% NH4Cl and thin layer chromatography in 10% ammonium acetate with methyl alcohol 1:1. The fractions obtained by the chromatographic separation were identified as A2, B2 and A1. Labelling with 57Co given rise to a more complicated mixture of labelled compounds, all of them differing chromatographically from the original non-labelled components. Using carrier-free 57Co two main radioactive compounds are formed apparently corresponding to the fractions A2 and B2 containing one atom of Co per molecule. The amount of another two labelled components grows progressively with increasing amount of carrier CoCl2. Since their chromatographic properties are even more different from those of the original compounds, it was concluded that they probably contain two atoms of Co in their molecules. During distribution studies, rapid excretion of labelled bleomycin into the urine and stool was observed. Increased activities were retained in the liver, kidney, intestine and tumour.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of bleomycin labelled with 57Co. The chemical composition of bleomycin labelled with 57Co and its distribution and kinetics in the organs of tumour bearing rats were studied. For separating bleomycin, the chromatography on a CM-Sephadex C-25 column with a gradient of ammonium formate was found to be most suitable. It is also possible to use paper chromatography in 10% NH4Cl and thin layer chromatography in 10% ammonium acetate with methyl alcohol 1:1. The fractions obtained by the chromatographic separation were identified as A2, B2 and A1. Labelling with 57Co given rise to a more complicated mixture of labelled compounds, all of them differing chromatographically from the original non-labelled components. Using carrier-free 57Co two main radioactive compounds are formed apparently corresponding to the fractions A2 and B2 containing one atom of Co per molecule. The amount of another two labelled components grows progressively with increasing amount of carrier CoCl2. Since their chromatographic properties are even more different from those of the original compounds, it was concluded that they probably contain two atoms of Co in their molecules. During distribution studies, rapid excretion of labelled bleomycin into the urine and stool was observed. Increased activities were retained in the liver, kidney, intestine and tumour.", "PMID": 91512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12447", "title": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 99mTc-bleomycin.", "content": "The value of 99mTc-bleomycin scintigraphy in the evaluation of cold areas on a 99mTc-pertechnetate scan was investigated in 35 patients. A histological diagnosis was obtained in 31 patients. Only one of the six malignant lesions was considered as positive and two as doubtful. Of the remaining 25 patients with non-toxic colloid goitre, one was clearly positive and four were doubtful. These results indicate that 99mTc-bleomycin scintigraphy is not a valuable procedure in the further evaluation of patients with cold lesions.", "contents": "Evaluation of cold areas on the thyroid scan with 99mTc-bleomycin. The value of 99mTc-bleomycin scintigraphy in the evaluation of cold areas on a 99mTc-pertechnetate scan was investigated in 35 patients. A histological diagnosis was obtained in 31 patients. Only one of the six malignant lesions was considered as positive and two as doubtful. Of the remaining 25 patients with non-toxic colloid goitre, one was clearly positive and four were doubtful. These results indicate that 99mTc-bleomycin scintigraphy is not a valuable procedure in the further evaluation of patients with cold lesions.", "PMID": 91513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12448", "title": "Correlations between age-dependent protein and lipid concentrations in plasma and platelet functions in children.", "content": "The correlations between the levels of various plasma proteins and lipids and platelet function on glass and platelet factor 3 (PF 3)-availability in children of different age-groups were investigated. Several statistically significant positive and some significant negative correlations were found. Although conclusions based solely on such correlations should be considered with reservation, in our opinion the following factors should stimulate platelet function: prealbumin (adhesion and PF 3-availability in all age-groups, aggregation--specifically for children in puberty); alpha 1-antitrypsin (PF 3-availability); alpha 2-macroglobulin (platelet spreading capacity, PF 3-availability); plasminogen (platelet adhesion and aggregation--specifically for boys in puberty); caeruloplasmin (number of \"free adhering platelets\" spreading capacity); lysolecithin and lecithin (time-dependent increase of spontaneous platelet adhesion and aggregation, PF 3-availability); and free fatty acids (FFA) (PF 3-availability). Plasminogen and complement component C'3 show a negative relationship to the time-dependent increase of spontaneous platelet adhesiveness and aggregability in platelet-rich plasma.", "contents": "Correlations between age-dependent protein and lipid concentrations in plasma and platelet functions in children. The correlations between the levels of various plasma proteins and lipids and platelet function on glass and platelet factor 3 (PF 3)-availability in children of different age-groups were investigated. Several statistically significant positive and some significant negative correlations were found. Although conclusions based solely on such correlations should be considered with reservation, in our opinion the following factors should stimulate platelet function: prealbumin (adhesion and PF 3-availability in all age-groups, aggregation--specifically for children in puberty); alpha 1-antitrypsin (PF 3-availability); alpha 2-macroglobulin (platelet spreading capacity, PF 3-availability); plasminogen (platelet adhesion and aggregation--specifically for boys in puberty); caeruloplasmin (number of \"free adhering platelets\" spreading capacity); lysolecithin and lecithin (time-dependent increase of spontaneous platelet adhesion and aggregation, PF 3-availability); and free fatty acids (FFA) (PF 3-availability). Plasminogen and complement component C'3 show a negative relationship to the time-dependent increase of spontaneous platelet adhesiveness and aggregability in platelet-rich plasma.", "PMID": 91514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12449", "title": "The Langer-Giedion-syndrome (tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, type II).", "content": "A 15-year-old girl with the Langer-Giedion-syndrome (tricho-rhinophalangeal syndrome, type II) is presented. The features are multiple exostoses, sparse, fine hair and an abnormal face and hands. X-ray examination reveals exostoses and abnormal epiphyses. In this case intelligence is normal; there is severe sensorineural deafness (60--80 dB hearing loss). The genetic aspects of the syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "The Langer-Giedion-syndrome (tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, type II). A 15-year-old girl with the Langer-Giedion-syndrome (tricho-rhinophalangeal syndrome, type II) is presented. The features are multiple exostoses, sparse, fine hair and an abnormal face and hands. X-ray examination reveals exostoses and abnormal epiphyses. In this case intelligence is normal; there is severe sensorineural deafness (60--80 dB hearing loss). The genetic aspects of the syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 91515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12450", "title": "Enhanced expression of HLA antigens and beta 2-microglobulin on interferon-treated human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon increased the expression of HLA-A, B antigens and beta 2-microglobulin on two lines of human lymphoblastoid cells and on peripheral blood lymphocytes. No effect was observed on the expression of HLA-DR antigens.", "contents": "Enhanced expression of HLA antigens and beta 2-microglobulin on interferon-treated human lymphoid cells. Human leukocyte interferon increased the expression of HLA-A, B antigens and beta 2-microglobulin on two lines of human lymphoblastoid cells and on peripheral blood lymphocytes. No effect was observed on the expression of HLA-DR antigens.", "PMID": 91516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12451", "title": "Occurrence of beta 2-microglobulin in mammalian lymphocytes and erythrocytes.", "content": "Cell-associated beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) has been studied by quantitative techniques in lymphocytes and erythrocytes of guinea pig, rabbit, rat and man. beta 2m was solubilized by sonication followed by treatment with acid, deoxycholate or thiocyanate, and then determined by radioimmunoassay. The average number of beta 2m molecules per lymphocyte, estimated after acidification, varied between 0.89 X 10(5) and 7.1 X 10(5). Rat erythrocytes contained 3.0 X 10(3) molecules per cell, whereas no beta 2m was detected in red blood cells from the three other species. A relatively large part of beta 2m in the mammalian lymphocytes and in rat erythrocytes was present on the cell surface according to a radioimmunoassay procedure using anti-beta 2m antisera that had been absorbed with the blood cells analyzed.", "contents": "Occurrence of beta 2-microglobulin in mammalian lymphocytes and erythrocytes. Cell-associated beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) has been studied by quantitative techniques in lymphocytes and erythrocytes of guinea pig, rabbit, rat and man. beta 2m was solubilized by sonication followed by treatment with acid, deoxycholate or thiocyanate, and then determined by radioimmunoassay. The average number of beta 2m molecules per lymphocyte, estimated after acidification, varied between 0.89 X 10(5) and 7.1 X 10(5). Rat erythrocytes contained 3.0 X 10(3) molecules per cell, whereas no beta 2m was detected in red blood cells from the three other species. A relatively large part of beta 2m in the mammalian lymphocytes and in rat erythrocytes was present on the cell surface according to a radioimmunoassay procedure using anti-beta 2m antisera that had been absorbed with the blood cells analyzed.", "PMID": 91519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12452", "title": "Serological analysis of antigen-specific helper factors specific for poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DLAla--poly-LLys [(T, G)-A--L] and L Glu60-LAla30-LTyr10 (GAT).", "content": "In vitro prepared antigen-specific helper factors reactive to the synthetic polypeptide antigens poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DLAla--poly-LLys [(T, G)-A--L] or LGlu60-LAla30-LTyr10 (GAT) and bearing Ia determinants were analyzed serologically to determine the nature of the Ia determinants they expressed. I subregion-specific mouse anti-Ia antisera were used, and showed that (T, G)-A--L-specific helper factor (HF) contains I-A subregion-controlled determinants, whereas GAT-specific HF carries I-J subregion-controlled antigens. This unexptected finding was confirmed in both the H-2k and H-2 b haplotypes, using a variety of anti-I-J antisera. Rabbit anti-Ia antisera also reacted with both HF which raised the possibility that the Ia determinants on HF may be carbohydrate in nature. The fact that HF has a low molecular weight and yet contains Ia determinants, antigen-binding capacity and idiotypic markers is compatible with this interpretation.", "contents": "Serological analysis of antigen-specific helper factors specific for poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DLAla--poly-LLys [(T, G)-A--L] and L Glu60-LAla30-LTyr10 (GAT). In vitro prepared antigen-specific helper factors reactive to the synthetic polypeptide antigens poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-DLAla--poly-LLys [(T, G)-A--L] or LGlu60-LAla30-LTyr10 (GAT) and bearing Ia determinants were analyzed serologically to determine the nature of the Ia determinants they expressed. I subregion-specific mouse anti-Ia antisera were used, and showed that (T, G)-A--L-specific helper factor (HF) contains I-A subregion-controlled determinants, whereas GAT-specific HF carries I-J subregion-controlled antigens. This unexptected finding was confirmed in both the H-2k and H-2 b haplotypes, using a variety of anti-I-J antisera. Rabbit anti-Ia antisera also reacted with both HF which raised the possibility that the Ia determinants on HF may be carbohydrate in nature. The fact that HF has a low molecular weight and yet contains Ia determinants, antigen-binding capacity and idiotypic markers is compatible with this interpretation.", "PMID": 91520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12453", "title": "Characterization of a monoclonal anti-beta 2-microglobulin antibody and its use in the genetic and biochemical analysis of major histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "A monoclonal anti-beta 2-microglobulin (BBM.1 antibody) was produced by cell fusion between the mouse myeloma, P3-X63-Ag8, and spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with Molt 4, a human T cell line. BBM.1 antibody was fully inhibited by soluble beta 2-microglobulin and purified HLA-A, B antigens and reacted with human-mouse somatic cell hybrids only if they had chromosome 15 and expressed human beta 2-microglobulin. It was cytotoxic in complement-dependent lysis and of the IgG class. BBM.1 and a monoclonal anti-HLA-A, B, C glycoprotein antibody, W6/32 (Barnstable, C. J. et al., Cell 1978. 14:9.), were used to quantitate relative amounts of beta 2-microglobulin and HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins on different human cell types. Thymocytes and the Molt 4 cell line showed a considerable excess of beta 2-microglobulin over HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins, as measured by W6/32 reactivity. B cell lines, peripheral blood lymphocytes, fibroblasts, a HeLa cell derivative, and HSB2, another T cell line, had equal amounts. Immunological cross-reactions between HLA-A, B, C antigens and beta 2-microglobulin and their homologues in other species were detected with the BBM.1 and W6/32 antibodies. The W6/32 antigenic determinant appears to be more highly conserved than that recognized by the BBM.1 antibody.", "contents": "Characterization of a monoclonal anti-beta 2-microglobulin antibody and its use in the genetic and biochemical analysis of major histocompatibility antigens. A monoclonal anti-beta 2-microglobulin (BBM.1 antibody) was produced by cell fusion between the mouse myeloma, P3-X63-Ag8, and spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with Molt 4, a human T cell line. BBM.1 antibody was fully inhibited by soluble beta 2-microglobulin and purified HLA-A, B antigens and reacted with human-mouse somatic cell hybrids only if they had chromosome 15 and expressed human beta 2-microglobulin. It was cytotoxic in complement-dependent lysis and of the IgG class. BBM.1 and a monoclonal anti-HLA-A, B, C glycoprotein antibody, W6/32 (Barnstable, C. J. et al., Cell 1978. 14:9.), were used to quantitate relative amounts of beta 2-microglobulin and HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins on different human cell types. Thymocytes and the Molt 4 cell line showed a considerable excess of beta 2-microglobulin over HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins, as measured by W6/32 reactivity. B cell lines, peripheral blood lymphocytes, fibroblasts, a HeLa cell derivative, and HSB2, another T cell line, had equal amounts. Immunological cross-reactions between HLA-A, B, C antigens and beta 2-microglobulin and their homologues in other species were detected with the BBM.1 and W6/32 antibodies. The W6/32 antigenic determinant appears to be more highly conserved than that recognized by the BBM.1 antibody.", "PMID": 91522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12454", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of antibodies against the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). IV. Induction of CGAT idiotype following immunization with various synthetic polymers containing glutamic acid and tyrosine.", "content": "The immune responses of all inbred strains of mice specific to the synthetic terpolymer poly(LGlu60LAla30LTyr10), referred to as GAT10, are characterized by the presence of anti-GAT antibodies which share a common (CGAT) idiotype. In this report, we describe the ability of the synthetic polymers, LGlu33LAla33LTyr33, LGlu51-LAla34LTyr15 and poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-DLAla--LLys [(T,G)-A--L] to induce antibodies with CGAT idiotypic specificities. All of these polymers contain \"GT\"-related determinants. Following immunization with these polymers, antisera from responder mice bind the corresponding 125I-labeled antigen and 125I-labeled poly(LGlu50LTyr50) or GAT10. These antisera shared the CGAT idiotype which is associated with the antibody fraction with binding specificity for GAT10. Collectively, the present results indicate that GT-related determinants are required for the induction of the CGAT idiotype. Moreover, since the immune responses to these synthetic polymers are under distinct H-2-linked immune response (Ir) gene control, a mouse strain can be nonresponder to one polymer and responder to another; in this case, only the latter polymer induces CGAT idiotype. Thus, although the immune responses of inbred strains of mice to different polymers are under distinct Ir gene control, the antibody responses can be idiotypically related.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of antibodies against the terpolymer L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). IV. Induction of CGAT idiotype following immunization with various synthetic polymers containing glutamic acid and tyrosine. The immune responses of all inbred strains of mice specific to the synthetic terpolymer poly(LGlu60LAla30LTyr10), referred to as GAT10, are characterized by the presence of anti-GAT antibodies which share a common (CGAT) idiotype. In this report, we describe the ability of the synthetic polymers, LGlu33LAla33LTyr33, LGlu51-LAla34LTyr15 and poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-DLAla--LLys [(T,G)-A--L] to induce antibodies with CGAT idiotypic specificities. All of these polymers contain \"GT\"-related determinants. Following immunization with these polymers, antisera from responder mice bind the corresponding 125I-labeled antigen and 125I-labeled poly(LGlu50LTyr50) or GAT10. These antisera shared the CGAT idiotype which is associated with the antibody fraction with binding specificity for GAT10. Collectively, the present results indicate that GT-related determinants are required for the induction of the CGAT idiotype. Moreover, since the immune responses to these synthetic polymers are under distinct H-2-linked immune response (Ir) gene control, a mouse strain can be nonresponder to one polymer and responder to another; in this case, only the latter polymer induces CGAT idiotype. Thus, although the immune responses of inbred strains of mice to different polymers are under distinct Ir gene control, the antibody responses can be idiotypically related.", "PMID": 91524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12455", "title": "Antigen-specific suppressor factors produced by T cell hybridomas for delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "This study describes the generation of T hybridoma lines which secret factors specifically suppressing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). AKR strain-derived T lymphoma BW 5147 cells were fused with spleen cells from mice primed with SRBC and containing antigen-specific T suppressor cells for DTH. Supernants from the derived hybridomas were tested for suppression of either expression of induction of DTH to SRBC. Six lines produced specific suppressor activity for the expression of DTH; 4 lines produced suppressor activity for the induction of DTH of which only one line was antigen-specific. These lines were passaged in normal AKR mice, and the serum obtained had activity up to 10(-4) dilution. The factor was effective across the H-2 barrier.", "contents": "Antigen-specific suppressor factors produced by T cell hybridomas for delayed-type hypersensitivity. This study describes the generation of T hybridoma lines which secret factors specifically suppressing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). AKR strain-derived T lymphoma BW 5147 cells were fused with spleen cells from mice primed with SRBC and containing antigen-specific T suppressor cells for DTH. Supernants from the derived hybridomas were tested for suppression of either expression of induction of DTH to SRBC. Six lines produced specific suppressor activity for the expression of DTH; 4 lines produced suppressor activity for the induction of DTH of which only one line was antigen-specific. These lines were passaged in normal AKR mice, and the serum obtained had activity up to 10(-4) dilution. The factor was effective across the H-2 barrier.", "PMID": 91526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12456", "title": "Fine specificity of a continuously growing killer cell clone specific for H-Y antigen.", "content": "H-Y-specific cytotoxic T cells were first cloned in soft agar and grown over a period of 8 months in media conditioned with supernatants from mouse and rat spleen cells stimulated with concanavalin A. The specificity of cloned cells and their cytolytic potential remained essentially unchanged over the entire culture period. In addition to lysing male target cells expressing H-2Db antigens, the cytolytic cells lysed also male as well as female cells expressing H-2Dd alloantigens. Seventeen out of eighteen subclones derived from the original clone revealed the same activity. The cells divide about every 17--20 h can be obtained in large quantities.", "contents": "Fine specificity of a continuously growing killer cell clone specific for H-Y antigen. H-Y-specific cytotoxic T cells were first cloned in soft agar and grown over a period of 8 months in media conditioned with supernatants from mouse and rat spleen cells stimulated with concanavalin A. The specificity of cloned cells and their cytolytic potential remained essentially unchanged over the entire culture period. In addition to lysing male target cells expressing H-2Db antigens, the cytolytic cells lysed also male as well as female cells expressing H-2Dd alloantigens. Seventeen out of eighteen subclones derived from the original clone revealed the same activity. The cells divide about every 17--20 h can be obtained in large quantities.", "PMID": 91527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12457", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate levels during anaphylactic histamine release in rat mast cells in vitro. Effects of glycolytic and respiratory inhibitors.", "content": "The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of rat mast cells was studied during and after anaphylactic histamine release. The almost identical time course of ATP decrease from mast cells treated with either glycolytic or respiratory inhibitors supports the view that the ATP depletion was largely related to the histamine release process and not to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by an increased concentration of cytosol Ca2+. The ATP content of the cells was not restored within the 2 h of observation. No inhibition of lactate production from mast cells exposed to antigen in the presence of respiratory inhibitors and glucose was observed. Based on the lactate production from mast cells, the turnover time of ATP was calculated to be about 3/4 min.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate levels during anaphylactic histamine release in rat mast cells in vitro. Effects of glycolytic and respiratory inhibitors. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of rat mast cells was studied during and after anaphylactic histamine release. The almost identical time course of ATP decrease from mast cells treated with either glycolytic or respiratory inhibitors supports the view that the ATP depletion was largely related to the histamine release process and not to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by an increased concentration of cytosol Ca2+. The ATP content of the cells was not restored within the 2 h of observation. No inhibition of lactate production from mast cells exposed to antigen in the presence of respiratory inhibitors and glucose was observed. Based on the lactate production from mast cells, the turnover time of ATP was calculated to be about 3/4 min.", "PMID": 91528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12458", "title": "Studies on the cytochemical localization of adenylate-cyclase activity in Dugesia lugubris s.I.", "content": "The localization of adenylate-cyclase activity in Dugesia lugubris s.1. has been investigated cytochemically using 5'-adenylyl-imidodiphosphate as substrate. The enzyme was localized in mucous gland cells, in rhabdite cells, in intercellular spaces and also in nerve endings of this planarian. The presence of adenylate-cyclase on the membrane suggests that it might mediate different stimulus-secretion coupling by increasing cyclic AMP synthesis in specialized areas of the planarian.", "contents": "Studies on the cytochemical localization of adenylate-cyclase activity in Dugesia lugubris s.I. The localization of adenylate-cyclase activity in Dugesia lugubris s.1. has been investigated cytochemically using 5'-adenylyl-imidodiphosphate as substrate. The enzyme was localized in mucous gland cells, in rhabdite cells, in intercellular spaces and also in nerve endings of this planarian. The presence of adenylate-cyclase on the membrane suggests that it might mediate different stimulus-secretion coupling by increasing cyclic AMP synthesis in specialized areas of the planarian.", "PMID": 91531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12459", "title": "[Enzymatic N-acetylation of tryptamine by brain homogenates of Locusta migratoria before and after intoxication by chlordimeform or lindane (author's transl)].", "content": "Brain homogenates of Locusta migratoria are found to possess enzyme capable of catalyzing the N-acetylation of tryptamine. A main product of the enzymatic reaction is isolated and identified as N-acetyltryptamine by chromatography analyse. Both insecticides, chlordimeform and lindane, inhibit enzyme activity. A direct correlation between the degree of intoxication and acetylation of tryptamine is described.", "contents": "[Enzymatic N-acetylation of tryptamine by brain homogenates of Locusta migratoria before and after intoxication by chlordimeform or lindane (author's transl)]. Brain homogenates of Locusta migratoria are found to possess enzyme capable of catalyzing the N-acetylation of tryptamine. A main product of the enzymatic reaction is isolated and identified as N-acetyltryptamine by chromatography analyse. Both insecticides, chlordimeform and lindane, inhibit enzyme activity. A direct correlation between the degree of intoxication and acetylation of tryptamine is described.", "PMID": 91532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12460", "title": "Antigenic correlation between rat brain synaptic vesicles and rat bone marrow B lymphocytes.", "content": "Rabbit anti-rat brain synaptic vesicle serum reacted with thymocytes and B lymphocytes in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays. Quantitative absorption analysis revealed that this antiserum contained antibodies specific for antigenic determinants on the surface membrane of a subpopulation of rat bone marrow B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Antigenic correlation between rat brain synaptic vesicles and rat bone marrow B lymphocytes. Rabbit anti-rat brain synaptic vesicle serum reacted with thymocytes and B lymphocytes in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays. Quantitative absorption analysis revealed that this antiserum contained antibodies specific for antigenic determinants on the surface membrane of a subpopulation of rat bone marrow B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 91533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12461", "title": "Measurement of human proinsulin by an indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay.", "content": "An indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay is described for the measurement of human proinsulin in plasma. Polyethylene tubes coated with purified guinea-pig antibodies to insulin were used to extract proinsulin and insulin from plasma. Rabbit antibody to human C peptide was then added to react with the C-peptide moiety of the bound proinsulin. The uptake of this antibody was measured by the subsequent binding of 125I-sheep antibody to rabbit IgG. The binding of radioactivity to the tubes was a function of the proinsulin concentration in the sample. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.006 pmol/ml. Only 200 microliters of plasma was required in the assay and the 125I-labelled antibody was produced from readily available reagents. The polyethylene tubes remained stable for at least 5 months after coating. The mean fasting proinsulin level was 0.009 pmol/ml in sixteen normal subjects and 0.025 pmol/ml in twelve maturity onset diabetics. Oral glucose produced an 8 fold increase in proinsulin concentration but a decline in the plasma proinsulin/insulin molar ratio. Four patients with insulinoma had extremely elevated proinsulin levels and proinsulin/insulin ratios.", "contents": "Measurement of human proinsulin by an indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay. An indirect two-site immunoradiometric assay is described for the measurement of human proinsulin in plasma. Polyethylene tubes coated with purified guinea-pig antibodies to insulin were used to extract proinsulin and insulin from plasma. Rabbit antibody to human C peptide was then added to react with the C-peptide moiety of the bound proinsulin. The uptake of this antibody was measured by the subsequent binding of 125I-sheep antibody to rabbit IgG. The binding of radioactivity to the tubes was a function of the proinsulin concentration in the sample. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.006 pmol/ml. Only 200 microliters of plasma was required in the assay and the 125I-labelled antibody was produced from readily available reagents. The polyethylene tubes remained stable for at least 5 months after coating. The mean fasting proinsulin level was 0.009 pmol/ml in sixteen normal subjects and 0.025 pmol/ml in twelve maturity onset diabetics. Oral glucose produced an 8 fold increase in proinsulin concentration but a decline in the plasma proinsulin/insulin molar ratio. Four patients with insulinoma had extremely elevated proinsulin levels and proinsulin/insulin ratios.", "PMID": 91538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12462", "title": "Isolation of histamine-containing cells from canine fundic mucosa.", "content": "The cells of the fundic portion of canine gastric mucosa were dispersed by collagenase digestion and separated into fractions by sequential use of velocity sedimentation in an elutriator rotor followed by a density gradient separation. There was a close correlation between histamine content and number of mast cells in the different cell fractions. The mast cells possessed characteristic dense granules, which stained metachromatically, but did not release histamine on exposure to Compound 48/80. The most highly purified fractions contained 80% mast cells and a histamine content of 2.5 pg/mast cell.", "contents": "Isolation of histamine-containing cells from canine fundic mucosa. The cells of the fundic portion of canine gastric mucosa were dispersed by collagenase digestion and separated into fractions by sequential use of velocity sedimentation in an elutriator rotor followed by a density gradient separation. There was a close correlation between histamine content and number of mast cells in the different cell fractions. The mast cells possessed characteristic dense granules, which stained metachromatically, but did not release histamine on exposure to Compound 48/80. The most highly purified fractions contained 80% mast cells and a histamine content of 2.5 pg/mast cell.", "PMID": 91540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12463", "title": "Molecular hybridization probes for research in liver disease: studies with albumin cDNA.", "content": "A major avenue of our research has been to develop molecular probes (cDNAs) for studying the pathogenesis of liver disease (i.e., applied molecular pathophysiology). During the last 2-3 yr, we have developed and used molecular hybridization to study regulation of albumin synthesis in normal, protein-calorie deprived, uremic, and cirrhotic rat liver. Our current work is directed toward cloning the albumin gene to permit further analysis of albumin transcriptional and posttranscriptional control. Molecular hybridization, DNA cloning, related techniques can be utilized to study the function of virtually any gene. Incorporation of such advances in basic research into meaningful studies of liver disease is an exciting challenge to modern academic hepatology.", "contents": "Molecular hybridization probes for research in liver disease: studies with albumin cDNA. A major avenue of our research has been to develop molecular probes (cDNAs) for studying the pathogenesis of liver disease (i.e., applied molecular pathophysiology). During the last 2-3 yr, we have developed and used molecular hybridization to study regulation of albumin synthesis in normal, protein-calorie deprived, uremic, and cirrhotic rat liver. Our current work is directed toward cloning the albumin gene to permit further analysis of albumin transcriptional and posttranscriptional control. Molecular hybridization, DNA cloning, related techniques can be utilized to study the function of virtually any gene. Incorporation of such advances in basic research into meaningful studies of liver disease is an exciting challenge to modern academic hepatology.", "PMID": 91541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12464", "title": "[Human chromosome polymorphism and disordered reproductive function. II. C-variant chromosomes].", "content": "C-stained polymorphic variants of chromosomes 1, 9, 13--16, 21, 22 and Y were studied in married couples with reproductive failure (200 individuals) and in control couples having normal children and no spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Location of heterochromatic segments, their size and heteromorphism of homologues were estimated. The individuals with reproductive failure were carriers of variants of chromosomes 9 and acrocentrics with higher content of heterochromatic material as well as with heterochromatic chromosome 9 significantly more frequently as compared with control individuals.", "contents": "[Human chromosome polymorphism and disordered reproductive function. II. C-variant chromosomes]. C-stained polymorphic variants of chromosomes 1, 9, 13--16, 21, 22 and Y were studied in married couples with reproductive failure (200 individuals) and in control couples having normal children and no spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Location of heterochromatic segments, their size and heteromorphism of homologues were estimated. The individuals with reproductive failure were carriers of variants of chromosomes 9 and acrocentrics with higher content of heterochromatic material as well as with heterochromatic chromosome 9 significantly more frequently as compared with control individuals.", "PMID": 91543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12465", "title": "[Review. Clinical importance of the lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral blood].", "content": "The study of the lymphocyte subpopulations appears to be of diagnostic importance in immunodeficiencies and lymphatic disorders. In autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in various other disease states changes of T and B lymphocytes are detectable, findings that can be of prognostic and therapeutic importance.", "contents": "[Review. Clinical importance of the lymphocyte differentiation in peripheral blood]. The study of the lymphocyte subpopulations appears to be of diagnostic importance in immunodeficiencies and lymphatic disorders. In autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in various other disease states changes of T and B lymphocytes are detectable, findings that can be of prognostic and therapeutic importance.", "PMID": 91552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12466", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural morphometrical studies in acute leukemia.", "content": "Four hundred paramyeloblasts (from meyloblastic, promyelocytic, monoblastic and lymphoblastic types), isolated from peripheral blood of untreated leukemia patients, were studied by planimetric ultrastructural morphometry. The data of 19 parameters for these four paramyeloblastic types were compared with statistical methods. More central \"scattered\" heterochromatin was found from this morphometric investigation, i.e. early prophases in the lymphoblastic type of acute leukemia (these cases are more sensitive to therapy). The absolute mean values of the areas of whole cells, areas of the nucleus and nucleolus, areas of the heterochromatin and other indices show that different cell clones will undergo leukaemic transformation.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural morphometrical studies in acute leukemia. Four hundred paramyeloblasts (from meyloblastic, promyelocytic, monoblastic and lymphoblastic types), isolated from peripheral blood of untreated leukemia patients, were studied by planimetric ultrastructural morphometry. The data of 19 parameters for these four paramyeloblastic types were compared with statistical methods. More central \"scattered\" heterochromatin was found from this morphometric investigation, i.e. early prophases in the lymphoblastic type of acute leukemia (these cases are more sensitive to therapy). The absolute mean values of the areas of whole cells, areas of the nucleus and nucleolus, areas of the heterochromatin and other indices show that different cell clones will undergo leukaemic transformation.", "PMID": 91553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12467", "title": "[Comparison of the cytomorphological classification with the cytochemical differentiation of acute lymphatic leukemia in children].", "content": "In 100 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia the cytomorphological subclassification of the pathological cell type was made according to Math\u00e9 and the French-American-British Co-operative group (FAB). In addition, all cases of leukaemia were differentiated according to their cytochemical type. Lymphoblasts from 10 cases of leukaemia could be subclassified immunologically. From 71 children will ALL the survival rates of those cases of leukaemia subclassified cytomorphologically and the cytochemical reactions were compiled and partially compared. Microlymphoblastic leukaemia could be found to be the most frequent type of ALL at children's age. Prolymphocytic leukaemias were characterized by a favourable survival rate and the highest percentage of ALL with the PAS type. Macrolymphoblastic and microlymphoblastic cases of leukaemia revealed no essential differences of survival rate, but significant differences of cytochemical reactions.", "contents": "[Comparison of the cytomorphological classification with the cytochemical differentiation of acute lymphatic leukemia in children]. In 100 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia the cytomorphological subclassification of the pathological cell type was made according to Math\u00e9 and the French-American-British Co-operative group (FAB). In addition, all cases of leukaemia were differentiated according to their cytochemical type. Lymphoblasts from 10 cases of leukaemia could be subclassified immunologically. From 71 children will ALL the survival rates of those cases of leukaemia subclassified cytomorphologically and the cytochemical reactions were compiled and partially compared. Microlymphoblastic leukaemia could be found to be the most frequent type of ALL at children's age. Prolymphocytic leukaemias were characterized by a favourable survival rate and the highest percentage of ALL with the PAS type. Macrolymphoblastic and microlymphoblastic cases of leukaemia revealed no essential differences of survival rate, but significant differences of cytochemical reactions.", "PMID": 91554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12468", "title": "[Leukemic chromosome clone. I. Risk factor in the acute lymphatic leukemia of children].", "content": "As long as the aetiology of acute lymphatic leukaemia of children is not known its therapy is based on clinical experience. Among the values of experience those factors will play a part, the evidence of which during the ALL initial stage will be a risk for successful therapy and survival rate. This results in a choice of more aggressive variants of modern therapy schemes. In a cytogenetic study made in 35 children with ALL it was tested, whether even leukaemic chromosome clones will be a risk for the course of acute leukaemia. The duration of the first remission and survival rate were considered as criteria. The evidence of a leukaemic chromosome clone could be shown to be followed by a short survival rate, irrespective of the stage of the disease where the clone had been observed first. Thus, cytostatic therapy in those ALL patients who are affected with luekaemic chromosome aberration of stem line character should be aimed at the complete annihilation of the clone, irrespective of other remission criteria. The failure of blood and bone-marrow cultures as early as during the untreated initial stage indicated a primary cellular immuno-insufficiency. This combination of cell immuno-depression with high peripheral leukocytes connts and a primary mediastinal tumour or a generalizing lymphosarcoma respectively, was the highest risk up till now for the course of the disease. Judging from the duration of the first remission and the survival rates, the consecutive schemes of therapy did not differ in their effect on leukaemia with pathological stem lines. On the basis of the present study the impression could not be excluded that up till now long term survival rates could be attributed rather to individual manners of response than to the modern therapy scheme.", "contents": "[Leukemic chromosome clone. I. Risk factor in the acute lymphatic leukemia of children]. As long as the aetiology of acute lymphatic leukaemia of children is not known its therapy is based on clinical experience. Among the values of experience those factors will play a part, the evidence of which during the ALL initial stage will be a risk for successful therapy and survival rate. This results in a choice of more aggressive variants of modern therapy schemes. In a cytogenetic study made in 35 children with ALL it was tested, whether even leukaemic chromosome clones will be a risk for the course of acute leukaemia. The duration of the first remission and survival rate were considered as criteria. The evidence of a leukaemic chromosome clone could be shown to be followed by a short survival rate, irrespective of the stage of the disease where the clone had been observed first. Thus, cytostatic therapy in those ALL patients who are affected with luekaemic chromosome aberration of stem line character should be aimed at the complete annihilation of the clone, irrespective of other remission criteria. The failure of blood and bone-marrow cultures as early as during the untreated initial stage indicated a primary cellular immuno-insufficiency. This combination of cell immuno-depression with high peripheral leukocytes connts and a primary mediastinal tumour or a generalizing lymphosarcoma respectively, was the highest risk up till now for the course of the disease. Judging from the duration of the first remission and the survival rates, the consecutive schemes of therapy did not differ in their effect on leukaemia with pathological stem lines. On the basis of the present study the impression could not be excluded that up till now long term survival rates could be attributed rather to individual manners of response than to the modern therapy scheme.", "PMID": 91555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12469", "title": "[Quantitative behavior of B-lymphocytes in infection susceptible children following a single therapeutic substitution with human gamma globulin].", "content": "In 15 children with a lowered gammaglobulin level a single substitution with HGG was made, with the impact of this substitution on the number of B-cells in the peripheral blood being examined by means of the direct fluorescence antibody technique. In 9 from 15 children the substitution had no influence on the number of B-cells. However, a significant increase of the number of B-cells could be observed in 6 from 15 children. 14 days after the substitution the number of B-cells lay within the normal range again.", "contents": "[Quantitative behavior of B-lymphocytes in infection susceptible children following a single therapeutic substitution with human gamma globulin]. In 15 children with a lowered gammaglobulin level a single substitution with HGG was made, with the impact of this substitution on the number of B-cells in the peripheral blood being examined by means of the direct fluorescence antibody technique. In 9 from 15 children the substitution had no influence on the number of B-cells. However, a significant increase of the number of B-cells could be observed in 6 from 15 children. 14 days after the substitution the number of B-cells lay within the normal range again.", "PMID": 91556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12470", "title": "Cytochemistry of nucleoproteids and some cathionic proteins in the peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with lung cancer.", "content": "In 40 patients with untreated lung cancer cytochemical studies of the peripheral blood leukocytes were conducted by means of a cytological method for the simultaneous staining of nucleoproteids (RNP and DNP) and some cathionic proteins (after Zvetkova and Zvetkov [60]). Changes were detected in the RNP cytoplasmic contents of lymphocytes, of which the most outstanding were the reduction and uneven distribution of RNP granules, their frequent extracellular expulsion by means of microclasmatoses, as well as changes in the staining of cathionic proteins of RNP accompanied by an increased nuclear chromatin condensation in the small and medium-sized lymphocytes. Parellel to reducing of the percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced neoplastic disease an increased number of lymphoblastoid and monoblastoid cells is established with RNP diffusely stained, but reduced in quantity and localized in the cytoplasmic periphery and projections (compared to Downey type II atypical cells). By means of one of the variants of the method (modified type of Feulgen's reaction) a characteristic distribution and structuring of the nuclear chromatin is established in mono- and polymorphonuclear cells, most clearly expressed in the nuclei of monocytes and monoblastoid cells, as well as in nuclei of neutrophil granulocytes. In these cellular types a more specific nuclear modelling (microhypersegmentation) is observed resulting in multiple irregular nuclear projections on the nuclear surface, probably caused by subkaryolemal distribution of uneven chromatin thickenings. The changes are also recorded in the cathionic protein containing secondary cytoplasmic granules in granulocytes-neutrophils and eosinophils, probably associated with changes in the lysosomal and phagocytic functions of these cells in neoplastic diseases. The authors discuss the importance of the obtained results in connection with data on the participation of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the immune response to tumour antigenic stimuli during the course of the neoplastic process, as well as with data on the suppressive effect of antigenic (serum, viral) factors, possibly affecting the synthesis and the transport of cellular nucleoproteids (RNP and DNP) in leukocytes of cancer patients.", "contents": "Cytochemistry of nucleoproteids and some cathionic proteins in the peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with lung cancer. In 40 patients with untreated lung cancer cytochemical studies of the peripheral blood leukocytes were conducted by means of a cytological method for the simultaneous staining of nucleoproteids (RNP and DNP) and some cathionic proteins (after Zvetkova and Zvetkov [60]). Changes were detected in the RNP cytoplasmic contents of lymphocytes, of which the most outstanding were the reduction and uneven distribution of RNP granules, their frequent extracellular expulsion by means of microclasmatoses, as well as changes in the staining of cathionic proteins of RNP accompanied by an increased nuclear chromatin condensation in the small and medium-sized lymphocytes. Parellel to reducing of the percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced neoplastic disease an increased number of lymphoblastoid and monoblastoid cells is established with RNP diffusely stained, but reduced in quantity and localized in the cytoplasmic periphery and projections (compared to Downey type II atypical cells). By means of one of the variants of the method (modified type of Feulgen's reaction) a characteristic distribution and structuring of the nuclear chromatin is established in mono- and polymorphonuclear cells, most clearly expressed in the nuclei of monocytes and monoblastoid cells, as well as in nuclei of neutrophil granulocytes. In these cellular types a more specific nuclear modelling (microhypersegmentation) is observed resulting in multiple irregular nuclear projections on the nuclear surface, probably caused by subkaryolemal distribution of uneven chromatin thickenings. The changes are also recorded in the cathionic protein containing secondary cytoplasmic granules in granulocytes-neutrophils and eosinophils, probably associated with changes in the lysosomal and phagocytic functions of these cells in neoplastic diseases. The authors discuss the importance of the obtained results in connection with data on the participation of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the immune response to tumour antigenic stimuli during the course of the neoplastic process, as well as with data on the suppressive effect of antigenic (serum, viral) factors, possibly affecting the synthesis and the transport of cellular nucleoproteids (RNP and DNP) in leukocytes of cancer patients.", "PMID": 91557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12471", "title": "The effect of intravenous injection of ethyl palmitate emulsion on sequestration of thermally damaged erythrocytes in rats with experimentally induced hypersplenism, and in normal rats.", "content": "The authors attempted at experimental elimination of sequestration function of the spleen in Wistar rats using an i.v. injection of ethyl palmitate emulsion, both in \"hypersplenic\" animals being long-term applied i.p. methyl cellulose solution, and in control rats. In the rats clearance of 51Cr-labelled and thermally damaged erythrocytes from blood was examined and their sequestration in the spleen and liver followed. The ethyl palmitate injection resulted in both experimental groups in a significant decrease of the erythrocyte counts sequestrated in the spleen, and significant prolongation of the elimination half time for thermally damaged erythrocytes from the blood.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous injection of ethyl palmitate emulsion on sequestration of thermally damaged erythrocytes in rats with experimentally induced hypersplenism, and in normal rats. The authors attempted at experimental elimination of sequestration function of the spleen in Wistar rats using an i.v. injection of ethyl palmitate emulsion, both in \"hypersplenic\" animals being long-term applied i.p. methyl cellulose solution, and in control rats. In the rats clearance of 51Cr-labelled and thermally damaged erythrocytes from blood was examined and their sequestration in the spleen and liver followed. The ethyl palmitate injection resulted in both experimental groups in a significant decrease of the erythrocyte counts sequestrated in the spleen, and significant prolongation of the elimination half time for thermally damaged erythrocytes from the blood.", "PMID": 91558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12472", "title": "[Frequency of anemia in Rostock students].", "content": "For the purpose of determining the frequency of anaemia a check-up was made in 735 students (498 females, 237 males) at an age of at least 19 years at the beginning of their university studies. 9.4% of them had subnormal haemoglobin values. 91.3% of them were female students. A comparison between the test persons with a decrease of haemoglobin values and those without it on the one hand and data gathered from the students' health certificate on the other hand, revealed no ensured aetiologic connection. Analyzing the state of health of that group with lowered Hb-values showed that more than half of them suffered from diseases (mostly infections) at the time, when the blood examination was made. A check-up made one year later resulted in a high percentage of normalized values. Comparisons taken from medical literature clearly indicate that the frequency of anaemia of this student population examined here is relatively low in total. From an organizational point of view, complete check-up examinations shoudl be carried out or induced for female students by the outpatient departments working at the institutions of higher learning because they provide better possibilities of covering them.", "contents": "[Frequency of anemia in Rostock students]. For the purpose of determining the frequency of anaemia a check-up was made in 735 students (498 females, 237 males) at an age of at least 19 years at the beginning of their university studies. 9.4% of them had subnormal haemoglobin values. 91.3% of them were female students. A comparison between the test persons with a decrease of haemoglobin values and those without it on the one hand and data gathered from the students' health certificate on the other hand, revealed no ensured aetiologic connection. Analyzing the state of health of that group with lowered Hb-values showed that more than half of them suffered from diseases (mostly infections) at the time, when the blood examination was made. A check-up made one year later resulted in a high percentage of normalized values. Comparisons taken from medical literature clearly indicate that the frequency of anaemia of this student population examined here is relatively low in total. From an organizational point of view, complete check-up examinations shoudl be carried out or induced for female students by the outpatient departments working at the institutions of higher learning because they provide better possibilities of covering them.", "PMID": 91559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12473", "title": "[Case contribution to the study of hemoglobin C disease].", "content": "Haemoglobin-C disease represents a haemoglobinopathy seldom occurring in our latitudes. In its homocygotic form it coincides with haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly. The diagnosis of haemoglobin-C disease could be ensured in a 33 years old Yugoslav patient who had been treated because of being suspected of a venous thrombosis of the spleen. The knowledge of this disease taking prognostically a benign course seems to be important in order to prevent patients from unnescessary diagnostic and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Case contribution to the study of hemoglobin C disease]. Haemoglobin-C disease represents a haemoglobinopathy seldom occurring in our latitudes. In its homocygotic form it coincides with haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly. The diagnosis of haemoglobin-C disease could be ensured in a 33 years old Yugoslav patient who had been treated because of being suspected of a venous thrombosis of the spleen. The knowledge of this disease taking prognostically a benign course seems to be important in order to prevent patients from unnescessary diagnostic and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 91560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12474", "title": "[Participation of the hypophyseal-adrenal cortex system in thrombin clearance during immobilization stress].", "content": "The examination carried out with thrombin marked by 131J resulted in a considerable increase of the thrombin clearance rate in healty male rats during the stress (caused by an immobilization lasting 30 minutes) and in an increase of thrombin deposits in the liver. A further increase of thrombin clearance occurred by the combination of immobilization and administration of ACTH. Contrary to ACTH the thrombin clearance is not stimulated in healthy animals by hydrocortisone. Thrombin clearance and thrombin deposits in the liver are lowered in adrenalectomized rats. In these animals the administration of ACTH does not result in an increase of thrombin clearance. The rate of thrombin clearance is normalized in adrenalectomized animals after administering hydrocortisone without as well as under conditions of stress. In adrenalectomized animals having received hydrocortisone as well as in healthy animals the administration of ACTH will results in an increase of thrombin clearance. From these experiments the conclusion can be drawn that ACTH will increase the intensity of thrombin clearance in stress and that hydrocortisone plays a transmitting part here.", "contents": "[Participation of the hypophyseal-adrenal cortex system in thrombin clearance during immobilization stress]. The examination carried out with thrombin marked by 131J resulted in a considerable increase of the thrombin clearance rate in healty male rats during the stress (caused by an immobilization lasting 30 minutes) and in an increase of thrombin deposits in the liver. A further increase of thrombin clearance occurred by the combination of immobilization and administration of ACTH. Contrary to ACTH the thrombin clearance is not stimulated in healthy animals by hydrocortisone. Thrombin clearance and thrombin deposits in the liver are lowered in adrenalectomized rats. In these animals the administration of ACTH does not result in an increase of thrombin clearance. The rate of thrombin clearance is normalized in adrenalectomized animals after administering hydrocortisone without as well as under conditions of stress. In adrenalectomized animals having received hydrocortisone as well as in healthy animals the administration of ACTH will results in an increase of thrombin clearance. From these experiments the conclusion can be drawn that ACTH will increase the intensity of thrombin clearance in stress and that hydrocortisone plays a transmitting part here.", "PMID": 91561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12475", "title": "[Immunological concentration determinations of the streptokinase preparation Awelysin dissolved in various infusion solutions for its stability evaluation].", "content": "By means of the electro-immuno-assay according to Laurell the decrease of concentration was determined for the streptokinase preparation Awelysin dissolved in various infusion media at 20 degrees C. The stability behaviour of a streptokinase solution of 1.000 IE/ml showed a significant decrease of concentration after 24 hours (alpha less than 5%) as compared with the initial concentration. However, in comparison no significant differences as to the streptokinase stability could be found by using different infusion solutions. At 20 degrees C the decrease of streptokinase concentration may be neglected up to 24 hours in an infusion solution of streptokinase previously prepared.", "contents": "[Immunological concentration determinations of the streptokinase preparation Awelysin dissolved in various infusion solutions for its stability evaluation]. By means of the electro-immuno-assay according to Laurell the decrease of concentration was determined for the streptokinase preparation Awelysin dissolved in various infusion media at 20 degrees C. The stability behaviour of a streptokinase solution of 1.000 IE/ml showed a significant decrease of concentration after 24 hours (alpha less than 5%) as compared with the initial concentration. However, in comparison no significant differences as to the streptokinase stability could be found by using different infusion solutions. At 20 degrees C the decrease of streptokinase concentration may be neglected up to 24 hours in an infusion solution of streptokinase previously prepared.", "PMID": 91562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12476", "title": "Platelet fibrinogen: subcellular localization by means of immunofluorescent studies in normals and in congenital afibrinogenemia.", "content": "We have studied the site of fibrinogen localization in normal platelets and in the platelets of a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia (CA). The methods employed were: direct immunofluorescence technique (DIT) and indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIT). By means of the DIT normal platelets were shown to have a clear peripheral staining. Such staining disappeared after treatment with proteolytic enzymes and after specific blocking experiments. Such peripheral staining of platelets was absent in congenital afibrinogenemia even after fibrinogen infusion. By means of the IIT platelets were shown to have a considerable amount of fibrinogen. Such protein was demonstrated to represent an important part of platelet surface, since intact platelets were able to absorb completely a specific antifibrinogen antiserum.", "contents": "Platelet fibrinogen: subcellular localization by means of immunofluorescent studies in normals and in congenital afibrinogenemia. We have studied the site of fibrinogen localization in normal platelets and in the platelets of a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia (CA). The methods employed were: direct immunofluorescence technique (DIT) and indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIT). By means of the DIT normal platelets were shown to have a clear peripheral staining. Such staining disappeared after treatment with proteolytic enzymes and after specific blocking experiments. Such peripheral staining of platelets was absent in congenital afibrinogenemia even after fibrinogen infusion. By means of the IIT platelets were shown to have a considerable amount of fibrinogen. Such protein was demonstrated to represent an important part of platelet surface, since intact platelets were able to absorb completely a specific antifibrinogen antiserum.", "PMID": 91563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12477", "title": "[Drug-induced lung diseases].", "content": "Drug-induced lung diseases may present themselves as bronchial reactions (e.g. bronchial asthma), diseases of the parenchyma (e.g. pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, diffuse fibrosing alveolitis), of the pulmonary vasculature (vasculitis) and of the pleura (e.g. pleurisy or pleural fibrosis). Pathogenetically the two most pertinent types of reaction are hypersensitivity or toxic reactions, and less often biologic reactions such as opportunistic infections after cytotoxic and immunosuppressive therapy. Many drug-induced respiratory diseases are reversible upon withdrawal of the offending agent; others may be irreversible or even progress.", "contents": "[Drug-induced lung diseases]. Drug-induced lung diseases may present themselves as bronchial reactions (e.g. bronchial asthma), diseases of the parenchyma (e.g. pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, diffuse fibrosing alveolitis), of the pulmonary vasculature (vasculitis) and of the pleura (e.g. pleurisy or pleural fibrosis). Pathogenetically the two most pertinent types of reaction are hypersensitivity or toxic reactions, and less often biologic reactions such as opportunistic infections after cytotoxic and immunosuppressive therapy. Many drug-induced respiratory diseases are reversible upon withdrawal of the offending agent; others may be irreversible or even progress.", "PMID": 91565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12478", "title": "[Clinical valence of alpha-fetoprotein (author's transl)].", "content": "Among carcinoembryonic antigens CEA and AFP have an exceptional range. The detection of AFP in the serum is a valuable and sensitive serological marker of primary hepatic carcinoma. The quota of primary hepatic carcinoma without AFP-synthesis is for less than 5%.", "contents": "[Clinical valence of alpha-fetoprotein (author's transl)]. Among carcinoembryonic antigens CEA and AFP have an exceptional range. The detection of AFP in the serum is a valuable and sensitive serological marker of primary hepatic carcinoma. The quota of primary hepatic carcinoma without AFP-synthesis is for less than 5%.", "PMID": 91568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12479", "title": "Purification of the subunit Clq from the first component of equine complement.", "content": "Initial separation and concentration of Clq from fresh, normal equine serum was accomplished by precipitation in 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5, at 4 degrees for 24 h. The re-dissolved precipitate was clarified by centrifugation at 80,000 g for 1 h and then dialysed against Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) containing 10-3 M EDTA. The clarified dialysate remained biologically active at 5 degrees for at least 4 weeks. Biological activity of equine Clq was determined by assay of its ability to agglutinate sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA). Following ammonium sulphate fractionation, Sepharose 4B gel filtration yielded three major peaks. Two protein bands were demonstrated on analysis of the second Sepharose peak by disc acrylamide electrophoresis, pH 8.3. Elution of the protein bands showed EA-agglutinating activity only in the band which migrated furthest toward the cathode. Equine Clq isolated by this method yielded an approximate forty-fold purification in specific activity. Some properties of equine Clq were characterized. Equine Clq was heat-labile, as shown by loss of its EA-agglutinating activity after heating 58 degrees for 15 min. Moreover, storage at 4 degrees and freeze-thaw cycles greatly reduced EA agglutination. Preliminary determination of the sedimentation coefficient indicated that it was comparable to that reported for human and rabbit Clq.", "contents": "Purification of the subunit Clq from the first component of equine complement. Initial separation and concentration of Clq from fresh, normal equine serum was accomplished by precipitation in 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5, at 4 degrees for 24 h. The re-dissolved precipitate was clarified by centrifugation at 80,000 g for 1 h and then dialysed against Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) containing 10-3 M EDTA. The clarified dialysate remained biologically active at 5 degrees for at least 4 weeks. Biological activity of equine Clq was determined by assay of its ability to agglutinate sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA). Following ammonium sulphate fractionation, Sepharose 4B gel filtration yielded three major peaks. Two protein bands were demonstrated on analysis of the second Sepharose peak by disc acrylamide electrophoresis, pH 8.3. Elution of the protein bands showed EA-agglutinating activity only in the band which migrated furthest toward the cathode. Equine Clq isolated by this method yielded an approximate forty-fold purification in specific activity. Some properties of equine Clq were characterized. Equine Clq was heat-labile, as shown by loss of its EA-agglutinating activity after heating 58 degrees for 15 min. Moreover, storage at 4 degrees and freeze-thaw cycles greatly reduced EA agglutination. Preliminary determination of the sedimentation coefficient indicated that it was comparable to that reported for human and rabbit Clq.", "PMID": 91570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12480", "title": "Studies on immune tolerance to heat-aggregated human IgG in rabbits: its relevance to the production of rheumatoid factors.", "content": "Rabbits neonatally tolerized with native monomeric human IgG and subsequently immunized with heat-aggregated human IgG emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, at a time when B cells but not T cells should have spontaneously recovered from tolerization, resulted in the production of an antibody resembling human rheumatoid factors directed against a single antigenic determinant in the Fc region of the IgG molecule. Rabbits immunized in an identical fashion after adult tolerization treatments failed to respond during the period corresponding to B-cell tolerance, but subsequently produced antibody or similar specificity to that produced by neonatally tolerized animals. These results indicate that no completely new antigenic determinants are created on heat aggregation of IgG, but there appears to be some potentiation of immunodominance of an already existing determinant. A possible mechanism for the production of rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis is suggested.", "contents": "Studies on immune tolerance to heat-aggregated human IgG in rabbits: its relevance to the production of rheumatoid factors. Rabbits neonatally tolerized with native monomeric human IgG and subsequently immunized with heat-aggregated human IgG emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, at a time when B cells but not T cells should have spontaneously recovered from tolerization, resulted in the production of an antibody resembling human rheumatoid factors directed against a single antigenic determinant in the Fc region of the IgG molecule. Rabbits immunized in an identical fashion after adult tolerization treatments failed to respond during the period corresponding to B-cell tolerance, but subsequently produced antibody or similar specificity to that produced by neonatally tolerized animals. These results indicate that no completely new antigenic determinants are created on heat aggregation of IgG, but there appears to be some potentiation of immunodominance of an already existing determinant. A possible mechanism for the production of rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis is suggested.", "PMID": 91571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12481", "title": "Regulatory role of suppressor T cells in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. I. Transient appearance of suppressor T cells for the expression of delayed footpad reaction induced with lipid-conjugated lysozyme.", "content": "Delayed footpad reaction (FPR) to lysozyme (Lys) in mice was induced without antibody responses by lipid-conjugated lysozyme (D.Lys). This FPR was suppressed by priming s.c. with a high dose (10 mg) of Lys 2 weeks previously (unresponsiveness). Spleen cells from the unresponsive mice suppressed antigen-specifically FPR in mice previously immunized with D.Lys, and also suppressed passive transfer of FPR by D.Lys-immune lymphoid cells into normal mice. The suppressive activity of the spleen cells was abolished by treatment with anti-phi anti-serum and complement. The suppressor cells occurred also in the thymus of unresponsive mice. Unresponsiveness was induced in mice immediately after priming with Lys and persisted at least up to 7 weeks after the induction. In contrast, suppressor cells appeared only 2 weeks after induction of unresponsiveness in both the spleen and the thymus but were no longer detectable 3-7 weeks later, although donor mice remained fully unresponsive. These results suggest that antigen-specific suppressor T cells are involved in the regulation of the expression of FPR only for a definite period of time in unresponsive mice.", "contents": "Regulatory role of suppressor T cells in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. I. Transient appearance of suppressor T cells for the expression of delayed footpad reaction induced with lipid-conjugated lysozyme. Delayed footpad reaction (FPR) to lysozyme (Lys) in mice was induced without antibody responses by lipid-conjugated lysozyme (D.Lys). This FPR was suppressed by priming s.c. with a high dose (10 mg) of Lys 2 weeks previously (unresponsiveness). Spleen cells from the unresponsive mice suppressed antigen-specifically FPR in mice previously immunized with D.Lys, and also suppressed passive transfer of FPR by D.Lys-immune lymphoid cells into normal mice. The suppressive activity of the spleen cells was abolished by treatment with anti-phi anti-serum and complement. The suppressor cells occurred also in the thymus of unresponsive mice. Unresponsiveness was induced in mice immediately after priming with Lys and persisted at least up to 7 weeks after the induction. In contrast, suppressor cells appeared only 2 weeks after induction of unresponsiveness in both the spleen and the thymus but were no longer detectable 3-7 weeks later, although donor mice remained fully unresponsive. These results suggest that antigen-specific suppressor T cells are involved in the regulation of the expression of FPR only for a definite period of time in unresponsive mice.", "PMID": 91572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12482", "title": "Regulatory role of suppressor T cells in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. II. Soluble factor from thymic suppressor cells stimulated with antigen in vitro and its possible interaction with macrophages.", "content": "Thymus cells from mice primed s.c. with a high dose (10 mg) of lysozyme (Lys) specifically suppressed delayed footpad reaction (FPR) in mice previously immuned with lipid-conjugated lysozyme (D.Lys), and also suppressed the transfer of FPR by D.Lys-immune spleen cells into normal mice. Furthermore, they inhibited antigen-stimulated DNA synthesis of D.Lys-immune spleen cells in vitro. If the suppressor thymus cells were cultured with Lys in vitro, they produced soluble factor which depressed the ability of D.Lys-immune spleen cells to transfer FPR. Both supernatant of culture without Lys and extract of suppressor thymus cells were inactive in supression of FPR. The suppressor factor was antigen-specific because its suppressive activity was absorbed with Lys but not with an unrelated antigen lactalbumin. The factor failed to depress the ability of D.Lys-immune spleen cells to transfer FPR when the spleen cells were depleted of glass-adherent cells. In addition, incubation of peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice with the factor rendered the cells suppressive for passive transfer of FPR. These results suggest that the suppressor factor depresses the effector function of T cells responsible for FPR possibly via macrophage.", "contents": "Regulatory role of suppressor T cells in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. II. Soluble factor from thymic suppressor cells stimulated with antigen in vitro and its possible interaction with macrophages. Thymus cells from mice primed s.c. with a high dose (10 mg) of lysozyme (Lys) specifically suppressed delayed footpad reaction (FPR) in mice previously immuned with lipid-conjugated lysozyme (D.Lys), and also suppressed the transfer of FPR by D.Lys-immune spleen cells into normal mice. Furthermore, they inhibited antigen-stimulated DNA synthesis of D.Lys-immune spleen cells in vitro. If the suppressor thymus cells were cultured with Lys in vitro, they produced soluble factor which depressed the ability of D.Lys-immune spleen cells to transfer FPR. Both supernatant of culture without Lys and extract of suppressor thymus cells were inactive in supression of FPR. The suppressor factor was antigen-specific because its suppressive activity was absorbed with Lys but not with an unrelated antigen lactalbumin. The factor failed to depress the ability of D.Lys-immune spleen cells to transfer FPR when the spleen cells were depleted of glass-adherent cells. In addition, incubation of peritoneal exudate cells from normal mice with the factor rendered the cells suppressive for passive transfer of FPR. These results suggest that the suppressor factor depresses the effector function of T cells responsible for FPR possibly via macrophage.", "PMID": 91573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12483", "title": "Thymus dependence of the IgG response: role of T cells is restricted to non-specific rather than antigen-specific factors.", "content": "We have been studying the requirement for T cells in the proliferation and maturation of partially differentiated memory cells into IgG antibody secreting cells. The role of T cells in such a system can be replaced by non-antigen-specific T-cell factor(s) present in the supernatant of a 24 h mixed lymphocyte reaction (TRF) but not by antigen-specific factors released upon in vitro induction of T-helper cells with antigen. A combination of antigen-specific and non-specific factors showed no evidence of synergy between the two sets of factors and we therefore conclude that the antigen-specific factors tested play no role in the later stages of B-memory cell maturation to IgG-antibody secreting cells.", "contents": "Thymus dependence of the IgG response: role of T cells is restricted to non-specific rather than antigen-specific factors. We have been studying the requirement for T cells in the proliferation and maturation of partially differentiated memory cells into IgG antibody secreting cells. The role of T cells in such a system can be replaced by non-antigen-specific T-cell factor(s) present in the supernatant of a 24 h mixed lymphocyte reaction (TRF) but not by antigen-specific factors released upon in vitro induction of T-helper cells with antigen. A combination of antigen-specific and non-specific factors showed no evidence of synergy between the two sets of factors and we therefore conclude that the antigen-specific factors tested play no role in the later stages of B-memory cell maturation to IgG-antibody secreting cells.", "PMID": 91574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12484", "title": "An absolute requirement for 2-mercaptoethanol in the in vitro primary immune response in the absence of serum.", "content": "Using a serum-free medium, high recoveries of plaque-forming cells (PFCs) were obtained up to 5 days of incubation in  the in vitro primary immune response. Under these conditions, the presence in the medium of 2-mercaptoethanol was an absolute requirement. In order to obtain maximal recoveries of PFCs, the antigen and 2-mercaptoethanol had to be present from the start of the culture, while the addition of fetuin could be delayed for 24 h without any loss of PFCs. The 2-mercaptoethanol could be replaced by (dialysed) human serum.", "contents": "An absolute requirement for 2-mercaptoethanol in the in vitro primary immune response in the absence of serum. Using a serum-free medium, high recoveries of plaque-forming cells (PFCs) were obtained up to 5 days of incubation in  the in vitro primary immune response. Under these conditions, the presence in the medium of 2-mercaptoethanol was an absolute requirement. In order to obtain maximal recoveries of PFCs, the antigen and 2-mercaptoethanol had to be present from the start of the culture, while the addition of fetuin could be delayed for 24 h without any loss of PFCs. The 2-mercaptoethanol could be replaced by (dialysed) human serum.", "PMID": 91575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12485", "title": "Amplification of plaque-forming cells in the spleen after intracloacal antigen stimulation in neonatal chicken.", "content": "Neonatal chickens were primed by multiple or a single injection with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into the cloacal lumen and then  were challenged by intravenous injection with the same antigen. Direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were markedly increased shortly after intracloacal priming. This enhancing effect was antigen specific and was abolished by surgical bursectomy 24 h after intracloacal priming. A similar effect was also found in mature adult chickens, although the degree of enhancement was far less than that found in neonatal chickens. These results suggest that a certain stage of B-cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) is regulated by antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Amplification of plaque-forming cells in the spleen after intracloacal antigen stimulation in neonatal chicken. Neonatal chickens were primed by multiple or a single injection with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into the cloacal lumen and then  were challenged by intravenous injection with the same antigen. Direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were markedly increased shortly after intracloacal priming. This enhancing effect was antigen specific and was abolished by surgical bursectomy 24 h after intracloacal priming. A similar effect was also found in mature adult chickens, although the degree of enhancement was far less than that found in neonatal chickens. These results suggest that a certain stage of B-cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) is regulated by antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 91577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12486", "title": "Purification and immunobiological properties of R antigen and its relation to M protein of type 3 group A Streptococcus.", "content": "R protein was extracted from type 3 group A streptococci with hot (95 degrees C) HCl and was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by molecular-sieve and ion exchange chromatography. Although the R3 antigen was present in a heterogeneous population of proteins ranging from 78,000 to 100,000 daltons in size, we were able to separate an R-rich fraction that contained minimal amounts of heterogeneous proteins as indicated by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The final yield of the purified R protein was approximately 15 mug (dry weight) per g (wet weight) of washed and sedimented streptococci. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular size of approximately 78,000 daltons. Amino acid analysis showed lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid as the predominant amino acids. A detailed comparison of the purified R3 protein with type 3 M protein indicated a similarity in composition and order of frequency of amino acids. However, the R3 antigen was found to be distinctive from the M3 antigen in agar gel diffusion tests. In addition, R3 and M3 proteins behaved differently in opsonophagocytosis tests and opsonization inhibition tests. Thus, R3 and M3 proteins produced precipitin lines of nonidentity with an unabsorbed antiserum against whole type 3 streptococci: M3-specific antiserum, but not R3-specific antiserum, enhanced the phagocytosis of type 3 streptococci. Purified M3 but not R3 protein was capable of inhibiting the type-specific opsonization of type 3 streptococci. The physicochemical resemblance between M and R proteins in general suggests a common genetic origin. Perhaps R proteins are variant forms of M proteins from which the antiopsonic determinant has been deleted.", "contents": "Purification and immunobiological properties of R antigen and its relation to M protein of type 3 group A Streptococcus. R protein was extracted from type 3 group A streptococci with hot (95 degrees C) HCl and was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by molecular-sieve and ion exchange chromatography. Although the R3 antigen was present in a heterogeneous population of proteins ranging from 78,000 to 100,000 daltons in size, we were able to separate an R-rich fraction that contained minimal amounts of heterogeneous proteins as indicated by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The final yield of the purified R protein was approximately 15 mug (dry weight) per g (wet weight) of washed and sedimented streptococci. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a molecular size of approximately 78,000 daltons. Amino acid analysis showed lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid as the predominant amino acids. A detailed comparison of the purified R3 protein with type 3 M protein indicated a similarity in composition and order of frequency of amino acids. However, the R3 antigen was found to be distinctive from the M3 antigen in agar gel diffusion tests. In addition, R3 and M3 proteins behaved differently in opsonophagocytosis tests and opsonization inhibition tests. Thus, R3 and M3 proteins produced precipitin lines of nonidentity with an unabsorbed antiserum against whole type 3 streptococci: M3-specific antiserum, but not R3-specific antiserum, enhanced the phagocytosis of type 3 streptococci. Purified M3 but not R3 protein was capable of inhibiting the type-specific opsonization of type 3 streptococci. The physicochemical resemblance between M and R proteins in general suggests a common genetic origin. Perhaps R proteins are variant forms of M proteins from which the antiopsonic determinant has been deleted.", "PMID": 91582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12487", "title": "Immunological specificity of natural opsonins and their role in the cross-reactivity between Staphylococcus aureus Mardi and Escherichia coli 101.", "content": "The immunochemical specificity of the observed cross-reactivity between Escherichia coli strain 101 and Staphylococcus aureus strain Mardi was examined. The cross-reactivity was shown to be dependent upon mucopeptide antibodies which are present in normal and immune sera. Although both organisms contained surface antigens with immunodominant glucuronic acid residues, in vitro phagocytosis studies indicated that antibodies directed against these antigens were not significantly involved in the opsonization process. Rather, antibodies with mucopeptide specificity were shown to be involved in the in vitro phagocytosis of these organisms by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The mucopeptide antibodies, which were found in both nonimmune and immune sera, were shown to be effective in opsonizing both the S. aureus strain and the E. coli strain. The ubiquitous distribution of E. coli strains containing mucopeptide antigens common to most bacteria suggests that these organisms may be responsible for the wide prevalence of natural staphylococcal opsonins with mucopeptide specificity in normal sera.", "contents": "Immunological specificity of natural opsonins and their role in the cross-reactivity between Staphylococcus aureus Mardi and Escherichia coli 101. The immunochemical specificity of the observed cross-reactivity between Escherichia coli strain 101 and Staphylococcus aureus strain Mardi was examined. The cross-reactivity was shown to be dependent upon mucopeptide antibodies which are present in normal and immune sera. Although both organisms contained surface antigens with immunodominant glucuronic acid residues, in vitro phagocytosis studies indicated that antibodies directed against these antigens were not significantly involved in the opsonization process. Rather, antibodies with mucopeptide specificity were shown to be involved in the in vitro phagocytosis of these organisms by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The mucopeptide antibodies, which were found in both nonimmune and immune sera, were shown to be effective in opsonizing both the S. aureus strain and the E. coli strain. The ubiquitous distribution of E. coli strains containing mucopeptide antigens common to most bacteria suggests that these organisms may be responsible for the wide prevalence of natural staphylococcal opsonins with mucopeptide specificity in normal sera.", "PMID": 91583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12488", "title": "Behavior of a surface antigenic determinant of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "The behavior of a surface antigenic determinant (SA) of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied. SA, located on the surface of flagellar filaments, is responsible for H-agglutination and specific for serotype. Results of H-agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that SA could not be detected on the flagellin molecule when the flagellar filaments were dissociated to flagellin monomers by heating or treatment with urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, HCl, or acetone, although SA could be detected on short flagellar fragments obtained by milder heat treatment. When flagellar filaments were reconstituted from flagellin monomers, SA was detected on the surface of the filaments. These results suggest that SA is buried in the flagellin molecule with dissociation of flagellar filaments to flagellin monomers or steric configuration of SA itself is altered to a different form which cannot react with the responsible antibody.", "contents": "Behavior of a surface antigenic determinant of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The behavior of a surface antigenic determinant (SA) of lateral flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was studied. SA, located on the surface of flagellar filaments, is responsible for H-agglutination and specific for serotype. Results of H-agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that SA could not be detected on the flagellin molecule when the flagellar filaments were dissociated to flagellin monomers by heating or treatment with urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, HCl, or acetone, although SA could be detected on short flagellar fragments obtained by milder heat treatment. When flagellar filaments were reconstituted from flagellin monomers, SA was detected on the surface of the filaments. These results suggest that SA is buried in the flagellin molecule with dissociation of flagellar filaments to flagellin monomers or steric configuration of SA itself is altered to a different form which cannot react with the responsible antibody.", "PMID": 91584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12489", "title": "The use of hapten-polysaccharide conjugates for the induction of B-cell tolerance involving IgE responses. III. Specific tolerance induced by sulphonamide-substituted levan in the guinea pig.", "content": "Inbred strain 2 and (strain 2 x strain 13)F1 guinea pigs were made allergic by intraperitoneal injections of sulphonamide-chicken gamma-globulin (CGG) conjugates. Two sulphonamides were used: 4-sulphanilamide benzoic acid (4-SABA) and sulphamethoxazole (SMX). 4-SABA was coupled to CGG through its carboxylic group and SMX was coupled following diazotization of its sulphanilamide group. The anti-4-SABA and anti-SMX reaginic antibodies formed did not show any cross-reactivity with each other. Injection of 4-SABA coupled to native levan effectively suppressed the allergic responses of these guinea pigs when given either prior to or after immunization with 4-SABA-CGG. This treatment is specific as it did not affect anti-SMX or anti-CGG reaginic responses. Guinea pigs seem more sensitive to the regime used for tolerance induction than correspondingly sensitized mice in that less tolerogen is required on a body weight basis.", "contents": "The use of hapten-polysaccharide conjugates for the induction of B-cell tolerance involving IgE responses. III. Specific tolerance induced by sulphonamide-substituted levan in the guinea pig. Inbred strain 2 and (strain 2 x strain 13)F1 guinea pigs were made allergic by intraperitoneal injections of sulphonamide-chicken gamma-globulin (CGG) conjugates. Two sulphonamides were used: 4-sulphanilamide benzoic acid (4-SABA) and sulphamethoxazole (SMX). 4-SABA was coupled to CGG through its carboxylic group and SMX was coupled following diazotization of its sulphanilamide group. The anti-4-SABA and anti-SMX reaginic antibodies formed did not show any cross-reactivity with each other. Injection of 4-SABA coupled to native levan effectively suppressed the allergic responses of these guinea pigs when given either prior to or after immunization with 4-SABA-CGG. This treatment is specific as it did not affect anti-SMX or anti-CGG reaginic responses. Guinea pigs seem more sensitive to the regime used for tolerance induction than correspondingly sensitized mice in that less tolerogen is required on a body weight basis.", "PMID": 91585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12490", "title": "Effect of cyclic AMP on histamine release induced by compound 48/80.", "content": "Bu2 cAMP(N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) inhibited the response of rat peritoneal mast cells to compound 48/80 in the presence of calcium ions. In the absence of calcium, the nucleotide partially prevented the desensitization induced by chelating agents. The response of cells, allowed to accumulate Bu2 cAMP in the presence of calcium (to avoid depletion of intracellular stores of the ion) and then challenged in the absence of extracellular calcium, was also inhibited. These results are discussed in terms of the postulated effects of Bu2 cAMP on the calcium-gatubg mechanism operative in histamine secretion.", "contents": "Effect of cyclic AMP on histamine release induced by compound 48/80. Bu2 cAMP(N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) inhibited the response of rat peritoneal mast cells to compound 48/80 in the presence of calcium ions. In the absence of calcium, the nucleotide partially prevented the desensitization induced by chelating agents. The response of cells, allowed to accumulate Bu2 cAMP in the presence of calcium (to avoid depletion of intracellular stores of the ion) and then challenged in the absence of extracellular calcium, was also inhibited. These results are discussed in terms of the postulated effects of Bu2 cAMP on the calcium-gatubg mechanism operative in histamine secretion.", "PMID": 91586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12491", "title": "In vitro release of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) from guinea pig skin.", "content": "An in vitro release of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) in anaphylactic reactions was studied using skin slices from actively sensitized guinea pigs. ECF-A and histamine were released in vitro from actively sensitized guinea pig skin by antigen challenge. The magnitude of ECF-A release did not always parallel that of anaphylactic histamine release in guinea pig skin, suggesting that there may be no correlation between the amount of ECF-A and that of histamine released from the skin in anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs.", "contents": "In vitro release of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) from guinea pig skin. An in vitro release of the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) in anaphylactic reactions was studied using skin slices from actively sensitized guinea pigs. ECF-A and histamine were released in vitro from actively sensitized guinea pig skin by antigen challenge. The magnitude of ECF-A release did not always parallel that of anaphylactic histamine release in guinea pig skin, suggesting that there may be no correlation between the amount of ECF-A and that of histamine released from the skin in anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 91587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12492", "title": "Fragility of attenuated Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Some biochemical properties of virulent (RRL+) and attenuated (RCL-) Rauscher leukemia virus were compared. It was shown that the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of 'aged' as well as 'fresh' RCL- virions was 25--30% of that found for RRL+. The thermal sensitivity of the RT was the same for both viruses. A 60--70S RNA could be extracted from 'aged' RRL+, while no high molecular weight RNA was obtained from 'aged' RCL-. After centrifuging in sucrose gradient, most of the RT activity and 3H-labeled RNA of 'aged' RRL+ was recovered at 1.14--1.16 g/cm3, while for 'aged' RCL- no labeled RNA, and at most 10% of the original RT activity were found in the same zone. The fragility seemed to increase in the course of aging, since 'fresh' RCL- banded at 1.14--1.16 g/cm3 as did 'fresh' RRL+. Also, 3H-labeled viral RNA was found in the viral bands, from which 60--70S RNA could be extracted. Molecular hybridizations showed that 20% of the nucleic acid sequences related to Rauscher leukemia virus found in the RNA of RRL+-infected cells were missing in the RNA of RCL--infected cells.", "contents": "Fragility of attenuated Rauscher leukemia virus. Some biochemical properties of virulent (RRL+) and attenuated (RCL-) Rauscher leukemia virus were compared. It was shown that the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of 'aged' as well as 'fresh' RCL- virions was 25--30% of that found for RRL+. The thermal sensitivity of the RT was the same for both viruses. A 60--70S RNA could be extracted from 'aged' RRL+, while no high molecular weight RNA was obtained from 'aged' RCL-. After centrifuging in sucrose gradient, most of the RT activity and 3H-labeled RNA of 'aged' RRL+ was recovered at 1.14--1.16 g/cm3, while for 'aged' RCL- no labeled RNA, and at most 10% of the original RT activity were found in the same zone. The fragility seemed to increase in the course of aging, since 'fresh' RCL- banded at 1.14--1.16 g/cm3 as did 'fresh' RRL+. Also, 3H-labeled viral RNA was found in the viral bands, from which 60--70S RNA could be extracted. Molecular hybridizations showed that 20% of the nucleic acid sequences related to Rauscher leukemia virus found in the RNA of RRL+-infected cells were missing in the RNA of RCL--infected cells.", "PMID": 91588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12493", "title": "Monkeypox virus as a source of whitepox viruses.", "content": "Monkeypox virus cloning and isolation of the so-called 'white' clones from white pocks which this virus forms on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were carried out. The isolated clones were stable and differed considerably from the parental strain. By their properties, they were identical to whitepox viruses formerly isolated from wildlife monkeys and rodents in Equatorial Africa. Besides stable 'white' clones, a number of virus cultures in the process of cloning were obtained which differed in quantitative content of virions, forming on CAM white pocks and pocks with hemorrhages. It appeared that the properties of the viral population as a whole (reaction type on rabbit skin, hemagglutination activity, etc.) depended on the rate of virions produced with different characteristics.", "contents": "Monkeypox virus as a source of whitepox viruses. Monkeypox virus cloning and isolation of the so-called 'white' clones from white pocks which this virus forms on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were carried out. The isolated clones were stable and differed considerably from the parental strain. By their properties, they were identical to whitepox viruses formerly isolated from wildlife monkeys and rodents in Equatorial Africa. Besides stable 'white' clones, a number of virus cultures in the process of cloning were obtained which differed in quantitative content of virions, forming on CAM white pocks and pocks with hemorrhages. It appeared that the properties of the viral population as a whole (reaction type on rabbit skin, hemagglutination activity, etc.) depended on the rate of virions produced with different characteristics.", "PMID": 91589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12494", "title": "Lysosome stability during lytic infection by simian virus 40.", "content": "By 48 h postinfection, 40--80% of SV40-infected CV-1 cells have undergone irreversible injury as indicated by trypan blue staining. Nevertheless, at this time the lysosomes of these cells appear as discrete structures after vital staining with either acridine orange or neutral red. Lysosomes, vitally stained with neutral red at 24 h postinfection, were still intact in cells stained with trypan blue at 48 h. Acid phosphatase activity is localized in discrete cytoplasmic particles at 48 h, as indicated by histochemical staining of both fixed and unfixed cells.", "contents": "Lysosome stability during lytic infection by simian virus 40. By 48 h postinfection, 40--80% of SV40-infected CV-1 cells have undergone irreversible injury as indicated by trypan blue staining. Nevertheless, at this time the lysosomes of these cells appear as discrete structures after vital staining with either acridine orange or neutral red. Lysosomes, vitally stained with neutral red at 24 h postinfection, were still intact in cells stained with trypan blue at 48 h. Acid phosphatase activity is localized in discrete cytoplasmic particles at 48 h, as indicated by histochemical staining of both fixed and unfixed cells.", "PMID": 91590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12495", "title": "Chemotherapy of head and neck cancer.", "content": "Chemotherapy has traditionally been relegated to a late palliative role in the management of head and neck cancer. For advanced disease in patients previously treated with surgery or radiation therapy, methotrexate, which has a response rate of approximately 50%, is the best single agent available. Other orally or systemically administered single agents--such as bleomycin, adriamycin, hydroxyurea, and cis-platinum--produce responses less frequently than methotrexate. Intraarterial chemotherapy with single-agent methotrexate or with combinations--including methotrexate, vinblastine sulfate (Velban), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)--can match the response rate of systemic methotrexate, but all require inpatient treatment and significant technical expertise. Programs utilizing chemotherapeutic combinations have not produced remission rates or durations of remission greater than those achieved with methotrexate alone. Chemotherapy has also been used in combination with other modalities. In two studies, chemotherapy combined with irradiation produced improvement in median or overall survival in comparison to irradiation alone. Many similar studies have been negative. Recent trials of chemotherapy used preoperatively in the treatment of head and neck cancer have not yielded decreased recurrence rates or increased overall survival rates in comparison to surgery alone, but they do appear to have prolonged the disease-free interval following definitive surgery.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of head and neck cancer. Chemotherapy has traditionally been relegated to a late palliative role in the management of head and neck cancer. For advanced disease in patients previously treated with surgery or radiation therapy, methotrexate, which has a response rate of approximately 50%, is the best single agent available. Other orally or systemically administered single agents--such as bleomycin, adriamycin, hydroxyurea, and cis-platinum--produce responses less frequently than methotrexate. Intraarterial chemotherapy with single-agent methotrexate or with combinations--including methotrexate, vinblastine sulfate (Velban), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)--can match the response rate of systemic methotrexate, but all require inpatient treatment and significant technical expertise. Programs utilizing chemotherapeutic combinations have not produced remission rates or durations of remission greater than those achieved with methotrexate alone. Chemotherapy has also been used in combination with other modalities. In two studies, chemotherapy combined with irradiation produced improvement in median or overall survival in comparison to irradiation alone. Many similar studies have been negative. Recent trials of chemotherapy used preoperatively in the treatment of head and neck cancer have not yielded decreased recurrence rates or increased overall survival rates in comparison to surgery alone, but they do appear to have prolonged the disease-free interval following definitive surgery.", "PMID": 91591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12496", "title": "Picrosirius staining plus polarization microscopy, a specific method for collagen detection in tissue sections.", "content": "Sirius Red, a strong anionic dye, stains collagen by reacting, via its sulphonic acid groups, with basic groups present in the collagen molecule. The elongated dye molecules are attached to the collagen fibre in such a way that their long axes are parallel. This parallel relationship between dye and collagen results in an enhanced birefringency. Examination of tissue sections from 15 species of vertebrates suggests that staining with Sirius Red, when combined with enhancement of birefringency, may be considered specific for collagen. An improved and modified method of staining with Sirius Red is presented.", "contents": "Picrosirius staining plus polarization microscopy, a specific method for collagen detection in tissue sections. Sirius Red, a strong anionic dye, stains collagen by reacting, via its sulphonic acid groups, with basic groups present in the collagen molecule. The elongated dye molecules are attached to the collagen fibre in such a way that their long axes are parallel. This parallel relationship between dye and collagen results in an enhanced birefringency. Examination of tissue sections from 15 species of vertebrates suggests that staining with Sirius Red, when combined with enhancement of birefringency, may be considered specific for collagen. An improved and modified method of staining with Sirius Red is presented.", "PMID": 91593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12497", "title": "The use of peroxidase-labelled Limulus polyphemus agglutinin for the histochemistry of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins in light microscopy.", "content": "The usefulness of a lectin, Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA) has been tested in a series of mammalian tissues with sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. In nearly all the tissues employed, the positive peroxidase-labelled LPA diaminobenzidine (LPA-PO-DAB) reaction of various histological structures was markedly diminished in intensity or abolished, following digestion with neuraminidase. In the same tissues, sialic acid added with LPA-PO abolished the LPA-PO-DAB reaction or notably suppressed its intensity. In the majority of the tissues tested, the LPA-PO-DAB-Alcian Blue (AB) (pH 1.0 or 2.5) procedures appear to be useful dual staining methods which enable one to colour selectively sialic acid-containing and other acidic carbohydrates. In view of the endogenous peroxidase activity in particular histological structures, however, appropriate control staining procedures should be performed when the LPA-PO-DAB procedure is employed, either alone or in combination with AB procedures, to determine the histochemical properties of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.", "contents": "The use of peroxidase-labelled Limulus polyphemus agglutinin for the histochemistry of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins in light microscopy. The usefulness of a lectin, Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA) has been tested in a series of mammalian tissues with sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. In nearly all the tissues employed, the positive peroxidase-labelled LPA diaminobenzidine (LPA-PO-DAB) reaction of various histological structures was markedly diminished in intensity or abolished, following digestion with neuraminidase. In the same tissues, sialic acid added with LPA-PO abolished the LPA-PO-DAB reaction or notably suppressed its intensity. In the majority of the tissues tested, the LPA-PO-DAB-Alcian Blue (AB) (pH 1.0 or 2.5) procedures appear to be useful dual staining methods which enable one to colour selectively sialic acid-containing and other acidic carbohydrates. In view of the endogenous peroxidase activity in particular histological structures, however, appropriate control staining procedures should be performed when the LPA-PO-DAB procedure is employed, either alone or in combination with AB procedures, to determine the histochemical properties of sialic acid-containing glycoproteins.", "PMID": 91594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12498", "title": "Evaluation of the glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil)-method for staining of calcium in model gelatin films and pancreatic islets.", "content": "The nature of tissue calcium, detectable with glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil), (GBHA), was investigated using gelatin films as model. The results indicate that in the films the procedure detects only the calcium fraction which was ionized in the original gelatin solution. The GBHA staining intensity (absorbance) appeared to be linear with the amount of ionized calcium in the range from 0 to 2 micrograms/cm2. The method allows detection of amounts of ionized calcium as low as 0.15 micrograms/cm2 or 0.0015 pg/mu2. For the measurement of calcium in pancreatic tissue of fed rats, the tissue was subjected to freeze-substitution at -80 degree C in acetone containing 1% oxalic acid. Adjacent sections were stained with either GBHA or aldehyde-fuchsin (AF). Exocrine tissue hardly stained with GBHA whereas islet tissue stained intensely. For GBHA as well as for AF a variation in staining intensity (visual evaluation) between islets was observed. Islet GBHA- and AF-staining intensities did not correlate. The AF-staining intensity but not the GBHA-staining intensity decreased with increasing islet diameter. Also in pancreatic islet tissue the GBHA method appears to be very sensitive and reproducible and small differences in islet GBHA-staining intensity can be detected. The results indicate that between islets differences in ionized calcium content exist. These differences do not correlate with the degree of B-cell granulation.", "contents": "Evaluation of the glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil)-method for staining of calcium in model gelatin films and pancreatic islets. The nature of tissue calcium, detectable with glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil), (GBHA), was investigated using gelatin films as model. The results indicate that in the films the procedure detects only the calcium fraction which was ionized in the original gelatin solution. The GBHA staining intensity (absorbance) appeared to be linear with the amount of ionized calcium in the range from 0 to 2 micrograms/cm2. The method allows detection of amounts of ionized calcium as low as 0.15 micrograms/cm2 or 0.0015 pg/mu2. For the measurement of calcium in pancreatic tissue of fed rats, the tissue was subjected to freeze-substitution at -80 degree C in acetone containing 1% oxalic acid. Adjacent sections were stained with either GBHA or aldehyde-fuchsin (AF). Exocrine tissue hardly stained with GBHA whereas islet tissue stained intensely. For GBHA as well as for AF a variation in staining intensity (visual evaluation) between islets was observed. Islet GBHA- and AF-staining intensities did not correlate. The AF-staining intensity but not the GBHA-staining intensity decreased with increasing islet diameter. Also in pancreatic islet tissue the GBHA method appears to be very sensitive and reproducible and small differences in islet GBHA-staining intensity can be detected. The results indicate that between islets differences in ionized calcium content exist. These differences do not correlate with the degree of B-cell granulation.", "PMID": 91596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12499", "title": "The significance of a differential distribution of phosphomonoesterases on bone surfaces after prolonged demineralization.", "content": "An observed differential distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase on the surfaces of growing bones may serve to describe transformative processes of bone growth. This conclusion has been reached by comparing the distribution of the two enzymes on the surfaces of fibulae from young rats with the patterns of apposition and resorption on the periosteal surfaces of this bone, revealed by in vivo staining with alizarin red S. Presence of reaction to acid phosphatase is, as shown before, an indication of resorptive surfaces, while the presence of reaction to alkaline phosphatase is an indication of depository surfaces.", "contents": "The significance of a differential distribution of phosphomonoesterases on bone surfaces after prolonged demineralization. An observed differential distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase on the surfaces of growing bones may serve to describe transformative processes of bone growth. This conclusion has been reached by comparing the distribution of the two enzymes on the surfaces of fibulae from young rats with the patterns of apposition and resorption on the periosteal surfaces of this bone, revealed by in vivo staining with alizarin red S. Presence of reaction to acid phosphatase is, as shown before, an indication of resorptive surfaces, while the presence of reaction to alkaline phosphatase is an indication of depository surfaces.", "PMID": 91597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12500", "title": "The histochemical localisation of aminopeptidases in the central nervous system and an analysis of factors contributing to the final staining pattern.", "content": "A method is described for the localisation of aminopeptidases in the central nervous system. The enzymatic cleavage of the peptide bond in the substituted naphthylamide substrates results in the liberation of free naphthylamine which in the presence of an azo salt can be precipitated as a blue dye at sites of enzyme activity. Analysis of different brain regions using this technique indicates that these enzymes may have a specific function at certain sites in the CNS. Since this is the first method to produce any localised staining in nervous tissue an analysis of factors contributing to the final staining pattern is also presented.", "contents": "The histochemical localisation of aminopeptidases in the central nervous system and an analysis of factors contributing to the final staining pattern. A method is described for the localisation of aminopeptidases in the central nervous system. The enzymatic cleavage of the peptide bond in the substituted naphthylamide substrates results in the liberation of free naphthylamine which in the presence of an azo salt can be precipitated as a blue dye at sites of enzyme activity. Analysis of different brain regions using this technique indicates that these enzymes may have a specific function at certain sites in the CNS. Since this is the first method to produce any localised staining in nervous tissue an analysis of factors contributing to the final staining pattern is also presented.", "PMID": 91598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12501", "title": "The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide staining-fixative of Maillet. Nature of the precipitate studied by x-ray microanalysis and detection of Ca2+-affinity subcellular sites in a tonic smooth muscle.", "content": "A mechanism of osmium reduction during zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) fixation is proposed. X-ray powder microanalyses of ZIO precipitates formed both in the presence or absence of tissues are identical with those of CuOsO4 and CuRuO4. Therefore, and based on indexation methods, ZnOsO4 was found to be the formula of the ZIO mixture reduction; this zinc osmate has an orthorhombic crystalline lattice. In smooth muscle preparations, ZIO electron dense deposits are localized in both cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria after a short fixation time. According to the microanalysis results, the zinc osmate has been associated to Ca2+ high affinity sites since Zn2+ is either replacing Ca2+ and/or displacing it by having a higher affinity for Ca2+ binding sites. Consequently, the ZIO mixture might be useful in revealing some Ca2+ storage sites in cells. This hypothesis was tested in ABRM preparations by selectively depleting sites which are known to bind Ca2+. In this case, the sarcoplasmic reticulum only retains the staining deposits after a short ZIO fixation. It is likely that OsO4 alone, used as fixative in cytology might be due to the formation of metallic osmates (e.g., divalent osmates like CaOsO4). In addition, of course, reduction of osmium during tissue fixation is accompanied by oxidation of double bonds of lipoproteic complexes or unsaturated lipids, and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and amino groups.", "contents": "The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide staining-fixative of Maillet. Nature of the precipitate studied by x-ray microanalysis and detection of Ca2+-affinity subcellular sites in a tonic smooth muscle. A mechanism of osmium reduction during zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) fixation is proposed. X-ray powder microanalyses of ZIO precipitates formed both in the presence or absence of tissues are identical with those of CuOsO4 and CuRuO4. Therefore, and based on indexation methods, ZnOsO4 was found to be the formula of the ZIO mixture reduction; this zinc osmate has an orthorhombic crystalline lattice. In smooth muscle preparations, ZIO electron dense deposits are localized in both cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria after a short fixation time. According to the microanalysis results, the zinc osmate has been associated to Ca2+ high affinity sites since Zn2+ is either replacing Ca2+ and/or displacing it by having a higher affinity for Ca2+ binding sites. Consequently, the ZIO mixture might be useful in revealing some Ca2+ storage sites in cells. This hypothesis was tested in ABRM preparations by selectively depleting sites which are known to bind Ca2+. In this case, the sarcoplasmic reticulum only retains the staining deposits after a short ZIO fixation. It is likely that OsO4 alone, used as fixative in cytology might be due to the formation of metallic osmates (e.g., divalent osmates like CaOsO4). In addition, of course, reduction of osmium during tissue fixation is accompanied by oxidation of double bonds of lipoproteic complexes or unsaturated lipids, and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and amino groups.", "PMID": 91599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12502", "title": "Multi-media graphics: a transparency system.", "content": "Persons responsible for teaching in the health sciences are justifiably concerned about the cost of their visual presentations. These graphics can be used as slides and in publications and illustrators need to know how the transparency system can convert publication material into effective color visuals as 35mm slides, video tapes or television graphics at a moderate cost.", "contents": "Multi-media graphics: a transparency system. Persons responsible for teaching in the health sciences are justifiably concerned about the cost of their visual presentations. These graphics can be used as slides and in publications and illustrators need to know how the transparency system can convert publication material into effective color visuals as 35mm slides, video tapes or television graphics at a moderate cost.", "PMID": 91604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12503", "title": "A rat serum glycoprotein whose synthesis rate increases greatly during inflammation.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of rat serum demonstrated considerably increased serum concentrations of at least ten different proteins during turpentine-induced inflammation. One protein, which moved during electrophoresis like an alpha 1 globulin, showed a particularly large increase. This protein was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Sephadex G-100, and concanavalin A-Sepharose, and finally disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. It has a molecular weight of 56,000 determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. An apparent molecular weight of 68,000 was estimated for the reduced protein by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel plus sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting that the native protein is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It has an E2801%, 1 cm of 5.2, an isoelectric pH of 4.7, and contains 19% carbohydrate. The protein does not inhibit bovine trypsin or chymotrypsin. Its physical properties and amino acid composition distinguish this protein from all other rat serum proteins hitherto characterized. During acute inflammation, induced 25 h previously, rats incorporated 20 times more [14C]leucine into this particular protein than did normal rats. However, incorporation into total serum protein during acute inflammation increased only slightly. Regardless of whether inflammation was induced by surgical injury or by a subcutaneous turpentine injection, within 48 h the serum concentration of this major acute-phase protein rose from the normal value of 0.46 g/liter to a maximum value of 7.2 g/liter, which constituted 10% of the total serum protein.", "contents": "A rat serum glycoprotein whose synthesis rate increases greatly during inflammation. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of rat serum demonstrated considerably increased serum concentrations of at least ten different proteins during turpentine-induced inflammation. One protein, which moved during electrophoresis like an alpha 1 globulin, showed a particularly large increase. This protein was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Sephadex G-100, and concanavalin A-Sepharose, and finally disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. It has a molecular weight of 56,000 determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. An apparent molecular weight of 68,000 was estimated for the reduced protein by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel plus sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting that the native protein is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It has an E2801%, 1 cm of 5.2, an isoelectric pH of 4.7, and contains 19% carbohydrate. The protein does not inhibit bovine trypsin or chymotrypsin. Its physical properties and amino acid composition distinguish this protein from all other rat serum proteins hitherto characterized. During acute inflammation, induced 25 h previously, rats incorporated 20 times more [14C]leucine into this particular protein than did normal rats. However, incorporation into total serum protein during acute inflammation increased only slightly. Regardless of whether inflammation was induced by surgical injury or by a subcutaneous turpentine injection, within 48 h the serum concentration of this major acute-phase protein rose from the normal value of 0.46 g/liter to a maximum value of 7.2 g/liter, which constituted 10% of the total serum protein.", "PMID": 91605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12504", "title": "The staining pattern of collagen fibrils. Improved correlation with sequence data.", "content": "The periodic banding pattern of stained collagen fibrils observed in the electron microscopic can be correlated with the charge distribution deduced from the amino acid sequence. Earlier work used alpha 1 chain sequence data only. The present study incorporates alpha 2 as well as alpha 1 sequence data, so that the complete distribution of charged residues is used. Correlation is improved if it is supposed that the extrahelical terminal regions are contracted. The optimal value of the periodicity, D, (previously 232.3 +/- 0.5 residues using alpha 1 data only), is now 234.2 +/- 0.5 residues, assuming uniform spacing of residues in the helical body of the molecule. This value agrees better with values obtained by others from analyses of interactions between molecules, using sequence data alone. Using the improved value of D, the relative axial locations of the charged residues in the fibril are displayed. In this way, the charged residues contributing to each band in the fibril staining pattern can be identified.", "contents": "The staining pattern of collagen fibrils. Improved correlation with sequence data. The periodic banding pattern of stained collagen fibrils observed in the electron microscopic can be correlated with the charge distribution deduced from the amino acid sequence. Earlier work used alpha 1 chain sequence data only. The present study incorporates alpha 2 as well as alpha 1 sequence data, so that the complete distribution of charged residues is used. Correlation is improved if it is supposed that the extrahelical terminal regions are contracted. The optimal value of the periodicity, D, (previously 232.3 +/- 0.5 residues using alpha 1 data only), is now 234.2 +/- 0.5 residues, assuming uniform spacing of residues in the helical body of the molecule. This value agrees better with values obtained by others from analyses of interactions between molecules, using sequence data alone. Using the improved value of D, the relative axial locations of the charged residues in the fibril are displayed. In this way, the charged residues contributing to each band in the fibril staining pattern can be identified.", "PMID": 91606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12505", "title": "Iron-bleomycin interactions with oxygen and oxygen analogues. Effects on spectra and drug activity.", "content": "Despite extensive structural dissimilarities, iron . bleomycin complexes and heme-containing oxygenases display remarkable similarities in binding oxygen antagonists and in spectral properties deriving from bound iron. Fe(II)-bleomycin reversibly forms a complex with either CO or isocyanide (lambda max = 384 and 497 nm, respectively), either of which interfere with its oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA. A similar but paramagnetic complex forms with NO (lambda max = 470 nm; AN = 24 G). In contrast, cyanide enhances bleomycin activity against DNA. Complexes of bleomycin and FE(III), formed either by direct association or by autoxidation of the Fe(II) . bleomycin complex, exhibit indistinguishable EPR and visible spectra, which change characteristically with pH. At neutral pH, Fe(III) . bleomycin is a low spin complex (g = 2.45, 2.18, 1.89; lambda max = 365, 384 nm) and, at low pH, it is a high spin rhombic complex (geff = 9.4, 4.3; lambda max = 430 nm). These complexes are interconvertible (pK 4.3). Fe(II) . bleomycin oxidation, although reversible by spectral criteria, is accompanied by drug inactivation unless DNA is present.", "contents": "Iron-bleomycin interactions with oxygen and oxygen analogues. Effects on spectra and drug activity. Despite extensive structural dissimilarities, iron . bleomycin complexes and heme-containing oxygenases display remarkable similarities in binding oxygen antagonists and in spectral properties deriving from bound iron. Fe(II)-bleomycin reversibly forms a complex with either CO or isocyanide (lambda max = 384 and 497 nm, respectively), either of which interfere with its oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA. A similar but paramagnetic complex forms with NO (lambda max = 470 nm; AN = 24 G). In contrast, cyanide enhances bleomycin activity against DNA. Complexes of bleomycin and FE(III), formed either by direct association or by autoxidation of the Fe(II) . bleomycin complex, exhibit indistinguishable EPR and visible spectra, which change characteristically with pH. At neutral pH, Fe(III) . bleomycin is a low spin complex (g = 2.45, 2.18, 1.89; lambda max = 365, 384 nm) and, at low pH, it is a high spin rhombic complex (geff = 9.4, 4.3; lambda max = 430 nm). These complexes are interconvertible (pK 4.3). Fe(II) . bleomycin oxidation, although reversible by spectral criteria, is accompanied by drug inactivation unless DNA is present.", "PMID": 91607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12506", "title": "The effects of thioureylene compounds (goitrogens) on lactoperoxidase activity.", "content": "The rates of oxidation of several goitrogens by lactoperoxidase and the rates of inactivation of lactoperoxidase by the same goitrogens have been measured. The influence of iodide on both reactions has also been evaluated. It has been shown by us that iodide acts catalytically in regulating lactoperoxidase activity at pH 8.8. The rate data have been analyzed by a computer program which solves the differential equations for the above mentioned reactions. From this computer analysis we have been able to obtain binding constants of the goitrogens and inactivation rate constants of lactoperoxidase. Iodide was shown to inhibit goitrogenic activity either by increasing the rate of drug oxidation or by reducing the rate of enzyme inactivation, or both, depending on the particular drug. Iodide had little or no effect on the goitrogen-binding constants. We have also shown that the relative rates of enzyme inactivation can be correlated with the potency of the goitrogen as an antithyroid drug.", "contents": "The effects of thioureylene compounds (goitrogens) on lactoperoxidase activity. The rates of oxidation of several goitrogens by lactoperoxidase and the rates of inactivation of lactoperoxidase by the same goitrogens have been measured. The influence of iodide on both reactions has also been evaluated. It has been shown by us that iodide acts catalytically in regulating lactoperoxidase activity at pH 8.8. The rate data have been analyzed by a computer program which solves the differential equations for the above mentioned reactions. From this computer analysis we have been able to obtain binding constants of the goitrogens and inactivation rate constants of lactoperoxidase. Iodide was shown to inhibit goitrogenic activity either by increasing the rate of drug oxidation or by reducing the rate of enzyme inactivation, or both, depending on the particular drug. Iodide had little or no effect on the goitrogen-binding constants. We have also shown that the relative rates of enzyme inactivation can be correlated with the potency of the goitrogen as an antithyroid drug.", "PMID": 91609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12507", "title": "Is Na+-dependent exchange diffusion a true exchange?", "content": "Trans-stimulation of glycine uptake by cellular glycine in Ehrlich cells is a Na+-dependent phenomenon. In contrast trans-stimulated methionine or leucine uptake is Na+-independent. Trans-stimulated uptake of glycine does not show any characteristics of an ex change process but rather appears to be due to changes in membrane potential which occur as a result of a net Na+-dependent loss of cellular amino acids. Trans-stimulated influx of glycine occurs during the time of net loss of cellular glycine and is absent when the cellular amino acid level is at steady or when the cell is depolarized. Exchange of leucine or methionine occurs when the amino acid level is at steady state and it is not directly affected by depolarizing agents such as gramicidin.", "contents": "Is Na+-dependent exchange diffusion a true exchange? Trans-stimulation of glycine uptake by cellular glycine in Ehrlich cells is a Na+-dependent phenomenon. In contrast trans-stimulated methionine or leucine uptake is Na+-independent. Trans-stimulated uptake of glycine does not show any characteristics of an ex change process but rather appears to be due to changes in membrane potential which occur as a result of a net Na+-dependent loss of cellular amino acids. Trans-stimulated influx of glycine occurs during the time of net loss of cellular glycine and is absent when the cellular amino acid level is at steady or when the cell is depolarized. Exchange of leucine or methionine occurs when the amino acid level is at steady state and it is not directly affected by depolarizing agents such as gramicidin.", "PMID": 91610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12508", "title": "Some properties of polyethylene glycol:phenylalanine ammonia-lyase adducts.", "content": "Methoxypolyethylene glycol of 5000 daltons (PEG) was attached covalently to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis. Attachment of sufficient quantities of PEG to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase substantially reduces immunological recognition and clearance of the conjugated enzyme in mice. The modified enzyme demonstrates altered catalytic properties such as shifts in the pH and temperature optima, an increase in the Michaelis-Menten constant, and a lowered Vmax in comparison with the native enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase has increased resistance to proteolytic digestion, particularly when in the presence of cinnamate, a competitive inhibitor, while the native enzyme is rapidly inactivated. In the ultracentrifuge PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase exhibits a lower sedimentation rate than the unmodified enzyme, despite the fact that it is much larger. The electrophoretic mobility of PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is greatly decreased in comparison to the unmodified enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase had a much longer blood-circulating life in mice, both initially and after a number of injections, than did the native enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was a good immunogen but a poor antigen in mice and rabbits, that is, it readily induced antibody formation, but reacted poorly in vitro with the antibodies that were formed against it.", "contents": "Some properties of polyethylene glycol:phenylalanine ammonia-lyase adducts. Methoxypolyethylene glycol of 5000 daltons (PEG) was attached covalently to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis. Attachment of sufficient quantities of PEG to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase substantially reduces immunological recognition and clearance of the conjugated enzyme in mice. The modified enzyme demonstrates altered catalytic properties such as shifts in the pH and temperature optima, an increase in the Michaelis-Menten constant, and a lowered Vmax in comparison with the native enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase has increased resistance to proteolytic digestion, particularly when in the presence of cinnamate, a competitive inhibitor, while the native enzyme is rapidly inactivated. In the ultracentrifuge PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase exhibits a lower sedimentation rate than the unmodified enzyme, despite the fact that it is much larger. The electrophoretic mobility of PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is greatly decreased in comparison to the unmodified enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase had a much longer blood-circulating life in mice, both initially and after a number of injections, than did the native enzyme. PEG-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was a good immunogen but a poor antigen in mice and rabbits, that is, it readily induced antibody formation, but reacted poorly in vitro with the antibodies that were formed against it.", "PMID": 91612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12509", "title": "Human alpha-fetoprotein. Fluorescence studies on binding and proximity relationships for fatty acids and bilirubin.", "content": "The binding of bilirubin and the polyene fatty acids cis-parinaric acid and cis-eleostearic acid to human alpha-fetoprotein was studied using fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement techniques. alpha-Fetoprotein has three fatty acid binding sites of decreasing affinity (association constants 2.1 x 10(7) M-1 9.1 X 10(5) M-1, and 1.4 x 10(5) M-1) and one relatively strong and one relatively weak bilirubin binding site (association constants 1.1 x 10(7) M-1 and 1.8 x 10(5) M-1). These association constants are slightly weaker than the corresponding association constants for binding to human albumin. Competition experiments failed to show preferential binding of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine 11 ligand-ligand and ligand-tryptophanyl residue distances. Each of these 11 calculated distances (ranging from 19 A to 32 A) was within 5 A of the corresponding distances measured previously for human albumin (Berde, C.B., Hudson, B.S., Simoni, R.D., and Sklar, L.A. 1979, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 391-400). Thus, in addition to previously described sequence homology, immunologic cross-reactivity, and other similarities, human albumin and human alpha-fetoprotein have functional and geometric homologies.", "contents": "Human alpha-fetoprotein. Fluorescence studies on binding and proximity relationships for fatty acids and bilirubin. The binding of bilirubin and the polyene fatty acids cis-parinaric acid and cis-eleostearic acid to human alpha-fetoprotein was studied using fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement techniques. alpha-Fetoprotein has three fatty acid binding sites of decreasing affinity (association constants 2.1 x 10(7) M-1 9.1 X 10(5) M-1, and 1.4 x 10(5) M-1) and one relatively strong and one relatively weak bilirubin binding site (association constants 1.1 x 10(7) M-1 and 1.8 x 10(5) M-1). These association constants are slightly weaker than the corresponding association constants for binding to human albumin. Competition experiments failed to show preferential binding of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine 11 ligand-ligand and ligand-tryptophanyl residue distances. Each of these 11 calculated distances (ranging from 19 A to 32 A) was within 5 A of the corresponding distances measured previously for human albumin (Berde, C.B., Hudson, B.S., Simoni, R.D., and Sklar, L.A. 1979, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 391-400). Thus, in addition to previously described sequence homology, immunologic cross-reactivity, and other similarities, human albumin and human alpha-fetoprotein have functional and geometric homologies.", "PMID": 91613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12510", "title": "Topographic antigenic determinants on cytochrome c. Immunoadsorbent separation of the rabbit antibody populations directed against horse cytochrome.", "content": "Seven populations of site-specific antibodies were isolated from each of three sera of rabbits immunized against glutaraldehyde-polymerized horse cytochrome c. The antibodies were separated using an immunoadsorption scheme which employed the following cytochromes c: horse, beef, guanaco, rabbit, mouse testicular, pigeon, and the cyanogen-bromide cleaved fragment of the rabbit protein containing residues 1 to 65. The monovalent, antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies (Fab') gave 1:1 stoichiometries with native horse cytochrome c in fluorescence quenching assays. Cross-reactivities with heterologous cytochromes c using fluorescence quenching and a modified Farr assay demonstrated that the antigenic determinants are situated around residues 44, 60, and 89/92, four of the six amino acid sequence positions where horse and rabbit cytochromes c differ. The remaining two differences occur at residues 47 and 62. The apparent lack of immunogenicity of these two substitutions may result from the presence of the more immunogenic residues 44 and 60 nearby. Of the seven antibody populations isolated, four were shown to bind in the region of residues 89 and 92. Since several cytochromes c have amino acid sequence differences from the horse protein at either of these two residue positions, it was possible to fractionate the antibodies directed against this complex site on the basis of subtle specificity differences between them. Two antibody populations bind in the region of residue 44. One of these is specific for proline at that position, while the other antibody population also binds to cytochrome c containing glutamic acid at position 44. The remaining antibody population binds in the region of the lysine residue at position 60. Each of the seven site-specific antibody populations binds effectively to any cytochrome c having a suitable amino acid sequence in the antigenic determinant regardless of any residue differences from the immunogen outside of that area. It was also demonstrated that these seven antibody populations represent the totality of the antibodies elicited in rabbits against horse cytochrome c, since the immunoadsorbants bound all the antibodies specific for the native protein. Furthermore, the rabbit antisera contained no other antibody population that could bind to the conformationally disturbed, cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragment of horse cytochrome c containing residues 1 to 65, making it appear that there were no antibodies elicited against a \"processed\" form of cytochrome c.", "contents": "Topographic antigenic determinants on cytochrome c. Immunoadsorbent separation of the rabbit antibody populations directed against horse cytochrome. Seven populations of site-specific antibodies were isolated from each of three sera of rabbits immunized against glutaraldehyde-polymerized horse cytochrome c. The antibodies were separated using an immunoadsorption scheme which employed the following cytochromes c: horse, beef, guanaco, rabbit, mouse testicular, pigeon, and the cyanogen-bromide cleaved fragment of the rabbit protein containing residues 1 to 65. The monovalent, antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies (Fab') gave 1:1 stoichiometries with native horse cytochrome c in fluorescence quenching assays. Cross-reactivities with heterologous cytochromes c using fluorescence quenching and a modified Farr assay demonstrated that the antigenic determinants are situated around residues 44, 60, and 89/92, four of the six amino acid sequence positions where horse and rabbit cytochromes c differ. The remaining two differences occur at residues 47 and 62. The apparent lack of immunogenicity of these two substitutions may result from the presence of the more immunogenic residues 44 and 60 nearby. Of the seven antibody populations isolated, four were shown to bind in the region of residues 89 and 92. Since several cytochromes c have amino acid sequence differences from the horse protein at either of these two residue positions, it was possible to fractionate the antibodies directed against this complex site on the basis of subtle specificity differences between them. Two antibody populations bind in the region of residue 44. One of these is specific for proline at that position, while the other antibody population also binds to cytochrome c containing glutamic acid at position 44. The remaining antibody population binds in the region of the lysine residue at position 60. Each of the seven site-specific antibody populations binds effectively to any cytochrome c having a suitable amino acid sequence in the antigenic determinant regardless of any residue differences from the immunogen outside of that area. It was also demonstrated that these seven antibody populations represent the totality of the antibodies elicited in rabbits against horse cytochrome c, since the immunoadsorbants bound all the antibodies specific for the native protein. Furthermore, the rabbit antisera contained no other antibody population that could bind to the conformationally disturbed, cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragment of horse cytochrome c containing residues 1 to 65, making it appear that there were no antibodies elicited against a \"processed\" form of cytochrome c.", "PMID": 91614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12511", "title": "Oxygenated iron bleomycin. A short-lived intermediate in the reaction of ferrous bleomycin with O2.", "content": "The reaction of Fe(II) . bleomycin with O2 to yield Fe(III) . bleomycin has been resolved into two kinetic events by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The first event is first order with respect to both bleomycin and O2 and may be regarded as a second order reaction (k = 6.1 x 10(3) M-1s-1 at 2 degrees C). The first product has no EPR spectrum. The optical spectrum resembles those of Fe(II) . bleomycin complexes with CO, NO, and ethyl isocyanide. We propose that the first product is an Fe(II) . bleomycin . O2 complex. The second kinetic event is first order with respect to the first accumulated product (k = 0.11 s-1 at 2 degrees C) and independent of oxygen concentration. The product of this reaction is indistinguishable from Fe(III) . bleomycin by optical and EPR spectroscopy.", "contents": "Oxygenated iron bleomycin. A short-lived intermediate in the reaction of ferrous bleomycin with O2. The reaction of Fe(II) . bleomycin with O2 to yield Fe(III) . bleomycin has been resolved into two kinetic events by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The first event is first order with respect to both bleomycin and O2 and may be regarded as a second order reaction (k = 6.1 x 10(3) M-1s-1 at 2 degrees C). The first product has no EPR spectrum. The optical spectrum resembles those of Fe(II) . bleomycin complexes with CO, NO, and ethyl isocyanide. We propose that the first product is an Fe(II) . bleomycin . O2 complex. The second kinetic event is first order with respect to the first accumulated product (k = 0.11 s-1 at 2 degrees C) and independent of oxygen concentration. The product of this reaction is indistinguishable from Fe(III) . bleomycin by optical and EPR spectroscopy.", "PMID": 91616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12512", "title": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors: carcinomas of the forestomach.", "content": "Tumors of the forestomach were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by oral application of acetoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine (AMMN) in single weekly doses of 3.5 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks. 100 +/- 5 days after the beginning of carcinogen treatment exploratory laparotomy was performed. One hundred animals in the same stage of tumor development were divided at random into one control group and four groups treated with cytostatics. Bleomycin (BLM), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and 1,2-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) were tested in groups of 20 rats each. Only in animals receiving repeated doses of BLM a slight tumor response was observed but no increase in median survival times was seen. No therapeutic effects of the other drugs used were demonstrable.", "contents": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors: carcinomas of the forestomach. Tumors of the forestomach were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by oral application of acetoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine (AMMN) in single weekly doses of 3.5 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks. 100 +/- 5 days after the beginning of carcinogen treatment exploratory laparotomy was performed. One hundred animals in the same stage of tumor development were divided at random into one control group and four groups treated with cytostatics. Bleomycin (BLM), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and 1,2-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) were tested in groups of 20 rats each. Only in animals receiving repeated doses of BLM a slight tumor response was observed but no increase in median survival times was seen. No therapeutic effects of the other drugs used were demonstrable.", "PMID": 91617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12513", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in workers in Leicestershire garages.", "content": "Blood carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO%) levels were measured in 61 workers in 35 garages in Leicester and Leicestershire. Of 26 workers in large garages in winter, 44% of the non-smokers and 20% of the smokers had increased CO absorption, the highest HbCO% being 26.0 in a non-smoker. Of 35 workers in 24 smaller, randomly chosen garages visited throughout the year (two per month) the corresponding figures were 43% and 14%, the highest HbCO% being 21.0. The possible relevance of these findings to coronary heart disease in garage workers is discussed.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in workers in Leicestershire garages. Blood carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO%) levels were measured in 61 workers in 35 garages in Leicester and Leicestershire. Of 26 workers in large garages in winter, 44% of the non-smokers and 20% of the smokers had increased CO absorption, the highest HbCO% being 26.0 in a non-smoker. Of 35 workers in 24 smaller, randomly chosen garages visited throughout the year (two per month) the corresponding figures were 43% and 14%, the highest HbCO% being 21.0. The possible relevance of these findings to coronary heart disease in garage workers is discussed.", "PMID": 91618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12514", "title": "Antibodies that bind specifically to synaptic sites on muscle fiber basal lamina.", "content": "Basal lamina (BL) ensheathes each skeletal muscle fiber and passes through the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction. Synaptic portions of the BL are known to play important roles in the formation, function, and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. Here we demonstrate molecular differences between synaptic and extrasynaptic BL. We obtained antisera to immunogens that might be derived from or share determinants with muscle fiber BL, and used immunohistochemical techniques to study the binding of antibodies to rat skeletal muscle. Four antisera contained antibodies that distinguished synaptic from extrasynaptic portions of the muscle fiber's surface. They were anti-anterior lens capsule, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-lens capsule collagen, and anti-muscle basement membrane collagen; the last two sera were selective only after antibodies binding to extrasynaptic areas had been removed by adsorption with connective tissue from endplate-free regions of muscle. Synaptic antigens revealed by each of the four sera were present on the external cell surface and persisted after removal of nerve terminal. Schwann cell, and postsynaptic plasma membrane. Thus, the antigens are contained in or connected to BL of the synaptic cleft. Details of staining patterns, differential susceptibility of antigens to proteolysis, and adsorption experiments showed that the antibodies define at least three different determinants that are present in synaptic but not extrasynaptic BL.", "contents": "Antibodies that bind specifically to synaptic sites on muscle fiber basal lamina. Basal lamina (BL) ensheathes each skeletal muscle fiber and passes through the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction. Synaptic portions of the BL are known to play important roles in the formation, function, and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. Here we demonstrate molecular differences between synaptic and extrasynaptic BL. We obtained antisera to immunogens that might be derived from or share determinants with muscle fiber BL, and used immunohistochemical techniques to study the binding of antibodies to rat skeletal muscle. Four antisera contained antibodies that distinguished synaptic from extrasynaptic portions of the muscle fiber's surface. They were anti-anterior lens capsule, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-lens capsule collagen, and anti-muscle basement membrane collagen; the last two sera were selective only after antibodies binding to extrasynaptic areas had been removed by adsorption with connective tissue from endplate-free regions of muscle. Synaptic antigens revealed by each of the four sera were present on the external cell surface and persisted after removal of nerve terminal. Schwann cell, and postsynaptic plasma membrane. Thus, the antigens are contained in or connected to BL of the synaptic cleft. Details of staining patterns, differential susceptibility of antigens to proteolysis, and adsorption experiments showed that the antibodies define at least three different determinants that are present in synaptic but not extrasynaptic BL.", "PMID": 91619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12515", "title": "Rapid presumptive bacteriological diagnosis of Legionnaires disease.", "content": "A simple, relatively rapid silver impregnation stain has been found to stain Legionella pneumophila effectively in paraffin-embedded tissue sections while permitting visualization of histological detail. It may also be used to stain the organism in body fluids. The stain is not specific and thus must be confirmed by direct fluorescent-antibody technique or culture, but, in the absence of other bacilli demonstrable by Gram or other stain, visualization of typical bacillary forms in a patient with illness compatible with Legionnaires disease provides strong presumptive evidence supporting this diagnosis.", "contents": "Rapid presumptive bacteriological diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. A simple, relatively rapid silver impregnation stain has been found to stain Legionella pneumophila effectively in paraffin-embedded tissue sections while permitting visualization of histological detail. It may also be used to stain the organism in body fluids. The stain is not specific and thus must be confirmed by direct fluorescent-antibody technique or culture, but, in the absence of other bacilli demonstrable by Gram or other stain, visualization of typical bacillary forms in a patient with illness compatible with Legionnaires disease provides strong presumptive evidence supporting this diagnosis.", "PMID": 91620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12516", "title": "Effect of various histological fixatives on fluorescent antibody detection of Legionnaires disease bacteria.", "content": "Human lung tissue containing the Legionnaires disease bacterium was fixed in seven different histological fixatives, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Deparaffined sections from each were stained by fluorescent antibody and by Dieterle silver impregnation. With the fluorescent antibody stain, the Legionnaires disease bacterium could be detected in tissues prepared with any of the fixatures, but the Dieterle silver impregnation was not satisfactory on Zenker-fixed tissues.", "contents": "Effect of various histological fixatives on fluorescent antibody detection of Legionnaires disease bacteria. Human lung tissue containing the Legionnaires disease bacterium was fixed in seven different histological fixatives, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Deparaffined sections from each were stained by fluorescent antibody and by Dieterle silver impregnation. With the fluorescent antibody stain, the Legionnaires disease bacterium could be detected in tissues prepared with any of the fixatures, but the Dieterle silver impregnation was not satisfactory on Zenker-fixed tissues.", "PMID": 91621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12517", "title": "Immunochemical evidence for multiple serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "An immunochemical comparison of outer membrane antigens obtained from five select and biochemically defined strains indicated that there are several serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis. Each strain was serologically defined by individual or by combinations of determinant groups composed of carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides or glycoproteins. The carbohydrate constituents were tentatively identified as glucose, galactose, fucose, rhamnose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and traces of mannose. Strains were observed to have minor qualitative and major quantitative variations in carbohydrate composition.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence for multiple serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis. An immunochemical comparison of outer membrane antigens obtained from five select and biochemically defined strains indicated that there are several serotypes of Bacteroides fragilis. Each strain was serologically defined by individual or by combinations of determinant groups composed of carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides or glycoproteins. The carbohydrate constituents were tentatively identified as glucose, galactose, fucose, rhamnose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and traces of mannose. Strains were observed to have minor qualitative and major quantitative variations in carbohydrate composition.", "PMID": 91622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12518", "title": "Detection of antilymphocyte antibody with two-color method in systemic lupus erythematosus and its heterogeneous specificities against human T-cell subsets.", "content": "The two-color method originally described by Van Rood et al. (Van Rood, J. J., A. Van Leeuwen, and J. S. Ploen. 1976. Simultaneous detection of two cell populations by two-color fluorescence and application to the recognition of B-cell determinants. Nature (Lond.). 262: 795-797) for the typing of homologous leukocytic antibodies, D-region was used for the detection of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus. In this method, surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells were identified with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-immunoglobulin and nuclei of killed cells were stained with ethidium bromide. Therefore, cell type (T or B) of the target cells can be identified without fractionating them. ALA was detected in 87% of lupus sera and had a preferential reactivity with T cells. Its major immunoglobulin class was shown to be immunoglobulin (Ig)M. The subspecificity of ALA was further analyzed using fractionated T-cell subsets as target cells. When T lymphocytes were separated into Fc receptor-bearing (Tgamma) and lacking (Tgamma[-]) cells, 64% of ALA showed preferential reactivity with Tgamma cells and 14% with Tgamma(-) cells. The remainder had no selective reactivity against Tgamma or Tgamma(-) cells. Tgamma cells were shown to have suppressor activity, whereas Tgamma(-) cells were indicated to contain helper cells. The above finding was in agreement with the observation that treatment of T cells with ALA that preferentially react with Tgamma cells considerably enhanced immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, whereas treatment of T cells with ALA reactive with Tgamma(-) cells clearly suppressed the formation of immunoglobulins. Treatment of ALA with no selective reactivity showed variable effects on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. These results indicate that ALA in lupus have heterogeneous specificities against human T-cell subsets.", "contents": "Detection of antilymphocyte antibody with two-color method in systemic lupus erythematosus and its heterogeneous specificities against human T-cell subsets. The two-color method originally described by Van Rood et al. (Van Rood, J. J., A. Van Leeuwen, and J. S. Ploen. 1976. Simultaneous detection of two cell populations by two-color fluorescence and application to the recognition of B-cell determinants. Nature (Lond.). 262: 795-797) for the typing of homologous leukocytic antibodies, D-region was used for the detection of antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus. In this method, surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells were identified with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-immunoglobulin and nuclei of killed cells were stained with ethidium bromide. Therefore, cell type (T or B) of the target cells can be identified without fractionating them. ALA was detected in 87% of lupus sera and had a preferential reactivity with T cells. Its major immunoglobulin class was shown to be immunoglobulin (Ig)M. The subspecificity of ALA was further analyzed using fractionated T-cell subsets as target cells. When T lymphocytes were separated into Fc receptor-bearing (Tgamma) and lacking (Tgamma[-]) cells, 64% of ALA showed preferential reactivity with Tgamma cells and 14% with Tgamma(-) cells. The remainder had no selective reactivity against Tgamma or Tgamma(-) cells. Tgamma cells were shown to have suppressor activity, whereas Tgamma(-) cells were indicated to contain helper cells. The above finding was in agreement with the observation that treatment of T cells with ALA that preferentially react with Tgamma cells considerably enhanced immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, whereas treatment of T cells with ALA reactive with Tgamma(-) cells clearly suppressed the formation of immunoglobulins. Treatment of ALA with no selective reactivity showed variable effects on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. These results indicate that ALA in lupus have heterogeneous specificities against human T-cell subsets.", "PMID": 91623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12519", "title": "Generation of a fibroblast chemotactic factor in serum by activation of complement.", "content": "When serum complement is activated by either the classical or alternative pathways, a factor with an apparent 80,000 mol wt is generated that is chemotactic for human dermal fibroblasts. The origin of this serum-derived chemotactic factor (SDCF) is not known; however, it may be a cleavage product from C5 because it is inactivated by monospecific antiserum to human C5, and it is not generated when the complement system is activated in human serum deficient in C5. SDCF is not chemotactic for human neutrophils or monocytes. Because SDCF is generated when serum complement is activated, it may function in vivo to attract connective tissue fibroblasts to sites of inflammatory reactions in which the complement system participates.", "contents": "Generation of a fibroblast chemotactic factor in serum by activation of complement. When serum complement is activated by either the classical or alternative pathways, a factor with an apparent 80,000 mol wt is generated that is chemotactic for human dermal fibroblasts. The origin of this serum-derived chemotactic factor (SDCF) is not known; however, it may be a cleavage product from C5 because it is inactivated by monospecific antiserum to human C5, and it is not generated when the complement system is activated in human serum deficient in C5. SDCF is not chemotactic for human neutrophils or monocytes. Because SDCF is generated when serum complement is activated, it may function in vivo to attract connective tissue fibroblasts to sites of inflammatory reactions in which the complement system participates.", "PMID": 91624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12520", "title": "Hypothyroidism as a late sequela in patient with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid agents.", "content": "In 1971, thyroid function was evaluated in 15 unselected patients whose only therapy for diffuse toxic goiter was a course of thionamide drug treatment completed 20-27 yr earlier. One patient was frankly hypothyroid by clinical and laboratory criteria. The remaining 14 patients appeared clinically euthyroid and had a normal serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentration and thyroid radioiodine uptake (RAIU). Nevertheless, only 6 of 14 appeared to be entirely normal according to more refined criteria. The serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration was markedly elevated in one patient and above the normal range (1.6+/-2.0; mean+/-2 SD) in five others. Thyroid stimulation with exogenous TSH revealed subnormal responses of the serum T(4)I, RAIU, or both, in 7 of 11 patients tested. An abnormal iodideperchlorate discharge test was found in 5 of 10 patients and appeared most abnormal in patients with abnormal RAIU responses to TSH. Fluorescent antimicrosomal antibody was found in the serum of 12 of the 15 patients, in contrast to an expected frequency of 7% in normal individuals of the same age. By the time a second major follow-up study was completed in 1978, two additional patients had become frankly hypothyroid. A third subject met accepted criteria for subclinical hypothyroidism. One of these subjects had had a clearly elevated serum TSH concentration in 1972, and the remaining two had exhibited the highest responses of serum TSH (36, 26 muU/ml) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone among 10 patients tested in 1972. One patient developed recurrent thyrotoxicosis in 1978, 25 yr after the onset of his first and only other apparent episode of hyperthyroidism. This patient was the only one who demonstrated a subnormal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in 1972. The remaining nine subjects that could be studied in 1978 exhibited varying combinations of abnormalities of thyroid function. It is concluded that progressive failure of thyroid function is a common occurence in long-standing Graves' disease, and it is suggested that this results from concomitant chronic thyroiditis. We postulate that this inherent tendency toward thyroid failure is exaggerated by surgery or radioactive iodine, explaining the progressive increase in, and inordinate frequency of, hypothyroidism after ablative modes of therapy in diffuse toxic goiter.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism as a late sequela in patient with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid agents. In 1971, thyroid function was evaluated in 15 unselected patients whose only therapy for diffuse toxic goiter was a course of thionamide drug treatment completed 20-27 yr earlier. One patient was frankly hypothyroid by clinical and laboratory criteria. The remaining 14 patients appeared clinically euthyroid and had a normal serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentration and thyroid radioiodine uptake (RAIU). Nevertheless, only 6 of 14 appeared to be entirely normal according to more refined criteria. The serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration was markedly elevated in one patient and above the normal range (1.6+/-2.0; mean+/-2 SD) in five others. Thyroid stimulation with exogenous TSH revealed subnormal responses of the serum T(4)I, RAIU, or both, in 7 of 11 patients tested. An abnormal iodideperchlorate discharge test was found in 5 of 10 patients and appeared most abnormal in patients with abnormal RAIU responses to TSH. Fluorescent antimicrosomal antibody was found in the serum of 12 of the 15 patients, in contrast to an expected frequency of 7% in normal individuals of the same age. By the time a second major follow-up study was completed in 1978, two additional patients had become frankly hypothyroid. A third subject met accepted criteria for subclinical hypothyroidism. One of these subjects had had a clearly elevated serum TSH concentration in 1972, and the remaining two had exhibited the highest responses of serum TSH (36, 26 muU/ml) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone among 10 patients tested in 1972. One patient developed recurrent thyrotoxicosis in 1978, 25 yr after the onset of his first and only other apparent episode of hyperthyroidism. This patient was the only one who demonstrated a subnormal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in 1972. The remaining nine subjects that could be studied in 1978 exhibited varying combinations of abnormalities of thyroid function. It is concluded that progressive failure of thyroid function is a common occurence in long-standing Graves' disease, and it is suggested that this results from concomitant chronic thyroiditis. We postulate that this inherent tendency toward thyroid failure is exaggerated by surgery or radioactive iodine, explaining the progressive increase in, and inordinate frequency of, hypothyroidism after ablative modes of therapy in diffuse toxic goiter.", "PMID": 91625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12521", "title": "Cross-idiotypic antigens among monoclonal immunoglobulin M from patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and polyneuropathy.", "content": "The monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)M from 5 to 16 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and a polyneuropathy shared cross-idiotypic antigenic determinants as demonstrated by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition experiments as well as by precipitin reactions. This reactivity was located to the Fab (and not Fc) fragment of the protein. The IgM from 73 patients with macroglobulinemia but without neuropathy all gave negative reactions. In contrast, the monoclonal IgG from a patient with polyneuropathy also possessed similar idiotypic determinants. Since cross-idiotypic determinants are usually related to the combining site of a monoclonal Ig, this finding suggests that the monoclonal Ig of these patients may mediate the nerve injury via their antibody activity, which could be directed either to a nerve antigen or to some component involved in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy.", "contents": "Cross-idiotypic antigens among monoclonal immunoglobulin M from patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and polyneuropathy. The monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)M from 5 to 16 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and a polyneuropathy shared cross-idiotypic antigenic determinants as demonstrated by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition experiments as well as by precipitin reactions. This reactivity was located to the Fab (and not Fc) fragment of the protein. The IgM from 73 patients with macroglobulinemia but without neuropathy all gave negative reactions. In contrast, the monoclonal IgG from a patient with polyneuropathy also possessed similar idiotypic determinants. Since cross-idiotypic determinants are usually related to the combining site of a monoclonal Ig, this finding suggests that the monoclonal Ig of these patients may mediate the nerve injury via their antibody activity, which could be directed either to a nerve antigen or to some component involved in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy.", "PMID": 91626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12522", "title": "Human endodermal sinus tumour in nude mice and its markers for diagnosis and management.", "content": "Two human endodermal sinus tumours (yolk sac tumours) were transplanted successfully into nude mice. The transplanted tumours maintained not only morphological characters, such as Schiller-Duval bodies, but also the ability to synthesise alpha-fetoprotein, lactic dehydrogenase 1, liver and bone type alkaline phosphatase, and some human serum proteins. Since these tumours produced lactic dehydrogenase 1 but not the other four isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase, this isozyme, like alpha-fetoprotein, seems to be a good marker for the diagnosis and management of cases of endodermal sinus tumour. One of the two tumours produced another fetal antigen or carcinoembryonic antigen in addition to alpha-fetoprotein. These two endodermal sinus tumours, with their various markers in nude mice, will be useful in studies on diagnostic markers.", "contents": "Human endodermal sinus tumour in nude mice and its markers for diagnosis and management. Two human endodermal sinus tumours (yolk sac tumours) were transplanted successfully into nude mice. The transplanted tumours maintained not only morphological characters, such as Schiller-Duval bodies, but also the ability to synthesise alpha-fetoprotein, lactic dehydrogenase 1, liver and bone type alkaline phosphatase, and some human serum proteins. Since these tumours produced lactic dehydrogenase 1 but not the other four isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase, this isozyme, like alpha-fetoprotein, seems to be a good marker for the diagnosis and management of cases of endodermal sinus tumour. One of the two tumours produced another fetal antigen or carcinoembryonic antigen in addition to alpha-fetoprotein. These two endodermal sinus tumours, with their various markers in nude mice, will be useful in studies on diagnostic markers.", "PMID": 91627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12523", "title": "A comparative study of the immunohistochemical localization of basic protein to myelin and oligodendrocytes in rat and chicken brain.", "content": "Antisera to highly purified basic protein (BP) from rat and chicken brain were prepared and their purity and specificity demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and cross-immunoadsorption. These antisera were used for immunohistochemical localization of BP in the brains of adult and developing rat and chick. Myelin basic protein was exclusively localized to myelin or the myelin forming elements of the CNS. It was present in high concentrations in white matter and absent in areas free of myelin. Neuronal parikarya and dendrites were negative as were axons cut in cross section and at Nodes of Ranvier. The latter was best observed in cross sections of human spinal cord demonstrating also the immunoreactivity of the antibodies with human BP. The internodal distance in a fine (1.5 micrometer) rat cortical fiber was determined to be approximately 45 micrometers. Myelin basic protein was shown to extend into cranial roots, in contrast to myelin proteolipid protein which abruptly lose fluorescence as the nerves emerged from the brain. During development, BP was first observed on the fourteenth day of incubation in chick and at birth in the rat. The protein appeared in oligodendrocytes and in association with fibers near these cells. Fluorescent processes were frequently observed connecting the oligodendrocytes with the fibers. As myelination progressed, the intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction decreased in the oligodendrocytes while the brightness in fibers increase. Eventually, the oligodendrocytes became undetectable. Fibers with immature myelin exhibited a beaded or varicosed appearance with the highest concentration of immunofluorescence in the outer portion of the varicosities. The varicosities were postulated to represent dilations in the newly forming sheath between intervals of compaction along the axon undergoin myelination. These dilations might represent areas of increased cytoplasmic volume which could serve as channels for transport and/or storage sites for myelin proteins prior to incorporation into the membrane. The varicosities became less prominent with the thickening of the myelin sheath and mature myelinated fibers became smooth. The process of synthesis of BP, transport of the protein to the varicosed fibers, and maturation of the myelin sheath was seen to progress in a more or less caudal to rostral direction as myelination of the CNS takes place. In the rat, this was accomplished over approximately a 30-day period starting near the time of birth. In the chick, most of the myelination was accomplished in the three or four days immediately before hatching. At this time, innumerable oligodendrocytes were observed producing BP simultaneously in the major white fiber tracts. It is postulated that in chick some degree of oligodendrocytic cell death occurs normally during myelination.", "contents": "A comparative study of the immunohistochemical localization of basic protein to myelin and oligodendrocytes in rat and chicken brain. Antisera to highly purified basic protein (BP) from rat and chicken brain were prepared and their purity and specificity demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and cross-immunoadsorption. These antisera were used for immunohistochemical localization of BP in the brains of adult and developing rat and chick. Myelin basic protein was exclusively localized to myelin or the myelin forming elements of the CNS. It was present in high concentrations in white matter and absent in areas free of myelin. Neuronal parikarya and dendrites were negative as were axons cut in cross section and at Nodes of Ranvier. The latter was best observed in cross sections of human spinal cord demonstrating also the immunoreactivity of the antibodies with human BP. The internodal distance in a fine (1.5 micrometer) rat cortical fiber was determined to be approximately 45 micrometers. Myelin basic protein was shown to extend into cranial roots, in contrast to myelin proteolipid protein which abruptly lose fluorescence as the nerves emerged from the brain. During development, BP was first observed on the fourteenth day of incubation in chick and at birth in the rat. The protein appeared in oligodendrocytes and in association with fibers near these cells. Fluorescent processes were frequently observed connecting the oligodendrocytes with the fibers. As myelination progressed, the intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction decreased in the oligodendrocytes while the brightness in fibers increase. Eventually, the oligodendrocytes became undetectable. Fibers with immature myelin exhibited a beaded or varicosed appearance with the highest concentration of immunofluorescence in the outer portion of the varicosities. The varicosities were postulated to represent dilations in the newly forming sheath between intervals of compaction along the axon undergoin myelination. These dilations might represent areas of increased cytoplasmic volume which could serve as channels for transport and/or storage sites for myelin proteins prior to incorporation into the membrane. The varicosities became less prominent with the thickening of the myelin sheath and mature myelinated fibers became smooth. The process of synthesis of BP, transport of the protein to the varicosed fibers, and maturation of the myelin sheath was seen to progress in a more or less caudal to rostral direction as myelination of the CNS takes place. In the rat, this was accomplished over approximately a 30-day period starting near the time of birth. In the chick, most of the myelination was accomplished in the three or four days immediately before hatching. At this time, innumerable oligodendrocytes were observed producing BP simultaneously in the major white fiber tracts. It is postulated that in chick some degree of oligodendrocytic cell death occurs normally during myelination.", "PMID": 91628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12524", "title": "Effects of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on cyclic AMP in cultured human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "(-)-trans-delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC) antagonized the cyclic AMP responses of WI-38 fibroblasts to both prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and catecholamines. Both cellular cyclic AMP accumulation and cyclic AMP escape to the incubation medium were reduced, but the reduction of escape was much more dramatic at all concentrations of the drug. Conversely, long term incubations of cells with delta 1-THC alone resulted in substantial accumulations of cyclic AMP in the incubation medium. This effect was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl, 3-isobutylxanthine and appeared to result from weak agonist activity of the cannabinoid as determined by a) stimulation of radioactivity incorporated into cyclic AMP using 3H-adenine prelabelled cells, and b) a rapid and pronounced increase in the activity ratio of cellular protein kinase. The antagonistic effect of delta 1-THC on the cellular response to PGE1 was greater in preconfluent cells than in confluent monolayers. Further, the increased sensitivity of preconfluent cultures to delta 1-THC was associated with the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles in the perinuclear region of the cells. Cannabidiol acted similar to delta 1-Thc in affecting cyclic AMP metabolis whereas cannabinol and cannabicyclol showed mixed effects on the various parameters studied.", "contents": "Effects of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol on cyclic AMP in cultured human diploid fibroblasts. (-)-trans-delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC) antagonized the cyclic AMP responses of WI-38 fibroblasts to both prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and catecholamines. Both cellular cyclic AMP accumulation and cyclic AMP escape to the incubation medium were reduced, but the reduction of escape was much more dramatic at all concentrations of the drug. Conversely, long term incubations of cells with delta 1-THC alone resulted in substantial accumulations of cyclic AMP in the incubation medium. This effect was potentiated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-methyl, 3-isobutylxanthine and appeared to result from weak agonist activity of the cannabinoid as determined by a) stimulation of radioactivity incorporated into cyclic AMP using 3H-adenine prelabelled cells, and b) a rapid and pronounced increase in the activity ratio of cellular protein kinase. The antagonistic effect of delta 1-THC on the cellular response to PGE1 was greater in preconfluent cells than in confluent monolayers. Further, the increased sensitivity of preconfluent cultures to delta 1-THC was associated with the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles in the perinuclear region of the cells. Cannabidiol acted similar to delta 1-Thc in affecting cyclic AMP metabolis whereas cannabinol and cannabicyclol showed mixed effects on the various parameters studied.", "PMID": 91629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12525", "title": "Immunologic tolerance to allergenic protein determinants: properties of tolerance induced in mice treated with conjugates of protein and a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL).", "content": "Conjugates of proteins and the synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (protein-D-GL) reproducibly induce significant unresponsiveness to the protein antigens in experimental mice. Proteins studied include ovalbumin and antigen E of ragweed extract, the major allergen of ragweed pollen. The unresponsive state 1) can be induced in both unsensitized and previously sensitized experimental animals, 2) is selectively confined to responses of the IgE antibody class, 3) is long lasting, and 4) is highly antigen specific. IgE antibody responses can also be suppressed by administering comparable doses of unconjugated protein alone; however, the unresponsive state induced in this manner is only transient and rebound production of IgE antibody is often observed. Results from the studies of the cellular basis of the protein-D-GL induced unresponsiveness demonstrate that 1) protein-D-GL conjugates do not induce unresponsiveness at the level of protein-specific B cells, 2) tolerance is not induced by virtue of a detectable antigen-specific suppressor T cell mechanism, 3) tolerance is most probably induced in the antigen-specific helper T cell populations. The significant IgE-selective and antigen-specific tolerogenic activity of protein-D-GL conjugates make these compounds potential candidates for use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of IgE-mediated human allergic disorders induced by protein allergens.", "contents": "Immunologic tolerance to allergenic protein determinants: properties of tolerance induced in mice treated with conjugates of protein and a synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL). Conjugates of proteins and the synthetic copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (protein-D-GL) reproducibly induce significant unresponsiveness to the protein antigens in experimental mice. Proteins studied include ovalbumin and antigen E of ragweed extract, the major allergen of ragweed pollen. The unresponsive state 1) can be induced in both unsensitized and previously sensitized experimental animals, 2) is selectively confined to responses of the IgE antibody class, 3) is long lasting, and 4) is highly antigen specific. IgE antibody responses can also be suppressed by administering comparable doses of unconjugated protein alone; however, the unresponsive state induced in this manner is only transient and rebound production of IgE antibody is often observed. Results from the studies of the cellular basis of the protein-D-GL induced unresponsiveness demonstrate that 1) protein-D-GL conjugates do not induce unresponsiveness at the level of protein-specific B cells, 2) tolerance is not induced by virtue of a detectable antigen-specific suppressor T cell mechanism, 3) tolerance is most probably induced in the antigen-specific helper T cell populations. The significant IgE-selective and antigen-specific tolerogenic activity of protein-D-GL conjugates make these compounds potential candidates for use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of IgE-mediated human allergic disorders induced by protein allergens.", "PMID": 91632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12526", "title": "Propagation of antigen-specific T cell helper function in vitro.", "content": "Antigen-induced proliferation of primed lymph node cells was abrogated by treatment with anti-Ly 1 serum and complement (C) but not with anti-Ly 2 serum and C. Lymph node cells from animals primed to ovalbumin were activated with antigen in vitro, followed by propagation in an antigen-free supernatant fluid obtained from lectin-induced normal spleen cells. T cells processed in this manner displayed a stepwise enrichment of helper activity for antibody production as measured in a secondary hapten-carrier response. The sequential increase in antigen-specific help was paralleled by a rise in the antigen-induced proliferative response, a phenomenon whose expression was dependent on the presence of syngeneic or semi-syngeneic irradiated filler cells.", "contents": "Propagation of antigen-specific T cell helper function in vitro. Antigen-induced proliferation of primed lymph node cells was abrogated by treatment with anti-Ly 1 serum and complement (C) but not with anti-Ly 2 serum and C. Lymph node cells from animals primed to ovalbumin were activated with antigen in vitro, followed by propagation in an antigen-free supernatant fluid obtained from lectin-induced normal spleen cells. T cells processed in this manner displayed a stepwise enrichment of helper activity for antibody production as measured in a secondary hapten-carrier response. The sequential increase in antigen-specific help was paralleled by a rise in the antigen-induced proliferative response, a phenomenon whose expression was dependent on the presence of syngeneic or semi-syngeneic irradiated filler cells.", "PMID": 91635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12527", "title": "The murine Kupffer cell. I. Characterization of the cell serving accessory function in antigen-specific T cell proliferation.", "content": "Murine Kupffer cells, the tissue macrophages of the liver, were isolated by collagenase digestion, differential sedimentation over Metrizamide, and glass adherence. The resultant cell population was more than 86% phagocytic, and 95% of cells stained positively for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity. The cells also had cell surface receptors for complement (C) and the Fc portion of IgG. In addition, a large proportion of Kupffer cells was shown to bear Ia antigens: about half of the cells bore I-A subregion-encoded antigens and about half bore I-BJE or I-EC subregion-encoded antigens. Kupffer cell populations were capable of reconstituting antigen-stimulated proliferative responses of antigen-primed, macrophage-depleted, lymph node T cells. The ability to reconstitute proliferation was enriched in the adherent population and was resistant to radiation and treatment with an anti-Thy antiserum and C. We conclude that isolated murine Kupffer cells bear the Ia phenotype of accessory cells that function in antigen presentation and that Kupffer cells can participate in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. These data suggest that Kupffer cells may play a role in modulating responses to enterically derived antigens.", "contents": "The murine Kupffer cell. I. Characterization of the cell serving accessory function in antigen-specific T cell proliferation. Murine Kupffer cells, the tissue macrophages of the liver, were isolated by collagenase digestion, differential sedimentation over Metrizamide, and glass adherence. The resultant cell population was more than 86% phagocytic, and 95% of cells stained positively for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity. The cells also had cell surface receptors for complement (C) and the Fc portion of IgG. In addition, a large proportion of Kupffer cells was shown to bear Ia antigens: about half of the cells bore I-A subregion-encoded antigens and about half bore I-BJE or I-EC subregion-encoded antigens. Kupffer cell populations were capable of reconstituting antigen-stimulated proliferative responses of antigen-primed, macrophage-depleted, lymph node T cells. The ability to reconstitute proliferation was enriched in the adherent population and was resistant to radiation and treatment with an anti-Thy antiserum and C. We conclude that isolated murine Kupffer cells bear the Ia phenotype of accessory cells that function in antigen presentation and that Kupffer cells can participate in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. These data suggest that Kupffer cells may play a role in modulating responses to enterically derived antigens.", "PMID": 91637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12528", "title": "The specificity of human autoantibodies that react with both cell nuclei and plasma membranes: the nuclear antigen is present on core mononucleosomes.", "content": "We have examined the nature of the nuclear antigen recognized by certain natural human antibodies that react specifically with both cell nuclei and plasma membranes from many species. Partial purification of these antibodies, called X-ANA, is achieved by binding to and rapid elution from the surface of viable human leukocytes. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin was solubilized by digestion with staphylococcal nuclease and fractionated into a 0.15 M NaCl soluble fraction that consisted of core mononucleosomes lacking H1/H5, and a 0.15 M NaCl insoluble fraction composed of polynucleosomes with H1/H5 present. No proteins other than histones were detected. Native and reconstituted mononucleosomes displaced IgG of the leukocyte eluates from nuclei of frozen mouse kidney sections and from the walls of plastic tubes coated with polynucleosomes. The reconstituted core mononucleosomes were 4- 10-fold less efficient inhibitors than native mononucleosomes. Trypsin digested mononucleosomes, free high m.w. DNA, and free histones displayed no or very weak inhibitory activity. The data indicate that X-ANA recognize a complex consisting of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and DNA of 140 to 200 base pairs in length.", "contents": "The specificity of human autoantibodies that react with both cell nuclei and plasma membranes: the nuclear antigen is present on core mononucleosomes. We have examined the nature of the nuclear antigen recognized by certain natural human antibodies that react specifically with both cell nuclei and plasma membranes from many species. Partial purification of these antibodies, called X-ANA, is achieved by binding to and rapid elution from the surface of viable human leukocytes. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin was solubilized by digestion with staphylococcal nuclease and fractionated into a 0.15 M NaCl soluble fraction that consisted of core mononucleosomes lacking H1/H5, and a 0.15 M NaCl insoluble fraction composed of polynucleosomes with H1/H5 present. No proteins other than histones were detected. Native and reconstituted mononucleosomes displaced IgG of the leukocyte eluates from nuclei of frozen mouse kidney sections and from the walls of plastic tubes coated with polynucleosomes. The reconstituted core mononucleosomes were 4- 10-fold less efficient inhibitors than native mononucleosomes. Trypsin digested mononucleosomes, free high m.w. DNA, and free histones displayed no or very weak inhibitory activity. The data indicate that X-ANA recognize a complex consisting of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and DNA of 140 to 200 base pairs in length.", "PMID": 91640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12529", "title": "Role of nominal antigen and Ia antigen in the binding of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to macrophages.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that when primed T lymphocytes were repeatedly incubated on monolayers of antigen-pulsed macrophages (M phi), the cells that failed to adhere to the monolayer demonstrated a marked depletion of their proliferative response that was specific both for the antigen used for pulsing the M phi and for Ia determinants on the M phi. In order to further analyze the contribution of the nominal antigen and Ia antigens to the physical binding of T lymphocytes to M phi, we have attempted to block the absorption of T lymphocytes to M phi with a large excess of soluble antigen and with anti-Ia sera. Our results demonstrate that anti-Ia sera inhibit but that soluble antigen augments the binding of specific T lymphocytes to M phi. The implications of these findings for \"dual recognition\" and \"linked recognition\" models of T lymphocyte receptors are discussed.", "contents": "Role of nominal antigen and Ia antigen in the binding of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to macrophages. We have previously demonstrated that when primed T lymphocytes were repeatedly incubated on monolayers of antigen-pulsed macrophages (M phi), the cells that failed to adhere to the monolayer demonstrated a marked depletion of their proliferative response that was specific both for the antigen used for pulsing the M phi and for Ia determinants on the M phi. In order to further analyze the contribution of the nominal antigen and Ia antigens to the physical binding of T lymphocytes to M phi, we have attempted to block the absorption of T lymphocytes to M phi with a large excess of soluble antigen and with anti-Ia sera. Our results demonstrate that anti-Ia sera inhibit but that soluble antigen augments the binding of specific T lymphocytes to M phi. The implications of these findings for \"dual recognition\" and \"linked recognition\" models of T lymphocyte receptors are discussed.", "PMID": 91645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12530", "title": "Use of immunoadsorbents for the study of antibody binding to sperm whale myoglobin and its synthetic antigenic sites.", "content": "Conditions for preparing immunoadsorbents of sperm-whale myoglobin and its five synthetic antigenic sites and for desorption of radiolabeled antibodies from the immunoadsorbents were studied. In immunoadsorbent titration studies, the sum of the amounts of antibodies bound in the plateau (maximum binding) by the adsorbents of the five sites accounted quantitatively for the entire (100%) antibody response to sperm-whale myoglobin.", "contents": "Use of immunoadsorbents for the study of antibody binding to sperm whale myoglobin and its synthetic antigenic sites. Conditions for preparing immunoadsorbents of sperm-whale myoglobin and its five synthetic antigenic sites and for desorption of radiolabeled antibodies from the immunoadsorbents were studied. In immunoadsorbent titration studies, the sum of the amounts of antibodies bound in the plateau (maximum binding) by the adsorbents of the five sites accounted quantitatively for the entire (100%) antibody response to sperm-whale myoglobin.", "PMID": 91647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12531", "title": "The isolation of an optimal small size immunoferritin conjugate fraction.", "content": "A procedure is described for preparing immunoferritin conjugates consisting of one antibody molecule attached to one ferritin molecule. Results obtained with such a reagent faithfully reflect the true distribution of antigenic determinants, and allow more accurate quantification.", "contents": "The isolation of an optimal small size immunoferritin conjugate fraction. A procedure is described for preparing immunoferritin conjugates consisting of one antibody molecule attached to one ferritin molecule. Results obtained with such a reagent faithfully reflect the true distribution of antigenic determinants, and allow more accurate quantification.", "PMID": 91648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12532", "title": "The immunoglobulin-like T-cell receptor. I. In situ demonstration of immunoglobulin Fab-region determinants of rodent T- and B-lymphocytes using chicken antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in chickens to the (Fab')2 fragment of normal murine IgG and to the k-myeloma protein MOPC 41. Following appropriate absorptions or purification by immune affinity chromatography the chicken antibodies bound specifically to both T- and B-cells of mice, rats and guinea-pigs as detected by quantitative cytofluorescence, radioactive binding assays and transmission and scanning immunoelectronmicroscopy. These antibodies are directed against polypeptide determinants of the Fab fragment, block antigen binding by purified idiotype-bearing murine antibodies, and provide useful probes for visualization and analysis of immunoglobulin-like surface receptors of rodent B- and T-cells.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin-like T-cell receptor. I. In situ demonstration of immunoglobulin Fab-region determinants of rodent T- and B-lymphocytes using chicken antibodies. Antibodies were raised in chickens to the (Fab')2 fragment of normal murine IgG and to the k-myeloma protein MOPC 41. Following appropriate absorptions or purification by immune affinity chromatography the chicken antibodies bound specifically to both T- and B-cells of mice, rats and guinea-pigs as detected by quantitative cytofluorescence, radioactive binding assays and transmission and scanning immunoelectronmicroscopy. These antibodies are directed against polypeptide determinants of the Fab fragment, block antigen binding by purified idiotype-bearing murine antibodies, and provide useful probes for visualization and analysis of immunoglobulin-like surface receptors of rodent B- and T-cells.", "PMID": 91649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12533", "title": "Immune responses to some proteins and synthetic polypeptides in inbred strains of rats.", "content": "The antibody responses to DNP-bovine gamma globulin, bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin, ovalbumin, pepsin and five synthetic polypeptides were examined in strains of inbred rats representative of eight common major histocompatibility complex (RTI) haplotypes. With each antigen the antibody response varied considerably among strains, and the data provide many potential strain and antigen combinations with which to study the genetic control of the immune response.", "contents": "Immune responses to some proteins and synthetic polypeptides in inbred strains of rats. The antibody responses to DNP-bovine gamma globulin, bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin, ovalbumin, pepsin and five synthetic polypeptides were examined in strains of inbred rats representative of eight common major histocompatibility complex (RTI) haplotypes. With each antigen the antibody response varied considerably among strains, and the data provide many potential strain and antigen combinations with which to study the genetic control of the immune response.", "PMID": 91650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12534", "title": "Properties of an Fc gamma-binding protein isolated from human leukemic B cells.", "content": "A selectively Fc gamma-binding protein was isolated from purified and radioiodinated cell membranes from two cases of B-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia and one case of B-type prolymphocytic leukemia by binding to IgG aggregates, horseradish peroxidase-anti-peroxidase IgG complexes, and sheep erythrocyte membrane sheets densely coated with IgG. This protein could not be isolated from the cell membranes of an Fc gamma-receptor-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the T type or from membranes of human erythrocytes. The Fc gamma-binding protein was efficiently solubilized by a mixture of Na-EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol, but not with one of these agents alone, indicating that both divalent cations and disulfide bridges are involved in the linkage of the Fc gamma-binding protein to the cell membrane. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the Fc gamma-binding protein revealed an apparent mol wt of 28,000 and in isoelectric focusing it showed an isoelectric point of 5.5. The electrophoretic mobility of the 28,000-dalton protein did not change after reduction and alkylation. It was determined that the NH2-terminal amino acid of the protein was glycine. The isolated protein was unable to agglutinate antibody-coated erythrocytes. These findings suggest that the 28,000-dalton IgG-affined protein was composed to O2-enriched buffer lacking reducing agents, the 28,000-dalton protein aggregated to a 115,000-dalton molecule. The isolated Fc gamma-binding protein proved to be different from C1q or its subunits.", "contents": "Properties of an Fc gamma-binding protein isolated from human leukemic B cells. A selectively Fc gamma-binding protein was isolated from purified and radioiodinated cell membranes from two cases of B-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia and one case of B-type prolymphocytic leukemia by binding to IgG aggregates, horseradish peroxidase-anti-peroxidase IgG complexes, and sheep erythrocyte membrane sheets densely coated with IgG. This protein could not be isolated from the cell membranes of an Fc gamma-receptor-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the T type or from membranes of human erythrocytes. The Fc gamma-binding protein was efficiently solubilized by a mixture of Na-EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol, but not with one of these agents alone, indicating that both divalent cations and disulfide bridges are involved in the linkage of the Fc gamma-binding protein to the cell membrane. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the Fc gamma-binding protein revealed an apparent mol wt of 28,000 and in isoelectric focusing it showed an isoelectric point of 5.5. The electrophoretic mobility of the 28,000-dalton protein did not change after reduction and alkylation. It was determined that the NH2-terminal amino acid of the protein was glycine. The isolated protein was unable to agglutinate antibody-coated erythrocytes. These findings suggest that the 28,000-dalton IgG-affined protein was composed to O2-enriched buffer lacking reducing agents, the 28,000-dalton protein aggregated to a 115,000-dalton molecule. The isolated Fc gamma-binding protein proved to be different from C1q or its subunits.", "PMID": 91652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12535", "title": "Binding of purified, soluble major histocompatibility complex polypeptide chains onto isolated T-cell receptors. I. Reactivity against allo- and self-determinants.", "content": "In this study, we tried to get information about the fine antigen-binding ability of purified, soluble, idiotype-positive T-cell receptor molecules. Lewis anti-DA T-cell receptors were purified from normal Lewis serum by the use of anti-idiotypic immunosorbent and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, and were coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B. In parallel, Lewis anti-DA, Lewis anti-BN, and DA anti-Lewis alloantibody immunosorbents were prepared. The major Ag-B chain (44,000 daltons) and the two polypeptide chains (34,000 and 27,000 daltons) of Ia were purified from Lewis, DA, and BN lymphocytes and absorbent on the above-mentioned immunosorbents. We found that the major Ag-B chain as well as the two Ia chains were bound to the alloantibody columns if they were derived from the corresponding allogeneic strain. No retaining ability for self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or third-party MHC chains was noted with the alloantibody immunosorbents. When using immunosorbents made up of idiotypic T-cell receptors, only two MHC polypeptides of the relevant allo-MHC type were retained, namely, the Ag-B and the heavy Ia chains. No detectable activity was observed when testing the same column for reactivity against third-party MHC polypeptide chains. However, the Lewis anti-DA T-cell receptors could be shown to display weak, but significant, reactivity toward one Lewis MHC polypeptide chain, that is, the heavy chain of Ia type.", "contents": "Binding of purified, soluble major histocompatibility complex polypeptide chains onto isolated T-cell receptors. I. Reactivity against allo- and self-determinants. In this study, we tried to get information about the fine antigen-binding ability of purified, soluble, idiotype-positive T-cell receptor molecules. Lewis anti-DA T-cell receptors were purified from normal Lewis serum by the use of anti-idiotypic immunosorbent and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, and were coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B. In parallel, Lewis anti-DA, Lewis anti-BN, and DA anti-Lewis alloantibody immunosorbents were prepared. The major Ag-B chain (44,000 daltons) and the two polypeptide chains (34,000 and 27,000 daltons) of Ia were purified from Lewis, DA, and BN lymphocytes and absorbent on the above-mentioned immunosorbents. We found that the major Ag-B chain as well as the two Ia chains were bound to the alloantibody columns if they were derived from the corresponding allogeneic strain. No retaining ability for self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or third-party MHC chains was noted with the alloantibody immunosorbents. When using immunosorbents made up of idiotypic T-cell receptors, only two MHC polypeptides of the relevant allo-MHC type were retained, namely, the Ag-B and the heavy Ia chains. No detectable activity was observed when testing the same column for reactivity against third-party MHC polypeptide chains. However, the Lewis anti-DA T-cell receptors could be shown to display weak, but significant, reactivity toward one Lewis MHC polypeptide chain, that is, the heavy chain of Ia type.", "PMID": 91653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12536", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VIII. Differential expression of I-region determinants by suppressor cells and their targets in suppression of mixed leukocyte reactions.", "content": "The phenotypic expression of I-region determinants on cells producing and responding to MLR suppressor factor (MLR-TsF) was established in these studies. Alloantigen-activated MLR suppressor T cells (MLR-Ts), which produce MLR-TsF bearing gene products of the I-C subregion, were exposed to anti-I subregion sera and complement (C) before in vitro culture for MLR-TsF production. Suppressor activity was prevented by removal of cells bearing I-C determinants, whereas elimination of cells expressing I-A/B determinants had no effect. Interestingly, cytotoxic elimination of cells displaying I-J determinants also prevented MLR-TsF production. Admixture of anti-I-J and I-C antiserum-treated cells for MLR-TsF production failed to reconstitute suppressor activity, indicating that I-C and I-J gene products are expressed on a single population of cells critical to MLR suppression, rather than on distinct interacting subpopulations. Anti-I-C serum activity specific for I-C+ MLR-Ts was removed by adsorption with nylon wool-nonadherent splenic T cells and concanavalin A-activated thymocytes; adsorption with splenic B cells from anti-Thy-1,2 serum and C-treated spleen failed to remove relevant anti-I-C activity. These data suggest that regulatory I-C molecules, like I-J molecules, are preferentially expressed on T lymphocytes. Expression of I-C, or other I-region molecules on responder cell targets of MLR-TsF activity was also investigated. Responder cells were pretreated with anti-I subregion-specific sera in blocking or complement-dependent cytotoxic protocols before addition to MLR with MLR-TsF. Neither blocking nor the cytotoxic removal of cells bearing I-C or other I-region determinants from MLR responder populations interfered with MLR-TsF suppression. Because it has previously been demonstrated that MLR-TsF interacts optimally with activated, I-C syngeneic target cells, blocking and cytotoxic studies with anti-I subregion sera were also performed with responder cells activated by 24 h culture in MLR in the absence of MLR-TsF. Brief MLR-TsF pulse after antiserum treatment generated marked suppression regardless of blocking or absence of cells bearing serologically detected I-region determinants. I-C restricted suppression may thus be mediated not by interaction with I-C-bearing cells, but by target cells which exist in requisite association with populations of I-C+ cells.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VIII. Differential expression of I-region determinants by suppressor cells and their targets in suppression of mixed leukocyte reactions. The phenotypic expression of I-region determinants on cells producing and responding to MLR suppressor factor (MLR-TsF) was established in these studies. Alloantigen-activated MLR suppressor T cells (MLR-Ts), which produce MLR-TsF bearing gene products of the I-C subregion, were exposed to anti-I subregion sera and complement (C) before in vitro culture for MLR-TsF production. Suppressor activity was prevented by removal of cells bearing I-C determinants, whereas elimination of cells expressing I-A/B determinants had no effect. Interestingly, cytotoxic elimination of cells displaying I-J determinants also prevented MLR-TsF production. Admixture of anti-I-J and I-C antiserum-treated cells for MLR-TsF production failed to reconstitute suppressor activity, indicating that I-C and I-J gene products are expressed on a single population of cells critical to MLR suppression, rather than on distinct interacting subpopulations. Anti-I-C serum activity specific for I-C+ MLR-Ts was removed by adsorption with nylon wool-nonadherent splenic T cells and concanavalin A-activated thymocytes; adsorption with splenic B cells from anti-Thy-1,2 serum and C-treated spleen failed to remove relevant anti-I-C activity. These data suggest that regulatory I-C molecules, like I-J molecules, are preferentially expressed on T lymphocytes. Expression of I-C, or other I-region molecules on responder cell targets of MLR-TsF activity was also investigated. Responder cells were pretreated with anti-I subregion-specific sera in blocking or complement-dependent cytotoxic protocols before addition to MLR with MLR-TsF. Neither blocking nor the cytotoxic removal of cells bearing I-C or other I-region determinants from MLR responder populations interfered with MLR-TsF suppression. Because it has previously been demonstrated that MLR-TsF interacts optimally with activated, I-C syngeneic target cells, blocking and cytotoxic studies with anti-I subregion sera were also performed with responder cells activated by 24 h culture in MLR in the absence of MLR-TsF. Brief MLR-TsF pulse after antiserum treatment generated marked suppression regardless of blocking or absence of cells bearing serologically detected I-region determinants. I-C restricted suppression may thus be mediated not by interaction with I-C-bearing cells, but by target cells which exist in requisite association with populations of I-C+ cells.", "PMID": 91654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12537", "title": "Viral specificity of H-2-restricted T killer cells directed against syngeneic tumors induced by Gross, Friend, or Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated against murine tumors induced by Gross, Friend, or Rauscher leukemia virus (LV) in syngeneic mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures. Analogous to the patterns of specificity observed with antibodies to LV-induced cell surface antigens, CTL could be classified into two major groups of specificity. Tumor cells induced by Friend, Moloney, or Rauscher virus and positive for the FMR antigen were killed by syngeneic CTL immune to any one of these three LV; the same CTL, however, were incapable of killing syngeneic tumor cells induced by Gross LV. The converse was true for Gross LV-specific CTL: these CTL were specific for syngeneic tumor cells expressing the Gross virus-associated cell-surface antigen (GCSA), and not the FMR antigen. The H-2 specificities of the two groups of LV-immune CTL were also compared, because in both cases, CTL were restricted in their killing activity to H-2-identical tumor target cells. When CTL from single strains of mice were generated against syngeneic FMR- or GCSA-positive tumor cells, differences were observed with respect both to the requirement for the expression of compatible H-2K or H-2D specificities, and to the intensity of the CTL response in congenic mice of the H-2b, H-2d, and H-2k haplotypes.", "contents": "Viral specificity of H-2-restricted T killer cells directed against syngeneic tumors induced by Gross, Friend, or Rauscher leukemia virus. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated against murine tumors induced by Gross, Friend, or Rauscher leukemia virus (LV) in syngeneic mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures. Analogous to the patterns of specificity observed with antibodies to LV-induced cell surface antigens, CTL could be classified into two major groups of specificity. Tumor cells induced by Friend, Moloney, or Rauscher virus and positive for the FMR antigen were killed by syngeneic CTL immune to any one of these three LV; the same CTL, however, were incapable of killing syngeneic tumor cells induced by Gross LV. The converse was true for Gross LV-specific CTL: these CTL were specific for syngeneic tumor cells expressing the Gross virus-associated cell-surface antigen (GCSA), and not the FMR antigen. The H-2 specificities of the two groups of LV-immune CTL were also compared, because in both cases, CTL were restricted in their killing activity to H-2-identical tumor target cells. When CTL from single strains of mice were generated against syngeneic FMR- or GCSA-positive tumor cells, differences were observed with respect both to the requirement for the expression of compatible H-2K or H-2D specificities, and to the intensity of the CTL response in congenic mice of the H-2b, H-2d, and H-2k haplotypes.", "PMID": 91655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12538", "title": "Antigen- and receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. I. Induction of suppressor T cells with anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) hapten can be readily induced in A/J mice injecting ABA-coupled syngeneic spleen cells subcutaneously. To further characterize this T-cell-dependent immunological phenomenon, the effect of passively administered anti-cross-reactive idiotype common to anti-ABA antibodies of A/J mice (CRI) antibodies on the development of ABA-specific DTH was investigated. Animals given daily injections (of minute amounts) of anti-CRI antibodies subsequent to immunization with ABA-coupled cells show significant reduction of ABA specific responses. This inhibition is antigen specific and requires the intact immunoglobulin molecule, as F(ab')2 treatments were ineffective in suppressing the reaction. Investigations of the mechanism of the anti-CRI-induced suppression of ABA DTH revealed that the observed suppression is a result of the activation of suppressor cells. Spleen cells taken from animals which received anti-CRI antibodies were able to adoptively transfer suppression to naive recipients. This suppression was shown to be mediated by T cells, as anti-Thy1.2 plus complement completely abrogated the transfer of suppression. In addition, animals pretreated with low doses of cyclophosphamide were not suppressed by the administration of anti-CRI antibodies. The genetic restriction of anti-CRI-induced suppression was demonstrated. Antibodies to the major cross-reactive idiotype, (CRI) associated with anti-ABA antibodies in A/J mice were unable to suppress the development of DTH to ABA in BALB/c mice (H-2d, Igh-1a). Such antibodies were, however, fully active in suppressing ABA DTH in the allotype-congenic C.AL-20 strain which has an allotype (Igh-1d) similar to that of A/J (Igh-1e) on a BALB/c background, and which produces humoral antibodies with the CRI.", "contents": "Antigen- and receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. I. Induction of suppressor T cells with anti-idiotypic antibodies. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) hapten can be readily induced in A/J mice injecting ABA-coupled syngeneic spleen cells subcutaneously. To further characterize this T-cell-dependent immunological phenomenon, the effect of passively administered anti-cross-reactive idiotype common to anti-ABA antibodies of A/J mice (CRI) antibodies on the development of ABA-specific DTH was investigated. Animals given daily injections (of minute amounts) of anti-CRI antibodies subsequent to immunization with ABA-coupled cells show significant reduction of ABA specific responses. This inhibition is antigen specific and requires the intact immunoglobulin molecule, as F(ab')2 treatments were ineffective in suppressing the reaction. Investigations of the mechanism of the anti-CRI-induced suppression of ABA DTH revealed that the observed suppression is a result of the activation of suppressor cells. Spleen cells taken from animals which received anti-CRI antibodies were able to adoptively transfer suppression to naive recipients. This suppression was shown to be mediated by T cells, as anti-Thy1.2 plus complement completely abrogated the transfer of suppression. In addition, animals pretreated with low doses of cyclophosphamide were not suppressed by the administration of anti-CRI antibodies. The genetic restriction of anti-CRI-induced suppression was demonstrated. Antibodies to the major cross-reactive idiotype, (CRI) associated with anti-ABA antibodies in A/J mice were unable to suppress the development of DTH to ABA in BALB/c mice (H-2d, Igh-1a). Such antibodies were, however, fully active in suppressing ABA DTH in the allotype-congenic C.AL-20 strain which has an allotype (Igh-1d) similar to that of A/J (Igh-1e) on a BALB/c background, and which produces humoral antibodies with the CRI.", "PMID": 91656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12539", "title": "Antigen- and receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. II. Induction of suppressor T cells with idiotype-coupled syngeneic spleen cells.", "content": "Anti-p-azobenzenearsonate (ABA) antibodies, coupled covalently to normal syngeneic spleen cells and then given intravenously to normal animals, were found to be potent tolerogens for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ABA. The ability of the antibody-coupled cells to induce tolerance was determined to be a result of the cross-reactive idiotype (CRI+) fraction of the antibodies, because anti-ABA antibodies lacking the CRI+ components when coupled to spleen cells were unable to cause any significant inhibition. Furthermore, genetic analysis revealed that the ability of CRI-coupled cells to inhibit ABA-specific DTH is linked to Igh-1 heavy chain allotype, in as much animals which possess heavy chain allotypes similar to that of A/J were sensitive to this inhibition. Adoptive transfer experiments provided evidence that CRI-coupled cells induce suppressor cells, and spleen cells or thymocytes from animals received CRI-coupled cells were able to transfer suppression to naive recipients. In addition, treatment with anti-Thy1.2 serum plus complement completely abrogated their ability to transfer suppression. Thus, this active suppression is a T-cell-dependent phenomenon. In investigating the specificity of these suppressor T cells, it was found that they functioned in an antigen-specific manner and were unable to suppress the development of DTH to an unrelated hapten 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene.", "contents": "Antigen- and receptor-driven regulatory mechanisms. II. Induction of suppressor T cells with idiotype-coupled syngeneic spleen cells. Anti-p-azobenzenearsonate (ABA) antibodies, coupled covalently to normal syngeneic spleen cells and then given intravenously to normal animals, were found to be potent tolerogens for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ABA. The ability of the antibody-coupled cells to induce tolerance was determined to be a result of the cross-reactive idiotype (CRI+) fraction of the antibodies, because anti-ABA antibodies lacking the CRI+ components when coupled to spleen cells were unable to cause any significant inhibition. Furthermore, genetic analysis revealed that the ability of CRI-coupled cells to inhibit ABA-specific DTH is linked to Igh-1 heavy chain allotype, in as much animals which possess heavy chain allotypes similar to that of A/J were sensitive to this inhibition. Adoptive transfer experiments provided evidence that CRI-coupled cells induce suppressor cells, and spleen cells or thymocytes from animals received CRI-coupled cells were able to transfer suppression to naive recipients. In addition, treatment with anti-Thy1.2 serum plus complement completely abrogated their ability to transfer suppression. Thus, this active suppression is a T-cell-dependent phenomenon. In investigating the specificity of these suppressor T cells, it was found that they functioned in an antigen-specific manner and were unable to suppress the development of DTH to an unrelated hapten 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene.", "PMID": 91657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12540", "title": "Antigenicity of the infected-erythrocyte and merozoite surfaces in Falciparum malaria.", "content": "The antigenicity of altered structures induced by Plasmodium falciparum in the membranes of infected Aotus monkey and human erythrocytes was examined. Antisera were obtained from monkeys made immune to malaria. Bound antibodies were shown to be localized on the knob protrusions of infected erythrocytes of both human and monkey origin and from both in vitro and in vivo infections. Therefore, P. falciparum infection has produced similar antigenic changes in the erythrocyte surfaces of both man and monkey. Uninfected erythrocytes and all knobless-infected erythrocytes bound no antibody from immune sera. Strains of P. falciparum from widely different geographic areas that were cultured in vitro in human erythrocytes induced structures (knobs) which have common antigenicity. Merozoites were agglutinated by cross-linking of their cell coats when incubated with immune sera. The binding of ferritin-labeled antibody was heavy on the coats of both homologous and heterologous strains of the parasite, indicating that the merozoite surfaces of these strains share common antigens.", "contents": "Antigenicity of the infected-erythrocyte and merozoite surfaces in Falciparum malaria. The antigenicity of altered structures induced by Plasmodium falciparum in the membranes of infected Aotus monkey and human erythrocytes was examined. Antisera were obtained from monkeys made immune to malaria. Bound antibodies were shown to be localized on the knob protrusions of infected erythrocytes of both human and monkey origin and from both in vitro and in vivo infections. Therefore, P. falciparum infection has produced similar antigenic changes in the erythrocyte surfaces of both man and monkey. Uninfected erythrocytes and all knobless-infected erythrocytes bound no antibody from immune sera. Strains of P. falciparum from widely different geographic areas that were cultured in vitro in human erythrocytes induced structures (knobs) which have common antigenicity. Merozoites were agglutinated by cross-linking of their cell coats when incubated with immune sera. The binding of ferritin-labeled antibody was heavy on the coats of both homologous and heterologous strains of the parasite, indicating that the merozoite surfaces of these strains share common antigens.", "PMID": 91658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12541", "title": "Presence of plasma cells binding autologous antibody during an immune response.", "content": "Spleen and other lymphoid tissues of rabbits immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) and human lactoferrin (LF) were examined for the presence of cells forming anti-idiotype antibodies. To detect these cells, IgG, F(ab')2, or Fab' of specific antibodies were isolated, fluorochrome-tagged with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, and used as an idiotypic marker to detect splenic plasma cells that are producing anti-idiotypic antibody. By this procedure, we were able to demonstrate anti-idiotypic cells in surprisingly high numbers. For example, in six rabbits immunized with HSA for periods ranging from 36 to 542 d, the percentage of Ig-positive cells that stained with autologous idiotype ranged from 0.7 to 44; furthermore, cross-reactivity was observed among seven different anti-HSA preparations and two anti-LF antisera. The isotype of anti-idiotypic cells, determined by costaining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat Fc-specific anti-rabbit Ig, was shown to be predominantly IgG. These findings provide evidence of the presence of plasma cells producing antibody to autologous idiotype during a vigorous immune response.", "contents": "Presence of plasma cells binding autologous antibody during an immune response. Spleen and other lymphoid tissues of rabbits immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) and human lactoferrin (LF) were examined for the presence of cells forming anti-idiotype antibodies. To detect these cells, IgG, F(ab')2, or Fab' of specific antibodies were isolated, fluorochrome-tagged with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, and used as an idiotypic marker to detect splenic plasma cells that are producing anti-idiotypic antibody. By this procedure, we were able to demonstrate anti-idiotypic cells in surprisingly high numbers. For example, in six rabbits immunized with HSA for periods ranging from 36 to 542 d, the percentage of Ig-positive cells that stained with autologous idiotype ranged from 0.7 to 44; furthermore, cross-reactivity was observed among seven different anti-HSA preparations and two anti-LF antisera. The isotype of anti-idiotypic cells, determined by costaining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat Fc-specific anti-rabbit Ig, was shown to be predominantly IgG. These findings provide evidence of the presence of plasma cells producing antibody to autologous idiotype during a vigorous immune response.", "PMID": 91659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12542", "title": "More than one antigen contributes to the immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the guinea pig chamber model.", "content": "Gonococci adapted to growth in guinea pig chambers [strain BS4 (agar)] were predominantly smooth organisms and produced a type-specific antigen. A vaccine prepared by treating these gonococci with formalin, protected guinea pig chambers against homologous challenge in contrast to a similarly treated laboratory strain (BSDH) which had been selected in vitro from the same parent strain and which did not produce the type-specific antigen. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) contained the type-specific antigen but attempts to immunize guinea pigs with complexes of rabbit antibody with this antigen excised from gels failed. However, good immunity could be produced by combining such complexes with formalin-killed rough gonococci (strain BS4R), lacking the type-specific antigen, which were found in some chambers of challenged guinea pigs that had been immunized with the complexes. Hence, at least two antigens -- one the type-specific antigen and the other(s) possessed by both BS4 (agar) and BS4R -- are needed for immunogenicity. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) and BS4R contained three antigens, distinct from the type-specific antigen, which might complement it in producing immunity. Similar antigens were present in surface washes of five fresh isolates from human urethral pus, but only a few organisms from these isolates possessed antigens similar to the type-specific antigen. The variability of gonococci in antigenicity, immunogenicity and probably virulence is discussed.", "contents": "More than one antigen contributes to the immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the guinea pig chamber model. Gonococci adapted to growth in guinea pig chambers [strain BS4 (agar)] were predominantly smooth organisms and produced a type-specific antigen. A vaccine prepared by treating these gonococci with formalin, protected guinea pig chambers against homologous challenge in contrast to a similarly treated laboratory strain (BSDH) which had been selected in vitro from the same parent strain and which did not produce the type-specific antigen. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) contained the type-specific antigen but attempts to immunize guinea pigs with complexes of rabbit antibody with this antigen excised from gels failed. However, good immunity could be produced by combining such complexes with formalin-killed rough gonococci (strain BS4R), lacking the type-specific antigen, which were found in some chambers of challenged guinea pigs that had been immunized with the complexes. Hence, at least two antigens -- one the type-specific antigen and the other(s) possessed by both BS4 (agar) and BS4R -- are needed for immunogenicity. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) and BS4R contained three antigens, distinct from the type-specific antigen, which might complement it in producing immunity. Similar antigens were present in surface washes of five fresh isolates from human urethral pus, but only a few organisms from these isolates possessed antigens similar to the type-specific antigen. The variability of gonococci in antigenicity, immunogenicity and probably virulence is discussed.", "PMID": 91661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12543", "title": "Further studies of the antigenic properties of H3N2 strains of influenza A isolated from swine in South East Asia.", "content": "H3N2 strains of influenza A isolated from swine in Hong Kong were compared with human strains of H3N2 influenza A variants in reciprocal HI tests using ferret sera. One isolate from swine was indistinguishable from A/Hong Kong/68, one set of viruses isolated in 1976 and 1977 was most related to A/Hong Kong/68 but was not identical to it, two isolates from 1976 were 'bridging strains' that cross-reacted equally with the contemporary variants A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Texas/1/77, similarly to a small number of recent human isolates, and two isolates from 1977 were similar to A/Victoria/3/75. These general relationships were supported by neuraminidase inhibition tests. The findings confirm and extend previous results indicating that swine may be a reservoir of old and novel variants of influenza A H3N2 strains related to those that infect man.", "contents": "Further studies of the antigenic properties of H3N2 strains of influenza A isolated from swine in South East Asia. H3N2 strains of influenza A isolated from swine in Hong Kong were compared with human strains of H3N2 influenza A variants in reciprocal HI tests using ferret sera. One isolate from swine was indistinguishable from A/Hong Kong/68, one set of viruses isolated in 1976 and 1977 was most related to A/Hong Kong/68 but was not identical to it, two isolates from 1976 were 'bridging strains' that cross-reacted equally with the contemporary variants A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Texas/1/77, similarly to a small number of recent human isolates, and two isolates from 1977 were similar to A/Victoria/3/75. These general relationships were supported by neuraminidase inhibition tests. The findings confirm and extend previous results indicating that swine may be a reservoir of old and novel variants of influenza A H3N2 strains related to those that infect man.", "PMID": 91663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12544", "title": "Malignant fibrous histocytoma producing spinal cord compression.", "content": "Three cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma presented as primary paraspinal tumours causing extradural spinal cord compression. Study of these cases suggests that pain relief is considerable after laminectomy but pain may recur with further tumour growth. Total removal is unrealistic and diagnosis, difficult. The prognosis in terms of continuing neurological deficit after surgery followed by local radiotherapy appears poor.", "contents": "Malignant fibrous histocytoma producing spinal cord compression. Three cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma presented as primary paraspinal tumours causing extradural spinal cord compression. Study of these cases suggests that pain relief is considerable after laminectomy but pain may recur with further tumour growth. Total removal is unrealistic and diagnosis, difficult. The prognosis in terms of continuing neurological deficit after surgery followed by local radiotherapy appears poor.", "PMID": 91666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12545", "title": "Adult type mucolipidosis with beta-galactosidase and sialidase deficiency. Histological and biochemical studies.", "content": "A case of adult type mucolipidosis with beta-galactosidase and sialidase deficiency is described. This patient, a woman aged 20, had mental retardation, macular cherry-red spots, corneal clouding, gargoyle-like face, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus and convulsions beginning at the age of 14. Bony deformities, vacuoles in the peripheral lymphocyte and foamy cells in the bone marrow were also noted. Biopsy study of the sural nerve and vermiform appendix disclosed many vacuoles in almost every kind of cells, although the accumulated substance in these vacuoles could not be characterized histochemically or ultrastructurally. Deficient leukocyte beta-galactosidase and sialidase were confirmed. There was increased urinary sialoglycopeptide and increased siliac acid and hexosamine in the glycoprotein of lymphocytes. Leukocytes sialidase activites of the parents were 30 to 50% of the control values. These results suggest a genetic defect of sialidase.", "contents": "Adult type mucolipidosis with beta-galactosidase and sialidase deficiency. Histological and biochemical studies. A case of adult type mucolipidosis with beta-galactosidase and sialidase deficiency is described. This patient, a woman aged 20, had mental retardation, macular cherry-red spots, corneal clouding, gargoyle-like face, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus and convulsions beginning at the age of 14. Bony deformities, vacuoles in the peripheral lymphocyte and foamy cells in the bone marrow were also noted. Biopsy study of the sural nerve and vermiform appendix disclosed many vacuoles in almost every kind of cells, although the accumulated substance in these vacuoles could not be characterized histochemically or ultrastructurally. Deficient leukocyte beta-galactosidase and sialidase were confirmed. There was increased urinary sialoglycopeptide and increased siliac acid and hexosamine in the glycoprotein of lymphocytes. Leukocytes sialidase activites of the parents were 30 to 50% of the control values. These results suggest a genetic defect of sialidase.", "PMID": 91667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12546", "title": "Influence of temperature on isometric contraction and passive muscular tension in paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg).", "content": "Four patients without symptoms of episodic hyperkalemic weakness from two families with paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg) are described. 1. Maximum voluntary muscle contraction of the upper and lower arm was studied under isometric conditions at different temperatures. If the temperature was lowered stepwise, distinct paresis occured at 32--31 degrees C which increased with the amount of muscular effort. The upper arm muscles, however, developed weakness gradually after cooling. 2. During cooling of the resting muscle, the EMG showed dense spontaneous activity of the fibrillary type, which decreased again at about 30 degrees C. It can be assumed that in paramyotonia congenita cooling produces muscle cell membrane depolarization which at a critical level causes the firing of action potentials and finally muscular paresis. 3. Increasing muscular stiffness can be interpreted as abnormally slow muscular relaxation after isometric contraction. In the forearm muscles the time to 3/4 relaxation after cooling was about six times normal, in the upper arm muscles only two times normal. As an additional parameter the mechanical resistance to passive stretching of a muscle has been studied. This passive muscular tension increased simultaneously with the onset of weakness. 4. The close relation between weakness and stiffness suggest that both symptoms are caused by the same basic defect which is probably located in the sarcolemma. It is suggested that a defect of the sodium channel causes a cooling-dependent increase in sodium conductance. Raised intracellular sodium causes in the first place membrane depolarization, and in the second place depression of calcium reuptake through competition by sodium for calcium binding sites. This would explain muscle stiffness and delayed relaxation as well.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on isometric contraction and passive muscular tension in paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg). Four patients without symptoms of episodic hyperkalemic weakness from two families with paramyotonia congenita (Eulenburg) are described. 1. Maximum voluntary muscle contraction of the upper and lower arm was studied under isometric conditions at different temperatures. If the temperature was lowered stepwise, distinct paresis occured at 32--31 degrees C which increased with the amount of muscular effort. The upper arm muscles, however, developed weakness gradually after cooling. 2. During cooling of the resting muscle, the EMG showed dense spontaneous activity of the fibrillary type, which decreased again at about 30 degrees C. It can be assumed that in paramyotonia congenita cooling produces muscle cell membrane depolarization which at a critical level causes the firing of action potentials and finally muscular paresis. 3. Increasing muscular stiffness can be interpreted as abnormally slow muscular relaxation after isometric contraction. In the forearm muscles the time to 3/4 relaxation after cooling was about six times normal, in the upper arm muscles only two times normal. As an additional parameter the mechanical resistance to passive stretching of a muscle has been studied. This passive muscular tension increased simultaneously with the onset of weakness. 4. The close relation between weakness and stiffness suggest that both symptoms are caused by the same basic defect which is probably located in the sarcolemma. It is suggested that a defect of the sodium channel causes a cooling-dependent increase in sodium conductance. Raised intracellular sodium causes in the first place membrane depolarization, and in the second place depression of calcium reuptake through competition by sodium for calcium binding sites. This would explain muscle stiffness and delayed relaxation as well.", "PMID": 91668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12547", "title": "Partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy Syndrome following probably herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "An autopsy case of probable herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) showed the partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome from 1 to 7 months after the onset, which consists of strong oral tendencies, emotional changes and possible hypersexuality. Several cases of the syndrome in definite or probable HSE were reviewed in this paper. In these cases including our case, the partial or complete Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome has appeared from some interval (2 weeks--1 month) after the acute phase, so that the syndrome should be noticed in survived or prolonged cases of HSE, as significant clinical symptoms suggesting bilateral involvement of the temporal lobes and limbic areas.", "contents": "Partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy Syndrome following probably herpes simplex encephalitis. An autopsy case of probable herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) showed the partial Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome from 1 to 7 months after the onset, which consists of strong oral tendencies, emotional changes and possible hypersexuality. Several cases of the syndrome in definite or probable HSE were reviewed in this paper. In these cases including our case, the partial or complete Kl\u00fcver-Bucy syndrome has appeared from some interval (2 weeks--1 month) after the acute phase, so that the syndrome should be noticed in survived or prolonged cases of HSE, as significant clinical symptoms suggesting bilateral involvement of the temporal lobes and limbic areas.", "PMID": 91669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12548", "title": "Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by benzophenanthridine alkaloids.", "content": "Benzophenanthridine alkaloids, fagaronine 4, O-methylfagaronine 5, nitidine 1, allonitidine 3 and methoxydihydronitidine 2 have been shown to posses inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. The enzyme inhibition (50%) by these alkaloids was found in the range of 6-60 microgram per milliliter of the reaction mixture when polynucleotide-oligodeoxynucleotide complexes were used as template primers. The results suggested that the benzophenanthridine alkaloids interacted with the template primers (particularly of the A:T base pairs) and not with the enzyme proteins. Kinetics reaction of the reverse transciptase inhibition showed that the alkaloids stopped the DNA polymerase synthesis instantly, probably by interacting with the template primer.", "contents": "Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids, fagaronine 4, O-methylfagaronine 5, nitidine 1, allonitidine 3 and methoxydihydronitidine 2 have been shown to posses inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. The enzyme inhibition (50%) by these alkaloids was found in the range of 6-60 microgram per milliliter of the reaction mixture when polynucleotide-oligodeoxynucleotide complexes were used as template primers. The results suggested that the benzophenanthridine alkaloids interacted with the template primers (particularly of the A:T base pairs) and not with the enzyme proteins. Kinetics reaction of the reverse transciptase inhibition showed that the alkaloids stopped the DNA polymerase synthesis instantly, probably by interacting with the template primer.", "PMID": 91665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12549", "title": "An unusual form of measles meningoencephalitis. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients are reported with a chronic progressive illness characterized by dementia, ataxia and spasticity. There were no myoclonic jerks and both had normal electroencephalograms (EEG). Pathological findings in three brain biopsies were those of viral meningoencephalitis with perivenous demyelination. Serological data in both patients indicated the presence of measles virus infection. Intracytoplasmic structures resembling measles virus nucleocapsids were found in the brain biopsy of one patient. Immunofluorescent staining showed antibody in the temporal lobe biopsy of both patients. It is suggested that these patients are examples of a chronic form of measles meningoencephalitis hitherto undescribed.", "contents": "An unusual form of measles meningoencephalitis. A report of two cases. Two patients are reported with a chronic progressive illness characterized by dementia, ataxia and spasticity. There were no myoclonic jerks and both had normal electroencephalograms (EEG). Pathological findings in three brain biopsies were those of viral meningoencephalitis with perivenous demyelination. Serological data in both patients indicated the presence of measles virus infection. Intracytoplasmic structures resembling measles virus nucleocapsids were found in the brain biopsy of one patient. Immunofluorescent staining showed antibody in the temporal lobe biopsy of both patients. It is suggested that these patients are examples of a chronic form of measles meningoencephalitis hitherto undescribed.", "PMID": 91670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12550", "title": "Chronic cluster headache: response to lithium treatment.", "content": "A clinical trial of lithium carbonate was undertaken in a group of 20 patients suffering from chronic cluster headache. Blood levels of lithium were determined at regular intervals to monitor the therapeutic dosage. Lithium was found to be an effective prophylactic agent for chronic cluster headache patients. The effectiveness of lithium was evident in less than a week after the beginning of treatment. It is not clear in what way lithium may act on cluster headache.", "contents": "Chronic cluster headache: response to lithium treatment. A clinical trial of lithium carbonate was undertaken in a group of 20 patients suffering from chronic cluster headache. Blood levels of lithium were determined at regular intervals to monitor the therapeutic dosage. Lithium was found to be an effective prophylactic agent for chronic cluster headache patients. The effectiveness of lithium was evident in less than a week after the beginning of treatment. It is not clear in what way lithium may act on cluster headache.", "PMID": 91671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12551", "title": "A case of glioblastoma with multiple centers above and below the tentorium.", "content": "A case of multicentric glioblastoma with the clinical and histopathological findings is presented in which three lesions are located above and below the tnetorium. Multicentric glioblastomas are those which have no macroscopic or microscopic connection.", "contents": "A case of glioblastoma with multiple centers above and below the tentorium. A case of multicentric glioblastoma with the clinical and histopathological findings is presented in which three lesions are located above and below the tnetorium. Multicentric glioblastomas are those which have no macroscopic or microscopic connection.", "PMID": 91672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12552", "title": "Mitochondrial abnormalities of late motor neuron degeneration following poliomyelitis and other neurogenic muscular atrophies.", "content": "A case of late motor neuron degeneration following poliomyelitis with abnormal mitochondria in muscle fibers is presented with two additional cases of systemic neurogenic muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease). Muscle biopsy revealed a neurogenic pattern of variable severity in all cases. Subsarcolemmal zones of hyperactivity and hyperpositive intermyofibrillar collections of granular material present in a variable proportion of type I fibers were demonstrated by oxidative enzymes. Ultrastructurally they corresponded to abnormal mitochondria, with paracrystalline inclusions in one case. The finding is discussed in the light of the previous literature on mitochondrial myopathies. Mitochondrial alterations are not specific and their significance in neurogenic conditions is debated.", "contents": "Mitochondrial abnormalities of late motor neuron degeneration following poliomyelitis and other neurogenic muscular atrophies. A case of late motor neuron degeneration following poliomyelitis with abnormal mitochondria in muscle fibers is presented with two additional cases of systemic neurogenic muscular atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease). Muscle biopsy revealed a neurogenic pattern of variable severity in all cases. Subsarcolemmal zones of hyperactivity and hyperpositive intermyofibrillar collections of granular material present in a variable proportion of type I fibers were demonstrated by oxidative enzymes. Ultrastructurally they corresponded to abnormal mitochondria, with paracrystalline inclusions in one case. The finding is discussed in the light of the previous literature on mitochondrial myopathies. Mitochondrial alterations are not specific and their significance in neurogenic conditions is debated.", "PMID": 91673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12553", "title": "Subarachnoide hemorrhage due to S. mansoni. A rare etiology.", "content": "A case of schistosomiasis is described in a native of Rio de Janeiro, where, apart from infection of the intestines, a meningitic granulomatous reaction was provoked around eggs. Intracerebral and subsequently subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred. The mode of infection is disucssed.", "contents": "Subarachnoide hemorrhage due to S. mansoni. A rare etiology. A case of schistosomiasis is described in a native of Rio de Janeiro, where, apart from infection of the intestines, a meningitic granulomatous reaction was provoked around eggs. Intracerebral and subsequently subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred. The mode of infection is disucssed.", "PMID": 91674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12554", "title": "Herniation of an intervertebral disc with cauda compression syndrome in childhood.", "content": "A case of a lumbosacral disc herniation of traumatic origin with compression of the cauda equina in a child is reported. The problems of early diagnosis, timely operative procedure, and prognosis of neurological deficit of operated disc herniation in childhood are discussed.", "contents": "Herniation of an intervertebral disc with cauda compression syndrome in childhood. A case of a lumbosacral disc herniation of traumatic origin with compression of the cauda equina in a child is reported. The problems of early diagnosis, timely operative procedure, and prognosis of neurological deficit of operated disc herniation in childhood are discussed.", "PMID": 91675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12555", "title": "Discovery of an epidermoid of the skull concomitant with a homolateral subacute traumatic subdural hematoma.", "content": "The case of man of 32 years with an epidermoid of the left side of the skull is reported. The tumor itself was asymptomatic and was discovered accidentally because of a subdural hematoma on the same side. After a closed head injury, this patient had symptoms of an intracranial space occupying lesion (hematoma) on the left after a symptom-free interval. The left carotid angiogram demonstrated the characteristic picture of a subdural hematoma in the left parieto-temporo-occipital region. At the same time, characteristic changes in the skull on the same side, which were more apparent after removal of the hematoma, suggested an epidermal tumour of the skull. This was verified at operation.", "contents": "Discovery of an epidermoid of the skull concomitant with a homolateral subacute traumatic subdural hematoma. The case of man of 32 years with an epidermoid of the left side of the skull is reported. The tumor itself was asymptomatic and was discovered accidentally because of a subdural hematoma on the same side. After a closed head injury, this patient had symptoms of an intracranial space occupying lesion (hematoma) on the left after a symptom-free interval. The left carotid angiogram demonstrated the characteristic picture of a subdural hematoma in the left parieto-temporo-occipital region. At the same time, characteristic changes in the skull on the same side, which were more apparent after removal of the hematoma, suggested an epidermal tumour of the skull. This was verified at operation.", "PMID": 91676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12556", "title": "Sensitivity of the short-range spinal interneurons of the cat to experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "The technique of retrograde axoplasmic transport was used to demonstrate the effect of experimental spinal cord injury on the spinal interneurons in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic segments of cats. Force of varied intensity was applied to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the next caudal segment. A large impact (250 to 350 gm-cm) inducing permanent paraplegia of the hind legs blocked the axoplasmic transport instantaneously in both cranial and caudal directions. If 1 week elapsed between the trauma and injection, neurons cranial to the trauma did not show any evidence for retrograde axoplasmic transport, while few neurons in the caudal direction were labeled with HRP. A moderate impact (150 gm-cm) which rendered the animals only transiently paraplegic spared the axoplasmic transport in some neurons both cranially and caudally to the injection. No obvious recovery or additional loss in the number of HRP-labeled neurons could be found in the cats if the injections followed the trauma by 1 week. The loss of spinal cord neurons following the injury seems to be the immediate mechanical consequence of the trauma.", "contents": "Sensitivity of the short-range spinal interneurons of the cat to experimental spinal cord trauma. The technique of retrograde axoplasmic transport was used to demonstrate the effect of experimental spinal cord injury on the spinal interneurons in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic segments of cats. Force of varied intensity was applied to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the next caudal segment. A large impact (250 to 350 gm-cm) inducing permanent paraplegia of the hind legs blocked the axoplasmic transport instantaneously in both cranial and caudal directions. If 1 week elapsed between the trauma and injection, neurons cranial to the trauma did not show any evidence for retrograde axoplasmic transport, while few neurons in the caudal direction were labeled with HRP. A moderate impact (150 gm-cm) which rendered the animals only transiently paraplegic spared the axoplasmic transport in some neurons both cranially and caudally to the injection. No obvious recovery or additional loss in the number of HRP-labeled neurons could be found in the cats if the injections followed the trauma by 1 week. The loss of spinal cord neurons following the injury seems to be the immediate mechanical consequence of the trauma.", "PMID": 91677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12557", "title": "Development of annular gap junctions in guinea pig epithelia.", "content": "Epithelia from skin, palate, buccal mucosa and dorsal tongue were studied in normal and zinc deficient guinea pigs by transmission electron microscopy. Gap junctions (nexuses) were observed primarily in the basal and prickle cell layers. They were also seen to form bulging and looping configurations which appeared to pinch off into the cytoplasm forming what are recognized as annular gap junctions. These may be attached to the surface or represent separate, intracytoplasmic, nexus-bound inclusions. Their contents varied, but most often they contained glycogen and ribosomal-like particles. Various cell organelles were also seen entrapped, most common of which were membrane coating granules. The development of these annular gap junctions is a prominent feature of many epithelia. It has been suggested that they probably serve to maintain a synchronized differentiation throughout the various epithelial layers.", "contents": "Development of annular gap junctions in guinea pig epithelia. Epithelia from skin, palate, buccal mucosa and dorsal tongue were studied in normal and zinc deficient guinea pigs by transmission electron microscopy. Gap junctions (nexuses) were observed primarily in the basal and prickle cell layers. They were also seen to form bulging and looping configurations which appeared to pinch off into the cytoplasm forming what are recognized as annular gap junctions. These may be attached to the surface or represent separate, intracytoplasmic, nexus-bound inclusions. Their contents varied, but most often they contained glycogen and ribosomal-like particles. Various cell organelles were also seen entrapped, most common of which were membrane coating granules. The development of these annular gap junctions is a prominent feature of many epithelia. It has been suggested that they probably serve to maintain a synchronized differentiation throughout the various epithelial layers.", "PMID": 91678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12558", "title": "Effect of ricinoleic acid and other laxatives on net water flux and prostaglandin E release by the rat colon.", "content": "Ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, deoxycholic acid, sennoside A + B and mannitol reduced or reversed water flux from lumen to blood in rat colon in situ. Stearinic acid was without any effect. Ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, deoxycholic acid and sennoside A + B stimulated release of PGE-like material into the colonic lumen whereas the osmotic laxative mannitol and stearinic acid did not. Inhibition of PGE biosynthesis by pretreatment of the rats with indomethacin significantly reduced (but did not abolish) the effect of ricinoleic, oleic and deoxycholic acids on net water flux and PGE release. Indomethacin reduced the effect of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate and of sennoside A + B on PGE release but not their effect on the net water flux. The effect of mannitol was not influenced by indomethacin. The amount of PGE release in experiments with ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, stearinic acid and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (with and without indomethacin) showed a good correlation (r = 0.99) with the change in net water flux. Deoxycholic acid, sennoside A + B and mannitol did not show this correlation. It is assumed that the action of non-osmotic laxatives is partially mediated by PGE, although other mechanisms also seem to be involved in their mode of action.", "contents": "Effect of ricinoleic acid and other laxatives on net water flux and prostaglandin E release by the rat colon. Ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, deoxycholic acid, sennoside A + B and mannitol reduced or reversed water flux from lumen to blood in rat colon in situ. Stearinic acid was without any effect. Ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, deoxycholic acid and sennoside A + B stimulated release of PGE-like material into the colonic lumen whereas the osmotic laxative mannitol and stearinic acid did not. Inhibition of PGE biosynthesis by pretreatment of the rats with indomethacin significantly reduced (but did not abolish) the effect of ricinoleic, oleic and deoxycholic acids on net water flux and PGE release. Indomethacin reduced the effect of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate and of sennoside A + B on PGE release but not their effect on the net water flux. The effect of mannitol was not influenced by indomethacin. The amount of PGE release in experiments with ricinoleic acid, oleic acid, stearinic acid and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (with and without indomethacin) showed a good correlation (r = 0.99) with the change in net water flux. Deoxycholic acid, sennoside A + B and mannitol did not show this correlation. It is assumed that the action of non-osmotic laxatives is partially mediated by PGE, although other mechanisms also seem to be involved in their mode of action.", "PMID": 91681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12559", "title": "Ion-pair liquid chromatographic assay of decongestants and antihistamines.", "content": "The quantitative determinations of combinations of antihistamine and decongestant drugs including phenylephrine, dl-ephedrine, psi-ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, pyrilamine, pheniramine, l-ephedrine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, and antazoline contained in solid and liquid dosage forms are described. All active ingredients except the ephedrine optical isomers were separated from other ingredients with ion-paired high-pressure liquid chromatography. Manipulation of the mobile phase either by changing the hydroalcoholic ratio or by changing the alkyl chain length of the counterion (sulfonic acid) for achieving optimum separations is discussed. The method is simple, short, accurate, and precise.", "contents": "Ion-pair liquid chromatographic assay of decongestants and antihistamines. The quantitative determinations of combinations of antihistamine and decongestant drugs including phenylephrine, dl-ephedrine, psi-ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, pyrilamine, pheniramine, l-ephedrine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, and antazoline contained in solid and liquid dosage forms are described. All active ingredients except the ephedrine optical isomers were separated from other ingredients with ion-paired high-pressure liquid chromatography. Manipulation of the mobile phase either by changing the hydroalcoholic ratio or by changing the alkyl chain length of the counterion (sulfonic acid) for achieving optimum separations is discussed. The method is simple, short, accurate, and precise.", "PMID": 91682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12560", "title": "Two avian sarcoma virus mutants with defects in the DNA polymerase-RNase H complex.", "content": "Two mutants of avian sarcoma virus which exhibit different phenotypes have been analyzed for the properties of their RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H activities. LA 338 is a complex multiple mutant with at least one lesioneach in transformation and replication functions. The purified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase-RNase H complex from the mutant is twofold more thermolabile than that from the wild-type parent. A peculiarity of this mutant is that the ability of the enzyme to respond to synthetic template-primers is lost more rapidly than is the response to native RNA as template. The mutant enzyme cannot be protected from inactivation by the addition of synthetic template-primers. LA 672 represents a different phenotype among reverse transciptase mutant, showing a \"late\"-acting block in replication which affects only production of progeny by infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature. The purified DNA polymerase-RNase H complex of LA 672 is not thermolabile; rather, progeny grown at the nonpermissive temperature yield purified enzyme with a 20-fold-reduced specific activity in both DNA polymerase and RNase H. The content of reverse transcriptase protein in such noninfectious progeny, furthermore, did not appear to be significantly diminished since immunologically active enzyme could be demonstrated in a competition test for anti-reverse transcriptase antibody and since beta and alpha subunits of reverse transcriptase could be identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified enzyme preparations. The amounts of beta and alpha from the mutant were about twofold lower.", "contents": "Two avian sarcoma virus mutants with defects in the DNA polymerase-RNase H complex. Two mutants of avian sarcoma virus which exhibit different phenotypes have been analyzed for the properties of their RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H activities. LA 338 is a complex multiple mutant with at least one lesioneach in transformation and replication functions. The purified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase-RNase H complex from the mutant is twofold more thermolabile than that from the wild-type parent. A peculiarity of this mutant is that the ability of the enzyme to respond to synthetic template-primers is lost more rapidly than is the response to native RNA as template. The mutant enzyme cannot be protected from inactivation by the addition of synthetic template-primers. LA 672 represents a different phenotype among reverse transciptase mutant, showing a \"late\"-acting block in replication which affects only production of progeny by infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature. The purified DNA polymerase-RNase H complex of LA 672 is not thermolabile; rather, progeny grown at the nonpermissive temperature yield purified enzyme with a 20-fold-reduced specific activity in both DNA polymerase and RNase H. The content of reverse transcriptase protein in such noninfectious progeny, furthermore, did not appear to be significantly diminished since immunologically active enzyme could be demonstrated in a competition test for anti-reverse transcriptase antibody and since beta and alpha subunits of reverse transcriptase could be identified after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified enzyme preparations. The amounts of beta and alpha from the mutant were about twofold lower.", "PMID": 91685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12561", "title": "Deletion mutant of the Bratislava-77 strain of Rous sarcoma virus containing a fusion of the group-specific antigen and envelope genes.", "content": "The genetic compositions of two independently derived preparations of the Bratislava-77 strain (B77) of Rous sarcoma virus were analyzed after each was passaged seven or more times in duck embryo fibroblasts. RNase, T1-resistant oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of virion RNA from both preparations of duck-passaged B77 revealed the presence of two large noncontiguous deletions. Approximately 75% of the RNAs contained a deletion which spans oligonucleotides 304 to 4 on the viral genome (about 3,500 nucleotides) and encompasses all of the B77 polymerase gene. More than 90% of the RNAs also contained a deletion which spans src-specific oligonucleotides 6 and 5(about 2,200 nucleotides) and is identical to the deletion observed in transformation-defective B77. Virion RNA from duck-passaged B77 also contained two oligonucleotides (D1 and D2) not observed in the RNA of B77 virus grown on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Analysis of the virion RNA of duck-passaged B77 by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis revealed four major subunits with molecular weights of 3.40 x 10(6), 2.65 x 10(6), 2.25 x 10(6), and 1.55 x 10(6). Whereas the 3.40- and 2.65-megadalton (Mdal) RNA species comigrated with the nondefective and transformation-defective RNAs of B77 propagated on chicken embryo fibroblasts, no counterparts to the 2.25- and 1.55-Mdal RNAs were observed in the RNA of B77 grown on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of these RNA species revealed that the 2.65-Mdal RNA contains the src-specific deletion and that 2.25-Mdal RNA contains the polymerase region deletion; both of these deletions were observed in the 1.55-Mdal RNA, which was the major RNA subunit species detected in duck-passaged B77. The new oligonucleotides (D1 and D2) observed in the duck-passaged virus were present in the 2.25- and 1.55-Mdal RNA species in vitro and in vivo and directs the synthesis of a 130,000-dalton protein (p130). p130 contains antigenic determinants specific for p27 (gag gene) and gp85 (env gene) but does not contain sequences which cross-react with antisera directed against the alpha beta form of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol gene). This RNA, therefore, is generated by a fusion of the gag and env genes of Rous sarcoma virus B77.", "contents": "Deletion mutant of the Bratislava-77 strain of Rous sarcoma virus containing a fusion of the group-specific antigen and envelope genes. The genetic compositions of two independently derived preparations of the Bratislava-77 strain (B77) of Rous sarcoma virus were analyzed after each was passaged seven or more times in duck embryo fibroblasts. RNase, T1-resistant oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of virion RNA from both preparations of duck-passaged B77 revealed the presence of two large noncontiguous deletions. Approximately 75% of the RNAs contained a deletion which spans oligonucleotides 304 to 4 on the viral genome (about 3,500 nucleotides) and encompasses all of the B77 polymerase gene. More than 90% of the RNAs also contained a deletion which spans src-specific oligonucleotides 6 and 5(about 2,200 nucleotides) and is identical to the deletion observed in transformation-defective B77. Virion RNA from duck-passaged B77 also contained two oligonucleotides (D1 and D2) not observed in the RNA of B77 virus grown on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Analysis of the virion RNA of duck-passaged B77 by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis revealed four major subunits with molecular weights of 3.40 x 10(6), 2.65 x 10(6), 2.25 x 10(6), and 1.55 x 10(6). Whereas the 3.40- and 2.65-megadalton (Mdal) RNA species comigrated with the nondefective and transformation-defective RNAs of B77 propagated on chicken embryo fibroblasts, no counterparts to the 2.25- and 1.55-Mdal RNAs were observed in the RNA of B77 grown on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of these RNA species revealed that the 2.65-Mdal RNA contains the src-specific deletion and that 2.25-Mdal RNA contains the polymerase region deletion; both of these deletions were observed in the 1.55-Mdal RNA, which was the major RNA subunit species detected in duck-passaged B77. The new oligonucleotides (D1 and D2) observed in the duck-passaged virus were present in the 2.25- and 1.55-Mdal RNA species in vitro and in vivo and directs the synthesis of a 130,000-dalton protein (p130). p130 contains antigenic determinants specific for p27 (gag gene) and gp85 (env gene) but does not contain sequences which cross-react with antisera directed against the alpha beta form of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol gene). This RNA, therefore, is generated by a fusion of the gag and env genes of Rous sarcoma virus B77.", "PMID": 91686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12562", "title": "Production of monoclonal antibodies against nucleocapsid proteins of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.", "content": "We prepared mouse hybrid cell lines which produced antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids. Cell lines 1D4 and 3E1, respectively, secreted immunoglobulin G1 herpes simplex virus type 1 and immunoglobulin G1 herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies which immunoprecipitated proteins designated p40 and p45 from homologous nucleocapsid preparations but precipitated no proteins from heterologous preparations. In contrast, guinea pig antisera prepared against either herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 p40 precipitated p40 and p45 from both homologous and heterologous preparations. These findings suggest that p40 and p45 possess similar antigenic determinants and that the monoclonal antibodies that were tested reacted preferentially with the homologous determinants.", "contents": "Production of monoclonal antibodies against nucleocapsid proteins of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. We prepared mouse hybrid cell lines which produced antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids. Cell lines 1D4 and 3E1, respectively, secreted immunoglobulin G1 herpes simplex virus type 1 and immunoglobulin G1 herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies which immunoprecipitated proteins designated p40 and p45 from homologous nucleocapsid preparations but precipitated no proteins from heterologous preparations. In contrast, guinea pig antisera prepared against either herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 p40 precipitated p40 and p45 from both homologous and heterologous preparations. These findings suggest that p40 and p45 possess similar antigenic determinants and that the monoclonal antibodies that were tested reacted preferentially with the homologous determinants.", "PMID": 91687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12563", "title": "The ultrastructural changes of prostate adenocarcinoma following external beam radiation therapy.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were done to determine the effects of radiation therapy on prostatic adenocarcinoma. Twenty patients were included in the study: 6 with benign hyperplasia, 4 with untreated adenocarcinoma and 10 with adenocarcinoma who had received radiation therapy. Benign and malignant ultrastructural characteristics were established. On the basis of these characteristics 6 of the 10 radiated prostates were believed to have tumor cells present after therapy. Of the remaining 4 patients 3 had ultrastructural changes suggesting radiation effects and a possibly altered malignant potential.", "contents": "The ultrastructural changes of prostate adenocarcinoma following external beam radiation therapy. Ultrastructural studies were done to determine the effects of radiation therapy on prostatic adenocarcinoma. Twenty patients were included in the study: 6 with benign hyperplasia, 4 with untreated adenocarcinoma and 10 with adenocarcinoma who had received radiation therapy. Benign and malignant ultrastructural characteristics were established. On the basis of these characteristics 6 of the 10 radiated prostates were believed to have tumor cells present after therapy. Of the remaining 4 patients 3 had ultrastructural changes suggesting radiation effects and a possibly altered malignant potential.", "PMID": 91689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12564", "title": "Human lung tumor-associated antigens of 32,000 daltons molecular weight.", "content": "Lung tumor-associated antigens of approximately 32,000 daltons were recognized by the use of sensitive radioimmunoassays and rabbit antisera, one raised against an extract of pooled human malignant lung tissues and another raised against a cell line derived from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. These antigens differ from antigens described previously, including carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The antigens were detected on 13 of 13 lung tumors (of all histologic types), fetal tissue, normal brain, 2 of 8 colon tumors, 2 of 9 prostate tumors, and 2 of 3 breast tumors, as well as on cell lines derived from lung tumors, neuroblastoma, human amnion, colon adenocarcinoma, and bladder tumors. They were not detectable on normal lung, liver, kidney, colon, or prostate tissues or on cell lines derived from osteosarcoma, fetal lung fibroblasts, transitional cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Lung tumors of different histologic types were concluded to express common, tumor-associated oncofetal antigens that are found less often on tumors of other organs.", "contents": "Human lung tumor-associated antigens of 32,000 daltons molecular weight. Lung tumor-associated antigens of approximately 32,000 daltons were recognized by the use of sensitive radioimmunoassays and rabbit antisera, one raised against an extract of pooled human malignant lung tissues and another raised against a cell line derived from a human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. These antigens differ from antigens described previously, including carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The antigens were detected on 13 of 13 lung tumors (of all histologic types), fetal tissue, normal brain, 2 of 8 colon tumors, 2 of 9 prostate tumors, and 2 of 3 breast tumors, as well as on cell lines derived from lung tumors, neuroblastoma, human amnion, colon adenocarcinoma, and bladder tumors. They were not detectable on normal lung, liver, kidney, colon, or prostate tissues or on cell lines derived from osteosarcoma, fetal lung fibroblasts, transitional cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Lung tumors of different histologic types were concluded to express common, tumor-associated oncofetal antigens that are found less often on tumors of other organs.", "PMID": 91695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12565", "title": "Evaluation of a \"nude\" mouse-human tumor panel as a predictive secondary screen for cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Nine established human melanoma tissue-cultured cell lines heterotransplanted in C57BL/6 \"nude\" mice were exposed to each of 4 chemotherapeutic agents of known clinical activity against human melanoma. Two of the therapeutic agents, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazino) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), are known to be active against human melanoma; the other two, adriamycin and 5-azacytidine, are known to be inactive. Sterile saline served as a control agent. In 2 cell line heterotransplants, the control tumor spontaneously regressed. Of the 7 cell lines that remained for evaluation, 4 were sensitive to DTIC, 1 was sensitive to BCNU, and none was sensitive to adriamycin or 5-azacytidine. These data indicate that the nude mouse-human tumor model may be a predictive secondary screen for cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Evaluation of a \"nude\" mouse-human tumor panel as a predictive secondary screen for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Nine established human melanoma tissue-cultured cell lines heterotransplanted in C57BL/6 \"nude\" mice were exposed to each of 4 chemotherapeutic agents of known clinical activity against human melanoma. Two of the therapeutic agents, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazino) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), are known to be active against human melanoma; the other two, adriamycin and 5-azacytidine, are known to be inactive. Sterile saline served as a control agent. In 2 cell line heterotransplants, the control tumor spontaneously regressed. Of the 7 cell lines that remained for evaluation, 4 were sensitive to DTIC, 1 was sensitive to BCNU, and none was sensitive to adriamycin or 5-azacytidine. These data indicate that the nude mouse-human tumor model may be a predictive secondary screen for cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 91697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12566", "title": "[Clinical study of the antiarrhythmic action of Mexityl in ventricular disorders of the cardiac rhythm].", "content": "The anti-arrhythmic activity of mexitil was studied in 36 patients with frequent, prognostically unfavourable ventricular extrasystoles of various etiology. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of rhythm disorders was accomplished by bicycle ergometry and ECG recording for 24 hours by means of portable monitors. The disorders of rhythm were appraised prior to treatment, during mexitil medication in daily doses of 750--1200 mg/24 hrs administered for 3--5 days, and against the background of placebo. The effect of a single 250 to 600 mg dose of mexitil was appraised by monitoring the ECG for three and a half hours. The concentration of mexitil in blood plasma and saliva was tested by gas-fluid chromatography. A positive effect of mexitil treatment manifested in complete correction of ventricular extrasystoles or the reduction of their number by more than half and complete elimination of group extrasystoles and paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia was produced in 66 per cent of patients according to the daily ECG monitoring finds and in 76 per cent of patients according to the results of bicycle ergometry. The antiarrhythmic effect developed 62 minutes, on the average, after oral administration of a single 250--600 mg dose of mexitil and lasted 5--8 hours and more. The therapeutic concentration of mexitil ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 micrograms/ml in blood plasma and from 10.3 to 15.8 micrograms/ml in saliva. In 36 per cent of patients side effects (mainly muscular tremor, lassitude and headache) were noted. It is concluded that mexitil possesses high anti-arrhythmic activity in ventricular extrasystole. To avoid side effects it is recommended to begin treatment in a dose of 250 mg given three times daily, and if necessary gradually increase the single dose to 400 mg and the daily dose to 1200 mg.", "contents": "[Clinical study of the antiarrhythmic action of Mexityl in ventricular disorders of the cardiac rhythm]. The anti-arrhythmic activity of mexitil was studied in 36 patients with frequent, prognostically unfavourable ventricular extrasystoles of various etiology. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of rhythm disorders was accomplished by bicycle ergometry and ECG recording for 24 hours by means of portable monitors. The disorders of rhythm were appraised prior to treatment, during mexitil medication in daily doses of 750--1200 mg/24 hrs administered for 3--5 days, and against the background of placebo. The effect of a single 250 to 600 mg dose of mexitil was appraised by monitoring the ECG for three and a half hours. The concentration of mexitil in blood plasma and saliva was tested by gas-fluid chromatography. A positive effect of mexitil treatment manifested in complete correction of ventricular extrasystoles or the reduction of their number by more than half and complete elimination of group extrasystoles and paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia was produced in 66 per cent of patients according to the daily ECG monitoring finds and in 76 per cent of patients according to the results of bicycle ergometry. The antiarrhythmic effect developed 62 minutes, on the average, after oral administration of a single 250--600 mg dose of mexitil and lasted 5--8 hours and more. The therapeutic concentration of mexitil ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 micrograms/ml in blood plasma and from 10.3 to 15.8 micrograms/ml in saliva. In 36 per cent of patients side effects (mainly muscular tremor, lassitude and headache) were noted. It is concluded that mexitil possesses high anti-arrhythmic activity in ventricular extrasystole. To avoid side effects it is recommended to begin treatment in a dose of 250 mg given three times daily, and if necessary gradually increase the single dose to 400 mg and the daily dose to 1200 mg.", "PMID": 91699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12567", "title": "[Current status in the treatment of breast cancer. II. Adjuvant chemotherapy, palliative polychemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy--rating and results (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no well defined group of patients with primary breast cancer which benefits from combination chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment, since, at present, the effect of this therapy in respect to the duration of disease-free interval, survival, and possible long-term side effects remain unknown. Therefore, controlled studies need to be initiated. Similarly, there seems to be no beneficial effect from unspecific immunotherapy. As far as combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer is concerned, we review on four different protocols which proved to be quite successful in our hands: adriamycine/cyclophosphamide (AC), cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF), CMF/vincristine/prednisone (CMFVP), and adriamycine/vincristine plus CMF plus Tamoxifen.", "contents": "[Current status in the treatment of breast cancer. II. Adjuvant chemotherapy, palliative polychemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy--rating and results (author's transl)]. There is no well defined group of patients with primary breast cancer which benefits from combination chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment, since, at present, the effect of this therapy in respect to the duration of disease-free interval, survival, and possible long-term side effects remain unknown. Therefore, controlled studies need to be initiated. Similarly, there seems to be no beneficial effect from unspecific immunotherapy. As far as combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer is concerned, we review on four different protocols which proved to be quite successful in our hands: adriamycine/cyclophosphamide (AC), cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF), CMF/vincristine/prednisone (CMFVP), and adriamycine/vincristine plus CMF plus Tamoxifen.", "PMID": 91700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12568", "title": "Controlled trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine in burns.", "content": "A polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has been tested in controlled clinical trials at two burns units, in Birmingham and New Delhi, in children and adults with burns more than 15% full skin thickness. None of the vaccinated patients in either trial showed blood cultures containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vaccinees showed raised titres of protective antibody and increased phagocytic activity against Ps. aeruginosa. In the New Delhi unit, where death from Ps. aeruginosa infection is common, the mortality in adults was reduced from 40.6% (13/32) in the unvaccinated group to 6.6% (2/30) in the vaccinated group, and in children from 20.8% (5/24) in the unvaccinated group to 4.8% (1/21) in the vaccinated group.", "contents": "Controlled trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine in burns. A polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine has been tested in controlled clinical trials at two burns units, in Birmingham and New Delhi, in children and adults with burns more than 15% full skin thickness. None of the vaccinated patients in either trial showed blood cultures containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vaccinees showed raised titres of protective antibody and increased phagocytic activity against Ps. aeruginosa. In the New Delhi unit, where death from Ps. aeruginosa infection is common, the mortality in adults was reduced from 40.6% (13/32) in the unvaccinated group to 6.6% (2/30) in the vaccinated group, and in children from 20.8% (5/24) in the unvaccinated group to 4.8% (1/21) in the vaccinated group.", "PMID": 91774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12569", "title": "Early determination of androgen-responsiveness is important in the management of microphallus.", "content": "Of fourteen boys with microphallus who were studied consecutively, nine had hypopituitarism that might otherwise have not been recognised. All fourteen were treated with low-dose, intramuscular testosterone enanthate administered in one or two 3-month courses. In each case, penile size was increased into the normal range without evoking either a significant increase in height velocity or an advancement of skeletal maturation. Before considering surgical sex reversal in infants and young children with microphallus, it is essential to assess whether treatment with intramuscular testosterone will induce clinically significant growth of the microphallus.", "contents": "Early determination of androgen-responsiveness is important in the management of microphallus. Of fourteen boys with microphallus who were studied consecutively, nine had hypopituitarism that might otherwise have not been recognised. All fourteen were treated with low-dose, intramuscular testosterone enanthate administered in one or two 3-month courses. In each case, penile size was increased into the normal range without evoking either a significant increase in height velocity or an advancement of skeletal maturation. Before considering surgical sex reversal in infants and young children with microphallus, it is essential to assess whether treatment with intramuscular testosterone will induce clinically significant growth of the microphallus.", "PMID": 91775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12570", "title": "Incidence and significance of antibodies to delta antigen in hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "A microtitre solid-phase blocking radioimmunoassay (RIA) for antibody to the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated delta antigen was specific and detected anti-delta antibody at dilutions of serum of up to 10(6). Analysis of sera from HBsAg-negative subjects and different categories of HBsAg carriers from different regions confirmed the association of anti-delta antibody with HBV infection. Anti-delta antibody was detected in persistently high titres in 19.1% and 2.6% of sera from patients with chronic hepatitis and symptomatic chronic carriers, respectively, and was not detected in the sera of HBsAg-negative controls. Anti-delta antibody appeared transiently and in low titres (less than 1:500) in 4.8% of sera from patients with acute type B hepatitis. The presence and persistence of anti-delta antibody seem to be associated with chronic HBV infection and the development of progressive liver damage.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of antibodies to delta antigen in hepatitis B virus infection. A microtitre solid-phase blocking radioimmunoassay (RIA) for antibody to the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated delta antigen was specific and detected anti-delta antibody at dilutions of serum of up to 10(6). Analysis of sera from HBsAg-negative subjects and different categories of HBsAg carriers from different regions confirmed the association of anti-delta antibody with HBV infection. Anti-delta antibody was detected in persistently high titres in 19.1% and 2.6% of sera from patients with chronic hepatitis and symptomatic chronic carriers, respectively, and was not detected in the sera of HBsAg-negative controls. Anti-delta antibody appeared transiently and in low titres (less than 1:500) in 4.8% of sera from patients with acute type B hepatitis. The presence and persistence of anti-delta antibody seem to be associated with chronic HBV infection and the development of progressive liver damage.", "PMID": 91776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12571", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Farber's disease.", "content": "Two pregnancies at risk for Farber's disease were monitored with amiocentesis at 15 and 16 weeks' gestation. In the first pregnancy tested, cultured amniotic-cell ceramidase activity was 7.8% of the control mean and an affected fetus was predicted. The pregnancy was terminated at 22 weeks' gestation and the diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of considerably elevated renal and hepatic ceramide concentrations and severe reduction of ceramidase activity in fetal brain and cultured fibroblasts. In the second pregnancy tested, cultured amniotic-cell ceramidase activity was within the control range, and the prediction of an unaffected fetus was confirmed in the newborn.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Farber's disease. Two pregnancies at risk for Farber's disease were monitored with amiocentesis at 15 and 16 weeks' gestation. In the first pregnancy tested, cultured amniotic-cell ceramidase activity was 7.8% of the control mean and an affected fetus was predicted. The pregnancy was terminated at 22 weeks' gestation and the diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of considerably elevated renal and hepatic ceramide concentrations and severe reduction of ceramidase activity in fetal brain and cultured fibroblasts. In the second pregnancy tested, cultured amniotic-cell ceramidase activity was within the control range, and the prediction of an unaffected fetus was confirmed in the newborn.", "PMID": 91777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12572", "title": "Effects of 1-desamo-8-D-arginine vasopressin on behaviour and cognition in primary affective disorder.", "content": "DDAVP (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin with prolonged half-life and high antidiuretic and low pressor activity, was given in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to four patients with major affective illness. Three of four patients showed highly significant and consistent improvements in tests designed to measure the formation, encoding, and organisation of long-term trace events in memory. Two patients also showed a significant but less consistent amelioration of other depressive symptoms during DDAVP treatment. These findings implicate central vasopressin function in the processing of information and possibly other aspects of affective illness.", "contents": "Effects of 1-desamo-8-D-arginine vasopressin on behaviour and cognition in primary affective disorder. DDAVP (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin with prolonged half-life and high antidiuretic and low pressor activity, was given in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to four patients with major affective illness. Three of four patients showed highly significant and consistent improvements in tests designed to measure the formation, encoding, and organisation of long-term trace events in memory. Two patients also showed a significant but less consistent amelioration of other depressive symptoms during DDAVP treatment. These findings implicate central vasopressin function in the processing of information and possibly other aspects of affective illness.", "PMID": 91778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12573", "title": "Importance of the neural predilection of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy.", "content": "It is suggested that continuous leakage of bacilli into the circulation from a primary focus of intraneural infection may simultaneously initiate bacillary dissemination and the suppression of cell-mediated immunity. Both these features are essential for the development of lepromatous leprosy. Nerve involvement in leprosy, previously thought of as a diagnostic feature of the disease and as a complication of therapy, may represent an essential phase in the cycle of infection and reinfection by Mycobacterium leprae.", "contents": "Importance of the neural predilection of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy. It is suggested that continuous leakage of bacilli into the circulation from a primary focus of intraneural infection may simultaneously initiate bacillary dissemination and the suppression of cell-mediated immunity. Both these features are essential for the development of lepromatous leprosy. Nerve involvement in leprosy, previously thought of as a diagnostic feature of the disease and as a complication of therapy, may represent an essential phase in the cycle of infection and reinfection by Mycobacterium leprae.", "PMID": 91779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12574", "title": "Cyclosporin A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers.", "content": "34 patients treated with cyclosporin A received 36 cadaveric organ allografts (32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers), 26 kidneys are still supporting life, 3 after more than a year; the pancreases and livers are also functioning. 20 patients are not receiving steroids, and 15 of these have not had any additional immunosuppressive agents. In these patients infectious complications have not been severe, but a gastroduodenal lymphoma has developed in 1 patient. 6 patients were given 'Cytimum' (a cyclophosphamide derivative) and steroids in addition to cyclosporin A: 5 of these died of infections and 1 also had a lymphoma. 11 patients received additional steroids: 1 of these died from septicaemia and lymphoma. Nephrotoxicity can be avoided by perioperative hydration and forced diuresis. Cyclosporin A is effective on its own and is a very potent immunosuppressive drug. Additional immunosuppressive agents may lead to severe complications.", "contents": "Cyclosporin A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers. 34 patients treated with cyclosporin A received 36 cadaveric organ allografts (32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers), 26 kidneys are still supporting life, 3 after more than a year; the pancreases and livers are also functioning. 20 patients are not receiving steroids, and 15 of these have not had any additional immunosuppressive agents. In these patients infectious complications have not been severe, but a gastroduodenal lymphoma has developed in 1 patient. 6 patients were given 'Cytimum' (a cyclophosphamide derivative) and steroids in addition to cyclosporin A: 5 of these died of infections and 1 also had a lymphoma. 11 patients received additional steroids: 1 of these died from septicaemia and lymphoma. Nephrotoxicity can be avoided by perioperative hydration and forced diuresis. Cyclosporin A is effective on its own and is a very potent immunosuppressive drug. Additional immunosuppressive agents may lead to severe complications.", "PMID": 91781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12575", "title": "Timing of cyclosporin-A therapy for abrogation of HVG and GVH responses in rats.", "content": "Treatment with cyclosporin A was most effective in abrogating popliteal-lymph-node enlargement induced by host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reactivity in rats when started before injection of donor-strain lymphocytes. Popliteal lymph-node enlargement was never completely abolished, and splenic lymphocytes from recipients treated with cyclosporin A showed no significant reduction in their response to donor-strain lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures, suggesting that clonal deletion had not taken place. Mixed lymphocyte cultures also indicated that cyclosporin treatment had not reduced the antigenicity of recipient lymphocytes towards donor strain.", "contents": "Timing of cyclosporin-A therapy for abrogation of HVG and GVH responses in rats. Treatment with cyclosporin A was most effective in abrogating popliteal-lymph-node enlargement induced by host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reactivity in rats when started before injection of donor-strain lymphocytes. Popliteal lymph-node enlargement was never completely abolished, and splenic lymphocytes from recipients treated with cyclosporin A showed no significant reduction in their response to donor-strain lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures, suggesting that clonal deletion had not taken place. Mixed lymphocyte cultures also indicated that cyclosporin treatment had not reduced the antigenicity of recipient lymphocytes towards donor strain.", "PMID": 91782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12576", "title": "Non-surgical treatment of biliary obstruction.", "content": "Bileduct catheterisation percutaneously through the liver can be used in patients with obstructive jaundice as an adjunct or as an alternative to surgery. Preoperative drainage allows adequate treatment of severe cholangitis and reduces jaundice. Palliative drainage, whether internal or external, can be used instead of surgery. Drainage through the liver succeeded in 40 of 41 patients. Two complications followed the procedure and were treated conservatively. Bile drainage was established through an endoprosthesis into the duodenum in 7 patients and externally through a catheter in the remaining 33. The technique is described, and its use in patients with suppurative cholangitis and benign and malignant biliary strictures is illustrated.", "contents": "Non-surgical treatment of biliary obstruction. Bileduct catheterisation percutaneously through the liver can be used in patients with obstructive jaundice as an adjunct or as an alternative to surgery. Preoperative drainage allows adequate treatment of severe cholangitis and reduces jaundice. Palliative drainage, whether internal or external, can be used instead of surgery. Drainage through the liver succeeded in 40 of 41 patients. Two complications followed the procedure and were treated conservatively. Bile drainage was established through an endoprosthesis into the duodenum in 7 patients and externally through a catheter in the remaining 33. The technique is described, and its use in patients with suppurative cholangitis and benign and malignant biliary strictures is illustrated.", "PMID": 91783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12577", "title": "Retrograde cerebral embolism.", "content": "Cerebral embolism may complicate lesions of the subclavian arteries or aortic isthmus distal to the origins of the vertebral or carotid arteries. This may be due to retrograde propagation of occlusive thrombus. In other cases the vessels are patent but there are periods of reverse blood flow, creating a potential for reflux of embolic material to the ostia of the neck vessels.", "contents": "Retrograde cerebral embolism. Cerebral embolism may complicate lesions of the subclavian arteries or aortic isthmus distal to the origins of the vertebral or carotid arteries. This may be due to retrograde propagation of occlusive thrombus. In other cases the vessels are patent but there are periods of reverse blood flow, creating a potential for reflux of embolic material to the ostia of the neck vessels.", "PMID": 91784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12578", "title": "An erythrocyte membrane-protein anomaly in march haemoglobinuria.", "content": "In three patients with march haemoglobinuria a well-defined protein abnormality has been revealed by high-resolution sodium-dodecyl-sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "An erythrocyte membrane-protein anomaly in march haemoglobinuria. In three patients with march haemoglobinuria a well-defined protein abnormality has been revealed by high-resolution sodium-dodecyl-sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 91785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12579", "title": "Factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:AG) in haemophilic patients and in carriers.", "content": "All of fourteen patients with severe classic haemophilia and twelve of fifteen obligate carriers had a pre-peak (\"rocket\") above the sample well when factor VIII-related antigen was examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The pre-peak may be found in other conditions--including von Willebrand's disease--but if these conditions can be excluded, the pre-peak may be helpful in identification of carriers or haemophilia.", "contents": "Factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:AG) in haemophilic patients and in carriers. All of fourteen patients with severe classic haemophilia and twelve of fifteen obligate carriers had a pre-peak (\"rocket\") above the sample well when factor VIII-related antigen was examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The pre-peak may be found in other conditions--including von Willebrand's disease--but if these conditions can be excluded, the pre-peak may be helpful in identification of carriers or haemophilia.", "PMID": 91786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12580", "title": "Do human B and null lymphocytes form a single immunoglobulin-bearing population?", "content": "Human \"null\" lymphocytes have been recognised because they lack T-lymphocyte membrane markers and the surface membrane immunoglobulin (smIg), detectable by direct immunofluorescence, which conventionally characterises B lymphocytes. But almost all null lymphocytes express smIg determinants which are demonstrable by the direct antiglobulin and mixed antiglobulin rosette tests. It is argued that the definition of a B lymphocyte should be extended to include the null cells which react in these tests. If the heterogeneity of the B-lymphocyte population is more widely recognized, the precise nature of human natural and antibody-dependent killer cells may become clearer.", "contents": "Do human B and null lymphocytes form a single immunoglobulin-bearing population? Human \"null\" lymphocytes have been recognised because they lack T-lymphocyte membrane markers and the surface membrane immunoglobulin (smIg), detectable by direct immunofluorescence, which conventionally characterises B lymphocytes. But almost all null lymphocytes express smIg determinants which are demonstrable by the direct antiglobulin and mixed antiglobulin rosette tests. It is argued that the definition of a B lymphocyte should be extended to include the null cells which react in these tests. If the heterogeneity of the B-lymphocyte population is more widely recognized, the precise nature of human natural and antibody-dependent killer cells may become clearer.", "PMID": 91787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12581", "title": "Effects of burglary and vandalism on the health of old people.", "content": "The stress of burglary and vandalism can precipitate a major health crisis in old age that demands urgent admission to hospital. Despite reassurance and appropriate treatment, many patients never regain enough confidence to return home.", "contents": "Effects of burglary and vandalism on the health of old people. The stress of burglary and vandalism can precipitate a major health crisis in old age that demands urgent admission to hospital. Despite reassurance and appropriate treatment, many patients never regain enough confidence to return home.", "PMID": 91796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12582", "title": "Reduction in sudden deaths by a multifactorial intervention programme after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "375 consecutive patients below 65 years who had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) took part in a randomised rehabilitation and secondary prevention trial (part of a W.H.O.-coordinated project) designed to study the effects of a multifactorial intervention programme on morbidity, mortality, return to work, &c. After three years' follow-up the cumulative coronary mortality was significantly smaller in the intervention group than in the controls (18.6% versus 29.4%, p = 0.02). This difference was mainly due to a reduction of sudden deaths in the intervention group (5.8% versus 14.4%, p less than 0.01). The reduction was greatest during the first six months after AMI. 18.1% in the intervention group and 11.2% in the controls (p less than 0.10) presented with non-fatal reinfarctions. The number of patients with new Q-QS findings at the end of the three years was, however, almost the same in both groups. The results suggest that organised aftercare during the first six months after AMI with special emphasis on optimum medical control and health education contributes significantly to a reduction in the number of sudden deaths.", "contents": "Reduction in sudden deaths by a multifactorial intervention programme after acute myocardial infarction. 375 consecutive patients below 65 years who had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) took part in a randomised rehabilitation and secondary prevention trial (part of a W.H.O.-coordinated project) designed to study the effects of a multifactorial intervention programme on morbidity, mortality, return to work, &c. After three years' follow-up the cumulative coronary mortality was significantly smaller in the intervention group than in the controls (18.6% versus 29.4%, p = 0.02). This difference was mainly due to a reduction of sudden deaths in the intervention group (5.8% versus 14.4%, p less than 0.01). The reduction was greatest during the first six months after AMI. 18.1% in the intervention group and 11.2% in the controls (p less than 0.10) presented with non-fatal reinfarctions. The number of patients with new Q-QS findings at the end of the three years was, however, almost the same in both groups. The results suggest that organised aftercare during the first six months after AMI with special emphasis on optimum medical control and health education contributes significantly to a reduction in the number of sudden deaths.", "PMID": 91836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12583", "title": "Comparison of accuracy of 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate scanning with oral cholecystography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "A prospective study of 116 patients admitted as emergencies with a clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis or biliary colic has shown that the best investigation for confirming a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (PG) scanning. Its sensitivity is 99% and its specificity 86%, whereas those of oral cholecystography are 75% and 82%, respectively, and those of ultrasonography are 54% and 62%, respectively. However, estimation of plasma liver enzymes is essential to exclude acute hepatitis before proceeding to early cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Comparison of accuracy of 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate scanning with oral cholecystography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. A prospective study of 116 patients admitted as emergencies with a clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis or biliary colic has shown that the best investigation for confirming a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (PG) scanning. Its sensitivity is 99% and its specificity 86%, whereas those of oral cholecystography are 75% and 82%, respectively, and those of ultrasonography are 54% and 62%, respectively. However, estimation of plasma liver enzymes is essential to exclude acute hepatitis before proceeding to early cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 91837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12584", "title": "IgA immune complexes in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "Raised levels of IgA immune complexes were found in 13 of 18 children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura irrespective of whether they developed nephritis or not. In contrast, only those children who developed nephritis had raised levels of IgG immune complexes as well. In 2 children with nephritis, two discrete peaks of IgA complexes were found, corresponding to 4 x 10(5) to 8 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(6) to 4 x 10(6) daltons. IgG complexes were found only in the larger-molecular-weight peak. Such differences in immune complexes may underlie the different manifestations of this disease.", "contents": "IgA immune complexes in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. Raised levels of IgA immune complexes were found in 13 of 18 children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura irrespective of whether they developed nephritis or not. In contrast, only those children who developed nephritis had raised levels of IgG immune complexes as well. In 2 children with nephritis, two discrete peaks of IgA complexes were found, corresponding to 4 x 10(5) to 8 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(6) to 4 x 10(6) daltons. IgG complexes were found only in the larger-molecular-weight peak. Such differences in immune complexes may underlie the different manifestations of this disease.", "PMID": 91839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12585", "title": "Association between pre-transplant natural kill and graft-versus-host disease after stem-cell transplantation.", "content": "Natural killer activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 infected fibroblasts NK(HSV-1) was studied prospectively in patients undergoing allogenic bone-marrow or fetal-tissue stem-cell transplantation. Thirteen patients showed evidence of engraftment and survived long enough to develop graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Of this group, all of the seven having normal NK(HSV-1) activity before transplantation acquired GvHD and the six having low NK(HSV-1) had no evidence of GvHD. These results were independent of mode of preparation of patients for transplantation, source of stem cells used, or cytomegalovirus infections, and they suggest that this assay reflects a host-determined function capable of stimulating GvHD.", "contents": "Association between pre-transplant natural kill and graft-versus-host disease after stem-cell transplantation. Natural killer activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 infected fibroblasts NK(HSV-1) was studied prospectively in patients undergoing allogenic bone-marrow or fetal-tissue stem-cell transplantation. Thirteen patients showed evidence of engraftment and survived long enough to develop graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Of this group, all of the seven having normal NK(HSV-1) activity before transplantation acquired GvHD and the six having low NK(HSV-1) had no evidence of GvHD. These results were independent of mode of preparation of patients for transplantation, source of stem cells used, or cytomegalovirus infections, and they suggest that this assay reflects a host-determined function capable of stimulating GvHD.", "PMID": 91840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12586", "title": "Abnormal intestinal permeability to sugars in villous atrophy.", "content": "Intestinal permeability to a monosaccharide and a disaccharide was compared by simultaneous measurement of the urinary excretion of L-rhamnose and lactulose after oral ingestion of an hypertonic solution containing both sugars. Urine samples were analysed for sugar content by quantitative thin-layer or paper chromatography. Results in thirteen patients with untreated villous atrophy were compared with those in twelve healthy volunteers. Urinary L-rhamnose excretion was significantly decreased (-40%, p less than 0.02) in patients with villous atrophy, whereas lactulose excretion was paradoxically and significantly increased (+345%, p less than 0.01). The median value of the lactulose/L-rhamnose urinary excretion ratio was sevenfold higher in the patients with villous atrophy; there was no overlap of values for patients and volunteers (p less than 0.01). It is postulated that reduced L-rhamnose urinary excretion in untreated villous atrophy is due to a decreased absorptive area in the small bowel, whereas increased lactulose excretion indicates leakiness of the abnormal mucosa to larger polar molecules.", "contents": "Abnormal intestinal permeability to sugars in villous atrophy. Intestinal permeability to a monosaccharide and a disaccharide was compared by simultaneous measurement of the urinary excretion of L-rhamnose and lactulose after oral ingestion of an hypertonic solution containing both sugars. Urine samples were analysed for sugar content by quantitative thin-layer or paper chromatography. Results in thirteen patients with untreated villous atrophy were compared with those in twelve healthy volunteers. Urinary L-rhamnose excretion was significantly decreased (-40%, p less than 0.02) in patients with villous atrophy, whereas lactulose excretion was paradoxically and significantly increased (+345%, p less than 0.01). The median value of the lactulose/L-rhamnose urinary excretion ratio was sevenfold higher in the patients with villous atrophy; there was no overlap of values for patients and volunteers (p less than 0.01). It is postulated that reduced L-rhamnose urinary excretion in untreated villous atrophy is due to a decreased absorptive area in the small bowel, whereas increased lactulose excretion indicates leakiness of the abnormal mucosa to larger polar molecules.", "PMID": 91841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12587", "title": "Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with androgenic-anabolic steroids.", "content": "A retrospective epidemiological study of deaths from hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS) in the U.S. showed that during 1964--74 there were 168 such cases, of which 37 (22%) were associated with previously known causes (vinyl chloride, 'Thorotrast', and inorganic arsenic) and 4 (3.1%) of the remaining 131 cases with the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids. It is suggested that the long-term use of androgenic-anabolic steroids is the fourth cause of HAS, the majority of cases still being of unknown aetiology. Moreover, the presented cases serve as a link in a spectrum of hepatic disorders recently recognised to be caused by environmental agents such as vinyl chloride, arsenic, and thorotrast, and by contraceptive and anabolic steroids. Similar precursor stages, usually not recognised by clinical laboratory tests and consisting of areas of hyperplasia of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells and sinusoidal dilatation, lead potentially to hepatic adenoma, carcinoma, peliosis, and angiosarcoma.", "contents": "Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with androgenic-anabolic steroids. A retrospective epidemiological study of deaths from hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS) in the U.S. showed that during 1964--74 there were 168 such cases, of which 37 (22%) were associated with previously known causes (vinyl chloride, 'Thorotrast', and inorganic arsenic) and 4 (3.1%) of the remaining 131 cases with the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids. It is suggested that the long-term use of androgenic-anabolic steroids is the fourth cause of HAS, the majority of cases still being of unknown aetiology. Moreover, the presented cases serve as a link in a spectrum of hepatic disorders recently recognised to be caused by environmental agents such as vinyl chloride, arsenic, and thorotrast, and by contraceptive and anabolic steroids. Similar precursor stages, usually not recognised by clinical laboratory tests and consisting of areas of hyperplasia of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells and sinusoidal dilatation, lead potentially to hepatic adenoma, carcinoma, peliosis, and angiosarcoma.", "PMID": 91848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12588", "title": "Fetal iodine deficiency and motor performance during childhood.", "content": "Motor performance of children born to mothers living in an iodine-deficient region was assessed. The mothers were participants in a controlled trial of intramuscular iodised oil in the prevention of endemic cretinism carried out in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Mothers received either iodised oil or placebo saline. Children born to mothers given iodine were significantly faster and more accurate in tests of manual function than children from control mothers. The findings indicate that iodine deficiency may lead to a spectrum of subclinical deficits which place the children at a developmental disadvantage.", "contents": "Fetal iodine deficiency and motor performance during childhood. Motor performance of children born to mothers living in an iodine-deficient region was assessed. The mothers were participants in a controlled trial of intramuscular iodised oil in the prevention of endemic cretinism carried out in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Mothers received either iodised oil or placebo saline. Children born to mothers given iodine were significantly faster and more accurate in tests of manual function than children from control mothers. The findings indicate that iodine deficiency may lead to a spectrum of subclinical deficits which place the children at a developmental disadvantage.", "PMID": 91886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12589", "title": "Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum from East Africa: cultivation and drug sensitivity of the Tanzanian I/CDC strain from an American tourist.", "content": "A strain of Plasmodium falciparum, designated Tanzanian I/CDC, from an American tourist returning from Tanzania, was isolated in vitro and in the Aotus monkey. Clinically, the infection showed a late recrudescent pattern of chloroquine resistance. In 2 inoculated Aotus monkeys, the infection recrudesced after a dose of chloroquine (40 mg/kg) curative for sensitive P. falciparum strains in the Aotus monkey. In 4 ,dditional monkeys two primary infections and one of the recrudescent parasitaemias were cured with a 100 mg/kg dose of chloroquine; the second recrudescent parasitaemia was cured with an additional 40 mg/kg dose of chloroquine. The 48 h in-vitro chloroquine-sensitivity test demonstrated that the Tanzanian I/CDC strain had a pattern of chloroquine resistance similar to a reference resistant strain, the Vietnam-Oak Knoll (FVO). These studies reinforce reports which suggest that chloroquine-resistant malaria is being transmitted in East Africa.", "contents": "Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum from East Africa: cultivation and drug sensitivity of the Tanzanian I/CDC strain from an American tourist. A strain of Plasmodium falciparum, designated Tanzanian I/CDC, from an American tourist returning from Tanzania, was isolated in vitro and in the Aotus monkey. Clinically, the infection showed a late recrudescent pattern of chloroquine resistance. In 2 inoculated Aotus monkeys, the infection recrudesced after a dose of chloroquine (40 mg/kg) curative for sensitive P. falciparum strains in the Aotus monkey. In 4 ,dditional monkeys two primary infections and one of the recrudescent parasitaemias were cured with a 100 mg/kg dose of chloroquine; the second recrudescent parasitaemia was cured with an additional 40 mg/kg dose of chloroquine. The 48 h in-vitro chloroquine-sensitivity test demonstrated that the Tanzanian I/CDC strain had a pattern of chloroquine resistance similar to a reference resistant strain, the Vietnam-Oak Knoll (FVO). These studies reinforce reports which suggest that chloroquine-resistant malaria is being transmitted in East Africa.", "PMID": 91887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12590", "title": "Site of Epstein-Barr virus replication in the oropharynx.", "content": "Cells and cell-free material in saliva, parotid secretions, and throat washings from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis and patients undergoing tonsillectomy were assayed for the presence of infectious Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus. The agent was invariably present in cell-free form in saliva; neither infectious virus nor viral antigens were found in the cells. Tonsillar lymphocytes from eight patients were also free of EBV. In 10 of 40 patients virus was recovered in secretions from parotid-gland orifices or ducts. These findings suggest that the salivary glands are the site of EBV production in the oropharynx.", "contents": "Site of Epstein-Barr virus replication in the oropharynx. Cells and cell-free material in saliva, parotid secretions, and throat washings from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis and patients undergoing tonsillectomy were assayed for the presence of infectious Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus. The agent was invariably present in cell-free form in saliva; neither infectious virus nor viral antigens were found in the cells. Tonsillar lymphocytes from eight patients were also free of EBV. In 10 of 40 patients virus was recovered in secretions from parotid-gland orifices or ducts. These findings suggest that the salivary glands are the site of EBV production in the oropharynx.", "PMID": 91888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12591", "title": "Prevention of effects of alcohol intoxication by naloxone.", "content": "In a double-blind, cross-over study of twenty male volunteers intravenous injection of 0.4 mg naloxone prevented the impairment of psychomotor performance induced by low levels of blood alcohol. The possibility that alcohol produces intoxication by stimulating the release of endogenous opioid peptides should be investigated.", "contents": "Prevention of effects of alcohol intoxication by naloxone. In a double-blind, cross-over study of twenty male volunteers intravenous injection of 0.4 mg naloxone prevented the impairment of psychomotor performance induced by low levels of blood alcohol. The possibility that alcohol produces intoxication by stimulating the release of endogenous opioid peptides should be investigated.", "PMID": 91889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12592", "title": "Distinction between endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma with immunoperoxidase staining of carcinoembryonic antigen in routine histological tissue specimens.", "content": "The differential diagnosis of endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas can be improved by the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tissue by means of immunoperoxidase staining. Tissue from 131 (80%) of 163 patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma but only 11 (8%) of 137 patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma was CEA-positive. The commonest exceptions were endocervical mesonephroid adenocarcinomas (which were CEA-negative) and endometrial adenosquamous carcinomas (which were CEA-positive). After exclusion of these on simple morphological criteria, 86 of 107 endocervical adenocarcinomas (80%) were CEA-positive, and all 122 endometrial adenocarcinomas were CEA-negative. The remarkable difference in the expression of CEA between endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas suggests a novel application of immunohistochemistry in routine clinical practice.", "contents": "Distinction between endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma with immunoperoxidase staining of carcinoembryonic antigen in routine histological tissue specimens. The differential diagnosis of endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas can be improved by the demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tissue by means of immunoperoxidase staining. Tissue from 131 (80%) of 163 patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma but only 11 (8%) of 137 patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma was CEA-positive. The commonest exceptions were endocervical mesonephroid adenocarcinomas (which were CEA-negative) and endometrial adenosquamous carcinomas (which were CEA-positive). After exclusion of these on simple morphological criteria, 86 of 107 endocervical adenocarcinomas (80%) were CEA-positive, and all 122 endometrial adenocarcinomas were CEA-negative. The remarkable difference in the expression of CEA between endocervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas suggests a novel application of immunohistochemistry in routine clinical practice.", "PMID": 91890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12593", "title": "Is faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin excretion a reliable screening test for protein-losing enteropathy?", "content": "Estimation of alpha 1-antitrypsin in random faecal samples has been suggested as a reliable index of intestinal protein loss. There was a poor correlation between faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations and simultaneously measured faecal loss of 51Cr-albumin in twenty adults with suspected protein-losing enteropathy. This indicates that faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin estimation may not be a valid screening test for protein-losing enteropathy.", "contents": "Is faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin excretion a reliable screening test for protein-losing enteropathy? Estimation of alpha 1-antitrypsin in random faecal samples has been suggested as a reliable index of intestinal protein loss. There was a poor correlation between faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations and simultaneously measured faecal loss of 51Cr-albumin in twenty adults with suspected protein-losing enteropathy. This indicates that faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin estimation may not be a valid screening test for protein-losing enteropathy.", "PMID": 91891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12594", "title": "Production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha by human lung in vivo.", "content": "The production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, a stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin (PGI2), by human lung was demonstrated in five adults. The lowest increase in 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha on passage through the lung was noted in a woman on oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha by human lung in vivo. The production of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, a stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin (PGI2), by human lung was demonstrated in five adults. The lowest increase in 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha on passage through the lung was noted in a woman on oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 91892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12595", "title": "Identification of site of urinary-tract infections by antibody-coated bacteria assay.", "content": "Accurate identification of the site of urinary-tract infection (UTI) may be clinically and epidemiologically valuable. A review of the literature on the assessment of the antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) assay, a non-invasive technique introducted five years ago, shows that, compared with acceptable standards (bilateral ureteral catheterization or bladder washout), the overall sensitivity of the ACB assay is 83.1%, the specificity is 76.7%, the predictive value positive is 81.3%, and the predictive value negative is 78.8%. These findings suggest that the ACB assay has at present no role in the management of patients with UTI. Its usefulness as an epidemiological tool remains to be demonstrated.", "contents": "Identification of site of urinary-tract infections by antibody-coated bacteria assay. Accurate identification of the site of urinary-tract infection (UTI) may be clinically and epidemiologically valuable. A review of the literature on the assessment of the antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) assay, a non-invasive technique introducted five years ago, shows that, compared with acceptable standards (bilateral ureteral catheterization or bladder washout), the overall sensitivity of the ACB assay is 83.1%, the specificity is 76.7%, the predictive value positive is 81.3%, and the predictive value negative is 78.8%. These findings suggest that the ACB assay has at present no role in the management of patients with UTI. Its usefulness as an epidemiological tool remains to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 91900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12596", "title": "Work-site treatment of hypertension by specially trained nurses. A controlled trial.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of using specially trained nurses to treat hypertension at the patient's place of work was compared in a controlled trial with management by the patient's family doctor. The 457 study participants were selected from 21 906 volunteers in industry and government whose blood-pressure was screened. The nurses were allowed to prescribe and change drug therapy at the work site without prior physician approval. Patients randomly allocated to receive care at work were significantly more likely to be put on antihypertensive medications (94.7% vs 62.7%, to reach goal blood-pressure in the first six months (48.5% vs 27.5%), and to take the drugs prescribed (67.6% vs 49.1%). Only 6% of patients were dissatisfied with the care provided by the nurses. Thus provision of care at work by specially tranined nurses was well accepted and resulted in significantly improved blood-pressure control and medication compliance among employees with asymptomatic and uncomplicated hypertension.", "contents": "Work-site treatment of hypertension by specially trained nurses. A controlled trial. The clinical efficacy of using specially trained nurses to treat hypertension at the patient's place of work was compared in a controlled trial with management by the patient's family doctor. The 457 study participants were selected from 21 906 volunteers in industry and government whose blood-pressure was screened. The nurses were allowed to prescribe and change drug therapy at the work site without prior physician approval. Patients randomly allocated to receive care at work were significantly more likely to be put on antihypertensive medications (94.7% vs 62.7%, to reach goal blood-pressure in the first six months (48.5% vs 27.5%), and to take the drugs prescribed (67.6% vs 49.1%). Only 6% of patients were dissatisfied with the care provided by the nurses. Thus provision of care at work by specially tranined nurses was well accepted and resulted in significantly improved blood-pressure control and medication compliance among employees with asymptomatic and uncomplicated hypertension.", "PMID": 91901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12597", "title": "Voice preservation in treatment of carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 175 patients having a histopathologic diagnosis of epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform sinus presenting between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1973 was undertaken to establish the effectiveness of  conservation surgery in preserving voice. Patients were treated by three separate methods: 1. preoperative radiation therapy, partial laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (PLP and RND) (N = 85); 2. preoperative radiation therapy, total laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (TLP and RND), (N = 57); and 3. palliation, which consisted of palliative radiation therapy alone or combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy or palliative surgery (N = 33). Of the 85 patients treated with the expectation of cancer cure and voice preservation (PLP and RND), 44 or 52% actually had their voice preserved. Of course, in none of the patients treated by TLP and RND was voice preserved, but 2 of the 33 patients treated palliatively retained ability to speak. Overall, 46 of 175 patients (26%) with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were afforded voice preservation. The ability to preserve voice is correlated with stage and an analysis of operative complications is presented.", "contents": "Voice preservation in treatment of carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. A retrospective analysis of 175 patients having a histopathologic diagnosis of epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform sinus presenting between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1973 was undertaken to establish the effectiveness of  conservation surgery in preserving voice. Patients were treated by three separate methods: 1. preoperative radiation therapy, partial laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (PLP and RND) (N = 85); 2. preoperative radiation therapy, total laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (TLP and RND), (N = 57); and 3. palliation, which consisted of palliative radiation therapy alone or combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy or palliative surgery (N = 33). Of the 85 patients treated with the expectation of cancer cure and voice preservation (PLP and RND), 44 or 52% actually had their voice preserved. Of course, in none of the patients treated by TLP and RND was voice preserved, but 2 of the 33 patients treated palliatively retained ability to speak. Overall, 46 of 175 patients (26%) with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were afforded voice preservation. The ability to preserve voice is correlated with stage and an analysis of operative complications is presented.", "PMID": 91937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12598", "title": "[Chemical composition of the cell wall of Streptomyces chrysomallus which produces the antibiotic aurantin].", "content": "The cell wall chemical composition of Streptomyces chrysomallus producing the antibiotic aurantin was studied. The cell wall represents 11--13% of the dry cell weight and contains three major polymers, namely, peptidoglycan, ribitol teichoic acid and a polysaccharide. Each muramic acid of peptidoglycan has a peptide subunit which consists of two alanine residues, glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid residues. Peptide chains are connected with bridges consisting of one glycine residue. The poly(ribitol phosphate) chain contains glucosyl substituents and O-acetyl groups. The main monosaccharides of the polysaccharide are glucose and galactose; mannose, fucose and galactosamine are found in minor amounts. The composition of the cell wall changes during cell development and aging: the content of teichoic acid decreases while that of the polysaccharide increases. Possible factors causing these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Chemical composition of the cell wall of Streptomyces chrysomallus which produces the antibiotic aurantin]. The cell wall chemical composition of Streptomyces chrysomallus producing the antibiotic aurantin was studied. The cell wall represents 11--13% of the dry cell weight and contains three major polymers, namely, peptidoglycan, ribitol teichoic acid and a polysaccharide. Each muramic acid of peptidoglycan has a peptide subunit which consists of two alanine residues, glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid residues. Peptide chains are connected with bridges consisting of one glycine residue. The poly(ribitol phosphate) chain contains glucosyl substituents and O-acetyl groups. The main monosaccharides of the polysaccharide are glucose and galactose; mannose, fucose and galactosamine are found in minor amounts. The composition of the cell wall changes during cell development and aging: the content of teichoic acid decreases while that of the polysaccharide increases. Possible factors causing these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 91941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12599", "title": "[Effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on the growth and biosynthetic activity of Trichothecium roseum].", "content": "The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on growth was studied with Trichothecium roseum producing thichothecin and fibrinolytic enzymes. Levomycetin, acridine orange and polymyxin inhibited the biomass accumulation, the growth rate, and the biosynthesis of fibrinolytic enzymes, particularly at the early stages of fungal growth. This effect was found either when the substances were added at the same time as the mycelium was inoculated, or when they were introduced 24 hours after the beginning of cultivation. The substances inhibited the differentiation of the substrate mycelium of T. roseum. Substrate conidia, budding and initial cells were formed by the mycelium only after 72--96 hours of growth.", "contents": "[Effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on the growth and biosynthetic activity of Trichothecium roseum]. The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on growth was studied with Trichothecium roseum producing thichothecin and fibrinolytic enzymes. Levomycetin, acridine orange and polymyxin inhibited the biomass accumulation, the growth rate, and the biosynthesis of fibrinolytic enzymes, particularly at the early stages of fungal growth. This effect was found either when the substances were added at the same time as the mycelium was inoculated, or when they were introduced 24 hours after the beginning of cultivation. The substances inhibited the differentiation of the substrate mycelium of T. roseum. Substrate conidia, budding and initial cells were formed by the mycelium only after 72--96 hours of growth.", "PMID": 91942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12600", "title": "[Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of DNA complementary to ceruloplasmin mRNA from rat liver].", "content": "Poly(A) containing rat liver 21S RNA homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and stimulating the synthesis of ceruloplasmin in a cell-free proteinsynthesizing system, was used as a template for reverse transcription in the presence of T10 primer and highly purified reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. The cDNA made this way was characterized by means of hybridization kinetics with mRNA, by melting of the hybrids formed and by chain length measurements. To increase the degree of representativity, the ceruloplasmin mRNA was fragmented by mild alkaline treatment, enzymatically polyadenylated and transcribed. The cDNA made was fully characterized and the kinetic complexity measured by hybridization with the mRNA was found to be equal to 2300 nucleotides as compared with the value of 3000 nucleotides is expected from gel electrophoresis data. The observed difference may indicate the presence of repeated sequences in the given mRNA. The sufficient representativitness of the synthesized cDNA and its specificity with respect to ceruloplasmin mRNA allows to use it as a molecular probe to study the ceruloplasmin gene structure.", "contents": "[Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of DNA complementary to ceruloplasmin mRNA from rat liver]. Poly(A) containing rat liver 21S RNA homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and stimulating the synthesis of ceruloplasmin in a cell-free proteinsynthesizing system, was used as a template for reverse transcription in the presence of T10 primer and highly purified reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus. The cDNA made this way was characterized by means of hybridization kinetics with mRNA, by melting of the hybrids formed and by chain length measurements. To increase the degree of representativity, the ceruloplasmin mRNA was fragmented by mild alkaline treatment, enzymatically polyadenylated and transcribed. The cDNA made was fully characterized and the kinetic complexity measured by hybridization with the mRNA was found to be equal to 2300 nucleotides as compared with the value of 3000 nucleotides is expected from gel electrophoresis data. The observed difference may indicate the presence of repeated sequences in the given mRNA. The sufficient representativitness of the synthesized cDNA and its specificity with respect to ceruloplasmin mRNA allows to use it as a molecular probe to study the ceruloplasmin gene structure.", "PMID": 91944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12601", "title": "[Investigation of serological features and molecular heterogeneity of virion proteins of morphologically related phages].", "content": "Some interaction process peculiarites of morphologically related phate T4, DDVI and FI1 with the corresponding antiphageous sera in cross reactions of neutralisation have been investigated. Close serological relationship of phage T4 and DDVI was demonstrated. Inactivation of phage FI1 in these serological reactions showed anomalous nature and did not submit to the rules of the first step reaction. According to investigations of the protein component of virions of these phages by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, phages T4 and DDVI contain twelve, FI1 and DDVI four, and T4 and FI1 two protein fractions common in molecular weight. The data obtained indicates that close serological relationship between phages T4 and DDVI is determined by the presence of common protein antigens in the absorptional apparatus of virions. Proteins of phage FI1, common with the proteins of T4 and DDVI, are obviously located in other structural components, and this determines the specific aggregation of virions in cross reactions of neutralization.", "contents": "[Investigation of serological features and molecular heterogeneity of virion proteins of morphologically related phages]. Some interaction process peculiarites of morphologically related phate T4, DDVI and FI1 with the corresponding antiphageous sera in cross reactions of neutralisation have been investigated. Close serological relationship of phage T4 and DDVI was demonstrated. Inactivation of phage FI1 in these serological reactions showed anomalous nature and did not submit to the rules of the first step reaction. According to investigations of the protein component of virions of these phages by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, phages T4 and DDVI contain twelve, FI1 and DDVI four, and T4 and FI1 two protein fractions common in molecular weight. The data obtained indicates that close serological relationship between phages T4 and DDVI is determined by the presence of common protein antigens in the absorptional apparatus of virions. Proteins of phage FI1, common with the proteins of T4 and DDVI, are obviously located in other structural components, and this determines the specific aggregation of virions in cross reactions of neutralization.", "PMID": 91945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12602", "title": "Development of new antiallergic drugs (cromolyn sodium, lodoxamide tromethamine). What is the role of cholinergic stimulation in the biphasic dose response?", "content": "The antiallergy drugs, cromolyn sodium and lodoxamide tromethamine (U-42,585E) show in vitro dose responses which are bell-shaped or biphasic in mast cells. The nature of the biphasic dose response is poorly understood; however, through the use of specific antagonists, it has been possible to show that at the high concentrations of these drugs leading to enhanced histamine release or multiple high-dose tachyphylaxis, a cholinergic receptor is stimulated in the cell. This receptor is muscarinic in nature and can be blocked by atropine or quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Prevention of multiple dose tachyphylaxis to either drug can be modulated by pretreatment with atropine or QNB. High concentrations of both drugs cause the cell accumulation of cyclic-guanosine monophosphate through stimulation of guanyl cyclase and prevention of cGMP breakdown by inhibition of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) for cGMP.", "contents": "Development of new antiallergic drugs (cromolyn sodium, lodoxamide tromethamine). What is the role of cholinergic stimulation in the biphasic dose response? The antiallergy drugs, cromolyn sodium and lodoxamide tromethamine (U-42,585E) show in vitro dose responses which are bell-shaped or biphasic in mast cells. The nature of the biphasic dose response is poorly understood; however, through the use of specific antagonists, it has been possible to show that at the high concentrations of these drugs leading to enhanced histamine release or multiple high-dose tachyphylaxis, a cholinergic receptor is stimulated in the cell. This receptor is muscarinic in nature and can be blocked by atropine or quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). Prevention of multiple dose tachyphylaxis to either drug can be modulated by pretreatment with atropine or QNB. High concentrations of both drugs cause the cell accumulation of cyclic-guanosine monophosphate through stimulation of guanyl cyclase and prevention of cGMP breakdown by inhibition of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) for cGMP.", "PMID": 91955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12603", "title": "BL-5255, a tetrazolylpyrimidinone with potent oral antiallergy activity in animals.", "content": "BL-5255, 2-(2-n-propoxyphenyl)-5-(5-1 H-tetrazolyl)pyrimidin-4 (3H)-one, effectively inhibited allergic reactions in sensitized rats or guinea pigs when administered by oral or intravenous routes as the water-soluble sodium or ethanolamine monohydrate salts. In the IgE-mediated rat PCA, BL-5255 was 50 times more potent than disodium cromoglycate by intravenous administration. When administered orally in this model, BL-5255 inhibited the PCA reaction by 50% at 0.1 mg/kg. At less than 0.1 mg/kg p.o., the compound protected conscious actively sensitized guinea pigs from aerosolized antigen-induced collapse. In N. brasiliensis-sensitized rats, BL-5255 administered at 0.1--10 mg/kg p.o. inhibited antigen-induced airway constriction in a dose-related manner. BL-5255 is not a histamine or serotonin antagonist but appears to exert its antiallergic effect by inhibiting the release of mediators.", "contents": "BL-5255, a tetrazolylpyrimidinone with potent oral antiallergy activity in animals. BL-5255, 2-(2-n-propoxyphenyl)-5-(5-1 H-tetrazolyl)pyrimidin-4 (3H)-one, effectively inhibited allergic reactions in sensitized rats or guinea pigs when administered by oral or intravenous routes as the water-soluble sodium or ethanolamine monohydrate salts. In the IgE-mediated rat PCA, BL-5255 was 50 times more potent than disodium cromoglycate by intravenous administration. When administered orally in this model, BL-5255 inhibited the PCA reaction by 50% at 0.1 mg/kg. At less than 0.1 mg/kg p.o., the compound protected conscious actively sensitized guinea pigs from aerosolized antigen-induced collapse. In N. brasiliensis-sensitized rats, BL-5255 administered at 0.1--10 mg/kg p.o. inhibited antigen-induced airway constriction in a dose-related manner. BL-5255 is not a histamine or serotonin antagonist but appears to exert its antiallergic effect by inhibiting the release of mediators.", "PMID": 91959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12604", "title": "Myosin isoenzyme redistribution in chronic heart overload.", "content": "Since the first observation by Spann et al., it has become clear that in cardiac hypertrophy induced by a mechanical overloading, the velocity of shortening of the cardiac muscle (Vmax) is reduced (see ref. 2 for review). Most authors agree that this mechanical alteration is accompanied by a decrease in the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity of myosin (see ref. 3 for review). The molecular basis of such changes was unknown because the structural modifications of the myosin molecule were ill-defined. Nevertheless, it has recently been shown that, like skeletal muscle myosin, cardiac myosin is composed of several polymorphic forms, comparable to isoenzymes. In the skeletal muscle, new functional requirements can induce changes in both contractile activity and type of myosin isoenzyme synthesised. We now report that an increase in cardiac work produced by mechanical overloading in rats induces the preferential synthesis of a cardiac myosin isoenzyme characterised by specific immunological and electrophoretic properties and exhibiting a lower ATPase activity. This adaptive change could account for the reduced shortening speed of this hypertrophied cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Myosin isoenzyme redistribution in chronic heart overload. Since the first observation by Spann et al., it has become clear that in cardiac hypertrophy induced by a mechanical overloading, the velocity of shortening of the cardiac muscle (Vmax) is reduced (see ref. 2 for review). Most authors agree that this mechanical alteration is accompanied by a decrease in the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity of myosin (see ref. 3 for review). The molecular basis of such changes was unknown because the structural modifications of the myosin molecule were ill-defined. Nevertheless, it has recently been shown that, like skeletal muscle myosin, cardiac myosin is composed of several polymorphic forms, comparable to isoenzymes. In the skeletal muscle, new functional requirements can induce changes in both contractile activity and type of myosin isoenzyme synthesised. We now report that an increase in cardiac work produced by mechanical overloading in rats induces the preferential synthesis of a cardiac myosin isoenzyme characterised by specific immunological and electrophoretic properties and exhibiting a lower ATPase activity. This adaptive change could account for the reduced shortening speed of this hypertrophied cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 91973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12605", "title": "Specificity of the antibody response of rabbits to a self-antigen.", "content": "The demonstration that the antigenic determinants on rabbit cytochrome c that elicit antibodies in rabbits occur in regions of variability among mammalian cytochromes c suggests the existence of an evolutionary process which eliminates genetic specificities for self-determinants.", "contents": "Specificity of the antibody response of rabbits to a self-antigen. The demonstration that the antigenic determinants on rabbit cytochrome c that elicit antibodies in rabbits occur in regions of variability among mammalian cytochromes c suggests the existence of an evolutionary process which eliminates genetic specificities for self-determinants.", "PMID": 91974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12606", "title": "PGI2 enhanced cAMP content in bovine coronary arteries in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine.", "content": "Incubation of bovine coronary artery (BCA) rings with isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in a time-dependent increase of cAMP content. This effect was blocked, when the rings were preincubated with indomethacine or 15-hydroperoxy-arachidonic acid for 5 min, indicating that the IBMX-induced increase in cAMP content may depend on endogenous PGI2 formation. PGE2 did not increase the cAMP content in BCA rings. Dipyridamole did not effect cAMP content, when used as a substitute for IBMX. It is suggested that PGI2 stimulates cAMP formation in arterial walls, but that this effect only becomes visible in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "contents": "PGI2 enhanced cAMP content in bovine coronary arteries in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine. Incubation of bovine coronary artery (BCA) rings with isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in a time-dependent increase of cAMP content. This effect was blocked, when the rings were preincubated with indomethacine or 15-hydroperoxy-arachidonic acid for 5 min, indicating that the IBMX-induced increase in cAMP content may depend on endogenous PGI2 formation. PGE2 did not increase the cAMP content in BCA rings. Dipyridamole did not effect cAMP content, when used as a substitute for IBMX. It is suggested that PGI2 stimulates cAMP formation in arterial walls, but that this effect only becomes visible in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.", "PMID": 91976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12607", "title": "The action of lindane in accelerating the spontaneous release of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Lindane (5 x 10(-5) M) causes a progressive and marked rise in MEPP frequency at the frog neuromuscular junction. Concentrations over a range of 5 x 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-4) M were tested. The results suggest that it has two actions in promoting this effect. Its major effect is probably to cause an increase in Ca2+-permeability and a rise in Ca2+ entry. Its second, smaller effect, which persists in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, is probably also because of a rise in [Ca2+]i. The ways in which these effects might be produced and the significance of these findings for explaining the known pharmacological actions of lindane are discussed.", "contents": "The action of lindane in accelerating the spontaneous release of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction. Lindane (5 x 10(-5) M) causes a progressive and marked rise in MEPP frequency at the frog neuromuscular junction. Concentrations over a range of 5 x 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-4) M were tested. The results suggest that it has two actions in promoting this effect. Its major effect is probably to cause an increase in Ca2+-permeability and a rise in Ca2+ entry. Its second, smaller effect, which persists in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, is probably also because of a rise in [Ca2+]i. The ways in which these effects might be produced and the significance of these findings for explaining the known pharmacological actions of lindane are discussed.", "PMID": 91977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12608", "title": "[Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the local immune response in the course of meningitis in childhood].", "content": "The condition of the blood-CSF barrier can be evaluated by the simultaneous quantitation of marker proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration ratios of albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, plotted versus the hydrodynamic radii are used as permeability parameter. There are wide ranging barrier disturbances during the early stages of meningitis. In mumps meningitis only slight disturbances were found, meanwhile in bacterial meningitis the barrier permeability was strongly increased. In both disease groups one may detect secretory fractions of both immunglobulins G and A. In some cases of mumps meningitis a prolonged humoral immune reaction was found.", "contents": "[Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the local immune response in the course of meningitis in childhood]. The condition of the blood-CSF barrier can be evaluated by the simultaneous quantitation of marker proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration ratios of albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, plotted versus the hydrodynamic radii are used as permeability parameter. There are wide ranging barrier disturbances during the early stages of meningitis. In mumps meningitis only slight disturbances were found, meanwhile in bacterial meningitis the barrier permeability was strongly increased. In both disease groups one may detect secretory fractions of both immunglobulins G and A. In some cases of mumps meningitis a prolonged humoral immune reaction was found.", "PMID": 91999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12609", "title": "[Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructural cytochemistry of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus has been studied. The specific granules of the juxtaglomerular cells were found to be argentaphobic when ultrathin sections of araldite-embedded renal cortex were stained according to the periodic acid-thio-carbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique of Thiery. This technique revealed an abundant glycogen of type beta in the specific granules and in the cytosol of these cells. The rim of specific granules was positive when ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate-embedded kidneys were stained with phosphotungstic-hydrochloric acids at a low pH. A reaction was also shown by the cell coat, lysosomes, autophagolysosomes, residual bodies and part of the Golgi complex. These results indicate that the specific granules of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus contains glycoproteins that are glycosylated in the Golgi complex.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus (author's transl)]. The ultrastructural cytochemistry of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus has been studied. The specific granules of the juxtaglomerular cells were found to be argentaphobic when ultrathin sections of araldite-embedded renal cortex were stained according to the periodic acid-thio-carbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique of Thiery. This technique revealed an abundant glycogen of type beta in the specific granules and in the cytosol of these cells. The rim of specific granules was positive when ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate-embedded kidneys were stained with phosphotungstic-hydrochloric acids at a low pH. A reaction was also shown by the cell coat, lysosomes, autophagolysosomes, residual bodies and part of the Golgi complex. These results indicate that the specific granules of the mouse juxtaglomerular apparatus contains glycoproteins that are glycosylated in the Golgi complex.", "PMID": 92002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12610", "title": "[Microscopic, immunochemical and ultrastructral study of livers histologically normal or subnormal in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs). Report of 18 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver specimens obtained by biopsy in 18 patients with asymptomatic HBs Ag were studied with specific immunofluorescent technic for this antigen by light and electron microscopy. Only insignificant changes were disclosed by routine microscopy examination. Under light microscopy \"ground glass\" hepatocytes were found in eight cases. Specific immunofluorescence was found positive in nine cases and was closely correlated with the \"ground glass\" hepatocytes in eight of them. In one on the three cases studied by electron microscopy, only spherical and tubular formations, 20 to 30 nm in diameter found in the cisternae of the smooth endoplasma reticulum in a few hepatocytes, seem to be HBs Ag.", "contents": "[Microscopic, immunochemical and ultrastructral study of livers histologically normal or subnormal in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs). Report of 18 cases (author's transl)]. Liver specimens obtained by biopsy in 18 patients with asymptomatic HBs Ag were studied with specific immunofluorescent technic for this antigen by light and electron microscopy. Only insignificant changes were disclosed by routine microscopy examination. Under light microscopy \"ground glass\" hepatocytes were found in eight cases. Specific immunofluorescence was found positive in nine cases and was closely correlated with the \"ground glass\" hepatocytes in eight of them. In one on the three cases studied by electron microscopy, only spherical and tubular formations, 20 to 30 nm in diameter found in the cisternae of the smooth endoplasma reticulum in a few hepatocytes, seem to be HBs Ag.", "PMID": 92003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12611", "title": "Binding of 125I-labeled proteinases to plasma proteins in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Samples of plasma or serum from 53 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, 90 relatives of CF patients , and 159 controls have been incubated with porcine or bovine 125I-trypsin, electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel, and autoradiographed. In these individuals, the main binding protein for 125I-trypsin has been shown to be alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M). Using this method of analysis, no difference in electrophoretic migration of 125I-trypsin-alpha 2M complexes has been observed between CF and control individuals. However, trypsin binding to IgG has been observed in 80% of CF patients, 30% of their mothers, 3% of controls, and in two patients affected with pancreatitis. These trypsin binding immunoglobulins are called TbIg, and specifically, Tb1gG when referring to the G class. Experimental evidence indicates that binding of trypsin to IgG occurs through the Fab portion of the molecule. Tb1gG must be antibodies most probably induced by the exogenous trypsin ingested daily by most CF patients (and by patients affected with chronic pancreatitis). Antibodies against porcine pancreatic elastase have been observed using the same analysis, but not as frequently as Tb1g.", "contents": "Binding of 125I-labeled proteinases to plasma proteins in cystic fibrosis. Samples of plasma or serum from 53 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, 90 relatives of CF patients , and 159 controls have been incubated with porcine or bovine 125I-trypsin, electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel, and autoradiographed. In these individuals, the main binding protein for 125I-trypsin has been shown to be alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M). Using this method of analysis, no difference in electrophoretic migration of 125I-trypsin-alpha 2M complexes has been observed between CF and control individuals. However, trypsin binding to IgG has been observed in 80% of CF patients, 30% of their mothers, 3% of controls, and in two patients affected with pancreatitis. These trypsin binding immunoglobulins are called TbIg, and specifically, Tb1gG when referring to the G class. Experimental evidence indicates that binding of trypsin to IgG occurs through the Fab portion of the molecule. Tb1gG must be antibodies most probably induced by the exogenous trypsin ingested daily by most CF patients (and by patients affected with chronic pancreatitis). Antibodies against porcine pancreatic elastase have been observed using the same analysis, but not as frequently as Tb1g.", "PMID": 92005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12612", "title": "X-ray induced DNA double strand break production and repair in mammalian cells as measured by neutral filter elution.", "content": "This work presents a neutral filter elution method for detecting DNA double strand breaks in mouse L1210 cells after X-ray. The assay will detect the number of double strand breaks induced by as little as 1000 rad of X-ray. The rate of DNA elution through the filters under neutral conditions increases with X-ray dose. Certain conditions for deproteinization, pH, and filter type are shown to increase the assay's sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide and Bleomycin also induce apparent DNA double strand breaks, although the ratios of double to single strand breaks vary from those produced by X-ray. The introduction of double strand cuts by HpA I restriction endonuclease in DNA lysed on filters results in a rapid rate of elution under neutral conditions, implying that the method can detect double strand breaks if they exist in the DNA. The eluted DNA bands with a double stranded DNA marker in cesium chloride. This evidence suggests that the assay detects DNA double strand breaks. L1210 cells are shown to rejoin most of the DNA double strand breaks induced by 5-10 krad of X-ray with a half-time of about 40 minutes.", "contents": "X-ray induced DNA double strand break production and repair in mammalian cells as measured by neutral filter elution. This work presents a neutral filter elution method for detecting DNA double strand breaks in mouse L1210 cells after X-ray. The assay will detect the number of double strand breaks induced by as little as 1000 rad of X-ray. The rate of DNA elution through the filters under neutral conditions increases with X-ray dose. Certain conditions for deproteinization, pH, and filter type are shown to increase the assay's sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide and Bleomycin also induce apparent DNA double strand breaks, although the ratios of double to single strand breaks vary from those produced by X-ray. The introduction of double strand cuts by HpA I restriction endonuclease in DNA lysed on filters results in a rapid rate of elution under neutral conditions, implying that the method can detect double strand breaks if they exist in the DNA. The eluted DNA bands with a double stranded DNA marker in cesium chloride. This evidence suggests that the assay detects DNA double strand breaks. L1210 cells are shown to rejoin most of the DNA double strand breaks induced by 5-10 krad of X-ray with a half-time of about 40 minutes.", "PMID": 92010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12613", "title": "Extensive sequence homology at the 3'-termini of the four RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus.", "content": "The sequences of 270 residues from the 3'-termini of the four RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus have been determined by copying the in vitro polyadenylated RNAs with reverse transcriptase using d(pT8G) as primer and the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates as specific chain terminators. The terminal sequences of RNAs 3 and 4 were identical; this was expected since hybridization data has shown that the sequence of RNA 4 was present at the 3'-end of RNA 3 (Gould and Symons (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 91, 269-278). The first 138 residues of RNAs 1 and 2 were identical to those of RNAs 3 and 4 except for one residue in RNA 1 and three residues in RNA 2. From residue 139 to 270 from the 3'-terminus, RNAs 1 and 2 showed, relative to RNAs 3 and 4, a non-homologous region of 33 residues, a homologous region of 40 residues, a partially homologous region of 14 residues which probably extended to about residue 300. There were 11 residues different between RNAs 1 and 2.", "contents": "Extensive sequence homology at the 3'-termini of the four RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus. The sequences of 270 residues from the 3'-termini of the four RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus have been determined by copying the in vitro polyadenylated RNAs with reverse transcriptase using d(pT8G) as primer and the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates as specific chain terminators. The terminal sequences of RNAs 3 and 4 were identical; this was expected since hybridization data has shown that the sequence of RNA 4 was present at the 3'-end of RNA 3 (Gould and Symons (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 91, 269-278). The first 138 residues of RNAs 1 and 2 were identical to those of RNAs 3 and 4 except for one residue in RNA 1 and three residues in RNA 2. From residue 139 to 270 from the 3'-terminus, RNAs 1 and 2 showed, relative to RNAs 3 and 4, a non-homologous region of 33 residues, a homologous region of 40 residues, a partially homologous region of 14 residues which probably extended to about residue 300. There were 11 residues different between RNAs 1 and 2.", "PMID": 92011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12614", "title": "New procedure for the production of influenza virus-specific double-stranded DNA's.", "content": "A novel technique is described for the production of pure, full-length influenza virus ds DNA's corresponding to each segment of the influenza virus genome, and suitable for molecular cloning and restriction endonuclease mapping. The method involves the synthesis of DNA complementary to both virion (negative strand) and messenger (positive strand) RNA, gel purification and annealing. By avoiding the use of SI nuclease, which often removes the terminal regions of DNA duplexes, the method allows transcription of the total sequence information of influenza virion and messenger RNA's into a ds DNA form.", "contents": "New procedure for the production of influenza virus-specific double-stranded DNA's. A novel technique is described for the production of pure, full-length influenza virus ds DNA's corresponding to each segment of the influenza virus genome, and suitable for molecular cloning and restriction endonuclease mapping. The method involves the synthesis of DNA complementary to both virion (negative strand) and messenger (positive strand) RNA, gel purification and annealing. By avoiding the use of SI nuclease, which often removes the terminal regions of DNA duplexes, the method allows transcription of the total sequence information of influenza virion and messenger RNA's into a ds DNA form.", "PMID": 92012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0003_12615", "title": "Isolation and partial purification of the major abundant class rat seminal vesicle poly(A+)-messenger RNA.", "content": "Total poly(A(+))-RNA (poly(A(+))-RNA(tot)) was isolated from rat seminal vesicle and its size distribution determined by 70% formamide 5-25% sucrose density analysis. One major peak was resolved in the 10-13 S region and accounted for approximately 35% of the total poly(A(+))-RNA applied. Preparative 1% SDS, 5-20% linear sucrose density gradients also resolved a single major peak in the 11S region (poly(A(+))(11S). Analysis of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) under denaturing conditions on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated two major components in both poly(A(+))-RNA populations. Size estimations for these components are 620 and 540 NT respectively. (3)H-cDNA was made to both poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S). Back-hybridization of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) to their respective (3)H-cDNA revealed a highly abundant class representing 41% and 85% of the sequences in their respective (3)H-cDNA's. The highly abundant class corresponded to 3-5 sequences present in 30,000-50,000 copies/cell. Invitro translation of poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) resulted in two major polypeptides coded for by the 620 NT long and 540 NT long poly(A(+))-RNA respectively.Images", "contents": "Isolation and partial purification of the major abundant class rat seminal vesicle poly(A+)-messenger RNA. Total poly(A(+))-RNA (poly(A(+))-RNA(tot)) was isolated from rat seminal vesicle and its size distribution determined by 70% formamide 5-25% sucrose density analysis. One major peak was resolved in the 10-13 S region and accounted for approximately 35% of the total poly(A(+))-RNA applied. Preparative 1% SDS, 5-20% linear sucrose density gradients also resolved a single major peak in the 11S region (poly(A(+))(11S). Analysis of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) under denaturing conditions on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated two major components in both poly(A(+))-RNA populations. Size estimations for these components are 620 and 540 NT respectively. (3)H-cDNA was made to both poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S). Back-hybridization of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) to their respective (3)H-cDNA revealed a highly abundant class representing 41% and 85% of the sequences in their respective (3)H-cDNA's. The highly abundant class corresponded to 3-5 sequences present in 30,000-50,000 copies/cell. Invitro translation of poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) resulted in two major polypeptides coded for by the 620 NT long and 540 NT long poly(A(+))-RNA respectively.Images", "PMID": 92013}